text:
Jetex

The Jetex motor is a miniature solid-fuel rocket motor produced for use as a powerplant for flying model aircraft. Its production led to a number of imitators and, after its discontinuation, successors of similar type.

Original Jetex motors
Jetex was developed in 1947, by Wilmot, Mansour & Company Ltd of Southampton, which had started operations in a decommissioned hangar at RAF Beaulieu. The first motor was demonstrated in early 1948 and was available to the public in June 1948, when Aeromodeller magazine featured Jetex power on its front cover. The first motors were the Jetex 100 and 200, with the more powerful Jetex 350 following in November 1948. The most popular motor, the Jetex 50, was introduced in May 1949, along with kits for a model plane and model car using Jetex power. The subsequent popularity of Jetex led to the manufacture of numerous kits by third-party companies such as KeilKraft and Skyleada.

Jetex motors are powered by a solid pellet consisting mainly of guanidine nitrate, which burns to release an exhaust gas in large volume, leaving little solid residue. Thrust developed is modest and sustained, making it suitable for aerodynamically lifted flying models. The exhaust gas is not excessively hot, which confers a safety advantage.

Motors are loaded with one or more solid fuel pellets and a combustible 'wick' is led through the exhaust nozzle to ignite the fuel. Fuel and wick were manufactured by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). The engine casing of the early motors is made of an aluminium alloy. On introduction, fuel pellets and wick could be purchased separately, meaning that the system is reusable.

Jetex power made a big impact in the late 1940s and early 1950s, allowing new sorts of models, scale and duration, to be designed. During the 1960s, Jetex propellant pellets found another use by AP Films/Century 21, in their 'Supermarionation' TV series, when they were fitted to the undersides of miniature ground vehicles to emit jets of gas resembling dust trails.

Jetex went through a change of ownership in the mid 1950s. Gradually its popularity waned. Ron Baddorf speculated that the development of radio control and the increasing reliability and power of diesel motors caused a lack of interest in "the little Jetex".

Velojet
The Velojet 50 and its larger sibling, the Velojet 100, were New Zealand designed and manufactured. They used standard Jetex fuel and had a safety pressure release at the front in the form of a disc against a pre-tensioned coil spring.

Jet-X
In 1986, Powermax in the UK launched a range of newly formulated size 50 fuel and wick under the Jet-X brand. In the latter half of the 1990s, the company introduced their own 'Z' series motors, corresponding to the original Jetex 35, 50 and 100. From August 1995 Jet-X motors, fuel and fuse were commercially imported into the US. Flying Models told its readers that "safe and viable rocket power for model airplanes is back".

Rapier
Around the new millennium, a new non-reusable motor, called Rapier, was introduced. It has similar weight, thrust and duration to Jetex, allowing many old plans for Jetex powered models to be built and flown with the new motors. The Rapier is a single use motor with a cardboard case and a ceramic nozzle, visually closer to a model rocket motor than the original reloadable Jetex.

Tendera
In early 2020, another range of non-reusable motors was introduced, called Tendera. These are similar to the Rapiers, being one-time use motors having cardboard cases and ceramic nozzles.

title: Jetex


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Talk:Symmetric group

Composition order
Almost all modern published research in permutation groups uses fg to mean "apply f then apply g". I propose that the article use that convention and only note the other one as an exception. --Zero 03:57, 20 October 2004 (UTC)

 * I would tend to agree. I've come from reading the Schaum's Outline on Group Theory, and it was very disorienting to encounter the convention used here. --Paul 04:07, August 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * This text doesn't seem to follow: "The permutation f shown above is a cycle, since f(1) = 4, f(4) = 3 and f(3) = 1." What 'f' is it referring to?  The only 'f' I see does not produce the results claimed here.  Am I missing something obvious? --Paul 04:55, August 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * It is a vestige of earlier edits. Why don't you start on a clean-up (including the fg versus gf issue)?  I'll back you up. --Zero 11:37, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It's many months later, and I've just noticed your reply. Sorry for the delay, I got distracted.  I may just do what you suggest.  I need to get my bearings again.--Paul 05:04, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Is it really true that fg means "apply f then g"? Unless I am confused I have always read it from right to left as in compositions of functions: "(f.g)(x) = f(g(x))". Also https://math.stackexchange.com/a/31764 seems to agree: "... so when you write "ab", you mean that you perform the permutation b first, and the permutation a second." 2001:16B8:40CA:3600:F1DE:E91:CA17:F2E6 (talk) 19:34, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

Suggest earlier use of the term "permutation"
From the article as of 2011-06-29:
 * ... the symmetric group on a set is the group consisting of all bijections of the set (all one-to-one and onto functions) from the set to itself...[1]

In the introductory paragraph, it would be easier for beginners (an audience wikipedia must serve) if the article used the relatively familiar word "permutation" before such unfamiliar phrases as "bijection from the set to itself" or "one-to-one and onto".

Note that the word "permutation" is used later in the text, under heading Elements:
 * The elements of the symmetric group on a set X are the permutations of X.

Because I am not intimate with group theory terminology and jargon, I am reluctant to perform such an edit unilaterally, for fear of misusing the idiom, but I would be glad to propose specific text for consideration, if anyone is interested. If no one responds, after several weeks I will do the edit myself regardless. Dratman (talk) 12:34, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

 * The problem is that the word permutation, while more familiar, is also more ambiguous, as you can check in that article: it often means more simply an ordering of the elements into a list rather than a bijection of the set to itself. It makes fairly little difference if the set is {1,2,...,n}, but a big difference in other cases. In order to define composition, which is central here, one needs bijections. So a reader who would wonder how to compose permutations of an arbitrary set would have to look up permutation, and find the term "bijection" on his path there anyway. We might as well be frank about this from the start. Marc van Leeuwen (talk) 04:39, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I made an edit similar to the one I proposed below, trying to balance the usefulness of the well-known idea of a permutation with the requirement for precision. But more recently, in playing around with examples of the symmetric group, I am even more struck by your point about ambiguity in the concept of a permutation. Clearly "bijection" is the right tool to use -- yet even "bijection" is not without problems. The domain and codomain of a bijection, as of any function, must consist of named or otherwise identifiable and distinguishable elements. Otherwise we can't specify or describe the function in any way. In (most?) other areas, domains and codomains are fixed rather than indefinite. But such mutability when compared with more ordinary references to functions, I think, makes notation for the symmetric group more confusing, regardless of whether we write about bijections or permutations. Dratman (talk) 01:09, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I understand and, in general terms, concur with your objection to "permutation." The word "bijection" is more precise. That said, I still wish to argue that it would be better to use the more familiar term in the first paragraph of the article. (Since we are discussing pedagogy rather than mathematics, there is no single provably right answer here.)Dratman (talk) 01:09, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Before suggesting any replacement text, I want to quote from the first sentences of the current definition at Mathworld:
 * The symmetric group Sn of degree n is the group of all permutations on n symbols. Sn is therefore a permutation group of order n!
 * Notice that the introductory Mathworld sentence omits any mention of "on a set." That is correct, because the symmetric group is not related to any particular "set X" consisting of n elements. Only the cardinality of the set of symbols matters.

 * I propose the following rough draft replacement for the first sentence of the article:
 * In mathematics, the finite symmetric group Sn, for n a positive integer, is the group consisting of all possible permutations (rearrangements) which can be carried out on a set of size n. The order (number of elements) of the symmetric group is therefore n! The group operation consists of carrying out two successive permutations, whose combined effect is necessarily equivalent to that of a single permutation which is (as required by closure under the group operation) also an element of the group.  Dratman (talk) 03:26, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 02:37, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

can we briefly deal with infinite case?
Since infinite symmetric groups can be defined, I think that should be explained in this article, in order to be fully "encyclopedic". I added a "Why?" tag in the lede at the appropriate point to signal this view. The general definition is just this: "The symmetric group Sym(Ω) on a set Ω consists of all bijections from Ω to Ω under composition of functions." That might as well be included in the article; then, infinite and finite cases could be briefly contrasted. Arided (talk) 14:40, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I changed the 1st sentence of the lede accordingly, but haven't built in the short compare-and-contrast paragraph that would resolve the "Why?" Arided (talk) 14:44, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I would much prefer that you return the lead to the way it previously was, when it accurately summarized the article. As it is, the lead begins with a piece of notation not otherwise used in the article, and suffers from other infelicities (the redundant invocation of bijections, the improper use of Template:why).
 * Instead, I invite you to propose (either on this talk page, or by adding it directly to the article) a section called "Infinite symmetric groups". Once such a section exists, we can adjust the lead to properly summarize the article contents.  --JBL (talk) 18:18, 29 January 2018 (UTC)
 * @JBL, notation isn't the central part of my suggestion. The suggested sentence can be easily rephrased without any special notation:
 * "The symmetric group defined over any set consists of all bijections from the set to itself under composition of functions."

 * Or similar. Since that's the definition of "symmetric group", it seems suitable for the first sentence of the article.  I don't think it absolutely needs a new section.  (Presumably it would be possible to write a section on infinite symmetric groups, I'm not the best person to do that.)  I suggest we revise the lede to match the quote above, then leave the new section you mentioned to some future contributor. Arided (talk) 18:33, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Also, the discussion above at Talk:Symmetric_group is relevant -- we seem to be rehashing that discussion here. My basic point is that since this is a mathematics article it should actually include the definition of the term it's about, prominently.  Finite groups are a special case of that definition. Arided (talk) 18:41, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I have made some changes relating to your last edit, moving words and links around between the first two sentences. I hope you find the result in keeping with your intent.  I have removed the template:why again: the template is for statements that require clarification.  The sentence in question is perfectly clear; what you really intend is not "what does this mean?" but rather "this seems like an unfortunate state of the universe," and I don't know if there's an appropriate tag for that.  --JBL (talk) 21:51, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I would like to concur with Arided's overall point: infinite symmetric groups are important and should be discussed somewhere in wikipedia. I think the right place is in a section of this page, perhaps their own article someday - as it is now, its just the line in the intro saying they exist but won't be treated here as well as some facts about them sprinkled throughout the article. Let me note that the very first result on google for "infinite symmetric group" is a wikipedia page with the title "Infinite Symmetric Group," which really just links to this article, which is really about the finite case. While I agree that the notation Sym(Ω) need not appear in the lead, I do think the interested reader should be able to find their way to a section (a page?) with some basic information on infinite symmetric groups. I hope I will find the time to begin that section. Krb19 (talk) 15:12, 10 June 2021 (UTC)

Modular group
There's an "obvious resemblance" between the generators (from the middle of this article): and the presentation of the modular group: There's some fun and games one can accomplish due to this resemblance, but I no longer recall the details. I'm probably mis-remembering something, but there's an analogy to the way in which sl(2,C) is the prototypical semi-simple Lie algebra, with raising and lowering operators that can be combined together to make the root diagrams of other Lie algebras, and, when combining an infinite number of these, to get the affine Lie algebras. Something to do with braid groups, to be more specific. I can't recall/reconstruct in my head what the analogy is; could more info be posted on this? 67.198.37.16 (talk) 00:05, 8 March 2018 (UTC)
 * $${\sigma_i}^2 = 1$$
 * $$(\sigma_i\sigma_{i+1})^3 =1$$
 * $$S^2 = 1$$
 * $$(ST)^3 =1$$

minimal base
Every symmetric group Sm with m>3 has a minimal base of two elements. (finite m of course) If there exists literature or an article that contains this theorem, I would like to include the proof. Is there such literature or article? Jacob.Koot (talk) 11:19, 27 September 2018 (UTC)

 * There is a conventional two-element generating set for S_m mentioned in the article (section Generators and relations): any m-cycle together with a transposition that swaps two adjacent elements of the cycle. It would be nice to have a reference for this fact, as it is uncited in the article; I imagine it could be found in many texts on abstract algebra or combinatorics.  --JBL (talk) 12:00, 27 September 2018 (UTC)

 * I can't find it in "Group Theory and its Applications to Physical Problems" of Morton Hamermesh. I have no other material at hand. Jacob.Koot (talk) 13:20, 27 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Browsing my bookshelf: Exercise 2.200 in Algebra by Mark Sepanski asks to show that (1, 2) and (1, 2, ..., n) generate S_n. The same statement is exercise 80δ in Elements of Abstract Algebra by Allan Clark, and is Exercise 6.6.16 in Algebra by Michael Artin.  I did not find the statement in Algebra by Serge Lang.  Introduction to The Theory of Finite Groups by Walter Lederman contains as exercise 3.8 the false statement that S_n is generated by (1, 2, ..., n) together with any transposition (one can easily check that this fails in S_4 when the transposition is (13)).  So that's a bunch of good references for the fact, but sadly none that contain a proof.  Undoubtedly a proof is written down in some reliable source somewhere.  I will add one of these as a reference to the statement in the article in the near-but-not-immediate future.  --JBL (talk) 14:58, 28 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Jacob.Koot (talk) 15:49, 28 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Fraleigh has an exercise to prove this for S5. I have done this exercise and have the proof in my notes.  It would probably be easy to extend to Sn.  The proof is rather long and I don’t have the time at the moment to put it into the article, but I could in a week or so.  Do you think I should insert it?—Anita5192 (talk) 16:40, 28 September 2018 (UTC)

 * I think mentioning the theorem with a reference would do. Jacob.Koot (talk) 10:28, 29 September 2018 (UTC)

 * 20 months later, I finally got around to it. --JBL (talk) 16:54, 28 May 2020 (UTC)

Not understandable
"Applying f after g maps 1 first to 2 and then 2 to itself; 2 to 5 and then to 4; 3 to 4 and then to 5, and so on. So composing f and g gives" The two matrizes above that line do not match that line. This needs a much better explained example. 2003:E7:2F09:BA28:AC82:73B0:DEBB:A4B8 (talk) 16:08, 22 July 2019 (UTC)

 * They do, in fact, match the sentence. I am willing to believe this could be more clearly written, but more details about what you find unclear would be helpful. --JBL (talk) 17:06, 22 July 2019 (UTC)

Illogical placement of definition of alternating subgroup?
In the section on normal subgroups, the finite case is discussed before the infinite case. In the finite case, no definition of an Alternating group is given while in the part on infinite groups, an explanation is given. In both cases, the alternating subgroup itself is finite, though a difference is that in the finite section it's called a group and in the infinite section, a subgroup (though in both cases its significance is as a subgroup). Wouldn't it make more sense to either do away with the definition in this section entirely or provide the definition in the first instance of the term in the part on normal subgroups? Correctorator123 (talk) 10:10, 13 January 2021 (UTC)
 * The definition of the alternating group in the finite case is in the subsection Symmetric_group. (Previously, this section was just titled "Transpositions", making it hard to find the relevant information.)  It is also discussed in the section Symmetric_group.  So your summary of the situation does not seem particularly accurate.  Separately, your assertion that the alternating group in the infinite case is finite is mistaken.  As far as navigation is concerned, I think the section heading "Elements" is very poor; does anyone have a better suggestion, given what it actually covers? --JBL (talk) 14:10, 13 January 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Symmetric group


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Guard hair

Guard hair or overhair is the outer layer of hair of most mammals, which overlay the fur. Guard hairs are long and coarse and protect the rest of the pelage (fur) from abrasion and frequently from moisture. They are visible on the surface of the fur and usually lend a characteristic contour and colour pattern. Underneath the contour hair is the short, dense, fine down. There are three types of guard hair: awns, bristles, and spines.

Description
Guard hair (overhair) is the top or outer layer of the coat. Guard hairs are longer, generally coarser, and have nearly straight shafts that protrude through the layer of softer down hair. The distal end of the guard hair is the visible layer of most mammal coats. The guard hair is spread over most of the skin, constitutes the main mass of the fur, and gives the contour and color of the fur, from the combinations in different percentages of two pigments: brown and black eumelanin, and yellow and red pheomelanin. This layer has the most marked pigmentation and gloss, manifesting as coat markings that are adapted for camouflage or display. Guard hair repels water and blocks sunlight, protecting the undercoat and skin in wet or aquatic habitats, and from the sun's ultraviolet radiation. Guard hairs can also reduce the severity of cuts or scratches to the skin. Many mammals, such as the domestic dog and cat, have a pilomotor reflex that raises their guard hairs as part of a threat display when agitated.

Types of guard hair
The three major types of guard hair recognized are awns, spines and bristles, although intermediates between these types are known.

Awn
Awn hair is the most common type of guard hair, characterized by an expanded distal end, a thin base, and definitive growth. The shafts of the awn are thick and usually spindle-shaped (or blade- or shieldlike), thinning gradually at the tip. Spindle-shaped portion is hard and usually differently colored. Awns usually lie in one direction, giving the pelage a distinct contour. This type of hair is found in carnivorans. In equids, cattle, and on the face and legs of sheep, the covering bristles are shorter, stiffer, straighter, and inconspicuously spindled.

Bristles
Bristles are firm, generally long hairs in equids and bovids, some carnivorans, etc., that grow continuously and form manes. The mane often varies by sex, serving to distinguish the sexes (sexual dimorphism). For example, male lions have a collar of long, hard outline hair that grows continuously and extends to the shoulders and forms a mane on the back of the neck. Bristles function as visual signals that augment facial expressions (e.g., lions) or body postures (e.g., horses).

Spines
The guard hairs are sometimes modified to form defensive spines. Spines are the stiff, enlarged guard hairs that exhibit definitive growth and form the protective quills of echidnas, hedgehogs and especially porcupines. In porcupines, the cuticular scales are elongate and form barbs that make it difficult to remove imbedded spines.

title: Guard hair


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Talk:In Blue

Fair use rationale for Image:In Blue.jpg
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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 08:37, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Done.Adam McMaster 11:24, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Something wrong with hyperlink to "rebel heart"
There is a glitch. The hyperlink to that wonderful instrumental piece "rebel heart" by the Corrs actually points to an album by the American country singer Dan Seals. Someone has to fix this.

 * Response was too slow. I decided to be bold and fixed the hyperlink myself. You have to distinguish "Rebel Heart" the song from Dan Seals' album "Rebel Heart".  I hope that the Google referencing will now fix itself.

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
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title: Talk:In Blue


text:
Awn hair

Awn hairs are the intermediate hairs in a mammal's coat. They are shorter than the guard hairs and longer than the down hairs. They help with insulation and protect the down hairs underneath. Most of the visible coat is made of this kind of hair.

Among rabbits, each guard hair is surrounded by a number of awn hairs. The awn hairs are slightly shorter, and have a flat (rather than pointed) tip. They also are slightly wavy and have a thinner cortex. Clustered around each awn hair are two more hair types, the awn wool and underwool.

Awn hair is also known as grannenhaare. Awn hairs are distally thicker in comparison to down hair and have a shift in the shape towards the top of the hair. There is another version of awn hair, known as grannenflaumhaare or down awn hair, which is thin and crimped like underfur towards the proximal end of the hair, while the thickened distal end resembles the corresponding part of a guard hair.

title: Awn hair


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Talk:Best of The Corrs

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title: Talk:Best of The Corrs


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Talk:List of Bemani musicians

Why does Saifam lead here? They're their own label independent of bemani games. --- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.95.248.249 (talk) 22:05, 7 December 2009 (UTC) WARNING: ANYONE who lists TaQ as a member of FIXX will be reported, I am sick and tired of this stupid rumor, FIXX IS NAOKI ONLY! Ashura96 00:59, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

I see no mention of Tahirih Walker on this article at all? Is jun or Naoki her sound producer? But I'm certain she is not an alias for Paula Terry. Ashura96 20:11, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

--- Does anybody know the real name of U1-Asami? AFAIK he goes by the pseudonyms U1, Club Spice, 2MB and Chang Ma, to mention the ones I've found, but I can't find a real name for him. -- Sesse

Should the artists perhaps be alphabetised by surname and not first name?

Also, someone might want to update that 'couple dozen' :P

Why was vfd removed, exactly? The only reason the link is dead is because the article was renamed from what it originally was; it's still under voting in VfD. Mo0 02:03, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Could you fix it up then? I had the impression the matter had been finalised with the moving of the article.

STANDARDS: I think it's probably best if we keep a list of standards here for the page so someone doesn't have to come and edit it every time something new has been added.

 * All artists are to be in alphabetical order (currently for some reason this is by first name, but this could be changed if it was decided upon) and all aliases under that artist are also in alphabetical order, except (primary pseudonym) which goes at the top, and (member of) which goes at the bottom.
 * Currently we will use Western name order (surname last). I edited to put Noria and Sana's names in this order because they weren't and it's better to be consistent. If people would rather have the Japanese order, this can again be arranged, but considering the readers of the article, I think Western order makes more sense to use.
 * I don't think we should be saying what songs a particular alias is for after it. We'd want a separate list for that to avoid clutter. I took out the A and AA reference next to D.J. Amuro, but the entire Naoki section is frankly a huge mess and I don't have the time to tackle it right now (also, I don't want to do something that major without discussing it first). Probably best not to include too much extra information just in general, preferably none.
 * More to be added if necessary.

Several other comments from me (Xythar):
 * "Akira Shintani" meaning Akira Yamaoka feat. Sana Shintani is currently unconfirmed, although it seems likely.
 * Not sure how to deal with the Y&Co situation at the moment. Right now I've got both Tetsuya Tamura and Yokota Shokai listed as members of, but the ~slayer music info database attributed all songs by Y&Co and dj Remo-con to Tetsuya Tamura except the Colors eurobeat remix that says it was remixed by Yokoto Shokai in the artist name, but "Y&Co Remix" in the title. This confuses me. I'd appreciate some kind of definitive reference on this if anyone's got it, because the current setup while less confusing than the previous one still gives the impression that they both do Y&Co songs and I have no idea if this is the case. If Yokoto Shokai only did do the Colors remix, I think s/he should be taken out because his/her name is already attached to the song and no other Y&Co material (not to mention that technically s/he never uses Y&Co as a pseudonym as it's in the title, not the artist name)
 * Is there a source for Sana being a 'member' of Kiddy & Sunshine Lovers and apresmidi? Is she always the vocalist in songs with either of those aliases? If not, they should simply be aliases of the composer and Sana would simply be the song's vocalist. Sunny isn't a member of "dj TAKA" even though she did the vocals for Colors :)
 * Fine, if you want to get extra pedantic, Jun Wakita is both DJ.W (Regulus) and D.JW (Spica). So now they're both in. I hope you're happy :P (Should we have the "djw" from Murmur Twins too? ;) )
 * I suggest changing it into "DJ.W – also variants D.JW and djw" then, makes more sense to me than having several similar entries. I'm placing "DJ.W" first here, but IMO the best would be to place the one that appeared first. As I don't know when Regulus was released, I'll leave that to you. :) --Kamek 20:32, Nov 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * I originally had it as just DJ.W (figuring that people would assume D.JW and djw for themselves) but someone 'corrected' it to D.JW. Regulus was the first released, yes, so I might just leave it as how it was originally (DJ.W) --Xythar

 * No, Sana is not DJ Simon :P That was random and weird O_o

For the record, I added DJ Takawo. Unfortunately I don't have his full name, but the Gottamix 2 credits show him as a member of GUHROOVY. Another guy is also listed; if necessary I can watch the credits again to get the name. Never mind, it's probably Akira Uchibori. --SPUI 03:05, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Oh, are we sure that Ucchie is Mr. T? My brother says one of the OST booklets has comments by Mr. T and Ucchie separately. --SPUI 03:07, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * There was an Arcadia interview that stated Mr. T was indeed Ucchie, so I've been going by that. His last name *is* Uchida after all. Couple of other things - are the comments (or pronounciation instructions) after aliases necessary? I was aiming for none with the ones I added, other than the standard (primary pseudonym) and (member of). It looks a little off and cluttered if only a few of them have comments after the name, but that's just my opinion. The other thing is that as this is meant to be a map of pseudonyms to real names, it would probably be best to leave DJ Takawo out until we can get a real name for him. --Xythar

 * I believe I started the comments with my Naoki pseudonym listing. Originally it was intended just for Naoki, as pseudonyms were kept on each artist's article, and I considered him a special case, since he uses his name very infrequently and his pseudonyms often are related to some characteristic of the song (like "Naoki" for eurobeat, "Naoki underground" for trance, numbers for PARANOiAs and so on).
 * IMO we could remove them, keeping only those that are some kind of trivia (the only I can think of right now is U1-Asami's pronounciation) until there's an article for that artist to explain it. --Kamek 05:05, Jan 25, 2005 (UTC)

Is it clear what cleanup needs to be done on this article, other than adhering to the standards posted earlier? --dougk

DJ Amuro
I have removed this name from Taka, pending someone providing a source for this. The OST booklets don't mention this. --SPUI (talk) 22:53, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I think a compromise needs to be come to about this. Basically everyone already thinks DJ Amuro is Taka, and so having it up here isn't likely to spread further possible 'misinformation' or such. I do appreciate the need for proof, but in this case it really does seem likely beyond reasonable doubt. If not Taka, who would it be? As far as I know, all the names in the credits on RED are accounted for... (note I am not the one adding the name back) --Xythar

 * DJ Taka released an album called Milestone in 2007. The first disc was extended versions of his IIDX songs, and the second disc was remixes of his songs by other Bemani artists.  One of the songs on the second disc was a remix of A (a DJ Amuro song), so it's pretty much confirmed.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.10.83.146 (talk) 07:02, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Japanese characters?
Does anyone else think we should provide these where possible? I won't have too much trouble getting them - let's see if they paste properly. 前田尚紀 --SPUI (talk) 00:32, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I also think it would be nice to have a source for all of these. Something like [IIDX9OST] for the IIDX 9th OST booklet, for example. --SPUI (talk) 00:34, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Strange entries in the booklets

 * D&G Music Factory - N.M.R. [BM 5 OST]
 * NM Sequence Unlimited - 190 (as in Paranoia Max) [BM 5 OST]
 * C. Gounod / Kaori Nakagawa - Angelic Opera System (feat. AKANE) [BM 5 OST]

Comments in pseudonyms
I've noticed some comments in the pseudonyms referring to some Bemani releases... are those really necessary? IMO they don't add much to the content, and go against the idea of cleaning out all those additional comments from the list.

 * Those are sources, so someone that doesn't believe the list can check it. If they had been all labeled like that when someone inserted Amuro under Taka, it would either have a source or stand out like a sort thumb. --SPUI (talk) 19:44, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

"Paula Terry" a pseudonym?
Is "Paula Terry" definitely a pseudonym? Her web site doesn't say so. Kappa 13:18, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The headings are supposed to be the real names. --SPUI (talk) 18:57, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Song capitalization in Naoki Maeda section
A hidden comment under Naoki Maeda:
 * since song names in all uppercase look weird, I'm changing *only* such cases to a more proper case; please keep this style here.

I disagree with this convention, since songs that are all lowercase ("exotic ethnic") or only partially capitalized ("Get me in your sight") look just as odd. We need to either go with consistency (all songs capitalized the same), or accuracy (capitalized as in-game). Personally, I prefer the latter. --Poiuyt Man (talk)  09:44, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Taka as part of Naoki Underground?
I have commented this out; is there any source for it? --SPUI (talk) 12:20, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * BeForU's 'BeForU' album booklet lists Taka as doing the arrangement for Tears as I recall. I believe he also was credited somewhere for doing the Vanity Angel arrangement, but I don't remember where. (I did not add the information in question) --Xythar

Japanese names pseudonyms?
I don't think musicians' names in kana/kanji should be listed as pseudonyms: Asaki, Atsushi Shindo, Miyuki Kunitake (maybe this should be left, as there are two pseudonyms used as well), Mutsukiko Izumi, and Sayaka Minami (?). They are their real names, not pseudonyms.

Artist descriptions
Several short descriptions (mostly just saying what the artist usually composes for) have been added to the page by someone. I cleaned up the English, but I'm not sure they should be there at all. It seems to me that factual data on each artist (beyond the names they use) should be kept to individual Wikipedia pages for each artist, instead. Thoughts? --Xythar

Redirects
I notice a few artist's names are redirecting here that shouldn't. Jenny ROM and Zippers (both individually and as a pair) are Toshbia-EMI licensed artists, and the article explicitly excludes them. Super Saiyan Musashi 00:40, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Atsushi Shindo, or Atsushi Kondo?
Is he the same guy who is one of the sound designers in IIDX DJ TROOPERS? http://i2.photobucket.com/albums/y22/tsugaru7reveng/staffrolldjtroopers.jpg

And, can his name in Japanese (the one stated in the article) be also read as "Kondo"? If so, "Shindo" will be changed to "Kondo". Konami says it's the latter.

New section for Bemani musicians that has quit Bemani?
Do we need it? Tatsh is officially not a bemani musician anymore right now.... Nggak (talk) 15:41, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

BLP and this list
Ok video game fans. There is something called WP:BLP and it has to do with real living people. What it means is that we make a greater than normal effort to provide high quality sourcing for every statement on a living person on this website, no matter how innocuous you think it is or how "true" you know the statement to be. This list as it is violates one of our core guidelines (WP:OR) but, honestly, so do the vast majority of wikipedia lists, particularly when it comes to the video-game fanboy and girl nexus. I don't really care about this. But an WP:INDISCRIMINATE) list of everyone who ever wrote a song or played an instrument for a particular video game music company is not on. Even more so, when the indiscriminate listing is entirely unsourced. So, I've started to remove all of the unsourced red-linked names from this list. Do not readd them without, at minimum, a reliable source that supports their inclusion in the list and supports every claim made about that person. Cheers.Bali ultimate (talk) 17:16, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

 * When the majority of sources here would be the credits of games, CD booklets, and interviews in Japanese (i.e., sources that are difficult to cite or verify online), I think this seems a little excessive. I also wouldn't say that this qualifies as indiscriminate, since this article is explicitly a list of Bemani artists and their pseudonyms, not biographical articles for each one (and the 'who's who' bullet is the only one that seems applicable here).  So basically it seems like you are calling for citations that are impossible to post, which concern information that is not a big deal and will likely have no effect on any of the people involved.  Fantastic, there. 76.27.224.131 (talk) 08:43, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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List of artists on JP wikipedia
theres a list of artists on jp wikipedia, im not confident on how accurate it is, but its arguably better than the current list we have. https://remywiki.com/ also has a list, we cant cite it but it could be a useful recourse to help us find easy to access sources. Vkoid (talk) 19:31, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Bemani musicians


text:
Zolochiv, Lviv Oblast

Zolochiv (Золочів; Złoczów; Solotschiw; זלאָטשאָוו) is a small city in Lviv Oblast, western Ukraine, and the administrative center of Zolochiv Raion. It hosts the administration of Zolochiv urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The city is located 60 km east of Lviv along Highway H02 Lviv-Ternopil and the railway line Krasne-Ternopil. It has a population of covering an area of 11,64 km2

Medieval settlement, Tatar invasion
The site was occupied from AD 1180 under the name Radeche until the end of the 13th century when a wooden fort was constructed. This was burned in the 14th century during the invasion of the Crimean Tatars.

Polish town (1442)
In 1442, the city was founded as "Złoczów", by John of Sienna, a Polish nobleman of the Dębno family although the first written mention of Zolochiv was in 1423.

By 1523, it was already a city of Magdeburg rights.

Zolochiv was incorporated as a town on 15 September 1523 by the Polish king Sigismund I the Old. Located in the Ruthenian Voivodship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, it belonged to several noble families.

Austrian period (1772–1918)
From the first partition of Poland in 1772 until 1918, the town was part of the Austrian monarchy (Austria side after the compromise of 1867), head of the district with the same name, one of the 78 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Austrian Galicia province, or "Crown land", in 1900.

Interbellum: Polish Złoczów
From 15 March 1923 until the Invasion of Poland in 1939, when the town was occupied by the Soviet Union, Zolochiv, still named Złoczów, belonged to the Tarnopol Voivodship of the second Republic of Poland.

First Soviet occupation
Zolochiv was occupied by the USSR from September 1939 to July 1941. At the Zolochiv prison they committed horrific atrocities against Ukrainian nationalists including priests.

Nazi occupation
After July 1941, Zolochiv was occupied by Germany and incorporated into the General Government in the District of Galicia.

On 27 June, the town and its surrounding vicinity was bombed by the Germans, causing panic. In the weeks prior the Germans had parachuted into the area.

On 1 July the Germans arrived in the town, rumours had been circulating of a massacre in the Old Polish Prison, a two-three storied building on Ternopil St. Many Ukrainian locals were able to identify their friends and loved ones amongst the victims. Several rows of corpses were lined up in a pit in the prison yard that was encrusted with blood and human flesh. People repeated that the NKVD had been running tractor engines during the massacre to quiet the noise of those being tortured.

Those clearing the yard had to work quickly, as due to the summer heat the bodies were decomposing and there was a risk of disease spreading. Inside the prison cells, Greek-Catholic priests were found with crosses carved into their chests. In one cell a pool of coagulated blood lay with numerous corpses that had been severely tortured.

One of the local Jews, named Shmulko, who had worked in the flour mill before the war but had joined the NKVD and worked at the prison upon the Soviet invasion, was captured near Sasiv. The individual was forced to show people the corpses of their relatives and friends and was then stoned to death. Before he died he confessed to a second burial pit, that people had suspected but could not find.

The Germans forced local Jews to clear the prison and clean the bodies of those killed and place them outside of the prison for further identification. After that, SS troops executed those Jewish people. No Ukrainians participated in those atrocities.

According to a German Einsatzgruppen report in Zolochiv "before the Russians fled . . . they arrested and killed in all about 700 Ukrainians. In retribution, the militia arrested several hundred Jews and shot them, on instructions from the Wehrmacht. The number of Jews killed was between 300 and 500." Then the killing spread beyond the fortress where the Ukrainians and Jews were shot. Within three to four days, around 1400 Jews had been killed. Later the Germans shot another 300.

Once they established their occupation administration, the Germans began to rob and persecute the Jews, including forcing them to do slave labor. The Germans also confiscated their homes and valuables. In August 1942, the Germans with the assistance of the Ukrainian police, rounded up about 2000 Jews and sent them to Belzec where they were immediately murdered. In November, the German and Ukrainian police rounded up another 2500 and sent them to be murdered in Belzec. Other Jews were shot in Zolochiv. After that, the Germans established a ghetto to which Zolochiv Jews were confined along with Jews from other villages who had been sent there. The ghetto, containing about 4000 people, was severely overcrowded and lacked sanitary facilities. Consequently, a typhus epidemic broke out. In April 1943, about 3500 Jews were taken by German and Ukrainian police to be shot at a pit near the village of Yelhovitsa. One German official, Josef Meyer, tried to protect Jews, hiding several. After the war, Yad Vashem awarded him, his wife and two daughters the title Righteous Among the Nations.

There are numerous recorded cases of local Ukrainians sheltering Jews within the town of Zolochiv and the surrounding provinces. The number of Jewish survivors is unknown.

In the spring of 1942, guerrillas from the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) ambushed a Nazi transportation of livestock to the Reich, killing one or more Nazis. There were immediate reprisals on local Ukrainian nationalists. The Gestapo was vigilant and focused on eliminating the OUN within and around Zolochiv. Numerous Ukrainian nationalists were imprisoned in the Gestapo headquarters in Zolochiv and were later transported to Lącki prison in Lviv, these included Ivan Lahola, Bohdan Kachur and Stepan Petelycky.

On 1 December 1942 a ghetto was established, confined within the ghetto was a brewery where beer continued to be produced. Between 7,500 and 9,000 people were imprisoned there, as well as remnants of communities of the surrounding areas, including Olesko, Sasov, and Biali Kamen. The ghetto was liquidated on 2 April 1943, and 6,000 people were murdered in a mass execution perpetrated by an Einsatzgruppen at a pit near the village of Yelhovitsa.

Second Soviet occupation
From July 1944 to 16 August 1945, the town was occupied by the Red Army.

Soviet period
After the Yalta Conference (4–11 February 1945), drawn as a consequence of the findings of the interim Government of national unity signed on August 16, 1945, an agreement with the USSR, recognising the slightly modified Curzon line for the Eastern Polish border, on the basis of the agreement on the border between the Soviet Union and Polish Committee of National Liberation Government on 27 July 1944. In the Tarnopol voivodeship agreements, Zolochiv was included in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the USSR, where it remained until 1991.

Independent Ukraine
Since 1991, Zolochiv has been part of independent Ukraine. On July 17, 2007, a man-made disaster occurred near Ozhydiv, 20 km from Zolochiv, when 50 meters of railroad track, about 100 meters of the contact network and three power poles were damaged as a result of a tanker derailment. The fire was extinguished by a cloud of combustion products (the affected area is about 90 km2). Evacuation from the affected area began. First, people from the nearest villages were evacuated, and others were evacuated on request. The situation was complicated by the fact that phosphorus cannot be extinguished with water.

On March 28, 2014, a living alley in memory of the Heavenly Hundred appeared in front of the administrative building of the Zolochiv District Council.

On June 9, 2015, a decision was made in Zolochiv to rename Tchaikovsky Street to Heavenly Hundred Heroes Street. The decision was voted for by 23 members of the city council. P. Tchaikovsky Street runs past Zolochiv School No. 1 and rests on a linden alley planted in front of the district state administration in honor of the Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred. By the way, Heavenly Hundred Heroes Street is located next to the Zolochiv Maidan, where the Viche took place during the Revolution of Dignity.

On June 14, 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Zolochiv was hit by a missile attack. The missile (probably a Kalibr) was shot down by air defense systems, but the debris fell on the territory of the city, destroying a brick-making company and damaging nearby houses. Six people (including a one-year-old child) were also injured.

Architectural landmarks

 * Zolochiv Castle, built in the early 17th century by Jakub Sobieski (the king's father)
 * Church of the Assumption, Zolochiv, 1730
 * St. Nicholas Church, Zolochiv, 16th century
 * Church of the Resurrection, Zolochiv, 17th century
 * Church of the Ascension, Zolochiv, 19th century
 * Arsenal, Zolochiv, 15th century

Destroyed

 * Stone Synagogue, 1724 (destroyed during World War II)

Notable people
In chronological order:
 * John III Sobieski (1629–1696), king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania
 * Katarzyna Sobieska (1634–1694), sister of John III Sobieski
 * James Sobieski (1667–1737), Polish prince
 * Rabbi Yechiel Michel (1726–1786)
 * Ignacy Zaborowski (1754–1803), Polish mathematician and geodesist
 * Zev Wolf of Zbaraz (died 1822), rabbi
 * Franz von Hillenbrand (born c. 1801), German aristocrat, Imperial & Royal accountant
 * Naphtali Herz Imber (1856–1909), Jewish poet, wrote lyrics of Hatikvah, the national anthem of Israel
 * Moyshe-Leyb Halpern (1886–1932), Yiddish writer
 * Josephine Jackson (born 1995), pornographic film actress and model
 * Tadeusz Brzeziński (1896–1990), Polish diplomat, father of Zbigniew Brzezinski
 * Abraham Shalit (1898–1979), Jewish historian, studied in Vienna, worked in Mandate Palestine/Israel
 * Weegee - Arthur (Usher) Fellig (1899–1968), photographer, best known for his New York photos
 * Ilya Schor (1904–1961), painter, jeweler, engraver, and artist of Judaica; lived in Europe and the US
 * Jan Cieński (1905–1992), Roman Catholic bishop; worked in part clandestinely during Soviet era
 * Marian Iwańciów (1906–1971), painter
 * Carlos Feller (1923–2018), born Kalman Felberbaum; opera singer, emigrated in 1929 to Uruguay
 * Roald Hoffmann (born 1937), Polish-American chemist, 1981 laureate of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * Andriy Husin (1972–2014), Ukrainian football player

title: Zolochiv, Lviv Oblast


text:
Ulaid

Ulaid (Old Irish, ) or Ulaidh (Modern Irish, ) was a Gaelic over-kingdom in north-eastern Ireland during the Middle Ages made up of a confederation of dynastic groups. Alternative names include Ulidia, which is the Latin form of Ulaid,  and in Cóiced, Irish for "the Fifth". The king of Ulaid was called the rí Ulad or rí in Chóicid.

Ulaid also refers to a people of early Ireland, and it is from them that the province of Ulster derives its name. Some of the dynasties in the over-kingdom claimed descent from the Ulaid, but others are cited as being of Cruithin descent. In historical documents, the term Ulaid was used to refer to the population group of which the Dál Fiatach was the ruling dynasty. As such, the title Rí Ulad held two meanings: over-king of the Kingdom of Ulaid and king of the Ulaid people, as in the Dál Fiatach.

The Ulaid feature prominently in the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology. According to legend, the ancient territory of Ulaid spanned the whole of the modern province of Ulster, excluding County Cavan, but including County Louth. Its southern border was said to stretch from the River Drowes in the west to the River Boyne in the east. At the onset of the historic period of Irish history in the 6th century, the territory of Ulaid was largely confined to east of the River Bann, as it is said to have lost land to the Airgíalla and the Northern Uí Néill. Ulaid ceased to exist after its conquest in the late 12th century by the Anglo-Norman knight John de Courcy, and was replaced with the Earldom of Ulster.

An individual from Ulaid was known in Irish as an Ultach, the nominative plural being Ultaigh. This name lives on in the surname McAnulty or McNulty, from Mac an Ultaigh ("son of the Ulsterman").

Name
Ulaid is a plural noun and originated as an ethnonym; however, Irish nomenclature followed a pattern where the names of population groups and apical ancestor figures became more and more associated with geographical areas even when the ruling dynasty had no links to that figure, and this was the case with the Ulaid. Ulaid was also known as Cóiced Ulad, the "Fifth of Ulster", and was one of the legendary five provinces of Ireland. After the subsequent loss of territory to the Airgíalla and Northern Uí Néill, the eastern remnant of the province that formed medieval Ulaid was alternatively known as in Cóiced, in reference to the unconquered part of Cóiced Ulad.

The Ulaid are likely the Ούολουντιοι (Uoluntii or Voluntii) mentioned in Ptolemy's 2nd century Geographia. This may be a corruption of Ούλουτοι (Uluti). The name is likely derived from the Gaelic ul, meaning "beard". The late 7th-century writer, Muirchú, spells Ulaid as Ulothi in his work the Life of Patrick.

Ulaid has historically been anglicised as Ulagh or Ullagh and Latinized as Ulidia or Ultonia. The latter two have yielded the terms Ulidian and Ultonian. The Irish word for someone from Ulaid is Ultach (also spelt as Ultaigh and Ultagh), which in Latin became Ultonii and Ultoniensis.

Ulaid gave its name to the province of Ulster, though the exact composition of it is disputed: it may derive from Ulaidh with or without the Norse genitive s and Irish tír ("land, country, earth"), or else the second element may be Norse -ster (meaning "place", common in Shetland and Norway).

The Ulaid are also referred to as being of the Clanna Rudraige, a late form of group name.

Population groups within Ulaid
According to historical tradition, the ruling dynasties of the Ulaid were either of the Ulaid population-group or the Cruthin. Medieval Irish genealogists traced the descent of the Ulaid from the legendary High King of Ireland, Rudraige mac Sithrigi. The Cruthin on the other hand is the Irish term for the Picts, and are stated as initially being the most powerful and numerous of the two groupings. The terms Ulaid and Cruthin in early sources referred to the Dál Fiatach and Dál nAraidi respectively, the most powerful dynasties of both groups.

The general scholarly consensus since the time of Eoin MacNeill has been that the Ulaid were kin to the Érainn, or at least to their royal families, sometimes called the Clanna Dedad, and perhaps not their nebulous subject populations. T. F. O'Rahilly notably believed the Ulaid were an actual branch of the Érainn. Also claimed as being related to the Ulaid are the Dáirine, another name for the Érainn royalty, both of which may have been related or derived from the Darini of Ptolemy.

There is uncertainty however over the actual ancestry of the people and dynasties within the medieval over-kingdom of Ulaid. Those claimed as being descended from the Ulaid people included medieval tribes that were said to be instead of the Cruthin or Érainn, for example:
 * the Dál Riata, Dál Fiatach, and Uí Echach Arda are counted as being of the Ulaid. The Dál Riata and Dál Fiatach however professed to be of Érainn descent. Despite this the term Ulaid still referred to the Dál Fiatach until the Anglo-Norman conquest of the over-kingdom in the late 12th century.
 * the Conaille Muirtheimne, Dál nAraidi and Uí Echach Cobo are counted as being of the Cruthin. However, after the 8th century, the Síl Ír—the book of genealogies on the descendants of the mythical Ír—focuses on the theme that they are the fír Ulaid, "the true Ulaid". The Dál nAraidi still maintained the claim in the 10th century, long after their power declined.

Early history
Ptolemy's Geographia, written in the 2nd century, places the Uoluntii or Voluntii in the southeast of what is now Ulster, somewhere south of the River Lagan and north of the River Boyne. To their north were the Darini and to their south were the Eblani. Muirchú's "Life of Patrick", written in the 7th century, also says that the territory of the Ulothi lay between the Lagan and the Boyne. In the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology—which survives in texts from the 8th century onward—the pre-historic Ulaid are said to dominate the whole north of Ireland, their southern border stretching from the River Boyne in the east to the River Drowes in the west, with their capital at Emain Macha (Navan Fort) near present-day Armagh, County Armagh. According to legend, around 331 AD the Three Collas invaded Ulaid, destroyed its ancient capital Emain Macha, and restricted Ulaid to the eastern part of its territory: east of the Lower Bann and Newry River. It is said that the territory the Three Collas conquered became the kingdom of Airgíalla. Another tradition that survived until the 11th century dated the fall of Emain Macha to 450 AD—within the time of Saint Patrick—which may explain why he chose Armagh, near Emain Macha, as the site of his episcopacy, as it would then still be under Ulaid control. It may also explain why he was buried in eastern Ulster in the restricted territory of the Ulaid rather than at Armagh, as it had by then come under Airgíallan control. It is likely that the Airgíalla were not settlers in Ulaid territory, but indigenous tribes; most of whom were vassals of the Ulaid before casting off Ulaid overlordship and becoming independent. It has been suggested that the Airthir—in whose lands lay Emain Macha—were originally an Ulaid tribe before becoming one of the Airgíalla.

Towards the end of the 5th century, the Ulaid sub-group Dál Riata, located in the Glens of Antrim, had started settling in modern-day Scotland, forming a cross-channel kingdom. Their first settlements were in the region of Argyll, which means "eastern province of the Gael".

It is to these boundaries that Ulaid entered the historic period in Ireland in the 6th century, though the Dál nAraidi still held territory west of the Bann in County Londonderry. The emergence of the Dál nAraidi and Dál Fiatach dynasties may have concealed the dominance of earlier tribal groupings.

6th to 7th centuries
By the mid-6th century, the Dál Riata possessions in Scotland came under serious threat from Bridei I, king of the Picts, resulting in them seeking the Northern Uí Néill's aid. The king of Dál Riata, Áedán mac Gabráin, had already granted the island of Iona off the coast of Scotland to the Cenél Conaill prince and saint, Columba, who in turn negotiated an alliance between the Northern Uí Néill and Dál Riata in 575 at Druim Ceit near Derry. The result of this pact was the removal of Dál Riata from Ulaid's overlordship allowing it to concentrate on extending its Scottish domain. That same year either before or after the convention of Druim Ceit, the king of Dál Riata was killed in a bloody battle with the Dál nAraidi at Fid Euin.

In 563, according to the Annals of Ulster, an apparent internal struggle amongst the Cruthin resulted in Báetán mac Cinn making a deal with the Northern Uí Néill, promising them the territories of Ard Eólairgg (Magilligan peninsula) and the Lee, both west of the River Bann. As a result, the battle of Móin Dairi Lothair (modern-day Moneymore) took place between them and an alliance of Cruthin kings, in which the Cruthin suffered a devastating defeat. Afterwards the Northern Uí Néill settled their Airgíalla allies in the Cruthin territory of Eilne, which lay between the River Bann and the River Bush. The defeated Cruthin alliance meanwhile consolidated themselves on Dál nAraidi.

The Dál nAraidi king Congal Cáech took possession of the overlordship of Ulaid in 626, and in 628 killed the High King of Ireland, Suibne Menn of the Northern Uí Néill in battle. In 629, Congal led the Dál nAraidi to defeat against the same foes. In an attempt to have himself installed as High King of Ireland, Congal made alliances with Dál Riata and Strathclyde, which resulted in the disastrous Battle of Moira in 637, in modern-day County Down, which saw Congal slain by High King Domnall mac Áedo of the Northern Uí Néill and resulted in Dál Riata losing possession of its Scottish lands.

The Annals of Ulster record that in 668, the battle of Bellum Fertsi (modern-day Belfast) took place between the Ulaid and Cruithin, both terms which then referred to the Dál Fiatach and Dál nAraide respectively.

Meanwhile, the Dál nAraidi where still resisting the encroaching Northern Uí Néill and in 681, Dúngal Eilni, king of the Dál nAraidi, and his ally Cenn Fáelad of Ciannachta were killed at Dún Cethirinn.

8th to 10th centuries
By the 8th century the territory of the Ulaid shrunk to east of the Bann into what is now the modern-day counties Antrim, Down and Louth. In either 732 or 735, the Ulaid suffered a heavy defeat at the hands of the Cenél nEógain led by Áed Allán in the battle of Fochart in Magh Muirthemne, which saw the king of Ulaid, Áed Róin, decapitated. As a result, the Cenél nEógain brought Conaille Muirthemne under their suzerainty.

The taking over of the Ulaid's ancestral lands by first the Northern Uí Néill and the end of their glory led to a constant antagonism between them. It was in the 8th century that the kingdom of Dál Riata was overrun by the Dál nAraidi.

The Dál Fiatach dynasty held sway over Ulaid until the battle of Leth Cam in 827, when they attempted to remove Airgíalla from Northern Uí Néill dominance. The Dál Fiatach may have been distracted by the presence of at least one Viking base along Strangford Lough, and by the end of the century, the Dál nAraidi had risen to dominance over them. However, this only lasted until 972, when Eochaid mac Ardgail restored Dál Fiatach's fortunes.

During the 9th and 10th centuries, the Vikings had founded several bases in Ulaid, primarily at Annagassan, Carlingford Lough, Lough Neagh, and Strangford Lough. There was also a significant port at Ulfreksfjord, located at Latharna, present-day Larne, County Antrim. All but Ulfreksfjord were destroyed by the combined efforts of the Ulaid and the Northern Uí Néill, however as a result they deprived themselves of the economic advantages provided by prosperous Viking settlements.

11th century
In 1000 the Viking king of Dublin, Sigtrygg Silkbeard, was expelled by Brian Boru the High King of Ireland, and was refused sanctuary by the Ulaid. Eventually Sigtrygg was forced to return to Dublin and submitted to Brian. Sigtrygg didn't forget the Ulaid's refusal, and in 1001 his fleet plundered Inis Cumhscraigh and Cill Cleithe in Dál Fiatach, taking many prisoners. Sigtrygg's forces also served in Brian's campaigns against the Ulaid in 1002 and 1005.

At Craeb Telcha in 1003 the Northern Uí Néill and Ulaid fought a major battle, the Ulaid inauguration site. Here Eochaid mac Ardgail, and most of Ulaid's nobility were slaughtered, along with the Northern Uí Néill king. The result was a bloody succession war amongst the princes of the Dál Fiatach, who also had to war with the Dál nAraidi who eyed the kingship.

In 1005, Brian Boru, marched north to accept submissions from the Ulaid, and set-up camp at Emain Macha possibly with the intention of exploiting the symbolism it held for the Ulaid. From here, Boru marched to the Dál nAraidi capital, Ráith Mór, where he received only the submissions of their king and that of the Dál Fiatach. This however appears to have been the catalyst for a series of attacks by Flaithbertach Ua Néill, king of the Cenél nEógain, to punish the Ulaid. In 1006, an army led by Flaithbertach marched into Leth Cathail and killed its king, followed by the slaying of the heir of Uí Echach Cobo at Loughbrickland.

The battle of Craeb Telcha resulted in the inability of the Ulaid to provide any useful aid to Boru, when in 1006 he led an army made up of men from all over Ireland in an attempt to force the submission of the Northern Uí Néill. Having marched through the lands of the Cenél Conaill and Cenél nEógain, Boru led his army across the River Bann at Fersat Camsa (Macosquin) and into Ulaid, where he accepted submissions from the Ulaid at Craeb Telcha, before marching south and through the traditional assembly place of the Conaille Muirtheimne at i n-oenach Conaille.

Flaithbertach Ua Néill continued his attacks on Ulaid in 1007, attacking the Conaille Muirtheimne. In 1011, the same year Boru finally achieved hegemony over the entire of Ireland, Flaithbertach launched an invasion of Ulaid, and after destroying Dún Echdach (Duneight, south of Lisburn) and the surrounding settlement, took the submission of the Dál Fiatach, who had the Ulaid kingship, thus removing them from Boru's over-lordship. The next year, Flaithbertach raided the Ards peninsula and took an uncountable number of spoils.

At Ulfreksfjord in 1018, a combined force of native Irish, led by a king called Conchobar, and their Norse allies, led by Eyvind Urarhorn, defeated a major Viking expedition launched by the Earl of Orkney, Einar Sigurdsson, who was aiming to re-assert his father's lordship over the seaways between Ireland and Scotland. In 1022, Niall mac Eochaid, the king of Ulaid, inflicted a major defeat on Sigtrygg's Dublin fleet, decimating it and taking its crew captive. Niall followed up this victory in 1026 attacking Finn Gall, a Viking settlement just north of Dublin itself.

Sigtrygg's nephew, Ivar Haraldsson, plundered Rathlin Island just off the north coast of Ulaid in 1038 and again in 1045. The latter attack saw Ímar kill Ragnall Ua Eochada, the heir-apparent of Ulaid and brother of Niall mac Eochaid, along with three hundred Ulaid nobles. In retribution Niall again attacked Finn Gall. In 1087, a son of the king of Ulaid, allied with two grandsons Ragnall, attacked the Isle of Man in a failed attempt to oust Godred Crovan, king of Dublin and the Isles.

At the end of the 11th century, the Ulaid had a final revival under Donn Sléibe mac Echdacha, from whom descended the Mac Dúinn Shléibe—anglicised MacDonlevy—kings that ruled Ulaid in the 12th century, with the Dál Fiatach kingship restricted to their dynasty after 1137. They developed close ties with the kingdom of the Isles. The Mac Dúinn Shléibe kings desperately maintained the independence of Ulaid from the Mac Lochlainn rulers of the Northern Uí Néill.

12th century
By the beginning of the 12th century the Dál nAraidi, ruled by the Ó Loingsigh (O'Lynch), had lost control of most of Antrim to the Ua Flainn (O'Lynn) and became restricted to a stretch of land in south Antrim with their base at Mag Line (Moylinny). The Ua Flainn were the ruling sept of the Airgíallan Uí Thuirtre as well as rulers of Fir Lí, both of which lay west of the River Bann. In a process of gradual infiltration by marital and military alliances as well as growing pressure from the encroaching Cenél nEógain, they moved their power east of the Bann. Once they had come to prominence in Antrim the Ua Flainn styled themselves as king of Dál nAraidi, Dál Riata, and Fir Lí, alongside their own Uí Thuirtre.

By 1130, the most southerly part of Ulaid, Conaille Muirtheimne, had been conquered by Donnchad Ua Cerbaill, king of Airgíalla. The part of Muirtheimne called Cualigne was subsequently settled by the Airgíallan Uí Méith (from which Omeath derives its name).

The earliest Irish land charter to survive is that of the grant in 1157 of land to the Cistercians in Newry, which lay in Uí Echach, by the High King Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn. This grant was made with the consent of the king of Ulaid, Cú Ulad Mac Dúinn Sléibe, and the king of Uí Echach, Domnall Ua hÁeda.

The Annals of Ulster record that in April 1165, the Ulaid, ruled by Eochaidh Mac Dúinn Sléibe, turned against Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, and attacked the Uí Méith as well as the Uí Breasail in modern barony Oneilland East, County Armagh (which was also formerly part of Ulaid), and the Dál Riata. In retaliation Mac Lochlainn led a force consisting of the Northern Uí Néill and Airgíalla into Ulaid killing many and expelling Eochaid from the kingship. In September Eochaid tried to reclaim the kingship, however was expelled by his own people who feared reprisals from Mac Lochlainn, upon whose command had Eochaid confined by Ua Cerbaill. The next month Mac Lochlainn led another raid into Ulaid, receiving their hostages along with a large amount of their treasure. Later that same month Ua Cerbaill along with Eochaid held a meeting with Mac Lochlainn where Eochaid requested the kingship of Ulaid in return for the hostages of all Ulaid, which included the son of every chief along with his own daughter. Eochaid also gave Mac Lochlainn a considerable amount of treasure along with the territory of Bairrche, and the townland of Saul. In turn, Mac Lochlainn swore an oath to the Bishop of Armagh amongst other nobles for his good behaviour. Mac Lochlainn then give Bairrche to Ua Cerbaill for his part in mediating what turned out to be short-lived reconciliation. Over the following century, the Airgíallan Mughdorna would settle Bairrche, and from them derives its present-day name of Mourne. Despite his oath, Muirchertach had Eochaid seized and blinded, after which his allies abandoned him, and he was reduced to a handful of followers. With sixteen of these closest associates, he was killed in 1166.

In 1170 Eochaid's brother Magnus who had become king of Ulaid expelled the Augustinian canons from Saul.

Ulaid and the Normans
Despite the turmoil amongst the Ulaid, they continued to survive but not for much longer. In 1177 Ulaid was invaded by the Normans led by John de Courcy, who in a surprise attack captured and held the Dál Fiatach capital, Dún De Lethglaise (Downpatrick), forcing the Ulaid over-king, Ruaidrí Mac Duinn Sléibe (Rory MacDonleavy), to flee. A week later, Mac Duinn Sléibe returned with a great host from across Ulaid, and despite heavily outnumbering de Courcy's forces, were defeated. In another attempt to retake Dún De Lethglaise, Mac Duinn Sléibe followed up with an even greater force made up a coalition of Ulster's powers that included the king of the Cenél nEógain, Máel Sechnaill Mac Lochlainn, and the chief prelates in the province such as the archbishop of Armagh and the bishop of Down. Once again however the Normans won, capturing the clergy and many of their relics.

In 1178, after John de Courcy had retired to Glenree in Machaire Conaille (another name for Conaille Muirtheimne), Mac Duinn Sléibe, along with the king of Airgíalla, Murchard Ua Cerbaill (Murrough O'Carroll), attacked the Normans, killing around 450, and suffering 100 fatalities themselves.

Despite forming alliances, constant inter-warring amongst the Ulaid and against their Irish neighbours continued oblivious to the threat of the Normans. De Courcy would take advantage of this instability and over the following years, despite some setbacks, set about conquering the neighbouring districts in Ulaid shifting the focus of power.

By 1181, Mac Duinn Sléibe and Cú Mide Ua Flainn, the king of Uí Thuirtre and Fir Lí in County Antrim, had come around and served loyally as sub-kings of de Courcy. Mac Duinn Sléibe, possibly inspired by the chance to restore Ulaid to its ancient extent, may have encouraged de Courcy to campaign westwards, which saw attacks on Armagh in 1189 and then Derry and the Inishowen peninsula in 1197.

De Courcy would style himself as princeps Ultoniae, "master of Ulster", and ruled his conquests like an independent king. The Uí Echach Coba in central and western Down however escaped conquest.

In 1199 King John I of England sent Hugh de Lacy to arrest de Courcy and take his possessions. In 1205, de Lacy was made the first Earl of Ulster, founding the Earldom of Ulster, with which he continued the conquest of the Ulaid. The earldom would expand along the northern coast of Ulster all the way to the Cenél nEógain's old power-base of Inishowen.

Until the end of the 13th century, the Dál Fiatach, still led by the Mac Dúinnshléibe, retained a fraction of their power being given the title of rex Hibernicorum Ulidiae, meaning "king of the Irish of Ulaid". The Gaelic title of rí Ulad, meaning "king of Ulster", upon the extinction of Dál Fiatach was usurped by the encroaching Ó Néills of the Cenél nEógain.

Religion
Ulaid was the location where the future patron saint of Ireland, Saint Patrick, was held during his early captivity. It is here that he made the first Irish converts to Christianity, with the Dál Fiatach the first ruling dynasty to do so. Patrick died at Saul, and buried at Dún De Lethglaise, which in the 13th century was renamed Dún Phádraig, which became Anglicised as Downpatrick.

When Ireland was being organised into a diocesan system in the 12th century, the following dioceses where created based on the territory of the main dynasties of the Ulaid: the diocese of Down, based on the territory of the Dál Fiatach, with its cathedral at Bangor, however later moved to Downpatrick by John de Courcy; and the diocese of Connor, based on the territory of the Dál nAraidi. Around 1197 the diocese of Down was split in two with the creation of the diocese of Dromore, based on the territory of the Uí Echach Cobo, with its cathedral at Dromore.

Principal churches/monasteries
The chief churches, or more accurately monasteries, of the main sub-kingdoms of Ulaid were:
 * Mag Bile (modern Irish: Maigh Bhile, meaning "plain of [the] sacred trees"), now known as Movilla in County Down. It was the chief church of the Dál Fiatach, and linked with their ecclesiastical origins, having been founded circa 540 by St. Finnian of Movilla, who was of the Dál Fiatach. The name Mag Bile suggests that this monastery was purposely built on the site of an ancient sacred tree.
 * Bennchair (modern Irish: Beannchar, possibly meaning "place of points"), now known as Bangor in County Down. Built circa 555 or 559 by St. Comgall of the Dál nAraidi in what was Dál Fiatach territory, it was one of the main monastic foundations in Ireland.
 * Condaire (modern Irish: Coinnire, meaning "[wild-]dog oak-wood"), now known as Connor in County Antrim. It was the chief church of the Dál nAraidi located in the minor-kingdom of Dál Sailni, and was founded by St. Mac Nisse. It would become the cathedral for the diocese of Connor.
 * Airther Maigi (modern Irish: Oirthear Maí, meaning "the east of the plain"), now known as Armoy in County Antrim. It was the chief church of the Dál Riata founded by St. Olcan; however, after Dál nAraidi expansion in the 7th century it lost its episcopal status and was superseded by the church of Connor.
 * Droma Móir (modern Irish: Droim Mór, meaning "big ridge"), now known as Dromore in County Down. It became the chief church of the Uí Echach Cobo, and was founded circa 510 by St. Colmán. It would become the cathedral for the diocese of Dromore.

Artefacts
Although Francis John Byrne describes the few La Tène artefacts discovered in Ireland as 'rather scanty', most of the artefacts (mostly weapons and harness pieces) have been found in the north of Ireland, suggesting 'small bands of settlers (warriors and metalworkers) arrived' from Britain in the 3rd century BC, and may have been absorbed into the Ulaid population.

Kingdoms, dynasties, and septs
By the 12th century Ulaid was divided into four main dynastic sub-kingdoms, each consisting of smaller petty-kingdoms:
 * Dál Fiatach, an Ulaid people based at Dún De Lethglaise (present-day Downpatrick, County Down), who dominated the over-kingship of Ulaid and had interests in the Isle of Man. Their principal sept were the Mac Duinnshléibhe.
 * Dál nAraidi a Cruithin people, dominated by the Dál nAraidi of Magh Line based at Ráith Mór (near present-day Antrim town, County Antrim). They were the Dál Fiatach's main challengers for the over-kingship. Their principal sept were the Uí Choelbad.
 * Uí Echach Cobo, a Cruithin sept, kin with the Dál nAraidi, who also challenged for the over-kingship of Ulaid. They were based in modern-day County Down, possibly at Cnoc Uí Echach (Knock Iveagh). Their principal sept were the Mag Aonghusa;
 * Uí Tuirtri, originating from Airgíalla they took control of most of Dál nAraidi's territory. Its principal sept was the Uí Fhloinn.

In the 10th-century revision of the Lebor na Cert, the following twelve Ulaid petty-kingdoms are given as paying stipends to the king of Ulaid:
 * Dál nAraidi of Magh Line
 * Cobha, ruled by the Uí Echach Cobo
 * Dál Riata, based in the Glens of Antrim
 * Airrther, a district located in eastern County Armagh
 * Uí Erca Céin, a branch of the Dál nAraidi
 * Leth Cathail, a branch of the Dál Fiatach, located in and around the modern barony of Lecale, County Down
 * Conaille Muirtheimne, close kin of the Uí Echach Cobo, located in and around the modern barony of Dundalk, County Louth
 * Dál mBuinne, also known as the Muintir Branáin, a branch of the Dál nAraidi located along the border area between County Antrim and Down
 * Uí Blathmaic, a branch of the Dál Fiatach whose territory was located in the north-western part of the barony of Ards and part of Castlereagh;
 * Na hArda, ruled by the Uí Echach Arda, a branch of the Dál Fiatach whose territory was located in the northern part of the Ards peninsula
 * Boirche, alias Bairrche, a branch of the Dál Fiatach located in what is now the barony of Mourne in southern County Down
 * Duibhthrian, west of Strangford Lough, County Down.

Other territories and dynasties within Ulaid included:
 * Cuailgne, located in the area of Carlingford Lough and Dundalk, County Louth. Their name is preserved in the name of the parish of Cooley, as well as the Cooley Peninsula. Cooley is the location of the Táin Bó Cúailnge or Cattle Raid of Cooley.
 * Dál Sailni, a client-kingdom of the Dál nAraidi of Magh Line. Whilst the Uí Choelbad dynasty of Dál nAraidi supplied the principal kings, the Dál Sailni held the principal church of Connor. After the Viking period, the church of Connor and the territory of the Dál Sailni were taken over by the Uí Tuirtri.
 * Cineál Fhaghartaigh, an offshoot of the Uí Echach Cobo, who at one time held the modern baronies of Kinelarty, Dufferin, and part of Castlereagh.
 * Monaig, a people whose locale is disputed. The annals and historians make mention of several different Monaigs: the Monaigh Uladh, in the area of Downpatrick; Monaich Ulad of Rusat; Monaigh at Lough Erne, County Fermanagh; Monaigh Aird, in County Down; the Cenél Maelche/Mailche in Antrim, County Antrim, "alias Monach"; Magh Monaigh; Monach-an-Dúin in Cath Monaigh, possibly in Iveagh, County Down. The ancient Manaigh/Monaigh who settled near Lough Erne, are associated with the Menapii, a Belgae tribe from northern Gaul.

Descended houses
The first king of Scotland, Kenneth MacAlpin, founder of the House of Alpin, is said to descend from the mid-6th-century king of Dál Riata, Gabrán mac Domangairt. Along with this, the following Scottish Highland houses are reputed to be of Ulaid descent: McEwen, MacLachlan, McNeills, and the MacSweens. The royal House of Stuart is also claimed as being descended from the Ulaid.

In medieval literature
According to medieval pseudo-historians a group of brothers known as the Three Collas in the 4th century founded the over-kingdom of Airgíalla after a decisive defeat of the Ulaid, and afterwards destroyed their ancient capital Emain Macha. This however is a fabrication.

The Ulaid feature in Irish legends and historical traditions of prehistoric times, most notably in the group of sagas known as the Ulster Cycle. These stories are set during the reign of the Ulaid king Conchobar mac Nessa at Emain Macha (Navan Fort, near Armagh) and tell of his conflicts with the Connachta, led by queen Medb and her husband Ailill mac Máta. The chief hero is Conchobar's nephew Cú Chulainn, and the central story is the proto-epic Táin Bó Cúailnge, "The Cattle Raid of Cooley".

In this period Ireland is said to have been divided into five independent over-kingdoms—or cuigeadh, literally meaning "a fifth"—of which Ulaid was one, with its capital at Emain Macha. Medieval pseudo-historians called this era Aimser na Coicedach, which has been translated as: "Time of the Pentarchs"; "Time of the Five Fifths"; and "Time of the provincial kings". It was also described as "the Pentarchy".

In some stories Conchobar's birth and death are synchronised with those of Christ, which creates an apparent anachronism in the presence of the Connachta. The historical Connachta were a group of dynasties who traced their descent to the legendary king Conn Cétchathach, whose reign is traditionally dated to the 2nd century. However, the chronology of early Irish historical tradition is inconsistent and highly artificial. One early saga makes Fergus mac Léti, one of Conchobar's predecessors as king of the Ulaid, a contemporary of Conn, and Tírechán's 7th century memoir of Saint Patrick says that Cairbre Nia Fer, Conchobar's son-in-law in the sagas, lived only 100 years before the saint, i.e. in the 4th century.

Kenneth Jackson, based on his estimates on the survival of oral tradition, also suggested that the Ulster Cycle originated in the 4th century. Other scholars, following T. F. O'Rahilly, propose that the sagas of the Ulster Cycle derive from the wars between the Ulaid and the midland dynasties of the Connachta and the nascent Uí Néill in the 4th and 5th centuries, at the end of which the Ulaid lost much of their territory, and their capital, to the new kingdoms of the Airgíalla. Traditional history credits this to the Three Collas, three great-great-great-grandsons of Conn, who defeated the Ulaid king Fergus Foga at Achad Lethderg in County Monaghan, seized all Ulaid territory west of the Newry River and Lough Neagh, and burned Emain Macha. Fergus Foga is said to have been the last king of the Ulaid to reign there. The Annals of the Four Masters dates this to AD 331. O'Rahilly and his followers believe the Collas are literary doublets of the sons of Niall Noígiallach, eponymous founder of the Uí Néill, who they propose were the true conquerors of Emain in the 5th century.

The Kings of Tara in the Ulster Cycle are the kindred of the Ulaid, the Érainn, and are generally portrayed sympathetically, especially Conaire Mór. It was remembered that the Connachta and Uí Néill had not yet taken the kingship. Tara was later occupied by the Laigin, who are to some extent strangely integrated with the Connachta in the Ulster Cycle. The latter later took the midlands from the Laigin and their historical antagonism is legendary. The Érainn, led by Cú Roí, also rule in distant Munster and, while presented as deadly rivals of the Ulaid, are again portrayed with unusual interest and sympathy.

Cultural impact
There two known communities in North Carolina, the United States, that are likely to have been named after Ulaid - Mount Ulla and Ulah.

The Ulaid have inspired the name of traditional Irish group Ulaid featuring Dónal O'Connor, John McSherry & Seán Óg Graham who have released two critically acclaimed albums.

title: Ulaid


text:
Ulad

Ulad may refer to:
 * 3-dehydro-L-gulonate-6-phosphate decarboxylase, an enzyme
 * Ulaid, a people of early Ireland

title: Ulad


text:
Talk:VH1 Presents: The Corrs, Live in Dublin

Fair use rationale for Image:The Corrs Live in Dublin.jpg
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 * Taken care of. Adam McMaster 08:04, 6 June 2007 (UTC)


text:
Lullacry

Lullacry was a Finnish melodic band with gothic metal influences that hailed from Helsinki.

History
The band recorded their first demo (named Weeper's Aeon) in 1998 and in a short time they had enough of a following to safely attempt a full-length album – Sweet Desire – recorded in 1999. This got the attention of Spinefarm Records and led to a professional contract. Their career truly began progressing after the release of the album Be My God – from 2001 – which was issued as they went on a joint tour with the power metal band Edguy.

However, vocalist Tanya Kemppainen quit the band in 2002, leaving Lullacry without its main element. Many female singers applied for the post, but the then unknown contralto vocalist Tanja Lainio was ultimately chosen as the replacement vocalist. Their following release was entitled Crucify My Heart. The single "Don't Touch the Flame" taken from this album included a cover of the Nine Inch Nails track, "Head Like a Hole".

Prior to the recording of their fourth album, the EP Fire Within was released including alternative versions of two of the band's classic tracks, a W.A.S.P. cover "L.O.V.E. Machine", and two new tracks.

In June 2005, the band announced the completion of their fourth album entitled Vol. 4, which was released in September the same year. The single "Stranger in You", was released in July.

After a long hiatus, Lullacry released their fifth studio album Where Angels Fear in 2012. It was released through band's own label, OUTO recordings, distributed by Playground Scandinavia, and was licensed to Europe, Japan, North America, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine.

In February 2013, Lullacry released a new video and digi-single for the song "To Every Heartache". They undertook some shows during 2013, basically in Finland, to celebrate their 15-year career, but officially disbanded in 2014 following three farewell shows.

Line-up
Final line-up
 * Tanja Lainio – vocals (2002–2014)
 * Sami Leppikangas – lead guitar (1998–2014)
 * Sauli Kivilahti – guitar (1998–2014)
 * Kimmo "Heavy" Hiltunen – bass (1998–2014)
 * Jukka Outinen – drums (1999–2014)

Former member
 * Tanya Kemppainen – vocals (1998–2002, 2014)

Former live member
 * Euge Valovirta – bass (2014)

Albums

 * Sweet Desire (1999)
 * Be My God (2001)
 * Crucify My Heart (2003)
 * Vol. 4 (2005)
 * Where Angels Fear (2012)

Singles and EPs

 * "Don't Touch the Flame" (2003)
 * "Alright Tonight" (2003)
 * "Fire Within" (EP, 2004)
 * "Stranger in You" (2005)

Compilations

 * "Legacy 1998–2014" (2014)

Digi singles

 * "Bad Blood" (2012)
 * "Feel My Revenge" (2012)
 * "Thousand Suns" (2012)
 * "To Every Heartache" (2013)
 * "Hell on High Heels" (2014)

Music videos

 * "Damn You" (Directed by Timo Halo, 2001)
 * "Don't Touch the Flame" (Directed by Jameye, 2003)
 * "King of Pain" (Directed by Jameye, 2005)
 * "Bad Blood" (Directed by Jouko Kallio, 2012)
 * "Feel My Revenge" (Directed by Jouko Kallio, 2012)
 * "To Every Heartache" (Directed by Sauli Kivilahti, 2013)

title: Lullacry


text: User talk:193.119.54.5

title: User talk:193.119.54.5


text:
Talk:Borrowed Heaven

Mess
This article is a mess with embarrassing errors of all sorts in all sections.

Even worse, some earlier versions of this article contained correct info that has since been deleted and replaced with bogus info. --Kev 16:51, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
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title: Talk:Borrowed Heaven


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Talk:Commonwealth government of Australia

That's what happens
Ah ... so that's what happens when one redirects to another redirect page. Oops!

I guess we'd better fix it with a proper Government of Australia page. -- BenM 04:06, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
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