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Céligny

Céligny is a municipality in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland. It consists of two small exclaves of the Canton of Geneva surrounded by the Canton of Vaud, near Crans-près-Céligny.

History
Céligny is first mentioned in 1163 as Siliniacum.

Geography
Céligny has an area,, of 4.65 km2. Of this area, 3.03 km2 or 65.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.91 km2 or 19.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.75 km2 or 16.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.01 km2 or 0.2% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 11.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.9%. Out of the forested land, 15.1% of the total land area is heavily forested and 4.5% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 51.8% is used for growing crops and 11.0% is pastures, while 2.4% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality consists of two disconnected territories of the Canton of Geneva. The smaller one contains the settlements of La Grande Coudre and La Petite Coudre and is entirely surrounded by the Canton of Vaud; it is thus both an exclave and an enclave. The larger one consists of the village of Céligny on a hill above Lake Geneva along with the small Le Brassus valley; being adjacent to a part of Lake Geneva belonging to the Canton of Geneva but not to the municipality of Celigny, it is thus by itself neither an exclave nor an enclave. However, together with this adjacent part of the lake, it does constitute an exclave of the Canton (but still not an enclave).

The municipality of Céligny consists of the sub-sections or villages of Les Bondex, Murat, Céligny - lac, Céligny - village and Les Coudres.

Notable residents

 * Royallist journalist and thinker Jacques Mallet du Pan, (1749-1800), was born in Céligny.
 * Louis François Senn, (1799-1873), Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, politician. Deputy to the Grand Council (1846-1848) and (1855-1856). Head surgeon at Geneva hospital. Member of the Committee of the Geneva Conservatory of Music (1849-1860). Owner of the Belle-Ferme estate in Céligny. Buried in Founex.
 * The notable Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, (1848-1923), father of the 80/20 theory and Paretos Optimatality, lived in Céligny, earning him the epithet of "hermit of Céligny". He died on 19 August 1923 in Céligny and was buried in the small Céligny cemetery without fanfare on 23 August 1923. The engraving on his tombstone simply states Vil-Fredo Pareto.
 * Two notable British residents were the actor Richard Burton, (1925-1984), and novelist Alistair MacLean (1922-1987) who are both buried there. Hjördis Genberg, (1919-1997), a supermodel and widow of David Niven, died in the town in 1997.

Demographics
Céligny has a population of. , 30.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009) the population has changed at a rate of 5.3%. It has changed at a rate of 3.4% due to migration and at a rate of 5.2% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (487 or 81.3%), with German being second most common (38 or 6.3%) and English being third (36 or 6.0%).

, the gender distribution of the population was 48.6% male and 51.4% female. The population was made up of 218 Swiss men (33.0% of the population) and 103 (15.6%) non-Swiss men. There were 238 Swiss women (36.1%) and 101 (15.3%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 127 or about 21.2% were born in Céligny and lived there in 2000. There were 113 or 18.9% who were born in the same canton, while 176 or 29.4% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 164 or 27.4% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 3 live births to Swiss citizens and 2 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 5 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 2 while the foreign population increased by 2. There were 2 Swiss men and 3 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 9 non-Swiss men and 6 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 4 and the non-Swiss population increased by 12 people. This represents a population growth rate of 2.5%.

The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 28% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 13.7%.

, there were 254 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 283 married individuals, 25 widows or widowers and 37 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 234 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 77 households that consist of only one person and 20 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 246 households that answered this question, 31.3% were households made up of just one person and there were 1 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 46 married couples without children, 87 married couples with children There were 20 single parents with a child or children. There were 3 households that were made up of unrelated people and 12 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 101 single family homes (or 60.5% of the total) out of a total of 167 inhabited buildings. There were 29 multi-family buildings (17.4%), along with 23 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (13.8%) and 14 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (8.4%). Of the single family homes 48 were built before 1919, while 4 were built between 1990 and 2000.

there were 269 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 59. There were 15 single room apartments and 111 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 223 apartments (82.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 33 apartments (12.3%) were seasonally occupied and 13 apartments (4.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 3 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Domaine De Garengo and the Domaine de l’Élysée are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire village of Céligny is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the LPS Party which received 25.87% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (18.03%), the Green Party (17.58%) and the SP (14.22%). In the federal election, a total of 167 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 48.4%.

In the 2009 Grand Conseil election, there were a total of 335 registered voters of which 138 (41.2%) voted. The most popular party in the municipality for this election was the Libéral with 29.6% of the ballots. In the canton-wide election they received the highest proportion of votes. The second most popular party was the Les Verts (with 18.5%), they were also second in the canton-wide election, while the third most popular party was the Les Socialistes (with 8.9%), they were fourth in the canton-wide election.

For the 2009 Conseil d'État election, there were a total of 341 registered voters of which 156 (45.7%) voted.

In 2011, all the municipalities held local elections, and in Céligny there were 11 spots open on the municipal council. There were a total of 406 registered voters of which 211 (52.0%) voted. Out of the 211 votes, there were 1 blank votes, 1 null or unreadable votes and 8 votes with a name that was not on the list.

Economy
, Céligny had an unemployment rate of 3%. , there were 17 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 6 businesses involved in this sector. 3 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 3 businesses in this sector. 39 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 14 businesses in this sector. There were 274 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.1% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 51. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 16, of which 14 were in agriculture and 1 was in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 3 of which 2 or (66.7%) were in manufacturing and 1 was in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 32. In the tertiary sector; 5 or 15.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 1 was in the movement and storage of goods, 17 or 53.1% were in a hotel or restaurant, 4 or 12.5% were in education and 1 was in health care.

, there were 74 workers who commuted into the municipality and 206 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 21.6% of the workforce coming into Céligny are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 12.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 64.6% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 177 or 29.5% were Roman Catholic, while 213 or 35.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, and there were 14 individuals (or about 2.34% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 9 (or about 1.50% of the population) who were Islamic. There was 1 person who was Buddhist and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 141 (or about 23.54% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 43 individuals (or about 7.18% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Céligny about 171 or (28.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 147 or (24.5%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 147 who completed tertiary schooling, 44.2% were Swiss men, 33.3% were Swiss women, 11.6% were non-Swiss men and 10.9% were non-Swiss women.

During the 2009–2010 school year there were a total of 113 students in the Céligny school system. The education system in the Canton of Geneva allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory kindergarten. During that school year, there was 1 child who was in a pre-kindergarten class. The canton's school system provides two years of non-mandatory kindergarten and requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes. In Céligny there were 18 students in kindergarten or primary school and - students were in the special, smaller classes. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. There were 18 lower secondary students who attended school in Céligny. There were 19 upper secondary students from the municipality along with 6 students who were in a professional, non-university track program. An additional 15 students attended a private school.

, there were 6 students in Céligny who came from another municipality, while 71 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Céligny


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Pirapora

Pirapora is a municipality in northcentral Minas Gerais in Brazil. The population is 56,640 (2020 est.) in an area of 550 km². The name Pirapora comes from the Tupi words for "fish" + "jump", referring to the piracema season when a mass migration of fishes ascends the São Francisco River to spawn.

Location
Pirapora belongs to its own statistical microregion. The elevation of the municipal seat is 472 meters. It became a municipality in 1912. This municipality is located on the right bank of the São Francisco River and is 340 km from the state capital.

Neighboring municipalities are: Lagoa Grande, Coromandel, Guarda-Mor, Lagamar and Paracatu. There are two districts, besides the municipal seat: Claro de Minas, 12 km. distant, and Vazamor, 32 km. distant.

Microregion of Pirapora
The statistical microregion of Pirapora includes 9 cities: Buritizeiro, Várzea da Palma, Ibiaí, Jequitaí, São Romão, Lassance, Riachinho, Santa Fé de Minas and Lagoa dos Patos. It has an area of 23,111 km2 and a population of approximately 150,000 inhabitants.

History
The city is located on the right bank of the great São Francisco River, the longest river to flow entirely inside Brazilian territory. Its history goes back to the colonial period of the bandeirantes and the gold panhandlers who followed the river upstream, arrived at the rapids of Pirapora and founded the settlement of São Gonçalo das Tabocas. In 1911 the small Arraial de São Gonçalo de Pirapora became the seat of a municipality and its name was shortened to Pirapora. Its street plan was laid out in the form of a chess set, inspired by the new capital of Belo Horizonte, and the streets were given names of Brazilian states.

There are highway connections with the main federal highway, the BR 040, to the west. In 1910 the railroad came up from the south and reached Pirapora, with a bridge (694 m) being built across the river. There were plans to extend the line to the coast. At the end of the nineteen seventies the line was deactivated, but the bridge and the rails still remain.

Today the river has lost its economic importance and is mainly used by tourist boats that attempt to recreate the spirit of the past, when Mississippi style riverboats were used to go as far as Juazeiro in Bahia. These boats used charcoal, which contributed to the disappearance of the vegetation along the river. One of the old paddle wheel steamboats, the Benjamim Guimarães, can still be seen anchored in front of the city and is a major tourist site.

The economy
The main economic activities are industry, cattle raising, farming (both extensive mechanized and subsistence), goods and services, and tourism. The GDP for 2005 was R$662,985,000. In the rural area there were 605 farms and a total agricultural area of 57,000 hectares, of which 38,000 ha. were planted, 14,000 were in natural pasture, and 13,000 ha. were in woodland or forest. 2,800 people were dependent on farming. 107 of the farms had tractors. In 2006 there were 9,600 head of cattle. With irrigation Pirapora has become a major producer of tropical fruits, growing eating grapes, papaya, mangoes, cantaloupe, and guava. There is also production on a smaller scale of corn, beans, rice, manioc, tomatoes, lettuce, and bananas.

According to the city government site, Pirapora is the second most important city in the north of Minas, after Montes Claros, in industrial output. There is an industrial park where several small and medium industries are installed. Iron silicon, metallic silicon, and textiles are produced.

Health and education
In 2005 there were 39 health establishments—25 public and 14 private. There was 01 public hospital and 02 private hospitals. The number of hospital beds was 133. The Centro Regional de Saúde da Visão is a public clinic that specializes in eye surgery and attracts patients from all over the north of Minas Gerais.

In 2007 there were three institutes of higher learning in the city: Instituto Educacional Santo Agostinho (private), União de Ensino de Minas Gerais Ltda (private), and UNIMONTES-Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (public).

The score on the Municipal Human Development Index was 0.758. Pirapora was ranked 235 out of 853 municipalities in the state, with Poços de Caldas in first place with 0.841 and Setubinha in last place with 0.568.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pirapora


text:
HMS Formidable

Four ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Formidable with a fifth, the French Formidable, renamed HMS Ham after being captured and recommissioned; a sixth has been announced:

 * HMS Ham (1759) was the 80-gun second rate FRENCH SHIP Formidable captured from the French at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759. Broken up in 1768.
 * HMS Formidable (1777) was a second rate; initially of 90 guns, later increased to 98; launched in 1777. She fought at the Battle of Ushant and the Battle of the Saintes, was converted to a 74-gun third rate in 1813, and broken up later that year.
 * HMS Formidable (1825) was an 84-gun second rate launched in 1825. She was lent as a training ship in 1869 and was sold in 1906.
 * HMS Formidable (1898) was a Formidable-class battleship predreadnought battleship launched in 1898 and torpedoed and sunk in 1915.
 * HMS Formidable (67) was an Illustrious-class aircraft carrier launched in 1939 and sold for scrap in 1953.
 * HMS Formidable will be a Type 31 frigate.

Battle honours
Ships named Formidable have earned the following battle honours:
 * The Saints 1782
 * Matapan 1941
 * Crete 1941
 * Mediterranean 1941
 * North Africa 1942–43
 * Sicily 1943
 * Salerno 1943
 * Norway 1944
 * Okinawa 1945
 * Japan 1945

title: HMS Formidable


text:
Subiaco

Subiaco may refer to:

 * Subiaco, Arkansas, a town in the United States
 * Subiaco Abbey (Arkansas), a Benedictine monastery
 * Subiaco Academy, operated by the abbey
 * Subiaco, Lazio, a town in Italy, site of St. Benedict's first monastery
 * Subiaco, Western Australia, suburb of Perth
 * Subiaco Oval, a sports ground and former stadium
 * Subiaco Football Club
 * City of Subiaco, a local government municipality in Perth, Western Australia centred on the suburb of the same name
 * Subiaco Creek, a watercourse in Sydney, Australia.

title: Subiaco


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Pirapora do Bom Jesus

Pirapora do Bom Jesus is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The population is 19,178 (2020 est.) in an area of 108.49 km2. The name Pirapora comes from the Tupi language.

Culture
Pirapora is the biggest Brazilian shrine after Aparecida. A sculpture of the Good Jesus is venerated here.

title: Pirapora do Bom Jesus


text: Category:Supertramp albums

title: Category:Supertramp albums


text:
Gustavus Fox

Gustavus Vasa Fox (June 13, 1821 – October 29, 1883) was an officer of the United States Navy, who served during the Mexican–American War, and as the first Assistant Secretary of the Navy during the Civil War.

Life and career
Fox was born at Saugus, Massachusetts, and his parents named him after Swedish King Gustav I, also known as Gustav (or Gustavus) Vasa. His parents, Dr. Jesse Fox and Olivia Fox (née Flint) were not Swedish American, and may have been inspired to name their son after Gustav I by Henry Brooke's popular play Gustavus Vasa: The Deliveror Of His Country. Fox attended Lowell High School Lowell, Massachusetts from 1836 to 1838.

On January 12, 1838, Fox was appointed midshipman. During the Mexican–American War, he served in the brig USS Washington (1837) in the squadron of Commodore Matthew Perry, and took part in the capture of Tabasco, Mexico, on January 14–16, 1847. He later commanded several mail steamers. He resigned from the Navy on July 30, 1856, and engaged in the manufacture of woolen materials.

At the start of the American Civil War he volunteered for service. President Abraham Lincoln gave him a temporary appointment in the Navy and sent him in the steamer Baltic to the relief of Fort Sumter. Fox could not relieve the fort before Confederate bombardment forced its surrender, but afterwards he brought away the garrison. On August 1, 1861, Lincoln appointed him Assistant Secretary of the Navy, an office which he held until the close of the Civil War. In 1866, he was sent on a special mission to Russia; he conveyed the congratulations of the President to Tsar Alexander II upon his escape from assassination. His voyage was made in the monitor USS Miantonomoh (1863), which was the first vessel of this class to cross the Atlantic. They were accompanied by USS Augusta (1853).

In 1882 he published a paper suggesting that Samana Cay in the Bahamas was Guanahani, or San Salvador, the first island Christopher Columbus reached in his discovery of the Americas. Little attention was paid to his paper until 1986, when the National Geographic Society also concluded that Samana Cay was San Salvador.

He died at Lowell, Massachusetts, aged 62.

Tributes and legacy
Three ships of the US Navy – TB-13, DD-234 and CG-33 – have been named USS Fox in his memory.

In popular culture
Fox is one of the primary viewpoint characters in novelist Harry Harrison's alternate history Stars and Stripes trilogy.

Publications

 * Fox, Gustavus V. (1882), An Attempt to Solve the Problem of the First Landing Place of Columbus in the New World. Report of the Superintendent of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (Appendix No. 18, June 1880), Washington: Government Printing Office.

title: Gustavus Fox


text:
USS Peto

USS Peto (SS-265), a Gato-class submarine, was a ship of the United States Navy named for the peto, a sharp-nosed tropical fish of the mackerel family.

Construction and commissioning
Peto was laid down on 18 June 1941 by the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company at Manitowoc, Wisconsin; launched on 30 April 1942 sponsored by Mrs. E. A. Lofquist; and commissioned on 21 November 1942, Lieutenant Commander William T. Nelson in command.

World War II
Late in December 1942, Peto decommissioned, was loaded on a barge, and departed Manitowoc for New Orleans, Louisiana, the first submarine to traverse the mid-western waterways to reach New Orleans and the sea from the building yards. This was done because the Chain of Rocks Waterway as well as some of the passages near Chicago were only 9 ft deep, whereas the minimum draft of the submarine was 12 ft. Peto recommissioned, completed fitting out and shakedown, transited the Panama Canal, and arrived at Brisbane, Australia, on 14 March 1943.

First war patrol
Peto departed Brisbane for her first war patrol on 2 April 1943. She reconnoitered Greenwich Island for shipping on 13 April without finding any targets. That night she proceeded toward the equator to cover the Truk-Kavieng shipping route, arriving on station the next day. A southbound Truk-Rabaul convoy came into view on the morning of 17 April, consisting of two destroyers, two medium cargo ships, and one small auxiliary ship. However, before Peto attacked, the trailing destroyer detected her and forced her to dive. She withstood nine depth charges without damage.

On 5 May, she made a night attack conducted by sound and radar alone, firing three torpedoes at a target for one possible hit. After patrolling off Cape Oxford on New Britain, Peto headed for Brisbane on 20 May 1943.

Second war patrol
Peto departed on her second war patrol on 10 June 1943. On 29 June, she fired two torpedoes at a small auxiliary. One torpedo hit near the bow, breaking the ship in two. On 7 July, she sighted an eastbound tanker similar to Nippon Maru with two escorting destroyers. Peto maneuvered and fired three torpedoes; two hits causing severe damage. She returned to Brisbane on 4 August 1943.

Third war patrol
On 1 September 1943, Peto set out on her third war patrol, assigned a patrol area north of the Bismarck Archipelago. After reconnoitering Nauru Harbor, she patrolled the route between Truk and Nauru for five days without contact. On 9 September, an Allied maritime patrol aircraft mistakenly attacked her with a depth charge 310 nmi north-northeast of Buka on Bougainville Island in the Solomon Islands at -3.81667°N, 158.43333°W. The depth charge missed by a wide margin, and Peto submerged to 200 ft and avoided damage.

Peto moved to the Truk-Kavieng-Rabaul traffic routes on 20 September, and two days later, sighted five escorted ships headed toward Rabaul. She lost her attack chance at the last moment when the Japanese ships made a radical change of course. While Peto attempted to close for a night attack, an alert escort only 7000 yd away detected her. The Japanese ship opened fire on her, forcing her to crash-dive.

From 24 to 26 September 1943, Peto patrolled off the Admiralty Islands without contacts. On 1 October, she sighted three medium cargo ships with only one submarine chaser as escort, and fired six torpedoes, hitting two of the ships. Post-war investigation revealed that Peto sank both Tonei Maru and Kinkasan Maru. Peto returned to Brisbane on 21 October 1943.

Fourth war patrol
Underway again on 14 November 1943 to begin her fourth war patrol, Peto fueled at Tulagi, and set out for her patrol area on 24 November 1943. On 1 December, she sighted a Japanese convoy consisting of two passenger-cargo vessels with three small escorts. She fired six torpedoes at Konei Maru, which broke up and sank. On 9 December, while firing on a ship in a convoy, her target apparently saw the torpedoes coming and turned toward them to avoid being hit. An escort then drove Peto down and administered a thorough depth-charging.

Boang Island On 19 December Peto under Commander Nelson received orders to return to Tulagi. On Christmas Day a reconnaissance team of ten US specialists an Australian Coastwatcher (Captain H. Murray) his Sergeant (Bill Dolby) and their four native scouts were embarked. On Boxing Day they sailed arriving off Boang Island part of the Tanga Island Group four days later. That night Captain Murray with four specialists and two scouts were sent into the Island by rubber boat. If they landed unopposed (there was a small enemy garrison of about ten on the Island) they would signal the submarine by flash light signal and the rest of the team would follow them in. The landing was unopposed but the signal to the "Peto" was misinterpreted that something was wrong and the second boat was not sent in. For the next day the specialists conducted the reconnaissance looking for possible sites for airfields, landing sites, etc. Towards the end of the day they became aware that an enemy patrol was after them. Captain Murray set up an ambush that killed some and wounded others who did manage to escape through the jungle. That night despite atrocious weather conditions they made it safely back to the "Peto". Returning to Tulagi Commander Nelson made Captain Murray an honorary member of the US Submarine Service. In return the team presented the "Peto" with a Japanese machine gun they had captured during the ambush. In turn the machine gun was sent to the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company that had built the "Peto".

Fifth war patrol
On 2 February 1944, Peto set course for Tulagi, arriving there on 5 February for fuel before departing the following day for her patrol area. On 10 February Peto headed for a rendezvous with the submarine USS Cero (SS-225).

On 19 February 1944, Peto attacked a merchant ship with three escorts and one of her torpedoes struck home. The target was immediately engulfed in black smoke and her crew heard depth charges in the distance. Peto surfaced and found the escorts depth-charging Cero's position. After closing Cero slowly, she fired two rounds from her 3 in deck gun at the escorts, and as the escorts returned fire she withdrew, giving Cero a chance to escape unharmed.

On 23 February 1944, Peto headed for Langemak Bay to refuel and obtain spare parts, arriving there on 27 February. On 1 March, she headed for her patrol area again, and on 3 March made an unsuccessful attack on a Japanese merchant ship. The next day, she fired six torpedoes at a cargo ship and then went deep to listen as escorts were near. The crew heard two hits, followed by a loud, deep explosion. Three minutes later breaking-up noises began, and her crew heard splashes from debris falling in the water for several minutes. The escorts dropped 13 depth charges before giving up. Peto had sunk Kayo Maru. On 16 March, Peto set course for Midway Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, where she arrived on 25 March 1944. She departed for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the same day, arriving there on 29 March 1944.

Sixth war patrol
On 28 April 1944, Peto, along with the submarine USS Perch (SS-313) and an escorting surface warship, departed Pearl Harbor for her patrol area south of Formosa. She departed from Midway on 2 May 1944, with Perch and the submarine USS Picuda (SS-382) joining her wolf pack. Arriving in her patrol area, Peto began looking for shipping worthy of her torpedoes. She made only six ship contacts during the entire patrol and couldn't obtain a favorable attack position on any of them due to Japanese aircraft in the vicinity or shallow water. She returned to Midway on 15 June 1944 and later that day departed for Pearl Harbor with the submarine USS Kingfish (SS-234), arriving on 19 June.

June–October 1944
On 21 June 1944, Peto headed for San Francisco, California, for major alterations at the Bethlehem Steel Company shipyards. On 29 September 1944, Peto headed westward again, reaching Pearl Harbor on 7 October 1944 and arriving at Midway Atoll on 27 October.

Seventh war patrol
At Midway, Peto joined the submarines USS Spadefish (SS-411) and USS Sunfish (SS-281), forming a wolf pack designated Task Group 17.13. The submarines arrived in their assigned patrol area in the Yellow Sea 9 November 1944.

On 12 November 1944, Peto heard a loud explosion and saw a large flash. A burning ship with hull down was seen to the east and it was assumed the submarine USS Barb (SS-220), which was also in the vicinity, had connected. Peto sent her crew to their battle stations and sent four torpedoes at the nearest ship of a Japanese convoy. Two hits were heard and the target slowed down and dropped back, though it did not stop. Peto fired her remaining two forward torpedoes at a second target and swung around to bring her stern torpedo tubes to bear. She fired four torpedoes at the third target. The torpedoes fired from the bow tubes struck home as the leading ship, Tatsuaki Maru, blew up and promptly sank. Two hits were heard on the third target, which immediately was engulfed in dense black smoke. Peto then scurried for cover, as it was getting light fast. She took her last look at the third target and noted that it was ablaze.

On 18 November 1944, Peto made contact with one ship which apparently was lost and without an escort. She fired three torpedoes, the first hitting and setting the target ablaze. The second missed but the third hit and the target blew up and burned much brighter. Peto came around for a coup de grace but saw that it was unnecessary, as only the stern of Aisakasan Maru was above the water, still burning like an inferno. She contacted another Japanese ship, a cargo ship dead in the water with two escorts nearby, and sent three torpedoes streaking after it. One torpedo hit the target and Chinkai Mara sank in four minutes. On 29 November, Peto attacked a small coastal tanker with her last torpedoes and then headed for home.

Peto arrived at Guam on 6 December 1944 and underwent a refit there. She then departed for Pearl Harbor, where she arrived on 2 January 1945.

Eighth war patrol
Peto departed Pearl Harbor in company with the submarines USS Thresher (SS-200), USS Shad (SS-235), and USS Tilefish (SS-307) on 31 January 1945, topped off with fuel at Saipan on 12 February, and headed for her patrol area the following day. However, she met no suitable targets during her patrol, and she returned to Midway on 9 April 1945.

Ninth war patrol
On 4 May 1945, Peto got underway for her ninth war patrol. Off Marcus Island on 12 May, she guided Allied pilots to their targets. None of the planes were hit. On 21 May, she closed to the coast of Manus Island and took pictures of Japanese shore installations. The next day, she headed for Guam, arriving there on 19 June 1945.

Tenth war patrol
On 14 July 1945, Peto stood out of Guam on her tenth and last war patrol. On 24 July, she rescued two pilots from the aircraft carrier USS Lexington (CV-16), one with gunshot wounds in both legs. On 25 July her guns sank a sampan, and the same day she saved nine more downed aviators. On 10 August she picked up a Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm pilot from the aircraft carrier HMS Formidable (R67). On 15 August 1945, she was assigned a life guard station to cover air strikes on the Japanese Home Islands, but hostilities with Japan ceased that day.

Post-World War II
On 16 August 1945, Peto headed for the Panama Canal Zone, arriving on 15 September. On 17 September, she departed for New Orleans, Louisiana, arriving on 21 September 1945.

Peto joined the Atlantic Fleet and on 25 June 1946 was placed out of commission in reserve, berthed at Naval Submarine Base New London in New London, Connecticut. She remained in reserve until November 1956, when she became a United States Naval Reserve training submarine for the Eighth Naval District. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 August 1960 and sold on 10 November 1960 for scrapping.

Awards
Peto received eight battle stars for World War II service.

title: USS Peto


text:
Breakfast in America

Breakfast in America is the sixth studio album by the English rock band Supertramp, released by A&M Records on 16 March 1979. It was recorded in 1978 at The Village Recorder in Los Angeles. It spawned three US Billboard hit singles: "The Logical Song" (No. 6), "Goodbye Stranger" (No. 15), and "Take the Long Way Home" (No. 10). In the UK, "The Logical Song" and the title track were both top 10 hits, the only two the group had in their native country.

At the 22nd Annual Grammy Awards in 1980, Breakfast in America won two awards for Best Album Package and Best Engineered Non-Classical Recording, as well as nominations for Album of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. It holds an RIAA certification of quadruple platinum and became Supertramp's biggest-selling album, with more than 4 million copies sold in the US and more than 3 million in France (the fourth ever best-selling album). It was No. 1 on Billboard Pop Albums Chart for six weeks, until 30 June 1979. The album also hit No. 1 in Norway, Austria, West Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Canada, Australia and France.

Background
As with Even in the Quietest Moments..., Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson wrote most of their songs separately but conceived the theme for the album jointly. Their original concept was for an album of songs about the relationship and conflicting ideals between Davies and Hodgson themselves, to be titled Hello Stranger. Hodgson explained: "We realized that a few of the songs really lent themselves to two people talking to each other and at each other. I could be putting down his way of thinking and he could be challenging my way of seeing life [...] Our ways of life are so different, but I love him. That contrast is what makes the world go 'round and what makes Supertramp go 'round. His beliefs are a challenge to mine and my beliefs are a challenge to his."

This idea was eventually scrapped in favour of an album of "fun" songs, and though Davies initially wanted to keep the title Hello Stranger, he was convinced by Hodgson to change it to Breakfast in America. Hodgson commented later: "We chose the title because it was a fun title. It suited the fun feeling of the album." Due to the title and the explicit satirising of American culture in the cover and three of the songs ("Gone Hollywood", "Breakfast in America" and "Child of Vision"), many listeners interpreted the album as a satire of the United States. Supertramp's members have all insisted that the repeated references to US culture are purely coincidental and that no such thematic satire was intended. Hodgson has described the misconception as a parallel to how Crime of the Century (1974) is often misinterpreted as being a concept album.

"Gone Hollywood" is the opening track of Breakfast in America. Written by Rick Davies, the song tells about a person who moves to Los Angeles in hopes of becoming a movie star, but finds it far more difficult than he imagined. He struggles and becomes frustrated, until he ultimately gets his break and becomes "the talk of the Boulevard". The lyrics were originally more bleak, but under pressure from the other band members, Davies rewrote them to be more optimistic and commercially appealing. Billboard writer David Farrell felt that, other than Davies' lead vocal, the song sounds like a Queen song.

"Child of Vision" is the closing track. Much like "The Logical Song", it uses a Wurlitzer electric piano as the main instrument. After the lyrical part, the song goes into a long solo played on the grand piano alongside the original melody on the Wurlitzer. The track fades out with a short saxophone solo by John Helliwell. Roger Hodgson has said that the song was written to be an equivalent to "Gone Hollywood", looking at how Americans live, though he confessed that he had only a limited familiarity with US culture at the time of writing. He also said there is a slight possibility that he subconsciously had Rick Davies in mind while writing the lyrics.

Each song was credited to a single musician on the inner sleeve, but on the central vinyl label was printed "Words and Music by Roger Hodgson & Rick Davies", combining the two and confusing the issue of composition credit. Roger Hodgson's management has described "The Logical Song", "Breakfast in America", "Take the Long Way Home", "Lord Is It Mine" and "Child of Vision" as 'Roger's songs'; however, this apparently does not mean he necessarily wrote them by himself, for Hodgson has credited Davies with writing the vocal harmony on "The Logical Song". Davies has referred to "The five songs that I did on Breakfast", but has not specified which ones.

Recording
The album went through two rounds of demos. The first were home demos, each of which consisted of the chief songwriter (either Rick Davies or Roger Hodgson) singing and playing either acoustic piano or Wurlitzer electric piano. The second were eight-track demos recorded at Southcombe Studios in Burbank, California during late April and early May 1978. It was in recording these demos that the band worked out the backing track arrangements for all the songs (with the exception of "Take the Long Way Home") and determined the order in which they would appear on the album.

In order to avoid spending a lot of time on mixing, the band and their production team devoted a week to experimenting with different sound setups until they found the perfect arrangement. The effort proved to be wasted, as the engineering team would end up spending more than two extremely stressful months searching for the right mix, and were only finished after that length of time because the deadline had arrived, not because they felt at all satisfied with the results.

Tensions between Hodgson and Davies were reportedly almost non-existent on the album. Engineer Peter Henderson recalled: "They got along fantastically well and everyone was really happy. There was a very, very good vibe and I think everyone was really buoyed up by the recordings and A&M's response to them." Hodgson contested this, saying that he and Davies had increasingly different lifestyles, and that he felt that Davies disliked many of his songs and only kept quiet about his displeasure because he sensed that he would be voted down. Melody Maker journalist Harry Doherty offered a third take on the duo's interactions during the album sessions: "In three days with the band, I don't think I saw Davies and Hodgson converse once, other than to exchange courteous greetings."

Packaging
The album's front cover resembles an overlook of Manhattan through an airplane window. It was designed by Mike Doud and Mick Haggerty. The image depicts Kate Murtagh, dressed as a waitress named "Libby" from a diner, as a Statue of Liberty figure holding up a glass of orange juice on a small plate in one hand (in place of the torch on the Statue), and a foldable restaurant menu in the other hand, on which 'Breakfast in America' is written. The background features the Financial District within the New York City borough of Manhattan, with the Lower Manhattan skyline represented through a cornflake box, ashtray, cutlery (for the wharfs), pancake syrup bottles, egg crates, salt and pepper shakers, coffee mugs, ketchup and mustard bottles, etc., all spray-painted white. The twin World Trade Center towers appear as two stacks of boxes, and the plate of breakfast represents The Battery, the departure point for the Staten Island Ferry. The back cover photo, depicting the band members having breakfast while reading their respective hometown newspapers, was taken at a diner called Bert's Mad House.

Breakfast in America won the 1980 Grammy Award for Best Recording Package, defeating albums by Talking Heads and Led Zeppelin, among others.

Commercial performance
Breakfast in America topped the US Billboard 200 for six weeks and became Supertramp's biggest selling album, while producing four hit singles: "The Logical Song", "Goodbye Stranger", "Take the Long Way Home" and the title track. Breakfast in America would become Supertramp's most popular album. By the 1990s, it had sold in excess of 18 million copies worldwide. By 2010, the album had sold well over 20 million copies.

Critical reception
In a positive review for Rolling Stone magazine, music critic Stephen Holden viewed Breakfast in America as an improvement over the "swatches of meandering, Genesis-like esoterica" on Supertramp's previous albums, and called it "a textbook-perfect album of post-Beatles, keyboard-centered English art rock that strikes the shrewdest possible balance between quasi-symphonic classicism and rock & roll ... the songs here are extraordinarily melodic and concisely structured, reflecting these musicians' saturation in American pop since their move to Los Angeles in 1977." Village Voice critic Robert Christgau was less impressed, saying that the "hooky album" evokes "random grunts of pleasure" but lacks emotional substance because of "glib" lyrics and no "vocal personality (as opposed to accurate singing) and rhythmic thrust (as opposed to a beat)".

Colin Larkin, writing in the Encyclopedia of Popular Music (2006), said that the "faultless" album "elevated" Supertramp to "rock's first division".

In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the album's "tightly written, catchy, well-constructed pop songs" and described it as the band's "high-water mark". John Doran of BBC Music said that the songwriting has an "unbeatable quality" and asserted that "any of the ten tracks could have been hit singles". Sputnikmusic's Tyler Fisher said that its singles are mostly the highlights because of their "catchy hooks", and found the ballads "absolutely terrible". Rob Sheffield, writing in The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), also felt that its "nice moments" were the highlights, including "the jolly 'Take the Long Way Home,' the adjectively crazed 'Logical Song,' [and] 'Goodbye Stranger.'" William Pinfold of Record Collector considered the album "a classic example of flawlessly-played and -produced late 70s transatlantic soft rock".

Accolades
In the 1987 edition of The World Critics List, music historian Joel Whitburn ranked Breakfast in America the fourth-greatest album of all time. In the 1994 edition of The Guinness All Time Top 1000 Albums, Breakfast in America was voted No. 207 in the all-time greatest rock and pop albums, and it was voted the 69th-greatest British rock album of all time in a 2006 Classic Rock industry poll. Triple M listeners voted the album No. 43 in the "100 Greatest Albums of All Time". Recognising the band's disfavour among music critics during their career, Q magazine ranked Breakfast in America second on its "Records it's OK to Love" list in 2006. In 2000 it was voted No. 294 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.

"The Logical Song" won the 1979 Ivor Novello Award for "Best Song Musically and Lyrically".

Track listing
All songs credited to Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson. Listed below are the respective writers.

Reissues
In June 1990, MFSL re-released a remaster on Ultradisc™ 24 KT Gold CD from their "Original Master Recording" Collection.
 * 1990 Remaster

On 11 June 2002 A&M Records reissued Breakfast in America with full original album art, plus the label art from side one recreated on the CD. It was mastered from the original master tapes by Greg Calbi and Jay Messina at Sterling Sound, New York, 2002. The reissue was supervised by Bill Levenson with art direction by Vartan and design by Mike Diehl, with production coordination by Beth Stempel. It makes limited use of dynamic range compression and peak limiting, rejecting the loudness war trends of modern CD releases.
 * 2002 reissue

A deluxe edition was released on 4 October 2010, including a second disc with songs recorded live in 1979, in particular songs not appearing on the live album Paris.
 * 2010 deluxe edition

A super deluxe edition, which was released on 6 December 2010, includes the 2-disc deluxe edition CD, vinyl LP, poster, DVD, hardcover book, and other memorabilia.
 * 2010 super deluxe Edition

A&M offers a High Definition Blu-ray Disc of the album. It contains the album in three different sound formats: 2-Channel PCM 24bit/96 kHz, 2 Channel DTS-Master Audio 24bit/96 kHz and 2-Channel Dolby True-HD 24bit/96 kHz. This High Definition Blu-ray Disc is playable in all Blu-ray Disc players.
 * 2013 Blu-ray high definition disc

On May 17, 2018, MFSL re-released a remaster on hybrid SACD.
 * 2018 Remastered Hybrid SACD

Personnel
Supertramp
 * Rick Davies – vocals and keyboards including clavinet on track 2, harmonica on track 6
 * Roger Hodgson – vocals, keyboards and guitars, including acoustic 12-string guitar on track 2, vibes on track 9
 * John Helliwell – saxophones, vocals, woodwinds
 * Bob Siebenberg (credited as Bob C. Benberg) – drums
 * Dougie Thomson – bass

Additional personnel
 * Slyde Hyde – tuba and trombone
 * Gary Mielke – Oberheim programming

Production
 * Peter Henderson – producer
 * Supertramp – producer
 * Peter Henderson – engineer
 * Lenise Bent – assistant engineer
 * Jeff Harris – assistant engineer
 * Greg Calbi – remastering (2002)
 * Jay Messina – remastering (2002)
 * Russel Pope – concert sound engineer
 * Mike Doud – art direction, cover art concept, artwork
 * Mick Haggerty – art direction, cover design
 * Mark Hanauer – photography
 * Aaron Rapoport – cover photo

Awards
Grammy Awards

title: Breakfast in America


text:
Talk:Breakfast in America

Untitled
The Peter Henderson link doesn't go to the producer of this album, I don't believe.--12.28.101.34 15:46, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

#16
the single breakfast in america has a peek at #16 in it's own page but #62 in this album page... i removed #62 and put #16. ok??

--Mysterious Spy 15:19, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Concept album
several of the tracks such as Gone Hollywood, Breakfast in America (song), and Child of Vision have critical lyrics about america, and most of the other songs have themes of leaving or unfulfillment. I think these would classify this album as a concept album. Isn't that what you'd expect from a progressive rock band?--72.71.251.182 (talk) 23:08, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

I would definitely agree that Breakfast in America is a concept album. It tells the story of a man who has be longing to go to America, so it should be defined as a concept album. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.98.29.113 (talk) 15:10, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

It is a concept album and obviously presents a cohesive vision, even if the band members and songwriters deny that such a vision was intentional. In the same way that you don't rely on Herman Melville to interpret Moby Dick, you shouldn't rely on band members to articulate what an album is "about," because they're very likely to be coy and just say, "Oh, no, it was purely coincidental." Surely someone can add a bit of criticism to contradict what Hodgson and others say. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.69.204.131 (talk) 17:50, 8 October 2014 (UTC)
 * No, there's no "cohesive vision". The only song which fits into "the story of a man who has be longing to go to America" is the title track, so saying Breakfast in America is a concept album about someone wanting to go to America is like saying that Abbey Road is a concept album about a young man killing people with a silver hammer. It's particularly illogical when you consider that all the songs were already written by the time they settled on a title and theme for the album.--NukeofEarl (talk) 14:55, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

Well, I don't agree that it tells the story of one man or anything like that, but it's a concept album in terms of presenting a certain critique of America and its values at the time. Not every song is about that specifically, but the idea holds up overall and all the songs contribute in one way or another. Maybe Supertramp didn't consciously intend for it to be a concept album, and maybe that's enough to disqualify it, but still think it's a good idea to include some dissenting views if sourced. Just going with the band's official word is the job of a PR firm. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.69.204.131 (talk) 18:46, 9 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Again, it's not just going by the band's word; only three of the songs have to do with America, and most (e.g. "The Logical Song", "Lord Is it Mine", "Casual Conversations") can't be linked to an American theme by any stretch of the imagination. But even if it were just the band's word, it wouldn't make a difference. Fan opinion is not considered a more reliable authority on a person's intentions than the person themselves.--NukeofEarl (talk) 14:46, 13 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Indeed. And the application of the idiom "Just going with the band's official word is the job of a PR firm" to the subject of the band's intentions for an album reflects a frighteningly poor grasp of reality.--Martin IIIa (talk) 11:16, 14 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Also, I'll do you one better on the American theme: None of the songs on the album are about the USA. "Gone Hollywood", "Breakfast in America", and "Child of Vision" all make passing reference to places or things in the USA, but none of them present the USA as their theme. This is quite clear not only from the lyrics themselves, but from Davies and Hodgson's comments on the meanings of those songs in interviews.--Martin IIIa (talk) 18:28, 14 October 2014 (UTC)

There's no need to question my grasp on reality, Martin. I had provided a link to a professional review that called into question the songwriters' sincerity on the point of the album being intended as satire, but it was deleted. But if all we're interested in is the band's intentions, that's fine. I'll waste no more time on this.65.69.204.131 (talk) 16:02, 15 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Well, you didn't mention any link in your post, so I naturally assumed that you were suggesting it was your personal opinion which we should bow to. If I misunderstood you, then I apologize.
 * I certainly wouldn't say that all we're interested in is the band's intentions. However, if the link you're referring to is the one NukeofEarl recently reverted, that isn't to a "professional review"; it's to a magazine article which draws on an interview with the band. It's not a critical analysis, and the bit you cited in particular is an offhand and probably tongue-in-cheek remark, of the sort that music magazines of the time are loaded with. Moreover, the comment is clearly addressing Heliwell's remarks about the individual songs, not the assertions of the band as a whole that Breakfast in America is not a concept album. I've read through the linked article before (and, as you can see, have cited it a few times in this article), and I never even gave that one-liner a second thought. It frankly seems like you're trying to read your own wish that Breakfast in America were a concept album into the article. Incidentally, I've moved your post into chronological order with the rest of this thread, as I think that makes it less confusing to read.--User:Martin IIIa with 65.69.204.131's addition is that it was phrased to indicate that Wikipedia supports his hypothesis. Per [[WP:NPOV, Wikipedia articles can report unsubstantiated claims made by notable sources, but cannot favor one over another.--NukeofEarl (talk) 13:13, 20 October 2014 (UTC)

By the numbers?
Did "Lord is it Mine" really not chart? It seemed to get quite a bit of airplay in Canada... TREKphiler  any time you're ready, Uhura  09:59, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Belated response, but so far as I can tell "Lord Is it Mine" was never released as a single. Without a single release, a song can't chart regardless of how much airplay it gets.--NukeofEarl (talk) 15:02, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Gone Hollywood and Child of Vision be merged into Breakfast in America. Both articles have little content, no references whatsoever, and most importantly, fail to meet WP: NSONGS since they have no notability outside of the album itself. The best way to save the content on both articles is to merge them into Breakfast in America, where more editors will be maintaining and improving the content.--Martin IIIa (talk) 16:42, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Both quotes must be sourced (I think it's WP:BLP that stipulates this), but are copyright infringements regardless at such length (per QUOTE). What's left is "X is the Yth track of Supertramp's 1979 album Breakfast in America. Written by Z, [insert my interpretation of what the song means]." As such I Support this merger. -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  16:59, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Ah, I was concerned about the lack of sources for those quotes, but didn't realize that sort of thing was covered under WP:BLP rules. Thanks for taking care of that.
 * Anyway, support for the merge is unanimous thus far, and it doesn't look like we're going to get any further discussion, so I'll go ahead and perform the merge.--Martin IIIa (talk) 13:44, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

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Revisions
I altered the 'lead vocals' description for the studio rendition of "Goodbye Stranger" to "Davies and Hodgson", in line with the description given in that song's article, which says each of them sings one of the "two voices". However, the Rick Davies article says that he sometimes sang falsetto, so perhaps there was no involvement by Hodgson in the lead vocals of that song. Harfarhs (talk) 20:03, 20 December 2017 (UTC)

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Tracks
I have an original UK vinyl version of the record. On the inner sleeve marked AMLK 63708 and printed in England it states writing credits for each song as

Gone Hollywood Rick Davies Logical Song Roger Hodgson Goodbye Stranger Rick Davies Breakfast in America Rick Davies Oh Darling Rick Davies Take the long way home Roger Hodgson Lord is it Mine Roger Hodgson Just another nervous wreck Rick Davies Casual Conversations Rick Davies Child of vision Roger Hodgson — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.26.251.70 (talk • contribs)

 * Looks like the one different listing is "Breakfast in America" which we list as Hodgson. I will correct it. Binksternet (talk) 15:32, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

The UK is not a country
The UK is not a country 119.77.75.4 (talk) 01:31, 5 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Breakfast in America


text:
Going-to-the-Sun Road

Going-to-the-Sun Road is a scenic mountain road in the Rocky Mountains of the western United States, in Glacier National Park in Montana. The Sun Road, as it is sometimes abbreviated in National Park Service documents, is the only road that traverses the park, crossing the Continental Divide through Logan Pass at an elevation of 6,646 feet (2,026 m), which is the highest point on the road. Construction began in 1921 and was completed in 1932 with formal dedication in the following summer on July 15, 1933. Prior to the construction of the road, visitors would need to spend several days traveling through the central part of the park, an area which can now be traversed within a few hours, excluding any stops for sightseeing or construction.

The road is the first to have been registered in all of the following categories: National Historic Place, National Historic Landmark and Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. The road is approximately 50 miles (80 km) long and spans the width of the park between the east and west entrance stations. The National Historic Landmark Nomination records a slightly shorter distance of 48.7 miles which is measured from the first main intersection just outside the park's west entrance to Divide Creek in St. Mary, Montana on the east side of the park.

Name
The road is named after Going-to-the-Sun Mountain which dominates the eastbound view beyond Logan Pass. One Native American legend concerns the deity Sour Spirit who came down from the sun to teach the Blackfeet the basics of hunting. While returning to the sun, an image of Sour Spirit was placed on the mountain as an inspiration for the Blackfeet. Another story has suggested that a late-19th-century Euro-American explorer provided the mountain's name and the legend.

Design
Going-to-the-Sun Road, also known as Glacier Route 1 Road, is notable as one of the first National Park Service projects specifically intended to accommodate the automobile-borne tourist. The road was first conceived by superintendent George Goodwin in 1917, who became the chief engineer of the Park Service the following year. As chief engineer, the new road became Goodwin's primary project, and construction began in 1921.

As the project proceeded, Goodwin lost influence with National Park Service director Stephen Mather, who favored landscape architect Thomas Chalmers Vint's alternative routing of the upper portion of the road along the Garden Wall escarpment. Vint's alignment reduced both switchbacks and the road's visual impact, at increased cost. With Goodwin's resignation, Vint's proposal became the preferred alignment. The entire project was finally opened from end to end in 1933, at a cost of $2.5 million.

The western terminus of the road is at U.S. Route 2 in West Glacier, Montana. The eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 89 in St. Mary.

The two-lane Going-to-the-Sun Road is quite narrow and winding, with hairpin turns, especially west of Logan Pass. Consequently, vehicle lengths over the highest portions of the roadway are limited to no longer than 21 ft and no wider than 8 ft between Avalanche Creek and Rising Sun picnic areas which are located many miles below Logan Pass, on the west and east sides of the pass, respectively. Vehicles over 10 ft in height may not have sufficient clearance due to rock overhangs when driving west between Logan Pass and the hairpin turn called the Loop. The speed limits are 45 mph in the lower elevations and 25 mph in the steeper and winding alpine sections.

Repairs
The road is one of the most difficult roads in North America to snowplow in the spring. Up to 80 ft of snow can lie on top of Logan Pass, and more just east of the pass where the deepest snowfield has long been referred to as the Big Drift. The road takes about ten weeks to plow, even with equipment that can move 4,000 tons of snow in an hour. The snowplow crew can clear as little as 500 ft of the road per day. On the east side of the Continental Divide, there are few guardrails due to heavy snows and the resultant late-winter avalanches that have destroyed protective barriers. The road is generally open from early June to mid October, with its latest opening on July 13, 2022, marking the record for the latest opening since the inaugural date of July 15, 1933.

A restoration project by the National Park Service and the Federal Highway Administration has been repairing road damage from many avalanches and rock slides over the years. The repairs, which started in the 1980s and continue to the present day when weather permits, include fixing retaining walls, replacing the original pavement with reinforced concrete, and work on tunnels, bridges, culverts and overlooks.

Buses
A fleet of vintage 1930s red buses, modernized in 2001 and called Red Jammers, or simply "Reds", continue the tradition of offering guided tours along the road. The original bus drivers became affectionately known as "Gear Jammers" or simply "Jammers" since they had to jam the manual gearbox into low to safely negotiate the steepest road sections. Thirty-three of the original buses were rebuilt with flexible-fuel engines which operate mainly on propane but can use gasoline, and with automatic transmissions, making the Jammer name archaic. Modern-style shuttle buses for shorter trips and Blackfeet tour buses operate on the road as well.

References in popular culture
Going-to-the-Sun Road is shown in the opening credits of the 1980 film The Shining, as aerial flybys of Wild Goose Island and the protagonist's car traveling along the north shore of Saint Mary Lake, through the East Side tunnel and onward, going to a mountain resort hotel for his job interview as a winter caretaker. The road is also featured at night at the climax of the sequel adaptation, Doctor Sleep, when Danny Torrance returns to the Overlook Hotel with Abra to confront the antagonist Rose The Hat.

The road is also seen briefly in the 1994 film Forrest Gump. As Forrest reminisces with Jenny he remembers running across the U.S. and remarks, "Like that mountain lake. It was so clear, Jenny. It looked like there were two skies, one on top of the other." The shots in the background are Going-to-the-Sun Road and Saint Mary Lake.

The road is the subject of the song "Going-to-the-Sun Road" by Fleet Foxes, featured on their 2020 album Shore.

title: Going-to-the-Sun Road


text:
Category:Kansas City Monarchs players

Kansas City Monarchs players. __NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Kansas City Monarchs players


text:
Harpist in the Wind

Harpist in the Wind is a 1979 fantasy novel by American writer Patricia A. McKillip. It is the concluding book of the Riddle Master trilogy. The first UK paperback edition precedes the first US paperback.

Plot summary
Morgon of Hed and Raederle of An set out to discover who the shapechangers who pursue them are, and where the High One, the source of the land-law binding the realm together, is hiding. Along the way they are helped by the wizards of the realm, recently released by Morgan from the bonds in which Ghisteslwchlohm had held them, and by the land-heirs/rulers. After confronting Ghisteslwchlohm in the city of Lungold, where the wizard once had ruled, Morgon is imprisoned by the shapechangers within Erlenstar Mountain, as they do not want to kill him. They, the exiled Earth-Masters, need him to reach the High One, who prevents them from exercising full power. He escapes with the help of Raederle and someone who is later revealed to be the High One in disguise. Seeking refuge in the far north, he begins to learn the land-law of each kingdom. Once he has partially learned all of the land-law, Morgon discovers that the High One had journeyed with him as both the harpist Deth and the wizard Yrth. The High One tells Morgon at the top of Wind Plain that he (Morgon) is the High One's land-heir. When the High One is killed by Ghisteslwchlohm, now possessed by the shape changers, with Morgon's three-starred sword, Morgon learns to shape and/or bind the winds to overcome the Earth-Masters and bring peace to the land; he truly is the High One's heir.

Setting
In the trilogy, land-law resides with the land-ruler of each of the kingdoms within the realm. Land-rulers are ostensibly aware of all of the entities within their kingdom. They can sense each creature, each plant, each rock. The High One, in McKillip's creation, seems to have the same relationship with the entire realm, as he started to bind all of the land-law when he sensed that the Earth-Master Eriel began to gather power for her own ends. When the land-law passes on, the land-heir suddenly becomes aware of everything in his or her kingdom, or in the entire realm.

Awards and recognition

 * 1980, Harpist in the Wind was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel
 * 1980, Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel

title: Harpist in the Wind


text: Category:Blues Traveler albums

title: Category:Blues Traveler albums


text:
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty

"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" (1939) is a short story by James Thurber. The most famous of Thurber's stories, it first appeared in The New Yorker on March 18, 1939, and was first collected in his book My World and Welcome to It (Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1942). It has since been reprinted in James Thurber: Writings and Drawings (The Library of America, 1996, ISBN 1-883011-22-1), is available on-line on the New Yorker website, and is one of the most anthologized short stories in American literature. The story is considered one of Thurber's "acknowledged masterpieces". It was made into a 1947 film of the same name, with Danny Kaye in the title role, though the film is very different from the original story. It was also adapted into a 2013 film, which is again very different from the original.

The name Walter Mitty and the derivative word "Mittyesque" have entered the English language, denoting an ineffectual person who spends more time in heroic daydreams than paying attention to the real world, or more seriously, one who intentionally attempts to mislead or convince others that he is something that he is not.

In his autobiography My First Hundred Years in Hollywood, Warner Brothers studio head Jack L. Warner described the actor Errol Flynn in the following way: "To the Walter Mittys of the world he was all the heroes in one magnificent, sexy, animal package."

Plot
The short story deals with a vague and mild-mannered man who drives into Waterbury, Connecticut, with his wife for their regular weekly shopping and his wife's visit to the beauty parlor. During this time he has five heroic daydream episodes, each inspired by some detail of his mundane surroundings. The first is as a pilot of a U.S. Navy flying boat in a storm, followed by Mrs. Mitty's complaint that Mitty is "driving too fast". As he drives past a hospital, he imagines himself a magnificent surgeon performing a one-of-a-kind surgery. Later, a newsboy shouting about the "Waterbury Trial" begins Mitty's third fantasy, as a deadly assassin testifying in a courtroom. While waiting for his wife, he picks up an old copy of Liberty, reading "Can Germany Conquer the World Through the Air?", and begins his fourth daydream, as a Royal Air Force pilot volunteering for a daring suicide mission to bomb an ammunition dump. As the story ends, Mitty stands against a wall, smoking, and imagines himself facing a firing squad, "inscrutable to the last."

Analysis
Mitty is very much a Thurber protagonist, so much so that he has been called "the archetype for dreamy, hapless, Thurber Man". Like many of his male characters, such as the husband in "The Unicorn in the Garden" and the physically unimposing men Thurber often paired with larger women in his cartoons, Mitty is dominated and put upon by his wife. Like the man who saw the unicorn, he escapes via fantasies. A similar dynamic is found in the Thurber story "The Curb in the Sky", in which a man starts recounting his own dreams as anecdotes as an attempt to stop his wife from constantly correcting him on the details.

In his 2001 book The Man Who Was Walter Mitty: The Life and Work of James Thurber (ISBN 0-930751-13-2), author Thomas Fensch suggests that the character was largely based on Thurber himself. This is consistent with Thurber's self-described imaginative interpretations of shapes seen with his "two-fifths vision" in his essay "The Admiral on the Wheel". Neurologist V.S. Ramachandran suggests that Thurber may have had Charles Bonnet syndrome, a neurological condition that causes vivid and bizarre hallucinations in blind people.

Thurber's love of wordplay can be seen in his coining of several nonsense terms in the story, including the pseudo-medical jargon "obstreosis of the ductal tract", "streptothricosis", and the recurring onomatopoeia of "ta-pocketa-pocketa-pocketa." The medical nonsense that "coreopsis has set in" uses the name of a flower which sounds vaguely like a horrible medical condition.

1947 film
The story was made into a 1947 film starring Danny Kaye as a young daydreaming editor of pulp magazines. The film was adapted for the screen by Ken Englund, Everett Freeman, and Philip Rapp, and directed by Norman Z. McLeod. It was filmed in Technicolor.

Thurber was repeatedly consulted about the film's script, but his suggestions were largely ignored by producer Samuel Goldwyn, who had the writers alter the original story to showcase Kaye's talents. In a letter to Life magazine, Thurber expressed his considerable dissatisfaction with the script, even as Goldwyn insisted in another letter that Thurber approved of it.

A 1947 radio adaptation of the film, with Danny Kaye and Virginia Mayo reprising their roles, was performed on The Screen Guild Theater. Because the show was a half hour, including commercials, Kaye's extraneous routines are minimized, making it more like the original story. Even closer to the original story is a 1944 radio adaptation from This Is My Best, with Robert Benchley as the daydreaming Mitty.

2013 film
20th Century Fox produced and Ben Stiller directed another film adaptation in 2013, which also differs widely from the book. Stiller stars as Mitty, with Kristen Wiig, Shirley MacLaine, Patton Oswalt, Adam Scott, Kathryn Hahn, and Sean Penn also appearing in the film. The film was released on December 25, 2013 in the US and in other countries and had a production budget of $90 million.

Stage adaptations
"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" was adapted for the stage by Thurber as part of the 1960 Broadway theater revue A Thurber Carnival. The sketch, which closed the show except for "Word Dance Part II", was nearly identical to the short story, except that at the end he cleverly avoids being shot. The original cast for the sketch was as follows:

 * Peggy Cass as Mrs. Mitty
 * Tom Ewell as Walter Mitty
 * Paul Ford as Mr. Pritchard-Mitford and The Leader
 * John McGiver as Dr. Renshaw
 * Wynne Miller as Nurse
 * Peter Turgeon as Narrator, Lt. Berg, and Dr. Remington
 * Charles Braswell as Dr. Benbow

The story was again adapted for the stage in 1964, this time by Joe Manchester. This musical version of The Secret Life of Walter Mitty depicts Mitty at age 40, tempted by "would-be chanteuse" Willa De Wisp to leave his wife Agnes and really live "the Secret Life". It features 17 songs, with lyrics by Earl Shuman and music by Leon Carr. The musical opened off-Broadway at the Players Theatre on October 26, 1964, and ran for 96 performances. Time magazine referred to the musical's plot as having been "boldly extrapolated" from the short story, and called the result "a thoroughly pleasant musical evening". Columbia Records issued an original cast recording on LP, also dated 1964.

title: The Secret Life of Walter Mitty


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Erik Bye

Erik Erikssønn Bye (March 1, 1926 – October 13, 2004) was a versatile Norwegian-American journalist, artist, author, film actor, folk singer and radio and television personality. He was one of the 20th century's most well-known and popular radio and television figures in Norway.

Born in Brooklyn, New York, to Rønnaug (née Dahl) and opera singer Erik Ole Bye, his family moved home to Norway when he was six years old. After a few years in Ringerike they settled in the Nordstrand borough in Oslo, where they took over a bed and breakfast. In his teens, Bye joined the Norwegian resistance movement during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany during World War II. Following the war, he returned to the United States for his university education, studying English, journalism and drama at Midland Lutheran College, Nebraska and the University of Wisconsin in Madison. During his studies he also traveled extensively throughout the United States, taking odd jobs and gathering impressions.

In 1953, Bye took his first job as a reporter with the Associated Press and as a freelancer for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK). In 1955, he moved to London and worked three years at the BBC Overseas Service as an apprentice to Anthony Martin before returning home. Bye enjoyed immense popularity with generations of Norwegians, and his songs and programs on radio and television were magnets to audiences of all ages. He was noted for his gift of being equally comfortable with the King of Norway and a random character met on the street. His roaming reports from around the world ranged from searching America for an old Apache chief to bringing an African chieftain from Ghana who answered a message in a bottle released by NRK to Norway.

Bye was well known for his support of Norwegian sailors. He also spent much time helping the Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue and their cause, raising funds for a brand new rescue ship in 1960, Skomvær II, which was named after the barque Skomvær in Bye's song "Skomværvalsen." The society also named one of their rescue vessels after the artist.

In 1978 the King of Norway made him a Knight, 1st Class in the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav. In 2005 he was voted the third greatest Norwegian of the 20th century by the viewers of NRK, behind King Olav V and Einar Gerhardsen.

Bye was married to politician Tove Billington Jørgensen from 1953 until his death from cancer, which took place in Hvalstad, Asker, Norway.

Filmography

 * 1961: I faresonen
 * 1966: Reisen til havet as Hilmar

Discography

 * Vi går ombord (1960)
 * Erik Bye Synger Skjæraasen (1966)
 * Jeg Vet en Vind (1972)
 * Gjensyn (1974)
 * Gammel Er Min Fjord (1974)
 * Blow Silver Wind (1976)
 * En Dobbel Deylighet (1978) with Birgitte Grimstad
 * Norske Folketoner (1978)
 * Vandring på Vår Herres Klinkekule (1985)
 * Langt Nord i Livet (1994)
 * En sang under skjorta- Et Visevalg Fra Skattkammeret (1995)
 * I dur og brott (2003) with Royal Norwegian Navy Band

title: Erik Bye


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bullshido/Archive1

Bullshido was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECT WITHOUT MERGING to McDojo. 5 votes to delete, 1 of which accepted redirect without merge; 1 vote to redirect without merge, 2 votes to keep, one of which accepted merge/redirect; 1 vote to merge/redirect. This amounts to 6 votes to 3 against merging any content. Counting the 1 clear keep vote as impliedly preferring redirection as an alternative to deletion, the vote is then tied 4 to 4 on the issue of redirect. Accordingly, I will leave it as a redirect. Postdlf 14:04, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Bullshido
Is basically an advert for bullshido.com, a martial arts training site. Does not appear that anyone uses the term outside of them. In any case the article is nearly all first person. Not likely to ever be an encyclopedic article, and is essentially vanity. - Taxman 22:37, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. The term is used pretty frequently on rec.martial-arts, and may predate the site. However, it's not commonly used outside of that newsgroup. The term "bullshitsu" is also sometimes used for the same concept.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:54, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This isn't a good article. I know a thing or two about traditional martial arts as well as the, erm, touchy people who comprise the Western "martial arts community." So, I believe that Bullshido is a notable enough group in that community (such as it is) to deserve an article here, but this article? Feh... Abstain. Fire Star 03:53, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This article is bull-shido. Not notable. --Improv 15:22, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I am actually partly responsible for this article, as it was created by Phrost, the head of the Bullshido websites, at my prompting. It started as a dictdef, and I was hoping to flesh it out into something useful, but someone took a single Ashida Kim related post from Bullshido and slapped it on, and the article has since become rather messy. I might be better off creating a Fraud in martial arts, since that is what I had actually planned on writing about. In any case, I'm going to leave the decision up to more experienced Wikipedians and Abstain. Aesopian
 * Ah, that explains the scattered appearance of the article. Bullshido (or McDojo) was intended a few years back to expose fraud in the martial arts, a worthy enough motive. Among martial artists with connectivity it is a fairly well known group compared to most others, hence my comments above. Fire Star 15:36, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, as the term seems notable, needs some work though — siro  χ  o  23:03, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to McDojo. The article at present is just a rant copied from somewhere else; I don't think there's anything to add to McDojo. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:03, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge and redirect to McDojo. This is a somewhat notable concept, not somethink that is specific to just bullshido.com. Removing the confusing quote altogether would probably improve the article. jni 09:54, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or redirect to McDojo. Valid concept; but a bit offensively titled, and who needs two articles?  --GenkiNeko 20:48, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I would like to point out that "bullshido" and "McDojo" are rather different terms. A McDojo is a derogatory term for a bad school, while bullshido is a broader concept of fraud in martial arts, and can apply to books, movies, instructors, students, techniques, training methods, belt systems, and just about anything in martial arts. "McDojo" is just a way of saying a school is in some way bullshido. To redirect the broader term to something that would be considered a specific type of bullshido seems backwards to me. As for the term "bullshido" being offense, Wikipedia has articles on fuck and shit, so I don't think this is really an issue. --Aesopian 13:30, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Indrian 17:16, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle

Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle (14 August 1653 – 6 October 1688) was an English Army officer, peer, politician and colonial administrator who sat in the House of Commons from 1667 to 1670 when he inherited his father's dukedom and sat in the House of Lords.

Monck briefly served as Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica and is credited with arranging the first boxing match in England.

Early life
Monck was the son and heir of George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1608–1670) by his wife Anne Clarges (d.1700), a daughter of John Clarges, "Farrier in the Savoy", of Drury Lane, Westminster. Anne's brother was Sir Thomas Clarges (c. 1618–1695), MP, who greatly assisted his brother-in-law, the then – before his elevation to the dukedom – General George Monck, in bringing about the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660. She was the presumed widow of Thomas Radford, milliner, of New Exchange, Strand, Westminster, although it was said that her husband was still alive when her son was born. This left a question concerning Monck's legitimacy.

Monck was educated privately, and entered Gray's Inn in 1662. From 1660 until his father's death ten years later in 1670, he was known by the courtesy title of Earl of Torrington, one of his father's subsidiary titles.

Career
At the age of 13, Monck entered politics, having been elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Devon in January 1667. In 1670 he was elevated to the peerage following the death of his father, inheriting his father's peerage titles, and thus entered the House of Lords when he reached 21. He became a Gentleman of the Bedchamber and inherited his father's great feudal title, Lord of Bowland. He was created a Knight of the Garter, a Privy Councillor and in 1675 Lord Lieutenant of Devon, in which latter role he served for ten years. He became a titular colonel of several horse regiments of the English Army.

In 1673 he raised a regiment as part of the Blackheath Army under Marshal Schomberg. It was intended for service in the Dutch Republic, but was disbanded following the Treaty of Westminster before seeing any action.

On 6 January 1681, Monck arranged a boxing match between his butler and his butcher. This was the first recorded boxing match in England. The butcher won the match.

From 1682 until his death, Monck was Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. In 1685 he resigned the Lord Lieutenancy of Devon to fight against the Monmouth Rebellion, but was largely unsuccessful as a military leader. In 1686, Monck was a major investor in a treasure-seeking expedition headed by William Phips, who had located the wreck of the Spanish treasure ship Nuestra Señora de la Concepción in February 1687. Phips returned to London with more than £200,000 worth of treasure, of which Monck received a 25 percent share.

After serving in a few more minor positions, in 1687, Monck was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica.

Death and succession
Monck died in Jamaica on 6 October 1688, aged 35. He was buried in Westminster Abbey on 4 July 1689. As the Duke left no children, all his titles became extinct on his death.

Legacy
Monck is credited with the first boxing match in England. English buccaneer Ambrose Cowley named the Duke of Albemarle's Island after him, the island in the Galapagos now known as Isabela.

Potheridge, Devon
His Devonshire seat was Potheridge, three miles south-east of Great Torrington, a grand mansion rebuilt by his father circa 1660 on the site of the former manor house occupied by his family since, at the latest, 1287. It was mostly demolished after the death of the 2nd duchess in 1734; the surviving section forms the present Great Potheridge farmhouse – inside which, however, some remnants of the former mansion remain, including two massive 17th-century classical-style doorcases, a colossal overmantel with carved putti and trophies, and a grand staircase.

Clarendon House, London
In 1675 Monck purchased for £26,000 the very grand London townhouse Clarendon House from the heirs of its builder, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon (1609–1674). In 1683 he resold it to a consortium of investors led by Sir Thomas Bond, who demolished it and built on its site Albemarle Street, Bond Street and Dover Street.

Family
At the royal Palace of Whitehall in London on 30 December 1669, shortly before his father's death, Monck married Lady Elizabeth Cavendish (d.1734), eldest daughter and co-heiress of Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle. She gave birth to a son who died soon after his birth, and Monck left no further surviving children. In 1692 his widow remarried to Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu (1638 – c. 1709). She was buried in Westminster Abbey on 11 September 1734.


text:
Talk:Doug Bennett (musician)

Untitled
Doug Bennett was also a cartoonist with a local underground newspaper called the Georgia Straight coming out of Vancouver, B.C. Canada. Before starting his band Doug went to Montreal to concentrate on his art, but did not last long in Montreal, which I can understand having grown up in Vancouver myself. Vancouver is a hard place to leave.

title: Talk:Doug Bennett (musician)