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User:CGorman~enwiki/Contributions

This page contains an almost complete list of the pages i've worked on or am working on. I keep this list, so I can have quick and easy access to past works.

Favorites
I've worked on many many many articles, but there are some I've worked on that I just like more than the others - these include (Featurerd articles are in bold):

Architecture of Ireland, Bristol International Airport - Celtic Tiger - Economy of Asia - Economy of the Republic of Ireland - List of towns in the Republic of Ireland - Junior Certificate - Mullingar - Ryanair - Supermacs

Business

 * Companies: ACCBank - Aer Arann - Aer Lingus - Airtricity - Allied Irish Banks - Anglo Irish Bank - An Post - Baltimore Technologies - Bank of Ireland - Barrys - Bewley's - Bord na Móna - Bristol International Airport - Buy4Now - C&C - CityJet - Clerys - CRH plc - Chorus Communications - DCC Plc - Digicel - Eason & Son - eBay - Eircom - Elán - Esat BT - Glanbia - Greencore - Guineys - House of Ireland - Independent News & Media - Intel Ireland - Irish Continental - Irish Life and Permanent - Kerry Group - Luas - Meteor (mobile) - National Irish Bank - O2 Ireland - O'Briens Irish Sandwich Bars - Paddy Power - Penneys - PepsiCo, Inc. - RTE - Ryanair - Statoil - Superquinn - Supermacs - Tesco Ireland - The Irish Times - Today FM - TV3 Ireland - Ulster Bank - Ulster Television - Warner Chilcott - Vodafone Ireland
 * People: Denis O'Brien - Donnie Cassidy - Michael O'Leary - Pat McDonagh - Sean Quinn - Tony Ryan
 * Magazines: Business Plus
 * Economy of...: Asia - Austria - Belgium - France - Germany - Iceland - Ireland - United Kingdom - United States
 * General: Celtic Tiger - Irish Financial Services Centre - Lemass Era

Education

 * Exams: Junior Certificate
 * Courses/Programs: Gaisce

Geography

 * Places: Abbeyfeale - Abbeyleix - Ardee - Ardmore - Athlone - Ashbourne - Askeaton - Ballinakill - Ballinamore - Ballon - Ballybunion - Ballydehob - Ballymahon - Ballymote - Ballyshannon - Banagher - Bantry - Blanchardstown - Boyle - Bundoran - Cahersiveen - Carlow - Carndonagh - Carrickmacross - Carrigallen - Cavan Town - Clifden - County Carlow - County Laois - County Longford - County Sligo - County Waterford - County Westmeath - Delvin - Donegal - Dunfanaghy - Dunmore East - Durrow - Edgeworthstown - Emo - Ferns - Glenties - Granard - Graiguenamanagh - Inishcrone - Ireland - Julianstown - Kilbeggan - Killucan - Killybegs - Kingscourt - Kilkee - Kilrush - Kilmallock - Lismore - Manorhamilton - Macgillycuddy's Reeks - Mullingar - Newcastle West - Newbridge - Newport - Oldcastle - Oughterard - Portarlington - Rathkeale - Rochfordbridge - Stradbally - Strokestown - Tullamore - Tullow - Tyrrellspass - Virginia
 * Physical Features: Carrauntuohill - River Shannon
 * General: Architecture of Ireland - Communications in Grenada - Communications in Ireland - Communications in Mauritius - Demographics of Iceland - Demographics of the Republic of Ireland - Geography of the Republic of Ireland - Irish Defence Forces - Transportation in Ireland

Lists

 * Irish lists: List of Ireland-related topics - List of Irish companies - List of Irish people - List of Irish newspapers - List of The Late Late Show guests - List of towns in the Republic of Ireland
 * Other lists: List of Jamaican companies - List of Swimmers

Literature

 * Writers: Siobhan Creaton
 * Books/Novels: A Tale of Two Cities

Sport

 * People: Andy Lee - Alistair Ian Cragg - Cian O'Connor - Paul Darragh - Paidi O'Se - Sean Boylan
 * Events: Community Games - European LC Championships - European SC Championships - Ireland at the 2004 Summer Olympics
 * Organisations: Ligue Européenne de Natation - Swim Ireland
 * Stadia: National Aquatics Center
 * General:' Sport in Ireland

Films/Television/Music

 * Albums: So Much for the City - Thin Lizzy Greatest Hits - Let's Bottle Bohemia
 * Artists: The Thrills - Conor Deasy
 * Films: Intermission (movie)
 * TV Programmes: Buried Alive - Prime Time
 * General: TV3 Ireland - TG4

Other

 * 2005 in Ireland - Donations for victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake - Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

Images

 * Screenshots: Gamefaqs homepage - Ryanair's website
 * Logos: ACCBank - Aer Arann - AIB - Airtricity - Arnotts - Anglo Irish Bank - Baltimore Technologies - Bank of Scotland (Ireland) - Barry's Tea - Bord ná Mona Bus Eireann - Buy4Now - C&C - CityJet - Cleary's - Dublin Bus - Eircom - Elan - Esat - ESB - Irish Ferries - IL&P Glambia - ISC - Kerry Group - Luas - National Development Plan - Northern Irish Electricity - Pappy Power - Meteor - Musgrave - Ryanair - Supermacs - Tesco Ireland - TG4 - TV3's - Ulster Bank
 * Charts: Irish tax comparision chart - Irish GDP/Debt Ratio Chart
 * Drawings: Celtic tiger cartoon
 * Photos: Business Plus - Fortune magazine - Kettle - Mullingar - Mullingar 2 - Royal Canal - Lough Ennell - Irish Road Sign - Statoil garage - Irish Independent

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Wincanton

Wincanton ( or ) is a town and electoral ward in South Somerset, southwest England. The town lies off the A303 road, a main route between London and South West England, and has some light industry. In the 2021 census the civil parish had a population of 6,568.

Etymology
The name of Wincanton is first attested in 1084, in the forms Wincainietone and Wincautone. In the Domesday Book of 1086, the name is spelled Wincaleton. The town's name comes from the name of the River Cale, which runs through the town and was in Old English called Wincawel, combined with the Old English word tūn, "estate, settlement". It thus once meant "estate on the River Cale".

The origin of the name of the River Cale itself is less clear. It is first attested in a fourteenth-century copy of a charter from 956, where it appears in the forms Cawel and Wricawel, the latter of which is agreed to be a scribal error for *Wincawel. The leading suggestion for the origin of this name is that cawel is the Brittonic word, meaning "basket", found in Cornish as cawal and Welsh as cawell (borrowed from the Latin word *cavellum 'basket'). If so, the baskets were perhaps fish-traps, and the river was named for their use in it. The win- element is the Brittonic word meaning "white", and was not necessarily used literally: different arms of the same river were regularly distinguished by being labelled "white" and "black" (as in the rivers Whiteadder and Blackadder).

History
Windmill Hill was the site of a Bronze Age Beaker culture burial, and contemporary artefacts have been found on the Selwood Ridge.

Prior to the Norman Conquest Wincanton was frequently the scene of battles between the Britons, Danes and Saxons. During the reign of Edmund Ironside, the English, under his command, defeated the Danes, forcing them to leave England.

Cockroad Wood Castle, which is now in the parish of Charlton Musgrove, was a motte and bailey castle, probably built after the Norman conquest of England of 1066. The castle sits close to the contemporary Norman castles of Ballands and Castle Orchard, and may have been built as part of a system of fortifications to control the surrounding area. By 1086 the surrounding land was held by Walter of Douai, although no documentary evidence of the castle remains.

The parish of Wincanton was part of the Norton Ferris Hundred.

Wincanton was probably the site of a market in the medieval period but did not gain a market and fair charter until 1556.

The town was the scene of one of the few armed skirmishes in England during the Revolution of 1688. In the Wincanton Skirmish a troop of Horse Guards under Patrick Sarsfield, loyal to James II, defeated an advance party of troops fighting for William of Orange, on 20 November 1688. A great part of the town was destroyed by fires in the years 1707 and 1747.

In the early 19th century Wincanton was a depot for French officers, during the Napoleonic Wars.

By 2010 there had been an influx of foreign nationals, especially Portuguese and Polish citizens.

Governance
Wincanton is within the area of Somerset County Council and the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, with its own town council. The town council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The town council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic; their role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The South Somerset district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism. Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, the library, roads, public transport, trading standards and waste disposal.

It is part of Glastonbury and Somerton, a constituency of the House of Commons. The current member of parliament is the Liberal Democrats politician Sarah Dyke. Prior to Brexit in 2020, residents of Wincanton also formed part of the electorate for the South West England constituency for elections to the European Parliament.

Community services
Wincanton Community Hospital in Dancing Lane was formerly known as Verrington Hospital and in March 2015 had 28 beds on two wards plus intermediate care unit. It opened as an Isolation Hospital in September 1910 for patients with scarlet fever.

The Balsam Centre is a Healthy Living Centre and also a Children's Centre for Wincanton and South East Somerset.

The (War) Memorial Hall, which opened on 9 January 1959, has a stage as well as facilities for dancing or for seating 250. It also has a separate committee room that can seat 50.

Fire, police and ambulance services are provided jointly with other authorities through the Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service, Avon and Somerset Constabulary and the South Western Ambulance Service.

Geography
Wincanton is situated on the northeast edge of Blackmore Vale, 12 mi northeast of Yeovil, and 10 mi northwest of Shaftesbury on the extreme southeast of Somerset close to the borders of Dorset and Wiltshire.

Climate
Along with the rest of South West England, Wincanton has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country. The annual mean temperature is about 10 °C; due to the modifying effect of the sea the range is less than in most other parts of the UK. January is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between 1 °C and 2 °C. July and August are the warmest months in the region with mean daily maxima around 21 °C.

Convective cloud often forms inland however, especially near hills, reducing the number of hours of sunshine. The average annual sunshine totals around 1,600 hours.

Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the southwest is from this source. Average rainfall is about 725 mm. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the southwest.

Economy
In the late 1890s the West Surrey Central Dairy Company purchased a local creamery. In 1908, after developing a dried milk baby powder, it changed its name to Cow & Gate. The creamery and dairy products factory had its own sidings from the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway station, providing access for milk trains.

In order to cope with the transport problems across its quickly expanding creamery, milk bottling and doorstep delivery network, Cow & Gate formed a dedicated logistics arm in 1920. Spun out in 2002 from successor company Unigate, Wincanton plc is now a major logistics company. The company still has a dairy products base in the town, although its head office function moved to Chippenham, Wiltshire in 2005.

In 1999, Unigate sold its remaining dairies to Dairy Crest, which still has a creamery and milk processing plant in the town, but has sold the cheese business to Adams Foods Ltd, producer of the Pilgrim's Choice brand of Cheddar cheese.

Several businesses are located in Wincanton, such as Coffee Sense Coffee Roasters who won a Guild of Fine Food Great Taste Award Winner in 2017 and Boxclever Press Ltd who gained Royal recognition in 2019 when they were awarded a Queen's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category

Landmarks
The Dogs (also called The Old House) was built around 1650, and was reshaped internally by Nathaniel Ireson in 1740–50. It is a grade I listed building.

Wincanton Town Hall, the third on its site, was completed in 1878.

Transport
The town had a railway station on the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway but this closed on 7 March 1966.

The town is north of the A303 road, one of the main routes between London and South West England.

The nearest railway stations are in neighbouring Templecombe railway station on the Exeter to Waterloo line, and Castle Cary railway station on the Reading to Taunton and Heart of Wessex lines.

The town is served twice daily by Berrys Coaches 'Superfast' service to and from London.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC West and ITV West Country. Television signals are received from the Mendip TV transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Somerset on 95.5 FM, Heart West on 102.6 FM, Greatest Hits Radio South West (formerly The Breeze) on 106.6 FM, Abbey104 on 104.7 FM and Radio Ninesprings, a community based station which broadcast to the town on 104.5 FM.

The town is served by the local newspaper, Western Gazette which publishes Thursdays.

Education
Primary education up to the age of 11 is offered by Wincanton Primary School and Our Lady of Mount Carmel Catholic Primary School. The history of Wincanton Primary began in 1833 when an appeal was launched to provide a National school in Wincanton and after a number of difficulties the school was built in North Street in 1838, although this had very few pupils. A school board was formed in 1871 and opened a school in the former National school buildings with over 200 pupils. In 1875 there were 206 children attending. In 1894 the board raised money for a new school to accommodate 445 children, which opened in South Street in 1897.

Wincanton has one secondary school, King Arthur's School, which is Somerset's first specialist Sports College.

The Balsam Centre is a Healthy Living Centre and also a Children's Centre. Since 2005 it has received grants for the re-fitting of the training kitchen and construction and refurbishment to create a dedicated teaching area, counselling and interview rooms and a studio space for physical and community activities.

Religious sites
The Church of St Peter and St Paul was almost totally rebuilt in 1887-91 by J. D. Sedding; however, parts of the tower may be remnants of an earlier church, dating from 1313, on the same site. In 1793 the tower was raised by 12 ft making it 50 ft high; five bells were cast and a sixth added. The additional carving and north porch were added in subsequent years. The churchyard includes a self-designed monument to the local architect Nathaniel Ireson who died in 1796. Because of the state of the roofs, which are under repair, the church is included on the Heritage at Risk Register.

The Roman Catholic Church and Presbytery of St Luke and St Teresa was built in 1881 by the priest/architect A.J.C Scoles.

There are also places of worship for Pentecostals, Methodists, Baptists and Quakers in the town.

Culture
Wincanton Museum is a small local museum in the High Street which closed in 2010. You can now visit some of the items which were in the museum in the library which is situated in Carrington Way.

Notable people
The cartoonist Tony Weare was born in Wincanton.

Sports
The town gives its name to Wincanton Racecourse which is in the neighbouring parish of Charlton Musgrove.

Wincanton has a Non-League football club Wincanton Town F.C. who play at the Wincanton Sports Ground on Moor Lane. The Sports Ground in Moor Lane also provides facilities for tennis and bowls.

Wincanton Sports Centre was opened in 2001, funded by a National Lottery grant.

The cricket club, which plays in the recreation ground, has two Saturday teams and a Sunday team.

The rugby union club plays at King Arthur's Community School in the town. In 2010 they won the Dorset & Wilts division of the English Rugby Union South West Division.

Twinning & relation to Discworld
Wincanton is unusual in that it was twinned in 2002 with a town which can only be found in fiction. As well as with Gennes / Les Rosiers in France and Lahnau in Germany, Wincanton is twinned with Ankh-Morpork, a fictional city state near the Circle Sea on Terry Pratchett's Discworld. On 5 April 2009, a number of roads on a new housing development were given names taken from Ankh-Morpork, such as Peach Pie Street and Treacle Mine Road, after a short-list was voted upon by fans. There are shops in the town selling Discworld-related goods. In 2015 the Uncle Tom's Cabin pub unveiled a sign by Discworld illustrator Richard Kingston referencing The Mended Drum. Pratchett and Kingston were regulars. The other Pratchett connection is to be found in Cale Park. A new bridge was built over the River Cale from the main park to the Children's recreation area. The name 'Troll Bridge' was chosen by the public from a list of nominations. This refers to a short story written by Terry Pratchett and a short film of the same name made by Snowgum Films.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wincanton


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Rosicrucian Fellowship

The Rosicrucian Fellowship (TRF) ("An International Association of Christian Mystics") was founded in 1909 by Max Heindel with the aim of heralding the Aquarian Age and promulgating "the true Philosophy" of the Rosicrucians. It claims to present Esoteric Christian mysteries or esoteric knowledge, alluded to in Matthew 13:11 and Luke 8:10, to establish a meeting ground for art, religion, and science and to prepare the individual through harmonious development of the mind and the heart for selfless service of humanity.

The Rosicrucian Fellowship conducts Spiritual Healing Services and offers correspondence courses in esoteric Christianity, philosophy, "spiritual astrology" and Bible interpretation. Members of the Rosicrucian Fellowship are vegetarian and abstain from alcohol, recreational drugs and tobacco. Its headquarters are located on Mount Ecclesia in Oceanside, California, and its students are found throughout the world organized in centers and study groups. Its declared mission is to promulgate a scientific method of development suited particularly to the Western people whereby the "Soul body" may be wrought, so that humanity may hasten the Second Coming. Religious scholars classify the Rosicrucian Fellowship as a new religious movement.

Origins and foundation
In 1908 Max Heindel started, in New York City, the work of rewriting a previous draft in German of teachings ostensibly written under the instruction of Elder Brothers in their temple near the border of Bohemia and Germany. Heindel moved to Buffalo, New York, where he finished the typescript about September 1908. The work, called The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception, was revised and printed in November 1909.

The first edition of 2500 copies, printed in Chicago, was exhausted in six months but it was learned that 2000 of these had been given by the publisher as payment of the debts of the publishing house to other publishers. Immediately, a large second edition was ordered: a first payment was made to the printer with the help of Augusta Foss, who would become Max Heindel's wife. This time two booksellers bought one-third of the imprint before it was off the press.

The Rosicrucian Fellowship's formal constitution occurred on August 8, 1909, in Seattle, Washington, at 3:00 p.m. The first Rosicrucian study center had been already previously formed in Columbus, Ohio, on November 14, 1908, where Heindel lectured and taught for a number of months. After each lecture he distributed free mimeographed copies to the audience; those twenty lectures were printed in 1909, along with the first edition of Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception, under the title The Rosicrucian Christianity Lectures. The Columbus Center was followed by centers in North Yakima, Washington (November 1909), Portland, Oregon, and Los Angeles, California (February 27, 1910), the city where Heindel reencountered his theosophist friend Augusta Foss. In Los Angeles, Max Heindel gave conferences three times a week to audiences of nearly one thousand people from November 29, 1909, till March 17, 1910.

On October 28, 1911, the organisation's international headquarters, still used today, were opened at Mount Ecclesia in Oceanside, California. The ceremony of ground-breaking consisted in planting a large Cross with the initials C.R.C. (for Christian Rosenkreuz, the legendary head of the original order) painted in gilt letters on the three upper ends and with a climbing rose. The Rosicrucian Fellowship Temple, called The Ecclesia, was erected for the purpose of affording more powerful means for the healing of disease, and dedicated on December 25, 1920. Spiritual Healing meetings are held there each day.

According to Max Heindel, the invisible Order of the Rose Cross exists in the inner worlds, was founded in 1313 and is composed of twelve great adepts presented as belonging to human evolution but already advanced far beyond the cycle of rebirth. Their mission is explained as aiming to prepare the whole wide world for a new phase in religion that includes awareness of the inner worlds and the subtle bodies and safe guidance in the gradual awakening of man's latent spiritual faculties: "to prepare a new phase of the Christian religion to be used during the coming age now at hand."

Admission into the Rosicrucian Fellowship is free of fees and is funded by donation. The Fellowship recognizes seven grades, but its study is primarily based upon a system of three grades: regular student, probationer and disciple. After a two-year term of being a Regular Student of the Fellowship, a person who abstains from all flesh food, tobacco, mind-altering drugs, and alcohol may apply for probationership. When the  Probationer has complied with the necessary  requirements  and completed the term of probation he may send request for individual instruction. Access to the Disciple grade is granted upon merit; once admitted into discipleship subsequent Spiritual unfoldment of the advanced soul within the Order of the Rose Cross is conducted through the process of the nine Lesser Initiations.

Teachings
The school's teachings hold that man is a Spirit with all the powers of God, powers that are being slowly unfolded in a series of existences (rebirths) in a gradually-improving body, a process under the guidance of exalted Beings ordering our steps in a decreasing measure as man gradually acquires intellect and will. For this purpose we live many lives of increasingly fine texture and moral character. Through the "Law of Cause and Consequence" we constantly set new causes into operation which will create new destiny to balance and improve the old destiny brought from the past. All causes set into action in one life cannot be ripened in one existence but "Whatsoever a man soweth that shall he also reap".

Constitution of man
The human being is seen as a threefold Spirit, possessing a mind, by means of which he governs the threefold Body. This threefold body he transmutes into a threefold Soul upon which he nourishes himself "from impotence into omnipotence".

The Ego (not as defined by Freud) is the threefold Spirit, the God Within, which uses these vehicles to gather experience in the school of life. The three aspects of the Spirit are (from highest to lowest aspect):
 * the Divine Spirit aspect;
 * the Life Spirit aspect;
 * the Human Spirit aspect.

The Mental body functions like a mirror, reflecting the outer world and enabling the ego to transmit its commands as thought and word, and also to compel action.

The threefold body consists of;
 * a Dense body, which is the visible instrument he uses here in this world to fetch and carry (the body we ordinarily think of as the whole man).
 * a Vital body, which is made of ether and pervades the visible body as ether permeates all other forms, except that human beings specialize a greater amount of the universal ether than other forms. The ethereal body is our instrument for specializing the vital energy of the sun and is seen by clairvoyant vision to extend about an inch and a half outside our visible body.
 * a Desire body, which is our emotional nature and this finer vehicle pervades both the vital and dense bodies (it is seen by clairvoyant vision to extend about 16 inches outside our visible body, which is located in the center of this ovoid cloud as the yolk is in the center of an egg).

The threefold soul consists of;
 * Conscious Soul: extracted as pabulum from the dense body (which was emanated from the Divine Spirit aspect).
 * Intellectual Soul: extracted as pabulum from the vital body (which was emanated from the Life Spirit aspect).
 * Emotional Soul: extracted as pabulum from the desire body (which was emanated from the Human Spirit aspect).

Bible teachings enable us to become aware that Jesus Christ must be born within. There is a distinction between the Christ which is born within us, our true Saviour, and the Cosmic Christ, the Christ without. The latter helps us in the task of having Christ born within; however, it is our task to form the Christ within, the "Soul Body" which is the vehicle humanity will need to live in the Sixth Epoch, the New Galilee.

The "Astral body" is a vehicle evolved from a work of transmutation upon the etheric body (the two superior ethers), not to be confounded with the "desire body" since during astral projection the desire body molds itself readily into this prepared matrix and, when the individual returns to the physical body, the effort of will whereby he enters automatically dissolves the intimate connection between the desire body and the Astral or Soul body. The term "Astral body" was, it is said, employed by the mediaeval Alchemists because of the ability it conferred upon the one who has it to traverse the "starry" regions. The "Astral body" is regarded as the "Philosopher's Stone" or "Living Stone" of the alchemist, the Golden "Wedding Garment" that Christ speaks of in the Gospel of Matthew, the "Soul Body" [soma psuchicon] that Paul mentions in the First Epistle to the Corinthians or the "Diamond Soul" spoken of in some of the ancient philosophies. It will eventually be evolved by humanity as a whole.

The physical body is a vehicle which the Spirit uses to gain experience, while death is a passing of the Spirit into a larger sphere, a birth which should be prepared for with the greatest care. The Ego must assimilate what it has experienced. The Spirit withdraws with the two higher vehicles, which are tied to the etheric and physical bodies by a slender cord. At death the desire and mental bodies leave the physical, taking with them but one permanent etheric atom, which during life is stationed in the solar plexus. The seed atom, of the dense body, like the negative film of the camera, has been impressed with all the experiences of the life just ended. At death the force of this atom leave the body and all these impressions are transferred from the vital body, the storehouse of these experiences, into the desire body, which then forms the basis of the man or woman's life in purgatory and the first heaven. This transfer is done by the Spirit during the first three and one-half days (84 hours) after the rupture of the connection between the seed atom and the heart, ordinarily known as death: death is not complete until this transfer has been accomplished. During this time sensation is still present, and the Spirit suffers through inharmonious surroundings, including postmortem examination and embalming.

Death should be prepared for with the greatest care, requiring a "post mortem interval", or preservation period, of the physical body for three and half days (84 hours), for life review purpose (in a pacific death; not in a sudden impact such as: shock, accident, catastrophe, heart attack or suicide), before cremation or any other way of body disposal.

Cosmology
The evolution of man is divided into seven Periods: We are presently in the second half of the Earth Period: we have just passed the end of our involution and are beginning our evolution, or the spiritualization of matter and our return to God our Father.
 * involution: the Saturn Period, the Sun Period, the Moon Period;
 * the Earth Period (first half still involution, second half towards evolution);
 * evolution: the Jupiter Period, the Venus Period, the Vulcan Period.

The three Aspects of God are Will, Wisdom and Activity. The Father has completed His union with the first aspect, will. The Son, Christ, the highest Initiate of the Sun Period: has completed His union with the Second aspect of God, wisdom. Jehovah, the Highest Initiate of the Moon Period, has completed His union with the third aspect, activity.

The sevenfold constitution of man is related to five of seven worlds, different planes of existence having varying density and vibration, states of spirit-matter not separated by space or distance but permeating one another, so that God and the other great beings pervade their own realms and those of greater density than their own, including our own. Some worlds are related to the planet and the higher ones to the whole Solar System. These seven worlds are the planes of evolution of each Solar System and constitute the seventh and lower cosmic plane; the six superior cosmic planes possibly each have a different and larger structural and dynamic expression in the physical universe.
 * The World of God
 * The World of Virgin Spirits: home of the virgin spirits, differentiated within God Himself as "sparks from a flame" at the beginning of manifestation, prior to the beginning of pilgrimage through matter
 * The World of Divine Spirit: related to the threefold Spirit's Divine Spirit aspect; home of The Father, inhabited by the Lords of Wisdom, a hierarchy of Elohim astrologically associated with Virgo
 * The World of Life Spirit: related to the Ego's life spirit aspect; home of the Christ (The Son, the Solar Logos); inhabited by the Lords of Individuality, a Hierarchy of Elohim astrologically associated to Libra; higher Memory of Nature, events from the earliest dawn of our present manifestation, open only to Adepts and higher Spiritual Beings
 * The World of Thought
 * Region of Abstract Thought: inhabited by the Lords of Form, a Hierarchy of Elohim astrologically associated to Scorpio; the "Third heaven" state of consciousness; Germinal idea(s); related to the Ego's human spirit aspect; the home of Jehova, The Holy Spirit. This Great Hierarchy is the evolved form of the third aspect of God, the creative energy in Nature, which is reflected in man as sex energy; the misuse or abuse of that power, the holy creative force [of God] in man, for gratification of the passionate nature, and particularly perversion (see also human sexual behaviour), constitutes the sin against the Holy “Ghost”. The "great transgression", the abuse of sex or generative force for sense gratification, must be expiated, under the Law of Cause and Consequence, through suffering in diseased and incapacitated bodies and minds, mainly afflicted with developmental disabilities, as there is a close connection between sexual activity and mental activity as well as the power of speech – and incurable cancer (see also carcinogenesis and cancer treatment) for those who abuse the sex function in a very marked and bestial degree. Thus the ignorant use of the generative force is primarily responsible for pain, sickness and sorrow.
 * Region of Concrete Thought: related to the Mind; inhabited by the Lords of Mind, a Hierarchy of Elohim astrologically associated to Sagittarius; the "Second heaven" state of consciousness; Archetypes; memory of nature in the highest subdivision (covering the essence of a whole life or event); ocean of harmony: the Music of the Spheres
 * The Desire World, the world of color: related to the Desire body; home of the Archangels, astrologically associated to Capricorn; the abode of deceased persons for some time subsequent to the event of death
 * higher regions, Attraction, the "First heaven" state of consciousness
 * intermediate region, Interest and Indifference
 * lower regions, Repulsion, the "Purgatory" state of consciousness
 * The Physical World, composed of seven regions;
 * Etheric Region: related to the etheric body; home of the Angels (seen as being one step beyond the human stage, as humans are a degree in advance of the animal evolution), astrologically associated to Aquarius; Akashic records in the reflecting ether (pictures at least several hundred years back or much more in some cases, almost as the pictures on a screen, scene shifts backward). The etheric region is subdivided in four regions according to the grades of density of the aether permeating our physical planet Earth; Reflecting Ether, Light Ether, Life Ether and Chemical Ether.
 * Chemical Region; the physical Earth as perceived through the five senses enhanced by the current technological equipment, subdivided in three regions according to the four main states of matter: solid, liquid, gaseous, and plasma. It is the current home of the self-conscious humanity, astrologically associated to Pisces. The Chemical region of the physical world is home to four life waves, or kingdoms, at a different stage in the evolutionary path: mineral life is the first and lowest level of spiritual evolution on Earth; then comes plants, with actual life, then animals (cold-blooded animals, then warm-blooded), and finally the human being. The beings belonging to each life wave either evolve through the work of the individual Spirit (human being) or are yet evolving under a group spirit and have acquired more or less subtle bodies according to the development stage of each life wave.

The worlds of matter (Physical world, Desire world and World of Thought/Region of Concrete Thought) are considered to be a reverse reflection of the worlds of Spirit (World of Thought/Region of Abstract Thought, World of Life Spirit and World of Divine Spirit).

Vegetarianism
Members of the Rosicrucian Fellowship cannot consume alcohol, meat or use tobacco. They advocate a vegetarian diet for ethical and spiritual reasons. They also recommend that vegetables be eaten raw as cooking destroys valuable cell salts. They have stated that the "vegetarian diet is most conducive to health and purity; that meat of all kinds, including fish and fowl, also alcoholic drinks, tobacco, and stimulants are injurious to health and spirituality".

title: Rosicrucian Fellowship


text:
Wikipedia talk:In the news/"Americanism" vs. "Internationalism"

Recent changes: American and international
First, regarding "de-Americanization" of the list. That is not the goal of having international news items. Items that largely stem from America can and do have international importance. For instance, the prisoners at Guantanamo are from numerous nations and the Supreme Court decision may have a considerable effect on the waging of the international "war on terrorism".

As for the Federal Reserve, the objection is not that the discount rates set by the Federal Reserve do not have international importance, it is that the news item does not indicate what is important about it. Saying that it was raised a "quarter point" the first time in 4 years is not inform the reader of much without a considerable understanding of international trade and economics. In order to be an important news item and worthy of an encyclopedia, it should be more explanatory. It's really not important that it was a quarter point and that it was four years, there are other far bigger reasons that make it more important. This was also a widely anticipated move that is not really "news". Most importantly, there is no link to an updated article. Wikipedia is not a news site, the In the News is more of a list of encyclopedia articles (in order to currently be encyclopedia, they must also be up-to-date) that are currently relevant to the news. This should link to an article that explains why this is important. As it stands, it doesn't link to anything that even mentions the raise. The Canadian election is a whole different story. There is a comprehensive, encyclopedia-worthy article on it that directly pertains to the current events.

As for the Arroyo entry, why is this of international or special importance? It's not even recent news, as the Wikipedia article says, she was proclaimed president-elect on June 24. - Centrx 01:29, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"International or special importance" by itself is not a criteria for listing here. Please do not actively enforce such a non-existent guideline until it has been added after discussion and consensus has occurred at Wikipedia talk:In_the_news_section_on_the_Main_Page. Under the current criteria, importance is satisfied insofar that it "warrant[s] updating the corresponding article".

Space is limited here so we cannot explain everything there is to say on a topic. Details should be left in the bolded links. If readers are left clueless, then let them click on the link. That's the whole purpose of having the section in the first place.--Jiang 01:55, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The standard exists though, because we have a space limitation. We simply cannot include every item that everyone wants, even if they all have updates. It may not be in the criteria, but how are we to determine to include certain items but not others except by looking at their importance? The criteria are insufficient for this purpose. Some items simply cannot be there and I doubt you're suggesting we favor the least important items. Something may be important enough to update a particular but that doesn't give it an absolute importance. A significant update to the article History of the United States of America probably warrants inclusion on the In the News, but an update to Stargate after a change in the cast doesn't or the opening of a new TV series (there are hundreds throughout the world) or a new event in one of the many pages on high schools. For instance, less than a decade ago, someone set my high school ablaze, burning down the auditorium and causing evacuation, cancellation for many days, etc. Do you think that warrants inclusion on the In the News? and if you do, consider that hundreds of events of that level of importance happen every day in the world, and if we begin to include them, it would leave out very important items (in order for that not to happen, there necessarily must be some evaluation of importance in order to put one item on and another not), and if there wasn't a standard, the In the News would be constantly changing because these things are happening the time. You may consider my example minor and ludicrous that would never be In the News, but that illustrates that there is a standard of importance. Keep in mind also that these events populate a vast spectrum of importance, and the number of items in a day or two that might not seem so minor and ludicrous far exceeds the number of items that we can fit In the News. It may not be explicit in the criteria, but there is no other way to reconcile its rules of "important enough to update the article" and "only 3-5 items". We are not putting every significant update that is relevant to a current event In the News, and if we were to, it would be chaos.

 * As for the second, this is true, but specifically with regard to the Federal Reserve item, they do not really pertain. First of all, there was no updated, bolded link for it, so it doesn't satisfy criteria, no article was updated. Aside from that, I was advocating more that there should be replacement of what was there with a more newsworthy statement of importance, which would not significantly lengthen article, or might not lengthen at all, and would very likely remain smaller than the other items. I am not talking about details so much as what makes the item important. Including that would also lead a person to actually follow the link, which is much of the point anyway right? - Centrx 02:17, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia is not a news source. We don't care about newsworthyness, per se. Our main motive is to showcase articles "of timely interest" in order to "support the central purpose of Wikipedia--making a great encyclopedia." The criteria should be 1) the completeness of the article that's bolded and 2) the length of coverage given in the article. The significance of the event will naturally correlate with the amount of coverage that's given by the wikipedia article. Few people would know about your high school and it is unlikely to have 1) an extensive article and 2) extensive coverage of such a catastrophe. Even if it did, the likelyhood of someone editing that article listing it here (yourself excluded) is minimal as few users would be aware of the article in the first place. As for Stargate, the coverage of the change is not well explained and therefore should not be listed.

I'm not opposed to an importance criterion, but if that's going to be used to keep something as well documented as Canadian federal election, 2004 off the main page on the notion that Canada is an unimportant country and has a silly maple leaf flag, then the guideline fails to serve our purpose here. --Jiang 02:53, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * That criteria is insufficient because it does not account for the limit of 5 news items. Following this criteria will also The significance of an event does not necessarily correlate with the level of updating it receives. Its much more dependant on the people who's interested in the subject enough to update it. Those criteria also mean putting up numerous items "unimportant" news and few of importance. Most of the news items on the In the News have not been significantly updated. My examples were extreme in their minority and not very good because there were not updates for what I was talking about (the fire, for instance, happened before Wikipedia existed), but that does not invalidate the point and it is ludicrous to think that there will not be major updates for minor news. You don't think people are going to create articles on new TV series? You don't think people are going to create articles on new ships that have been commissioned? You don't think people are going to create or make substantial revisions to articles on people after they die after they have been prompted to retrospection by the death? There are hundreds of these new and unimportant things around the world. There need only be 5 to replace everything In the News. The news need not even be that minor for my point to be valid. In fact, it need only be the 6th most important news of the day for there to be a necessity of making an evaluation on its importance. You don't think there are 5 complete and substantially updated articles on current events in any given couple of days?

 * As for the Canadian election item, my objection to it had nothing to do with the fact that it was Canada. I stated this before. My objection was because the news was minor, whatever the country (I have objected to unimportant things from the U.S., after all), and because it was posted before the election had even taken place. In light of the latter, there could be no statement of its importance, and it could not be known that there would be the unusual situation of the minority government. I consider the news item as it was posted after the election to be appropriate and worthy of inclusion, and I stated that in the comment of one of the edits I made.

 * As for my use of the word "newsworthy", I may have been using it too subjectively and tautologically. I don't mean "important enough for it to be in the general media", for various media report on all sorts of worthless things. Rather, something is worthy of being in the news (rather than just being in the news) is something that should be included in an encyclopedia. Pretty much any (that is, not necessarily the opinions or columns like "Journal from London") item in the front section of a newspaper as good as, say, the NY Times is appropriate for inclusion somewhere in an encyclopedia (one without size limitations). - Centrx 21:39, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The premise you hold is still that the items here must have some significance, as you define it. This basically translates into uniqueness with international implications. I can also define significance as anything that is worthy of inclusion, which is part of the guidelines. I find this irrelevant to our purpose here.

"In the news" is not a headline section. Again, it is to showcase good articles with extensive coverage of recent events. Whether the Canada election was routine or had international consequences was irrelevant. What was relevant was that we had a few full pages on it and results were updated by wikipedia users as soon as they became available. This showcases wikipedia's ability, among other encyclopedias, to adapt to the news quickly (and very much so). If someone is looking for a list of significant news events, then this is not the right site. It is just that what they hear in the news may be explained in further depth here and the main page is a place to bring the availability of this info to their attention. It would be ridiculous to hide this information from them on account of outside factors.--Jiang 01:29, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * No, that is not my argument. The premise I hold is that there is necessarily some standard for deciding which items should be on In the News and which should not, and that the appropriate standard for that is a level of importance and a level of international applicability that is appropriate to the international readers and users of the English Wikipedia. This forum is a perfect opportunity for a refinement of the definition of the appropriate standard.

 * As for your second paragraph, please address the issue; your current response does not. A standard of inclusion is necessary because there are more than 5 articles in a given day or two that are substantially complete and have been significantly updated with information on current events. If there is not a standard of inclusion, then items will be In the News that are important to fewer people and the In the News section will change so much that any one item will receive an extremely small audience. In other words, pursuant to your guidelines, there is no criteria that has the effect of the news items being attractive to a wide audience; there is no criteria that has the effect of disallowing news items that will attract only a couple readers to the article when there are possible items that will attract hundreds. There is no criteria that disallows news items for 5 new sitcoms at the beginning of the TV season even though there might be other news items that are of tremendous importance. According to what you're saying, there is no dictate that an article on a nuclear attack in London not be cycled out in favor of articles on the ArenaBowl championship or Thurmond's daughter joining the Daughters of the Confederacy or a new major release of the Eiffel programming language.

 * Your statement about hiding information on account of "outside factors" doesn't make much sense. As a matter of fact, placing items of higher importance rather than those with less importance will present information that is relevant and interesting to a greater number of people. Indeed, leaving out items of great importance and retaining items of minor importance seems to me like it would be hiding information from people. Any way, favoring an item of higher importance is certainly not a hiding of information that is greater than the opposite favoring. I don't see how placing an item of higher importance rather than one of lower is hiding, yet doing the opposite is not.

 * Also, if your opposition to this is just an opposition to the qualifier I use of importance, rather than an opposition to the argument that placement be based on important, whatever important means. - Centrx 06:27, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Perhaps we should have a standard, but a standard should not stand in the way of showcasing our best articles of recent importance. Why give people topics they only know about? People have objected to featured article candidates that are based on obscure subjects but had their vote disqualified. Are you saying only topics known to wikipedia's English-speaking centric readers should be listed on featured articles? on the anniversaries? If people see something and they have no clue what it is, then they should be motivated to click on it. That is not to say that insignificant news events deserve a place here. I disagree with the notion that anything here must have "international" implications. We should try to give coverage to every region of the globe, but the events themselves must not need to have to deal with every other part of the world. The ArenaBowl article was a stub and on that alone there was sufficient reason to remove. I don't think there would be much elaboration on Thurmond's daughter joining the Daughters of the Confederacy. Using the criteria I have listed, one can already eliminate topics of little significance.

You have gone to great lengths to explain why specific articles are or aren't significant. Do you have a universal guideline you propose for the standards? I find the Canadian elections definately significant here. We shouldn't make you write an essay everytime we add something here.--Jiang 01:39, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * People have objected to featured article candidates that are based on obscure subjects but had their vote disqualified.
 * The featured article candidates do not purport to be "news" or "current events", they must only be "good". The In the News criteria even has one that specifies that items must be listed in the "Current Events" page, but there is no criteria for an item to be listed there, so the problem of importance remains. That itself is an error, because there is no length limit for the current events page, and an inconceivable plethora of insignificant news could theoretically be placed there. I would have no objection to the replacement of "In the News" with a second featured article.
 * Re: international, english-speaking
 * This is a recognition of the audience. If the audience were U.S.-exclusive, it would make sense that more In the News articles are about items that are not important to non-U.S. people. The same is true with English-speaking. The Canadian election is simply more important to the English-speaking world than to the Chinese-speaking world, but maybe that's a fluke of geography.
 * Do you have a universal guideline you propose for the standards
 * It's certainly difficult to determine what's important and what's not, but a fair judgment can be made by looking at Google News, by looking at the front pages of the BBC and the NYTimes, etc. It's hard to pin down and not really possible to make an objective criteria of the news itself, only of its coverage in the media. That is not to say that the threshhold does not exist, and that is not to say that a criteria of importance or similar is not appropriate, whether it might be only certain enough to rule out the lowest of the low. - Centrx

Americocentrism
(Copied here from the Village Pump) Can we please finally set up a policy against Americentrism or American_exceptionalism especially where the Template:In the news and Current Events sections are concerned, as I requested earlier at the Village Pump. Asking more non-American users to edit the page is not the way to go about it - at this moment there are currently only four articles on In The News and they all relate headlines that're either only pertinent to domestic American issues or reinforce an American perspective, though only one - Lance Armstrong's win - is worth keeping in the manner it is written. There should be a clear policy stating that no more than one out of three, or two out of four articles should relate to any single country, and as for Current Events, at least one or two articles from each of the permanently inhabited continents. It is not that hard. You don't have to sacrifice reading your favourite news source. You don't have to learn a new language. If you're on the net, just navigate to the "World" section of your news site and review the general headlines or click on individual countries and you will get plenty of important news that relates to the approximately 6+ billion - 300 million people that aren't American or don't live in the US. The only effort it's going to take is intellectual and if you can spend ages copyediting and padding articles you can certainly spare a couple of minutes selecting headlines that don't universalise US news items. -- Simonides 22:32, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Of the seven hundred or so edits on current events this month, you've made exactly zero. If you want non american news in Current Events, go ahead and add it.  Right now you're asking others to do something you don't care enough to do yourself. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 22:46, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Yawn. Just the kind of knee-jerk reaction I expected and already quoted above. I have been editing the In The News template from time to time, but if most users who haunt the Current Events and In the News templates are American, there will be a slant no matter what; a policy can at least help change that, while yet other sulk over their flag. -- Simonides 23:01, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Write some news stories. Show others that there's a non american world out there, that it matters, and that you're willing to help. Lead from the front. You'd have every right to complain if valid non-american stories were being deleted or discouraged, but there's absolutely no evidence that that is happening.  Like everything else in the wikipedia, people will only add stuff they personally are interested in, and no policy is going to change that. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 23:16, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * All of which diverts from the issue of Americentrism which you demonstrate - no one needs to "prove" there is a world out there and that it matters, because it does whether idiots and some Wikipedia users believe it or not. Policies go a long way in determining what stays on pages regardless of the numerous POVs that clamour for attention. -- Simonides 00:00, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * "Americentrism which you demonstrate" It's such a shame I'm not American, huh?  There's no evidence that the policy you suggest is needed.  There's no evidence that any such deletions have occurred, or that they will ever occur.  There's no evidence that POVs "clamour for attention" or will ever do so.  There's no evidence that space restrictions have preempted valid stories, or ever will do so.  We already have too many policies and too many rules.  If you want non-american stories, write them.  Oh, and please reread wikipedia's policy on personal attacks - calling me an idiot and making bigoted assumptions about my nationality and motivations only make your case weaker. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 00:18, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * You don't have to be American to demonstrate Americentrism; there's plenty of evidence to prove Americentrism - you only have to look at the Template and Events section mentioned, but of course if you don't want to see it, that's up to you; the space restrictions on the News template prevent more than three to four stories - if all four are about the US, then valid stories are obviously pre-empted; if you think "there's no evidence that POVs "clamour for attention" or will ever do so" on Wikipedia, which is bustling with POV, you're off your rocker; I don't need to write all non-American stories - several already exist - they just need more attention; having a lot of policies is not an excuse against having good policies; I didn't call you an idiot, but I did mention idiots and "some Wikipedia users" in the same line; last but not least, my case is evidently strong enough that you can only reply with side-stepping tangential nonsense. -- Simonides 00:39, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * If all they need is attention, why not give them some? As you can see, now that someone bothered to put non-US stories on ITN, they're still there (EU sanctions over Darfur, e.g.). I don't see why you didn't just add them in originally, rather than complaining here. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 00:45, 2004 Jul 27 (UTC)
 * I added them. And this is not the first complaint, which means it's a problem. -- Simonides 00:50, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * No, I think discussing things, even complaining about them, is okay. However, as this is a wiki, the obvious solution is to fix things you don't like yourself. But please consider that in quite a number of cases this is not possible because you just don't understand anything about the subject. I'm barging in here because I just came across a case of Americocentrism (or whatever it's called) in one of those very unlikely places, and there's no way I can fix it myself: I wanted information on Contergan and, surprise, I learned that there were no -- no -- victims of the drug in America. In spite of that, the article is mainly about a reluctant lady from the FDA who saved America.  00:58, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The more you browse, the more of those you'll find.
 * It should be obvious to any disengaged user that mere dissatisfaction with an article or state of things, and personal editing when errors are noticed, is only good for the short term; but if a site has pretensions of NPOV and encyclopedia standards, and the majority of the editors have a shared POV on some articles or issues, then an innate conflict of interests exists which needs to be ironed out as much as possible through editing strictures; note the emphasis, because there is not even an effort being made to get there. I'm just reading the usual reactionary retorts, like people arguing that if poverty exists, the poor should simply make an effort to get rich, and complaining (ie reporting and requesting an examination of the issue) doesn't solve things. I had only one or two experiences with the Current Events article as a newbie. I added several international headlines that I thought others would wikify. Instead, they were simply reverted and the usual programming came back on. There was less of a struggle with In The News - I've had some success with some articles though I initially faced frequent reverts. The point is that if there is a site-wide problem, it is not about what one or two users can or should do - people should 1) acknowledge the problem 2) consider resolving it through obligatory checks. I can't even seem to bring people to (1) and it is always disappointing to come across so much intellectual resistance on Wikipedia that one usually only sees among more narrow-minded people. -- Simonides 01:18, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I just don't see what would be solved by a new policy that isn't addressed by NPOV and our other policies. Well, we can agree to disagree. Best, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 01:21, 2004 Jul 27 (UTC)
 * Meelar, let's not just disagree and sorry if I was a little abrasive earlier. I am requesting a policy specific to the sections so that people have a guideline when they are in doubt, or so that we can avoid having four aticles about the US and US opinions for a day or two at a stretch, or anniversaries, etc that mostly mention American celebrities or reactions to events - it's a little different from general NPOV for articles. -- Simonides 01:33, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * No problem. I don't know how a hard guideline would work (for instance, numeric quotas for ITN are, IMO, a bad idea). However, a reminder in the ITN source text or something of that nature might not be a bad thing. You can come up with some proposed wording, and then take up a vote on Template talk:In the news. Best to announce it here. I'll look it over, but I'd like to see your suggestion first. Best wishes, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 01:48, 2004 Jul 27 (UTC)
 * Thank you. A simple "Please make sure the same country, the actions or views of that country, or the same issue is not the focus of more than one headline, with rare exceptions." should be fine - a little vagueness offers leverage. As for Current Events, I think a numerical option is best for starters - "at least one key headline from Asia, Europe, South America, Africa, and Australasia apart from North American stories; stories relating opinions and decisions of NATO member countries on the Middle East do not count towards the quotient for Asia." -- Simonides 03:36, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Yawn. Boring. Move on to other things. This same old song is falling on unresponsive ears. RickK 04:25, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yup, sort of like your replies. -- Simonides 04:56, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This is a perfectly valid criticism, and has been met with the typical Wikipedia/open source response, i.e. "Fix it yourself" (ignoring the fact that yes, something is broken and shouldn't be). I am not interested in editing the current events thing (unless I spot something of interest that's been missed and add it), but yet that is no reason why the entries should be Americocentric. Zoney 13:46, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Useless Revert Wars

 * Why is there a revert wars whenever some well meaning contributor tries to remove content not related to the US? — 205.188.116.199 21:59, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Because you're not well-meaning. — Golbez 22:13, Sep 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * How is this user not well-meaning? He's obviously trying to make this wiki adhere to the laws of the WikiWatch Foundation.    — i386 | Talk 12:43, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Do not feed the trolls. — RickK 22:29, Sep 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yessir. — Golbez 22:36, Sep 15, 2004 (UTC)

Not wanting to get directly involved, but isn't Hurricane Ivan purely local news? And the Countryside Alliance story? and the NHL strike? In fact, I see no  reason for including this last item. In the news should not be Anglo/USA Today. Filiocht 13:07, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Hurricane Ivan has caused serious damage to several nations spread over several thousand miles. You might call that local, but I don't. -- Cyrius|✎ 14:01, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Apart from the Olympics and the UN, then, everything is local. Frankly, then, I'd rather have more stories about "local" news like Beslan and Ryanggang than the UN. Don't want it to be "Anglo Today?" Then find some news from a non-Angolphone nation. Maybe not much is happening today. --Golbez 16:30, Sep 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * It never ceases to amaze me how people bitch about there being an "Anglo" or "American" bias, and demand that things be removed, but never come up with alternatives. RickK 04:52, Sep 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * I thought I would add something more international, so I went to the 'world' section of the ABC (Australian) News site What did I find? -- Chuq 05:08, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * To reply to my own comment - the 'world news' article was about Hurricane Ivan. The page has since been updated however, and top story (Beslan story) has now been added to ITN, bring the international ratio up a bit more. -- Chuq 06:03, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Just as a follow on to Rickk's thoughts - our primary audience is native english speakers. Now, let's consider:

 * Number of native english speakers in the world: approximately 400 million
 * Population of the US - 294 million
 * Population of the UK - 59.6 million
 * Population of Australia - 20 million
 * So, by simple subtraction, every other country combines for about 25 million native speakers. →Raul654 05:37, Sep 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * By that logic, since the population of Canada is 32 million, the population of Ireland, New Zealand and South Africa must be negative 7 million. Could it be that the population of the US, like Canada, includes people whose native language is not English ?  After all there are a lot of Spanish speakers.  I also find it difficult to see why you would discount India (population 1,000 million) given the number of Indians who contribute to the English Wikipedia since English is, to quote the CIA world handbook, "the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication". -- Derek Ross |  Talk 05:55, 2004 Sep 17 (UTC)


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User talk:Tezkah

Bollocks.

title: User talk:Tezkah


text:
Wilusa

Wilusa or Wilusiya was a Late Bronze Age city in western Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) known from references in fragmentary Hittite records. The city is notable for its identification with the archaeological site of Troy, and thus its potential connection to the legendary Trojan War.

Identification with Troy
Wilusa has been identified with the archaeological site of Troy. This correspondence was first proposed in 1924 by Emil Forrer, who also suggested that the name Ahhiyawa corresponds to the Homeric term for the Greeks, Achaeans. Forrer's work was primarily motivated by linguistic similarities, since "Wilusa" and the associated placename "Taruisa" show striking parallels to the Greek names "Wilios" and "Troia" respectively. Subsequent research on Hittite geography has lent these identifications additional support and they are now generally accepted by scholars, though they are not regarded as firmly established.

One alternative hypothesis proposes that Wilusa was located near Beycesultan, which was known in the Byzantine era as "Iluza" (Ἴλουζα).

Historical record
Wilusa first appears in the historical record around 1400 BC, when it was one of the twenty-two states of the Assuwa Confederation which formed in an unsuccessful attempt to oppose the Hittite Empire. This event is referenced in several surviving Hittite documents including the Annals of Tudhaliya I/II, which gives a detailed account of the Assuwans' defeat and its aftermath. In this document, the name of the city is rendered as Wilusiya rather than the later form Wilusa, and it is listed separately from Taruisa. Circumstantial evidence raises the possibility that Ahhiyawans may have supported the rebellion. For instance, a Mycenaean-style sword found at Hattusa bears an inscription suggesting that it was taken from an Assuwan soldier and left as an offering to the Hittite storm god.

By the late 1300s BC, Wilusa was politically aligned with the Hittites. Under the reign of Kukkunni, Wilusa maintained peaceful relations with Suppiluliuma I even as nearby kingdoms in Arzawa once again rebelled. By the early 1200s BC, Wilusa had become a vassal state of the Hittites. This political arrangement, common between Western Anatolian states and the Hittites, consisted of mutual treaty obligations whereby the local ruler would support Hittite political interests in exchange for having their claim to power backed by the Hittite military. One surviving example of such a treaty is the Alaksandu Treaty made between a Wilusan king named Alaksandu and the Hittite king Muwatalli II. One of the gods guaranteeing the treaty on behalf of Wilusa is Apaliunas (Apollo). As outlined in the document, Alaksandu's obligations included both timely intelligence about potential anti-Hittite activity as well as soldiers for military expeditions. Some evidence suggests that Muwatalli invoked this later obligation, as Wilusan soldiers appear to have served in the Hittite army during the Battle of Kadesh.

At some point during Muwatalli's reign, he had to send an army to reassert Hittite control over Wilusa. The exact circumstances of this event are unclear, since it is only known from a brief mention in the poorly preserved Manapa-Tarhunta letter. One hypothesis suggests that the ruler of Wilusa had been deposed by Piyamaradu, a local warlord who toppled other pro-Hittite rulers in the area while acting on behalf the Ahhiyawa. This interpretation finds potential support in the later Tawagalawa letter which alludes to a previous disagreement between the Hittites and Ahhiyawa concerning Wilusa. However, this evidence is not conclusive since the Tawagalawa letter does not specify whether the disagreement escalated beyond strongly worded cuneiform tablets, and the Manapa-Tarhunta letter does not directly connect Piyamaradu to the trouble in Wilusa. Evidence against this interpretation includes a section divider in the Manapa-Tarhunta letter which seems to suggest that Piyamaradu's activities and the Wilusa event were separate topics. Thus, there is no scholarly consensus as to whether the king of Wilusa was deposed by Piyamaradu, by an internal uprising, or remained in power while rebelling against the Hittites.

The final reference to Wilusa in the historical record appears in the Milawata letter, sent by the Hittite king Tudhaliya IV to one of his key vassals in western Anatolia, likely the king of Mira. Tudhaliya's letter requests that the recipient send him Walmu, the recently deposed pro-Hittite king of Wilusa, whom he intends to reinstall. The letter promises that although Walmu will be the ruler of Wilusa, the recipient will maintain ultimate authority over the various kingdoms in the region. The letter does not specify how Walmu was deposed, though its discussion of the geopolitical situation in western Anatolia makes clear that the Ahhiyawa were no longer a major power.

In popular writing, these anecdotes have been interpreted as evidence for an historical kernel in myths of the Trojan War. However, scholars have not found historical evidence for any particular event from the legends, and the Hittite documents do not suggest that Wilusa-Troy was ever attacked by Greeks-Ahhiyawa themselves. Noted Hittiteologist Trevor Bryce cautions that our current understanding of Wilusa's history does not provide evidence for there having been an actual Trojan War since "the less material one has, the more easily it can be manipulated to fit whatever conclusion one wishes to come up with".

Kings of Wilusa

 * Kukkunni (c. 1350 BC?) – a predecessor of Alaksandus, contemporary with Šuppiluliuma I.
 * Alaksandu (c. 1300 BC – after 1280 BC) – contemporary with the Hittite kings Mursili II and Muwatalli II, signing peace treaties with them.
 * Walmu (c. 1250 – after 1220 BC) – vassal of the Hittite king Tudhaliya IV and the state of Mira, dethroned following a possible occupation of the raids by the Ahhiyawa people. The letter from Millawata (Miletus) states that Walmu sought political asylum from Tarkasnawa, his suzerain in the kingdom of Mira. It seems that King Tudhaliya IV urged Tarkasnawa to send Walmu to the Hittite Kingdom so that he could reinstate him on the throne and return to the vassal position of both as he had been in the past.

title: Wilusa


text:
Tedcastles Oil Products

Tedcastles Oil Products, Ltd. (Top Oil) is an Irish petrol company founded in 1960 which trades under the brand name "TOP". Before a rebranding in 1998, the company traded as "Tedcastle's Oil". Top Oil is a medium-sized Irish distributor of petroleum fuels.

The Tedcastle Group was acquired by Irving Oil of Canada in 2018.

Petrol stations
The company operates petrol stations mainly outside Dublin. It has over 205 locations nationwide ( 25 of them are company owned). In 2010, Top Oil acquired a fuel company in Galway called Sweeney Oil, out of receivership for a nominal purchase price. Top oil have grown in recent years through vulture purchasing of distressed oil companies from bank receivership, examples including Tougher Oil in Kildare and Sweeney Oil in Galway. In late 2010, Top Oil's 6 separate sites were finally opened along the Galway motorway, which are all in alliance with Applegreen. In 2012, the brand was changed to Top Oil – Fueling Ireland and in 2016, the company re-entered the forecourt shop sector with the acquisition of 10 company owned locations.

Convenience stores
From 1998 to 2004, the company operated a convenience store chain on a franchise basis with ADM Londis. These stores were known as "Londis Topshop". This allowed forecourts to become franchisees of both Londis and TOP at once. However it also had high street stores in competition with ADM Londis itself. In 2004, the stores were acquired by ADM and rebranded to simply Londis.

In 2018, Top Oil works in partnership with a number of retailers across their network including SPAR, Mace and Daybreak.

Competition
Top Oil's main competition comes from Maxol, Certa, Texaco and Circle K.

title: Tedcastles Oil Products


text:
Primary metaphor

Primary metaphor is a term named by Joseph Grady for the basic connection that exist between subjective or abstract experiences such as good and concrete experiences such as up. These two concepts usually correlate in experience, and form the primary metaphor good is up. Likewise there is a correlation between knowing and seeing forming the primary metaphor knowing is seeing. Two such primary metaphors are used when understanding an expression such as glass ceiling.

An example of a primary metaphor could be that of Shakespeare's 'As You Like It', where life is depicted as being similar to a theater. Therefore, 'LIFE' relates to a conceptual experience, and 'THEATER' represents a concrete experience. Thus forming the primary metaphor; LIFE IS THEATER.

title: Primary metaphor


text:
Talk:Boswil

Major Revamping
I will be heavily altering this article until the end of this month attemping to add more to the article (probably using Google translator), and then making sure what comes out makes sense. Wish me luck ;-) --Mozillaman 00:53, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I did my best. I think it's at least ready to have the copyedit tag removed, if not the verify tag. I did quite a bit of cross referencing related wiki articles, but mostly to assist in cleaning up the translation in the history section, and not so much to verify accuracy. It's even possible I inadvertently created some inaccuracies of my own. OH well . . . . it's a hell of a lot easier to read.shabbs 13:05, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Previous Delete Discussion
from VfD:

Pumpie is constantly translating articles from the German wiki using Babelfish. This is just another example of a badly translated text. Not a single sentence is grammatically correct. I bet Pumpie doesn't even know a single word of German. --Voyager ch 21:11, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete or replace with a human translation. — David Remahl 22:06, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep but block Pumpie until he makes a good show of cleaning up this stuff; agree that it's obviously Babelopiscine in origin. But the information itself is good, much of it is understandable, and it expands en.wiki out of its inevitable Anglocentric bias. (I'm a translator by profession -- but French, alas, nicht Deutsch.) Bill 22:32, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * If a native speaker of German, and the author of the original text at that, says that this translation is worse-than-nothing, then I'm inclined to believe him/her. — David Remahl 22:50, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Voyager didn't say that; or hasn't yet, anyway (!) — just that they don't like it (unarguable), that it's machine translated (almost certain), badly translated (no doubt about that), that the English is ungrammatical (often), and that Pumpie doesn't know German (very probable). But, looking at the actual English page, it clearly contains information that is understandable to an English speaker, that corresponds to the information on the German page, and that doesn't otherwise exist in en.wiki. The meaning of "Boswil was for mentioned the first time as Bozuuila in a document of the large cathedral in Zurich. This document is not dated, originates however according to newest research results from the time between 874 and 887." is clear; this just needs cleaning up. Keep. — Bill 23:38, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Check the DE hist. Niteowlneils 00:33, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete if still not coherent on the fifth day--several people have tried to fix this article, and it still has nonsense like "In 1913, a new church was established. Its descendants created donation." and "As public traffic route serves." and "The meeting of the voters, a municipal meeting, the Legislative exercises authorities.", non of which seem very clear to me. If left this way, it makes Wikipedia look like it's being editted by monkeys (or 'minkees' for Inspector Clouseau fans). Niteowlneils 00:33, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pumpie has been asked three times not to do this (13 MAY, 19 SEP and 28 SEP), yet yesterday he created this article along with Holungen, Selketalbahn, Steinheuterode and Icém, all of which are horrible machine translations with almost no editing or proofreading.  All of these are semi-intelligible but would require a lot of work by people fluent in both languages.  Delete all of these.  This is the English Wikipedia, not the babelfish Wikipedia.  He also created two translated articles about people (Hermann Iseke and Anton Thraen) which were apparently proofread by someone at least partially fluent in English.  SWAdair | Talk  04:50, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I took a pretty good stab at it. If anybody is willing to clean up the city government bit and name that river, etc, I think it should be passable. Please check. [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 05:07, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Having just made an attempt to clean up all the broken interwiki links in Pumpie's "translations", and having seen the enormous bulk of articles he has created (imho, in the misguided belief that if he floods the Wikipedia with a sufficient number of edits, he'll get made an admin), my vote is delete every article which Pumpie has created which is a "translation" of an article from another Wikipedia, and has not been cleaned up by anyone yet. So, keep Boswil, since it has been polished into an acceptable state, but delete all the others. Trust me, there are scores of them, maybe hundreds. —Stormie 05:20, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Tee hee. Pumpie has taken your amendments as complete vindication for his actions (see his talk page). People like you will clear up his mess! He won't tell me where he's from, but it's clear he doesn't know English or German - and his Latin only stretches to 'salvete'! Looks like we're gonna get hundreds of badly translated articles!!Jongarrettuk 00:03, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Good work by Rhymeless, having corrected much of the gibberfish that was there before. Average Earthman 11:50, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all noncleaned articles from Pumpie. Has anyone started the RfA/RfC/etc process with him? --Improv 16:23, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep after Rhymeless's edits. — siro  χ  o  22:53, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - As this is a real town. WhisperToMe 22:56, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 'Keep and list on cleanup.   — Gwalla | Talk 01:51, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Important subject, could use more editing. Factitious 06:56, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep now. --Jll 11:38, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

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title: Talk:Boswil


text:
Mongolian gerbil

The Mongolian gerbil or Mongolian jird (Meriones unguiculatus) is a rodent belonging to the subfamily Gerbillinae. Their body size is typically 110 –, with a 95 – tail, and body weight 60 –, with adult males larger than females. The animal is used in science and research or kept as a small house pet. Their use in science dates back to the latter half of the 19th century, but they only started to be kept as pets in the English-speaking world after 1954, when they were brought to the United States. However, their use in scientific research has fallen out of favor.

Taxonomy and evolution
The first known mention of gerbils came in 1866, by Father Armand David, who sent "yellow rats" to the French National Museum of Natural History in Paris, from northern China. They were named Gerbillus unguiculatus by the scientist Alphonse Milne-Edwards in 1867.

There is a popular misconception about the meaning of this scientific name, appearing both in printed works and in websites, due to the genus Meriones sharing the name with Greek warrior Meriones in Homer's Iliad; however, translations like "clawed warrior" are incorrect. The genus was named by Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger in 1811, deriving from the Greek word μηρος (femur). Combined with 'unguiculate', meaning to have claws or nails in Latin, the name can be loosely translated as 'clawed femur'.

Habitat
Mongolian gerbils inhabit grassland, shrubland and desert, including semidesert and steppes in China, Mongolia, and the Russian Federation.

Soil on the steppes is sandy and is covered with grasses, herbs, and shrubs. The steppes have cool, dry winters and hot summers. The temperature can get up to 50 C, but the average temperature for most of the year is around 20 C.

In the wild, these gerbils live in patriarchal groups generally consisting of one parental pair, the most recent litter, and a few older pups; sometimes the dominant female's sister(s) also live with them. Only the dominant females will produce pups, and will mostly mate with the dominant male while in estrus (heat), female gerbils are generally more loyal than male gerbils. One group of gerbils generally ranges over 325 - 1550 m2.

A group lives in a central burrow with 10–20 exits. Some deeper burrows with only one to three exits in their territory may exist. These deeper burrows are used to escape from predators when they are too far from the central burrow. A group's burrows often interconnect with other groups.

In science
Gerbils have a long history of use in scientific research, although nowadays they are rarely used. For example, in the United Kingdom in 2017, only around 300 Mongolian gerbils were used in experimental procedures, compared to over 2 million mice.

Tumblebrook Farm
Most gerbils used in scientific research are derived from the Tumblebrook Farm strain, which has its origins in 20 pairs of wild-caught Mongolian gerbils sent to Japan in 1935. Eleven of these animals were subsequently sent to Dr. V. Schwentker's Tumblebrook Farm in Brant Lake, New York, United States in 1954, with additional animals later sent to Charles River Ltd in Italy in 1996.

Hearing
Gerbils have a wide hearing range, from detection of low frequency foot drumming to higher frequency chirps and therefore may be a more suitable model of human hearing loss than mice and rats, which are high-frequency specialists.

Vocal
Male gerbils can produce ultrasonic sounds with frequencies ranging from approximately 27 to 35 kHz and amplitudes ranging from approximately 0 to 70 dBa. Their larynx is involved in the production of these ultrasonic sounds. Experimentation revealed five findings of interest, which are that adults only emit ultrasonic sounds when stimulated socially, males signal more frequently than females, dominant males are more active in vocalizations than subordinate males, ultrasounds are triggered by conspecific odors, and that d-amphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant, contributes high levels of ultrasounds while chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic medication, lowers the emission rate.

Epilepsy
10–20% of gerbils exhibit spontaneous epileptiform seizures, typically in response to a stressor such as handling or cage cleaning. Epilepsy in gerbils has a genetic basis, and seizure-prone and seizure-resistant lines have been bred.

Diabetes
Like other desert rodents such as fat sandrats, Mongolian gerbils are susceptible to diet-induced diabetes, although incidence is low. A diabetes-prone line has recently been generated, showing that gerbil diabetes has at least some genetic basis.

Genetics and genomics
Laboratory gerbils are derived from a small number of founders, and so genetic diversity was generally assumed to be low. Initial genetic studies based on small numbers of genetic markers appeared to support this, but more recent genome-wide Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) data has shown that genetic diversity is actually quite high. It has been suggested that laboratory gerbils should be considered domesticated, and designated "M. unguiculatus forma domestica" to differentiate them from wild animals. A Mongolian gerbil genome sequence was published in 2018 and a genetic map comprising 22 linkage groups (one per chromosome) in 2019.

Reproduction
In the wild, Mongolian gerbils breed in February and October. Males do not become sexually mature for about 70–80 days, while the vaginal opening occurs in females about 33–50 days after birth. For other gerbils such as the hairy footed gerbil, sexual maturity has a slightly earlier and longer window of 60-90 days in comparison with a later and shorter window for Mongolian gerbils, 70–84 days. Females reach sexual maturity shortly after this opening occurs. They experience oestrus cycles every 4–6 days. Mongolian gerbils are regarded as monogamous within science. Even with this said, many Mongolian gerbils have still been found in laboratory tests regarding their sexual reproduction behavior to have shown signs of promiscuity and mating with other females while their monogamous partner is absent in laboratory setting.

Gerbils are for the most part selective when it comes to picking a mate for copulation. An average litter size for the Mongolian Gerbil is around 4–8 pups. If the litter only contains around 1–2 young then the mother will neglect them and they will die from starvation. Mongolian Gerbils are monogamous and mate with their selected partner for life. When their mate dies, many gerbils refrain from seeking other mates to reproduce with. Males generally find new mates whereas females may not. When older females lose their mate they almost always give up on seeking reproduction. Their behavior tends to vary when faced with different settings; in the wild, the large population of gerbils means that finding and selecting a mate is not a problem. Within a laboratory setting, though, many gerbils tend to keep to themselves and refrain from copulation.

Behavior
Gerbils are social animals, and live in groups in the wild. They rely on their sense of smell to identify other members of their clan. Gerbils are known to attack and often kill those carrying an unfamiliar scent. Groups of gerbils often have a "dominant" gerbil which may "bully" the others by humping them.

As pets
A gentle and hardy animal, the Mongolian gerbil has become a popular small house pet. It was first brought from China to Paris in the 19th century, and became a popular house pet there. It was later brought to the United States in 1954 by Dr. Victor Schwentker for use in research. Dr. Schwentker soon recognized their potential as pet animals. Selective breeding for the pet trade has resulted in a wide range of different color and pattern varieties. Gerbils became popular pets in the US around the late 1950s and were imported to the United Kingdom in 1964, where they became popular pets too. They are now found in pet shops throughout the UK and the US.

However, due to the threat they pose to indigenous ecosystems and existing agricultural operations, it is illegal to purchase, import, or keep a gerbil as a pet in the U.S. state of California. It is also illegal to import the animal into New Zealand and Australia.

Gerbils are typically not aggressive, and they rarely bite unprovoked or without stress. They are small and easy to handle, since they are sociable creatures that enjoy the company of humans and other gerbils. Gerbils also have adapted their kidneys to produce a minimum of waste to conserve body fluids, which makes them very clean with little odor. Gerbils have many different aesthetic coat patterns, such as pied slate, described below.

Health concerns
Misalignment of incisors due to injury or malnutrition may result in overgrowth, which can cause injury to the roof of the mouth. Symptoms include a dropped or loss of appetite, drooling, weight loss, or foul breath.

Common injuries are caused by gerbils being dropped or falling, often while inside of a hamster ball, which can cause broken limbs or a fractured spine (for which there is no treatment).

A common problem for all small rodents is neglect, which can cause the gerbils to not receive adequate food and water, causing serious health concerns, including dehydration, starvation, stomach ulcers, eating of bedding material, and cannibalism.

Between 20 and 50% of pet gerbils have the seizure disorder epilepsy. The seizures are thought to be caused by fright, handling, or a new environment. The attacks can be mild to severe, but do not typically appear to have any long-term effects, except for rare cases where death results from very severe seizures. A way to prevent a gerbil from having a seizure is to refrain from blowing in the animal's face (often used to "train" the pet not to bite). This technique is used in a lab environment to induce seizures for medical research.

Tumors, both benign and malignant, are fairly common in pet gerbils, and are most common in females over the age of two. Usually, the tumors involve the ovaries, causing an extended abdomen, or the skin, with tumors most often developing around the ears, feet, midabdomen, and base of the tail, appearing as a lump or abscess.

Gerbils can lose their tails due to improper handling, being attacked by another animal, or getting their tails stuck. The first sign is a loss of fur from the tip of the tail, then, the skinless tail dies off and sloughs, with the stump usually healing without complications.

The most common infectious disease in gerbils is Tyzzer's disease, a bacterial disease, which stress can make animals more susceptible to. It produces symptoms such as ruffled fur, lethargy, hunched posture, poor appetite, diarrhoea, and often death. It quickly spreads between gerbils in close contact.

A problem with the inner ear may cause a gerbil to lean noticeably to one side. This may be caused by ear infections. Gerbils with "extreme white spotting" colouring are susceptible to deafness; this is thought to be due to the lack of pigmentation in and around the ear.

Captive-bred gerbils
Many color varieties of gerbils are available in pet shops today, generally the result of years of selective breeding.

Over 20 different coat colors occur in the Mongolian gerbil, which has been captive-bred the longest.

The fat-tailed gerbil or duprasi is also kept as a pet. They are smaller than the common Mongolian gerbils, and have long, soft coats and short, fat tails, appearing more like a hamster. The variation on the normal duprasi coat is more gray in color, which may be a mutation, or it may be the result of hybrids between the Egyptian and Algerian subspecies of duprasi.

White spotting has been reported in not only the Mongolian gerbil, but also the pallid gerbil and possibly Sundervall's Jird.

A long-haired mutation, a grey agouti or chinchilla mutation, white spotting, and possibly a dilute mutation have also appeared in Shaw's jirds, and white spotting and a dilute mutation have shown up in bushy-tailed jirds.

title: Mongolian gerbil


text:
User:Yelyos/List of proposed lists

Feel free to add your own!

#wikipedia lists
Inspired by User:Kmweber/List of Everyone Who Has Ever Lived, on October 5, 2004
 * list of natural numbers
 * List of lists that do not include themselves
 * List of lists not included on the list of lists
 * List of lists including lists
 * list of atoms in the universe
 * List of numbers
 * List of infinite things
 * Listerine
 * Listless
 * list of itself and nothing else
 * List of irrational numbers
 * list of silly list suggestions
 * List of all objects contained within lists in wikipedia, organized by list
 * List of users who have contributed to this list
 * stfu
 * List of all wikipedia articles
 * lisp
 * List of lists of lists of lists of lists
 * List of topics not notable enough for a wikipedia article
 * List of lists that do not exist
 * List of red links
 * List of deranged Wikipedians
 * List of lists with red links
 * list of real numbers
 * list of uncomputable numbers
 * list of truths
 * List of lies
 * List of political facts
 * List of military intelligence
 * list of bored wikipedian on irc
 * List of lists with more than 0 objects
 * List of lists with less than 0 objects
 * list of people who wasted approximately one man-hour on coming up with stupid lists
 * List of people who complain about stupid lists
 * List of people who think that this joke is getting old
 * tuple of lists
 * types of lists
 * list of people who never lived
 * List of people who would like to continue chatting using lists
 * List of dead people
 * List of undead people
 * list of really dead people
 * List of unalive people
 * list of 1, 2 and 3
 * list of the universe
 * List of favorite things
 * List of atoms in the universe sorted clockwise
 * Lists of people who are only kind of dead, but could get better
 * .. counter-clockwise
 * List for shopping next Sunday
 * List of people who should be dead
 * List of items at wal-mart
 * List of people Derk wants to kill for beating a dead horse of a joke
 * List of dead horses
 * List of people who are famous for beating dead horses
 * List of people just killed by Derk
 * List of people not yet killed
 * list of death lists
 * List of IRC channels with multiple
 * List of sets
 * List of YOUR MOM
 * OHHH
 * List of unfunny jokes
 * List of no soap radio
 * list of infinitely funny jokes
 * List of infinitely improbable things
 * List of bash quotes by rating
 * List of bad IRC joke lists
 * List of bad lists
 * List of johnny-come-latelys
 * list of usual deaths
 * list of boringly commong deaths
 * List of dead people who died
 * list of times we've had this conversation on IRC
 * List of times it's ended
 * List of people who were born with no complications whatsoever
 * list of times it's just gone on
 * List of penises
 * List of vaginas
 * List of clitorises
 * List of lists that started as jokes on a user page but turned into real articles
 * List of British television personalities with at least one deformed hand

title: User:Yelyos/List of proposed lists