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Ajay Devgn

Vishal Veeru Devgan (born 2 April 1969), known professionally as Ajay Devgn, is an Indian actor, film director, and producer who works primarily in Hindi cinema. A leading actor of Hindi cinema, Devgn has appeared in over 100 films and has won numerous accolades, including four National Film Awards and four Filmfare Awards. In 2016, he was honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri, the country's fourth-highest civilian honour.

Devgn emerged a star with his first film, the 1991 action romance Phool Aur Kaante, which earned him the Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut. He played further action roles in the films Jigar (1992), Vijaypath (1994), Dilwale (1994), Jaan (1996) and Diljale (1996), and romantic roles in Ishq (1997), Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha (1998) and Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999). For playing a riot victim in Zakhm (1998) and Bhagat Singh in The Legend of Bhagat Singh (2002), he twice won the National Film Award for Best Actor. He also gained praise for the crime dramas Company (2002) and Omkara (2006).

After expanding to comedies with Rohit Shetty's Golmaal: Fun Unlimited (2006), Devgn collaborated with Shetty on a number of action and comedy films, including Golmaal Returns (2008), Golmaal 3 (2010), Singham (2011), Singham Returns (2014), and Golmaal Again (2017). His highest-grossing releases came with Total Dhamaal (2019), Tanhaji (2020) and Drishyam 2 (2022). For portraying the title role in Tanhaji, he won this third National Film Award for Best Actor.

Devgn owns a production company Ajay Devgn FFilms, which was established in 2000. He has also starred in and directed the films U Me Aur Hum (2008), Runway 34 (2022), and Bholaa (2023). He is married to actress Kajol, with whom he has two children.

Family background and marriage
Devgn was born to a Punjabi Hindu family originally from Amritsar, Punjab. The family has connections to the Hindi film industry in Mumbai. Devgn's father, Veeru Devgan, was a stunt choreographer and action-film director and his mother, Veena, is a film producer. His cousin, Anil Devgan, is a filmmaker and screenwriter. Devgn graduated from the Silver Beach High School in Juhu and then studied at Mithibai College.

Devgn began a relationship with the actress Karisma Kapoor while filming Jigar (1992), however, the couple ended their relationship in 1995. That same year, Devgn's relationship with the actress, Kajol, began whilst they were co-starring in Gundaraj (1995). The media called them "an unlikely pair" due to their contrasting personalities. On 24 February 1999, the couple married in a traditional Maharashtrian Hindu ceremony at the Devgan home. The couple has two children. Their daughter, Nysa, was born in 2003 and their son, Yug, was born in 2010. Devgn and Kajol stored their newborn son's umbilical cord blood and tissues to act as a source of stem cells in case of serious ailment. In August 2009, Devgn changed the spelling of his surname Devgan to Devgn, at the request of his family. He is a practicing Shaiva Hindu who prominently wears a Rudraksha which, along with other religious themes, features in his films. Devgn was the first Bollywood personality to own a private jet for transport to shooting locations, to promotions and for personal trips.

Rise to stardom (1991–99)
As Devgn entered the film industry in 1991, he changed his stage name from his birth name, Vishal, to "Ajay" due to several other actors named Vishal being launched at the same time, including Manoj Kumar's son. He began his professional career alongside Madhoo in the action romance Phool Aur Kaante, which earned him the Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut. In his opening scene, Devgn performed a split while balancing between two motorcycles. His next film was Jigar (1992), a Bollywood martial arts film co-starring Karisma Kapoor. It was released on Diwali weekend and became the seventh-highest-grossing film of that year, taking inr 70000000 at the box office.

In 1993, Devgn starred in Dil Hai Betaab, a film about a revengeful love triangle. He next featured in Divya Shakti and then Sangram, a story of enmity between two fathers. Devgn then worked with Deepak Bahry, who directed the action film Ek Hi Raasta, and with Deepak Pawar, who directed Platform. Other releases that year were Shaktiman, Dhanwan and Bedardi.

In 1994, Devgn starred in Harry Baweja's romantic action film Dilwale. He played the part of Arun Saxena, a man with intellectual impairment. The movie was the tenth-highest-grossing movie of the year. His next release was Kanoon and then Kuku Kohli's Suhaag with Akshay Kumar. The film was about two friends. Devgn played Ajay Sharma/Malhotra. Suhaag was the seventh-highest-grossing movie of the year. His next film was Vijaypath. Shooting dates for Vijaypath clashed with those of Karan Arjun which Devgn declined. Vijaypath was the eighth-highest-grossing film of the year.

In 1995, Devgn appeared alongside Juhi Chawla in Mahesh Bhatt's Naajayaz, which earned him his first nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor, followed by Hulchul directed by Milan Luthria, alongside Kajol. Devgn and Kajol then appeared in Gundaraj which did not perform well at the box office. His next release was Haqeeqat co-starring with Tabu. This film was the eleventh-highest-grossing film of the year.

In 1996, Devgn starred in the action movie Jung with Mithun Chakraborty, Rambha and Aditya Pancholi. His next release was an action movie called Jaan, with Twinkle Khanna. He then starred in Harry Baweja's film Diljale, where he played a terrorist character called Shaka.

In 1997, Devgn starred in a poorly -eceived movie, Itihaas, with Twinkle Khanna. His next release was Indra Kumar's romantic comedy Ishq with Aamir Khan, Juhi Chawla and Kajol. In this successful film, Devgn played Ajay, a rich boy in love with a poor girl, played by Kajol. The film grossed inr 300000000 and emerged as the fourth-highest-grossing film of the year.

In 1998, Devgn starred in Major Saab with Amitabh Bachchan and Sonali Bendre where he played the character of an army officer. The movie was successful and was the tenth-highest-grossing film of the year. He next starred with Kajol in Anees Bazmee's second film, the romantic comedy Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha, a remake of the 1995 American film French Kiss. It grossed inr 302500000. Devgn's next release was Mahesh Bhatt's drama Zakhm, which examines communal tension in Mumbai during riots. Devgn played a man who is fed up with religious conflict. Devgn won several awards for his critically acclaimed performance, including the National Film Award for Best Actor and the Screen Award for Best Actor, in addition to his second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor.

In 1999, Devgn starred in the musical romance Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, in which he played Vanraj, a man who tries to help his wife (Aishwarya Rai) reunite with her lover (Salman Khan). Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam marked a significant turning point in Devgn's career. The film, an adaptation of Maitreyi Devi's Bengali novel Na Hanyate, was directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali and co-starred Salman Khan and Aishwarya Rai. Devgn's performance received positive reviews from critics. Rediff said: "Ajay's role reminds you of one he did in another film, Pyaar Toh Hona Hi Tha. There he is searching for the boyfriend of the girl he secretly loves. But intense scenes are his forte and he does well here. He's particularly good in the scene where he gets exasperated with his wife's stubbornness and strives to keep his cool." The film proved to be a commercial success and earned Devgn his third nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor. After that, he appeared in Hindustan Ki Kasam with Amitabh Bachchan and Sonali Bendre. He then worked with the director Milan Luthria in Kachche Dhaage, with Saif Ali Khan and Manisha Koirala. The movie was a box-office hit. He then performed in the successful movie Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet, a romantic comedy, and then in his home production movie with Kajol, and director, Prakash Jha. The film was titled Dil Kya Kare. His other movies in 1999 were Gair and Thakshak in which he played a strong, silent man.

Critical acclaim (2000–09)
In 2000, Devgn performed in Harry Baweja's Deewane. The film did not do well at the box office. In the same year, Devgn starred in his first home production; Raju Chacha, with Kajol. The film was moderately successful.

In 2001, Devgn starred in another moderately successful film; Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke with Madhuri Dixit and Preity Zinta. His next release was Lajja, with Manisha Koirala, Madhuri Dixit, Jackie Shroff and Anil Kapoor. His performance was positively received and earned him his first nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor. However, the film was commercially unsuccessful. Mahesh Manjrekar's Tera Mera Saath Rahen followed.

2002 proved to be a key year for Devgn as he starred in three films of contrasting genres. He first starred in Ram Gopal Varma's Company which was a fictional examination of the Mumbai underworld. Devgn played a gangster named Malik. Both the film and Devgn's performance received critical acclaim. As Taran Adarsh reviewed: "Devgn enacts his role to perfection. A controlled performance, the actor takes to this complex character like a fish takes to water. He underplays his part with admirable ease." Devgn's next release was David Dhawan's comedy Hum Kisise Kum Nahin, with Amitabh Bachchan, Sanjay Dutt and Aishwarya Rai. The same year, he played the role of Bhagat Singh, in Rajkumar Santoshi's biopic The Legend of Bhagat Singh. His performance was well received by critics. Taran Adarsh said, "Devgn has lived the role. To state that he is excellent would be an understatement. His performance is bound to win admiration from cinegoers, besides fetching awards." The film was released on 7 June 2002 and went on to win two National Film Awards, including the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi, and three Filmfare Awards, including the Filmfare Award for Best Film (Critics). Despite these awards, and Devgn winning his second National Film Award for Best Actor for his performance, the film was not popular with the public. Devgn went on to perform in Anees Bazmee's Deewangee. The film was partially inspired by William Diehl's novel, Primal Fear. The film was a success at the box office. He jointly won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Critics) for his performance in Company and The Legend of Bhagat Singh, in addition to receiving his fourth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for the former. For his performance in Deewangee, he received several awards including the Filmfare Award for Best Villain, the Screen Award for Best Villain and the Zee Cine Award for Best Villain.

In 2003, Devgn starred in Ram Gopal Verma's horror film Bhoot, opposite Urmila Matondkar. The film was appreciated critically and performed well at the box office. He then starred in the action thriller Qayamat: City Under Threat with the actress debutante, Neha Dhupia. The film was a commercial success. Devgn next performed in Milan Luthria's romantic film Chori Chori, opposite Rani Mukherji and Sonali Bendre. This film did not succeed at the box office. Devgn's next release of the year was Prakash Jha's Gangaajal. The film was set in the time of the blinding incident in Bhagalpur, Bihar. Rediff.com said, "Ajay Devgan pulls up an ace with a part tailormade to reinforce his seething-under-the-surface angry hero image. To his credit (and the director's), he brings style and grace to a largely stereotypical, righteous protagonist. To a great extent, his presence covers up the film's patchiness in the second half." Devgn received his fifth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film. He then worked in Rohit Shetty's directional debut Zameen and J. P. Dutta's war film LOC Kargil.

In 2004, Devgn was cast with Amitabh Bachchan, Aishwarya Rai and Akshay Kumar in Rajkumar Santoshi's action thriller Khakee. The film was released on 23 January 2004. It received positive reviews and became one of the highest-grossing films of 2004. In Khakee, Devgn once again played a villain. His performance as a police officer turned murderer was well received by critics. Taran Adarsh said: "Ajay Devgan adds yet another feather in his cap with a performance that could've been played only by a master performer. His confrontations with Amitabh Bachchan are exemplary." He received his second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Villain for his performance in the film. Later in 2004, Devgn appeared in Indra Kumar's Masti and Mani Ratnam's Yuva.

Devgn next collaborated with Rituparno Ghosh in the relationship drama Raincoat, with Aishwaraya Rai. The film is an adaptation of O. Henry's The Gift of the Magi. Raincoat met with wide critical acclaim and won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi. Devgn was praised for his performance. Rediff said: "Hesitation, desperation, humiliation – Ajay Devgn conveys them eloquently. His Manoj is no cool dude, but just another lower middle-class guy in misery, with whom none would like to switch place. He particularly stands out in the scenes where he cries in the bathroom, or begs Neeru not to marry someone else." In 2004, Devgn was also seen in a cameo appearance in Taarzan: The Wonder Car.

2005 was a less successful year for Devgn, with all of his films not proving to be successful at the box office. His movies were not financially successful. They included Insan, Blackmail, Main Aisa Hi Hoon, Tango Charlie and Shikhar. However, the films Kaal and Apaharan did well. His performance as a villain in Kaal also earned him his third nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Villain.

In 2006, Devgn played Othello in Omkara, a Hindi adaptation of William Shakespeare's Othello. It was directed by Vishal Bhardwaj. The film is a tragedy of sexual jealousy set against the backdrop of the political system in Uttar Pradesh. It premiered at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival and was screened at the Cairo International Film Festival. Omkara was well received by critics. Rediff said: "Othello is a tricky role, a leading man eclipsed by the villain. Yet the Moor is a brooding and compelling character, and Ajay Devgn does valiantly with his material. Omkara strips Othello of the racism, exchanging his black skin for surprisingly inconsequential half-Brahminism. Ajay's best bits are when restrained, and while there is a bit of a seen-that feel to his character, by the time the film is over, you realise just how unflinchingly solid he's been." Taran Adarsh said: "Ajay makes a stirring and powerful interpretation of a man haunted by uncertainty about his lover's faithfulness. The serious look that Ajay carries suits him to the T. Of course, Ajay is exceptional in the film and looks every inch the character he portrays."

In 2006, Devgn also starred in Rohit Shetty's Golmaal. It had two sequels Golmaal Returns and Golmaal 3. In the same year, Devgn was featured in a short documentary about the Mumbai floods of 2005 titled The Awakening.

In 2007, Devgn starred in two films, director Anubhav Sinha's action thriller Cash and Aag. Both films proved to be critically and commercially unsuccessful.

In 2008, Devgn starred in the social film Halla Bol, directed by Rajkumar Santoshi, alongside Pankaj Kapoor and Vidya Balan. The film is based on the life of activist Safdar Hashmi, who was killed in 1989 by political rivals while performing in the street play Halla Bol. The film received negative reviews and was a flop at the box office.

In 2008, Devgn also starred in Rohit Shetty's third film Sunday. He then took the lead role with Kajol in his own directorial debut film U Me Aur Hum. The film performed moderately well at the box office and earned positive critical reviews for his performance as well as for his direction. Rediff said: "His character grows, discovers both shirt-buttons and subtlety, delivering an intense acting job. Speaking almost entirely in platitudes – pithy at first, profound as he goes on – this grows into an extraordinarily well-written character, replete with flaws and relatability. The way he treats his remorse, drunkenly pointing every finger at himself around a dinner table, is superbly handled, as is his guilty struggle to delineate his life experience from his professional opinion." Devgn also made a cameo appearance in his brother Anil Devgan's film Haal-e-Dil. He then starred in Afzal Khan's Mehbooba.

Again in 2008, Devgn starred in Rohit Shetty's comedy Golmaal Returns, a sequel to the 2006 film Golmaal: Fun Unlimited about a mistrustful wife who believed her husband was unfaithful. The Indian Express said the screenplay was derivative, concluding: "There is nothing particularly new about a suspicious wife keeping tabs on her husband, and there is nothing particularly new in the way Ajay-Kareena play it." Golmaal Returns was a financial success with global revenues of inr 792500000.

In 2009, Devgn produced his third film, All the Best, directed by Rohit Shetty. It was a moderate commercial success. Next, Devgn starred in Vipul Shah's London Dreams, with Salman Khan and the Tamil film star Asin. The film was not popular with the public.

Commercial success (2010–present)
In the following decade, Devgn starred in Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (2010), Golmaal 3 (2010), Raajneeti (2010), Singham (2011), Bol Bachchan (2012), Son of Sardaar (2012), Singham Returns (2014) and Drishyam (2015). In 2010, Devgn featured in the financially successful comedy Atithi Tum Kab Jaoge? with Paresh Rawal and Konkona Sen Sharma. He then featured in Prakash Jha's political thriller Raajneeti. Raajneeti was released internationally on 4 June 2010, after some controversies regarding similarities between actual people and the characters in the film. There were also issues about the use of the national anthem in the film. The film was made with a budget of inr 600000000 When the film was released, it had positive reviews and was financially successful. Again, in 2010, Devgn starred in Milan Luthria's Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai, which was among the top-grossing films of that year. Both the film and Devgn's performance were well received by the critics. Taran Adarsh said: "Ajay Devgn is splendid as Sultan. The actor had enacted a similar role in Company, but it must be said that his interpretation is so different in Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai. He adds so much depth to the character, which only goes to prove his range and versatility. This is, without a trace of doubt, Ajay's finest work so far." Komal Nahta said: "Ajay Devgn is simply fantastic in the role of Sultan Mirza. So real is his performance that it looks like he was born to play this role. Right from his look to his acting including dialogue-delivery, everything is fabulous. Indeed, an award-winning performance!" The film earned him his sixth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor.

Devgn then starred in Priyadarshan's action-thriller film Aakrosh. The movie explores the subject of honour killings. Aakrosh received some positive reviews, but was financially unsuccessful. At the end of 2010, Devgn worked again with Rohit Shetty in Golmaal 3, a sequel to Golmaal Returns (2008). Although, like its predecessor, the film received mixed reviews, it was the most successful of the Golmaal series, earning more than inr 1070000000. Devgn also worked as a voice artist in Toonpur Ka Superrhero, an animated film.

In 2011, Devgn performed with Emraan Hashmi in Madhur Bhandarkar's comedy Dil Toh Baccha Hai Ji. He was a narrator in Yamla Pagla Deewana and also made a cameo appearance in Ready. Devgn starred in Rohit Shetty's Singham. Taran Adarsh said: "The title means 'Lion' and Ajay is in the centre of the battle between good and evil. Ajay is well known for the lines, "aataa maajhi satakli". The embodiment of screen masculinity, Ajay enacts the central character of a righteous, hardhearted cop with flourish. He brings alive on screen a larger-than-life hero character with determined conviction, which renders you thunderstruck. One of the few actors who underplays his part admirably, he returns to the over-the-top-action genre of films with this one. In a nutshell, his performance plays a pivotal role in carrying the film to the winning post." Singham earned him his seventh nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor. He then starred David Dhawan's action comedy film Rascals.

The following year, Devgn starred in Tezz, directed by Priyadarshan. His co-stars were Anil Kapoor, Boman Irani, Kangana Ranaut, Sameera Reddy and Zayed Khan. Devgn then starred in Rohit Shetty's film Bol Bachchan. He then starred in Son of Sardaar. In 2013, Devgn featured in the critically and commercially unsuccessful remake of Himmatwala. Devgn next featured in Prakash Jha's political drama Satyagraha.

In 2014, Devgn featured in Rohit Shetty's Singham Returns, a sequel to Singham. Singham Returns received mixed reviews from Indian critics. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave it 4 stars and said: "The film is a complete mass entertainer with power-packed drama, hi-intensity dialogue and towering performances as its aces. The brand value attached to it coupled with a long weekend will help the film reap a harvest and rule the box office in days to come.". Collection of over inr 320900000.00000006 on the first day of its release in India. Domestic net of Singham Returns are inr 1406200000. Devgn next featured in Prabhu Deva's Action Jackson which did not perform well at box office.

In 2015, Devgn starred in Drishyam, directed by Nishikant Kamat. The film received positive reviews, Meena Iyer of The Times of India gave the film four out of five stars, describing it as "A suspense drama with a nail-biting finish." She praised Devgn's performances: "Ajay, who is the prey here, shines in his role of the protective father.". The film was successful at the box office, by the end of its sixth week, the film had grossed about inr 764800000 at the domestic box office.

In 2016, Devgn was seen in his own production, Shivaay, which released around Diwali 2016. Shivaay is an action drama movie. Shivaay opened to mixed reviews and grossed more than inr 1460000000. In 2017, Devgn featured in director Milan Luthria's Baadshaho and Rohit Shetty's Golmaal Again. While Baadshaho was a flop, the latter emerged a blockbuster collecting 100 crores in 4 days of its release and a lifetime collection of 205 crores at the Indian box office while making a hefty 310 crores at worldwide box office.

In 2018, Devgn starred in Raj Kumar Gupta's Raid where he plays the role of an honest Indian Revenue Service officer, which released to positive critical feedback on 16 March, and was a commercial success. Devgn has long been working on producing Sons of Sardaar: The Battle of Saragarhi, a sequel to Son of Sardaar. In August 2017, Devgn stated: "We are working on the script but it won't happen for another two years because of the scale of the project." He starred in De De Pyaar De alongside Tabu and Rakul Preet Singh. In early 2020, Devgn portrayed the role of 17th-century military leader Tanaji Malusare in an eponymously titled film, Tanhaji; directed by Om Raut. The film was released on 10 January 2020 and went on to win three National Film Awards, including the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment and Best Actor, both for Devgn, in addition to his eighth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor Tanhaji earned Rs 3.67 billion ($49 million) worldwide, making it the highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2020. Moreover, it marks Ajay Devgn's 100th film as an actor.

In 2021, he starred alongside Sanjay Dutt, Sharad Kelkar, Nora Fatehi and Sonakshi Sinha in the historical film, Bhuj: The Pride of India, a critical failure, and had a cameo in Sooryavanshi, reprising as DCP Bajirao Singham.

In 2022, Devgn made his OTT debut with the web series, Rudra: The Edge of Darkness, on Disney+ Hotstar. The same year, he released his third directorial, Runway 34. It received positive reviews from both the critics and audience, but failed on the box office. He was also seen in extended cameo appearances in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Gangubai Kathiawadi and S. S. Rajamouli's RRR, for which he received high praise. Later that year, Devgn was seen as Chitragupt in Indra Kumar's Thank God, which also starred Sidharth Malhotra, which turned out to be a commercial failure. Later he starred in the sequel to Drishyam, Drishyam 2, directed by Abhishek Pathak. It became a major critical and commercial success, along with becoming his second highest-grossing film of his career, after Tanhaji.

In 2023, Devgn starred and directed the remake of Kaithi (2019), Bholaa, his third directorial. The film was a critical and commercial disappointment. He then starred in Shaitaan (2024), a horror film, which received favorable response from critics and emerged a huge hit at the box office.

Upcoming projects
He will next be seen in Neeraj Pandey's romcom, Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha, which is currently filiming. He has also announced the fifth entry of the Cop Universe and the much awaited sequel to Singham Returns (2014), Singham Again, which is set to release in 2024.

Production
Ajay Devgn FFilms (ADF) is an Indian film production and distribution company established by actor Ajay Devgn in 2000. Based in Mumbai, it mainly produces and distributes Hindi films. In 2000, ADF released its first film, Raju Chacha. The film starred Devgn himself as the lead actor and his wife Kajol as the lead actress. Raju Chacha received mixed reviews but grossed Rs 209.2 millions at the box office.

In 2008, Devgn co-produced the drama U Me Aur Hum, which marked his directorial debut. Devgn also played the lead role in the film, sharing the screen again with Kajol. The film was written by Devgn himself and three other writers. Critical reception was generally positive, with Taran Adarsh giving the film 4 out of 5 stars and describing it as "A well-made, absorbing love story that's high on emotional quotient".

In 2009, Devgn released and acted in his home production All the Best: Fun Begins, which was directed by Rohit Shetty and also starring, Sanjay Dutt, Fardeen Khan, Bipasha Basu and Mugdha Godse. The film was released on 16 October 2009 and received positive response from critics. It was rated a hit in India, and is the twelfth highest grossing Bollywood film of 2009.

In 2014, ADF produced Singham Returns starring Devgn and Kareena Kapoor. In 2016 Devgn produced and starred in Shivaay which is to be the most expensive film of his production.

In late December 2017, ADF collaborated with Fox Star Studios to produce Total Dhamaal starring Devgn, Riteish Deshmukh, Arshad Warsi, Javed Jaffrey, Madhuri Dixit, and Anil Kapoor.

In 2018, Ajay Devgn released his first Marathi production Aapla Manus. The movie was in Marathi language. It was directed by Satish Rajwade and starred Nana Patekar, Iravati Harshe, and Sumeet Raghavan. The film was produced by Ajay Devgn, Nana Patekar, Abhinav Shuklaa, Manish Mishra, & Rohit Choudhary and released on 9 February 2018. The story was a dramatic thriller and written by Vivek Bele. The film was distributed by Viacom 18 Motion Pictures.

NY VFXWAALA
In October 2015, Devgn established a visual effects company, NY VFXWAALA, after his children. It has been involved with many major films, such as Prem Ratan Dhan Payo, Tamasha, Bajirao Mastani, Mersal, Dilwale, Force 2, and Simmba. The company won the Best Special Effects award at the 64th National Film Awards for the film Shivaay (2016).

In the media

Ashwini Deshmukh of Filmfare termed Devgn a "private person" who is self-confessedly uncomfortable around people and said, "Three decades in the industry and Ajay Devgn continues to enjoy the trust of filmmakers and the loyalty of his fans." Ankur Pathak of GQ noted, "Devgn has shown remarkable resilience as a bankable star who has never had to rely on a "comeback" film since he never really goes off-screen." Sandeep Unnithan of India Today termed him a "versatile actor" and said, "Devgn is a darling of his directors." Rediff.com noted the actor's change from "lanky star son" to "back-to-back hits churner". It further credited him for popularising the "intense, brooding hero" looks.

Devgn is among the most popular and highest paid celebrities in India. He has frequently featured in the Forbes India's Celebrity 100 list since 2012. He peaked at the 10th position in 2018 with an estimated annual income of inr 745000000. In 2019, he was placed 12th, with an estimated annual income of inr 940000000. Devgn was placed 7th in Rediff.com's list of Top 10 Actors of 2000–2010. In Rediff.com "Top Bollywood Actors" list, Devgn ranked 1st in 2002. He subsequently ranked 4th in 2004, 10th in 2006 and 2nd in 2019. In Eastern Eye's Sexiest Asian Men list of 2011, Devgn was placed 29th.

title: Ajay Devgn


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Navan Fort

Navan Fort (Emain Macha ; Eamhain Mhacha ) is an ancient ceremonial monument near Armagh, Northern Ireland. According to tradition it was one of the great royal sites of pre-Christian Gaelic Ireland and the capital of the Ulaidh. It is a large circular hilltop enclosure—marked by a bank and ditch—inside which is a circular mound and the remains of a ring barrow. Archeological investigations show that there were once buildings on the site, including a huge roundhouse-like structure that has been likened to a temple. In a ritual act, this timber structure was filled with stones, deliberately burnt down and then covered with earth to create the mound which stands today. It is believed that Navan was a pagan ceremonial site and was regarded as a sacred space. It features prominently in Irish mythology, especially in the tales of the Ulster Cycle. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology, "the [Eamhain Mhacha] of myth and legend is a far grander and mysterious place than archeological excavation supports".

Navan Fort is the heart of the larger 'Navan complex', which also includes the ancient sites of Haughey's Fort (an earlier hilltop enclosure), the King's Stables (a manmade ritual pool) and Loughnashade (a natural lake that has yielded votive offerings).

The name Eamhain Mhacha has been interpreted as "Macha's twins" or "Macha's brooch", referring to a local goddess. 'Navan' is an anglicisation of the Irish An Eamhain.

Name
The Irish name of Navan Fort is Eamhain Mhacha, from Old Irish: Emain Macha. The second element refers to the goddess Macha, for whom nearby Armagh (Ard Mhacha) is also named. However, the overall meaning of the name is unclear. It has been interpreted as "Macha's twins" or "Macha's pair" (possibly referring to the two features on the hilltop, or to Navan Fort and another nearby monument), or as "Macha's brooch" (possibly referring to the shape of the monument). There are tales that try to explain how the name came about. In the second century AD, Greek geographer Ptolemy noted a place called Isamnion somewhere in southeastern Ulster. Some scholars believe this refers to Emain, and Gregory Toner has derived it from Proto-Celtic *isa-mon ("holy mound"). Others believe it refers to a place on the coast.

Eamhain Mhacha, and its short form An Eamhain, was anglicised as 'Owenmagh', 'Nawan' and eventually 'Navan'.

Description
Navan Fort, sometimes called Navan Rath, is a State Care Historic Monument in the townland of Navan. It is on a low hill about 1.6 mi west of Armagh (at grid ref. area H847 452). The site consists of a circular enclosure 250 m in diameter, marked by a large bank and ditch encircling the hill. The ditch is on the inside, suggesting the earthwork was symbolic rather than defensive. Inside the enclosure two monuments are visible. North-west of centre is an earthen mound 40 m in diameter and 6 m high. South-east of centre is the circular impression of a ring-barrow, about 30 m in diameter.

Construction and early history
Flint tools and shards of pottery show activity at the site in the Neolithic (c. 4000 to 2500 BC).

In the eighth century BC (Bronze Age), a ring of timber poles was raised at the western site, where the high mound now stands. It was 35m in diameter and surrounded by a ring ditch with an eastern entrance. This ditch was 45 m in diameter, 5 m wide and 1 m deep. In the fourth century BC (Iron Age) a new wooden structure was built on the same spot. It was a round building attached to a bigger round enclosure, making a figure-of-eight shape, both with eastern entrances. The larger ring of the figure-of-eight was 30 m in diameter, the smaller about 20 m. The smaller building had a hearth. The structure has been interpreted as a roundhouse with an attached yard or pen, or a building with an attached enclosure for rituals. Finds suggest that at this time the site was occupied by someone of high standing such as a king, chieftain or druid. They include a chape, a finely-decorated pin and the skull of a Barbary monkey, which was likely a pet that was either imported or given as a gift. The structure was rebuilt several times over the following centuries.

In the first century BC, a huge timber roundhouse-like structure was built on the same spot. It was 40 metres in diameter and consisted of an outer wall and four inner rings of posts (probably holding up a roof), which circled a huge central pillar. This oak pillar has been dated by dendrochronology to the year 95 BC  and could have stood about 13 metres tall. The building had a western entrance, toward the setting sun, which suggests it was not a dwelling. A ditch and bank were dug around it. There is evidence that the huge ditch and bank that encircles the hill was dug at about the same time.

Not long after it was built, the building was filled with thousands of stones, to a height of nearly 3 metres. This stone cairn was flat-topped and split into wedges, resembling a spoked wheel when seen from above. There is some evidence that the stones came from an older monument in the area, perhaps a passage tomb. The building was then deliberately burnt down before being covered in a mound of earth. It was made up of many soil types, suggesting that soil was brought from surrounding areas. There is archaeological evidence for similar repeated building and burning at Tara and Dún Ailinne.

In the first or second century BC, a figure-of-eight structure was also built at the eastern site. It was similar to those at the western site and may have been built around the same time as the mound. The larger ring was 30 m in diameter, the smaller about 20 m. This figure-of-eight structure was then cleared away and replaced by another round wooden structure. It was double-walled, had a central hearth and an eastern entrance. Two graves were found just outside the entrance. This structure was in turn replaced by a ring-barrow: a round mound, usually raised over a burial, surrounded by a ditch and bank.

Purpose
It is believed that the creation of the mound was a ritual act, but its meaning is unclear and there are several theories. The timber building may have been built only as a temporary structure to be burned, or it may have briefly served as a temple before its ritual destruction. Scholars suggest that the event was a sacrificial offering to the gods and that the structure was symbolically given to the Otherworld by being ritually burned and buried. Dr Chris Lynn has likened it to the 'wicker man' rite allegedly carried out by the Gauls, in which a large wooden effigy is burned with a living sacrifice inside. It is thought that the huge outer bank and ditch was made to mark out the hilltop as a sacred space. It could also have been seen as a way of containing the power of the Otherworld within that space.

Dr Richard Warner suggests that the mound was made to be a conduit between this world and the Otherworld. It may be an attempt to replicate an ancient burial mound (sídhe), which were believed to be portals to the Otherworld and the homes of ancestral gods. He believes the mound was made as a platform on which druids would perform ceremonies and on which kings would be crowned, while drawing power and authority from the gods and ancestors.

It is possible that each part of the monument represents something. The stones inside the wooden structure may represent souls in the house of the dead, or the souls of fallen warriors in their equivalent of Valhalla. Another theory is that the monument symbolizes a union of the three main classes of society: druids (the wooden frame), warriors (the stones) and farmers (the soil). The central pillar could also represent the world pillar or world tree linking the sky, the earth and the underworld. The radial pattern of the stone cairn may represent the sun wheel, a symbol associated with Celtic sun or sky deities.

Dr Lynn writes: "It seems reasonable to suggest that, in the beginning of the first century BC, Navan was an otherworld place, the home of the gods and goddesses. It was a Celtic tribe's sanctuary, its capitol, its sacred symbol of sovereignty and cohesion".

A recent study used remote sensing (including lidar, photogrammatry, and magnetic gradiometry) to map the site, and found evidence of Iron Age and medieval buildings underground, which co-author Patrick Gleeson says suggests that Navan Fort was "an incredibly important religious center and a place of paramount sacral and cultural authority in later prehistory".

In Irish mythology
In the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology, Emain Macha is the royal capital of the Ulaidh, the people who gave their name to the province of Ulster. It is the residence of Conchobar mac Nessa, king of Ulster. He is said to have had a warrior training school at Emain. Conchobar's great hall at Emain was called by medieval writers in Chraebruad (the red-branched or red-poled edifice), and his royal warriors are named the Red Branch Knights in English translations.

Emain Macha is said to have been named after Macha, who is believed to have been a sovereignty goddess of the Ulaidh. One tale says that Macha, queen of the Ulaidh, forced her enemy's sons to dig the great bank-and-ditch after marking it out with her neck-brooch (eomuin), hence the name. In another tale, Macha is the fairy wife of Crunnchu. Despite promising not to speak of her, Crunnchu boasts that his wife can outrun the king's horses. The king forces the pregnant Macha to race the horses. She wins, but then gives birth to twins on the finish line. Before dying in childbirth, she curses the Ulstermen to be overcome with the exhaustion of childbirth at the time of their greatest need. This is a fore-tale of the Táin Bó Cúailnge (Cattle Raid of Cooley). The name Emain Macha is thus explained as "Macha's twins".

The Annals of the Four Masters says that the Three Collas conquered the area in 331 AD, burning Emain Macha and driving the Ulaidh eastwards over the River Bann. Another tradition is that Emain Macha was destroyed by Niall of the Nine Hostages, or his sons, in the following century.

Many other characters from Irish mythology are associated with Emain Macha, including:

 * Amergin the poet
 * Cú Chulainn, the great warrior
 * Emer, his strong-willed and beautiful bride
 * Conall Cernach, his foster-brother and close friend
 * Lóegaire, another warrior
 * Cathbad, the chief druid
 * Fergus mac Róich, another great warrior and king
 * Deirdre of the Sorrows, and Naoise, her brave lover
 * Leabharcham, the wise woman

Conservation and tourism
Until 1985, the site was threatened by the growth of a nearby limestone quarry. Due mostly to the efforts of the activist group Friends of Navan, a public inquiry held that year halted further quarrying, and recommended that Navan be developed for tourism. A visitor centre, featuring artefacts and audio-visual exhibitions, was opened in 1993, but closed in 2001 for lack of funds. It reopened in 2005 after the site was bought by Armagh City and District Council.

Other significant prehistoric sites nearby include Haughey's Fort, an earlier Bronze Age hill fort two-thirds of a mile (1 km) to the west; the King's Stables, a manmade pool also dating to the Bronze Age; and Loughnashade, a natural lake which has yielded Iron Age artefacts.

In popular culture
Eamhain Mhacha is the name of an Irish traditional music group formed in 2008. Irish heavy metal band Waylander also has a song called "Emain Macha" on their 1998 album Reawakening Pride Once Lost.

"Emain Macha" is the name of a place in the computer games Dark Age of Camelot, Mabinogi and The Bard's Tale.

Texts

 * Bricriu's Feast
 * Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Navan Fort


text:
Talk:Whiskers

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 September 2020 and 11 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kayvelasquez23.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:54, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Move
I moved the page vibrissa to vibrissae because it is rare that people would talk about one whisker and rarer still that someone would search on the term vibrissa. Most mammal articles talk about vibrissae so this makes logical sense for people to find. Pschemp 04:10, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Wow
Knowing that cutting off the left side of my cat's whiskers makes it walk lop-sidded and possibly run into things makes me want to do it... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.0.8.148 (talk) 19:44, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

That cat is soo cute.
OMG, I want to pet it! big fat butthloe — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.108.106.181 (talk) 19:06, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

Meow!
That cat is really cute. =^_^=  asshole

Maybe the article should mention that housecats use their whiskers to determine whether they can fit through a crevasse. -- Myria 15:20, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Possibly you mean crevice? Crevasse isn't often used for anything less than a metre wide, so unless you have a particularly obese housecat in mind... Tyrhinis 11:01, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Is that actually true? Do cats really use their whiskers to tell whether they can fit into an opening? Wbrameld 03:12, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Distribution among mammal species
I'd like to see more information in the article about which mammal species have whiskers and which don't. The article says "most mammals," but which ones, and what's the evolutionary history? Do all mammals with whiskers share a common ancestor that had whiskers? Are there mammal lineages that once had whiskers but subsequently lost them? Wbrameld 21:26, 16 December 2006 (UTC) I'd like to second Wbrameld, I think it's important Kalisky (talk) 19:06, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

can humans have whisker(s)?? i mean, i have a friend who happens to have one, so, is that possible?? cyrille 22:58, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Related to this, I suppose. When trying to detect a leak on a high pressure nitrogen gas (or other inert gases) line, it is fairly common practice to use the skin of the cheeks and upper lip to search for the leak by feel, because these areas are very sensitive. I was wondering if this in anyway related to this article's subject matter. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eismanweiss (talk • contribs) 05:02, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

Replaced Cat Pic
I put the picture of the cat and its vibrissae back on because the vibrissae are easily seen. Also, the cat is the most common animal associated with whiskers (in my opinion and in the opinion of the people I know, at least). --Kevin (TALK) 01:03, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Vibrissa useful in localizing odors
Vibrissae are found in many different species and are associated with connections to a significant amount of neural tissue. Something so ubiquitous must have an important function. I would like to suggest that an important function of this sensory organ is to add a directional component to the sense of smell. An animal that relies heavily on the sense of smell will benefit greatly if it can tell from which direction the smell came - in other words which way the wind is blowing. Most vibrissae are located around the nose, ideally located to sense the direction from which an odor arrived. Humans pay little attention to their own olfactory sense and I fear we also overlook the importance of this in other species. GeoOlive 17:53, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Mechanoreceptors??
Why is there nothing on this page about mechanoreceptors? These receptors are what allows vibrissa to function as they do (they are what allows an animal to sense things with its whiskers). More specifically, it is the stretch-activated ion channels of the mechanoreceptors that turn mechanical stimuli (i.e., a touching of the whiskers) into nerve impulses. This is hugely important to this article, as without the above mentioned functions, vibrissa would not be at all useful. Fuzzform 02:59, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Removed picture
The above picture was removed from the article for aesthetic reasons. I've left it here so that if the article is expanded a great deal in the future, this picture can be replaced on the article. Thanks, Spawn Man 05:10, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Dark spots
I notice that cat vibrissa dent to have dark, spot-like patches of hair color at the base. Is there a biological reason for this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.92.27.198 (talk) 15:43, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Cutting off any side of a cat's whiskers always causes them to cut left corners too quickly ...
"For example, cutting off the vibrissae on one side of a housecat's face will cause it to cut left corners too quickly and walk in a lopsided manner until the vibrissae grow back."

--Surely the editor meant to say that cutting of the cibrissae on one side of a housecat's face will cause it to cut that same side's corners too quickly. -- or is it always the left side? 41.208.50.160 (talk) 16:16, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Article name
I understand that this is the scientific name, but shouldn't the most common name be used ie whiskers.Wapondaponda (talk) 22:01, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Requested move
Someone has already moved it. Anthony Appleyard (talk) Vibrissa → Whiskers — (no reason given) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.167.70.132 (talk) 02:34, 14 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Support. Common name. The target page already redirects here. Jafeluv (talk) 04:03, 14 June 2009 (UTC)
 * If anything it would have to be Whisker, as whiskers is plural. 199.125.109.126 (talk) 04:10, 14 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Strong support for either Whisker or Whiskers: the singular is less often used (search each word on Google) and common names are preferred, but singular names are also preferred. Never even heard of Vibrissa until a Jeopardy! episode I saw a few days ago. --an odd name 20:41, 19 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Support. I agree whiskers is the common name. Kobolola (talk) 19:14, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

House mice can detect air movements with their whiskers?
Maybe there should be a qualifier there - strong enough air movement and detecting it isn't exactly a problem. 62.106.48.217 (talk) 01:55, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Perhaps that's why someone said it could use a citation? It's not exactly an outlandish claim (if I can feel a light breeze with the hairs on my arm, I'm pretty sure a mouse could feel it with his whiskers), but a source probably would have more information on how small those air movements could be. Chaos386 (talk) 01:20, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

Whisker replacement
Article should state: Is there any difference between the replacement of whiskers vs. the replacement of ordinary hair via the hair follicle? Comet Tuttle (talk) 17:27, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

Seal's Whiskers
I just found this article on Science Now. The web article links to an article published in the Journal of Experimental Biology. I recommend someone (more industrious than myself) incorporate this very interesting, useful information into this article. 70.65.244.239 (talk) 18:13, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

Some expansion
Hi. I've added some additional material 29 Oct 2011, and provided references for most of the material that was already there. I've removed some stuff about the functional role of blood sinuses because I was unable to substantiate it. I'll add back some related material that I can find references for shortly. More work to do; I'll try and address some of the points above, at least. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Benmitch (talk • contribs) 12:23, 29 October 2011 (UTC)

Genetics
I've removed this point from the page because it seems to me to be likely to be of interest to only a small number of readers, and probably therefore belongs elsewhere. It's stored here for reference.

These are not true whiskers (humans lost function in an enhancer of the androgen receptor gene that controls the growth of whiskers about 700,000 years ago.

Nerves or no nerves?
The anatomy section is confusing, if not contradictory. It says:

Vibrissae are usually thicker and stiffer than other types of hair[12] but, like other hairs, consist of inert material and contain no nerves.[12]

Then it is said:

However, vibrissae are different from other hairs because they are implanted in a special hair follicle incorporating a capsule of blood called a blood sinus and heavily innervated by sensory nerves.[13][14]

Which is it? Nerves or no nerves?

ANSWER: I think this is clear in the text. The "vibrissae ... contain no nerves". However, they are "implanted in a special hair follicle ... heavily innervated by sensory nerves". It is the follicle that is served by nerves - the vibrissae, which grow from the follicle, contain none. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Benmitch (talk • contribs) 23:31, 1 September 2013 (UTC)

Proposed move or rename
When most of us (including myself) talk about "whiskers" on non-human animals, we are almost always referring to vibrissae near the mouth. But, vibrissae can be found all over the body. Cats have vibrissae on their carpals and manatees all over their bodies, but these would rarely be called "whiskers". This interpretation that whiskers are locality-specific vibrissae is supported by several on-line dictionaries.

Websters- One of the long, projecting hairs growing at the sides of the mouth of a cat, or other animal.

merriam-webster- a hair that grows on a man's face any one of the long, stiff hairs that grow near the mouth of some animals a very small distance or amount

Babylon English Dictionary- beard, facial hair one hair of the mustache or beard; one facial hair; long facial bristles near the mouth of an animal (i.e. cat, mouse, etc.)

This Whiskers article indicates the terms "whiskers" and "vibrissae" can be used interchangeably (which has been causing problems on Pinniped recently). This is incorrect, or at best misleading. Whiskers are a sub-set of vibrissae. I propose Whiskers be moved or re-named as Vibrissae with a mention/sub-section that when these are found around the mouth, they are sometimes known as "whiskers".__DrChrissy (talk) 20:53, 27 September 2013 (UTC)

[RESPONSE] This article was originally named "vibrissae", and was renamed to "whiskers" because "whiskers is the common name" (see above). You're right, they're not synonymous, but at the time the article was at an early stage of development so perhaps it made sense back then. In any case, either it's a page about whiskers, in which case it should include material about non-mammalian whiskers or whisker-like appendages, or it's about vibrissae, in which case it should include carpal vibrissae etc. but not non-mammalian non-vibrissal whiskers. Historically, it's a page about vibrissae - that was the focus before the non-mammalian section was added. I therefore would suggest that it _is_ renamed to "vibrissae", and that the non-mammalian material is moved perhaps to a separate page called "whiskers" or perhaps to a page that gives a general overview of tactile sensing in animals. I'd support this approach over trying to make this page about "whiskers" because I can't think of how to present the information about vibrissae in general other than on a page called "vibrissae" - thus, if it doesn't exist after this article is renamed, we'd have to invent it anyway ;). That is - if we're to be strict about definitions, as you suggest, we're going to need two pages, one for whiskers and one for vibrissae, presumably fairly well inter-connected. Benmitch (talk) 16:18, 15 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this. Am I correct in thinking you want to distinguish mammalian from non-mammalian structures because in mammals it is a hair, rather than a feather or fish-part?  If we are describing according to function, the non-mammalian stuff could be described under a sub-heading e.g. "Similar structures".__DrChrissy (talk) 17:56, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

Yeah, you are right, but I think the tricky bit is the point you make about the everyday usage of "whiskers" not being a synonym for the scientific usage of "vibrissae". There is a very large scientific literature focusing specifically on vibrissae, and this is where much of the material in the current article is sourced. This literature is built on data collected in rats, mice, shrews, and a handful of other morphologically-similar small land mammals, plus some marine mammals (seals and manatees, at least). I agree that the non-mammalian structures should be presented alongside - I am aware, at least, of studies of functionally related but anatomically distinct structures also in crustaceans (e.g. lobster Antenna_(biology)), insects (e.g. cockroaches), and the Star-nosed_mole, to go with the examples you added, all of which have significant (though far smaller) associated literatures. There are doubtless other examples. Workers in this area tend to use the term "whiskers" as a synonym for vibrissae, regardless of location, in contrast to its everyday usage (as you point out), which is perhaps where the confusion has arisen. I also recognise the strength of the argument for the page to be called "Whiskers", since this is where people will expect to find it. Therefore, I think it makes sense to leave the page title as is: "Whiskers". I would then suggest we can address the confusion through a rework so that the article begins by discussing the facial whiskers in detail and goes on to discuss the broader arrangement of non-facial vibrissae with distinct functional roles. This should work just fine, because very much less is known about the non-facial whiskers, so there won't be much material in that section beyond the anatomical groups. Finally, a section with the non-mammalian whisker analogues, linking out to more detailed pages where available. The end result would then read intuitively for both scientists and laypersons. This should amount only to a re-ordering of text already there, and I'm happy to do this. What do you think? Benmitch (talk) 01:54, 21 December 2013 (UTC)

Images
The images at the end of the article appear rather jumbled and not aesthetically pleasing, at least in my Chrome browser at 100% zoom. I assume someone could fix this pretty easily. Machdelu (talk) 21:55, 2 March 2014 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Whisking in animals which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 03:48, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Please ignore the page move proposal above, what this requires is a merger. I'd like to propose that Whisking in animals be merged here into Whiskers, given that only animals have whiskers and the information therefore should all be in one place. A loose necktie (talk) 04:38, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * A loose necktie, is most of the material in the Whisking article already in here? If so it may make sense to do as you propose and merge the remaining information into the Operation section of this page.--Yaksar (let's chat) 14:41, 21 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I see no opposition to the idea, am going to go ahead and merge now. Thanks! A loose necktie (talk) 07:26, 22 September 2020 (UTC)

Readability
I'm doing some readability edits. Does any know a better way to say "well-innervated" as in the first sentence of this section: Vibrissae are anatomically characterised by their long length, large and well-innervated hair follicle, and by having an identifiable representation in the somatosensory cortex of the brain. Pyrrho the Skeptic (talk) 22:30, 23 July 2021 (UTC)

Rictal Bristles in Birds
"Bird Whiskers" are specialized feathers called Rictal Bristles around the Beak that serve the same function as whiskers in some birds. 207.112.55.242 (talk) 13:46, 20 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Yup, and it's in the article right here. Pyrrho the Skipper (talk) 15:52, 20 May 2022 (UTC)

Human Eyebrows
Do human eyebrows function as Vibrissae? Also, could they work differently based on how they are groomed? Kaleb.G (talk) 07:13, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whiskers


text: Category:1501 births

title: Category:1501 births


text:
Omnium Gatherum

Omnium Gatherum is a six-piece melodic death metal band from Finland, founded in the autumn of 1996. Although the band mainly follows the path of the melodic death metal genre, much of their work shows strong influences from progressive metal, especially their later albums. Their music is influenced by Gothenburg-style bands such as At the Gates, In Flames, Dissection, Dark Tranquillity, but also Iron Maiden, Death, Anathema and Megadeth among others.

History
After releasing four demos, and an EP they recorded after getting signed to Rage of Achilles, their debut full-length album "Spirits And August Light" was released in April 2003 via Rage Of Achilles and gave the band some attention within the underground metal community and the press.

Next, the band signed to the major metal label Nuclear Blast in the autumn of 2004 to release the second album "Years In Waste". This album was more technical and progressive than their earlier releases.

In spring 2006, long-time singer Antti Filppu was replaced by Jukka Pelkonen aka J.

"Stuck Here On Snakes Way" was the debut OG album featuring J on vocals and it was released in April 2007 after a successful UK tour and a signing to Candlelight Records. The band followed the album with tours alongside Dark Tranquillity, Caliban and Entombed, as well as a large amount of Finnish headlining gigs and attained the No. 31 position in the Finnish national album chart.

Omnium Gatherum's fourth album "The Redshift" was recorded at Sound Supreme and SouthEastSounds Studios during the spring days of 2008 and it was mixed and mastered at Unisound Studio in Sweden by the renowned metal musician and producer, Dan Swanö, who stated of the album: "I hate bands like Omnium Gatherum, they are so good it pisses me off!!! Their fine blend of melody and aggression is so good I actually thought about stealing the record and releasing it as my own :) You won´t find a better album in years." Their 2008 album The Redshift had generally positive reviews, inked band to do long European tours with Nile/Grave in 2008 and Swallow The Sun/Insomnium in 2009 and even charting in Finnish official album chart to position No. 24.

In the summer of 2008 bassist Eerik Purdon announced that he will be leaving Omnium Gatherum, and In 2009 Toni Mäki Officially joined Omnium Gatherum as their new bassist.

In August 2010, Omnium Gatherum announced that they had signed a deal with Lifeforce Records for their next release, and that their longtime rhythm guitarist Harri Pikka had left the band. Their official statement read "We're really sorry to announce also that Harri Pikka has silently decided to flee the OG crew after 13 years of solid service. We don't know his exact reasons for this but maybe someday mr. Mystery Man tells us… :) At the moment we've decided to finish the new album as a 5-piece unit, but we have the best possible live guitar unit called Joonas Koto (Malpractice / Ex-To/Die/For / Ex-Hateframe) filling the second guitar live duties at the moment and it rocks!"  Omnium Gatherum entered the studio to record their fifth studio album for an early 2011 release.  Lead guitarist Markus Vanhala handled all guitar parts for the recording. Mixing and mastering were handled by Dan Swano.

Their fifth album, "New World Shadows", was released in Germany, Austria and Switzerland on February 4. 2011, in Finland, Sweden and Hungary on February 9, the rest of Europe on February 7, and North America on March 1. "New World Shadows" topped the Finnish album charts and was on the 5th position on official national album chart and was on the 1st position in Finnish Rumba indie chart! The album was the band's first to be released via Lifeforce Records. It was recorded during the period August 2010 - October 2010. After the album release, Omnium Gatherum toured Europe with Rotting Christ in April/May 2011.

New World Shadows was critically acclaimed, and is considered to be one of the best melodic death metal albums in Finnish metal. It is renowned for the mixture of harmonizing melodies along with typical death/heavy metal guitars and drumming. The vocal styles vary from deep death growls to clean vocals. The sound of the album is epic and progressive.

On June 17 it was announced that Joonas "Jope" Koto had joined Omnium Gatherum as their new full-time second guitarist, replacing Harri Pikka.

On July 10, 2015, the band announced that they had almost finished the recordings for a new album. The album, "Grey Heavens", was released in 2016.

In 2021, Omnium Gatherum released their ninth studio album "Origin" and announced a North American tour, supported by Allegaeon and Black Crown Initiate.

Current members

 * Markus Vanhala – lead guitar (1996–present)
 * Aapo Koivisto – keyboards, backing vocals (2005–present)
 * Jukka Pelkonen – lead vocals (2006–present)
 * Mikko Kivistö – bass (2020–present)
 * Atte Pesonen	– drums (2021–present)
 * Nick Cordle – rhythm guitar (2022–present)

Former members

 * Olli Lappalainen – lead vocals (1996–2000), rhythm guitar (1996–1997)
 * Ville Salonen - drums (1996–1999)
 * Mikko Nykänen – keyboards (1996–1999)
 * Olli Mikkonen – bass (1996–1997)
 * Harri Pikka – rhythm guitar (1997–2010)
 * Jari Kuusisto – bass (1997–1998)
 * Janne Markkanen – bass (1998–2007)
 * Jarmo Pikka – drums (1999–2016)
 * Tomi Pekkola – keyboards (1999–2001)
 * Antti Filppu – lead vocals (2000–2006)
 * Mikko Pennanen – keyboards (2001–2003)
 * Jukka Perälä – keyboards (2003–2005)
 * Eerik Purdon – bass (2007–2008)
 * Toni "Tsygä" Mäki – bass (2009–2012)
 * Joonas "Jope" Koto – rhythm guitar, backing and clean vocals (2010–2020)
 * Erkki Silvennoinen – bass (2012–2019)
 * Tuomo Latvala – drums (2016–2021)
 * Pyry Hanski – bass (2019–2020)

Discography

 * Steal the Light (EP) (2002)
 * Spirits and August Light (2003)
 * Years in Waste (2004)
 * Stuck Here on Snakes Way (2007)
 * The Redshift (2008)
 * New World Shadows (2011)
 * Beyond (2013)
 * Grey Heavens (2016)
 * The Burning Cold (2018)
 * Origin (2021)
 * Slasher (EP) (2023)

title: Omnium Gatherum


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title: User talk:Max1234~enwiki


text:
Suniel Shetty

Suniel Shetty (born Sunil V. Shetty; 11 August 1961) is an Indian actor, film producer, television personality and entrepreneur who is predominantly active in Hindi films. In a career spanning almost 30 years, he has acted in over 100 films.

He is the owner of the production house Popcorn Entertainment Private Limited. He has produced a number of films including Khel – No Ordinary Game (2003), Rakht (2004) and Bhagam Bhag (2006) and Commando 4 (2025) and Sikandar (2025), under the banner of Popcorn Motion Pictures.

Early life
Suniel Shetty was born in a Tulu speaking Bunt family on 11 August 1961 in Mulki, Mangalore.

Career
He made his debut in Hindi films in 1992 at the age of 31 with Balwaan, opposite Divya Bharti.

He was one of the highest paid Bollywood actors in the 1990s. He was involved primarily in action films throughout the 1990s, playing the male protagonist in most of the movies he acted in during the decade. From early 2000, he appeared mainly in multi-starrers in across genres.

He also starred opposite Isha Koppikar in Arjun Rampal's debut movie Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat (2001). In 2014, he changed the spelling of his name from Sunil to Suniel for numerological reasons.

He even played negative roles in movies, including Anth (1994) and Mohra (1994) and Shastra (1996) and Qahar (1997) and Dhadkan (2000), Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani (2002), Karz: The Burden of Truth (2002), Khel – No Ordinary Game (2003), Baaz: A Bird in Danger (2003), Main Hoon Na (2004), Aan: Men at Work (2004), Rudraksh (2004), Cash, No Problem (2010), Enemmy (2013), and A Gentleman (2017) and Sky Force (2024) and Welcome to the Jungle (2024) and Commando 4 (2025) and ''Sikandar (2025).

In 2005, on the eve of the former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi's 61st birth anniversary, the Mumbai Pradesh Youth Congress honoured Shetty with the Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award.

Shetty won the Filmfare Award for Best Villain in 2001 for Dhadkan. In 2009, Shetty bagged South Asian International Film Festival's Best Actor Award for his role in Naxalites based Indian movie Red Alert.

The actor has entrepreneurial ventures as well. He produced films such as Khel – No Ordinary Game, Rakht and Bhagam Bhag under the banner of Popcorn Motion Pictures.

Along with Mukesh Chhabra, he has also started an online casting company, F...the Couch (FTC). FTC is a digital platform that discovers new talent in Bollywood provides a platform to new artists to make a place for themselves in Bollywood. Apart from being part of this project, Shetty has also been actively involved in realty and restaurant business.

Shetty also acted in Tamil films, he made his debut in tamil films by 12B (2001) and after 18 years he appeared in his second Tamil film Darbar with Rajinikanth in 2020.

In 2021, Shetty appeared in the Sanjay Gupta's gangster drama film Mumbai Saga. He was last seen in film in Kiran Korrapati directed Ghani (2020).

In 2023, Shetty portrayed ACP Vikram Chauhan in Hunter Tootega Nahi Todega, an action thriller web series that follows his character's journey into the dark alleys of Mumbai's crime world.

Fittr
In 2019, Shetty invested an undisclosed amount in a Pune-based online health and fitness start up Fittr. Its founder Jitendra Chouksey launched Fittr in January 2016 as a community on Facebook to address the challenges in the fitness industry. Fittr now claims of over 100,000 fitness transformations, and a highly engaged community of 550,000 members. The platform's mobile app has been downloaded more than 500,000 times since September 2018.

Television
Shetty has appeared as a host for India's leading fitness reality shows Biggest Loser Jeetega on Sahara One. and India's Asli Champion Hai dam? on &TV.

Restaurant
The actor owns Mischief Dining Bar and Club H2O, in Mumbai. Both the places are running successfully. He co-owns the water adventure park attached to cafe H2O. He closed down Mischief Bar in 2010, and instead opened a new restaurant called Little Italy. The restaurant was first owned by his father when it was an Udupi restaurant, Suniel then changed the restaurant into a bar, and then back into a restaurant with the different name with his father's blessings.

Celebrity Cricket League
Suniel Shetty is captain of the Mumbai Heroes cricket team in the Celebrity Cricket League. He is also the co-founder of Ferit Cricket Bash that was launched in December 2018.

Hiru Golden Film Awards
Suniel Shetty was participant in the Hiru Golden Film Awards 2014 and 2016 in Sri Lanka as a special guest.

R House
He started his luxury furniture and home lifestyle store in Mumbai, Worli in 2013 with his wife Mana.

Brand ambassador
Shetty is the brand ambassador of HYPE Luxury, a luxury mobility platform that offers luxury cars, yachts, and private jets for rent.

Personal life
Since 1991 he is married to Mana Shetty (née Monisha Kadri), a businesswoman, designer and social activist born to a Gujarati Muslim architect and a Punjabi Hindu social activist. They have two children, a daughter Athiya Shetty and a son Ahan Shetty.

Both Athiya and Ahan have made their acting debuts respectively, Athiya in the film Hero (2015) and Ahan in Sajid Nadiadwala's film Tadap (2021), the Hindi remake of Telugu film RX 100. Mana runs an NGO for under-privileged kids. Athiya married Indian cricketer KL Rahul on 23 January 2023.

Shetty has a black belt in kickboxing. He owns clothing boutiques as well as restaurants specialising in Udupi cuisine.

Accolades

 * Winner

 * 2001: Filmfare Award for Best Villain for Dhadkan
 * 2001: Zee Cine Award for Best Supporting Actor for Dhadkan
 * 2005: GIFA Award for Best Villain for Main Hoon Na
 * 2011: Stardust Award for Best Actor (Critics) for Red Alert: The War Within

 * Nominated

 * 1995: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for Dilwale
 * 1998: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for Border
 * 1998: Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor for Border
 * 2001: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for Refugee
 * 2001: IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor for Refugee
 * 2001: IIFA Award for Best Villain for Dhadkan
 * 2004: IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor for Qayamat: City Under Threat
 * 2005: Filmfare Award for Best Villain for Main Hoon Na
 * 2005: IIFA Award for Best Villain for Main Hoon Na
 * 2021: SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Tamil for Darbar

title: Suniel Shetty


text:
User talk:Ccord

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

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Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 04:24, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ccord


text:
User talk:0101CHEUNGhy

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 04:24, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:0101CHEUNGhy


text:
Candlepower

Candlepower (abbreviated as cp or CP) is a unit of measurement for luminous intensity. It expresses levels of light intensity relative to the light emitted by a candle of specific size and constituents. The historical candlepower is equal to 0.981 candelas. In modern usage, candlepower is sometimes used as a synonym for candla.

History
The term candlepower was originally defined in the United Kingdom, by the Metropolitan Gas Act 1860, as the light produced by a pure spermaceti candle that weighs 1/6 lb and burns at a rate of 120 gr/h. Spermaceti is a material from the heads of sperm whales, and was once used to make high-quality candles.

At the time the UK established candlepower as a unit, the French standard of light was based on the illumination from a Carcel burner. They defined the unit was that illumination that emanates from a lamp burning pure colza oil (obtained from the seed of the plant Brassica campestris) at a defined rate. Ten standard candles equaled about one Carcel burner.

In 1909, several agencies met to establish an international standard. It was attended by representatives of the Laboratoire Central de l’Electricité (France), the National Physical Laboratory (UK), the Bureau of Standards (United States), and the Physikalische Technische Reichsanstalt (Germany). The majority redefined the candle in term of an electric lamp with a carbon filament. The Germans, however, dissented and decided to use a definition equal to 9/10 of the output of a Hefner lamp.

In 1921, the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (International Commission for Illumination, commonly referred to as the CIE) redefined the international candle again in terms of a carbon filament incandescent lamp.

In 1937, the international candle was redefined again—against the luminous intensity of a blackbody at the freezing point of liquid platinum which was to be 58.9 international candles per square centimetre.

In 1948, the international unit (SI) candela replaced candlepower. One candlepower unit is about 0.981 candela. In general modern use, a candlepower now equates directly (1:1) to the number of candelas —an implicit increase from its old value.

Calibration of lamps
To measure the candlepower of a lamp, a person judged by eye the relative brightness of adjacent surfaces—one illuminated only by a standard lamp (or candle) and the other only by the lamp under test. They adjusted the distance of one of the lamps until the two surfaces appeared to be of equal brightness. Then they calculated the candlepower of the lamp under test from the two distances and the inverse square law.

Modern use
"Candlepower" is largely an obsolete term. However, people still sometimes use it to describe the luminous intensity of high powered flashlights and spotlights. Narrow-beamed lights of all sorts can have very high candlepower specifications, because candlepower measures the intensity of the light on a target, rather than the total amount of light it emits. A given lamp has a higher candlepower rating if its light is more tightly focused.

Candlepower is still used today in law. For example, it is presently used in the California Vehicle Code to define the legal requirements for headlamps and other lamps, including accessory lamps.

Only a few artificial light sources, such as military photoflash bombs, have the very high candlepower ratings characteristic of narrow-beamed spotlights but, simultaneously, a wide unfocused distribution of light.

title: Candlepower