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Tomoyasu Hotei

Tomoyasu Hotei (布袋 寅泰), also known simply as Hotei, is a Japanese musician, singer-songwriter, composer, record producer and actor. With a career spanning more than 40 years, Hotei claims record sales of over 40 million copies and has collaborated with acclaimed artists from around the world. Hotei first rose to prominence in the 1980s as the guitarist for Boøwy, one of Japan's most popular rock bands, before starting a solo career.

In 2003, he was ranked number 70 on HMV Japan's list of the 100 most important Japanese pop acts. He ranked second in a 2011 poll on who the Japanese people thought was the best guitarist to represent Japan. An iconic artist in his native Japan, he moved to London in 2005 and continues to perform and release music globally. Hotei's song "Battle Without Honor or Humanity" has been featured in numerous films, commercials, video games, and events, including Quentin Tarantino's feature film Kill Bill.

Early life
Hotei was born to a Korean father and a Russian-born Japanese mother. He first began playing the guitar in junior high school. Inspired by a poster of T. Rex frontman Marc Bolan, he stole money from his mother's purse and bought a Stratocaster at fourteen years old. His first band, Blue Film, finished runners up in a school contest to Death Penalty, a band led by Kyosuke Himuro. Hotei was expelled shortly before graduation, because, when warned about his long hair he replied "Jesus had long hair!"

Boøwy (1981–1988)
After being expelled from high school, Hotei traveled to Tokyo. He became better acquainted with Kyosuke Himuro and they decided to hold auditions for a new band, which in 1981 became the six-member Bōi (暴威). After changing their name to Boøwy, they released their first album Moral in 1982. They then became a quartet and went on to become major stars in Japan, releasing six studio albums in six years, and even playing the Marquee Club in London in 1985. In 1986 they released their first million-selling album, Beat Emotion. In 1988, the year they broke up, they became the first male artists to have three number-one albums within a single year on the Oricon chart. In 2003, HMV Japan ranked Boøwy at number 22 on their list of the "100 Most Important Japanese Pop Acts".

Solo career in Japan (1988–2012)
After the break up of Boøwy, Hotei released his debut solo album Guitarhythm in 1988 via EMI Records, and established himself as a solo artist. Throughout the 1990s Hotei's profile continued to grow in Japan, with regular album releases supported by major tours and with Hotei writing songs and producing for other artists, including collaborations with both Japanese and international artists. Hotei also made two albums with Koji Kikkawa as Complex, both of which went to number one in the national charts. Guitarhythm is currently his only album sung completely in English. Hotei has recorded most of his albums outside of Japan, largely in Europe, including in London, Berlin, and Montreux.

Hotei has recorded with many foreign musicians, including playing on The Stranglers Hugh Cornwell's 1993 solo album, on stage with David Bowie at the Nippon Budokan in 1996, and at the closing ceremony of the 1996 Summer Olympics with Michael Kamen. He later recorded Guitar Concerto with Kamen. He has worked with Andy Mackay of Roxy Music, guitarist Chris Spedding and Mike Edwards of Jesus Jones. Hotei also sometimes tours Europe, including at a number of major festivals. His regular drummer in recent years, Zachary Alford, has previously played with Bruce Springsteen and David Bowie. Hotei's 1998 album Supersonic Generation, recorded in part with Apollo 440 and Ofra Haza, was released in 14 European countries.

In addition to many bestselling solo albums, Hotei composed and performed the score for Hiroyuki Nakano's Samurai Fiction, as well as starring in the film. He composed three tracks for the cult classic American film Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas together with Ray Cooper. Hotei's best known song "Battle Without Honor or Humanity" was used in Quentin Tarantino's feature film Kill Bill, the PlayStation 2 version of Dance Dance Revolution SuperNOVA, and Michael Bay's feature film Transformers. Hotei recorded a cover of John Lennon's "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" for Merry Axemas: A Guitar Christmas, an instrumental guitar Christmas album featuring tracks from guitarists including Richie Sambora, Jeff Beck, Joe Perry, Eric Johnson, Steve Vai and Steve Morse.

Hotei collaborated with Char for the 2006 single "Stereocaster". The following year he, Char and Brian Setzer held a short joint tour.

On July 30 and 31, 2011, Hotei and Kikkawa reunited as Complex for two nights at the Tokyo Dome. All proceeds were donated to aid the victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

On February 1, 2012, Hotei performed a concert at the Saitama Super Arena to celebrate his 50th birthday. Former Boøwy drummer Makoto Takahashi appeared as a special guest and together they played Boøwy's "Justy" and "No. New York". Hotei made his directorial debut in April 2012, with the stage play Psychedelic Pain, for which he also wrote the music. On May 8, it was announced that Hotei would move to London in June, in hopes of starting an international career.

2012–2014
After years of spending a great deal of time in the UK, Hotei and his family relocated fully to London in June 2012, primarily for Hotei to pursue his dream of an international career. Hotei played his first major show in the UK in December 2012 at The Roundhouse in London. In November 2013 Hotei played 2 headline shows, first at Shepherd's Bush Empire in London, and then at the Highline Ballroom in New York. In an interview with the Financial Times, Hotei commented, "Last year I turned 50...time goes quickly, it's my last chance to try and get my dream. I want to play all over the world."

On March 6, 2014, Hotei joined The Rolling Stones on stage during the final show of their tour in Japan. He was a surprise guest at their Tokyo Dome concert, playing the song "Respectable" before a crowd of 53,000 fans. Hotei's most famous song "Battle Without Honor or Humanity" was selected for a nationwide TV commercial in the UK for Buxton Water's "Naturally Pumped Up" campaign. The campaign launched in June 2014, with plans to run for six months.

Joined by band members Zachary Alford (drums), Tony Grey (bass), and Toshiyuki Kishi (keyboard/programming), Hotei played a series of private shows and summer festivals during June, July, and August 2014. This included appearances at England's Cornbury Festival, Switzerland's Montreux Jazz Festival, and the UK's Y Not Festival. An earlier warmup gig was held at The Lexington in London, and Hotei was also invited to perform solo as a special guest of Lord March during the Goodwood Festival of Speed. Live4Ever covered the Y Not Festival, describing Hotei as "undoubtedly the coolest man on site during his afternoon set on the main stage, performing instrumental sections fit for several people in his ability to flick between technically staggering solos and crunching guitar chords whilst jumping around the stage like an excitable Duracell rabbit."

During a brief trip back to Japan, Hotei played four sold-out shows at the Blue Note Tokyo in late August, and also performed at a private party for the launch of the new Lamborghini Huracán automobile. Hotei wrote and performed the theme song, "Trick Attack (Theme of Lupin The Third)", to the 2014 live-action film adaptation of the Lupin III manga. After spending much of the year writing and recording with a variety of collaborators, the album New Beginnings was released in Japan on October 1, 2014, the title a reflection of the new chapter in Hotei's career, after relocating to London. Iggy Pop contributed lyrics and vocals to two tracks on the album and Vula Malinga vocals to one.

2015–2016
Hotei's released the single "How The Cookie Crumbles" featuring Iggy Pop on vocals in June, the first single to be released from his forthcoming second English-language solo album Strangers, which was released by Spinefarm Records/Universal Music on October 16, 2015. It was his first album to be released globally outside Japan. It includes several songs released on New Beginnings. In addition to Pop, it also features Richard Kruspe from Rammstein, Matthew Tuck from Bullet for My Valentine, Noko and Shea Seger. The album release was accompanied by a performance at Islington Assembly Hall in London, with special guests Seger and Gary Stringer from British rock band Reef.

Hotei celebrated his 35th anniversary in music in 2016, which included 57 live shows in Japan in a variety of different venues, from small clubs to major arenas, and finishing with a 35-song performance at the Nippon Budokan in Tokyo on December 30. As well as his anniversary, Hotei continued to work internationally to support his Strangers album. In February 2016, Hotei performed showcases at Paradiso/Amsterdam, La Boule Noir/Paris and Cassiopeia/Berlin, with Noko on bass and Cliff Hewitt on drums. In July 2016 he performed live in Los Angeles for the first time, selling out The Troubadour, and also returned to Highline Ballroom in New York. A third single was released from the album, "Move It" featuring Richard Kruspe was released in April 2016, and a fourth, "Walking Through The Night" featuring Iggy Pop, was released in November.

Hotei contributed guitar to Zucchero Fornaciari's song "Ti voglio sposare" for the Italian singer's Black Cat album, which was released in April 2016, beginning a series of collaborations between the two artists which included Zucchero's first ever performances in Tokyo in May 2016, accompanied by Hotei, at an event organized by the Italian Embassy in Tokyo, and Hotei's first ever live appearance in Italy, at Zucchero's record-breaking Verona Arena run of dates, in September.

2017–2018
In February 2017 Hotei joined Fornaciari on stage at the Sanremo Music Festival in Italy and returned to Arena di Verona in May for two more performances. In April 2017 Hotei completed his first tour of Europe, performing in 8 cities in Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, and Belgium over 2 weeks, including Paaspop Festival in the Netherlands. In May 2017 Hotei was special guest at Zucchero's first ever headline show in Tokyo with his own band. Hotei also performed his first headline live shows in Asia outside of Japan, in Taipei and Hong Kong.

Having completed the album in July, with recording largely taking place again in London, Hotei released his 17th solo album Paradox worldwide on October 25, 2017. It is his first Japanese-language album since Come Rain Come Shine almost five years earlier. The album was launched with three lyric videos, for the songs "Dreamers are Lonely", "Amplifire" and "Hitokoto". Hotei completed the Paradox tour in Japan in December 2017. His song "Kill to Love You" featuring Matthew Tuck from British heavy metal band Bullet for My Valentine was used in the UK trailers for Russian action movie Attraction in December 2017 and January 2018.

Hotei did an exclusive live streaming performance from British Grove Studios in London on March 24, for a NTT phone app. The one hour performance at 1pm was able to be watched live in Japan at 10pm and available for a few weeks thereafter. Hotei continued his live collaborations with Zucchero Fornaciari, joining him at two arena shows in Turin and Milan in January 2018, and then for two shows in Piazza San Marco, in Venice in July, for the Wanted - Un'altra storia Tour. Hotei collaborated again with the Hokuto no Ken franchise in September, for their 35th anniversary, with a new single called "202X", which was accompanied by an animated video and a second song "Boombastic".

On October 20, 2018 Hotei performed his first headline show in London for three years, at a special concert at Shepherd's Bush Empire, featuring his largest band presentation in the West, including a horn section, backing vocalists and featuring special guest Zucchero. The concert was again filmed for streaming by NTT in Japan. Hotei also toured again in Europe, with a return to Brussels and Zurich and his first headline show in Milan, which also featured Zucchero as special guest. Hotei ended 2018 with his first tour of Japan that was not tied in with an album release. The Tonight I'm Yours Tour featured a repertoire from Hotei's entire career and visited 18 Japanese cities. He performed live on Kohaku Uta Gassen on December 31 in Tokyo, his second performance on the major New Year's Eve TV show.

2019–present
Hotei released his 18th solo studio album, Guitarhythm VI in May 2019, 10 years after Guitarhythm V. It features collaborations with Man With A Mission, Cornelius, keyboard player Mike Garson, and Hotei's former Boøwy bandmates Tsunematsu Matsui and Makoto Takahashi. The album was preceded by three singles in the month before its release, with lead single "Give It To The Universe" becoming Hotei's fastest streamed track up to that point. A nationwide summer Guitarhythm VI tour followed the album release, with Hotei using a UK rhythm section for the first time for a Japanese tour - Steve Barney (drums) and Mark Neary (bass). In September Hotei was special guest at two shows for the all star SAS band in Portsmouth and London UK, sharing the stage with Roger Taylor, Spike Edney and Justin Hawkins amongst others. Hotei reprised his GuitarRhythm Tour in Japan in December.

On November 25, 2020, Hotei released the collaborative album Soul to Soul, which features collaborations with his fellow Japanese Kazuya Yoshii and Glim Spanky, as well as international acts like Carlinhos Brown, Marc Lavoine, Calogero and Yang Kun.

Personal life
Hotei has been married twice. He married singer Kumiko Yamashita in January 1986; they divorced in November 1997. He has been married to singer and actress Miki Imai since June 1999. They have a daughter (born July 26, 2002).

Although based in London, Hotei travels frequently between Japan and the UK for concert tours, recording, and event appearances. In February 2013, BBC World News ran a feature on Hotei and his recent life in London.

On June 14, 2007, Hotei allegedly assaulted his friend and punk rock singer Kō Machida. The incident happened when the two men got into an argument about a band they planned on forming together. Machida filed a police report on the 18th, and Hotei was ordered to pay a fine of 300,000 yen on October 1.

Singles

 * "Dancing with the Moonlight" (April 3, 1989)
 * Released only in the UK in two mixes on 12" inch and 7" inch vinyl.

 * "Deja-vu" (December 12, 1990), Oricon Singles Chart Peak Position: #2
 * "Beat Emotion" (June 29, 1991) #1
 * "You" (December 4, 1991) #12
 * "Lonely Wild" (July 22, 1992) #5
 * "Saraba Seishun no Hikari" (さらば青春の光, July 28, 1993) #8
 * "Surrender" (サレンダー, March 30, 1994) #2
 * "Bara to Ame" (薔薇と雨, December 14, 1994) #13
 * "Poison" (January 25, 1995) #2
 * "Thrill" (スリル, October 18, 1995) #1
 * "Last Scene" (ラストシーン, January 24, 1996) #3
 * "Inochi wa Moyashitsukusu tame no Mono" (命は燃やしつくすためのもの, May 24, 1996) #13
 * "Circus" (October 23, 1996) #3
 * "Change Yourself!" (August 1, 1997) #6
 * "Thank You & Good Bye" (January 28, 1998) #9
 * "Bambina" (バンビーナ, April 16, 1999) #2
 * "Nobody is Perfect" (May 12, 1999) #10
 * "Vampire" (August 30, 2000) #8
 * "Love Junkie" (October 25, 2000) #11
 * "Born to Be Free" (January 1, 2001) #14
 * "Russian Roulette" (February 6, 2002) #9
 * "Destiny Rose" (October 17, 2002) #8
 * "Nocturne No.9" (August 27, 2003) #13
 * "Another Battle" (アナザー・バトル, June 30, 2004) #17
 * "Identity" (February 23, 2005) #21
 * "Back Streets of Tokyo" (August 23, 2006) #19
 * A collaboration with Brian Setzer.

 * "Stereocaster" (November 8, 2006) #17
 * A collaboration with Char.

 * "Still Alive" (August 4, 2010) #20
 * "Promise" (May 18, 2011) #10
 * "Don't Give Up!" (December 5, 2012) #16
 * "Wuthering Heights" (嵐が丘, March 5, 2013) #17
 * "How the Cookie Crumbles" (June 15, 2015)
 * UK and Europe only single, featuring Iggy Pop.

 * "8 Beat no Silhouette" (8 BEATのシルエット, April 6, 2016) #13
 * "Move It" featuring Richard Kruspe(April 2016)
 * "Walking Through the Night" featuring Iggy Pop (November 2016)
 * "Dreamers are Lonely" (October 2017)
 * "Kill to Love You" (January 2018)
 * "202X / Boombastic" (September 19, 2018) #15
 * "Thanks a Lot" (April 2019)
 * "Clone" (May 2019)
 * "Give It To The Universe" (May 2019)

Studio albums

 * Guitarhythm (October 5, 1988), Oricon Albums Chart Peak Position: #2
 * Guitarhythm II (September 27, 1991) #1
 * Guitarhythm III (September 23, 1992) #2
 * Guitarhythm IV (June 1, 1994) #2
 * King & Queen (February 28, 1996) #1
 * Supersonic Generation (April 29, 1998) #4
 * Fetish (November 29, 2000) #8
 * Scorpio Rising (March 6, 2002) #6
 * Doberman (September 26, 2003) #9
 * Monster Drive (June 15, 2005) #10
 * Soul Sessions (December 6, 2006) #15
 * Ambivalent (October 24, 2007) #10
 * Guitarhythm V (February 18, 2009) #5
 * Come Rain Come Shine (February 6, 2013) #5
 * New Beginnings (October 1, 2014) #4
 * Strangers (October 16, 2015) #12 (Japanese edition)
 * Paradox (October 25, 2017) #7
 * Guitarhythm VI (May 29, 2019) #3
 * Soul to Soul (November 25, 2020) #15

Compilations albums

 * Guitarhythm Forever Vol. 1 (February 17, 1995) #1
 * Guitarhythm Forever Vol. 2 (February 17, 1995) #2
 * Greatest Hits 1990–1999 (June 23, 1999) #1
 * Tonight I'm Yours / B-Side Rendez-vous (January 26, 2000, two albums) #4
 * All Time Super Best (December 7, 2005) #5
 * All Time Super Guest (August 17, 2011) #5
 * 51 Emotions -the best for the future- (June 22, 2016) #5

Live albums

 * Guitarhythm Active Tour 91-92 (April 8, 1992) #2
 * Guitarhythm Wild (April 28, 1993) #3
 * Space Cowboy Show (March 19, 1997) #3
 * Space Cowboy Show Encore (April 25, 1997) #8
 * Rock the Future Tour 2000-2001 (March 22, 2001) #15
 * Tomoyasu Hotei Live in Budokan (December 26, 2002) #18
 * Monster Drive Party!!! (September 14, 2005) #25
 * MTV Unplugged (June 27, 2007) #38
 * Climax Emotions -Live at Budokan- (June 28, 2017) #17

Soundtracks

 * Beautiful Noise (1993)
 * Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998)
 * SF Samurai Fiction (July 29, 1998) #29
 * New Battles Without Honor and Humanity (新・仁義なき戦い/そしてその映画音楽, November 29, 2000) #41
 * KT -Original Motion Picture Soundtrack- (May 22, 2002)
 * Kill Bill Vol. 1 (2003)
 * Electric Samurai (March 30, 2004) #24
 * Lupin III (2014)

Other albums

 * Battle Royale Mixes (December 24, 1996)
 * Limited release.

 * Guitar Concerto (June 1, 1998) #14
 * Collaboration with Michael Kamen.

 * Battle Royale Mixes II (July 23, 1998) #18
 * Limited release.

 * Guitarhythm Box (December 24, 2008) #52
 * Contains Guitarhythm I, II, III, IV, a preview of V, and a live DVD.

 * Modern Times Rock'N'Roll (Party Mix) (November 25, 2009)
 * iTunes Store limited digital download.

 * Modern Times Rock'N'Roll (December 23, 2009) #12
 * Cover album of Western hits. Also released as a limited quantity USB flash drive on the same day.

 * Hotei Memorial Super Box (February 1, 2012) #23

Other work

 * Wired (June 21, 1993)
 * Sputnik: The Next Generation (1996)
 * Arena (1996)
 * Merry Axemas: A Guitar Christmas (1997)
 * "Gessekai" (May 13, 1998)
 * Tribute Spirits (May 1, 1999)
 * "Hot Chocolate" (January 25, 2006)
 * A single by Rip Slyme. Appears on "Battle Funkastic ~Rip Slyme VS Hotei~", a mash-up of Hotei's "Battle Without Honor or Humanity" and Rip Slyme's "Funkastic".

 * Grace (September 14, 2007)
 * Circus (March 16, 2011)
 * "All You Need Is Love" (March 7, 2012)
 * A charity single by Japan United with Music, composed of many different Japanese artists, for recovery from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Performs one of the guitar solos.

 * "Saraba, Itoshiki Kanashimitachi yo" (November 21, 2012)
 * "Back in Love Again" (December 19, 2012)
 * Japonism (October 21, 2015)
 * What Happens Next (February 24, 2015)
 * Black Cat (April 2016)

Home videos

 * Guitarhythm (July 11, 1989)
 * Guitarhythm Active Tour '91-'92 (March 25, 1992)
 * Guitarhythm Wild (June 16, 1993)
 * Serious Clips (July 27, 1994)
 * Guitarhythm Serious! Climax (May 17, 1995)
 * Cyber City Never Sleep (May 24, 1996)
 * H (October 9, 1996)
 * Space Cowboy Show (April 25, 1997)
 * Space Cowboy Show Encore (1997)
 * Only given to those who bought Space Cowboy Show on both VHS and DVD.

 * SSG Live "Rock the Future" (October 7, 1998)
 * Greatest Video 1994-1999 (July 16, 1999)
 * Tonight I'm Yours (May 16, 2000), Oricon DVDs Chart Peak Position: #8
 * Rock the Future Tour 2000-2001 (May 16, 2001) #23
 * Hotei Live Jukebox (July 25, 2001) #18
 * Live in Budokan (July 29, 2003)
 * Beat Crazy Presents Live @ AX (May 21, 2003) #31
 * Doberman DVD (November 3, 2003) #38
 * The Live! Doberman (June 30, 2004) #8
 * Top Runner Full Version (March 30, 2005) #56
 * Limited release.

 * Monster Drive Party!!! (September 14, 2005) #12
 * All Time Super Clips (May 15, 2006) #21
 * All Time Super Best Tour (June 26, 2006) #7
 * Hotei presents "Super Soul Sessions" Brian Setzer vs Hotei vs Char (June 27, 2007) #12
 * MTV Unplugged (June 27, 2006) #26
 * Hotei and The Wanderers Funky Punky Tour 2007-2008 (April 23, 2008) #19
 * Tōdai-ji+G.V. / Time and Space (November 25, 2009) #15
 * Limited release.

 * Hotei+Tōdai-ji Tomoyasu Hotei Special Live -Fly into your Dream- (November 25, 2009)
 * Guitarhythm V Tour (November 25, 2009) #154
 * 30th Anniversary Anthology I "Souseiki" (September 14, 2011) #3
 * 30th Anniversary Anthology II "Ifuu Doudou" (September 14, 2011) #2
 * 30th Anniversary Anthology III "Ichigo Ichie" (December 9, 2011) #14
 * We Are Dreamer ~50th Birthday Special Celebration Gig~ (February 1, 2012) #10
 * Hotei Live In London- Electric Samurai- Live at O2 Shepherd's Bush Empire (August 27, 2014) #53
 * ''Tomoyasu Hotei Japan Tour 2014 -Into the Light- (June 10, 2015) #19
 * Hotei Jazz Trio Live at Blue Note Tokyo (June 10, 2015) #36

Filmography

 * SF Samurai Fiction as Rannosuke Kazamatsuri (1998)
 * New Battles Without Honor and Humanity as Tochino Masatatsu (also known as Another Battle, 2002)
 * Red Shadow Akakage as Rannosuke Kazamatsuri (2001)
 * Akai Tsuki as Colonel Osugi (2004)

Video games

 * Stolen Song (Sony Computer Entertainment, May 21, 1998 for PlayStation; Toshiba EMI, July 8, 1998 for Windows 95)

In popular culture

 * His cover of "Immigrant Song" is the entrance theme for New Japan Pro-Wrestling wrestler Togi Makabe, who uses it as a tribute to legendary wrestler Bruiser Brody who used the original version of "Immigrant Song" as his entrance theme.
 * "Battle Without Honor or Humanity" was featured in the American movies Kill Bill, The Mitchells vs. the Machines, Transformers, Hotel for Dogs, and Team America: World Police, and in the games Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova and Pop'n Music Carnival 13. It also made an appearance in a first season episode of My Name Is Earl, and has been used in a variety of automobile ad campaigns worldwide. It is also the intro theme used during the Colin Cowherd radio show syndicated in the United States via ESPN Radio. The song was also used in the trailer for the PlayStation 3 game Gran Turismo HD.
 * "Russian Roulette" was featured in an opening video of the PS2 game Onimusha 2: Samurai's Destiny.
 * "Bambina," "Russian Roulette," and "Nocturne no. 9" were featured in Konami's Guitar Freaks mixes 4/3 and 8/7, and Drummania V, respectively.
 * "Thrill" was featured in the video game Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan and "Bambina" was featured in its sequel.
 * "Identity" was used in the Japanese TV commercial for the Nintendo Gamecube video game Star Fox Assault.
 * "Bambina," "Thrill" and "Battle Without Honor or Humanity" were included as Rocksmith 2014 downloadable-content.
 * "Thrill" is used by Japanese wrestler Danshoku Dino as his entrance theme song.

title: Tomoyasu Hotei


text:
Daniel Neal

Daniel Neal (14 December 1678 – 4 April 1743) was an English historian.

Biography
Born in London, he was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School, and at the universities of Utrecht and Leiden. In 1704 he became assistant minister, and in 1706 sole minister, of an independent congregation worshipping in Aldersgate Street, and afterwards in Jewin Street, London, where he remained almost until his death. He married Elizabeth Lardner (d. 1748), by whom he had one son, Nathanael, and two daughters.

In 1720 Neal published his History of New England, which obtained for its author the honorary degree of MA from Harvard College. He also undertook to assist Dr John Evans in writing a history of Nonconformity. Evans, however, died in 1730, and, making use of his papers for the period before 1640, Neal wrote the whole of the work himself.

This History of the Puritans deals with the time between the Protestant Reformation and 1689; the first volume appearing in 1732, and the fourth and last in 1738. The first volume was attacked in 1733 for unfairness and inaccuracy by Isaac Maddox, afterwards bishop of St Asaph and bishop of Worcester, to whom Neal replied in a pamphlet, A Review of the principal facts objected to in the first volume of the History of the Puritans; and the remaining volumes by Zachary Grey (1688–1766), to whom the author made no reply.

The History of the Puritans was edited, in five volumes, by Dr Joshua Toulmin (1740–1815), who added a life of Neal in 1797. This was reprinted in 1817, and an edition in two volumes was published in New York in 1844.

Additional Literature

 * Bracy V. Hill II: Faithful Accounts? The Hampton Court Conference and The King James Bible in Early Eighteenth-Century Dissenting Histories. In: Reformation 16, 2011. S. 113–144. Online:
 * Bracy V. Hill II: Suffering for their Consciences: The Depiction of Anabaptists and Baptists in the Eighteenth-Century Histories of Daniel Neal. In: Welsh Journal of Religious History 5, 2010. S. 84–113. Reprint Online In "The Baptist History & Heritage" 9, no. 3 (Fall 2014): 39-67 :
 * Laird Okie: Daniel Neal and the "Puritan Revolution". In: Church History 55:4, 1986. S. 456–467.
 * Laird Okie: Neal, Daniel (1678–1743). In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. Online:
 * John Seed: Dissenting Histories: Religious Division and The Politics of Memory in Eighteenth-Century England. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2008. ISBN 0748621512
 * Joshua Toulmin: Memoir of the Life of Daniel Neal, A.M.. In: Daniel Neal: The History of the Puritans, or Protestant Nonconformists. Hrsg. von Joshua Toulmin, durchgesehen und annotiert von John O. Choules. Harper & Brothers, New York 1843.
 * Walter Wilson: The History and Antiquities of Dissenting Churches and Meeting Houses, in London, Westminster, and Southwark: Including the Lives of Their Ministers, from the Rise of Nonconformity to the Present Time: With an Appendix on the Origin, Progress, and Present State of Christianity in Britain. 4 Bände. W. Button, London 1814. Bes. Band III, S. 91ff.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Daniel Neal


text:
Talk:Hotei Tomoyasu

I changed the name because he signs his surname first (in the Japanese style.) -Joseph (Talk) 14:04, 2004 Oct 23 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hotei Tomoyasu


text:
Blencathra

Blencathra, also known as Saddleback, is one of the most northerly of the Cumbrian Mountains, in the English Lake District. It has six separate fell tops, of which the highest is the Hallsfell Top at 2,848 ft.

Name
For many years, Ordnance Survey listed Blencathra under the alternative name of 'Saddleback', which was coined in reference to the shape of the mountain when seen from the east. The guidebook author Alfred Wainwright popularised using the older Cumbric name, which is now used almost exclusively. Ordnance Survey currently marks the summit as ‘Saddleback or Blencathra’.

The name Blencathra is likely derived from the Cumbric elements *blain ‘top, summit’ and cadeir ‘seat, chair’, meaning ‘the summit of the seat’. Andrew Breeze has proposed an alternative interpretation of the second element of the name, arguing that it represents a Cumbric cognate of Middle Welsh carthwr ‘working horse’. Richard Coates has suggested that the second element may be the Middle Irish personal name Carthach, but writes that ‘the implications of that with a Brittonic generic need exploring’.

Topography
The Northern Fells make up a roughly circular upland area about 10 mi wide. At the centre is the marshy depression of Skiddaw Forest — a treeless plateau at an altitude of 1,300 ft — and flowing outward from here are the rivers which divide the area into three sectors. Between the Glenderaterra Beck and the River Caldew, the southeastern sector contains Blencathra and its satellites.

Blencathra is more of a small range than a single fell, a series of tops standing out on a curving ridge 3 mi long. It has smooth, easy slopes to the north and west, whilst displaying a complex system of rocky spurs and scree slopes to the south and east.

When viewed from the southeast, particularly on the main Keswick to Penrith road, Blencathra appears almost symmetrical. To left and right, the ends of the fell rise from the surrounding lowlands in smooth and sweeping curves, clad in rough grass. Each rises gracefully to a ridge-top summit, Blease Fell on the west and Scales Fell to the east. Between these ‘book-ends’ are a further three tops, Gategill Fell, Hallsfell and Doddick Fell, giving a scalloped profile to the ridge.

From each of the three central tops, a spur runs out at right angles to the main ridge, beginning as a narrow, rocky arête and then widening into a broad buttress which falls 2000 ft to the base of the fell. Separating the five tops are four streams which run down the south-east face between the spurs. From the west these are Blease Gill, Gate Gill, Doddick Gill and Scaley Beck.

In addition to the spurs on the southeast face, Hallsfell also throws out a high ridge to the north. This is the saddle that gives Blencathra its alternative name, rising beyond the dip to the sixth top, Atkinson Pike. This is the focal point for connecting ridges to Bannerdale Crags and Mungrisdale Common to the north. The ‘saddle’ is bounded by crags to the east, Tarn Crag and Foule Crag being the principal faces.

Sharp Edge
Between Tarn Crag and Foule Crag is Sharp Edge, an aptly named arête which provides one of the most famous scrambles in the area. Hiker and author Alfred Wainwright noted that: "The crest itself is sharp enough for shaving (the former name was razor edge) and can be traversed only à cheval at some risk of damage to tender parts."

Below Tarn Crags is Scales Tarn, an almost circular waterbody filling a corrie. The bed plunges steeply to about 25 ft and plants and fish are scarce.

To the east, beyond Scales Fell, is the connection to Souther Fell at Mousthwaite Comb. This ridge continues north-east to the vicinity of Mungrisdale, surrounded on all sides by the River Glenderamackin.

Geology
In common with much of the Northern Fells, the Kirk Stile Formation of the Skiddaw Group predominates. This is composed of laminated mudstone and siltstone with greywacke sandstone and is of Ordovician age.

There has been considerable mining activity beneath the slopes of Blencathra. Threlkeld mine lies at the base of Hallsfell. From 1879 to 1928, it was a profitable venture for the raising of lead and zinc ores and is believed to hold further reserves should the economic situation improve.

A small trial working can be seen beside Blease Gill near the 2000 ft contour. This is believed to have been driven for lead.

Saddleback Old Mine had workings near Scales Tarn and at Mousthwaite Comb. The mine was driven for lead but in the 1890s raised mostly limonite. This was marketed unsuccessfully as a pigment and the mine closed in 1894.

In the Glenderaterra valley to the west of Blease Fell were Brundholme and Blencathra mines. Lead, copper and baryte were raised between the middle of the 19th century and the final closure in 1920.

Summit
The highest point is directly above the Hallsfell spur, marked by a trig point, in the form of a concrete ring. A good path connects the five summits on the main ridge, giving excellent views down the south-east face. Northward on the fine turf of the 'saddle' is a large cross laid out in white stones. Its origin is uncertain, but extension to its current size (in excess of 10 ft) is attributed to a Harold Robinson of nearby Threlkeld, a frequent visitor in the years after the Second World War.

The view is very extensive, enhanced in every direction by the sharp fall of the slopes from the summit. To the west is the bulk of Skiddaw, and from west round to north-east the Back o’Skiddaw fells make up the foreground, backed by the mountains of Galloway, the Southern Uplands, the Border hills and the Cheviots.

The Pennines form the horizon from north-east to south-east, with Cross Fell, Mickle Fell, Wild Boar Fell and Great Whernside visible. To the south-east are the Far Eastern Fells and to the south the Helvellyn range is seen end-on, with vistas of the Forest of Bowland and North Wales to its left and right respectively.

The skyline from south to WSW is the best feature: a serrated skyline of all the major Lakeland peaks, these being, clockwise, Coniston Old Man, Crinkle Crags, Bowfell, Esk Pike, Scafell Pike, Great Gable, Kirk Fell, Pillar, High Stile, Grasmoor and Grisedale Pike. To the right of this, the Isle of Man and the Mourne Mountains are visible on clear days.

Derwent Water and Thirlmere are the major lakes visible; the most distant mountain visible is Slieve Meelmore in the Mourne Mountains in County Down, 123 mi away.

Ascents
Blencathra is a popular mountain, and there are many different routes to the summit. One of the most famous is via Sharp Edge, a knife-edged arête on the eastern side of the mountain. Sharp Edge provides some good scrambling for those with a head for heights. Hall's Fell ridge, on Blencathra's southern flank, also provides an opportunity for some scrambling, though of a less serious nature. Alfred Wainwright described the ascent from Threlkeld via Hall's Fell ridge as ‘positively the finest way to any mountain-top in the district’.

Wainwright recorded more routes of ascent for Blencathra than any other fell. Blease Fell and Scales Fell provided easy walking on grass and fast routes of descent. Gategill Fell he noted as dull until the final arête is reached, while Hallsfell and Doddick Fell both received praise. Of the intervening gills, Scaley Beck was reckoned the most practicable, the other three being overly rough and devoid of interest. An ascent from ‘behind’, beginning from Mungrisdale, was also described.

Ownership
In May 2014, its owner, Hugh Lowther, 8th Earl of Lonsdale, listed the entire mountain massif plus the Lordship of the Manor of Threlkeld for sale, at a guide price of £1.75 million. The sale was started in order to pay inheritance tax. A number of offers were soon made for the mountain, and the agent handling the sale suggested that the initial guide price could well be exceeded.

A community group, Friends of Blencathra, was set up in response to the announcement of the fell being listed for sale, and began fund-raising in order to make a bid. Mountaineer Sir Chris Bonington, broadcaster Melvyn Bragg and adventurer and television presenter Ben Fogle were among those to voice support for the group's bid. The National Trust (which owns 21% of the Lake District National Park ) also backed the Friends of Blencathra, stating that it would not be placing a bid itself.

Eden District Council listed Blencathra as an asset of community value on 7 July 2014, following a nomination by Friends of Blencathra. This was the first time the 'community asset' status had been given to a mountain, and gave the community group more time to secure funding and negotiate with the owner.

In November 2015, the community group claimed to be making progress with the sale. Days later, H and H Land & Property, the estate agents handling the sale of Blencathra, announced the mountain was no longer on the market, claiming it would not be available to purchase for an 'indefinite' period of time. On 15 February 2016, Companies House published files confirming Friends of Blencathra had only raised £246,650 of the asking price in its first year of campaigning.

Due to a lack of "serious" offers, Blencathra was withdrawn from sale in May 2016, as the Earl had found other means of paying the tax. Following this, the Friends of Blencathra were given an ultimatum to make a final serious offer following concerns from donors that they would not see any result from the charity, and decided to end their campaign. Residual money from the fund disclaimed by contributors, totally around £100,000, was later donated to five selected local charities. The Friends of Blencathra was wound up in 2019.

Other
Blencathra Field Studies Centre is an outdoor and environmental education centre at an altitude of 300 m on the south-western side of Blencathra, at the foot of the ascent path to Blease Fell. It was built in 1904 and initially operated as a sanatorium. It now provides accommodation and learning opportunities for schools and universities, as well as specialist natural science training courses to adults. Since 2012 it has operated mostly off-grid, generating its own hydroelectricity and biomass heating.

In 2017, the Mountain Heritage Trust relocated its headquarters, and collections of objects and archives relating to British mountaineering, to the Blencathra Field Centre.

title: Blencathra


text:
Abda

Abda may refer to:

Given name

 * Abda (biblical figure), two biblical figures
 * Abda of Edessa (dates unknown), Bishop of Edessa and saint of the Syriac Orthodox Church
 * Abda of Dair-Koni (c. 450–?), also known as Rabban Mar Abda, abbot and saint of the Church of the East
 * Abda of Hira (died 680), monk and saint of the Assyrian Church of the East
 * Abdas of Susa (died 420), Persian bishop, also spelled Abda
 * Abda, one of the two Christian martyrs, Abda and Sabas
 * Abda, one of two Christian martyr bishops, Abda and Abdjesus
 * Abda, or Abd-al-Masih (martyr), Christian saint and martyr
 * Urraca Sanchez, daughter of King Sancho II of Pamplona who adopted the Arabic name Abda after being given to Almanzor

Other uses

 * Abda, Hungary, a village
 * Abda (Morocco), an Arabophone tribal confederacy of Morocco
 * American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDA Command), a short-lived World War II supreme command of Allied forces in Southeast Asia

title: Abda


text:
Pentagastrin

Pentagastrin (trade name Peptavlon) is a synthetic polypeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid as the pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin test.

Pentagastrin binds to the cholecystokinin-B receptor, which is expressed widely in the brain. Activation of these receptors activates the phospholipase C second messenger system. When given intravenously it may cause panic attacks.

Pentagastrin's IUPAC chemical name is "N-((1,1-dimethylethoxy)carbonyl)-beta-alanyl-L-tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide".

Pentagastrin stimulation test
Pentagastrin is also used as a stimulation test to elevate of several hormones, such as serotonin. It provokes flushing and is useful in evaluating patients who describe flushing, but have normal or only marginally elevated biochemical markers for carcinoid syndrome.

It has been used to stimulate ectopic gastric mucosa for the detection of Meckels diverticulum by nuclear medicine.

Calcitonin test
The pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin test is a diagnostic test for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MTC). MTC is a malignancy of the calcitonin-secreting cells of the thyroid gland, and thus MTC is commonly associated with an elevated calcitonin level, but an elevated level may not always be obvious. The pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin test is useful in cases of suspected MTC that are not associated with elevated calcitonin. In these patients, injecting pentagastrin will cause calcitonin levels to rise significantly above the normal or basal range. After a total thyroidectomy for medullary thyroid carcinoma, the pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin release can be used to detect residual parafollicular C-cells.

title: Pentagastrin


text:
Talk:Gemini program

Can we get someone to rename the article to Project Gemini? Pretty please? -Joseph (Talk) 14:07, 2004 Oct 23 (UTC)
 * Done, just copied and pasted the stuff around --enceladus 22:29, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gemini program


text:
Southborough

Southborough may refer to:

Communities

 * Southborough, Bromley, an area of South East London, England
 * Southborough, Kent, a suburb of Tunbridge Wells, England
 * Southborough, Kingston upon Thames, the southernmost part of Surbiton in South West London, England
 * Southborough, Massachusetts, a town in the United States
 * Southborough Center Historic District, located here

People

 * Baron Southborough, a former title in UK peerage
 * Francis Hopwood, 1st Baron Southborough (1860–1947), British civil servant and solicitor
 * RNLB Lord Southborough (Civil Service No. 1) (ON 688), a British lifeboat named for Francis Hopwood

Transportation

 * Southborough railway station (disambiguation), two former stations in Kent, England
 * Southborough station (MBTA), in the U.S. state of Massachusetts

Other uses

 * Southborough Franchise Committee, a British committee in India, 1918–1919
 * Southborough High School, a boys secondary school in Surbiton, London
 * Southborough Pit, a geological site in Kent, England

title: Southborough


text:
Southbrook

Southbrook may refer to:

Australia

 * Southbrook, Queensland, a town and locality in the Toowoomba Region

New Zealand

 * Southbrook, New Zealand, a suburb of Rangiora in North Canterbury

United Kingdom

 * Southbrook, Monmouthshire, Wales
 * Southbrook, Wiltshire, England

United States

 * Southbrook Township, Cottonwood County, Minnesota

title: Southbrook


text: Category:Moore County, Texas

title: Category:Moore County, Texas


text:
User:Travis Howard

Aspiring person born 1988 and resident of Trumansburg, New York.

title: User:Travis Howard


text:
Smart bullet

A smart bullet is a bullet that is able to do something other than simply follow its given trajectory, such as turning, changing speed or sending data. Such a projectile may be fired from a precision-guided firearm capable of programming its behavior. It is a miniaturized type of precision-guided munition.

Types of smart bullets
In 2008 the EXACTO program began under DARPA to develop a "fire and forget" smart sniper rifle system including a guided smart bullet and improved scope. The exact technologies of this smart bullet have yet to be released. EXACTO was test fired in 2014 and 2015 and results showing the bullet alter course to correct its path to its target were released.

In 2012 Sandia National Laboratories announced a self-guided bullet prototype that could track a target illuminated with a laser designator. The bullet is capable of updating its position 30 times a second and hitting targets over a mile away.

In mid-2016, Russia revealed it was developing a similar "smart bullet" weapon designed to hit targets at a distance of up to 10 km.

Guided bullet
The guided bullet was conceptualized by Dr. Rolin F. Barrett, Jr. and patented in August 1998.

As first designed, the bullet would have three fiber-optic based eyes (at minimum, for three-dimensionality), evenly distributed about its circumference. To activate its guided nature, a laser is pointed at a target. As the bullet approaches its final destination, it adjusts its flight path in real time to allow an equivalent amount of light from the laser to enter each eye. The bullet would not travel in multiple directions as though it were an autonomous vehicle, but instead, would make small adjustments to its flight path to hit the target precisely where the laser was placed. Moreover, the laser would not have to originate from the source of the bullet, allowing the projectile to be fired at a target beyond visual range.

To allow the bullet to modify its flight path, the body was designed as a metal and polymer combination. The polymer would act as a deformable surface that would deflect the air-stream and steer the bullet in real time. The guidance system is powered by a miniature lithium-polymer battery that is connected to the navigational circuits.

Barrett went to great lengths to model the airflow of the bullet, studying butterflies with speed bumps to evaluate the effects of protruding surfaces. Due to a lack of ballistic programs at the time, custom simulations were written in Mathcad to solve for numerous flight variables. In addition to modeling the flight, the interior ballistics were modeled by continuously altering polynomial curves until they were in agreement with publicly available data. Due to a lack of available terminal ballistics data that would have been representative of the guided bullet, the data was compared to that of large game hunting bullets.

Changing trajectory
One kind of smart bullet is a projectile that is capable of changing its course during flight. One use of this would be to enable soldiers to stay behind protective cover and shoot around corners. One implementation uses a spoiler and micro gyro to control the bullet.

Navigating
Honeywell Aerospace has produced inertial measurement units based on MEMS and microelectronics technologies that it claims can survive the shock of being fired out of a gun.

Transmitting data
Another type of smart bullet is one that can transmit data about the location that has been hit. A prototype has been created by researchers at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, USA with funding from Lockheed Martin. The bullet (projectile) has the capability to send data up to a distance of 70 meters.

title: Smart bullet


text:
Neo-orthodoxy

In Christianity, Neo-orthodoxy or Neoorthodoxy, also known as theology of crisis and dialectical theology, was a theological movement developed in the aftermath of the First World War. The movement was largely a reaction against doctrines of 19th century liberal theology and a reevaluation of the teachings of the Reformation. Karl Barth is the leading figure associated with the movement. In the U.S., Reinhold Niebuhr was a leading exponent of neo-orthodoxy. It is unrelated to Eastern Orthodoxy.

Revelation
Neo-orthodoxy strongly emphasises the revelation of God by God as the source of Christian doctrine. This is in contrast to natural theology, whose proponents include Thomas Aquinas, who states that knowledge of God can be gained through a combination of observation of nature and human reason; the issue remains a controversial topic within some circles of Christianity to this day.

Barth totally rejects natural theology. As Thomas Torrance wrote: "So far as theological content is concerned, Barth's argument runs like this. If the God whom we have actually come to know through Jesus Christ really is Father, Son, and Holy Spirit in his own eternal and undivided Being, then what are we to make of an independent natural theology that terminates, not upon the Being of the Triune God—i.e., upon God as he really is in himself—but upon some Being of God in general? Natural theology by its very operation abstracts the existence of God from his act, so that if it does not begin with deism, it imposes deism upon theology."

Emil Brunner, on the other hand, believed that natural theology still had an important, although not decisive, role. This led to a sharp disagreement between the two men, the first of several controversies that prevented the movement from acquiring a unified, homogeneous character.

Transcendence of God
Most neo-orthodox thinkers stressed the transcendence of God. Barth believed that the emphasis on the immanence of God had led human beings to imagine God to amount to nothing more than humanity writ large. He stressed the "infinite qualitative distinction" between the human and the divine, a reversion to older Protestant teachings on the nature of God and a rebuttal against the intellectual heritage of philosophical idealism. This led to a general devaluation of philosophical and metaphysical approaches to the faith, although some thinkers, notably Paul Tillich, attempted a median course between strict transcendence and ontological analysis of the human condition, a stand that caused a further division in the movement.

Existentialism
Some of the neo-orthodox theologians made use of existentialism. Rudolf Bultmann (who was associated with Barth and Brunner in the 1920s in particular) was strongly influenced by his former colleague at Marburg, the German existentialist philosopher Martin Heidegger.

Reinhold Niebuhr and (to a lesser extent, and mostly in his earlier writings) Karl Barth, on the other hand, were influenced by the writings of the 19th century Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard. Kierkegaard was a critic of the then-fashionable liberal Christian modernist effort to "rationalise" Christianity—to make it palatable to those whom Friedrich Schleiermacher termed the "cultured despisers of religion". Instead, under pseudonyms such as Johannes Climacus, Kierkegaard maintained that Christianity is "absurd" (i.e., it transcends human understanding) and presents the individual with paradoxical choices. The decision to become a Christian, Kierkegaard thought, is not fundamentally rational but passional—a leap of faith. Opponents of Kierkegaard's approach and neo-orthodoxy in general have termed this fideism, a blatant refusal to find support for the faith outside its own circles. For the most part, proponents reply that no such support exists, that supposed reasons and evidences for faith are fabrications of fallen human imagination, and in effect constitute idolatry. Some neo-orthodox proponents have gone so far as to claim greater affinity with atheists in that regard than with the theological and cultural trappings of so-called "Christendom", which Kierkegaard venomously denounced in his later works.

Sin and human nature
In neo-orthodoxy, sin is seen not as mere error or ignorance; it is not something that can be overcome by reason or social institutions (e.g., schools); it can only be overcome by the grace of God through Jesus Christ. Sin is seen as something bad within human nature itself. This amounts to a renovation of historical teachings about original sin (especially drawing upon Augustine of Hippo), although thinkers generally avoided forensic interpretations of it and consequential elaborations about total depravity. The means of supposed transmission of sin, to neo-orthodox minds, is not as important as its pervasive reality. The association of original sin with sexuality—an abiding idea—leads to moralism, a rectitude that is overly optimistic about human capabilities to resist the power of unfaith and disobedience in all areas of life, not just sexual behavior. This core conviction about the universality and intransigence of sin has elements of determinism, and has not surprisingly offended those who think people are capable, wholly or in part, of effecting their own salvation (i.e., synergism). In other words, neo-orthodoxy might be said to have a greater appreciation of tragedy in human existence than either conservatism or liberalism, a point emphasized by a latter-day interpreter of the movement, Canadian theologian Douglas John Hall.

Relation to other theologies
Neo-orthodoxy is distinct from both liberal Protestantism and evangelicalism, but, notwithstanding some interpreters, it cannot properly be considered a mediating position between the two. Neo-orthodoxy draws from various Protestant heritages (primarily Lutheran and Calvinist) in an attempt to rehabilitate dogma outside the restraints of Enlightenment thought. Unlike confessionalist or fundamentalist reactions to individualist approaches to the faith, however, neo-orthodox adherents saw no value in rehabilitating tradition for its own sake. Past Protestant doctrine is used only to the degree that it affirms the living Word of God in Jesus Christ. Propositions in and of themselves, whether from the Bible or not, are, to the neo-orthodox, insufficient to build theology upon. Also, in the pursuit of social justice, intellectual freedom, and honesty, the neo-orthodox, unlike the conservatives they were accused by detractors of resembling, often made practical alliances with liberals. Both groups shared a deep hostility to authoritarianism of any kind, in both church and state.

The breadth of the term neo-orthodox, though, has led to its abandonment as a useful classification, especially after new emphases in mainline Protestant theology appeared during the 1960s. These included the "Death of God" movement, which attacked the linguistic and cultural foundations of all previous theology, and a renewal of interest among Biblical scholars in the "historical Jesus", something neo-orthodox theologians largely dismissed as irrelevant to serious Christian faith. Still, some of the movement's positions and worldviews would inform such later movements as liberation theology during the 1970s and 1980s and post-liberalism during the 1990s and 2000s—in spite of theological and ethical differences from both (i.e., liberationist use of Marxist conceptual analysis and narrativist dependence upon virtue theory).

Influence upon American Protestantism
From its inception, this school of thought has largely been unacceptable to Protestant fundamentalism, as neo-orthodoxy generally accepts biblical criticism; has remained mostly silent on the perceived conflicts caused by evolutionary science; and, in espousing these two viewpoints, it retains at least some aspects of 19th-century liberal theology.

Critical assessment
Neo-orthodoxy was originally met with criticism by fellow Protestant theologians in Germany: Ferdinand Kattenbusch accused Barth of being a reactionary theologian, who wanted to overthrow the fruits that liberal theology acquired since the end of the 18th century, while Paul Tillich saw Barth as a "kerygmatic theologian" who wanted to derive the contents of his theology solely from the Bible without regard for the "situation". Such views started to be abandoned after Friedrich-Wilhelm Marquardt proposed instead that Barth's theology was in fact the product of his activity on behalf of the working classes in his Safenwil parish. Such a view proved controversial and is nowadays rarely defended, but led to the demise of the traditional view on neo-orthodoxy held in German circles.

According to Bruce L. McCormack (Princeton Theological Seminary) the acceptance of Barth's theology in the English-speaking world only happened after a "process of normalization" which adjusted Barth's theology in accordance with more traditional norms.

Important figures of the movement

 * Karl Barth
 * Eduard Thurneysen
 * Emil Brunner
 * Rudolf Bultmann
 * Friedrich Gogarten
 * Reginald H. Fuller
 * Dietrich Bonhoeffer

title: Neo-orthodoxy


text: User talk:61.68.20.66

title: User talk:61.68.20.66


text:
Jim Higgins (Irish politician)

Jim Higgins (born 4 May 1945) is an Irish former Fine Gael politician. He served as a member of Seanad Éireann, Dáil Éireann, and was a European People's Party Member of the European Parliament for the North-West constituency from 2004 to 2014.

Early life
He was born in Ballyhaunis, County Mayo in 1945. He was educated at St. Jarlath's College, Tuam and at University College Galway. He was twice named Best Individual Speaker at the Junior Chamber Ireland debating championships (1978, 1979) and was the captain of the International Tripartite Debating Team. Higgins worked as a secondary school teacher before becoming involved in local politics.

Political career
He served as a member of Mayo County Council from 1979 to 1995, acting as vice-chair of the council from 1980 to 1981. He first ran for Dáil Éireann at the 1981 general election, but was unsuccessful. However, he was nominated by the Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald to the 15th Seanad Éireann.

He lost his Seanad seat in 1982 but was elected to the 17th Seanad by the Labour Panel in 1983, remaining in the upper house until 1987 as a member of the 17th Seanad. He was successful at the 1987 general election, winning a seat in the 25th Dáil as a Fine Gael Teachta Dála (TD) for Mayo East. He was re-elected to the Dáil in 1989, 1992 and 1997.

In 1994 the Rainbow Coalition of Fine Gael, Labour Party and Democratic Left came to power and Higgins was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Finance. The following year he became Minister of State at the Departments of the Taoiseach and Defence, as well as Chief Whip of the government. He remained in that position until a Fianna Fáil–Progressive Democrats coalition took office after the 1997 general election.

Like many of his Fine Gael colleagues at the 2002 general election, Higgins lost his seat in the Mayo constituency. However, he was elected to Seanad Éireann by the Labour Panel, becoming a member of the 22nd Seanad.

For over two years he brought to the Dáil the case of the extended McBrearty family who were wrongly accused of murder. He raised allegations of Garda corruption in County Donegal. He was also responsible for bringing before the Dáil a £30 million overspend by the state transport company Iarnród Éireann on a safety signalling system which led to the establishment of an all-party parliamentary inquiry.

European Parliament
In the 2004 European Parliament election Higgins was elected to the European Parliament as a Fine Gael / European People's Party MEP for the North-West constituency. He was re-elected at the 2009 European Parliament election.

At the European Parliament, he served as a member of the Committee on Transport and Tourism. He was a substitute member of the Petitions Committee. He was also a substituent member of the Fisheries Committee. Higgins's other duties included membership of the EU-Chile Joint Parliamentary Committee, the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly and he was a substitute member of the Delegation for Relations with Japan.

He was one of five MEPs to hold the position of Quaestor. He was elected by other parliamentarians in the European Parliament to this position. He lost his seat at the 2014 European Parliament election.

title: Jim Higgins (Irish politician)


text:
Talk:Lyke-Wake Dirge

Christian or pagan?
I have had a long interest in the Lyke Wake Dirge, since first hearing the Young Tradition sing it in the 1960s. Despite the obvious Christian references in the song, it has been suggested that the dirge is originally pre-christian, and the Christian bits have been added at a later date. My recollection is that when Pentangle sang it, they introduced it by saying something along those lines. The idea that various sequential states are arrived at after death by donning clothing, consuming food and acquiring money which had been given to others in life does not seem to align with conventional Christian theology. I am familiar with Matthew "For I was an hungred, and ye gave me meat: I was thirsty, and ye gave me drink: I was a stranger, and ye took me in" etc, but that is not really what is described in the dirge. Has anything definitive been written on this subject? Bluewave 14:38, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

I've changed the "are pre-Christian" to "may be pre-Christian"; while many (if not most) old songs have pre-Christian roots, no conclusions have been reached. While the Christian theology may not be strictly adhered to, this is a traditional song rather than a doctrinal pronouncement and illustrates the idea of 'laying up treasure in Heaven'. It does not tally with what we know of either the Nordic or Celtic views of the afterlife either; the Norse believed you either went to Valhöll or one of the other halls of the Aesir, or else went to Hel, which unlike Hell, is cold and barren but not necessarily bad. The pre-Christian Celts, as far as is known, simply believed in rebirth into an afterlife much the same as this life. Mon Vier 13:18, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

I picked up a translation of a Norwegian song which is similar in structure and concept to the Lyke-Wake Dirge, and was also described as containing pre-Christian concepts. Whether or not the concept pre-dates Christianity, it is interesting that the Norwegian and British folk traditions of the nineteenth century retained this type of song, despite presumably not being in contact with each other for a very long time. Also many scholars agree that folk tradition retained some pre-Christian elements, even if the meaning was lost (e.g. dropping coins and pins in wells), and even if the Lyke-Wake Dirge turns out not be one of them. yewtree (talk) 10:53, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

From the Brig of Dread page: There is much in that song (Lyke Wake Dirge) that seems Germanic heathen. The "Brig o' Dread" probably being related to Bifröst (which probably means "trembling-way") or Gjallarbrú ("resounding-bridge" or "noisy-bridge") No essential nature (talk) 00:34, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

Manuscripts? Date?
Are there any manuscripts or other things that can help date the song, at least roughly? -- 92.224.246.50 (talk) 18:33, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

Lyke isn't obsolete
The word Lyke in the title shouldn't be called obsolete. While the word wake is today mostly used for the watch over a dead, it has, and more importantly had, other meanings in different contextes. The essential meaning of "wake" is "not sleeping", alive still in the word "awake". Most of the times it would have been sth like "at guard". Guarding a lyke therefore is a defined event, a wake alone wouldn't have been. The german word, btw, is "Leichenwache" (or Totenwache, with Toter being a synonym of Leiche), and Wache is still a pretty versatile and common word, mostly referring to a guard. Skuckem (talk) 05:04, 10 November 2014 (UTC)

Fire and fleet
Surely 'fleet' is a variant spelling of 'flead' meaning pig-fat, used for making candles. This seems a simpler explanation than the one in the text. — Preceding unsigned comment added by D Humphreys (talk • contribs) 19:32, 11 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lyke-Wake Dirge


text:
Peccia

Peccia is one of six small Swiss municipalities which merged in April 2004 to form the commune of Lavizzara, with about 1000 people. The other municipalities were Broglio, Brontallo, Fusio, Menzonio, and Prato-Sornico. The fractions of Peccia are: Veglia (Véia), Cortignelli, San Carlo and Piano di Peccia.

History
Peccia is first mentioned in 1374 as Petia.

Peccia, together with Broglio, Fusio, Prato and Sornico were part of the comunità or valley community of Lavizzara until 1374. When the valley community broke up into separate villages, Peccia was the largest in the Lavizzara region. It included the settlement of Mogno and the Valle di Peccia, which was independent until 1669. The common, shared land of the four communities of Fusio, Peccia, Prato and Sornico (known as the comunella dei quattro comuni) remained shared until 1929.

The village was part of the parish of Sornico until 1613, after which the church of S. Antonio Abate in Peccia was elevated to become a parish church. The church was built in the 16th century. After the floods of 1834 and 1868, which destroyed some of the village, the church was totally rebuilt. The valley church of S. Carlo was built in 1617, and was raised to be the parish church in 1669.

At the beginning of the 20th century, most of the jobs in the village were in the extraction, processing (vessels and stone ovens) and trade in soapstone. Since 1946, white marble is also mined, which is the only marble quarry in Switzerland. In 1984, the presence of marble led to the creation of a sculpting school. This marble was used when the church of Mogno (a hamlet of Fusio) was rebuilt by Mario Botta, after the old church was destroyed by an avalanche in 1986.

At the beginning of the 21st century, manufacturing provides more than a third of the jobs in village. In 1950-56 largest hydroelectric power plants in Switzerland was built in the Valle di Peccia. It is fed by water from the catchment area of the Maggia river. In the last decades of the 20th century, the village invested in its tourist infrastructure.

Geography
Peccia has an area,, of 54.26 km2. Of this area, 0.39 km2 or 0.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 14.5 km2 or 26.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.48 km2 or 0.9% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.94 km2 or 1.7% is either rivers or lakes and 28.46 km2 or 52.5% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 0.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.3%. Out of the forested land, 16.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 4.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 0.5% is used for growing crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 21.0% is unproductive vegetation and 31.5% is too rocky for vegetation.

The village is located in the Vallemaggia district, about 39 km from Locarno. It consists of several settlements scattered throughout the Peccia valley. The main village is located at an elevation of 840 m in the Valle Maggia.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent a fir tree issuant from a mount vert.

It is also a surname in Italy. For example, past mayor of Olevano sul Tusciano, was Luigi Peccia.

Demographics
Peccia has a population of 171.

Most of the population speaks Italian language (161 or 94.2%), with German being second most common (5 or 2.9%) and Portuguese being third (3 or 1.8%). There are 2 people who speak French and people who speak Romansh.

Of the population in the village, 104 or about 60.8% were born in Peccia and lived there in 2000. There were 38 or 22.2% who were born in the same canton, while 8 or 4.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 21 or 12.3% were born outside of Switzerland. , there were 62 people who were single and never married in the village. There were 84 married individuals, 14 widows or widowers and 11 individuals who are divorced.

There were 12 households that consist of only one person and 7 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 65 households that answered this question, 18.5% were households made up of just one person and 4 were adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 16 married couples without children, 22 married couples with children  There were 6 single parents with a child or children. There were 4 households that were made up unrelated people and 1 household that was made some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 144 single-family homes (or 91.7% of the total) out of a total of 157 inhabited buildings. There were 4 multi-family buildings (2.5%), along with multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (0.0%) and 9 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (5.7%). Of the single-family homes 8 were built before 1919, while 4 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single-family homes (93) were built between 1919 and 1945.

there were 162 apartments in the village. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 46. There were 10 single room apartments and 60 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 63 apartments (38.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 97 apartments (59.9%) were seasonally occupied and 2 apartments (1.2%) were empty.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Economy
There were 64 residents of the village who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 23.4% of the workforce. , there were 26 workers who commuted into the village and 30 workers who commuted away. The village is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.2 workers leaving the village for every one entering.

Religion
From the, 159 or 93.0% were Roman Catholic, while 2 or 1.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 3 individuals (or about 1.75% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church. There were 2 (or about 1.17% of the population) who belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 5 individuals (or about 2.92% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Peccia about 71 or (41.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 7 or (4.1%) have completed additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule). Of the 7 who completed tertiary schooling, 71.4% were Swiss men, 28.6% were Swiss women.

, there were 10 students in Peccia who came from another village, while 17 residents attended schools outside the village.

title: Peccia


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User:Mirv/newbautobio

Is this article about you? If so, I suggest you create an account, log in, and place that information on your user page. Wikipedia generally does not have articles about contributors unless they're notable for some other reason.

title: User:Mirv/newbautobio


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Tom Kitt (politician)

Tom Kitt (born 11 July 1952) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin South constituency from 1987 to 2011, and a Minister of State from 1992 to 1994 and from 1997 to 2008.

Early and private life
Tom Kitt was born in Galway and educated at St Jarlath's College, Tuam and St Patrick's College of Education, Dublin. Kitt worked as a primary school teacher before becoming involved in local politics.

Kitt has run several marathons. He completed the Dublin Marathon on five occasions as well as the Berlin Marathon (1991), the Belfast Marathon (1996), the Buckfast marathon (2010) and the 100th Boston Marathon in 1996.

He is a son of Michael F. Kitt, who was a TD for various Galway constituencies (1948–1951 and 1957–1975), and a brother of Michael P. Kitt, a former TD for Galway East. His sister, Áine Brady is a former TD for Kildare North, and his brother-in-law Gerry Brady is a former TD for Kildare. Tom Kitt's sons David, Thomas and Robbie are musicians.

Political career
In 1979, he was elected to Dublin County Council for the local electoral area of Whitechurch, and in 1985 for Dundrum. He was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1987 general election as a Fianna Fáil TD. He was re-elected at all subsequent general elections until his retirement in 2011.

In February 1992, when Albert Reynolds succeeded as Taoiseach, Kitt was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of the Taoiseach with special responsibility for arts and culture, women's affairs and European affairs. In January 1993, he was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of the Taoiseach with special responsibility for European Affairs and at the Department of Foreign Affairs with special responsibility for European Affairs and Overseas Development Assistance. He served until Fianna Fáil lost office in December 1994.

Under Bertie Ahern he became Fianna Fáil spokesman on Labour Affairs in 1995. After the 1997 general election, Fianna Fáil returned to office and Kitt was appointed by the government as Minister of State at the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment with special responsibility for labour affairs, consumer rights and international trade. After the 2002 general election, he was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Foreign Affairs with responsibility for Overseas Development and Human Rights. In a September 2004 reshuffle, Kitt was appointed as Government Chief Whip and Minister of State at the Department of the Taoiseach and Minister of State at the Department of Defence. He was reappointed after the 2007 general election.

In May 2008, when Brian Cowen became Taoiseach, he was not re-appointed as government chief whip. He declined the offer of another junior ministry, and announced his intention to retire from the Dáil at the following general election, which would take place in February 2011.

title: Tom Kitt (politician)


text:
Southmont

Southmont may refer to:

 * Southmont, North Carolina, United States
 * Southmont, Pennsylvania, United States
 * Southmont High School, in Montgomery County, Indiana, United States

title: Southmont


text:
Elazığ Province

Elazığ Province (Zazaki: Suke Xarpêt; Parêzgeha Xarpêtê ) is a province of Turkey with its seat in the city of Elazığ. Its area is 9,383 km2, and its population is 591,497 (2022). The population of the province was 569,616 in 2000 and 498,225 in 1990. The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority with a significant Turkish minority.

History
In 1927 the office of the Inspector General was created, which governed with martial law. The province was included in the first Inspectorate General (Umumi Müfettişlik, UM) over which the Inspector General ruled. The UM span over the provinces of Hakkâri, Siirt, Van, Mardin, Bitlis, Şanlıurfa, Elazığ and Diyarbakır.

In December 1935, the Tunceli Law was passed, which demanded a more powerful Government in the region. In January 1936 the Elazığ Province was transferred under the authority of the newly established Fourth Inspectorate General, which span over the provinces of Elazığ, Erzincan, Bingöl and Tunceli and its seat was in the city of Elazığ. The fourth UM was governed by a Governor-Commander. Most of the employees in the municipalities had to be from the military and the Governor-Commander had the authority to evacuate whole villages and resettle them in another part of the province. In 1946 the Tunceli Law was abolished and the state of emergency removed but the authority of the fourth UM was transferred to the military.

The Inspectorates General were dissolved in 1952 during the Government of the Democrat Party.

The province has experienced many earthquakes, including a magnitude 6.1 earthquake on 8 March 2010 and a magnitude 6.7 earthquake on 24 January 2020.

Geography
Elazığ stretches in a general west-southwest to east-northeast direction, along the line of equal geographic latitude and longitude. The source of the Euphrates river is located in this province. 826 km2 of its area is covered by reservoirs and natural lakes.

Districts
Elazığ province is divided into 11 districts (capital district in bold):

Economy
Historically, Elazığ Province produced silver, which ceased being mined in 1885. The Turkish government attempted to modernize the mines; however, the cost of fuel and energy caused the shut down. There was a silver mine still producing in 1903 in Palu, as with coal. Coal is also found in other areas of the province. Gold and salt was also produced.

Education
Education is provided by the Elazığ Provincial Directorate for National Education. It currently views over 442 educational institutions, both formal and informal ones.

Archaeology
Altınova, Elazığ was an important archaeological site in the Altınova plain that was excavated in the 1970s. It was later flooded by the Keban Dam. Other sites in the Altınova plain were also Tepecik, Korucutepe, Değirmentepe, and Körtepe.

title: Elazığ Province