text:
Talk:Asian carp

Vandalised
Can someone fix the article - it's been vandalised. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.6.162.53 (talk) 15:27, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Black carp
If black carp have yet to be discovered outside of the ponds in which they have been bred, why does the black carp article discuss them having escaped in the wild? Suppafly 22:56, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)wtf

I have made several changes, hopefully bringing this somewhat more up to date. However, I am an extreme newbie (first posts today) so please let me know if I violated any protocols in any way. I'm not sure how to set up a reference section, or I would have done it here.

One note on a change that may take some explanation: I deleted the sentence on their escape from aquaculture ponds because of floods that occurred in the early 90's.  It is easy to find references to this particular occurence in the media and sometimes even in the scientific literature. However, grass, bighead, and silver carps were all established in the Mississippi River basin prior to the 90s. While there are two documented cases where the fish did escape farms during flooding in the 90s, these can hardly be considered the original source of the fish. Escape from aquaculture (or research facilities, or from sewage treatment plants, where bighead and silver carps were also used) does not require flooding; there are many other ways that the fish could have escaped other than flooding, including but not limited to intentional dumping and negligence. Grass carp were intentionally stocked into systems where they could access riverine systems, sometimes directly into rivers. Carptracker 23:43, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Should be "Asian carps"
Correct English would have this as Asian carps, because the plural of carp, when referring to more than one species, should be carps. (Much like fish and fishes) I don't know how to change the header.

Also, I am still not really happy with the first sentence. Carps are generally broken down into Asian carps (bighead, silver, grass, black, barbless, long spikyhead, etc.)and Indian carps (mrigal, rohu, catla, etc), and then further broken down into "major" and "minor" based largely on size. Seems like some discussion of this should be there, but I don't have time to do it right. I'm not enough of an expert on the ones that have not been introduced to the USA to do it right quickly. Carptracker 14:04, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

 * This might be regional variation but in UK English carp and for that matter fish are always the correct plural, even in the context quoted. The title of this article looks odd and wrong to me. But I'm happy to leave it as it is as obviously enough people think otherwise. Naturenet | Talk 16:59, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Yeah that was the first thing I noticed, it must be a US thing although I think it's optional. If it is optional I think should be changed so that it correctly reflects international English usage, ie. Asian Carp. 87.114.66.248 (talk) 13:11, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

 * This American agrees it should be 'carp' not 'carps.' I've never heard anyone refer to the plural as carps.  Note there are articles on 'salmon,' 'fish', 'terrier,' 'carp' etc. but no articles on 'salmons,' 'fishes,' 'terriers' or 'carps.'  Reading 'Asian carps' throughout the article is jolting and bizarre.  Note even within the article it says 'Bighead and silver carps are the most important fish' not 'Bighead and silver carps are the most important fishes'  Anonymous, Tue Dec 22 12:25:32 CST 2009.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.137.68.170 (talk) 18:26, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Can somebody please change it to 'Asian carp' as per the reasons above? 92.29.7.2 (talk) 09:07, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm another American who agrees: "Asian carps" looks, feels, seems wrong. I don't buy the logic about using the plural because there are more than one species of Asian carp. If that were that case, shouldn't the Wikipedia page for "Carp" be "Carps" since there are many species of carp? (It's not.) And why is "carp" not capitalized in the title? It's a title after all. Making changes...Savacek (talk) 15:05, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

notability
Is there any justification for this article? It does not represent a valid taxon or a common fisheries or aquarium term, as far as I know. This article also does not refer to Asian carp species, but rather to selected large Asian carps plus Carassius. innotata (Talk | Contribs) 21:21, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

 * This article covers carps of political and envirnmental significance in the Great Lakes states, and especially because of the Michigan v. Illinois court case. --DThomsen8 (talk) 16:39, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Imho, this is not an article of encyclopedic quality on Asian carp, but instead an article on the spread of and efforts to control Asian carp in the US (or, more specifically, the Great Lakes of the US), hence, the article needs a title reflecting that focus. Maybe something like:
 * "Asian carp in the US"
 * "Asian carp in the Great Lakes"
 * Obviously, it could be part of an article on Asian carp, but then this base "Asian carp" article should then be much more comprehensive.--Rhkramer (talk) 15:40, 20 July 2010 (UTC)

Michigan v. Illinois concerning Asian carps
There should be an article on Michigan v. Illinois concerning Asian carps, but I cannot find it on the official SCOTUS website, or on some observer sites. Can someone find the docket for it?--DThomsen8 (talk) 22:07, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

apocryphal info
There is no scientific basis to the statement that bighead or silver carp eat 40% of their body weight per day, although it has been repeated in the media so often that it shows up on government sites. For a scientific viewpoint, look at Kolar et al 2005 or Kolar et al. 2007, cited in this article. They reviewed the scientific literature on these species, and found several estimates of how much the fish ate under aquaculture conditions (when one presumes they would be well-fed). The numbers cited ranged from 5 to about 20% of body weight per day. They don't NEED to eat that much to survive - it is just what they ate under optimal conditions. I'm getting tired of fixing that. Also, Asian carps have not caused any measurable decrease in numbers of native fish in the Illinois or Mississippi Rivers, although recent data indicates that some native fish are getting skinnier and one would assume that would eventually have population effects. They are NOT 95% of the biomass of the Illinois River. Ok?Carptracker (talk) 05:08, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

Move back to Asian carp

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Vegaswikian (talk) 01:38, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

Asian carps → — It appears that this was moved to the awkward "Asian carps" a couple of years ago, yet with very little popular support. Besides, it is convention that Wikipedia uses the singular. harej 00:02, 25 August 2010 (UTC) Support - many animal pages refer to more than one species, but the convention is that they use the singular. For example, Gibbon, Duck, Gray squirrel etc. There's no reason for Asian carp to be an exception. — Amakuru (talk) 11:14, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

Support !! 207.81.170.99 (talk) 19:03, 25 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Support. Wikipedia uses singular for article titles. Also, I think the plural of carp is actually carp too.TheFreeloader (talk) 19:55, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Support per nom JJ98 (talk) 23:26, 27 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Should Asian Carp and Koi article be merged
Shouldn't these two articles be merged or make the Koi article a sub-section in the Asian Carp article. Seems redunant. Asian Carp is Chinese domesticated:

grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

largescale silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys harmandi)

bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)

black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)

common goldfish (Carassius auratus)

crucian carp (Carassius carassius)

Koi is domesticated common carp (Which the Chinese already domesticated) Why do we have a separate article about Koi?

Isn't Koi just the shortened Japanese word for Asian Carp or Chinese domesticated Common Carp. Seems redundant, we can end up with all sorts of names (The vietnamese name for Carp then have an article on that, Thai name for Carp and have a article on that, and on and on, etc. Seems redundant. We should merge these articles.--165.214.4.23 (talk) 05:19, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

 * No, these should be separate subjects, especially since there is controversy and lawsuits over Asian carp as an invasive species. I oppose any merger.--DThomsen8 (talk) 00:36, 20 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I didn't understand the reason for keeping the articles separate. Is this article about invasion of the Asian carp and not about the Fish? If the Chinese already domesticated Common Carp and Koi is domesticated common carp, should Koi be covered under the article about domesticated carp. If this article is about the invasion of Asian carp as a species, do we have an article about the Chinese domesticated Carps that we can merge with the Koi article. Considering the Chinese did it first and domesicating carp was common in East Asia shouldn't these articles be combined. --165.214.4.22 (talk) 06:24, 28 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The articles should not be combined. This is an article about more than 1 species of fish some people call "Asian carps", Koi is a notable enough species of fish to have its own article, and taxonomists even gave it a taxonomic name. If it was merged, it will be like "duck" being merged with "bird". This article is mostly about the invasion of the "Asian carps", but also refers to the fish species a little bit. Also, don't make an article about "domesticated fishes from China" and then merge it with the koi article. The Japanese are the ones who domesticated carps into koi for your information.SuperPayara123 (talk) 19:50, 18 October 2014 (UTC)

This isn't JUST about the U.S; Canadian-issues with Asian carp included too
I noticed that, for some reason, this article only mentions the U.S side of the litigation and lawsuits filed involving Asian carp (in 2009 and 2010). I included (and cited and referenced) the Canadian incidents too. It is only fair - if informatoin regarding the litigation is to be included, then it shouldn't be limited to the U.S only; Canada also filed a suit in January of 2010. Cheers! Ammau (talk) 19:42, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

As food - inconsistency needs correction
There is a logical inconsistency between saying Grass Carp is an Asian Carp and then saying that people have sometimes not eaten Asian Carp because they confuse it with Grass Carp. Can someone who know about this subject please clear up this inconsistency? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.130.6.221 (talk) 17:01, 26 November 2010 (UTC)

The following excerpt from the article needs correction: "However, many people in North America do not distinguish the various Asian carp species and see them all as undesirable food fish because of their perceived bottom-feeding behavior, while, in fact, only some species are bottom-feeders. Furthermore even the bottom-feeding species such as the common carp, a highly bony species which was introduced to North America from Eurasia in the 17th century, are important food fish outside North America.[6]"  To correctly state, people in North America have no problem with bottom feeders -- for example, flounder, halibut, sole, cod, haddock, bass, and grouper. The only problem seems to involve the bones in Asian carp. 72.185.59.101 (talk) 21:25, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

Invasive Species Status in North America
The section Invasive Species Status in North America needs more subsections, but the text intertwines Great Lakes issues with other locations, making separate subsections difficult to create. Perhaps someone with more expertise on the subject could do better than I can at creating subsections for ease of reading and especially editing. --DThomsen8 (talk) 00:32, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Furthermore, there should be SOME evidence cited to back up the claims made therein. While it is noted that the fish are considered invasive species by governmental organizations, etc., there is no justification given. They are just "thought to be highly detrimental to the environment in parts of the United States" with one citation whose link is dead, and cannot be verified. The way the article is written, it would appear that the species has little or no adverse ecological effects, though there may possibly be some negative effects on economic activities, making it a pest species, not an invasive. There is no room for this kind of sensationalism in Wikipedia, in my opinion. I would say that without serious evidence cited on these so-called detrimental effects, the section should be renamed. Furthermore, there is no opposing point of view. Do fishermen love the idea of these fish filling their nets? Is this the one species of fish in the world we cannot overfish? As far as I can tell, Asian carp have not detrimentally effected anything, there are no potential problems with them, and all the fears are based on xenophobia and nativism, not science.Pinus jeffreyi (talk) 20:38, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Jesse McCartney
Who is Jesse McCartney, mentioned in the Invasive Species section? Unlikely to be the singer, and the link is dead. --DThomsen8 (talk) 00:42, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

Concerning the revert I made
I have reverted this edit, because it just looks like a personal opinion with a reference tagged on the end, it reads like a call-to-arms, not an encyclopedia article. I don't see a problem with the source being used to support a sentence like "Senator Sherrod Brown has introduced a bill to stop the Asain Carp...whatever the details are...", but the article should say "stopping this is a priority...industry can't even shift the sport fishing from one fish to another..." as if these are universal truths and not opinions. - SudoGhost 17:14, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

—→ I made adjustments as I see how they could be seen as biased, however the facts still remain. Asian Carp are a threat to Lake Erie. If they were to be introduced, it would be almost impossible to make it so they do not prosper as it is a "perfect" environment for these fish. This would cause harm to the fishing and boating industries in Ohio: 1) it is difficult to catch fish using traditional methods [as noted earlier in this entry] 2) the fish are known to jump when frightened by boats. Just as it is a priority to those involved to prevent the Asian carp from entering into any of the great lakes this is also true here. Cav232 (talk) 18:07, 6 December 2012 (UTC)
 * The only thing that reference verifies is that a senator had introduced a bill, it does not verify that "it would cause harm to fishing and boating industries in Ohio" or that "asian carp are a threat to Lake Erie". From what I can tell, these are opinions not facts; the article cannot portray them as facts, especially not without reliable sources specifically saying such. - SudoGhost 18:59, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

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Requested move 15 July 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved per unanimous consensus. No such user (talk) 11:32, 23 July 2021 (UTC)

Asian carp → Invasive carp – aligns with USDA guidance to discourage anti-Asian sentiment KnnNike (talk) 17:57, 15 July 2021 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). GeoffreyT2000 (talk) 18:16, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Definitely not an uncontroversial move. You'll have to show evidence that "Invasive carp" is the WP:COMMONNAME, as Wikipedia is not for righting great wrongs. Lennart97 (talk) 18:07, 15 July 2021 (UTC)
 * If KnnNike had not themself started this request in the "contested" section, it would have been moved here by now. KnnNike, do you want this discussed on the talk page? (You may want to have a stronger argument up your sleeve than just USDA guidance.) Sam Sailor 18:12, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  ,then sign your comment with ~~~~. Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Oppose. Stable title since 2004, and seems to be the obvious COMMONNAME for this group of fish in different genera. I can't help asking why Asian carp in North America was not bundled into the RM/TR? Sam Sailor 18:31, 15 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. It's in the news today   but I think we still need to wait and see if "Invasive carp" becomes common. 162 etc. (talk) 19:56, 15 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose per above. -- Netoholic @ 02:32, 16 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose we don't use descriptive names for topics in the same way we don't move COVID-19 pandemic to Deadly pandemic etc. The Asian carp are well known for being invasive but that's just a description of them.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 10:41, 16 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose, at least for now. I'm dealing with USFWS and USGS co-op fisheries people all the time, and no other name than "Asian carp" is ever used. Even if official terminology is being switched, it does not (yet) reflect common use. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 14:53, 16 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose, per all above. GyozaDumpling (talk) 18:32, 16 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose, per all above. Stupid name change proposal. This is a common name. Jacek555 (talk) 15:00, 20 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose, yeah there's some USDA guidance for this name, but the proposed one most certainly is not the WP:COMMONNAME. Hog Farm Talk 03:24, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

Discussion
The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * I'm a bit out of my element here, but here is the web reference: "Asian carp" now "invasive carp", U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service made change in April (msn.com) — Preceding unsigned comment added by KnnNike (talk • contribs) 18:44, 15 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Actual URL? Sam Sailor 18:48, 15 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Not that exact title, but I suppose it's https://www.msn.com/en-ie/news/us/worries-over-racism-waterways-inspire-push-to-rename-fish/ar-AAMaPai?li=BBr5MK2 Lennart97 (talk) 23:03, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

Edit xenophobic language
Please edit the taxonomy of this page and revise "Asian carp" to merely "carp." Listing the fish as "Asian Carp" unnecessarily reinforces anti-Asian bias and xenophobia, especially as this is a species of fish considered invasive and dangerous. It is misleading to continue to use a xenophobic phrase, when a geopolitically neutral term works. Editors may include the antiquated term, "Asian carp" in a history of the term or etymology section. 162.224.176.39 (talk) 22:18, 8 August 2023 (UTC)
 * See discussion directly above. One might also point out that "xenophobia" is not an accusation to be flung about just because you are feeling particularly righteous today (otherwise may we expect you to kick off at African wild dog, Asian giant hornet, and Kaffir lime next?) -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 05:39, 9 August 2023 (UTC)

"Invasive carp" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invasive_carp&redirect=no Invasive carp] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 05:55, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Asian carp


text:
Arena (An Absurd Notion)

Arena (An Absurd Notion) is a concept concert video filmed during the course of Duran Duran's 1984 Sing Blue Silver North American Tour in support of the album Seven and the Ragged Tiger.

Background
Instead of releasing a straight concert video, Duran Duran and director Russell Mulcahy chose to play with the origins of the band's name (the 1968 film Barbarella), and added a storyline and surreal elements that are interwoven with footage of the band performing on stage.

The film's villain, the evil Dr. Durand Durand (played by Milo O'Shea, reprising his role from Barbarella) has crash landed on Earth and is surprised and confused to find teenagers chanting his name. When he discovers that they are not chanting for him, but for an upstart pop group, he sets up shop beneath the concert arena and attempts to wreak havoc on the band that stole his name. Of course, he and his henchmen fail at every turn and Duran Duran continue to perform, seemingly unaware of the evil doctor's plans.

The video also included Russell Mulcahy's long-form video for "The Wild Boys". It was meant to be a teaser for a full-length feature film of the same name, based on the 1971 novel The Wild Boys: A Book of the Dead by William S. Burroughs. However, that film was never made.

The expensive sets for the conceptual portions of Arena and "The Wild Boys" were built in the massive 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Some of the segments were also filmed at the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham, where free tickets were given to fans.

In addition to O'Shea, the American actress Jennifer Connelly also appears in the video, walking across an empty stage in one segment.

A picture book of the movie, Arena: The Book (ISBN 0-9510118-1-2), was released in 1985.

A live album, also called Arena, was released in late 1984. It featured the two singles "The Wild Boys" and "Save a Prayer (Live)". The video for "Save a Prayer (Live)" is included as a DVD extra on the 2004 Arena DVD release.

The DVD for Arena was released in April 2004 and includes as an extra The Making of Arena behind the scenes documentary that was originally released as a separate videotape.

A 2-in-1 DVD set with both Arena and Sing Blue Silver has also been released by EMI.

As the Lights Go Down
The Oakland, California concerts that were filmed for Arena (An Absurd Notion) were also edited to form the one-hour As the Lights Go Down concert video.

As the Lights Go Down is essentially the Arena video with only the music, although the live footage for many songs was edited differently. This version was never released on any consumer video format and was only broadcast on television, first on Cinemax then later on MTV and other TV channels.

Arena (An Absurd Notion)
Running time: 60 minutes
 * 1) The Return of Duran Duran (the story of Dr. Duran and the band)
 * 2) "Is There Something I Should Know?"
 * 3) "Hungry Like the Wolf"
 * 4) "Union of the Snake"
 * 5) "Save a Prayer"
 * 6) "The Wild Boys" (Uncut Version)
 * 7) "Planet Earth"
 * 8) "Careless Memories"
 * 9) "Girls on Film"
 * 10) "The Reflex" (a remix version of the song)
 * 11) "Rio" (with the film credits overlaid)

The Making of Arena

 * 1) Introduction
 * 2) Concepts and windmills
 * 3) Costumes, choreography and make-up
 * 4) Hanging around with robots
 * 5) Milo and stilts
 * 6) Blowing it all up

Running time: 49 minutes

Extras

 * 1) Arena TV ad
 * 2) Arena trailer
 * 3) Arena video mix
 * 4) "Save a Prayer (Live)"
 * 5) Simon Le Bon interview

Personnel
Duran Duran
 * Simon Le Bon – lead vocals
 * Andy Taylor – guitar
 * John Taylor – bass
 * Roger Taylor – drums
 * Nick Rhodes – keyboards and synthesizers

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arena (An Absurd Notion)


text: Category:Railway labor unions

title: Category:Railway labor unions


text:
User:Kevin (usurped)~enwiki

Hello.

title: User:Kevin (usurped)~enwiki


text:
Mediterranean Games

The Mediterranean Games is a multi-sport event organised by the International Committee of Mediterranean Games (CIJM). It is held every four years among athletes from countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea in Africa, Asia and Europe. The first Mediterranean Games were held in 1951 in Alexandria, Egypt, while the most recent games were held in 2022 in Oran, Algeria.

History
The idea was proposed at the 1948 Summer Olympics by Muhammed Taher Pasha, chairman of the Egyptian Olympic Committee and vice-president of the International Olympic Committee (I.O.C.), assisted by the Greek member of the I.O.C. Ioannis Ketseas. Separate Mediterranean sports events preceded the games. From 1947 to 1949, the Mediterranean Athletics Championships were contested, and the Mediterranean Cup football competition was held in 1949 and 1950. The first official Mediterranean Games were held in Egypt in 1951.

The Games were inaugurated in October 1951, in Alexandria, Egypt, in honour of Muhammed Taher Pasha, with contests being held in 13 sports along with the participation of 734 athletes from 10 countries. In 1955, in Barcelona, during the II Games, the set up was decided of a Supervisory and Controlling Body for the Games, a kind of Executive Committee. The decisions were finally materialized on 16 June 1961, and the said Body was named, upon a Greek notion, ICMG (International Committee for the Mediterranean Games). Twelve countries have hosted the Mediterranean Games: four from Africa: Egypt (1951), Tunisia (1967, 2001), Algeria (1975, 2022) and Morocco (1983); six from Europe: Spain (1955, 2005, 2018), Italy (1963, 1997, 2009), Turkey (1971, 2013), Yugoslavia (1979), Greece (1991) and France (1993) and two from Asia: Lebanon (1959) and Syria (1987).

The first eleven games took place one year before the Summer Olympic Games. Since 1993, games have been held the year after the Olympic Games. This transition means that the only time the Mediterranean Games were not held four years after the previous Games was in 1993, when Languedoc-Roussillon in France hosted the Games just two years after Athens. In 2018, the Mediterranean Games calendar was reset again when Tarragona hosted the Games in the mid-even year between the Summer Olympic Games (and the same year as the FIFA Men's World Cup).

Description
The Mediterranean Games, in terms of the preparation and composition of the National Delegation, are held under the auspices of the International Olympic Committee and the Hellenic Olympic Committee (HOC).

Athens is the permanent seat of the ICMG (regardless of who the President might be) and the committee's General Secretary is Greek. This comes as a further tribute to Greece, highlighting its leading role with regard to the function and strengthening of the institution. Except that Greece bailed out of its 2013 Mediterranean Games commitment when the two cities of Volos and Larissa were supposed to host the 2013 edition of the Games. But because of Greece's financial troubles, they had to give that up and the 2013 honors went instead to Turkey, with the city of Mersin rescuing the 2013 edition of the Games instead.

Participating countries

At present, 26 countries participate in the games:

 * Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia
 * Asia: Lebanon, Syria and Turkey.
 * Europe: Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Kosovo, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia and Spain

Kosovo was accepted as a member of the International Committee of Mediterranean Games in October 2015 and participated for the first time in the 2018 Mediterranean Games in Tarragona, Spain. One athlete representing the Vatican City participated in an unofficial ("non-scoring") manner in the women's half marathon event at the 2022 Mediterranean Games in Oran, Algeria.

Of all the National Olympic Committees within the Olympic Movement bordering the Mediterranean Sea, Israel and Palestine have not participated in the games, nor has Great Britain who represents the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar and Akrotiri and Dhekelia.

In the case of Israel, Allen Guttman in The Games Must Go On argued that Israel's exclusion is both antisemitic and politically motivated due to antagonism towards Israel by the participating Muslim and Arab nations. The IOC's Avery Brundage was not supportive of Israel's desire to compete, saying: "I cannot understand why anyone wants to go where he is not wanted". The International Amateur Athletics Federation pushed the issue at the 1959 Mediterranean Games in Beirut by refusing to grant permission to hold an athletics competition unless Israel were allowed to compete. Lebanese games organizer Gabriel Gemayel conceded to this, but sidestepped the ruling by holding a parallel Lebanese Games comprising athletics events between the present nations alongside the official Mediterranean Games competitions. In September 2023, European Olympic Committees president Spyros Capralos called on the International Committee of Mediterranean Games to open a discussion about admitting both Israel and Palestine as members.

There are countries not bordering the Mediterranean Sea which nonetheless participate: Portugal, Andorra, Kosovo, San Marino, Serbia and North Macedonia. Serbia, Kosovo and North Macedonia were all formerly part of Yugoslavia, which competed until its breakup and dissolution.

The Hellenic Olympic Committee has suggested that nine more countries that do not satisfy geographic criteria could be allowed to participate, such as Bulgaria, and some Arab countries such as Jordan and Iraq. Portugal competed in the 2018 Mediterranean Games after a decision which approved Portugal as effective National Olympic Committee.

Flag
The symbol of the Mediterranean Games consists of three rings representing Asia, Africa and Europe, the three continents involved in this competition. The rings dissolve in a wavy line in their lower part, as if they were immersed in the Mediterranean Sea. During the closing ceremony, the flag is transferred to the country of the city chosen to host the next Mediterranean Games.

Hosts
All host cities have been coastal and all but one on the Mediterranean coast (Casablanca is on the Atlantic coast).

 * Notes

All-time medal table
Medal Table 1951–2022

- Yugoslavia competed in 1997 and 2001 as FR Yugoslavia.

- Serbia competed in 2005 as Serbia and Montenegro.
 * (*) Yugoslavia participated in the Games before its breakup and the establishment of the constituent republics
 * (**) The UAR included at the time Egypt and Syria
 * (***) Honorary participation in the MG Tunis 2001

Doping
Changes by Doping:

 * 1) Nurcan Taylan - Weightlifting at the 2009 Mediterranean Games - 53 kg Women - 2 Gold
 * 2) Gülcan Mıngır - Athletics at the 2013 Mediterranean Games – Results - 3000m Steeplechase Women - 1 Bronze

Competitions
Throughout the history of the Mediterranean Games, 33 different sports have been presented.

title: Mediterranean Games


text:
Cape Krusenstern

Cape Krusenstern (Iñupiaq: Nuvua 'its point') is a cape on the northwestern coast of the U.S. state of Alaska, located near the village of Kivalina at 67.12806°N, -163.74528°W.

It is bounded by Kotzebue Sound to the south and the Chukchi Sea to the west, and consists of a series of beach ridges and swales with numerous ponds and lakes. The entire shoreline of the cape consists of barrier bars, lagoons and spits.

Cape Krusenstern was named for the Baltic German explorer Adam Johann von Krusenstern, who explored the area under the Russian flag.

In 1978, the area was declared the Cape Krusenstern National Monument.

Cape Krusenstern in Alaska should not be confused with the Cape Krusenstern at the west end of Coronation Gulf in northern Canada.

title: Cape Krusenstern


text:
Wright Flyer

The Wright Flyer (also known as the Kitty Hawk, Flyer I or the 1903 Flyer) made the first sustained flight by a manned heavier-than-air powered and controlled aircraft—an airplane—on December 17, 1903. Invented and flown by brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright, it marked the beginning of the pioneer era of aviation.

The aircraft is a single-place biplane design with anhedral (drooping) wings, front double elevator (a canard) and rear double rudder. It used a 12 hp gasoline engine powering two pusher propellers. Employing 'wing warping' it was relatively unstable and very difficult to fly.

The Wright brothers flew it four times in a location now part of the town of Kill Devil Hills, about 4 mi south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The airplane flew 852 ft on its fourth and final flight, but was damaged on landing, and wrecked minutes later when powerful gusts blew it over.

The aircraft never flew again but was shipped home and subsequently restored by Orville. The aircraft was initially displayed in a place of honor at the London Science Museum until 1948 when the resolution of an acrimonious priority dispute finally allowed it to be displayed in the Smithsonian. It is now exhibited in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.

Design and construction
The Flyer was based on the Wrights' experience testing gliders at Kitty Hawk between 1900 and 1902. Their last glider, the 1902 Glider, led directly to the design of the Wright Flyer.

The Wrights built the aircraft in 1903 using spruce for straight members of the airframe (such as wing spars) and ash wood for curved components (wing ribs). The wings were designed with a 1-in-20 camber. The fabric for the wing was 100% cotton muslin called "Pride of the West", a type used for women's underwear. It had a warp of 107 threads per inch, a weft of 102, and a total thread count of 209. Since they could not find a suitable automobile engine for the task, they commissioned their employee Charlie Taylor to build a new design from scratch, a lightweight 12 hp gasoline engine, weighing 180 lb, with a 1 USgal fuel tank. A sprocket chain drive, borrowing from bicycle technology, powered the twin propellers, which were also made by hand. In order to avoid the risk of torque effects from affecting the aircraft handling, one drive chain was crossed over so that the propellers rotated in opposite directions. According to Taylor: "'They figured on four cylinders and estimated the bore and stroke at four inches. It took me six weeks to make that engine. The completed engine weighed 180 pounds and developed 12 horsepower at 1025 revolutions per minute...The body of the first engine was of cast aluminum, and was bored out on the lathe for independent cylinders. The pistons were cast iron, and these were turned down and grooved for piston rings. The rings were cast iron, too. A one-gallon fuel tank was suspended from a wing strut, and the gasoline fed by gravity down a tube to the engine. The fuel valve was an ordinary gaslight petcock. There was no carburetor as we know it today. The fuel was fed into a shallow chamber in the manifold. No spark plug. The spark was made by opening and closing of two contact points inside the combustion chamber. Dry batteries were used for starting the engine and then we switched onto a magneto bought from the Dayton Electric Company. There was no battery on the plane. Several lengths of speaking tube...were used in the radiator. We blocked-tested the motor before crating it for shipment to Kitty Hawk.'"

The 8.5 foot long propellers were based on airfoil number 9 from their wind tunnel data, which provided the best "gliding angle" for different angles of attack. The propellers were connected to the engine by chains from the Indianapolis Chain Company, with a sprocket gear reduction of 23-to-8. Wilbur had calculated that slower turning blades generated greater thrust, and two of them were better than a single blade turning faster. Made from three laminations of spruce, the tips were covered with duck canvas, and the entire propeller painted with aluminum paint.

On November 5, 1903, the brothers tested their engine on the Wright Flyer at Kitty Hawk, but before they could tune the engine, the propeller hubs came loose. The drive shafts were sent back to Dayton for repair, and returned on 20 November. A hairline crack was discovered in one of the propeller shafts. Orville returned to Dayton on 30 November to make new spring steel shafts. On December 12, the brothers installed the new shafts on the Wright Flyer and tested it on their 60 ft launching rail system that included a wheeled launching dolly. According to Orville: "'We had designed our propellers to give 90 lb thrust at a speed of 330 rev. per minute (about 950 of engine), which we had figured would be the required amount for the machine weighing 630 lb.'" In practice tests, they were able to achieve a propeller rpm of 351, with a thrust of 132 lb, more than enough for their 700 lb flyer.

The Wright Flyer was a canard biplane configuration, with a wingspan of 40 ft, a camber of 1-20, a wing area of 510 sqft, and a length of 21 ft. The right wing was 4 in longer because the engine was 30 to 40 lb heavier than Orville or Wilbur. Unoccupied, the machine weighed 605 lb. As with the gliders, the pilot flew lying on his stomach on the lower wing with his head toward the front of the craft in an effort to reduce drag. The pilot was left of center while the engine was right of center. He steered by moving a hip cradle in the direction he wished to fly. The cradle pulled wires to warp the wings, and simultaneously turn the rudder, for coordinated flight. The pilot operated the elevator lever with his left hand, while holding a strut with his right. The Wright Flyer's "runway" was a 60 ft track of 2x4s, which the brothers nicknamed the "Junction Railroad". The Wright Flyer skids rested on a launching dolly, consisting of a 6 ft plank, with a wheeled wooden section. The two tandem ball bearing wheels were made from bicycle hubs. A restraining wire held the plane back, while the engine was running and the propellers turning, until the pilot was ready to be released.

The Wright Flyer had three instruments on board. A Veeder engine revolution recorder measured the number of propeller turns. A stopwatch recorded the flight time, and a Richard hand anemometer, attached to the front center strut, recorded the distance covered in meters.

Flight trials at Kitty Hawk
Upon returning to Kitty Hawk in 1903, the Wrights completed assembly of the Flyer while practicing on the 1902 Glider from the previous season. On December 14, 1903, they felt ready for their first attempt at powered flight. With the help of men from the nearby government life-saving station, the Wrights moved the Flyer and its launching rail to the incline of a nearby sand dune, Big Kill Devil Hill, intending to make a gravity-assisted takeoff. The brothers tossed a coin to decide who would get the first chance at piloting, and Wilbur won. The airplane left the rail, but Wilbur pulled up too sharply, stalled, and came down after covering 105 ft in 3$1/2$ seconds, sustaining little damage.

Repairs after the abortive first flight took three days. When they were ready again on December 17, the wind was averaging more than 20 mph, so the brothers laid the launching rail on level ground, pointed into the wind, near their camp. This time the wind, instead of an inclined launch, provided the necessary airspeed for takeoff. Because Wilbur had already had the first chance, Orville took his turn at the controls. His first flight lasted 12 seconds for a total distance of 120 ft – shorter than the wingspan of a Boeing 747.

Taking turns, the Wrights made four brief, low-altitude flights that day. The flight paths were all essentially straight; turns were not attempted. Each flight ended in a bumpy and unintended landing. The last flight, by Wilbur, covered 852 ft in 59 seconds, much longer than each of the three previous flights of 120, 175 and 200 feet (120 ft, 175 ft and 200 ft) in 12, 12, and 15 seconds respectively. The fourth flight's landing broke the front elevator supports, which the Wrights hoped to repair for a possible 4 mi flight to Kitty Hawk village. Soon after, a heavy gust picked up the Flyer and tumbled it end over end, damaging it beyond any hope of quick repair. It was never flown again.

In 1904, the Wrights continued refining their designs and piloting techniques in order to obtain fully controlled flight. Major progress toward this goal was achieved with a new machine called the Wright Flyer II in 1904 and even more decisively in 1905 with the third, Wright Flyer III, in which Wilbur made a 39-minute, 24 mi nonstop circling flight on October 5.

Influence

The Flyer series of aircraft were the first to achieve controlled heavier-than-air flight, but some of the mechanical techniques the Wrights used to accomplish this were not influential for the development of aviation as a whole, although their theoretical achievements were. The Flyer design depended on wing-warping controlled by a hip cradle under the pilot, and a foreplane or "canard" for pitch control, features which would not scale and produced a hard-to-control aircraft. The Wrights' pioneering use of "roll control" by twisting the wings to change wingtip angle in relation to the airstream led to the more practical use of ailerons by their imitators, such as Glenn Curtiss and Henri Farman. The Wrights' original concept of simultaneous coordinated roll and yaw control (rear rudder deflection), which they discovered in 1902, perfected in 1903–1905, and patented in 1906, represents the solution to controlled flight and is used today on virtually every fixed-wing aircraft. The Wright patent included the use of hinged rather than warped surfaces for the forward elevator and rear rudder. Other features that made the Flyer a success were highly efficient wings and propellers, which resulted from the Wrights' exacting wind tunnel tests and made the most of the marginal power delivered by their early homebuilt engines; slow flying speeds (and hence survivable accidents); and an incremental test/development approach. The future of aircraft design lay with rigid wings, ailerons and rear control surfaces. A British patent of 1868 for aileron technology had apparently been completely forgotten by the time the 20th century dawned.

After a single statement to the press in January 1904 and a failed public demonstration in May, the Wright Brothers did not publicize their efforts, and other aviators who were working on the problem of flight (notably Alberto Santos-Dumont) were thought by the press to have preceded them by many years. After their successful demonstration flight in France on August 8, 1908, they were accepted as pioneers and received extensive media coverage. In 1909, the Wright Military Flyer became the world's first military aircraft after successful tests on June 3, 1909. This airplane was purchased by the army but was never used in combat; it was, however, used to train some pilots. It was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in 1911 and is on display in the Early Flight exhibit at the National Air and Space Museum. A modified version, the Wright Model B, was produced in larger numbers by the Wright brothers and was used by the army "for training pilots and conducting aerial experiments" including tests of "a bombsight and bomb-dropping device".

The issue of patent control was correctly seen as critical by the Wrights, and they acquired a wide American patent, intended to give them ownership of basic aerodynamic control. This was fought in both American and European courts. European designers were little affected by the litigation and continued their own development. The legal fight in the U.S. had a crushing effect on the nascent American aircraft industry, and even by the time of America's entry into World War I, in 1917, the U.S. had "only six [American made] airplanes, and fourteen trained pilots". The numbers increased substantially over the subsequent years but during the war, all of the fighter aircraft flown by Americans were designed and built in Europe.

Stability
The Wright Flyer was conceived as a control-canard, as the Wrights were more concerned with control than stability. It was found to be unstable and barely controllable. During flight tests near Dayton the Wrights added ballast to the nose of the aircraft to move the center of gravity forward and reduce pitch instability. The Wright Brothers did not understand the basics of pitch stability of the canard configuration. F.E.C. Culick stated, "The backward state of the general theory and understanding of flight mechanics hindered them... Indeed, the most serious gap in their knowledge was probably the basic reason for their unwitting mistake in selecting their canard configuration."

According to aviation author Harry Combs, "Wright designs incorporated a 'balanced' forward elevator...the movable surface extending an equal distance on both sides of its hinge or pivot axis, as opposed to an 'in-trail' configuration...which would have enhanced controllability in flight." Orville wrote of the elevator, which the brothers called a "front rudder", "I found the control of the front rudder quite difficult on account of its being balanced too near the center and thus had a tendency to turn itself when started so that the rudder was turned too far on one side and then too far on the other." Thus, these early flights suffered from overcontrol.

After Kitty Hawk

The Wright Brothers returned home to Dayton for Christmas after the flights of the Kitty Hawk Flyer. While they had abandoned their other gliders, they realized the historical significance of the Flyer. They shipped the heavily damaged craft back to Dayton, where it remained stored in crates behind a Wright Company shed for nine years. The Great Dayton Flood of March 1913 covered the Flyer in mud and water for 11 days.

Charlie Taylor relates in a 1948 article that the Flyer nearly got disposed of by the Wrights. In early 1912 Roy Knabenshue, the Wrights Exhibition team manager, had a conversation with Wilbur and asked Wilbur what they planned to do with the Flyer. Wilbur said they most likely will burn it, as they had the 1904 machine. According to Taylor, Knabenshue talked Wilbur out of disposing of the machine for historical purposes.

In 1910 the Wrights offered the Flyer as an exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution, but the Smithsonian declined, saying it would be willing to display other aeronautical artifacts from the brothers. Wilbur died in 1912, and in 1916 Orville brought the Flyer out of storage and prepared it for display at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He replaced parts of the wing covering, the props, and the engine's crankcase, crankshaft, and flywheel. The crankcase, crankshaft, and flywheel of the original engine had been sent to the Aero Club of America in New York for an exhibit in 1906 and were never returned to the Wrights. The replacement crankcase, crankshaft and flywheel came from the experimental engine Charlie Taylor had built in 1904 and used for testing in the bicycle shop. A replica crankcase of the Flyer is on display at the visitor center at the Wright Brothers National Memorial.

Debate with the Smithsonian
The Smithsonian Institution, and primarily its then-secretary Charles Walcott, refused to give credit to the Wright Brothers for the first powered, controlled flight of an aircraft. Instead, they honored the former Smithsonian Secretary Samuel Pierpont Langley, whose 1903 tests of his Aerodrome on the Potomac were not successful. Walcott was a friend of Langley and wanted to see Langley's place in aviation history restored. In 1914, Glenn Curtiss had recently exhausted the appeal process in a patent infringement legal battle with the Wrights. Curtiss sought to prove Langley's machine, which failed piloted tests nine days before the Wrights' successful flight in 1903, capable of controlled, piloted flight in an attempt to invalidate the Wrights' wide-sweeping patents.

The Aerodrome was removed from exhibit at the Smithsonian and prepared for flight at Keuka Lake, New York. Curtiss called the preparations "restoration" claiming that the only addition to the design was pontoons to support testing on the lake but critics including patent attorney Griffith Brewer called them alterations of the original design. Curtiss flew the modified Aerodrome, hopping a few feet off the surface of the lake for 5 seconds at a time.

Between 1916 and 1928, the Wright Flyer was prepared and assembled for exhibition under the supervision of Orville by Wright Company mechanic Jim Jacobs several times. It was briefly exhibited at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1916, the New York Aero Shows in 1917 and 1919, a Society of Automotive Engineers meeting in Dayton, Ohio in 1918, and the National Air Races in Dayton in 1924.

In 1925, Orville attempted to pressure the Smithsonian by warning that he would send the Flyer to the Science Museum in London if the Institution refused to recognize his and Wilbur's accomplishment. The threat did not achieve its intended effect, and on January 28, 1928, Orville shipped the Kitty Hawk to London for display at the museum. It remained there in "the place of honour", except during World War II when it was moved to an underground storage facility 100 mi away, near Corsham.

In 1942, the Smithsonian Institution, under a new secretary, Charles Abbot, published a list of 35 Curtiss modifications to the Aerodrome and a retraction of its long-held claims for the craft. Abbot went on to list four regrets including the role the Institution played in supporting unsuccessful defendants in patent litigation by the Wrights, misinformation about modifications made to the Aerodrome after Wright Flyer's first flight, and public statements attributing the "first aeroplane capable of sustained free flight with a man" to Secretary Langley. The entry in the 1942 Annual Report of Smithsonian Institution begins with the statement "It is everywhere acknowledged that the Wright brothers were the first to make sustained flights in a heavier-than-air machine at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on December 17, 1903" and closes with a promise that "Should Dr. Wright decide to deposit the plane ... it would be given the highest place of honor which it is due".

The following year, Orville, after exchanging several letters with Abbot, agreed to return the Flyer to the United States. The Flyer stayed at the Science Museum until a replica could be built, based on the original. This change of heart by the Smithsonian is also mired in controversy – the Flyer was sold to the Smithsonian under several contractual conditions, one of which reads:

"Neither the Smithsonian Institution or its successors, nor any museum or other agency, bureau or facilities administered for the United States of America by the Smithsonian Institution or its successors shall publish or permit to be displayed a statement or label in connection with or in respect of any aircraft model or design of earlier date than the Wright Aeroplane of 1903, claiming in effect that such aircraft was capable of carrying a man under its own power in controlled flight."

On October 18, 1948, the official handover of the Kitty Hawk was made to Livingston L. Satterthwaite, the American Civil Air Attaché at a ceremony attended by representatives of the various flying organizations in the UK and by some British aviation pioneers such as Sir Alliott Verdon-Roe.

On November 11, 1948, the Kitty Hawk arrived in North America on board the Mauretania with 1,111 passengers. When the liner docked at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Paul E. Garber of the Smithsonian's National Air Museum met the aircraft and took command of the proceedings, overseeing its transfer to the US Navy aircraft carrier, the USS Palau, which repatriated the aircraft by way of New York Harbor. The rest of the journey to Washington continued on flatbed truck. While in Halifax Garber met John A. D. McCurdy, at the time the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia. McCurdy as a young man had been a member of Alexander Graham Bell's team Aerial Experiment Association, which included Glenn Curtiss, and later a famous pioneer pilot. During the stay at Halifax, Garber and McCurdy reminisced about the pioneer aviation days and the Wright Brothers. McCurdy also offered Garber any assistance he needed to get the Flyer home.

In the Smithsonian
The Wright Flyer was put on display in the Arts and Industries Building of the Smithsonian on December 17, 1948, 45 years to the day after the aircraft's only successful flights. (Orville did not live to see this, as he had died that January.) In 1976, it was moved to the Milestones of Flight Gallery of the new National Air and Space Museum. Since 2003 it has resided in a special exhibit in the museum titled "The Wright Brothers and the Invention of the Aerial Age," in recognition of the 100th anniversary of their first flight.

1985 restoration
In 1981, discussion began on the need to restore the Wright Flyer from the aging it sustained after many decades on display. During the ceremonies celebrating the 78th anniversary of the first flights, Mrs. Harold S. Miller (Ivonette Wright, Lorin's daughter), one of the Wright brothers' nieces, presented the Museum with the original covering of one wing of the Flyer, which she had received in her inheritance from Orville. She expressed her wish to see the aircraft restored.

The fabric covering on the aircraft at the time, which came from the 1927 restoration, was discolored and marked with water spots. Metal fasteners holding the wing uprights together had begun to corrode, marking the nearby fabric.

Work began in 1985. The restoration was supervised by Senior Curator Robert Mikesh and assisted by Wright Brothers expert Tom Crouch. Museum director Walter J. Boyne decided to perform the restoration in full view of the public.

The wooden framework was cleaned, and corrosion on metal parts removed. The covering was the only part of the aircraft replaced. The new covering was more accurate to the original than that of the 1927 restoration. To preserve the original paint on the engine, the restorers coated it in inert wax before putting on a new coat of paint. The effects of the 1985 restoration were intended to last 75 years (to 2060) before another restoration would be required.

Reproductions
In 1978, 23-year-old Ken Kellett built a replica Wright Flyer in Colorado and flew it at Kitty Hawk on the 75th and 80th anniversaries of the first flight there. Construction took a year and cost $3,000.

As the 100th anniversary on December 17, 2003, approached, the U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission along with other organizations opened bids for companies to recreate the original flight. The Wright Experience, led by Ken Hyde, won the bid and painstakingly recreated reproductions of the original Wright Flyer, plus many of the prototype gliders and kites and subsequent Wright aircraft. The completed Flyer reproduction was brought to Kitty Hawk and pilot Kevin Kochersberger attempted to recreate the original flight at 10:35 on December 17, 2003, on level ground near the bottom of Kill Devil Hill. Although the aircraft had previously made several successful test flights, poor weather, rain, and weak winds prevented a successful flight on the anniversary. Hyde's reproduction is displayed at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.

The Los Angeles Section of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) built a full-scale replica of the 1903 Wright Flyer between 1979 and 1993 using plans from the original Wright Flyer published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1950. Constructed in advance of the 100th anniversary of the Wright Brothers' first flight, the replica was intended for wind tunnel testing to provide a historically accurate aerodynamic database of the Wright Flyer design. The aircraft went on display at the March Field Air Museum in Riverside, California. Numerous static display-only, nonflying reproductions are on display around the United States and across the world, making this perhaps the most reproduced single aircraft of the "pioneer" era in history, rivaling the number of copies – some of which are airworthy – of Louis Blériot's cross-Channel Bleriot XI from 1909.

Artifacts
In 1969, portions of the original fabric and wood from the Wright Flyer traveled to the Moon and its surface in Neil Armstrong's personal preference kit aboard the Apollo 11 Lunar Module Eagle, and then back to Earth in the Command module Columbia. This artifact is on display at the visitors center at the Wright Brothers National Memorial in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

In 1986, separate portions of original wood and fabric, as well as a note by Orville Wright, were taken by North Carolina native astronaut Michael Smith aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger on mission STS-51-L, which was destroyed soon after liftoff. The portions of wood and fabric and Wright's note were recovered from the wreck of the Shuttle and are on display at the North Carolina Museum of History.

A small piece of the Wright Flyer's wing fabric is attached to a cable underneath the solar panel of the helicopter Ingenuity, which became the first vehicle to perform a controlled atmospheric flight on Mars on April 19, 2021. Before moving on for further exploration and testing, Ingenuity's first base on Mars was named Wright Brothers Field.

Commemorations
The Wright Brothers and their airplane have been commemorated on a U.S. Quarter and on several U. S. Postage stamps.

title: Wright Flyer


text:
Peter Rehberg

Peter Rehberg (29 June 1968 – 22 July 2021), also known as Pita, was a British-Austrian composer of electronic audio works. He was the head of Editions Mego, which he founded in 2006 as a successor to Mego.

Early life
Rehberg was born in Tottenham on 29 June 1968. He grew up in Hertfordshire, before relocating to Austria, his father's country of origin.

Career
Rehberg became associated with Mego in the latter part of 1994. He consequently released his first single early the following year, which was also the first release in the record label's catalogue. He followed this up with his debut album titled Seven Tons for Free in 1996, released under the name Pita. Three years later, Rehberg received Prix Ars Electronica Distinction Award for Digital Musics, alongside Christian Fennesz and the label itself.

Rehberg cooperated with various musicians such as Mika Vainio, Charlemagne Palestine and Oren Ambarchi. He produced music with Ramon Bauer starting in 1997 as Rehberg & Bauer. After Mego folded in 2005, Rehberg revived the label the following year as Editions Mego. He also collaborated with Stephen O'Malley starting in 2006, releasing six drone doom albums as KTL. With Fennesz and Jim O'Rourke, he founded the project Fenn O'Berg.

Rehberg released A Bas la Culture Marchande in 2007, followed by the live collaboration Colchester (2008) and the cassette Mesmer (2010). He started an archival project in 2012 called Recollection GRM. It reissued music by the Groupe de Recherches Musicales collective, including by Pierre Schaeffer, Bernard Parmegiani, Iannis Xenakis, and Beatriz Ferreyra.

In an interview conducted in 2016, Rehberg stated that he did not want to peddle music "in its own little box", which he felt was the norm at present. Describing his impression regarding timbre, he believed that "dissonance and resonance have to co-exist for the other to work". François Bonnet, who collaborated with Rehberg on Recollection GRM, felt that his music came to be more dense as his career progressed. He described how it retained its "radical and bold" character, while becoming "deeper, more ambivalent, more moving".

Personal life
Rehberg was in a domestic partnership with Laura Siegmund until his death. He was previously in a relationship with Isabelle Piechaczyk, with whom he had one child.

Rehberg died on 22 July 2021. He was 53, and had suffered a heart attack prior to his death.

Selected discography

 * (1995) General Magic & Pita: Fridge Trax 12" (Mego)
 * (1996) Pita: Seven Tons For Free CD (Mego)
 * (1996) General Magic & Pita: Live & Final Fridge LP/CD (Source)
 * (1997) Rehberg & Bauer: faßt CD (Touch)
 * (1999) Rehberg & Bauer: ballt CD (Touch)
 * (1999) Pita: Get Out CD (Mego)
 * (1999) Fennesz/O'Rourke/Rehberg: The Magic Sound Of Fenn O'Berg CD (Mego)
 * (2002) Fennesz/O'Rourke/Rehberg: The Return of Fenn O'Berg CD (Mego)

 * (2001) Rehberg & Bauer: passt CD (Touch)
 * (2002) Pita: Get Down LP (Mego)
 * (2002) DACM: Showroom Dummies CD (Mego)
 * (2002) Fennesz/O'Rourke/Rehberg: The Return Of Fenn O’Berg CD/LP (Mego)

 * (2004) Pita: Get Off (Häpna)

 * (2007) Pita: A Bas la Culture Marchande  (No Fun Productions)
 * (2007) KTL (Stephen O'Malley & Peter Rehberg): KTL2 (Editions Mego)
 * (2007) KTL (Stephen O'Malley & Peter Rehberg): KTL3 (Or)
 * (2007) R/S (Rehberg/Schmickler): One  (Erstwhile)
 * (2007) KTL (Stephen O'Malley & Peter Rehberg): Live In Krems (Editions Mego)
 * (2008) Pita: Get Out (Editions Mego Version)  (Editions Mego)
 * (2008) Z'EV vs PITA: Colchester (Editions Mego)
 * (2008) Peter Rehberg: Work For GV 2004–2008 (Editions Mego)
 * (2009) KTL (Stephen O'Malley & Peter Rehberg): IV (Editions Mego)
 * (2011) R/S: USA (PAN)
 * (2016) Pita: Get In CD (Editions Mego)
 * (2019) Pita: Get On CD (Editions Mego)
 * (2020) KTL (Stephen O'Malley & Peter Rehberg): VII (Editions Mego)
 * (2022) Peter Rehberg: At GRM (Portraits GRM)

title: Peter Rehberg


text:
User:Elfhost

Elfhost, The; The Elfhost is a position within the elven nation extant since 1972. It was created by a gathering of elves at the Spring equinox at an undisclosed location it the High Desert of Southern California. Their purpose was to express their concerns and develope mechanisms to act on them.

Their concerns were as follows. 1. The vast majority of American elves have lost their identity as elves and suffer from issues associated with such loss. 2. The lack of rational mechanisms by which identity loss can be recovered.

They concluded their meeting having accomplished the following: 1. A mission statement. 2. They created the position of Elfhost and outlined his duties. 3. They created an organization called "The Western Institure of Strategic Planning", W.I.S.P. and outlined their duties. 4. They ordered the construction of an Elven encyclopedia.

title: User:Elfhost


text:
Serles

Serles (2,718 m) is a mountain of the Stubai Alps in the Austrian state of Tyrol, Austria, between the Stubai Valley and Wipptal, near the Italian border. Its nickname is Altar von Tirol, literally the Altar of Tyrol. It has several lower peaks, including Sonnenstein (2476 m) to the north.

Located on the edge of long ridge traversing east from Habicht, it is a popular scrambling peak and can get very crowded in the summer. The summit provides excellent view of the Stubai Alps and Zillertal Alps.

It is accessible via the Serlesjöchl:
 * from Matrei am Brenner in Wipptal via Maria Waldrast (the easiest route),
 * from Fulpmes and Kampl in Stubaital via Wildeben (which is just as easy, if it was not for the extra altitude to climb).

title: Serles


text:
Yefet ben Ali

Yefet ben Ali (יפת בן עלי הלוי (הבצרי)) was perhaps the foremost Karaite commentator on the Bible, during the "Golden Age of Karaism". He lived about 95 years, c. 914-1009. Born in Basra in the Abbasid Caliphate (now in Iraq), he later moved to Jerusalem between 950 and 980, where he died. The Karaites distinguished him by the epithet maskil ha-Golah (teacher of the Exile).

His commentaries were written in Judeo-Arabic, and covered the entire Hebrew Bible. They were accompanied by a very literal translation of the Hebrew text, which often violated the rules of Arabic grammar. These writings influenced the rabbinical sage Abraham ibn Ezra, who quotes Yefet forty-two times in his commentary of the minor prophets.

Approach
Yefet's commentary is largely a compilation of others' views, though he also includes many original interpretations, but in general his Karaite sources are lost. Unlike his Karaite predecessors in the field of Bible exegesis, Yefet realized the importance of grammar and lexicography for the interpretation of Scripture, although he did not excel in either. The interest which his commentaries present lies chiefly in the accumulation of material for the history of the differences between traditional Judaism and the Karaites; for he enters into lengthy disputes with traditional rabbis, especially with Saadia, from whose commentaries on the Bible and polemical works, including some no longer in existence, he gives many extracts. Thus in regard to Ex. xxxv. 3 he discusses with Saadia the kindling of a fire by a non-Jew on Sabbath, a practise which the Karaites considered to be forbidden. Yefet reproaches Saadia with being unfaithful to the principles he himself had laid down for the interpretation of the Law, according to which no deductions by analogy are admissible in definite revealed precepts. On Lev. xxiii. 5 Yefet cites fragments from Saadia's "Kitab al-Tamyiz", a polemical work against Karaism, in which the author states that there are three sects which are divided on the question of the new moon: (1) the Rabbinites, who, except in special cases, determine it by the molad; (2) the sect of the Tiflis, which follow the molad absolutely; and (3) a sect which is guided by the first appearance of the moon.

Exegesis
Yefet claims full freedom for the exegete, refusing to admit any authority for the interpretation of the Torah; and, although he sometimes uses the thirteen hermeneutic rules laid down in the Mishnah, he denies their authority: they are to be applied, he claims, only when it is not possible to explain the passage literally. Thus, notwithstanding his veneration for Anan ben David, the founder of Karaism, and for Benjamin Nahawandi, he often rejects their interpretations. He follows the Targum very closely (he is the first known Karaite commentator to do so ), though he never acknowledges it as a source, and he quotes Talmudic teachings frequently, likewise without attribution. In his style and idioms also he bears a deep debt to Talmudic writings, and his interpretations are very often borrowed from the exegetical works of Saadia Gaon or the doctrines of Mutazilism.

Yefet was an adversary of the philosophico-allegorical treatment of scripture. He, however, symbolizes several Biblical narrations, as, for instance, that of the burning bush, in which he finds a representation of Jews, whom enemies can not annihilate; and he admits that the Song of Songs is an allegory.

Yefet attacked Islam with the greatest violence. For him the words of Isaiah, "Ha, you ravager" (Book of Isaiah 33:1), refer to Muhammad, who robbed all nations and dealt treacherously with his own people, and Isaiah 47:9 ("Suddenly, in one day: / Loss of children and widowhood / Shall come upon you in full measure") to the downfall of Islam. In the following verse, he sees an allusion to the sufferings inflicted by Muslim rulers on the Jews, who are loaded with heavy taxes, compelled to wear badges, forbidden to ride on horseback, etc.

Yefet was no less bitter in his attacks on Christianity and on rabbinic Judaism, to which he refers many prophecies. Unlike his predecessors, he was not an opponent of secular science. To him the word "da'at" (Proverbs 1:7) denotes "the knowledge" of astronomy, medicine, mathematics, etc., the study of which is to be undertaken before that of theology.

Influence
Yefet's commentaries were much used by succeeding Karaite exegetes and were often quoted by Abraham Ibn Ezra. Written in Arabic, some of them were rendered into Hebrew either in full or abridged.

Editions
Nearly the whole Arabic text on all the Biblical books is extant in manuscripts in European libraries (Leiden, Oxford, British Museum, London, Paris, Berlin, etc.). The parts which have been published are:

 * Genesis 1:1-5 (Stroumsa 2000) 11:10-25:18 (Zawanowska 2012) Joseph Narratives (Polliack, announced ) Babel and Binding of Isaac (Zawanowska 2022)
 * Numbers Balaam poetry (Avni 2003)
 * Deuteronomy 32 (Sokolow 1974, dissertation)
 * Joshua (Robinson 2015)
 * Judges (Wechsler, announced )
 * Jeremiah (P. D. Wendkos 1969, dissertation; Joshua A. Sabih 2009, 2013)
 * Hosea (Schroeter 1867; Tottermann 1880; Birnbaum 1942, dissertation; Polliack and Schlossberg 2009)
 * Joel (Schroeter 1871; Klein 1897; Lehrman 1927, dissertation; Marwick 2003)
 * Amos (Tomal 2000, dissertation; Marwick 2003; Nadler-Akirav 2009, dissertation, 2021)
 * Obadiah (Friedmann 1901; Polliack and Schlossberg 2002)
 * Jonah (Marwick 2003; Schlossberg 2004; Andruss 2007, M.A. thesis)
 * Micah (Szadzunski 1937, dissertation; Marwick 2003)
 * Nahum (Hirschfeld 1911)
 * Habakkuk (Livne-Kafri 1993)
 * Zephaniah (Heisz 1902; Polliack and Schlossberg, 2020)
 * Haggai (Nadler-Akirav 2021)
 * Zechariah (de Vreugd, announced )
 * Malachi (Nadler-Akirav 2021)
 * Psalms (Bargès 1846, 1861; ben-Shammai 1976)
 * Proverbs (Z. Auerbach 1866; E. Günzig 1898; Sasson 2015)
 * Job (ben-Shammai 1969, M.A. thesis; Hussain 1987, dissertation; Sadan 2020)
 * Song of Songs (Jung 1867; Bargès 1884; Alobaidi 2010)
 * Ruth (N. Schorstein 1903, dissertation; Markon 1927; Nemoy 1952; Butbul 2003)
 * Ecclesiastes (Bland 1966; Vajda 1971; ben-Shammai 1976)
 * Esther (Wechsler 2006, dissertation, 2008)
 * Daniel (Margoliouth 1889)

Other works
He was also known for his expertise of Hebrew grammar, and for his polemics against Rabbinic Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. One of his comments about the Rabbanites, writing on his Arabic commentary on Isaiah, Yefet ben Ali digresses as follows: "This section refers to the people of the Diaspora and to the best among them as well. They are at present divided into four classes :

 * 1) The Exilarchs who pretend to be the possessors of knowledge;
 * 2) The common people who neither desire wisdom nor think about it; they know no more about religion than to go to the Synagogue from Sabbath to Sabbath and to say "Amen" and "Shema Yisrael";
 * 3) The studious among the common people, whom the Exilarchs teach them the nonsense of the Talmud, and sorcery, instead of what might profit them;
 * 4) The "Maskilim" (Karaite teachers) who, endowed with the knowledge of the Torah, are generous with the dissemination of their wisdom, in return for which they accept no recompense).

Before devoting himself to Biblical exegesis Yefet wrote several other works of lesser importance. Among these were:
 * an epistle in rimed prose refuting the criticism on Karaism by Jacob ben Samuel, surnamed by the Karaites "ha-'Iḳḳesh" (= "the intriguer"), published by Pinsker in his "Liḳḳuṭe Ḳadmoniyyot", p. 19. Yefet endeavors in this epistle to demonstrate that there is no trace of oral tradition in Scripture, and consequently the Mishnah, Talmud, and other rabbinical writings fall under the prohibition "Ye shall not add unto the word which I command you" (Deut. iv. 2).
 * "Sefer ha-Miẓwot", treating of the precepts, and containing many controversies with the Rabbinites; mentioned by Yefet in the commentaries to I Sam. xx. 27; Dan. x. 3. Some fragments of this work were found in the Library of St. Petersburg and published by A. Harkavy.
 * "'Iyyun Tefillah", in ten chapters, treating of all that pertains to prayer; extant in manuscript (Paris MS. No. 670).
 * "Kalam", perhaps a liturgical work, extant in manuscript. Levi, Yefet's son, mentions in his "Muḳaddimah" to Deuteronomy another work by his father, entitled "Safah Berurah", the contents of which are unknown (the supposition of Fürst that it was a grammatical treatise is considered to be erroneous).

title: Yefet ben Ali


text:
User talk:Cyberman1214185

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title: User talk:Cyberman1214185