text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Delorean

Delorean was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECT to De Lorean. 3 votes to keep as redirect. Postdlf 07:28, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Delorean
The Delorian may infact have been designed in 1979, I have no idea, but this page as it stands is incomprehensible rubbish. Delete it unless someone puts in the effort to make it worthwhile. Shane King 11:04, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * Excellent article. troll/vandal vfd? Kim Bruning 12:12, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC) Not a troll or vandal I suppose. I'm confused. The current page is good. Kim Bruning 12:16, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * You're confused, indeed, but it is indeed confusing :) the vfd'd article has been redirected by a kind soul to the excellent article you're seeing now. Keep as redirect -- Ferkelparade π 13:46, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as a redirect to De Lorean, as it currently is. This should be de-listed from the VfD. jni 13:11, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah! To whoever did it: don't do a redirect while a page is still on vfd, or at least drop a note to explain that you have. Kim Bruning 13:26, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's been redirected to the correct article. Not being familiar with the subject, I didn't know to search for De Lorian as two words. I withdraw the vfd. Shane King 13:31, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep current redirect, because Delorean is a plausible misspelling. De Lorean is an excellent article. The article that was listed for VfD has the following incomprehensible rubbish as its entire content; if not redirected I think it would have been a valid speedy-delete [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 15:13, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * delorean was designed in 1979 by John DeLorean, the car remains a mystery lover. --195.195.161.63 10:47, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC) [www.orgsites.com/hi/oss]

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:CIABOBBY

GGHGH

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:CIABOBBY


text:
Frederick IV, Duke of Austria

Frederick IV (1382 – 24 June 1439), also known as Frederick of the Empty Pockets (Friedrich mit der leeren Tasche), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Duke of Austria from 1402 until his death. As a scion of the Habsburg Leopoldian line, he ruled over Further Austria and the County of Tyrol from 1406 onwards.

Biography
Frederick was the youngest son of Duke Leopold III (1351–1386) and his wife Viridis (d. 1414), a daughter of Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan. According to the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg, his father ruled over the Habsburg Inner Austrian territories of Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, as well as over Tyrol and the dynasty's original Further Austrian possessions in Swabia. After the early death of Duke Leopold in the 1386 Battle of Sempach, Frederick and his elder brothers William, Leopold IV and Ernest initially remained under the tutelage of their uncle Duke Albert III of Austria.

As an inheritance dispute arose upon Duke Albert's death in 1395, the young Leopoldian dukes insisted on their rights: the next year, William went on to rule the Inner Austrian lands and Leopold IV ascended as Count of Tyrol. When Frederick came of age in 1402, he was formally assigned to administer his father's inheritance in the scattered Habsburg territories in Swabia, referred to collectively as Further Austria (Vorderösterreich) and took his residence in Freiburg im Breisgau. Another division of the Leopoldian territories took place after William' death in 1406: Duke Leopold IV, now eldest heir, ceded Tyrol to Frederick; however, he did not become sole ruler in Further Austria until Leopold's death in 1411.

The early years of Frederick's reign were marked by external and internal conflicts. He had to overcome the opposition of Tyrolean nobles (who gave him the title "of the Empty Pockets") in 1406/1407 and a rebellion in the Bishopric of Trent. He also had to deal with the independence movement in the Swabian Appenzell lands, where the conflict with the Prince-Abbots of St Gall had escalated in 1401, sparking the Appenzell Wars. Frederick had to withstand in a series of longstanding military conflicts, until a peace was concluded in 1410. However, the Appenzell area became a protectorate of the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1411. Back in Tyrol, he had to face the invading forces of Duke Stephen III of Bavaria, whom he defeated in the Lower Inn Valley. Upon the death of Duke Leopold IV in 1411, the surviving younger brothers Frederick and Ernest again divided the Leopoldian possessions. With Further Austria, Frederick became undisputed ruler over the Habsburg territories in the Alsace region and of the Burgau margraviate. In 1417 he also inherited the former Kyburg estates from the extinct comital Habsburg-Laufenburg branch. Several border conflicts with the Republic of Venice led to the loss of Rovereto in the Lagarina Valley.

Under the terms of the Western Schism, Duke Frederick sided with Antipope John XXIII, whom he helped on his flight from the Council of Constance in March 1415. The Luxembourg king Sigismund had John arrested in Breisgau and placed Frederick under the Imperial ban. Thanks to the support of the local populace he managed to keep Tyrol, though he lost the western Aargau, the Freiamt and County of Baden estates, in the old homeland of the Habsburgs, to the Swiss.

In 1420, Frederick also moved his Tyrolean court from Meran to Innsbruck. After several rebellions by local nobles, his rule over Tyrol had stabilized, partially due to the successful beginning of silver mining that brought an increase in prosperity to the region. After the death of his brother Ernest on 10 June 1424, Duke Frederick also took over the regency over Inner Austria for his minor nephews Frederick V (the later Emperor Frederick III) and Albert VI. In his later years, however, he again had to cope with another rebellion against his Tyrolean rule, instigated by Prince-Bishop Alexander of Trent.

Frederick died at his court in Innsbruck, despite his nickname, a rich man. His son and heir Sigismund was called der Münzreiche ("Rich in Coin"). Frederick was buried in the Cistercian abbey of Stams, Tyrol.

Marriage and issue
On 24 December 1407, Frederick married Elizabeth of the Palatinate (1381–1408), daughter of King Rupert of Germany, in Innsbruck. They had one daughter, Elizabeth, but both mother and child died shortly after the birth on 27 December 1408.

On 11 June 1411, Frederick married Anna (d. 1432), daughter of the Welf duke Frederick I of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel; they had: Only Sigismund survived until adulthood. He succeeded his father in Tyrol and Further Austria.
 * Margaret (1423 – 1424)
 * Hedwig (1424 – 1427)
 * Wolfgang (1426)
 * Sigismund (1427 – 1496).

title: Frederick IV, Duke of Austria


text:
Extraordinary general meeting

An extraordinary general meeting, commonly abbreviated as EGM, is a meeting of members of an organisation, shareholders of a company, or employees of an official body that occurs at an irregular time.  The term is usually used where the group would ordinarily hold an annual general meeting (AGM) but where an issue arises that requires the input of the entire membership and is too serious or urgent to wait until the next AGM. Members and/or shareholders must be informed of the purpose of the EGM so that they may attend in a position where they can discuss and exercise intelligent judgment, or else any resolutions passed are invalid.

Procedure
Before the EGM the board of the organisation will have agreed upon one or more resolutions that will be put to the shareholders or members for approval at the EGM. The wording of the resolution is sent to the shareholders with a note about its importance. The theory is that the board has a better knowledge of the situation, and the resolution is in effect their ideal solution, but it may not be in the interests of individual shareholders. Usually, the chairman of the EGM reads out and recommends the resolution to those present for approval, takes questions about the resolution from those present, supervises the vote and declares the result. The rules for conducting an EGM and the options for altering a resolution at an EGM or for taking proxy votes will vary from one organisation to another.

In some settings, this is known as a special general meeting or an emergency general meeting.

In the United Kingdom, the directors of a public company must convene an EGM if the net assets fall to half or less of the amount of its called-up share capital (section 656 of the Companies Act 2006). Shareholders who meet certain criteria can requisition a general meeting: within 21 days from the date of receipt of requisition, the directors must send out a notice to convene a meeting within 28 days after the date of giving the notice.

Examples
Special general meeting:

title: Extraordinary general meeting


text:
User:ShaunMacPherson/Resources

Resources a

Online research, journals, academic periodicals, and sourcebooks
''Some of the links below are helpful for finding references online. I'm also listing some journals found in JSTOR in particular that come with the benefit of free access.''

Research
 * JSTOR online archives "Established in August 1995, JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization created with the assistance of The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in information technology. In pursuing this mission, JSTOR has adopted a system-wide perspective, taking into account the sometimes conflicting needs of scholars, libraries and publishers." 1
 * Lexis-Nexis
 * Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (free access for general social survey and national election survey)
 * Paul Hensel's International Relations Data Site
 * United Nations Human Development Report Office
 * World Values Survey ("The World Values Survey is a worldwide investigation of sociocultural and political change. It has carried out representative national surveys of the basic values and beliefs of publics in more than 65 societies on all six inhabited continents, containing almost 80 percent of the world's population." 1)
 * Eldis Country profiles (focus on information related to development)
 * Eurostat (Statistics on European Union countries)
 * OECD (Economic, social, and infrastructure data on industrialized countries)
 * UNICEF
 * World Bank (World Development Indicators database)
 * International Monetary Fund (IMF research and links to World Economic Outlook)
 * UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) FAOSTAT International data on food production, land use, nutrition.
 * UN World Health Organization Statistical Information System (WHOSIS) "The WHO Statistical Information System is the guide to health and health-related epidemiological and statistical information available from the World Health Organization." 2
 * UNDP World Income Inequality Database
 * UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (World population data and trends)
 * The Association for History and Computing "an organisation dedicated to the use of computers in historical research 3
 * EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents From Western Europe
 * THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY World Wide Web site
 * History of Economics Internet References
 * NON-WESTERN SOURCES ON CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL ISSUES from the Political Science Department and the Bartle Library Collaboratory at Binghamton University "The purpose of this continuously developing web page is to allow Americans to see how people who live in non -Western, or less industrialized societies view a variety of contemporary political issues. It was constructed to meet the teaching and research needs of political science. We believe that it will also be useful for students and teachers in other disciplines." 4
 * Library of Congress Handbook of Latin American Studies

Sourcebooks, encyclopedias, and archives
 * Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress under the Country Studies/Area Handbook Program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Army (public domain text)
 * The Catholic Encyclopedia
 * The CIA Factbook
 * The Jürgen Habermas Web Resource
 * The Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom
 * Glossary of Selected Social Science Computing Terms and Social Science Data Terms
 * A Glossary of Political Economy Terms Dr. Paul M. Johnson
 * FACTS SUBJECT INDEX
 * Marx/Engels Internet Archive

Academic journals and periodicals
 * Foreign Policy (a leading quarterly of international affairs)
 * Foreign Affairs (published by the Council on Foreign Relations)
 * Journal of Democracy (free access)
 * Web page of The Economist
 * Social Forces "Social Forces is a journal of social research highlighting sociological inquiry but also exploring realms shared with social psychology, anthropology, political science, history, and economics. The journal's intended academic readers include sociologists, social psychologists, criminologists, economists, political scientists, anthropologists, and students of urban studies, race/ethnic relations, and religious studies." 2
 * Comparative Studies in Society and History "Comparative Studies in Society and History" is an international forum for new research and interpretation concerning problems of recurrent patterning and change in human societies through time and the contemporary world." 3
 * FERNAND BRAUDEL CENTER for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems, and Civilizations
 * Review, A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center
 * World-Systems Archive
 * Journal of World-Systems Research (free access)
 * New Left Review (see "A BRIEF HISTORY OF ''NEW LEFT REVIEW")
 * Monthly Review (free access)
 * American Sociological Association Marxist Section
 * The Socialist Register
 * Review ofRadical Political Economics "The Review of Radical Political Economics (RRPE) publishes articles onradical political economic theory and applied analysis from a wide variety of theoreticaltraditions: Marxist, institutionalist, post Keynesian, and feminist. RRPE is published by Sage Publications." 4

Policy think-tanks, advocacy, other
 * The Cato Institute
 * Brookings Institution
 * American Enterprise Institute
 * Hoover Institution
 * The Jamestown Foundation "The Jamestown Foundation's mission is to contribute to U.S. understanding of its strategic adversaries that pose a threat to democracy and freedom" 4
 * Johnson's Russia List "Johnson's Russia List is a daily e-mail newsletter with information and analysis about contemporary Russia from a wide range of sources." 5
 * The Overseas Young Chinese Forum ("OYCF")
 * Amnesty International (human rights)
 * Human Rights Watch (human rights)
 * One World (sustainable development and human rights)
 * Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, Woodrow Wilson Center

News agencies

 * Reuters
 * BBC
 * Associated Press (AP)
 * Scripps Howard News Service
 * People's Daily
 * Cox News Service
 * Xinhua
 * CNN
 * Fox News
 * Haaretz
 * Asia Times Online
 * Guardian UK
 * Aljazeera
 * New York Times
 * Teharan Times

Thanks to User:172 for this list.

title: User:ShaunMacPherson/Resources


text: Category:1536 births

title: Category:1536 births


text:
User:Leigh/links/todo

Music to get:
Ministry of Sount - Cream Anthems 2007 Bob Sinclair and Cutee B - Rock This Party Mason - Exceeder

Prodigy - Fat of the Land

Performer Iceland Symphony Orchestra conducted by Petri Sakari Composer Sibelius CD Title Sibelius:Symphonies 4 & 5 Track 7 Label Naxos Rec No: 8554377
 * Final Movement of Sibelius's Symphony No 5 in E flat:

Performer Woody Allen Composer Woody Allen Publisher Roxbury Record CD Title The Bitter End Years Track Side 2 trk 1 Label Roxbury Rec No: RLX 300B
 * The Moose:

 * Air_(band):

Alberto Ginastera - Claro de luna el Parana (Moonlight on the Parana)

Wishlist
Amazon wishlist:
 * Half Gone: Oil, Gas, Hot Air and the Global Energy Crisis by Jeremy Leggett £6.99
 * As Used on the Famous Nelson Mandela: Underground Adventures in the Arms and Torture Trade by Mark Thomas
 * i void warranties T-shirt

 * Canon ACK 700 Power Supply for Canon EOS 350D about 50 quid or 115 NZ$
 * Cannon ACK-DC20 looks like it's compatible too, and more available (in NZ: http://www.gpstore.co.nz/Hardware/1537009.html)

Other ideas...
 * Dosh towards GPS unit
 * telescope

NZ

 * Wikipedia_requested_photographs_in_New_Zealand
 * Samuel Marsden Collegiate School
 * Wahine disaster
 * Lindale,_New_Zealand
 * Featherston,_New_Zealand
 * Upper_Hutt

UK

 * Wikipedia_requested_photographs_in_London
 * Olde_Cheshire_Cheese
 * United_Kingdom_Patent_Office
 * Inner_Temple
 * Inns_of_Court
 * Kingsway_%28London%29
 * Strand%2C_London similar to [[Image:SomersetHousebyAnonpublAckermann%26Co1836.jpg]], The Strand front of Somerset House and St Mary-le-Strand church.
 * Farringdon

Piccies to upload

 * Queen_Elizabeth_II_Great_Court - Add Hoa Hakananai'a (IMG_2219 or IMG_2220)
 * Bodhisattva - Add Sadakshari (IMG_2229)
 * Tara_%28Buddhist%29 - Add Standing Tara (IMG_2227)

.

title: User:Leigh/links/todo


text:
Washington H. Soul Pattinson

Washington H Soul Pattinson trading as Soul Patts, is a publicly listed Australian investment company.

History
In 1872, Caleb Soul and his son Washington Handley opened a pharmacy store in Pitt Street, Sydney. In 1886, Lewy Pattinson opened a pharmacy in Balmain. In April 1902, Pattinson bought Soul out with the business incorporated as Washington H Soul Pattinson & Company Limited. On 21 January 1903, the company was listed on the Sydney Stock Exchange. With origins in pharmacy operations (of the same name), today Soul Patts owns a diverse portfolio of investments in various asset classes (equities, private companies, private credit, and property). Soul Patts has never missed paying a dividend since 1903, increasing dividends every year since 2000. In June 2021, terms were agreed to purchase Milton Corporation.

Current
Soul Patts' larger investments include:

 * Brickworks Limited (43.1%)
 * New Hope Coal (39.2%)
 * TPG Telecom (12.8%)
 * TUAS Ltd (25.4%)
 * Private equity investments spanning agriculture, education, financial services, and electrification
 * Credit investments
 * Equity investments (small and large caps)
 * Property investments

Former

 * NBN Television
 * Australian Pharmaceutical Industries

Chairmen

 * 1903–1905 Lewy Pattinson
 * 1906–1929 Sir Thomas Hughes
 * 1929-???? Lewy Pattinson
 * 1957–1969 William Frederick Pattinson
 * 1969–1999 Jim Millner
 * 1999–present Robert Millner
 * 1999–present Robert Millner

title: Washington H. Soul Pattinson


text:
Talk:Beacon Hill

Disambiguation
There are clearly lots of places in the world named Beacon Hill! Most, if not all, deserve a short article, at the least, in my opinion.

There is also the concept of a Beacon Hill, which is to say, a hill formerly used as the location for a beacon.

It seems to me that we should change this page to briefly discuss the notion of a beacon hill, and the shared heritage of most beacon hills in the world, and also to serve as a disambiguation page with links to the various beacon hills in different parts of the world.

I'll make a shot at the overall text.

Edit History
If this page is split into a lot of beacon hills, where should the edit history go? I say leave it with the disambiguation page...

... but if others want to keep their edit history on the new page, they could move the content they added to the specific pages, such as:

 * 1) Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts
 * 2) Beacon Hill, Hong Kong
 * 3) Beacon Hill, Ottowa
 * 4) Beacon Hill, Seattle
 * 5) Beacon Hill, Sydney
 * 6) Beacon Hill, Buckinghamshire
 * 7) Beacon Hill, Leicestershire
 * 8) Beacon Hill, Kent

 * With the new entry Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts, linked from here, the rest scarcely warrant mini-stubs as yet. Wetman 11:19, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I don't know of a town or village called Beacon Hill in Buckinghamshire - could you mean Beaconsfield? (pronounced "Beckons-field")

title: Talk:Beacon Hill


text:
Talk:Relevance logic

Relevant vs relevance
I propose we change the preferred name to relevance logic. Pro:
 * 1) It is the spelling prefered by the standard-setting Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 * 2) It is the term preferred in the topic defining Anderson and Belnap
 * 3) It is marginally more popular according to google:
 * 4) * "relevant logic" -> 2900 hits, and 30 for intitle:"relevant logic"
 * 5) * "relevance logic" -> 3090 hits, and 56 for intitle:"relevance logic"

Cons:
 * 1) Conservatism  Charles Stewart 20 Oct 2004

"Details need to be filled in"
Where someone wrote "Details need to be filled in", is that part of the description of how relevance logic works, or is a meta comment, as suggested by the italics. Meta-comments should instead be tags, right? If you think it was meant to be a meta-comment, would someone please change it to the appropriate wiki tag. Feel free to delete this talk section once resolved. --2602:306:C414:CA30:4C99:3DEC:BD30:794A (talk) 19:17, 21 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pointing that out; I've converted it into a wiki comment for future editors. --Mark viking (talk) 20:16, 21 March 2016 (UTC)

What is missing?
Could we please have a section on which axioms of classical logic are excluded from relevance logic! In particular, implicational propositional calculus uses modus ponens (which is included here) and the axiom schemas: So I would be especially interested in these schemas — which of them are not allowed in relevance logic? And why? JRSpriggs (talk) 19:43, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
 * P → (Q → P)
 * (P → (Q → R)) → ((P → Q) → (P → R)) and
 * ((P → Q) → P) → P.

Two more schemas from an alternative axiomatization: would also be of interest to me. JRSpriggs (talk) 20:39, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
 * (A→B)→(A→(C→B)) and
 * A→((B→C)→((A→B)→C))

 * It might make more sense for that to go in a paragraph or subsection of the Axiom system section. It could only feasibly comment on a few axioms from relatively common axiomatizations of classical or intuitionistic logic, such as the initial three above. Inferential (talk) 10:14, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

Simple characterization of relevance logic
In paraconsistent logic, it gives a simple characterization of relevance logic which I do not see in this article. To wit, "A logic is relevant iff it satisfies the following condition: if A → B is a theorem, then A and B share a non-logical constant.". Is this correct? If so, should we not add it to this article? JRSpriggs (talk) 20:56, 17 August 2018 (UTC)

 * This is the variable sharing principle and it is considered to be a necessary condition for relevance. Edwing Mares author of the Relevance Logic article at SEP, says that some additional semantic criterion is necessary (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-relevance/). I think there are quite a few logicians, especially proof theorists, who treat the variable sharing principle as sufficient.  — Charles Stewart (talk) 15:44, 19 August 2018 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Strict_logic be either merged into Relevance_logic, or deleted.

Strict_logic does not include any citations and has largely been that way since 2014.

Pinging users who have edited Strict_logic Please weigh in on this merge proposal.

Poll (select any combination of Merge, No, or Delete)

 * Merge or Delete – Strict_logic contains nothing of substance, in the first sentence it states "Strict logic is essentially synonymous with relevant logic [...]". --
 * No -- That first clause is contradicted by the rest of the content of the article. It says "ordinary logic without Disjunction introduction", but this article specifically allow disjunction introduction. It also says "linear logic with contraction", but relevance logic lacks many features of linear logic specifically the many varieties of operators. Indeed, these two parts of the article appears to contradict each other, suggesting that the article is incoherent and should be deleted. JRSpriggs (talk) 01:46, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Delete -- As JRSpriggs pointed out, the article starts out with incompatible claims. There is not much to the Strict Logic article. There are no citations provided in the article. A quick google search does not reveal any sources on strict logic, apart from that wikipedia article. Inferential (talk) 10:02, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Relevance logic


text: Category:1597 deaths

title: Category:1597 deaths


text: Category:1350 births

title: Category:1350 births


text:
Talk:Asymptotic analysis

Untitled
Notation query: f ~ g can be written with the keyboard character ~. HTML isn't needed. For my browser this is fine.

Charles Matthews 11:15, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

On my current browser it looks fine, but whatever I was using before showed it up too high. I guess it is pot-luck according to the font one is using. Now I see there is a html entity: ∼ aka ∼  --Zero 11:43, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

To Michael's question: "Do some people prefer \ldots to \cdots between plus signs? Why?", my answers are (1) they have no artistic taste, (2) they are so old that they learned their typography on typewriters where temporarily shifting the baseline by a fraction of a line was too much trouble, (3) none of the above cos I just made them all up. ;-) -- Zero 03:59, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Could somebody please include some layman's language in this article at the top; just a sentence saying that asymptotic analysis covers how long something takes to be processed, or whatever the definition is. Thanks. -- Ian Howlett 19:30, 4 Jul 2005 (UTC)

I would like to second the idea of a layman's explanation of Asymptotic "equality." As an outsider looking in on the math community, a plain-English explanation of the concept would go a long ways for understanding of what you're trying to describe. I recommend that you ask someone outside the math community if they understand what you're writing before you post it; that way you've taken care of your "lowest common denominator." 76.111.8.135 (talk)

≃
ISO 31-11 uses the Unicode character ≃ to denote "is asymptotically equal to". Is this character actually in usage? Wouldn't it then be a good addition to the this article? --Abdull 21:16, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think there is concensus on use of several such "equivalence relation symbols" - some use ~ for asympt.equiv, some use it for proportional, some use a kind of alpha for the latter. I think this is a fashion phenomenon under constant evolution. you might compare the HTML entity code vs amstex commands for the following symbols (from http://www.acronet.net/tags/characters.html):

& sim;  ∼	tilde operator = varies with = similar to = proportional = asympt.equiv. & cong; ≅	approximately equal to / (geometrically) congruent & asymp; ≈	almost equal to / asymptot.equal (\approx in latex) & equiv; ≡	identical to (used by mathematicians for (arithmetic) congruence)
 * (and the symbol of this section's title is displayed as division sign in the "edit summary" line of my browser...)— MFH:Talk 22:19, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

I agree there are different "fashions", but it would be good to clarify that. For example what is the LaTeX symbol \asymp $$\asymp$$ good for? -- Christian.Mercat (talk) 15:22, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Just wanted to note that this usage (which is fine with me, but I'm no expert) conflicts with the discussion of the ≈ character over at approximation (in the Mathematics section). People with the knowledge and the refs may want to help bring the treatments together. / ninly ( talk ) 05:14, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

Definition of asymptotic equivalence
Someone did not like my more general definition of asymptotic equivalence, which I took to be f=g(1+o(1)). He argued, that "my" definition (which is common in asymptotic analysis) was not more general, because asymptotic equivalence only deals with limits... Please, explain to me, by using the present definition of the article (lim f/g = 1), whether or not 0 is asymptotically equivalent to 0, and then explain to me, why my definition is not more general than the present definition. According to my definition, 0 ist asymptotically equivalent to 0. ASlateff 128.131.37.74 05:27, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that the current definition (f ~ g iff lim f/g = 1) is not good. Among others, the function f/g may not be defined even though the function g/f is defined, so there is clearly a problem. I prefer the f = (1+o(1)) g definition. (I prefer putting it that way round because many non-specialists would get confused by the other one thinking that 1+o(1) would be an argument to g.) Else, one can also put it  f-g = o(g) (which is of course the same). — MFH:Talk 15:37, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * May I suggest to reestablish my version of the article? ASlateff 128.131.37.74 00:43, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

The current text "This defines an equivalence relation (on the set of functions being nonzero for all n large enough (most mathematicians prefer the definition f-g=o(g) in terms of Landau notation, which avoids this restriction))." is incorrect. There is no function which is o(g) unless g is nonzero for large enough argument, and then f would need to have that property too. Actually the version f = (1+o(1))g is the only one mentioned here that allows f and g to be 0 infinitely often (provided all but finitely many of these places are in common). I'm changing it. Zerotalk 10:46, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

 * That is not correct: if g equals 0 infinitely often, then $$f-g=o(g)$$ just implies that f also equals 0 at the same places (maybe with finitely many exceptions); it is strictly the same statement as $$f = (1+o(1))g$$ or $$f = g + o(g)$$. But the WP definition of little-o notation was incorrect in this respect until I corrected it just now, which probably led you astray. I'll try to see if I can get things right in this article as well. Marc van Leeuwen (talk) 12:38, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, my comment was with respect to the definition of o existing at that time. Your new definition of o(1) is mathematically better, but I didn't want to change it since the version with ε is harder for novices to understand.  Same with your definition of $$f\sim g$$.  But I won't argue. On the other hand I wonder why you want $$f=g+o(g)$$ at all, rather than just the equivalent $$f=(1+o(1))g$$. The latter has several clear advantages, (1) it fits well with both the new and the old definitions of o, (2) it requires no thought at all about what o means when its argument is 0, (3) it is transparent that $$f\sim g\implies g\sim f$$ whereas $$f=g+o(g)$$ needs the triangle inequality to see that. Zerotalk 14:45, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure I can appreciate your remarks fully, but that's because I'm not entirely comfortable with the meaning of expressions with buried little-o expressions. As far as I have seen, their meaning is defined operationally by algebraically manipulating until the little-o expressions are isolated. Then $$f=(1+o(1))g$$ means exactly the same as $$f=g+o(1)g$$, $$f=g+o(g)$$ and $$f-g=o(g)$$, so whatever follows from one follows from any other of them. In particular, I cannot easily see the symmetry of the relation for any one of them without some special consideration for the set of values where f and g vanish (their symmetric difference should be finite), contrary to what you say in (3). The main point seems that $$f=(1+o(1))g$$ does not exactly mean that f is the product of g and a function that is in 1+o(1): that would force f to share every single zero of g, no exceptions allowed (and it would not define a symmetric relation!). Also, since one wants to have $$o(1)g=o(g)=o(1)g$$ for any g (I think), I don't think I agree with you points (1) and (2), in spite of appearances. But maybe the point of view that the meaning of any statement involving little-o notation can only mean anything asymptotic (it says nothing away from infinity) can somehow resolve these subtleties. Marc van Leeuwen (talk) 16:56, 14 September 2011 (UTC)
 * My main concern is not with correctness (except that we need to avoid incorrectness) but with clarity for the likely readership of this page. Someone coming here is likely to be a complete novice wrt this sort of notation and certainly won't understand the subtleties that fascinate us mathematicians (we have met, btw).  So what we decide here in this detailed discussion is not necessarily what is best for the article. Leaving that aside, I am a specialist in asymptotics but I don't recall ever seeing "their meaning is defined operationally by algebraically manipulating until the little-o expressions are isolated".  I wouldn't know how to define that anyway; what if the os are buried inside other functions, even inside other os?. In my neck of the woods, an equation involving O or o on the right side (not on the left side, to make this simpler) is interpreted that each o and O can be replaced by a function in that class so that the equation becomes true for large enough n.  So $$f=(1+o(1))g$$ means that there is some h in "o(1)" such that $$f=(1+h)g$$ for large enough n.  People consider in practice that the predicate "for sufficiently large n" applies to any expression with o in it, but I'm not sure I could find a written source which states that explicitly. There is a related matter which I think is a more serious notational issue than zeros.  I'm reading a paper that says some function f(n) derived from random cubic graphs of n vertices is o(1) as n goes to infinity, but f(n) is not even defined if n is odd. Very few people would bother writing this in a pedantically precise manner and would probably answer "everyone knows what I mean" if challenged. Zerotalk 00:58, 15 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Btw, to complete the interpretation as I understand it, consider an equation with o, O etc on both sides. This means that no matter which actual functions the Evil Demon substitutes for the os and Os on the left side, there are functions which can be substituted for the os and Os on the right side so that the equation is true for large enough n, where "large enough" might depend on the Evil Demon's choices. Zerotalk 01:04, 15 September 2011 (UTC)

I come long after the discussion, and understand your arguments in favour of clarity, but let me stress out that when I came and had a look at this article, I saw many completely wrong statements. One may wish to have a simple definition like $$f\sim g\Leftrightarrow \frac{f}{g}\to 1$$. But then the next paragraph was a complete confusion between $$f\sim g+h$$ and $$f-g\sim h$$ (in your definition, this means you do not divide by the same thing). The worse help one can do for non-mathematicians who will read the article is to write wrong contradictory things in the hope it will require less effort from readers. I hence changed the section "Asymptotic expansion", and I would also strongly appreciate that the consensual mathematical definition of equivalent (ie $$f-g=o(f)$$) would be added to the article.Sleurent (talk) 14:27, 22 August 2015 (UTC)

Why single out computer science?
I understand that asymptotic analysis is an important tool in the analysis of computational complexity, but there are other fields besides CS which also regularly use this. (Physics is an obvious example, but you could also include all physical sciences, theoretical biology and ecology, etc.) I suggest removing the emphasis on CS and leaving Applied Mathematics as the principal area of application. Tim 136.186.1.187 (talk) 02:50, 4 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Right, and add statistics as an example at least as big as CS. Plus lots of other stuff.  I'm not sure about your version, but I agree the existing text needs revision.  Zerotalk 10:36, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

Method of dominant balance
Does anyone else find the example in the "Method of dominant balance" section to be hard to follow? Assumptions seem to be pulled out of a hat; also the constant A that appears along the way is mysteriously discarded. If y(x) is a solution, then so is Ay(x), so this is an actual error. Zerotalk 09:11, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

I agree that this section has big issues. To start with, what was written there was completely wrong, containing mis-uses of the <\math>\sim\/math> notation. I edited it to at least remove some obviously wrong statements, and I'm in favor of removing this section, or rewritting it completely, as I do not regard it as satisfactory.

'''Explanation why it was wrong: the statements $$y(x) \sim e^x$$ and $$y\sim x^{a-c}e^x$$ were claimed to simultaneously hold. That woud imply $$x^{a-c}\sim 1$$, which is false if $$a\neq c$$

Another issue with this section is that it seems to take the derivative of an equivalent. Which is not legitimate thing at all! Sleurent (talk) 14:17, 22 August 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 01:47, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

Construction
I just added a section on "Construction", because I've thought several times in the past about how to construct such a function and finally identified a solution.

Some of the primary contributors to this page may know a better solution to this problem than what I supplied and / or may know some literature that could be cited here. If so, I hope they will improve what I wrote.

In particular, can a hyperbola be constructed asymptotic to two different but arbitrary straight lines, one as as $$x\to (-\infty)$$, and a different one as as $$x\to (+\infty)$$?

Thanks, DavidMCEddy (talk) 21:18, 2 February 2020 (UTC)

 * I don't think that this section is quite correct concerning the construction $$h(x) = f(x)(1-F(x)) + g(x)F(x)$$ where $$f(x)$$ and $$g(x)$$ are real-valued analytic functions, and $$F(x)$$ is a Cumulative distribution function. I think that it is more complicated because it depends upon the convergence of $$F(x)$$ relative to $$f(x)$$ and $$g(x)$$. For example, consider $$f(x)=x$$, $$g(x)=2x$$, and $$F(x)=\frac{1}{\pi} \tan^{-1} x + \frac{1}{2}$$. In this case, the limit as $$x\to -\infty$$ of $$h(x)-f(x)$$ is $$-1/\pi$$ rather than 0. So $$F(x)$$ must be carefully chosen to not only exhibit the correct end behavior, but also to dominate the convergence of $$f(x)$$ and $$g(x)$$.
 * Rogue Whistler (talk) 19:58, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Also, in reply to your query about a hyperbola, given two lines $$y=m_1 x + b_1$$ and $$y=m_2 x + b_2$$, with $$m_1 \neq m_2$$, the hyperbola $$4m_1m_2x^2-4(m_1+m_2)xy+4y^2+4(m_1b_2+m_2b_1)x-4(b_1+b_2)y+4b_1b_2-1=0$$ should have the prescribed asymptotes.
 * Rogue Whistler (talk) 22:43, 30 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I recommend removing this section about "Construction" until a result with supporting citation can be provided. It is not a bad topic to include, but the section does not currently contain correct mathematics or support from literature. Rogue Whistler (talk) 19:30, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

Revision proposal
''Hello, The current introduction only partially defines asymptotic analysis. I propose this edit below. The definition closely corresponds to the definition provided in the references who are recognized authorities in this field. Please discuss if you disagree. Thanks'' In mathematical analysis, asymptotic analysis focuses on the development and application of methods to approximate analytical solutions to a wide range of mathematical problems. Asymptotic analysis has been applied to computer science, analysis of algorithms, differential equations, integrals, functions, series, partial sums, and difference equations.

Proposed revision
''I have a proposed revision. The revision contains almost everything in the current document but adds significant content. If you have concerns, please send me a message or comment below. I will revise the document in the future.''

Revisions
 * Revision contains a more complete asymptotic analysis definition as defined by J.D. Murray.
 * Revision contains much simpler example in the introduction accompanied by a graph. The current document also uses equivalence notation before it is defined.  It is better for the reader to define notation then apply the notation.
 * Revision contains a history section.
 * Revision contains more rigorous definitions of asymptotic notation provided by J.D. Murray, Paulsen, Bleistein, Handleson and Estrada.
 * Revision provides properties of asymptotic equivalence accompanied by sources. The current document's section lacks required sources.  One property in the current document was not retained as there was no source.
 * Revision places "Examples" and "worked example" in a collapsible tables which makes the article less cluttered.
 * Revision proves the worked example in a briefer easier way more understandable to the reader.
 * Revision does not includes some content on asymptotic expansion because this content was not sourced. Also, it is unclear exactly what abusively means to the reader.
 * Revision places asymptotic distribution in the applications section because this is an application to statistics.
 * Revision divides application section into logical categories.
 * Revision retains "Asymptotic versus numerical analysis" but I am concerned that copying verbatim about 1 page may be a copyright violation.
 * Revision contains additional content that reflects the chapters seen in the major textbooks on this topic.
 * Revision provides sources for all substantive content. Current document does not.

Thanks TMM53 (talk) 22:50, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Asymptotic analysis


text:
Beacon Hill, Boston

Beacon Hill is a historic neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, and the hill upon which the Massachusetts State House resides. The term "Beacon Hill" is used locally as a metonym to refer to the state government or the legislature itself, much like Washington, D.C.'s Capitol Hill does at the federal level.

Federal-style rowhouses, narrow gaslit streets and brick sidewalks adorn the neighborhood, which is generally regarded as one of the more desirable and expensive in Boston. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood is 9,023.

Etymology

Like many similarly named areas, the neighborhood is named for the location of a former beacon atop the highest point in central Boston. The beacon was used to warn the residents of an invasion.

Geography
Beacon Hill is bounded by Storrow Drive, and Cambridge, Bowdoin, Park and Beacon Streets. It is about 1/6 of a square mile in size, and situated along the riverfront of the Charles River Esplanade to the west, just north of Boston Common and the Boston Public Garden. The block bound by Beacon, Tremont and Park Streets is included as well. Beacon Hill has three sections: the south slope, the north slope and the "Flat of the Hill", which is a level neighborhood built on landfill. It is west of Charles Street and between Beacon Street and Cambridge Street.

Located in the center of the Shawmut Peninsula, the area originally had three hills, Beacon Hill and two others nearby, Pemberton Hill and Mount Vernon, which were leveled for Beacon Hill development. The name trimount later morphed into "Tremont", as in Tremont Street. Between 1807 and 1832 Beacon Hill was reduced from 138 feet in elevation to 80 feet. The shoreline and bodies of water such as the Mill Pond had a "massive filling", increasing Boston's land mass by 150%. Charles Street was one of the new roads created from the project.

Before the hill was reduced substantially, Beacon Hill was located just behind the current site of the Massachusetts State House.

Demographics
According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood is 9,023. This reflects a slight (0.3% or 29 individuals) decrease from the 2000 Census. The racial/ethnic make-up of the neighborhood's population is as follows: 86.8% of the population is white, 2% black or African American, 4.1% Hispanic or Latino, 0.1% American Indian or Alaska Native, 5.3% Asian, 0.4% some other race/ethnicity, and 1.3% two or more races/ethnicities.

According to 2007–2011 American Community Survey estimates, of the 5,411 households in Beacon Hill, 27.3% were family households and 72.7 were non-family households (with 55.7% of those female householders). Of the 1,479 family households 81.6% were married couple families. 36.6% of married couple families were with related children under the age of 18 and 63.4% were with no related children under age 18. Other family types make up 18.4% of Beacon Hill's population, with 90.8% being female householders with no husband present and a majority of these households included children under 18 present.

Ancestry
According to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in ZIP Codes 02108 and 02114 are:

17th century

The first European settler was William Blaxton, also spelled Blackstone. In 1625 he built a house and orchard on Beacon Hill's south slope, roughly at the location of Beacon and Spruce street. The settlement was a "preformal arrangement". In 1630 Boston was settled by the Massachusetts Bay Company. The southwestern slope was used by the city for military drills and livestock grazing. In 1634 a signal beacon was established on the top of the hill. Sailors and British soldiers visited the north slope of Beacon Hill during the 17th and 18th centuries. As a result, it became an "undesirable" area for Boston residents. "Fringe activities" occurred on "Mount Whoredom", the backslope of Beacon Hill.

18th century
Beacon Street was established in 1708 from a cow path to the Boston Common. John Singleton Copley owned land on the south slope for pasture for his cows and farmland.

In 1787 Charles Bulfinch designed the Massachusetts State House. Its construction was completed in 1795, replacing the Old State House in the center of Boston.

The Mount Vernon Proprietors group was formed to develop the trimount area, The name trimount later morphed into "Tremont", as in Tremont Street. when by 1780 the city's neighborhoods could no longer meet the needs of the growing number of residents. Eighteen and a half or 19 acres of grassland west of the State House was purchased in 1795, most of it from John Singleton Copley. The Beacon Hill district's development began when Charles Bulfinch, an architect and planner, laid out the plan for the neighborhood. Four years later the hills were leveled, Mount Vernon Street was laid, and mansions were built along it. One of the first homes was the Harrison Gray Otis House on Cambridge Street.

Development
Construction of homes began in earnest at the turn of the century, such as: freestanding mansions, symmetrical pairs of houses, and row houses. Between 1803 and 1805, the first row houses were built for Stephen Higginson.

In the 1830s, residential homes were built for wealthy people on Chestnut and Mt. Vernon Streets. Some affluent people moved, beginning in the 1870s, to Back Bay with its "French-inspired boulevards and mansard-roofed houses that were larger, lighter, and airier than the denser Beacon Hill."

In the early 19th century, there were "fringe activities" along the Back Bay waterfront, with ropewalks along Beacon and Charles Streets.

South slope
The south slope "became the seat of Boston wealth and power." It was carefully planned for people who left densely populated areas, like the North End. The residents of opulent homes, called the Boston Brahmins, were described by Oliver Wendell Holmes as a "harmless, inoffensive, untitled aristocracy". They had "houses by Charles Bulfinch, their monopoly on Beacon Street, their ancestral portraits and Chinese porcelains, humanitarianism, Unitarian faith in the march of the mind, Yankee shrewdness, and New England exclusiveness."

Literary salons and publishing houses were founded in the 19th century. "Great thinkers" lived in the neighborhood, including Daniel Webster, Henry Thoreau and Wendell Phillips.

Flat of the Hill
Development began in the early 19th century. Single family homes often had stores on the first floor for retailers, carpenters and shoemakers. Today, many of the 19th century waterfront landmarks, such as the Charles Street Meeting House, are found far from the water due to the filling that has taken place since then.

North slope
The north slope was the home of African Americans, sailors and Eastern and Southern European immigrants. The area around Belknap Street (now Joy Street) in particular became home to more than 1,000 blacks beginning in the mid-1700s. While this community is often described as arising from domestic workers in the homes of white residents on the south slope of the Hill, property records indicate that the black community on the north slope was already well-established by 1805, before the filling-in of the south slope was completed, and so before that slope of Beacon Hill came to be considered an affluent area.

Many blacks in the neighborhood attended church with the whites but did not have a vote in church affairs and sat in segregated seating. The African Meeting House was built in 1806 and by 1840 there were five black churches. The African Meeting House on Joy Street was a community center for members of the black elite. Frederick Douglass spoke there about abolition, and William Lloyd Garrison formed the New England Anti-Slavery Society at the Meeting House. It became a "hotbed and an important depot on the Underground Railroad."

Blacks and whites were largely united on the subject of abolition. Beacon Hill was one of the staunchest centers of the anti-slavery movement in the Antebellum era.

The Republican Party was founded by abolitionists. One of the earliest black Republican legislators in the United States was Julius Caesar Chappelle (1852–1904), who served as a legislator in Boston from 1883 to 1886 and whose district included the Beacon Hill area. Chappelle was a popular, well-liked politician and was covered by many of the black newspapers in the United States.

Blacks migrated to Roxbury and Boston's South End after the Civil War.

Immigrants
In the latter part of the 19th century, Beacon Hill absorbed an influx of Irish, Jewish and other immigrants.

Many homes built of brick and wood in the early 19th century were dilapidated by the end of the Civil War and were razed for new housing. Brick apartment buildings, or tenements, were built. Yellow brick townhouses were constructed, generally with arched windows on the first floor and a low ceiling on the top, fourth floor. Residential homes were also converted to boarding houses.

The north slope neighborhood transitioned as blacks moved out of the neighborhood and immigrants, such as Eastern European Jews, made their homes in the community. The Vilna Shul was established in 1898, and the African Meeting House was converted into a synagogue.

20th century
Better transportation service to the suburbs and other cities led a boom to the city's economy at the beginning of the 20th century. New buildings, "compatible with the surroundings", were built and older buildings renovated. To ensure that there were controls on new development and demolition, the Beacon Hill Association was formed in 1922. Into the 1940s there were attempts to replace brick sidewalks, but the projects were abandoned due to community resistance.

Banks, restaurants and other service industries moved into the "Flat of the Hill", with a resulting transformation of the neighborhood.

Red-light districts operated near Beacon Hill in Scollay Square and the West End until a 1950s urban renewal project renovated the area. To prevent urban renewal projects of historically significant buildings in Beacon Hill, its residents ensured that the community obtained historic district status: south slope in 1955, Flat of the Hill in 1958, and north slope in 1963. The Beacon Hill Architectural Commission was established in 1955 to monitor renovation and development projects. For instance, in 1963, 70-72 Mount Vernon Street was to be demolished for the construction of an apartment building. A compromise was made to maintain the building and its exterior and build new apartments inside.

Historic district and national landmark
In 1955, state legislation Chapter 616 created the Historic Beacon Hill District. It was the first such district in Massachusetts, created to protect historic sites and manage urban renewal. Supporting these objectives is the local non-profit Beacon Hill Civic Association. According to the Massachusetts Historical Commission, the historic districts "appear to have stabilized architectural fabric" of Beacon Hill.

Beacon Hill was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 19, 1962.

21st century
Wealthy Boston families continue to live at the Flat of the Hill and south slope. Inhabitants of the north slope include Suffolk University students and professionals.

Black Heritage Trail
The Boston African American National Historic Site is located just north of Boston Common. The historic buildings along today's Black Heritage Trail were the homes, businesses, schools and churches of the black community. Charles Street Meeting House was built in 1807, the church had seating that segregated white and black people. The Museum of African American History, New England's largest museum dedicated to African American history, is located at the African Meeting House, adjacent to the Abiel Smith School. The meeting house is the oldest surviving Black church built by African Americans. The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial and the 54th Massachusetts Regiment Memorial are located at Beacon Street and Park Street, opposite the Massachusetts State House.

Massachusetts State House
The Massachusetts State House, located on Beacon Street, is the home of the Commonwealth's government. The gold-domed state capitol building was designed by Charles Bulfinch and was completed in 1798. Many of the country's state capitol buildings were modeled after the State House.

Community
The Beacon Hill Civic Association has a long history as a community resource for the Beacon Hill neighborhood. Founded in 1922 by neighbors with the goal of preventing home building and other construction, today it continues as a volunteer advocacy organization focused on improving quality of life in the neighborhood. It was first founded to fight city plans to replace the neighborhood's brick sidewalks. Since then its efforts have been instrumental in preserving Beacon Hill as a historic district, and have expanded to include such initiatives as: working to become the first neighborhood to receive resident parking permits, streamlining trash service, and creating a virtual retirement community serving the neighborhood's elderly.

Non-religious
The Club of Odd Volumes, a historic organization on Mount Vernon Street, serves as a Bibliophiles club, library, and archive. The Headquarters House, also known as William Hickling Prescott House, is a museum run by the Society of Colonial Dames. The country's oldest legal organization, the Boston Bar Association, is on Beacon Street. Beacon Hill Village was the first formal Elder Village in the United States.

Religious
Religious organizations include the Vilna Shul, an Orthodox Jewish synagogue, and the Unitarian Universalist Association headquarters. Church of the Advent is a Victorian Gothic Church, faced in brick with 8 massive carillon bells and a 172-foot spire. The Park Street Church, nicknamed "Brimstone Corner" in the 19th century, was used to store gunpowder during the War of 1812. Samuel Francis Smith first sang his song America the Beautiful at this church in 1831. Two years earlier William Lloyd Garrison spoke to the congregation about abolishing slavery. One of the few outposts of the small Protestant group the Swedenborgian Church is on Bowdoin Street, and was embroiled in controversy in 2013 over alleged extortion by a former mafioso. While home to a Paulist chapel, Beacon Hill is currently one of only two neighborhoods in Boston that does not contain a Catholic parish church.

Neighborhoods
Beacon Hill is predominantly residential, known for old colonial brick row houses with "beautiful doors, decorative iron work, brick sidewalks, narrow streets, and gas lamps". Restaurants and antique shops are located on Charles Street.

Louisburg Square is "the most prestigious address" in Beacon Hill. Its residents have access to private parking and live in "magnificent Greek Revival townhouses." Nearby is Acorn Street, often mentioned as the "most frequently photographed street in the United States." It is a narrow lane paved with cobblestones that was home to coachmen employed by families in Mt. Vernon and Chestnut Street mansions.

The Harrison Gray Otis House on Cambridge Street was built in 1796. Charles Bulfinch designed this house, and two additional houses, for the businessman and politician who was instrumental in Beacon Hill's development and Boston becoming the state capital. The Otis House also houses the headquarters of Historic New England, previously known as Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities. Other notable houses are the Francis Parkman House and an 1804 townhouse, now the Nichols House Museum. The Nichols House "offers a rare glimpse inside [the] Brahmin life" of Rose Standish Nichols, a landscape artists.

Suffolk University
Suffolk University and its Law School are adjacent to the Massachusetts State House and the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. The Suffolk University Law School was founded in 1906.

Transportation

Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) subway stations in Beacon Hill are:
 * Park Street – Red and Green Lines
 * Bowdoin – Blue Line
 * Charles/MGH – Red Line

MBTA bus, MBTA commuter rail, and ferry services are also available.

Notable people
Beacon Hill has been home to many notable persons, including:

 * Mildred Albert
 * Louisa May Alcott, author of Little Women
 * John Albion Andrew
 * William Blaxton, original owner of Beacon Hill
 * Edwin Booth, actor; brother of John Wilkes Booth
 * Peter Bent Brigham
 * Charles Bulfinch
 * John Cheever, author
 * Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney
 * John Singleton Copley
 * Michael Crichton, author
 * Robert Frost, poet
 * James Gibson (Captain)
 * Janet Doub Erickson
 * John Hancock
 * Chester Harding
 * Teresa Heinz
 * Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
 * Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
 * Julia Ward Howe
 * Abigail Johnson
 * Edward M. Kennedy
 * John Kerry
 * Henry Cabot Lodge
 * James Russell Lowell
 * Robert Lowell
 * Mary Osgood
 * Harrison Gray Otis
 * Sylvia Plath
 * William Prescott
 * Eleanor Raymond
 * C. Allen Thorndike Rice
 * Henry Rice
 * David Lee Roth
 * George Santayana
 * Anne Sexton
 * Robert Gould Shaw
 * Carly Simon, singer-songwriter
 * Charles Sumner
 * Uma Thurman, actress
 * David Walker
 * Gretchen Osgood Warren
 * Fiske Warren
 * Daniel Webster
 * Jack Welch

In popular culture

 * Published in 1937, the Pulitzer-Prize-winning novel The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand satirizes the upper-class white residents of Beacon Hill.
 * William Kane, one of the protagonists in the Jeffrey Archer novel Kane and Abel, lives in Beacon Hill.
 * On Beacon Street, the Bull and Finch Bar was inspiration and source of exterior shots for the Cheers television show.
 * Make Way for Ducklings (Viking, 1941) is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Robert McCloskey. Most of the story is set at the foot of Beacon Hill, especially the route taken by the fictional Mrs. Mallard and her children on foot across Beacon Street. It is commemorated every year in May by a parade through Beacon Hill to the Boston Public Garden, where the mallards nested.
 * Nine Lives; or, the celebrated cat of Beacon Hill (Pantheon, 1951) is a 62-page children's book by the novelist Edward Fenton (1917–1995) and illustrator Paul Galdone. "A wealthy, elderly Boston matron adopts a scruffy tomcat and while she is away on a trip her jealous butler tries very hard to destroy all nine of the cat's lives."
 * The 1968 Norman Jewison film The Thomas Crown Affair is set and was largely filmed in and around Beacon Hill.
 * Dr Charles Emerson Winchester was born and raised there, and in an episode of MASH [9/13 "No Laughing Matter"] swears "By Beacon Hill" to get revenge on the commanding officer who sent him to MASH 4077.
 * Robert Lowell's prose sketch 91 Revere Street was inspired by his childhood home on Beacon Hill.
 * Dr. Michaela Quinn of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman was raised on Beacon Hill.
 * Dr. Maura Isles of TNT's Rizzoli & Isles lives on Beacon Hill.
 * Asclepia, a small private hospital, is mentioned in Patrick O'Brian's sixth Aubrey-Maturin novel, The Fortune of War, as being "in a dry, healthy location near Beacon Hill."
 * The NBC TV series Banacek (1972–1974) was set and partially filmed on Beacon Hill. Its main character "Thomas Banacek" played by George Peppard grew up in nearby "Scollay Square" and lived in the "Second Harrison Grey Otis House."

title: Beacon Hill, Boston


text: Category:1350 deaths

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text:
The Valley of the Squinting Windows

The Valley of the Squinting Windows is a 1918 novel by Brinsley MacNamara (born John Weldon), set in the fictional village of Garradrimna, in central Ireland.

Setting
While MacNamara insisted that Garradrimna could represent any village in Ireland, geographical landmarks mentioned in the book and correspondences between its characters and his neighbours suggest that Garradrimna is based on the author's hometown Delvin, County Westmeath; most notably, a de Lacy castle located at one end of the town. Also, a train from the region to Dublin passes through County Meath.

Plot
The novel is set in central Ireland c. 1914–16. Garradrimna is a tiny village where everyone is interested in everyone else's business and wishes them to fail. Twenty years before the events of the book, Nan Byrne has a relationship with a local man, Henry Shannon, hoping to marry him for his wealth. She falls pregnant but Henry refuses to marry her. After a miscarriage, the baby is buried at the bottom of the garden. Henry marries another woman and later dies, while Nan emigrates to England and marries Ned Brennan. They later move back to Garradrimna, where the villagers rejoice in telling Ned about his wife's past.

Ned is now an alcoholic, brought low by the humiliation of his wife's past promiscuity. He makes a little as a labourer, whereas Nan works every day at sewing to support their only child, John, studying in England to become a Catholic priest. However, she has become as cruel, petty and jealous as the rest of Garradrimna, and connives with the postmistress to sabotage Myles Shannon's chance at romance with an English girl, to get revenge on the Shannon family for rejecting her.

John returns to Garradrimna for a holiday, where he befriends Ulick Shannon (son of Henry) and falls for Rebecca Kerr, a schoolteacher. Ulick and Rebecca have a relationship, however, and when Rebecca becomes pregnant she is disgraced and expelled from the village. Ulick abandons her and John murders him, weighting the body with lead and hiding it in the lake. Rebecca leaves for Dublin and an uncertain future. An old gossip informs Nan and John that she was there the night Nan gave birth to Henry's child — in reality, the child was born alive and was given to Henry and his wife — who they raised as their son, Ulick Shannon.

Reception
Hostility toward the work in MacNamara's native Delvin led to the book's burning shortly after its publication. The stir caused the author's schoolmaster father, James, to be boycotted. In response, Weldon, snr., initiated a high-profile court case against those who thought that they had been described in the novel.

MacNamara's novel has been reprinted several times, particularly when interest in the topic re-emerges. "Valley of the squinting windows" has become a colloquial term in Ireland to refer to a place where judgmental gossip is common.

Release details

 * 1918, Dublin, Maunsel & Co., hardback
 * 1918, London, Sampson Low, Marston, hardback
 * 1919, New York, Brentano's, hardback
 * 1976, Ireland, Anvil Books ISBN 0-900068-35-3, Pub date September 1976, paperback
 * 1984, Ireland, Anvil Books ISBN 0-900068-83-3, Pub date 11 July 1984, paperback
 * 1984, Ireland, Anvil Books ISBN 0-900068-82-5, Pub date 11 July 1984, hardback
 * 1985, Ireland, Anvil Books ISBN 0-947962-01-8, Pub date September 1985, paperback

title: The Valley of the Squinting Windows