text:
Paranapanema

Paranapanema is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. With the highest growth in real estate value predictions for 2025. The population was estimated at 20,395 in 2020, in an area of 1019 km2. The elevation is 610 m.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1944.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Paranapanema


text:
Talk:Morningrise

Addition of black metal
I'll wait until a reference of the black metal genre. If anything, the album has black metal characteristics only on the guitars as stated by Åkerfeldt (somewhere). There are no shrieks or raspy vocals which are distinctive characteristics for black metal unless there is a technique I'm missing. I may want listen to Morningrise again so I can "be on the same page". --CircafuciX (talk) 06:59, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Opeth morningrise.jpg
Image:Opeth morningrise.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 18:19, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on Morningrise. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110125021924/http://opeth.com/index.php/discography/show/tpl/morning-session-diary to http://www.opeth.com/index.php/discography/show/tpl/morning-session-diary
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100923024403/http://opeth.com/index.php/discography/show/tpl/morningrise to http://opeth.com/index.php/discography/show/tpl/morningrise
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080828073252/http://www.opeth.com/index.php/biography/show/tpl/chapter-iv to http://www.opeth.com/index.php/biography/show/tpl/chapter-iv
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130126222517/http://www.jensmetalpage.com/interviews_opeth.htm to http://www.jensmetalpage.com/interviews_opeth.htm
 * Added tag to http://www.archaic-magazine.com/article.php?aid=39830
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110627230548/http://opeth.com/index.php/discography/show/tpl/morning-reviews to http://www.opeth.com/index.php/discography/show/tpl/morning-reviews

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:50, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

Repeat sentences
In the introduction: 'It was also the last Opeth release with drummer Anders Nordin and bassist Johan De Farfalla.'

In 'Recording and production': 'It was also the last album that was recorded with Johan De Farfalla and Anders Nordin.[5]'

In 'Recording and production': 'Morningrise includes Opeth's longest song ever recorded, "Black Rose Immortal", with a length of 20:15'

In 'Musical style and lyrical themes': 'This album also features Opeth's longest recorded song, "Black Rose Immortal", which lasts over 20 minutes.'

Not sure how to fix this myself. --213.180.0.3 (talk) 08:28, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Morningrise


text:
Battle group

Battle group may refer to:
 * Battlegroup (army), the basic building block of an army's fighting force
 * Battleship battle group, a battleship and its escorts
 * Carrier battle group, a carrier and its escorts
 * Battlegroup of the European Union, an army battle group project of the European Union
 * Battle group, a subunit of a United States pentomic division

title: Battle group


text:
Paranapuã

Paranapuã is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 4,095 (2020 est.) in an area of 140 km2. The elevation is 474 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Paranapuã


text:
User talk:2134

Hello, "2134" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

. -- Infrogmation 23:58, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

title: User talk:2134


text:
Pavel Axelrod

Pavel Borisovich Axelrod (Па́вел Бори́сович Аксельро́д; 25 August 1850 – 16 April 1928) was an early Russian Marxist revolutionary. Along with Georgi Plekhanov, Vera Zasulich, and Leo Deutsch, he was one of the members of the first organization of Russian Marxists, Emancipation of Labor. After the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, he was part of the Menshevik faction, with which he was identified until his death.

Early life and career
Pavel Axelrod was the son of a Jewish innkeeper. His parents lived in the Jewish poorhouse. He was forced to work for a living from a young age; though while still in his early teens, he produced his first political essay, on the condition of the Jewish poor in the Mogilev Region, in modern-day Belarus. At the age of 16, he discovered the writings of the German socialist Ferdinand Lasalle, which had a major influence on him. Later, he obtained a place at Kiev University, with financial help from wealthy Jews, and organised a political discussion group, based on the ideas of P.L.Lavrov.

In 1874, he was one among hundreds of idealistic students who left the cities to work among the peasants. When that experiment failed, he emigrated to Geneva, where he was converted to anarchism and joined a circle of Russians who followed the ideas of Mikhail Bakunin. He returned to Ukraine briefly later in 1875, joined the Land and Liberty (Земля и Воля) party. He devoted himself to propaganda work among factory workers in Kiev, where in 1879, he and Yakov Stefanovich, founded the Workers' Union of South Russia. Unlike other anarchist groups, as well as aiming for the eventual transformation of society on anarchist foundations, they also advocated immediate reforms such as democratic freedoms, shorter working hours etc.

The Union disintegrated when Axelrod moved to St Petersburg, at the time when Zemlya i Volya split over the issue of whether to assassinate the Tsar Alexander II. He was a founder the populist Black Repartition group, another of whose leading members was Georgi Plekhanov. Axelrod was a 'moderate' within the Russian revolutionary movement, with an instinctive dislike of revolutionary violence. In 1878, he warned against the possibility of the movement degenerating into Jacobinism. He was "indignant" when two members of Black Repartition, Elizaveta Kovalskaya and Nikolai Schedrin told him that they planned to kill a factory owner in Smolensk who locked his workers in the factory overnight, with a result that many of them were burned to death when the building caught fire. He argued in the journal Vol'noe Slovo that the Kiev pogrom was damaging to the proletariat.

Axelrod emigrated to Switzerland again in June 1880, remaining in exile for 37 years.

Family
In 1875 in Geneva, Axelrod married his former private student Nadezhda Ivanovna Kaminer, daughter of Isaac Kaminer. A student himself, Axelrod was Kaminer's and her sister's tutor. Despite severe financial hardship during the first years, the marriage proved to be successful. They had three children: Vera (born 22 November 1875), Alexander (born 18 July 1879) and Sofia (born 14 November 1881). Nadezhda Ivanovna Axelrod-Kaminer died in 1906.

To provide income for his family while in exile, Axelrod raised milk cows and produced his own kind of buttermilk which he then would sell and deliver himself to his customers. Axelrod would argue politics over his milk cans. His home was a place of refuge for fugitives from Russia, who were fed there; some were fitted out with new clothes.

In the mid-1880s Axelrod established his own small company producing kefir. By the end of the 1890s, Axelrod's company had offices in Zürich, Geneva, and Basel, which provided steady income and allowed him to support revolutionaries. In 1908, Axelrod sold his company in exchange for the retirement payments to him from the new owner.

Marxist revolutionary
In Switzerland, in September 1883, Axelrod joined Plekhanov, Vera Zasulich and Leo Deutsch in Emancipation of Labor (Освобождение Труда), the first Russian Marxist group. He wrote several essays which laid out the differences between marxists and the traditional Russian populists, or Narodniks, who believed that a peasant revolution would overthrow the Russian monarchy and introduce socialism, bypassing capitalism – The Workers' Movement and Social Democracy (Рабочее движение и социальная демократия) (1885) and Letter to Russian workers on the movement for the liberation of the proletariat (Письма к русским рабочим об освободительном движении пролетариата) (1889).

In 1900, Axelrod, Plekhanov, and Zasulich joined with the younger revolutionary Marxists Julius Martov, Vladimir Lenin, and Alexander Potresov to form the editorial board of Iskra, a Marxist newspaper, from 1900 to 1903. When Iskra supporters split at the Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1903, Axelrod sided with the Menshevik faction.

Originally, he was seen as the leader of the Mensheviks, before he ceded that position to the younger Martov. Axelrod fundamentally disagreed with Lenin's concept of the party as a disciplined organisation of professional revolutionaries who led the workers. He believed that the revolutionaries would eventually take instructions from organised labour, and during the 1905 revolution, he was the author of a proposal to hold a mass workers' conference. After that failure, his influence within the Menshevik party diminished, but he continued to be a spokesman for the Menshevik in international conferences, particularly after the outbreak of war in 1914, when he was part of the Russian delegation at the anti-war Zimmerwald Conference.

In 1917, after the February Revolution, Axelrod returned to Russia. By then some Mensheviks had already joined Kerensky's Provisional Government and supported government war policy. Despite all his efforts, Axelrod failed to gain Mensheviks' support for a policy of immediate peace negotiations with the Central Powers. After the Bolshevik victory, which Axelrod called a "historical crime without parallel in modern history", he toured the world rallying socialist opposition to the Bolsheviks.

Death
Axelrod died in exile in Berlin in 1928.

title: Pavel Axelrod


text: User talk:68.233.218.73

title: User talk:68.233.218.73


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Parapuã

Parapuã is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 10,949 (2020 est.) in an area of 366 km². The elevation is 486 m. It was founded by Luiz de Souza Leão in 1934.

In the 1970s the county was called "Capital of the Coffee" because there were 12,500,000 coffee plants. But in 1975 a frost destroyed most of them. In spite of this, coffee is still important for the local economy, along with sugar cane and corn.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1944.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Religion
Christianity is present in the city as follows:

Catholic Church
The Catholic church in the municipality is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Marília.

Protestant Church
The most diverse evangelical beliefs are present in the city, mainly Pentecostal, including the Assemblies of God in Brazil (the largest evangelical church in the country), Christian Congregation in Brazil, among others. These denominations are growing more and more throughout Brazil.

title: Parapuã


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Spectral color

A spectral color is a color that is evoked by monochromatic light, i.e. either a spectral line with a single wavelength or frequency of light in the visible spectrum, or a relatively narrow spectral band (e.g. lasers). Every wave of visible light is perceived as a spectral color; when viewed as a continuous spectrum, these colors are seen as the familiar rainbow. Non-spectral colors (or extra-spectral colors) are evoked by a combination of spectral colors.

In color spaces

In color spaces which include all, or most spectral colors, they form a part of boundary of the set of all real colors. When considering a three-dimensional color space (which includes luminance), the spectral colors form a surface. When excluding luminance and considering a two-dimensional color space (chromaticity diagram), the spectral colors form a curve known as the spectral locus. For example, the spectral locus of the CIEXYZ chromaticity diagram contains all the spectral colors (to the eye of the standard observer).

A trichromatic color space is defined by three primary colors, which can theoretically be spectral colors. In this case, all other colors are inherently non-spectral. In reality, the spectral bandwidth of most primaries means that most color spaces are entirely non-spectral. Due to different chromaticity properties of different spectral segments, and also due to practical limitations of light sources, the actual distance between RGB pure color wheel colors and spectral colors shows a complicated dependence on the hue. Due to the location of R and G primaries near the 'almost flat' spectral segment, RGB color space is reasonably good with approximating spectral orange, yellow, and bright (yellowish) green, but is especially poor in reproducing the visual appearance of spectral colors in the vicinity of central green, and between green and blue, as well as extreme spectral colors approaching IR or UV.

Spectral colors are universally included in scientific color models such as CIE 1931, but industrial and consumer color spaces such as sRGB, CMYK, and Pantone, do not typically include any spectral colors. Exceptions include Rec. 2020, which uses three spectral colors as primaries (and therefore only includes precisely those three spectral colors), and color spaces such as the ProPhoto RGB color space which use imaginary colors as primaries.

In color models capable of representing spectral colors, such as CIELUV, a spectral color has the maximal saturation. In Helmholtz coordinates, this is described as 100% purity.

In dichromatic color spaces
In dichromatic color vision there is no distinction between spectral and non-spectral colors. Their entire gamut can be represented by spectral colors.

Spectral color terms
The spectrum is often divided into color terms or names, but aligning boundaries between color terms to a specific wavelength is very subjective.

The first person to decompose white light and name the spectral colors was Isaac Newton. Early in the study of radiometry, Newton was not able to measure the wavelength of the light, but his experiments were repeated contemporarily to estimate wavelengths where his color term boundaries probably lay. Newton's color terms included red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet; this color sequence is still used to describe spectral colors colloquially and a mnemonic for it is commonly known as "Roy G. Biv".

In modern divisions of the spectrum, indigo is often omitted and a blue-green color is sometimes included. Some have argued that Newton's indigo would be equivalent to our modern blue, and his blue equivalent to our blue-green. However, his nonintuitive choices can be better explained. In the table below, note how wavelength is not proportional to hue (which is approximately perceptually uniform). Color systems such as ISCC-NBS attempt to divide the spectrum into sections that appear perceptually uniform. On the other hand, Newton's sections are approximately uniform in size as they would have physically appeared in the diffracted spectrum, i.e. each about 40nm "wide". In this theory, the sections were divided without influence of his own perception, and each section was then given a name that best suited its average color. In contrast, the sections in the ISCC-NBS spectrum vary greatly in wavelength range, but are more consistent in the hue degree range. Both instances deviate from the basic color terms used in English, only some of which are spectral colors.

The table below includes several definitions where the spectral colors have been categorized in color terms. The hue that a given monochromatic light evokes is approximated at the right side of the table.

Extra-spectral colors
Among some of the colors that are spectral colors are:

 * Grayscale (achromatic) colors, such as white, gray, and black.
 * Any color obtained by mixing a gray-scale color and another color (either spectral or not), such as pink (a mixture of a reddish color and white), or brown (a mixture of orange and black or gray).
 * Violet-red colors, which include colors in the line of purples (such as magenta and rose), and other variations of purple and red.
 * Impossible colors, which cannot be seen under normal viewing of light, such as over-saturated colors or colors that are seemingly brighter than white.
 * Metallic colors which reflect light by effect.

title: Spectral color


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Killip class

The Killip classification is a system used in individuals with an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), taking into account physical examination and the development of heart failure in order to predict and stratify their risk of mortality. Individuals with a low Killip class are less likely to die within the first 30 days after their myocardial infarction than individuals with a high Killip class.

The study
The study was a case series with unblinded, unobjective outcomes, not adjusted for confounding factors, nor validated in an independent set of patients. The setting was the coronary care unit of a university hospital in the USA.

250 patients were included in the study (aged 28 to 94; mean 64, 72% male) with a myocardial infarction. Patients with a cardiac arrest prior to admission were excluded.

Patients were ranked by Killip class in the following way:
 * Killip class I includes individuals with no clinical signs of heart failure.
 * Killip class II includes individuals with rales or crackles in the lungs, an S3, and elevated jugular venous pressure.
 * Killip class III describes individuals with frank acute pulmonary edema.
 * Killip class IV describes individuals in cardiogenic shock or hypotension (measured as systolic blood pressure lower than 90 mmHg), and evidence of peripheral vasoconstriction (oliguria, cyanosis or sweating).

Conclusions
The numbers below were accurate in 1967. Nowadays, they have diminished by 30 to 50% in every class.

Within a 95% confidence interval the patient outcome was as follows:

The Killip-Kimball classification has played a fundamental role in classic cardiology, having been used as a stratifying criterion for many other studies. Worsening Killip class has been found to be independently associated with increasing mortality in several studies.

Killip class 1 and no evidence of hypotension or bradycardia, in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome, should be considered for immediate IV beta blockade.

title: Killip class


text:
Mark E. Petersen

Mark Edward Petersen (November 7, 1900 – January 11, 1984) was an American news editor and religious leader. He was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1944 until his death. He became managing editor of the church-owned Deseret News in 1935 and then editor in 1941. He filled the vacancy in the Quorum caused by the excommunication of Richard R. Lyman.

Early life
As a young boy, Petersen was a newspaper carrier, and he also helped in his father’s construction business. Later, he attended the University of Utah and served a mission for the LDS Church in Nova Scotia. In pursuing a career, he became a reporter for the Deseret News and continued working for the paper for sixty years, advancing to the position of president and chairman of the board. Petersen wrote numerous editorials and published more than forty books and many pamphlets used in the church's missionary effort.

LDS Church service
In April 1944, while serving as general manager of the Deseret News, Petersen was called to be a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. In his calling as an apostle, he directed the church’s public information programs and served on the Military Relations Committee. He was an adviser to the church's Relief Society, Indian Affairs Committee, and Music Committee. He served as president of the West European Mission for more than six years. Petersen was also involved in many community affairs. He was closely associated with the Boy Scouts of America and was a recipient of the Silver Antelope Award. In 1959, in response to a rash of arrests of gay men in Utah and Idaho, church president David O. McKay assigned apostles Spencer W. Kimball and Petersen to work on curing gays within the church.

Controversial teachings
At Brigham Young University on 27 August 1954, at the Convention of Teachers of Religion on the College Level, Petersen delivered the speech, "Race Problems—As They Affect the Church". The speech outlined the religious underpinnings of racial segregation and supported its continued practice as it related to intermarriage between blacks and whites. Particularly, he reaffirmed the LDS Church's teaching at that time that those with dark skin had been less valiant in their lives before coming to earth. He also reiterated the idea that blacks were to be servants to righteous white people after the resurrection, as was the case with Jane Manning James who was sealed to Joseph Smith to be his servant in the next life. Petersen said:

In spite of all he did in the pre-existent life, the Lord is willing, if the Negro accepts the gospel with real, sincere faith, and is really converted, to give him the blessings of baptism and the gift of the Holy Ghost. If that Negro is faithful all his days, he can and will enter the celestial kingdom. He will go there as a servant, but he will get a celestial resurrection. He will get a place in the celestial glory.

In the 1940s, Petersen coined the term "Mormon fundamentalist" to describe people who had left the LDS Church to practice plural marriage.

Death
Petersen died from longstanding complications of cancer after entering Cottonwood Hospital in Murray, Utah, and undergoing surgery. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery.

Publications

 * -- (1953). Your Faith and You. Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft.
 * -- (1953). An apostle speaks to youth about... The Sacredness of Sex - Chastity in Its Holy Mission. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University.
 * -- (1959). Teen Dating and Marriage. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book
 * -- (1959). Teen Dating and Marriage. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book
 * -- (1959). Teen Dating and Marriage. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book

title: Mark E. Petersen


text:
Paraíso

Paraíso (Galician, Portuguese, Spanish) means paradise in English. It may refer to:

Central America

 * Paraiso, Belize, a municipality in Belize
 * Paraíso, Costa Rica
 * Paraíso (canton), in Cartago province
 * Paraíso, Barahona, Dominican Republic
 * Paraíso, Distrito Nacional, Dominican Republic
 * Paraíso, Tabasco, Tabasco, Mexico
 * Paraíso, Panamá Province, Panama
 * Paraíso, Chiriquí, Panama
 * Paraíso, Los Santos, Panama
 * Paraíso metro station, a rapid transit station in Panama City

South America

 * Paraíso, Santa Catarina, Brazil
 * Paraíso, São Paulo, Brazil
 * Paraíso (São Paulo Metro)
 * Paraíso do Tocantins, a municipality in the state of Tocantins in the Northern region of Brazil
 * El Paraíso, Peru, settlement in the Chillón Valley occupied ca. 3500-1800 BC.

Television

 * Paraíso (Venezuelan TV series), a 1989 Venezuelan telenovela
 * Paraíso (2009 TV series), a 2009 Brazilian telenovela
 * Paraiso (Philippine TV series), a 2012 Philippine daytime television drama
 * Paraíso (2021 TV series), a Spanish television series that ran from 2021 to 2022

Cinema

 * Paraíso (1970 film), a 1970 film by Luis Alcoriza
 * Paraíso (2003 film), a 2003 film by Alina Teodorescu
 * Paraiso, a 2009 film by Leon Ichaso

Music

 * Paraiso (Haruomi Hosono album), a 1978 album by Haruomi Hosono
 * Paraiso (Smokey Mountain album), a 1991 album by the band Smoky Mountain
 * Paraiso, a 2013 album by the band Subsignal
 * "Paraíso", a song by Bloc Party on the 2016 album Hymns
 * "Paraíso," a 2018 song by Lucas Lucco and Pabllo Vittar

Other uses

 * Paraiso, a story arc of the Philippine comic strip series Pugad Baboy
 * Bala de Cañón (Couroupita nicaraguensis), a species of woody plant also known as paraíso

title: Paraíso


text:
Paraíso, Santa Catarina

Paraíso is a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in Brazil. The population is 3,360 (2020 est.) in an area of 181 km2. The elevation is 520 m.

title: Paraíso, Santa Catarina


text:
ARIA Music Awards of 2004

The 18th Annual Australian Recording Industry Association Music Awards (generally known as ARIA Music Awards or simply the ARIAs) were held on 17 October 2004 at the Sydney SuperDome within the Sydney Olympic Complex. The ceremony, hosted by Rove McManus and produced by Roving Enterprises for Network Ten, was held for the first time on a Sunday night and averaged 1.39 million viewers. The 2004 ARIA Fine Arts Awards had been presented at a ceremony weeks earlier.

Awards
Winners highlighted in bold, with nominees, in plain, below them.

ARIA Awards

 * Album of the Year
 * Jet – Get Born
 * Eskimo Joe – A Song Is a City
 * John Butler Trio – Sunrise Over Sea
 * Kasey Chambers – Wayward Angel
 * The Dissociatives – The Dissociatives
 * Single of the Year
 * Jet – "Are You Gonna Be My Girl"
 * Eskimo Joe – "From the Sea"
 * John Butler Trio – "Zebra"
 * Missy Higgins – "Scar"
 * Pete Murray – "So Beautiful"
 * Best Male Artist
 * John Butler – Sunrise Over Sea
 * Alex Lloyd – Distant Light
 * Dan Kelly – Sing the Tabloid Blues
 * Pete Murray – "So Beautiful"
 * Tim Rogers – Spit Polish
 * Best Female Artist
 * Kasey Chambers – Wayward Angel
 * Delta Goodrem – "Not Me, Not I"
 * Kylie Minogue – Body Language
 * Lisa Miller – Version Originale
 * Missy Higgins – "Scar"
 * Best Group
 * Jet – Get Born
 * Eskimo Joe – A Song Is a City
 * Powderfinger – "Sunsets"
 * The Cat Empire – The Cat Empire
 * The Dissociatives – The Dissociatives
 * Highest-Selling Album
 * Delta Goodrem – Innocent Eyes
 * Guy Sebastian – Just as I Am
 * Jet – Get Born
 * Pete Murray – Feeler
 * Shannon Noll – That's What I'm Talking About
 * Highest-Selling Single
 * Guy Sebastian – "Angels Brought Me Here"
 * Delta Goodrem – "Predictable"
 * Paulini – "Angel Eyes"
 * Shannon Noll – "What About Me?"
 * Spiderbait – "Black Betty"
 * Best Breakthrough Artist – Album
 * Jet – Get Born
 * Dallas Crane – Dallas Crane
 * Dan Kelly and the Alpha Males – Sing the Tabloid Blues
 * The Cat Empire – The Cat Empire
 * Xavier Rudd – Solace
 * Best Breakthrough Artist – Single
 * Jet – "Are You Gonna Be My Girl"
 * Dallas Crane – "Dirty Hearts"
 * Little Birdy – "Relapse"
 * Missy Higgins – "Scar"
 * The Cat Empire – "Days Like These"
 * Best Adult Contemporary Album
 * Paul Kelly – Ways & Means
 * Diesel – Singled Out
 * george – Unity
 * Jimmy Little – Life's What You Make It
 * Lisa Miller – Version Originale
 * Best Blues & Roots Album
 * John Butler Trio – Sunrise Over Sea
 * Ash Grunwald – I Don't Believe
 * Jeff Lang – Whatever Makes You Happy
 * Jim Conway's Big Wheel – Little Story
 * Xavier Rudd – Solace
 * Best Children's Album
 * Hi-5 – Holiday
 * Amica – Life Is Fun
 * The Hooley Dooleys – Wonderful
 * The Saddle Club – Friends Forever
 * The Wiggles – Top of the Tots
 * Best Comedy Release
 * Scared Weird Little Guys – Bits and Pieces
 * Lee Perry & Gary Eck – The Hollywood Motel
 * Reg Reagan – Am I Ever Gonna See the Biff Again?
 * Tripod – About an Hour of Song in an Hour...Again
 * Tripod – Live – Fegh Maha
 * Best Country Album
 * Kasey Chambers – Wayward Angel
 * Adam Brand – Get Loud
 * Melinda Schneider – Family Tree
 * Slim Dusty – Columbia Lane – the Last Sessions
 * Troy Cassar-Daley – Borrowed & Blue
 * Best Dance Release
 * Infusion – "Girls Can Be Cruel"
 * Cam Farrar – Wasted
 * Cut Copy – "Future"
 * NuBreed – The Original
 * Mr Timothy – "I Am Tha 1"
 * Best Independent Release
 * John Butler Trio – Sunrise Over Sea
 * Butterfingers – Breakfast at Fatboys
 * Dan Kelly and the Alpha Males – Sing the Tabloid Blues
 * Jebediah – Braxton Hicks
 * The Waifs – "Bridal Train"
 * Best Music DVD
 * Midnight Oil – Best of Both Worlds
 * Grinspoon – 23 Hours of Waiting Around
 * INXS – I'm Only Looking
 * Pete Murray – Passing Time
 * You Am I – The Cream & the Crock
 * Best Pop Release
 * Missy Higgins – "Scar"
 * Delta Goodrem – "Not Me, Not I"
 * The Dissociatives – The Dissociatives
 * Kylie Minogue – Body Language
 * Pete Murray – "So Beautiful"
 * Best Rock Album
 * Jet – Get Born
 * Dallas Crane – Dallas Crane
 * Eskimo Joe – A Song Is a City
 * Spiderbait – Tonight Alright
 * The Living End – Modern Artillery
 * Best Urban Release
 * Koolism – Part 3 – Random Thoughts
 * 1200 Techniques – Consistency Theory
 * Daniel Merriweather – "City Rules"
 * J-Wess – J Wess Presents tha LP
 * The Cat Empire – The Cat Empire

Artisan Awards

 * Best Cover Art
 * James Hackett – The Dissociatives – The Dissociatives
 * James Bellesini, Love Police – The Vines – Winning Days; You Am I – The Cream & the Crock
 * Mathematics – Kasey Chambers – Wayward Angel
 * Peter Barrett & Eskimo Joe – Eskimo Joe – A Song Is a City
 * Tom Walker – John Butler Trio – Sunrise Over Sea
 * Best Video
 * James Hackett – The Dissociatives – "Somewhere Down the Barrel"
 * Claudia Castle – Pete Murray – "So Beautiful"
 * Nash Edgerton – The Sleepy Jackson – "Good Dancers"
 * Paul Butler, Scott Walton & 50/50 – Spiderbait – "Black Betty"
 * Squareyed Films – Missy Higgins – "Scar"
 * Engineer of the Year
 * Paul McKercher, Eskimo Joe – Eskimo Joe – A Song Is a City
 * Andy Baldwin – The Cat Empire – The Cat Empire
 * Brent Clark – Alex Lloyd – Distant Light
 * Matt Lovell – Jebediah – Braxton Hicks
 * Phil McKellar – Sunk Loto – Between Birth and Death
 * Robyn Mai – John Butler Trio – Sunrise Over Sea
 * Producer of the Year
 * Paul McKercher, Eskimo Joe – Eskimo Joe – A Song Is a City
 * Andy Baldwin & The Cat Empire – The Cat Empire – The Cat Empire
 * Daniel Johns & Paul Mac – The Dissociatives – The Dissociatives
 * John Butler – John Butler Trio – Sunrise Over Sea
 * Paul McKercher & Pete Murray – Pete Murray – "So Beautiful"

Fine Arts Awards
For the first time, in 2004, the ARIA Fine Arts Awards were presented at a separate ceremony held weeks earlier.

 * Best Classical Album
 * Teddy Tahu Rhodes – The Voice
 * Diana Doherty – Souvenirs
 * Gerard Willems, Sinfonia Australis – Beethoven Complete Piano Concertos
 * Sara Macliver, Sally-Anne Russell – Bach Arias and Duets
 * William Barton, Queensland Orchestra – Sculthorpe:Songs of Sea and Sky
 * Best Jazz Album
 * The Necks – Drive By
 * Alister Spence Trio – Flux
 * Michelle Nicolle – The Crying Game
 * Mike Nock's Big Small Band – Big Small Band Live
 * Paul Grabowsky – Tales of Time and Space
 * Best Original Soundtrack / Cast / Show Recording
 * David Bridie – Nautical Forlorn
 * Australian Chamber Orchestra – Musical Renegades
 * Decoder Ring – Somersault (original soundtrack)
 * Elizabeth Drake – Japanese Story
 * Various – Australian Idol Final 12
 * Best World Music Album
 * Seaman Dan – Perfect Pearl
 * Jane Rutter, Slava Grigoryan – Brazil
 * Joseph Tawadros – Storyteller
 * Mohamed Bangoura – Djembe Kan
 * Saltwater Band – Djarridjarri – Blue Flag

ARIA Hall of Fame inductee

 * Little River Band

1970s members of Little River Band: Beeb Birtles, David Briggs, Graeham Goble, George McArdle, Derek Pellicci and Glenn Shorrock, were inducted into the Hall of Fame. The later members including fellow Australian, John Farnham, and US-based musicians, were not included in this induction. Due to a 2002 legal ruling on their right to use the band's name—two US-based members held the trademark—they performed as Classic Lineup of the Little River Band or Little River Band – Classic Lineup (sources vary). Shorrock had already been inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1991 and Farnham was inducted, for his solo work, in 2003.

Performers
The following artists performed on stage during the 2004 ARIA Awards:
 * Delta Goodrem
 * Eskimo Joe
 * Guy Sebastian
 * Kasey Chambers
 * Jet
 * John Butler Trio
 * Missy Higgins
 * Pete Murray
 * Shannon Noll
 * Spiderbait

Channel V Oz Artist of the Year award

 * Guy Sebastian
 * Jet
 * Delta Goodrem
 * Grinspoon
 * John Butler Trio

title: ARIA Music Awards of 2004


text:
Hannah Waterman

Hannah Elizabeth Waterman (born 22 July 1975) is an English actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Laura Beale in the BBC soap opera EastEnders (2000–2004).

Early life
Waterman was born on 22 July 1975 in London to actor Dennis Waterman and actress Patricia Maynard. She attended Norwich High School for Girls and Saint Felix School, Southwold and Putney High School. She is also a graduate of the University of Warwick.

EastEnders
Waterman joined the cast of BBC soap opera EastEnders as Laura Dunn in February 2000. Waterman previously appeared in the soap as an HIV patient in 1997. The character of Laura became the third wife of Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt), but the marriage was not a happy one as the paternity of Laura's son Bobby was disputed. The character was killed off on 30 April 2004, after falling down the stairs in her flat after tripping over a toy when going to answer the door. Janine Evans (Charlie Brooks) was wrongly accused of murdering her after a receipt was found in Laura's flat following a bust-up. Waterman's mother Patricia Maynard played Laura's mother in EastEnders for a couple of episodes in 2001, and her one-time step mother Rula Lenska had also made a guest appearance in the series during Laura's run playing Frank Butcher's girlfriend in the Spain episodes in 2002.

Other work
Since her departure from EastEnders, Waterman has appeared in episodes of the BBC medical dramas Doctors and Holby City, The Bill and a recurring role in New Tricks, which also starred her father.

On stage she has appeared in The Vagina Monologues, Soap at The Stephen Joseph theatre and Tom, Dick and Harry and Calendar Girls in the West End.

On 7 January 2007, she won the second series of the BBC's Just the Two of Us game show singing with Marti Pellow.

She has been seen in an episode of the Afternoon Play series on BBC1, in an acclaimed run of Alan Ayckbourn's Round and Round the Garden at the Theatre Royal, Windsor and as a contestant on Sky One's Cirque de Celebrité.

In 2009, she released an exercise DVD called Hannah Waterman's Body Blitz.

On 22 December 2009, she appeared on Channel 4 in a Christmas special edition of Come Dine with Me alongside David Gest, Diarmuid Gavin and Sherrie Hewson.

In 2010, she toured alongside Brigit Forsyth in a production of Carrie's War playing the part of Auntie Lou.

In 2013, she toured in Lindsay Posner's production of Abigail's Party playing the lead role of Beverly Moss.

Personal life
Waterman married fellow EastEnders actor Ricky Groves in 2006. They separated in 2010 and divorced in 2014. Waterman has been in a relationship with Huw Higginson since 2010. They have a son, born 2011.

Filmography

 * Television

 * Film

 * Theatre

title: Hannah Waterman


text:
Paraíso, São Paulo

Paraíso is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Its population is 6,496 (2020 est.), and its area 155 km2. Its elevation is 598 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Paraíso, São Paulo


text: User talk:65.94.103.173

title: User talk:65.94.103.173


text:
Spadina (electoral district)

Spadina was a Canadian electoral district that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1988. It covered a portion of the western-central Toronto, Ontario. Its name comes from the Spadina Avenue, which runs through the heart of the riding.

It was formed in 1933 from portions of Toronto Northeast, Toronto Northwest, Toronto West Centre, and Toronto South. Its boundaries changed repeatedly over the years, when it created it stretched far north to the edge of the city boundaries. As this northern portion of became more populated it was split off into other ridings. Its eastern and western boundaries were more consistent, with it stretching from John Street in the east to Bathurst Street in the west. In 1987, due to the relative decrease in the population of downtown Toronto compared to other areas, it was merged with Trinity to form Trinity—Spadina. Some portions also went to the eastern riding of Rosedale.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Spadina (electoral district)


text:
Miss Read

Dora Jessie Saint MBE (17 April 1913 – 7 April 2012), née Shafe, best known by the pen name Miss Read, was an English novelist and, by profession, a schoolmistress. Her pseudonym was derived from her mother's maiden name. She is best known for two series of novels set in the English countryside, the Fairacre novels and the Thrush Green novels.

Biography
Dora Jessie Shafe was born on 17 April 1913 in London, the younger of the daughters of Arthur Shafe, an insurance agent, and his wife Grace. For the sake of her mother's health, the family moved to the country when Dora was seven, and she began school in Chelsfield, near Orpington, Kent, and later joined her older sister at Bromley county school. When her father became a schoolmaster, Dora followed his example and undertook teacher training at Homerton College, Cambridge.

From 1933 to 1940 she taught in Middlesex, first at Hayes and then at Ealing.

In 1940 she married Douglas Saint; they had one daughter, Jill.

After World War II she worked occasionally as a teacher, and began writing about schools and country topics for several magazines, including Punch and the Times Educational Supplement. She also worked as a scriptwriter for the BBC schools service.

From 1955 to 1996 Saint wrote a series of novels centered on two fictional villages, Fairacre and Thrush Green. The first Fairacre novel appeared in 1955, the last in 1996. The first Thrush Green novel appeared in 1959. The principal character in the Fairacre books, Miss Read, is an unmarried schoolteacher in a small village school, an acerbic and yet compassionate observer of village life. Saint's novels are wry regional social comedies, laced with gentle humour and subtle social commentary. Saint was also a keen observer of nature and the changing seasons.

Many of the village novels were illustrated by J.S. (John Strickland) Goodall (1908-1996), an artist and picture-book author in his own right.

Saint also wrote two volumes of autobiography, A Fortunate Grandchild (1982) and Time Remembered (1986); the two were issued together in 1995 as Early Days.

Saint wrote 28 novels, 2 autobiographies and 14 other books; her books were translated into several languages including Japanese and Russian.

Saint retired in 1996. In 1998 she was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire for her services to literature. She and her husband lived in Chieveley near Newbury in Berkshire.

Her husband died in 2004. She died on 7 April 2012.

Influences and legacy
One of the writers who influenced Saint was Jane Austen; and her work also bears some similarities to the social comedies of manners written in the 1920s and 1930s, and to the work of Barbara Pym.

Miss Read's work has in turn influenced a number of writers, including American writer Jan Karon. The musician Enya has a track on her Watermark album named after Saint's book Miss Clare Remembers, and one on her Shepherd Moons album titled No Holly for Miss Quinn.

title: Miss Read


text:
User talk:Idiazabal

Would you care to explain what you mean in Basque by : and ? The linguistic link among Berber and Basque was stated at least by Krutwig. -- Error 00:09, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * But the antibasque Spanish propaganda relates back to two centuries at least.
 * A new Spanish propaganda recently has tried to link

--- Well, both two things can be explained in more extension, but it seemed to me enough to put it better that to erase previous content.

Yes, certainly I remembered that of Krutwig, but in the previous text there was stated it like probed, and besides "has been probed linked linguistic and genetically", which obviously was false and with a clear bias.

I saw other things that I changed also, about the Basques not having resisted "enough" to the Romans, which besides unprobed is plain stupid.

Any way, when I read the entry Basques some time ago it hadn't the obvious Spanish actual bias that I found now. Then I decided to change it a little and suscribe myself to Wikipedia to see what happens.

I also encountered some expression as "the nationalist look to ancient Roman mythical ages with envy" and something more about "racial superiority" that are also pure bias taken from the political agenda and traslated to the encyclopedia.

Sorry, I don't know if you've noticed my answer. (I didn't know the procedures for maintaining a talking.

Anyway I've erased the line about "the Spanish propaganda..."

Idiazabal 00:02, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Basques on Wikipedia.
There has arised some discussion about the entry Basque. Well, I have plenty of links about Basque culture, history, politics, etc.

When I did read that entry some time ago it looked good to me and I bookmarked it. When I looked anew recently I encountered the typical Spanish bias in it. So I inserted a pair of sentences and wait to see how it evolved.

Of course I would like it improve and are ready to discuss any thing about the Basque issue. Idiazabal 21:38, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Lehendakari / Lendakari
Hi. Currently there's no use to substitute links to Lendakari with Lehendakari. Both pages redirect to the same article.--Erri4a 20:16, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, all right. I only tried to back it to its previous form. But if it is redirected is the same.

 * Euskalduna al zara?Idiazabal 22:18, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

Image Tagging Image:Carlist1.JPG
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Political map of Spain
Hi, It is the first time I see a map like this from the XIXth century. It looks interesting. The source is cited to be The National Library of Spain, but I couldn't find it (www.bne.es), would you please inform about the ISBN, author and any other information about the map? And the link to the source in the image to a Columbia Univ. web page doesn't exist.

Cheers. --Ajrs 21:57, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Sorry, I forgot to came to Wikipedia this last times. The link to a Columbia Univ. page can be changed but it must stay there because it was the professor Sala i Martin who maintained it, and as I know he continues to work there. Here you have it as today: http://www.columbia.edu/~xs23/catala/mapa.jpg Idiazabal 12:09, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Embryonic Basque Portal and (maybe) Wikiproject. Interested?
Hi. I have noticed that you have been recently noticeably active in the discussion/edition on some pages of Basque theme. If you are interested in adding up to this project, please visit my talk page (and check this draft for the portal contents). --Sugaar 21:51, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Gernika3.jpg
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title: User talk:Idiazabal


text: User talk:67.193.106.246

title: User talk:67.193.106.246


text:
Division of Cowper

The Division of Cowper is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales.

Geography
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

History
The division was created in 1900 and was one of the original 65 divisions contested at the first federal election. It is named after Sir Charles Cowper, an early Premier of New South Wales.

Except for one brief break, the seat has been held by the National Party (previously known as the Country Party) and its predecessors since 1919. Its most prominent member has been Sir Earle Page, former leader of the Country Party and interim Prime Minister of Australia in 1939. He represented Cowper from 1919 to 1961, longer than any other MP who represented one seat for his entire career. It has usually been a fairly safe National Party seat, and became more so when its more urbanised area (including Page's hometown of Grafton) was shifted to the newly created Division of Page in 1984.

The division is located on the north coast of New South Wales, and on its current boundaries takes in the towns of Coffs Harbour, Port Macquarie, Kempsey, Macksville and Nambucca Heads.

In February 2016, New South Wales federal electoral districts were redistributed. The northern parts of Cowper, from Sapphire Beach to Red Rock were shifted to the division of Page. Since the 2019 election, the member for Cowper has been Pat Conaghan, representing the National Party of Australia.

title: Division of Cowper


text:
Heinrich Wölfflin

Heinrich Wölfflin (21 June 1864 – 19 July 1945) was a Swiss art historian, esthetician and educator, whose objective classifying principles ("painterly" vs. "linear" and the like) were influential in the development of formal analysis in art history in the early 20th century. He taught at Basel, Berlin and Munich in the generation that saw German art history's rise to pre-eminence. His three most important books, still consulted, are Renaissance und Barock (1888), Die Klassische Kunst (1898, "Classic Art"), and Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe (1915, "Principles of Art History").

Wölfflin taught at Berlin University from 1901 to 1912, at Munich University from 1912 to 1924, and at University of Zurich from 1924 until his retirement.

Origins and career
Wölfflin was born in Winterthur, Switzerland. His father, Eduard Wölfflin, was a professor of classical philology who taught at the Munich university and helped to found and organize the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. The younger Wölfflin studied art history and history with Jakob Burckhardt at the University of Basel, philosophy with Wilhelm Dilthey at Berlin University, and art history and philosophy at Munich. He received his doctoral degree from the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in 1886 in philosophy, although he was already on a course to study the newly minted discipline of art history.

Wölfflin's principal philosophy mentor at the University of Munich, where Wölfflin earned his doctoral degree, was the renowned professor of archaeology Heinrich Brunn. Greatly influenced by his mentors, particularly neo-Kantian Johannes Volkelt (Der Symbolbegriff) and Brunn, Wölfflin's own dissertation, "Prolegomena zu einer Psychologie der Architektur" (1886), already showed the approach that he was later to develop and perfect: an analysis of form based on a psychological interpretation of the creative process. It is considered now to be one of the founding texts of the emerging discipline of art history, although it was barely noted when it was published.

After graduating in 1886, Wölfflin published the result of a years' travel and study in Italy, as his Renaissance und Barock (1888), already showed the approach that he was later to develop and perfect, he pursued his method in books on the Renaissance and Baroque periods. For Wölfflin, the 16th-century art now described as "Mannerist" was part of the Baroque aesthetic, one that Burckhardt before him as well as most French and English-speaking scholars for a generation after him dismissed as degenerate. On the death of Jacob Burckhardt in 1897 Wöllflin succeeded him in the Art History Chair at Basel. He is credited with having introduced the teaching method of using twin parallel projectors in the delivery of art history lectures, so that images could be compared when magic lanterns became less dangerous. Sir Ernst Gombrich recalled being inspired by him, as well as Erwin Panofsky.

Notable students of Wölfflin included Frederick Antal, Paul Frankl, Carola Giedion-Welcker, Richard Krautheimer, Kurt Martin, Jakob Rosenberg, Fritz Saxl, and Klara Steinweg.

Principles of Art History
In Principles of Art History, Wölfflin formulated five pairs of opposed or contrary precepts in the form and style of art of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries which demonstrated a shift in the nature of artistic vision between the two periods. These were:
 * 1) From linear (draughtsmanship, plastic, relating to contour in projected ideation of objects) to painterly (malerisch: tactile, observing patches or systems of relative light and of non-local colour within shade, making shadow and light integral, and allowing them to replace or supersede the dominance of contours as fixed boundaries.)
 * 2) From plane to recession: (from the 'Will to the plane', which orders the picture in strata parallel to the picture plane, to planes made inapparent by emphasising the forward and backward relations and engaging the spectator in recessions.)
 * 3) From closed (tectonic) form to open (a-tectonic) form (The closed or tectonic form is the composition which is a self-contained entity which everywhere points back to itself, the typical form of ceremonial style as the revelation of law, generally within predominantly vertical and horizontal oppositions; the open or atectonic form compresses energies and angles or lines of motion which everywhere reach out beyond the composition, and override the horizontal and vertical structure, though naturally bound together by hidden rules which allow the composition to be self-contained.)
 * 4) From multiplicity to unity: ('Classic art achieves its unity by making the parts independent as free members, and the baroque abolishes the uniform independence of the parts in favour of a more unified total motive. In the former case, co-ordination of the accents; in the latter, subordination.' The multiple details of the former are each uniquely contemplated: the multiplicity of the latter serves to diminish the dominance of line, and to enhance the unification of the multifarious whole.)
 * 5) From absolute clarity to relative clarity of the subject: (i.e. from the exhaustive revelation of the form of the subject to a pictorial representation which deliberately evades objective clearness in order to deliver a perfect rendering of information or pictorial appearance obtained by other painterly means.

Wölfflin was following in the footsteps of Vasari, among others, in devising a method for distinguishing the development in style over time. He applied this method to Trecento, Quattrocento and Cinquecento art in Classic Art (1899), then developed it further in The Principles of Art History (1915). Wolfflin's Principles of Art History has recently become more influential among art historians and philosophers of art. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism published a special issue commemorating the 100th anniversary of the publication of the Principles in 2015, edited by Bence Nanay.

Impact and reception
"Heinrich Wölfflin, perhaps the most important art historian of his generation, was so receptive to the aesthetic purism prevailing at the time that he developed a technique of dissociation that was as extreme as the Remy de Gourmont."

– Edgar Wind, Art and Anarchy, Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Wissenschaft No. 1163, Frankfurt am Main, 1994, p 27 The legacy of Wölfflin's Principles upon international scholarship and the teaching of the history of art was examined as the subject of a symposium at the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts in 2015.

Works

 * H. Wölfflin. Principles of Art History. The Problem of the Development of Style in Later Art, Translated from 7th German Edition (1929) into English by M D Hottinger (Dover Publications, New York 1932 and reprints).
 * H. Wöllflin. Classic Art. An Introduction to the Italian Renaissance. Translated from the 8th German Edition (Benno Schwabe & Co, Basle 1948) by Peter and Linda Murray (Phaidon Press, London 1952, 2nd Edn 1953).
 * H. Wölfflin. Die Kunst Albrecht Dürers (The Art of Albrecht Dürer), (F Bruckmann, Munich 1905, 2d Edn 1908).
 * H. Wölfflin. Die Bamburger Apokalypse: Eine Reichenauer Bilderhandschrift vom Jahre 1000 (The Bamburg Apocalypse: A Reichenau illuminated manuscript from the year 1000), (Kurt Wolff, Munich 1921).
 * H. Wölfflin. Italien und das deutsche Formgefühl (Italy and the German sense of Form), (1931).
 * H. Wölfflin. Gedenken zur Kunstgeschichte (Thoughts on Art History), (1941).
 * H. Wöllflin. Kleine Schriften (Shorter Writings), (1946).

title: Heinrich Wölfflin


text: User talk:64.108.193.217

title: User talk:64.108.193.217


text:
Julien Benda

Julien Benda (26 December 1867 – 7 June 1956) was a French philosopher and novelist, known as an essayist and cultural critic. He is best known for his short book, La Trahison des Clercs from 1927 (The Treason of the Intellectuals or The Betrayal by the Intellectuals).

Life
Born into a Jewish family in Paris, Benda had a secular upbringing. He was educated at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. After a period at the École Centrale Paris, he turned to history, and graduated at the Sorbonne in 1894.

His father's death in 1889 left Benda independently wealthy. He wrote for La Revue Blanche from 1891 to 1903. His articles on the Dreyfus affair were collected and published as Dialogues. He disagreed strongly with Henri Bergson, the leading light of French philosophy of his day, and launched an attack on him in 1911, when Bergson's reputation was at its height.

In July 1937 he attended the Second International Writers' Congress, the purpose of which was to discuss the attitude of intellectuals to the war in Spain, held in Valencia, Barcelona and Madrid and attended by many writers including André Malraux, Ernest Hemingway, Stephen Spender and Pablo Neruda.

Benda survived the German occupation of France and the Vichy regime 1940–1944, in Carcassonne. The journal of Jean Guéhenno described his life there, and his character: "Unbearable, yet likeable." He died in Fontenay-aux-Roses, on 7 June 1956.

Works
Benda is considered to be primarily an essayist. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times. His single nomination for the Goncourt Prize was in 1912 for L'Ordination. He lost out to André Savignon's novel Les filles de la pluie. Voting was tied, and the casting vote went to Léon Hennique, in a notorious election that caused Hennique to give up the presidency of the Académie Goncourt.

La Trahison des Clercs
Benda is now best remembered for his short 1927 book La Trahison des Clercs, a work of considerable influence. It was translated into English in 1928 by Richard Aldington; the U.S. edition was titled The Treason of the Intellectuals, while the British edition was titled The Great Betrayal. Aldington's translation was republished in 2006 as The Treason of the Intellectuals, with a new introduction by Roger Kimball. This polemical essay argued that European intellectuals in the 19th and 20th centuries had often lost the ability to reason dispassionately about political and military matters, instead becoming apologists for crass nationalism, warmongering, and racism. Benda reserved his harshest criticisms for his fellow Frenchmen Charles Maurras and Maurice Barrès. Benda defended the measured and dispassionate outlook of classical civilization and the internationalism of traditional Christianity.

Closing this work, Benda darkly predicts that the augmentation of the "realistic" impulse to domination of the material world, justified by intellectuals into an "integral realism," risked producing an all-encompassing species-wide civilization that would completely cease "to situate the good outside the real world." Human aspirations, specifically after power, would become the sole end of society. In closing, he concludes bitterly, "And History will smile to think that this is the species for which Socrates and Jesus Christ died."

Benda's word "clercs" was borrowed by Anne Appelbaum in her 2020 book Twilight of Democracy: The Seductive Lure of Authoritarianism.

Other works
Other works by Benda include Belphégor (1918), Uriel's Report (1926), and Exercises of a Man Buried Alive (1947), an attack on the contemporary French celebrities of his time. Most of the titles in the bibliography below were published during the last three decades of Benda's long life; he is emphatically a 20th-century author.

In his 1933 publication Discours à la nation européenne, Benda responded to Johann Gottlieb Fichte's Addresses to the German Nation.

title: Julien Benda


text:
User:Steven T Abell

I'm a writer of fiction, occasional actor, frequent storyteller. I'm especially interested in Scandinavian mythology and culture. My recent book of short stories based on those myths, Days in Midgard: A Thousand Years On, is available online through Amazon and Barnes & Noble. You can learn more about it at.

I make my living as a software engineer. In particular, I provide User Interface frameworks based on the Slamdunk design pattern. If you're interested in my software, go to.

title: User:Steven T Abell


text: User talk:66.67.237.1

title: User talk:66.67.237.1


text:
Talk:Former counties of Ontario

The following counties still exist: Stormont County, Dundas County, and Glengarry County. The merger occurred only on an administrative/political level. If you drive through this area you will see provincial markers indicating you have entered, for example, Stormont County. Legal documents will still say, for example, "In the County of Dundas". The City of Cornwall, for example, is in the County of Stormont. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.15.175.222 (talk) 20:27, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

I don't understand why Lennox and Addington were removed as historic counties from this list. This source states that Addington County and Lennox County were both formed in 1792 and later merged in 1800. The fact that it happened before Confederation is not particularly relevant. Darkcore 00:14, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Because Ontario was created in 1867? Back then it was Upper Canada. This article refers to historic counties of ONTARIO. Earl Andrew 02:03, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

First of all, there is absolutely no need to be condescending; I'm not an idiot, so please don't treat me like one. Yes, I realize that Ontario was known as Upper Canada/Province of Canada prior to 1867, but most of the counties on this list predate 1867, e.g., Carleton County was created in 1800, Dundas in 1792, Prince Edward in 1792, etc., etc. Darkcore 02:37, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Oops sorry about that. I just wanted to point it out. And I just want to say, that you have been an extremely valuable person for this topic, good work! I just figured that since Lennox and Addington have been together for so long that they didn't belong here. However, there is no reason for me to get upset about it. Earl Andrew 17:32, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Dudes, you forgot Dufferin County. Jeremicus rex (talk) 03:29, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

Suffolk County (which was on Lake Erie) is miles and miles away from Ontario County. Just what was meant? Oxford County? Norfolk County?Oldontarian (talk) 15:21, 24 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Former counties of Ontario


text:
Category:Buffalo Buffeds players

This category includes baseball players for the team known as the Buffalo Buffeds who played in the Federal League in the 1914 season.

See also Category:Buffalo Blues players (1915).

title: Category:Buffalo Buffeds players


text:
Robert Burns Fellowship

The Robert Burns Fellowship is a New Zealand literary residency. Established in 1958 to coincide with bicentennial celebrations of the birth of Robert Burns, it is often claimed to be New Zealand's premier literary residency. The list of past fellows includes many of New Zealand's most notable 20th and 21st century writers.

Overview and history
The fellowship was established in 1958 by an anonymous group of citizens of Dunedin, including notably Charles Brasch and his cousins the de Beers. Its purpose is "to encourage and promote imaginative New Zealand literature, liberally interpreted to include writers of genres such as literary biography, autobiography and literary criticism". It marked 200 years since the birth of Robert Burns, and also the service provided by the Burns family to the development of the Otago region, including Thomas Burns who was a nephew of the poet. It was the first literary fellowship in New Zealand.

Michael King, who received the fellowship in 1998, said at the time: "If the Burns Fellowship did not exist, New Zealand literature might be a decade or so behind the place where it is now. Some things simply wouldn't have been written." As an example, he noted that Janet Frame, one of New Zealand's best-known authors, was only able to stay in New Zealand and continue to write because of the resources provided by the fellowship.

The fellowship is based at the University of Otago. It provides a stipend to recipients for between six months to a year, as well as an office on campus.

To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the fellowship, a collection titled Nurse to the Imagination: Fifty years of the Robert Burns Fellowship was launched in October 2008, along with commemorations to coincide with Dunedin's 2008 Arts Festival.

Robert Burns Fellows
The writers to have held the fellowship are listed below:

 * 1959 Ian Cross
 * 1960 Maurice Duggan
 * 1961 John Caselberg
 * 1962 R. A. K. Mason
 * 1963 Maurice Shadbolt
 * 1964 Maurice Gee
 * 1965 Janet Frame
 * 1966–67 James K. Baxter
 * 1968 Ruth Dallas
 * 1969 Warren Dibble
 * 1970 O. E. Middleton
 * 1971 Noel Hilliard
 * 1972 Ian Wedde
 * 1973 Graham Billing
 * 1974 Hone Tuwhare
 * 1975 Witi Ihimaera
 * 1976 Sam Hunt
 * 1977 Keri Hulme
 * 1977–78 Roger Hall
 * 1978 Peter Olds
 * 1979 Michael A. Noonan
 * 1980 Philip Temple
 * 1981–82 William Sewell
 * 1983 Rawiri Paratene
 * 1984 Brian Turner
 * 1985–86 Cilla McQueen
 * 1987 Robert Lord
 * 1988 John Dickson
 * 1989 Renée
 * 1990 David Eggleton
 * 1991 Lynley Hood
 * 1992 Owen Marshall
 * 1993 Stuart Hoar
 * 1994 Christine Johnston
 * 1995 Elspeth Sandys
 * 1996 Bernadette Hall
 * 1997 Paddy Richardson
 * 1998–99 Michael King
 * 1999 Paula Boock
 * 2000 James Norcliffe
 * 2001 Jo Randerson
 * 2002 Alison Wong
 * 2003 Nick Ascroft
 * 2003 Sarah Quigley
 * 2004 Katherine Duignan
 * 2005–06 Catherine Chidgey
 * 2006 Dianne Ruth Pettis
 * 2007 Laurence Fearnley
 * 2008 Sue Wootton
 * 2009 Michael Harlow
 * 2010 Michele Powles
 * 2011 Fiona Farrell
 * 2012 Emma Neale
 * 2013 David Howard
 * 2014 Majella Cullinane
 * 2015 Louise Wallace
 * 2016 Victor Rodger
 * 2017 Craig Cliff
 * 2018 Rhian Gallagher
 * 2019 Emily Duncan
 * 2020 John Newton
 * 2021 Becky Manawatu
 * 2022 Albert Belz
 * 2023 Kathryn van Beek
 * 2024 Mikaela Nyman

title: Robert Burns Fellowship


text:
WavPack

WavPack is a free and open-source lossless audio compression format and application implementing the format. It is unique in the way that it supports hybrid audio compression alongside normal compression which is similar to how FLAC works. It also supports compressing a wide variety of lossless formats, including various variants of PCM and also DSD as used in SACDs, together with its support for surround audio.

Features
WavPack compression can compress (and losslessly restore) 8, 16, 24, and 32-bit fixed-point, and 32-bit floating-point PCM audio files in the .WAV file format. It can also handle DSD input in DSDIFF or DSF format. It also supports surround sound streams and high sampling rates. Like other lossless compression schemes, the data reduction rate varies with the source, but it is generally between 30% and 70% for typical popular music and somewhat better than that for classical music and other sources with greater dynamic range.

Hybrid mode
WavPack also incorporates a "hybrid" mode, which still provides the features of lossless compression, but creates two files: a relatively small, high-quality, lossy file (.wv) that can be used by itself; and a "correction" file (.wvc) that, when combined with the lossy file, provides full lossless restoration. This allows the use of lossy and lossless codecs together. The lossy algorithm is similar to ADPCM.

Hybrid mode can handle floating-point data, but only when "exception" values like infinities or NaNs are not present. It cannot handle DSD because there is no lossy algorithm for DSD.

A similar "hybrid" feature is also offered by OptimFROG DualStream, MPEG-4 SLS and DTS-HD Master Audio.

Summary

 * Open-source, released under a BSD-like license
 * Multiplatform
 * Error robustness
 * Fast encoding
 * Higher compression ratios than other widely used (FLAC/ALAC) open-source lossless audio codecs
 * Streaming support
 * Supports multichannel audio and high resolutions
 * Native support in WavPack 5.x for compressing Direct Stream Digital without converting the source file to PCM.
 * Hybrid/lossy mode
 * Hardware support (provided by Rockbox firmware)
 * Metadata support (ID3, APE tags; APE tag is the preferred format)
 * Supports RIFF chunks
 * Compatible with ReplayGain
 * Ability to create self-extracting files for the Win32 platform
 * Supports 32-bit floating-point streams
 * Supports embedded CUE sheets
 * Includes MD5 hashes for quick integrity checking
 * Can encode in both symmetrical and asymmetrical (slower encoding to speed up decoding) modes

History
David Bryant started development on WavPack in mid-1998 with the release of version 1.0 (1998-08-15). This first version compressed and decompressed audio losslessly, and it already featured one of the best efficiency vs. speed ratios among lossless encoders.

Very soon after the release of version 1.0, v. 2.0 (2 September 1998) was released, featuring lossy encoding (using only quantization of prediction residue for data reduction – no psychoacoustic masking model was applied to the stream).

In 1999, version 3.0 (12 September 1999) was released, with a new "fast mode" (albeit with reduced compression ratio), compression of raw (headerless) PCM audio files, and error detection using a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check.

A feature added in late 3.x versions is the "hybrid" mode where the encoder generates a lossy file and a correction file such that both can be decompressed back to a PCM stream that has same quality as the original.

In WavPack 4, a new file format structure is introduced. A "roadmap" is also published by the author with 4.40, containing possible hints on future development. WavPack 5 introduced support for compressing DSD.

Software
Some software supports the format natively (like DeaDBeeF, foobar2000, and Jack! The Knife), while others require plugins. The official WavPack website offers plugins for Winamp, Nero Burning ROM, MediaChest 2.1, and several other applications, as well as a DirectShow filter. dBpoweramp CD-Ripper, by the author of foobar2000, as well as foobar2000 itself, and Asunder allow ripping Audio CDs directly into Wavpack files.

Linux support is available with a native port.

FFmpeg has a native WavPack encoder, which may be combined with software like GNU parallel to use multiple CPU cores to quickly transcode other lossless formats into WavPack, and from WavPack to any format that FFmpeg supports, without the need for additional software. However, FFMpeg's encoder is somewhat limited.

As of 2023, FFmpeg's WavPack encoder has some considerable limitations. It can only produce version 4 bitstreams, which do not support fast verification for file integrity checks, or more than 16 channels. It will also discard RIFF chunks and may not behave predictably with 24-bit input. It also defaults to less than optimal compression to achieve faster encoding. Due to lack of support for Hybrid mode, FFmpeg-based playback software will fail to consider the .wvc correction file if there is one present, and will play or transcode only the lossy section. (However, this is not the usual mode of operation for WavPack.) As native Wavpack support for Direct Stream Digital was added in version 5 of the reference encoder, FFmpeg WavPack also is limited to encoding PCM input.

Hardware
Native support:
 * Cowon A3 PMP supports WavPack out of the box.

Non-native support: The WavPack website also includes a plugin that allows support for the format on the Roku PhotoBridge HD.
 * Apple iPod range of music players do not support WavPack out of the box, but can through open-source Rockbox firmware.
 * iRiver H100 series, through open-source Rockbox firmware.
 * iRiver H300 series, through open-source Rockbox firmware.
 * Android smartphones and tablets with the installation of third-party media-player software.
 * ChromeOS devices using media-player software installed in the Linux subsystem or the Android Play Store.

Technology
To ensure high-speed operation, WavPack uses a predictor that is implemented entirely in integer math. In its "fast" mode the prediction is simply the arithmetic extrapolation of the previous two samples. For example, if the previous two samples were −10 and 20, then the prediction would be 50. For the default mode a simple adaptive factor is added to weigh the influence of the earlier sample on the prediction. In the example above the resulting prediction could then vary between 20 for no influence to 50 for full influence. This weight factor is constantly updated based on the audio data's changing spectral characteristics.

The prediction generated is then subtracted from the actual sample to be encoded to generate the error value. In mono mode this value is sent directly to the coder. However, stereo signals tend to have some correlation between the two channels that can be further exploited. Therefore, two error values are calculated that represent the difference and average of the left and right error values. In the "fast" mode of operation these two new values are simply sent to the coder instead of the left and right values. In the default mode, the difference value is always sent to the coder along with one of the other three values (average, left, or right). An adaptive algorithm continuously determines the most efficient of the three to send based on the changing balance of the channels.

Instead of Rice coding, a special data encoder for WavPack is used. Rice coding is the optimal bit coding for this type of data, and WavPack's encoder is less efficient, but only by about 0.15 bits per sample (or less than 1% for 16-bit data). However, there are some advantages in exchange. The first one is that WavPack's encoder does not require the data to be buffered ahead of encoding; instead it converts each sample directly to bitcodes. This is more computationally efficient and is better in some applications where coding delay is critical. The second advantage is that it is easily adaptable to lossy encoding, since all significant bits (except the implied "one" MSB) are transmitted directly. In this way it is possible to only transmit, for example, the 3 most significant bits (with sign) of each sample. In fact, it is possible to transmit only the sign and implied MSB for each sample with an average of only 3.65 bits per sample.

This coding scheme is used to implement the "lossy" mode of WavPack. In the "fast" mode the output of the non-adaptive decorrelator is simply rounded to the nearest codable value for the specified number of bits. In the default mode the adaptive decorrelator is used (which reduces the average noise about 1 dB), and both the current and the next sample are considered in choosing the better of the two available codes (which reduces noise another 1 dB).

No floating-point arithmetic is used in WavPack's data path because, according to the author, integer operations are less susceptible to subtle chip-to-chip variations that could corrupt the lossless nature of the compression (the Pentium floating-point bug being an example). It is possible that a lossless compressor that used floating-point math could generate different output when running on that faulty Pentium. Even disregarding actual bugs, floating-point math is complicated enough that there could be subtle differences between "correct" implementations that could cause trouble for this type of application. A 32-bit error detection code to the generated streams is included to maintain user confidence in the integrity of WavPack's compression.

WavPack source code is portable and has been compiled on several Unix and Unix-like operating systems (Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, Compaq Tru64, HP-UX...) as well as Windows, DOS, Palm OS, and OpenVMS. It works on many architectures, including x86, ARM, PowerPC, AMD64, IA-64, SPARC, Alpha, PA-RISC, MIPS and Motorola 68k.

A cut-down version of WavPack was developed for the Texas Instruments TMS320 series Digital Signal Processor. This was aimed predominantly at encouraging manufacturers to incorporate WavPack compression (and de-compression) into portable memory audio recorders. This version supported features that were applicable only to embedded applications (stream compression in real-time, selectable compression rate) and dropped off features that only applied to full computer systems (self extraction, high compression modes, 32-bit floats). The TMS320 series DSPs are native integer devices, and support WavPack well. Some "special" features of the full WavPack software were included (ability to generate a correction "file" (stream), for example), and others were excluded. The port was based on version 4.

WavPack support was added to WinZip starting with version 11.0 beta, released in October 2006. This extension to the ZIP file format was included by PKWARE, the maintainers of the format, in the official APPNOTE.TXT description file starting with version 6.3.2, released on 28 September 2007.

title: WavPack


text:
Division of Cunningham

The Division of Cunningham is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales.

History
The division was created in 1949 and is named for Allan Cunningham, a 19th-century explorer of New South Wales and Queensland.

The division has always been represented by the Australian Labor Party, except following the 2002 by-election when the Greens won the seat; being the first time that the Greens held a seat in the House of Representatives. Labor recovered the seat at the 2004 federal election.

Its most prominent members have been Rex Connor, a senior minister in the Whitlam government, and Stephen Martin, who was Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives from 1993–1996, during the last term of the Keating government. The sitting member, since the 2022 federal election, is Alison Byrnes, a member of the Australian Labor Party.

Boundaries
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

The division is located on the coast of New South Wales between southern Sydney and Wollongong. It takes in the northern portion of Wollongong, including Corrimal, Figtree and Unanderra. It also includes several of Sydney's outer southern suburbs, including Heathcote and Bundeena. The division covers areas east of the Illawarra escarpment and is bounded by the Tasman Sea to the east. It is bounded to the north by the Royal National Park and to the south by the Wollongong suburbs of Figtree, Cordeaux Heights and Coniston. Although the region is primarily rural, the vast majority of the population is located in the northern outskirts of Wollongong and along the eastern seaboard. The main products and means of livelihood in the area are tourism, tertiary education, steel production, coal mining, brick manufacturing, textiles and dairy farming.

Election results
{{legend|#0047AB|Liberal}} {{legend|#DE3533|Labor}} {{legend|#10C25B|Greens}} {{legend|#FFCD00|Australian Democrats}} {{legend|#F36C21|One Nation}} {{legend|#a80c26|Rex Connor Labor}} {{legend|#888888|Independent}}

title: Division of Cunningham


text:
Talk:Shiv Sena

Semi-protected edit request on 5 June 2024
Shiv Sena is no longer allied with the NDA, but rather the I.N.D.I.A alliance.

Suggested Change: "Change NDA to INDIA". Andromead (talk) 12:25, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Do you have a source for this? jlwoodwa (talk) 04:31, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Lightoil (talk) 17:02, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

Sourcing for the ideology section in the infobox
The descriptions seem to be accurate to me, but most, if not all of the sources in this section predate Uddhav Thackeray's ideological shift and the subsequent party split. Wouldn't it be more appropriate to update this section to the stances of the current Eknath Shinde-led party if new sources can be found? Block345 (talk) 14:35, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

Shivsena being far right is not accurate
Shivsena in recent years due to influence of BJP is definetly not far right. Right wing would be more accurate. Raj Thackeray's MNS is far right. Shivsena is Right Shivsena(Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray) is centre right 2405:201:A000:9907:988A:E383:98FC:2DC4 (talk) 12:25, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shiv Sena


text:
User talk:JamesTseng

Template:Republic of China infobox listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Template:Republic of China infobox. Since you had some involvement with the Template:Republic of China infobox redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. TheChampionMan1234 01:11, 23 May 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:JamesTseng


text:
User talk:DoJo

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page; Editing tutorial; Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article; Naming conventions; Manual of Style

Whosyourjudas (talk) 00:17, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:DoJo