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Children in Need

BBC Children in Need (also promoted as Plant mewn Angen in Wales) is the BBC's UK charity. and since 1980, it has raised over £1 billion for disadvantaged children and young people in the UK.

One of the highlights is an annual telethon, held in November and televised on BBC One and BBC Two. Pudsey Bear has been BBC Children in Need's mascot since 1985, whilst Sir Terry Wogan was its long-standing host for 35 years. A prominent annual event in British television, Children in Need is one of two high-profile British telethons. It is the only charity belonging to the BBC, the other telethon being Red Nose Day, supporting Comic Relief.

Following the closure of the BBC Television Centre, the telethon broadcasts took place at the BBC Elstree Centre from 2013 to 2020. The telethon previously lasted for up to 7 hours, but since 2020, it has been reduced to a 3 hour programme from 7pm until 10pm. In relation to the event having content designed for family viewing, the watershed is delayed until 11:30pm.

In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the telethon was reduced to a singular programme with only four presenters: Mel Giedroyc, Alex Scott, Chris Ramsey and Stephen Mangan. As of November 2021, the annual telethon takes place at Dock10, MediaCityUK in Salford. In October 2023, it was reported that, for the first time in Children in Need history, the BBC's 2023 appeal broadcast would have its first child co-presenter, with children's TV star and upcoming Doctor Who actor Lenny Rush taking on the role.

Earlier BBC appeals
The BBC's first broadcast charity appeal took place in 1927, in the form of a five-minute radio broadcast on Christmas Day. It raised about £1,342, which was donated to four children's charities.

The first televised appeal took place in 1955 and was called the Children's Hour Christmas Appeal, with the yellow glove puppet Sooty Bear and Harry Corbett fronting it. The Christmas Day Appeals continued on TV and radio until 1979. During that time a total of £625,836 was raised. Terry Wogan first appeared during this five-minute appeal in 1978 and again in 1979. Sometimes cartoon characters such as Peter Pan and Tom and Jerry were used.

BBC Children in Need

In 1980, the first Children in Need telethon was broadcast. It was a series of short segments linking the evening's programming instead of the usual continuity. It was devoted to raising money exclusively destined for charities working with children in the United Kingdom. The new format, presented by Terry Wogan, Sue Lawley and Esther Rantzen, saw a dramatic increase in public donations: £1 million was raised that year.

The format was developed throughout the 1980s to the point where the telethon segments grew longer and the regular programming diminished, eventually being dropped altogether from 1984 in favour of a single continuous programme. This format has grown in scope to incorporate further events broadcast on radio and online. As a regular presenter, Wogan had become firmly associated with the annual event, continuing to front it until 2014. The following year, he started to endure ill health, from which he died in 2016.

In 1988, BBC Children in Need became a registered charity (number 802052) in England and Wales, followed by registration in Scotland (SC039557) in 2008. In 2020, BBC Children in Need attended a Formula one Race with Mclaren F1 Team to help support Children in Need in Turkey.

The current chief executive since 2016 is Simon Antrobus.

Sponsorships
Asda has been a part of the Children in Need charity. Other sponsorships include McDonald's, One Stop, Greggs, Enterprise, Welcome Break (which includes WHSmith, Waitrose, Subway, Burger King, Pret, Starbucks and Harry Ramsden's.), and Cineworld additionally joined the Children in Need charity.

Sir Terry Wogan Fundraiser of the Year Award
An award called the Sir Terry Wogan Fundraiser of the Year has been presented since 2016 to someone who has gone above and beyond to help raise money for Children in Need. The award was set up by Terry's family and was presented by Terry's son, Mark, at the 2016 telethon in memory of the late Sir Terry Wogan. Joanna Lumley awarded it to Ellie and Abbie Holloway during the 2017 telethon. In 2021 Michael Ball turned up to present the prestigious award to Amy Wright.

Acts
The telethon features performances from many top singers and groups, with many celebrities also appearing on the $6 1/2$-hour-long programme performing various activities such as sketches or musical numbers. Featured celebrities often include those from programmes on rival network ITV, including some appearing in-character, or from the sets of their own programmes. A performance by BBC newsreaders became an annual fixture. Stars of newly opened West End musicals regularly perform a number from their show later in the evening after "curtain call" in their respective theatres.

Broadcast
The BBC devotes the entire night's programming on its flagship channel BBC One to the Children in Need telethon, with the exception of 35 minutes at 10 o'clock while BBC News at Ten, Weather and Regional News airs, and activity continues on BBC Two with special programming, such as Mastermind Children in Need, which is a form of Celebrity Mastermind, with four celebrities answering questions on a chosen subject and on general knowledge.

In recent years, before the telethon itself, the BBC has broadcast Children in Need specials including DIY SOS The Big Build, Bargain Hunt, The One Show, in which hosts Matt Baker and Alex Jones did a rickshaw challenge and a celebrity version of Pointless in which Pudsey assists hosts Alexander Armstrong and Richard Osman.

Unlike the other BBC charity telethon Comic Relief, Children in Need relies substantially on the BBC regions for input into the telethon night. The BBC English regions all have around 5–8-minute round-ups every hour during the telethon. This does not interrupt the schedule of items shown from BBC Television Centre as the presenters usually hand over to the regions, giving those in the main network studio a short break.

BBC Scotland, BBC Cymru Wales and BBC Northern Ireland, however, opted out of the network schedule with a considerable amount of local fundraising news and activities from their broadcast area. Usually they went over to the network broadcast at various times of the night, and usually they showed some network items later than when the English regions saw them. This was to give the BBC nations of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland a much larger slot than the BBC English regions because the "nations" comprise a distinct audience of the BBC. Usually BBC Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland handed back to network coverage from around 1:00 am on the telethon night. For the 2010 appeal this changed, with Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales deciding not to have their usual opt-outs and instead following the English regions' pattern of having updates every hour.

Children in Need Choir
Since 2011 one of the acts has been a choir where over 1000 children come together in the studio and in around 8-10 locations across the UK and sing one song live in unison from the various locations. These choirs are created by the BBC local news regions using local schools and theatre groups and usually sing from where the regional event takes place*. The performance usually starts in the studio and moving to the different locations throughout the performance before ending in the studio (2022 and 2023 do not start in the studio) with a short 20-30 second instrumental break to show a few clips from the night's appeal films. However, since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic the choir there have been fewer singers and the choirs across the UK have been pre-recorded with only the studio choir singing live.

The locations for each year were:

2011. The Children in Need Choir started by Gareth Malone featured the contestants on The Big Performance Series 2. They sang Keep Holding On by Avril Lavigne The choirs sang at:

 * London at BBC Television Centre in the BBC London region
 * Glasgow at BBC Pacific Quay for BBC Scotland
 * Kent at Bluewater for BBC South East
 * Weston-super-Mare at Grand Pier for BBC West
 * Salford at MediaCityUK for BBC North West
 * Cornwall at Eden Project for BBC South West
 * Cardiff at Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama for BBC Wales
 * Pudsey in the Leisure Centre car park for BBC Yorkshire
 * Birmingham at Aston Hall for BBC West Midlands
 * Belfast at W5 museum for BBC Northern Ireland
 * Hull at Hull Truck Theatre for BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire
 * Hampshire at The National Motor Museum for BBC South
 * Colchester at Charter Hall for BBC East
 * County Durham at Beamish Museum, County Durham for BBC North East and Cumbria
 * Loughborough at Loughborough University for BBC East Midlands

The link up performance went: London, Glasgow, Kent, Weston-super-Mare, Salford, Cornwall, Cardiff, Pudsey, London, The Instrumental Section, Birmingham, Belfast, London Hull, Hampshire, Colchester, County Durham and Loughborough were not shown in the link up performance and were instead shown on the highlights.

2012 the choir was led by Aled Jones and featured over 2000 singers in 15 locations. They sang Bridge Over Troubled Water by Simon and Garfunkel

The choirs were singing at:
 * London at BBC Television Centre in the BBC London region
 * Aberdeen at The Beach Ballroom for BBC Scotland
 * Northumberland at The Alnwick Garden for BBC North East and Cumbria
 * Swindon at STEAM: Museum of the Great Western Railway for BBC West
 * Birmingham at The Mailbox for BBC West Midlands
 * Belfast at Broadcasting House for BBC Northern Ireland
 * East Sussex at Glyndebourne for BBC South East
 * Cardiff at BBC Hoddinott Hall for BBC Wales
 * Scunthorpe at Baths Hall for BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire
 * Winchester at INTECH for BBC South
 * Cambridge at West Road Concert Hall, University of Cambridge for BBC East
 * Exeter at The Forum, University of Exeter for BBC South West
 * Leicestershire at Conkers Discovery Centre, National Forest for BBC East Midlands
 * Rotherham at Magna Science Adventure Centre for BBC Yorkshire
 * Salford at MediaCityUK for BBC North West

The link up performance went: London, Aberdeen, London (for a short instrumental section no singing in this section), Northumberland, Swindon, Birmingham, Belfast, The Instrumental section, East Sussex, Cardiff, Scunthorpe, Winchester, London Cambridge, Exeter, Leicestershire, Rotherham, and Salford were not shown as part of the main link up performance and were instead shown in the highlights.

In 2013 the main studio moved to Elstree Studios in Borehamwood just outside of London and had only 10 choirs and 1624 children instead of all of them having choirs and not showing some of them on the link up. The choirs sang at: The link up performance went: Elstree, Bath, Belfast, Manchester, Falmouth, Glasgow, Birmingham, Kettering, Elstree, The Instrumental Section, Merthyr Tydfil, Hexham, Elstree.
 * Elstree at Elstree Studios in the BBC London region
 * Bath at The Roman Baths for BBC West
 * Belfast at BBC Blackstaff House for BBC Northern Ireland
 * Manchester at Z-Arts for BBC North West
 * Falmouth at National Maritime Museum Cornwall for BBC South West
 * Glasgow at BBC Pacific Quay for BBC Scotland
 * Birmingham at The Library of Birmingham for BBC West Midlands
 * Kettering at Wicksteed Park for BBC East
 * Merthyr Tydfil at The College for BBC Wales
 * Hexham at Hexham Trinity Methodist Church for BBC North East and Cumbria

In 2014 the choir had a similar format to 2013 with 10 locations and 1685 and they sang "I'll Stand by You" by The Pretenders.

The choirs sang from:
 * Elstree at Elstree Studios in the BBC London region
 * Bradford at Bradford College for BBC Yorkshire
 * Norwich at The Millennium Library at The Forum for BBC East
 * Newport at The Newport Centre for BBC Wales
 * Birmingham at Thinktank for BBC West Midlands
 * Belfast at BBC Blackstaff House for BBC Northern Ireland
 * Plymouth at Plymouth Life Centre for BBC South West
 * Blackpool at Blackpool Tower Circus for BBC North West
 * Chatham at Chatham Historic Dockyard for BBC South East
 * Glasgow at BBC Pacific Quay for BBC Scotland

The link up performance went: Elstree, Bradford, Norwich, Newport, Birmingham, Belfast, Plymouth, The Instrumental Section, Blackpool, Chatham, Glasgow, Elstree

In 2015 there were 1661 children in 10 locations and the choir sang The Climb by Miley Cyrus

The choirs sang from:
 * Elstree at Elstree Studios in the BBC London region
 * Gloucester at Gloucester Cathedral for BBC West
 * Belfast at BBC Blackstaff House for BBC Northern Ireland
 * Keswick at The Rawnsley Centre for BBC North East and Cumbria
 * Great Yarmouth at The Hippodrome for BBC East
 * Llandudno at Venue Cymru for BBC Wales
 * Jersey at Fort Regent for BBC South West
 * Blackpool at Blackpool Tower Circus for BBC North West
 * Glasgow at BBC Pacific Quay for BBC Scotland
 * Arundel at Arundel Castle for BBC South

The link up performance went: Elstree, Gloucester, Belfast, Keswick, Great Yarmouth, Elstree, Llandudno, Elstree (short instrumental with no singing), Jersey, The Instrumental section, Blackpool, Glasgow, Arundel, Elstree

In 2016 they had 1580 children in 9 choirs and they sang Lean on Me by Bill Withers

The Choirs sang at:
 * Elstree at Elstree Studios in the BBC London region
 * Liverpool at Sefton Park for BBC North West
 * Swansea at Swansea University for BBC Wales
 * Bridlington at Bridlington Spa for BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire
 * Dudley at The Black Country Living Museum for BBC West Midlands
 * Glasgow at BBC Pacific Quay for BBC Scotland
 * Milton Keynes at Stadium MK for BBC East
 * Salisbury at Salisbury Arts Centre for BBC South
 * Belfast at Titanic for BBC Northern Ireland

The Link up performance went: Elstree, Liverpool, Swansea, Bridlington, Dudley, Glasgow, Milton Keynes, The Instrumental section, Salisbury, Swansea, Bridlington, Belfast, Glasgow, Elstree

In 2017 there were 1788 children in 10 choirs and they sang Over the Rainbow by Judy Garland

The choirs sang from:
 * Elstree at Elstree Studios in the BBC London region
 * Manchester at The Science and Industry Museum for BBC North West
 * Bristol at Aerospace for BBC West
 * Glasgow at BBC Pacific Quay for BBC Scotland
 * Newcastle at The Discovery Museum for BBC North East and Cumbria
 * Newbury at Brockhurst and Marlston House School for BBC South
 * Belfast at The Ulster Folk and Transport Museum for BBC Northern Ireland
 * Halifax at The Piece Hall for BBC Yorkshire
 * Cardiff at The Broadcasting House for BBC Wales
 * Nottingham at The Albert Hall for BBC East Midlands

The Link up performance went: Elstree, Manchester, Bristol, Glasgow, Newcastle, The Instrumental section, Newbury, Belfast, Halifax, Cardiff, Nottingham, Elstree

In 2018 the 1466 children in 9 choirs sang A Million Dreams from The Greatest Showman

The choirs sang from:
 * Elstree at Elstree Studios in the BBC London region
 * Southampton at King Edward VI School for BBC South
 * St Ives at Tate for BBC South West
 * Belfast at The Ulster Folk and Transport Museum for BBC Northern Ireland
 * Chester at Storyhouse for BBC North West
 * Lincoln at The New Theatre Royal for BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire
 * Glasgow at BBC Pacific Quay for BBC Scotland
 * Cardiff at The Broadcasting House for BBC Wales
 * Wolverhampton at The Grand Theatre for BBC West Midlands

The Link up performance went: Elstree, Southampton, St Ives, Belfast, Chester, Lincoln, Glasgow, The Instrumental section, Cardiff and Wolverhampton, Belfast, Elstree

In 2019 there were 9 choirs and 1399 children and they sang True Colours by Cyndi Lauper

The Choirs sang from:
 * Elstree at Elstree Studios in the BBC London region
 * Hartlepool at The Town Hall Theatre for BBC North East and Cumbria
 * Belfast at W5 museum for BBC Northern Ireland
 * Maidstone at Allington Castle for BBC South East
 * The Wirral at The Lady Lever Art Gallery for BBC North West
 * Cardiff at The Broadcasting House for BBC Wales
 * Mountsorrel at The Mountsorrel Memorial Centre for BBC East Midlands
 * Larkhill at St Michael's CE Primary School for BBC West
 * Glasgow at BBC Pacific Quay for BBC Scotland

The link up wenr: Elstree, Hartlepool, Belfast, Maidstone, The Wirral, Cardiff, Mountsorrel, The Instrumental Section, Larkhill and Glasgow, Cardiff, Elstree

In 2020 due to the Covid-19 Pandemic The choir was altered to fit guidelines so instead of mass 150+ person choirs it was reduced to around 4-5 singers in each location and it was pre-recorded except for the studio choir which had 12 members and were there live on the night and instead of an instrumental it went to a montage of all the choirs together before returning to showing the locations as usual. Instead of Museums or Theatres more of the locations were landmarks with their on screen labels being the landmark name instead of just the city/ town. It was also the last year to be in Elstree Studios. They sang Fix You by Coldplay

The singers sang from:
 * Elstree at Elstree Studios in the BBC London region
 * The Brontë Parsonage, West Yorkshire for BBC Yorkshire
 * The National Maritime Museum, Falmouth for BBC South West
 * Pacific Quay, Glasgow for BBC Scotland
 * Coventry Cathedral for BBC West Midlands
 * Stonehenge, Wiltshire for BBC South
 * The Harmonies of Hope Choir - A Choir of children who've had kidney transplants. The choir is funded by Children in Need and they sang from their homes across London and The South East and were edited together by the BBC Production Team.
 * Ely Cathedral for BBC East
 * Portmeirion for BBC Wales
 * Cardiff Castle for BBC Wales
 * Titanic Belfast for BBC Northern Ireland

The nationwide performance went: Elstree, Bronte Parsonage - West Yorkshire, National Maritime museum - Falmouth, Pacific Quay - Glasgow, Coventry Cathedral, Stonehenge - Wiltshire, The Harmonies of Hope Choir, The Montage section, Ely Cathedral, Portmeirion - North Wales, Cardiff Castle, Titanic - Belfast, Elstree

In 2021 The Choir followed a similar format to 2020 with most locations having 4-6 singers and 12 in the live studio choir. However, it did include the instrumental section. This was the first year to use Salford for the Main Studio. They sang Rise Up by Andra Day. The on-screen name labels followed the same format as 2020.

The singers sang at:
 * MediaCityUK, Salford in the BBC North West region
 * Stirling Castle for BBC Scotland
 * Scarborough Spa for BBC Yorkshire
 * Housesteads, Hadrian's Wall for BBC North East and Cumbria
 * Smeaton's Tower, Plymouth for BBC South West
 * Mumbles Pier for BBC Wales
 * The Abbey Pumping Station in Leicester for BBC East Midlands
 * Beaumaris Castle for BBC Wales
 * The Vision Signing Choir, a signing choir based in Kent signed the song from their homes and were edited together by the Production Team for BBC South East
 * The Cutty Sark, London for BBC London
 * The Giant's Causeway for BBC Northern Ireland

The nationwide performance went: MediaCity UK - Salford, Stirling Castle, Scarborough Spa, Housesteads - Hadrian's Wall, Smeaton's Tower - Plymouth Hoe, Mumbles Pier, Abbey Pumping Station - Leicester, Beaumaris Castle, Vision Signing Choir - Kent, The Instrumental Section, Cutty Sark - London, Giants Causeway, MediaCity UK - Salford Further Clips can be found here:

In 2022 the choir was again pre-recorded with the studio choir live. The number of singers was upped to around 20 per location and. This year was the first year not to start and end with the studio choir's performance instead starting with a montage of the children preparing for singing and all of the choirs were shown before the instrumental with only the Studio and a montage of all the choirs shown after. They sang Somewhere Only We Know by Keane

The choirs this year were:
 * Framlingham Castle, Suffolk for BBC East
 * Aberystwyth at The National Library of Wales for BBC Wales
 * The Laxey Wheel on The Isle of Man for BBC North West
 * Bristol at Purdown Open Space for BBC West
 * The Kelpies at Falkirk for BBC Scotland
 * Hull Marina for BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire
 * MediaCity UK in Salford in the BBC North West region
 * Blists Hill Victorian Town in Telford for BBC West Midlands
 * The Tropical Ravine in Belfast for BBC Northern Ireland

The nationwide performance went: Introduction Montage, Framlingham Castle - Suffolk, Aberystwyth, Laxey Wheel - Isle of Man, Bristol, The Kelpies - Falkirk, Hull Marina, MediaCityUK in Salford, Blists Hill Victorian Town - Telford and The Tropical Ravine - Belfast, The Instrumental Section, MediaCityUK in Salford, Montage of all the choirs, MediaCityUK in Salford

In 2023 the choir went down to around 7-10 singers per location and was still mostly pre-recorded and though it did not start with the studio choir and again a montage its format was more similar to 2021 or the live choirs. The onscreen labels were done in the 2011-2019 fashion of just naming the city/town. They sang You Raise Me Up

The choirs sang from:
 * Slough at The Old Horlicks Factory for BBC South
 * Rotherham at Wentworth Woodhouse for BBC Yorkshire
 * Salford at MediaCityUK in the BBC North West region
 * Sunderland at Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens for BBC North East and Cumbria
 * Edinburgh at Port Edgar for BBC Scotland
 * Cardiff from outside The Senedd building for BBC Wales
 * Northampton at The Holy Sepulchre Church for BBC East
 * Guernsey at Castle Cornet for BBC South West
 * Antrim at Antrim Castle Gardens for BBC Northern Ireland

The nationwide performance went: Intro Montage, Slough, Rotherham, Salford, Sunderland, Edinburgh, Cardiff, The Instrumental Section, Northampton, Guernsey, Antrim, Salford

 * The studio choirs are made of children from the region they are in but created by the main studio team not the region's team.

Pudsey Bear
The mascot fronting the Children in Need appeal is called Pudsey Bear. He was created and named in 1985 by BBC graphic designer Joanna Lane, who worked in the BBC's design department. Asked to revamp the logo, with a brief to improve the charity's image, Lane said "It was like a lightbulb moment for me. We were bouncing ideas off each other and I latched on to this idea of a teddy bear. I immediately realised there was a huge potential for a mascot beyond the 2D logo". The bear was named after her hometown of Pudsey, West Yorkshire, where her grandfather was mayor.

A reproduction of the bear mascot (made of vegetation) is in Pudsey park, near the town centre. Originally introduced for the 1985 appeal, Pudsey Bear was created as a triangular shaped logo, depicting a yellow-orange teddy bear with a red bandana tied over one eye. The bandana had a pattern of small black triangles. The mouth of the bear depicted a sad expression. The lettering "BBC" appeared as 3 circular black buttons running vertically down the front of the bear, one capital letter on each, in white. Perpendicular to the buttons, the words "children-in-need" appeared in all lower case letters along the base of the triangular outline. Accessibility for young readers, and people with disabilities including speech and reading challenges, were factors weighed by the designer Joanna Ball, specifically the "P" sound in "Pudsey" name, and the choice of all lower case sans serif letters for the logotype.

The original design was adapted for various applications for use in the 1985 appeal, both 2D graphics and three-dimensional objects. Items using the original 1985 design included a filmed opening title sequence, using cartoon cell animation, a postage stamp, and a prototype soft toy, commissioned from a film and TV prop maker (citation). The original prototype soft toy was orange and reflected the design of the logo, which was then adapted for approximately 12 identical bears, one for each regional BBC Television Studio. These bears were numbered and tagged with the official logo and auctioned off as part of the appeal. The number 1 Pudsey Bear was allocated to the Leeds region. Joanna Lumley appeared with one of the soft toys during the opening of Blackpool Illuminations and named Pudsey Bear the official mascot of the BBC Children in Need appeal.

In 1986, the logo was redesigned. Whilst retaining the concept of a teddy bear with a bandana over one eye, all other elements were changed. Specifically, the triangular elements of the underlying design were abandoned, and the corporate identity colour scheme was changed. The new bandana design was white with red spots, one of the buttons was removed and the logotype now appeared as building blocks, which spelled out "BBC CHILDREN IN NEED" in capital letters. Pudsey now had a smiling expression on his face rather than a sad one in the previous logo.

In 2007, Pudsey and the logo were redesigned again. This time, Pudsey's bandana had multicoloured spots, and all of the buttons were removed. By 2009, Pudsey had been joined by another bear, a brown female bear named "Blush". She had a spotty bow with the pattern similar to Pudsey's bandana pattern. In 2013, Moshi Monsters introduced Pudsey as an in-game item for 100 Rox.

The Children in Need 2015 campaign on 13 November 2015 marked the thirtieth birthday of Pudsey Bear, who has been the charity's mascot since 1985.

In 2022, as part of the corporate BBC rebrand, the logo was completely redesigned. The phrase "CHILDREN IN NEED" in capital letters appeared in a modified rounded version of BBC Reith Sans Bold, and Pudsey Bear was removed as part of the logo. Despite this, Pudsey Bear remained in use as a mascot and was also given a redesign.

Official singles
Notes:
 * The Collective includes Gary Barlow, Tulisa Contostavlos, Wretch 32, Ed Sheeran, Ms. Dynamite, Chipmunk, Mz Bratt, Dot Rotten, Labrinth, Rizzle Kicks and Tinchy Stryder.
 * The All Star Choir includes Linda Robson, Jo Brand, Mel Giedroyc, Larry Lamb, Craig Revel Horwood, Alison Steadman, Alice Levine, John Craven, Fabrice Muamba, Margaret Alphonsi, Radzi Chinyanganya and Nitin Ganatra
 * BBC Radio 2's Allstars consists of Bryan Adams, Izzy Bizu, Cher, Clean Bandit, Melanie C, Jamie Cullum, Ella Eyre, Paloma Faith, Rebecca Ferguson, Jess Glynne, Sheku Kanneh-Mason, Lenny Kravitz, KSI, Lauv, Ava Max, Kylie Minogue, James Morrison, Gregory Porter, Nile Rodgers, Jack Savoretti, Jay Sean, Anoushka Shankar, Robbie Williams and Yola

Criticism
In November 2006, Intelligent Giving published an article about Children in Need, which attracted wide attention across the British media. The article, titled "Four things wrong with Pudsey", described donations to Children in Need as a "lazy and inefficient way of giving" and pointed out that, as a grant-giving charity, Children in Need would use donations to pay two sets of administration costs. It also described the quality of some of its public reporting as "shambolic".

In 2007, it was reported that presenter Terry Wogan had been receiving an annual honorarium since 1980 (amounting to £9,065 in 2005). This made him the only celebrity paid for his participation in Children in Need. According to Wogan's account, he would "quite happily do it for nothing" and had "never asked for a fee". The BBC stated that the amount, which was paid from BBC resources rather than from the Children in Need charity fund, had "never been negotiated", having instead increased in line with inflation. Two days before the 2007 event, Wogan waived his fee.

There has been concern about the type of groups receiving funding from Children in Need. Writing in The Spectator, Ross Clark noted that funding goes towards controversial groups such as Women in Prison, which campaigns against jailing female criminals. Another charity highlighted was the Children's Legal Centre, which provided funding for Shabina Begum to sue her school as she wanted to wear the jilbāb. Clark pondered whether donors seeing cancer victims on screen would appreciate "that a slice of their donation would be going into the pockets of Cherie Blair to help a teenage girl sue her school over her refusal to wear a school uniform".

A former BBC governor said that Jimmy Savile was kept away from Children In Need. Sir Roger Jones who was also chairman of the charity said he had suspicions about Savile a decade before the news of Savile's sexual abuse scandal came to public light in 2012. His comments came on the day an inquiry began into whether the BBC's child protection and whistle-blowing policies were acceptable.

title: Children in Need


text:
Prus coat of arms

Prus I is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by a number of szlachta (noble) families under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:

 * Bolesław Prus (Aleksander Głowacki)
 * Eligiusz Niewiadomski
 * Waclaw Szybalski
 * Stanislaw Klicki

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Prus coat of arms


text:
Sas coat of arms

Sas or Szász (origin: Slavic for "Saxon", Polish: Sas, Hungarian: Szász, Romanian: Saș, Ukrainian: Сас) is a Central European coat of arms. It was borne since the medieval period by several Transylvanian-Saxon Hungarian, Ruthenian, Ukrainian, and Polish-Lithuanian noble families. The house was once a mighty princely and ducal house with origins in Saxony, Transylvania, Hungary and Ruthenia.

History
Ancient Polish-Lithuanian historians like Szymon Okolski say that the origin of these arms is derived from Saxony, where during the mid-12th century King Géza II of Hungary invited Germanic peoples of Saxony to settle in, establish trading centres and defend relatively sparsely populated Transylvania in the Kingdom of Hungary, upon which the Transylvanian Saxons were later given a privileged status in the "Diploma Andreanum" (Golden Charter of Transylvanian Saxons) issued by King Andrew II of Hungary (see Transylvanian Saxons).

The origins of the dynastic House of Sas or Szász vary depending on the source. According to the chronicles of Albertus Strepa; the outstanding military leader Comes Huyd of Hungary (a Transylvanian-Saxon), entered Galicia in 1236 with his mighty army of allied mounted warrior knights to the service of Daniel of Galicia King of Ruthenia, and each was rewarded with lands in Red Ruthenia that Huyd and his allied noble knights settled, being referred to as the Sas/Szász (Saxon) due to their Transylvanian Saxon dialect and origin.

According to the chronicles of Wojciech Strepa; Comes Huyd [Hujd] of Hungary, having come with his mighty army of allied mounted warrior knights to the service of Lev I of Galicia (1269–1301) the son of Daniel of Galicia King of Ruthenia, and having allied himself with Lithuania, drove the Eastern barbarians out of Mazovia. In reward for his knightly deeds, he was given, among other gifts, Lev's widowed sister-in-law N.N. of Galicia Princess of Kholm as a wife (the widow of Lev's brother Shvarn Daniilovich, sister of Vaišvilkas, daughter of King Mindaugas of Lithuania from the House of Mindaugas) and along with his allied knights lands in the territory of Red Ruthenia that they settled.

Count Huyd, who bore on his coat of arms the blue (azure) escutcheon with the gold (or) crescent, gold stars and gold arrow, and the knights who allied under his battle banner, are said to have been the progenitors of the House of Sas (Szász).

Early origins also point to the Hungarian Transylvanian-Saxon Voivodes Dragoş I de Bedeu (Bedő) voivode of Maramureș Prince of Moldavia and his successor son Sas de Beltiug (Hungarian Szász de Béltek) Prince of Moldavia, who bore the blue (azure) escutcheon with the gold crescent, gold stars and gold arrow on their coat of arms. Other notable scions of Dragoş I were Bartolomeu Drágfi of Beltiug (Béltek), Comes Perpetuus of Middle Szolnok (1479–1488), Voivode of Transylvania and Comes of the Székely people (1493–1499), who had distinguished himself earlier as a royal knight of the Hungarian Royal Court defeating the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Breadfield (1479) together with Pál Kinizsi, István Báthory, Vuk Branković and Basarab Laiotă cel Bătrân. At the time of King Matthias Corvinus' death, Bartholomew Drágfi of Beltiug (Béltek) was among the wealthiest landowners of the country, three castles, two manor houses, eight market towns and about 200 villages were in his property. His estates in Middle Szolnok and Satu Mare included the castles of Chioar and Ardud together with the large lordships surrounding them, and further, the castles of Șoimi and the castellum of Ceheiu. Another important family member, among others, was Ioan Drágfi of Beltiug (Béltek) Comes of Temes County in 1525, who died 1526 in the Battle of Mohács.

Written descriptions of the Sas/Szász coat of arms in classical heraldic references, such as in "Herby rycerstwa polskiego" (1584), "Korona Polska/Herbarz Polski" (1728–1846) and Siebmacher's armorial book on the Hungarian and Transylvanian nobility, describe the arms in blue (azure) tincture, as borne by the families Drágfi (Hungarian patronym for "son of Drag") of Beltiug (Béltek) scions of Dragoş I of Bedeu, Jan Daniłowicz herbu Sas, Dziedoszycki (Dzieduszycki) h. Sas and Berlicz-Strutynskių (Strutyński) h. Sas. Some families, however, bear this coat of arms on a red (gules) tincture field, in "Orbis Polonus" (1641–43) the Sas clan arms is described as being of "sanguineus" Latin for "blood red" tincture, such as borne by the Counts Komarnicki herbu Sas family in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.

Blazon
In 1843 the former palace became the property of Count Seweryn Uruski herbu Sas (1817–1890), marshal of the nobility of Warsaw Province, privy counselor of the Imperial Court and president of the College of Arms of the Polish Kingdom, who demolished the former palace and commissioned architect Andrzej Gołoński to design and raise a new palace in its place with Renaissance architecture. The sculptor Ludwika Kaufman was commissioned to carve the Sas coat of arms in reverence of the great progenitors of the Sas (Saxon) house. After the death of Seweryn Uruski in 1890 the palace became the property of his wife Countess Ermancja Tyzenhauz h. Bawół, then his youngest surviving issue Countess Maria Uruska h. Sas (1860–1931) who married Vladimir Światopełk-Czetwertyński.

Burned during World War II by the occupying German forces in the Warsaw uprising, the palace remained in the ownership of the Światopełk-Czetwertyński family until 1947, then passed into the possession of the University of Warsaw. During the years 1948–1951 the palace was restored by the architect Jan Dąbrowski. Today it houses the Department of Geography and Regional Studies.

Bearers, family members of the House of Sas
The following family names are listed in the classical genealogical and heraldic reference "Korona Polska/Herbarz Polski (Crown of Poland/Polish Armorial) 1728–1846" authored by heraldist Kasper Niesiecki: Baczyński, Bandrowski, Baraniecki, Bereznicki, Biliński, Błazowski, Bojarski, Bratkowski, Bryliński, Brześciański, Buchowski, Chodakowski, Czołhański, Czolowski/Czolowscy, Daniłowicz, Długopolski, Dobrzański, Dubrawski, Dziedoszycki, Dziedziel, Hoszowski, Hrebnicki, Huhernicki, Jamiński, Jasiński, Jaworski, Kłodnicki, Komarnicki, Kropiwnicki, Kruszelnicki, Kulczycki, Lityński, Łucki, Mańczak, Manesterski, Matkowski, Mikulski, Mściszewski, Nowosielski, Odrzechowski, Orłowski, Podwysocki, Raszkowski, Rześniowiecki, Rosźniatowski, Rudnicki, Siemiasz, Skotnicki, Strutyński, Strzelbicki, Sulatycki, Świstelnicki, Tarnawski, Tatomir, Terlecki, Tesmer, Tyssarowski, Uniatycki, Winnicki, Wisłocki, Witwicki, Wołkowicki, Wołosiecki, Woryski, Wysoczanski (Wytag z metryk Stanow Krol.Galic i Lodom.), Zapłatyński, Zawisza, Zeliborski, Zesteliński, Zurakowski, Żukotyński.

According to addendum added to "Herbarz Polski" by the 19th-century editor and publisher Bobrowicz, other authors, like Duńczewski, Kuropatnicki, Małachowski, Wielądek, assign the Sas coat of arms to the following noble families:" Brzuski, Charewicz, Husarzewski, Kumarnicki, Nechrebecki, Obertynski, Olewnicki, Pochorecki, Popiel, Sasimowski, Sasowski, Tyzdrowski. Bearers mentioned in other sources include: Uruski and Knihinicki.

According to Aleksander Czolowski as well as Kasper Niesecki and Bobrowicz, Nanowski.

Notable individuals
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include: http://www.poles.org/db/Z_names/Zukotynski_T.html
 * House of Dragoș
 * Baczewski family
 * Leon Biliński
 * Daniłowicz family
 * Roman Danylovich (Prince of Black Ruthenia)
 * Jan Daniłowicz, grandfather of King Jan III Sobieski
 * Teofila Zofia Sobieska née Daniłowicz, mother of King Jan III Sobieski
 * Mikołaj Daniłowicz
 * Albin Dunajewski
 * pl:Józef Dwernicki
 * Jadwiga Dzieduszycka
 * Włodzimierz Dzieduszycki
 * Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki
 * Jan Sas-Zubrzycki
 * pl:Seweryn Uruski
 * Tadeusz Żukotyński Polish count and painter
 * Józef Sas-Czułowski, Polish captain who fought in the Battle of Somosierra and was Adjutant to Jan Nepomucen Dziewanoski.
 * Dr Mieczyslaw Jan de Sas Kropiwnicki (1912-1971): The first Polish veterinarian to perform a caesarean section on a brood mare http://www.medycynawet.edu.pl/archives/423/6495-summary-med-weter-77-02-6495-2021

Note: as name spellings were fairly fluid between local vernaculars spoken and written in past history throughout the Slavic-speaking states or central Europe region, so differences in name spellings exist from one place to another.

Related coat of arms

 * Frampol town in Lublin Voivodeship (the eastern part of the province was historically part of Red Ruthenia)
 * Sasiv (Polish Sasów/Sassów) town in Ukraine (historically in the Ruthenian Voivodeship of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland)
 * Biliński coat of arms

Literature

 * HERBARZ POLSKI Kaspra Niesieckiego S.J. (English Polish Armorial – Kaspra Niesieckiego S.J.), Author: Kasper Niesiecki, Publisher: Jan Nepomucen Bobrowicz, Breitkopf & Härtel, Lipsku (Leipzig), 1841, Vol. 8, p. 284–285. (in Polish)
 * ORBIS POLONUS, Tom III, (Simple English Armorial of Polish nobility, Volume 3), Author: Szymon Okolski, 1641–43, Kraków, p. 195–202. (in Latin)
 * Herby rycerstwa polskiego (English Coat of Arms of Polish Nobility), Author: Bartosz Paprocki, Publisher: Biblioteka Polska, 1584 Kraków, reprinted 1858 Kraków, reprinted 1982 Warsaw, p. 695–697 (in Polish)
 * Ludwik Wyrostek: Ród Dragów – Sasów na Węgrzech i Rusi Halickiej, Kraków, 1932. (in Polish)
 * Franciszek Piekosiński: Heraldyka polska wieków średnich, Kraków, 1899. (in Polish)
 * Tadeusz Gajl: Herbarz polski od średniowiecza do XX wieku : ponad 4500 herbów szlacheckich 37 tysięcy nazwisk 55 tysięcy rodów. L&L, 2007. ISBN 978-83-60597-10-1. (in Polish)
 * Ludwik Wyrostek: Ród Dragów – Sasów na Węgrzech i Rusi Halickiej, Kraków, 1932. (in Polish)
 * Franciszek Piekosiński: Heraldyka polska wieków średnich, Kraków, 1899. (in Polish)
 * Tadeusz Gajl: Herbarz polski od średniowiecza do XX wieku : ponad 4500 herbów szlacheckich 37 tysięcy nazwisk 55 tysięcy rodów. L&L, 2007. ISBN 978-83-60597-10-1. (in Polish)
 * Tadeusz Gajl: Herbarz polski od średniowiecza do XX wieku : ponad 4500 herbów szlacheckich 37 tysięcy nazwisk 55 tysięcy rodów. L&L, 2007. ISBN 978-83-60597-10-1. (in Polish)

title: Sas coat of arms


text:
Durweston

Durweston is a village and civil parish in the English county of Dorset. It lies 2 mi northwest of the town of Blandford Forum. It is sited by the River Stour at the point where it flows out of the Blackmore Vale through a steep, narrow gap between the Dorset Downs and Cranborne Chase. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 398.

History
In 1086 Durweston appeared in two entries in the Domesday Book, being recorded as Derwinestone and Dervinestone. It was in Pimperne Hundred, had fifteen households, 2 acre of vineyards and a total taxable value of 6.5 geld units. The tenants-in-chief were Aiulf the chamberlain and Hawise, wife of Hugh son of Grip. Dyrwyneston may be another variation.

Durweston parish was previously two parishes: Durweston and Knighton. The present-day parish church is on the site of the church that belonged to Knighton parish; the original Durweston church occupied a site near Durweston Mill, though little trace remains today. The two parishes were combined in 1381 for reasons not known. The current church was mostly rebuilt in 1846, though the tower dates from the 15th century.

A new village hall was opened in Durweston in April 2003. It is a venue for entertainment events and social gatherings, and is also a business conference centre for the wider community of North Dorset.

Geography
Durweston village is sited on the southwest bank of the River Stour at an altitude of 40 to 50 m. Measured directly, it is 2 mi northwest of Blandford Forum, 5+1/2 mi southeast of Sturminster Newton and 9 mi south of Shaftesbury. The A357 main road between Blandford and Sturminster passes through the village. Durweston parish covers 1800 acre and extends west from the river over chalk hills, reaching an altitude of about 190 m.

Culture
Durweston is one of the last places in the area, if not the last, to maintain a tradition known as "shroving", a regional juvenile begging custom of obscure origin. Every Shrove Tuesday children from Durweston Primary School process around the village during the morning, calling on local people, singing songs and giving flowers. Those who are visited may also give the children bread or other tidbits to eat. One suggestion for the tradition's origin is that it is a survival of a medieval dole, though it was unrecorded in the region before the end of the 18th century. By the 1950s it continued in only a few places, and only survives at Durweston due to a bequest in 1925.

The shroving chant which was repeated at each door in the expectation of a gift of confectionary:

"We be come a shroving

For a piece of truckle-cheese

Or a piece of bacon

Of your own making

So light the fire and het the pan

For we be come a shroving"

For many generations the people who live in Durweston have sung a collection of carols unique to their village, now known as the Durweston Carols. These were probably composed between 1750–1850, and form part of a forgotten repertory from English parish churches. These came to be known as 'gallery carols' because they were often performed by groups of voices and instruments in the west gallery of country parish churches and, until 1877, there was a gallery in Durweston Church. During the Christmas period of 2009, residents of the village and the surrounding area gathered to record and document the Durweston Carols.

Media
Durweston has its own monthly village magazine "Durweston News", as well as a bi-monthly Christian "Benefice Magazine" shared with the neighbouring parishes of Stourpaine, Pimperne and Bryanston.

Miscellaneous
A coastal minesweeper called HMS Durweston was launched at the Dorset Yacht Company’s Hamworthy yard on 18 August 1955.

title: Durweston


text:
Des chiffres et des lettres

Des chiffres et des lettres (, "some numbers and some letters") is a French television programme. It was created by Armand Jammot and tests the numeracy skills and vocabulary of two contestants. It is one of the longest-running game shows in the world, and the inspiration for Countdown on Britain's Channel 4.

The game debuted in 1965 as Le mot le plus long using letters only, and reached its present format in 1972. It is currently transmitted on France 3 after 39 years first on Antenne 2 and then France 2. It has been hosted since 1992 by Laurent Romejko, who was originally assisted by Arielle Boulin-Prat and Bertrand Renard, the latter two respectively checking words proposed by the contestants and providing solutions to the number problems the contestants fail to solve. Renard was hired on the show at the age of 19, after having won as a contestant in 12 consecutive matches. Starting on 17 September 2022, Boulin-Prat was replaced by Blandine Maire and Renard by Stéphane Crosnier, due to disputes over their salaries and the terms of their contracts.

The show is seen throughout the world on TV5Monde including TV5 Québec Canada throughout Canada.

Rules
Two contestants play against one another. As the title of the game indicates, it is based on two skills, numeracy and literacy, and features three types of challenges:

 * Standard letter/number problems, in which both contestants have a chance to score points
 * "Duels," speed problems in which only one contestant can score
 * A "Final Sprint," consisting of two problems that each award points to only one contestant

The first player to win two games out of three, or to win a single game by 50 points or more, wins the match and takes/retains the championship.

Each show is made up of 16 problems presented in three sections. The first and second sections consist of two letter problems and two numbers problems played alternatively and followed by a duel. The third round consists of two letter problems and two numbers problems played alternatively and followed by the final sprint. If the players are tied at the end of the program a buzzer question is used to break the tie.

Winners can remain on the show for up to 10 consecutive matches.

Numbers round
Six numbers are chosen at random from a group consisting of the integers 1 through 10 inclusive, 25, 50, 75, and 100. It is possible for the same number to be chosen more than once. A random three-digit target number from 101 to 999 is then generated, and the contestants are given 40 seconds to work out a series of calculations whose final total is equal to that target. They may only use the four basic arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, and do not have to use all six numbers. Only positive integers may be obtained at any step, and no number may be used more times than it appears in the selection.

Example

 * Numbers given:
 * 8 4 4 6 8 9

 * Target number:
 * 594

 * 8 + 8 = 16
 * 16 × 4 = 64
 * 6 − 4 = 2
 * 64 + 2 = 66
 * 66 × 9 = 594

Or

 * 8 × 8 = 64
 * 64 − 4 = 60
 * 60 + 6 = 66
 * 66 × 9 = 594

Contestants signal that they have obtained the target number by saying le compte est bon ("the total is good"), then give the details of their calculations. Ten points are awarded for reaching the target exactly, or for coming as close as possible if an exact solution cannot be reached (as verified by a computer). If neither contestant obtains the best possible solution, the one who comes closest to the target scores seven points. Both contestants score in this case if their results are identical or equally close to the target on either side.

Numbo
In 1987, Daniel Defays implemented a computer program called "Numbo" which uses probabilistic parallel processing to model human performance in the game Le compte est bon.

Letters round
In this round, one contestant is asked how many vowels s/he would like to be used in a selection of 10 randomly generated letters, each chosen unseen from all possible vowels or consonants. The same letter may appear more than once. The game originally used seven letters, increasing with time to eight and then nine; the 10-letter rule was instituted on 4 April 2010. Contestants previously selected letters by calling for one vowel or consonant at a time.

Once the letters are selected, the contestants are given 30 seconds to form the longest word possible, using each letter no more times than it appears. The contestant who forms the longer valid word scores one point per letter used; if both contestants find the same word or words of equal length, each one scores. Diacritics are not shown on the letters, but may be added as needed: for instance, the French word épeler (to spell) can be formed with the tiles E P E L E R.

Example

 * With the following letters:

 * T O C E D A M I T S

it is possible to get the French words dictats, amodies and mastoïde.
 * With the following letters:

 * R U R E T E C E R Z

it is possible to get the French words recruter and érecteur.

Duels
There are several variations of the "duel" section:

 * The classic version: given a selection of 10 letters, use each of them once and only once to form two words fitting a common theme
 * "L'un dans l'autre" ("one within the other"): with ten given letters, find a ten-letter word and another word, within the first; one a proper noun, the other a common noun
 * "La bonne orthographe" ("correct spelling"): be the first to spell a given word correctly
 * "Le calcul mental" ("mental arithmetic"): be the first to complete a sequence of calculations in one's head (e.g. (((((889 - 662) + 697) / 7) * 6) / 4) ; answer = 198)

Only one answer is accepted, from the first player to buzz-in. If the answer is correct, ten points (originally five points) are awarded to the player giving it. If the answer is incorrect, the opponent receives three points.

Before the regular letters and numbers rounds, a toss-up duel is played, with the winner earning a "sesame," or joker, that can be used in the final bonus game (introduced in 2016).

Final sprint
At the end of the game, the contestants play the "final sprint" where they have to solve two problems. As opposed to the other rounds during the game (except duels), these have been generated prior to the show and they admit at least one perfect solution (either a 10-letter word or a number that can be found with the six given numbers) the contestants must find as fast as possible. As in duels, only one answer is accepted, from the first player to provide one. If the answer is correct, five points are awarded to the player giving it. If the answer is incorrect, the player's opponent receives three points.

Each contestant, starting from the lowest-scored one, chooses which kind of problem they want to play with : numbers or letters.

Les mots de la fin
This round was introduced in 2016 along with a new set for the show. Only the winning contestant plays this round, and they have two minutes to find the longest word possible in eight different 10-letter selections, receiving €100 per correct answer given. The length of the longest word is given for each selection. The contestant may pass as often as desired, and the selections are cycled until the time expires or all eight have been solved. If the contestant has a joker earned from the opening duel, they may call "sesame" and receive the €100 for the current letter selection. If the contestant solves all eight selections without using the joker, they win an extra €100 for a daily potential maximum of €900.

The maximum possible winnings a contestant can achieve is €9,000 over 10 matches.

International versions
Legend:
 * Currently airing or returning
 * No longer airing
 * Non-broadcast pilot

Australian version
An Australian version, called Letters And Numbers (the literal translation of the original), commenced airing on SBS on 2 August 2010. It was hosted by Richard Morecroft. It closely followed the gameplay of the UK version, albeit with a slightly more modern set (with subtly animated background), but the clock, manual letterboards and whiteboard for the maths problems were all present. In the course of the show there were 5 letter rounds, 3 number rounds and a final Conundrum round. The winners of each show carried over to the next episode (up to a maximum of 6 episodes, upon which they must retire), whilst the runner-up went home with a Macquarie dictionary. SBS "retired" the show in June 2012 and replaced it with the British version of the program, Countdown (not to be confused with the Australian music show of the same name).

Danish version
The Danish version was called Stav et tal (spell a number) and aired on DR.

Dutch version
Cijfers en Letters was broadcast in the Netherlands by public broadcasting organisation KRO from 1975 until 1988. Hosts were Han van der Meer, Maartje van Weegen, Robert ten Brink and Bob Bouma.

Flemish version
Cijfers en Letters was broadcast in Flanders on the Flemish commercial television channel VTM from 1989 until 1993. Host of the show was former radio host and DJ Jackie Dewaele, also known as Zaki. Assists were Walter De Meyere and Carine Van de Ven.

Greek version
The Greek version of the game show, Grámmata kai Arithmoí, debuted 13 February 1976 on ERT1 with television host Christos Oikonomou. This version was televised until 28 December 1981.

On Monday 20 November 1989, Mega Channel produced a new version of Grámmata kai Arithmoí with television host Kostas Papadonopoulos, but this was cancelled after 19 February 1990 after 15 episodes, as Papandonopoulos' schedule had more-important obligations and the producers were unable to find a replacement host.

Italian version
Paroliamo is the name of the Italian version of the game, aired by Telemontecarlo and Rai Due for ten seasons.

South African version
The South African version was called "A Word or 2", and aired on SABC2, from 1998–2008, hosted by Jeremy Mansfield. It followed a similar format to the UK version.

In the letters game, there were three stacks of consonants and vowels. Like in the French version, contestants picked alternately, but the person to begin the round also got to choose which of the three stacks was used for the round.

During the word games, both contestants score regardless of whether it's the winning word or not. During the numbers games, only the closer answer scores.

The winner of each game earned R1000, and returned for another game. The runner-up won a dictionary and the home game. The ultimate winner won a R40,000 laptop, while the runner-up won a R10,000 PC.

Spanish version
The Spanish TV show Cifras y letras (Numbers and Letters) is another adaptation of Des chiffres et des lettres on TVE 2. Originally presented by Elisenda Roca as of 1991, with a lavishly artistic designed studio and the music for each round being extracted from classical music, a movie soundtrack or similar. There are four rounds consisting of a number game followed by two letter games. Between the second and third round there was a duel that consists of finding two words on the same theme from the nine letters provided.

Points:
 * Words are worth one point per letter, but a nine-letter word is worth double; that is, 18 points.
 * The correct sum gets 9 points.
 * The duel is worth 10 points. Just like the French show, only one answer is accepted, but if the answer is wrong the other player gets 10 points.

The winner would win 100,000 pesetas (€602) and get to play again the next day. If the game was tied, they both would get to play again the next day and each player would win 50,000 pesetas (€301).

The show has returned to La 2 in January 2024, hosted by Aitor Albizua.

Swedish version
The Swedish version was called Tänk till tusen, and aired on SVT1 from 21 December 1985 until 21 May 1988. It was hosted by Ulf Wickbom.

Turkish version
Bir Kelime Bir İşlem which means "One word, one operation" is the name of the Turkish version of the game, aired by TRT.

Yugoslavian version
Brojke i slova is the name of the Yugoslavian version of the game, produced by the TV center Zagreb for airing on the common Yugoslavian network JRT. The show used the Serbo-Croatian language and ran throughout the 1980s.

UK version
The first UK version of the series was broadcast on Yorkshire Television who commissioned a series of eight shows under the title Calendar Countdown which was to be a spin-off of their regional news programme Calendar. As the presenter of Calendar, Richard Whiteley was the natural choice to present. These shows were only broadcast in the Yorkshire area. The current long-running United Kingdom series Countdown began in 1982 on Channel 4 but still made by Yorkshire Television. It is a close adaptation of the same format, the main differences are that the rounds last only 30 seconds instead of 45, only one contestant chooses the letters or numbers in each round and the "duels" are replaced with the "Countdown Conundrum", a nine-letter anagram.

The style of presentation is notably (and deliberately) more old-fashioned and uses no computerised elements whatsoever, other than a random number generator for the numbers round. Whereas contestants on Des chiffres et des lettres use computer touchscreens to register their words / number solutions, Countdown contestants use pen and paper. Unlike Des chiffres et des lettres computerised displays, Countdowns letters and numbers are displayed as tiles physically placed on a board, with the time limit being measured using a huge analogue clock that stands behind the contestants, as opposed to a bar gradually filling in. The clock and the music played during the rounds, have become icons of the UK show.

No major prizes are offered; winners receive a teapot styled to resemble the clock and defeated contestants and retiring champions receive an assortment of show-themed merchandise. The top players during each series are invited back at its end to compete against each other for prizes that have included, at different times, a full leather-bound set of the Oxford English Dictionary, book tokens, and laptop computers. The low-tech and low-budget nature of the production is a subject of numerous jokes within the programme.

U.S. version
An unsold pilot for a U.S. version titled Countdown was filmed on 18 September 1990 hosted by Los Angeles Radio personality Michael Jackson, announced by Charlie O'Donnell, and produced by the Guber-Peters Company (successor to Barris Industries now owned by Sony Pictures Television). In 2023, the full pilot was posted on Wink Martindale's YouTube page as part of his ongoing Wink's Vault series.

Main game
Two teams, each with one celebrity (Heather Thomas & Woody Harrelson) competed in a series of rounds involving forming words from a series of nine letters.

Letter tiles are arranged face-down into two piles; one all consonants, the other vowels. The contestant picks a pile, and Jackson reveals the top tile from that pile and places it on the board. A selection of nine tiles is generated in this way, and must contain at least three vowels and four consonants. Then, the clock is started and both contestants have 30 seconds to come up with the longest word they can make from the available letters. Each letter may be used only as often as it appears in the selection.

Both team members write down the words they have found during the round, in case they have the same one. The players may confer, but each player comes up with an individual word and shows them Match Game style at the end of the 30 seconds. After the 30 seconds are up, the players declare the length of their chosen word, with the player who selected the letters declaring first. If either player has not written their word down in time, he/she must declare this also. The words are then revealed. If either player has not written their word down, that is revealed first; otherwise, the shorter word is shown first. The teams score one point for each letter in both words, up to a maximum of 18. If a contestant offers an invalid word then they score no points. If the second player reveals the same word as the first, this must be proved by showing the word to the other contestant. Finally, two word authorities (Tony Pandolfo, Lori Huggins) reveal the best word they could find from the selection, aided by the production team.

Should a team find a 9-letter word, they instantly win $25,000.

The team with the most points after three rounds wins the game and goes on to the bonus round.

Bonus round
The team has 45 seconds to solve seven scrambled words (four, five, six, seven, seven, eight and nine letters long). All words had something in common, like "At the Movies". The celebrity was allowed to assist. Getting each word was worth $200 and all seven words were worth $10,000.

As in the 80s versions of Pyramid, two games are played with the contestants switching celebrities for game two. The player with the most money from the bonus round returned the next day. If there was a tie, both players returned the next day.

title: Des chiffres et des lettres


text:
Ślepowron coat of arms

Ślepowron is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. From the fifteenth century, the descendants of the Ślepowron family began to use names taken from their lands. This led to many different surnames being created within one family, symbolically united under the Korwin (raven) coat of arms, which is thus unique in Polish heraldry. Wawrzęta Korwin de Ślepowron is the oldest known ancestor of the family, although their oral traditions claim descent from Marcus Valerius Corvus, a Roman general.

Blazon
A black raven with a gold ring in its beak and its wings somewhat extended for flight, facing right, standing atop a cross, on the shoulders of a horseshoe standing erect with heels at the bottom.

The shield is blue and the horseshoe silver. Above the shield, on a crowned helmet stands a similar raven.

The horseshoe and cross were added to the coat of arms due to a marriage alliance with the Pobog clan. A later version adopted by many Korwin families is the Korwin coat of arms, in which the raven stands on a log rather than a horseshoe..

History
The name Ślepowron is said to be taken from the village of Ślepowrony near Płońsk, Mazowsze, which belonged to the then-established Korwin-Piotrowski family. According to "Herbów Rycerstwa Polskiego" by Bartosz Paprocki) this village was given to the knight Wawrzęta de Ślepowrony by Fr. Konrad Mazowiecki.

Motto
“Kości spròchniałe powstańcie z mogiły, Przywdziejcie ducha i ciało i siły' - Woronicz (found in Herbarz Polski, Hipolit Stupnicki)

Sarmatian Totem
The raven is of much older, legendary pagan origins. A Polish aristocratic clan of Sarmatian origin chose the raven, possibly as its "rodnidze" or clan totem.

The 1224 Grant
Many centuries later, a raven is attested in a grant of privilege to Warzęta Korwin z Ślepowrony, from Duke Konrad I of Masovia, given at Warsaw in 1224.

The Roman-Hungarian legend
The full Korwin shield, with the ring in the raven's beak, came to Poland from Hungary almost two centuries later, via the Roman-Hungarian legend amid contacts between the Polish nobility and the Hungarian Royal Court.

Roman legend
The Roman tribune Marcus Valerius Corvus, born 370 BC of the gens Valerii, in 349BC accepted a challenge to single combat by a barbarian warrior. During the combat, a raven perched upon Valerius' helmet and pecked his foe's eyes so fiercely that the barbarian was blinded. In memory of his victory, Valerius got the agnomen Corvinus from Corvus (raven). Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (64BC-8AD) was Caesar Augustus' co-consul.

Hungarian/Polish legend

In the Kingdom of Hungary, the Wallachian-Hungarian family of Korvin had flourished since the 15th century. Janos Hunyadi and his son Matthias Corvinus Hunyadi, King of Hungary and Bohemia, called themselves "Corvinus" and minted coins displaying a raven with a ring.

The epithet Corvinus was coined by Matthias' biographer, the Italian Antonio Bonfini, who claimed that the Hunyadi family descended from Marcus Valerius Corvinus,, who had supposedly settled on the Dacian-Pannonian frontiers, the future Hungary. This claim was later taken over by the Polish aristocrats connected with the Hungarian Hunyadi family.

House Medonich
The house of Medonich, of Magyar origin, anciently held territories in the Moldavian region of eastern Hungary, in the forests of Transylvania and Moldavia. The family was recorded to attend the national council of 1221 in which King Andras II issued the Golden Bull according self-determination to the nobles and gentry

Konrada Mazowieckiego established the Slepowron, Stracchowa, Drozkzion and Wola clans in 1224. His descendants through his son Korwin or Corwins were nobles in north Italy. Another branch settled in Drozkzino Latvia and Slavonia. One member of the Medonich family appeared at the Prussian court in 1414 acting as a representative for his family in Galacia; another appeared at Dobryczn in 1674.

King Matthias's Ring
In addition to the above, the Silesian Annals tell that a raven carried off the ring which King Matthias, (who was also ruler of the Duchy of Głogów, and Suzerain of all the Silesian duchies), had removed from his finger. Matthias chased the bird down and slew it, retrieving the ring - and in commemoration of this event, he took the Raven as a symbol for his signet sign.

Arms derivatives of Ślepowron, alternative drawings and entitled family versions

 * Tadeusz Gajl identifies 30 coats of arms derivatives of Ślepowron:

 * Gosiewski, surname Gosiewski. (Is uncertain if it is derivative of Korwin or Ślepowron).
 * Jurzyc, surnames Jurzyc, Jurzyk.
 * Kamecki, surname Kamecki.
 * Kamieński, surname Kamieński.
 * Kossakowski Count, surname Kossakowski.
 * Krakowski Count, surname Krakowski.
 * Krasiński Count 1, surname Krasiński.
 * Krasiński Count 2, surname Krasiński.
 * Krasiński Count 3, surname Krasiński.
 * Kudelski, surname Kudelski.
 * Kurkowski, surname Kurkowski.
 * Leśniewski, surname Leśniewski.
 * Lisowski, surname Lisowski also Lissowski.
 * Luberadzki, surname Luberadzki.
 * Lutostański, surname Lutostański
 * Mieroszewski Count, surname Mieroszewski.
 * Milan, surnames Milewski, Zaorski.
 * Milewski Count, surname Milewski.
 * Nachtraba, surnames Nachtrab, Nachtraba.
 * Olszweski IV, surname Olszewski.
 * Olszewski V, surname Olszewski.
 * Pawłowski Count, surname Pawłowski.
 * Rabe, surname Rabe.
 * Pokrzywnicki, surname Pokrzywnicki.
 * Rosyniec, surnames Górka, Rosiński, Rosyniec.
 * Sobobliński, surname Sobobliński.
 * Sobolewski Count, surname Sobolewski.
 * Suchodolski II, surname Suchodolski.
 * Szlubowski Count, surname Szlubowski.
 * Wróblewski, surname Wróblewski.
 * Wykisiały, surname Wykisiały.

 * Coats of arms related to Ślepowron on other way.

Some coats of arms may be related to Ślepowron, yet they are not classified as Derivatives properly, on Polish armorials:
 * Czarnowron, surnames Borowicz, Fijałkowski.
 * Kurowski, surname Kurowski.
 * Kudelski, surname Kudelski.
 * Raszyniec, surnames Maciuk, Maczuk.
 * Sandrecki, surnames Sandrecki, Sendraszyc.
 * Siedmiogradzki, surname Siedmiogradzki.
 * Zasulicz, surname Zasulicz.
 * Żukowski surnames Kowalewski, Żuchowski, Żuczenko, Żuk, Żukowski.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
 * Augustyn Kordecki
 * Gabriel Rzączyński (1664–1737), Polish Jesuit priest and writer
 * Kazimierz Pułaski
 * Panteleimon Kulish (1819–1897) — Ukrainian writer, critic, poet, folklorist, and translator;
 * Pavlo Teteria (1620s–1670) — Hetman of Right-bank Ukraine (1663–1665);
 * Ignacy Mościcki President of Poland (1926–1939)
 * Wojciech Jaruzelski President of Poland (1989–1990)
 * Tadeusz Kłopotowski Senator of Poland (1989-1991)
 * Szymon Marcin Kossakowski
 * Wincenty Krasiński (in France: comte Vincent Corvin-Krasinski)
 * Kazimierz Krasiński
 * Zygmunt Krasiński
 * Tadeusz Gosiewski
 * Grzegorz Skwierczyński
 * Przemysław Skwirczyński
 * Karol Szymanowski
 * Henryk Lowmianski
 * Chris Korwin-Kuczynski (21st century) Canadian politician
 * Przemysław Gosiewski Deputy Prime Minister of Poland (2007)
 * Łukasz Leończuk (1993)
 * Otto von Corvin-Wierzbicki (in Germany Otto von Corvin also Otto von Corvin-Wierzbitzky)
 * Walenty Nasierowski (1802-1888)

Related and Derivative coats of arms

 * Korwin coat of arms
 * Czarnowron coat of arms
 * Kurowski coat of arms
 * Materna coat of arms
 * Sandrecki coat of arms

title: Ślepowron coat of arms


text: User talk:81.153.165.35

title: User talk:81.153.165.35


text:
Volney Howard

Volney Erskine Howard (October 22, 1809 – May 14, 1889) was an American lawyer, statesman, and jurist.

Career
Volney Erskine Howard was born in Oxford County, Maine on October 22, 1809, to Richard Howard, a prosperous farmer. At the age of 22, Howard traveled to Mississippi to study law. He commenced law practice in Brandon, Mississippi. He was a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1836;  reporter of the supreme court of the State of  Mississippi;  unsuccessful Democratic candidate for election in 1840 to the Twenty-seventh Congress and editor of the Mississippian.

He moved to Texas during the Republic of Texas and Howard was appointed the first Attorney General of the State of Texas in 1846. He served in that role for only 6 months. He represented Texas's District 2 in the U.S. Congress from 1849 to 1853.

Appointed attorney to the Land Commission of California by President Franklin Pierce, Howard left Texas to move to California. He resigned after a few months to practice law in San Francisco. In 1856, he was appointed Adjutant General of California, following the resignation of William T. Sherman during the time of the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance. His attempt to oppose the Committee by force failed. Afterward, he moved to Sacramento in 1858 to practice law but decided to leave northern California because he had made too many enemies while battling the vigilantes in San Francisco. In 1861 he moved to Los Angeles, where he served two terms as District Attorney, from 1864 to 1867, and served as one of the first judges of the Los Angeles Superior Court beginning in 1879. His law firm included two of his lawyer sons, Charles Howard (killed in a gunfight with Daniel B. Nichols, son of a former mayor of Los Angeles, in 1869 in a saloon) and Frank H. Howard, who served as city attorney of Los Angeles. He served only one term on the bench, due to the ill health. He was nominated to a seat on the United States Supreme Court but declined because of failing health.

Howard died in Santa Monica, California and was buried at Fort Hill in Los Angeles, California. Howard County, Texas was named in his honor.

title: Volney Howard


text:
East Stoke, Dorset

East Stoke is a village in the English county of Dorset. It lies three miles west of the small town of Wareham and two miles east of Wool. In 2013 the estimated population of the civil parish was 410.

The Freshwater Biological Association runs a research centre on the banks of the River Frome, from which the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust runs its research into atlantic salmon declines.

title: East Stoke, Dorset


text:
Athrun Zala

Athrun Zala (アスラン・ザラ) is a fictional character from the Japanese science fiction anime television series Mobile Suit Gundam SEED and its sequel Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny, part of the Gundam franchise. In the former, Athrun Zala is introduced as a member from the military organization ZAFT, composed of genetically enhanced humans known as Coordinators. Participating in the war between Coordinators and regular humans, referred to as Naturals, Athrun discovered that his childhood friend Kira Yamato was a member of the Naturals' military organization, the Earth Alliance, despite being a Coordinator. Across the series, Athrun encounters Kira and, after almost killing him, Athrun starts questioning his own motives to participate in the war. Athrun returns in Gundam SEED Destiny participating in another war and is the protagonist of its compilation films. He is voiced in Japanese by Akira Ishida and in English by Sam Vincent in the Ocean dub and by Chris Hackney in the NYAV dub.

Athrun has appeared in manga adaptations from the series, taking the leading role in Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny: The Edge. He is featured in games from both Gundam SEED and the Gundam franchise, as well as crossovers in general. Athrun's character has been highly popular, taking high spots in polls from the Gundam franchise, as well as the Anime Grand Prix polls. Publications from manga, anime and other media have commented on Athrun's character, providing positive response due to his relationships and his role in the series.

In the TV series
In Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Athrun is one of the genetically enhanced humans known as Coordinators who joined the military organization ZAFT that battles the regular humans, the Naturals, in the Bloody Valentine War. At the start of the series Athrun is a member of Rau Le Creuset's team which carries out a ZAFT raid on the neutral colony Heliopolis. The team steals several advanced mobile suits created by the Earth Alliance; Athrun himself confiscates the GAT-X303 Aegis (GAT-X303 イージス). During the raid he finds that his childhood friend Kira Yamato has become the pilot of the mobile suit GAT-X105 Strike. As ZAFT is assigned to destroy the Earth Alliance ship Archangel, Athrun encounters Kira at times as the latter was protecting the ship to protect his friends. When Kira kills one of Athrun's comrades in combat, Athrun tries to kill Kira by self-destructing the Aegis alongside the Strike, escaping just before its detonation. He is found by Cagalli Yula Athha of the neutral country Orb, who despite being angered by Kira's supposed death, allows him to return to ZAFT after both discuss the reasons for killing.

After returning to ZAFT, Athrun is given the mobile suit ZGMF-X09A Justice (ZGMF-X09A ジャスティス) by his father Patrick Zala for his achievements in war. Patrick orders him to track and recapture or destroy the mobile suit ZGMF-X10A Freedom, which was stolen by Athrun's fiancée Lacus Clyne and to eliminate her. He is unable to follow his orders after he learns that Kira is alive and is the pilot of the Freedom. As the Archangel plans to face both ZAFT and the Earth Alliance to end the war, Athrun decides to talk to his father. Patrick reveals that he intends to continue the war on until all the Naturals have been exterminated. Upon Athrun's refusal to reveal the location of Freedom and Justice, Patrick's soldiers arrest him. He is later saved by the Clyne faction and joins the newly formed resistance group called the Three Ships Alliance which includes the Archangel. To end the war, Athrun and Cagalli go into Jachin Due. There they find Patrick was shot by a ZAFT commander before he could fire the superweapon GENESIS. Athrun then destroys GENESIS by detonating the nuclear-powered Justice inside it, to stop ZAFT's attack.

Two years after the war in Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny, Athrun is living under the pseudonym Alex Dino (アレックス・ディノ) working as Cagalli's bodyguard, who rules Orb. In the declaration of the Second Bloody Valentine War, Athrun returns to ZAFT, hoping to avert the war. Athrun meets with ZAFT Chairman Gilbert Durandal, who appoints him a member of the elite special forces, FAITH. Athrun is assigned the new mobile suit ZGMF-X23S Saviour (ZGMF-X23S セイバー) and joins the ship Minerva from ZAFT. There, Athrun becomes commander of the mobile suit pilots, becoming a mentor to Shinn Asuka, though the two do not always get along well. In the fights against the Earth Alliance, the Archangel interferes to reduce the number of casualties, but Athrun decides not to return with them, stating that they are making the situation worse. During a clash between the three groups, the Saviour is destroyed by Kira's Freedom, leaving Athrun without a mobile suit. Following ZAFT's attack on the Archangel, Athrun begins to question their motives. Later, he learns that Durandal is preparing to frame him as a traitor. Athrun escapes from ZAFT with Meyrin Hawke in a stolen mobile suit, which is later destroyed by Shinn. The pair is rescued by the Archangel. During ZAFT's invasion of Orb, Lacus gives Athrun the ZGMF-X19A Infinite Justice (ZGMF-X19A インフィニットジャスティス) mobile suit, which he uses to join Kira and the Archangel to fight against ZAFT. Athrun goes into space aboard the Archangel and fights alongside them in their attempt to stop Durandal from implementing his plans. In the final battle against ZAFT he assists in the destruction of the superweapon Requiem, defeating Shinn along the way.

In Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Freedom, one year after the events of Destiny, Athrun is not a member of Compass like the other cast, but works as an agent of Terminal, alongside his former ZAFT colleague Meryin. Interestingly, he does not pilot the upgraded Immortal Justice, instead opting to let his mentee, Shinn, pilot it in his stead. He makes a surprise appearance later in the film, assisting Kira and the Compass team after they are ambushed by the Black Knights, piloting a Z'Gok. He reveals the true nature of the Foundation to the rest of the protagonists, as well as their plans involving the use of Requiem and the Destiny Plan, and snaps Kira out of his depression to renew his will to fight. In the film's climactic battle, he engages the Black Knights ace pilot, Shura, revealing within the Z'Gok is his original Infinite Justice, now upgraded to the Inifnite Justice Type II. He is able to defeat Shura (by humourously thinking of Cagalli sexually) to avoid being mind controlled, and reunites with her at the end of the film on Earth, where it is revelaed she still has the ring he gave her from Destiny.

In other media
Athrun appears in the original video animation Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny Final Plus that expands his role from the sequel's finale. Author Chimaki Kuori had enjoyed Athrun's character in the Gundam SEED Destiny which resulted in the manga series Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny: The Edge, telling the events from the TV series from Athrun's point of view. Author Chimaki Kuori had enjoyed Athrun's character In the Gundam SEED and Gundam SEED Destiny manga, author Masatsugu Iwase tries to make him look gallant while not making him look too feminine as he wanted to make Athrun look affected by Kira.

Athrun appears in the two series of films compilations of Gundam SEED and Gundam SEED Destiny, and is the narrative figure from the latter ones. He remains as an Orb soldier in the latter series' end, working alongside his former ZAFT comrades. He has been featured in two character CDs from the series with tracks performed by his Japanese voice actor, Akira Ishida.

Athrun reappears in the sequel film Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Freedom. Unlike the other protagonists, Athrun is not a member of COMPASS, but is a member of its pregenitor group, Terminal. He also does not pilot a Gundam for the majority of the film, instead piloting a Z'Gok in his signature red colors. In the climax of the film during the final battle, the Z'Gok is revealed to be a shell unit for his true mobile suit, the ZGMF-X191M2 Inifinite Justice Type II. He is later seen flying over the skies of Orb with Cagalli, confirming they did reunite.

In the Game Boy Advance game, Mobile Suit Gundam Seed: Tomo to Kimi to Senjou de, the players walks around with Athrun asking people what a good gift would be. In Mobile Suit Gundam Seed: Rengou vs. Z.A.F.T. and Mobile Suit Gundam Seed Destiny: Rengou vs. Z.A.F.T. II, Athrun can be playable in both modes, as a ZAFT pilot or as an Orb pilot. Athrun is a pilot in Dynasty Warriors: Gundam 2 and Dynasty Warriors: Gundam 3 with Infinite Justice as a playable mobile suit. Athrun appears in Mobile Suit Gundam: Gundam vs. Gundam and its sequel, Mobile Suit Gundam: Gundam vs. Gundam Next, piloting the Aegis. The Saviour and Infinite Justice also appear as Mobile Assists for the Force Impulse (original Gundam vs. Gundam only) and the Strike Freedom respectively. In Mobile Suit Gundam: Extreme Vs., Athrun is playable in the Infinite Justice. Another crossover game in which he is playable is Gundam Assault Survive, piloting the Aegis. Athrun appears along with many other Gundam SEED characters in Super Robot Wars Alpha 3. Athrun appears in Another Century's Episode 3 piloting the Justice and in Another Century's Episode R piloting the Infinite Justice.

Reception
Athrun's character has been well received by anime fans, having appeared in the Anime Grand Prix popularity polls in the category of favorite male characters. He came in second in 2002, fourth in 2003, first in 2004, second in 2005, and third in 2006. In a Newtype poll, Athrun was voted as the third most popular male anime character from the 2000s. Two Sunrise polls asked fans what was the most memorable characters from Gundam SEED and from Gundam SEED Destiny; Athrun was fifth in the former and third in the latter. In the poll focused in the best team ups between former enemies, he and Kira were second. In an online poll from 2012, Athrun was voted as Gundam SEED's second most popular character. His Japanese voice actor Akira Ishida won as the most popular voice actor in the Seiyu Awards 2004 for his portrayal as Athrun in the category "Best Actors in supporting roles". Athrun, along with five other notable mecha and pilots from the Gundam series, were recognized in the second set of "Anime Heroes and Heroines" stamps, released in Japan in 2005.

Critical reception for Athrun's character has often been positive. THEM Anime Reviews' Derrick L. Tucker cited him as strong character with his questions regarding war resembling Kira's. Chris Beveridge from Mania Entertainment stated that while Gundam SEED was primarily focused on Kira's growth, Athrun often "stole the show in a lot of ways" citing their rivalry and his angst displayed during its final episodes. Comments have also been focused on Athrun's and Kira's relationship with IGN's Andy Patrizio disliking the number of times they shouted each other's names. Writing for Mania Entertainment, Kim Wolstenholme was worried about how much would Kira's and Athrun's relationship would be focused in Gundam SEED, but liked how Lacus's introduction added tension to it, because of how she and Kira started relating despite Athrun being engaged with her. Moreover, Ross Liversidge from UK Anime Network enjoyed the development from their rivalry as it resulted in well done fight scenes from each of their mobile suits. Furthermore, Athrun's confrontations with Cagalli across the series were praised due to how their characters' were developed while talking with each other.

Reviewing the manga of Gundam SEED Destiny Julie Gray from Comic Book Bin praised his relationship with Cagalli, emphasizing how integral is it to the story. Don Houston from DVD Talk commented on Athrun's background regarding his actions against his father to stop his plans "in the name of super greater calling". Houston wondered about his future actions in Gundam SEED Destiny regarding his return to ZAFT as well as how his relationship with Durandal would be developed. Athrun's last battle against Shinn Asuka in Gundam SEED Destiny was Liversidge's favorite moment from the DVD he reviewed mainly due to how the former gives the latter "a much deserved kicking" with Athrun losing his temper. Samuel Vincent's portrayal as Athrun in Gundam SEED Destiny was pointed by Carl Kimlinger from Anime News Network as one of the strongest ones from the casting.

title: Athrun Zala


text: Category:Food colorings

title: Category:Food colorings


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Tunisian Communist Party

The Tunisian Communist Party (الحزب الشيوعي التونسي  ; Parti Communiste Tunisien) was a Marxist political party in Tunisia. The PCT was founded on 21 May 1934 as the Tunisian federation of the French Communist Party, and was later converted into an independent organization. The party was banned by the Vichy regime in 1939, but after the Anglo-American liberation of Tunisia in 1943 it was able to operate legally again. It was banned again in 1962 and legalized in 1981. On 23 April 1993, the PCT abandoned communism and changed its name to the Ettajdid Movement.

title: Tunisian Communist Party


text:
Packet forwarding

Packet forwarding is the relaying of packets from one network segment to another by nodes in a computer network.

Models

The simplest forwarding model—unicasting—involves a packet being relayed from link to link along a chain leading from the packet's source to its destination. However, other forwarding strategies are commonly used. Broadcasting requires a packet to be duplicated and copies sent on multiple links with the goal of delivering a copy to every device on the network. In practice, broadcast packets are not forwarded everywhere on a network, but only to devices within a broadcast domain, making broadcast a relative term. Less common than broadcasting, but perhaps of greater utility and theoretical significance, is multicasting, where a packet is selectively duplicated and copies delivered to each of a set of recipients.

Networking technologies tend to naturally support certain forwarding models. For example, fiber optics and copper cables run directly from one machine to another to form a natural unicast media – data transmitted at one end is received by only one machine at the other end. However, as illustrated in the diagrams, nodes can forward packets to create multicast or broadcast distributions from naturally unicast media. Likewise, traditional Ethernet (10BASE5 and 10BASE2, but not the more modern 10BASE-T) are natural broadcast media – all the nodes are attached to a single long cable and a packet transmitted by one device is seen by every other device attached to the cable. Ethernet nodes implement unicast by ignoring packets not directly addressed to them. A wireless network is naturally multicast – all devices within a reception radius of a transmitter can receive its packets. Wireless nodes ignore packets addressed to other devices, but require forwarding to reach nodes outside their reception radius.

Decisions
At nodes where multiple outgoing links are available, the choice of which, all, or any to use for forwarding a given packet requires a decision-making process that, while simple in concept, is sometimes bewilderingly complex. Since a forwarding decision must be made for every packet handled by a node, the total time required for this can become a major limiting factor in overall network performance. Much of the design effort of high-speed routers and switches has been focused on making rapid forwarding decisions for large numbers of packets.

The forwarding decision is generally made using one of two processes: routing, which uses information encoded in a device's address to infer its location on the network, or bridging, which makes no assumptions about where addresses are located and depends heavily on broadcasting to locate unknown addresses. The heavy overhead of broadcasting has led to the dominance of routing in large networks, particularly the Internet; bridging is largely relegated to small networks where the overhead of broadcasting is tolerable. However, since large networks are usually composed of many smaller networks linked together, it would be inaccurate to state that bridging has no use on the Internet; rather, its use is localized.

Methods
A node can use one of two different methods to forward packets: store-and-forward or cut-through switching.

title: Packet forwarding


text:
Edmondsham

Edmondsham is a village in the county of Dorset in southern England. It is situated two miles north west of Verwood and ten miles north of Bournemouth. It is sited near the source of a small stream River Ed which flows into the River Crane, Dorset; both are Sites of Special Scientific Interest. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 200. The surrounding countryside is well-wooded. Edmondsham House was built in 1589 as marked on centre gable stone pillar, builders William Arnold and family - who later 1607-10 or 1609-13 finished off Cranborne Manor House, all three Arnolds having concentrated on Monteacute House 1590 - 1601; and in 1905 was described by Sir Frederick Treves as "grey with age" - in fact it is grey from the use of Marl "roman" Cement locally sourced from the glauconitic seam through the estate, and hence "like a mist in the wood".

Edmondsham House Gardens and Park are Open to the Public - nominated days as "..by prior appointment.." (pre Finance Act 1998 amended rules). The wider Estate is public open access "..not limited to prior appointment.." (post FA 1998 rules), subject to Natural England guidelines (see their website open access conditions) - more details for both regimes in external links below.

Sir John Tregonwell Knt- Proctor to Catherine of Aragon in her divorce with Henry VIII, and Sponsor (one of three sponsors, draftsman) of both the Act of Succession 1534 and Act of Supremacy 1534 - had a granddaughter Elizabeth who married (23 April 1582) Roger Hussey builder of Edmondsham House. JT's son Thomas Tregonwell (decd 1563 2 years before his father) was bypassed, for Milton Abbey Dorset "Athelstan's centre of Britain" passed by the Statute of Uses 1535 to the grandson. Sir John Kellaway first married Joan Tregarthin - her second marriage to John Wadham d.1578 - Executor and overseer of John Tregonwell Knt Will. This John Wadham's offspring included Joan Wadham ma.Giles Strangways of Melbury Sampford, and Nichols Wadham II (1531/32 - 1609; Nicholas Wadham I his grandfather d.1542) who married Dorothy Petre-Wadham d. 1618 Foundress of Wadham College as designed by William Arnold. Sir William Petre Knt d.1572 greatest of friends with Sir John Tregonwell as well as overseer and Counsel to JT's Will "especial approved good friend" words in JT's Will, and father to Dorothy.

Henry Strangways daughter Anne married Sir John Kellaway of Rockbourne Hants, their daughter Elizabeth married (his AND her second marriages) Sir John Tregonwell Knt decd 1565....this the Tregonwell connection to Athlehampton - the reason for the Coat of Arms there. JT kept lodgings at Athlehampton House while writing law; for Elizabeth Kelway had firstly been married to Robert Martyn of Waterstone Manor moving to Athlehampton. Thomas Tregonwell d.1563 of Milton Abbey firstly married Anne Martyn (second marriage to Sir Oliver Wallop) sister to Nicholas Martyn of Waterstone who married secondly Margaret Wadham their daughter marrying John Young of Athlehampton House - the Arnolds of Somerset builders of features and the Gatehouse there.

The Tregonwell portraits are still at Edmondsham House, the original Holbein of Sir John Tregonwell lost in a fire at Cranborne Lodge in the 19th Century, later in his life knighted by Queen Mary "first true Queen of Britain" under the Act of Succession while JT still a Catholic. Sir John was great friends with Sir John Southcote Knt Lawyer and Sir Richard Rede Knt Lawyer.

Nicholas Wadham I's (d.1542) daughter Jane married a priest John Foster (possibly in secret) - this instrumental case going to Commission on which Sir John Tregonwell sat! This legal case setting legal precedent on Priest marriages, despite the calling in Clergy, marriages still law today for the Church of England - created by the same Statute Sir John co-wrote.

A rare shiny-leafed form of wych elm similar to 'Nitida' was found in the village in the early 20th century, a leaf specimen prepared for the Kew Herbarium by the Rev. Augustin Ley in 1910.

title: Edmondsham


text: User talk:81.214.126.7

title: User talk:81.214.126.7


text:
USS Cero (SS-225)

USS Cero (SS-225), a Gato-class submarine, was the first submarine and second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the cero.

Construction and commissioning
Cero's keel was laid down on 24 August 1942 by Electric Boat Company, Groton, Connecticut. She was launched 4 April 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Katherine J. Barbey — the wife of Rear Admiral Daniel E. Barbey, Commanding officer of the Amphibious Force, Southwest Pacific Force at the time — and commissioned 4 July 1943.

First War Patrol
Cero cleared New London 17 August 1943 for Pacific waters, and on 26 September sailed from Pearl Harbor, bound for the East China and Yellow Seas on her first war patrol. This patrol was also the first American wolfpack, comprising Cero, USS Shad (SS-235), and USS Grayback (SS-208), commanded from Cero by Captain "Swede" Momsen. At dawn on 12 October, Cero made her first attack, on a convoy of three freighters escorted by two destroyers; one of the merchantmen was heavily damaged. During this patrol, she damaged two other freighters, and a small patrol boat which she engaged on the surface.

Second, Third, and Fourth War Patrols
After refitting at Midway from 16 November to 13 December 1943, Cero, Edward Dissette commanding, made an unproductive second war patrol along the Truk-New Ireland route, then put into Milne Bay, New Guinea, from 12 January to 4 February 1944. Returning to the Truk-New Ireland shipping lanes, she attacked a freighter (later sunk by one of her sister submarines) and inflicted damage on another merchantman. She put into Brisbane, Australia, 2 March, and sailed 3 April on her fourth war patrol, off the Palau Islands. On 11 April 1944, a United States Army Air Forces B-24 Liberator bomber mistakenly strafed and bombed Cero as she submerged in the western Pacific Ocean about 300 nmi east-northeast of Biak Island. Cero suffered no damage or casualties. Her most successful day to date came on 23 May 1944, when she attacked two freighters and a tanker, sinking one cargo ship, and damaging the tanker.

Fifth and Sixth War Patrols
Cero was refitted at Seeadler Harbor, Manus, from 2 to 26 June 1944, then put to sea for the dangerous waters off Mindanao, where on 5 August, she sent another tanker to the bottom; fifteen days later she finished her fifth patrol at Brisbane.

On 19 September 1944, Cero cleared Darwin, Australia, for the Mindanao and Sulu Seas for her sixth patrol. She called en route at Mios Woendi, where she took on board 17 ST of supplies for Philippine guerrillas, along with 16 soldiers headed for behind-the-lines operations in Luzon. Although not permitted by her orders to attack escorted merchantmen while on this mission, Cero encountered two small craft on 27 October, and in a resulting gun action, damaged both and forced them ashore. On 3 November, north of Manila, she made contact with the guerrillas, landed the soldiers and supplies, and took aboard four evacuees. Later attacked by a Japanese submarine, an alert bridge crew, led by Jim "Red Dog" Vermillion, enabled Cero to evade a torpedo aimed at her. Mission completed, she returned to Pearl Harbor 24 November, then sailed to the West Coast for overhaul.

Seventh War Patrol
Cero, now commanded by Raymond Berthrong, shoved off for action from Pearl Harbor once more 31 March 1945, on her seventh and most productive war patrol. Cruising off Honshū and Hokkaidō, she not only provided lifeguard services for air strikes on Japan, but sank two picket boats and damaged a third, as well as sending three freighters and a large trawler to the bottom.

Eighth War Patrol
Refitted at Guam and Saipan between 27 May and 27 June 1945, Cero, commanded by Raymond Berthrong, had lifeguard and picket duty off Honshū for her eighth war patrol. On 15 July, she rescued three survivors of a downed bomber, and later that day bombarded the Japanese lighthouse and radio station at Shiriya Saki, Honshū. On 18 July, while sailing for the Kurile Islands, Cero came under enemy air attack; a bomb that landed close aboard caused damage so extensive that the sub was forced to cut short her patrol and head for Pearl Harbor, where she arrived 30 July.

Post-World War II
Cero made prolonged visits to New Orleans and Baton Rouge before arriving 5 November 1945 at New London, where she was decommissioned and placed in reserve 8 June 1946. She was recommissioned 4 February 1952, and on 22 March, Cero arrived at her new home port of Key West, Florida. For the next year she cruised in the Caribbean Sea and aided in the work of the Fleet Sonar School, then sailed north for inactivation. She was again decommissioned and placed in reserve at New London 23 December 1953.

Cero also served as a reserve pierside training vessel at the Detroit Naval Armory across from Belle Isle from 1960 to 1967, replacing USS Tambor (SS-198). Cero was in turn replaced by USS Piper (SS-409)

Cero was sold for scrap in 1970.

Honors and awards

 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with seven battle stars for World War II service

Of Cero′s eight war patrols, all but the second were designated as "successful." She is credited with having sunk a total of 18,159 tons of shipping.

title: USS Cero (SS-225)