text:
Talk:Whatever (Aimee Mann album)

Split Articles?
Shouldn't this be split into two articles? With the development and the meaning of the term "whatever" in one article and the album in another?--69.220.225.1 02:42, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * a disambig, at the least...--Weebot 04:00, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Aimee Mann - Whatever.jpg
Image:Aimee Mann - Whatever.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:23, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Non-notable cultural references
I deleted most of the cultural references. The material seemed so obvious as to be not-notable. Here is the original section; The song "4th of July" directly references the American holiday of Independence Day - including references to fireworks, an activity commonly associated with it in the U.S. - and is technically named after it, an alternate name for the holiday being the Fourth of July, derived from the date it takes place on (similar to how the Mexican holiday is referred to as Cinco de Mayo).

"'Jacob Marley's Chain' refers to the Dickens character Jacob Marley from A Christmas Carol, who was doomed after death to wander the earth suffering for his lifetime sin of greed; the chains he was weighted down by are used as a metaphor throughout the song."

"I Know There's A Word" refers at one point to "making him say uncle"; a direct reference to the practice of "crying uncle", literally that of crying out the word "uncle" as a safeword during rough childhood play.

I'm not sure there even needs to be a cultural references section. The material that I've kept in there could be worked into the introduction paragraph. DiggyG (talk) 03:09, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Personnel
I made a few additions to the personnel list. It's still not exhaustive, though. (The booklet in my copy is missing a page or two!) Elcalen (talk) 13:56, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

The word 'pipes' in the list was linked to 'pipe organ', but usually this word refers to bagpipes. Anyone know which is correct? I changed the link to bagpipes for now, but please correct it if I'm mistaken... Elcalen (talk) 14:22, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whatever (Aimee Mann album)


text:
Talk:I'm with Stupid (album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Aimee Mann - I'm With Stupid.jpg
Image:Aimee Mann - I'm With Stupid.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:22, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

"I'm With Stupid" section edit
I want to edit the "I'm with Stupid" section. I want edit this section because the song "Up The Junction" has a page but had no brackets, but I do not know how to make a page go to a certain page. Up The Junction is also a novel and also has a page. Can someone please do this please? Thank you.

Kylee20051 (talk) 03:46, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

Tilbrook on 'Amateur'
Glenn plays the solo on "Amateur" as well, no? 67.86.176.102 (talk) 07:29, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:I'm with Stupid (album)


text:
Talk:Lost in Space (Aimee Mann album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Aimee Mann - Lost in Space.jpg
Image:Aimee Mann - Lost in Space.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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title: Talk:Lost in Space (Aimee Mann album)


text:
Talk:Lugh

2005 edits
Deleted Lugansk from the list under following reasons:

 * originating Lugansk (as well as Luga) from that god is only a hypothesis - since there is a much more wide-spread Slav word "lug/luh/luka" (meaning a meadow - no mystics);
 * Lugansk is actually in Ukraine.

AlexPU

Odd-seeming that "lugs" are listed in an article named "Lugh". I suggest we might instead make Lug a small disambiguation page, rather than an immediate redirect. Alai 22:33, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that Lug should be a disambiguation page, e.g.:

=Lug (disambiguation)=

In Irish mythology, Lug was an ancient god.

LUG is an acronym that stands for Linux User Group.

A lug is also a bicycle part.

Lug handles are a kind of flattened knob attached to the side of pottery. Lugs may have small perforations to take a cord. They are sometimes found on prehistoric ceramics such as Hembury ware.

 * Who wants to make it happen? Skoosh 01:58, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll gladly do the spadework, if nobody minds me moving this page from Lug back to Lugh. The latter is, I'm quite sure, more commonly seen in English publications; it's also more commonly linked to than is Lug. (And if we were going to have this article at Lug, we would do better to use the accent – Luġ. [Yes, yes, that's a later-than-Old Irish innovation, rarara.]) QuartierLatin1968 [[Image:Red Flag waving.png|20px|The worker's flag is deepest red,/It shrouded oft our martyred dead]] 03:51, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Works for me. Lug is technically more correct in an archaic sense, but Lugh is very common in modern parlance. Is it worth creating Lug (deity) preemptively? -- nae'blis (talk) 15:18, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, that's just it – in recent years we've gotten used to seeing gh and bh and mh everywhere. I don't see how it could hurt to make that preemptive redirect (maybe Lug (god) too) – I'll get on it. Other than that, the move should now be complete. QuartierLatin1968 [[Image:Red Flag waving.png|20px|The worker's flag is deepest red,/It shrouded oft our martyred dead]] 22:34, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Welsh counterpart confusion
The article's introduction includes his Welsh counterpart is Llew Llaw Gyffes. The "Portrayal in Classical Times" section says that The Irish and Welsh cognates of Lugus are Lugh and Lleu, respectively. This confusion continues throughout the article. Different pages on Wikipedia give different opinions about whether Llew/Lleu are the same character, so I am not touching this one. Just a heads-up. :) --Telsa 09:47, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Replacement of Irish Hubris
Someone needs to go through this article and remove the heavy Irish connotations that are leant to the God. He was in no way a primarily Irish god, and the idea that the first sentence of the page deems him an "Irish god." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Taintedruins (talk • contribs)
 * Lugh is entirely an Irish figure, testified only in Irish literature. Other articles discuss the early pan-Celtic Lugus and the related Welsh figure Lleu Llaw Gyffes.--Cúchullain t/ c 14:31, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Myth Origin theory

 * I see this article presents a theory of the origin of Lug's fight with Balor, it claims that this story is of Greek and Mesopotamian origin, and it further claims that it is "widely held by scholars"...
 * "It is widely held by scholars that the battle between Lugh and Balor reflects a common Indo-European motif, the battle between the youthful hero and his tyrant Grandfather. This motif is likely to have come to the Celtic speaking lands through contact with Greek traders in the colony of Massillia (Marseille), to whom it came from the Persians, and originated in Mesopotamian tradition through the Prophecy of Sargon."
 * Well, if it so widely held then it shouldn't be difficult to find a reference or source for this claim/theory. I'm not saying it's not true, but it does seem an odd claim that a Celtic god is inspired by a Sumerian King, anyway the way it's currently put is unacceptable, it needs to be cited and possibly reworded. --Hibernian 04:43, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Question
Is it possible that the words 'Lugh' and 'Loki' have something to do with the English 'Luck', English 'lucky', German 'Glueck' (=Luck), and German 'Luege' (=Lie)? (This would surely explain the function, or role, of these deities (i.e. that of deception), as well as their ambiguity, or ambiguous status: afterall, luck can go either way). -- Lucian.

The English word luck appears to have come from the dutch word "luc". Luck and Lugh seem to be unrelated.--69.245.43.176 (talk) 22:58, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

Remove section
Following this bit, which I've retained:
 * It is widely held by scholars that the battle between Lugh and Balor reflects a common Indo-European motif, the battle between the youthful hero and his tyrant Grandfather.

there was the following bit, which I've removed:
 * This motif is likely to have come to the Celtic speaking lands through contact with Greek traders in the colony of Massillia (Marseille), to whom it came from the Persians, and originated in Mesopotamian tradition through the Prophecy of Sargon.

Firstly, this multi-part journey of a single story is absurdly speculative. We would have a hard time proving even one of the steps. Second, it completely contradicts the preceding sentence: if it is supposed to be an "Indo-European" tradition, why is being tied to the Mesopotamians? And finally, if it is indeed supposed to be an Indo-Europeans, there is hardly a need to invent some complicated story explaining its tranmission through the historical placement of peoples. The Celts spoke an Indo-European language: if they could acquire that in the mists of prehistory, they could easily acquire an Indo-European legend as well. --Saforrest 22:45, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for getting rid of that bit, it seemed very suspect to me too. But I think the first part also needs some revision. As I said above, if this interpretation is so "widely held by scholars", then it should be relatively easy to cite a reference for at-least one scholar or book or whatever, that mentions it, otherwise the "widely held" bit must be taken away, as we have no evidence whether it is widely held, or whether it's a fringe theory. And again I'm not saying it's not true, maybe it is, but it needs some citation and explanation. --Hibernian 04:21, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

"King of Suck": What's going on fellas? Hovea 11:16, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Removal of "Lugh in other media" section
Why was the "Lugh in other media" section deleted? The section was far from complete, but the content of the section had begun to present the continuing presence and influence of the mythology of Lugh in modern culture, thereby offering a context in which to appreciate the stories and details presented earlier in the article. The existence of the section created the opportunity for other editors to contribute and flesh out the subject matter. The section was deleted without any prior discussion. No article currently exists on the subject of Lugh's influence on modern culture, and if one were to be created it would likely be suggested for merging with the main Lugh article. The deletion of this section strikes me as premature, especially since the subject matter seems far from irrelevant. Why was the section deleted? Soundout (talk) 01:46, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

dxgf —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.187.109.66 (talk) 19:55, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Lugh is just a dialect of the name Luz - the legendary leader of the the Lusitanians. Rus is a dialect of Luz. Russians are named after Celtic god Lug. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.237.145.120 (talk) 04:44, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

 * They're a Slavic tribe named after Norsemen, which makes this doubly unlikely. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.179.27.219 (talk) 17:17, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

ENDOVELLICVS. This lusitanien god has a clear celtic etimology, from ie. *en(i)-dheub-wo-ell-ik-os (celt. *en(i)-dubwellikos), where ie. *dhew- > *dheub-/*dhub-, celt. *dub-i/*dub-u 'black', with ampliation *dub-wo-: cp. gaul. PN DOVEI, DOVELVS, DOVILVS, DOVALLVS; ogham. PN DOVATACIS, DOVATVCEAS, DOB(I)TVCI; celtib. PN DOVILIQ(VM), DOVITERVS, DOVIDENA; lusitanian PN DOVILONICOR(VM),DOVILVS, DOVITENA; callaecian PN DOVAECIA, DOVAIVS, DOVILVS.

Then, it is a darkness, an infernal god, dweller of the underworld (EN-DOVELLICVS or IN-DOVELLICVS, "[lit.] into the darkness").

PN = Personal Name.

Curiously, in the galician Middle Age, the first day of August, the door of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela was opened (Ianua foris), in which the pilgrims sought divine protection and blessing.This tradition is explainable by the cult of Ianus, a deity that is often identify the God lugu- or lucu- (cp. loºkoºbo in celtic tartessian inscriptions,c. VII bC; LVGVBO and LVCVBO in callaecian language and the cantabrian deity LVCVBO)(1).

Also in the Roman Walls of Lugo was found a relief where represents a naked warrior with spear (Lugus?), two oaks and an eagle over the fortress of Lugo (symbolic syncretism between the indigenous tradition of the "celtici gentis" and the augustean roman tradition).

(1) Related, in Callaecia, on other hand, with the greek god Hermes (roman Mercurius: cp. callaecian inscription ERMEEI DEVORI "to Hermes the king of the gods"). It is sure that the callaecian form LUCU- doesn't mean "sacred wood" like latin, because this word was celt. *nemeto-: cp. callaecian two place-names NEMETOBRIGA and other called NEMETOS. Think that some celtic tribal names and place-names can be related with ie. *lou-gh-/*lu-gh- "swamp".

From Lugo (Galicia).

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.60.137.167 (talk) 15:42, 17 November 2012 (UTC)

Lugh's name and nature
The first four paragraphs of that section are so messed up, one would almost have to just erase them and start over to fix them. Almost every statement that isn't already given a cite needs to be marked with cite needed or original research tags. I don't have the time or energy to go through all of that, but someone needs to. Whateley23 (talk) 05:53, 9 February 2014 (UTC)

Transcription of Ar-éadbair
I'm no expert on this subject, but the Early Modern Irish text listed for Ar-éadbair/Areadbhair, i.e. Aɼéadḃaiɼ, (Lugh) seams to be wrong. From what I can tell the ɼ character is simply a phonetic character, and one which isn't currently in use by the IPA at that (see Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet). My best guess is that whoever wrote it was attempting to write "insular Rs", i.e. ꞃ. However, the rendering of what is actually there is closer to an insular S (ꞅ). If this is the case then it should be changed to either normal Rs or ꞃ characters. (I suspect the former since strictly speaking insular characters, unlike dotted consonants for example, are simply glyph substitutions rather than characters in their own right.) Could someone please either confirm this or explain why the "tailed r" is used. Thanks.  Alphathon  /'æɫ.fə.θɒn/ ( talk ) 01:08, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

Lugh is not Irish, it is Celtic
The article focuses on Ireland, but there is a lot more to Lugh than just Ireland. He was present throughout the Celtic space, as can easily be seen looking at the article in other languages. Thanks, Regards. Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 14:01, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Lugh is Irish. For his ancient Celtic counterpart, see Lugus. --Nicknack009 (talk) 21:54, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I see. What is happening, is that whereas there are two articles one Lugh and one Lugus as you rightly pointed out, when you are viewing Lugus in another language and want to switch to English, it goes to Lugh, which is what led me to arrive at that conclusion. Naturally this is not something wrong with the English-WP, but rather a question of the interlinks. Regards, Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 15:14, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

Apollo
The connection of lux-words with Apollo (and comparable deities) is bad etymology. -λω is only a suffix here; none of the gods mentioned have a comparable etymology.Otto S. Knottnerus (talk) 18:06, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

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Origins of "Brionac"
I've heard a lot about Lugh's supposed spear Brionac and how it was apparently made up by a JRPG. I don't doubt this for a second, especially after the crap with Ichival and especially Mespyrian, but does anyone know which one it was? With "Ichival", I can point the misinformation about it to FE Genealogy of the Holy War. But does anyone here know which RPG made up Brionac? --Hawkatana (talk) 01:42, 7 February 2022 (UTC)

Lugh is also Surya and There's Hinduism text that says his father is Dagda in Hinduism it's Kashyapa The Mythology and stories are the same.
Plus Cain is Found in The Book of Genius in The Christian Bible Cain is not Celtic in any form or Indian or anything outside of Christianity I have multiple sources That say Dagda is Lughs Father in Pre - Christian Ireland and most likely all the Lands that we're Celtic. Also In Gaul Lughus Married Epona, many believe Macha and Morrígan our sisters that would be how Morrígan is Dagdas wife in Irish mythology so if Dagdas Son Gets Married Morrígan would be Related to Macha yes by Marriage so Macha would be Morrígan's daughter in law. In Hinduism Kashyapa which is Dagda and or Sucellas in Hinduism is married to both Krodhavasa & Danu, Danu is Dagdas Wife not Daughter I have many books and information proving it.

Message me somehow Drecelto (talk) 00:37, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Hinduism is not remotely "the same" as Irish mythology, and the Dagda is not a figure in Hinduism.
 * If Lugh is not actually a god of sun or light, what would the connection to Surya be?
 * Cain is not mentioned in the article at all, and seems to have no relevance to Lugh. (While there is indeed no apparent connection to Celtic myth or Hinduism, it isn't true that Cain is not found outside Christianity - Genesis is also part of the Torah in Judaism.) Vultur~enwiki (talk) 03:26, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
 * is so Kashyapa his mythology matches The Celtic Deity Sucellas & Revo & Dagda etc and Lugh matches Surya I studied Hinduism and have friends who practice. I also read many Scholarly Books on The Ancient Celtic Past as well as other Ancient people's Mythologies Drecelto (talk) 21:07, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Also Know Cain is found in Judaism I wrote about it in my book so Cain he Hebrew not Celtic. Drecelto (talk) 21:08, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * preserved by Bards in fact
 * Cain The Orgin of
 * The Name is Hebrew
 * it is also a story told in
 * The Hebrew Bible
 * 45.
 * The Tanakh which is Judaism,
 * That's from my book and I also learned many religions and studied. Also have sources from Scholars matching Celtic Mythology with Hinduism as well which I listed in my book my Researches.
 * I study Irish mythology Welsh mythology Iberian mythology Gaulsih Mythology, Greek Mythology Roman mythology Basque Mythology,  Muisca Mythology Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism & more. Drecelto (talk) 21:15, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I never said Lugh isn't a God of Light I believe he is. Surya is also a God of Light and Sun. Drecelto (talk) 21:25, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I didn't say that Dagda himself is but Kashyapa a God that is pre Celtic that would be his parallel is. Also yes Surya is a sun God so is Vishnu Celts didn't believe in individual avatars like in Hinduism so all of Suryas avatars would contribute to Lugh in some way. In Gaulish Mythology Lughus was seen with Epona another connection for Surya & Saranyu. Lughus and Epona are also found in Hispanic Mythology in Hinduism though Kashyapa's son is Surya and his wife is Danu there for abroad it was the same of course without added Characters of later myths like kings and queens Irish mythology has. Drecelto (talk) 21:37, 26 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Not sure how to message you wish I could Drecelto (talk) 21:43, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lugh


text:
Luhansk

Luhansk (, ; Луганськ, ), also known as Lugansk (, ; Луганск, ), is a city in the Donbas region, eastern Ukraine. As of 2022, the population was estimated to be making Luhansk the 12th-largest city in Ukraine.

Luhansk served as the administrative center of Luhansk Oblast, before pro-Russian separatists seized control of the city in 2014 and made it the capital of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic. The Ukrainian administration was located in Sievierodonetsk from 2014 to 2022 during the war in Donbas, due to Ukraine not being in control of Luhansk. Sievierodonetsk was captured by Russia in 2022 and the Luhansk Oblast was later annexed by Russia in late 2022.

Founding and early history
The city traces its history to 1797 when the British industrialist Charles Gascoigne, commissioned by the Imperial Russian government in 1795, founded an ammunition and cannon factory for the Black Sea Fleet. Gascoigne had emigrated to Saint Petersburg years earlier, and founded factories and mines across the Russian Empire during his time there. There is a prominent bust of him in Luhansk commemorating his role in the city's founding.

The factory was built in the Donets Basin (or Donbas) the confluence of the Luhan and Vilkhivka (river) rivers. The Russian craftsmen settled upstream, at the settlement of Kamianyi Brid. The name "Luhansk" comes from the Luhan River, which flows through the city. According to folk etymology, the name is also derived to the word "Luh" (Ukrainian: Луг), which means "meadow", referring to the floodplains around the river.

The factory was greatly expanded during the Napoleonic Wars, and again during the Crimean War. By 1880, the factory was a large industrial node, linked by rail to other major cities and to the Azov Sea. In 1882, the Luhansk Factory was merged with Kamianyi Brid into a new settlement named Luhansk, which received city status. In 1897, Luhansk had a population of 20,400, 68.2% of whom were Russians.

In summer 1896, German industrialist Gustav Hartmann founded a locomotive-building company in Luhansk, which is now Luhanskteplovoz. It became operational in 1900, and soon produced a large proportion of all locomotives in the Russian Empire.

In the Soviet Union
Luhansk was economically devastated by the Russian Civil War. In April 1918, Luhansk was occupied by the Central Powers during their invasion of Ukraine. Then, it was taken by Anton Denikin's anti-communist Volunteer Army in May 1919, before changing hands several times. It was finally taken by the Red Army in January 1920.

After the end of the war, the victorious Bolsheviks created the Soviet Union on the territory of the former Russian Empire, and began restoring the city. The city grew rapidly during the interwar period. On 5 November 1935, the city was renamed Voroshilovgrad (Ворошиловград; Ворошиловград) in honour of Soviet military commander and politician Kliment Voroshilov. In 1938, Voroshilovgrad Oblast was established, with the city as its center.

The economic recovery and development of the city was also accompanied by significant demographic change. The population grew from 72,000 to 212,000 between 1926 and 1939, and there was an influx of Ukrainians from the countryside into the city. The proportion of Ukrainians grew from 19.1% to 58.7% between 1897 and 1939, many of whom were refugees fleeing the Holodomor, a manmade famine across Soviet Ukraine. The Russian proportion of the population shrank to 34.5%.

Voroshilovgrad became a frontline city in World War II after the failure of Nazi Germany's Operation Barbarossa to capture major Soviet cities. In March 1942, a grand concert featuring the work of Taras Shevchenko was held in the city to inspire Ukrainians to fight off the invading Nazis. In July 1942, Germany concentrated its forces in the area and forced the Soviets to retreat to the Volga and the North Caucasus. On 14 July 1942, German troops captured Voroshilovgrad. Locals waged partisan warfare against the occupation. The city was eventually liberated by the Red Army on 14 February 1943.

In the postwar period, the city was rebuilt. The population recovered and grew, again alongside demographic change. More Russians were brought in to rebuild and help with industrialization, again reducing the share of Ukrainians to a minority of 48.3% by 1959 and raising the share of Russians to 47.1%. On 5 March 1958, after Khrushchev's call to not name cities after living people, the old name of Luhansk was reinstated. Kliment Voroshilov himself opposed the restoration of the old name in 1958. On January 1970, after the death of Kliment Voroshilov on 2 December 1969, the city's name was changed again to Voroshilovgrad.

Demographic shifts continued during the late Soviet period; by 1989, Ukrainians made up 41.8% of the population and Russians had a majority of 52.4%. On 4 May 1990, a decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR gave the city back its original name.

Ukrainian independence
Ukraine gained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. In 1994, a consultative referendum took place in Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast, with around 90% supporting the Russian language gaining status of an official language alongside Ukrainian, and for the Russian language to be an official language on a regional level.

The previous demographic trends reversed in independent Ukraine; by 2001, Ukrainians - who increasingly spoke Russian - were 50% of the population and Russians made up 47%. The population as a whole began to decline as the economy stagnated, dropping from 505,000 in 1992 to 424,000 in 2014.

Russo–Ukrainian War
In April 2014, Russia-backed separatists seized governmental buildings in the region, proclaiming the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR), with its capital in Luhansk. An independence referendum, unconstitutional under Ukrainian law, was held on 11 May 2014. This referendum was not recognized as legitimate by any government. These events escalated into the War in Donbas.

In August 2014, Ukrainian government forces completely surrounded rebel-held Luhansk. Heavy shelling caused civilian casualties in the city. On 17 August, Ukrainian soldiers entered the rebel-controlled Luhansk and for a time had control over a police station. A statement released on 22 August by Lithuanian foreign minister Linas Antanas Linkevičius said that the Lithuanian honorary consul in Luhansk, Mykola Zelenec, was abducted by the pro-Russian separatists and murdered. Linkevičius defined the abductors as 'terrorists'.

After the Ilovaisk counteroffensive, LPR forces regained Lutuhyne and other Luhansk suburbs. Ukrainian forces withdrew from the Luhansk International Airport on 1 September 2014, after heavy fighting. Human Rights Watch reported high civilian casualties in and around the city, recording over 300 civilian deaths caused by explosive weapons between May and September 2014. The temporary administration of Luhansk Oblast was moved to Sievierodonetsk by the government of Ukraine.

On 21 November 2017, armed men in unmarked uniforms took up positions in the center of Luhansk in what appeared to be a power struggle between the head of the republic Igor Plotnitsky and the (sacked by Plotnitsky) LPR appointed interior minister Igor Kornet. Media reports stated that the Donetsk People's Republic, a parallel Russian-backed entity in neighboring Donetsk Oblast, had sent armed troops to Luhansk the following night. Three days later the website of the separatists stated that Plotnitsky had resigned "for health reasons. Multiple war wounds, the effects of blast injuries, took their toll." The website stated that security minister Leonid Pasechnik had been named acting leader "until the next elections."

On September 30, 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree declaring the annexation of four regions of Ukraine (Luhansk, Donetsk, Kherson and Zaporizhiya Oblasts) to Russia. The annexation was illegal under international law and was condemned by the General Assembly of the United Nations.

Administrative divisions

 * Artemivskyi District
 * city of Oleksandrivsk
 * urban-type settlement Katerynivka
 * Kamiano-Bridskyi District
 * Zhovtnevyi District
 * Leninskyi District

Higher education
Some of the more prestigious universities in Ukraine have their home in Luhansk. Luhansk is the location of the main campus of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Luhansk, East Ukrainian Volodymyr Dahl National University and of Luhansk State Medical University.

Demographics
In the Ukrainian Census of 2001, 49.6% of the inhabitants declared themselves as ethnically Ukrainians and 47% as Russians. 85.3% of the population spoke Russian as their native language, while 13.7% spoke Ukrainian, 0.2% Armenian and 0.1% Belarusian.

Sport
Luhansk is home to Zorya Luhansk which now plays in the Ukrainian Premier League annual football championship and plays at the Avanhard Stadium. The club won the 1972 Soviet Top League.

The other football team was Dynamo Luhansk.

Merheleva Ridge
On 7 September 2006, archaeologists in Ukraine announced that an ancient structure had been discovered near Luhansk, which the press reported as a pyramid antedating those in Egypt by at least 300 years. The stone foundations of the structure were said to resemble Aztec and Mayan pyramids in Mesoamerica. It was later concluded that the site in question was not a pyramid but was still of great interest.

Climate
Luhansk has a hot summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa). Luhansk has both the highest and lowest temperature recorded in Ukraine. A record high of 42.0 °C was recorded on 12 August 2010, which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Ukraine. A record low of -41.9 °C was recorded on 8 January 1935.

Notable people

 * Vladislav Anisovich (1908–1969) a Russian and Soviet painter and art educator
 * Vladimir Bobrov (1915–1970) a Soviet fighter pilot and flying ace
 * Nadiya Bychkova (born 1989) a Ukrainian-Slovenian ballroom and Latin American dancer
 * Vladimir Dal (1801–1872), Russian lexicographer and polyglot
 * Dov Feigin (1907-2000) an Israeli sculptor.
 * Pavel Luspekayev (1927—1970) a Soviet actor
 * Yulia Malinovsky (born 1975), Israeli politician
 * Mikhail Matusovsky (1915–1990), Soviet poet, songwriter
 * Julia Rysina (born 1989) stage name T-DJ Milana, DJ, composer, dancer and model
 * Leonid Pasechnik (born 1970) leader of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic.
 * Igor Plotnitsky (born 1964) former leader of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic.
 * Andriy Portnov (born 1973) a Ukrainian lawyer and politician.
 * Aleksandr Ptushko (1900–1973) a Soviet animation and fantasy film director
 * Nikolay Shmatko (1943–2020), sculptor, professor and painter
 * Tatyana Snezhina (1972–1995) a Russian poet and singer-songwriter.
 * Kostiantyn Sytnyk (1926–2017) a Ukrainian and Soviet scientist and academician
 * Kliment Voroshilov (1881–1969), Soviet military commander
 * Yevheniy Yevtukhov (born 1984) stage name DJ Sender a Ukrainian DJ, music producer, songwriter and singer

Sport

 * Sergey Andreyev (born 1956) a football manager and a former player with 617 club caps and 26 for the Soviet Union
 * Valeriy Brumel (1942–2003), a Soviet high jumper; silver medallist at the 1960 Summer Olympics and gold medallist at the 1964 Summer Olympics
 * Viktor Bryzhin (born 1962) a former sprinter, team gold medallist at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
 * Yelyzaveta Bryzhina (born 1989), sprinter, team bronze medallist at the 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Sergey Bubka (born 1963), Soviet and Ukrainian pole vaulter, former World Record holder, and gold medallist at the 1988 Summer Olympics
 * Vasiliy Bubka (born 1960), Soviet and Ukrainian pole vaulter
 * Fedor Emelianenko (born 1976), Russian heavyweight mixed martial arts and judoka
 * Vyacheslav Glazkov (born 1984) boxer, bronze medallist at the 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Irina Kirichenko (1937–2020) a Soviet sprint cyclist
 * Serhiy Malyi (born 1990) footballer with over 150 club caps and 46 for Kazakhstan
 * Viktor Onopko (born 1969), Russian football player with 462 club caps and 109 for Russia
 * Sergei Semak (born 1976), footballer and manager with 552 club caps and 65 for Russia
 * Andriy Serdinov (born 1982), butterfly swimmer, bronze medallist at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
 * Oleh Shelayev ( born 1976) footballer with over 400 club caps and 36 for Ukraine
 * Anton Shoutvin (born 1989), Israeli basketball player
 * Tetyana Skachko (born 1954) long jumper, bronze medallist at the 1980 Summer Olympics
 * Tetyana Tereshchuk-Antipova (born 1969), hurdler, bronze medallist at the 2004 Summer Olympics
 * Sergei Yuran (born 1969), football player with 276 club caps and 25 for Russia
 * Oleksandr Zavarov (born 1961), Soviet and Ukrainian football player and coach with over 450 club caps and 41 for the Soviet Union

International relations
Luhansk is twinned with:
 * 🇬🇧 Cardiff, United Kingdom
 * 🇵🇱 Lublin, Poland
 * 🇭🇺 Székesfehérvár, Hungary
 * 🇨🇳 Daqing, China
 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Étienne, France
 * 🇧🇬 Pernik, Bulgaria

Gallery
During 2014 and 2015, Luhansk has been the scene of intense fighting and most of these buildings are damaged to some extent. Some may be destroyed.

title: Luhansk


text: User talk:199.164.68.189

title: User talk:199.164.68.189


text:
Catholic Defence Association

The Catholic Defence Association was an organisation founded in 1851 to defend the rights of Irish Roman Catholic tenant farmers. The first meeting held at the Mechanics' Institute, Dublin was chaired by Lord Gormanston, with MPs William Keogh, George Henry Moore and John Sadleir on the platform.

Moore owned 5000 ha (50 km²) in Mayo, and 40 ha in County Roscommon. In 1852 Henry Wilberforce became Secretary, living in Ireland for two or three years. As Secretary he engaged in a correspondence on Church of Ireland proselytizing which was published as Proselytism in Ireland: the Catholic Defence Association versus the Irish Church Missions on the charge of bribery and intimidation; a correspondence between the Rev. Alex Dallas and the Rev. Henry Wilberforce (1852).

title: Catholic Defence Association


text:
List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars

The following is a list of Persian scientists, engineers, and scholars who lived from antiquity up until the beginning of the modern age.

A

 * Abdul Qadir Gilani (12th century) theologian and philosopher
 * Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i (10th century) physician
 * Abu Dawood (c. 817–889), Islamic scholar
 * Abu Hanifa (699–767), Islamic scholar
 * Abu Said Gorgani (10th century)
 * 'Adud al-Dawla (936–983), scientific patron
 * Ahmad ibn Farrokh (12th century), physician
 * Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din (11th century), physician and chemist
 * Alavi Shirazi (1670–1747), royal physician in Mughal India
 * Amuli, Muhammad ibn Mahmud (c. 1300–1352), physician
 * Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (900–971), mathematician and astronomer
 * Ansari, Khwaja Abdullah (1006–1088), Islamic scholar
 * Aqa-Kermani (18th century), physician
 * Aqsara'i (?–1379), physician
 * Abu Hafsa Yazid, physician
 * Arzani, Muqim (18th century), physician
 * Astarabadi (15th century), physician
 * Aufi, Muhammad (1171–1242), scientist and historian
 * Albubather, physician and astrologer
 * Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath, physician
 * Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri, theologian and philosopher
 * Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi, mathematician and astronomer

B

 * Brethren of Purity
 * Bahmanyār, philosopher
 * Al-Baghawi (c. 1041–1122), Islamic scholar
 * Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī (1547–1621), poet, philosopher, architect, mathematician, astronomer
 * Baha Al-Dowleh Razi (died c. 915), physician
 * Al-Baladhuri (?–892), historian
 * Abu Ali Bal'ami (10th century), historian
 * Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (787–886), known in Latin as Albumasar, astrologer
 * Abu Zayd al-Balkhi (850–934), geographer and mathematician
 * Banū Mūsā brothers (9th century)
 * Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, historian
 * Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi, historian and Islamic scholar
 * Al-Bayhaqi, faqih and muhadith
 * Muhammad Baqir Behbahani (1706–1791), theologian
 * Bubares (died after 480 BC), engineer
 * Ibn Bibi (13th century), historian of the Seljuks of Rum
 * Biruni (973–1048), astronomer and mathematician
 * Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870), Islamic scholar
 * Sahl ibn Bishr (c. 786–845 ?), astrologer, mathematician
 * Bukhtishu (8th century?), Persian Christian physician of Academy of Gundishapur
 * Bukhtishu, Abdollah ibn (c. 940–1058), Christian physician in Persia
 * Jabril ibn Bukhtishu (9th century), Christian physician
 * Bukhtishu, Yuhanna (9th century), Christian physician
 * Borzuya (6th century), a.k.a. Borzouyeh-i Tabib, physician of Academy of Gundishapur
 * Birjandi (?–1528), astronomer and mathematician
 * Muhammad Bal'ami, historian
 * Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari, physician
 * Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami

D

 * Abu Hanifa Dinawari (815–896), astronomer, agriculturist, botanist, metallurgist, geographer, mathematician, and historian
 * Ibn Durustawayh (872–958), grammarian, lexicographer and student of the Quran and hadith
 * Ibn Qutaybah Dinwari (828–885), historian and theologian

E

 * Abubakr Esfarayeni (13th century?), physician

F

 * Al-Farghani (d. 880), astronomer, known in Latin as Alfraganus
 * Al-Farabi (872–950) (Al-Farabi, Pharabius), philosopher
 * Fazari, Ibrahim (?–777), mathematician and astronomer
 * Fazari, Mohammad (?–796), mathematician and astronomer
 * Feyz Kashani, Mohsen (?–1680), theologian
 * Firishta (1560–1620), historian
 * Ibn al-Faqih, historian and geographer
 * Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi (d. 1278/1279), astronomer
 * Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani (1455–1521), religious scholar, historian and political writer

G

 * Gardizi (?–1061), geographer and historian
 * Ghazali (Algazel, 1058–1111), philosopher
 * Gilani, Hakim (?–1609), royal physician
 * Kushyar Gilani (971–1029), mathematician, geographer, astronomer
 * Zayn al-Din Gorgani (1041–1136), royal physician
 * Rostam Gorgani (16th century), physician
 * Al-Masihi (?–999), Avicenn'a master

H

 * Hakim Ghulam Imam, physician
 * Hakim Muhammad Mehdi Naqi (18th century), physician
 * Hakim Muhammad Sharif Khan (18th century), physician
 * Hakim Nishaburi (933–1012), Islamic scholar
 * Hallaj (858–922), mystic-philosopher
 * Hamadani, Mir Sayyid Ali (1314–1384), poet and philosopher
 * Harawi, Abolfadl (10th century), astronomer of Buyid dynasty
 * Harawi, Muwaffak (10th century), pharmacologist
 * Harawi, Muhammad ibn Yusuf (d. 1542), physician
 * Hasani, Qavameddin (17th century), physician
 * Ibn Hindu (1019–1032), man of letters, physician
 * Haji Bektash Veli, mystic
 * Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani, jurisconsult, mystic, philosopher, poet and mathematician
 * Haseb Tabari, astronomer
 * Hammam ibn Munabbih, Islamic scholar
 * Hamza al-Isfahani (ca. 893–after 961), philologist and historian
 * Abu Ja'far ibn Habash

I

 * Ibn Abi Sadiq (11th century), "The Second Hippocrates", Avicenna's disciple
 * Ibn Isfandiyar (13th-century), historian
 * Ibn Khordadbeh (c. 820–912), geographer
 * Ibn Rustah (9th century), explorer and geographer
 * Ilaqi, Yusef (11th century), Avicenna's pupil
 * Mansur ibn Ilyas (14th century), physician
 * Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980–1037), philosopher and physician
 * Isfahani, Imad al-Din (1125–1201) historian and rhetorician
 * Isfahani, Jalaleddin (19th century), physician
 * Isfahani, Husayn (15th century), physician
 * Istakhri (?–957), geographer, gives the earliest known account of windmills
 * Iranshahri (9th century), philosopher, teacher of Abu Bakr al-Razi
 * Al-Isfizari (11th–12th century), mathematician and astronomer

J

 * Jaghmini (14th century), physician
 * Juwayni (1028–1085), philosopher, theologian
 * Juzjani, Abu Ubaid (?–1070), physician
 * Jamal ad-Din Bukhari (13th century), astronomer
 * Jamasp, sage and philosopher
 * Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī (800–860), geometer

K

 * Karaji (953–1029), mathematician
 * Jamshid-i Kashani (c. 1380–1429), astronomer and mathematician
 * Kashfi, Jafar (1775/6–1850/1), theologian
 * Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni (14th century), physician
 * Kermani, Iwad (15th century), physician
 * Kermani, Shams-ud-Din, Islamic scholar
 * Al-Khazini (c. 1130), physicist
 * Khayyam, Omar (1048–1131), poet, mathematician, and astronomer
 * Khorasani, Sultan Ali (16th century), physician
 * Al-Kharaqī, astronomer and mathematician
 * Khujandi (c. 940–c. 1000), mathematician and astronomer
 * Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (a.k.a. Al-Khwarazmi, c. 780–c. 850), creator of algorithm and algebra, mathematician and astronomer
 * Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī, logician and philosopher
 * Shams al-Din al-Khafri, astrologer
 * Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, mathematician and astronomer
 * Kubra, Najmeddin (1145–1220)
 * Abu Ishaq al-Kubunani (d. after 1481), mathematician, astronomer
 * Abu Zayn Kahhal, physician

M

 * Al-Mada'ini (752/753–843), historian
 * Mahani (9th century), mathematician and astronomer
 * Majusi, Ibn Abbas (?–c. 890), physician
 * Marvazi, Abu Taher (12th century), philosopher
 * Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi, mathematician, astronomer, geographer
 * Masawaiyh (777–857), or Masuya
 * Mashallah ibn Athari (740–815), of Jewish origins, from Khorasan who designed the city of Baghdad based on Firouzabad
 * Miskawayh (932–1030), philosopher
 * Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi, physician
 * Hamdallah Mustawfi (1281–1349), geographer
 * Mulla Sadra (1572–1640), philosopher
 * Ibn al-Muqaffa' (?–756), founder of Arabic prose along with Abdol-Hamid
 * bin Musa, Hasan (9th century), astronomer, mathematician
 * bin Musa, Ahmad (9th century), astronomer, inventor
 * bin Musa, Muhammad (9th century), astronomer, mathematician
 * Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tabrizi (13th century), philosopher
 * Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, Islamic scholar
 * Muqatil ibn Sulayman, mufassir of Quran
 * Ibn Manda, Hadith scholar
 * Abu Ahmad Monajjem (241/855-56–in 13 Rabi' I 300/29 October 912), music theorist, literary historian
 * Masarjawaih (7th century), physician
 * Muhammad Abdolrahman, physician

N

 * Nagawri (14th century), physician
 * Nahavandi, Benjamin, Jewish scholar
 * Nahavandi, Ahmad (9th century), astronomer
 * Nakhshabi (14th century), physician
 * Narshakhi (899–959), historian
 * Nasir Khusraw (1004–1088), scientist, Ismaili scholar, mathematician, philosopher, traveler and poet
 * Natili Tabari (10th century), physician
 * Naubakht (9th century), designer of the city of Baghdad
 * Naubakht, Fadhl ibn (8th century), astronomer
 * Nawbakhty (4th Hijri century), Islamic scholar, philosopher
 * Nizam al-Din Nishapuri, mathematician, astronomer, jurist, exegete, and poet
 * Nawbakhti, Ruh (10th century), Islamic scholar
 * Nayrizi (865–922), mathematician and astronomer
 * Naqshband, Baha ud-Din (1318–1389), philosopher
 * Abu al-Qasim al-Habib Neishapuri (18th century), physician
 * Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (c. 815–875), Islamic scholar
 * Nurbakhshi (16th century), physician
 * Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi, theologian, mufassir, muhaddith and historian
 * Al-Nasa'i, hadith collector
 * Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, historian and biographer
 * Abu Nu`aym, Islamic scholar

O

 * Ostanes, ancient Persian alchemist

P

 * Paul the Persian (6th century), philosopher

Q

 * Qazwini, Zakariya (1203–1283), physician
 * Qumi, Qazi Sa’id (1633–1692), theologian
 * Qumri (10th century), physician
 * Ali Qushji (1403–16 December 1474), mathematician, astronomer and physician
 * Ali al-Qari, Islamic scholar
 * Ali Ibn Ibrahim Qomi, jurist and Shia scholar
 * Al-Quda'i (d. 1062), judge, preacher and historian in Fatimid Egypt

R

 * Razi, Amin (16th century), geographer
 * Razi, Zakariya (Rhazes) (c. 865–925), chemist, physician, and philosopher
 * Razi, Najmeddin (1177–1256), mystic
 * Rumi, Jalal ad-Din Muhammad (1207–1273), Muslim poet, jurist, Islamic scholar, theologian, and Sufi mystic
 * Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318), historian, physician and politician
 * Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi, Ismaili philosopher
 * Rudaki (858–941), Persian poet

S

 * Sabzevari, Mulla Hadi (1797–1873), poet and philosopher
 * Saghani Ostorlabi (?–990), astronomer
 * Sahl, Fadl ibn (?–818), astronomer
 * Sahl, Shapur ibn (?–869), physician
 * Samarqandi, Najibeddin (13th century), physician
 * Samarqandi, Ashraf (c. 1250–c. 1310), mathematician, astronomer
 * Samarqandi, Dawlatshah (1438–1495/1507) biographer
 * Sarakhsi, Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib (9th century) historian and philosopher
 * Sarakhsi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad (?–1096), Islamic scholar
 * Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib al-Sarakhsi, historian, traveller
 * Shahrastani (1086–1153), historian of religions
 * Shahrazuri (13th century), philosopher and physician
 * Shahrazuri, Ibn al-Salah (1181–1245), Islamic scholar
 * Shaykh Tusi (996–1067), Islamic scholar
 * Ibn Babawayh (923–991), theologian
 * Ibn Sahl, mathematician, physicist
 * Abu ul-Ala Shirazi (d. 1001 CE), physician
 * Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb, physician
 * Shirazi, Imad al-Din Mas'ud (16th century), physician
 * Shirazi, Muhammad Hadi Khorasani (18th century), physician
 * Shirazi, Qutbeddin (1236–1311), astronomer
 * Shirazi, Mahmud ibn Ilyas (18th century), physician
 * Shirazi, Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas (?–1330), physician
 * Shirazi, Qurayshi (17th century), physician
 * Shirazi, Sultan Waezin (1894–1971), theologian
 * Sibawayh, linguist and grammarian
 * Sijzi (c. 945–c. 1020), mathematician and astronomer
 * Sijzi, Mas'ud (14th century), physician
 * Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (903–986), astronomer from Ray who invented the meridian ring
 * Mūsā ibn Shākir, astronomer
 * Suhrawardi, Shahab al-Din (1155–1191), philosopher
 * Abu Sulayman Sijistani, philosopher
 * ‘Abd ar-Razzaq as-San‘ani, Islamic scholar
 * Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji, philosopher and logician
 * Zeynalabdin Shirvani, geographer, philosopher and poet
 * Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani, Ismaili philosopher
 * Abu'l-'Anbas Saymari, astrologer

T

 * Tabarani, Abu al-Qasim (873–970), Islamic scholar
 * Tabari Amoli (839–923), historian
 * Tabari, ibn Farrukhan (?–815), astrologer and architect
 * Tabari, Abul Hasan (10th century), physician
 * Tabari, Ibn Sahl (c. 783–c. 858), Jewish convert physician, master of Rhazes
 * Tabrizi, Maqsud Ali (17th century), physician
 * Taftazani (1322–1390), theologian, linguist
 * Tayfur, Ibn Abi Tahir (819–893), linguist
 * Tirmidhi (824–892), Islamic scholar
 * Tunakabuni (17th century), physician
 * Tughra'i (c. 1061–1122), physician
 * Tusi, Nizam ol-Molk (1018–1092), Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire
 * Tusi, Nasireddin (1201–1274), Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian
 * Tusi, Sharafeddin (?–1213/4), mathematician
 * Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tha'labi, Islamic scholar
 * 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk, Persian or Turkish mathematician

U

 * Safi al-Din al-Urmawi (c. 1216–1294), musician
 * Abu al‐Uqul al‐Tabari (14th century), Yemenite astronomer of Iranian origin

V

 * Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat (13th century), scholar and physician

W

 * Waqidi (748–822), historian
 * Wassaf, historian
 * Al-Wabkanawi, astronomer

Y

 * Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq (?–796), mathematician and astronomer
 * Yunus ibn Habib, linguist
 * Yahya ibn Ma'in, Islamic scholar
 * Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni, musician
 * Yahya ibn Abi Mansur (d. 830 CE), astronomer

Z

 * Dawud al-Zahiri (815–834) theologian and historian
 * Zamakhshari (1074/5–1143/4), scholar and geographer
 * Muhammad Zarrindast (11th century), oculist
 * Zayn-e-Attar (?–c. 1403), physician
 * Zarir Jurjani (9th century), mathematician and astronomer
 * Zakariya al-Qazwini (1203–1283) physician, astronomer, geographer, and proto-science fiction writer


text:
Rogers v. Tennessee

Rogers v. Tennessee, 532 U.S. 451 (2001), was a U.S. Supreme Court case holding that there is no due process violation for lack of fair warning when pre-existing common law limitations on what acts constitute a crime, under a more broadly worded statutory criminal law, are broadened to include additional acts, even when there is no notice to the defendant that the court might undo the common law limitations, so long as the statutory criminal law was made prior to the acts, and so long as the expansion to the newly included acts is expected or defensible in reference to the statutory law. The court wrote, "In the context of common law doctrines... Strict application of ex post facto principles... would unduly impair the incremental and reasoned development of precedent that is the foundation of the common law system.' The decision did not affect the requirement of fair warning placed on statutes passed by legislatures - 'The Constitution's Ex Post Facto Clause... 'is a limitation upon the powers of the Legislature, and does not of its own force apply to the Judicial Branch of government'... a judicial alteration of a common law doctrine of criminal law [only] violates the principal of fair warning... where it is 'unexpected and indefensible by reference to the law which had been expressed prior to the conduct in issue."

The case was about a murderer, Wilbert Rogers, who stabbed his victim in the heart, causing the victim to have cardiac arrest and lapse into a coma. The victim was kept alive for fifteen months using modern medical methods. An ancient common law was that if a victim of a crime died more than a year after a criminal act, that act was not considered to be murder, under a justification that medical science was not capable of establishing causation so far beyond the criminal act, whereby there was reasonable doubt as to the cause of death. This was known as the year and a day rule. The rule dated from as far back as the 12th century, and most modern courts that examined the rule found it to be obsolete given modern medical scientific advances. The court wrote, "At common law, the year and a day rule provided that no defendant could be convicted of murder unless his victim died by defendant's act within a year and a day of the act... The Supreme Court of Tennessee... had recognized the... rule... 'was part of the common law [in 1907]... however [in the underlying case involving Rogers], the court found that the original reasons for recognizing the rule no longer exist [at the time of the Rogers homicide]."

The Tennessee Supreme Court abolished the rule in the Rogers homicide case, without Rogers having any notice that the rule change would occur. The US Supreme Court held that the Tennessee Supreme Court's abolition of the common-law year and a day rule could apply retroactively to crimes committed before the court abolished the rule under the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution, so long as there was a statutory criminal law passed prior to the criminal act, and the change in common law interpretation of the statutory law was either expected or defensible in reference to that statutory law. Accordingly, the defendant's conviction for murder was sustained on appeal despite the fact that the victim died 15 months after the defendant struck the ultimately fatal blow.

Facts
Rogers stabbed James Bowdery with a butcher knife on May 6, 1994. One of the stab wounds penetrated Bowdery's heart, and during surgery to repair the wound, Bowdery went into cardiac arrest. Bowdery survived, but due to cerebral hypoxia Bowdery slipped into a coma. Eventually Bowdery developed a kidney infection, from which he died on August 7, 1995, 15 months after the stabbing. The medical examiner ruled the cause of death as cerebral hypoxia "secondary to a stab wound to the heart."

Rogers was convicted of second-degree murder under Tennessee's homicide statute, which does not include the year and a day rule. Rogers appealed to the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals, arguing that the year-and-a-day rule was part of the common law of Tennessee, despite its absence from the Tennessee homicide statute. The appellate court disagreed, noting that the state's Criminal Sentencing Reform Act had abolished all common-law defenses in criminal cases, including the year-and-a-day rule.

Rogers appealed again to the Tennessee Supreme Court. The court held that the common-law year-and-a-day rule survived in Tennessee, but was outmoded. It therefore abolished the rule. Rogers had also argued that abolishing the rule after he had committed his crime would violate the Ex Post Facto Clause of Article I of the U.S. Constitution. The Tennessee Supreme Court disagreed, reasoning that although judicial decisions can be ex post facto laws, retroactive abolition in this case would not offend due process principles because the year-and-a-day rule was so outmoded that a reasonable person would not expect it to exist under modern law. The U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear the case at Rogers's request.

Majority opinion
The Court evaluated this case under the rubric of due process rather than the limitations on ex post facto lawmaking present in the Constitution. This is so because the Ex Post Facto Clause limits only legislative actions rather than judicial decisions. However, limitations on ex post facto judicial decisionmaking are inherent in the notions of due process. For instance, in Bouie v. City of Columbia,, the Court had held that due process forbade applying a novel interpretation of South Carolina's criminal trespassing statute to a criminal defendant who had no prior warning that the statute might be interpreted in a manner adverse to the defendant.

Bouie and subsequent cases applying Bouie made clear that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did not incorporate the Ex Post Facto guarantee against the states in any particular manner. The rationale of Bouie rested on "core due process concepts of notice, foreseeability, and, in particular, the right to fair warning as those concepts bear on the constitutionality of attaching criminal penalties to what previously had been innocent conduct." Although the set of interests protected by the Due Process Clause might overlap substantially with the set of interests protected by the Ex Post Facto Clauses, to elide the distinction between the two provisions as set forth in Bouie would be to ignore the textual differences between the clauses as well as the contextual differences between legislative and judicial lawmaking. Put another way, imposing a strict prohibition against ex post facto lawmaking on common law courts would deprive such courts of the ability to interpret the law in a manner consistent with settled expectations of parties before it who live in the modern world. "Common law courts at the time of the framing undoubtedly believed that they were finding rather than making law. But, however one characterizes their actions, the fact of the matter is that common law courts then, as now, were deciding cases, and in doing so were fashioning and refining the law as it then existed in light of reason and experience. Due process clearly did not prohibit this process of judicial evolution at the time of the framing, and it does not do so today."

Rogers should have anticipated that the year-and-a-day rule might no longer exist under modern circumstances. Thirteenth century medical science was not capable of determining the cause of death beyond a reasonable doubt after a significant amount of time had elapsed following the ultimately fatal blow. For this reason, the year-and-a-day rule served as a kind of limitation period on murder prosecutions. However, as medical science has advanced, forensic scientists have been able to determine the cause of a person's death later and later after the fatal event occurs. "For this reason, the year and a day rule has been legislatively or judicially abolished in the vast majority of jurisdictions recently to have addressed the issue," as the Tennessee Supreme Court observed. This pervasive change in the law should have put Rogers on notice that, although the rule had not been formally abolished in Tennessee, it was clearly moribund in 1994 in American law generally and Tennessee law specifically. Accordingly, it was hardly unexpected and indefensible for the Tennessee Supreme Court, while considering an appeal from Rogers's own conviction, to first formally abolish the rule and then to apply that decision retroactively to his own case.

Dissenting opinion
Applying his originalist understanding of the Ex Post Facto Clause, Justice Scalia concluded that the Tennessee Supreme Court's retroactive application of its decision to remove the year-and-a-day rule from its jurisprudence rendered Rogers's conviction for murder invalid. Scalia began with a different premise than the majority—that the Tennessee Supreme Court had changed that state's law of murder when it abolished the year-and-a-day rule in Rogers's case. If the legislature had abolished the rule, the Ex Post Facto Clause would not allow that abolishment to apply to Rogers's case. Why should the fact that it was the state supreme court that abolished the rule make a difference? The process of lawmaking by common-law courts—applying legal principles to novel fact situations—is not interrupted by forbidding them from applying new legal principles to new factual situations, after all. Scalia thus believed that there was no reason not to apply the Ex Post Facto Clause to "unelected judges" just as it applied to the "elected representatives of all the people."

"What occurred in the present case, then, is precisely what Blackstone said—and the Framers believed—would not suffice [as a rationale of decision by a common-law court]. The Tennessee Supreme Court made no pretense that the year-and-a-day rule was 'bad' from the outset; rather, it asserted the need for the rule, as a means of assuring causality of the death, had disappeared with time. Blackstone—and the Framers who were formed by Blackstone—would clearly have regarded that change in law as a matter for the legislature, beyond the power of the court....  That explains why the Constitution restricted only the legislature from enacting ex post facto laws.  Under accepted norms of judicial process [that prevailed in the time of the Framers], an ex post facto law... was simply not an option for the courts."

For these historical reasons, Scalia believed, the majority should not have circumvented the strictures of the Ex Post Facto Clause by analyzing what the Tennessee Supreme Court had done under the rubric of due process. "I find it impossible to believe, as the Court does, that this strong sentiment [against ex post facto lawmaking] attached only to retroactive laws passed by the legislature, and would not apply equally to a court's production of the same result through disregard of the traditional limits on judicial power."

Scalia also disagreed with the conclusion that Rogers had had fair warning that the year-and-a-day rule was so moribund as to have been effectively abolished. Other common-law crimes had outmoded elements, and certainly a common-law court could not say those elements no longer existed because the ancient rationale for them had changed—asportation, as an element of common-law larceny, or "breaking the close" as an element of burglary, for instance. (Of course, today this behavior would be subject to punishment under statutory definitions of crimes rather than common-law definitions.) Rogers might have known that the rule was outmoded, but he could not have known that the rule had ceased to exist until the court or the legislature told him so. And although the rule might have had dubious status in Tennessee law, the Tennessee Supreme Court had explained that it was the law, and the Court typically takes such statements at face value. In the absence of any fair warning, as he saw it, Scalia concluded that Rogers's conviction for murder was not valid.

title: Rogers v. Tennessee


text:
Cormac Murphy-O'Connor

Cormac Murphy-O'Connor (24 August 1932 – 1 September 2017) was a British cardinal, the Archbishop of Westminster and president of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales. He was made cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001. He submitted his resignation as archbishop on reaching his 75th birthday in 2007; Pope Benedict XVI accepted it on 3 April 2009.

By virtue of his position as Archbishop of Westminster, Murphy-O'Connor was sometimes referred to as the Catholic Primate of England and Wales. However, though the holders within the Church of England of the posts of Archbishop of Canterbury and Archbishop of York are called the "Primate of All England" and "Primate of England" respectively, the title of primate has never been used by the de facto leaders of the Catholic Church in England and Wales.

Early life
Cormac Murphy-O'Connor was born on 24 August 1932 in Reading, Berkshire, the fifth son of George Murphy-O'Connor, a G.P., and Ellen (née Cuddigan; died 1971), who emigrated from County Cork in Ireland before the First World War and married in 1921. The Murphy-O'Connor family was middle class, with the men becoming doctors or priests, and one in each generation taking over the family business as wine merchants 'to the clergy and gentry of Southern Ireland'. A forebear, Daniel Murphy, became the first Archbishop of Hobart, Tasmania, in 1888, having served as a bishop there since 1865. Two of his uncles, one aunt, two cousins and two of his brothers, Brian (1930–2012) and Patrick, were also ordained or members of religious orders. His youngest brother, John, was a regular officer in the Royal Artillery who died of renal cell carcinoma; he had two other siblings, James (a doctor and rugby player) and Catherine. His cousin, Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, was a Dominican priest and expert on St Paul who served as Professor of New Testament at the École Biblique in Jerusalem from 1967 to his death in 2013. After attending Presentation College in Reading and Prior Park College in Bath, in 1950 Murphy-O'Connor followed his brother Brian to the Venerable English College in Rome and began his studies for the priesthood, where he received a degree in theology. Thereafter, he earned a licentiate in philosophy and a Licentiate of Sacred Theology degree from the Pontifical Gregorian University. He was ordained on 28 October 1956, by Cardinal Valerio Valeri. For the next decade, he was engaged in pastoral ministry in Portsmouth and Fareham.

Parish priest
In 1966, Murphy-O'Connor became the private secretary to Bishop Derek Worlock of Portsmouth. In September 1970, he was appointed parish priest of the Immaculate Conception church in Portswood, Southampton. Soon afterwards, in late 1971, he was appointed rector of the Venerable English College, his alma mater. As rector, he hosted the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, Donald Coggan, on his historic visit to Pope Paul VI in 1977.

Bishop
On 17 November 1977, Murphy-O'Connor was named Bishop of Arundel and Brighton by Pope Paul VI. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 21 December from Bishop Michael Bowen, with Archbishop George Dwyer and Bishop Anthony Emery serving as co-consecrators. He held important positions among the bishops of Europe and has also been consistently influential in ecumenical work; from 1982 to 2000 he was a co-chairman of the Anglican–Roman Catholic International Commission. In 2000 he was awarded the Lambeth degree of Doctor of Divinity by the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, in recognition of his work for Christian unity.

Archbishop and cardinal
Murphy-O'Connor was appointed the tenth Archbishop of Westminster, and thus head of the Catholic Church in England and Wales, on 15 February 2000; in November of that year he was elected President of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales.

In the consistory of 21 February 2001 he was created Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria sopra Minerva by Pope John Paul II.

He was appointed to four curial organisations: the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, the Administration of the Patrimony of the Holy See, the Pontifical Council for the Study of Organisational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, and the Pontifical Council for the Family. He also served on the Pontifical Councils for Culture and for Laity, and was secretary of the Vox Clara commission which oversees the translating of liturgical texts from Latin into English.

Murphy-O'Connor belonged to a group of approximately a dozen like-minded cardinals and bishops – all Europeans – who met annually from 1995 to 2006 in St. Gallen, Switzerland, to discuss reforms with respect to the appointment of bishops, collegiality, bishops' conferences, the primacy of the papacy and sexual morality; they differed among themselves, but shared the view that Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was not the sort of candidate they hoped to see elected at the next conclave.

In August 2001, Murphy-O'Connor was created a Freeman of the City of London.

In January 2002, he preached during the Anglican morning service at Sandringham, the first time a Roman Catholic prelate delivered a sermon to an English monarch since 1680. In 2002, in Westminster Abbey, he was the first cardinal to read prayers at an English Royal Funeral Service (for the Queen Mother) since 1509. In 2002 he had his portrait painted for Westminster Cathedral by the artist Christian Furr. In advance of the 2005 papal conclave, where Murphy-O'Conner served as a cardinal elector, Cardinal Achille Silvestrini told reporters to watch for Murphy-O'Connor to emerge as a possible new pope.

He was ineligible to participate in the 2013 conclave due to being aged over 80. In a piece for the BBC in the lead up to the 2013 conclave, Murphy O'Connor recorded his experiences of the 2005 conclave that elected Benedict XVI, remembering as the doors closed to the conclave, "One of us will be going out with a white cassock on". The cardinal also referenced that he personally had three names in mind for himself in the unlikely event that he was elected as pope, settling on Adrian, Gregory, or Benedict.

On 28 October 2006, Murphy-O'Connor celebrated 50 years of ordination with a Jubilee Mass in Westminster Cathedral.

Retirement
Shortly before reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75, Murphy-O'Connor submitted his resignation as Archbishop of Westminster to Pope Benedict XVI, who asked that Murphy-O'Connor remain in his position "until he chooses otherwise". On 3 April 2009 Benedict appointed Vincent Nichols as Murphy-O'Connor's replacement. All Murphy O'Connor's predecessors died in office, so he was the first Archbishop Emeritus of Westminster. He lived the remainder of his life in semi-retirement in Duke's Avenue, Chiswick, London.

On 30 October 2009, Pope Benedict appointed Murphy-O'Connor a member of the Congregation for Bishops, a post he held until his 80th birthday. It was unusual to receive such an appointment after retirement.

In June 2010, after the Ryan Report and Murphy Report on the abuses by the Catholic Church in Ireland, Murphy-O'Connor was named along with others to oversee the apostolic visitation of certain dioceses and seminaries. Murphy-O'Connor was named as the visitor to the Diocese of Armagh and its suffragan sees.

Murphy-O'Connor, in a speech delivered on 17 May 2012 at Leicester's Anglican cathedral, said, "In the name of tolerance it seems to me tolerance is being abolished". He said: "Our danger in Britain today is that so-called Western reason claims that it alone has recognized what is right and thus claims a totality that is inimical to freedom ...

No one is forced to be a Christian. But no one should be forced to live according to the new secular religion as if it alone were definitive and obligatory for all humankind ...

The propaganda of secularism and its high priests wants us to believe that religion is dangerous for our health. It suits them to have no opposition to their vision of a brave new world, the world which they see as somehow governed only by people like themselves."

A friend of Pope Francis, he was a hardliner with regard to sexual child abuse cases. In 2018, the dioceses of Arundel and Brighton, Westminster, Portsmouth and Northampton were put under the so-called "Truth Project", a government-commissioned investigation which asked the Archdiocese of Westminster to release his files pertaining to the minor victims'allegations.

Murphy-O'Connor died of cancer on 1 September 2017 after an extended hospital stay. He was buried under the 10th Station of the Cross in Westminster Cathedral. As he was the 10th Archbishop of Westminster, and also because this station is directly opposite the Chapel of St Patrick, he was buried there in accordance with his wishes due to his Irish connection with County Cork in Ireland.

Abuse scandal
Murphy-O'Connor found himself subject to public scrutiny regarding a priest in his diocese when he was Bishop of Arundel and Brighton. During this time it was brought to his attention that a priest, Michael Hill, was a sexual abuser of children. In 2000, when Murphy O'Connor became Archbishop of Westminster, the case became known to the general public.

Instead of reporting Hill to the police, Murphy-O'Connor allowed the crime to be covered up and transferred Hill to Gatwick Airport chapel, where the Cardinal believed he would not be able to molest children. In 1997, Hill was convicted as a child molester and jailed for sexually assaulting nine children. After three years in jail, Hill was given another five years for assaulting three other boys.

Islam
In 2004, the Muslim Council of Britain criticised Murphy-O'Connor when he said that Muslim leaders were not doing enough to denounce terrorists who carried out attacks "in the name of Allah", while clarifying that they denounced terrorism.

Response to Summorum Pontificum
In July 2007, Murphy-O'Connor welcomed Pope Benedict XVI's relaxation of restrictions on the use of the 1962 Roman Missal. He said: "I welcome the Holy Father's call for unity within the Church and especially toward those who are very attached to celebrating the Mass according to the Missal of 1962. We are confident that the provisions already made throughout England and Wales under the indult granted back in 1971 go a significant way toward meeting the requirements of the new norms." When he issued a letter implementing the pope's rules to the clergy of his diocese in November, he was criticized in some quarters for requiring parish priests to request permission before Mass could be celebrated in that traditional form.

AIDS prevention
On 3 December 2006, Murphy-O'Connor issued a response to a statement made by Prime Minister Tony Blair on World AIDS Day (1 December 2006) in which Blair said, "The danger is if we have a sort of blanket ban from religious hierarchy saying it's wrong to do it, then you discourage people from doing it in circumstances where they need to protect their lives." In response to this Murphy-O'Connor said, "I think what I would like to say to the prime minister is that it would be much better if he used that money to provide more antiretroviral drugs – medicines – for the millions of children, women who are affected. I speak to bishops in Africa and they tell me that their dioceses are flooded with condoms and I said, 'Well, has it affected?' They said, 'Well, sad to say it has meant more promiscuity and more AIDS'."

Status of immigrants
On 7 May 2007, Murphy-O'Connor addressed a crowd of undocumented immigrants in Trafalgar Square in support of the Strangers into Citizens campaign, which advocates a path to citizenship for undocumented workers. Previously he had commissioned major research on the pastoral challenges migrants present in his parishes, which received widespread press coverage when published as The Ground of Justice.

Adoption by same-sex couples
In early 2007, Murphy-O'Connor sent a letter to Tony Blair opposing pending regulations extending to same-sex couples the right to adopt on the same basis as different-sex couples. He said that the law would force people to "act against the teaching of the Church and their own consciences" with regard to Catholic adoption agencies and requested an exemption from the law. He continued: "We believe it would be unreasonable, unnecessary and unjust discrimination against Catholics for the government to insist that if they wish to continue to work with local authorities, Catholic adoption agencies must act against the teaching of the Church and their own consciences by being obliged in law to provide such a service."

Family planning
Murphy-O'Connor denounced contraception and abortion many times. In February 2008 he ordered the board of St John and St Elizabeth's Hospital, a Catholic hospital partly funded by the NHS, to resign because its general practice prescribed the morning-after pill and issued abortion referrals.

In February 2013, Murphy-O'Connor said that while a radical departure from previous teaching was not likely, it would be "wise" to focus on "what's good and what's true" about marriage and family life instead. He said: "I think that every Pope will face what needs to be faced and with regard to contraception I think the Pope won't say the Church has been wrong the whole time. He'll be saying there are ways ... I think the Pope will be as every other Pope has, particularly Pope Benedict, understanding that the fundamental teaching on sexuality is concentrated on marriage, on family life. I think that the Church would be wise actually to focus on that in her teaching, rather than saying 'we condemn this, we condemn that, or the other'. No – focus on what's good and what's true."

Embryo bill
In March 2008, Murphy-O'Connor joined Cardinal Keith O'Brien of Scotland in opposing the government's proposed embryology bill. The government had instructed its MPs to vote for the bill, which angered some Catholic MPs. Murphy-O'Connor said "Certainly, there are some aspects of this bill on which I believe there ought to be a free vote, because Catholics and others will want to vote according to their conscience". The government gave in to the pressure and promised to allow MPs a free vote.

Atheism
In 2008, Murphy-O'Connor urged Christians to treat atheists and agnostics with deep esteem, "because the hidden God is active in their lives as well as in the lives of those who believe". However, in 2009, speaking after Archbishop Vincent Nichols' installation, he said that a lack of faith is "the greatest of evils".

Iraq War
Murphy-O'Connor opposed the Iraq War.

Writings

 * Foreword to A Roman Miscellany: The English in Rome, 1550–2000, ed. by Nicholas Schofield (Leominster: Gracewing, 2002).

Distinctions

 * House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies: Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George

title: Cormac Murphy-O'Connor


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Union County Magnet High School

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - kept

Union County Magnet High School
Not notable. Not enough students (< 300). Like the bathrooms though.Mandel 14:30, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep: this article is neutral and the school in no way breaks any laws or cause any damage of any sort. And to all of the below messages that claim there is no notability to the article, look up New Jersey Blue Ribon Schools. Magnet has won at least 2 of those awards to my knowledge, and many more from other associations and competitions.
 * Delete: The mission statement and complains are identical to thousands. Nice, new building and school. Ok. Not notable. Geogre 17:20, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Number of students is not an issue. Mark Richards 17:26, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability is. This doesn't cut it. 99.9% of schools schools don't. --Improv 17:53, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. RickK 19:03, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, with such a small number of students there would need to be some other claim to notability, but none is currently given. Everyking 19:12, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Is there a clear-cut policy on high schools and grade schools? "Early Delete" can't come soon enough. Go vote for it!  — Bill 21:44, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * No, there is not. No attempts to reach a consensus have succeeded. See What's in, what's out for a sampling of the range of current opinion. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:37, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This article requires a rewrite. The school is notable for a series of court cases made against it by other schools it was competing with. The decitions from these cases confirmed that a county may set up a school that competes with local districts (at least in the state of New Jersey). I'd be willing to work on this. The author(s) simply missed the significance of the school. — User:REwhite 0:07, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * User's only edits are to this page. RickK 06:04, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. What REwhite said! — User:a Lex 0:07, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This is anon user 68.36.118.199. No one has ever created a User account a Lex.  RickK 06:05, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Simply to try to counter possible sockpuppet(s). WhisperToMe 02:09, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I can assure you personally that neither I nor my good friend a Lex are the same person. We both attend the school and know each-other personally. I contributed a little bit to Wikipedia prior to this time, but only joined now to help in the fight to maintain my school's rightful place in this wiki project for which I have the highest reguards. aLex, having been alerted to the situation by me, did the same, as will a significant portion of the school population once they hear about this. I am not an expert on computers, but I believe that you could check our IP addresses and show that we are individuals in that manner. User:REwhite 4:07, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * That would be inappropriate. It is not good practice to solicit new accounts for the purpose of participation in VfD. Votes so gathered will probably be noticed and heavily discounted, and you'll also probably get a bad reputation here for doing it. --Improv 14:52, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm fairly certain that we've all used this site for research or even contributed in the past, though none of us have had accounts prior to this. Besides, knowing these people I wouldn't be suprised if they become regular contributers now that they have figured out how to work the interface. User:REwhite 16:10, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. UCMHS may turn away 2/3 of its applicants, but Wikipedia is even more selective.  -- WOT 02:52, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Although UCMHS is notorious for turning away applicants, it is the same as a college. If you are mad at Magnet for turning away inadiquate aplicants, why don't you stride for the deletion of Harvard or Princeton?
 * Keep. I went to the Magnet and I know lots of people who didn't.  Now in college, I have a huge advantage over my peers because of unique kind of education I had at Magnet.  It's not just academic, the atmosphere is amazing.  If you'd like to base your vote on concrete examples, look at the students.  We're a population of former outcasts and members of "gifted and talented" programs.  Our SAT scores are impressive and seniors graduate with an entire semester's worth of college credits in Computer Engineering.  Our seniors are certified with the ADDA, enabling us to get jobs going into college that some people can't after they already have their degree.  It is also possible at Magnet to take some extra college courses and obtain an Associate's Degree before graduating from high school.  I even know someone who was accepted into college without having to even start her senior year of high school.  Need more examples?  Just ask me, I've got millions of them.   -- User:eve14 11:15, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * User's only edit is to this page. RickK 06:04, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment To those who seriously want the article to be kept: I think that the most effective thing you could do would be to to add good, thorough, well-written information to the article about the lawsuit mentioned by User:REwhite. There are many "elite" schools with academic standards. There are far fewer schools that have been involved in lawsuits that set a statewide legal precedent. Outcome of VfD is determined by rough consensus judged by a sysop, not by a vote count as such. It has occurred to many people that they could muster a group of friends to create accounts in Wikipedia and vote in VfD discussions, and in order to counter this, sysops do not pay much attention to votes cast by users whose only edits to Wikipedia have occurred subsequent to listing on VfD. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 10:33, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Note True, but it also demonstrates another unique aspect of the school. We fought for our existence back in the courts and we continue to fight for our rightful place. The article is now rewritten and will likely continue to be revised by others who attend this school. We aren't just paying lip service to this, we are trying to portray ourselves accuratly and show our significance. I'd advise that those who have stated their views already look over the article again and reconsidder. I'll admit, we are largely new to Wiki. I like what I see and I have contributed to the article on the USS Shenandoah (ZR-1) before I got an account. User:REwhite 14:52, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: I believe that this description is very inaccurate. This description portrays the school in the wrong way and needs to be rewritten, not deleted.  I signed up for an account on this site specifically because of this article.  I think that if rewritten this article would be helpful for those applying and looking at UCMHS.  I would be willing to help rewrite this article.  User:typecaste9 13:20, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * User's only edit is to this page. --Saforrest 12:27, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, User:typecaste9, Be bold and just start editing. As the notice says, you are "welcome to edit this article and improve it" while the VfD discussion is in progress, and a significant number of articles are kept as a result of changes made to them during VfD. However, I would caution that Wikipedia articles must be written from a Neutral point of view. They should not use the sort of promotional language that would be appropriate in a brochure put out by the school itself. If there is a real body of student opinion that is critical of the school, as suggested in the second paragraph, you probably should not remove that paragraph. You can add balance, you can add facts, but don't try to impose a point of view about the school. Second, and this is much more important, the reason why this article is listed on VfD is that some of us do not feel that the case has been made that the school is notable. The problem is notability, not balance. The best case for notability that has been made so far concerns the lawsuit. Trying working up a good paragraph about that. (From a neutral point of view!) [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 12:51, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless substantial revisions are made to the article to the point that the school is clearly notable (e.g. because of these lawsuits). --Saforrest 12:24, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Rewritten! User:REwhite 14:16, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep:By the way Saforrest, thats why i signed up for wikipedia...to submit a comment on this entry in wikipedia. And rewhite just rewrote it anyways so but I helped him a little to write it.  It's much better now than it was and gives amd better description of the school.
 * Unsigned votes are not counted. Well fellas, and what do you think about the rewrite? Mandel 14:08, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. Intrigue 17:13, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: If the current version is kept, someone should put cleanup and npov tags on it. It sounds very promotional, and is hardly wikified.  No vote from me, this school is a borderline case of notability. -Vina 20:58, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: The school seems notable enough. DCEdwards1966 21:03, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * I wonder what is more "notable" about this school. There's more info that's all.  And I think it's again the "as long as you crammed us with enough facts we give it to you" kind of attitude.  IMO this is not a good precedent in Wikipedia, which is trying to match up with encyclopedias like Britannica etc. Mandel 02:47, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep in present form. Borderline-notable school. I think the writeup on the lawsuit is pretty good. "The school has dropped music and arts" seems bizarre to me—I don't think I've heard of a school that has done that outright, but maybe I'm out of touch with what's going on in the brave new world of standardized tests; anyway, that seems notable, though not in a good way. In reference to another school, an editor wrote "Replace the names and dates and it's a suitable article for any school => not notable." That's certainly not true of this article. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:32, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 *  <!--  Being the author of that comment, I'd be inclined to agree, though it still reads a little like hearsay. If someone can back up the matter of the lawsuits (dates, press references, record from the local authority, etc.), then it would put the matter beyond all doubt. Chris 06:59, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed... I did find one single lone reference online, a Westfield NJ newspaper, reporting on the local school board: "However the ongoing controversial approval of resolution for payment to Union County Magnet High School was argued" and quoting a board of education member as saying "it seems ironic that there are three teachers to teach 25 kids. Parents are using that school (Union County Magnet School) as an escape. The program has a lot of flaws, allowing only selected students to be involved; that is not public education." So its not totally fictional, anyway. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 10:39, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but I was just barely able to slip doing the rewrite in between class work. If I weren't so swamped with work I'd look up the information and specific references to these cases. I started in the school in the final months of the Linden case, so I remember that one clearly. I'm certain the others are a matter of puvlic record, but I may not be able to get to them for some time. If anybody else is willing to trudge through the non-wiki swampy part of the internet looking for it, please do so. As for it being biased, it was the best I could do as a biased party. If anybody has better ideas or stylistic changes, by all means change it or advise me on how to write better! REwhite 15:12, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC) 16:11, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't worry too much about that. Criticism of the writing style and neutrality of an article are often made in VfD discussions, but they don't really factor in to the decision to delete except in truly extreme cases (when the article is nothing but an utterly one-sided political rant, for example, that "cannot be made NPOV."). Non-neutrality as such is not a reason to delete the article, but a reason to fix it. Issues with writing style are certainly not cause to delete. Keep in mind that articles are deleted only if there is consensus to delete. In the absence of consensus, articles are kept. And consensus is determined by the judgement of a sysop, not by a vote count, although it is often suggested that anything less than 2/3 voting to delete. This is strictly my own personal opinion but at this point it will surprise me if this article is deleted. Since information on the lawsuit does not pop up instantly in an obvious Google search, it would be really nice if, over the coming weeks, you do add a section called == References == and put in the places where you found the facts about the lawsuit. This is just generally good scholarship. Wikipedia encourages editors to do this for every article; see Cite your sources, but it is not done nearly as much as it should be. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 13:23, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks legit. Keep. Cool Hand Luke  06:29, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. RustyCale 11:58, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. But re-write to NPOV. Fascinating to see the depth of resistance to a key aspect of many education reform proposals. Agree size of school not relevant. Chrisvls 15:17, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

All schools are interesting to some extent, vocational and charter schools in particular. Fascinating article. --Quintucket 23:36, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep

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James Rumbaugh

James E. Rumbaugh (born August 22, 1947) is an American computer scientist and object-oriented methodologist who is best known for his work in creating the Object Modeling Technique (OMT) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML).

Biography
Born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Rumbaugh received a B.S. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), an M.S. in astronomy from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), and received a Ph.D. in computer science from MIT under Professor Jack Dennis.

Rumbaugh started his career in the 1960s at Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) as a lead research scientist. From 1968 to 1994 he worked at the General Electric Research and Development Center developing technology, teaching, and consulting. At General Electric he also led the development of Object-modeling technique (OMT), an object modeling language for software modeling and designing.

In 1994, he joined Rational Software, where he worked with Ivar Jacobson and Grady Booch ("the Three Amigos") to develop Unified Modeling Language (UML). Later they merged their software development methologies, OMT, OOSE and Booch into the Rational Unified Process (RUP). In 2003 he moved to IBM, after its acquisition of Rational Software. He retired in 2006.

He has two grown up children and (in 2009) lived in Saratoga, California with his wife.

Work
Rumbaugh's main research interests are formal description languages, "semantics of computation, tools for programming productivity, and applications using complex algorithms and data structures".

In his graduate work at MIT, Rumbaugh contributed to the development of data flow computer architecture. His thesis described parallel programming language, parallel processor computer and a basis for a network architecture, which orients itself at data flow. Rumbaugh made further contributions to Object Modeling Technique, IDEF4, the Rational Unified Process and Unified Modeling Language.

Publications
Rumbaugh has written a number of books about UML and RUP together with Ivar Jacobson and Grady Booch. A selection includes:

 * 1975. A Parallel Asynchronous Computer Architecture For Data Flow Programs. MIT thesis
 * 1991. Object-Oriented Modeling and Design. With others. Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-629841-9.
 * 1996. OMT insights : perspectives on modeling from the Journal of Object-Oriented Programming. Foreword by James Coplien.
 * 1999. Unified software development process
 * 2005. Object-oriented modeling and design with UML

title: James Rumbaugh


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Hermann Ungar

Hermann Ungar (April 20, 1893 in Boskovice – October 28, 1929 in Prague) was a Czech-Jewish writer (in the German language) and an officer in Czechoslovakia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Biography
Ungar's father, Emil, was a cider maker who served as Mayor of Boskovice. After graduating from the public schools in Brno, Hermann Ungar went to Berlin, where he took courses in Oriental Studies until 1911, followed by legal and philosophical studies in Munich and Prague. After service in World War I, where he sustained serious injuries on the Galician Front, he passed the state examination and received his degree in 1918.

At first, he worked as a lawyer and director of the theater in Cheb, where he also wrote plays. In 1922, he became the Legationsrat (Legation Counselor) at the new Czechoslovak embassy in Berlin. In the same year he married Margarete Weiss (born Stransky). Later he returned to Prague and became the Ministerial Commissioner at the Foreign Affairs ministry. While there, he began to associate with a literary circle that included Franz Kafka, Max Brod and Ernst Weiß.

His writing was becoming successful, so he quit the diplomatic service in 1929, but died not long after, aged only thirty-six, during an appendectomy that had been postponed for too long.

His wife and two sons fled to the UK in 1939. His brother and parents were murdered in Auschwitz in 1942, but his sister was able to escape and went to Tel-Aviv. His play Der rote General was a great success in Berlin in 1928. His second play Die Gartenlaube was also a great success but was not performed in Berlin until shortly after his death. These plays have been printed and extensively reviewed. His novels were influenced by expressionism and psychoanalysis and was praised by Thomas Mann, who became a godfather to Ungar's son Tom (born Thomas Michael Ungar). According to a 2012 obituary of Tom (who had changed his name to Unwin), his father "wrote about sex and psychosis in a manner that shocked the establishment".

Works

 * Boys and Murderers (1920)
 * The Maimed (1923, novel)
 * The Murder of Captain Hanika (1925, non-fiction)
 * The Class (1927, novel)
 * The Red General (1928, play)
 * The Arbor (1930, play)
 * Colbert's Journey (1930, short stories)

Hermann Ungar, Das Gesamtwerk, Verlag Paul Zsolnay, Wien-Darmstadt, 1989, 461pp. Dieter Sudhoff, Hermann Ungar Leben-Werk-Wirkung Verlag Königshausen und Neumann Wurzburg, 1990, 700pp.

title: Hermann Ungar