text:
2001 Alberta general election

The 2001 Alberta general election was held on March 12, 2001 to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta.

The incumbent Alberta Progressive Conservative Party, led by Ralph Klein, won a strong majority for its tenth consecutive term in government. In addition to increasing its share of the popular vote to almost 62%, the PC Party won a majority of seats in Edmonton for the first time since 1982. In the process, they reduced the opposition to only nine MLAs in total. It was the Tories' biggest majority since the height of the Peter Lougheed era.

The Liberal Party lost 11 seats and ran up a large debt. Its leader, Nancy MacBeth, was defeated in her riding.

The New Democratic Party, led by Raj Pannu, hoped to make gains at the expense of the Liberals in Edmonton and replace them as the official opposition. This did not materialize, but the party did manage to maintain its share of the popular vote and held onto their two seats in the legislature. The NDP attempted to attract young voters with the slogan, "Raj against the Machine".

The right-wing Alberta First Party, contesting its first election, failed to win any seats or come close to winning any. The Social Credit Party, led by James Albers, was unable to build on its moderate success in the 1997 election, and sank back into obscurity. Socred leader Lavern Ahlstrom, however, performed well in Rocky Mountain House and finished second behind the incumbent Ty Lund.

Results
Overall voter turnout was 53.38%.

Notes:

* Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.

x - less than 0.005% of the popular vote.

Results by riding

 * Airdrie-Rocky View|||
 * Carol Louise Haley 13,195 79.79%
 * Carol L'Abbee 2,043 12.35%
 * Christopher Hill 592 3.58%
 * Tom Humble (Ind.) 683 4.13%|||
 * Carol Louise Haley
 * Athabasca-Wabasca|||
 * Mike Cardinal 4,238 66.62%
 * Al Wurfel 1,264 19.87%
 * Colin Piquette 606 9.53%
 * David Klassen (SoCred) 153 2.41% Ian Hopfe (Green) 94 1.48%
 * Mike Cardinal
 * Banff-Cochrane|||
 * Janis Tarchuk 9,418 69.94%
 * Norman Kent 2,147 15.95%
 * Cathy Harrop 1,311 9.74%
 * Cory Morgan (Ind.) 538 4.00%|||
 * Janis Tarchuk
 * Barrhead-Westlock
 * Kenneth R. Kowalski 7,183 69.06%
 * Laurie Hodge 1,259 12.10%
 * Suzanne Forbes 569 5.47%
 * Jeff Willerton (SoCred) 1352 13.00%|||
 * Kenneth R. Kowalski
 * Bonnyville-Cold Lake|||
 * Denis Ducharme 5,641 70.37%
 * Ronald Young 1,755 21.89%
 * Ellen Ulfsten 313 3.90%
 * James William Skretteberg (Ind.) 275 3.43%|||
 * Denis Ducharme
 * Calgary-Bow|||
 * Alana S. DeLong 8,274 63.82%
 * Kelly McDonnell 3,230 24.91%
 * Jeff Bayliss 858 6.62%
 * Margaret (Peggy) Askin (Ind.) 184 1.42% Jan Triska (Green) 394
 * Bonnie Laing
 * Calgary-Buffalo|||
 * Harvey Cenaiko 5,582 53.92%
 * Brian Edy 4,135 39.94%
 * Neil McKinnon 473 4.57%
 * Dave Schwartz (SoCred) 113 1.09%|||
 * Gary Dickson
 * Calgary-Cross|||
 * Yvonne Fritz 6,816 74.67%
 * Keith Jones 1,836 20.11%
 * Ramiro Mora 441 4.83%
 * Yvonne Fritz
 * Calgary-Currie|||
 * Jon Lord 6,922 61.75%
 * Pat Murray 2,667 23.79%
 * Garth Mundle 1,114 9.94%
 * J. Bruce Miller (Ind.) 434 3.87%|||
 * Jocelyn Burgener
 * Calgary-East|||
 * Moe Amery 6,038 70.32%
 * Brendan Dunphy 2,010 23.41%
 * Giorgio Cattabeni 328 3.82%
 * Alan Schoonover (Ind.) 109 1.27% Jason Devine (Comm.) 41
 * Moe Amery
 * Calgary-Egmont|||
 * Denis Herard 10,338 74.08%
 * Wayne Lenhardt 2,613 18.72%
 * Shawn Christie 567 4.06%
 * Bradley R. Lang (Ind.) 399 2.86%|||
 * Denis Herard
 * Calgary-Elbow|||
 * Ralph Klein 10,213 66.68%
 * Harold Swanson 4,533 29.59%
 * Mathew Zachariah 369 2.41%
 * Monier Rahall (Ind.) 166 1.08%|||
 * Ralph Klein
 * Calgary-Fish Creek|||
 * Heather Forsyth 9,716 74.39%
 * Marc Doll 2,853 21.84%
 * Ryan Todd 465 3.56%
 * Heather Forsyth
 * Calgary-Foothills|||
 * Pat Nelson 12,070 67.21%
 * Harry B. Chase 5,051 28.13%
 * Jon Adams 784 4.37%
 * Patricia Black
 * Calgary-Fort|||
 * Wayne Cao 6,740 68.29%
 * Brian Huskins 2,004 20.30%
 * Vinay Dey 501 5.08%
 * Raymond (Chick) Hurst (SoCred) 160 1.62% Michael Alvarez-Toye (Green) 121 1.23% Metro Peter Demchynski (Ind.) 102 1.04% Brian Slater (Ind.) 100 1.02% Wyatt McIntyre (Ab. First) 99 1.00%
 * Wayne Cao
 * Calgary-Glenmore|||
 * Ron Stevens 9,678 67.51%
 * Michael Broadhurst 3,708 25.86%
 * Jennifer Stewart 441 3.08%
 * James S. Kohut (Green) 467 3.27%
 * Ron Stevens
 * Calgary-Lougheed|||
 * Marlene Graham 8,952 73.95%
 * Pete Montgomery 2,538 20.97%
 * Marc Power 577 4.77%
 * Marlene Graham
 * Calgary-McCall|||
 * Shiraz Shariff 6,558 69.94%
 * John Phillips 2,082 22.20%
 * Preet Sihota 449 4.79%
 * Darryl Elvers (Ab. First) 139 1.48% Rory M. Cory (SoCred) 121 1.29%|||
 * Shiraz Shariff
 * Calgary-Montrose|||
 * Hung Pham 6,329 70.35%
 * Art Danielson 2,093 23.27%
 * Robert Scobel 543 6.04%
 * Hung Pham
 * Calgary-Mountain View|||
 * Mark Hlady 6,462 60.23%
 * Jennifer Spencer 2,610 24.33%
 * Keith Purdy 1,637 15.26%
 * Mark Hlady
 * Calgary-North Hill|||
 * Richard Charles Magnus 7,034 63.60%
 * Darryl G. Hawkins 2,529 22.87%
 * Christine McGregor 1,067 9.65%
 * Darcy Kraus (Ab. First) 404 3.65%|||
 * Richard Charles Magnus
 * Calgary-North West|||
 * Greg Melchin 15,292 71.38%
 * Paul Allard 4,971 23.21%
 * Patricia Alward 828 3.87%
 * Douglas A. Picken (SoCred) 299 1.40%|||
 * Greg Melchin
 * Calgary-Nose Creek|||
 * Gary Mar 11,997 74.58%
 * Peter Willott 3,263 20.28%
 * Eileen Nesbitt 776 4.82%
 * Gary Mar
 * Calgary-Shaw|||
 * Cindy Ady 20,306 80.60%
 * Jim McPherson 3,595 14.27%
 * Ryan Falkenberg 729 2.89%
 * Peter Singleton (Ab. First) 222 0.88% Kevin Agar (Ind.) 153>br/>0.61% Darren Popik (Ind.) 151 0.60%
 * Jonathan Niles Havelock
 * Calgary-Varsity|||
 * Murray D. Smith 8,173 59.14%
 * Carrol Jaques 3,938 28.49%
 * Susan Scott 1,309 9.47%
 * Tavis Du Preez (Green)334 2.90%
 * Murray D. Smith
 * Calgary-West|||
 * Karen Kryczka 12,866 72.92%
 * Lorne B. Neudorf 3,459 19.60%
 * Greg Klassen 1,263 7.16%
 * Karen Kryczka
 * Cardston-Taber-Warner|||
 * Broyce G. Jacobs 5,256 53.58%
 * Ron Hancock 1,747 17.81%
 * Suzanne Sirias 240 2.45%
 * John Reil (Ab. First) 2557 26.07%|||
 * Ron Hierath
 * Clover Bar-Fort Saskatchewan|||
 * Rob Lougheed 9,674 62.59%
 * W.H. (Skip) Gordon 4,606 29.80%
 * Merrill Stewart 1,142 7.39%
 * Rob Lougheed
 * Cypress-Medicine Hat|||
 * Lorne Taylor 7,222 72.71%
 * Beverley Britton Clarke 2,074 20.88%
 * Cliff Anten 598 6.02%
 * Lorne Taylor
 * Drayton Valley-Calmar|||
 * Tony Abbott 7,673 68.29%
 * Roger Coles 2,229 19.84%
 * Mark Patty 588 5.23%
 * Roger Stefura (Ind.) 729 6.49%|||
 * Tom Thurber
 * Drumheller-Chinook|||
 * Shirley McClellan 6,684 72.77%
 * Greg Pyra 0,921 10.03%
 * Gerry Hamilton 546 5.94%
 * Eileen Walker (Ind.) 819 8.92% Peter Smits (SoCred) 184 2.00%|||
 * Shirley McClellan
 * Dunvegan|||
 * Hector G. Goudreau 5,857 67.02%
 * Bruce Rutley 1,888 21.60%
 * Yvonne Sinkevich 508 5.81%
 * Ron (Earl) Miller (Ind.) 248 2.85% Fred Euler (Ind.) 208 2.39%
 * Glen Clegg
 * Edmonton-Beverly-Clareview|||
 * Julius E. Yankowsky 4,732 45.61%
 * Bauni Mackay 3,290 31.71%
 * Elisabeth Ballermann 1,985 19.13%
 * Ken Shipka (Ind.)>br/>211 2.04% Teo Zanetic (Ab. First) 92 0.89% Tanya Gill (Ind.) 56 0.54%
 * Julius E. Yankowsky
 * Edmonton-Calder|||
 * Brent Rathgeber 5,128 41.90%
 * Lance D. White 4,654 38.03%
 * Christine Burdett 2,432 19.87%
 * Lance D. White
 * Edmonton-Castle Downs|||
 * Thomas A. Lukaszuk 5,971 51.03%
 * Boris Yaremko 4,479 38.28%
 * Michael Charrois 1,235 10.56%
 * Pamela Paul
 * Edmonton-Centre
 * Don J. Weideman 4,446 38.16%|||
 * Laurie Blakeman 5,095 43.73%
 * David Eggen 1,959 16.82%
 * Naomi J. Rankin (Comm.) 76 0.66%
 * Laurie Blakeman
 * Edmonton-Ellerslie
 * Sukhi Randhawa 4,209 41.95%|||
 * Debby Carlson 4,481 44.66%
 * Deborah Morrison 1,299 12.95%
 * Debby Carlson
 * Edmonton-Glengarry
 * Andrew Beniuk 4,715 44.85%|||
 * Bill Bonner 4,784 45.51%
 * Shane Watt 1,004 9.55%
 * Bill Bonner
 * Edmonton-Glenora|||
 * Drew Hutton 5,515 45.57%
 * Howard Sapers 5,328 44.03%
 * Guy Desrosiers 1,232 10.18%
 * Howard Sapers
 * Edmonton-Gold Bar
 * David Fletcher 5,981 39.85%|||
 * Hugh MacDonald 7,654 51.00%
 * Peter Cross 1,159 7.72%
 * Margaret Marean (Green) 193 1.29%
 * Hugh MacDonald
 * Edmonton-Highlands
 * Robert Bilida 3,477 34.51%
 * Kim Cassady 1,921 19.07%|||
 * Brian Mason 4,641 46.07%
 * Brian Mason
 * Edmonton-Manning|||
 * Tony Vandermeer 5,903 45.44%
 * Ed Gibbons 5,523 42.51%
 * Hana Razga 1,538 11.84%
 * Ed Gibbons
 * Edmonton-McClung|||
 * Mark P. Norris 6,976 50.41%
 * Nancy J. MacBeth 5,920 42.78%
 * Lorne Dach 804 5.81%
 * Patrick D. Ellis (Ind.) 133 0.96%|||
 * Nancy J. MacBeth
 * Edmonton-Meadowlark|||
 * Bob Maskell 6,108 48.50%
 * Karen Leibovici 5,674 45.06%
 * Mike Hudema 636 5.05%
 * Peggy Morton (Ind.) 144 1.14%|||
 * Karen Leibovici
 * Edmonton-Mill Creek|||
 * Gene Zwozdesky 8,085 55.51%
 * Bharat Agnihotri 4,229 29.04%
 * Edwin Villania 1,893 13.00%
 * Kyle Harvey (Ab. First) 220 1.51% Harlan Light (Green) 97 0.67%
 * Gene Zwozdesky
 * Edmonton-Mill Woods
 * Carl Benito 4,402 43.69%|||
 * Don Massey 4,920 48.83%
 * Mel H. Buffalo 725 7.20%
 * Don Massey
 * Edmonton-Norwood|||
 * Gary Masyk 3,304 38.06%
 * Brian Bechtel 3,164 36.45%
 * Harvey Voogd 2,196 25.30%
 * Sue Olsen
 * Edmonton-Riverview
 * Wendy Kinsella 5,883 39.29%|||
 * Kevin Taft 7,420 49.55%
 * Doug McLachlan 1,469 9.81%
 * Jerry Paschen (Green) 165 1.10%
 * Linda Sloan
 * Edmonton-Rutherford|||
 * Ian McClelland 6,173 48.08%
 * Rick Miller 5,558 43.29%
 * Shane MacDonald 1,071 8.34%
 * Percy Wickman
 * Edmonton-Strathcona
 * John Logan 4,749 34.27%
 * Jim Jacuta 1,944 14.03%|||
 * Raj Pannu 6,998 50.50%
 * James Lakinn (Ab. First) 136 0.98%|||
 * Raj Pannu
 * Edmonton-Whitemud|||
 * David Hancock 10,884 58.45%
 * Bruce King 6,503 34.92%
 * Katie Oppen Benschop 1,178 6.33%
 * David Hancock
 * Fort McMurray|||
 * Guy C. Boutilier 5,914 64.36%
 * John S. Vyboh 1,759 19.14%
 * Lyn Gorman 1,498 16.30%
 * Guy C. Boutilier
 * Grande Prairie-Smoky|||
 * Mel Knight 6,241 67.51%
 * Barry Robinson 1,777 19.22%
 * Leon R. Pendleton 842 9.11%
 * Dennis Young (Ind.) 380 4.11%|||
 * Walter Paszkowski
 * Grande Prairie-Wapiti|||
 * Gordon J. Graydon 5,674 65.40%
 * Ray Stitsen 1,489 17.16%
 * Elroy Deimert 819 9.44%
 * Ivo Noga (SoCred) 432 4.98% Terry Dueck (Ind.) 136 Robert Weberg (Ind.) 112 1.29%
 * Wayne Jacques
 * Highwood|||
 * Don Tannas 13,321 79.71%
 * Leonard Borowski 2,000 11.97%
 * Gunhild Hoogensen 773 4.63%
 * Julie Walker (Green) 581 3.48%
 * Don Tannas
 * Innisfail-Sylvan Lake|||
 * Luke Ouellette 9,725 74.40%
 * Garth E. Davis 2,652 20.29%
 * Eileen Clancy Teslenko 651 4.98%
 * Gary Severtson
 * Lac La Biche-St. Paul|||
 * Ray Danyluk 5,335 59.92%
 * Vital Ouellette 3,195 35.88%
 * John Williams 356 4.00%
 * Paul Langevin
 * Lacombe-Stettler|||
 * Judy Gordon 8,221 70.00%
 * Doug McDavid 2,500 21.29%
 * Lorenzo Fiorito 455 3.87%
 * Douglas R. Chitwood (Ind.) 554 4.72%|||
 * Judy Gordon
 * Leduc|||
 * Albert Klapstein 9,235 66.69%
 * Joyce Assen 3,575 25.82%
 * Leilani O'Malley 957 6.91%
 * Albert Klapstein
 * Lesser Slave Lake|||
 * Pearl M. Calahasen 4,766 73.80%
 * Rick Noel 1,429 22.13%
 * Doris Bannister 232 3.59%
 * Pearl M. Calahasen
 * Lethbridge-East
 * Ron Carroll 4,704 36.87%|||
 * Ken Nicol 6,939 54.39%
 * Gaye Metz 542 4.25%
 * Mark Ogden (Ab. First) 554 4.34%|||
 * Ken Nicol
 * Lethbridge-West|||
 * Clint Dunford 6,685 47.97%
 * Leslie Vaala 5,496 39.43%
 * Mark Sandilands 1,062 7.62%
 * Brian Stewart (Ab. First) 662 4.75%|||
 * Clint Dunford
 * Little Bow|||
 * Barry McFarland 6,881 64.70%
 * Arij Langstraat 2,534 23.82%
 * Andrea Enes 319 3.00%
 * Jon Koch (Ind.) 885 8.32%|||
 * Barry McFarland
 * Livingstone-Macleod|||
 * David Coutts 6,340 60.47%
 * Ernie Patterson 3,035 28.95%
 * James Tweedie 553 5.27%
 * Larry Lybbert (Ab. First) 519 4.95%|||
 * David Coutts
 * Medicine Hat|||
 * Rob Renner 8,109 61.80%
 * Karen Charlton 4,166 31.75%
 * Luke Lacasse 787 6.00%
 * Rob Renner
 * Olds-Didsbury-Three Hills|||
 * Richard Marz 10,553 80.51%
 * Gayleen Roelfsema 1,663 12.69%
 * Brenda L. Dyck 383 2.92%
 * Nicholas Semmler (SoCred) 460 3.51%|||
 * Richard Marz
 * Peace River|||
 * Gary Friedel 3,782 64.29%
 * Susan Callihoo 1,544 26.25%
 * Steve Crocker 338 5.75%
 * John Iftody (Ab. First) 206 3.50%|||
 * Gary Friedel
 * Ponoka-Rimbey|||
 * Halvar C. Jonson 6,797 71.87%
 * Tim Falkiner 1,296 13.70%
 * Linda Roth 574 6.07%
 * Charles Park (Ind.) 764 8.08%|||
 * Halvar C. Jonson
 * Red Deer-North|||
 * Mary Anne Jablonski 5,025 57.04%
 * Norm McDougall 3,110 35.30%
 * Jim Guthrie 309 3.51%
 * Patti Argent (Ab. First) 356 4.04%|||
 * Mary Anne Jablonski
 * Red Deer-South|||
 * Victor Doerksen 7,684 59.93%
 * Garfield Marks 3,927 30.63%
 * Erika Bullwinkle 512 3.99%
 * Bob Argent (Ab. First) 459 3.58% Ryan Lamarche (Ind.) 203 1.58%
 * Victor Doerksen
 * Redwater|||
 * Dave Broda 7,319 58.14%
 * Andrew Raczynski 3,924 31.17%
 * Mike Radojcic 658 5.23%
 * Tony Ollenberger (Ab. First) 647 5.14%|||
 * Dave Broda
 * Rocky Mountain House|||
 * Ty Lund 7,820 70.27%
 * Wijnand Horemans 1,171 10.52%
 * Doug Mac Angus 408 3.67%
 * Lavern J. Ahlstrom (SoCred) 1705 15.32%|||
 * Ty Lund
 * Sherwood Park|||
 * Iris Evans 13,243 64.03%
 * Louise Rogers 5,787 27.98%
 * Chris Harwood 1,606 7.76%
 * Iris Evans
 * Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert|||
 * Doug Horner 8,010 55.23%
 * Colleen Soetaert 5,832 40.22%
 * Dale Apostal 616 4.25%
 * Colleen Soetaert
 * St. Albert|||
 * Mary O'Neill 9,537 52.50%
 * Len Bracko 7,479 41.17%
 * Michelle Mungall 1,122 6.18%
 * Mary O'Neill
 * Stony Plain|||
 * Stan Woloshyn 9,197 67.06%
 * Monika Cappis 3,228 23.54%
 * Stephen Lindop 1,261 9.19%
 * Stan Woloshyn
 * Strathmore-Brooks|||
 * Lyle Oberg 8,585 74.92%
 * Barry Morishita 1,774 15.48%
 * Don MacFarlane 290 2.53%
 * Christopher Sutherland (Ind.) 511 4.46% Rudy Martens (SoCred) 273 2.38%|||
 * Lyle Oberg
 * Vegreville-Viking|||
 * Ed Stelmach 7,191 60.63%
 * Ross Demkiw 3,391 28.59%
 * Greg Kurulok 1,243 10.48%
 * Ed Stelmach
 * Vermilion-Lloydminster|||
 * Lloyd Snelgrove 6,978 73.01%
 * David Tschorn 0,980 10.25%
 * Raymond Stone 976 10.21%
 * Grant West (Ab. First) 589 6.16%|||
 * Steve West
 * Wainwright|||
 * Robert A. (Butch) Fischer 6,910 63.53%
 * Ronald Williams 1,269 11.67%
 * Lilas I. Lysne 420 3.86%
 * Jerry D. Barber (Ab. First) 1,394 12.82% Jeff Newland (Ind.) 868 7.98%
 * Robert A. (Butch) Fischer
 * West Yellowhead|||
 * Ivan J. Strang 5,763 59.10%
 * Lyle Benson 3,180 32.61%
 * Noel Lapierre 801 8.21%
 * Ivan J. Strang
 * Wetaskiwin-Camrose|||
 * LeRoy Johnson 9,090 72.25%
 * Stewart Larkin 1,671 13.28%
 * Philip Penrod 1,420 11.29%
 * Ben Lussier (Ind.) 382 3.04%|||
 * LeRoy Johnson
 * Whitecourt-Ste. Anne|||
 * George VanderBurg 7,579 68.41%
 * Derril Butler 2,890 26.09%
 * Wade Franko 570 5.15%
 * Peter Trynchy
 * }
 * Carl Benito 4,402 43.69%|||
 * Don Massey 4,920 48.83%
 * Mel H. Buffalo 725 7.20%
 * Don Massey
 * Edmonton-Norwood|||
 * Gary Masyk 3,304 38.06%
 * Brian Bechtel 3,164 36.45%
 * Harvey Voogd 2,196 25.30%
 * Sue Olsen
 * Edmonton-Riverview
 * Wendy Kinsella 5,883 39.29%|||
 * Kevin Taft 7,420 49.55%
 * Doug McLachlan 1,469 9.81%
 * Jerry Paschen (Green) 165 1.10%
 * Linda Sloan
 * Edmonton-Rutherford|||
 * Ian McClelland 6,173 48.08%
 * Rick Miller 5,558 43.29%
 * Shane MacDonald 1,071 8.34%
 * Percy Wickman
 * Edmonton-Strathcona
 * John Logan 4,749 34.27%
 * Jim Jacuta 1,944 14.03%|||
 * Raj Pannu 6,998 50.50%
 * James Lakinn (Ab. First) 136 0.98%|||
 * Raj Pannu
 * Edmonton-Whitemud|||
 * David Hancock 10,884 58.45%
 * Bruce King 6,503 34.92%
 * Katie Oppen Benschop 1,178 6.33%
 * David Hancock
 * Fort McMurray|||
 * Guy C. Boutilier 5,914 64.36%
 * John S. Vyboh 1,759 19.14%
 * Lyn Gorman 1,498 16.30%
 * Guy C. Boutilier
 * Grande Prairie-Smoky|||
 * Mel Knight 6,241 67.51%
 * Barry Robinson 1,777 19.22%
 * Leon R. Pendleton 842 9.11%
 * Dennis Young (Ind.) 380 4.11%|||
 * Walter Paszkowski
 * Grande Prairie-Wapiti|||
 * Gordon J. Graydon 5,674 65.40%
 * Ray Stitsen 1,489 17.16%
 * Elroy Deimert 819 9.44%
 * Ivo Noga (SoCred) 432 4.98% Terry Dueck (Ind.) 136 Robert Weberg (Ind.) 112 1.29%
 * Wayne Jacques
 * Highwood|||
 * Don Tannas 13,321 79.71%
 * Leonard Borowski 2,000 11.97%
 * Gunhild Hoogensen 773 4.63%
 * Julie Walker (Green) 581 3.48%
 * Don Tannas
 * Innisfail-Sylvan Lake|||
 * Luke Ouellette 9,725 74.40%
 * Garth E. Davis 2,652 20.29%
 * Eileen Clancy Teslenko 651 4.98%
 * Gary Severtson
 * Lac La Biche-St. Paul|||
 * Ray Danyluk 5,335 59.92%
 * Vital Ouellette 3,195 35.88%
 * John Williams 356 4.00%
 * Paul Langevin
 * Lacombe-Stettler|||
 * Judy Gordon 8,221 70.00%
 * Doug McDavid 2,500 21.29%
 * Lorenzo Fiorito 455 3.87%
 * Douglas R. Chitwood (Ind.) 554 4.72%|||
 * Judy Gordon
 * Leduc|||
 * Albert Klapstein 9,235 66.69%
 * Joyce Assen 3,575 25.82%
 * Leilani O'Malley 957 6.91%
 * Albert Klapstein
 * Lesser Slave Lake|||
 * Pearl M. Calahasen 4,766 73.80%
 * Rick Noel 1,429 22.13%
 * Doris Bannister 232 3.59%
 * Pearl M. Calahasen
 * Lethbridge-East
 * Ron Carroll 4,704 36.87%|||
 * Ken Nicol 6,939 54.39%
 * Gaye Metz 542 4.25%
 * Mark Ogden (Ab. First) 554 4.34%|||
 * Ken Nicol
 * Lethbridge-West|||
 * Clint Dunford 6,685 47.97%
 * Leslie Vaala 5,496 39.43%
 * Mark Sandilands 1,062 7.62%
 * Brian Stewart (Ab. First) 662 4.75%|||
 * Clint Dunford
 * Little Bow|||
 * Barry McFarland 6,881 64.70%
 * Arij Langstraat 2,534 23.82%
 * Andrea Enes 319 3.00%
 * Jon Koch (Ind.) 885 8.32%|||
 * Barry McFarland
 * Livingstone-Macleod|||
 * David Coutts 6,340 60.47%
 * Ernie Patterson 3,035 28.95%
 * James Tweedie 553 5.27%
 * Larry Lybbert (Ab. First) 519 4.95%|||
 * David Coutts
 * Medicine Hat|||
 * Rob Renner 8,109 61.80%
 * Karen Charlton 4,166 31.75%
 * Luke Lacasse 787 6.00%
 * Rob Renner
 * Olds-Didsbury-Three Hills|||
 * Richard Marz 10,553 80.51%
 * Gayleen Roelfsema 1,663 12.69%
 * Brenda L. Dyck 383 2.92%
 * Nicholas Semmler (SoCred) 460 3.51%|||
 * Richard Marz
 * Peace River|||
 * Gary Friedel 3,782 64.29%
 * Susan Callihoo 1,544 26.25%
 * Steve Crocker 338 5.75%
 * John Iftody (Ab. First) 206 3.50%|||
 * Gary Friedel
 * Ponoka-Rimbey|||
 * Halvar C. Jonson 6,797 71.87%
 * Tim Falkiner 1,296 13.70%
 * Linda Roth 574 6.07%
 * Charles Park (Ind.) 764 8.08%|||
 * Halvar C. Jonson
 * Red Deer-North|||
 * Mary Anne Jablonski 5,025 57.04%
 * Norm McDougall 3,110 35.30%
 * Jim Guthrie 309 3.51%
 * Patti Argent (Ab. First) 356 4.04%|||
 * Mary Anne Jablonski
 * Red Deer-South|||
 * Victor Doerksen 7,684 59.93%
 * Garfield Marks 3,927 30.63%
 * Erika Bullwinkle 512 3.99%
 * Bob Argent (Ab. First) 459 3.58% Ryan Lamarche (Ind.) 203 1.58%
 * Victor Doerksen
 * Redwater|||
 * Dave Broda 7,319 58.14%
 * Andrew Raczynski 3,924 31.17%
 * Mike Radojcic 658 5.23%
 * Tony Ollenberger (Ab. First) 647 5.14%|||
 * Dave Broda
 * Rocky Mountain House|||
 * Ty Lund 7,820 70.27%
 * Wijnand Horemans 1,171 10.52%
 * Doug Mac Angus 408 3.67%
 * Lavern J. Ahlstrom (SoCred) 1705 15.32%|||
 * Ty Lund
 * Sherwood Park|||
 * Iris Evans 13,243 64.03%
 * Louise Rogers 5,787 27.98%
 * Chris Harwood 1,606 7.76%
 * Iris Evans
 * Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert|||
 * Doug Horner 8,010 55.23%
 * Colleen Soetaert 5,832 40.22%
 * Dale Apostal 616 4.25%
 * Colleen Soetaert
 * St. Albert|||
 * Mary O'Neill 9,537 52.50%
 * Len Bracko 7,479 41.17%
 * Michelle Mungall 1,122 6.18%
 * Mary O'Neill
 * Stony Plain|||
 * Stan Woloshyn 9,197 67.06%
 * Monika Cappis 3,228 23.54%
 * Stephen Lindop 1,261 9.19%
 * Stan Woloshyn
 * Strathmore-Brooks|||
 * Lyle Oberg 8,585 74.92%
 * Barry Morishita 1,774 15.48%
 * Don MacFarlane 290 2.53%
 * Christopher Sutherland (Ind.) 511 4.46% Rudy Martens (SoCred) 273 2.38%|||
 * Lyle Oberg
 * Vegreville-Viking|||
 * Ed Stelmach 7,191 60.63%
 * Ross Demkiw 3,391 28.59%
 * Greg Kurulok 1,243 10.48%
 * Ed Stelmach
 * Vermilion-Lloydminster|||
 * Lloyd Snelgrove 6,978 73.01%
 * David Tschorn 0,980 10.25%
 * Raymond Stone 976 10.21%
 * Grant West (Ab. First) 589 6.16%|||
 * Steve West
 * Wainwright|||
 * Robert A. (Butch) Fischer 6,910 63.53%
 * Ronald Williams 1,269 11.67%
 * Lilas I. Lysne 420 3.86%
 * Jerry D. Barber (Ab. First) 1,394 12.82% Jeff Newland (Ind.) 868 7.98%
 * Robert A. (Butch) Fischer
 * West Yellowhead|||
 * Ivan J. Strang 5,763 59.10%
 * Lyle Benson 3,180 32.61%
 * Noel Lapierre 801 8.21%
 * Ivan J. Strang
 * Wetaskiwin-Camrose|||
 * LeRoy Johnson 9,090 72.25%
 * Stewart Larkin 1,671 13.28%
 * Philip Penrod 1,420 11.29%
 * Ben Lussier (Ind.) 382 3.04%|||
 * LeRoy Johnson
 * Whitecourt-Ste. Anne|||
 * George VanderBurg 7,579 68.41%
 * Derril Butler 2,890 26.09%
 * Wade Franko 570 5.15%
 * Peter Trynchy
 * }
 * Peace River|||
 * Gary Friedel 3,782 64.29%
 * Susan Callihoo 1,544 26.25%
 * Steve Crocker 338 5.75%
 * John Iftody (Ab. First) 206 3.50%|||
 * Gary Friedel
 * Ponoka-Rimbey|||
 * Halvar C. Jonson 6,797 71.87%
 * Tim Falkiner 1,296 13.70%
 * Linda Roth 574 6.07%
 * Charles Park (Ind.) 764 8.08%|||
 * Halvar C. Jonson
 * Red Deer-North|||
 * Mary Anne Jablonski 5,025 57.04%
 * Norm McDougall 3,110 35.30%
 * Jim Guthrie 309 3.51%
 * Patti Argent (Ab. First) 356 4.04%|||
 * Mary Anne Jablonski
 * Red Deer-South|||
 * Victor Doerksen 7,684 59.93%
 * Garfield Marks 3,927 30.63%
 * Erika Bullwinkle 512 3.99%
 * Bob Argent (Ab. First) 459 3.58% Ryan Lamarche (Ind.) 203 1.58%
 * Victor Doerksen
 * Redwater|||
 * Dave Broda 7,319 58.14%
 * Andrew Raczynski 3,924 31.17%
 * Mike Radojcic 658 5.23%
 * Tony Ollenberger (Ab. First) 647 5.14%|||
 * Dave Broda
 * Rocky Mountain House|||
 * Ty Lund 7,820 70.27%
 * Wijnand Horemans 1,171 10.52%
 * Doug Mac Angus 408 3.67%
 * Lavern J. Ahlstrom (SoCred) 1705 15.32%|||
 * Ty Lund
 * Sherwood Park|||
 * Iris Evans 13,243 64.03%
 * Louise Rogers 5,787 27.98%
 * Chris Harwood 1,606 7.76%
 * Iris Evans
 * Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert|||
 * Doug Horner 8,010 55.23%
 * Colleen Soetaert 5,832 40.22%
 * Dale Apostal 616 4.25%
 * Colleen Soetaert
 * St. Albert|||
 * Mary O'Neill 9,537 52.50%
 * Len Bracko 7,479 41.17%
 * Michelle Mungall 1,122 6.18%
 * Mary O'Neill
 * Stony Plain|||
 * Stan Woloshyn 9,197 67.06%
 * Monika Cappis 3,228 23.54%
 * Stephen Lindop 1,261 9.19%
 * Stan Woloshyn
 * Strathmore-Brooks|||
 * Lyle Oberg 8,585 74.92%
 * Barry Morishita 1,774 15.48%
 * Don MacFarlane 290 2.53%
 * Christopher Sutherland (Ind.) 511 4.46% Rudy Martens (SoCred) 273 2.38%|||
 * Lyle Oberg
 * Vegreville-Viking|||
 * Ed Stelmach 7,191 60.63%
 * Ross Demkiw 3,391 28.59%
 * Greg Kurulok 1,243 10.48%
 * Ed Stelmach
 * Vermilion-Lloydminster|||
 * Lloyd Snelgrove 6,978 73.01%
 * David Tschorn 0,980 10.25%
 * Raymond Stone 976 10.21%
 * Grant West (Ab. First) 589 6.16%|||
 * Steve West
 * Wainwright|||
 * Robert A. (Butch) Fischer 6,910 63.53%
 * Ronald Williams 1,269 11.67%
 * Lilas I. Lysne 420 3.86%
 * Jerry D. Barber (Ab. First) 1,394 12.82% Jeff Newland (Ind.) 868 7.98%
 * Robert A. (Butch) Fischer
 * West Yellowhead|||
 * Ivan J. Strang 5,763 59.10%
 * Lyle Benson 3,180 32.61%
 * Noel Lapierre 801 8.21%
 * Ivan J. Strang
 * Wetaskiwin-Camrose|||
 * LeRoy Johnson 9,090 72.25%
 * Stewart Larkin 1,671 13.28%
 * Philip Penrod 1,420 11.29%
 * Ben Lussier (Ind.) 382 3.04%|||
 * LeRoy Johnson
 * Whitecourt-Ste. Anne|||
 * George VanderBurg 7,579 68.41%
 * Derril Butler 2,890 26.09%
 * Wade Franko 570 5.15%
 * Peter Trynchy
 * }
 * Stephen Lindop 1,261 9.19%
 * Stan Woloshyn
 * Strathmore-Brooks|||
 * Lyle Oberg 8,585 74.92%
 * Barry Morishita 1,774 15.48%
 * Don MacFarlane 290 2.53%
 * Christopher Sutherland (Ind.) 511 4.46% Rudy Martens (SoCred) 273 2.38%|||
 * Lyle Oberg
 * Vegreville-Viking|||
 * Ed Stelmach 7,191 60.63%
 * Ross Demkiw 3,391 28.59%
 * Greg Kurulok 1,243 10.48%
 * Ed Stelmach
 * Vermilion-Lloydminster|||
 * Lloyd Snelgrove 6,978 73.01%
 * David Tschorn 0,980 10.25%
 * Raymond Stone 976 10.21%
 * Grant West (Ab. First) 589 6.16%|||
 * Steve West
 * Wainwright|||
 * Robert A. (Butch) Fischer 6,910 63.53%
 * Ronald Williams 1,269 11.67%
 * Lilas I. Lysne 420 3.86%
 * Jerry D. Barber (Ab. First) 1,394 12.82% Jeff Newland (Ind.) 868 7.98%
 * Robert A. (Butch) Fischer
 * West Yellowhead|||
 * Ivan J. Strang 5,763 59.10%
 * Lyle Benson 3,180 32.61%
 * Noel Lapierre 801 8.21%
 * Ivan J. Strang
 * Wetaskiwin-Camrose|||
 * LeRoy Johnson 9,090 72.25%
 * Stewart Larkin 1,671 13.28%
 * Philip Penrod 1,420 11.29%
 * Ben Lussier (Ind.) 382 3.04%|||
 * LeRoy Johnson
 * Whitecourt-Ste. Anne|||
 * George VanderBurg 7,579 68.41%
 * Derril Butler 2,890 26.09%
 * Wade Franko 570 5.15%
 * Peter Trynchy
 * }
 * Jerry D. Barber (Ab. First) 1,394 12.82% Jeff Newland (Ind.) 868 7.98%
 * Robert A. (Butch) Fischer
 * West Yellowhead|||
 * Ivan J. Strang 5,763 59.10%
 * Lyle Benson 3,180 32.61%
 * Noel Lapierre 801 8.21%
 * Ivan J. Strang
 * Wetaskiwin-Camrose|||
 * LeRoy Johnson 9,090 72.25%
 * Stewart Larkin 1,671 13.28%
 * Philip Penrod 1,420 11.29%
 * Ben Lussier (Ind.) 382 3.04%|||
 * LeRoy Johnson
 * Whitecourt-Ste. Anne|||
 * George VanderBurg 7,579 68.41%
 * Derril Butler 2,890 26.09%
 * Wade Franko 570 5.15%
 * Peter Trynchy
 * }
 * Philip Penrod 1,420 11.29%
 * Ben Lussier (Ind.) 382 3.04%|||
 * LeRoy Johnson
 * Whitecourt-Ste. Anne|||
 * George VanderBurg 7,579 68.41%
 * Derril Butler 2,890 26.09%
 * Wade Franko 570 5.15%
 * Peter Trynchy
 * }
 * Derril Butler 2,890 26.09%
 * Wade Franko 570 5.15%
 * Peter Trynchy
 * }
 * Peter Trynchy
 * }
 * }
 * }

title: 2001 Alberta general election


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Takagi existence theorem

Why in the world would anyone want to delete this article? This strikes me as being abusive, and I think warrents a warning to user: Mo0 to cease and desist with what at least verges on vandalism. user: Gene Ward Smith

Never mind; it's all been resolved user: Gene Ward Smith

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Little Creatures Brewery

Little Creatures is a brewery based in Fremantle, Western Australia, operating as a subsidiary of the Japanese firm Kirin Company. It is owned by Little World Beverages, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lion which is itself a wholly owned subsidiary of Kirin.

Little Creatures was originally established in 2000 by the original brewers of the Matilda Bay Brewing Company. The name "Little Creatures" is inspired by a song lyric from Talking Heads' album Little Creatures and refers to the live yeast cells that turn the sugars in malt wort into ethanol.

History
Little Creatures Brewery was founded by Howard Cearns (marketing specialist), Nic Trimboli (restaurateur) and Phil Sexton (master brewer), all of whom previously worked with the Matilda Bay Brewing Company. In 1997 Cearns, Trimboli and Sexton discussed the possibility of brewing an American style India Pale Ale. Sexton having worked in the United States and was involved in the development of the BridgePort IPA. Cearns came up with the name after reading about little creatures wandering from ale house to ale house in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and at the time thinking that it sounded like yeast fermentation. The brewery released its first beer, Little Creatures Pale Ale, in 2000. The Company sponsors the Fremantle Print Award. In 2008 the company established a second brewery in Healesville, Victoria. In 2012 the company was bought by Lion Nathan In 2013 another brewery was opened in Geelong, Victoria, at a cost of $60 million. Brewing capacity is reported as "10 million litres a year, or 80 kegs an hour."

Brewery
The brewery building, was originally constructed to house the Taskforce '87 yachts (Kookaburra) participating in the 1987 America's Cup and subsequently as a crocodile farm before being converted to its current use. The brewery is open to the public and contains a café/restaurant.

Brands

 * The original Little Creatures Pale Ale is an American Pale Ale (5.2% alc/vol), brewed with Cascade (aroma) and Chinook (bittering) whole hop flowers, self-propagated yeast with a secondary bottle fermentation, and Australian malts.
 * Rogers, an amber ale (3.8% alc/vol)
 * Little Creatures Pilsner, a Pilsener (4.6% alc/vol), brewed with Tasmanian Helga, New Zealand Pacifica and Saaz hops.
 * Little Creatures Bright Ale, a golden ale (4.5% alc/vol), brewed using a selection of four malts including Pale, Carapils, Munich and Vienna.
 * Little Creatures Dog Days, a Sessions ale, hoppy beer that marries bright peachy, juicy-fruit hop flavours with a soft malt backbone. 4.4% alc/vol, 355ml can.(previously a Seasonal only beer)
 * Pipsqueak Cider, an apple cider
 * Furphy Refreshing ale, an ale made with 100% Victorian ingredients. 4.4% alc/vol, 375 ml stubbie.

For the flagship Pale Ale, cool bottle fermentation is carried out with a lager yeast.

Awards
The brewery has won a number of Australian International Beer Awards. In 2002, Little Creatures Brewery was named Champion Australian Brewery, and its Pale Ale crowned as Champion Ale. The beer also won Choice magazine's 2003 Best Australian Ale and the 2004 BBC Good Food prize for Best Ale.

People's Choice
Little Creatures' beers have also featured highly in the annual GABS Hottest 100 Aussie Craft Beers of the Year event.
 * 2008 1st place (Pale Ale)
 * 2009 1st place (Pale Ale)
 * 2010 2nd place (Pale Ale)
 * 2012 3rd place (Pale Ale)
 * 2013 3rd place (Pale Ale)

title: Little Creatures Brewery


text:
Mormon cinema

Mormon cinema usually refers to films with themes relevant to members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The term has also been used to refer to films that do not necessarily reflect Mormon themes but have been made by Mormon filmmakers. Films within the realm of Mormon cinema may be distinguished from institutional films produced by the LDS Church, such as Legacy and Testaments, which are made for instructional or proselyting purposes and are non-commercial. Mormon cinema is produced mainly for the purposes of entertainment and potential financial success.

Though Latter-day Saints have been involved in the film industry in various ways since the early 20th century, independent Mormon cinema is a relatively new phenomenon. Many scholars and filmmakers accredit Richard Dutcher's 2000 film God's Army with ushering in the modern Mormon cinema movement. Following the commercial success of Dutcher's film, Mormon producers and directors began to market distinctly Mormon movies to LDS audiences, especially those living in the Mormon Corridor. This began with a wave of Mormon comedy movies, such as The Singles Ward (2002) and The R.M. (2003), that focused on the more comedic aspects of the culture surrounding the religion. Films within the Mormon cinema subgenre typically rely heavily on LDS themes and are marketed mostly toward Latter-day Saints, though there has been an effort to "cross over" into more general topics and appeal to a wider audience. Generally, Latter-day Saints produce and direct the films. Over the years, Mormon cinema has explored a variety of production methods: widespread commercial release, single-theatre release, and direct-to-DVD release.

Production of Mormon films has slowed since the early 2000s, but those in the niche industry continue to release movies covering distinctly LDS topics, such as Mormon missionaries and LDS Church history. Theological elements, such as man's ability to be close to God, remain present in Mormon films.

Defining "Mormon cinema"
There is debate surrounding what should and should not be classified as "Mormon cinema." For example, Don Bluth's animated films, such as The Land Before Time (1988) and Anastasia (1997), carry some themes and undertones that coincide with the director's religion but lack overtly LDS characteristics. Preston Hunter, one of the creators of ldsfilm.com, limits the definition of Mormon cinema to films released commercially. They must be made, according to Hunter, by members of the church, and feature "overtly Latter-day Saint characters or themes." This definition would exclude Brigham Young (1940) because its director, Henry Hathaway, was not a member of the church. That film, however, harbored obvious Mormon aspects; church leaders at the time even had a hand in its production. In the absence of definite criteria, the definition of Mormon cinema often shifts to reflect whatever is included in the annual LDS Film Festival.

Early 20th-century Mormon films
Prior to the advent of filmmaking, a major shift occurred in the LDS Church from isolationism to a period of growth. In the 1890s, the practice of plural marriage ended, and Utah became a U.S. state. This context provided Mormons with a reason to begin making films once the technology presented itself; they wanted to portray contemporary Mormonism to a wide audience. The church produced institutional films shortly after the industry was born. Independently, however, Latter-day Saints were somewhat hesitant to adopt filmmaking as a method of storytelling. The early 20th-century leaders of the LDS Church warned members against the potentially detrimental effects of cinema on society. However, the abundance of sensationalist pictures with anti-Mormon themes during the silent film era resulted in the desire on the part of Mormons to combat these portrayals with their own. By 1913, an article in The Young Woman's Journal, a Latter-day Saint publication, declared that the new medium of film would "help the world at large to an understanding of our [Mormon] history." Subsequently, the 1920s saw a boom in theater construction in Utah and the number of Mormon moviegoers. By the 1930s and 40s, movies had become key component of Latter-day Saint life. Lester Card's Corianton: A Story of Unholy Love (1931) was the first film within the Mormon niche to be commercially released, though it disappointed both audiences and investors. Twentieth Century Fox's Brigham Young (1940) was much more successful; a celebration was held in Salt Lake City on the film's release date, and Brigham Young became the film with "the largest premiere in American history to that point."

Silent film era
Between the years 1905 and 1915, nineteen known movies portraying Mormonism were produced. These were not, however, made by Latter-day Saints; many were lurid tales of hypnotic missionaries and Western pioneer stories with storylines revolving around massacres or kidnappings. The LDS church worked with LDS and non-LDS directors alike to create films that painted the history of Utah and Mormonism in a more positive light, but "harsh depictions" of Mormons—such as those in A Victim of the Mormons (1911), A Mormon Maid (1917), and Trapped by the Mormons (1922)—overshadowed those church-produced films—such as One Hundred Years of Mormonism (1913) and The Life of Nephi (1915)—in the market. In 1930, however, the adoption of the Motion Picture Production Code (MPPC) required gentler treatment of religious subject matters; it prohibited films that featured "the ridicule of religious denominations, their leaders, or adherents." Thus, the production of anti-Mormon silent films slowed to a halt.

One Hundred Years was considered a large-scale production for its time; it was 90 minutes long and involved "a cast of over a thousand, an elaborate reconstruction of sections of [the city of] Nauvoo, and four concurrently running cameras". It told in detail the story of the LDS Church, beginning with the birth of its founder, Joseph Smith, and constituted one hundred scenes. In the realm of Mormon cinema, One Hundred Years of Mormonism "remains the single most important commercial film release of the silent cinema," mainly because of its being directly influenced by people who themselves had been Mormon pioneers. It was shown in theaters worldwide; cinemas in Buenos Aires, Sydney, Peking, Berlin, St. Petersburg, Paris, and London requested reels. Only a few minutes of the film survive today. From 1916 to 1929, brothers Shirley and Chester Clawson made the first documentary-style films for the church. They recorded segments of the church's semiannual General Conference, shots of LDS landmarks (such as Temple Square), and scenes from the everyday lives of general authorities of the church. Most of their work was destroyed in a fire in 1929.

Growth and development, 1958–2000
In the 1950s, the Brigham Young University (BYU) Motion Picture Department was created, and in 1958 it grew into the BYU Motion Picture Studio (BYU MPS). This was a major step towards greater autonomy for the Mormon cinema industry; though most of the work produced at the BYU MPS was non-commercial and church-produced, it paved the way for the creation of independent Mormon cinema. Overall, the LDS film industry became much more established from the 1950s-70s under the influence of David O. McKay and Wetzel Whitaker. In 1978, Spencer W. Kimball called for Mormon filmmakers to create "masterpiece[s] which would live forever." The range of years from 1973 to 2000 has been called the "Mass Media Era" in Mormon cinema. Particularly in the years before the internet, the church encouraged its members to look to its "correlated"—that is, church-produced—films and filmstrips for information and faith-building entertainment. The films produced during this time mostly fit into that category; they were products of the church itself, not of its members independently. However, a growing number of Latter-day Saints began to work in the entertainment industry.

The birth of modern Mormon cinema: 2000-2006
In more recent decades, Mormon-made and -themed films produced neither by the church nor by big Hollywood film studios have garnered recognition among LDS audiences. The Mormon cinema movement began in 2000, when director Richard Dutcher realized the potential for a Mormon niche within the film industry and commercially released God's Army, a movie depicting LDS missionaries in Los Angeles. He wanted to improve the way Mormon characters were portrayed on screen. The film, which was produced on a budget of $300,000, grossed upwards of $2.5 million at the box office. God's Army was unique for the time in that it combined a number of unfamiliar factors: an LDS director, an LDS subject matter, a theatrical distribution, and a marketing campaign that targeted Mormon moviegoers. It earned Dutcher the title of "the father of modern Latter-day Saint cinema." God's Army 's release marked a major shift in the subgenre; it was not the first widely shown Mormon film, but it demonstrated the viability of such a film achieving relative commercial success.

Mormon comedies
Observing the financial success of God's Army, Kurt Hale and Dave Hunter founded Halestorm Entertainment in 2001 and focused the new company's efforts on making and distributing Mormon movies. Halestorm began releasing slapstick comedies with Mormon-centric humor in the early 2000s, including titles such as The R.M. (2003), The Home Teachers (2004), Baptists at Our Barbecue (2004), Sons of Provo (2004), and Mobsters and Mormons (2005). The company kept production costs low by filming in its home state of Utah or in nearby Arizona or Idaho. Alongside Halestorm, Excel Entertainment (founded by former Disney executive Jeff Simpson) and Zion Films have spearheaded the production and distribution of Mormon cinema.

Films that rely heavily on the viewers' understanding of LDS vocabulary, social norms and self-deprecating cultural humor rarely find success among general audiences. This was true of satirical comedies The Singles Ward (2002), The R.M., and The Home Teachers. Singles Ward, branded "the first major LDS comedy," focuses on a subgroup of Mormon culture: young adults in Utah Valley searching for future spouses. In a discussion of these comedies, screenwriter and director Randy Astle writes that "many of the jokes and references [are] incomprehensible for Church members as close as Idaho, let alone India." The films also tended to lack depth, "[poking] fun at the faith without offering much insight." Director Richard Dutcher and reviewers Sean P. Means and Thomas Baggaley responded to the early 2000s' wave of Mormon films by expressing concern over the way the subgenre was headed. They worried about directors and production companies relying too heavily on Mormon-centric humor and the newness of Mormon cinema instead of producing quality films with worthwhile plotlines. These movies did, however, prove to be popular among Latter-day Saint audiences. Terryl Givens, associate professor of English, attributes this success to the desire of Mormon audiences to see their own "distinctive eccentricities" represented on the screen. He writes: "The popularity of these comedic films seems in part to derive from a people hungry for entertainment that validates their own cultural specificity. Like insiders to a private joke, Mormons can comfortably laugh at a genre that … promotes Mormon cohesion and reifies and confirms Mormon self-definition." In an interview, Will Swenson, director of Sons of Provo, stated that "representation matters. People want to see themselves on-screen. And there are a ton of Mormons out there." However, by 2006, Halestorm discovered that the enthusiasm for Mormon-centric movies had died down. The niche was too new to support the many films that were being produced for it. So, Halestorm pivoted by rebranding a part of itself as "Stone Five Studios" and releasing its next comedy, Church Ball (2006), with less references to religion and Mormon culture. Richard Dutcher released a follow-up to God's Army, States of Grace, in 2005, but some Mormon moviegoers disapproved of the film for its "not altogether positive depiction of Mormons." In 2006, author Dean C. Hale proposed that most Mormons simply do not take an interest in Mormon cinema. This, he said, may be related to the LDS Church encouraging its members to prioritize other aspects of life—such as family—before entertainment.

Efforts at mass appeal and growth
LDS film directors have been attempting to appeal to a national audience since the early 2000s. The 2003 crossover film Pride & Prejudice: A Latter-day Comedy, for example, avoided direct references to Mormonism. Its director, Andrew Black, sought to focus on other elements of the story, with Mormon culture as "just a backdrop." Professor Travis T. Anderson argues that LDS films revolving around universal human themes—such as "challenges, struggles, desire, and day-to-day experiences"—with just a splash of religious undertones achieve success in the movie market despite the Mormon cultural aspects they carry, which can seem strange to general audiences. He cites The Other Side of Heaven (2001), Saints and Soldiers (2003), Napoleon Dynamite (2004), and New York Doll (2005) as examples of such "critical and financial success stories in Mormon cinema." Saints and Soldiers gained recognition at multiple small film festivals; and the 2001 murder mystery Brigham City, while not praised by audiences, received critical acclaim. The documentary New York Doll tells the story of a member of a rock band—who also happens to be Mormon—and the reconciliation of his two worlds. It demonstrates the commonly-held goal of Mormon filmmakers to bridge the gap between how Mormons are perceived and the concept of the typical American. Larry Miller, owner of the Utah jazz, invested millions of dollars into producing The Work and the Glory (2004) in an effort to tell the story of the history of the LDS Church. Mormon filmmakers have often made the argument that films with distinctly Mormon characteristics have the potential to appeal to general audiences. Additionally, LDS films have been featured in theaters around the United States. Mormon cinema has also been the subject of aesthetic discussion. Doc Films, a student film society at the University of Chicago, hosted a Mormon film series in 2007.

Some Mormon films were marketed differently to the larger market than they were to their niche audience. The national release DVD cover of Brigham City, for example, featured "much more implied violence" than the cover released to the Mormon Corridor. When new films were released, their launch was often accompanied by the creation of a website dedicated to promoting the film. Most of the family-oriented films marketed to Mormon audiences never made it to theaters, but went right to DVD distribution through large and small e-commerce websites, such as Amazon and LDSVideoStore.com. Deseret Book Company and Seagull Book were at the forefront of Mormon DVD distribution. In general, the most successful Mormon films were those made with high-quality equipment and distributed by an entertainment company, such as Halestorm or Excel Entertainment.

As the Mormon film industry blossomed, so did commentary and criticism. In 2000, the Association for Mormon Letters created a film category for its AML Awards. That same year, Preston Hunter and Thomas Baggaley created ldsfilm.com, which became the central hub for discussions and announcements concerning Mormon cinema. The site provided a place for "a Mormon film community" to form, helping visitors stay apprised of upcoming LDS movies. Then in 2001, the first LDS Film Festival was held in Provo, Utah. Attendance more than doubled at the event's fifth year. The modern Mormon cinema movement was large enough to spawn celebrities, such as Kirby Heyborne, within the Mormon community. As of 2009, there were 4,591 entries of film or television shows in the Mormon Literature and Creative Arts Database. The term "Mollywood"—a portmanteau of "Mormon" and "Hollywood"—was used to describe the films of this era.

Present day
Eric Samuelsen, associate professor of theatre and media arts, has noted that "many [LDS] films from 2005 onward have performed so poorly at the box office that the movement seems to have lost at least some of its momentum." In 2014, LDS actor Jim Bennett wrote in a Deseret News article that "the hunger [for LDS films] is still there but the novelty has worn off." Some scholars have argued that the quality of LDS cinema has plateaued due to both directors and audiences "ascertain[ing] what is morally wrong in films they see, and remain[ing] uninterested in seeking out, discriminating, or creating what is right (morally or aesthetically) in film." Publications such as BYU Studies Quarterly, Irreantum, Sunstone, and Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought have featured criticism of LDS cinema. The Mormon blogosphere (sometimes referred to as the "bloggernacle") has also contributed film reviews over the years.

Mormon filmmakers have continued to produce movies centered around LDS missionaries, but often from new perspectives; The Saratov Approach (2013) was a thriller set in Russia, The Errand of Angels (2008) focused on female missionaries, and Freetown (2015) told the story of African missionaries escaping the First Liberian Civil War. On the subject of film, author Heather Bigley writes: "As American members [of the LDS Church] begin to think of themselves as part of a world-wide organization, efforts at self-definition abound." There have also been recent releases in the vein of LDS Church history, such as The Fighting Preacher (2019) and Out of Liberty (2019). The Mormon films released since 2005 have mainly been small, independent features. They are, however, arguably of a higher artistic quality than their predecessors, and tend to have a "moral of the story." There has arguably been more variety in Mormon cinema in more recent years. In March 2021, LDS filmmaker Barrett Burgin argued that films made by and about Latter-day Saints still have the potential to be marketable to a larger audience, but stressed the need to prioritize storytelling over a missionary message. He also identified some elements of LDS doctrine, culture, history, and lore—such as polygamy, violence, buried treasure, folk magic, and miracles—as marketable film elements. These, he said, range from "radically weird" to "clean-cut and conservative," and the intrigue surrounding that dichotomy could attract the interest of viewers.

The LDS Film Festival is still held annually in Orem, Utah, usually around the same time as the Sundance Film Festival. The 2020 festival commemorated 20 years of Mormon cinema: 20 years, that is, since the release of Richard Dutcher's God's Army, the film credited with starting the movement. The subgenre has become an important part of cultural expression for Latter-day Saints. Director and screenwriter Randy Astle has argued that, "along with music and temple architecture, [film] is the most prominent Mormon art form". LDS films are commonly made in the Rocky Mountains, New England, New York City, and Los Angeles.

MPAA ratings
One aspect of the culture of LDS cinema is heightened concern over MPAA film ratings. Many members of the Church generally view R-rated films as taboo, but Latter-day Saints provide a substantial market for G- and PG-rated films. For example, a movie theater in Sandy, Utah was home to the highest attendance for viewings of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets; and, as of 2011, Latter-day Saints constituted 69% of Utah's population. R-ratings are rare among Mormon-made films; they have been described as having "a 1950s sensibility about them."

Selected notable companies

 * Excel Entertainment Group
 * Halestorm Entertainment

Drama

 * Brigham Young (1940) – Follows the story of Brigham Young after Joseph Smith's death.
 * Bad Bascomb (1946) – Two outlaws hide out in a Mormon wagon and one of them befriends a little girl.
 * Wagon Master (1950) – Forced out of Crystal City, a group of Mormons head west in search of the promised land.
 * Paint Your Wagon (1969) – Two unlikely prospectors share the same wife in a Californian mining town.
 * Messenger of Death (1988) – A film about an attempt by a water company to start a family feud among fundamentalist Mormons to take the family's land for the company.
 * God's Army (2000) – The first general release, modern Mormon cinema film, about LDS missionaries; directed by Richard Dutcher.
 * God's Army 2: States of Grace (2005) – A sequel to God's Army, by Richard Dutcher
 * Brigham City (2001) – A murder mystery, also by Dutcher.
 * The Other Side of Heaven (2001) – Based on John H. Groberg's experiences in Tonga as an LDS missionary, as documented in his memoir In the Eye of the Storm.
 * The Other Side of Heaven 2: The Fire of Faith (2019) – Sequel to The Other Side of Heaven.
 * The Book of Mormon Movie, Vol. 1: The Journey (2003) – An ambitious film about the Book of Mormon, which was the fourth highest-grossing movie in LDS cinema.
 * The Best Two Years (2003) – An LDS missionary's experience in the Netherlands, based on the play The Best Two Years of My Life.
 * Saints and Soldiers (2004) – A World War II movie that has muted LDS overtones and significant mainstream appeal.
 * Saints and Soldiers: Airborne Creed (2012) – sequel
 * Saints and Soldiers: The Void (2014) – sequel
 * The Work and The Glory (2005) – Based on Gerald Lund's LDS and historical fiction series The Work and the Glory.
 * The Work and The Glory II: American Zion (2005) – sequel
 * The Errand of Angels (2008) – The experiences of a female LDS missionary from Idaho serving in Austria.
 * Emma Smith: My Story (2008) – The story of Joseph Smith's wife, Emma. Based upon the true story of her life.
 * Forever Strong (2008) – Will rugby reunite a broken family?
 * 17 Miracles (2011) – The story of numerous miracles that occur to the Willie Handcart Company. The main character is Levi Savage who joins and supports the company despite serious misgivings about their unpreparedness and late start.
 * Ephraim's Rescue (2013) – The story of Ephraim Hanks who was one of the first rescuers to leave Salt Lake City to help save the stranded Willie and Martin handcart companies.
 * The Saratov Approach (2013) – Based on the true story of two missionaries kidnapped and held for ransom while serving LDS missions in Russia in 1998.
 * Freetown (2015) – based on the true story of a group of native Liberian missionaries traveling from Monrovia, Liberia to Freetown, Sierra Leone during a time of civil war in 1990.
 * The Cokeville Miracle (2015) – based on the true story of the Cokeville Elementary School hostage crisis and the miraculous spiritual experiences that happened there.
 * Spirit of the Game (2016) – based on the true story of the Mormon Yankees, an American basketball team which played in exhibition games before the 1956 Summer Olympics..
 * The Fighting Preacher (2019) – The story of Willard and Rebecca Bean who are sent to settle in Palmyra, New York to establish a LDS church presence and buy the Hill Cumorah. They are initially shunned by the local townspeople, but over the years gradually gain their deep respect and love.
 * Out of Liberty (2019) – the individuals surrounding Joseph Smith's captivity in Liberty Jail in 1839.

Romance

 * Saturday's Warrior (1989) – popular release among Latter-day Saints of the De Azevedo and Stewart musical, directed by Bob Williams. De Azevedo released a remake of the movie in 2016.
 * Out of Step (2002) – a young dance student leaves Utah for schooling in New York City. She falls in love with two different men and must choose between them.
 * Pride and Prejudice: A Latter-Day Comedy (2003) – a modern adaptation of the Jane Austen novel Pride and Prejudice, set in Provo, Utah.

Comedy
Several comedies, mostly produced by Dave Hunter, have also been released. Because the humor of these films often relies on specifically Utah-centric Latter Day Saint culture, they tend to have a smaller audience than the other LDS subgenres, even among Mormon viewers.

 * The Singles Ward (2002) – The title refers to an LDS congregation (ward) composed only of single adults. A comedy with romantic aspects.
 * The R.M. (2003) – About the experiences of a returned missionary.
 * The Best Two Years (2003) – LDS missionaries' experiences in the Netherlands, based on the play The Best Two Years of My Life.
 * The Work and the Story (2003) – A mockumentary about LDS cinema when Richard Dutcher (fictionally) disappears. Written, produced and directed by Nathan Smith Jones; co-produced by Miriam Smith.
 * The Home Teachers (2004) – Slapstick comedy about polar opposite home teachers that "fulfill" their responsibility on the last day of the month. "Home teaching" is the LDS practice of a home teaching companionship – a holder of the Melchizedek Priesthood and a 14-year-old teacher or older – visiting and teaching families in their ward each month.
 * Baptists at Our Barbecue (2004) – Longfellow – consistently called "Longwinded" by the inhabitants – is a small town that is religiously divided equally between Baptists and Mormons.  A newcomer becomes the tie-breaker.  Rather than tilt the scales he decides to bridge the religious divide by organizing an all-faiths barbecue. Based on a novel by Robert Farrell Smith.
 * Sons of Provo (2004) – Mockumentary about an LDS boy band named Everclean.
 * Mobsters and Mormons (2005) – After testifying against his mob boss, Carmine "The Beans" Zindelli Pasquale and his family are put in the Witness Protection Program in "Happy Valley", Utah, resulting in significant culture clash.
 * Church Ball (2006) – In the last year of a basketball league, a church team does not want to place last again. The storyline juxtaposes the desire to win at all costs with the expectation of sportsmanlike conduct in church sports.
 * Believe (2007) – A mockumentary about multi-level marketing.
 * Inspired Guns (2014) – Two Mormon missionaries begin teaching two members in the mafia in a case of mistaken identity.
 * Once I Was a Beehive (2015) – A non-LDS girl attends Young Woman's camp.
 * Trek: The Movie (2018) — a group of LDS teens participate in a reenactment of the handcart pioneers.

Fantasy/adventure

 * The Legend of Johnny Lingo (2003) – follow on to the classic short film.
 * Passage to Zarahemla (2007) – A time-travel adventure set in the rural area of Leeds, Utah wherein characters from modern times interact with Nephites and Gadianton robbers (tribes and groups mentioned in the Book of Mormon).
 * 17 Miracles (2011) – Based on accounts of the pioneers of the Willie and Martin handcart companies struggling to survive to head to the Great Salt Lake Valley while a multitude of miracles occur.

Documentary

 * American Mormon (2005) – A small film crew drove across the United States interviewing people about their perceptions of Mormons.
 * New York Doll (2005) – A recovering alcoholic and recently converted Mormon, Arthur "Killer" Kane, of the rock band The New York Dolls, is given a chance at reuniting with his band after 30 years.
 * American Mormon in Europe (2006) – Interviews with people in Europe about their perceptions of Mormons, and interviews with European church members.
 * Trouble In Zion (2009) – A tragic piece of American religious history is brought to life through the spoken word, folk music, and the vibrant pages of a comic book.
 * 8: The Mormon Proposition (2010) – "A scorching indictment of the Mormon Church's historic involvement in the promotion & passage of California's Proposition 8 and the Mormon religion's secretive, decades-long campaign against LGBT human rights."
 * Meet the Mormons (2014) – A documentary examining the very diverse lives of six devout members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (actually an official church production, but included here because it was shown in theaters).
 * Believer (2018) – Documentary of Imagine Dragons' lead singer, the loveloud music festival, and Latter-day Saint queer folk.

Television

 * Bonanza (1959–1973) – Season 8, Episode 4: "The Pursued" (1966).
 * The Joseph Smith Papers (2008–2009) – Documentary television series which documented the creation of, and work involved in, Joseph Smith Papers Project.
 * History of the Saints (2010) – Documentary television series which focuses on the history of the Latter-day Saints after the death of Joseph Smith, including their exodus to Utah.
 * Hell on Wheels (2011–2016) – Western television series which focuses on the building of the Transcontinental Railroad.
 * Under the Banner of Heaven (2022) – American true crime drama television miniseries created by Dustin Lance Black based on the nonfiction book of the same name by Jon Krakauer.

title: Mormon cinema


text:
USS Thatcher (DD-162)

The first USS Thatcher (DD–162) was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy, later transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy as HMCS Niagara.

United States Navy
Named for Admiral Henry K. Thatcher, she was laid down on 8 June 1918 at Quincy, Massachusetts, by the Fore River Plant of the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation. The ship was launched on 31 August 1918; sponsored by Miss Doris Bentley, the grandniece of Rear Admiral Thatcher. Thatcher was commissioned on 14 January 1919. On 25 January, Lieutenant Commander Francis W. Rockwell assumed command.

Following shakedown, Thatcher operated with the Atlantic Fleet into the autumn of 1919. During the transatlantic NC-boat flights in May 1919, the destroyer operated on picket station number 9—one of 21 stations strung out from Newfoundland to the Azores—between her sister ships USS Walker (DD-163) and USS Crosby (DD-164). Underway at sea, she provided visual and radio bearings for the flying boats as they passed overhead on their way toward Lisbon, Portugal.

Upon completion of this duty, the destroyer—reclassified as DD-162 on 17 July 1920—resumed her routine training operations off the eastern seaboard before heading west in the autumn of 1921 to join the Pacific Fleet. She operated out of San Diego, conducting exercises and training cruises off the west coast until decommissioned at San Diego on 7 June 1922.

Thatcher remained laid-up at San Diego through the summer of 1939. War broke out in Europe on 1 September 1939, when German troops invaded Poland. Thatcher was recommissioned at San Diego on 18 December 1939 and conducted shakedown and training evolutions off the west coast until transferred to the Atlantic the following spring. Transiting the Panama Canal on 1 April 1940, a month before the situation in Europe became critical when Germany began her blitzkrieg against France and the Low Countries, Thatcher subsequently conducted neutrality patrols and training cruises off the east coast and in the Gulf of Mexico through the summer of 1940.

The European situation took a drastic turn with the fall of France in June 1940. British destroyer forces in the wake of the Norwegian campaign and the evacuation of Dunkirk found themselves thinly spread—especially after Italy entered the war on Germany's side. Prime Minister Winston Churchill appealed to the United States for help.

In response, Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order authorizing the transfer of 50 over-aged destroyers to the British in return for 99-year leases on strategic base sites in the Western Hemisphere. Thatcher was accordingly withdrawn from the Atlantic Squadron and her operations with Destroyer Division 69 for transfer to the Royal Canadian Navy, which had been allocated six of the "50 ships that saved the world," as these vessels came to be known.

As such, Thatcher and her five sisters arrived at Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 20 September—the third group of the "flush deckers" transferred. Decommissioned on 24 September 1940, Thatcher was struck from the Navy list on 8 January 1941.

Royal Canadian Navy
Renamed HMCS Niagara following the Canadian practice of naming destroyers after Canadian rivers (but with deference to the U.S. origin), after the Niagara River forming the border between New York and Ontario. Niagara departed Halifax on 30 November; proceeded eastward via St. John's, Newfoundland; and arrived in the British Isles on 11 December. Early in 1941, the destroyer was allocated to the 4th Escort Group, Western Approaches Command, and based at Greenock, Scotland. Subsequently transferred to the Newfoundland escort force, Niagara operated on convoy escort duties into the summer of 1941. While she was operating with this force, she took part in the capture of a German U-boat, U-570.

A Lockheed Hudson bomber, flying from Kaldaðarnes, 30 mi southeast of Reykjavík, Iceland, located U-570 running on the surface off the Icelandic coast on 27 August 1941. The Hudson attacked the U-boat with depth charges, damaging the enemy craft so severely that she could not submerge. Soon, some of the German crew appeared on deck displaying a large white cloth — possibly a bed sheet — indicating that they had surrendered. Patently unable to capture the submarine herself, the Hudson radioed for help.

Niagara sped to the scene and arrived at 08:20 on 28 August 1941. Rough weather initially hampered the operation but eventually, by 18:00, Niagara had placed a prize crew aboard the submarine and had taken U-570 in tow. During the operation, she also took the 43-man crew of the enemy craft on board. Towed to Þorlákshöfn, Iceland, the U-boat eventually served in the Royal Navy as HMS Graph (P715).

In January 1942, Niagara escorted the tempest-battered Danish merchantman Triton into Belfast, Northern Ireland, after the freighter had been severely mauled in a storm at sea. In March the destroyer rescued the survivors from the US merchantman SS Independence Hall, which had run aground off Sable Island, Nova Scotia, and had broken in half. The next month, she picked up two boatloads of survivors from the sunken steamer SS Rio Blanco, which had been torpedoed by GS U-160 (1941) on 1 April 1942, 40 nmi east of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.

The destroyer subsequently underwent boiler repairs at Pictou, Nova Scotia from May to August 1942 before resuming coastwise convoy operations between Halifax and New York and escort duty in the western Atlantic. Another refit at Pictou came in June and October 1943, before she continued her coastwise convoy escort missions through 1944.

Niagara became a torpedo-firing ship — first at Halifax and later at Saint John, New Brunswick — from the spring of 1945 until the end of World War II in mid-August 1945, training torpedomen. Decommissioned on 15 September 1945, Niagara was turned over to the War Assets Corporation on 27 May 1946 and broken up for scrap soon thereafter.

title: USS Thatcher (DD-162)


text:
User talk:TheBrain~enwiki

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called TheBrain. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name TheBrain~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:04, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:TheBrain~enwiki


text:
Kinin–kallikrein system

The kinin–kallikrein system or simply kinin system is a poorly understood hormonal system with limited available research. It consists of blood proteins that play a role in inflammation, blood pressure control, coagulation and pain. Its important mediators bradykinin and kallidin are vasodilators and act on many cell types. Clinical symptoms include marked weakness, tachycardia, fever, leukocytosis and acceleration of ESR.

History
The system was discovered in 1909 when researchers discovered that injection with urine (high in kinins) led to hypotension (low blood pressure). The researchers Emil Karl Frey, Heinrich Kraut and Eugen Werle discovered high-molecular weight kininogen in urine around 1930.

Etymology
kinin [Gk] kīn(eîn) to move, set in motion. kallikrein [Gk ] kalli~ sweet and krein = kreos, flesh, named for the pancreatic extracts where it was first discovered

Members
The system consists of a number of large proteins, some small polypeptides and a group of enzymes that activate and deactivate the compounds.

Proteins
High-molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) and low-molecular weight kininogen (LMWK) are precursors of the polypeptides. They have no activity of themselves.
 * HMWK is produced by the liver together with prekallikrein (see below). It acts mainly as a cofactor on coagulation and inflammation, and has no intrinsic catalytic activity.
 * LMWK is produced locally by numerous tissues, and secreted together with tissue kallikrein.

Polypeptides

 * Bradykinin (BK), which acts on the B2 receptor and slightly on B1, is produced when kallikrein releases it from HMWK. It is a nonapeptide (9 amino acids) with the amino acid sequence Arg–Pro–Pro–Gly–Phe–Ser–Pro–Phe–Arg.
 * Kallidin (KD) is released from LMWK by tissue kallikrein. It is a decapeptide. KD has the same amino acid sequence as Bradykinin with the addition of a Lysine at the N-terminus, thus is sometimes referred to as Lys-Bradykinin.

HMWK and LMWK are formed by alternative splicing of the same gene.

Enzymes

 * Kinin-Kallikrein System Simplified .jpg Kallikreins (tissue and plasma kallikrein) are serine proteases that liberate kinins (BK and KD) from the kininogens, which are plasma proteins that are converted into vasoactive peptides. Prekallikrein is the precursor of plasma kallikrein. It can only activate kinins after being activated itself by factor XIIa or other stimuli.
 * Carboxypeptidases are present in two forms: N circulates and M is membrane-bound. They remove arginine residues at the carboxy-terminus of BK and KD.
 * Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), also termed kininase II, inactivates a number of peptide mediators, including bradykinin. It is better known for activating angiotensin.
 * Neutral endopeptidase also deactivates kinins and other mediators.

Pharmacology
Inhibition of ACE with ACE inhibitors leads to decreased conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor) but also to an increase in bradykinin due to decreased degradation. This explains why some patients taking ACE inhibitors develop a dry cough, and some react with angioedema, a dangerous swelling of the head and neck region.

There are hypotheses that many of the ACE-inhibitors' beneficial effects are due to their influence on the kinin-kallikrein system. This includes their effects in arterial hypertension, in ventricular remodeling (after myocardial infarction) and possibly diabetic nephropathy.

Role in disease
Defects of the kinin-kallikrein system in diseases are not generally recognized. The system is the subject of much research due to its relationship to the inflammation and blood pressure systems. It is known that kinins are inflammatory mediators that cause dilation of blood vessels and increased vascular permeability. Kinins are small peptides produced from kininogen by kallikrein and are broken down by kininases. They act on phospholipase and increase arachidonic acid release and thus prostaglandin (PGE2) production.

C1-INH Involvement
C1-inhibitor is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) protein. C1-INH is the most important physiological inhibitor of plasma kallikrein, fXIa and fXIIa. C1-INH also inhibits proteinases of the fibrinolytic, clotting, and kinin pathways. Deficiency of C1-INH permits plasma kallikrein activation, which leads to the production of the vasoactive peptide bradykinin.

title: Kinin–kallikrein system


text:
Bra, Piedmont

Bra is a town and comune in the province of Cuneo in the northwest Italian region of Piedmont. It is situated 50 km southeast of Turin and 50 km northeast of Cuneo in the area known as Roero.

Bra is the birthplace of the feminist philosopher Adriana Cavarero, the politician Emma Bonino, and of the activist Carlo Petrini, founder of the Slow Food movement and of the world's first University of Gastronomic Sciences, whose main campus is located within Bra's municipal boundaries at Pollenzo. Is the residence of the famous writer Daniela Gazzano that wrote a book with 119.063 eye blink. Bra is also home to "Cheese", a biennial international festival organised by Slow Food which features the makers of artisanal cheeses from around the world. In 1997 the event attracted some 150,000 visitors. The town is famous for its gastronomy.

Among the structures in town is the intricately domed church of Santa Chiara by the late-Baroque architect, Bernardo Antonio Vittone and the church of St. Andrew, the facade of which was designed by the architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini, although not completed until two centuries later.

Economy
Bra is notable for the production of Bra sausage, a veal sausage originally made for the Jewish inhabitants of neighbouring Cherasco. It is usually eaten raw.

Twin towns

 * Spreitenbach, Switzerland
 * 🇩🇪 Weil der Stadt, Germany
 * 🇮🇹 San Sosti, Italy
 * 🇦🇷 Corral de Bustos, Argentina

title: Bra, Piedmont


text:
Alpuente

Alpuente is a town and municipality in the province of Valencia, part of Valencia, Spain.

History
It was the capital of an Iberia Muslim taifa or kingdom in the 11th century, ruled by the dynasty of Beni Kasim.

In 1103, Alpuente fell under the Almoravid dynasty. In 1145, it became part of the emirate of Valencia and was occupied, along with the rest of the emirate, by the Almohads in 1172, then passing as Almohad rule in Iberia collapsed to the emirate of Murcia in 1229. Alpuente was conquered by the king of Aragon in 1229. After the province was created Alpuente became a very common name throughout all of Spain, but mainly in Valencia.

title: Alpuente


text:
Talk:William S. Pye

Untitled
One point regarding accuracy in this article, easily confirmed: Admiral Pye did not dispatch the SARATOGA relief group to Wake Island. He did not assume command in Pearl Harbor until 17 December, 1941, relieving Admiral Kimmel. Admiral Kimmel sent the relief group, which sailed from Pearl on 15 December. Admiral Pye, a very cautious officer, recalled the group after Washington advised him to conserve his forces, and then said the decision was his alone.

John Dill CWO4, USN (Ret.)214.16.27.2 09:52, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

This article and image is from the [|Naval Historical Center home page], which puts it into public domain. I probably didn't put this guy into the right category (naval officiers), so somebody might want to do it. Also, more importantly, somebody interested in navy might want to drain from the rich resources of Naval Historical Center and put it all here :). helix84, 25 Oct 2004, 0:23 GMT

External links modified
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title: Talk:William S. Pye


text:
File talk:User-FastFission-brain.gif

fMRI?
I think it should be a multi-slice MRI video, rather than fMRI. Can anyone check that?

 * Doesn't look like a fMRI to me either --WS 13:20, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It was done here, if you want to check out the distinction. I'm not aware of the difference, personally. This animation was made by me from a file they gave me which featured many little slices of the brain on difference axis. --Fastfission 17:46, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

It is a structural, not a functional MRI (MRI not fMRI). I think it is a t2 weighted image. High field magnets, such as the one at Berkeley (4T) produce fMRI images w/ poor structural resolution which is one clue. But more importantly, no fMRI image would show the skull & vitamin e capsule (left hand side, outside the skull). (Masher)

Animation can cause problems
Good though it is, it's not wise to display a rapidly- changing, animated image without a warning; they're problematic for some people with epilepsy (and other conditions). It's also contrary to the W3C web accessibility standards, which we should strive to meet. Accordingly, I've replacing it with a link, on Magnetic resonance imaging. Others may want to do likewise on other pages. Andy Mabbett 11:37, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Laugh
I can clearly see you're nuts. -- Cyde Weys 01:44, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Post a groin scan and this becomes, "I can clearly see your nuts." -- Cyde Weys 01:51, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Fission: Looks good to me! Good job, Just had one done ScottFisher 21:15, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

title: File talk:User-FastFission-brain.gif


text:
Arzanene

Arzanene (Ἀρζανηνή) or Aghdznik (Աղձնիք) was a historical region in the southwest of the ancient kingdom of Armenia. It was ruled by one of the four (bidakhsh, ) of Armenia, the highest ranking nobles below the king who ruled over the kingdom's border regions. Its probable capital was the fortress-city of Arzen. The region briefly became home to the capital of Armenia during the reign of Tigranes the Great, who built his namesake city Tigranocerta there. Arzanene was placed under the direct suzerainty of the Roman Empire after the Peace of Nisibis in 298. It was briefly brought back under Armenian control c. 371 but was soon lost again following the partition of Armenia in 387.

Name
It is generally agreed the Greco-Roman name of Arzanene is derived from the city of Arzan ( or in Armenian), which was probably the capital of the province. The name is identified with the Alzi or Alše mentioned in Neo-Assyrian and Urartian inscriptions and is of non-Armenian origin.

Geography
Arzanene was located between the western Tigris and the eastern Taurus Mountains, covering an area of approximately 15102 km2. It was located to the east of the Batman River and to the west of the Botan River (both tributaries of the Tigris). The region was naturally divided between the mountainous part closer to the Taurus in the north, which had an extremely cold climate, and the flat part to the south, which had a warm and dry climate. Arzanene was famous for its rivers and springs, as well as its iron and lead mines. Cattle-breeding, grape cultivation and winemaking were well-developed in the province. The province had about seven fortresses.

According the early medieval Armenian geography Ashkharhats’oyts’, Arzanene was divided into ten cantons or gawars (their capitals or main fortresses, where known, are listed adjacent to the canton name): One of the recensions of Ashkharhats’oyts’ includes an eleventh district,, which is likely an error. Historian Suren Yeremian includes Angeghtun among the cantons of Aghdznik’, even though it is not listed as such in any of the manuscripts of Ashkharhats’oyts’ (Cyril Toumanoff and Robert Hewsen consider Angeghtun to have been a part of Tsop’k’/Sophene).
 * : (later Martyropolis)
 * (Sasun):
 * (Sasun):
 * (Sasun):
 * (Sasun):
 * (Sasun):
 * (Sasun):
 * (Sasun):
 * (Sasun):
 * (Sasun):

As the domain of one of the four of Armenia, Arzanene can be divided into the core principality or "Arzanene proper" and the  (viceroyalty or march) of Arzanene, which likely included all of the ten cantons of Arzanene listed above (according to Hewsen, probably excluding Np’rkert) and some further territories to the south. Josef Markwart and Toumanoff include the adjacent provinces of Moxoene (Mokk’) and Corduene (or part of it) in the viceroyalty of Arzanene, although this is rejected by Hewsen. The viceroyalty of Arzanene is also called the of Aruastan in some Armenian sources (Persian:, referring in this case to the area around Nisibis), so it is referred to as the Arabian March by some historians.

History
In the first half of the first millennium BCE, Arzanene may have been the location of the state of Alzi or Alše mentioned in Assyrian and Urartian cuneiform inscriptions. It was conquered by the Kingdom of Urartu (c. 9th–6th centuries BCE), then came under the control of the Medes and soon after passed to the Achaemenid Empire. Under Achaemenid rule, Arzanene was included in the Satrapy of Armenia. The Persian Royal Road passed through the province. After the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE, Arzanene became a part of the Armenian kingdom ruled by the Orontid dynasty. The local princes of Arzanene claimed Assyrian royal origin, but in all likelihood they were originally a branch of the Orontid dynasty. During the reign of Tigranes the Great, under whom Armenia reached its greatest territorial extent, Arzanene became the center of his short-lived empire as the location of the new capital of Tigranocerta. It was probably under Tigranes that the of Arzanene was established to defend Armenia from an invasion from Mesopotamia. The office of the of Arzanene continued to exist under the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia and after the region was lost by Armenia, until at least the mid-5th century.

In 298 AD, the entire of Arzanene came under the suzerainty of the Roman Empire as a result of the Peace of Nisibis. However, the 5th-century Armenian historian Faustus of Byzantium (Book 3, Chapter 8) still speaks of the of Arzanene as a vassal of the king of Armenia in the 330s, which Toumanoff accepts as evidence that the Romans had effectively left Arzanene under Armenian suzerainty. In the 330s, Bakur of Arzanene attempted to defect to the Sasanian Empire, but was killed in battle and the province consequently remained under Roman (or Roman-Armenian) control. The emperor Jovian was forced to give up suzerainty over Arzanene to the Persians according to the peace treaty signed in 363 after Julian's failed Persian expedition. Faustus of Byzantium (Book 5, Chapter 16) names Arzanene among the provinces reconquered for Armenia by Mushegh Mamikonian c. 371, during the reign of King Pap. After the Peace of Acilisene of 387, Arzanene was divided between Rome and the Sasanian Empire (with most of it going to the Persians), and until 591 the Roman-Sasanian border passed through the western part of the province. During the Armenian rebellion of 450–451 against the Sasanian Empire, the Armenian rebels appealed to the of Arzanene as a foreign ruler; this is the last time that any  of Arzanene is mentioned in the classical sources. By 591, all of Arzanene had been annexed by the Byzantine Empire. On the ruins of Tigranocerta, the Romans built a new city named Martyropolis or Np’rkert. In c. 640, the Arab general Iyad ibn Ghanm invaded Arzanene from Syria. Following the Arab conquest of Armenia, many Arab tribes settled in Arzanene, especially in the lowlands. The Armenian population remained in the mountainous parts of the region until the Armenian genocide in 1915.

Arzanene was later a small Arab emirate under the Zurarid dynasty in the 9th century. In the 10th century the area fell under Hamdanid control. Hamdum, an Arab chief, conquered Arzanene and Amid around 962. In 963 a sister of Hamdum, whose name is not given in the original sources, governed the region for ten years. After 1045 it fell successively under Byzantine, Seljuk, Mongol and Ottoman Turkish control. For many years the Armenians of Sasun maintained a semi-independent status and fought the Ottoman authorities; well known battles are the Sasun Resistance (1894) and Sasun resistance in 1915.

Population
The exact ethnic composition of Arzanene is not known. According to Nicholas Adontz, its population was mixed "Armeno-Syrian." Pliny the Elder refers to a people called the Azoni, which Robert Hewsen believes to be a misspelling of *Arzoni, apparently referring to the people of Arzanene as if forming a distinct ethnic group. In Hewsen's view, Armenians must have settled in Arzanene early on but "it is likely that the basic population had remained essentially semitic-speaking." Under Arab rule Arzanene became heavily settled by Arab and Kurdish tribes, but a significant Armenian element (according to one source, an absolute majority of Armenians) remained there until the Armenian genocide.

title: Arzanene


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USS Redfin

USS Redfin (SS/SSR/AGSS-272), a Gato-class submarine, was a ship of the United States Navy named for the redfin, any of several North American fishes with reddish fins.

Construction and commissioning
Redfin was laid down 16 February 1942 by Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co., Manitowoc, Wisconsin; launched on 4 April 1943, sponsored by Mrs. B. B. Wygant; and commissioned on 31 August 1943.

First war patrol, January – March 1944
Departing New Orleans 15 October 1943, Redfin proceeded to Fremantle, Australia. On her first war patrol 4 January to 17 February 1944, she encountered an enemy convoy of four ships in the South China Sea 16 January and damaged the Imperial Japanese Navy destroyer JAPANESE DESTROYER Amatsukaze. From 8 March to 14 March, she patrolled north of Australia to defend against a possible Japanese attack.

Second war patrol, March – May 1944
On her second war patrol 19 March to 1 May, Redfin sank the 1,900-ton Japanese destroyer Akigumo off Zamboanga, Mindanao, 11 April. During the night of 15 April – 16 April, she sank two Japanese passenger-cargo ships, Shinyu Maru, 4,621 tons, and Yamagata Maru, 3,807 tons. On the night of 22 April – 23 April, she landed four of her crew near Dent Haven, Borneo, to evacuate a British reconnaissance party. Attacked by the Japanese, the landing party returned to Redfin, but the British agents were later evacuated by an Australian officer, and transferred to USS Harder (SS-257).

Third war patrol, May – July 1944
On her third war patrol, 26 May to 1 July, she landed six Philippine guerrillas on a small island near Balabac Strait 8 June. Proceeding to scout the enemy naval base at Tawi Tawi, she sank the 5,142-ton Japanese tanker Asanagi Maru on 11 June. She also warned American forces in the Marianas of the departure from Tawi Tawi of the Japanese task force that was later defeated in the Battle of the Philippine Sea on 19 June and 20 June. Operating off Leyte on 24 June, she sank the 3,028-ton Japanese passenger-cargo ship Aso Maru, before returning to Fremantle.

Fourth, fifth, and sixth war patrols, August 1944 – September 1945
Departing Fremantle 6 August, she laid a minefield off the west coast of Borneo on 19 August and rescued eight survivors of USS Flier (SS-250) at Palawan Island on 30 August. After lifeguard duty for airstrikes against Balikpapan, Borneo, she departed Fremantle 26 October, and sank the 15,226-ton Japanese tanker Nichinan Maru No. 2 west of the Philippines 8 November.

Completing her fourth war patrol 7 January 1945, she proceeded to Mare Island Naval Shipyard, San Francisco Bay, California, where she received special mine detection gear. Underway from Pearl Harbor 30 May to 10 July, and later from 30 July to 5 September she made mine surveys first off Honshū and Hokkaidō, and later off Kyūshū, Japan.

Radar picket submarine, 1953–1959
Decommissioned at New London, Conn., 1 November 1946, she entered the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in April 1951 for conversion, and was reclassified SSR-272. Recommissioned 9 January 1953, she engaged in radar picket duty for the next 6 years in American coastal waters, off northern Europe, and in the Mediterranean.

Auxiliary research submarine, 1959–1967
In April 1959 she entered the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, and received an inertial guidance system. Redfin became a laboratory and training ship for the testing of inertial guidance systems used in Polaris submarines. She preceded the first ballistic missile submarine USS George Washington (SSBN-598) as flagship of Submarine Squadron 14.

After searching for the lost submarine USS Thresher (SSN-593) in April 1963, she was reclassified as an auxiliary submarine, AGSS-272, on 28 June 1963. Operating in the Atlantic, she continued to assist in special research and development projects, including of the Polaris A-3 submarine-launched ballistic missile.

Decommissioning and disposal
Redfin decommissioned on 15 May 1967 to become a United States Naval Reserve Training Ship at Baltimore, Maryland. She was struck from the Navy List on 1 July 1970 and sold to the North American Smelting Company of Wilmington, Delaware, on 3 March 1971 for scrapping.

Awards

 * Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal with six battle stars
 * World War II Victory Medal
 * Navy Occupation Medal
 * National Defense Service Medal with one service star

title: USS Redfin


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Erlestoke

Erlestoke is a village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, on the northern edge of Salisbury Plain. The village lies about 6 mi east of Westbury and the same distance southwest of Devizes.

Erlestoke Prison, the only prison in Wiltshire, is within the parish.

History
The ancient parish of Erlestoke was a chapelry of Melksham. The Crown was lord of the manor of Erlestoke; the first recorded grant of land was by Henry I in the 12th century. From the 16th until the early 18th the Brouncker family held land at Erlestoke, including Henry Brouncker, a Member of Parliament in the 16th and early 17th. Later owners included Peter Delmé, an 18th-century MP; Joshua Smith (1732–1819), MP for Devizes; and George Watson-Taylor (1771–1841), also MP for Devizes. The Watson-Taylors built up large estates at Erlestoke, Coulston (including Baynton House), Great Cheverell and Edington until they were divided and sold between 1907 and 1910, following the death in 1902 of Simon Watson Taylor; Erlestoke Park remained in the family until it was sold in 1919.

The current form of the village is largely due to Joshua Smith, who between the 1780s and the 1810s was responsible for replacing the Elizabethan manor house with one higher up the hill east of the village, designed by George Steuart. The new house was at first called Stoke Park, and later Erlestoke Park and Erlestoke House. Smith landscaped the park which surrounds the village on three sides, adding a lake, and moving the houses of the village to the current High Street. Newly built estate cottages incorporated pieces of sculpture and architectural fragments from the earlier manor house; an example is Tilted Lodge, c. 1800.

By 1859 there was a school in a building owned by the Watson-Taylors, which formerly served as the laundry for the Erlestoke Park estate. The building was extended in 1893 and came into Church ownership in 1920; children of all ages attended until 1935, when older children were transferred elsewhere. The school closed in 1980 following the building of a new primary school at Great Cheverell.

The Church of the Holy Saviour was built next to the gates of Erlestoke Park in 1880 by G.E. Street for Lady Hannah Watson-Taylor (1818–1887), wife of Simon Watson Taylor. The building has fragments of an earlier church dedicated to St James, possibly from the 12th century; the 16th-century pulpit and five 17th-century bells are also from the earlier church. 18th-century tombs remain in the disused churchyard of the former church, some 150 metres to the northeast.

20th century
The Stert and Westbury Railway was built through the parish by the Great Western Railway Company in 1900, providing routes from London to Weymouth or Taunton. There was a station at Lavington, 2 mi from Erlestoke by road. It was closed in 1967 and no local stations remain; the nearest railway stations are Pewsey and Westbury.

In the 1930s, the War Office purchased 1235 acre of land in the parish, for accommodation for personnel undergoing training in the area. The Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 map of 1958 shows many small buildings south of the road, opposite Erlestoke House; although the access tracks remain, the buildings are no longer standing.

The Army's Senior Officer's School moved into Erlestoke House in 1939, and continued in the wings after the central part was seriously damaged by a fire in 1950. Since 1960 the site has been occupied by prison establishments which became HM Prison Erlestoke, with several additional buildings constructed around the house.

Local government
Erlestoke has an elected parish council. It is in the area of the Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which is responsible for most significant local government functions.

Amenities
The church is now part of the benefice of Bratton, Edington and Imber, Erlestoke, and Coulston.

The Wessex Ridgeway long-distance footpath crosses Stoke Hill in the south of the parish.

A former walled kitchen garden has been the home of Erlestoke and Coulston Cricket Club since 1991. Erlestoke golf course opened in 1992, west of the village. There was a pub, the George and Dragon, in a 17th-century building; it closed in April 2015.

People
Brian Jones, a balloonist who completed the first non-stop flight around the world in 1999, lived in the village around that time. The composer Peter Seabourne lived at Brouncker's Court Farm in Erlestoke from 1961 to 1989, studying at Clare College, Cambridge (1980–83) with Robin Holloway. The composer Anthony Scott (pupil of Gerald Finzi and Ralph Vaughan Williams) also lived in the village in the late 1980s, as did the comedians Lenny Henry and Dawn French.

title: Erlestoke


text:
File:Philip Fry.png

Licensing
©2011 Twentieth Century Fox

title: File:Philip Fry.png


text: User talk:65.48.158.233

title: User talk:65.48.158.233


text:
Anita Bitri

Anita Bitri-Prapaniku (8 January 1968 – 19 October 2004) was a pop singer and violinist from Albania, popular in her native country. Bitri had her first music success at the age of sixteen, and she became popular in Albania with her song "First Love". She emigrated to the United States in 1996.

She was found dead in her Staten Island home along with her 8-year-old daughter Sibora Nini and 60-year-old mother Azbije. The three died due to an accidental carbon monoxide poisoning after boiler ventilators in the basement were stuffed with plastic bags to keep out concrete from construction work. Her husband, Luan Prapaniku, had recently died from cancer.

At the time of her death, she was in the process of recording two albums, one in Albanian and one in English. She was also dating Parid Gjoka.

title: Anita Bitri


text: User talk:4.29.178.24

title: User talk:4.29.178.24


text: Category:Steuben County, New York

title: Category:Steuben County, New York