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Baylor School

Baylor School, commonly called Baylor, is a private, coeducational college-preparatory school in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Founded in 1893, the school's current campus comprises 690 acres and enrolls students in grades 6-12, including boarding students in grades 9-12. These students are served by Baylor's 148-member faculty, over two-thirds of whom hold advanced degrees, including nearly 40 adults who live on campus and serve as dorm parents. Baylor has had a student win the Siemens Award for Advanced Placement in math and science and a teacher received the National Siemens Award for Exemplary Teaching.

As of 2005, Baylor had the best high school sports program in Tennessee and was in the top 25 nationwide according to Sports Illustrated. In the past 21 years, Baylor has won 157 state championships, including a national record of 16 consecutive victories in women's golf from 1995-2012. The school has also repeatedly been named national champion in both men's and women's swimming, by Swimming World magazine. For the 2011-12 school year, Baylor enrolled 1070 young men and women, 20% of whom lived on campus, as representatives of 25 states and 30 countries.

Origins
Baylor School was founded in 1893 by John Roy Baylor, a graduate of the University of Virginia. He had been hired by leading men of Chattanooga to establish a college-preparatory school for the "young men of the city", and on September 12, Baylor's University School of Chattanooga opened its doors for its first class, a group of 31 boys between ages of 10 and 17, each charged a tuition of $100. These classes were originally held in an old house in downtown Chattanooga, located at 101 McCallie Avenue; the school later moved to a location on Palmetto Street, also in the city. The first classes of the school were all-male; in 1900, the school began enrolling young women, but by 1912 had reverted to having an all-male class. The school did not again admit women until 1985, over 70 years later. In 1915, with the help of philanthropist John Thomas Lupton, Baylor moved to its current location overlooking the Tennessee River. That 30 acre campus has since expanded to 670 acre, but the quadrangle in the center of campus has never moved, marking the location of the heart of Baylor School.

Military school
In 1914, World War I broke out in Europe; by the fall of 1917, hundreds of thousands of American soldiers were fighting in the war. In response to the growing need of the United States for honorable, well-educated soldiers, Baylor became a military school, fully accredited by the U.S. War Department. Baylor remained a military school until 1971—the midst of the Vietnam War, when public support for the war was at an all-time low.

New headmasters
In 1925, the school began calling itself "Baylor School" in honor of its founder, who died in the following year. The school then named Dr. Alexander Guerry as its second headmaster. He remained in that position from 1926 to 1929, before leaving the school to become chancellor of the University of Chattanooga and then later chancellor of The University of the South. His successor was Herbert B. Barks Sr., who remained as headmaster for the next 35 years. His successor was headmaster Scott Wilson, a graduate of the class of 1975. In 2021 Wilson retired. He is succeeded by Chris Angel, Baylor class of 1989.

Rivalries
The school has maintained a strong rivalry with the crosstown boys-only McCallie School ever since McCallie's founding in 1905. Baylor historically had close ties with Chattanooga's Girls Preparatory School, until Baylor admitted girls in 1985. The two schools are now rivals in girls' athletics.

Endowment
Baylor's endowment (or net fund balance) was $132 million according to a tax return filed on November 14, 2011. This endowment is maintained by about 20 trustees and is one of the 30 highest endowments among boarding schools in the United States. On a per-student basis, $132 million divided by 1070 students yields an average value of over $120,000 per student, higher even than several universities such as Babson College, The College of William & Mary, and Rochester Institute of Technology.

Tuition
Baylor's tuition for 2022-2023 was $28,310 for day students, $57,340 for domestic boarding students and $61,875 for international boarding students. For boarders, Baylor offers need-based financial aid in addition to merit scholarships via its Distinguished Scholars Program. Baylor offers other scholarships to deserving boarding students for outstanding academic performance and character via donations through specific funds, one of which includes VMWare Fellowship Fund. For day students, Baylor also offers need-based financial aid, and awards the Jo Conn Guild Scholarship for students of exceptional merit. For Baylor's 2015-16 school year, the average boarding student received an aid package worth $27,118; the average day student received an aid package worth $11,096.

Academics

 * Baylor offers 22 advanced placement courses. In 1954, it was one of only 38 secondary schools, and the only one in the South, invited to participate in the then-new AP program.
 * Baylor's core curriculum consists of mathematics, English, science, history, and language classes. Baylor offers language classes in: Spanish, French, Latin, German, and Chinese.
 * About 76% of Baylor's most recent senior class took at least one AP class, while 48% of the most recent junior class took at least one AP class and 8% of the most recent sophomore class took an AP class.
 * The graduating class of 2011 sent four graduates to Ivy League schools. Two students attended Stanford University. Colleges chosen most often the class of 2011 were the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (13), the University of Alabama (9), Sewanee: The University of the South (7), Ole Miss (6), the University of Florida (5), the University of Tennessee at Knoxville (5), Georgia Southern University (5), and Emory University (4).

Athletics
In 2005, Baylor was named the leading high school sports program in Tennessee for six consecutive years, and in the top 25 nationwide by Sports Illustrated. For the 2006-07 school year, Sports Illustrated again named Baylor as the top athletic program in the state of Tennessee. Baylor's 1973 football team was tabbed mythical national champions by the National Sports News Service, and both men's and women's swim teams have been named national champions by Swimming World magazine. Brian Gottfried, who played tennis for Baylor and was later inducted into its Hall of Fame, rose after graduating to become the number-three ranked singles player in the world. Baylor's teams are nicknamed the Red Raiders and Lady Raiders. Baylor competes in the Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association and its varsity sports are:

Programs

 * Baylor students can participate in Baylor's Walkabout program, an outdoors program that takes students kayaking, rock climbing, bouldering, trekking, hiking, and caving. Walkabout also goes on an annual trip to Costa Rica for advanced kayakers and a biennial trip to India to trek.
 * Baylor's community service program, which is known as "R.E.S.P.E.C.T." (Regard Every Soul Purely Embracing Compassionate Thoughts), takes 10 students (juniors and seniors) to Kingston, Jamaica, every Spring Break after they have spent the school year raising money to send Jamaican children to school. On this trip, they visit a state-run home for the aged, a state-run orphanage, and the community whose children are sent to school with the money these high school students have raised. Students from the community service program also take trips to Asheville, North Carolina, twice a year to volunteer in a local homeless shelter. Baylor also does community service within the community of Chattanooga; there is an after school program in which students go to schools or centers within Chattanooga to help tutor children from surrounding schools and help them in their school work. This program is offered throughout the entire school year.
 * Baylor has more than 60 other extracurricular organizations, including the Round Table Literary Discussion Society, which began in 1942, the Peer Tutor Program, the Student Congress and Model United Nations Team, and the annual Periaktoi art magazine.
 * Tenth- and eleventh-grade students can participate in a student exchange program with schools around the world, such as the Southport School and St Hilda's School in Southport, Queensland, Australia, along with Bishops College in Cape Town, South Africa.
 * Seniors end their year with a senior camping trip, a tradition begun in 1975.

Campus
Baylor's 670 acre campus is located on the banks of the Tennessee River with red-brick buildings scattered around the campus, some almost 100 years old. Some of the buildings and facilities include:

Academic facilities

 * Katherine and Harrison Weeks Science Building, Baylor's science building, houses biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, forensic science, human physiology, environmental science, genetics, and Lower School science classes. Baylor's main computer lab, "the Bullpen," is located on the bottom floor of Weeks. This computer lab is open to the public and also hosts Baylor's computer science and computer applications classes in private computer classrooms. The building opened in 1999, named for benefactor Katherine Weeks and her husband, Harrison, a student from 1925-1928.
 * Barks Hall is home to Baylor's Lower School. The top two floors of Barks belong to Hedges Library, Baylor's school library. The 1961 building is named for former headmaster Herbert B. Barks.
 * Academic Hall, formerly known as the Lower School Building, is the home of Baylor's sixth grade. The bottom floor of Academic hosts Baylor's Spanish classes, one French class, and also contains Baylor's second largest computer lab.
 * Probasco Academic Center, opened in the fall of the 2018-2019 academic year as a replacement to Trustee Hall, is a $14 million dollar building with newly updated classrooms.
 * An addition to Baylor's Alumni Chapel was dedicated in 1991 by Rev. Billy Graham. The main chapel is where weekly assemblies and chapel services are held. (The school began as a non-sectarian school; now not a religious school, it retains a chaplain and required "chapel" meetings that feature guest speakers. Electives are taught in ethics and religion. ) The original 1927 chapel, now called Old Chapel, is now used for upper-school study hall. Beneath the main chapel is a majority of the mathematics department. The chapel also houses the Board of Trustees' board room.

Art facilities

 * Ireland Fine Arts Center is Baylor's fine arts building. Ireland houses Baylor's pottery, drawing, painting, print making, and lower-school art classes. Ireland provides inspirational views for artists as it overlooks the Tennessee River. Named for the family of benefactor Bill Ireland, class of 1941.
 * The Roddy Performing Arts Center is home to Baylor's performing arts. Dance, drama, photography, and film classes are located in Roddy. Roddy has a 148-seat black box theater, equipped with a state of the art Strand Lighting system. The building also houses a large scene shop, dance studio, photo studio, screening rooms, and a darkroom. Roddy is also used by outside production companies throughout the year to bring special productions to the Baylor community. Named for the benefactors, the Roddy family of Knoxville, Tenn.
 * Baylor's Music Building is the building on Baylor’s campus that houses all music related items. This includes rooms for both middle and upper school choir, orchestra, and band, along with many practice rooms and smaller rehearsal rooms. The Music Building houses Baylor's choir, band, orchestra, and various other music classes.

Residential facilities

 * Lowrance Dorm is one of Baylor's four girls' dorms. Lowrance overlooks the Tennessee River, and is home to students of all grades. Lowrance, built in 1989, also houses the infirmary. It is named in honor of Ruth Lowrance Street, the wife of trustee Gordon P. Street and mother of trustee Gordon P. Street Jr.
 * Hunter Hall is home to Baylor's admission and administrative staff. Hunter is located at the center of campus and houses a girls' dormitory as well as two classrooms in Hunter. Built in 1917 as Academic Building, it is named for 1907 alumnus and trustee George T. Hunter.
 * Probasco Hall is one of four boys' dorms. The 1966 building is named for benefactor Scott L. Probasco.
 * Riverfront Dorm is Baylor's newest girls' dorm. It overlooks the Tennessee River. Riverfront, along with Harrison Hall, are Baylor's only dorms that are fully residential (i.e. no classrooms or offices).
 * Lupton II, III, and Lupton Annex are the home to Baylor boys from all grades. Lupton III is known for having the largest dorm rooms on campus. Lupton also overlooks the Tennessee River. Latin, French, English, mathematics, and history classes are also held in the bottom two floors of Lupton. Lupton Annex and Lupton are connected at the third and fourth floors. The first Lupton Hall was built in 1915. The buildings are named for Coca-Cola bottler John Thomas Lupton, the largest benefactor of the school.
 * Harrison Hall is the newest of Baylor's residential life facilities. The dormitory, which houses 24 male students and two dorm parents, was dedicated on May 8, 2009. It honors the family of trustee J. Frank Harrison.

Dining facilities

 * Guerry Hall is the dining hall. The 1931 building was recently expanded and modernized. It honors the school's second headmaster, Alexander Guerry. Also, Guerry Hall is being renovated the summer of 2015.

Athletic facilities

 * The Field House is Baylor's main home for athletics. It has three basketball courts made of a multi-versatile surface, a cardio-weight room, several men's and women's locker rooms, several coaches' offices, the training room, James C. Duke Arena (Baylor's main basketball court), and the meeting room for Baylor's Honor Council. The newest addition to the Field House is Baylor's Aquatic Center, the school's multimillion-dollar, Olympic-sized swimming pool, which opened in 2006.
 * Baylor's Alexander Guerry Tennis Center, completed in 1987, includes 12 outdoor courts and 7 indoor courts. Named for the benefactor.
 * The Luke Worsham Memorial Wrestling Arena is Baylor's new wrestling facility. It was built in the structure of Baylor's former swimming pool, but is now a state-of-the-art wrestling arena. Named for the former teacher and wrestling coach.
 * Heywood Stadium is home to Baylor's football team in the fall, track and field and lacrosse teams in the spring. Built in 1971, it was named for former coach Humpy Heywood. The field is named for former football coach E.B. "Red" Etter.
 * Baylor also has its own Short Game Center where Baylor's boys' and sixteen-time state champion girls' golf team practice.
 * The Lower Fields are home to Baylor's varsity and junior varsity baseball, softball, lacrosse, and soccer teams. Baylor's cross country loop and crew boathouse are also located at the Lower Fields.
 * The Parry Center, located near the Tennis Center, is home to Baylor's Walkabout program. There is also an indoor climbing gym located directly behind the Parry Center.

Other campus features

 * Perched in the quadrangle in the heart of the campus is a statue of the mythological character Icarus, placed in memory of a student, Johnson Bryant, who died in a 2003 car wreck while a student at Baylor. The statue stands as a reminder to students to always find balance to avoid a similar fate, which was huffing butane gas while driving.

Traditions
As an outgrowth of the well-known Baylor/McCallie rivalry, the oldest rivalry in Tennessee, the school week of the football game is referred to as Spirit Week. During this time, students may forgo wearing the required uniform to wear themed costumes. The most commonly recurring of these themes is "Red Day," which typically is on the Friday of the Baylor/McCallie football game, in celebration of the school's color, in which the theme is to dress in as much red as is humanly possible. Prizes are awarded to whichever student is deemed by the school to be wearing the most red. In 2009 Baylor won the well-known rivalry football game against McCallie for the first time in eleven years, and had won the game against McCallie five times since then, from 2009-2013. Their most recent win against McCallie was in 2015. (The wins occurred in four regularly scheduled Baylor-McCallie games as well as a TSSAA playoff game.) In 2014, Baylor's streak was cut short when McCallie decided to play at their home field, Spears Stadium. After that, the winning team was usually determined by home field advantage. That is until 2017 when McCallie won big against Baylor at Heywood Stadium. Since then, Baylor had suffered 6 straight losses against McCallie on both fields, as well as Finley Stadium in 2020 (they could not play at Spears Stadium due to the Coronavirus pandemic). . In 2022, the Red Raiders finally snapped the Blue Tornados 6 game win streak, winning 31-27.

Honor code and Honor Council
Baylor students must abide by the rules of Baylor's honor code, established in 1916. Baylor School's honor code is based on the honor code at the University of Virginia. When students enter the school, they sign a pledge: "the Honor System is an understanding among Baylor student that they do not want among them one who will lie, cheat, or falsify information. I understand this principle, and I recognize that I shall be expected to live in accordance with it." After entry to Baylor, before every test, Baylor students sign their name, pledging "I pledge that I have upheld both the letter and the spirit of the Baylor Honor Code, neither giving nor receiving unauthorized assistance on this assessment." Students who are charged with violating the honor code must stand trial with the Honor Council, consisting of two freshmen, three sophomores, four juniors, and five seniors. Punishments for violation of the honor code range from a warning to expulsion.

Alumni
Baylor alumni excel in a multiplicity of fields. Perhaps the Baylor alum with the most historical significance is businessman Jo Conn Guild, who together with Wendell Willkie sued to determine the constitutionality of the Tennessee Valley Authority nearly one hundred years ago. In the current era, many alumni are noted for their work in politics, including U.S. Ambassador to NATO David M. Abshire, U.S. presidential candidate Thomas J. Anderson, Tennessee State Senator Bo Watson, Tennessee Attorney General Robert E. Cooper Jr., current Chattanooga mayor Tim Kelly, former Chattanooga mayor Andy Berke, Georgia Congressman Charlie Norwood, and the 48th Governor of Alabama, Fob James. Several Baylor graduates have excelled in medicine, including emergency medicine physician Francis M. Fesmire, and psychiatrist Robert Taylor Segraves. A number of Baylor graduates, such as Hugh Beaumont (famous for being the father on the classic 1950s and early 1960s TV show Leave it to Beaver), have gone on to have notable careers in entertainment. Many Baylor students go on to play sports collegiately and professionally, including Brian Gottfried who reached Nº3 in the world in tennis, World No. 4-ranked tennis player Roscoe Tanner, collegiate and pro golfers Keith Mitchell and Harris English, Olympic Gold Medal-winning swimmer Geoff Gaberino, swimmer Brad Hamilton, Pro Football Hall of Famer John Hannah, College Football Hall of Famer Herman Hickman, and pro football player Jacques McClendon. Notable alumni involved in journalism and literature include Pulitzer Prize–winning journalists and authors Bill Dedman and Wendell Rawls Jr.; newspaper editors Shelby Coffey III, and Albert Hodges Morehead; and authors Coleman Barks, William E. Duff, and Arthur Golden.

Headmasters
Headmasters through the years include:

 * 1893–1926: John Roy Baylor was the founder and led the school in its 25th anniversary in 1918; the school was named after him one year prior to his death in 1926.
 * 1926–1929: Alexander Guerry became the headmaster upon the death of the founder. He went on to lead the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga and Sewanee: University of the South.
 * 1929–1964: Herbert B. Barks Sr., led the school through the Depression, World War II, and a 1940 polio epidemic that killed one student. He also led the school in its 50th anniversary celebrations in 1943.
 * 1964–1970: Charles E. Hawkins, III, led the school through the turbulent sixties, headed the celebrations of the school's 75th anniversary in 1968, and resigned as the school was debating dropping the military program. He was succeeded by an acting headmaster, teacher Bryce Harris.
 * 1971–1988: Herbert B. Barks Jr., was the son of the former headmaster and a 1951 alumnus. He was headmaster when 40 girls (the Fab 40) were admitted in 1985.
 * 1988–1998: L. Laird Davis Jr., saw the school celebrate its centennial celebrations in 1993, the completion of the fine arts complex, and the groundbreaking for the Weeks Science Building.
 * 1998–2004: James E. Buckheit added the sixth grade and saw the school through the beginning of the 21st century. He was then followed by an interim headmaster, former Baylor teacher Jack Stanford.
 * 2004–2009: Bill Stacy was a former chancellor of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga.
 * 2009–2021: Scott Wilson is a 1975 alumnus and former teacher, coach, and admissions director. The school added a new academic center, a sports performance center, renovations of several buildings, and new academic programs.
 * 2021–: Chris Angel, a 1989 alumnus, was named in April 2020 to begin at the end of the 2020–2021 school year.

title: Baylor School


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Siegfried Buback

Siegfried Buback (3 January 1920, Wilsdruff, Saxony – 7 April 1977, Karlsruhe) was the Attorney General of West Germany from 1974 until his murder in 1977.

Life and career
Buback studied at the University of Leipzig. From 1940 to 1945, he was a member of the Nazi Party, while serving as a soldier in World War II. From 1945 to 1947, he was a prisoner of war in France. In 1953 he became an attorney, and continued his career until 1972 as general attorney.

His name first appeared in public in 1962 when he accused the political magazine Der Spiegel of high treason in the Spiegel scandal. In 1966, the case lead to a groundbreaking ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany about the freedom of the press.

In the 1970s he was decidedly opposed to the Red Army Faction (RAF) and became the first assassination victim, along with his driver Wolfgang Göbel and judicial officer Georg Wurster, in a series of events called the "German Autumn".

Assassination
On 7 April 1977, Buback was shot by members of the RAF while travelling from his home in Neureut to the Bundesgerichtshof in Karlsruhe. While Buback's Mercedes 230.6 was stopped at a traffic light, two unknown persons on a Suzuki GS 750 motorcycle pulled alongside him, both wearing olive green motorcycle helmets. The passenger on the rear of the motorcycle quickly fired fifteen shots with a semi-automatic HK43 rifle at the vehicle before fleeing. Buback and his driver, Göbel, died at the scene of the crime; Wurster died six days later from his injuries. Even though four RAF members (Christian Klar, Knut Folkerts, Günter Sonnenberg, and Brigitte Mohnhaupt) were formally charged and prosecuted in connection with the Buback murder, important details of their involvement have not been solved. German authorities have so far been unable to find out who was driving the motorcycle and who was firing the weapon at Buback.

In April 2007, 30 years after his assassination, Buback's violent death again became the subject of public discussion when his son, Michael Buback, was contacted by former RAF member Peter-Jürgen Boock. Boock shared details with Buback's son indicating that it was Stefan Wisniewski who had fired the gun at Siegfried Buback. Verena Becker, another former RAF member, has also claimed Wisniewski was the killer.

On 6 July 2012, Becker was convicted of assisting the (still unknown) murderers and sentenced to four years in prison.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Siegfried Buback


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Largest naval battle in history

The "largest naval battle in history" is a disputed title between adherents of varying criteria which include the numbers of personnel and/or vessels involved in the naval battle, the total displacement of the vessels involved and sometimes the significance and/or implications of the battle. While battles fought in modern times are comparatively well-documented, the figures from those in pre-Renaissance era are generally believed by contemporary chroniclers to be exaggerated.

Helmut Pemsel's evaluation
In 1975, the Austrian historian Helmut Pemsel attempted to evaluate naval battles in history by a scoring system. He assigned a score to each of four aspects of a battle as follows:
 * Numbers involved (1–4)
 * Strategic significance (0–2)
 * Tactical execution (0–2)
 * Political significance (0–1)

According to him, the largest naval battle ever is the Battle of Leyte Gulf, scoring 8 of a possible 9 points total, while six others tied for second at 7 points each: Salamis, the Aegates, Actium, La Hogue, Trafalgar and Jutland.

Candidates

 * Salamis, September 480BC. A fleet of 371 Greek ships defeated 600–900 Persian ships in this decisive battle off the coast of Athens. The high-end estimate of 1,271 ships involved is the largest number of ships involved in a single battle. Greek triremes typically had crews of about 200 men, and the smaller penteconters were each crewed by 50 oarsmen, yet the total number of personnel involved in the battle is uncertain.The Naval Battle Near Ecnomus (256 BC).jpg]]
 * Cape Ecnomus, 256BC. One of Ancient Rome's first major naval victories over its rival, the city of Carthage, during the First Punic War. In total the Roman fleet had 140,000 men on board: rowers, other crew, marines and soldiers. The number of Carthaginians is less certainly known but was estimated by Polybius at 150,000, and most modern historians broadly support this. If these figures are approximately correct, then this is possibly the largest naval battle of all time, by the number of combatants involved.
 * Red Cliffs, winter of 208–209 CE. A decisive battle between the warlord Cao Cao and the warlords Sun Quan, Liu Bei and Liu Qi saw the much smaller allied force of 50,000 defeat Cao Cao's at least 220,000-strong force. The precise estimates of numbers are likely lost to time, but it may be the largest in terms of participants as supported by some sources.
 * Yamen, 19March 1279. This battle completed the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty's conquest of the Southern Song Dynasty. It is claimed that more than 1,000 Song dynasty ships were destroyed by the Yuan dynasty fleet near Yamen, Guangdong, China. This is greater than the low-end estimate of ships involved at the Battle of Salamis; however not all Song ships were warships.
 * Lake Poyang, 30August – 4October 1363. It is claimed to be the largest naval battle in terms of personnel, with a reported 850,000 sailors and soldiers involved. A Ming dynasty rebel force, said to be 200,000 strong, commanded by Zhu Yuanzhang, met a Han rebel force, claimed to be 650,000 strong, commanded by Chen Youliang, on Lake Poyang, China's largest freshwater lake.
 * Jutland, 31May – 1June 1916. The Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet commanded by Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer and the British Grand Fleet under Admiral Sir John Jellicoe engaged in battle near Jutland, Denmark, during World War I. The German fleet consisted of 16 dreadnought and 6 pre-dreadnought battleships, 5 battle cruisers, 11 light cruisers, and 61 fleet torpedo boats, while the British fleet was composed of 28 battleships, 9 battle cruisers, 8 armoured cruisers, 26 light cruisers, 78 destroyers, 1 minelayer, and 1 seaplane carrier. Britain suffered more casualties and lost more ships than Germany but the outcome was a strategic success for the British since it resulted in the successful containment of the German fleet. In terms of total displacement of ships involved, it was the largest surface battle.
 * Philippine Sea, 19–20June 1944. This was the largest aircraft carrier battle in history, involving fifteen American fleet and light carriers, nine Japanese carriers, 170 other warships, and some 1,700 aircraft. In terms of displacement, the U.S. Fifth Fleet's Fast Carrier Task Force (TF 58) is the largest single naval formation ever to give battle.
 * Leyte Gulf, 23–26October 1944. The largest in terms of displacement of ships in the combined orders of battle, if not necessarily in terms of displacement of the ships engaged, was also the largest in terms of the displacement of ships sunk and in terms of the size of the area within which the component battles took place. The United States Third and Seventh Fleets (in total, Task Forces 38, 77, 78, and 79) including some Australian warships, comprised 8 large aircraft carriers, 8 light carriers, 18 escort carriers, 12 battleships, 24 cruisers, 141 destroyers and destroyer escorts, and many other ships, as well as about 1,500 aircraft. The Allies won a decisive victory over Japanese forces, which consisted of 1 large aircraft carrier, 3 light carriers, 9 battleships, 19 cruisers, 34 destroyers, and several hundred aircraft. The opposing fleets carried a combined total of about 200,000 personnel. Leyte Gulf consisted of four major subsidiary battles: the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, the Battle of Surigao Strait, the Battle off Samar, and the Battle off Cape Engaño, along with other actions. They are counted together by virtue of all being a result of the Japanese operation Sho-Go, which was aimed at destroying the Allied amphibious forces involved in the invasion of Leyte. However, the individual battles were separated by distances as great as two hundred miles, as well as several days time, from the first submarine action to the Japanese withdrawal.

title: Largest naval battle in history


text: User talk:211.28.96.10

title: User talk:211.28.96.10


text: User talk:68.123.250.184

title: User talk:68.123.250.184


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James Lee Byars

James Lee Byars (April 10, 1932, Detroit, Michigan – May 23, 1997, Cairo, Egypt) was an American conceptual artist and performance artist specializing in installations and sculptures, as well as a self-considered mystic. He was best known for his use of personal esoteric motifs, and his creative persona that has been described as 'half dandified trickster and half minimalist seer'.

Byars' notable performance works include The Death of James Lee Byars and The Perfect Smile, and in terms of multiple sculptures, the many letters he wrote that were composed as decorated sculptures.

Themes and motifs in his works
Byars' works are often noted as constantly incorporating specific personal themes and motifs, leaning towards the esoteric while simultaneously being ritualistic and materialistic: Robert Clark, writing for The Guardian on the occasion of a Milton Keynes exhibition of his work, described it as 'impenetrably yet intriguingly hermetic'. Most in particular was gold as a material, which served as an elemental identifier. As well as this, works of his demonstrate a fascination with the symbolism of numbers: Clark quotes in the same exhibition, referring to a specific piece of his, writing that he 'imbued the number 100 with symbolic significance, having made a symmetrical arrangement of 100 white marbles and draping 100 nude volunteers in a collective red garment'.

A common theme in his works is perfection (especially upon the word 'Perfect'), which he extended into a personal journey that led to his ambiguously celebratory exploration of shapes, numbers and precious materials. A MoMA text explaining his oeuvre, in the context of his piece The Table of Perfect, noted that while it "looks pristine, it—like any other object—can only ever exist as a sign of perfection and can never embody the total concept."

Byars was in 1972 the first artist invited to visit the physics laboratory CERN in Geneva—an event that was featured on the cover of the CERN Courier. Later many artists have passed through the laboratory, since 2012 mainly within the framework of the Arts at CERN programme. Arts resulting from his visit to CERN was exposed at Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art in 2004 and is digitally available from the Harvard Art Museums.

The American artist Matthew Barney played Byars in the film River of Fundament (2014), a work loosely based on the Norman Mailer novel Ancient Evenings. Barney has argued, "I think Byars had this Egyptian subtext through his work. [...] Ancient Evenings is to do with the ambition of the Pharaoh and the ambition of the nobleman to live again and again and again. So there's something about Byars that has always interested me in his work to do with its ambition to become pure gold and its failure to be pure gold. It's always a veneer. It wants to be something it can't be. And I love that about the work, I love the theatre of it."

Byars also showed fascination in predicting his own death and others' deaths.

Exhibitions
Solo exhibitions include:
 * 1961	Willard Gallery, New York, NY
 * 1964	1 by 50 Foot Drawing, Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
 * 1967	The Giant Man of Water Soluble Paper and Dissolved on 53rd Street, Museum of Contemporary Crafts, New York, NY
 * 1968 Participatory Events with Communal Garments, The Architectural League of New York, New York
 * 1970	The Gold Curb, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY
 * 1971	The Black Book, Galerie Michael Werner, Cologne, West Germany
 * 1974	The Perfect Love Letter, Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels, Belgium
 * 1975	The Perfect Kiss, Pavilion Denon, Musėe de Louvre, Paris, France
 * 1977	The First Total Interrogative Philosophy, Stădtisches Museum, Mönchengladbach, West Germany
 * 1978	The Perfect Kiss, University Art Museum, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
 * 1980	The Exhibition of Perfect, Busch-Reisinger Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
 * 1981	The Perfect Kiss, The Perfect Cheek, The Perfect Fragrance, Foundation de Appel, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
 * 1983	Stedelijk van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
 * 1983 Musėe d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Paris, France
 * 1984	The Perfect Quiet, ICA, Boston, MA
 * 1985	Galerie Michael Werner, Cologne, West Germany
 * 1985 Mary Boone Gallery, New York, NY
 * 1986	James Lee Byars - Palast der Philosophie/The Philosophical Palace, Kunsthalle Dűsseldorf, Dűsseldorf, West Germany
 * 1988	Mary Boone Gallery, New York, NY
 * 1989	Mary Boone Gallery, New York, NY
 * 1989 James Lee Byars - The Palace of Good Luck, Castello di Rivoli, Museo d'Arte Contemporanea, Turin, Italy
 * 1990	The Perfect Thought, University Art Museum, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
 * 1990 The Perfect Thought, Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston, TX
 * 1992	Konsthall, Stockholm, Sweden
 * 1993	Sonne, Mond und Sterne, Wűrttembergischer Kunstverein, Stuttgart, Germany
 * 1994	Graphische Răume Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany
 * 1994 James Lee Byars - The Perfect Moment, IVAM Centre del Carme, Valencia, Spain
 * 1995	Fondation Cartier pour l'art Contemporain, Paris, France
 * 1996	The Monument of Language - James Lee Byars, The Henry Moore Institute, Leeds, England
 * 1997	James Lee Byars - The Palace of Perfect, Fundaçao de Serralves, Porto, Portugal
 * 1998	James Lee Byars - Four Early Drawings and a Black Figure on the Floor, Michael Werner Gallery, New York, NY
 * 1998 The Arts Club of Chicago, Chicago, IL
 * 2001	Letters to Joseph Beuys, Museum fur Kommunikation, Frankfurt, Germany
 * 2003	The Moon Books: Above and Below, An Exhibition of James Lee Byars, Michael Werner Gallery, New York, NY
 * 2004	James Lee Byars: Letters from the World's Most Famous Unknown Artist, Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art, North Adams, MA
 * 2004 James Lee Byars: Life, Love and Death, Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt, Germany
 * 2004 James Lee Byars: The Perfect Silence, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY
 * 2005 Barbican Art Gallery, London, England
 * 2006	The Rest Is Silence: James Lee Byars, Perry Rubenstein Gallery, New York, NY
 * 2006 The Rest Is Silence: James Lee Byars, Michael Werner Gallery, New York, NY
 * 2006 The Rest Is Silence: James Lee Byars, Mary Boone Gallery, New York, NY
 * 2008 Im [sic] Full of Byars: James Lee Byars - Eine Hommage, Kunstmuseum Bern, Switzerland
 * 2008 Milton Keynes Gallery, London, England
 * 2012 Klein / Byars / Kapoor, Musee d'Art Moderne et d'Art Contemporain, Nice, France
 * 2012 ARoS Kunstmuseum, Aarhus, Denmark
 * 2013 James Lee Byars: 1/2 an Autobiography, Museo Jumex, Mexico City, Mexico
 * 2014 MoMA PS1, New York, NY
 * 2014 ''FLEX, Kent Fine Art, New York, NY
 * 2014 James Lee Byars, Random Institute, Zűrich, Switzerland
 * 2023 James Lee Byars, PirelliHangar Bicocca, Milan, Italy

Group shows include:
 * 1972 Documenta 5, Museum Fridericianum, Kassel, West Germany
 * 1977	Documenta 6, Museum Fridericianum, Kassel, West Germany
 * 1980	La Biennale di Venezia, Venice, Italy
 * 1981	Westkunst, Rheinhallen der Kölner Messe, Koln, West Germany
 * 1982	Documenta 7, Museum Fridericianum, Kassel, West Germany
 * 1983	New Art at the Tate Gallery, The Tate Gallery, London, England
 * 1983 Salone Internazionale Mercanti d'Arte, Palazzo Grassi, Venice, Italy
 * 1984	Skulptur im 20. Jahrhundert, Basel, Switzerland
 * 1984 Ouverture, Castello di Rivoli, Museo d'Arte Contemporanea, Turin, Italy
 * 1985	Spuren, Skulpturen und Momente ihrer präzizen Reise, Kunsthaus Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
 * 1986	Biennale of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
 * 1986 Ooghoogte - Stedelijk van Abbemuseum 1936-1986, Stedelijk van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
 * 1986 La Biennale di Venezia, Venice, Italy
 * 1986 Europa/Amerika - Die Geschichte einer kunstlerischen Faszination seit 1940, Museum Ludwig, Cologne, West Germany
 * 1986 Skulptursein, Kunsthalle Dűsseldorf, Dűsseldorf, West Germany
 * 1987	Der Unverbrauchte Blick - Kunst unserer Zeit in Berliner Sicht, Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin, West Germany
 * 1987 Documenta 8, Museum Fridericianum, Kassel, West Germany
 * 1988	Űbrigens sterben immer die Anderen: Marcel Duchamp und die Avantgarde seit 1950, Museum Ludwig, Cologne, West Germany
 * 1989	Bilderstreit, Museum Ludwig, Rheinhallen der Kölner Messe, Cologne, West Germany
 * 1989 Magiciens de la Terre, Centre Georges Pompidou, Musėe National d'Art Moderne, Grand Halle - La Villette, Paris, France
 * 1990	Metropolis, Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin, Germany
 * 1992	Documenta 9, Museum Fridericianum, Kassel, Germany
 * 1994	Couplet 2, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
 * 1996	Dessins: Acquisitions 1992-1996, Galerie d'art Graphique, Musėe National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
 * 1999	La Biennale di Venezia, Venice, Italy
 * 2001	Beau Monde: Toward a Redeemed Cosmopolitanism, SITE Santa Fe, Santa Fe, NM
 * 2001 The Museum of Our Wishes, Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany
 * 2002	The Inward Eye: Transcendence in Contemporary Art, Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston, TX
 * 2003	Louise Bourgeois, James Lee Byars - Il disparut dans le silence total, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
 * 2004	Singular Forms (Sometimes Repeated): Art from 1951 to the Present, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY
 * 2004 Los Monocromos, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid, Spain
 * 2004 The Big Nothing, Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia, PA
 * 2005	Colour After Klein, Barbican Art Gallery, London, England
 * 2013 The Encyclopedic Palace, 55th Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy

title: James Lee Byars


text:
Vegalta Sendai

Vegalta Sendai (ベガルタ仙台) is a Japanese professional football club based in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture. They currently play in J2 League, the Japanese second tier of professional football.

History
Founded in 1988 as Tohoku Electric Power Co., Inc. Soccer Club, Vegalta joined the J-League in 1999 after playing a few years in the JFL, with the nickname Brummell Sendai, to which they had been promoted in 1995 from the Tohoku Regional League. When joining the J-League, the name Vegalta was chosen as a homage to the famous Tanabata festival in Sendai. The names of the two celestial stars of the Tanabata legend, Vega and Altair were combined to form Vegalta.

They were first promoted to the top flight in 2002, but the team went back down the following season. They were promoted again for the 2010 season.

In 2011, despite the earthquake and tsunami, they achieved their highest position up to that time, 4th place in the top division.

In 2012, despite leading the table for most of the season, Sanfrecce Hiroshima's challenge proved too strong, and losing the penultimate week game to relegation battler Albirex Niigata cost them the title, rendering them second-place winners, their highest position in history.

In 2018, the Vegalta reached vice place in the Emperor's Cup, losing the cup to the Urawa Reds.

After twelve years spent at the J1 League, Vegalta returned to the J2 on 2022, after being relegated from the J1 on 2021. After finishing on 7th place at the 2022 J2 League, the club was not able to even play the promotion play-offs. Vegalta will play then, their 2nd consecutive season in the J2 on 2023. Ryang Yong-gi, a symbol of Sendai, retired at the end of the 2023 season.

From 2024, Yoshiro Moriyama, who has a track record of developing players in Sanfrecce Hiroshima's training age group and the U17 Japan National Team, will be appointed as Manager.

Stadium
Their home stadium is Yurtec Stadium Sendai, in Izumi-ku, Sendai, although a few home games have also been played at nearby Miyagi Stadium.

Sendai Stadium ranks among the top stadiums in Japan for its presence, comfort, and accessibility, and was once ranked second in an evaluation by a famous Japanese football media. It was also used by the Italian national football team as their basecamp during the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Miyagi Stadium is famous for the Japan national team, and for hosting matches of the Argentine national team in the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Supporters and rivalries
As with most football clubs, fans in Sendai sing and dance during matches. However, most of the songs used by fans from other clubs are avoided due to the more eclectic set. Club themes sung before each game are Take Me Home, Country Roads, and during the game. Toy Dolls, Blitzkrieg Bop and other KISS and Twisted Sister.

Since Sendai is the hometown of Hirohiko Araki, who wrote JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, fans often wave flags with the same motifs of characters portrayed in Araki's manga.

Michinoku Derby
Vegalta's traditional rivals are Montedio Yamagata from Yamagata Prefecture. The two have been rivals since meeting in the Tohoku Football League in 1991. Among the Tohoku derbies, this match is famous as the Michinoku derby.

Tohoku Derby
This is the derby played by the Tohoku region teams, currently the most important match is that of Vegalta Sendai and Montedio Yamagata. Other teams included in this classic include Blaublitz Akita, Iwate Grulla Morioka, Iwaki FC.

League & cup record

 * Pos. = Position in league; P = Games played; W = Games won; D = Games drawn; L = Games lost; F = Goals scored; A = Goals conceded; GD = Goals difference; Pts = Points gained
 * Attendance = Total home league attendance
 * † 2020 & 2021 seasons attendances reduced by COVID-19 worldwide pandemic
 * Source: J.League Data Site

Individual awards

 * J. League Best Eleven
 * 🇧🇷 Wilson: 2012
 * Valuable Player Award
 * 🇯🇵 Takuto Hayashi 🇯🇵 Makoto Kakuda  🇯🇵 Jiro Kamata: 2011
 * 🇯🇵 Takuto Hayashi 🇯🇵 Taikai Uemoto  🇯🇵 Makoto Kakuda  🇯🇵 Jiro Kamata  🇯🇵 Naoki Sugai  🇰🇵 Ryang Yong-gi  🇯🇵 Shingo Akamine: 2012
 * 🇲🇿 Simão Mate: 2019
 * Individual Fair-Play award
 * 🇯🇵 Yuichi Nemoto: 2003
 * 🇰🇵 Ryang Yong-gi: 2011
 * J.League Monthly MVP
 * 🇯🇵 Shingo Akamine: 2014 (May)
 * 🇲🇿 Simão Mate: 2019 (June)
 * 🇯🇵 Ryoma Kida: 2022 (May)
 * Monthly Best Manager
 * 🇯🇵 Susumu Watanabe: 2019 (June)
 * 🇯🇵 Masato Harasaki: 2022 (May)
 * Monthly Best Goal
 * 🇰🇵 Ryang Yong-gi: 2015
 * 🇧🇷 Crislan: 2017
 * J.League Cup Award
 * 🇯🇵 Takuma Nishimura: 2017
 * TAG Heuer YOUNG GUNS Award
 * 🇯🇵 Takuma Nishimura: 2017
 * 🇯🇵 Ko Itakura: 2018
 * J.League Cup Top Scorer
 * 🇧🇷 Crislan: 2017
 * J2 League Top Scorer
 * 🇧🇷 Marcos: 2001
 * 🇧🇷 Borges: 2006
 * Meritorious Player Award
 * 🇯🇵 Norio Omura: 2009
 * 🇯🇵 Atsushi Yanagisawa: 2015
 * 🇯🇵 Hisato Satō: 2021
 * 🇯🇵 Makoto Kakuda, 🇯🇵 Naoki Ishihara, 🇯🇵 Yoshiki Takahashi: 2022
 * 🇯🇵 Shingo Tomita, 🇯🇵 Shingo Akamine: 2023

Current squad
.

Notable players and coaches

 * 🇧🇷 Edmar 1995–1997
 * 🇩🇪 Pierre Littbarski 1996–1997
 * 🇩🇪 Frank Ordenewitz 1996
 * Branko Elsner 1997
 * 🇯🇵 Teruo Iwamoto 2001–2003
 * 🇯🇵 Hajime Moriyasu 2002–2003
 * Zdenko Verdenik 2003–2004
 * 🇰🇵 Ryang Yong-gi 2004–2019, 2022–2023
 * 🇲🇰 Goce Sedloski 2004
 * 🇧🇷 Joel Santana 2006
 * 🇧🇷 Thiago Neves 2006
 * 🇧🇷 Humberlito Borges 2006
 * 🇯🇵 Makoto Teguramori 2008–2013, 2021
 * 🇯🇵 Atsushi Yanagisawa 2011–2014
 * 🇦🇺 Graham Arnold 2014
 * 🇦🇺🇷🇸 Danny Vukovic 2014
 * 🇳🇿 Michael McGlinchey 2014
 * 🇯🇵 Daniel Schmidt 2014–2019
 * 🇯🇵 Takuma Nishimura 2015–2018, 2020–2021
 * 🇯🇵 Ko Itakura 2018
 * 🇲🇿 Simão Mate Junior 2019–2021

International convention

 * World Cup
 * 2018
 * 🇦🇺 Danny Vukovic (2014)
 * 2022
 * 🇯🇵 Daniel Schmidt (2014–2019)
 * 🇯🇵 Ko Itakura (2018)
 * 🇦🇺 Danny Vukovic

 * World Cup (Manager)
 * 2022
 * 🇯🇵 Hajime Moriyasu (2002–2003)
 * 🇦🇺 Graham Arnold (2014)

 * FIFA Confederations Cup
 * 2017
 * 🇦🇺 Danny Vukovic
 * 🇳🇿 Michael McGlinchey (2014)

 * AFC Asian Cup
 * 2011/2015
 * 🇰🇵 Ryang Yong-gi (2004–2019, 2022-)
 * 2019
 * 🇯🇵 Daniel Schmidt ※Runner up
 * 🇦🇺 Danny Vukovic

 * AFC Asian Cup (Manager)
 * 2019
 * 🇯🇵 Hajime Moriyasu
 * 🇦🇺 Graham Arnold

 * Copa América
 * 2019
 * 🇯🇵 Ko Itakura

 * OFC Nations Cup
 * 2016
 * 🇳🇿 Michael McGlinchey ※Winner

 * EAFF E-1 Football Championship
 * 2015
 * 🇯🇵 Yuji Rokutan (2015–2016)
 * 2022
 * 🇯🇵 Takuma Nishimura (2015–2018, 2020–2021)
 * 🇯🇵 Hajime Moriyasu ※Winner

 * Summer Olympics (U-23)
 * 2020
 * 🇯🇵 Ko Itakura

 * Summer Olympics (U-23 Manager)
 * 2016
 * 🇯🇵 Makoto Teguramori (Manager)
 * 2020
 * 🇦🇺 Graham Arnold

 * AFC U-23 Asian Cup
 * 2016
 * 🇯🇵 Makoto Teguramori ※Winner
 * 2020
 * 🇦🇺 Graham Arnold ※3rd place

 * Asian Games (U-23)
 * 2018
 * 🇯🇵 Ko Itakura ※Runner up

 * Asian Games (U-23 Manager)
 * 2014
 * 🇯🇵 Makoto Teguramori

 * Toulon Tournament (U-22)
 * 2019
 * 🇯🇵 Keiya Shiihashi (2016–2020) ※Runner up,Best XI

 * FIFA U-20 World Cup (Manager)
 * 2023
 * 🇰🇷 Kim Eun-jung (2003)

Club staff
For the 2024 season.

Mascot

 * VEGATTA (Brother)
 * He has won "the J League mascot general election" many times and is quite popular.
 * The eagle, which is also used in the club emblem as a symbol of victory in Greek mythology, is associated with the Aquila constellation, to which Hikoboshi (Altair) belongs, which is the origin of the club's name. The name was decided by public submission. Vegatta's SNS (BLOG, Twitter), which is updated daily, is loved and popular among soccer fans in Japan, as the mascot loves mischief, and is by some fans, hard to believe it is a mascot.
 * LTAANA (Sister)
 * From the Sendai summer tradition "Sendai Tanabata", which is the origin of the team name, "Luta" for Vega (Orihime) and Altair (Hikoboshi), and "Tana" for Tanabata, it was named as a girlish name by combining "na", on a 7 August, which is the date of the event and the birthday. Sometimes she tweet with [#ルターナ] (LTAANA written phonetically on Katakana) on Sendai's official Twitter.
 * When Vegalta wins any match, she expresses her joy on Twitter.

Cheerleaders

 * The Vegalta Cheerleaders mainly support "Vegalta Sendai", participate in many events, and continue to work as a cheering group for people who are doing their best in the area. She has the longest history as a cheerleader for a professional sports team in Sendai, and has been active since 2003.

Best Match
① and ② were selected as "that game I want to see again" on the J League official YouTube channel, and 2 was also selected as "10 Best Matches" by J Chronicle Best. ② was also selected as the "Best Match" of the J30 Best Awards.

J Chronicle Best
This is a project to select the J.League "Best Eleven", "Best Goal" and "Best Match" over the past 20 years. A project held in 2013 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Japan Professional Soccer League. The mentioned two game is often featured as a legendary game in each media.

J30 BEST AWARDS
A project to select the "MVP", "Best Eleven", "Best Goal", "Best Match", and "Best Scene" of the J League over the past 30 years. An award hosted by the J.League to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the J.League in 2023.

Even in "Soccer Digest" (Japan's famous football media),the two were selected as "the best 3 selected J.League matches" by the reporter in charge of Sendai. Sendai's Yoshiaki Ota, who scored the equalizing goal against Kawasaki, said, "I think it was a goal that everyone worked together, including the thoughts of my teammates."

* The notation of the match card and the stadium where the match was held is at the time of the match.

Continental record
Sendai also participated in the ACL for the first time in 2013.

It was a tournament with many challenges other than matches, such as long-distance travel, overcrowded schedule with the J League, and local climate, but they did not lose in the extreme cold of Nanjing and the intense heat of Thailand, and the final match was a draw or better in the qualifying.

It was a good point to leave the possibility of breaking through.

Asian clubs ranking
.

Vegalta House
"Shichigashuku Town's Empty House Revitalization Project: Let's Build a Vegalta House" will start in July 2021 with the support of 143 crowdfunding people and a total of 78 local workers. It is involved in a social collaboration activity, in line with Goal 11 "Sustainable cities and communities" and Goal 17 "Partnership for the goals" of the SDGs basic guidelines.

title: Vegalta Sendai


text:
Peter Heylyn

Peter Heylyn or Heylin (29 November 1599 – 8 May 1662) was an English ecclesiastic and author of many polemical, historical, political and theological tracts. He incorporated his political concepts into his geographical books Microcosmus in 1621 and Cosmographie (1657).

Life
Heylyn was born in Burford, Oxfordshire, the son of Henry Heylyn and Elizabeth Clampard. He entered Merchant Taylors' School in March 1612. At 14 he was sent to Hart Hall, Oxford, and matriculated from Magdalen College, Oxford, on 19 January 1616, aged 16. He was awarded BA on 17 October 1617 and was elected a Fellow in 1618. He lectured on historical geography at Magdalen.

Heylyn was awarded MA on 1 July 1620. In 1620 he presented his lecture to Prince Charles, at Theobalds. He was incorporated at Cambridge University in 1621. In 1621 his lectures were published as Microcosmos: a Little Description of the Great World. This would prove to be his most popular work and by 1639, eight editions had been produced.

At college, where he was dubbed 'the perpetual dictator', Heylyn had been an outspoken controversialist. He subsequently became an outspoken preacher and one of Charles I's clerical followers. He was awarded a BD on 13 June 1629. As a member of the Arminian party he played a part in struggles between the Arminians and their opponents that disturbed England in the 1630s. In 1630 he lectured against the Feoffees for Impropriations. He became licensed Canon of Westminster in 1631 and Rector of Hemingford, Huntingdonshire, in the same year. He became Rector of Houghton-le-Spring, County Durham, in 1632 and rector of Alresford, Hampshire, in 1633. Also in 1633 he was licensed to preach and was awarded D.D. on 13 April 1633. He became a chaplain to Charles I. In 1639 he became Rector at South Warnborough, Hampshire.

He suffered for his loyalty to the king when, under the Commonwealth, he was deprived of his preferments. He subsequently settled at Lacies Court in Abingdon, from 1653 until 1660. Lacies Court is now the heads residence at Abingdon School. Heylyn supported Anthony Huish (Master of the School) in maintaining the services at St Nicholas Church where Huish was rector. This was opposed by the Puritan dominated town council. A house facing Bath Street from the Abingdon School grounds is named 'Heylyns' in commemoration.

At the Restoration, he left Abingdon and was made sub-Dean of Westminster, but poor health prevented further advancement.

He married Letitia Highgate and had a large family. His monument is in Westminster Abbey.

Works
He was a prolific writer, and a keen and acrimonious controversialist against the Puritans. Among his works are a History of the Reformation of the Church of England, and a Life of Archbishop William Laud (Cyprianus Anglicanus) (1668). He affixed Greek titles to two of his books, Κειμήλια Ἐκκλησιαστικά: Historical and miscellaneous tracts (1662) and Ἡρωολογία Anglorum; or, a help to English history (1641).

He was the writer of the "Cosmographie", an attempt to describe in meticulous detail every aspect of the known world in 1652, the geography, climate, customs, achievements, politics, and belief systems. It appears to have been the first description in print of Australia, and perhaps of California, Terra del Fuego, and other territories in the New World. He objected to the name "America" as it placed undue glory on Amerigo Vespucci, and recommended "Columbana" or "Cabotia" as more indicative of the true discoverers, Columbus and Cabot.

Publications
Heylyn's publications include:
 * Microcosmus. A little description of the great world 1621 (−1639); enlarged and entitled Cosmographie in four bookes, containing the chorographie and historie of the whole world 1652 (1674)
 * The history of St. George of Cappadocia (1631)
 * The history of the Sabbath (1636)
 * A coale from the altar (1636)
 * Antidotum Lincolniense; or an answer to a book entitled, The Holy Table, name and thing (1637)
 * A brief and moderate answer to the seditious and scandalous Challenge of H. Burton (1637)
 * Ἡρωολογια Anglorum; or, a help to English history (1641)
 * The first table or, a catalogue of all the kings which have reigned in England, since the first entrance of the Romans (1641)
 * The historie of episcopacie (1642)
 * The undeceiving of the people in the point of tithes (1648)
 * Extraneus vapulans; or, the observator rescued from the violent but vaine assaults of Hamon L'Estrange, (1656)
 * A full relation of two journeys: the one, into the mainland of France; the other, into some of the adjacent islands (1656)
 * Ecclesia vindicata; or, the Church of England justified (1657)
 * The stumbling-block of disobedience and rebellion cunningly laid by Calvin in the subjects way, discovered, censured and removed (1658)
 * Examen historicum, or a discovery and examination of the mistakes in some modern histories (1659)
 * Certamen epistolare; or the letter-combate with Mr. Baxter, etc. (1659)
 * Historia quinqu-articularis; or a declaration of the judgement of the Western churches, particularly of the church of England, in the five controverted points reproached by the name of Arminianism (1660)
 * Ecclesia restaurata; or, the History of the Reformation of the Church of England (1661)
 * Aerius redivivus; or, the history of the presbyterians from 1536 to 1647 a 1662 (1670)
 * Cyprianus Anglicus; or the history of the life and death of William Laud a 1662 (1668, 1671)
 * Κειμήλια Ἐκκλησιαστικά Historical and miscellaneous tracts a 1662 (1681)

and the very, very rare:

 * Chorography and History of the Whole World (1682) more on this book in links below

title: Peter Heylyn


text:
Talk:Bahrain

So many men
This article and the main article on demography show the huge excess of adult men in Bahrain, but say nothing about this in words. Are the non-citizens, the temporary residents all male? In the ages below 20, the gender split is as one might expect, more less evenly split. Then above 20, there is an excess of men. I do not know the nation, and cannot find any commentary on this imbalance. - - Prairieplant (talk) 16:24, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The main reason appears to be foreign workers. Page 7 of this demographic report provides detail. Feel free to include this source in the relevant articles and add further context for readers about the gender disparity. Hope this helps. Best, Left guide (talk) 12:13, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

Breakdown of Sunni/Shia
Seems to be a highly contested topic as to what % is Sunni vs Shia. The State Department says "Most estimates from NGOs and the Shia community state Shia Muslims represent a majority (55 to 70 percent) of the citizen population.", but the infobox seems to say 51% Sunni/49% Shia, and they don't publish official stats on the breakdown in their census. Is there any way to indicate that this % is uncertain or contested? 205.175.106.234 (talk) 20:07, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

Jewish Population
In the article, Jewish population is shown as 0.002% of the total population of 1.5 million. That means 30 Jews live in Bahrain. Is it correct data? I think we should remove this data from Article as the Jewish population is not substantial. 103.61.109.73 (talk) 06:09, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

Map inset is incorrect
The map used in the sidebar has a strange inset. The world map has a rectangle that covers an area from Egypt to India. But the larger map is only a fraction of this. Not accurate or helpful. I realize it's difficult for a country this small. 2401:7000:DB0D:3900:58C:C232:8442:549F (talk) 03:08, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

Missing text?
This paragraph under Post-Arab Spring years seems to have had text cut from it, between the words "committee to" and the word "paying". As is, it doesn't make much sense: "On 9 April 2020, Bahrain launched a committee to paying private-sector employees for a three-month period in order to ease the financial pain caused by the COVID-19 pandemic."

What to do? Will-o-the-west (talk) 20:48, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

 * It was added all in one go by an IP here, so probably just a grammar issue trying to say that the government supported private-sector employment. CMD (talk) 01:42, 15 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bahrain


text:
Talk:Soldering iron

Sandpaper??
I am pretty sure sandpaper is very bad for electronics soldering iron tips. Maybe on a different type of iron? — Omegatron 16:21, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * You're quite right. I fixed this bit of bad advice. - Jax184 08:32, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

soldering iron tips are copper. they can be cleaned with a file, sandpaper, or solder and flux. a lot of modern tips are Iron plated/clad this keeps the solder from dissolving the copper tip. a file or sandpaper will remove the iron plating. If you have an unplated tip youll find it has craters in the copper where you use it the most. then you can use a file to shape it from a shovel or fork to a chisel or pyramid or cone. then again some sort of swaging wont remove material.

a cheap iron i have has a hollow heating element in a sheath there is a setscrew on the end of the sheath the tip is a 3/16 solid Cu rod about 6" long with a chisel on one end and a cone on the other.

the rod can be slid out further to reduce/regulate tip temperature, if the plating goes away this could be filed and shaped for years. The bubblepack it came on said to set the tip out 1" but 2 1/4 or 2 1/2" seems to be adquate for most small components on circut boards. ground planes, sheilds, large filter caps and power components may require more heat like the 1" gives.

here again this is not temperature it is heat. temperature is determined by the amount of heat transfered to the stuff you solder and the mass of those components. if you put this 30W iron in something insulated it will easly get to the 1100C that will melt the copper tip. If you have a new iron clad tip do the initial tinning with another soldering iron. if its not tinned while the FeNi is brite and clean you will never be able to tin it without abrasive cleaning.

if the tip is not hot enuff to oxidize the iron or copper it wold not need to be cleaned since the solder will oxidize well before this. if you keep the tip clean with solder and wipe off the solder oxides with a clean damp cloth or sponge you will have a bright clean shiny liquid metal surface until oxygen hits it. if you have more tin and lead oxide than solder the iron and copper will start oxidizing.

if you have a temperature regulated soldering iron $100 instead of $5, make sure the storage hole for the tip is fairly well sealed from air. this will keep O2 away from the precious hot metal on the tip. The ventelated safety stands help keep the unregulated irons cool (when the iron isnt soldering) by allowing maximum air flow this could be achieved a lot better in a sealed hole in a large finned heat sink whereby the chamber sealed with the iron would rapidly be depleted of the oxygen. an Al tube cigars come in will fix the open spring on these usless stands on temperature regulated irons. make sure the metal on the heated part of the iron doesnt touch the tube.

there are solders that have a small percentage of copper in their composistion.

these are eutectic more conductive and dont dissolve the copper tip as quickly savabit is a brandname.

They also cost more and arent carried at the local store.

The best electric solder you are likely to find is 62/37/1  Sn/Pb/Ag it melts at 182C its eutetic its more conductive than 63/37 tin/lead alloy and its cheaper than SnAg or SnSb and it wets better on most metals and doesnt dissolve the copper tip as fast.

It may be a good idea if you can handle silver to make tips for your irons from silver, of course with a 20w pencil this will make the tip cost $.25 instead of under a penny, the extra utility, conductivity,and easier maintanance could easily justify the 30X price difference.

In any event if you keep the tip clean and tinned it will last many years.

If you keep the tip more than a few degrees above the melting point of the solder allow the solder to oxidize and dont remove and replace the oxide with clean solder your tip will last only a few days.

Petetyj 00:57, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Sandpaper is very bad for modern cartridge based tips (Brands include Hakko, JBC, Metcal and Weller). The tips are made of copper (Cu) with an Iron (Fe) plating (from 20 to 50 microns thickness on the Hakkos to all the way to 130 to 250 microns on the higher end JBCs)to extend the life of the copper (Cu) as Tin(Sn) will dissolve (Cu) very rapidly at high temperatures. The use of Iron (Fe) plating creates an additional problem as at high temperatures it oxidizes very fast as the air surrounding the tip contains oxygen (O), therefore it is essential to protect the tip with solder (any alloy will do)or use it in an inert atmosphere with a gas like nitrogen (N). Additionally, the tips have a chrome layer (Cr) to prevent the solder from wetting the entire tip and concentrate the wetting where it is needed most, at the very end.

Making a tip out of silver (Ag) would not be a good idea at all, as tin (Sn) will combine with silver (Ag) and at the higher temperatures soldering occurs, this will happen at an accelerated rate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.8.208.229 (talk) 00:25, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

"I am pretty sure sandpaper is very bad for electronics soldering iron tips. Maybe on a different type of iron?"

Is bad for plated tips that don't need sanding. Once a tip is in need of sanding/grinding/filing, whether its done with sandpaper or another grinding medium makes no difference. 86.4.152.167 (talk) 12:58, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Heat
Should mention different types of temperature measurement. Magnetic sensors probably shouldn't be used near large magnets, etc. — Omegatron 16:21, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * what is a magnetic temperature sensor?

 * temperature sensors are bimetal or metal expansion based or
 * metal resistance/temperature based or thermocouple based
 * (magnetic sensors are great for sensing in the range of 0 to 10 deg K  eg Pb senses 4.2K )

 * dont confuse heat and temperature in an article that must feature both

 * Typical soldering stations monitor TEMPERATURE using Pt rtd

 * Heat is measured with wattage / btu / calories

 * non temperature monitored soldering irons, guns, pencils, torches
 * are usually physically designed so that for a given wattage heating element the temperature doesnt exceed about 700F for extended periods of non use (melts most solders doesnt boil most)

 * soldering guns only heat when the button is pushed so max temperature is somewhere around the melting point of the heater.

 * a soldering station will have a much larger wattage(heat input) than a typical iron of the same physical size.

 * the temperature is set slightly above the melting point of the solder used.

 * when the workpiece is touched the controller sees the rapid temperature drop and applies enough heat to rapdily get the temperature to the setpoint.

 * a well designed soldering station will solder bypass caps to the power and ground planes and surface mounts components with no noticable difference in heating time

 * just above the melting point does the least physical damage to components.. and oxidizes the solder the least.

 * Petetyj 19:53, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Weller soldering irons use a magnet to complete the circuit, which becomes non-magnetic and breaks the circuit above a certain temperature. Obviously such an iron should not be used near magnetic devices like motors or loudspeakers. :-) — Omegatron 15:56, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

TCP irons using the curie effect can happily be used near motors & speakers. The mag field at the temp sensor is nowhere near high enough to affect it. Tabby (talk) 20:13, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

Variable temperature

 * "Temperature can be set in the range 280°C to 480°C or 200°C to 600°C, depending upon the type of soldering process."

Would be helpful to add what the different "types" of processes are that require different temperatures. I speak from past experience as a soldering virgin - the first time I went to buy an iron I was faced with three different variable wattage and about five different fixed wattage models (from 10w up to 70w)! Even the shop assistant couldn't explain which I would need and why.....I got a gas 30w iron which works well enough for my needs (guitar electronics). -- 86.17.211.191 15:14, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

 * its not the process, so much as the alloy of the solder

 * 63/37 Sn/Pb is 183C

 * 95/5 Sn/Sb is 239C  (lead free)plumbing

 * 96/4 Sn/Ag is 221C  lead free more conductive

 * this is the temperature where the solder flows like water

 * brazing ( HI temp solder / silver solder / silfloss )is 900C

 * copper melts at 1083C

 * the process / heating method / heating time must be designed to bring the parts to be joined to this temperature.

 * it just may happen that some of the other stuff near what you wanto solder may be damaged by heat/temperature/time.

 * less damage will be done with just 1 joint soldered at a time. all the stuff that doesnt like heat can be isolated. vs I want to solder al 32K joints on the board at once so i can make in in less than 10sec.

 * all metals this hot oxidize very easily. the hotter the worse it oxidizes, oxides are not good conductors, solder will not stick to oxides.

 * keep the metals to be soldered clean (Axium)
 * keep the solder clean.
 * keep the tip clean.

 * soldering machines or ovens may have nitrogen or CO2 filled soldering chamber.
 * Hydrogen is used too. Hydrogen is an excellent flux and removes oxides like magic, there is a bit of a problem if theres oxygen in the room though.
 * aluminum is gas welded with a hydrogen oxygen torch, far better results than TIG or MIG. its excellent for a soldering torch too. no nasty carbon in the flame to mess up stuff.

 * DRAWBACKS hard to see the flame, takes skill to get a reducing flame.

 * ARTICLE SERIES:

 * soldering unsoldering brazing welding is a complete mismash here

 * soldering = brazing = joining metals with a lower melting metal

 * unsoldering = heat to the solders melting point parts fall apart

 * welding = bringing similar metal pieces together heating and/or applying pressure until they bond.

 * note:
 * im a newbie at this so perhaps someone who is good can fix this and put it in the approiate spots
 * to date ive had two Vandlism proclaimed articles. i have no idea why unless perhaps the people claiming vandalism have no idea of the subject matter.(citations? say that and copyright in the same sentence )
 * ive had pictures rejected because i didnt have model releases.
 * (im the model i claim im the model and i cant produce 2 witnesses who know im the model)
 * wiki is a wonderful source of reference for me
 * in subjects i know i try to fix bad articles and get accused of vandalism so i may need to give up until i have some sort of administrator status (catch 22)

 * Petetyj 22:32, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Temperature?
In the article on Soldering (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldering), the temperature ranges given for melting solder are: * 63/37: melts between 180-185°C * 60/40: melts between 183–190°C * 50/50: melts between 185–215°C * lead-free solder: melts around 250°C

While in this article, the temperature ranges given are: Lead-based solder uses 250°C to 280°C or 300°C while lead-free soldering needs a higher temperature, about 350°C to 400°C.

There is quite a substantial difference in these temperatures, unless the wrong units are used in one of the articles (Celsius/Fahrenheit), or am I missing something.

Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jcordone (talk • contribs) 23:05, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

 * You'll want to use a soldering iron with a temperature somewhat above the melting point so as to ensure the joint remains properly molten despite the heat-flow out of the iron and into the parts you're soldering. The joint-temperature also needs to be sufficiently high that the solder remain molten for half a second or so after the iron has been removed, so it can flow properly.
 * 80.42.190.187 11:55, 7 October 2007 (UTC) Andrew Steer, www.techmind.org

 * See http://www.astro.umd.edu/~harris/docs/WellerSoldering.pdf where it recommends 700 deg F (371 deg C) 86.164.84.149 (talk) 12:54, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Gun
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Soldering_iron&action=history History "Other Names	Soldering Gun"

A soldering gun is not the same thing as an iron. Tabby (talk) 03:26, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

They are both tools that do basically the same thing. Towel401 (talk) 22:21, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The should be separate articles. A soldering iron provides a constant, sometimes regulated heat source. Soldering guns provide a trigger to quickly turn the heat on and off. That's a difference big enough to justify keeping the articles separate. Shootthedevgru (talk) 03:33, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

 * They tools aren't used for the same things. Soldering guns are generally a lot hotter than soldering irons and thus aren't used for electronics.  I suggest putting soldering guns and irons in the same article but making a section specifically about soldering guns.  Sjstones (talk) 03:01, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

I have added a picture of a solder gun. I recently bought one. It seems to be quite different. Should add more info when I get the hang of it. Bgrimer

Irons & guns really don't do the same thing 86.4.152.167 (talk) 13:00, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Nail
can i use heated nail instead of soldering iron —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.193.194.181 (talk) 02:56, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

sure you can, but it might not be the most effective way to solder something or the safest.

Yes, in most cases - but you're introducing extra skill requirements, so you may be unsuccessful. 86.4.152.167 (talk) 13:01, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Applying heat to the solder

 * "For best results, particularly in electrical work where good electrical contact is required, the iron should be used to heat the work piece, and solder applied to it: this helps to prevent "cold joints", where hot solder is applied by the iron to a relatively cold target, shrouding it in solder to look like a good joint, but without wetting it properly, and without forming a good connection.

 * If the solder is applied to the iron first then the flux is rapidly burnt off (the wispy white smoke you get from the tip of the iron) and cannot serve its purpose on the joint"

This myth is very persistent. The truth is that applying heat to the solder rather than the component leg is every bit as reliable and much quicker, but takes more skill. Its not recommended to newbies because they tend to take forever over soldering joints, and this method is simply not compatible with such poor technique.

I've been applying iron & solder to cold metalwork for decades, its still the method I use most of the time, and with suitable technique the problems mentioned above simply do not occur.

I'm well aware however that there is an army of people who've tried the method very briefly when they were beginners, didn't learn how to do it, and wrongly concluded that it can't be done successfully and reliably.

Perhaps one day I'll make a video showing the method. Tabby (talk) 13:07, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Health and Safety
As there doesn't seem to be a health and safety section here I thought I'd better start one!

Regular use of a soldering iron may cause Colophany, an increasing sensitivity to the solder/flux fumes.

Lead free solders are common now, however you may come across old solder with lead still in it.

The best advice would probably be to use fume extraction when soldering, however proper extraction can be very costly!

PlymTech (talk) 11:37, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

How it works?
How does it work? Heating element like a nichrome wire but what controls the wattage? Resistors? Transformer coil? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.154.214.52 (talk) 05:32, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

In the case of a nichrome wire (JBC Irons some ERSA and Weller models), it is controlled by feedback it gets from the wire that also acts as a thermocouple (Dif. between voltage at the end of the heating element and top of the heating element. This is checked every 120 times per second (US voltage, 100 times per second in Europe) (60 times lower sine wave and 60 times at the peak of the sine wave) This difference is sent to the controller or IC and it reacts instantaneously by adding additional wattage or reducing it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.8.49.177 (talk) 17:56, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Proposed merge from soldering gun
I propose the merge of these two because both are used for soldering. I realize that soldering guns are usually hotter than irons, but they all work under the same principles; the two can have separate sections to outline the differences. After the two are merge, perhaps the article should be renamed soldering equipment. Wizard191 (talk) 21:45, 11 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose: They are different tools used in different ways. Overlap in their applications may just as easily come from not having the proper tool handy, and making do. As it stands now, each page points to the other in the "See also" section. Readers will come looking for one or the other; someone looking for "Soldering equipment" might just as easily mean something like Wave soldering equipment or Reflow soldering equipment.  __ Just plain Bill (talk) 04:11, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

Steel tips
"Solid iron tips are not used"

I've used an iron with a steel tip, extremely cheap piece of kit but it did the job without any difficulty. The tip was simply a sawn of nail. (Altai brand)

The downside isnt so much lack of conduction, I tihnk its more the tendency of rust on the sides of the bit next tot he element to block thermal conduction, and expand & break things. 82.31.207.100 (talk) 03:24, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

Types of tips
What is the name of the dual tip for SMD, in the picture? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bethjaneway (talk • contribs) 00:29, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

Tip cleaning compound
Not mentioned once in 'cleaning' section. I keep getting reverts from 'wizard'. Another point is that some faqs say that wet sponges aren't good for tips causing thermal shock. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ericg33 (talk • contribs) 08:41, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I added the word cleaning for you. If you have a ref for not using a wet sponge, please add it, because that's good content. The stuff you were adding before wasn't. Wizard191 (talk) 16:00, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

Cutting plastic?
I have seen soldering irons used to cut plastic on many occasions. Could this me mentioned along with using them for pyrography and plastic welding? They work quite well at cutting several different types of plastic although it can ruin a good soldering iron. I knew someone who kept a spare cheap soldering iron just for cutting plastic. 80.7.27.189 (talk) 21:00, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

History
Picture of an old-style unpowered iron. DancesWithGrues (talk) 14:53, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks, a pitty it granted FAIR USE, unable to load at Commons.. Mcapdevila (talk) 07:13, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

Form factor of actual soldering irons
Douglas W. Jones Thanks for your contribution to the History of soldering irons.. I am 77 and retired but I still have a 1971 Weller iron, I was amazed that its "form factor" =>"outer tube holding the coated copper tip, clamped with a nut to the handle" is being used by the vast majority of current Chinese and Japanese welders: Hako, Baku, etc... I could obtain the proof thanks to your Refs with patents.-- Mcapdevila (talk) 07:07, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

 * To verify that I am not joking about WELLER FORM FACTOR BEING USED BY A 90% OF MANUFACTURERS JUST FOLLOW THIS SEARCH..
 * https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=+temperature+stabilized+soldering+iron+&form=HDRSC3&first=1 Mcapdevila (talk) 16:06, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Soldering iron


text:
Ileus

Ileus is a disruption of the normal propulsive ability of the intestine. It can be caused by lack of peristalsis or by mechanical obstruction. The word 'ileus' derives. The term 'subileus' refers to a partial obstruction.

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of ileus include, but are not limited to:
 * moderate to severe, diffuse abdominal pain
 * constipation
 * abdominal distension
 * nausea/vomiting, especially after meals
 * vomiting of bilious fluid (green or yellowish-green in colour)
 * flatulence and/or lack of bowel movement
 * excessive belching

Cause
Decreased propulsive ability may be broadly classified as caused either by bowel obstruction or intestinal atony or paralysis. However, instances with symptoms and signs of a bowel obstruction occur, but with the absence of a mechanical obstruction, mainly in acute colonic pseudo-obstruction, Ogilvie's syndrome. In 2023, The US FDA reported gastrointestinal ileus as an adverse effect of the medication semaglutide, with frequency and causal relationship unknown.

Bowel obstruction
A bowel obstruction is generally a mechanical obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract.

Intestinal paralysis
Paralysis of the intestine is often termed paralytic ileus, in which the intestinal paralysis not need to be complete, but it must be sufficient to prohibit the passage of food through the intestine and lead to intestinal blockage. Paralytic ileus is a common side effect of some types of surgery, commonly called postsurgical ileus. It can also result from certain drugs and from various injuries and illnesses, such as acute pancreatitis. Paralytic ileus causes constipation and bloating. On listening to the abdomen with a stethoscope, no bowel sounds are heard because the bowel is inactive.

A temporary paralysis of a portion of the intestines occurs typically after abdominal surgery. Since the intestinal content of this portion is unable to move forward, food or drink should be avoided until peristaltic sound is heard, by auscultation (use of a stethoscope) of the area where this portion lies. Intestinal atony or paralysis may be caused by inhibitory neural reflexes, inflammation or other implication of neurohumoral peptides.

Risk factors

 * gastrointestinal surgery or other GI procedures
 * electrolyte imbalance (Namely hypokalemia and hypercalcemia)
 * diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and other causes of metabolic acidosis
 * hypothyroidism
 * diabetes
 * medications (e.g. opioids or antimuscarinics)
 * severe illness (Inflammation with peritonitis)
 * spinal cord injury, those with injury above thoracic vertebrae 5 (T5) will have hypomotility problems within the bowel
 * acute intermittent porphyria

Treatment
Traditionally, nothing by mouth was considered to be mandatory in all cases, but gentle feeding by enteral feeding tube may help to restore motility by triggering the gut's normal feedback signals, so this is the recommended management initially. When the patient has severe, persistent signs that motility is completely disrupted, nasogastric suction and parenteral nutrition may be required until passage is restored. In such cases, continuing aggressive enteral feeding causes a risk of perforating the gut.

Several options are available in the case of paralytic ileus. Most treatment is supportive. If caused by medication, the offending agent is discontinued or reduced. Bowel movements may be stimulated by prescribing lactulose, erythromycin or, in severe cases that are thought to have a neurological component (such as Ogilvie's syndrome), neostigmine. There is also evidence from a systematic review of randomized controlled trials that chewing gum, as a form of 'sham feeding', may stimulate gastrointestinal motility in the post-operative period and reduce the duration of postoperative ileus.

If possible the underlying cause is corrected (e.g. replace electrolytes).

Other animals
Ileus is a cause of colic in horses due to functional obstruction of the intestines. It is most commonly seen in horses postoperatively, especially following colic surgery. Horses experiencing ileus are at risk for gastric rupture due to rapid reflux build-up, and require intense medical management with frequent nasogastric intubation. Ileus may increase adhesion formation, because intestinal segments have more prolonged contact and intestinal distention causes serosal injury and ischemia. It is usually treated with aggressive fluid support, prokinetics, and anti-inflammatories.

Terminology
ICD-10 coding reflects both impaired-peristalsis senses and mechanical-obstruction senses of the term as modified by various adjectives. Some authors have argued for trying to reserve the term for the impaired-peristalsis senses, under which prescription certain older terms such as "gallstone ileus" and "meconium ileus", although now technically misnomers, are still accepted as correct owing to their long-established usage.

title: Ileus


text:
Cereal Partners Worldwide

Cereal Partners Worldwide S.A. is a joint venture between General Mills and Nestlé, established in 1991 to produce breakfast cereals. The company is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland, and markets cereals in more than 130 countries (except for the U.S. and Canada, where General Mills markets the cereals directly).

The company's cereals are sold under the Nestlé brand, although many originated from General Mills and some, such as Shredded Wheat and Shreddies, were once made by Nabisco. In Australia and New Zealand, some of CPW's products are sold under the Uncle Tobys brand. In 2022 the company started selling cereals under the General Mills brand but some cereal brands like Trix still continue to have the Nestlé brand.

They have an annual turnover of about two billion US dollars, and a workforce of about 4,000 employees. The company is headquartered in Lausanne.

Products
Breakfast cereals produced by Cereal Partners include:
 * Cheerios
 * Honey Cheerios
 * Chocapic
 * Cookie Crisp
 * Curiously Cinnamon
 * Fitness
 * Golden Grahams
 * Golden Nuggets
 * Lion Cereal
 * Lucky Charms
 * Nesquik
 * Shreddies
 * Frosted Shreddies
 * Coco Shreddies
 * Shredded Wheat
 * Shredded Wheat Bitesize
 * Trix

title: Cereal Partners Worldwide


text:
User talk:Altermoor

Hello, "Altermoor" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

-- Infrogmation 05:21, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
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 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

Reverting
Hi, just noticed that a couple of weeks ago, you posted on the talk page for Dawn of the Dead, asking Is there a quick way to just bring the page back a few edits to a point where the page isn't a mess?. You might have already found out, but if not, then it's all explained here: How to revert a page to an earlier version. Happy editing (and reverting where necessary!) Worldtraveller 22:28, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Altermoor