text:
Ōnin

Ōnin (応仁) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Bunshō and before Bunmei. This period spanned the years from March 1467 through April 1469. The reigning emperor was Go-Tsuchimikado-tennō (後土御門天皇).

Change of era

 * 1467 Ōnin gannen (応仁元年): The era name was changed to mark an event or a number of events. The old era ended and a new one commenced in Bunshō 2.

Events of the Ōnin era
The Ōnin War: This conflict began as a controversy over whether at Ashikaga Yoshimasa's retirement as shōgun he should be succeeded by his brother (Yoshimi) or his son (Yoshihisa); but this succession dispute was merely a pretext for rival groups of daimyōs to fight in a struggle for military supremacy. In the end, there was no clear-cut winner. The complex array of factional armies simply fought themselves into exhaustion.

 * 1467 (Ōnin 1, 1st month): Yamana Sōzen and Hatakeyama Yoshinari took up positions around the Muromachi-dono, the Ashikaga residence in Heian-kyō where the Shōgun made his headquarters. They sent for Ashikaga Yoshimi, and they also invited former-Emperor Go-Hanazono and Go-Tsuchimikado to come themselves to Muromachi to witness for themselves that Hosokawa Katsumoto and Hatakeyama Michinaga would be put to death.  For his part, Yoshimi first tried to ameliorate the escalating situation. Failing that, Yoshimi ordered Yoshinari to kill Masanaga, but Yoshinari was overpowered and Masanaga fled the capital. These events caused Souzen and Yoshinari to feel afraid of what might happen next.
 * 1467 (Ōnin 1, 1st month): The nadaijin Sayensi-no Saneto was replaced by Hino-no Katsumitsi.
 * 1467 (Ōnin 1, 2nd month): Shiba-no Yoshikado became kanrei; and from this moment forward, the confidence and activities of Katsumoto ceased entirely. He didn't go out at all, and he began to regret that he hadn't joined Masanaga. At the same time, Souzen and Yoshinari despaired as they secretly occupied themselves with preparations for armed confrontation. They informed their clans of their plans, and they began to believe that with support from outside the capital, it would be possible to surmount any number of obstacles.
 * 1467 (Ōnin 1, 5th month): Nijō Mochimitsi was removed from his role as kampaku, and Ichijō Kaneyoshi became his successor.

Higashiyama-dono
The emperor honored Yoshimasa's villa with a special name – Higashiyama-dono. Construction begins on the Silver Pavilion, but the work is interrupted by a range of disruptions associated with the Ōnin War. Significant dates in this evolving crisis were:
 * 1460 (Chōroku 3): Yoshimasa initiated planning for construction of a retirement villa and gardens as early as 1460; and after his death, this property would become a Buddhist temple called Jisho-ji (also known as Ginkaku-ji or the "Silver Pavilion").
 * February 21, 1482 (Bunmei 14, 4th day of the 2nd month): The long-delayed construction of the "Silver Pavilion" is actually commenced.

title: Ōnin


text: Category:Classical Greek philosophy

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Classical Greek philosophy


text:
User talk:AndrzejzHelu

Hi AndrzejzHelu. Welcome to Wikipedia and to the dog breeds Wikiproject. It's great to have you with us. If you need any help just give one of us a shout. I'm particularly pleased to see your interest in the Landseer - it was helpful to have your comments in the recent discussion about the Landseer/Newfoundland. Welcome again -- sannse (talk) 09:35, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Witajcie Andrzej!

 * Thank you for comming and thank you for your work at pl:Rasy psów and pl:Kategoria:Rasy psów. I am very happy about your knowledge of languages.
 * If you look at WikiProject Dog breeds/Categories and Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Dog breeds/Categories you can see how far en.wikipedia is now. Could you please make also a category similar to Category:Dog types? It would be good to have it because of the problems I have written at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Dog breeds and the section below.
 * Please contact me whenever you have a question about InterWiki linking techniques, the German list of dog breeds or things I can realy help you. Regards Gangleri 19:20, 2004 Oct 23 (UTC)

Helló Andrzej, I tried to call you last eavening. It is realy not expensive for me. I posted some comments at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Dog breeds and would be happy to know your opinion. Best regards Gangleri 03:37, 2004 Nov 2 (UTC)

FYI:Q4U
AndrzejzHelu, hello, I have a question for you! Chrisrus (talk) 06:46, 9 February 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:AndrzejzHelu


text:
Bunshō

Bunshō (文正) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Kanshō and before Ōnin. The period spanned the years February 1466 through March 1467. The reigning emperor during this period was Go-Tsuchimikado-tennō (後土御門天皇).

Change of era

 * 1466 Bunshō gannen (文正元年): The era name was changed to mark an event or a number of events. The old era ended and a new one commenced in Kanshō 7.

Events of the Bunshō era

 * 1466 (Bunshō 1, 1st month): Dainagon Ashikaga Yoshimi, brother of the shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa, was promoted to the second rank of the second class in the Imperial court hierarchy.
 * 1466 (Bunshō 1, 1st month): Minamoto-no Mitsihisa was replaced as udaijin by dainagon Fuijwara no Matsatsugu.

title: Bunshō


text:
Lake Pukaki

Lake Pukaki (Pūkaki)  is the largest of three roughly parallel alpine lakes running north–south along the northern edge of the Mackenzie Basin on New Zealand's South Island. The others are Lakes Tekapo and Ōhau. All three lakes were formed when the terminal moraines of receding glaciers blocked their respective valleys, forming moraine-dammed lakes. The Alps2Ocean mountain bike trail follows the edge of Lake Pukaki for part of its length.

Geography
The glacial feed to the lakes gives them a distinctive blue colour, created by glacial flour, the extremely finely ground rock particles from the glaciers. Lake Pukaki covers an area of 178.7 km², and the surface elevation of the lake normally ranges from 518.2 to 532 m above sea level.

The lake is fed at its northern end by the braided Tasman River, which has its source in the Tasman and Hooker Glaciers, close to Aoraki / Mount Cook. To the west of Lake Pukaki lies the Ben Ohau mountain range with Ben Dhu (1607 m) and Betty Hill (1601 m) closest to the lake. On the eastern side there is some farmland on the flatter contours between Lake Pukaki and Lake Tekapo.

Good views of the taller mountains in Aoraki /Mount Cook National Park, 70 km to the north can be had from the southern shore of the lake.

Tahr statue
There is a life size bronze statue of a Himalayan Tahr standing upon a boulder near the visitor centre on the southern shores of Lake Pukaki, This was the site of a protest by hunters fighting against the Department of Conservation’s controversial tahr culling programme in 2020.

Hydroelectricity
The lake is now part of the Waitaki hydroelectric scheme. The lake's original outflow was at its southern end, into the Pukaki River. The outflow has been dammed, and canals carry water from Lake Pukaki and Lake Ōhau through the Ōhau A power station to Lake Ruataniwha. Pukaki is also fed by the waters of Lake Tekapo, which are diverted through a canal to a power station on Pukaki's eastern shore (Tekapo B station). The lake has been raised twice to increase storage capacity (by 9 m in 1952, and 37 m in 1976), submerging Five Pound Note Island, which once appeared on New Zealand's five pound note. The current lake has an operating range of 13.8 m (the level within which it can be artificially raised or lowered), giving it an energy storage capacity of 1,595 GWh. Along with Lake Tekapo's 770 GWh storage, it provides over half New Zealand's hydroelectricity storage capacity. In September 2012, Environment Canterbury approved a change in conditions of Meridian Energy's resource consent controlling the water levels and flows of Lake Pukaki. The change allows Meridian to lower the lake a further 5 m from the minimum level of 518 m above sea level in the event of an energy crisis.

Nearby settlements
There was previously a seasonal Ngāi Tahu food-gathering settlement on the southern shore of Lake Pukaki called Punatahu.

The closest town to Lake Pukaki is Twizel, 7 km to the south of the lake and Tekapo is 47 km (32 minutes drive) to the northeast. skirts the southern end of the lake, and runs north along the length of its western shore, to Mount Cook Village in the Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park.

The nearby Pukaki Scientific Reserve is home to the Nationally Endangered moth species ''Izatha psychra. ''

Road safety
State Highway 8 runs along the edge of Lake Pukaki. Numerous crashes have occurred here as drivers have come around a blind corner, seen Lake Pukaki and wanted to stop at an unsafe location to enjoy the view.

2020 fire
A significant scrub fire burnt on the shores of Lake Pukaki in August 2020. Both State Highway 8 and SH80 were closed. Firefighters fought the fire with 14 monsoon bucket equipped helicopters, two fixed-wing aircraft, and 10 fire engines. The fire destroyed 3500 hectares and took 12 days to put out. $1 million was spent fighting it. Environmentalists believe that the spread of wilding pines in the Mackenzie District along with the dry conditions allowed the scrub fire to become so destructive.

Pukaki Scientific Reserve
The Pukaki Scientific Reserve is a small scientific reserve of 32 ha located on the western side of Lake Pukaki next to the Mount Cook road. The Pukaki Scientific Reserve is home to the endangered Izatha psychra moth. The Lake Pukaki area is also home to the "Data Deficient" fly species Anabarhynchus albipennis.

title: Lake Pukaki


text:
Kanshō

Kanshō (寛正) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Chōroku and before Bunshō. This period spanned from December 1460 through February 1466. The reigning emperors were Go-Hanazono-tennō (後花園天皇) and Go-Tsuchimikado-tennō (後土御門天皇).

Change of era

 * 1460 Kanshō gannen (寛正元年): The era name was changed to mark an event or a number of events. The old era ended and a new one commenced in Chōroku 4.

Events of the Kanshō era

 * 1460 (Kanshō 1, 9th month): Wakae Castle in Kawachi Province was destroyed when Hatakeyama Yoshinari (畠山 義就) was forced out of it.
 * 1461 (Kanshō 2): The Kanshō famine ceased.
 * August 21, 1464 (Kanshō 5, 19th day of the 7th month): Go-Hanazono resigned his throne in favor of his son, who would be known as Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado.

title: Kanshō


text:
Talk:Denim

Popularity
"Denim jeans have consistently been fashionable in American culture" ... not literally true of course, but does anyone have a dependable angle on how denim made its way first into US middle-class culture and finally into fashion? --Wetman 09:40, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hemp?
Not disagreeing with the hemp argument...but does it really have a place in this article?

Origins
There are two stories from the 1960's that are a part of the lore as to how denim came back from near extinction to being a permanent part of the culture. One is that the film Italic textEasy Rider" with it's romanticizing of motorcycles and pot-smoking, made wearing faded jeans into a fad. Previously, blue denim was made so that it didn't fade and I have seen sample nearly a century old that are the original color. The faded-blue patina of Indigo is what really caught on. The other story was that construction workers in New York would clean the sand and cement from their overalls by putting them into a cement mixer with gravel, which faded the denim and made it very soft and this is where stonewashing came from. The fashion side of the story is that a famous fashion designer walked by a construction site where these tanned, muscular construction workers were in their faded denim overalls and she found it quite erotic. Harry Mercer

Agree with Harry Mercer, but i believe, popularity of denim is - in denim itself, 1/one feel more secure in denim jeans, 2/since the denim is dyed with indigo the color saturates each time you wash it - it gives a new look on every wear. 3/Denim fabric got a depth - means, designers got a great canvas, they can do rinse was only for darker shades, stone washes for med to light shades, bleach for lighter shades, also a great length of other designing things which are really in from last few years, like sand blasting, hand sanding, whiskers, chevrons, pinching, bursting, grinding, resin finishes and a lot more. Babar 25 Mar '06

 * James Agee, in Let Us Now Praise Famous Men  (1941), written while touring the South with Walker Evans, has a passage about denim beginning like a blueprint for what the overalls would become with time. So the color was certainly washing out of demin overalls during Depression years. --Wetman 08:45, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

de Nimes?
Sorry, but isn't the origin of denim from the French town of (de) Nimes?

DeadMansShoes 02:16, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, despite the article asserting that it came from "Serge de Nimes", the Levi Strauss website says:

 * "There still remains the question of how the word “denim” is popularly thought to be descended from the word “serge de Nimes.” Serge de Nimes was made of silk and wool, but denim has always been made of cotton. What we have here again, I think, is a relation  between fabrics that is in name only, though both fabrics are a twill weave.  Is the real origin of the word denim “serge de nim,” meaning a fabric that resembled the part-wool fabric called nim?  Was serge de Nimes more well-known, and was this word mis-translated when it crossed the English Channel?  Or, did British merchants decide to give a zippy French name to an English fabric to give it a bit more cachet? It’s likely we will never really know."

 * Extracted from, History-Denim.PDF. Quickos (talk) 18:59, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

 * The OED2 says that denim was originally the woollen or silk variety, but "now (orig. U.S.)" is the cotton type. Levi Strauss's reference to 'nim' is a red herring, since serge de Nim was (OED2 again) merely the old anglicised spelling of serge de Nîmes. --Heron (talk) 13:43, 13 June 2012 (UTC)

 * That's exactly what I was going to comment on! No, it wasn't, you jerk! Denim was invented in the souhwestern United States for miners! It is a 100% American culture item that the rest of the world has adopted over time over it being exported so much from the United States, and featured so much in American media! You didn't even give a citation for your BS claim! I might not have one either, but this is taught as a historic fact in Arizona! Don't jack our historical, and cultural stuff! Another item originating in the southwestern United States is the "cowboy" hat. Stetson hats are supposed to have been the first of which. Likewise, the hat has also gone global, with herders all over the world wearing them. And, if "denim," the word, has a French origin... French are a very large portion of the first settlers of the United States, along with Spanish, and Basque. French culture is also viewed as "fancy" by American culture, which could have inspired it's use in American fashion. But, there's no proof it's of a French origin either, unless you have proof to share. Which you must not, because you didn't give any. --174.19.234.173 (talk) 19:30, 30 July 2014 (UTC)

Banned in Bucketsville
"In 1946, the jean was frowned upon by the residents of Buckettsville. They felt that the pant drew unnecessary attention, and thus enacted a dress code requiring neutral colored wool pants, the wool taken from their world renowned sheep, along with penny loafers." Can some appropriately sourced text about actual bans on jeans replace this text? --Wetman 16:54, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Merge of dry denim into this article
Do not merge. They should be two separate articles. --Liface 04:11, 28 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Why? Dry denim appears to be just a different kind of denim MidgleyDJ 08:11, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree that they should be merged. "Washed" denim and "dry" denim are denim.  Period.  What happens to them afterwards is immaterial.  It's like saying that what happens to it afterwards is most important. Denimadept 20:54, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Perhaps I'm missing the point, but both "dry denim" and "selvage denim" are both denim. I don't see why these items need separate articles, whereas they'd make good sections of this article. Denimadept 16:01, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

In fact, I just noticed that the Dry denim article contains a section on "selvage denim"! This is silly. Denimadept 16:41, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Agree with merge. --Liface 22:55, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Articles merged! I've edited the text as I can to reconcile it to itself, but I probably missed something or other. I'm not a fabric adept, just the Denimadept 19:53, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

“Selvage denim (sometimes called selvedge denim) is a type of denim which forms a clean natural edge that does not unravel.” That is exactly like 100 % of all denim (or any other fabric) produced. From the presence of a self-edge in a pair of jeans you can conclude nothing about the quality of denim used.

These “lower grade denims that have separate wefts” are produced how? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.228.240.6 (talk) 22:20, August 26, 2007 (UTC)

Mavi Jeans
This company makes Dry Denim products? Denimadept 13:21, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Users of denim??
Do we really want a list of all companies which use denim for something? I suggest that if we're going to have a list of manufacturers, it should be a list of companies who make denim cloth, not who use it for things. I'm looking for consensus here. - Denimadept (talk) 20:15, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

I agree. Until then though, the manufacturing section should be removed, because it's not in encyclopedia style. --Gyrcompass (talk) 03:28, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm looking for input. Having the section there prompts for it.  I'm not a fabric person, so I don't know where the stuff comes from.  My username has other sources. - Denimadept (talk) 03:32, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Is hickory cloth a denim, are dungarees made of denim
It's not clear from the paragraph on hickory cloth if it is actually a denim.

Similarly - Are/were dungarees made from denim ?

What type of twill (N/M) can be called denim ? Rod57 (talk) 19:21, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

the color of denim
Is denim necessarily indigo? I remember stretch denim jeans for men (at a time when men commonly wore very tight pants), and it was a light tan color. WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 21:19, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

Merge suggestion
Denim Garment Wet Processing for the link —Preceding unsigned comment added by Engr.Anwaar (talk • contribs) 07:19, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

Denim / Jeans differentiation
The dry and selvedge denim sections in the article seem to be about the use of denim in jeans, not necessarily the fabric itself. I know that aficionados prefer to refer to their jeans as denim, kind of like the distinction between "movies" and "film", but I don't think that division is encyclopedic.

I think a simple re-organization of the two articles might be in order, keeping all specifics about jean manufacture in jeans, and all specifics about denim as a general cloth in denim. What does everyone think?

(now that I am starting discussions on talk pages I guess it's time to sign up. My next post will be signed from an acct.) 68.162.167.207 (talk) 18:58, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I think that makes lots of sense. We don't talk about denim shirts or cloaks or gloves or hats, just pants.  So that shouldn't be here. - Denimadept (talk) 19:41, 4 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm looking at the article in more detail. It's a mess.  There's lots of text in the "references" section which probably doesn't belong there.  Dungarees are not relevant to denim.  As far as I can tell, neither is Hickory cloth, unless it's another name for denim.  Fits and types of jeans belong in the jeans article, not here.  Oh, this is gonna be ugly.  I'll comment out things which I think shouldn't be here but which I have doubts.  I'll remove things which simply don't belong. - Denimadept (talk) 23:57, 4 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Okay, I've reworked it a bit. It's still not what I'd nominate as a Good Article.  Two of the references, one to G. Washington in Beverly, Massachusetts, and one to the Jeans Vehicle, need help.  The G. Washington one says nothing about denim, just about a cotton mill.  The Jeans Vehicle one looks an awful lot like a blog-style page.  Worthy as an external link, but not as a reference.  Or have I miscalled that one? - Denimadept (talk) 00:22, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

effects on hygiene and bacterial growth on not washing jeans
The current "source" (4, Stolte, Elise [1], "The Edmonton Journal", January 20, 2011, accessed January 28, 2011.) is not actually available on the referenced website. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.4.60.9 (talk) 04:24, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

Stretch denim
Can anyone expand the explanation of stretch denim? I don't understand how adding a percentage of stretchy fibres can make the whole fabric stretchy. When the fabric is stretched, all of the fibres (not just the special stretchy ones) need to elongate. Is there some difference in the weave as well? Macboff (talk) 16:01, 26 January 2012 (UTC)
 * "Stretch" denim actually uses the elastic fibers to keep the denim cloth contracted. In reality, the denim is longer than it appears; a 20cm wide section of denim may have 22cm of denim with 20cm (when contracted) elastic fibers. When worn, the elastic fibers may then stretch to up to 22cm. If you used 22cm elastic (when contracted), the pants wouldn't stretch beyond normal wear. --67.248.246.4 (talk) 18:05, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

Raw Denim Fade Terminology
Is possible if I add a small section regarding the different types of fades that raw denim enthusiasts try to achieve through long periods of wear without wash? It would be a good addition to the Raw Denim section since most people try to achieve these fades with this particular type of denim. Denim terms

What about the white weft??
What would indigo denim be without the white weft? As far as I can see, this fact lacks altogether. (?) It would also be interesting to explain why this was done. Without a white weft, denim wouldn't fade half as well as it does, and "back in the old days", when the first jeans were created, fading wasn't really what people desired, or? Actually, I came here to get an answer to that question! ;-) Yeager-90 (talk) 02:37, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

What language does "twi-" mean "two"?
In the first paragraph, there's a reference to the number of weft threads that asserts "twi-" is "two" -- but it's not explained what language that's supposed to be from, and "twi-" never appears again in the article. Someone with knowledge of the matter (or at least of where to investigate) should probably clarify that in the article. :) —Xyzzy☥the☥Avatar 11:47, 12 October 2013 (UTC)

Twill?
Is it worth noting that denim is usually done in a warp faced (often 3/1) twill, rather than a balanced one? Da Next Pope (talk) 14:57, 31 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, surely denim usually refers to a 3/1 warp faced twill, but it would be good to find some references to back this up --catslash (talk) 00:58, 1 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Will do some research and try and find some references beyond the mention of it being warp faced on the Twill article. Da Next Pope (talk) 12:35, 3 November 2014 (UTC)

So late 18th century or mid 19th???
". Denim has been used in the USA since the late 18th century. It was introduced to California by Levi Strauss—who in 1853 during the California Gold Rush—imported denim fabric from France and used it to create sturdy, solid trousers, that would later become the ubiquitous blue jeans." - late 18 th century is more than 50 years earlier than 1853, so something is wrong here.195.150.224.69 (talk) 22:59, 3 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, your reading of the passage. California is not the entirety of the US, and indeed by the 1850s had just been admitted as a state having been US territory for less than a decade. Denim had been in use on the eastern seaboard among sailors and field workers since shortly after independence, when US-French relations were at their strongest. oknazevad (talk) 01:05, 19 July 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:21, 11 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Denimu Art Cheyenne Diner.jpg

Potential sources from a rolled-back addition
I'm reverting

made today by an anonymous editor. The additions read like an essay rather than an encyclopædia article, and some claims are not sourced in-line making them hard to verify. I think it will be easier to remove these additions and potentially re-add any content deemed relevant and beneficial rather than try to edit the language into a more usable form. To this end, I'm leaving there the sources being removed in my rollback. —jameslucas ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  13:33, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

Is the microscope image reverse dyed?
I know hardly anything about textiles or weaving, so I could easily be wrong. The article intro says that, for common indigo denim, “the warp thread is dyed while the weft thread is left white”. But, it appears to me that the microscope image (by the Weaving section) depicts a version with a white warp and an indigo weft. If so, perhaps a closeup of the typical variety might serve as a better visual aid for understanding the description than an example of a less common variant.Starling2001 (talk) 16:07, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I think it’s simply the reverse side of the fabric (i.e. the side that faces the interior of a sewn garment). —jameslucas ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  17:57, 28 October 2020 (UTC)

The threads seem unusually translucent, straight, and uniform in color and diameter, but it's probably new Mercerised cotton. LoneStarNot (talk) 00:12, 27 August 2021 (UTC)

Vehicles Section
The vehicle section goes on for three paragraphs in quite a lot of detail about a now defunct car brand. Why? Most of this information is unnecessary and unrelated to the article, so I suggest the section should either be cut down significantly or removed altogether. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Adam Kightley (talk • contribs) 00:54, 14 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree with the point about excessive details. The content about the AMC not even using denim makes it irrelevant for this article (maybe appropriate for Levi_Strauss_%26_Co.). The Jalopnik ref lists four vehicles supposedly using denim interiors: "the Gremlin Levi's editon, the Jeans Beetle, the Fiat 500 by Diesel (clothing company, not oil-burner, though, confusingly, there is a diesel option), and the Mitsubishi i Kurashiki edition" Pinging, who added most of that section, to the discussion.   Schazjmd   (talk)  16:34, 14 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denim


text:
Talk:Vicente Ferreira Pastinha

Fact finding
There's doubt on Joao Pequeno's participation in the festival des arts Nègres de Dakar. This French site cites his participation: http://www.ginganago.com/capoeira/histoire/joao_pequeno.asp and some pages don't. Can anyone confirm or provide supporting evidence on those who attended this event?

Tartaruga 01:02, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

copyright violation?
The very first version of this article is identical with this text, which is (c) raízes do brasil capoeira. --Macador 14:01, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

re: copyright violation?
Permission was granted from Professor Eduardo of Raizes do Brasil:

As long as you give us credit for the contents used on your website, we are fine with it.

Sincerely,

Prof. Eduardo

Tartaruga 01:03, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

São Vicente Ferreira
Is São Vicente Ferreira in any way named for Vincente Ferreira Pastinha?

title: Talk:Vicente Ferreira Pastinha


text:
Blekingska Nationen

Blekingska Nationen is one of thirteen student nations of Lund University in Sweden. It has 1,099 members and is thus the ninth-largest student nation in Lund - ranking behind Sydskånska but ahead of Hallands nation.

The nation was founded in 1697 and is today one of thirteen student nations concentrating on musical activities at Lund University in Sweden. Its emphasis is on alternative music, and several well-known bands have performed on their stage. These include The Cardigans, Alphaville, bob hund, The Soundtrack of Our Lives, Broder Daniel, The Ark, The Hives, Spearmint, Bad Cash Quartet, Jens Lekman, Ballboy, My Favorite, The Radio Dept., The Hidden Cameras, The Knife and Moneybrother.

Blekingska Nationen's Friday club, Indigo, celebrated its tenth anniversary in 2004, and it is this club that has carried the organisation forwards. Before the club was founded in 1994, the organisation had only 500 members. At the tenth anniversary of the club, this number had grown to 2000. Currently, the nation has around 1,200 members.

title: Blekingska Nationen


text: Category:Ancient philosophy

title: Category:Ancient philosophy


text:
Lake Tekapo

Lake Tekapo (Takapō) is the second-largest of three roughly parallel lakes running north–south along the northern edge of the Mackenzie Basin in the South Island of New Zealand (the others are Lake Pukaki and Lake Ōhau). It covers an area of 83 km2 and is at an altitude of 710 m above sea level.

In Māori culture
"Tekapo" is a misspelling of Takapō, the name of the lake in the Māori language. Takapō means "to leave in haste at night".

In 2021, the Mackenzie District Council announced that it will start using the dual names of Tekapo and Takapō when referring to Lake Tekapo.

According to Ngāi Tahu mythology, Lake Tekapo being one of the lakes dug by the Waitaha explorer Rākaihautū using his Polynesian digging stick, which was called Tūwhakaroria. After arriving in the Uruao waka at Nelson, Rākaihautū divided his people into two groups. Rākaihautū led his group down the middle of the island, digging the South Island freshwater lakes. His son, Rakihouia, led the other group down the east coast of the South Island.

Motuariki island
Motuariki is a small island in the middle of Lake Tekapo. The legends of Ngāi Tahu tell of Motuariki, who was an ancestor of the Āraiteuru waka that capsized near Shag Point on the Otago coastline. After the waka capsized, many of the passengers went ashore to explore the land. Legend states that they needed to be back at the waka before daylight. Many did not make it, including Motuariki, and he was instead transformed into the island of Motuariki.

Geography
The lake covers an area of 83 km2 and is at an altitude of 710 m above sea level. It is fed at its northern end by both the braided Godley River and Macaulay River, which have their sources in the Southern Alps to the north. The meltwater from the Southern Alps is tinged with a light turquoise colour from the glacial silt. This gives Lake Tekapo its distinctive colour. To the east of Lake Tekapo lies the Two Thumb Range with Mount Toby (2,222 m); Braun Elwert Peak (2,086 m); Dobson Peak (2,095 m) and Mount Maude (1,797 m) amongst the mountains overlooking Lake Tekapo. On the western side of Lake Tekapo. Mount John (1,031 m) is closest to the town with Lake Alexandrina further north and Mistake Peak (1,931 m) sitting towards the head of the lake. Cowans Hill (783m) lies at the southern end of Lake Tekapo behind the township and next to the Tekapo River.

The average water temperature on the surface of the lake varies between a low of 5.8 to 5.9 °C in September and a high of 17 °C in January.

The lake is a popular tourist destination, and several resort hotels are located in the township of Lake Tekapo at the lake's southern end. The Lake Tekapo Regional Park, administered by Environment Canterbury, is located on the lake's southern shore. State Highway 8 runs past Lake Tekapo at its southern end.

On a clear day, the taller snow-capped peaks of Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park are visible from Lake Tekapo.

An astronomical observatory is located at Mount John, which is to the north of the town, and south of the small Lake Alexandrina.

Lake Tekapo is one of the sunniest places in New Zealand with annual sunshine hours averaging more than 2,400 each year.

Dark-Sky Reserve
Lake Tekapo and the surrounding district were designated in 2012 as the Aoraki Mackenzie International Dark-Sky Reserve. The area of the reserve is 4367 km2 and as of 2024, this makes it the largest dark-sky reserve in the southern hemisphere. The dark-sky reserve accreditation recognises that the night skies in the area of the reserve are almost completely free of light pollution and ideal for star-gazing. Lake Tekapo and its observatories are a popular destination among astronomers, astrophotographers and tourists interested in star-gazing.

Lupins
Lake Tekapo is also known for its stunning seasonal display of Lupin that bloom along its shores from around Mid November until the end of December. Russell lupins were introduced in the Mackenzie Basin in the 1940s from sowings or lupins planted in garden which had seeds that spread widely. In 1949 Connie Scott, of Godley Peaks Station, scattered lupin seeds along the roadside after purchasing about £100 worth from the local stock and station agent. Although beautiful, they modify the ecosystems of braided rivers. There were fewer lupins around Lake Tekapo in December 2020, due to the water level in the lake being too high at a vital time in their growth cycle, causing them to fail to flower.

Drivers have been warned to take care during the lupin season, as many visitors to the area slow down or pull over to admire the lupins along State Highway 8, but this may be unsafe and create the potential for accidents.

Hydroelectricity
The lake's original outflow was at its southern end, into the Tekapo River. In 1938, construction commenced on a power station, originally due to be finished in 1943 but halted in 1942 by the Second World War. At the same time, control gates were constructed to regulate outflows to the Waitaki Dam downstream. Work restarted in 1944, and the power station, now known as Tekapo A, came online in 1951.

Water from the lake is diverted through a 1.4 km tunnel under the town to the power station, with the water originally being returned to the river. With development of the Upper Waitaki hydroelectric scheme in the 1970s, water is now fed into a 26 km canal which leads to Tekapo B Power Station on the shores of Lake Pukaki.

In 2008, Tekapo A and Tekapo B hydro stations were refurbished following the upgrade of Benmore and Waitaki.

On 1 June 2011, ownership of Tekapo A and B hydropower stations were transferred from Meridian Energy to Genesis Energy on instruction from the Government.

In February 2021, Genesis Energy finished an upgrade that strengthened the Tekapo A power station to withstand earthquakes. It involved five years of planning, two years of construction and cost $26.5 million. It was a challenging build to upgrade the infrastructure and tunnels which were built in the 1940s. The Tekapo A power station provides power to almost 100,000 homes.

Skifield
On the north side of the lake, 24 km from the Tekapo township is the Roundhill Ski Area situated in the Two Thumb Range, which caters primarily to beginner and intermediate skiers. For advanced skiers, Roundhill Ski Area also has the world's longest and steepest rope tow which runs to the top of the Richmond Range at 2133 m elevation.

Church of the Good Shepherd
Situated on the shores of Lake Tekapo is the Church of the Good Shepherd, which, in 1935, was the first church built in the Mackenzie Basin. The church at Lake Tekapo was designed by Christchurch architect R.S.D. Harman, based on sketches by a local artist, Esther Hope. The church is one of the most photographed in New Zealand, and features an altar window that frames views of the lake and mountains.

Bronze sheepdog
Close to the Church of the Good Shepherd is a well-known bronze statue of a New Zealand Collie sheepdog. Mackenzie Country residents commissioned the statue in recognition of the indispensable role of the sheepdog in their livelihoods. The sculptor was Innes Elliott of Kaikōura, with a dog called Haig, belonging to a neighbour, being the model. Elliott reported the sculpting process took approximately fifteen months. Clay for the model came from the insulator works in Temuka, with a plaster cast of it made and sent to London in 1966, where the statue was cast.

Fishing
Large brown trout and rainbow trout can be caught in Lake Tekapo. Trolling a lure from a boat is one option for fishing Lake Tekapo. Fishing from the shore is also possible. The best spots for fishing from the shore are to be found around the mouths of the many small streams that flow into the lake. These include the Cass River; Mistake River; Boundary Stream; Glenmore Station Tarn; Coal River and the Macauley River. In 2016 the Fish and Game Council released 45,000 baby salmon into Lake Tekapo to improve fishing stocks and a further 50,000 were released in 2020. The upper half of the Tekapo Canal will be closed to fishing over the winter of 2021 to conserve stocks while spawning. The Tekapo Canal is known for very large (trophy-size) rainbow trout.

title: Lake Tekapo


text:
Chōroku

Chōroku (長禄) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Kōshō and before Kanshō. This period spanned the years from September 1457 through December 1460. The reigning emperor was Go-Hanazono-tennō (後花園天皇).

Change of era

 * 1457 Chōroku gannen (長禄元年): The era name was changed to mark an event or a number of events. The old era ended and a new one commenced in Kōshō 3.

Events of the Chōroku era

 * 1457 (Chōroku 1'): Tarō Sayemon attempted to retrieve the Sacred Jewel for Emperor Go-Hanazono; and he actually did manage to gain possession of it for a brief time. A counterattack prevented the success of this dangerous mission in Yoshino. In 1443 (Kakitsu 3, 23rd day of the 9th month), an armed group of rebels penetrated the palace defenses. A fire was started and one of the men sought to kill Emperor Go-Hanazono, but the emperor escaped. However, the intruders managed to steal the Sacred Treasures – the mirror, the sword and the jewel. Later, a guard found the mirror and a priest found the sword, but the location of the jewel was not known until the 8th month of Bunnan gannen.
 * 1458 (Chōroku 2, 8th month): The Sacred Jewel is retrieved from the former Southern Court. It is returned to Kyoto to join the other Sacred Treasures which comprise the Imperial Regalia of Japan.
 * 1459 (Chōroku 3): Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa provided a new mikoshi and a complete set of robes and other accouterments for this festival on the occasion of repairs to the Atsuta Shrine in the 1457-1459 (Chōroku 1-3).

title: Chōroku


text:
Okot p'Bitek

Okot p'Bitek (7 June 1931 – 19 July 1982) was a Ugandan poet, who achieved wide international recognition for Song of Lawino, a long poem dealing with the tribulations of a rural African wife whose husband has taken up urban life and wishes everything to be westernised. Song of Lawino was originally written in the Acholi dialect of Southern Luo, translated by the author into English, and published in 1966. It was a breakthrough work, creating an audience among anglophone Africans for direct, topical poetry in English; and incorporating traditional attitudes and thinking in an accessible yet faithful literary vehicle. It was followed by the Song of Ocol (1970), the husband's reply.

The "East African Song School" or "Okot School poetry" is now an academic identification of the work following his direction, also popularly called "comic singing": a forceful type of dramatic verse monologue rooted in traditional song and phraseology.

Early life
Okot p'Bitek was born in 1931 in Gulu, in the North Uganda grasslands. His father, Jebedayo Opi, was a schoolteacher, while his mother, Lacwaa Cerina, was a traditional singer, storyteller and dancer. His ethnic background was Acholi, and he wrote first in the Acholi dialect, also known as Lwo. Acholi is a dialect of Southern Luo, one of the Western Nilotic languages.

At school he was noted as a singer, dancer, drummer and athlete. He was educated at Gulu High School, then at King's College, Budo, where he composed an opera based on traditional songs. He went on to study at universities in the United Kingdom.

University
He travelled abroad first as a player with the Ugandan national football team, in 1958. He gave up on football as a possible career, stayed in Britain, and studied education at the University of Bristol and then law at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. He then took a Bachelor of Letters degree in social anthropology at the University of Oxford, with a 1963 dissertation on Acholi and Lango traditional cultures.

It is reported that Oxford deliberately failed his Ph.D. in 1970. The dissertation was published nearly unchanged in 1971 as The Religion of the Central Luo by a Kenyan publisher.

According to George Heron, p'Bitek lost his commitment to Christian belief during these years. This had major consequences for his attitude as a scholar of African tradition, which was by no means accepting of the general run of earlier work, or what he called "dirty gossip" in relation to tribal life. His character Lawino also speaks for him, in some places, on these matters.

Career
He wrote an early novel, Lak Tar Miyo Kinyero Wi Lobo (1953), in Lwo, later translated into English as White Teeth. It concerns the experiences of a young Acholi man moving away from home, to find work and so a wife. Okot p'Bitek organised an arts festival at Gulu, and then at Kisumu. Subsequently he taught at Makerere University (1964–66) and then was Director of Uganda's National Theatre and National Cultural Centre (1966–68).

He became unpopular with the Ugandan government, and took teaching posts outside the country. He took part in the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa in 1969. He was at the Institute of African Studies of University College, Nairobi from 1971 as a senior research fellow and lecturer, with visiting positions at University of Texas at Austin and University of Ife in Nigeria in 1978/9. He remained in exile during the regime of Idi Amin, returning in 1982 to Makerere University, to teach creative writing. He participated in the inaugural International Book Fair of Radical Black and Third World Books in London in April 1982, when he performed extracts from his poems "Song of Lawino" and "Song of Ocol" in what would be his last public appearance.

Apart from his poetry and novels, he also took part in an ongoing debate about the integrity of scholarship on traditional African religion, with the assertion in African Religions in Western Scholarship (1971) that scholars centred on European concerns were "intellectual smugglers". His point, aimed partly at Africans who had had a training in Christian traditions, was that it led to a concentration on matters distant from the actual concerns of Africans; this has been contested by others. He was an atheist.

Death
He died in Kampala of a stroke in 1982. He was survived by daughters Agnes Oyella, Jane Okot p'Bitek who wrote a Song of Farewell (1994), Olga Okot Bitek Ojelel and Cecilia Okot Bitek who work as nurses, Juliane Okot Bitek who writes poetry, and a son George Okot p'Bitek, who is a teacher in Kampala. Olga, Cecilia, and Juliane all live in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In 2004 Juliane was the recipient of an award in the Commonwealth Short Story Contest for her story "Going Home". These are the daughters of his wife Caroline.

Works

 * Lak Tar Miyo Kinyero Wi Lobo (1953); novel in Luo, English translation White Teeth
 * Song of Lawino: A Lament (East Africa Publishing House, 1966); poem, translation by author of a Luo original Wer pa Lawino
 * Wer pa Lawino (East Africa Publishing House, 1969). The Defence of Lawino, alternate translation by Taban Lo Liyong (2001)
 * Song of Ocol (East Africa Publishing House, 1970); poem, written in English
 * Religion of the Central Luo (1971)
 * Two Songs: Song of a Prisoner, Song of Malaya (1971); poems
 * African Religions in Western Scholarship (1971, Nairobi)
 * Africa's Cultural Revolution (1973); essays
 * Horn of My Love; translations of traditional oral verse. London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1974. ISBN 0-435-90147-8
 * Hare and Hornbill (1978) folktale collection
 * Acholi Proverbs (1985)
 * Artist, the Ruler: Essays on Art, Culture and Values (1986)
 * Modern Cookery

Relevant literature

 * Rettovà, Alena. "Generic Fracturing in Okot p’Bitek’s White Teeth." The Journal of Commonwealth Literature 58, no. 2 (2023): 427-441.

title: Okot p'Bitek


text:
Talk:List of Polish coats of arms

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Starykoń or Stary Koń
Partial picture and some interesting info found at. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 09:46, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Boduła herb?
Should this be added to the list? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 00:07, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * W zasadzie wszystkie herby, ale ich jest tysiace... Staralem sie wstawic narazie najwazniejsze.--Emax 00:50, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Cities coats of arms
I guess they should have a separate category and list. Any ides for naming? I guess gallery could go to commons or just be at Category:Polish cities coat of arms images, with a Category:Polish cities coats of arms category (based on current Category:Polish coat of arms images and Category:Polish coats of arms)?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 06:00, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Polish coats of arms


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Kōshō

Kōshō (康正) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Kyōtoku and before Chōroku. This period spanned the years from July 1455 through September 1457. The reigning emperor was Go-Hanazono-tennō (後花園天皇).

Change of Era

 * 1455 Kōshō gannen (康正元年): The era name was changed to mark an event or a number of events.

Events of the Kōshō era

 * 1456 (Kōshō 2, 3rd month): Ashikaga Yoshimasa visited Iwashimizu Shrine; and all the officials of the Daijō-kan joined him in going there.
 * 1456 (Kōshō 2, 8th month): The father of Emperor Go-Hanazono, Fushimi-no-miya-shinnō Sadafusa, died at age 85.

title: Kōshō


text:
Kyōtoku

Kyōtoku (享徳) was a Japanese era name (後花園天皇) after Hōtoku and before Kōshō.  This period spanned the years from July 1452 through July 1455. The reigning emperor was Go-Hanazono-Tennō (後花園天皇).

Change of era

 * 1452 Kyōtoku gannen (享徳元年): The era name was changed to mark an event or a number of events. The old era ended and a new one commenced in Hōtoku 4.

Events of the Kyōtoku era

 * 1453 (Kyōtoku 2, 6th month): The name of the Shōgun, "Yoshinari", was changed to Ashikaga Yoshimasa, which is the name by which he is more commonly known in the modern era.
 * 1454 (Kyōtoku 3): Ashikaga Shigeuji orchestrated for the killing of Uesugi Noritada, thus beginning a series of conflicts for control of the Kantō; and this event would come to be known as the Kyōtoku no Ran.

title: Kyōtoku


text:
Daimler-Benz DB 601

The Daimler-Benz DB 601 was a German aircraft engine built during World War II. It was a liquid-cooled inverted V12, and powered the Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Bf 110, and many others. Approximately 19,000 601's were produced before it was replaced by the improved Daimler-Benz DB 605 in 1942.

The DB 601 was basically an improved DB 600 with direct fuel injection. Fuel injection required power to be taken off the drive shaft, but in return, improved low-RPM performance significantly and provided aerobatic performance in maneuvers where early versions of carburated engines like the British Rolls-Royce Merlin would lose power when the carburetor float bowl ran dry.

The 601's fuel injection provided a significant boost in performance which its competitor, the Junkers Jumo 210, did not match for some time. By the time the fuel-injected 211 arrived, the 601 had already cemented its place as the engine for high-performance designs like fighters, high-speed bombers, and similar roles. The 211 would be relegated to bombers and transport aircraft. In this respect, the 601 was the counterpart to the Merlin engine of roughly the same size and power.

The DB 601Aa was licence-built in Japan by Aichi as the Atsuta, by Kawasaki as the Ha40, and in Italy by Alfa Romeo as the R.A.1000 R.C.41-I Monsone.

Development
Based on the guidelines laid down by the German "Reichverkehrsministerium" (Reich Ministry of Transport), in 1930 Daimler-Benz began development of a new aero engine of the 30 L displacement class: a liquid-cooled inverted-vee 12-cylinder piston engine. This was designated F4, and by 1931 two prototypes were running on the test bench. These were followed by the improved F4B, which became the prototype for the DB 600.

In 1933, Daimler-Benz finally received a contract to develop its new engine and to build six examples of the DB 600. For the year after, the DB 600 was the only German aero engine in the 30-litre class. In total, 2,281 DB 600s were built.

The DB 601A-1 was a development of the DB 600 with mechanical direct fuel injection. Like all DB 601s, it had a 33.9 litre displacement. The first DB 601A-1 prototype, designated as F4E, was test run in 1935, and an order for 150 engines was placed in February 1937.

Serial production began in November 1937, and ended in 1943, after 19,000 examples of all types were produced.

Variants

 * DB 601 A-1
 * Up to 1,100 PS at sea level with 2,400 rpm, up to 1,020 PS at 2,400 rpm and 4500 m altitude, B4 fuel

 * DB 601 Aa
 * Up to 1,175 PS at sea level with 2,500 rpm, up to 1,100 PS at 2,400 rpm and 3700 m altitude, B4 fuel

 * DB 601 B-1:Same as DB601 A-1 for use in Messerschmitt Bf 110 and/or bomber aircraft (different prop/engine ratio, 1:1.88 instead of 1:1.55)
 * DB 601 Ba:Similar to Aa for use in Messerschmitt Bf 110 and/or bomber aircraft (different prop/engine ratio, 1:1.88 instead of 1:1.55)
 * DB 601 M
 * For use in the Heinkel He 100D 1,175 PS

 * DB 601 N
 * Up to 1,175 PS at sea level and at 4900 m altitude with 2,600 rpm, C3 fuel
 * Up to 1,270 PS at 2100 m altitude with 2,600 rpm

 * DB 601 P
 * Same as DB 601 N for use in Messerschmitt Bf 110 and/or bomber aircraft (different prop/engine ratio, 1:1.88 instead of 1:1.55)

 * DB 601 E
 * Up to 1,350 PS at sea level with 2,700 rpm, up to 1,320 PS with 2.700 rpm at 4800 m altitude, B4 fuel
 * Up to 1,450 PS at 2100 m altitude with 2,700 rpm

 * DB 601 F/G
 * Same as DB 601 E for use in Messerschmitt Bf 110, Messerschmitt Me 210 and/or bomber aircraft (different prop/engine ratio,1:1.875 (601F), 1:2.06 (601G) instead of 1:1.685)

 * DB 606 A/B
 * Project initiated in February 1937, to "twin-up" two DB 601As or Es coupled to work on a single propeller shaft with all-up weight of some 1.5 tonnes; for use in Heinkel He 119 (one DB 606) and Messerschmitt Me 261 (twin DB 606) designs, where they worked well in their prototype airframes; saw first combat use with early Heinkel He 177As - 2,700 PS (1,986 kW) at sea level with a mirror-imaged starboard component engine supercharger. Derided as "welded-together engines" by Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring in August 1942, from the problems they caused with engine fires in the He 177A during service from their inadequate installation design.

 * Alfa-Romeo R.A.1000 R.C.41-I Monsone:Licence built by Alfa Romeo in Italy
 * Aichi Atsuta:Licence built by Aichi in Japan
 * Kawasaki Ha40:Licence built by Kawasaki in Japan

Applications

 * DB 601
 * Arado Ar 240
 * CANSA FC.20
 * Dornier Do 215
 * Heinkel He 100
 * Henschel Hs 130A-0
 * Kawasaki Ki-60
 * Messerschmitt Bf 109
 * Messerschmitt Bf 110
 * Messerschmitt Me 210
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.88

 * DB 606
 * Heinkel He 119
 * Heinkel He 177A-1 and A-3
 * Junkers Ju 288C
 * Messerschmitt Me 261

Licensees

 * Aichi Atsuta
 * Aichi M6A
 * Yokosuka D4Y
 * Alfa Romeo R.A.1000 R.C.41
 * Macchi C.202
 * Reggiane Re.2001
 * Kawasaki Ha40
 * Kawasaki Ki-61

title: Daimler-Benz DB 601


text:
Ditherington

Ditherington is a suburb of the town of Shrewsbury, the county town of Shropshire, England. It is the fourth most deprived ward in the Shropshire unitary authority area.

There has been much regeneration work in the southern part of Ditherington, which is close to Shrewsbury town centre. Various residential developments have occurred, but little has been finished.

Ditherington was the location of the Arriva Midlands (former Midland Red) Shrewsbury bus depot until 2012, when it was replaced by a newly built one in Harlescott. The Ditherington depot was then demolished and acquired by the nearby Flax Mill, but as of July 2024 is still a blank canvas.

Ditherington Flax Mill
The Flax Mill (also locally known as the "Maltings") is the oldest iron-framed building in the world and is seen as the "grandfather of skyscrapers". It was designed by Charles Bage and built in 1797 for John Marshall of Leeds and his partners.

It is a Grade I listed building. After decades of being derelict, it was restored and rejuvenated by Historic England, in partnership with the Friends of the Flaxmill Maltings and other organisations. The restored building opened to the public in September 2022 with a new visitor experience centre, café, offices and hirable venue space. In the long term, it is hoped that the building will be able to make sufficient money to be self-supporting, but reaching this stage will require much investment.

Canal
The Shrewsbury and Newport Canal terminated in Ditherington, but no longer exists. This may also one day be restored.

title: Ditherington


text:
Hillston, New South Wales

Hillston is a township in western New South Wales, Australia, in Carrathool Shire, on the banks of the Lachlan River. It was founded in 1863 and at the had a population of 1,547.

History

John Oxley and his exploration party were the first European visitors to the Hillston district, in 1817. Oxley wrote in his journal: "country uninhabitable and useless for all purposes of civilised man". In 1839 William Hovell followed the Lachlan River to near the site of present-day Hillston and took up a pastoral holding called "Bellingerambil" (later named "Cowl Cowl").

Redbank
The locality of present-day Hillston was a crossing-place for stock on the Lachlan River. The earliest European name for the place was 'Daisy Plains' or ‘Daisy Hill’. Later it became known as "Redbank" (following the Wiradjuri name 'Melnunni', meaning "red soil"). In 1863 a stockman named William Ward Hill from nearby "Roto" station established an inn – the Redbank Hotel – at the location. William Hill died on 10 July 1867 of "exhaustion from intemperance" and his widow, Elizabeth, took over the licence of the Redbank Hotel (which she held until about 1871). In 1869, when the first post office was opened, the township was renamed Hillston, after its founding publican.

The site of Hillston was originally on land owned by John McGee, who obtained a sub-division and sold lots by public auction, "the lots realising high prices". The Government also surveyed a township just north of McGee’s land. Sixty-four lots at Hillston North were also auctioned, bringing "up to £100 per acre". Thus two townships developed side-by-side.

Hillston developed as a service centre to the surrounding pastoral holdings, so the pace of development of the township was closely linked to prevailing conditions as they affected the district pastoral enterprises. Due in large measure to drought conditions in the district there was little or no progress of the township during the mid-1860s. However more favourable seasons by the end of the decade, with the return of more reliable rainfall, led to a revitalization of Hillston’s prospects.

Township development
Hillston developed as a service centre to the surrounding pastoral holdings. The Moss brothers, who were successful store-owners at Hay, established a store at Hillston by 1869. Hillston Post Office opened on 1 February 1869. In mid-1871 the partnership between the brothers was dissolved and Louis Moss ran the Hillston store on his own account.

The first Police Court at Hillston was held on 28 August 1873 in a room at one of the hotels in the town.

The first church at Hillston was of the Anglican denomination. A Roman Catholic church was built during the 1880s. The first Pastoral and Agricultural Show was held at Hillston in 1881. A hospital was erected in the township in 1882; the cost of the building was raised by voluntary subscription. A new post-office was completed in 1883 (in the charge of Mr. W. S. Bellamy). A courthouse at Hillston was completed in about 1883.

Hillston became a municipality in 1888.

The store that became known as Nall, Jackson & Co. Ltd. was established in 1889; the firm had changed its name on various occasions, being known as "Villa and Rossi", "Villa, Rossi and Nall", "J. T. Jackson", and "Nall, Jackson & Co." Nall, Jackson & Co., which later opened branches at Merriwagga and Goolgowi, became a mainstay of the Hillston and district community.

A Presbyterian Church was built at Hillston in 1890.

A magistrate was resident at Hillston until 1916, after which the Hay magistrate visited once a month.

Following the First World War, the Hillston area was divided into relatively small rural properties onto which returning soldiers were repatriated under the New South Wales soldier settlement scheme. The railway between Griffith and Hillston was completed in 1923 and large areas of Crown land along the route were made available for selection.

By the end of the 1920s, with the influx of population to the district, the prevailing optimistic mood led to progress and growth at Hillston. A lighting system was installed at Hillston in 1929. During the same year the old Club House Hotel was replaced by a two-storey building and the Royal Mail Hotel was extended. The firm of Messrs. Parker and Cordato built rows of shops in the township. In early 1931 the Hillston to Roto railway was completed.

In the wake of a land boom during the mid to late-1920s, the reality of marginal nature of the land became manifest and the soldier settlement blocks were found to be too small to be economically viable. The personal and financial hardships experienced during the inter-war decades resulted in many of these families walking off their blocks, and Hillston began to experience a decline.

The wool boom of the 1950s led to reconstruction of the town, and gave new optimism, only to enter a decline again in the 1960s and 1970s.

Until the bitumen sealing of the Kidman Way from Griffith was completed in the early 1970s, the rough dirt road was an effective barrier to communications with other communities. A train service existed until the mid-1970s, but since then there has been no public transport service to Hillston.

In the late 1990s, the introduction of cotton saw a boom period once again which, after a severe drought 2002–2007, is again establishing itself.

In August 2021, a new high resolution doppler weather radar was opened in Hillston. It is operated by the Bureau of Meteorology, providing coverage across the Riverina and western New South Wales.

Heritage listings
Hillston has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Willandra National Park: Willandra Homestead

Climate
Hillston has a semi-arid climate with hot summers and relatively cool winters. Climate records have been kept for Hillston since 1881. Temperature extremes are quite marked over the full year: the average maximum temperature in January is 33.4 °C and the average minimum temperature in July is 3.8 °C. Snow has never been recorded in Hillston. The highest temperature ever recorded was 46.0 °C (114.8 °F) on 1 January 2006; the lowest was −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) on 15 July 2022. The average annual rainfall is 367.0 mm.

Industry
Agriculture is the main industry in Hillston mostly oriented towards livestock, grain, cotton, citrus and vegetables, utilising irrigation from the Lachlan River and underground water sources.

Because of the proximity of Hillston to the Kidman Way, Lachlan Valley Way and the Cobb Highway many road transport companies operate in Hillston.

Amenities

Town facilities include Lake Woorabinda, a man-made lake for water-skiing encircled by a scenic walking track between the river and the lake, community hall for sport and cultural events, and an art gallery in the main street.

Between Lake Woorabinda and the community hall lie a 25m public swimming pool and the Lions' Park, which incorporates children's play equipment and a barbecue area.

Hillston has two schools; Hillston Central School, a K-12 public school, and St Joseph's Primary School, a K-6 Catholic school.

Stan Peters Oval is the local sports ground, home to the Hillston Swans Australian Rules club in the Northern Riverina Football League and the Hillston Bluebirds Rugby League club in Group 17.

Hillston is the terminus of the open section of the Temora–Roto railway line. Passenger services were discontinued in 1974, but the line remains open to Hillston for goods services.

title: Hillston, New South Wales


text:
Hōtoku

Hōtoku (宝徳) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Bun'an and before Kyōtoku. This period spanned the years from July 1449 through July 1452. The reigning emperor was Go-Hanazono-tennō (後花園天皇).

Change of era

 * 1449 Hōtoku gannen (宝徳元年): The era name was changed to mark an event or a number of events. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in 1449 (Bun'an 6.)

The first year of Hotoku began on the 28th day of the 7th month. On the 10th day, the era name would still have been Bun'an 6.

Events of the Hōtoku era

 * May 8, 1449 (Hōtoku 1, 16th day of the 4th month): Shōgun Yoshinari is honored by the emperor with the gift of a sword.
 * 1451 (Hōtoku 3, 7th month ): A delegation from the Ryukyu Islands arrives for the first time in Heian-kyō (Kyoto). Mention of this diplomatic event is among the first of its type to be published in the West in an 1832 French version of Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu (三国通覧図説) by Hayashi Shihei.
 * 1451 (Hōtoku 3, 8th month ): Sogun Yoshihori causes a letter to be sent to the Emperor of China.

Appreciation for the waka poetry of Shōtetsu and Shinkei was noteworthy during this era.

title: Hōtoku


text:
SS Imperator

SS Imperator (known as RMS Berengaria for most of her career) was a German ocean liner built for the Hamburg America Line, launched in 1912. At the time of her completion in June 1913, she was the largest passenger ship in the world, surpassing the new White Star liner Olympic.

Imperator was the first of a trio of successively larger Hamburg American liners that included Vaterland (later the United States Liner Leviathan) and  Bismarck (later the White Star Line Majestic) all of which were seized as war reparations.

Imperator served for 14 months on HAPAG's transatlantic route, until the outbreak of World War I, after which she remained in port in Hamburg. After the war, she was briefly commissioned into the United States Navy as USS Imperator (ID-4080) and employed as a transport, returning American troops from Europe. Following her service with the U.S. Navy, Imperator was purchased jointly by Britain's Cunard Line and White Star Line as part of war reparations, due to the loss of the RMS Lusitania, where she sailed as the flagship RMS Berengaria for the last 20 years of her career. William H. Miller wrote that "despite her German heritage and the barely disguised Teutonic tone of her interiors, she was thought of in the 1920s and 30s as one of Britain's finest liners."

Construction and early career

The first plates of the keel were laid in 1910 at the Vulcan Shipyards in Hamburg, Germany, and the ship made its maiden voyage in 1913. At 52,117 gross register tons, Imperator was the largest ship in the world until Vaterland sailed in May 1914. After the sinking of the Titanic in April 1912, the shipyard added more lifeboats to Imperator to ensure there was more than enough room for all passengers and crew. In total, Imperator would carry 83 lifeboats capable of holding 5,500 people between them, 300 more than the ship's maximum capacity.

Before her launch on 23 May 1912, Cunard announced that its new ship, RMS Aquitania, which was under construction at the time at the John Brown shipyards in Glasgow, would be longer by 1 ft, causing dismay in Hamburg. Several weeks later, she was fitted with a figurehead, an imposing bronze eagle, increasing her length past that of Aquitania. The eagle was created by Professor Bruno Kruse of Berlin, and adorned her forepeak with a banner emblazoned with HAPAG's motto Mein Feld ist die Welt (My field is the world). The eagle's wings were torn off in an Atlantic storm during the 1914 season, after which the figurehead was removed and replaced with gold scroll-work similar to that on the stern.

During her initial sea trials, the ship ran aground on the Elbe river due to insufficient dredging and flash fire in the engine room which resulted in eight crewmen being taken to hospital. During her official trials, she suffered overheating of the turbines and some stability issues were discovered. The trials were therefore abandoned and the builders were called in to carry out emergency work. Coincidentally, 1913 was the silver jubilee year for the Kaiser, so he was going to be treated to an overnight cruise on the North Sea before the ship would make its maiden voyage. The overnight cruise was canceled; it was eventually carried out in July of that year.

Imperator left on her maiden voyage on Wednesday, 11 June 1913, with Commodore Hans Ruser in command and Hamburg-Amerika appointing four other captains for the journey to make sure that everything went smoothly. On the way, she stopped at Southampton and Cherbourg before proceeding across the Atlantic to New York, arriving on 19 June 1913. On board were 4,986 people, consisting of 859 first-class passengers, 647 second-class passengers, 648 third-class passengers, 1,495 in steerage, and 1,332 crew. The ship returned to Europe from Hoboken, New Jersey, on 25 June 1913.

On his first arrival, the harbor pilot assigned to bring her into the Ambrose channel, Captain George Seeth, noted that the ship listed from side to side when the helm changed the ship's direction. She was soon nicknamed "Limperator".

In October 1913, Imperator returned to the Vulcan shipyard to facilitate drastic work to improve handling and stability, as it had been discovered that her center of gravity was too high (see metacentric height). To correct the problem, the marble bathroom suites in first class were removed and heavy furniture was replaced with lightweight wicker cane. The ship's funnels were reduced in height by 3 m. Finally, 2,000 tons of cement was poured into the ship's double bottom as ballast. This work cost £200,000, which had to be borne by the shipyard as part of their five-year warranty to the shipowners. At the same time, an advanced fire sprinkler system was fitted throughout the ship, as several fires had occurred on board since the vessel had entered service.

During the 1914 refit of Imperator, Commodore Ruser handed over command of the ship to Captain Theo Kier and left to take command of the new larger flagship Vaterland, which was nearing completion. Imperator returned to service on 11 March, arriving in New York five days later on the 19th.

Whereas German ships are usually referred to with the feminine article (die), Imperator was instead referred to with the masculine article (der), on the explicit personal wishes of Emperor Wilhelm II.

Interiors
The architect and designer Charles Mewès was responsible for the interior design of the Imperator and his sister ships. One German critic commented on the prevalence of French-style décor on the new ship: "Louis XVI seems to be the real Imperator...judging by the decorative effects with which the world's biggest liner is embellished...the ladies saloon in Colonial, the smoking room in Flemish, the swimming pool in Pompeiian, the wintergarten in Louis XVI, the parlor in Louis XVI. - Louis XVI everywhere. Where is there any manifestation of present-day German style...the company, of course, must cater to the international public, especially Americans.'"

One contemporary review noted how the ship's "great size...has enabled her designers to allow unusual space for passenger accommodation." This was echoed in The Master, Mate, and Pilot, which stated that "taking advantage of his great dimensions, the ships' public cabins, and staterooms have been made so large as to avoid any suggestion of crowding." Space-saving devices like berths and folding washbasins were eliminated in the First-Class staterooms on Imperator, all of which had free-standing beds and marble-topped washstands with hot and cold running water. Almost all First-Class cabins were "outside" cabins, meaning they had portholes or windows for natural light and ventilation. Over 200 cabins were reserved for single occupancy, and 150 had en-suite bathrooms. The two "Imperial" suites had 12 rooms each, including a breakfast room, private veranda, sitting room, and servants' quarters.

The main First-Class dining room was on F Deck and there were two restaurants on B Deck. The main dining room could accommodate 700 diners at tables for between 2 and 8 people. The Ritz-Carlton restaurant, which was joined with a winter garden/palm court in the Directoire style, was managed by staff from the Carlton Hotel in London. There was also a Grill Room at the aft end of B Deck, a tea garden, and a Veranda café. Other First-Class public rooms included a 72-foot-long lounge/ballroom, several ladies sitting rooms, and a smoking room. The Tudor style smoking room was decorated with brick from a demolished Tudor-era cottage in England. The lounge, or "Social Hall", as it was called, was hung with Gobelins tapestries and included a stage for theatrical performances to be held. In the evening the carpet could be removed for dancing. Off the entrance halls were amenities like a bookshop, florist, pharmacy, doctor's office, and the offices of the purser, chief steward, and baggage master.

Imperator introduced a two-deck-high, Pompeiian-style swimming pool for its First-Class passengers. It was inspired by a similar swimming pool built in London in 1907 for the Royal Automobile Club, of which Charles Mewès was also one of the architects. Connected to the pool were Victorian-style Turkish baths, steam baths, electric baths, massage and hairdressing rooms. The gymnasium was "the largest and most luxurious that has ever been fitted up on a passenger steamer...", according to The Marine Engineering and Naval Architect. For the first time on an ocean liner, Second-Class had its own gymnasium as well. Second-Class passengers also had their own smoking room, reading and writing rooms, dining room, and music room.

While the Cunard refit changed plates identifying switches and valves were reversed and reinscribed in English, drains in cabin bathtubs remained marked AUF and ZU and ashtrays still read ZIGARREN.

World War I and U.S. Navy service
In August 1914, as World War I began, she was laid up at Hamburg and remained inactive for more than four years, falling into dilapidation. Following the Armistice of 11 November 1918, Imperator was taken over by the Allied Food Shipping and Finance Agreement, and allocated to the United States for temporary use as a transport alongside Vaterland, which was now renamed SS Leviathan and bringing American service personnel home from France.

She was commissioned as the USS Imperator (ID-4080) in early May 1919. After embarking 2,100 American troops and 1,100 passengers, Imperator departed Brest, France on 15 May 1919, arriving at New York City one week later. Operating with the Cruiser and Transport Force from 3 June to 10 August, she made three cruises from New York to Brest, returning over 25,000 troops, nurses, and civilians to the United States.

While en route to New York City on 17 June, Imperator assisted the FRENCH CRUISER Jeanne d'Arc, which had broken down in the Atlantic Ocean. The then president-elect of Brazil Epit%C3%A1cio Pessoa was on board Jeanne d'Arc and Imperator received him and his party for transport to the United States, arriving there several days later.

Decommissioned at Hoboken, New Jersey in early 1919, Imperator was transferred to the British Shipping Controller on 20 September, and it was decided that Cunard would operate her. Captain Charles A. Smith and a full crew were sent out to New York on RMS Carmania (1905) the new operators and the official handover from the British Shipping Controller to Cunard took place on 24 November. Imperator was then transferred to Cunard's Pier 54 for Cunard service.

Cunard service as Berengaria

The ship arrived at Southampton on Sunday 10 December 1919 and then proceeded to Liverpool for what was planned to be a quick overhaul (he was scheduled to leave on his first voyage for the new owners on 10 January 1920). Upon inspection, the ship was found to be in poor condition. During dry-docking on 6 January, it was found that the ship's rudder had a piece missing and the propellers were suffering from erosion on their leading edges. These issues were attended to while the ship was refurbished with items borrowed from the Cunard vessels Transylvania and Carmania.

Due to the extent of the work that had to be carried out, Imperator remained at Liverpool until 21 February and during this time the company's annual dinner was held on board before the ship returned to service on the North Atlantic. On 2 March 1920, the ship left New York, taking nine days to reach Southampton. During the voyage, Imperator developed a severe list that was found to be caused by a faulty ash ejector. Cunard decided that the ship was in need of a major overhaul and she was withdrawn from service.

Sir Arthur Rostron of the RMS Titanic passenger rescue fame and former captain of RMS Carpathia took command of Imperator in July 1920. The following year both Imperator and Aquitania were sent to Armstrong Whitworth shipyards to be converted from coal firing to oil.

The ship was renamed after the English queen Berengaria of Navarre, wife of Richard the Lionheart, in February 1921. The name deviated from the usual Cunard practice of naming ships after Roman provinces, but still retained the "-ia" suffix that was typically seen with other Cunard ships at the time.

In September 1925, a security alert at sea was triggered when the Cunard company offices in New York received a message stating there was a bomb aboard Berengaria; the vessel was then 1,200 miles out from New York, bound for Southampton. The ship was searched although the passengers and most crew were not informed about the reason. A fire drill was held just before the supposed time of detonation, so passengers could be placed close to their lifeboat stations without arousing suspicion. The bomb threat failed to materialize.

On 11 May 1932, Berengaria ran aground in the Solent. She was refloated an hour later.

In May 1934, Berengaria was again in the headlines when she ran aground on mud banks at Calshot on the Solent. She was pulled free by four tugs from Southampton. The vessel suffered no damage and the incident did not affect her sailing schedule.

Despite her German heritage, Berengaria served as flagship of the Cunard fleet until replaced by her sister ship, RMS Majestic (also German: ex-SS Bismarck), in 1934 after the merger of Cunard with White Star Line. In later years, Berengaria was used for discounted Prohibition-dodging cruises, which earned her jocular nicknames like Bargainaria and Boringaria.

Toward the end of her service life, the ship suffered several electrical fires caused by aging wiring, and Cunard-White Star opted to retire her in 1938. She was sold to Sir John Jarvis, who had also purchased Olympic, to provide work for unemployed shipbuilders in Jarrow, County Durham. Berengaria sailed for the River Tyne under the command of Captain George Gibbons to be scrapped down to the waterline. Due to the size of the vessel and the outbreak of the Second World War, the final demolition took place only in 1946.

title: SS Imperator


text:
Talk:Green oriole

Untitled
moved page to avoid confusion with South American species with same name jimfbleak 09:58, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Green oriole