text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Shorne and Fred Bauder/Evidence

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Restatement of the complaint
User:Shorne engages in edit wars on the articles, Great Purge, Communism, Communist state and People's Republic of China. He claims to be removing POV material and demands documentation, but no matter how minutely referenced, removal continues. Most references are unacceptable in his view including references which are generally accepted in the scholarly community. When negotiation is attempted he pleads lack of time and energy, but continues to have plenty of time and energy for his edit wars with me and other editors. Extensive discussions on article talk pages have been to no avail, see especially Talk:People's Republic of China, for example this edit:. Mediation has been refused, see Fred Bauder 22:09, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

Ruy Lopez
This arbitration does not include Ruy Lopez, although a case for POV editing could also be made against him. I refer at times to edits by Ruy Lopez who has a similar perspective to Shorne as they are relevant to my actions regarding inclusion of all points of view.

Use of references
While Shorne denies the acceptablity of the references I cite in support of my edits, especially The Black Book of Communism, ISBN 0674076087 and The Great Terror: A Reassessment ISBN 0195055802 by Robert Conquest and reverts edits I make supported by the references he rejects, he advances POV references in support of his views, see for example this edit to Collectivisation in the USSR adding the book Fraud, Famine and Fascism: The Ukrainian genocide myth from Hitler to Harvard to the reference section. See reviews of this book on Amazon. Some phrases from the reviews, "The use that MI6 and the CIA made of Ukrainian collaborators in Nazi genocide is built on a tissue of lies - and the myth of the Ukrainian "holocaust" is one of the most notorious.", ""Holocaust denial is a hate crime. So too should be Holodomor (Great Famine) denial. This is a book that has no place on the shelves of anyone other than a member of a police Hate Crimes unit.", "Tottle's book is a great triumph against fascism and capitalist bourgeois lies.", "Pure propaganda and worthless.", "Tottle uses the same techniques (partial truths, omissions, unnamed or secondary sources) as the Holocaust deniers and his book deserves the same fate as the Holocaust denial books." This book was published by Progress Publishers, a Moscow based organ of the Soviet state, see this link for examples of books it has published.

Here is another example of a POV reference placed in the article Collectivisation in the USSR by Shorne The edit contains a cite  from the The Red Comrades Documentation Project a site which prominantly features an image of the coat of arms of the NKVK, "Our website includes articles, pictures, and links that challenge the almost universally-accepted (and fundamentally flawed) ideas about Stalinism that presently dominate the airwaves." A second cite is to an exerpt to the text of a book, Another view of Stalin by Ludo Martens on the website of the Progressive Labor Party  which features a logo incorporating the words, "Fight for Communism". The homepage of the PLP features links to articles "Revisionism Led to Capitalism In China (PL Pamphlet from 1977 on Mao's death, 'Gang of Four')" and "'Whither China?' - anti-revisionists in China fight the new Chinese bourgeoisie, to the left of Mao".

The book Another view of Stalin by Ludo Martens cannot be found by either a search for a new or used  book on AddALL. It is a translation of a book in French, Un autre regard sur Staline, listing on Amazon France. It is often cited on websites which espouse Stalinism or rehabilitation of Stalin such as this Belgian site and, as noted above, the text translated into English is available on the PLP website.

The 3rd link in Shorne's edit is again to Another view of Stalin and quotes passages apparently from Russia Since 1917: Four Decades of Soviet Politics by Frederick Schuman (1957), a revisionist scholar, "[l]urid accounts, mostly fictional, [that] appeared in the Nazi press in Germany and in the Hearst press in the United States, often illustrated with photographs that turned out to have been taken along the Volga in 1921" and "[m]ost of the victims were kulaks who had refused to sow their fields or had destroyed their crops" Schuman is described as "a professor from the US who had travelled through the Ukraine during the period concerned."

Comparison and contrast
In the edit history of Great Purge on October 8 User:Ruy Lopez made the following edit,  which attempts an explanation of the thinking behind the purges according to Molotov. User:Adam Carr removed it with the comment, "this is now progessing towards being a respectable article and this ridiculous stalinoid rubbish will not be allowed", reverted by User:Everyking  with this comment, "rv, i think it's quite useful to include this pov in the article, don't see why it wouldn't be"; Adam Carr again removed it  with this comment, "because it is a pathetic attempt to drag absurd red herrings into a factual account of what happened, and should be tolerated by serious editors"; correcting the comment at  by adding 'oops, that should have been "should NOT be tolerated"'. At this point I intervened and restored a modified version of the text with the comment, "modify and restore Stalinist perspective".

Adam Carr threw up his hands, again reverting with the comment, "well if apparently sensible editors think it is acceptable to include complete rubbish like this in a serious historical article I am withdrawing from it." He followed this reversion with with the comment, "as a parting expression of my disgust, i am returning the article to the crap state it was in before i began attempting to rescue it." He then left the following note on my talk page:

"Copy of my note to Everyking re Great Purge

I have now withdrawn from this article, and also from Khmer Rouge. I will now go through my watchlist and withdraw from all articles on modern historical and political topics, since I can longer stand having to conduct these endless stupid circular arguments over elementary facts of history with malicious fools like Shorne, while being sabotaged by people like you and Fred Bauder who ought to know better. I am in fact seriously considering withdrawing from Wikipedia altogether, since I am reluctantly coming to the conclusion that its structure does not offer any support to those attempting to write intellectually credible articles on historical-political subjects. Adam 13:50, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)"

He posted the following on his user page :

"Note to visitors

'''I have decided to scale back substantially my involvement in the Wikipedia project, since I no longer believe it is capable in its present form of achieving its objectives. I have removed from my warchlist about 300 articles relating to historical and political subjects outside Australia. I will no longer edit any such articles or respond to requests to edit them or comment on them. My edits will be confined to Australian topics, ancient history and gay topics. When and if Wikipedia adopts a structure that protects serious editors and prevents fools and fanatics from sabotaging their work I will return to editing in other areas. I will be posting a longer piece giving my views on Wikipedia soon.''' Adam 14:22, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)"

The point of including this material is to demonstrate that I have not only not deleted the POV material Shorne (and the similar material added by Ruy Lopez) has added but have in fact actively defended its inclusion when properly attributed. This is in sharp contrast to the repeated removals and reversions of material I have added.

I remain undecided as to whether the significance of the Stalinist or Maoist point of view justify an equal voice in relevant disputed articles. I tend to the view that they do not, as they are the voice of a tiny minority. At any rate, generally I have not tried to purge that point of view from the articles at issue, but to include them with appropriate attribution.

History of editing for particular articles
The problem that Shorne presents in his editing is well explained at Historical_revisionism_%28political%29. He does not use all the listed techniques, but does use many of them.

Collectivisation in the USSR
My first edit to this article was made on September 9, 2004 and consisted of adding background derived from the work of Maurice Hindus, a sympathic American writer with a background in rural Russia. That same day I added Robert Conquest's book and Maurice Hindus' books to the reference section. I don't actually own the Conquest book, but know it to be a often cited source.

A month later Shorne made his first edit on October 11, changing some spelling around. Then on October 12, 2004 he added a link to a portion of Another view of Stalinby Ludo Martens on the Progressive Labor Party website which refuted "Conquest's absurd lies". He did not identify the book at that time.

Joseph Stalin
On October 29, 2004 Shorne made this revert with the comment, "Those issues have been discussed. Stop reverting this page." in response to Gene s who on his previous edit had left the comment, "Rv. Please settle collectivisation issues on the Talk:Collectivisation in the USSR page first." The problem with this is that there is no agreement and the page Collectivisation in the USSR is protected. This is the second attempt to maintain POV language inserted by Ruy Lopez in this edit.

Shorne and Ruy Lopez feel that there should be no mention in the introduction of the many deaths which resulted from Stalin's policies. While the exact language which proponents of a mention of this fact has varied Shorne and Ruy Lopez have consistently reverted all versions, see Shorne, Ruy Lopez, Shorne. This pattern of reversion has continued with 172 joining in for one revert. I tried to tone down the language a bit, "While the Soviet Union achieved immense economic growth under his tenure, his policies resulted in millions of deaths." and posted this to talk. Shorne's reaction and my attempt to respond and added comment. Sometimes I wonder why I pick Shorne rather than Ruy Lopez to focus on but this language by Shorne brings me back to what is especially problematical about him: "Furthermore, the contrast between this article on Stalin and the articles about many First World politicians (Nixon, Clinton, George W. Bush, just to name three from the US) also leads to a POV: while all of these people have put forward policies that have been accused of resulting in millions of deaths, only Stalin gets singled out for this accusation here." If I understand this, before the deaths associated with Stalin's regime can be included in the article Joseph Stalin, the crimes of Nixon, Clinton, George W. Bush and others must also be set forth. The problem with this is that he is demanding that other articles be put right before significant information can be included regarding Stalin. Note that he feels similar information might properly be included regarding say, Bill Clinton. This is simply not Wikipedia policy.

Communism
Shorne has posted the ultimatum that "Unless a death toll appears on the page capitalism, I refuse to allow one to appear here. Shorne 05:37, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)". The obvious problem with this is that however many casualties neglect of social problems have caused in capitalist countries, the article communism is about communism which due to a number of dramatic actions such as Collectivisation in the USSR, the Red Terror, the Great Purge, the Great Leap Forward and the Gulag have produced deaths which can be directed to policies specific to Communism.

Communist state
Shorne initially tolerated mention of the many deaths which have occured in Communist states, but finally removed the data, laying down an ultimatium with this comment, "Unless a death toll is given in the articles on capitalism, I refuse to allow one to appear here." An edit war ensued with Shorne removing and others restoring, meanwhile the content of the material being inserted had changed to: "It is estimated by critics of Marxism-Leninism that deaths during the 20th century due to Communist revolutions, repression, induced famines, and failed social and economic experimentation number about 100 million in addition to tens of millions of man-years spent in the concentration camps of the gulag and laogai.", Shorne's reversions to the sanitized version continued. User:Boraczek commented regarding the above material, "I am dismayed and indignant that Shorne removed the part above. The sentence above is NPOV. It says that critics of Marxism-Leninism claim that comunnist rule is responsible for death of millions of people. And this is true, they claim so. The sentence does not allege that the estimate is necessarily correct, this is why it is NPOV." Shornes response at is long but contains the following: ":Now, on with the notion that the claim in this article "is NPOV". It is anything but. Although it is a fact that someone somewhere has accused socialist states of collectively causing "100 million" deaths, mere verisimilitude does not imply NPOV. You are favouring a high estimate over a low one. In addition, need I point out that there is no reference to the "estimate"? Furthermore, "critics of Marxism-Leninism" implies much more general agreement on this absurd "100 million" lie than in fact exists. "Concentration camps" is also POV. Shall I go on?"; ":The claim of "100 million" deaths is an absurd lie cooked up in a single source, Black Book of Communism. Two of the authors of that book have since distanced themselves from the work, claiming that Stéphane Courtois, one of their co-authors, had been infatuated with puffing up the death toll and that he had deliberately inflated the numbers in a quest to reach the big nine-figure goal (which she didn't even do: she got only to 85 million but still claimed 100 million)." He then goes on to attack the book the estimate comes from, The Black Book of Communism, with this statement, ":No one who looks seriously at the book will say that it is anything but crude propaganda. Fred Bauder posted elsewhere (on which page, Fred) several links to articles that refute it more easily than I can, since I don't have a copy to hand." (The work is strongly criticized by Trotskyist and Maoist sources, but also somewhat criticized by mainstream Western sources). Shorne has gone on to attempt to create a POV article on The Black Book of Communism.

In that same edit he goes on to say, "Prove to me that any "communists" ever induced a famine. How would they even go about it?". On this point there is a substantial literature, notably "Harvest of Sorrow", ISBN 0195040546 by Robert Conquest. For Wikipedia purposes it is not a question of whether someone can "prove" something to him, but whether or not substantial authority exists for information.

Great Purge
At 13:16, Oct 23, 2004 after the page was unprotected Shorne removed (and not for the first time) a paragraph which deals with the intellectual history in the west of treatment of the Great Purge:

" Despite great scepticism regarding the show trials and occasional reports of Gulag survivors, many western intellectuals retained a favorable view towards the Soviet Union which persisted until definitive proof began to appear after Stalin's death with, first, the relevations of Khrushchev, then, the writings of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, the publication of The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties by Robert Conquest in the late 1960s, the release of Soviet records during glasnost and finally, in France, where the intellectual climate was most sympathetic to Soviet communism, publication in 1997 of The Black Book of Communism. Minimizations of the Great Purge continues among revisionist scholars in the United States. ."

Reverted, by VeryVerily, he again removed it at 20:48, Oct 23, 2004. Reverted by VeryVerily he [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Great_Purge&diff=6816545&oldid=6816101 removed it again at 22:15, Oct 23, 2004. Reverted yet again by VeryVerily he removed it for a third time at 22:39, Oct 23, 2004. Reverted a fourth time by VeryVerily he again removed it at 23:03, Oct 23, 2004. Reverted a fifth time by VeryVerily he removed it a 6th time at 07:22, Oct 24, 2004. Reverted a 6th time by User:Boraczek with the comment, "restored the paragraph about Western intellectuals", he removed it a 7th time at 10:39, Oct 24, 2004 with the comment, "this is an encyclopædia, not a bully pulpit". Reverted a 7th time by Boraczek with the comment, "this is an encyclopaedia, so I'm adding some information", he again removed it for the 8th time with the comment, "reverting obvious POV rubbish" at 11:11, Oct 24, 2004. Reverted an 8th time by Boraczek with the comment, "restored obvious correct information", he removed it for the 9th time without comment at 11:17, Oct 24, 2004.

Shorn'e objections to this paragraph are as follows:

"The references are irrelevant when the entire text is plainly POV. It is absurd to claim "definitive proof" from the likes of Khrushchev (built a career on anti-Stalinism, later pushed aside by the Soviet government), Solzhenitsyn (protégé of Khrushchev and proven liar who claimed an outlandish total of 110 million deaths), and Conquest (controversial at best, for reasons already discussed ad nauseam). The release of the Soviet records exposed Conquest's fabrications, much to his surprise (which is why he doesn't trumpet the opening of the Soviet archives, which he long expected to corroborate his claims). The Black Book of Communism is so tawdry as to be an embarrassment to its proponents." See entire discussion at Talk:Great Purge.

Shorne's editing history
User Shorne's first Wikipedia edits were made on September 25, 2004. His first foray into the area covered by this arbitration was on September 28, 2004 with this edit to Talk:Great Purge in which he declared the article to be, "heavily biased and distorted". At that time this is what the article looked like. His first edit of significance replaces the language, " Robert Conquest in his book The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties exposed to Western readers the scale, inner works and the psychology of the events of these times, dubbed by him The Great Terror. with "The term Great Terror was first used by Robert Conquest in his hotly disputed book The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties." This is the beginning of Shorne's attack on The Great Terror which he eventually followed up with by struggling on the article The Great Terror to discredit this generally accepted reference work. See the reviews on Amazon which include the following comments from editorial reviews: "an essential source, and any library without it should buy it", 'Edmund Wilson hailed it as "the only scrupulous, non-partisan, and adequate book on the subject."', 'Harrison Salisbury called it "brilliant...not only an odyssey of madness, tragedy, and sadism, but a work of scholarship and literary craftsmanship."', "in recent years it has received equally high praise in the Soviet Union, where it is now considered the authority on the period", "Both a leading Sovietologist and a highly respected poet, Conquest here blends profound research with evocative prose, providing not only an authoritative account of Stalin's purges, but also a compelling and eloquent chronicle of one of this century's most tragic events.", "The definitive work on Stalin's purges", and the reviews go on and on in the same vein. Of 18 readers reveiws most praise the book although some question his numbers. There are negative reviews, for example this one which terms the book "Worthless", "The book was written by a former British intelligence agent during the cold war, what can one expect? It is full of distortions and lies from Russian and Ukrainian emigres, same with his 'harvest of sorrow' book. Sources are non-existant of anything else. Do yourselves a favor and read J. Arch Getty and Thurston, as well as Reese's "Stalin's Reluctant Soldiers" for some real historical work." and another which terms it "a lie", saying, "Conquest book is not history or scholarship but rather a well written series of lies and distortions. If the book was not dated 1968 you would think it was published in Berlin about 1938. Conquest's sources are primarily Russian emigrees who had an ax to grind or German's who were pro-Nazi. How valid would a history of the American Revolution be if it was based on interviews of British tories in Montreal in 1783. I am sure they spoke highly of Washington and Jefferson.". I believe their perspective is tranparent enough. Shorne would have had it in the article that Conquest's book is "hotly disputed". As can be seen it is generally accepted, although seen to have some limitations, but only disputed by the far left.

Shorne's point of view
Shorne boldly proclaims his point of view, see User:Shorne.


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Krasnikov tube

A Krasnikov tube is a speculative mechanism for space travel involving the warping of spacetime into permanent superluminal tunnels. The resulting structure is analogous to a wormhole or an immobile Alcubierre drive (and like them requires exotic matter with negative energy density) with the endpoints displaced in time as well as space. The idea was proposed by Sergey Krasnikov in 1995.

Structure

The tube is a distortion of spacetime that can be intentionally created (using hypothetical technology) in the wake of travel near the speed of light. The Krasnikov tube allows for a return trip that takes travelers back to the time right after they left. Experiencing the effect requires that the traveler race along the tube at speeds close to that of light.

One-tube case
Krasnikov argues that despite the time-machine-like aspects of his metric, it cannot violate the law of causality (that a cause must always precede its effects in all coordinate systems and along all space-time paths) because all points along the round-trip path of the spaceship always have an ordered timelike separation interval (in algebraic terms, c2dt2 is always larger than dx2 + dy2 + dz2). This means, for example, that a light-beam message sent along a Krasnikov tube cannot be used for back-in-time signaling.

Two-tube case
While one Krasnikov tube can be seen to present no problems with causality, it was proposed by Allen E. Everett and Thomas A. Roman of Tufts University that two Krasnikov tubes going in opposite directions can create a closed timelike curve, which would violate causality.

For example, suppose that a tube is built connecting Earth to a star 3000 light-years away. The astronauts are travelling at relativistic velocities, so that the journey through this Tube I only takes 1.5 years from their perspective. Then the astronauts lay down tube II rather than travelling back in tube I, the first tube they produced. In another 1.5 years of ship time they will arrive back on Earth, but at a time 6000 years in the future of their departure. But now that two Krasnikov tubes are in place, astronauts from the future can travel to the star in tube II, then to Earth in tube I and will arrive 6000 years earlier than their departure. The Krasnikov tube system has become a time machine.

In 1993, Matt Visser argued that the two mouths of a wormhole with an induced clock difference could not be brought together without causing quantum field and gravitational effects that would either make the wormhole collapse or the two mouths repel each other. (See Time travel using wormholes and the Chronology protection conjecture.) It has been suggested that a similar mechanism would destroy time-machine Krasnikov tubes. That is, vacuum fluctuation would grow exponentially, eventually destroying the second Krasnikov tube as it approaches the timelike loop limit, in which causality is violated.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Krasnikov tube


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Non-well-founded set theory

Non-well-founded set theories are variants of axiomatic set theory that allow sets to be elements of themselves and otherwise violate the rule of well-foundedness. In non-well-founded set theories, the foundation axiom of ZFC is replaced by axioms implying its negation.

The study of non-well-founded sets was initiated by Dmitry Mirimanoff in a series of papers between 1917 and 1920, in which he formulated the distinction between well-founded and non-well-founded sets; he did not regard well-foundedness as an axiom. Although a number of axiomatic systems of non-well-founded sets were proposed afterwards, they did not find much in the way of applications until the book Non-Well-Founded Sets by Peter Aczel introduces hyperset theory in 1988.

The theory of non-well-founded sets has been applied in the logical modelling of non-terminating computational processes in computer science (process algebra and final semantics), linguistics and natural language semantics (situation theory), philosophy (work on the Liar Paradox), and in a different setting, non-standard analysis.

Details
In 1917, Dmitry Mirimanoff introduced the concept of well-foundedness of a set:

 * A set, x0, is well-founded if it has no infinite descending membership sequence $$ \cdots \in x_2 \in x_1 \in x_0. $$

In ZFC, there is no infinite descending ∈-sequence by the axiom of regularity. In fact, the axiom of regularity is often called the foundation axiom since it can be proved within ZFC− (that is, ZFC without the axiom of regularity) that well-foundedness implies regularity. In variants of ZFC without the axiom of regularity, the possibility of non-well-founded sets with set-like ∈-chains arises. For example, a set A such that A ∈ A is non-well-founded.

Although Mirimanoff also introduced a notion of isomorphism between possibly non-well-founded sets, he considered neither an axiom of foundation nor of anti-foundation. In 1926, Paul Finsler introduced the first axiom that allowed non-well-founded sets. After Zermelo adopted Foundation into his own system in 1930 (from previous work of von Neumann 1925–1929) interest in non-well-founded sets waned for decades. An early non-well-founded set theory was Willard Van Orman Quine’s New Foundations, although it is not merely ZF with a replacement for Foundation.

Several proofs of the independence of Foundation from the rest of ZF were published in 1950s particularly by Paul Bernays (1954), following an announcement of the result in an earlier paper of his from 1941, and by Ernst Specker who gave a different proof in his Habilitationsschrift of 1951, proof which was published in 1957. Then in 1957 Rieger's theorem was published, which gave a general method for such proof to be carried out, rekindling some interest in non-well-founded axiomatic systems. The next axiom proposal came in a 1960 congress talk of Dana Scott (never published as a paper), proposing an alternative axiom now called SAFA. Another axiom proposed in the late 1960s was Maurice Boffa's axiom of superuniversality, described by Aczel as the highpoint of research of its decade. Boffa's idea was to make foundation fail as badly as it can (or rather, as extensionality permits): Boffa's axiom implies that every extensional set-like relation is isomorphic to the elementhood predicate on a transitive class.

A more recent approach to non-well-founded set theory, pioneered by M. Forti and F. Honsell in the 1980s, borrows from computer science the concept of a bisimulation. Bisimilar sets are considered indistinguishable and thus equal, which leads to a strengthening of the axiom of extensionality. In this context, axioms contradicting the axiom of regularity are known as anti-foundation axioms, and a set that is not necessarily well-founded is called a hyperset.

Four mutually independent anti-foundation axioms are well-known, sometimes abbreviated by the first letter in the following list: They essentially correspond to four different notions of equality for non-well-founded sets. The first of these, AFA, is based on accessible pointed graphs (apg) and states that two hypersets are equal if and only if they can be pictured by the same apg. Within this framework, it can be shown that the so-called Quine atom, formally defined by Q={Q}, exists and is unique.
 * 1) AFA ("Anti-Foundation Axiom") – due to M. Forti and F. Honsell (this is also known as Aczel's anti-foundation axiom);
 * 2) SAFA ("Scott’s AFA") – due to Dana Scott,
 * 3) FAFA ("Finsler’s AFA") – due to Paul Finsler,
 * 4) BAFA ("Boffa’s AFA") – due to Maurice Boffa.

Each of the axioms given above extends the universe of the previous, so that: V ⊆ A ⊆ S ⊆ F ⊆ B. In the Boffa universe, the distinct Quine atoms form a proper class.

It is worth emphasizing that hyperset theory is an extension of classical set theory rather than a replacement: the well-founded sets within a hyperset domain conform to classical set theory.

Applications
In published research, non-well-founded sets are also called hypersets, in parallel to the hyperreal numbers of nonstandard analysis.

The hypersets were extensively used by Jon Barwise and John Etchemendy in their 1987 book The Liar, on the liar's paradox. The book's proposals contributed to the theory of truth. The book is also a good introduction to the topic of non-well-founded sets.

title: Non-well-founded set theory


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Vereeniging

Vereeniging is a city located in the south of Gauteng province, South Africa, situated where the Klip River empties into the northern loop of the Vaal River. It is also one of the constituent parts of the Vaal Triangle region and was formerly situated in the Transvaal province. The name Vereeniging is the Dutch word meaning "association".

Geographical information
Vereeniging is situated in the southern part of Gauteng Province, and forms the southern portion of the Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeninging (PWV) conurbation, and its neighbors are Vanderbijlpark (to the west), Three Rivers (east), Meyerton (north) and Sasolburg (south). The city is currently one of the most important industrial manufacturing centres in South Africa, with its chief products being iron, steel, pipes, bricks, tiles and processed lime.

The predominant language in Vereeniging is English followed closely by Sesotho language and Afrikaans.

History
In 1879, George William Stow was commissioned by the Orange Free State government to look for coal deposits in the Bethlehem district With no deposits found he moved northwards to Maccauvlei on the Vaal River and then crossed the river to the Transvaal side. On the farm Leeuwkuil, he found a coal deposit twelve feet thick. But the Orange Free State government believed that the deposit was too far away and there was a lack of transport so turned down the idea of mining there.

Stow settled in Kimberley to find a job, where he met Samuel Marks. After hearing Stow's story, Marks saw an opportunity to use the coal for energy generation at the Kimberley diamond fields. Marks formed De Zuid Afrikaanshe en Oranje Vrystaatsche Kolen and Mineralen Vereeniging (The South African and Orange Free State Coal and Mineral Association) and sent Stow to purchase the farms where the coal was found. On 25 November 1880 he purchased the 12,000 acre farm Leeuwkuil for £5,000. Marks' agent J.G. Fraser also purchased the 6,000 acre Klipplaatdrift farm from Karl August Pistorius in October 1881 for £15,500. This was opposite the farm Maccauvlei.

From 1881, coal was taken by ox-wagon to Kimberley, and by 1882 there was so much development around the mining area that a village was surveyed on the two former farms. The Volksraad agreed to name it Vereeniging, a shortened version of the company's name.

Second Boer War
The Treaty of Vereeniging ending the Second Boer War (1899–1902) was negotiated here by delegates of the South African Republic, the Orange Free State, and the British Empire. During the conflict, a concentration camp was set up in the area by the British in September 1900, and by October 1901 it housed 185 men, 330 women, and 452 children. Conditions at the camp were very poor: drinking water was brought by cart from a fountain (there was no direct water supply although it was situated next to the Vaal River) and there were only 24 latrines. Most inmates lived in bell-tents but there was a dispensary and a school.

The concentration camp was situated where the Mittal Steel plant (Vaal Works) is situated. Today, the Maccauvlei Golf Course is on the opposite side of the Vaal River to where the concentration camp was, and a Garden of Remembrance is situated at Maccauvlei. All the British soldiers killed in and around Vereeniging during the war were re-buried on this site.

Apartheid
Near Vereeniging is the predominantly black community of Sharpeville, Gauteng, the site of the Sharpeville massacre in 1960.

Post-Apartheid
Since 1999 its municipal services were provided by the Emfuleni Local Municipality. In 2018 the municipality was placed under administration after years of wasteful practices and poor service delivery. In February 2022 it was reported that Vereeniging had 14 out-of-service police vehicles for visible policing, and only 20 operational vehicles.

Flooding 2011
In December 2010 and January 2011 the southern part of Gauteng and Mpumulanga experienced a higher than normal rainfall. This resulted in the need to release more water from the nearby Vaal dam. As a consequence, parts of Vereeniging, Three Rivers and the rest of the towns downstream were flooded.

Trade and industry
The city's motto is Per Pacem ad Industriam (Through Peace to Industry). It is currently one of the most important industrial manufacturing centres in South Africa, with its chief products being iron, steel, pipes, bricks, tiles and processed lime. Several coal mines are also still situated in the area, with reserves being estimated at four billion tons. Other mines nearby extract fire-clay, silica and building stone. Vereeniging also has several Eskom thermal power plants that supply electricity to the nearby goldmines.

Suburbs and municipality
In the census of 2001 the population of Vereeniging was recorded as 73,283.

Vereeniging consists of 20 suburbs:

 * Arcon Park & -Proper
 * Bedworth Park
 * Dickensonville
 * Duncanville
 * Falcon Ridge
 * Homer
 * Leeuhof
 * Peacehaven & -Proper
 * Powerville
 * Randwater
 * Roodt's Gardens
 * Roshnee
 * Sonland Park
 * Spider Valley
 * Springcol
 * Steel Park
 * Unitas Park
 * Vereeniging Central
 * Waldrift

Since 1999, Vereeniging has been part of the Emfuleni Local Municipality, along with Vanderbijlpark, Sharpeville, Sebokeng and the smaller Three Rivers.

Healthcare
Various health services are available in Vereeniging. The majority of these services are located in or near the major medical centres. These include:

 * Vereeniging Medi-Clinic
 * Kopanong Hospital
 * Market-Avenue clinic

Education

 * Vereeniging Gimnasium (Afrikaans medium - Amalgamation of Hoërskool Vereeniging and Hoër Tegniese Skool Vereeniging)
 * Handhawer Laerskool (Afrikaans and English medium) (http://www.handhawer.co.za)
 * Selborne Primary School (English medium)
 * General Smuts High School (English medium)
 * Arcon Park Primary School (English medium)
 * Unitaspark Laerskool (Afrikaans and English medium)
 * Vryheidsmonument Laerskool (Afrikaans medium)
 * Overvaal Hoërskool (Afrikaans medium)
 * Sonland Park Primary School (English medium)
 * Phoenix High School (English medium)
 * Roshnee Islamic School (English medium)
 * Word of Life School (English medium - CIE)
 * Krugerlaan School (Afrikaans and English medium - LSEN School)

Tertiary institutions
Campuses of:
 * University of South Africa
 * Damelin College
 * CTU Training Solutions
 * Sedibeng College
 * It is also close to the North-West University's Vaal Triangle Campus, and the Vaal University of Technology in Vanderbijlpark.

Notable residents

 * Gerald Bosch, played fly-half for The Springboks 1974 -1976
 * Bles Bridges, an Afrikaans country singer, stayed in Vereeniging until his death in 2000.
 * F.W. de Klerk was first elected to the South African parliament in 1969 as the member for Vereeniging.
 * Francois Pienaar, Springboks rugby player.
 * Charl Schwartzel (the 2011 US Masters champion).
 * Tertius Bosch, Morné Morkel and Albie Morkel Protea cricket players attended Vereeniging High.
 * Leon Schuster, actor, comedian, filmmaker, presenter and singer.
 * Deon Dreyer, a cave diver who perished in Bushman's Hole in 1994, was raised in Vereeniging.
 * Pieter Aldrich, a South African professional tennis player.

Crime
The latest annual crime statistics for Vereeniging Police Precinct was issued by the South African Police Service (SAPS) in 2021. The SAPS crime report showed the following information:

Coat of arms
Vereeniging established a municipality in 1912. By 1931, the town council had assumed an emblem depicting bridge across a river, and two clasped hands.

The town council obtained a coat of arms from the College of Arms in October 1955, registered it with the Transvaal Provincial Administration in October 1957 and with the Bureau of Heraldry in June 1987.

The arms were : Sable, on a fess wavy Or a barrulet wavy Tenne, the fess between in chief a thunderbolt between two picks, Or, and in base a steel pipe palewise proper between two cogwheels, also Or. In layman's terms, the design is a black shield displaying, from top to bottom, a golden heraldic thunderbolt between two picks, a wavy orange stripe edged in gold, and an upright golden pipe between two cogwheels.

The crest was a dove of peace perched on two clasped hands; the supporters were a lion and a zebra standing on a grassy base strewn with veld flowers;  and the motto was Per pacem ad industriam.

title: Vereeniging


text:
Talk:John B. Keane

[Untitled]
Here's a good source for anyone who wants to do more on the article. Filiocht 12:33, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

"His son John is a journalist with the Kilkenny People" "his son, Billy regularly writes a column for the Irish Independent" Wow! I hope I'm not breaching any rules here....but you'd think such a relatively important Irish person would have a vastly better article! Sarah777 (talk) 19:26, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:John B. Keane


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Daniel Booth

Daniel Booth was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 4 votes to delete. Postdlf 14:49, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Daniel Booth (subtitled: Poncho in Winter)
Article does nothing to establish notability. — Bill 12:37, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, although I'd like to find out how he comes by without glasses in winter... -- Ferkelparade π 13:08, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It's the clear air. He wrote for Melody Maker.  Good.  Fine.  Non-notable. Geogre 14:57, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. List him on the staff of Melody Maker, but no more than that. Inky 01:44, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:4.242.153.136

title: User talk:4.242.153.136


text:
30 Seconds to Fame

30 Seconds to Fame is an American television series that was shown on the Fox Network from July 17, 2002 to June 26, 2003, featuring a talent show where acts could only last up to 30 seconds each, regardless of any resolution to the act. The series was hosted by Craig Jackson.

Many different talents were exhibited, such as contortionism, juggling, magic tricks, stand-up comedy, and beatboxing, in addition to singing and dancing acts. Much of the charm of the show was derived from the fact that each act lasted only 30 seconds, leading to a variety of different acts being displayed. The live audience acted as the judges. During the performances, if the audience found an act undesirable to watch, they booed and used electronic devices to put in a vote for elimination, complete with an on-screen "Eliminator" scale graphic (colored in green, yellow, and red). If enough people did so (i.e. the "Eliminator" scale needle hit any part of the red area), the act was to be cut short, regardless of how much time was left on the clock.

At the end of the show, every member of the audience voted for his or her favorite act, and the top three acts got a chance to do another 30-second performance. After this, a final round of voting occurred, and the winner earned a cash prize of US$25,000.

The network began to rerun the series on their Saturday late night block in January 2011 in order to fill the half-hour after Fringe which was vacated by the canceled Running Wilde, until the launch of the Animation Domination High Definition block in July 2013; the late night timeslot was used for repurposed reruns of recent Fox series after Fox temporarily ending original late night programming in September 2010.

International versions
These versions are no longer airing.

title: 30 Seconds to Fame


text: Category:Fulton County, New York

title: Category:Fulton County, New York


text:
Talk:Dick Tracy

Vera Alldid
Does the article need to include the story arc involving the cartoonist "Vera Alldid"? This was an ongoing story for several years, and the source of a strip-within-a-strip?

Rlquall 12:46, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Young Ms. Plenty
Wasn't she, in fact, "Sparkles" rather than "Sparkle"? Admittedly, A) we're going back over 40 years here and B) almost no one cares, but, hey, let's try to get it right. If I'm wrong, I'm wrong, sorry. But I remember her as "Sparkles".

Rlquall 05:10, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Sorry to break it to you. . . but the character was, in fact, named "Sparkle." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.99.32.5 (talk) 06:38, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

Signficance of Collins' Dick Tracy going private story
I know Collins wrote a early story where Dick Tracy temporarily resigned from the police force and became a private detective.

Does anyone know if that stoy was intended to be Collins' way of making Tracy believably stop continually grousing about police procedure restrictions to the point of damaging story pacing as in him deciding he can deal with the hassle after all?

I'm asking because it could bookend with the writer's decision to kill off Moon Maid as another way of repairing the strip's premise.

--kchishol1970 15:42, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Al Collins is a friend of mine. I know that it was never his intention to have Tracy retire from law enforcement permanently.  The plot twist of having Tracy resign from the force to open his own agency in the continuity, "Who Shot Pat Patton," was part of the larger strategy involved in building an entire continuity around a "whodunit" plot, a plot in which, very unusually for Tracy, the villain's identity was kept hidden until the end. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.93.78.61 (talk) 19:42, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Cartoon Series Airings
The article says that the original cartoon series "was pulled from syndication in the mid-70's, and was not seen for years afterwards because of its slightly racist undertones and use of ethnic stereotypes and accents, but it resurfaced in 2006 on pay-per-view digital cable channels and DVD."

I know this is not entirely true as I definately remember seeing episodes of it on television in the late 80's/early 90's around the time when the movie came out, presumably to play off the popularity of the movie. I know it couldn't have been earlier than that because I was born in 1984. It also might have only been one local station instead of a national thing. But I can't find anything to back up these claims.

truthbealiar — Preceding undated comment added 18:45, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
 * You are not imagining things. Some of the UPA cartoons were reshown in 1990 in an attempt to cash-in on the Dick Tracy movie: "After 15 years on the shelf, Dick Tracy cartoons are making a controversial comeback on the airwaves; the animated '60s series began appearing on dozens of independent stations across the country last month, after the release of Warren Beatty's blockbuster movie." (Svetkey, Benjamin Television News: News & Notes, Entertainment Weekly, 1990-07-27)--BruceGrubb (talk) 12:18, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Yes, in the summer of 1990, it was indeed re-aired. I remember the local Los Angeles station KCAL running it. After complaints (from both the asian and hispanic communities) the show was pulled and the old UPA episodes of Underdog were put in it's place. I found the article (from the Orange County Register) concerning the show's removal. --Ocreman (talk) 18:10, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

I recall coming across one of the UPA cartoons on Australian television, possibly in the early Nineteen-Eighties. I think it was a filler and not part of a complete run. This stuck in my mind, as it was when I began getting interested in old television shows. Also, when I last saw them Australian television was only broadcasting in black and white. If there was a caveat placed on the UPA cartoons by American television networks, it would not have reached Australia. (I also remember a boardgame based on the UPA cartoons If I remember correctly it was by the Australian company John Sands, who had a licence to make American boardgames in Australia.) Eligius (talk) 03:29, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

MS-DOS game
How come the MS-DOS game by Titus entertainment isn't mentioned ? That game was a masterpiece ahead of its time —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.32.166.183 (talk) 23:35, 27 January 2007 (UTC).

 * Added some information. Kahkonen (talk) 18:56, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

No spoiler for the 1990 movie?
This is an encyclopedia, right? Hint hint - no-face has a face ;/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.93.241.36 (talk) 21:39, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Tribune Media Services
There's a large section at the bottom of the article listing all of the Universal Press Syndicate comic strips, including TRACY. Only thing is, TRACY isn't a Universal Press Syndicate feature. It's distributed by Tribune Media Services (formerly the Chicago TRIBUNE-New York DAILY NEWS Syndicate).

Somebody went to a lot of trouble to list all those strips along with internal links, but it's all based on a mistaken premise, and someone in authority should correct it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.93.78.61 (talk) 23:46, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Yellow trenchcoat?
Shouldn't this article mention the yellow fedora and trenchcoat that became Dick Tracy's symbols, practically? --Hnsampat 02:08, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Rogues Gallery
I think there should be a separate section just on Dick Tracy 's grotesque villains, so innovative and iconic a part of the strip. (User: rackinfrackin 5:55, 21 October 2009) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.236.243.16 (talk)

Coincidence?
Was it coincidence that actor Jack Lord character "Steve McGarrett" resembled "Dick Tracy" in looks/dress/and solving every crime on Hawaii Five-O? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.53.145.198 (talk) 14:18, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Tracyspike.jpg
Image:Tracyspike.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 21:02, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * A FUR addressing WP:NFCC has been added. M URGH   disc.  00:57, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Dick Tracy Poster.jpg
Image:Dick Tracy Poster.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

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Image copyright problem with Image:Bombface2.jpg
The image Image:Bombface2.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

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=
=================================================================================== In the trivia section, there's a reference i miss. It's from the James Bond movie A view to a kill. In the scene when Bond escapes from the burning city hall, he is arrested by a police officer. And there's a line when Bond says: my name is Bond, James Bond. The officer reply: Sure and my name is Dick Tracy and your still under arrest. Watch the movie to see it by yourself. Could it be added to the section? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.119.143.109 (talk) 20:53, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article for the Comics WikiProject. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 16:20, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Origin of "dick" = "detective"?
I'm trying to figure out which came first - Either Dick Tracy was named that because "dick" was already a slang word for "detective" before the character was created, or the word became synonymous with detectives because of the character. Can anyone find any references using the word "dick" to mean "detective" prior to the existence of Dick Tracy? Or is that a relatively new usage? Either way, it probably merits mention in the article, either as inspiration for the character's name, or cultural references to the character in later usage, whichever it turns out to be. Lurlock (talk) 15:00, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

 * The word goes back to the 19th century, as noted in The Word Detective. Pepso2 (talk) 03:44, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

Dick Tracy as a fake name
What about the fact that Dick Tracy is often used a a fake name. I know it shows up from time to time in debates about voter registration fraud. A character using Dick Tracy as his fake name was also used as a plot device in an episode of the closer. Schnapps17 (talk) 01:11, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

Slightly biased article?
While I don't have anything against Dick Tracy, being a fan of the strips myself, I can't help but feel that parts of the article read like a review, or someone's particular opinion on the strips. The use of what I consider to be subjective adjectives, particularly in parts of the "Characters and Story" section, are what concern me here. Maybe it's all in my head though. 24.183.154.212 (talk) 11:16, 29 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes. It certainly does seem like so. Even from a neutral point of view (I have not personally seen any of the Dick Tracy media myself,) but it does seem that the initial description of the subject matter fails to exhibit a neutral point of view. I will edit in a template for the section the the basis of neutral point of view. If anyone can find a better template or can edit the article to better fit Wikipedia's quality standards, then they are welcome and free to remove the template. HydroArgentum (talk) 05:09, 10 May 2013 (UTC)
 * The language in the article may have taken from some college course online notes apparently written by Brooklyn CUNY professor John Beatty, located at http://userhome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/anthro/jbeatty/COURSES/comics/tracy.htm Kaltenmeyer (talk) 18:02, 18 July 2013 (UTC)
 * That may be, but that does not necessarily mean that those notes are unbiased, it seems to represent a single person's point of view. The article should use multiple sources from a variety of sources. And it still does not excuse that an entire subsection has no sources cited whatsoever. In fact, I would like to put a Citation Needed template on the section. However, the section may be harmful for the understanding of the details of the subject matter and I am leery about making a huge edit to remove the whole subsection. HydroArgentum (talk) 17:51, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

Disputed: Inspiration for 2-Way Wrist Radio
On 12 September 2013, the "Chester Gould-Dick Tracy Museum" reported on their Facebook page: "In point of fact, there is absolutely zero evidence that Chester Gould was inspired by the work of Mr. Gross, despite numerous public references made to this effect. NPR and other references are entirely misinformed on this point." Totoro33 (talk) 21:11, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

According to Chester Gould's contracts with the Chicago Tribune-New York News Syndicate, "The ARTIST warrants that all of the cartoons, drawings or other art work produced by him under this contract, including the name, title, characters, plot or plan and subject-matter thereof, shall be new and original with the ARTIST and shall not in any way infringe upon the copyright, trade-mark, trade name or the literary or artistic property right of any person, fir or corporation; that the publication of said cartoons, drawings or other art work and the exercise of any right herein granted to the SYNDICATE shall not in any way directly or indirectly infringe upon any rights of any person, firm or corporation; and that said cartoons, drawings or other art work shall not contain any libelous or unlawful matter." This stipulation precludes the claim that Al Gross or his impressive inventions served as inspiration for Chester Gould's creation and later introduction into the DICK TRACY comic strip of his 2-Way Wrist Radio. The cartoonist had just under three years previous to the Radio's appearance turned down a million dollar contract and ownership rights of his creation made to him by Marshall Field III and the cartoonist had subsequently reviewed every word in his contract (that which was in force at the time of the Radio's appearance in the strip) over many week's time with his attorneys throughout protracted negotiations over his rights with the Syndicate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ChesterGouldDickTracyMuseum (talk • contribs) 20:45, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Furthermore, the disputed claim ("...having drawn inspiration from a visit to inventor Al Gross") is not substantiated by any references. Unless somebody can come up with something legitimate, that phrase should be removed. Totoro33 (talk) 07:07, 11 October 2013 (UTC)

 * I removed the disputed claim. See, for example, http://www.todaysengineer.org/2013/Oct/history.asp Totoro33 (talk) 07:22, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

Which city?
In which city is he operating (when he's not on the moon)? Is it Chicago or a fictional city? Should be in the article (imo) but I couldn't find it. Bisco (talk) 05:23, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks, @Bisco, I had the same question, and I came to Wikipedia to find out. I can't believe that in the six years since the question was posed, no one has been able to answer it.  It certainly seems like a detail that is essential to the article. TheBaron0530 (talk) 19:36, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

Smartphone
Article (as of 7/12/2018) claims Martin Cooper invented the smartphone. No, he invented the first handheld "phone", a smartphone is, by definition, a device which has a screen able to display pictures, videos, etc. A cell phone is a device able to transmit and receive audio (including modulation/demodulation and/or conversion from/to digital of audio input/output.72.16.99.93 (talk) 09:37, 7 December 2018 (UTC)

Blackthorne Publishing
Blackthorne Publishing started with Dick Tracy Monthly (Issues 1-24) which became Dick Tracy Weekly but continued the numbering until the book ended with issue #99 (Dick Tracy Monthly/Weekly (1986) comic books - mycomicshop.com.--174.99.238.22 (talk) 15:15, 3 May 2020 (UTC)

Newspaper strip in 1990
I don't see any mention between 1970s and 2000 about a short run of a newspaper comic strip at the time of the 1990 movie starring Beatty. The theme of the strips was that a film was being produced, with Tracy playing himself, but the production seemed to be plagued by "actors" filling the roles of villains trying to cause a real accident or injury to Tracy. One of the villain characters was Flattop, who either was Flattop or was a confederate made up to look like Flattop. GBC (talk) 21:19, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

Possibly irrelevant bullet
“A sample of Dick Tracy speaking is used at the beginning of the song "Amphibious" by Drone, released on White Peach Records in 2019”

There are no hyperlinks to any of this info and a Google search yields nothing of note about Drone. Looks like whoever Drone are, they probably wrote that bullet. Alexandermoir (talk) 00:58, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dick Tracy


text:
Mary Foote

Mary Foote (November 25, 1872 – January 28, 1968) was an American painter and producer of notes of Carl Jung's seminars. As an artist, she lived and worked in New York's Washington Square, Paris and Peking. From 1928 to the 1950s she lived in Zürich and created and published notes of Carl Jung's seminars until World War II. She returned to the United States in the 1950s and spent her later years in Connecticut, where she died.

Early life
Mary Foote was the daughter of Charles Spencer Foote and Hannah Hubbard Foote. She was born in Guilford, Connecticut, as was her younger sister, Margaret Foote Hawley, who also became an artist and painted a profile portrait of a girl named Mary Foote. After the girls were orphaned, Margaret was raised by her aunt, Harriet Foote Hawley and her husband in Washington, D.C. Mary was taken in by an aunt who lived in Hartford, Connecticut after she became an orphan at the age of 13.

Her cousin was Lilly Gillette Foote, who was governess to Mark Twain's children. For a period of time Mary Foote lived in the Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens) household and was friends with Susy Clemens.

Mary Foote was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the great-great-granddaughter of General Andrew Ward (1727-1799) and Diana Hubbard Ward. Ward, who was born and died in Guilford, Connecticut, was commended for his bravery by George Washington. Foote's grandparents were George Augustus Foote and Eliza Spencer and her great-grandparents were Eli Foote and Diana Ward.

Art
Beginning in 1890, she studied art at Yale School of Art. In 1894, the Alice Kimball English Prize, which was established to support summer travel, was awarded to Foote. The William Wirt Winchester Prize, which funded two years of study in Europe, was awarded to Foote in 1897; It was considered the "largest prize of its kind" in the United States at that time. Foote travelled to Paris, France and studied with John Singer Sargent. She was a student of Frederick MacMonnies at the Académie Carmen in Paris and at Giverny; the gardens there became the subject of many of her paintings. She also made a portrait painting of MacMonnies. Her friends included art patron Mabel Dodge, dancer Isadora Duncan, author Henry James, writer Gertrude Stein, James McNeill Whistler, Ellen Emmet Rand, and Cecilia Beaux.

In 1901, she returned to New York City to set up a studio on Washington Square where she earned a comfortable living from her portrait commissions; her list of clients reads as a Who's Who of the art scene of her day. Foote painted a wide range of subjects including portraits, figures, florals, and landscapes.

Her work was exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, along with the works of Robert Henri, Cecilia Beaux, Edmund Tarbell and other noted artists. Her work was described as follows: "Mary Foote sent some fine canvases, of which the most striking, perhaps, was that of Mrs. John Carpenter-an exceedingly skilful management of a blue hat and a red coat, with well considered 'repeat' accents in the book and cup and saucer upon the table. Her portrait of Mrs. Hermann Kobbe also showed a fine and subtle modeling, and the color value of the pink necklace in relation to the peculiar flesh tints of the subject was happily expressed." At the Armory Show in 1913, she exhibited Old Lady.

Foote lived and worked in Peking, China from December 1926 into early 1927.

During the 1920s, she shared her studio and had a relationship with Frederick MacMonnies. She went into a deep depression after it ended. She sought treatment from Smith Ely Jelliffe, and in 1927, closed down her studio. One of her friends, Robert Edmond Jones, a stage designer in New York, had been a analysand of Carl Jung and Toni Wolff. He advised Foote, who has been described as neurotic, to seek the treatment of Jung in Zürich, Switzerland.

Carl Jung
After closing her studio, Foote went to Zürich to see Swiss psychoanalyst Carl Jung. Beginning in 1928, she worked for Jung, first transcribing his seminars and editing Jung's English phrasing, and then producing the bound copies for their participants. For instance, her notes became the basis for The Visions Seminars, which was published in 1976. Her secretary and assistant from the 1930s until the seminar series ended with the start of World War II was an Englishwoman, Mrs. Emily Köppel, who was married to a man from Switzerland. The work was paid for by subscriptions, and supplemented initially by Mary Foote, and later by Mary and Paul Mellon and Alice Lewisohn Crowley.

In the 1930s, Foote had a secret liaison with Harvard-educated German businessman and Nazi, Ernst Hanfstaengl. She returned to Connecticut shortly before her death; her obituary listed her as having been Jung's "secretary."

She was among the social circle of Mabel Dodge Luhan and visited her at her Villa Curonia. A fellow friend, Muriel Draper, said of Foote:

"I cannot conceive of more conflicting psychological elements meeting under similar conditions without explosion. Almost everyone was in love or hate and only Mary Foote could come cutting through the snarled air like a cool smooth silver fruit-knife, severing at the crucial moments the crossed threads that were in danger of becoming firmly knotted entanglements."

She was also described as a tall, elegant woman. Mary Mellon, wife of Paul Mellon, said of her, "She has great style. From her you will learn about the feeling relationships among people there. She is very frail, and I'm afraid not very well. Take her to dinner at the Baur-au-Lac and feed her on champagne and caviar."

Later years and death
In the 1950s, Foote returned to Connecticut. She died among friends on January 28, 1968, and is buried in the Foote-Ward Cemetery in Guilford, Connecticut. Her papers are with the Yale University Library.

Works

 * August Florian Jaccaci, oil, Century Association 7, New York
 * Augustus Saint-Gaudens, oil, National Academy of Design
 * Carrie Chapman Catt (1859-1947), oil on canvas, 1927, Smithsonian Institution National Portrait Gallery
 * Floral Still Life, oil, Lagakos-Turak Gallery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1987
 * Frederick MacMonnies, made by 1905
 * Girl and Reflection, oil on canvas
 * John Crosby Brown, 1914, Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York
 * Jose Santo and Mother, oil on canvas, Smithsonian Institution National Museum of the American Indian
 * Lady in Lavender, oil, c. 1898-1901
 * Mabel Dodge Luhan, oil on canvas, Yale University
 * Naiad, Paris, oil on canvas
 * Oriental Girl with Doll, oil on canvas, c. 1898-1901
 * Paul Draper
 * Portrait of Mrs. Wilfred Worcester, oil on canvas, c. 1898-1901
 * Rio Grande Woman, oil on canvas, c. 1920, National Museum of the American Indian. Made in New Mexico.
 * Ruth Dana Draper (1850-1914), oil on canvas, c. 1910, She was the wife of William H. Draper.
 * Ruth Draper (1884-1956), oil on canvas, Smithsonian Institution National Portrait Gallery. She was an actress.
 * Taos Man, oil on canvas, c. 1920, National Museum of the American Indian. Made in New Mexico.
 * Thomas Hastings, oil, National Academy of Design
 * William H. Dunwoody, oil on canvas, 1913, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minnesota

title: Mary Foote


text:
Johan van Benthem

Johan van Benthem may refer to:

 * Johannes Bob van Benthem (1921–2006), first president of the European Patent Office
 * Johan van Benthem (logician) (born 1949), Dutch professor of logic

title: Johan van Benthem


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Countering systemic bias/Open tasks

Only slowly dawning on me that the current Open Tasks template has no women-related articles on it. This strikes me as being unfortunate. Can we ensure in future that every section of the open tasks list has some representation on the weekly features? Filiocht 12:49, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * On the contrary, there are 6000 women - Dahomey Amazons

 * Fair point, but not exactly what I meant. Filiocht 11:45, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:List of reunifications

hfe hallpch na wie gehts?

unification and reunification! there is a difference.
I split up the section on completed reunifications into one section on complete reunifications of divided nation-states and put the other entires on the "unification" processes of Italy and Bulgaria into a section on unification processes. There are significant differences - politcally, historically, and legally between the reunification of countries that once formed a united entity but were eventually divided (post WW2-Germany, Yemen, Vietnam) and the formation or gradual amaligamation of various states to form a new nation (Italy, Imperial Germany, Bulgaria, etc.). After all there is a reason why the (re-) prefix is added to form reunification. I reccomend the current form be maintainted unless somebody has arguments to the contrary. --Westee 14:51, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, I was only suspicious of possible vandalism since Poland was initially removed. Sorry for my gut reaction, I'm fine with the distinction. — Nightst a  llion  (?) Seen this already? 12:47, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

I've "reunified" these two sections. Wihle I appreciate the thinking behind it, I found the division confusing until I read the Talk: page (not everybody does that). I hope my intro comment and supply of dates is adequate compensation. This is a disambiguation page, not a discussion of "reunification" as a diverse concept. I've also implemented some of the Disambiguation style guidelines. jnestorius(talk) 05:33, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Strange additions

 * Armenian unification (joining Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Western Armenia)
 * Azeri unification (joining Azerbaijan and South Azerbaijan)

If anyone's got any sources on that, I'd be highly interested. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 20:11, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Some vandal removed British Isles Reunification. This is just as legitimate a goal if not more so than Irish Reunfication (something which can't happen anyway because the ireland of Ireland was never a seperate independent state). I am removing Irish reunfication seeing as it is impossible in the context the Irish Nationalist seeks, and adding British Isles reunfication. Ireland should never have been allowed to break away from the rest of the UK in the first place and the only way to achieve Irish unity is for this rebel province to rejoin the rest of the UK where it belongs.YourPTR! 03:04, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I am the vandal you speak of there is no political motavation for the British Isles to reunite no political party advocates this--Barrytalk 23:40, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Sorry for calling you a vandal. There is a political party advocating this and that is the British National Party. The Irish Unionist Alliance may also field candidates in the Irish Republic in the future on a pro reunification with the United Kingdom platform. YourPTR! (talk) 15:39, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

British Reunification
I've given it another go to add this as I feel it is an important potential reunification that was missing. It may be very unlikely, at least in the short to medium term, but it is one reunification I would dearly love to see and I can't be the only one that feels that way. It is a hypothetical reunification so it should be included. YourPTR! (talk) 15:36, 11 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I reworded it due to the fact that ireland is and never was in anyway 'British'. P.S. you are in a minority favouring a reunification of Ireland and Britain, as a proud irishman i hope your vision doesnt come true but i would love to see a United Ireland, but anyway this is a discussion page about improving articles so lets keep it like that. Pathfinder2006 (talk) 00:48, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of reunifications


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Slashbot Rhyme

Slashbot Rhyme was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 16 votes to delete, only 3 of which accepted merge. 1 vote by "AC" was disregarded—not signed in, not article author. Postdlf 14:53, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Slashbot Rhyme
Delete posting of some song or something some slashdot user posted on a thread once. It's amazing how self-important those people get, thinking everything they do is worthy of documentation. Postdlf 12:50, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * FIRST POST!.... I mean DELETE! -R. fiend 15:45, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Ugh...delete. What's next, an individual article for every "+5, funny" post? -- Ferkelparade π 13:02, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Obviously not every post should be included, but this is now an established (if minor) part of modern Slashdot trolling, and is therefore worthy of inclusion in the Wikipedia. BTW I created the page, I am not Eberlin (although I cannot proffer any proof), neither am I one who trolls his posts on /. - I just find the phenomenon interesting. -- AC

 * Delete --Demonslave 14:23, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect or delete: to Slashdot. It's funny, but it's a rap, and it's unimportant and non-notable.  Wikipedia's readers, I pray, are not all Slashdotters.  This is not an item that makes sense outside a discussion of Slashdot, so let's putting it inside that discussion.  Geogre 15:03, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This wiki is an encyclopedia not a wiki about some nerdy news website. We have enough of their articles already. No[[User_talk:norm|rm]] 15:39, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Cruft. If anyone mentions that Wikipedia is not paper, remember that Wikipedia is also not a junkyard. --Improv 15:44, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. At least the last line of the poem is fairly accurate vis-a-vis /. Terrapin 16:07, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yet again, someone with the delusion that rubbish on Slashdot is more than just rubbish. Average Earthman 16:13, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: rubbish. Wile E. Heresiarch 17:18, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Or, user can move to own page if desired. Do not redirect. Vanity. Original research. No potential ever to become encyclopedic. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 18:21, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Postdlf, et al, please try not to reduce yourself to generalizations about the Slashdot community (or any other community for that matter).  Its unconstructive and not necessary in the voting process.  Thanks.  --Radman1 20:22, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, this does not seem to have any potential to become an encyclopedic article. — siro  χ  o  23:50, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Radman, et al, please do not preach, pontificate, or otherwise condescend to other Wikipedia editors. It is unconstructive and annoying.  Thanks. Wolfman 01:38, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * How about moving it to a new article on Slashdot (or even more general Geek) Humor (which isn't quite the same as Slashdot Trolling)? -- AC (Note:comment posted by User:195.92.67.78)
 * Delete or Merge into Slashdot trolling phenomena. It's good, but doesn't deserve its own article. --Desplesda 03:25, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge. Though, yes, isn't it interesting how people in online communities get self-important? - Ta bu shi da yu 10:16, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
File:Tv just for laughs gags.JPG

Source
Screenshot from Just for Laughs Gags.

Rationale of fair use for Just for Laughs Gags

 * 1) The screenshot is of lower resolution and quality than the original video (copies made from it will be of inferior quality).
 * 2) No free or public domain images have been located for this content.
 * 3) The screenshot does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the show or DVDs in any way.
 * 4) The screenshot is intended to represent the nature of the show. Its inclusion in the article is important as an example of an element specifically detailed in the article.
 * 5) The screenshot is being used for informational purposes only, and its use is not believed to detract from the original show or DVD in any way.
 * 6) There is no free alternative.

title: File:Tv just for laughs gags.JPG


text: Category:Languages of Chile

title: Category:Languages of Chile


text:
Talk:Rise of Nations

Game guide?
Wikipedia is not Gamefaqs or a place for reprinting instruction manuals. We do not need all this information that describes all the nations and buildings and wonders and everything in the game in great detail. I propose drastically trimming this article so it has general information about the game in a readable and concise format. The demiurge 22:55, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Well if you do propose it, why dont you try improving it instead of complaining? (Shokwaav 09:15, 4 October 2007 (UTC))

Expand
Perhaps we can expand this article, each wonder having it's own page as it applys to RON, each civ, and so on, kinda like what they have on the Star Wars wiki?-OCT. 28th

Firstly, the game has eight ages to advance through, rather than the typical four.
 * Don't forget Empire Earth which has 14 (15 if counting expansion) ages.

Weaponry ranges across these ages from simple bows and spears to tanks, airplanes, and missiles.
 * Again, not a first. SYSS Mouse 12:56, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, such articles are usually deleted, for obvious reassons of how important is the information to begin with. I do not aprove any of the Star Wars 20000 little articles, but they have a large group of fans that bend the rule just because they are outvote every deletion voting, even though when the voting is for legitimate reassons (also see World of Warcraft for a HUGE list of articles that have no reasson to exist here).

Another way to expand this article would be to include a section on how critics received the game (as many games have). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.110.1.133 (talk) 21:14, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

clan part necessary?
well?

-More is better, right? But I think RoN is unique amongst most RTS in that there have been a small (low double digits, never more) number of clans that have been around at any time, and in having again, a low double digits number of tournaments, that have really been the only defining competition, and that history is kinda summarizable in a few paragraphs.

 * actually no, more is NOT better here, more is not better anywhere. OPTIMAL information is what we look for here, not quantity of information.

clan part
I also don't think the clan and player listing is really neccesary, it should at least be cut down. Tournament winners might be okay to leave in, but most of that section feels more like a group of "shout outs" that have little interest or meaning the vast majority of readers.

 * I agree. Even Counter-Strike doesn't have the amount of information about teams and competition play this article does.  In general, I think this article has a lot of junk in it, such as the lists of technologies and cheat codes.  Let's just link to  GameFaqs for that sort of information.  The demiurge 17:32, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

CTW part
Shouldn't the "extensive information" concerning the CTW campaigns which are in Rise of Nations: Thrones and Patriots be in the Thrones and Patriots page? - InGenX

I agree, this article is just about the original game. Rshu 12:42, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

multiplayer pov issues
So, this is the second time I've removed this blurb, because, as I noted in my edit summary on august 11th, because it reads like criticism of gamespy, which doesn't have a place in the RoN article, seeing as we could then add this to any game that uses gamespy services. Also, the phrases about "interface is known," or players are "constantly confronted," etc sounds like original research, something not permitted anyway. Changing to "error-prone," while somewhat better, doesn't change the net result of this section, and I'd definitely figure that someone just really hates gamespy, seeing as they misleadingly link to the criticism article about gamespy rather than the gamespy article itself when placing a link for more info on gamespy. Additionally, "grandeur" probably isn't appropriate, either. russ. 16:14, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

ps: the below portion is the original jazz, so's others can read and consider it for themselves.

"On its multiplayer standpoint, Rise of Nations has been plagued by connectivity issues on the error-prone Gamespy matchmaking services. The interface is known to be sticky and unresponsive, frequently causing the game to lock up.  Players are constantly confronted with screens that display "Connecting..." for an indefinite amount of time.  The host may also randomly drop from created rooms for no apparent reason.  There is also no support from Gamespy for any of these problems.  Players may have to spend at least 10 minutes fighting the Gamespy servers for a successful game to begin.  Lock-ups can occur at any part of the game setup process.

For these reasons, Rise of Nations has not been able to garner a widespread online community for a game of its grandeur and critical acclaim.

See also for more information about Gamespy matchmaking services."

Big Cleanup
This article's been sitting around gaining "fat" long enough. I've removed a substantial chunk out of the article for the following reasons:
 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a game guide. That's what StrategyWiki is for (and is linked to in External links anyway).
 * Most of the information is taken straight out of the manual.
 * The information contained too much detail that is unhelpful to the average reader. The article should contain information on what the game is rather than how to play it.

I've completed the first stage of the cleanup by removing the sections that are obviously technical fillers. The existing sections need to be restructured and/or rewritten to provide more informative details on gameplay features and include the essentials of some of the removed sections. --Scottie theNerd 07:01, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Also keep in mind that this article is about the original Rise of Nations. Information pertaining to additions and changes made in the expansion should be kept to Rise of Nations: Thrones and Patriots. --Scottie theNerd 07:04, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * how abut writng short notes on Wonders,nations in the game.that will be helpfull.

Khalidkhoso 09:35, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

RON for FP?
I suggest we try to bring this article to Featured status. I'll put it on peer reveiw later today. | A ndonic O Talk 16:51, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, it's on Peer Review now. | A ndonic O Talk 11:55, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

????
What happened to the picture of the box????

75.82.205.58 01:38, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The image seems to have been deleted. Otherwise, the name's been changed. I'm sure whoever did it will put it back soon. | A ndonic O Talk · Sign Here 09:55, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Vista
Vista support?

You cant load saved games on vista on the original version (not sure about expansion). Have reported to microsoft and they said they dont support vista. Remove claim of vista support and add to bugs section? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.36.93.46 (talk) 19:11, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

Unknown about support for Vista however known that Rise of Nations will work on a Vista Computer. —Preceding unsigned comment added by BronzeSilvGold (talk • contribs) 18:35, 24 October 2009 (UTC)

Bug
i found one Bug in this game? how abut writing bugs of this game.

Khalidkhoso 09:33, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Well, there are loads of bugs in the game, but if you can find references online, that would help.

(<b>Shokwaav<b> 09:14, 4 October 2007 (UTC))

Tournaments and Rankings
I've added an "importance" tag to this section. I for one don't see how that section meets the requirements of WP:N. Robotman1974 04:26, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Rise of Nations box cover.jpg
Image:Rise of Nations box cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 21:48, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

NPOV tag
I've added the NPOV tag because the multiplayer POV concerns addressed above have still not been addressed. Littleteddy... keep me in a good mood 14:31, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Nations-section is just wrong
The article has a major flaw in the Nation-section, that is supposed to describe the "special abilities" of the games nations. Maybe the intension was originally to create valid information about those abilities, but in the current article the links refer to actual ideas in real life. The Aztecs may hold the Power of Sacrifice, but I don't think that has anything to do with the actual idea of sacrifice, at least in a sense that needs an interlink to another Wikipedia article. RedJimi (talk) 17:48, 28 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Good point. It should list exactly what the wonder does.   D r e a m Focus  22:20, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Do I buy it or is it free?
What is the single most important question about this and all other computer games? It's cost. Many, and not just kids, will not consider investing time researching or even playing a game if it's costly. So, up-front, I think we should identify which of the three major categories this game fits in: free forever, free basic edition with expanded edition for sale, or for purchase only. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ertdfgcvb (talk • contribs) 03:16, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

Will Rise Of Nations Roblox get an article?
I hope so 2600:4040:5327:CA00:C0ED:2237:812B:28B (talk) 23:41, 26 September 2023 (UTC)

 * The game doesn't seem notable against Wikipedia's notability guidelines, and it also isn't related to this 2003 game. If there is some good coverage by secondary sources about the Roblox game, then it is definitely something that could be made into an article! But I can't find much at the moment. ＶＲＸＣＥＳ (talk) 00:21, 27 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rise of Nations


text:
L. T. F. Gamut

L. T. F. Gamut was a collective pseudonym for the Dutch logicians Johan van Benthem, Jeroen Groenendijk, Dick de Jongh, Martin Stokhof and Henk Verkuyl.

Gamut stands for the Dutch universities of Groningen (G), Amsterdam (am), and Utrecht (ut), then the affiliations of the authors. The initials L. T. F. stand for the discussed topics, respectively, Logic (Dutch: Logica), Language (Dutch: Taal) and Philosophy (Dutch: Filosofie).

Publications

 * Logica, taal en betekenis I: inleiding in de logica, Het Spectrum, 1982.
 * Logica, taal en betekenis II: intensionele logica en logische grammatica, Het Spectrum, 1982.
 * Logic, Language and Meaning, Volume I: Introduction to Logic, University of Chicago Press, 1991. Translation and revision of Logica, taal en betekenis I.
 * Logic, Language and Meaning, Volume II: Intensional Logic and Logical Grammar, University of Chicago Press, 1991. Translation and revision of Logica, taal en betekenis II.

title: L. T. F. Gamut


text: Category:Chilean athletes

title: Category:Chilean athletes