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John Gerretsen

John Philip Gerretsen (born June 9, 1942) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 2014 who represented the eastern Ontario riding of Kingston and the Islands. He served as a Minister in the Cabinets of Premiers Dalton McGuinty and Kathleen Wynne.

Early life
Gerretsen was born in Hilversum, Netherlands during World War II, and moved to Canada with his parents in 1954. He was educated at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, receiving a BA degree in 1964 and an LL.B in 1967. He subsequently worked as a solicitor, serving with Manulife Insurance Company in Toronto from 1969 to 1970. His son Mark Gerretsen served as a Kingston, Ontario city councillor and was elected mayor in 2010.

Municipal politics
Gerretsen's political career began in the early 1970s at the municipal level. He was elected as a Kingston Alderman in 1972, and remained on the City Council until 1980 (serving as Deputy Mayor from 1976 to 1980). Gerretsen was elected Mayor of the city in 1980, and was re-elected twice before stepping down in 1988. He was also President of the Association of Municipalities of Ontario from 1986 to 1987, and a trustee of Queen's University from 1981 to 1992.

After retiring from municipal politics, Gerretsen served as the Chair of the Ontario Housing Corporation (1989–1992) and was a Deputy Judge in the province's Small Claims Court (1993–1995). He also became active in politics at the provincial and federal levels. Gerretsen was an Executive Member of the Ontario Liberal Party's Kingston and the Islands riding association from 1989 to 1993, and was President of the Liberal Party of Canada's federal riding association from 1993 to 1995.

Provincial politics
Gerretsen was elected to the Ontario legislature in the provincial election of 1995, defeating Progressive Conservative candidate Sally Barnes and incumbent New Democrat Gary Wilson in Kingston and the Islands. This was a close three-way race—Gerretsen received 10,314 votes, Barnes 8,571, and Wilson 8,052.

The general election was won by the Progressive Conservatives and Gerretsen entered parliament as a member of the opposition, serving as Opposition Critic on Municipal Affairs and Housing and Chief Opposition Whip.

In 1996, he ran to succeed Lyn McLeod as leader of the Ontario Liberal Party. Gerretsen was generally regarded as being on the right-wing of the party, and achieved some support in his home base of eastern Ontario. He placed fifth out of seven candidates on the first ballot, and dropped out after the second ballot. After withdrawing, he gave his support to Dalton McGuinty, the eventual winner.

Gerretsen was easily re-elected in the 1999 provincial election, although the Progressive Conservatives were again victorious across the province. Gerretsen continued as Opposition Whip, and remained a vocal Liberal MPP for the next four years.

McGuinty government
The Liberal Party won the 2003 election with 72 seats out of 103, and Gerretsen was re-elected with over 60% support. On October 23, 2003, he was named Minister of Municipal Affairs, with responsibility for Seniors. In March 2004, his portfolio was renamed the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing.

Gerretsen was the primary spokesperson for the McGuinty government in its controversial decision to permit further housing expansion on the Oak Ridges Moraine, despite an election promise not to do so. The Liberals claimed that they lacked the legal authority to prevent further development in the area. His main legislative success has been in leading in the enactment of a 1.8 million acre (7,300 km2) green belt surrounding the City of Toronto in 2005.

After a cabinet shuffle on June 29, 2005, the responsibility for Seniors issues was transferred to another government minister. Gerretsen was retained as Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing.

In the 2007 election of October 10, 2007, Gerretsen won re-election with just under 50 per cent support. On October 29, 2007, Gerretsen was appointed as Minister of the Environment.

On August 18, 2010, Gerretsen was moved to the post of Minister of the Consumer Services.

He won re-election in the October 6, 2011 election. He was appointed Attorney General of Ontario and was re-appointed when Kathleen Wynne became premier in early 2013.

On October 25, 2013, Gerretsen announced that he would not run in the next election. Just before his retirement at the June 2014 election, Gerretsen was moved from the Attorney-General portfolio to that of Chair of Cabinet.

Personal life
On March 19, 2020, amid the coronavirus pandemic, Gerretsen tested positive for COVID-19, with his wife Assunta testing positive earlier that week, after they were both repatriated to Canada from the Grand Princess cruise ship; they were quarantined at CFB Trenton.

title: John Gerretsen


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Allograph

In graphemics and typography, the term allograph is used of a glyph that is a design variant of a letter or other grapheme, such as a letter, a number, an ideograph, a punctuation mark or other typographic symbol. In graphemics, an obvious example in English (and many other writing systems) is the distinction between uppercase and lowercase letters. Allographs can vary greatly, without affecting the underlying identity of the grapheme. Even if the word "cat" is rendered as "cAt", it remains recognizable as the sequence of the three graphemes $⟨g⟩$, $⟨c⟩$, $⟨a⟩$.

Letters and other graphemes can also have significant variations that may be missed by many readers. The letter g, for example, has two common forms in different typefaces, and a wide variety in people's handwriting. A positional example of allography is the long s, a symbol which was once a widely used as a non-final allograph for the lowercase letter s.

A grapheme variant can acquire a separate meaning in a specialized writing system, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet used in linguistics. Several such variants have distinct code points in Unicode and thus are not allographs for some applications.

Han characters
In the Han script, there exist several graphemes that have more than one written representation. Han typefaces often contain many variants of some graphemes. Different regional standards have adopted certain character variants. For instance:

 * {| class=wikitable

!Standard!!Allograph!!Definition
 * Mainland China||lang="zh-Hans-CN" align="center"|户||户
 * Japan||lang="ja" align="center"| 戸||戸
 * Taiwan||lang="zh-Hant-TW" align="center"| 戶||戶
 * }
 * Taiwan||lang="zh-Hant-TW" align="center"| 戶||戶
 * }
 * }

Typography
In typography, the term 'allograph' is used more specifically to describe the different representations of the same grapheme or character in different typefaces. The resulting font elements may look quite different in shape and style from the reference character or each other, but nevertheless their meaning remains the same.

In Unicode, a given character is allocated a code point: all allographs of that character have the same code point and thus the essential meaning is retained irrespective of font choice at time of printing or display. Typically, for example, is given a loop tail in serif typefaces but not in sans-serif faces (e.g., Times New Roman: g, Helvetica: g ) but its code point is constant and its meaning persists irrespective of typeface. (The code in the IPA Extensions block is specified for use with the International Phonetic Alphabet.)

Homoglyph
The concept of the allograph may be compared and contrasted with that of the homoglyph – glyphs of different meaning that are visually similar. For example, the letter O and the figure 0 have similar shape but have different meanings; the three letters A, Α and А look identical but are characters from three different scripts (Latin, Greek and Cyrillic).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Allograph


text: Category:Telephony

title: Category:Telephony


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Kay Walsh

Kathleen Walsh (15 November 1911 – 16 April 2005) was an English actress, dancer, and screenwriter. Her film career prospered after she met her future husband film director David Lean, with whom she worked on prestige productions such as In Which We Serve and Oliver Twist.

Early life and career
Walsh was born on 15 November 1911 in Chelsea, London. She was raised in Pimlico by her grandmother. She began her career as a dancer in West End music halls, and at the age of 17 she began going out with Pownoll Pellew (later 9th Viscount Exmouth), and they shared an interest in sports cars. She made her film debut in How's Chances? (1934) in a small part, and had a larger role in Get Your Man, another 1934 film. She continued to act in "quota quickies" films for several years. Walsh first met David Lean, then a film editor, in 1936, during the filming of Secret of Stamboul. They began a relationship, and Walsh broke her engagement to Pellew. Walsh and Lean married on 23 November 1940. She moved on to prestige films with appearances in In Which We Serve (1942) and This Happy Breed (1944), both directed by Lean and written by Noël Coward. Walsh campaigned for Lean to receive co-director credit on In Which We Serve.

Walsh contributed dialogue to the 1938 film of Pygmalion, and devised the scenario for the closing sequence of Lean's film adaptation of Great Expectations (1946), receiving a writing credit on the latter film. She devised the opening sequence of Lean's adaptation of Oliver Twist (1948) and played Nancy. Walsh and Lean divorced in 1949 on grounds of infidelity based on Lean's relationship with actress Ann Todd. Walsh continued to work as a character actress in films through the 1950s, including films with Alfred Hitchcock and Ronald Neame. Her own favourite film role was that of the barmaid Miss D. Coker in Neame's 1958 film of The Horse's Mouth, with Alec Guinness.

Between films, she appeared regularly in plays and farces at the Strand and Aldwych theatres, directed by Basil Dean. She starred with Peter Coke in the 1938 thriller Death on the Table and Ralph Lynn at Aldwych in the 1940 comedy Nap Hand. She was a semi-regular on the 1979 Anglo-Polish TV series Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, and remained active in films until her retirement in 1981. Her last role was in Night Crossing.

Second marriage, later life and death
Her second marriage was to the Canadian psychoanalyst Elliott Jaques, and they adopted daughter Gemma in 1956. This marriage also ended in divorce.

She lived in retirement in London. She died on 16 April 2005 at the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, aged 93, from multiple burns, following an accident.

title: Kay Walsh


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User talk:LighthouseJ

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:LighthouseJ


text: File:Journey Infinity.jpg

title: File:Journey Infinity.jpg


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Adelaide

User script to detect unreliable sources
I have (with the help of others) made a small user script to detect and highlight various links to unreliable sources and predatory journals. Some of you may already be familiar with it, given it is currently the 39th most imported script on Wikipedia. The idea is that it takes something like and turns it into something like
 * John Smith "Article of things" Deprecated.com. Accessed 2020-02-14.
 * John Smith "Article of things" Deprecated.com. Accessed 2020-02-14.

It will work on a variety of links, including those from cite web, cite journal and doi.

The script is mostly based on WP:RSPSOURCES, WP:NPPSG and WP:CITEWATCH and a good dose of common sense. I'm always expanding coverage and tweaking the script's logic, so general feedback and suggestions to expand coverage to other unreliable sources are always welcomed.

Do note that this is not a script to be mindlessly used, and several caveats apply. Details and instructions are available at User:Headbomb/unreliable. Questions, comments and requests can be made at User talk:Headbomb/unreliable.

-   Headbomb {t · c · p · b}

This is a one time notice and can't be unsubscribed from. Delivered by: MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 16:00, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

The Advertiser ?
Could someone with access sort out the bare URL ref https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=AAWEB_WRE170_a_GGL&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaidenow.com.au%2Fdelicious-sa%2Fgreat-taste-zero-waste-at-the-ports-newest-cafe%2Fnews-story%2F56d8179ad393f2abe14e21e7ce13ab98&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium which appears in Port Adelaide? It was added by an IP. Or perhaps the whole sentence should just be removed? Pam D  13:18, 28 September 2022 (UTC)

Project-independent quality assessments
Quality assessments are used by Wikipedia editors to rate the quality of articles in terms of completeness, organization, prose quality, sourcing, etc. Most wikiprojects follow the general guidelines at Content assessment, but some have specialized assessment guidelines. A recent Village pump proposal was approved and has been implemented to add a class parameter to WikiProject banner shell, which can display a general quality assessment, and to let project banner templates "inherit" this assessment.

No action is required if your wikiproject follows the standard assessment approach. Over time, quality assessments will be migrated up to WikiProject banner shell, and your project banner will automatically "inherit" any changes to the general assessments for the purpose of assigning categories.

However, if your project decides to "opt out" and follow a non-standard quality assessment approach, all you have to do is modify your wikiproject banner template to pass WPBannerMeta a new custom parameter. If this is done, changes to the general quality assessment will be ignored, and your project-level assessment will be displayed and used to create categories, as at present. Aymatth2 (talk) 13:38, 9 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Is it possible to speak to some-one in Adelaide about editing Wikipedia ?
 * regards margesson Margesson (talk) 11:45, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Adelaide


text:
User talk:Pdefer

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Alveolus
Hi there! Thanks for adding the new image to the above page. However, one minor point - isn't that bronchioles, not broncheoles? - Pete C ✍ 07:47, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

Wikimedia Canada
Hi there! I'd like to invite you to explore Wikimedia Canada, and create a list of people interested in forming a local chapter for our nation. A local chapter will help promote and improve the organization, within our great nation. We'd also like to encourage everyone to suggest projects for our national chapter to participate in. Hope to see you there!--DarkEvil 15:06, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Canada wordmark.svg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Canada wordmark.svg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. ViperSnake151 21:05, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Proposed Image Deletion
A deletion discussion has just been created at Category talk:Unclassified Chemical Structures, which may involve one or more orphaned chemical structures, that has you user name in the upload history. Please feel free to add your comments.  Ron h jones (Talk) 23:02, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pdefer


text:
Talk:Protein structure

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Gparmar96. Peer reviewers: Gparmar96.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:21, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Copyright
The original text for this article was taken from: http://www-structure.llnl.gov/Xray/tutorial/protein_structure.htm and claimed as "public domain". However on the Disclaimer linked from this page: http://www.llnl.gov/disclaimer.html it says:

 * Copyright Status

 * LLNL-authored documents are sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-Eng-48. Accordingly, the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce these documents, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. All documents available from this server may be protected under the U.S. and Foreign Copyright Laws. Permission to reproduce may be required.

It thus not clear that these pages can be used under public domain provisions, although the DOE (which funds LLNL) being a US govt. agency should, in theory, be covered under the blanket no-copyright rule for all federal US agencies. It concerns me that they have the statement: "or allow [...] for U.S. Government purposes". Perhaps they are more worried about the copyright status of text they didn't author. If a copyright-wonk could clarify this for us, it would be useful. Thanks. --Lexor|Talk 02:24, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

Too much amino acid content?
It seems like there is way too much detailed and redundant information about amino acids in this topic. This topic should focus on generic aspects of protein structure. There is already ample description of amino acid chemistry in the amino acid article. Anyone else have thoughts on this? Speedyboy 21:19, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Dominant forces in 2° and 3° structure?
Hi, just a word about the recent edit specifying the molecular forces stabilizing different types of protein structure. Protein 2° structure is certainly defined by its hydrogen bonds, but it might be a little misleading to say that it is stabilized by its hydrogen bonds; if that were true, then peptides taken from a protein would adopt stable 2° structure, which is extremely rare. The reason is that water-amide hydrogen bonds are generally more favorable than amide-amide hydrogen bonds; that's why the 2° structure disintegrates when the 3° structure of a protein is unfolded by tension, pressure or cold denaturation.

Likewise, disulfide bonds are extremely rare in cytosolic proteins, since the cytosol is a reducing environment thanks to the high concentration of glutathione. With a few exceptions in thermophiles, disulfide bonds are found only in extracellular proteins such as secreted toxins, inhibitors, digestive enzymes, etc. So I hope you won't mind the changes I'm about to make in the edit; thanks for being understanding! :) Willow 17:35, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is stabilized by hydrogen bonds (~1.5 kcal/mol per a water-inaccessible H-bond. The only stable structures adopted by peptides (unless they are cyclic) are alpha-helices or beta-hairpins - precisely for that reason. The intramolecular H-bonds in proteins are "stronger" than dynamic H-bonds with water because protein structure represents solid state. When liquids or flexible polymers (like protein coil) are frozen, they gain enthalpy of fusion. The energy of protein H-bonds is a part of enthalpy of fusion.Biophys (talk) 01:27, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Additional structural motives
I'm hardly searching for an explanation for the term beta-jelly-roll motive. Some help would be great!

Thx Monsterous mad max 14:23, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Alpha Amino Acid picture
Could this be replaced with this one without losing information: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/AminoAcidball.svg ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.169.212.36 (talk) 23:42, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Citation Needed for (avg)300 Residues
I'm not sure how wikipedia works (usually I just leech), but "However, the current estimate for the average protein length is around 300 residues." as found in the second paragraph of the intro is citation-needed as of Mar. 24/09, and I believe that a suitable citation may be found in "Protein length in eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteomes", written by Luciano Brocchieri and Samuel Karlin in 2005 (see especially Table 2). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.249.92.174 (talk) 06:08, 24 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the reference; it is a perfect one. I have added it to the article. I would like to reproduce Table 2 from this paper somewhere on Wikipedia. --Thorwald (talk) 16:24, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

beta loops
I'm unsure, but is a beta-loop the same as beta-bend (beta-turn)? according to my prof. a beta-bend is usually found in the outskirts of a protein between two beta-sheets. My book describes beta-bends as:
 * reverses the direction
 * found on the surface
 * often charged residues
 * connect anti-parallel b-sheets
 * stabilized by hydrogen and ionic bonds

I don't think the described beta-loops are a perfect match. I they aren't b-bend should be added. If they are, the b-loop part should be edited. But as I said, I'm unsure. Help?

--Nisse1337 (talk) 11:22, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
 * There is no such thing as "beta-loop". There are only beta-turns.Biophys (talk) 01:18, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

--Are you perhaps looking for the "Omega loop"?

Some problems here
Did anyone notice that primary structure was described several times in this article? Same with secondary structure.Biophys (talk) 01:17, 4 April 2009 (UTC)
 * .. Fix it then. Could someone who has time include a link to Conformational change and maybe improve that article too, as there should be something on this page about how phosphorylation or ligand binding can affect the protein structure and activate catalytic domains, etc. 83.146.14.63 (talk) 12:06, 9 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Main problem: someone included (copy and paste) this segment of text which made this article unreadable. It also duplicates texts provided in other articles.Biophys (talk) 01:40, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Primary structure of proteins
The primary structure of peptides and proteins refers to the linear number and order of the amino acids present. The convention for the designation of the order of amino acids is that the N-terminal end (i.e. the end bearing the residue with the free α-amino group) is to the left (and the number 1 amino acid) and the C-terminal end (i.e. the end with the residue containing a free α-carboxyl group) is to the right.

The proposal that proteins were linear chains of α-amino acids was made nearly simultaneously by two scientists at the same conference in 1902, the 74th meeting of the Society of German Scientists and Physicians, held in Karlsbad. Franz Hofmeister made the proposal in the morning, based on his observations of the biuret reaction in proteins. Hofmeister was followed a few hours later by Emil Fischer, who had amased a wealth of chemical details supporting the peptide-bond model. For completeness, the proposal that proteins contained amide linkages was made as early as 1882 by the French chemist E. Grimaux.

Despite these data and later evidence that proteolytically digested proteins yielded only oligopeptides, the idea that proteins were linear, unbranched polymers of amino acids was not accepted immediately. Some well-respected scientists such as William Astbury doubted that covalent bonds were strong enough to hold such long molecules together; they feared that thermal agitations would shake such long molecules asunder. Hermann Staudinger faced similar prejudices in the 1920s when he argued that rubber was composed of macromolecules.

Thus, several alternative hypotheses arose. The colloidal protein hypothesis stated that proteins were colloidal assemblies of smaller molecules. This hypothesis was disproven in the 1920s by ultracentrifugation measurements by The Svedberg that showed that proteins had a well-defined, reproducible molecular weight and by electrophoretic measurements by Arne Tiselius that indicated that proteins were single molecules. A second hypothesis, the cyclol hypothesis advanced by Dorothy Wrinch, proposed that the linear polypeptide underwent a chemical cyclol rearrangement C=O + HN C(OH)-N that crosslinked its backbone amide groups, forming a two-dimensional fabric. Other primary structures of proteins were proposed by various researchers, such as the diketopiperazine model of Emil Abderhalden and the pyrrol/piperidine model of Troensegaard in 1942. Although never given much credence, these alternative models were finally disproven when Frederick Sanger successfully sequenced insulin and by the crystallographic determination of myoglobin and hemoglobin by Max Perutz and John Kendrew.

The primary structure of a biological polymer to a large extent determines the three-dimensional shape known as the tertiary structure, but nucleic acid and protein folding are so complex that knowing the primary structure often doesn't help either to deduce the shape or to predict localized secondary structure, such as the formation of loops or helices. However, knowing the structure of a similar homologous sequence (for example a member of the same protein family) can unambiguously identify the tertiary structure of the given sequence. Sequence families are often determined by sequence clustering, and structural genomics projects aim to produce a set of representative structures to cover the sequence space of possible non-redundant sequences.

Secondary structure in proteins
The ordered array of amino acids in a protein confer regular conformational forms upon that protein. These conformations constitute the secondary structures of a protein. In general proteins fold into two broad classes of structure termed, globular proteins and fibrous proteins. Globular proteins are compactly folded and coiled, whereas, fibrous proteins are more filamentous or elongated. It is the partial double-bond character of the peptide bond that defines the conformations a polypeptide chain may assume. Within a single protein different regions of the polypeptide chain may assume different conformations determined by the primary sequence of the amino acids.

The α-Helix
The α-helix is a common secondary structure encountered in proteins of the globular class. About 35% of all amino acids in proteins are in α-helices, but in individual protein molecules this number ranges from 0 to 80%. The formation of the α-helix is spontaneous and is stabilized by H-bonding between amide nitrogens and carbonyl carbons of peptide bonds spaced four residues apart. This orientation of H-bonding produces a helical coiling of the peptide backbone such that the R-groups lie on the exterior of the helix and perpendicular to its axis. The average length of α-helices is 10.5 amino acids, but the range is from 4 to several dozens.

Not all amino acids favor the formation of the α-helix due to steric constraints of the R-groups. Amino acids such as A, D, E, I, L and M favor the formation of α-helices, whereas, G and P favor disruption of the helix. This is particularly true for P since it is a pyrrolidine based imino acid (HN=) whose structure significantly restricts movement about the peptide bond in which it is present, thereby, interfering with extension of the helix. The disruption of the helix is important as it introduces additional folding of the polypeptide backbone to allow the formation of globular proteins.

β-sheets
Whereas an α-helix is composed of a single linear array of helically disposed amino acids, β-sheets are composed of 2 or more different regions of stretches of at least 3-5 amino acids (average 4.5 amino acids). The folding and alignment of stretches of the polypeptide backbone aside one another to form β-sheets is stabilized by H-bonding between amide nitrogens and carbonyl carbons. However, the H-bonding residues are present in adjacently opposed stretches of the polypetide backbone as opposed to a linearly contiguous region of the backbone in the α-helix. β-sheets are said to be pleated. This is due to positioning of the α-carbons of the peptide bond which alternates above and below the plane of the sheet. β-sheets are either parallel or antiparallel. In parallel sheets adjacent peptide chains proceed in the same direction (i.e. the direction of N-terminal to C-terminal ends is the same), whereas, in antiparallel sheets adjacent chains are aligned in opposite directions. Most anti-parallel β-sheets are from stretches adjacent in the sequence, connected by just a short loop. On the other hand, parallel β-sheets are always separated by a longer stretch of amino acids. β-sheets can be depicted in ball and stick format or as ribbons in certain protein formats.

Ball and Stick Representation of a β-SheetRibbon Depiction of β-Sheet

Super-Secondary Structure
Many proteins contain an ordered organization of several adjacent elements of secondary structures that form distinct, commonly observed structural motifs larger than individual secondary structures but smaller than domains or subunits. They are often hypothesized to act as early steps in the process of protein folding. Examples include β-hairpins, helix hairpins, right-handed β-α-β loops, and the helix-turn-helix motifs of bacterial proteins that regulate transcription.

Tertiary Structure of Proteins
Tertiary structure refers to the complete three-dimensional structure of the polypeptide units of a given protein. Included in this description is the spatial relationship of different secondary structures to one another within a polypeptide chain and how these secondary structures themselves fold into the three-dimensional form of the protein. Secondary structures of proteins often constitute distinct domains. Therefore, tertiary structure also describes the relationship of different domains to one another within a protein. The interactions of different domains is governed by several forces: These include hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces and covalent bonding with use of disulfide bridges.

Quaternary Structure
Many proteins contain 2 or more different polypeptide chains that are held in association by the same non-covalent forces that stabilize the tertiary structures of proteins. Proteins with multiple polypetide chains are oligomeric proteins. The structure formed by monomer-monomer interaction in an oligomeric protein is known as quaternary structure.

Oligomeric proteins can be composed of multiple identical polypeptide chains or multiple distinct polypeptide chains. Proteins with identical subunits are termed homo-oligomers. Proteins containing several distinct polypeptide chains are termed hetero-oligomers.

Hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying protein of the blood, contains two α and two β subunits arranged with a quaternary structure in the form, α2β2. Hemoglobin is, therefore, a hetero-oligomeric protein(I. Shahid et al., 2008). LUCAS

Hydrogen Bonding
Polypeptides contain numerous proton donors and acceptors both in their backbone and in the R-groups of the amino acids. The environment in which proteins are found also contains ample H-bond donors and acceptors of the water molecule. H-bonding, therefore, occurs not only within and between polypeptide chains but with the surrounding aqueous medium.

Hydrophobic Forces
Proteins are composed of amino acids that contain either hydrophilic or hydrophobic R-groups. It is the nature of the interaction of the different R-groups with the aqueous environment that plays the major role in shaping protein structure. The spontaneous folded state of globular proteins is a reflection of a balance between the opposing energetics of H-bonding between hydrophilic R-groups and the aqueous environment and the repulsion from the aqueous environment by the hydrophobic R-groups. The hydrophobicity of certain amino acid R-groups tends to drive them away from the exterior of proteins and into the interior. This driving force restricts the available conformations into which a protein may fold.

Electrostatic Forces
Electrostatic forces are mainly of three types; charge-charge, charge-dipole and dipole-dipole. Typical charge-charge interactions that favor protein folding are those between oppositely charged R-groups such as K or R and D or E. A substantial component of the energy involved in protein folding is charge-dipole interactions. This refers to the interaction of ionized R-groups of amino acids with the dipole of the water molecule. The slight dipole moment that exist in the polar R-groups of amino acid also influences their interaction with water. It is, therefore, understandable that the majority of the amino acids found on the exterior surfaces of globular proteins contain charged or polar R-groups.

van der Waals Forces
There are both attractive and repulsive van der Waals forces that control protein folding. Attractive van der Waals forces involve the interactions among induced dipoles that arise from fluctuations in the charge densities that occur between adjacent uncharged non-bonded atoms. Repulsive van der Waals forces involve the interactions that occur when uncharged non-bonded atoms come very close together but do not induce dipoles. The repulsion is the result of the electron-electron repulsion that occurs as two clouds of electrons begin to overlap. Although van der Waals forces are extremely weak, relative to other forces governing conformation, it is the huge number of such interactions that occur in large protein molecules that make them significant to the folding of proteins.

Complex Protein Structures
Proteins also are found to be covalently conjugated with carbohydrates. These modifications occur following the synthesis (translation) of proteins and are, therefore, termed post-translational modifications. These forms of modification impart specialized functions upon the resultant proteins. Proteins covalently associated with carbohydrates are termed glycoproteins. Glycoproteins are of two classes, N-linked and O-linked, referring to the site of covalent attachment of the sugar moieties. N-linked sugars are attached to the amide nitrogen of the R-group of asparagine; O-linked sugars are attached to the hydroxyl groups of either serine or threonine and occasionally to the hydroxyl group of the modified amino acid, hydroxylysine.

There are extremely important glycoproteins found on the surface of erythrocytes. It is the variability in the composition of the carbohydrate portions of many glycoproteins and glycolipids of erythrocytes that determines blood group specificities. There are at least 100 blood group determinants, most of which are due to carbohydrate differences. The most common blood groups, A, B, and O, are specified by the activity of specific gene products whose activities are to incorporate distinct sugar groups onto RBC membrane glycoshpingolipids as well as secreted glycoproteins.

Structural complexes involving protein associated with lipid via noncovalent interactions are termed lipoproteins. The distinct roles of lipoproteins are described on the linked page. Their major function in the body is to aid in the storage transport of lipid and cholesterol.

Amino-Terminal Sequence Determination
Prior to sequencing peptides it is necessary to eliminate disulfide bonds within peptides and between peptides. Several different chemical reactions can be used in order to permit separation of peptide strands and prevent protein conformations that are dependent upon disulfide bonds. The most common treatments are to use either 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol (DTT). Both of these chemicals reduce disulfide bonds. To prevent reformation of the disulfide bonds the peptides are treated with iodoacetic acid in order to alkylate the free sulfhydryls.

There are three major chemical techniques for sequencing peptides and proteins from the N-terminus. These are the Sanger, Dansyl chloride and Edman techniques.
 * Sanger's Reagent: This sequencing technique utilizes the compound, 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNF) which reacts with the N-terminal residue under alkaline conditions. The derivatized amino acid can be hydrolyzed and will be labeled with a dinitrobenzene group that imparts a yellow color to the amino acid. Separation of the modified amino acids (DNP-derivative) by electrophoresis and comparison with the migration of DNP-derivative standards allows for the identification of the N-terminal amino acid.

 * Dansyl chloride: Like DNF, dansyl chloride reacts with the N-terminal residue under alkaline conditions. Analysis of the modified amino acids is carried out similarly to the Sanger method except that the dansylated amino acids are detected by fluorescence. This imparts a higher sensitivity into this technique over that of the Sanger method.

 * Edman degradation: The utility of the Edman degradation technique is that it allows for additional amino acid sequence to be obtained from the N-terminus inward. Using this method it is possible to obtain the entire sequence of peptides. This method utilizes phenylisothiocyanate to react with the N-terminal residue under alkaline conditions. The resultant phenylthiocarbamyl derivatized amino acid is hydrolyzed in anhydrous acid. The hydrolysis reaction results in a rearrangement of the released N-terminal residue to a phenylthiohydantoin derivative. As in the Sanger and Dansyl chloride methods, the N-terminal residue is tagged with an identifiable marker, however, the added advantage of the Edman process is that the remainder of the peptide is intact. The entire sequence of reactions can be repeated over and over to obtain the sequences of the peptide. This process has subsequently been automated to allow rapid and efficient sequencing of even extremely small quantities of peptide.

This table is actually worse than a similar Table in amino acids. Please compare. This is a useless content fork.Biophys (talk) 01:44, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

'Residue'
I think it unwise to make so much use of the term 'residue' for 'amino acid'. It is bound to cause difficulties for readers who are not chemists. Macdonald-ross (talk) 17:10, 17 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Disagree. I am not a chemist, more like a mathematician and communications engineer.  But I find it just plain inaccurate when people who supposedly know the subject tell me that a protein is a "string of amino acids".  As a matter of fact, I have yet to find an amino acid in any protein structure I have seen.  Rather, all I find are segments of what used to be amino acids, before a couple of hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom were snipped out at each junction.  I never actually saw a definition, mind you, but just figured that this is why the successive "pop beads" in a protein are properly referred to as "amino-acid residues" rather than as "amino-acids".  So, actually, I would say that not mentioning "residues" probably causes more difficulties than using the correct terminology.

 * But perhaps it would be useful to mention this explanation of the use of the term "residues" once in each article about proteins, and I can well imagine that constant use of the phrase "amino-acid residue", where the hyphen is there to correctly punctuate a compound adjective (the one made from the adjective "amino" and the noun "acid"), would get tiresome, and thus discussion would quickly drop the compound adjective and use just the noun "residues". And indeed this could confuse people who had never had the distinction pointed out.  So, point it out!  Maybe as a footnote. 71.174.180.197 (talk) 08:51, 9 February 2018 (UTC)

Section entitled "Protein Structure Prediction Pipeline- SAHG, a comprehensive database of predicted structures of all human protein"
I've removed the following section for the moment (diff). Unfortunately it is an overly-detailed bullet point summary of a relatively niche paper (only cited 7 times since 2010) so isn't really appropriate for this page. If I think of a more specialist article that could benefit from a sentence on it I'll see if I can salvage some of the info, but I suspect it's a little too obscure. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 11:52, 14 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Sorry to revert you again, but I really think that this information would be more appropriate in the SAHG article. The information you added is too specific for this page because this page is a general description of protein structure. SAHG is only one of a great many databases of equivalent notability. T.Shafee(Evo﹠Evo)talk 00:48, 15 December 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 03:29, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Protein structure


text: User talk:130.225.29.254

title: User talk:130.225.29.254


text:
Mürzzuschlag

Mürzzuschlag is a town in northeastern Styria, Austria, the capital of the former Mürzzuschlag District. It is located on the Mürz river near the Semmering Pass, the border with the state of Lower Austria, about 85 km southwest of Vienna. The population is 8,684 (1 January 2016). Originally an industrial area, the nearby mountains are today a popular ski resort.

History
The settlement in the Duchy of Styria was first documented in 1227. The minnesinger Ulrich von Liechtenstein in his 1265 poem Frauendienst mentioned Murzuslage, which he passed on his journey from Venice to Vienna. In 1360 the Habsburg duke Rudolf IV confirmed the inhabitants' privilege of iron production, competing with the town of Leoben.

In 1854 the Semmering railway opened, by which the Austrian Southern Railway company provided direct access to Vienna, largely promoting the local economy. The Bleckmann steel mill was founded in 1862, it is today part of Böhler-Uddeholm. A railway museum exhibits a collection of steam locomotives, associated equipment and rolling stock.

In the late 19th century, the mountainous Semmering area was the site of the first alpine skiing attempts in Central Europe, which made it one of the oldest ski resorts of Austria, documented by the world's largest skiing and winter sports museum. Mürzzuschlag received town privileges in 1923.

1931 Workers' Olympiad
On February 5–8, 1931 the second winter Workers' Olympiad organised by the Socialist Workers' Sport International was held in the town. The games were larger (both in number of participants and spectators) than the 1932 Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid, New York, United States.

Twin towns — sister cities
Mürzzuschlag is twinned with:
 * 🇹🇿 Arusha, Tanzania
 * 🇨🇿 Blansko, Czech Republic
 * 🇨🇱 Chillán, Chile

Notable people

 * Johannes Brahms (1833–1897) wrote his Symphony No. 4 locally during his in 1884/1885 summer vacations, this led to the establishment of the local Brahms museum
 * Rudolf Sanzin (1874–1922), an Austrian engineer and locomotive designer.
 * Viktor Kaplan (1876–1934), engineer and inventor of the Kaplan turbine
 * Claudio Arrau (1903–1991), Chilean pianist, lived his last years in Mürzzuschlag
 * Jenny Jugo (1904–2001), actress, portrayed bouncy, assertive characters.
 * Elfriede Jelinek (born 1946), playwright and novelist, awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Literature
 * Johannes Wildner (born 1956), conductor and former member violinist with the Vienna Philharmonic.
 * Helmut Brenner (1957–2017), an Austrian ethnomusicologist

title: Mürzzuschlag


text:
File:Journey Evolution.jpg

Summary
Journey - Evolution album cover

title: File:Journey Evolution.jpg


text:
William of Kilkenny

William of Kilkenny (died 21 September 1256) was a Lord Chancellor of England and Bishop of Ely.

Life
William may be the same William of Kilkenny who was elected Bishop of Ossory in 1231, but resigned the office in 1232 before being consecrated. Whether or not that was the case, the man who later became bishop of Ely was a king's clerk by 1234. He was sent to Rome on royal business twice, once in 1234–1235 and again in 1237. In 1238 he left royal service, and was employed by two successive bishops of Durham, Nicholas of Farnham and Richard Poore. By May 1247 he was back in royal service, for in that month King Henry III of England sent him overseas.

William was Archdeacon of Coventry, from November 1247, as well as controller of the wardrobe from 1249 to 1252, and chancellor from 1250 to 1255.

William was elected to the see of Ely about 29 September 1254 and consecrated on 15 August 1255 at Bellay in Savoy by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Boniface of Savoy.

William died on 21 September 1256, in Spain where he had gone on a diplomatic mission for the king. His heart was sent to Ely for burial in Ely Cathedral. His only known relative was a nephew who held land in Waterford and was knighted in 1254. He had constructed an elaborate tomb that remained empty, and is now located near the high altar in the north choir aisle of Ely Cathedral. His heart was buried near the altar of Saint Etheldreda.

title: William of Kilkenny


text:
User talk:Kitoba

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Existential humanism
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text:
Henry Wingham

Henry Wingham (died 1262) was a Lord Chancellor of England and Bishop of London.

Life
Wingham was selected as Chancellor on 5 January 1255. His office was renewed by the baronial reformers in 1258, but he was replaced on 18 October 1260 by Nicholas of Ely. He held the prebend of Newington in the diocese of London as well as being a member of the papal chapel and the dean of St Martin le Grand.

Wingham was elected to the see of London about 29 June 1259, confirmed 11 July 1259, and consecrated on 15 February 1260.

Wingham died on 13 July 1262 or 14 July 1262. There was a tomb memorial to him in the quire at Old St Paul's Cathedral.

title: Henry Wingham


text:
Departure

Departure, Departures or The Departure may refer to:

Literal meaning

 * Departure, also called takeoff, the phase of flight from moving along the ground to flying in the air
 * Departures, the section of a transport hub designated for outgoing passengers, freight, and vehicles

Paintings

 * Departure (Beckmann), a 1932–1935 triptych by German painter Max Beckmann

Films

 * Departure (1931 film), a French drama film
 * Departure (1938 film), an Italian comedy film
 * Departure (1986 film), an Australian film
 * Departures (2008 film), a Japanese drama film
 * Departures (2011 film), a Turkish short film
 * Departure (2015 film), a British independent film
 * The Departure (1967 film), a Belgian film
 * The Departure (2017 film), a 2017 American film
 * Then Came You (2018 film), a 2018 American film also known as Departures
 * Unfinished (film), a 2018 Korean film previously known as Departure

Literature

 * Departures (magazine), an American lifestyle magazine
 * Departures (short story collection), by Harry Turtledove
 * The Departure (novel), by K.A. Applegate
 * "The Departure" (short story), by Franz Kafka

Music

 * The Departure, an English rock band

Albums

 * Departure (Jesse McCartney album), 2008
 * Departure (Journey album), 1980
 * Departure (Taio Cruz album), 2008
 * Departure, 1969 album by Pat Boone
 * Departures (album), 2013 album by Bernard Fanning
 * Samurai Champloo Music Record: Departure, 2004
 * Departures, 2021 album by Jon Foreman

Songs

 * "Departure", a song by The Moody Blues from the 1968 album In Search of the Lost Chord
 * "Departure", a song by Living Sacrifice from the 1994 album Inhabit
 * "Departure", a song by R.E.M. from the 1996 album New Adventures in Hi-Fi
 * "Departure", a song by Trivium from the 2005 album Ascendancy
 * "Departure", a 2011 song by Masatoshi Ono
 * "Departure", a song by Misery Signals from the 2013 album Absent Light
 * "Departure", a song by Scandal from the 2014 album Hello World
 * "Departures" (Globe song), 1996
 * "(It's A) Departure", a song by The Long Winters from the 2006 album Putting the Days to Bed
 * "Departure (Death)", a song by In Hearts Wake from the 2012 album Divination
 * "The Departure", a song by Abigail Williams from the 2008 album In the Shadow of a Thousand Suns
 * "The Departure", a song by Falling in Reverse from the 2017 album Coming Home
 * "Départe" (French for "Departure"), a song by Rosetta from the 2005 album The Galilean Satellites

Television

 * Departure (TV series), a Canadian-British suspense drama series
 * Departures (TV series), a Canadian adventure travel documentary series

title: Departure


text:
Jeff Godwin

Jeff Godwin is a Christian fundamentalist preacher and author from Bloomington, Indiana, USA. He is best known for his numerous books critical of both secular and Christian rock music. Godwin is a former drug addict and rock musician. He claims that he survived the stampede that claimed the lives of 12 fans of The Who at their Cincinnati concert on December 3, 1979.

Conversion
Godwin was converted to fundamentalist Christianity in 1984 by his future wife's family. Subsequently, Godwin became a King James Only fundamentalist very much in line with Jack Chick, who published his first three works.

Teachings on rock music
According to Godwin, rock and roll music traces its origins back thousands of years. Its rhythms were written by Satan and his demons and have a subliminal power to control a listener's mind. The rhythms eventually found their way, via Africa, into blues, jazz and other forms of African American music before they appeared in rock music. In addition, rock music is loaded with references to sexual behavior of all kinds, and he believes it encourages fornication amongst youths and inspires lust. He also believe it inspires rage and it preaches "rebellion, hatred, drug abuse, suicide, fornication and the dark things of Satan".

When Ozzy Osbourne bit the head off a dove, Godwin viewed it as Osbourne's desire to destroy the Holy Spirit, which is often represented by a dove. Satanic symbols dating back centuries, Godwin maintains, can be found in the album covers of rock music, testifying to Satan's power. While Godwin believes that Satanic messages have been backmasked (recorded backwards) on rock albums, he believes that Satan's presence in rock music has rarely required hiding. Godwin sees Satan's influence in music as being maintained by secret alliances between rock musicians, producers and promoters uniting with demons and Satan himself. He further believes that Christian rock is another diversion created by Satan, as the rock music industry itself is compromised by Satan. The Christianity preached in Christian rock, he says, is feel good, inoffensive and does not genuinely preach Christ.

Presentations

 * Jeff Godwin: What's Wrong With Christian Rock - Recorded 3/13/1993 by WVCY-TV
 * Jeff Godwin: The Roots of Rock and Roll - Recorded 5/13/1995
 * Jeff Godwin: Seven Devils, One Plan - Recorded 10/10/1998

title: Jeff Godwin


text:
User:Mtrisk

Um.

Hello?

Leave a message!

title: User:Mtrisk


text: File:Journey Departure.jpg

title: File:Journey Departure.jpg


text:
Flinders Street, Melbourne

Flinders Street is a street in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Running roughly parallel to the Yarra River, Flinders Street forms the southern edge of the Hoddle Grid. It is exactly 1 mi in length and one and a half chains (99 ft) in width.

The street is named after the English explorer, Matthew Flinders, who was erroneously credited with discovering Port Phillip at the time of its naming. It extends eastwards as far as Spring Street and the Treasury Gardens and, originally, westwards to Spencer Street, but now continues past Batman's Hill to the Melbourne Docklands. As the closest street to the river, Flinders Street served Melbourne's original river port. The Customs House, now the site of Victoria's Immigration Museum, is on Flinders Street.

The street is home to Flinders Street station, the central station in Melbourne's suburban rail network. Tram routes 70 and 75, as well as the City Circle route, run along Flinders Street, and the Flinders Street Viaduct runs roughly parallel to the street, linking the city's two major railway stations.

Other landmarks along Flinders Street include Federation Square, St Paul's Cathedral, Young and Jackson Hotel, the Banana Alley Vaults, the old Herald & Weekly Times building, Melbourne Aquarium and Batman Park, which adjoins the Yarra River. The land between the south side of Flinders Street and the railway viaduct between Spencer and King Streets was once home to the Melbourne City Markets, an ornate building constructed in 1890, covering 23,000 square metres. The market buildings were demolished between 1958 and 1960, after which the site became a public carpark. The site is now home to the three towers of the Northbank Place complex which includes office space, residential apartments, retail outlets and a multi-level carpark. The Melbourne Fish Market was situated on the south side of the railway viaduct, facing Spencer Street, having been displaced from the south-west corner of Flinders and Swanston Streets when the present Flinders Street station was constructed in the early 1900s. The site of the former Fish Market now forms the western end of Batman Park.

King Street Overpass
In the late 1950s, an overpass was built to take King Street over its intersection with Flinders Street, as part of the construction of the King Street Bridge and Kings Way. The overpass extended from Downie Street to just east of Custom House Lane.

Excavation commenced on the foundations of the southern side of the overpass on 6 January 1959 and, by 7 September, the first steel girders were erected. Upon completion of the first stage on 21 November 1959, trams were diverted onto temporary tracks laid by the Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board on that part of the structure. On 23 November 1959, construction on the foundations on the northern side of the overpass commenced and, by 20 February 1960, the remainder of the steelwork on that portion was erected. Following the erection of beams and the concreting of decks and permanent tram tracks, trams were diverted from the temporary tracks during the weekend of 11–13 June 1960. The northern traffic lanes heading eastbound were opened to traffic on 1 July 1960, with southbound lanes open not long afterwards.

Many businesses and properties were overshadowed by the overpass which resulted in property values dropping and the closure of hotels, shops and showrooms. Plans to revitalise the area in the early 1960s never eventuated. In May 2002, the state government announced it would be demolished, but it was May 2005 before work commenced, with preparations for Melbourne's 2006 Commonwealth Games acting as a catalyst. The project concluded in August.

2017 car attack
On 21 December 2017, a driver ploughed through a crowd on Flinders Street, injuring 19 pedestrians. The perpetrator, Saeed Noori, appeared in court on 23 December, charged with 18 counts of attempted murder and one count of reckless conduct endangering life. According to the Melbourne Police, Noori, a 32-year-old Australian of Afghan descent, had a history of assault, drug use and mental health issues. He was remanded in custody and ordered to undergo a psychiatric assessment.

title: Flinders Street, Melbourne


text:
User talk:Mtrisk

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Mtrisk


text:
User talk:Dalibor marceta

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Academy bodies
Hi Dalibor. You're welcome to write your own articles for Wikipedia but please don't cut-and-paste text from other sites; that can get us in trouble. --Redquark 02:56, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Momo Kapor
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Momo Kapor, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process
 * Not notable per WP:CREATIVE. Third-party, reliable sources could not be found.

All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. D ARTH P ANDA duel 21:21, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of PlaviKit.com
A tag has been placed on PlaviKit.com requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for web content. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Ironholds (talk) 22:35, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of PlaviKit.com

The article PlaviKit.com has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * No notability that I can discover. "America's largest online book retailer from Yugoslavia" is hardly a proper claim to notability.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Ironholds (talk) 00:40, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of PlaviKit.com
I have nominated PlaviKit.com, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/PlaviKit.com. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Ironholds (talk) 09:42, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Military history of Belgrade

The article Military history of Belgrade has been proposed for deletion. The proposed deletion notice added to the article should explain why.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. DrKay (talk) 20:16, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dalibor marceta


text:
Nicholas of Ely

Nicholas of Ely was Lord Chancellor of England, Bishop of Worcester, Bishop of Winchester, and Lord High Treasurer in the 13th century.

Life
Nicholas was Archdeacon of Ely when he was first appointed chancellor by Henry III in 1260, but he was sacked in favour of Walter de Merton in 1261. His politics were in favour of the Montfortian dispensation in parliament created by the Provisions of Oxford. He supported the new activism for which compromises could be extracted on liberties from the King in exchange for voting money. But on his return from France, Henry III was absolved by the Pope from upholding the provisions. A bull was published in which the reforms were renounced. Both the Justiciar, Hugh Despenser, and the Chancellor were dismissed in favour of the faction around the Marcher Lords. However the offices of state were not abolished, and nor would the overthrow of the provisions mean punishment for the former officials.

Nicholas also held prebends in the diocese of London and was a papal chaplain. Nicholas was a popular reformist figure when he returned to office, although De Montfort insisted that the Council now had the power to appoint, he was appointed Treasurer at the Oxford parliament in April 1263. Montfort's victory at Windsor and Bristol over the royalists could mean that Nicholas would once more be favoured by his ally, he was granted the office of Chancellor in August, but lost both offices later in the year. He was elected to the see of Worcester about 8 June 1266 and consecrated on 19 September 1266. He was enthroned at Worcester Cathedral on 26 September 1266.

Nicholas was translated to the see of Winchester on 2 March 1268 by Pope Clement IV. He was enthroned at Winchester Cathedral on 27 May 1268.

Nicholas died on 12 February 1280.

title: Nicholas of Ely


text:
Talk:Departure (Journey album)

Someday Soon a ballad?!?
Really? That’s what it says in the lede, "Rolie sang lead vocals on only one song on Departure, the ballad "Someday Soon"." Boscaswell  talk  10:47, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Departure (Journey album)


text:
Commando (disambiguation)

A commando is an elite light infantry or special forces soldier, trained for quick raid operations.

Commando or Commandos may also refer to:

Units

 * Royal Naval Commandos
 * Royal Marine Commandos
 * Commandos Marine
 * Marine Commando Force
 * Garud Commandos
 * Para Commandos
 * Commandos (Singapore Army) of the Singapore Army
 * British Commandos, a special operations force created during World War II
 * Portuguese Army Commandos, special forces unit of the Portuguese Army
 * 3 Commando Brigade, the main manoeuvre formation of the British Royal Marines
 * Commando Raiders, Laotian pathfinders and special forces during the Laotian Civil War
 * Boer Commando (from 1658), the basic unit of organisation of the militia of the Boer people of South Africa

Materiel

 * Colt CAR-15 "Commando", a short-barrel assault rifle
 * Curtiss C-46 Commando, an American transport aircraft
 * Commando (aircraft), a very long range Consolidated Liberator II aircraft

Other

 * Commando (pigeon), a World War II messenger pigeon who received the Dickin Medal
 * an alternate term for military special forces

Film and TV

 * Commando (1962 film), the American International Pictures title of the film Marcia o Crepa
 * Commandos (film), a 1968 World War II action film
 * Commando (1985 film), a film starring Arnold Schwarzenegger
 * Commando (1988 film), a Bollywood film by Babbar Subhash
 * Commando (film series), Indian action film series
 * Commando: A One Man Army, a 2013 Bollywood action film, first installment in the series
 * Commando 2: The Black Money Trail, a 2017 sequel to 2013 film
 * Commando 3 (film), a 2019 sequel to 2017 film
 * Commando (TV series), an Indian action thriller series
 * Commandos, a meerkat group featured in Meerkat Manor
 * "Commando", the nickname of Steve Willis, a trainer on the Australian TV program The Biggest Loser

Games

 * Commando, an alternative name for the game Fugitive
 * Commando (role-playing game), a 1979 role-playing game
 * Commandos (series), a 1998–2006 stealth-oriented real-time tactics computer game series
 * Commando (video game), a 1985 video game (unrelated to the film)
 * Commando: Steel Disaster, a shoot em' up Nintendo DS game

Music

 * Commandos (album), a 1986 album by Stage Dolls
 * Commando (Niska album), a 2017 album by Niska
 * "Commando", a song by Ramones from the album Leave Home
 * "Commando", a song by Satyricon from the 2008 album The Age of Nero

Literature

 * Commando (book), an autobiography of guitarist and songwriter Johnny Ramone
 * Commando (comics), a British war comic
 * Commando: A Boer Journal of the Boer War, a personal account of the Second Boer War by Deneys Reitz

Vehicles

 * Cadillac Gage Commando, an amphibious armored personnel carrier
 * Norton Commando, a British motorcycle
 * Commando Jeep, a light tactical vehicle
 * Dodge 100 "Commando", a truck made by Dodge in Britain
 * Jeepster Commando, a line of Jeep models
 * "Commando", a series of high-performance engines made by Plymouth
 * Commando, a former yacht converted into commercial service; see

Other

 * Commando (company), an American underwear company
 * Commando (horse) (1898–1905), American Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse
 * Comandău (Kommandó in Hungarian), a commune in Covasna County, Romania
 * Casio G'zOne Commando, an Android smartphone
 * Colombo Commandos, a Sri Lankan domestic cricket team
 * "Commando" connectors, a term for IEC 60309 power connectors
 * A GUI tool for running command lines in the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop and later in A/UX
 * "To go commando", a slang term for not wearing underwear

title: Commando (disambiguation)


text:
SP2

SP2 may refer to:
 * SP2 Life - Raw Fresh Spirulina producer - sp2life.com
 * The University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy and Practice, nicknamed SP2
 * Spider-Man 2
 * sp² bond, any bond which involves a sp² orbital
 * Sp2 transcription factor, a human gene
 * Honda VTR1000 SP-2, known as the RC51 in some markets, a 1000cc V-twin sports motorcycle produced between 2000 and 2006.
 * i-mate SP2, the second smartphone model released by i-mate
 * Savoia-Pomilio SP.2, a reconnaissance and bomber aircraft built in Italy during the First World War
 * USS Lynx (SP-2), armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel and aviation support craft from 1917 to 1919
 * Vektor SP1/SP2, a pistol
 * Volkswagen SP2, a sports car developed by Volkswagen do Brasil
 * IBM Scalable POWERparallel, a supercomputer with a model called SP2
 * SuperPower 2, a real-time strategy game
 * Service pack 2, a collection of software updates
 * a postal district in the SP postcode area in England
 * a model of steam toy made by British manufacturer Mamod
 * an abandoned sink in the Sima Pumacocha, a cave in Peru
 * Steel Panthers 2: Modern Battles, a 1996 computer war game in the Steel Panthers series
 * Surface Pro 2, a laplet by Microsoft

title: SP2


text:
User:ZayZayEM/Sandbox

Influenza pandemic is Being rewritten at User:ZayZayEM/Flupandemic

and original @ Influenza pandemic

General notes:

Use consistent language:
 * "Influenza pandemic", not Flu pandemic
 * "Influenza type A", not influenza a, influenzavirus A
 * "Spanish flu" not Spanish influenza, or 1918 pandemic.
 * "1918 (influenza) pandemic" not Spanish flu or Spanish influenza

"subtype" = variety of Influenza A (eg. H5N1) "strain" = specific outbreak (eg. "Spanish influenza" = H1N1; "Classic Swine Influenza" = H1N1) "genus" = Influenza A, B or C

Use organisational acronyms after the first use. (WHO, CDC, CIDRAP etc.)

=Mucoid plaque=

Mucoid plaque or mucoid rope is a term used in alternative medicine to describe an allegedly harmful mucus-like lining that coats the gastrointestinal tract of most people. Colonic cleansing treatments are marketed to persons with the condition, which is claimed to be caused by poor diet and environmental toxins.

The concept of mucoid plaque as a condition requiring treatment has been dismissed by the medical community as having no anatomical or physiological basis. Critics claim nothing matching descriptions of the plaque has been found during surgical or autopsy procedures. Some marketers accept that mucoid plaque does not have any empirical evidence, but instead relies mostly on anectdotal evidence, but others claim that medical practioners lack the training required to recognise the condition.

The presence of thickening agents in some mucoid plaque cleansing agents have led skeptics to suggest that the medication itself is responsible for the excreted product regarded as the plaque.

History
Naturopath Richard Anderson claims to have coined the term 'mucoid plaque'. Prior to Anderson, similar concepts have been described by practicioners of alternative medicine. Victor Earl Irons and Bernard Jensen use the term 'toxic mucous lining' or 'toxic mucous layer'. Robert Gray referred to it as 'mucoid matter' in his 1990 handbook on colon health. John R. Christopher simply used the terms 'catarrh' and 'mucus' in 1995.

Early references to excreted mucus-like mass from colonic therapy include a 1932 Journal of the American Medical Association article on colonic irrigation describing "dirty gray, brown or blackish sheets, strings and rolled up wormlike masses of tough mucus with a rotten or dead-fish odor" that are generated from the bowels of patients undergoing such therapy.

Characteristics and manifestions
The mucoid plaque is described by Anderson as a "gel-like, viscous and slimy mucus that forms as a layer or layers covering epithelium cells in various hollow organs, especially all the organs of the alimentary canal." It is generally described as rubbery, ropey and often green in colour.

Anderson further claims that the plaque is a health threat. It is alleged to impair digestion and nutrient absorption, cause sugar intolerance, provide a haven for pathogens and parasites and cause diarrhea. In addition the condition is alleged promote the development of, bowel cancer, allergies and skin conditions. Anderson advocates the removal of mucoid plaque as a health benefit, and promotes a range of products he has developed that are said to accomplish this task.

Practicising physicians have dismissed the concept of mucoid plaque as a hoax and "non-credible". Mucous is a naturally produced product of the digestive system, and is not known to be directly harmful. Some marketers of colon cleansing products have recognised that mucoid plaque holds no standing amongst the medical profession and is backed up primarily by anectdotal evidence rather than empirical data.

Edward Uthman, an experienced pathologist, has called the mucoid plaque phenomenon "a complete fabrication with no anatomic basis" on the Quackwatch website. Another pathologist, Edward Friedander, has noted during his experience that he has never observed anything resembling a "toxic bowel settlement" and that some online photographs he has been shown actually depict what he recognises as a blood clot.

Anderson insists his claims are backed up by papers and textbooks on digestive physiology. He provides as evidence, among other studies, a scanning electron microscope study that revealed thick mucous layers are present in the small intestines of children with chronic diarrhea and food intolerances.

Anderson also alleges that a number of conditions recognised as distinct disorders or physiological entities by the medical community are actually varying manifestations of mucoid plaque – such as amyloidosis, gastric metaplasia, hypertrophia, inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal lymphangiectasia, malacoplakia, mucin, mucoviscoidosis, polypus, villous adenoma.

Causes
The alternative medical community says that mucoid plaque is generated by the human body in response to harmful toxins. Dietary sources of these toxins listed by Anderson include processed food, alcohol and salt. Drugs are also said to exacerbate the condition, as are the presence of intestinal parasites. Imbalance of internal microbioata caused by antibiotics is also said to promote plaque formation.

Skeptics have noted that the products marketed to cleanse mucoid plaque can themselves produce thick, rubbery stools, which fit the expected description of mucoid plaque.

title: User:ZayZayEM/Sandbox


text:
City of Tea Tree Gully

The City of Tea Tree Gully is a local council in the Australian state of South Australia, in the outer north-eastern suburbs of Adelaide. The major business district in the city is at Modbury, where Westfield Tea Tree Plaza, Modbury Hospital, the Civic Centre and the library are located.

Howard, Lord Florey, Australian pathologist and co-discoverer of penicillin, was a resident of the City of Tea Tree Gully.

History
The Tea Tree gully itself passes through the Adelaide foothills roughly marking the easiest path eastwards from Grand Junction Road to Gumeracha. The 1850s settlement at the entrance to the gully (approximately where North East Road enters the foothills) was known as the village of 'Steventon' after local resident and miller, John Stevens, who was a major landowner in the area. The name Steventon is retained as one of the electoral wards of the City of Tea Tree Gully.

The council was originally proclaimed in October 1858 as the District Council of Tea Tree Gully, when the northern half of the District Council of Highercombe, which had been created in 1853, successfully seceded to form its own municipality. In the early 1930s, the two councils were considered unviable, being very small in relative size and population. The District Council of Highercombe was included in a Local Government Commission list of 53 local councils with annual revenue of less than £2000. Following the commission recommendation, the two councils were recombined under the name Tea Tree Gully in May 1935.

It inherited the former 1855 Highercombe council chambers, which had been built in Tea Tree Gully, and used that building until 1967. The Old Tea Tree Gully Council Chambers survive today and are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register, having been the first purpose-built district council chambers in South Australia. In 1967 the Tea Tree Gully civic centre was opened, comprising a new council chamber and civic hall. The municipality was granted city status and proclaimed as the City of Tree Gully in 1968. A council-owned colonial building was converted into a community art gallery, and is now known as Gallery 1855. The gallery hosts regular contemporary art and craft exhibitions and artist-led workshops.

From 1954 to 1971 the population of Tea Tree Gully council rose from just over 2,500 to almost 37,000, and in 1975 it had reached approximately 55,000 as urban residential development quickly expanded. By 2004 the population had exceeded 100,000.

Council
Council consists of 13 Elected Members comprising a Mayor, and 12 Ward Councillors. The Council area is divided into six wards, with two Counicllors elected from each ward.

The current council is:

Chairmen and Mayors of Tea Tree Gully

 * William Henry Ind (1936–1943)
 * Albert George Dearman (1943-1951)
 * George Norman Lambert (1951-1954)
 * Albert George Dearman (1954-1955)
 * David Stanley Goodes (1955-1957)
 * Basil David Mitchell (1957–1960)
 * Viggo Ole Jacobsen (1960–1965)
 * William Green (1967–1969)
 * William Gilbert Brassington (1969–1972)
 * John Charles Burford (1972–1974)
 * John Garfield Tilley (1974–1981)
 * Donald David Stuart (1981–1982)
 * John Garfield Tilley (1982–1989)
 * Thomas Edward Loveland Milton (1989-1991)
 * Lesley Purdom (1991-1997)
 * Bernie Keane (1997-2000)
 * Lesley Purdom (2000-2006)
 * Miriam Smith (2006-2014)
 * Pat Trainor (2014)
 * Kevin Knight (2014-2022)
 * Marijka Ryan (2022-Current)

Geography
The gully to which the city name refers actually exists and is known to be sizable as it provided a gradient negotiable only by bullock wagons travelling through the Mt. Lofty Ranges. Additionally the gully had permanent freshwater springs which promoted the growth of tea trees in the area – thus the eventual name 'Tea Tree Gully'.

The 350 ha Anstey Hill Recreation Park is adjacent to the suburbs of Vista and Tea Tree Gully.

Sister cities
The City of Tea Tree Gully, has two sister cities. They are:
 * 🇯🇵 Asakuchi, Japan (April 2006)
 * 🇺🇦 Borodyanka, Ukraine (May 2023)

Suburbs and post codes

 * Banksia Park – 5091
 * Dernancourt – 5075
 * Fairview Park – 5126
 * Gilles Plains – 5086
 * Golden Grove – 5125
 * Gould Creek – 5114
 * Greenwith – 5125
 * Gulfview Heights – 5096
 * Highbury – 5089
 * Holden Hill – 5088
 * Hope Valley – 5090
 * Houghton – 5131
 * Modbury – 5092
 * Modbury Heights – 5092
 * Modbury North – 5092
 * Para Hills – 5096
 * Redwood Park – 5097
 * Ridgehaven – 5097
 * St Agnes – 5097
 * Salisbury East – 5109
 * Surrey Downs – 5126
 * Tea Tree Gully – 5091
 * Upper Hermitage – 5131
 * Valley View – 5093
 * Vista – 5091
 * Wynn Vale – 5127
 * Yatala Vale – 5126

Notes and references

 * Notes

 * Reference

title: City of Tea Tree Gully