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The Kindaichi Case Files

The Kindaichi Case Files (金田一少年の事件簿) is a Japanese mystery manga series based on the crime solving adventures of a high school student, Hajime Kindaichi, the supposed grandson of the famous (fictional) private detective Kosuke Kindaichi. Written by Yōzaburō Kanari or Seimaru Amagi (depending on series) and illustrated by Fumiya Satō, the Kindaichi series was serialized in Kodansha's manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Magazine from October 1992 to October 2017, spanning a total of 76  volumes. It is one of the earliest works in the mystery manga genre. In North America, the series was published in English by Tokyopop with the title The Kindaichi Case Files. Only the first 17 volumes (the first series) were released by Tokyopop.

The series was adapted by Toei Animation into a feature film in 1996 and a 148-episode anime television series broadcast from 1997 to 2000. The series was also adapted into a live-action film, five live-action drama series, three live-action television specials and further animated features for cinema and television. A second 47-episode anime television series adaptation, titled The Kindaichi Case Files R (Returns), was broadcast from 2014 to 2016.

Another manga series, 37 Year Old Kindaichi Case Files, was serialized in Kodansha's manga magazine Evening from January 2018 to February 2023, and is set to continue on Comic Days manga app. It is set 20 years later, in which Hajime graduates high school, and becomes a manager of a PR firm, but is swung back into mysteries, despite quitting detective work.

In 1995, The Kindaichi Case Files won the 19th Kodansha Manga Award for shōnen. By June 2019, the manga had over 100 million copies in circulation, making it one of the best-selling manga series of all time.

Overview
Kindaichi mysteries are whodunnit stories featuring gruesome (usually multiple) murders, often with a folkloric tinge. Most feature a locked room mystery and recurring elements such as the murder occurring when all surviving suspects have (apparently) airtight alibis.

A notable trait of The Kindaichi Case Files is that the killers are not depicted as psychopathic murderers and the murders are never committed for financial reasons alone. The identified killers all have deep rooted problems, often involving great emotional trauma through the greed or thoughtlessness of others, as their reasons for committing the murder(s). Thus the killers are often portrayed as sympathetic figures, as opposed to cold, calculating killers in some other mystery series.

In addition to this, after being revealed, the criminal usually attempts suicide.

Characters

 * Hajime Kindaichi (金田一 一)
 * 17-year-old Fudo High School student Hajime Kindaichi is unmotivated, lazy, and a little lecherous, much to the exasperation of childhood friend Miyuki Nanase. However, only a few people see his great intelligence and deductive prowess by his 180 IQ, possibly inherited from his grandfather, private detective Kosuke Kindaichi. He is also an accomplished sleight of hand artist. Despite his clumsiness and myriad other flaws, he is a loyal friend and a first-rate detective.
 * 20 years later, he became a PR firm manager, quitting detective work. But crimes never retire. So he was stuck into a case he solved many years ago.
 * 17-year-old Fudo High School student Hajime Kindaichi is unmotivated, lazy, and a little lecherous, much to the exasperation of childhood friend Miyuki Nanase. However, only a few people see his great intelligence and deductive prowess by his 180 IQ, possibly inherited from his grandfather, private detective Kosuke Kindaichi. He is also an accomplished sleight of hand artist. Despite his clumsiness and myriad other flaws, he is a loyal friend and a first-rate detective.
 * 20 years later, he became a PR firm manager, quitting detective work. But crimes never retire. So he was stuck into a case he solved many years ago.

 * Miyuki Nanase (七瀬 美雪)
 * The childhood best friend and next door neighbor of Hajime; many question why a model student like Miyuki is friends with a slacker like him. Deep down inside, Miyuki feels Hajime is not an idiot, and they seem to have a love that neither has yet fully expressed. She possesses remarkable logic and perception, although she is obviously not as gifted as he is. Miyuki is the president of Fudo High's student council.
 * 20 years later, she became a flight attendant. She connects to Hajime via cellphone.
 * The childhood best friend and next door neighbor of Hajime; many question why a model student like Miyuki is friends with a slacker like him. Deep down inside, Miyuki feels Hajime is not an idiot, and they seem to have a love that neither has yet fully expressed. She possesses remarkable logic and perception, although she is obviously not as gifted as he is. Miyuki is the president of Fudo High's student council.
 * 20 years later, she became a flight attendant. She connects to Hajime via cellphone.

 * Isamu Kenmochi (剣持 勇)
 * A Tokyo homicide police inspector who met Kindaichi on his first case, and was so impressed that he has lent the youngster his unquestioning support ever since. He is often the investigating officer on Kindaichi's cases, and provides the official stamp of approval Kindaichi often needs to pursue his investigations. He believes fully in Kindaichi's ability.
 * 20 years later, he retired, but had contact with Hajime.
 * A Tokyo homicide police inspector who met Kindaichi on his first case, and was so impressed that he has lent the youngster his unquestioning support ever since. He is often the investigating officer on Kindaichi's cases, and provides the official stamp of approval Kindaichi often needs to pursue his investigations. He believes fully in Kindaichi's ability.
 * 20 years later, he retired, but had contact with Hajime.

 * Kengo Akechi (明智 健悟)
 * An extremely intelligent, elite-level police detective (superintendent), who is Kenmochi's supervisor. He is an arrogant and snobbish character that becomes a rival to Kindaichi in crime-solving. However, Akechi (indeliberately) not only helped Kindaichi solve the case, but also aided him out of trouble. His relationship to Kindaichi is abrasive at the least, but they have an unspoken mutual respect for each other's abilities. He often compares the crimes in Japan to his experience in Los Angeles. He is proficient in English and French.
 * 20 years later, he became a Police Commissioner.
 * An extremely intelligent, elite-level police detective (superintendent), who is Kenmochi's supervisor. He is an arrogant and snobbish character that becomes a rival to Kindaichi in crime-solving. However, Akechi (indeliberately) not only helped Kindaichi solve the case, but also aided him out of trouble. His relationship to Kindaichi is abrasive at the least, but they have an unspoken mutual respect for each other's abilities. He often compares the crimes in Japan to his experience in Los Angeles. He is proficient in English and French.
 * 20 years later, he became a Police Commissioner.

 * Ryuta Saki (佐木 竜太) and Ryuji Saki (佐木 竜二)
 * He is obsessed with filming through a V8 camera. He basically shoots everywhere at any time. His tape helped Kindaichi solve the case. In "The Santa Slayings", his tape recorded a critical piece of evidence and he was killed for this. In "Kindaichi the Killer", his younger brother, Ryuji Saki, who very much resembled his elder brother, approached Kindaichi at a party, telling him his elder brother told him in a dream that Kindaichi would be in trouble. Soon after, Ryuji helped Kindaichi avoid a murder trap. Afterwards, Ryuji claims himself as Kindaichi's assistant and sometimes really helps Kindaichi in solving cases. In the anime series, Ryuta survived the attack in "The Santa Slayings" story arc and Ryuji did not appear later on.
 * He is obsessed with filming through a V8 camera. He basically shoots everywhere at any time. His tape helped Kindaichi solve the case. In "The Santa Slayings", his tape recorded a critical piece of evidence and he was killed for this. In "Kindaichi the Killer", his younger brother, Ryuji Saki, who very much resembled his elder brother, approached Kindaichi at a party, telling him his elder brother told him in a dream that Kindaichi would be in trouble. Soon after, Ryuji helped Kindaichi avoid a murder trap. Afterwards, Ryuji claims himself as Kindaichi's assistant and sometimes really helps Kindaichi in solving cases. In the anime series, Ryuta survived the attack in "The Santa Slayings" story arc and Ryuji did not appear later on.
 * He is obsessed with filming through a V8 camera. He basically shoots everywhere at any time. His tape helped Kindaichi solve the case. In "The Santa Slayings", his tape recorded a critical piece of evidence and he was killed for this. In "Kindaichi the Killer", his younger brother, Ryuji Saki, who very much resembled his elder brother, approached Kindaichi at a party, telling him his elder brother told him in a dream that Kindaichi would be in trouble. Soon after, Ryuji helped Kindaichi avoid a murder trap. Afterwards, Ryuji claims himself as Kindaichi's assistant and sometimes really helps Kindaichi in solving cases. In the anime series, Ryuta survived the attack in "The Santa Slayings" story arc and Ryuji did not appear later on.

 * Reika Hayami (速水 玲香)
 * Portrayed by: Emiri Nakayama (1995), Wakana Sakai (2001)
 * A famous actress and singer, first appearing in "Death TV", who initially appeared to be arrogant but turned out to be weak and desperate for protection. After this case, Reika has had a crush on Kindaichi and sent her only Valentine's Day gift, a heart-shaped chocolate, to him without revealing her name. Since then, she and Miyuki seem to be rivals over Kindaichi. In "Playing the Fool", Reika's past, that even she lost memory of, was revealed. In "Reika's Kidnapping", it was revealed that Reika's real mother is veteran actress Keiko Mitamura, but throughout the series Reika never knew it, and it was a secret that only Keiko and Kindaichi know.
 * 20 years later, she retired, married, has a son and is a florist.
 * 20 years later, she retired, married, has a son and is a florist.

 * Fumi Kindaichi (金田一 二三)
 * Kindaichi's cousin. First appeared in "Saint Valentine's Murders" in manga and "The Undying Butterflies" in the anime television series, and later became a regular character appearing in the majority of cases for an extended period. Fumi has good reasoning skills (although not as good as Kindaichi), she even solves a few mysteries on her own. She sometimes pokes fun at Kindaichi when nobody else is around. Inspector Kenmochi nicknames her "Chibikin" (meaning little Kindaichi).
 * 20 years later, she became a mystery novelist (using cases from Hajime's young days), works at a detective agency and no longer has pigtails.
 * 20 years later, she became a mystery novelist (using cases from Hajime's young days), works at a detective agency and no longer has pigtails.

 * Yoichi Takato (高遠 遙一)
 * Kindaichi's nemesis, also known as "The Puppeteer From Hell" (地獄の傀儡師). He is known to be extremely intelligent, considers himself to be the evil twin of Kindaichi, and describes their relationship as parallel lines. He is the only son of Reiko Chikamiya, an internationally known magician, who in turn drove Takato to be a magician himself. What he uncovered about the murder of his mother triggered what he is today. A twisted, cold-hearted magician who considers his devilish setups for the perfect crime as masterpieces, and tolerates no mistakes from the people he uses as his puppets.
 * 20 years later, he called the trio on his cell.
 * Kindaichi's nemesis, also known as "The Puppeteer From Hell" (地獄の傀儡師). He is known to be extremely intelligent, considers himself to be the evil twin of Kindaichi, and describes their relationship as parallel lines. He is the only son of Reiko Chikamiya, an internationally known magician, who in turn drove Takato to be a magician himself. What he uncovered about the murder of his mother triggered what he is today. A twisted, cold-hearted magician who considers his devilish setups for the perfect crime as masterpieces, and tolerates no mistakes from the people he uses as his puppets.
 * 20 years later, he called the trio on his cell.

Manga
The Kindaichi Case Files is written by Yōzaburō Kanari (File and Case series) and Seimaru Amagi (other series) and illustrated by Fumiya Satō. The series ran 25 years in Kodansha's manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Magazine from October 28, 1992, to October 18, 2017. Six main series ran in the magazine: File series (FILEシリーズ) (1992–1997), collected in twenty-seven volumes;  Short File series (Short Fileシリーズ) (1997–2000), collected in six  volumes;  Case series (Caseシリーズ) (1998–2001), collected in ten  volumes;  New series (新シリーズ) (2004–2011), collected in fourteen  volumes;  20th Anniversary series (20周年記念シリーズ) (2012–2013), collected in five  volumes;  and Return "R" series (金田一少年の事件簿R) (2013–2017), collected in fourteen  volumes.

In North America, Tokyopop licensed the series in 2003. 17 volumes have been published in North America from October 6, 2003, to May 13, 2008, before Tokyopop ceased the series' publication in July 2008.

Another series, titled 37 Year Old Kindaichi Case Files (金田一37歳の事件簿), set 20 years later, started in Kodansha's manga magazine Evening on January 23, 2018. In January 2022, it was announced that the series would enter on hiatus. Evening ceased its publication on February 28, 2023, and the series moved to the Comic Days manga app, starting on April 26 of the same year. The first volume was released on June 15, 2018. As of June 21, 2024, 16 volumes have been released.

Another series, titled The Case File of Kindaichi 30th (金田一少年の事件簿30th), was serialized in Evening from January 11, 2022, to February 28, 2023, ending in the magazine's final issue. The first volume was released on May 23, 2022, and the fourth and last on April 21, 2023.

Other series
Akechi File series (Akechi Fileシリーズ) was published in Weekly Shōnen Magazine between 1998 and 2000, and compiled into two volumes.

Takato Case Files (高遠少年の事件簿) started on Manga Box app in 2013 and finished in 2014. Its chapters were collected in a single volume, published on May 9, 2014.

A spin-off manga illustrated by Awabako, titled Kindaichi Shōnen no Ippaku Futsuka Shōryokō (金田一少年の1泊2日小旅行), was published on Manga Box from April 23, 2014, to December 7, 2016. Its chapters were collected in three volumes released from September 17, 2014, to December 9, 2016.

Kindaichi Shōnen no Jikenbo Gaiden: Hannin-tachi no Jikenbo (金田一少年の事件簿外伝 犯人たちの事件簿), written and illustrated by Shinpei Funatsu, was published on Magazine Pocket app from July 4, 2017, to March 25, 2020; the series had a "revival" serialization, titled Kindaichi Shōnen no Jikenbo Gaiden R: Hannin-tachi no Jikenbo (金田一少年の事件簿外伝R 犯人たちの事件簿) from March 2 to May 11, 2022. Its chapters were collected in eleven volumes released from November 17, 2017, to June 16, 2022.

A 4-panel comedy spin-off manga, titled Kinnyaichi Shōnen no Jikenbo (きんにゃいち少年の事件簿) was serialized in Evening from December 28, 2021, to February 28, 2023.

Light novels
The novels were written by Seimaru Amagi and illustrated by Fumiya Satō. 9 volumes were released in Japan between September 22, 1994, and April 20, 2001.

Anime
Produced by Toei Animation and directed by Daisuke Nishio, the anime adaptation of the original manga aired on Nippon Television between April 7, 1997 and September 11, 2000, spanning 148 episodes plus one special episode. In addition, two animated films were released on December 14, 1996 and August 21, 1999 respectively. Seven years after the conclusion of the TV anime, two new animated episodes were aired in Japan on November 12, 2007 and November 19, 2007 respectively.

On April 6, 2007, DVD collector's box of Kindaichi was released by Warner Home Video to mark the 10th anniversary of airing of the original TV anime.

The series aired on Animax Asia as The File of Young Kindaichi in Japanese with English subtitles.

To celebrate the 20th Anniversary of the series, two special episodes based on "The Black Magic Murders" were released on DVDs in November 2012 and February 2013.

A revival of the anime television series, The File of Young Kindaichi Returns aired from April 5 to 27 September 2014. A second season aired from October 3, 2015 to March 26, 2016. They were streamed on Crunchyroll during their original broadcast.

Video games
7 Kindaichi video games were released as of September 17, 2009. All of them were released in Japan only. Many of the game voice actors differ from those in the anime version.

CD books
Kodansha released two CD books in 1996 and 1997 respectively. Both have been made into anime. However, nearly all CD books voice actors are not the same as those in the anime version.

Live action film and series
NTV aired five live action series in 1995, 1996, 2001, 2014, and 2022. Specials were aired in 2005, 2013, and 2014.

In the first adaptation, Tsuyoshi Dōmoto of Kinki Kids and Rie Tomosaka starred as Hajime Kindaichi and Miyuki Nanase for two seasons. They also starred in a live action film entitled Shanghai Mermaid Legend Murder Case, directed by Yukihiko Tsutsumi, released on December 13, 1997 in Japan, adaptated from the Kindaichi novel of the same title.

In the second adaptation, Jun Matsumoto of Arashi starred as Hajime Kindaichi, with Suzuki Anne as Miyuki Nanase.

In the third adaptation in 2005, a special based on "The Legendary Vampire Murders" was aired featuring Kazuya Kamenashi of KAT-TUN and Ueno Juri as Kindaichi and Miyuki Nanase.

In the fourth adaptation, Hey! Say! JUMP's Ryosuke Yamada starred as Hajime Kindaichi, while Haruna Kawaguchi portrayed Miyuki Nanase. In 2013, a special based on Hong Kong Kowloon Treasure Murder Case was aired, featuring Yamada and fellow JUMP member Daiki Arioka, with Haruna Kawaguchi, Vivian Hsu, Eric Tsang, Big Bang member Seungri, Rookies actor Kenta Kiritani and Taiwanese actor Chun Wu (Japanese voice dubber was Daisuke Namikawa, Jellal from Fairy Tail). In 2014, a special based on Gate of Jail Private School Murder Case aired, also featuring Yamada. Wu (Japanese voice dubber was Hiroki Touchi) and Kawaguchi, who appeared in the previous special, were also included, as well as 2PM's Nichkhun.

In the fifth adaptation in 2022, Shunsuke Michieda of Naniwa Danshi starred as Hajime Kindaichi, and Moka Kamishiraishi portrayed Miyuki Nanase.

Detective Conan & Kindaichi
In celebration of the 50th anniversary of Weekly Shōnen Sunday and Weekly Shōnen Magazine, the two magazines collaborated to publish twelve biweekly magazines consisting of chapters from Weekly Shōnen Sundays Case Closed and Weekly Shōnen Magazines The Kindaichi Case Files. The magazine ran between April 10, 2008 and September 25, 2008.

Reception
By February 2012, the manga had over 90 million copies in circulation. By June 2019, it had over 100 million copies in circulation. Kindaichi tankōbon were ranked 2nd and 3rd in a Japanese Comic Ranking in October, 2009.

In 1995, the manga won the Kodansha Manga Award in the category.

Allen Divers of Anime News Network said that while The Kindaichi Case Files "presents some whoppers", the series also has mysteries that are very "familiar", calling it "the Japanese version of the Hardy Boys or Nancy Drew". In Manga: The Complete Guide Jason Thompson described the mystery scenarios as "inventive and intricate, offering genuine brain teasers", but criticized the artwork as "bland".

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Ska Daddyz

Ska Daddyz is an American ska band from Silver Strand Beach in Oxnard, California. They were founded in 1993. They achieved a hit with their cover version of Eagles', "Hotel California".

Ska Daddyz have played alongside bands such as Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, The Specials, No Doubt and Save Ferris across the west-coast. At the Ska-Summit 2003 in Las Vegas, the band joined acts with The Mighty Mighty Bosstones and Madness. Said to be compared to Sublime, the SkaDaddyZ describe their music as a blend of ska, funk, rasta, and punk - all this presented with extreme energy. The band has a self-produced album Rude Boyz, with Übersee Records. Darren "Zorba" Cruz and Blake Cruz are both brothers of Brandon Cruz, the child actor of The Courtship of Eddie's Father fame, also lead singer of Nardcore original punks Dr. Know and Dead Kennedys.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Talk:Millenarianism

Section: Movements
This has, perhaps over time, become a very long list indeed. Is there any merit in using subsections, or dividing it by chronology? Even just separating into 20th century movements and pre-20th century? Just a thought. As I was looking it over, it just seemed like an overwhelming list. Thanks! Prime Lemur (talk) 07:02, 5 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I'd say, remove the subsection. It is just a meaningless list within a prose article, and Wikipedia style guidelines don't recommend such a thing. Or split off into a separate list article instead.-- Farang Rak Tham   (Talk) 09:02, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

The list includes "Seventh Day Adventism". I'm wondering whether that is correct, as the correct name for the eponymous church is "Seventh-day Adventist Church" (note the hyphen and lower case "d"). But I see where the author used that spelling in the link, so he or she obviously knew the correct spelling of the church. What do other people think about the spelling of the -ism form? DMJ001 (talk) 04:09, 21 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and removed the list section. It's just not appropriate to throw in a list like that with little discretion, organization or citations. If anyone wants to add specific notable examples, they can be put in the prose. —  The Hand That Feeds You :Bite 14:41, 22 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree with the removal of that quite random list, added piecemeal and over time, I believe, by multiple different editors. Any items possibly added in the future should be accepted only with full reliable references, in my view. Thank you, warshy (¥¥) 18:21, 22 March 2020 (UTC)

No reason to delete. If you give me time, I can add citations from tertiary sources to them and remove ones that are not accurate, like SDA. 2601:940:C000:46A0:854F:47D5:F03C:7071 (talk) 19:03, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

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Liberal People's Party

Liberal People's Party may refer to:

 * Liberal People's Party (Denmark); Liberalt Folkeparti
 * Liberal People's Party (Finland); Liberaalinen Kansanpuolue
 * Liberal People's Party (Norway, 1972); Det Liberale Folkepartiet
 * Liberal People's Party (Norway); Det Liberale Folkepartiet
 * Liberal People's Party (Sweden); Folkpartiet Liberalerna

title: Liberal People's Party


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User talk:Localhost00

ClockworkTroll 19:11, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Localhost00


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User talk:Vianegativa

ClockworkTroll 19:11, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vianegativa


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User talk:ThievingGypsy

ClockworkTroll 19:11, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:ThievingGypsy


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List of monarchs of Georgia

This is a list of kings and queens regnant of the kingdoms of Georgia before Russian annexation in 1801–1810.

For more comprehensive lists, and family trees, of Georgian monarchs and rulers see Lists of Georgian monarchs.

Georgia under Bagrationi dynasty
Many members of the Bagrationi dynasty were forced to flee the country and live in exile after the Red Army took control of the short-lived Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1921 and installed the Georgian Communist Party. Since Georgia regained independence in 1990 the dynasty have raised their profile, and in 2008 the two rival branches were united in marriage.

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User talk:Vogon

Integrate User:Vogon/Paranoia rewrite
User:Vogon/Paranoia rewrite is looking pretty good. I'd like to see it integrated now, especially since the source page is starting to seriously fork. Any reason not to just drop it in now? Alan De Smet | Talk 22:57, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * I haven't paid much heed to it since I first wrote the bulk of it, but now that the quarter's over, I was thinking about finishing it up and changing it over. Thanks for reminding me about it. Vogon 23:21, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

Tea
Excuse me. I'm a bit upset and annoyed that you appear to have destroyed my planet. It was a nice planet, and I enjoyed living on it very much, and now that it's gone I have to make do with the infinity of space, which just doesn't cut it in my opinion. Additionally, I can't find any tea either the least you could do to compensate for the destruction, viz., that of my planet, is to provide me with some, as long as it isn't too much trouble. --A. Dent 23:21, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vogon


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/UK Parkour Association

UK Parkour Association was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Orphaned article for an organisation that was founded last November, doesn't appear to be notable. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 19:12, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Too small a community, too minor an issue, too low a profile, not notable enough. Geogre 21:23, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 01:29, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Villers-le-Sec

Villers-le-Sec may refer to the following communes in France:

 * Villers-le-Sec, Aisne, in the Aisne département
 * Villers-le-Sec, Marne, in the Marne département
 * Villers-le-Sec, Meuse, in the Meuse département
 * Villers-le-Sec, Haute-Saône, in the Haute-Saône département

title: Villers-le-Sec


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File:Megatokyo - 0619.png

Summary
This is a decreased-resolution version of Megatokyo strip 619, "still a mess in here".

© 2004 Fred Gallagher.

Fair use rationale
It is believed that the use of this image, Megatokyo - 0619.png, qualifies as fair use in the article Megatokyo because:

 * The image resolution has been greatly reduced from the original, so copies created from it would be of very inferior quality.
 * The use of this image does not impair the copyright holder's ability to sell the original work in any way.
 * No substitute is available under a free license, nor could one be created that would provide the same information.
 * The image contributes significantly to the article, due to it being used as an illustration for Megatokyo's technical similarities to manga, such as panel layout, prose style and character interaction, as well as the type of subtle humor displayed in the later strips.

title: File:Megatokyo - 0619.png


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Travel class

A travel class is a quality of accommodation on public transport. The accommodation could be a seat or a cabin for example. Higher travel classes are designed to be more comfortable and are typically more expensive.

Airlines
Traditionally, an airliner is divided into, from the fore to aft, first, business, and economy classes, sometimes referred to as cabins. In recent years, some airlines have added a premium economy class as an intermediate class between economy and business classes.

Each class is further divided into invisible booking or fare classes, which although booked into the same cabin differ in conditions and benefits outside of the cabin class travelled, such as frequent-flyer points, baggage limit, change or refund policy, etc.

Ocean liners
Before cruise ships dominated the passenger ship trade, ocean liners had classes of service, often categorized as First Class, Second Class, and Steerage. Companies such as Cunard Line continue this tradition, offering Queen's Grill, Princess Grill and Britannia cabins, each of which have their own allocated lounges and restaurants on board.

Trains
Trains often have first class (the higher class) and second class (known as standard class in the UK). For trains with sleeping accommodations, there may be more levels of luxury.

China
Traditional trains commonly offer the following classes: soft sleeper, hard sleeper, soft seat and hard seat, depending on the route.

China Railway High-speed (CRH) EMUs offer the following classes: soft sleeper (available only on few overnight routes), business seat, 1st class seat and 2nd class seat.

Taiwan
Prior to 1949, most railway bureaus (under the direction of the Transport Ministry) had a three-class structure. As with most contemporary cases, few people could afford first class or even second class, so at times there would be no first class or second class service available in some trains. Some went as far as offering a fourth class "service" with goods wagons.

In 1949, the first "Limited Express with Reserved Seating" (特快對號車) appeared with the Railway Bureau of Taiwan, and it offered a three-class service, inherited locally from Japanese colonial rule. This structure was the norm for all trains, normal or express, until 1953.

In 1953, the "Equality Express" was introduced with second class carriages only. Eventually, all expresses save for the sole Limited Express offered only second class service, and all other, slower trains, offered only third class. This resulted in the quality of service being associated with the speed of the train. The Diesel Limited Express was introduced in 1956 with one class only.

In 1960, with the reforming of Limited Expresses (the Limited Express with Reserved Seating and Diesel Limited Express merged into one fare), all passenger trains officially offered only one class. Therefore, all expresses had only second class carriages and other trains only third class. As time passes, more types of carriages were introduced, but these were thought as types instead of classes.

Europe

At the very beginning of the railway age in Europe, almost every railway operator offered three classes for passenger services: "First class" was the most luxurious and least demanded class, equipped with rich upholstered seats, while "second class" was also upholstered, but on a lower level and with less seating space. In contrast, "third class" only provided wooden benches. While most passenger trains carried just one or two "first class" and "second class" carriages, every other carriage was "third class" only.

Today there are generally two classes, known as "first class" and "second class" or "economy class", or the equivalent in the local language. In the United Kingdom, the Midland Railway abolished its "second class" in 1875, offering only "first class" and "third class" travel. In fact, it was the basic wood-seated "third class" carriages and compartments which were removed, with "third class" passengers now travelling in what had been "second class" but at the original lower price. At the same time, the Midland reduced the cost of its "first class" tickets to the prices previously charged for "second class". This move attracted many more passengers to Midland trains and other railway companies were pressured to follow. By the end of the 19th century, virtually all British trains consisted of only two classes (still called "first" and "third", both with fully upholstered (and lit and heated) seating arrangements. The exceptions were some "third class" trains provided for workmen under the Cheap Trains Act 1883 which retained wooden benches for ease of cleaning, and boat trains connecting with ferries and trains to continental Europe, where three travel classes on trains were still the norm and so continued to provide "first", "second" and "third" class accommodation, although the "third class" accommodation remained broadly equivalent to "second class" on other European trains.

The three-tier class structure was abolished on most European railways by the end of the 1950s in favor of a two-tier structure conceived by the UIC. In fact, the old "first class" from the pre-World-War-II era was deleted without substitution because of low ridership in postwar times, therefore the old "second class" became the new "first class" and the "third class", with hardly any wooden seatings left, was declared the new "second class".

Trains in Great Britain continued to provide a two-tier class structure, with the higher tier called "first class". The lower tier was re-branded from "third class" to "second class" by British Rail from 3 June 1956, and then to "standard class" from 11 May 1987.

A convention used by most European railway companies is that the first-class section of a train is marked in yellow, usually with a yellow band above the doors and/or windows. First-class areas may be complete carriages or at one end of a carriage, the other end being second class. Second-class compartments usually have "2+2" seating (2 seats each side of the aisle); first-class compartments are typically "2+1". In Britain and France, some short-distance suburban trains use "2+3" for the lower class and "2+2" for first class.

Metro, suburban and local trains are sometimes second-class-only. First-class-only trains were common up to the 1980s (see Trans Europe Express) but are now rare. High-speed trains often charge more than slower-speed trains on the same route, but still have first- and second-class seats.

Trains in Ireland are primarily operated as standard-class only, with only some of the longest distance services having a higher class, called Premier on IE 22000 Class stock, CityGold on Mark 4 loco-hauled carriages and First Plus on the cross-border Enterprise service. No commuter services have premium classes. Premium benefits can be as limited as a reading light and waiter service; but reach to 2+1 recliner seating and enhanced catering options.

In Germany, there existed a "fourth class" ("4. Klasse") on almost every local train from the second half of the 19th century to 1928. It provided just a very low travel comfort, the passengers had to sit on even wooden planks with rudimentary backrests. Much of the space in the compartments was left empty to allow country folks to carry their goods and livestock inside the carriage. In Austria (and the adjacent countries also served by it) the Railjet has gone back to a three class structure with the highest class of service confusingly title "Business Class".

India
The Indian Railways offers six classes of train accommodation in general.

 * First Class A/C (1A) is the highest rail travel class and is not available on all trains. It offers air-conditioned cubicles in two-bed and four-bed formats with closing doors. There usually is only one 1A bogie (carriage) on a train.
 * Two Tier A/C (2A) offers air conditioned cubicles in four-bed + two-bed format, but the privacy is provided by curtains instead of the doors found in 1A. There are typically one or two 2A bogies on long-distance trains.
 * Three Tier A/C (3A) offers air conditioned cubicles in six-bed + two-bed format (six beds on one side and two beds on other side of the hallway). Most trains have two to five 3A bogies.
 * A/C Chair Car (CC) is a feature of short-distance trains that cover the journey within a day. The seating is usually in 3x3 format.
 * Sleeper Class (SL) is configured similarly to 3A but is not air conditioned. There are typically ten to fifteen SL bogies in a train.
 * Second Class (Reserved) (2S) similar as CC, without the air-conditioning. These may be reserved in advance or may be unreserved.
 * Second Class (II) for long-distance trains is similar to the SL cars but has wooden middle berths instead of upper berths. However, local and suburban trains may offer a different variety of second class, which has an open cabin with rows of wooden seats facing each other in pairs.

Some trains also have one of these classes:

 * Third AC Economy (3E). Similar to Three Tier A/C, however this class have an additional middle berth in the side section of the air conditioned cubicle, making it a six-bed and three-bed format. This type of accommodation is created for less well off people, who desire a comfortable travel at lesser fare.
 * First Class (FC), which is similar in configuration to the 1A class but lacks air conditioning. The class is currently being phased out in favor of the slightly expensive 2A and cheaper 3A classes. In 2011, it could be found only on Mumbai local train and a few trains across all of India.
 * Executive AC Chair Car (EC), has a 2x2 seat configuration and includes food catering service. It is available only on the "Shatabdi Express" and "Tejas Express" trains, which link major cities located within a day-trip distance.

Indonesia
Indonesian trains, operated by the state-owned PT Kereta Api Indonesia (the Indonesian Railways Co.), have now four classes for long-distance travel. All types of carriages are seating-only (no sleeper cars).

 * Executive/first class (eksekutif)–the top and most expensive class, offers the most comfortable means of travel - 2–2 reclining seat configuration, on-board TV. Executive-class carriages are classified by the Ministry of Transportation as K1. Also, trains having Eksekutif cars are certainly the fastest ones – see the note below.
 * Argo class – this is the top class that all of train names use Argo brand.
 * Fauna class – below the Argos.
 * Business/second class (bisnis)–medium class, the fare is around 60% of executive classes, 2–2 seating, fixed 60 degrees seat. Business-class carriages are classified by the Ministry of Transportation as K2. The Indonesian Railways is phasing out this class.
 * Premium economy class–the intermediate level between the business and economy classes, the fare is nearly same as business, 2-2 reclining seat configuration.
 * Economy/third class (ekonomi)–the lowest and cheapest class, below the premium class tickets are around 20% of business classes. Economy-class carriages are classified by the Ministry of Transportation as K3.
 * Commercial economy class, 2-2 seat configuration
 * PSO economy class, 3-2 seat configuration, with split-type air conditioned (retrofitted from fans)

All classes are non-smoking and air conditioned. All passengers require a seat reservation, except for commuter trains. All seats can be reserved from 30 to 90 days before travel date until minutes before departure time when seats are still available. Medium and long-distance trains have onboard cafeteria, flushing toilets (older passenger coaches have squatting toilets), onboard customer service representative (Train Manager), onboard security, and onboard cleaning services.

Executive class trains are the fastest and stop only on a few major stations (first priority). Business trains are somewhat slower, but generally do not stop too often as well there may be economy cars in these trains (second priority). Economy trains take significantly more time to reach the destination, as they stop on many smaller stations and have to pass all executive and business class traffic going in the same direction (third priority). Many less important routes lack either business or executive service, or both. Some services have more two or three classes mixed together (executive-business, executive-economy, executive-premium economy, or executive-business-economy).

For local or commuter trains, single class service is the most common type of service. But in some areas there may be other classes as well which have different seating arrangement and travel time in which the lower classes has more stops than the upper one. For example, Jogjakarta–Solo route there are Sriwedari train services which is air conditioned and has transverse seating and also Prambanan Express train which is non air conditioned, has longitudinal seating and more stops. Meanwhile, in Jakarta metropolitan area, there's only one class of service available since mid-2013 which is air conditioned and has longitudinal seating; however, a tradition that started in the mid-90s made it customary for commuter trains to be technically classified as executive-class trains. Commuter trains in Jakarta are operated by Kereta Commuter Indonesia, a subsidiary of the Indonesian Railways Co.

Japan
From 1872, Japan had a three-class structure for both seating carriages and sleeping carriages. By 1960, as conditions improved on second and third class trains, there were few passengers travelling on first class; therefore, the few remaining first class carriages were rebranded "special" carriages available for hire, and consequently moved Japan's railway system to a two-class system, of which the original second class became the first, and the original third became second.

In 1969, the class structure was abolished altogether. The first class was renamed "Green" carriages and the second "Standard" carriages.

All members of the Japan Railways Group (JR) offer separated classes of travel, with varying levels of availability on any given train.

The Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyūshū), Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido), and East Japan Railway Company (JR East) all offer an enhanced service known as the Green Car on nearly all of their intercity trains. Additionally, the Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) and Shikoku Railway Company (JR Shikoku) offer a Green Car on some trains, and a few West Japan Railway Company (JR West) trains also have a Green Car. The alternative to Green Car is the Ordinary Car. Although Ordinary Car tickets may be purchased with or without reserved seating, all Green Car tickets are reserved seating. A ticket must be purchased in advance, and a special version of the Japan Rail Pass allowing travel in Green Cars is available.

Most JR Group Green Cars seats have increased width and pitch. In some stations, Green Cars are located nearer to the staircases and escalators leading to/from the train platform. Green Cars also frequently offer slippers and reading materials in Japanese.

Additionally, JR East offers a third category of service, the GranClass, available on its Hayabusa route. Features of GranClass cars include leather seats that recline to a 45-degree angle, raised footrests, adjustable dining tables and cocktail trays, and personal reading lights. Full-service meals, both Japanese and Western, are provided by specialized GranClass attendants, who also serve soft drinks and alcoholic beverages. Because the Hayabusa is a long-distance service to the Tōhoku region, overnight amenities such as slippers, blankets, and eye masks are provided.

Great Britain
During the Victorian era, most trains in the United Kingdom had three classes of accommodation: first class, second class and third class. From 1875, when the Midland Railway redesignated its second class accommodation as third class, second class (equivalent to either premium economy or business class) was gradually abolished, while first class and third class were retained. This was because the Railway Regulation Act 1844 required a third-class service to be offered. In addition to this, British third class was initially of a comparable standard to continental European third class and British first class with European first class (the continent having retained three classes). This meant that boat trains in Britain still often operated with three classes of accommodation after the abolition of second class in the rest of the country. From 3 June 1956 British Railways redesignated third class as "second class", finally (as British Rail) renaming it "standard class" from 11 May 1987, in view of the pejorative overtones of "second class".

A coach with accommodation for more than one class is called a "composite coach".

North America
In the United States and Canada, train classes emulate the airlines, although airlines probably took the class levels from trains of the time when they were coming of age (e.g. first, business, coach). Amtrak Acela Express trains have two classes: First Class and Business Class. Amtrak Northeast Regional trains have Business Class and Coach class. Canada's Via Rail has the same classes as Amtrak. Trains with sleeper cars have additional levels. Commuter trains in USA and Canada rarely offer multiple classes of service.

Trams
Dubai Tram, UAE has Gold Class for first class travel.

title: Travel class


text:
Bullet with Butterfly Wings

"Bullet with Butterfly Wings" is a song by the American alternative rock band the Smashing Pumpkins. It was released as the lead single from their 1995 double album Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness, and is the sixth track on the first disc. This song was the band's first top-40 US hit, peaking at number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100. It also spent six weeks at number two on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and peaked at number four on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart. In Canada, the song peaked at number 18 on the RPM Top Singles chart and spent four weeks at number one on the RPM Alternative 30 chart, becoming Canada's most successful rock song of 1995. It also reached number one in Iceland for a week.

The song won the Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance in 1997. It was named the 91st best hard rock song of all time by VH1 in 2009 and ranked number 70 on the 2008 list of "The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time" of Rolling Stone. The song came second in the Triple J Hottest 100, 1995, was later voted number 51 in the Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time, 2009 and placed at number 25 in the Triple J Hottest 100 of the Past 20 Years, 2013.

Background
The song had its origins during the recording of 1993's Siamese Dream. According to frontman Billy Corgan, "I have a tape of us from 1993 endlessly playing the 'world is a vampire' part over and over". Corgan wrote the noted chorus "rat in a cage" on an acoustic guitar during the same session that "Landslide" was recorded.

The lyrics "Can you fake it, for just one more show?" may refer to the band's experience headlining the 1994 Lollapalooza festival, with Corgan calling it "old Job". Along with other parts of the album, Corgan appears to compare himself to Jesus Christ, with the line "Tell me I'm the chosen one / Jesus was an only son".

Critical reception
"Bullet with Butterfly Wings" is widely considered one of the Smashing Pumpkins' best songs. Louder Sound and Kerrang both ranked the song number three on their lists of the greatest Smashing Pumpkins songs.

The New York Times noted of a 2014 concert by the band that "one chorus always gets the Smashing Pumpkins' fans shouting along", identifying the line as: "Despite all my rage, I am still just a rat in a cage".

Music video
Filming for the music video took place in late September 1995 with Samuel Bayer as director. The filming location was a quarry located in the Simi Valley California hills, most likely the mining pits of the Gillibrand Industrial Sands facility, located adjacent to the Big Sky Film Ranch The visual look of the video was inspired by the work of Brazilian photographer Sebastião Salgado on gold mining, while, in contrast, the band used the video to debut their new glam rock wardrobes - notably, Billy Corgan's black shirt with the word "Zero" written in silver, and silver pants. The video also marks the last filmed appearance of Billy Corgan prior to his decision to shave his head.

When asked why the band chose Bullet for the first video, Corgan responded "the record company did a survey of K-Mart shoppers between 30 and 40 and this is the song they came up with". "This is the blue light special", said Chamberlin,  though it is likely in the context of the interview that these statements were sarcastic.

Track listings
Original US/UK CD single

"...Said Sadly" features Nina Gordon of Veruca Salt on vocals.

1996 Re-issue

US 7" double A-side single

Cover versions

 * Punk rock band The Menzingers closed many of the shows on their 2013 tour with a cover of the song.
 * Melodic hardcore band Four Year Strong covered this song on their 2009 album Explains It All which is a cover album tributing songs that were made famous by groups in the 1990s.
 * Sigue Sigue Sputnik made a cover of the song for the 2001 compilation album A Gothic–Industrial Tribute to The Smashing Pumpkins.
 * Groove metal band Skinlab covered this song on their 2004 compilation album Nerve Damage.
 * Latin metal band Ill Niño covered this song on their 2010 album Dead New World.
 * The Ghost and the Grace covered this song and released it as a one-off single in 2009.
 * Hawthorne Heights made a cover of this song, released as part of a 2007 Smashing Pumpkins tribute album from MySpace Records.
 * Taking Back Sunday made a cover as a part of charity compilation called Songs That Saved My Life.
 * Karen O recorded her version for the TV series Hanna, which was later included in the TV spot for Final Fantasy VII Remake.
 * MØ made a cover of this song and released it as a one-off single in 2019.
 * Frida Snell performed a cover of the song on her "Black Trillium" album released in April 22, 2002.

In other media
The song is used, slightly edited, as the title song for the Animal Planet reality television series Whale Wars, which follows the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society as they chase Japanese whalers in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary. The song is also used in the South Park episode "Whale Whores", which parodies Whale Wars.

"Weird Al" Yankovic performed the chorus in "The Alternative Polka" from his Bad Hair Day album.

The song was featured as a playable track in the video game Guitar Hero 5.

It was also used in the launch trailer for Dead Space 2.

The song was the TNA Lockdown wrestling pay-per-view theme song for 2009.

Parts of the song were used in the exposition of the 2022 film Black Adam.

A stripped-down remix by A.P. Laurenson was uploaded in 2016, which had gone viral and later served as the basis for various trailers, including Rampage in 2018, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II in 2022, and The Last Voyage of the Demeter in 2023.

title: Bullet with Butterfly Wings


text:
User talk:Goodoldpolonius

See these six categories up for "votes of deletion":
See these six categories up for "votes of deletion":

Categories_for_deletion and Categories_for_deletion and Categories_for_deletion and Categories_for_deletion and Categories_for_deletion and this one too: Categories_for_deletion

IZAK 10:10, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Image:Social network.JPG listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Social network.JPG, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —MetsBot 18:55, 9 December 2006 (UTC) Thuresson 10:34, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

question for quotation
do you remember where you derived the quotation "A social network is a map of the relationships between individuals, indicating the ways in which they are connected through various social familiarities ranging from casual acquaintance to close familial bonds." from exactly?

i would like to use this quote for my master thesis and it's the best one i found.

kind regards

title: User talk:Goodoldpolonius


text: User talk:68.210.29.162

title: User talk:68.210.29.162


text:
User talk:Chuckkim84

ClockworkTroll 19:18, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image:Souza.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Souza.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —MetsBot 18:55, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Palestra.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Palestra.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Dethomas 16:38, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chuckkim84


text:
User talk:Schizoid21

ClockworkTroll 19:18, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Schizoid21


text:
Yehiam convoy

The Yehiam convoy was a Haganah convoy was sent from Haifa during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine to reinforce and re-supply kibbutz Yehiam which had been holding out against constant Arab attacks. On March 27, 1948, the convoy was attacked and destroyed by an Arab ambush. 47 Jews were killed.

Convoy ambush
Ben Ami Pachter (born 1919) planned to lead a convoy on 21 March 1948, from Kiryat Haim near Haifa because supplies were short and the defenders of Kibbutz Yehiam were running out of ammunition. The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine put Yehi'am within the limits of the Arab state rather than the Jewish one. The original date had to be postponed as word reached that many enemy troops were deployed along the route. On 27 March 1948, seven trucks, loaded with supplies and personnel, set off.

Obstacles in the way forced the convoy to proceed slowly. As the convoy neared al-Kabri, the convoy's seven trucks were ambushed. From both sides of the road, the bushes exploded with bullets. Ben Ami Pachter, who was in the lead car, shouted to those behind that it was an ambush and that they should get out any way they could. After giving the warning, he was struck in the head by a bullet. The armoured car, with his body and others who were wounded, reached Yehiam shortly afterwards.

The Scotsman published an account of the convoy ambush: The second ambush occurred at Kabri, near Naharia, seven miles north of Acre. Here the bodies of 42 Jews were found near five burnt out lorries. It is stated that in this action a column of six Jewish lorries were ambushed by 250 Arabs who were armed with rifles, two inch mortars, and light machine guns. The column, escorted by an armoured car, was attacked an hour before sunset on Saturday night. A British flying column was sent to relieve the Jews but failed to reach them, it is reported. British artillery then opened fire with 12-lb and 25-lb high-explosive shells, and the Arabs withdrew.

In the ambush, 47 Haganah members and six Arabs were killed. Serious allegations were made against the Carmeli Brigade commander that he had not rushed to the aid of the Yehiam convoy.

Reprisal operation
During the second phase of Operation Ben Ami, the Arab siege of Yehi'am was lifted and the first retaliatory attack was carried out against al-Kabri, Umm al-Faraj and al-Nahr, where the commander gave orders “To attack with the aim of capturing the villages of al-Kabri, Umm al-Faraj and al-Nahr, to kill the men [and] to destroy and set fire to the villages.”

During Operation Dekel, the 7th Brigade and 21st Battalion of the Carmeli Brigade carried out an attack on Kuweikat on 9 July 1948, believing that some of the inhabitants had taken part in the attack on the Yehi'am convoy. The barrage was particularly heavy. The handful of Kuweikat villagers (mostly elderly) who had stayed put when the village fell were subsequently expelled to the neighbouring Druze village of Abu Sinan. The Druze village refused to give most of the Kuweikat villagers shelter. Subsequently the Kuweikat villagers moved to Upper Galilee and Lebanon.

title: Yehiam convoy


text:
Equatorial mount

An equatorial mount is a mount for instruments that compensates for Earth's rotation by having one rotational axis, called polar axis, parallel to the Earth's axis of rotation. This type of mount is used for astronomical telescopes and cameras. The advantage of an equatorial mount lies in its ability to allow the instrument attached to it to stay fixed on any celestial object with diurnal motion by driving one axis at a constant speed. Such an arrangement is called a sidereal drive or clock drive. Equatorial mounts achieve this by aligning their rotational axis with the Earth, a process known as polar alignment.

Astronomical telescope mounts
In astronomical telescope mounts, the equatorial axis (the right ascension) is paired with a second perpendicular axis of motion (known as the declination). The equatorial axis of the mount is often equipped with a motorized "clock drive", that rotates that axis one revolution every 23 hours and 56 minutes in exact sync with the apparent diurnal motion of the sky. They may also be equipped with setting circles to allow for the location of objects by their celestial coordinates. Equatorial mounts differ from mechanically simpler altazimuth mounts, which require variable speed motion around both axes to track a fixed object in the sky. Also, for astrophotography, the image does not rotate in the focal plane, as occurs with altazimuth mounts when they are guided to track the target's motion, unless a rotating erector prism or other field-derotator is installed.

Equatorial telescope mounts come in many designs. In the last twenty years motorized tracking has increasingly been supplemented with computerized object location. There are two main types. Digital setting circles take a small computer with an object database that is attached to encoders. The computer monitors the telescope's position in the sky. The operator must push the telescope. Go-to systems use (in most cases) a worm and ring gear system driven by servo or stepper motors, and the operator need not touch the instrument at all to change its position in the sky. The computers in these systems are typically either hand-held in a control "paddle" or supplied through an adjacent laptop computer which is also used to capture images from an electronic camera. The electronics of modern telescope systems often include a port for autoguiding. A special instrument tracks a star and makes adjustment in the telescope's position while photographing the sky. To do so the autoguider must be able to issue commands through the telescope's control system. These commands can compensate for very slight errors in the tracking performance, such as periodic error caused by the worm drive that makes the telescope move.

In new observatory designs, equatorial mounts have been out of favor for decades in large-scale professional applications. Massive new instruments are most stable when mounted in an alt-azimuth (up down, side-to-side) configuration. Computerized tracking and field-derotation are not difficult to implement at the professional level. At the amateur level, however, equatorial mounts remain popular, particularly for astrophotography.

German equatorial mount
In the German equatorial mount, (sometimes called a "GEM" for short) the primary structure is a T-shape, where the lower bar is the right ascension axis (lower diagonal axis in image), and the upper bar is the declination axis (upper diagonal axis in image). The mount was developed by Joseph von Fraunhofer for the Great Dorpat Refractor that was finished in 1824. The telescope is placed on one end of the declination axis (top left in image), and a suitable counterweight on other end of it (bottom right). The right ascension axis has bearings below the T-joint, that is, it is not supported above the declination axis.

Open fork mount
The Open Fork mount has a Fork attached to a right ascension axis at its base. The telescope is attached to two pivot points at the other end of the fork so it can swing in declination. Most modern mass-produced catadioptric reflecting telescopes (200 mm or larger diameter) tend to be of this type. The mount resembles an Altazimuth mount, but with the azimuth axis tilted and lined up to match earth rotation axis with a piece of hardware usually called a "wedge".

Many mid-size professional telescopes also have equatorial forks, these are usually in range of 0.5-2.0 meter diameter.

English or Yoke mount
The English mount or Yoke mount has a frame or "yoke" with right ascension axis bearings at the top and the bottom ends, and a telescope attached inside the midpoint of the yoke allowing it to swing on the declination axis. The telescope is usually fitted entirely inside the fork, although there are exceptions such as the Mount Wilson 2.5 m reflector, and there are no counterweights as with the German mount.

The original English fork design is disadvantaged in that it does not allow the telescope to point too near the north or south celestial pole.

Horseshoe mount
The horseshoe mount overcomes the design disadvantage of English or Yoke mounts by replacing the polar bearing with an open "horseshoe" structure to allow the telescope to access Polaris and stars near it. The Hale Telescope is the most prominent example of a horseshoe mount in use.

Cross-axis mount
The Cross-axis or English cross axis mount is like a big "plus" sign (+). The right ascension axis is supported at both ends, and the declination axis is attached to it at approximately midpoint with the telescope on one end of the declination axis and a counter weight on the other.

Equatorial platform
An equatorial platform is a specially designed platform that allows any device sitting on it to track on an equatorial axis. It achieves this by having a surface that pivots about a "virtual polar axis". This gives equatorial tracking to anything sitting on the platform, from small cameras up to entire observatory buildings. These platforms are often used with altazimuth mounted amateur astronomical telescopes, such as the common Dobsonian telescope type, to overcome that type of mount's inability to track the night sky.

title: Equatorial mount