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Alex James (musician)

Steven Alexander James, FRSA (born 21 November 1968) is an English musician, best known as the bassist of the rock band Blur. He has also played with the bands Fat Les, Me Me Me, WigWam and Bad Lieutenant.

Music career
James was born in Boscombe, Bournemouth, and attended the state grammar school Bournemouth School, where he started playing in bands. He credits the Beatles with inspiring him to pursue music: "I was off school with chickenpox when John Lennon was shot in 1980. I spent the week watching a VHS recording of the Beatles film Help!, which was broadcast on TV the day he died. I still watch it once a year. Then I bought a Beatles songbook and a guitar, figured out the chord shapes and started strumming and singing along. I never looked back."

In 1988, James met future bandmate Graham Coxon at Goldsmiths College, where James studied French. Introductions with Coxon's old school friend Damon Albarn and Dave Rowntree soon took place; at the time Albarn and Rowntree were part of a band called Circus.

In 1989, James joined Coxon, Albarn and Rowntree's new band, Seymour, which would later be renamed Blur. He has been in the band ever since, although in 2008 he described the days of being a constant band member as "a past-life".

Almost immediately after this, Blur got together with returning bandmate Graham Coxon to perform at Glastonbury Festival, Hyde Park, Oxegen and T in the Park during the summer of 2009. They also played shows at Goldsmiths College, Essex Museum and other venues around the UK and mainland Europe. Blur headlined a show at Hyde Park for the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. In 2013, the band performed at the Rock Werchter in Belgium, the Spanish and Portuguese dates of the Primavera Sound festival, and the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in the United States.

Collaborations
Unlike Albarn, Coxon and Rowntree, James has not released any solo material, although he has been involved in other collaborative side projects. In 1998, James formed Fat Les with actor Keith Allen and artist Damien Hirst, releasing the unofficial theme song (excluding three others) "Vindaloo" for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, which reached number 2 in the UK Singles Chart. He also worked on side project Me Me Me with Stephen Duffy, co-wrote songs for Marianne Faithfull (appearing in drag playing a double bass in the music video for her single "Sex With Strangers") and Jane McDonald, and worked with Florence and the Machine and Gene Loves Jezebel.

James worked with Sophie Ellis-Bextor on her solo debut Read My Lips, co-writing and co-producing "Move This Mountain", and co-producing "I Believe" with Ellis-Bextor and producer Ben Hillier. He also played bass on both tracks. Ellis-Bextor's 2003 album, Shoot from the Hip also featured James as bass player and co-writer on the track "Love Is It Love". He also joined his friend and singer-songwriter Betty Boo in a band called WigWam in 2005. In 2009, James appeared as bass player on debut Bad Lieutenant record Never Cry Another Tear. The band consists of New Order lead singer Bernard Sumner and guitarist Phil Cunningham, along with Jake Evans of Rambo And Leroy. In 2013, James co-wrote the song "Did I Lose You?", performed by Giorgia and Olly Murs.

Writing
Alex James is a food writer for The Sun and has a weekly column, 'Alex James on All Things Food'; as well as a regular column on farm and family life in The Sunday Telegraph titled 'Mucking In'. He also writes a monthly column on cheese for Esquire Magazine. Alex contributes to a number of other British newspapers including The Independent, The Observer, The Times, and The Sunday Times, as well as Q magazine, The Spectator and The Idler. An autobiography of James's experience with Blur, Bit of a Blur, was published in June 2007 by Little, Brown & Company. It has since been described as "the definitive guide to Britpop". James published a follow-up entitled All Cheeses Great and Small: A Life Less Blurry in September 2011, charting his transformation from rock star to cheesemaker as he moves to a farm in Oxfordshire.

Television appearances
In 2001, James and Graham Coxon appeared in the Channel 4 Pixies documentary "Gouge". James represented The Idler on BBC Two's University Challenge: The Professionals in 2005 with John Moore of Black Box Recorder. They secured a heavy win over the Financial Times in their heat, but did not score highly enough to return for the tournament's later stages. In 2007, James was a judge on the Channel 4 show Orange unsignedAct and, in November 2007, appeared as a panellist on the BBC One satirical news quiz, Have I Got News for You. He also appeared in episode #3.4 of Gordon Ramsay's The F Word TV series as a participant in the Recipe Challenge which occurs in each episode. In August 2008, James appeared in reality TV series, Maestro on BBC Two. He was voted out in the fourth episode of the series.

In September 2008, a documentary television series, Cocaine Diaries: Alex James in Colombia, premiered on BBC America, in conjunction with the BBC America Reveals program. As the documentary progresses, James – who admits to having used cocaine extensively during Blur's Britpop heyday – learns about Colombia's violent drug export trade. In October 2009, James presented an episode of Never Mind the Buzzcocks and, in January 2010, he participated in the ITV1 reality television programme Popstar to Operastar. On 4 March 2012, James appeared on Top Gear as a guest for their 'star in a reasonably priced car' segment, clocking in at 1:45.2.

On 3 December 2011, he appeared on The Chase with Sara Cox, Ann Widdecombe and Eamonn Holmes against chaser Anne Hegerty, but he was caught by the chaser. On 16 March 2012, James appeared on The Bank Job and made the final, where he was beaten by Rachel Riley. He is also the first Bank Job contestant to find two "bankrupts" in a single game. James has been a participant in BBC One programme 10 Things You Need to Know About Losing Weight. On 26 December 2014, he appeared as one of the celebrity homeowners on Through the Keyhole with Keith Lemon. In August 2015, he won the Channel 4 programme [Celebrity Fifteen to One].

A 2016 documentary titled Alex James: Slowing Down Fast Fashion examined the fashion industry and how "consumers' seemingly unquenchable thirst for cheap clothing is having a huge effect on the environment and workers, both at home here in the UK and abroad".

Radio
In 2007, James presented the BBC Radio 4 programme On Your Farm. He presents Alex James's Date Night on Classic FM every Saturday at 7-10pm.

James presented The A-Z of Classic FM Music. The show was named Commercial Radio Programme of the Year at the Arqiva Commercial Radio Awards on 5 June 2009. He has also contributed to the show's accompanying memorabilia, writing the foreword to both the book and CD box set, published by Reader's Digest in 2010.

Cheesemaking
After his career with Blur, James moved into cheese production. He purchased a farmhouse in the Cotswolds and renovated it into a cheese farm. His 200-acre cheese farm in Kingham, Oxfordshire, now produces cheeses including Good Queen Maude, Blue Monday (named after his favourite New Order song) and Goddess. James made two cheeses with New Zealand cheese expert Juliet Harbutt: Little Wallop (2007) and Farleigh Wallop (2009), the latter won the Best Goat's Cheese award at the 2009 British Cheese Awards.

In 2011, James launched a range of everyday cheeses through at Asda. with flavour combinations include 'cheddar and tomato ketchup', 'cheddar and salad cream', and 'cheddar and tikka masala'. Tim Chester, writing in The Guardian, described James's cheese as "bizarre flavour mash-ups in sliced, processed, plasticky form".

Music and food festivals
James announced he would open his Oxfordshire farm to host an annual food and music festival. The event, Alex James Presents Harvest, ran from 9 to 12 September 2011, in conjunction with promoter Big Wheel Promotions. The event had a shaky start when Big Wheel Promotions went bankrupt leaving the ticketing company out of pocket and stallholders and performers unpaid.

The local primary school, Kingham Primary, were also owed £7000 for the entertainment they organised, with the headteacher telling The Guardian that "We are either going to have to lose the music teacher or take it from other budgets which will reduce other parts of the curriculum".

In December 2011, a concert was staged locally to settle the debt. "I pledged to match the funds raised from my own pocket ... I was very happy to do that" said James. Big Wheel Promotions, the company behind Harvest, then abruptly ceased trading even though it had already taken ticket fees for 2012. Alex James Presents Harvest was also notable for a photograph of James with David Cameron and Jeremy Clarkson.

Since 2012, James, along with Jamie Oliver, has hosted The Big Feastival, an annual food and music festival, on his Oxfordshire farm. On joining forces with James, Oliver said "The Big Feastival was a great success in South London last year and I cannot wait to take this celebration of the greatest chefs, the best local produce and suppliers and some fantastic entertainment to a more rural location at Alex's." Along with live musical performances from Paloma Faith, Gaz Coombes, The Cuban Brothers, Noisettes, Razorlight, Texas, and Sahand, there were cooking demonstrations, masterclasses, Q&As and book signings with well-known chefs, as well as family entertainment from Peppa Pig, Slow Food Kids' Taste Adventure and Chipping Norton Theatre. The Big Feastival returned to James's farm on 31 August and 1 September 2013 with a line-up including KT Tunstall, The Feeling, Rizzle Kicks and Basement Jaxx. The festival attracted over 30,000 attendees in 2014, and has continued to be held annually on August Bank Holiday weekend.

On 19 June 2019, James visited Bledington Primary School and invited the children to submit a fun, colourful, festival-inspired design. The winning entry was displayed as a stage backdrop at The Big Feastival.

The 2019 festival took place on 23–25 August. The music line-up included Elbow, Lewis Capaldi, Jess Glyne, Rudimental and Jonas Blue, with chefs including Prue Leith, Mark Hix and Candice Brown.

Personal life
James's father, Jason, was sales director of a company selling waste compactors and baling machines. James married Claire Neate, a music video producer, in April 2003 in Cheltenham. They have five children. The family live near Kingham in Oxfordshire on a 200-acre (0.81 km2) cheese farm; James is considered by the press to be a member of the Chipping Norton set.

In his book, James describes a long period of decadent lifestyle. To celebrate his birthday in São Paulo one year, he got the tour manager to find him a balthazar of champagne, which he shared with the five prettiest groupies who were at the hotel door. James estimated that he spent about 1 million pounds on champagne and cocaine; in 2015, however, he said that this story was not true. He mentions a long list of favourite bars, including the Groucho Club and The Colony Room.

Bournemouth University presented James with an honorary doctorate in November 2010. He also received an Honorary Doctorate of Arts from the University of Gloucestershire in November 2013.

title: Alex James (musician)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David Paniagua Jr.

David Paniagua Jr. was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Vanity, not notable. — Bill 20:14, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know if it's vanity or not but delete unless and until Denny's Girl comes out. --Daniel C. Boyer 21:09, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable/vanity.   — Gwalla | Talk 03:06, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable.. --Improv 19:17, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Daniel C Boyer. — siro  χ  o  22:17, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: He's a projectionist with a film project who has been attending college. Not notable. Geogre 13:56, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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PWM rectifier

PWM rectifier (Pulse-width modulation rectifier) is an AC to DC power converter, that is implemented using forced commutated power electronic semiconductor switches. Conventional PWM converters are used for wind turbines that have a permanent-magnet alternator.

Today, insulated gate bipolar transistors are typical switching devices. In contrast to diode bridge rectifiers, PWM rectifiers achieve bidirectional power flow. In frequency converters this property makes it possible to perform regenerative braking. PWM rectifiers are also used in distributed power generation applications, such as micro turbines, fuel cells and windmills.

The major advantage of using the pulse width modulation technique is the reduction of higher order harmonics. It also makes it possible to control the magnitude of the output voltage, and improve the power factor by forcing the switches to follow the input voltage waveform using a PLL loop. Thus we can reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD).

Types of PWM rectifiers

 * Warsaw rectifier (invented 1992)
 * Vienna rectifier (invented 1993)

title: PWM rectifier


text:
Green mix

Green mix is an early step in the manufacturing of black powder for explosives. It is a rough mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulfur in the correct proportions (75:15:10) for black powder, but is not milled, pressed or corned. It burns much more slowly than black powder, when it chooses to burn at all, can still explode if ignited in a confined place; the deflagration is usually characterized by short, uneven sizzling followed by relatively long periods of smoulder.

Usage
Green mix is merely an unfinished product and not generally used itself in any pyrotechnic or projectile applications.

title: Green mix


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Talk:Histories (Herodotus)

Histories vs. The Persian Wars
Is this the same as The Persian Wars? I couldn't verify this. If so, can someone add that at the head of the article? This would really help as the LOEB edition calls it (at least it seems to be this book) The Persian Wars. Tojasonharris (talk) 06:55, 24 September 2022 (UTC)

Outline - Request for Feedback
Am I including too-much/not-enough information in the outline? My intention was twofold: (1) make it easy to find stuff later (e.g., Herodotus's description of Babylon) and (2) to give people a sense of the kind of stuff that he wrote about. Now that this project is underway, it seems to be running rather long. And my brief description don't really convey the (nutty) things that Herodotus wrote about. (Herodotus is really a collection of stories, rather than a "history" in the modern sense, and many of these stories are rather outlandish.) Feedback? Jeffrey L. Whitledge 20:16, 2004 Oct 7 (UTC)

 * It looks alright so far. If you have the Penguin edition, there is a "map" of sorts in the back, showing all the subjects he talks about, in the proper chronological order...that might help. Adam Bishop 21:32, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I did books 6 & 7 and tried to include all the main facts but also anything mildly interesting or unusual to try and convey some of how Herodotus writes, perhaps a little long but I feel it's informative and, therefore, justified. CeM.

 * I've gone through and added a few things to 1-4, added 5, and will also add 8 and 9 next week. However, I'd like to trim down 6 & 7 a little bit to get them more inline with the others.  These summaries are already pretty long as is.  Just a listing of the event should be sufficient, and the articles linked from the list will have the in depth info.  Aside from these book summaries, I'd like to see some other info, critical analysis, etc. - such as the kind of stuff you see on Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War.  Anyone care to help out with that? - Ravenous 05:42, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The "nutty" stories are important, such as the persian who sailed the horn of Africa and had the Sun to the North (which is why Herodotos recorded his skepticism, but why we today are more convinced it was probably true). But what struck me most of all was his approach to history from the ground up, in the most literal sense, by describing geography and climate first as the key determinant of the culture that would develop in that land, which would of course affect history down the track. While Thucidides work showed remarkable insight into people, Herodotos seems to have grasped an ever deeper issue, perhaps yet to be understood by today's politicians as we face the possibility of drastic climate change.  But how can we talk about this from a NPOV? David T. Bath 09:32, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Opening quote needs better attribution
I've a 1960 reprint of the 1954 Aubrey de Sélincourt, Penguin Classics translation. And it begins:
 * In this book, the result of my inquiries into history, I hope to do two things: to preserve the memory of the past by putting on record the astonishing achievements both of our own and of the Asiatic peoples; secondly, and more particularly, to show how the two races came into conflict.

So exactly which version is quoted in the text? --Fuchsia Groan 17:41, 26 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I hadn't seen this comment before but it is quite correct. The Aubrey de Selincourt translation is as quoted above, not as quoted in the article. (Incidentally, de Selincourt's version of Herodotus's opening sentence is very, very "free", or [some would say] inaccurate.) Since no one has answered the question, we don't know what translation supplied the quotation in the article. I will take out the attribution to de Selincourt: that's a start. Andrew Dalby 17:02, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The attribution to Aubrey de Selincourt has been reinserted into the article, evidently by someone who hasn't read this discussion! My best guess is that the translation quoted is a copy from the current revised Penguin edition of what was originally the de Selincourt translation. Since it differs strongly from (and is more accurate than) what de Selincourt actually wrote, I will amend the article to reflect this guess of mine. If anyone knows better, please alter the article accordingly. And rew D alby  12:28, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I've fixed the attribution of Herodotus' opening quote in the opening paragraph. It comes from John Marincola's revision of Selincourt's Penguin translation. User:timmy 8:27, 8 February 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.226.89.207 (talk)

The Original Text?
Is there any information about the original text? I believe that there is one copy of the original text and it is in Arabic, if anybody knows can you add to this page? User:Sinanozel
 * No, he was a Greek historian and the original text was in ancient Greek (Ionic dialect). I'll check that the article makes this clear, since you ask. The original text is easily available in print and on the Web. Andrew Dalby 16:55, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The article didn't answer your question, did it? Thanks for raising this. I have added the information to the first paragraph. Andrew Dalby 17:12, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Good for you trying to be helpful but (a) obviously we need a cite instead of just writing c. 430 BC in 20 places and (b) OP was correct that we don't have a 430 BC copy of the Greek text. The article currently says *nothing* about the historiography and surviving MSS of the work itself, which is obviously critical for assessing it. That oldest surviving text may very well be in medieval Arabic. — Llywelyn II   16:14, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

Pactyes
I added the fact that Pactyes' fled to Cyme (Aeolis) after he was defeated by Mazares. Citation provided as (Herodotus: 1.157) based on the following direct quote: Pactyes, when he learnt that an army was already on his tracks and near, took fright and fled to Cyme, and Mazares the Mede marched to Sardis with a detachment of Cyrus' troops. Finding Pactyes and his supporters and his supporters gone, the first thing he did was to compel the Lydians to carry out Cyrus' orders - as a result of which they altered from that moment their whole way of life; he then sent a demand to Cyme that Pactyes should be surrendered, and the men of the town decided to consult the oracle at Branchidae as to whether they should obey...The messengers returned home to report, and the citizens of Cyme were prepared in consequence to give up the wanted man. (Herodotus: 1.157)

EDC 1200 assignment
The Histories by Herodotus is a series of books about the war between Greece and Persia during the 5th century. It is a detailed account of the men that served and the battles that were fought. I found this book on the third floor of Moody Library in the "D" section. If you go to the right it is on the aisle marked between D7-D117 on the top shelf. Patricia New (talk) 04:28, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Muses?
Where on earth did the connection between the books of the Histories and the nine Muses come from? Additionally, aren't the book divisions post-Herodotean? unsigned comment added by 68.226.89.207 (talk)

 * My understanding is that it is indeed a later addition and was not at all original with Herodotus himself, but I have never heard of who actually did it. Most likely, because the "Histories" happened to take up nine scrolls (the "books" that most ancient texts are divided into were originally the separate individual scrolls that they were written on) and since there are nine Muses in mythology, some intrepid librarian or editor at the Library of Alexandria decided it would be a neat idea to name each book after one of the Muses. IonNerd (talk) 12:07, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

A generalization that may be misleading for readers
The second paragraph of this article says: "Herodotus portrays the conflict as one between the forces of slavery (the Persians) on the one hand, and freedom (the Athenians and the confederacy of Greek city-states which united against the invaders) on the other."

This statement generalizes the "Histories" far too excessively, in my opinion. A reader who was not previously knowledgeable about the ancient world might assume from that statement that Athens and the other Greek city-states were modern liberal democracies like the United States, whereas the Persian Empire was a totalitarian dictatorship like Nazi Germany. I do not know of any passage in the "Histories" where Herodotus *explicitly* says anything quite like this; it sounds more like a modern reading and viewpoint imposed onto the work.

I believe that this sentence needs to be re-written in a more neutral tone that is not so heavily laden with modern interpretations. Maybe something along these lines: "Herodotus portrays the Greek city-states as fighting for their freedom and independence from the conquering Persian Empire." This would eliminate the metaphorical suggestion that the Greeks were "representatives" of freedom while the Persians were "representatives" of slavery.

From the way that the statement is currently written, its tone seems to imply that the Greeks were fighting for "freedom for everybody", which they were not. Ancient civilizations, including the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, regularly practised some form of slavery (although it should be noted that ancient slavery was somewhat different from American slavery during the nineteenth century and that its practice varied widely from one ancient people to another). Athens and Sparta were, in fact, the two Greek city-states most dependent on slavery. In the ancient world, those who were already "free" were assumed to have the right to fight to maintain that freedom for themselves; therefore, the "free men" of Athens and the other Greek city-states were fighting to maintain their independence and freedom from Persian imperialism. They were not, however, fighting for "freedom" as an external, objective, and universal ideal. The Greco-Persian Wars were not waged to "spread freedom and democracy for everybody", but rather to maintain that freedom for those that already had it, i.e.: the (already) free citizens of the Greek city-states. From that statement above, a modern reader might easily be lead to believe that the Greeks fought for a "universal" ideal of freedom, but they were actually fighting for a "limited" freedom for themselves from the Persian Empire.

A (very crude) analogy might be made here to the American Revolution, in that it was also a fight for "limited" freedom from the rule of Great Britain; the American colonists were not fighting for universal freedom for every single person living in the British Empire. On the other hand, the American Civil War might be seen as a fight for universal freedom for all people living in the United States of America. In this sense, the Greco-Persian Wars were closer to the Revolution than to the Civil War. But, this article would suggest that the Greco-Persian Wars, as described by Herodotus, were fought for universal freedom for everybody.

The article should just explain what Herodotus wrote as clearly and distinctly as possible, and leave the reader to search out further studies, analyses, and interpretations of the "Histories" and the Greco-Persian Wars on his own. Metaphorical interpretations about the Greek city-states representing "freedom" and the Persian Empire representing "slavery" might belong, for instance, in a separate article on the evolution of the ideal of "freedom" throughout Western history; such an article might describe the influence and contribution of the "Histories" and the Greco-Persian Wars on the development of "freedom" in the modern West. This article here, however, should just adhere to a factual report of the ancient text by Herodotus. IonNerd (talk) 20:12, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't say that the wording must be changed, since if it's Herodotus's bias position, but it must be clarified afterwards, that it's just one side slave-owners defending against another side slave-owners. Slave-owners think of themselves as "free people" and depict enemy slave-owners as the ones that will turn them into slaves. Turning whole cities of people from conquered lands into slaves was pretty common with Roman empire (35% of population were slaves), even Osman empire (20% of population), etc.. So Persians were probably thinking the same thing: we're freeing our brethren who were turned into slaves from those horrible forces of slavery (Greek "free people" - slave-owners) and ensuring that that we, the only truly free society (Persian slave-owners), wont become slaves in the future. ^_^ Gendalv (talk) 09:03, 14 July 2015 (UTC)

Integration of material from another Wikipedia article
The Wikipedia article on the Battle of Plataea has some great information (all cited appropriately) on Herodotus (in the section called "Sources"):

 * The main source for the Greco-Persian Wars is the Greek historian Herodotus. Herodotus, who has been called the 'Father of History',[94] was born in 484 BC in Halicarnassus, Asia Minor (then under Persian overlordship). He wrote his 'Enquiries' (Greek—Historia; English—(The) Histories) around 440–430 BC, trying to trace the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars, which would still have been relatively recent history (the wars finally ending in 450 BC).[89] Herodotus's approach was entirely novel, and at least in Western society, he does seem to have invented 'history' as we know it.[89] As Holland has it: "For the first time, a chronicler set himself to trace the origins of a conflict not to a past so remote so as to be utterly fabulous, nor to the whims and wishes of some god, nor to a people's claim to manifest destiny, but rather explanations he could verify personally."[89]

 * Some subsequent ancient historians, despite following in his footsteps, criticised Herodotus, starting with Thucydides.[95][96] Nevertheless, Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off (at the Siege of Sestos), and therefore evidently felt that Herodotus's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting.[96] Plutarch criticised Herodotus in his essay "On The Malignity of Herodotus", describing Herodotus as "Philobarbaros" (barbarian-lover), for not being pro-Greek enough, which suggests that Herodotus might actually have done a reasonable job of being even-handed.[97] A negative view of Herodotus was passed on to Renaissance Europe, though he remained well read.[98] However, since the 19th century his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds which have repeatedly confirmed his version of events.[99] The prevailing modern view is that Herodotus generally did a remarkable job in his Historia, but that some of his specific details (particularly troop numbers and dates) should be viewed with skepticism.[99] Nevertheless, there are still some historians who believe Herodotus made up much of his story.[100]

The Wikipedia article on the Greco-Persian Wars repeats the exact same information.

I think that this information is incredibly relevant to this article here and that someone should try and integrate it in. I would do it myself, but I am not a very skilled writer and editor of Wikipedia; perhaps someone with more experience at using wikis could try. IonNerd (talk) 12:52, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

Ants
Can we move the gold-digging ants section from the Herodotus page to here? --15lsoucy (talk) 22:28, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

Publication Date
Why does it say he wrote it from 450-420 BC, but then the small box says it was published in 440 BC?--192.5.215.254 (talk) 18:17, 15 October 2012 (UTC)
 * And why now does it say c. 430 BC in 20+ places without a citation for any of them? Good questions all. This article really demands a Dating/MS section. — Llywelyn II   16:15, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

Confusion of "Io" character
The Clio speaks of the rape of a woman named "Io," whom I always took to be mortal, but this page links you to the goddess Io. Maybe that's what Herodotus meant? Well, the wikipedia page on Io the goddess says nothing about a rape. Sorry if I've just confused myself, I'm not that familiar with this stuff. Fredo699 (talk) 15:36, 5 April 2017 (UTC)

Request to add to 'Translations' Section
I'd like to add Henry Cary's translation from 1849. Seems to be one of the first good translations straight to English rather than from Greek to another language then to English. It is still in print, and has been referred to here (https://muse.jhu.edu/article/591320/pdf) as being preferable to the Rawlinson, Godley, and de Selincourt versions. Here is the worldcat.org address: http://www.worldcat.org/title/herodotus-a-new-and-literal-version-from-the-text-of-baehr-with-a-geographical-and-general-index/oclc/8555525&referer=brief_results

Here is the MLA Citation: Herodotus,, Henry Cary, and Johann C. F. Bähr. Herodotus: A New and Literal Version from the Text of Baehr with a Geographical and General Index. London: Bohn, 1850. Print. [2602:306:cdaf:40e0:1c37:9211:8877:d8b3]

 * And what was the source of Cary translation?

 * Translation should not be used here but original oldest sources: papyri or oldest manuscripts. This article abandon sources entirely. From AD. POxy 1375 I, POxy 1375 II, POxy 1619 are from Ic AD to 50+ other P fragments. The oldest manusript 8c AD and 57 other.   [unsigned post by 99.90.196.227]
 * A) Please remember to sign your posts.

 * B) 2602..., aside from the obvious mistakes in your MLA cite, we generally don't use it. Instead, the default is to use the citation template. The Cary translation dates from 2 years earlier and was published by Routledge in a different series from the one listed:
 * Yeah, it ends up pretty ugly in this format. Debatable whether Bähr's emendations make him a coauthor or an editor; the usual formatting of the template would make it look like he edited Cary's translation instead of editing the Greek text used for a full translation. We could do a |url= link to a version of Cary's translation but the 1847 one doesn't seem to have been uploaded anywhere yet. Google Books' copy is behind its firewall.
 * Yeah, it ends up pretty ugly in this format. Debatable whether Bähr's emendations make him a coauthor or an editor; the usual formatting of the template would make it look like he edited Cary's translation instead of editing the Greek text used for a full translation. We could do a |url= link to a version of Cary's translation but the 1847 one doesn't seem to have been uploaded anywhere yet. Google Books' copy is behind its firewall.

 * C) 99..., you're half right. This article badly needs discussion of the actual sources of the text instead of just repeating the number c. 430 BC 20+ times. On the other hand, there absolutely should be a collection of major English translations provided in the English Wikipedia's article on this major work. We usually do that in a laundry list section towards the bottoms of pages but they could also be left in a line in a Bibliography section and just addressed as appropriate in the History/Reception sections. — Llywelyn II   16:49, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Histories (Herodotus)


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Rubi-Con

Rubi-Con was a hacker convention that took place in Detroit, Michigan from 1999 to 2003 inclusive. After folding in its fifth year, Rubi-Con organizers managed to destroy its name through a creative website prank thereby preventing others from using the reputation to build their own events. This tactic was only partially successful, as the organizers of Notacon have historically used Rubi-Con in their own self promotions.

Rubi-Con was known for being a no-holds-barred, anything goes event, where speakers were free to speak their minds, and where fun was the order of the day above all else. Occurrences included indoor pyrotechnics during presentations (2002) and a conference organizer being hospitalized for alcohol poisoning (2001).

Notable Quotations Overheard at Rubi-Con

 * "This isn't fucking Comdex, I want you to break something." —Denis A. Baldwin (Conference Organizer), Rubi-Con 2002
 * "Subvert me not, boy...I will not submit to your filthy propaganda." —Myrone Bagalay aka enorym/rü$╫ (Conference Organizer and founding member), Rubi-Con 1999–2003

Rubi-Con History

 * 1999: The Holiday Inn, Dearborn, Michigan (May 28–30)
 * 2000: The Wyndham Garden Hotel, Romulus, Michigan. (Changed its name to Clarion Hotel the night before the event, making it difficult for many attendees to find.) (April 28–30)
 * 2001: The Ramada Hotel, Detroit, Michigan (Across the street from a local SBC Communications office) (April 6–8)
 * 2002: The Marriott, Romulus, Michigan (April 5–7)
 * 2003: The Holiday Inn, Dearborn, Michigan (March 28–30)

title: Rubi-Con


text:
Vian

Vian may refer to:

Places

 * Vian, Iran, a village in Hamadan Province, Iran
 * Vian, Oklahoma, a town located in the United States
 * Vian, Norway, a town located in Vestvågøy, Norway

Surname

 * Boris Vian (1920–1959), French writer, poet, singer, and musician
 * Dominique Vian (born 1944), French overseas civil servant
 * Sir Philip Vian (1894–1968), admiral in the Royal Navy

Given name

 * Vian Smith (1919–1969), author from Devon, United Kingdom, who wrote extensively about horses and the Moors
 * Marshall Vian Summers (born 1949), American spiritual leader and author

Other

 * Vian, a member of the fictional advanced alien species in the 1968 episode "The Empath" in the original Star Trek television series

title: Vian


text:
Awdry

Awdry is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Charles Awdry (1906–1965), English cricketer, British Army officer, High Sheriff of Wiltshire
 * Christopher Awdry (born 1940), English author, son of the Rev. W. Awdry
 * Daniel Awdry (1924–2008), British politician
 * John Wither Awdry (1795–1878), English judge, Chief Justice of the Bombay Supreme Court
 * Robert Awdry (1881–1949), English cricketer, British Army officer, High Sheriff of Wiltshire
 * Wilbert Awdry (1911–1997), English cleric and author, creator of The Railway Series
 * William Awdry (1842–1910), Anglican clergyman, Bishop of Southampton, Osaka and South Tokyo

title: Awdry


text:
Vicco

Vicco may refer to:

People

 * Vicco (singer) (born 1995), Spanish singer

Places

 * Vicco, Kentucky, city in Kentucky, U.S.
 * Vicco, Peru, locality in Peru
 * Vicco Airport, airport in Peru
 * Vicco District, district in Peru

Other

 * Vicco Group, Indian Ayurvedic manufacturer

title: Vicco


text:
Renée Jeanne Falconetti

Renée Jeanne Falconetti (21 July 1892 – 12 December 1946), sometimes credited as Maria Falconetti, Marie Falconetti, Renée Maria Falconetti, or simply Falconetti, was a French stage and film actress, notable for her acclaimed role as Joan of Arc in Carl Theodor Dreyer's 1928 silent The Passion of Joan of Arc and subsequent mysterious and enigmatic death. There is little recorded information about her life and career on the internet, and much of the existing information about her life is contradictory.

Early life and career
Born in Pantin, Seine-Saint-Denis, Falconetti grew up poor and was schooled by nuns who did not support her acting ambitions. Despite this, she became a stage actress in Paris by entertaining soldiers during World War I. She made a name for herself in the early 1920s, mainly playing roles in light comedies and musicals.

The Passion of Joan of Arc
When Carl Th. Dreyer discovered Falconetti in an amateur theatre production of La Garçonne and selected her for the lead role in his upcoming production La Passion de Jeanne d'Arc, she was already a celebrated stage artist at 35 years old. Her portrayal is widely considered one of the more astonishing performances committed to film, and it remained her final cinematic role. Whether or not this is her first film credit is a topic of debate, as some claim that she had two previous film credits, though a supposed interview with Falconetti sees her claim that La Passion de Jeanne d'Arc is her first film role after a few "test pictures."

Many writers have claimed that Falconetti's performance was the result of extreme cruelty at the hands of Dreyer, a notoriously demanding director who pushed her to the brink of emotional collapse. For example, film critic Roger Ebert writes:

"For Falconetti, the performance was an ordeal. Legends from the set tell of Dreyer forcing her to kneel painfully on stone and then wipe all expression from her face – so that the viewer would read suppressed or inner pain. He filmed the same shots again and again, hoping that in the editing room he could find exactly the right nuance in her facial expression." However, in their biography of Dreyer, Jean and Dale Drum say that these stories are based only on rumour and that "there is no evidence that Dreyer could be called a sadist". They quote onlookers who described Dreyer's working relationship with Falconetti: Initially in the production process, "Dreyer and Falconetti would watch the rushes of a single scene together, seven or eight times, until Dreyer could pick out a little bit, maybe a few feet, where the effect was what they wanted, and when they reshot the scene, she could play it without the least inhibition. Just those few feet of film had inspired her." Later, Falconetti became able to play scenes only from Dreyer's explanations, without the need even for rehearsal.

Subsequent career and death
After filming Joan of Arc, Falconetti continued with her career as a producer of light stage comedies, appearing with the Comédie-Française. During World War II, she escaped from France first to Switzerland, Brazil, and then left for Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Falconetti had suffered from mental illness all her life, and in 1946 she died in Buenos Aires, Argentina, an apparent suicide, by a self-imposed restrictive diet after having become significantly overweight. Her remains are interred at Montmartre Cemetery in Paris, section 16 (her grave site is not listed on official maps). Her grandson Gérard Falconetti also became an actor.

title: Renée Jeanne Falconetti


text:
Raffle

A raffle is a gambling competition in which people obtain numbered tickets, each of which has the chance of winning a prize. At a set time, the winners are drawn at random from a container holding a copy of each number. The drawn tickets are checked against a collection of prizes with numbers attached to them, and the holder of the ticket wins the prize.

The raffle is a popular game in many countries, and is often held to raise funds for a specific charity or event.

Process
A raffle may involve several separate prizes, possibly donated, with a different ticket drawn for each prize, so a purchaser of a ticket may not be attracted to a specific prize, but for the possibility of winning any of those offered. The draw for prizes may be held at a special event, with many onlookers and overseen by a club official or well-known person. In the prize draw, one ticket is drawn for the initial prize; that ticket is then left out of the container. A second ticket is then drawn for the next prize, and that ticket also is discarded, and so on. This continues until all prizes have been won.

Chinese auction
A common practice for increasing revenue from ticket sales is to offer bulk sales of tickets, e.g., $10 per single ticket or $25 for three tickets, although this practice is illegal in some countries. This practise is also known as Chinese auction. In some places, (eg. Australia) raffles are regulated and require a permit, or may only be legal for registered nonprofits. Players tend to spend more money on bulk tickets believing they have a much better chance of winning. Since the tickets cost little to produce, and the prize expense has been set, the number of tickets sold creates little or no additional cost for the raffle holders.

Tombola
Tombola is a raffle mostly played at Christmas time. Prizes are often only of symbolic value. With the Italian mass emigration of the 19th and 20th centuries, the game which originated in Southern Italy was exported abroad and it took different forms and names such as Bingo.

Private raffle
The process may be employed, where legal, to dispose of a high-value item such as a horse, car or real estate. One example was American-Australian photographer Townsend Duryea's raffling off his yacht "Coquette" in 1858.

Where the prize is a valuable work of art, the process may be termed an art union, particularly where the beneficiary is the originating artist. Australian artists who have disposed of their works in this way include Alfred Felton, James Ashton. and E. H. Baggs.

Worldwide
In the UK, the term "tombola" is used when the raffle tickets are placed in a barrel and tumbled before the winning tickets are drawn from the barrel. The tombola booth is commonly used as a fundraising event for local fetes.

In New Zealand and Australia, meat raffles are commonplace in pubs and registered clubs. Trays of meat or seafood are raffled to raise money for a cause, often a local sporting club. Similar raffles are held in Minnesota and Rhode Island.

Cash raffle
In a cash raffle, the prize is a portion of the total earnings. These are sometimes referred to as "50/50" draws, with half of the money going to the raffle winner and half to organizers or a charity they are supporting, although the prize may not necessarily be equal to 50 percent of the earnings. Such raffles are illegal in some places, such as California (with limited exceptions).

title: Raffle


text:
Category:Impulse-control disorders

pl:Kategoria:Zaburzenia nawyków i popędów

title: Category:Impulse-control disorders


text:
Vici

Vici may refer to:

 * The plural of the Latin vicus
 * "I conquered" in Latin, first person perfect of vincere, notably part of the phrase Veni, vidi, vici
 * V.I.C.I., short for Voice Input Child Identicant, nicknamed Vicki, the android title character in Small Wonder
 * Vici Gaming, Chinese eSports organization with teams in Dota 2, League of Legends, and Hearthstone
 * Vici Properties, American real estate investment trust
 * Vici, Oklahoma

title: Vici


text:
Public holidays in Singapore

The schedule of 11 public holidays in Singapore which are gazetted and recognized since the establishment of Singapore's 1998 Holidays Act.

List of public holidays in Singapore
There are generally 11 public holidays a year; however, since the gap between the Islamic calendar and the Gregorian calendar lasts around 11 days, Hari Raya Aidil Fitri and Hari Raya Aidil Adha are respectively celebrated twice in a Gregorian calendar year every 32 or 33 years. This occurred in 1968 and 2000 for Hari Raya Puasa as well as 1974 and 2006 for Hari Raya Haji, giving Singaporeans 12 public holidays in those years, not 13 since they are not close enough to be both celebrated twice in the same Gregorian year, only either one of the two.

The list of all the holidays are as follows (listed in alphabetical order):

 * Chinese New Year — An annual festival to commemorate the first and second days of the Chinese calendar. (Celebrated for 2 days)
 * Christmas Day — An annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ. (Celebrated for 1 day)
 * Deepavali — An annual Hindu festival of lights celebrated every year in autumn. (Celebrated for 1 day)
 * Good Friday — An annual Christian holiday commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and his death at Calvary. (Celebrated for 1 day)
 * Hari Raya Haji — Observed by Muslims. (Celebrated for 1 day)
 * Hari Raya Puasa — An annual religious holiday celebrated by Muslims that marks the end of Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting (sawm). (Celebrated for 1 day)
 * Labour Day — An annual day observed with the solidarity amongst workers. (Celebrated for 1 day)
 * National Day — An annual day to commemorate the nationhood and independence of Singapore in 1965. (Celebrated for 1 day)
 * New Year's Day — An annual day to commemorate the first day of the Gregorian calendar. (Celebrated for 1 day)
 * Vesak — An annual holiday observed traditionally by Hindus and Buddhists (Celebrated for 1 day)

Under the Holiday's Act, should a Public Holiday fall on a Sunday, the following day on Monday would be gazetted as a public holiday (also called holiday-in-lieu). There are however, special occasions, that may be gazetted by the President of Singapore to declare any day to be observed as a public holiday by modifying any days specified in the schedule to the Holidays' Act and if any, another day to be observed as an additional public holiday when in that year two public holidays fall on the same day. One such occasion occurred during the 2015's National Day, whereas an additional day of August 7 was gazetted as a public holiday in addition to August 10 being the holiday-in-lieu.

If any public holiday falls on a Saturday in Singapore, the following Monday is declared as a school holiday for students in primary & secondary schools, only if that Monday is not a public holiday itself.

General / Presidential Elections
Under Section 35 of the Parliamentary Elections Act and Section 17 of the Presidential Elections Act, Polling Day for a general election or a presidential election (but not By-elections) is a public holiday that is gazetted by the Returning Officer from the Elections Department Singapore. Under the Employment Act, employees not required to work on that day are entitled to one day off in lieu or be given one day's pay.

 * General election — To elect the next Government of Singapore
 * Presidential election — To elect the next President of Singapore

Defunct public holidays
Up to and including 1968, these few were also gazetted as public holidays but were removed to improve business competitiveness.

 * Boxing Day - Boxing Day is a holiday celebrated the day after Christmas Day.
 * Easter Monday - Easter Monday in the Western Christian liturgical calendar is the second day of Eastertide and analogously in the Byzantine Rite is the second day of Bright Week.
 * Holy Saturday - Holy Saturday, the Saturday of Holy Week, also known as the Great Sabbath, Black Saturday, or Easter Eve, and called "Joyous Saturday" or "the Saturday of Light" among Coptic Christians, is the day after Good Friday.
 * Thaipusam - A Hindu festival celebrated mostly by the Tamil community on the full moon in the Tamil month of Thai.
 * Mawlid - The observance of the birthday of the Islamic prophet Muhammad which is celebrated in Rabi' al-awwal, the third month in the Islamic calendar.
 * Second day of Hari Raya Puasa - Second day of Hari Raya

Workers' rights
It is legal for employers to agree to give their employees other holidays in substitution for one or more public holidays. No act or thing relating to any government department or public authority, any judicial proceeding, any transaction, instrument or any other act or thing is rendered invalid where it is done or executed on a Sunday or public holiday.

Under the Employment Act, an employee who is required to work on a public holiday is entitled to an extra day's salary at the basic rate of pay, in addition to the gross rate of pay for that holiday.

The days observed as general public holidays in Singapore are declared in the schedule to the Holidays Act. According to the Ministry of Manpower, which issues a yearly list of the dates on which public holidays fall, the holidays were "chosen and agreed upon after close consultation with different community and religious leaders in Singapore". Other factors taken into account were the impact on business costs and statutory leave provided for under the Employment Act. Thus, some religious holidays such as Easter Monday, Mawlid (the birthday of Muhammad), Boxing Day and Thaipusam were removed from the list of public holidays to improve business competitiveness.

title: Public holidays in Singapore


text:
USS Sea Devil (SS-400)

USS Sea Devil (SS/AGSS-400), a Balao-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the sea devil (Manta birostria), the largest of all rays, noted for power and endurance.

Construction and commissioning
Sea Devil's keel was laid down 18 November 1943 at the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine. She was launched on 28 February 1944 sponsored by Mrs. Sherman K. Kennedy, and commissioned on 24 May 1944.

First war patrol, September – October 1944
Completing shakedown training at New London, Connecticut, Sea Devil departed that port on 11 July 1944 and arrived at her home port, Pearl Harbor, on 9 August to join Submarine Division (SubDiv) 281 and prepare for her first war patrol. On 3 September, she sailed west. By 15 September, she was 500 mi off Honshū, and, during the early morning darkness, made contact with her first enemy ships — two sampan-type patrol vessels. Rough seas, however, precluded an attack, and she continued on to patrol in the shipping lanes to Japan's major ports: Yokohama, Kobe, and Osaka.

On 16 September, at 04:32, Sea Devil made her second contact; submerged; and commenced closing the target. At 05:38, the enemy, a cargo submarine, was sighted. At 05:45, Sea Devil made her first attack. Four torpedoes were fired. Two exploded against the target. Sea Devil lost depth control. A minute later, periscope depth was regained. Brown smoke marked the enemy's previous location. Seven underwater explosions followed. By 05:53, a large oil slick covered the site where the Japanese submarine JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-364 had gone down.

Sea Devil reloaded and continued to move closer to Japan. On 17 September and 18 September, mountainous seas inhibited hunting. On 21 September, the submarine commenced running along the 100 fathom (183 m) curve, but the strong Kuroshio Current there caused her to lose ground and forced her to shift her course.

On the morning of 22 September, she made several contacts, but all were too small. During the early afternoon, she sighted a small convoy and fired on a freighter. The target turned toward the submarine. Sea Devil went deep. An hour later, the surface ships had gone and the hunted submarine again became a hunter.

During her remaining 22 days on station, Sea Devil attacked several targets, but scored on none. In mid-October, she headed for Majuro for refit, and, on 19 November, she got underway for the waters west of the Nansei Shoto.

Second war patrol, November – December 1944
At the end of the month, Sea Devil entered the East China Sea and turned toward the Kyūshū coast. On 1 December, just prior to midnight, she made radar contact with a distant convoy and commenced running with the state-five sea on four engines to gain position. At 02:39 on 2 December, she changed course to close the convoy. A minute later, she took a wave over the bridge which knocked the starboard lookout onto the bridge deck; flooded the main induction and both engine rooms to the lower deck plates; and sent water through the supply line into the after battery compartment, the crew's mess, and the radio shack. A solid stream came into the control room via the conning tower. But, other than numerous electrical grounds, no damage was sustained.

By 03:20, Sea Devil was 1200 yd ahead and 3000 yd off the port track of the convoy. The radar showed 11 definite targets and indicated the presence of others. Weather and visibility, however, worked against a night surface attack.

At 03:22, a floating naval mine was sighted less than 100 yd off the port bow. Sea Devil swung right with full rudder. Ten minutes later, she submerged and commenced her approach, heading for the port flank of the convoy.

By 04:00, the moon had clouded over. Periscope observations became progressively more difficult. At 04:13, an escort, pinging, passed Sea Devil close aboard. Sound conditions were also poor.

At 04:14 Sea Devil commenced firing. Four Mark-18 torpedoes headed for a medium-sized freighter, but all missed. At 04:24, she fired tubes five and six at a large ship 600 yd away. Forty seconds later, the torpedoes hit, throwing a huge column of debris into the air. The stricken ship was troopship Hawaii Maru with some 2,000 soldiers on board. At 04:25, Sea Devil swung right to avoid an escort ahead of the ships in the center column. By 04:27, water was over the deck of the Hawaii Maru. There were no survivors. At 04:28, another escort passed Sea Devil. A minute later, Sea Devil launched four torpedoes from her stern tubes at a large passenger ship 1300 yd away, the Akikawa Maru. A look around through the periscope then revealed a larger freighter in the center column less than 150 yd away and headed directly for the submarine. Sea Devil went deep. At 04:30, she was jolted by a tremendous explosion. Her torpedoes had hit, and from the concussion it appeared that the ship had been carrying ammunition. Breaking up noises quickly followed the explosion. Former Japanese professional baseball player, Eiji Sawamura lost his life in the attack, together with some 300 other Japanese soldiers.

Sea Devil leveled off at 500 ft and rigged for depth charging. Twelve were counted; none was close. Escorts milled about overhead for the next 40 minutes; then the sound of screws faded out. Pinging was heard for a while longer, and distant depth charges were heard for several hours.

After sinking Akikawa Maru and Hawaii Maru, Sea Devil continued to patrol the sea lanes to Kyūshū. On 4 December, she received a positive ship contact report from a China-based B-29 Superfortress, but the position was too distant. On 5 December, she sighted only two small fishing trawlers. Then, on the evening of 8 December, she made radar contact with four distant targets zigging on various courses toward Nagasaki.

Sea Devil went to full power on four engines and began gaining slowly. At 16000 yd, the radar pips were estimated to be one battleship or aircraft carrier, two light cruisers, and four destroyers. Darkness and intermittent rain squalls interfered with visibility.

By 00:00, 9 December, Sea Devil had gained a good position 10000 yd ahead of the nearest escort and 3000 yd off the port track of the largest pip. At 00:05, she began a submerged radar approach. At 00:17, she began tracking by sound, and, ten minutes later she fired four Mark-23 torpedoes at the target. Two hit. Poor visibility precluded a damage assessment.

Sea Devil went deep and rigged for depth charging but, by 00:50, the sounds of searching surface ships faded out. At 01:07, the submarine surfaced and headed up the target's track. An hour later, she reversed her course and headed back to her patrol area. That evening sister ship USS Plaice (SS-390) confirmed Sea Devil’s hits, but was unable to provide a damage estimate. Later reports identified the damaged ship as the aircraft carrier Junyō, which was subsequently damaged further by submarine USS Redfish (SS-395). Junyō remained in the repair yard through the end of the war.

At mid-month, Sea Devil moved further south to patrol off Okinawa; and, on 29 December, she headed for Midway Island and Pearl Harbor.

Third war patrol, February – April 1945
On 7 February 1945, Sea Devil cleared Pearl Harbor for her third war patrol. On 19 February, she arrived at Saipan for training in wolfpack tactics, and, on 27 February, she sailed for the Yellow Sea in company with submarines USS Tench (SS-417), USS Guardfish (SS-217), and USS Balao (SS-285). At the end of the month, she was diverted to search for downed aviators; and, on 3 March, she continued on to her patrol area to further decrease the declining traffic between China and Manchuria, and the Japanese home islands.

For over a week, fishing junks, sailing junks, and floating naval mines provided the only contacts. On 24 February, she sighted a large tanker with four escorts but lost the convoy. On 25 February, she sighted and evaded a Japanese hunter-killer group. On 29 February, she sank or exploded four mines and attempted to do the same to two others.

Fog shrouded her area during the last days of the month. On 2 April, visibility was still poor, less than 1000 yd. At 07:10, she made radar contact with an enemy convoy-four merchantmen and three escorts. At 09:15, she commenced firing at the lead merchant ship. Forty seconds later, she fired at the next ship. She then swung around to bring her stern tubes to bear on a third merchant ship; found herself well inside the escort on the convoy's starboard quarter; continued swinging and fired three stern shots at the escort. Between 08:19 and 08:22, seven hits were heard and felt.

Sea Devil then left the formation and opened range to reload. The radar screen now showed only three small pips. The third torpedo of the first salvo had apparently missed its target and run on to hit the third maru.

After reloading, the submarine tracked the remaining units of the convoy. Shortly after 10:00, she fired on and damaged one of the escorts. Forty minutes later, she fired on the remaining merchantman and observed it suddenly disappear from the radar screen. After 11:00, she made her way through the wreckage to pick up survivors. Only four allowed themselves to be picked up; and, of these, one died of his wounds.

Of the seven ships, Sea Devil had sunk three — cargo ships Taijo Maru, Edogawa Maru, and Misshan Maru — and had damaged the fourth maru and at least one of the escorts.

The submarine remained in her Yellow Sea patrol area for another three days, then headed for Midway. On 6 April, however, she received orders to patrol south of Kyūshū, and, on 8 April, she was ordered closer to Okinawa in search of four downed United States Marine Corps Reserve pilots of U.S. Navy Bombing Fighter Squadron 83 (VBF-83). The pilots, from the aircraft carrier USS Essex (CV-9), had been covering the movements of the Japanese battleship Yamato and, on running low on fuel, had ditched in a location they thought to be near Okinawa. Prior to midnight on 8 April, Sea Devil located three of the pilots 200 nmi northeast of Okinawa. The search for the fourth continued through the night. With dawn on 9 April, friendly planes joined in the search. But they, too, were unsuccessful; and, in the late afternoon Sea Devil continued southeastward. On the evening of 9 April, a VBF-83 pilot testing the guns of his F4U Corsair fighter inadvertently fired toward Sea Devil while she was on the surface, and one tracer round almost struck Sea Devil′s officer of the deck.

Fourth war patrol, May – July 1945
On 13 April, Sea Devil arrived at Saipan. On 20 April, she completed her patrol, for which she was awarded the Navy Unit Commendation, at Midway Island. On 28 May, she was back at Saipan, and, on 30 May, she, along with submarines USS Ronquil (SS-396) and USS Paddle (SS-263), got underway. On 6 June, she entered the East China Sea via Tokara Kaikyo and headed northward to the Yellow Sea. On 7 June, she made her way through the islands of southwestern Korea; and, on 8 June, she commenced patrolling between the Shantung peninsula and Korea.

On the afternoon of 14 June, a cargo ship, with an escort on either side, was sighted through the high periscope. Sea Devil submerged, maneuvered into position; launched four torpedoes "down-the-throat," then changed course radically to avoid a collision with the target. Twenty-three seconds after firing, two of the torpedoes hit the target. Wakamiyasan Maru went under. Her escorts dropped depth charges. Five were fairly close. Sea Devil dropped below a 20-degree temperature gradient and worked her way out.

On the morning of 21 June, she sighted three armed trawlers, one under tow, headed from Shantung toward Korea. At 09:43, she surfaced and, three minutes later, commenced firing with her five-inch (127 mm) gun, 40 millimeter and 20 millimeter guns. The 40 millimeter soon jammed, but fire from the five-inch (127 mm) gun and 20 millimeter guns sank the trawler being towed and left a second burning and settling. The third, the towing vessel, cast loose and headed west under full steam. Sea Devil picked up three survivors and moved south to patrol in another area.

Poor weather impaired hunting during the next six days. On 27 June, however, she was able to take photographs of Saishu To and Chiri To; and, on 29 June she was diverted to search and rescue operations.

Assisted by a PB2Y Coronado and a PBM Mariner, she picked up a PBM crew from Rescue Squadron 4, Kerama Retto, on the evening of 30 June, then located the pilot of a United States Army Air Corps P-47 Thunderbolt based at Ie Shima. Another man, who had become separated, was located by accompanying aircraft the following morning and was picked up before noon.

Fifth war patrol, August – September 1945
Sea Devil remained on life guard duty in the northern Ryukyu Islands and southern Kyūshū area until 10 July, then headed east to Guam for refit and the installation of LORAN equipment and a radio direction finder. On 9 August, she headed back to the Yellow Sea. On 14 August, she transited the Nansei Shoto, passing south of Akuseki Shima; and, on 15 August, after entering her patrol area, she received word of Japan's acceptance of Allied surrender terms.

For another two weeks, Sea Devil remained in the area, looking for and sinking naval mines. On 27 August, she sighted a fishing vessel near a mine. Closer inspection showed that the fisherman was using the mine as a buoy and had secured his net to the mine horns. On 28 August, the submarine was ordered to Guam, then diverted to Subic Bay, where she arrived on 3 September.

Within a few weeks, Sea Devil was joined by seven other submarines of the new, postwar submarine squadron, SubRon 5. Through the fall, she operated out of Subic Bay, conducting intensive training operations necessitated by a heavy turnover in personnel. On 1 December, she sailed for San Francisco, California, for overhaul and, on 23 April 1946, she returned to her home port, Pearl Harbor.

1946–1964
Three days later, SS-400 again headed west. On 16 May, she returned to Subic Bay; and, on 23 May, she continued on to Tsingtao where she provided antisubmarine warfare training services to TF 71 into July. On 5 May, she sailed for Shanghai, whence she proceeded back to Pearl Harbor. From 26 July 1946 to 5 May 1947, she conducted operations in the Hawaiian area. Overhaul at Mare Island took her through the summer. In early October, she returned to Hawaii, and on 27 May, she sailed westward for another tour in the Far East.

A simulated war patrol and the provision of ASW training services occupied her during her deployment; and, on 8 January 1948, she returned to Pearl Harbor whence she operated until ordered to Mare Island for inactivation.

Sea Devil was decommissioned on 10 September 1948 and remained in the inactive reserve through the end of the decade. Two months after the outbreak of hostilities in Korea, however, she was ordered activated; and, on 2 March 1951, she was recommissioned, assigned to SubDiv 71, SubRon 7, and based at Pearl Harbor.

Through the summer, Sea Devil operated in Hawaiian waters. In September, she returned to the west coast to provide ASW training services for Fleet Air Wing 4 in the Puget Sound area. In mid-November, she returned to Hawaii, where she conducted local operations through the winter. From mid-April to mid-June 1952, she underwent overhaul at the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard; then resumed local operations. In late September, she sailed west for her first deployment to the western Pacific since recommissioning.

Sea Devil arrived at Yokosuka on 7 October and commenced providing services to TF 96, which conducted ASW training exercises and maintained preparedness for hunter-killer operations in support of the United Nations effort. In late January 1953, she was detached for patrol purposes. Toward the end of January, she returned to Yokosuka, and, on 3 March, she sailed for Pearl Harbor.

On 30 June, Sea Devil again got under way for Puget Sound where she provided services to Fleet Air Wing 4 before heading for San Francisco on 20 August to begin inactivation. On 28 August, she was placed in commission, in reserve; and, on 19 February 1954, she was decommissioned.

Three years later, Sea Devil was again activated; and, on 17 August 1957, she was recommissioned and assigned to SubRon 5 at San Diego, California. For the next year, she conducted training operations off southern California and in the Puget Sound area, then prepared for deployment to the western Pacific. From November 1958 to April 1959, she provided services to Seventh Fleet surface units and to Fleet Marine Force Pacific. In May, she returned to San Diego. On 1 July 1960, she was redesignated an auxiliary submarine with hull classification symbol AGSS-400; and, from that time through 1963, she was primarily engaged in training operations off the West Coast. Only two deployments to the western Pacific during February–August 1961 and June–December 1963 interrupted that schedule.

Decommissioning and disposal
In 1964 Sea Devil commenced inactivation for the last time. On 17 February 1964, she was decommissioned. Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 April 1964, and she was sunk as a target off Southern California on 24 November 1964.

Awards
Sea Devil earned five battle stars for her World War II service.

title: USS Sea Devil (SS-400)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Old Russia Vodka

Old Russia Vodka
Blatant advert, complete with URL. — Bill 20:24, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * .. and a copyvio. Delete. Mikkalai 20:29, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is not to say a valid article on this subject couldn't exist.  --Daniel C. Boyer 21:07, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * We cannot keep copyvios. Violates policy.  RickK 21:39, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Good subject...bad copyvio. I've put up the copyvio notice and listed it on the copyvio page.  Anyone wanna take a whack at this on the temp page? - Lucky 6.9 21:56, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Cleanup page serves for such announcements, not VfD. Mikkalai 22:08, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * It does? Since when?  RickK 05:17, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * I thought of that myself. However, given the fact that this was listed here before being listed on the copyvio page, I thought it best to suggest cleanup and/or the formation of a new article on the temp page here.  No sense in listing an article with a copyvio in the edit history as a cleanup candidate.  Besides, a lot of excellent articles have sprung forth as a result of being VfD'd. - Lucky 6.9 05:50, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Spam. Delete unless rewritten. - Mike Rosoft 10:12, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
I, Mudd

"I, Mudd" is the eighth episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. Written by Stephen Kandel and directed by Marc Daniels, it was first broadcast on November 3, 1967.

The crew of the Enterprise has a second encounter with the conman Harry Mudd (Roger C. Carmel), first seen in the season one episode "Mudd's Women". Mudd is now the supreme ruler of a planet of androids who cater to his every whim.

Plot
An alien android posing as a Starfleet lieutenant and identifying himself as Norman, hijacks the Enterprise by sealing off engineering and setting a booby trap which would cause any attempt to restore control to destroy the ship. Captain Kirk finds his ship and crew taken to an unknown planet populated by androids, and meets an old nemesis, the outlaw Harry Mudd. Calling himself "Mudd the First" and ostensibly ruling the androids, Mudd displays a darkened glass panel, which he calls a "shrine" to his wife Stella. It contains an android version of his wife which nags him as she did, but he is able to silence her instantly by ordering her to "shut up".

Mudd explains that he broke out of prison, stole a spaceship, crashed on this planet, and was taken in by the androids. He says they are accommodating, but refuse to let him go unless he provides them other humans to serve and study. Mudd informs Kirk that he and his crew are to serve this purpose and can expect to spend the rest of their lives there.

Kirk questions the androids and discovers they were built by travelers from the Andromeda Galaxy whose planet was destroyed by a supernova, leaving the androids to fend for themselves. First Officer Spock discovers the androids number over 200,000, and concludes that there must be some central control mechanism.

The Enterprise crew is beamed to the surface and replaced with an android crew. They find much appealing about the androids' world: Scotty is fascinated by their engineering knowledge; Ensign Chekov likes the idea of living on a planet full of compliant female androids; and Uhura is tempted by the offer of immortality in an android body. Kirk will have none of this, however, and reminds them of their duty.

After a final farewell to Stella, Mudd plans to depart aboard Enterprise, but the androids refuse his order to beam him aboard. They have their own agenda: to leave the planet and offer their "services" to humanity, with the goal of bringing the greedy and aggressive human race under their control.

As the Enterprise crew discuss their predicament, Spock notes that all of the androids belong to various named series, except for the one named Norman. Kirk recalls that an android called on Norman to "coordinate" the analysis of an "illogical" statement. Spock concludes that Norman is the central locus of the composite android mind, and Kirk suggests that "wild, irrational illogic aimed right at Norman" could be a potent weapon against that mind.

The crew then attempt to confuse the androids by means of contradictory statements and a series of bizarre theatrics, culminating with Mudd and Kirk posing the liar paradox to Norman: Kirk claims everything Mudd says is a lie; and Mudd says to Norman, "I am lying." Unable to resolve the contradiction, Norman's mind burns out, which immediately causes the other androids to shut down.

The crew reprogram Norman and the other androids to return to their original tasks of making the planet productive. Kirk informs Mudd that he has been paroled to the android population as an example of a human failure, and that a special android has been programmed to see to his needs as an incentive to work with the androids and not exploit them. Mudd is grateful until he discovers that this android is Stella, and there are now at least 500 copies of her – none of whom responds to his command to "shut up".

Production and reception
The producers liked the script resulting from Gerrold's work on The Trouble with Tribbles so much that Gerrold was later tasked with re-writing the script for this episode.

Although Kandel is the credited writer on the episode, David Gerrold performed an uncredited rewrite. The final script was heavily revised by the staff, and Gerrold admits that only one original idea of his made it into the final episode. He also claims producer Gene L. Coon offered to put the matter of credit up for Writers Guild arbitration but that he declined.

In 2009, the AV Club called it "goofy, but charmingly surreal", "infectiously silly" and "a treat," giving it an A− grade.

In 2014, Charlie Jane Anders at io9 ranked "I, Mudd" as the 79th best episode of Star Trek in a list of the top 100 Star Trek episodes.

In 2016, Syfy noted this episode for actress Nichelle Nichols presentation of Uhura, as having her fifth best scene in Star Trek.

title: I, Mudd


text:
Vidor

Vidor is a town and comune (municipality) in the province of Treviso, Veneto, north-eastern Italy. It is located 7 km from Valdobbiadene, 35 km from Treviso and about 70 km from Venice. It borders the following municipalities: Valdobbiadene and Farra di Soligo, Moriago della Battaglia, Pederobba and Crocetta del Montello to the south. The municipality is part of the Quartier del Piave. The hilly part of the municipal area is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Prosecco Hills of Conegliano and Valdobbiadene".

Physical geography
The municipal territory of Vidor is located in the northern part of the Province of Treviso, and develops partly in the plain and partly in a hilly area with various reliefs that border the Quartier del Piave to the west and north (col Polenta, 211 m; col Castellon, 235 m; col Maor, 368 m). The main waterway that crosses the municipality is the Piave river, a river sacred to the homeland, on which there is one of the historic bridges that connect the right and left banks of the river, the Vidor Bridge. There are also two other streams, worthy of note, that flow in the municipal area: the Teva stream and, in the hamlet of Colbertaldo, the Rosper stream, which contributes to the formation of the characteristic palù, wetlands typical of the Treviso Left Piave.

Among the various climatic zones of the Veneto region, Vidor is located in the hilly area and part of the flat one, where the climate is milder.

History
In 1986 a small necropolis was found under Piazza Maggiore, dating back to the fourth century. The area was therefore frequented in Roman times, also given the passage of the Via Claudia Augusta Altinate. In the eastern part of the municipality, moreover, the regularity of the agrarian arrangement would prove the ancient centuriation of the territory. In the Middle Ages, the strategic importance of Vidor as a road junction and river port on the Piave (exploited until 1871), led to the construction of the castle, which has now disappeared, and the abbey, which contributed to the reclamation of the area. In the thirteenth century, the Pio Ospedale di Santa Maria dei Battuti was founded, managed by the confraternity of the same name, with the aim of welcoming the numerous wayfarers who passed through the town.

Vidor was hit hard by the First World War: being right at the Piave front, it was occupied by the Central Powers until the end of the conflict. During the fierce fighting, the artistic heritage of the village, such as the church and the abbey, was damaged. Moreover, thanks to its strategic importance, during the First World War it was chosen to make a "bridgehead "to allow the troops retreating from the defeat of Caporetto to cross the Piave.

Monuments and places of interest
The archpriest's church, the work of Giovanni Rossi, is dedicated to the Holy Name of Mary and probably dates back to before 1000, when the castle was built, and served both the small local population and the feudal lords. Formerly a chapel dependent on the parish church of Col San Martino, it became a parish towards the end of the 15th century. Between 1729 and 1748 it was rebuilt at the foot of the slopes of the castle hill, where the old church was located, now in ruins and isolated; the bell tower was built between 1857 and 1885. It suffered serious damage during the First World War, the only building of the entire complex that remained almost intact was the bell tower, probably useful to enemy forces as a point of reference. The bell tower contains a mighty concert of three bells plus a recall ring.
 * Archpriest Church

Between 1107 and 1110 a certain Giovanni Gravone da Vidor founded a Benedictine abbey to house the relics of a Saint Bona which he had brought from the Holy Land during the first crusade.It represented a powerful institution, but ended up rapidly declining: in the 15th century it was definitively given in commendation to the Cornaro family and in 1773 the Serenissima decreed its suppression. Almost completely destroyed during the Great War. It was restored in the 1920s and currently shows heavy signs of renovation.
 * Abbey of Santa Bona

At the site where the Vidor castle stood (destroyed in 1510), there is an ossuary monument commemorating the soldiers who fell during the world wars. The entire monument is dominated by a small temple dedicated to the Blessed Virgin of Sorrows, designed by the Venetian architect Brenno Del Giudice. This place can be reached via a path bordered by a via crucis. The locality, still called Castello today, hosts the Palio di Vidor every year, an event that recalls the numerous attacks that the fortress suffered in medieval times and beyond.
 * Castle area

The complex is made up of some buildings, including the actual villa (rebuilt after the Great War) and the vast surrounding areas. Nearby stands the oratory of San Giuseppe, patron saint of the municipality, to which travelers who had to cross the Piave took their vows. Since 2010 the municipal headquarters has been located in the building of the former Innocente Zadra schools. It is an elegant and prestigious building built, at the behest of the Zadra family, in 1930 and inaugurated the following year. The external facades of the building are decorated with frescoes depicting symbols related to education and work. The entrance to the palace consists of three arches, with Corinthian style columns, equipped with ornamental wrought iron gates. Once past the entrance arches there is an elegant frescoed atrium.
 * Villa Vergerio
 * Municipal building

Foreign ethnicities and minorities
As of December 31, 2022, foreigners residents in the municipality were 379, i.e. 10.2% of the population. The largest groups are shown below:
 * 1) North Macedonia 114
 * 2) Morocco 68
 * 3) Romania 63
 * 4) China 41
 * 5) Ukraine 17
 * 6) Albania 11
 * 7) Brazil 5

Economy
The area of Vidor, included in the Quartier del Piave, is known for its wine production, especially for the cultivation of Prosecco of Valdobbiadene. Still of some importance is the cultivation of corn and potatoes. Numerous small and medium-sized enterprises have given rise to the formation of industrial and craft areas, with the production of furniture being the most important. It was the headquarters of the Cassa Rurale ed Artigiana di Vidor which, after various vicissitudes, merged into the Banca della Marca. During the last century, the industrial production of the village was practically the monopoly of the Zadra silk factory. This Filanda-Setificio will operate until 1964 when it will have to close because of competition from China and other countries. Now renovated and become a sausage factory.

Infrastructure and transport
Located in the immediate vicinity of the bridge over the Piave built by the company Odorico & C and inaugurated on 11 June 1870 to replace a previous ancient building that stood a little further downstream, the town of Vidor between 1913 and 1931 was located from the Covolo-Vidor station and the Vidor stop, located respectively south and north of the bridge itself, along the Montebelluna-Valdobbiadene Tramway, which at the time represented an important development tool for the economy of the area.

Today, public mobility is managed by the company Mobilità di Marca S.p.A. (MOM), in particular the lines to Valdobbiadene, Montebelluna, Pieve di Soligo and Conegliano pass through Vidor. In addition the municipal area is served by the tourist red line, "Prosecco Hills Link" which crosses the entire area of the Prosecco Hills of Conegliano and Valdobbiadene, connecting Conegliano, Vidor to Valdobbiadene.

Twin towns
Vidor is twinned with:

 * 🇮🇹 Petritoli, Italy

title: Vidor