text:
Hand formula

In the United States, the Hand formula, also known as the Hand rule, calculus of negligence, or BPL formula, is a conceptual formula created by Judge Learned Hand which describes a process for determining whether a legal duty of care has been breached (see negligence). The original description of the calculus was in United States v. Carroll Towing Co., in which an improperly secured barge had drifted away from a pier and caused damage to several other boats.

Articulation of the rule
Hand stated:

"[T]he owner's duty, as in other similar situations, to provide against resulting injuries is a function of three variables: (1) The probability that she will break away; (2) the gravity of the resulting injury, if she does; (3) the burden of adequate precautions."

This relationship has been formalized by the law and economics school as such: an act is in breach of the duty of care if:

 * $$PL>B$$

where B is the cost (burden) of taking precautions, and P is the probability of loss (L). L is the gravity of loss. The product of P x L must be a greater amount than B to create a duty of due care for the defendant.

Rationale
The calculus of negligence is based on the Coase theorem. The tort system acts as if, before the injury or damage, a contract had been made between the parties under the assumption that a rational, cost-minimizing individual will not spend money on taking precautions if those precautions are more expensive than the costs of the harm that they prevent. In other words, rather than spending money on safety, the individual will simply allow harm to occur and pay for the costs of that harm, because that will be more cost-efficient than taking precautions. This represents cases where B is greater than PL.

If the harm could be avoided for less than the cost of the harm (B is less than PL), then the individual should take the precautions, rather than allowing the harm to occur. If precautions were not taken, we find that a legal duty of care has been breached, and we impose liability on the individual to pay for the harm.

This approach, in theory, leads to an optimal allocation of resources; where harm can be cheaply avoided, the legal system requires precautions. Where precautions are prohibitively expensive, it does not. In marginal-cost terms, we require individuals to invest one unit of precautions up until the point that those precautions prevent exactly one unit of harm, and no less.

Mathematical rationale
The Hand formula attempts to formalize the intuitive notion that when the expected loss $$\mathbb{E}(L)$$ exceeds the cost of taking precautions, the duty of care has been breached:$$\mathbb{E}(L) > B$$To assess the expected loss, statistical methods, such as regression analysis, may be used. A common metric for quantifying losses in the case of work accidents is the present value of lost future earnings and medical costs associated with the accident. In the case when the probability of loss is assumed to be a single number $$P$$, and $$L$$ is the loss from the event occurring, the familiar form of the Hand formula is recovered. More generally, for continuous outcomes the Hand formula takes form:$$\int_{\Omega} Lf(L)dL > B$$where $$\Omega$$ is the domain for losses and $$f(L)$$ is the probability density function of losses. Assuming that losses are positive, common choices for loss distributions include the gamma, lognormal, and Weibull distributions.

Criticism
Critics point out that term "gravity of loss (L)" is vague, and could entail a wide variety of damages, from a scratched fender to several dead victims. Even then, on top of that, how exactly a juror should determine a value for such a loss is abstract in itself. The speculative nature of the rule also seizes upon how a juror should determine the probability of loss (P).

Additionally, the rule fails to account for possible alternatives, whether it be the use of alternate methods to reach the same outcome, or abandoning the risky activity altogether.

Human teams estimating risk need to guard against judgment errors, cf. absolute probability judgement.

Use in practice
In the U.S., juries, with guidance from the court, decide what particular acts or omissions constitute negligence, so a reference to the standard of ordinary care removes the need to discuss this conceptual formula. Juries are not told this formula but essentially use their common sense to decide what an ordinarily careful person would have done under the circumstances. The Hand formula has less practical value for the lay researcher seeking to understand how the courts actually determine negligence cases in the United States than the jury instructions used by the courts in the individual states.

Outside legal proceedings, this formula is the core premise of insurance, risk management, quality assurance, information security and privacy practices. It factors into due care and due diligence decisions in business risk. Restrictions exist in the cases where the loss applies to human life or the probability of adverse finding in court cases. One famous case of abuse by industry in recent years related to the Ford Pinto.

Quality assurance techniques extend the use of probability and loss to include uncertainty bounds in each quantity and possible interactions between uncertainty in probability and impact for two purposes. First, to more accurately model customer acceptance and process reliability to produce wanted outcomes. Second, to seek cost effective factors either up or down stream of the event that produce better results at sustainably reduced costs. Example, simply providing a protective rail near a cliff also includes quality manufacture features of the rail as part of the solution. Reasonable signs warning of the risk before persons reach the cliff may actually be more effective in reducing fatalities than the rail itself.

Australia
In Australia, the calculus of negligence is a normative judgement with no formula or rule.

In New South Wales, the test is how a reasonable person (or other standard of care) would respond to the risk in the circumstances considering the 'probability that the harm would occur if care were not taken' and, 'the likely seriousness of the harm', 'the burden of taking precautions to avoid the risk of harm', and the 'social utility of the activity that creates the risk of harm'. State and Territory legislatures require that the social utility of the activity that creates the risk of harm be taken into account in determining whether or not a reasonable person would have taken precautions against that risk of harm. For example, in Haris v Bulldogs Rugby League Club Limited the court considered the social utility of holding football matches when determining whether a football club took sufficient precautions to protect spectators from the risk of being struck by fireworks set off as part of the entertainment during a game.

title: Hand formula


text: Category:Olympic weightlifters for India

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Cleanthes

nickname ?
I removed (hence his nickname ~pthvrX~1). Yann 11:18, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Cleanthes


text:
The Columbus Citizen-Journal

The Columbus Citizen-Journal was a daily morning newspaper in Columbus, Ohio published by the Scripps Howard company. It was formed in 1959 by the merger of The Columbus Citizen and The Ohio State Journal. It shared printing facilities, as well as business, advertising, and circulation staff in a joint operating agreement with The Columbus Dispatch. The last paper printed was on December 31, 1985.

History
The origins of The Columbus Citizen-Journal date back to 1809 when the first printing press in central Ohio was introduced in the town of Worthington by two men from New England. This led to the establishment of the Worthington Intelligencer newspaper two years later. The paper's operations were moved to nearby Columbus in 1814 after that city became the state's new capital. The newspaper was renamed The Ohio State Journal, and it became the official mouthpiece of the then-new Republican Party in the late 1850s, guided by its editor and proprietor, James M. Comly. Following Comly's military service during the American Civil War, he returned to Columbus and rapidly established the Journal as one of the leading newspapers in Ohio. Through his editorials, Comly is considered by many to have been instrumental in helping Rutherford B. Hayes be elected Governor of Ohio and later President of the United States. Comly left the paper in 1872 when he was named to a diplomatic post in Hawaii, but his guidance had firmly established its importance in Ohio politics and news reporting. Shortly after the start of the 20th century, the paper was purchased by the Wolfe family. In 1950, they merged The Ohio State Journal with the Dispatch Printing Company.

The rival Columbus Citizen had been founded in 1899 as an independent newspaper not affiliated with a political party. In 1959, it was merged by its owner, the E. W. Scripps Company, with The Ohio State Journal to form The Columbus Citizen-Journal. The Citizen-Journal, which was published by Scripps in the morning Monday through Saturday, operated under a "joint operating agreement" with its rival, the afternoon Columbus Dispatch. The C-J was editorially separate, but shared the physical printing plant and the distribution and advertising staffs of the Dispatch.

After the Dispatch decided not to renew the joint operating agreement when it expired, Scripps sold the Citizen-Journal to a Bath Township (eastern Ohio) businessman, who stated he intended to publish it past January 1, 1986. However, on December 30, 1985, he gave the Journal back to Scripps, which closed the newspaper on December 31, 1985, when the joint operating agreement with Dispatch Printing Company expired. The Dispatch Printing Company moved the Dispatch from afternoon publication to morning publication on January 1, 1986.

Controversy regarding end of circulation
The Dispatch Printing Co. and Scripps-Howard, as the Scripps company was known in the mid-1980s, blamed each other for the demise of the Citizen-Journal.

Under the 26-year joint operating agreement that the two companies had signed in 1959, both papers were printed on the Dispatch Printing Co. printing presses. The Dispatch Printing Co. collected advertising and circulation revenue, and paid most operating expenses for both papers, while Scripps owned The Citizen-Journal's circulation lists and independently operated that paper's editorial department. More than three years prior to the December 31, 1985 termination of the joint operating agreement, Dispatch executives informed Scripps that they did not wish to renew the contract.

Scripps-Howard, a publicly traded company, was at the time one of the largest media conglomerates in the country, and owned 14 newspapers, seven TV stations, nine cable-TV companies, seven radio stations and other media. Circulation at the Columbus Citizen-Journal had been on the rise in recent years, and Scripps reported that it was a profitable property for Scripps for most of the 26-year arrangement. Scripps, however, demonstrated a pattern of closing or selling off newspapers that were in difficult competitive positions, rather than invest in them; in the previous three years, Scripps had closed such daily newspapers in Memphis and Cleveland, and subsequently the company has done the same at several other newspapers, including the Pittsburgh Press in 1992 following the expiration of its own JOA with the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Scripps subsequently sold the rights to the Press to Post-Gazette parent Block Communications) and the Rocky Mountain News of Denver in 2009. In Columbus, after Dispatch executives cut off talks in 1982, Scripps-Howard chose to not purchase or build its own presses or to develop its own business operations, and instead sought more talks in an attempt to renew or replace the expiring contract. The Dispatch Printing Co. declined, and even publicly announced, in June 1983, its intentions to sever all ties with Scripps. A late-1985 Scripps strategy to sell the newspaper to independent businessman Nyles V. Reinfeld changed nothing, and The Columbus Citizen-Journal was published for the last time on December 31, 1985.

In an ironic twist, after The Columbus Dispatch newspaper and other print properties were purchased from the Dispatch Printing Co. by GateHouse Media in mid-2015, it announced that the newspaper's newsroom would relocate from the paper's former headquarters at 34 S. Third Street in Columbus to a building also purchased by GateHouse at 62 E. Broad Street – a building originally constructed in 1929 as the new home of The Ohio State Journal. The move was completed in February 2016.

Notable personnel

 * Managing Editor Jack Keller – 1932 Olympian who was thought to have won the bronze medal in the 110-meter hurdles until films showed otherwise.

title: The Columbus Citizen-Journal


text: Category:Olympic tennis players by country


text:
Category:South Korean tennis players

This category lists tennis players with Wikipedia articles who have notably represented South Korea. Note that articles are sub-categorized by whether a player has done so in male or female competition, and also by particular notable competitions.

title: Category:South Korean tennis players


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Minarets (California)

The Minarets are a series of jagged peaks located in the Ritter Range, a sub-range of the Sierra Nevada in the state of California. They are easily viewed from Minaret Summit, which is accessible by auto. Collectively, they form an arête, and are a prominent feature in the Ansel Adams Wilderness which was known as the Minaret Wilderness until it was renamed in honor of Ansel Adams in 1984.

The peaks were named in 1868 by the California Geographical Survey, which reported: "To the south of Mount Ritter are some grand pinnacles of granite, very lofty and apparently inaccessible, to which we gave the name of 'the Minarets.'" Seventeen of the Minarets have been given unofficial names, including Michael Minaret, Adams Minaret, Leonard Minaret, and Clyde Minaret. Clyde Minaret, named after Norman Clyde, is the tallest of the spires. The Southeast Face Route of Clyde Minaret is a technical rock climb featured in Fifty Classic Climbs of North America.

The area is notable for two fatalities:
 * Walter A. Starr, Jr., author of Starr’s Guide to the John Muir Trail and the High Sierra Region, fell to his death while solo-climbing the northwest face of Michael Minaret in 1933.
 * Steve Fossett, an American aviator and adventurer, died in a plane crash near the Minarets in 2007.

title: Minarets (California)


text: Category:Olympic tennis players for South Korea


text:
Ken Shirley

Kenneth Lex Shirley (born 12 August 1950) is a former New Zealand politician. He was a member of the ACT New Zealand party, although was previously a member and Cabinet minister of the Labour Party.

Early life
Shirley was born on 12 August 1950, the son of World War II veteran Wallace Keown Shirley. He was educated at Heretaunga College in Upper Hutt, and went on to study at Victoria University of Wellington, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1975. He became a resources manager at the Nelson Catchment Board. He and his wife Jenny had two children.

Member of Parliament
He joined the Labour Party in 1977 after moving to Richmond. In 1978 he became the secretary of the Tasman electorate committee. A year later he became the secretary of the Tasman campaign committee. When Tasman MP, and former Labour leader, Bill Rowling announced his retirement Shirley contested the nomination to replace him. From a field of seven (including John Blincoe, Annette King and Stephen Rainbow) he was selected as Labour's candidate.

Shirley first entered Parliament in the 1984 election, when he stood as the Labour Party candidate in the Tasman electorate. At the time, there was considerable tension in the Labour Party over the policies of the Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas – the policies were based around economic deregulation and free trade, and traditionalists saw them as a betrayal of the party's left-wing roots. Shirley aligned himself with the faction that supported Douglas. Shirley was not a member of the faction's so-called "Troika" (consisting of Douglas, Richard Prebble, and David Caygill), but was nevertheless a notable supporter of the reforms Douglas promoted.

Cabinet minister
Eventually, the Prime Minister, David Lange, fired Douglas as finance minister and then himself resigned. In the re-arrangement that followed, Shirley briefly held Cabinet rank as Minister of Fisheries, Associate Minister of Agriculture, Associate Minister of Forestry, and Associate Minister of Health. He lost these positions when the Labour Party was defeated in the 1990 election. Shirley himself lost his Tasman seat to National's Nick Smith, leaving him outside Parliament.

ACT New Zealand
When Douglas and his allies created the ACT New Zealand party, Shirley was involved. In ACT's first electoral campaign, the 1996 election, Shirley was ranked in third place on the ACT party list, and re-entered Parliament as a list MP.

He has previously served as ACT's deputy leader, and in 2004, he was one of four candidates to seek the party's leadership after the retirement of Richard Prebble.

On the retirement of Jonathan Hunt, he sought election as Speaker of the House of Representatives, but placed third behind Margaret Wilson and Clem Simich.

He remained a list MP until the 2005 election, in which only two ACT MPs were returned.

Post-parliamentary career
In May 2006, Shirley was appointed Executive Director of Organics Aotearoa New Zealand (OANZ), the peak industry body representing the organic sector, which is charged with implementing a strategy to boost New Zealand's organic production to $1 billion by 2013.

In July 2007 the Researched Medicines Industry Association, a pharmaceuticals industry group, announced that Shirley was to be their new Chief Executive Officer, an appointment he took up in September 2007.

From July 2010 to 2018, he was the chief executive of the Road Transport Forum (RTF), representing road transport interests.

title: Ken Shirley


text:
Talk:Galaga

First version
Which one came first ? Arcade or MSX version? Is there a common piece of source code or the game was completely re-coded for each of the ports?

 * The arcade version was released in 1981, and there were not any MSX computers before 1983... I dont know the history of the MSX port (or even who did it), but theoretically it would be possible - both used Z80 CPUs.

--Tjansen 11:08, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Gaplus
Is there a reason Gaplus was taken off of legacy? --Herzog 14:48, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Medals
I'd be interesting seeing some info and/or screenshots of the medals that one obtains the higher up the game goes. I have only gotten yo around 22 or 23, but I hear there is a 50 medal as well as a 100 medal. Thoughts? -Husnock 17:28, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

there's a 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 medal, and after that the 50 medals jsut accumulate. Though I'd like to see some info on stage 255...--Herzog 09:27, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

10= blue shield with gold eagle 20= purple shield with gold crown 30= gold shield with blue eagle 40= ? 50= AARP memebership. White shield with red letters. A screen comes up with a number to call, and you start getting senior discounts on all future games :-) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.225.117.1 (talk) 14:35, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The anon is silly. :) But in seriousness, the specifics of what you see are not necessary for this article.  The "medals" are just there to show you what stage you're on, so knowing what they look like does not contribute to an overall understanding of the game.  I would think these would be better suited for StrategyWiki or a similar wiki that focuses on more in-depth information. — KieferSkunk (talk) — 16:00, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Cease Fire Bug
Just spent 20 minutes dodging their shots in the PS2 version of the game- the bug most likely is not present here. If anyone else owns Namco Museum: 50th Anniversary and wants to confirm this, that'd be super. Also- apologies for the anonymous edit, I forgot to log in. -- Toksyuryel talk 08:38, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

"Cosmo gang the video"
Should "Cosmo gang the video" be added to the legacy?

 * I don't think so. They're not mentioned on the KLOV.  Even if they use Galaga hardware, it doesn't make them part of the Galaga canon. — Frecklefoot | Talk 13:57, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

I am not sure about the hardware but the gameplay is very similar.

 * I'd still say no. Lots of games have gameplay similar to Galaga (which, in turn, is very similar to Galaxian, it's ancestor).  We could mention it inspired lots of games with similar gameplay, but that honor really belongs to Space Invaders. — Frecklefoot | Talk 15:03, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

No it should not, it's not part of the Galaxian/Galaga family. Also running on the same hardware is irrelevant. Many companies started using common hardware platforms in the mid-to-late 80s, for example Galaga '88 runs on Namco System 1 hardware but so does Pac-Mania and 20 other games. By the way Cosmo Gang the Video runs on Namco System 2 hardware (same as Assault).

Pronunciation?
I've always thought that Galaga was pronounced with the middle syllable accented, as in "ga-LAAG-a", but most people in my experience have referred to it as "GAL-a-ga". So, not to pick nits or anything, but is there an official pronunciation for the game's title, and if so, what is it? ekedolphin 05:09, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think so. I think it's just like the name Lumines ("LOO-mines" vs. "Loo-mi-nez") - both are fine.  I think the pronunciation Namco uses when they talk about it in their press conferences is probably the "official" version.  FWIW, I've always heard "GAL-a-ga". — KieferSkunk (talk) — 20:08, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * oo != ue. You are illiterate.  Lumines = Lumines.  It is not English; do not mung English letters with Latin letters, ever. -lysdexia 06:25, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Took me two months to notice your attack. What does literacy have to do with any of this? — KieferSkunk (talk) — 23:09, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * This is all pure speculation. "Galaga" is an invented name.  Only Namco can say how they intend it to be pronounced.  Unless you can provide a reference for how they prefer, leave it alone.  If I named a game "Vimdoba," I couldn't get upset if people didn't pronounce it the way I inteded. I removed the item.  Right now, the whole subject is original research, a huge no-no on Wikipedia. — Frecklefoot | Talk 19:40, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

No more speculation, here is the answer! It comes from a veteran Midway distributor, so it's a pretty reliable source. And here goes: everyone at Midway, as well as all arcade operators, have always pronounced it with the stress on the second syllable. The reason, so obvious in hindsight: it was the direct successor to Galaxian, which was also pronounced that way. --Stormwatch (talk) 09:10, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

Midway didn't make the game, they didn't name the game, how they choose to pronounce it has no bearing on the actual pronunciation of the game's name. Especially not random employee #432. As stated above, the game is made by namco and its their pronunciation that matters. Galaga and Galaxian might be made up words, but a 5 year old can see the root word in the names, especially if you know the game is space themed. They're derived from the word "Galaxy", which has a well defined pronunciation in english. I've never heard anyone say ga-LAX-y before. If i had to ASSess the situation, i'd say they were putting the wrong emPHAsis on the wrong syLLAble. Also, the japanese pronunciation supports gal-a-ga vs ga-laa-ga and is (surprise surprise) consistent with their pronunciation of galaxy.72.208.201.145 (talk) 04:54, 2 August 2019 (UTC)

How do I start this game
How do I start galaga? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Gregwire (talk • contribs) 17:59, 6 December 2006 (UTC).

 * Insert token
 * Press 1 player button
 * Is that what you meant? — Frecklefoot | Talk 19:49, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject NINTENDO?
Why was this article tagged for WikiProject Nintendo? Galaga is not in any way, shape or form a Nintendo product. It was created by Namco. The NES saw a port of Galaga, yes, but that doesn't mean it's now a Nintendo game. — KieferSkunk (talk) — 18:45, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Removed the NESProj template for the reasons stated above. Please discuss before adding it again. — KieferSkunk (talk) — 23:06, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Unofficial fan site
Is there a reason it's Japanese? And as far as I can tell, there isn't much content. I'll remove the link after 10 days if nobody responds. --Spixels 21:42, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Namco Museum 50th Anniversary
Noticed a brief revert war in which the title of the console compilation in which Galaga was re-released was being debated. Just wanted to chime in: The real title of the compilation is, indeed, "Namco Museum 50th Anniversary". Whether it makes sense or not is irrelevant - that's what they called it. :) Gamespot.com page — KieferSkunk (talk) — 21:25, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Popular culture
In an effort to prevent an edit war, I'm starting a discussion on the "Popular Culture" section of this article. One user removed it, another editor re-added it. Personally, I don't see what is so important about this section. One, it's too long and, two, some of the entries are so obscure, they don't really fit the "popular culture" criteria. I wouldn't be heartbroken if it was trimmed down to one or two of the most notable entries, or even nixed. Anyone else have any thoughts on this section? — Frecklefoot | Talk 12:43, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think pop-culture is all that noteworthy in this case. Galaga is a great game, but its influence on popular culture isn't nearly as well recognized as that of Pac Man and Space Invaders.  However, I would like to see the trivia section stay, since there are noteworthy references to/from other games and some information that people will find interesting in that section. — KieferSkunk (talk) — 17:11, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Both are unsourced, and riddled with OR. Per WP:TRIV, the trivia section needs to go, and the information should be merged. The information isn't sourced, and is trivial, so it won't be merged. Nemu 18:02, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * With all due respect, how are we supposed to source things that are interesting about the game and can only be seen by playing the game or watching a movie? :P — KieferSkunk (talk) — 02:21, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

 * You need a reliable source such as a website or magazine article. If that cannot be done, the information isn't suitable for the site. Nemu 02:25, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Game-guide material?
Okay. By now, anyone who knows me knows I'm really not a big fan of WP's policies on game-guide material - I don't see any harm in having information in an article that describes how to play the game, gives point values, basic strategies, etc. But I've seen information like this deleted time and time again from other game articles, so I'm just gonna ask here: Is the information listed in this article TOO detailed for WP's tastes? Or is it good-article material?

I think a balance needs to be struck somewhere. If you remove too much "game-guide" material, people cease to be able to learn what makes the game fun and unique, and why it was such an important milestone in video-game history. Leave too much there, and it becomes bogged down with unnecessary info. I personally lean more toward the "Make it as complete and clean as possible" side, while I've seen others take a more minimalist approach, distilling game articles down to only the essential info needed to describe the game in a general sense.

Could I get some opinions here? Especially from some of the folks who are more actively and aggressively enforcing the policies? Thanks. — KieferSkunk (talk) — 18:54, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

In Popular Culture
Following guidelines that were mentioned in Talk:PONG, I think it's appropriate to mention this here as well. The "In Popular Culture" section should be limited to notable references only, since there may be many trivial appearances of a Galaga machine or references to the game in any number of pop-culture places. Basically, a notable reference is one where Galaga (either the machine or the game as a whole) plays an integral part in the plot of a movie, TV show, comic, etc. - for instance, if part of the plot centers around a Galaga tournament or a character gets sucked into a Galaga machine, or something like that. Just having the machine show up on the set doesn't necessarily make it a noteworthy reference.

(Note that the current LOST reference fits this category - a submarine named after the game and notes about the producers playing the game are significant.)

Discussion is welcome. :) — KieferSkunk (talk) — 19:37, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Is this worth adding? In 1982, the studio of WarGames sent a Galaga machine to Matthew Broderick for him to practice prior to shooting the movie. He is seen playing Galaga in WarGames twice. http://www.matthewbroderick.net/fact.html Acanthopteroctetoidea 22:03, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I think that one's borderline. If he's just playing an arcade game in the movie, but the particular game itself doesn't affect the plot, it could realistically be any arcade game he's playing.  However, the fact that Galaga is specifically named in a production note puts it in about the same class as the LOST fact.  I'd say go ahead and add it - if others object, we can continue discussion. — KieferSkunk (talk) — 22:09, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Yah, I'd agree with KieferSkunk. Its borderline, but made a little more plausible because of the production notes and verification of that specific game being important to the production.  It is the only game he actually plays in the film as well in repeated scenes.  The others are just background props.  --Marty Goldberg 22:23, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's borderline—it's highly significant. As well as being played multiple times by the main character, the "ready player" in-game sound is also used in the movie when a tour group is visiting the NORAD war room. --Meve Stills (talk) 21:07, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

Galaga Maniax - oops...
If anyone comments about galaga maniax not being notable due to the lack of hits... I was trying to boost their hitcount and accidentally reset it somehow. it used to be like, almost 200,000 hits, but now it's 17 hits. SORRY GUYS! I have it set to refresh every 5 seconds or so, so I can fix this mistake of mine and fix their hitcounter. 68.107.96.136 04:03, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Huh? — KieferSkunk (talk) — 06:05, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, I hadn't seen that site before - if it's an unofficial fan site, it doesn't belong in this article anyway. There are dozens of unofficial fan sites for this game. — KieferSkunk (talk) — 06:11, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Appearance in Tekken
I was wondering, should someone make a reference to how Galaga appeared as a loading game in the PS1 game Tekken. Its appearance is very similar to the appearance of Galaxian in the first Ridge Racer. If one was to list this reference, where would they put it? SolidShroom 18:35, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Bug where enemies stop shooting
Has anyone disassembled the game and figured out why this happens? That would be interesting information to add to the article. tgies 22:24, 7 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd say that's unnecessarily detailed information for an encyclopedia. The fact that the bug is present and can be exploited is sufficient - the details on exactly how, why and when it happens would be more appropriate for a gaming site, a programming analysis site, and/or an emulation discussion site such as that for MAME. — KieferSkunk (talk) — 00:18, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

 * And doing such would definitely be original research, a big no-no. — Frecklefσσt | Talk 15:34, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * On the other hand, if such study is done and published in reliable game sites, there will be no problem using it as a reference for the afore mentioned bug and let interested people follow the reference to see the disassembly study... No actual need to put it right here in wikipedia. Loudenvier 15:42, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Which is what I'm suggesting. tgies (talk) 06:10, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * It's been solved, here: http://computerarcheology.com/galaga/galaga.html. Korodzik (talk) 08:20, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Neat. :) That proves pretty conclusively that it's just a bug and not an intentional thing.  Thanks for the info. — KieferSkunk (talk) — 02:36, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
 * (Since moved to here: http://www.computerarcheology.com/wiki/wiki/Arcade/Galaga) Black Rainbow 999 (talk) 00:45, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

Mod board info removed
I took the following text (modified from its original form) out of the article:

 * A "rapid fire" modification board can be installed in the original arcade game, allowing the player to hold down the button and fire continuously. Another modification, which replaces one of the game's EPROMs, increases the speed of the player's shots, occasionally causing shots to pass through enemies.

This was in the Legacy section, but it doesn't really seem to fit there, and none of the other current sections in the article seem like a good match either. Furthermore, these mods fall under the "accessories and customizations" category, which are generally not notable. So for now, it's out of the article. If we can find a reliable source that establishes notability for these mods, we can work on finding a good place to incorporate them. — KieferSkunk (talk) — 19:28, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

GBA
Namco Museum: 50th Anniversary Arcade Collection was released on the Game Boy Advance, it had Galaga. Galaga was also released on Namco Museum for the GBA but the Galaga in 50th Anniversary version is far superior, plays more like the original and looks more like the original. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.96.122.175 (talk) 21:35, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Amiga Galaxy '89
Kingsoft updated the version of Galaga they made on the Commodore 64 "Galaxy" as "Galaxy '89" and they released Galaxy 89 on the Commodore Amiga, in 1989. Both Commodore versions look and play very similarly but perhaps you could say Galaxy '89 was meant more as a remake of Galaga 88 rather than another remake of Galaga. I think Galaxy ‘89 plays far more like the original Galaga and was the best remake for the Amiga.

Clearing up some popular rumors
Per a recent edit, which didn't fit in the article anyway due to being game-guide material for the most part, I wanted to also point out what was incorrect about it. If there is sufficient evidence of notability on these points, we may want to consider addressing them (with sources) in the article. But hopefully, this talk section will help prevent them from being re-added:

 * Getting your ship captured, then shooting the Boss Galaga that's holding it while it's still in formation, does not cause you to permanently lose the ship. The ship flies down on its own and off the bottom of the screen if you don't shoot it, and it comes back in the next formation.
 * The famous "bees stop firing" trick is not an intentional cheat or exploit designed to let the programmers beat anyone's high score, as is often claimed. Someone did an extensive analysis of the ROM code and determined that this is, in fact, just a programming bug.  There is no evidence anywhere that this behavior was intentionally added to the program.

Hope this helps, guys. — KieferSkunk (talk) — 00:37, 15 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Doesn't looked like it helped, he tried adding it right back and this time with a reference to a "cheat site" which in no way satisfies reliability or notability standards nor provides a reason why this "cheat" is notable enough to ignore gameguide material rules and keep in the article. --Marty Goldberg (talk) 05:07, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

I apologize for not seeing this discussion ahead of time, but that was my first time posting anything to the Galaga board. I am still mystified as to how mentioning that there is a bug (granted, not a programmed cheat) that players can exploit and have exploited is irrelevant to the game. It's like leaving out the final score of a Superbowl because it's enough just to know who won. It's valid, valuable info. Even without a walk-through on how to do it!

And frankly, I don't appreciate your attitude treating me as if I did this deliberately. You could have tried sending me a message politely informing me, but no, you chose to just delete it, and when I asked why, accused me of soapboxing. Not everyone is a Wiki pro, you know. Some of us are simply trying to help out by adding what we think is decent information. It's not as if I was advertising for a cheat site or anything, you know. Heck, I even asked you if you had a list of notable sites. Tell you what. Is this site notable? www.digitpress.com/eastereggs/arcadegalaga.htm It seems to be (to me), but I'm not a Wiki professional like you are. Maybe you could do what folks in your position *should* do: HELP those of us who are new! It would be nice...Deejaye6 (talk) 13:34, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Excuse me, but that is *not* what happened. You were explained politely in the edit summary (which is what it's for) and in the thread on my talk page that you started with rudely telling me "Seriously, man, chill the heck out. You sure seem to be delete-happy... " and a further statement of "It's me not understanding your love of the delete key".  Making grandstanding, non-productive statements like that is soapboxing, plain and simple.  --Marty Goldberg (talk) 15:28, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

And to support my side of this, here are the (apparently) relevant rules from the WP:VG/GL site:

1. Non-notable articles and spinouts: Avoid creating new articles on non-notable topics. A notable topic must receive significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject. A smaller article should only be split from a larger topic if the new article would itself be notable.

4. Strategy guides and walkthroughs: Basic strategy concepts are helpful to understand the game, but avoid details about how to solve puzzles and defeat certain foes.

I was not creating a new topic. I was simply including the fact that there is a bug (granted, I thought it was a cheat, but I am glad to be corrected). And I took out the "how to" on the bug. Also, I don't understand how you could remove the piece talking about the challenge stage. It wasn't a walkthrough; it was just info that if you got 'em all, you got the max 10K. If not, you only got 100 per kill. It's not as if he was telling you where to position your ship for each wave or anything...

I guess I'd just like someone to simply explain to me where these points are bad. Please? Deejaye6 (talk) 13:52, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

 * You were explained already, the fact there is a bug is non-notable in itself - it must have significant coverage for it to be considered important, the way it was presented was pure gameguide material (and yes such material is considered walkthrough material by the video game project here), and the cheat site you tried using as a reference in no way satisfied notability and reliability requirements. Contrary to what you're stating, you're not being singled out.  This type of material (as you were also explained) is routinely removed from the articles - once again, the purpose of articles here is to reach WP:GA and WP:FA status, not to collect every tidbit about the subject in the article.  The fact there is a bug or cheat that can't be included is nothing like not being able to see the last score of the superbowl, it's like not being able to hear one of the players had a problem with their chin strap on the helmet during the game - trivial at best, unless it cost them the game or some similar show stopping happening.  An example of a well known, documented, and notable bug would be the split-screen level of Pac-Man.  This bug/cheat for Galaga has in no way recieved the same level of importance, which again is why it was routinely removed as gameguide material.  This is the last explination I'm going to give of the same thing over and over, I've been more than accomidating between my talk page and here with the deluge of conduct accusations against me by you.  I'll leave it over to Kiefer to explain further, he's also a member of the video game project, and an admin. --Marty Goldberg (talk) 15:28, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

 * This is all stupid and much ado about a "bug". 8 bit code wraps at +127.  Everyone knows that. 98.194.39.86 (talk) 01:52, 30 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Not everyone will know that. Most readers likely don't know (or really care?) about programming in arcade games. Namcokid47 (talk) 22:40, 6 August 2019 (UTC)

BBC Micro clone
On the BBC micro there was a game called Zalaga which looked exactly like Galaga although there were some gameplay changes (eg your ship was not captured when caught in the tractor beam, your ship would just double) should this be mentioned on this page? --Albinoblackrabbit (talk) 20:04, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Unless it is notable in some way, I don't see that it should. It sounds just like another clone, of a game that inspired dozens of clones. Just MHO... — Frecklefσσt | Talk 23:59, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

Records? High Scores?
Who holds the record for this game? It would improve this article to find this out. Borg*Continuum (talk) 14:18, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

Galaga in The Avengers
Recently, with The Avengers screening in a number of English-speaking markets, editors have been adding an apparent reference to Galaga found in the film. The first editor failed to add a source, so it was reverted. A second added it, again with no source (and a few peacock words), but this time I added a tag, since both posts were relatively consistent in describing what happens in the given scene, which to me is a signal it's probably legit. Admittedly, the problem is The Avengers isn't currently screening in North America, where arguably the majority of English Wikipedia's editors reside and someone could verify the statement. The film itself can indeed be a reliable source, but we would need more information as to when the appearance occurs (specifically, when in the film's run-time, not just describing the scene). Would it be acceptable to leave it with the tag for another few days? -- McDoob AU  93  16:13, 30 April 2012 (UTC)
 * The issue really is though that it doesn't meet the video game project's pop culture guidelines and is just trivia. From the description of how it appears, Galaga could easily be replaced by any game in that scene, vs. being an integral part of the scene - as in having the dialogue centered around Galaga and the playing of it. --Marty Goldberg (talk) 16:44, 30 April 2012 (UTC)

For the benefit of others, the guidelines that Marty mentioned above can be found here. -- McDoob AU  93  17:30, 30 April 2012 (UTC)
 * The film itself would be a primary source. Citing that smacks of original research.  A third party source showing why this trivia is notable would be nice.--Asher196 (talk) 16:13, 1 May 2012 (UTC)
 * In keeping with the WikiProject criteria, here's a secondary source confirming the Galaga appearance, and the film would confirm that the reference comes first in the dialogue of a primary character. -- McDoob  AU  93  17:57, 7 May 2012 (UTC)
 * The source doesn't promote Galaga as being central to any dialogue. All the questioner asks is how many references in the movie there are. Once again, it could be any game in the scene and that simply does not meet the wikiproject criteria. --Marty Goldberg (talk) 18:07, 7 May 2012 (UTC)
 * True, it could have been any game ... but why one 30 years old? Therein lies the question, and one that, admittedly, still needs to be answered to more secure inclusion of this. In the meantime, I guess we'll just keep reverting whenever IPs attempt to add the info back into the article in good faith, correct? -- McDoob  AU  93  18:26, 7 May 2012 (UTC)
 * 30 years old wouldn't be what has to be answered for inclusion, it would be why this specific game was included by the director. It could be included in that context if he's on record stating the importance of the game to that scene. Otherwise as it stands, it could be any game - even in the context of any "retro" game. --Marty Goldberg (talk) 00:56, 8 May 2012 (UTC)
 * It seems like it's been put into the film purely as a joke (hi-tech computer system being used to play low-tech game). The game is mentioned in the dialogue, but that mention and the image of the game could easily have been replaced with something similar (e.g. Pong, Asteroids, Pac-Man, etc.). It's a fairly trivial appearance. Total-MAdMaN (talk) 11:00, 10 May 2012 (UTC)
 * My point was that there was a reason Galaga was selected (for example, Joss Whedon is a fan so he included it) over something newer and more familiar. What we would need would be a source stating that. -- McDoob  AU  93  14:10, 10 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I realise this was years ago, and I understand that the whole thing is trivial, but I have to say that I disagree that any video game could have been used. The Avengers is a movie about an alien invasion, so it would not be the same if Pong or Asteroids was used. Space Invaders or Galaxian would have been suitable, except that the film-makers would have wanted to ensure that the game was recognised by most of the audience, and most young people today probably don't know what Space Invaders and Galaxian are, because Galaga was the final result of the evolution of Space Invaders - through Galaxian - and is consequently the most widely known of the genre. FillsHerTease (talk) 15:17, 11 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Also responding years after the fact, but in response to FillsHerTease: It doesn't actually matter what we reason out about the game's reference on our own, as Wikipedia editors. We have to abide by the policies on Wikipedia, which state that for such a reference to be included in the article, we have to provide a reliable, third-party source that specifically states how that reference is notable.  If the producer or director of the movie specifically stated in an interview that they chose Galaga specifically because, for example, the alien invasions in the movie were modeled after the enemy movements in that game, or even because HE/SHE felt it was so instantly recognizable that it stood out above all other options, then those would be great things to cite from that source for inclusion in this article.  If all we can do is say "Well, it makes sense if you think about it...", then it qualifies as original research. — KieferSkunk (talk) — 22:00, 15 July 2019 (UTC)
 * HA HA HA! OK, so, to continue our game (pun intended!) of Wikipedia Talk Tag, I completely agree with you. I know we aren't supposed to use this page for 'chatting', but I wasn't suggesting the article be changed - for exactly the reasons you suggest - and I simply wanted to point out to those who came before, and anyone who came after, that Galaga did, in fact, make more sense (even if that is original research on my part), than most other video games, and that while the claim that "Galaga could easily be replaced by any game in that scene" is true, strictly speaking, in reality another game wouldn't have been anywhere near as relevant or funny to the people who those cultural reference inclusions are aimed at. There are fans who love to pull those movies apart for the little references that appear throughout them, and I won't go into the details, but Galaga has several gameplay aspects which correspond with events that play out in the film, so it did in fact make a lot more sense than Pac-Man would have. In my opinion! Anyway ... nice to meet you and I look forward to 'talking' with you soon (in the sense of the word 'soon' which means a couple of years from now!). ;-D FillsHerTease (talk) 07:51, 24 April 2022 (UTC)

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Fixed Shooter?
Isn't Galaga a scrolling shooter, not a fixed shooter? The stars scroll by... -- ZhuLien 05:03, 23 July 2018 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 120.21.14.139 (talk)
 * The background movement on its own isn't really enough to qualify it as a scrolling shooter, in the same way that games like Raiden and Gradius are. "Scrolling" shooters generally have two elements that Galaga doesn't: The sense of moving through multiple environments (at least partially for plot purposes), and the fact that the majority of your enemies are only on the screen for a short time and disappear again.
 * I think the question I'd apply to each of these games is: Would the game still make sense if the background were completely static? In both Raiden and Gradius, I don't believe so - these games clearly show you progressing through environments to reach an enemy base as your end goal.  But Galaga would still work just fine as a shooter without the stars in the background, and/or having them be perfectly still - the gameplay and plot aren't affected at all by this.  (I would also posit that Galaga '88 is also MOSTLY a fixed shooter, despite the more explicit progression and warping, because the majority of its levels are played with static backgrounds on top of which scrolling stars are composited - each "area" is a separate, non-moving "room" rather than a continuous stream of progression.  The exceptions are in actual scrolling sections where a definite scrolling progression is seen, but these are in such a minority in the game that I'd say they don't affect the genre of the game as a whole.) — KieferSkunk (talk) — 22:08, 15 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Galaga falls under the same genre as games like Space Invaders or Galaxian, where the player is confined to only moving left and right on the playfield. The scrolling stafield doesn't matter. Namcokid47 (talk) 02:13, 18 July 2019 (UTC)

Admin note - edit warring
While I’d be within policy to be blocking multiple editors due to edit warring, I’d rather protect the page and see if this can be hashed out on the talk page instead.

I’m not taking sides, just mediating, but I would advise all parties to make sure they are tying their arguments into Wikipedia policies and guidelines, or their argument will be disregarded. Sergecross73  msg me  21:51, 8 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I've been trying to direct him to WP:VG/S to show him what is considered reliable and unreliable for video game articles, although it doesn't seem to be doing a whole lot.... Namcokid47 (talk) 22:25, 8 August 2019 (UTC)

Galaga's Programmer: Tetsu Ogawa or Toru Ogawa?
I am proposing to change the name of the programmer from "Tetsu Ogawa" to "Toru Ogawa", or to at least give it as a possible alternative. A few sources do list "Tetsu Ogawa" as the name, but the following refer to "Toru Ogawa" as the original hardware programmer:

2601:C3:4200:85B0:3E79:5D5:F17E:B27B (talk) 17:52, 8 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Bandai Namco page discussing early history, with details on Toru as a Galaga programmer
 * IMDB
 * source discussing Galaga in detail
 * Another article on the early Namco video games

title: Talk:Galaga


text:
George A. Smith

George Albert Smith (June 26, 1817 – September 1, 1875) was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement. He served in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and as a member of the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

Smith was a prominent leader in the settlement of many communities in southern Utah, and played a role in the chain of events preceding the Mountain Meadows Massacre on September 11, 1857. The city of St. George, Utah, may have been named after him.

Childhood
George A. Smith was born in Potsdam, St. Lawrence County, New York, the son of John Smith and Clarissa Lyman, and was brought up in the Congregational Church. His first cousin was Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. In September 1832, at age 15, George A. Smith was baptized into the Church of Christ, eight months after his parents had been baptized. The following year, John Smith and his family moved to Kirtland, Ohio, the church's new headquarters. There George met his cousin, Joseph, for the first time. In 1838, he moved with his parents and a large body of church members to the state of Missouri.

Church service
In the spring of 1834, the 16-year-old Smith accompanied a group of Latter Day Saints on a 2000-mile march to Missouri and back to Ohio. This trip, known as Zion's Camp, was intended to bring aid to suffering members of the church in Missouri. Smith served as a missionary to the eastern United States, traveling and preaching during the summers of 1835, 1836, and 1837, while attending school each winter.

Smith was ordained a seventy in the priesthood on March 1, 1835, by Joseph Smith. On April 26, 1839, the 21-year-old George A. Smith was ordained an apostle and became a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. Future church president Wilford Woodruff was ordained an apostle on the same day. The two men replaced former apostles Thomas B. Marsh, who had left the church, and Orson Hyde, who had been disfellowshipped and removed from his position.

After Joseph Smith's death and the assumption of church leadership by Brigham Young, George A. Smith traveled to the Salt Lake Valley as a Mormon pioneer with the first company of settlers in 1847. In the winter of 1850, Smith led a company of volunteers to establish a colony in what is now Iron County. The company consisted of 118 individuals and about 30 families; they settled near the Little Salt Lake (today also called Parowan Lake). They arrived at Center Creek, 265 miles from Salt Lake City, on January 13, 1851. Under direction from the General Assembly of the State of Deseret, the group organized the political entity of Iron County and elected Smith as chief justice. During the winter of 1850–51, the settlers constructed a fort enclosing homes, a meeting house, a school, and a watch tower. They named their community Parowan. Smith taught school during the first winter, and later served as a member of Utah's territorial legislature.

In 1868, Smith was called to replace Heber C. Kimball as First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Young. Smith served in this position until his death in 1875. Smith's first wife, Bathsheba W. Smith, served as general president of the church's Relief Society from 1901 to 1910. A son, John Henry Smith, also served as an apostle and member of the First Presidency. George A. Smith's grandson and namesake, George Albert Smith, also became an apostle and later was the church's eighth president.

Smith was the eighth official Church Historian and General Church Recorder of the LDS Church from 1854 to 1871. In 1873 he was appointed and sustained as Trustee-in-Trust for the church, an office he held until his death.

Utah War
During the hurried series of actions Young and LDS Church leaders initiated on learning of the imminent arrival of U.S. troops into Utah Territory in 1857-8, Smith left Salt Lake City to visit southern Utah communities. Scholars have asserted that Smith's tour, speeches, and personal actions contributed to the fear and tension in these communities, and influenced the decision to attack and destroy the Baker–Fancher emigrant train near Mountain Meadows, Utah.

Leaving on August 3, 1857, Smith arrived at Parowan, Utah on August 8, 1857, and on August 15, he set off on a tour of the local military district manned by the Utah militia known as the Nauvoo Legion, led by stake president-Colonel William H. Dame. Although Smith's rank in the Legion was simply a private, one Parowan resident understood that part of the purpose of his trip was to represent the church leadership and to organize the regiment, inspect the troops, and provide instructions. During the tour, Smith gave military speeches and counseled Mormons that they should prepare to "touch fire to their homes, and hide themselves in the mountains, and to defend their country to the very last extremity." Smith instructed church members to stockpile grain, and not to sell it to emigrants or use it for animal feed.

In addition to Parowan, Smith's tour included visits to Cedar City and Santa Clara. The group stopped at Mountain Meadows to eat dinner on August 20 with a group of resident missionaries. Smith addressed a group of Indians in Santa Clara, counseling them that "the Americans" were approaching with a large army, and were a threat to the Indians as well as the Mormons. Riding in a wagon afterwards, John D. Lee said he warned Smith that the Indians would likely attack emigrant trains, and that Mormons were anxious to avenge the blood of the prophets, and according to Lee, Smith seemed pleased, and said "he had had a long talk with Major Haight on the same subject."

Isaac C. Haight, Cedar City stake president, and second in military command under Dame, met with Smith again on August 21. Haight told Smith he had heard reports that 600 troops were already approaching Cedar City from the East, and that if the rumors were true, Haight would have to act without waiting for instructions from Salt Lake City. Smith agreed, and "admired his grit". Smith later said he was uncomfortable, perhaps "on account of my extreme timidity", because some of the militia members were eager that "their enemies might come and give them a chance to fight and take vengeance for the cruelties that had been inflicted upon us in the States", such as the Haun's Mill massacre, where 18 Mormons were killed in 1838 in a skirmish with the Missouri militia during the Mormon War.

On the way back to Salt Lake City, Smith was accompanied by a party including Jacob Hamblin of Santa Clara, a newly appointed Mormon missionary to the Natives in the region who also ran a federally funded "Indian farm" next to Mountain Meadows. Also traveling north with the Smith party were several Native chiefs of the southern Utah Territory.

On August 25, 1857, Smith's group camped next to the Fancher–Baker party, headed the opposite direction, at Corn Creek, now Kanosh. Smith later said he had no knowledge of the Baker–Fancher party prior to meeting them on the trail. When the Baker–Fancher party inquired about places to stop for water and grazing, Hamblin directed them to Mountain Meadows, near the "Indian farm" there, a regular stopover on the Old Spanish Trail.

Plural marriage
Like many other 19th-century Mormon leaders, Smith practiced plural marriage. Known for his somewhat bombastic speaking style, Smith once said, "We breathe the free air, we have the best looking men and handsomest women, and if [non-Mormons] envy us our position, well they may, for they are a poor, narrow-minded, pinch-backed race of men, who chain themselves down to the law of monogamy, and live all their days under the dominion of one wife. They ought to be ashamed of such conduct, and the still fouler channel which flows from their practices; and it is not to be wondered at that they should envy those who so much better understand the social relations."

In addition to his first wife Bathsheba, Smith married Lucy Smith, Nancy Clement, Sarah Ann Libby, Hannah Maria Libby, Zilpha Stark, and Susan E. West. His wives bore him 20 children, 11 of whom were still living when Smith died.

Physical characteristics
Smith was a portly man at 5 ft and at least 250 lb. He was humorously known for sometimes removing his wig to wipe his brow while preaching. After seeing Smith remove his hair, glasses, and false teeth, Paiutes gave him the name Non-choko-wicher, or "takes himself apart".

Death
Smith died in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, and was buried at the Salt Lake City Cemetery.

title: George A. Smith


text:
V. O. Key Jr.

Valdimer Orlando Key Jr. (March 13, 1908 – October 4, 1963) was an American political scientist known for his empirical study of American elections and voting behavior. He taught at Johns Hopkins University and Harvard.

Early life and education
V. O. Key was born in Austin, Texas.

When he was 15, his father, a lawyer and land owner, sent him to McMurry College for his last two years of high school and first year of college. He transferred to the University of Texas at Austin (BA, 1929; MA, 1930), and earned his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1934. He completed his dissertation, "The Techniques of Political Graft in the United States" (1934) under Charles E. Merriam's direction.

From 1936 to 1938, he served with the Social Science Research Council and the National Resources Planning Board.

Career
He taught at UCLA, Johns Hopkins University (1938–49), and Yale University (1949–51) before starting his last professorship at Harvard University in 1951.

During World War II, he worked with his mentor Harold Foote Gosnell at the Bureau of the Budget.

In 1942 Key published the first edition of his very widely used textbook, Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups, in which he emphasized that politics was a contest and the main players were organized interest groups. The book decisively shaped the teaching of political science by introducing realism in analysis of politics, introducing the "interest group" model, and introducing behavioral methods based on statistical analysis of election returns. It went through five editions, the last published posthumously in 1964, but was not further revised by other authors after his death.

His Southern Politics in State and Nation (1949) was a microscopic examination, state by state, of Southern politics using interviews and statistics. The book is one of the most influential books on the subject. In Public Opinion and American Democracy (1961) he analyzed the link between the changing patterns of public opinion and the governmental system. He opposed the Michigan model that argued voters' preferences were determined by psychological factors, thereby, in his view, taking most of the politics out of political science.

According to Chandler Davidson, "When Southern Politics in State and Nation was published in 1949, Key's reputation...was established beyond question. The book was magisterial, a brilliant sweeping survey of eleven southern states that destroyed once and for all the myth of the 'solid South.'"

Key was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1955 and the American Philosophical Society in 1956.

In his posthumous work, The Responsible Electorate: Rationality in Presidential Voting 1936–60 (1966), he analyzed public opinion data and electoral returns to show what he believed to be the rationality of voters' choices as political decisions rather than responses to psychological stimuli. His opening statement to this book famously argued: "The perverse and unorthodox argument of this little book is that voters are not fools."

Key also refuted the hypothesis that "Southern backwardness" could be attributed to poor whites. Rather, he asserted that a rich oligarchy of "Southern Bourbons" manipulated working class whites, and unified Southern voters to preserve the economic and social order of the time.

Other works by Key include The Techniques of Political Graft in the United States (1936), A Primer of Statistics for Political Scientists (1954), and American State Politics: An Introduction (1956). He pioneered the study of critical elections and served as president of the American Political Science Association in 1958–59.

In October 1961, President John F. Kennedy appointed him to the President's Commission on Campaign Costs, which reported in 1962.

Personal life
Key married Cora Luella Gettys Key on October 27, 1934. Born in Nebraska on October 17, 1898, she attended the University of Nebraska and earned a master's degree from its Department of Political and Social Sciences in 1921. After continuing her education at Bryn Mawr College, she received a Doctorate in Political Science from the University of Illinois, where she was a Carnegie Fellow in International Law, in 1925; her dissertation examined The Effect of Changes of Sovereignty on Nationality. She then worked at the University of Chicago in the Political Science Department, where she met her future husband, then a graduate student. After their marriage and continuing into the 1950s, Luella Key (she did not use her first name) worked at the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service. Her publications include The Reorganization of State Government in Nebraska (NE Legislative Reference Bureau, 1922), The Effect of Changes of Sovereignty on Nationality (Urbana, IL, 1926) (based on her dissertation), The Law of Citizenship in the United States (University of Chicago Press, 1934), and The Administration of Canadian Conditional Grants (Public Administration Service, 1938). Luella Key died in June 1975. Some of her papers are preserved in the Archives & Special Collections at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Library, and in the Schlesinger Library at Harvard University.

Key died at Beth Israel Hospital in Brookline, Massachusetts.

Publications

 * The Techniques of Political Graft in the United States, 1934, 1936.
 * The Administration of Federal Grants to States, Public Administration Service, 1937, Johnson Reprint Corp., 1972.
 * (With Winston M. Crouch) The Initiative and the Referendum in California,  University of California Press, 1939.
 * The Problem of Local Legislation in Maryland, 1940.
 * Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups, Crowell, 1942, 2nd edition, 1947, 3rd edition, 1952, 4th edition, 1958, 5th edition, 1964; online free
 * (With Alexander Heard) Southern Politics in State and Nation (Knopf, 1949, new edition, University of Tennessee Press, 1984). online
 * A Primer of Statistics for Political Scientists, Crowell, 1954, 1966. online
 * "A Theory of Critical Elections." 1955. Journal of Politics 17(1): 3–18.
 * American State Politics: An Introduction, Knopf, 1956, Greenwood Press, 1983. online
 * Public Opinion and American Democracy, Knopf, 1961. online
 * (With Milton C. Cummings) The Responsible Electorate: Rationality in Presidential Voting, 1936–1960, Belknap Press, 1966. online

title: V. O. Key Jr.


text: Category:Olympic tennis players for China


text:
Japanese mahjong scoring rules

Japanese Mahjong scoring rules are used for Japanese Mahjong, a game for four players common in Japan. The rules were organized in the Taishō to Shōwa period as the game became popular.

The scoring system uses structural criteria as well as bonuses. Player start scores may be set to any value. Usually, it is set to 20,000 to 30,000 points. Scores are counted using sticks of 10,000 points, 5,000 points, 1,000 points and 100 points. A game often ends when all the points of a player are lost, which is a situation called hakoten, dobon, buttobi, etc. However, some settings allow the game to continue, even if a player's score dropped below zero.

There are two criteria for determining the winning points: han and fu, which correspond to a points table. Han is the unit for the value of yaku, which are particular patterns or conditions of a hand. Fu is the value of melds, waits and "going out". Hands with enough fu and/or han may be considered limit hands; limit hands use predefined values to determine the winning points.

Steps of calculation
The payment to the winner of a hand is calculated as follows:
 * 1. Counting han (飜)
 * 2. If it is five han or more, it is mangan (満貫) or more and the calculation of basic points is omitted
 * 3. Counting fu (符)
 * 4. If it is clear that the han and fu yield more than mangan, the calculation of basic points is omitted
 * 5. Calculating the basic points based on the fu and han
 * 6. Multiplying the basic points depending on whether the winner is the dealer or non-dealer, and whether the hand is won by tsumo or ron
 * 7. Adding bonuses based on the number of counters''
 * (8. Adjusting the payment by the wareme rule)

In the case of a draw, points are transferred according to the nō-ten bappu rule. In the event of a penalty, such as claiming a win with an illegal hand, then points are transferred via the chombo rule.

Counting han
The total number of han (飜) of all the kinds of yaku (役; winning hand) in the hand is summed up. Each dora (ドラ) increases the han value of a hand. Dora are not regarded as yaku, and no hand can be won without a yaku even if there are some dora tiles.

If there is more than one way to arrange the winning hand, the arrangement with the highest han is used. For example, a hand could be either ryanpeikou (二盃口) or chītoitsu (七対子), but since ryanpeikou is three han where chītoitsu is two han, ryanpeikou should prevail. Some yaku have their han value reduced by one if the hand is not closed.

If a hand has five han or more, it is always counted by mangan (満貫) as a unit and it is not necessary to calculate fu (符) or basic points.

Counting fu
Fu (符) is counted in the order below and then rounded up to the tens. There may be variations of rules for counting it.

[Three han with 70 fu or more] and [four han with 40 fu or more] yield more than mangan and there is no need to calculate basic points.

 * 1) A winning hand is automatically awarded 20 fu. This is called fūtei (副底).
 * 2) Ten fu are added if one wins by claiming a discarded tile with a closed hand.  This is called menzen-kafu (門前加符).
 * 3) Add fu of the melds and the pair. (See the list below.)
 * 4) Add fu according to how the waiting was. (See the list below.)
 * 5) Add two fu if one wins by self-draw. This way of winning is called tsumo (自摸, or ツモ). However, if the winning hand includes a yaku of no-points hand (pinfu, 平和), in most rules the two fu are not awarded and the hand is counted as a total of 20 fu.
 * 6) Winning with yaku which include seven pairs (chītoitsu, 七対子) is counted as 25 fu altogether. The value is not rounded up to the tens. Some rules say seven pairs has 50 fu and one han, especially in the Kansai region.
 * 7) As an exception, if one wins by claiming a discard with an open hand with melds and waits to which no fu is awarded, the hand is not 20 fu but counted as a total of 30 fu. This is the fu for an open pinfu.

Fu of melds
The list for the third step:

Fu of waits
The list for the fourth step:

Calculating basic points
The basic points of a hand is calculated as follows:

 * [ basic points = fu × 2(2+han) ]

 * When a non-dealer (ko, 子: child) goes out by self-draw, the dealer (oya, 親: parent) pays the winner 2 × basic points, and the other two non-dealers pay the winner 1 × basic points.
 * When a non-dealer goes out by discard, the discarding player pays the winner 4 × basic points.
 * When the dealer goes out by self-drawn, all the three non-dealers pay the winner 2 × basic points.
 * When the dealer goes out by discard, the discarding non-dealer pays the winner 6 × basic points.

The actual points given are rounded up to the nearest 100. Even if the values of han and fu are the same, the points received for self-draw wins often slightly deviate from those received for discard wins because of rounding.

Example calculations
Example 1: The player on the right of the dealer goes out by self-draw. (The dealer's wind is always East in Japanese rules.) The winner's hand is closed and has a closed triplet (ankō) of Souths. The player also has two Whites as the pair (toitsu) and the winning tile is a White. The yaku are "self-pick" (menzenchin-tsumo-hō) and "honor tiles" (yakuhai), and they yield a total of two han. The sum of fu is 20 (fūtei) + 8 (a closed triplet of Souths) + 2 (a pair of Whites) + 2 (pair wait) + 2 (self-draw) = 34 fu, rounded up to 40 fu.

The basic points are thus 40 × 2(2+2) = 640. The dealer pays the winner 640 × 2 = 1,280, rounded up to 1,300 points. The other two non-dealers pay the winner 640, rounded up to 700 points.

Example 2: The same player goes out by the same hand, except this time the winning tile was discarded by the player on the right. The resulting hand has one han of honor tiles. The number of fu is 20 (fūtei) + 10 (ron with a closed hand) + 8 (a closed triplet of Souths) + 2 (the pair of Whites) + 2 (pair wait) = 42 fu, rounded up to 50 fu.

The basic point is thus 50 × 2(2+1) = 400. The discarder pays the winner 400 × 4 = 1,600 points. The other two players pay the winner nothing.

One han 110 fu
It is possible for a hand to have one han with 102 fu (rounded up to 110 fu) if the rules allow a pair to have four fu when it is made of wind tiles that are both the seat wind and the prevailing wind. Some rules consider that such a pair is still worth two fu, making the hand have exactly 100 fu.

An example of a hand that has one han with 110 fu. , closed, closed , winning by a discard.

The hand has yakuhai of one han with 20 fu of fūtei, 10 fu of menzen-kafu, 32 fu of ankan, 32 fu of ankan, four fu of minkō, and four fu of toitsu. East is both the player's seat wind and the round's prevailing wind in this case. This is the largest amount of fu that a hand with one han can have.

Scoring table
The method of calculating a winning hand's score in mahjong is quite tedious. Instead, hand values are fixed into a scoring table. Expert and professional players have this table memorized and can thus tell the value of a hand at a glance. Each of the table's point values is derived from the scoring equation and procedure with each corresponding han and fu values.

To use the table, simply look up the values that correspond to the han and fu counts of the hand. The top numbers in each cell indicate the payout from a player who discards a winning tile. The numbers in brackets indicate the payout for each player in the event the winning tile is self-drawn. If the winner is the dealer, each player pays the same amount. If the winner is a non-dealer, then the other two non-dealers pay the smaller number, while the dealer pays the larger number.

The reason why there are no scores in the 1 han 20 fu cell is that such a hand is impossible. The only 20 fu hands are the no-points hand (pinfu, 平和) where the winning tile is self-drawn. However, since a no-points hand must be closed, it makes winning via a self-drawn tile automatically add 1 han yaku of self pick to the hand. Therefore, a 1 han 20 fu hand cannot exist. A seven pairs hand is fixed at 25 fu. Since the hand is always closed, it adds 1 han of self pick when won by self-draw.

Mangan
When it is clear that a hand reaches basic points of more than 2,000, it is limited to full basic points of 2,000 and called mangan (満貫). A hand of five han or more is always counted as a multiple of mangan. In those cases, there is no need to calculate basic points.

One han cannot reach mangan because 110 fu × 2(2+1) = 880 < 2,000. (With one han, 110 fu is the maximum.)

Two han cannot reach mangan because 110 fu × 2(2+2) = 1,760 < 2,000. (With two han, 110 fu is also the maximum.)

When a hand has 120 fu or more, it always has some yaku of three han or more.

Exhaustive draws
On plenty of occasions, a hand ends with all tiles drawn and the 14 tiles in the dead wall remain. Yet, no player wins the hand. This is the exhaustive draw. In this case, points may be exchanged barring any tenpai hands vs nōten hands. After each exhaustive draw, the counter increases by one.

Tenpai
Tenpai (聴牌) means one tile short of a winning hand. To be tenpai, a hand does not need any particular yaku partly because winning by the last discard is yaku itself. When a hand is not tenpai, the situation is called nōten (ノー聴: nō is English "no" and ten for tenpai).

Players must show their hand to verify that it is tenpai when a hand is a draw and if they declared rīchi or if they declare tenpai. If a hand with rīchi declaration is nōten, a chombo penalty is imposed. In some cases, a player who didn't declare rīchi can declare nōten even when the hand is tenpai to keep their hand concealed.

Point exchange
Players receive or pay points called nō-ten bappu (ノー聴罰符; fu of penalty for nōten) in the following way when a hand ends in an exhaustive draw:
 * (1) one player is in a state of tenpai, the player gets 1,000 points from each of the other three players and receives total of 3,000.
 * (2) two players are tenpai, they get 1,500 each and the other two players pay 1,500 each.
 * (3) three players are tenpai, they get 1,000 each and the other player pays 3,000.
 * (4) the players are all tenpai or all nōten, no payment is made.

In most rules when a dealer's hand is nōten, the dealer changes and the game wind may change. But if it's the last hand of the last round, in some rules, a game does not end if the dealer declares nōten.

Counters
When there are counter sticks (honba) on the table, winners get bonus points calculated by multiplying 300 by the number of those counters. Honba (本場) is a unit of continuous dealer wins and draws, and to be exact, hon (本) is a unit of numbers of some bars and so on, and ba (場) means a scene or a situation.

The dealer keeps count of the number of continuous dealer wins and draws by placing point sticks on the table. While point sticks are usually used for scoring, here they are used merely as counters, a visual aid. The initial count is zero. The number of counters increases by one when:
 * (1) the dealer wins a hand
 * (2) a hand is a draw (ryūkyoku, 流局)
 * (3) an abortive draw happens.

In the case of (1) or (3), the dealer remains the same. In the case of (2), when the dealer cannot declare tenpai, the dealer changes, but the number of counters increases regardless of whether the dealer declares tenpai. In all other cases, namely when only a non-dealer wins, the count is reset to zero.

Renchan (連荘) is a situation in which a player successively plays the dealer, and is often only caused by dealer's win or tenpai; therefore, draws are not always renchan. On the other hand, the number of honba always increases when a draw or a dealer's win occurs. If the dealer changes, it is called rinchan (輪荘) instead of renchan, and happens for example by their nōten in the case of a draw.

In a state of n counters (suppose n is a number), when a player wins a hand by self-draw (tsumo), the player gets a bonus of n × 100 points from each of other three players for a total of n × 300, and when a player wins by claiming a discard (ron, 栄), the player gets a bonus of n × 300 from the discarder.

Example:
 * East round, 4th rotation with 0 counters (東4局0本場). The dealer (East) wins the hand. The seat winds don't rotate. Dealer puts 1 counter on the table.
 * East round, 4th rotation with 1 counter (東4局1本場). Hand is a draw with the dealer not declaring tenpai. The seat winds rotate. The former dealer retrieves the 1 counter and the new dealer places 2 counters.
 * South round, 1st rotation with 2 counters (南1局2本場). North wins by ron (claiming a discard), getting a bonus of 600 points from the discarder. The seat winds rotate and the former dealer retrieves the 2 counters.
 * South round, 2nd rotation with 0 counters (南2局0本場).

Optionally, a rule may restriction of ryanhan-shibari (二飜縛り; literally "two-han binding"). Here, players must produce hands of two han or more from yaku when the honba count surpasses a certain number. Usually, this count is five or more.

Chombo
Under the rule of chombo (チョンボ, 錯和 or 冲和), a player is given an infraction. Point penalties vary by organizations and/or events. Typically, a player pays a penalty of the same amount as mangan to other players in most rules. A non-dealer pays 4,000 to East and 2,000 to the other two players, while a dealer pays 4,000 to each. In other times, chombo does not affect the current score of the game; and instead, the penalty is applied at the end of the game. Chombo occurs for any of the following:

 * Invalidly claiming a winning hand
 * Winning on a discard under the situation of sacred discard (furiten)
 * Revealing a false rīchi, that is, rīchi with a hand that is not in the state of tenpai
 * Closed kan after rīchi if the kan changes the hand structure (in other words a kan of a tile after rīchi is not allowed if the hand can be interpreted such that the tile is a part of a sequence)
 * Having more tiles than allowed (depending on the rules)
 * Knocking the wall over so that it cannot be recovered to the way it was before

In game infractions, such as the false rīchi and invalid kan after rīchi, they are caught only after draws or winning declarations by players who declared the rīchi. If other players happen to win the hand, then the infractions are not revealed and therefore made null and void. Any rīchi bets are returned to the players after the end of a chombo hand.

Other settings for chombo apply point penalties after the game's conclusion. This is especially the case under tournament settings. Under this method, players do not benefit with any point gains. Instead, the infracted player solely takes a point deduction. The deduction may be set to any specified number.

Final points and place
At the end of the game, the final scores may be calculated. Under casual game settings, this calculation is not necessary. However, under more formal settings, it may be required. This calculation takes the game's scores and adjusts them according the setting of oka and uma, which were predetermined before the game. The calculation for each player is as follows:

End score = ((End points + Oka - Target)/1000) + Uma

 * End score - the final score for the player
 * End points - the player's points at the end of the final hand
 * Oka - the point difference between the target score and the initial score of all players given to the winner
 * Target - the target score, or the minimum score needed for a player to be declared first or the winner
 * Uma - a set of four numbers applied to each player's placement

Point settings may vary but are always determined prior to the beginning of a game. In particular, different mahjong platforms utilize their own settings to uma.

Wareme
In the optional rule wareme (割れ目, ワレメ; fissure, split), the player in front of whom the wall was split to indicate the end of the dead wall, acquires and pays double the normal points. They are doubled after the points for counters are added. It is often especially called oya-ware (親割れ; parent's wareme) when the player is the dealer.

title: Japanese mahjong scoring rules


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Abraham O. Woodruff

Abraham Owen Woodruff (November 23, 1872 – June 20, 1904) was an American missionary who was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was also the son of LDS Church president Wilford Woodruff.

Owen Woodruff was born near Salt Lake City, Utah Territory and grew up working on his family's farm. Then, as a young man, he attended the Latter Day Saints' College and obtained a job at the Zion's Saving Bank and Trust Company. After serving a mission in Germany, he was ordained an apostle at the relatively young age of 24. In this capacity, he traveled throughout the Intermountain West, Canada, and Mexico, attending stake conferences of the church and identifying areas for potential Mormon colonies. Woodruff played a major role in the establishment of a Latter-day Saint settlement at Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. During one of his trips to Wyoming in 1901, he met and married his second wife, thus practicing plural marriage eleven years after his father issued the 1890 Manifesto that ended polygamy as an official practice of the church. Woodruff contracted smallpox while visiting his second wife in the Mormon colonies in Mexico and died in 1904 at the age of 31.

Early life
On November 23, 1872, Woodruff was born just south of Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to Wilford Woodruff and Emma Smith Woodruff. He was the sixth of eight children. His mother was the second plural wife of Wilford Woodruff and the niece of Abraham O. Smoot, after whom Woodruff was named. On May 3, 1881, he was baptized a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He attended Brigham Young's funeral as a child. Woodruff's childhood home was a log house on the Woodruff homestead that his father had established after traveling across the Great Plains as a Mormon pioneer. During his young life, Woodruff helped out on the family farm; "he learned to hoe corn, plant and do general farm work." By the time he was ten, his job was to herd cows. He also sold watercress from Liberty Park in Salt Lake City for pocket money. He spent his free time fishing and hunting. He attended the local public schools and did well in his math classes. When the U.S. Congress passed the Edmunds Anti-Polygamy Act of 1882, Woodruff's father (Wilford Woodruff) went into hiding, seeking to avoid arrest for practicing plural marriage. Then, when Woodruff was fifteen years old, his father became president of the church.

After graduating from the 40th District school, Woodruff attended Latter-day Saints' College. Here, he studied under James E. Talmage and Karl G. Maeser for five years. Upon completion of his studies in 1891, Woodruff was hired to work at the Zion's Saving Bank and Trust Company. He was 18 years old. He worked as a collector before being promoted to assistant bookkeeper.

Missionary years
In 1893, at age 21, Woodruff was called to the Swiss–German Mission. Around this time, his father's health had begun to deteriorate, which made Woodruff's departure a difficult matter; but his father encouraged him to go, so he left for Europe. He was assigned to preach first in the city of Frankfurt, Germany. At the outset of his mission, he studied the German language with the help of his host family, often for two hours a day. After a few months, he found a few people who wished to be baptized. Woodruff was then moved from Frankfurt to the city of Dresden, where he served as branch president. After preaching in Dresden, his last assignment was in Berlin. Here, Woodruff endured persecution against Latter-day Saint missionaries; the German government had chosen to promulgate "the banishment of the 'Mormon' Elders" from the country. In order to blend in, Woodruff dressed and acted like a common worker in the country and preached in secret in homes at night, receiving support from local church members. Then, in 1896, he was released from his mission after three years of service.

Apostle of the LDS Church
After his mission, Woodruff returned to work at the Zion's Saving Bank and Trust Co., of which he was eventually made director. On June 30, 1896, he married Helen May Winters. Woodruff's father performed the sealing ceremony. The following October, during a general conference of the church, he was called by his father as an apostle. He was 24 years old. He and Matthias F. Cowley were ordained to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles after Abraham H. Cannon died and Moses Thatcher was released. Woodruff was the youngest member of the quorum at the time. He was ordained by his father on October 7, 1897 and was tasked with "traveling to various LDS congregations to dedicate buildings, call church leaders, and generally oversee the operations of the church." Woodruff traveled throughout Utah, Wyoming, Canada, and Mexico in his capacity as apostle.

He attended multiple stake conferences throughout the Intermountain West. He spoke at a stake conference held in Price, Utah, and, according to the Deseret Evening News, told the audience that "the Saints in general [were] on the improve." He then motioned for all the bishops and high councilors to stand up; and when it became obvious that only half of them were in attendance, Woodruff told the crowd that he "wished they [the absent bishops and high councilors] would hand in their resignations." At another stake conference in Brigham City, Utah, held in the Box Elder Stake Tabernacle, Woodruff spoke on the importance of the Second Coming, preaching the gospel, and marriage. At a stake conference in St. George, Utah, he told attendees of the importance of "improving [their] horses, cattle, sheep and fowls in general." At a conference of the Granite Stake in 1903, Woodruff quoted Theodore Roosevelt on the value of labor. Woodruff also took part in various additional functions as an apostle: he was present for the celebration of the thirteenth anniversary of the establishment of LDS College and, in 1901, he took part in planning the Brigham Young anniversary celebration.

He was also a member of the general board of the Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association. His wife Helen Woodruff was on the general board of the Young Ladies' Mutual Improvement Association, so she and her husband often traveled together on church assignments. Of him, Woodruff's fellow LDS apostle Matthias F. Cowley wrote: "When appointed to any labor, he works with all his might, mind, and strength, coupled with implicit faith in our eternal Father. He is young, healthy, active and faithful in his high calling and will doubtless accomplish a mighty work in the earth, and live to see the redemption of Zion." During this time, Woodruff developed a close relationship with his father, Wilford Woodruff, whose health had waned over time. After Wilford Woodruff died in 1898, Owen Woodruff inherited from him two shares in the Zion's Savings Bank and Trust Co. Woodruff's father also appointed him, along with Asahel Hart, David Patten, Newton Woodruff, and Wilford Woodruff Jr., to compile and publish his biography. He focused much of his efforts as apostle on establishing new LDS settlements outside of Utah Territory.

Establishing a Mormon colony at Bighorn Basin, Wyoming
Early in the year 1900, Woodruff traveled to the Bighorn River in Wyoming to scout the availability of resources and determine the feasibility of establishing a colony of Latter-day Saints there. In February, he traveled back to Salt Lake City to make his report to church leadership, traveling on the Northern Pacific Railway through Butte, Montana. He stayed with Colonel William F. Cody (also known as Buffalo Bill) in Cody, Wyoming during a bout of cold weather. Once he arrived in Utah, The Salt Lake Tribune reported that "Mr. Woodruff stated that he was delighted with eastern Montana and northern Wyoming, which is peculiarly adapted for Mormon husbandry. He said that he and his colleagues would make a favorable report to the higher officials of the Mormon church". Additionally, Woodruff told the Salt Lake Herald-Republican, "Our people are naturally agriculturalists, industrious and thrifty, and if the Big Horn country is what I am told it is, the colony should prove very successful." He became president of the Big Horn Basin Colonization Company and encouraged church members to migrate to Bighorn Basin, Wyoming.

Alongside a committee of public and church officials, Woodruff facilitated the purchase of 18,000 acres under the Carey Act on which to establish a new Mormon colony. The Wyoming state government cooperated with Woodruff, who said that the Wyoming representatives gave the committee "every encouragement in this matter". Land in the basin cost 25 cents per acre for settlers. Preparations for the settlement were finalized in March 1900. Under Woodruff's direction, 500 Latter-day Saints settled in Big Horn County, Wyoming in May 1900. He was there to greet them upon arrival. Then, in July 1901, group of Latter-day Saints from Sanpete County, Utah; Ogden, Utah; and Coalville, Utah left for Big Horn as well. One of the settlers' first projects was the construction of an irrigation system. In 1901 Woodruff was president of the "Wood River Live-stock company," which focused on fostering the livestock industry in Idaho and Wyoming.

Post-Manifesto polygamy
During one of his trips to Bighorn Basin, Woodruff met Eliza Avery Clark in Star Valley, Wyoming. He married her in 1901 while still married to his first wife, Helen, thus entering into plural marriage 11 years after his father issued the 1890 Manifesto, which ended polygamy as an official practice of the church. Woodruff was not alone in entering into post-Manifesto polygamy; there is evidence that other church leaders did the same, recognizing the Manifesto as the end of practicing plural marriage publicly but not privately. His marriage to Clark was largely kept a secret, and it is unknown if Joseph F. Smith, the church president at the time, gave permission for the union to take place. Of his decision to practice plural marriage, authors Lu Ann Faylor Snyder and Phillip A. Snyder wrote: "Eventually, apparently after much soul-searching, Owen determined to embrace post-Manifesto polygamy because he must have believed that the laws of God would eventually supersede those of the government despite the Manifesto’s promise of the church’s legal compliance."

Woodruff had four children with Helen Winters Woodruff: a son named Wilford Owen and three daughters named Helen Mar, June, and Rhoda. He had one child with Eliza Clark: a daughter named Ruth, born on April 11, 1904. Clark lived in Colonia Juárez, Chihuahua, a Latter-day Saint colony in Mexico, in order to keep her status as a plural wife a secret. Accompanied by Helen and their children, Woodruff visited Clark in Mexico shortly after the birth of their daughter, Ruth; apparently, "President [Joseph F.] Smith had sent Owen and Helen to Mexico to avoid the threat of arrest and the possibility of testifying in the [Reed] Smoot polygamy trials." He was included on a 1910 list of known post-Manifesto polygamists, apparently called "Sporadies".

Death and legacy
While in Mexico, his wife Helen Woodruff contracted smallpox and died on June 7, 1904 after suffering with the disease for three weeks. The couple had been encouraged to be vaccinated against the disease, but Woodruff had opted not to receive the vaccine. After attending Helen's funeral in Mexico City, he began to travel back to the US, but stopped in El Paso, Texas when he grew ill. His doctor initially diagnosed the illness as typhoid fever, but it was soon revealed that he had smallpox. Woodruff's condition appeared to be improving; he began making preparations to return home to Salt Lake City when his illness worsened. He was kept in an "isolation hospital" in El Paso. Woodruff died on June 20, 1904, at the age of 31 in line with a prophecy given to Owen and Helen Woodruff by President Wilford Woodruff that they "would not be separated in death by more than two weeks." The Coalville Times reported that his "direct cause of death" was "heart failure."

Memorial services for Abraham Owen and Helen Woodruff were held on June 26, 1904 in the Granite Stake Tabernacle. The Deseret Evening News reported that around 1,500 people were in attendance. Francis M. Lyman, Seymour B. Young, Junius F. Wells, Martha H. Tingey, Maria Young Dougall, and J. Golden Kimball participated in the program. W. W. Maughan "read a biographical sketch of Apostle Woodruff." Woodruff was succeeded by Charles W. Penrose in his office as apostle. Heber J. Grant and his wife took care of Owen and Helen Woodruff's four children after their deaths. Their daughter Helen Woodruff Anderson went on to attend the University of Utah and later became a member of the Relief Society General Board. On July 17, 1993, Woodruff's body was transported from El Paso to Salt Lake City and was reinterred in the Salt Lake City Cemetery. His wife Helen's body was moved from Mexico City to rest beside Woodruff's.

Editor and politician S. A. Kenner described Woodruff as possessing "scrupulous honesty, simplicity, implicit faith in God, industry and a total absence of ostentation". The Iron County Record memorialized him as "one of those unostentatious unassuming sort of men who win the hearts of those with whom they come in contact by making them feel perfectly at home in their society, and that although they are called to hold a prominent place in the administration of public affairs, are not the least bit top heavy in consequence."

title: Abraham O. Woodruff


text:
Category:French tennis players

This category lists tennis players with Wikipedia articles who have notably represented France. Note that articles are sub-categorized by whether a player has done so in male or female competition, and also by particular notable competitions.

title: Category:French tennis players


text: Category:Olympic tennis players for France