text:
User talk:Abstraktn

JFW | T@lk  07:35, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Signpost exit poll
Dear Wikipedian, you recently voted in the ArbCom election. Your username, along with around 155 other usernames of your fellow Wikipedians, was randomly selected from the 2000+ Wikipedians who voted this year, with the help of one of the election-commissioners. If you are willing, could you please participate (at your option either on-wiki via userspace or off-wiki via email) in an exit poll, and answer some questions about how you decided amongst the ArbCom candidates?

If you decide to participate in this exit poll, the statistical results will be published in the Signpost, an online newspaper with over 1000 Wikipedians among the readership. There are about twelve questions, which have alphanumerical answers; it should take you a few minutes to complete the exit poll questionnaire, and will help improve Wikipedia by giving future candidates information about what you think is important. This is only an unofficial survey, and will have no impact on your actual vote during this election, nor in any future election.

All questions are individually optional, and this entire exit poll itself is also entirely optional, though if you choose not to participate, I would appreciate a brief reply indicating why you decided not to take part (see Question Zero). Thanks for being a Wikipedian

The questionnaire
Dear Wikipedian, please fill out these questions -- at your option via usertalk or via email, see Detailed Instructions at the end of the twelve questions -- by putting the appropriate answer in the blanks provided. If you decide not to answer a question (all questions are optional), please put the reason down: "undecided" / "private information" / "prefer not to answer" / "question is not well-posed" / "other: please specify". Although the Signpost cannot guarantee that complex answers can be processed for publication, it will help us improve future exit polls, if you give us comments about why you could not answer specific questions.
 * Q#0. Will you be responding to the questions in this exit poll? Why or why not?
 * Your Answer: no
 * Your Comments: private information

 * Q#1. Arbs must have at least 0k / 2k / 4k / 8k / 16k / 32k+ edits to Wikipedia.
 * Your Numeric Answer:
 * Your Comments:

 * Q#2. Arbs must have at least 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7+ years editing Wikipedia.
 * Your Numeric Answer:
 * Your Comments:

 * Q#3. Arbs...
 * A: should not be an admin
 * B: should preferably not be an admin
 * C: can be but need not be an admin
 * D: should preferably be an admin
 * E: must be or have been an admin
 * F: must currently be an admin
 * Your Single-Letter Answer:
 * Your Comments:

 * Q#4. Arbs must have at least 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7+ years of experience as an admin.
 * Your Numeric Answer:
 * Your Comments:

 * Q#5. Completely optional, as all these questions are completely optional:  which candidates did you support this year, and why?
 * Your List-Of-Usernames You Supported:
 * Your Comments:

 * The Quick&Easy End. Thank you for your answers.  Please sign with your Wikipedia username here, especially important if you are emailing your answers, so we can avoid double-counting and similar confusion.
 * Your Wikipedia Username: Abstraktn (talk) 18:24, 12 December 2015 (UTC)
 * General Comments:

 * Q#6. Completely optional, as all these questions are completely optional:  which candidates did you oppose this year, and why?
 * Your List-Of-Usernames You Opposed:
 * Your Comments:

 * Q#7. Are there any Wikipedians you would like to see run for ArbCom, in the December 2016 election, twelve months from now?  Who?
 * Your List-Of-Usernames As Potential Future Candidates:
 * Your Comments:

 * Q#8. Why did you vote in the 2015 ArbCom elections?  In particular, how did you learn about the election, and what motivated you to participate this year?
 * Your Answer:
 * Your Comments:

 * Q#9. For potential arbs, good indicators of the right kind of contributions outside noticeboard activity, would be:
 * A: discussions on the talkpages of articles which ARE subject to ArbCom sanctions
 * B: discussions on the talkpages of articles NOT subject to ArbCom restrictions
 * C: sending talkpage notifications e.g. with Twinkle, sticking to formal language
 * D: sending talkpage notifications manually, and explaining with informal English
 * E: working on policies/guidelines
 * F: working on essays/helpdocs
 * G: working on GA/FA/DYK/similar content
 * H: working on copyedits/infoboxes/pictures/similar content
 * I: working on categorization e.g. with HotCat
 * J: working on autofixes e.g. with AWB or REFILL
 * K: working with other Wikipedians via wikiprojects e.g. with MILHIST
 * L: working with other Wikipedians via IRC e.g. with or informally
 * M: working with other Wikipedians via email e.g. with UTRS or informally
 * N: working with other Wikipedians in person e.g. at edit-a-thons / Wikipedian-in-residence / Wikimania / etc
 * O: other types of contribution, please specify in your comments
 * Please specify a comma-separated list of the types of contributions you see as positive indicators for arb-candidates to have.
 * Your List-Of-Letters Answer:
 * Your Comments:

 * Q#10. Arbs who make many well-informed comments at these noticeboards (please specify which!) have the right kind of background, or experience, for ArbCom.
 * Options: A: AE, B: arbCases, C: LTA, D: OTRS, E: AN,
 * continued : F: OS/REVDEL, G: CU/SPI, H: AN/I, I: pageprot, J: NAC,
 * continued : K: RfC, L: RM, M: DRN, N: EA, O: 3o,
 * continued : P: NPOVN, Q: BLPN, R: RSN, S: NORN, T: FTN,
 * continued : U: teahouse, V: helpdesk, W: AfC, X: NPP, Y: AfD,
 * continued : 1: UAA, 2: COIN, 3: antiSpam, 4: AIV, 5: 3RR,
 * continued : 6: CCI, 7: NFCC, 8: abusefilter, 9: BAG, 0: VPT,
 * continued : Z: Other_noticeboard_not_listed_here_please_wikilink_your_answer
 * Please specify a comma-separated list of the noticeboards you see as important background-experience for arb-candidates to have.
 * Your List-Of-Letters Answer:
 * Your Comments:

 * Q#11. Arbs who make many comments at these noticeboards (please specify!) have the wrong kind of temperament, or personality, for ArbCom.
 * Options: (same as previous question -- please see above)
 * Please specify a comma-separated list of the noticeboards you see as worrisome personality-indicators for arb-candidates to have.
 * Your List-Of-Letters Answer:
 * Your Comments:

 * Q#12. Anything else we ought to know?
 * Your Custom-Designed Question(s):
 * Your Custom-Designed Answer(s):

 * The Extended-Answers End. Thank you for your answers.  Please sign with your Wikipedia username here, especially important if you are emailing your answers, so we can avoid double-counting and similar confusion.
 * Your Wikipedia Username:
 * General Comments:

Detailed Instructions: you are welcome to answer these questions via usertalk (easiest), or via email (for a modicum of privacy). Processing of responses will be performed in batches of ten, prior to publication in the Signpost. GamerPro64 will be processing the email-based answers, and will strive to maintain the privacy of your answers (as well as your email address and the associated IP address typically found in the email-headers), though of course as a volunteer effort, we cannot legally guarantee that GamerPro64 will have a system free from computer virii, we cannot legally guarantee that GamerPro64 will resist hypothetical bribes offered by the KGB/NSA/MI6 to reveal your secrets, and we cannot legally guarantee that GamerPro64 will make no mistakes. If you choose to answer on-wiki, your answers will be visible to other Wikipedians. If you choose to answer via email, your answers will be sent unencrypted over the internet, and we will do our best to protect your privacy, but unencrypted email is inherently an improper mechanism for doing so. Sorry! :-) We do promise to try hard, not to make any mistakes, in the processing and presentation of your answers. If you have any questions or concerns, you may contact column-editor GamerPro64, copy-editor 75.108.94.227, or copy-editor Ryk72.  Thanks for reading, and thanks for helping Wikipedia. Ryk72 'c.s.n.s.' 14:45, 9 December 2015 (UTC)
 * If you wish to answer via usertalk, go ahead and fill in the blanks by editing this subsection. Once you have completed the usertalk-based exit poll answers,, leave a short usertalk note, and click save.  The point of leaving the usertalk note, is to make sure your answers are processed and published.
 * If you wish to answer via email, create a new email to the Signpost column-editor by clicking Special:EmailUser/GamerPro64, and then paste the *plaintext* of the questions therein. Once you have completed the email-based exit poll answers,, leave a short usertalk note specifying the *time* you sent the email, and click save.  The point of leaving the usertalk note, is to make sure your answers are processed and published (not stuck in the spam-folder).

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Ways to improve Anita Grūbe
Hi, I'm TheSandDoctor. Abstraktn, thanks for creating Anita Grūbe!

I've just tagged the page, using our page curation tools, as having some issues to fix. Thank you for creating a page about Anita however more references would nice to have if at all possible.

The tags can be removed by you or another editor once the issues they mention are addressed. If you have questions, you can leave a comment on my talk page. Or, for more editing help, talk to the volunteers at the Teahouse.

TheSandDoctor (talk) 16:48, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Galerija Centrs
Hello, Abstraktn. I wanted to let you know that I’m proposing an article that you started, Galerija Centrs, for deletion because I don't think it meets our criteria for inclusion. If you don't want the article deleted:

 * 1) edit the page
 * 2) remove the text that looks like this:
 * 3) save the page

Also, be sure to explain why you think the article should be kept in your edit summary or on the article's talk page. If you don't do so, it may be deleted later anyway.

You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions.

Domdeparis (talk) 16:15, 2 June 2017 (UTC)

Nomination of Liene Bērziņa for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Liene Bērziņa is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Liene Bērziņa until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.  Edgars2007  (talk/contribs) 05:56, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

A page you started (Liene Liepiņa) has been reviewed!
Thanks for creating Liene Liepiņa, Abstraktn!

Wikipedia editor Megalibrarygirl just reviewed your page, and wrote this note for you:

"Please expand this article. I'm reviewing it as OK since I can see a number of sources for her online. :)"

To reply, leave a comment on Megalibrarygirl's talk page.

Learn more about page curation.

Megalibrarygirl (talk) 22:38, 28 August 2017 (UTC)

Ways to improve Mirdza Bendrupe
Hi, I'm SkyGazer 512. Abstraktn, thanks for creating Mirdza Bendrupe!

I've just tagged the page, using our page curation tools, as having some issues to fix. It would be great if you could provide some more information, as currently the article is very short. The the article on the Latvian Wikipedia is rather long, so you could probably base it off that.

The tags can be removed by you or another editor once the issues they mention are addressed. If you have questions, you can leave a comment on my talk page. Or, for more editing help, talk to the volunteers at the Teahouse.

SkyGazer 512 Oh no, what did I do this time? 02:27, 12 September 2018 (UTC)

Nomination of Roberts Putnis for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Roberts Putnis is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Roberts Putnis until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Valenciano (talk) 21:11, 8 October 2018 (UTC)

Andris Dzenītis moved to draftspace
An article you created on 31 August 2018, Andris Dzenītis, does not have enough content, sources and citations as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved this article to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the title) where you can incubate the draft article with minimal disruption. When you feel this draft article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. JoeHebda (talk) 19:52, 10 April 2019 (UTC)

Ways to improve Angela Nanetti
Hello, Abstraktn,

Thanks for creating Angela Nanetti! I edit here too, under the username Domdeparis and it's nice to meet you :-)

I wanted to let you know that I have tagged the page as having some issues to fix, as a part of our page curation process and note that:-

The tags can be removed by you or another editor once the issues they mention are addressed. If you have questions, leave a comment here and prepend it with. And, don't forget to sign your reply with. For broader editing help, please visit the Teahouse.

Delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.

Dom from Paris (talk) 15:59, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

Draft:Andris Dzenītis concern
Hi there, I'm HasteurBot. I just wanted to let you know that Draft:Andris Dzenītis, a page you created, has not been edited in 5 months. The Articles for Creation space is not an indefinite storage location for content that is not appropriate for articlespace.

If your submission is not edited soon, it could be nominated for deletion. If you would like to attempt to save it, you will need to improve it.

You may request Userfication of the content if it meets requirements.

If the deletion has already occured, instructions on how you may be able to retrieve it are available at WP:REFUND/G13.

Thank you for your attention. HasteurBot (talk) 01:22, 1 March 2020 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Andris Dzenītis

Hello, Abstraktn. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Andris Dzenītis".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the, , or  code.

If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia! UnitedStatesian (talk) 02:03, 3 April 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Dzidra Uztupe-Karamiševa

The article Dzidra Uztupe-Karamiševa has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:NHOOPS; no Latvian league is listed there."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 23:36, 11 April 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Zinta (given name)

The article Zinta (given name) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unsourced - the source given is a dead link and searches unable to find a substitute. Article itself is a simple definition with no encyclopaedic value. Fails all notability tests"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.  Velella  Velella Talk 13:08, 22 September 2022 (UTC)

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
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Proposed deletion of Agra (given name)

The article Agra (given name) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No evidence of notability, fails WP:NNAME."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. AllTheUsernamesAreInUse (talk) 05:00, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Ance (given name)

The article Ance (given name) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No evidence of notability, fails WP:NNAME."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. AllTheUsernamesAreInUse (talk) 05:11, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Ildze

The article Ildze has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No evidence of notability, fails WP:NNAME."

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Proposed deletion of Imanta (given name)

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Proposed deletion of Modra (given name)

The article Modra (given name) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No evidence of notability, fails WP:NNAME."

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Proposed deletion of Smaida

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Proposed deletion of Spodra

The article Spodra has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No evidence of notability, fails WP:NNAME."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. AllTheUsernamesAreInUse (talk) 06:00, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

Ance Eikena moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Ance Eikena, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. Maliner (talk) 16:55, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

Ance Krauze moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Ance Krauze, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. Maliner (talk) 16:56, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

Nomination of Ance (given name) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Ance (given name) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Ance (given name) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. AllTheUsernamesAreInUse (talk) 00:12, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

I have sent you a note about a page you started
Hello, Abstraktn. Thank you for your work on Sniedze Prauliņa. SunDawn, while examining this page as a part of our page curation process, had the following comments:

To reply, leave a comment here and begin it with. Please remember to sign your reply with ~. (Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.)

✠ SunDawn ✠   (contact)   04:39, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Spodris

The article Spodris has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No evidence of notability, fails WP:NNAME."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. AllTheUsernamesAreInUse (talk) 00:42, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

Nomination of Agra (given name) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Agra (given name) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Agra (given name) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. AllTheUsernamesAreInUse (talk) 06:55, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

Concern regarding Draft:Ance Krauze
Hello, Abstraktn. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Ance Krauze, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.

If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 17:07, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Ance Krauze

Hello, Abstraktn. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or draft page you started, "Ance Krauze".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material, the draft has been deleted. When you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 17:38, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Abstraktn


text:
Gaudeamus igitur

"De Brevitate Vitae" (Latin for "On the Shortness of Life"), more commonly known as "Gaudeamus igitur" ("So Let Us Rejoice") or just "Gaudeamus", is a popular academic commercium song in many European countries, mainly sung or performed at university graduation ceremonies. Despite its use as a formal graduation hymn, it is a jocular, light-hearted composition that pokes fun at university life. The song is thought to originate in a Latin manuscript from 1287. It is in the tradition of carpe diem ("seize the day") with its exhortations to enjoy life. It was known as a beer-drinking song in many early universities and is the official song of many schools, colleges, universities, institutions, student societies and is the official anthem of the International University Sports Federation.

Content
The lyrics reflect an endorsement of the bacchanalian mayhem of student life while simultaneously retaining the grim knowledge that one day we will all die. The song contains humorous and ironic references to sex and death, and many versions have appeared following efforts to bowdlerise this song for performance in public ceremonies. In private, students will typically sing ribald words.

The song is sometimes known by its opening words, "Gaudeamus igitur" or simply "Gaudeamus". In the UK, it is sometimes affectionately known as "The Gaudie". The centuries of use have given rise to numerous slightly different versions.

Lyrics
The proposition that the lyrics originate in 1287 is based on a manuscript held in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris. A poem starting with the words Subscribere proposui ("I have suggested signing (it)") has two verses that closely resemble the later Gaudeamus igitur verses, although neither the first verse nor the actual words Gaudeamus igitur appear. The music accompanying this poem bears no relation to the melody which is now associated with it. A German translation of these verses was made in about 1717 and published in 1730 without music. A Latin version in a handwritten student songbook, dating from some time between 1723 and 1750, is preserved in the Berlin State Library (formerly located at Marburg); however, this differs considerably from the modern text. The current Latin lyrics with a German translation were published by Halle in 1781 in Studentenlieder ("Students' Songs") written by Christian Wilhelm Kindleben (1748-1785), who admitted to making important changes to the text.

Below is Kindleben's 1781 Latin version, with two translations to English (one anonymous, and another by Tr. J. Mark Sugars, 1997 ). The New-Latin word Antiburschius refers to opponents of the 19th-century politically active German student fraternities.

When sung, the first two lines and the last line of each stanza are repeated; for instance: Gaudeamus igitur, Iuvenes dum sumus, Gaudeamus igitur, Iuvenes dum sumus! Post iucundam iuventutem, Post molestam senectutem, Nos habebit humus, Nos habebit humus.

Music
The first appearance in print of the present melody was in Lieder für Freunde der Geselligen Freude ("Songs for Friends of Convivial Joy"), published in Leipzig in 1782, together with Kindleben's German lyrics; however, the tune was evidently well known before this date. The first publication of the present Latin text together with the present melody was probably in Ignaz Walter's 1797 operatic setting of Doktor Faust. It is also heard in Berlioz' Damnation of Faust.

Johannes Brahms quoted the melody in the final section of his Academic Festival Overture, in a fortissimo rendition performed by the full orchestra.

Sigmund Romberg used it in the operetta The Student Prince, which is set at the University of Heidelberg.

It is quoted in Johann Strauss II's "Studenten-Polka" (Française, Op.263), first performed at the students' ball at the Redoutensaal on 24 February 1862.

The tune is quoted, along with other student songs, in the overture of Franz von Suppé's 1863 operetta Flotte Burschen, the action being once again set at the University of Heidelberg.

Basing it on the original melody, Franz Liszt has composed the Gaudeamus igitur—Paraphrase and later (1870) the Gaudeamus igitur—Humoreske.

Modern version is rearrangement for male chorus with piano accompaniment, by Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1874) (TH 187 ; ČW 413).

Tom Lehrer mentioned the Gaudeamus in his satirical song, "Bright College Days":

Turn on the spigot Pour the beer and swig it And gaudeamus igit-ur

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gaudeamus igitur


text:
Jewellery Quarter station

Jewellery Quarter station is a combined railway station and tram stop, situated in the Jewellery Quarter of Birmingham, England. The station is served by West Midlands Trains (who operate the station), Chiltern Railways, and West Midlands Metro.

The station is set at the mouth of Hockley No 2 Tunnel below the elevation of its road-level access point on Vyse Street; stairs and a lift are provided.

History
Jewellery Quarter station was opened in 1995, as part of the "Jewellery Line" project which saw the re-introduction of cross-city services via Birmingham Snow Hill. Midland Metro services commenced in 1999, when its first (and so far only) line from Birmingham to Wolverhampton opened.

No previous station had existed at this site, however the area was historically served by Hockley station, located a short distance west, which had been opened by the Great Western Railway in 1854, and was closed with the line in 1972.

Facilities
The station has no car park, but ten cycle storage spaces are available. The station has a ticket office, but this has limited opening hours; a self-service ticket machine is provided for use when the ticket hall is closed and for collecting pre-paid tickets. Train running information is offered via automated announcements, CIS displays, timetable posters and customer help points on each side.

Outside the station entrance on Vyse Street is a sculpture called "Clockwork" by Mark Renn, which dates from 2004. There is also a Victorian cast iron public urinal, dating from around 1880, which is now disused but is grade II listed.

Train
West Midlands Railway:

Most services are operated by West Midlands Trains.

The Monday to Saturday off-peak service sees trains approximately every 15 minutes in each direction.

Eastbound:
 * 4 trains per hour (tph) to Birmingham Snow Hill and Birmingham Moor Street
 * 2tph to Whitlocks End via Shirley
 * of which one continues to Stratford-upon-Avon via the North Warwickshire Line

 * 2tph to Dorridge via Solihull
 * of which one continues to Stratford-upon-Avon via Lapworth
 * Two evening weekday West Midlands Railway services continue to Leamington Spa.

Westbound:
 * 4 trains per hour to Kidderminster via Smethwick Galton Bridge and Stourbridge Junction:
 * of which two continue to Worcester Foregate Street via Droitwich Spa
 * Some services reverse or terminate at Worcester Shrub Hill.

Chiltern Railways:

Chiltern serve the station with one nighttime service to Stourbridge Junction on weekdays only, from London Marylebone.

Tram
On Mondays to Fridays, West Midlands Metro services in each direction between Edgbaston Village and Wolverhampton St George's/Wolverhampton Station run at six to eight-minute intervals during the day, and at fifteen-minute intervals during the evenings and on Sundays. They run at eight minute intervals on Saturdays.

title: Jewellery Quarter station


text:
Queens Moat Houses

Queens Moat Houses PLC was a British public limited company engaged primarily in the hotel business.

History
Queens Moat House Hotels was founded in the early 1970s by John Bairstow. By 1991, the company was the third largest hotelier in the United Kingdom, after Forte Group and Mount Charlotte. On 31 March 1993, trading in its shares was suspended after an accounting scandal. The company was subsequently investigated under Section 432(2) of the Companies Act 1985. In 1997, the company sold 25 hotels. The company was bought by Goldman Sachs in August 2005 and renamed QMH Limited. In October 2005, 9 hotels were sold for approximately £100m. In February 2013, 20 German hotels were sold to Fattal Hotels, an Israeli company. In 2014, 11 hotels were sold to Marathon Asset Management.

title: Queens Moat Houses


text:
User talk:Hexydes

Look, will you please stop assuming the Wikipedia is a free advertising service for your OS? The article is being fixed so that it is NEUTRAL, like Wikipedia articles are meant to be, and you keep bringing in the SkyOS teams line to it, or useless stuff about when/where/what will be in the final 5.0

Kiand 07:41, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Advertisements
I'm not advertising SkyOS. I'm clearing things up. Am I supposed to just ignore the fact that someone wrote that SkyOS violates the GPL when we have gone to EXTREME lengths to make sure that we never do that? Or when a Linux troll says "A major criticism of SkyOS is that it has no web browser", when we are actively in the process of writing a web browser as he is typing that incorrect sentence? I'm sorry, if you think that me correcting this nonsense is somehow me trying to "advertise" SkyOS, then no, I won't stop. Someone is lying to disparage something I have spent a very long time and large amount of work on, simply because they do not care for our project (based on the fact that it is closed-source). I have a right to correct inaccurate information.

 * You state yourself that you have no web browser at the present time. I'm therefore baffled how you can say it's a lie to say people criticise SkyOS for not having a web browser. The fact is it currently does not have a web browser, and that some people are critical of that fact. Please stop removing factual information and replacing it with appeals to the reader's sympathy of what SkyOS may become in the future. Wikipedia is not about speculation. Shane King 07:49, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * s/Linux/BeOS troll. A BeOS "troll" who has been approached by SkyOS in a predatory manner in a request to get him to move development platform. A "troll" who has tried using SkyOS only to have serious issues with it. I use a closed source OS myself, with no problems. But currently there IS no web-browser, and there ARE GPL suspicions - I myself had to jump through hoops to get a diff to a GPL'ed app I'm a team member of when it was ported to SkyOS.#
 * I'm going to rewrite this article entirely - at the moment, its unmaintainable - its an advertising flyer.
 * Kiand 07:54, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The fact that we do not have a "pretty" web browser at the moment was listed under criticisms. To me, that would mean people have asked for it, and we have told them no. Not many people have asked for a new browser, they are happy to use Links for a few weeks. We are working very hard to get a new web browser in, and it is likely that the next beta will indeed have this new browser. I am willing to accept the fact that we only have Links, which is why I wrote that we are currently working on a new browser.

 * You're still providing useless information - currently you don't have a decent web browser. So be it. Links is not a decent browser anyway, so don't bother elaborating on "Currently there is no decent web browser". This is not a place for sale-spinning.
 * Kiand 08:05, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Images
Listed under Images and media for deletion/2005 September 9. Thunderbrand 01:46, September 10, 2005 (UTC)

Notability of SingSnap
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on SingSnap, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because SingSnap is an article about a certain website, blog, forum, or other web content that does not assert the importance or significance of that web location. Please read our criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 7 under Articles, as well as notability guidelines for websites. Please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources which verify their content. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting SingSnap, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. CSDWarnBot 05:34, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Skyos build 6669 screenshot 001.png)
Thanks for uploading Image:Skyos build 6669 screenshot 001.png. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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File permission problem with File:Skyos b6132 005.png
Thanks for uploading File:Skyos b6132 005.png I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file agreed to license it under the given license.

If you created this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either
 * make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
 * Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to , stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here.

If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to .

If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.  MBisanz  talk 00:14, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hexydes


text:
Saves the Day

Saves the Day is an American rock band formed in 1997 in Princeton, New Jersey. The band currently consists of lead vocalist and guitarist Chris Conley, guitarist Arun Bali, bassist Rodrigo Palma, and drummer Claudio Rivera.

After forming under the name Sefler in 1994, Saves the Day released their debut studio album, Can't Slow Down, through Equal Vision Records in 1998. It was followed by Through Being Cool (1999), which featured their first single, "Shoulder to the Wheel". The band achieved mainstream success with the release of Stay What You Are (2001), released through Vagrant Records, which sold 200,000 copies and spawned the MTV2 hit singles  At Your Funeral" and "Freakish". The album's success allowed the band to sign to the major label DreamWorks Records, who released the band's fourth album In Reverie (2003). DreamWorks folded into Interscope Records, who dropped the band weeks after the album's release. The band have since released five more albums under the Vagrant, Razor & Tie and Equal Vision labels, with their most recent, 9'', being released on October 26, 2018.

Formation and first releases (1994–2000)
Sefler was a four-piece band, formed in 1994, which performed in the New Jersey area, and featured Chris Conley on bass guitar and vocals. Sefler changed its name to Saves the Day in late 1997. Of Saves the Day's original lineup, only Conley remains today; the band has gone through numerous personnel changes over the years, and has only recorded two consecutive albums with the same lineup (Through Being Cool and Stay What You Are, respectively), with Conley as the only permanent member.

Saves the Day's first proper release, Can't Slow Down, was recorded and released through Equal Vision Records in 1998, while the members were still in high school.

Using their own resources, Saves the Day released a five-song acoustic EP, I'm Sorry I'm Leaving, in early 1999. Later that year, they released their second full-length with Equal Vision, Through Being Cool, which saw them further refining their melodic sound. They began drawing attention from some of the larger independent labels, eventually signing with Vagrant Records.

Stay What You Are and commercial exposure (2001–2003)
In 2001, Saves the Day began moving away from their roots with the release of Stay What You Are. The album had a poppier feel, with more intricate guitar work and arrangements rather than the previous power chord-based sound. They gained some exposure with a video for the song "At Your Funeral", and made appearances on Conan O'Brien and The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn. They also released a video for "Freakish" in April 2002; the video featured Muppet-esque puppets. Shortly after the album's release, guitarist Ted Alexander left and Conley took over guitar duties. The album was also original drummer Bryan Newman's last recording with the band, who also left shortly after the album's release. The album artwork featured photographs taken by the photo duo Day 19.

"At Your Funeral" reached No. 76 on the UK Singles Chart in June 2002.

Major label signing for In Reverie (2003–2005)
With the success of Stay What You Are, Saves the Day signed with major label DreamWorks Records, who would co-release their next album with Vagrant, who still had them under contract. The 2003 release of In Reverie saw them further experiment with their sound and featured less macabre lyrics than past recordings. The drastic change in sound was alienating among fans, and the album received little support from DreamWorks. The song "Anywhere With You" was released as a single, but went largely unnoticed, despite the album peaking at 27 on the Billboard Top 200 albums chart. Conley later said the following about the album's release in an interview with Skratch Magazine:

"DreamWorks Records completely abandoned it three days after it was released, saying that we made the wrong record. Then they were sold a month later. They were worthless."

Shortly after the album's release, DreamWorks Records was absorbed by Interscope, who would eventually drop them from its roster.

Saves the Day finally fulfilled their contractual obligations with Vagrant Records in 2004 with the release of Ups and Downs: Early Recordings and B-Sides, which was a collection of b-sides and included the I'm Sorry I'm Leaving EP. Ups and Downs also featured a song from their early days as Sefler. Conley said in an AP Podcast interview that the wrong Sefler song had been put on the CD. He had asked for a different song, but when he received the final version he discovered it was the wrong one. The album was dedicated to former bassist Sean McGrath, who died in 2004 at age 28, after a two-year battle with intestinal cancer. McGrath recorded with them on Can't Slow Down and had left during the writing of Through Being Cool. Saves the Day was relatively inactive in 2004, though during that time they set up their own studio, The Electric Ladybug, located in Chico, California.

Three-part concept: Sound the Alarm, Under the Boards and Daybreak (2005–2011)
In early 2005, Saves the Day began writing their follow-up to In Reverie. During the writing process, longtime bassist Eben D'Amico left and was replaced by Glassjaw bassist Manuel Carrero.

Saves the Day recorded their fifth studio album, Sound the Alarm, in 2005, without a label. They announced in January 2006 that they had re-signed with Vagrant, who would release Sound the Alarm in April. The album marked a return to their macabre lyrics and drew more from their influences than In Reverie had. During the Sound the Alarm recording sessions, they also recorded an EP of acoustic versions of several songs from past albums, which was sold on tour throughout 2006 as Bug Sessions Volume One. Saves the Day toured extensively throughout 2006 and early 2007 in support of the album. It was announced that Sound the Alarm was part one of a three-part concept. The next album in the trilogy, Under the Boards, was released in 2007. The third album in the series, Daybreak, was finally released in September 2011, after a very long wait by fans.

In February 2007, they announced that thirteen demos had already been recorded for a new album, which would be titled Under the Boards. It was also revealed that this would be the second of a three-part concept involving Sound the Alarm, Under the Boards and the yet to be released Daybreak''. Chris Conley said that "Sound the Alarm is an expression of discontent. Under the Boards is reflection and remorse. Daybreak is acceptance."

Conley also said about the three-album concept:

"The whole trilogy was just a bit of a therapeutic experiment. I felt like all twisted up and broken inside and just angry and confused and depressed and sad and I couldn't really deal with the world or myself. So I was just like 'this has got to end, I have to at least try and get a grip on the world and on myself'. So I dove into the depths of my mind and brought out what I was finding, so the first album was filled with all the anger, the surface pain, and all the paranoid delusional thoughts that were there. The second album, Under the Boards, dealt with how all of that was making my life unbearable, and I realized I had to change, so that album was the transitional part, starting to transition out of that dark place, because you realize how it's affecting your life. So Daybreak is coming to terms with everything and trying to understand why I actually got that way and learning to accept it by exploring what it is and why it was there and simultaneously trying to grow through it and be a better person, not purely full of anger."

In March 2007, after more than four years with the band, drummer Pete Parada left to join the Offspring. Carrero's Glassjaw bandmate Durijah Lang took over drumming duties, and recorded on Under the Boards. The album was released on October 30, 2007, through Vagrant Records.

Chris Conley said in an interview that the next Bug Sessions would be a collection of live songs recorded on their 30-date acoustic tour. Volumes 2 and 3 of the once-tour-exclusive EPs were originally only sold on tour, but are now on the iTunes Music Store. After a string of shows on the East Coast in late October 2008, Saves the Day planned to enter the studio to begin work on their next studio album, Daybreak.

Saves the Day began working on Daybreak in 2009. It was announced in March 2009 that longstanding guitarist David Soloway would no longer be playing for Saves the Day. He continues to play bass for his side project Two Tongues with Chris Conley. In April, Arun Bali was announced as Soloway's replacement. Continuing this string of events, on December 21, it was announced that bassist Manuel Carrero and drummer Durijah Lang would be leaving to focus on Glassjaw. They were replaced by Rodrigo Palma on bass and Spencer Peterson (ex-Hidden In Plain View) on drums.

In September 2010, Peterson's personal website announced that he had left Saves the Day and joined Fall Out Boy's Pete Wentz's new electropop group Black Cards. About two weeks later, drummer Claudio Rivera's personal website announced that he had joined Saves the Day. In October 2010, the band announced that they would be selling dropcards to access a digital-only EP, 1984, while on tour with Say Anything and Motion City Soundtrack. The EP contains the track "1984" from the upcoming album.

Daybreak was released on September 13, 2011, through Razor & Tie, after several delays during the previous two years. This was the first time Saves the Day had released an album without a single band member (besides Conley) having played on an earlier record.

Saves the Day (2011–2015)
In a December 2011 interview, Chris Conley revealed that an eighth Saves the Day album was in the works and that he was hoping that the band would be back in the studio in the fall of 2012 to record it. On November 23, 2012, Saves the Day announced they were making a new record, but wanted the fans to get involved. They signed up on PledgeMusic and offered fans everything from free downloads and album updates to limited edition T-shirts, tickets to shows, and private house shows. They released a demo to "pledgers" of one of the songs on the new album, "Ain't No Kind of Love", when pledging started. For Christmas 2012, they did a cover of "Baby Please Come Home", and in the new year, Weezer's "Across the Sea". Saves the Day released a music video for their song "Ring Pop" on YouTube. The album, titled Saves the Day, was released on September 17, 2013. On May 20, 2013, it was announced that Dennis Wilson had joined Saves the Day on a permanent basis, replacing former drummer Claudio Rivera. After the album was released, the band did two tours: a headlining North American tour, with Into It. Over It. and Hostage Calm supporting, and a North American holiday acoustic tour, with Walter Schreifels and Jon Simmons.

In 2014, Saves the Day supported Brand New on their UK tour.

On September 4, 2014, Saves the Day and Say Anything announced a co-headlining tour, with support from Reggie and the Full Effect. The three bands were celebrating anniversaries. Saves The Day celebrated 15 years since Through Being Cool; Say Anything had their 10th anniversary of ...Is a Real Boy, and Reggie celebrated Under The Tray.

9 (2016–present)
On February 26, 2016, Chris Conley tweeted about the "first song on the next saves the day record" being his "new favorite song of all time."

On August 14, 2018, Saves the Day released a new song called "Rendezvous," and announced that they would be releasing their ninth album, containing nine tracks, and called 9, on October 26, 2018, via Equal Vision Records.

In 2020, drummer Dennis Wilson left Saves the Day and Claudio Rivera rejoined the band. (Wilson would later join Balance and Composure in 2023.)

Sexual misconduct allegations
In May 2021, Conley was accused of sexual misconduct and grooming by a fan of his. Among the allegations included claims that Conley sent unsolicited nude photographs and manipulated his fandom to lure him into a relationship. Conley admitted to "making an unacceptable number of inappropriate missteps causing irreversible harm" and said "I am truly ashamed and embarrassed by my abhorrent behavior." Equal Vision Records, which released Saves the Day and 9, stated "We are working diligently to uncover the truth behind what happened and our actions moving forward will reflect what we are able to find."

Side projects
In 2009, Chris Conley and former Saves the Day guitarist David Soloway got together with Max Bemis and Coby Linder of Say Anything to form the supergroup Two Tongues. The group features Bemis and Conley sharing lead vocals and guitar duties, with Soloway on bass guitar and Linder on drums. Thirteen songs were recorded in Electric Ladybug Studio, Conley's home studio in Chico, California. Bemis, Conley, and Linder previously collaborated on a cover song of Bob Dylan's "The Man In Me" for the compilation album Paupers, Peasants, Princes & Kings: The Songs of Bob Dylan, released by Doghouse Records in 2006. The group's self-titled debut was released on February 3, 2009.

In Fall 2010, Two Tongues made their first public (surprise) performance in the middle of Say Anything's set each night of the Motion City Soundtrack/Say Anything/Saves the Day tour, performing the song "Crawl". Arun Bali (current guitarist of Saves the Day) played guitar, Kenny Vasoli (of the Starting Line and Person L) played bass, Jake Turner (of Say Anything) played guitar, and Coby Linder played drums, while Chris Conley and Max Bemis sang.

Band members

 * Current members
 * Chris Conley – lead vocals (1994–present), rhythm guitar (2002–present) , bass (1994–1998)
 * Arun Bali – lead guitar, backing vocals (2009–present)
 * Rodrigo Palma – bass (2009–present)
 * Claudio Rivera – drums (2010–2013, 2020–present)

 * Former members
 * Bryan Newman – drums, percussion (1994–2002)
 * Justin Gaylord – lead and rhythm guitar (1994–1997)
 * Chris Zampella – lead and rhythm guitar (1997–1998)
 * Anthony Anastasio – lead and rhythm guitar (1997–1998)
 * David Soloway – lead guitar, backing vocals (1998–2009)
 * Ted Alexander – rhythm guitar (1998–2002)
 * Sean McGrath – bass (1998–1999; died 2004)
 * Eben D'Amico – bass, backing vocals (1999–2005)
 * Pete Parada – drums, percussion (2002–2007)
 * Manuel Carrero – bass (2005–2009)
 * Durijah Lang – drums, percussion (2007–2009)
 * Spencer Peterson – drums, percussion (2009–2010)
 * Dennis Wilson – drums, percussion (2013–2020)

 * Touring musicians
 * Damon Atkinson – drums, percussion (2002)
 * Alex Garcia-Rivera – drums, percussion (2002)
 * Reed Black – keyboards (2003–2005)
 * Thomas Hunter – guitar (2009)
 * Alexander Kent – bass (2009)

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Can't Slow Down (1998)
 * Through Being Cool (1999)
 * Stay What You Are (2001)
 * In Reverie (2003)
 * Sound the Alarm (2006)
 * Under the Boards (2007)
 * Daybreak (2011)
 * Saves the Day (2013)
 * 9 (2018)

title: Saves the Day


text:
Shadowgate

Shadowgate is a black-and-white point-and-click adventure game published for the Macintosh as part of the MacVenture series. The game is named for its setting, Castle Shadowgate, residence of the evil Warlock Lord. The player, as the "last of a great line of hero-kings" is charged with the task of saving the world by defeating the Warlock Lord, who is attempting to summon up the demon Behemoth out of Hell. Later that year, a color version of the game was released for the Amiga and Atari ST, and in 1989 for the Nintendo Entertainment System.

Gameplay

The player must solve a series of puzzles throughout the castle to proceed to the Warlock Lord's chamber. Due to the castle's perilous nature, at least one lit torch must be in the player's possession at all times. If the torch is extinguished, the player soon stumbles, breaking his neck, and must then continue from a saved game (or the area in which they died, in game console versions). Only a finite number of torches are to be found throughout the game, which effectively acts as a time limit to proceedings. Various items that can be acquired include a sword, a sling and other ancient weapons; though these weapons can not actually be used as striking weapons, they can be clicked on at the appropriate time to deliver a fatal blow to specific enemies.

The game has many opportunities for death, including being burned by a dragon's breath, attacked by a cyclops, sucked into outer space through a broken mirror, dissolved by acidic slime, mauled by a wolf-woman, eaten by sharks, and suicide. Virtually any action taken by the player which is not the correct solution to a puzzle will result in a fatality. These deaths were often graphically described in the game's text (along with often sardonic and humorous comments), even in the NES version (in spite of Nintendo's policy of censorship at the time). Many of the game's puzzles rely on a system of trial and error, the problem of which is overcome by the ability to save the game state (as in most adventure games). Subtle hints can be found in books and the descriptive game texts. In the NES version, these are replaced by an outright hint feature which gives vague clues about what is noteworthy in any given room in the castle. The further the player progresses, however, the more useless this feature becomes, deteriorating into nothing but encouraging messages by the game's end. The NES version of Shadowgate is one of the few NES games with a Swedish language version.

Plot
At the very beginning of Shadowgate, the only information the game provides to the player is:

"The last thing that you remember is standing before the wizard Lakmir as he gestured wildly and chanted in an archaic tongue. Now you find yourself staring at an entryway which lies at the edge of a forest. The Druid's words still ring in your ears: Within the walls of the Castle Shadowgate lies your quest. If the prophecies hold true, the dreaded Warlock Lord will use his dark magic to raise the Behemoth, the deadliest of the Titans, from the depths of the earth. You are the seed of prophecy, the last of the line of kings, and only you can stop the Warlock Lord from darkening our world FOREVER. Fare thee well."

It is then up to the player to gather more information about the world through examining objects and reading any scrolls or books they come across. While reading some of the in-game books and scrolls is necessary to finish the game, others only provide exposition about the world Shadowgate takes place in. Reading the book Before Shadowgate, the comic book Shadowgate Saga: Raven, and playing the sequels Beyond Shadowgate and Shadowgate 64: Trials of the Four Towers reveals more details.

Shadowgate takes place in the fictional world of "Tarkus" ("Tyragon" in the Before Shadowgate novel, also known as "Terrakk”, the Kal Torlinese term for "Earth") where creatures from fantasy and myth live. In the land of "Kal Zathyn" (according to the novel), on top of "Gatekeeper Mountain", is the living castle of "Shadowgate" where a group of powerful wizards known as the "Circle of Twelve" once met. One of the Circle of Twelve, "Talimar", became corrupt and was removed from the Circle. After that, he began to call himself "The Warlock Lord" and caused chaos across the lands by inciting conflict between humans, elves, dwarves, and the races on Tyragon. After those wars ended and the land began to rebuild, the Warlock Lord amassed an army of followers, including trolls, orcs, goblins, and other creatures. He waged war against the Kings of the Lands, and was defeated when the rest of the Circle of Twelve intervened. They sealed the Warlock Lord inside the caverns underneath Shadowgate, and then disbanded. The only wizard who remained was "Lakmir", who took on the role of Tyragon's guardian to ensure that the Warlock Lord's evil would not threaten the Lands again.

Years later, the Warlock Lord escaped from his confinement, and planned to raise the mightiest of titans, the Behemoth, from the depths of darkness to serve him. With the Behemoth, the Warlock Lord would escape Castle Shadowgate, and terrorize the planet once more. To keep this from happening, Lakhmir sought out the last of the "Line of Kings", also known as "The Seed of Prophecy", who was foretold to stop the Warlock Lord and the Behemoth. Doing so would require the "Staff of Ages", a powerful artifact with enough power to slay the Behemoth that was hidden within Shadowgate. After finding this hero, Lakhmir sends him to the entrance of Shadowgate to begin his quest.

It is up to the player to take on the role of "The Seed of Prophecy", enter Castle Shadowgate, solve its puzzles, survive its many traps, and stop the Warlock Lord once and for all. If they survive to the end, they will come across the Warlock Lord just as he succeeds in opening the gates of Hell and summoning the Behemoth. If the player was successful in finding and assembling the holy artifact called the Staff of Ages by this point, then they would be able to mortally wound the demon with it. As it dies, the Behemoth then drags the Warlock Lord with him into Hell. The player returns victorious, where he is betrothed to the King's daughter and entitled High Lord of the Westland.

Ports
Shadowgate was originally released for Macintosh in 1987 and ported to other computers, including a color version of the game for the Atari ST and Amiga later in 1987. In 1988 it was released for MS-DOS and in 1989 for the Apple IIGS. It made its first console appearance later that year on the Nintendo Entertainment System. The success of Shadowgate on the NES prompted ICOM Simulations to have Kemco/Seika port the other MacVenture titles to the console, including Déjà Vu and Uninvited. In 2018, the NES port was released (alongside Déjà Vu and The Uninvited) to the PC, Xbox One and Playstation 4 in a collection called 8-Bit Adventure Anthology: Volume 1 by Abstraction Games.

In 1992, an enhanced version of the game was released for Windows 3.1x.

Later in 2024, the game will be ported to the Playdate handheld console.

Reception
Computer Gaming World gave the game a very positive review, noting the game uses the same superior interface as prior MacVenture games. The difficulty was noted as a step up from Deja Vu and Uninvited, but Shadowgate was also said to be more flexible, allowing more than one solution to some puzzles.

The game was reviewed in 1987 in Dragon #128 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers stated that "Shadowgate is a great adventure game in that you must continually be aware of what’s already been accomplished to complete subsequent puzzles". The reviewers gave the game 5/5 stars.

Macworld reviewed the Macintosh version of Shadowgate, praising its extensive gameplay, stating that "so much is jammed into these two disks that nearly everyone should find this game appealing ... ShadowGate plays easily and instinctively". Macworld also praises Shadowgate's graphics and sound, calling the graphics "expertly crafted", but express that they "[tend] to lack originality", and call the sound effects "far better than those of most adventure games". Macworld calls Shadowgate "technically, visually, and aurally superior to most of its competition" but criticizes the game's mood, stating that it doesn't "take itself seriously enough to create a mood of mystery", and also lacks the 'tongue-in-cheek' humor of other adventure games, creating a feeling of something "lacking".

Legacy
In 1996, Infinite Ventures acquired from Viacom, the rights to Shadowgate and other games originally developed by ICOM Simulations. ICOM Simulations had been acquired by Viacom in 1994 but had published no updates to the original products. After the acquisition, Infinite Ventures ported the game to other operating systems (Windows '95/'98/2000/Me) and portable systems (Windows CE P/PC, Palm OS, and Pocket PC) under the name of Shadowgate Classic. These versions had a new interface and menu layout, with artwork based on the 1996 Windows versions.

In 1999, Infinite Ventures licensed the NES version of Shadowgate to KEMCO and it was ported to the Game Boy Color with enhanced sprites and animations also under the name of Shadowgate Classic.

In 2005, a mobile phone version of the game was released by Vindigo Entertainment. Once again using the name of Shadowgate Classic, this version featured brand new graphics, puzzles, challenges, and areas.

In 2006, Infinite Ventures licensed the rights to the ICOM simulations portfolio to Zojoi, a company formed by Shadowgate's original game designers, Dave Marsh and Karl Roelofs. In October 2012, Zojoi, LLC launched a Kickstarter campaign to secure funding for a remake of Shadowgate. Original game creators Dave Marsh and Karl Roelofs appeared in the pitch video and showed pre-production footage of the game in development. They set a crowd-funding goal of $120,000. In the 2nd update of the Kickstarter campaign, the Black Axe, an item and quest that had been cut from the original game due to size constraints, was announced to be reintroduced in the new version of Shadowgate. Those who pledged $2,500 or more received a replica Staff of Ages. The campaign finished successfully, earning $137,232 in pledges by November 25 and reaching its first stretch goal. The remake was completed and released for the PCs in 2014. In 2019, it was ported to the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch.

Sequels
In 1991, a novel written under the pen name "F.X. Nine" called Before Shadowgate, was published by Scholastic Corporation as part of the Worlds of Power series of video game novelizations of third party Nintendo Entertainment System games. The novel acts as a prequel to the game, and featured contributions from Shadowgate co-creators Dave Marsh and Karl Roelofs, who provided important details and information to the book's author.

There have been two sequels to the game. The first, Beyond Shadowgate, was released for the TurboGrafx-16 in 1993 and the second, Shadowgate 64: Trials of the Four Towers, for the Nintendo 64 in 1999. Another N64 sequel, Shadowgate Rising, was well into development, but the project was scrapped when Nintendo announced the console which would become the GameCube.

On September 16, 2021, 317 Games launched a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign for Shadowgate, The Living Castle, a board game based on the Shadowgate series.

In October 2021, Zojoi and Azure Drop Studios released Shadowgate VR: The Mines of Mythrok, an exclusive Oculus Quest title.

On January 22, 2023, Zojoi announced a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign for Beyond Shadowgate, the official sequel to the NES version of Shadowgate. A video from series co-creator Dave Marsh notes this project uses the original design documents from 1990 and is unrelated to the TurboGrafx-16 game.

title: Shadowgate


text:
Talk:Why

Moved from the main page: This page previously, incorrectly redirected to causality but, since the content of causality doesn't have a single use of the word "why" nor does the topic of causality ontologiclly include the discussion of "why" or, by extention, "intent", the link to that topic has been broken. Causality is strictly a discussion of the "how" of events.

This page serves as a stub until someone can generate a good discussion on the ontological implications of asking "why" and the intent thereby implied to exist. No information is better than misinformation. — 65.28.6.146 & 67.52.217.51

"Why?" as a philosophical question
Before, the link for "Why?" as a philosophical question linked to Why?, the Artist. I changed it to link to the Five Ws for now, but was unsure if it should be linked there or to the Wiktionary entry of why?can also stand for whatever

Weien 04:10, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * fun for trivia. too lazy to find real ref :P http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_General_(The_Prisoner) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.116.105.117 (talk) 07:00, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Recent cleanup tagging
Since I keep an eye on this page, I would appreciate some input on what requires cleaning up.-- Shelf Skewed  Talk  03:50, 9 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't know; however, the page may look less clean to me, unless I'm wrong, because of too many songs and red links. Maybe television programs need a section, and books need a section, I think.  --Gh87 (talk) 04:04, 9 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Also, I think songs may need subsections if they must not be removed. --Gh87 (talk) 04:06, 9 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Generally it's considered a bad idea to create too many small sections, but I can see splitting out an "Other media" category from the "Other uses". That makes sense. What kind of sorting did you have in mind for the songs?-- Shelf Skewed  Talk  04:13, 9 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Maybe songs that first appeared in musicals and television may need their own sub-headings; the others that were first heard in radio, singles, and albums may need their own sub-headings. --Gh87 (talk) 21:35, 11 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I see the utility of such fine sorting. It's really not an unmanageably long list, and all but 4 of the entries are already ordered alphabetically by performer (with articled songs ahead of secondary-linked entries), which seems like it would be users' primary means of finding the particular song they want. Users may not know in what format or medium a song first appeared, but they are likely to know who performed the version they are interested in. But if you want have a go at sorting them your way, maybe I'd change my mind when I saw the result.-- Shelf Skewed  Talk  22:18, 11 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I have another idea: separate them by decades. What do you think? --Gh87 (talk) 09:35, 12 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Go for it. I suggest using the semicolon header--i.e. ;1950s --rather than editable headers.-- Shelf Skewed  Talk  16:53, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

Ok Aceventz (talk) 10:11, 20 May 2016 (UTC)

 * no 174.46.14.160 (talk) 16:22, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

Re-arranging Songs
I already re-arranged songs by correct decades, unless I must have done something wrong. --Gh87 (talk) 21:03, 12 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I moved one song that got misplaced in the shuffle, but otherwise it looks great. Nice work.-- Shelf Skewed  Talk  21:19, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

Can you please tell what show Why? is?
What show is Why since it's a cartoon show? 2A02:C7C:CB5B:8200:C46E:F9B3:DBFF:BADD (talk) 18:49, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Why


text: Category:Silicates

title: Category:Silicates


text:
Orley Farm

Orley Farm may refer to:

 * The book Orley Farm by Anthony Trollope
 * Orley Farm School, in Harrow, in London

title: Orley Farm


text: Category:Algebraic groups

title: Category:Algebraic groups


text: Template:Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Central


text: User talk:203.199.202.97

title: User talk:203.199.202.97


text:
Eugen Anton Theophil von Podbielski

Eugen Anton Theophil von Podbielski (17 October 1814 – 31 October 1879) was a general in the Prussian Army. He was born in Köpenick and originally was a cavalry officer. Podbielski served as Quartermaster-General of the German General Staff during the Austro-Prussian War and again the Franco-Prussian War. As such he was the operations officer and Deputy Chief of Staff. Afterwards he was made Inspector-General of Artillery. He also became the namesake of the 5th (1st Silesian) Field Artillery Regiment. He eventually was promoted to General of the Cavalry. Theophil von Podbielski died in Berlin. Having five daughters; his son Victor von Podbielski became a general as well and served as a Prussian minister afterwards.

title: Eugen Anton Theophil von Podbielski


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Avilés

Avilés is a town in Asturias, Spain. Avilés is, along with Oviedo and Gijón, one of the main cities in the Principality of Asturias.

The town occupies the flattest land in the municipality, partially in a land that belonged to the sea, surrounded by small promontories, all of them having an altitude of less than 140 metres. Situated in the Avilés estuary, in the Northern Central area of the Asturian coast, west of Peñas Cape, is its national seaport.

Avilés is mainly an industrial city. It is close to popular beaches like Salinas. It also has important churches like St. Thomas of Canterbury. Avilés has also cultural spaces such as the Palacio Valdés Theatre (in Spanish: Teatro Palacio Valdés) or the Oscar Niemeyer International Cultural Centre (in Spanish: Centro Cultural Internacional Oscar Niemeyer).

Toponymy
The existence of the town proper is documented only in the latter Early Middle Ages, although the etymology of the name "Avilés" is likely ancient. It is thought to come from a local Roman landowner or likely a Romanized Germanic warrior who settled there from/to the Kingdom of the Suebi or Visigothic Kingdom, as much toponymy in northern Spain shares a Germanic origin  named Abilius.

Chronology
Archaeological excavations have shown that the area was already settled in the upper palaeolithic era.

The first well known document is an endowment of two churches by Asturias King Alfonso III, in 905. During the Middle Ages, it was one of the most important ports of the Biscay Bay, trading mainly with French ports, the main trade was salt. At this time, it had two nuclei: a fishermen's district, Sabugo, and the aristocratic centre, La Villa, standing each other across a small water inlet at the site of present-day Avilés' main Park. La Villa was surrounded by strong walls, which demonstrated its strategic and commercial importance. On 15 January 1479 the Catholic Monarchs granted a free market on each Monday of the year, which still takes place. The importance of the town as a naval centre is supported by the building of ships with wood harvested from nearby forests, and with the participation of local sailors in the conquest of Seville by the Castilian army, which is reflected in Avilés's coat of arms.

It is the birthplace of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, a soldier in the army of Felipe II, who explored Florida in the 16th century and founded in 1565 the first successful (continuously populated) European town in what is now the United States, San Agustín (now St. Augustine, Florida). St. Augustine and Avilés are now sister cities. Avilés is also the birthplace of Juan Carreño de Miranda, court painter to the king Charles II.

The estuary, which had been closed to navigation since the early modern era, was partially drained and cleared in the 19th century. The water inlet dividing the place was covered, so that the two nuclei, Sabugo and La Villa, could be joined together. Then the city began to grow outside the medieval wall, which had been demolished in 1818. In the 20th century, there was an enormous growth in population due to the arrival of several large factories to the town. In 1953 were started the first earthworks for the construction of the factory of ENSIDESA, a large steel mill, currently Aceralia (part of ArcelorMittal); other companies in the area are Cristalería Española, which together with ENDASA, currently Alcoa, transformed Avilés into one of Spain's industrial centres. Nowadays, the city is trying to focus on new industries, particularly cultural tourism, and recover its antique flavour.

Architecture
Sights include:
 * St. Thomas of Canterbury church (dating from the 13th century)
 * Church of Saint Nicholas of Bari (12th-13th century), in Romanesque style
 * Palacio de Valdecarzana, the sole example of civil medieval architecture in the town
 * Palacio de Llano Ponte (1700–1706)
 * Baroque Palacio de Camposagrado, fortified in its north façade against the English pirates
 * Capilla de los Alas, a 14th-century funerary monument in Romanesque-Gothic transition style
 * Old church of Sabugo (13th century)
 * Palacio de Balsera, in Modernist style
 * Palacio Valdés Theatre, in Neobaroque style

Museums and arts centres

 * Museum of Avilés Urban History
 * Black Pottery Museum
 * Alfercam Museum, where visitors can find a combination of world musical instruments and vintage cars.
 * Casa de Cultura, including the Bances Candamo public library, art gallery, reading and study areas.
 * CMAE - Centro municipal de arte y exposiciones - arts and exhibicion centre in El Arbolón area, not far from the town centre.
 * Oscar Niemeyer International Cultural Centre, designed by the Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer. It is a magnet for different personalities, including winners of the Prince of Asturias Awards, the Nobel prize, musicians, actors, the United Nations, etc.

Sculptures
Throughout the town there are sculptures in various styles: the set of sculptures in El Muelle park, specially the Pedro Menendez sculpture and La foca (the seal); the Ruta del acero set of sculptures along the Avilés estuary; Avilés sculpture, and others such as Marta y María, El hombre que escucha la piedra (The Man who Listens to the Stone), El eslabón, Entre bambalines, etc.

Feasts and traditions
Some of the most famous are: In autumn:

 * Feast of the Amagüestu (Autumn).

In winter:

 * The Antroxu (Carnival in Asturian) which includes the .

In spring:

 * The ; the bollo is a traditional cake—.
 * Lunch in the street (Comida en la Calle).
 * The.

In summer:

 * The Celsius 232, a terror, fantasy and science fiction literature festival.
 * The Interceltic Festival of Avilés, which takes place in summer, with people coming from all Celtic nations (Brittany, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, Galicia, Asturias).
 * Feast of Saint Augustine (Avilés' patron saint).
 * La Mar de Ruido rock festival.

Festivals

 * Interceltic Festival of Avilés, which takes place in summer, with people coming from all Celtic nations (Brittany, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, Galicia, Asturias).
 * Avilés International Cinema and Architecture Festival
 * Beer Festival
 * Avilés Acción Film Festival, an international short film festival.
 * Sol Celta organized from Sol Street.
 * IndieGo Alley Festival, International Creative Commons film and music festival (live music, videoclips, experimental cinema and short films) organized in Palacio Valdés street. It takes place for one evening.

Climate
The area experiences an oceanic climate, warm summers with both overcast and sunny days. In winter the weather is moderate, with significant rains and wind, although sometimes the cold climate of Asturias results in snowfall at sea level. The temperature is rarely below zero or over 30 C. Summer highs are exceptionally low by Spanish standards due its heavy maritime features and northerly position in the country.

Politics

The first mayor of Avilés, after the Spanish Transition, was Manuel Ponga Santamarta (FSA-PSOE) (1979–1983) (1983–1987) (1987–1988), then Santiago Jesús Rodríguez Vega (FSA-PSOE) (1988–1991) (1991–1995) (1999–2003) (2003–2007), Agustín Gonzalez Sánchez (PP) (1995–1999), Pilar Varela Díaz (FSA-PSOE) (2007–2011) (2011–2015), and the current one María Virtudes Monteserín Rodríguez (FSA-PSOE) (2015–2019) (2019–2023).

Economy
The Port of Avilés is a port facility in Avilés. It handles bulk, breakbulk, liquid bulk and has facilities for fishing and leisure craft.

Parishes

 * Avilés
 * Corros
 * Entreviñas
 * Laviana
 * Miranda
 * Valliniello

Notable people

 * Horacio Álvarez (1881–1936), politician, lawyer and journalist
 * Kily Álvarez (born 1984), footballer
 * Sergio Álvarez (born 1992), footballer
 * Iván Candela (born 1978), retired footballer
 * Juan Carreño de Miranda (1614–1685), painter
 * Yago Lamela (1977–2014), athlete
 * Pedro Menéndez de Avilés (1519–1574), admiral, explorer and first governor of Florida
 * Esteban de las Alas, governor of Florida (in the absence of Avilés) and Santa Elena
 * Juan Treviño de Guillamas (d. before 1636), governor of Spanish Florida (1613–1618) and Venezuela (1621–1623).

Sister cities

 * St. Augustine, Florida, United States
 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Nazaire, France
 * 🇲🇦 Laayoune, Morocco
 * 🇨🇺 Cárdenas, Cuba

title: Avilés


text:
Ranfurly, New Zealand

Ranfurly is a town in the Central Otago District of Otago, New Zealand. Located 110 km north of Dunedin, it lies in the dry rough plain of Maniototo at a moderately high altitude (around 430 m above sea level) close to a small tributary of the Taieri River. It operates as a service town for the local farming community. The town was formerly known as Eweburn, one of the "farmyard" names bestowed by former Otago Chief Surveyor John Turnbull Thomson on many small streams and locations in the district. The modern name honours the Fifth Earl of Ranfurly, who served as Governor of New Zealand (1897–1904) at the time of the extension of the Otago Central Railway to the area. Ranfurly is well known for its Art Deco buildings, such as its hotel and the dairy.

History
During the Central Otago goldrush of the 1860s, several important deposits of the precious metal were found near Ranfurly, notably at Kyeburn and Naseby, close to the southwestern face of the Kakanui Range.

After the gold-rush faded Ranfurly grew at the expense of Naseby, spurred by the arrival of the railway in 1898. The rail line was closed in 1989 and the track removed, but its course became a major walking and cycling route, the Otago Central Rail Trail, which attracts tourists. The former railway station now serves as a museum and display centre.

The town became an important service-centre for the rural community, experiencing a building boom in the 1930s. It has a large proportion of rural Art Deco buildings which have been preserved from that time. An annual festival commemorating Ranfurly's Art Deco heritage used to take place each February.

The nearby Ida Valley functioned as one of the locations for Peter Jackson's 2001–2003 Lord of the Rings film trilogy, representing the wide plains of Rohan.

Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification Ranfurly has an oceanic climate (Cfb), with continental influence.

Central Otago in general, and the Maniototo in particular, has one of New Zealand's very few zones influenced by continental climates, with large daily and seasonal temperature extremes. Average highs in summer are around 22 C, with occasional days as warm as 30 C; average winter highs are around 7 C, with the coldest nights below -5 C. The lowest temperature on record in New Zealand (-25.6 C) was recorded at Ranfurly in 1903. Heavy frosts are common throughout winter.

The town is sheltered from the prevailing rain patterns by the mountains to the west. The Nor'wester foehn wind is thus a frequent weather pattern, and annual rainfall is only in the region of 400 - 500 mm.

Demographics
Ranfurly is described by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement. It covers 3.86 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the much larger Maniototo statistical area.

Ranfurly had a population of 726 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 60 people (9.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 12 people (1.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 333 households, comprising 348 males and 375 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.93 males per female, with 90 people (12.4%) aged under 15 years, 93 (12.8%) aged 15 to 29, 288 (39.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 246 (33.9%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 91.3% European/Pākehā, 12.8% Māori, 1.2% Pasifika, 3.3% Asian, and 0.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 43.4% had no religion, 48.8% were Christian, 0.4% were Hindu and 0.8% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 48 (7.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 192 (30.2%) people had no formal qualifications. 57 people (9.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 252 (39.6%) people were employed full-time, 105 (16.5%) were part-time, and 9 (1.4%) were unemployed.

Sport
Ranfurly lies close to the heart of New Zealand's curling-playing region, and the local club have represented New Zealand at the 1999, 2004, and 2005 World Championships (finishing tenth, seventh and eighth respectively), as well as providing members for the New Zealand 2006 Winter Olympics curling team.

Ranfurly has been the birthplace of several recent members of the New Zealand women's (field) hockey team.

Education
Maniototo Area School is a co-educational state area school for Year 1 to 13 students, with a roll of  as of. The school has predecessors from 1879.

St John's School is a co-educational state-integrated Catholic primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of as of. It was established in 1945.

Notable people

 * Sean Becker, curler
 * Shane Collins, field hockey player
 * John Grenell, country singer
 * Andrew Hore, All Black
 * Robert Logan, military leader and politician
 * Warren McSkimming, cricketer
 * Peter Petherick, cricketer and lawn bowls player
 * Mandy Smith, field hockey player
 * Isobel Thomson, field hockey player
 * David Kilgour, musician

title: Ranfurly, New Zealand


text:
Identity component

In mathematics, specifically group theory, the identity component of a group G (also known as its unity component) refers to several closely related notions of the largest connected subgroup of G containing the identity element.

In point set topology, the identity component of a topological group G is the connected component G0 of G that contains the identity element of the group. The identity path component of a topological group G is the path component of G that contains the identity element of the group.

In algebraic geometry, the identity component of an algebraic group G over a field k is the identity component of the underlying topological space. The identity component of a group scheme G over a base scheme S is, roughly speaking, the group scheme G0 whose fiber over the point s of S is the connected component (Gs)0 of the fiber Gs, an algebraic group.

Properties
The identity component G0 of a topological or algebraic group G is a closed normal subgroup of G. It is closed since components are always closed. It is a subgroup since multiplication and inversion in a topological or algebraic group are continuous maps by definition. Moreover, for any continuous automorphism a of G we have

 * a(G0) = G0.

Thus, G0 is a characteristic subgroup of G, so it is normal.

The identity component G0 of a topological group G need not be open in G. In fact, we may have G0 = {e}, in which case G is totally disconnected. However, the identity component of a locally path-connected space (for instance a Lie group) is always open, since it contains a path-connected neighbourhood of {e}; and therefore is a clopen set.

The identity path component of a topological group may in general be smaller than the identity component (since path connectedness is a stronger condition than connectedness), but these agree if G is locally path-connected.

Component group
The quotient group G/G0 is called the group of components or component group of G. Its elements are just the connected components of G. The component group G/G0 is a discrete group if and only if G0 is open. If G is an algebraic group of finite type, such as an affine algebraic group, then G/G0 is actually a finite group.

One may similarly define the path component group as the group of path components (quotient of G by the identity path component), and in general the component group is a quotient of the path component group, but if G is locally path connected these groups agree. The path component group can also be characterized as the zeroth homotopy group, $$\pi_0(G,e).$$

Examples

 * The group of non-zero real numbers with multiplication (R*,•) has two components and the group of components is ({1,−1},•).
 * Consider the group of units U in the ring of split-complex numbers. In the ordinary topology of the plane {z = x + j y : x, y ∈ R}, U is divided into four components by the lines y = x and y = − x where z has no inverse. Then U0 = { z : |y| < x } . In this case the group of components of U is isomorphic to the Klein four-group.
 * The identity component of the additive group (Zp,+) of p-adic integers is the singleton set {0}, since Zp is totally disconnected.
 * The Weyl group of a reductive algebraic group G is the components group of the  normalizer group of a maximal torus of G.
 * Consider the group scheme μ2 = Spec(Z[x]/(x2 - 1)) of second roots of unity defined over the base scheme Spec(Z). Topologically, μn consists of two copies of the curve Spec(Z) glued together at the point (that is, prime ideal) 2. Therefore, μn is connected as a topological space, hence as a scheme. However, μ2 does not equal its identity component because the fiber over every point of Spec(Z) except 2 consists of two discrete points.

An algebraic group G over a topological field K admits two natural topologies, the Zariski topology and the topology inherited from K. The identity component of G often changes depending on the topology. For instance, the general linear group GLn(R) is connected as an algebraic group but has two path components as a Lie group, the matrices of positive determinant and the matrices of negative determinant. Any connected algebraic group over a non-Archimedean local field K is totally disconnected in the K-topology and thus has trivial identity component in that topology.

title: Identity component