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Volga–Don Canal

Lenin Volga–Don Shipping Canal (Russian:Волго-Донской судоходный канал имени, В. И. Ленина, Volga-Donskoy soudokhodniy kanal imeni V. I. Lenina, abbreviated ВДСК, VDSK) is a ship canal in Russia. It connects the Volga and the Don at their closest points. Opened in 1952, its length is 101 km, 45 km of which is through rivers and reservoirs.

The canal forms a part of the Unified Deep Water System of European Russia. Together with the lower Volga and the lower Don, the canal provides the shortest navigable connection between the Caspian Sea and the world's oceans via the Sea of Azov, the Black Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea.

History
There has been a trade and military route between the Volga and Don rivers since early human history.

The presence of the fortified settlement Tanais in the Don River delta since the time of the Bosporan Kingdom, c. 438 BC– 370 AD, strongly suggests the route was sufficiently notable to be fortified for over two thousand years. The Sarkel fortress on the left bank of the lower Don was the main control of this Volga trade route.

The Don–Volga portage got its name from its trade importance 1000 years ago.

In 1569, the Ottoman Empire attempted to connect the Volga and Don rivers via a canal. The Ottomans wanted to create a maritime link to Central Asia (especially the cities of Bukhara, Khwarazm and Samarkand) to facilitate trade. Together with a proposed Suez Canal, the Volga–Don canal would also allow Central Asian Muslims to perform pilgrimage to Mecca. According to most historians, the Ottomans managed to dig one-third of the canal before work was abandoned because of adverse weather. Other historians argue that the Ottomans merely leveled the ground so they could haul ships between the two rivers. In the end, the Ottomans retreated from the area and Russia promised to respect trade and pilgrimage routes to Central Asia.

Peter the Great ordered the earliest Russian attempts to connect the Volga and Don rivers. After capturing Azov in 1696, he decided to build a canal — later named Petrov Val — on the Ilovlya River (a left tributary of the Don) and the Kamyshinka river (right tributary of the Volga). It was much shorter than the modern canal, connecting a gap of just 4 kilometers (2.5 mi), but was abandoned in 1701 because of a lack of resources and other problems. He initiated a second attempt, the so-called Ivanovsky Canal between Yepifan and Ivan-Ozero, under the administration of Knyaz Matvey Gagarin. However it was too shallow, as it linked the upper Don and the upper Volga via the tributaries Oka River, Upa River, and Shat River in present-day Tula Oblast. Between 1702 and 1707, twenty-four locks were constructed, and in 1707, about 300 ships passed through with difficulty. In 1709 owing to financial difficulties from the Great Northern War, the project was halted.

In 1711 Russia left Azov under the terms of the Treaty of the Pruth, and Peter the Great lost all interest in the canal, which was abandoned and fell into ruin. Over time, other projects for connecting the two rivers were proposed, but none were attempted. However, the horse-drawn Dubovsko-Kachalinsky railway and the Volga–Don railway — now part of the South Eastern Railway — were built in 1846 and 1852, respectively, to link the Volga and the Don at the shortest distance. They were 68km and 73km long respectively.

The construction of today's Volga–Don Canal, designed by Sergey Zhuk's Hydroproject Institute, began prior to the Second World War, which interrupted the process. Construction works continued from 1948 to 1952 and the canal was opened on 1 June 1952. The canal and its facilities were built by about 900,000 workers including some 100,000 German POWs and 100,000 gulag prisoners. A day spent at the construction yard was counted as three days in prison, which spurred the prisoners to work. Several convicts were even awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour upon their release.

Upon completion, the Volga–Don Canal became an important link in the Unified Deep Water Transportation System of the European part of the USSR.

Operation
The canal begins at the Volga's Sarepta backwater (48.51944°N, 44.55278°W, the location of Lock No. 1 and the gateway arch), south of Volgograd. It ends in the Tsimlyansk Reservoir of the Don at the town of Kalach-na-Donu. The canal's highest elevation is the Varverovskoye (Barbarian) Reservoir between locks 9 and 10, 88 m above the Volga and 44 m above the Don river. It uses nine single-chamber canal locks on the Volga slope to raise and lower ships 88 m, and four canal locks of the same kind on the Don slope that raise/lower ships 44 m from river height. The locks are smaller overall than those on the Volga River, but can handle ships of up to 5,000 tonnes cargo capacity.

The smallest locks are 145 m long, 17 m wide, and 3.6 m deep. The maximum allowed vessel is 141 m length, 16.8 m beam, and 3.6 m draught (the Volgo–Don Max Class).

The canal is filled from the Don, with three powerful pumping stations to maintain water levels. Water is also taken from the canal for irrigation.

Cargo transported from the Don region to the Volga includes coal from Donetsk in Ukraine, minerals, building materials, and grain. From the Volga to the Don, cargo includes lumber, pyrites, and petroleum products (carried mostly by Volgotanker boats).

Tourist cruisers travel in both directions.

The canal and the Tsimlyansky water-engineering system (whose chief architect was Leonid Polyakov), form part of an architectural ensemble dedicated to the battles for Tsaritsyn during the Russian Civil War and for Stalingrad during the German-Soviet War.

The Russian classical composer Sergei Prokofiev wrote the tone poem The Meeting of the Volga and the Don to celebrate its completion.

According to the Maritime Board (Morskaya Kollegiya) of the Russian government, 10.9 million tonnes of cargo were carried over the Volga–Don Canal in 2004. An alternative source claims 8.05 million tonnes of cargo was transported through the canal in 2006. Most of the cargo was moved from the east to the west: 7.20 million tonnes, and only 0.85 million tonnes the other way. Just over half of all cargo was oil or oil products (4.14 million tonnes), predominantly shipped from the Caspian region.

It was reported in 2007 that in the first 55 years of the canal's operations 450,000 vessels had passed through carrying 336 million tonnes of cargo. Recent cargo volume stood at 12 million tonnes per year.

In 2016, the core of Belarusian nuclear power plant VVER-1200, which weighed 330 tonnes, was 13 meters high, and 4.5 meters in diameter, was transferred to its destination by exploiting Tsimlyansk Reservoir, the Volga–Don Canal, the Volga–Baltic Waterway, and two other connections.

Future options
In the 1980s, construction started on a second canal between the rivers. The new canal, dubbed Volga–Don 2 (Волго-Дон 2; 48.94361°N, 44.50694°W) would start from the township of Yerzovka on the Volgograd Reservoir, north (upstream) of the Volga Dam, as opposed to the existing Volga–Don Canal that starts south (downstream) of the dam. This would reduce the number of locks traversed by ships coming from the Volgograd Reservoir, or from other Volga or Kama ports farther north, on their way to the Don. The project was abruptly cancelled to cut expenditure on 1 August 1990, by which time more than 40 percent of its funds had already been spent. Since then most of the stone and metal in the abandoned canal and locks has been looted.

As of 2007–2008, Russian authorities are considering two options for increasing the throughput of navigable waterways between the Caspian basin and the Black Sea. One option, which reuses the name "Volga–Don 2", is to build a second parallel channel ("second thread") of the Volga–Don Canal, equipped with larger locks 300 m long. This plan would allow for an increase in the canal's annual cargo throughput from 16.5 million tonnes to 30 million tonnes. The other option, which seems to have more support from Kazakhstan, which would be either canal's major customer, is to build the so-called Eurasia Canal along a more southerly route in the Kuma–Manych Depression, some of which is the much shallower Manych Ship Canal. Requiring less digging than the first option and of little use to traffic to and from the Volga, it would provide a speedier connection between the Caspian and the Sea of Azov. It would also require fewer locks than the Volga–Don, as elevations in the Kuma–Manych Depression are lower.

title: Volga–Don Canal


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Late string quartets (Beethoven)

Ludwig van Beethoven's late string quartets are:
 * Opus 127: String Quartet No. 12 in E♭ major (1825)
 * Opus 130: String Quartet No. 13 in B♭ major (1825)
 * Opus 131: String Quartet No. 14 in C♯ minor (1826)
 * Opus 132: String Quartet No. 15 in A minor (1825)
 * Opus 133: Große Fuge in B♭ major (1825; originally the finale to Op. 130; it also exists in a piano four-hands transcription, Op. 134)
 * Opus 135: String Quartet No. 16 in F major (1826)

These six works are Beethoven's last major completed compositions. Extremely complex and largely misunderstood by musicians and audiences of Beethoven's day, the late quartets are now widely considered to be among the greatest musical compositions of all time,  and have inspired many later composers.

Overview
Prince Nikolai Galitzin commissioned the first three quartets (12, 13 and 15) and in a letter dated 9 November 1822, offered to pay Beethoven "what you think proper" for them. Beethoven replied on 25 January 1823 with his price of 50 ducats for each opus. He composed the quartets in the sequence 12, 15, 13, 14, 16, writing 13 and 15 simultaneously.

Beethoven wrote these last quartets in failing health. In April 1825, he was bedridden and remained ill for about a month. His recovery from the illness inspired the modal slow movement of the Fifteenth Quartet, which Beethoven called "Holy song of thanks (Heiliger Dankgesang) to the divinity, from one made well". He went on to complete the quartets now numbered Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Sixteenth. The last work Beethoven completed was the substitute final movement of the thirteenth quartet, which replaced the extremely difficult Große Fuge.

The "ABC" quartets
Opp. 132, 130 and 131 are sometimes called the "ABC" quartets because of their keys: A minor, B♭ major, and C♯ minor. They are thematically linked by the four notes of the harmonic minor scale's second tetrachord. In his notes for the Quartetto Italiano's recording of all six quartets, A. David Hogarth writes:

Beethoven's "obsession at that time with the upper four notes of the harmonic minor scale" (Hogarth) predates these works. For an early example, see the first movement of his string trio, opus 9, no. 3.

Appraisal
Beethoven's late quartets went far beyond the comprehension of musicians and audiences of his time. One musician said, "we know there is something there, but we do not know what it is." Composer Louis Spohr called them "indecipherable, uncorrected horrors".

Opinion has changed considerably from the time of their first bewildered reception: these six quartets (including the Große Fuge) are widely considered to be among the greatest musical compositions of all time. The Frankfurt School philosopher Theodor W. Adorno, in particular, thought highly of them, and Igor Stravinsky called the Große Fuge "an absolutely contemporary piece of music that will be contemporary forever". Their forms and ideas inspired and continue to inspire musicians and composers, such as Richard Wagner and Béla Bartók. Wagner said that Op. 131's first movement "reveals the most melancholy sentiment expressed in music". Schubert's last musical wish was to hear Op. 131, which he did on 14 November 1828, five days before his death. Afterward, he remarked, "After this, what is left for us to write?" Beethoven also considered Op. 131 his single most perfect work.

Other versions
Arturo Toscanini and Felix Weingartner, among others, transcribed some of the late quartets for string orchestra.

Recordings
Ensembles that have recorded the complete late Beethoven quartets include:

 * Alban Berg Quartett, EMI (studio early 80s)
 * Alban Berg Quartet, EMI (rec. live 1989)
 * Alexander String Quartet, Arte Nova
 * Alexander String Quartet, Foghorn Classics
 * Amadeus Quartet, DG
 * Artemis Quartet, Virgin Classics
 * Barylli Quartet
 * Beethoven Quartet, Melodiya (rec. 1951–1972)
 * Belcea Quartet
 * Borodin Quartet, Chandos
 * Brentano String Quartet, Aeon (rec. 2012)
 * Budapest String Quartet, Bridge (rec. 1941–1960)
 * Budapest String Quartet, Sony (rec. 1958–1961)
 * Busch Quartet, various labels (rec. 1933–1941; no Große Fuge)
 * Cleveland Quartet, RCA Red seal (1970s)
 * Cleveland Quartet, Telarc (1990s)
 * Colorado Quartet, Parnassus (rec. 2004–2006)
 * Ehnes Quartet, Onyx Classics (2020–2022)
 * Emerson String Quartet, DG
 * Endellion Quartet, Warner Classics (2005–2006)
 * Fine Arts Quartet, Everest/Concert-Disc (rec. 1960–1965)
 * Gewandhaus-Quartett, New Classical Adventure (rec. live 1985–1998)
 * Guarneri Quartet, RCA Red Seal, Philips
 * Hagen Quartett, DG
 * Hollywood String Quartet, Testament
 * Hungarian Quartet, (1953 mono) EMI
 * Hungarian Quartet, (1960s stereo) EMI
 * Juilliard String Quartet, CBS studio late 1960s
 * Juilliard String Quartet, CBS (rec. live 1982)
 * Kodály Quartet, Naxos
 * LaSalle Quartet, DG (reissued on Brilliant Classics)
 * Leipziger Streichquartett, MDG
 * Lindsays, ASV
 * Lydian String Quartet, Centaur
 * Medici String Quartet, Nimbus
 * Melos Quartett, DG
 * Orford String Quartet, Delos
 * Orion String Quartet, Koch Classics (2008)
 * Penderecki String Quartet, Marquis (2013)
 * Petersen Quartett, Capriccio
 * Pražák Quartet, Praga
 * Quatuor Mosaïques, Naïve
 * Quartetto Italiano, Decca
 * Smetana Quartet, Supraphon
 * Suske Quartett, Berlin Classics
 * Takács Quartet, Decca (2005)
 * Talich Quartet, Calliope
 * Taneyev Quartet, Boheme
 * Tokyo String Quartet, RCA Red Seal (1993)
 * Tokyo String Quartet, Harmonia Mundi (2010)
 * Vanbrugh Quartet, Intim Musik (1996)
 * Vermeer Quartet, Teldec, (rec. 1984–1989)
 * Végh Quartet, (1952 Les Discophiles Français) Music & Arts
 * Végh Quartet, (1972 Telefunken) Naïve-Astrée
 * Wihan Quartet, Nimbus
 * Yale Quartet, Vanguard

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Late string quartets (Beethoven)


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Category:BMW motorcycles

BMW Motorrad is the motorcycle business unit of the German company BMW.

title: Category:BMW motorcycles


text: User talk:207.230.222.114

title: User talk:207.230.222.114


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Kolo Touré

Kolo Abib Touré (born 19 March 1981) is an Ivorian professional football manager and former player. He most recently managed Championship club Wigan Athletic.

Beginning his career as a defender with ASEC Mimosas, Touré moved to English team Arsenal in 2002, where he made 326 appearances for the club and was a member of the 03–04 'invincibles' side. In 2009, he moved to Manchester City, where he was joined a year later by his younger brother, Yaya Touré, helping City earn their first league title in 44 years. In 2013, Touré signed for Liverpool. He is one of the eight players who have won the Premier League with two clubs, having won it with Arsenal and City. He also won the Scottish Premiership and Scottish League Cup with Celtic. He remains to date the African player with the most Premier League appearances (353 in total).

Touré is the second-most capped player for the Ivory Coast, with 120 appearances from 2000 to 2015. He represented the team at the 2006, 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup tournaments. Touré also represented the Ivory Coast at seven Africa Cup of Nations tournaments between 2002 and 2015, helping them finish runner-up in 2006 and 2012, while winning in 2015.

Arsenal
Born in Bouaké, Touré joined Premier League team Arsenal from ASEC Mimosas on a long-term contract for a fee of £150,000 on 14 February 2002 after a short trial.

His status as a full international meant Touré was able to secure a British work permit. Touré did not make his debut for the first team until the next season, against Liverpool in the FA Community Shield in August 2002. Initially regarded as a utility player, he started his Arsenal career as a defensive midfielder as well as at right-back. He scored his first Arsenal goal at Stamford Bridge in a 1–1 draw against Chelsea. Arsenal failed to retain the Premiership crown that season, but Touré made a big step in his career nonetheless, winning the FA Cup as an unused substitute in the final.

At the start of the 2003–04 season, Wenger began using Touré as a central defender alongside Sol Campbell. He formed an effective partnership with Campbell and had a great season during which Arsenal were undefeated in the league, claiming the title. Having previously been a striker or attacking midfielder, he made a reputation for himself as being an attacking defender, although he only scored one goal and had one assist.

Touré was in and out of the Arsenal team during the 2004–05 season, battling for a first team place with the likes of Philippe Senderos and Pascal Cygan to play alongside Sol Campbell in defence. Touré ended the season with a FA Cup winners medal playing 50 times for Arsenal that season and scoring one goal. His only goal of the 2004–05 season came in the 90th minute of Arsenal's UEFA Champions League last 16 round tie against Bayern Munich of Germany. Arsenal lost the game 3–1.

Touré established himself as a permanent fixture in the Arsenal starting XI. In the 2005–06 season, he established a formidable defensive partnership with Senderos. Both centre-backs helped the Arsenal team reach the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final after keeping 10 consecutive clean sheets (a European competition record).

Touré scored his second European goal on 19 April 2006, the winner in the first leg of the Champions League semi-final against Villarreal CF. It was the final European goal scored at Highbury and the goal that effectively decided the tie (Arsenal won 1–0 on aggregate), to send Arsenal through to their first ever Champions League Final, in Paris, France.

Touré was handed the number 5 shirt for the 2006–07 season, which had been vacant since the departure of Martin Keown. In August 2006, Touré signed a new four-year deal with Arsenal.

Touré was the junior vice-captain in the 2006–07 season after former vice-captain Gilberto Silva and former captain Thierry Henry. He captained Arsenal for the first time on 9 January 2007 during a 6–3 victory over Liverpool in the League Cup. He also led the Gunners out for the final of this competition, having also captained them in the semi-final first leg against Tottenham Hotspur. He became the longest-serving member of the current Arsenal squad following the departures of Jérémie Aliadière, Thierry Henry and Freddie Ljungberg during the summer transfer window in 2007. He also captained Arsenal in a string of games early in the 2007–08 season after captain William Gallas was injured in the game against Blackburn Rovers. He scored a free kick in a match against Bolton Wanderers, where his shot was low and went under two Bolton players and beat Jussi Jääskeläinen. However, during the Africa Cup of Nations, he suffered an injury and looked a bit out of place when he returned and then injured himself again in the Champions League against A.C. Milan when he blocked Alexandre Pato's shot with his leg and was carried off the pitch after treatment. Touré returned to the starting lineup against Middlesbrough on 15 March and scored the equalising goal for Arsenal in the final 10 minutes.

On 13 April 2009, Touré demanded a move away from Arsenal after a reputed bust-up with defensive partner Gallas. He reportedly handed in a transfer request which was later turned down by Arsenal chairman Peter Hill-Wood. However, Touré temporarily reversed his decision and committed to the Gunners at least until the summer.

Manchester City
After much transfer speculation, it was announced on 28 July 2009 that Manchester City had agreed a fee of £14 million for Touré. After he successfully passed a medical in Manchester on 29 July 2009, Touré signed a four-year contract with the club which had the option of extending it to five years. City, who had finished 10th the previous season, had made a number of high-profile signings in preparation for the 2009–10 season, and Touré hoped to help make City a top four team. He was appointed the club captain by Mark Hughes. He scored his first goal for Manchester City in a 2–1 League Cup win over Fulham on 23 September 2009. He scored his first league goal for City against Burnley on 7 November 2009. Manchester City finished the season in fifth position, losing out to Tottenham Hotspur by just three points. On 2 July 2010, Kolo Touré was joined by his brother Yaya at Manchester City following a transfer believed to be worth around £24 million.

At the beginning of the 2010–11 season, Roberto Mancini took away the captain's armband from Touré and gave it to Carlos Tevez. However, he remained part of Mancini's plans and was a first team regular in defence. He was sent off in Manchester City's 2–1 defeat to Everton on 20 December 2010, helping to deny City the chance to top the Premier League table on Christmas. On 15 January 2011, Touré scored the first goal in a 4–3 win for the Citizens against Wolves which sent them to the top of the league table.

On 3 March 2011, it was revealed that Touré had failed a drug test and had been suspended. The World Anti-Doping Agency imposed a 6-month suspension from football effective 2 March 2011.

In the 2011–12 season, Touré was used as a squad player, making 14 league appearances as Manchester City won a league title for the first time in 44 years.

Liverpool
On 28 May 2013, Liverpool announced that an agreement had been reached in principle to sign Touré on a free transfer from Manchester City. On 2 July he was unveiled as Liverpool's first signing of the window and was handed the number 4 shirt. He signed a two-year contract. On 13 July 2013, he made his debut for Liverpool in a 4–0 win in a preseason friendly over Preston North End. He made his Premier League debut for Liverpool on 17 August 2013 in a 1–0 victory over Stoke City at Anfield. On 2 February 2014, in a match against West Bromwich Albion he made a costly mistake, passing the ball straight to Victor Anichebe, who scored an equaliser. On 12 February 2014, he scored an own-goal in a match against Fulham, which eventually Liverpool won thanks to a late penalty from skipper Steven Gerrard.

On 1 March 2015, he came on as an 83rd-minute substitute against Manchester City, marking the first time he and his brother Yaya, who started the match for City, faced each other in a competitive match.

Touré scored his first Liverpool goal on 14 February 2016, heading in Jordan Henderson's corner kick to confirm a 6–0 win away to bottom side Aston Villa. It was his first goal in any match since January 2011, and he celebrated wildly.

At the end of the 2015–16 season, Touré was released.

Celtic
On 24 July 2016, Touré reunited with former manager Brendan Rodgers when he joined Celtic on a one-year contract. He made his debut on 3 August 2016, coming on as a substitute in the second half of Celtic's 2–1 win over FC Astana in a Champions League qualifier. He made 20 appearances as Celtic completed an unbeaten domestic season, winning a treble of League, Cup and League Cup. Touré was not offered a new playing contract at the end of the season.

In September 2017, Touré announced his retirement and took up a coaching role with Celtic.

International career
Touré made his debut for Ivory Coast in April 2000 against Rwanda. He played in all five games for the Ivory Coast as they finished runners up to the hosts in the African Cup of Nations in Egypt in January 2006.

He was named in the 23-man squad taken by coach Henri Michel to the 2006 FIFA World Cup and made his first appearance in a FIFA World Cup on 11 June 2006 in the Ivory Coast's 2–1 loss to Argentina. He has scored three goals for the Ivory Coast to date, two of them headers against Guinea and Gabon one against Japan, a 20-yard shot from outside the penalty area that flew into the top corner of the goal.

Touré was named for the Ivory Coast for the 2010 FIFA World Cup and was the captain in the team's first game vs. Portugal due to Didier Drogba's injury, which kept him benched.

In December 2014, Touré announced his intention to retire from international football after the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations. He played his final game in the final of the tournament on 8 February 2015, where Ivory Coast beat Ghana 9–8 on penalties after the game ended 0–0. He took the seventh penalty for Ivory Coast, which he scored. On 15 February 2015, he confirmed his retirement from international duty.

Coaching career
On 9 August 2017, the Ivorian Football Federation appointed Touré as a new member of their coaching staff for the African Nations Championship and under-23 team. He joined Celtic's coaching staff as a technical assistant in September 2017. In February 2019, Brendan Rodgers left Celtic for Leicester City, and Touré also joined Leicester as a first team coach.

Wigan Athletic
On 29 November 2022, Wigan Athletic appointed Touré as first team manager on a three-and-a-half-year deal. On 2 January 2023, Touré's team lost their third consecutive game by the scoreline of 4–1, and dropped to last place in the Championship as a result. Toure was sacked by Wigan on 26 January 2023, with the club bottom of the Championship and failing to win any of his nine games in charge.

Personal life
He is the older brother of Ibrahim Touré and Yaya Touré. Ibrahim died of cancer in 2014, aged 28. They also have a sister, Belinda.

Touré is a Muslim and observes fasting during the Islamic month of Ramadan, stating that "It doesn't affect me physically. It makes me stronger. You can do it when you believe so strongly in something. A normal human can be without water for much longer than one day."

Touré is married to Awo. As of 2011, they had a son and a daughter. His son, Yassine, is also pursuing a football career, having signed a two-year scholarship with Leicester City in December 2021.

International

 * Scores and results list Ivory Coast's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Touré goal.

Honours
Arsenal
 * Premier League: 2003–04
 * FA Cup: 2002–03, 2004–05
 * FA Community Shield: 2002, 2004
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 2006–07
 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2005–06

Manchester City
 * Premier League: 2011–12
 * FA Community Shield: 2012

Liverpool
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 2015–16
 * UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2015–16

Celtic
 * Scottish Premiership: 2016–17
 * Scottish League Cup: 2016–17

Ivory Coast
 * Africa Cup of Nations: 2015

Individual
 * Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament: 2015

title: Kolo Touré


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CYP2E1

Cytochrome P450 2E1 (abbreviated CYP2E1, ) is a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, which is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. This class of enzymes is divided up into a number of subcategories, including CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3, which as a group are largely responsible for the breakdown of foreign compounds in mammals.

While CYP2E1 itself carries out a relatively low number of these reactions (~4% of known P450-mediated drug oxidations), it and related enzymes CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 are responsible for the breakdown of many toxic environmental chemicals and carcinogens that enter the body, in addition to basic metabolic reactions such as fatty acid oxidations.

CYP2E1 protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and is induced by ethanol, the diabetic state, and starvation. The enzyme metabolizes both endogenous substrates, such as ethanol, acetone, and acetal, as well as exogenous substrates including benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene glycol, and nitrosamines which are premutagens found in cigarette smoke. Due to its many substrates, this enzyme may be involved in such varied processes as gluconeogenesis, hepatic cirrhosis, diabetes, and cancer.

Function
CYP2E1 is a membrane protein expressed in high levels in the liver, where it composes nearly 50% of the total hepatic cytochrome P450 mRNA and 7% of the hepatic cytochrome P450 protein. The liver is therefore where most drugs undergo deactivation by CYP2E1, either directly or by facilitated excretion from the body.

CYP2E1 enzyme metabolizes mostly small, polar molecules, including toxic laboratory chemicals such as dimethylformamide, aniline, and halogenated hydrocarbons (see table below). While these oxidations are often of benefit to the body, certain carcinogens and toxins are bioactivated by CYP2E1, implicating the enzyme in the onset of hepatotoxicity caused by certain classes of drugs (see disease relevance section below).

CYP2E1 also plays a role in several important metabolic reactions, including the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde and to acetate in humans, where it works alongside alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. In the conversion sequence of acetyl-CoA to glucose, CYP2E1 transforms acetone via hydroxyacetone (acetol) into propylene glycol and methylglyoxal, the precursors of pyruvate, acetate and lactate.

CYP2E1 also carries out the metabolism of endogenous fatty acids such as the ω-1 hydroxylation of fatty acids such as arachidonic acid, involving it in important signaling pathways that may link it to diabetes and obesity. Thus, it acts as a monooxygenase to metabolize arachidonic acid to 19-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (19-HETE) (see 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid). However, it also acts as an epoxygenase activity to metabolize docosahexaenoic acid to epoxides, primarily 19R,20S-epoxyeicosapentaenoic acid and 19S,20R-epoxyeicosapentaenoic acid isomers (termed 19,20-EDP) and eicosapentaenoic acid to epoxides, primarily 17R,18S-eicosatetraenoic acid and 17S,18R-eicosatetraenoic acid isomers (termed 17,18-EEQ). 19-HETE is an inhibitor of 20-HETE, a broadly active signaling molecule, e.g. it constricts arterioles, elevates blood pressure, promotes inflammation responses, and stimulates the growth of various types of tumor cells; however the in vivo ability and significance of 19-HETE in inhibiting 20-HETE has not been demonstrated. The EDP (epoxydocosapentaenoic acid) and EEQ (epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid) metabolites have a broad range of activities. In various animal models and in vitro studies on animal and human tissues, they decrease hypertension and pain perception; suppress inflammation; inhibit angiogenesis, endothelial cell migration and endothelial cell proliferation; and inhibit the growth and metastasis of human breast and prostate cancer cell lines. It is suggested that the EDP and EEQ metabolites function in humans as they do in animal models and that, as products of the omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, the EDP and EEQ metabolites contribute to many of the beneficial effects attributed to dietary omega-3 fatty acids. EDP and EEQ metabolites are short-lived, being inactivated within seconds or minutes of formation by epoxide hydrolases, particularly soluble epoxide hydrolase, and therefore act locally. CYP2E1 is not regarded as being a major contributor to forming the cited epoxides but could act locally in certain tissues to do so.

Substrates
Following is a table of selected substrates of CYP2E1. Where classes of agents are listed, there may be exceptions within the class.

Structure
CYP2E1 exhibits structural motifs common to other human membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzymes, and is composed of 12 major α-helices and 4 β-sheets with short intervening helices interspersed between the two. Like other enzymes of this class, the active site of CYP2E1 contains an iron atom bound by a heme center which mediates the electron transfer steps necessary to carry out oxidation of its substrates. The active site of CYP2E1 is the smallest observed in human P450 enzymes, with its small capacity attributed in part to the introduction of an isoleucine at position 115. The side-chain of this residue protrudes out above the heme center, restricting active site volume compared to related enzymes that have less bulky residues at this position. T303, which also protrudes into the active site, is particularly important for substrate positioning above the reactive iron center and is hence highly conserved by many cytochrome P450 enzymes. Its hydroxyl group is well-positioned to donate a hydrogen bond to potential acceptors on the substrate, and its methyl group has also been implicated in the positioning of fatty acids within the active site. A number of residues proximal to the active site including L368 help make up a constricted, hydrophobic access channel which may also be important for determining the enzyme's specificity towards small molecules and ω-1 hydroxylation of fatty acids.

Genetic regulation
In humans, the CYP2E1 enzyme is encoded by the CYP2E1 gene. The enzyme has been identified in fetal liver, where it is posited to be the predominant ethanol-metabolizing enzyme, and may be connected to ethanol-mediated teratogenesis. In rats, within one day of birth the hepatic CYP2E1 gene is activated transcriptionally.

CYP2E1 expression is easily inducible, and can occur in the presence of a number of its substrates, including ethanol, isoniazid, tobacco, isopropanol, benzene, toluene, and acetone. For ethanol specifically, it seems that there exist two stages of induction, a post-translational mechanism for increased protein stability at low levels of ethanol and an additional transcriptional induction at high levels of ethanol.

Chemical regulation
CYP2E1 is inhibited by a variety of small molecules, many of which act competitively. Two such inhibitors, indazole and 4-methylpyrazole, coordinate with the active site's iron atom and were crystallized with recombinant human CYP2E1 in 2008 to give the first true crystal structures of the enzyme. Other inhibitors include diethyldithiocarbamate (in cancer), and disulfiram (in alcoholism).

Disease relevance
CYP2E1 is expressed in high levels in the liver, where it works to clear toxins from the body. In doing so, CYP2E1 bioactivates a variety of common anesthetics, including paracetamol (acetaminophen), halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane. The oxidation of these molecules by CYP2E1 can produce harmful substances such as trifluoroacetic acid chloride from halothane or NAPQI from paracetamol (acetaminophen) and is a major reason for their observed hepatotoxicity in patients.

CYP2E1 and other cytochrome P450 enzymes can inadvertently produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in their active site when catalysis is not coordinated correctly, resulting in potential lipid peroxidation as well as protein and DNA oxidation. CYP2E1 is particularly susceptible to this phenomenon compared to other P450 enzymes, suggesting that its expression levels may be important for negative physiological effects observed in a number of disease states.

CYP2E1 expression levels have been correlated with a variety of dietary and physiological factors, such as ethanol consumption, diabetes, fasting, and obesity. It appears that cellular levels of the enzyme may be controlled by the molecular chaperone HSP90, which upon association with CYP2E1 allows for transport to the proteasome and subsequent degradation. Ethanol and other substrates may disrupt this association, leading to the higher expression levels observed in their presence. The increased expression of CYP2E1 accompanying these health conditions may therefore contribute to their pathogenesis by increasing the rate of production of ROS in the body.

According to a 1995 publication by Y Hu et al., a study in rats revealed a 8- to 9-fold elevation of CYP2E1 with fasting alone, compared to a 20-fold increase in enzyme level accompanied by a 16-fold increase in total catalytic capacity in rats who were both fasted and given large quantities of ethanol for 3 consecutive days. Starvation appears to upregulate CYP2E1 mRNA production in liver cells while alcohol seems to stabilize the enzyme itself post-translation and thus protect it from degradation by normal cellular proteolytic processes, giving the two an independent synergistic effect.

Applications
Trees have been genetically engineered to overexpress rabbit CYP2E1 enzyme. These transgenic trees have been used to remove pollutants from groundwater, a process known as phytoremediation.

title: CYP2E1


text: Category:Yahoo!

title: Category:Yahoo!


text:
User talk:John Fader/archive1

Gmail article screenshots
Hello. I was just wondering if you're really okay with showing everybody things like your Gmail address, the way it's shown on those screenshots. Usually, people put blurs on that kind of data when they are posting screenshots, so other people won't take advantage of anything.

Just a thought. – Kaonashi 14:52, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not really worried. I felt it was important to show the pages as they are.  I'm used to spam, nastygrams, phishing, virii, and other internet nasties.  Still, thanks for taking the time to remind me nonetheless, as I'm quite absent minded enough to have uploaded it without checking.  Oh, and the conversation shown is fictious (me emailing myself), and no, Bill Gates didn't give me a tigron for Christmas (selfish bastard). -- John Fader
 * Well, alright then. Just checking. And yes, I did notice those were fictious conversations. =P – Kaonashi 16:24, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Jade Mountain
Thanks for your help with its height. Someone else wrote the original article and I contributed its Japanese name and the Pearl Harbor reference and when I did that I noticed the disagreement. I'll have to poke around in some of my other books and see what they say. Ave! PedanticallySpeaking 15:23, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've posted more on my Yu Shan question at WP:RD. Ave!  PedanticallySpeaking 14:43, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)

Watchmen graphic novel
Just dropping a note here to say that I really liked your comment (in the Talk section) about the Watchmen graphic novel and the difficulties in labelilng Rorschach's political stance. That's all. :-) -- Asparagirl November 30th, 2004

More chemical weapons
Posted on User_talk:ClockworkSoul

Hi, I was looking over your excellent work-in-progress at User:ClockworkSoul/Chemical Weapon Proliferation, and it occurred to me that there's a status (or column, perhaps) that isn't quite captured with your current format. I'm thinking particularly of the UK's reported (or self-confessed, I think) status - the UK MoD says that the UK has tiny stockpiles of lots of chemical weapons types, but retains them only to test the effectiveness of their chemical weapons countermeasures (antidotes, dispersal agents, NBC suits, detectors, etc.), and that they aren't in a weaponised form or loaded into any kind of delivery system. So I suppose that would fall into a category between "doesn't have any" and "has a weapons capability". I'd guess that any number of countries will adopt (or claim to) a similar approach. -- John Fader
 * Hi, John. I'm glad you like my work-in-progress. I'm workingon inserting it into chemical warfare, but I may have to fork it off into its own article if it gets too long. Regarding the UK, you're right: The UK is one of several nations that declared small amounts of CW's for the purposes of defensive research, but still do not currently retain the capability to produce those agents on a scale suitable for warfare or possess the means to deploy those agents in the battlefield (fortunately, there are few of them, but details are scant at the moment). I've decided to list only nations that maintain an offensive military stockpile for now, simply because research-only nations don't seem to be listed anywhere. -- User:ClockworkSoul 00:42, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, you're quite right - I guess it's hard enough to know who has large quantities of weapons, nevermind who has a few bottles of it in some research lab somewhere. I think that a sentence after your table, saying essentially what you say above, would be a good thing to mention.  -- John Fader

Keydrive
Great job with the re-writing and re-arranging of the content on the keydrive article. It looks very professional and really contains a lot of useful information. Keep up the great work! --ABQCat 05:20, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I was considering nominating the picture as a FP candidate, but I've decided the grey blocks around the two key images are too distracting.  Maybe one day I'll take a photo with a smooth transition between the two. -- John Fader

Earth's address
In replying to my question, thanks, but you 'did not reply on my talkpage, despite it being there twice''. Please reply on my talkpage if I specifically ask you to'''. Thanks,--[[User:Honeycake|Honeycake (please reply on my talkpage!!)]] 18:59, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Look, I'm not your personal slave, so I'll answer wherever I damn well please. - John Fader

Copyvio
Thanks - I will clean it up as soon as I get a chance (probably after finals are done). Guettarda 18:17, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Gmail
hey, i was just wondering if you would be willing to re-license the screenshot you uploaded of gmail so that it is PD or GFDL or something, just cause fair-use is a US thing only, so it makes it easier for the planned mandrake distro of wikipedia, and whatnot, who cant use fairuse images. The bellman 12:07, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC)

 * I understand (and agree) entirely, but I don't think I'm owner of the copyright of the images in the first place (I suspect that google may be), and thus I'm not legally in a position to licence them at all. "Fair use" isn't a licence; it's a justification for using something without having a licence for it - and I understand the problem people have in trying to distribute wikipedia in jurisdictions where there isn't such a fair-use defense.  In as much as I may be held to hold a copyright (which I don't think is the case, as merely taking a screenshot isn't really a creative work, and thus isn't of itself copyrightable) I disclaim that copyright entirely, and I'll update the image pages accordingly - but I can't remove the fair-use tags, as I think all that would achieve is to make them into copyvios ;( -- John Fader 13:01, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Firefox toolbar
Your Gmail screenshots show an interesting firefox toolbar. Can you tell me which one this is and where I can get it? I am looking for something akin to Opera's Quick Preferences. Anárion 13:09, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It's the webdeveloper toolbar - it's very useful, if you do that kind of work. -- John Fader 13:40, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * thanks, just what I was looking for. Anárion 13:51, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thanks
...for your help on the Boreham page. WikiUser 19:45, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * My pleasure. Sources differ as to whether the water feature at the house is "a lake" or "a canal".  Do you know? -- John Fader 23:36, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I haven't been there for 30 years but as far as I can remember it is just a long rectangular lake. You could try asking on a local noticeboard. Have you seen the simple wikipedia? It needs some articles on British places. But only if you have time- editing here is time consuming. WikiUser 20:34, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

YES!!
IT WORKED! Thank you so much! I have been trying to figure that out for so long! I thought it had something to do with tell firefox it was HTML but I couldn't figure out how. I had the tags at the top and bottom of the page but that didn't seem to have any effect. But I changed the file name, like you said, so that it ended in .html, and it worked! So great! --The_stuart 20:20, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Firefox has an excellent little extension called livehttpheaders which lets you see HTTP headers as they're sent by the browser and the webserver. If one sees raw text (or the binary content of a zip file, etc.) then it's almost always a misconfiguration in the file that maps file extensions to Content-type headers. -- John Fader 20:26, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Gray's Anatomy images with missing articles
On December 24th, 2004, you left a message in Talk:Endochondral ossification about using Gray's Anatomy images in the article. I didn't spot that message until now but thanks a lot for alerting me of the existence of these pictures. It so happens that just this morning, someone had asked me about adding a picture to Osteon (which I didn't know where to find), which this archive contains. Thanks again! --jag123 03:54, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Northern Bank
Good work on the Northern Bank robbery. I'd seen that BBC timeline and I was planning to incorporate it at some point myself. The article needed more on the actual execution of the raid. Cheers. — Trilobite (Talk) 10:59, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wiki's within Wiki's
OK, so you're the only target handy for about five hours of frustration; that's life. I signed up for this hulabaloo early this morning and then, being a good boy, started through the tutorial. When I got to the sandbox, there being no toolbars in my "Wiki," or at least what I thought was my menu, that is, not saved up or for public perusal quite yet, I clicked on the sidebar help and got one very vitriolic, anti-American note, and one caustic suggestion from someone calling herself "Lesbian Seagull|project kaka" who managed to get a link in my menu repeating the above. Being a good boy scout, I clicked on that link to unearth the booger in my sandbox, to no avail of course, but got as my reward the disabling of my Wikisearch for "performance" reasons. I thought I made all this pretty clear in far fewer words, but then, I did not know that you have Wiki's within Wiki's with more passwords. Maybe I should have printed the sixteen pages of instructions and laid them all over my table to better navigate your murky waters, but I'll tell you what, bud,three insults in one night is about all that this poor boy can handle, so it might be a while before you see me back.Fresnosparrow 16:51, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, you can't have wikis within wikis, password protected areas or anything like that. That's why phrases like "my wiki" and "my search" don't make any sense here - we all share the same sandbox, same search, and one big unruly wiki. -- John Fader 17:04, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Anyway, John, if you need anything, contact me again. I am pretty sure I could help you.--GynoWizz 22:52, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Electronic music vandalism
Hi John, I linked to you on my talk page in regards to 130.161.31.76. I hope this is alright with you, and thanks for your response to that user, too. - Junjk 16:45, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Edit conflict over WP:HD
Thankyou for removing that question. Alphax (t) (c) (e) 00:38, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Trachea Vandal
wow... thank's so much, john, for catching that vandal!! I guess this is my first experience with vandalism on wiki. How did you come across it? Is any action taken against the one who did it? again, thanks soooo much!

 * I happened to reload "recent changes" just then, and checked it out on the off chance. Anons and new users who don't leave edit summaries are often (but by no means always) doing something unfortunate. There's quite a lot of vandalism on wikipedia, but you'll get used to it and not regard it as a big deal.  In most cases, as in this one, the vandal just blanks a few pages and then goes away forever.  Occasionally they stick around for a while and need to be blocked.  Very rarely do they come back again and again, and have to be chased and blocked on sight.  If you see mild vandalism, the best thing to do is to revert and move along.  Serious cases (ones you can't easily clean up yourself, or that just keep coming) should be listed on Vandalism in progress so you can enlist some help fighting them. -- John Fader 12:38, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Fleur Beale
Thanks for the praise…warm words are always welcome! --Theo (Talk) 14:30, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * You're welcome. This wiki would run one hell of a lot better if people were freer with their praise (which is generally deserved, and always neglected) and bit their tongues when it came to (generally trivial) whinging and whining. -- John Fader 14:37, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Completely agree. And I see merges and redirects as a way of acknowledging someone's efforts; not that this is advocacy of complete inclusion, you understand. --Theo (Talk) 14:45, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Isle of May
Hello, how can you be so fast in changing this article. I was not even finished when I got your message!

Cromer Crabs
Thnks for fixing the links on the Cromer Crab page which I'd just done. Just trying to get my head round how the system works. Any idea why the picture is still coming out full size when I thought I'd coded it to show at a small size? I think 200px should do it. I'd also like to get my copyright bit in the picture inside the box with general copyright statement, like the example on the'Image uploading page' - though I may be able to work that one out, maybe tomoorw evening!

Featured picture candidates/Lake-effect snow
I've added some comments for you to consider. Please see the article. -- BRIAN 0918  18:37, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the Welcome
Thanks. I've been around as an anonymous user for a few months now. Only got myself a screen-name so I could join in the VfD debates. (They think most anons are sock-puppets!) Wish I hadn't started grid-referencing all the UK-geo-stubs, now. There are hundreds of them. I'll probably give up before I even finish the "A"s. Oh well... Miss Pippa 14:40, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems lots of non-stub UK places don't have it either. Maybe I'll do those. --  14:45, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the welcome from me as well. Bogfjellmo 02:07, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * You're welcome. I still remember receiving a welcome message when I first started, and found it make a rather soulless wiki feel so much more like a community. --  02:11, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Peter Palumbo
Nice work on Peter Palumbo (John Fader, Miss Pippa and Henrygb): the article received a v.f.d. within four minutes of creation, even though it was already referenced by four or more pages! LoopZilla 07:42, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * It's always tempting fate to ever say "I can't imagine this article getting bigger". That said, I'm unhappy with the Peter Palumbo article, as it really says very little about his business and how he got so wealthy.  I'm sure he's done hundreds of buildings and projects, and we really only mention one.  I don't even know the name of his company.  We really need to fix that before we can rest on our laurels. --  17:59, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed; we could find so much dirt! Or not? LoopZilla 23:17, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Where there's muck there's brass. -- 23:20, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for fixing Peter Thompson
Seesdifferent

Thank you for welcome message
Hi John, saw your welcome message on my talk page. Thanks a lot! julie 00:08, 2005 Mar 7 (UTC)

 * Nice to have you onboard. Say adios to your social life! --  00:47, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Re: Lords Page
I was hoping he'd disappear for a few weeks, as he did the first time he edited here. Forunately his assertions are so outrageous that they're unlikely to be left in an article for very long. I've left him a message at User talk:Lords Page that will hopefully discourage these self-serving edits of his; failing that, at least he's now been given fair warning of the three revert rule. I'll therefore block him if I see him edit The Da Vinci Code once more (I'm of the mind that re-arranging things to make an edit appear unique shouldn't trump the 3RR). -- Hadal 21:27, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Question
John, forgive me if you've been asked this already (or if I should be wrong and you are an admin), but would you be open to my nominating you to be an administrator? You're an excellent candidate, judging by your work here, and it's gradually dawned on me that I don't think you're an admin yet. Please let me know at your convenience. Jwrosenzweig 02:05, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, JW, but I'd much rather not. I try very hard to stay well away from silly wiki politics, and both the adminship process and its ongoing application have deterioriated into a carnival of collective childishness. -- 19:09, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * A shame...that kind of attitude is refreshing and would be a good addition to our stable of admins. :-) After all, if no one but people who go in for that sort of thing become admins, there isn't much hope for change.  Ah well.  I respect your decision entirely.  Should you ever feel differently, please drop me a line and I'd be happy to nominate you. I won't bug you about it again. Jwrosenzweig 00:33, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Central Medical Services
Perhaps. If you choose to do so, you could make that the title and Central Medical Services a redirect. However, to me it is a fundamentally differnt case than say, Stasi, which is fairly widely known in English under that name; probably more widely than State Security Service would be. My thought is based on the idea that this is the English Wikipedia, and that as often as is practicable, articles should be entitled in that language unless experience and usage run considerably to the contrary, i.e., Stasi. Rlquall 00:25, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * That's true. There's probably some arcane policy about this somewhere.  I'll make a redirect from the german name to the english one, as it's clearly a toss-up which is the more appropriate. --  00:28, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Thanks for answering my question about "rv vandalism." Am I allowed to remove my question from the list now, or should it be left there for archival purposes? 64.50.192.206 01:02, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * It's best to leave it there. Others may wish to augment (or argue with) my answer, and yes, the page is archived.  I'll be damned if anyone actually reads the archive (it's the same questions over and over) but in theory the archives have value. --  01:06, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Oops.
I think I got confused because BOTH Dr Who and BitTorrent were linked in the extract of the article. Will fix this. - Ta bu shi da yu 00:48, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Sorry
Sorry for all the vandalism, I promise not to do any more.--212.100.250.219

Requests_for_arbitration/Baku_Ibne%2C_et_al./Evidence
Hi, I notice you had some involvement in dealing with page vandalism to User:Tabib and I wonder if you could contribute anything further you might know to this ongoing arbitration case into what, in its full breadth, seems to me to be one of the more serious cases of harassment of an editor I have seen in some time. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 13:01, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * It looks like you've summarised my contributions very well indeed, Tony. I believe there was much to-ing and fro-ing on various turkey related pages, but I didn't really follow it. --  13:39, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Walleye Image preference
Why the preference for the image on the right vs the left? I didn't know about the 1960s or I would have used that. However, since I'm adding so many of these articles, if there's a general preference for the image being on the right vs on the left, I'm happy to comply. Avriette 17:02, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Putting the first image in the very top right seems to be a convention (I've seen people claim it's policy, but I can't find any policy document to that effect). In larger articles, some people cunningly put it just before the first section, so it shares space with the TOC.  I confess I'm generaly not a fan of left-aligned images (as they make scanning down the page more difficult), except at the head of sections large enough where one can be sure the text will completely wrap around the image (even on the widest screen) before the next section starts.  Naturally, as specific circumstances warrant, rules and conventions are there to be broken :) --  17:27, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

WP:RM
I have moved your oppose to Talk:Dick Cheney as voting now takes place on the talk page of the page requested to be moved on (WP:RM. Please check that I have not made a mistake. Philip Baird Shearer 22:21, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks Philip, sorry for the mixup. -- 23:22, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:John Fader/archive1


text: Category:Prime ministers of Jordan

title: Category:Prime ministers of Jordan


text:
LA Symphony

L.A. Symphony is an independent hip hop group from Los Angeles, California. Current members of L.A. Symphony are FLYNN (also known as Flynn Adam), UNO Mas, CookBook, Joey the Jerk (formerly Joey's Dream), Sareem Poems (fka Sharlock Poems), Pigeon John and bTwice (collectively known as Brainwash Projects), and J-Beits a.k.a. Great Jason. Past members include Trendi MC (who compose Halieyoos Fishermen with Sharlok Poems and J-Beits), Coy (Paul "Coy" Allen), Xpress, Gaja and Beond of Acid Reign.

History
Formed in 1997, the band released their first album, 1999's Composition No. 1 on independent record label Eartube Empire. They then recorded an album entitled Call It What You Want between 1999 and 2001 for Squint Entertainment. It contained tracks produced by the band and by Mario C, will.i.am and Prince Paul. It was slated to be released in April 2001 and was sold as a bootleg copy at live shows and online until unofficially released as CIWYW, in addition to a release a promotional EP titled Big Broke L.A. that contained tracks from Call It What You Want. The lead single was "Broken Tape Decks" and was released as a limited edition 12" vinyl and CD single, with B-Side "What You Say?!?". The album was never released due to issues with the label.

LA Symphony independently released the Baloney EP in 2002. Originally, 1000 limited edition copies were pressed, hand-numbered and shipped in resealable sandwich bags. Baloney was later re-pressed.

Following the Baloney EP, L.A. Symphony was signed to Gotee Records. They then released The End Is Now in 2003, Less Than Zero in 2005 and Disappear Here in 2005. 2005 was also a year of personal tragedies for the band. CCM reported that immediately after re-signing to Gotee, three members experienced personal traumas—UNO came down with Guillain–Barré syndrome, CookBook's father suffered from a stroke, and Joey's grandfather also died.

In 2007, the group released a mixtape, Unleashed. Guests on the album include Posdnuos and Awol One.

In 2009, the members decided to put the group on hiatus. Since then several members have continued with solo projects.

On December 19, 2011, rumors started circulating (via bTwice's Twitter account) about a reunion of the group. The group would likely welcome back former members bTwice, Pigeon John, J-Beits (aka Great Jason), and J-BoogiE. On February 15, 2012 it was announced by bTwice via Twitter that the group would play the 2012 Paid Dues festival. It was also said that former members Pigeon John, J-Beits (Great Jason), and bTwice will return to the group for this show.

In December 2014, released their first record together with all 8 members since 2003 in honor of their 15th anniversary called You Still on Earth!?!.

title: LA Symphony


text:
David Hahn

David Charles Hahn (October 30, 1976 – September 27, 2016), sometimes called the "Radioactive Boy Scout" and the "Nuclear Boy Scout" was an American nuclear radiation enthusiast who built a homemade neutron source at the age of seventeen.

A scout in the Boy Scouts of America, Hahn conducted his experiments in secret in a backyard shed at his mother's house in Commerce Township, Michigan. Hahn's goal was to build and demonstrate a homemade breeder reactor. While he never managed to build a reactor, in August 1994, Hahn's progress attracted the attention of local police when they found concerning material in his vehicle during a stop for a separate matter. When Hahn warned them that the material was radioactive, the police contacted federal authorities, worried that he may have an atomic bomb. His mother's property was cleaned up by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ten months later as a Superfund cleanup site. Hahn attained Eagle Scout rank shortly after his lab was dismantled.

While the incident was not widely publicized initially, it became better known following a 1998 Harper's Magazine article by journalist Ken Silverstein. Hahn was also the subject of Silverstein's 2004 book The Radioactive Boy Scout. As an adult, Hahn served in the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. He was subsequently treated for mental illness, and his death at age 39 was related to drug and alcohol use.

Background
Hahn was born on October 30, 1976, in Royal Oak, Michigan. His father, Ken Hahn, was a mechanical engineer. His mother, Patty Hahn, suffered from alcoholism and was diagnosed with depression and schizophrenia and sent to a mental hospital when David was four. His parents divorced when he was nine, and his father gained custody. He had a stepmother, Kathy Missig, and a step-sister Kristina after his father remarried.

David's stepgrandfather John Sims gave him The Golden Book of Chemistry Experiments and encouraged his experiments in chemistry and science. David mowed other people's lawns to help fund his experiments. With one experiment, he created chloroform and as the book encouraged him to sniff the chemical, he did so and was passed out for more than an hour, according to his recollection. David also loved to build fireworks and model rockets, which he altered with his own designs. As the experiments at home were becoming a problem and increasingly dangerous, David was encouraged by his father to join up with the Boy Scouts to provide discipline and distraction from his scientific endeavors.

Creation of the neutron source
Hahn was fascinated by chemistry and spent years conducting amateur chemistry experiments, which sometimes caused small explosions and other mishaps. He was inspired in part by reading The Golden Book of Chemistry Experiments and tried to collect samples of every element in the periodic table, including the radioactive ones. He later received a merit badge in Atomic Energy and became fascinated with the idea of creating a breeder reactor in his home. Hahn diligently amassed radioactive material by collecting small amounts from household products, such as Americium from smoke detectors, thorium from camping lantern mantles, radium from old clocks he had obtained from an antique store, and tritium from gunsights. His "reactor" was a bored-out block of lead, and he used lithium from $1,000 worth of purchased batteries to purify the thorium ash using a Bunsen burner.

Hahn ultimately hoped to create a breeder reactor, using low-level isotopes to transform samples of thorium and uranium into fissile isotopes.

His homemade neutron source was often incorrectly referred to as a nuclear reactor, but it did emit measurable levels of radiation, likely exceeding 1,000 times normal background radiation. Alarmed by this, David Hahn began to dismantle his experiments, but in a chance encounter, police discovered his activities, which triggered a Federal Radiological Emergency Response Team involving the FBI and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. On June 26, 1995, the EPA, having designated Hahn's mother's property a Superfund hazardous materials cleanup site, dismantled the shed and placed its contents in steel barrels, which were later buried as low-level radioactive waste in Utah. Unbeknownst to officials, his mother, fearful that she would lose her house if the full extent of the radiation were known, had already collected the majority of the radioactive material David Hahn had hid in the house and thrown it away in the conventional garbage. Hahn refused medical evaluation for radiation exposure. EPA scientists believed that Hahn's life expectancy may have been shortened due to his exposure to radioactivity, particularly since he spent long periods in the small, enclosed shed with large amounts of radioactive material and only minimal safety precautions, but he refused their recommendation that he be examined at the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station.

Career
Hahn became depressed after the scandal, a problem exacerbated by the breakup with his then-girlfriend and the suicide of his mother in early 1996. While he did graduate from high school, he lacked any direction or plans thereafter. His father and stepmother first encouraged him to attend Macomb Community College. He enrolled in a metallurgy program there, but frequently skipped classes. He was then encouraged to join the military, so he enlisted in the Navy, assigned to the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CVN-65) as an undesignated seaman (pay grade E-3). After a four-year tour, he achieved interior communications specialist with a rank of petty officer, third class (pay grade E-4).

After his time on USS Enterprise, Hahn enlisted in the Marine Corps and was stationed in North Carolina. After a few years, Hahn achieved the rank of lance corporal (E-3). Shortly after returning from a rotation in Japan, he was honorably discharged on medical grounds and returned to Michigan.

FBI investigation
On April 23, 2007, the FBI received a lead regarding Hahn's alleged possession of a second neutron source in his freezer. Contacted via telephone, Hahn insisted that he was not in possession of radioactive material. The FBI decided no imminent terrorist threat was present but decided to attempt a personal interview. During an interview at an FBI office on May 16, 2007, investigators' questions touched on a variety of topics, such as flyers that Hahn had distributed promoting his book and upcoming film, theft of tires and rims from a vehicle prior to his Navy service, a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia, and a few less significant topics. FBI agents then interviewed an individual (whose identity was not released) who stated that Hahn was using cocaine heavily, was not taking his prescribed medication, was paranoid about people who he claimed "had the ability to 'shock' his genitals with their minds", and had possibly been visited by prostitutes. The individual also stated that he believed that Hahn was still trying to build a reactor and was collecting radium. He stated that he did not believe Hahn had any intentions of hurting anyone but was concerned about his mental state.

Larceny of smoke detectors
On August 1, 2007, Hahn was charged with larceny in Clinton Township, Michigan for allegedly removing a number of smoke detectors from the halls of his apartment building. His intention was to obtain americium from them. In his mug shot, his face was covered with sores, which investigators believed could have been from exposure to radioactive materials, psoriasis, or possible drug use. During a Circuit Court hearing, Hahn pleaded guilty to attempted larceny of a building. The court's online docket said prosecutors recommended that he be sentenced to time served and enter an inpatient treatment facility. Under terms of the plea, the original charge of larceny of a building would be dismissed at sentencing, scheduled for October 4. He was sentenced to 90 days in jail for attempted larceny. Court records stated that his sentence would be delayed by six months while Hahn underwent medical treatment in the psychiatric unit of Macomb County Jail.

Death
On September 27, 2016, at the age of 39, Hahn died in his hometown of Shelby Charter Township, Michigan. His death was ruled an accidental result of intoxication from the combined effects of alcohol, fentanyl, and diphenhydramine. The medical examiner's report indicated a blood alcohol concentration of 0.404 mg/dL.

In popular culture
The incident received scant media attention at the time, but was widely disseminated after writer Ken Silverstein published an article about the incident in Harper's Magazine in 1998. In 2004 he expanded it into a book, The Radioactive Boy Scout, which was optioned for a feature film in 2016.

In 1999, University of Chicago physics majors Justin Kasper and Fred Niell, as part of a scavenger hunt that had as one of its items "a breeder reactor built in a shed," successfully built a similar nuclear reactor that produced trace amounts of plutonium.

In the CSI: NY episode "Page Turner", the character Lawrence Wagner is based on Hahn.

A television documentary, The Nuclear Boy Scout, aired on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom in 2003. In it, Hahn reenacted some of his methods for the camera.

Hahn's experiments inspired others to attempt similar feats, particularly Taylor Wilson, who at age 14 became the youngest person to produce nuclear fusion.

Michael Stevens featured Hahn's story in his Vsauce YouTube video "Cruel Bombs".

StarQuest Production Network(SQPN)'s mystery program Jimmy Akin Mysterious World, dedicated episode #92 on Hahn called "The Radioactive Boy Scout".

An episode of the CBS series Young Sheldon features the protagonist attempting to build a nuclear reactor by extracting americium from smoke detectors.

Episode 6 of season 6 of Mysteries at the Museum features a segment about Hahn's nuclear experiment entitled "Radioactive Boy Scout" which originally aired 10/24/2014.

Duncan Jones claimed that the villain in his sci-fi film Source Code was inspired by the documentary The Nuclear Boy Scout.

Episode 20 of The Dollop Podcast covers Hahn's exploits.

The song "Baby Criminal" by Swedish post-punk band Viagra Boys from their 2022 studio album Cave World is loosely based on Hahn's life.

title: David Hahn


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Carl Axel Setterberg

Carl Axel Setterberg (1812-1871) was a Swedish-born Finnish architect. Setterberg provided much of the urban design for the city of Vaasa, Finland.

Biography

Setterberg was born at Bogsta parish in Södermanland, Sweden. He studied to become an architect at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm from 1834–1841. In May 1841, he got a job as building contractor in Gävleborg province, where he worked the following ten years. In this position he led many important building projects in Gävle and designed several public buildings.

When he heard that the city of Vaasa in Finland had burned down to the ground in 1852, he became interested in the opportunities surrounding the rebuilding of the city. He travelled to Vaasa where the job as county architect was open, and in January 1853 he was temporarily appointed for the job after impressing the county governor Berndt Federley (1799–1863). In 1855, he permanently became county architect after he had becoming citizen of the Grand Duchy of Finland.

In 1854, he became the city architect and was commissioned with drawing up the new city plan on the isthmus of Klemetsö, about seven kilometres (4.3 miles) to the northwest from the old town. The new town of Nikolaistad (Finnish: Nikolainkaupunki), named after the late Tsar Nicholas I, rose in 1862. The new city had a modern square layout and was divided by wide streets. Setterberg also designed many of the city's public and private buildings, like the Holy Trinity Church in 1869. In 1871, Setterberg died at Nikolaistad (renamed Vaasa during 1917).

In year 2000, Setterberg was voted the most significant person from Vaasa of all time. The poll was a part of Vaasa's 400th anniversary celebration.

title: Carl Axel Setterberg


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Slack tide

Slack tide or slack water is the short period in a body of tidal water when the water is completely unstressed, and there is no movement either way in the tidal stream. It occurs before the direction of the tidal stream reverses. Slack water can be estimated using a tidal atlas or the tidal diamond information on a nautical chart. The time of slack water, particularly in constricted waters, does not occur at high and low water, and in certain areas, such as Primera Angostura, the ebb may run for up to three hours after the water level has started to rise. Similarly, the flood may run for up to three hours after the water has started to fall. In 1884, Thornton Lecky illustrated the phenomenon with an inland basin of infinite size, connected to the sea by a narrow mouth. Since the level of the basin is always at mean sea level, the flood in the mouth starts at half tide, and its velocity is at its greatest at the time of high water, with the strongest ebb occurring conversely at low water.

Implications for seafarers
For scuba divers, the absence of a flow means that less effort is required to swim and there is less likelihood of drifting away from a vessel or shore. Slack water following high tide can improve underwater visibility, as the previously incoming tide brings clear water with it. Following low tide, visibility can be reduced as the ebb draws silt, mud, and other particulates with it. In areas with potentially dangerous tides and currents, it is standard practice for divers to plan a dive at slack times.

For any vessel, a favourable flow will improve the vessel's speed over the bottom for a given speed in the water. Difficult channels are also more safely navigated during slack water, as any flow may set a vessel out of a channel into danger.

Combined tidal stream and current
In many locations, in addition to the tidal streams there is also a current causing the tidal stream in the one direction to be stronger than, and last for longer than the stream in the opposite direction six hours later. Variations in the strength of that current will also vary the time when the stream reverses, thus altering the time and duration of slack water. Variations in wind stress also directly affect the height of the tide, and the inverse relationship between the height of the tide and atmospheric pressure is well understood (1 cm change in sea level for each 1 mb change in pressure) while the duration of slack water at a given location is inversely related to the height of the tide at that location.

Misconceptions
Slack water is different from the 'stand of the tide', which is when tide levels 'stand' at a maximum or minimum (i.e., at that moment in time, not rising or falling).

Dodge tides
Some localities have unusual tidal characteristics, such as Gulf St Vincent, South Australia, where the amplitudes of the main semi-diurnal tide constituents are almost identical. At neap tides the semi-diurnal tide is virtually absent, resulting in the phenomenon known as a "dodge tide" —a day-long period of slack water—occurring twice a month; this effect is accentuated near the equinoxes when the diurnal component also vanishes, resulting in a period of 2–3 days of slack water.

title: Slack tide


text: User talk:203.197.250.168

title: User talk:203.197.250.168


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San Fernando Hill

San Fernando Hill (officially known as Naparima Hill, and frequently referred to by the locals as simply The Hill) is a 192-m hill which lies at the centre of the city of San Fernando in Trinidad and Tobago. The hill, an outcrop of Argillite is the highest point in the Naparima Plains. Originally nearly dome-shaped with a flattened top, the size was reduced by more than a third as a result of unrestricted quarrying in the 1970s. The Hill originally supported semi-evergreen forest, but this was largely replaced by cultivated species prior to the devastation of the Hill by quarrying.

Quarrying on the Hill was not a new phenomenon, but the increase in demand for Argillite aggregate (for construction) during the oil boom of the 1970s led to an expansion of quarrying to the point where it appeared that the entire Hill would be removed. Protests by citizens' groups led to a halt to quarrying and the Hill was included in the National Parks and Protected Areas plan of 1980. The Forestry Division of Trinidad and Tobago Forestry Division took over management of the Hill and have since constructed a visitor centre and recreation area on the Hill. When visiting the centre, one can look out over a commanding view of south and central Trinidad, the Gulf Of Paria, and on a clear day, the coast of nearby Venezuela. Several World War II-era bunkers also exist on the Hill, but they are not readily accessible to the public.

During the late 1980s the then mayor of San Fernando, Dr. Romesh Mootoo suggested that the City Hall be removed to the Hill, calling it the Acropolis of the Caribbean. Nothing came of these plans, however. With the development of the Hill as a recreation area, the burgess of San Fernando and surrounding have re-connected with the Hill. During the Christmas season, a large star, lit electrically, can be seen all over the surrounding area, from its place on the San Fernando Hill.

Based on the Masters research of Tyrone Kalpee, (now of BP), an innovative plan for the restoration of the bare-rock surface of the formerly quarried areas (which make up about 3/4 of the Hill) was developed based on Leucaena leucocephala, a fast-growing leguminous tree species. The Forestry Division incorporated Kalpee's plans into its restoration plan for the Hill, and as a result many areas support relatively lush vegetation.

title: San Fernando Hill


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Cassegrain

Cassegrain may refer to People :
 * Cassegrain reflector, a design used in telescopes
 * Cassegrain antenna, a type of parabolic antenna
 * Cassegrain (crater), on the Moon
 * a Belgian canned vegetables producer now part of Bonduelle S.A.
 * Guillaume Cassegrain, a French sculptor
 * Giovanni Cassegrain, a French sculptor
 * Jean Cassegrain, a French businessman, founder of Longchamp in 1948
 * Laurent Cassegrain, a Catholic priest and teacher and probably the inventor of the Cassegrain Reflector

title: Cassegrain


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Olodum

Olodum is a bloco-afro from Salvador's carnival, in Bahia, Brazil. It was founded by the percussionist Neguinho do Samba.

Banda Olodum (Olodum's Band)
The name comes from the Yoruba word Olodumare. Olodum is widely credited with developing the music style known as samba reggae and for its active participation in carnaval each year. Neguinho do Samba, the lead percussionist, created a mix of the traditional Brazilian samba beat with merengue, salsa, and reggae rhythms for the Bahian Carnival of 1986; this became known as samba reggae. This "bloco afro" music is closely tied to its African roots, as seen through its percussion instruments, participatory dancing and unique rhythm. It also directly draws from many Caribbean cultures, like Cuba and Puerto Rico. Olodum gained worldwide notoriety as an African-Brazilian percussive group and performed in Europe, Japan, and almost all of South America. Olodum's performing band (or Banda) has released records in its own right and has been featured on recordings by Brazilian stars such as Simone and Daniela Mercury. In 1988, Simone recorded "Me ama mô" live, in Pelourinho, featuring Neguinho do Samba and Olodum, for Simone's album, Simone.

In 1990, Olodum performed on Paul Simon's album The Rhythm of the Saints, appearing on the song "The Obvious Child," as well as in its accompanying music video. On November 17 of that year, they performed the song with Simon on the American variety show Saturday Night Live, and subsequently appeared in Simon's Central Park concert the following year.

In 1996, the band appeared on heavy metal band Sepultura's album Roots. Later that year, they participated in the music video for Michael Jackson's "They Don't Care About Us", from his ninth studio album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. The first video clip was recorded in Pelourinho and featured Jackson collaborating with the 200 members of Olodum, who played music in the video. The media interest surrounding the video exposed Olodum to 140 countries around the world, bringing them worldwide fame and increasing their credibility in Brazil. After this, Olodum recorded with famous artists from Brazil and abroad, such as Wayne Shorter, Jimmy Cliff, Herbie Hancock, Pet Shop Boys and Caetano Veloso.

In 2013, the band played live with Kimbra on Rock in Rio's sunset stage, performing a cover of "They Don't Care About Us". The following year, they participated in "We Are One (Ole Ola)," the official song of the FIFA World Cup 2014, with rapper Pitbull and singers Jennifer Lopez and Claudia Leitte. On June 12, they performed the song at the 2014 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony, along with Pitbull, Lopez and Leitte, in Arena Corinthians, São Paulo, prior to the Brazil v. Croatia match.

Causes
Olodum develops activism to combat social discrimination, boost the self-esteem and pride of Afro-Brazilians, and defend and fight to secure civil and human rights for marginalized people in Bahia and Brazil. It developed a social project called Escola Olodum (Olodum School).

Annually, since 1980, in Salvador's Bahian Carnival, Olodum discusses topics related to the importance of African culture in the construction of society, as in the 2014 carnival theme, "Ashanti - The Golden Throne and the Queen Yaa Asantewaa." The theme song is chosen in a songwriter competition called FEMADUM (in English, Olodum's Music and Arts Festival).

Notable deaths
Olodum percussionist Neguinho do Samba died of heart failure on October 31, 2009, at the age of 54. On June 13, 2011, Olodum's ex-vocalist and songwriter Germano Meneghel, author of hits like "Avisa lá," "Vem, Meu Amor," "Alegria Geral," and the posthumous "Várias Queixas," was found dead in his home at age 49; the cause of death is still unknown.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Egito Madagáscar (1987)
 * Núbia Axum Etiópia (1989)
 * Da Atlântida à Bahia (1991)
 * Movimento (1993)
 * Menino Dourado (1994)
 * Filhos do Sol (1995)
 * Roma Negra (1996)
 * Liberdade (1997)
 * Olodum Pela Vida (2002)

Live albums

 * Live at the Montreux Jazz Festival (1995)
 * 25 Anos de Samba Reggae: Ao Vivo (2005)

Collections

 * 10 Anos - Do Deserto do Saara ao Nordeste Brasileiro (1989)
 *  Popularidade (1999)
 * A Música do Olodum - 20 Anos (2000)
 * Nova Série - Olodum (2008)

title: Olodum


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Methven Castle

Methven Castle is a privately owned 17th-century house situated east of Methven, in Perth and Kinross, Scotland.

History
The lands of Methven were owned by the Mowbray family from the 12th century. The Mowbrays supported the claim of John Balliol against Robert the Bruce, and on the latter's victory Methven was confiscated by the crown, and given to Walter Stewart, the Bruce's son-in-law. His descendant, Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, was deprived of the lands following his involvement in a plot to kill King James I. The castle sustained a siege in 1444, and was visited by King James II in 1450. King James IV visited several times in the 1490s.

Methven Castle was given to Margaret Tudor (1489–1541), queen of James IV, King of Scots, and daughter of Henry VII of England, on 29 May 1503 as part of her marriage gift. She lived at Methven after her third marriage to Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven, in 1528. Margaret Tudor died here on 18 October 1541. After the third Lord Methven died without heir in 1584, King James VI gave Methven to his favourite, the Duke of Lennox. In 1664 the estate was purchased by Patrick Smythe of Braco.

The present building is dated 1664, and was designed and built by the mason-architect John Mylne. It may incorporate older work including the central spine wall. An early drawing for Methven by Patrick Smythe shows a plan with similarities to Pitreavie Castle near Dunfermline. The architect James Smith may have been involved in the project.

The Smythe family remained in possession throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, making additions to the castle and the grounds. In 1923 the castle was sold, and changed hands several times until 1984, when owner and architect Kenneth Murdoch began extensive restoration work. The east wing was demolished, following the west wing which was pulled down in the 1950s, leaving only the 17th-century house, which was given a new roof. The castle is currently owned by David Murdoch, and is a category A listed building.

Architecture
It comprises a square, four-storey main block, with narrow circular towers at each corner. These have ogee-shaped roofs, and the whole building is harled. The north front has a pair of crow-stepped gables, linked by a balustrade. An east wing was added first, then a western extension with a bay window, built around 1815, probably by James Gillespie Graham. Graham produced designs for rebuilding the whole structure, but this was never carried out. The building also had a clock tower, but this was demolished around 1965. Inside, the building was remodelled in 1800, and only a stair remains of the original interiors.

Grounds
Parkland was laid out around the castle from the late 18th century. David Smythe, Lord Methven planted many of the woodlands, and a walled garden was constructed in 1796. In 1830 a pinetum, an arboretum consisting of conifers, was established, and is considered the first in Scotland. David's son William continued to expand the estate and constructed glasshouses. Although the woodlands continued to be managed into the 20th century, the gardens were neglected and numerous trees felled, including much of the pinetum, in the 1950s. The largest surviving tree is the Pepperwell Oak, with a girth of 22 ft, as measured in 1985. In 1883 this tree was thought to be already 400 years old. The parks and gardens are listed in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens.

title: Methven Castle


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Prince Edmund

Prince Edmund may refer to:

 * Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York (1341–1402), the fifth son of Edward III of England
 * Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset, son of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York
 * Prince Edmund Batthyany-Strattmann (1826–1914), a Hungarian nobleman
 * in fiction
 * Prince Edmund (Blackadder) (1461- 1498), the name of the main character in the first series of the British sitcom Blackadder

title: Prince Edmund


text:
User talk:Sock It To Me

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title: User talk:Sock It To Me


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Christian tradition

Christian tradition is a collection of traditions consisting of practices or beliefs associated with Christianity. These ecclesiastical traditions have more or less authority based on the nature of the practices or beliefs and on the group in question. Many churches have traditional practices, such as particular patterns of worship or rites, that developed over time. Deviations from such patterns are sometimes considered unacceptable by followers or are regarded as heretical. There are certain Christian traditions that are practiced throughout the liturgical year, such as praying a daily devotional during Advent, erecting a nativity scene during Christmastide, chalking the door on Epiphany Day, fasting during Lent, waving palms on Palm Sunday, eating easter eggs during Eastertide, and decorating the church in red on Pentecost.

Tradition also includes historic teaching of the recognized church authorities, such as Church Councils and ecclesiastical officials (e.g., the Pope, Patriarch of Constantinople, Archbishop of Canterbury, etc.), and includes the teaching of significant individuals like the Church Fathers, the Protestant Reformers, and the founders of denominations. Many creeds, confessions of faith, and catechisms generated by these bodies, and individuals are also part of the traditions of various bodies.

Tradition and ecclesial traditions
The Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Persian churches distinguish between what is called Apostolic or sacred tradition and ecclesiastical traditions. In the course of time ecclesial traditions develop in theology, discipline, liturgy, and devotions. These the Church may retain, modify or even abandon. Apostolic tradition, on the other hand, is the teaching that was handed down by the Apostles by word of mouth, by their example and "by the institutions they established", among which is the apostolic succession of the bishops: "this living transmission, accomplished in the Holy Spirit, is called Tradition". "And [Holy] Tradition transmits in its entirety the Word of God, which has been entrusted to the apostles by Christ the Lord and the Holy Spirit."

Prima scriptura is upheld by the Anglican and Methodist traditions of Christianity, which teach that Scripture is the primary source for Christian doctrine, but that "tradition, experience, and reason" can subordinately inform Christian practice as long as they are in harmony with the Bible. In Methodism, sacred tradition refers to "church's consensual interpretation of the Bible" and in view of the prima scriptura perspective, informs doctrine, such as that regarding infant baptism for example, in which Methodist teaching appeals to Scripture chiefly, along with the teachings of the Church Fathers and early Methodist divines for support of the practice.

For many denominations of Christianity, included in sacred tradition are the writings of the Ante-Nicene Fathers, Nicene Fathers and Post-Nicene Fathers.

In his book, James F. Keenan reports studies by some Catholic academics. A study by Bernard Hoose states that claims to a continuous teaching by the Church on matters of sexuality, life and death and crime and punishment are "simply not true". After examining seven medieval texts about homosexuality, Mark Jordan argues that, "far from being consistent, any attempt to make a connection among the texts proved impossible". He calls the tradition's teaching of the Church "incoherent". Karl-Wilhelm Merks considers that tradition itself is "not the truth guarantor of any particular teaching." Keenan, however, says that studies of "manualists" such as John T. Noonan Jr. has demonstrated that, "despite claims to the contrary, manualists were co-operators in the necessary historical development of the moral tradition." Noonan, according to Keenan, has provided a new way of viewing at "areas where the Church not only changed, but shamefully did not".

Branches
In the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodoxy, sacred tradition, but not "ecclesial traditions", is considered official doctrine and of equal authoritative weight to the Bible. In the Anglican and Methodist traditions, sacred tradition, along with reason and experience, inform Christian practice at a level subordinate to Sacred Scripture (see prima scriptura). Among the Lutheran and Reformed traditions of Christianity, the Bible itself is the only final authority (see sola scriptura), but tradition still plays an important supporting role. All three groups generally accept the traditional developments on the doctrine of the Trinity, for instance, and set bounds of orthodoxy and heresy based on that tradition. They also have developed creedal and confessional statements which summarize and develop their understanding of biblical teaching.

title: Christian tradition