text:
Mikhail Yasnov

Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov (Михаил Алексеевич Яснов; – 23 July 1991) was a Soviet politician. He was Chairman of the Moscow City Executive Committee and head of Moscow  in 1950–1956.

Between 1956 and 1957 he was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian SFSR. Between 1957 and 1966 he was First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and between 1966 and 1985 he was Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (head of state) and later deputy. Between 1950 and 1956 he was Chairman of the Soviet of the Union, the upper chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. He was made a Hero of Socialist Labor in 1976.

title: Mikhail Yasnov


text:
Talk:The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes

Where was this radio show broadcast? USA, UK, both, or other countries? This article implies the USA, so if this is the case it should be stated as such. Arcturus 19:48, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Broadcast live from Hollywood, California, twice on Mondays. Once for East Coast, once for West Coast.152.163.100.196 18:34, 31 October 2005 (UTC)MichaelShayne

 Amusingly, the announcer during the Kreml years was named [Joseph Bell]

Currently "broad (and web-) cast" on wnar am radio in Lansdale PA and via wnar-am.com, in case anyone's interested.

Science Fiction writer [Anthony Boucher] "provid[ed] plots for the bulk of the Sherlock Holmes radio dramas."

Mhofer (talk) 02:47, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

According to the CD collection released by Simon & Schuster Audio (2004~2005), there were only 213 episodes produced in the 8 years on the air. This article states there were 220. Perhaps someone could cite a reliable source? ~ Agvulpine (talk) 09:58, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

This article states "Recordings of only 50 episodes were originally known to be extant, but today well over 150 have been found, evidence of this is needed as only 51 are in circulation." 125+ episodes are available at archive.org [] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.150.30.153 (talk) 06:53, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

It should be mentioned that The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: Original Stories by Eminent Mystery Writers is sometimes listed as The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes allowing it to be confused with the radio show. It was published to mark 100th anniversary of Sherlock Holmes' first appearance with stories by Stephen King (The Doctors Case), Michael Gilbert (Two Footmen), John Lutz (The Infernal Machine), Edward D. Hoch (The Return of the Speckled Band), Dorothy B. Hughes (Sherlock Holmes and the Muffin), Peter Lovesey (The Curious Computer), Lillian de la Torre (The Adventure of the Persistent Marksman), John Gardner (Moriarty and the Real Underworld), and others.--2606:A000:7D44:100:6901:57EB:ABC:DBD (talk) 22:49, 26 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160610115648/http://www.outlawsgameroom.com/otr to http://www.outlawsgameroom.com/otr/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:09, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Pedrinhas Paulista

Pedrinhas Paulista is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 3,101 (2020 est.) in an area of 153 km2. The elevation is 330 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Pedrinhas Paulista


text:
Coombe, Camborne

Coombe (Komm) is a hamlet in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated two miles (3 km) north of the town of Camborne in the valley of the Red River at.

title: Coombe, Camborne


text:
Pedro de Toledo

Pedro de Toledo may refer to:

Places

 * Pedro de Toledo, Brazil, a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil.

People

 * Pedro de Toledo y Zúñiga (1484–1553), Spanish Viceroy of Naples
 * Pedro de Toledo, 1st Marquis of Mancera (c. 1585–1654), Spanish viceroy of Peru.
 * Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, a number of other people called Pedro Álvarez de Toledo
 * Peter of Toledo 12th century translator into Latin.
 * Pedro Manuel de Toledo (1860–1935), leader of the Constitutionalist Revolution in Brazil.

title: Pedro de Toledo


text:
Quadrilateral (disambiguation)

A quadrilateral, in geometry, is a polygon with 4 sides.

Quadrilateral may also refer to:
 * Complete quadrilateral, in projective geometry, a configuration with 4 lines and 6 points
 * Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral, a four-point statement of fundamental doctrine, in the Anglican Communion
 * Wesleyan Quadrilateral, the four sources of doctrine in the Methodist Church
 * Golden Quadrilateral, a network of highways in India
 * Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, a strategic alliance of the United States, Japan, Australia and India within Asia.
 * Quadrilateral Treaty, a pact between the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Corrientes, signed on 25 January 1822.
 * Quadrilatero, in the Revolutions of 1848, in the Italian states - an area within the group of fortresses at Mantua, Verona, Peschiera and Legnago
 * Quadrilateral (horse), thoroughbred racehorse
 * "Quadrilateral", an alternative name for Southern Dobruja mostly used by Romanians (Cadrilater)

title: Quadrilateral (disambiguation)


text:
Niger at the 2004 Summer Olympics

Niger competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004.

Athletics
Nigerien athletes have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event at the 'A' Standard, and 1 at the 'B' Standard).

 * Men

 * Women
 * Key
 * Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
 * Q = Qualified for the next round
 * q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
 * NR = National record
 * N/A = Round not applicable for the event
 * Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round

Swimming

 * Men

title: Niger at the 2004 Summer Olympics


text:
Penápolis

Penápolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population is of 63,757 inhabitants (IBGE/2020). The city has an area of 710.8 km².

Historical formation
The region was first populated by the Crowned Indians (or Kaingang or still Caingangue). The first presence of the Brazilian State in the region was, in the end of the 19th century, a military colony in the Salto do Avanhandava, that was nicknamed "Banishment".

The Patrimony appeared in donated lands, in 1906, by the Farmer Eduardo Jose de Castilho, to the priests Capuchinhos. These and the enterprising colonel Manuel Bento de a Cruz had established the Patrimony of Santa Cruz of the Avanhandava, on 25 October 1908.

Immediately afterwards, on 2 December 1908, the patrimony became a new town.

The pioneers had found its biggest obstacles in the attacks of the Indians and the malaria. The Indians alone finally had been pacified with the action of colonel Candido Rondon.

Administrative history
On 17 November 1909, the patrimony was raised as a district, and became Vila de Pennapolis, in honour to the just-deceased president Afonso Pena. It became a city on 22 December 1913. It was raised to a judicial district on 10 October 1917. The installation of the judicial district occurred on 27 July 1918.

The original territory of the city of Penápolis was vast, going until the River Paraná, but much of it was reduced with its successive dismemberments in new cities.

Economy
At the beginning of its population boom, the forest, coffee, sugar cane, cattle industries, carriage and railroad transport were the base for the economy of the city. Later came the dairy industry. Currently it relies on alcohol-sugar agro-industry, an industrial district and a strong private educational sector.

Cultural aspects
Little remained of the previous culture of the Crowned Indians. The city was, however, enriched with other Brazilian and European traditions, since immigrants of several European countries established there. Migration from Minas Gerais also introduced traditions of that region, in the form of candies, cheeses, and in artisanal activities related to the sugar cane culture.

The beaches at the edge of Tietê River, along with the artificial lakes created by the Nova Avanhandava Power Plant are major tourist attractions.

Famous people born in Penápolis include: the Bishop of the Diocese of Duke of Caxias, Dom Mauro Morelli; the Bishop of the Armenian Church of São Paulo, Dom Vartan Waldir Boghossian; the actress Pepita Rodrigues and the composer and singer Francisco Gottardi (the Southerner), of the pair caipira Sulino & Marrueiro and Sabrina Sato, daughter of Omar Rahal and Kika Sato. She participated on Big Brother and since then became a celebrity. Now she is part of the cast of Panico, a comedy show on TV and radio

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Penápolis


text:
Laser Doppler velocimetry

Laser Doppler velocimetry, also known as laser Doppler anemometry, is the technique of using the Doppler shift in a laser beam to measure the velocity in transparent or semi-transparent fluid flows or the linear or vibratory motion of opaque, reflecting surfaces. The measurement with laser Doppler anemometry is absolute and linear with velocity and requires no pre-calibration.

Technology origin
The development of the helium–neon laser (He-Ne) in 1962 at the Bell Telephone Laboratories provided the optics community with a continuous wave electromagnetic radiation source that was highly concentrated at a wavelength of 632.8 nanometers (nm) in the red portion of the visible spectrum. It was discovered that fluid flow measurements could be made using the Doppler effect on a He-Ne beam scattered by small polystyrene spheres in the fluid.

At the Research Laboratories of Brown Engineering Company (later Teledyne Brown Engineering), this phenomenon was used to develop the first laser Doppler flowmeter using heterodyne signal processing. This instrument became known as the laser Doppler velocimeter and the technique was called laser Doppler velocimetry. It is also referred to as laser Doppler anemometry.

Early laser Doppler velocimetry applications included measuring and mapping the exhaust from rocket engines with speeds up to 1000 m/s, as well as determining flow in a near-surface blood artery. Similar instruments were also developed for solid surface monitoring, with applications ranging from measuring product speeds in production lines of paper and steel mills to measuring vibration frequency and amplitude of surfaces.

Operating principles
In its simplest and most presently used form, laser Doppler velocimetry crosses two beams of collimated, monochromatic, and coherent laser light in the flow of the fluid being measured. The two beams are usually obtained by splitting a single beam, thus ensuring coherence between the two. Lasers with wavelengths in the visible spectrum (390–750 nm) are commonly used; these are typically He-Ne, Argon ion, or laser diode, allowing the beam path to be observed. A transmitting optics system focuses the beams to intersect at their waists (the focal point of a laser beam), where they interfere and generate a set of straight fringes. As particles (either naturally occurring or induced) entrained in the fluid pass through the fringes, they scatter light that is then collected by a receiving optics and focused on a photodetector (typically an avalanche photodiode).

The scattered light fluctuates in intensity, the frequency of which is equivalent to the Doppler shift between the incident and scattered light, and is thus proportional to the component of particle velocity which lies in the plane of two laser beams. If the sensor is aligned to the flow such that the fringes are perpendicular to the flow direction, the electrical signal from the photodetector will then be proportional to the full particle velocity. By combining three devices (e.g., He-Ne, Argon ion, and laser diode) with different wavelengths, all three flow velocity components can be simultaneously measured.

Another form of laser Doppler velocimetry, particularly used in early device developments, has a completely different approach akin to an interferometer. The sensor also splits the laser beam into two parts; one (the measurement beam) is focused into the flow and the second (the reference beam) passes outside the flow. A receiving optics provides a path that intersects the measurement beam, forming a small volume. Particles passing through this volume will scatter light from the measurement beam with a Doppler shift; a portion of this light is collected by the receiving optics and transferred to the photodetector. The reference beam is also sent to the photodetector where optical heterodyne detection produces an electrical signal proportional to the Doppler shift, by which the particle velocity component perpendicular to the plane of the beams can be determined.

The signal detection scheme of the instrument is using the principle of optical heterodyne detection. This principle is similar to other laser Doppler-based instruments such as laser Doppler vibrometer, or laser surface velocimeter. It is possible to apply digital techniques to the signal to obtain the velocity as a measured fraction of the speed-of-light, and therefore in one sense Laser Doppler velocimetry is a particularly fundamental measurement traceable to the S.I. system of measurement.

Applications
In the decades since the laser Doppler velocimetry was first introduced, there has been a wide variety of laser Doppler sensors developed and applied.

Flow research
Laser Doppler velocimetry is often chosen over other forms of flow measurement because the equipment can be outside of the flow being measured and therefore has no effect on the flow. Some typical applications include the following: One disadvantage has been that laser Doppler velocimetry sensors are range-dependent; they have to be calibrated minutely and the distances where they measure has to be precisely defined. This distance restriction has recently been at least partially overcome with a new sensor that is range independent.
 * Wind tunnel velocity experiments for testing aerodynamics of aircraft, missiles, cars, trucks, trains, and buildings and other structures
 * Velocity measurements in water flows (research in general hydrodynamics, ship hull design, rotating machinery, pipe flows, channel flow, etc.)
 * Fuel injection and spray research where there is a need to measure velocities inside engines or through nozzles
 * Environmental research (combustion research, wave dynamics, coastal engineering, tidal modeling, river hydrology, etc.).

Automation
Laser Doppler velocimetry can be useful in automation, which includes the flow examples above. It can also be used to measure the speed of solid objects, like conveyor belts. This can be useful in situations where attaching a rotary encoder (or a different mechanical speed measurement device) to the conveyor belt is impossible or impractical.

Medical applications
Laser Doppler velocimetry is used in hemodynamics research as a technique to partially quantify blood flow in human tissues such as skin or the eye fundus. Within the clinical environment, the technology is often referred to as laser Doppler flowmetry; when images are made, it is referred to as laser Doppler imaging. The beam from a low-power laser (usually a laser diode) penetrates the skin sufficiently to be scattered with a Doppler shift by the red blood cells and return to be concentrated on a detector. These measurements are useful to monitor the effect of exercise, drug treatments, environmental, or physical manipulations on targeted micro-sized vascular areas.

The laser Doppler vibrometer is being used in clinical otology for the measurement of tympanic membrane (eardrum), malleus (hammer), and prosthesis head displacement in response to sound inputs of 80- to 100-dB sound-pressure level. It also has potential use in the operating room to perform measurements of prosthesis and stapes (stirrup) displacement.

Navigation
The Autonomous Landing Hazard Avoidance Technology used in NASA's Project Morpheus lunar lander to automatically find a safe landing place contains a lidar Doppler velocimeter that measures the vehicle's altitude and velocity. The AGM-129 ACM cruise missile uses laser doppler velocimeter for precise terminal guidance.

Calibration and measurement
Laser Doppler velocimetry is used in the analysis of vibration of MEMS devices, often to compare the performance of devices such as accelerometers-on-a-chip with their theoretical (calculated) modes of vibration. As a specific example in which the unique features of Laser Doppler velocimetry are important, the measurement of velocity of a MEMS watt balance device has allowed greater accuracy in the measurement of small forces than previously possible, through directly measuring the ratio of this velocity to the speed of light. This is a fundamental, traceable measurement that now allows traceability of small forces to the S.I. System.

title: Laser Doppler velocimetry


text:
Pereira

Pereira (Portuguese and Galician for "pear tree") may refer to:

People

 * Pereira (surname)

Places

 * Brazil
 * Pereira (Bahia) (est. 1534) in the present-day Barra neighborhood of Salvador in Bahia
 * Pereira Barreto, municipality in São Paulo
 * Pereiras, municipality in São Paulo
 * Colombia
 * Pereira, Colombia, capital city of the department of Risaralda
 * Portugal
 * Pereira (Barcelos), a parish in the district of Barcelos
 * Pereira (Mirandela), a parish in the district of Mirandela
 * Pereira (Montemor-o-Velho), a parish in the district of Montemor-o-Velho

Other

 * Deportivo Pereira, a Colombian association football club
 * X-28 Sea Skimmer or Pereira X-28 Sea Skimmer, a single-seat flying boat
 * Pereira approach, a law method

title: Pereira


text: User talk:81.136.235.122

title: User talk:81.136.235.122


text: Category:Delaware County, Oklahoma

title: Category:Delaware County, Oklahoma


text:
Battlefield 2: Modern Combat

Battlefield 2: Modern Combat is a first-person shooter video game in the Battlefield series, developed by DICE and published by Electronic Arts. Modern Combat is the first Battlefield game for video game consoles and the first to offer a full single-player campaign. Despite its name, the game is neither a port nor a spin-off of Battlefield 2, which was in development at the same time.

The game was titled Battlefield: Modern Combat until shortly before release, when the numeral was added to evoke a connection with the PC game Battlefield 2, in an attempt to boost sales. The original name was notably used as in game adverting in 2004's Burnout 3: Takedown as the game was originally scheduled to release in fall 2004 as a multiplayer only game. However the game release was later delayed to Fall 2005 due to the addition of the single-player campaign.

The game was initially released for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in 2005. In 2006, an updated version of the game was released for the Xbox 360, featuring improved graphics and online features. A PlayStation Portable version was developed by EA Bright Light and announced in 2005, but was canceled. Battlefield 2: Modern Combat multiplayer on Xbox was shut down on April 15, 2010. As of 2024, all official Xbox, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 2 servers are offline, though the single-player campaign mode is still playable.

Plot
The single-player campaign game revolves around a fictional war between NATO and China that takes place in Kazakhstan. The media on both sides air propaganda that accuses the other of war crimes while the player fights for each nation back and forth. When the player eventually chooses a side to lead to victory, it is revealed that a terrorist organization called Burning Flag is responsible for misleading both NATO and China into starting the war. Various war crimes each side believes the other committed during the fighting were in fact arranged by Burning Flag, which also sabotaged the only known attempt at negotiations. The winning side must then stop Burning Flag's leader, Commander 31, from launching 3 nuclear ICBMs at the United States, Europe, and China; failure would mean neither side would have anything left to fight for or live for. During the course of an intense battle, the ICBM launches are halted and Commander 31 killed, with the player being hailed as the hero who made China's- or NATO's- victory possible.

Multiplayer gameplay
The Multiplayer mode offers two game modes, Conquest, returning from previous games in the series, and the new Capture the Flag game mode. Both support a total of 24 players.

There are four playable factions, the United States Marine Corps (USMC), the European Union (EU), the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and the fictitious Middle Eastern Coalition (MEC). Which faction faces which is determined by the map being played of which there are thirteen in the game, ranging from desert towns to secret Chinese airfields. Three additional maps were later made available for the Xbox and Xbox 360 versions.

Conquest
In Conquest, the goal is to capture a majority of the flags scattered across the map. There are two counters, which show the tickets remaining on either side. The tickets decrease by 1 for each time a player spawns after death or the initial spawn on the corresponding side, and by progressively more, depending on the number of flags either team has. The more flags one team has, the faster the other's tickets will decrease. If there is only one member alive and all flags have been taken by the other team, the tickets will decrease rapidly until the person is killed or has taken a flag. If both sides have an equal number of flags, neither team's tickets will decrease, unless a member of one team dies, in which case one ticket is subtracted from the victim's team. Vehicles are readily available in this mode, and there are multiple types of maps, such as "Incursion" maps, in which every flag owned by only one of the teams is capture-able.

Capture the flag
In Capture the flag, players battle on a scaled down version of any one of the maps. There are only two positions, one on each side, which house each team's flag. There are multiple spawns in each position. Instead of the flags being mounted on flagpoles, as in Conquest mode, they are instead small flags perched on small bases. When a player walks over a flag, it is automatically picked up. The player carrying it must return it to their own base. The flag may only be captured if the capturing team's flag is still at their base, and not taken by their opponent. If the player carrying the flag is killed, one of his teammates may pick up the flag he dropped when he died and continue taking it to their base or an enemy may run over it, at which point the flag is automatically returned safely to their base.

Online play also supports the clan option. A single person can create a clan and invite other players into the clan, they are also able to promote, demote, and kick members as well. Customizable options include the clan name, clan motto, and clan news. Both gamemodes are accepted on the clan feature. In starting a clan match is when a challenge gets accepted or, the leader needs someone to "back" him, this means as soon as the challenge is accepted a teammate must check for a clan game and quickly join it in order for the clan match to take place.

Downloadable content
A pack of three additional maps was made available for download on December 22, 2005 for Xbox Live users. These same three maps were later included on disc for the updated Xbox 360 version.

Reception
Battlefield 2: Modern Combat received "generally favorable reviews" on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, where the PlayStation 2 version was ported for release on January 26, 2006, followed by the Xbox 360 version on March 30, 2006, Famitsu gave the former console version a score of three eights and one seven for a total of 31 out of 40, while Famitsu X360 gave the latter console version a score of one nine, two eights, and one seven for a total of 32 out of 40.

title: Battlefield 2: Modern Combat


text:
Pereira Barreto

Pereira Barreto is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 25,677 (2020 est.) in an area of 974 km². The elevation is 347 meters.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1938.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Pereira Barreto


text:
Pereiras

Pereiras is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 8,773 (2020 est.) in an area of 223 km². Its elevation is 490 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Pereiras


text:
Plz

Plz or PLZ may refer to:

 * Plz, "please" in texting shorthand
 * Postleitzahl or PLZ, postal-code abbreviation in German-speaking countries
 * PLZ, the old (1950–1994) ISO 4217 code for the Polish złoty
 * PLZ, IATA airport code for Port Elizabeth Airport in Eastern Cape, South Africa
 * plz, the ISO 639-3 code for the Paluan language
 * PLZ, a London rap group that helped launch Reggie Rockstone's career
 * PLZ, ICAO code for Planet Airways, an American airline 1995–2005

title: Plz


text:
Coombe, Liskeard

Coombe (Komm) is a settlement in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated one mile (1.6 km) southwest of Liskeard.

Coombe Junction Halt is a station and railway junction on the Looe Valley Line railway which runs from Liskeard station to Looe station.

title: Coombe, Liskeard


text:
User:JesseHogan

Hello, I have recently discovered Wikipedia and am very exited about this opportunity to participate in contributing to an encyclopedia. So far I have contributed significantly to only one artical (Dragon Kung Fu) but plan on doing much more. I work as a business software developer but have many interests.

title: User:JesseHogan


text:
Talk:Robert Southey

Comment
http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Literary/Southey.htm Well, he may be read by school children in GB, but I seriously doubt that he is in the US. I think the text should be modified to reflect this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kdammers (talk • contribs) 07:31, 13 June 2005

 * MMMM, how do you think this would be best expressed? Jezhotwells (talk) 00:02, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

12 years after the first comment, the article still asserts without any qualification or reservation that "Many of his poems are still read by British schoolchildren"! Not even of Wordsworth could it be said that "many of his poems are still read by British schoolchildren," and of Southey I believe it would be truer to say that the majority of British schoolchildren complete their education without ever seeing any of his poems. Quickly checking the index pages of 33 poetry anthologies designed for current use in UK schools, I find that only one of them has even one Southey poem ("Blenheim").Pelamis (talk) 20:09, 28 July 2017 (UTC)

Changed to "a few" of Southey's "ballads" - are still read by British schoolchildren. I'm Canadian and I remember seeing "The Inchcape Rock" and "Blenheim" when I was a kid. "The Cataract of Lodore" is not a ballad, but, I have never seen that anthologized anyway. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fixlein (talk • contribs) 18:07, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

Comment
"Southey's verse enjoys enduring popularity"? Hardly. He has long since been relegated to the company of the "of historical interest only". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.30.202.20 (talk • contribs) 21:11, 1 May 2008

—

It might be a good idea for the article to say something about Southey's narrative poems, The Curse of Kehama, Thalaba the Destroyer, and Madoc. These may not be top of the pops today, but, Southey thought of them as his major accomplishments as a poet, and they are said to have had some influence on Shelley. Perhaps it is a correct assessment, perhaps not, but, the article gives the impression that Southey was a prose writer who also produced some ballads. Granted that his poetry is of historical interest only, I think the history should be recounted, so to speak.

 * I think that's a very sound idea, but I don't really have the specialist knowledge to do it myself. Bmcln1 (talk) 09:58, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

Removed fragment
I've removed the following fragment as being doubtful in the extreme. He may very well have "denounced free trade and praised the working man", but I think he might still be light years away from being a proto-commie. --Tagishsimon (talk)

 * According to the June 1, 2006 airing of Paul Harvey's The Rest of the Story, Southey "denounced free trade and praised the working man," making him an early example of a socialist or even communist.

J.L. Southey
I'm sorry, for now I'm not sure what the J.L. stands for, but will likely come across it in one of varous sources I regularly go over to do with the history of British Columbia. J.L. Southey was the secretary to Robert Lambert Baynes then a rear-admiral and commander-in-chief of the Pacific Station of the Royal Navy at Esquimalt; a few places in BC are named for him directly or indirectly. I'm wondering if he might be Robert Southey's offspring or some other relation; there are no other articles on anyoen named Southey in Wikipedia, so it seems a rare name. Anyone here recogznie the initials?Skookum1 (talk) 05:12, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Publication of Nelson's Biography
I own a copy of Nelson's biography of Southey published in 1900, despite the fact that the article claims it went out of publication in 1813. Don't have a source other than the book I own though, so I'll be lazy and let someone who cares enough to investigate it. 76.125.75.29 (talk) 02:13, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * The article actually says: The latter has rarely been out of print since its publication in 1813?? So please don't interupt your laziness.Jezhotwells (talk) 10:46, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Is the pronunciation not /ˈsaʊθi/ to rhyme with /ˈmaʊθi/ ? 217.17.56.174 (talk) 07:52, 11 September 2014 (UTC)

Byron rhymed "Southey" with "drouthy" as well as "mouthy"--and he was never fussy about his rhymes. Pelamis (talk) 20:12, 28 July 2017 (UTC)

Three Bears
The article currently describes Southey's Three Bears as "the original Goldilocks story." I believe that's incorrectly phrased, for two reasons: (1) Southey never claimed to have originated the story. According to its Wikipedia page, "Southey most likely learned the tale as a child from his uncle William Tyler…. Ultimately, it is uncertain where Southey or his uncle learned the tale." (2) Southey's story can't accurately be called a "Goldilocks story" at all, for the simple reason that it has no Goldilocks. (And Goldilocks is generally identified as the central character of this story: Google today finds 10,700,000 hits for "Goldilocks" as against only 415,000 hits for the phrase "three bears.") I suggest changing "the original Goldilocks story" to "an antecedent of the Goldilocks story."Pelamis (talk) 19:55, 28 July 2017 (UTC)

I think it's time to make a point in general. If you're sure the existing text is inaccurate or wrong, please change it, with a reference if the error is factual. I don't think that starting a discussion on Talk is a substitute for that. There is so much editing to be done and so few editors to do it. Please be sparing of their time if you can. Please add who ate the porridge in Southey's version if it wasn't Goldilocks. Bmcln1 (talk) 20:31, 28 July 2017 (UTC)

Thanks for all your helpful advice. I personally don't feel that I have the right to tamper unilaterally with an encyclopedia webpage available to millions of people all over the world (though I appreciate that Wikipedia would let me do so). In my personal view, that job should be left to experts who know the field and know what they're doing. Where relevant, I'm happy to voice a dissenting opinion on the Talk page--but I don't claim to be the only member of the regiment in step. If others more learned than myself support the proposed change, then there might be reason to make it. But where the existing text has already passed for many years without challenge, there must always be a strong probability that it's correct, even if one outsider dissents from it. Pelamis (talk) 22:31, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

"Southey's prose collection The Doctor"
Two problems here: (1) No edition supervised by Southey or his heirs was ever titled simply "The Doctor." Every edition was titled The Doctor, etc. This isn't mere pedantry. The work has a much greater proportion of "etc." than of "The Doctor." Who would shorten Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra to simply "Antony"? (Note that the same hypertruncation is made even in this article's formal works list.) (2) "Collection" isn't a good description. Southey's book is an imitation of Tristram Shandy, i.e., it has a very slim strand of narrative embellished with enormous digressions. Would anyone call Tristram Shandy a "collection"? Pelamis (talk) 20:23, 28 July 2017 (UTC)

Please check the title on the British Library site or similar and change it to that. Again, no need to discuss the matter at length if you're satisfied and no one objects. Bmcln1 (talk) 20:32, 28 July 2017 (UTC)

"After Blenheim (possibly one of the earliest anti-war poems)"
Objections: (1) This statement reveals an offensive Anglocentric parochialism sadly too common in Wikipedia. The Sumerian Lamentation over the Destruction of Ur and Archilochos's little piece about dropping his shield and running--both of which are thousands of years older than Southey--have both been described as possibly anti-war poems. Definite anti-war poetry goes back at least as far as Euripides and the Greek Anthology. (2) In any case, Southey was never anti-war at any stage of his career, and certainly not when he wrote this ballad, as his copious letters on the subject reveal. It isn't modern pacifism to claim that Blenheim was fought for no good reason and had no good consequence except the aggrandizement of the victorious general. Rightly or wrongly, that has always been the majority view of Blenheim in English literature ever since the days of Queen Anne. Pelamis (talk) 20:40, 28 July 2017 (UTC)

Cut the remark, then. Or have you done so? Bmcln1 (talk) 20:44, 28 July 2017 (UTC)

Simply change the text to "one of the first modern anti-war poems", which is probably what the writer meant anyway. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.156.95.130 (talk) 22:09, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Robert Southey. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070703000642/http://www.pricejb.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Southey.PDF to http://www.pricejb.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Southey.PDF
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040816175510/http://www.gretahall.net/ to http://www.gretahall.net/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:07, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

The Harpers Monthly, January 1851, pp. 145-152
Personal Appearance and Habits of Robert Southey The Harpers Monthly, January 1851, pp. 145-152
 * https://www.unz.com/print/Harpers-1851jan-00145/

69.181.23.220 (talk) 02:06, 28 September 2018 (UTC)

Zombie or Zumbí - Cultural Misappropriation?
"The English word 'zombie', from the Haitian French 'zombi', is purported to have first been recorded by Southey in his 1819 essay History of Brazil."

I find this a bizarre assertion. Anyone familiar with Brazilian culture should recognize the name Zumbí dos Palmares (1655-1695), the leader of a colony of escaped slaves (quilombo). Surely a scholar like Southey should not be burdened by such an obtuse etymology.

The OED cites this excerpt from Southey : "Zombi, the title whereby he [chief of Brazilian natives] was called, is the name for the Deity, in the Angolan tongue." Any inferential connection to Haiti and the English word zombie is just not warranted in this skeptic's opinion. The Wikipedia page on zombie is apparently the source of this mistake; it too needs to be corrected for the same reason.

It is also downright vulgar to interpret Southey's "Angolan tongue" as "Haitian French". "Is purported" is no excuse for such cultural misappropriation.

Tofindya (talk) 15:49, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

owen
Southey compared New Lanark to a slave plantation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.28.145.174 (talk) 04:09, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Southey


text:
Peruíbe

Peruíbe is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Baixada Santista. The population is 69,001 (2020 est.) in an area of 324.55 km2. Peruíbe is located to the southwest of the city of São Paulo and west of Santos.

Location
Peruíbe's urban area is entirely along the Atlantic Ocean fronting its famous beach which is one of the longest in the state. The urban area covers a small part of the municipality, with population growing steadily. Most of the area north of downtown Peruíbe is forested with trees, and is hilly or mountainous as part of the Serra do Mar. An Indian Reservation named Terra Indígena Piaçagüera (Piaçagüera Indigenous Land) which is home to the Guaraní tribe named Nhandhevá covers an area of 27.95 km2 with a perimeter of 38 km.

The municipality contains part of the Tupiniquins Ecological Station. It contains the 359 ha Ilha do Ameixal Area of Relevant Ecological Interest created in 1985. It also contains a small part of the 84,425 ha Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station, a strictly protected area of well-preserved Atlantic Forest created in 1986. It contains the 5040 ha Itinguçu State Park, created in 2006. It contains 91% of the 1487 ha Barra do Una Sustainable Development Reserve, also created in 2006. The municipality contains the 33 ha Ilhas Queimada Pequena e Queimada Grande Area of Relevant Ecological Interest, created in 1985 to protect two islands off the coast. The Ilhas do Abrigo e Guararitama Wildlife Refuge protects two other islands in the Atlantic Ocean to the east of the town.

History
Peruíbe in the Tupi language (spoken by many Tupi tribes along the Brazilian coast in the 16th century) means river of the shark. Originally as the region of Mongaguá, Peruibe belonged to the Itanhaém territory that stretched from São Vicente to Cananéia, both Portuguese villages founded during the colonial times. As Mongagua (nowadays a city), Peruibe, as a municipality, was created back in the 20th century for administrative convenience. Back in the 16th century, the region of Peruibe (and the one of Itanhaém) would have had a bad reputation since most Tupiniquim Indians living there were put into slavery by the Portuguese, working in sugarcane plantations around São Vicente Island. The Abarebebe as the Indigenous peoples called Father Leonardo Nunes, or "the priest that flies" – since he was seen frequently walking on foot all around the long beach between Itanhaem and Peruibe, was the one who fought against this practice that hurt so many Indian families. He even converted an Indian Chaser who was then killed by the Indians, dying as a martyr. It was there, on the rock of Abarebebe that the Jesuits (also Father Joseph of Anchieta) built the first church of that part of the coast, named Church of Saint John Baptist that served also as a school and refuge against the Indian attacks. The sacred objects were taken to Itanhaem when its first church was finished a little later.

Nowadays Peruibe is a modern city presenting many luxury boroughs and restaurants. The public interest for the city is rising since there is a nature reserve named Parque da Juréia (Jureia Natural Park), featuring pristine beaches (Prainha, Guarau, Parnapoa or Parnapuã, Juquiazinho, Desertinha, Carambore and Barra do Una), which is also a "local caiçara" (native) community of fishermen, sheltering also an immense diversity of flora and fauna. The city is surrounded by the Sea Mountain Range (Serra do Mar) the south end of which, near Barra do Una, is called the Juréia Massif.

Tourism
Peruíbe attracts many tourists throughout the year. In Peruibe there are two areas of tourist interest: urban and ecological. The principal urban attractions are the Tower of TV and Mirante (Torre de TV e Mirante), Ruins of the Abarebebe (Ruínas do Abarebebê), Flórida square (Praça Florida), New Commercial Center-Padre Anchieta Avenue (Centro Comercial Novo-Avenida Padre Anchieta), Old Commercial Center-region of the Estação (Centro Comercial Velho-Região da Estação), Ambrósio Baldin Square (Praça Ambrósio Baldin) and Portinho.

Ecological tourist spots include the Rio Preto Bridge (Ponte do Rio Preto), Costão Beach (Praia do Costão), Mountain range of the Itatins (Serra do Itatins), Quarter of the Guaraú (Bairro do Guaraú), Guaraú River (Rio Guaraú), Guaraú Beach (Praia do Guaraú), Prainha, Bar of Una (Barra do Una), Una River (Rio Una) and Una Beach (Praia do Una).

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Peruíbe


text: Category:Defunct broadcasting companies

title: Category:Defunct broadcasting companies


text:
Sovetskaya Rossiya

Sovetskaya Rossiya (Советская Россия, Soviet Russia) is a political newspaper in Russia. It kept its name after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 and presently presents itself as a leftist independent newspaper. Its current editor is MP Valentin Chikin.

History
Sovetskaya Rossiya was first published on July 1, 1956. On January 1, 1974, it became the official press organ of the Supreme Soviet and Council of Ministers of the Russian SFSR. The newspaper was published six times a week; in 1975, its circulation was 2,700,000 copies. In 2007, the circulation was 300.000, the newspaper is published three times a week.

Political tendency
The newspaper has friendly ties with the Communist Party. During the time of the Soviet Union, Sovetskaya Rossiya was known for its opposition to Mikhail Gorbachev and support for neo-Stalinism. Notably, it published "A Word to the People", a letter signed by, among others, three of the Gang of Eight who participated in the August Coup against others. It also published "I Cannot Forsake My Principles", an infamous Stalinist critique of Gorbachev.

Rossiya Tournament
The newspaper arranged the Rossiya Tournament, an international bandy competition held every other year in Russia in 1972-1990. This tournament lived on for another two decades, but from 1992 it was called the Russian Government Cup and was arranged by the Russian government instead.

title: Sovetskaya Rossiya


text: Category:Liberty County, Texas

title: Category:Liberty County, Texas


text:
Talk:Movement for Democratic Change

Move
For talk previously posted here, please go to Talk:Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai. The two formations operate legally, politically and in every other way as two seperate parties. There is no justification for keeping only one page. Babakathy (talk) 16:36, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 00:33, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:45, 31 March 2018 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 16:46, 3 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Movement for Democratic Change


text:
Coombe, St Stephen-in-Brannel

Coombe (Komm) is a village in mid Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The village is situated approximately four miles (6 km) west of St Austell at . It is in the civil parish of St Stephen-in-Brannel.

title: Coombe, St Stephen-in-Brannel


text:
Piacatu

Piacatu is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 6,038 (2020 est.) in an area of 232 km². The elevation is 422 m. The city name is an ancient tupi-guarani language composite word meaning "good vision".

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Piacatu


text:
Piedade

Piedade is Portuguese for piety and may refer to:

Brazil

 * Piedade, São Paulo, a city in the State of São Paulo
 * Piedade (Rio de Janeiro), a neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro

Portugal

 * Piedade (Lajes do Pico), a civil parish in the municipality of Lajes do Pico, Pico Island, Azores

India

 * Piedade, Goa, a village in the state of Goa

Persons with the surname

 * Daniela Piedade (born 1979), Brazilian handball player
 * Diana Piedade (born 1985), Portuguese singer
 * Frederica Piedade (born 1982), Portuguese tennis player
 * Wesley Karlos Piedade (born 1989), Brazilian association football player

title: Piedade


text:
Christian humanism

Christian humanism regards humanist principles like universal human dignity, individual freedom, and the importance of happiness as essential and principal or even exclusive components of the teachings of Jesus. Proponents of the term trace the concept to the Renaissance or patristic period, linking their beliefs to the scholarly movement also called 'humanism'.

Theologians such as Jens Zimmerman make a case for the concept of Christian humanism as a cogent force in the history of Christianity. In Zimmerman's account, Christian humanism as a tradition emerges from the Christian doctrine that God, in the person of Jesus, became human in order to redeem humanity, and from the further injunction for the participating human collective (the church) to act out the life of Christ.

The term has been criticised by figures associated with the humanist movement, with some noting that it lacks coherence, or is in fact used to argue for the "exceptionalism" of Christianity. Some Christian humanists, for example, go so far as to suggest that other understandings of humanism are inauthentic, saying that "common humanity, universal reason, freedom, personhood, human rights, human emancipation and progress, and indeed the very notion of secularity... are literally unthinkable without their Christian humanistic roots."

Definitions
The initial distinguishing factor between Christian humanism and other varieties of humanism is that Christian humanists not only discussed religious or theological issues in some or all of their works (as did all Renaissance humanists) but according to Charles Nauert,

"made a connection between their humanistic teaching and scholarship on classical languages and literature, on the one hand, and on the other hand, their study of ancient Christianity, including the Bible and the Church Fathers... Even more important, they associated their scholarly work (classical as well as biblical and patristic) with a determination to bring about a spiritual renewal and institutional reform of Christian society. That connection between their scholarly efforts and their longing for spiritual and institutional renewal is the specific characteristic that distinguishes 'Christian humanists' as a group from other humanists who just happened to be religious."

Origins
Christian humanism originated towards the end of the 15th century with the early work of figures such as Jakob Wimpfeling, John Colet, and Thomas More; it would go on to dominate much of the thought in the first half of the 16th century with the emergence of widely influential Renaissance and humanistic intellectual figures like Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples and especially Erasmus, who would become the greatest scholar of the northern Renaissance. These scholars committed much of their intellectual work to reforming the church and reviving spiritual life through humanist education, and were highly critical of the corruption they saw in the Church and ecclesiastical life. They would combine the greatest morals in the pre-Christian moral philosophers, such as Cicero and Seneca with Christian interpretations deriving from study of the Bible and Church Fathers. The Waldensians have been viewed as a humanistic synthesis of Christianity.

Jakob Wimpfeling
Although the first humanists did little to orient their intellectual work towards reforming the church and reviving spiritual life through humanist education, the first pioneering signs and practices of this idea emerged with Jakob Wimpfeling (1450–1528), a Renaissance humanist and theologian. Wimpfeling was very critical of ecclesiastical patronage and criticized the moral corruption of many clergymen; however, his timidity stopped him from converting his work from speech to action for fear of controversy. Though he loved reading many of the classics of the writings of classical antiquity, he feared introducing them to mainstream Christianity and sought to use the works of the Latin Church Fathers and a few Christian poets from the Late Roman Empire towards creating a new form of education that would provide church leaders educated in Christian religion, prominent Church authors and a few important classical writings and hence improve Christendom's condition.

John Colet
John Colet (1467–1519) was another major figure in early Christian humanism, exerting more cultural influence than his older contemporary, Jakob Wimpfeling. Being attracted to Neoplatonic philosophers like Marsilio Ficino and Pico della Mirandola and gaining an appreciation for humanistic methods of analyzing texts and developing detailed ideas and principles regarding them, he applied this humanistic method to the epistles of Paul the Apostle.

In 1505, he completed his doctorate in theology, and then became a dean at St. Paul's Cathedral. From there, he used his fortune to found near the cathedral St Paul's School for boys. The school was humanistic, in its teaching of Latin, Greek and moral preparation of its students, as well as its recruitment of prominent humanists to recommend and compose new textbooks for it. The best Christian authors were taught, as well as a handful of pagan texts (predominantly Cicero and Virgil), however, Colet's restrictions on the teaching of other classical texts was seen as anti-humanistic and quickly reverted by the school's headmasters. After his death, the school at St. Paul's become an influential humanistic institution. He was very critical of many church leaders.

Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples
Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples (1453–1536) was, alongside Erasmus, the first of the great Christian humanists to see the importance of integrating Christian learning, in both the patristics and biblical writings, with many of the best intellectual achievements of ancient civilizations and classical thought. He was educated in the University of Paris and began studying Greek under George Hermonymus due to his interest in contemporary cultural changes in Italy. He taught humanities as Paris and, among his earliest scholarly works, was writing an introduction to Aristotle's Metaphysics. He would write many other works on Aristotle and promote the use of direct translations of Aristotle's work from the original Greek rather than the medieval Latin translations that currently existed.

His focus then began to shift to the Greek Church Fathers whom he personally considered abler sources for the pedagogy of spiritual life than medieval scholasticism, and his goal became to help revive spiritual life in Europe, retiring in 1508 to focus on precisely this. He began publishing various Latin texts of biblical books such as the Psalms and Pauline epistles and was keen to study textual variations between surviving manuscripts. According to Nauert, these "biblical publications constitute the first major manifestation of the Christian humanism that dominated not only French but also German, Netherlandish, and English humanistic thought through the first half of the sixteenth century."

Erasmus
Erasmus (1466–1536) was the greatest scholar of the northern Renaissance and the most widely influential Christian humanist scholar in history, becoming the most famous scholar in Europe in his day. He believed that "learning and scholarship were a powerful weapon both for the cultivation of personal piety and institutional church reform", which is called instrumentalism.

One of the defining components of his intellectual success was his mastery of Greek. As early as December 1500 while in England, he had written in a letter that his primary motivation for returning to the continent was to pursue studying Greek, and quickly mastered it without a tutor and access to only a small number of Greek texts. In 1505, he translated Euripides's Hecuba, and in 1506, he translated Euripides's Iphigenia in Aulis, both being published in 1506.

Erasmus wrote that his motivation in creating translations was to restore the "science of theology", which had lost its great status because of the medieval scholastics. Two years earlier, he had written that he was going to invest his entire life into the study of scripture through his Greek work;

"Hereafter I intend to address myself to the Scriptures and to spend all the rest of my life upon them. Three years ago, indeed, I ventured to do something on Paul's Epistle to the Romans ... and would have gone on, but for certain distractions of which the most important was that I needed the Greek at every point. Therefore for nearly the past three years I have been wholly absorbed by Greek; and I do not think my efforts have been altogether wasted."

He had published his Handbook of a Christian Knight (Enchiridion militis christiani) in 1503, writing about his new intellectual direction, the philosophia christi ('Christ's philosophy'.) Eventually, in the standalone edition of 1515, it became incredibly popular with 29 Latin editions between 1519–1523 and receiving translations into English, Dutch, German, French, and Spanish. "The secret of its spectacular popular success was its combination of three elements: emphasis on personal spiritual experience rather than external ceremonies, frank criticism of many clergymen for moral corruption ... and insistence that true religion must be expressed in a morally upright life rather than in punctilious observance of the external trappings of religion." The title, Enchiridion, could mean both 'dagger' and 'handbook', and hence had a double meaning implying its use as a weapon in spiritual warfare.

The popularity of Erasmus and his work was further amplified by the success of his literary works like The Praise of Folly, published in 1511, and Colloquies, published in 1518. He also gained incredible success as a textual scholar, interpreting, translating and editing numerous texts of Greek and Roman classics, Church Fathers and the Bible. This textual success began when he discovered and published Lorenzo Valla's Annotations on the New Testament in 1504–1505, and in a single year, in 1516, Erasmus published the first Greek edition of the New Testament, an edition of the works of the Roman philosopher Seneca, and a four-volume edition of St. Jerome's letters. His criticisms of many clergymen and injustices were widely popular and renowned for decades to come, and he succeeded in having truly and fully founded Christian humanism.

Contemporary
Literary critic Lee Oser has suggested that Christian humanism ended with Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope; however, it began again with G.K. Chesterton, T.S. Eliot and J.R.R. Tolkien.

Personalism, an intellectual stance that emphasizes the importance of human persons, has been treated as a modern name for the Christian humanism associated with Pope John Paul II and John Henry Newman.

Incarnational humanism is a type of Christian humanism which places central importance on the Incarnation, the belief that Jesus Christ was truly and fully human. In this context, divine revelation from God is seen as untrustworthy precisely because it is exempt from the vagaries of human discourse.

Jens Zimmermann argues that "God's descent into human nature allows the humans ascent to the divine". "If God speaks to us in the language of humanity, then we must interpret Gods speech as we interpret the language of humanity." Incarnational humanism asserts a unification of the secular and the sacred with the goal of a common humanity. This unification is fully realized in the participatory nature of Christian sacraments, particularly the Eucharist. The recognition of this goal requires a necessary difference between the church and the world, where both "spheres are unified in their service of humanity." Critics suggest it is quite wrong to establish a separate theology of the incarnation, and that proponents tend to abstract Jesus from his life and message.

Criticism
Andrew Copson refers to Christian humanism as a "hybrid term... which some from a Christian background have been attempting to put into currency." Copson argues that attempts to append religious adjectives like Christian to the life stance of humanism are incoherent, saying these have "led to a raft of claims from those identifying with other religious traditions – whether culturally or in convictions – that they too can claim a 'humanism'. The suggestion that has followed – that 'humanism' is something of which there are two types, 'religious humanism' and 'secular humanism', has begun to seriously muddy the conceptual water."

title: Christian humanism


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stanolf

Stanolf
Nonsense, though perhaps not patent or patented. --jpgordon {gab} 20:14, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Hoax. Delete. — Bill 21:58, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe true, probably not. Delete jericho4.0 23:06, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I wish the patent office would be freer with those licenses for articles like this. Nonsense.  Delete.  Geogre 04:58, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense. I suppose he ran off with Eva Braun too. Antandrus 05:02, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research. --Improv 17:49, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Speedied as patent nonsense. —No-One Jones (m) 18:16, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stanolf


text:
MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems

The MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems (LIDS), which founded in 1940, is an interdisciplinary research laboratory of MIT, working on research in the areas of communications, control, and signal processing combining faculty from the School of Engineering (including the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics), the Department of Mathematics and the MIT Sloan School of Management. The lab is located in the Dreyfoos Tower of the Stata Center and shares some research duties with MIT's Lincoln Laboratory and the independent Draper Laboratory.

History
The laboratory traces its beginnings to the MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory in 1940, where work on guidance systems and early computation was done during World War II.

Known as LIDS, the laboratory has hosted several luminaries over the years, including Claude Shannon and David Forney. , the current acting director is Prof. Sertac Karaman.


text:
User talk:Thrashking88

RINO/DINO
See Talk:Republican/Democrat In Name Only. -Joseph (Talk) 20:16, 2004 Oct 19 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thrashking88


text:
Piedade, São Paulo

Piedade is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Sorocaba. The population is 55,542 (2020 est.) in an area of 746.87 km2. The elevation is 781 m.

The municipality contains part of the 26250 ha Jurupará State Park, created in 1992.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Neighboring Cities

 * Ibiúna
 * Pilar do Sul
 * Salto de Pirapora
 * Tapiraí
 * Votorantim

title: Piedade, São Paulo


text:
Dave Sime

David William Sime (July 25, 1936 – January 12, 2016) was an American sprinter, multi-sport athlete at Duke University, and a pioneering ophthalmologist. He won a silver medal in the 100-meter dash (photo finish) at the 1960 Olympic Games, and held several sprint records during the late 1950s.

Early life
Sime was born on July 25, 1936, in Paterson, New Jersey, the son of Evelyn and Charles Sime, neither of whom graduated from high school. He grew up in Fair Lawn and played football and baseball at Fair Lawn High School, but did not run track. He was a charter member of the Fair Lawn High School Athletics Hall of Fame.

Sime applied to the United States Military Academy at West Point, as his dream was to become a pilot, but discovered he was color blind and accepted a baseball scholarship to Duke University in North Carolina.

Duke University
Sime was a member of Duke's baseball and track and field teams, and played football for a season in 1958, while a first-year medical school student. His beginnings in track were accidental: his 100-yard dash on an unmowed grass surface in baseball shoes was a rapid 9.8 seconds, and the coaches soon asked him to join the track team. Opting not to play freshman football, he had gone out for fall track to stay in shape for baseball. Sime hit over .400 as a freshman and had the intention continuing in baseball for coach Ace Parker, but his success during winter track changed that. Parker was a former multi-sport athlete and recognized the exceptional speed and Olympic potential; Sime focused on track in 1956, then split time between both sports in 1957.

Sime achieved his greatest collegiate victory as a 19-year-old sophomore at the Drake Relays in April 1956, where he was named the meet's outstanding performer after setting a meet record in the 100-yard dash in 9.4 seconds; he handed Bobby Morrow of Abilene Christian his first loss in over thirty races in the 100, and was inducted into the Drake Relays Athlete Hall of Fame in 1959. Sime was named the ACC Athlete of the Year in 1956 for his accomplishments in track and baseball. Prior to the Olympic trials, he and Morrow appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated in 1956.

Sime was selected by the Detroit Lions in the 29th round (341st overall) of the 1959 NFL Draft, but he opted not to play football professionally and continued at medical school.

In 2010, Duke named him their most outstanding athlete of the 20th century.

Olympics
Sime was unable to make the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne at age twenty due to a leg injury in his first attempt to ride a horse. Four years later (and midway through medical school), he competed in Rome and won a silver medal in the 100 meters, edged out by Armin Hary of Germany in a photo finish.

Sime anchored the U.S. to an apparent victory in the 4 × 100 m relay, posting a world record time of 39.4 seconds. The team was disqualified because at the first exchange from Budd to Norton, Norton started too early and the exchange happened outside the changeover box. During his career, he held world records at 100 yards, 220 yards, and the 220 yd low hurdles.

During the Rome Olympics, Sime worked with the CIA trying to entice Soviet long-jumper Igor Ter-Ovanesyan to defect; the attempt failed.

Ophthalmology
Sime never played sports professionally. He graduated in the top 10% of his class at the Duke University School of Medicine. He then practiced medicine as an ophthalmologist in Florida, where he was a pioneer in intraocular lens implants.

Personal life
Sime's eldest child, Sherrie, went to the University of Virginia, where she was the school's top-ranked singles tennis player. His son Scott was a state wrestling champion and all-state football player at Coral Gables Senior High School before going on to his father's alma mater at Duke, where he was a starting fullback.

Sime's youngest child, Lisa, attended Stanford University, where she was a standout soccer player. There she met her future husband, Ed McCaffrey, a Cardinal wide receiver who went on to win three Super Bowls and a Pro Bowl during a 13-year NFL career. Three of their first four sons (his grandsons): Max, Christian, and Luke McCaffrey, are an American football coach and a former NFL wide receiver, an NFL running back, and an NFL wide receiver, respectively.

After a lengthy battle with cancer, Sime died at age 79 in 2016.

title: Dave Sime


text:
NCR Voyager

The NCR Voyager was an SMP computer platform produced by the NCR Corporation circa 1985. Linux support for some models existed between 2005 and 2010.

title: NCR Voyager


text:
Talk:Veerappan

<!-- Please discuss and gain consensus before uncommenting these templates.

The what?
BR Hills-MM Hills-Sathyamangalam-Gundiyal? Please don't use acronyms, thanks. Adraeus 03:19, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Timeline
The article says he killed his infant child in July 1993 but the timeline says 1997. Which is right? Martyman 02:49, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps they were seperate children. Gedca 04:53, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * 'Baby' Veerappan was the name of a gang member, it does not refer to Veerappan's daughter. Baby Veerappan was called so probably because he was young and slotted to take over the leadership of the gang. Jay 14:22, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

my 2 cents
To clarify the following....

BR Hills-MM Hills-Sathyamangalam-Gundiyal....... BR hills - Billigiri Ranganna hills MM hills - Malai Mahadeswara hills all of these are different regions in the forest range which spans over 3 states i.e. karnataka, Tamilnadu and kerala

Veerappan being loved by the poor is a part of his survival program. In his support system were also the villagers who were the only ones that could supply veerappan and gang with all the provisions like food, sanitary supplies. As a reward they would be rewarded with money. They were also terrified by him as was very ruthless and would not hesitate to kill in case anyone leaked any information. So more than being like robinhood i think this was a by-product of the the support system.

--randomUser

Robinhood image
Why was he liked by India's poor? If anyone knows anything of this, it would be good to add it to the article. Otherwise, it looks like a great article. JesseW 20:18, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC) (See response by "randomUser" below. What "randomUser" said about Veerappan's support system should probably be added to the article. JesseW 01:13, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC))

Copyright violation
Dear Sirs, i am not that firm in the navigation of your contact options, so in case in not your job to deal with this kind of letters, please forward.

on your article on K.M. Veerappan you have published a photo taken from our site www.suedasien.net.

We have not give you permission to do so, since we do not hold the copyright of the photo either. To avoid legal problems, we would like to ask you cordially to remove the statement "Photo by Suedasien-Informationsnetz" from the page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Koose_Muniswamy_Veerappan.jpg.

If you forward this mail to the author of the excellent article on veerappan, please tell him/her, that nevertheless we would be happy if a link to our page is somewhere placed, maybe as "external link". in regard of the photo, we guess it is a somehow edited photo originally published by "Frontline", an Indian political magazine. The auther may ask the editers over there.

thank you for removing the statement. may your baby grow!

Yours: Torsten Otto, Suedasien-Infonetz Berlin, Germany.

 * Accordingly, I deleted the image. Good relationship are always better than one fair use image. SweetLittleFluffyThing 17:58, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Robin Hood comparison
The comparison between Robin Hood and Veerappan is a contentious one, and therefore I've put the term 'Robin Hood of India' in quotes to reflect this.

One man and his dog 13:56, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Extreme Bias
Someone made very biased edits to parts of this article, saying that the Indian government is corrupt, covered up the scandal, and killed a hostage to make Veerappan look bad. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Exander (talk • contribs) 04:53, 12 May 2007 (UTC).

Removing WikiProject templates
Dineshkannambadi, please stop removing the WikiProject Dravidian civilizations and WikiProject Tamil civilizations templates. Furthermore these are not fake templates, but templates of actual WikiProjects. Wiki Raja (talk) 03:10, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
 * How is Veerappan related to Dravidian civilization? - KNM Talk 18:37, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
 * He is a Dravidian just like you... Wiki Raja (talk) 03:19, 8 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Stop talking about me and making original research on me and Veerappan. Provide a reliable source for your claims, else just stop this nonsense of claiming me of a civilization of a notorious criminal. Next time you do that, you will be reported to an admin. Consider this as a warning. - KNM Talk 03:59, 8 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Consider this as a warning and chill out before I go to admin to report your racist attitude toward Tamils and other Dravidians! Wiki Raja (talk) 12:49, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

 * KNM, can you explain why you removed the Tamil civilization WikiProject off of this article? Are you claiming that there is no such civilization ? Surely, I am not here then ? Watchdogb (talk) 01:06, 9 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Let us not take this discussion out of context. We are not here to discuss what is my civilization or your civilization.
 * I removed the Tamil and Dravidian cililization wikiproject templates, because it is not shown how Veerappan belongs to either or both of those civilizations. As you can see above, I have asked for reliable sources that we can refer for this discussion, but none have been provided yet. - KNM Talk 22:03, 10 February 2008 (UTC)
 * So, if Veerapan is not a Tamil, then he must be a Kannadiga. Am I right, because that's what your comment implies. Wiki Raja (talk) 23:00, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Veerapan is Tamil. So when did wikipedia turn into "revert before discuss"? All that was needed to be done is ask for citation and not revert and delete the Tamil wikiproject. Thanks very Watchdogb (talk) 23:47, 10 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The citation you have provided doesnot talk anything about "Tamil civilization" or "Dravidian civilization". "Veerappan is Tamil" does not prove anything about the civilizations. If those templates need to remain in this talk page, you will need to clearly establish the relationship between the subject of the article with the so-called civilization(s). Please do not uncomment the commented templates, while this discussion is in progress. - KNM Talk 07:35, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, read the actual info and purpose of the wikiproject Tamil Civilization: "We are a WikiProject, a group of registered Wikipedians, who try to improve articles related to the Tamils of Southern India and Northeastern Sri Lanka". Here we can see that this project is dedicated to improving articles related to Tamils. As such this article is in the scope. I am not here to debate about the name of the wikiproject and that is not what wikiprojects are supposed to be concerned about. The only thing that wikiprojects are concerned about is the SCOPE. As the scope of the wikiproject covers this article I will be re adding it. Last, the fact that Veerappan is a Tamil makes him part of a civilization! The Tamil Civilization. However, if your problem is the term Civilization and the use of the word to describe Tamil society is another matter. You should take that up as a separate issue. Watchdogb (talk) 14:15, 11 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The discussion going on here summarizes the actual problem, and hopefully that will result in the resolution. - KNM Talk 17:39, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Not "great"
As per records, Veerappan was a sandalwood smuggler turned killer, who has killed more than 180 people including civilians, police officials, forest department personnel and kidnapped people for ransom. Some of the edits in the article use word "great" for Veerappan, which seems inappropriate. As he used criminal ways for leading life, he may not be heroised, for neutrality. I have tried to remove some flowery language used in the article and added details of his criminal activities and all these done with maximum neutrality point of view, to put facts- and without any bias to any group of people.Rayabhari (talk) 15:55, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

 * what it means to be as per records? is the word "records" refer to materials available in media or government records? the word great cannot be used alone for glorifying someone.when i say i made great mistake it doesn't mean i made a glorifying mistake..great can be used as in the sense its big.--Universalrahu (talk) 12:18, 6 November 2016 (UTC)

Kindly lock this page or permanently ban ihaveabandonedmychild, who always enters false information in the sarcastic tone. Nara vettai (talk) 05:06, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

I am new to the site and do not know how to revise the page to earlier version. I have provided proper citation for my claims.Any admins lurking here, please undo the edits by Nara Vettai. Ihaveabandonedmychild (talk) 05:25, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

Veerappan is still a hero for Vanniyars and one can see his pictures feigned on huge banners with eulogizing quotes in Vanniyar dominant districts of Tamil Nadu. I can't attach image here but it is no secret that many Vanniyar boys sport tattoos of Veerappan face on their arms Ihaveabandonedmychild (talk) 05:28, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

Does it count as an invalid source?
Veerappan is an iconic imagery among Vanniyars and has been celebrated by the community for his supposed bravery and robinhood-esque charity work. I have cited an article which primarily speaks about PMK, a Vanniyar political outfit, and its leader's advice to the community to shun some imagery which are deemed casteist. The article briefly mentions about hero-worshipping by Vanniyars which the PMK leader wants his brethren to avoid. While the overarching theme of the article was PMK's rebuilding its image as caste-neutral party, it certainly did mentioned the fact that Veerappan is considered as icon by Vanniyars. In general, let's say an article speaks about A majorly but briefly mentions about B. Can someone use it to cite B while the entire gist of the article is A while A and B may or may not be related? Ihaveabandonedmychild (talk) 06:18, 23 January 2021 (UTC)
 * , WP:SYNTHESIS explains this. The source must explicitly state what you add. Also that content doesn't belong in the lead. SUN EYE 1 06:49, 23 January 2021 (UTC)

Ok thanks, noted. Ihaveabandonedmychild (talk) 06:52, 23 January 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 January 2024
Remove 900 elephants from victims list. Citation [1] Reference states that there are 900 elephants in the area, not as killed by veerappan. 2409:40F2:102F:A874:8000:0:0:0 (talk) 06:58, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ There's a lot wrong with the elephant counts on this page. The infobox says "900 elephants", but the provided source says nothing about any of his victims, much less that he killed 900 elephants (IP is correct, the 900 is an estimation of how many elephants live in the are). Additionally, the lead states the same info about his (human) victims, but that source fails verification.
 * The article lead says he "was also wanted for poaching more than 2000 elephants", but the provided source does not say this. Instead, it says: "Contrary to media reports, Veerappan did not kill 2,000 elephants. The figure is more representative of the number of tuskers (male elephants) killed in the entire peninsular region over a period of 25 years by various poachers. Neither did he make crores of rupees through sandalwood smuggling. According to Raman Sukumar, one of the world's leading authorities on Asian elephants, it is more likely that the bandit and his gang were directly involved in the killing of a few hundred elephants, maybe 500-odd." (paragraph removed). There's nothing about being "wanted" for poaching in the source, and it makes clear he was not responsible for all 2000 elephant deaths (with an expert's estimate putting it at 500).
 * Finally, the Criminal History section says, "Over the next 25 years, Veerappan (and other poachers together) killed 2,000 to 3,000 elephants, but again this is not supported by the source. This Guardian piece does not qualify the 3000 count by saying it includes other poachers' activities, it says "He later set up his own poaching gang, killing more than 3,000 tuskers, and branched out into sandalwood smuggling".
 * Near as I can tell, the article that quotes an expert, specifically identifying Veerappan's (and his gang) elephant kills as estimated to be 500 of the 2000 total for the time period, is most credible and reliable.
 * So I've cleaned up the discrepancies, removed the unsourced "Victims" part of the infobox until a source can be provided, tagged the victim info in the lead as "failed verification", adjusted the lead language about elephants to reflect the more-credible expert statement, and adjusted the section language for the same.
 * --Pinchme123 (talk) 21:23, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 March 2024
K. Vijay Kumar is an existing Wikipedia page. In the death section of Veerappa, his name can be highlighted. Poonam Ranjan (talk) 14:48, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Jamedeus (talk) 16:46, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Veerappan


text:
Communist Students League of Sweden (Marxist–Leninists)

Sveriges Kommunistiska Studentförbund (marxist-leninisterna) (Communist Students League of Sweden (marxist-leninists)), was the student wing of KFML(r).

At the students union elections at Göteborg University in 1975, SKS (ml) won two seats (in the previous elections the organization had won 3). In the 1976 and 1977 elections SKS (ml) did not contest.

SKS (ml) was later dissolved. SKS (ml), as well as the party and other organizations close to it, was subject to political surveillance from SÄPO. In 1980 (by the time the organization was disbanded) SÄPO had 76 individuals registered as SKS (ml) members.

SKS (ml) distributed a magazine called Kampens väg (Path of struggle).


text:
Our Lady of the Pillar

Our Lady of the Pillar (Nuestra Señora del Pilar) is the name given to the Blessed Virgin Mary in the context of the traditional belief that Mary, while living in Jerusalem, supernaturally appeared to the Apostle James the Greater in AD 40 while he was preaching in what is now Spain. Those who adhere to this belief consider this appearance to be the only recorded instance of Mary exhibiting the mystical phenomenon of bilocation. Among Catholics, it is also considered the first Marian apparition, and unique because it happened while Mary was still living on Earth.

This title is also associated with a wooden image commemorating the apparition, which is now enshrined at the Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar in Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. Pope Callixtus III granted indulgences for visitors to the shrine in 1456. Pope Innocent XIII in 1730 mandated her veneration throughout the Spanish Empire. On 20 May 1905, Pope Pius X granted the image a canonical coronation.

Our Lady of the Pillar is considered the Patroness of Aragon and its capital Zaragoza, Hispanic people, the Hispanic world, and of the Spanish Civil Guard. Her feast day is 12 October, which coincides with the National Day of Spain.

Early tradition

Catholic tradition holds that, in the early days of Christianity, the Apostles of Jesus spread the Gospel throughout the known world, with James the Greater evangelizing in Roman Hispania (modern-day Spain). He confronted great difficulties in his missionary efforts and faced severe discouragement. In AD 40, while he was praying by the banks of the Ebro at Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza), Mary bilocated from Jerusalem, where she was living at the time, and appeared to James, accompanied by thousands of angels, to console and encourage him.

Some of the earliest archaeological evidence of Marian devotion in Zaragoza is found in Christian tombs dating from Roman days, which appear to bear images representing the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin. In the 4th century, the presence of votive images placed on columns or pillars is attested. The oldest written testimony of devotion to the Blessed Virgin in Zaragoza is usually identified as that of Pedro Librana in 1155. There is evidence that the site attracted pilgrims from across the Iberian Peninsula during the 13th century, e.g. reflected in the work Milagros de Nuestra Señora by Gonzalo de Berceo, dated to the 1250s or early 1260s. The appellation Santa María del Pilar is attested for 1299. The claim that the first church had been the oldest in Hispania, built in AD 40 by James the Greater, is first recorded in 1318.

A book by Michael O'Neil (2015) called Exploring the Miraculous indicates that there are various traditions about earliest approvals by the church of this Marian apparition. From his book:

"For example, one of the great pilgrimage sites in Spain, Our Lady of the Pillar in Zaragoza, originating in a miracle and housing an ancient jasper Marian image on a column, did not always recognize Our Lady under this title. According to the legend relating to the apostle St. James the Greater and his travels in Spain, on January 2 in the year 40, he was disheartened with his lack of success in proclaiming the gospel in Caesaraugusta (present-day Zaragoza) by the river Ebro, when he saw Mary (still alive at the time) miraculously appear on a pillar, comforting him and calling him to return to Jerusalem. The first written mention of the Virgin of Zaragoza comes from a bishop in the middle of the twelfth century, and Zaragoza’s co-cathedral’s name did not originally include a reference to El Pilar, being called Santa Maria Mayor. In 1296, Pope Boniface VIII conferred an indulgence on pilgrims visiting this shrine but still without mention of Our Lady of the Pillar. One of the legal councils of Zaragoza first wrote about Our Lady under this title in 1299, promising safety and privileges to pilgrims who came to visit the shrine. In 1456, Pope Calixtus III issued a bull encouraging pilgrimage to Our Lady of the Pillar and confirming the name and the miraculous origin. So, despite the lack of early extant texts about the miracle story and the name of this devotion, the enduring tradition delivers the story to us today."

In other interpretations, the tradition of the Marian apparition can be traced to the 15th century: In either 1434 or 1435, a fire destroyed the alabaster altarpiece. The replacement altarpiece features bas-relief representations of the Marian apparition. The image of the Virgen del Pilar venerated today also dates to this period. It executed in the late Gothic style of Juan de la Huerta.

Pope Calixtus III in a bull issued on 23 September 1456 declares a seven-year indulgence for those who visit Our Lady of Saragossa. The text of the bull specifically mentions a pillar, for the first time suggesting the existence of an image known as Our Lady of the Pillar. The feast day of 12 October was officially introduced by the Council of Zaragoza in 1640.

According to the account by María de Ágreda (d. 1665) in her Mystical City of God, Mary, mother of Jesus, was transported from Jerusalem to Hispania during the night, on a cloud carried by angels. During the journey, the angels also built a pillar of marble, and a miniature image of Mary with the Child Jesus.

Approval

The apparition of Our Lady of the Pillar was accepted as canonical by Pope Innocent XIII in 1723. So many contradictions had arisen concerning the miraculous origin of the church that Spain appealed to Innocent XIII to settle the controversy. After careful investigation, the twelve cardinals, in whose hands the affair rested, adopted the following account, which was approved by the Sacred Congregation of Rites on 7 August 1723, and later inserted in the lessons of the office of the feast of our Lady of the Pillar, celebrated on 12 October:

"Of all the places that Spain offers for the veneration of the devout, the most illustrious is doubtless the sanctuary consecrated to God under the invocation of the Blessed Virgin, under the title of our Lady of the Pillar, at Saragossa.

According to ancient and pious tradition, St. James the Greater, led by Providence into Spain, spent some time at Saragossa. He there received a signal favour from the Blessed Virgin. As he was praying with his disciples one night, upon the banks of the Ebro, as the same tradition informs us, the Mother of God, who still lived, appeared to him, and commanded him to erect an oratory in that place. The apostle delayed not to obey this injunction, and with the assistance of his disciples soon constructed a small chapel. In the course of time a larger church was built and dedicated, which, with the dedication of Saint Saviour's, is kept as a festival in the city and Diocese of Saragossa on the 4th of October."

James returned to Jerusalem with some of his disciples where he became a martyr, beheaded in AD 44 during the reign of Herod Agrippa. His disciples allegedly returned his body to Spain. The year AD 40 is the earliest recognised Marian apparition in the Catholic Church, dating to a time when Mary, the mother of Jesus, was still alive. Pope Clement XII allowed the celebration of the feast of Our Lady of the Pillar all over the Spanish Empire in 1730. Since the feast day (12 October) coincides with the discovery of the Americas (12 October 1492), Mary was later named as Patroness of the Hispanic World under this title.

Zaragoza
A fire in 1434 burned down the church that preceded the present basilica. The construction of the present Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar, Zaragoza was started in 1681 and ended in 1711.

The wooden statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary is in the Late Gothic style. It stands 39 cm tall, on a pillar of jasper with a height of 1.8 m. The statue depicts Mary with the Child Jesus on her left arm, who has a dove sitting on his left palm.

Some reports state that an earlier wooden image was destroyed when the church burned down in 1434, consistent with an attribution of the current image to Juan de la Huerta (d. 1462) or his school.

It appears that folk belief in some cases may be inclined to regard the Saragossa image as miraculous, sculptured by the angels as they transported Mary from Jerusalem to Saragossa (Zaragoza); this mystical tradition goes back to María de Ágreda (d. 1665), herself the object of frequent "mystical bilocation" (i.e. she reported that she was often "transported by the aid of the angels" ), who gave an account to this effect in her Mystical City of God; however, unlike the tradition of the Marian apparition itself, the miraculous origin of the image is not part of the tradition recognized by the Holy See as canonical.

Since the 16th century, the pillar is usually draped in a skirt-like cover called manto "mantle". As a whole, it is protected by a bronze case and then another case of silver. The image was canonically crowned in 1905 during the reign of Pope Pius X. The crown was designed by the Marquis of Griñi, valued at 450,000 pesetas (c. USD 2.6 million as of 2017).

Other depictions
Our Lady of the Pillar is a common motif of the Madonna and Child in Spanish art; extant examples other than the Saragossa image date from the Renaissance period onward. Depictions become especially numerous following the introduction of the feast day throughout the Spanish Empire in 1730.

Feast day
The feast of Our Lady of the Pillar is celebrated on 12 October and she is the Patroness of the Hispanic peoples and the Spanish Civil Guard. A grand nine-day festival known as Fiestas del Pilar is celebrated in Saragossa (Zaragoza) every year in her honour. The modern Fiestas del Pilar, as they developed since the 19th century, begin on the weekend preceding 12 October and they end on the Sunday after 12 October (i.e. they move between 5–13 and 11–19 October). They were declared as a "national holiday of touristic interest" (Fiesta de Interés Turístico Nacional) by the Ministerio de Comercio y Turismo in 1980.

As 12 October coincides with the day of the year 1492 when land was first sighted on Columbus's First Voyage, the Fiesta de la Raza Española, first proposed in 1913 by Faustino Rodríguez-San Pedro y Díaz-Argüelles to fall on the same date. In the United States, this was later called "Columbus Day", as Columbus tends to be more associated with Italy and Italian-Americans, rather than the Spanish and Latin America in the U.S. The Fiesta de la Raza Española was declared the national holiday of Spain in a decree by Antonio Maura and king Alfonso XIII of 1918. The alternative name Día de la Hispanidad was proposed in the late 1920s by Ramiro de Maeztu, based on a suggestion by Zacarías de Vizcarra. After the Civil War, on 12 October 1939, the Día de la Raza was celebrated in Saragossa (Zaragoza), presided by Francisco Franco, with a special devotion to the Virgen del Pilar. Chilean foreign vice-secretary Germán Vergara Donoso commented that the "profound significance of the celebration was the intimate inter-penetration of the homage to the Race and the devotion to Our Lady of the Pillar, i.e. the symbol of the ever more extensive union between America and Spain." The name of Día de la Hispanidad was introduced as the official name of the national holiday in a decree of 9 January 1958. During the transition to democracy, there was a proposal to shift the national day to 6 December, the day of adoption of the Constitution, but in the end, in a decree of 1982, the day of 12 October was retained, under the name of Fiesta Nacional de España y Día de la Hispanidad. In 1987, the name was reduced to just Día de la Fiesta Nacional de España.

Veneration of Our Lady of the Pillar around the world
Pilar, short for Maria del Pilar, is a common Spanish given name, with name day on the feast of Our Lady of the Pillar.

Caribbean

 * Parroquia Nuestra Señora del Pilar, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico, United States
 * Iglesia Nuestra Señora del Pilar, Havana, Cuba

South America

 * Cathedral of Our Lady of the Pillar and St. Raphael in Melo, Uruguay
 * Nuestra Señora del Pilar, Recoleta neighbourhood, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 * Nuestra Señora del Pilar, Pilar, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
 * Cathedral of Our Lady of the Pillar, São João del-Rei, Brazil

Philippines
In the Philippines, ruled by Spain for over three hundred years, Our Lady of the Pillar is honored as the patroness of a number of parishes and municipalities; seven are named Pilar in her honor. There are towns named Pilar in the provinces of Abra, Bataan, Bohol, Capiz, Cebu, Surigao del Norte and Sorsogon. As in Spain, her feast day is celebrated every 12 October.
 * In Zamboanga City, the Virgin of the Pillar has been venerated for almost four centuries as the patroness of the city and in the Archdiocese of Zamboanga. The bas relief of her atop the eastern gate of the 17th-century Spanish military fort dedicated to the Virgin, Fort Pilar (Full name: Royal Fort of our Virgin Lady of the Pillar of Zaragoza, El Fuerte Real de Nuestra Señora Virgen del Pilar de Zaragoza), is now a Catholic Marian shrine. The city also has a street named after her – Pilar Street.
 * In Davao City, a shrine in honor of Nuestra Señora del Pilar in Magsaysay Park was built through the collaborative efforts of Circulo Zamboangueño de Davao, a local group of transposed from Zamboanga City.
 * Our Lady of the Pillar is also the patroness of Santa Cruz parish church in the district of the same name, in the city of Manila. The Jesuits brought the patroness when they administered the church during the Spanish era.  Her feast day is also celebrated every 12 October in the district. However, the church has its Marian procession in the 3rd week of October. The image was canonically crowned on 7 December 2017.
 * Our Lady of the Pillar is the patroness of Imus, Cavite and the Diocese of Imus enshrined at the Imus Cathedral in Cavite. The city celebrates its fiesta every October with the Karakol, a ritual dance-procession performed in fiestas around the province of Cavite. The image was canonically crowned on 3 December 2012.
 * Our Lady of the Pillar is also the patroness, with 12 October as the feast day, in the following places:
 * City of Cauayan, Isabela.
 * Town of Morong, Bataan.
 * Don Rufino Alonzo Sr. Street Cotabato City Maguindanao.
 * Town of Baleno, Masbate.
 * Town of Pilar, Bataan.
 * Town of Pilar, Bohol.
 * Town of Pilar, Capiz
 * Town of Pilar, Sorsogon.
 * Town of San Simon, Pampanga.
 * Town of Sibonga, Cebu.
 * Town of Alaminos, Laguna.
 * Town of Mamburao, Occidental Mindoro.
 * Town & Diocese of Libmanan, Camarines Sur
 * Brgy. Kalubkob, Silang, Cavite
 * Brgy. Guinsay, Danao, Cebu
 * Brgy. New Guinlo, Taytay, Palawan
 * Brgy. Del Pilar, Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija
 * Brgy. Lumbangan, Nasugbu, Batangas
 * Brgy. Indangan, Makilala, Cotabato
 * Brgy. Maao, Bago, Negros Occidental

title: Our Lady of the Pillar


text:
Pilar do Sul

Pilar do Sul is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Sorocaba. The population is 29,402 (2020 est.) in an area of 681.12 km². The elevation is 689 m.

History
The history of Pilar do Sul city began in 1850, when drovers, hunters and miners passed through the region to search precious metals. The place name may derive from the fact that many families from the state of Minas Gerais came to the locality to acquire stones that they used to make pestles to tenderize meat. In Portuguese the word "Pilar" means “to pestle.” The local stone was also used for tanning leather of hunted animals. Another possible source of the city’s name may stem from the religiosity of those Minas Gerais’ families, who had great devotion to Our Lady of Pilar, a Spanish Saint.

In 1865, Lieutenant Almeida acquired an allotment in the region and brought slaves to build a farm, and after that he built a small chapel in honor of Bom Jesus do Bomfim, to which he was devoted. In 1868, the lieutenant gave the land to the Diocese of Sorocaba. In 1877, João Batista Ribeiro, with permission of the bishop at the time, founded the town of Pilar, raising the town to the category of parish by a providential law. On May 12, 1891, through a decree, the town became a municipality, and on 20th of the same month stewardship of the town was established, with Eusebio de Moraes Cunha named as the first mayor of Pilar.

The city was slow to develop during the twentieth century. The poor roads and the sluggish growth of agriculture caused stagnation and the loss of political autonomy, with the town becoming a district of Piedade city in 1934. On November 5, 1936, Pilar regained its autonomy as a town. In March of the following year, Eugenio Theodoro Sobrinho took office as first elected mayor. In the same year, the House of Councilors passed a law that gave away lands within the town to all who wanted to build buildings of any kind. In 1944, the city officially changed its name to “Pilar do Sul."

Recently, Pilar do Sul has grown every year, giving greater emphasis to agricultural development, which is responsible for 70% of the municipal economy. Tourism, largely attributable to the beauty of local natural springs known as the "Spring of Waters," has also begun to develop, providing a boost to the city’s economy.

Borders

 * North Sarapuí and Salto de Pirapora;
 * South Tapiraí;
 * East Piedade;
 * West São Miguel Arcanjo and Itapetininga.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Pilar do Sul


text: Category:Limestone County, Texas

title: Category:Limestone County, Texas