text:
Talk:Federal Reserve Act

March 2007 Major Edit
I basically rewrote the Federal Reserve Act article so that its history would reflect information from original sources and briefly explain the various sections included in the Act. Rickmckinney 12:56, 21 March 2007

Inherent Racism in Southern U.S. discussion
The article discusses the role of the Southern politicians. And the article mentions that the South got credit from certain banks. But the article, in a very racist turn, refuses to mention that the black, African-American slaves actually were the financial backbone of the Southern economy. It's like mentioning Hitler and his relationship to banks without mentioning the murder of millions of Jews and supposedly mentally, etc limited Germans. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.56.37.72 (talk) 07:28, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

 * No, the article doesn't "refuse" to do anything. And, no, it's not like mentioning Hitler without mentioning the murders of the Jews, etc. And, failing to mention something about slavery doesn't mean that the article has a "racist turn."

 * Let's turn your argument back on you. Does the fact that you have mentioned slavery on this talk page but have supposedly "refused" to add anything to the article about slavery mean that YOU are racist? No, of course not. Famspear (talk) 12:58, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

 * PS: Your mis-use of the term "racist" does, however, illustrate a phenomenon we see more and more over the years: the use of the term "racist" as an epithet, in such a way that the term is trivialized. Calling people -- or things -- "racist" merely because you happen to think those people -- or things -- don't mention something is an example of this. The term "racist" has lost much of its emotive and pejorative power over the years, because some people have used the term so loosely. Famspear (talk) 13:21, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

Woodrow Wilson Quote
President Wilson later came to regret signing the bill: "I am a most unhappy man. I have unwittingly ruined my country. A great industrial nation is controlled by its system of credit. Our system of credit is concentrated. The growth of the nation, therefore, and all our activities are in the hands of a few men. We have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and dominated Governments in the civilized world no longer a Government by free opinion, no longer a Government by conviction and the vote of the majority, but a Government by the opinion and duress of a small group of dominant men."

Searching around the 'net, it seems that this is one of those "everyone repeats the quote, but no one seems to know the original source" phenomenons. If anyone can actually find the primary source for this quote (and it is indeed Woodrow Wilson) then by all means put it back in. PenguiN42 18:40, Jan 24, 2005 (UTC)

Quote is located at this location: https://archive.org/details/NationalEconomyAndTheBankingSystemOfTheUnitedStates/page/n105/mode/2up?q=dominant  Page 106 of 114. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.176.102.127 (talk) 01:12, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

It's possible that the source for the quote can be found here: Quoted in “National Economy and the Banking System," Senate Documents Co. 3, No. 23, 76th Congress, 1st session, 1939. I found the article referencing it [|here].  It would be nice if somebody with the ability to actually look this up could do so.  I can't travel to the National Archives in D.C. to do so myself, but If somebody could assure me that there are copies of all Congressional documents at a local university, I would be willing to try there. Umeboshi 23:48, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

"A great industrial nation is controlled by its system of credit. Our system of credit is concentrated. The growth of the nation, therefore, and all our activities are in the hands of a few men. We have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and dominated Governments in the civilized world no longer a Government by free opinion, no longer a Government by conviction and the vote of the majority, but a Government by the opinion and duress of a small group of dominant men."

 * The above quote is indeed true*. It is published in "The New Freedom" in 1913.  The quote "I am a most unhappy man, I have unwittingly ruined my country" is added on commonly, but there is no source for it.  Apparantly Wilson made this statement shortly before his death after his presidency, but there seems to be no hard source for it.  However the rest of the quote is true. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.206.160.18 (talk • contribs) on 25 April 2008.

 * Kind of a specious observation since, as mentioned in the pre-amble: "The above quote is indeed true." (What real differences does it make if Woodrow Wilson was happy or not except perhaps to discern whether he had a conscience or not?

 * Sorry, but as explained below, the material discussed above is part of some fakery that is chronically added to this article (and to the article on the Federal Reserve System), and is then removed. This kind of garbage is constantly swirling around on the internet. What has happened is that someone has pulled various accurate quotations from various places in Wilson's book, has then rearranged them without showing the fact that they have been rearranged, and then added the fake "I am a most unhappy man" verbiage -- which does not appear in the book at all. In the article, this combined hodgepodge has been attributed to Wilson's book. That kind of editing is not acceptable.

 * Further, whether Wilson made the "unhappy man" statement at some other time or place, is irrelevant. It is simply not acceptable to pull quotations from different sources, change the wording (which is what has been done), and then present them as though they were presented a certain way in a book when they certainly were not presented that way. When we add a quote and attribute it to a source, the text has to actually be a quote from that source.

 * The material is cookbooked fakery designed to give the false impression that Wilson was speaking of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Reserve Act. In reality, neither of those two things are even mentioned in the book.

 * This kind of fakery violates at least two Wikipedia rules. First Verifiability. The source must actually say what the editor contends it says. Second, No Original Research. Moving sentences around without disclosing that this is what you're doing, and then trying to make it look like Wilson was referring to the Federal Reserve Act violates both of those rules.

 * The way in which this material was corrupted (and the fake "unhappy man" verbiage was added) is discussed in more detail elsewhere on this talk page. Famspear (talk) 22:19, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

 * First of all the quote of mr.Wilson is real. Here it is in the original book on page 111 (page 116 in web-viewer) https://archive.org/details/WoodrowWilsonTheNewFreedom/page/n115/mode/2up and as you can see it is not web-text - we have an original page scans here: "However it has come about, it Is more important still that the controll of credit also has become dangerously centralized. It is the mere truth to say that the financial resources of the country are not at the command of those who do not submit to the directioon and domination of small groups of capitalists who wish to keep the economic development of the country under their own eye and guidance. The great monopoly of this country is the monopoly of big credits. So long as that exists, our old variety and freedom and individual energy of development are out of the question. A great industrial nation is controled by its system of credit. Our system of credit is privately concentrated. " 188.32.2.43 (talk) 01:34, 17 June 2022 (UTC) For those who need another link you can use Cornell University (https://newcatalog.library.cornell.edu/catalog/3113005#) recomendation with link to amazing 1913's original book scan https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t8qc0rv32&view=2up&seq=199

References at Google Book

 * Woodrow Wilson: '''"I am a most unhappy man; unwittingly I have ruined my country..."

The American Mercury by George Jean Nathan, Henry Louis Mencken, 1924, p. 56

"President Woodrow Wilson-( After breaking with the engineers of the Fed Act, and near his death), "I am a most unhappy man; unwittingly I have ruined my ..."

The Federal Reserve Hoax By Wickliffe B. Vennard, 1959, p. 27, full quote

Richard Cotten's Conservative Viewpoint by Richard B. Cotten

"PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON - (After breaking with Colonel House) who with Warburg engineered the Fed. act: "I am a most unhappy man; unwittingly I have ruined ..."

To All My Children As the World Turns By Gyeorgos C. Hatonn, 1993, p. 152

"Even Woodrow Wilson would regret his actions and before his death, stated: "I am a most unhappy man--unwittingly I have ruined my country."

After Fascism By Abid Ullah Jan, p. 31, full quote

Web of Debt By Ellen Hodgson Brown. p. 127, partial quote

"The bill passed on December 22, 1913, and President Wilson signed it into law the next day. Later he regretted what he had done.  He is reported to have said before he died, "I have unwittingly ruined my country."

Outsourcing Culture By Robert E. Greenwood Jr. Phd, p. 118, partial quote  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.215.3.220 (talk) 16:02, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Based on a quick check, it appears that the links go to more repetition of the fakery on the supposed "quotation." Famspear (talk) 19:22, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, are the above sources "reliable" or not? If they are, then the quote should by all means appear the article. 68.10.81.239 (talk) 02:04, 7 September 2016 (UTC)

 * No, they are not reliable. And no, we will not include a fake quote in this article. Ravensfire ( talk ) 02:24, 7 September 2016 (UTC)
 * You gotta remember the same group of people you are trying to shed light on owns the media, even if Wilson said it word for word it would be taken down lol this just shows how correct the quote is the matrix is trying so hard to remove it . But we already see how the rothchilds actually own and run America after buying it and immunity with the federal reserve act as it has no gov oversight. Keep fighting the good fight 2601:101:C100:E2D0:E4A5:F919:DB69:50B0 (talk) 14:06, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

Dear IP 68.10.81.239: What do you mean "are the sources reliable or not"? What part of the explanation do you not understand? No, we're not going to intentionally include fake quotes in an article. Good grief. Famspear (talk) 02:30, 7 September 2016 (UTC)

 * First of all the quote of mr.Wilson is real. Here it is in the original book on page 111 (page 116 in web-viewer) https://archive.org/details/WoodrowWilsonTheNewFreedom/page/n115/mode/2up and as you can see it is not web-text - we have an original page scans here: "However it has come about, it Is more important still that the controll of credit also has become dangerously centralized. It is the mere truth to say that the financial resources of the country are not at the command of those who do not submit to the directioon and domination of small groups of capitalists who wish to keep the economic development of the country under their own eye and guidance. The great monopoly of this country is the monopoly of big credits. So long as that exists, our old variety and freedom and individual energy of development are out of the question. A great industrial nation is controled by its system of credit. Our system of credit is privately concentrated. " For those who need another link you can use Cornell University (https://newcatalog.library.cornell.edu/catalog/3113005#) recomendation with link to amazing 1913's original book scan https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t8qc0rv32&view=2up&seq=199

Committee Name
What was the name of the committee placed in charge of investigating the control of the U.S. economy by influential bankers? This is mentioned in the article, but the name of the committee is not. mdjkarazim 2005-07-03 02:29:23 (UTC)

United States House Select Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations and Comparable Organizations where Norman Dodd was one of the main participants.The committee was alternatively known as the Cox Committee and the Reece Committee after its two chairmen, Edward E. Cox and B. Carroll Reece. It unwittinly revealed that the Carnegie foundation had been making efforts that these and related foundations were involved in the intentional instigation of the United States into World War I and attempting to mould world history through the explicit control of education in the United States. His allegations stem from reviewing the minutes of the Carnegie Institute and their explicitly stated plans listed therein.

I think you are talking about the Pujo Committee. - J — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.88.220.2 (talk) 21:38, 22 March 2022 (UTC)

Reversion of various edits on 21 April 2006
On 21 April 2006 I reverted an edit by a user at IP 156.63.113.54 containing several apparent coding errors that seemed to make no sense. There was a substantive edit included in the changes made by the user at IP 156.63.113.54, so if he or she may wish to try again. Yours, Famspear 18:42, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Adding quotes and citation tag
I have added some quotes from the Constitution. Also, the article as currently written stated that the constitutionality had been the subject of controversy, but the article on Nondelegation doctrine -- to which a link was provided as support -- offered no information on any controversy about the Federal Reserve Act or the Federal Reserve System. Therefore, I added a "needs citation" tag. I suspect we can find some sourcing on this. Stay tuned. Yours, Famspear 21:01, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Ratified by the States??
Dear fellow editors: I have removed the following text:

"The Federal Reserve Act was not ratified by the States in 1914 as the Constitution of the United States requires. It therefore operates in a manner of taxation without representation and is unconstitutional. Citizens do not get a vote nor do citizens get to vote by way of Congress on whether or not the FED raises or lowers interest rates."

First of all, the statement that the "Federal Reserve Act was not ratified by the States in 1914 as the Constitution of the United States requires" is nonsensical from a legal standpoint. The Federal Reserve Act is a statute, an Act of Congress. The Constitution does not require that statutes (Acts of Congress) be "ratified by the States."

The statement that the Act "therefore operates in a manner of taxation without representation and is unconstitutional" is also nonsensical, non-neutral POV. Whether a statute is unconstitutional is a legal issue, to be decided in a court of law. Obviously, the editor who inserted this material provided no supporting citation for it; the material is not only false, it is unverifiable for purposes of Wikipedia.

It is correct to say that "[c]itizens do not get a vote nor do citizens get to vote by way of Congress on whether or not the FED raises or lowers interest rates." Citizens do not get to vote on lots of things. So what?

Let's keep in mind some basic stuff: verifiability, non-neutral point of view, and no original research. Yours, Famspear 14:03, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe the person who made that statement was confusing the federal reserve act with an element of the 16th amendment regarding income tax, which the supreme court at the time had ruled unconstitutional. I've been hearing about this a lot lately.  Taxation of the american people's labor however is not a function of the federal reserve act or the federal reserve banks.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.152.212.4 (talk) 09:56, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Critique
Another editor has begun a new section on "controversy" which I have renamed "critique." Some of this looks like the same kind of material that has bounced in and out of the article on the Federal Reserve System from time to time. I toned down the POV and removed some of the material for which no sourcing was provided, or for which the sourcing was highly dubious.

By the way, material on actual litigation (if any) of the issue of the constitutionality of the Federal Reserve Act could fit in the Critique section. Does anyone have any information on whether there have been any court decisions regarding the constitutionality of the Act? Yours, Famspear 02:24, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Quotation allegedly from Woodrow Wilson
One editor inserted the following quote:

 * 'And we have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and dominated, governments in the civilized world—no longer a government by free opinion, no longer a government by conviction and the vote of the majority, but a government by the opinion and the duress of small groups of dominant men.' - President Woodrow Wilson

Another editor removed the quote, with the notation that the quote comes from a book published in the year 1913. The Act became law in December of 1913, around Christmas. I agree with the removing editor -- it's unlikely that this quotation was a specific reference to the Federal Reserve Act, as the quote probably preceded the Act. Indeed, if the book was published in 1913, the quote could actually have been uttered in a prior year. We would need some more specific proof that the quotation specifically relates to the Federal Reserve Act. Even if the article were to include the quote and properly include a full citation, Wikipedia should not leave the impression that the quote is a reference to the Federal Reserve Act unless there is much better sourcing. The significance of proper sourcing -- and making sure that quotations are shown in proper context -- is illustrated by remembering that President Woodrow Wilson himself signed the Act into law. Now, presidents do sometimes sign bills that they don't completely like, but if someone has specific evidence that Wilson thought the Act was a bad idea, then that someone should be able to come up with that evidence. Yours, Famspear 22:35, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

If someone could provide a name for this book then I will take a look, also while taking a look at the "Senate Papers" from editor umeboshi (from an above article). Apologies given if I am going about this wrong, I am a researcher not a writer. Baron Ubervonmarh (talk) 06:46, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

An anonymous user inserted the material which apparently consists of a mixture of some actual quotations and some fakery. I removed it. According to Project Gutenberg, the reliability of which I have not yet established, the following appears to be the actual text by Wilson:

 * However it has come about, it is more important still that the control of credit also has become dangerously centralized. It is the mere truth to say that the financial resources of the country are not at the command of those who do not submit to the direction and domination of small groups of capitalists who wish to keep the economic development of the country under their own eye and guidance. The great monopoly in this country is the monopoly of big credits. So long as that exists, our old variety and freedom and individual energy of development are out of the question. A great industrial nation is controlled by its system of credit. Our system of credit is privately concentrated. The growth of the nation, therefore, and all our activities are in the hands of a few men who, even if their action be honest and intended for the public interest, are necessarily concentrated upon the great undertakings in which their own money is involved and who necessarily, by very reason of their own limitations, chill and check and destroy genuine economic freedom. This is the greatest question of all, and to this statesmen must address themselves with an earnest determination to serve the long future and the true liberties of men.

This is from Woodrow Wilson, The New Freedom: A Call For the Emancipation of the Generous Energies of a People (Doubleday, Page, & Company, New York and Garden City, 1913), as reprinted by Project Gutenberg, at. This may or may not have been a reference to the Federal Reserve System. I'll have to read the rest of the material.

Now, here is the faked version that I removed from the article (with bolding added by me):

 * "I am a most unhappy man. I have unwittingly ruined my country. A great industrial nation is controlled by its system of credit. Our system of credit is [here, somewhat ironically, this version of the text leaves out the word "privately"] concentrated. The growth of the nation, therefore, and all our activities are in the hands of a few men [here, this version leave out the rest of the sentence -- without showing that text has been omitted] We have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and dominated governments in the civilized world. No longer a government by free opinion, no longer a government by conviction and the vote of the majority, but a government by the opinion and duress of a small group of dominant men."

Thus, the bolded material appears to be fakery (assuming the Project Gutenberg reprint is accurate) or, if it is real, it's taken from some other place in the book (maybe). I need to check and see whether the bolded material is found in another section of the book. To be continued.... Famspear (talk) 17:41, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

OK, the following verbiage is found in a separate place in the book:

 * We have restricted credit, we have restricted opportunity, we have controlled development, and we have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and dominated, governments in the civilized world—no longer a government by free opinion, no longer a government by conviction and the vote of the majority, but a government by the opinion and the duress of small groups of dominant men.

-Stay tuned. Famspear (talk) 17:43, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

OK, as best I can tell, the verbiage that was removed does seem to consist of faked material combined with misquotes. Someone basically took disjointed passages from Woodrow Wilson's book and stuck them together to make it appear that they go together in the original text (which they don't) and also edited the material without showing proper ellipses, and added some faked quotes as well. The offending verbiage has been copied and pasted over and over into Wikipedia from various sources in an attempt to claim that Wilson was talking about the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Reserve Act -- which apparently may not have even existed at the time the material was written. Also, the Wilson book does not even mention the Federal Reserve System or the Federal Reserve Act.

Aside from the fakery, this is an example of why Wikipedia has a rule prohibiting Original Research. Someone has been repeatedly inserting the material to try to say that Wilson was sorry that the Federal Reserve Act was passed. While Wilson may or may not have been sorry about that, the point is that we as Wikipedia editors cannot make that determination. Mangling and chopping up Wilson's own quotations and adding blatantly faked material to try to push the view that Wilson was sorry is simply not acceptable. Either use accurate, properly presented quotations, or find a reliable third party source (not merely a Wikipedia editor) that ACTUALLY CLAIMS that Wilson was sorry that the Federal Reserve Act was passed. Famspear (talk) 17:53, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

Post-script: It does indeed appear that Project Gutenberg would be considered a reliable source for documenting the actual text of the Woodrow Wilson book. Famspear (talk) 21:00, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

Federal Reserve quotes
The Rothschilds "The few who understand the system, will either be so interested from it's profits or so   dependant on it's favors, that there will be no opposition from that class." -- Rothschild Brothers of London, 1863

"Give me control of a nation's money and I care not who makes it's laws" -- Mayer Amschel Bauer Rothschild

Quotes from Senators & Congressmen

"Most Americans have no real understanding of the operation of the international money lenders.      The accounts of the Federal Reserve System have never been audited. It operates outside the     control of Congress and manipulates the credit of the United States" -- Sen. Barry Goldwater (Rep. AZ)

"This [Federal Reserve Act] establishes the most gigantic trust on earth. When the President  [Wilson} signs this bill, the invisible government of the monetary power will be legalized....   the worst legislative crime of the ages is perpetrated by this banking and currency bill." -- Congressman Charles A. Lindbergh, Sr., 1913

"From now on, depressions will be scientifically created." -- Congressman Charles A. Lindbergh Sr., 1913

"The financial system has been turned over to the Federal Reserve Board. That Board asministers   the finance system by authority of  a purely profiteering group. The system is Private, conducted    for the sole purpose of obtaining the greatest possible profits from the use of other people's    money" -- Charles A. Lindbergh Sr., 1923

"The Federal Reserve bank buys government bonds without one penny..." -- Congressman Wright Patman, Congressional Record, Sept 30, 1941

"We have, in this country, one of the most corrupt institutions the world has ever known. I refer to the Federal Reserve Board. This evil institution has impoverished the people of the United States and has practically bankrupted our government. It has done this through the corrupt practices of the moneyed vultures who control it". -- Congressman Louis T. McFadden in 1932 (Rep. Pa)

"The Federal Reserve banks are one of the most corrupt institutions the world has ever seen.   There is not a man within the sound of my voice who does not know that this nation is run by the    International bankers -- Congressman Louis T. McFadden (Rep. Pa)

"Some people think the Federal Reserve Banks are the United States government's institutions.  They are not government institutions. They are private credit monopolies which prey upon the   people of the United States for the benefit of themselves and their foreign swindlers" -- Congressional Record 12595-12603 -- Louis T. McFadden, Chairman of the Committee on Banking and Currency (12 years) June 10, 1932

"I have never seen more Senators express discontent with their jobs....I think the major cause is that, deep down in our hearts, we have been accomplices in doing something terrible and unforgiveable to our wonderful country. Deep down in our heart, we know that we have given our children a legacy of bankruptcy. We have defrauded our country to get ourselves elected." -- John Danforth (R-Mo)

"These 12 corporations together cover the whole country and monopolize and use for private gain every dollar of the public currency..." -- Mr. Crozier of Cincinnati, before Senate Banking and Currency Committee - 1913

"The [Federal Reserve Act] as it stands seems to me to open the way to a vast inflation of the currency... I do not like to think that any law can be passed that will make it possible to submerge the gold standard in a flood of irredeemable paper currency." -- Henry Cabot Lodge Sr., 1913

From the Federal Reserves Own Admissions

"When you or I write a check there must be sufficient funds in out account to cover the check,   but when the Federal Reserve writes a check there is no bank deposit on which that check is      drawn. When the Federal Reserve writes a check, it is creating money." ( "Putting it simply" -- Boston Federal Reserve Bank )

"Neither paper currency nor deposits have value as commodities, intrinsically, a 'dollar' bill is    just a piece of paper. Deposits are merely book entries." -- Modern Money Mechanics Workbook, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 1975

"The Federal Reserve system pays the U.S. Treasury 020.60 per thousand notes --a little over 2 cents each-- without regard to the face value of the note. Federal Reserve Notes, incidently, are the only type of currency now produced for circulation. They are printed exclusively by the Treasury's Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and the $20.60 per thousand price reflects the Bureau's full cost of production. Federal Reserve Notes are printed in 01, 02, 05, 10, 20, 50, and 100 dollar denominations only; notes of 500, 1000, 5000, and 10,000 denominations were last printed in 1945." -- Donald J. Winn, Assistant to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system

"We are completely dependant on the commercial banks. Someone has to borrow every dollar we have in circulation, cash or credit. If the banks create ample synthetic money we are prosperous; if not, we starve. We are absolutely without a permanent money system.... It is the most important subject intelligent persons can investigate and reflect upon. It is so important that our present civilization may collapse unless it becomes widely understood and the defects remedied very soon." --Robert H. Hamphill, Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank

From General Law "The entire taxing and monetary systems are hereby placed under the U.C.C. (Uniform Commercial Code)" -- The Federal Tax Lien Act of 1966

"There is a distinction between a 'debt discharged' and a debt 'paid'. When discharged, the debt still exists though divested of it's charter as a legal obligation during the operation of the discharge, something of the original vitality of the debt continues to exist, which may be transferred, even though the transferee takes it subject to it's disability incident to the discharge." --Stanek vs. White, 172 Minn.390, 215 N.W. 784

"The Federal Reserve Banks are not federal instrumentalities..." -- Lewis vs. United States 9th Circuit 1992

"The regional Federal Reserve banks are not government agencies. ...but are independent, privately owned and locally controlled corporations." -- Lewis vs. United States, 680 F. 2d 1239 9th Circuit 1982

Past Presidents, not including the Founding Fathers

"Whoever controls the volume of money in any country is absolute master of all industry    and commerce." -- James A. Garfield, President of the United States

"A great industrial nation is controlled by it's system of credit. Our system of credit is   concentrated in the hands of a few men. We have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the    most completely controlled and dominated governments in the world--no longer a government of     free opinion, no longer a government by conviction and vote of the majority, but a government     by the opinion and duress of small groups of dominant men." --President Woodrow Wilson

Founding Father's Quotes on Banking (May occur some repeats from "Founding Father's Quotes" / Information tends to converge)

Thomas Jefferson

"I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies.    Already they have raised up a monied aristocracy that has set the government at defiance. The     issuing power (of money) should be taken away from the banks and restored to the people to     whom it properly belongs."--Thomas Jefferson, U.S. President.

Andrew Jackson "If Congress has the right [it doesn't] to issue paper money [currency], it was given to them to   be used by...[the government] and not to be delegated to individuals or corporations" -- President Andrew Jackson, Vetoed Bank Bill of 1836

James Madison

"History records that the money changers have used every form of abuse, intrigue, deceit, and violent means possible to maintain their control over governments by controlling money and it's issuance". -- James Madison

Misc. Sources

"Banks lend by creating credit. They create the means of payment out of nothing" -- Ralph M. Hawtrey, Secretary of the British Treasury

"To expose a 15 Trillion dollar ripoff of the American people by the stockholders of the 1000 largest corporations over the last 100 years will be a tall order of business." -- Buckminster Fuller

"Every Congressman, every Senator knows precisely what causes inflation...but can't, [won't] support the drastic reforms to stop it [repeal of the Federal Reserve Act] because it could cost him his job." -- Robert A. Heinlein, Expanded Universe

"It is well that the people of the nation do not understand our banking and monetary system, for if they did, I believe there would be a revolution before tomorrow morning." -- Henry Ford

"[Every circulating FRN] represents a one dollar debt to the Federal Reserve system." -- Money Facts, House Banking and Currency Committee

"...the increase in the assets of the Federal Reserve banks from 143 million dollars in 1913 to 45 billion dollars in 1949 went directly to the private stockholders of the [federal reserve]   banks." -- Eustace Mullins

"As soon as Mr. Roosevelt took office, the Federal Reserve began to buy government securities    at the rate of ten million dollars a week for 10 weeks, and created one hundred million dollars     in new[checkbook] currency, which alleviated the critical famine of money and credit, and the     factories started hiring people again." -- Eustace Mullins

"Should government refrain from regulation (taxation), the worthlessness of the money becomes    apparent and the fraud can no longer be concealed." -- John Maynard Keynes, "Consequences of Peace."

"Banking was conceived in iniquity and was born in sin. The Bankers own the earth. Take it away  from them, but leave them the power to create deposits, and with the flick of the pen they will   create enough deposits to buy it back again. However, take it away from them, and all the great    fortunes like mine will disappear and they ought to disappear, for this would be a happier and   better world to live in. But, if you wish to remain the slaves of Bankers and pay the cost of your      own slavery, let them continue to create deposits". --- SIR JOSIAH STAMP,(President of the Bank of England in the 1920's,    the second richest man in Britain):

"The modern Banking system manufactures money out of nothing. The process    is perhaps the most astounding piece of sleight of hand that was ever invented. Banks can in     fact inflate, mint and unmint the modern ledger-entry currency".- MAJOR L .L. B. ANGUS:

"While boasting of our noble deeds were careful to conceal the ugly fact that by an iniquitous  money system we have nationalized a system of oppression which, though more refined, is not  less cruel than the old system of chattel slavery. - Horace Greeley

"People who will not turn a shovel full of dirt on the project (Muscle Shoals Dam) nor    contribute a pound of material, will collect more money from the United States than will the     People who supply all the material and do all the work. This is the terrible thing about      interest ...But here is the point: If the Nation can issue a dollar bond it can issue a dollar      bill. The element that makes the bond good makes the bill good also. The difference between the     bond and the bill is that the bond lets the money broker collect twice the amount of the bond     and an addi- tional 20%. Whereas the currency, the honest sort provided by the Constitution pays     nobody but those who contribute in some useful way. It is absurd to say our Country can issue     bonds and cannot issue currency. Both are promises to pay, but one fattens the usurer and the      other helps the People. If the currency issued by the People were no good, then the bonds would be no good, either. It is a terrible situation when the Government, to insure the National Wealth, must go in debt and submit to ruinous interest charges at the hands of men who control the fictitious value of gold. Interest is the invention of Satan". - THOMAS A. EDISON

"By this means government may secretly and unobserved, confiscate the wealth of the people,   and not one man in a million will detect the theft." --John Maynard Keynes (the father of 'Keynesian Economics' which our nation now endures) in his book "THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE PEACE" (1920).

"Capital must protect itself in every way...Debts must be collected and loans and mortgages    foreclosed as soon as possible. When through a process of law the common people have lost their     homes, they will be more tractable and more easily governed by the strong arm of the law applied      by the central power of leading financiers. People without homes will not quarrel with their      leaders. This is well known among our principal men now engaged in forming an imperialism of      capitalism to govern the world. By dividing the people we can get them to expend their energies      in fighting over questions of no importance to us except as teachers of the common herd." -- Taken from the Civil Servants' Year Book, "The Organizer" January 1934.

"The Federal Reserve banks, while not part of the government,..." -- United States budget for 1991 and 1992 part 7, page 10

The Money Power! It is the greatest power on earth; and it is arrayed against Labour. No other power that is or ever was can be named with it...it attacks us through the Press - a monster with a thousand lying tongues, a beast surpassing in foulness any conceived by the mythology that invented dragons, were wolves, harpies, ghouls and vampires. It thunders against us from innumerable platforms and pulpits. The mystic machinery of the churches it turns into an engine of wrath for our destruction. Yes, so far as we are concerned, the headquarters of the Money Power is Britain. But the Money Power is not a British institution; it is cosmopolitan. It is of no nationality, but of all nationalities. It dominates the world. The Money Power has corrupted the faculties of the human soul, and tampered with the sanity of the human intellect... -- Editorial from 1907 edition of The Brisbane Worker (Australia)

...I am convinced that the agreement [Bretton Woods] will enthrone a world dictatorship of private finance more complete and terrible than and Hitlerite dream. It offers no solution of world problems, but quite blatantly sets up controls which will reduce the smaller nations to vassal states and make every government the mouthpiece and tool of International Finance. It will undermine and destroy the democratic institutions of this country - in fact as effectively as ever the Fascist forces could have done - pervert and paganise our Christian ideals; and will undoubtedly present a new menace, endangering world peace. World collaboration of private financial interests can only mean mass unemployment, slavery, misery,degredation and financial destruction. Therefore, as freedom loving Australians we should reject this infamous proposal. -- Labor Minister of Australia, Eddie Ward, during the inception of the World Bank and Bretton Woods, he gave this warning.

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by John Smith (nom de guerre) (talk • contribs) 20:25, 27 March 2007 (UTC).

Dear fellow editors: User John Smith (nom de guerre) apparently inserted much of the above text dump, both here on this talk page and in the article as well. I reverted the text dump in the article. Just on first glance, some of the material is highly questionable. For example, there is a fake "quotation" attributed to the Federal Tax Lien Act of 1966. I know of no such verbiage in the Act.

A few quotations -- that can be verified as accurate -- could certainly be added to the article. The above text dump just about doubled the size of the article in one fell swoop, complete with misspelled words, quotes taken out of context (as in the familiar quotes from the Lewis case) and of course the aforementioned fake quotation attributed to the Tax Lien Act. Yours, Famspear 21:25, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Post-script: It appears this text dump may have been copied and pasted from various web sites, possibly including:

http://www.barefootsworld.net/banking-fed-quotes.html

http://www.kingdomoflight.org/international_conspiracy_exposed-edited.htm

Yours, Famspear 21:38, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Critisisms of the Federal Reserve Act
For the record: Ignoring valid critisism seems to be all the rage these days. I'm surprised that people find it ok to remove all controversy and critisism from certain pages as if the world we live in was devoid of controversy and debate. Democracy _is_ debate. If user Famspear found bona fide faults, inaccuracies etc. Why did he not remove these instead of the entire thing. Where is his documentation of "highly questionable" material after a glance"? I'd like people to put some thinking into what is objective and what is just purely omitting historical events and valid controversy for starters. See Jurgen Habermas on public discourse. I want a serious debate on what goes into Wiki, not a screaming contest on who's the holder of objective truth in historical matters and recording events of great controversy. Why would one Ignore and/or omit the views of people like the twelve years head of the commitee on banking, Edison, Senators and Presidents? This is almost ridiculously POV and biased towards people trying to find both sides of an issue. My post was in good faith that this also would be a goal for wikipedia and wikipedians. Sincerely John Smith (nom de guerre) 23:21, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Dear user John Smith (nom de guerre): I noticed that you posted almost these same comments on the talk page for Federal Reserve System. I have responded on that talk page. Yours, Famspear 03:18, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

The Centrist Ideology of the Media
The problems with wikipedia on controversial issues seem to be that many of the US users and others have a thoroughly conservative view on history as well as economics. In this respect they seem to believe that any attempt at even remotely displaying signs of the actual controversy that has in fact occured throughout the years must be POV. I don't know if this has something to do with the educational system, the US media or just the users of wikipedia, but it creates a huge gap between europeans views of what is a fair and balanced view of history and the US version one meets on wikipedia. No serious debate is generated and there seems to be a grave lack of understanding what the history subject is all about in some cases. Often encyclopedic form is used as an excuse although huge amounts of wiki articles on current entertainment industry pieces are far more extensive and cover several scores of pages and references and supplimentary pages.

One media analyst summed it up in this fashion in his article "Propaganda from the Middle of the Road" The Centrist Ideology of the News Media

"Another hallmark of centrist propaganda is to affirm, no matter what the evidence, that U.S. foreign policy is geared toward promoting democracy. Journalists are not unaware that the U.S. helped overthrow democratic governments, for example, in Guatemala in '54, Brazil in '64, Chile in '73 -- but these cases are considered ancient history, no longer relevant. (In centrist ideology, since the system is constantly fixing and renewing itself, U.S. abuses -- even against democracy -- become distant past overnight.)

'''Mainstream journalists respond to such criticism by explaining that articles for the daily press are not history texts and cannot include everything. That's true, but centrist propaganda finds space for certain histories and not others.'''

from a www.fair.org article by Jeff Cohen

from http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1492

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Nunamiut (talk • contribs) (on 1 April 2007)

By the ballz
They've got the U.S by the balls —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.12.94.17 (talk) 08:35, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

An Aftermath/Consequences Section?
Apparently there are a good number of people who thought that it led directly to the Great Depression. Anyone with knowledge about the aftermath want to include a section in the article about it? I think it's apt. Seems strange to be missing that kind of section. 24.174.82.195 (talk) 09:28, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

 * They are mostly blamed for their inaction.They were supposed to expand the money supply by releasing banks reserves to them and ending the runs(line ups of people demanding their money from a bank due to the believe the bank may become insolvent and default on liabilities)but they didn't and banks went under.

federal reserve act charter?
i want to know that whether the federal reserve act has a secret charter like the other 2 central banking acts?.

jekyll island
the birth of the federal reserve. its documented. w —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.248.197.90 (talk) 15:44, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * It's actually not documented.At least not by anybody who is worth believing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.72.147.226 (talk) 23:21, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Is the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis worth believing? [[The Jekyll Island Expedition:[] Scroll down to The Jekyll Island Expedition if you don't want to read the whole thing. Fafyrd (talk) 00:04, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

Owen-Glass background
Why no explicit explanation(!) of the background for the use of the name Owen-Glass act at the time? Nunamiut (talk) 22:57, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

telling somthing about federal reserve
there is no dought about what is ctually behand the creation of federal reserve that was the fear of centrlized power in the goverment of unated state there fore we can't egnor that

How the bill was passed by only three Senators
According to Money Masters http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-515319560256183936, the Federal Reserve Act passed the House of Representatives but it had issues passing the Senate. The video claims that according to the Senate journal(citation needed)while the majority of the Senate was on vacation, the Senate failed to issue some weird Latin phrase that adjourns the Senate so it was officially still in session and that the bill was passed unanimously by only three senators. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.240.53.163 (talk) 02:02, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

Yes, the "Money Masters" video is not a reliable source. 98.197.0.89 (talk) 03:31, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

 * The Federal Reserve Act passed the Senate by a vote of 43 to 25, so 68 Senators voted on it, not 3. More than 20 Senators had already left town for Christmas recess, but it didn't matter, because they knew it was not a close vote. Just four days earlier, the Senate had passed an earlier version of the bill by a margin of 54 to 34, so supporters of the bill had an absolute majority in the Senate. Since the versions of the bill passed by House and Senate differed, a compromise version had to be worked out in a conference committee. There are many other mistakes in The Money Masters, so don't believe everything it says. —KHirsch (talk) 14:09, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

Modified material
An anon added this material:

 * However, controversy still remains regarding the Act, with detractors pointing out that since the power to coin money being restricted to the Congress is an article of the constitution (Article 8), Congress cannot simply give away this privilege with a simple Federal Act no matter how big a majority passes it. Such a change would require a Constitutional amendment, which would require ratification by 75% of the states, a procedure that was never followed.

First, there is no such thing as "Article 8" of the Constitution. There is an Eighth Amendment, sometimes called an "eighth article of amendment," but that's not what the author of the material was referencing,

Second, the author provided links to the Constitution itself. Those kinds of links do not really constitute proper referencing for showing that there is a criticism of the Federal Reserve Act. The citation needs to be made to the material, if any, that states the criticism, not to the text of the Constitution.

Third, printing paper currency is not "coining money." Federal Reserve notes are not "coins." (This point really goes to the illogical and erroneous nature of the criticism.)

Fourth, it's not necessary to go into an explanation of the ratification process or into a description of what percentage of states must ratify a constitutional amendment, merely to describe a criticism of the Federal Reserve Act.

There are indeed criticisms of the Federal Reserve Act of this particular kind -- it's just that the material isn't properly referenced. I'm leaving it in the article, in modified form, but with citation tags. We can find citations later. Famspear (talk) 18:21, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

Section 13 (b)
I was surprised not to find coverage of that section of the Federal Reserve Act, which i guess permits FRB to lend money to almost anyone when it will stop a real financial disaster! --Jerzy•t 08:41, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

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Images/documents
Hello, just added link to FR page of Wikimedia and Wikidata (Federal Reserve Act (Q2982567)) if anyone wants to add images/docs. ovA_165443 (talk) 16:22, 7 March 2022 (UTC)

Price Fixing
By definition, a free market is one free from any kind of coordinated price setting. When the Federal Reserve sets the cost of everyone's capital, as it now routinely does, it violates the basic tenents of a truly free market. By artificially and arbitrarily setting interest rates, the Federal Reserve is just another OPEC, just another price fixing organization. OPEC benefits their oil producing member nations. The Federal Reserve benefits Wall Street firms and banks, who because of the Federal Reserve have ready access to all the cheap money they need or want to ensure that they can much more easily make money. Cheap money is the fuel of Wall Street. Without it, Wall Street firms wouldn't do nearly as many deals. But artificially cheap money is devastating to savers, particularly senior citizens. Artificially cheap money also encourages investors to invest in riskier and riskier investments, which Wall Street firms are in the business of creating, and profit handsomely from. The Federal Reserve rate setting benefits Wall Street firms and encourages speculation and risky behavior. The free market would be well able to set interest rates, as it sets the price of every other asset. But the rates set in the free market wouldn't be as friendly to Wall Street firms voracious desire for cheap money. Hence we're stuck with the Federal Reserve, like we're stuck with OPEC. Actually, the Federal Reserve is stronger than OPEC. Americans would be better off without both of them. 70.177.174.240 (talk) 02:08, 24 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Federal Reserve Act


text:
Bukit Timah

Bukit Timah, often abbreviated as Bt Timah, is a planning area and residential estate located in the westernmost part of the Central Region of Singapore. Bukit Timah lies roughly 10 km from the Central Business District, bordering the Central Water Catchment to the north, Bukit Panjang to the northwest, Queenstown to the south, Tanglin to the southeast, Clementi to the southwest, Novena to the east and Bukit Batok to the west.

Owing to its prime location, Bukit Timah has some of the densest clusters of luxury condominiums and landed property in the city, with very few public housing.

Etymology
The last identification of the area was on the 1828 map by Frankin and Jackson and was noted as Bukit Timah. As the interior of Singapore was not fully explored, it is likely the name came from the Malays.

In Malay, Bukit Timah meant Tin bearing hill. The original Malay name was Bukit Temak, meaning "hill of the temak trees" as the temak trees were abundant in the area. It was possible that the British in Singapore had mispronounced or misheard and became Bukit Timah.

History
Bukit Timah Road, was completed in 1843 to provide a link to the highest point of Singapore, the Bukit Timah Hill. The road was then extended northwards to Kranji in 1845, making it one of the earliest roads connecting the north to the south.

The Bukit Timah railway station (BRTS) was one of the five Singapore-Kranji railway stations opened in 1905, the first railway of Singapore. BRTS was decommissioned in July 2011 together with Tanjong Pagar railway station. Sections of the former railway station have been repurposed as a community space, and is now part of the Rail Corridor.

Bukit Timah was a major battleground during the final stages of the Japanese Invasion in 1942, where the Battle of Bukit Timah was fought. The battle resulted in the fall of Bukit Timah to the Japanese as British had failed to repel the invaders from the area.

Beauty World was formerly named Tai Tong Ah Sai Kai which was founded as an amusement park during the Japanese Occupation. Following the end of occupation, Tai Tong Ah Sai Kai was renamed Beauty World in 1947 and reopened as a market. After being badly damaged by series of fires in the 1970s, Beauty World was acquired by the government and was redeveloped as a shopping centre, which opened in 1984.

Infrastructure
The Bukit Timah area is a particularly prominent location with high land value.

The Bukit Timah Race Course, a thoroughbred horse racing facility, was opened in 1933 and operated until 1999. The land has since been renovated, and is currently home to The Grandstand, which hosts several food outlets, childcare services and a Giant supermarket.

The nearby area hosts many bungalows, typically expensive in land-scarce Singapore, as well as high rise condominiums. Many expatriates and well-heeled Singaporeans live in this region. Its main attractions include popular eateries at Sixth Avenue, as well as Turf City.

This region was later extended and Upper Bukit Timah (District 21) was formed.

Mass Rapid Transit
There are 7 MRT stations within the planning area, spanning 2 lines, the Downtown Line and Circle Line. Stage 2 of the Downtown MRT line train service started on 27 December 2015 and parallels the Bukit Timah Road. It connects Bukit Panjang in the North-Western edge of Bukit Timah to the city centre in the South. Both lines have an interchange station at Botanic Gardens MRT station. The 6 other stations are:

 * Beauty World
 * King Albert Park
 * Sixth Avenue
 * Tan Kah Kee
 * Farrer Road
 * Holland Village

Education
Bukit Timah is known to having many international schools in the region, due to the high number of expatriates and immigrants living in this region.

Primary schools

 * Bukit Timah Primary School
 * Henry Park Primary School
 * Methodist Girls' School (Primary)
 * Nanyang Primary School
 * Pei Hwa Presbyterian Primary School
 * Raffles Girls' Primary School

Secondary schools

 * Anglo Chinese School*
 * St Joseph's Institution
 * Singapore Chinese Girls School*
 * Hwa Chong Institution
 * Methodist Girls' School (Secondary)
 * Nanyang Girls' High School
 * National Junior College
 * St. Margaret's Secondary School
 * Assumption English School
 * Assumption Pathway School

Tertiary Institutions

 * Hwa Chong Institution
 * National Junior College
 * St Joseph's Institution
 * Ngee Ann Polytechnic
 * Singapore University of Social Sciences

Other schools

 * Chatsworth International School
 * DIMENSIONS International College (Bukit Timah Campus)
 * Holland International School
 * Hwa Chong International School
 * St Francis Methodist School
 * Singapore Korean International School
 * Swiss School in Singapore

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bukit Timah


text:
Viceregal consort of Canada

The viceregal consort of Canada is the spouse of the serving governor general of Canada, assisting the viceroy with ceremonial and charitable work, accompanying him or her to official state occasions, and occasionally undertaking philanthropic work of their own. As the host/hostess of the royal and viceroyal residence in Ottawa, the consort, if female, is also known as the chatelaine of Rideau Hall. This individual, who ranks third in the Canadian order of precedence, after the Canadian monarch and the governor general, is addressed as His or Her Excellency while their spouse is in office, and is made ex officio an Extraordinary Companion (Compagnon Extraordinaire) of the Order of Canada and a Knight or Dame of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem.

The present viceregal consort is Whit Fraser, the husband of Governor General Mary Simon, who took office on July 26, 2021.

Role
The position of the viceregal consort carries no official duties and receives no salary. However, consorts have held and do hold a prominent and visible position in the Canadian affairs of state, taking part in official occasions, such as the speech from the throne and Order of Canada investitures, and national celebrations, such as Canada Day events on Parliament Hill, as well as both welcoming foreign dignitaries to Canada and accompanying the governor general on state visits abroad. These practices evolved from the original role as the hostess of the royal and viceroyal residences in Ottawa (Rideau Hall) and Quebec City (La Citadelle), a tradition maintained only by female viceregal consorts, who oversee the planning of ceremonies and functions of state that take place at either of the official residences.

Over the course of the 20th century, it became increasingly common for viceregal consorts to select and pursue on their own initiative various charitable projects. Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, whose husband served as governor general during the Second World War, volunteered her time to the war effort in Canada, especially women's organisations such as the Royal Canadian Air Force Women's Division. The activities chosen are typically apolitical and non-divisive. However, some consorts have stirred controversy through their work; Jean-Daniel Lafond, who promoted Canadian art—film in particular—and involved himself in the Francophone community, made a documentary while viceregal consort that attracted criticism from the National Post that Lafond had shown strong anti-Americanism and had been sympathetic to an admitted assassin.

Only once has the title of Chatelaine of Rideau Hall been held by someone who was not the spouse of the governor general—as Vincent Massey was a widower, his daughter-in-law, Lilias Massey, held the title and performed the official duties of the chatelaine. Unlike a viceregal consort, however, Lilias Massey was not addressed as Her Excellency.

Canadian institutions established by viceregal consorts

 * Lady Stanley Institute for Trained Nurses – The Countess of Derby
 * Ottawa Maternity Hospital – The Marchioness of Aberdeen
 * Victorian Order of Nurses – The Marchioness of Aberdeen
 * Lady Minto Hospital – The Countess of Minto

title: Viceregal consort of Canada


text:
Getz/Gilberto

Getz/Gilberto is an album by American saxophonist Stan Getz and Brazilian guitarist João Gilberto, featuring pianist and composer Antônio Carlos Jobim (Tom Jobim), who also composed many of the tracks. It was released in March 1964 by Verve Records. The album features the vocals of Astrud Gilberto on two tracks, "Garota de Ipanema" ("The Girl from Ipanema") and "Corcovado". The artwork was done by artist Olga Albizu. Getz/Gilberto is a jazz and bossa nova album and includes tracks such as "Desafinado", "Corcovado", and "Garota de Ipanema". The last received a Grammy Award for Record of the Year and started Astrud Gilberto's career. "Doralice" and "Para Machucar Meu Coração" strengthened Gilberto's and Jobim's respect for the tradition of pre-bossa nova samba.

Getz/Gilberto is considered the record that popularized bossa nova worldwide and is one of the best-selling jazz albums of all time, selling over one million copies. It was included in Rolling Stones and Vibes lists of best albums of all time. Getz/Gilberto was widely acclaimed by music critics, who praised Gilberto's vocals and the album's bossa nova groove and minimalism. Getz/Gilberto received Grammy Awards for Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group and Best Engineered Recording - Non-Classical; it also became the first non-American album to win Album of the Year, in 1965.

Background
Bossa nova was introduced in 1958, with the song "Chega de Saudade" ("No More Blues"), sung by Elizeth Cardoso on her album Canção do Amor Demais. Arranged by Jobim and Gilberto, with lyrics by Vinícius de Moraes, the song received both praise and criticism for rhythmic and harmonic elements that were uncommon for samba. Gilberto played acoustic guitar on another track, "Outra Vez", composed by Jobim. A few months later, Gilberto recorded his first single, "Chega de Saudade"/"Bim-Bom", the latter his composition. The single helped define música popular brasileira. This would lead to his debut album, Chega de Saudade (1959).

Jazz was suffering a commercial and artistic crisis due to the popularity of rock and roll. In 1961, Tony Bennett made a trip to Brazil with bassist Don Payne, and both became familiar with modern Brazilian popular music. Payne took home numerous Brazilian records when he returned to United States; he then showed them to his friend and neighbor Stan Getz. Getz was excited about the sound of bossa nova and released two albums: Jazz Samba and Big Band Bossa Nova, both in 1962. Bossa nova became so popular that the title Big Band Bossa Nova was used for three other 1962 albums: by Quincy Jones, Oscar Castro-Neves, and Enoch Light.

Jazz Samba with Charlie Byrd sold a million copies and received positive reviews in United States. However, the record labels' rush to exploit the new Brazilian sound led to musicians introducing errors in melody and harmony in the music. For example, the sheet music of "Desafinado" as published in The New Real Book (1995)—a compilation of jazz and bossa nova songs—is the Charlie Byrd version from Jazz Samba, which contains many errors. There was a third Getz release, Jazz Samba Encore!, featuring Brazilian singer and guitarist Luiz Bonfá. The album sold well, but the "trilogy" did not satisfy the producers commercially to compete with Elvis Presley, Bobby Darin, Pat Boone, and Henry Mancini.

On November 21, 1962, the first North American concert of Bossa Nova – the New Brazilian Jazz – was presented at Carnegie Hall by João Gilberto, Tom Jobim, Bonfá, Roberto Menescal and Sérgio Mendes among others. According to critic Liliana Harb Bollos, the goal of this concert was to "spread música popular brasileira in the capital of jazz". By this time bossa nova had declined in Brazil, but continued to enjoy popularity in other countries. After the Carnegie Hall concert, record producer Creed Taylor wanted Jobim and Gilberto to meet Getz for an "historical documentation" of the genre's style. This happened in 1963 with Getz/Gilberto, released five years after the birth of bossa nova in Brazil.

Recording and composition
The recording sessions commenced on March 18, 1963, at A&R Recording Studios in New York City and were completed on the following day. Phil Ramone, who owned A&R Recording Studios, was the album's sound engineer. Produced by Creed Taylor, the album was released by Verve Records. The rhythm section backing Getz was Jobim on piano, Sebastião Neto (pt) on bass and Milton Banana on drums. (Neto was not credited after being hired by another record label, Audio Fidelity. As a result, the double bassist credited on Getz/Gilberto is Tommy Williams, Getz's regular bassist. Williams, however, did not perform at the recording sessions.)

Astrud Gilberto, who had never sung professionally before was featured on two tracks, "The Girl from Ipanema" and "Corcovado (Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars)". Like João Gilberto, Astrud Gilberto has a quiet, almost whispered vocal style which would become an important influence on female vocalists in bossa nova. On João Gilberto's first three albums—Chega de Saudade, O Amor, o Sorriso e a Flor (1960) and João Gilberto (1961)—the vibrato in his voice is not entirely absent as it is on Getz/Gilberto.

Stylistic features of bossa nova such as restraint and lyrical objectivity are further developed in Getz/Gilberto building on Gilberto's previous albums. Jobim's piano performance is minimalist, contributing only what is needed. Besides playing piano, Jobim was also responsible for some of the arrangements and co-wrote nearly all of the songs except "Doralice" and "Pra Machucar Meu Coração", both old sambas, which are more polished and serious in Gilberto's version. All the other songs are compositions by Jobim and Vinicius de Moraes ("The Girl from Ipanema", "Só Danço Samba" and "O Grande Amor") and Jobim and Newton Mendonça (in "Desafinado"). "Corcovado (Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars)" and "Vivo Sonhando" were composed solely by Jobim.

According to Ruy Castro, Gilberto and Getz often disagreed on which was the best take, leaving the choice to producer Creed Taylor. During one session, Gilberto, who did not speak English, and impatient with Getz's rhythmic style, told Antônio Carlos Jobim: "Tell this gringo he is an idiot". Jobim then translated: "Stan, João is saying that his dream always was to record with you". Getz's harder approach to the music did not please Gilberto who preferred a more delicate style. Due to these artistic differences, Getz/Gilberto #2 features Getz and his quartet on side A, and Gilberto, by himself, on side B. In spite of the tension in the studio Gilberto would continue to collaborate with Getz. Twelve years after the release of Getz/Gilberto the pair reunited at the Keystone Korner club in San Francisco for a six-day engagement promoting their new album, The Best of Two Worlds.

Gene Lees wrote the English lyrics for "Corcovado". Norman Gimbel, who wrote the English lyrics for "Garota de Ipanema", felt that the reference to "Ipanema" wouldn't mean anything to Americans but Jobim insisted on keeping the reference to the beach. Producer Taylor shelved the project for nearly a year because he was afraid the record might be a commercial failure. As a consequence, Getz/Gilberto was finally released in March 1964.

Artwork
The artwork featured on the cover of the album is the work of Puerto Rican artist Olga Albizu. An abstract expressionist plastic artist, she also designed the covers of several other bossa nova albums by Getz.

Susan Noye Platt, art critic and historian, wrote about Albizu's relationship with bossa nova:

"There is a controlled and subtle sensuality to her [Albizu's] work, that speaks of hidden layers of emotion, rather than letting everything appear on the surface to be consumed. In the case of Albizu, the connection to music, and particularly bossa nova, as well as her exposure to Hans Hofmann's ideas of "push and pull", allows for the work to exist without other reference points. The colors do indeed move like large full sounds, a connection that takes us all the way back to Kandinsky."

Reception
The album won the 1965 Grammy Awards for Best Album of the Year, Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group and Best Engineered Recording - Non-Classical. "The Girl from Ipanema" also won the award for Record of the Year in 1965. This was the first time a jazz album received Album of the Year.

JazzTimes declared it, "essential for all serious jazz collections...served as proof that it is possible for music to be both artistically and commercially successful...this relatively sparse setting with the great Getz perfectly fit the music, resulting in a true gem." Vibe listed it as one of the 100 Essential Albums of the 20th Century. In 2012, Rolling Stone ranked the album number 447 on its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. It was listed by Rolling Stone Brazil as one of the 100 best Brazilian albums in history. The album was inducted into the Latin Grammy Hall of Fame in 2001.

The album was included in Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Personnel

 * Stan Getz – tenor saxophone
 * João Gilberto – guitar, vocals
 * Antônio Carlos Jobim – piano
 * Sebastião Neto – double bass
 * Milton Banana – drums, pandeiro
 * Astrud Gilberto – vocals on "The Girl from Ipanema", "Corcovado", "The Girl from Ipanema" (45 rpm issue) and "Corcovado" (45 rpm issue)

Reissues incorrectly list Tommy Williams as bassist.

title: Getz/Gilberto


text:
File:Getz-gilberto.jpg

Summary
Getz/Gilberto album cover

title: File:Getz-gilberto.jpg


text: Category:History of Prussia

title: Category:History of Prussia


text:
Talk:The Killers (Hemingway short story)

Untitled
This articles was listed on Votes for deletion, and the consensus was keep: see Votes for deletion/The Killers (Hemingway)

To me some elements of the story appear to be picked up in Tarantino's "Pulp Fiction": The two eloquent Killers (Vincent Vega/Jules Winnfield) seeking to kill a boxer (Butch Coolidge). The Pulp Fiction articles doesn't say anything about that though. --82.83.129.144 14:18, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

I read that the band "The Killer's" were named after a fictional band from a music video. And the Wiki-article "confirms" this: "a name which comes from the bass drum of a band in a New Order video for their song "Crystal"." The_Killers_(band) --82.83.129.144 14:26, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

This article needs cleaning up by someone trained in literary analysis. The section entitled "Errors within the story" is fairly incoherent.

I agree. Most of those "errors" aren't errors at all. The entire section needs to be deleted or reconfigured under a different heading. --Kbrewer36 (talk) 20:59, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

This was not Hemingway's first published short story. His entire collection, "In Our Time," was published in 1925. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cyberwilliams (talk • contribs) 01:16, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

The story first appeared to the public in 4008??? Tgcnow (talk) 02:57, 5 October 2010 (UTC)


text:
File:Little Feat - Sailin' Shoes.jpg

Licensing
Little Feat - Sailin' Shoes album cover

title: File:Little Feat - Sailin' Shoes.jpg


text:
Charles Frederick Hughes

Charles Frederick Hughes (14 October 1866 – 28 May 1934) was an admiral in the United States Navy who served as Chief of Naval Operations from 1927 to 1930.

Early life
Born in Bath, Maine, Hughes was appointed to the United States Naval Academy in 1884. Upon graduation on 8 June 1888, he went to the Fleet for the customary two years at sea preceding a commission as an ensign. He received that commission on 1 July 1890, and was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on 27 April 1898.

Naval career
During the Spanish–American War, Hughes fought in Commodore George Dewey's Asiatic Squadron. He was promoted to lieutenant on 3 March 1899. While serving ashore at the Bureau of Equipment from 1904 to 1906, he was promoted to lieutenant commander on 1 July 1905. During a tour of duty as recorder for the Board of Inspection and Survey between 1909 and 1911, he was promoted to commander.

Hughes assumed command of USS Birmingham (CL-2) (Scout Cruiser No. 2) in 1911 and plied the troubled waters along the Mexican gulf coast in that ship and, later, in command of USS Des Moines (C-15) (Cruiser No. 15). In 1913, Hughes became chief of staff to the Commander, Atlantic Fleet, and served in that capacity during the occupation of Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico, in the spring of 1914. Promoted to captain on 10 July 1914, he returned to shore duty later that year to serve with the General Board. Hughes took command of USS New York (BB-34) (Battleship No. 34) in October 1916. His ship served in the American battleship squadron that operated with the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands through World War I.

Hughes left New York just before the Armistice. On 10 October 1918, he was promoted to rear admiral. His first assignment as a flag officer was as commandant at the Philadelphia Navy Yard from late 1918 to 1920. Between 1920 and 1921, Hughes was Commander, 2d Battleship Squadron, Atlantic Fleet. From the latter part of 1921 to 25 June 1923 he commanded Divisions 7 and 4 of the Battle Fleet. Coming ashore again in 1923, he became President of the Naval War College at Newport, Rhode Island, on 1 July. A year later, Hughes moved to the job of Director of Fleet Training.

That assignment lasted until 10 October 1925. Soon thereafter, Hughes was appointed Commander in Chief, Battle Fleet. On 14 November 1927 Admiral Hughes became the fourth person to occupy the office of Chief of Naval Operations. He completed his tour of duty in that post on 11 September 1930 and, on 14 October 1930, retired to his home in Chevy Chase, Maryland. He died in 1934 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

USS Charles F. Hughes (DD-428) and USS Admiral C. F. Hughes (AP-124) were named in his honor.

title: Charles Frederick Hughes


text:
Wikipedia talk:Non-admin protection

I actually find this is a really good suggestion. A lot of the time protection can be overkill as most parties are rational enough to agree to a cease-fire. Although I think a problem with it is that most people engaging in an editing war don't engage in rational discourse until after the page is protected and there's no other real option. In cases when they do it seems like a pretty sensible idea. Sarge Baldy 02:14, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * That's the hope. V V 05:30, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I like the idea. -- AllyUnion (talk) 22:37, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I like the idea, but hate the tag name — the last thing we need is more bizarre jargon. I'm not sure what is better, but I might suggest something like or. Deco 18:39, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I propose to place this proposal to a vote. -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:39, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Voting
Moved to Non-admin protection/Vote
 * I like It, Too bad i missed the Poll--E-Bod 04:20, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Policy?
How is this a suggestion for a new policy? This has absolutely nothing to do with administrating anything; in fact, the whole idea revolves around a move away from administrative policy and into utilizing a more civil solution. I don't think VeryVerily was suggesting this to be a policy, and, in fact, when voting took place over it he had not been present on Wikipedia for some time. It only became a policy suggestion when AllyUnion put forth a vote on it; prior to that it was an unofficial means for not having to resort to official policy. This is a vote which, for the record, I see making about as much sense as attempting to pass legislation to create an anarchy. Having not been intended to be a policy at all I have retracted this from "Wikipedia rejected policies" and placed it back into "Wikipedia dispute resolution" (where other related non-policy measures have been relocated, including Truce). I don't see that there was a failed vote on the suggestion as meaning anything, since it was never intended for a vote to begin with. I'm not attempting in anyway to create an "edit war", and will, if people feel otherwise, be happy to further contest the matter. Sarge Baldy 18:36, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems a reasonable practice and message, what is so wrong about this that it should be considered historic, and the template should not exist? --Mysidia (talk) 04:29, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed, and I'm all for reviving it. This was never intended as official policy, and I see no reason to prevent users from using it. Sarge Baldy 04:40, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

I dislike this proposal because it involves yet another housekeeping template for articles themselves. We already have too many. There is nothing about this technique that cannot be accomplished better on talk pages of the affected article or the talk pages of the users involved. Finally, there are often more than two editors involved in a page, and there is no reason other editors should have to discontinue participation. This proposal predates the 3RR, which is another means of addressing the same problem. Finally, the idea with protection is that it is supposed to be applied by an editor uninvolved in the topic, while this proposal seems to support "pseudoprotection" to be applied by those involved directly in an edit war. The Uninvited Co., Inc. 07:16, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Non-admin protection


text:
Ben Selvin

Benjamin Bernard Selvin (March 5, 1898 – July 15, 1980) was an American musician, bandleader, and record producer. He was known as the Dean of Recorded Music.

According to The Guinness Book of World Records, Selvin recorded more musical sides (on 78-rpm discs) than any other person. One reason for this prolific output is that he recorded for dozens of different record labels during this productive time in the industry, using a different name for each label. His output has been estimated at 13,000 to 20,000 song titles.

Biography and career
Selvin was born in New York City, United States, the son of Jewish Russian immigrants. He started his professional life at age 15 as a fiddle player in New York City night clubs. Six years later, as leader of his own dance band, the Novelty Orchestra, he released what was later alleged to be the biggest-selling popular song in the first quarter-century of recorded music. "Dardanella" allegedly sold more than six million copies and an additional million pieces of sheet music—although in a joint interview with Gustave Haenschen, founding director of popular-music releases at Brunswick Records, Selvin described the alleged record-sales total as “nonsensical” and said the actual sales of “Dardanella” and other purported “million-sellers” in the 1920s was 150,000 discs. He was awarded a gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) that was presented to Selvin on his retirement on March 14, 1963.

Early career (1919–1927)
Selvin started recording for Victor in 1919. He proceeded to record for almost all record companies at the time including Paramount, OKeh, Emerson, Lyric, Arto, Cardinal, Vocalion, Pathe, Federal, Brunswick, Grey Gull, Banner (and the related dime store labels), and Columbia. From 1922 to 1925, over half of his records were on Vocalion, but he apparently did not have an exclusive contract with any of these labels until he signed with Columbia in 1927.

Columbia
From 1927 to 1934 Selvin was artists and repertoire (A&R) director for Columbia Records, where his many productions included musicians Mannie Klein, Benny Goodman, Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy Dorsey, Joe Venuti, Eddie Lang, and Bunny Berigan. Many of these recordings are collectable and prized (especially those recorded in 1931–1934).

There were incorrect reports that Ben Selvin's Band played under the name "Perley Stevens and his Orchestra". Perley Stevens occasionally played with Ben Selvin's Band and many others, including Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey Orchestras and Paul Whiteman's Band. During the Columbia era, Selvin recorded under many different names (for Columbia, OKeh, Odeon, Parlophone, Harmony, Diva, Velvet Tone, and Clarion) including:

 * The Broadway Nitelites
 * The Knickerbockers
 * The Columbians
 * The Cavaliers
 * The Radiolites
 * Barney Trimble and his Oklahomans
 * Jerry Mason and his Californians
 * The Harmonians
 * Rudy Marlow and his Orchestra
 * Columbia Photo Players
 * Frank Auburn and his Orchestra
 * Kolster Dance Orchestra
 * Lloyd Keating and his Music
 * Earl Marlow and his Orchestra
 * Ed Loyd and his Orchestra
 * Ray Seeley and his Orchestra
 * Sam Nash and his Orchestra
 * Mickie Alpert and his Orchestra
 * Johnny Walker and his Orchestra
 * Chester Leighton and his Sophomores
 * Wally Edwards and his Orchestra
 * Roy Carroll and his Sands Point Orchestra
 * Buddy Campbell and his Orchestra
 * Golden Terrace Orchestra
 * Bar Harbor Society Orchestra
 * Ted Raph and his Orchestra
 * Georgia Moonlight Serenaders
 * Cloverdale Country Club Orchestra
 * Ed Parker and his Orchestra
 * Jerry Fenwyck and his Orchestra

After Columbia
Under his own name, Selvin had accepted an exclusive contract to Brunswick Records when the company’s management decided to venture into radio with “The Brunswick Hour”, under the direction of Gus Haenschen. When it became clear to Brunswick’s management that an urgent need existed for pre-recorded music programming for smaller radio stations unable to afford their own orchestras, Brunswick’s general manager William A. Brophy agreed with the recommendations of his assistant secretary Percy L. Deutsch, popular-music director Haenschen, and arranger-conductor Frank Black to develop a library of high-quality recorded music for leasing to smaller radio stations. The new venture was called the World Broadcasting System, with newly-constructed recording facilities in Manhattan called Sound Studios, Inc. Haenschen persuaded Selvin to leave Brunswick to accept an offer from Columbia Records to become the company’s Artists and Repertoire director while also serving as a silent partner in the World Broadcasting venture.

Selvin, who was known for his ability to write orchestral arrangements rapidly and to oversee multiple recording sessions, became a central figure in the success of World Broadcasting. His experience there led him to play a founding role in Muzak in the 1930s. In 1934 he was named Vice President of programming at Muzak in New York City. He was musical director of Majestic Records beginning in 1947. At Columbia Records as A&R director and then vice-president, Selvin was in charge of the recordings of Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Dinah Shore and Buddy Clark in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

In 1953, Selvin left his post as general manager in the Southern Music Publishing Co. and emerged as an A&R director at RCA Victor in charge of the company's popular Camden Records label as well as its RCA Thesaurus electrical transcriptions library. Subsequently, he served as the musical director for a recording in 1954 with John Serry Sr. for RCA Thesaurus. In 1954 Selvin also recruited another artist from the realm of easy listening music for the RCA Thesaurus library - George Melachrino. In 1956 he served once again as musical director with Serry for another swing jazz album at Dot Records (See Squeeze Play). As the decade came to a close, Selvin continued to expand the content of the RCA Thesaurus musical library by recruiting several orchestra leaders from the Big Band era including: Sammy Kaye, Freddie Martin and Lawrence Welk. An agreement with the JATP impresario Norman Granz was also signed at this time which enabled Selvin to showcase performances by leading soloists from the realm of Jazz including: Count Basie, Roy Eldridge, Ella Fitzgerald, Stan Getz, Gene Krupa, Oscar Peterson and Art Tatum.

After retirement, he became a consultant to 3M, helping them make the transition from vinyl records to audio cassettes. He also served as a musical consultant to Top of the Fair venue at the New York World's Fair in 1964.

Death
Selvin died at his home at 112 Reni Road in Flower Hill, New York, on July 15, 1980. He was 82-years-old at the time of his death, which had been caused by a heart attack.

Honours
The Guinness Book of World Records states that Ben Selvin made a record 9,000 recordings as either a bandleader, violinist or recording manager from 1919 to 1966. The cumulative output of recorded songs credited to him over the decades has been estimated to total between 13,000-20,000 different titles. In recognition of his achievements, Selvin was awarded a gold disk by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 1963.

Selected discography
Popular recordings from Selvin's extensive discography include:

 * "The Original Charleston" (the Columbia 78rpm version)
 * The Knickerbockers (Ben Selvin & His Orch.)
 * NYC – Apr. 10th, 1925
 * Voc. vocal breaks by Ben Selvin
 * Columbia 355–D, mx.140514–1

 * "Margie"
 * Selvin's Novelty Orchestra
 * NYC – Nov., 1920
 * Voc. Arthur Hall
 * Grey Gull L–1036–(a), mx.J–3–10

 * "So This Is Venice"
 * Ben Selvin & His Moulin Rouge Orchestra
 * NYC – Dec., 1923
 * Voc. Irving Kaufman
 * Vocalion A–14757, mx.12641

 * "Steppin' in Society" (the Columbia 78 rpm version)
 * The Knickerbockers
 * NYC – May 26th, 1925
 * Columbia 391–D, mx.W–140623–2

 * "We'll Have a New Home (In the Morning)"
 * Ben Selvin & His Orchestra
 * NYC – Dec. 28th, 1927
 * Vocs. unidentified trio
 * Columbia 1274–D, mx.W–145445

 * "Happy Days Are Here Again"
 * Annette Hanshaw
 * (Ben Selvin & His Orchestra – vocs. Annette Hanshaw & The Rollickers)
 * NYC – Feb. 11th, 1930
 * Diva Records 3106–G; Harmony 1106–H; Velvet Tone 2106–V

 * "Dardanella"
 * (Felix Bernard – Johnny S. Black)
 * (Six-million seller – No. 1 hit for 13 weeks, 24 in charts)
 * Selvin's Novelty Orchestra
 * NYC – Nov. 20th, 1919
 * Victor 18633–A, mx.23344–3

 * "I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles"
 * (John Kellette – Jaan Kenbrovin)
 * (No. 1 hit for 4 weeks)
 * Selvin's Novelty Orchestra
 * NYC – Jul. 31st, 1919
 * Victor 18603–A, mx.B–22966–6

 * "Manhattan"
 * (Richard Rodgers – Lorenz Hart)
 * (No. 1 hit for 4 weeks)
 * The Knickerbockers
 * NYC – Jul. 15th, 1925
 * Columbia 422–D, mx.W–140765

 * "Sentimental Me"
 * (Richard Rodgers – Lorenz Hart)
 * (No. 2 hit)
 * The Knickerbockers
 * NYC – Jul. 15th, 1925
 * Columbia 422–D, mx.W–140766

 * "I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby"
 * (Jimmy McHugh – Dorothy Fields)
 * (No. 2 hit)
 * The Knickerbockers
 * Voc. Vaughn De Leath
 * NYC – Jun. 1st, 1928
 * Columbia 1424–D, mx.W–146380

 * "You're the Cream in My Coffee"
 * (Ray Henderson – Buddy DeSylva – Lew Brown)
 * (No. 2 hit)
 * Eddie Thomas' Collegians (and/or) The Broadway Nitelites (Ben Selvin & His Orch.) –
 * Voc. Jack Parker
 * NYC – Oct. 19th, 1928
 * Columbia 1604–D, mx.W–147140–3

 * "I Only Have Eyes for You"
 * (Harry Warren – Al Dubin)
 * (No. 2 hit)
 * Ben Selvin & His Orchestra
 * Voc. Howard Phillips
 * NYC – Jun. 28th, 1934
 * Columbia 2936–D, mx.152766

Archived reccordings

 * The Discography of American Historical Recordings at the University of California - Santa Barbara includes an extensive collection of Ben Selvin's audio recordings on the Brunswick, Columbia, Victor and Vocalion labels which are accessible for online listening.

title: Ben Selvin


text: Category:Yokosuka aircraft

title: Category:Yokosuka aircraft


text: Category:Yokosuka

title: Category:Yokosuka


text:
Champon

Champon (ちゃんぽん), also known as Chanpon, is a noodle dish that is a regional cuisine of Nagasaki, Japan. There are different versions in Japan, Korea and China. The dish was inspired by Chinese cuisine.

Champon is made by frying pork, seafood and vegetables with lard; a soup made with chicken and pig bones is then added. Ramen noodles made especially for champon are added and then boiled. Unlike other ramen dishes, only one pan is needed as the noodles are boiled in the soup. Depending on the season and the situation, the ingredients differ. Hence the taste and style may depend on the location and time of year.

Although Nagasaki Champon is the best-known rendition, there are other variations found in Japan. Ankake no Champon is a soy-sauce based variant found in Tottori, Shimane Prefectures, as well as the city of Amagasaki in Hyōgo Prefecture. In the city of Akita, a version with miso broth is served, with the soup filling the bowl almost to the point of overflowing.

In Okinawa, Champon is a rice dish where assorted vegetables, thinly-sliced meat (pork, luncheon meat or corned beef hash) and scrambled egg are fried and served on top of rice. The Korean Jjamppong is a similar noodle dish with a spicy seafood broth, with similar origins as part of Korean Chinese cuisine.

History
Champon was first served by Four Seas House (四海楼), a Chinese restaurant founded in Nagasaki in 1899. According to the restaurant's website, this was based on a dish in Fujian cuisine, 湯肉絲麵 (pronounced as tó̤ng nṳ̀ sí mīng in Min Bei), which translates to "shredded meat noodles in soup". The majority of the Chinese population in Nagasaki Chinatown is from Fujian. In the middle of the Meiji era (late 19th century – early 20th century), the owner saw a need for a cheap, filling meal that suited the palates of hundreds of Chinese students who came to Japan for school. Nowadays, champon is a popular specialty food (or meibutsu) of Nagasaki.

Etymology
There are several theories as to the origin of the word champon. One theory is that it was derived from the Hokkien word chia̍h-pn̄g (食飯), which means "to eat a meal", which might fit the sense of "a hearty noodle dish made of mixed ingredients". Another theory is that the word was derived from the word campur from Indonesian, meaning "mixed" (see Nasi campur, a Javanese dish), which would fit the term's older sense of "mixed together".

The original sense of "mixed together" appears in texts from the mid-1700s. Some Japanese dictionaries trace this to Chinese term 攙和 ("to mix"), pronounced as chham-hô in modern Min-Nan and as chānhuò in modern Mandarin.

Usage to refer to the food item appears from the late 19th century to early 20th century, apparently originating from the Shikairō Chinese restaurant in Nagasaki.

title: Champon


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Weather in London

The Weather in London
Complete nonsense. Lee M 02:16, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense. Let me guess, next up is "The weather in the Spanish Plains." Har har. Ian Pugh 03:37, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Puerile crap. Probably should be a speedy, but unfortunately I don't think it qualifies. This is why I voted for early deletions. -R. fiend 03:39, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. As a bit of a background, this was the example of an article that doesn't exist in How to edit a page. I remember reading at one point that a article with this title could be written, and there was even a specific procedure for updating the links to that page should it be done (can't find that now, though...). Probably someone's experiment. - RedWordSmith 04:04, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I see now... the capitalization was changed on 26 Sep 2004 by 24.9.70.244. I've changed the link on that page back to "weather" with a lower w. - RedWordSmith 04:17, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense. utcursch 11:35, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. London is not a natural weather unit; and surely if the article London is good — I confess I haven't looked — it'll have details on the weather. — Bill 12:09, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic, hard to keep up to date. --Improv 16:27, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Delete. Why everyone thinks London is particularly foggy, I don't know. I was there on a homestay when I was younger, and not one wisp of mist did we have, and have been there many times since. In fact I later asked a native of that fine city, and they explained in the bad old days the British had the quaint habit of using open coal fires to heat the air above their houses, which caused some very nasty smog (the coal had lots of sulphur or something in it). There was some law passed which put a stop quite suddenly, but the legend persists. --Ianb 16:46, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Current contents are either inaccurate (because they describe climate, not weather) or inappropriate (e.g. comment about night vision goggles).  Any article about the "weather" in London would have to change constantly and Wikipedia is not a news service.  Rossami 21:30, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 'Delete. Wasn't that article title used/linked in some tutorial somewhere? Could that be the root cause for its creation? Ropers 23:12, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Picacho Peak State Park

Picacho Peak State Park is a state park surrounding Picacho Peak in Picacho, Arizona. The park is located between Casa Grande and Tucson near Interstate 10 in Pinal County. Its centerpiece spire is visible from downtown Tucson, a distance of 45 mi. The summit rises to 3374 ft above mean sea level. Though appearing to be the remnant of a volcanic neck, it is now believed to be a tilted and eroded piece of rock overlain by a lava flow.

Name
The place name Picacho Peak is etymologically redundant: picacho means 'peak' in Spanish. In 1775 the peak was referred to as Cerro de Taca 'Taca Hill' by Father Francisco Garcés, using the Oʼodham name Tcacca or Taceo. It was also called Picacho del Tucson 'Tucson Peak' in the past.

Description
The park is celebrated for wildflowers that appear mid-February to early April following good winter rain. Though set next to an interstate highway, the park's west face possesses an unspoiled Sonoran Desert setting. A small flat space on top of the spire can be reached via two trail heads. Portions of the trails are precarious, and hikers are aided by cables and catwalks. These additions make the routes some of the few via ferrata in the United States. From the top, there is a view south to the Santa Catalina Mountains near Tucson, east across Interstate 10 to Newman Peak, northwest to Tabletop Mountain near Casa Grande, north to the many mountain ranges surrounding Phoenix, and west to where the north-running Santa Cruz River runs underground supporting farms in a quaint desert valley.

Park rangers recommend that hikers wear sturdy boots and carry two liters of water per person. Gloves are commonly used to help grip the cables.

History
The Butterfield Overland Mail route had a stop near Picacho Peak. The park is near the site of the Battle of Picacho Pass, one of several American Civil War era engagements to occur in Arizona Territory. A Union cavalry patrol from California skirmished with Confederate scouts from Texas, and three men were killed. This marks the second westernmost battle of the American Civil War. Every year during early March, there are reenactments of the battle and other demonstrations of Civil War military history.

Appearances in fiction
Picacho Peak features prominently in the novel The Host by Stephenie Meyer, serving as a guide to the main character in the first act of the story. Much of the action of the novel takes place in or near the state park.

Plane crash
On June 8, 2024, a plane crashed near the summit of Picacho Peak, killing its pilot, 68-year-old James Galvin of Oro Valley.

title: Picacho Peak State Park


text: User talk:64.192.105.233

title: User talk:64.192.105.233