text:
Talk:Colonia Dignidad

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 28 January 2019 and 17 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Claire.newberg17.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:03, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

name of article
"Someone" (cough) has renamed this article to reflect the former name of the settlement, claiming that it is the most common usage. While I agree that the former name is widely used and recognized, it still seems that it is more accurate to have the actual, legal name of the settlement as the title of the article, with a re-direct from the original name. Naturally, the article will include an explanation as to the change of the name.

Does anyone else have any views about this issue? -- JAXHERE | Talk 16:27, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I think we should split the articles, to help wash away the bad name. The only thing that remains the same is the infrastructure.
 * --Korosuke 20:41, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I think this needs a full discussion. However I would suggest follwoing the chilean article at all times, given their relative expertise in the matter, at present they have chosen the new name.

The name should be the original name and reference the new name. Why? because the new name, for the turist resort is largely uninteresting and doesnt warrant such a long article. The history, ie the original name is that of the cult that makes it interesting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.46.26.73 (talk) 05:57, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

The article is about Colonia Dignidad, not Villa Baviera, and the name should reflect that. rathersane (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 14:30, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

I just stumbled across this, and... the title is really weird. Read the article. The title appears in the lede, and then in a microscopic section at the end. Actually, this could give the people of Villa Baviera grounds for a libel suit, given that the article associates all the atrocities of the Colonia with the Villa. (And assuming their claims that it's now completely different are true, which would be a part of a suit). --jae (talk) 16:19, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

I have to take a very deep breath at all your views. I am 49 years old, son of a "legally recognised" (it hurts my fingers to even write this) tortured person in Colonia Dignidad, now Villa Baviera portrayed as a tourist resort and nothing more, poor people who have to live with the past (really??? I made a comment about some concentration camps changed to Disney resorts and was rectified dully, I guess, because after all it is an opinion, but won't stop me from calling a cat a cat...). You nitpick about legal libel suits, name changes, poor Augustito Pinochet portrayed in a bad way. Words elude me. But hey, my dad faced Schaeffer as a felon, some odd 30 years after he applied electrity to his balls, while you people debate. Same as he helped the visit to the CLinic of poor Augusto and his stay at Thatcher's little country house, while you people debate. In the 80's I had a personal file in Germany saying where I lived and studied, only for being the son of another Schaeffer's victim. Debate that. My name is Marcos. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:2788:1038:C72:51B8:6990:90DD:B67E (talk) 23:29, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

 * I am sorry your family was affected by this. I am a Branham cult survivor from the USA. I didn't know about Colonia Dignidad, or many of the other terrible things Branham and his cohorts did, until a couple years ago. Easalalnahl (talk) 03:02, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
 * https://william-branham.org/site/research/topics/colonia_dignidad Easalalnahl (talk) 03:16, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

images
The spanish version has a wealth of photos. I dont know how to copy them across please see https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Baviera

Any help appreciated. I can put the descriptions if someone copies the pictures. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.46.26.73 (talk) 04:41, 20 April 2016 (UTC)

Fictitious article
The further down you get on this entry, the more it smells like BS. Supreme Moolah of Iran 05:18, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

many sources are biased against Pinochet: we should try to find completely NPOV sources, or try to balance information from two opposing POV sources. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.119.230.104 (talk) 19:56, 16 February 2005 (UTC)

It may smell like bullshit, it is strong stuff indeed. But over here in Germany, the facts reported in the article are more or less accepted facts, including very strong rumors of sexual molestation and more than a little help for Pinochet's secret police (which does not really surprise me - German Nazis helping a reactionary regime does not sound too far-fetched...) Torben

 * Anybody knows that outside of Chile Pinochet has had lots of "destructive advertisements". There are several reasons for this (starting with the CIA and several news sources such as CNN). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mtad (talk • contribs) 03:29, 15 June 2005 (UTC)

 * What makes Paul Schäfer an "ex-Nazi"? He was forced to join the armed forces in Germany to work as a paramedic, a nurse, for Gods sake! But of course, the word "Nazi" looks good on headlines. Many newspapers and internet pages, like Wikipedia, makes it sound like Schäfer was a nazi war criminal that fled to South America. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pursuit_of_Nazi_collaborators "As in Argentina, several former Nazis escaped to this country. After Augusto Pinochet's 1973 coup, some of them, such as Paul Schäfer, chief of the Colonia Dignidad cult..." He fled to Chile to avoid being arrested for child molestation. Nothing else. And here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_living_Nazis "Prominent ex-NSDAP Member" He wasn't an NSDAP member. Logically, every paramedic in the U.S. is a prominent republican! :-) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.114.121.143 (talk) 23:46, 10 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Got to agree with this 100%. CIA and fraudster Simon Wiesental are by no means credible sources. He once persecute a Pole as a Nazi, because the man had to work in Germany as a boy during world war two. Mention the controversy surrounding the place, but be honest about the biased sources as well. 41.146.6.51 (talk) 14:24, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

Schäfer was a member of the Hitler Youth, so I doubt anyone had to force him to join the Wehrmacht. His crimes and the atrocities carried out in his name in Colonia Dignidad are well documented. The only things smelling like BS here are comments doubting Schäfer's guilt. Sam Golden (talk) 09:15, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I had a reaction similar to 213.114.121.143's above. It seems akin to having the article on the Catholic Church read: "The current office-holder is ex-Nazi Pope Benedict XVI." —Morning star (talk) 06:16, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

biased against Pinochet???
surprised to read that this article is biased against Pinochet. I thought it was biased in favor of Pinochet. Pinochet and this part of Chile's history harshly divide Chilean society. With reasons. But, others parts of the world have a less passionate look at it. Many informations, since Pinochet arrest in 1998 in London, have been given, including by the CIA (the most reliable of all unreliable sources, or the most unreliable of reliable sources?). This article has to be actualized. After Paul Schäfer arrest in march 2005, chilean authorities have taken administrative control of the place in august 2005 (this can be easily verified in mainstream media). No doubt they will find lots, lots more than what is said here, with a bit too much caution.

 * Why does this not mention anything about the former Nazi members' involvements? This seems like it would be a very big deal.

 * What makes you think that everything related to nazis must be a big deal? Nazis were "evil" only on Europe. The nazis living in southamerica behave accordingly. Sure, they are still biggots, but they don't go spreading propaganda or murdering jews, even those who did back in the day. Therefore, for articles regarding civilian life, having been a nazi or not in Chile is completely irrelevant, moreso to this article.
 * --Korosuke 20:38, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

reference
i just wanted to point out that, while i'm sure it's a lovely book, "History of the Nazi Involvement With the Occult" sounds incredibly suspect, especially as it is the only thing in the reference section. --dan 01:18, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

cat :former German colonies
to list this under above mentioned cat is simply wrong. It is a "colony" in the old latin meaning of the word. A settlement. It never was part of Germany. I´ll remove the cat.--Tresckow 04:31, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

History Channel Special
I just happened to stumble across a History Channel special on cults (it was a special episode of "Decoding the Past") and this cult was mentioned. It agreed with such accusations as torture, killing, pedophilia, nazi involvement, and involvement with Pinochet. I figure the History Channel is a pretty reliable source, but is there anyone who knows how to look up or source information from a television show? Galactor213 18:14, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Sadly, there are still no reliable sources for chilean history involving Pinochet. Foreign sources are even more unreliable since most are based on hear-say, some going to ridiculous exaggerations such as saying there were submarines on the Mapocho river (which is 3 mt deep).

 * --Korosuke 20:29, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Added NPOV flag
The article is terribly biased, from the relation with Pinochet (which is pretty much irrelevant since most of the nation was supporting him) and the nazi title... ¿Is it relevant? They were sexist but not racist. And the part with finding a tank? I live in Chile, very near the Villa and I had NEVER heard about that. I checked the source but it talks about suspected biological hazards, not weapons. I was going to correct these mistakes, but what's the point? Internet is flooded with fabricate evidence anyway. Also, the good parts are not mentioned. Before the child abuse issue the population was very happy with the social work done by the germans, who gave free education and medicine to the locals. Finally, a german friend of mine said that the Villa is actually part of a cult that was banned in Germany decades ago. Anyone has information about this?

 * It was not banned, but Schäfer hat a court history of molesting children, forced sex with minors etc since the 1950s. Obviously, people didn't look too kindly on such a person opening up a secretive cult in their neighborhood. So they were ostracized actually.
 * Schäfer has just received 3 more years in the slammer. See here.
 * There was an article detailing events at the Colonia in Spiegel magazine, back when they were still doing respectable journalism (1980s methinks), giving a lot of eyewitness reports.
 * Also, dignidad is "dignity, no? Arguably, in the full name of the organization it is not very well translatable, but "Colony [of] Dignity" is probably how the name was understood locally. The irony is of course rather poignant.
 * The reluctance of Chileans to stir up the sleeping dogs of the past may be understandable, but it is actually not very consequential here and can be largely left to the Chileans discretion. The Colonia received some support from Germany - not on an official basis, but it was a well-known part of the German ex-pat community and of course they had benefactors back in their native country. But then, some folks left the Colonia and started to talk about what they had seen; it raised quite a stink over here I remember (I was barely a teen then, but I can remember the debate; it was quite present in the media for some months, and it led to the Colonia being dropped like a hot potato after Pinochet was gone. What this means is that a lot of good material is available, but it's in German. The de: community might be of help here. The books of Gemballa seem to be pretty much authoritative.
 * BTW Schäfer's activities have very little if anything to do with him having been a card-carrying Nazi (if he ever was; IONO). The Colonia episode was much later; if Nazism had anything to do with it, he would have left Germany in 1945 and not in the 1960s. If anything, he was a fascist; he had the opportunity to make the Colonia a mainbase for South American antisemites but he didn't; those guys were always welcome, but not as antisemites specifically but just as one faction among many in the Alianza Nacionalista de Repúblicas Americanas which occasionally used the Colonia as a kind of "conference center".
 * And as a last remark - a lot of leading Colonia personnel have given full confessions. The allegations, in short, are correct: torture, murder, sexual abuse, imprisonment, you name it. This place made Waco look like a holiday retreat. Dysmorodrepanis (talk) 00:30, 12 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, you know this, and I know this, but apart from sources, how does the reader know this? Are we simply saying, "Just trust us, we know about this?" Cheers. Leprof 7272 (talk) 22:22, 21 April 2016 (UTC)

Tank?
Officials found a tank at the colony? Are there any references? Which tank did the police find? A main battle tank, a tracked armoured fighting vehicle,...? 93.196.63.164 (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 06:40, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

 * A false claim, like most accounts of this colony.Royalcourtier (talk) 04:45, 19 June 2016 (UTC)

Colonia Dignidad - Nazi Sect in the land of Pinochet
There is a documentary from 2006 with interviews with ex-settlers, amnesty international, and many others. It would be useful to include the information there 72.208.186.17 (talk) 21:02, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Location?
The article claims Villa Baviera/Colonia Dignidad is "[l]ocated in an isolated area of central Chile, [lying] 35 km southeast of the city of Parral, on the north bank of the Perquilauquén River." While I've not been able to find another reference to its physical location, Google Maps places it quite differently. Whatever lies at the Google-mapped location looks more like the descriptions of VB/CD than anything I can find 35 km SE of Parral. Mazoola (talk) 04:28, 4 September 2011 (UTC) That google map shows the Bavarian Village standing about 35km SE of Parral - so what's the problem? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.149.251.16 (talk) 22:13, 28 May 2016 (UTC)

Utterly fantastic sentences in an unsourced section
In the History section, which as a whole violates WP:VERIFY, the following sentences appeared until my edit today:"the ideas included poisoning rivers, and killing civilians utilising chemical and biological warfare. There was even an attempt to produce an atomic bomb: Weisfeiler, a backpacking tourist walking near colonia Dignidad disappeared, however in his backpack was a Geiger counter to measure radiation. Part of the original plan included arming helicopters with sarin bombs."

This material is just too badly written, and too utterly fantastic, to remain in the article, without solid, reliable published sources appearing as inline citations, to make clear that they are not fiction, or the thoughts of theorists that are not widely held. Please, only return this prose to the article, with 2 reliable published sources at each claim biological warfare, atomic bomb, sarin, etc. Then, please help in making the rest of the article encyclopedic, including the long history section, which remains, as of this timestamp, so much WP:OR. Cheers. Le Prof Leprof 7272 (talk) 22:20, 21 April 2016 (UTC)

Expert needed
Due to length, moved from expert needed template (Boghog (talk) 06:32, 22 April 2016 (UTC))"The article needs to be rewritten entirely, and comply with WP:VERIFY and WP:OR. The lede and other parts of article are egregiously unsourced/under-sourced; the entire extensive History section is without a single one. Moreover, the article fails utterly at a first principle of being encyclopedic, establishing terms and definitions: e.g., it fails to establish clearly, through sources, that the title name is equivalent geographically and organizationally to the name Colonia Dignidad, which appears in some of the few article sources (e.g., whereupon the whole argument becomes a seeming house of cards). Scholarly attention is needed to identify best sources, and to check all material, line by line, against them. And as Talk has addressed, various fantastic unsourced statements appeared earlier (now moved to Talk, or to inline hidden notes), but some remaining are still questioned."

 * Content returned to tag, in shortened form. Editors and readers deserve to know what the issues are, if they are to help improve the article (editors), or if they are to be cautioned in their reading of the material (readers). Tags remain because the issues remain. Boghog is invited to come and help, and not drive by edit through reversions and cut and paste moves. Leprof 7272 (talk) 01:45, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

Given that there is a lot of unsubstantiated rumour about this place, such as Josef Mengele being harboured there, I am inclined to do a root-and-branch pruning of unreferenced material, which, otherwise, will come back to us through citogenesis. All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 11:22, 23 May 2016 (UTC).

 * I'm not finding the "Working Group on Forced Disappearance of Persons" via Google. All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 12:11, 24 May 2016 (UTC).

 * The name was wrong: the real group can be found here. All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 12:13, 24 May 2016 (UTC).

 * And I could only find mentions, no "report by the UN".
 * E.G. "Issues of alleged violations of human rights committed in Colonia Dignidad seemed to be a problem between the Federal Republic of Germany and some of its citizens living in a settlement farm located in Chile. (trans)
 * And "In 2004, concern was expressed by CAT that few cases of disappearances which occurred during the military rule have been clarified.64 It recommended that Chile provide updated information on the status of investigations into past crimes involving torture, including the cases known as the “Caravan of Death”, “Operación Cóndor” and “Colonia Dignidad”."
 * All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 12:26, 24 May 2016 (UTC).

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That can´t be true
From the text: "....and also had allies in the army and the Chilean far leftist socialists, who would warn them in advance when the police were preparing a site visit." ... There is no reference. Why on earth would any part of the socialist left have cooperated with Colonia Dignidad. I never ever read such things, and i have read a lot about Colonia Dignidad. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.192.81.218 (talk) 10:34, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

I agree, it doesn't make any sense. It was used as a torture place (against left wing people) during Pinochet's rule. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.164.180.152 (talk) 02:26, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

DBS involvement
It defies logic that the German intelligence service would co-operate with an obscure religious cult in South America to manufacture weapons. Even if this was remotely likely, why would the manufacturing be hidden even within the cult. And what does "This subject was proactively hidden, because of the problems experienced at the time associated with Argentina." even mean? Is there any source for this claim, other than one clearly deluded journalist?Royalcourtier (talk) 04:42, 19 June 2016 (UTC)

Killed is not the correct term, write murdered (also killed means termination of operations but I know you mean murdered)
— Preceding unsigned comment added by 2a02:587:4100:a900:154:ab57:9171:7b4b (talk • contribs) 03:01, July 22, 2017 (UTC)

Disputed title
This article should be entitled, "Colonia Dignidad". Per WP:AT, the title of an article indicates what the article is about and distinguishes it from other articles. If the content of the article is about one thing, and the title is something else, then there is a mismatch. That is the case here: there is a mismatch. All of the content of the article, save two sentences at the end, is about the infamous Colonia Dignidad complex used for torture in the 50s and 60s and which housed a sect led by Paul Schäfer. The title must match this content.

It does not matter what the building is called now, or who is there now. This is not an article about a particular building at a particular geographic location that has served multiple purposes, like, say, the One Times Square article about a famous New York City building that housed the New York Times, the Lehmann Brothers and other tenants and is notable enough as the most famous address in a major world city that it rates its own article.

The fact that Colonia Dignidad and Villa Baviera occupied the same building, does not make them the same thing. Colonia Dignidad is like Lehmann Brothers, in the sense that both are highly notable, and both deserve their own article, even though neither one exists now. Perhaps Villa Baviera is notable and deserves an article, but if so, you couldn't tell from this article, which says almost nothing about it at all other than saying it's a tourist trap for people who want to visit the site of a former torture location. That is to say, even in the current incarnation of the building, Villa Baviera appears to be notable merely for sharing the geographic location and building of the former Colonia Dignidad.

What seems abundantly clear, is that this article—even the last two sentences which are in a section named "Villa Baviera"—is entirely and exclusively about the former Colonia Dignidad. The title must match the content of the article. Therefore, it must be renamed to "Colonia Dignidad". To call it anything else is a violation of WP:AT. Mathglot (talk) 07:23, 19 November 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 19 November 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved as requested per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 07:29, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

Villa Baviera → Colonia Dignidad – The entire article from beginning to end is about Colonia Dignidad—the 1950s and 60s Chilean torture complex and sect led by Paul Schäfer. Per WP:AT, the "title of an article indicates what the article is about and distinguishes it from other articles." The current title does not match the article content, and a rename is required. Full details at Talk:Villa Baviera. Mathglot (talk) 07:53, 19 November 2018 (UTC) --Relisting. B dash (talk) 14:54, 1 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Comment:This would reverse 17:24, 6 April 2008 (talk | contribs | block) . . (27 bytes) (+27) . . (moved Colonia Dignidad to Villa Baviera). However CieloEstrellado has been inactive here since July 2009. Andrewa (talk) 08:48, 26 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that bit of research. That move was was performed unilaterally without discussion. But it wasn't the first one; the article started out as Colonia Dignidad, was first moved to Villa Baviera, then back to Colonia again, before being moved to Villa again in the move you found. Since these are obviously controversial moves, none of them should have been performed without discussion as it is contrary to move policy.
 * The first section above from 2007 discusses the same issue. This needs to be decided by reference to policy, not personal opinion, and I don't currently see a policy-based argument for keeping it under its current name, but that's why we have discussions. Mathglot (talk) 12:02, 26 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Quite right. Agree. Andrewa (talk) 14:49, 26 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Support. We may long term have two articles, but for now we just have the one, and the sourced material is more concerned with the "colony" rather than the site. The article needs work, and giving it a stable name that reflects this focus is a good (probably essential) first step. Andrewa (talk) 14:49, 26 November 2018 (UTC)

Previous moves
Just to summarise. 02:33, 24 January 2007 Jaxhere  (talk | contribs | block) m. . (7,562 bytes) (0). . (moved Colonia Dignidad to Villa Baviera, Chile: name changed) 22:46, 25 March 2007 Tazmaniacs  (talk | contribs | block) m. . (7,583 bytes) (0). . (moved Villa Baviera, Chile to Colonia Dignidad over redirect: most used name) 17:24, 6 April 2008 CieloEstrellado  (talk | contribs | block) m. . (7,819 bytes) (0). . (moved Colonia Dignidad to Villa Baviera) These all appear to have been without discussion, and the edit summaries tell us nothing really.

The article had an inauspicious start as a deletable substub in 2004 when an IP posted ''a weird place in chile. some think it was a nazi resort used by pinochet to kill people in occult rituals. literally nazi because of the nazi german emigrants to chile involved in it. see '_Unholy Alliance_' by peter levendas, reviews on amazon.com at the title Colonia Dignidad''. But it now contains sourced material that should be preserved and developed. Andrewa (talk) 14:49, 26 November 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Follow-up adjustment to the Lead
Following implementation of the move, I've adjusted the lead to reflect the new title, and moved the material about Villa Baviera, the old title, to the last paragraph. Also removed a bunch of cruft (hidden text, overly-long descriptions that belong better in the body, if anywhere), and generally tried to smooth the segues. It's better than it was, but the last two paragraphs have duplicate content and need to be merged, and the long, middle paragraph needs a rewrite. Mathglot (talk) 05:50, 22 December 2018 (UTC)
 * , can you have a look, and either comment here if you prefer, or just go for it and fix up the article as you see fit. There's still a lot of stuff crying out for improvement, but hopefully we have a base now upon which to build. Mathglot (talk) 05:53, 22 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Rather busy IRL and fighting a battle with uncertain connectivity in rural Australia, but I'll try! Andrewa (talk) 10:43, 24 December 2018 (UTC)

Netflix series: October 2021
In October 2021, Netflix released the original documentary series "A Sinister Sect: Colonia Dignidad". Lots of archival footage, and first-person accounts from people who were there and knew Schafer. See a review. Mathglot (talk) 08:35, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

 * It might be a very good source, actually, as it's far-better researched than most of what I see in this article, which seems to lean heavily on tabloid-fodder and conspiracy theories. The truth about Colonia Dignidad is shocking enough without having to spin some kind of Boys from Brazil fiction around it. I think this article could use a ruthless edit from stronger sources, really. Looking around, there actually are scholoarly sources about this topic, but largely in German and Spanish, and often not on the internet. Editors who rely on 'convenience' sourcing might not be happy with that, but that's the reality. Peter G Werner (talk) 22:23, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

Nazi
Colonia Dignidad founder Paul Schäfer was a Nazi, this is not in dispute. This article has long had the word "Nazi" in the WP:LEADSENTENCE. It was not previously referenced in the WP:LEADSENTENCE, because it doesn't have to be, since it was well-documented in the body]] of the article. In the edit of 22:12, 21 July 2022 removed the word "Nazi" from the lead. So, I restored "Nazi" to the lead again in this edit, adding two impeccable references. This was rapidly reverted by, restoring the white-washed version added a day ago. I will be reverting again shortly, restoring the proper version. Please do not remove accounts of Schäfer being a Nazi. Thank you. Mathglot (talk) 17:17, 22 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Please refrain from loaded terms such as "whitewashing" and also try to refrain from edit-warring. What constitutes "well documented" seems to be your opinion as no source has ever provided any evidence that the man was ever a member of the Nazi party - those who did call him a "Nazi" did so only because they conflate Germany in WWII with Germany in general. In fact there is not a single source argumenting that he himself was a Nazi in this article at all. Also, please refrain from weasel words such as "impeccable references."  Timbouctou  ( talk ) 21:04, 22 July 2022 (UTC)
 * We must follow what the sources say, and the majority of them say that he is a "Nazi". I am compiling a list, and will release it soon. Your removal of the term "Nazi" and the sources that backed it up was without justification, and I don't know what else to call it, other than whitewashing. And exactly who are you accusing of "edit-warring"? I have one edit to the article in the last year. Mathglot (talk) 19:44, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
 * This is, in fact, very much in dispute. Please see the discussion at Talk:Paul_Schäfer. Better sources demonstrate that Paul Schäfer was not a member of any National Socialist organizations, nor ideologically a Nazi. None of this serves to whitewash the very real crimes of Schäfer and Colonia Dignidad. This article and the Paul Schäfer one need to be rewritten based on more solid sources, however, and the falsified "Nazi" label simply nees to be dropped. The ideological roots of Colonia Dignidad are in Christian fundamentalism, not National Socialism, and this is well-documented. Colonia Dignidad's later very real association with neo-Fascism is something that begins much later with their opposition to Allende. It is a mystery to me why someone feels the need to edit war this and make pounding-on-the-table level assertions that don't even engage with the better source material I've offered. Peter G Werner (talk) 08:03, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
 * "Better sources"? Editors here don't get to decide which sources they consider the "better sources". As long as a source is reliable, it is admissible. Among reliable sources, the principle of proportionate representation governs how we handle differences among reliable sources; this is part of the neutrality policy. And who are you accusing of edit-warring? Mathglot (talk) 19:45, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Stop trying to pass off the editorial decions that *you* want as the voice of some kind of consensus, and that I'm behaving as some sort of rogue editor. You are WAY out of line, and I will report this as a breech of WP:CIVIL if you don't tone it down. Your views on sourcing are nothing short of bizarre, actually, and you continue to demand that journalistic sources be privileged over academic ones. User:Timbouctou has already explained elsewhere how reliable sources are supposed to be understood in proper context. Peter G Werner (talk) 20:24, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I have no editorial preference at this article of any kind, only that policies and guidelines are followed, which currently they are not. My views about Schäfer or his colony are irrelevant, but my views about sourcing at the article follow policy. Please stop your accusations about my behavior here; I have not been uncivil to you, but if you disagree, you may by all means raise a discussion about it on my Talk page (the proper venue for it) or even at WP:ANI; be sure to include diffs if you do. I will not stop attempting to keep this article verifiable and in line with the majority of reliable sources, and I will not be cowed by your empty threats. Cheers, Mathglot (talk) 18:54, 25 July 2022 (UTC)
 * If one looks at Talk:Paul_Schäfer, you'll note that you have not just myself, but a second editor who finds User:Mathglot's views on sourcing entirely tendetious and off-base. At this point, I have no intention to try to reason with this editor, who will clearly continue to push a strange view of WP:VERIFY against all comers. There is nothing that can be accomplished in a discussion on that editor's talk page that cannot be accomplished here.
 * I understand the need for proper sourcing in Wikipedia and that is in fact what I'm acting on, which is why I'm editing these articles based on the consensus view of scholarly sources. This does indeed mean changing much of what's stated this article, which has been based on 'convenience' sources that are poorly-researched. If this results in an edit-war, I will definitely go to arbitration with this. If Wikipedia cannot prioritize scholarly sources, then Wikipedia is broken. Peter G Werner (talk) 00:07, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Just to add one more point, I consider User:Mathglot's ongoing assertions that their views on the shape of the article and on sourcing to be a "consensus" view while claiming my edits are point of view pushing is explicilty accusing me of an agenda and is the very opposite of WP:AGF, and I'll add, rhetoric I find extremely uncivil and the opposite of WP:CIVIL. I am asking this person to stop accusing me of point of view pushsing and to stop pretending that their views on the article represent a 'consensus'. (BTW, I'm quite willing to call for other interested parties to step in if consensus-building is needed!) This rhetoric smacks of the psychological tactic of gaslighting, and I really don't appreciate it. Peter G Werner (talk) 00:26, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

Unconstructive tagging at "Nazi ties" section
, in your edit of 8:07, 23 July, you added an unsupported disputed section tag to the section of the article. The section you tagged as "disputed" has six citations in it: You added this tag without a link to a Talk page discussion, as required by the template. That the section on "Nazi ties" is "disputed", is merely your opinion; *you* dispute it, but that is not a proper use of the tag. Please remove it. Mathglot (talk) 19:27, 25 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Mengele's visit is sourced to Infield (1981). (The citation should be consolidated with note 5 as they are the same.)
 * The Nazi underground in South America, and the sheltering of Nazis in Chile is sourced to Levenda (2002).
 * The impact of Germans in Chile, and the nature of the immigrants is sourced to Cassigoli (2013).
 * The quotation about "Nazi stronghold" protected by Chile is sourced to Infield.
 * The assertion about the Nazi past of some followers escaping criminal investigations is sourced to Infield.
 * The impact of CD in the region and ties to the Chilean government are sourced to Valades (1992).

 * The factual accuracy of this section is in fact very poor. I can (and will) reference other sources that note that the supposed visits by Josef Mengele and Martin Borman are clearly *debunked* in further edits to this section. In fact, Mengele was hiding out in Sao Paulo State in Brazil from the time of Colonia Dignidad's founding up to his death, and was not taking far-off journeys to Chile. That said, there is an actual well-documented Nazi visitor during the 1970s, namely Walter Rauff, who was hiding in Chile at the time.
 * It is not my intention to get rid of this section, since the academic books that are solid sources all have a discussion of ostensible Nazi ties and the more general "Nazi" claims that have long been asserted in the popular press. However, they debunk any claims that Schafer was a National Socialist or that Colonia Dignidad was a continuation of pre-1945 Naziism or was part of the "ratline" phenomenon. This section does need a substantial rewrite for factual accuracy and to reflect the consenus of scholarly sources on the topic.
 * In general, I think your arguments are unhelpful, push your own point of view while feigning NPOV, and treat fringe sources the same as (or even above) scholarly ones based on an aberrant and tendentious view of WP:VERIFY.
 * I have no intention on removing the tag until there's been a substantial re-edit of this section, and if you do so uniformly, I'll consider that edit-warring and will take it to arbitration. Peter G Werner (talk) 23:56, 25 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Colonia Dignidad


text:
Childers

Childers is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
 * Alisa Childers (born 1975), American singer
 * Ambyr Childers (born 1988), American actress
 * Bob Childers (1946–2006), American country/folk singer-songwriter
 * Buddy Childers (1926–2007), American jazz trumpeter
 * Ernest Childers (1918–2005), American Army officer
 * Erskine Barton Childers (1929–1996), Irish UN civil servant
 * Erskine Hamilton Childers (1905–1974), 4th President of Ireland (1973–1974)
 * Hugh Childers (1827–1896), British and Australian Liberal statesman
 * Jason Childers (born 1975), American Major League baseball player
 * Lawrence Childers (born 1944), American politician
 * Mary Ann Childers, American television reporter
 * Marvin Childers (born 1961), American politician, lawyer, and lobbyist
 * Matt Childers (born 1978), American major League baseball player
 * Michael Childers (1784–1854), British Army officer of the Napoleonic era
 * Milly Childers (1866–1922), English painter
 * Molly Childers (1875–1964), American-born Irish writer
 * Naomi Childers (1892–1964), American silent film actress
 * Nessa Childers (born 1956), Irish Member of the European Parliament
 * Rita Childers (1915–2010) First Lady of Ireland
 * Robert Caesar Childers (1838–1876), British orientalist
 * Robert Erskine Childers (1870–1922), author and Irish nationalist
 * Robert L. Childers, Tennessee judge
 * Rodney Childers (born 1976), American NASCAR crew chief
 * Sam Childers (born 1962), American charity worker
 * Travis Childers (born 1958), United States Representative, 1st District of Mississippi
 * Tyler Childers (born 1991), American singer and songwriter
 * W. D. Childers (born 1933), American politician, Member of the Florida Senate

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Childers


text:
Goldfinger (album)

Goldfinger is the debut studio album by punk rock band Goldfinger, released on Mojo Records in February 1996 and produced by Mojo founder Jay Rifkin. The album was a hit on college radio. The single "Here in Your Bedroom" was a top 5 rock hit in the U.S. in the summer of 1996, and also reached #47 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart, making it their highest charting single ever. The album was certified Gold in Canada (50,000 copies) in 2002. It is the only album by the band not to be produced by frontman John Feldmann in any capacity.

Horns on the album are provided by members of other Southern California ska and ska punk bands, including trombonist Dan Regan and trumpeter Scott Klopfenstein of Reel Big Fish and saxophonist Efren Santana of Hepcat. Paul Hampton of The Skeletones provides keyboards on the album and is featured in the video for "Here In Your Bedroom". The cover for the album was drawn by Alan Forbes. It depicts a "big sex god alien chasing this little man, '50s style".

Although Goldfinger is a well-known album among the ska punk community, Feldmann doesn't consider it a work of that genre.

Music and song information
Goldfinger was recorded in Hans Zimmer studio by the time he was recording The Lion King II: Simba's Pride. In the album's 20th anniversary, Feldmann commented on its music:

There's definitely an energy to that record. It sounds different to the contemporary albums. I listen to (Rancid's) ...And Out Come the Wolves and (Green Day's) Dookie and those record [sic] have proper producers. Rob Cavallo was a proper producer. (Blink-182 collaborator) Jerry Finn was a proper producer. I listen to our records that I produced and there's this unconfined energy that's very cool.

The way we made that record was so backwards and unprofessional and it worked. I sang in an unauthentic voice. I came into my own as a singer by album three. The first record I was channeling somewhere between (The Clash's) Joe Strummer, (Rancid's) Tim Armstrong, some Exploited, some forced English accent but there's something very innocent about it. At the time I was selling shoes. I was this desperate kid trying hard not to have a life in retail.

The opening track "Mind's Eye" was the first song Feldmann wrote for Goldfinger. Commenting on the feedback heard in the very first seconds of the song, he said: "We recorded that album on tape. It was all super experimental—'Well what if we have the feedback going, we hit record and start playing so the tape starts with nothing.'". "Anything" was written by a 17-year-old Feldmann.

Track listing
All songs written by John Feldmann, except where noted.

Personnel

 * John Feldmann – vocals, guitar
 * Charlie Paulson – guitar, vocals
 * Dangerous Darrin Pfeiffer – drums, vocals
 * Simon Williams – bass, vocals

title: Goldfinger (album)


text: Category:Louisville Colonels managers

title: Category:Louisville Colonels managers


text:
William Zorach

William Zorach (February 28, 1889 – November 15, 1966) was an American sculptor, painter, printmaker, and writer. He won the Logan Medal of the Arts in 1927. He was at the forefront of American artists embracing cubism.

He is the husband of Marguerite Thompson Zorach and father of Dahlov Ipcar, both artists in their own right.

Early life
Zorach Gorfinkel was born in 1889 into a Lithuanian Jewish family, the son of a barge owner, in Jurbarkas (Eurburg) in Lithuania (then a part of the Russian Empire). As the eighth of ten children, Zorach (then his given name) emigrated with his family to the United States in 1894. They settled in Cleveland, Ohio under the name "Finkelstein". In school, his first name was changed to "William" by a teacher. Zorach stayed in Ohio for almost 15 years pursuing his artistic endeavors. He apprenticed with a lithographer as a teenager and went on to study painting with Henry G. Keller in night school at the Cleveland School of Art from 1905 to 1907. In 1908, Zorach moved to New York in enroll in the National Academy of Design. In 1910, Zorach moved to Paris with Cleveland artist and lithographer, Elmer Brubeck, to continue his artistic training at the La Palette art school.

Career
While in Paris, Zorach met Marguerite Thompson (1887–1968), an art student and fellow American, whom he married on December 24, 1912, in New York City. The couple adopted his original given name, Zorach, as a common surname. Zorach and his wife returned to America where they continued to experiment with different media. In 1913, works by both Zorach and Marguerite, were included in the now famous Armory Show, introducing his work to the general public as well as art critics and collectors. Both William and Marguerite were heavily influenced by cubism and fauvism. They are credited as being among the premier artists to introduce European styles to American modernism. During the next seven years, Zorach established himself as a painter, frequently displaying his paintings in gallery shows as venues such as the Society of Independent Artists and the Whitney Studio Club. While Marguerite began to experiment with textiles and created large, fine art tapestries and hooked rugs, William began to experiment with sculpture, which would become his primary medium.

In 1915, William and Marguerite started their family with the birth of their son, Tessim. Their daughter, Dahlov Ipcar, was born in 1917, and would later also work as an artist. While the Zorach family spent their winters in New York, their summers were divided between New Hampshire and Massachusetts. Notably, they spent a few summers in Plainfield, New Hampshire at the Cornish Art Colony, renting Echo Farm which was owned by their friend and fellow artist Henry Fitch Taylor. It was here that their daughter was born, all the while producing various prints depicting country life. He was also a member of the Provincetown Printers art colony in Massachusetts.

In 1923, the Zorach family purchased a farm on Georgetown Island, Maine where they resided, worked, and entertained guests. Zorach was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1953.

Works
Zorach's works can be found in numerous private, corporate, and public collections across the country including such acclaimed locales as the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum of Art, the National Gallery of Art, Radio City Music Hall, the Currier Museum of Art, Joslyn Art Museum, and the Ogunquit Museum of American Art, as well as numerous college and university collections. His work was also part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

title: William Zorach


text:
Talkback

Talkback or talk back may refer to:

 * Talkback (album), a 1983 album by the Canadian band the Spoons
 * Talk Back (Kembe X album), 2016
 * Talkback, an alternate name for Marvel Comics superhero Chase Stein
 * Talkback (recording), an audio system used in recording studios for communications
 * Talkback (television production), an audio system used in TV shows
 * TalkBack Reader Response System, talkback system for internet reader response
 * Talk radio, radio format
 * Talkback (production company), a British television production company which merged with Thames Television
 * Talkback Thames, a company resulting from the merger of Talkback Productions and Thames Television
 * Google TalkBack, an accessibility service on Android

Programs

 * Talkback (BBC Radio Ulster), a radio program in Northern Ireland, on air since 1986
 * Talkback (TV show), a Philippine interactive current affairs-talk show television program broadcast on the ABS-CBN News Channel since 2000
 * Talkback Classroom, an Australian radio program
 * Talkback Live, a CNN talk show on air from 1994 to 2003
 * Talkback with Jerry Galvin, an American comedic radio show, on air in the mid-1980s
 * Talkback 16, viewer feedback segment of WNEP-TV's news broadcasts

title: Talkback


text:
Jonathan Brown (Australian footballer)

Jonathan Brown (born 29 October 1981) is a former Australian rules footballer and radio presenter. He is the former captain of the Brisbane Lions in the Australian Football League.

Regarded during his playing days as one of the premier players in the competition, Brown is a three-time club Best and Fairest winner, two-time All Australian (2007 and 2009), one-time Coleman Medallist and three-time AFL premiership player.

Early life
Brown was born in Port Fairy, in Victoria's south west, to mother Mary and father Brian (a former Fitzroy and Essendon player). He is the eldest of three brothers.

Brown grew up on his family's property and attended school at Emmanuel College Warrnambool. He grew up a Fitzroy fan and began playing Australian rules at an early age, playing school football and cricket with the Emmanuel College Hawks. Brown began playing senior football with the South Warrnambool Football Club at the age of 15. He began senior cricket at about the same time and was a stand-out left-arm fast bowler. He played A-Grade cricket with Wesley CBC where he was Cricketer of the Year two years in a row and played in a senior premiership. He was also invited to play in the Victorian under-17 squad. However, he focused on Australian rules, pursuing a dream of following Ted Whitten to represent Victoria in State of Origin. Brown drew the attention of AFL recruiters while playing under-18 representative football for the Geelong Falcons in 1999 at the national carnival in Brisbane when he was named as an All-Australian.

Drafting and first year: 1999–2000
Brown was selected by the Brisbane Lions in the 1999 AFL Draft under the father–son rule. His father considered Brisbane a good option when Leigh Matthews became the senior coach, despite Hawthorn showing interest in recruiting him. Upon moving to Brisbane, he was immediately groomed as the club's next centre half-forward. The next year, in Round 5, he played his first senior game for the Lions as an 18-year-old against the Adelaide Crows. His best game in his opening year came against Fremantle in the final round of the season when he had 23 disposals and scored two goals.

Four consecutive Grand Finals: 2001–2004
Playing in a team which included three Brownlow Medalists (Michael Voss, Jason Akermanis and Simon Black), Brown participated in four consecutive AFL Grand Finals and was a part of three consecutive premierships in 2001, 2002 and 2003.

Touted as the next Wayne Carey early in his career, Brown was an unspectacular but consistent contributor during his first few seasons and, at 195 cm and 105 kg, was an imposing target across half-forward. In Round 6 of 2001, Brown kicked seven goals and amassed nine marks and 19 disposals in his first dominant performance in front of goals. For the season, he averaged six marks, 14 disposals and 1.5 goals per game. His season tally of 157 marks was a team-high, and his total of 38 goals was third-best of Brisbane players.

Brown was well renowned for his bravery, often putting himself in reckless situations that put the mission of the team before his own physical well-being. An example of this was when he took the 2002 Mark of the Year by running with the flight of the ball and launching into the oncoming Hawthorn player Jade Rawlings. In an interview with Mike Sheehan for Open Mike, Brown acknowledged he was running towards the pack blindly (i.e. with his eyes only on the ball, not the players converging on the pack) and committed fully to the attempt. Such efforts earned him numerous titles for courage during his career, including three Robert Rose Awards for being voted the most courageous player of the league in 2007, 2008 and 2011. Such acts of courage caused recurring injuries, especially during the past few years of his career, including four facial injuries between 2011 and 2014.

Plagued by injury and regular meetings with the AFL Tribunal during the next three seasons, Brown's development was hampered until 2004, when he had the best season of his career to that point, averaging an impressive eight marks, 16 disposals, and 2.3 goals per game. Despite missing eight games through injury and suspension, Brown kicked a career-high 39 goals and again led the Lions in marks, with 140. His progress was punctuated in the Qualifying Final against St Kilda when he achieved a best-afield six-goal performance. The season, however, ended on a sour note for Brown, as he was reported for striking Port Adelaide's Josh Carr during the Lions 40-point Grand Final loss. The report saw Brown suspended for the first five games of the 2005 season.

Reaching peak form: 2005–2006
In 2005, Brown was promoted to the Lions' leadership group. He made his return from suspension in Round 6 of 2005 against Essendon and immediately had a significant impact, taking 14 marks and kicking eight goals on then-Essendon defender and future Sydney Swans premiership player Ted Richards, in what was arguably the best game of his career to that point. The following week, Brown kicked another five goals, and in Round 10 against the Kangaroos Brown had 12 marks, 27 disposals and five goals, followed by a career-high 29 disposals in round 11. Injury again cut his season short, but 2005 was clearly Brown's best individual season as he averaged eight marks, 18 disposals and 2.8 goals per game during the 12 games he played prior to Round 17, before a severe bout of osteitis pubis prevented him from having any influence in his last two games.

In May 2005, Brown was targeted by Collingwood in a deal reportedly worth $6 million over the next four seasons, but he was quick to announce that he had no plans to leave Brisbane. Two months later he officially signed a contract committing himself to the Brisbane Lions until the end of the 2008 season in a deal reportedly worth $2 million over three years.

2006 was the year in which Brown first stamped his authority on the AFL competition. Midway through the season, Brown seemed certain to claim almost every individual award on offer at the end of the year, as he dominated in the air and in front of goals on a weekly basis. Brown's form hit a peak between rounds 7 and 10, when over four games he averaged 11 marks, 20 disposals and 6.5 goals per game, including performances of seven or more goals in three successive games. Injury, however, ended his season prematurely yet again, as Brown played his last game of the season in Round 10. In the 2006 Brownlow Medal count, Brown polled 13 votes, enough to secure a top 10 finish despite only playing 10 games out of a possible 22. He was leading the count easily before he suffered the injury.

Vintage form: 2007–2009
Following the retirement of long-time captain Michael Voss in 2006, Brown was strongly favoured to replace Voss as captain. Nevertheless, when the captaincy was announced on 20 March 2007, Brown was named as co-captain alongside Simon Black, Chris Johnson, Nigel Lappin, and Luke Power. Brown had previously acted as co-captain for the Lions in the 2007 NAB Cup Grand Final, alongside Black, Johnson, and Power, with Lappin out injured. Desperate for an injury-free season, 2007 delivered just that for Brown, and what resulted was the best season of his career. He averaged nine marks and 16 disposals per game, and kicked 77 goals at 3.5 per game in 2007. In round 16 against Carlton, he became the first Brisbane player to kick 10 goals in a game, and he finished the year with seven goals against Geelong to secure the Coleman Medal as the season's leading goal kicker. That year Brown took the most contested marks in the competition to go with his first Coleman. He also won his first Merrett–Murray Medal (the Lions best and fairest), the AFL Players Association Best Captain Award, the Robert Rose Award for Most Courageous Player, was runner-up in the Leigh Matthews Trophy as League MVP and was named vice-captain of the All Australian team. At season's end, Brown was regarded by many, including AFL guru Mike Sheahan, as the number-one player in the competition.

Brown started the 2008 season slowly compared to his 2007 form, and was rested for one game in round seven due to minor injury concerns. He then returned to his best with three consecutive six-goal performances and combined with Daniel Bradshaw to be one of the most formidable forward duos in the league in the second half of the season. In the 15 games after his week off, Brown averaged nine marks, 16 disposals and 3.7 goals per game, although his season stats were inferior to the previous year. Brown captained Victoria in the AFL Hall of Fame Tribute Match against the Dream Team, and a spectacular mark taken over Matthew Richardson in that game is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting The Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport. He was named the AFLPA Most courageous player at the end of the 2008 season by his peers for the second consecutive year in a row, but missed out on a second All-Australian selection. Brown's 2008 season was capped off by winning his second Merrett–Murray Medal.

At the completion of Round 22 of the 2008 season, Brown announced he had signed a four-year contract that would see him remain a Lion until he is at least 31. On 27 October 2008, Lions coach Michael Voss announced Brown's appointment as sole captain of the club.

2009 was Brown's most consistent year to date, being kept goalless just once and kicking two or more goals in a club record 17 consecutive games. In round 6, Brown had 13 marks, 24 disposals and five goals against Essendon, and in Round 17, he kicked eight goals against North Melbourne, including his 400th career goal. He also had 21 disposals and 12 marks. He placed second in the Coleman Medal at season's end, eight goals behind winner Brendan Fevola, and took the most contested marks in the league. He finished the year with a career-high, and Brisbane Lions record, 85 goals and averaged 8.5 marks and 16 disposals per game. His 19 Brownlow Medal votes placed him fourth overall and he concluded the year with his third consecutive best and fairest medal, second All-Australian selection and the AFLPA Best Captain Award.

Battling injuries and retirement: 2010–2014
Brown was hampered by injury throughout the 2010 season, causing him to miss six games for the Lions. After a promising start to 2010, Brown and other key Brisbane players were struck by injury, and the team finished the season in 13th position on the ladder. Despite missing six games and the controversial introduction of Coleman Medallist Brendan Fevola to the team, Brown was again the Lions leading goalkicker, with 53 for the season, and he came third in Brisbane's best and fairest, behind Michael Rischitelli and Simon Black. Brown was named the Members' Player of the Year and polled almost half of his best-and-fairest votes in the first four rounds.

Brown suffered a horrific facial injury in the first game of the 2011 season against Fremantle after he was kneed in the head by opposition defender Luke McPharlin in a marking attempt.

Brown suffered a second facial injury in round 17 of the 2011 season.

Brown suffered a third facial injury in less than three years in a 2012 intraclub match when teammate Matt Maguire kneed him in the head in a marking contest. Doubts started to surface over his career after such consistent damages to his skull.

In 2013, Jed Adcock was named as the Lions' co-captain alongside Brown, and, in 2014, Adcock was named as the sole captain, meaning that the Lions were not captained or co-captained by Brown for the first time since 2007.

Brown was the victim of a fourth facial injury in the Round 13, 2014 clash between the Lions and the Greater Western Sydney Giants. He collided with Tomas Bugg's knee and was removed from the ground. He suffered a concussion, causing his retirement from football.

Statistics
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2001 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014 ! colspan=3| Career ! 255 ! 592 ! 325 ! 2444 ! 1244 ! 3688 ! 1810 ! 291 ! 2.3 ! 1.3 ! 9.6 ! 4.9 ! 14.5 ! 7.1 ! 1.1 ! 112
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 16 || 13 || 5 || 2 || 82 || 41 || 123 || 47 || 11 || 0.4 || 0.2 || 6.3 || 3.2 || 9.5 || 3.6 || 0.8 || 0
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 16 || 25 || 38 || 22 || 217 || 130 || 347 || 157 || 31 || 1.5 || 0.9 || 8.7 || 5.2 || 13.9 || 6.3 || 1.2 || 5
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 16 || 19 || 14 || 14 || 143 || 87 || 230 || 97 || 20 || 0.7 || 0.7 || 7.5 || 4.6 || 12.1 || 5.1 || 1.1 || 0
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 16 || 19 || 27 || 15 || 173 || 113 || 286 || 126 || 31 || 1.4 || 0.8 || 9.1 || 5.9 || 15.1 || 6.6 || 1.6 || 8
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 16 || 17 || 39 || 21 || 173 || 101 || 274 || 140 || 27 || 2.3 || 1.2 || 10.2 || 5.9 || 16.1 || 8.2 || 1.6 || 8
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 16 || 14 || 33 || 19 || 142 || 96 || 238 || 103 || 19 || 2.4 || 1.4 || 10.1 || 6.9 || 17.0 || 7.4 || 1.4 || 11
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 16 || 10 || 35 || 18 || 133 || 56 || 189 || 103 || 13 || 3.5 || 1.8 || 13.3 || 5.6 || 18.9 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 10.3 || 1.3 || 13
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 16 || 22 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 77 || 38 || 239 || 114 || 353 || 195 || 22 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 3.5 || 1.7 || 10.9 || 5.2 || 16.0 || 8.9 || 1.0 || 17
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 16 || 21 || 70 || 47 || 223 || 84 || 307 || 167 || 18 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 10.6 || 4.0 || 14.6 || 8.0 || 0.9 || 10
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 16 || 24 || 85 || 52 || 281 || 104 || 385 || 204 || 25 || 3.5 || 2.2 || 11.7 || 4.3 || 16.0 || 8.5 || 1.0 || 19
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 16 || 16 || 53 || 24 || 168 || 73 || 241 || 126 || 14 || 3.3 || 1.5 || 10.5 || 4.6 || 15.1 || 7.9 || 0.9 || 12
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 16 || 10 || 22 || 11 || 89 || 35 || 124 || 64 || 7 || 2.2 || 1.1 || 8.9 || 3.5 || 12.4 || 6.4 || 0.7 || 3
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 16 || 20 || 47 || 20 || 189 || 108 || 297 || 143 || 20 || 2.4 || 1.0 || 9.5 || 5.4 || 14.9 || 7.2 || 1.0 || 4
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 16 || 15 || 28 || 15 || 128 || 56 || 184 || 94 || 14 || 1.9 || 1.0 || 8.5 || 3.7 || 12.3 || 6.3 || 0.9 || 2
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 16 || 10 || 19 || 7 || 64 || 46 || 110 || 44 || 19 || 1.9 || 0.7 || 6.4 || 4.6 || 11.0 || 4.4 || 1.9 || 0
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * }

Honours and achievements

 * Team
 * AFL Premiership (Brisbane): 2001, 2002, 2003
 * NAB Cup (Brisbane): 2013 (C)
 * Individual (abridged; full career highlights in the info box)
 * AFL Mark of the Year: 2002
 * Coleman Medal: 2007
 * Merrett–Murray Medal (Brisbane Best & Fairest): 2007, 2008, 2009
 * All-Australian: 2007 (VC), 2009
 * AFLPA Best Captain Award: 2007, 2009
 * AFLPA Robert Rose Most Courageous Player Award: 2007, 2008, 2011
 * Brisbane Lions Leading Goalkicker: 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013
 * Brisbane Lions Captain: 2007–2013
 * In Round 7 2006, Brown got the highest-ever SuperCoach score—262—against Hawthorn. He got 18 kicks, 7 handballs, 16 marks, 8 goals, 4 behinds, 1 tackle and 1 free kick for.

Media career
In 2009, Brown appeared alongside other AFL footballers in an AFL television advertisement titled "AFL: In a League of its Own", which featured prominent AFL players playing Australian rules football at famous sporting venues around the world, and in the middle of other sports being played, including basketball, Association football and American football. In the advertisement, Brown is running with the ball on an American football field evading and fending off defenders before running into Chad Cornes. The contact between the players results in the scene changing to a boxing ring, where after evading a boxer, he attempts to kick the ball, with Cornes smothering his kick.

Brown was a regular guest panellist on The AFL Footy Show throughout his playing career and was regularly heard on Ash, Kip and Luttsy on Nova 106.9.

In 2009, Brown featured in an official advertisement for the AFL, playing Australian rules with opponent Chad Cornes in a boxing ring and breaking the tackles of American football players.

In February 2015, Brown joined Fox Footy's commentary team and began featuring on On the Couch.

In November 2015, Brown was announced as a co-host of Nova 100's new breakfast show Chrissie, Sam & Browny, alongside Chrissie Swan and Sam Pang.

Personal life
Brown's father, Brian Brown, played football with Fitzroy and Jonathan was recruited to the Lions under the father–son rule. He is also the nephew of former Fitzroy player Noel Mugavin and former Collingwood player Billy Picken, and cousin of Western Bulldogs player Liam Picken.

On 25 October 2008 Brown married Kylie Adams. They have three children, two girls and a boy. He resides in the Melbourne suburb of Camberwell.

title: Jonathan Brown (Australian footballer)


text: Category:Geography of Nepal

title: Category:Geography of Nepal


text: Talk:Italian art

title: Talk:Italian art


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User:IceKarma/monobook.js

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Stratigraphy (archaeology)

Stratigraphy is a key concept to modern archaeological theory and practice. Modern excavation techniques are based on stratigraphic principles. The concept derives from the geological use of the idea that sedimentation takes place according to uniform principles. When archaeological finds are below the surface of the ground (as is most commonly the case), the identification of the context of each find is vital in enabling the archaeologist to draw conclusions about the site and about the nature and date of its occupation. It is the archaeologist's role to attempt to discover what contexts exist and how they came to be created. Archaeological stratification or sequence is the dynamic superimposition of single units of stratigraphy, or contexts.

Contexts are single events or actions that leave discrete, detectable traces in the archaeological sequence or stratigraphy. They can be deposits (such as the back-fill of a ditch), structures (such as walls), or "zero thickness surfaces", better known as "cuts". Cuts represent actions that remove other solid contexts such as fills, deposits, and walls. An example would be a ditch "cut" through earlier deposits. Stratigraphic relationships are the relationships created between contexts in time, representing the chronological order in which they were created. One example would be a ditch and the back-fill of said ditch. The temporal relationship of "the fill" context to the ditch "cut" context is such that "the fill" occurred later in the sequence; you have to dig a ditch before you can back-fill it. A relationship that is later in the sequence is sometimes referred to as "higher" in the sequence, and a relationship that is earlier, "lower", though this does not refer necessarily to the physical location of the context. It is more useful to think of "higher" as it relates to the context's position in a Harris matrix, a two-dimensional representation of a site's formation in space and time.

Principles or laws
Archaeological stratigraphy is based on a series of axiomatic principles or "laws". They are derived from the principles of stratigraphy in geology but have been adapted to reflect the different nature of archaeological deposits. E.C. Harris notes two principles that were widely recognised by archaeologists by the 1970s:

 * The principle of superposition establishes that within a series of layers and interfacial features, as originally created, the upper units of stratification are younger and the lower are older, for each must have been deposited on, or created by the removal of, a pre-existing mass of archaeological stratification.
 * The principle that layers can be no older than the age of the most recent artefact discovered within them. This is the basis for the relative dating of layers using artefact typologies. It is analogous to the geological principle of faunal succession, although Harris argued that it was not strictly applicable to archaeology.

He also proposed three additional principles:
 * The principle of original horizontality states that any archaeological layer deposited in an unconsolidated form will tend towards a horizontal deposition. Strata which are found with tilted surfaces were so originally deposited, or lie in conformity with the contours of a pre-existing basin of deposition.
 * The principle of lateral continuity states that any archaeological deposit, as originally laid down, will be bounded by the edge of the basin of deposition, or will thin down to a feather edge. Therefore, if any edge of the deposit is exposed in a vertical plane view, a part of its original extent must have been removed by excavation or erosion: its continuity must be sought, or its absence explained.
 * The principle of stratigraphic succession states that any given unit of archaeological stratification exists within the stratigraphic sequence from its position between the undermost of all higher units and the uppermost of all lower units and with which it has a physical contact.

Combining stratigraphic contexts for interpretation
Understanding a site in modern archaeology is a process of grouping single contexts together in ever larger groups by virtue of their relationships. The terminology of these larger clusters varies depending on the practitioner, but the terms interface, sub-group, and group are common. An example of a sub-group could be the three contexts that make up a burial; the grave cut, the body, and the back-filled earth on top of the body. Sub-groups can then be clustered together with other sub-groups by virtue of their stratigraphic relationship to form groups, which in turn form "phases." A sub-group burial could cluster with other sub-group burials to form a cemetery, which in turn could be grouped with a building, such as a church, to produce a "phase". Phase implies a nearly contemporaneous Archaeological horizon, representing "what you would see if you went back to time X". The production of phase interpretations is the first goal of stratigraphic interpretation and excavation.

Stratigraphic dating
Archaeologists investigating a site may wish to date the activity rather than artifacts on site by dating the individual contexts which represents events. Some degree of dating objects by their position in the sequence can be made with known datable elements of the archaeological record or other assumed datable contexts deduced by a regressive form of relative dating which in turn can fix events represented by contexts to some range in time. For example, the date of formation of a context which is totally sealed between two datable layers will fall between the dates of the two layers sealing it. However the date of contexts often fall in a range of possibilities so using them to date others is not a straightforward process. Take the hypothetical section figure A. Here we can see 12 contexts, each numbered with a unique context number and whose sequence is represented in the Harris matrix in figure B. If we know the date of context 1 and context 9 we can deduce that context 7, the backfilling of pit 8, occurred sometime after the date for 9 but before the date for 1, and if we recover an assemblage of artifacts from context 7 that occur nowhere else in the sequence, we have isolated them with a reasonable degree of certainty to a discrete range of time. In this instance we can now use the date we have for finds in context 7 to date other sites and sequences. In practice a huge amount of cross referencing with other recorded sequences is required to produce dating series from stratigraphic relationships such as the work in seriation.
 * 1) A horizontal layer
 * 2) Masonry wall remnant
 * 3) Backfill of the wall construction trench (sometimes called construction cut)
 * 4) A horizontal layer, probably the same as 1
 * 5) Construction cut for wall 2
 * 6) A clay floor abutting wall 2
 * 7) Fill of shallow cut 8
 * 8) Shallow pit cut
 * 9) A horizontal layer
 * 10) A horizontal layer, probably the same as 9
 * 11) Natural sterile ground formed before human occupation of the site
 * 12) Trample in the base of cut 5 formed by workmen's boots constructing the structure wall 2 and floor 6 is associated with.

Residual and intrusive finds
One issue in using stratigraphic relationships is that the date of artifacts in a context does not represent the date of the context, but just the earliest date the context could be. If one looks at the sequence in figure A, one may find that the cut for the construction of wall 2, context 5, has cut through layers 9 and 10, and in doing so has introduced the possibility that artifacts from layers 9 and 10 may be redeposited higher up the sequence in the context representing the backfill of the construction cut, context 3. These artifacts are referred to as "residual" or "residual finds". It is crucial that dating a context is based on the latest dating evidence drawn from the context. We can also see that if the fill of cut 5 – the wall 2, backfill 3 and trample 12 — are not removed entirely during excavation because of "undercutting", non-residual artifacts from these later "higher" contexts 2, 3 and 12 could contaminate the excavation of earlier contexts such as 9 and 10 and give false dating information. These artifacts may be termed intrusive finds.

Archiving Stratigraphic Data
Stratigraphic data is a required component in archaeological archives, but there is a growing problem for digital data archives, where stratigraphic data are often only held on paper or as scanned image copies (PDFs) of matrix diagrams. This means that they cannot be easily re-used in further analysis. Some recommendations are being made to address this problem.

title: Stratigraphy (archaeology)


text:
Talk:Hall & Oates

Once again Name move
I find it somewhat "silly" that the name of this article has not been changed to Daryl Hall and John Oates. The two primaries of the band both say the official name is Daryl Hall and John Oates. They have also pointed out that the name on all their albums is Daryl Hall and John Oates. Despite the URL of their official being hallandoates the very first page of the site is Daryl Hall John Oates. Their official merchandise is overwhelmingly inscribed with the name Daryl Hall and John Oates.

It just does not make sense that wikipedia refuses to use the official name over a nickname.

I know a title move was recently requested and it was denied. But, I feel the denial was incorrect. Another request should be made. Rick Henry Christopher (talk) 22:47, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

Lawsuit
Was going to edit the Lawsuit title text when somebody sniped me and it looks good. It is HALL'S lawsuit against OATES. Thanks to whoever fixed it just before I refreshed the page. CentralPAGuy (talk) 05:24, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

Lawsuit & Restraining Order = Breakup?
A couple anonymous users have already edited the page to imply that the duo have dissolved in light of the legal dispute between them and the restraining order against Oates. I reverted the first change since there was no official announcement of a dissolution (and it's not like one of them died), but after it was reinstated by the second anonymous edit, I thought it'd be worth bringing up here. Game4brains (talk) 05:33, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

 * John Oates has said that he has "moved on" from being part of the duo, while Daryl Hall has stated that they are undergoing a "global divorce" of their creative partnership. So it looks as if Hall & Oates is effectively over... but there hasn't been a definitive announcement of a split as yet. Mark and inwardly digest (talk) 17:28, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hall & Oates


text: Category:Toronto Blue Jays managers

title: Category:Toronto Blue Jays managers


text:
Willie Jackson (politician)

William Wakatere Jackson (born 1961) is a New Zealand politician and former unionist, broadcaster and Urban Māori leader. He was a Member of Parliament for the Alliance from 1999 to 2002 and is currently a Labour Party MP, having been re-elected in 2017.

Jackson was Minister of Employment, Minister for Māori Development, and Minister of Broadcasting and Media in the Sixth Labour Government.

Early life and family
Jackson was born in 1961, the eldest of three children to Dame Temuranga “June” Batley-Jackson (Ngāti Maniapoto) and Bob Jackson (Ngāti Porou). Bob Jackson's brothers were activist Syd Jackson and lawyer Moana Jackson; their father was All Black Everard Jackson. Bob and June were a dockworker and a cleaner but became leaders of the Urban Māori movement in the 1970s and 1980s. Although Bob spoke te reo Māori as his first language, he did not pass it on to his children and Willie Jackson learned it as an adult through immersion classes.

Willie Jackson has both Māori and Pākehā ancestry and grew up in Porirua until the age of 10, when the family moved to Māngere. He describes himself as having been "a failure at school" and after leaving Mangere College became a freezing worker.

Jackson married the singer Moana Maniapoto, whose band he managed; they divorced in 2001. His second wife is Tania Rangiheuea, a former Victoria University of Wellington lecturer and school principal. Jackson has three children, including journalist Hikurangi Jackson.

Early career
After leaving school, Jackson became a freezing worker, where he became involved with trade unions. By age 21, he was president of the freezing workers union and the youngest union leader in the country. At 25, Jackson became an organiser at the Northern Clerical Workers’ Union where he worked with his uncle Syd Jackson and future New Zealand First MP Tau Henare.

In the 1990s, Jackson became a partner at Tangata Records, a label that promoted and developed contemporary Māori music. He managed Moana and the Moahunters, a band fronted by his then-wife Moana Maniapoto. He was also a sports and Māori radio broadcaster on Radio Aotearoa and the manager of All Black Frank Bunce.

Jackson's mother established the Manukau Urban Maori Authority (MUMA) in 1986. He was a spokesperson for MUMA through the fisheries settlements of the 1990s, critisising the proposed allocation of fisheries resources only to iwi because it would disadvantage Urban Māori. With John Tamihere of the West Auckland urban Māori trust Te Whanau o Waipareira, he brought an unsuccessful court case to stop the allocations going ahead in 1997/98.

Mana Motuhake and the Alliance
In 1995, Jackson joined the Mana Motuhake party, a Māori party which formed part of the Alliance. He was a candidate for the Alliance in the 1996 election, ranked 20 on the party list and contesting the Manurewa electorate. Jackson's list placement was controversial because he had been ranked eighth of eight Mana Motuhake candidates to be integrated within the combined party list of 65 candidates—an unelectable position. However, the NewLabour component party of the Alliance considered Jackson "one of the most talented new candidates" and enabled him to change his affiliation at the last moment, enabling him to be placed higher. Despite the change, he was not elected.

Jackson returned to Mana Motuhake as its national director ahead of the 1999 general election. He was the Alliance candidate in the new Māori electorate of Hauraki, where he lost to his friend and fellow urban Māori advocate John Tamihere of the Labour Party. Ranked ninth on the Alliance party list—the highest of any candidate who was not already in Parliament—Jackson was elected as a list MP. From 1999 to 2002, he was deputy chair of the Māori affairs committee and also sat on the transport and industrial relations committee. His maiden speech, given on 8 February 2000, seconded the address in reply debate and set out his views on the socio-economic disparities between Māori and Pākehā:

"We are at the beginning of a new millennium, and it is timely that Māori should prepare themselves well for the future. One of my aims during this term is to assist Māori to engage in long-term strategic planning for economic and cultural survival. In the immediate term, Māori needs are exactly the same as those of Pākehā. We need jobs, and better housing, health, and education. However, we need a little bit more, for Māori have the responsibility of passing on a language and a culture to successive generations."

In his term in Parliament, Jackson was an outspoken advocate for Māori broadcasting. In his maiden speech, he said his aim was to have "a professional Maori broadcasting system that is well planned, properly resourced, and capable of encompassing all facets of Maori language and culture." He was critical of the Labour government's inaction on the creation of a state-funded Māori television service but won a victory when the Government changed course to allow a pan-Māori authority to control part of the 3G radiowave spectrum.

In 2001, Jackson successfully challenged Mana Motuhake leader Sandra Lee for the leadership of the party within the Alliance. When the Alliance began to collapse in 2002, Jackson sided with the faction led by Laila Harré and Matt McCarten, and remained with the party when Jim Anderton established his breakaway group. In the 2002 election, Jackson became deputy leader of the Alliance under Harré's leadership, but the Alliance failed to win any seats. Mana Motuhake withdrew from the Alliance after the election and Jackson resigned the party leadership in 2003.

Return to broadcasting
After losing his re-election bid at the 2002 general election, Jackson returned to his broadcasting career. He became general manager of Radio Waatea, and later the chief executive of Urban Māori Broadcasting, and was the host of two television current affairs programmes. Eye to Eye with Willie Jackson aired on TV One from 2004 to 2009. From 2009, Jackson moved to Māori Television where he hosted Willie Jackson's Newsbites until 2011. As an interviewer, Jackson was praised by Bill Ralston, who said that Jackson knew how to get the best out of his guests.

A hosting partnership between Jackson and John Tamihere began in 2006 with an afternoon talkback programme on Radio Live; this ran until it was ended by the Roast Busters scandal in 2013. The duo also co-hosted The World According to Willie and JT on TV One in 2007. Jackson returned to Radio Live in 2014, co-hosting the afternoon programme with Alison Mau. He resigned from Radio Live in early 2017 after being announced as a Labour Party candidate in the 2017 general election.

Return to advocacy and politics
Jackson remained involved in politics after his 2002 defeat. He unsuccessfully attempted to create a pan-Māori party between 2002 and 2003, then became an early supporter of Tariana Turia's Māori Party. A bid to become Mayor of Manukau City in 2007 was unsuccessful, with Jackson placing fourth in a crowded field that also included Len Brown, Dick Quax, and Arthur Anae. After Hone Harawira split from the Māori Party in 2011, Jackson became a supporter of the Mana Movement and an advocate for political peace between the two Māori parties. Jackson considered standing for the Mana Movement in Tāmaki Makaurau at the 2011 election, but declined to run.

Jackson was elected the first chair of the National Urban Māori Authority (NUMA) in 2003 and succeeded his mother as chief executive of the Manukau Urban Māori Authority (MUMA) in 2009. He left those leadership roles after being re-elected to Parliament in 2017. During Jackson's tenure leading these organisations, NUMA won a bid to be the North Island Whānau Ora commissioning agency in 2014 and a subsidiary of MUMA won the contract for a South Auckland charter school in 2017.

Sixth Labour Government, 2017–2023
Jackson was recruited by Labour Party leader Andrew Little to stand as a Labour candidate and run the party's campaign for the Māori electorates in the 2017 general election. As Māori campaign manager, Jackson called for the Green Party to withdraw some of its candidates so that Labour would have a stronger chance of winning its own races, but was rebuffed by his own leader. Nonetheless, Labour won all seven Māori electorates. Jackson, who had stood as a list-only candidate, was elected as a Labour Party list MP.

Following post-election negotiations between Labour, New Zealand First and the Greens and the formation of a coalition government, Jackson was appointed the Minister of Employment and Associate Minister for Māori Development (outside Cabinet). He also sat on the foreign affairs, defence and trade committee. After Jackson was re-elected in the 2020 general election, he was elevated to the Cabinet as Minister for Māori Development and given the associate portfolios for the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) and justice. He also held the internal Labour Party office of co-chair of the Māori caucus.

In late November 2021, Jackson apologised to the Moriori on behalf of Ngāti Tama and Ngāti Mutunga for his ancestors' role in the Moriori genocide. This apology accompanied the passage of the Moriori Claims Settlements Bill, which formalised the New Zealand Government's financial compensation settlement to the Moriori within the framework of the Treaty of Waitangi.

In early December 2021, Jackson was ejected from the New Zealand Parliament debating chamber for refusing to apologise after National Party MP Maureen Pugh had objected to him calling the ACT party "right-wing fascists." Jackson had made these remarks during a debate on a bill to include two Ngāi Tahu representatives on the Canterbury Regional Council after the 2022 New Zealand local elections.

In a June 2022 reshuffle, Jackson was also appointed Minister of Broadcasting and Media. As Broadcasting Minister, Jackson introduced draft legislation to merge the public broadcasters Radio New Zealand and TVNZ into a new non-profit autonomous Crown entity called Aotearoa New Zealand Public Media (ANZPM). During a live television interview with TVNZ journalist Jack Tame on TVNZ's Q+A in December 2022, Jackson defended the Government's public media merger efforts particularly its commitment to editorial independence and questioned the motives and impartiality of his host. In response, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern expressed disagreement with Jackson's remarks but defended his competence as Minister of Broadcasting. The interview was described as "a trainwreck" by the National Party's broadcasting spokesperson Melissa Lee and Jackson's apologised for his conduct on 6 December, but defended the public media merger and accused the New Zealand media of fomenting opposition to the merger effort. The merger was cancelled two months later.

Opposition, 2023–present
During the 2023 New Zealand general election held on 14 October, Jackson was re-elected to Parliament on the Labour party list. He again led Labour's campaign strategy for the Māori electorates, but was unsuccessful with only one seat being won by Labour. Jackson said he considered quitting politics after the election, but decided to stay on for the term.

In early November 2023, Jackson stated that Māori people would "go to war" if the incoming Sixth National Government proceeded with an ACT campaign promise to hold a referendum on redefining the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. In response to Jackson's remarks, ACT leader David Seymour reiterated that ACT wanted a "rational debate" on the topic and stated that "when people threaten war as the alternative to that, they are not being a good actor investing in the future of our country."

In late November 2023, Jackson assumed the Māori Development, broadcasting and media, employment and associate housing and associate workplace relations and safety portfolios in the Shadow Cabinet of Chris Hipkins.

On 5 December 2023, Jackson was granted retention of the title The Honourable, in recognition of his term as a member of the Executive Council.

In late May 2024, Jackson participated in an Oxford Union debate where he delivered a winning speech calling for the return of seven mokomōkai (preserved Māori heads adorned with customary Māori tattoos known as moko) from the British Museum. His speech also criticised the legacy of British colonialism in New Zealand.

title: Willie Jackson (politician)


text:
Category:Milwaukee Brewers managers

This category is for managers of the Milwaukee Brewers Major League Baseball team of the American League (1970–1997) and National League (1998–present).

title: Category:Milwaukee Brewers managers


text:
Talk:List of mountains in Nepal

If this is a Complete list of mountain summits in Nepal over 5000 meters that should be the title of the list. If it is not, why is it not? Wetman 05:32, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The list is not complete nor does the article say it is. I only started with the mountains that actually have articles. Feel free to add others. In any case, the current article name is the naming conventions for lists of mountains. RedWolf 23:40, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * As it stands, the list is very biased toward peaks in the Khumbu section, and to a lesser extent peaks from there west to about Kathmandu. It would be good to expand it. Trekkers and climbers really tend to pile up in certain places.  It would be good for the country and for these pastimes if their activities were more spread out. LADave (talk) 17:14, 18 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Re Wetman's question, the list of Nepal's peaks over 5,000m would be very long. A prominence cutoff would help.  500m maybe? That would leave Lhotse in (610m) but eliminate others.   A purely prominence-driven list would include some peaks outside the greater Himalaya. LADave (talk) 21:45, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, there is a definite bias towards peaks in the Khumbu region and generally those in the Himalayas where climbers/trekkers generally visit, particularly east of Kathmandu or north of Pokhara. This is though hardly by accident since tourism infrastructure is much more developed in these areas. There is generally much more information available on peaks in these regions than in other regions of Nepal (at least that can be found in English IMHO). I can look at some maps of Nepal that I have and see many little known peaks not listed on Wikipedia but I would be hard pressed to find much written information on most of these peaks. This list should only list peaks in Nepal that have an existing article. As for using prominence as a filter, it might be something that might need to be considered eventually but for now, the list is short enough that I don't think it need be applied at this point in time. RedWolf (talk) 05:42, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a travel guide; for that we have Wikitravel. It seems to follow that lists ought to be driven by more objective considerations than popularity.  Mountains along popular trekking routes are apt to get articles regardless.  An elevation and/or prominence-driven list would direct authoring attention to underserved topics.  Surely a worthwhile goal if WP aspires to be a reliable compendium of knowledge and information. LADave (talk) 22:03, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

Mountain name start from na
Say 103.10.31.15 (talk) 11:18, 27 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of mountains in Nepal


text:
Jurbarkas

Jurbarkas (Samogitian: Jorbarks, known also by several alternative names) is a city in Tauragė County, in Samogitia, Lithuania. Jurbarkas is located in the historic land of Karšuva. It is on the right-hand shore of the Nemunas at its confluence with the tributaries Mituva and Imsrė. The town became an important road junction after a bridge was built over the Nemunas in 1978.

Etymology
The name Jurbarkas is derived from the Ordensburg castle, Georgenburg, built in the 13th century.

Jurbarkas has also been known by many derivate spellings in various languages throughout its history. The most notable non-Lithuanian names for the city include: in Samogitian Jorbarks, in German Georgenburg, Jurgenburg, and Eurburg, in Polish, Jurbork, and in Yiddish יורבורג (Yurburg).

History
Although Jurbarkas is said to have been a seat of Lithuanian princes from the Palemonids legend, it was first documented in 1259 as the Teutonic Knights' Ordensburg castle of Georgenburg ("George's castle") southwest from the confluence of Mituva and Nemunas. This castle was constructed 3 km west of the current town on a hill now known as Bišpiliukai, while the Lithuanians built a castle on Bišpilis hill by the river Imsrė.

The castle of Georgenburg was destroyed by the Grand Duke Vytautas in 1403 and was never rebuilt. The region was included within Lithuania in the Treaty of Melno in 1422, and the current site of Jurbarkas began to develop as a town and customs point, growing through the exporting of lumber on the Nemunas to Ducal Prussia. In 1430 a first church was built. Around 1540 new settlement have risen, in 1545 new church and parish primary school was built. In 1561 Jurbarkas comprised 82 houses. In 1569 Jurbarkas had about 600 inhabitants, small shops and inns, market place was present. In 1586 famous chronicler Maciej Stryjkowski became a church provost in Jurbarkas. King Sigismund III Vasa granted Jurbarkas its Magdeburg rights in 1611. In 1673 Jurbarkas comprised 56 houses.

In 1795 Jurbarkas was annexed by the Russian Empire during the third partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and was part of Vilna Governorate, later a part of Kovno Governorate (1843–1915). Its growth stagnated during the 19th century as traffic on the Nemunas decreased because of the rise of railways. The town was briefly liberated from the occupying Russian forces by the insurgents during the November Uprising in 1831. Because of its riverside location, Jurbarkas often suffered from floods (notably in 1862). 120 houses burned down from a fire in 1906.

Soviet occupants deported 78 residents of Jurbarkas in 1941–51. During the years of Lithuanian anti-Soviet partisan resistance (1944–1953) in Jurbarkas and neighbouring districts Lithuanian Laisvės gynėjų rinktinė (The Freedom Defenders Squad), belonging to partisans' Kęstutis military district was active.

Jewish community
Jurbarkas was for centuries a multi-ethnic community. During the 17th century some of the town's Jewish population were employed as tax collectors for the Lithuanian government. By 1714 Jubarkas had 2,333 Jews. By 1790 the town had a Jewish cemetery and a Wooden synagogue, one of the oldest in the region. In 1862 there were 2,550 Jews. In 1843 Emperor Nicholas I ordered that Jews living within 50 km of the Empire's western border should relocate eastward, but Jurbarkas was one of 19 towns which disobeyed the order. The Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah) prospered in Jurbarkas.

Many of the town's citizens left during World War I, although some returned. It became part of Raseiniai County in the independent Lithuania created after the war. The population decreased from 7,391 in 1897 to 4,409 in 1923. The Jewish population decreased over the same period from 2,350 to 1,887, though that represented an increase from 32% to 43%. A government census in Jurbarkas in 1931 indicated that Jews owned 69 of 75 business and 18 of 19 light industries.

The Soviet Union occupied the town in 1940 during World War II and nationalized many of the Jewish-owned companies. Jewish cultural organizations were also suppressed. Jurbarkas was invaded by Nazi Germany on 22 June 1941, the first day of Operation Barbarossa. Among other persecutions, Lithuanian collaborators forced the Jews to destroy the wooden synagogue. The Jewish population of Jurbarkas was systematically killed in 1941. A few dozen Jews from the town and escapees from the Kaunas Ghetto formed a partisan group to attack Nazi forces, although the majority were killed. A monument at the mass graves was constructed after the war to honor the Holocaust victims. Few of Jurbarkas Jewish citizens survived World War II. Of those that did, some remained in Vilnius or Kaunas after the War, while most emigrated to Palestine, the US, Canada, Mexico, South Africa, Germany, or other nations – in some cases joining family and friends who had left Lithuania before the War.

Famous residents

 * Vincas Grybas (1890–1941), sculptor
 * Romualdas Marcinkus (1907–1944), Footballer, and military pilot during World War II, air reconnaissance specialist.
 * Maciej Stryjkowski (ca. 1547 – ca. 1593), Polish-Lithuanian historian, writer and poet
 * William Zorach (1887–1966), Jewish sculptor
 * Antanas Šabaniauskas (1903–1987), Lithuania’s leading pop tenor.

Twin towns – sister cities
Jurbarkas is twinned with:

 * 🇩🇪 Crailsheim, Germany
 * 🇲🇩 Criuleni, Moldova
 * 🇵🇱 Hajnówka, Poland
 * 🇧🇪 Laakdal, Belgium
 * 🇩🇪 Lichtenberg (Berlin), Germany
 * 🇵🇱 Ryn, Poland

title: Jurbarkas


text: Category:Rivers of Nepal

title: Category:Rivers of Nepal


text: Category:St. Louis Cardinals managers

title: Category:St. Louis Cardinals managers