text:
United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa

The United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA) is a United States Air Force (USAF) major command (MAJCOM) and a component command of both United States European Command (USEUCOM) and United States Africa Command (USAFRICOM). As part of its mission, USAFE-AFAFRICA commands U.S. Air Force units pledged to NATO, maintaining combat-ready wings based from the United Kingdom to Turkey. USAFE-AFAFRICA plans, conducts, controls, coordinates and supports air and space operations in Europe, parts of Asia and all of Africa with the exception of Egypt to achieve U.S. national and NATO objectives based on taskings by the two combatant commanders.

USAFE-AFAFRICA is headquartered at Ramstein Air Base, Germany. It is the oldest continuously active USAF major command, originally activated on 1 February 1942 at Langley Field, Virginia, as the Eighth Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Two years later, it was designated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe (USSTAF) and on 7 August 1945 it was designated as United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). On 20 April 2012 it formally assumed its current designation when the Seventeenth Air Force inactivated.

The command has more than 35,000 active duty personnel, Air Reserve Component personnel, and civilian employees assigned.

Origins
The origins of USAFE can be traced to 19 January 1942, with the establishment of Eighth Air Force. Eighth Air Force was activated on 28 January at Savannah Army Air Base, Georgia. On 5 May, Major General Carl Spaatz assumed command of HQ Eighth Air Force. On 8 January, the order activating the "U.S. Air Forces in the British Isles" (USAFBI) was announced. On 12 May, the first contingent of USAAF personnel arrived in England to join the Eighth Air Force. On 15 June, Spaatz arrived in England to establish Headquarters, Eighth Air Force at Bushy Park, 15 mi west-south-west of London.

Eighth Air Force controlled:
 * VIII Bomber Command (Established 19 January 1942)
 * Strategic bombardment using heavy, four-engined bombers.

 * VIII Fighter Command (Established 19 January 1942)
 * Provide fighter escort of heavy bombers

 * VIII Air Support Command (Established 24 April 1942)
 * Provide reconnaissance, troop transport, and tactical bombardment using twin-engine medium bombers.

 * VIII Air Service Command (Established 1942, name changed to VIII Air Force Service Command by 1943)
 * Service and logistical support.

On 22 February 1944, the Army Air Forces reorganized its commands in Europe. Eighth Air Force was redesignated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe (USSTAF) and VIII Bomber Command was redesignated as Eighth Air Force.

On 7 August 1945, USSTAF was redesignated as United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). Its headquarters was relocated from Saint Germain-en-Laye, France, to Lindsey Air Station, Wiesbaden, Germany, on 28 September 1945. Within 18 months of VE-Day, virtually all U.S. armed forces personnel had left Europe except for the Occupation Forces in Germany, Austria, and a small number of U.S. Army troops in Trieste. USAFE had been reduced from a force of 17,000 aircraft and about 500,000 personnel to about 2,000 aircraft and 75,000 personnel. USAFE's four wartime Air Forces were demobilized or reassigned between August and December 1945. In March 1946 USAFE was given the status of a Major Command (MAJCOM). A major postwar mission for USAFE was Operation Lusty, in which former Luftwaffe jet aircraft, such as the Messerschmitt Me 262A and Heinkel He 162A were located on various airfields around Munich and shipped to the United States for inspection and evaluation. At Lechfeld Air Base near Augsburg, large numbers of Me 262s were discovered, and valuable German air-to-air rockets. At the Oberpfaffenhofen air base near Munich – the former Dornier factory airfield, and today the home of Germany's DLR aerospace research facility – USAFE found a high-speed Dornier Do 335. This propeller-driven aircraft could reach a speed of 760 km/h, about 100 km slower than the Me 262 jet fighter. Other former Luftwaffe aircraft were collected and simply sent to blast furnaces for metal recycling.

In March 1947, General Joseph T. McNarney, Commanding General, U.S. Forces, European Theatre, told the War Department all he needed was "an Air Force of about 7,500 [men] to provide air transport and communications." He had no need for combat units, which he described as an "administrative burden," and he wanted them withdrawn. Nobody in Washington objected. Thus, the XII Tactical Air Command, the now USAFE combat organization after the inactivation of the four Air Forces, was inactivated on 10 May 1947. By this time, USAFE's fighting force appears to have dropped to a single unit, the 86th Fighter Group, which was shuffled around three separate stations in Germany in 1946–47 as it absorbed the inactivating personnel and equipment of first the 406th Fighter Group and then the 33rd Fighter Group.

In 1945 IX Air Force Service Command was reassigned from Ninth Air Force to USSTAF (about the date IX ASC moved to Erlangen). On 7 October 1946, IX ASC was redesignated European Air Materiel Command. This command administered USAFE's supply and maintenance depots. EAMC was headquartered at Erlangen Air Depot. At Erding Air Depot, it had Detachment B, 4th Air Vehicle Repair Squadron, and the 43d Air Depot. The 10th Air Depot was located at Oberpfaffenhofen Air Depot. The 862d Engineer Aviation Battalion and 837th Engineer Aviation Battalion were located at Landsberg. At Industriehafen Air Depot was Detachment A, 42d Air Repair Squadron. Minor EAMC facilities were located at Bad Wiesse, Wolfgang, Munich, Bruck, Oberwiesenfeld and Bremerhaven. EAMC also controlled ammunition depots at Landesberg, Roth and Zepplenheim. EAMC remained assigned to USAFE until it was inactivated on 15 September 1947.

European Air Transport Service
The European Air Transport Service (EATS), built around the 51st Troop Carrier Wing, controlled C-46, Douglas C-47 Skytrain and C-54 transport aircraft and provided passenger and cargo transport within Western Europe. Its headquarters was at Wiesbaden. It initially controlled the former IX Troop Carrier Command squadrons which remained after the war. EATS operated both cargo and personnel transport routes in non-Communist controlled areas to support the American, British and French occupation forces, along with units in Greece (Athens Airport) and Italy. Known EATS facilities were:

 * Bremen Airfield
 * Flight D, 47th Air Logistics Squadron
 * 371st Air Service Group

 * Capodichino Air Base, Naples
 * 2618th HHQ Squadron

 * Eschborn Airfield
 * 446th Air Service Group

 * Munich-Riem Airfield
 * 464th Air Service Group
 * 60th Troop Carrier Group

 * Pisa Air Base, Italy
 * 29th Troop Carrier Squadron

 * Rhein-Main Airfield
 * 61st Troop Carrier Squadron

 * Tulln Airfield, Austria
 * 313th Troop Carrier Group
 * 91st Airdrome Squadron

 * Wiesbaden Airfield
 * Detachment A, 15th Troop Carrier Squadron

There were also EATS terminals and detachments at Tempelhof Airport, West Berlin, RAF Bovingdon, Hertfordshire, UK, and Paris-Orly Airfield, France.

Uneasy peace
Concerned about the massive drawdown of USAFE and the United States Army Europe (USAREUR), the U.S. member of the Allied High Commission for Germany, John J. McCloy, had grave concerns that the troops available would be insufficient to ensure a peaceful transition in the American Zone. The United States' European wartime allies, Britain and France, had also rapidly demobilized.

In preparation for the future, the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and USAFE began a series of mapping flights over Soviet-controlled territory in Germany that led to numerous skirmishes and high tensions. Between the autumn of 1945 and 1947, mapped areas in west and central Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Islands on a large scale in Operation Casey Jones. Casey Jones flights were made by reconnaissance variant RB-24 Liberators (the former "F-7" variant) and RB-17 Flying Fortresses (formerly called the "F-9"). These flights were only supposed to be flown over the Western Allies occupation zones, but there is a strong suspicion that these aircraft also operated over the Soviet zone. Soviet fighters regularly opened fire on U.S. aircraft operating over their occupation zone. On 22 April 1946, a Douglas C-47 near the Tulln Air Base near Vienna over the Soviet zone of Austria was attacked by Soviet Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters. On 9 August, Yugoslavian fighters opened fire on another USAAF C-47 and forced it to land.

Rotation of strategic bombers through Europe
Soviet activity in Eastern Europe unsettled the western allies. President Harry S. Truman decided to take a hard line with Russia, lest the situation evolve into a new war. In Germany, Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base near Munich, Giebelstadt near Würzburg, and Rhein-Main near Frankfurt were rebuilt to accommodate Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers. Strategic Air Command (SAC) wanted its B-29 fleet as close to the Soviet Union as possible because of their limited range and it was decided to rotate a portion of SAC's B-29 fleet through Europe. In November 1946, six B-29 bombers from SAC's 43d Bombardment Group at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona were deployed to RAF Burtonwood, and from there to various bases in Germany as a "training deployment." The B-29s were flown to bases in France, Turkey, Greece and were flown along the borders of Bulgaria and Russia over the Black Sea as part of "show the flag" operations. In May 1947, SAC began additional "training deployments" that stationed a number of B-29s in Germany at Giebelstadt and Fürstenfeldbruck. These B-29 squadrons were constantly rotated back to the United States. being replaced with new squadrons in rotation. SAC also deployed B-29s to the United Kingdom where they were rotated through RAF Marham, RAF Waddington, RAF Scampton and RAF Lakenheath.

The United States also provided military aid to the Greek Air Force to help the postwar Greek government during the Greek Civil War. AT-6 Texan trainers and C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft, along with armored vehicles, small arms weapons, munitions and radar were provided. In Turkey, various intelligence gathering aircraft were deployed along the northern Black Sea coast, providing the United States intelligence about the Soviet Republics of Armenia and Georgia. Overflights of the Soviet Union were also performed.

Berlin Airlift
The Berlin Airlift was one of the defining events of and marked the beginning of the Cold War. The 464-day effort to supply a city's needs solely through the air demonstrated the resolve of Western nations to maintain influence in Berlin. The massive humanitarian effort was an early triumph for allied air forces, and symbolized Western commitment to anti-Communist efforts in Europe after World War II.

In 1945 the Soviets, Americans, British and French divided Germany into occupation zones. Berlin, although in the Soviet zone, also was divided among the four powers. On 18 June 1948, the three Western sectors agreed on a new common German currency, coming into force on 20 June, that ended the use of occupation currency and introduced the Deutsche Mark. The Soviets considered this move a breach of agreements reached at the 1945 Potsdam Conference, which stated that Germany would be treated as one economic unit. In response to the currency reform action by the West, on 23 June the Soviets cut off electrical power to a large part of the western sectors of Berlin. The next day, 24 June the Soviet Union blocked western all road, rail and barge access through the Soviet occupation zone of Germany to the three Western-held sectors of Berlin, beginning the Berlin Blockade. The Soviets also now rejected western arguments of their occupation rights in Berlin, and legal claims to unimpeded use of the highways and railroads to the city.

USAF mobilization
After discussion of military options, the priority was given to supplying Berlin by air, as the Soviet blockade had little effect on the three Berlin air corridors. The Soviet Union did not initially interfere with the cargo aircraft flying the Berlin Airlift, as they were convinced that supplying two million Berliners by air was an impossible task. In 1948, USAFE strength was limited. The command consisted of 485 aircraft, with the 60th and 61st Troop Carrier Groups at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden Air Bases near Frankfurt, both flying C-47s. The only other flying unit was the 86th Fighter Group at Neubiberg Air Base near Munich, with P-47s, which had been activated on 1 July 1948.

On the morning of 26 June, two days after the blockade began, the first C-47 loaded with milk and medicine took off from Wiesbaden Air Base for Tempelhof Air Base in Berlin. A total of 32 flights were made on that first day. Yet it would take many hundreds of cargo flights each day to provide the 12,000 tons of food, fuel, clothing and medicine it was estimated was necessary to sustain the two million people of western Berlin. There were simply not enough C-47s available, as it was estimated that over 900 would be needed to fly the necessary tonnage to Berlin each day. However, if the larger C-54 Skymaster was used, about 180 could supply the cargo necessary. However, there simply weren't that many aircraft available. The Military Air Transport Service (MATS) was ordered to mobilize all available C-54s and C-82 Packets wherever they could in the world to support the airlift, and to refurbish as many as possible of the C-47s in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB for airlift duty. The C-74 Globemaster was also considered for use, as its massive cargo carrying capacity would drastically reduce the number of flights and aircraft necessary. However, the aircraft's landing requirements far exceeded what was available in Berlin, and it was unsafe to land it on the short runways. The C-74, however did fly cargo from the United States to staging bases in Europe.

To increase USAFE's tactical air strength, in July 1948 75 Lockheed F-80s were transferred to Germany with the 36th Fighter Group, being assigned to Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base, near Munich. This move considerably increased USAFE's tactical airpower, but also was considered as having great psychological value.

In August 1948, 10 C-54s arrived in Germany to begin airlift service. In addition, civilian Douglas DC-4s were loaned to the USAF for airlift duty. The United States Navy provided 21 R-5Ds, their version of the C-54 as well. The airfields at Rhein-Main and Wiesbaden began to fill to capacity with planes, and the decision was made to also use Royal Air Force airfields at Celle and Faßberg. The USAF, the U.S. Navy, and the RAF together airlifted more than 2.3 million tons of food, fuel and medical supplies. Most of the tonnage was carried by the USAF. The Berlin Airlift taxed existing USAF resources of cargo aircraft, aircraft engines, skilled aircrews, and maintenance personnel. Strategic Air Command reassessed its B-29 forward deployments after the Berlin crisis arose. After initial forward deployments to Goose Bay Air Base in Newfoundland, and consideration of basing the bombers in Germany, it was decided to send them to RAF bases in Britain where they would be less vulnerable. The 28th and 307th Bombardment Groups were deployed to the newly activated station at RAF Marham.

Soviet reaction
After a few months it was clear to the Soviets that the Americans were succeeding in supplying the western sectors of Berlin with the minimal amount of supplies necessary to sustain it. Mock attacks by Soviet Air Force fighters begun in the air corridors to scare the American pilots caused great confusion and considerably increased the danger of air collisions. Also as many Yakovlev and Lavochkin fighters as possible were assembled around Berlin and then flown en masse in a westerly direction though the corridors. Near the western border of the Soviet occupation zone, they peeled off and flew along the zone border to the next corridor so they could fly back to Berlin along it, against the traffic, to their airfields around Berlin. Western radio frequencies were jammed and chaff was released to confuse radar operators. Searchlights were shone on aircraft in the corridors at night. By the spring of 1949, USAFE announced that there were incidents of Soviets firing at cargo aircraft with anti-aircraft artillery, and of barrage balloons being allowed to float within the corridors. No serious aircraft accidents occurred as a result. The efforts of many hundreds of pilots and the many thousands of military and German civilians involved in the airlift kept the people of Berlin supplied. On one day, the Berlin Airlift delivered nearly 13,000 tons of provisions with almost 1,400 flights. So great was the stream of aircraft that an aircraft landed almost once a minute at one of the three western Berlin airfields. The continuous engine noise of the aircraft stream of heavy transports not only made an impression on the citizens of Berlin, but on the Soviet Union.

The Soviet Union came to realize that the blockade of Berlin would not achieve the desired political effect they wished. On 12 May 1949, the Soviet blockade was lifted. However airlift operated at a reduced level until the end of September to ensure adequate supplies were available in Berlin in case of a re-imposition of the blockade.

1950s
Even with the Korean War raging in the early 1950s, Europe received a higher priority of air power than Korea by the Truman Administration and the Department of Defense. In September 1950, the NATO Military Committee called for an ambitious buildup of conventional forces to meet the Soviets, subsequently reaffirming this position at the February 1952 meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Lisbon. This meeting established a goal of ultimately fielding 96 divisions in the event of a conventional war in 1954. As part of this buildup USAFE was intended to expand from 16 wings totaling 2,100 aircraft, to 28 wings, 22 of them in the Allied Forces Central Europe area alone, backed by deployed Strategic Air Command units sent from the United States.

The USAF transferred thirteen combat wings from Tactical Air Command plus one air depot wing from Air Materiel Command, and relocated the units to USAFE during the period from April 1951 through December 1954. Eight wings were regular Air Force wings, four wings were federalized Air National Guard units, and one wing was a mobilized Air Force Reserve unit. Four of these wings deployed to the United Kingdom, three into West Germany, and six wings were deployed to France. These wings numbered approximately 500 fighters, 100 light bombers, 100 tactical reconnaissance aircraft, 100 tactical airlift transports, and 18,000 personnel.

Along with these new units from the United States, USAFE moved its forces in West Germany to the west of the River Rhine. Existing bases in Bavaria (Erding Air Depot, Fürstenfeldbruck, Landsberg, Kaufbeuren and Neubiberg Air Bases) were deemed too vulnerable to Soviet attack and were closed by 1960.

On 1 March 1954, Air Materiel Force, European Area was activated at Lindsey Air Station and assigned to USAFE. However, Air Materiel Command finally attained global responsibility for USAF logistics support, and AMF, European Area was transferred to it on 1 January 1956. As part of this realignment, HQ Spain Air Material Area was also reassigned to AMF, European Area. AMC moved AMF European Area to Chateauroux Air Station in May 1958.

From 1954, USAFE built up a large training organization with the primary mission of training the new West German Luftwaffe. Training squadrons were first expanded to groups and then quickly expanded into wings (3-4 groups). In June 1955, the 7330th Flying Training Wing was organized. The 7351st Flight Training Group was redesignated as a wing. The 7331st Technical Training Group was reorganized as a wing in April 1955 at Kaufbeuren Air Base. Because building the German Air Force was a high priority, a new supervisory headquarters was required. On 1 July 1955 the USAFE Training Headquarters, Provisional, was established, responsible for the three Luftwaffe training wings.

In 1955, the force structure was as follows:

 * Wiesbaden Air Base, FRG – HQ USAFE/7110th Air Base Group

 * United Kingdom:
 * RAF Alconbury – 86th Bombardment Squadron
 * RAF Bentwaters – 81st Fighter-Interceptor Wing
 * RAF Burtonwood – 59th Air Depot Wing
 * RAF Manston – 123d Fighter-Bomber Wing
 * RAF Molesworth – 582d Air Resupply Group
 * RAF Sculthorpe – 47th Light Bomb Wing
 * RAF Shepherds Grove – 78th Fighter Bomber Squadron
 * RAF Wethersfield – 20th Fighter-Bomber Wing
 * RAF Woodbridge – 79th Fighter-Bomber Squadron

 * West Germany:***
 * Rhein-Main AB – 433d Troop Carrier Wing
 * Sembach AB – 66th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing
 * Hahn AB – 50th Fighter-Bomber Wing
 * Bitburg AB – 36th Fighter-Bomber Wing
 * Ramstein/Landstuhl AB – 86th Fighter-Interceptor Wing
 * Spangdahlem AB – 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing
 * Tempelhof AB (West Berlin) – 7350th Air Base Group
 * USAFE Training Headquarters, Provisional
 * 7330th Flying Training Wing – Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base
 * 7331st Technical Training Wing – Kaufbeuren Air Base
 * 7351st Flying Training Wing – Landsberg-Lech Air Base

 * France: (See United States Air Force in France)
 * Bordeaux AB – 126th Light Bomb Wing
 * Chambley AB – 21st Fighter-Bomber Wing
 * Châteauroux AB – 73d Air Depot Wing
 * Chaumont AB – 48th Fighter-Bomber Wing
 * Dreux AB – 60th Troop Carrier Wing
 * Etain AB – 388th Fighter-Bomber Wing
 * Évreux AB – 322d Air Division
 * Laon AB – 38th Tactical Bombardment Wing
 * Phalsbourg AB – 23d Helicopter Squadron
 * Toul AB – 465th Troop Carrier Wing

 * Netherlands:
 * Soesterberg AB – 32d Fighter-Day Squadron

Erding, Landsberg, and Neubiberg Air Bases, although nominally under USAF control, were being used to train West German Luftwaffe pilots. When training was complete, the bases were turned over to West German control. The last of these bases were turned over by 1960. Erding Air Base was shared by USAFE interceptors briefly in the early 1970s.

2d Air Division was active at Dhahran Air Base in Saudi Arabia by 1954. By 1960, USAFE controlled additional air bases in French Morocco, Wheelus in Libya, Greece, Turkey, Italy, and Spain.

On 4 November 1956, Soviet troops invaded Hungary, after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. In response, the United States deployed sixteen Convair B-36 Peacemaker bombers to RAF Burtonwood in the United Kingdom. It is still unknown if the B-36s were armed with nuclear weapons. Several temporary SAC "Reflex" deployments of B-47 bombers were also made to bases in the United Kingdom and North Africa.

1961 Berlin Crisis
The 1961 Berlin Crisis became USAFE's first test of what was known as a "Flexible Response" strategy. In the spring of 1961, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev decided that the Soviet Union would sign a peace treaty with the East German government. In effect the German Democratic Republic would control the Russian zone of Berlin and could end joint occupation of the city. This action was a clear violation of the Potsdam Agreement of 1945.

When the Western allies objected to this proposed peace treaty, Khrushchev began speaking about restricting the West's aerial access to Berlin and preventing the entry of East Germans into the city. This possibility started an exodus of Germans from the eastern zone as they rushed to leave their sector and relocate in West Germany.

Departures snowballed from a few dozen refugees daily to a flow of 4,000 per day by August 1961. On the night of 12 August 1961 the Soviet backed East German government began erecting the Berlin Wall to prevent this flow of workers from communism, precipitating a new Cold War crisis that had been brewing for the previous twelve months. Berlin became a divided city. The response agreed to by the Kennedy Administration was to rapidly increase tactical airpower in Europe during the summer of 1961.

The Air Force responded with a two-phase deployment of reinforcements to Europe – the largest such overseas movement of aircraft since World War II. The first phase began on 5 September with Operation Tack Hammer. Tactical Air Command launched eight F-100D Super Sabre squadrons from its Composite Air Strike Force to augment USAFE strength with 144 fighters. All Tack Hammer fighters moved across the Atlantic Ocean with aerial refueling en route. The TACK HAMMER deployment was an interim measure until ANG units could relieve Tactical Air Command squadrons. The Air National Guard was tasked to supply six tactical fighter wings and one tactical reconnaissance wing to expand USAFE. Also deployed to Europe was the ANG 152d Tactical Control Group consisting of six Tactical Control Squadrons, manned by 230 officers and 1,850 airmen with mobile ground radar and radio equipment to control tactical air power on the battlefield. It was dispersed throughout West Germany.

The second phase began with the movement of eleven Air National Guard squadrons in late October and November 1961. Operation Stair Step was the code name for the rapid aerial movement of the fighters to Europe. Aircraft supplied by ANG wings totaled one hundred tour F-84Es, twenty RF-84Fs, seventy-eight F-86Hs, and seventy-two F-104As. The majority of the fighters arrived on 4 November and amazingly had no losses en route. The F-84E and F-86Fs were considered old and obsolete aircraft even though they were only seven to nine years out of the factory. The three F-104 squadrons were activated on 1 November 1961. They disassembled their Starfighters and loaded them into Military Air Transport Service C-124s which delivered them to air bases in Germany and Spain.

The primary combat mission of the STAIR STEP units was air superiority and offensive tactical air support operations using conventional munitions to defend West Germany if a war developed over Berlin access. Upon arrival in Europe their missions consisted of command inspections, theater flying training, air-ground close support operations, gunnery training, photo missions, and air defense alert duty. Though equipped with conventional weapons, the STAIR STEP F-84F and F-86H squadrons maintained their proficiency to deliver nuclear weapons by practicing toss bombing. By March 1962, the Berlin Crisis was subsiding and plans were being made for departure of the ANG wings from Europe. Units were to return all personnel, equipment, and aircraft to CONUS by 1 September 1962 for early release from active duty.

However, the Berlin Wall was built and a barbed wire fence with minefields extended the entire north–south length of a divided Germany. The wall effectively isolated East Germany for the next twenty-eight years. But the American, British, and French Zones still remained in Berlin and access to the city was not challenged again. TACK HAMMER and STAIR STEP forces had served their purpose; their rapid deployment to France had unequivocally demonstrated the United States' determination to defend Berlin.

Beginning about 1963 due to the Vietnam War, USAFE/NATO's total strength steadily declined, as the U.S. reduced forces in Europe to fight a limited war in Southeast Asia for ten years.

French withdrawal from NATO's military structure
On 7 March 1966, French President Charles de Gaulle announced that France would withdraw from NATO's integrated military structure. He gave NATO forces one year (until 1 April 1967) to depart France. The United States Department of State, Department of Defense, and Air Force carefully managed the news about the American departure from France, and the attendant problems of an integrated NATO air defense for western Europe and the decrease in tactical airpower. However, the news media were focusing on Vietnam, so the removal of NATO forces from France went virtually unreported in the US.

During 1966–67 all USAF offices and facilities in France were closed and personnel and equipment moved to other NATO countries. The last USAFE activities were the 1630th Air Base Squadron at Orly Airport and the Paris Administration Office. Both were closed in June 1967. A C-47 variant, the C-117B "Super Skytrain", was the last USAF aircraft to depart France on 31 May 1967. With the French departure, a major reorganization of USAFE was needed. The 49th TFW's three squadrons at Spangdahlem Air Base, and the 417th TFS of the 50th TFW at Hahn Air Base, were recalled to the US. Although the squadrons were relocated to the US, they were still part of USAFE's permanent force. According to the Department of Defense, these squadrons were 'dual-based'; they could return to their European bases at any given moment without lengthy preparations being necessary. During 1967, the 49th TFW's three squadrons flew back to the US where they were stationed at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico. The 417th TFS did not return to the US until 1968, when the squadron was stationed at Mountain Home AFB, Idaho. In 1968, the four squadrons switched over completely to McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IID fighter-bombers and then undertook intensive preparations for their new role within USAFE. The primary task of the four dual-based squadrons was to carry out Project Crested Cap. Crested Cap was the Air Force part of the Army's Exercise REFORGER, during which Army and Air Force units from the U.S. mainland would be deployed to Europe for Allied Forces Central Europe exercises. Most of the heavy equipment such as armoured vehicles, artillery, etc., were shipped by sea to exercise that transportation component. Troops were flown via military and contract transport aircraft.

Although the withdrawal of USAFE forces from France was completed in 1967, it took until the mid-1970s until USAFE fully realigned its forces in Europe. Zweibrücken AB in West Germany and RAF Upper Heyford in England came under USAFE control within the next several years. Older reconnaissance and fighter aircraft were redeployed from France to Southeast Asia to supplement the U.S. Pacific Air Forces engaged in the Vietnam War.

USAFE in Spain
Before Spain joined NATO in 1982, the USAF had for many years used Spanish air bases. Initially used primarily by the Strategic Air Command, they were Morón Air Base, at Morón near Sevilla in southern Spain, and Torrejón Air Base at Torrejón near Madrid. The Spanish air bases were important for reinforcing USAFE via the southern Atlantic route. Aircraft that flew to Europe via Lajes Field in the Azores always made a refueling stop at Morón, and later at Torrejon as well. These bases also had American facilities for carrying out aircraft maintenance and repairs. Yet it was primarily the good weather that drew USAFE to Spain for weapons training, which at that time was still mainly held in Libya utilizing the ranges at Wheelus Air Base.

After June 1960, when SAC's 65th Air Division was transferred to USAFE, the footprint of USAFE's activities in Spain increased significantly. Two interceptor squadrons equipped with F-102 Delta Daggers were formed, the 431st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (431 FIS) being stationed at Zaragoza Air Base and the 497th FIS at Torrejon AB. As compensation for the permanent use of these Spanish bases, the CASA aircraft factory at Morón AB was brought in to maintain the F-102A air defense fighters that the USAFE had stationed in Spain, Germany and the Netherlands.

As the American-Libyan relationship worsened throughout the second half of the 1960s, a growing number of USAFE fighter-bomber squadrons in England and Germany went to Zaragoza and gunnery ranges in Spain for weapons training. Zaragoza later became an important weapons training site for the USAFE and was also visited by F-15 Eagle squadrons for "Dissimilar Air Combat Training". During these air combat training exercises, the F-15s often practiced against Spanish Air Force Dassault Mirage F-1 fighters.

In April 1966, the 16th Air Force was transferred from SAC to the USAFE, with USAFE taking control of the Spanish air bases at Zaragoza and Morón. Under USAFE, the Spanish bases became host to a growing number of deployments from CONUS. Morón received regular visits from Lockheed F-104C Starfighters of the 479th TFW from George AFB, California. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, a squadron of F-104Cs was stationed at Morón. Concern at the height of the crisis led to these aircraft being transferred to Hahn Air Base in West Germany, where they strengthened the air defense of central Europe. Some time later, when the crisis had passed, the aircraft returned to the US via Morón. On 1 April 1963, their place was taken by F-105D "Thunderchief" fighter-bombers from the 4th TFW at Seymour Johnson AFB, North Carolina.

During the mid-1960s, the 16th Air Force also gradually took over responsibility for all USAFE operations around the Mediterranean.

USAFE in Turkey
The U.S. Logistics Group (TUSLOG) was the primary USAF agency in Turkey. TUSLOG not only commanded various USAFE units, but also supported all other U.S. military organizations and government agencies in Turkey. TUSLOG was established in 1955 and was headquartered in the Turkish capital of Ankara. The 39th Air Base Wing at Incirlik Air Base near Adana supported training deployments and regional exercises; communications for National Command Authority taskings; providing support for various units and an Air Mobility Command tenant unit providing air transport of passengers and cargo. From the 1950s – 1970s, the 39th supported various SAC activities in Turkey, which used Incirlik intensively as a base for U-2 reconnaissance flights along the Soviet border and in the Middle East.

In Ankara, the 7217th Air Base Group managed the logistical support for more than 40 units and agencies, as well as the needs of the American Embassy and U.S. Defense Attaché Office. From Izmir Air Station, the 7266th Air Base Group supported the two NATO headquarters, Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe (LANDSOUTHEAST) and the Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force (6 ATAF). The 7241st Air Base Group was the only U.S. military unit in Turkey not located at a single site, but was scattered about İzmir in various locations.

In 1966, Senate majority leader Mike Mansfield began a campaign to unilaterally reduce U.S. troop levels in Europe. Following this, Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford initiated a program for the Reduction of Costs and Forces in Europe (REDCOSTE) in 1968. Although a change in administrations occurred in the same year, this program conformed to the Nixon Administration policy of lowering the profile of American forces abroad. Consequently, the U.S. began to eliminate or consolidate many of its operations in Turkey. Between 1969 and 1973, sites at Samsun and Trabzon were turned over to the Turkish government. In addition, Cigli Air Base, which since 1963 had been used by USAF rotational squadrons, was turned over to the Turkish Air Force in 1970. The U.S. continued, however, to fund the maintenance of numerous facilities there. Altogether, between 1967 and 1970, the number of Americans in Turkey dropped from 24,000 to 15,000.

The cutbacks in forces in Turkey naturally had a major effect on TUSLOG. The headquarters in Ankara shrank to a fraction of its former size. On 9 September, it was inactivated as the 7217th Air Division and the next day reestablished as Detachment 1 of Headquarters, Sixteen Air Force.

1970s and 1980s
Changes continued through the early 1970s. Headquarters USAFE transferred from Lindsey Air Station, Germany, to Ramstein Air Base in March 1973 and NATO's Allied Air Forces Central Europe was established at Ramstein Air Base in June 1974. The USAFE commander in chief then took command of Allied Air Forces Central Europe, in addition to commanding U.S. Air Force units in Europe. In 1976, the new McDonnell Douglas F-15A Eagle air superiority fighter was introduced into USAFE service. The Soviet Union's new MiG and Sukhoi fighters made the U.S. Department of Defense anxious. The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 'Foxbat' made them pull out all the stops to get the F-15A into USAFE. The F-15A was deployed to Germany in April 1977 with the 36th TFW at Bitburg Air Base West Germany. The 32nd TFS at Soesterberg AB Netherlands was also upgraded to the McDonnell-Douglas F-15A Eagle as part of Project Ready Eagle. By 1986, all USAFE F-4 wings were replaced by F-15 and F-16 fighters. The 36th TFW's existing F-4E Phantoms were incorporated into three new USAFE squadrons which were established at Hahn Air Base (313th TFS), Spangdahlem Air Base (480th TFS) and Ramstein Air Base (512th TFS). Preparations for the switch to the F-15 went ahead at full speed. Its introduction to the USAFE was given the project name Ready Eagle and, naturally, included transition training for the USAFE pilots.

This retraining was the joint responsibility of USAFE and TAC and first began in January 1976 at Langley AFB, Virginia, where the 1st TFW, was stationed. At Langley AFB, the USAFE's future F-15 pilots were given a crash course that familiarized them with the new aircraft in a relatively short time. The first F-15As arrived at Bitburg AB on 7 January 1977. These were two TF-15A (later redesignated as F-15B) trainers that had flown non-stop from Langley AFB in seven and a half hours.

These Eagles were to be used primarily for ground crew familiarization in anticipation of the arrival of the 525th TFS's first F-15As. The 23 aircraft for this first operational squadron left Langley AFB on 27 April 1977 for a mass Atlantic crossing. Over the following months, the aircraft for two other squadrons (22nd TFS and 53rd TFS) arrived. The 36th TFW's full strength of 79 fully operational F-15As was reached in December 1977. Project Ready Eagle was completed in precisely one year.

However, after flying the F15A and F-15B for just 18 months, the USAFE exchanged these models for the newer F-15C and F-15D Eagles. In May 1980, the 32d flew five of its F-15A/B Eagles to Eglin AFB, Florida to participate in the weapons systems evaluation program. While at Eglin AFB, the united swapped its aircraft for the newer models. These planes arrived at Soesterberg AB on 13 June, making the 32d the first unit in the USAFE to be equipped with the latest versions of the F-15. The 32nd completed the upgrade on 25 November 1980. At that time the squadron possessed eighteen F-15C and two twin-seat F-15D fighter aircraft.

On 8 August 1985, a terrorist car bomb attack was made against Rhein-Main Air Base. Two Americans were killed and 23 people, including Germans, were injured. The blast was powerful caused debris and damage to the base including to 30 vehicles, trees and windows.

SS-20s pointing at Europe
By 1975, NATO had lost its strategic nuclear lead over the Soviet Union and with the introduction of the Soviet RT-21M Pioneer (NATO designation SS-20 Saber) had even fallen behind. NATO's answer was not long in coming and on 12 December 1979, NATO decided to deploy 572 new nuclear missiles in Europe: 108 Pershing II missiles to be operated by the U.S. Army and 464 BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missiles, also known as the Gryphon and based on the U.S. Navy's nuclear Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM-N), to be operated by the USAF. Of the cruise missiles, 160 were stationed in England, 96 in West Germany, 112 in Italy, 48 in the Netherlands, and 48 in Belgium. All 108 Pershings were stationed in West Germany. The second significant aspect of the NATO decision was the readiness to 'horse trade' with the Soviet Union for the reduction or total elimination of these missiles against similar reductions or elimination of the Russian SS-20s.

NATO carried out its plans to station cruise missiles in Europe despite strong protests from the peace movements and heavy diplomatic pressure in the European Parliament. NATO's condition for not carrying out its plans was the Soviet Union's willingness to halt the deployment of mobile SS-20 nuclear missiles aimed at Europe and remove the missiles already deployed. In 1979, when the NATO decision was taken, the Soviet Union had 14 (1 operational) SS-20 launch sites. The eighty Soviet SS-20s located in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) and Czechoslovakia were aimed at targets in Western Europe. According to Western estimates, at the beginning of 1986, the Soviet Union already deployed 279 SS-20 launching installations with a total of 837 nuclear warheads in the GDR and Czechoslovakia.

The first General Dynamics BGM-109 Tomahawk Ground-Launched Cruise Missiles to arrive in Europe went to the 501st Tactical Missile Wing (TMW) at RAF Greenham Common, England. The controversial weapons were delivered by a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter on 14 November 1983. By 1986, there were 32 operational cruise missile launching installations in England (RAF Greenham Common and RAF Molesworth), Belgium (Florennes Air Base), and on Sicily (Comiso Air Base). Because each GLCM launching installation was composed of four weapons, the total number of cruise missiles stationed in Europe was 128.

Disarmament talks between East and West resulted in a disarmament treaty being signed by Soviet Communist Party General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and US President Ronald Reagan at the end of 1987 during Gorbachev's visit to the United States. The Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the SS-20s and the American cruise missiles were also to be withdrawn.

The historic Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, ratified in 1988, mandated the first-ever elimination of an entire class of weapons from U.S. and Soviet inventories. USAFE completed removal of the ground-launched cruise missiles and other weaponry on 26 March 1991, when the last 16 missiles were removed from Comiso Air Base, Italy.

Post–Cold War era
USAFE never had to fight the Soviet Armed Forces and the Warsaw Pact states in Europe. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1990–91. The end of the Cold War saw a clamoring for a "peace dividend", and questions from many U.S. and Western European officials about the appropriate size and purpose of American military forces in Europe.

All U.S. and NATO allies' military forces experienced a series of changes over the next five years. USAFE shrunk from over 850 aircraft and 72,000 personnel scattered among 27 bases in 1990 to approximately 240 aircraft, 33,000 personnel, and six flying bases by the end of 1996. In July 1994, with President Clinton in attendance, the British, French, and American air and land forces in Berlin were inactivated in a ceremony on the Four Ring Parade field at Tempelhof Central Airport.

Iraq and Kuwait in the 1990s
With the onset of Operations Desert Shield in August 1990 and Desert Storm in January 1991, more than 180 aircraft and 5,400 personnel assigned to USAFE units deployed to the Persian Gulf area. In conjunction, more than 100 additional aircraft and 2,600 personnel deployed to Turkey for Joint Task Force Proven Force, forming the 7440th Composite Wing (Provisional). A total of 60,000 USAFE personnel were committed to the war effort; however, fewer than 10,000 actually deployed. More than half of the command's aircraft deployed to support Desert Storm.

The command's air support was lethal. For example, USAFE accounted for only 20 percent of the air-to-air assets in Desert Storm, but claimed half of the air-to-air kills. More than 85,000 tons of munitions, including more than 35,000 bombs and 7,800 missiles, were built up in theatre. These were used in countless strike, interdiction and close air support missions.

USAFE activated aeromedical staging facilities and contingency hospitals, increasing available bed space 1,500 percent above normal peacetime operations. More than 9,000 patients, mostly suffering from noncombat-related illnesses and injuries, were evacuated to Europe. More than 3,000 were treated at USAFE medical facilities. Almost 7,600 patients were later air evacuated to the Continental United States for follow-on treatment.

After Desert Storm ended, Kurdish rebels and Iraqi forces continued fighting in northern Iraq. The Kurds began a mass exodus toward Turkey and later Iran. A multi-national effort, including U.S. forces, was slowly established to save lives during Operation Provide Comfort (OPC) and this was mainly done by establishing the Iraqi no-fly zones starting above the 36th parallel in Iraq. The operation immediately began air dropping food and supplies to the refugees. More than 2,400 USAFE personnel were deployed, along with 36 fighter aircraft to provide protection for the transports. In a relatively new role, USAFE used A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft to spot and mark the pockets of Kurds needing humanitarian relief. As Operation Provide Comfort drew to a close, Kurdish leaders asked for continued protection from the Iraqi Army. Operation Provide Comfort II (OPC II) picked up where the first operation left off, building a multinational rapidly deployable air and ground forces in Turkey ready to defend the Kurds.

Operation Northern Watch (ONW) commenced on 1 January 1997 as the successor to Operation Provide Comfort. It was run by a Combined Task Force (CTF) charged with enforcing a no-fly zone above the 36th parallel in Iraq, with the United States, United Kingdom, and Turkey providing approximately 45 aircraft and more than 1,400 personnel. In addition to USAF airmen, the joint U.S. forces of some 1,100 U.S. personnel, included sailors, soldiers, and Marines, as well as sorties from every air arm of the U.S. armed forces. The USAF portion of ONW was primarily a USAFE operation, since all USAF assets participating operated out of Europe. The USAF portion of the mission was partially flown by rotational aircraft and units from Air Combat Command, Air Mobility Command, Pacific Air Forces, Air Force Special Operations Command, and Air Force Reserve Command, and Air National Guard units operationally-gained by them.

The original mandate from the Turkish government allowed the operation to continue for six months. Turkey subsequently approved two 6-month extensions, but indicated that it would not become a permanent mission. For the first year of the mission, northern Iraq was quiet, with no combat between Coalition aircraft and Iraqi forces.

From December 1998 to March 1999, U.S. and coalition aircraft over northern Iraq came under almost daily fire from Iraqi surface-to-air missile sites and anti-aircraft guns. These aircraft responded by bombing Iraqi air-defense sites which fired on them, utilizing laser-guided bombs as well as AGM-88 HARM missiles and AGM-130 long range air-to-surface missiles. Coalition aircraft flew patrols on an average of 18 days per month, and were usually fired upon. The most common threat was from anti-aircraft guns. Despite Saddam Hussein offering a $14,000 reward for downing a Coalition aircraft, no warplanes were ever shot down. During the first months of 1999, Coalition activity over northern Iraq was temporarily halted as aircraft were moved to Italy to take part in Operation Allied Force.

Low level conflict over Northern Iraq continued up until the 2003 invasion of Iraq, although the number of incidents declined dramatically after 1999. The final ONW combat air patrol occurred on 17 March 2003 from Incirlik Air Base. Six weeks later, the operation concluded with an official stand down on 1 May 2003. A grand total of 36,000 sorties were flown during Operation Northern Watch, and 40,000 personnel had been deployed at some point during the operation. USAFE also sent aircraft and personnel to help man Operation Southern Watch, operating from Saudi Arabia under Central Command Air Forces.

Balkans operations
USAFE also provided air protection over the skies of Bosnia-Herzegovina in Operation Deny Flight. Along with allies from NATO countries, U.S. aircrews bombed targets in Bosnia-Herzegovina during Operation Deliberate Force, which paved the way for the 1995 Dayton Peace Agreement. USAFE then helped deploy the Implementation Force (I-FOR) and its equipment to Bosnia for Operation Joint Endeavor and sustained them by airlift.

USAFE forces again mobilized in March 1999, when NATO intervened in Kosovo to halt a Yugoslav counter-insurgency targeting the Kosovo Liberation Army. USAFE forces provided air-support for Albanian fighters on the ground. Albanian refugees appeared after the beginning of hostilities. Efforts to find a diplomatic solution collapsed, resulting in Operation Allied Force–the NATO-led air war over Kosovo. The 78-day operation ended 20 June culminating in the withdrawal of Serb forces from Kosovo and the eventual return of refugees. USAFE's 3rd Air Force led Joint Task Force Shining Hope, established to assist the hundreds of thousands of refugees who left Kosovo because of war. USAFE continues to contribute to NATO-led forces promoting peace and stability in Kosovo.

Afghanistan and Iraq
During the War in Afghanistan, USAFE has supported an air bridge from Europe to Asia that delivered 3,300 tons of humanitarian daily rations to northern Afghanistan, opened the Manus base in Kyrgyzstan, and established a medical evacuation network that moved nearly 4,000 patients. USAFE deployed 24 fighter aircraft, eight KC-135 Stratotankers and nearly 2,400 people in Operation Iraqi Freedom. It opened an important airfield in northern Iraq and provided critical en route support to deploying forces, not to mention vital logistical and medical support to forward-deployed forces. USAFE subsequently supported Operation New Dawn and Operation Inherent Resolve.

USAFE airmen are engaged in a wide range of active U.S. military efforts in Europe and Africa, including realistic U.S. and NATO exercises and operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Somalia.

The 414th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron was activated at Incirlik Air Base in Turkey in October 2011.

On 20 April 2012, USAFAF was merged with USAFE to become United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA). The merger was a result of Seventeenth Air Force at Ramstein Air Base inactivating in April 2012 as part of an Air Force cost savings effort. USAFE assumed the former staff functions of 17th Air Force, while the 3d Air Force and its 603rd Air and Space Operations Center assumed responsibility for U.S. military air operations in Africa (except for Egypt), with the 603 AOC absorbing the former 617th Air Operations Center.

Operating units, 2022
Third Air Force (3 AF), headquartered at Ramstein Air Base, Germany, is USAFE-AFAFRICA's sole numbered air force, operating alongside Headquarters USAFE-AFAFRICA. Its mission is ensuring the combat readiness of assigned USAFE-AFAFRICA units, formulation of plans for combat operations and non-combat humanitarian operations in the USAFE and AFAFRICA areas of responsibility, and conducting day-to-day operations for both European and Africa Commands.

As of March 2022, the Third Air Force had ten wings totalling over 32,000 personnel. Some of the major units assigned to USAFE-AFAFRICA are:

United Kingdom
 * 48th Fighter Wing (RAF Lakenheath)
 * 492nd Fighter Squadron (F-15E Strike Eagle)
 * 493rd Fighter Squadron (F-35A Lightning II)
 * 494th Fighter Squadron (F-15E Strike Eagle)
 * 495th Fighter Squadron (F-35A Lightning II)
 * 100th Air Refueling Wing (RAF Mildenhall)
 * 351st Air Refueling Squadron (KC-135R Stratotanker)
 * 501st Combat Support Wing (RAF Alconbury)
 * 422nd Air Base Group (RAF Croughton)
 * 420th Air Base Squadron (RAF Fairford)
 * 423rd Air Base Group (RAF Alconbury)
 * 421st Air Base Squadron (RAF Menwith Hill)
 * 426th Air Base Squadron (Sola Air Station, Norway)

Italy
 * 31st Fighter Wing (Aviano Air Base)
 * 56th Rescue Squadron (HH-60G Pave Hawk)
 * 57th Rescue Squadron (Pararescuemen)
 * 510th Fighter Squadron (F-16CM/DM (Block 40) Fighting Falcon)
 * 555th Fighter Squadron (F-16CG/DG (Block 40) Fighting Falcon)

Turkey
 * 39th Air Base Wing (Incirlik Air Base)
 * 425th Air Base Squadron (Izmir Air Station)
 * 717th Air Base Squadron (Ankara Air Station)

Germany
 * 52nd Fighter Wing (Spangdahlem Air Base)
 * 470th Air Base Squadron (NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen, Germany)
 * 480th Fighter Squadron (F-16CJ/DJ (Block 50) Fighting Falcon)
 * 701st Munitions Support Squadron (Kleine Brogel Air Base, Belgium)
 * 702nd Munitions Support Squadron (Büchel Air Base)
 * 703rd Munitions Support Squadron (Volkel Air Base, Netherlands)
 * 704th Munitions Support Squadron (Ghedi Air Base, Italy)
 * 86th Airlift Wing (Ramstein Air Base)
 * 37th Airlift Squadron (C-130J Super Hercules)
 * 76th Airlift Squadron (C-21A, C-37A Gulfstream V)
 * 424th Air Base Squadron (Chièvres Air Base, Belgium)
 * 65th Air Base Group (Lajes Field, Azores, Portugal)
 * 496th Air Base Squadron (Morón Air Base, Spain)
 * 406th Air Expeditionary Wing (Ramstein Air Base)
 * 409th Air Expeditionary Group (Nigerien Air Base 201, Niger)
 * 324th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron (MQ-9 Reaper) (Naval Air Station Sigonella, Italy)
 * 768th Expeditionary Air Base Squadron (Nigerien Air Base 101, Niger)
 * 449th Air Expeditionary Group (Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti)
 * 12th Expeditionary Special Operations Squadron (Chabelley Airfield, Djibouti)
 * 75th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron (C-130J Super Hercules)
 * 82nd Expeditionary Rescue Squadron (Pararescuemen)
 * 435th Air Ground Operations Wing (Ramstein Air Base)
 * 603rd Air and Space Operations Center (Ramstein Air Base)

Tenant Flying Units not part of USAFE-AFAFRICA:

 * 95th Reconnaissance Squadron (RC-135V/W) (ACC) (RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom)
 * 352nd Special Operations Wing (AFSOC) (RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom)
 * 7th Special Operations Squadron (CV-22B Osprey)
 * 67th Special Operations Squadron (MC-130J Commando II)

The United States Air Forces in Europe Band with its approximately 48 members is located on Ramstein Air Base, Germany. In addition to its own units, the command is routinely augmented by rotational aircraft and personnel from Air Combat Command (ACC), Air Mobility Command (AMC), Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) and Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC) units in the United States, as well as Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and Air National Guard (ANG) units.

Air Forces Africa comprises two air expeditionary groups, both subordinate to the 435th Air Expeditionary Wing (435 AEW). The 449th Air Expeditionary Group (449 AEG) at Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti flies a multitude of missions for Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA). Among its subordinate units are the 75th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron (C-130) as well as pararescuemen from the 82nd Expeditionary Rescue Squadron which are rotated from rescue wings in the United States. The 60th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron flew UAVs from Djibouti from after 2010 until it was inactivated in 2015.

The 409th Air Expeditionary Group (409 AEG) carries out surveillance and reconnaissance missions across the entire Africa Command area of responsibility, from multiple locations. It is equipped with unmanned aerial vehicles.

Lineage, assignments, components

 * Redesignated: from United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe to United States Air Forces in Europe on 7 August 1945
 * Was a specified command of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 22 January 1951 – 1 July 1956
 * Redesignated: United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa on 20 April 2012

Assignments

 * European Theater of Operations United States Army, c. 18 June 1942
 * European Command, 15 March 1947
 * United States Air Force, 26 September 1947–present

Stations

 * Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, 26 September 1944
 * Wiesbaden AB, Germany (Later West Germany), 28 September 1945 - 15 August 1953
 * Lindsey AB (later, Lindsey AS), West Germany, 15 August 1953 - 14 March 1973
 * Ramstein AB, West Germany (now Germany), 14 March 1973 – present

Components
Commands
 * IX Air Service Command (later European Air Materiel Command): c. 15 August 1945 – 10 November 1947
 * IX Air Defense Command (1945–46)
 * European Aviation Engineer (Provisional): 22 December 1945 – 20 November 1946
 * Headquarters, Command, USAFE (Provisional): 12 October 1946 – 1 July 1948
 * 8th Interceptor (later, 8th Fighter; VIII Fighter): 1 February 1942 – 22 February 1944; 16 July 1945 – 20 March 1946
 * 8th Air Force Base Command (later, 8th Air Force Service Command; VIII Air Force Service Command; Air Service Command, USSTAF: Air Technical Service Command in Europe): c. 9 June 1942 – 30 September 1945
 * XII Tactical Air: 15 November 1945 – 10 November 1947

Task Forces
 * Airlift (Provisional): 29 July-4 November 1948
 * 1st Airlift: 14 October 1948 – 1 October 1949
 * VIII Air Force Base (later, Base): 18 October 1943 – 1 March 1944; 30 September 1945 – 25 May 1946

Air Forces
 * Third Air Force (later redesignated Third Air Force (Air Forces Europe)): 1 May 1951 – 1 November 2005; 1 December 2006–present
 * Ninth Air Force: June 1944 – 2 December 1945
 * Twelfth Air Force
 * Attached 12 September-9 November 1942
 * Assigned 7–31 August 1945; 21 January 1951 – 1 January 1958

 * Fifteenth Air Force: 22 February 1944 – 15 September 1945
 * Sixteenth Air Force: 15 April 1966 – 30 April 2008
 * Seventeenth Air Force: 23 April 1953 – 30 September 1996; 1 October 2008 – 20 April 2012

Air Divisions
 * 2d Air Division: 1 June 1949 – 20 January 1951; 15 April 1955 – 1 April 1962
 * 3d Air Division: 23 August 1948 – 2 January 1949; 21 January-1 May 1951; 25 October 1953 – 1 March 1954. 40: c. 31 October 1945 – 20 December 1946
 * 42d Air Division: 26 July-13 October 1945
 * 65th Air Division: 1 July 1960 – 1 January 1965
 * 86th Air Division: 1 July 1948 – 10 October 1949; 1 January 1958 – 15 November 1959; 1 July-1 September 1963; 20 May 1965 – 5 October 1968.
 * 302d Air Division: 18 July-c. 8 December 1945
 * 306th Air Division: 15 November 1959 – 1 April 1960
 * 322d Air Division: 1 March-1 April 1954
 * 7217th Air Division: 15 November 1959 – 9 September 1970
 * 7499th Air Division: 29 July-5 September 1948 (Berlin Airlift Force)

Services
 * European Air Transport Service: 4 September 1945 – 20 December 1947

Groups
 * 366th Fighter Group (only component of 71st Fighter Wing, IX Air Defense Command, which was active after redesignation to USAFE. IX ADC was assigned to USAFE 2 December 1945 – 1 February 1946). Assigned to XII TAC 4 July 1945 – 20 August 1946, whereupon inactivated at AAF Station Fritzlar, Germany, and aircraft, personnel and equipment formed 27th Fighter Group.
 * others


text: User talk:198.81.26.49

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:198.81.26.49


text:
Henenu (high steward)

Hannu, Hennu or Henenu was an Egyptian noble, serving as m-r-pr "majordomo" to Mentuhotep III in the 20th century BC. He reportedly re-opened the trade routes to Punt and Libya for the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. He was buried in a tomb in Deir el-Bahri, in the Theban Necropolis, which has been catalogued as TT313.

He is known from two inscriptions, in Wadi Hammamat no. 114 (ca. 2000 BC) as hnw and in his Deir el-Bahari tomb as hnnw. It is unclear whether the two inscriptions refer to the same person. William C. Hayes postulated their identity while Herbert Eustis Winlock was hesitant to identify them. James P. Allen considers hnw a successor of hnnw as the pharaoh's m-r-pr.

Travels
In the eighth year of the reign of Mentuhotep III, Hannu set out from Coptos at the head of a three-thousand-man strong army, crossed the mountainous Eastern Desert by way of Wadi Hammamat, and went on to the coast of the Red Sea.

Inscriptions
Hannu wrote of his expedition in stone. Under Sankhare (Mentuhotep III), whose name occurs as the 58th on the Table of Abydus, lived a functionary named Hannu, who records on a rock-inscription, in this same valley of Hammamat, some particulars of Mentuhotep's reign, from which it appears that the kings of this dynasty had dealings with Arabia; and the trade thus introduced directly by the valley route from Coptos to the Red Sea, seems to have revived the fallen fortunes of the old monarchy.

The first voyage to the land of Punt took place under Sankh-ka-ra. According to the words of the rock inscription, everything needful was wisely prepared for the expedition, for which the Pharaoh chose as leader and guide the noble Hannu, who gives us the following account of his voyage: "I was sent to conduct ships to the land of Punt, to fetch for Pharaoh sweet-smelling spices, which the princes of the red land collect out of fear and dread, such as he inspires in all nations. And I started from the city of Coptos.—And his Holiness gave the command that the armed men, who were to accompany me, should be from the south-country of the Thebai'd.'"

After a destroyed passage of the inscription, of considerable length, of which, however, enough has been preserved to show us that the narration went on to state that the armed force was sent with the expedition to protect and defend it against the enemy, and that officers of the king, as well as stonecutters and other workpeople, accompanied it, Hannu continues:

"Then I reached the Great Green (wȝḏ-wr). Then I made the ships and I dispatched them with all manner of things and made for them a great oblation of cattle, oxen and gazelles. When I returned from the Great Green, I performed what His Majesty commanded: I brought for him every product that I found on the shores of God's Land. I descended by WSg (unidentified) (and) Ro-Henu (Wadi Hammamat). I brought for him splendid blocks of stone for the temple statues."

Principal stations
In his account of the journey Hannu speaks of five principal stations at which the wanderer halted, and man and beast (then probably the ass, the only beast of burden proved to have been used in those times) strengthened themselves for their further progress by enjoying the fresh drinking water. This is also the same road that, in the time of the Ptolemies and Romans, led from Coptos in an easterly direction to the harbour of Leucos Limen (now Qossier) on the Red Sea; the great highway and commercial thoroughfare of merchants of all countries, who traded in the wonderful products of Arabia and India; the bridge of the nations, which of old united Asia and Europe.

title: Henenu (high steward)


text:
User talk:BarkingFish

OK Guys, time for me to come clean about my problems back in April 2013.

For those of you who don't know, I was indefinitely blocked from the site for socking using at least 3 accounts. I was trapped after having a conversation with myself and someone who I said was someone else, but who wasn't, while I was on IRC using 2 clients. Immediately after, I retired from WP, and I claimed to have committed small amounts of vandalism to Wikipedia over the course of around 7 years and generally made myself out to be a mean, vicious little shit who had basically crapped on everything you stood for. It's time for me to tell you what actually happened, in the hope of finally clearing the air.

I had been working in Germany after leaving the UK, doing a lot of good work and helping to make a lot of children well. This was the life I wanted. The one I hoped and dreamed of. But it had a downside. Within 6 months of starting, I began to have problems with my capacity to operate and have since been removed from active duty as a medic.

My mental health has been a great concern to me over the last year - I am being medicated to help my stability and am now receiving voluntary treatment through my local mental health service. I am also no longer based in Germany. I have left my job and returned to the UK to settle down and be near my friends.

My blocking on Wikipedia was absolutely nothing to do with vandalism. I never vandalized a damn thing - I confessed a short while after receiving an email from User:Philippe (WMF) that what I'd actually done was nothing more than Suicide by administrator. I was stressed, breaking down and I'd had enough. I couldn't cope with WP, life, work, health... shit got too much. I took my own sword and gave it to someone else to kill me with.

I can't say much more to the community other than, I'm sorry I have caused you so much trouble. I will ask to be unblocked, it's unlikely to ever happen, but I would like to make a clean start and come back to a new place and a new me.

With warmest regards to the community,

BarkingFish

Unblock request
- would you object to an unblock? PhilKnight (talk) 18:57, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

- I just had a look on User:Reaper Eternal's account, he's not been on since January 27th, and is recommending anyone who actually needs something to drop him an email ("Please send all inquiries to my email if you want even a hope of moderately timely responses!"). Is there any chance you could do this, please? As far as I was aware from my block, I don't think I can email anyone right now, and I don't think that would be a wise option for me anyway, even if I could. Thanks. BarkingFish (talk) 13:43, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I've sent him an email. PhilKnight (talk) 17:05, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
 * PhilKnight: If we don't hear back soon, I'd suggest routing this through ANI and letting the community decide. — Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 16:35, 20 February 2015 (UTC)
 * - Is there any chance this can be moved on please? I don't think  is likely to reply given the current hiatus in what he appears to be doing.  I would be happy for you to go ahead and refer this to the Admin's noticeboard if you feel it would be more productive and faster.  Thank you.  BarkingFish (talk) 14:39, 22 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Pings apparently don't work unless you get them right at the time you sign your post, so here are repeats that should help -  . Squinge (talk) 15:04, 22 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I'll go ahead and move this to ANI. — Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 15:06, 22 February 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ — Coffee  //  have a cup  //  beans  // 15:11, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

Response to the referral to BASC and message left at Rschen7754's talk page
I am now aware of the message which has been left at Rschen7754's talk page, stating that both Rschen7754 and EdJohnston are not in favour of me being unblocked. As I said in my original statement above, this is as much as I wish to discuss in a public setting - however, I would like to have the opportunity to go deeper into this issue with someone who can make a more informed judgement.

As I said, it is unlikely I would get unblocked, but I would like to go for a completely clean start. Almost 18 months 2 years down the line, I'm different to the person you encountered here back then. I am more subdued, my temper is practically nil (the joys of Depakote), I still have my intelligence and I'm much happier - and a hell of a lot less likely to do this again. I am well aware of the issues of competency, since I am being medicated and in mental health treatment, but now I am not working I have more time (and a hell of a lot less stress). I am happy to be mentored and have community restrictions on what I can edit put in place if you think it necessary - but to simply dismiss the idea of unblocking me out of hand, I feel is simply unfair.

I am aware that it is possible for me to appeal this ban (as a sock / checkuser ban) directly to BASC. Accordingly, since this seems to be the only option given the statements already made by EdJohnston and Rschen7754, I have elected to proceed with this directly. At least with the Arbcom, I may get the chance to discuss things in a more complete manner.

Thank you for your time

BarkingFish (talk) 15:46, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Hi BarkingFish. As you mention that it may not be best to discuss ALL things in a public area - yes, I did forward a link to your original post along to Arbcom.  They acknowledged that they received my email, and hopefully they'll be able to help you along in your efforts.  If you don't hear from anyone at either Arbcom or BASC in a few days, perhaps it wouldn't hurt to send along your own email to them.  Thank you for the ping, and best of luck in your efforts. — Ched :  ?  15:54, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Hi BarkingFish, I hope you don't mind a comment from me. I can't say anything about your unblock because I'm not at all familiar with all that stuff, but I do have experience of various kinds of mental health issues amongst family and friends and I just want to wish you the best of health and a continued strong recovery. Appropriate treatment really can make an enormous difference with many conditions, as you obviously know, and I thought a few words from someone who understands might at least help cheer you up a little. Very best wishes, Squinge (talk) 16:19, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Unblocked by BASC
Per our communication by email, the BASC has accepted your appeal under the following restrictions.

"The ban will be suspended for one year from the date of the unblock. During this parole period, any uninvolved administrator may reinstate the ban if necessary, but they are not required to do so in the event of placing a block. A reinstated ban may be appealed to the BASC, any other blocks may be appealed in the usual manner to AE. Any administrator reinstating the ban must inform the committee by email to arbcom-l@lists.wikimedia.org.

BarkingFish will be permitted to operate only one account.

The ban will expire after one year of sanction-free editing."

Welcome back. Courcelles (talk) 23:03, 8 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Thank you, Courcelles. I hope that now I am back to the land of the living, things will be a little smoother than they have been in the past.  My God it feels weird to be editing again... BarkingFish (talk) 13:16, 9 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Welcome back. — Ched : ?  14:15, 9 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Welcome back, BarkingFish! I'm glad to see you get another chance, I hope you have fun getting back into the habit :) A fluffernutter is a sandwich! (talk) 22:46, 9 April 2015 (UTC)

Welcome back
Do you still have regular net access at the moment? I have a Commons related project i wanted to disscuss..ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 20:27, 23 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Hi! No, unfortunately, due to my ISP being a bitch queen from hell, I've got public WiFi only. Plusnet can eat it with nails... As soon as I get on from home again, I'll let you know. 86.187.28.119 (talk) 09:21, 24 July 2015 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by BarkingFish (talk • contribs)

Research Enquiry
Many years ago you helped update the section on Epilepsy in a First Aid manual at Wikiboooks.

In relation to that I wondered if you would be willing to assist in digging up some information as to whether a risk profile exist in respect of epileptic seziure and certain hypnosis/induction techniques. I noted a few so called 'self-hypnosis' videos on You-Tube and was wanting to know if there was an associated risk profile which would mean the videos would need to be flagged. It was also my understanding that in a nominally clinical setting there had to be certain safeguards as a regulatory requirement, such safeguards not necessarily being present in respect of user viewed online content.

(I will note here that AIUI the regulatory approach on hypnosis in the UK, is mostly voluntary, other than a 1957(?) act which relates to 'demonstrations of hypnotic phonemena')

The information obtained in answering the above could also be used to update the relevant Wikipedia articles. ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 23:27, 14 August 2015 (UTC)
 * During my 1 year probationary period imposed by the BASC, I have voluntarily banned myself from editing and contributing to all medical articles. You may wish to contact James Heilman (Doc James) to assist with your research. Thanks :) What does the Fish say? | Woof!  12:53, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

Concerning my new indef:
-

 * Thank you for your alert to my block. I am unaware as to the reason for it, since I have not socked and all my present and past socks have been declared fully and in the open to the BASC.  I trust you notified them of the block, .  I have emailed them.

 * I can see nothing added to the SPI to indicate any further investigations, or any sign of what I have done wrong or where, so if you would be kind enough to point me at what I am supposed to have done wrong, I will address it.

 * I have been nothing but open and honest all the way through my previous appeal, I have even had the decency to notify the BASC of an account I last used more than 4 years ago. Since I'm being accused of something I KNOW I have not done wrong, I deserve to know where it's been investigated and by whom at least.

What does the Fish say? | Woof! 12:49, 17 September 2015 (UTC)

 * I did not place this block, but I do know why it was done. Checkuser has confirmed the link between your account and . Courcelles (talk) 17:07, 17 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, technical evidence has confirmed your account to CharlieTheCabbie. I did notify the arbitration committee shortly after the block. Others have asked me to clarify that this is a reinstatement of the ban due to not adhering to the restriction of one account. Mike V • Talk 18:59, 17 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Could I please ask where this was investigated, and why I wasn't given the chance to talk to anyone about the allegations before you just dropped on me? What does the Fish say? | Woof! 20:19, 17 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Your unblock conditions explicitly limited you to one account with no exceptions. Checkuser has confirmed you have used more than one account. What do you want to talk about? Thryduulf (talk) 21:23, 17 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Since it seems that judge and jury have already sat, what I'm about to say will probably mean very little. I categorically deny any connection to CharlieTheCabbie. I don't know them from a hole in the floor, OK? I want to know the following information: Who instigated the request for the CU, where it was discussed, why it was instigated (what caused someone to request it), and where the information on here is recorded. A checkuser can say what they like; I know different.  I've just opened up and beared my soul to the whole of Wikipedia and a bunch of people I have never met.  I've been fully honest all the way and love being back here. Why would I bugger it up after all that? What does the Fish say? | Woof!  00:25, 18 September 2015 (UTC)
 * The checkuser evidence has been independently reviewed by at least two very experienced checkusers as showing a confirmed link between the two accounts. Very strong behavioural evidence has also been presented linking the two accounts, and was the reason for running the checkuser. Thryduulf (talk) 19:25, 19 September 2015 (UTC)

We're on Twitter!
RachelWex 00:37, 10 June 2017 (UTC)

Disputed non-free use rationale for File:Bing Bunny - All main characters.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Bing Bunny - All main characters.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale provided for using this file on Wikipedia may not meet the criteria required by Non-free content. This can be corrected by going to the file description page and adding or clarifying the reason why the file qualifies under this policy. Adding and completing one of the templates available from Non-free use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your file is in compliance with Wikipedia policy. Please be aware that a non-free use rationale is not the same as an image copyright tag; descriptions for files used under the non-free content policy require both a copyright tag and a non-free use rationale.

If it is determined that the file does not qualify under the non-free content policy, it might be deleted by an administrator seven days after the file was tagged in accordance with section F7 of the criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions, please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.

ATTENTION : This is an automated, bot-generated message. This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:03, 22 August 2018 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Bing Bunny - All main characters.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Bing Bunny - All main characters.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:24, 27 February 2019 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Scruff.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Scruff.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:52, 18 November 2020 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Cyw-Channel-logo.JPG
Thanks for uploading File:Cyw-Channel-logo.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:24, 27 February 2021 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Bing Bunny - All main characters.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Bing Bunny - All main characters.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:07, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:BarkingFish


text:
User talk:HoganLong

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! RedWolf 00:51, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Java
Hi. Please disambiguate "Java" on your user page. For example, Java. Thanks. RedWolf 00:51, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

Sorry, thanks for the tip. Hogan 01:51, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:HoganLong


text:
Talk:Politics and government of Nuevo León

[Untitled]
I translated this. I have no particular expertise on the subject, so I can't vouch for the accuracy of the information. I may also have been confused about certain details. Review by an expert would be welcome.

I am particularly confused by a few matters related to the legislature. The plurinominal / proportional representation system is undescribed. The chart shows independents in plurinominal seat, which makes no sense to me. Also, the numbers in the chart disagree with the numbers in the text. -- Jmabel 00:51, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

Jmabel. I am not an expert, neither a proficient english speaker, but i will try to explain some things. Transtlation: "por ingresar a un cuerpo del ejército federal residente en el estado" would be better translated as "for enlist itself into an army federal corps in the state". All people in the federal army are subject to federal law, and most specific to army law.

 * I agree that mine was not a literal translation of the Spanish-language article, but I believe the latter is misleading. Are you telling me that if a Nuevo Leonese joins the army today and is stationed in Nuevo Leon he loses his state citizenship? Given the context of the times in which this Constitution was written, I'm moderately confident of my interpretation. Perhaps my confidence is misplaced: do you have a source on this?

 * Agradezco que el mío no era traducción literal del artículo español, pero creo que el artículo español extravia. ¿Me dice Vd. que hoy día, si un nuevo leonés ingresa en el ejército federal, pierde su ciudadaña nuevo leonesa? Dado el contexto de la época en cual era escrito esta constitución, mantengo una cantidad moderada de confianza en el mío interpretación. Quizás tengo confianza equivocada: ¿hay Vd. fuentes cerca el asunto? -- Jmabel|Talk 19:00, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * The Article 38, Section IV says: "por pertenecer al Ejército Federal con mando de fuerza en el Estado". It means that your citizenship will be suspended if you are (or become) an Army officer in charge of federal troops entering or stationed inside the state borders. Ruiz 04:22, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Proportional representation: There are 26 districts, so, there are 26 directly elected deputies by simple majoria. The 16 proportional deputies take 3 criterias and apply some rules to be asigned, so, there is not a direct percentage of votes. I am confused too.

Independants. It is possible for some party win a directly elected deputy, but not complete requeriments for being an official party, also, it is possible for a directly or proportional elected deputy to " get divorced " from their party, so, could be "independents" in directly or proportional deputies.

Text vs chart. And, yes. There are some errors in numbers, that is because original spanish text updated chart, but not text. At this moment i can't confirm exactly amounts between directly and proportional deputies.

 * The independents got their seat by proportional representation of a 4-party alliance that got dissolved. Short after the elections one broke up with her former party and became independent, another became a green (PVEM). I adjusted the numbers in both the table and the body of the article. Ruiz 04:22, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips

The Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips are a series of speech synthesizer digital signal processor integrated circuits created by Texas Instruments beginning in 1978. They continued to be developed and marketed for many years, though the speech department moved around several times within TI until finally dissolving in late 2001. The rights to the speech-specific subset of the MSP line, the last remaining line of TI speech products as of 2001, were sold to Sensory, Inc. in October 2001.

Theory
Speech data is stored through pitch-excited linear predictive coding (PE-LPC), where words are created by a lattice filter, selectably fed by either an excitation ROM (containing a glottal pulse waveform) or an LFSR (linear-feedback shift register) noise generator. Linear predictive coding achieves a vast reduction in data volume needed to recreate intelligible speech data.

History
The TMC0280/TMS5100 was the first self-contained LPC speech synthesizer IC ever made. It was designed for Texas Instruments by Larry Brantingham, Paul S. Breedlove, Richard H. Wiggins, and Gene A. Frantz and its silicon was laid out by Larry Brantingham. The chip was designed for the 'Spelling Bee' project at TI, which later became the Speak & Spell. A speech-less 'Spelling B' was released at the same time as the Speak & Spell.

All TI LPC speech chips until the TSP50cxx series used PMOS architecture, and LPC-10 encoding in a special TI-specific format. Chips in the TI LPC speech series were labeled as TMCxxxx or CDxxxx when used by TI's consumer product division, or labeled as TMS5xxx (later TSP5xxx) when sold to 3rd parties.

1978

 * TMS5100 (TMC0281, internal TI name is '0280' hence chip is sometimes labeled TMC0280): First LPC speech chip. Used a custom 4-bit serial interface using TMS6100 or TMS6125 mask ROM ICs; used on all non-super versions of the Speak & Spell except for the 1980 UK version, which used the TMC0280/CD2801 below. Publicly sold as TMS5100. It was also used on the Byron Petite Electronic Talking Typewriter toy. Superseded in 1979 by TMS5100A and TMS5110.

1980

 * TMC0280 AKA CD2801: Used in the Speak & Math, Speak & Read, and the TI Language Translator/Language Tutor. Pin, but not function compatible with TMS5100/TMC0280, has a different LPC and slightly different chirp table. The CD2801/Die revision F fixes an interpolator bug.
 * TMS5100A: Die shrink of TMS5100/TMC0281. Very minor differences in function, uses die rev F, fixing a bug in the interpolator. Used on the Century Video System arcade platform. Uses the original chirp table.
 * TMS5110: Has updated LPC tables (which mostly match 5220, see below). Pin, but not function compatible with TMS5100. Superseded by TMS5110A. It was used in the Monkgomery puppet toy made by Hasbro. An SDIP version of this chip was sold at some point as the "TMS5111". Uses the 'final' chirp table.
 * TMS5200 (AKA CD2501E, internal TI name is '0285' hence chip is sometimes labeled TMC0285): Added 8-bit parallel FIFO interface; designed for use by the TI consumer division for the TI-99/4A speech module; also used on the 4th generation Bally/Midway pinball tables' Squawk and Talk speech board (part number AS-2518-61), on the Environmental cabinet version of the Bally/Midway arcade game Discs of TRON, on (earlier) Apple II Echo II cards, and on the Zaccaria arcade games Jack Rabbit and Money Money, and Zaccaria pinball machines Pinball Champ and Soccer Kings. Superseded by TMS5220 in late 1980/1981, and possibly sold as cheap, 'fire-sale' stock in 1982–1983. Uses the 'final' chirp table.
 * CD2802: A version of the TMS5100/5110 with different LPC and chirp tables, not the same as either the TMS5100(A) or TMS5110(A). Used on the Touch and Tell only, never sold outside of the company. Uses its own, unique, chirp table.
 * TMS5110A (after 1985: TSP5110A): Die shrink of TMS5110, pin and function compatible. Used on at least two home computer products. It was used on the arcade game Bagman by Valadon Automation, by Omnicron Electronics on the TCC-14 Talking Clock/Calendar, and on the arcade game A.D. 2083 by Midcoin. Used on the Chrysler Electronic Voice Alert vehicle monitoring system. Uses the 'final' chirp table.
 * TMS5220 (AKA CD2805E?): Improved version of the TMS5200, pin but not function compatible (has new LPC tables); used on (later) Apple II Echo II cards, (rumor) on the very last run of TI-99/4A speech modules, on the BBC Micro, in Bally/Midway's NFL Football arcade game, and in many Atari, Inc. arcade games, including Star Wars, Firefox, Return of the Jedi, Road Runner, The Empire Strikes Back. Later Atari arcade games used the TMS5220C, see below. The TMS5220 was also used in Zaccaria pinball machines Farfalla, Devil Riders, Time Machine, Magic Castle, Robot, Clown, Pool Champion, Blackbelt, Mexico '86, Zankor, and Spooky. The TMS5220 was also used on Venture Line's Looping and Sky Bumper, Olympia's Portraits, and Exidy's Victory and Victor Banana arcade machines. The TMS5220 was also used in the Androbot, Inc. Topo line of robots, starting with Topo II and Topo III in 1984.  Superseded by TMS5220C in 1983/1984. Uses the 'final' chirp table. HP 82967A	Speech synthesis module, adding 1500-word vocabulary to Series 80 computers.

1983

 * TMS5220C (after 1985: TSP5220C): has the two NOP commands the parallel FIFO interface reworked to control speech rate, added external full reset; minor change apparent to the way energy values affect unvoiced frames. Otherwise identical, pin-compatible, and a drop-in replacement to the TMS5220. Used on the Atari arcade games Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, 720°, Gauntlet, Gauntlet II, A.P.B., Paperboy, RoadBlasters, Vindicators Part II, and finally Escape from the Planet of the Robot Monsters. Also used on the IBM PS/2 Speech Adapter and the Pacific Educational Systems RS-232 Speech adapter. Manufactured into the early 1990s.

1985

 * TSP50C50: CMOS, uses LPC-12 instead of LPC-10, uses TMS60C20 256Kb/32KiB serial ROM instead of TMS6100. Uses 'D6' LPC tables and chirp tables, which were common for the whole TSP50Cxx series. Has built in low-pass analog filter. Manufactured into the early 1990s.

1986

 * TSP50C40 (later MSP50C40): TSP50C50 plus a simple 8-bit microcontroller with on-chip mask ROM. Was used in a number of TI's consumer division products, and named CM54129/CM54169 for the speak&music.

1987 and later

 * Several other TSP50Cxx products, which added more ROM/ram, did away with the serial interface entirely, etc.
 * The TSP53C30 microcontroller product emulates a TMS5220 PE-LPC, but also has support for D6 LPC as well as PCM sound output.
 * After about 1997, the TSP non-microcontroller line was phased out in favor of speech-specific members of the MSP line, which have microcontrollers. In October 2001, the rights to the speech-specific subset of the MSP line of chips (MSP50C6XX chip family) was sold by TI to Sensory, Inc. Sensory rebranded the chips as the Sensory SC-6x line.
 * In October 2007, Sensory announced it would no longer accept new mask submissions for the SC-6x line. Orders for chips with existing masks will continue to be accepted for at least the next year.

The companion devices to all versions of the speech chip were the custom 4-bit-interfaced 128Kbit (16KiB) TMS6100NL (AKA TMC0350) and 32Kbit (4KiB) TMS6125NL (a.k.a. TMC0355 a.k.a. TMS7125) read-only memories which were mask programmed with words required for a specific product. ALL versions of the LPC chips until the TSP50Cxx series support them. All versions of the TMS6100 appear to only have 128Kbit/16KiB of content, regardless of rumors to the contrary.

title: Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips


text:
Covellite

Covellite (also known as covelline) is a rare copper sulfide mineral with the formula CuS. This indigo blue mineral is commonly a secondary mineral in limited abundance and although it is not an important ore of copper itself, it is well known to mineral collectors.

The mineral is generally found in zones of secondary enrichment (supergene) of copper sulfide deposits. Commonly found as coatings on chalcocite, chalcopyrite, bornite, enargite, pyrite, and other sulfides, it often occurs as pseudomorphic replacements of other minerals. The first records are from Mount Vesuvius, formally named in 1832 after N. Covelli.

Composition
Covellite belongs to the binary copper sulfides group, which has the formula CuxSy and can have a wide-ranging copper/sulfur ratio, from 1:2 to 2:1 (Cu/S). However, this series is by no means continuous and the homogeneity range of covellite CuS is narrow. Materials rich in sulfur CuSx where x~ 1.1- 1.2 do exist, but they exhibit "superstructures", a modulation of the hexagonal ground plane of the structure spanning a number of adjacent unit cells. This indicates that several of covellite's special properties are the result of molecular structure at this level.

As described for copper monosulfide, the assignment of formal oxidation states to the atoms that constitute covellite is deceptive. The formula might seem to suggest the description Cu2+, S2−. In fact the atomic structure shows that copper and sulfur each adopt two different geometries. However photoelectron spectroscopy, magnetic, and electrical properties all indicate the absence of Cu2+ (d9) ions. In contrast to the oxide CuO, the material is not a magnetic semiconductor but a metallic conductor with weak Pauli-paramagnetism. Thus, the mineral is better described as consisting of Cu+ and S− rather than Cu2+ and S2−. Compared to pyrite with a non-closed shell of S− pairing to form S22−, there are only 2/3 of the sulfur atoms held. The other 1/3 remains unpaired and together with Cu atoms forms hexagonal layers reminiscent of the boron nitride (graphite structure). Thus, a description Cu+3S−S22− would seem appropriate with a delocalized hole in the valence band leading to metallic conductivity. Subsequent band structure calculations indicate however that the hole is more localized on the sulfur pairs than on the unpaired sulfur. This means that Cu+3S2−S2− with a mixed sulfur oxidation state -2 and -1/2 is more appropriate. Despite the extended formula of Cu+3S2−S2− from researchers in 1976 and 1993, others have come up with variations, such as Cu+4Cu2+2(S2)2S2.

Structure
For a copper sulfide, covellite has a complicated lamellar structure, with alternating layers of CuS and Cu2S2 with copper atoms of trigonal planar (uncommon) and tetrahedral coordination respectively. The layers are connected by S-S bonds (based on Van der Waals forces) known as S2 dimers. The Cu2S2 layers only has one l/3 bond along the c-axis (perpendicular to layers), thus only one bond in that direction to create a perfect cleavage {0001}. The conductivity is greater across layers due to the partially filled 3p orbitals, facilitating electron mobility.

Naturally occurring
Covellite is commonly found as a secondary copper mineral in deposits. Covellite is known to form in weathering environments in surficial deposits where copper is the primary sulfide. As a primary mineral, the formation of covellite is restricted to hydrothermal conditions, thus rarely found as such in copper ore deposits or as a volcanic sublimate.

Synthetic
Covellite's unique crystal structure is related to its complex oxidative formation conditions, as seen when attempting to synthesize covellite. Its formation also depends on the state and history of the associated sulfides it was derived from. Experimental evidence shows ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) to be a potentially important catalyst for covellite's solid state transformation from other copper sulfides. Researchers discovered that covellite can also be produced in the lab under anaerobic conditions by sulfate reducing bacteria at a variety of temperatures. However, further research remains, because although the abundance of covellite may be high, the growth of its crystal size is actually inhibited by physical constraints of the bacteria. It has been experimentally demonstrated that the presence of ammonium vanadates is important in the solid state transformation of other copper sulfides to covellite crystals.

Occurrence

Covellite's occurrence is widespread around the world, with a significant number of localities in Central Europe, China, Australia, Western United States, and Argentina. Many are found close to orogenic belts, where orographic precipitation often plays a role in weathering. An example of primary mineral formation is in hydrothermal veins at depths of 1,150 m found in Silver Bow County, Montana. As a secondary mineral, covellite also forms as descending surface water in the supergene enrichment zone oxidizes and redeposits covellite on hypogene sulfides (pyrite and chalcopyrite) at the same locality. An unusual occurrence of covellite was found replacing organic debris in the red beds of New Mexico.

Nicola Covelli (1790-1829), the discoverer of the mineral, was a professor of botany and chemistry though was interested in geology and volcanology, particularly Mount Vesuvius' eruptions. His studies of its lava led to the discovery of several unknown minerals including covellite.

Superconductors
Covellite was the first identified naturally occurring superconductor. The framework of CuS3 /CuS2 allow for an electron excess that facilitate superconduction during particular states, with exceptionally low thermal loss. Material science is now aware of several of covellite's favorable properties and several researchers are intent on synthesizing covellite. Uses of covellite CuS superconductivity research can be seen in lithium batteries’ cathodes, ammonium gas sensors, and solar electric devices with metal chalcogenide thin films.

Lithium ion batteries
Research into alternate cathode material for lithium batteries often examines the complex variations in stoichiometry and tetrahedron layered structure of copper sulfides. Advantages include limited toxicity and low costs. The high electrical conductivity of covellite (10−3 S cm−1) and a high theoretical capacity (560 mAh g−1) with flat discharge curves when cycled versus Li+/Li has been determined to play critical roles for capacity. The variety of methods of formations is also a factor of the low costs. However, issues with cycle stability and kinetics have been limiting the progress of utilizing covellite in mainstream lithium batteries until future developments in its research.

Nanostructures
The electron mobility and free hole density characteristics of covellite makes it an attractive choice for nanoplatelets and nanocrystals because they provide the structures the ability to vary in size. However, this ability can be limited by the plate-like structure all copper sulfides possess. Its anisotropic electrical conductivity has been experimentally proven to be greater within layers (i.e. perpendicular to c-axis). Researchers have shown that covellite nanoplatelets of approx. two nm thick, with one unit cell and two copper atoms layers, and diameters around 100 nm are ideal dimensions for electrocatalysts in oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). The basal planes experience preferential oxygen adsorption and larger surface area facilitates electron transfer. In contrast, with ambient conditions, nanoplatelets of dimensions of four nm width and greater than 30 nm diameter have been experimentally synthesized with less cost and energy. Conversely, localized surface plasmon resonances observed in covellite nanoparticles have recently been linked to the stoichiometry-dependent band gap key for nanocrystals. Thus, future chemical sensing devices, electronics, and others instruments are being explored with the use of nanostructures with covellite CuS.

title: Covellite