text:
Talk:Operation Tannenbaum

Misc
I changed the article to reflect sources from the archives and secondary literature --ResH 20:54, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

This article is drawn from a single source, a talk given by a right-wing author. I don't know what's questionable in it, but presumably the article ends up being somewhat biased (perhaps just through omission – the guy rails against ideas of the Swiss helping the Germans, so something probably ought to be said about that.) If anyone has some more knowledge (or knows more conventional wisdom) on the topic, the article would be better off for having it. --Twinxor 09:12, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Cannot back this up by citing sources (but might find the time to do so later), but I remember that Germany was allowed to use the Swiss railway net for shipping and that Switzerland largely collaborated with Germany in other aspects, too. (Acquiring rare material, chemicals, largely preventing Jews from flleing to Switzerland...) So I doubt there was any real reason to invade Switzerland that made sense strategically.

Yes, this is mostly just my opinion - but quite frankly the article isn't much better in that it appears clearly biased without citint any source either.

 * I think that Switzerland economy importance for various Nazi leaders (where did they send their gold after all?) was an important behind-the-scenes reason for why the Switzerland was left alone. On a related note, I read that Swiss had plans to destroy their industry if faced with defeat? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 23:11, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I do believe that Switzerland did stay neutral during WWII. However, it would not surprise me if there was a group of people that unofficially supported Nazis financially or any other way. You have to take into consideration that Switzerland comes from Germanic branch.

 * The German version of this page seems to contain a lot more information, including maps - could someone translate and put it here?

A myth...
it's a common myth in switzerland, that the nazis did not invade us because of the army... the swiss army was much weaker than most conntinental armies, it was ill-equipped, compared to other continental victims of the nazis (except for the eastern european countries). switzerland didn't have fighter aircraft, almost no artillery, no tanks, no fortresses worth mentioning, event though many people think so. there were only riflemen whose resistance surely would have crushed within days by the wehrmacht and it's superiour support weapons, aircraft and so on. the swiss army bulked up heavily only after the war.

(Switzerland posessed 21 aircraft squadrons at the outset of the war, its 100 newly delivered Bf 109Es were among the best planes of the day. The percentage of artillery was more or less identical to that of the German Wehrmacht. A fortification programm had been initiated in 1937 along the borders to Germany and France, about half of which was finished by the time war broke out, all of which was finished by the time Tannenbaum was drafted. While many older Swiss people credited the forces with deterring the Germans, many younger people see the cooperation with Germany as the desiding foctor. Be that as it may, Germany was a superpower in 1940, and it is unthikable that the Swiss Army could have fielded an effective resistance alone. (morahun)

the reason why the nazis didn't invade switzerland was that they needed swiss intermediaries to buy chemicals to produce gunpowder, to buy oil, and to do financial services for the nazis because they couldn't participate in the international financial system anymore. only those compannies who illegally cooperated with the nazis preserved a token neutrality.

When and how did the Swiss shoot down 11 German planes? Bastie 22:22, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

The Swiss Army's role
I would like to respond to the article written by Bastie (see above). Firstly let me tell you that I am a Swiss Army Lieutenant, part of the militia, actually studying government at Harvard. Secondly let me bring forward a few key elements to understand Switzerland during World War II.

1. What about the role of the Swiss Army in preserving the country from a German invasion?

Many have argued that Switzerland's army has never been a determining factor in saving the country from Nazi invasion. The veracity of this argument is very questionable. Let us imagine that Switzerland had not had any army in the course of the war; evidently, Hitler would have invaded it. To argue against this is simply to argue without reason. It is undeniable that the Swiss Army played a role in saving Swiss citzens from dictatorship. However, it is also undeniable that it wasn't the only thing that stood between Hitler and Bern.

2. What stood between Hitler and Bern

The Swiss Army was the main reason preventing the Germans to set foot on Swiss soil. As it is mentionned in Bastie's article,the Swiss Army was indeed ill prepared for war. But only in the beginning of the war, namely in 1939 and early 1940. Military expenditures rose to astonnishing levels after Poland's fall. Through the entire course of the war, Switzerland constantly improved and strenghtend its military forces. General Guisan built the "Reduit National", which effectively became the largest forteress complex in the world. It was a formidable barrier, mixture of Alpine moutains and forteresses, covering every key choke point necessary to make Switzerland hard to assail. The reduit National was more than a forteress complex, it was a military strategy of pure defense. If invaded, the Swiss military would retreat to it's forteress in the Alps, abandoning the citizens in the flat part of the country (Plateau/Mittelland). An Army of 800'000, ready to fight to last man, entrenched in the very mountains that had helped them defeat so many foreign enemies in the past, represented a formidable foe. It is also worht mentionning that the Swiss military had mined all of the key industrial complexes as well as all major civilian edifices (bridges, tunnels, railroads etc...); at the push of a button, Switzerland would destory all what it was worth taking for. If Hitler invaded, all he would have had, was a ruined country with a formidable foe left to defeat. But for what purpose? Towards the end of the war, Hitler would have had to pay to great a price for having Switzerland. It remains possible that, had he acted in early 1939, he could have defeated the country with little effort. But that was his only chance, and he failed to take it.

3. German military doctrine

Germany had calculated that to take Switzerland would cost at least 3 divisions. To lose 3 divisions was never an easy decision for Hitler to make. First rushing towards the East, and then towards France, he had no sufficient available troops. After that, he went on to operation Barbarossa which turned out to need more troops than initially expected. After that it only went downwards, the Allies grew stronger and were a constant concern for the German military, which needed to fight on many fronts (Atlantic, North Africa, and Eastern Europe) and defend its conquests (Atlantic Wall). Switzerland was not a threat to Germany. And it was not either helping the Allies (at least not officially). Startigically Switzerland was not worth it. The benefit of an invasion outweighted the costs. There was only two times that Germany seriously thought of invading Switzerland: in 1939 (to go to France) and in 1944 to stop the Allied advance, which was coming from Italy.

4. The other reasons

Well of course Switzerland did have some trade agreements with Germany. It was surrounded by the enemy and was barely self-sufficient. It is also true that Swiss banks held Nazi money. But they also held American money, Jewish money, and, in fact money, from all around the world. To say that the Germans did not invade Switzerland because of the money they had placed there is ridiculous; the nazis could have taken much more gold back, had they invaded. Undeniably some private companies might have done wrong, and indeniably there were some Nazi supporters in the Swiss population. But that doesn't mean that Switzerland was helping the Nazis. The majority was fiercely opposed to Hitler and his regime and by all means would resist it. To state that the Germans needed Switzerland for trade agrements is non-sensical; Switzerland needed Germany more than Germany needed Switzerland. In the end, Switzerland was saved by its army and by the belief in German military that, in the end, Switzerland served better German interests by remaining as it was. Conclusively

I do not deny that the army was the sole reason that prevented invasion, but I do firmly assert that it was the main reason.

 * I'd agree with your arguments. In a rugged country with a highly motivated population, it is possible to resist a technologically superior invader. For instance, Finland resisted the Soviets with irregular troops and improvised weapons. Norway inflicted constant losses to the Nazi occupiers. Afghanistan was equally difficult (and was a money/troops/morale drain) on the Soviet army. 20:40, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
 * This may all sound very plausible, but, as far as I know, the jury is out (and probably always will be) regarding Switzerland's factors of deterrence and their respective weight. All we can do, is present, cite, and reference different, possibly conflicting views found in notable publications. ---Sluzzelin 04:20, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

 * "Let us imagine that Switzerland had not had any army in the course of the war; evidently, Hitler would have invaded it. To argue against this is simply to argue without reason." Why? Hitler did not invade Lichtenstein and they had no army. Sweden's army would probably have succumbed as easily as the Norwegian and Danish ones but Sweden was not invaded. Obviously Hitler was capable and willing to decide not to invade even a helpless country (for practical rather than humanitarian reasons of course, this being Hitler).

 * "Germany had calculated that to take Switzerland would cost at least 3 divisions." Could I see a source to that statement please?

 * Sensemaker

To revise
Operation Tannenbaum was the third of several detailed invasion plans drawn up for the German General Staff after France collapsed, but Hitler never gave the go-ahead, perhaps because Switzerland had defenses no other country had. It is often suggested that Every Swiss home was equipped with a rifle and the alpine terrain gave a tactical advantage to Swiss general Henri Guisan and his army which included a fifth of the Swiss population. The Swiss had also heavily fortified most of the country, specifically the national Reduit in the center of the country. But arguably the massive Wehrmacht could have easily overcome those obstacles by a blitzkrieg campaign.

This paragraph has more to do with nationalism than with any serious strategic assessment. The presumably impassable Ardennes were breached by the German cavalry in 1940, and presumably impassable Switzerland had more or less become a highway for France, Russia and Austria during the Napoleonic wars a century earlier. It is undeniable that the existence of a Swiss army, by itself, meant that there was going to be opposition, but to repeat the ridiculous claims that it was a "defense that no other country had" is veiling one's eyes from the basic fact that France, and probably Poland (I don't know) had mandatory military service as well, and the Franco-Polish reservists (and regulars), in the end, were walked over by the Wehrmacht. (unlogged, but User:Snapdragonfly who also will have rewritten the paragraph quoted above by the time someone reads it).

The revision is, sadly, weasel-ly to my taste, but it appears to me as slightly more encyclopedic than stating as fact the already destroyed myth of Swiss invulnerability (or even a variant). Or using a generic US gun-nut as an encyclopedic source for a viewpoint, which would be disingenuous as they have a political stake in maintaining this kind of populist myths. Snapdragonfly 13:44, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The Ardennes are higher hills of the low lands of West Europe. The Alps have twice the altitude, and a far more extreme climate.  There really isn't a comparison between the two.  As far as a "highway" for the European powers, the plan as stated above was to abandon the lowlands and conduct guerilla warfare against the Axis.130.13.16.51 02:43, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Canaris
interesting to  see  that  however  rich  the  Canaris - oriented  bibliography  has  grown,  treatment  of  the  issues  the  man's  action  influenced  hasn't  really  changed.

Admiral Canaris  was  head  of  the  Wehrmacht's  counter-intelligence  unit   (Abwehr)   and  one  of  the  leading  figures  of  the  anti - nazi  conspiracy. Particularly worth  mentioning  is  his  personal  intervention  on  Franco  leading  the  Caudillo  -  even  after  Hitler's  June  1940  triumph  -  to  decline  the  Fuehrer's  request  to  either  let  German  troops  occupy  Gibraltar  or  occupy  it  through  his  own  troops.

Most biographies  today  acknowledge  Canaris'  critical  impact  in  convincing  Hitler  -  in  good  or  bad  faith  - that  invading  Switzerland  would  be  militarily  too  costly. Whether this  stems  from  Canaris'   Swiss  connections,  military  expertise  or  coup  planning contingencies  won't  be  considered  here.

Zossen 21:06, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

unecessary comments
I deleted an unsourced and frankly out of context comment about American businesses "profiting" from Nazi Germany at the end of the article. If someone finds a source for the comment, feel free to replace it.130.13.16.51 02:43, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Lack of cause
Is it possible that Hitler never invaded Switzerland simply because he never had to? In all the other countries he invaded because ( in his eyes ) he had a reason : raw materials, threatening moves ( in his eyes ), could be used by the enemy etc, but none of these apply to Switzerland ( or Sweden either ). Racism could also have been an issue : Switzerland is afterall considered part of the German speaking world. 91.128.24.37 (talk) 23:23, 2 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I find this believable, but there were three separate invasion plans drawn up so the intent was there to some degree or another. 68.214.70.248 (talk) 18:20, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

I find it hard to argue about the reasoning of Adolf Hitler in this case. The arguments of Hitler on other subjects show a mix of logic and emmotional reasoning. Rational and ideologic thinking were intermingled in a mixture, depending on the mood of the moment. Several anti Swiss statements are reported to have been made by him. The Swiss governement saw it as its duty to keep the country out of the war because every other course of action could not have been taken voluntarily. It succeeded.(morahun)

title: Talk:Operation Tannenbaum


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Joey DiPaolo

Joey DiPaolo (born September 5, 1979) is an American AIDS activist who is HIV positive.

DiPaolo contracted HIV during a heart surgery in 1984. He required a blood transfusion, and the blood given to him came from an HIV-infected donor. DiPaolo had been diagnosed with a heart disease, atrial septal defect, and surgery was needed to save his life.

From 1985 to 1988, DiPaolo went through several episodes of sickness although none heart-related. In 1988, DiPaolo was diagnosed with HIV. At the time, doctors gave him one year to live and told his family that it would be best for them to hide his condition. Instead, DiPaolo became very active in school and, with the help of medicines, saw his health improve in 1989 to the point that he was able to live a typical life.

In early 1990, DiPaolo became so ill early during that year that doctors gave him only two days to live. He recovered and was able to attend an AIDS funds gala where he met NFL football player Lawrence Taylor. Taylor autographed a ball for DiPaolo, the two had a photo taken together, and DiPaolo disclosed that he was HIV positive.

The next day, DiPaolo's disclosure was published in local newspapers. Schoolmates' parents threatened to withdraw their children, family friends began avoiding the DiPaolos, and crowds began appearing to protest at his school. A legal battle ensued between the family and parents of children of the school that DiPaolo went to. Eventually, a New York court decided that DiPaolo would stay in the educational center he attended.

In 1992, HBO aired the Lifestories: Families in Crisis special "Blood Brothers: The Joey DiPaolo Story". DiPaolo won a lawsuit against the center from which the blood with which he was contaminated came.

DiPaolo is an AIDS activist. In 2000 he founded Camp TLC, Together Living a Challenge, for children who cannot attend regular summer camps because of AIDS. He resides in Staten Island, with his wife Lauren and daughters Joey Jayde and Vivy Rey, and operates DiPaolo's Barber Shop in Tottenville.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Joey DiPaolo


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Tighe Dombrowski

Tighe Dombrowski (born March 4, 1982) is an American former soccer player.

Dombrowski played four years of college soccer for the UW–Milwaukee Panthers of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee from 2000 to 2003, during which he was named first team All-Horizon League three times. He was named an honorable mention All-American following his senior season in 2003. Dombrowski tallied sixteen goals and thirteen assists in his time at UW–Milwaukee, and helped them advance to the second round of the NCAA Tournament his sophomore, junior, and senior years. In 2002, he played for the Des Moines Menace in the Premier Development League. In 2003, he played for the Chicago Fire Reserves.

After graduating from UW–Milwaukee, Dombrowski was drafted fiftieth overall in the 2004 MLS SuperDraft by the San Jose Earthquakes, and signed to a developmental contract. Along with the rest of his Earthquakes teammates, he moved to Houston for the 2006 season, but was signed by Swedish then-Division 1 (effectively the third division) side IK Sirius Fotboll in April 2006, having impressed the coaching staff at Studenternas IP during his trial in February and March. In July 2007, Tighe helped Sirius save three points by scoring two goals in the last minutes of the game against Jönköpings Södra IF, turning the game from 0–1 to 2–1 in the span of six minutes.

Dombrowski had a trial with New York Red Bulls but did not earn a contract and later signed with USL-1 side Minnesota Thunder.

Personal
Tighe is one of the Dombrowski brothers, all of whom are also pro soccer players: Scott Dombrowski, Zeke Dombrowski, Chad Dombrowski and Neil Dombrowski.

title: Tighe Dombrowski


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47th New Zealand Parliament

The 47th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 2002 election, and it sat until 11 August 2005.

The Labour Party and the Progressive Party, backed by United Future, commanded a majority throughout the 47th Parliament. The Labour-led administration was in its second term. The National Party, although dealt a significant blow in the last election, remained the largest opposition party. Other non-government parties were New Zealand First, ACT, the Greens, and (from mid-2004) the Māori Party.

The 47th Parliament consisted of 120 representatives. Sixty-nine of these were chosen by geographical electorates, including seven Māori electorates. The remainder were elected by means of party-list proportional representation under the MMP electoral system.

Overview of seats
The table below shows the number of MPs in each party following the 2002 election and at dissolution:

Notes
 * United Future supported the Labour-Progressive coalition on a confidence and supply basis.
 * Tariana Turia resigned as MP and from the Labour Party on 30 April 2004 following the foreshore and seabed controversy. She won the resulting by-election under the banner of the new Māori Party.
 * The Working Government majority is calculated as all Government MPs less all other parties.

Initial composition of the 47th Parliament
The initial members of the 47th Parliament were as follows:

By-elections during 47th Parliament
There was one by-election held during the term of the 47th Parliament.

Summary of changes during term

 * Graham Kelly, a Labour list MP, left Parliament on 29 July 2003 to take up a position as High Commissioner to Canada. Moana Mackey, the next candidate on Labour's party list, entered Parliament in his place.
 * Donna Awatere Huata, an ACT list MP, was officially declared an independent on 11 November 2003. This followed her suspension from the ACT caucus on 11 February 2003 after allegations of fraud were made against her. After a lengthy legal fight which went all the way to the Supreme Court, she was expelled from Parliament on 19 November 2004. She was replaced by Kenneth Wang on 30 November.
 * Tariana Turia, the Labour MP for Te Tai Hauauru, resigned from Parliament over the foreshore and seabed issue on 17 May 2004. On 10 July, Turia won the resulting by-election under the banner of the new Māori Party, and took her seat again on 27 July.
 * Jonathan Hunt, a Labour list MP, left Parliament on 30 March 2005 to take up a position as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. Lesley Soper, the next candidate on Labour's party list, was sworn in to replace him on 5 April.

As on 10 August 2004
The chamber is in a horseshoe-shape.

title: 47th New Zealand Parliament


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Kumzari language

Kumzari (, اللغة كمزارية) is a Southwestern Iranian language that is similar to the Persian, Achomi and Luri languages. Although vulnerable, it survives today with between 4,000 and 5,000 speakers. It is spoken by Kumzaris on the Kumzar coast of Musandam Peninsula (northern Oman) as well as the Shihuh in the United Arab Emirates. Kumzari speakers can also be found in the towns of Dibba and Khasab as well as various villages, and on Larak Island.

Kumzari is the only Iranian language spoken exclusively in the Arabian Peninsula.

Location
The Kumzari name derives from the historically rich mountainous village of Kumzar. The language has two main groups of speakers, one on each side of the Strait of Hormuz: the Shihuh tribe of the Musandam Peninsula and the Laraki community of Larak Island in Iran. On the Musandam Peninsula, the Kumzar population is concentrated in Oman, in the village of Kumzar and in a quarter of Khasab known as the Harat al-Kumzari. In addition, Kumzari is found at Dibba and the coastal villages of Elphinstone and the Malcolm Inlets. It is the mother tongue of fishermen who are descendants of the Yemeni conqueror of Oman, Malek bin Faham (مالك بن فهم). Based on linguistic evidence, Kumzari was present in the Arabia region before the Muslim conquest of the region in the 7th Century A.D.

Consonants
Kumzari has consonants, and all but three also exist as geminates

Vowels
Kumzari has a length distinction in its vowels, with five long vowels and three short vowels. Vowels never occur in direct hiatus; rather, they are separated by either a semivowel such as or /w/, or a glottal stop.

title: Kumzari language


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Takuro Yoshida

Takuro Yoshida (吉田 拓郎) is a Japanese male singer-songwriter. He was born on April 5, 1946, in Okuchi, Kagoshima, and raised in Hiroshima. He made his debut with the single "Imeji no Uta / Mark II" on June 1, 1970. His 1972 recording of "Tabi no Yado" sold over one million copies by September that year, and was awarded a gold disc. He established the record company "For Life Records" with Yosui Inoue, Shigeru Izumiya, and Hitoshi Komuro in 1975. Yoshida is a musician whose songs have been used as theme songs in television series such as Jun (純), the theme song of Cromartie High School), as well as being covered by popular artists like Hirakawachi 1-chome (Yoshida's "Natsu Yasumi"), KinKi Kids (Yoshida's "Zenbu Dakishimete").

Albums

 * Yoshida Takuro Seishun no Uta – Re-released on February 21, 1990
 * Yoshida Takuro on Stage Tomodachi – Re-released on February 21, 1990
 * Yoshida Takuro Ningen nante – Re-released on February 21, 1990
 * Genki desu. – Re-released on February 21, 1990
 * Otogi Zoushi – Re-released on February 21, 1990
 * Ima ha Mada Jinsei wo Katarazu – Re-released on February 21, 1990
 * Asu ni Mukatte Hashire (May 25, 1976) – Re-released on February 21, 1990
 * Private (April 25, 1977) – Re-released on February 21, 1990
 * Oinaru Hito (November 25, 1977) – Re-released on February 21, 1990
 * Roling 30 (November 21, 1978)- Re-released on April 21, 1988
 * Shangli-la (May 5, 1980) – Re-released on February 21, 1990
 * Asia no Katasumi de (November 5, 1980) – Re-released on February 21, 1990
 * Only You (May 1, 1981) – Re-released on February 21, 1990
 * Mujinto de ... (December 5, 1981)
 * Osamatachi no Haikingu in Budokan (November 21, 1982) – Re-released on March 21, 1990
 * Marathon (May 21, 1983) – Re-released on February 21, 1990
 * Jonetsu (November 5, 1983) – Re-released on February 21, 1990
 * Forever Young (October 21, 1984)
 * Ore ga Aishita Baka (June 5, 1985)
 * Yoshida Takuro One Last Night in Tsumagoi (1985)
 * The Yoshida Takuro  (June 21, 1986) – Re-released on September 21, 1989
 * Samarkand Blue (September 5, 1986)
 * Much Better (April 21, 1988)
 * Himawari (February 8, 1989)
 * 176.5 (January 10, 1990)
 * détente (June 12, 1991)
 * Yoshida-cho no Uta (July 29, 1992)
 * Travellin' Man Live at NHK Studio 101 (December 17, 1993)
 * Long time no see (June 21, 1995)
 * Life (April 19, 1996)
 * Kando Ryoko Nami Takashi (August 21, 1996)
 * Minna Daisuki (November 1, 1997)
 * Hawaiian Rhapsody (October 30, 1998)
 * Yoshida Takuro The Best Penny Lane (November 3, 1999)
 * Yoshida Takuro in the Box (November 22, 2000) – A 25 CDs complete collection of works. Re-released on December 18, 2002
 * Konnichiwa (2001)
 * Yoshida no Uta (August 22, 2001)
 * Oldies (2002)
 * Golden Best Yoshida Takuro The Live Best (November 27, 2002)
 * Tsukiyo no Canoe (2003)
 * Yutakanaru Ichinichi (2004)
 * Isshun no Natsu (2005)
 * Hodokyo no Ue de (2007)
 * Gozenchu ni (April 2009)
 * 18ji Kaien (2009)
 * Gogo no Tenki (2012)
 * Yoshida Takuro Live Concert in Tsumagoi (September 2012)

title: Takuro Yoshida


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London Defence Positions

The London Defence Positions were a late 19th-century scheme of earthwork fortifications in the southeast of England, designed to protect London from foreign invasion landing on the south coast. The positions were a carefully surveyed contingency plan for a line of entrenchments, which could be quickly excavated in a time of emergency.

The line to be followed by these entrenchments was supported by thirteen permanent small polygonal forts or redoubts called London Mobilisation Centres, which were equipped with all the stores and ammunition that would be needed by the troops tasked with digging and manning the positions.

Origins
The 1859 Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom report on Britain's defences believed that London was practically undefendable; they proposed a fort at Shooters Hill to defend the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich, but it was never acted upon. Following a number of proposals by senior military figures, an 1888 memorandum written by Colonel John Charles Ardagh envisaged a scheme of simple earthworks for infantry and moveable armaments, intended to be dug and manned in an emergency by the Volunteer Force, the line being supported by permanent works, the London Mobilisation Centres, at 5 mile (8 km) intervals, which acted as stores and magazines. The London Defence Scheme was announced in Parliament in March 1889 by the Secretary of State for War, Edward Stanhope, by which time the 13 sites for the Mobilisation Centres had already been purchased at a cost of £25,000.

Locations
The London Mobilisation Centres were built along a 70-mile (113-kilometre) stretch of the North Downs from Guildford to the Darenth valley and across the River Thames in Essex. Thirteen sites were chosen, at Pewley Hill, Henley Grove, Denbies, Box Hill, Betchworth, Reigate, East Merstham, Fosterdown, Woldingham, Betsom's Hill, Halstead, Farningham and (to the northeast of London) North Weald.

The design of each site varied, but they were never very elaborate, just a magazine and storehouses for the mobilisation of troops, with limited defences. The intention was that the centres would, in addition to holding ammunition and other supplies, act as strong points in an almost continuous line of field fortifications. The trench lines joining the Defence Positions could be rapidly excavated on the outbreak of war. Related stores were set up at Tilbury, Warley and possibly Caterham. They were quickly viewed as obsolete, and all were sold off in 1907, with the exception of Fort Halstead, now used by DSTL.

During World War I, part of the London Defence Positions scheme was resurrected to form a stop line of trenches, in case of a German invasion. North of the Thames, the line was continued to the River Lea at Broxbourne rather than stopping at Epping. South of the Thames, it was continued to Halling, via Wrotham, linking to the Chatham defences. At the western end the line was stopped short at Buckland Hill, just beyond Reigate Fort.

At Guildford, houses have been built on the Pewley Hill site, but Henley Fort (aka Henley Grove) has been well preserved as a youth education centre. It could be seen on a Heritage Open Day.

Reigate Fort
Reigate Fort has been owned by the National Trust since 1932. The structure was falling into disrepair, but grant money from the Biffaward, the Heritage Lottery grant and the National Trust itself has enabled the Trust to restore the building. The first phase of the repairs was carried out in 2000 and was funded by a grant of £104,000 from the Biffaward. A second phase cost £174,000.

The fort opened to the public free of charge in 2007, though restoration work is ongoing. Information boards have been installed to tell visitors about the buildings. A teacher's pack is available and educational visits can be arranged.

title: London Defence Positions


text:
Talk:London Defence Positions

Comments
John Bray is copying this information from his website www.forts.org.uk

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Fort_Charlotte

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title: Talk:London Defence Positions


text:
Herbert Edward Palmer

Herbert Edward Palmer (10 February 1880 – 17 May 1961) was an English poet and literary critic.

He was born in Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, and educated at Woodhouse Grove School, Birmingham University and Bonn University. Before becoming a full-time writer and journalist in 1921, he led an itinerant life in teaching, tutoring, and lecturing, working in particular for the W.E.A.; and spending many years in France and Germany. He encouraged the young John Gawsworth. He introduced C. S. Lewis and Ruth Pitter in 1945/6.

Works

 * Two Fishers, and other poems (1918)
 * Two Foemen, and other poems (1920)
 * Two Minstrels: the Wolf Knight, his book; The Wolf Minstrel, Caedmon's Book (1921)
 * The Unknown Warrior, and other poems (1924)
 * Songs of Salvation, Sin and Satire (1925)
 * The Judgement of François Villon: a pageant-episode play in five acts (1927)
 * Christmas Miniature (1928)
 * The Armed Muse: poems (1930)
 * Jonah Comes To Nineveh: A Ballad (1930)
 * The Teaching of English (1930)
 * Cinder Thursday (1931)
 * Thirty Poems (1931)
 * What the Public Wants (1932) Blue Moon booklet
 * Collected Poems (1933)
 * The Roving Angler (1933) essays, revised edition 1947
 * Summit and Chasm: a book of poems and rimes (1934)
 * The Mistletoe Child: an autobiography of childhood (1935)
 * The Vampire, and other poems and rimes of a pilgrim's progress (1936)
 * Post-Victorian Poetry (1938) criticism
 * The Gallows-Cross: a book of songs and verses for the times (1940)
 * Season and Festival (1943) Faber and Faber, poems
 * The Dragon of Tingalam: a fairy comedy (1945)
 * A Sword in the Desert: a book of poems and verses for the present times (1946)
 * The Greenwood Anthology of New Verse (1948), compiled by Palmer
 * The Old Knight: a poem-sequence for the present times (1949)
 * The Ride from Hell: a poem-sequence of the times for three voices (1958)

title: Herbert Edward Palmer


text:
Talk:***

Asterism
What does the unicode symbol add ? Abtract (talk) 07:41, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The unicode symbol, ⁂, provides an instantly identifiable example of what an asterism is. Far faster than reading and interpreting the prose description of it.
 * Where in the MOS:DAB does it suggest that symbols/unicode should be avoided? I couldn't see anything at a glance through.
 * The "see also" link to therefore sign doesn't seem necessary (or an additional link to ellipsis should be added!) as this dab page isn't dealing with dots or triangles in particular...
 * Thanks :) -- Quiddity (talk) 18:58, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I added therefore because mention was made of three asterisks in a triangle and dots and asterisks can be confused ... which of course is why you like the unicode symbol. All I can find offhand is MOS:DAB to back up my assertion about symbols. If you look at other dab pages that are fairly "clean" you will find none ... if you find one let me know. I hope you see that my "English words" edits achieves the same end and is much more readily understandable to the man on the Clapham Omnibus. Abtract (talk) 20:00, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * That mos:dab image-use guideline is really just to stop people illustrating dab-pages with "interesting" images, like at Flip (bottom of that revision).
 * I'll replace and add to the symbols at this page, as I believe they assist with comprehension. See other examples of dabpages using symbols like this at C (disambiguation), ' (disambiguation), O (disambiguation), etc.
 * Thanks :) -- Quiddity (talk) 22:46, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I've asked for input here, at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (disambiguation pages). Hopefully they can shed some light :) -- Quiddity (talk) 17:50, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * My $.02 is that the ⁂ is useful and doesn't distract too much - especially on such a short page. ...and the context is such that it will not apply to many other pages and cause a slippery slope of such changes. (John User:Jwy talk) 21:00, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I'd keep them as well, possibly excluding the "three asterisks in a line (***)", making that just "three asterisks in a line". -- JHunterJ (talk) 11:07, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup
[ What cleanup] is needed here? Apart from the cleanup template, it seems fine to me..... • Anakin (talk) 17:49, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * It was just the above. -- Quiddity (talk) 23:12, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

History
This, which is the page's history link, made me laugh. LikeLakers2 (talk | Sign my guestbook!) 20:38, 30 September 2011 (UTC)

Michael Brodsky's novel ***
Michael Brodsky has a novel, entitled ***, that's right, three asterisks. I expect to get the article on that novel going, probably next week.

The question is who gets what namespace.

The simplest possibility seems to be that this article gets turned into the article for the novel, and the page as it exists now becomes the hatnote "This page is about the novel. For the punctuation ***, see Ellipsis. For ⁂, see Asterism (typography). For ∴, see Therefore sign."

The other possibility is that this page is kept as is, and a separate "*** (novel)" page is created with a hatnote leading to this page.

"***" the novel is highly obscure outside the world of hard-core postmodern fanatics. So it's not as famous as the punctuation *** itself, and it will never generate as much traffic as the punctuation, but then again, the punctuation gets its actual article under an actual English word. That is, those interesting in the punctuation are forced to relocate if they type in *** under either possibility.

If I get no feedback against, I'll go forward with the first possibility.

Choor monster (talk) 16:05, 18 October 2012 (UTC)

 * According to WP:DABNAME:
 * "The title of a disambiguation page is the ambiguous term itself, provided there is no primary topic for that term. If there is a primary topic, then the tag "(disambiguation)" is added to the name of the disambiguation page"
 * In this case I believe the novel is the primary topic and should be named "***". This page should be moved to "*** (disambiguation)", and a hat note added to "***" pointing to the disambiguation page. —Bruce1eetalk 05:13, 19 October 2012 (UTC)

 * My take on WP:DABLINK is mixed. It says do not bother with a disambiguation page if a hatnote can take you to the unique second instance.  That is just logic.  But it goes on to say there are other hatnote templates that can be used similarly, and in particular, up to four other dablinks are templated for:

 * So it seems the existing explanation meant to allow for the above, so long as you stick to the approved templates. In this particular case, there are two other operating forces.  The existence of the asterism and therefore sign seem a little forced, and are provided to give just one extra step of convenience, and they do no harm, as per the discussion above on this talk page.  More importantly, using a (disambiguation) page seems to force one unnecessary click.

 * That is, someone who types *** and expects to find out about the history of censored cursing in print currently has to click on the existing 3-way disambiguation. The same would be true if the above 3-way hatnote is included.  If a simpler hatnote to a dab-tagged page is included, the someone would have to click twice.  Most short-named topics are surprisingly overloaded with multiple meanings, and if you don't start with a disambiguation page, you're going to need one soon enough, but I suspect *** disambiguation will remain tiny, suitable for a primary topic and a 3-way hatnote.

 * For example, I created the page for the author's Xman (novel). "Xman" by itself takes you to the comic book character Nate Grey, who is actually known as "X-Man", with a hatnote for disambiguation.  Maybe officially "Xman" is the main topic, and the redirect should be modified, but in terms of practicality, I think Xman and X-Man are pretty much the same, X-Man is way better known than Xman, and that ultimately trumps the written rules.  My thinking is the same here with ***: what's the most practical solution?  What gives the least surprise and least extra effort to readers?

 * If we do create a disambiguation page, I assume the proper procedure is as you say: have an admin move this page, then create a new *** for the novel, in order to maintain history. If we don't, we just use the above hatnote.  In that case, I predict the novel will generate essentially zero talk, and in the postmodern spirit of the novel, the talk about the punctuation will seem entirely appropriate.

 * Anyway, thanks for your feedback. I'm not doing anything with *** the novel until Monday or Tuesday.Choor monster (talk) 13:36, 19 October 2012 (UTC)

To move or not
RHaworth wrote in his history reason: "I see no evidence that the novel is more notable than the other uses".

Well, I asked on the Talk page last week (the section above this one), proposing the move, got one response quoting WP:DABNAME which refers to "primary topic", not "most notable topic", and conceded that the novel would be primary. So on Monday I posted a Help request on my talk page, referring to this Talk page and I said I'd wait for objections until this Tuesday. No one responded to that request.

To me, the question is whether we even need a disambiguation page: I thought it simpler to use *** alone for the novel, and then use a hatnote to refer to the three punctuation possibilities.

At the moment, the Ellipsis *** punctuation article barely even mentions '***' as punctuation, instead concentrating on '...'. In contrast, **** redirects to a full-fledged article on what everyone knows **** means, and includes a hatnote to Andy Warhol's Four Stars (film). Similar, but not similar: I was surprised when I first started nosing around ***-namespace at what was actually present.

Speaking for myself, I honestly believe the message here is that there is no ***-as-punctuation article, and at the rate the Ellipsis article has been edited, there isn't going to be one. That is, ***-as-novel is primary by default.

I concede completely that the novel is extremely obscure—it does meet official WP notability guidelines for novels (see *** (novel)), but not much more.

Anyway, I'm not too concerned either way, I'm not interested in wikilawyering. This just seems to be an odd case between the lines. Choor monster (talk) 18:40, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

 * The edge cases are usually where the subjectivity arises! In this case, I'd lean towards keeping the disambig page as it is, with the novel listed at the top, mainly because there are so many options (now 5 including the novel) that using just hatnotes is becoming unwieldy, and the options are likely to grow (eg we might want to split the Ellipsis entry in two, for expurgation vs concision (?)), and there are songs named/misnamed "***" is various databases that we might have articles (or redirects) for eventually.

 * Tangential note: Search google for to find nothing! >.< Same at Amazon. Silly author, using Wildcard characters is not recommended! —Quiddity (talk) 19:57, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Is there room somewhere for ★★★ ? As in a "3-star" review?  Is there someway we can distinguish between an asterisk and a star, for that matter? Should we bother listing the possible meanings of ****, which takes you to a main article and its hatnote?  (You know, to catch the people who can't count too well?)  The four-star meanings include an Andy Warhol film with that title, by the way, already a WP article.

 * Of course, the author might have named his novel ###. Then we wouldn't be having this discussion. Choor monster (talk) 20:15, 25 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I've added a SeeAlso link to Three star (disambiguation) (we have to link directly to the redirect, if i remember correctly, for technical somethingorothers).
 * We could add a SeeAlso link to **** but I can't word it well at the moment. Have at go, or suggest something. —Quiddity (talk) 20:39, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

 * I suspect the correct thing to do is replace **** the link to Four-letter word with a disambiguation page. But I don't want to step on any toes where I really don't what's relevant--I certainly missed the boat on ***.

 * Another question is whether *** gets merged with Three-star? I think not, but they should mutually refer to each other.  I note there's a Category for star rating systems!

 * There are the redirects *******, Austria and ********* Lane. NSFW, of course. Choor monster (talk) 12:57, 26 October 2012 (UTC)
 * We don't WP:CENSOR anything! The article gropecunt lane has appeared on the main page as "today's featured article" before (which yes, caused complaints).
 * I've added links to **** in this page, and links to here in Three star.
 * Asterisks and stars are similar but different, and I don't think merging *** with Three star, would be beneficial.
 * Any major changes to **** should be proposed at its talkpage.
 * :) —Quiddity (talk) 02:38, 27 October 2012 (UTC)

Beats me about the template
I posted here Template_talk:Disambiguation. I will not edit war, especially when I have no idea what's really going on anyway about the template. I suspect its doc-page is out of date. Choor monster (talk) 18:19, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:***


text:
Herbert Palmer

Herbert Palmer may refer to:
 * Herbert Palmer (Puritan) (1601–1647), Puritan writer
 * Herbert James Palmer (1851–1939), Canadian politician, Premier of Prince Edward Island
 * Herbert Richmond Palmer (1877–1958), British colonial governor
 * Herbert Edward Palmer (1880–1961), English poet
 * Herbert Sidney Palmer (1881-1970), Canadian painter

title: Herbert Palmer


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Objects in the extrasolar system and subcategories

The consensus appears to be that the "extrasolar system" categories should be deleted (only one keep vote and four deletes, although one was anonymous). Category:Compact stars received one clear delete vote and at least three clear keeps. Category:Neutron stars ended up with nothing but keep votes.

This page is now an archive. -[[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 17:59, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Objects in the extrasolar system and subcategories

 * Category:Objects in the extrasolar system
 * Category:Compound objects in the extrasolar system
 * Category:Simple objects in the extrasolar system
 * Category:Compact stars
 * Category:Neutron stars

These categories are not used by anyone except User:Joseph Dwayne, and he cut off the categorizations of several things to put into his pet categories, making them lost from where they were. (Why would Category:Pulsars not be in Category:Stars? It appear in Category:Compact stars with no linkage to stars whatsoever (where it used to sit)). Compact stars is empty, so is Neutron stars. In any case they are in the wrong heirarchy of categories. Extrasolar system also has a different meaning... an extrasolar planetary system. 132.205.15.4 09:45, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Why not simply recategorize Category:Compact stars under Category:Stars? I think it's not unreasonable to have a separate category for these kinds of objects, since they're rather different from the fusion-powered massive objects that are usually what people think of when they think "stars". The fact that they're currently empty doesn't mean they'll stay that way, I can think of several articles that could fall under them. The first three categories listed, on the other hand, are indeed poorly named and IMO probably worthy of deletion. Bryan 00:21, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I get your point. Compact stars and neutron stars could be recategorized under Category:Stars, though someone should populate them. 132.205.15.4 02:46, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree that "Neutron stars" and "Pulsars" are reasonable categories, though it'll be interesting to decide which ones are notable enough to deserve articles. I'm not sure "Compact stars" is a meaningful and necessary category, though. -- Beland 05:12, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Please also delete these childless orphans: Category:Extended_objects_in_the_extrasolar_system Category:Extrasolar_system -- Beland 05:12, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Keep. Woah dudes, chill out, following the convention used in the astronomical objects article. Why don't you help in filling them up instead of deleting them? *boggle* I remember cutting some cats by accident, but we can include both schemes, see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Astronomical Objects, I asked there, got no answer so I started categorizing stuff since no one seems to help. But alas, I'm not an octopus and I don't have several hands to do this task alone. Some help would be nice you wacks. —Joseph | Talk 05:20, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok, looking at the Astronomical objects article, I changed "Extrasolar system", which I find to be somewhat...improper...to "Extrasolar objects". I like the idea of aligning the category scheme with this table.  I think that "Solar System" and all the top-level items in "Extrasolar objects" (Exoplanets, Stars by luminosity class, Compact stars, Galaxies, etc.) should also be an equivalent subcategory of Category:Celestial objects.  So, keep Neutron stars and Compact stars, and delete the "extrasolar system" categories. -- Beland 05:19, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC).

 * I think that "Solar System" and all the top-level items in "Extrasolar objects" (Exoplanets, Stars by luminosity class, Compact stars, Galaxies, etc.) should also be an equivalent subcategory of Category:Celestial objects. So, keep Neutron stars and Compact stars, and delete the "extrasolar system" categories. -- (what Beland said) (extrasolar system is wacky, dude, does that mean everything not in this star system?  I'm not sure, I don't get to the 'extrahouse location' much.)Seriously, though Joseph Dwayne, nice try, and we all DO appreciate the effort you are going to to try to develop a usable scheme for this...  At least I do...  also I think pretty much any pulsar is worthy of an article, if there's enough data.  Black Holes too... but should we not call them collapsars, as it seems to me that the term Black Hole is sort of Anglocentric/America-centristic?  or am I misled?Pedant 01:35, 2004 Nov 9 (UTC)

Delete Category:Compact stars and put its subcategories into Category:Stars. Category:Neutron stars should be kept and populated. The extrasolar categories including the two listed by User:Beland should be deleted. We already have suitable subcategories under Category:Stars for most of these, and we also have Category:Extrasolar planets, Category:Galaxies etc.-gadfium 00:13, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)


text:
Rodulf, Herule king

Rodulf was king of the Heruli kingdom on the Middle Danube in the period around 500, and possibly of Scandinavian origin. He died in a battle with the neighbouring Lombards which led to the splitting up of the Heruli. He is probably the same Heruli king that Theoderic the Great wrote to in two surviving letters, in one of which Theoderic "adopted" him with a gift of arms. Less certainly, he is also sometimes equated to a King Rodulf that Jordanes mentions as having come from Scandinavia to Italy, to join Theoderic.

Rodulf was described by Procopius as the king of the Danubian Heruli already three years after the beginning of the reign of Emperor Anastasius (reigned 491-518). Paul the Deacon gave the same name for the Herul king who died when they were defeated by the Lombards, which is normally dated by historians to about 508. After this defeat Procopius reported that while some crossed the Danube into the Roman empire, another part of the Heruli nobility migrated north to the island of Thule (the name Procopius gave to Scandinavia). They passed through the lands of Sclavenes, Warini, and finally the Dani (Danes), before crossing Ocean and settling near the Gauti. He mentions that later generations of Heruli still living near the Danube successfully went to search for royalty in this region in the 540s.

It is uncertain but possible that this Rodulf is the same king of that name who is described in the Getica of Jordanes, as the king of the Ranii on the island of Scandza (what Jordanes called Scandinavia), who left his kingdom near the Danes, and came to Italy, where he succeeded in gaining the "embrace" (gremium) of the Ostrogothic King of Italy, Theodoric the Great. Notably, Jordanes mentions that the Heruli had also been living in this same general area, until they were driven out by the Danes, though his text does not connect this Rodulf to the Scandza Heruli.

The Scandza passage of Jordanes is subject to many different interpretations, and some historians have proposed that Jordanes made errors. For example, Theodor Mommsen believed Jordanes should have described the Scandinavian Rudolf as a Herul, and the historian Herwig Wolfram has described this Scandinavian Rudolf as a Gaut.

Due to the similarity of the circumstances, it has been suggested that the various accounts describe one individual, although this remains uncertain. Historians such as Andrew Merrill have pointed out that the similar elements in the accounts of Jordanes and Procopius may come from a common source, such as Cassiodorus, who worked for Theoderic.

Apart from the name Rudolf, the association with the region of the Dani, their apparent allegiance to Theoderic is notable. Another possible record of Rodulf is thus one of the surviving state papers of Theoderic shows that he adopted a Herule king (who is not named in that passage) as a "son in arms". The letter was made during the time of Cassiodorus's public service in the early 6th century, and is dated to 507-511.

More speculatively, another debated issue is whether Rodulf could be the inspiration for certain aspects of later heroic poetry, possibly including the Norse saga character Hrólfr Kraki.

King of the Heruls
The Herul kingdom was centred on Lower Austria and Moravia, north of the Middle Danube. It had existed there since 454, after the Battle of Nedao. Rodulf is the first known king of this kingdom, and the first mention of him which can be associated with a date is the remark of Procopius that implies he was ruling already in the early 490s. This was in the period after Theoderic the Great, took over the Kingdom of Italy from Odoacer. In Italy, Odoacer had been named as a king over the Heruli, and other Danubian peoples who had followed him there. After his murder in 493, the Herules still ruled a kingdom north of the Danube:

Procopius thus sees the conflict with the Langobards starting already in the 5th century, around 494. If however the un-named Herule king who was adopted by Theoderic was Rodulf, based on the idea that there was no Herule king after him who Theoderic would have allied to, then the letter announcing his adoption is estimated to be from 507-511, and the war can not have been earlier than that.

Jordanes also wrote about an unnamed king of the Heruli, who has been identified with Rodulf by some historians. He mentioned that Theodoric adopted a king of the Heruli as his "son in arms," by giving him a horse, sword and shield, probably around 507. The letter to the king, which was to be translated and explained by the envoys, stated that the king would "hold the first rank among the peoples."

After becoming ruler of Italy, Theodoric traveled to what was described as the previous homeland of the Goths, and thereafter, according to historian Herwig Wolfram, wanted to establish an alliance with the Heruli king Rodulf. According to Wolfram, Rodulf "probably included in his sphere of influence the region north of Lake Balaton."

In another letter from the collection of Cassiodorus, probably from between 507 and 514, Theodoric asks for the assistance of the kings of the Heruli, Thuringi and Varni for a counter-attack against the pressure from the Franks. Procopius implied that the battle which led to Rodulf's death took place around 494, it is therefore considered unlikely to have occurred about 508.

A later account of the battle with the Lombards by Paul the Deacon gives Rodulf a more legitimate casus belli against the Lombards. Rodulf purportedly declared war against the Lombards because his brother was murdered by Tato's daughter Rumetruda, after a falling-out between the two, during his brother's return home.

In the Historia Langobardorum ("History of the Lombards"), Paul the Deacon mentions that Rodulf was among the dead in a battle against the Lombards under Tato, probably in 508. Theodoric did not manage to intervene in time, and the Heruls thus suffered a crushing defeat. The Heruls were split up as a result of the defeat in the battle. The Lombards took both Rodulf's standard (vexillum) and his helmet, and Paul the Deacon claimed that this broke the courage of the Heruli such that they never had a king again. However Procopius, who was much closer to the events, notes that the Heruli divided and moved, but still had kings.

King in Scandza
King Rodulf (Roduulf rex) of the Ranii is only mentioned once, in the Getica (De origine actibusque Getarum; "The Origin and Deeds of the Goths") which was written by the Roman historian Jordanes. Although he wrote some generations later, one of his sources was the now lost Historia Gothorum ("History of the Goths") of Cassiodorus, who had written his account at the request of Theodoric the Great, King of the Ostrogoths and ruler of Italy.

In the 19th century, the German classicist Theodor Mommsen argued that the Rodulf of the Ranii tribe and the Rodulf of the Heruli tribe constituted the same person. He proposed that Rodulf could have arrived to Theodoric in 489, when he was in Moesia.

Some modern historians have speculated that it could have been this Rodulf or a similar traveler who provided Cassiodorus or Jordanes with the information for their extensive lists and details of Scandinavian peoples and tribes. In any case, Rodulf was not the only Nordic warlord who visited the Goths and potentially could have provided knowledge about Scandinavian tribes. He probably traveled together with a band of warriors.

In the Getica, it is said that Rodulf spurned and fled his own kingdom, in times which were still recent for Jordanes. The way that his text has come to us, Rodulf is described as king of the "Ranii" who are described as one of several peoples living near the Danes. Jordanes describes him as achieving what he desired from Theoderic. The passage, as translated by Christensen, is as follows:

Modern historians are uncertain whether Jordanes intended to say that Rodulf was king of the Ranii tribe alone, or if he ruled all, or any other of the tribes described in the same context.

Historian Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen, who accepted Mommsen's identification, thought Rodulf should actually be read as king of the Heruli, with the short list of neighbouring tribes inserted confusingly, namely the "Granii, Augandzi, Eunixi, Taetel, Rugii, Arochi, Ranii."

In contrast, other historians have proposed that Rodulf had been kings of the list of seven peoples (Granii ... Rani), but most of these can not be identified with any confidence. Since Mommsen's edition of Jordanes, with index notes by Karl Müllenhof, there have been proposals connecting them to Norway. Some modern historians, mostly Norwegian, have continued to make such proposals and imply that Rodulf was a king of all seven of these peoples there. For example, the list has been interpreted as referring to the inhabitants of "Grenland, Halogaland, Telelmark, Ryfylkem, Hordaland, and Ranrike or Romsdal". The vast geographic distances between the tribes, scattered throughout the Norwegian coast, and the unlikeliness of a unified kingdom of such a magnitude at this early point has been cited as an argument against such a possibility.

The name of the Rugii, on the other hand, matches another Middle Danubian people, who were neighbours of the Heruli, and they are thought to have migrated from the Baltic Sea. Historian Axel Kristinsson has speculated that it could have been natural for Rodulf to seek out some of his kinsmen, namely the Danubian Rugians who had joined the Ostrogoths after their kingdom was destroyed in 487.

The scientist-explorer Fridtjof Nansen proposed that "Heruli" at first perhaps was a common name for bands of northern warriors, who to a certain degree consisted of Norwegians. In his book In northern mists, Nansen suggested that Rodulf of the Ranii tribe could have migrated south with a band of warriors, and that on arriving at the Danube, pressed by other warlike tribes in the vicinity, he sought alliance with Theodoric. Nansen believed this could have happened before Theodoric's invasion of Italy in 489, at the same time that the Heruli were just north of the Danube, and were the nearest neighbours of the Goths.

In short, although particularly scholars have long identified the unnamed Heruli king and the Rodulfs as the same person, including the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde in an entry by Norwegian historian Claus Krag, others such as historian Walter Goffart and archaeologist Dagfinn Skre have questioned this identification.

Historian A. H. Merrills, on the other hand, has proposed the possibility that associating Rodulf with the scandinavian tribes could have been politically motivated: "The Getica may, of course, be correct in its association of Roduulf with the far north, but the possibility that it merely reflects an ideological distortion should not be overlooked."

Aftermath
In the early 6th century, the Lombard king Wacho took Silinga as his third wife, who was said to be the daughter of the last king of the Heruls. This has led some scholars to believe that Silinga was probably a daughter of Rodulf. They had the son Walthari. The marriage between Wacho and Silinga functioned to legitimize the Lombards as the successors to the kingdom of the Heruls.

It has been debated whether Rodulf may have influenced later heroic poetry, since the causes of the war between the Lombards and the Heruli (as reported by Paul the Deacon) concerns related issues. Some have furthermore argued that Rodulf could be the background for the character Hrólfr Kraki who appears in the later sagas. Evidence for this includes the significant similarities between the traditions of, on the one side, the Scyldings of the Skjöldunga saga and the Scylfings of the Swedish sagas, and on the other, historical knowledge of the environment around the Heruli, Goths and Huns.

It has also been speculated that the Ráðulfr mentioned in the Rök runestone (which also mentions Theodoric the Great) could be identical with Rodulf.

title: Rodulf, Herule king


text:
Earthly Powers

Earthly Powers is a panoramic saga novel of the 20th century by Anthony Burgess first published in 1980. It begins with the "outrageously provocative" first sentence: "It was the afternoon of my eighty-first birthday, and I was in bed with my catamite when Ali announced that the archbishop had come to see me."

On one level it is a parody of a "blockbuster" novel, with the 81-year-old hero, Kenneth Toomey (allegedly loosely based on British author W. Somerset Maugham), telling the story of his life in 82 chapters. It "summed up the literary, social and moral history of the century with comic richness as well as encyclopedic knowingness", according to Malcolm Bradbury.

The novel appeared on the shortlist for the Booker Prize in the year of its publication but lost out to William Golding's Rites of Passage. In an October 2006 poll in The Observer, it was named joint third for the best work of British and Commonwealth fiction of the last 25 years (along with Ian McEwan's Atonement, Penelope Fitzgerald's The Blue Flower, Kazuo Ishiguro's The Unconsoled, and Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children).

Plot summary
On his eighty-first birthday, retired homosexual writer Kenneth Toomey is asked by the Archbishop of Malta to assist in the process of canonisation of Carlo Campanati, the late Pope Gregory XVII and his brother-in-law. Toomey subsequently works on his memoirs, which span the major part of the 20th century.

Themes

 * The problem of evil
 * Censorship
 * Divorce
 * Domenico's brother Don Carlo's ascent to the papacy
 * Ecumenism
 * Exorcism
 * Pederasty
 * Gay rights
 * Hollywood
 * Terminal illness and euthanasia
 * The marriage of his sister Hortense to composer Domenico Campanati
 * The relationship between love and lust
 * Toomey's break with the Roman Catholic Church, which regards homosexual acts as intrinsically disordered

Places

 * England
 * France
 * Italy
 * Malaysia
 * Malta
 * Tangier, Morocco
 * Uganda
 * United States
 * Germany
 * Austria
 * Spain
 * Ireland
 * Monaco

References to historical events
The novel includes coverage of:
 * The Great War
 * The 1918–1919 influenza pandemic
 * The rise of fascism in Italy
 * Nazi Germany
 * World War II
 * Post-colonialism in Africa

Since it is an integral theme of the novel that the protagonist is an unreliable narrator, the work highlights the fallibility of memory by including many deliberate factual errors, as explained by Burgess in the second volume of his autobiography, You've Had Your Time. These may be found on almost every page of the novel, and vary in subtlety from inaccuracies of German grammar to deliberately contrary re-writings of history.

 * The fictional Carlo Campanati becomes Pope Gregory XVII. This name was allegedly the one to be adopted by Giuseppe Siri, who four times failed to be elected Pope in controversial circumstances. The dates of Carlo's papal election (1958) and death (3 June 1963) correspond to those of Pope John XXIII, as does his general appearance. However, many of Campanati's achievements and attributes are shared by the real-life Pope Paul VI, who, like Carlo, was Archbishop of Milan before his election. Other concordances between Carlo and Paul VI include his dealings with Benito Mussolini's government, his support for Jews escaping the Nazis, his arguments against contraception and priestly marriage, and his world travels during his papacy. Carlo's plan for an ecumenical reorganisation of the church is reflected in both John XXIII, who called the Second Vatican Council, and in Paul VI, who opted to continue the council after John's death.
 * The Jonestown mass suicide of 1978 is presented in the form of a fictional group called the "Children of God" (not to be confused with the new religious movement of the same name). While the basic premise of the incident is retained in the novel (charismatic religious leader leads a group of disenfranchised followers to ritual suicide), many of the details are changed. In the novel, the mass suicide takes place in 1963, not 1978, in a compound located in the Mojave desert of California, not Guyana, and the congregation is given cyanide tablets, rather than the now-infamous poisoned Flavor Aid.
 * In chapter 47, Toomey, one of whose books is turned into a film in Nazi Germany, is invited to a film festival in Berlin. He takes the airship LZ 129 Hindenburg which from 6 May 1936 until the disaster of 6 May 1937 at Lakehurst NJ made ten trips to the US. In Berlin "nowhere on the streets so clean you could eat your dinner from them did I see wretches wearing the yellow David star into trucks being harried. That would all be round the back."
 * The yellow badge was not introduced in Germany until 1 September 1941.

 * There is a reception with Goebbels at the Propagandaministerium, "he in tails, his lady in white and jewels. I had met her before ... when she was still the wife of a certain Herr Friedländer, a rich jew who had been forced by the party to endow her on her new marriage with half a million marks and also to give her new husband as a wedding present the Friedländer Schloss at Schwannwerder."
 * Actually the Jewish merchant Friedländer had been her stepfather and thus made her Magda Friedländer. Before industrialist Günther Quandt married her in 1921, on request of her mother's first husband, Dr. Ritschel, Magda was registered as his daughter. After her divorce from Quandt in 1929 Magda married Goebbels in 1931 and bore him six children. In 1934 the Goebbelses settled on the island of Schwanenwerder buying cheaply from persecuted Jews.

 * In chapter 49 the first film shown at the festival is Hitlerjunge Quex, an early Nazi film of 1933, on the next day to be followed by the premiere of a new film on the life of Horst Wessel. The reader is correctly informed that already in 1933 a film on Horst Wessel had been made, but out of "suspicions that the film would not really serve ... the name of the hero had been changed to Hans Westmar."
 * That the premiere of Hans Westmar had actually, as the novel states, been attended not only by Hermann Göring but also by Wilhelm Furtwängler is unlikely.

 * In the fictional Horst Wessel film Toomey gets to see, the Berliner Wessel is played by the popular Viennese actor Paul Hörbiger. Wessel had died in February 1930 at the age of 22 (the novel says the funeral was in 1929). Hörbiger in 1936/37 was 42 years old and married with four children. The novel describes him as “quite clearly to me homosexual: impulses flashed between us in the garish swastika-flagged eau-de-cologne-sprayed entrance hall.” This has nothing to do with the real Hörbiger.
 * The fictional writer Jakob Strehler, whose work Toomey starts reading, is said to have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1935. The prize was not awarded that year.

title: Earthly Powers


text:
Talk:Mustrum Ridcully

Untitled
Archchancellor is correct; Archancellor isn't. Cheese

Content
A good amount of this article is taken directly from the books without rephrasing. --Muna 02:36, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Always Archchancellor?
I don't remember Ridcully being Archchancellor in the first books. I have to look that up Aastrup 16:21, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * No, he wasn't always Archchancellor. He first showed up in Moving Pictures, and he's merely the first Archchancellor who's lasted more than one book. —Yar Kramer 00:07, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

ability
i though that in the section talking about his magical prowess such as using a magic mirrors etc, some thing should be mentiond about his other strengths, while reading lords and ladys he manages a ver complex spell of transporting him and granny weatherwax 3 miles away, a similar spell in another book took all the senior wizzards & hex to send rincewind to the counterwaight contitnet (intresting times) & from what granny weatherwax said he used to do such a feat many times in his youth with her "if i remember our feet hardly touched the ground"

- Mr. Deja Vu —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.149.127.90 (talk) 11:24, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, the Counterweight Continent is a lot more than three miles distance. Ridcully's power may not necessarily be that unusual, given that he only makes shortish hops. Also recall the disc's relative inertia. Having not read Interesting Times yet, I don't know if it's addressed, but you'd assume that with a long-distance leap you'd need to spend some spellpower on counteracting the inertia. MeTheGameMakingGuy (talk) 12:01, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Parallel Universes
Is it really necessary to mention the parallel universe in which Esme and Mustrum were married and had kids? It seems a bit tangential. When you consider that, in the Discworld multiverse, there's a parallel universe for practically every possible scenario, it becomes seemingly redundant to point out that two people got married in one of them. Particularly since the whole mention is parenthetical. MeTheGameMakingGuy (talk) 12:01, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mustrum Ridcully


text:
Toots Thielemans

Jean-Baptiste Frédéric Isidor, Baron Thielemans (29 April 1922 – 22 August 2016), known professionally as Toots Thielemans, was a Belgian jazz musician. He was mostly known for playing the chromatic harmonica, as well as his guitar and whistling skills, and composing. According to jazz historian Ted Gioia, his most important contribution was in "championing the humble harmonica", which Thielemans made into a "legitimate voice in jazz". He eventually became the "preeminent" jazz harmonica player.

His first professional performances were with Benny Goodman's band when they toured Europe in 1949 and 1950. He emigrated to the U.S. in 1951, becoming a citizen in 1957. From 1953 to 1959 he played with George Shearing, and then led his own groups on tours in the U.S. and Europe. In 1961 he recorded and performed live one of his own compositions, "Bluesette", which featured him playing guitar and whistling. In the 1970s and 1980s, he continued touring and recording, appearing with musicians such as Oscar Peterson, Elis Regina, Caetano Veloso, Ella Fitzgerald, Ivan Lins, Sarah Vaughan, Bill Evans, Dizzy Gillespie, Kenny Werner, Pat Metheny, Jaco Pastorius, Mina Mazzini, Elis Regina, Quincy Jones, George Shearing, Natalie Cole, Billy Joel, Paul Simon, and Paquito D'Rivera.

Thielemans recorded the soundtracks for The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974) and Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977). His harmonica theme song for the popular Sesame Street TV show was heard for 40 years. He often performed and recorded with Quincy Jones, who once called him "one of the greatest musicians of our time." In 2009 he was designated a Jazz Master by the National Endowment for the Arts, the highest honor for a jazz musician in the United States.

Early years
Thielemans was born in Brussels on 29 April 1922. His parents owned a café. He began playing music at an early age, using a homemade accordion at age three. During the German occupation of Belgium beginning in 1940, he became attracted to jazz, but was then playing on a full-size accordion or a harmonica, which he taught himself to play in his teens.

After being introduced to the music of Belgian-born jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt, he became inspired to teach himself guitar, which he did by listening to Reinhardt's recordings. At the time he was a college student majoring in mathematics. By the war's end in 1945, he considered himself a full-time musician. He said in 1950, "Django is still one of my main influences, I think, for lyricism. He can make me cry when I hear him." During an interview in 1988, he recalled, "I guess I was born at the right time to live and adapt and be touched by the evolution in the jazz language."

1940s–1950s

In 1949 he joined a jam session in Paris with Sidney Bechet, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Max Roach and others. He first heard the faster bebop style of jazz from records by Parker and Dizzy Gillespie after they had reached Belgium after the war. They became his musical "prophets". As his small collection of jazz records grew, the music of Benny Goodman and Lester Young began to impress him the most.

During a visit to the U.S. in 1948, an agent of Benny Goodman heard him play at a small New York music club. Not long after he returned to his home in Belgium, he received a letter inviting him to join Goodman's band while they toured in Europe. He readily accepted the invitation and joined their tours in 1949 and 1950. During the tour, Goodman was "shocked" when he learned that these tours were the first time Thielemans had earned money from his playing. Although Thielemans was hired on as a guitarist, when Goodman's group debuted at the London Palladium, he played the harmonica due to union restrictions.

During those years, he also made his first record with fellow band member, tenor saxophonist Zoot Sims. In 1951 he toured with singer-songwriter and compatriot Bobbejaan Schoepen, performing strictly as a guitarist.

Thielemans moved to the United States in 1952 where he was a member of Charlie Parker's All-Stars and worked with Miles Davis and Dinah Washington. In 1957 he became a U.S. citizen. From 1953 to 1959 he played guitar and harmonica with the George Shearing Quintet. With Shearing, he added whistling to his repertoire. While Thielemans was playing in Hamburg in 1960 on tour with Shearing, a young musician and observer —John Lennon— noticed that Thielemans played a Rickenbacker guitar. Lennon was impressed, and felt he had to have an American guitar, on the principle that "if was good enough for Thielemans it was good enough for me." Lennon and the Beatles helped make Rickenbacker guitars world-famous.

In 1955, Thielmans recorded his first album as a band leader, The Sound. During the 1950s, Thielemans had dominated the "miscellaneous instrument" category in Down Beat magazine's poll. Jerry Murad, of Jerry Murad's Harmonicats recalls Thielemans's mastery: "Toots played the harmonica in much the same manner that many of the great jazz artists of that time played their respective instruments. No one played harmonica like Toots. I felt like throwing my harmonica away."

From 1959 on he toured internationally with his small group along with intermittently recording in the studio. He recorded with singers and musicians including Ella Fitzgerald, Pat Metheny, Jaco Pastorius, Stephane Grappelli, J.J. Johnson, Oscar Peterson, Shirley Horn, Joe Pass, and jazz pianist Bill Evans, among others. Thielemans says that his recording with Evans's trio, Affinity, (1979) was one of his favorites.

1960s–1970s
Toots Thielemans wrote "Bluesette", a jazz standard, which he performed on harmonica or while playing the guitar and whistling in unison. He said, "If there's a piece of music that describes me, it's that song." First recorded by him in 1962, with lyrics added by Norman Gimbel, the song became a major worldwide hit. It has since been covered by over one hundred artists. Toots also wrote the ballad "Ladyfingers", which appeared on Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass's album Whipped Cream and Other Delights.

He worked both as a bandleader and as a sideman, including many projects with composer/arranger Quincy Jones. In the 1960s he performed on television with Peggy Lee. In 1969 he recorded "Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil" with singer Elis Regina and performed with her on Swedish television special.

During his career he performed on many film soundtracks, such as The Pawnbroker (1964), Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Turkish Delight (1973), Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Sugarland Express (1974), The Yakuza (1974), Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977), The Wiz (1978), Jean de Florette (1986), and French Kiss (1995). His closing theme to the popular Sesame Street television show was heard for 40 years.

His music was heard on the Belgian television series Witse, and in the Netherlands, for the Baantjer program. He composed the music for the 1974 Swedish film Dunderklumpen!, in which he also provided the voice of the animated character Pellegnillot. His whistling and harmonica playing was heard on Old Spice commercials in the 1960s. He played harmonica on "Night Game" on Paul Simon's 1975 album Still Crazy After All These Years.

1980s and later
During the early 1980s Thielemans was a guest a number of times on Late Night with David Letterman. He performed with the bassist Jaco Pastorius, and in 1983 he contributed to Billy Joel's album An Innocent Man, in the song, "Leave A Tender Moment Alone".A year later, he appeared on the Julian Lennon song "Too Late for Goodbyes" from the album Valotte.

In 1984, he recorded with Billy Eckstine on the singer's final album (I Am a Singer), featuring ballads and standards arranged and conducted by Angelo DiPippo. In the 1990s, Thielemans embarked on theme projects that included world music. In 1998 he released a French-flavoured album titled Chez Toots featuring guest singer Johnny Mathis.

During those years, he often recorded songs as personal tributes to those who were influential during his career. On Chez Toots, for example, he included "Dance For Victor", which he dedicated to his sometimes keyboard accompanist, Victor Feldman. Similarly, he recorded "Waltz for Sonny" as a tribute to saxophonist Sonny Rollins. In June 1998, at Germany's Jazzbaltica, he paid tribute to Frank Sinatra who died a month earlier. And during the first Caspian Jazz and Blues Festival in Azerbaijan in 2002, he performed his recorded version of "Imagine", his tribute to its writer, John Lennon.

Thielemans was well liked for his modesty and kind demeanor in his native Belgium, and was known for describing himself as a Brussels "ket", which means "street kid" in old Brussels slang.

Later life
He was nominated for the title of the Greatest Belgian in 2005. In the Flemish version, he finished in 20th place, and in the Walloon version he came 44th. On 23 January 2009, he joined guitarist Philip Catherine on stage at the Liberchies church (Belgium) in memory of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Django Reinhardt. In 2012, the Jazz at Lincoln Center concerts in New York celebrated Thieleman's 90th birthday with, among others, Herbie Hancock, Eliane Elias, and Kenny Werner. He performed for the occasion and left the stage standing among his friends.

Because of health issues that led to show cancellations, Thielemans announced his retirement on 12 March 2014, cancelling all scheduled concerts. He was also hospitalized for a broken arm. His manager stated that Thielemans "wants to enjoy the rest he deserves." However, he did make one more stage appearance, unannounced, in August 2014, at the Jazz Middelheim Festival in Antwerp.

Death
Thielemans died in Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium, at the age of 94.

After the announcement, the Netherlands-based jazz and pop orchestra Metropole Orkest, along with American musician Quincy Jones, performed at London's Royal Albert Hall in Thielemans' honor. Another concert was performed at the Grand-Place, Brussels.

Thielemans was buried on 27 August 2016 in La Hulpe, just outside Brussels. Pianist Kenny Werner read a personal message from U.S. President Barack Obama for his widow, Huguette. It read: "Dear Huguette. I was deeply saddened when I heard about your husband's passing. I hope that shared memories will soften your suffering. Lift faith from the support of friends and family. Know that you will be in my thoughts for the next days. May Toots' music lead you and offer you consolation. I'm sure it will do this for all of us."

Toots Thielemans Collection
In December 2016, the Music Division of the Royal Library of Belgium acquired the Toots Thielemans Collection. The collection consists of hundreds of sound recordings (78 rpm, vinyl records and CDs) and thousands of documents, such as photographs, press articles, scores, letters and concert programmes.

Honours and awards
Thielemans received a joint honorary doctorate from the Université libre de Bruxelles and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium. In 2001, he was raised into the Belgian nobility by King Albert II and created Baron Thielemans for life, this in recognition of his contribution to music. Herewith, he chose the motto Be yourself, no more no less.

In 2006, Thielemans was honoured by an all-star tribute concert for him at Carnegie Hall. Pianist Herbie Hancock and clarinetist Paquito D'Rivera were among the performers. In 2009, he was awarded the highest U.S. honour that can be accorded to a jazz musician, the distinction of "Jazz Master", by The National Endowment for the Arts. He was celebrated by a Google Doodle on his 100th birthday, 29 April 2022.

In 2020, the Brussels public transport authority began work on the Toots Thielemans Metro station. It will form part of the extension of Metro Line 3 and is expected to come into service in 2025.

Titles of Honour

 * BEL - Order of Leopold - Commander bar.svg Commander in the Belgian Order of Leopold
 * BEL Order of Leopold II - Knight BAR.png Knight in the Belgian Order of Leopold II
 * Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Chevalier ribbon.svg Knight in the French Order of Arts and Letters
 * BRA Ordem de Rio Branco Comendador BAR.svg Commander in the Brazilian Order of Rio Branco
 * Created "Baron Thielemans" by Royal Order
 * Honorary doctorate of the universities ULB and VUB
 * Thielemans was honorary citizen of Dinant, Molenbeek, Sint-Amands and La Hulpe
 * Brussels Region awarded Thielemans a Bronze Zinneke Award: 2006

Awards

 * Grammy Award nomination for Best Instrumental Theme "Bluesette": 1964
 * DownBeat winner Miscellaneous Instruments (harmonica): 1978->1996, 1999->2008, 2011, 2012
 * Grammy Award nomination for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album "Affinity": 1980
 * Grammy Award nomination for Best Jazz Instrumental Solo "Bluesette": 1992
 * Zamu Music Lifetime Achievement Award: 1994
 * North Sea Jazz Bird Award: 1995
 * Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical "Q's Jook Joint": 1997
 * Edison Jazz Career Award: 2001
 * German Jazz Trophy: 2004
 * Octaves de la Musique Album of the Year "One More for the Road": 2006
 * Klara Career Prize: 2007
 * NEA Jazz Master Award: 2009
 * Concertgebouw Jazz Award: 2009
 * San Sebastian Jazz Festival Premio Donostiako: 2011
 * Honorary member of the Union of Performing Artists: 2011
 * French Académie Charles Cros Career Award: 2012
 * Music Industry Lifetime Achievement Award: 2017
 * IFMCA Award nomination - Best Film Music Compilation Album “The Cinema of Quincy Jones”: 2017

Other

 * 2 Hohner harmonica types, Toots Mellow Tone and Toots Hard Bopper
 * A music studio, Studio Toots, was opened in Brussels in 1999
 * The Toots Thielemans Jazz Awards in Brussels, from 2007
 * Streets in Forrest, Brussels (Rue Toots Thielemans/Toots Thielemansstraat) and Middelburg (Toots Thielemansstraat)
 * Schools in Brussels, E.F.A. A.R. Toots Thielemans, and Athénée Royal Toots Thielemans
 * A Brussels metro station Toots Thielemans
 * An asteroid, (13079) Toots
 * A limited Belgian 20 € silver coin was issued in 2017
 * Statues in Lissewege (2011) and La Hulpe (2018)
 * The Toots Sessies, music sessions by different artists organized by VRT from 2020
 * On 29 April 2022, Google celebrated Toots Thielemans' 100th birthday with a Google Doodle

As leader

 * The Sound (Columbia, 1955)
 * Man Bites Harmonica! (Riverside, 1958)
 * Time Out for Toots (Decca, 1958)
 * The Soul of Toots Thielemans with Ray Bryant (Signature, 1960)
 * Blues for Flirter (aka Try a Little Tenderness) (Polydor, 1961)
 * Road to Romance with Orchestra Directed by Kurt Edelhagen (Polydor, 1961)
 * The Romantic Sounds of Toots Thielemans (MGM, 1962)
 * Jazz Workshop Concert - Ruhrfestspiele 1962 with Friedrich Gulda, Herb Geller, Ack van Rooyen and Hans Koller (Columbia, 1962)
 * Toots Thielemans (Columbia, 1963)
 * The Whistler and His Guitar (ABC-Paramount, 1964)
 * Too Much! Toots! (Philips, 1965)
 * Contrasts (Command, 1966)
 * Toots (Command, 1968)
 * Toots on Tour (Philips, 1968)
 * Honeysuckle Rose Aquarela Do Brasil (aka Elis & Toots) with Elis Regina (Phillips, 1969)
 * Toots in Holland (Philips, 1970)
 * A Taste of Toots (Philips, 1970)
 * Yesterday and Today with Svend Asmussen (A&M, 1973)
 * Captured Alive (Choice, 1974)
 * Toots Thielemans/Philip Catherine & Friends (Keytone, 1974) [reissued with 2 bonus tracks as Two Generations (Limetree, 1996)]
 * Old Friend (Polydor, 1974)
 * Sweet & Lovely (ABC, 1975)
 * Sherlock Jones Original Soundtrack (Polydor, 1974)
 * Toots Möter Taube (Sonet, 1978)
 * Höresund with Östen Warnerbring (Frituna Sweden, 1979)
 * Johnny Larsen with C.V. Jørgensen (Metronome Denmark, 1979)
 * When I See You with Bill Ramsey (Erus Technik Gmbh, 1980)
 * Collage (CBS, 1980)
 * Swing on Birdland Vol.4 with Yuzuru Sera (Canyon, 1980)
 * The Guitar Session with Gene Bertoncini (Inner City, 1981)
 * Slow Motion (Jazz Man, 1981)
 * Toots & Louis  with Louis Van Dijk (Polydor, 1982)
 * Live (Inner City, 1982)
 * Live 2 (Inner City, 1982)
 * Live 3 (Inner City, 1982)
 * Live in the Netherlands (Pablo, 1982)
 * Steel Tenor Madness (HEP, 1982)
 * Midnight Cruiser (Better Days Japan, 1983)
 * Christian Escoudé Group feat. Toots Thielemans (JMS France, 1983)
 * Harmonica Jazz (CBS, 1984)
 * Bringing It Together with Stephane Grappelli (Cymekob, 1984)
 * YaKsa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) with Masahiko Satoh & Yukihide Takekawa (Interface Japan, 1985)
 * Chiko's Bar with Sivuca (Sonet, 1985)
 * Your Precious Love (Sonet, 1985)
 * Bande Originale Du Film Une Femme Ou Deux with Kevin Mulligan (Apache, 1985)
 * Just Friends with Paul Kuhn (Delta, 1986)
 * Check It Out with Mezzoforte (BBC Radioplay Music, 1986)
 * Toots & Svend with Svend Asmussen (Sonet, 1987)
 * Home Coming (CBS, 1987)
 * Only Trust Your Heart (Concord Jazz, 1988)
 * Romantic Gala (Dino Music, 1988)
 * Rosinha De Valença-Flavio Faria with Rosinha De Valença (RGE, 1989)
 * Toots Thielemans in Tokyo (Denon, 1989)
 * Footprints (EmArcy, 1990)
 * Spotlight (Sonet, 1990)
 * Apple Dimple (Denon, 1990)
 * For My Lady with the Shirley Horn Trio (EmArcy, 1991)
 * Make Someone Happy with Mary Kay (Gam Jam, 1991)
 * L'Or De L'Île Carn with Sirius (Keltia Musique, 1992)
 * The Brasil Project (Private Music, 1992)
 * Martial Solal Toots Thielemans with Martial Solal (Erato, 1992)
 * The Brasil Project Volume 2 (Private Music, 1993)
 * Calling Me Back Home with Randy Bernsen (101 South Records, 1993)
 * Do Not Leave Me (Milan, 1994)
 * East Coast West Coast (Private Music, 1994)
 * Chez Toots (Private Music, 1998)
 * Chet & Toots with Åke Johansson Trio and Chet Baker (Dragon, 1998)
 * Accentuate the Positive with Joe Kennedy Jr. (CAP, 1998)
 * The Live Takes Volume 1 (Narada, 2000)
 * Toots Thielemans and Kenny Werner (Verve, 2001)
 * This Heart Of Mine with Jackie Ryan and Ernie Watts (OpenArt, 2003)
 * Lady Be Good with DR Big Band and Etta Cameron (Content, 2003)
 * One More for the Road (Verve, 2006)
 * European Quartet Live (Challenge Jazz, 2010)
 * Live in Brussels with Tito Puente (Smith & Co, 2011)
 * Toots 90 (Challenge Jazz, 2012)
 * What a Wonderful World (Challenge Records, 2012)
 * Airegin (Vinyl Passion, 2014)

As sideman
With George Shearing
 * Shearing in Hi-Fi (MGM, 1955)
 * The Shearing Spell (Capitol, 1955)
 * Lullaby of Birdland (MGM, 1957)
 * Latin Affair (Capitol, 1958)
 * Jazz Conceptions (MGM, 1958)
 * Latin Lace (Capitol, 1958)
 * Beauty and the Beat! (Capitol, 1958)
 * Rap Your Troubles in Drums (MGM, 1959)
 * Shearing on Stage! (Capitol, 1959)
 * On the Sunny Side of the Strip (Capitol, 1960)

With George Shearing and Dakota Staton
 * In the Night (Capitol, 1958)

With Peggy Lee
 * Blues Cross Country (Capitol, 1962)
 * Somethin' Groovy! (Capitol, 1967)

With Quincy Jones
 * Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini (Mercury, 1964)
 * The Pawnbroker (Mercury, 1964)
 * Walk, Don't Run (Mainstream, 1966)
 * Walking in Space (A&M, 1969)
 * Gula Matari (A&M, 1970)
 * Smackwater Jack (A&M, 1971)
 * You've Got It Bad Girl (A&M, 1973)
 * Mellow Madness (A&M, 1975)
 * The Dude (A&M, 1981)
 * Q's Jook Joint (Qwest, 1995)

With Brook Benton
 * Brook Benton Today (Atlantic, 1970)

With Melanie
 * Gather Me (Neighborhood, 1971)
 * As I See It Now (Neighborhood, 1975)

With John Denver
 * Aerie (RCA, 1971)
 * Farewell Andromeda (RCA, 1973)

With Paul Simon
 * Still Crazy After All These Years (Columbia, 1975)

With Oscar Peterson
 * The Oscar Peterson Big 6 at Montreux (Pablo, 1975)
 * Live at the North Sea Jazz Festival, 1980 (Pablo, 1980)

With Urbie Green
 * The Fox (CTI, 1976)

With Jay Berliner, Gene Bertoncini and Richard Resnicoff
 * The Guitar Session (Philips, 1977)

With Bill Evans
 * Affinity (Warner Bros. Records, 1979)

With Dizzy Gillespie With Sarah Vaughan With Jaco Pastorius With Billy Joel With Michael Franks With Julian Lennon With Sivuca With Eliane Elias With Sheena Easton With James Last With Pat Metheny With Diane Schuur With Jay Anderson With Natalie Cole With Shirley Horn With Fumio Karashima With Joe Lovano With James Taylor With Aziza Mustafa Zadeh
 * Digital at Montreux, 1980 (Pablo, 1980)
 * Songs of The Beatles (Atlantic, 1981)
 * Word of Mouth (Warner Bros., 1981)
 * An Innocent Man (Columbia, 1983)
 * Passionfruit (Warner Bros., 1983)
 * Valotte (Atlantic, 1984)
 * Chiko's Bar (1985) (Sonet, 1985)
 * Illusions (Denon, 1986)
 * Bossa Nova Stories (Blue Note, 2008)
 * No Sound But a Heart (EMI, 1987)
 * Theme from Der Landarzt (Polydor, 1987)
 * Secret Story (Geffen, 1992)
 * Love Songs (GRP, 1993)
 * Local Color (DMP, 1994)
 * Stardust (Elektra, 1996)
 * I Remember Miles (Verve, 1998)
 * Rencontre (Polydor, 1999)
 * Flights of Fancy: Trio Fascination Edition Two (Blue Note, 2001)
 * James Taylor at Christmas (Columbia, 2006)
 * Jazziza (Columbia, 1997)

With Philip Catherine
 * ''End of August (WEA, 1982)

title: Toots Thielemans