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Marcus Caelius Rufus

Marcus Caelius Rufus (died 48 BC) was an orator and politician in the late Roman Republic. He was born into a wealthy equestrian family from Interamnia Praetuttiorum, on the central east coast of Italy. He is best known for his prosecution of Gaius Antonius Hybrida in 59 BC. He was also known for his trial for public violence (de vi publica) in March 56 BC, when Cicero defended him in the extant speech Pro Caelio, and as both recipient and author of some of the best-written letters in the ad Familiares corpus of Cicero's extant correspondence (Book 8). He may be the Rufus named in the poems of Catullus.

Life and career
In his twenties, Caelius became associated with Crassus and Cicero, while he was also briefly connected to Catiline and his conspiracy. Caelius first achieved fame through his successful prosecution in 59 BC of Gaius Antonius Hybrida for corruption. Antonius Hybrida had served as consul with Cicero for the year 63 BC, and his prosecution was a sign of the negative political atmosphere towards Cicero at the time. A year later, in 58 BC, Cicero was exiled, through the efforts of his political enemy Publius Clodius Pulcher. Cicero was recalled from exile in 57 BC with the help of his ally Titus Annius Milo, who was tribune at the time.

Sometime around 57 BC, Caelius and Clodia are believed to have had an affair which ended acrimoniously. In 56 BC, Caelius was prosecuted for vis (violence), specifically for murdering an ambassador. He was successfully defended by Crassus and, more famously, Cicero, whose speech Pro Caelio argued that the prosecutor, Atratinus, was being manipulated by Clodia to get revenge on Caelius for an affair gone wrong.

Caelius was tribune of the plebs in 52 BC and curule aedile in 50 BC. During this period, he wrote a series of witty and informative letters to Cicero, who was serving as proconsul of Cilicia at the time. After much hesitation, Caelius sided with Julius Caesar against Pompey in the civil war, warning Cicero accordingly not to align his fortunes with Pompey: in 48 BC, he was rewarded with the office of praetor peregrinus (“judge of suits involving foreigners”). However, when his proposed program of debt relief was opposed by the Senate and he was suspended from office, he joined in a rebellion against Caesar which was quickly crushed. It was during this rebellion that Caelius was killed.

In Catullus
Caelius may appear in the poetry of Catullus under his cognomen Rufus. Rufus in Carmen 69 and 77 as suggested by Riese to be Caelius, rejected by Robinson Ellis. Catullus writes about a former friend named Rufus who betrayed him in an unspecified way, perhaps referring to the affair with Clodia (usually identified with the loved then reviled "Lesbia" of Catullus's poetry), the alleged attempt of Caelius to poison her, or subsequent attacks on her through Cicero (see pro Caelio). Catullus lambastes this Rufus in an epigram that ends: "You ripped it away, alas, alas cruel poison of our life alas, alas destroyer of our friendship."

In Caelius in 58, Catullus seems to expect a sympathetic ear as he bewails Lesbia's sexual profligacy; the former is an invective that taunts Rufus for bodily offensiveness that drives away women.

In imperial historiography
A flamboyant, witty, ambitious and quarrelsome character, Caelius attracted much attention from the minor historian Velleius Paterculus in the following century.

In popular culture

 * Marcus Caelius Rufus appears in multiple books in the Steven Saylor's Roma Sub Rosa series of historical novels set during the fall of the Roman Republic.
 * Rufus features prominently in the Cicero novels by British novelist Robert Harris.

Primary source

 * Cic. Brut. 79.273
 * Quint. Inst. VI. 3.69
 * Quint. Inst. X. 1. 115
 * Quint. Inst. X.2.25
 * Tac. Dial. 18, 21, 25
 * Pliny, N.H 7.165

Ancient Sources
- ''pro Sex. Roscio Amerino'' (pp. 1–58)
 * Clark, Albert Curtis (ed.) Oxford Classical Texts, M. Tulli Ciceronis Orationes vol. I (Oxford University Press, 1905)

- ''de imperio Cn. Pompei ad Quirites'' (pp. 59–90)

- pro A. Cluentio (pp. 91–184)

- In L. Catilinam (orationes IV) (pp. 185–242)

-- I. oratio qua L. Catilinam emisit, in Senatu habita

-- II.oratio secunda, habita ad populum

-- III.oratio tertia, habita ad populum

-- IV. oratio quarta, habita in Senatu

- pro L. Murenam (pp. 243–292)

- pro M. Caelio (pp. 293–333)

Modern works
- Introduction with bibliography (i-xxxii)
 * Boissier, G: Cicero and his friends : a study of Roman society in the time of Caesar (1897)
 * Austin, R G: M. Tulli Ciceronis pro M. Caelio oratio, 3rd edition (Oxford University Press, 1960),

- Latin text (1-39)

- Commentary (40-143)

- Appendices and Addenda (144-175)

- Indices (176-180)
 * Volponi, M: "M. Celio Rufo, ingeniose nequam", MIL 31.3 (1970), 197-280
 * Sumner, Graham V: The Orators in Cicero's Brutus: Prosopography and Chronology (Phoenix supplementary volume 11, University of Toronto Press, 1973)
 * Alexander, Michael C: Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC (Phoenix supplementary volume 26, University of Toronto Press, 1990)

title: Marcus Caelius Rufus


text: Category:1548 deaths

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:1548 deaths


text:
User talk:Bellczar

Hello, "Bellczar" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

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Harry Reasoner
Does having worked for a few years in the city qualify them as a Minneapolitan? Not really challenging, just wondering what the criteria are. Wahkeenah 10:34, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

I think anyone who lived there for some purpose other than being a student qualifies someone as a Minneapolitan. Bellczar 01:31, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

I reckon that makes me a Minneapolitan, even though I'm sure exactly how to pronounce it, never having heard the term spoken out loud. Wahkeenah 05:24, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Or a former Minneapolitan. It's pronounced just like Neapolitan with min in front of it. Min-nee-uh-POL-i-tun.Bellczar 18:14, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Not "former" yet. Thanks for the explanation. I shudder to think what a resident of Indianapolis would be called. Oh, wait, I know: "Hoosier". :) Wahkeenah 20:48, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

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Bridge name
The 10th Avenue Bridge connects 10th Avenue SE with 19th Avenue S. A long time ago, I gather, it connected with Cedar Avenue to the south. But when I look at both Google maps and Mapquest, it is still labeled Cedar Avenue Bridge. Is there any documentation to support the name 10th Avenue Bridge?

 * It is what everyone calls it. In the old days, it was called both the 10th Avenue Bridge and the Cedar Avenue Bridge, much as some call the Lake Street Bridge the Marshall Avenue Bridge.  (Incidentally, the 3rd Avenue Bridge is the only bridge in Minneapolis that was ever officially named by city ordinance.  The ordinance named it the St. Anthony Bridge, but no one calls it that.)  The name Cedar Avenue Bridge is no longer used.  The bridge closed soon after the adjacent I-35W bridge opened, and it was closed at least nine years, until about 1981.  (Repairing the bridge was not a priority since there were so many bridges in that area.)  Anyway, soon after the bridge reopened, Cedar Avenue was truncated at Washington Ave. and a hotel and municipal parking ramp were built where the avenue used to be.  In 1984, the city built a bridge along 19th Avenue South over the unnamed highway that connects to the Washington Ave. Bridge (which has been known over the years as US 12, State Highway 122, and County Road 122, or simply as "New Washington").  As a result of this, almost everyone gets from Cedar to the bridge by way of 19th Avenue South and most people have forgotten that the bridge once connected to Cedar.

 * Furthermore, the name "Cedar Avenue Bridge" is in widespread use to refer to the bridge over the Minnesota River on Minnesota 77/Cedar Ave.Bellczar 03:55, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

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 * I have posted a rationale on the image page.Bellczar 18:36, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

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List_of_TV_Guide_covers
Hello, Bellczar, I have made/proposed some changes to List_of_TV_Guide_covers and think your input would be valuable. See discussion at Talk:List_of_TV_Guide_covers Baileypalblue (talk) 22:12, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Troy Davis case
I totally agree with what you said in your e-mail. Many people have strong feelings in this case and that's fine, but it must be left out of wikipedia articles. The article is very biased. I've already gone to the NPOV board and someone should respond soon. In the meantime, I think the best solution is not delete what is already there but to add to the sections on the majority 11th Appeals Court decision, Supreme Court upcoming descision and the evidence presented at trial (ballistics mainly). Also, I'm looking through a source that has evidence the European Parliment descision was based less on the merits of the case and more on Europe's view of capital punishment. Most importantly, this is an ongoing case, and until the Supreme Court makes a final descision the article must be NPOV. JakeH07 (talk) 01:20, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

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Unreferenced BLPs
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Nice expansion work!!--Milowent • hasspoken 15:47, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

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Garfield
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 * It is a low res image of a corporate logo Bellczar (talk) 21:59, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

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Nomination of County collecting for deletion
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title: User talk:Bellczar


text:
Linda Zagzebski

Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski (born 1946) is an American philosopher. She is the Emerita George Lynn Cross Research Professor, as well as Emerita Kingfisher College Chair of the Philosophy of Religion and Ethics, at the University of Oklahoma. She writes in the areas of epistemology, philosophy of religion, and virtue theory.

Education and career
Zagzebski received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Stanford University, her Master of Arts degree from University of California, Berkeley, and her Doctor of Philosophy degree from University of California, Los Angeles in 1979 with a dissertation on "Natural Kinds" under the supervision of Tyler Burge. She taught at Loyola Marymount University from 1979 to 1999, before joining the University of Oklahoma.

She delivered the Wilde Lectures in Natural Religion at Oxford University in the spring of 2010 on epistemic authority. She was (2015–2016) president of the American Philosophical Association Central Division, and gave the Gifford Lectures at the University of St. Andrews in the fall of 2015 on the topic of exemplarist virtue theory. She is past president of the American Catholic Philosophical Association (1997–1998), and past president of the Society of Christian Philosophers (2004–2007).

In 2022, she was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

Philosophical work
Her research in recent years has consisted of topics such as the intersection of ethics and epistemology, religious epistemology, religious ethics, virtue theory, and the varieties of fatalism. She delivered the Wilde Lectures in Natural Religion at Oxford University in the spring of 2010 on epistemic authority. She is (2015–2016) president of the American Philosophical Association Central Division, and gave the Gifford Lectures at the University of St. Andrews in the fall of 2015 on the topic of exemplarist virtue theory. She is past president of the American Catholic Philosophical Association (1997–1998), and past president of the Society of Christian Philosophers (2004–2007).

Epistemology
Zagzebski is a pioneer in the field of virtue epistemology. In Virtues of the Mind (1996), she sets out to solve certain problems in modern epistemology by developing an Aristotelian version of virtue theory, and in the course of this project she lays out a general analysis of virtue. In Divine Motivation Theory (2004) she deals extensively with problems in the relationship between reason, faith, and ethics.

She has done work on questions of epistemic value including the "espresso machine" thought experiment (a predecessor to the swamping problem) as a counter to reliabilism.

In her book, Epistemic Authority: A Theory of Trust, Authority, and Autonomy in Belief (2012), she defends a strong sense of epistemic authority including authority in moral and religious beliefs, and argues that belief on authority is a requirement of intellectual autonomy. This book arose out of her 2010 Wilde lectures at Oxford.

In the paper titled The Inescapability of Gettier Problems, Zagzebski argued that any modification of the last condition given in the Plato's definition of knowledge as justified true belief (JTB) unavoidably shall be reconducted to the unsolved case of the Gettier problem. This result is also true and valuable for any additional condition applied to the JTB.

In 1996, Zagzebski defined knowledge as a "state of true belief arising out of acts of intellectual virtue", where the word 'true' can be omitted.

According to the Aristotelian virtue theory, she defined virtue as a "deep and enduring acquired excellence of a person, involving a characteristic motivation to produce a certain desired end and reliable success in bringing about that end." Denying innatism, she believes virtue is disposition plus ability and the universal human capability of achieving a good life and happiness. Moral and intellectual virtues can't be separated and, more particularly, knowledge is obtained from practicing intellectual virtues like responsibility, fairness, and courage. True belief -in the forms of propositional knowledge and of cognitive contact with reality- are gained by a right disposition of the intellect to desire truth, and a good practice which sews the intellectual virtues on the personhood, like a new habit of the body. People who are rightly motivated to know the truth are also capable to develop specific skills, build up and assess the reliability of personal and well-formed procedures, rather than doing the same for good belief-forming processes shared between peers.

Selected works

 * Virtue Epistemology: Essays on Epistemic Virtue and Responsibility. Edited with Fairweather, Abrol. New York: Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-514077-4.
 * Intellectual Virtue: Perspectives from Ethics and Epistemology. Edited with DePaul, Michael. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2003. . ISBN 978-0-19-925273-2.
 * Virtue Epistemology: Essays on Epistemic Virtue and Responsibility. Edited with Fairweather, Abrol. New York: Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-514077-4.
 * Intellectual Virtue: Perspectives from Ethics and Epistemology. Edited with DePaul, Michael. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2003. . ISBN 978-0-19-925273-2.

title: Linda Zagzebski


text:
Rubellius Plautus

Rubellius Plautus (33–62 AD) was a Roman noble and a political rival of Emperor Nero. Through his mother Julia, he was a relative of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He was the grandson of Drusus (only son of Tiberius Caesar), and the great-grandson of Tiberius and his brother Drusus. Through his great-grandmothers Vipsania Agrippina and Antonia Minor, he was also descended from Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Mark Antony. He was descended from Augustus' sister Octavia Minor, herself a grand-niece of Julius Caesar.

Parentage
Plautus' father was Gaius Rubellius Blandus. Blandus' family originated from Tibur (modern Tivoli) and were of the Equestrian Class. His father died in 38. His mother was the only daughter of Drusus, and had previously been married to her cousin Nero Julius Caesar, without issue. Plautus derived his cognomen from his great grandfather Lucius Sergius Plautus, and may have used his nomen gentilicium Sergius as his own praenomen as a lead pipe is attested with the name "Sergius Rubellius Plautus", but this person may have been his son.

Between 43 and 45, his mother Julia became an innocent victim to the intrigues of Empress Valeria Messalina. One possibility is that the young Plautus was seen by Messalina as a rival to her son Britannicus. Emperor Claudius (who was husband to Messalina, father to Brittanicus and maternal uncle to Julia) did not secure any legal defense for his niece. Consequently, Julia was executed. However Julia was considered to be a virtuous person by those who knew her.

Marriage
Plautus married Antistia Pollitta, daughter to Lucius Antistius Vetus. His father-in-law served as Consul in 55, Legatus of Germania Superior in 55–56, and Proconsul of Asia in 64–65. Plautus was considered a loving husband and father. The names of his children, however, are not known. (None of them survived Nero's purges in 66).

Philosophy
Plautus appears to have been a follower of Stoicism. According to Tacitus, Tigellinus wrote to Nero: "Plautus again, with his great wealth, does not so much as affect a love of repose, but he flaunts before us his imitations of the old Romans, and assumes the self-consciousness of the Stoics along with a philosophy, which makes men restless, and eager for a busy life." When he was exiled from Rome by Nero, Plautus was accompanied by the famous Stoic teacher Musonius Rufus. He was associated with a group of Stoics who criticized the perceived tyranny and autocratic rule of certain emperors, referred to today as the Stoic Opposition.

Nero's jealousy
In 55, Junia Silana, sister of Caligula's first wife Junia Claudilla, a rival of Empress Agrippina the Younger and the ex-wife of Messalina's lover Gaius Silius, accused Agrippina of plotting to overthrow Nero to place Plautus on the throne. Nero took no action at the time, but over time, Nero's relationship with Silana warmed while his relationship with his mother soured. After a comet appeared in 60, public gossip renewed rumors of Nero's fall and Plautus' rise. Nero exiled Plautus in 60 to his estate in Asia with his family.

In 62, after rumors that Plautus was in negotiations with the eastern general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo over rebellion, Plautus was executed by Nero. When his head was given to Nero by a freedman, Nero mocked how frightening the long nose of Plautus was.

In 66, his widow, children and father-in-law were executed, victims of the increasing brutality of Nero. Tacitus states Plautus was old fashioned in tastes, his bearing austere and he lived a secluded life. He was greatly respected by his peers, and the execution of his family was cause for consternation among those who knew him.

title: Rubellius Plautus


text:
Shawlands

Shawlands (Fearann na Doire) is a Southside suburb of Glasgow, Scotland, located two miles south of the River Clyde. The area, considered the "Heart of the Southside", is known for its independent restaurants and cafés, art scene, public parks, period terraces, and red and blond sandstone tenements. Shawlands was named one of the best places to live in Scotland in 2022 and 2023 by The Sunday Times, and one of the world's coolest neighbourhoods by Time Out Magazine with judges describing it as "the city's best area to live and socialise”. It is located between Pollok Country Park – the home of the Burrell Collection and Pollok House – and the acclaimed Victorian park Queen's Park.

History
Shawlands grew rapidly during the 19th Century as Glasgow boomed during its time as the commercial powerhouse of the British Empire. Over time, the number of inhabitants in this largely artisanal and industrial area doubled due to the formation of significant local businesses, such as the Camphill Bakery, which opened in 1847. Following their rapid development, the villages of Shawlands (1819) and Cathcart (1912), which included the Crossmyloof parts of today's Shawlands Cross Conservation Area, were absorbed into Glasgow during the city’s southward extension, having previously been within the Eastwood parish in Renfrewshire.

With improving transport infrastructure and the expansion of Glasgow southwards in this period, Shawlands developed into an important commercial centre for that sector of the city. Neighbouring districts include the areas of Giffnock, Auldhouse, Crossmyloof, Strathbungo, Langside, Newlands, and Pollokshaws, with Shawlands itself overlapping two Council wards (Pollokshields and Langside) and two Scottish Parliament constituencies (Glasgow Cathcart and Glasgow Southside).

Cultural heritage
Within walking distance of Shawlands is Queens Park, acquired in 1857 and designed by the world-renowned Sir Joseph Paxton, also responsible for noted public parks in London, Liverpool, Birkenhead and the grounds of the Spa Buildings at Scarborough. The park was dedicated to the memory of Mary, Queen of Scots and not Queen Victoria, a common misconception given the proximity to Victoria Road. The park is steeped in history and was the site of the 16th century Battle of Langside.

The park also has allotments, a botanical glass house, public tennis courts, a public golf course, children's play areas, a boating pond and views of Glasgow. The refurbished amphitheatre holds open-air performances of Shakespeare and children's plays during summer. The park holds the annual Southside Festival, and the Wee Chill Music Festival.

The Langside Halls, a Category A listed building, stands on the corner of Queens Park, opposite the Corona Bar. The building was originally built for the National Bank of Scotland in Queen Street, and was resituated in 1901-3, to meet an evident need for a public hall on the southside. For many years, a drinking fountain constructed by the Saracen Foundry stood in front of the Halls, but was relocated to Glasgow Green.

On the other side of Shawlands is Pollok Country Park, one of Glasgow's most celebrated green spaces and home to Pollok House and the Burrell Collection. The park is Glasgow's largest park and the only Country Park within Glasgow. Its extensive woodlands and gardens provide a quiet sanctuary for both visitors and wildlife. The park is rich in rural history formerly being part of the Old Pollok Estate and ancestral home to the Maxwell Family. Pollok Country Park has been successful in achieving a Green Flag Award in 2016. This has been retained every year since 2012. The Green Flag Award is the benchmark national standard for quality parks and green spaces.

Education
Shawlands Primary School has an approximate capacity of over 600 pupils and is part of the 'Shawlands New Learning Community' (which also includes Annette St Primary, Battlefield Primary, Blackfriars Primary, Cuthbertson Primary and Langside Primary) feeding to the non denominational secondary school in the area, Shawlands Academy, which has an approximate capacity of over 1,200 pupils. The school has just undergone an extensive renovation which has seen it transformed into Glasgow’s specialist languages centre; the Glasgow International School, the first of its kind in Scotland, also houses the bilingual Support Unit. It is estimated that over 50 languages are currently spoken by the school's pupils, representing the diverse multicultural pupil population.

Also in Shawlands is St. Conval's Primary, a Roman Catholic School situated on Shawhill Road; St. Conval's is part of the Learning Community for Holyrood R.C. Secondary School situated in the Crosshill area.

Sport
Fitness First, located on Kilmarnock Road, provides gym and aerobic exercise classes, alongside PureGym Shawlands Arcade. The area is also home to Shawlands bowling club and Pro Judo, the largest judo club in the West of Scotland. Hampden Park, Scotland's national football stadium is located less than 2 mi from Shawlands Cross. Also just south of Shawlands is Newlandsfield Park, home of Pollok FC.

Transport
Shawlands has close links to the M77 and M8 motorways (accessing at Dumbreck Road). Shawlands has two main roads which converge at Shawlands Cross: Kilmarnock Road and Pollokshaws Road. At the cross, the designation of the A77 road changes to Kilmarnock Road running south, with Pollokshaws Road continuing south-west as a more minor route. Bus services (the majority operated by First Glasgow) in the area are frequent, running from Glasgow city centre 24 hours a day.

The area is within walking distance of Crossmyloof Railway Station, Shawlands Railway Station and Pollokshaws East Railway Station. All stations have direct links to the city centre, terminating at Glasgow Central Station. Journey times to the city centre are under 10 minutes and services are provided by Scotrail.

Shawlands is located 8.8 mi from Glasgow Airport and about 24 mi from Glasgow Prestwick Airport.

title: Shawlands


text:
Category talk:Cat breeds

Category:Cat breeds and Category:Cat types
Archived discussion from WP:CFD.

I think there's overlap here, and that these two categories should be merged. --Rossumcapek 18:09, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep both. There is a big difference between a "breed" and a "type". Breeds are recognized by cat clubs (or working on being recognized) and types are general categorizations by color, coat type, etc. [[User:Lachatdelarue|Lachatdelarue (talk)]] 20:35, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Leave as is. What Lachatdelarue said. Just look at what's there--types are not breeds. For a similar model, see Category:Dog breeds and Category:Dog types.  Elf | Talk 21:24, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Do not delete.  – Quadell (talk) (quiz)   01:08, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep both. Even if there is occasional overlap (there is with dogs, not sure whether there is with cats) a type and a breed are still different things and merging would be confusing the subject. -- sannse (talk) 10:53, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep both. As the others have said, there is a distinction.  Some examples to illustrate:  Shorthaired cat=type.  Domestic shorthair=type.  British Shorthair/American Shorthair=breeds.  Feral cat=distinct type, not a breed, contains shorthairs and longhairs. Calimanco cat=a coat colour which is also a type because of sex linkage.  Calimanco cats may be found in longhairs, shorthairs, purebreds, mongrels and ferals.  Quill 22:18, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Good points all around. Thanks, yall. --Rossumcapek 02:43, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Caracal
I didn't see the Caracal on the list. One just mauled a woman and her child in the US state of Illinois.Longinus876 (talk) 12:05, 25 June 2019 (UTC)

Hyper allergenic cat
What cat is hyper allergenic 2600:8805:9A05:6D00:C96F:554E:783D:7BB3 (talk) 14:44, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Cat breeds


text:
Category talk:Cat types

Category:Cat breeds and Category:Cat types
See Category talk:Cat breeds for a discussion about why these two categories should not be merged.

title: Category talk:Cat types


text: Category:1097 deaths

title: Category:1097 deaths


text:
Donald Cook (Medal of Honor)

Donald Gilbert Cook (August 9, 1934 – December 8, 1967) was a United States Marine Corps officer and a Medal of Honor recipient.

Biography
Donald Cook was born in Brooklyn, New York. He attended Xavier High School in New York City and St. Michael's College in Vermont. In 1956 he enlisted in the Marine Corps as a private but was quickly sent for officer training at the Officer Candidates School in Quantico, Virginia. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in 1957. In 1960 he attended Army Language School in Monterey, California, studying Chinese and graduated near the top of his class. Lieutenant Cook was assigned to Camp H.M. Smith, Hawaii, in 1961 and was promoted to captain on March 1, 1962. He held a series of assignments in the Marine Corps and was sent to South Vietnam in late 1964, where he served as an advisor to the Vietnamese Marine Division until he was wounded and captured by the Viet Cong several weeks later. He was held as a prisoner of war by the Viet Cong from December 31, 1964, until his death from malaria at age 33 on December 8, 1967, and was buried in the jungle by his fellow prisoners. He was posthumously promoted from captain to colonel. On February 26, 1980, he was officially declared dead and the Medal of Honor was presented to his wife by the Secretary of the Navy.

Cook's body was never recovered. An official memorial stone (cenotaph) can be found in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia, Memorial Section MI Lot 110.

Medal of Honor citation

Citation for award of Medal of Honor: "For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while interned as a Prisoner of War by the Viet Cong in the Republic of Vietnam during the period 31 December 1964 to 8 December 1967. Despite the fact that by so doing he would bring about harsher treatment for himself, Colonel (then Captain) Cook established himself as the senior prisoner, even though in actuality he was not. Repeatedly assuming more than his share of responsibility for their health, Colonel Cook willingly and unselfishly put the interests of his comrades before that of his own well-being and, eventually, his life. Giving more needy men his medicine and drug allowance while constantly nursing them, he risked infection from contagious diseases while in a rapidly deteriorating state of health. This unselfish and exemplary conduct, coupled with his refusal to stray even the slightest from the Code of Conduct, earned him the deepest respect from not only his fellow prisoners, but his captors as well. Rather than negotiate for his own release or better treatment, he steadfastly frustrated attempts by the Viet Cong to break his indomitable spirit and passed this same resolve on to the men whose well-being he so closely associated himself. Knowing his refusals would prevent his release prior to the end of the war, and also knowing his chances for prolonged survival would be small in the event of continued refusal, he chose nevertheless to adhere to a Code of Conduct far above that which could be expected. His personal valor and exceptional spirit of loyalty in the face of almost certain death reflected the highest credit upon Colonel Cook, the Marine Corps, and the United States Naval Service."

Legacy
The United States Navy Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer USS Donald Cook (DDG-75) is named in his honor.

Cook Hall at the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center, Presidio of Monterey, in Monterey, California, is named after Cook, who graduated from the school's Chinese Mandarin course in May 1961. Cook Hall was dedicated in late 2014 and is the largest and most modern academic building of the DLIFLC campus.

Cook is honored with a 'Freedom Tree' on the Vermont State House lawn.

Colonel Donald G. Cook Chapter 5 Disabled American Veterans (DAV) of Burlington, Vermont is named in his honor. Col. Donald G. Cook Chapter 5 DAV assists veterans in obtaining compensation for their service-connected disabilities, raises funds to support the DAV travel service for disabled veterans to the White River Junction, Vermont Veterans Hospital, and generally serves the needs of disabled Veterans in Burlington and the surrounding areas.

Saint Michael's College bestows the Colonel Donald G. Cook '56 Award to alumni for unselfish service to others. It is the College's most prestigious alumni award.

The Colonel Donald G. Cook award is presented to a United States Marine Corps active duty (officer or enlisted) or Government Civilian intelligence professional to recognize professional excellence and exceptional dedication to duty in Marine Corps Intelligence. Annually presented, the award is sponsored by the National Military Intelligence Association (NMIA).

title: Donald Cook (Medal of Honor)


text: Category:1135 deaths

title: Category:1135 deaths


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mark Smith

Mark Smith

 * Apparently non-notable game designer. His co-author, Jamie Thomson, is currently on VFD as well, and if one goes, the other ought to as well (and if one stays ...) --DMG413 02:17, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:41, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable person. jni 08:34, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * No vote, but if these guys are both reckoned to be non-notable, then most likely The Way of the Tiger should go as well. sjorford 11:50, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and Merge all three VfD'd articles together
 * Keep. Intrigue 18:12, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. As with Jamie Thomson, he is notable within his field.--Tomheaton 19:52, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: A guy who wrote some books, the importance of which we're assumed to know, and then went to college and is now not on the radar. If he's notable, this article doesn't establish that notability. Geogre 20:51, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Cyreath As mentioned, he's notbale in his field and should not be lost as an author. Possibly merge all Fighting Fantasy books and thier authors so as a body of knowledge it's notable.


text: Category:1130s deaths

title: Category:1130s deaths


text:
Vogeltown, Wellington

Vogeltown is a hillside suburb of Wellington, New Zealand, on the eastern slopes of Brooklyn and overlooking Newtown. It is sometimes considered part of Mornington.

In later Maori times parts of the area now occupied by Vogeltown and eastern Brooklyn were used for cultivation by the Te Aro hapu (sub-tribe) of the Te Atiawa, the dominant tribe in the region. In European times the area became known as the Omaroro cultivation area, and control and ownership remained with Te Aro. The area primarily used for cultivation were located north of Pearce Street on what is now part of Wellington's Town Belt and this area is a protected site under the Town Belt Management Plan and the Wellington District Plan.

There is no record of alienation of the land from the original owners until 25 March 1859, when the Te Aro people led by Mohi Ngaponga leased the section to one John H E Wright for 14 years at £30 per annum. At the end of this lease in 1873 Wright purchased the freehold for £700. This land has since developed into the suburb of Vogeltown.

At the council review of suburb boundaries in the early 21st century, Vogeltown nearly suffered absorption into adjacent suburbs.

The name Vogeltown derives from Sir Julius Vogel, author, entrepreneur, and premier of New Zealand from April 1873 until July 1875. In 1867, Vogel married Mary Clayton, daughter of architect Sir William Clayton, who gifted the couple Finnimore House. This house is still located at the corner of Finnimore Terrace and Dransfield Road, past the top of Hutchison Road in Vogeltown. The estate has been subdivided several times.

Many of the houses built in Vogeltown date from the 1920s.

Demographics
Vogeltown is part of the Kingston-Mornington-Vogeltown statistical area.

The 2013 census population was 2,004 for Vogeltown.

title: Vogeltown, Wellington


text:
User talk:Timemutt

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title: User talk:Timemutt


text: Category:1503 deaths

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text:
FT

FT or ft may refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Fairy Tail, a manga and anime
 * Featuring (ft.), used when crediting a secondary artist on a musical recording
 * Fighting Talk, a British radio show
 * Financial Times, a newspaper specialising in UK and international business and financial news
 * First Things, a conservative religious journal based in New York
 * Fuzzy Tomato, a fictional character in Attack of the Killer Tomatoes: The Animated Series and its sequels

Businesses and organizations

 * Faculdade de Tecnologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (School of Technology at the State University of Campinas) (Cavalcade de Tecnologia)
 * Foundation trusts, semi-autonomous organisational units within the National Health Service in England
 * France Télécom, a French telecommunications company, now called Orange
 * Føroya Tele, the public telecommunications company in the Faroe Islands.
 * FlyEgypt, an Egyptian airline (IATA code FT)

Science and technology

 * Foot (unit) (ft.), a unit of distance or length
 * Fellow in Thanatology (FT), the scientific study of death awarded by the Association for Death Education and Counseling

Computing

 * .ft, the filename extension of Lotus Notes full type indexes
 * FaceTime, a video chat feature on Apple devices
 * Fault Tolerance, the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of some of its components

Vehicles

 * EMD FT, an American diesel-electric railway locomotive
 * Northrop XFT, an American 1930s fighter aircraft
 * Renault FT, a tank used in the First World War

Other uses in science and technology

 * Failure tree, in safety engineering and reliability engineering analysis
 * Fischer–Tropsch process, chemical reactions that converts carbon monoxide and hydrogen into fuel oil
 * Fourier transform, in signal processing, which transforms a function between time and frequency domains
 * Fluctuation theorem, in physics relates to the probability distribution of the time-averaged irreversible entropy production
 * Franke and Taylor, two digital modes in radio communication: FT8 and is derivative FT4.
 * Impulse (physics), the product of force and time (Ft)

Other uses

 * Fair trade, a social movement promoting improved trading conditions and sustainability
 * FasTrak, abbreviated to FT on the transponder and company logo
 * Final Testament, in the Quran
 * Fire control technician, a United States Navy occupational rating
 * Fischertechnik, a brand of construction toy
 * Fort, a fortified place, especially in place names
 * Freight ton, in shipping
 * Full time, the end of a regulation association football match
 * Hungarian forint (Ft), the currency of Hungary

title: FT