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Traction motor

A traction motor is an electric motor used for propulsion of a vehicle, such as locomotives, electric or hydrogen vehicles, or electric multiple unit trains.

Traction motors are used in electrically powered railway vehicles (electric multiple units) and other electric vehicles including electric milk floats, trolleybuses, elevators, roller coasters, and conveyor systems, as well as vehicles with electrical transmission systems (diesel-electric locomotives, electric hybrid vehicles), and battery electric vehicles.

Motor types and control
Direct-current motors with series field windings are the oldest type of traction motors. These provide a speed-torque characteristic useful for propulsion, providing high torque at lower speeds for the acceleration of the vehicle, and declining torque as speed increases. By arranging the field winding with multiple taps, the speed characteristic can be varied, allowing relatively smooth operator control of acceleration. A further measure of control is provided by using pairs of motors on a vehicle in series-parallel control; for slow operation or heavy loads, two motors can be run in a series of the direct-current supply. Where higher speed is desired, these motors can be operated in parallel, making a higher voltage available at each motor and so allowing higher speeds. Parts of a rail system might use different voltages, with higher voltages in long runs between stations and lower voltages near stations where only slower operation is needed.

A variant of the DC system is the AC series motor, also known as the universal motor, which is essentially the same device but operates on alternating current. Since both the armature and field current reverse at the same time, the behavior of the motor is similar to that when energized with direct current. To achieve better operating conditions, AC railways are often supplied with current at a lower frequency than the commercial supply used for general lighting and power; special traction current power stations are used, or rotary converters used to convert 50 or 60 Hz commercial power to the 25 Hz or $16 2/3$ Hz frequency used for AC traction motors. Because it permits the simple use of transformers, the AC system allows efficient distribution of power down the length of a rail line, and also permits speed control with switchgear on the vehicle.

AC induction motors and synchronous motors are simple and low maintenance, but up until the advent of power semiconductors, were awkward to apply for traction motors because of their fixed speed characteristic. An AC induction motor generates useful amounts of power only over a narrow speed range determined by its construction and the frequency of the AC power supply. The advent of power semiconductors has made it possible to fit a variable frequency drive on a locomotive; this allows a wide range of speeds, AC power transmission, and the use of rugged induction motors that do not have wearing parts like brushes and commutators.

Road vehicles
Traditionally road vehicles (cars, buses, and trucks) have used diesel and petrol engines with a mechanical or hydraulic transmission system. In the latter part of the 20th century, vehicles with electrical transmission systems (powered by internal combustion engines, batteries, or fuel cells) began to be developed—one advantage of using electric machines is that specific types can regenerate energy (i.e. act as a regenerative brake)—providing deceleration as well as increasing overall efficiency by charging the battery pack.

Railways
Traditionally, these were series-wound brushed DC motors, usually running on approximately 600 volts. The availability of high-powered semiconductors (thyristors and the IGBT) has now made practical the use of much simpler, higher-reliability AC induction motors known as asynchronous traction motors. Synchronous AC motors are also occasionally used, as in the French TGV.

Mounting of motors
Before the mid-20th century, a single large motor was often used to drive multiple driving wheels through connecting rods that were very similar to those used on steam locomotives. Examples are the Pennsylvania Railroad DD1, FF1 and L5 and the various Swiss Crocodiles. It is now standard practice to provide one traction motor driving each axle through a gear drive.

Usually, the traction motor is three-point suspended between the bogie frame and the driven axle; this is referred to as a "nose-suspended traction motor". The problem with such an arrangement is that a portion of the motor's weight is unsprung, increasing unwanted forces on the track. In the case of the famous Pennsylvania Railroad GG1, two frame-mounted motors drove each axle through a quill drive. The "Bi-Polar" electric locomotives built by General Electric for the Milwaukee Road had direct drive motors. The rotating shaft of the motor was also the axle for the wheels. In the case of French TGV power cars, a motor mounted to the power car's frame drives each axle; a "tripod" drive allows a small amount of flexibility in the drive train allowing the trucks bogies to pivot. By mounting the relatively heavy traction motor directly to the power car's frame, rather than to the bogie, better dynamics are obtained, allowing better high-speed operation.

Windings
The DC motor was the mainstay of electric traction drives on electric and diesel-electric locomotives, street-cars/trams and diesel electric drilling rigs for many years. It consists of two parts, a rotating armature and fixed field windings surrounding the rotating armature mounted around a shaft. The fixed field windings consist of tightly wound coils of wire fitted inside the motor case. The armature is another set of coils wound round a central shaft and is connected to the field windings through "brushes" which are spring-loaded contacts pressing against an extension of the armature called the commutator. The commutator collects all the terminations of the armature coils and distributes them in a circular pattern to allow the correct sequence of current flow. When the armature and the field windings are connected in series, the whole motor is referred to as "series-wound". A series-wound DC motor has a low resistance field and armature circuit. For this reason, when voltage is applied to it, the current is high due to Ohm's law. The advantage of high current is that the magnetic fields inside the motor are strong, producing high torque (turning force), so it is ideal for starting a train. The disadvantage is that the current flowing into the motor has to be limited, otherwise the supply could be overloaded or the motor and its cabling could be damaged. At best, the torque would exceed the adhesion and the driving wheels would slip. Traditionally, resistors were used to limit the initial current.

Power control
As the DC motor starts to turn, interaction of the magnetic fields inside causes it to generate a voltage internally. This counter-electromotive force (CEMF) opposes the applied voltage and the current that flows is governed by the difference between the two. As the motor speeds up, the internally generated voltage rises, the resultant EMF falls, less current passes through the motor and the torque drops. The motor naturally stops accelerating when the drag of the train matches the torque produced by the motors. To continue accelerating the train, series resistors are switched out step by step, each step increasing the effective voltage and thus the current and torque for a little bit longer until the motor catches up. This can be heard and felt in older DC trains as a series of clunks under the floor, each accompanied by a jerk of acceleration as the torque suddenly increases in response to the new surge of current. When no resistors are left in the circuit, full line voltage is being applied directly to the motor. The train's speed remains constant at the point where the torque of the motor, governed by the effective voltage, equals the drag - sometimes referred to as balancing speed. If the train starts to climb an incline, the speed decreases because drag is greater than torque and the reduction in speed causes the CEMF to fall and thus the effective voltage to rise - until the current through the motor produces enough torque to match the new drag. The use of series resistance was wasteful because a lot of energy was lost as heat. To reduce these losses, electric locomotives and trains (before the advent of power electronics) were normally equipped for series-parallel control as well.

Locomotives that operated from AC power sources (using universal motors as traction motors) could also take advantage of tap changers on their transformers to vary the voltage applied to the traction motors without the losses inherent in resistors. The Pennsylvania Railroad class GG1 was an example of such a locomotive.

Dynamic braking
If the train starts to descend a grade, the speed increases because the (reduced) drag is less than the torque. With increased speed, the internally generated back-EMF voltage rises, reducing the torque until the torque again balances the drag. Because the field current is reduced by the back-EMF in a series wound motor, there is no speed at which the back-EMF will exceed the supply voltage, and therefore a single series wound DC traction motor alone cannot provide dynamic or regenerative braking.

There are, however various schemes applied to provide a retarding force using the traction motors. The energy generated may be returned to the supply (regenerative braking), or dissipated by on board resistors (dynamic braking). Such a system can bring the load to a low speed, requiring relatively little friction braking to bring the load to a full stop.

Automatic acceleration
On an electric train, the train driver or motorman originally had to control the cutting out of resistance manually, but by 1914, automatic acceleration was being used. This was achieved by an accelerating relay (often called a "notching relay") in the motor circuit which monitored the fall of current as each step of resistance was cut out. All the driver had to do was select low, medium or full speed (called "series", "parallel" and "shunt" from the way the motors were connected in the resistance circuit) and the automatic equipment would do the rest.

Rating
Electric locomotives usually have a continuous and one-hour rating. The one-hour rating is the maximum power that the motors can continuously develop over one hour without overheating. Such a test starts with the motors at +25 °C (and the outside air used for ventilation also at +25 °C). In the USSR, per GOST 2582-72 with class N insulation, the maximum temperatures allowed for DC motors were 160 °C for the armature, 180 °C for the stator, and 105 °C for the collector. The one-hour rating is typically about 10% higher than the continuous rating and is limited by the temperature rise in the motor.

As traction motors use a reduction gear setup to transfer torque from the motor armature to the driven axle, the actual load placed on the motor varies with the gear ratio. Otherwise "identical" traction motors can have significantly different load rating. A traction motor geared for freight use with a low gear ratio will safely produce higher torque at the wheels for a longer period at the same current level because the lower gears give the motor more mechanical advantage.

In diesel-electric and gas turbine-electric locomotives, the horsepower rating of the traction motors is usually around 81% that of the prime mover. This assumes that the electrical generator converts 90% of the engine's output into electrical energy and the traction motors convert 90% of this electrical energy back into mechanical energy. Calculation: 0.9 × 0.9 = 0.81

Individual traction motor ratings usually range up 1,600 kW.

Another important factor when traction motors are designed or specified is operational speed. The motor armature has a maximum safe rotating speed at or below which the windings will stay safely in place.

Above this maximum speed centrifugal force on the armature will cause the windings to be thrown outward. In severe cases, this can lead to "birdnesting" as the windings contact the motor housing and eventually break loose from the armature entirely and uncoil.

Bird-nesting (the centrifugal ejection of the armature's windings) due to overspeed can occur either in operating traction motors of powered locomotives or in traction motors of dead-in-consist locomotives being transported within a train traveling too fast. Another cause is replacement of worn or damaged traction motors with units incorrectly geared for the application.

Damage from overloading and overheating can also cause bird-nesting below rated speeds when the armature assembly and winding supports and retainers have been damaged by the previous abuse.

Cooling
Because of the high power levels involved, traction motors are almost always cooled using forced air, water or a special dielectric liquid.

Typical cooling systems on U.S. diesel-electric locomotives consist of an electrically powered fan blowing air into a passage integrated into the locomotive frame. Rubber cooling ducts connect the passage to the individual traction motors and cooling air travels down and across the armatures before being exhausted to the atmosphere.

title: Traction motor


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User:Corvun

Yo sup? This here's the Wiki-Webstead of Xavier Preston — but y'all can call me Xave. I'm an Eclectic Ghetto-Pagan Redneck with a good strong love for the literature, the art, the cinema, the music, the Craft, and them fine little cheerleaders. Make all y'all's selves at home, but don't be vandalizin' my page, y'hear? And iffen y'all does decide to be vandalizin' this here page, y'all'd best be makin' damned good sure it'll be funnier than a cow pie on a crackhead, suckachump.

Inforama
''“He who learns must suffer. And even in our sleep pain that cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart, and in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom to us by the awful grace of God.” — Aeschylus''

“I am one-hundred feet tall!” — Evil Alien Conquerors

“I cannot tell a lie; they’s uh crow-kuh-doyle in moy va-join-uh.” — Thomas Jefferson, opening line of the Gettysburg Address

The Basics
Useful things to know about me. I'm like an enigma, wrapped in a riddle, wrapped in a tortilla, served with special sauce, cheese, pickles, lettuce, onion, all on a sesame seed bun. Also, I don't know the meaning of the word "brevity."

 * Name: Xave the White Ny’Gaa
 * Epithets: Corvun Saepius (pseudonym for Corvus sapiens, in turn Latin for “wise crow”), White Ny’Gaa.
 * Pronunciation: Xavier - “Zave-yer”, rhymes with (rhotic) “Savior”; Ny’Gaa - “Nye-gah”, rhymes with non-rhotic “Tiger”.
 * Birthdate: 04-19-1983
 * Sun sign: Aries
 * IQ score: 140 (a completely meaningless number, I might add)
 * Education level: Some college
 * Sexual orientation: Trisexual (enjoying blondes, brunettes, and redheads)
 * Occupation: Professional Artist
 * Political affiliation(s): Anarchism, feminism & masculism, stoner rights activism, animal rights activism, anti-globalization, anti-nationalism, gay rights activism.
 * Religious affiliation(s): Syncreto-Paganism, Witchcraft.
 * Primary Fields of Study: Magick, occultism, comparative mythology, folklore.
 * Other Interests: Paleontology, paleoanthropology, evolutionary biology, genre studies (in particular, fantasy and horror).
 * Heroes & Inspirations: Aradia de Toscano, Malcom X, Tupac Shakur, Marshall Mathers
 * Huge fan of: Dungeons & Dragons, B-grade horror movies, Godzilla, drive-in theaters, cheerleaders, oldschool gangsta rap, heavy metal music, Heavy Metal (movie), Burns and Allen, and Red Dwarf.

Former Group Affiliations

 * Grays Harbor Alliance: An alternative lifestyle awareness group established by people of various sexualities (including straight-laced heterosexuals like myself) working toward greater understanding and acceptance concerning people of minority sexual orientations in an overwhelmingly redneck community.  Acting Vice President for a short time in the spring of 2000 CE.

Favorites
Stuff that no-one could possibly care about. Here until I can think of something better to replace it with.
 * Favorite author(s): For prose-style, definitely H. P. Lovecraft. For originality, Michael Crichton (20-page rants on hemoglobin in the middle of action scenes and prose so vanilla that it could put a PCP addict into a coma notwithstanding)
 * Favorite movie(s): The Evil Dead, Evil Dead 2, and Army of Darkness, collectively known as The Evil Dead Trilogy.
 * Favorite animal(s): Favorite extant species; the Crow, specifically the gradient/hybrid of Corvus brachyrhynchos and Corvus caurinus native to Southwestern Washington. Favorite extinct species; Tyrannosaurus rex.
 * Favorite car(s): The Corvette
 * Favorite food(s): Pizza, Alice B. Tokin' brownies
 * Favorite beverage(s): Pepsi, Pepsi-float
 * Favorite alcoholic beverage(s): I don't drink.  Alcohol destroys more lives than all other drugs combined.
 * Favorite drug(s): I don't engage in recreational drug use, though I do fully condone it if done responsibly such as according to the Responsible Drug User's Oath.
 * Favorite hemp strain(s): G-13, BC Hydrochronic, and Yellow Cab (please note (1) that hemp is not a drug, and (2) that I will not use the word marijuana/marihuana as the word is, like the anti-Cannabis laws, inherently racist, and was coined by the propagandist Harry J. Anslinger in order to connect the so-called "drug" with Mexican immigrants, as part of a campaign to deprive innocent people of one of the most benign "drugs" and benneficial herbs humankind has ever known).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Corvun


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George Callaghan

Admiral of the Fleet Sir George Astley Callaghan (21 December 1852 – 23 November 1920) was an officer in the Royal Navy. During the Boxer Rebellion he served as commander of a naval brigade sent ashore to form an element of a larger expedition under Lieutenant-General Sir Alfred Gaselee: the expedition entered Peking and rescued the legations which had been held hostage there. He came to prominence again when, as Second-in-Command of the Mediterranean Fleet, he assisted with the provision of aid to survivors of the Messina earthquake, which had caused the loss of circa 123,000 lives.

Callaghan became Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet in November 1911 and was advised in December 1913 that his tenure would be extended for another twelve months. With increasing international tension he started preparing his fleet for war. At the outbreak of the First World War in July 1914, Callaghan set sail in his flagship for his war station at Scapa Flow. There he met his successor-designate Sir John Jellicoe who had received orders from First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill to relieve the ageing Callaghan of command of his fleet. Callaghan was bitterly disappointed not to command his fleet in the war he had completely readied it for. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief, The Nore.

Early career
Born the grandson of Daniel Callaghan MP, and the son of Captain Frederic Marcus Callaghan (an Irish landowner) and Georgina Frances Callaghan (née Hodgson), Callaghan joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in the training ship HMS Britannia (1820) in January 1866. Promoted to midshipman on 15 October 1867, he joined the screw frigate HMS Liffey (1856) at Liverpool later that month. He then transferred to the corvette HMS Wolverine (1863) on the East Indies Station in October 1870. Promoted to sub-lieutenant on 15 April 1872 and to lieutenant on 15 April 1875, he joined the corvette HMS Ruby (1876) on the East Indies Station in June 1877. In this post he was awarded a commendation by the Admiralty for saving the lives of sailors after a boat capsized in the Irrawaddy River.

He attended the gunnery school HMS Excellent (shore establishment) in 1880 and then joined the staff there in 1882. He returned to HMS Ruby on the South East Coast of America Station in 1885 and, having been promoted to commander on 31 December 1887, he became executive officer in the battleship HMS Bellerophon (1865), flagship of the North America and West Indies Station in 1888. He went on to be commanding officer of the despatch vessel HMS Alacrity (1885), yacht of the Commander-in-Chief, China Station in 1892. Promoted to captain on 1 January 1894, he became naval advisor to the Inspector-General of Fortifications at the War Office later that year. He went on to be commanding officer of the cruiser HMS Hermione (1893) in the Channel Fleet in 1897 and commanding officer of the cruiser HMS Endymion (1891) on the China Station in 1899.

Boxer rebellion
In April 1900, Callaghan became commander of a naval brigade sent ashore to form an element of a larger expedition under Lieutenant-General Sir Alfred Gaselee as part of the British response to the Boxer Rebellion. The expedition entered Peking and successfully rescued the legations which had been held hostage there. Callaghan was mentioned in dispatches and appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 9 November 1900.

Higher rank
Callaghan became commanding officer of the cruiser HMS Edgar (1890) and commanded her in manoeuvres in Summer 1901 before becoming commanding officer of the battleship HMS Caesar (1896) on the Mediterranean Station in December 1901. He went on to be Captain of Portsmouth Dockyard early in 1904 and commanding officer of the battleship HMS Prince of Wales (1902) on the Mediterranean Station shortly thereafter. He was appointed naval aide-de-camp to the King on 25 April 1904. Promoted to rear-admiral on 1 July 1905, he became Second-in-Command, Channel Fleet, with his flag in the battleship HMS Illustrious (1896), in 1906 and commander of the 5th Cruiser Squadron, with his flag in the armoured cruiser HMS Leviathan (1901), in 1907. Appointed a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order on 3 August 1907, he went on to be Second-in-Command of the Mediterranean Fleet with his flag in the battleship HMS Duncan (1901) in 1908. In the latter role he assisted with the provision of aid to survivors of the Messina earthquake, which had caused the loss of circa 123,000 lives, in December 1908 for which he was advanced to Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order on 30 April 1909 and appointed a Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy on 15 April 1912. Promoted to vice-admiral on 27 April 1910, he became Second-in-Command of the Home Fleet, with his flag in the battleship HMS King Edward VII later that month. He was advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 24 June 1910.

Callaghan became Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet, with his flag in the battleship HMS Neptune (1909) and with the acting rank of admiral in November 1911. Following an inspection of his fleet by King George V he was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order on 11 May 1912 and, after a separate visit by the President Raymond Poincaré of France in 1913, he was also awarded the Grand Cordon of the French Legion of Honour. He was promoted to the substantive rank of full admiral on 17 May 1913 and was advised in December 1913 that his tenure would be extended for another twelve months. With increasing international tension he started preparing his fleet for war.

The First World War
At the outbreak of the First World War in July 1914, Callaghan set sail in his flagship, the battleship HMS Iron Duke (1912), for his war station at Scapa Flow. There he met his successor-designate Sir John Jellicoe, who had received orders from First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill to relieve the ageing Callaghan of command of his fleet. Jellicoe had resisted the order, believing it would cause tension in the fleet, but the order was confirmed by the Admiralty and Jellicoe was instructed to carry it out. Callaghan was bitterly disappointed not to command his fleet in the war he had completely readied it for.

In Autumn 1914 Callaghan took part in a Court of Inquiry into the conduct of Rear Admiral Ernest Troubridge for his failure to pursue the battlecruiser SMS Goeben and the light cruiser SMS Breslau. He referred the matter to a court-martial which ultimately found the case against Troubridge not proven.

Callaghan was appointed First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp to the King on 11 September 1914 and became Commander-in-Chief, The Nore in January 1915. He was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 3 June 1916 and was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 2 April 1917.

Callahan retired in March 1918 and became King of Arms of the Order of the Bath in May 1919. He died at 11 Cadogan Court, Chelsea, London on 23 November 1920 and was given a funeral at Westminster Abbey, following which he was buried in the churchyard of St Mary the Virgin at Bathwick, Somerset.

Family
In 1876, Callaghan married Edith Saumarez; they had one son and three daughters.

title: George Callaghan


text: Category:Holy days

title: Category:Holy days


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Rise Against

Rise Against is an American punk rock band from Chicago, formed in 1999. The group's current line-up comprises vocalist/rhythm guitarist Tim McIlrath, lead guitarist Zach Blair, bassist Joe Principe and drummer Brandon Barnes. Rooted in hardcore punk and melodic hardcore, Rise Against's music emphasizes melody, catchy hooks, an aggressive sound and playstyle, and rapid tempos. Lyrically, the band is known for their outspoken social commentary, covering a wide range of topics such as political injustice, animal rights, humanitarianism, and environmentalism.

The band spent its first four years signed to the independent record label Fat Wreck Chords, on which they released two studio albums, The Unraveling (2001) and Revolutions per Minute (2003). Both the albums were met with underground success, and in 2003 the band signed with the major label Dreamworks, which was absorbed by Geffen. Rise Against's major label debut Siren Song of the Counter Culture (2004) brought the band mainstream success, largely in part to the popularity of the singles "Give It All" and "Swing Life Away". The band's next album, The Sufferer & the Witness (2006), peaked at number ten on the Billboard 200 in the United States, and was Rise Against's first album to chart in countries outside of North America.

With the release of Appeal to Reason (2008), Rise Against's music shifted toward a more accessible and radio-friendly sound, with greater emphasis on production value. The album's third single, "Savior", broke the record for the most consecutive weeks spent on both the Hot Rock Songs and Alternative Songs charts. Rise Against's popularity grew with the release of Endgame (2011), which peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, and charted highly worldwide. The band's seventh and eighth albums, The Black Market (2014) and Wolves (2017) continued the trend of commercial success, and both peaked with the top ten on the Billboard 200. Their ninth and most recent album, Nowhere Generation, was released in 2021.

Rise Against is also known for their advocacy of progressivism, supporting organizations such as Amnesty International and the It Gets Better Project. The band actively promotes animal rights and most of the members are straight edge, PETA supporters and vegetarians.

Early years (1999-2003)
Rise Against was formed in 1999, by bassist Joe Principe and guitarist Dan Wleklinski. Before Rise Against, Principe and Wleklinski were members of the Chicago punk rock band 88 Fingers Louie. This band toured and recorded to moderate success, but disbanded on two separate occasions in the late 1990s. Following the second breakup, Principe and Wleklinski decided to form a new band called Transistor Revolt, and recruited drummer Tony Tintari, guitarist Kevin White, and lead vocalist Tim McIlrath. Principe met McIlrath in Indianapolis while attending a Sick of It All concert, and recalled seeing him perform with his previous band Baxter. Impressed with McIlrath's gritty vocals, Principe gave him a seven track demo he had recorded, and invited him to join the nascent band. McIlrath accepted the invitation, and dropped out of Northeastern Illinois University.

The initial jam sessions were problematic, as McIlrath was unaccustomed to Principe's and Wleklinski's fast-paced style of play. McIlrath described these early sessions as "the meeting of different worlds and worlds colliding", and noted how many of his friends questioned the future of the band. Despite these early issues, they were able to self-publish the extended play (EP) Transistor Revolt in 2000. The EP attracted the attention of the local punk community, as well as Fat Mike, the lead vocalist of NOFX and co-founder of the independent record label Fat Wreck Chords. Fat Mike offered to sign the band to a recording contract, with the stipulation that they change their name. He gave some suggestions, like Jimmy Cracked Corn And The I Don't Cares, although none of the band members liked them. Tintari suggested Rise Against, to which the band agreed upon.

After signing with Fat Wreck Chords, Tintari and White left the band. The remaining members then spent the next few months looking for another drummer capable of playing double-time beats at a rapid pace. During this period, the band Good Riddance found their new drummer, and sent Rise Against the audition tape of their number two choice, Brandon Barnes. A mutual friend gave Barnes' phone number to Principe, and after listening to Transistor Revolt, Barnes accepted the band's invitation.

With their new lineup finalized, Rise Against began work on their debut studio album, The Unraveling. Recording sessions took place in late 2000, at Sonic Iguana Studios in Lafayette. Wleklinski served as an assistant engineer under producer Mass Giorgini, and later remarked on the grueling workdays: "12-hour days for 4 of those weeks, and then 22-24 hours per day during that last week of tracking. These were the times of 'If you don't play it right, you have to play it again,' not 'That was good enough, I'll edit it so it's on time." The Unraveling was released on April 24, 2001. Although the album failed to reach any record charts, it did receive positive reviews from critics, who commended the raw and unadulterated music. To promote the album, Rise Against toured extensively throughout North America and Europe. While on tour, Wleklinski left the band due to several complaints from McIlrath. Rumor spread that Wleklinski was fired because of his long hair, although McIlrath derided these claims. Phillip Hill stood in as the lead guitarist while on tour, after which White returned as a replacement.

Less than a year later, White left the band for a second time, and was replaced by Todd Mohney, McIlrath's roommate and former bandmate. When it came time to record their second album, Revolutions per Minute, McIlrath noted that the band was suffering from an "identity crisis". Fat Wreck Chords was known for a specific pop punk sound, and Rise Against wanted to find a producer that could highlight the heavier side of their music. They decided on Bill Stevenson—the former drummer of the punk band Descendents—and Jason Livermore to produce the album. Revolutions per Minute was recorded at the Blasting Room in Fort Collins, from November to December 2002. The band members developed a strong rapport with Stevenson and Livermore, and the two parties would eventually collaborate on four of next five Rise Against albums.

Revolutions per Minute was released on April 8, 2003. Like The Unraveling, it failed to reach any major record charts, but did reach number thirty-five on the Independent Albums chart in the United States. Critics praised the album for its impassioned lyrics and unique blend of hardcore punk and melodic hardcore; Brian Hiatt of Rolling Stone called Revolutions per Minute "easily among the finest punk records of the past decade". To support the album, Rise Against traveled with other Fat Wreck Chord bands like Anti-Flag, None More Black, and No Use for a Name on North American and Japan based tours, and participated in the 2003 Warped Tour in North America. When asked about the band's early years with Fat Wreck Chords, Principe said: "Our goal was to be on Fat Wreck Chords and just sell enough records so that when we were home from tour, we wouldn't have to get jobs...Of course, that was all before we had families and children and numerous responsibilities. That was the beauty. And then the longer we did it things just kept coming our way."

Rising popularity (2004–2007)
Rise Against's extensive touring schedule helped to establish an early fanbase, and attracted the attention of major record labels, including Dreamworks Records. The general consensus among Fat Wreck Chords musicians was that major record labels sacrifice musical integrity in exchange for commercial profit. Rise Against held the same belief, but eventually came to the conclusion that unlike other labels, DreamWorks supported their politically charged lyrics. According to McIlrath: "Their faith in what we do and the fact that they cared about stuff we cared about was an eye-opener." The band signed with Dreamworks in September 2003, and was given complete creative control to record their major record label debut album, Siren Song of the Counter Culture.

The band went into the album with the assumption that Dreamworks was going to drop them at any moment, so they wanted to take advantage of the opportunity by working with their "dream producer". They chose Garth Richardson, who was known for his work with heavier sounding bands like Rage Against the Machine and Sick of It All. While writing songs for the album, Rise Against's lineup once again changed; Mohney quit, and was replaced by Chris Chasse of the band Reach the Sky. The recording sessions for Siren Song of the Counter Culture were marred by numerous distractions and inconveniences, the biggest of which was the transition from Dreamworks to Geffen Records. In November 2003, Dreamworks was acquired by Universal Music Group, and eventually merged with Geffen. The transition period between labels left Rise Against without an A&R representative, and little acknowledgement from Geffen executives.

Siren Song of the Counter Culture was released on August 10, 2004. For the first six months, the album sold poorly, and attracted little fanfare. Rise Against's incessant touring resulted in greater exposure and an eventual increase in sales. It became the band's first album to reach the Billboard 200, peaking at number 136, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of 500,000 copies. Siren Song of the Counter Culture was praised for its lyrical content, but drew some criticism for a lack of individually memorable songs and perceived overproduction. Three songs from the album were released as singles: "Give It All", "Swing Life Away", and "Life Less Frightening". All three songs charted on the Modern Rock Tracks chart in the United States. "Give It All" and "Swing Life Away" in particular are credited as the band's breakthrough singles, helping Rise Against achieve mainstream appeal.

After a year and a half of touring, Rise Against reconvened at the Blasting Room to record their fourth album, The Sufferer & the Witness. The band members were dissatisfied with Richardson's contributions to Siren Song of the Counter Culture, as he produced a more polished and heavier album than their previous works. As a result, they decided to return to Stevenson and Livermore, whom they felt had accurately captured the raw punk sound they strove for on Revolutions per Minute. Unlike the stressful recording sessions for Siren Song of the Counter Culture, the band had a much more enjoyable time with The Sufferer & the Witness, as they no longer sought the approval of Geffen executives. According to McIlrath: "It went great, the songs just flowed out of us. There were really few questions and the song lyrics would just come out of us, it went really well and everyone really liked them."

The Sufferer & the Witness was released on July 4, 2006. The album sold 48,327 copies in its first week of release in the United States, and peaked at number ten on the Billboard 200. The Sufferer & the Witness also charted in seven other countries, including number five on the Canadian Albums Chart, making it the band's first album to chart outside of the United States. It was certified gold in three countries, and platinum by Music Canada. The album was well received by critics, who praised the production value, and noted how Rise Against was able to mature in their sound and simultaneously retain their punk roots.

Three songs from The Sufferer & the Witness were released as singles: "Ready to Fall", "Prayer of the Refugee", and "The Good Left Undone". These three songs also charted on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, with "Prayer of the Refugee" and "The Good Left Undone" in particular peaking within the top ten. Rise Against supported the album with The Sufferer & the Witness Tour throughout the second half of 2006 and all of 2007. The band was a headliner on the 2006 Warped Tour, during which author and filmmaker Davy Rothbart recorded several of the band's live performances, and interviewed some of their fans. This footage was used in the Rise Against DVD documentary Generation Lost. Prior to a 2007 tour with My Chemical Romance, Chasse left the band, citing touring fatigue as the reason for his departure; his role was filled shortly thereafter by Zach Blair of the band Only Crime. At the time he received the call about joining Rise Against, Blair was a construction worker living paycheck to paycheck.

International success (2008–2013)
McIlrath and Principe had been writing songs for a new album throughout The Sufferer & Witness tour, and in December 2007, the band members went to the Blasting Room to record their fifth studio album Appeal to Reason. This was the third Rise Against album to be produced by Stevenson and Livermore, and the band members had grown accustomed to the duo's work style. According to McIlrath: "[Stevenson's] got such a work ethic, just an amazing work ethic, and Livermore too, and the whole studio, all the people that work there." Blair went into the album with the goal to fit in seamlessly with the other band members, or as he put it "If you listen to every record this band had out, you could tell that Zach Blair played on this record". He took influence from how Nels Cline sounded on the album Sky Blue Sky when he joined Wilco. Blair was already well acquainted with Stevenson before joining Rise Against, as he and Stevenson were in Only Crime. Stevenson helped Blair replicate the sound of past Rise Against guitarists.

Appeal to Reason was released on October 7, 2008. It was the first Rise Against album to be released by Interscope Records. In the United States, the album peaked at number three on the Billboard 200, making it Rise Against's highest-charting album at the time. The album sold 64,000 copies in its first week of release, and by December 2010, it had sold 482,000 copies. Rise Against's popularity continued to grow internationally, with Appeal to Reason charting highly in several countries including number one in Canadian Albums Chart. Appeal to Reason marked a musical shift for Rise Against to a more mainstream and radio-friendly sound, which led to division among critical opinions. Some critics commended the album's more radio-friendly sound,  while other critics found the music to be stale, and bemoaned Rise Against for abandoning their punk roots.

Like with the previous two albums, three songs from Appeal to Reason were released as singles: "Re-Education (Through Labor)", "Audience of One", and "Savior". All three songs charted highly on the Modern Rock Tracks chart; "Savior" in particular held the record for the most consecutive weeks spent on both the Hot Rock Songs and Modern Rock Tracks charts, with sixty-three and sixty-five weeks respectively. In the midst of Appeal to Reason singles, Rise Against also released three EPs in 2009, including a short split album with Anti-Flag.

To promote the album, Rise Against embarked on the Appeal To Reason Tour, which began with United States-based tour with Thrice, Alkaline Trio, and The Gaslight Anthem. Rise Against then co-headlined a 2009 tour with Rancid throughout the summer months, which was followed by a short tour of the United Kingdom in November, supported by the bands Thursday and Poison the Well. Some of the 2009 performances were recorded and compiled in the 2010 DVD Another Station: Another Mile. These performances were interspersed with interviews of the band members about the process of recording an album.

Rise Against finished recording their sixth studio album, Endgame, in January 2011, after recording some last-minute guest vocals. The lyrics of the album focus on real world events, such as Hurricane Katrina and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. According to McIlrath, although the lyrics discuss grim topics, they actually take on a positive view and were written from the perspective of: "What if the place on the other side of this transition is a place we'd all rather be living in?" On January 12, 2011, Rise Against announced the release date of Endgame as March 15, 2011. Although Spin Magazine labeled Endgame as a concept album, on January 7, 2011, McIlrath tweeted a clarifying message stating that "the record is not a concept record and, fret not, has absolutely nothing to do with the Dixie Chicks." The first single from the album, "Help Is on the Way", debuted on KROQ on January 17. A second song from the album, "Architects", was debuted and released digitally on February 15. As a promotion effort, the band embarked on a short tour of South America in February and then a month-long tour of Europe in March. Upon returning to the United States, the band announced a U.S. spring tour with Bad Religion and Four Year Strong.

Endgame is notable for being the first album to establish Rise Against's stance on homophobia with the third song on the album, "Make It Stop (September's Children)," which references the September 2010 suicides of teenagers in the LGBT community. Upon the album's release, the band put a message on their website inviting listeners to apply the songs' messages to current events, in addition to those on which they were originally based.

On May 10, 2011, the band released a 7" split vinyl with Face to Face. The 7" features 2 songs, with each band covering a song by the other band. In August 2011, Rise Against made appearances at the Reading and Leeds Festivals. The band was the main support act for the Foo Fighters' fall US tour 2011. Rise Against supported the Foo Fighters on 9 dates in September, with Mariachi El Bronx as the opening act. After this, the band announced a tour of Canada throughout October 2011, supported by Flogging Molly and Black Pacific. The tour consisted of nine dates. Rise Against contributed a cover of "Ballad of Hollis Brown" to Chimes of Freedom, a tribute album of Bob Dylan songs produced in February 2012 to commemorate Amnesty International's 50th anniversary.

Rise Against embarked on a two-leg US tour with A Day to Remember and The Menzingers in the spring of 2012. Leg one ended with the band launching another European tour. The band continued back to Europe for the summer months while doing a slew of festivals along the way. To end 2012, the band announced the return to the US with a fall tour with Gaslight Anthem and Hot Water Music. The tour included two shows in Arizona, which the band had not played since 2009 due to the Sound Strike. On January 2, 2013, vocalist Tim McIlrath told Rolling Stone that Rise Against was "focusing on recharging [their] batteries" after two years of touring in support of Endgame. In March 2013, Rise Against played their first ever performances on African soil when they performed in South Africa for the Durban, Johannesburg and Cape Town legs of RAMFest, where they headlined the festival along with the UK band Bring Me the Horizon.

Recent years (2014–present)
The extensive touring schedule surrounding Endgame took a toll on the band members, and in 2013 they decided to take a year long hiatus. According to Blair: "You're constantly gone. You don't feel like you live anywhere". He also discussed how the other three band members lives had evolved, and were away from their families for months on end. "It's an interesting thing to kind of realize that and kind of get out of the bubble, get out of the bus, and go 'Oh, geez, we actually have lives outside of what we do.'" In January 2014, the band members reconvened at the Blasting Room to record Rise Against's seventh album The Black Market. The band members used new recording techniques, such as greater usage of analog signals on a Kemper amplifier, and an Evertune bridge to keep the guitars in tune. As McIlrath put it: "I want the songs to feel a certain way. I want the songs to hit the guy and the girl who don't really care about guitar tones."

The Black Market was released on July 15, 2014. In the United States, the album entered at number three on the Billboard 200 and sold 53,000 copies in its first week. It was their fourth consecutive album to debut within the top ten on the Billboard 200, and it spent eleven weeks on the chart. The Black Market was an international success, in particular in Canada, where it became Rise Against's third consecutive album to reach number one. Reviews were generally positive; critics praised the more introspective lyrics, but often bemoaned the music as formulaic and stale. To promote the album, Rise Against toured throughout 2014 and 2015 with several other rock bands, such as Emily's Army, Touché Amoré, and Killswitch Engage.

On April 18, 2017, the band posted a new mysterious website which appeared to show a cryptic tracklist, song length and an announcement date "4.20.2017" for the new album. On April 20, 2017, Rise Against announced the title of their new album Wolves which was released on June 9, 2017, via Virgin Records. The album's lead single, "The Violence", was released on April 20, 2017. To promote the album, the band announced a headlining North American tour in fall 2017 with Pierce the Veil and White Lung supporting.

On March 29, 2018, the band's Instagram account published a video announcing a project entitled The Ghost Note Symphonies, Vol. 1. A later announcement described the album as having "the songs stripped down, with alternate instrumentation, unique orchestration and a surprise or two" and announced a release date of July 27, 2018. The band released an acoustic version of "House on Fire" from Wolves as a single for the album on May 18 and an acoustic version of "Like the Angel" from Revolutions per Minute on June 8.

Following touring for Wolves, Rise Against chose to take a more relaxed approach to writing their next album. In an interview with Kerrang!, McIlrath explained that we don't want to feel rushed, we'll put out the record when it's done, not to try and meet some deadline." New music began to be released in 2020, when the band collaborated with DC comics on the Dark Nights: Death Metal series. The band released a new song called "Broken Dreams, Inc" as the first single for the comic book storyline's soundtrack.

News of a new Rise Against album began to surface in early 2021 when the band began posting cryptic videos on their social media accounts. These videos eventually lead to the announcement of Nowhere Generation on March 17, 2021. Along with "Broken Dreams, Inc" being included on the track list, the band also released the title track as the second single. Additional singles, "The Numbers" and "Talking to Ourselves" were also released prior to the album, which released on June 4, 2021. The band embarked on a US tour in support of the album that summer with the Descendents and The Menzingers as opening acts. This was followed by multiple 2022 tours with Billy Talent, The Used, Senses Fail, Pennywise, and Stick To Your Guns.

During the recording process for Nowhere Generation, Rise Against wrote a total of sixteen songs, but only included eleven of them on the album. The remaining five were eventually released in 2022 as Nowhere Generation II; an EP that acts as a continuation of the album. It was announced alongside the release of the single "Last Man Standing" on June 6, 2022, with the EP releasing four days later.

Musical style
Critics have described Rise Against's musical style as punk rock, hardcore punk  and melodic hardcore. The band's songs emphasize melody, catchy hooks, aggressive movements, and rapid-paced tempo. Guitarists McIlrath and Blair focus on speed riffing and multi-layered choruses, while bassist Principe uses aggressive picking to lock in with the snare and kick of the drums. Likewise, drummer Barnes follows the guitars, stating: "Sometimes I'll do it naturally, or we'll talk about different ways to accent things - fills from the snare or toms, or some big crashes." The band members have noted the influence of several punk bands, in particular Black Flag and Minor Threat. In a 2006 interview with Punknews, McIlrath commented: "We're emulating Minor Threat and Black Flag. Who knows, maybe if Ian MacKaye was wearing eyeliner then I would be." Other bands that have influenced Rise Against include 7 Seconds, AFI, Bad Brains, Bad Religion, Berri Txarrak, Bikini Kill, Cave In, the Clash, Coalesce, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, the Cure, Dead Kennedys, Desaparecidos, Descendents, Down by Law, Echo & the Bunnymen, Earth Crisis, Face to Face, Flobots, Fugazi, Guns N' Roses, Ignite, Jawbreaker, Los Crudos, Janelle Monáe, NOFX, Pennywise, Propagandhi, Public Enemy, Quicksand, Rage Against the Machine, Ramones, Rancid, Refused, Samiam, Gil Scott-Heron, Screeching Weasel, Shades Apart, Sidekick Kato, Sick of It All, Patti Smith, Social Distortion and Touché Amoré.

During the early part of its career, Rise Against's music was characterized by a gritty sound described by critics as both hardcore punk and melodic hardcore. The Unraveling accentuated a raw punk sound, while Revolutions per Minute featured an overall darker tone. According to Principe: "The Unraveling was more of us just trying to figure out how we functioned as a band and what type of band we wanted to be. It all just came together with [Revolutions per Minute], my songwriting style and Tim's, it really meshes well together and I think it shows on that record. Although this darker tone carried into Siren Song of the Counter Culture, McIlrath specially mentioned that The Sufferer & the Witness was an attempt to return to Rise Against's punk roots. Corey Apar of AllMusic wrote "[The Sufferer & the Witness] is basically one shout-along, mosh-worthy song after another". In early Rise Against songs, McIlrath would often shift between clean vocals and screaming vocals.

With the release of Appeal to Reason, Rise Against's music took a noticeable turn toward a more accessible and radio-friendly sound, with greater emphasis on production value. The New York Times reviewer Jon Pareles felt Appeal to Reason was more tune-oriented than the band's previous material, while Davey Boy of Sputnikmusic wrote how Endgame was "slickly produced to enhance the melodic nature of songs". Principe believes the shift in sound resulted from the longevity of the Rise Against. He explained that the band members grew as musicians, and wanted to challenge themselves with new musical directions. For example, at the insistence of Blair, Rise Against began to incorporate more guitar solos into their music. McIlrath's screaming vocals became less prevalent in Appeal to Reason, a trend that would continue in subsequent albums.

Lyrics
Rise Against is known for their outspoken social commentary, which often permeates their lyrics. Throughout the years, the band has discussed a wide range of topics, including animal rights, economic injustice, environmental disasters, forced displacement, homophobia, and modern warfare. Political corruption is another subject commonly found in their lyrics, and as a result, Rise Against is often labeled as a "political band". Some journalists have stated that the band has specifically targeted the Republican administrations of George W. Bush and Donald Trump, while promoting anarchist ideologies.

As the band's primary lyricist, McIlrath is wary of the political label. "In this sort of current climate of music, we stand out simply because I think there are bands that are avoiding the question. So, it makes us sort of an anomaly and I think that's where we get the tag 'protest music' or 'political punk rock'". He also noted how the band's lyrics discuss these topics in general terms, instead of delving into the specifics. In a 2006 interview, McIlrath said: "I think that a lot of the problems we deal with today in the world are the ones that have been plaguing society for centuries and probably will be here a hundred years from now...There's a bigger picture than just the Bush administration and specific problems of 2006, and I want people to relate to that, even if they're listening to [our music] 10 years from now." Principe noted the band does not attempt to preach their beliefs, but instead encourage listeners to become involved, and learn about pertinent issues affecting society.

Not all Rise Against songs discuss controversial topics. More personal stories about broken relationships and forgiveness are common lyrical themes, as is the concept of self-reflection. The Unraveling is an early example of this style of songwriting, as the majority of the album's songs focus on friendships and memories. It was not until Revolutions per Minute that McIlrath began to integrate social issues into their music. Despite the grim subject matter, Rise Against songs are often hopeful in nature, a decision the band conscientiously made from the very beginning. Will Rausch of PopMatters wrote: "Unlike typical emo rants filled with despondency and arm chair philosophy, [Rise Against] songs deal with the reality that life sucks, but we must move on."

Videography
Rise Against will often produce an accompanying music video for a single. These videos typically either tell a narrative or feature documentary-like footage. This documentary style of filming can be seen in the music videos for "Ready to Fall", "Re-Education (Through Labor)", "Ballad of Hollis Brown", and "I Don't Want to Be Here Anymore". These videos juxtapose footage of the band playing the song and footage of a certain societal issue such as gun violence or animal abuse, overlaid with damning facts about the issue. For example, the video "Ballad of Hollis Brown" is about the dangers of industrialized farming and poverty in the United States, and features interviews with farmers who are struggling to stay afloat.

Rise Against's narrative videos are also usually political in nature. In the video for "Prayer of the Refugee" the band destroys products in a retail store, with intermittent shots of foreign workers making the store products. The goal was for the video to showcase how conventional business models allow for various human rights violations. Some narrative videos follow the song's lyric thread, such as in the Hurricane Katrina based video for "Help Is on the Way", while other videos are used to enforce the song's message, such as the band's anti-homophobic stance in the "Make It Stop (September's Children)" video.

Discussing the "Ready to Fall" video and need for politicized music videos, McIlrath said: "We looked at it from the perspective of hijacking the airwaves. If they're gonna give us three and a half minutes of airtime on TV that means we can play anything, we can make a video that would be intense even on mute". Rise Against has garnered some controversy for their music videos, particularly for perceived violent themes. The video for "Re-Education (Through Labor)" features the Chicago sect of the Moped Army planting and detonating bombs throughout the city. Some viewers saw this as an act of condoning terrorism. The video for "The Violence", which was to feature the detonation of busts of the forty-three United States Presidents on a plot of farmland, was prohibited by the farm's board of directors for "anti-government themes".

Politics and ethics
Their video for the single "Ready to Fall" contains footage of factory farming, rodeos, and sport hunting, as well as deforestation, melting ice caps, and forest fires. The group has called the video the most important video they have ever made. In February 2012, the band released a cover of the Bob Dylan song "Ballad of Hollis Brown" as part of a benefit for Amnesty International. In addition to being vegetarians, all the members of Rise Against, with the exception of Brandon Barnes, are straight edge; that is, they refrain from consuming alcohol or using drugs. After they endorsed a "completely vegan" line of Vans shoes in May 2007, the band released a statement in response to criticism of Vans' use of sweatshops.

In addition to their support of animal rights, the band has voiced their support for Democratic and Progressive causes. During the 2004 United States presidential election, the band was part of Punkvoter, a political activist group, and appeared on the Rock Against Bush, Vol. 1 compilation. The Rock Against Bush project raised over $1 million for then presidential candidate John Kerry. During the 2008 presidential election, the band members endorsed Barack Obama. In a news bulletin in early 2009, the band stated: "Few things are more exciting than watching Bush finally release America as his eight year hostage."

In 2017, McIlrath said: "The Trump administration has made our job really easy because we’ve been trying to point out some of what the right wing tries to get away with—and now they’re not even trying to get away with it. They’re just telling you they’re fucking you!" Following the 2020 election, he commented that "The groundwork that existed to create a candidate like Trump or even to create voters for him was there before he was there, and just because he’s out of office doesn’t mean the problems of the world or in our country suddenly disappear."

Band members
Current members
 * Tim McIlrath – lead vocals (1999–present), rhythm guitar (2002–present)
 * Joe Principe – bass guitar, backing vocals (1999–present)
 * Brandon Barnes – drums, percussion (2000–present)
 * Zach Blair – lead guitar, backing vocals (2007–present)

Former members
 * Dan Wleklinski – lead guitar, backing vocals (1999–2001), rhythm guitar (2000–2001)
 * Kevin White – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1999–2000, 2001–2002), lead guitar (2001–2002)
 * Tony Tintari – drums, percussion (1999–2000)
 * Todd Mohney – lead guitar, backing vocals (2002–2004)
 * Chris Chasse – lead guitar, backing vocals (2004–2007)

Discography

 * The Unraveling (2001)
 * Revolutions per Minute (2003)
 * Siren Song of the Counter Culture (2004)
 * The Sufferer & the Witness (2006)
 * Appeal to Reason (2008)
 * Endgame (2011)
 * The Black Market (2014)
 * Wolves (2017)
 * Nowhere Generation (2021)

title: Rise Against


text:
User:Tookr

Hello! I'm kinda new to Wikipedia (long time reader, recent editor) and I'm not sure that there's much I can really contribute, however I think that it is an excellent idea and a great project. So far, I have just fixed some ambiguous sentences and a few misspellings (mainly related to names of places around my hometown Brisbane, Australia) although I have added a bit to the entry for Mansfield, Queensland.

I have some ideas for the set of pages about the Brisbane rail network (I really like the little box about the lines on the List_of_Melbourne_railway_stations) and maybe Brisbane public transport in general, but we'll see what happens. I'm still learning the ettiquette in relation to page edits and reformatting. I am also infamous for getting bored halfway through a project, so it might be better that I start small.

In case anyone cares, here's my sandbox (well, actually, I've just included this here so I can find it more easily).

Any questions/comments? Please drop me a line (talk page).

title: User:Tookr


text: Category:Hindu holy days

title: Category:Hindu holy days


text:
Sasquatch (comics)

Sasquatch (Walter Langkowski) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

Publication history
Sasquatch first appeared in The Uncanny X-Men #120 (April 1979) and was created by John Byrne.

Fictional character biography
Dr. Walter 'Walt' Langkowski is a founding member of Alpha Flight, a native of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, renowned physicist, and professor at McGill University. He was also a professional football player for the Green Bay Packers. In the 1993 miniseries The Infinity Crusade it is revealed that Langkowski is Jewish.

As Sasquatch, he possessed the ability to change into a massive, super-strong and orange-furred beast. In this form, Langkowski had immense physical attributes and natural weaponry.

Origin
This alternate form was due Langkowski's self-experimentation with gamma radiation. In an attempt to replicate the process that transformed Bruce Banner into the Hulk, Langkowski bombarded himself with a gamma ray projector at an isolated laboratory near the Arctic Circle.

The experiment transformed Langkowski into a raging beast. He destroyed the laboratory and ran off into the Arctic wilderness before reverting to his human form. He was recovered by a Canadian search-and-rescue team and taken to a hospital for observation. While recovering, he told his colleague James MacDonald Hudson (aka Guardian) to call him "Sasquatch."

Langkowski was baffled to discover his alter ego had orange fur instead of green skin (which is common to gamma mutates). He speculated that the gamma rays collected were contaminated by passage through the Aurora Borealis, which meant they might have included some cosmic rays as well.

However, unknown to Langkowski, it was not the gamma rays that turned him into Sasquatch. His lab equipment opened a doorway between their world and the "Realm of the Great Beasts," monsters from Canada's prehistoric past. When the gap opened, a mystical beast named Tanaraq switched places with Langkowski's body, granting him the beast's physical powers.

His metamorphosis was triggered by willpower, sometimes requiring a few moments of meditation. Further, Langkowski had no difficulty maintaining his personality and intelligence while in Sasquatch form.

Alpha Flight
As a founding member of the Canadian superhero team Alpha Flight, Sasquatch battled the X-Men in an attempt to capture Wolverine. The fight between the two teams caused a huge amount of property damage at the Calgary Stampede shopping area, as well as the loss of a DC-10 that Sasquatch flung into a hangar.

Sasquatch later battled the Hulk, to test his own physical limits, then fought alongside the Hulk against the Wendigo.

Not long after, Alpha Flight was officially disbanded by its government agency, Department H. However, when Guardian called upon the scattered team members, he joined Alpha Flight to take down the Great Beast Tundra.

The team soon after worked with Namor, and the Invisible Woman, encountering the Master of the World. On his own, he faced the Super-Skrull. and then rejoined the team to fight Omega Flight in New York City, where the team lost Guardian.

Alongside Rom, Alpha Flight fought the Dire Wraiths. and then joined the X-Men on a journey to Asgard, where they clashed with Loki.

Tanaraq
While shopping with his girlfriend Aurora, Sasquatch encountered and fought a new armored villain, Calibre. Shot in the chest and seriously injured, Langkowski lost control, allowing the spirit of Tanaraq to inhabit Sasquatch. Tanaraq threatened to kill Aurora and wreak havoc. Confronted by Walt's teammate Snowbird, Tanaraq was killed when Snowbird transformed into a white-furred Sasquatch and ripped out the beast's heart. Upon the body's death, Langkowski's spirit was lost.

New Body and Identity
After his death, Langkowski's teammates traveled to the realm of the Great Beasts to recover his soul. However, a preservation spell cast by Alpha Flight's sorcerer Shaman failed to prevent Langkowski's body from crumbling to dust.

Once in the land of the Great Beasts, they were attacked by the monsters' leader Somon, who summoned his allies Tundra, Kariooq, and Tolomaq against them. Snowbird battled Somon, eventually forcing him to relinquish control of the others; leaderless, the monsters turned on each other and ignored Alpha Flight.

Forcing the now-weakened Somon to reveal to them the location of Langkowski's spirit, Alpha Flight ventured to the Pit of Ultimate Sadness, located beneath the Great Glow-Globe of Phistash-Hasrak, where Somon explained that the souls of those who once inhabited the realm existed in torment. Somon told them that, to enter the Pit's Well of Sorrows, they must sacrifice love, hate, and power. Sending Aurora (representing love), Northstar (representing hate), and Talisman (representing power), Alpha Flight realized the Well was a trap set by Somon.

Snowbird killed Somon and three trapped Alphans were reunited with the rest of the team. Shaman deduced from Somon's trap that no actual souls still remained within the Well of Sorrows but rather, the only wandering soul (Walter's) resided within the Glow-Globe of Phistash-Hasrak. Containing Walter's soul within a globe of its own from his pouch, Shaman then transported Alpha Flight back to Earth, where they met with Heather Hudson and Box.

Lacking a body, in desperation, Shaman projected the soul into the robot Box, who had arrived as the Alphans returned to Earth. After searching for a habitable but mindless body, Langkowski and Box's creator, Roger Bochs, eventually found a nearly-mindless humanoid in another dimension. However, when the pair projected Langkowski's soul along an interdimensional "fishing line", it turned out to be the Hulk. Langkowski, unwilling to displace his colleague and friend Bruce Banner (despite Banner's pleas to the contrary), let his soul dissipate into the interdimensional void.

Return and "White Sasquatch"
However, Langkowski wasn't dead. He returned soon afterward by temporarily inhabiting the shrunken, mindless body of Smart Alec, which had been kept in Shaman's pouch.

He then switched over to occupy Snowbird's then-deceased body (with her permission). In Snowbird's body, Walt lacked Snowbird's shapeshifting powers and was limited to either Snowbird's (female) human form and a white-furred version of his Sasquatch form. Now biologically female, she called herself "Wanda Langkowski", and fought to be recognized as legally alive. Snowbird's spirit later altered her former body to be identical of his original self. After this, Sasquatch regained his original orange coloration.

Among his later adventures with Alpha Flight, Walt battled Llan the Sorcerer, then joined the Avengers, and the People's Protectorate against the Atlantean army, the Peace Corpse, and the Combine. The team also helped defend Her against the Consortium.

2000s: New Teams, New Troubles
In 2005, Sasquatch assembled another incarnation of Alpha Flight in order to rescue the original team from an alien race known as the Plodex. Sales were poor and the series was canceled with issue #12.

Along with Major Mapleleaf, Puck (both Eugene Judd and Zuzha Yu), Vindicator, Shaman, and Guardian, Sasquatch fights The Collective. He is later revealed to be the only member of Alpha Flight to survive the attack. Following the events of the 2006 "Civil War" storyline, Langkowski is recruited by the Canadian government to form a new team called Omega Flight. He goes out of control when possessed by the Great Beast, Tanaraq, but manages to recover. He also forgives Michael Pointer for the indirect role he played in the destruction of Alpha Flight and apologized for forcing him into the role of Guardian.

Along with American mutants Wolfsbane, Thornn, and Feral, Sasquatch went to Wakanda to help Wolverine against Sabretooth. Feral was killed by Sabretooth while the villain Romulus made plans of his own involving the group.

During the 2010 "Chaos War" storyline, Sasquatch made a deal with the Great Beasts, bringing them to Earth so they can kill Amatusu-Mikaboshi. Teaming up with Snowbird, Northstar, and Aurora, they reunited with a resurrected Guardian, Vindicator, Shaman, and Marrina Smallwood.

During the 2011 "Fear Itself" storyline, Sasquatch was seen helping Alpha Flight fight Attuma (in the form of Nerkodd: Breaker of Oceans) while saving people from a cataclysmic flood. Once Nerkodd was defeated, Alpha Flight was almost immediately betrayed by former ally Gary Cody and his newly elected Unity Party. When in the custody of the Unity Party, Sasquatch's gamma energy is drained enough for him to revert to his human form.

At Parliament Hill--the heart of the Canadian government--Walt is told by Agent Jeff Brown that concussions sustained when he played football will cause him to act less human when he changes back into Sasquatch. Jeff also tells Walt that he will soon achieve Unity. Walt is later freed by Shaman who knocks out Brown. The team was instrumental in exposing Unity as a front for a planned takeover of Canada.

As part of the 2015 All-New, All-Different Marvel branding, Sasquatch was as part of the Alpha Flight space program and was among the heroes stranded in space when Captain America (secretly a Hydra agent at that time) closed a forcefield around Earth.

Immortal Hulk
While taking time off from the Alpha Flight space program, Walt met a reporter named Jackie McGee and agreed to aid her in her search for Bruce Banner. After Walt was stabbed breaking up a fight between two men, he wound up in the hospital where he turned into Sasquatch that night. After killing doctors that were treating him, Sasquatch encounters Hulk who realized Walt was possessed by Brian Banner's ghost. Hulk freed Sasquatch from Brian's possession by draining enough gamma energy to depower Walt. It was revealed that Brian Banner's possession of Sasquatch was caused by the One Below All.

General Reginald Fortean nearly charged Walter for the deaths he caused but changed his mind; instead, he had Captain Marvel send the Avengers after Hulk. After Hulk escaped from General Fortean's custody, Walt and Puck formed a new version of Gamma Flight to go after Hulk.

Walt and Gamma Flight arrived at the area where the gamma bomb first turned Bruce Banner into the Hulk. As Hulk fought Gamma Flight, Absorbing Man absorbed the leftover gamma radiation that enabled the One Below All to plunge New Mexico into its Below Place. After Hulk defeated the One Below All, Walter and Gamma Flight were returned to Earth, where Absorbing Man joined the group.

With Titania as its latest member, Walter and Gamma Flight ran into Doc Samson who revealed Hulk's plan to wipe out human civilization.

Arriving in Reno, Nevada, Walt and Gamma Flight found the Subject B husk in which the U.S. Hulk Operations placed Rick Jones' body. They took it to the Alpha Flight Low-Orbit Space Station for study. Wearing the Redeemer armor, General Fortean raided the station to reclaim the Subject B husk. While taking out Gamma Flight, Fortean shot Walter to avenge the deaths Sasquatch caused.

Doc Sasquatch and Walt Samson
In the Below Place, Samson discovered that gamma mutates had a way back to life by means of a green door opened by the One Below All. Anyone with gamma radiation could self-resurrect this way, so long as the door was open.

However, the Leader had learned how to manipulate the doors, including figuring out how to close them.

With his door in the Below Place obstructed, Doc Samson searched for an alternative. He discovered one and ended up revived in Walt Langkowski's body on the Alpha Flight station. When he woke and transformed, his innate gamma radiation gave the resulting Sasquatch form green fur instead of orange. Samson told Gamma Flight about the Leader's meddling and dubbed himself "Doc Sasquatch." Leading Gamma Flight to confront Hulk's gray Joe Fixit persona, Doc prevented everyone from getting sucked out into space when Fixit punched a hole in the space station.

Meanwhile, Walt returned the favor by occupying Samson's body and named himself Walt Samson. He made his way to the Baxter Building where he helped the Fantastic Four locate the Below Place to retrieve Bruce Banner and Jackie McGee.

Although Reed Richards promised to restore them to their own bodies, Walt Samson was still with Alpha Flight when the team pretended to work alongside the mutant-extermination coalition Orchis. In reality, they were rounding up mutants to evacuate them from Earth (see Alpha Flight miniseries, 2023). He was part of the support team helping with the evacuation and was not apprehended along with Guardian, Puck, Shaman, and Snowbird.

Walt is not Sasquatch at the present time and his whereabouts are unknown.

Powers and abilities
As Sasquatch, Langkowski possessed abnormal strength and stamina, as well as resistance to injury (in an early appearance, he fought the Hulk for "fun" in order to test his limits). He is strong enough to pull a naval destroyer ashore for repairs, as well as hold a DC-10 cargo plane against the thrust of its engines and then hurl it over 1,000 feet backward. Thanks to his thick fur, he can survive easily in extreme arctic environments. Sasquatch is able to jump vast distances, but not as well as the Hulk. His claws are sharp and durable enough to cut through stone, wood, and even some metals. Though his human body requires corrective lenses, Langkowski's vision as Sasquatch was better than human. He also heals with unnatural speed, as demonstrated when Walt's arm, broken by Super-Skrull, healed when he changed into Sasquatch.

As Walt Samson, he has all the powers of Doc Samson.

Early in his career, switching between forms at will caused Langkowski considerable physical discomfort. To alleviate the pain, he recited a mantra while focusing on his body. However, after many months of practice, he could effect the transformations with relative ease, without the need for meditative yoga. He does not transform as Walt Samson.

Langkowski is a professionally trained scientist with knowledge of both physics and biophysics. He has experience dealing with many forms of experimental radiation and their mutagenic properties on lifeforms under controlled settings. As a former football player, Langkowski has athletic strength and endurance, though he is no longer in peak condition. Sasquatch also has learned some combat skills, although he relies chiefly on brute force.

Other characters named Sasquatch
A race of Sasquatches were discovered to live in the forests of British Columbia. They are first seen in Alpha Flight vol. 2 #1. Once a year, the Sasquatches gather at the City of Sasquatches in secret, where they worship their forgotten gods and breed with one another. One of these Sasquatches, a barely intelligent monster, is mistaken by Langkowski's teammates to be a highly degenerated Langkowski, but it was an actual Bigfoot that had been captured by Department H. He is kept in control by the touch of the superpowered Murmur, though not always successfully. This Sasquatch dies in a conflict with Department H's corrupt leadership and the Zodiac.

Another Sasquatch appears in the 2005–2006 Nick Fury's Howling Commandos series as a member of that titular group. What, if any, connection this character has to Walter Langkowski or the Sasquatch from Alpha Flight volume 2, is not revealed. He is first seen helping the Abominable Snowman to track down Groot.

Other versions
Versions of Sasquatch that differ from the familiar one usually seen in mainstream Marvel continuity have been seen in various story lines. Some of these involve incarnations of the character that appear in the same storylines as the prime version of the character, while others are seen in story lines set in alternate timelines or dimensions.

Doppelganger
A doppelganger of Sasquatch was created by Magus in Infinity War #1 and appeared in Infinity War #1, 5, Fantastic Four #369-370 and Wonder Man vol. 2 #15.

Exiles
A white-haired entity who appears to be Walter Langowski joins the Exiles, an interdimensional team of heroes dedicated to fixing breaks in the timeline. It is soon revealed that she is a black woman named Heather Hudson, shocking the team who are familiar with versions of Walter.

Marvel Zombies
In the Marvel Zombies comics set in the universe of Earth-2149, the zombified Alpha Flight attack the X-Men and are eventually killed by Magneto. Sasquatch is seen in a panel of Marvel Zombies Dead Days attacking the X-Man Wolverine. He is killed alongside the rest of zombie Alpha Flight by Magneto in the next panel.

Old Man Logan
In the possible future timeline seen in the second Old Man Logan ongoing series, it is revealed that Sasquatch and his fellow Alpha Flight members were killed by unknown villain opponents when the supervillain uprising had occurred. Old Man Logan experiences this illusion while he and Puck are taking part in a rescue mission on a space station that was attacked by the Brood.

Ultimate Marvel
An Ultimate Marvel version of Sasquatch is referenced as being killed off-panel by a hunter during the Ultimate X-Men arc "Shock and Awe". Sasquatch makes an appearance in the first part of the Ultimate X-Men's "Absolute Power" arc as a member of Alpha Flight. This Sasquatch, more savage than the 616 version, appears to know Rogue and to have experienced her powers firsthand, though Rogue does not recognize the character. The character is later revealed to be Rahne Sinclair, under the influence of the power-enhancing drug Banshee that enabled her to assume a Bigfoot-like form. She is injured by Nightcrawler, who accidentally removes part of her arm while trying to teleport her away.

What If?
Sasquatch appears in some What If stories:

 * In "What If? Logan Battled Weapon X", Walter Langkowski is shown working with James McDonald Hudson as a scientist in Department H. He is killed off-panel by the man who was captured and laced with adamantium instead of Logan. It was never stated whether or not this Langkowski had become Sasquatch at the time of his death.
 * Langkowski appears as Sasquatch in "What If? Wolverine Was the Leader of Alpha Flight". He fights under Wolverine's lead in battles with Annihilus and the Hellfire Club.

Television

 * Sasquatch appears in the X-Men: The Animated Series episode "Repo Man", voiced by Harvey Atkin. This version is a member of Alpha Flight.
 * Walter Langkowski / Sasquatch appears in The Incredible Hulk episode "Man to Man, Beast to Beast", voiced by Peter Strauss and Clancy Brown respectively. This version is an old friend of Bruce Banner who is unable to return to human form following his transformation into the Sasquatch. After battling the Hulk, he exiles himself to the wilderness when his actions endanger the Hulk's friend, a small boy named Taylor.

Video games

 * An evil doppelganger of Sasquatch appears in Marvel Super Heroes in War of the Gems.
 * Sasquatch appears as a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online.

Merchandise
Sasquatch received two figures in Hasbro's Marvel Legends line, with the first being released in wave 12 and the second as a build-a-figure as part of a Deadpool-themed wave.

Miscellaneous
Sasquatch appears in the Wolverine versus Sabretooth motion comic, voiced by Trevor Devall.

title: Sasquatch (comics)


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title: User talk:202.47.114.34


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The Blade (Sol Invictus album)

The Blade is the ninth studio album by the English band Sol Invictus, released in 1997. It continues the classical instrumentation established on the band's preceding album, In the Rain (1995), but adds more martial drums and electric guitar. The frontman Tony Wakeford brought in two classically trained musicians, Eric Roger on trumpet and cornet and Matt Howden on violin, with whom he had worked in his other band L'Orchestre Noir.

Reception
Cesare Buttaboni and Marco De Baptistis of Ondarock said the first half of the album is interesting and the second is "gorgeous", highlighting the tracks "The House Above the World", "Laws and Crowns" and "See How We Fall".

Track listing

 * 1) "The Blade"
 * 2) "In Heaven"
 * 3) "Time Flies"
 * 4) "The House Above the World"
 * 5) "Laws And Crown"
 * 6) "Once Upon a Time"
 * 7) "See How We Fall"
 * 8) "Gealdor"
 * 9) "From the Wreckage"
 * 10) "Nothing Here"
 * 11) "Remember and Forget"
 * 12) "The Blade"

title: The Blade (Sol Invictus album)


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Quill drive

A quill drive is a mechanism that allows a drive shaft to shift its position (either axially, radially, or both) relative to its driving shaft. It consists of a hollow driving shaft (the quill) with a driven shaft inside it. The two are connected in some fashion which permits the required motion.

Drill press
One example of a quill drive is found in a drill press where the quill allows the chuck to move vertically while being driven rotationally.

Railroad locomotive
Quill drives have been extensively used in railroad electric locomotives to connect between frame-mounted traction motors and the driven wheels. The two are linked by a flexible drive which allows a degree of radial motion and possibly a small amount of axial motion. This allows the motors to be mounted on top of the suspension system, moving independently of the wheels. This smooths the drive from the motors and isolates them from mechanical shock. This also decreases the unsprung weight borne directly by the wheels, thus decreasing wear on the track.

Quill drives were used by many electric locomotives in the United States, particularly those of the Pennsylvania Railroad—their long-lasting GG1 design being perhaps the best known. Many locomotives built in France, Germany, Italy and Poland used quill drives as well, allowing higher locomotive speed. The English Electric–built NZR ED class used a quill drive, but was found to be hard on the track.

title: Quill drive


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Early history of Thailand

The known early history of Thailand begins with the earliest major archaeological site at Ban Chiang. Dating of artifacts from this site is controversial, but there is a consensus that at least by 3600 BCE, inhabitants had developed bronze tools and had begun to cultivate wet rice, providing the impetus for social and political organisation.

Later, Malay, Mon, and Khmer civilisations flourished in the region prior to the domination of the Thais, most notably the kingdom of Srivijaya in the south, the Dvaravati kingdom in central Thailand, and the Khmer Empire based at Angkor.

The Thai are part of a larger ethno-linguistic group known as the Tai, a group which includes the Lao, the people of the Shan region of northeastern Burma, the Zhuang people of Guangxi Province in China and the Thổ people and Nùng people of northern Vietnam. Migrations from southern China to Southeast Asia took place primarily during the first millennium CE, most likely via northern Laos.

During the first millennium CE the Tai peoples were loosely organised in small entities known as muang. They were heavily influenced by the more advanced cultures around them: the Khmer to the east, and the Hindu cultures of India to the west. Most of the Tai were converted to a form of Hinduism, traces of which can still be seen in Thai religious practice today. Between the 6th and 9th centuries CE, Buddhism was introduced into the Tai-speaking lands, probably via Burma, and became the dominant religion. The Theravada Buddhism now practised in Thailand was introduced by missionaries from Sri Lanka in the 13th century.

Phongsawadannuea (Chronicle of the North) is a historical record of this period. The date of its first compilation is unknown, but its content stretches from 500 CE down to the early 11th century. The recent edition was compiled in early Rattanakosin period.

title: Early history of Thailand