text:
Talk:Uilleann pipes

Youtube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iGhM6MueWbE

I uploaded this video for someone else of R L Mealy. I know almost nothing about uilleann piping, but apparently Mealy was an important piper in the 1920s. If someone with more knowledge than I wants to post this link feel free. Glennwalsh (talk) 08:44, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

the article says that flat pipes were made to fit the generation whistles. as far as i am aware, the flat pipes were the original tunings. the d set is a more modern invention. here is a quote: " In the older sets the pitch is usually a tone, sometimes more, below concert pitch. Among players such pipes are known as ‘flat sets’. " it is from http://www.pipers.ie/home/Resources_History%20Pipes.htm - —Preceding unsigned comment added by Daiv (talk • contribs) 05:39, 13 November 2007 (UTC) It looks as though this 68.251.whatever chap is persisting in adding some not-very-humorous, poorly-written and -formatted, ungrammatical, and downright annoying paragraphs to an otherwise sensibly-written article. These are the same changes that he or she has had removed previously, and seem to be concerned generally with removing links between Uilleann pipes and Bagpipes and with poking fun at the difficulty of tuning the pipes.

How is Uilleann pronounced? silsor 22:49, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * ill-unn or ill-enn. J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 23:40, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The mp3 is not Uilleann pipes
The mp3 provided at the bottom is a synthesizer or midi composition. It is not a recording of actual Uilleann pipes. Should it be removed?

The sound samples used to compose the sample are in fact individual recordings of actual Uilleann Pipes... A method very commonly used today for music composition... --Tait 03:44, 26 August 2005 (UTC) -

That is the musical equivalent of an inflatable sheep. (That is a joke. Levity is part of the tradition.) Tastes differ. If you would like, I can supply you with a sample from my own set of pipes, which would end any controversy on this matter. For my money, if you have a page on uilleann pipes, then you should have real uilleann pipes as a sound sample. Who knows, it might even improve the score the page has received. Shall we try? Renglish (talk) 02:27, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

The drones and chanter sound like sampled Uilleann pipes, but the regulators sound more like strings; they don't sound like any regulators I've ever heard. -Aaronimo

Other Uilleann pipes article
There is another article on wikipedia about the Uilleann pipes at Uilleann. I'm going to redirect it here, as this article contains much more information in more detail. There are a couple of facts in the former article that may be able to be merged here. The original article is here. Graham/pianoman87 talk 11:54, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Development from the pastoral pipe
I have looked at this web site for possible origins of the Uilleann pipes. They could have originated from the Pastoral pipes, played in Scotland during the 1700/1800s. Or both instruments could have developed roughly around the same time. For more information check out this site.

http://www.bcpipes.com/pipes.html#anchor377700

 * Also check out http://www.greylarsen.com/store/samples/essguide_chap1-2.pdf

user: Celtic Harper 01:54, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I've put links to both websites in this section, as one was removed (probably accidentally). I also added the indent. My apologies for referring to that edit as linkspam earlier - it seems to be a useful article. Graham talk 14:02, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Quite frankly, I don't trust these internet sites as a true source. Many of these American sites are commercial, and just get the facts wrong.  BTW, I did a Google, pastoral pipes=627 and uilleann pipes=304,000.  Are the Pastoral pipes a new handy invention of history.  Any genuine experts out there? 83.70.252.162 23:07, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I would say the folk selling pipes generally know more (though not always) than the punters, myself, but never mind. Pastoral pipes are very definitely real (see, for example, http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14 ) and look for the music page.  They haven't been played very much for the last couple of hundred years, but they are a different kind of bagpipe, though closely related to the Uilleann.  They had a footjoint to play a low leading note, and the common speculation is that someone took it off and rested the rest of their chanter on the knee, and so the Uilleann pipe was born Calum 11:40, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Yes, the Pastoral pipes did exist and they were made in Dublin in the early 1700's. Geoghegan, the Dublin pastoral pipe player from around this time is most likely to be the same Geoghegan who wrote the first book on bagpiping ever, Geoghegan's Compleat Tutor. Does it need its own page, don't think so. 86.42.154.52 15:49, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Geoghegans Complete tutor was published in London in 1745, There is an older bagpipe tune book by William Dixon published in 1733 for the Lowland Border pipes from the Anglo-Scottish border area. As far as I can see its the oldest, but there my be an older one. User:Celtic Harper 16:40, 03 November 2006 (UTC).

William Dixon's manuscript was not published until Matt Seattle edited and published it in 1995as *The Master Piper*. I have a copy of the second edition. 68.71.8.78 (talk) 01:33, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

 * The oldest one is Hanrahan's melodies, c1694, national archieves Dublin. 86.42.131.109 23:40, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Too late, the already is a Pastoral pipes article. Where exactly they were invented is orobably going to be speculation for all time to come;  however, they were manufactured in Ireland, Scotland, and London.  The article could do with some work but is not the worst example of an article by any means. Calum 20:01, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Calum, self praise is no praise, is that your work? <,^,> 86.42.134.25 23:48, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Nope, never even knew that page existed until I googled for 'Pastoral pipes'....Calum 16:25, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Contradictory?
The introduction to this article says that the chanter is chromatic with all sharps and flats, but the Chanter section says that it isn't. Which is correct? Mawich (talk) 09:30, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * An unkeyed chanter is diatonic, with a few chromatic notes (specifically, it's in D major and can also play a C natural, a sort of E flat, and an F natural can be half-holed). You can add any number of keys up to that sufficient to produce a fully chromatic chanter.  Calum (talk) 12:04, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I find it very hard to understand. D major would seem to make the Dorian mode impossible, or at best awkward, whereas we assume it is pretty fundamental to Irish music. FangoFuficius (talk) 10:18, 30 March 2023 (UTC)

Revert
Revision of references, because they don't meet wikipedia standards. Also the theory of the pipes being invented by indigenous Irish pipes due to the Elizabethan ban on marching instruments has also been disproved. This was invented by Grattan Flood, and his use of the word illen as an older name. The union pipes in a written Irish context first appeared in 1760’s more than 100 years after the ban on marching instruments. As the pipes originally had a low C# footjoint and were played on stage in a standing position the theory is disproved. The evolution of the Union and Uilleann pipes was also driven by competition between makes; throughout the late 18th and early 19th century from Ireland, Scotland and England. Your quote for the Uilleann word for elbow can be found lower down the article. Playing the chanter on the knee was used to obtain a closed-end chanter that was already familiar in the smallpipes played on the Anglo/Scottish border and increase the dynamics of the open instrument. If you are interested in the history and development of the instrument, read;

P Roberts 'Unravelling the History of the Uilleann Pipes', Common Stock. vol no2 pp11-16 (1984) Brian. E. McCandless. “The Pastoral Bagpipe” Iris na bPiobairi (The pipers review) 17 (Spring 1998), 2: p. 19-28. Celtic Harper (talk) 09:01, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

Origin of the name "Uileann Pipes"
I'm almost definite that the term "uilleann pipes" was actually derived from how it is played. It is an Irish instrument and the Gaelic word for elbow is "uillinn" pronounced the same. The name is a derivative of this word, being an instrument played with the elbow. This link supports what I've been taught in school. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.147.173.37 (talk) 16:37, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Tried to add references but they blank the page
Tried to add these references but they dont add and the page halves. H. Cheape. The Union Pipe of Scotland and Ireland: A Shared Tradition. Lecture at the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland (2007).

G. Woolf ‘Chanter Design and Construction Methods of the early Makers’, Sean Reid Society Journal v2 no 4 (2002). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Celtic Harper (talk • contribs) 22:49, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Ideas for improvement
This article is a good start, but it could use a lot of work. I just went through and made a few changes, but there's so much more I can think of that could be done!

1. The intro needs to be more succinct and just give a general overall picture of the pipes and their significance. As it is now, it gets into minor details (like some players being able to talk/sing while playing).

2. I don't think that the majority of the article should be organized, as it currently is, by a "practice set," "half set," "full set" progression. That makes it seem like an instructional thing for aspriring pipers, not an encyclopedia entry. Also, it makes the "chanter" section seem out of place, since it's listed as a "variation" of the instrument (which doesn't make sense) and there are no individual sections for the other parts of the instrument. Instead, the detailed description of the pipes as an instrument could be organized by its different elements - chanter, bag, bellows, drones, regulators (after a general description of how it works as a whole, of course). After that, there could still be a section (much shorter and less emphasized) about the practice/half/full set thing - but people looking for a general description of the uilleann pipes should get a description of the pipes in their full form, first and foremost. Then the section can be broken down into more detailed descriptions of each component. The practice/half/full system doesn't make sense as a way to frame the whole picture.

3. There are some dodgy/unverifiable statements - mostly statements that sound biased in favor of the uilleann pipes or are otherwise subjective. Like, there were some sentences to the effect of 'beginners usually play practice sets for about a year and then move on to half sets' (I wouldn't go so far as to say that usually happens) and 'the uilleann pipes are really hard to play,' stuff like that that isn't exactly true - I have deleted or modified some of those already.

4. We could use a section on the significance of the uilleann pipes in today's musical world - in traditional playing and the pop stuff as well - Riverdance, Braveheart, Flogging Molly/Dropkick Murphys-type bands, Afro Celt Sound System, etc.

5. I think we could also use a short section on what the uilleann piping community is like... pipers' clubs, pipes being custom made, sessions and tionols, etc. Mentioning the tin whistle connection would also be good, since virtually all uilleann pipers also play whistle.

6. Oh, and how about the existence of left-handed sets? A minor point, but a good one to mention I think. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.42.64.246 (talk) 21:56, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Chanter reed-making difficulty is overstated
I was amused to read the description of chanter reed making, as I am two days past a tutorial on that very subject. In the space of 45 minutes, with direction, I was able to select a piece of cane, cut it to length, split it to the correct size, carve the desired profile and sand it to the correct contour. It was fitted to the staple, wound with waxed thread and a bridle attached. Basically the entire process was completed with little difficulty using modest hand tools (sanding block, sandpaper, box-cutter). There was a winding mandrel available to wind the waxed thread onto the assembled staple and reeds, but this also could have been done with the hands alone. The assembled reed was tested and shaved with a box knife to thin it, all work done above the bridle. In less than an hour, it was ready to be placed in a chanter, although we like to let them sit for a few days and then install them. I suppose the point I'm trying to make is that it's not that difficult of a task, it just that one will have better luck if one is shown how it's done by an experienced reed maker. 75.101.94.89 (talk) 18:48, 27 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Oh yes, the basics of making something that looks like a reed is simple enough. Making your reed so that all the notes in both octaves are stable and in tune in your particular chanter, without any need for rushes or taping tone holes? Making it so that your chanter plays easily, so that you do not need to stand on the bag with your full body weight to drive it into the second octave? Making it so that it is stable in the second octave, and doesn't fall back into the first even when proper pressure is being applied to the bag? Making it so that the "hard D" is easy (or even possible) to obtain? Making it so that your chanter winds up with a sweet and mellow tone? Making it so that it remains relatively stable in different temperature and humidity environments (ok, so even the experts have trouble with that)? These are the things that separate an expert reedmaker from everyone else. If anything, the author understated the difficulty of producing a good quality, playable reed by leaving out most of these details. Oh no, they don't call the Uilleann chanter reed "the piper's despair" for nothing...--96.251.95.54 (talk) 01:28, 26 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Sod's law states that OP made a perfect reed first time, will never need another, and will spend the rest of his life telling everyone he doesn't understand how they find it so difficult. Calum (talk) 20:17, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

There is a differance between "professionally" made reeds and reeds made by "gentlemen" reedmakers.(the old term for amatures). Reedmakers, who may be pipemakers that make a part of their livelyhood producing good reeds, have solved many of the problems associated with their manufacture. This has been achieved by good research and development. This is an expensive undertaking and can result in reedmakers "keeping things to themselve" so this information may not be generally known. All I can say is that many of the problems that existed 40 years ago have modern solutions, this is traditional. At one time reeds were made that could only work in one chanter and were on the edge of chaos, so that slight changes in temperature and humidity would result in them not playing. How do we change the myth that UP chanter reeds are difficult to manufacture and dificult to manage in changing conditions? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Minstrel85 (talk • contribs) 09:26, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

I think the thing to remember in reedmaking is that there are going to be some failures along the way. It is much more difficult to play the pipes than it is to make the reeds for *me*. It isn't rocket science. I have made several chanter reeds in the last six months that play well all the way up to the high C, are stable, don't collapse. Adjusting the reeds to compensate for changes in humidity and temperature involve little more than making minute (that's my-NEWT, not minute) changes to the bridle position and pressure and then adjusting the depth of the reed in the seat by adjusting the waxed thread wrapping on the staple tip. On all of the reeds I've made, there is a "sweet spot" where the lips are open a fraction of a millimeter, and the upper octave becomes easy to play, the lower octave is not hard to play and both octaves are reasonably tempered, which is to say, "correct". Changes in humidity can alter this sub-millimeter lip opening, and dramatically affect reed playability. So you have to be able to compensate for it. It's not something you'd send the reed back to the maker to repair, since it isn't broken. Anyway, there are going to be some failures. You want to identify them early and discard a reed or slip that will be problematic later. Don't hesitate to put the reed aside and work on another, rather than spending 10 hours trying to fix a reed that is just going to have a short life and be difficult to play. And don't take yourself so freaking seriously. This is supposed to be fun music, fun to make and fun to play. If it isn't, then get a bassoon, you loon!Renglish (talk) 19:46, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

vPipes synth uilleann pipes
In the process of trying to find a way to get hold of some kind of uilleann pipes I've just stumbled on vPipes, which is an electronic uilleann/smallpipe. Could this be mentioned without breaching wikipedia's rules about advertising (which I know nothing about)? Potentially this is a noteworthy development of the instrument. They have a website, which is the product name .com Dyakson (talk) 19:58, 28 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Worthy of a mention, I suppose, though I'd also note they aren't the first experiment in this vein, and none of the others have taken off seriously either. I think there is an article on electronic pipes, if it hasn't been clobbered by the Not Notable crowd. Calum (talk) 09:29, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Etymology
POV. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.100.138.149 (talk) 00:29, 12 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Please explain. And you are currently edit warring.  Discuss your concerns here.   Corvus cornix  talk  00:32, 12 February 2011 (UTC)

Im sorry but how have these sources been verified? I have never heard these theories put forward. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.100.138.149 (talk) 00:41, 12 February 2011 (UTC)
 * The section you keep removing has sources.   Corvus cornix  talk  00:46, 12 February 2011 (UTC)

Yet has this source been vertified. As a player I have never heard this history. Sees very POV of the editor that made the edit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.100.138.149 (talk) 00:51, 12 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Don't just remove information. Can you find evidence that what is there is incorrect?   Corvus cornix  talk  00:55, 12 February 2011 (UTC)

I have asked for input at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Irish_music. Corvus cornix talk  00:57, 12 February 2011 (UTC)

That makes no senses. I can add with no verification but to remove I must provide sources?
 * Actually, no, you need to add with sources, as well. Let's let others weigh in here.   Corvus cornix  talk  01:05, 12 February 2011 (UTC)

But who verifies the sources, references does not stand up if they are not credited. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.100.138.149 (talk) 01:10, 12 February 2011 (UTC)
 * That the name originates from 'Union pipes' sounds a bit suspect. Could we have a quote from the text in question that directly supports the inference? BTW I don't agree with the manner the IP is going about this, which seems provocative, if not downright disruptive. And could eds. please indent the discussion correctly? RashersTierney (talk) 01:19, 12 February 2011 (UTC)
 * The indents look fine to me.  Corvus cornix  talk  02:03, 12 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Whatever. Hardly the main point, and you did ask for outside comment. RashersTierney (talk) 03:13, 12 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Actually the term Union was used throughout the 19th century I suggest you look at the chapter of Hugh Cheaps book Bagpipes: A National Collection of a National Instrumen first published in 2008 and also [] describes the early usage of the pipes as being called Union pipes. The term Uillean was only invented in 1904 by Gratton Flood to make the instrument sound less British and more Irish as the tradition had almost died out in britain and the Irish took the instrument as their own. You can see the same Irish lable on other instruments like the Irish flute and Tin Whistle.Yaniukku (talk) 14:46, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

Standing up?
" ... The uilleann pipes are often played indoors, and are almost always played sitting down ...  I have never seen - or even heard - of the pipes being played standing up. I suppose a half-set might be, if one were determined, but one couldn't then use one's thigh against the end of the chanter. Any thoughts on this sentence? TreacherousWays (talk) 18:17, 19 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I expect it was put that way for the benefit of readers more familiar with other types of pipes, usually played standing. The fact that they can't (easily) be played this way is significant, and will probably be news to the casual reader. How do you suggest modifying? RashersTierney (talk) 18:22, 19 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, "In contrast to the more-widely-known bagpipes, the uilleann pipes are typically played indoors and always played while seated." and I'll see if I can't find a picture of someone playing; perhaps a side-by-side of the two instruments to better highlight the similarities and differences. TreacherousWays (talk) 15:12, 20 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Or perhaps 'in contrast to the bagpipes etc.' - avoids suppositions - and a pic showing the two side by side would be great. RashersTierney (talk) 15:29, 20 January 2012 (UTC) RashersTierney (talk) 15:29, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

My grandfather, his brother and their father all played the Uilleann pipes standing up. In fact I think they were the only people capable of playing the Uilleann pipes whilst standing. Please see (1) https://c2.staticflickr.com/8/7032/6515379939_b0410db653.jpg or (2)http://www.ucd.ie/irishfolklore/en/t4cms/johnny-doran-500-754.jpg. If you research Johnny or Felix Doran the pipers you will see this was taught to them by their Father, Johnny Doran Snr. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.115.82.228 (talk) 17:30, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

Copyright claims (2014)
Hi copyright investigators.

I did not flag the article for copyright, but I did some looking into it. I believe the original author was Breandán Breathnach from an essay anthologized in 1986's The Man and His Music. While some pieces may be in violation, it appears that this article has grown organically around the potentially violating bits over the last 8 years. I've requested a complete copy through interlibrary loan and will update this page when I find anything out.

Reve (talk) 07:41, 10 April 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Uilleann pipes


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Albert Schatz

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 * Albert Schatz (law) (1879–1940), law professor and historian
 * Albert Gerard Schatz (1921–1985), U.S. federal judge
 * Albert Schatz (musician) (1839–1910), musicologist, composer, and librettist
 * Albert Schatz (scientist) (1920–2005), microbiologist, co-discoverer of streptomycin

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title: Albert Schatz


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User talk:Rexnfx77

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Stanley Black & Decker

Stanley Black & Decker, Inc., formerly known as The Stanley Works, is a Fortune 500 American manufacturer of industrial tools and household hardware, and a provider of security products. Headquartered in the Greater Hartford city of New Britain, Connecticut, Stanley Black & Decker is the result of the merger of The Stanley Works and Black & Decker on March 12, 2010.

History
The Stanley Works came to existence as a direct result of the 1920 merger of Stanley's Bolt Manufactory, founded by Frederick Trent Stanley in 1843, and the Stanley Rule and Level Company, founded by Frederick's cousin, Henry Stanley, in 1857. DeWalt was acquired in 1960, and sold to Black & Decker. In March 12, 2010 Black & Decker merged with Stanley Works to become Stanley Black & Decker. It’s a wholly owned subsidiary of that company.

During World War II, Stanley Works received the Army-Navy "E" Award for excellence in war production.

In May 2002, the company considered moving its corporate headquarters to Bermuda, but public and governmental outcry forced management to reconsider the move. By August 2002, the company had decided to maintain its incorporation in the United States.

John F. Lundgren was elected as chairman and chief executive officer in 2004, replacing John Trani, a former protégé of Jack Welch at General Electric.

The Hardware & Home Improvement Group, including the Kwikset, Weiser, Baldwin, National Hardware, Stanley, FANAL, Pfister and EZSET brands, was acquired by Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. on December 17, 2012.

In July 2016, CEO John F. Lundgren stepped down, with President and COO James M. Loree taking over as CEO.

In July 2022, CEO James M. Loree stepped down, with President and CFO Donald Allan, Jr taking over as CEO.

Acquisitions

 * 1937: Stanley Works entered the United Kingdom market with the acquisition of J.A. Chapman of Sheffield, England.
 * 1946: Stanley Works acquired North Brothers Manufacturing Company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
 * 1963: Stanley started operations in Australia as Stanley-Titan when it bought a 50% share of Titan, a subsidiary of BHP.
 * 1966: Stanley Works acquired Vidmar Cabinets in Allentown, Pennsylvania.
 * 1970: Stanley-Titan acquired Turner Tools, based in Melbourne, Australia.
 * 1980: Stanley Works acquired Mac Tools.
 * 1984: Stanley Works purchased Proto from Ingersoll Rand and it becomes Stanley Proto.
 * 1986: Stanley Works acquired Bostitch from Textron.
 * 1990: Stanley Works acquired Goldblatt and ZAG Industries.
 * 1990: Acquired Sidchrome Tool Co., headquartered in Melbourne, Australia. Closed plant in 1996 and started to move all tool manufacturing to Taiwan, sourcing various items from Proto in the USA (marked as Proto on items) due to supply of left-over Australian-made tools being sold out until all manufacturing was fully established in Taiwan.
 * 1992: Stanley Works purchased the Chatsworth, California-based Monarch Mirror Door Co. Inc., an American manufacturer of sliding and folding mirror-doors.
 * 2000: Stanley Works acquired Blick of Swindon, England, a UK integrator of security solutions, communication, and time-management solutions, and CST Berger.
 * 2002: In October, Stanley Works acquired Best Access Systems of Indianapolis, Indiana, for $310 million. The acquisition also prompted the creation of a new Access Controls Group for Stanley. Further additions to this new working group included Blick.
 * 2004: In January, Stanley announced plans to acquire Frisco Bay Industries Ltd., a Canadian provider of security integration services, for $45.3 million. In December, the acquisition of ISR Solutions, Inc., headquartered in Washington, D.C., was announced. ISR Solutions provides the U.S. federal government and commercial customers with access security system services.
 * 2005: In January, the acquisition of Security Group was announced. Security Group was composed of two primary operating companies: Sargent & Greenleaf, a manufacturer of locks; and Safemasters, a North American provider of security installation, maintenance and repair services. An additional acquisition of Precision Hardware was made in 2005.
 * 2006: Stanley furthered its corporate assets in the security market by acquiring HSM Electronic Protection Systems after it had been spun off from Honeywell in compliance with pre-emptive Securities and Exchange Commission antitrust rulings. In the meantime, the company obtained security contracts as the primary contractor to secure three NASA spaceflight centers. Stanley Works also acquired Facom.
 * 2007: Late in the year, Stanley acquired OSI Security of Chula Vista, California, a provider of battery-operated wireless lock technology and supplies to government, education, and healthcare industries.
 * 2008: Stanley acquired Beach Toolbox Industries, headquartered in Smith Falls, Ontario, Canada, then closed the plant.
 * 2008: In June, Stanley announced the acquisition of Sonitrol, which provides security systems that use audio listening devices as the primary means of intrusion detection. Stanley also acquired Xmark Corporation, which provides radio frequency identification (RFID) solutions in healthcare environments. As of 2008, many of the Stanley Security Services divisions were being integrated under the HSM brand.
 * 2009: On November 2, Stanley announced a merger with Black & Decker and DeWalt tools. The merger was completed on March 12, 2010.
 * 2010: In July, the company announced the acquisition of CRC-Evans Pipeline International. CRC-Evans provides total project support for pipeline construction contractors with automatic welding and other pipeline construction specific equipment and personnel.
 * 2011: On September 9, the acquisition of Niscayah was complete.
 * 2012: On January 1, the acquisition of Lista North America from LISTA, headquartered in Holliston, Massachusetts, was completed.
 * 2012: On June 1, the acquisition of Powers Fasteners, headquartered in Brewster, New York, was completed.
 * 2012: On June 5, the acquisition of AeroScout, headquartered in Redwood City, California, was completed.
 * 2016: Stanley Black & Decker announced in October that it acquired the Irwin, Lenox, and Hilmor tool brands for $1.95 billion from Newell Brands.
 * 2017: On January 5, news reports indicated that it would acquire the Craftsman brand from KCD, LLC (a Sears Holdings subsidiary). Subsequent reports by Bloomberg indicated that the company would pay $525 million initially, an additional $250 million after three years, as well as annual payments on new Craftsman sales for 15 years.
 * 2018: On September 12, Stanley Black & Decker announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire a 20 percent stake in MTD Products Inc, a privately held global manufacturer of outdoor power equipment, for $234 million in cash. Under the terms of the agreement, Stanley Black & Decker has the option to acquire the remaining 80 percent of MTD beginning on July 1, 2021.
 * 2018: On August 7, Stanley Black & Decker announced it entered into a definitive agreement to acquire International Equipment Solutions Attachments Group (IES Attachments) for $690 million in cash.
 * 2020: In Q1 2020, Stanley Black & Decker agreed to acquire Consolidated Aerospace Manufacturing, LLC (CAM) for up to $1.5 billion. CAM provides a fastener and component platform which would help the company to grow in aerospace and defense.
 * 2021: On August 17, 2021, Stanley Black & Decker announced that it has agreed to acquire the remaining 80% ownership stake in MTD Holdings Inc.
 * 2021: On September 13, 2021, Stanley Black & Decker announced that it would be acquiring Excel Industries; who designs and manufactures commercial and residential turf-care equipment under the Hustler Turf Equipment and BigDog Mower Co. brands. The sale was completed November 12 of the same year.
 * 2021: On December 8, 2021, Securitas AB announced that it had entered into an agreement to purchase Stanley Black & Decker's electronic security business unit for $3.2 billion
 * 2022: In Q3 2022, Stanley Black & Decker announced layoffs of over 1,000 corporate employees as part of cost-saving measures in response to plummeting stock price

Business segments and brands
Sources:

Power tools

 * DeWalt – power tools; B & D acquired in 1960
 * Guoqiang (GQ) Tools (China) – power tools
 * Porter-Cable – power tools; B & D acquired in 2004 /2005
 * Oldham Saw Company – circular saw blade and wood router bit products; B & D acquired in 2004
 * Black+Decker – acquired (via merger) in 2010
 * Craftsman – acquired from Sears KDCP in 2016

Hand tools and storage
Black and Decker: Home appliances, power tools, hardware, batteries, fastening systems,
 * Pastorino – carpentry and construction hand tools
 * Stanley Hand Tools – carpentry and construction hand tools
 * Craftsman
 * Irwin Industrial Tools Irwin
 * LENOX Tools
 * Expert – industrial and automotive tools
 * Facom (France) – professional tools; acquired in 2006 (includes Britool ) owned by Stanley Black and Decker
 * Lista North America – industrial storage; acquired in 2012
 * Mac Tools – professional tools; acquired in 1980
 * Proto – industrial hand tools; acquired in 1984
 * Blackhawk – Mechanic's tools; acquired in 1986
 * Sidchrome (Australia/New Zealand) – mechanics' tools; acquired in 1990
 * USAG (Italy) – professional tools; acquired in 2010
 * Vidmar – industrial storage; acquired in 1966
 * Virax (France) – plumbing tools; acquired in 2006
 * Waterloo Industries – Tool Storage Solutions, purchased in 2017. Brand was discontinued shortly thereafter.

Fastening and accessories

 * Bostitch – fastening tools; acquired in 1986
 * Powers Fasteners – adhesive and mechanical anchors

Outdoor

 * Cub Cadet
 * Hustler
 * Troy-bilt
 * Rover
 * MTD

Cribmaster

 * Cribmaster – tool inventory, storage, tracking and usage/vending management
 * Stanley Supply & Services – MRO products and services; formerly Contact East and Jensen Tools; renamed in 2006

Engineered fastening

 * Emhart Teknologies – fastening and assembly; acquired in 2010; later renamed Stanley Engineered Fastening
 * Dodge – metal-on-plastic threaded inserts
 * Gripco – threaded fasteners
 * HeliCoil – threaded inserts
 * Infastech – acquired in 2013 by Stanley Engineered Fastening
 * Avdel – blind fastening systems and related tools
 * iForm – coated threaded fasteners
 * MasterFix (Europe) – blind riveting
 * Nelson – stud welding fasteners
 * NPR/POP – riveting technology
 * Spiralock – threaded fasteners and inserts; acquired in 2010 by Emhart
 * Stanley Assembly Technologies – assembly line power tools
 * Tucker – hole-less fastening
 * Warren – custom fastening fabrication

Infrastructure

 * Hydraulic tools
 * Dubuis – cutting, crimping, and grounding tools
 * Horst Sprenger GmbH (Germany) – replacement consumables for scrap processing equipment
 * LaBounty – non-impact hydraulic attachments
 * Stanley Hydraulic Tools
 * Stanley Oil & Gas (CRC-Evans International) – equipment used in the construction of pipelines for the oil and gas (O&G) industry
 * Stanley – automatic doors for buildings
 * Paladin Attachments – equipment used for excavation, farming, and various other infrastructure.

Aerospace Manufacturing

 * CAM

Stanley Security Solutions (SSS)
As of July 22, 2022, Stanley Security Solutions was acquired by Securitas Electronic Security and has been rebranded as Securitas Technology

The North American headquarters is located in Fishers, Indiana. This division of Stanley Black & Decker comprises the following primary business units:

 * Convergent Security Solutions
 * Stanley Access Technologies
 * Stanley Healthcare Solutions

Likewise, Stanley Security Solutions has operations in the following global markets:
 * Latin America
 * Europe
 * Asia
 * Emerging Markets

Stanley Security Solutions is provider of locks, fire sensors, security cameras, and similar hardware. They also provide software to monitor this hardware. In addition they provide computer security software to protect hardware, software, or electronic data. A partial list of Stanley Security Solutions products:

 * Aero Scout
 * Sargent and Greenleaf
 * Access Control Systems
 * Video Surveillance Systems
 * Intrusion Alarm Monitoring Systems
 * Sonitrol
 * Fire Alarm Monitoring Systems
 * Video Alarm Verification
 * Network Security
 * Cyber Security
 * Retail Analytics
 * Integrated Security Solutions
 * Enterprise Security Solutions

Divested businesses
Stanley Securities

In Q4 2021, Stanley Black's Commercial Electronic and Healthcare Security business lines- were sold to Securitas for $3.2 billion in cash. In 2021, the businesses were predicted to generate revenues of about $1.7 billion.

Stanley Access Technologies

In Q1 2022, Stanley Access Technologies were sold to Allegion for $900 million in cash.

Stanley Oil & Gas

In Q2 2022, Stanley Oil & Gas, comprising three business units, namely STANLEY Inspection, Pipeline Induction Heat Ltd. and CRC-Evans Pipeline International, were sold to Pipeline Technique Limited.

Mechanical Access Solutions (MAS)
Formerly a business unit (BU) within Stanley Security Solutions, this comprised Best Access Systems and several product brands that were sold to Dormakaba in 2016Q4. MAS was dissolved however the brand Sergeant & Greenleaf was retained by Convergent Security Solutions.

Hardware and Home Improvement (HHI)
These were sold to Spectrum Brands in 2012.

 * Baldwin – acquired in 2010
 * Kwikset – acquired in 1989 by Black & Decker
 * National Hardware – general hardware; acquired in 2005
 * Price Pfister – plumbing fixtures; acquired in 1989 by Black & Decker
 * Weiser Lock – keyless entry and door hardware

Air compressors and pressure washers
This was sold to MAT Holdings in 2011.
 * DeVilbiss Air Power – pneumatic tools; B & D acquired in 2004; now known as MAT Industries, LLC

Tools

 * Husky – private-label hand tools for The Home Depot; acquired in 1986, later transferred to The Home Depot.
 * Vector Products – battery chargers, power inverters, and similar power products; acquired in 2007; sold to Baccus Global in 2010.

title: Stanley Black & Decker


text:
Skegness Grammar School

Skegness Grammar School (sometimes SGS) is a coeducational grammar school and sixth form with academy status, located in Skegness, Lincolnshire, England.

Selection to the school is by the eleven-plus examination by entry test or personal interview. The school roll consists of 472 pupils including 106 pupils in the sixth form.

Skegness Grammar School was founded over 500 years ago by a Lord High Chancellor of England. It was the first British secondary school to be awarded Grant Maintained status by the government in 1988. The school has been classed as a High Performing Specialist School.

Magdalen School
In 1483 William Waynflete, also called William of Wainfleet, later the Bishop of Winchester, Provost of Eton College and Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain founded Magdalen College School in his home town of Wainfleet to act as a satellite feeder school for Magdalen College at Oxford University that he had also founded.

In 1933 Magdalen College School closed and was incorporated into its newer and larger buildings at Skegness where it became Skegness Grammar School. The school opened on Wednesday 20 September 1933, and cost £30,000 for 200 places. The headteacher was Kenneth George Spendlove.

School houses
The school is organised into four houses all named after historically prominent people or famous Lincolnshire men:

Lumley - after Aldred Lumley, 10th Earl of Scarbrough a major local landowner who was responsible for developing Skegness as a major Victorian holiday resort.

Magdalen - after the Magdalen College School in Wainfleet founded by William of Waynflete, one-time Bishop of Winchester and founder of the college by the same name at Oxford University.

Newton - after Lincolnshire's most famous son Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) who was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian.

Tennyson - after locally born Alfred Lord Tennyson (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892) who was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and one of the most popular classical English poets of all time.

Grant maintained
The Education Reform Act of 1988 introduced the concept of Grant-maintained schools which shifted the school funding away from the local education authority to direct grant support by central government. Skegness Grammar was the first school in the UK to both apply for and be awarded grant maintained status.

The grant maintained system was dis-established by the new Labour government in 1998 and schools were offered the choice of returning to local education authority funding or opting for foundation status.

Academy
The school converted to academy status on 1 September 2012, and is now sponsored by the David Ross Education Trust.

Notable alumni

 * Noël Greig, playwright and gay rights campaigner.
 * Tom Jarvis, Commonwealth Games table tennis player
 * Debbie Jenner (Doris D), dancer in the Netherlands
 * Neil Wallis, former deputy editor of the News of the World, former editor of the Sunday People.
 * Robin Hunter-Clarke, Chief of Staff to the UK Independence Party in the National Assembly for Wales and Chief of Staff to Neil Hamilton.

Former teachers

 * John Littlewood (chess player) taught French and Maths from 1955-67; he ran the school chess team

title: Skegness Grammar School


text:
NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund

The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (NAACP LDF, the Legal Defense Fund, or LDF) is an American civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City.

LDF is wholly independent and separate from the NAACP. Although LDF can trace its origins to the legal department of the NAACP created by Charles Hamilton Houston in the 1930s, Thurgood Marshall founded LDF as a separate legal entity in 1940, which became totally independent from the NAACP in 1957.

Janai Nelson currently serves as the eighth President and Director-Counsel, since March 2022. Previous Director-Counsels include Sherrilyn Ifill (2012–2022), John Payton (2008–2012), Ted Shaw (2004–2008), Elaine Jones (1993–2004), Julius Levonne Chambers (1984–1993), Jack Greenberg (1961–1984), and founder Thurgood Marshall (1940–1961).

About
While primarily focused on the civil rights of African Americans in the U.S., LDF states it has "been instrumental in the formation of similar organizations that have replicated its organizational model in order to promote equality for Asian-Americans, Latinos, and women in the United States." LDF has also been involved in "the campaign for human rights throughout the world, including in South Africa, Canada, Brazil, and elsewhere."

LDF's national office is in Manhattan, with regional offices in Washington, D.C. LDF has nearly two dozen staff lawyers and hundreds of cooperating attorneys across the nation.

Areas of activity

 * Litigation
 * Advocacy
 * Educational outreach
 * Policy research and monitoring legislation
 * Coalition-building
 * Provides scholarships for exceptional African-American students.

Areas of concern

 * Education
 * Affirmative action
 * Desegregation
 * Political Participation
 * Voting rights
 * Felony disfranchisement
 * Economic access
 * Employment discrimination
 * Environmental justice
 * Fair housing
 * Criminal justice
 * Opposition to the death penalty
 * Fourth Amendment
 * Sixth Amendment

Creation and separation from the NAACP
The board of directors of the NAACP created the Legal Defense Fund in 1940 specifically for tax purposes. In 1957, LDF was completely separated from the NAACP and given its own independent board and staff. Although LDF was originally meant to operate in accordance with NAACP policy, after 1961, serious disputes emerged between the two organizations. These disputes ultimately led the NAACP to create its own internal legal department while LDF continued to operate and score significant legal victories as an independent organization.

At times, this separation has created considerable confusion in the eyes and minds of the public. In the 1980s, the NAACP unsuccessfully sued LDF for trademark infringement. In its ruling rejecting the NAACP's lawsuit, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit recognized that the "universal esteem in which the [NAACP] initials are held is due in significant measure to [LDF's] distinguished record as a civil rights litigator" and that the NAACP has "benefitted from the added luster given to the NAACP initials by the LDF's litigation successes."

Well-known cases
Probably the most famous case in the history of LDF was Brown v. Board of Education, the landmark case in 1954 in which the United States Supreme Court explicitly outlawed de jure racial segregation of public education facilities. During the civil rights protests of the 1960s, LDF represented "the legal arm of the civil rights movement" and provided counsel for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., among others.

1930s

 * 1935 Murray v. Pearson, removed unconstitutional color bar from the University of Maryland School of Law admission policy. (Managed by Thurgood Marshall for the NAACP before the formal foundation of LDF.)
 * 1938: Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, invalidated state laws that denied African-American students access to all-white state graduate schools when no separate state graduate schools were available for African Americans. (Handled by Thurgood Marshall for the NAACP before the formal foundation of LDF.)

1940s

 * 1940:  Abbington v Board of Education of Louisville (KY), a suit argued by Thurgood Marshall and dropped though the settlement led to the removal of a 15 percent salary discrepancy between black and white teachers in the Louisville, Kentucky public schools (see NAACP in Kentucky).
 * 1940: Alston v. School Board of City of Norfolk, a federal court order that African-American public school teachers be paid salaries equal to whites, regardless of race.
 * 1940: Chambers v. Florida, overturned the convictions—based on coerced confessions—of four young black defendants accused of murdering an elderly white man.
 * 1944: Smith v. Allwright, a voting rights case in which the Supreme Court required Texas to allow African Americans to vote in primary elections, formerly restricted to whites.
 * 1946: Morgan v. Virginia, desegregated seating on interstate buses.
 * 1947: Patton v. Mississippi, ruled against strategies that excluded African Americans from criminal juries.
 * 1948: Shelley v. Kraemer, overturned racially discriminatory real estate covenants.
 * 1948: Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla., reaffirmed and extended Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, ruling that Oklahoma could not bar an African-American student from its all-white law school on the ground that she had not requested the state to provide a separate law school for black students.

1950s

 * 1950: McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, ruled against practices of segregation within a formerly all-white graduate school insofar as they interfered with meaningful classroom instruction and interaction with other students.
 * 1950: Sweatt v. Painter, ruled against a Texas attempt to circumvent Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada with a hastily established inferior law school for black students.
 * 1953: Barrows v. Jackson, reaffirmed Shelley v. Kraemer, preventing state courts from enforcing restrictive covenants.
 * 1954: Brown v. Board of Education, explicitly outlawed de jure racial segregation of public education facilities.
 * 1956: Jackson v. Rawdon, required desegregation of Mansfield High School, outside Fort Worth, Texas; see also Mansfield school desegregation incident.
 * 1956: Gayle v. Browder, overturned segregation of city buses; see also Montgomery bus boycott.
 * 1957: Fikes v. Alabama, a further ruling against forced confessions.
 * 1958: Cooper v. Aaron barred Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus from interfering with the desegregation of Little Rock's Central High School; see also Little Rock Nine.

1960s

 * 1961: Holmes v. Danner, began the desegregation of the University of Georgia.
 * 1962: Meredith v. Fair, won James Meredith admission to the University of Mississippi.
 * 1963: LDF attorneys defended Martin Luther King Jr. against contempt charges for demonstrating without a permit in Birmingham, Alabama. See Letter from Birmingham Jail.
 * 1963: Watson v. City of Memphis, ruled segregation of public parks unconstitutional.
 * 1963: Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, ended segregation of hospitals that received Federal construction funds.
 * 1964: Willis v. Pickrick Restaurant, ruled against segregation in public facilities such as restaurants; Lester Maddox closed his restaurant rather than integrate.
 * 1964: McLaughlin v. Florida, ruled against anti-miscegenation laws. See also on this issue, Eilers v. Eilers (argued by James A. Crumlin, Sr.) – details in NAACP in Kentucky.
 * 1965: Williams v. Wallace, made court order to allow a voting-rights march in Alabama, led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., which had previously been stopped twice by state police.
 * 1965: Hamm v. City of Rock Hill, overturned all convictions of demonstrators' participating in civil rights sit-ins.
 * 1965: Abernathy v. Alabama and Thomas v. Mississippi, reversed state convictions of Alabama and Mississippi Freedom Riders on the basis of Boynton v. Virginia.
 * 1967: Quarles v. Philip Morris, overturned the practice of "departmental seniority", which had forced non-white workers to give up their seniority rights when they transferred to better jobs in previously white-only departments.
 * 1967: Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, ruled that "freedom of choice" was an insufficient response to segregated schools.
 * 1967: Loving v. Virginia, ruled that state laws banning interracial marriage ("anti-miscegenation laws") in Virginia and 15 other states were unconstitutional because they violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
 * 1968: Newman v. Piggie Park, established that prevailing plaintiffs in civil rights act cases are entitled to receive attorneys' fees from the losing defendant.
 * 1969: Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, ruled that 33 Mississippi school districts must desegregate "at once" thereby ending the era of foot-dragging in school desegregation permitted under the "all deliberate speed" doctrine of Brown v. Board of Education
 * 1969: Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham, ruled against using the parade permitting process as a means of suppressing First Amendment rights.
 * 1969: Thorpe v. Housing Authority of Durham, ruled that low-income public housing tenants could not be summarily evicted.
 * 1969: Sniadach v. Family Finance Corp., required due process for the garnishment of wages.
 * 1969: Allen v. State Board of Elections, guaranteed the right to a write-in vote.

1970s

 * 1970: Ali v. The Division of State Athletic Commission, restored Muhammad Ali's boxing license.
 * 1970: Carter v. Jury Commission, approved Federal suits over discrimination in the selection of juries.
 * 1970: Turner v. Fouche, overruled a requirement in Taliaferro County, Georgia that grand jury and school board membership be limited to owners of real property.
 * 1971: Kennedy-Park Homes Association v. City of Lackawanna, forbade a city government from interfering in the construction of low-income housing in a predominantly white section of the city.
 * 1971: Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, upheld intra-district busing to desegregate public schools. However, this issue was contested in the courts for three more decades. In the most recent  related cases, the U.S. Supreme Court in April 2002 refused to review Cappachione v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education and Belk v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, in which lower courts had ruled in favor of the school district.
 * 1971: Haines v. Kerner, upheld the right of prisoners to challenge prison conditions in federal court.
 * 1971: Groppi v. Wisconsin, upheld the right of a criminal defendant in a misdemeanor case to a venue where jurors are not biased against him.
 * 1971: Clay v. United States, struck down Muhammad Ali's conviction for refusing to report for military service.
 * 1971: Griggs v. Duke Power Company, ruled that tests for employment or promotion that produce different outcomes for blacks and whites are prima facie to be presumed discriminatory, and must measure aptitude for the job in question or they cannot be used.
 * 1971: Phillips v. Martin Marietta, ruled that employers may not refuse to hire women with pre-school-aged children unless the same standards are applied to men.
 * 1972: Furman v. Georgia, ruled that the death penalty as then applied in 37 states violated the Eighth Amendment prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment because there were inadequate standards to guide judges and juries making the decision which defendants will receive a sentence of death. However, under revised laws, U.S. executions resumed in 1977.
 * 1972: Wright v. Council of the City of Emporia and U.S. v. Scotland Neck City Board of Education, ruled against systems' avoiding public school desegregation by the creation of all-white "splinter districts".
 * 1972: Alexander v. Louisiana, accepted the use of statistical evidence to prove racial discrimination in the selection of juries.
 * 1972: Hawkins v. Town of Shaw, banned discrimination in the provision of municipal facilities.
 * 1973: Norwood v. Harrison banned government provision of school books to segregated private schools established to allow whites to avoid public school desegregation.
 * 1973: Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, addressed deliberate de facto school segregation, ruling that where deliberate segregation was shown to have affected a substantial part of a school system, the entire district must ordinarily be desegregated.
 * 1973: Adams v. Richardson, required federal education officials to enforce Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which requires that state universities, public schools, and other institutions that receive federal money may not discriminate by race.
 * 1973: Ham v. South Carolina, ruled that defendants are entitled to have potential jurors interrogated about whether they harbor racial prejudices.
 * 1973: McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, ruled that courts should hear cases of alleged unlawful discrimination based on the "minimal showing" that a qualified non-white applied unsuccessfully for a job that either remained open or was filled by a white person.
 * 1973: Mourning v. Family Publication Service, upheld the Truth in lending Act, requiring disclosure of the actual cost of a loan.
 * 1975: Albemarle v. Moody, mandated back pay for victims of job discrimination.
 * 1975: Johnson v. Railway Express Agency, upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1866, passed during Reconstruction, as providing an independent remedy for employment discrimination.
 * 1977: Coker v. Georgia, banned capital punishment for rape, the most racially disproportionate application of the death penalty.
 * 1977: United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburgh v. Carey, provided that states may consider race in drawing electoral districts if necessary to comply with the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by avoiding a dilution of minority voting strength.

1980s

 * 1980: Luévano v. Campbell, struck down Federal government use of a written test for hiring into nearly 200 entry-level positions because the test disproportionately disqualified African Americans and Latinos.
 * 1980: Enmund v. Florida, struck down a federal "felony murder" statute.
 * 1982: Bob Jones University v. U.S. and Goldboro Christian Schools v. U.S., denied tax exempt status to religious schools that discriminate on the basis of race.
 * 1983: Major v. Treen, overturned a Louisiana gerrymander intended to reduce African-American voting strength.
 * 1984: Gingles v. Edmisten, continued as Thornburg v. Gingles (1986), the Supreme Court ruled that at-large countywide election of state legislators illegally discriminated against black voters, and the Court established the standard for identifying "vote dilution" under the 1982 amendments to the Voting Rights Act.
 * 1986: Dillard v. Crenshaw County Commission: a district court ordered over 180 of the local government bodies in counties, cities, and school boards in Alabama to change their methods of election because intentionally racially discriminatory state laws had made it extremely difficult for Black voters to elect their preferred candidates to local office.
 * 1987: McClesky v. Kemp: in a 5–4 vote, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected a challenge to Georgia's death penalty and held that statistical evidence showing pervasive racial bias in the administration of the death penalty was not sufficient to invalidate a death sentence.
 * 1988: Jiggets v. Housing Authority of City of Elizabeth: a district court ordered the HUD to spend $4 million to upgrade predominantly black, as well as predominantly white, housing projects in the city, and to implement federal maintenance, tenant selection and other procedures equitably.
 * 1989: Cook v. Ochsner: in a belated coda to Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, a District Court approved a settlement ending a New Orleans hospital's discrimination in emergency room treatment and patient admissions. The settlement also provided increased opportunities for African-American physicians to practice at the hospital.

1990s

 * 1990: Missouri v. Jenkins, established that a federal court could order local tax increases to fund magnet schools as a part of a school desegregation order.
 * 1991: Chisom v. Roemer and Houston Lawyers Association v. Attorney General, established that Voting Rights Act applies to the election of judges.
 * 1991: Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell, established the standard for resolving longstanding school desegregation orders.
 * 1992: Matthews v. Coye and Thompson v. Raiford, compelled California and Texas, respectively, to enforce and implement federal regulations calling for testing of poor children for lead poisoning.
 * 1993: Haynes v. Shoney's: A record court-approved settlement in an employment discrimination case. Shoney's Restaurants agreed to pay African-American employees, applicants, and white managers who resisted the practices, $105 million and to implement aggressive equal employment opportunity measures.
 * 1994: Lawson v. City of Los Angeles and Silva v. City of Los Angeles, led to settlements to end discriminatory use of police dogs in minority neighborhoods.
 * 1995: McKennon v. Nashville Banner: The Supreme Court refused to allow employers to defeat otherwise valid claims of job discrimination by relying on facts they did not know until after the discriminatory decision had been made.
 * 1996: Sheff v. O'Neill: The Supreme Court of Connecticut, in view of the disparities between Hartford public schools and schools in the surrounding suburbs, found the state liable for maintaining racial and ethnic isolation, and ordered the legislative and executive branches to propose a remedy.
 * 1997: Robinson v. Shell Oil Company, determined that a former employee may sue his ex-employer for retaliating against him (by giving a bad job reference) after he filed discrimination charges over his termination.
 * 1998: Wright v. Universal Maritime Service Corp., determined that a general arbitration clause in a collective bargaining agreement did not deprive an employee of his right to enforce federal anti-discrimination laws in federal court.
 * 1999: Campaign to Save Our Public Hospitals v. Giuliani, barred New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani's attempt to privatize public hospitals.

2000s

 * 2000: Rideau v. Whitley, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit threw out the 28-year-old, third conviction of Wilbert Rideau for murder because of discrimination in the composition of the Grand Jury that originally indicted him more than 40 years earlier. (Rideau was retried, convicted on the lesser charge of manslaughter, and released in 2005.)
 * 2000: Smith v. United States, was resolved when President Clinton commuted the sentence of Kemba Smith. Smith was a young African-American mother whose abusive, domineering boyfriend led her to play a peripheral role (she did not sell drugs but was aware of the selling) in a conspiracy to obtain and distribute crack cocaine. She had been sentenced to a mandatory minimum of $24 1/2$ years in prison even though she was a first-time offender.
 * 2000: Cromartie v. Hunt and Daly v. Hunt, ruled that it is legal to create, for partisan political reasons, a district with a high concentration of minority voters; hence the North Carolina district from which Mel Watt was elected to the House of Representatives was ruled not to be an illegal gerrymander.
 * 2003: Gratz v. Bollinger, ordered the University of Michigan to change admission policies by removing racial quotas in the form of "points", but allowed them to continue to utilize race as a factor in admissions, to admit a diverse entering class of students.
 * 2007: Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, the Supreme Court ruled racial quotas unconstitutional in PK–12 school assignment, but allowed other remedial school integration programs to continue
 * 2009: Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder, the Supreme Court ruled the Voting Rights Act Section 5 preclearance process constitutional. LDF presented oral argument at the Supreme Court on behalf of a group of African-American voters.

2010s

 * 2010: Lewis v. City of Chicago, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the City of Chicago can be held accountable for each and every time it used a hiring practice that arbitrarily blocked qualified minority applicants from employment. LDF presented oral argument in this case in the Supreme Court.
 * 2013: Shelby County v. Holder, the Supreme Court struck down Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act, ending the Section 5 preclearance regime. LDF presented oral argument and represented a group of African-American voters in the Supreme Court.
 * 2013: Fisher v. University of Texas, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of affirmative action, and remanded the case to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit for a second view. LDF represented the Black Student Alliance and the Black Ex-Students of Texas, Inc.
 * 2014: Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Michigan's Proposal 2 voter initiative, which amended the state's constitution to make affirmative action illegal in public employment, public education or public contracting purposes. LDF represented the Plaintiffs challenging Proposal 2.
 * 2016: Fisher v. University of Texas II, Following the remand to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, the Supreme Court again upheld the constitutionality of affirmative action. LDF represented the Black Student Alliance and the Black Ex-Students of Texas, Inc. in oral argument before the U.S. Court of Appeals and in an amicus brief in the Supreme Court.
 * 2016: Veasey v. Abbott, The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, sitting en banc, held that Texas's 2011 voter photo identification law violated the Voting Rights Act and that there was sufficient evidence to find that the Texas Legislature might have passed the law for the purpose of discriminating against Black and Latino voters. LDF presented oral argument in the Fifth Circuit on behalf of Black students and the Texas League of Young Voters.
 * 2017: Buck v. Davis, the Supreme Court reversed the death sentence of Mr. Duane Buck because Mr. Buck's trial attorney introduced evidence that suggested Mr. Buck was more likely to commit violent acts in the future because he is black. LDF represented and presented oral argument on Mr. Buck's behalf in the Supreme Court.
 * 2018: Stout v. Jefferson County Board of Education and Gardendale Board of Education, The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, blocked the City of Gardendale's attempt to secede from the larger Jefferson County school system because Gardendale's purpose was to create a mostly white school system separate from the more racially diverse Jefferson County schools. LDF represents and presented oral arguments on behalf of Black students opposed to the separation.

2020s

 * 2020: LDF v. Barr, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia granted summary judgment to LDF and ruled that the Presidential Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice violated multiple requirements of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, halting the Commission's operations until it was brought into compliance with federal law.
 * 2020: Harding v. Edwards, in September 2020, the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana granted a preliminary injunction that required Louisiana to extend the early voting period by three days and provided voters at highest risk of serious illness from COVID-19 with the option to vote by mail in the November and December 2020 primary and general elections.
 * 2020: Thomas v. Andino, in May 2020, the U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina granted a preliminary junction that prohibited South Carolina from enforcing its witness signature requirement for absentee voters in the June 2020 primary elections. The court found that forcing people to obtain the signature of a third-party witness on their absentee ballot would endanger their health and safety in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.
 * 2020: NAACP v. United States Postal Service, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled that the US Postal Service's widespread disruptions in mail delivery violated federal law and risked delaying the delivery of mail-in ballots — thereby causing voter disenfranchisement. On October 10, 2020, the court granted a preliminary injunction motion suspending service changes that had disrupted mail delivery. The court issued a series of additional orders leading up to the November 2020 General Election, which required the US Postal Service to take extraordinary measures to ensure the timely delivery of ballots and to provide daily updates about the delivery status of mail-in ballots. LDF represented the NAACP and individuals in the litigation.
 * 2023: Allen v. Milligan, on June 8, 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed a preliminary injunction against the State of Alabama's 2021 congressional districts and ruled that Alabama's map is racially discriminatory in violation of Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act. The Supreme Court also upheld the constitutionality of the Voting Rights Act in the redistricting context. LDF represented Milligan plaintiffs in the lower courts and presented oral argument on behalf of the Milligan appellees in the Supreme Court.
 * 2024:  Robinson v. Ardoin, In June 2022, a federal court preliminary enjoined Louisiana’s congressional map and ordered the state to draw a map with two majority-Black districts. But the Supreme Court of the United States put this order on hold temporarily pending its decision in Milligan. After the Milligan ruling, the Supreme Court returned the case to the lower courts, which ultimately gave the Louisiana legislature the chance to draw a map with a second majority-Black district. And, in January 2024, the Legislature responded by adopting a new VRA-compliant map. LDF represented the Robinson plaintiffs in the Supreme Court and lower courts.
 * 2024: Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP, on January 6, 2023, a three-judge district court ruled against the State of South Carolina’s 2021 congressional map and concluded that the map is an unconstitutional racial gerrymander and intentionally discriminatory in violation of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. The Supreme Court took the case up on direct appeal and heard oral arguments on October 11, 2023. LDF represented the plaintiffs at trial and presented oral argument on their behalf in the Supreme Court.

Prominent LDF alumni
A number of prominent attorneys have been affiliated with LDF over the years, including Barack Obama who was an LDF cooperating attorney. The following, non-exhaustive list of LDF alumni demonstrates the breadth of positions these attorneys have held or currently hold in public service, the government, academia, the private sector, and other areas.
 * Debo Adegbile, former acting President-Director Counsel for LDF (2012–2013), argued twice in the U.S. Supreme Court in defense of the constitutionality of the Voting Rights Act, and a current Commissioner for the United States Civil Rights Commission.
 * Derrick A. Bell Jr., the first tenured African-American Harvard Law School professor, professor at New York University School of Law, and preeminent Critical Race Theorist.
 * Victor Allen Bolden, a federal judge in the U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut.
 * Jacqueline A. Berrien, chair of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, appointed by President Obama and confirmed by the Senate on December 22, 2010. Immediately prior to her appointment, Ms. Berrien was the Director of Litigation and Associate Director-Counsel for LDF.
 * Jocelyn Benson is the Secretary of State of Michigan. She is also the former Dean of Wayne State University Law School. She was a summer legal intern at LDF.
 * Robert L. Carter, an assistant counsel at LDF until its 1956 separation from the NAACP, and an architect of Brown v. Board. After the separation, he replaced Thurgood Marshall as the General Counsel for the NAACP. He won numerous cases at the Supreme Court and was a federal judge on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
 * Julius L. Chambers, third director-counsel of LDF. He argued Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, which upheld the constitutionality of busing to achieve school desegregation.
 * Kristen Clarke, the Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division since 2021 and former President of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. She previously headed the Civil Rights bureau of the New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman.
 * U. W. Clemon, first African-American federal judge in Alabama, retired from the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama, and one of the first Black officials elected to the Alabama Senate in modern times.
 * William Thaddeus Coleman Jr., President emeritus of LDF's board and Secretary of Transportation in the administration of President Gerald Ford.
 * Drew S. Days, III, the first African-American Assistant Attorney General for the United States Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division and the United States Solicitor General from 1993 to 1996.
 * Marian Wright Edelman, founder of the Children's Defense Fund. During the Mississippi Freedom Summer she headed LDF's Jackson, Mississippi office and handled more than 120 cases.
 * Jean E. Fairfax, organizer, educator; creator of the division of legal information and community service and director of that division from 1965 to 1984
 * Jack Greenberg succeeded Thurgood Marshall and served as LDF's second director-counsel from 1961 to 1984. Greenberg began as an Assistant Counsel at LDF in 1949. He argued more than 40 of LDF's cases before the Supreme Court, including a portion of Brown v. Board. While he was director-counsel, LDF successfully defended the civil rights movement, ended "all deliberate speed" in desegregation the first employment discrimination lawsuits in the Supreme Court, and brought about a national moratorium on the death penalty. After leaving the LDF, Greenberg was a professor at Columbia Law School and the former Dean of Columbia College.
 * Lani Guinier, voting rights advocate and the first African-American woman tenured professor at Harvard Law.
 * Vanita Gupta, the Associate Attorney General of the United States since April 2021. She was formerly the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, and the Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General and acting head of the Civil Rights Division at the U.S. Department of Justice from October 2014 until January 2017.
 * Dale Ho, a federal judge on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
 * Eric Holder, the first African-American United States Attorney General. Holder was a member of LDF's Board of Directors and interned for LDF as a law student.
 * Elaine Jones, successfully argued Furman v. Georgia. LDF's fourth director-counsel and the first female director-counsel.
 * Pamela S. Karlan, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division at the U.S. Department of Justice since January 2021 and the Kenneth and Harle Montgomery Professor of Public Interest Law at Stanford Law School. She is frequently mentioned as a potential democratic appointee to the U.S. Supreme Court.
 * David E. Kendall, a partner at Williams & Connolly LLP, he represented President Bill Clinton during the President's impeachment proceedings. He is a former LDF staff attorney and currently a member of its board of directors.
 * Bill Lann Lee, the first Chinese-American Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division.
 * Thurgood Marshall, LDF founder and the first African-American Supreme Court Justice. Marshall left LDF in 1961 to become a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit before going on to become Solicitor General of the United States and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
 * Gabrielle Kirk McDonald, a former federal judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas and a former judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. McDonald was one of the first eleven judges elected by the United Nations to serve on the Yugoslav Tribunal and became its president between 1997 and 1999.
 * Natasha C. Merle, a federal judge for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.
 * Constance Baker Motley, the first African-American woman to be appointed a Federal Court Judge and the first to argue before the Supreme Court.
 * James Nabrit III was an LDF attorney from 1959–1989.
 * Dennis Parker, the executive director of the National Center for Law and Economic Justice. He formerly was the Chief of the Civil Rights Bureau in the office of the New York Attorney General and, prior to that, worked for over a dozen years at LDF.
 * Deval Patrick, the first African-American Governor of Massachusetts and only the second African American to be elected governor of any state.
 * Cornelia Pillard, a federal judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit.
 * Reince Priebus, served as White House Chief of Staff for President Donald Trump in 2017. He also served as the chairman of the Republican National Committee from 2011 to 2017. He interned for LDF as a law student.
 * Constance L. Rice, civil rights activist and founder of the Advancement Project.
 * Spottswood William Robinson III, the first African-American appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
 * Theodore Shaw, Julius L. Chambers Distinguished Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Civil Rights at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Professor Shaw served as the fifth president and director-counsel.
 * Christina Swarns, the Executive Director of the Innocence Project. She previously served as the director of litigation for LDF and, in that role argued and won Buck v. Davis in the U.S. Supreme Court. She is one of the few African-American women to have ever argued a case in the Supreme Court.
 * Holly A. Thomas, a federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
 * Maya Wiley, an MSNBC Legal Analyst, civil rights activist, lawyer, and 2021 mayoral candidate for New York City and the Henry Cohen Professor of Urban Policy and Management at The New School. Wiley is also the former board chair of the New York City Civilian Complaint Review Board, and former counsel to the Mayor of New York City, Bill de Blasio.


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Clayton Ruby

Clayton Charles Ruby (6 February 1942 – 2 August 2022)  was a Canadian lawyer and activist, specializing in constitutional and criminal law and civil rights.

Early life and education
Ruby was born in Toronto, Ontario, to Marie (Bochner) and Toronto property developer and publisher Louis W. Ruby. Ruby received a Bachelor of Arts degree from York University in 1963. He earned a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Toronto in 1969, and was called to the bar in 1969.

In 1971, Ruby was the defense counsel for Brian Dodge, one of the prisoners charged with kidnaping for taking six prison guards hostage during the Kingston Penitentiary riot. Ruby told the courtroom in his defense of his client on 17 August 1971: "The motive was different from the ordinary run-of-the-mill event. It was not for profit or for escape, but to try to better the prison system they lived in". Later in 1971, Ruby was one of the defense counsel at the trial of the "Kingston 13" charged with a torture-murder session during the Kingston Penitentiary riot again defending Dodge. About the secret meetings chaired by Justice William Henderson that ended the trial with plea bargains for the accused, Ruby told the media: "I'm rather amazed that anyone should find what occurred at the Kingston trial to be in any way improper or unusal". In 1973, he earned a Master of Laws from the University of California, Berkeley.

Career
From 1976 to 2008 Ruby was a partner with the law firm of Ruby & Edwardh with Marlys Edwardh. After 2007, he was a partner with the law firm of Ruby Shiller Chan Hasan in Toronto, Ontario.

In 1991, Ruby was part of the legal team used by the Church of Scientology to defend itself and nine of its members who were on trial for stealing documents concerning Scientology from the Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General, the Canadian Mental Health Association, two police forces and other institutions. The case stemmed from a surprise raid of the Church of Scientology's Toronto headquarters in 1983 by more than a hundred policemen who seized an estimated 250,000 documents over the course of two days. Legal maneuvers used by Ruby delayed the case for many years and he later unsuccessfully attempted to get the case dismissed because of "unreasonable delay." On 25 June 1992, seven church members were convicted for operations against the Ontario Provincial Police, the Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). The Church of Scientology itself was convicted on two counts of breach of the public trust (infiltration of the offices of the Ontario Provincial Police and the Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General) and was ordered to pay a $250,000 fine.

In 2006, Ruby was made a Member of the Order of Canada.

In late 2005, Ruby became the acting Treasurer, or elected head, of the Law Society of Upper Canada, the body responsible for regulating Ontario's legal profession. On 23 February 2006, however, Ruby was defeated in a special election and ceased to be Treasurer.

In 2012, Ruby represented a plaintiff who attempted to oust Mayor Rob Ford of Toronto in a high-profile conflict of interest case, which the plaintiff and Ruby won. The mayor subsequently launched an appeal. On 25 January 2012, Ford won the appeal and remained in office.

In 2013, Ruby successfully argued for the former Ontario Deputy Minister of Education Ben Levin's release on $100,000 bail. Ruby told reporters "(Ben Levin) is a man who has made enormous contributions to the educational system in this province, and indeed with changes that have been copied around the world, And I intend to work very hard to see that he shall be innocent." Ben Levin was charged with one count of making child pornography, one count of counselling to commit an indictable offence, 2 counts of distributing child pornography and agreeing to, or arranging, a sexual offence against a child under 16. Levin was eventually sentenced to three years in prison on the aforementioned charges.

Personal life
Clayton Ruby's father, Louis Ruby, was publisher of Flash Weekly, a crusading Toronto tabloid and scandal sheet that ran from the late 1930s until the 1970s. Ruby was married to Madam Justice Harriet Sachs of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice. They have two daughters, Emma Ruby-Sachs and Kate J. Best (née Ruby-Sachs). Ruby died August 2, 2022, at the age of 80 from complications from heart surgery.

Clients
Ruby's high-profile clients included:

 * Ben Levin
 * Adbusters
 * Dwayne Karlton Armstrong
 * The Church of Scientology
 * Atif Rafay and Glen Sebastian Burns
 * Abdurahman Khadr
 * Svend Robinson
 * Guy Paul Morin
 * A group of four people challenging Ontario's Adoption Information Disclosure Act
 * The Banned Aid Coalition
 * Charlie Veitch
 * Faith Goldy

title: Clayton Ruby


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Talk:SKY Perfect

This could become a legitimate article. I disagree with its speedy deletion. Chris 18:06, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Me too. I have expanded it to a reasonable stub level. I removed the vfd banner all-together, I hope you don't mind. I hope a Japanese editor will expand the entry, since I could only write what I could gather from scarce English-language resources. — David Remahl 18:27, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Not except that I was in the process of listing it on VFD! LOL.  Anyway, I will clean up.  Thanks for the expansion.  Chris 18:31, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:SKY Perfect


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Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile

The Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile (GOSIP) was a specification that profiled open networking products for procurement by governments in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Timeline

 * 1988 - GOSIP: Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile published by CCTA, an agency of UK government
 * 1988 - UK's CCTA commences work with France and West Germany on European Procurement Handbook (EPHOS)
 * 1990 - The US specification requiring Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocols was first published as Federal Information Processing Standards document FIPS 146-1. The requirement for US Government vendors to demonstrate their support for this profile led them to join the formal interoperability and conformance testing for networking products, which had been done by industry professionals at the annual InterOp show since 1980.
 * 1990 - Publication of European Procurement Handbook (EPHOS), intended to be a European GOSIP
 * 1991 - 4th and final version of UK GOSIP released
 * 1993 - Australia and New Zealand GOSIP Version 3 - 1993 Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile
 * 1995 - FIPS 146-2 allowed "...other specifications based on open, voluntary standards such as those cited in paragraph 3 ("...such as those developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)... and the International Telecommunications Union, Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU–T))"

In practice, from 1995 interest in OSI implementations declined, and worldwide the deployment of standards-based networking services since have been predominantly based on the Internet protocol suite. However, the Defense Messaging System continued to be based on the OSI protocols X.400 and X.500, due to their integrated security capabilities.


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Robert d'Aguiló

Robert d'Aguiló (c. 1100 – c. 1159), also known as Robert Bordet, was a Norman knight who moved from Normandy to Catalonia in the early 12th century. He was a native of Cullei (modern Rabodanges in Orne, France), as reported by Orderic Vitalis, and his name d'Aguiló is a catalanized form of "d'Aculley" or "de Culley" that he adopted after marrying the daughter of a Catalan noble.

In 1124 Robert became governor of the newly conquered territory of Tudela and held that post for the next two years. Three years after his term office, on 14 March 1129, he was ceded secular authority in the district of Tarragona by Olegarius, Bishop of Barcelona, with the title of "Prince of Tarragona" (princeps Tarraconensis), effectively the archiepiscopate's vidame or defensor (defender, advocate). His position in Tarragona he maintained until 1153.

On 24 January 1150 Robert granted the lordship of Riudoms to Arnau de Palomar. In 1149 Robert granted a charter to the city of Tarragona, and appointed one Guillem (William) as lord of the city, but Guillem was forced to resign in 1157. This occurred after he attempted to transfer his rights in the city to the Count of Barcelona but Robert rejected the agreement. On 29 April 1157 the lordship of Reus was granted by Robert to the Church of Tarragona but it was transferred to Bertran de Castellet less than two months later on 3 June. Two years later (1159) an ephemeral agreement between the count, the bishop, and Robert was reached.

Robert was married to Agnes Sibylla (died 1170), and had four sons by her: Guillem (William, died 1168), Robert, Ricard (Richard), and Berenguer (Berengar, who in conjunction with Robert, assassinated Bishop Hug de Cervelló in 1171).

title: Robert d'Aguiló


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Spark chamber

A spark chamber is a particle detector: a device used in particle physics for detecting electrically charged particles. They were most widely used as research tools from the 1930s to the 1960s and have since been superseded by other technologies such as drift chambers and silicon detectors. Today, working spark chambers are mostly found in science museums and educational organisations, where they are used to demonstrate aspects of particle physics and astrophysics.

Spark chambers consist of a stack of metal plates placed in a sealed box filled with a gas such as helium, neon or a mixture of the two. When a charged particle from a cosmic ray travels through the box, it ionises the gas between the plates. Ordinarily this ionisation would remain invisible. However, if a high enough voltage can be applied between each adjacent pair of plates before that ionisation disappears, then sparks can be made to form along the trajectory taken by the ray, and the cosmic ray in effect becomes visible as a line of sparks. In order to control when this voltage is applied, a separate detector (often containing a pair of scintillators placed above and below the box) is needed. When this trigger senses that a cosmic ray has just passed, it fires a fast switch to connect the high voltage to the plates. The high voltage cannot be connected to the plates permanently, as this would lead to arc formation and continuous discharging.

As research devices, spark chamber detectors have lower resolution than bubble chamber detectors. However they can be made highly selective with the help of auxiliary detectors, making them useful in searching for very rare events.

Related devices

A streamer chamber is a type of detector closely related to the spark chamber. In a spark chamber one looks at a stack of parallel plates edge-on. For this reason, best viewing is afforded when the particle comes in perpendicularly to the plates. A streamer chamber, in contrast, typically has only two plates, at least one of which is transparent (e.g. wire mesh or a conductive glass). Particles come in roughly parallel to the plane of these plates. A much shorter high-voltage pulse is used than with a spark chamber, so there is insufficient time for sparks to form. Instead very dim streamers of ionised gas are formed. These can be seen when image enhancement is applied.

title: Spark chamber


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Sher

Sher may refer to:

Title

 * Sher-e-Mysore (Lion of Mysore), a popular title of Tipu Sultan of the Mysore Sultanate
 * Sher-e-Punjab (disambiguation)
 * Sher-e-Punjab (Lion of Punjab), a popular title of Ranjit Singh of the Sikh Empire
 * Sher-e-Punjab (Lion of Punjab), Lala Lajpat Rai, an Indian independence activist
 * Sher-e-Bangla (Lion of Bengal), a popular title of the 20th century Bengali statesman A. K. Fazlul Huq
 * Sher-e-Delhi (Lion of Delhi), a popular title of 20th-century Indian statesman Chaudhary Brahm Prakash
 * Sher-e-Hindustan (disambiguation)

Surname

 * Avner Sher (born 1951), Israeli architect and artist
 * Antony Sher (1949–2021), British actor
 * Barbara Sher (1935–2020), career/lifestyle coach, and author
 * Bartlett Sher (born 1959), American theatre director
 * Byron Sher (born 1928), American Democratic politician
 * Eden Sher (born 1991), American television actor
 * George Sher, American professor
 * Gila Sher, Israeli professor
 * Gilead Sher (born 1953), Israeli attorney
 * Izzy Sher (1912–1999), Jewish-American sculptor
 * Jack Sher (1913–1988), American director and writer
 * Julian Sher, Canadian journalist
 * Lawrence Sher (born 1970), American cinematographer
 * Neal Sher, American lawyer
 * Richard Sher (disambiguation)
 * Stacey Sher (born 1962), American film producer
 * Tamara Sher (born 1962), American psychologist
 * Zaheer Sher (born 1975), English cricketer, also known by his nickname, Bobby

Given name

 * Ali Sher (disambiguation)
 * Sher Ahmad Khan (died 1861), Pashtun chief
 * Sher Ahmed Khan (1902–1972), Kashmiri guerrilla commander
 * Sher Ali (disambiguation)
 * Sher Alam Ibrahimi (born 1955), Afghan governor and military commander
 * Sher Bahadur Deuba (born 1946), Nepalese politician and former Prime Minister
 * Sher Bahadur Kunwor, Nepalese politician
 * Sher Bahadur Singh (died 2020), Indian politician
 * Sher Bahadur Thapa (1921–1944), Nepalese army officer in the British Indian Army
 * Sher Jung Thapa (1907–1999), Gurkha military officer
 * Sher Lama (born 1973), Hong Kong cricketer
 * Sher Malang, Afghan governor of Nimruz Province, Afghanistan under the Taliban government
 * Sher Mian Dad (born 1968), Pakistani folk singer
 * Sher Mohammed (disambiguation)
 * Sher Muhammad, a Khan of Moghlistan from 1421 to 1425
 * Sher Shah Suri (1486–1545), king of the Sur Empire in India
 * Sher Singh (1807–1843), Sikh ruler of the sovereign country of Punjab and the Sikh Empire
 * Sher Singh Attariwalla (died 1858), 19th century Sikh military commander
 * Sher Singh Ghubaya (born 1962), Indian politician
 * Sher Singh Rana, Indian criminal
 * Sher Valenzuela, American political candidate
 * Sher Ali Bacha (1935–1998), Pashtun revolutionary leader
 * Sher Zaman Taizi (1931–2009), Pashtun journalist

Other uses

 * Sher (film), a 2015 Indian film
 * Sher (poem), the common word for couplet in Persian and Urdu
 * Sher (dance), a form of dance in Eastern European folk music, notably Russian and Klezmer music

title: Sher


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Samuel Henry Strong

Sir Samuel Henry Strong (August 13, 1825 – August 31, 1909) was a lawyer and the third Chief Justice of Canada.

Life
Strong was born in Poole, England, to Samuel Spratt Strong and Jane Elizabeth Gosse. He emigrated to Upper Canada with his family in 1836, settling in Bytown (later known as Ottawa). He studied law in the office of local Ottawa lawyer Augustus Keefer. He was called to the bar in 1849 and established his practice in Toronto. He was elected a bencher of the Law Society of Upper Canada in 1860 and was made a QC in 1863. In 1869, Strong was appointed vice-chancellor of the Court of Chancery of Ontario. In 1874 he was appointed to the Ontario Court of Error and Appeal.

Following Confederation he advised Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald on the establishment of the Supreme Court of Canada. He was named to the new court when it was created in 1875. He became Chief Justice in 1892 serving until his retirement in 1902, by which time he was the last of the original justices remaining. He died in 1909 at the age of 84 and was buried in Ottawa's Beechwood Cemetery.

title: Samuel Henry Strong