text:
Talk:Associative algebra

Untitled
Content of Associative Algebra, now redirected here: Charles Matthews 17:24, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Sorry to have disturbed you, Charles, by adding a page on 'Associative_Algebra'. I moved the text to Semigroups. Nico Benschop 11:19, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Well actually, semigroup exists. May I suggest the list of abstract algebra topics?

Charles Matthews 11:38, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

It is not uncommon for an algebra to be defined over a commutative ring (with 1). There is nothing special about using a field. In fact this view should be encouraged. It illustrates the special role that the integers (Z) play in the polynomial ring Z[x] for instance.

Serious Errors
There are some serious errors with this article, especially the parts on coalgebras, Hopf algebras, and Lie algebras. It seems to confuse tensor products with Cartesian products and Lie algebras with their enveloping algebras. Also the product and coproduct in a bialgebra are NOT unrelated, the coproduct is an algebra homomorphism and the product is a coalgebra homomorphism. Moreover there are already much higher quality articles on these topics. Fiedorow 21:22, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Please supply what corrections you can. Charles Matthews 21:51, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * My feeling is that this shouldn't be fixed by just editing this article. I think some of the discussion should be moved elsewhere. Perhaps a new article on linear representations of algebras. However that should probably include a discussion of infinite dimensional representations, which I am not qualified to edit. Fiedorow 01:29, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Ross Street
Reference section lacks ISBN, format, etc. - and the book isn't in Cornell's library nor in the Library of Congress though I shall look elsewhere. Amazon.com notes a book by Prof? Street entitled

Quantum Groups: A Path to Current Algebra (Australian Mathematical Society Lecture Series) (Paperback) (ISBN 0521695244)

to be released sometime around December this year (or after?) by Cambridge University Press. Don't know if that will contain the same material. Alternative references (well- maybe not after all for instance Richard S. Pierce's "Associative Algebras", Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-90693-2, 1982 for the copy I have that's in front of me ... but unlike the one listed, this one should be available in a library. (Don't know how many do, WorldCat/RLIN check where possible is worth doing from our site for certain kinds of references, I think!) Schissel | Sound the Note! 13:44, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Inconsistencies
As of Dec. 30 2009, there are some inconsistencies in this article. The main definition defines an associative but not necessarily unital algebra over a commutative ring R. But the constructions "from R-modules" and "from rings" only give ways to build every possible associative unital algebra over a commutative ring.

I find nonunital algebras quite annoying, but if that's what is under discussion in this page, the construction "from R-modules" should leave out the identity 1, and the construction "from rings" should allow A to be "rng" --- a ring without unit --- and it should only demand that the homomorphisms from R to A be a rng homomorphism. The former correction is pretty painless. The latter correction is more annoying, since most people don't know about rngs. So perhaps one might just keep the current construction "from rings" but admit that one is only getting associative unital algebras this way.

Someone should also come out and say that for lots of people, "associative algebra" means "associative unital algebra". Indeed, associative but not necessarily unital algebras should be just as unpopular (or popular) as rngs. John Baez (talk) 21:22, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Worse, the definition here of "algebra homomorphism" assumes our algebra has a unit, while the definition of "algebra" does not! Aargh! John Baez (talk) 21:25, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

I'm going to temporarily take matter into my own hands and fix things as I see fit. More carefully considered fixes are welcome. Both unital and not-necessarily-unital associative algebras deserve their place in the sun, but we need a consistent notation. John Baez (talk) 21:26, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

broken link
The link to Street's paper is broken. Crasshopper (talk) 01:07, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Associative algebra. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050825034431/http://www-texdev.ics.mq.edu.au:80/Quantum/Quantum.ps to http://www-texdev.ics.mq.edu.au/Quantum/Quantum.ps

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:49, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

Definition
part of the definition says "where the ring addition and module addition are the same", I find the "are the same" unclear so maybe the property they satisfy should be made explicit — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:4CA0:0:F234:8DB7:F4F7:B0FD:15FA (talk) 14:36, 18 October 2021 (UTC)
 * It is not "are the same", it is "are the same operation". Nevertheless, I have edited the sentence for improving the clarity. D.Lazard (talk) 16:14, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

Merge with Algebra homomorphism
I propose that we merge algebra homomorphism into this article. The reason is that I am not convinced that such a separate article is needed. Note we already have ring homomorphism, which mostly covers what such an article can cover. There are few aspects specific to algebra homomorphisms but that can be easily handled in this article. Taku (talk) 10:04, 3 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Instead, Algebra homomorphism must be fixed for including all sorts of algebra homomorphisms. Presently, for Wikipedia, a Lie algebra is an algebra, but a Lie algebra homomorphism is not an algebra homomorphism. This is ridiculous. Also, the section Algebra over a field has a template, while the section includes non-associative algebras, and the main article, does not include them presently (I’ll edit the first sentence of Algebra homomorphism for fixing this). The merge would be make things worse. D.Lazard (talk) 11:10, 3 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I should have emphasized that my proposal is based on the current state of the article (as you can see currently it doesn't have much stuff that is not already in this article). If it were to be rewritten to cover the non-associative case, then obviously the merger doesn't make sense. But I do wonder if we need an algebra homomorphism article for a very general algebraic structure. Isn't it just a structure-preserving map? -- Taku (talk) 11:23, 3 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The problem is that before my edit the content of the article did not correspond to the standard meaning of the title. The proposed merge would suggest to non-experts that algebra homomorphisms are restricted to associative algebras, and that a Lie algebra homomorphism is not an algebra homomorphism. I would not oppose to merge algebra homomorphism into a dedicated section of homomorphism. This would make sense, as this article has no real content, except the definition and a few examples. D.Lazard (talk) 13:56, 3 March 2023 (UTC)
 * It's really a matter of context. An algebra can be associative or not or unital or not and that depends on context. We cannot quite argue that an algebra should mean a possibly non-associative one (much like, "going to American" could mean going to the US or a non-US place and we cannot dictate on people's usage.) Anyway, yes, maybe the homomorphism article is a better place for discussing homomorphisms between general algebraic structures. Like said initially, I am not convinced there are much materials on algebra homomorphisms in the general setup, that cannot be discussed in the associative algebra article. -- Taku (talk) 07:59, 4 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Support I'm thinking every different article on each kind of algebra can have a subsection for homomorphisms for that particular kind of algebra. That way, specifics, exceptions, oddities for that kind of algebra can be covered in detail. It is hard for me to imagine that most readers will want a single article that compares & contrasts all the different kinds of algebra homomorphisms that might arise. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 23:47, 13 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment I still oppose to the proposed merge. However I would support to merge Algebra homomorphism into Algebra over a field. This would be coherent with the modern use that every structure goes with a corresponding concept of homomorphism. Such a merge would not cover the case of algebras over a ring, but this problem has no satisfactory solution, except merging Algebra over a ring into Algebra over a field and moving the result to Algebra (structure). D.Lazard (talk) 07:47, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment It seems that particular merge already happened, back in 2018, just without changing the page title. Felix QW (talk) 20:06, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Support merging this material somewhere rather than duplicating it on its own page. This article consists of a definition with some simple consequences and a couple of subnotions. It then goes on to give some examples. My suggestion would be to integrate the content where it is useful, whether that be at associative algebra, non-associative algebra or algebra over a field, possibly more than one or none at all, and then redirect the title somewhere. There is one other conflicting usage I know of, which is that of a homomorphism of algebras in universal algebra. Perhaps these ambiguities would even justify making a DAB page for algebra homomorphism? Felix QW (talk) 20:17, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

I know this is closed discussion, but it does seem to me to be a perverse closure result, given the meaning of the term and the contested nature. FWIW, I fully support 's position on this. Even if this were a stub, and merging to being a section of an encapsulating article were indicated as per the support for merge above, merging to the chosen target (Associative algebra) is actively putting misinformation/confusion into the article at a structural level. The unwary novice may be induced to think that algebras are, by definition, associative. We should avoid any such implication. The proposed merge, as is, would also imply either removing information about non-associative algebras, or include non-associative algebras in a section as a generalization in the of associative algebras, both of which are a bit perverse (especially as Non-associative algebra exists with no mention of homomorphisms). —Quondum 13:19, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Although it was a clear consensu to merge or redirect Algebra homomorphism somewhere, there was no consensus on the target. Also, the closing comment is "merge" without indication on the target. So, I have redirected boldy Algebra homomorphism to Algebra over a field. D.Lazard (talk) 14:15, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Ah, okay. Perfect.  I came across this because of the banner at the top of Algebra homomorphism that you have now taken care of.  Thanks.  —Quondum 17:35, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

Semimartingales
In the examples, the article mentions that semimartingales form a ring. But, in this article, we're talking about associative algebras, not rings. Do the semimartingales also form an associative algebra? Thatsme314 (talk) 05:52, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

Terrible
What a terrible explaination 2A02:14F:178:3BA5:0:0:C665:9328 (talk) 22:44, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Associative algebra


text:
Mauá

Mauá is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, in Brazil. Is part of the metropolitan region of São Paulo. The population as of 2020 is 477,552 inhabitants (11th largest city in population number of the state), the density is 7,500 /km2 and the area is 62.6 km2. The density is in fact bigger, since one third of the city is occupied by industries and 10% is countryside or forest. Its name comes from the Tupi language and means the one that is high. As it's a municipality, it can also be translated as high city. However, back when the city was a small village, its name was Pilar, then the name was changed in 1934 into Mauá as a homage to Visconde de Mauá, entrepreneur which built the Santos–Jundiaí railway that passes through the city.

Mauá has the 23rd largest GDP of São Paulo state.

Is the birthplace of Brazilian tableware industry.

Economy
Although there are various types of economic activity in the city (logistics, metallurgy, chemical and electrical materials, and petrochemical), Mauá is still known as the "capital of china and pottery", because this activity was very important for the development of the municipality. There are two industrial centers (Capuava and Sertãozinho) and a large petrochemical complex plant where the refinery of Petrobras is located, the RECAP. These poles transformed Mauá into one of the largest industrial parks in the country. Major road interventions are being implemented (the Mário Covas Beltway and the prolongation of the Avenue Jacu-Pêssego/Nova Trabalhadores), which, due to the improved access to the city should influence the growth of industrial activity, who nowadays suffers with the bottleneck of the road network and its chronic lack of maintenance.

Some companies with headquarters or branches in the municipality of Mauá: ALCAN (Aluminum), CGE (metallurgical), Petrobras (petroleum refining, cooking gas and nitrogen), LED, Liquigas (cooking gas), Chevron-Oronite (petroleum products), Oxiteno-Ultrapar (gas oil products, except CNG), Firestone (tires), Saint-Gobain (automotive glass), Magneti Marelli-Cofap (metallurgy and automotive parts).

Transport
The city is served by CPTM Line 10, passing through the Capuava, Mauá and Guapituba stations. It's also served by the METRA bus rapid transit system, having one stop and a trolleybus line which goes to the Sônia Maria terminal.

Currently, the city bus system is operated by the company Suzantur.

Climate
The city is located 818 m above sea level, at the boundary between the Serra do Mar and the plateau. As a result, the city's climate is considered subtropical, with average temperature during the year at around 18 °C, rarely exceeding 30 °C in summer. In winter the average is 14 °C.

Topography
The landscape of Mauá is dominated by the formation of steep hills and peaks, as it is the usual Serra do Mar landscape, and by deep valleys and wetlands, today mostly grounded and occupied in a disordered way, which explains the high incidence of flooding there. Only the valley of Tamanduateí River on Capuava district is typically flat. Historical account describe the place as where the first bandeirantes, coming from São Vicente, saw the Planalto Paulista (São Paulo plateau) region and gave the name of Borda do Campo (that means Boundary of the Countryside) to the region, for making the transition between the Serra do Mar and the Planalto Paulista. The highest point in town is the Morro Pelado (Naked Hill), with 867 meters (the third highest of the Greater São Paulo), but the city is, on average, the highest of metropolitan region, due to the lack of flat areas.

Hydrography
The city has a special characteristic hydrographic: not be crossed by any water course from another city, since, due to the high altitude, all streams that cross the territory of Mauá has their sources inside the city limits.

In the city is located the source of Tamanduateí River, the third largest affluent of the Tietê River in Greater São Paulo, the Oratório river and the Pinheirinho and Guaió rivers. The most important waterways in the urban area are the Taboão Stream, the Corumbé Stream and the Capitão João Stream (which flows under the XXII de Novembro square, in the downtown). Due to the disordered occupation of the floodplains, many places that before acted as absorbers of excessive rain water were grounded and the city has several points at high risk of flooding. The situation was eased with the construction of four reservoirs between the years 1998 and 2002. However, due to lack of maintenance, excessive garbage and siltation, the reservoirs can not effectively avoid the flooding risk. Besides the disordered occupation, lack of sewerage and waste treatment makes the urban waterways completely polluted.

Vegetation
The city, due to great variation in altitude has a broad spectrum of natural landscapes, although much has been transformed by human occupation. The hillsides were originally occupied by a lush Atlantic Forest, though already mixed with species of Araucaria and Planalto Paulista typical of altitude climate. In the city, the Atlantic Forest areas most preserved are the wellsprings, the tank of Paulista, the Ecological Park Santa Luzia and the slopes of Guaraciaba. The wetlands were largely covered by reeds and cattails, plants typical of wetlands and marshlands. Currently, only the Taboão stream have the original vegetation in the urban environment, but will lose much of it due to rectification works to link up with the new Beltway. The valleys of the rivers Guaió and Pinheirinho and the region of Cappburgo are still with this vegetation, despite growing local slum. The peaks of the hills, especially the higher ones were covered by grasses and thin vegetation, currently the chief representative is the Morro Pelado, which takes its name from the very low vegetation cover..

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica da Borda do Campo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mauá


text:
8 mm caliber

This is a list of firearm cartridges which have bullets in the 8 to 9 mm caliber range.

 * Length refers to the empty cartridge case length
 * OAL refers to the overall length of the loaded cartridge

All measurements are in mm (in)

title: 8 mm caliber


text:
Mendonça, São Paulo

Mendonça is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 5,565 (2020 est.) in an area of 195 km2. The elevation is 484 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Mendonça, São Paulo


text:
Meridiano, São Paulo

Meridiano is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 3,824 (2020 est.) in an area of 228.5 km². The elevation is 529 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Meridiano, São Paulo


text:
Mesópolis

Mesópolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 1,905 (2020 est.) in an area of 149 km2. The elevation is 400 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Mesópolis


text: Category:Ants

title: Category:Ants


text:
USS Dorsey

USS Dorsey (DD–117), reclassified DMS-1 on 19 November 1940, was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I. She was named for John Dorsey.

Dorsey was launched on 9 April 1918 by William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia, sponsored by Mrs. A. Means, distant relative of Midshipman Dorsey. The destroyer was commissioned on 16 September 1918.

Service history
Dorsey sailed with a merchant convoy from Philadelphia on 20 September 1918, escorted it to Ireland, and returned to New York on 19 October. Between 28 October and 20 November, she voyaged on escort duty to the Azores, then operated locally out of New York until 13 January 1919 when she got underway for target practice and fleet maneuvers in Cuban waters, returning 2 March. Three days later she sailed to escort USS George Washington (1908) with President Woodrow Wilson embarked as far as the Azores, returning to Guantánamo Bay 21 March to join the fleet for maneuvers.

Dorsey sailed from Guantánamo Bay, Cuba on 9 April 1919, and arrived at Valletta, Malta on 26 April to report to Commander, Adriatic Squadron, for duty in the execution of the terms of the armistice with Austria. She served in the Mediterranean Sea until 9 July when she proceeded to New York arriving on 21 July.

Dorsey sailed from New York with her division on 17 September 1919 for the west coast, arriving at San Diego on 12 October. She joined in fleet maneuvers in the Panama Canal Zone and operated with seaplanes at Valparaíso, Chile, until clearing San Diego on 25 June 1921 to join the Asiatic Fleet.

Dorsey arrived at Cavite, Philippine Islands on 24 August 1921, and served in experimental submarine practice and long-range battle and torpedo practice. On 3 June 1922, she sailed from Manila to call at Shanghai and Chefoo, China, Nagasaki, Japan, and Pearl Harbor on her passage to San Francisco where she arrived on 2 October. She was placed out of commission at San Diego on 9 March 1923.

Recommissioned on 1 March 1930, Dorsey operated on the west coast, in the Canal Zone, and in the Hawaiian Islands acting as plane guard for aircraft carriers and participating in tactical maneuvers with the fleet. In reserve from 10 to 29 June 1935, she then entered Mare Island Navy Yard for the installation of gear for her new assignment as a high-speed towing vessel.

Dorsey continued to operate from San Diego providing high-speed target towing for ships in training along the west coast, in the Canal Zone, and, between 29 December 1938 and 25 April 1939, in the Caribbean Sea. From 3 July 1940 she was based at Pearl Harbor. She entered Pearl Harbor Navy Yard on 6 November for conversion to a high-speed minesweeper and was reclassified DMS-1 on 19 November 1940.

World War II
When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, Dorsey was at sea with TF 3 bound for Johnston Island. The force returned to its base on 9 December, and Dorsey was assigned to the Hawaiian Sea Frontier for patrol, local escort, and training duty. Except for overhaul at San Francisco from 1 January to 11 February 1943, she remained on this duty until 24 September 1943.

After scouting convoys to Efate, New Hebrides, and Noumea, New Caledonia, Dorsey sailed to the Solomon Islands for patrol and minesweeping operations. She swept and patrolled off Cape Torokina, Bougainville, and screened transports during the landings of 1 November, returning on 8 November and 13 November with reinforcement and supply convoys. She escorted from her base at Port Purvis on Florida Island to Noumea until 29 March 1944, then screened transports between Port Purvis, Kwajalein, Manus, and New Georgia until arriving at Majuro on 12 May for duty towing targets at high speed for ships in training. From 20 June to 9 July she guarded convoys between Kwajalein and Eniwetok, then escorted the escort carrier USS Makin Island (CVE-93) to Pearl Harbor, and proceeded to San Francisco for overhaul.

Returning to Pearl Harbor on 1 October 1944, Dorsey had towing duty and joined in minesweeping experiments until 9 November when she got underway as convoy escort for Port Purvis. On 1 December, she arrived at Manus for minesweeping operations until 23 December. Continuing to San Pedro Bay, Leyte, Dorsey sortied on 2 January 1945 for the invasion of Lingayen Gulf. During the pre-invasion minesweeping she accounted for several attacking planes and rescued five survivors from stricken USS LCI(G)-70.

Dorsey arrived off Iwo Jima for pre-invasion minesweeping on 16 February 1945. She patrolled during the assault landings, and towed USS Gamble (DM-15) to safety on 18 February. She sailed from Iwo Jima on 1 March for Ulithi to prepare for the invasion of Okinawa, where she arrived 25 March to sweep mines. On 27 March she was struck a glancing blow by a Mitsubishi Ki-51 kamikaze which killed three of her crew and wounded two. Dorsey remained on duty, screening assault shipping during the landings of 1 April and patrolling until 4 April when she departed for Pearl Harbor and battle damage repairs.

Returning to Okinawa 1 July 1945, Dorsey joined the minesweeping unit operating in conjunction with the 3rd Fleet raids on the Japanese home islands. She sailed on 14 September for minesweeping operations in the Van Diemen Straits, returning to Okinawa five days later. On 9 October, she was grounded by Typhoon Louise. Decommissioned on 8 December 1945, her battered hulk was destroyed on 1 January 1946.

Awards and memorabilia
Dorsey received six battle stars for World War II service.

As of 2004, no other ships in the United States Navy have gone by this name.

John Dorsey
John Dorsey (about 1783 - 7 August 1804) was an officer in the United States Navy during the First Barbary War. Born in Maryland, Dorsey was appointed midshipman on 28 April 1801. He was killed on 7 August 1804 in the attack on Tripoli in North Africa when Gunboat No. 9 was blown up by an enemy shell. In his honour, USS Dorsey was named after him.

title: USS Dorsey


text:
COP8

The National Semiconductor COP8 is an 8-bit CISC core microcontroller. COP8 is an enhancement to the earlier COP400 4-bit microcontroller family. COP8 main features are:

 * Large amount of I/O pins
 * Up to 32 KB of Flash memory/ROM for code and data
 * Very low EMI (no known bugs)
 * Many integrated peripherals (meant as single chip design)
 * In-System Programming
 * Free assembler toolchain. Commercial C compilers available
 * Free Multitasking OS and TCP/IP stack

It has a machine cycle of up to 2M cycles per second, but most versions seem to be overclockable to up to 2.8M cycles per second (28 MHz clock).

Registers and memory map
The COP8 uses separate instruction and data spaces (Harvard architecture). Instruction address space is 15-bit (32 KiB maximum), while data addresses are 8-bit (256 bytes maximum, extended via bank-switching).

To allow software bugs to be caught, all invalid instruction addresses read as zero, which is a trap instruction. Invalid RAM above the stack reads as all-ones, which is an invalid address.

The CPU has an 8-bit accumulator and 15-bit program counter. 16 additional 8-bit registers (R0–R15) and an 8-bit program status word are memory mapped. There are special instructions to access them, but general RAM access instructions may also be used.

The memory map is divided into half RAM and half control registers as follows: If RAM is not banked, then R15 (S) is just another general-purpose register. If RAM is banked, then the low half of the data address space (addresses 0x00–7F) is directed to a RAM bank selected by S. The special purpose registers in the high half of the data address space are always visible. The data registers at 0xFx can be used to copy data between banks.

RAM banks other than bank 0 have all 128 bytes available. The stack (addressed via the stack pointer) is always on bank 0, no matter how the S register is set.

Control transfers
In addition to 3-byte JMPL and JSRL instructions which can address the entire address space, 2-byte versions of these instructions, JMP and JSR, can jump within a 4K page. The instruction specifies the low 12 bits, and the high 3 bits of the PC are preserved. (These are intended primarily for models with up to 4K of ROM.) For short-distance branches, there are 63 1-byte instructions, JP, which perform PC-relative branches from PC−32 to PC+31. This is a 15-bit addition, and no page boundary requirements apply.

There are also jump indirect and load accumulator indirect instructions which use the accumulator contents as the low 8 bits of an address; the high 7 bits of the current PC are preserved.

Conditional branches per se do not exist, nor does the processor provide the traditional ZCVN status flags, although the program status word contains carry and half-carry flags for multi-byte arithmetic. Rather, there are a number of compare-and-skip instructions. For example, IFEQ compares its two operands, and skips the following instruction if they are unequal. Any instruction may be skipped; it is not limited to branches.

A feature unique to the COP8 architecture is the IFBNE instruction. This compares the low 4 bits of the B (memory pointer) register with a 4-bit immediate constant, and can be used to loop until B has reaches the end of a small (up to 16 byte) buffer.

An interesting extension of this mechanism is the RETSK return-and-skip instruction, which lets any subroutine call conditionally skip the following instruction. This provides a very compact way to return a boolean value from a subroutine.

Instruction set
COP8 operands are listed in destination, source order. Most instructions have the accumulator A as one of the operands. The other operand is generally chosen from an 8-bit immediate value, an 8-bit RAM address, or [B], the RAM address selected by the B register. Some instructions also support RAM addressing by the X register ([X]), and post-inc/decrement variants ([B+], [B−], [X+], [X−]).

Indirect addressing via B is particularly fast, and can be done in the same cycle that the instruction is executed.

On the other hand, absolute RAM addressing is not directly encoded in most cases. Rather, a special "direct addressing" prefix opcode, followed by a 1-byte address, may precede any instruction with a [B] operand, and changes it to a memory direct operand. This adds two bytes and three cycles to the instruction. (Conditional-skip instructions skip the prefix and following instruction as a pair.)

All "move" instructions are called LD (load) even if the destination is a memory address. Unusually, there are no LD instructions with the accumulator as a source; stores are done with the X instruction which exchanges the accumulator with the memory operand, storing A and loading the previous memory contents. (This takes no additional time; X A,[B] is a one-cycle instruction.)

There are instructions to fetch from tables in ROM. These combine the high 7 bits of the program counter (PCU) with the accumulator, fetch a byte from that address, and place it in the accumulator (LAID instruction) or the low 8 bits of the program counter PCL (JID instruction). Because the next instruction executed must be in the same 256-byte page of ROM as the table itself, a 256-entry table is not possible.

*: Only on "feature family" (COP888/COP8SA) cores; not present on "basic family" (COP800) cores. †: Only on "flash family" (COP8TA/COP8C) models with boot ROM for in-system programming

title: COP8


text:
National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame

The National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame and Museum was founded in 1973. The mission of the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame is to recognize and preserve outstanding achievement by individuals of Polish heritage in the field of sports and to educate the entire community with the hope of encouraging and inspiring personal excellence. The hall is located in Troy, Michigan.

Each year, inductees are elected in a nationwide vote among NPASHF officers, Hall of Fame inductees and more than 500 members of the Sports Panel Council. With over 150 inductees, the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame has an outstanding collection of historic artifacts on display at the American Polish Cultural Center in Troy, Michigan. Stan Musial, the first inductee, is represented with items worthy of being in Cooperstown. Visitors can also see uniforms worn by greats such as Steve Gromek, Carol Blazejowski, Mark Fidrych and Ed Olczyk; the boxing gloves used by 1940s heavyweight champion Tony Zale; basketballs, baseballs, footballs, and bowling balls used and signed by Mike Krzyzewski, Whitey Kurowski, Ted Marchibroda, and Eddie Lubanski. Among other items is a football signed by Bob Skoronski, Vince Lombardi and other members of the 1967 Super Bowl I Champion Green Bay Packers.

In 2013, the Hall of Fame instituted its NPASHF Excellence in Sports Award and race driver Brad Keselowski was the initial recipient. Other winners include Liz Johnson, Frank Kaminsky, Gary Kubiak, Joe Maddon, Dave Dombrowski, Sam Mikulak and Natalie Wojcik.

The Hall of Fame on June 20, 2019, named its inaugural Excellence in Media Award the Tony Kubek Award and Adrian Wojnarowski of ESPN was the inaugural recipient. Sportswriter Joe Posnanski won in 2021.

At the Avenue of Stars, "Aleja Gwiazd Sportowców Polonijnych", of Rzeszow Poland, bronze plates with handprints of outstanding sportsmen of Polish origin were unveiled July 15, 2023, including NPASHF inductees Bob Brudzinski and Ann Meyers Drysdale.

The National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame held its 49th Annual Induction Banquet in June 2022, inducting Mark Dantonio, Mark Gubicza, Loree Jon Hasson and John Danowski. Celebrating 50 years, the NPASHF hosted a gala banquet with almost two dozen inductees on hand. Ann Meyers Drysdale served as keynote speaker and Jon Paul Morosi as master of ceremonies.

Baseball

 * Oscar Bielaski (2005)
 * Stan Coveleski (1976)
 * Art "Pinky" Deras (2011)
 * Moe Drabowsky (1999)
 * Mark Fidrych (2009)
 * Steve Gromek (1981)
 * Mark Grudzielanek (2019)
 * Mark Gubicza (2022)
 * Ryan Klesko (2014)
 * Ted Kluszewski (1974)
 * Jim Konstanty (2008)
 * Mike Krukow (2020)
 * Tony Kubek (1982)
 * Whitey Kurowski (1988)
 * Bob Kuzava (2003)
 * Eddie Lopat (1978)
 * Stan Lopata (1997)
 * Greg Luzinski (1989)
 * Bill Mazeroski (1979)
 * Barney McCosky (1995)
 * Stan Musial (1973)
 * Joe Niekro (1992)
 * Phil Niekro (1990)
 * Danny Ozark (2010)
 * Tom Paciorek (1992)
 * Ron Perranoski (1983)
 * A. J. Pierzynski (2020)
 * Johnny Podres (2002)
 * Jack Quinn (2006)
 * Ron Reed (2005)
 * Jenny Romatowski (1999)
 * Ray Sadecki (2007)
 * Al Simmons (1975)
 * Bill Skowron (1980)
 * Frank Tanana (1996)
 * Alan Trammell (1998)
 * Connie Wisniewski (2020)
 * Carl Yastrzemski (1986)
 * Richie Zisk (2004)

Basketball

 * Carol Blazejowski (1994)
 * Vince Boryla (1984)
 * Ann Meyers Drysdale (2016)
 * Mike Gminski (2003)
 * Tom Gola (1977)
 * Bobby Hurley (2006)
 * Larry Krystkowiak (2018)
 * Mike Krzyzewski (1991)
 * Mitch Kupchak (2002)
 * Bob Kurland (1996)
 * Christian Laettner (2008)
 * June Olkowski (2012)
 * John Payak (1982)
 * Juliene Brazinski Simpson (2017)
 * Kelly Tripucka (2000)

Billiards

 * Loree Jon Hasson (2022)
 * Frank Taberski (2020)

Bowling

 * Johnny Crimmins (1976)
 * Billy Golembiewski (1981)
 * Cass Grygier (1984)
 * Eddie Lubanski (1978)
 * Aleta Rzepecki-Sill (2008)
 * Ann Setlock (1983)

Boxing

 * Duane Bobick (2014)
 * Bobby Czyz (2009)
 * Stanley Ketchel (1984)
 * Teddy Yarosz (2005)
 * Tony Zale (1975)

Fencing

 * Janusz Bednarski (2017)

Figure Skating

 * Janet Lynn (1990)
 * Elaine Zayak (2013)

American Football

 * Danny Abramowicz (1992)
 * Pete Banaszak (1990)
 * Steve Bartkowski (1993)
 * Zeke Bratkowski (1995)
 * Bob Brudzinski (2005)
 * Lou Creekmur (2001)
 * Zygmont Czarobski (1980)
 * Mark Dantonio (2022)
 * Mike Ditka (2001)
 * Conrad Dobler (2018)
 * Jim Dombrowski (2013)
 * Forest Evashevski (2000)
 * Frank Gatski (1989)
 * Jim Grabowski (1993)
 * Jack Ham (1987)
 * Leon Hart (1988)
 * Vic Janowicz (1987)
 * Ron Jaworski (1991)
 * Mike Kenn (2006)
 * Joe Klecko (1999)
 * Ed Klewicki (1982)
 * Gary Kubiak (2017)
 * Frank Kush (1998)
 * Ted Kwalick (2005)
 * Greg Landry (2012)
 * Johnny Lujack (1978)
 * Ted Marchibroda (1976)
 * Chester Marcol (2016)
 * Mike McCoy (2019)
 * Lou Michaels (1994)
 * Walt Michaels (1997)
 * Dick Modzelewski (1986)
 * Mike Munchak (2003)
 * Bronko Nagurski (2020)
 * Tom Nowatzke (2008)
 * Dominic Olejniczak (2020)
 * Bill Osmanski (1977)
 * Walt Patulski (2014)
 * Frank Piekarski (2005)
 * Bill Romanowski (2011)
 * Mark Rypien (2006)
 * Tom Sestak (2007)
 * Bob Skoronski (2000)
 * Emil Sitko (2020)
 * Hank Stram (1985)
 * Dick Szymanski (1994)
 * Frank Szymanski (1995)
 * Frank Tripucka (1997)
 * Steve Wisniewski (2004)
 * Alex Wojciechowicz (1975)

Golf

 * Billy Burke (2005)
 * Betsy King (2000)
 * Warren Orlick (1983)
 * Bob Toski (1987)
 * Al Watrous (1979)
 * Evan Williams (2018)

Gymnastics

 * George Szypula (1985)

Ice Hockey

 * Walter Broda (2005)
 * Len Ceglarski (1993)
 * Joe Kocur (2016)
 * Tom Lysiak (2012)
 * Allison Mleczko (2019)
 * Ed Olczyk (2004)
 * Bryan Smolinski (2015)
 * Pete Stemkowski (2002)

Lacrosse

 * John Danowski (2022)

Motor Sports

 * Tony Adamowicz (2016)
 * Tom D'Eath (2011)
 * Alan Kulwicki (2001)

Skiing

 * Kristina Koznick (2015)

Softball

 * Ed Tyson (1974)

Sports Journalism

 * Ed Browalski (1983)
 * Billy Packer (1988)

Sports Officials

 * Steve Javie (2017)
 * Stan Javie (2011)
 * Red Mihalik (1996)

Speed Skating

 * J.R. Celski (2020)

Swimming

 * Rachel Komisarz Baugh (2018)
 * Chet Jastremski (2007)
 * Kristy Kowal (2010)
 * Joe Verdeur (2009)

Taekwondo

 * Arlene Limas (2019)

Tennis

 * Jane "Peaches" Bartkowicz (2010)
 * Frank Parker (1988)

Track & Field

 * Bob Gutowski (1980)
 * Stella Walsh (1974)
 * Frances Sobczak Kaszubski (2020)

Volleyball

 * Andy Banachowski (2009)
 * Randy Stoklos (2015)

Water Polo

 * Monte Nitzkowski (2016)

Weightlifting

 * Norbert Schemansky (1979)
 * Stanley Stanczyk (1991)

Wrestling

 * Władek "Killer" Kowalski (2007)
 * Stanley Zbyszko (1983)


text:
Miguelópolis

Miguelópolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 22,355 (2020 est.) in an area of 821 km2. The elevation is 510 m.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1944.

title: Miguelópolis


text:
Mineiros do Tietê

Mineiros do Tietê is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 12,966 (2020 est.) in an area of 213 km². It is situated in the center of the state of São Paulo, near the following cities: Dois Córregos (9 km), Barra Bonita (13 km),  Jaú (18 km), São Manuel (45 km),  Torrinha (35 km),  Igaraçu do Tietê (15 km),  Lençois Paulista (46 km),  Pederneiras (45 km) and Bauru (82 km). It is located at an altitude of 669 meters, near the Tietê River.

History
In the middle of the 19th century settlers from Minas Gerais came to the area. Therefore, the settlement was initially named Barrio dos Mineiros. Around 1875, a chapel was built and houses sprung up around it. In 1891 the village Capela de Mineiros became a district of the municipality Dois Córregos. In August 1899, it was elevated to town status, and it became an independent municipality with the name of Mineiros. Its name was changed to Mineiros do Tietê (after the Tietê River) in 1944.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Mineiros do Tietê


text:
Talk:Gideon Sundback

Untitled
My father was a late-1930s-early-40s Stevens Tech, Hoboken, student of “the guy who invented the (modern) zipper.” I believe he referred to Gideon Sundback, though I can’t remember the actual name. I do, however, recall his nickname, as he was called by the students: Cookie. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TestYourLevel (talk • contribs) 17:15, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

More about the zipper
Sundback, a mechanical engineer, was hired as a designer at the Universal Fastener Company. Because he was married to the daughter of the plant’s manager as well as being a talented designer, he was able to secure the position of head designer. One of the main components of this job was to find ways to improve the pre-existing Judson C-curity Fastener developed by Whitcomb L. Judson which had many flaws in its design. The original “Clasp-Locker” was developed when one of Judson’s friends with a sore back was having difficulties doing up his boots, so he developed a simpler hook-an-eye fastener that was easier to close than laces. With the death of his beloved wife in the year 1911, Sundback dedicated a larger amount of time to redeveloping the Judson C-curity Fastener and thus the zipper was born. His patent was filed in the year of 1917, describing the new zipper with features such as an increased number of teeth from four per inch to approximately 10 per square inch. It was easy to fasten as the two opposing sets of teeth were clasped together by a slider that could attach and detach the teeth with a simple up or down movement. In addition to this, Sundback also developed the machinery called the Scrapless (S-L) that was used to produce the zipper on a massive scale. The machine crafted the teeth of the zipper, and attached them onto long strips of fabric allowing a couple hundred feet of zipper to be manufactured on a daily basis. “Zipper was not the original name that the fastener was patented under. It was termed the “Separable Fastener” by Sundback. The actual name “Zipper” was not thought of by the inventor, but was rather coined by one of his first customers: The B.F. Goodrich company who used the fastener on a new pair of boots. The name Zipper was chosen because it was an easy to use and fast fastener to use as it could be easily used with one hand. The Zipper was originally only used on items such as boots and tobacco pouches. It was not until thirty years after this that the fashion industry finally decided to allow the Zipper to make its debut in the world of fashion clothing. When they did enter the clothing industry, it was in the form of the zippered fly on men’s trousers. The French designers who used it first claimed that it was a new sensation that would prevent “the possibility of unintentional and embarrassing disarray." Today, Zippers are used for a multitude of applications anywhere from luggage to the latest in clothing to footwear. The options for Zippers are truly limitless and this has never been as obvious as it is now with thousands of miles of zippers being manufactured daily that we are dependant upon this simple machine for completing the simplest daily tasks in our lives that we take for granted on a daily basis.  Could you imagine life without the Zipper? Sorces: http://www.coolquiz.com/trivia/explain/docs/zipper.asp http://inventors.about.com//library/weekly/aa082497.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.221.81.98 (talk) 00:44, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Sundback's nationality
Do you have any reliable sources that in any way justify describing Sundback as "Canadian"? He lived in Hoboken, NJ and Meadville, PA when he made his improvements to the zipper. He was living in Meadville when he died. (And I can give you as many reliable sources for those as you like.) The only connection to Canada that I've been able to find is that for a while he was the president of Talon Zipper's Canadian subsidiary in St. Catherines, Ontario. I can't even find anything that unequivocally states that he lived in Canada while he was president of the subsidiary. And even if he did, I don't think that qualifies him as "Canadian" unless he actually became a Canadian citizen, or at least at some point was living there with the intention of staying permanently, neither of which I can find any evidence for. He was also the president of Talon's subsidiary in Mexico; should we call him Mexican on the basis of that?

If he really did become a Canadian citizen or something, then at most he was Swedish/American/Canadian. But without a source I don't see any jusification for mentioning Canada at all. And there's certainly no justification for *deleting* the fact that he was American. Reverting. Anonymous55 00:24, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Sundback was a naturalized US citizen
G. Sundback was born in Sweden and became a naturalized US citizen. He was never a citizen of Canada.

The authoritative history of the early development of the slide fastener (and Sundback's contribution) is Robert Friedel, Zipper, An Exploration in Novelty, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-03599-9 hardcover). The article would benefit from an edit to correct information that is inconsistent with Friedel.

Sundback had sold non-US rights to his patents to the Brits, and, in 1924, the Brits founded Lightning Fastener Company in Quebec. In 1925 Sundback took back non-US Western Hemisphere rights, took control of the Canadian company, and moved it to St Catherines Ontario. He was President until he died in 1954. In that time, he traveled to St. Catherines weekly from his home in Meadville, Pennsylvania.

QuatSkinner 16:54, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure that Americans would take full credit for the production of any company located in the US, with American workers, which had a Canadian owner/president. For some reason, Canada isn't allowed the same standard. A Canadian company, with Canadian workers, mysteriously becomes all-American because the Swedish-born president of the company lived in the US at the time. LOL. Americans... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.53.129.181 (talk) 04:07, 5 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The question you're replying to isn't about the company. It's about Sundback himself. Bearcat (talk) 21:48, 5 August 2008 (UTC)
 * This article is frustrating. The patent in 1914 describes him as a subject of the Swedish king.  When did he become a US citizen? --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:52, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Patent no. 1746565, filed in 1926, no longer contains any declaration of citizenship. Rats. But in 1923 when he filed for 1557381, he said he was Swedish. --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:56, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Sundback didn't marry Whitcomb Judson's daughter
Gideon Sundback indeed married his boss' daughter, but another boss -- fellow Swede Peter Aronson. Aronson was also taking part in the numerous improvments of the zipper, although Sundback was the genius. Comment by Mats Karlsson, Stockholm, Sweden Journalist who has made extensive research on Sundback and Aronson for article published by historical magazine Popular Historia.

WRONG....According to the Swedish "Daedalus Tekniska Museets Arsbok" from 1940 and letters sent by Peter Aronson's son and Mr. Lennart Way-Matthjieson, Asst. Director - Teknicka Musect in Stockholm Sweden written in 1956,...it was PETER ARONSON's invention the Sundback stole and patented. Please check your facts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.177.39.79 (talk) 21:13, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

Spelling
None of the English-language sources I've seen spell Sundback with the double-dot over the A. The Swedish Wikipedia does, though (as an aside, their article on him is a little shorter than in en. ). Did he naturalize his spelling when he took out US citizenship? Do we record him under his birth spelling or the name he died with? This is obviously a crucial issue for the continued progress of the Wikipedia, even more than the John Logie Baird controversy, and must be resolved. --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:04, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

 * According to "The Evoloution of Useful Things", page 103, Sundback dropped the "European trappings" from his name when he immigrated; presumably this means the double-dot A? --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:12, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * That's not necessarily the actual inventor's personal physical signature on a patent? Could be teh patent lawyer fills it in? (but the lawyer should know how the client spells his name) --Wtshymanski (talk) 17:04, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

I notice that the article on "zipper" does not retain the marks over the "a" in his name. --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 12:49, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

The introduction: ... Sundback was an engineer (not a engineer). Thebetty (talk) 12:59, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

Citizenship and death
This title sounds like his death had something to do with his citizenship. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MurkMenthaa (talk • contribs) 23:19, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

Agreed, title should be rethought Doyley Talk  00:17, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I've removed it for now, since it doesn't really fit with the section, but having everything under the Career heading doesn't quite fit with some of the content. The content will need to be re-arranged and titled according to the topic. - M0rphzone (talk) 04:51, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

1917 "zipper" patent
please ad a following if the article is blocked... 1917 Gideon Sundback patent(issued in 1917, filled for in 1914):

Edit request on 24 April 2012
Can I edit this page? Only a minor edit? No vandalism. I promise. Plz?

Kushan Lahiri (talk) 06:16, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Once your account is 4 days old and you have 10 edits you will be able to edit the article. -Nathan Johnson (talk) 16:02, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

Use of zipper in men's clothing
Military uniform items might not count as the "fashion industry," but an early usage of zippers in clothing was in leather flight jackets and suits. The Type A-2 summer flight jacket and Type B-1 winter flight suit, adopted by the U.S. Army Air Corps in 1931, were the first such garments to use zipper closures. There were also occasional waist-length jackets for the 1930s civilian market, but the high price of zippers at the time made them uncommon. 50.81.119.136 (talk) 07:17, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

Plagiarism
The whole text in the 'History of creating the zipper' section is plagiarised from the identified source. This needs to be removed or re-written. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.150.119.101 (talk) 09:33, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, I saw that also. Thanks. Removed --Lyncs (talk) 10:00, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

Plagiarism
I am removing the below as it appears plagiarized from at least this 2003 site:

Whitcomb L. Judson was a lover of gadgets and machines and the idea for his "clasp locker" came from when a friend had a stiff back from trying to fasten his shoes. Judson's clasp locker was used mostly on mailbags, tobacco pouches and shoes. However, his design, like most first inventions needed to be fine-tuned. A more practical version came on the scene in 1913 when a Swedish-born engineer, Gideon Sundback revised Judson's idea and made his with metal teeth instead of a hook and eye design. In 1917, Sundback patented his "separable fastener." The name changed again when the B. F. Goodrich Co. used it in rubber boots, galoshes, and called it the "zipper" because the boots could be fastened with one hand. The 1940s brought about research in Europe of the coil zipper design. The first design was of interlocking brass coils. However, since they could be permanently bent out of shape, making the zipper stop functioning, it was rather bad for business and wasn't too practical. The new design was improved after the discovery of stronger, more flexible synthetics. Coil zippers eventually hit the market in the early 1960s In 1934, Yoshida Kogyo Kabushililaisha was founded. Sixty years later they changed their name to YKK Co. The privately owned firm, headquartered in Japan, now is made up of 80 companies at 206 facilities in 52 countries. Wow! you say? but of course, the demand for zippers is great. YKK makes everything from the dyed fabric around the zipper to the brass used to make the actual device.

--Lyncs (talk) 09:58, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

Google celebration not part of career
The sentence about Google's celebration of Gideon Sundbäck on the 24th april 2012 has no place in the "Career" section. This looks like parasitism to me. Can someone remove it or at least move it to a more appropriate section? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.118.162.126 (talk) 12:09, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

I agree. Many articles have a "cultural references" section or perhaps "product placement" or something like that in this case. --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 12:43, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

 * The Google reference is really an irrelevance. It should be deleted.88.167.23.116 (talk) 14:22, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

his wife's last name
Did "Elvira Aronson, daughter of the Swedish born plant manager Peter Aronsson" change her last name? or is this a Swedish thing? or is it an error? --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 12:46, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved -- JHunterJ (talk) 01:41, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

Gideon Sundbäck → Gideon Sundback – Sources such as the patent signatures indicate he dropped the umlaut after emigrating. See further discussion above. This move was not discussed and the issue has been discussed before. Wtshymanski (talk) 13:56, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Support, per Britannica, Inventors and their Inventions, and Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries. We should follow the spelling used by the best available sources. Trying to determine how he spelled his own name is WP:OR. Kauffner (talk) 18:17, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Support, as per reasons above as well as the fact that Sundback's U.S. patent # uses the spelling "Gideon Sundback".  Yoganate79 (talk) 18:27, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Support, not on the basis of Britannica, Britannica has proven to be unreliable re human names. I doubt the other sources can be relied on either as expert on Swedish-in-America names. Nor in fact can patent applications, it seems unlikely that umlauts were allowed on US govt forms in the 1910s. But support simply on the basis that he became an American in 1905 in an era when names were habitually anglicised on arrival on arrival. Becoming American then meant saying goodbye to the finer points of a European name. In ictu oculi (talk) 07:55, 25 April 2012 (UTC)
 * To follow up with Wtshymanski's request for a move, I did some investigating on my own today and came upon this newspaper article from the Meadville Tribune. It appears that Gideon Sundback's son, Eric, now in his 80s, says that their family name has never been written with an umlaut — especially in Sweden. So the matter should be resolved and the article should be moved ASAP.

 * See the article for more details. Yoganate79 (talk) 22:07, 27 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree the article should be moved, since he became notable in America. But his son isn't a reliable source, that's probably just anecdotal "ah we never bothered son." The name verifiably is usually written with an umlaut and sv.wp has Calla Sundbäck, Krister Sundbäck, Bo Sundbäck, David Sundbäck, Axel Sundbäck (and 100s more on Google Scholar). Although sv.wp has one local politician Barbro Sundback from the Swedish-speaking Åland Islands between Finland and Sweden (belonging to Finland), who doesn't have one. Gideon Sundbäck was born in Småland, the heart of Sweden, and although from what I know of Scandinavian music orthography was a bit random in Scandinavia in the 19th Century it's somewhat unlikely that his cousins still there today are different from other Småland Sundbäcks. I'd say on the basis of WP:IRS we'd need to stick with the sources that say he was born Sundbäck in Jönköping. In fact I just checked the Swedish phonebook, there are Sundbäcks still in Jönköping today. What strikes me as odd is why we have a date of birth for his father, Jonas Otto Magnusson Sundbäck (född 1846), but no date of death? In ictu oculi (talk) 03:44, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment -- He was clearly most notable in America. Unfortunately, the article is imprcise as to his nationality.  If he was naturalised as an American, article should be at the name by wihich he was naturalised.  The Swedish WP is not a useful source as they would naturally "correct" the speeling back to Swedish orthography, whether that was appropriate or not.  Peterkingiron (talk) 14:20, 30 April 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

British patent
Many may not know this but Sundback also received British (GB) patent 12,261 in 1915 for a zipper. I would think if the U.S. patent is listed, then a British patent would warrant inclusion as well. Yoganate79 (talk) 14:16, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 24 April 2012
Please change reference #6 ( Lightning Fastener Company Limited (Brock University)) because this resource no longer exists. The correct link should be: Gideon Sundback fonds (Brock University) http://dr.library.brocku.ca/handle/10464/3010

Jyounker (talk) 14:35, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Done. -Nathan Johnson (talk) 16:02, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 24 April 2012
According to the german article his Sundback's first patent for the zipper was in 1909 in Germany (http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=en_EP&NR=216807&CC=DE)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.186.32.31  (talk • contribs)  22:01, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please be more specific about what needs to be changed. --Tyrannus Mundi (talk) 19:22, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

Corrections to Personal Life
I've never really used wikipedia before, so I don't know how to edit or even if I'm allowed to. But, I believe the wife listed "Elvira Aronson" is not correct. It says that he married her in 1909, but I've been researching Sundback on ancestry.com and according to the records, Sundback married a woman named Marguerite (not sure of the maiden name) who was born June 26, 1891, died April 7th, 1993 (lived to be 101!). Here's a link about her grave in Pennsylvania right next to Gideon's.

Also, another reason why this information about Elvira Aronson seemed strange to me is that the records I was able to find about her on ancestry.com said that she wasn't born until 1915. The 1910 census has her father Peter R Aronson (born 1890) unmarried, and in the 1920 census, little Elvira is just 5 years old. So she couldn't have married Gideon in 1909.

According to the 1930s census, Gideon and Marguerite were living together in Pennsylvania with four children, Ruth, Paul, Richard, and Eric. The census papers says he was a "Consulting Engineer" at "Fasterner Factory." I'm sure there's more to find the more I dig, or anyone else who has access to census databases.

I don't know anything about citing sources on wikipedia, like I said I'm new to this. Here's the website with Sundback's obituary from the cemetary's website. Clicking Marguerite's name will give her gravestone information as well.

http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=SU&GSfn=o&GSpartial=1&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSst=40&GScntry=4&GSob=n&GSsr=41&GRid=63510054&df=all&

Eefraoula (talk) 00:37, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 19 December 2012
Please move wikilink(s) for Greendale cemetery to Greendale Cemetery, since the target has been moved to the correct capitalization (low priority – there is currently a redirect).

—[  Alan M 1  (talk) ]— 03:41, 19 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Given that it's a proper name, WP:NOTBROKEN doesn't apply, so Yes check.svg Done. -- Red rose64 (talk) 11:31, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Gideon Sundback. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100709212925/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/302.html to http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/302.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110722052811/http://www.pat2pdf.org/patents/pat1219881.pdf to http://www.pat2pdf.org/patents/pat1219881.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:59, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gideon Sundback


text:
CompactRISC

CompactRISC is a family of instruction set architectures from National Semiconductor. The architectures are designed according to reduced instruction set computing principles, and are mainly used in microcontrollers. The subarchitectures of this family are the 16-bit CR16 and CR16C and the 32-bit CRX.

Architectures
Features of CR16 family: compact implementations (less than 1 mm2 with 250 nm), addressing of 2 MB (2$21$), frequencies up to 66 MHz, hardware multiplier for 16-bit integers.

It has complex instructions such as bit manipulation, saving/restoring and push/pop of several registers with single command.

CR16 has 16 general purpose registers of 16 bits, and address registers of 21 bits wide. There are 8 special registers: program counter, interrupt stack pointer ISP, interrupt vector address register INTBASE, status register PSR, configuration register and 3 debug registers. Status register implements flags: C, T, L, F, Z, N, E, P, I.

Instructions are encoded in two-address form in several formats, usually they have 16-bit encoding, but there are two formats for medium immediate instructions with length of 32-bit. Typical opcode length is 4 bits (bits 9–12 of most encoding types. Basic encoding formats are:
 * Register-to-register,
 * Short 5-bit immediate value to register,
 * Medium immediate of 16-bit value to register (32-bit encoding),
 * Load/store relative with short 5-bit displacement (2-bit opcode),
 * Load/store relative with medium 18-bit displacement (32-bit encoding, 2-bit opcode).

CR16C comes with a different opcode encoding format, has 23–32-bit-wide address registers and provides two 32-bit general purpose registers.

CR16 implements traps and interrupts. Implementations of CR16 has three-stage pipeline: fetch, decode, execute.

CR16 products
CR16 was used in several National Semiconductor microcontrollers, and since 2001 integrated microcontrollers were available having built-in flash memory. Since 2007 CR16-based IP was available to licensing

title: CompactRISC


text:
User:Pdb

Hi.

title: User:Pdb


text:
Robert Plutchik

Robert Plutchik (21 October 1927 – 29 April 2006) was a professor emeritus at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and adjunct professor at the University of South Florida. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University and he was also a psychologist. He authored or coauthored more than 260 articles, 45 chapters and eight books and edited seven books. His research interests included the study of emotions, the study of suicide and violence, and the study of the psychotherapy process.

Theory of emotion
Plutchik proposed a psychoevolutionary classification approach for general emotional responses. He considered there to be eight primary emotions—anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise, anticipation, trust, and joy. Plutchik argues for the primacy of these emotions by showing each to be the trigger of behaviour with high survival value, such as the way fear inspires the fight-or-flight response.

Plutchik's psychoevolutionary theory of basic emotions has ten postulates.
 * 1) The concept of emotion is applicable to all evolutionary levels and applies to all animals including humans.
 * 2) Emotions have an evolutionary history and have evolved various forms of expression in different species.
 * 3) Emotions served an adaptive role in helping organisms deal with key survival issues posed by the environment.
 * 4) Despite different forms of expression of emotions in different species, there are certain common elements, or prototype patterns, that can be identified.
 * 5) There is a small number of basic, primary, or prototype emotions.
 * 6) All other emotions are mixed or derivative states; that is, they occur as combinations, mixtures, or compounds of the primary emotions.
 * 7) Primary emotions are hypothetical constructs or idealized states whose properties and characteristics can only be inferred from various kinds of evidence.
 * 8) Primary emotions can be conceptualized in terms of pairs of polar opposites.
 * 9) All emotions vary in their degree of similarity to one another.
 * 10) Each emotion can exist in varying degrees of intensity or levels of arousal.

Plutchik's wheel of emotions

Plutchik also created a wheel of emotions to illustrate different emotions. Plutchik first proposed his cone-shaped model (3D) or the wheel model (2D) in 1980 to describe how emotions were related.

He suggested 8 primary bipolar emotions: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Additionally, his circumplex model makes connections between the idea of an emotion circle and a color wheel. Like colors, primary emotions can be expressed at different intensities and can mix with one another to form different emotions.

The theory was extended to provide the basis for an explanation for psychological defence mechanisms; Plutchik proposed that eight defense mechanisms were manifestations of the eight core emotions.

Publications
Plutchik contributed the "Emotions" article to the encyclopedia, World Book Millennium 2000.

title: Robert Plutchik


text:
Template talk:North America Class I

Opening heading
Yes, there are many more fallen flag Class 1 railroads in the US. Please add any that you know of that are missing. This template was started primarily with the articles that already exist in Wikipedia.

CN and CP in the US
I added CN and CP because they have such a large presence in the US. CN now owns Illinois Central, and CP owns Soo Line. As the constituent railroads' equipment is repainted, CN and CP have a more visible presence in the US. slambo 17:27, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

help with redirects
I have been working on Virginian Railway and several related others items. I could use some help with how to do redirects, and cleaning up article headings unless someone else is willing!

I am mostly focused on history. A big problem in writing about many of these rail companies is this: A very common corporate tactic during the financial reorganizations that most went through was to change their names from Railroad to Railway and back again.

The original rail company to use the words "Norfolk" and "Southern" may well be the most biggest glaring example. At one time or another, this regional carrier operating in Southeast Virginia and North Carolina was known as Norfolk and Southern, as well as Norfolk Southern Railroad and Railway (without the and) several times. It was made a part of Southern in 1974, and as a subsidiary, its name was changed once again before the big N&W and SOU merger in 1982 which took the current use of Norfolk Southern (NS). I frankly don't know how we can list an article and write about older one easily without confusion with NS.

 * If the railroads had nothing in common, something like I did for Florida Central Railroad and Florida Midland Railroad might be what you're looking for. Otherwise, multiple sections in the same article is probably best.
 * Like I've started with Wisconsin Central. slambo 19:14, Nov 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah. Unfortunately the current Florida Central has nothing to do with the old one, instead using part of the old Florida Midland, the current one of which has nothing to do with either.

 * As for RR/Ry, If the same company changed the suffix, make one redirect (using "#REDIRECT Norfolk Southern Railroad") in the NS Ry article, and bold the first mention of each. Atlantic, Suwannee River and Gulf Railroad is an example of that.

That's the worst instance of confusing terms I know of, but I try to wtite and list stuff which can be easily understood.

These are some specific ones (one article should be enough for each) I think are needed:

C&O Chesapeake & Ohio Chesapeake and Ohio Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Chesapeake and Ohio Railway

N&W Norfolk & Western Norfolk and Western Norfolk and Western Railway Norfolk and Western Railroad

SBD Seaboard System

ACL Atlantic Coast Line Atlantic Coast Despatch (not mispelled!) Atlantic Coast Railwoad

SAL Seaboard Air Line Seaboard Air Line Railroad

Of course, there are others!

Another question I have is whether there is any type of spellchecker available when we are writing. I have a minor (?) disability which results in transposing letters when I type. Any ideas or suggestions would be appreciated. I have tried working offline in my word processor, but I am trained and used to an outdated one (Lotus Wordpro aka Amipro) and it doesn't work very well with wiki formatting. I someday will need to earn MS word like the rest of the world. My email is vgn700@aol.com if anyone wants to write me offline. I would like to spend more time on contenet andd less on cleaning up my bad typing which results.

I would appreciate some suggestions, as I am enjoying contributing to wikipedia! I would like to spend more time on contenet andd less on cleaning up my bad typing which results.

Yours in Richmond, VA Mark Fisher, aka vaoverland

 * Personally, I have no problems cleaning up someone's spelling and typing if their content is worthwhile, so don't worry about it! —Morven 23:00, Nov 24, 2004 (UTC)

Current class 1 railroads
Anyone know why the list of current operating class 1 railroads in this template doesn't match the list in Class 1 railroad? JYolkowski 02:12, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, I started with the list from the article, and found evidence elsewhere for the other lines on the template that aren't in the article. My copy of the April 1984 edition of the Official Railway Equipment Register lists Amtrak, EJ&E, FEC and SOO all as Class 1.  I didn't think that they would no longer be Class 1, but it is possible.  SOO should probably move to the Fallen Flags section soon as CP is repainting SOO equipment as CP and working to eliminate the SOO's identity.  slambo 23:46, Nov 4, 2004 (UTC)

Linking through redirects
While it's all good to have redirects for the official company names, the links in this template should go to the railroad page name, not the redirect name. The reason for this is so that the link will turn into boldface type instead of a link when the user is looking at the page. This also avoids circular links (Amtrak -> National Railroad Passenger Corporation -> Amtrak). slambo 23:49, Nov 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah, that boldface thing makes sense. However, it might be a good idea to move those pages to the official company names - what do others think?--SPUI 01:29, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Naming conventions (common names) suggests we should use the most recognisable form, not the most official form. Open to interpretation, of course, and in most cases (e.g. Union Pacific Railroad, Pennsylvania Railroad) they are one and the same.  The problem comes with railroads so rarely called their real names that the use of the official name is jarring -- e.g. the Nickel Plate Road, Milwaukee Road, Soo Line).

 * However, I'm not averse to the pages being at the official name so long as it remains perfectly acceptable to use in text, and link to, the common names. It irritates me that people have to go round avoiding redirects, when the point of redirects is for them to be used when appropriate! —Morven 04:57, Nov 23, 2004 (UTC)

Solid data for current US class 1 railroads
http://www.stb.dot.gov/newsrels.nsf/13c1d2f25165911f8525687a00678fa7/bec5e8b7fe2bbdf385256ee800602e00?OpenDocument Amtrak isn't included; that may be because of its different nature. Other than that, the list matches (minus of course VIA and the two Mexican ones).
 * As for my sources, I've listed VIA as per Statistics Canada (for example, see Rails of Canada: http://xnet.rrc.mb.ca/library/stats2/stat05/0009752-216-XIB.pdf). The Mexican railways were mentioned as per http://www.aar.org/PubCommon/Documents/AboutTheIndustry/Statistics.pdf.  Both seem fairly authoritative sources.  As for Amtrak, I know it took in $2 billion in 2001, so that should definitely put it in the class I ballpark.  JYolkowski 18:25, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Criteria for listing
Here I will attempt to define how we currently decide which template a railroad goes on. I propose a change. If a railroad currently exists, but used to be a higher class, list it under its current class, but also under former in its highest-reached class. This has the advantage of not requiring a judgment call to decide if anything else is like Conrail. If necessary, change the wording to not imply that the railroads are fallen flags, just that they were at that level but no longer are.
 * 1) If it currently exists, put it on the correct template under current. Don't put under former (except in highly unusual cases like Conrail).
 * 2) Otherwise, put it under former in the highest class it has reached.

I also question the wisdom of Template:US class 3. Looking at List of United States railroads, this template will be huge. Totally huge, fo' serious. I suggest that if a railroad never got into class 1 or 2, to just not put it on any template. --SPUI 22:23, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with putting railways that were both Class I and Class II during different parts of their history in both templates (I had already changed the wording on this template with that in mind). I also have some doubts as to the usefulness of the Class III template, but not because of its potential size (there would probably also be hundreds of entries in the Class II template if we filled it out in its entirety).  Rather, I think it may not be useful because no-one's ever written an article on a Class III railway, and I don't see that changing anytime soon.  JYolkowski 15:16, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I've written some (Florida Midland Railroad (current), Florida Central Railroad (current), Florida West Coast Railroad, as well as others). At least I think they're class 3. By the way, the AAR site seems to use I/II/III; maybe we should change the articles and templates to this. --SPUI 15:47, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I assume you're correct as to their classification (you're more familiar with them than I am). At any rate, Class III's are less significant than, say, Class I's so I think there's less justification for a navigation template anyway.  I agree we probably should change the articles to use I/II/III.  JYolkowski 20:23, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Re: Class 3 inclusion
I'm rereading the comments on this and have one further point to add... On Template:US class 3, I think it would be best to restrict the list to only currently operating railroads (which is what is begun on there now). As mentioned earlier, if we list every former Class III railroad, the link box would become unwieldy rather quickly. The other thing I've been doing is not adding to that template unless I have a source that shows a railroad as a Class III and still in operation. slambo 17:35, Apr 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know - even with only current ones it would be huge, assuming we do actually get the information about which are Class II/Class III. --SPUI (talk) 19:19, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * One suggestion I have would be to only include railways on the template that we actually have articles on. That's sort of what we've been doing with Template:Canada class 2 of late.  JYolkowski // talk 21:36, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

1978 Class I data
 Copied here in case that goes down: On January 1st, 1978 12 railroads were dropped from the list of the class 1s, 1-Bangor and Aroostook 2-Canadian Pacific (International of Maine) 3-Chicago and Illinois Midland 4-Detroit and Toledo Shore Line 5-Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific 6-Georgia 7-Illinois Terminal 8-Maine Central 9-Northwestern Pacific 10-Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac 11-Texas Mexican 12-Toledo, Peoria and Western.

This left 41 class 1s, 1-Alabama Great Southern (owned by Southern) 2-Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe 3-Baltimore and Ohio 4-Bessemer and Lake Erie 5-Boston and Maine 6-Burlington Northern 7-Central of Georgia 8-Chesapeake and Ohio 9-Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific 10-Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific (Rock Island) 11-Chicago and North Western 12-Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific (owned by Southern) 13-Clinchfield 14-Colorado and Southern (Burlington Northern) 15-Conrail 16-Delaware and Hudson 17-Denver and Rio Grande Western 18-Detroit, Toledo and Ironton 19-Duluth, Missabi, and Iron Range 20-Elgin, Joliet and Eastern 21-Florida East Coast 22-Fort Worth and Denver (Burlington Northern) 23-Grand Trunk Western 24-Illinois Central Gulf 25-Kansas City Southern 26-Long Island Railroad 27-Louisiana and Arkansas (KCS) 28-Louisville and Nashville 29-Missouri-Kansas-Texas 30-Missouri Pacific 31-Norfolk and Western 32-Pittsburgh and Lake Erie 33-St. Louis-San Francisco 34-St. Louis Southwestern 35-Seaboard Coast Line 36-Soo Line 37-Southern 38-Southern Pacific 39-Union Pacific 40-Western Maryland 41-Western Pacific I've added these to the template. --SPUI (talk) 17:40, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Questions:
 * 1) Did the International of Maine have reporting marks, or did it use CP?

1996 Class I and Class II
- not added yet --SPUI (talk) 07:55, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

1950s Class I
added. That should be the vast majority of class Is. --SPUI (talk) 14:00, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

1942 info
[http://www.railwaystation.com/1942/02.html Of 137 Class I railroads in the United States, sixty-four use railway and sixty-eight use railroad in their corporate names. Five use neither.] --68.204.254.4 06:03, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

"Fallen Flags"
The template seems inaccurate. Under the "Fallen Flag" section I find a number of lines which still operate. Mangoe 00:07, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Which ones? I don't see any offhand, but it is a huge list.  JYolkowski // talk 00:38, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Here are some I've noticed:
 * Grand Trunk Western Railroad
 * Columbus and Greenville Railway

 * I also see some listed that I have to doubt were ever considered Class I:
 * Pittsburg, Shawmut and Northern Railroad
 * Illinois Terminal Railroad
 * East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad (the "Tweetsie")

 * There may be others. There is at least one which may not have lasted long enough to get classified (Denver and Salt Lake Railway). Mangoe 01:29, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I think we debated the GTW before and decided to list it both as active and as a fallen flag since, while the Grand Trunk Corporation still exists and is what the AAR lists as a Class I, CN operates it under its CN North America "brand".

 * The CAGY one should probably be in the "demoted". I'll fix that later if no-one gets around to it first.

 * I kind of doubt the ET&WNC was ever a class I. We may need better references for these (I haven't checked), but I wouldn't doubt if the PSN & ITC were Class I's at one point.  The PSN operated over 190 miles in the late 1930s/early 1940s.  Around that time, I think that, on the average, a railway would make $40,000 in revenue per mile of track.  Assuming the PSN to be "average", that would give it around $7.6 million in revenue, or well above the $1 million threshold for that time.

 * JYolkowski // talk 02:10, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I've moved CAGY per above. I'm dubious about the PS&N since a railroad that went into receivership after only six years is likely to have been well below average in revenue. Mangoe 02:23, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Soo Line
If GTW, IC and WC are now considered fallen flags then so should Soo since its been integrated into CP for years just like the other 3 have been into CN.68.30.173.95 (talk) 17:12, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

New look proposal
I was playing around with possibilities for this template this morning and came up with the following as a possible style update:

It is slightly smaller and still contains all of the information of the current template, and also uses the standard WikiProject Trains heading color. However, the more I thought about it and played around with different ideas, the more I thought we might want to reduce this to just the currently operating Class I railroads with "See also" links for the other two sections like this:

Thoughts? Slambo (Speak) 11:50, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that the smaller size is a significant improvement over the current format. JYolkowski // talk 20:58, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Does that mean that you prefer the second option listed here that shows only the currently operating Class I railroads (which is my guess of your meaning)? Whatever we decide here, I'd like to follow through with on US class 2 and US class 3 as well. Slambo (Speak)  15:37, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Hearing no objections after waiting a week, it's time to make the update. Slambo (Speak) 20:18, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 February 2018
Lowercase the A in "And" to resolve a broken link:
 * RI/CRIP 71.14.149.203 (talk) 16:07, 26 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Thank-you for pointing that! regards,  DRAGON BOOSTER   ★  16:16, 26 February 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 October 2018
Category:North America templates Category:Rail transport navigational boxes — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:9840:2b60:c40c:7682:6241:a316 (talk • contribs) 19:24, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Fork99 (talk) 23:30, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 September 2019
Category:North America templates Category:Rail transport navigational boxes — Preceding unsigned comment added by BNSF2000 (talk • contribs) 05:07, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Fork99 (talk) 23:34, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 29 February 2020
Category:North America templates Category:Rail transport navigational boxes — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:9840:2b60:7cf5:5fa2:45de:1188 (talk • contribs) 23:05, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Fork99 (talk) 23:39, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 29 February 2020
Category:North America templates Category:Rail transport navigational boxes — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:9840:2b60:7cf5:5fa2:45de:1188 (talk • contribs) 23:06, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Fork99 (talk) 23:40, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

Paper railroads
Is there a good reason why we're listing railroads which only exist as legal entities, i.e. GT and SOO? And for KCSM and CP, those companies are 100% integrating, that would be like listing "UP (SP, CNW)". Ironmatic1 (talk) 17:37, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 August 2023
— Preceding unsigned comment added by CarterMickey2000 (talk • contribs) 20:05, 7 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Fork99 (talk) 23:42, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:North America Class I


text:
VSD

VSD may refer to:

 * .vsd, a file extension for Microsoft Visio diagrams
 * VSD (French magazine) (Vendredi Samedi Dimanche; i.e. "Friday Saturday Sunday"), a French weekly news magazine
 * Vaccine Safety Datalink, a Centers for Disease Control database containing vaccination and health records of over 7 million Americans
 * Variable speed drive, or adjustable-speed drive, is a specific type of a variable-frequency drive
 * Visible-surface determination, also known as hidden-surface determination
 * Video Single Disc, a video disc format based on laserdisc that only was popular in Japan and the rest of Asia
 * Voluntary Service Detachment, an Australian civil organization during World War II
 * State Security Department of Lithuania, a Lithuanian intelligence agency
 * Ventilation shutdown, a means of killing livestock

Medicine

 * Ventricular septal defect, a defect in the ventricular septum of the heart
 * Virtually safe dose, a concept in regulatory toxicology, applied to carcinogens with no threshold of effects

Places

 * Vallivue School District, a school district in Idaho, United States
 * Vancouver Public Schools, a school district in Vancouver, Washington, United States
 * Vancouver School District, a school district in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 * Vicksburg-Warren School District, a school district based in Vicksburg, Mississippi, United States

title: VSD


text:
Mira Estrela

Mira Estrela is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 3,106 (2020 est.) in an area of 217 km². The elevation is 458 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Mira Estrela