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Sicilians

The Sicilians (Siciliani), or Sicilian people, are a Romance-speaking European ethnic group who are indigenous to the island of Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the largest and most populous of the autonomous regions of Italy.

History
The Sicilian people are indigenous to the island of Sicily, which was first populated beginning in the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. According to the famous Italian historian Carlo Denina, the origin of the first inhabitants of Sicily is no less obscure than that of the first Italians; however, there is no doubt that a large part of these early individuals traveled to Sicily from Southern Italy—others from the Islands of Greece, and the coasts of Iberia and Western Europe.

Prehistory
The aboriginal inhabitants of Sicily, long absorbed into the population, were tribes known to the ancient Greek writers as the Elymians, the Sicanians, and the Sicels, the last being an Indo-European-speaking people of possible Italic affiliation, who migrated from the Italian mainland (likely from the Amalfi Coast or Calabria via the Strait of Messina) during the second millennium BC, after whom the island was named. The Elymian tribes have been speculated to be a Indo-European people who migrated to Sicily from either Central Anatolia, Southern-Coastal Anatolia, Calabria, or one of the Aegean Islands, or perhaps were a collection of native migratory maritime-based tribes from all previously mentioned regions, and formed a common "Elymian" tribal identity/basis after settling down in Sicily. When the Elymians migrated to Sicily is unknown, however scholars of antiquity considered them to be the second oldest inhabitants, while the Sicanians, thought to be the oldest inhabitants of Sicily by scholars of antiquity, were speculated to also be a pre-Indo-European tribe, who migrated via boat from the Xúquer river basin in Castellón, Cuenca, Valencia and Alicante. Before the Sicanians lived in the easternmost part of the Iberian peninsula. The name 'Sicanus' has been asserted to have a possible link to the modern river known in Valencian as the Xúquer and in Castilian as the Júcar. The Beaker was introduced in Sicily from Sardinia and spread mainly in the north-west and south-west of the island. In the northwest and in the Palermo kept almost intact its cultural and social characteristics, while in the south-west there was a strong integration with local cultures. The only known single bell-shaped glass in eastern Sicily was found in Syracuse.

All three tribes lived both a sedentary pastoral and orchard farming lifestyle, and a semi-nomadic fishing, transhumance and mixed farming lifestyle. Prior to the Neolithic Revolution, Paleolithic Sicilians would have lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, just like most human cultures before the Neolithic. The river Salsu was the territorial boundary between the Sicels and Sicanians. They wore basic clothing made of wool, plant fibre, papyrus, esparto grass, animal skins, palm leaves, leather and fur, and created everyday tools, as well as weapons, using metal forging, woodworking and pottery. They typically lived in a nuclear family unit, with some extended family members as well, usually within a drystone hut, a neolithic long house or a simple hut made of mud, stones, wood, palm leaves or grass. Their main methods of transportation were horseback, donkeys and chariots. Evidence of pet wildcats, cirneco dogs and children's toys have been discovered in archaeological digs, especially in cemetery tombs. Their diet was a typical Mediterranean diet, including unique food varieties such as Gaglioppo, Acitana and Diamante citron, while in modern times the Calabrian Salami, which is also produced in Sicily, and sometimes used to make spicy 'Nduja spreadable paste/sauce, is a popular type of salami sold in Brazil and the Anglosphere. All 3 tribes also specialised in building megalithic single-chambered dolmen tombs, a tradition which dates back to the Neolithic. "An important archaeological site, located in Southeast Sicily, is the Necropolis of Pantalica, a collection of cemeteries with rock-cut chamber tombs. Dating from the 13th to the 7th centuries BC., recent estimates suggest a figure of just under 4,000 tombs. They extend around the flanks of a large promontory located at the junction of the Anapo river with its tributary, the Calcinara, about 23 km (14 mi) northwest of Syracuse. Together with the city of Syracuse, Pantalica was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005. The site was mainly excavated between 1895 and 1910 by the Italian archeologist, Paolo Orsi, although most of the tombs had already been looted long before his time. Items found within the tombs of Pantalica, some now on display at the Archaeology Museum in Syracuse, were the characteristic red-burnished pottery vessels, and metal objects, including weaponry (small knives and daggers) and clothing, such as bronze fibulae (brooches) and rings, which were placed with the deceased in the tombs. Most of the tombs contained between one and seven individuals of all ages and both sexes. Many tombs were evidently re-opened periodically for more burials. The average human life span at this time was probably around 30 years of age, although the size of the prehistoric population is hard to estimate from the available data, but might have been around 1000 people."

Nuragic ceramic remains, (from Sardinia), carbon dated to the 13th century BC, have been found in Lipari. The prehistoric Thapsos culture, associated with the Sicani, shows noticeable influences from Mycenaean Greece. The type of burial found in the necropolis of the Thapsos culture, is characterized by large rock-cut chamber tombs, and often of tholos-type that some scholars believe to be of Mycenaean derivation, while others believe it to be the traditional shape of the hut. The housing are made up of mostly circular huts bounded by stone walls, mainly in small numbers. Some huts have rectangular shape, particularly the roof. The economy was based on farming, herding, hunting and fishing. There are numerous evidences of trading networks, in particular of bronze vessels and weapons of Mycenaean and Nuragic (Sardinian) production. There were close trading relationships/networks established with the Milazzo Culture of the Aeolian Islands, and with the Apennine culture of mainland southern Italy. In Sicily's earlier prehistory, there is also evidence of trade with the Capsian and Iberomaurusian mesolithic cultures from Tunisia, with some lithic stone sites attested in certain parts of the island.

Another archaeological site, originally identified by Paolo Orsi on the basis of a particular ceramic style, is the Castelluccio culture which dates back to the Ancient Bronze Age (2000 B.C. approximately), and is seen as sort of a "prehistoric proto-civilization", located between Noto and Siracusa. The discovery of a prehistoric village in Castelluccio di Noto, next to the remains of prehistoric circular huts, led to finds of Ceramic glass decorated with brown lines on a yellow-reddish background, and tri-color with the use of white. The weapons used in the days of Castelluccio culture were green stone and basalt axes and, in the most recent settlements, bronze axes, and frequently carved bones, considered idols similar to those of Malta, and of Troy II and III. Burials were made in rounded tombs carved into the rock, with doors with relief carving of spiral symbols and motifs that evoke the sexual act. The Castelluccio culture is dated to a period between 2200 BC and 1800 BC, although some believe it to be contemporary to the Middle-Late Helladic period (1800/1400 BC)." "Sites related to the Castelluccio culture were present in the villages of south-east Sicily, including Monte Casale, Cava/Quarry d'Ispica, Pachino, Niscemi, Cava/Quarry Lazzaro, near Noto, of Rosolini, in the rocky Byzantine district of coastal Santa Febronia in Palagonia, in Cuddaru d' Crastu (Tornabé-Mercato d'Arrigo) near Pietraperzia, where there are remains of a fortress partly carved in stone, and – with different ceramic forms – also near Agrigento in Monte Grande. The discovery of a cup of 'Etna type' in the area of Comiso, among local ceramic objects led to the discovery of commercial trades with the Castelluccio sites of Paternò, Adrano and Biancavilla, whose graves differ in making due to the hard basaltic terrain and also for the utilization of the lava caves as chamber tombs. In the area around Ragusa, there have been found evidences of mining among the ancient residents of Castelluccio; tunnels excavated by the use of basalt bats allowed the extraction and production of highly sought flints. Some dolmens, dated back to this same period, with sole funeral function, are found in different parts of Sicily and attributable to a people not belonging to the Castelluccio Culture."

The Sicelian polytheistic worship of the ancient and native chthonic, animistic-cult deities associated with geysers known as the Palici, as well as the worship of the volcano-fire god by the name of Adranos, were also worshiped throughout Sicily by the Elymians and Sicanians. Their (Palici) centre of worship was originally based on three small lakes that emitted sulphurous vapors in the Palagonian plains, and as a result these twin brothers were associated with geysers and the underworld. There was also a shrine to the Palici in Palacia, where people could subject themselves or others to tests of reliability through divine judgement; passing meant that an oath could be trusted. The mythological lineage of the Palici is uncertain. According to Macrobius, the nymph Thalia gave birth to the divine twins while living underneath the Earth. They were most likely either the sons of the native fire god Adranos, or, as Polish historian "Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak" suggests, the Palici may derive from the old Proto-Indo-European mytheme of the divine twins. Mount Etna is named after the mythological Sicilian nymph called Aetna, who might have been the possible mother to the Palici twins. Mount Etna was also believed to have been the region where Zeus buried the Serpentine giant Typhon, and the humanoid giant Enceladus in classical mythology. The Cyclopes, giant one-eyed humanoid creatures in classical Greco-Roman mythology, known as the maker of Zeus' thunderbolts, were traditionally associated with Sicily and the Aeolian Islands. The Cyclopes were said to have been assistants to the Greek blacksmith God Hephaestus, at his forge in Sicily, underneath Mount Etna, or perhaps on one of the nearby Aeolian Islands. The Aeolian Islands, off the coast of Northwestern Sicily, were themselves named after the mythological king and "keeper of the heavy winds" known as Aeolus. In his Hymn to Artemis, Cyrene poet Callimachus states that the Cyclopes on the Aeolian island of Lipari, working "at the anvils of Hephaestus", make the bows and arrows used by Apollo and Artemis. The Hesiodic Latin poet Ovid names three Cyclopes "Brontes, Steropes and Acmonides" working as forgers inside Sicilian caves.

Besides Demeter (the Greek goddess of agriculture and law), and Persephone (the Greek personified goddess of vegetation), The Phoenician bull god Moloch (a significant deity also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible), the Phoenician moon goddess of fertility and prosperity Astarte (with her Roman equivalent being Venus), the Punic goddess Tanit, and the weather & war god Baal (which later evolved into the Carthaginian god Baal Hammon), as well as the Carthaginian chief god Baal Hammon, also had centres of cultic-worship throughout Sicily. The river Anapus was viewed as the personification of the river god Anapus in Greek-Sicilian mythology. The Elymians inhabited the western parts of Sicily, while the Sicanians inhabited the central parts, and the Sicels inhabited the eastern parts.

Ancient history
From the 11th century BC, Phoenicians began to settle in western Sicily, having already started colonies on the nearby parts of North Africa and Malta. Sicily was later colonized and heavily settled by Greeks, beginning in the 8th century BC. Initially, this was restricted to the eastern and southern parts of the island. As the Greek and Phoenician communities grew more populous and more powerful, the Sicels and Sicanians were pushed further into the centre of the island. The independent Phoenician colonial settlements were eventually absorbed by Carthage during the 6th century BC. By the 3rd century BC, Syracuse was the most populous Greek city state in the world. Sicilian politics was intertwined with politics in Greece itself, leading Athens, for example, to mount the disastrous Sicilian Expedition against Syracuse in 415–413 BC during the Peloponnesian War, which ended up severely affecting a defeated Athens, both politically and economically, in the following years to come. Another battle which Syracuse took part in, this time under the Tyrant Hiero I of Syracuse, was the Battle of Cumae, where the combined navies of Syracuse and Cumae defeated an Etruscan force, resulting in significant territorial loses for the Etruscans. The constant warfare between Ancient Carthage and the Greek city-states eventually opened the door to an emerging third power. In the 3rd century BC, the Messanan Crisis, caused by Mamertine mercenaries from Campania, when the city-states of Messina (Carthaginian-owned) and Syracuse (Dorian-owned) were being constantly raided and pillaged by Mamertines, during the period (282–240 BC) when Central, Western and Northeast Sicily were put under Carthaginian rule, motivated the intervention of the Roman Republic into Sicilian affairs, and led to the First Punic War between Rome and Carthage. By the end of the war in 242 BC, and with the death of Hiero II, all of Sicily except Syracuse was in Roman hands, becoming Rome's first province outside of the Italian peninsula. For the next 600 years, Sicily would be a province of the Roman Republic and later Empire. Prior to Roman rule, there were three native Elymian towns by the names of Segesta, Eryx and Entella, as well as several Siculian towns called Agyrion, Kale Akte (founded by the Sicel leader Ducetius), Enna and Pantalica, and one Sicanian town known as Thapsos. (Greek: Θάψος)

Sometime after Carthage conquered most of Sicily except for the Southeast which was still controlled by Syracuse, Pyrrhus of Epirus, the Molossian king of Epirus, was installed as King/Tyrant of Sicily from 278 to 275 BC, even capturing the native Elymian mountain-city of Eryx, which was previously under Carthaginian fortification & protection before he captured it. Pyrrhus even attempted to capture Lilybaeum (Siege of Lilybaeum) from the Punics, which didn't succeed. A couple years later (275 BC), Envoys from Southern Italy had notified him that of all the Greek cities in Italy, only Tarentum hadn't fallen to the Romans. Upon hearing this, coinciding with the fact that the Sicilian city-states had started becoming hostile towards him, due to him trying to force Sicily into becoming a martial state, Pyrrhus made his decision to depart from the island and dethrone himself, leaving Syracuse and Carthage in charge of the island again. As his ship left the island, he turned and, foreshadowing the Punic Wars, said to his companions: "What a wrestling ground we are leaving, my friends, for the Carthaginians and the Romans." While his army was being transported by ship to mainland Italy, Pyrrhus' navy was destroyed by the Carthaginians at the Battle of the Strait of Messina, with 98 warships sunk or disabled out of 110. After Pyrrhus of Epirus landed on Mainland Italy, his Roman opponents had mastered up a large army under Roman consul Manius Curius Dentatus, while he was still Tyrant of Sicily. After Pyrrhus was defeated at the Battle of Beneventum (275 BC) by the Romans, he decided to end his campaigns against Southern Italy, and return to Epirus, resulting in the loss of all his territorial gains in Italy. The city of Tarentum however still remained under Epirote control.

The ancient historian Diodorus Siculus who wrote and recorded the monumental universal history Bibliotheca historica, and the ancient Doric-Greek revolutionary scientist, inventor and mathematician Archimedes who anticipated modern calculus, and analysis by applying methods of infinitesimals and exhaustion to rigorously derive and prove the range of geometric theorems, and invented the innovative Archimedean screw, compound pulleys, and defensive war machines to protect his native town of Syracuse from invasions, were both born, grew up in, lived and died in Sicily.

Middle Ages
As the Roman Empire was falling apart, a Germanic tribe known as the Vandals along with a Scythian tribe originating from the European Steppe known as the Alans took over Sicily for a relatively brief period beginning in 440 AD under the rule of their king Geiseric, forming the Kingdom of the Vandals. The Vandals and Alans gained a monopoly on the Mediterranean grain trade during their monarchical reign, with all grain taxes being monitored by them. Due to the Western Roman Empire being too preoccupied with war in Gaul, when the Vandals & Alans started invading Sicily in 440, the Romans could not respond. Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II sent a failed expeditionary force to deal with them in 441, which ended in a Vandal-Alan counter-victory. However, they soon lost these newly acquired possessions, except for one toehold in Lilybaeum, to Odoacer (an Arian Christian Barbarian statesman & general of possible East Germanic & Hunnic descent, and client king under Zeno whose reign over Italy marked the Fall of the Western Roman Empire) in 476 and completely to the Ostrogothic conquest of Sicily by Theodoric the Great which began in 488; although the Goths were Germanic, Theodoric sought to revive Roman culture and government and allowed freedom of religion. In contrast to the prior Carthaginian, Syracusan (Dorian) and Roman Empires which ruled Sicily in the past, Sicily did not serve as a distinct province or administrative region under Germanic control, although it did retain a certain amount of autonomy. The Gothic War took place between the Ostrogoths and the Byzantine Empire (with its capital-city based at Constantinople, modern Istanbul), and during the reign of Justinian I, Sicily was brought back under Greco-Roman rule under the military expeditions of Byzantine generals Flavius Belisarius and Narses, resulting in Byzantine-Greek language and religion being embraced by the majority of the population. It was Syracuse where the Byzantine Emperor Constans II desired to move his capital in 663 AD, a decision which eventually led to his assassination. Sicily remained under autonomous stable Byzantine rule as the Theme/Province of Sicily (Theme (Byzantine district)) for several peaceful centuries, until an invasion by Arab Muslims (Aghlabids from the Banu Tamim Clan) in the 9th century.

Besides Sicily, the Theme or Province of Sicily also included the adjacent region of Calabria in Mainland Italy. The capital city of Byzantine Sicily was Syracuse. The province was looked after by the imperial governor known as a Praetor, and was militarily protected under a general by the title of Dux. Sicily itself was divided into many districts known as a Turma. The Byzantine Exarch of Ravennan Italy named Theophylact, between 702 and 709, originally came from Sicily. After he got promoted into the Exarchate, Theophylact marched from Sicily to Rome for unknown reasons, a decision which angered the local Roman soldiers living there, however the newly elected Pope John VI, was able to calm them down. While Theophylact was still Exarch, Byzantine Emperor Justinian II seized all the leading citizens and officials of Ravenna at a local banquet, and dragged them abroad a ship to Constantinople. He sentenced all but one of the Ravennan captives to death, the exception being Archbishop Felix, who was permanently blinded instead. This was due to a recent rebellion which Ravenna took part in, in 695. Justinian II later sacked Ravenna, weakening the Exarchate in charge of it. Theophylact was not a victim of the catastrophe, but was the first Exarch to experience a weakened Ravenna. Theophylact possibly moved back to Sicily after he retired from the Exarchate in 709. Theophylact might have also been the Strategos of Sicily from 700 to 710. The Strategos of Sicily was also able to exercise some control over the autonomous duchies of Naples, Gaeta and Amalfi, depending on the local political situation or faction at the time.

The Aghlabid invasions were in part caused by the Byzantine-Sicilian military commander Euphemius, who invited the Aghlabids to aid him in his rebellion against the imperial governor of Sicily in 826 AD. A similar situation happened a century prior, when the imperial governor of Sicily (Sergios), had declared a Byzantine official from Constantinople by the name of Basil Onomagoulos (regnal name Tiberius) as rival emperor, when false news reached Sicily that Constantinople had fallen to the Umayyads. When Emperor Leo the Syrian sent an administrative official named Paul to Sicily, the people and army of Syracuse surrendered Basil and his rebels up to him, leading to the beheading of Basil, while the former governor Sergios was able to escape to the parts of Mainland Italy controlled by the Lombards. Another rebellion took place between the years 781–793, when the aristocratic governor of Sicily, Elpidius, was accused of conspiring against Empress Irene in favour of Nikephoros. After Elpidius's forces were militarily defeated by Empress Irene's large fleet dispatched in Sicily, he, along with his lieutenant, the dux of Calabria named Nikephoros, defected to the Abbasid Caliphate, where he was posthumously acknowledged as rival emperor. After losing another military expedition, this time against Asia Minor with the help of the Abbasids, he advised the Abbasid Emir of Mesopotamia, Abd al-Malik ibn Salih, to "throw away his silk and put on his armour", warning him against the aggressive new reign of Nikephoros I. The Muslim conquest was a see-saw affair; the local population resisted fiercely and the Arabs suffered considerable dissension and infighting among themselves during this process. Not until 965 was the island's conquest successfully completed by the Fatimid Caliphate, with Syracuse in particular resisting almost to the end (Siege of Syracuse (877-878)). Jawhar the Sicilian, the Fatimid general of Slavic origins that led the conquest of Egypt, under Caliph Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, was born and grew up in Ragusa, Sicily. Jawhar served as viceroy of Egypt until 973, consolidating Fatimid control over North Africa, and laying the foundations for Cairo.

The first phase of Muslim rule began with the conquests of the third Aghlabid Emir Ziyadat Allah I of Ifriqiya, and consolidated with the reign of the ninth Emir Ibrahim II of Ifriqiya after the conquest of Taormina. The first attempt to capture Syracuse was under general Asad ibn al-Furat, although it ended in a Byzantine victory. A combination of Persian and Andalusian troops helped to capture the Island between 830 and 831. After a revolt was suppressed, the Fatimid Caliph Al-Mansur Billah appointed a member of the Kalbid dynasty, Al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi, as First Emir of Sicily. The Kalbids ruled Sicily from 948 to 1053. Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, fourth ruler of the Zirid Sanhaja dynasty in North Africa, attempted to annex the island for the Zirids, but his attempts failed. The new Arab rulers initiated land reforms, which in turn increased productivity and encouraged the growth of smallholdings, a dent to the dominance of the landed estates. The Arabs further improved irrigation systems through Qanats, introducing oranges, lemons, pistachio, and sugarcane to Sicily. Ibn Hawqal, a Baghdadi merchant who visited Sicily in 950, commented that a walled suburb called the Kasr (the palace) was the center of Palermo, with the great Friday mosque on the site of the later Roman Catholic cathedral. The suburb of Al-Khalisa (Kalsa) contained the Sultan's palace, baths, a mosque, government offices, and a private prison. Ibn Hawqual reckoned there were 7,000 individual butchers trading in 150 shops. By 1050, Palermo had a population of 350,000, making it one of the largest cities in Europe, behind Moorish-Spain's capital Córdoba and the Byzantine capital of Constantinople, which had populations over 450–500,000. Palermo's population dropped to 150,000 under Norman rule. By 1330 Palermo's population had declined to 51,000, possibly due to the inhabitants of the region being deported to other regions of Norman Sicily, or to the Norman County of Apulia and Calabria. The local population conquered by the Muslims were Greek-speaking Byzantine Christians, but there were also a significant number of Jews. Christians and Jews were tolerated in Muslim Sicily as dhimmis, and had to pay the Jizya poll tax, and Kharaj land tax, but were exempt from the Zakat alms-giving tax Muslims had to pay. Many Jews immigrated to Sicily during Muslim rule, but left after the Normans arrived. In the 11th century, the mainland southern Italian powers were hiring Norman mercenaries, who were Christian descendants of the Vikings; it was the Normans under Roger I (of the Hauteville dynasty) who conquered Sicily from the Muslims over a period of thirty years until finally controlling the entire island by 1091 as the County of Sicily. In 1130, Roger II founded the Norman Kingdom of Sicily as an independent state with its own Parliament, language, schooling, army and currency, while the Sicilian culture evolved distinct traditions, clothing, linguistic changes, cuisine and customs not found in mainland Italy. A great number of families from northern Italy began settling in Sicily during this time, with some of their descendants forming distinct communities that survive to the present day, such as the Lombards of Sicily. Other migrants arrived from southern Italy, as well as Normandy, southern France, England and other parts of northern Europe. The Siculo-Norman rule of the Hauteville dynasty continued until 1198, when Frederick II of Sicily, the son of a Siculo-Norman queen and a Swabian-German emperor ascended the throne. In fact, it was during the reign of this Hohenstaufen king Frederick II, that the poetic form known as a sonnet was invented by Giacomo da Lentini, the head Poet, Teacher and Notary of the Sicilian School for Poetry. Frederick II was also responsible for the Muslim settlement of Lucera. His descendants governed Sicily until the Papacy invited a French prince to take the throne, which led to a decade-and-a-half of French rule under Charles I of Sicily; he was later deposed in the War of the Sicilian Vespers against French rule, which put the daughter of Manfred of Sicily – Constance II and her husband Peter III of Aragon, a member of the House of Barcelona, on the throne. Their descendants ruled the Kingdom of Sicily until 1401. Following the Compromise of Caspe in 1412 the Sicilian throne passed to the Iberian monarchs from Aragon and Castile.

Modern and contemporary history
In 1735, the Spanish era ended when Charles V from the House of Bourbon was crowned king. For the better part of the next century-and-a-half, Sicily was in personal union with the other Southern Italian Kingdom of Naples, with the official residence located in Naples, under the Bourbon dynasty. After the Napoleonic Wars, King Ferdinand I, who had just recently been restored back to the throneship of Southern Italy in 1815, made a decision to administratively and politically merged the two separate Kingdoms of Naples & Sicily, which ended up forming the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816. In 1861, however, Sicily became part of the Kingdom of Italy as a result of the Risorgimento. Prior to the Risorgimento, the Two Sicilies were conquered by the Kingdom of Sardinia during the Expedition of the Thousand (led by general Giuseppe Garibaldi) in 1860, and subsequently brought under the monarchial realm of Sardinia. After the unification of Italy and the Fascist era, a wave of Sicilian nationalism led to the adoption of the Statute of Sicily, under which the island has become an autonomous region. Since 1946, the island enjoys the most advanced special status of all the autonomous regions.

Demographics
Sicily has experienced the presence of a number of different cultures and ethnicities in its vast history, including the aboriginal peoples of differing ethnolinguistic origins (Sicani, Siculi and Elymians), Bruttians, Morgetes, Oenotrians, Phoenicians and Carthaginians, Ancient Greeks (Magna Graecia), Mamertines, Romans and Jews during the ancient and classical periods.

In the early medieval era, Sicily experienced the brief rule of Germanic Vandals and Iranic Alans during the Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans, while under Byzantine, Saracen and Norman rule, there were Byzantine Greeks, Arabs and Normans. From the late medieval period into the modern era, Aragonese, Spaniards and French ruled over and left a minor impact on the island, while Albanians settled and formed communities which still exist today known as the Arbereshe.

About five million people live in Sicily, making it the fourth most populated region in Italy. However, in the first century after the Italian unification, Sicily had one of the most negative net migration rates among the regions of Italy because of millions of people moving to the Italian mainland and countries like Germany, Sweden, Belgium, the United States, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Argentina, the United Kingdom, France, New Zealand, Singapore and South Africa. Many Sicilian communities, including those formed by the descendants of the Sicilian migrants, are all over the world. It is estimated that the number of people of Sicilian descent in the world is more than six million. The most famous community is represented by the Sicilian Americans. Like the other parts of Southern Italy, immigration to the island is relatively low compared to other regions of Italy because workers tend to head to Northern Italy instead, in search of better employment and industrial opportunities. The most recent ISTAT figures show around 175,000 immigrants out of the total of almost 5.1 million population (nearly 3.5% of the population); Romanians with more than 50,000 make up the most immigrants, followed by Tunisians, Moroccans, Sri Lankans, Albanians, and others mostly from Eastern Europe. As in the rest of Italy, the primary religion is Roman Catholicism (but with combined Latin & Byzantine Rites) and the official language is Italian; Sicilian is currently not a recognised language in Italy.

Major settlements
In Sicily, there are three metropolitan areas:
 * 1) Palermo, which has a Larger Urban Zone of 1,044,169 people
 * 2) Catania, whose LUZ's populous numbers some 801,280 people
 * 3) Messina and its LUZ, with a total of 418,916 people.

Overall, there are fifteen cities and towns with a population above 50,000 people, these are:
 * 1) Palermo (677,854)
 * 2) Catania (315,576)
 * 3) Messina (242,121)
 * 4) Syracuse (123,248)
 * 5) Marsala (82,812)
 * 6) Gela (77,295)
 * 7) Ragusa (73,756)
 * 8) Trapani (70,642)
 * 9) Vittoria (63,393)
 * 10) Caltanissetta (60,221)
 * 11) Agrigento (59,190)
 * 12) Bagheria (56,421)
 * 13) Modica (55,294)
 * 14) Acireale (53,205)
 * 15) Mazara del Vallo (51,413).

Names and surnames
The most common Sicilian names are Giuseppe, Maria and Salvatore. The most common Sicilian surnames are Russo, Messina and Lombardo.

Diaspora
In 2008, the number of Sicilians abroad was well over 1 million. The countries in which they are most numerous on this date are: United States, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, France and Canada. The population of the Diaspora without including those in the United States is 629,114 individuals.

In the United States, the Sicilian-Americans are a large subset of Americans whose ancestors came from Sicily. This group is perhaps the largest part of the Sicilian diaspora.

The entire autochthonous population of Malta is of Sicilian origin, but the Maltese generally do not consider themselves Sicilian due to centuries of cultural and geographical separation, and the fact that their native language evolved from Siculo-Arabic instead of Italo-Dalmatian like the modern Sicilian language.

Autosomal studies
Several studies involving whole genome analysis of mainland Italians and Sicilians have found that samples from Northern Italy, Southern Italy and Sicily belong to their own unique/distinct separate clusters, while a genetic gap is filled by an intermediate Central Italian cluster, creating a continuous cline of variation that mirrors geography. Genetically, Sicilians cluster the closest to other South Italians, and especially to Calabrians. Other studies have also demonstrated that the population of Sicily is genetically very similar to that of Malta, and to Greek speaking groups from the Ionian Islands, the Aegean Islands, Crete and the Peloponnese while the rest of mainland Greece appears as slightly differentiated, by clustering with the other Southern Balkan populations such as Albanians of Albania, Kosovo and the Arbëreshë people.

MtDna and Y DNA studies
According to one study, Y-DNA haplogroups were found at the following frequencies in Sicily: R1 (36.76%), J (29.65%), E1b1b (18.21%), I (7.62%), G (5.93%), T (5.51%), Q (2.54%). R1 and I haplogroups are typical in West European and North European populations while J, T, G, Q and E1b1b (and their various subclades) consist of lineages with differential distribution across Europe and the Mediterranean. The five main MtDNA haplogroups present in Sicily are haplogroups H, K, X, W and U, which are also the five most commonly found MtDNA-haplogroups in Europe and the Caucasus.

The Norman Kingdom of Sicily was created in 1130, with Palermo as its capital, 70 years after the initial Norman invasion and 40 after the conquest of the last town, Noto in 1091, and would last until 1198. Today, it is in north-west Sicily, around Trapani, Palermo and Agrigento where Norman Y-DNA is the most common, with 8% to 20% of the lineages belonging to haplogroup I1. Ancient and medieval Greek genetic paternal legacy is estimated at 37% in Sicily. Sicilians are of European genetic origin, with modern genetic profiles that are closely similar to people who lived in the region of Magna Graecia during the Classical antiquity period, these people were a mix of Italic Roman and Greek genetic ancestry. Sicilians closely resemble mainland Italians and Greeks genetically.

It is a misconception that Sicilians are of primarily Moorish or otherwise African origin, but this has been entirely disproven by genetic analysis of Sicilian genomes. The falsified myth that Sicilian DNA was of Moorish origin was fabricated by Anti-Italian xenophobic nativists from primarily anglophonic nations. Overall the estimated Central Balkan European and Northwestern European paternal contributions in South Italy and Sicily are about 63% and 26% respectively.

Paleogenetics
Fernandes et al. (2019), The Arrival of Steppe and Iranian Related Ancestry in the Islands of the Western Mediterranean, found that in Sicily, Western Steppe Herders ancestry arrived by ~2200 BCE and likely came at least in part from Spain. 4 of the 5 Early Bronze Age Sicilian males had Steppe-associated Y-haplogroup R1b1a1a2a1a2 (R-P312). Two of these were Y-haplogroup R1b1a1a2a1a2a1 (Z195) which today is largely restricted to Iberia and has been hypothesized to have originated there 2500–2000 BCE.

Languages
Today in Sicily most people are bilingual and speak both Italian and Sicilian, a distinct Romance language. Many Sicilian words are of Greek origin, while smaller numbers of other loan words are from Norman, Arabic, Catalan, Occitan, Spanish and other languages. Other dialects of Sicilian, or those very closely related to it, are also spoken in southern Calabria, Salento and Salerno.

Sicilian was an early influence in the development of standard Italian, although its use remained confined to an intellectual elite. This was a literary language in Sicily created under the auspices of Frederick II and his court of notaries or Magna Curia which, headed by Giacomo da Lentini, also gave birth to the Sicilian School, widely inspired by troubadour literature. It is in this language that appeared the first sonnet, whose invention is attributed to Giacomo da Lentini himself. Sicilian was also the official language of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1300 to 1543.

Prior to the 20th century, large numbers of Sicilian people spoke only Sicilian as their mother tongue, with little or no fluent knowledge of Italian. Today, although not officially recognized by the Italian Republic, the Sicilian language is described as "a stable indigenous language of Italy" by Ethnologue and is recognized as a minority language by UNESCO. It has also been identified as a language by the Sicilian Region. Even so, Italian continues to be the sole official language recognized by the Italian Republic and predominates in the public arena, being used as everyday language in the daily lives of many Sicilians.

The Siculo-Arabic dialect was a vernacular variety of Arabic once spoken in Sicily and neighbouring Malta between the end of the ninth century and the mid to late thirteenth century. The language became extinct in Sicily, but in Malta it eventually evolved into what is now the Maltese language.

The Siculish dialect is the macaronic "Sicilianization" of English language words and phrases by immigrants from Sicily to the United States in the early 20th century. Forms of Siculish are also to be found in other Sicilian immigrant communities of English-speaking countries, namely Canada and Australia. A surprising similarity can often be found between these forms, through either coincidence, trans-national movements of Sicilian immigrants, or more likely, through the logical adaptation of English using linguistic norms from the Sicilian language.

Ethno-linguistic minorities
There are two main historical ethno-linguistic minorities in Sicily, the Lombards of Sicily and the Arbëreshë:
 * The Lombards of Sicily are a linguistic minority living in Sicily who speak Gallo-Italic of Sicily, an isolated group of Gallo-Italic languages found in about 15 isolated communities of central eastern Sicily. Forming a language island within the Sicilian language, it dates back to migrations from Northern Italy to central and eastern Sicily about 900 years ago, during the Norman conquest of Sicily. Because of linguistic differences among the Gallo-Italic dialects of Sicily, it is supposed that there were different immigration routes. From Piedmont, Liguria, Emilia, and Lombardy they began to spread south between the 11th and 14th centuries. The most important areas where the Gallo-Italic of Sicily is spoken are Acquedolci, Montalbano Elicona, Novara di Sicilia, Fondachelli-Fantina San Fratello and San Piero Patti (Province of Messina), Aidone, Nicosia, Piazza Armerina and Sperlinga (Province of Enna).
 * The Arbëreshë people settled in Southern Italy in the 15th to 18th centuries in several waves of migrations. They are the descendants of mostly Tosk Albanian refugees of Christian faith who fled to Italy after the conquest and subsequent Islamisation of Albania by the Ottoman Turks in the Balkans. They speak their own variant of the Arbëresh language. There are three identified Arbëreshë communities in the province of Palermo. The areas are: Contessa Entellina, Piana degli Albanesi and Santa Cristina Gela; while the varieties of Piana and Santa Cristina Gela are similar enough to be entirely mutually intelligible, the variety of Contessa Entellina is not entirely intelligible. The largest centre is Piana degli Albanesi which, besides being the hub of religious and socio-cultural communities, has kept their unique features intact over time. There are two other communities with a strong historical and linguistic heritage.
 * The community of the Greeks of Messina (or Siculo-Greeks) speaks modern Greek with some elements of the ancient Greek language spoken in the island, and Calabrian Greek. The Greek community was reconstituted in 2003 with the name of "Comunità Hellenica dello Stretto" (Hellenic Community of the Strait).

Religion
Historically, Sicily has been home to many religions, including Islam, Native religions, Judaism, Classical Paganism, Carthaginian religions, and Byzantine Orthodoxy, the coexistence of which has been historically seen as an ideal example of religious multiculturalism. Most Sicilians today are baptized as Catholic. Catholicism and Latinization in Sicily originated from the islands Norman occupiers and forced conversion continued under the Spanish invaders, where the majority of Sicily's population were forced to convert from their former religions. Despite the historical push for Catholicism in Sicily, a minority of other religious communities thrive in Sicily.

Sicilian Catholics

For Catholics in Sicily, the Virgin Hodegetria is the patroness of Sicily. The Sicilian people are also known for their deep devotion to some Sicilian female saints: the martyrs Agatha and Lucy, who are the patron saints of Catania and Syracuse respectively, and the hermit Saint Rosalia, patroness of Palermo. Sicilian people have significantly contributed to the history of many religions. There have been four Sicilian Popes (Agatho, Leo II, Sergius I, and Stephen III)   and a Sicilian Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (Methodios I). Sicily is also mentioned in the New Testament in the Acts of the Apostles, 28:11–13, in which Saint Paul briefly visits Sicily for three days before leaving the Island. It is believed he was the first Christian to ever set foot in Sicily.

Sicilian Muslims During the period of Muslim rule, many Sicilians converted to Islam. Many Islamic scholars were born on the island, including Al-Maziri, a prominent jurist of the Maliki school of Sunni Islamic Law. Under the rule of Frederick II, all Muslims were expelled from the Island following a rebellion of local Saracens who wished to keep their local independence in Western Sicily but were not allowed to due to Pope Gregory IX's demands. Any remaining Muslim was eventually expelled by the Spanish inquisition.

In more recent years, many immigrants from predominantly Muslim countries like Pakistan, Albania, Bangladesh, Morocco, Egypt, and Tunisia have arrived on Sicily. In 1980, Catania, a city on the eastern coast of Sicily, became home to Italy's first modern mosque. Also known as the Omar Mosque, it was financed by Libya.

Sicilian Jewish community

There is a legend that the Jews were first brought to Sicily as captive slaves in the 1st century after the Fall of Jerusalem in 70 CE by the Romans. However, it is generally presumed that Sicily's Jewish population was ceded before the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem. Rabbi Akiva visited the city of Syracuse during one of his trips abroad. Judaism in Sicily was the first monotheistic religion to appear on the Island. The Jewish Sicilian community remained until the Aragonese rulers' Queen Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, expelled them in the year 1493 with the Alhambra Decree. On 3 February 1740, the Neapolitan King Charles III – hailed as an Enlightenment King, issued a proclamation containing 37 paragraphs, in which Jews for the first time were formally invited to return to Sicily. However, the effort was generally unsuccessful.

The Sicilian Jewish community still has several active members and has made a limited recovery in recent years. In the year 2005, for the first time since the Expulsion, a Passover Seder was conducted in Sicily (in Palermo), held by a Milanese Rabbi. The Jewish community in Sicily is led in part by Rabbi Stefano Di Mauro, a Sicilian American descendant of Sicilian neofiti. He opened a small synagogue in 2008, but he has not yet set up a full-time Jewish congregation in Sicily. Services are held weekly on Shabbat and the High Holy Days. Also, Shavei Israel has expressed interest in helping to facilitate the return of the Sicilian Bnei Anusim to Judaism.

title: Sicilians


text:
English auction

An English auction is an open-outcry ascending dynamic auction. It proceeds as follows.
 * The auctioneer opens the auction by announcing a suggested opening bid, a starting price or reserve for the item on sale.
 * Then the auctioneer accepts increasingly higher bids from the floor and sometimes from other sources, for example online or telephone bids. The auctioneer usually determines the minimum increment of bids, often making them larger as bidding reaches higher levels.
 * The highest bidder at any given moment is considered to have the standing bid, which can only be displaced by a higher bid from a competing buyer.
 * If no competing bidder challenges the standing bid within the time allowed by the auctioneer, the standing bid becomes the winner, and the item is sold to the highest bidder at a price equal to their bid.
 * If no bidder accepts the starting price, the auctioneer either begins to lower the starting price in increments, or bidders are allowed to bid prices lower than the starting price, or the item is not sold at all, according to the wishes of the seller or protocols of the auction house.

The English auction is different from other auction systems in its most essential feature: the public bidding process can transmit information to bidders in real-time because it can potentially realize the sharing of private information. By introducing the common value factor, the English auction has a revenue advantage: each bidder's private information about the common value is valuable information to the other bidders, and this information is disclosed during the public bidding process.

Unlike sealed-bid auctions (such as first-price sealed-bid auction or Vickrey auction), an English auction is "open" or fully transparent, as the identity (or at least the existence) of all bidders and their bids is disclosed to each other during the auction. More generally, an auction mechanism is considered "English" if it involves an iterative process of adjusting the price in a direction that is unfavorable to the bidders (increasing in price if the item is being sold to competing buyers or decreasing in price in a reverse auction with competing sellers). In contrast, a Dutch auction would adjust the price in a direction that favored the bidders (lowering the price if the item is being sold to competing buyers, increasing it, if it is a reverse auction).

When the auction involves a single item for sale and each participant has as an independent private value for the item auctioned, the expected payment and expected revenues of an English auction is theoretically equivalent to that of the Vickrey auction, and both mechanisms have weakly dominant strategies. Both the Vickrey and English auction, although very different procedurally, award the item to the bidder with the highest value at a price equal to the value of the second highest bidder.

Variations
There are many variations on this auction system. Sometimes, the reserve price is not revealed. Also, bids may be made with signals instead of being called out. Such signals can include tugging an ear or raising a bidding paddle. Another variation on the English auction is the open-exit auction, where the bidders must announce that they are dropping out of the bidding and they cannot re-enter. In France, when the last bid has been made in an auction for an art object, a representative of the state can say "Préemption de l'état" ("Pre-emption of the state") and buy the object for the highest bid. Some housing cooperatives similarly allow members of the cooperative to pre-empt any buyer of a house constructed by the cooperative.

Scottish auction
In a Scottish auction (or also time-interval auction), all bidding should be completed within a certain time interval. This ruling provides the bidders an appropriate amount of time for consideration. Speed is not important in this type of auction.

Candle auction
A candle auction is a variation in which the end of the auction is signaled by the expiration of a candle flame. This was intended to ensure that no one could know exactly when the auction would end and make a last-second bid.

Japanese auction
A Japanese auction is a variant in which the current price changes continuously according to the auctioneer's clock, rather than by bidders' outcries. Bidders can only decide if and when to exit the arena. At first glance, this seems equivalent to English auction: apparently, in an English auction, it is a dominant strategy for each buyer whose price is above the displayed price, to always bid the minimal allowed increment (e.g. one cent) above the displayed price, so the price should increase continuously. However, in real-life English auctions, jump bidding is often observed: buyers increase the displayed price much more than the minimal allowed increment. Obviously, jump-bidding is not possible in a Japanese auction. This may be seen as either an advantage or a disadvantage of the English auction format.

Selling more than one item
The English auction has variants for selling multiple identical items or multiple different items.

Vickrey auction
Vickrey auction is also known as Second-price sealed-bid auction. None of the bidders know what the other is offering. The bidder with the highest price wins, but only pays the value of the next highest bid. The most important feature of these auctions is that each bidder's winning strategy is to bid according to their true valuation of the item; this auction mechanism is thus incentive-compatible. It is also a Pareto efficient allocation mechanism.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: English auction


text:
Talk:Keiko (orca)

Proof of health?
Does anyone have any roports/articles of his development of skin lesions at Marineland Canada. They don't appear on the official timeline at keiko.com whereas other health information does. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Typhoid boy (talk • contribs) 08:39, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

I think that 'Keiko' was infected intentionally to infect 'God'. Orcas should be given free choice to enter or exit any 'Marineland' areas or decide if they want to be trained and NEVER trapped in such places. They should have access to others of their own species especially in natural populations uninfluenced by humans. This is why Fukushima happened. Retribution.

Actually, in David Kirby's Death at Seaworld, it is stated that Keiko began to develop the lesions at Marineland, largely as a result of the great stress he was under while living at that park. This means the lesions developed between 1982 and 1985. Tilactl (talk) 16:08, 15 August 2017 (UTC)

What is a veterinary chaplain??
See subject. Is this seriously a real job?- I had the same question. Check out "Animal chaplains" on Wikipedia.Welby99 17:57, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

Lack of an image
There's no image for Keiko, despite the fact that he is one of the most famous orcas there is. There has to be a non-copyrighted image of him. Anyone have such an image, or willing to volunteer one they took when he was at the Oregon Coast Aquarium? 69.59.212.172 00:34, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I think I might have one; I'll ask the next time I go home if we still have a digital copy of it. It was taken while he was at the Oregon Coast Aquarium. Titanium Dragon 01:45, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

"Whale"
Killer whales belong to the dolphin family. Which belong to the cetacean family and are technically whales, but you wouldn't point to a bottlenosed dolphin and call it a whale, would you? If no one has a convincing reason to keep the word "whale" in the article (when not prefaced by "killer", of course), I'll go ahead and change it to "orca". Any objections? Loma Prieta 08:52, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Origin of Keiko's name
Anybody know? I doubt anybody would give a male orca a female name if they knew any better. 71.217.67.204 17:41, 8 October 2006 (UTC) -Keiko is Japanese for "blessed child." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.239.110.74 (talk) 17:22, 6 January 2008 (UTC) In David Kirby's Death at SeaWorld it is stated that Keiko was named Kago at Marineland Canada which sounds like "I Shit" in Spanish. This lead to his name being changed to Keiko at Reino Aventura in Mexico. Tilactl (talk) 16:05, 15 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Correct, and that book is a solid source. Kago is also confirmed by http://www.orcanetwork.org/Main/index.php?categories_file=Keikos%20Story

 * So I added that info without the "I shit" part. Also his translation of the word keiko: blessed child. Other sources confirm that as one translation: https://www.google.ca/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=Keiko+in+Japanese+means+blessed+child&oq=Keiko+in+Japanese+means+blessed+child&gs_l=psy-ab.3...136939.139601.0.140133.14.14.0.0.0.0.171.1262.13j1.14.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0.CSsiktf9jac   Peter K Burian (talk) 16:45, 15 August 2017 (UTC)

Keiko "Captured
According to the fishermen that found Keiko he was alone (his pod left him). I would call it rescued more than captured (a young Orca his age wouldn't live long by himself). ^_~ Smileyface 12 91 22:29, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Deletion
The phrase "Keiko was not sent to the world to act but to teach us a lesson on life" has been deleted from the end of the "Death" section. If anyone can find a way to fit this sentiment back into an encyclopedia article, please feel free, however as it stands it seems more than a little editorial. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.169.184.179 (talk) 00:33, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Age
Things seem a little uncertain about the year of birth of the whale. The page says 1976, but there is no citation for this and an external link at the bottom of the page states that he was born in 1977 or '78. Perhaps someone with greater knowledge of this than myself would care to correct the ambiguity? Liamoliver (talk) 13:35, 10 December 2009 (UTC) Also, under his photo in the right portion of the page, it says he is in his 50's, yet in the actual article, it says he passed at age 26. Something is off there. I'm not personally going to edit anything, as this is my first time on his page. I'll leave that to the Keiko 'experts'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.70.9.139 (talk) 05:42, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The 57 year figure is measured in "whale years" (akin to dog years or cat years), while 26 is an estimate (since no one knows when he was born). —EncMstr (talk) 12:59, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Rename?
Any thought to renaming the article Keiko (killer whale)? Most other whales in the category Category:Individual killer whales use the identifier 'killer whale.' --Daysleeper47 (talk) 19:25, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

Mexican Soap Opera Azul
Hi!, I wasn´t sure how to add this on the main article, but I know Keiko also stared on a mexican soap opera called Azul, here´s the article:

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azul_%28telenovela%29

Could someone tell me how to add this to the article or add it for me please???

Thank you!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.214.145.6 (talk) 19:42, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

Curved Dorsal Fin
I'm surprised Keiko's distinctive curved dorsal fin isn't mentioned in this article, since it is strongly associated with both the public's perception of him and his eventual release. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.118.118.118 (talk) 15:27, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Granny (orca) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 16:46, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Chimo (killer whale) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 22:01, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:List of captive orcas which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 15:46, 30 May 2019 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Granny (killer whale) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 15:50, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

"Keiko (orca" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keiko_(orca&redirect=no Keiko (orca] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 06:56, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

Keiko lived in the aquarium in Newport Oregon for several years before being released into the wild
might want to add something about the time he was displayed in Newport Oregon at the aquarium 174.214.16.113 (talk) 18:43, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Principles of Biology 2
— Assignment last updated by Orcaenthusiast1598 (talk) 12:58, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Keiko (orca)


text:
Don and Mike Show

The Don and Mike Show was an American nationally syndicated radio talk show hosted by the shock jocks Don Geronimo and Mike O'Meara, which aired from December 1985 through April 11, 2008. The show debuted on WAVA-FM in 1985 as The Morning Zoo with Don and Mike. The official name of the show became The Don and Mike Show when the duo moved to WJFK-FM in 1991. In the later years, the show was carried on 20–30 stations across the United States by the CBS-owned Westwood One Radio Network. The show's flagship station was 106.7 WJFK-FM in Washington, D.C. In 2007 the show ranked #66 in the Talkers Magazine Heavy 100. Geronimo retired in 2008. The show's last live regular episode with Geronimo was broadcast March 13, 2008 and Geronimo hosted a farewell show April 11, 2008. After Geronimo's retirement, the remaining cast members formed the Mike O'Meara Show.

Personalities
The show was co-hosted by  O'Meara   and Geronimo. News briefs and occasional commentary were provided by Buzz Burbank. The show was most recently produced by former show intern Robb Spewak. Phone calls were screened by Joe Ardinger.

The show included four news reporters over the course of its run. David Haines (1985–1989), the program's original newsman, died on July 10, 2005 Laurie Neff was the second newsperson.

Geronimo announced on February 4, 2008, that he would leave the show on May 30. That date was moved up to April 11, 2008, in a surprise announcement from the WJFK program director which also included the return of Beth Ann McBride as producer. The show was then known as The Mike O'Meara Show. It continued along with a similar format, minus Don, up until July 2009 when the show was cancelled following the decision to turn WJFK into a sports talk station. Westwood One also continued to syndicate the show in its new lineup up until its cancellation. The Mike O'Meara Show took a 5-month hiatus and returned as a daily podcast in December. Don Geronimo broadcast out of Washington D.C. WJFK 106.7 The Fan for a brief stint in 2013. In April 2014, Geronimo joined former D&M partner Buzz Burbank's RELM Network to host his own podcast, The Don Geronimo Show, lasting only four months, citing RELM did not pay him. Burbank denied the claim, saying Geronimo "was paid every penny he was owed to that point".

Geronimo now hosts and owns his own show.

title: Don and Mike Show


text:
Ust-Ordynsky

Ust-Ordynsky (Усть-Орды́нский, Ордын Адаг, Ordyn Adag) is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Ekhirit-Bulagatsky District of Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, as well as the administrative center of Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug. It is located on the right bank of the Kuda River (Angara River's tributary) 62 km northeast of Irkutsk. Population:

title: Ust-Ordynsky


text:
Talk:5-MeO-DiPT

This article says that unless 5-MeO-DIPT was added to Schedule I by Congress by October 4, 2004, it would revert to "legal" status.

Does anyone know what happened with that? It seems silly to forecast a date that has already past.--Feitclub 15:56, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)

Nevermind, found the answer. Will edit page. --Feitclub 16:05, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)

Updating the legality part. Flying Hamster 01:46, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

redirect
5-MeO-DiPT was changed from a duplicate article to a redirect, and links here now. --Heah 08:46, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

5-MeO-DiPT is the actual name of the drug, not 5-MeO-DIPT with a capitol "I". It should be moved. -- Kevin (TALK)(MUSIC) 01:18, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Chemical names do not take capital letters so I am moving it back to where it should be.  Tu rk ey ph an t 00:25, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I have moved the article back to the uppercased 5-Methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine as per WikiProject_Chemicals/Style_guidelines. There is a redirect in place from the lowercase to the actual article. Cacycle 17:11, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Title change
I have changed the title of this article from 5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine to 5-MeO-DiPT because the previous title did not follow the Wikipedia title guidelines as follows:

1. Concision: The title is no longer than necessary to identify the article's subject and distinguish it from other subjects.

2. Recognizability: The title is a name or description of the subject that someone familiar with, although not necessarily an expert in, the subject area will recognize.

3. Naturalness: [Related to the above guideline] The title is one that readers are likely to look or search for and that editors would naturally use to link to the article from other articles. Such a title usually conveys what the subject is actually called in English.

4. Precision: The title unambiguously identifies the article's subject and distinguishes it from other subjects.

5. Consistency: The title is consistent with the pattern of similar articles' titles. Many of these patterns are listed (and linked) as topic-specific naming conventions on article titles, in the box above. [Related compounds such as 5-MeO-DMT and 5-MeO-αMT, and nearly all of the 4- or 5- substituted tryptamines are all named using this nomenclature, reinforcing points numbers 2 and 3. Repylom (talk) 07:54, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:5-MeO-DiPT


text:
Talk:Jagdish Chandra Bose

Please discuss here Duplicate_articles, Alren 15:59, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Spellings
The first name should be spelt correctly in the title as "Jagadish" and not "Jagdish"

"Sir"
Could this "Sir" title prefix be properly wikified, please? Perhaps Sir?, or Knight, or Knight, or British_honours_system? TIA.

Jerome Potts 06:32, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
 * uh... done. Order of the British Empire. Jerome Potts 06:57, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I changed two occurrences of 'Sir Bose' to 'Sir Jagadish'. In some English dialects the (improper) use of 'Sir Bose' would convey a slight insult, which I presume was not intended. Even though this occurs within a quotation, unless there is good reason to stick strictly to the original it seems rather more genteel to use the correct form of address. Davy p 00:33, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that a quotation, assuming it is accurate, should be left alone. After all, the convention on the proper usage of "Sir", as documented in Sir, is also subject to evolving; perhaps the quoted gentleman had his own idea on how that title should be used. Jerome Potts 19:51, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

Reassessment of Bose
I believe IEEE published a major reassessment of Bose with the conclusion that his work defintiely was prior to that of Marconi. I will try to get that reference. Meanwhile, here is something related: http://www.tuc.nrao.edu/~demerson/bose/bose.html DaveBorman 19:14, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Here's another reference: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/279/5350/476 DaveBorman 19:17, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Changes in infobox; please don't revert without discussion
I have made a few changes in the infobox consistent with Don't overuse flags. Also moved the available image inside the infobox. These changes make this article consistent with other articles e.g. featured article on Rabindranath Tagore. These edits were reverted without any explanation once. So, I request anyone, not agreeing with the changes, to please discuss concerns here.

 * Please read "Don't Overuse flags" once more . And also from that - ''"Do not rewrite history
 * Flags should not be used to misrepresent the nationality of a historical figure, event, object, ... " -Bharatveer 08:36, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * First of all, if your concern is only about flags, then please change the flags only, why are you moving the image down? Isn't the image better placed inside the infobox, right at the beginning of article? For almost all featured biography articles, the best available image has been used inside the infobox. Secondly, Bose was legally a citizen of British India. He was born as a British Indian and he died as such. Claiming him either Indian or Bangladeshi is indeed an attempt to rewrite history. So, I am changing back nationality and image positioning. However, this time I'm not using any flags. Arman Aziz 09:19, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

continues to add "Indian" (linking to Republic of India's article) as Bose's nationality. Actually, unless one went back in time and changed history, Republic of India exists only after 1947. Before which, it was "British India", and citizens of the place were called "British Indian"s, which was also printed on their passports.

Of course, if Bharatveer wants to link to "India" (the republic), I will be happy to claim that Bose was a "Bangladeshi" national too, under whatever logic BV has. Otherwise, I'd like to see why a person having "British India"n passport, living in "British India" can't be termed as such. --Ragib 16:54, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jagdish Chandra Bose


text:
Talk:Jagadis Chandra Bose

Please discuss here Duplicate_articles, Alren 15:58, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jagadis Chandra Bose


text:
Talk:Indianapolis Motor Speedway

gold brick
The page said "The final brick added to the track was made of gold ..." Now that's obviously bullshit, so I've removed the "gold" part. If anyone can provide a description of what that ominous "gold brick" actually was, (like a standard brick, possibly covered in gold leaf maybe?) feel free to put that interesting information back in. --BjKa (talk) 18:05, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Per the reference, it was gold-plated brass. I've restored the text, with the additional information. DH85868993 (talk) 09:21, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indianapolis Motor Speedway


text:
Talk:Sudo

Permissions
If a sudoer creates a file, which are the permissions on the file? Who is the owner, which mask? An eventually under which environment the commands are invoked? (setenv) These are questions I would like an answer. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.56.167.242 (talk) 01:10, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

man page?
Is this just adapted from the man page? :/ Nile 16:01, 2004 Oct 15 (UTC)

Microsoft Patent Dispute
Is this a joke? How is Microsoft so arrogant to claim this and I hope no one is stupid enough to accept it.
 * Isnt this part of the long list of undisclosed "patent violations" Microsoft keep shouting about? John.n-irl 08:38, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * haha, this is a joke. The article cited does not mention it. I'm removing it.--Ktdreyer 19:22, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Well it looks like it happened, though I don't know how it was approved...maybe no-one at the patent office uses Linux :) skyhawker666 (talk) 22:52, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Patent 6,775,781 is a patent on UAC, not sudo. It's entirely irrelevant to sudo, and it's probably merely a defensive move by Microsoft anyway.

"Recent fears that Microsoft had patented the sudo command were found to be "overblown"" -- Seems biased towards the perspective of these findings. Blakeelias (talk) 02:04, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

License?
The page says sudo is under a BSD-style license, But http://www.sudo.ws/ clearly states it's under an ISC-style license.. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.226.123.233 (talk • contribs).
 * ISC is modified BSD. NicM 10:29, 26 February 2007 (UTC).

Examples
Some examples would be really great An example could be: sudo ifconfig,...

Or another, perhaps more humorous example here ? :P 24.226.31.187 00:34, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

The XKCD comic (link given above) is a very popular one, which is googled up quite often. It would be great to include a link and description, for the text "Sudo make me a sandwich" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.92.120.86 (talk) 06:01, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

 * No, it would not. 81.152.72.174 (talk) 19:03, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

 * You can now ask "Sudo make me a sandwich" of Siri-clone "Evi" and have it respond appropriately. I think this is may mean it could be mildly noteworthy, if not necessarily noteworthy enough for this article yet.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.134.146.82 (talk) 13:03, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

Is it "substitute user do" or "superuser do"?
http://www.sudo.ws/ says it's "superuser do". Most other references I have seen say it's "substitute user do", but this may be historical revisionism, so to say. Both expansions of sudo are apparently widely used, so perhaps the article should just explain this? —Tobias Bergemann 16:01, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Todd does NOT know what he's talking about. Granted, he should - but he does not. sudo is based on su where it's substitute user all the way. Further: sudo, like su, only infers root by default: any other user account can be specified. Superuser do is therefore in all respects INCORRECT. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.1.220.135 (talk)

 * Todd should know what he's talking about, so I'll trust superuser do. Janizary 21:32, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
 * This is an utterance of the ignorant. There is no research to back this random statement up; there is no history of skills on the platform; there are no references whatsoever. If Wiki is to progress beyond this power trip thinking that's currently debilitating things the 'nannies' are going to have to refocus on facts rather than personal prestige. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)
 * Unfortunately in this case, Todd doesn't know what he's talking about. It's one of the most incorrectly used terms in UNIX. The original command is "su" which stands for "substitute user." People call it "super user" because you generally use the "su" command to obtain root privileges. However the "su" command is literally used to substitute users, and it doesn't have to be root. Commonly developers "su" to application accounts and so forth. Sudo is a play on the "su" command by appending the verb "do." Seeing that sudo allows you to perform commands as other users, including non-root users, by definition it's "substitute user do." In my opinion the term "super user" is poor adjective for the real term "root user." The original intent was clear enough without using another adjective to describe it, which changes the definition. Dhanks 03:43, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. Obviously. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.1.220.135 (talk)
 * Is there some reference that states that sudo's name is tied to su? User:pottmi 08:23, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. Brain power. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.1.220.135 (talk)
 * Here is the complete and exact text from Todd Miller to me July 25, 2006:'The correct pronunciation is sue due / soo doo for "superuser do".' User:pottmi 08:23, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
 * It doesn't matter what TODD C MILLER says. It's WRONG. It doesn't even make SENSE. sudo substitutes users - PERIOD. You can run any command as any other user - period. If you have a user on your system 'Arne', does su then stand for 'Arne user'? Stick to FACTS. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.1.220.135 (talk)

A recent edit removed the "substitute user do" again with the comment "The person who makes something names it, Todd C Miller has said it is superuser do and thus sudo is superuser do." While I agree with this comment I would like to at least add a note to the article to mention that there are sources that claim sudo stands for "substitute user do". I fear that without such a note the article would be changed again back by the next editor who was taught the "substitute user do" expansion at school. — Tobias Bergemann 09:47, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Then that recent edit is vandalism. Really - stop this childish bickering. Next you'll have to call in ken, dmr, and bwk to slap you around a bit. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.1.220.135 (talk)
 * Todd C Miller didn't create sudo, it says so there right there in the article. However, is there any reason the program's official website shouldn't be considered canonical on this? Unless there is a citable quote from the original authors, in which case both should be mentioned. NicM 10:51, 5 March 2007 (UTC).
 * 'The person who makes something names it, Todd C Miller has said it is superuser do'. But Miller did not 'make' sudo - he's just breast feeding it today. If Miller were right about everything then everyone else would have to be wrong period - and what's worse: you'd have to CHANGE the syntax (and the code Ms Miller maintains) to no longer allow sudo to 'substitute' for another user at is has always been designed to do.

 * This type of misconception is normally taken care of in Comp Sci 101 where students invariably guess su and the su in sudo stand for 'superuser'. But that account is normally known as root and any teacher will correct the students if they're wrong.

 * It's like someone saying the sky is mauve rather than blue and having to contend with that kind of nonsense. If Ms Miller must be right about everything, then the creators of su, and of sudo, and the doyens of Unix from CSRC such as bwk, ken, dmr, aho, doug, and the rest must be all wrong. How logical is that?

 * It's time to let people who actually work with this technology - and are not neophytes at it - have a say in how these important things are presented to the world at Wiki. Being ambitious and wanting to contribute to articles despite an embarrassing lack of experience in the field is simply - the word would have to be either 'arrogant', 'childish', 'immature', or all of the three.

 * —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)
 * The website for sudo clearly says it is "superuser do" and so far nobody has provided a useful cite showing the original authors intended otherwise. At best, "substitute user do" could be presented in the article as an occasional alternative. Program names frequently drift from being absolutely appropriate as requirements change or features are added and removed, just becaue it doesn't seem to make sense now doesn't mean it never did (not that it doesn't make sense now: although sudo can be used to change to any user, it is most commonly used for root privileges, and, yes, root on Unix is referred to as the superuser account). Claiming that everyone who disagrees with you is ignorant and childish is not only wrong, but actually is both childish and arrogant. Not to mention believing this is an important thing. NicM 10:55, 20 March 2007 (UTC).

 * History is key to understanding this. Sudo originally only supported running commands as root, hence "superuser do".  The ability to run commands as other, non-root, users was inspired by other programs, such as runas (which I hacked on a bit when I interned at UUNET in the early 90's).  Specifically, the -u flag first appeared in Sudo version 1.4.3.  The checkin date for that feature was April 28, 1996.  Now, that said, I don't really have an objection to updating the description--sudo has been able to run as different users for over a decade now so "substitute user" is really more accurate.  I'll update the Sudo web page to reflect this which, hopefully, will put this issue to rest. Sudoer 01:20, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

from	Bob Coggeshall
 * To resolve the matter I sent an email to Bob Coggeshall, who is cited as one of the two original creators of sudo. Here his reply:

date	18 November 2008 17:13

subject	Re: The meaning of "sudo" ''It had no official mnemonic->word translation at inception. We were only looking for a short mnemonic and 'su' plus the word 'do' fit the bill.''

I think the earliest man pages wrote the synopsis as as "do super thing", but that was made up by a subsequent developer.

..c --Hypocryptickal (talk) 16:59, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

I wrote an email to Todd Miller:
 * Let's end this debate.
 * Where did the name 'sudo' originate, and does it have a particular
 * correct or proper expansion? Was its name based on that of su?

And he responded:
 * Older versions of sudo were only capable of running commands as root, so at the University of Colorado (where this version of sudo originated) we thought of sudo as "super user do". Starting with version 1.4.3, sudo added support for running commands as users other than root.  This made it more like su (switch user) and at that point it was no longer accurate to call it "super user do".To Up until recently, the sudo web site still said "super user do" in the description but I've since changed that to say "su do".

Since it is used both ways—including by the current maintainer and the original developers, as Hypocryptickal's email showed—, perhaps the entry should reflect that. Wikipedia is descriptive, not prescriptive; whether or not it should be "substitute user, do", we should reflect that both have been and currently are used. Perhaps the current introductory sentence,
 * The sudo (super user do, or  is also common) command is a program

Should reflect both usages, becoming
 * The sudo (substitute user do or super user do,, though is also common) command is a program

And finally end this debate, letting exhausted Wikipedians rest. The above statement reflects fact, not intent.

 * dm yers t urnbull  ⇒ talk 22:25, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

could some one please disamb 'Titan' (runas - as part of Titan) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Oyd11 (talk • contribs).

 * I think the original command was "super-user do" but documentation of software/OSes that use it (i.e. Ubuntu) state that it is now "substitute user do" -- Shruti14 t c s 01:57, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

I always thought that it was pronounced sue-doe, as in pseudo. It always made sense to me as a pun on su. But that's me and you can't legitimately cite yourself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.179.220.0 (talk) 17:48, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * http://www.sudo.ws/ now explains the name simply as "su do," allowing the reader to disambiguate for him- or herself. As there is an existing Su (Unix) article explaining the ambiguity, it should suffice for this article simply to reflect the reference to the ambiguously-named command.  Clayton Hynfield (talk) 14:26, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

safety with sudo
Mentioning visudo as a safe way to edit /etc/sudoers would be is a good idea. If you use another text editor and make a typo, you could corrupt the sudoers file, preventing sudo access for everyone! Perhaps calling this out a bit more could save some problems. Pockeyman 00:50, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * You might also point out that KF and LMH of the MOAB highlighted a few more rabbit holes with sudo: namely never invoke sudo against something you can't control. Running a world writable script or for that matter running anything world writable with sudo is asking for trouble. For obvious reasons.

 * sudo is a convenience and as always with conveniences it's a question of balancing against security as TCM often has pointed out. sudo can get you pwned. Use of sudo must therefore be discreet. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.1.220.135 (talk)

Also I feel that a note about command side effects should be mentioned. For instance, it might be good to give a reminder that vi or emacs have shell escape modes. So by giving sudo access to these programs, the users have shell with root privs! Pockeyman 00:50, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Definitely. Running vi or emacs with sudo is nonsense anyway. You run them with copies of your sensitive files and then use sudo if you need to copy/move your files back into place. Obviously. Shell escapes coupled with privilege escalation is downright foolish. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.1.220.135 (talk)

Advantages, problems
I'm fairly happy with changes I've just done, but there really needs to be an "Advantages" section highlighting *why* sudo is used, and it's advantages over direct root logins or su-ing. The disadvantages/problems are in the article, but just not clearly enough identifiead as such, imho. --Snori 09:10, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Added alternative pronunciation
Typically people (I do) prnounce as initially described (as in sudoku), but I have heard others pronounce the, possibly more correct term using 'do' as in 'doop' and not as in 'dough', as the 'do' is literally the word, 'do'. So I added that to the article. Reikon 20:39, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * o

(Insert in prnounce.)

 * Why "doop", rather than "doom" which is an actual English word? All the meanings of doop given on the wiki page seem pretty obscure, so why would you expect people to know how it is pronounced? --Jwwalker 22:40, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * "doop" is an actual English word. Reikon 00:19, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Pronunciation is the least of your worries, my child. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.1.220.135 (talk)
 * Your link disagrees. 75.118.170.35 (talk) 16:56, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I have, and will continue to pronounce it 'soo-dough' since this sounds like 'pseudo' the english prefix for disguise/pretence (i.e. pretending to be a different user) Stu Hacking   talk  21:53, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Location of command
I think the default location of the command should also be listed. --Darth Borehd 05:04, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

By default, it's installed into. IlliterateSage 08:45, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

It's NOT Super-User Do
Enough of this nonsense. And no, it doesn't matter what Ms Miller says. Let us quote from the manpage for sudo - which presumably Miller also maintains.

sudo - execute a command as another user

sudo -V | -h | -l | -L | -v | -k | -K | -s | [ -H ] [-P ] [-S ] [ -b ] | [ -p prompt ] [ -c class|- ] [ -a auth_type ] [ -u username|#uid ] command

As is clearly seen, sudo can be used to execute commands as ANY user. root being default changes nothing.

Enough of this nonsense. As you expressly get to decide on which account you execute your commands, as the title of the page says expressly 'execute a command as ANOTHER user', the debate should fairly be closed.

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)
 * cat(1) says:

cat - concatenate and print files
 * So cat should quite clearly be called catprint. I'm not even going to start on why anyone would possibly think it was sensible to call editors "vi" and "emacs." NicM 11:00, 20 March 2007 (UTC).

Lots of UNIX programs have weird, inappropriate names. This is partly because their authors really enjoy jokes (UNIX itself being a homonym for eunuchs). It's also because keyboard keys used to actually require a fair amount of force to depress, as they actually had to generate some current from the force of the keystroke. Because of this, lots of commands have very succinct names like  for editor, or   for visual mode in. I bet typing the word "concatenate" more than once a day would be quite the pain in the wrists, so they called it. But who cares? What's in a name? I imagine the name sudo does mean "substitute user do", if it means anything, as  stands for "substitute user" and not "super user". Remember that  let's you assume the shell of any user, not just root. (By the way, I don't think people should say things like "enough of this nonsense" to their fellow Wikipedians. That's rude and it's not productive. Instead, do some homework and try to help your fellow man learn.) Justin Force 19:34, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Imagining is all good and well, but we need a cite. I think the whole issue is fairly clear when you consider http://www.google.co.uk/search?q=%22superuser+do%22 (13000 results) vs http://www.google.co.uk/search?q=%22substitute+user+do%22 (650 results). The latter is a later change by a few people who think it makes more sense as the abilities of sudo have drifted. NicM (talk) 20:03, 11 January 2008 (UTC).

I don't think that's clear at all, since almost nobody who understands where sudo came from needs to spell it out. The etymology has little to do with its later abilities: it is because the name came from su. Which stands for substitute user.03:55, 12 January 2008 (UTC)~ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.194.94.144 (talk)
 * Please supply a cite showing that sudo is named after su and not after superuser. NicM (talk) 16:12, 12 January 2008 (UTC).
 * In fact, any cite referring to "substitute user do" or that it is named after su from before, say, 1991 would be pretty nice. NicM (talk) 16:32, 12 January 2008 (UTC).

 * Here's an alternative citation - a pretty good one. The original source for sudo states "do as superuser". It does not use the word switch or substitute: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/net.sources/sudo/net.sources/rdwIP38fbCo/1L3R9K9zbEYJ Philipwhiuk (talk) 15:21, 28 January 2016 (UTC)

Official versions of history for eunuchs is often inaccurate. This is because lusers often have different man pages then network users. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:FCC8:A552:8200:D869:D7C:2ADF:ED98 (talk) 21:44, 2 March 2018 (UTC)

Mac OS X sudo frontend
Does Mac OS X's graphical frontend to  have a name? IlliterateSage 08:43, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Apple use their own 'authorization services' which naturally - out of safety considerations - have nothing to do with sudo. sudo runs from its own configuration files and Apple's privilege escalation trampoline runs its own way. They have no connection whatsoever.

Should sudowin have its own article?
Sudowin a pretty interesting project. There doesn't seem to be much to say about it that the author doesn't say on the project page, though. Justin Force 19:16, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Password required
It's worth noticing that sudo does not exist to avoid using the root password. This is common usage in the new Mac/Ubuntu approach but in fact by default it requires the root password, and this is how it is used in most Linux distributions e.g. openSUSE. I have updated the main page accordingly and this is referenced back to the manpage. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.202.144.193 (talk) 12:15, 4 November 2007 (UTC)
 * This was not exactly true, how it was worded. I have changed the wording. The issue that is confusing is this: if you run the sudo command, it will prompt for your "USER" password, then allow you to run a command with "ROOT" authority. By default, it does not require the root password. --Unixguy 17:15, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

I stand corrected on that one, must have re-read the manpages with crossed eyes. Thanks for the spot. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.120.161.13 (talk) 08:53, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Yeah, the entire point of sudo is totally to avoid giving out the root password, and to allow the admins to have a say in who gets to run stuff as root. Always has been. su does need the password of the user you are changing to, unless you are root. Note that this means you have full root access with "sudo su -" which asks you for your password, and not root's (because the su command is ran as root, and thus needs no password). 73.189.247.236 (talk) 16:49, 8 July 2019 (UTC)

Password
"A user must confirm his identity to sudo by supplying his password before running the target program" This is false, since sudo has the NOPASSWD option. No mention of this option is included in this article. I'll make a change, if no one objects. Llamabr (talk) 03:48, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

it is substitute user do
because "sudo -u adam command" would run command as adam, therefore it is subsitute user do. also the su command stands for substitute user. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.89.128.252 (talk) 00:23, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

 * It is not. The original source mentions 'do as superuser' not 'substitute a user': https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/net.sources/sudo/net.sources/rdwIP38fbCo/1L3R9K9zbEYJ 77.246.171.42 (talk) 10:50, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

In Popular Culture
Removed the whole section since it only had the one sentence and the image it referred to was deleted. I thought about putting in an external link, but it really didn't seem worth it. Still, it's there if someone wants to put it back in. Cosmo0 (talk) 23:03, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

Re: "SUper-user DO" edit.
Pardon the temerity guys, but that was a very helpful way to think of sudo for me, which is why I inserted it into the intro parenthetical.

Manueluribe (talk) 21:27, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

Sudo Fun
The article 'Sudo Fun' in the external links section doesn't appear to be a guide to sudo as described, but a description of some of the security issues with sudo on Mac OS X. I think it isn't exactly relevant to this article. Tweisbach (talk) 01:46, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
 * OK. Looks like this has been addressed. Tweisbach (talk) 11:25, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

Example with 'sudo emacs' is bad.
For security reasons never grant user sudo privileges for any tool that is capable to open then edit and save config files (like vim, emacs, etc) unless you also grant this user full root access. ( via 'sudo -i').

Azzxxx (talk) 15:52, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

1985 source code of sudo
The 1985 posting of the source code of sudo to the usenet group net.sources is available in the archive of such groups at archive.org: https://archive.org/download/usenet-net/net.sources.mbox.zip The message ID in question is: 2622@sunybcs.UUCP. It did not contain any version of the "sudo lecture". JesseW, the juggling janitor 07:48, 15 June 2015 (UTC)

Configuration
The file /etc/sudoers may contain a list of users to execute a subset of commands while having the privileges of the root user or other specified user.

The middle portion of that sentence seems poorly worded and should probably be re-written.

Perhaps something as follows?

"The file /etc/sudoers may contain a list of users authorized to execute a subset of commands as if they had the privileges of the root user or other specified user. "

But "may contain" is still ambiguous. Is that "may" meaning might / possibly will? Or "may" meaning is allowed to?

Toddcs (talk) 19:37, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

Implications
Would it be worthwhile to mention here that some Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu in its many forms, is set up so that all system administration is done via sudo, with no root password set by default, and your first user is automatically a member of wheel? Other distros, such as Fedora (the one I use) require you to set a root password before the system is installed. Again, your first regular user is in wheel by default, but that's an option that you can unselect if you prefer. I'd just add it, but I'm not completely sure it's needed. Thoughts? JDZeff (talk) 00:15, 23 February 2018 (UTC)

Citation 16 no longer links to document
As the title says, seems the entire site is now different. Usx9 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 16:48, 26 March 2020 (UTC)
 * At the time of your comment the sixteenth citation was the one to MacDevCenter.com. It is one of a few that I've just fixed. Henstepl (talk) 14:48, 29 May 2022 (UTC)

2021 vulnerability
Shouldn't the vulnerability discovered in 2021 be covered (was present for more than 10 years)?

E.g., covered in Security Now, episode 804, from 01 h 19 min 47 secs to 01 h 27 min 39 secs.

--Mortense (talk) 02:23, 7 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Here is a ZDNet article that also covers this topic, I think a mention might be warranted but it looks like the most recent update doesn't have that vulnerability. - Aoidh (talk) 02:41, 7 February 2021 (UTC)

"Baron samedit" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Baron samedit. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 February 13 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 20:14, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sudo