text:
User:Oldfarm

These are lists of articles on subjects that interest me, some written by me, and some by others:

Personal Info Automobiles
 * 1937-1958: Born in England at Reading, Berkshire, lived in Tadley.
 * 1939-1945: My father went to France in the British Expeditionary Force, was captured following Dunkirk and was a POW in Stalag XX-A.
 * 1941-1942: The woodland north of Tadley was cleared and RAF Aldermaston airfield was built.
 * 1943-1945: The USAAF Eighth Air Force and Ninth Air Force took over the airfield. We lived within the perimeter of the airfield.
 * 1945: My father was on The March (1945) from Poland to Germany for over 3 months.
 * 1947-1948: Worked at rural trades - blacksmithing, coppicing and making besom brooms.
 * 1948: Under the Tripartite System, passed the 11-plus and went to Queen Mary's, a grammar School in Basingstoke
 * 1950: Joined the British Interplanetary Society.
 * 1950: Ownership of the airfield at Aldermaston was transferred from the Air Ministry to the Ministry of Supply, and construction of AWRE began.
 * 1953-58: Served a formal, five-year engineering apprenticeship at Aldermaston working under Dr. William Penney, Dr Henry Hulme and John Dolphin.
 * 1955: Learned to drive in a 1932 Ford Model Y.
 * 1956: Bought a 1930 BSA 3 wheeler.
 * 1950-58: Practiced Judo at the Budokwai with Gunji Koizumi, Trevor Leggett, Geof Gleeson, Charlie Palmer and Ken Richmond.
 * 1958-60: Marine Engineering Officer with Union-Castle Line and Anglo-Ecuadorian Oil.
 * 1960: Emigrated to the United States, living in Hampden, Baltimore, Maryland
 * 1960: Worked in shipyards and machine shops in Baltimore.
 * 1960: Bought a house in Harundale in Glen Burnie, Maryland.
 * 1961: Worked for Baltimore and Annapolis Railroad in Ferndale, Maryland.
 * 1961-63: Drafted and served in regular US Army at Fort Jackson (South Carolina), and Fort Wayne (Detroit).
 * 1962: Trained as computer operator on unit record equipment, later as a computer programmer on IBM 602 and IBM 1401.
 * 1963: Left regular US Army and moved to Annapolis, Maryland.
 * 1963-67: US Army Reserves - assigned to a MASH unit, trained in chemical pathology and gas chromatography
 * 1963-67: Programming for electromagnetic spectrum analysis in Fortran on a UNIVAC 1107.
 * 1963: Moved to Severna Park, Maryland.
 * 1966: Bought a 1959 BMW Isetta 300.
 * 1966: Became naturalized as US citizens
 * 1968: Programming in Cobol and RPG on an IBM 360 at ARINC.
 * 1969: Programming automated medical laboratory data capture in RPG on an IBM 360/20 and in Fortran an IBM 1130.
 * 1970: Developed GPSS models for Singer Corporation
 * 1970: Converted an IBM unit record equipment shop to an IBM System/3 operation for Duron Paint.
 * 1971: Programming retail transaction capture in assembly language on a Singer/Friden 10.
 * 1973-77: Programming phototypesetting applications on PDP-10 and PDP-20.
 * 1975: Got my private pilots license, flew AA-1 Yankees and Piper Cherokees
 * 1976: Started restoration on Series 1 Jaguar E-Type.
 * 1978-79: For an automobile distributor, developed a computer network linking Datapoint 2200's and Texas Instruments 771's to an IBM mainframe via a Tandem.
 * 1980-81: As a computer scientist at CSC, worked on Air Traffic Control and telemetry data monitoring for the first flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia (the STS-1 mission).
 * 1981: Had TIA - lost pilots license.
 * 1982: Worked at General Instrument with Sid Meier and Bill Stealey.
 * 1983-2000: Consultant on varied projects including: Quality Assurance, Management Information Systems, Material resource planning, Shop Floor Data Collection, Word processing, Telemetry Data Processing, Membership Management, Point of sale, Electronic funds transfer.
 * 1989: Had second TIA (Amaurosis fugax)- lost vision for a few hours. Had a Carotid endarterectomy.
 * 1990: Started restoration of SS John W. Brown, a WWII Liberty ship.
 * 1994: Started working for Steve Bisciotti at Allegis Group was there until I retired.
 * 1995: Worked in Omaha, Nebraska for a year. Worked at Freedom Park, restored WWII and Korean War vintage Jeeps and Dodge Weapons Carriers. Worked on USS Hazard and USS Marlin
 * 2000: Third TIA affected vision - Scotoma - retired.
 * 2006: Chest pains - Underwent CABG procedure at Union Memorial Hospital.
 * 2007: Diagnosed with severe sleep apnea - treated with a CPAP machine.
 * 2007: My 1999 Ford Windstar with 88k miles was inspected as part of the subframe corrosion recall - it was found to be beyond repair and was confiscated and crushed after Ford paid me half of the cost of replacing it.
 * 2013: Was given a 1990 Mazda B2600i 4x4 that had not run for over seven years. Rebuilt brakes. Now a daily driver.
 * List of defunct automobile manufacturers

Railroads
 * Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway

Rural England
 * Aldermaston, Aldermaston Court, Aldworth, Pingewood, Swing Riots

Ships
 * Liberty ship, SS John W. Brown,  SS Henry Bacon,  Project Liberty Ship,  John W. Brown,  MV Bloemfontein Castle,  MS Dunnottar Castle, MV Stirling Castle,  USS Hazard (AM-240),  USS Marlin (SST-2),  United States Maritime Commission

World War II
 * RAF Aldermaston, Prisoner of war, Prisoner-of-war camp, List of POW camps in Canada,  List of POW camps in Britain,  List of POW camps in Germany,  Marlag und Milag Nord,  List of POW camps in Italy,  List of POW camps in Japan,  List of Japanese Hellships,  List of POW camps in the United States

Nuclear technology
 * Nuclear weapon design, Blue Danube, Blue Peacock, Red Beard, Atomic Weapons Establishment, Nuclear tests, William George Penney, Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom

My Sandbox
 * Sandbox

See also
 * WikiProject Transport
 * WikiProject Aircraft
 * WikiProject Automobiles
 * WikiProject Ships
 * WikiProject Military
 * Category
 * Category:Ships by type - List of ship types.
 * Category:Shipping companies - List of Shipping Companies.
 * Category:Ocean liners - List of Ocean Liners
 * Browse by category - an organised collection of links to high-level categories
 * m:Help:Category
 * Categorization requirements (original guidelines for category proposals and implementations)

title: User:Oldfarm


text:
Spotlight

Spotlight or spot light may refer to:

Lighting

 * Spot light, an articulating automotive auxiliary lamp
 * Spotlight (theatre lighting)
 * Spotlight, a searchlight
 * Stage lighting instrument, stage lighting instruments, of several types

Films

 * Spotlight (film), a 2015 American drama film
 * The Spotlight (film), a 1927 American comedy silent film

Albums

 * Spotlight, a 2001 album by Tír na nÓg
 * Spotlight, a 2007 album by Djumbo
 * Spotlight, a 2009 album by Antoine Clamaran
 * Spotlight, a 2016 EP by Up10tion

Songs

 * "Spotlight" (Madonna song), 1988
 * "Spotlight" (Jennifer Hudson song), 2008
 * "Spotlight" (Gucci Mane song), 2009
 * "Spotlight" (Mutemath song), 2009
 * "Spotlight" (Marshmello and Lil Peep song), 2018
 * "Spotlight" (Jessie Ware song), 2020
 * "Spotlight" (Xiao Zhan song), 2020
 * "Spotlight", song by Kylie Minogue from the album Disco, 2020
 * "Spotlight". song by The Sweet from the album Funny How Sweet Co-Co Can Be, 1971
 * "Spotlight", song by Selena Gomez & the Scene from the album A Year Without Rain, 2010
 * "Spotlight", song by Shakira from the album Shakira, 2014
 * "Spotlight", song by Fayray, 2005
 * "Spotlightz", song by XO-IQ, featured in the television series Make It Pop

Periodicals

 * SPOTLIGHT, Con Edison's newsletter
 * The Spotlight, a weekly American newspaper, now out of print

Television

 * Spotlight (BBC News), BBC's regional news programme for the southwest of England
 * Spotlight (BBC Northern Ireland television programme), a current affairs programme in Northern Ireland
 * Spotlight (Canadian TV program), a 1975 Canadian current affairs television program that aired on CBC
 * Spotlight (South Korean TV series), a 2008 South Korean television series that aired on Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC)
 * Spotlight (TV channel), a defunct premium movie channel
 * Spotlight TV, a British music channel
 * Spotlight 2 (web series), an Indian web series

Enterprises and organizations

 * Spotlight (Boston Globe), a newspaper investigative team, in US
 * Spotlight (company), a UK casting service company featuring directories of actors and actresses
 * Spotlight Group, Australian retail conglomerate
 * Spotlight PA, investigative reporting partnership of Pennsylvania news organizations

Technology

 * Spotlight (Apple), search technology integrated into macOS and iOS
 * DBpedia Spotlight, named entity extraction for DBpedia resources
 * Spotlight SAR, a technique to improve resolution for synthetic-aperture radar
 * SpotLight GPS Pet Locator, a product of Positioning Animals Worldwide
 * Windows Spotlight

Other

 * Spotlight effect, phenomenon in which people tend to believe they are being noticed more than they really are
 * Celebrity, the spotlight
 * SPOTLIGHT project, a European Commission-funded research project on health promotion

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Spotlight


text:
User:Oldfarm/Sandbox

SS John W. Brown
The SS John W. Brown, is the worlds oldest operational Liberty ship. She also holds the distinctions of being the last surviving WWII troop ship and the last surviving ship that took supplies to the Soviet Union during World War II. Today, she is a museum ship in Baltimore, Maryland and is located at Pier 1 on South Clinton Street, Dundalk, Maryland. In addition to her floating museum role, SS John W. Brown still puts out to sea for "Living History Day Cruises".

Building
Laid down as MCE Hull Number 312, she was the 62nd Liberty Ship built at the Bethlehem Sparrows Point Shipyard in Baltimore, Maryland. Until a few days before launching, MCE Hull Number 312 had been assigned the name Ralph Izard. It had become apparent that she would be launched on September 7, 1942—the first Labor Day of World War II.

There were six Liberty ships due to be launched at the various shipyards on that day and, for ceremonial reasons, it was decided to name all six ships after labor union leaders. So, a few days before the launch, orders came down to rename MCE Number 312 after John W. Brown, a labor leader from Maine who had died in 1941.

After fitting out, the SS John W. Brown was delivered to the War Shipping Administration and was then operated by States Marine Corporation. She made 8 voyages during World War II, and 5 voyages in the immediate postwar years.

Maiden Voyage (August 29, 1942 : May 27, 1943)
On her first voyage, she delivered vital supplies to the Soviet Union under the Lend-Lease program. During World War II, British aid and American Lend-Lease supplies were transferred to the Soviet Union via three major routes: Convoys to Murmansk—the infamous "Murmansk run"; The Persian Corridor route; In addition, Soviet shipping carried supplies from the west coast of the United States and Canada to Vladivostok in the Far East.

On her maiden voyage, the Brown sailed from Baltimore to Norfolk where her degaussing gear was tested and calibrated. She the sailed to New York where her 50mm bow gun was replaced by a 3in/50 before taking on 915 tons of ammunition in addition to 8,400 tons of cargo. In her holds, she carried a varied load including motorcycles, trucks, armored scout cars, jeeps, dried beans, Spam, 45 caliber sub-machine guns as well as 24 sacks of mail. On deck, she carried two P-40 fighter planes, ten Sherman tanks, ten Valentine tanks. On October 15, 1942, she sailed in Convoy NG-314 from New York to Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. Around October 23 she left Cuba in Convoy GZ-7 bound for the Panama Canal. After leaving the Pacific side of the Canal, the Brown sailed south unescorted, along the western coast of South America, around Cape Horn, east to the Cape of Good Hope, then north in the Indian Ocean, along the east coast of Madagascar and into the Persian Gulf, arriving in Khorramshahr on December 25, 1942.

Because the port was choked with shipping, the Brown had to wait two and a half months to unload. On March 9, 1943 she finally left Khorramshahr for the voyage home. She initially sailed with the combined convoys PA-29 and PB-31, but after two days she steamed independently for Cape Town and then to Bahia, Brazil, where she joined convoy BT-11 to Paranam, Suriname where she took on 4,800 tons of bauxite, she then proceeded to Port of Spain, Trinidad where she took on a further 3,400 tons of bauxite. The Brown then joined convoy TAG-60 for Guantamno Bay, Cuba. Here she joined another convoy, GN-60 bound for New York. She arrived home after a voyage of eight months and thirty-three thousand miles.

Troopship Conversion
Even before the Brown had completed her first voyage, she had been selected to be the first of the 222 Liberty Ships that were to become limited capacity troop transports. After unloading, she proceeded to Bethlehem's Hoboken yard where she was modified to carry about 350 troops in the forward 'tween decks spaces in addition to cargo in the lower holds. The alterations included installing companionways (staircases) to provide easy access from the lower decks to the weather deck, and adding toilet and washroom facilities for the troops. Because of her new function, the Brown's armament was augmented by four 20-mm guns. She now had one 3"/50, one 5"/51 and eight 20-mm guns.

As a troop transport, the John W. Brown went on to spend most of the war years in the Mediterranean ferrying troops and equipment between ports during the Allied invasion of Italy. On her return trips to the United States, she sometimes carried German POWs.

Voyage 2: Algiers (June 24, 1943 : August 26, 1943)
The Brown sailed from New York in convoy UGS-11 bound for the Mediterranean. She was carrying a detachment of Military Police and the surviving crew members from a torpedoed Royal Navy ship. She  arrived in Algiers after steaming 4,700 miles in 22 days.

On August 4, 1943, the Brown embarked some 500 POW's from Rommel's Afrika Korps and then moved on to Oran. On August 7, she left Oran in convoy GUS-11, arriving at Hampton Roads on August 26, 1943. She had steamed 3,800 miles in just over nineteen days.

Voyage 3: Oran (August 31, 1943 : March 18, 1944)
On the Brown's third voyage she carried 7,800 tons of cargo which including some 300 tons of explosives, inflammables and other "hazardous articles", as well as Sherman tanks, a railroad locomotive, Purple Heart medals, cigarettes, and skirts for female officers. She also carried 36 officers and 303 enlisted men. The convoy arrived in Oran on October 4, 1943 having steamed 3,800 miles in nineteen days.

After discharging her cargo in Oran, the Brown embarked on a series of excursions around the Mediterranean. First she took on 15 officers and 346 enlisted men of the First Armored Division plus 274 pieces of equipment including half-tracks, motorcycles and tanks. She left Oran on November 1, arrived Augusta, Sicily November 6, and then moved on to Naples the next day, having steamed 1,090 miles in just under 5 days. After discharging the First Armored Division and their equipment in Naples, the Brown departed in convoy NV-8 on November 12. November 25 at Oran: took on 241 French and American troops. To Naples: discharged December 9. Departed Naples December 10 for Augusta then to Bizerte December 16. Took on French 6 officers and 305 men plus 958 ton of cargo including truck, car, weapons carriers and ambulances. Left Bizerte for Naples on December 24

The Brown arrived in Oran having steamed 4,800 miles in just over 25 days.

Voyage 4: The Mediterranean and Southern France (March 23, 1944 : October 10, 1944)
Later on, she was part of the liberation force of Southern France during Operation Dragoon in August, 1944. The US Navy Armed Guard gunners of the Brown may have shot down one enemy plane during the liberation of Southern France in August, 1944, though this was never confirmed as a kill.

Voyage 5: Naples (October 19, 1944 : December 29, 1944
At Hampton Roads on October 21, 1944 the Brown loaded 30 USAAF fighter pilots and 326 troops of the 758th Tank Battalion, and sailed on October 22. Arrived Leghorn November 24 - debarked troops

Voyage 7: Antwerp (April 5, 1945 : June 11, 1945)
May 8 : VE Day Brown was in Straits of Dover.

May 10 : Antwerp p.180

May 19 : B left Antwerp

May 22 : embarked 351 American including released POWs

May 27 : B departed for New York

June 11 : B arrived Brooklyn and debarked passengers.

August 14 : B entered a shipyard in Yonkers for modifications to increase her troop carrying capacity.

September 13 : all guns removed

Voyage 8: Antwerp - Last voyage of WWII (June 23, 1945 : August 16, 1945)
June 23 : Left New York

July 2: left Philadelphia for Antwerp.

July : Arrived Antwerp, loaded 419 returning troop, plus V2 rocket parts for US to study.

July 28 : Left Antwerp.

August 11 : Arrived Manhatten and debarked passengers.

August 15, 1945 : VJ-Day

Voyage 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13: The peacetime trips
After the war, the John W. Brown carried government cargoes to help rebuild war-torn Europe and returned American troops to the United States.

Voyage 9........: Balto-Marseilles    - September 25, 1945 : October 17, 1945  - Cargo of grain; Ran aground Marseilles-New York - October 22,1945    : November 14, 1945 - Troops

Radar Installed

Voyage 10.......: Albany-Naples	      - November 20, 1945  : December 20, 1945 - Cargo of wheat Marseilles-New York - January 7, 1946    : January 26, 1946  - 565 Officers and men of 100th Infantry Division

End as troop transport

Voyage 11.......: Baltimore-Copenhagen - February 19, 1946 : March 11, 1946    - Cargo of coal Copenhagen-Baltimore - March 21, 1946    : April 10, 1946    - in ballast with ten passengers, all civillian airline pilots

Voyage 12.......: Baltimore-Hamburg   - June 10, 1946      : July 5, 1946	- Cargo wheat Hamburg-New York    - July 9, 1946       : July 23, 1946     - in ballast

Voyage 13.......: Houston-England     - August 8, 1946     : October 22, 1946  - New York to Galveston. SIU strike from September 5 until September 21. Loaded grain. Left Houston September 28 London-New York     - November 1, 1946   : November 15, 1946 - Cargo books, musical instruments, personal effects

Training ship
On November 19, 1946 the demand for cargo carrying capacity was declining, so the war Shipping Administration had the Browns propeller disconnected and she was transferred to the Board of Education of the City of New York, where she became a floating maritime vocational high school, the only one in the United States. The ship served in that capacity from 1946 to 1982, graduating thousands of students prepared to begin careers in the Merchant Marine, the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Coast Guard.

When her schoolship days ended in 1982, the first Project Liberty Ship was formed in New York City to preserve the ship. They were not successful in finding her a berth in New York and she was towed to the James River Reserve Fleet in July 1983 with her future in serious doubt.

Restoration and Heritage
In 1988 Project Liberty Ship Baltimore was able to rescue her and restore her, and found her a home in Baltimore, Maryland near where she was built. In September 1988, the John W. Brown was rededicated as a memorial museum at ceremonies at Dundalk Marine Terminal.

After three years of restoration effort, on 24 August 1991, she steamed again under her own power for the first time in 45 years. After completing sea trials in the Chesapeake Bay, she joined the previously restored SS Jeremiah O'Brien in San Francisco as one of the last two surviving fully operational Liberty ships in the world.

One month later, on 21 September 1991, John W. Brown carried about 600 members and guests on her Matron Voyage, her inaugural cruise.

SS John W. Brown was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

In 1994, the SS John W. Brown received Coast Guard Certification for coastwise ocean voyages, and in April made her first offshore voyage since 1946—to New York Harbor. In August 1994 she made her first foreign voyage since 1946—to Halifax, Nova Scotia, then to Boston, Massachusetts and Greenport, New York. In 2000 she visited the Great Lakes for dry docking and hull work in Toledo.

Partners In Care, Maryland
Partners In Care, Maryland, Inc. is a 501(c)(3) founded originally in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, for the purpose of helping older people remain productively, happily and safely in their homes. A second office in Frederick County, Maryland, was opened in 1998, and a third in 2009 in Talbot County, Maryland. Using the principle of time exchange hours exchange, which is related to the concept of Time Banking, members of Partners In Care can volunteer as drivers, handymen, LifeLine installers, safety equipment fabricators/installers, Boutique staff, office staff, and in other capacities. In exchange, members’ hours are “banked” through a proprietary software system so that they can call on those hours of service when they, themselves, need services later in life.

The three founding women CITATION envisioned an organization spanning the continent so that a volunteer member in, say, Idaho could “spend” his or her earned hours to take care of a parent in Maryland or Massachusetts or Memphis. Growth has not been quite that rapid, but finances have been the only limiting factor. Delegations from municipalities in Florida, Japan, Ireland and Russia have visited PIC in recent months to see how they can replicate the program established in Maryland.

In Fiscal Year 2010, the cumulative number of volunteer hours worked was 27,863. In the same year, 2,335 members drove 153,595 miles taking people to the grocery, pharmacy, doctor, clinic, or other types of excursions. 7,912 rides were provided. 486 different repairs were completed by volunteer handymen and 77 safety equipment installations were made by the same cohort. 256 emergency kits were either distributed or refreshed.

One-fifth of the annual operating budget comes from sales in the Upscale ReSALE Boutique CITATION located in Pasadena, Maryland, where donated items are displayed and sold to the public. In November of 2009, a furniture line was added and augmented the income by 10%. Other significant income streams come from foundation support, public funds, Annual Fund donations, gifts of automobiles/trucks/boats, and from estate planning.

Far more important than the impressive numbers generated by the non-profit are the emotional and intellectual returns that members derive from helping others. In a society that some critics say disposes of older people as unwanted, unwelcome and unloved encumbrances, our organization finds and celebrates the dignity and worth of every member.

History
In 1991, three Severna Park friends finished work on their graduate degrees with the thought of "doing something together for older adults." Maureen Cavaiola and Sandra Jackson received their master’s degrees in adulthood and aging from the College of Notre Dame in Baltimore. At the same time, Mrs. Cavaiola’s sister, Barbara Huston, completed her work for a master’s in health care administration at the University of Maryland. They decided to create "Partners in Care," a program that would enable seniors and disabled people to remain in their homes with the help of volunteer friends and neighbors who do errands and household duties for them. It would be the first program that matched the volunteer to an individual who needed assistance in Maryland. Before they could get the program into operation, they had to look for funding sources, a job that took two years. They received a "start-up" grant of $15,000 from the Jacob and Anita France Foundation and the Robert F. and Anne M. Merrick Foundation. To this was added a three-year $45,000 challenge grant from the same foundations, which was matched two-to-one in money and services by North Arundel Hospital. They also received a donation from the Severna Park Kiwanis Club. The group set up in an office in North Arundel Hospital and started finding volunteers to help in the program. The primary focus was on the need for transportation, seniors who could not get to doctors or to stores to pick up groceries needed someone who would drive them. There was also a need for light household work and small repairs like changing light bulbs or hanging curtains. This system was set up so the volunteers could earn "credit hours," which they could store up for their own future needs or donate to someone else. In other words, every hour of volunteer time given to a senior client can be used as credit. The system would only deal with time. There was no money involved.

MV Dunnottar Castle
On 25 January 1936, MV Dunnottar Castle was launched at the Harland & Wolff yard at Belfast. Built for Union-Castle Line for the London to Cape Town service, she was delivered in 27 June 1936. She sailed as a passenger liner for a remarkable 68 years. She was built as an Intermediate steamer of 15,007 GRT carrying 258 first class and 250 tourist class passengers, with a crew of 250. She entered service on the mail run while the other ships were being refurbished. She took her name after Dunnottar Castle, a ruined castle on the northeast coast of Scotland.

She departed on her maiden voyage from Southampton to Cape Town in July 1936, and upon her return to the UK, commenced her regular London-Suez-South Africa- St. Helena-London service. In September, her sister ship MV Dunvegan Castle joined her.

World War II service
With the outbreak of the Second World War, on 28th August 1939 she was requisitioned by the British Royal Navy for war service as an Armed merchant cruiser. She was renamed HMS Donnottar Castle and she started her first tour of duty on October 14, 1939, serving with the South Atlantic patrols.

In 1942, more purpose-built cruisers entered service, so she was released and converted into a troopship and on 5 April 1942 she carried engineers of the British Army to Tristan da Cunha for the construction of a meteorological and wireless station. In 1944, she shuttled troops between Southampton and Normandy for the allied invasion of Western Europe. In 1948, after carrying over 250,000 men and sailing over a quarter of a million miles, she was released from troop service and decommissioned from the Royal Navy.

Post War
She was returned to commercial service in 1948 and, after a refurbishment by Harland & Wolff, on February 10, 1949 she resumed deployment on the clockwise Round Africa service for Union-Castle Line. Her Ports of call were London, Gibraltar, Algiers, Port Said, Massawa, Aden, Mombasa, Zanzibar, Dar-es-salaam, Tanga, Beira, Lourenco Marques, Durban, East London, Port Elizabeth, Cape Town, Walvis Bay, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Casablanca, Lisbon, London. London-Suez-South Africa-London.

By 1958, the demand for liners like MV Dunnottar Castle had began to diminish and after 94 voyages she was offered for sale.

MV Victoria
In 1958 she was sold to Liberian registered, Italian operated Incres Line. On 16 January, 1959 she was towed to Flushing in the Netherlands for a total rebuilding as cruise ship by the Wilton-Fijenoord yard, Schiedam. Her original Burmeister &Wain engines were replaced by new FIAT diesels All cabins now with private facilities, fully air-conditioned. 600 passengers, one class. Decor by a leading Italian designer. Bow stretched and raked. a new superstructure, a new funnel with mast, and a striking new raked bow. The only original parts of the ship left were the hull and inner portion of her upper superstructure. Her interior was styled by the Italian mid-century design master Gustavo Pulitzer Finale and she was considered to be one of the most modern ships of her day. Upon completion the traditional Union-Castle profile of Dunnottar Castle had been transformed into the sleek, deluxe cruise ship MV Victoria.

In 1964, she was sold to Victoria SS Co, Monrovia, a subsidiary of Swedish Clipper Line, Malmo. She retained both her name and service. Incres Line continued as agents for the ship. Victoria as a cruise ship was greatly admired, and for the next eleven years she continued cruising from New York to the Caribbean.

length 174,4 m). Masts replaced by two derricks of foredeck. New Fiat diesel-engines (16.800 hp for max.21 kn). 14.917 GRT.

B&W 9,500 BHP two stroke diesels by FIAT capable of 16,800 BHP which increased her service speed from 15 knots to 18 knots.

She was now 14,917 gross ton, 573 ft long by 72 ft wide vessel with

MV The Victoria
In 1975, after fifteen years of service in the United States, Chandris Lines purchased Victoria. Chandris considered her as the perfect all round cruise ship. She was refitted, her capacity increased from 430 to 548 passengers, and with new funnel markings and a blue ribbon around her hull, she given the slightly amended name of The Victoria. She recommenced her duties in June 1976, and cruised for Chandris both in the Caribbean and the Mediterranean until 1993.

MV Princesa Victoria
In 1993 Chandris sold The Victoria to Louis Cruise Lines, a company that had operated Mediterranean cruises from Cyprus for some time. Louis Cruise Lines registered their new acquisition in Limassol, Cyprus as MV Princesa Victoria. For the next ten or so years she was kept in excellent condition as she cruised the Mediterranean from Limassol to Egypt and Israel.

By now her nearly 60-year-old hull and forty-year-old machinery were in need of expensive maintenance, and she was believed to be the oldest large cruise ship over 10000grt still in passenger service. Following a decline in European tourism caused by the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, she was laid up at Eleusis, Greece.

Princesa Victoria was sold to the breakers in April 2004. Under the delivery name Victoria I, she sailed from Greece in the spring of 2004, arriving at Alang, India on May 25, 2004. She was beached on August 2, 2004 and demolition began September 1, 2004.

title: User:Oldfarm/Sandbox


text: Category:Districts of Bavaria

title: Category:Districts of Bavaria


text:
Pirate radio in Europe

Pirate radio exists in most countries in Europe.

Belgium (from international waters)
(See also Netherlands; many Dutch language stations were aimed at both countries)

 * 1962
 * Radio Antwerpen broadcast from the concrete vessel Uilenspiegel. Owner Georges De Caluwé died in December that year, and three days later the ship broke its anchor and ran aground across the border in the Netherlands.

 * 1973
 * Radio Atlantis broadcast in Dutch from the Merchant vessel Mi Amigo. When its contract was taken over by Radio Mi Amigo, Radio Atlantis transferred to the MV Jeanine in 1974 and added an English service, but its signal was poor and it closed on 31 August, the day before the passage of the Dutch MOA, one hour after Radio Veronica and one hour before RNI.

 * 1974
 * Radio Mi Amigo broadcast in Dutch from the MV Mi Amigo (Radio Caroline's ship) 1974–1978, and from the MV Magdalena (1979).

Denmark

 * 1958
 * Radio Mercur begins transmissions from the MV Cheeta on 2 August.

 * 1961
 * DCR (Danmarks Commercielle Radio) begins transmissions from the MV Lucky Star on 15 September. DCR later united with Radio Mercur.

 * 1962
 * Radio Mercur ends transmissions due to a Danish law that prohibits assistance to illegal broadcasting directed to a Danish audience.

 * 2006
 * Pirat radio 69 was located in the activist house "Ungdomshuset" in Copenhagen from 14 December 2006 to 1 March 2007.

 * 2012
 * Byens Radio started broadcasting in central, Northern and Southern Copenhagen with micro powered radio equipment, inspired by Mbanna Kantako and his family from humanrightsradio.net (Springfield, Illinois, USA). It went on a week-long break starting mid-February 2012 after a detection van was spotted near the broadcasting site. As of 15 May 2012, Byens Radio has been broadcasting for the second longest period of time, for a pirate radio station in Denmark. The longest being Radio Mercur. Though it is the longest lasting non-commercial pirate radio station in the history of Denmark.
 * The leftwing activist website Modkraft.dk has evidence that Byens Radio broadcast from 31 December. The police's detection van never got close enough to stop the actual broadcasting but only encouraged the activist group behind the radio to move the broadcasting site elsewhere in order to avoid getting evicted. By moving from one base to another several times, the broadcasters were never found. Many newspaper articles and web sites     document its existence and some of the original broadcasting is represented online. Byens Radio resumed transmission as of 4 November 2013.

Finland
In Finland, most pirate radio stations operated in the 1970s and the early half of the 1980s, because Yleisradio was the only legitimate broadcaster. In 1985, licenses were granted for local FM radio stations, which were able to offer a much wider variety of music, thus lessening the need for pirate radio stations. Since the end of the 1990s, FM piracy in Finland has all but died out.

France (history of pirate radio)
The first wave was a political movement based mainly within French territory. Most of these stations were short-lived. The first wave included Radio Verte, Radio Ivre, Radio Active and Radio Lorraine Coeur d'Acier. A few, such as Radio Verte Fessenheim became licensed stations. In January 1978, the DST arrested eleven people accused of radio piracy. In May, the President of the Republic, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing asked the government to put an end to pirate radio stations. On 17 May, the Lecat law confirmed the monopoly of state radio stations and toughened the penalties for offenders.
 *  1978

The socialist opposition supports the fight of free radios for freedom of expression without promising the end of the monopoly. In 1981, after the election of François Mitterrand, the law of 29 July 1982 on audiovisual communication abolishes the state monopoly and authorizes free radios. In February 1983, 22 stations obtained authorization to broadcast in Paris. From 1982, a High Authority for Audiovisual Communication was created and replaced in 1986 by the National Commission for Communication and Liberties (CNCL). The frequency authorizations issued by the CNCL in 1987 are the subject of several scandals: several commercial stations to the detriment of free radios and non-commercial associative radios; but also the lack of transparency in the choice of frequencies. A small associative station, Radio Laser, which is one of the radio stations excluded, thus initiates a lawsuit against Radio Courtoisie for "active corruption" of the CNCL and the members of the CNCL are at the same time prosecuted for "confiscation". Weakened by these controversies, the CNCL was replaced in 1989 by the Superior Council of the Audiovisual which obtains increased competences, a greater independence of action in order to regulate the allocation of frequencies, ensure the quality of transmissions and better legal support to apply these decisions.
 * 1981-1983

Hungary (history of pirate radio)
1942–44

1956, , and Csokonai Rádió

1991 Tilos Rádió, Szokol Rádió, Fiksz Rádió,, and Zöm Rádió

2020 RiseFM

Ireland (history of pirate radio)

 * See Irish pirate radio.

Italy
In early 70's some pirate radio started to broadcast using FM. They were illegal till a decision of the supreme court in 1976 decided that every citizen has a right to broadcast on radio (and the government was supposed to be in charge of a new plan of frequency).

See Radio Alice, linked to the Autonomist movement.

Netherlands
(See also Belgium)

 * 1960–1974
 * Radio Veronica transmitted in Dutch on AM mediumwave (192 meter, 1562 kHz; later 538 meter, 557 kHz) from the MV Borkum Riff and after 1965 from the MV Norderney in international waters off the coast of Scheveningen, and soon became the most popular radio station in the Netherlands. Broadcasts were targeted to the Netherlands only, transmitting power was deliberately kept moderate to avoid interference with international radio stations. Most broadcasts were recorded on shore in Hilversum. The station operated from April 1960 until August 1974, when the Dutch ratification of the Strassbourg treaty came into effect, after which Radio Veronica—then called VOO—became part of the regular Dutch broadcasting system, but was unable to retain its popularity. Radio Veronica is now an independent radio station

 * 1964
 * Radio Noordzee and TV Noordzee transmitted in Dutch from REM Island, an artificial construction resembling an early offshore oil platform. It was built in the Republic of Ireland and towed into a position off the coast of the Netherlands where it was assembled on site. The two stations were short lived and were forcibly closed by an air and sea attack by the Dutch Armed Forces. However, the funds solicited from the project by the REM island project were later used to launch a legitimate and fully licensed station in the Netherlands.

 * 1970
 * Radio Noordzee Internationaal (RNI) broadcasting on AM, FM and international shortwave from the MV Mebo II which was originally anchored off the Netherlands. The ship moved for a time off the coast of south-eastern England where it was jammed by a Royal Navy transmitter. The vessel then returned to the Netherlands. The owners of this station were involved in the Nigerian Civil War: (Biafra) and a complicated involvement with the sale of electronic equipment that featured in the trial of the men responsible for the Pan Am Flight 103 Lockerbie bombing. The end came for the MV Mebo II when the owners sold their offshore station to Libya as a revolutionary radio station. In the end Libya blew the vessel up and sank it for target practice.

 * 1970
 * Capital Radio aboard the MV King David. No connection to the legal British commercial radio group of the same name.

 * 1978
 * Radio Delmare aboard the MV Martina. This vessel also took a generator to "Radio Caroline" then using the MV Mi Amigo.

 * 1981
 * Radio Paradijs made test broadcasts only from the MV Magda Maria (Lieve) which was anchored off the Netherlands before the station was forcibly closed.

 * 1984-1987
 * Radio Monique aboard Radio Caroline's MV Ross Revenge.

 * 1988-1989
 * Radio 819 (originally Radio 558 prior to a frequency change) from the MV Ross Revenge.

 * 1980–present
 * There are still many Dutch pirate radio stations, mostly located in rural areas. It has been claimed that in 2011 approx 50% of all European Pirate Stations are located in the East-Netherlands. Especially the provinces of Overijssel, Friesland and Drenthe have a lot of pirate stations, as well as western Brabant. Most of the pirate radio stations air the so called "pirate music", traditional Dutch folk music combined with classic English, German and Polka. Most operate on FM, but some can be found particularly 1611 to 1700 kHz. Like many other European countries another hotspot is the 48 meter-band on Shortwave radio. The frequency is 6200-6500 kHz. Some can be found in the American part of the band (6900-7000) but is rare. There are about ~40 Pirate radio stations based in the Netherlands alone.

Poland
In the 1980s, there were hundreds of short broadcasts of pre-recorded programs prepared and aired by a clandestine network of activists who called themselves Solidarity Radio (Radio Solidarność). Those programs, sometimes preceded by a leaflet campaign announcing an up-coming broadcast, were part of the broad-based Solidarity (Solidarność) workers, pro-democracy movement, which eventually succeeded in overcoming communism in Poland. Many Solidarity Radio organizers served time in prison for their activities.

Sweden

 * Early 1950s to 31 May 1952; Black Peter was run by the brothers John and Gunnar Figaro from their home in Lomsjö, a small village in southern Lappland. The transmission was suspected to transmit information from espionage resulting in a major hunt.
 * 1958
 * Skånes Radio Mercur, later renamed to Radio Syd from the MV "Cheeta" and later the MV "Cheeta II" which was also used at various times by TV Syd and for a time Radio Caroline South while the ship was anchored off South-east England. See: Radio Syd webpages Radio Syd was shut down in January 1966 and the owner, Britt Wadner, moved to Gambia where she started a land based Radio Syd in May 1970 using the antenna from "Cheeta II".

 * 1961
 * Radio Nord broadcasting in Swedish from the MV Bon Jour (later renamed Magda Maria and Mi Amigo). This station was the behind-the-scenes creation of American Top 40 broadcasting pioneer Gordon McLendon and Clint Murchison, owner of the Dallas Cowboys football team, both from Dallas, Texas. See: Pictures of the ship, transmitter & personnel and "The true Pirate Story"

 * As the MV Mi Amigo, this radio ship would later be used to transmit under the names of: Radio 199; Radio Veronica; Radio Atlantis; Radio Seagull, Radio Mi Amigo and Radio Caroline.

From international waters

 * 1928
 * Ceto—The Ceto was a steam yacht reportedly renamed "Broadcasting Yacht" and fitted out for radio broadcasting purposes in 1928. Starting from off the coast of Dundee, Scotland, 'Daily Mail Radio/Radio Daily Mail' (reports vary) broadcast easy listening music to various points around the British coast as it cruised around the nation's coastline. The sole sponsors of this voyage were Britain's Daily Mail, Evening News, and Sunday Dispatch newspapers, and the intent was not so much to set up an offshore station but rather to publicise the papers. The brain behind this publicity stunt was Valentine Smith, the Daily Mail's publicity officer.

 * 1960
 * CNBC—(Commercial Neutral Broadcasting Company) made test broadcasts in English from the MV Borkum Riff anchored off the Netherlands and also the home of the Dutch station Radio Veronica. The target audience was in south-eastern England, but due to the low power and distance the programs were not successful and they were terminated after a short period of time. However, the experiment gave rise to two other ventures which were planned for vessels anchored off the coast of south-eastern England.

 * The first was GBLN which was also known as the Voice of Slough and the primary geographical target area of the transmissions. This vessel was to be based aboard the MV Ellen. What made this station notable was the fact that U.S. evangelist Herbert W. Armstrong, who financed by his daily paid broadcasts many of the successful offshore stations which followed, believed in the project to the extent that his broadcast called The World Tomorrow was listed in the radio log of his worldwide magazine (The Plain Truth), as being heard at 8 p.m. daily at 306 metres in the medium wave: (AM).
 * Almost at the same time a spin-off venture from GBLN was created by GBOK which intended to broadcast from a former lightship known as the Lady Dixon. Although the mainstream press reported on both stations at the time, neither venture came on the air.

 * 1964
 * Radio Caroline began broadcasting on 28 March from aboard the MV Caroline (formerly MV Fredericia) anchored off south-eastern England, later moved to anchorage off Isle of Man. The first voices from Radio Caroline included Simon Dee, Carl Conway, John Junkin and Chris Moore. Some of the first programmes were recorded on land and taken out to the ship to be played as live.

 * Radio Atlanta began broadcasting on 12 May from aboard the MV Mi Amigo from an anchorage close to Radio Caroline. The Mi Amigo had been previously used by Radio Nord to broadcast to Sweden. On 2 July 1964, Radio Caroline and Radio Atlanta agreed upon forming the Caroline Network while retaining independent owners of each station. As a result of this agreement Radio Caroline on board the MV Caroline sailed north, while the MV Mi Amigo remained at her original anchorage off south-eastern England using the callsign Radio Caroline South. Upon its arrival the now renamed Radio Caroline North broadcast to the north of England, the Isle of Man, Ireland and a large part of Scotland.

 * Radio London began broadcasting from a former US minesweeper renamed MV Galaxy anchored in British territorial waters off South-east England. Following a warning from Radio Caroline, the station moved to a new location almost alongside Radio Caroline. "Big L", as it was known, was the most successful UK commercial radio station from within months of its start right up to its closedown in 1967, although by this time Radio Caroline was regaining lost ground.

 * The station gained its 'Wonderful' appendage because it used a set of custom-recorded PAMS jingles made in Dallas, Texas. The Radio London format was later copied by the BBC to create Radio One and The Who incorporated the jingles into their album The Who Sell Out. Big L, as the station was fondly called, followed a similar format to KLIF in Dallas where the station had been financed by car dealers and oil men who were friends and business associates of Don Pierson of Eastland, Texas.

 * Radio Invicta broadcasting from Red Sands Fort, an abandoned WWII British Army fortress on a sandbar in the Thames Estuary. The station did not last and it returned to the air as KING Radio, which in turn gave way to Radio 390 after a considerable financial investment had been made in the company and broadcasting site.

 * Radio 390 was unique in that it had a good quality signal and transmitted a wide variety of programs from easy music to serials, children's programs, business programs, religious programs, plus news and weather bulletins. An episode of Patrick McGoohan's "Danger Man" (known in the U.S. as "Secret Agent Man") called "The Not-So-Jolly Roger" was filmed on Red Sands Fort in early 1966 when "Radio 390" was broadcasting (shut down a year later). The episode was broadcast 4 July of the same year.

 * Radio Sutch broadcasting from Shivering Sands in 1964, a sandbar which was the location of another complex of towers (originally seven, though only five remained connected and one had capsized) off South-east England, which had also been a WWII British Army Fort left unstaffed after the war. Radio Sutch was named after its founder, the British rock artist Screaming Lord Sutch who took his style and a part of his name from the American artist Screamin' Jay Hawkins. In September of that year Sutch sold the station to his musical manager Reg Calvert, who renamed it Radio City and set about upgrading its equipment.

 * 1965
 * Radio Essex broadcast from a World War II Royal Navy barge which had been originally fitted with a sea fort and then towed to and sunk upon Knock John sandbar. This station was created by Roy Bates, who later made claims that he had created the Principality of Sealand on yet another disused Royal Navy sunken barge. Radio Essex discovered that its location was within British territorial waters and following a court summons the station attempted to reinvent itself in 1966 as BBMS—Britain's Better Music Station. This low-power station mainly covered parts of the counties of Essex, Kent and East Anglia.

 * Radio Scotland (also known as Radio Scotland and Ireland) at various locations along the coast of Scotland and Northern Ireland from the former lightship Comet. The station was the creation of Tommy Shields.

 * 1966
 * The Radio City Death: Reginald Calvert, the manager of Screaming Lord Sutch and the owner of Radio City, was shot dead at the home of Major Oliver Smedley in 1966 following falling out over a joint venture financing arrangement between Radio City and Radio Caroline. Calvert's former business associates had boarded his station, removed the transmitter crystals and put the station off the air.

 * Due in part to the sensational death of Reg Calvert and lurid tales depicting real swashbuckling piracy, the British government were finally able to bring in legislation to make offshore broadcasting a part of British criminal law in the United Kingdom. Radio City stopped broadcasting after Mrs Calvert appeared in court charged under the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1947. The station was said to be broadcasting within the 3-mile (6 km) limit. Radio City closed down shortly after Mrs Calvert lost the case.

 * SRE—Swinging Radio England aboard the MV Laissez Faire anchored off south-eastern England. This station was also created and financed by Don Pierson and his business associates in Texas.

 * SRE followed a fast-paced "All-American" top 40 radio format similar to KBOX in Dallas, Texas, but the American disc jockeys had also grafted on a hybrid 'boss jocks' formula which had been employed by RKO stations in the USA, although the hybrid was far more forceful and pounding than the original. The PAMS jingles used by SRE were the resung versions of those first used by WABC in New York City. SRE arrived around the time of the death of Reg Calvert, owner of Radio City and the political drive to bring in legislation to shut the offshore stations down. These and other unfortunate development brought about the rapid demise of SRE.

 * At first the Texas owners wanted to rename the station Radio Holland and broadcast in Dutch to the Netherlands. Their plans went ahead after the name Radio Dolfijn had been selected instead. However, it was not long before the station changed its name yet again to Radio 227 as a hybrid of a hybrid SRE in Dutch. This station closed in 1967 just prior to the Marine Broadcasting Offences Act 1967 becoming law.

 * Britain Radio which called itself the Hallmark of Quality, was a beautiful music format station in 1966. Its jingles also came from PAMS in Dallas and it shared something in common with SRE. Both stations were located in studios built in a container which had been lowered into the hold of the MV Laissez Faire. This station was also created and originally financed by friends and associates of Don Pierson. However, Britain Radio did not last and it was replaced by Radio 355 managed by Ted Allbeury who had successfully created Radio 390. Broadcasting two stations from the same ship created technical problems that the stations never managed to resolve, so their coverage was always less than they hoped for.

 * Radio Tower and TV Tower attempted broadcasting in 1966 from another World War II Royal Navy barge which had also been fitted with a sea fort and then towed to and sunk upon Sunk Head sandbar. Only the radio station made test broadcasts and the TV station is alleged to have made a single, but unconfirmed test transmission.

 * Radio 270 aboard the MV Oceaan VII anchored off the Yorkshire coast of Northeast England in 1966.

 * The comedy film The Boat That Rocked is a fictionalised and unrealistic view of offshore pirate radio, set in 1966.

 * 1967
 * Following the introduction of the Marine Broadcasting Offences Act 1967 (Marine & Etc. Broadcasting Offences Act) on 14 August 1967 at midnight, the only two offshore radio stations left on the British airwaves were broadcasting from the two Caroline Network stations which had enjoyed a semi-legal status with offices located in London and Liverpool. After the passage of the MBOA, the two stations soon began announcing themselves individually as Radio Caroline International.

 * 1970
 * The two ship stations of Radio Caroline International eventually ran out of money in early 1968 and a salvage company towed them away for unpaid bills. But when a new and very powerful offshore radio station aboard the MV Mebo II anchored off the coast of South-east England in time for the British General Election, it suddenly switched its name from Radio Northsea International—(RNI), to Radio Caroline and began to lobby for the introduction of licensed commercial radio in the United Kingdom. As a result of this development the British Government resorted to Jamming the station with a succession of increasingly powerful transmitters on the same frequency. After the election Radio Caroline fell silent once more and the radio ship moved back to the Netherlands where it became Radio Northsea International once again. Radio Caroline returned in Autumn 1972 originally off Holland, but 'came home' when it dropped anchor again off England in August 1974, from the MV Mi Amigo. In 1973 Caroline had solved the problem of broadcasting two frequencies simultaneously, although it was not until 1976-8 that this was done for any length time.

 * 1983
 * In 1980, the MV Mi Amigo sank in a storm. The MV Caroline had been previously scrapped. In 1983 Radio Caroline returned to the airwaves from a larger ship called the MV Ross Revenge, a super-trawler used by Ross Fisheries until the Cod Wars with Iceland.

 * The radio ship anchored off South-east England and became home to: Radio Caroline in English with part time services known as Caroline Overdrive playing album music programs and Caroline Viewpoint airing sponsored religious programs. Also on board was a Dutch service on another AM frequency (using the same technique as had been used on the Mi Amigo), which was managed under contract to Dutch organizations and known variously as: Radio Monique, Radio 558 and Radio 819.

 * On shortwave a third station operated a sponsored religious broadcasting station under the name of WMR—World Mission Radio with an over the air mailing address in California, United States. Because of its American address, this station triggered international complaints to the US FCC during 1988 and 1989. The FCC was at that time engaged in legal casework over Radio Newyork International, whose founder had previously been aboard the MV Ross Revenge helping to set up an earlier shortwave radio channel. In defence of its case for Radio Newyork International lawyers had submitted briefs to the US District Court citing the examples of Radio Caroline and the Voice of Peace as offshore broadcasting stations that had been left alone unchallenged by governmental interference. On 19 August 1989, Dutch authorities with British assistance, raided the MV Ross Revenge and shut down all transmissions.

 * 1984
 * Laser 558 broadcast from the MV Communicator and within a matter of months it gained an audience of millions. Lack of advertising due to UK laws starved the station off the air. However, it did return briefly in 1986 as Laser Hot Hits but the station did not last for the same reasons as before. The legacy of the original Laser 558 was in its impact upon British broadcasting at the time, because it forced licensed stations to take note of the success of this short-lived offshore station and to attempt to incorporate its ideas and some of its personnel into their own programming.

 * 1990
 * On 5 November 1990, the last "pirate" broadcast was made from the MV Ross Revenge and Radio Caroline in international waters; bringing to a close the story of Offshore Radio for the United Kingdom. After remaining silent for over a year, the vessel ran aground on the Goodwin Sands during a storm. Shortly after, the "Ross" was towed into port at Dover, England on 22 November 1991. Details of subsequent, legal, operations of Radio Caroline can be found under its own article.

Many household names that later broadcast from the BBC started their careers with the offshore broadcasters, including : Tony Blackburn, Dave Cash, Kenny Everett, John Peel (briefly), Emperor Rosko, Keith Skues, Ed Stewart, Dave Lee Travis and Johnnie Walker.

title: Pirate radio in Europe


text:
Rabbit test

The rabbit test, or Friedman test, was an early pregnancy test developed in 1931 by Maurice Friedman and Maxwell Edward Lapham at the University of Pennsylvania.

Test
The hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced during pregnancy and can be found in a pregnant woman's urine and blood; it indicates the presence of an implanted fertilized egg. An earlier test, known as the AZ test, was developed by Selmar Aschheim and Bernhard Zondek. When urine from a woman in the early months of pregnancy was injected into immature female mice, their ovaries would enlarge and show follicular maturation. The test was considered reliable, with an error rate of less than 2%. Friedman and Lapham's test was essentially identical, but replaced the mouse with a rabbit. A few days after the injection, the animal would be dissected and the size of her ovaries examined.

The rabbit test became a widely used bioassay (animal-based test) to test for pregnancy. The term "rabbit test" was first recorded in 1949, and was the origin of a common euphemism, "the rabbit died", for a positive pregnancy test. The phrase was, in fact, based on a common misconception about the test. While many people assumed that the injected rabbit would die only if the woman was pregnant, in fact all rabbits used for the test died, as they had to be dissected in order to examine the ovaries.

A later alternative to the rabbit test, known as the "Hogben test", used the African clawed frog, and yielded results without the need to cut the animal open. Modern pregnancy tests continue to operate on the basis of testing for the presence of the hormone hCG in the blood or urine, but no longer require the use of a live animal.

In the media

 * Rabbit Test, a 1978 comedy film about the world's first pregnant man.
 * Sweet Emotion, a 1975 song by Aerosmith, contains the lyric "You can't catch me 'cause the rabbit done died."

title: Rabbit test


text:
Talk:Pirate radio in Australia

Untitled
This is the expansion page from the main topic called Pirate Radio. It was created due to space limitations on the original page. MPLX/MH 20:22, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Radio Uranus was on 93.7 on November 18-19 1989
I have made a change to the Radio Uranus frequency in its November 1989 transmission from 97.7 to 93.7. originally it was stated as 93.7, and someone else had changed it to 97.7, but i am changing it back for the following reasons:

 * I listenned to the transmissions on both days,
 * Prior to any announcements, I thought that the station was Bay FM Geelong, which was due to commence broadcasting on 93.9 at some point in time, as it was on that part of the dial,
 * During the transmission, they announced that their frequency was 93.7. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lironl (talk • contribs) 02:03, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

Hauraki not the only boat-based station?
Our article on BFM (radio) claims that station was also broadcast from a boat, conflicting with the claim here that Radio Hauraki was the only one. Does anyone know which claim is correct? -- Avenue 14:12, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
 * They might possibly have broadcast for a very short time (an hour or so), but did not achieve anything like their intended 300 hour broadcast "the pirate station came to a premature end when the Mangawai was nearly wrecked on rocks at Okahu Bay" . Okahu Bay is on the city fringe and nowhere near the (then) three nautical mile territorial limit.

 * If the description needs any amendment at all it would be to add the word "significant" or "regular" to the description. Kiore (talk) 09:56, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Penrith Valley Bangaz
There's a lot of discussion on some forms about two pirates operating out of Penrith, possibly by the same guy. Though I can't find any third party sources, don't know what the go with this is as pirate radio stations generally cover their tracks up for avoiding being caught by the authorities. Whitewater111 (talk) 00:24, 1 March 2020 (UTC)

Penrith Valley Bangaz is known to carry some programming of a now licenced station Starter FM.

The station is known to have transmitted on 89.5 and 88.4 megahertz and could be heard all over the west of Sydney.

The station Does not seem to be active as of writing this (12/10/2020)

title: Talk:Pirate radio in Australia


text:
Talk:Pirate radio in Europe

This is the expansion page from the main topic called Pirate Radio. It was created due to space limitations on the original page. MPLX/MH 20:24, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Radio London
Why "Wonderful Radio London"? Sure, that was what the station's jingles called it, but I don't remember anyone at the time referring to the station as anything other than Radio London or Big L - Tompeep 194.80.134.205 (talk) 17:26, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Duplication
Is there any reason why we have separate entries for "England" and "United Kingdom"? 62.252.32.11 00:34, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Although I contributed most of the actual details to the expanded version, I did not commence the article and unlike some of the contributors around here who seem to wade in announced and begin to chop and change the work of others, I try to respect the work of others and go around their creations and this is why the two entries exist. However, the one valid reason for keeping an overview after merging the station topics under England, Scotland, etc., would be to reflect the legal stance of the UK towards broadcasting in general. However, if you would like to merge the material that is presently lumped under "UK" and reclassify it "land-based" and "offshore" headings for England, Scotland, etc., please go ahead. (If duplication then exists just delete the deleted items before merging, although some may contain fine details that can be added on to the other entries before deleting.) If you don't want to do this I will take the time to go over and clean it up by merging them since sufficient time has passed since the entire topic was expanded. MPLX/MH 16:17, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Similarly the Scotland section should be incorporated into United Kingdom. Ben Finn 12:30, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * In lieu of the above, since there were no responses at the time or since, I've decided to be bold and merge Scotland into the UK section. Also moved the UK section down the article since it was still alphabetically where England used to be... Fattonyni (talk) 23:00, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

 * The list is incomplete! There are several countries missing!! --89.204.153.143 (talk) 14:05, 16 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pirate radio in Europe


text:
Category:Dearborn, Michigan

Articles related to the city of Dearborn in the U.S. state of Michigan.

title: Category:Dearborn, Michigan


text:
Talk:Steve Christian

Untitled
The CIA factbook (see Talk:Pitcairn Islands) says there are (or were ca. 2003) 12 able-bodies men. If that's correct, then the seven accused men should be described as "half of the adult male able-bodied populaton". That's messy....

There are also six other accused not currently living on Pitcairn.

Jurisdiction
No mention seems to be made in the article that the Pitcairners claim they are not under British jurisdiction and that therefore they are not bound by British law. Whether or not this will be upheld is doubtful, but I feel the claim should be noted. -Kasreyn 23:44, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

I have removed material from that does not comply with our policy on the biographies of living persons. Biographical material must always be referenced from reliable sources, especially negative material. Negative material that does not comply with that must be immediately removed. Note that the removal does not imply that the information is either true or false.

Please do not reinsert this material unless you can provide reliable citations, and can ensure it is written in a neutral tone. Please review the relevant policies before editing in this regard. Editors should note that failure to follow this policy may result in the removal of editing privileges.--Docg 11:22, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Per ProQuest document ID: 837383051 Text Word Count 505 Document URL: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=837383051&sid=4&Fmt=3&clientId=76566&RQT=309&VName=PQD "FED: Pitcairn Islander to be extradited next week. AAP General News Wire. Sydney: Jan 21, 2005. pg. 1" says 13 men were tried for sex attacks on young girls by adult men over a 40 year period."  "..former Pitcairn mayor Steve Christian, was also convicted and sentenced to three years jail." Another source is "Island of Lost Girls; [Op-Ed] Dea Birkett. New York Times. (Late Edition (East Coast)). New York, N.Y.: Oct 29, 2004. pg. A.25. ProQuest document ID: 725605881 Text Word Count 745 Document URL: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=725605881&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=76566&RQT=309&VName=PQD which says "..child molesting was endemic. Girls were taken into the banana groves, pinned down and raped, sometimes by more than one man. This week, after a four-week trial, five Pitcairn men -- half the men on the island -- were found guilty of a horrific string of sexual offenses against minors stretching back more than 40 years (a sixth man pleaded guilty earlier). The island's mayor, Steve Christian, was convicted on five counts of rape against children as young as 12; he was sentenced yesterday to three years. Another man, Terry Young, was convicted of indecent assault on a 7-year-old, and more prosecutions are planned." Another article "UK: Court dismisses key part of Pitcairn appeal Chris Lines. AAP General News Wire. Sydney: Jul 10, 2006. pg. 1" Source type: Wire Feed ProQuest document ID: 1075570061 Text Word Count 474 Document URL: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1075570061&sid=4&Fmt=3&clientId=76566&RQT=309&VName=PQD says "Trials on the island in 2004 found six men guilty and one not guilty of crimes including rape, indecent assault and incest over a 30-year period." "The six men are former mayor Steve Christian, 55, and his son Randy Christian, 30, Steve Christian's father-in-law, Len Brown, 78, and his son Dave Brown, 49, plus postmaster Dennis Christian, 48, and Terry Young, 45." Does that seem in accord with WP:BLP? As the head of government, Steve Christian may have enough notability to have a separate article, if he is known for anything but the sex assaults and trial. I would encourage a redirect or merge with Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004. Edison 20:28, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

prison sentence
Did he go to jail or not? The article doesn`t say. 14:58, 6 February 2016 (UTC)24.177.238.170 (talk)

title: Talk:Steve Christian


text:
Moose test

The evasive manoeuvre test (Undanmanöverprov; colloquial: moose test or elk test; Swedish: Älgtest, German: Elchtest) is performed to determine how well a certain vehicle evades a suddenly appearing obstacle. This test has been standardized in ISO 3888-2.

Forms of the test have been performed in Sweden since the 1970s. The colloquial and internationally better-known name for the test was coined in 1997 by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung after the Swedish motor magazine Teknikens Värld together with the TV-show Trafikmagasinet flipped a First generation Mercedes-Benz A-Class in a test ostensibly made to measure the car's ability to avoid hitting a moose.

In reality, the test is constructed to simulate, for example, a reversing car or a child rushing out onto the road. This is because it is more likely that the moose will continue across the road than remain in place or turn back, making it more advisable to brake hard and try to slip behind the animal than to swerve in front of it.

Test specifications
The test is performed on a dry road surface. Traffic cones are set up in an S shape to simulate the obstacle, road, and road edges. The car to be tested has one belted person in each available seat and weights in the boot to achieve maximum load. In order to qualify as a "pass" the vehicle must successfully navigate the course at 72 km/h.

When the driver comes onto the track, they quickly swerve into the oncoming lane to avoid the object and then immediately swerve back to avoid oncoming traffic. The test is repeated at an increased speeds until the car skids, knocks down cones, or spins around.

1997 Mercedes A-Class test
On 21 October 1997 the journalist Robert Collin from the motor magazine Teknikens Värld overturned the new (now First generation) Mercedes-Benz A-Class in the moose test at 60 km/h, while a Trabant—a much older, and widely mocked car from the former East Germany—managed it perfectly.

During an interview in Süddeutsche Zeitung, Collin tried to explain this test by the example of an evasive manoeuvre for a moose on the road. It was soon called Elchtest (moose test).

Mercedes initially denied the problem, but then took the step of recalling all units sold to date (2,600), rebuilding 17,000 cars and suspending sales for three months until the problem was solved by adding electronic stability control and modifying the suspension. The company spent DM 2.5 billion in developing the car, with a further DM 300 million to fix it.

Ongoing testing
Swedish automotive magazine Teknikens Värld tests "hundreds of cars every year". with the moose test. It publishes test results since 1983 on their website. The car with the slowest speed to successfully complete the manoeuvre is the Reliant Rialto at 42.5 km/h.

In July 2005, the Dacia Logan appeared initially to fail the test, but a later investigation concluded that excessive testing had worn the car's tyres to failure.

Some current vehicles, such as the 2021–present Mitsubishi Outlander and Volvo XC40 Recharge T4, still fail this test, although after the latest software revision the RAV4 now passes the test.

Current champion
The Citroën Xantia Activa V6 has held the record since 1999, beating cars such as the track-orientated 2008 Porsche 911 GT3 RS and the 2017 McLaren 675LT. The Citroën performed the test at 85 km/h.

Actual moose collision testing
Although the moose test itself is based on the avoidance of hitting an obstruction in the road, testing is also carried out on actual collision with animals in the road. Both Volvo and Saab have a tradition of taking moose crashes into account when building cars.

The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute has developed a moose crash test dummy called "Mooses". The dummy (which is made with similar weight, centre of gravity and dimensions to a live moose) is used to simulate realistic moose collisions.

Australian car manufacturers use crash test kangaroo dummies for similar reasons.

In a 2008 episode of Mythbusters, the urban legend that accelerating to hit a moose would cause less damage than braking was investigated and busted. It was found that regardless of car type and speed, the damage to a vehicle was catastrophic in all cases.

title: Moose test


text:
User talk:Kahboom

My name is Geir Gaseidnes. I work as an Information Architect for a Web-consulting company in Somerville, MA, USA. The Wikipedia is an amazing resource, and I look forward to contributing in whatever small way I can.

I was born and grew up in a small town named Skodje in Norway, and moved to the United States in 1990. I attended Tufts University, and graduated with a degree in International Relations. I spend much of my spare time doing digital painting, some of which can be found on my website. If you wish to contact me, my E-mail address is also on my webpage.

http://www.visionbin.com

Happy browsing, -Geir

title: User talk:Kahboom


text:
Voulge

A voulge (also spelled vouge, sometimes called a couteau de breche) is a type of polearm that existed in medieval Europe, primarily in 15th century France.

Description
A voulge would usually have a narrow single-edged blade mounted with a socket on a shaft. The weapon could additionally feature shaft reinforcements called langets and rondel protection for the hands at the base of the blade. Troops that used the weapon are called voulgiers.

It is a weapon noted to have been used by the Franc-Archers and is also depicted in artwork of their creation. There is a popular erroneous definition of the word voulge in modern times, which refers to a pointy cleaver-like weapon blade attached to the shaft with two hoops like a bardiche. This definition is incorrect and started in the 19th century with Viollet le Duc, and the weapon in question is an early form of halberd.

title: Voulge


text:
Talk:The Seeds of Love

The Beatles
"It retained the band's epic sound while showing increasing influences ranging from jazz and blues to the Beatles, the last of which is extremely evident in the hit single "Sowing the Seeds of Love"." Uh, this isn't evident. It doesn't really sound Beatles-eque at all. 98.221.133.96 (talk) 09:14, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Doesn't sound Beatles-esque?! 'Sowing the Seeds of Love' good enough for you?--Degree9 (talk) 20:53, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

I heard a radio dj once tell as an introduction to this song (Seeds Of Love) that the song was received with the criticism it was a rewrite of "I am the wallrus". Still not exactly "evident", but it's something. - burt777 - 2010-03-15
 * Both Roland Orzabal and Curt Smith refer to "Sowing The Seeds Of Love" as a "Beatles pastiche". So if it comes straight from the horse's mouth... 94.14.14.87 (talk) 21:07, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

Reissue in 2016 ;-)
Obviously confirmed for 2016 doesn't mean it actually gets reissued in 2016, but I guess the article can stay like that until the actual release date is revealed...Jules TH 16 (talk) 19:29, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

New info
So, the box set has unveiled a lot of new info. From my own hearing and partially confirmed by the liner notes, the drums on "Advice", "Swords and Knives" and "Famous Last Words" are completely programmed (!), while "Year of the Knife" uses a mixture of real and programmed drums.

It also appears that Curt probably played nowhere near as much bass as the article currently asserts. And Ian played keyboards on "Woman in Chains".

TFF/Bascombe mixing parts of "Year of the Knife" and Oleta singing on "Badman's Song" is obviously missing. Jules TH 16 (talk) 20:50, 17 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Here's how I would arrange the personnel section, but some of this is guesswork:

Personnel
Tears for Fears
 * Roland Orzabal – lead vocals (1-3, 5-8), backing vocals, guitars, keyboards, Fairlight programming, drum programming (4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12)
 * Curt Smith – bass (3, 4, 6-8), backing vocals, lead vocals (4)
 * Ian Stanley – keyboards and Hammond organ on 3 and 10

Additional personnel

 * Simon Clark – keyboards, synthesizer (2, 5), Hammond organ (2, 4, 5, 7)
 * Oleta Adams – keyboards, co-lead vocals (1 and 2), acoustic piano (2, 5), backing vocals (5, 12)
 * Nicky Holland – keyboards, backing vocals (2, 4, 7), piano (4, 6, 8), Kurzweil strings (8)
 * Neil Taylor – guitar (1), rhythm guitar (7)
 * Robbie McIntosh – lead guitar (2, 7), slide guitar (2)
 * Randy Jacobs – guitar (4-6, 8)
 * Pino Palladino – bass (1, 2, 5)
 * Phil Collins – drums (1 from 3:32)
 * Manu Katché – drums (1 from start to 3:31; 2, 5)
 * Chris Hughes – drums and production (3, 10)
 * Simon Phillips – drums (finale of 7)
 * Luís Jardim – percussion (1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8)
 * Carole Steele – percussion (2, 5)
 * Richard Niles – orchestral arrangement (3)
 * Jon Hassell – trumpet (5, 8)
 * Peter Hope-Evans – harmonica (5)
 * Kate St John – saxophone (6), oboe (6)
 * Tessa Niles – backing vocals (2, 5, 7), female vocal (6)
 * Carol Kenyon – backing vocals (2, 5, 7)
 * Maggie Ryder – backing vocals (4)
 * Dolette McDonald – backing vocals (7)
 * Andy Caine – backing vocals (7)

Jules TH 16 (talk) 15:02, 8 May 2021 (UTC)

Why I think Standing on the Corner of the Third World shouldn't be merged into The Seeds of Love
I feel that the article shouldn't get merged into The Seeds of Love and if it was to be merged, than shouldn't every other non-single be merged to their respective album? And if not, then shouldn't Standing on the Corner of the Third World not be merged? If anybody has a good reason for suggesting the merge, then I can agree with the merge. Newtatoryd222 (talk) 22:22, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Seeds of Love


text:
Potomac Heritage Trail

The Potomac Heritage Trail, also known as the Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail or the PHT, is a designated National Scenic Trail corridor spanning parts of the mid-Atlantic region of the United States that will connect various trails and historic sites in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia. The trail network includes 710 mi of existing and planned sections, tracing the natural, historical, and cultural features of the Potomac River corridor, the upper Ohio River watershed in Pennsylvania and western Maryland, and a portion of the Rappahannock River watershed in Virginia. The trail is managed by the National Park Service and is one of three National Trails that are official NPS units.

Unlike many long-distance hiking trails such as the Appalachian Trail, the Potomac Heritage Trail is an informal route with numerous side trails and alternatives, some in parallel on each side of the river. Currently, many of these are separate, connected to the others only by roads. The PHT crosses the Appalachian Trail near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, and is concurrent with the American Discovery Trail along the portion of the C&O Canal Towpath between Oldtown, Maryland, and Washington, D.C.

Initial sections
Three substantial sections of the trail were in existence when the Potomac Heritage Trail officially became a National Scenic Trail in 1983. These trails range from hiking-only to multi-use, illustrating the variety of the PHT route.

 * The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Towpath, which runs 184.5 mi along the Maryland side of the Potomac River between Georgetown in Washington, D.C., and Cumberland, Maryland.
 * The Mount Vernon Trail in Virginia, which runs 18 mi between Rosslyn and Mount Vernon, parallel to the Potomac River.
 * The Laurel Highlands Hiking Trail, running for 70 mi in Pennsylvania between Ohiopyle State Park and the Conemaugh Gorge near Johnstown.

Completed and planned sections
Upon its completion, the Potomac Heritage Trail will consist of the following sections:

 * The 70 mi Laurel Highlands Hiking Trail, within Laurel Ridge State Park in Pennsylvania.
 * A 73 mi section of the Great Allegheny Passage (GAP), between Cumberland, Maryland and Ohiopyle, Pennsylvania.
 * The 184.5 mi C&O Canal Towpath within the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, in Maryland, and Washington, D.C.
 * A 15 mi linear park system in Loudoun County, Virginia.
 * 7.7 mi of trails within Riverbend Park, Great Falls Park, and Scott's Run Nature Preserve in Fairfax County, Virginia.
 * Two partially completed routes within the District of Columbia – the 23 mi Fort Circle Parks Trail, part of the Civil War Defenses of Washington, and a multi-use route between Georgetown and Oxon Cove Park.
 * The paved shared use 18.5 mi Mount Vernon Trail and a 9.6 mi gravel trail in and around Arlington and Alexandria, Virginia, mostly alongside the George Washington Memorial Parkway.
 * The 23 mi Alexandria Heritage Trail in Alexandria, Virginia.
 * A 27 mi biking trail in Prince George's County, Maryland.
 * A 1 mi trail in Piscataway Park in Prince George's County, Maryland.
 * A 2 mi route within the Nanjemoy Natural Resource Management Area in Charles County, Maryland.
 * A biking trail in Charles and St. Mary's counties in Maryland.
 * Two 4.5 mi routes in Prince William Forest Park and a partially completed 8 mi route, between Leesylvania State Park and Belmont Bay, in Prince William County, Virginia.
 * The Government Island Trail, the planned 5 mi Historic Falmouth-Ferry Farm Trail, and the Aquia Creek Water Trail, all in Stafford County, Virginia.
 * The Northern Neck Heritage Trail Bicycling Route Network in Westmoreland, Northumberland, Lancaster, and Richmond counties, all in Virginia.

Trails/Parks of PHNST

 * Great Allegheny Passage
 * C&O Canal Bicycling Guide
 * Mt. Vernon Trail, Arlington/Alexandria/Mt Vernon, VA
 * Great Falls Park, MD/VA
 * Riverbend Park, Great Falls, VA
 * Algonkian Park, VA
 * Red Rock Wilderness Regional Park, VA
 * Balls Bluff Regional Park, VA
 * Occoquan Regional Park, VA
 * Laurel Hill Greenway, Lorton, VA
 * Prince William Forest Park, VA
 * Leesylvania State Park, VA
 * Piscataway Park/Trail, MD
 * Fort Foote Park, MD

Groups

 * Potomac Heritage Trail
 * National Park Service site
 * Potomac Heritage Trail Association
 * C&O Canal Association
 * Allegheny Trail Alliance
 * Oxon Hill Bicycle and Trail Club
 * Southern Prince George's Trail Coalition
 * Great Falls Trail Blazers
 * Fairfax Trails and Streams
 * Potomac Appalachian Trail Club
 * Friends of Dahlgren Heritage Rail Trail, King George Co, Virginia
 * Accokeek Foundation

title: Potomac Heritage Trail


text:
List of solar deities

A solar deity is a god or goddess who represents the Sun, or an aspect of it, usually by its perceived power and strength. Solar deities and Sun worship can be found throughout most of recorded history in various forms. The following is a list of solar deities:

Bakongo mythology

 * Nzambi Mpungu, Kongo god of the Sun and creation

Bantu mythology

 * Nyambe, the Bantu god of the Sun and creation

Berber/Amazigh mythology

 * Magec, Tenerife goddess of the Sun and light

Igbo mythology

 * Anyanwu, Igbo god believed to dwell in the Sun

Dahomey mythology

 * Mawu, Dahomey goddess associated with the Sun and the Moon

Egyptian mythology

 * Amun, creator deity sometimes identified as a Sun god
 * Aten, god of the Sun, the visible disc of the Sun
 * Atum, the "finisher of the world" who represents the Sun as it sets
 * Bast, cat goddess associated with the Sun
 * Hathor, mother of Horus and Ra and goddess of the Sun
 * Horus, god of the sky whose right eye was considered to be the Sun and his left the Moon
 * Khepri, god of the rising Sun, creation and renewal of life
 * Ptah, god of craftsmanship, the arts, and fertility, sometimes said to represent the Sun at night
 * Ra, god of the Sun
 * Sekhmet, goddess of war and of the Sun, sometimes also plagues and creator of the desert
 * Sopdu, god of war and the scorching heat of the summer Sun

Nubian mythology

 * Apedemak, the Meroitic god of war and sometimes depicted as the god the Sun

Zulu mythology

 * uMvelinqangi, Xhosa and Zulu people's god of the Sun and sky
 * iNyanga, Zulu people, goddess of the Moon
 * Ukhulukhulwana, Zulu people's ancestor who came from the stars. He taught them to build huts and taught them the high laws of isiNtu

Aztec mythology

 * Huitzilopochtli, god of the Sun and war
 * Nanahuatzin, god of the Sun
 * Teoyaomicqui, god of lost souls, the Sun, and the sixth hour of the day
 * Tonatiuh, god of the Sun and ruler of the heavens

Brazilian mythology

 * Guaraci, god of the Sun (Guarani mythology)
 * Meri, folk hero and god of the Sun

Incan mythology

 * Inti, god of the Sun and patron deity of the Inca Empire
 * Ch'aska ("Venus") or Ch'aska Quyllur ("Venus star") was the goddess of dawn, twilight, and, the planet

Mapuche mythology

 * Antü, Sun deity or pillán of the mapuche from Chile and Argentina

Inuit mythology

 * Akycha, Sun goddess worshiped in Alaska
 * Malina, goddess of the Sun found most commonly in the legends of Greenland

Maya mythology

 * Ah Kin, god of the Sun, bringer of doubt, and protector against the evils associated with darkness
 * Hunahpu, one of the Maya Hero Twins; he transformed into the Sun while his brother transformed into the Moon
 * Kinich Ahau, god of the Sun

Muisca mythology

 * Sué, god of the Sun and husband of Chía, the Moon

Other American Indian mythology

 * Aqalax, Kathlamet sun woman.
 * Jóhonaaʼéí, the Navajo Sun god, known as "The One Who Rules the Day"
 * Kisosen, the Abenaki solar deity, an eagle whose wings opened to create the day and closed to cause the nighttime
 * Napioa, the Blackfoot deity of the Sun
 * Tawa, the Hopi creator and god of the Sun
 * Wi, Lakota god of the Sun
 * Aba' Bínni'li', the Chickasaw creator deity, strongly associated with the sun.
 * Unelanuhi, Cherokee sun goddess.

Ainu mythology

 * Chup Kamui, a lunar goddess who switched places with her brother to become goddess of the Sun

Arabian mythology

 * Malakbel, god of the Sun
 * Shams/Shamsun, a solar goddess exalted in Himyar and by the Sabaeans.

Armenian mythology

 * Ar/Arev, the Sun god with its people as "children of the Sun"

Buddhist mythology

 * Marici, goddess of the heavens, the Sun, and light
 * Surya, god of the Sun (Suriya Pariththa, Suthra Pitaka, Pali canon, Theravada Buddhism)

Canaanite mythology

 * Shapash, goddess of the Sun
 * Ba'al, god of life and fertility, also associated with the Sun and storms

Chinese mythology

 * Doumu, Sun goddess sometimes conflated with Marici.
 * Xihe, Sun goddess and mother of the ten suns
 * Yu Yi, god that carries the Sun across the sky
 * Xu Kai, god of the Sun star

Elamite

 * Nahundi, god of the Sun and law

Filipino mythology

 * Init-init: the Itneg god of the Sun married to the mortal Aponibolinayen; during the day, he leaves his house to shine light on the world
 * Chal-chal: the Bontok god of the Sun whose son's head was cut off by Kabigat; aided the god Lumawig in finding a spouse
 * Mapatar: the Ifugao sun deity of the sky in charge of daylight
 * Sun God: the Ibaloi deity who pushed up the skyworld and pushed down the underworld, creating earth, after he was hit by a man's arrow during the war between the peoples of the skyworld and the underworld
 * Elag: the Bugkalot deity of the Sun, worshiped with the moon and stars; has a magnificent house in the sky realm called Gacay; retreats to his home during nights; giver of light and growth
 * Apo Init: the Ilocano deity of the sun
 * Amman: the Ilocano god of the Sun, where the sun is his eye
 * Agueo: the morose and taciturn Pangasinense sun god who is obedient to his father, Ama; lives in a palace of light
 * Algao: the Aeta Sun god who battled the giant turtle Bacobaco
 * Mangetchay: also called Mangatia; the Kapampangan supreme deity who created life on earth in remembrance of his dead daughter; lives in the Sun; in other versions, she is the creator and net-weaver of the heavens
 * Aring Sinukûan: the Kapampangan Sun god of war and death, taught the early inhabitants the industry of metallurgy, wood cutting, rice culture and even waging war; lives in Mount Arayat, and later included a female form
 * Apolaki: the Tagalog god of sun and warriors; son of Anagolay and Dumakulem; sometimes referred as son of Bathala and brother of Mayari; ruler of the world during daytime
 * Quadruple Deities: the four childless naked Tau-buid Mangyan deities, composed of two gods who come from the Sun and two goddesses who come from the upper part of the river; summoned using the paragayan or diolang plates
 * Adlao: the Bicolano son of Dagat and Paros; joined Daga's rebellion and died; his body became the sun; in another myth, he was alive and during a battle, he cut one of Bulan's arm and hit Bulan's eyes, where the arm was flattened and became the earth, while Bulan's tears became the rivers and seas
 * Unnamed God: a Bicolano Sun god who fell in love with the mortal, Rosa; refused to light the world until his father consented to their marriage; he afterwards visited Rosa, but forgetting to remove his powers over fire, he accidentally burned Rosa's whole village until nothing but hot springs remained
 * Sanghid: the Waray giant who wove cloth on a gold loom with supernatural speed; has the power to move back the Sun
 * Liadlao: the gold-bodied Bisaya son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the Sun
 * Adlaw: the Bisaya Sun deity worshiped by the good
 * Launsina: the Capiznon goddess of the Sun, Moon, stars, and seas, and the most beloved because people seek forgiveness from her
 * Magrakad: the Tagbanwa god found at exactly noontime on the other side of the Sun; gives the warmth which sustains life and, when the people are ill, carries away sickness
 * Tumangkuyun: wash and keep clean the trunks of the two sacred cardinal trees in Sidpan and Babatan by using the blood of those who have died in epidemics; the blood he uses causes the colors of the sunrise and sunset
 * Libtakan: the Manobo god of sunrise, sunset, and good weather
 * Unnamed Gods: the Bagobo gods whose fire create smoke that becomes the white clouds, while the Sun creates yellow clouds that make the colors of the rainbow
 * Kadaw La Sambad: one of the two T'boli supreme deities; married to Bulon La Mogoaw; lives in the seventh layer of the universe
 * Lageay Lengkuos: the greatest of Teduray heroes and a shaman (beliyan) who made the earth and forests; the only one who could pass the magnet stone in the straight between the big and little oceans; inverted the directions where east became west, inverted the path of the Sun, and made the water into land and land into water
 * Sun Deity: the divine Maranao being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a flaming young man; angels serve as his charioteers

Hindu mythology

 * Aryaman, god of the midday Sun
 * Savitr, god of the sun at sunrise and sunset
 * Surya, the Sun god, rides across the sky in a horse-drawn chariot à la Helios and Sol
 * Mitra, often associated with the Sun
 * Mihir, meaning Sun.
 * Aruna, charioteer of Surya, god of the morning Sun.
 * Tapati, Sun goddess.

Hittite mythology

 * Istanu, goddess/god of the Sun and judgment
 * Sun goddess of Arinna
 * Sun god of Heaven, daylight god of judgement
 * Sun goddess of the Earth, infernal goddess of the underworld.

Japanese mythology

 * Amaterasu, goddess of the Sun

Mesopotamian mythology

 * Shamash, Akkadian god of the Sun and justice
 * Utu, Sumerian god of the Sun and justice
 * Šerida, Sumerian goddess of light, married to the god of the Sun (Akkadian name Aya)

Scythian religion

 * Tabiti, ancient Iranian goddess possibly connected with the Sun.

Tocharian

 * A "sun deity" (kaum näkte), possibly a goddess.

Turkic mythology

 * Gun Ana, common Turkic solar deity, seen as a goddess in the Kazakh and Kyrgyz traditions
 * Koyash, god of the Sun

Persian mythology

 * Mithra, often associated with the Sun.
 * Hvare-khshaeta, the Sun yazata

Zunism

 * The Zunbil dynasty and the subjects of Zabulistan worshiped the Sun, which they called Zun. They believed that the Sun was the god of justice, the force of good in the world and, consequently, the being that drove out the darkness and allowed man to live another day.

Vietnamese mythology

 * Goddess Thần Mặt Trời, the embodiment of the sun, the daughter of Ông Trời, old sister of Thần Mặt Trăng, she and her sister have a husband who is a bear, when the Bear God wants to meet them, a solar or lunar eclipse will appear.

Albanian mythology

 * Dielli, god of the Sun

Armenian mythology

 * Arev
 * Areg
 * Arpʻi

Baltic mythology

 * Saulė, goddess of the Sun

Basque mythology

 * Ekhi, goddess of the Sun and protector of humanity

Celtic mythology

 * Áine, Irish goddess of love, summer, wealth, and sovereignty, associated with the Sun and midsummer
 * Alaunus, Gaulish god of the Sun, healing, and prophecy
 * Belenos, Gaulish god of the Sun
 * Brighid, Irish sun goddess
 * Étaín, Irish Sun goddess
 * Grannus, god associated with spas, healing thermal and mineral springs, and the Sun
 * Lugh, Sun god as well as a writing and warrior god
 * Macha, "Sun of the womanfolk" and occasionally considered synonymous with Grian
 * Olwen, female figure often constructed as originally the Welsh Sun goddess
 * Sulis, British goddess whose name is related to the common Proto-Indo-European word for "Sun" and thus cognate with Helios, Sól, Sol, and Surya and who retains solar imagery, as well as a domain over healing and thermal springs. Probably the de facto solar deity of the Celts.

Etruscan mythology

 * Usil, Etruscan equivalent of Helios

Finnish mythology

 * Päivätär, goddess of the Sun

Germanic mythology

 * Sól/Sunna/Sunne, the common Sun goddess among the Germanic peoples, who according to Nordic mythology is chased across the sky in her horse-drawn chariot by a wolf

Greek mythology

 * Helios, god and personification of the Sun who drives across the sky in a chariot
 * Apollo, god of the Sun and light, among others. His most common epithet is Phoebus (“Radiant”)
 * Eos, goddess and personification of the dawn
 * Hemera, goddess of the day
 * Electryone, goddess of the sunrise

Hungarian mythology

 * Nap Király, the Hungarian god of sun who rides his silver fur horse everyday from east to west.
 * Nap Anya, Goddess of the sun and partner of Nap király

Lusitanian mythology

 * Endovelicus, god of health and safety, worshipped both as a solar deity and a chthonic one
 * Neto, potentially both a solar and war deity
 * A possible sun goddess, whose cult was believed to have become that of Virgin Mary Nossa Senhora de Antime.

Minoan mythology

 * Possibly the Snake Goddess.

Proto-Indo-European mythology

 * Sehul
 * eye of Dyēws

Roman mythology

 * Aurora, goddess of dawn
 * Sol, god of the Sun, rides in a horse-drawn chariot

Sami mythology

 * Beiwe, goddess of the Sun, spring, fertility, and sanity

Slavic mythology

 * Dažbog, god of the Sun
 * Hors, god of the Sun

Australian Aboriginal mythology

 * Bila, cannibal sun goddess of the Adnyamathanha
 * Gnowee, solar goddess who searches daily for her lost son; the light of her torch is the Sun
 * Wala, solar goddess
 * Wuriupranili, solar goddess whose torch is the Sun
 * Yhi, Karraur goddess of the sun, light and creation

Māori mythology

 * Tama-nui-te-rā, personification of the Sun

title: List of solar deities


text:
Johnny and Luther Htoo

Johnny Htoo and Luther Htoo (pronounced 'too', 'H' is silent; born c. 1988) are twin brothers who jointly led the God's Army guerrilla group, a splinter group of the Karen National Union, in Myanmar (Burma) during the late 1990s.

Formation of God's Army (1997)
The Htoo twins are from an area of eastern Burma populated by the Karen ethnic group. The Karen and Burmese army had fought at various times for over fifty years, but in the early 1990s the Burmese army launched a major operation to secure the route of an oil pipeline through the area. In March 1997, a local pastor brought the two illiterate nine-year-olds to the local military chief and said the Lord had spoken to them and they would save the Karen people. According to the legend among followers, the twins then rallied defenders of their village by shouting "God's Army!", leading them to a victory over Burmese troops. Various legends claimed that the brothers had numerous magical powers, including invulnerability to bullets and mines, and that they could hand out magical bullets. Supposedly, they could kill by pointing a rifle at the ground and concentrating. One tale claims that Johnny turned himself into an old man and back when bathing in a river. The legend of the boys was embraced by locals who viewed the existing Karen National Union as corrupt and ineffective. A new rebel group called God's Army of the Holy Mountain, or God's Army for short, was thus formed under the nominal leadership of the Htoo twins.

Worldwide attention (1999–2000)
God's Army was situated in mountainous rainforests along the border between Burma and Thailand. They were a band of Christian guerrillas who maintained an austere lifestyle, including abstinence from sexual intercourse, alcohol, milk, eggs and pork. The boys, called "Bu Lu" and "Bu Joh" by their followers, were both chain smokers and were said to know the Bible by heart although they had never studied it. In October 1999, a group calling themselves Vigorous Burmese Student Warriors seized the Burmese embassy in Bangkok and the situation ended with their departure, at which point they were taken in by God's Army.

The Htoos came to worldwide attention in January 2000 when 10 members of God's Army seized a hospital in Ratchaburi, Thailand. The group held 700 to 800 patients and staff members hostage for 22 hours. They demanded the Thai government stop shelling Karen positions in Burma and treatment for their wounded. Thai security forces stormed the hospital, killing all 10 of the gunmen. A photograph taken by Associated Press photographer Apichart Weerawong of a long-haired Johnny posing next to his tougher-looking, cigar-puffing brother was circulated around the world after the hospital raid. After the raid, God's Army were strenuously pursued by the Tatmadaw (Burmese armed forces) and shunned by other Karen rebels. Luther claimed at the time he had 250,000 invisible soldiers in his command while Johnny had 150,000 of his own. Their flesh-and-blood followers were estimated to be around 500 in 1998, but gradually declined to between 100 and 200 men by early 2000 after many left to find work to support their refugee families. Meanwhile, the Burmese army had 21,000 troops in the area.

Surrender and life after God's Army (2001– )
The twins surrendered to Thai soldiers in January 2001 and requested sanctuary. By that time, the number of their followers had dwindled to less than 20. They repudiated the stories about being invulnerable but insisted that God had helped them to survive over the years. They were reunited with their family. In July 2006, Johnny Htoo surrendered to Burma's military government with eight other members of God's Army in two groups.

In 2009, Luther Htoo sought status as a refugee in Sweden and settled in Götene while Johnny Htoo moved to a Thai refugee camp while attempting to go to New Zealand to join his mother and sister. Luther married another Karen refugee in Sweden and fathered a child with her before divorcing. In 2018, Luther Htoo returned to Myanmar after meeting a woman online; as of 2020 both are reportedly unemployed and struggle with alcoholism.

title: Johnny and Luther Htoo


text:
User:Kahboom

My name is Geir Gaseidnes. I work as an Information Architect for a Web-consulting company in Somerville, MA, USA. The Wikipedia is an amazing resource, and I look forward to contributing in whatever small way I can.

I was born and grew up in a small town named Skodje in Norway, and moved to the United States in 1990. I attended Tufts University, and graduated with a degree in International Relations. I spend much of my spare time doing digital painting, some of which can be found on my website. If you wish to contact me, my E-mail address is also on my webpage.

http://www.visionbin.com

Happy browsing, -Geir

title: User:Kahboom


text:
User:Cymydog Naakka~enwiki/Old talk 0x0001

'''I have moved this from my talk page; please edit that and not this page. - Cymydog Naakka 20:33, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Oh, bloody fuck.
Moved Tibetan alphabet to "Tibetan script" because it didn't fall under my definition of "alphabet" -- but apparently alphabet is an umbrella term for "real alphabets", abugidas and abjads together after all. I am stupid. Stupid, stupid, stupid. Sorry. - Cymydog Naakka 19:43, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I for one applaud your crusade to limit alphabet to the more limited usage. But times ago there was a decision of some sort, to use "alphabet" everywhere, even for ideographic writing systems. Perhaps we can try to rollback the earlier vote. -- Pjacobi 19:49, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)