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Clifton, West Yorkshire

Clifton is a village on the eastern outskirts of Brighouse in the Calderdale district of West Yorkshire, England.

History
Clifton is mentioned as Cliftone in the Domesday book The entry reads ‘In Cliftone Escelf has seven carucates of land…where four ploughs may be…’The manor was one of two hundred manors granted by William the Conqueror to the Norman noble, Ilbert de Laci. The early Lords of the Manor lived at Clifton Hall (which was down Well Lane) and Cross Hall (later called Highley Hall). Remnants of the early ‘strip’ farming remain in the fields known as ‘The Acres’.

Clifton was historically a chapelry in the ancient parish of Dewsbury. It became a separate civil parish in 1866. From 1837 it formed part of the Halifax Poor Law Union and therefore became part of the Halifax Rural District when it was created in 1894. The parish of Clifton was abolished in 1937. Most of the parish, including the village itself, was added to the parish and Municipal Borough of Brighouse. Smaller areas were transferred to the parishes of Cleckheaton and Liversedge in the urban district of Spenborough. The borough of Brighouse was abolished in 1974, becoming part of Calderdale. No successor parish was created for the former borough and so Clifton is directly administered by Calderdale Council.

Governance
Clifton is a village in the Brighouse ward of Calderdale, a metropolitan borough in the ceremonial county of West Yorkshire, England.

Geography
The village is on the north side of the valley of the River Calder and the plateau adjoining it.

The village is on the route of the Calderdale Way. This is a 50-mile circular walk around the hills and valleys of Calderdale.

Culture and community
There are two public houses at either end of the main street (Towngate). One, the Black Horse Inn, was the Yorkshire Post pub restaurant of 2006. The other is the Armytage Arms. Clifton also has a small hairdressing salon.

The Clifton Village Community Association (CVCA) organises local events, in recent years has added a new memorial stone to men lost in WWII associated with Clifton Village war memorial railings and the village play park. In addition to restoring and managing the former telephone kiosk, the CVCA has oversight of local issues.

The Clifton Village Neighbourhood Forum (CVNF) was granted recognition by Calderdale Council on 1 August 2018 to produce a neighbourhood plan for Clifton Village.

Clifton also gives its name to the Clifton & Lightcliffe brass band. It is one of the country's oldest, formed in 1838. The band headquarters is in nearby Bailiff Bridge.

Landmarks
There are many local historical references connected to drift mining. It was first recorded in 1307 and also mentioned by Daniel Defoe, author of Robinson Crusoe, in his 1727 book 'A Tour Of Great Brittain'. On the western flank of the village is a long straight ridge, which constitutes the remains of a gravity railway that was last used to transport coal in 1920 to the municipal gasworks by the Calder and Hebble Navigation at Brighouse.

There are also intriguing historical connections such as America Lane, the fever hospital and Clifton 'airport' used by Sir Alan Cobham's Air Circus between the two world wars. The remains of the village well can be seen opposite the school.

At the easterly edge of the village is the 16th-century Kirklees Hall, whose grounds contain the reputed grave of Robin Hood. It was the model for 'Nunwood' in Charlotte Brontë's novel 'Shirley'. At the northerly end of the village, there remains evidence of strip farming, also known as 'open field system'. Originally, there were 32 strips of land and families would work two or three. Beyond were fields known as the Doles, common grazing land.

Doles Lane, a public right of way, still exists and starts (as Well Lane), opposite the Black Horse Inn a meeting place for Luddites, the machine wreckers, in the early 19th century. Highley Hall (formerly Crosse Hall), near the war memorial, was a farm until the 1990s. Originally the family home of Richard de Hileagh, constable of the village in the mid-14th century; it is now again a private residence.

Education
The village, a 'Village Design Statement' area, has a junior and infant school, St John's Primary Academy, originally built in the 1870s. It is a top-performing school, which was called 'outstanding' in successive Ofsted inspections such as in 2014. It was 7th best in England for SATS level 5 in December 2007. The academy has had many names, but was first called Clifton School, but now it is called St. John's CE Primary Academy, Clifton.

Religious sites
There is an Anglican church (first baptism Goldthorpe Squire 1859, first burial Zillah Ramsden 1860) within the Church of England Diocese of Leeds, and a Methodist church. Patrick Brontë, father of the novelist sisters, was Minister at the nearby Hartshead-cum-Clifton church.

Sport
Adjacent to the village is Willow Valley Golf Club. Each June, the club hosts the annual Yorkshire PGA Championship.

title: Clifton, West Yorkshire


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Luna, Rajasthan

Luna is a village in Rajasthan, India, famous as the birthplace of Mehdi Hassan. It is a panchayat village in Alsisar Tehsil of Jhunjhunu District.

Luna village might be the reference town for the famous motorette 'Luna' which was manufactured by Kinetic Industries of Uttar Pradesh in the late 1980s.

Demographics
In the India census of 2001, the village of Luna had a population of 1,620. Males constituted 54.7% (886) of the population and females 45.3% (734), for a gender ratio of 828 females per thousand males.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Luna, Rajasthan


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Point of Grace

Point of Grace is an all-female contemporary Christian music vocal group. The current trio consists of Shelley Breen, Denise Jones, and Leigh Cappillino. The group started out as a quartet in 1991, with original members Breen and Jones, as well as Terry Jones and Heather Payne. Terry Jones left in November 2003 to spend more time with her family after the birth of her third child, with Cappillino joining in March 2004 for their 2004 release I Choose You. In June 2008, Payne announced her retirement from the group to spend more time with her family.

The group's self-titled debut album was released in 1993. In 2003, they released their ninth album, 24 – a compilation of 24 previous hits.

1991–1992: Early years
Point of Grace was formed at Ouachita Baptist University (OBU) in Arkadelphia, Arkansas by Denise Masters, Terry Lang, and Heather Floyd, who knew one another from Norman, Oklahoma and sang together in a 14-member female vocal group called The Ouachitones. The three women formed a trio within the group, and were singing a cappella after a sound check when an onlooker suggested that they should do something together. Shelley Phillips from Little Rock, Arkansas came to OBU on a scholarship in vocal performance and was singing in a group called the Praise Singers, made up of four women and four men, who traveled around the country performing. She was a roommate and sister of Masters in the Chi Delta, and when Masters, Lang, and Floyd decided to form a trio, Phillips suggested that she join to form a quartet.

The group called themselves Say So, taken from Psalm 107:2 ("Let the redeemed of the Lord say so.") The group shared their own management, with Floyd responsible for publicity and album sales, Lang for finances, Phillips for booking, and Masters in charge of music; they also carried and set up their own equipment before performances. They performed every weekend for the rest of that year, then recorded an independent album. They attended the 1992 Music in the Rockies Christian Artists Seminar in Estes Park, Colorado, at which they won the Overall Grand Prize in the Group competition with a performance of "He's The Best Thing". The group subsequently received interest from major record labels, and signed with Word Records, moving to Nashville to record their self-titled debut album.

1993–1995: Point of Grace and The Whole Truth
On August 23, 1993, led by the No.1 single "I'll Be Believing", Point of Grace released their self-titled debut album. The album's next five singles also reached the top of the charts, a record that has not yet been equalled. In 1993, they were named New Artist of the Year at the 24th GMA Dove Awards and embarked on a national tour with Wayne Watson, for whom they sang backup after opening each concert. After that tour ended, they began doing concerts on their own.

The group went into the studio towards the end of 1994 to begin work on their second album, meeting 35 different songwriters. On March 15, 1995, The Whole Truth was released. The album's first single, "The Great Divide", reached No.1, the group's seventh consecutive No.1 single. The album was a chart success, remaining at No.1 for 13 consecutive weeks, and in the Top 10 for 45 consecutive weeks. It was certified gold by the RIAA in 1997, and the following four singles also reached the top of the charts. Point of Grace embarked on a nationwide tour with Phillips, Craig & Dean and guest Cheri Keaggy, and were also a part of the Young Messiah Farewell Tour, alongside Sandi Patty, 4Him, and Larnelle Harris. They also contributed songs to several special-event albums. They recorded a new rendition of the hymn "Fairest Lord Jesus" for the Hymns & Voices album; the song "Hold On To Me" for the My Utmost for His Highest project; and a new version of "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" for the album Christmas Carols Of The Young Messiah. They were named the 1996 Group of the Year at the Dove Awards and also won Doves for Pop/Contemporary Recorded Album of the Year (The Whole Truth), Pop/Contemporary Song of the Year ("The Great Divide") and Special Event Album of the Year (My Utmost For His Highest).

1996–1997: Life Love & Other Mysteries
In July 1995, having been featured in publications such as the Ladies Home Journal and TIME Magazine, the group signed a book deal with Simon & Schuster, co-written with Davin Seay. The book included the life story of each member, and other chapters were divided into question-and-answer sections addressing topics like dating, sex, clothes, family life, and friends.

The group also began work on their third album. John Mays, the A&R who had signed them to Word Records, had left to join Sparrow Records, and the group were left to make all major decisions, as executive producers of the album. The result was Life Love & Other Mysteries, released on September 9, 1996. The book was released on the same day, subtitled "Advice and Inspiration from Christian Music's No. 1 Pop Group".

On the day of the album release, Word Records chartered the Dallas Mavericks' DC-9 jet and the group flew to five different cities in one day to promote the album. At each stop they performed their current single, "Keep The Candle Burning", which went to No.1 on the day their album released, their twelfth consecutive No.1 single. A music video with footage from the whirlwind promo tour was released a few months later. The group announced a co-headline arena tour with 4Him, who had just released their album The Message, which was very successful, leading to the addition of a spring leg which lasted into early summer of 1997. In 1996, the group contributed the song "Follow the Star" to the album Emmanuel: A Musical Celebration of the Life of Christ. They were not able to go on the tour, with Avalon taking their place.

Life Love & Other Mysteries has been among their highest-selling albums to date, certified gold by the RIAA in 1997 and platinum in 1999. The album debuted at No.1 and stayed there for 10 weeks, finishing as one of the Top 5 selling albums of 1997 and one of the Top 10 of 1998. The album was nominated for a Grammy for Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album in 1997, and the group was nominated for the 1997 Group of the Year at the Dove Awards, with "Keep The Candle Burning" nominated for Song of the Year. The group performed the song during the live The Nashville Network broadcast from the Sommet Center. They continued touring until September 1997, taking a break when Masters's first child was born in October.

1998–2000: Steady On, A Christmas Story, and hiatus
Point of Grace began work on their new album in late 1997/early 1998, with producer Brown Bannister developing a more progressive, live band sound, and less programming than previous albums. Chris Eaton managed the vocal production, with more intricate vocal arrangements than previously. The group previewed some of the new songs, including "Jesus Is", "Steady On", and "Better Days", at one-off concert dates in the spring and summer of 1998, with a pause in the middle of recording for Terry Jones to give birth to her first child on April 15.

The remaining members appeared at the 1998 Dove Awards, where they were nominated for Artist of the Year, Group of the Year, and Pop/Contemporary Song of the Year for "Circle Of Friends", but did not win in any category. During The Nashville Network broadcast of the show, pre-show host Kathy Troccoli announced the birth of Jones' child a week earlier.

In July 1998, a new single was released, the title song from the album Steady On. A CD single was also released to Christian bookstores. The release include a pop remix and a dance remix version of "Steady On", as well as enhanced content on the CD, such as brief bios of the group members, excerpts from a new devotional book, a photo gallery, and other anecdotes. The album was released on August 4, 1998, and debuted at No.1 on the SoundScan sales chart, remaining in the Top 10 for seven consecutive weeks. It was certified gold by the RIAA in 1999 and platinum in 2002. The lead single and title track reached the top of the charts, becoming Point of Grace's 16th consecutive No.1 single. The next five singles achieved the same, making a total of 21 consecutive No.1s.

In October 1998, Point of Grace launched their first headline tour, "The Steady On Tour", also the first time they had toured with their own band, led by Dana Cappillino. In 1999, they won Dove Awards for Group of the Year and Enhanced CD of the Year for the "Steady On" CD Single. At the 1999 Grammy Awards, they were nominated for Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album for Steady On. Heather Floyd married in 1999 in the middle of the tour. They contributed the song "The River" to the Experiencing God album, the song "Forever On And On" to the Streams album project, and "Love Won't Leave You Now" for The Mercy Project, dedicated to Mercy Ministries of America.

After "The Steady On Tour" ended in the Spring of 1999, the band began work on their first Christmas release, recorded in Nashville, Tennessee; London, England; and Montreal, Canada, again in collaboration with producer Bannister, A&R man Brent Bourgeois, and Eaton as vocal arranger. The orchestra, arranged by Carl Marsh and Ronn Huff, was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London. The end result was A Christmas Story, a mix of traditional Christmas songs and originals, released on September 27, 1999. The group received media attention around this time as Life Love & Other Mysteries had just been certified platinum and "The Song Is Alive" had become their 21st No.1, appearing on Donny & Marie, ABC's The View, and The 700 Club. The quartet began touring together, but Terry Jones, who was nine months pregnant with her second child, left the tour halfway through, leaving the other three members to perform as a trio.

After the tour, the group took a year-long hiatus, regrouping occasionally for Women of Faith conferences and one or two individual dates. Word Records released Rarities & Remixes, a collection of remixed hits from their first two releases, four songs from their independent album, two rare tracks, and a live version of "Circle Of Friends".

2001–2003: Free to Fly, Girls of Grace, and 24
After the hiatus, Point of Grace regrouped in early 2001 to begin work on the follow-up to Steady On. They worked with six producers: Bannister, David Tyson, Nathan Nockels (who played keyboards for them on the Steady On Tour), Tom Laune, Glenn Garrett, and Wayne Tester, in order to achieve a diverse sound on the project. The lead single, "Blue Skies", was a radio hit, and reached No.1.

The album, Free to Fly, was released on May 1, 2001, and the same week the group opened the Dove Awards telecast. They promoted the album during the summer of 2001, performing at major Christian festivals and at their own concerts, while preparing for The Free To Fly Tour. On this tour, the group closed each show with a cappella rendition of "America The Beautiful", in honour of the victims of the September 11 attacks.

In early 2002, Point of Grace began work on a new project, the Girls of Grace, working with the Tennessee Choral Academy, and female artists such as Rachael Lampa, Joy Williams, Out of Eden and Jaci Velasquez. Point of Grace previewed the Girls of Grace devotional book, workbook, journal and album during the 2002 GMA Week and premiered one of their songs from the project, "All I'll Ever Need", on the 2002 Dove Awards telecast. They continued performing concerts until the summer of 2002, when they took a few months off. Shelley and Heather gave birth to their first children in September, and in the same month, Terry gave birth to her third child.

The Girls of Grace album was released on August 20, 2002, and the first conference took place in October in Lakeland, Florida. Point of Grace opened the event with a concert on Friday night, followed on Saturday by speakers including Susie Shellenberger of BRIO Magazine, and Nancy Alcorn of Mercy Ministries of America, as well as musical guests, including Joy Williams in 2002, Out of Eden in 2003 and 2004, The Katinas at some conferences in 2004, and Jaime Jamgochian and M.O.C. in 2005 and 2006.

In 2003, the compilation album, 24 was released, featuring the group's 24 greatest hits and a new song, "Day By Day". They also released their first DVD, entitled 7, which contained the videos to seven songs. In November 2003, they published a hardcover book titled Keep The Candle Burning: 24 Reflections From Our Favorite Songs. The group spent 2003 doing one-off shows, "Girls of Grace" concerts, and appeared on Michael W. Smith's Christmastime Tour.

2004–2006: Lineup changes, I Choose You, and Winter Wonderland
In November 2003, Terry Jones announced her retirement from Point of Grace to focus on her family. She wrote a letter published on the group's website, along with a letter from the remaining members announcing that band leader Dana Cappillino's wife Leigh would replace Jones. Terry Jones's last tour with the group was the 2003 Christmastime Tour with Michael W. Smith, and her last concert was in Little Rock, Arkansas, on February 28, 2004. Leigh Cappillino joined the group on January 1, 2004, but her first concert was in Atlanta, Georgia on March 12, 2004.

Cappillino's first album with Point of Grace was I Choose You, released on October 12, 2004. The album featured a rawer, less glossy sound, developed with new producers including Mark Hammond, Wayne Kirkpatrick and David Zaffiro. Brent Bourgeois, who produced the song "Forever On And On" from the Streams album, also produced one track. They spent the remainder of 2004 doing promotional appearances and participating again in Michael W. Smith's Christmastime Tour alongside The Katinas. In February 2005, they began the "I Choose You" Tour with Scott Krippayne and guest Charity Von. The tour visited 30 cities, and the set lists featured tracks from I Choose You as well as the group's back catalog.

After the tour, the group began work on their second Christmas release, recorded through the summer of 2005. Winter Wonderland was released on October 4, 2005. They launched their first Christmas tour, the Winter Wonderland Tour in late November, playing 16 concerts. The show had John David Webster, who had featured on Winter Wonderland, as a special guest, and local choirs participated in every show.

In 2006, the group resumed their Girls of Grace activities, and began working with Michael Passons, formerly of Avalon, who began touring with them. At one-off shows, the group's performances featured acoustic segments with Dana Cappillino and Michael Passons accompanying the vocalists on guitar and piano, respectively. Heather also gave birth to her third child in 2006. The group reprised the Winter Wonderland Tour in 2006 with guest Scott Krippayne.

2007–2009: How You Live
Point of Grace spent the first half of 2007 finishing their album How You Live. During that time, they contributed an a cappella rendition of the hymn "All Hail The Power Of Jesus' Name" to the WoW Hymns project, released in March 2007. They promoted the first two singles, "All The World" and "You Are Good" during GMA Week in April, and added a few album tracks to their live shows. They shot a video to the single "How You Live (Turn Up The Music)", in mid-June, released on their website in early July. Led by the single "All The World", they released the album How You Live in late August. "All The World" made the Top 40 in the Mediabase charts. The follow-up single, "How You Live (Turn Up The Music)" peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot Christian Adult Contemporary Chart. The album peaked at #56 on the Billboard 200 and at #4 on the Top Christian & Gospel Album Charts. The unexpected success of the album and single earned the group five Dove Award nominations, including Song of the Year for "How You Live (Turn Up The Music)", Group of the Year and Artist of the Year. "How You Live" was released to country radio in April 2008, entering the country charts at #56.

In February 2008, the band began the "All The World" Tour with guests Selah and Michael Passons, who had become the group's regular keyboardist.

In February 2008, Point of Grace was nominated for five Dove Awards, including Group of the Year and Artist of The Year. They performed their single "How You Live (Turn Up The Music)" with Cindy Morgan, the song's writer. They picked up the award for Country Recorded Song of the Year and Cindy Morgan won Songwriter of the Year for "How You Live (Turn Up The Music)." In the same week of the Doves telecast, they made their debut on the Grand Ole Opry stage, signifying their increasing move into the country music market. They have appeared on the show several times since their debut.

In June 2008, Heather Payne announced that she was retiring to spend time with her children and support her husband in his ministry. Breen, Cappillino and Denise Jones announced they would continue as a trio, and recorded new music for the re-release of their album How You Live, released in October 2008. The group's keyboardist Michael Passons, also a solo artist and former member of Avalon, sings on some of the group's older four-part harmonies.

The band released How You Live: Deluxe Edition and Tennessee Christmas: A Holiday Collection in early October, and went on their annual Winter Wonderland Tour in early December, with guest Ronnie Freeman.

In 2009, the group began by appearing at the Grand Ole Opry, performing "I Wish" and "How You Live (Turn Up The Music)". Their song, "I Wish", won the Dove Award for Country Recorded Song of the Year for songwriters, Cindy Morgan and Phil Madeira.

On August 23, 2009, the group appeared on Fox News Channel's Huckabee, performing "King of the World", the last single from How You Live, accompanied by Mike Huckabee on bass guitar.

2010–present: No Changin' Us, A Thousand Little Things, Directions Home
The album No Changin' Us, produced by Nathan Chapman, was released on March 2, 2010, featuring a more country sound. They embarked on a fall tour with Mark Schultz, called the Come Alive Tour. Alongside the album, they released a cookbook, Cooking with Grace, co-written with Julie Adkison.

The summer of 2010 was spent recording a new holiday album, Home For The Holidays, released on October 5, 2010. The group headlined a Christmas tour in support of the album.

A new album, A Thousand Little Things, was released on May 1, 2012.

Another album, Directions Home, was released on April 7, 2015.

In April 2018, they released a hymn and worship album called Beautiful Name. In August 2018, Point of Grace were inducted into the Oklahoma Music Hall Of Fame.

In October 2021, they released a new Christmas album called Sing Nöel.

Mercy Ministries
Since the beginning of their career, Point of Grace have supported Mercy Ministries of America, a non-profit organization that works with young women facing issues such as abuse, depression, unplanned pregnancies and eating disorders. The group frequently promote Mercy Ministries at their concerts, and founder Nancy Alcorn or other representatives from the organization have frequently appeared on tour with them to describe the work of Mercy Ministries. Alcorn is a regular featured speaker at the Girls of Grace conferences.

Compassion International
In 2006, the group began showing support for Compassion International, a Christian child-sponsorship organization dedicated to the long-term development of children living in poverty around the world. In March 2006, Heather Payne and her husband Brian traveled to El Salvador to meet their sponsored child, and in April 2006, Shelley Breen, Denise Jones and Leigh Cappillino went to Ecuador to meet their sponsored children. The group has partnered with Compassion to raise awareness for poverty and urge their listeners to sponsor children as well.

Tours

 * The Whole Truth Tour with Phillips, Craig & Dean and Cheri Keaggy (1995)
 * The Life Love & Other Mysteries Tour with 4Him (1996–97)
 * The Steady On Tour with special guests Watermark (1998–99)
 * An Amy Grant Christmas Tour (with Michael W. Smith and The Katinas) (1999)
 * The Free To Fly Tour with special guests FFH (2001–02)
 * The Christmastime Tour with Michael W. Smith and The Katinas (2002, 2003, 2004)
 * The I Choose You Tour with Scott Krippayne and special guest Charity Von (2004)
 * The Winter Wonderland Tour with special guest John David Webster (2005)
 * The Winter Wonderland Tour with special guest Scott Krippayne (2006, 2007)
 * The All The World Tour with special guests Selah and Michael Passons (2008)
 * The Winter Wonderland Tour with special guest Ronnie Freeman (2008)
 * The Come Alive Tour with Mark Schultz (2009–10)

title: Point of Grace


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Luis Royo

Luis Royo (born 1954) is a Spanish artist. He is best known for his fantasy illustrations published in numerous art books, magazines such as Heavy Metal and various other media including book and music CD covers, video games and Tarot cards.

Beginning his career as a furniture designer, he was attracted to the comics industry in the late 1970s by the work of artists like Enki Bilal and Moebius, and in 1979 he turned to art as a full-time career. Within a few years, he was publishing art within and on the covers of such magazines as Comix Rambla Internacional, El Vibora, Heavy Metal, National Lampoon, and Comic Art as well as providing cover illustrations for several American publishers.

Biography
Royo was born in Olalla, a village in the Aragonese province of Teruel.

In 1983, Royo began working as an illustrator for publishers in the United States such as Tor Books, Berkley Books, Avon and Bantam Books.

As his reputation grew, other publishers contacted Royo and he created custom covers for novels and magazines for Ballantine Books, NAL, DAW Books, Doubleday (publisher), HarperCollins, Zendra, Hasa Corporation, Penthouse Comix, Pocket Books with Star Trek: Voyager series and Battlestar Galactica novels, also Fleer for Ultra X-Men by Marvel.

An ongoing collaboration with Heavy Metal produced a large number of magazine covers including the 20th anniversary issue in 1997. Illustrations for the character F.A.A.K. were based on actress Julie Strain.

Royo's other well-known covers for fantasy and science fiction titles of this period included Robots and Empire by Isaac Asimov, Conan by Robert E. Howard, 2010: Odyssey Two by Arthur C. Clarke and StarMan and Wayfarer Redemption saga by Sara Douglass among others.

Women, Royo's first art book was published in 1992. It brings together many of his cover illustrations up to that date into one volume. His second book, Malefic, was published in 1994 and was dedicated to fantasy and science fiction imagery. This was followed in 1996 by Secrets, which was dedicated to erotism. Later art books, (III Millennium, Evolution, Visions and Dark Labyrinth) explored the same genres combining science fiction, apocalyptic worlds and myths of beauty and the beast, but received criticism for their explicit content.

In 2006, joined by Romulo Royo, Luis Royo traveled to Moscow to complete a commission to paint a fresco on a domed ceiling, reflecting classic themes of eroticism. The process and result of this work was published in another art book, Dome.

Royo began to work on Dead Moon in 2009, a project with an oriental theme. This produced two art books, Dead Moon and Dead Moon: Epilogue that tell a love story. Royo also designed a tarot deck using the Dead Moon theme. The original paintings were exhibited at Salón del Manga de Barcelona, ExpoManga and retail store Fnac.

In 2011, Luis and Romulo Royo started a multimedia project, Malefic Time, that included illustrated novels, a role playing game, figures based on illustrations, calendars and other spin-offs.

Royo worked with George R. R. Martin in 2014 to produce illustrations for Martin's novelette, "The Ice Dragon".

In 2018, he published the chest Projects with two books: Goddesses and Custom-Made, compiling his last works and projects.

Among his latest exhibitions are "Art Generations" at the Palazzo Ducale in the walled city of Lucca, organized by the Lucca Comics & Games fair, the exhibition space with more prestige worldwide dedicated to fantasy, "The Dream of Fantasy" at the European Museum of Modern Art (MEAM) in Barcelona, and "Komorebi Eterno: Japan through Fantasy Art" at the Spanish-Japanese Cultural Center of Salamanca.

As a culmination of his artistic career, the Uffizi Gallery (Florence, Italy) has requested his self-portrait to add it to its collection.

Awards and exhibitions
In 1994 Penthouse magazine reported on Royo's work and later in 1996, one of his images was used on the cover of the American and German editions, both with an interior report. In the same year he received the Spectrum silver award for best contemporary fantastic art. Reports on his work also appeared in other publications: La Stampa in Italy, Airbrush Action in the United States and Penthouse Comic in Germany.

In 1998 Royo exhibited at the Norma Gallery in Barcelona and at the Viñetas desde o Atlántico comic festival in A Coruña. He received the Millennium Prize at the 7th Salone del Fumetto Cartoomics convention in Milan in 2000. He also exhibited his work in St. Petersburg in 2001 and received the El Peregrino fantasy award at CTPAHHNK.

In 2006 Royo exhibited his work at the 24th Barcelona comic fair. He also received the Unicorn fantasy award at the 7th International Fantasy and Terror Film Week in Málaga.

Royo won the Inkpot Award at San Diego Comic-Con in 2015.

title: Luis Royo


text:
Commodore DOS

Commodore DOS, also known as CBM DOS, is the disk operating system used with Commodore's 8-bit computers. Unlike most other DOSes, which are loaded from disk into the computer's own RAM and executed there, CBM DOS is executed internally in the drive: the DOS resides in ROM chips inside the drive, and is run there by one or more dedicated MOS 6502 family CPUs. Thus, data transfer between Commodore 8-bit computers and their disk drives more closely resembles a local area network connection than typical disk/host transfers.

CBM DOS versions
At least seven distinctly numbered versions of Commodore DOS are known to exist; the following list gives the version numbers and related disk drives. Unless otherwise noted, drives are 5¼-inch format. The "lp" code designates "low-profile" drives. Drives whose model number starts with 15 connect via Commodore's unique serial IEEE-488 bus (IEC Bus) serial (TALK/LISTEN) protocols; all others use the parallel IEEE-488.

 * 1.0 – found in the 2040 and 3040 floppy drives
 * 2.0 – found in the 4040 and 3040 floppy drives
 * 2.5 – found in the 8050 floppy drives
 * 2.6 – found in the 1540, 1541 including the one built into the SX-64, 1551, 2031 (+"lp"), and 4031 floppy drives
 * 2.7 – found in the 8050, 8250 (+"lp"), and SFD-1001 floppy drives
 * 3.0 – found in the 1570, external 1571, and 8280 floppy drives (8280: 8-inch), as well as the 9060 and 9090 hard drives
 * 3.1 – found in the built-in 1571 drive of C128DCR computers
 * 10.0 – found in the 1581 (3½-inch) floppy drive

Version 2.6 was by far the most commonly used and widely known DOS version, due to its use in the 1541 as part of C64 systems.

Note: The revised firmware for the 1571 which fixed the relative file bug was also identified as V3.0. Thus it is not possible to differentiate the two versions using the version number alone.

1541 directory and file types
The 1541 Commodore floppy disk can contain up to 144 files in a flat namespace (no subdirectories); the directory is stored on reserved track 18, which is located halfway from the hub to the edge of a 35-track single-sided disk. A file name may be up to 16 bytes in length and is theoretically unique; by using direct access methods on the directory structure, it is possible to rename a file to that of another—although accessing such files may be difficult or impossible. Files with identical names usually serve no purpose except to inform or visually manage files. One popular trick, used, for example, by The Final Cartridge III, was to add files named  of type   to the directory, and files could then be rearranged around those lines to form groups. Many game developers, warez group members, and demoscene hackers used some more clever custom directory entries as well.

File names may contain a shifted space character, and if the directory listing is being viewed from BASIC, the portion of the file name beyond the  character will appear to have been separated from the first part of the file name by a quotation mark, causing BASIC to not consider it to be part of the full file name. This feature can be used to create directory entries such as SAVE "PROGRAM ",8,1, which will then appear in the directory listing as, for example, 32 "PROGRAM",8,1 PRG. When the user moves the cursor to the beginning of the line, types the word  over the file size, and presses, BASIC interprets that as LOAD "PROGRAM",8,1 ..., causing the program to be loaded into memory. Anything after the colon or the secondary address will not be executed, since the computer ignores any command after a LOAD. Alternatively, the user could press to LOAD and RUN the program automatically.

A null byte embedded in a file name will interrupt the listing after loading by BASIC. If there are three null bytes, that makes it difficult to list through BASIC. Many machine language programmers would experiment with null bytes in an attempt to make it harder for BASIC programmers to access their code and tamper with it.

In BASIC, the directory can be accessed as a non-executable pseudo-BASIC program with LOAD "$0",8 (or LOAD "$1",8 in the case of a dual drive) followed by. The first line has a line number of 0 or 1 (indicating the drive number), showing in reverse video the name and ID of the disk and a shorthand code for the DOS version with which it was created (codes vary only as far as the DOS versions use incompatible disk formats: "2A" is used by most 5.25-inch DOS versions, "3D" by the 3.5-inch 1581). Lines after this have the size of a file (in disk blocks) as their pseudo "line number", followed by the file name in quotes and the three-letter type code. The last line shows the number of unallocated blocks on the disk (again as a pseudo "line number"), followed by the words "BLOCKS FREE."

On the Commodore 64, entering LOAD "$",8,1 will flood the screen with garbage instead of loading the directory into BASIC RAM. This is because the drive assigns the directory a load address of $0401 (1025), which is equivalent to the start of BASIC for the Commodore PET, but corresponds to the default screen memory in the C64 (starting with the second character on the first line of the screen).

Viewing the directory with a LOAD "$",8 command overwrites the BASIC program in memory. The DOS Wedge and various third-party cartridges and extenders such as Epyx Fast Load, Action Replay, and The Final Cartridge III allow viewing of the disk directory using special commands that load the directory into screen memory without destroying the current BASIC program. Some versions of Commodore BASIC include a   or   command that performs the same function.

The following file types are supported:

 * A sequential file is a data file that can be linearly read from start to finish.  files are commonly used to store documents or text files created by a word processor or other such editor. A sequential file is analogous to a flat file in Linux or UNIX, in that it has no specialized internal structure.  It is not possible to position to any arbitrary location in a sequential file, as there is no analog of the   kernel call found in UNIX-like operating systems.
 * A sequential file is a data file that can be linearly read from start to finish.  files are commonly used to store documents or text files created by a word processor or other such editor. A sequential file is analogous to a flat file in Linux or UNIX, in that it has no specialized internal structure.  It is not possible to position to any arbitrary location in a sequential file, as there is no analog of the   kernel call found in UNIX-like operating systems.

 * files normally contain executable program code, although they can also be used for data files. The first two bytes of the  are read by the kernal "load file" routine and used to determine the load address (they are stored in a little endian format).
 * files normally contain executable program code, although they can also be used for data files. The first two bytes of the  are read by the kernal "load file" routine and used to determine the load address (they are stored in a little endian format).

 * A relative file is a variation of the sequential file type, in which an indexing mechanism referred to as side-sectors is present to permit record-oriented access. Records may be a maximum of 254 bytes in size and are addressed by a one-based cardinal number, permitting true random access to any part of the file.
 * A relative file is a variation of the sequential file type, in which an indexing mechanism referred to as side-sectors is present to permit record-oriented access. Records may be a maximum of 254 bytes in size and are addressed by a one-based cardinal number, permitting true random access to any part of the file.

 * A user-specified file has an internal structure that is identical to that of a sequential file. Commodore's original purpose for this file type was the facilitation of DOS development, as the file content could be copied into a drive buffer for execution by the drive's microprocessor. Very few programs ever made use of this file type. Some applications that use non-standard low-level disk structures save data in USR format, which came to be considered a sort of "leave me alone, don't try to copy or delete" indication to the user. Most notably, GEOS' "VLIR" files show up as  files.
 * A user-specified file has an internal structure that is identical to that of a sequential file. Commodore's original purpose for this file type was the facilitation of DOS development, as the file content could be copied into a drive buffer for execution by the drive's microprocessor. Very few programs ever made use of this file type. Some applications that use non-standard low-level disk structures save data in USR format, which came to be considered a sort of "leave me alone, don't try to copy or delete" indication to the user. Most notably, GEOS' "VLIR" files show up as  files.

 * An undocumented internally used file type similar in structure to a sequential file. Creation of this file type must be accomplished by direct manipulation of the disk directory.
 * An undocumented internally used file type similar in structure to a sequential file. Creation of this file type must be accomplished by direct manipulation of the disk directory.

The presence of an asterisk prepended to the file type in a directory listing (for example,  ) indicates that the file was not properly closed after writing. When the drive is commanded to close a file that has been opened for writing, the associated buffer is flushed to the disk and the block availability map (BAM) is updated to accurately reflect which blocks have been used. If a program crash or other problem (such as the user removing the disk while a file is open) results in an "orphan file", also referred to as a "poison" or "splat" file, buffers are not flushed and the BAM will not accurately reflect disk usage, putting the disk at risk of corruption. A poison file generally cannot be accessed (but can be opened in "modify" mode), and an attempt to use the DOS  command to delete the file may cause filesystem corruption, such as crosslinking. The only practical method of removing one of these files is by opening the file in "modify" mode (and fixing it), or by validating the disk (see the DOS  command below), the latter which rebuilds the BAM and removes poison file references from the directory. The infamous save-with-replace bug could result in creation of splat files.

is a special type written into the on-disk directory entry of files that have been deleted. Such files are not shown in a normal directory listing, and their data blocks and directory entries will be reused by files that are subsequently created. Some utility programs allow the "un-deletion" of such files if their data blocks and directory entries haven not yet been overwritten by other files. are commonly used to insert banners or comment sections into a directory listing.

File types with  after them (for example,  ) are "locked", and cannot be deleted—they can be opened for reading, however. There is no Commodore DOS command that can explicitly set or clear this status, but many third-party utilities were written to allow this to be done. These utilities generally read the directory using direct-access commands, perform the necessary modifications to the raw data, and then write the changes back to the disk.

File access
Accessing files is primarily an issue for the host computer. The kernal ROM in the computer contains the necessary primitive routines needed to access files, and the BASIC ROM contains a higher level abstraction for file access using BASIC syntax. The components that concern the DOS itself are file name parsing and the secondary address. This section will give an overview of the necessary BASIC commands for the sake of completeness.

Opening a file on a Commodore disk unit entails the processing of a number of parameters that are vaguely analogous to file opening procedures in other environments. Since the DOS is actually running in the drive's controller, the file opening sequence must pass enough information to the drive to assure unambiguous interpretation. A typical statement in BASIC to write to a sequential file would be as follows:

 * OPEN 3,8,4,"0:ADDRESSBOOK,S,W"

The parameters following the  verb are as follows:

 * 3
 * This parameter, the file number, logically identifies the opened file within the computer's operating system and is analogous to a file descriptor in UNIX-like operating systems. It is never sent to the drive and thus is neither known nor used by the drive's own operating system. The file number may be in the range of 1 to 254 inclusive, is assigned by the programmer and must be unique if more than one file is simultaneously opened. Once the file has been opened all program input and output procedures use the file number. In assembly language programs, this value is often referred to as LA (logical address), the abbreviation coming from the mnemonic that refers to the memory location where the file number is stored. File numbers greater than 127 cause the system to write an extra line feed after each carriage return (useful for double spacing a document, as an example.)

 * 8
 * This parameter, the device number, identifies a specific peripheral attached to the computer. Devices 0 through 3 address the keyboard, tape cassette, RS-232 interface, and video display, respectively, all of which are directly controlled by the kernal ROM. Device numbers 4 and higher address devices attached to the peripheral bus, such as printers or disk drives. In the case of a disk drive, the device number refers to the unit's controller, not the drive mechanism(s) within the unit. By convention, the first disk drive unit on a system has device number 8, the second drive, if present, 9, etc., up to a maximum number of 15 (when eight disk drives are attached). The device number scheme was derived from the IEEE-488 (or general purpose interface GPIB) bus that was used with the Commodore PET/CBM models. In assembly language programs, this value is often referred to as FA or PA (physical address), again from the mnemonic for the memory location where the device number is stored.

 * 4
 * This parameter, the secondary address, which may range from 0 to 15 inclusive, refers to a specific communication channel established with the device's controller and is passed to the device when it is commanded to "talk" or "listen" on the peripheral bus. As with the file number, the secondary address is determined by the programmer and must be unique for the device in question. The range 0 to 14 inclusive is used for passing data to or from the device, whereas 15, referred to as the "command channel", is used to issue commands to the device's controller (such as to rename a disk file), if the device is able to support such an operation. In disk drives, secondary addresses 0 to 14 inclusive are mapped to buffers within the controller, hence establishing communication with a specific file on a specific disk; since as mentioned above the drive does not know about the file number, it can only use the secondary address to make a difference between several files that are open at the same time. On the other hand, the host operating system is agnostic about the secondary address; it is transmitted to the drive on every access to the file, but not otherwise used by the host. In assembly language programs, this value is often referred to as SA (secondary address).

 * COMMAND STRING
 * The  parameter is officially referred to in Commodore documentation as the command string and is interpreted by the controller of the device being accessed. In the case of a disk drive unit, the formal command string structure consists of the drive mechanism number (, not to be confused with the device number), filename , file type ( , sequential in this example) and access mode ( , opened for writing in this example).  In practice, some of these parameters may be omitted. Minimally, only the filename is required if the file is to be opened for reading.

 * The drive number identifies a drive mechanism attached to a disk unit's controller and is analogous to a logical unit number in a SCSI controller that is capable of controlling multiple mechanisms (e.g., the OMTI SASI controllers that were developed to work with ST-412/ST-506 hard drives in the 1980s). In floppy disk units, the first mechanism is drive 0: and the second is 1:. It is fairly common practice to omit the drive number when communicating with a single drive floppy unit, as 0: is the default in such units, but since omitting the number can trigger a few obscure bugs in the DOS it is not a recommended practice (a colon alone is equivalent to 0: and is enough to avoid those bugs). An exception to this convention is with the Lt. Kernal hard disk subsystem, in which the drive number refers to "logical units" (virtual drives created on a single physical drive), which made syntax such as 4: or 10: necessary if a file to be opened was not on logical unit zero (equivalent to drive mechanism zero in a dual floppy unit).

Files can also be loaded and saved to with  and   commands. File name specifiers can also be used here, for example, SAVE "FILE",8 saves the BASIC program to a  (program) file and SAVE "0:FILE,SEQ,WRITE",8,1 saves the BASIC program to a sequential file. If the secondary address isn't specified or is specified as 0 (e.g. LOAD "FILE",8), the file is saved/loaded from the BASIC memory area (which, on the C64, starts by default at $0801). If the secondary address is specified as a non-zero value (e.g. LOAD "FILE",8,1), the program is loaded starting from the address specified by the file itself (the PRG header, which is the first two bytes of the file)—this form of command is more common when loading machine code programs.

Load relocation was first introduced on the VIC-20 because this machine could start BASIC RAM in several different locations, depending on the memory expansion that was installed. The older Commodore PET series did not support relocation, so LOAD "FILE",8 and LOAD "FILE",8,1 would have the same effect: the file would be loaded into the same memory region from which it was saved. Load relocation happens in the host, being an exception to what is said above about the secondary address being used only device-internally. Since the PET cannot relocate files, BASIC programs written on later Commodore machines must be modified by using a sector editor to change the header bytes. It is also possible to use the PET's built-in machine language monitor to change the link address for the BASIC program after loading it.

The command LOAD "*",8,1 will load the first program on the disk starting from the file-specified memory location. This is one of the most popular load commands of the platforms, the method to start majority of commercial software, for example. Of note is the fact that the wildcard expansion will only pick the first catalog name when no other file on that disk has been accessed before; the name of the last-used file is kept in memory, and subsequent LOAD "*",8,1 commands will load that file rather than the first. (However, LOAD "0:*",8,1 or LOAD ":*",8,1 will always load the first file on the disk.)

The directories of disks in two-drive units are accessed as LOAD "$0", 8 and LOAD "$1", 8. and  do not access the directory but actual files on one drive or the other that just happen to be named. Partial directories can be loaded by adding a colon and a template: for example, LOAD "$0:K*=P",8 would load a partial directory that shows only the files whose name starts with the letter K and which are of type PRG; all such partial directories still contain the initial disk name line and the final "BLOCKS FREE" line.

The save-with-replace bug
Commodore DOS also offers a "Save-with-Replace" command, which allows a file to be saved over an existing file without the need to first  the existing file. This was done by prepending an  symbol to the file name during the   or   operation - for instance, SAVE "@MY PROGRAM",8. For years rumors spread, beginning with the 4040 drive, of a bug in the command's implementation. At first, this was denied by some commentators. Prizes were offered to prove the existence of the bug. By early 1985 Compute! magazine advised readers to avoid using the command. That year various authors independently published articles  proving that the Save-with-Replace bug was real and including methods by which it could be triggered.

Affected devices included the single-drive 1541 and dual-drive 4040; the 8050 and 8250 did not exhibit the issue. Some commentators suggested the bug could be avoided by always explicitly specifying the  drive number when saving, though it was later shown that any disk operations without a drive number were sufficient to lead to the bug. The bug stemmed from the fact that the affected DOS implementations were modified versions of the DOS contained in earlier Commodore PET dual drives such as the 8050. This created a "phantom drive " on single-drive systems, resulting in the allocation of an unnecessary buffer under some conditions. Since the Save-with-Replace command used all five drive buffers, and because the method by which the "phantom" buffer was allocated did not meet specifications, this resulted in scrambled data being written to the disk under some conditions.

In September 1986, Philip A. Slaymaker published an article describing in great detail the cause of the bug and providing patches to the 1541 drive ROMs; readers with an EPROM burner could produce their own patched ROMs which could be swapped into the drive. Commodore was made aware of Slaymaker's findings, and while they never issued an official update for the original 1541's ROMs, they did fix the bug in Revision 5 of the 1571 ROMs, and also in the ROMs for the 1541-c and 1541-II drives. Although not supported by Commodore, it is known that the 1541-II firmware (but not that of the 1541-c) can also be used in an original 1541 drive by using EPROMs, which will fix the bug for that drive as well.

Command channel
As previously noted, the Commodore DOS itself is accessed via the "command channel", using syntax like that used to access files. Issuing commands to the DOS and retrieving status and error messages generated in response to commands is accomplished by opening a file to the device using 15 as the secondary address, for example:

 * OPEN 1,8,15

To retrieve and display the device status, one could code:

 * OPEN 1,8,15:INPUT#1,E,E$,T,S:PRINT E,E$,T,S:CLOSE 1

In the above example,  will hold the error number (if any, it will be zero if no error exists),   will be a terse text description of the error,   will represent the disk track where the error occurred, and   will be the sector on track   to which the error refers. If no error exists, the equivalent of 00,OK,00,00 will be returned in the four variables. Note that  is a run mode only verb. Also, in programs that issue many disk commands it is customary to open a file to the device's command channel at the start of the program and not close it until the program has finished.

Commodore BASIC versions 4.0 and later provide a pseudo-variable referred to as  that may be used to retrieve drive status in lieu of the above code. This reserved variable is not available on earlier versions of BASIC, so the command channel must be manually read as demonstrated above. Note that immediately after power-on or reset, the DOS revision will be returned. For example, a 1541 will return 73,CBM DOS V2.6 1541,00,00. Error code 73 is common to all drive models and may be used to determine if the drive has been reset to its power-on state.

DOS commands
There are also a command for seeking in RELative type files, several block-level direct-access commands , block management , drive memory manipulation and execution of program code on the drive's processor and user-definable functions (  and   commands). Some of the theoretically user-definable functions were rededicated for accessing new functionality in DOS versions after 1.0.

title: Commodore DOS


text:
Friday's Child (Star Trek: The Original Series)

"Friday's Child" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. Written by D.C. Fontana and directed by Joseph Pevney, it was first broadcast December 1, 1967.

In the episode, the crew of the Enterprise become entangled in a planet's tribal power struggle. Adding to their difficulty is the presence of the Klingons, and a woman (Julie Newmar) who does not want her unborn child.

The episode's title is derived from a traditional English poem, known as "Monday's Child". The reference is to a line in the 1887 Harper's Weekly version of the poem: "Friday's child is full of woe."

Plot
The USS Enterprise, under the command of Captain Kirk, arrives at Capella IV to negotiate a mining contract for a valuable mineral. The Capellans are violent and warlike, but scrupulously honest. Kirk beams down to the planet with Dr. McCoy, First Officer Spock and a security officer; they find that Kras, a Klingon emissary, is already present. The Capellans order Kirk and his party to hand over their weapons as the Klingon has done, and despite killing Kirk's security escort for drawing a weapon on the Klingon, treat the party as honored guests.

The Capellans' leader, Akaar, favors the Federation's offer over that of the Klingons. However, another Capellan named Maab challenges his leadership. Fighting breaks out among the Capellans and Maab kills Akaar, winning the title of Teer (leader) for himself. He orders the death of Eleen, Akaar's pregnant wife, because her unborn child represents competition to Maab's rule. Kirk, Spock, and McCoy manage to escape with Eleen into some nearby hills. While a party of Capellans pursue them, McCoy is determined to assist with Eleen's pregnancy, despite her culture's prohibition against physical contact with a Teer's wife. He succeeds in winning her cooperation, but she cannot reconcile herself to bearing the child, who in her culture would belong to no one. McCoy tells her to repeat the words "the child is mine", but she misinterprets this, thinking McCoy is claiming the child as his own. The delivery is successful, but Kirk is unable to reach Enterprise using their communicators because the starship has been drawn away by a false distress call.

The Capellans arrive and Eleen escapes to surrender to Maab, claiming that she killed the humans. When Kras questions her story, he pulls out a Federation phaser that he had retrieved earlier and threatens everyone. Maab sacrifices himself to draw Kras's fire, and a Capellan warrior kills the Klingon. A team from Enterprise appears and prevents further violence. Back on Enterprise, it is revealed that Eleen, acting as her son's regent, has authorized the mining agreement with the Federation and that the child has been named Leonard James Akaar. Because of this, Spock predicts that Kirk and McCoy will be "insufferably pleased" with themselves "for at least a month".

Production and reception
Writer D.C. Fontana said she wanted a story about a strong woman who did not necessarily want children. Her original idea was used largely unchanged, with the major exception being the addition of the Klingons.

Zach Handlen of  The A.V. Club gave the episode a "B+", praising it for giving McCoy a stronger presence and better lines.


text:
Talk:George Takei

diagnosis murder?
In the tv section it fails to mention that he was in an episode of diagnosis murder. ?Scraliontis (talk) 11:34, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

Headers in italics
Are the headers under personal life and activism italicized on purpose? 104.241.44.198 (talk) 04:23, 7 June 2018 (UTC)
 * No, thanks for the catch. The original article had the headers italicized in a different section and I just made the new headers the same way without really thinking about it. Good catch and thanks! StarHOG (talk) 13:26, 7 June 2018 (UTC)

Jeffrey Epstein conspiracy theories
Here's my suggestion for how to improve the article. Thoughts?

"The death of Jeffrey Epstein, an American financier billionaire and convicted sex offender, has become the subject of conspiracy theories. In August 2019, Takei tweeted: "It is disturbing that a powerful billionaire accused of sex trafficking minors, who was already on suicide watch, has died while in federal custody, his many secrets about other powerful men going with him to the grave. This sounds like something that would happen in Russia, no?""

-- Tobby72 (talk) 09:19, 28 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Not sure if every tweet made about current events deserves placement in the article. Takei is pretty active and vocal about current events, this may be a slippery slope. StarHOG (Talk) 12:39, 28 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree. I don't think this tweet has lasting significance to be included in an encyclopedia article. – Wallyfromdilbert (talk) 12:46, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

sexual misconduct section
Is there a "statute of limitations" per se on wikipedia for sexual misconduct allegations that went no where? I know of a few articles that mention this, but the accuser never pressed charges or anything, or in George's case, the accuser was kind of debunked. If I were a celebrity like George, it would bother me that this is sticking to my wikipedia page long after it had been settled, debunked, or was no longer in the media and notable. Any thoughts? Is there a wikipedia standard for this? StarHOG (Talk) 12:37, 7 April 2020 (UTC)
 * The section is well-sourced and basically states the claim lacked any merit. It also includes the retraction of said claim by the claimant. You could argue this lends WP:UNDUE weight to the affair, but given the length of the article, I do not think it does. Kleuske (talk) 12:49, 7 April 2020 (UTC)
 * That is my fear, that it is now receiving undue weight since it was retracted. It isn't in the news anymore, and nothing has been done by the accuser or the police or George. I don't think the length of the article really has any bearing on if it should stay or go. I'd like some others to weigh in on this, and I would still like to know if wikipedia has any guidance with this sort of thing. StarHOG (Talk) 21:27, 7 April 2020 (UTC)
 * It was widely reported, and so I think it is probably relevant to include, but I think the section could be rewritten and significantly shortened. I am going to cut a few lines, but it probably still could use some work. – wallyfromdilbert (talk) 22:29, 7 April 2020 (UTC)

Should this section be included in George Takei's Wikipedia page? It seems like a gross injustice to smear the name of a survivor of the Japanese internment camps when the accuser, Scott Bruton, admitted that his false accusations of sexual assault against Takei were racially motivated. Are we to perpetuate further injustice against an Asian American public figure who already suffered so much racism here in the United States just because media outlets ran wild against him without actual evidence? This absolutely trivializes the important issue of sexual assault awareness by turning it into a weapon to smear people of color. It's beyond unjust and shameful. AsianAmericanAdvocate (talk) 17:54, 6 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I think the section should stay, and as neutral as possible. This is an encyclopedia and people come here to find out about things. It is something that was in the media and is relevant. I don't recall anything in what I read that the accuser said he was racially motivated, can you give a source for that? Regardless of his reasons, it still happened and is relevant. The title of the section should remain as neutral as possible without a POV inserted. StarHOG (Talk) 18:12, 6 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, I can provide you the source as I have followed this story very closely since the beginning. In The Observer, journalist Shane Snow interviewed the accuser Scott Bruton. The accuser said, “He [Takei] was 20 years older than me and short. And I wasn’t attracted to Asian men.” He added, “I was a hot, surfer, California boy type, that he probably could have only gotten had he bought, paid for or found someone just willing to ride on his coattails of fame.” The link to this article is here: https://observer.com/2018/05/george-takei-accuser-scott-brunton-changed-his-story-of-drugs-assault/. As you can see in the accuser's own words, documented by reliable secondary sources, he ridicules Takei based on very racist anti-Asian tropes like Takei being "short." He even implied that he found Asian men unattractive. There is another implication that Bruton, as a white male "hot surfer California boy type," is too good and far above an "ugly" "short" Asian man. It is classic racism coupled with the false accusation of sexual assault to ride the coattails of the #MeToo movement. It denigrates the issue of sexual assault and continues to traumatize non-binary and LGBTQ Asian men and women. AsianAmericanAdvocate (talk) 18:34, 6 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but as editors we can't "connect the dots" and then make statements in an article about what we think is true, even if the evidence is overwhelming. It's called Original Research and it isn't allowed. If the accusations were race related then you need to find an independent, 3rd party source that reaches that same conclusion. StarHOG (Talk) 14:51, 9 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Disagree. Per WP:BLP and WP:BLPCRIME, this seems like an egregious inclusion of contentious material. The title of the section implies Takei committed a crime. This section seems to exist to paint Takei in a negative light, and when there is any doubt we should err on the side of the presumption of innocence. This goes beyond mere Wikipedia policy. This strikes at the heart of what it means to live in a just society.-TrueQuantum (talk) 17:44, 10 June 2021 (UTC)

I am removing the Sexual Misconduct section from this BLP. The sources are both conflicting and not high quality for the seriousness of the accusations leveled against Takei. Furthermore, there is no action taken against Takei in a court of law. Per WP:BLP and WP:BLPCRIME I believe that the policies agreed upon by the Wikipedia community demand that this action be taken. If anyone disagrees with this decision, please feel free to revert my edit but then I would like a formal RfC. TrueQuantum (talk) 14:34, 11 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm going to revert, because I feel it is relevant. It may need re-writing, but it is still relevant. The only reason WP:BLP may come into play is by placing undue weight on the section, but again, I think that can be corrected with a re-write. Additionally, it is obvious from this talk page section that we are trying to come to a consensus on how this information should be presented, just blanking it isn't a solution. StarHOG (Talk) 16:03, 14 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Yeah, the topic has received enough media attention that it needs to be addressed in the article, in some way. People will come here to find the facts, and if it isn't mentioned, they'll instead assume whatever they want to be true, and think less of WP for not covering it. -Jason A. Quest (talk) 18:01, 14 June 2021 (UTC)

Did Takei ever teach acting?
Did Takei ever teach acting formally? I don't see any mention in the article, and Web searching turns up nothing. David Spector (talk) 22:30, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Takei


text:
Liberal Party (Utah)

The Liberal Party was a political party established in the latter half of the 1800s in Utah Territory before the national Democrats and Republicans established themselves in Utah in the early 1890s.

The Liberal Party formed in 1870 to oppose Mormons, which dominated local politics via the People's Party. The Liberal Party thus represented opposition to government controlled by organized religious groups.

Though vastly outnumbered, the Liberal Party offered an opposing voice and won several local elections. Anti-Mormonism remained a central theme of the party until it disbanded in 1893 and became absorbed by the national parties.

Origins
The impetus for the setting up of the Liberal Party came from William S. Godbe, a successful businessman and Latter-day Saint who founded a journal called Utah Magazine in 1868. Godbe and several business associates challenged the economic policies of LDS Church President Brigham Young in the monthly periodical, especially Young's opposition to mining. When increasingly harsh condemnations aimed at LDS leadership appeared, the LDS Church excommunicated key "Godbeites" on October 25, 1869.

Corresponding during the winter, key Godbeites and non-Mormons made an uneasy alliance based on their shared opposition to LDS control over temporal matters in the territory.

The Liberal Party formed after a meeting on February 9, 1870 to select independent candidates for the Salt Lake City municipal election. The organizers billed the occasion as a meeting of the "people." A crowd of Latter-day Saints, encouraged by local bishops and a Deseret Evening News editorial, attended in numbers and nearly hijacked the meeting. After the LDS crowd had selected its own slate of candidates, frustrated Godbeite Eli B. Kelsey asked the Mormons to leave, which they did. The remaining non-Mormons selected an independent municipal ticket, forming the Liberal Party. Liberal leaders intended that their party's name suggest reform and evoke Britain's Liberal Party.

In response, Latter-day Saints formed the People's Party, a title that was selected to suggest popularity; it alluded to the Liberal Party's disrupted meeting of "the people". Latter-day Saints had previously won virtually all elections unchallenged.

Early Liberal Party speakers carefully avoided condemning LDS theology or polygamy, because several Godbeites themselves practised polygamy. Eli B. Kelsey and Henry W. Lawrence, both Godbeites, gained election as the first officers of the new party. Non-Mormons, including R. N. Baskin, George R. Maxwell, and Judge Dennis Toohy of Corinne, played an active role in the party but stayed in the background initially, hoping that ex-Mormon Godbeites would prove more effective leaders and candidates.

Godbeites believed they should reform Utah and the LDS Church to adopt more politically-progressive policies, but the non-Mormon element of the party took a more adversarial line. Non-Mormon partisans, especially miners and railroad workers, would increasingly dominate party leadership. Through the 1870s, the Liberal Party grew less appeasing of Godbeites and more openly anti-Mormon and anti-polygamy. Waning Godbeite influence was shown even by 1871, when Liberals Dennis Toohy and George R. Maxwell infuriated Godbeites at a party meeting by calling polygamists "dupes" and criminals of perverse sensuality.

Like many political parties of the time, the Liberal Party ran a newspaper although unofficially. Godbe's Utah Magazine became the Mormon Weekly Tribune and in 1873, three anti-Mormon newcomers from Kansas bought it and it became The Salt Lake Tribune. Until the Liberal Party disbanded in 1893, the Tribune would operate as the Liberal Party's de facto political organ. Similarly, the Deseret Evening News, owned by the LDS Church, often functioned as a People's Party organ.

History
Unsurprisingly, the Liberal Party performed poorly against the Mormon majority. In the 1870 Salt Lake City mayoral race, Liberal Henry W. Lawrence lost to Daniel H. Wells 321 to 2301. Statewide contests produced even more lopsided figures, with Liberals regularly failing to garner 10% of the vote. Although Liberals never won a single statewide office, the party served as a political foil and won several local elections, including:

 * The so-called Tooele Republic in 1874
 * Ogden, Utah in 1889
 * Salt Lake City, Utah in 1890

When the party first formed in 1870, party officials tried to win offices in the town of Corrine and reasoned that they could more readily overwhelm the small local population. They failed but continued to scout other promising areas.

In Tooele County, perhaps the only non-Mormon majority in the territory existed. Its residents, mostly transitory miners, congregated in Utah after US Army General Patrick Edward Connor encouraged his men to prospect for minerals, which they discovered west of Salt Lake City in 1864.

The Liberal Party, campaigning voraciously in mining towns, won a disputed election in August 1874. The People's Party incumbents, citing fraud, refused to yield their positions even as US Marshals authorized by the 3rd District federal court attempted to intervene and install the Liberal candidates. Brigham Young advised his followers to abide by the federal court, which they finally did.

Liberals carried all offices in the county, which they called the Tooele Republic. Running unopposed in 1876, Liberals held the county until the Utah territorial legislature passed bills in 1878 that required voter registration and instituting women's suffrage. The Liberal Party, typically supported by male miners casually interested in politics, opposed both measures. In 1878 the Liberal electoral majority in Tooele County disappeared, and the People's Party regained control in 1879, after more than six months of Liberal procedural delays.

By 1880, the Liberal Party had become severely atrophied, but it was openly supported by the newly appointed strongly anti-Mormon territorial governor, Eli H. Murray. Thus, the 1880 statewide election for the US House of Representatives unexpectedly proved the closest that the Liberal Party got to sending a representative to Washington, DC.

The Liberal candidate, Allen G. Campbell, with 1357 votes, lost resoundingly to Mormon General Authority George Q. Cannon who had 18,567 votes. In fact, the election marked the all-time low percentage-wise showing for any Liberal House candidate. However, before Governor Murray certified the election, a protest on behalf of Campbell was filed. The protest listed a dozen claims, chiefly that Cannon, born in Liverpool, England; was not a naturalized alien, and was a polygamist, which was incompatible with the law and a delegate's oath of office. Murray agreed, and issued certification to Campbell in spite of the latter's poor showing.

George Q. Cannon, then in Washington, DC, argued that only Congress could decide on a member's qualifications. He furthermore received a certificate from sympathetic territorial election officials that stated he had received the most votes. The document convinced the House of Representatives clerk to enter Cannon's name on the roll and so Cannon began drawing delegate's salary.

Both Murray and Campbell traveled to Washington to dispute the seat. Each side battled over the position for over a year even despite the assassination and eventual death of President James Garfield. On February 25, 1882, the House of Representatives finally rejected both candidates. The House refused Cannon his seat not for his dubious citizenship but for his practice of polygamy. The entire ordeal actually brought unfavorable national attention to the "Mormon Situation" on polygamy.

In a November 7, 1882 election to fill the vacated seat, the Liberal Party fielded Philip T. Van Zile, but the seat was ultimately won by John T. Caine, of the People's Party. Of the 33,266 registered voters, 23,039 votes were cast for Caine, and Van Zile received 4884. About 12,000 people were excluded from registering based on suspicion of polygamy.

National outrage against polygamy benefited the Liberal Party in Utah. On March 23, 1882, the anti-polygamy Edmunds Act became law. The even stronger Edmunds-Tucker Act, was enacted on March 3, 1887. Among other things, the acts required candidates and prospective voters to submit to an anti-polygamy oath. Enforcement of these bills furthermore put significant numbers of Latter-day Saint polygamists into federal prisons, including one built in Sugar House specifically for that purpose. The measures, which often brought punishment on anyone unwilling to take the oath, intimidated and decimated the Latter-day Saint voter pool.

The Liberal Party swept the city government of Ogden, Utah in 1889 but did not succeed in carrying the Weber County government. In 1890, the Liberal Party took Salt Lake City, and George M. Scott became the first non-Mormon mayor of Salt Lake, by a margin of 808 votes. Two years later, long-time Liberal stalwart R. N. Baskin became mayor on a "fusion ticket" between moderate Liberals and elements of the old People's Party.

Propelled by success in Salt Lake City and Ogden, the Liberal Party won a third of the Utah territorial legislature in the August 1891 election. That election proved particularly notable, as the People's Party had disbanded just prior to the election and urged all members to join national parties. Thus, non-Mormon Liberals ran (and several won) against mostly-Mormon Democrats and Republicans.

Disbanding
However, the Liberal Party had reached its twilight. In September 1890, the LDS Church issued the so-called 1890 Manifesto, which promised to end the practice of polygamy. The national support that the Liberals previously enjoyed for opposing polygamy in Utah thus disappeared. In 1893, all polygamists were given executive pardon, and statehood for Utah seemed imminent. Polygamy, often the focus of Liberal scorn, made the party irrelevant when Mormons abandoned the practice.

Following the lead of the People's Party 18 months earlier, most members of the Liberal Party joined national parties in early 1893 in anticipation of Utah statehood.

On January 4, 1896, Utah became the 45th state in the Union. Former Liberals continued to be involved in politics, and most of the Mormon majority continued to view them unfavorably.

The Deseret Evening News and other LDS papers characterized Liberal Party governments as wasteful. The party outspent revenue in Tooele, Ogden, and Salt Lake City, accumulating relatively large public debts. However, the Liberal Party characterized its expenditures as essential for civic improvements. In Salt Lake City, the Liberals constructed the city's first sewer, called the "gravity sewer," which the Deseret News characterized as graft. The Salt Lake Liberals also constructed an ornate and expensive joint Salt Lake City and County Building. Former Liberals such as Baskin defended the reputation and legacy of the Liberal Party well into the 20th century.

title: Liberal Party (Utah)


text:
David H. D. Warren

David H. D. Warren is a computer scientist who worked primarily on logic programming and in particular the programming language Prolog in the 1970s and 1980s. Warren wrote the first compiler for Prolog, and the Warren Abstract Machine execution environment for Prolog is named after him.

Early life and education
Warren received a Ph.D. in artificial intelligence from the University of Edinburgh in 1977 under advisor Robert Kowalski, and (a second advisor) Donald Michie.

Career
Warren worked for the Artificial Intelligence Center at SRI International in the 1980s.

He founded the company Quintus Computer Systems in 1983 with William Kornfeld, Lawrence Byrd, Fernando Pereira and Cuthbert Hurd to commercialize the Prolog compiler, Quintus Prolog. Quintus was sold to Intergraph Corporation in 1989.

He has also held an academic position at the University of Bristol Department of Computer Science.

title: David H. D. Warren


text:
File:Graceful Ghost album cover.jpg

Summary
from http://image.allmusic.com/00/amg/cov200/drg200/g249/g24960bm0s5.jpg;

 * This is the album cover for the Grey DeLisle album The Graceful Ghost. It came from allmusic.com.

title: File:Graceful Ghost album cover.jpg


text:
The Friday Project

The Friday Project was a London-based independent publishing house founded by Paul Carr and Clare Christian in June 2004. It evolved out of The Friday Thing, an Internet newsletter taking an offbeat look at the week's politics, media activities and general current events, originally written together with Charlie Skelton.

The Project was wholly concerned with finding material on the web and then turning it into traditional books, to the exclusion of normal publishing models. Additionally, they made a large amount of their output available free to download as part of the Creative Commons license.

History
In 2006, The Friday Project announced that it had hired Scott Pack, then Buying Manager at bookshop chain Waterstones, as TFP's Commercial Director. Pack took up the post in September 2006 at the end of a six-month notice period. In his job at Waterstones, Pack was once described by a newspaper as being seen by 'many' otherwise unidentified people as 'the most powerful man in the books trade' for his ability to decide which new titles will be successful.

The Friday Project also have an audio arm which is responsible for the CD Fitness to Practice by Amateur Transplants. The album includes the internet hit London Underground which has spawned a popular  viral video.

During 2006, The Friday Project's Commercial Director Scott Pack courted controversy with his Me and My Big Mouth blog. Positioned as an irreverent commentary on the UK book trade it sparked a number of national press stories and was highly critical of lead retailers Waterstones and W H Smith. He also launched personal attacks on journalists he claimed had reported on his time at Waterstones incorrectly. These included Nick Cohen, Norman Lebrecht and D. J. Taylor.

In December 2006, it was reported that Carr – along with Online Editor, Graham Pond, had left The Friday Project with Carr leading a buy-out of the company's Internet media arm to create a new company, Friday Cities.

In 2007, Clare Christian announced the launch of Friday Fiction, a new imprint for original fiction discovered on the web.

In March 2007 The Friday Project was shortlisted for two industry awards (or Nibbies), one for Innovation in the Book Industry for their commitment to making their books available under a Creative Commons license and Managing Director Clare Christian was shortlisted for a second for the company in the category of UK Young Publisher of the Year.

On 1 May 2007 The Friday Project's Managing Director Clare Christian won the Nibbie for UK Young Publisher of the Year.

Liquidation and sale
Following losses in excess of £1,700,000, the Friday Project went into liquidation on 30 March 2008.

After much speculation, in May 2008 HarperCollins UK bought certain assets of The Friday Project from its administrator, hiring Scott Pack and also Clare Christian (no longer employed by them), and taking on several front and backlist titles; the first title to be published under the new Friday Project imprint was the critically acclaimed novel The State of Me by Nasim Marie Jafry.

Closure
In 2014, the Bookseller magazine reported that Scott Pack was departing the Friday Project and that the imprint "will now be wound down."

title: The Friday Project


text:
Landini cadence

A Landini cadence (Landini sixth or Landini sixth cadence), or under-third cadence, is a type of cadence, a technique in music composition, named after Francesco Landini (1325–1397), a blind Florentine organist, in honor of his extensive use of the technique. The technique was used extensively in the 14th and early 15th century.

In a typical Medieval cadence, a major sixth musical interval is expanded to an octave by having each note move outwards one step. In Landini's version, an escape tone in the upper voice narrows the interval briefly to a perfect fifth before the octave. There could also be an inner voice; in the example the inner voice would move from F♯ to G, in the same rhythm as the lower voice.

Landini was not the first to use the cadence (Gherardello da Firenze appears to be the first whose works have survived), and was not the last: the cadence was still in use well into the 15th century, appearing particularly frequently in the songs of Gilles Binchois and in the music of Johannes Wreede. However, Landini seems to have been the first to use it consistently. The term was coined in the late 19th century by German writer A.G. Ritter (1884), in his Zur Geschichte des Orgelspiels, Leipzig.

title: Landini cadence