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Bruchsal

Bruchsal (South Franconian: Brusl) is a city at the western edge of the Kraichgau, approximately 20 km northeast of Karlsruhe in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located on Bertha Benz Memorial Route.

Bruchsal is the largest city in the district of Karlsruhe and is known for being Europe's largest asparagus producer and one of the economic centers of the region of Karlsruhe. The Bruchsal area also includes the cities and towns of Bad Schönborn, Forst, Hambrücken, Karlsdorf-Neuthard, Kraichtal, Kronau, Oberhausen-Rheinhausen, Östringen, Philippsburg, Ubstadt-Weiher and Waghäusel. Until 1972 Bruchsal was the seat of the district of Bruchsal, which was merged into the district of Karlsruhe as a result of the district reform, effective January 1, 1973.

Bruchsal's population passed the 20,000 mark around 1955. When the new Body of Municipal Law for Baden-Württemberg went into effect on April 1, 1956, the city was therefore immediately awarded Große Kreisstadt status. In addition, Bruchsal cooperates with the neighboring communities of Forst, Hambrücken and Karlsdorf-Neuthard in administrative matters.

Geography
Bruchsal is located at the edge of the Upper Rhine River Plains and the Kraichgau along the Saalbach, which is a small tributary of the Rhine that joins it between Philippsburg and Oberhausen.

Neighboring communities
The following cities and towns share a border with Bruchsal. They all belong to the district of Karlsruhe and are listed clockwise, starting in the North: Forst (Baden), Ubstadt-Weiher, Kraichtal, Bretten, Gondelsheim, Walzbachtal, Weingarten (Baden), Stutensee and Karlsdorf-Neuthard. In addition the exclave of Bruchsal situated North of Karlsdorf-Neuthard shares borders with the towns of Graben-Neudorf, Waghäusel and Hambrücken.

Boroughs
The city of Bruchsal is made up of Bruchsal proper along with the boroughs of Büchenau, Heidelsheim, Helmsheim, Obergrombach and Untergrombach.

A few neighborhoods within the city limits are known by their own name, but their limits are not precisely documented. Furthermore, former homesteads are located inside today's city limits. These often only consist of one or several buildings, such as Langental, Rohrbacher Hof, Scheckenbronnerhof, Staighof, Talmühle and Auf dem Michaelsberg in the borough of Untergrombach.

Ancient era and early Middle Ages
Excavations and artifacts provide evidence of a settlement on the Michelsberg (Untergrombach) as early as 4000 BC during the Neolithic. In the core of Bruchsal the oldest settlement discovered was dated back to AD 640. It is located near today's Saint Peter's Church. The first mention of Bruchsal in official documents occurred in 976, when the king came to town. In October 980, Otto II and his court stayed at the king's palace in Bruchsal for several days.

Middle Ages
Henry II of Germany became ruler of Bruchsal in 1002 following the subjugation of his rival Herrmann of Swabia. In 1056 Henry III of Germany presented the settlement to the bishop of Speyer (Konrad I) as a gift. The city remained part the diocese until the German Mediatisation in 1802. It also was the seat of an administrative district that originally only consisted of the core of Bruchsal (i.e., the city as it existed prior to the various district reforms). In 1067 Henry IV resided in Bruchsal from time to time. 1248 was the first time Bruchsal was referred to as a city, and in 1278 Saint Peter's Church was mentioned for the first time. After extensive damage to both, the Palace and Saint Peter's Church were reconstructed in 1320. The Bergfried (an outlook and defensive tower bastion) was erected in 1358, and the city wall was completed in 1452. In 1460 the first coin was minted in Bruchsal.

1501–1750
In 1502 the first peasant revolt (Bundschuh), led by Joß Fritz of Untergrombach, chose Bruchsal as its target. Traitors to the rebellion allowed the authorities to take the revolt's leaders into custody. Ten were decapitated in the Bruchsal Palace courtyard. Joß Fritz got away and went into hiding in the Southern Black Forest. In 1525 the peasant revolts peaked. Inflation, hunger and the Plague added to the desperation, and the revolts were forcibly put down by the Prince. The known peasant leaders Hall, Wurm and the Minister Eisenhut were captured and decapitated in the Palace courtyard. During the 30 Years War in 1622 Bruchsal was completely destroyed, and in 1644 the French garrison in Philippsburg raided the city. In 1676 the French again destroyed parts of Bruchsal, and on August 10, 1689, the city was bombarded by the French general Duras and was completely destroyed. After that Bruchsal counted only 130 residents.

By April 24, 1711, Bruchsal had recovered sufficiently to play host to Prince Eugene of Savoy of the Habsburg Court in Vienna. Then in 1716 the Bishop of Speyer, Heinrich von Rollingen, moved his residence into the Bruchsal Palace. This move elevated the city's status to that of an official residence of the Diocese of Speyer. At the same time, Bruchsal became the seat of the "Vizedomamt", the most important office held by the Diocese on the West bank of the Rhine. In 1719 Cardinal Damian Hugo von Schönborn became the new bishop, and after settling in he commissioned in (1722), among others, the new baroque château and the new Saint Peter's Church (from 1742). Both were built and, in part, designed by Balthasar Neumann. In the Bishop's honor, the Southern gate out of the château grounds is referred to as Damian's Gate to this day. In 1743 Franz Christof von Hutten, Schönborn's successor, completed the extensive construction of the baroque city of Bruchsal, by adding Damian's Gate, the military barracks and the Water Château (home to one of the city's two regional, college track high schools, the Schönborn Gymnasium).

1751–1815
In 1753 the Schönborn Gymnasium was founded by Bishop von Hutten. In 1770 the new bishop, Count August von Limburg-Stirum, took up office. Bruchsal now counted 6,000 residents. In 1796 French troops occupied the city. German Mediatisation turned all property owned by the Diocese of Speyer over to the House of Baden, and Bruchsal became the seat of the district court. The district then was divided and reunited several times through 1819.

In 1806 the Marquess Amalie of Baden, widowed since 1801, took up residence in Bruchsal's baroque château and lived there until 1823. She had 8 children of whom 6 were daughters, and she was known as Europe's mother-in-law. Amalie's son, the later Grand Duke Karl, was married to Stéphanie de Beauharnais, a niece of Napoleon's wife Josephine per orders given by Napoleon himself. In 1812 Stephanie gave birth to a son, who died after 14 days. This was the origin of the legend of Kaspar Hauser's nobility. Amalie's daughter Louise was married to Alexander I of Russia and became the Russian Tsarina Elisabeth Alexeievna. Amalie's daughter Friedericke wed Gustaf IV Adolf to become Queen of Sweden (though she asked for and received asylum in Bruchsal after 1807 due to the coup d'état of her husband's government). Amalie's daughter Maria was married to the Duke of Braunschweig, and two other daughters were married to the regents of Bavaria and of Hessen-Darmstadt.

In 1815, after Napoleon's reign was over, Bruchsal and Amalie entertained the following company in the baroque château at Bruchsal until the dust settled: The Russian Tsar, Prince Metternich, the King of Prussia, as well as his son, the later Emperor of Germany.

1816–1880
In 1841 the Rhine Valley Railway was completed between Heidelberg, Bruchsal, and Karlsruhe. In 1848/1849 the Baden Revolution did manage to stray into Bruchsal a bit. While the revolutionaries (Gustav Struve, Lorenz Brentano, Amand Goegg and others) met in the château, the commoners freed prisoners from the just-completed prison. This prison, the Old Palace, was the scene of executions well into World War II and even later. On June 23, 1849, the revolution was quelled by Crown Prince Wilhelm at the battle of Ubstadt. 1856 brought gas lighting to Bruchsal, and the city received Baden's Guillotine. In 1864 the district of Philippsburg was merged WITH the Bruchsal district, which now belonged to the newly formed "Greater Karlsruhe." On June 1, 1869, the first German railway signal factory, Schnabel-Henning, was founded in Bruchsal. Later it was merged with Siemens AG, and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and 1871 made Bruchsal an important rail hub for the provisioning of German troops.

1881–1945
In 1881 a synagogue was built. The Industrial Revolution brought economic growth, mostly with the help of the railway and the area's tobacco and hops production. 1889 gave residents in Bruchsal their first telephones, and in 1906 the Prince-Styrum Hospital was built. The city's slaughterhouse opened in 1908, and World War I again turned Bruchsal into a major hub on the supply line for the troops. Immediately after the war, in 1919 and 1920 the city was wired for electricity. In 1934 the Autobahn was built between Heidelberg and Bruchsal, and in 1936 the Bretten district was merged with the Bruchsal district. In 1938 the Nazis destroyed the synagogue (in its place stands a fire station today) and the Jewish population were deported. In 1939 the District Bruchsal became the district of Bruchsal, which included 38 towns and cities, until it was merged into Karlsruhe (district) during the district reform of 1970. On the afternoon of March 1, 1945, Bruchsal was bombed by the Allies. At the time of the attack, the war was essentially over, with the front line only 20 km from the city limits and nearly no one left to defend it. To this day, that particular attack upsets residents as the consensus is that it was unnecessary and inconsequential to the outcome of the war. There are allegations that the attack by U.S. bombers was conducted in retaliation for the killing of a parachuted pilot by farmers. In addition to the 1,000 lives that perished that day, the entire inner city and the baroque château were destroyed. On April 2, 1945, allied forces took Bruchsal without resistance.

On March 1, 1945, shortly before 2 p.m., a bomb attack by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) with 116 heavy bombers killed more than 1,000 people and destroyed the entire city center immediately before the end of the war (the Allies were already 20 km away on the Rhine) and the castle of the then 12,000-strong city.

On April 2, 1945, associations of the 1st French Army entered Bruchsal without a fight. In the following days, there were numerous rapes of Bruchsal girls and women by the French colonial troops (see Sexual Violence in World War II # French and British Army). Between November 1945 and March 1946, 13 people, who had been sentenced to death by American military courts for their involvement in National Socialist war crimes, were executed in Bruchsal. These included those involved in aviation murders and three employees of the Hadamar Nazi killing center, in which over 600 forced laborers had been murdered.

1946 to the present
Starting from 1 April 1956 Bruchsal was awarded the Große Kreisstadt  status, as its population had passed the 20,000 mark in 1955. Between 1971 and 1974 the local government reform incorporated 5 neighbouring communities into the city of Bruchsal, including the cities of Heidelsheim and Obergrombach. Under a further reform in 1973, Bruchsal was incorporated into the district of Karlsruhe. Thus Bruchsal lost its district seat status, though it still remains a major economic centre of the region.

Local government reform
In the local government reform in the early 1970s the following cities and towns became part of the city of Bruchsal. Before the district reform they were all part of Bruchsal district.
 * July 1, 1971:    Obergrombach and Untergrombach
 * July 1, 1972:    Büchenau and Helmsheim
 * October 1, 1974: Heidelsheim

Demographics
Figures reflect the city limits at the time and are estimates or census data (¹), or official extensions thereof, counting only primary residences. ¹ Census data

Government
Under the local government reform in the 1970s, borough councils were introduced in Baden-Württemberg. Residents of each borough elect their Borough Council at each municipal election. The Borough Council must be consulted on issues that significantly affect the borough. The Borough President also leads the Borough Council.

City council
Since the last municipal elections on May 25, 2014, the City Council of Bruchsal consists of 32 members (previously 35) whose official title is "Stadtrat" (male) or "Stadträtin" (female) (City Councillor). They belong to political parties as follows:

Mayor
The head of the city is the Mayor, who is elected by registered voters for a term of 8 years. His permanent Deputy is the City Council President.

Mayors since 1900
 * 1898–1913: Karl Stritt
 * 1913–1933: Karl Meister
 * 1945–1963: Franz Bläsi (CDU)
 * 1964–1985: Adolf Bieringer (CDU)
 * 1985–2009: Bernd Doll (CDU)
 * 2009–present: Cornelia Petzold-Schick (Grüne)

Coat of arms
Bruchsal's coat of arms features a solid, polished silver cross on blue background, with a silver ball in the top left quadrant. The official city colors are white and blue. The coat of arms symbolized the Cross of Speyer, referring to the fact that Bruchsal was the official residence of the Bishop until 1803, and has been in use for many centuries. There is some uncertainty as to how the ball came into the arms. The ball may have become part of the coat of arms by accident, in that an engraving fault may have been misinterpreted in an older print. Residents refer to it commonly as the Schandfleck (the "blot on the city's escutcheon").

Buildings
The Château of Bruchsal was built in the baroque style of the mid 18th century, starting around 1720, and served as the official residence of the bishops of Speyer. Its centre was a three-winged building that was based on the plans of Maximilian von Welsch for Cardinal Damian Hugo Philipp von Schönborn, Prince-Bishop of Speyer (1719–1743) and of Konstanz (1740). After the plans had been modified several times, the central staircase was built by Balthasar Neumann, who had taken over and filled the role of Chief Engineer since 1731. It is generally regarded as one of the most successful design solutions for a baroque staircase. The château complex includes numerous other buildings, among them Damian's Gate and the Church of the Court. In the closing days of World War II the château was badly damaged by an air raid aimed at Bruchsal, and it burned out completely. The famous staircase largely survived (though it was badly damaged), but the dome did not. After lengthy discussions about whether and how it should be done, the large central part of the building (Corps de Logis) was reconstructed (well into the 1970s) as a museum, while the Church wing design was changed to a modern design.

The Belvedere was originally designed as a Lustschloss (pleasure palace), to which a shooting house was added for use in the shooting competitions often held by the Court. As time went by, the Manor was nicknamed Belvedere by the city's residents, as it enjoyed the best view of the city. The Belvedere is part of the City Gardens.

The most significant church in Bruchsal is Saint Peter's Church, where the last of the Bishops of Speyer were laid to rest. Another important churches are the City Church of Our Lady and the Martin Luther Church (the main Protestant church of the city). City Hall adjacent to the Market Place is a modern building erected in the 1950s which has since been protected by law as an important historic structure.

The prison, constructed around 1848, is nicknamed the Octagon Cafe or "Cafe Achteck". Today it is a high security institution and predominantly houses individuals convicted of violent crimes and convicted terrorists, such as members of the Red Army Faction.

Museums
The State Museum of Baden operates a branch in parts of the Château at Bruchsal. It features an art-historic collection and the German Music Box Museum.

Additionally, the boroughs of Heidelsheim and Untergrombach each maintain a museum of local history, and a Kindergartenmuseum displays items showing the history and development of preschools and includes games, dolls, and preschool furnishings. Inside Damian's Gate at the southern exit of the château grounds, the local art society (Kunstverein Bruchsal e. V.) exhibits contemporary art.

Parks
The City Gardens near the Belvedere were constructed in 1901. Then there is the Bürgerpark around the Community Center and, last but not least, the Château Gardens, the largest park in the city. Its upper gardens were constructed at the same time the château was built, starting around 1721, while the middle and lower gardens were never completely finished. The railway to Heidelberg cuts through the lower gardens today and reduced them to a tree-lined avenue.

Culture
The Badische Landesbühne theater company calls Bruchsal home, its home theater being the stage in the Community Center (built on the grounds of the former Psycha, which is today the Bürgerpark and intended to be Bruchsal's cultural center).

Bruchsal also supports an amateur theater company called Die Koralle. Die Koralle has produced between two and four plays a year, both modern and of the classics, since approximately 1965.

Another successful amateur theater company in the city is the Exil Theater, which produces several plays a year and serves as a stage for Willi - die Bühne, for the BLB (Badische Landesbühne) in summer and the Greek Theater Bruchsal. It is located behind the train station of Bruchsal and is the cultural life of the newly built Quartiersplatz and Bahnstadt.

Willi - die Bühne organizes independent arts events from time to time at the city slaughterhouse.

Although Bruchsal is a fairly small city it has a very active night life.

Transport
Bruchsal is located near the Autobahn A 5 (Karlsruhe - Frankfurt) (Bruchsal Exit). In addition, the city is traversed by federal highways B 3 (Karlsruhe - Heidelberg) and B 35 (Bretten - Germersheim).

Bruchsal station, designed and built by Berthold Schweikert, is located at the intersection of the Karlsruhe–Heidelberg line, the line to Mühlacker and the line to Germersheim.

Light rail or "S-Bahn" Lines S 3 (Karlsruhe - Heidelberg - Speyer) and S 4 (Bruchsal - Heidelberg - Speyer) of the S-Bahn RheinNeckar, and the S 31 (Karlsruhe - Bruchsal - Odenheim), S 32 (Karlsruhe - Bruchsal - Menzingen) and S 9 (Bruchsal - Bretten - Knittlingen - Mühlacker) lines of the Stadtbahn Karlsruhe in the Karlsruher Verkehrsverbunds (KVV) also stop at the Bruchsal station. Furthermore, most of the boroughs have stops along these light rail lines.

Additional public transport within the city and its immediate surroundings is offered by numerous bus lines.

Media
The Badischen Neuesten Nachrichten (BNN), a daily newspaper operating out of Karlsruhe, publishes a local edition by the name of Bruchsaler Rundschau.

Willi, a monthly magazine, is published and is also available online, at no charge, in .pdf form.

Stadtinfoplattform Bruchsal-XL offers facts, reports and up-to-date information on events in the city and region.

Cable TV's Channel S14 broadcasts the Bruchsal-Magazin BM-TV with weekly programs on news from Bruchsal and the region. These broadcasts are also available via live Internet-TV through the Stadtinfoplattform Bruchsal-XL.de site. Also available are online archives.

Finally, the Bruchsaler Wochenblatt, a weekly offered free of charge, and the Kurier, an advertising weekly published by the Badischen Neuesten Nachrichten and also offered free of charge, round out the picture.

Education
Bruchsal was the home of the International University in Germany, one of the first private colleges in Germany. The university occupied the former military barracks complex in the Kasernenstraße before ceasing operations at the end of 2009, a casualty of the 2008 economics crisis.

Bruchsal also offers a wide variety of liberal arts schools, among them the Justus-Knecht-Gymnasium, the Schönborn-Gymnasium (both public college-track high schools), the St. Paulusheim gymnasium, a private college-track high school that started out as a boys-only boarding school, and the Albert-Schweitzer-Realschule, a non-college track public high school (all in the core of Bruchsal).

The school system also operates the following grammar and middle schools: Burg School in the borough of Obergrombach, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-School, Johann-Peter-Hebel-School (near the Château Gardens), Joss-Fritz-School in Untergrombach, Konrad-Adenauer-School in the southern core of the city and Stirum School in the centrum, as well as an independent grammar school each in the boroughs of Büchenau and Helmsheim.

Specialized schools are offered as well: Pestalozzi School for the learning disabled and, administered by the district of Karlsruhe, Karl-Berberich-School for the mentally disabled. The district also runs the four vocational schools located in Bruchsal. They are the Balthasar-Neumann-School I, Balthasar-Neumann-School II (teaching artisan, mechanics and other hands-on occupations), the merchant and bookkeeping school (teaching administrative and merchant professions) and Käthe-Kollwitz-School (teaching professions in the field of home economics).

The Abendrealschule Bruchsal allows students with middle school diplomas to achieve the first in a series of steps to gain college entrance prerequisites on a part-time basis after work. It is part of a structured program commonly referred to as the Alternate Path to Higher Education. Furthermore, three private schools, the nursing school attached to the Fürst-Stirum-Klinik Bruchsal and the College for Special Education of St. Maria complete Bruchsal's educational offers.

Research
The research project for urban and autonomous freight logistics, EfeuCampus, was launched in July 2019 on the site of the former Dragonerkaserne barracks. Systems for autonomous freight delivery and collection are developed and tested on the campus. The overall project is funded by the European Union and the state of Baden-Württemberg.

Notable people

 * 1470 (approx.) in Untergrombach, Joß Fritz, farmer, leader during the peasant revolts, died after 1524
 * 1500 Johannes Stumpf, theologian, topographer, historian and chronicler; died 1575 in Zürich.
 * 1534 Samuel Eisenmenger physician, theologian and astrologer, died 1585
 * 1799 Jakob Löwenstein, rabbi and writer, died 1869
 * 1824 Katrina Wolf Murat, maker of the first U.S. flag in Colorado
 * 1857 in Heidelsheim, Isaac Baer, from 1897 Julius Baer, private banker, died 9. March 1922 in Riehen, Switzerland
 * 1861 Karl Steiner, died 1929 in Baden-Baden, born in Heidelsheim, official
 * 1875 Otto Oppenheimer, textile trader, dialect and homeland poet, died 1951 in New York, USA
 * 1879 Wilhelm Henning, died after 1943, military and ethnic-nationalistic politician
 * 1883 Walter Buch, jurist and judge of the NSDAP-court, died 1949 in Schondorf am Ammersee
 * 1894 Leo Kahn, artist, died 1983 in Safed, Israel
 * 1896 Wilhelm Sauter, painter (paintings and drawings), died 1948 in Göppingen
 * 1898 Fritz Klein German resistance fighter against national socialism, was executed in the penal prison of the Seilerbahn in 1944
 * 1909 Josef Hirtreiter, SS Holocaust perpetrator who worked at Treblinka extermination camp
 * 1937 Emma Guntz, German-French author and journalist
 * 1938 Franz Alt, journalist and author
 * 1963 Klaus Bachmann, journalist, author, historian
 * 1968 John Zimmermann, military historian and lieutenant
 * 1971 Thomas Hellriegel, triathlete (long distance)
 * 1974 Anke Huber, tennis player
 * 1984 Florian Dick, footballer
 * 1993 Marvin Wanitzek, footballer
 * 1994 Petar Mišić, footballer
 * 1995 Jimmy Marton, footballer

Twin towns – sister cities
Bruchsal is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Sainte-Menehould, France (1965)
 * Cwmbran, Wales, United Kingdom (1979)
 * 🇫🇷 Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, France (1989)
 * 🇸🇮 Gornja Radgona, Slovenia (2006)
 * 🇮🇹 Volterra, Italy (2008)

title: Bruchsal


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title: User talk:209.232.148.100


text: User talk:69.68.3.67

title: User talk:69.68.3.67


text:
User talk:Abdulhaseeb86

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your messages on discussion pages using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically insert your username and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on, or ask your question on this page and then place  before the question. Again, welcome! —Ashanda (talk) 22:21, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
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i for Islam
With regards to the edit you made in the Pakistan page: Do you have any credible sources for changing "An 'i' was later added to the English rendition of the name to ease pronunciation, producing ''Pakistan" to "An 'i' was added for Islam.)"??

Muslim educational institutions
Just started Muslim educational institutions. Please take a look and see if you can help. —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 00:25, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Abdulhaseeb86


text:
Talk:John the Conqueror

Untitled
Why is this page at "John the Conqeroo"? I think that is someone's misheard mispelling. IMO this should be a redirect, the article should be at "John the Conqueror" or "High John the Conqueror". -- Infrogmation 19:55, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * "John the Conqueroo" is the spelling I've seen in every printing of the lyrics of Hoochie Coochie Man I've seen, which is probably the most familiar reference. Smerdis of Tlön 22:46, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Google, however, disagrees. I will move the page.  Smerdis of Tlön 23:55, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

John the Conqueroo is a mis-hearing of John the Conquer ROOT. As noted in the article, the root is invariaby called John the Conquer, not John the Conqueror. There is a reason for this and someday i will publish it.

Uh, that was me. I forgot my four tildes. Sorry Catherineyronwode 09:08, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Godless communism rears its ugly head
Someone added the intelligence that sixty acres equals (243,000 m²) in foreign; here's a perfect example of why that system of weights and measures has never caught on and is pretty useless for real life applications. At any rate, it is glaringly out of place in a U.S. folktale; so I have preserved the data and will remove it from the article in chief. Smerdis of Tlön 19:45, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

This is an encyclopedia. Regardless of if it agrees with a U.S.-centric mindframe, comparing figures from the folktale to globally recognized standards of measurement is a valuable addition to the article. Alvis 07:32, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 11:37, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon
The two songs cited by Muddy Waters are not his original works. “Hoochie Coochie Man” was written by Willie Dixon. “Mannish Boy” was a cover/response to Bo Diddley’s song “I’m a Man,” which itself was largely derivative of “Hoochie Coochie Man.”

Willie Dixon is the primary source of these references in both cases. Jredwards (talk) 13:04, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:John the Conqueror


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Boxley

Boxley is a village and civil parish in the Maidstone District of Kent, England.

It lies below the slope of the North Downs approximately 2 mi northeast of the centre of Maidstone town. The civil parish has a population of 7,144 (2001 census), increasing to 9,554 at the 2011 Census, and extends to the north and east of the town including the settlements of Boxley itself, Grove Green, most of Weavering Street, Sandling and the southern extremities of Walderslade and Lordswood at the top of Blue Bell Hill.

The M2 and M20 motorways cross the parish to the north and south of Boxley village and the High Speed 1 railway line passes to the south in cuttings and tunnel. Despite being so close to Maidstone and two motorways, the village is surrounded by woodland, and still retains a village feel. The ruins of Boxley Abbey, in neighbouring Sandling, fall within the parish.

Notable buildings
The St Mary and All Saints parish church in Boxley village and the Abbey Barn, in Sandling, are Grade I listed buildings and the site of the abbey is a scheduled monument. Parsonage Farm in Boxley, Boxley Abbey House and St Andrew's Chapel in Sandling, and Weavering Manor in Weavering Street, are all Grade II* listed.

The Pilgrims' Way trackway and the North Downs Way pass through the parish. Boxley village was used for scenes in the film version of Porridge.

Within the parish are the Kent Life open-air museum, in Sandling, and Vinters Valley Nature Reserve. A 19th-century granary from Boxley was dismantled and re-erected at Kent Life.

"Vinters" was a country house and home to the Whatman family until it was demolished in the 1950s. Susanna Whatman was the first of her family to manage the house and the guide she wrote was published in 1952 - about 200 years after her birth.

title: Boxley


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West New Brighton, Staten Island

West New Brighton (also called West Brighton) is a neighborhood of Staten Island, New York City, situated in the central area of North Shore. The neighborhood is bordered by New Brighton to the east, Port Richmond to the west, the waters of the Kill Van Kull to the north, and the communities of Sunnyside and Castleton Corners to the south.

West New Brighton is part of Staten Island Community District 1 and its ZIP Code is 10310. West New Brighton is patrolled by the 120th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.

History
Originally known as "Factoryville," Islanders now commonly refer to the area as West Brighton. Some parts of the neighborhood closer to the shoreline are referred to as "Livingston" and "Randall Manor". This area of Staten Island was originally settled by the Dutch in the 1600s, who were then followed by English settlers. During the American Revolution residents of West Brighton overtly remained loyal to the Crown. Successive waves of immigrants to the US then led to the area becoming populated by the Irish. Today, the neighborhood consists mostly of Irish followed by Germans, Italians, African Americans, and Hispanics. The oldest continually operating cricket club in the US was established in West Brighton in 1872, at the site now operated as Walker Park. The Staten Island Cricket Club still has matches there. This is also the site of the first lawn tennis court in the US, built in 1873.

The neighborhood was transformed in the years following World War II. Two large public housing developments were built. The first, the Markham Homes, was originally built to house the families of shipyard & defense workers. The West Brighton Houses followed. Starting in 2004 tenants in The Markham Homes were evicted, so the site might be redeveloped. all tenants had been relocated. While claims had been made that many residents would be able to return into the redeveloped area, few have been able to.

Since the late 90s the area has seen a reduction in some crime rates. Richmond Terrace, which is the main thoroughfare along the Kill Van Kull waterfront, is home to several shipyards and tugboat companies. The area south of Forest Avenue, continues to be home to some of West Brighton's more affluent residents including politicians, lawyers, judges and professionals (particularly in the "Sunset Hill" portion east of Broadway). As of 2014 it was the highest earning census tract on Staten Island.

Politically, West Brighton has been described as a "swing neighborhood" for the borough. With a diverse and representative population, congressional candidates who win the neighborhood tend to also win the borough election.

Demographics
For census purposes, the New York City government classifies New Brighton as part of a larger neighborhood tabulation area called West New Brighton-New Brighton-St. George. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of West New Brighton-New Brighton-St. George was 33,551, a change of 1,397 (4.2%) from the 32,154 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 1403.06 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 23.9 PD/acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 59.1%(8,859) White, 22.2% (10,630) African American, 0.3% (100) Native American, 5% (1,691) Asian, 0% (10) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (123) from other races, and 2.5% (835) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 33.7% (11,303) of the population.

Landmarks
Notable landmarks include the Staten Island Zoo, and Clove Lakes Park and Silver Lake Park along the neighborhood's boundaries. Snug Harbor is also located in nearby Livingston. It holds baseball fields, a children's museum, a Chinese garden, botanical gardens, the Art Lab and the Staten Island Conservatory of Music. St. Peter's Cemetery, which is still properly maintained and is the oldest Roman Catholic cemetery on Staten Island (opened in 1848), is also located here, along with several small abandoned cemeteries in which members of some of the island's founding families are interred.

The former St. Vincent's Medical Center, now known as Richmond University Medical Center is located in West Brighton. While most of the buildings on the RUMC campus date from the late 1960s or more recent, the Garner Mansion goes back to the 19th Century. It at one time was used for the St. Austin's Military School, now defunct.

The Michael J. Mahoney playground is a reminder of a small dose of American History. A son of New York City, and West Brighton, he went off with the US Marines to fight in World War I. He fought in 5 major battles in 1918. Mahoney along with many other Marines, was killed charging up Blanc Mont Ridge, France into the German Maxim machine guns. It is considered by many historians to be the real breaking point of the Germans defensive line before the German homeland. His body was repatriated from his burial plot amongst the thousands of Americans Marines and soldiers buried in World War I memorial cemeteries in France in 1924. His grave is located in St. Peters Cemetery in the family plot. The playground was dedicated in 1940 by the City of New York.

The Calvary Presbyterian Church, Dr. Samuel MacKenzie Elliott House, Gardiner-Tyler House, Kreuzer-Pelton House, and Scott-Edwards House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Police and fire
West New Brighton and the North Shore are patrolled by the 120th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 78 Richmond Terrace. The 120th Precinct ranked 12th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010.

The 120th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 83.3% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported seven murders, 14 rapes, 118 robberies, 384 felony assaults, 124 burglaries, 338 grand larcenies, and 136 grand larcenies auto in 2022. West New Brighton is served by the New York City Fire Department (FDNY)'s Engine Co. 156, located at 412 Broadway, and Ladder Co. 79/Battalion 22, located at 1189 Castleton Avenue.

Post office and ZIP Code
West New Brighton is located within the ZIP Codes 10310 and 10301. The United States Postal Service operates the West New Brighton Station at 1015 Castleton Avenue.

Schools
The New York City Department of Education operates the following public schools near West New Brighton:

 * PS 18 John G Whittier (grades PK-5)
 * IS 27 Anning S Prall (grades 6-8)
 * PS 45 John Tyler (grades PK-5)

Library
The New York Public Library (NYPL)'s West New Brighton branch is located at 976 Castleton Avenue. When the branch opened in 1913, it was a sub-branch of the NYPL. The West New Brighton moved to a second location in 1918, and then to its present site in 1933.

Transportation
West New Brighton was served by the West New Brighton station of the Staten Island Railway's North Shore Branch until March 31, 1953. , West New Brighton is served by the local buses and the  express bus.

Notable residents

 * Anna Leonowens, Anglo-Indian writer and educator known for being governess for the King of Siam which she chronicled while on Staten Island in The English Governess at the Siamese Court (1870) and was later made into the musical The King and I. She operated a school for girls and lived on Tompkins Place.
 * Debi Rose, City Councilwoman who was born and raised in the neighborhood.
 * Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa, Irish Fenian Leader lived at 194 Richmond Terrace.

title: West New Brighton, Staten Island


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Talk:The Art of Reasoning

is it now better?

 * Yes, but the article is still quite sparse. – 80.203.113.142 16:57, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Merge
I am going to revert the merger that BlueValour proposed in the deletion and also instituted. I think that although this is listed as a stub (which implies that it can be extended), there is really not much more that can be put into the article. The contents of the book cannot be described since it is a copyrighted textbook, and barring some published report saying that it is THE definitive logic textbook used by colleges everywhere, or proposes some spectacular theory/reasoning, I find it hard to believe that anything can be added to describe its notability and warrant its own page.--MPW 03:39, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I disagree. It can and should be expanded, and the redirect is not a good idea, in my opinion. --badlydrawnjeff talk 10:39, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * If you or somebody else could expand it, then perhaps it can be ummerged again? I know that in theory stubs can stay as stubs for a while, but I think in this case since it currently doesn't have anything that warrants its own page and all the information is easily found on the author page, it doesn't need its own one until it actually gets expanded in a significant way. Or perhaps if you have time you can expand in the discussion, or at least give suggestions as to topics that it would be expanded into (that way you don't have to be so formal or spend as much time) and then I would be able to see your side more easily.--MPW 17:17, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * What's at the main article can stay, but more detailed information on reviews and topics and whatnot can easily be done. The redirect, as it stands, discourages such things. --badlydrawnjeff talk 17:36, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Art of Reasoning


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Chewing tobacco

Chewing tobacco is a type of smokeless tobacco product that is placed between the cheek and lower gum to draw out its flavor. It consists of coarsely chopped aged tobacco that is flavored and often sweetened; it is not ground fine like dipping tobacco. Unwanted juices are spat after use.

Chewing tobacco is a source of nicotine and therefore highly addictive. Quitting chewing tobacco use is as challenging as smoking cessation.

Using chewing tobacco can cause various harmful effects such as dental disease, oral cancer, oesophagus cancer, and pancreas cancer, coronary heart disease, as well as negative reproductive effects including stillbirth, premature birth and low birth weight. Chewing tobacco poses a lower health risk than traditional combusted products. However it is not a healthy alternative to cigarette smoking. The level of risk varies between different types of products and producing regions. There is no safe level of chewing tobacco use. Globally it contributes to 650,000 deaths each year.

Types
Chewing tobacco is sold in several different varieties. Chewing tobacco may be left as loose leaf or compressed into a small rectangular "plug". Nearly all modern chewing tobaccos are produced by a process of leaf curing, cutting, fermentation, and processing, which may include sweetening and flavoring. Historically, many American chewing-tobacco brands popular during the American Civil War era were made with cigar clippings.

Loose-leaf
Loose-leaf chewing tobacco is the most widely available and most frequently used type of chewing tobacco. It consists of shredded tobacco leaf, usually sweetened and sometimes flavored, and often sold in a sealed pouch typically weighing 3 oz. Loose-leaf chewing tobacco has a sticky texture due to the sweeteners added. Common loose-leaf chewing tobacco brands include America's Best Chew, Levi Garrett, Beech-Nut, and Stoker's.

Plug

Plug chewing tobacco is tobacco leaves pressed into a square, brick-like mass called a plug. From this, pieces are bitten off or cut from the plug and then chewed. Plug tobacco is declining in popularity, thus less readily available than loose-leaf chewing tobacco. Historically, plug tobacco could be either smoked in a pipe or chewed, but today, these are two distinct products.

Twist
Twist chewing tobacco consists of leaves twisted together into a rope-like mass. Unlike most loose-leaf tobaccos, twist chewing tobacco is usually not sweetened. Pieces of twist are either bitten off or cut, and then chewed. Twist chewing tobacco is not widely available and is mostly found in Appalachia. Historically, twists could also be smoked in a pipe, or ground up into nasal snuff.

Health effects
Even though it is less dangerous than smoking, chewing tobacco is addictive, represents a major health risk, has no safe level use and is not a safe substitute for smoking. Globally it contributes to 650 000 deaths each year with a significant proportion of them in Southeast Asia.

Using chewing tobacco can cause a number of adverse health effects such as dental disease, oral cancer, oesophagus cancer, and pancreatic cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and deformities in the female reproductive system. It also raises the risk of fatal coronary artery disease, fatal stroke and non-fatal ischaemic heart disease

Quitting chewing tobacco use is as challenging as smoking cessation. There is no scientific evidence that using chewing tobacco can help a person quit smoking.

Cancer
Chewing tobacco is a cause of oral cancer, oesophagus cancer, and pancreas cancer. Increased risk of oral cancer caused by chewing tobacco is present in countries such as the United States but particularly prevalent in Southeast Asian countries where the use of smokeless tobacco is common.

All tobacco products, including chewing, contain cancer-causing chemicals. These carcinogenic compounds occurring in chewing tobacco vary widely, and depend upon the kind of product and how it was manufactured. There are 28 known cancer-causing substances in chewing tobacco products.

Cardiovascular disease
Using chewing tobacco increases the risk of fatal coronary heart disease and stroke. In 2010 more than 200 000 people died from coronary heart disease due to smokeless tobacco use. Use of chewing tobacco also seems to greatly raise the risk of non-fatal ischaemic heart disease among users in Asia, although not in Europe.

Effects during pregnancy
Chewing tobacco can cause adverse reproductive effects including stillbirth, premature birth, low birth weight. Nicotine in chewing tobacco products that are used during pregnancy can affect how a baby's brain develops before birth.

Chewing tobacco and baseball
When the rules of baseball were first written in 1845, the carcinogenic potential of chewing tobacco was unknown. At that time, it was commonly used by players and coaches alike. Smokeless tobacco use became rampant by players by the early 1900s. The use of chewing tobacco in baseball steadily increased until the mid-20th century, when cigarettes became popular and took the place of some players' smokeless tobacco habit.

Joe Garagiola, who quit, warned about chewing tobacco: "'I tell these guys, 'You may not like what I say, but with lung cancer you die of lung cancer, ... 'With oral cancer, you die one piece at a time. They operate on your neck, they operate on your jaw, they operate on your throat.'"

Bill Tuttle was a Major League player who made a big name for himself both through baseball and his anti-chewing tobacco efforts. Tuttle was an outfielder for the Detroit Tigers, Kansas City Athletics, and Minnesota Twins. He was an avid tobacco chewer; even his baseball cards pictured him with a bulge in his cheek from the tobacco. Nearly 40 years after he began using smokeless tobacco, Tuttle developed a tumor in his mouth so severe, it protruded through his skin. A few years before he died, Tuttle had many of his teeth, his jawbone, his gums, and his right cheekbone removed. He also had his taste buds removed. Tuttle dedicated the last years of his life to speaking with Major League teams about not using chewing tobacco where television cameras could see the players so that children could not witness and be influenced by it. He also dedicated time to the National Spit Tobacco Education Program, which was being run by friend and former Major League player, Joe Garagiola. Tuttle died July 27, 1998, after a 5-year battle with cancer.

Hall of Fame outfielder Tony Gwynn died of salivary cancer on June 16, 2014. He claimed the cancer was linked to his lifetime use of chewing and dipping tobacco.

A 2016 MLB collective bargaining agreement prohibited all new Major League Baseball players from using smokeless tobacco.

Effect on youth
Debate exists over whether players should be banned from using tobacco products during the games. The Major League Baseball Players Association disagrees, claiming it is a legal substance, so is acceptable to be used during games. Harvard School of Public Health professor Gregory Connolly, however, says, "the use of smokeless tobacco by players has a powerful role-model effect on youth, particularly among young males in sport, some of whom remain addicted in future careers as professional athletes." According to Connolly, one-quarter of Minor League players do not support allowing the use of chewing tobacco during games, and one-third of Major League players support abolishing it. Due to health concerns, MLB was asked to ban the use of chewing tobacco during the 2011 World Series between the St. Louis Cardinals and Texas Rangers.

Statistics
Many believe that the widespread use of chewing tobacco by baseball players has led to a rampant increase in youth, and particularly teen, use. Additionally, teen use of smokeless tobacco has increased and it is more harmful and dangerous to tobacco user, while use of all tobacco products by teens has decreased. This is true especially among white and Hispanic males. In 1970, five times as many 65-and-older males used smokeless tobacco as 18- to 24-year-olds did (12.7% of the population were 65+ male users, 2.2% of the population were 18–24 male users). More specifically, moist snuff use increased for males ages 18–24 from 1% of the population to 6.2% of the population, while 65+ male users decreased from 4% to 2.2%.

A 2009 survey by The U.S. Centers for Disease Control revealed that 8.9% of U.S. high-school students had used smokeless tobacco on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey. Usage was more common among males (15.0%) than females (2.2%) and among Whites (11.9%) than Blacks (3.3%) or Hispanics (5.1%). The five states with the highest percentage of high-school users were Wyoming (16.2%), North Dakota (15.3%), South Dakota (14.6%), Montana (14.6%), and West Virginia (14.4%).

Brands
Notable chewing tobacco brands include:

 * America's Best Chew
 * Beech-Nut
 * Copenhagen
 * Grizzly
 * Kodiak
 * Levi Garrett
 * Mail Pouch
 * Oliver Twist
 * Skoal
 * Stoker's

History
Chewing is one of the oldest methods of consuming tobacco. Indigenous peoples of the Americas in both North and South America chewed the leaves of the plant long before the arrival of Europeans.

The Southern United States was distinctive for their production of tobacco, which earned premium prices globally. Most farmers grew some for their own use, or traded with neighbors who grew it. Commercial sales became important in the late 19th century, as major tobacco companies arose in the South, becoming one of the largest employers in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Durham, North Carolina, and Richmond, Virginia. Southerners dominated the tobacco industry in the United States. So much so that a concern as large as the Helme Tobacco Company, headquartered in New Jersey, was headed by former Confederate officer George Washington Helme. In 1938, R.J. Reynolds marketed 84 brands of chewing tobacco, 12 brands of smoking tobacco, and the top-selling Camel brand of cigarettes. Reynolds sold large quantities of chewing tobacco, even though that market peaked around 1910.

A historian of the American South in the late 1860s reported on typical usage in the region where it was grown, paying close attention to class and gender:

"The chewing of tobacco was well-nigh universal. This habit had been widespread among the agricultural population of America both North and South before the war. Soldiers had found the quid a solace in the field and continued to revolve it in their mouths upon returning to their homes. Out of doors where his life was principally led the chewer spat upon his lands without offence to other men, and his homes and public buildings were supplied with spittoons. Brown and yellow parabolas were projected to right and left toward these receivers, but very often without the careful aim which made for cleanly living. Even the pews of fashionable churches were likely to contain these familiar conveniences. The large numbers of Southern men, and these were of the better class (officers in the Confederate army and planters, worth $20,000 or more, and barred from general amnesty) who presented themselves for the pardon of President Johnson, while they sat awaiting his pleasure in the ante-room at the White House, covered its floor with pools and rivulets of their spittle. An observant traveller in the South in 1865 said that in his belief seven-tenths of all persons above the age of twelve years, both male and female, used tobacco in some form. Women could be seen at the doors of their cabins in their bare feet, in their dirty one-piece cotton garments, their chairs tipped back, smoking pipes made of corn cobs into which were fitted reed stems or goose quills. Boys of eight or nine years of age and half-grown girls smoked. Women and girls 'dipped' in their houses, on their porches, in the public parlours of hotels and in the streets."

Chewing tobacco is still used, predominantly by young males in some parts of the American South, but also in other areas and age groups. In September 2006, both the Republican and Democratic candidates for Senator from Virginia admitted to chewing tobacco and agreed that it sets a bad example for children.

In the late 19th century, during the peak in popularity of chewing tobacco in the Western United States, a device known as the spittoon was a ubiquitous feature throughout places both private and public (e.g. parlors and passenger cars). The purpose of the spittoon was to provide a receptacle for excess juices and spittle accumulated from the oral use of tobacco. As chewing tobacco's popularity declined throughout the years, the spittoon became merely a relic of the Old West and is rarely seen outside museums. Spittoons are still present on the floor of the U.S. Senate's old chamber, honored as tradition.

title: Chewing tobacco


text:
Le Temps

Le Temps is a Swiss French-language daily newspaper published in Berliner format in Geneva by Le Temps SA. It is the sole nationwide French-language non-specialised daily newspaper of Switzerland. Since 2021, it has been owned by Fondation Aventinus, a not-for-profit organisation.

, the newspaper had around 120 employees, spread across newsrooms in Geneva, Lausanne, Bern, Neuchâtel and Sion, and relying upon the work of freelance journalists worldwide. Le Temps is considered a newspaper of record in Switzerland.

History
First published on 18 March 1998, it is the result of the merger of three major newspapers from the Lake Geneva region: the Journal de Genève, Gazette de Lausanne and Le Nouveau Quotidien. Previously owned by Ringier, it has been majority-owned by the not-for-profit Fondation Aventinus (95.5%) since 2021. The remaining shares are held by the Groupe Le Monde (2.1%) and the employee-owned Société des rédacteurs et du personnel du Temps SA (2.4%).

Published Monday through Saturday, the newspaper has several supplements (Friday: "Carrières" job and management; Saturday: "Samedi culturel" and special features for the week-end; monthly "Sortir" cultural diary), thematic special editions, a website and digital applications.

Le Temps has an advertising agency, Le Temps Media (Publicitas). , the newspaper had around 120 employees, spread across newsrooms in Geneva, Lausanne, Bern, Neuchâtel and Sion, and relying upon the work of freelance journalists worldwide.

The circulation of Le Temps was 45,970 copies in 2006. Its circulation was 45,506 copies in 2009. In 2013 the paper had a paid circulation of 36,391 copies.

Editors-in-chief
The newspaper's former and current editors-in-chief are:
 * Eric Hoesli, from 1998 to 2002.
 * Jean-Jacques Roth, from 2002 to 2010.
 * Pierre Veya, from 2010 to 2015.
 * Stéphane Benoit-Godet and Gaël Hurlimann, from 2015 to 2020
 * Madeleine von Holzen, from 2021 to present

Collaborations
The newspaper collaborates editorially with newsrooms around the world, including Le Courrier International, Le Monde, Le Soir and La Tribune.

It shares advertising pools with the Neue Zürcher Zeitung and Le Monde.

Recognition
Le Temps is considered a newspaper of record in Switzerland. According to the Research Department on Public Opinion and Society (FÖG) of the University of Zurich, it is of "high quality".

Archives
Le Temps digitalised the archives of its three predecessors:

 * Gazette de Lausanne (1798-1991)
 * Journal de Genève (1826–1991)
 * Journal de Genève et Gazette de Lausanne (1991–1998)
 * Le Nouveau Quotidien (1991–1998)

With assistance of the Swiss National Library and regional libraries, the publisher offers 200 years of independent Swiss press, available on the internet at www.letempsarchives.ch.

title: Le Temps


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Castlewellan

Castlewellan is a small town in County Down, in the south-east of Northern Ireland close to the Irish Sea. It is beside Castlewellan Lake and Slievenaslat mountain, 11 mi southwest of Downpatrick. It lies between the Mourne Mountains and Slieve Croob. It had a population of 2,782 people in the 2011 census.

Castlewellan has a wide main street which runs through two main squares lined with chestnut trees. The town was designed by a French architect for the Annesley family. The Annesley family did not always own the land as they bought it from the Maginess family, then owners of what is now Castlewellan Christian Conference Centre and Castlewellan Forest Park. Castlewellan is unique within Ireland due to its tree-lined squares both in the old town (upper square) and new town (lower square) as well as its very wide main street. The old market house in the upper square was built in 1764 and now houses the public library.

History
Evidence of ancient settlement in the area includes the Drumena Cashel - a small stone-built farmstead enclosure (or cashel) from the Early Christian period. It is 2 mi south west of Castlewellan off the A25 road to Rathfriland. Also nearby is Legannany Dolmen, approximately 3 mi to the north near the village of Leitrim, on the slopes of Slieve Croob. Goward Dolmen is a megalithic monument 2 mi from Hilltown on the road to Castlewellan. The huge granite capstone of this structure has slipped from its original horizontal position.

12 July 1849 saw the Dolly's Brae conflict. Up to 1400 armed Orangemen marched from Rathfriland to Tollymore Park near Castlewellan, County Down. On their homeward journey, shots were fired and police were unable to control the situation. None of the Orangemen were harmed, but it was estimated that about 80 Catholics were killed and homes burnt.

Castlewellan Castle, a Scottish baronial castle of 1856, Castlewellan Lake in what is now Castlewellan Forest Park. The castle is now used as a privately run Christian conference centre, and is not generally open to the public.

According to the Sunday Times Insight Team, the entire village (the population then was given as 819) was bound over to keep the peace for a year in 1953 after disorder at an Orange walk.

The Troubles
A number of incidents occurred in Castlewellan during the Troubles. For example, in January 1980, three members of the Ulster Defence Regiment were killed in a Provisional Irish Republican Army land mine attack on their mobile patrol near Castlewellan. Those killed included James Cochrane (21, a Catholic), Robert Smyth (18, a Protestant), and Richard Wilson (21, a Protestant).

Castlewellan has historically been an Irish Republican town. In 2016, a large Republican commemoration of the 1916 Rising was held in the town. A march, commemorating the 1981 hunger strikes, was also held there in 2018.

Throughout the course of the Troubles, the area had a significant paramilitary presence, mostly involving Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) activity. In 2009, the Real Irish Republican Army claimed responsibility a car bomb which had been abandoned in the area.

Amenities
Castlewellan Forest Park and Castlewellan Lake are situated to the northwest of the village. The arboretum in the park was begun in 1740 and contains plants and trees from several different countries, including Spain, Mexico and Wales; the 'Castlewellan Gold' form of Leyland Cypress – originating from a single mutant tree in the arboretum and widely propagated from the 1970s – was selected by the park director, John Keown, being first named Cupressus macrocarpa Keownii, 1963. The Peace Maze was constructed in the park between 2000 and 2001. Until 2007 it was the longest permanent hedge maze in the world.

Schools
Schools serving the Castlewellan area include:
 * St Mary's Primary School, Aughlisnafin
 * Annsborough Primary School
 * Castlewellan Primary School
 * St. Malachy's Primary School, Castlewellan
 * St. Malachy's High School, Castlewellan
 * Bunscoil Bheanna Boirche

Transport
Castlewellan railway station was opened on 24 March 1906 by the Great Northern Railway of Ireland, but closed on 2 May 1955.

Trains used to connect Newcastle and Belfast via Lisburn.

Events
The Celtic Fusion International Musical Arts Festival was held annually in the town for a number of years, starting in 2002.

The Soma Festival is an annual festival held in the town since 2013. It is a festival of live music, family, well-being, food and drink.

Sport
The local Gaelic Athletic Association club, Castlewellan GAC, is based in the village. Other local sports clubs include the association football (soccer) club, Castlewellan Town FC. Kilmegan Amateur Boxing Club is situated in the outskirts of the town and takes its name from the town's parish name.

Castlewellan lake plays host to the Queen's Regatta, and formerly hosted the annual Irish University Rowing Championships. Castlewellan Forest Park hosted the All British Open Field Archery Championships in May 2011.

2011 census
Castlewellan is classified as an intermediate settlement by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with a population between 2,500 and 4,999 people). On the day of the 2011 census (27 March 2011), the usually resident population of Castlewellan was 2,782, accounting for 0.15% of the NI total. Of these:
 * 24.84% were under 16 years old and 10.96% were aged 65 and above.
 * 48.71% of the population were male and 51.29% were female.
 * 90.29% were from a Catholic community background and 6.51% were from a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' community background.
 * 54.31% indicated they had an Irish national identity, 29.58% said they had a Northern Irish national identity and 17.69% gave a British national identity (respondents could indicate more than one national identity).

2001 census
In the 2001 census, Castlewellan was also classified as an intermediate settlement by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 2,250 and 4,500 people). On that census day (29 April 2001), there were 2,392 people living in Castlewellan. Of these:
 * 29.8% were aged under 16 and 13.8% were aged 60 and over.
 * 49.4% of the population were male and 50.6% were female.
 * 92.1% were from a Catholic background and 6.6% were from a Protestant background
 * 4.8% of people aged 16–74 were unemployed.

Notable people

 * Greer Garson (1904-1996), actress
 * Percy Jocelyn (1764-1843), Anglican Bishop
 * Niamh McGrady (b. 1983), actress
 * Eileen O'Higgins, actress
 * Séamus Ó Néill (1910-1981), Irish writer
 * Joe Toner (1894-1954), soccer player.

title: Castlewellan


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Category:American politicians

This category lists politicians who are associated with the United States through nationality. Most, but not all, have been involved in the politics of the United States. For individuals who have held office in the political institutions of the U.S. (regardless of nationality), refer to Category:Political office-holders in the United States

Due to the large number of politicians, most are categorized by state.

title: Category:American politicians


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Müller-Thurgau

Müller-Thurgau is a white grape variety (sp. Vitis vinifera) which was created by Hermann Müller from the Swiss Canton of Thurgau in 1882 at the Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute in Germany. It is a crossing of Riesling with Madeleine Royale. It is used to make white wine in Germany, Austria, Northern Italy, Hungary, England, Australia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, Belgium and Japan. There are around 22,201 ha) cultivated worldwide, which makes Müller-Thurgau the most widely planted of the so-called "new breeds" of grape varieties created since the late 19th century. Although plantings have decreased significantly since the 1980s, as of 2019 it was still Germany's second most planted variety at 11,400 hectares and 11.4% of the total vineyard surface. In 2007, the 125th anniversary was celebrated at the Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute.  Müller-Thurgau is also known as Rivaner (Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, and especially for dry wines), Riesling x Sylvaner, Riesling-Sylvaner, Rizvanec (Slovenia) and Rizlingszilváni (Hungary).

History of the grape variety
Most grapes have been created from a desire to harness qualities in two separate grapes and to generate a new vine that combines the qualities of both.

When Dr. Müller created the grape in the Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute in the late 19th century, his intention was to combine the intensity and complexity of the Riesling grape with the ability to ripen earlier in the season that the Silvaner grape possesses. Although the resulting grape did not entirely attain these two qualities, it nonetheless became widely planted across many of the German wine-producing regions.

By the 1970s, Müller-Thurgau had become Germany's most-planted grape. A possible reason for the popularity of this varietal is that it is capable of being grown in a relatively wide range of climates and soil types. Many of these vines were planted on flat areas that were not particularly suitable for growing other wine grapes because it was more profitable than sugar beet, which was the main alternative crop in those locations. The vines mature early and bring large yield quantities, and are less demanding as to planting site than for example Riesling. Müller-Thurgau wines are mild due to low acidic content, but nevertheless fruity. The wines may be drunk while relatively young, and with few exceptions are not considered to improve with age. These facts meant that Müller-Thurgau provided an economical way to cheaply produce large amounts of medium sweet German wines, such as Liebfraumilch and Piesporter, which were quite popular up until the 1980s.

The turning point in Müller-Thurgau's growth however was the winter of 1979, when on 1 January there was a sharp fall in temperatures, to 20 °F (−7 °C) in many areas, which devastated most of the new varieties, but did not affect the varieties such as Riesling which have much more hardy stems, after hundreds of years of selection. In the decades since then, the winemakers have begun to grow a wider variety of vines, and Müller-Thurgau is now less widely planted in Germany than Riesling, although still significant in that country and worldwide.

While the total German plantations of Müller-Thurgau are declining, the variety is still in third place among new plantations in Germany, after Riesling and Pinot noir, with around 8% of all new plantations in the years 2006–2008.

Genealogy
Recent DNA fingerprinting has in fact determined that the grape was created by crossing Riesling with Madeleine Royale, not Silvaner or any other suggested grape variety. But there has been some confusion on the way. In 1996, Chasselas seemed to be a valid candidate, and in 1997 the Chasselas variety Admirable de Courtiller was specified. However, this was shown to be wrong when the reference grape that was believed to be Admirable de Courtiller was proven in 2000 to be Madeleine Royale. Madeleine Royale was long believed to be a Chasselas seedling, but modern DNA fingerprinting methods suggest that it is actually a crossing of Pinot and Trollinger.

German growing regions
As of 2022, German regional plantings stood at:

 * Rheinhessen, 3,893 ha
 * Baden, 2,218 ha
 * Palatinate, 1,630 ha
 * Franconia, 1,400 ha
 * Mosel, 771 ha
 * Nahe, 482 ha
 * Saale-Unstrut, 122 ha

Outside of Germany, the grape has achieved a moderate degree of success in producing lively wines in Italy, southern England (where most other grapes will not ripen in many years) Luxembourg (where it is called Rivaner), Czech Republic, and the United States.

Europe
It is authorised for all still wine AOCs : Côtes de Sambre et Meuse, Hageland, Haspengouw, et Heuvelland.
 * Hungary, 8,000 ha (20,000 acres)
 * Belgium, 0.5 ha at Château Bon Baron in Lustin.
 * Austria, 5236 ha (12,933 acres) (7,8%)
 * Czech Republic
 * Slovakia 1.362 ha
 * Luxembourg, as Rivaner
 * Switzerland, as Riesling x Silvaner,
 * Italy
 * United Kingdom
 * Republic of Macedonia, endemic species as Kratosija
 * Slovenia
 * Croatia, locally known as Rizvanac
 * France
 * Moldavia
 * Netherlands
 * Germany

Rest of the world

 * Australia – Mudgee wine region
 * New Zealand – Now a marginal grape.
 * United States of America
 * Japan
 * China

Synonyms
Synonyms for Müller-Thurgau include Miler Turgau, Müller, Müller-Thurgaurebe, Müllerka, Müllerovo, Muller-Thurgeau, Mullerka, Mullerovo, Riesling-Silvaner, Riesling-Sylvamer, Riesling x Silavaner, Rivaner, Rizanec, Rizlingsilvani, Rizlingszilvani, Rizlingzilvani, Rizvanac, Rizvanac Bijeli, Rizvanec, Rizvaner.

title: Müller-Thurgau


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Jordan national football team

The Jordan national football team (المنتخب الأردني لكرة القدم) represents Jordan in international football and is controlled by the Jordan Football Association. Jordan have never qualified for the World Cup finals but have appeared five times in the Asian Cup and reached the final match of a major tournament for the first time in the 2023 edition, finishing as runners-up for the first time.

Jordan is a two-time champion of the Arab Games, in 1997 and 1999. They have reached the WAFF Championship final on three occasions but have never won it. Jordan have hosted the WAFF Championship three times, in 2000, 2007, and 2010; the Arab Cup once, in 1988; and the Arab Games once, in 1999.

Early history (1953–1997)
The Jordanian national football team's first international match was played in 1953 in Egypt where the team were defeated by Syria 3–1. The first FIFA World Cup qualifiers Jordan took part in was the 1986 qualifiers, they are yet to qualify to the FIFA World Cup.

Development era (1997–2007)
The Jordanian football coach, Mohammad Awad, to attain achievements for the Jordan national team between 1992 and 1999 when he helped his country Jordan win both tournaments of the Arab Games, starting in 1997 in Beirut, and 1999 in Amman.

The Jordan national football team had begun making more improvements under the Serbian head coach Branko Smiljanić who had helped Jordan attain greater match results in the first round of the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifiers but failed to help Jordan qualify for the next round. Brapanko also helped Jordan reach the semi-finals of the 2002 Arab Cup and got Jordan to win the fourth place in the 2000 West Asian Football Federation Championship and the second place in the 2004 edition in Syria but failed to help Jordan win these tournaments. After he resigned from coaching Jordan, the Egyptian Mahmoud El-Gohary agreed to take Branko's place as head coach.

Under the leadership of El-Gohary, the Jordan national team was able to qualify for their first AFC Asian Cup tournament, in China 2004, and helped Jordan reach the quarter-finals of the tournament but failed to qualify for the semi-finals after losing to Japan in a penalty shoot-out after the match had ended with extra time in a 1–1 draw. But thanks to El-Gohary, the Jordan team reached its highest FIFA world ranking which was the 37th place in 2004. Just like Serbian Branko, El-Gohary also helped Jordan achieve greater match results in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifications during Jordan's first round but also failed to help Jordan qualify.

In the WAFF championship tournaments of 2004 and 2007, El-Gohary helped Jordan win the third place in 2004 and helped Jordan reach the semi-finals in 2007. After coaching Jordan for five out of six matches in the 2007 AFC Asian Cup qualification, El-Gohary retired as a football coach, and the Jordan Football Association hired the Portuguese Nelo Vingada to take over as the head coach of Jordan but was not able to help Jordan qualify for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup.

Renaissance of Jordan football (2007–2015)
Another opportunity to show Vingada's worthiness as head coach came in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign. But after failing to help Jordan qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Vingada was able to help Jordan win second place in the 2008 West Asian Football Federation Championship. Next up were the 2011 AFC Asian Cup qualification matches starting from January 2009.

After getting off to a start by not winning the first two matches of the six, Vingada was sacked by the Jordan Football Association and replaced by the Iraqi Adnan Hamad, a coach in Asia known for his successes with his national team in Iraq as head coach as well as Iraq U-23 and other Iraq youth teams and clubs. His first experiences with Jordanian football players took place as he was coaching Jordanian football club, Al-Faisaly from 2006 to 2008 and achieved specific results with that team as well. After helping Jordan qualify for their second Asian Cup tournament in the 2011 AFC Asian Cup, Hamad began shouting 'Allahu Akbar' for the Jordan national team in September 2010 when they had the 2010 West Asian Football Federation Championship hosted in the country of Jordan.

Hamad prepared for that tournament with a couple of friendlies as well as three more to prepare for the AFC Asian Cup tournament in Qatar. Just like Mahmoud El-Gohary, Hamad also helped Jordan qualify for the quarter-finals in the 2011 AFC Asian Cup but failed to progress to the semi-finals as they were defeated by Uzbekistan 2–1. Hamad was also got Jordan to win second place in the 2011 Arab Games in Qatar. Hamad helped Jordan finish third in the final round of Asian group qualifying for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

Hamad was then replaced ahead of the final stages with the Egyptian Hossam Hassan leading them to the play-off round against Uzbekistan to determine the AFC participant in the inter-confederation play-offs. The games took place on 13 and 20 September 2013. With the two teams still evenly matched at full-time in the second leg, Jordan eventually progressed to the intercontinental playoff after winning 9–8 on penalties. The Jordanians missed their first FIFA World Cup debut after losing 5–0 against Uruguay, before the goalless draw from the second leg. Hassan then also helped Jordan to qualify to the 2015 AFC Asian Cup.

On 3 September 2014, Ray Wilkins was appointed as the new head coach of Jordan. Wilkins led Jordan at the 2015 AFC Asian Cup where they were eliminated in group-stages for the first time after two losses against Iraq and Japan and a win over Palestine.

Stagnation (2015–2023)
Jordan's performance remained in certain stagnation when Jordan could not make it to the final round of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification, losing 0–1 to Kyrgyzstan and 1–5 to Australia. After that, Jordan would qualify for 2019 AFC Asian Cup where Jordan defeated Australia (1–0) and Syria (2–0) and a goalless draw against Palestine in the group stage becoming the first team in the tournament to reach the Round of 16. However, they were stunned by Vietnam losing via a penalty shootout (2–4).

In the 2022 World Cup qualification second round, Jordan finished in third position in their group. Subsequently, they clinched the top spot in their group during the 2023 Asian Cup qualification, earning themselves a berth in the main tournament.

Re-emergence (2024–present)
In June 2023, Hussein Ammouta was appointed as the Jordan national team coach. In early 2024, he led his squad to their first ever Asian Cup final, defeating Iraq 3–2 by scoring two goals during the stoppage time, Tajikistan 1–0, and South Korea 2–0 during the knockout stages. In the final, Jordan lost 3–1 to the host nation Qatar, all scored through penalties.

Following the national team's historic run to the Asian Cup final, Jordan's FIFA Ranking rose to 70th, the nation's highest since September 2014.

Home stadiums
The Jordan national football team has two home stadiums, the Amman International Stadium and the King Abdullah II Stadium. The Amman International Stadium was built in 1964 in Amman and opened in 1968. It is the largest stadium in Jordan, it is owned by the Jordanian government and operated by the higher council of youth. It is not only the home stadium of the Jordan national football team but for Al-Faisaly as well. It has a current capacity of 17,619 spectators. Some 12 kilometres away from Amman International Stadium lies The King Abdullah II Stadium. It was built and opened in 1998 in Amman. It has a current capacity of 13,000 spectators. It is not only the home stadium of the Jordan national football team but for Al-Wehdat as well. In addition to Jordan home games, the stadiums also host other major games in Jordanian football including Jordanian Pro League, Jordan FA Cup, Jordan FA Shield and Jordan Super Cup games, in addition to hosting other tournaments such as the 1988 Arab Cup, 1996 Arab Cup Winners' Cup, 1999 Arab Games, 2003 Arab Athletics Championships, 2005 WAFF Women's Championship, 2007 Arab Athletics Championships, 2007 WAFF Women's Championship, 2007 WAFF Championship, 2006–07 Arab Champions League Finals, 2007 AFC Cup Finals, 2007 Asian Athletics Championships, 2010 WAFF Championship and 2016 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup amongst others.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Coaching history

 * 🇯🇴 Shehadeh Mousa (1963–1964)
 * 🇭🇺 Miklós Vadas (1966–1967)
 * 🏴 George Skinner (1968–1969)
 * 🇯🇴 Shehadeh Mousa (1971–1972)
 * 🇯🇴 Mohammad Awad (1972–1975, 1985–1986, 1997–1998, 1998–2000)
 * Josef Steiger (1975–1976)
 * Danny McLennan (1978–1980)
 * 🇯🇴 Mudhar Al-Saeed (1981)
 * 🏴 Tony Banfield (1983, 1989)
 * 🇧🇷 Edson Tavares (1986–1987)
 * Slobodan Ogsananovic (1988–1989)
 * 🇯🇴 Ezzat Hamza (1992, 1995)
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksandr Maksimenkov (1992–1993)
 * Vukašin Višnjevac (1998)
 * 🇦🇷 Ricardo Carugati (2000–2001)
 * Branko Smiljanić (2001–2002)
 * 🇪🇬 Mahmoud El-Gohary (2002–2007)
 * Nelo Vingada (2007–2009)
 * 🇮🇶 Adnan Hamad (2009–2013)
 * 🇪🇬 Hossam Hassan (2013–2014)
 * 🇯🇴 Ahmed Abdel-Qader (2014, 2015)
 * 🏴 Ray Wilkins (2014–2015)
 * 🇧🇪 Paul Put (June 2015–January 2016)
 * 🇯🇴 Abdullah Abu Zema (January 2016–March 2016, March 2016–December 2016)
 * 🏴 Harry Redknapp (March 2016)
 * Abdullah Mesfer (December 2016–October 2017)
 * 🇯🇴 Jamal Abu-Abed (October 2017–September 2018)
 * 🇧🇪 Vital Borkelmans (September 2018–June 2021)
 * 🇮🇶 Adnan Hamad (June 2021–June 2023)
 * 🇲🇦 Hussein Ammouta (June 2023–June 2024)
 * 🇲🇦 Jamal Sellami (June 2024–)

Current squad
The following players were called up for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against 🇹🇯 tajikistan and on 6 and 11 June 2024, respectively.

Caps and goals correct as of 11 June 2024, following match versus .

Recent call-ups
The following players have been called up for the team within the last 12 months and are still available for selection.

 * Notes
 * INJ = It is not part of the current squad due to injury.
 * PRE = Preliminary squad.
 * WD = Player withdrew from the current squad due to non-injury issue.

Past squads

 * AFC Asian Cup
 * 2004 AFC Asian Cup
 * 2011 AFC Asian Cup
 * 2015 AFC Asian Cup
 * 2019 AFC Asian Cup
 * 2023 AFC Asian Cup

Player records

 * Statistics include official FIFA-recognised matches only
 * Players in bold are still active at international level.

AFC Asian Cup

 * *Denotes draws include knockout matches decided via penalty shoot-out.

Head-to-head record
The following table shows Jordan's all-time international record, after match against.

All friendly and international matches have been approved, except for Olympic matches. A-level matches''

Continental

 * AFC Asian Cup
 * Runner-up: 2023

Regional

 * WAFF Championship
 * Runner-up: 2002, 2008, 2014
 * Arab Games
 * Gold medal: 1997, 1999
 * Silver medal: 2011

title: Jordan national football team


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Talk:Ska Daddyz

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Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:26, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled

 * This article was on votes for deletion, the consensus was to keep it. See the archived discussion for further details.

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title: Talk:Ska Daddyz