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Concierto de Aranjuez

The Concierto de Aranjuez (, "Aranjuez Concerto") is a concerto for classical guitar by the Spanish composer Joaquín Rodrigo. Written in 1939, it is by far Rodrigo's best-known work, and its success established his reputation as one of the most significant Spanish composers of the 20th century.

Inspiration and history
The Concierto de Aranjuez was inspired by the gardens at the Royal Palace of Aranjuez, the spring resort palace and gardens built by Philip II in the last half of the 16th century and rebuilt in the middle of the 18th century by Ferdinand VI. The work attempts to transport the listener to another place and time through the evocation of the sounds of nature.

According to the composer, the first movement is "animated by a rhythmic spirit and vigour without either of the two themes... interrupting its relentless pace"; the second movement "represents a dialogue between classical guitar and solo instruments (cor anglais, bassoon, oboe, horn etc.)"; and the last movement "recalls a courtly dance in which the combination of double and triple time maintains a taut tempo right to the closing bar." He described the concerto itself as capturing "the fragrance of magnolias, the singing of birds, and the gushing of fountains" in the gardens of Aranjuez.

Rodrigo and his wife Victoria stayed silent for many years about the inspiration for the second movement, and thus the popular belief grew that it was inspired by the bombing of Guernica in 1937. In her autobiography, Victoria eventually declared that it was both an evocation of the happy days of their honeymoon and a response to Rodrigo's devastation at the miscarriage of their first pregnancy. It was composed in 1939 in Paris.

Rodrigo dedicated the Concierto de Aranjuez to Regino Sainz de la Maza.

Rodrigo, nearly blind since age three, was a pianist. He did not play the guitar, yet he still managed to capture and project the role of the guitar in Spanish music.

Composition
Composed in early 1939, in Paris, amid the tensions of the impending war, it was the first work Rodrigo wrote for guitar and orchestra. The instrumentation is unusual: rarely does the guitar face the forces of a full orchestra. Thus, the guitar is never overwhelmed.

Premiere
The premiere of the Concierto de Aranjuez was held on 9 November 1940 at the Palau de la Música Catalana, in Barcelona. It was performed by guitarist Regino Sainz de la Maza with the Orquesta Filarmónica de Barcelona conducted by César Mendoza Lasalle.

On 11 December 1940, the concerto received its first performance in Madrid, at the Teatro Español de Madrid conducted by Jesús Arámbarri, with the same soloist. The United States premiere was given by Rey de la Torre on 19 November 1959, with the Cleveland Orchestra conducted by Robert Shaw.

Structure
This concerto is in three movements, Allegro con spirito, Adagio and Allegro gentile. The first and last movements are in D major, while the famous middle movement is in B minor. Along with the solo guitar, it is scored for an orchestra consisting of two flutes (one doubling on piccolo), two oboes (one doubling on cor anglais), two clarinets in B♭, two bassoons, two horns in F, two trumpets in C, and strings.

First movement
The first movement's 40-measure introduction begins with the solo guitar strumming a three-measure theme in 6/8. The theme is made of tonic, supertonic, and dominant chords and features a flamenco-like hemiola rhythm. As it repeats several times, the tonic chord's uppermost note gets higher, starting with the third, then using the fifth, the tonic, and the fifth again.

 * Introduction (guitar)

 * 1st theme (1st oboe and 1st violins)

 * 2nd theme (guitar, D major to E♭ major)

Second movement
The second movement in B minor, the best-known of the three, is marked by its slow pace and quiet melody, introduced by the cor anglais, with a soft accompaniment by the guitar and strings. A feeling of quiet regret permeates the piece. Ornamentation is added gradually to the melody in the beginning. An off-tonic trill in the guitar creates the first seeds of tension in the piece; they grow and take hold, but relax back to the melody periodically. Eventually, a climactic build-up starts. This breaks back into the main melody, molto appassionato, voiced by the strings with accompaniment from the woodwinds. The piece finally resolves to a calm arpeggio from the guitar, though it is the strings in the background rather than the guitar's final note that resolve the piece.

 * Introduction (guitar, B minor)

 * Theme (English horn)

Third movement
The third movement is in mixed metre, alternating between 2/4 and 3/4. At the beginning of the movement, four-measure phrases containing 9 beats in total are formed from one 3/4 measure followed by three 2/4 measures. As the movement progresses, the metre becomes more irregular. It begins with the guitar starting the theme in the "wrong" key of B major, but the orchestra restates it in the home key of D major.

 * Theme (guitar, B major)

Interpretations
The concerto was recorded for the first time in either 1947 or 1948 by guitarist Regino Sainz de la Maza with the Orquesta Nacional de España, conducted by Ataúlfo Argenta, on 78 rpm records. This recording was inducted into the Latin Grammy Hall of Fame. Narciso Yepes then made two early recordings of the Aranjuez, both also with Argenta – one in mono with the Madrid Chamber Orchestra (released between 1953 and 1955), and the second in stereo with the Orquesta Nacional de España (recorded in 1957 and released in 1959). Although Ida Presti gave the French premiere of the Concierto de Aranjuez in 1948, the first female classical guitarist to record the concerto was Renata Tarragó (1958 or 1959) – who played with fingertips rather than fingernails – accompanied by the Orquesta de Conciertos de Madrid, conducted by Odón Alonso. William Yeoman provides a discographical survey of recordings of the concerto in Gramophone magazine. Due to his extremely lengthy recording career, Julian Bream had ample room to record Joaquín Rodrigo's "Concierto de Aranjuez" five times. Four of those recordings appeared on record albums and one was recorded on film for the final segment of the film series ''¡Guitarra! A Musical Journey Through Spain''. Each time Julian Bream used a different combination of orchestra and conductor. Charo has played the Concerto in concert and in an album.

Until asked to perform and interpret Concierto de Aranjuez in 1991, the Spanish flamenco guitarist Paco de Lucía was not proficient at reading musical notation, and José María Gallardo Del Rey advised and directed him musically. De Lucía claimed in Paco de Lucía-Light and Shade: A Portrait that he gave greater emphasis to rhythmical accuracy in his interpretation of the Concierto at the expense of the perfect tone preferred by classical guitarists. Composer Joaquín Rodrigo later declared that no one had ever played his composition in such a brilliant manner.

At the request of Nicanor Zabaleta, Rodrigo transcribed the Concierto for harp and orchestra in 1974.

Jazz musician Miles Davis reinterpreted the second movement of the work on his album Sketches of Spain (1960), in the company of arranger Gil Evans. Davis stated: "That melody is so strong that the softer you play it, the stronger it gets, and the stronger you play it, the weaker it gets." Columbia, the label that released Sketches of Spain, had not asked the composer for permission to record or adapt his music, and Rodrigo did not learn of the recording until after its release in 1960, when the blind jazz pianist Tete Montoliu, who claimed to have been the first person in Spain to own a copy of the album, played it for the maestro and his family. Rodrigo was irate that the American record label had used his music without permission. Aside from the fact that he, as the composer, had not been asked for permission, “which he considered a violation of moral rights," Rodrigo also tried to block the jazz and pop recordings from being released, before realizing, "In the end, the composer resigned himself to accept the fact that the pop versions reached a far greater public than that of classical music concertgoers, and led to much wider recognition of the original classical concerto for guitar and orchestra, Concierto de Aranjuez." In fact, "Rodrigo changed his mind and came to accept the subsequent jazz recordings of his music in part because the legal terms of use were resolved (Ediciones Joaquín Rodrigo now owns the Gil Evans arrangement), but also in part because these versions, far from obliterating the original guitar concerto, have helped disseminate it." The composer's wife, Victoria Kamhi, was very harsh in her memoir, however, referring to the Miles Davis recording as "an act of piracy." She described how Rodrigo attempted to sue the SGAE in February 1967 in the Palace of Justice for authorizing the transcription of the Concierto for trumpet and jazz, which Davis recorded, but, "we lost the case, for the judge's opinion was that, since Miles Davis' record had granted authors' rights to Joaquín, he had no redress against the SGAE."

The concierto was the center of the "Friday night in San Francisco" live concert by Paco De Lucia, Al di Meola and John McLaughlin in 1981
 * Violinist Ikuko Kawai's version, "Aranjuez", is an upbeat, faster update to the work.
 * Clarinettist Jean-Christian Michel's transcription of "Aranjuez" has sold some 1,500,000 copies.
 * Guitarist Buckethead covered "Sketches of Spain" on his album Electric Tears as a tribute to Miles Davis.
 * Guitarist Uli Jon Roth's version "Air De Aranjuez" can be found on his album Transcendental Sky Guitar.
 * Bassist Buster Williams performs a solo bass transcription of the second movement of Concierto de Aranjuez on his album Griot Liberté (2006).
 * The jazz pianist Chick Corea used the beginning of the second movement as an introduction to his composition "Spain". Al Jarreau used the same intro in his arrangement of "Spain" as a vocalese.
 * A version of the Concierto, influenced by Davis's rendition, was performed by Jim Hall on his 1975 album, Concierto. Hall and his team perform Adagio interspersed with solo improvisations (the track runs over 19 minutes).
 * Jazz saxophonist Tom Scott performed the second movement on his 1985 release One night – One Day. This is the 2nd movement in entirety.
 * An arrangement of the Adagio by Kevin Bolton for a brass band led by a flugelhorn was recorded by the Grimethorpe Colliery Band as part of the soundtrack to the 1996 film Brassed Off. The arrangement is sometimes referred to in jest as the Concierto d'Orange Juice, due to the pronunciation used in the film by actor Pete Postlethwaite.
 * The Modern Jazz Quartet has several recordings of the Concierto, one with Laurindo Almeida, another on the Last Concert CD and In Memoriam CD.
 * Jim Roberts of Orlando, FL, has two recordings, one with his trio and another with his Saxtet, both very listenable arrangements.
 * A version entitled "Rodrigo's Guitar Concerto de Aranjuez (Theme from 2nd Movement)" was included by the Shadows on their album String of Hits in 1979, and released as a single.
 * Australian Guitarist Tommy Emmanuel on his 1990 album Dare To Be Different.
 * A version of the Adagio was released as a single entitled "Rodrigo's Guitar Concerto" by Geoff Love, (under the name of Manuel & the Music of the Mountains) in 1976. This reached No. 3 in the British singles chart.
 * Lebanese female singer Fairuz used the music of the second movement on her song "Li Beirut" (To Beirut).
 * Egyptian born Greek singer Demis Roussos popularized the song "Follow Me" which uses the same melody.
 * In 1967, the French singer Richard Anthony brought out a single named "Aranjuez mon amour", with lyrics by Guy Bontempelli.
 * The Israeli singer Rita also sang a song on her second album that contained the melody of the second movement. The song was titled "Concierto de Aranjuez" or "The Rainbow Song" (Shir Hakeshet), and appeared on her 1988 album Yamey Ha-Tom.
 * Led Zeppelin's keyboardist/bassist John Paul Jones incorporated parts of the music during an improvisation section of their song "No Quarter" on their 1977 tour.
 * Spinal Tap's song "Break Like the Wind" from the album "Break Like the Wind" contains part of the music as a guitar solo
 * Electronic musician and composer Isao Tomita performed a version on his 1978 album Kosmos (Space Fantasy).
 * André Rieu performed the piece accompanied by the church bells of Maastricht in a performance available on the DVD Songs From My Heart.
 * Egyptian-Italian singer Dalida had a song entitled "Aranjuez La Tua Voce" which employed parts of the melody from the second movement.
 * Greek singer Nana Mouskouri recorded a German language vocal version "Aranjuez, ein Tag verglüht" with Harry Belafonte's instrumentalists.
 * An arrangement of this piece is played by Takanori Arisawa a few times in a 1999 Japanese anime television series, Digimon Adventure.
 * Singer Summer Watson included a version called "Aranjuez, ma pensée" on her self-titled 2002 debut album Summer.
 * Japanese Jazz-Fusion drummer Akira Jimbo (better known as a former drummer for groups such as Casiopea and Jimsaku) recorded an arrangement of this tune on the album Jimbo de Cover.
 * The Limited Edition Drum and Bugle Corps (1988–1992) used the opening portion of the Adagio movement, dubbed "Spain," as a warm-up piece.
 * The world famous flamenco guitarist Paco de Lucía performed and recorded Concerto de Aranjuez in 1992. The performance was highly praised by Rodrigo.
 * Kimiko Itoh created a vocal/blues arrangement entitled "Follow Me" (a reprise of a song originally interpreted by Demis Roussos in 1982) for Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence.
 * Herb Alpert's 1979 album Rise contains a track, "Aranjuez (mon amour)" (6:42) on Side 2.
 * The Cuban classic guitar player Leo Brouwer made a jazz style interpretation of the Concierto with the group Irakere.
 * Jazz harpist Dorothy Ashby included the composition in her 1984 album Concierto de Aranjuez.
 * Croatian guitar player Petar Čulić.
 * Carlos Santana arranged En Aranjuez Con Tu Amor.
 * Sarah Brightman: En Aranjuez Con Tu Amor
 * The main movement of The Concierto de Aranjuez provides the melody to Rod McKuen's The Wind of Change, a pop song he recorded on his 1971 album Pastorale, as did Petula Clark on her album Petula, also in 1971.

Rodrigo's title of nobility
On 30 December 1991, Rodrigo was raised to the Spanish nobility by King Juan Carlos I with the title of Marqués de los Jardines de Aranjuez (Marquess of the Gardens of Aranjuez).

title: Concierto de Aranjuez


text: Category:Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors

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International Fellowship of Reconciliation

The International Fellowship of Reconciliation (IFOR) is a non-governmental organization founded in 1914 in response to the horrors of war in Europe. Today IFOR counts 71 branches, groups and affiliates in 48 countries on all continents. IFOR members promote nonviolence, human rights and reconciliation through public education efforts, training programs and campaigns. The IFOR International Secretariat in Utrecht, Netherlands facilitates communication among IFOR members, links branches to capacity building resources, provides training in gender-sensitive nonviolence through the Women Peacemakers Program, and helps coordinate international campaigns, delegations and urgent actions. IFOR has ECOSOC status at the United Nations.

Origins in wartime
The first body to use the name "Fellowship of Reconciliation" was formed as a result of a pact made in August 1914 at the outbreak of the First World War by two Christians, Henry Hodgkin (an English Quaker) and Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze (a German Lutheran), who were participating in a Christian pacifist conference in Konstanz, southern Germany (near Switzerland), where the World Alliance for the promotion international Friendship through the Churches (World Alliance, WA) was formed. According to the mythotology of the IFOR, on the platform of the railway station at Cologne, they pledged to each other that, "We are one in Christ and can never be at war".

After coming into his home country, Hodgkins invited his Quaker – and often socialist – friends, such as Kees Boeke, to organize a conference in Cambridge in 1915, in which the "Fellowship of Reconciliation" (FOR England) was established. The German branch, Versöhnungsbund, was founded later. It held its first conference in 1932, but in 1933, when Hitler came to power, it dissolved. Schultze was arrested 27 times during World War I and was forced to live in exile during the Nazi period. FOR Germany was officially reestablished just in 1956 with Dr Siegmund Schultze as president. Shortly after the Cambridge conference, in the autumn of 1915, Henry Hodgkin went over to America and, 11 and 12 November, the American Fellowship was founded during a Conference at Garden City, Long Island. More than a thousand members enrolled in the American Fellowship before and during the war, which, for the US, begun on 6 April 1917. Also, Cornelius Boeke made a trip to Europe, where he established international social networks for the work of FOR. Because of this and the peace work of Boeke, he was deported to his home country Holland by the national court of England.

During the war time, Fellowship of Reconciliation focused its activities mainly on trying to influence public opinion, to help victims of war and war prisoners. 600 people in England went to prison for helping more than 16.000 imprisoned during the war. When conscription began in Britain in 1916 and in the United States many FOR members refused military service. Many of the members of the FOR were accused for supporting of being pro-German because of their peace endeavours and this led even to physical assaults of the members of FOR.

After World War One: strengthening the international movement

After the end of war, in 1919, the deported Kees Boeke and Henry Hodgkin met in Holland, where they decided to organize the first international conference, which led to the formation of "Movement towards a Christian international" (Christian international), which later became the "International Fellowship of Reconciliation." The conference was held in Boekes house in the town of Bilthoven where 50 pacifists from ten different countries met. Many of the pacifists became straight to Bilthoven from the conference of World Alliance organized in Haag day before. In relation to the Peace Movement of World Alliance, the conferees wanted to establish organization that has its basis more in Christian socialism. Through their work they wanted to oppose the revolutionary ideas of the Communist International and offer a better solution for social justice. In their first declaration, the conferees said that they want to follow the revolutionary ideals of Christ in order to achieve a Christian revolution that is based on love and nonviolence.

The first headquarters of the Christian international was in Holland. Later, in 1923, Headquarters were moved to England, when the movements name was transformed to IFOR. This International Fellowship of Reconciliation became an umbrella organisation to which national branches of Fellowship of Reconciliation affiliated themselves as members.

IFOR first secretary was the Swiss pacifist Pierre Cérésole jailed several times for his peace witness. He established the Service Civil (International Voluntary Service for Peace), initially organizing work camps in areas torn apart by war, with volunteers from former enemy countries. Relief for the victims of war was carried out, and international conferences and meetings spread the work of peace to many other parts of the globe. Immediately after Bilthoven IFOR appointed travelling secretaries such as John Nevin Sayre, André Trocmé, Muriel Lester, Henri Rose and Percy Bartlett. They travelled carrying the Fellowship's messages around Europe, in Scandinavia, Central Europe, Poland, the Baltic States and the Balkans, giving life to several international conferences that took place between the two world wars. The first one gathered 200 delegates from 20 nations (also India, Burma and Ukraine) in Sonntagberg in Austria. Many others followed and, in such a tense historical moment, IFOR members discussed about the necessity of disarmament and of a new role of Churches, asking clergymen to make a strong stand against the idea of "righteous wars". In 1932, the IFOR led a Youth Crusade across Europe in support of the Geneva World Disarmament Conference. Protestants and Catholics from all over converged on Geneva by various routes, reaching over 50,000 people and presenting to the Conference a petition calling for total disarmament among the nations.

Ambassadors of Reconciliation
At the end of the 1930s, given the unstable international situation, IFOR established Embassies of Reconciliation that initiated peace efforts not only in Europe but in Japan and China as well. "Ambassadors of Reconciliation", such as George Lansbury, Muriel Lester and Anne Seesholtz, visited many world leaders, including Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Leon Blum and Franklin D Roosevelt. Muriel Lester, English social worker, served as IFOR travelling secretary throughout the world, helping to establish its work in many countries. She met Mahatma Gandhi, first in London when, in 1931, he spent some time at Kingsley Hall, a community center with educational, social and recreational purposes, run by her and her sister Doris, and then in India when she went with him in Bihar on his anti-untouchability tour during 1934. When World War II broke out, travels and communications became almost impossible. In many countries IFOR members suffered persecution for publicly preaching pacifism. IFOR's members, especially in America tried by inter-church mediation to find ways of ending the war, to help conscientious objectors, and struggled against internment of Japanese Americans. In France, IFOR members André and Magda Trocmé, with the help of the villagers of le Chambon sur Lignon, saved the lives of thousands of Jews escaping the Holocaust. In Belgium, feminist Magda Yoors Peeters defends Jewish refugees and conscientious objectors.

Supporting nonviolent movements around the world
After the war, travelling secretaries continued their work. IFOR branches and affiliates in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East grew consistently also thanks to the work of Jean Goss and Hildegard Goss-Mayr from Paris and Vienna, three times nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. New Zealand pacifist Ormond Burton represented the IFOR in that nation. From such labors arose Servicio Paz y Justicia (SERPAJ) throughout Latin America. SERPAJ's founder Adolfo Perez Esquivel from Argentina was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1980. SERPAJ participated in the nonviolent resistance to Chile's 16-year-long military dictatorship, which culminates in free elections that restored democracy. Hildegard Goss-Mayrs' training in active nonviolence contributed significantly to the people power overthrow of the Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship in the Philippines in 1986, as well as the growth of nonviolent movements in Asia and Africa. The Goss-Mayrs, IFOR Honorary Presidents, were central to the global spread of active nonviolence movement.

Members
IFOR has 71 member organizations in 48 countries in all continents.

Decade for a Culture of Nonviolence
Since the initiation of the United Nations Decade for a Culture of Peace and Nonviolence for the Children of the World, in 2001, IFOR members have been active in working for peace education and in working to establish national coalitions to support the Decade.

Nonviolence education and training
IFOR assists groups and individuals to find ways in which they can transform conflicts into positive and growth oriented interactions that involve dialogue and lead to reconciliation. The Nonviolent Education Program aims at supporting sustainable implementation of nonviolence/nonviolent education, peace education and violence prevention in compulsory kindergarten and school education and thus consequent implementation of Children's Rights expressed in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. This is done through various presentations and training programs, as well as through the creation of resource materials and contact with trainers and resource people.

Youth empowerment
Thanks to the Youth Working Group, IFOR provides young people with the skills and opportunities to become active peacemakers. This is done through nonviolence and leadership training, campaigning, and through internships with IFOR branches and groups, or with the International Secretariat.

Interfaith cooperation
Religion has on occasion played a central role in fomenting conflict but can also be a source of inspiration and leadership for peace. IFOR sponsors interfaith delegations to areas of conflict and publishes material on nonviolence from different religious traditions.

Disarmament
Since its founding, IFOR has opposed war and preparations for war. IFOR members support conscientious objectors, campaign for a ban on land mines, and oppose nuclear weapons and all other weapons of mass destruction. During their annual meeting, European members from different branches of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation issued the Declaration of Prali, in occasion of the Global day of Action on Military Spending, 17 April 2012. The Peace and Constitution Committee Working Group promotes actions to raise awareness on the article 9 of the Japanese Constitution which denounces war and war-preparation activities.

Gender justice
In 2006 IFOR adopted a Gender Policy in which IFOR recognizes that there is a continuum of violence against women that must be confronted, from family violence in the private sphere to armed conflict in the public sphere. Unequal power relations between women and men are one root of violence, conflict and militarization, where women are often severely abused. Gender justice means that women and men can equally contribute to and benefit from peace building, non-violent conflict resolution and reconciliation. This gender policy recognizes that gender equality is an integral part of IFOR's fundamental values and is a core spiritual value. A transformation of the power relations between women and men is a prerequisite for a culture of peace and non-violence, and must be promoted throughout IFOR. The Women Peacemaker Program (WPP) is an IFOR program that works to ensure the possibility for women's access to peace negotiations and promotes the application of IFOR's Gender Policy.

The successful program has been institutionalized by the end of 2012.

International representation
IFOR maintains permanent representatives at the United Nations (UN) in New York, Geneva, Vienna and Paris (UNESCO) who regularly participate in conferences and meetings of UN bodies, providing testimony and expertise from different regional perspectives, promoting non-violent alternatives in the fields of human rights, development, and disarmament. IFOR has observer and consultative status to the United Nations, United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and UNESCO organizations.

Presidents

 * Al Hassler
 * Diana Francis (1988–1996)
 * Marie-Pierre Bovy (1992–1996)
 * Akadim Chikandamina (1996–2000)
 * Virginia Baron (2000–2002)
 * Jonathan Sisson (2002–2006)
 * Jan Schacke (2006–2010)
 * Hans Ulrich Gerber (2010–2014)
 * Davorka Lovrekovic (2014–2018)
 * Lotta Sjöström Becker (2018–2022)
 * Zoughbi Zoughbi (2022-present)

Nobel Peace Prizes
Six Nobel Peace Prize recipients are members of IFOR:

 * Jane Addams (1931)
 * Emily Greene Balch (1946)
 * Chief Albert Luthuli (1960)
 * Martin Luther King Jr. (1964)
 * Mairead Corrigan-Maguire (1976)
 * Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (1980)


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Baily (crater)

Baily is the remnant of a lunar impact crater on the boundary between Mare Frigoris to the north and Lacus Mortis to the south. The crater interior has been flooded by lava in the past, and only the northern half of the crater rim remains relatively intact. There is an outward bulge in the northeastern rim, possibly the remnant of another crater formation that once overlapped Baily. The crater interior is flat and relatively featureless, with no impacts of significance. The surviving outer rim reaches a maximum elevation of about 0.5 km.

The nearest crater of note is Bürg to the south-southwest. Further to the west is the prominent Aristoteles.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Baily.

title: Baily (crater)


text: User talk:84.32.38.200

title: User talk:84.32.38.200


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Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell

Margaret Wake, suo jure 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell and Countess of Kent (c. 1297 – 19 September 1349), was the wife of Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent, the youngest surviving son of Edward I of England and Margaret of France.

Family
She was the daughter of John Wake, 1st Baron Wake of Liddell (son of Baldwin Wake and Hawise de Quincy) and Joan de Fiennes. By her grandmother Hawise, she was the great-granddaughter of Elen, daughter of Llywelyn the Great (Prince of Gwynedd) and Joan, Lady of Wales (the illegitimate daughter of John of England). Her mother, Joan de Fiennes, was a daughter of William de Fiennes and Blanche de Brienne. She was a sister of Margaret de Fiennes, making Wake a cousin of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March (himself the great-grandson of Gwladus Ddu, Elen's sister). Joan de Fiennes also descended from John of Brienne and Berengaria of León, herself the granddaughter of Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile.

Marriages
Margaret married John Comyn (c. 1294 – 1314) around 1312, son of the John Comyn who was murdered by Robert the Bruce in 1306. Her husband John died at the Battle of Bannockburn, and their only child, Aymer Comyn (1314–1316), died as a toddler. She married, for a second time, Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent. They received a dispensation in October 1325, and the wedding probably took place at Christmas.

Through her marriage to Edmund of Woodstock (who was executed for treason in 1330), she was the mother of two short-lived earls of Kent, and of Margaret and Joan of Kent (wife of Edward, the Black Prince). The pregnant Margaret and her children were confined to Salisbury Castle, and her brother Thomas Wake, 2nd Baron Wake of Liddell was accused of treason but later pardoned. When King Edward III of England reached his majority and overthrew the regents, he took in Margaret and her children and treated them as his own family. She succeeded briefly as Baroness Wake of Liddell in 1349, but died during an outbreak of the plague that autumn.

Via their grandson, Thomas Holland, Margaret and Edmund's descendants included both Edward IV (via Thomas's eldest and second daughters, Alinor and Joan) and Henry Tudor (via Thomas's third daughter, Margaret), from both of whom every English monarch from Henry VIII onwards descends. Thomas's daughter Margaret was also ancestor of every king of Scotland from James II, while Alinor was also ancestor of royal spouses Anne Neville and Catherine Parr.

Depictions in fiction
Margaret is a supporting character in the Karen Harper historical fiction novel The First Princess of Wales, which gives a fictional depiction of her daughter Joan of Kent's life at the English court.

Margaret is a character in the 2014 novel A Triple Knot by Emma Campion which primarily focuses on her daughter Joan of Kent's struggle to validate her secret marriage to Thomas Holland after her family forces her into a marriage with William Montacute, and her close, often uncomfortable relationship with her cousin and future husband Edward, Prince of Wales.


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Democritus (crater)

Democritus is a lunar impact crater that is located on the northern part of the Moon, just to the north of the Mare Frigoris. Just to the south of Democritus is the lava-flooded crater Gärtner, which forms a bay on the mare. Directly to the north is Arnold, another flooded formation.

Description
The rim of Democritus is generally sharp-edged and shows little sign of erosion. It forms not quite a circle, with outward notch-like bulges that give it a slightly irregular shape. The inner walls have single or double terraces that lead down to a relatively flat interior floor. Near the midpoint of the crater is a small central peak.

Names
Democritus is named after the Greek philosopher of the same name. Like many of the craters on the Moon's near side, it was given its name by Giovanni Riccioli, whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized. Earlier lunar cartographers had given the feature different names: Michael van Langren's 1645 map calls it "Alfonsi IX Reg. Cast." after Alfonso IX of León and Castile, and Johannes Hevelius called it "Mons Bontas".

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Democritus.

title: Democritus (crater)


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Talk:HMS Kent

Which Kent?
Of these Kent, which is the one who was taken by Robert Surcouf ? (date was 7 octobre 1800 ; this Kent had 26 guns on decks, 12 more guns on higher decks, and 437 sailors and soldiers aboard). What happened to her afterward ?

title: Talk:HMS Kent


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Pate

Pate, pâte au lait, or paté may refer to:

Pâté 'pastry'

 * Pâté, various French meat forcemeat pies or loaves
 * Pâté haïtien or Haitian patty, a meat-filled puff pastry dish
 * Pate or paté (anglicized spellings), the Virgin Islands version of empanadas, a meat or vegetable-filled fried-dough dish

Pâte 'dough'

 * Pate, pâte, or paste, the body of cheese excluding the rind
 * Pâte à choux, a kind of choux pastry

Places

 * Pate, Cambodia
 * Pate Island, also seat of a former Pate Sultanate, in Kenya

Other

 * Pate (instrument), a Samoan percussion instrument
 * Pate (surname), a surname
 * Pâté (film), a film by Agnieszka Wojtowicz-Vosloo
 * Patē, the Māori name for the tree Schefflera digitata
 * Pate, the surface of the human head, especially a bald head

title: Pate


text: User talk:66.21.1.48

title: User talk:66.21.1.48


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Wikipedia:WikiProject U.S. Supreme Court cases

WikiProject United States Supreme Court cases seeks to improve the quality and uniformity of the U.S. Supreme Court case articles on Wikipedia. Have a question? A comment? Something else? Try the |talk page.


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Ichirō (name)

Ichirō (いちろう, イチロー), also written Ichiro, Ichirou or Ichiroh is a masculine Japanese given name. The name is occasionally given to the first-born son in a family.

Like many Japanese names, Ichirō can be written using different kanji characters and can mean:
 * 一郎: "first son"
 * 一朗: "first clear, bright"

People with the name

 * Ichiro Abe (安部 一郎), Japanese judoka
 * Ichirō Banzai (坂西 一良), Japanese general
 * Ichiro Fujiyama (藤山 一郎, 1911–1993), a Japanese singer
 * Ichiro Furuyama (古山 一郎), Japanese discus thrower
 * Ichirō Hatoyama (鳩山 一郎, 1883–1959), a Japanese politician and the 52nd, 53rd, and 54th Prime Minister of Japan
 * Ichirō Hiura (日浦 市郎), Japanese shogi player
 * Ichiro Hosotani (細谷 一郎), Japanese footballer
 * Ichiro Ito (伊藤 一朗, born 1967), a Japanese rock guitarist
 * Ichirō Komatsu (小松 一郎), Japanese diplomat, civil servant and politician
 * Ichiro Miyake (三宅 市郎, 1881–1964), a Japanese mycologist
 * Ichiro "Aniki" Mizuki (水木 一郎, 1948–2022), a Japanese vocalist
 * Ichiro Murakoshi (村越 伊知郎, born 1930), a Japanese voice actor
 * Ichirō Nagai (永井 一郎, born 1931), a Japanese voice actor
 * Ichiro Nakagawa (中川 一郎, 1925–1983), a Japanese politician from Hokkaidō
 * Ichirō Ozawa (小沢 一郎, born 1942), a Japanese politician, and Secretary-General of the Democratic Party of Japan
 * Ichiro Serizawa (芹沢 一郎), Japanese fencer
 * Ichirō Shimada (島田 一郎, 1848–1878), an assassin of Ōkubo Toshimichi
 * Ichiro Suzuki (鈴木 一朗, born 1973), a Japanese baseball outfielder
 * Ichiro Suzuki (engineer) (鈴木 一郎, born 1937), a Japanese automobile engineer
 * Ichiro Yamaguchi (山口 一郎, born 1980), a Japanese musician (sakanaction)
 * Ichiro Yoshizawa (吉沢 一郎, 1903–1998), a Japanese mountaineer and expedition leader

Fictional characters

 * Ichiro Ogami (大神 一郎), a character in Sakura Wars video game.
 * Ichiro Miyata (宮田 一郎), a fictional character in the anime and manga series Fighting Spirit.
 * Ichiro Tanaka, character from Medal of Honor: Rising Sun.
 * Ichiro Yamada, character from John Okada’s No-No Boy.
 * Ichiro Yamada (山田 一郎), a character in the Japanese multimedia series Hypnosis Mic: Division Rap Battle.

title: Ichirō (name)


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Talk:List of anarchist organizations

Black bloc
Black bloc is a protest tactic (akin to sit-in) and should be removed. It is not a social network, and if it was, it couldn't be classified under "active organizations". Maybe it could be called a "temporary organization", but I think that it is easier just to start a new list for Anarchist Praxis.

UK/Europe relationship
Although United Kingdom/Great Britain is culturally a european country, it is not phisically part of European continent. To be precise it is an island west coast of it. I would say that we should keep Freedom Press in Europe for now, but move it into the separate section later on (when the list grows). If we consider cultural Europe rather than Europe as a continent, then United States of America should also be merged with Europe. q;-) Beta m (talk)
 * Arguably, Europe isn't really a continent, but the area that it is imagined to cover includes the UK. I think that the British Isles are continental islands. Tim Ivorson 10:38, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Front liberation du Quebec
Aside from being terrorists, the FLQ were not Anarchists. They were part Marxist and part ethnic nationalists. Dreaming of a classless, "workers run", French speaking nation-state.

title: Talk:List of anarchist organizations


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Talk:Metrical Dindshenchas

I think a citation is needed for the statement that this is "the major surviving monument of Irish bardic verse". I don't necessarily dispute that assessment outright (not having read the metrical Dindshenchas myself), but I do wonder to what authority it can be attributed, and how many Irish literary scholars would not prefer that that honour go to Táin Bó Cuailgne or Lebor Gabála Éirenn. Cheers, QuartierLatin1968 19:06, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Neither the Táin Bó Cuailgne nor Lebor Gabála Éirenn are written in verse, though both contain verse passages not all of which are Bardic. The Metrical Dindshenchas is entirely in verse and is the only surviving compendium of Irish Bardic verse on this scale. Filiocht | The kettle's on 08:43, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, certainly, I see the distinction. But is "major surviving monument" part your assessment, or somebody else's? I suppose what I'm asking is, should we rephrase that more quantitatively, or cite some particular source? QuartierLatin1968 [[Image:Red Flag waving.png|20px|The worker's flag is deepest red,/It shrouded oft our martyred dead]] 20:11, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Gwynn
The Metrical Dindshenchas is the edition produced by Edward Gwynn at the turn of the 20th century. Discussing the whole corpus of Ireland's onomastic poetry in an article entitled Metrical Dindshenchas is like treating Buile Shuibhne and Sweeney Astray as synonymous or confusing Táin Bó Cúailnge with the The Táin as presented by Thomas Kinsella.

I do understand that there is a Prose Dindshenchas, but my understanding is that treating these as two separate bodies of work is a convention born out of Gwynn's publication. It seems better to discuss them as the Dindshenchas and describe how they are mostly poetry and are accompanied with the prose commentary.

I created an article called Dindshenchas/Dinsenchas before I discovered this curiously-named page. After discovering this, I added some of the info here to the page I made.

My proposal is that this page be made very short and limited to the discussion of the Gwynn compilation. I'll make the change in a few days if I hear no objections. –House of Scandal 19:06, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metrical Dindshenchas


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Pons (crater)

Pons is a lunar impact crater that is located to the west of the prominent Rupes Altai scarp. It was named after French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons. It lies to the southeast of the crater Sacrobosco, and southwest of Polybius. To the northwest along the same flank of the formation is the crater Fermat.

The rim of Pons is somewhat elongated in shape, being longer along a northeast–southwest axis than in the perpendicular direction. The outer wall is irregular and notched, particularly at the northeastern end where it is partly overlain by the satellite crater Pons D and multiple smaller formations. The interior is uneven, with low ridges projecting from the north and southeastern rims.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Pons.

title: Pons (crater)


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Player of the year award

Several sports leagues honour their best player with an award called Player of the Year (POY). In the United States, this type of award is usually called a Most Valuable Player award.

Association football
In association football, this award is held on both an international and national level.
 * FIFA awards a worldwide men's and women's FIFA World Player of the Year, football's highest individual honour.
 * English football leagues honour the PFA Players' Player of the Year and the PFA Young Player of the Year.
 * Scotland has similar awards, the Scottish PFA Players' Player of the Year and the Scottish PFA Young Player of the Year.
 * Many organizations award "footballer of the year" awards. Among them are the European Footballer of the Year, Best Footballer in Asia, African Footballer of the Year, and in English football the Football Writers' Association's FWA Footballer of the Year.
 * Most clubs and teams run their own awards on an annual basis, sometimes chosen by the managers and coaches, but often by the fans.

Baseball
In baseball, publications sometimes issue awards with this name:
 * The Sporting News awards a Major League Baseball player the TSN Player of the Year Award. This almost always goes to a position player, since this magazine also has separate awards for the best pitcher in each Major League.
 * Similarly, Baseball America and USA Today designates their respective Minor League Player of the Year Award.

Several awards for amateur baseball also exist: Publications also issue annual player of the year awards, including Baseball America, Collegiate Baseball, and the American Baseball Coaches Association.
 * The Golden Spikes Award is presented annually to the top amateur baseball players in the United States. It was jointly created by Major League Baseball and USA Baseball in 1978.
 * The National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association awards the Dick Howser Trophy annually to the top college player in the United States.

Basketball
In American basketball, several such awards are given:

 * The Oscar Robertson Trophy is awarded to the college basketball player of the year by the United States Basketball Writers Association.
 * The Naismith College Player of the Year award is given to the best men's college player and the best women's college player.
 * The John R. Wooden Award is given by the Los Angeles Athletic Club to the best men's college player and the best women's college player.
 * The National Collegiate Athletic Association gives the Chip Hilton Player of the Year Award to the Division I men's basketball player who exemplifies the best character.
 * The National Basketball Association awards an NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award. This is also known as the Hakeem Olajuwon Trophy.
 * The Women's National Basketball Association awards a WNBA Defensive Player of the Year Award.

Cricket
In cricket, awards for the leading international player are the Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World and the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy.

Gaelic football
In Gaelic football, it may mean Donegal GAA.

Ice hockey
In ice hockey, in the United Kingdom the Player of the Year Trophy is awarded by Ice Hockey Journalists UK.

Lacrosse
In lacrosse, two awards are given with this name, the Major League Lacrosse Offensive player of the Year Award and the Major League Lacrosse Defensive player of the Year Award.

Rugby league
In rugby league, player of the year awards include the Man of Steel in the Super League and the Dally M Medal in the National Rugby League.

title: Player of the year award


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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject U.S. Supreme Court cases

Old slip opinion deadlinks
What should be done with the deadlinks to slip opinion that have been deleted from SupremeCourt.gov? Currently, this includes opinions from 2015 and earlier, such as this. I am inclined toward the latter options. SilverLocust 💬 03:58, 4 August 2023 (UTC)
 * We could find archive versions from the Internet Archive, but that is not done authomatically within the Caselaw source template.
 * It would be much easier to just remove them (as with Special:Diff/1168645679), or to comment them out (as with Special:Diff/1168647876).

 * All old case opinions are still available through that website, at . Mind you, they generate 1000+ pg PDFs, so you have to add a #page to the URL (the page # in the PDF, not the normally cited page number). Eg, randomly picked, Lockhart v. United States (2016) is at . --M asem (t) 04:14, 4 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I would think those are separate issues (i.e., whether to link the final U.S. Reports and whether to remove the old slip opinions). Also, let me revise what I am suggesting. These could both be implemented very easily:
 * We could archive the slip opinion deadlinks with Internet Archive (as with Special:Diff/1168650274).
 * We could remove the slip opinion deadlinks (as with Special:Diff/1168645679).
 * (Also, I am just referring to removing the links in the "external links" Caselaw source section, not in any references that for whatever reason link to the slip opinion.) SilverLocust 💬 04:34, 4 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I think I'll just switch the deadlinks to archived links for now, if there is no objection to that. SilverLocust 💬 04:54, 4 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I think we definitely should be including a link to the U.S. Reports bound volume PDF, with the #page in the manner that Masem suggests. (That is, for everything not old enough to be included in the Library of Congress collection with its friendlier non-1000 page PDFs.) It's formally what's published, can contain minor revisions, and has the page numbering that people will cite. But yes this is a separate issue. Adumbrativus (talk) 05:43, 4 August 2023 (UTC)

Inconsistency in Younger v. Harris
I noted at Talk:Younger v. Harris that the article seems to be inconsistent and provides two different lists of exceptions; it would be great if an expert could take a look. Joriki (talk) 19:47, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I believe the first list is what was set forth in the case, and the second list is what was eventually refined by the courts to be the doctrine emanating from the case.  BD2412  T 17:42, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

Draft:Berkovitz v. United States
I have started a draft at Draft:Berkovitz v. United States, a rather important case involving the liability of a government agency when it screws up a non-discretionary function. Cheers! BD2412 T 17:41, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

Good article reassessment for Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. AirshipJungleman29 (talk) 18:55, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

Edits needed to Gibson Dunn
I’ve suggested some important edits to the page that need review. The firm has argued several noteworthy cases in front of SCOTUS so if there is an editor here who could be of assistance, I (employee of the firm) would welcome the feedback. Talk:Gibson_Dunn CaseyatLeicesterStreet (talk) 14:34, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I've replied at WT:WikiProject Law SilverLocust 💬 17:24, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

Holmes Devise histories
I was noticing the other day that the Internet Archive has scanned a lot of volumes of the Holmes Devise History of the Supreme Court in the last year or two. These are very comprehensive (to a fault...) sources, and many of them are difficult to find online because of errors in the metadata, so I figured I'd list what's available here in case anyone finds it useful: Extraordinary Writ (talk) 19:47, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Volume I (beginnings to 1801): Internet Archive
 * Volume II (1801–1815): not to my knowledge currently available online
 * Volumes III and IV (1815–1835): Internet Archive
 * Volume V (1836–1864): Internet Archive
 * Volume VI (1864–1888, pt. 1): Internet Archive
 * Volume VII (1864–1888, pt. 2): Internet Archive
 * Volume VIII (1888–1910): Internet Archive
 * Volume IX (1910–1921): Internet Archive
 * Volume X (1921–1930): Cambridge Core through the Wikipedia Library
 * Volume XI (1930–1941): Cambridge Core through the Wikipedia Library
 * Volume XII (1941–1953): Internet Archive

RSN Discussion
A source that primarily deals with U.S. law, especially the Supreme Court, is currently being discussed at RSN. WikiProject members are invited to join the discussion. QuicoleJR (talk) 15:43, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

"Opinion of the Court"
The style guide currently recommends "Opinion of the Court" as a section title (or one of two possible section titles). This strikes me as somewhat crosswise of MOS:HEAD, especially the familiar injunction to [n]ot redundantly refer back to the subject of the article. Given that articles covered by this style guide are specifically about Supreme Court proceedings, is there any reason not to shorten this header to "Opinion"? -- Visviva (talk) 04:25, 20 May 2024 (UTC)
 * "Opinion" would cause confusion when there are also dissenting, concurring, etc. opinions. But "majority opinion" works, as would "decision" in some cases (I've used both before). At any rate, that style guide mainly reflects one or two editors' opinions, so while it contains some useful advice, feel free to just do whatever makes the most sense to you in any given instance. Extraordinary Writ (talk) 04:37, 20 May 2024 (UTC)
 * This depends upon how we decide to balance correctness against brevity. "Opinion of the Court" may be clunky, but it is the technically correct term. A majority opinion is the official opinion of the court, not just of the judges in the majority.  White Whirlwind   14:47, 20 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I would use "majority opinion", "plurality opinion", "concurring opinion [by X]", "dissenting opinion [by X]", etc. voorts (talk/contributions) 21:51, 20 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The style guide was an attempt at standardizing the headings. I don't think it's followed much. --MZMcBride (talk) 22:42, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

Good article reassessment for Jacobson v. United States
Jacobson v. United States has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. Z1720 (talk) 19:08, 5 July 2024 (UTC)


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Parfait (disambiguation)

Parfait is a food. Parfait may also refer to:

 * Cathar Perfect (also called Parfait), a religious leader among the Cathars
 * Parfait (album), a 1982 album by bassist Ron Carter

title: Parfait (disambiguation)


text: Template:Human evolution

title: Template:Human evolution


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Khairpur

Khairpur (Sindhi, ) is a city and the capital of the Khairpur District of Pakistan's Sindh province.

History
The Talpur dynasty was established in 1783 by Mir Fateh Ali Khan, who declared himself the first Rais, or ruler of Sindh, after defeating the Kalhoras at the Battle of Halani.

The death of Mir Sohrab Khan Talpur, founder of the Khairpur branch abdicated power to his eldest son Mir Rustam 'Ali Khan, in 1811. Rustam ruled until 1842, when abdicated in favor of his youngest brother Mir Ali Murad. Ali Murad helped the British in 1845-7 during the Turki campaign, but was later accused of plotting against the British in 1851–2, and so was stripped of his lands in upper Sindh by the British East India Company. As a result, the remaining land under his control consisted mostly of Khairpur city, and its immediate environs. During the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, Ali Murad sided with the British, and prevented rebels from seizing the Shikarpur jail and treasury. He regained the favour of the British, and in 1866, the British promised to recognize any future successors as rightful rulers of Khairpur.

Ali Murad's eldest son had predeceased him, and so he was succeeded by his second son, Mir Faiz Muhammad Khan, who ruled until his death 1909. He was in turn succeeded by his son, Mir Imam Bakhsh Khan Talpur, who aided the British war effort during World War I, and was thus awarded the honorary title Lieutenant Colonel in 1918. He died in 1921, and was succeeded by His Highness Mir Ali Nawaz Khan. Under his rule, the feudal Cherr system of forced labour was abolished, while new canals were laid for irrigation.

Geography
Khairpur district is located in north-eastern Sindh and is bounded on the north by Shikarpur and Sukkur, on the east by India, on the south by Sanghar district and Shaheed Benzeerabad and on the west by Larkana and Noshero Feroz. The district lies from 680 10’ to 700 10’ east longitude and 260 9’ to 270 42’ north Latitude.

Politics
Politically, the city of Khairpur have been dominated by the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) since the era of 1970s. Excluding the exceptional occasions, where other parties had also left mark of their victory now or then but more or less the city have been represented by the MNAs belonging PPP in the Provincial and National Assembly.

The National Assembly
The city is represented by the 1 MNA in the federal legislature since the remapping of the constituencies during 2018 Elections.

Climate
Khairpur has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), characterised by extremely hot and hazy summers with warm winters. Khairpur is known for its extremely hot summers, and was described as the hottest city in British India. Wind speed is low throughout the year, and sunshine is abundant. Summer temperatures regularly surpass 50 °C. Dry heat is experienced starting from April to early June until the Monsoon season starts to arrive. Monsoons in Khairpur are not very wet, but bring high dew points, resulting in high heat indices. Monsoons recede by September, but it is not until late October that the short lived autumn season is experienced before the onset of the region's cool winters. The average annual rainfall of Khairpur is 87.6 mm and mainly occurs in the monsoon season. The highest annual rainfall ever is 375 mm, recorded in 1978 and the lowest annual rainfall ever is 0 mm in 1941.

Demographics
At the 1998 census, the population of the city of Khairpur was 102,188 having increased from 61,447 at the 1981 census. The city had an estimated population of 127,857 in 2006.

Education
There are following Colleges and Universities in Khairpur

 * Khairpur Medical College KMC, Khairpur Mirs
 * Pir Abdul Qadir Shah Jeelani Institute of Medical Sciences, Khairpur Mirs
 * Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Mirs
 * IBA-Institute of Emerging Technologies, SIBAU Campus Khairpur
 * Mehran University College Of Engineering And Technology SZAB Campus Khairpur,
 * The Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University of Technology & Skill Development, Khairpur Mirs,
 * Khairpur College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology (KCAET) at Khairpur,
 * Pak-Turk Maarif International Schools and Colleges Khairpur Campus ,
 * IBA Community College Khairpur ,
 * Superior Science College Khairpur Mirs ,
 * Khairpur Women College Khairpur ,

title: Khairpur


text: User talk:61.3.218.210

title: User talk:61.3.218.210


text: User talk:81.156.243.25

title: User talk:81.156.243.25


text: Category:Plant families

title: Category:Plant families


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Talk:The New York Times International Edition

Militant?
As the French newspaper Libération is currently being characterized as "militant" in its article I would like to know whether the International Herald Tribune's statement [www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/899082/posts "Chirac and his poodle Putin have severely damaged the United Nations", "Chirac's Latest Ploy", WILLIAM SAFIRE] would qualify this newspaper as "militant" as well? Just a rhetorical question... Get-back-world-respect 15:12, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

William Safire is a conservative op-ed columnist for the NY Times. The IHT reprints his columns directly from there. The IHT's news reporting, on the other hand is certainly not militant. Liberation is an avowedly anti-establishment paper (it gets under the skin of both right and left-wing governments in France) and considers itself the voice of the counterculture. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.193.176.115 (talk • contribs) 04:16, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Link Back to New York Tribune?
I think the histrory of the paper goes back further than this article indicates - see New York Herald Tribune — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.250.112.194 (talk • contribs) 13:18, 13 June 2005 (UTC)
 * The "Tribune" part of the name comes from the Paris edition of the Chicago Tribune, started during World War I. See "The Paris Edition", by Waverley Root. The two papers merged between the wars. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.12.150.107 (talk • contribs) 04:48, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

1958 or 1959?
John Hay Whitney's bio says he bought the paper in '58, the Tribune's website says '59... which is it? - Eric 21:53, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Centralist? on Centrist?
Centralism is a belief in the concentration of government power. Centrism describes the ideology of the Third Way--a belief in free markets mixed with a concern for social welfare. The article says the paper is Centralist, but it seems more likely that they're Centrist. Which one is it? -Tjss 15:37, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Flagrant Neutral Point of View Violation / Plagiarism

 * "The International Herald Tribune is the premier international newspaper for opinion leaders and decision-makers around the globe."

This language is PR boilerplate cribbed directly from Times-Mirror corporate communications, as a simple Google search on the sentence readily reveals.

Even if it weren't, surely [NPOV WP:NPOV] would preclude editorializing about the publication's relative preeminence in its chosen market segment and its prestigious, "qualified" readership (which allows it to charge higher ad rates).

If the flacks are going to write history, they should at least back up such claims as 'premier' with hard data on circulation and reader demographics, don't you think? And if this entry is not flack-authored, then it's plagiarism.

--cbrayton — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cbrayton (talk • contribs) 17:30, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

I concur with all points noted above. I'll edit this to "The International Herald Tribune is a widely read english-language international newspaper.".Patiwat 02:01, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Published in Dhaka - so what?
Is there any particular reason why the Introduction notes that one of the 33 international publication locations includes Dhaka? Any reason why Dhaka deserves special note? I can't imagine any, so I've removed it from the Intro. I'm not even sure if I should include mention this tidbit in the Distribution section. If anybody feels that it belongs there, say so, or make the addition yourself. Patiwat 01:58, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Site of Headquarters
If the paper is headquartered in Neilly-sur-Seine, why does the infobox list it as Paris? One wouldn't list Harvard University as being in Boston, or the New York Islanders as playing their home games in New York City. Wiki Wistah 21:30, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

IHT Melamine controversy
There is controversy around the removal of an article reporting on the melamine economy in China, which was located here: Additive that tainted U.S. pet food is commonly used in China By David Barboza and Alexei Barrionuevo Published: April 29, 2007 For details:
 * http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/04/29/news/food.php
 * http://www.itchmo.com/read/melamine-spiking-in-food-widespread-for-years_20070429

What are IHT policies for removing articles from the IHT web site? Should there be a retraction notice? Do newspapers of record have an obligation to explain why they remove articles?

--jwalling 22:25, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Irish ?
I've read the IHT and I have detected quite a bit of Irish cultural influence. It would be good to know just exactly how Irish the newspaper is. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.157.229.14 (talk • contribs) 07:09, 16 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I also noticed some Hebraic cultural influence, presumably because the IHT is an affiliate of the New York Times. ADM (talk) 12:41, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

lgbbvgbegb k;jhgS>mncb —Preceding unsigned comment added by 170.185.144.19 (talk) 16:46, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

"Hebraic??" Seriously???!!!

Can't you even WRITE the word 'Jewish'? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.180.36.220 (talk) 06:38, 24 October 2016 (UTC)

Is there a "flag" option here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.180.36.220 (talk) 06:39, 24 October 2016 (UTC)

File:IHT.jpg
This image contains an advertising. It should be removed from the article.--Александр Мотин (talk) 12:19, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

 * No, it is showing the whole front page of the paper. There is nothing wrong with showing how much of the front page is now dedicated to advertising. --Pmsyyz (talk) 20:22, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

Press Release
This page reads like a corporate press release. Can we get some editors in to balance the tone please? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chrisvnicholson (talk • contribs) 08:46, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

Another Bad Redirection
Redirecting the IHT to the International New York Times is like obliterating 125 years of history. This is a very bad practice. Over time all of the information about what the IHT was will be shuffled off to the side. It would be much better to simply state up front in an article about the IHT that it was "taken over" or "rebranded" as the INYT and then have a new entry for the INYT.

This seems to be the norm now. Every time a company gets bought by another company, the old company gets redirected and all of the history of the old company quickly disappears.

Wikipedia, please stop destroying history in this manner. This is not a phone book where we want the latest number. It's an encyclopedia. Cellmaker (talk) 17:39, 13 October 2013 (UTC)
 * This article hasn't been redirected, but has been renamed, so the edit history is still all there. The IHT wasn't bought by another company: it's still owned by the NYT (since 2003, as noted in the article), who have renamed and "rebranded" it. But it's had several name changes over the years. Are you proposing that International Herald Tribune should be maintained as a separate article, even though the paper has been renamed as of today? I agree that the history section should be expanded.  Ruby   Murray  09:07, 15 October 2013 (UTC)

 * I guess that's pretty much what I'm recommending. I realize that the NYT Company owns the paper, but I believe that's beside the point.  The IHT as an idea still exists (and it wasn't always owned solely by the NYT).  A corporate decision to rebrand an institution shouldn't be the overriding factor in the way Wikipedia treats a subject.  The International Edition of the NYT will develop its own history now, and part of that will be that it evolved from and replaced the IHT, which can be noted in the Wikipedia entry on the INYT.

 * As an example, if Rockefeller Center were renamed Walmart Midtown Shopping Center should the entire history of Rockefeller Center become just the "history" subsection of the entry WMSC? My point is that the most recent incarnation of something is not the span of history that defines that thing.  It's more reasonable to have a link from Rockefeller Center to the new WMSC entity (which in turn would link back to the original RC entry as part of its own history).  Which entities deserve preservation and which do not may not always be an easy call, but in this case I believe that an institution that existed for 125 years, read by Hemingway and Gertrude Stein and hundreds of thousands of others during their residencies in Europe (and elsewhere), should not instantly become a footnote easily swept away.  Cellmaker (talk) 11:43, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

Totally agree!! Obliterating the term "International Herald Tribune" is disrespectful to people who dedicated their lives to that paper. it also clouds the difference between the IHT and the original "trib", which is mentioned in THAT article. definitely, redirect with at least a 3 second silence betwixt. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.180.36.220 (talk) 06:41, 24 October 2016 (UTC)

Web site?
The article says: "The IHT’s old domain, iht.com, now redirects to international.nytimes.com." This is no longer the case. While there is a link to international.nytimes.com there is no automatic redirection. The iht.com banner says "International Herald Tribune - The Best in Global Journalism" followed by "The New York Times Company now plans to use iht.com to experiment with new ways to deliver information and to learn how, you, our international readers, want to follow the news." Gentleman wiki (talk) 04:25, 31 May 2015 (UTC)

There is no longer a website at iht.com Gentleman wiki (talk) 00:35, 4 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 4 one external links on International New York Times. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150703144441/http://www.ihtinfo.com/about/about.html to http://www.ihtinfo.com/about/about.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150703121822/http://www.ihtinfo.com/press/press-releases/2013/february/the-new-york-times-company-announces-plan-to-rebrand-the-international-herald-tribune-as-the-international-new-york-times/ to http://www.ihtinfo.com/press/press-releases/2013/february/the-new-york-times-company-announces-plan-to-rebrand-the-international-herald-tribune-as-the-international-new-york-times/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150703121822/http://www.ihtinfo.com/press/press-releases/2013/february/the-new-york-times-company-announces-plan-to-rebrand-the-international-herald-tribune-as-the-international-new-york-times/ to http://www.ihtinfo.com/press/press-releases/2013/february/the-new-york-times-company-announces-plan-to-rebrand-the-international-herald-tribune-as-the-international-new-york-times/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100303130208/http://www.ihtinfo.com:80/about/history.html to http://www.ihtinfo.com/about/history.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:34, 30 August 2015 (UTC)

2016 rebranding
I updated the top of this article with the fact that the paper is no longer known as the International New York Times, but just as The New York Times, with the non-U.S. editions called the international edition.

I also added that many Paris newsroom operations were closed at about the same time.

I suspect some of the other information, like the paper being based in La Defense, is not correct anymore. However, I have no seen a secondary source reporting this. So i will wait to update.

Also, I made the Jonathan Spollen disappearance a separate section. It was under "columnists" before, where it did not belong. PumpkinKitten (talk) 15:34, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

Under External Links, there is still a mention of international.nytimes.com. However this subdomain no longer exists. It is simply www.nytimes.com now. The old www.iht.com also redirects to www.nytimes.com. RIP to a once great newspaper. Gentleman wiki (talk) 00:17, 29 December 2016 (UTC)

History section needs to be completely rewritten
As it stands now, it is in sub-literate, incorrect English, and has paragraphs and sentences out of place. Hayford Peirce (talk) 01:10, 28 December 2019 (UTC)

Recent split of International Herald Tribune - appropriate or not?
recently created a new article, International Herald Tribune, over what was a redirect to this page. The new article was also edited by, , and , and reviewed by , all of whom I tag for notification purposes. Eli185's rationale was: removed redirect in order to restore the page of the IHT with its history.

As we all know, the newspaper currently known as The New York Times International Edition was known most famously as the Paris Herald and International Herald Tribune. It later came under NYT ownership and in 2013 the name was changed to International New York Times and then, in 2016, to The New York Times International Edition. Wikipedia has from 2013 until now treated the entire history, from Paris Herald to present, as being one organization deserving one Wikipedia article. Is there a broad consensus to change this?

My own feelings are split. I understand the emotional argument that the old IHT is a touchstone for Americans abroad in the 20th century, and that the latest incarnation is seen as (and named as) simply "another edition" of a New York newspaper, and not fully representing the culture of the IHT. But then there's the fact that as a matter of corporate history, this really is one organization. Regardless of whether we believe the IHT somehow "lost its way" or "stopped being itself", as far as I know each renamed edition continued with the same staff, distribution network, type of content, leadership, etc., of the most recent edition of its predecessor. That is, there's no difference between Paris Herald of 1967 and the IHT of 1967, or the IHT of 2013 and the International NYT of 2013. Wikipedia doesn't split the articles of other newspapers simply because they change their names. Should it do so in this case? I don't have an answer, but I'd be interested in hearing what others think. ``` t b w i l l i e ` $1.25 ` 20:13, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Edit: (changing to separate) I don't have a strong opinion on this, and the existence of extensive material, suggests it would be better suited as separate. I naively thought merging it would allow more work to happen, before being split again. Happy to change my vote to separate.
 * I would merge this into The New York Times International Edition with a Help:Self link so that people know it's a separate wiki link (for elsewhere). It's a stub, and would benefit in terms of content from being merged. If the length grows, it could justify a split. I just don't see a compelling practical reason for it. Shushugah (talk) 21:28, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

No, please do not merge. The erasure of the history of the IHT was an odd thing to do, and it's a little surprising that it was allowed in the first place. There are many sources describing its destruction. Its staff was fired. Its name (an iconic, world famous name) was removed. Its archives sold off and not included in NYT archives and not accessible to Google. There are plenty of sources to be cited on this. The article should, I think, present the NYT version of the story - that it was the same newspaper despite all evidence to the contrary. But it should also present the many, many voices that denounced this story as false, and described the NYT's actions as an unprincipled attempt to claim the heritage of the destroyed company in a "rebranding" effort.

(Gawker still has a page, even though it was taken over, destroyed, and its archives disappeared. Why shouldn't the most beloved international newspaper in the world?)

I have more to say about the destruction of memory and history on Wikipedia, in particular of important media companies, but I'll stop here, for now. Eli185 (talk) 13:54, 16 February 2021 (UTC)

Keep separate entry Hi $1.25 thanks for your notification. The International Herald Tribune is listed in the Library of Congress https://www.loc.gov/item/sn94021607/ Based on that combined with other references, it would appear to merit its own Wikipedia entry. For example, the International Herald Tribune has its own chapter in the robust six-volume "Encyclopedia of Journalism" which covers all significant dimensions of journalism and history. Looking thru this talk thread, it seems the topic was previously discussed by and. Perhaps they would like to chime in on this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eachone (talk • contribs) 15:03, 16 February 2021 (UTC)

This arrangement of articles is still unresolved
It looked to me like the outcome of these discussions a year ago was that this The New York Times International Edition article would, in addition to describing the current New York Times international edition, carry the overall history of the Paris operation from 1887 to 2016, hence the bolding of Paris Herald and Paris Herald Tribune in the lede here as presumably the target for those two redirects, while there would be a separate detail article International Herald Tribune to cover the 1967–2013 paper. But the odd thing was that the International Herald Tribune article contained no link to this article at all; I only discovered this article by accident. So in an attempt to help readers navigate this arrangement, I put a hatnote on the International Herald Tribune article to say that the history of the predecessor and successor papers is here. And I promptly got reverted.

So we are back to the International Herald Tribune article not acknowledging the existence of this one. The hatnote on International Herald Tribune now says that the prior history of the Paris operation is at the New York Herald Tribune article ... but due to an unrelated change made in January, the redirects for Paris Herald and Paris Herald Tribune point to the International Herald Tribune article. Even though the lede bolds are still here.

This arrangement is untenable. My view is that there should be only one article about the Paris operation, not two, and the one article should be called International Herald Tribune, which is the final important well-known name that it had. In other words, I fully agree with those who don't want its memory wiped from Wikipedia. This situation comes up sometimes in company histories and the well-known name has been restored in other cases, see for example Talk:Iomega. This one article will include the back history of the Paris Herald and Paris Herald Tribune, including cultural references and whatnot; the full history of the International Herald Tribune; and an aftermath section that describes the name change in 2013 and the Paris closure in 2016. This one article will have the redirects and the lede boldings for Paris Herald and Paris Herald Tribune.

If a separate article about The New York Times International Edition really needs to exist, it should just cover the period from 2013/2016 forward, and not all the back history before that. On the other hand, I suspect that the material about The New York Times International Edition and The New York Times International Weekly could be merged into the main The New York Times article. The main point is, the current New York Times International Edition operation really has nothing to do with the historical Paris Herald/Paris Herald Tribune/International Herald Tribune operation.

Does this approach make sense to others? Wasted Time R (talk) 12:48, 18 February 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 1 March 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Withdrawn by nominator. This request got misinterpreted or misunderstood by most of those responding to it. It is clear that there will continue to be two articles. As for renaming to preserve the correct Wikipedia content histories, that ship has sailed, as several others started moving/adding/changing content in the current arrangement and I have as well. So it is what it is. (non-admin closure)  Wasted Time R (talk) 18:55, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

The New York Times International Edition → International Herald Tribune – As I indicated in the section above (and no one has disagreed with me), the current arrangement of articles is unsatisfactory and there need to be two separate articles. A) The International Herald Tribune article should contain the history of the famous newspaper that existed from 1967 to 2013 under that name, and also its famous prior history as the New York Herald Tribune European Edition and before that the Paris Herald and so on, back to 1887.  Yes, we have an International Herald Tribune article right now, but it is a separate branch that was created fresh in February 2021 from a history of redirects, see here.  The real history of the International Herald Tribune article in Wikipedia is here at this title, going back through several moves to January 2003, see here for the origin in the early days of Wikipedia.  A renaming should be done, with the branch text then being merged into the renamed article and post-2013 material being pulled out of it. B) The The New York Times International Edition article should also exist, under this name once the move is done and this becomes a redirect. This article will contain the history of New York Times' own international editions, starting in 1943 with its Overseas Edition, continuing in 1948 with its United Nations Edition, then in 1949 with its International Air Edition, and then from 1960 with its International Edition.  This paper was a competitor to the New York Herald Tribune's more well-known European Edition.  It was then folded in 1967 when the Times gave up and instead became three-way co-owner of the International Herald Tribune, which this article will cross-reference to.  Then this article will resume with 2013, using the material currently at this location, when the International Herald Tribune title goes away and The International New York Times name over, soon followed in 2016 by the closure of the Herald Tribune offices, the sale of its archives, and the current name The New York Times International Edition, which brings this article full circle back to 1943. C) I have lots of text and cites prepared offline in support of building up the history in both articles, and I have saved the branch text for the merge, but first this move on top of an existing article needs to be done. Wasted Time R (talk) 01:46, 1 March 2022 (UTC)

Courtesy pinging past discussants and editors who have made changes material to this issue. Wasted Time R (talk) 01:03, 2 March 2022 (UTC)

 * , what you propose makes more sense than what we have now. I'll just make my little objection to put it on the record: I know I was out-!voted last time, but laying aside the romantic attachment we all (me included) seem to have for the Paris Herald and the IHT of its heyday, the fact remains that the present-day NYT International Edition IS, in a corporate sense, the IHT successor, and is NOT the successor of the 1940s NYT Overseas Edition. As you note, the NYT's international offering was later a competitor to the IHT, and was folded, with the title lying dormant for decades. Meanwhile, the IHT was partially owned by the NYT from 1967 (surely still part of its heyday) to 2002, then fully owned by the NYT from 2002 to 2013, functioning (and subtitled) as the "Global Edition of the New York Times". The name changed to International New York Times in 2013, and only later, after the name changed, was the Paris headquarters closed. So we have an unbroken history of Paris Herald - International Herald Tribune - International New York Times - New York Times International Edition, all based in Paris. The split performed on this article last year zeroed in on 2013, the year that the International Herald Tribune name was dropped. But was the Oct. 15, 2013, International New York Times a different newspaper than the Oct. 14, 2013, International Herald Tribune? Presumably it had the same staff, the same features, the same headquarters, the same subscriber list, etc. We may not like that the NYT killed a storied and beloved brand name, but Wikipedia should be describing the world as it is, and in my opinion there's no date on which you can say: "this is where the IHT history ends -- and this is where the NYT International Edition begins as a brand-new organization". OK. I've said my piece. Again, I know mine is the minority opinion on this, so let me be realistic and restate: If we are going to split the articles at 2013, the changes you propose above make sense. ``` t b w i l l i e ` $1.25 ` 05:03, 3 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Your points are legitimate, and the text of the articles will describe the 'corporate sense' as you call it. But brand names matter.  And the corporate history is tangled beyond just the NYT involvement.  In summer 1966, when the New York Herald Tribune was in danger of failing (and then did), WaPo bought 45 percent of its European edition, and it was published as The International Edition of the New York Herald Tribune–The Washington Post until May 1967, when the NYT entered into the three-way ownership arrangement (with Whitney Communications Corp. being the equal third) and the International Herald Tribune began.  Clearly brand names mattered to both papers, a year apart.  Until 2013, when there was a tangible change in attitude by the NYT when it took down the name, an attitude made even more clear when the NYT shut down the Paris operation in 2016.  In this particular case, I think both history and readers are best served by having one article that describes all the international papers that had 'Herald'/'Herald Tribune' in their name, and another article that describes all the international papers that have 'New York Times' in their name.  Wasted Time R (talk) 12:35, 4 March 2022 (UTC)

Keep separate entry

No do not merge. Keep separate entry for the International Herald Tribune based on robust due diligence outlined in earlier discussion. From a historical standpoint, they are two separate newspapers. Rather surprised that this has sprung up again. Wondering if this intervention is perhaps on behalf of the New York Times org? Eachone (talk) 7:18, 5 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Part of my proposal is to put existing (and soon-to-be-added) material about the Paris Herald, the European edition of the New York Herald, and the European edition of the New York Herald Tribune into the initial sections of the International Herald Tribune article, so that the entire history of the Herald Tribune operation in Paris could be seen in one place. It looks like you disagree with this idea, as you have just moved such material into the New York Herald and New York Herald Tribune articles.  Is that a correct assessment?   Wasted Time R (talk) 14:03, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

Do not merge and do not change the title International Herald Tribune is a newspaper that was published from 1967 to 2013. The International Herald Tribune already has a Wikipedia entry. Jjcloudruns (talk) 9:56 6 March 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Why these repeated attempts to erase The International Herald Tribune a famous newspaper, which has an important history ?
This is not the first attempt to grab the IHT history, and to place it (quite inappropriately), under the New York Times banner. A commentator in the earlier discussion pointed out that “Redirecting the IHT to the International New York Times is like obliterating 125 years of history”.

It would make much more sense to delete this dodgy ‘New York Times International Edition’ Wikipedia entirely and to create a chapter under New York Times (of which it is a part). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Iconstand (talk • contribs) 15:39, 6 March 2022 (UTC)