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Talk:Desire realm

Removal of references to pleasures
I removed the references to pleasures. Pleasures would fit well into the realm higher that of Asuras. There are different classifications, that usually confuses. Above human realm, there are either two realms (semigods/Asuras and gods/Devas) or just one (and you hear it called either 'asuras' or just gods).

Asurase are active, intelligent and prone to jealousy and figts. Gods are completely satisfied with what they have (and they have a lot), they live in harmony and do not fight (except when Asuras attack).

Hope this helps.

 * Thanks a lot, ExitControl. I'll keep that part as you have written it, until i'll get more info... and then i'll see. Please sign your posts though, it really helps out to see who i'm talking to without actually having to go through the page's history. Beta m (talk)

Library of Congress image
Does anyone know if the image that i'm linking to on the Library of Congress website can by uploaded and used on Wiki (without copyright problems). If it can't and somebody has another one that is either in public domain or under a free license please feel free to edit the reference... Beta m (talk)

Plants, Germs, and Earth
What about plants, germs, and earth? Where are the ten? lysdexia 03:13, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * As far i can tell in Buddhism those three are said not to be sentient beings, and therefore are not in the ten realms (whether lower six (aka samsara) or higher four). However, i believe i have seen references to plants as sentient beings in some krishna texts, but i'm no expert to comment on that.
 * As for where is the article on the whole ten spiritual realms, it's on my ToDo list... q;-) Beta m (talk)

 * Some said they have buddha nature. see Soul Mendel 56 (talk) 04:33, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

A little frightening?
Isn't the idea of possibly coming back into the world as an animal, hungry ghost, or in the Narakas seem scary? Do people who believe this believe that this happens to everyone? Or is it just really bad people and not the average Joe Blo? This always confused me about Buddhism. It seems so nice, yet has some terrible ideas about the afterlife with the Buddhist hell realms. This is all just my opinion and I mean no offense to any Buddhist who reads this.

You don't gwt reincarnated at random, good karma you get a better life, bad karma worse life. Zazaban 06:33, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * According to the Pali Canon, the vast majority of people are reborn in lower realms. Peter jackson (talk) 16:46, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Like the original poster on this topic, I in no way mean to offend; I am just starting out in this so please take my question as one of ignorance. If the majority of people are reborn in lower realms (by which I assume is meant in animal form) how is the rapid incease in human population explained? Is there a definite number of souls? What is the source of 'new' souls and where did the original ones come from (which I guess implies a measurable 'beginning' of time)? Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.146.34.64 (talk) 01:50, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

I haven't been here for a while. There is no beginning. We've been here for ever. We go up & down. Mostly down, in the sense that most of our lifetimes are in lower realms: animals, ghosts, hell. Over time, the proportions of beings in different realms can vary, so population growth isn't a problem. This is the Theravada position. Mahayana probably agrees on the whole, but I have much less knowledge of the subject. Peter jackson (talk) 11:40, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

(Dis)order?
As far as I know, the asura realm follows the god realm and precedes the human. Haiduc 17:10, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Layout
The way the introductory text interacts with the pivture results in a detached 1/2 line, which looks daft to me. Perhaps someone with the requisite technical knowledge can fix it. Peter jackson 16:01, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 16:23, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

karma
The article states:

"The Buddhist view of Hell (Niraya) differs significantly from that of most monotheistic religions in that those being punished in this realm are not trapped permanently. Rather, they remain there until their negative karma is used up, at which point they are reborn into another realm."

As far as I understand, karma is not something that "accumulate" or can be "used up".

Karma is just action -- if you drop a glass, it will break. If you don't, it won't. Of course, there are external factors as well. You may not break the glass, but someone else can.

The result of past karma is what it is. You can't "use" it.

According to Thanissaro Bhikkhu:

 * "Karma is one of those words we don't translate. Its basic meaning is simple enough — action — but because of the weight the Buddha's teachings give to the role of action, the Sanskrit word karma packs in so many implications that the English word action can't carry all its luggage. This is why we've simply airlifted the original word into our vocabulary.

 * But when we try unpacking the connotations the word carries now that it has arrived in everyday usage, we find that most of its luggage has gotten mixed up in transit. In the eyes of most Americans, karma functions like fate — bad fate, at that: an inexplicable, unchangeable force coming out of our past, for which we are somehow vaguely responsible and powerless to fight. "I guess it's just my karma," I've heard people sigh when bad fortune strikes with such force that they see no alternative to resigned acceptance. (...)

 * This misperception comes from the fact that the Buddhist concept of karma came to the West at the same time as non-Buddhist concepts, and so ended up with some of their luggage. Although many Asian concepts of karma are fatalistic, the early Buddhist concept was not fatalistic at all. In fact, if we look closely at early Buddhist ideas of karma, we'll find that they give even less importance to myths about the past than most modern Americans do.

 * For the early Buddhists, karma was non-linear and complex. Other Indian schools believed that karma operated in a simple straight line, with actions from the past influencing the present, and present actions influencing the future. As a result, they saw little room for free will. Buddhists, however, saw that karma acts in multiple feedback loops, with the present moment being shaped both by past and by present actions; present actions shape not only the future but also the present. Furthermore, present actions need not be determined by past actions. In other words, there is free will, although its range is somewhat dictated by the past."

http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/karma.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.248.219.162 (talk) 21:38, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

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Category talk:Horror writers/to do

The writers shown below in red do not have a Wikipedia article about them yet: delete from this list as these get created and added to this category. Jonathan Carroll - Jonathon Carroll - Charles L. Grant - Nathaniel Hawthorne - Brian Hodge - Brian Lumley - Walter de la Mare - George R. R. Martin - Robert R. McCammon - Guy de Maupassant - Gustav Meyrink - Joyce Carol Oates - Fitz-James O'Brien - Christopher Pike - Edgar Allan Poe - Al Sarrantonio - R.L. Stine - Cate Tiernan - Manly Wade Wellman - Cherry Wilder - F. Paul Wilson -
 * C
 * F
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 * K
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 * N
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Talk:Lindfield, New South Wales

Untitled
Warrimoo is NOT a suburb in Ku-ring-gai. Waitara is.

 * nope, not according to the nsw department of local government (who should know), warrimoo is part of ku-ring-gai, waitara is part of hornsby shire. clarkk

Warrimoo in blue mountains
Agreed that Waitara is in Hornsby shire.

Warrimoo is in blue mountains, not even close.

See List of Sydney railway stations

Reason for Warrimoo error
Warrawee postcode 2074

Warrimoo postcode 2774

Names and postcodes very similar - easy to confuse!

West/East Lindfield
I wonder if adding seperate articles for West and East Lindfield was necessary? I see there is now also an East Roseville and East Killara article (among many others). Considering the size of the suburb of Lindfield I wonder whether there is much point creating so many new articles when the information could probably be included in the main article of Lindfield (and Roseville etc). I do not think there is a large difference between West and East Lindfield's geography. -- MxAesir 05:49, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps the geographical area is quite large, but really there is only one centre of town, so it would make sense to leave it as is. Besides, the postcode is the same. (Huey45 (talk) 13:28, 3 April 2010 (UTC))

East Lindfield is a separate suburb, gazetted by the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales, so it has its own article.

West Lindfield isn't, so it doesn't. --Gronk Oz (talk) 12:45, 25 April 2014 (UTC)

References please?
Could somebody add a reference to support the description of the housing in the area? quote:
 * The "garden suburb" of 7.21 square kilometres features residential housing of californian bungalow and federation style, double brick and tile construction

maybe, the domain website can be used? Garrie 01:46, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Where to source the area of the suburb
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Carina Lau

Carina Lau Kar-ling (born 8 December 1966) is a Hong Kong actress and singer. She started her acting career in TVB, before going on to achieve success in films after her 2nd year in college. She was notable in the 1980s for her girl-next-door type roles in films. She also plays Empress Wu Zetian in Tsui Hark's Detective Dee films, starting with Detective Dee and the Mystery of the Phantom Flame in 2010. She has won Best Actress awards at the Hong Kong Film Award and Mainland China's Golden Rooster Awards, and has been nominated at Taiwan's Golden Horse Awards.

Her husband is Hong Kong actor Tony Leung Chiu-wai. Lau frequently appears in the Hong Kong fashion scene and is a patron of many charities.

Early life
Lau was born on 1965 in Suzhou, Jiangsu, with her ancestral home in Rong County, Guangxi, to Liu Guiming (1940–2006) and Wang Fumei (born 1944).

Her grandfather, Liu Ji, moved to Thailand in 1935 to make a living and later moved to the country with his wife in 1938, just before the Canton Operation during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Lau's father, Liu Guiming, was born in Thailand on 1940. Lau's father returned to China in 1955 and with the help of All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese, he studied at a junior high school in Guangzhou and high school in Suzhou. Following the start of Cultural Revolution in 1965, overseas Chinese who returned to China were targets of criticism. Lau's father moved to Hong Kong in 1976, while Lau moved to Hong Kong with her mother and brother in 1978, and joined TVB's acting class in 1983.

Career
Lau made her on-screen debut in TVB's The Clones (1984) where she starred opposite of her future husband, Tony Leung. She gained wider recognition after a series of appearances in successful drama series such as The Duke of Mount Deer and Police Cadet and skyrocketed to fame following her role as a wealthy heiress in one of Hong Kong's most-watched ever series, Looking Back in Anger (1989).

Lau then expanded to films. She was nominated at the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actress for her role in Her Beautiful Life Lies (1989). She received acclaim for her role in Days of Being Wild (1991), one of her many collaborations with film director Wong Kar-wai. She continued to showcase her versatility with impressive performances in the martial arts epic Saviour of the Soul (1991), the biopic Center Stage (1991), the cross-dressing comedy He's a Woman, She's a Man (1994), and the offbeat romance Gigolo and Whore (1994). Following parts in the wuxia classic Ashes of Time (1994) and James Bond pastiche Forbidden City Cop (1997), Lau once again attracted the attention of various awards juries with her measured portrayals of bisexual silk factory owner Wan in Intimates (1997) and a prostitute in the 19th-century epic Flowers of Shanghai (1998).

Her roles as Hon Sam's wife in the two Infernal Affairs sequels and an android in Wong Kar-wai's 2046 (2004) further increased Lau's international recognition. Lau then stepped in the shoes of Sarah Jessica Parker for the Hong Kong version of Sex and the City, named Sex and the Beauties (2004). She won rave reviews for her performances as unhappily-married Rose in the low-budget thriller Curiosity Kills the Cat (2006) and as Wu Zetian in the blockbuster Detective Dee and the Mystery of the Phantom Flame (2010), which earned her a Golden Rooster Award for Best Actress and a Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actress, respectively. She reprised her role as Wu Zetian in two Detective Dee prequels. She received a Best Actress nomination at the Cannes Film Festival for her role as a rich housewife abandoned by her husband in Bends (2013).

In 2016, Lau was one of the celebrities that appeared on the Chinese reality show Up Idol. Since then, she has made guest appearances in other mainland reality TV shows. In June 2017, she and her husband were invited to become a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. In 2021, she hosted Reflection, a short web series interviewing various female celebrities.

She will launch her own talk show titled the Carina Show in 2022.

Other activities
She was executive president of Hong Kong's TVMART channel, but was replaced by the board after a loss of 40 million Taiwan Dollars. She told the media that because she had no education, the decisions made by her had some negative influences on the company.

1990 abduction
While filming Days of Being Wild in 1990, Lau disappeared, and Reuters news agency later reported that the actress had been kidnapped, although a police report was not filed. She was safely retrieved after two hours, and in 2008 revealed that she had been abducted by four men working for a triad boss who forced her to strip and took photos of her topless as punishment for refusing a film offer. Lau stated that no sexual assault took place, despite there being a leaked video of her sexual assault.

2002 East Week magazine photo
In October 2002, East Week magazine published a nude photo of an "unnamed female star" in visible distress whose face was partially blurred. The public quickly connected the photo to Lau's abduction 12 years prior, and Lau confirmed that she was the person in the photo.

Massive protests broke out in the following days, led by various Hong Kong entertainment guilds and citizen groups. Media ethics by Hong Kong tabloids and gossip magazines were questioned. Hong Kong police became involved and East Week was forced to shut down a few days later. It eventually restarted in late 2003 under new ownership. In 2009, Mong Hanming, the chief editor of East Week at the time of the incident, received a 5-month jail sentence after pleading guilty to publishing obscene photos.

Personal life
Lau had a relationship with Hong Kong tycoon Julian Hui from 1986 to 1988. They were engaged and lived together, until Hui announced their split in April 1988. The media characterized their relationship as a failed attempt on Lau's part to marry into a wealthy family, but Lau has publicly stated that their breakup was amicable, and she remains friends with Hui and his family.

She has been in a relationship with Tony Leung Chiu-wai since 1989, after working together on a Hong Kong production of Run For Your Wife. They married on 21 July 2008, at the COMO Uma Paro hotel in Bhutan. The wedding itself cost more than HK$30 million and Lau's 12 carat Cartier wedding ring is worth over HK$10 million. Guests included singer Faye Wong, who performed for them on their special day. Hong Kong director Wong Kar-wai also directed the ceremony. The wedding created a media frenzy in Hong Kong, with companies spending hundreds of thousands of dollars to pursue the wedding party.

There have long been rumours that Leung and actress Maggie Cheung were romantically involved, ever since they starred together in the film In the Mood for Love (2000), which was a hot topic among media outlets in Greater China due to the trio's fame. The alleged feud between Lau and Cheung was put to rest in 2013 when Lau uploaded a photo of them together to social media. When asked about the rumored affair, Lau said in a 2016 interview on The Jin Xing Show that "it's just a beautiful story" and she "knows about the affair as much as the public does".

title: Carina Lau


text:
Vysoké Mýto

Vysoké Mýto (Hohenmaut, also Hohenmauth) is a town in Ústí nad Orlicí District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 12,000 inhabitants. Its town square is the largest example of its type in the country. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Administrative parts
Vysoké Mýto is made up of the town parts of Choceňské Předměstí, Litomyšlské Předměstí, Pražské Předměstí and Vysoké Mýto-Město, and the villages of Brteč, Domoradice, Knířov, Lhůta, Svařeň and Vanice.

Etymology
The predecessor of the town was a small settlement by a trade route called Mýto (literally 'toll'). After a new town was founded, it adopted the privilege of collecting the toll. The old settlement was renamed to Staré Mýto ("Old Toll") and the new town was called Vysoké Mýto ("High Toll"), probably referring to its location above the old settlement.

Geography
Vysoké Mýto is located about 27 km southeast of Pardubice. It lies in the Svitavy Uplands. The highest point is at 436 m above sea level. The Loučná river flows through the town.

History
The first written mention of Vysoké Mýto is from 1265. It was founded shortly before this year by King Ottokar II as one of the trading centres on the trade route from Bohemia to Moravia, and was inhabited by German settlers. The town square and the network of streets were built in a regular shape, which is preserved to this day. Stone walls with three gates were gradually built around the whole town.

In the early 14th century, Vysoké Mýto became a dowry town administered by Elizabeth Richeza of Poland. Thanks to its location on a busy mercantile road it soon became rich. During the Hussite Wars, the town was occupied several times. Most of the German population left the town and Czech citizens became the majority. After the wars, it became royal town of King Sigismund, who donated it to his wife Barbara of Cilli and it became again a dowry town.

Vysoké Mýto was devastated by fires between 1461 and 1517. Thanks to its wealth, the town recovered and new buildings were building, including stone houses on the square, the new town hall, and the Church of the Holy Trinity. In the 16th century, the town prospered and crafts developed. Cloth and knives were exported abroad. The prosperity ended with the Thirty Years' War and several fires in the 18th century.

During the 19th century, new development occurred, and the town became a cultural centre. A Czech-language theatre was established in 1825, the first public library in the region was established in 1839, and the town museum was founded in 1871. At the end of the 19th century, Vysoké Mýto was industrialized and two big engineering and machine-building companies were founded.

Until 1918, Vysoké Mýto was part of Austria-Hungary, head of the district of the same name, one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia.

Economy
The most important employer in the town is Iveco Czech Republic and its Iveco Bus factory (previously Karosa), which produces buses under the brands Irisbus Crossway, Irisbus Arway and Iveco Urbanway. With more than 3,000 employees, Iveco Czech Republic is the largest industrial company in the Pardubice Region.

Transport
The I/35 road (part of the European route E442), which replaces the unfinished section of the D35 motorway from Olomouc to the Hradec Králové Region, passes through the town.

Vysoké Mýto lies on a railway line heading from Litomyšl to Choceň.

Sport
The town's football club is SK Vysoké Mýto. It plays in lower amateur tiers.

Sights
The quadrangle square named Přemysla Otakara II. Square is the largest square of its type in the Czech Republic. The Old Town Hall from 1433 is one of the oldest stone buildings in the town. It was rebuilt several times, last in 1828 in the Empire style. Today it houses the tourist information centre, the Town Gallery and an exposition on the manufacture of car bodies. In the middle of the square is a Baroque Marian column from 1714.

The Church of Saint Lawrence is a large cathedral from the second half of the 13th century. It was reconstructed after the fire in the 16th century, and the near Renaissance belfry was erected in 1585. The current appearance of the church is result of purist restoration from the late 19th century. Nowadays the premises of the belfry are used by the Town Gallery.

The Church of the Holy Trinity was built in the Renaissance style with Gothic elements in 1543.

Most of the town fortifications from the 14th century were demolished in the 18th century. Some fragments are preserved to this day, including the Prague Gate and Litomyšl Gate. The tower of the Prague Gate is open to the public as a lookout tower.

The Vysoké Mýto Regional Museum, which was founded in 1871, is the oldest town museum in the country.

Notable people

 * Bedřich Bridel (1619–1680), writer, poet and missionary
 * Dismas Hataš (1724–1777), violinist and composer
 * Alois Vojtěch Šembera (1807–1882), linguist and historian of literature
 * Josef Jireček (1825–1888), scholar
 * Hermenegild Jireček (1827–1909), jurisconsult
 * Hermann Škorpil (1858–1923), Czech-Bulgarian archaeologist and museum worker
 * Karel Škorpil (1859–1944), Czech-Bulgarian archaeologist and museum worker
 * František Ventura (1894–1969), equestrian, Olympic winner
 * Maria Tauberová (1911–2003), opera singer
 * Ladislav Trpkoš (1915–2004), basketball player
 * Zdeněk Mlynář (1930–1997), politologist and politician
 * Marie Málková (born 1941), actress
 * Josef Krečmer (born 1958), violoncellist
 * Luboš Kubík (born 1964), football player and coach
 * Jan Jiraský (born 1973), pianist and pedagogue

Twin towns – sister cities
Vysoké Mýto is twinned with:
 * 🇧🇬 Dolni Chiflik, Bulgaria
 * 🇩🇪 Korbach, Germany
 * 🇧🇬 Odessos District (Varna), Bulgaria
 * 🇵🇱 Ozorków, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Pyrzyce, Poland
 * 🇸🇰 Spišská Belá, Slovakia

title: Vysoké Mýto


text: Template:Food-stub

title: Template:Food-stub


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael Glasper

Michael Glasper
Vanity, only google hits are wikipedia and its mirrors. Just falls outside speedy deletion imo. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 12:36, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * NB: Harry Glasper by the same user may also need looking at. I haven't checked it yet for verifiability. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 12:41, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * ooh, let's try this. Michael Glasper ...   Harry Glasper ... Dunc_Harris|☺ 13:23, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, and remove this guy and his buddy from the births of the year where they've been added and already propagated to mirrors. Do Google them, and you'll see what I mean. Geogre 14:38, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Harry Glasper as well; litter. Geogre 14:38, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv
 * Useless substub. Delete without prejudice. anthony (see warning) 15:55, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:Food and drink stubs

title: Category:Food and drink stubs


text:
Cristóbal Balenciaga

Cristóbal Balenciaga Eizaguirre (21 January 1895 – 23 March 1972) was a Spanish fashion designer, and the founder of the Balenciaga clothing brand. He had a reputation as a couturier of uncompromising standards and was referred to as "the master of us all" by Christian Dior and as "the only couturier in the truest sense of the word" by Coco Chanel, who continued, "The others are simply fashion designers". On the day of his death, in 1972, Women's Wear Daily ran the headline "The King is Dead".

Since 2011 the purpose-built Cristóbal Balenciaga Museum has exhibited examples of his work in his birth town Getaria. Many of the 1,200 pieces in the collection were supplied by his pupil Hubert de Givenchy and clients such as Grace Kelly.

Early life
Balenciaga was born in the Basque town Getaria (Gipuzkoa), Spain on 21 January 1895. His father, José Balenciaga Basurto, was a fisherman who died when Cristóbal was a boy, and his mother, Martina Eizaguirre Embil, a seamstress. As a child Balenciaga often spent time with his mother as she worked. At the age of twelve, he began work as the apprentice of a tailor. When he was a teenager, the Marchioness de Casa Torres, the foremost noblewoman in his town, became his customer and patron. She sent him to Madrid, where he was formally trained in tailoring.

Career
Balenciaga was successful during his early career as a designer in Spain. He opened a boutique in San Sebastián in 1919, which expanded to include branches in Madrid and Barcelona. The Spanish royal family and the aristocracy wore his designs, but when the Spanish Civil War forced him to close his stores, Balenciaga moved to Paris. He opened his Paris couture house on Avenue George V in August 1937.

However, it was not until the post-war years that the full scale of the inventiveness of his highly original designs became evident. In 1951, he totally transformed the silhouette, broadening the shoulders and removing the waist. In 1955, he designed the tunic dress, which later developed into the chemise dress of 1957. In 1959, his work culminated in the Empire line, with high-waisted dresses and coats cut like kimono.

In 1960 he made the wedding dress for Fabiola de Mora y Aragón when she married King Baudouin of Belgium. He created many designs for socialite Aline Griffith, diplomat Margarita Salaverría Galárraga, and designer Meye Allende de Maier, considering them his muses. He taught fashion design classes, inspiring other designers including Oscar de la Renta, André Courrèges, Emanuel Ungaro, Mila Schön, and Hubert de Givenchy. His often spare, sculptural creations were considered masterworks of haute couture in the 1950s and 1960s.

His most famous clients were Mona von Bismarck, Gloria Guinness, Grace Kelly, Ava Gardner, Audrey Hepburn, and Jackie Kennedy.

Retirement and death
Balenciaga retired from the high fashion world in 1968 at the age of 74 after working in Paris for thirty years. First, he decided to retire from active life in May 1968 and, a few months later, on 1 July, the newspapers broke the news of his headquarters in Paris and his studios in Madrid closing. The closing down of his business was by surprise, like a bombshell; not even his employees knew. He justified the closing with his habitual clinical brevity: "High fashion is mortally wounded". On one hand, the intense imposing burden of the French taxes blew through the largest part of the profits and, on the other, Americans stopped buying French high fashion, largely because of General De Gaulle’s Anti-American politics. Americans had succeeded in signifying close to seventy percent of the Balenciaga clientele.

Balenciaga returned to Spain. He ended his days living in his house in Altea (Alicante), where he enjoyed painting, talking, and eating in the company of some of his Spanish assistants.

As an exception, four years after his retirement, he accepted the job of designing a gown for the wedding of Carmen Martínez-Bordiú, the daughter of one of his most important clients, Carmen Franco y Polo, and hence, the granddaughter of dictator Francisco Franco, to Alfonso de Borbón y Dampierre, a grandson of the Spanish king-in-exile, Alfonso XIII. The wedding was celebrated on 8 March 1972, Martínez-Bordiu’s dress being Balenciaga’s last work.

That same month of March 1972, Balenciaga went to spend a vacation at the Parador of Jávea (Alicante). He was not sick, nor known of any serious ailment, but unexpectedly on 23 March 1972, he suffered a heart attack, followed by heart failure. He was 77 years old at the time of his death. He was buried in the Getaria Cemetery.

Personal life
Balenciaga was gay, although he kept his sexuality private throughout his life. The love of his life and his long time partner was Franco-Polish millionaire Władzio Jaworowski d’Attainville, who had helped set him up and fund him. When d'Attainville died in 1948, Balenciaga was so broken he considered closing the business. His next collection after d'Attainville's death was designed entirely in black to mourn his loss.

Work
During the 1950s, designers like Christian Dior, Pierre Balmain, and Coco Chanel emerged, creating pieces very representative to their fashion houses and to their own styles. An important protagonist for this period was Cristóbal Balenciaga. This Spanish fashion designer was known as "The King of Fashion" and "The Master of Us All" and was one of the great masterminds of the period. Balenciaga was born and raised in Spain, where he worked for the Spanish royalty, but because of the Spanish Civil War he moved to Paris where his genius was finally recognized, leading to a domination of the fashion scene.

The most eye-catching designer of this period was Balenciaga because of his structural designs, which had never before been seen in the fashion world. He was a master of construction, and created all of his work without any sketches or illustrations beforehand. This was practically unheard of in his time, and still is to this day. In the age of couture, most all couturiers were mainly proficient in illustration, lacking profound knowledge of the craft. It is said that when designing his garments, he began by feeling the fabric, and only then could he form a design around what would best suit it. Compared to his counterparts, he obtained an edge with his deep understanding and unrelenting precision. "He reshaped women's silhouette in the 1950s, so that clothes we think as typical of that decade are mostly dilutions of his work." (Irvine, 2013) Compared to some work like the New Look from Christian Dior, which featured full skirts and a tiny waist, Balenciaga worked to achieve what was seemingly the opposite. Much of Cristobal's work of the mid to later 50s showcased wildly avant garde designs which did not conform to the female body in the same ways; designs like the Sack Dress, which was developed alongside Hubert de Givenchy, the Cocoon Coat, and Babydoll Dress. He blurred the line of contemporary design by dropping waist lines and simplifying seams to achieve elegance in his designs. The one-seam Yoki coat's construction showcased this sewing approach; it featured a front and back that include the sleeves in their pattern pieces similar to the construction of a Kimono. He also invented multiple coats under his main line, Balenciaga, and the sister label, Eisa, which featured a back yoke that extended into the under sleeve, and also utilized a similar approach.

Legacy
In the studio of Cristóbal Balenciaga, many couturiers formed, some of which would reach international fame and would get to have their own business. Among these include Paco Rabanne, André Courreges, Emanuel Ungaro, Hubert de Givenchy, or Óscar de la Renta.

Balenciaga brand
The closing of Balenciaga's high fashion house in 1968 did not signify the extinction of "Balenciaga’s brand". The brand was inactive until 1986 when Jacques Konckier of Jacques Bogart bought the Balenciaga company.

Although separate from the big name of its creator, Balenciaga has actively kept up in the fashion world since then as far as relevance. The reason behind his relevance still today is "his sense of proportion and measurement, and his vision and interpretation of the female body have anointed him as one of the more influential designers of all time". Balenciaga comprises products of high fashion, ready-to-wear, perfumery, jewels, and other accessories. The Balenciaga business has mainly kept active in the perfumery and accessories spectrum. In the news, the Balenciaga bags are some of the more desired by fashion victims. Other objects of desire from the Balenciaga business are their shoes, for their great originality in design.

Today the Balenciaga fashion house continues under the direction of Cedric Charbit and under the ownership of the Kering group.

Presence in Museums
In Getaria, a foundation was established with the objective of creating a museum dedicated to Cristóbal Balenciaga. After numerous problems and the avoided judicial process about alleged inconsistencies in its management, the Cristóbal Balenciaga Museum was inaugurated by Queen Sofía on 7 June 2011, with the presence of Hubert de Givenchy, who was the honorific president of the foundation. The museum opened on 10 June 2011. It has a collection of more than 1,200 pieces designed by him, some of them donations by disciples, like Givenchy, or clients, like Queen Fabiola – who donated her wedding dress to the foundation – and the heirs of Grace Kelly, although only one part displays simultaneously. The pieces are displayed on invisible mannequins.

The historic collection of the Museum of Textile and Clothing, that is part of the Design Museum of Barcelona, has an extensive number of dresses and accessories designed by Cristóbal Balenciaga, where its hats and headdresses stand out, for their great variety of shapes. The Museum of Garment (Madrid) also has a collection of dresses designed by him. Within these exhibitions and pieces, people can find, like seen in the Victoria and Albert Museum (London), "sculptural silhouettes that the forms of architecture drink from, in the geometric lines of their patterns and also in the set with the volumes that allowed to go without saying as far as unthinkable in 1958, with his babydoll model: inspired in children clothing, the dress left in flotation without pressure to the figure and with total freedom of movement to the user".

His work has been an object of numerous museum study expositions, starting with an anthology exposition that the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) provided in 1973, "The World of Balenciaga", which exhibited for six months, with 180 models on display. Balenciaga's garments accompanied the paintings of Goya, Velázquez, El Greco, Zuloaga, Miró or Picasso, in which they had inspired the designs of the Basque couturier. It was the first time that an art museum of the importance of the Metropolitan added dresses to the category of works of art. In Spain, a namesake exposition was also celebrated, which was installed in the noble living rooms of the Palace of Library and National Museums in Madrid.

On 24 March 2011, M. H. de Young Museum (San Francisco) celebrated the opening of "Balenciaga and Spain", a 120-piece fashion retrospective of his career. "You can't even measure it", said Rodarte designer Laura Mulleavy, of Balenciaga's influence. The $2,500-a-ticket fund-raiser for the museum drew 350 guests, including Marissa Mayer, Jamie Tisch, Gwyneth Paltrow, Orlando Bloom, Balthazar Getty, Maggie Rizer, Connie Nielsen, Maria Bello, and Mia Wasikowska.

Cultural depictions
His friend, the sculptor Eduardo Chillida, made a sculpture-tribute called Homage to Balenciaga. San Sebastián, also pays homage with a promenade, that is situated in the neighborhood of Igeldo, where he had a house.

Cristóbal Balenciaga is a Disney+ biographical drama series starring Alberto San Juan in the titular role. Nuno Lopes plays Cristóbal Balenciaga in the Apple TV+ series about Christian Dior, The New Look. Javier Rey plays Cristóbal Balenciaga in the Telecinco drama miniseries Lo que escondían sus ojos.

title: Cristóbal Balenciaga


text: Category:Hunting

title: Category:Hunting


text:
Talk:Hard Link

Redirecting this to ln (Unix) is not sensible. Hard links are a general filesystem concept, found both on Unix and non-Unix systems (Windows 2000 has them, although applications generally don't use them). ln is merely a particular program used to create them. Removing redirect. --137.111.13.34 12:41, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Duplicate pages?
There exists a page Hard link. Suggest merge and deletion of one of them.—Kbolino 05:51, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hard Link


text: Category:Bloodsports

title: Category:Bloodsports


text:
Talk:Vukašin of Serbia

Untitled
NB! When you have a collision of name forms, try not to favour one or another form of the name, but give the original form and then various local forms in brackets. For exmple: NOT "Vukasin (Bulgarian Vulkashin)" BUT "Vlukashin (Serbian Vukasin, Bulgarian Vulkashin)" OR NOT "Jovan Ugljesa (Bulgarian Ivan Uglesha)" BUT "Iowan Uglesha (Serbian Jovan Ugljesha, Bulgarian Ivan Uglesha)" Original names you can get from the original medieval chronicles. In that case names are Влъкашинъ and Iowaн Углеша. You have to respect this.

 * Great, then let's just use Cyrillic original. I honestly had no idea what the original was, so I simply could not use it. The edit was done in good faith, I was merely working on what we had in the page history. --Joy [shallot]   13:17, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm all for avoiding collisions, but name Vlukashin simply isn't used. Vulkashin gets 13 Google hits, not all relevant.
 * Perhaps it would be the best to use "Vukashin". It is a middle ground between "Vukasin" and "Vulkashin", and it is used by both Serbian and Bulgarian sources, . Nikola 11:08, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me. Ogneslav? --Joy [shallot]

 * Done now. --Joy [shallot]   23:33, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Note also that the transcription of sha is not clear here, we can pick both "sh" and "š" (which morphs in to "s" in the title). --Joy [shallot]   13:25, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

When you have a collision of historical interpretations, try not to favour one or another POV, but give pure facts. In that relation - don't write "Serbian ruler" or "Bulgarian ruler", but just "ruler". Ogneslav 12:52, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I thought he was a ruler that was suzerain to the Serbian tsar, not the Bulgarian one? --Joy [shallot]   13:17, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * And Marko was a vassal of the Turkish sultan - does this make him a Turk?! See Joy, I'm not trying to give you hard time, just want the artciels to be correct. And if historical "correctness" is not always possible, then let articles be correct to readers' feelings, at least. There are those people that would write their national name in front of each single word they see on this site... if you let them to. Ogneslav 14:04, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Marko was a Turkish vassal of course, as is Schwarzenegger an American governor. Nikola 11:08, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Those are valid points... it's probably best that we mention the various suzerainties and leave the issue of nationality aside in order to avoid offending anyone. His subordinates probably can't be mapped all too well to modern nations, this isn't the only place where this happens. --Joy [shallot]   14:43, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Now can I ask you something... *flushing* ...how can I leave personal messages or reply when I get one? I really dedicated last few hours searching for explenation, but I found nothing... :o Ogneslav 21:42, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh. Every user has a User:Name page and a User talk:Name page. For example, if someone wants to leave you a message, they'd do so on User talk:Ogneslav, or for me it would be User talk:Joy. Also, all talk pages have a little plus sign (+) next to "edit this page" which means "add a new section". That's what you should use when starting a new discussion. --Joy [shallot]   23:03, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Marica and Chernomen
Battle at Chernomen is better known as Battle of Marica: only 9 results at Google, comparing to 92. So, I included both names.

The brothers have resisted the invading Turks, but in the battle of Marica (battle at Chernomen), on September 26 1371 they were defeated and killed by sultan Murat's hordes.

Regarding the battle
VMORO following the logic from your argument, the Bulgarian army in Balkan wars was German, since Ferdinand I was German-French. You don’t want to go there. Unfortunately for the long term prospects of Christians in Balkan, the army was a coalition of the two brothers Vukashin and Ugljesa. There were no “several other feudal rulers” – not Bulgarian, not Byzantine not even other Serbian lords. However if you provide a reference for participation of some Bulgarian lord, I’ll respectively back off. --Cigor 16:26, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Sure, I agree. But you are giving yourself proof to the argument that the army was not "Serbian". VMORO 17:48, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Serbian king=>Serbian army. The actual ethnic structure is irrelevant especially in Medieval times, where the allegiance was mainly to feudal lord, not “people” or “nation”. In fact, many army at that time were mercenaries, but that doesn’t make Varangian Guard “Swedish Army” or “English Army”.Anyway if you are comfortable with your logic, then I am sure you would not mind if I change the Samuil article. After all I am just citing  Britannica. --Cigor 01:08, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Haha, Vukashin was half-Serbian and half-Bulgarian. So according to your logic, the army was half-Serbian and half-Bulgarian. As for Samuil, I certainly don't accept that, you take things out of the context, the article (and all other articles concerning his reign) makes it perfectly clear he was a Bulgarian tsar. Miskin quoted some researcher (Coon or something like it) who calls the Macedonian Slavs "Western Bulgars", should I use the same approach and begin the article Macedonian Slavs with "The Macedonian Slavs - also called Western Bulgars - ..."? VMORO 21:55, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Vukashin was half-Serbian and half-Bulgarian? References, please? As far I know Mrnjavčević brothers are from Bosnia so they can’t possibly be half Bulgarians. I never said that the army is Serbian because the king is Serb but because he was Serbian king (like Ferdinand I is Bulgarian tsar but not Bulgarian). Unless you dispute the fact that he was a Serbian king? The battle involved such carnage that the field was later referred to as “the Serbs' destruction.” VMORO, you are very eager to stamp “Bulgarian” attribute to half of the historical people in the Balkans, especially Macedonia. When there is clearly absence of Bulgarian contribution than you are insisting of some more neutral version. Furthermore you tend to marginalize all non-Bulgarian influences in Macedonia. While I will recognize that official Macedonian politics & historians have lot to answer for, you will never understand how did Macedonians get to where there are if you follow the simplistic approach that all was “Serbian propaganda”.
 * Vukashin and Uglesha's mother (Yelena or Yevrosima) was Bulgarian and she resided in Serres with Uglesha. The despotates of both rulers have been called both "Serbian" and "Bulgarian", both in contemporary and in later sources (including Serbian, f.ex. the Montenegrin Mitropolite, Vasil Petrovich, in his "History of Montenegro" or Serbian historian Ilarion Ruvarats in "On Prince Lazar" in 1888). The Jewish philosopher Ben Moskoni (born in Ohrid in 1330), for example, writes in his autobiography that he "left in his youth my homeland - Ohrid, a Bulgarian despotate ruled by Serbia". There are as many references to their despotates as "Serbian" ones. The coalition army in 1371 is, for example, called "Serbian and Greek" by a contemporary witness - a monk from Mount Athos (see ). However, if we apply a purely scholarly approach, their despotates are neither Serbian, nor Bulgarian - they were called neither "Serbia", nor "Bulgaria". Vulkashin and Uglesha were simply feudal rulers, their states were not national ones. Yet, they were more "Serbian" rulers than "Bulgarian" or "Greek" inasmuch as they (on their father's side) came from the Serbian nobility and they got their realms from the Serbian kings after the break-up of the Great Serbia of Stefan Dushan. But I again repeat, their small and short-lived states were not national ones. Does this suffice as an explanation to my attitude towards the article? VMORO 11:52, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * So here is the thing:
 * 1)	I couldn’t care less for Vukashin, although for the sake of historical accuracy he was Serbian king.
 * 2)	As for the Samouil, you said yourself that in the Vukashin case that you had to prove the army was not Serbian. Therefore following your method of thought, we can agree that Samoil was tzar of Macedonia if nothing else because there is no evidence against it. There is almost no written document from Samuil. There are plenty of historians that think that Samuil was not just Bulgarian tzar, but a true ruler of Macedonian Slavs – not only Macedonians and Serbians but others too. Not to mention that Samuil was not even Bulgarian – probably Armenian.  We have whole nation / state that refer Samuil’s  Empire as roots of its nation. So out of respect of 2 million people, quite of handful  of historians, I think we could at least put something that most of encyclopedias do – that he was tsar of Bulgaria or Macedonia. And don’t tell me that Macedonia is synonym of Western Bulgaria – you know this is not true ( Brittanica would neve do such an amateur mistake, not now when there is country called Macedonia). You perfectly know that there are two theories regarding Samuel’s empire one being Western Bulgarian Empire (as oppose to the Eastern Bulgarian that was still in some form of existence in the beginning) and a new Empire in Macedonia, not necessarily not-Bulgarian but with more emphasis on the Slavic element. And that is exactly what the first sentence mean in Britannica, the most reputed encyclopedia. So let anybody who is truly interested about who Samuil is read Fringe section and judge for himself – although the section is  heavily tilted toward Bulgarian POW. Otherwise somebody that visit Samuil’s fortress in Ohrid and ask questions about great Bulgarian tzar may have some troubles understanding the tourist booklets at least.
 * 3)	So we can have delete / revert wars until oblivion or we can have civilized solution – what do you say? We are already agreeing that we have two different POWs.--Cigor 02:12, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * BTW here is what Britannica saying about the battle - only Serbians mentioned:

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050991?query=Battle%20of%20the%20Maritsa%20River&ct=

There are not "plenty of historians" who think that "Samuil was the true ruler of the Macedonian Slavs", all western histories on the Balkans or Europe regard Samuil as a Bulgarian tsar and include him in the History of Bulgaria. The concise online edition of Britannica, for example, says this:

"Tsar of Western Bulgaria (980–1014). Ruling originally in Macedonia, he conquered Serbia, northern Bulgaria, Albania, and northern Greece. He revived the Bulgarian patriarchate and in the 980s defeated Basil II. However, his struggle with the Byzantines continued until 1014, when Basil defeated Samuel's army at the Battle of Belasitsa. At Basil's order, the 15,000 Bulgarian prisoners were blinded and then returned to Samuel, who is said to have died of shock."

Regarding the full edition of Britannica which you quote incorrectly, the article consisently talks of him as a Bulgarian ruler and not a Macedonian one - as well as all articles referring to the matter - Basil II, First Bulgarian Empire, etc. Regarding other online encyclopedias - check the listing on the Talk page of Samuil. History books are, unfortunately, not available online but all western (or Russian) ones include his rule as part of the First Bulgarian Empire.

"The Western Bulgarian Empire" or "Western Bulgaria" is an expression which can be found quite often, especially in older sources, but it refers to the First Bulgarian Empire as a whole - in order to distinguish between the western Bulgars (the Bulgarians) and the eastern ones (the Volga Bulgars and their state, also called Bulgaria).

A civilised solution is already found, Cigor - and it is to include the accepted version (which is presented in the very same way in the vast majority of sources) in the main body of the article but also to mention the fringe theory, keeping in this way the NPOV of the article. You want to place a fringe theory in the leading sentence (unacceptable) - well, there are also sources which refer to the Macedonian Slavs as Western Bulgars or simply Bulgarians, if you follow your own "principles", you should hurry to the article Macedonian Slavs and make the necessary corrections before you come to Samuil and want corrections there. VMORO 12:23, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I’ve moved the Samuil related topics where they belong; as for Vukashin you have not showed any references of their Bulgarian heritage ( or his army). As far I know he is from Livno, Bosnia.You did mention that their mother was Bulgarian queen (J/H)elena, which is utter nonsense, that would imply they are children of Stefan Dušan. So I am reverting.--Cigor 01:32, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

===

Forgive me; I didn’t see that you answered until now. This time you are the one with fringe theories – everywhere else they are considered as Serbian rulers. The Bulgarian attribute can be explained by Geographical location (the land was called Bulgaria by the “Romans” - Byzantines). This is the same argument all Bulgarian use when they see “Macedonia”/ “Macedonians” in medieval sources. But I generally agree. Their states were not national ones. Of course, because in medieval time there are no national ones. It is a system that allowed clear rule of a foreign thin elite in parts of Italy, Greece, France, Russia and other counties for many centuries without  pressure from indigenous  population. When one looks in Samuil’s Empire that you considered as a national Bulgarian, whereas my opinion was a conglomerate of Slavs, one have to consider Roman I who is supposedly also tsar. Skilitsa writes that in 1004 he surrendered the city to the Byzantines. He got a title of patrician from Basil II and became strategos of Abydos province. Today such thing is considered as high treason (and it was). But then, loyalty belonged to person, not “nation”. That is why one can see many references like that. So if Samul’s empire has to be Bulgarian, I don’t see why Vukashin is less “national”, so therefore it has to be Serbian.--Cigor 13:17, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

NPOV?
This is way off the storyline. Why the Bulgarian name? And why was Serbo-Greek changed to Serbo-Bulgarian. What's going on with the article? --HolyRomanEmperor 16:42, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Vukasin's wife
Who and why edited name of Vukasin's wife from Alena to Jevrosima? Why had I put reference there? In king Vukasin's charter to Ragusa from 1370 ( at Monumenta Serbica p. 180 ) he specifically says : ..with my beloved wife Alena and my beloved sons Marko and Andrejas... so there's no base to revert from Alena to Jevrosima which is name from epic poems, from same epic poems in which Marko Kraljevic has a horse who can speak and fairy for a girlfriend, so let's stick to the reliable facts and history, not fantastic stories and fairy tales. Thanks —Preceding unsigned comment added by Clanedstino (talk • contribs) 11:15, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vukašin of Serbia


text:
Port Chalmers

Port Chalmers (Kōpūtai) is a town serving as the main port of the city of Dunedin, New Zealand. Port Chalmers lies ten kilometres inside Otago Harbour, some 15 kilometres northeast of Dunedin's city centre.

Early Māori settlement
The original Māori name for Port Chalmers was Potakere or Pou-takere, which may have indicated the hill where the tuahu, or altar, was sited. Koputai is a later name meaning ‘full tide’ and refers to an incident in which a group of warriors decided to spend the night in a cave that once existed at what was later known as Boiler Point and pulled their canoes well above the high tide mark. Overnight the tide rose and beached canoes were set adrift. As some of them swam out to reclaim the canoes those onshore cried out “Koputai!, Koputai!”

When a peace was made between Kāti Māmoe and Kāi Tahu, about 1780, Koputai was one of two southern terminuses of Kāi Tahu territory. The chiefs Karetai, Te Matenga Taiaroa and Tūhawaiki and other Māori frequented Koputai.

By February 1839, the Weller brothers of Otago (modern Otakou) had set up a saw pit on the opposite side of the harbour, which appears to have been at Sawyers Bay. By September the following year a 'big boat', supposedly the schooner Anne was apparently under construction there. In 1840, Port Chalmers and the whole western shore of Otago Harbour (from about Burkes to Otafelo Point) was included in Te Matenga Taiaroa's sale of land to the French whalers Pierre Darmandarits and Edouard DuBern, brothers-in-law and business partners.

The first Christian service at Koputai was held by the Reverend James Watkin, the Wesleyan missionary at Waikouaiti, in 1842. Taiaroa's cousin, the chief Kohi, was the leader of the last known hapū at Koputai. That year Kohi fell ill, and thinking himself at the point of death, feared that his young son Timoko, would never have any benefit from a sealing boat in which he had a share. He therefore instructed his servants, Kurukuru and Rau-o-te-uri, to burn the boat where it lay on the beach at Koputai. To appease the other partners in the boat who were outraged upon hearing what he had done Kohi after consulting his wife Piro, consented at Otaheiti to be strangled as punishment. Taiaroa was given the task but upon observing his hand trembling as he was tying the knot Kohi exclaimed: "Kahore kia mataa a Taiaroa ki te mea o te taura" (Taiaroa does not know how to tie a knot). Kopi then took the rope, tied a slip-knot, and adjusted the rope about his own neck before Taiaroa pulled upon the rope tight, until he was dead. Kohi was buried at Koputai. By 1844 Koputai was deserted.

Arrival of the Europeans
In 1844 the schooner Deborah under the command of Captain Thomas Wing was chartered by Frederick Tuckett of the New Zealand Company to assist him in choosing a site for the projected New Edinburgh settlement. After sailing for the South on 31 March 1844 Tuckett left the ship at Moeraki on 23 April and made his way south by land in order to gaining a better appreciation of the land. The Deborah continued south independently and anchored near Koputai in the bay now bearing its name, and where the hulk of the vessel remains. It wasn't until 26 April that Tuckett rendezvoused with the ship. Tuckett explored the harbour and its environs, which he how considered more suitable for the purposed settlement than any site he had yet seen. He departed at the end of April to explore the inland countryside, before returning to Koputai on 11 June. By this date there was established at Koputai a makeshift jetty, two whares (Māori-style houses) and some tents. Mr. and Mrs. Lethbridge were in residence, David Scott and several others. As a result of his investigations Tuckett selected an adjoining block of land (the Otago Block) as the site for the Scottish New Edinburgh settlement and nominated Koputai as its deep-water port. The Deborah departed on 23 June leaving behind Tuckett, who was living in a small three-bedroom cottage made of loose bricks that he had built on the beach. On 15 July 1844 William Wakefield of the New Zealand Company visited accompanied by John Jermyn Symonds (representing the government) and George Clark.

The sale of the Otago Block from Māori to the Otago Association was concluded at Koputai on 31 July 1844. In December 1844 Tuckett left and returned to England, with William Davidson taking over his cottage and position as the New Zealand Company's local representative. In that same month Alexander and Janet McKay arrived with plans to establish a public house, to service the needs of the proposed settlement. It eventually opened as the 'Surveyors' Arms' on what is now Beach Street and was licensed by Akaroa-based magistrate John Watson in 1846. On 23 February 1846 the ship Mary Catherine anchored at Koputai. On board was Charles Kettle the surveyor to the New Zealand Company together with his wife and a staff of six assistant surveyors and 25 labourers, whose task was to survey the land that had been purchased from the Māori. kettle and his wife took up residence in Tuckett's cottage. The survey of the town was completed in May 1846.

At first the European settlers intended to christen the settlement ‘New Leith’ or ‘New Musselburgh’, as they disliked the Māori name of Koputai; but the Lay Association of the Free Church of Scotland (later known as the Otago Association), desired that the port might be named after Thomas Chalmers, the leader of the Free Church movement in Scotland and this suggestion was adopted.

The first organised European settlers arrived in Otago Harbour on the John Wickliffe, which moored off what was now Port Chalmers on 23 March 1848. Captain Cargill who was the agent for the New Zealand Company and a small party went in the ship's boat to the head of the harbor, while the other passengers went ashore in parties to explore the land around Port Chalmers. The second ship, the Philip Laing arrived on 15 April 1848 to find a settlement surrounded by dense bush to the water's edge except for a small clearing behind the centre of the beach and consisting of the New Zealand Company's store, Tuckett's former cottage and three whare (Māori huts). At the time Port Chalmers had 400 potential sections available compared with Dunedin's 2,000. The arrival of organised European settlement eventually led to the town superseding the earlier Otakou as the harbour's international port. By 1849 the population had reached 38 and by January 1854 the population had reached 80, but was still less than 130 by 1861. In 1854 the 220 ton Nelson was the first steamer to visit the port. As Otago harbour was too shallow for large ships to reach Dunedin. Ships initially used to anchor in the stream, and the cargo was transshipped to lighters, which were towed by tugs to Dunedin at the head of the harbor. There was also a connection by steep road from North East Valley to Sawyers Bay, a spur of the main road north. On 31 May 1855 the customhouse was robbed, and a chest, containing about £1,400, was carried away, but was afterwards recovered from the harbour, where the thieves had thrown it on some rocks upon finding that they were unable to open it before daylight exposed them to potential capture.

By the 1860s a road along the side of the harbour between Dunedin and Port Chalmers had been built, which allowed ships to dock at Port Chalmers, with goods then transported to and from Dunedin by road. The Bowen pier was built in 1873, followed by the Export pier, and, later, the George Street pier. In 1862 Dunedin and Port Chalmers were connected by a telegraph line. A small community of workers sprang to service the docks. In spite of all this, the port was probably viewed as a temporary solution and an inconvenience, as a round trip to Dunedin took three to four hours by horse and wagon. There was also the option of a sea connection by two paddle steamers, the Golden Age (from 1863 onwards) and the Peninsula.

The discovery of gold by Gabriel Read in 1861 lead to the Otago Gold Rush which over a three month period saw 16,000 new arrivals pass through the port. This totally transformed Port Chalmers as businesses sprung up to service both the increasing number of ships and their passengers. Despite the development the streets were still unpaved and muddy following any heavy rain. This dramatic increase in trade meant that by 1864, Port Chalmers had grown to be the third largest port in Australasia. with a population of at least a 1,000, with five hotels, three restaurants, six general stores, two chemists, two bakeries, two barbers, two blacksmiths, two churches, two schools, and a Masonic Hall (which functioned during the week as a courthouse).

On 18 June 1865 a large fire consumed an entire block of building at the corner of George and Grey Streets, destroying a number of buildings. The fire was put out by local citizens and the Naval Brigade. Despite the damage caused it wasn't until 1876 that a volunteer fire brigade was organised.

Railway connection
In the early 1870s construction began on the Port Chalmers Branch railway line linking Dunedin and Port Chalmers. Originally the contractors intended for the tracks to pass down George Street to the port, but following objections from the Town Board it was conveyed via a cutting and a tunnel to emerge on Beach Street before terminating on a new wharf. Soil excavated from the tunnel was used for the reclamation of land for the new wharf on which the railway line terminated. When the railway line opened on 1 January 1873 it was the first 1,067 mm narrow gauge railway in New Zealand. The opening of this line bought to an end the lightering service between Port Chalmers and Dunedin. The branch line was subsequently incorporated into the national rail network through a connection at Sawyers Bay to the Main South Line, which was opened through to Christchurch on 7 September 1878 and Invercargill on 22 January 1879. As the Main South Line passed along the hillside above Port Chalmers a railway station locally called the “Upper Station” was built to service passengers. The terminus of the branch line on the wharf continued to service freight and was known as the “Lower Station”. Since roads on Otago Peninsula were non-existent, boats were used to cross the harbour. The first dedicated ferry service was introduced on the harbor in 1859 but it was not profitable. As the region's rapidly increased due to the Gold Rush scheduled ferry services began between Port Chalmers and Portobello and ran from 1876 to 1954. The development of the town reflected the growth of Dunedin and Otago with rivalry between the city and Port Chalmers over which would handle the bulk of shipping. The establishment of a floating dock and later a graving dock in the 1870s lead to Port Chalmers emerging as a significant ship repair centre.

Dredging of the Victoria ship channel
As Dunedin grew, and particularly with the increase in commerce that developed following the Otago Gold Rush of the 1860s, the merchants of Dunedin pushed for dredging of a channel to allow ocean-going vessels to reach the city's wharves. Though a contentious decision, it was agreed to dredge what became known as the Victoria Ship Channel along the north-western side of the harbor. The channel was finally opened in 1881. The initial channel was narrow and shallow, and did not get off to an auspicious start, as the Union Steam Ship Company's SS Penguin, the first ship to use it, was temporarily grounded while using it. As finance allowed, the channel was gradually widened and deepened, and by 1907, twice as many ships were using Dunedin's wharves as used Port Chalmers. Compensating to some degree for the opening of the Victoria Ship Channel ship servicing and building industries developed in Port Chalmers while the adjacent Carey's Bay became a fishing port. The year 1882 saw the inauguration of New Zealand's refrigerated meat trade when the ship Dunedin left Port Chalmers with the first such cargo. David Alexander De Maus (1847–1925) operated a photography business in Port Chalmers and was known for his maritime photographs. In 1893 he was the first person in New Zealand to be prosecuted for selling an indecent photo (of a woman). It was possibly a reprint of a French academic study for artists that was legal in France. This conviction didn't stop him from being elected mayor of Port Chambers four times between 1899 and 1913.

Servicing Antarctic exploration
In November 1894 the port was host to the Antarctic, a Norwegian whaling and sealing ship soon to be credited with the first substantiated landing on the Antarctic continent. While docked in Port Chalmers for repairs and restocking, several of her crew refused to continue with the voyage, and four New Zealanders were recruited several days later at Stewart Island. During the heroic era of Antarctic exploration the Otago Harbour Board sought to attract subsequent explorers, extending generous hospitality by way of coal, food, and complimentary use of the harbour facilities. This dangled carrot drew Robert Falcon Scott, who visited with both the Discovery in December 1901 and his final doomed Terra Nova expedition to Antarctica in November 1910. It attracted Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod and Endurance expeditions. In 1916 Shackleton's damaged ship the Aurora was towed to Port Chalmers, repaired in Port and then returned to Antarctica. American Richard E. Byrd used Port Chalmers as the base for his Antarctic operations in 1928, Lincoln Ellsworth did likewise in 1933, and so did a number of other American, French and New Zealand explorers over the coming decades. In 1903 the temperance movement was successful in prohibiting the selling of alcohol in the Port Chalmers electorate. Hotels in the town banded together, taking their case as far as the Privy Council, in London, before winning back their licences in May 1905.

By 1905 the town had a population of over 2,000 and was home to two railway stations two banks, a dairy factory, gas works, two cemeteries, a recreation reserve, two fire stations, a brass band, salt water bath, and a Mechanics' Institute. Education was provided by a District High School, a Roman Catholic school, a Technical School, and several private kindergartens. The town was protected by a company of the Permanent Artillery, and the Garrison Artillery Volunteers. In 1906 when it was found that only 28 boys and one girl could swim out of a roll of 432 pupils at the local school could swim, swimming lessons were added to the curriculum and held in the partially-filled graving dock. A road tunnel linking Sawyers Bay with Waitati as part of a new north motorway from Dunedin was proposed in the 1930s but never built. By 1961 the town had a population of 3,120. A new faster, harbourside road from the city was completed in 1965. The selection of Port Chalmers as the South Island's first container terminal in 1971 re-established Port Chalmers as the South Island's major commercial port to – much the dismay of the locals, who had enjoyed several generations of bohemian tranquility by this point. In 1979, passenger trains between Port Chalmers and Dunedin ceased after 106 years of operation. All the buildings at the Upper Station were subsequently removed. The container traffic continued to expand and while a new expanding trade in timber developed in parallel but the greatly reduced labour needs of these trades saw the town's population contract. Controversial attempts to site an aluminium smelter at Aramoana at the mouth of the harbour in 1975 and 1980 didn't succeed. From the 1970s an artists' colony grew up in Port Chalmers and Carey's Bay contributing to tensions over the port's continuing industrial development and giving a different flavour to the town. In 1987 the Port Chalmers Old Identities Society's collection was transferred to the old Post Office building and reopened as the Port Chalmers Museum. This has since been renamed the Regional Maritime Museum.

Although the Victoria Channel has been gradually widened, and kept dredged to a depth of 8 m, modern cruise ships and container vessels are so big that they often draw in excess of the depth restriction while the narrowness of the channel means must be piloted along it by tugs. As a result being closer to the open sea as well as its easier berthing makes Port Chalmers the preferred port of call. In the 2018–2019 financial year 208,600 containers were handled by the port while 1.15 million tonnes of logs were exported between the Dunedin and Port Chalmers wharves. The 55 m high Flagstaff Hill has a long history of slipping, and had suffered significant slumping during a storm in 1999. In June 2019 a $2.9 million project was begun by Port Otago to stabilize the east and north-east sides of Flagstaff Hill and return Beach Street to its original position. A series of terraces is being created and approximately 45,000m³ of excess rock and sediment is to be removed.

Geography
Much of Port Chalmers is located on a small hilly peninsula, at the northern end of which is a large reclaimed area which is now the site of Dunedin's container port. Close to the southeastern shore of this peninsula are a pair of islands, which lie across the harbour between Port Chalmers and the Otago Peninsula. These two islands are Quarantine Island/Kamau Taurua and Goat Island / Rakiriri. Prior to the local body reorganization in the 1980s Port Chalmers was made up of several suburbs, as well as the central area, Roseneath, Blanket Bay, Upper Junction, Brick Hill, Sawyers Bay, Mussel Bay, Upper Port Chalmers, Dalkeith, Careys Bay, Reynoldstown, Deborah Bay, Hamilton Bay, Waipuna Bay, Te Ngaru, and Aramoana, as well as the outlying townships of Long Beach, Purakanui and several other smaller nearby villages and farmsteads. Many of the streets of Port Chalmers are named after the first immigrant vessels; hence Wickliffe, Laing, Victory, Bernicia, Mary and Ajax Streets. Scotia Street is named after early settler John Jones' favourite schooner. Burns Street is named after the Rev. Thomas Burns. Currie Street bears the name of Alexander Currie, a director of the New Zealand Company, while George and Grey Streets, bear the name of an early Governor of New Zealand, Sir George Grey. Harrington Street (while misspelt) is named after Thomas Cudbert Harington the first secretary of the New Zealand Company. Campbell Buchanan Lane commemorates a young Port Chalmers sailor who died in action in the Solomon Islands in January 1943.

Climate
The climate of Port Chalmers in general is temperate; Under the Köppen climate classification, it is classified as oceanic climate. The average temperature is 10.8 C. and has relatively low rainfall in comparison to many of New Zealand's other towns, with only some 716 mm recorded per year.

Demographics
Port Chalmers covers 3.24 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Port Chalmers had a population of 1,407 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 12 people (−0.8%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 27 people (2.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 630 households, comprising 690 males and 717 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.96 males per female. The median age was 45.2 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 249 people (17.7%) aged under 15 years, 177 (12.6%) aged 15 to 29, 711 (50.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 270 (19.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 93.8% European/Pākehā, 12.2% Māori, 1.7% Pasifika, 2.6% Asian, and 2.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 17.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 65.9% had no religion, 22.4% were Christian, 0.2% were Hindu, 0.4% were Buddhist and 1.9% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 369 (31.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 216 (18.7%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $29,200, compared with $31,800 nationally. 177 people (15.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 540 (46.6%) people were employed full-time, 189 (16.3%) were part-time, and 54 (4.7%) were unemployed.

Creative arts
The creative arts are still important to the area's economy; Port Chalmers and the surrounding suburbs of Careys Bay, Deborah Bay, Roseneath and Sawyers Bay have a thriving arts community of painters, potters, musicians, jewelers, sculptors and writers.

Tourism
From the 1990s onwards cruise ships began calling at Otago Harbour, a trend that continues to expand with 153,000 disembarking of the 229,000 passengers bought on 115 vessels (104 into Port Chalmers) during the 2018–2019 season.

Port
The Customs Department was initially responsible for control of Otago Harbour with the Collector of Customs acting as harbor master, until 1859 when the Provincial Council took responsibility and appointed a dedicated harbor master. To service the hulls of the increasing number of ships calling at the port a 170 ft long by 42 ft wide by 16 ft deep wooden floating dock called the Alpha was built and launched in 1868 at Port Chalmers W. Murray and Co., under a 5-year guarantee from the Provincial Government. The Otago Harbour Board was established on 30 June 1874 and took over responsibility for the harbour and the provision of facilities, the wharves at Port Chalmers were managed by the Railways Department until 1928. Construction of a 328 ft long graving dock was commenced by the Otago Dock Trust in July 1868. The commissioning of the graving dock in March 1872 (which had cost £56,069 2s 11d) and the increasing size of ships resulted in reduced demand for the floating dock which was finally beached at Carey's Bay. The remains of the dock are still visible as late as the 1940s.

Owing to the need to accommodate increasingly larger vessels a new graving dock was constructed by the Otago Dock Trust between 1905 and 1909 at a cost of £74,475. It was 572 ft long which allowed it to take vessels up to 530 ft in length. Once the dock was completed the Otago Dock Trust merged with the Otago Harbour Board on 21 May 1910. In April 1928 the 527.2 ft long Norwegian whaling ship, C.A. Larsen became the largest vessel serviced by the graving dock up until that time. Following its taking over operation of the wharves from the Railway Department the Otago Harbour Board moved its headquarters to Port Chalmers in 1929. The first all-container ship to visit New Zealand was the Columbus New Zealand, which berthed at Beach Street Wharf on 26 June 1971, before the container terminal had been built. It used its own on-board crane whose arm folded out to land or pick up containers from the wharf. The redevelopment lead to the closing in 1975 and filling in of the graving dock while the wharves were replaced by two berths – the later multi-purpose berth is to the right – and a heavy-duty paved space for storing, washing and devanning (unpacking) containers. In 1988 the Otago Harbour Board was replaced by a quasi-autonomous local government entity, Port Otago Ltd.

The port currently has three berths suitable for handling containerized, multi-purpose, and conventional vessels; Beach St, the container berth and the multi-purpose three berths. The swinging basin is dredged to 13.5 m, with a turning diameter of 487 m. A $23 million 135 m long extension to the existing multi-purpose berth which increased its total length to 431 m was completed in 2019.

Quarrying
A quarry known as the “Big Quarry” was opened on Church Street in March 1866 and operated until it closed in the 1920. This supplied Port Chalmers brecia locally known as bluestone which was used in the foundations of the Dunedin Railway Station, the Otago Boys’ High School, the University of Otago Clocktower, Dunedin Town Hall and in the Port Chalmers Graving Dock and to construct many other buildings in the area. The site is now home to the Lady Thorn Rhododendron Dell.

Ship building
Beginning with the construction of the 13-ton schooner Sarah which was launched in 1859 shipbuilding became an important activity at Port Chalmers. Notable following vessels were the 70-ton steamer Taiaroa (1865), the 50-ton schooner Maid of Otago (1870), the 70-ton schooner Friendship (1871) and the 70-ton schooner Mary Ogilvie (1873). In 1861 William Isbister constructed at Carey's Bay the first patent slip of its kind in New Zealand. He soon built a second slip and on them carried out ship repairs and built a number of small vessels, among them the paddle steamer Tuapeka (1863), 28-ton schooner Cymraes (1864) and the dredge New Era (1867). Other shipbuilders based at Port Chalmers were Sutherland & McKay, Knewstubb Brothers (from the late 1880s until 1905), Miller Bros, Miller & Tunnage and Morgan & Cable. Morgan & Cable later changed its name first to the Maori Iron Works and later in 1906 to Stevenson & Cook which during the Second World War built seven Castle class minesweepers at Boiler Point for service with Royal New Zealand Navy. Boiler Point took its name from an abandoned ship's boiler. After the war the company built the penstocks for the Roxburgh Power Station, before eventually closing in 1958, due to a diminishing workload. The company's facilities were taken over by Sims Engineering Ltd who built tugs and in 1984 launched the 1,056-ton dredge New Era, as of 2006 the largest powered vessel built in New Zealand. Sims closed in about 1990.

Ship repair
The construction of the floating dock and then the graving dock allowed the port to establish itself as a centre of ship repair. The Union Steam Ship Company was established in Dunedin in 1875 and in the same year established a workshop at Port Chalmers to repair both its own and other companies’ ships. The company purchased the hulk of the barque ‘’Don Juan’’ in 1878 and moored it between the Bowen and George Street piers where it was used as a carpenters’ workshop and sailmakers loft. As demand for the workshop's services increased in 1889 the company moved its workshops and sailmakers loft to an existing three-storey building before in 1897 the company constructed a new much bigger building on reclaimed land with further expansion in the following year. Up until 1920 Port Chalmers was the company's main repair facility until in that year the company moved its headquarters to Wellington followed by the establishment of its main repair centre in that city. The facilities at Port Chalmers declined in importance until they finally closed in 1975. Between 1920 and 1930 a large number of the Norwegian whaling vessels based at Stewart Island were refurbished by the workshops of the Union Stream Ship Company. The Second World War was a particularly busy period due to repairs being required on vessels damaged by the enemy.

Governance
Until 1853 public works were undertaken by the Governor of New Zealand and from thereafter by the Provincial Government, but little was spent on local development. In 1855 the town obtained a directly elected representative on the Provincial Government  when the council was restructured into eight electable districts of which the town was one. The town obtained its first directly elected local governance when a nine member Town Board was formed in 1860 following the passing of the Port Chalmers and Invercargill Town Board ordinance in 1859.

On 9 April 1866 the town became a municipality and then a borough in 1884. The first mayor of the borough was Daniel Rolfe. By 1905 the borough was divided into four wards—High, East, Middle and South.

Sir John Thorn (1911–2008) was mayor of Port Chalmers from 1956 for 33 years consecutive years until the borough of Port Chalmers and the whole surrounding district was dissolved and amalgamated into enlarged City of Dunedin in 1989. His service made him the longest serving mayor of New Zealand (as of 2016). Today Port Chalmers elects councillors to the Dunedin City Council as part of the Waikouaiti-Chalmers Ward, and is served by a local Community Board, the Chalmers Community Board.

List of mayors
Between 1878 and 1982, Port Chalmers had at least 23 mayors. The following is an almost complete list:

Culture
The creative arts are important to the area's economy; Port Chalmers and the surrounding suburbs of Careys Bay, Deborah Bay, Roseneath and Sawyers Bay have a thriving arts community, and the town is base for those living an alternative lifestyle. Various artists and musicians have lived in Port Chalmers, most notably late Māori artist Ralph Hotere. Hotere's former studio was on land at the tip of Observation Point, the large bluff overlooking the container terminal. When the port's facilities were expanded, part of the bluff was removed, including the area of Hotere's studio, despite strenuous objection from many of the town's residents. Part of the bluff close to the removed portion is now a sculpture garden, organised in 2005 by Hotere and featuring works by both him and by other New Zealand modern sculptors.

Events
The biannual Seafood Festival takes place in September.

Churches

 * Iona Church
 * Holy Trinity Church
 * St Mary, Star of the Sea Roman Catholic Church. Designed by Frank William Petrie this church held its first mass on 12 May 1878. Owing to a shortage of funds the planned spire was not built. Later the original stone facade was plastered over.

Historic buildings and equipment

 * Municipal Building (Town Hall). The foundation stone was laid on 3 November 1888, and the building opened on 25 September 1889. It was originally built to house the Port Chalmers Town Hall, as well as the Town Clerk's office, the Fire Brigade, the Police Station (including the Sergeant's residence and cells), Court Rooms, Customs Office and Government Shipping Office. There was also a morgue that occupied a backroom downstairs. By the 1950s most of the government departments had ceased to use their offices, and when the courthouse closed in 1952, the library moved in to the old courtroom (which is today the foyer). When the fire brigade moved to a new site, its part of the building was used by various community groups. A major redevelopment of the whole building was completed in 2004, with the library and service centre moving into the area previously occupied by the fire brigade.
 * Time ball. This was established in 1867 on the flagpole on top of Observation Point to assist in maritime timekeeping. Removed in 1970, a replacement was installed in 2020.
 * Tunnel Hotel. This establishment located at 22 Beach St claims to be the oldest hotel south of Nelson, and the oldest continually operated business in New Zealand. It stands on the site of the 'Surveyors' Arms' which was opened by Alexander and Janet McKay sometime after their arrival in December 1844 and was licensed to sell alcohol by the Akaroa-based magistrate John Watson in 1846. It later changed its name to the Port Chalmers Hotel and finally to the Tunnel Hotel. The current building dates from 1875.

Museums, art galleries, and libraries

 * Port Chalmers Maritime Museum is a small museum, being owned and operated by Port Otago between 2020 and 2055. It was previously owned and operated by the Port Chalmers Historical Society Inc, formerly the Port Chalmers Early Settlers and Old Identities Association, founded in September 1913. Their collection was transferred to former Post Office building (built in 1877) which reopened as the Port Chalmers Museum in 1987, and has since been renamed the Regional Maritime Museum.

Memorials

 * Scott Expedition Memorial. Upon news of the death of Captain Scott and members of his party reaching New Zealand, the Port Chalmers Borough Council in March 1913 decided to erect a memorial cairn on Height Rock, overlooking the harbour. Paid for largely by public subscriptions the foundation stone was laid on 13 December 1913 and it was formally unveiled by Prime Minister W.F. Massey on 30 May 1914. The structure, designed by architect Robert Burnside, consists of a tall and gently tapering column of Port Chalmers bluestone, surmounted by an anchor. On the landward side is inset a marble tablet inscribed with (inter alia) the names of those who perished: Captain Robert Falcon Scott, Edward Adrian Wilson, Captain Lawrence E.G. Oates, Lieutenant Henry R. Bowers and Petty Officer Edgar Evans.

Parks and recreation

 * Lady Thorn Rhododendron Dell. Following the closing of the “Big Quarry” on Church Street in 1920, it was then used in the 1950s as a tip where dunnage timber from visiting cargo ships was burnt. When this practice stopped in the 1960s it was used as rubbish dump and then became overgrown. Lady Constance Thorn ( -1997), a former long- time mayoress of the town, came up with the idea of turning the area into a dell of rhododendrons. The Port Chalmers and District Lions Club helped in 1998 to develop the garden, which they now maintain. A lookout accessed by stairs features a selection of old historic photographs of Port Chalmers over the years and also offers a view of the town and Otago Harbour.
 * Hotere Garden Oputae. The former studio of noted artist Ralph Hotere (1931–2013) was on land at the tip of Observation Point, the large bluff overlooking the container terminal. When the port's facilities were expanded in 1993, part of the bluff was removed, including the area containing Hotere's studio (after strenuous objection from many of the town's residents). Part of the bluff close to the removed portion are converted by the Hotere Foundation Trust with the assistance of the Otago Harbour Board into a sculpture garden in 2005 containing featuring works by both Hotere and by other noted New Zealand modern sculptors. The sculptures were previously displayed at Hotere's studio and include:  “Black Phoenix II” by Ralph Hotere, “Brick Column” by Russell Moses, “They do cut down the poles that hold up the sky” by Shona Rapira Davies and “Aramoana” by Chris Booth. In 2008 the garden by Design and Garden Landscapes Ltd won the Landscape Industries Association of NZ premier award for the best use of native plants, a gold award for landscape horticulture and a silver award for landscape design.

Transportation
State Highway 88 connects Port Chalmers to Dunedin. A public bus connection is provided to Dunedin by buses organised by the Otago Regional Council. Passenger rail services to Dunedin were previously available, until these were withdrawn in 1982 in favour of buses.

Utilities
In 1871, Thomson Brothers were given permission to construct a gasworks and a gas reticulation system. The gasworks was erected on Mount Street and by June 1872 the town was being lit by ten gas powered lamps with a gas supply to a number of houses soon following. In April 1888 the Port Chalmers Gas Company was formed and took over the gas system. They moved the gasworks to Mussel Bay and expanded the reticulation system. The Borough Council took over the system in 1918. From 1906 the wharves were lit by electricity but it wasn't until 1914 that electricity began to be supplied to the rest of the town.

Education
From the time of the first settlement there were a number of small private schools in Port Chalmers with some remaining in existence in one form or another until the end of the 19th century.

Public
Following the proclamation of Port Chalmers and outlying districts as an Education District, a public school opened on 20 October 1856 in a building shared with the Magistrates Court on the corner of Grey and Scotia Streets with pupils having to pay a fee. By 1859 the school had 36 pupils. In 1860 a dedicated school house was erected, by which time the roll had increased to 166. With the school continuing to expand both its number of school rooms and pupils it was designated as the Port Chalmers Grammar School in 1869. In 1872 the school had a staff of four teaching 238 pupils. In 1875 staff and 401 pupils moved to a new school building constructed on what had been previously the Police Camp Reserve. In 1879 the grammar school became the Port Chalmers District High School. In 1929 it reverted to being a primary school. Port Chalmers School had a roll of students as of

Roman Catholic
In 1882 St Mary's School was established and initially operated from a shed-like house. In 1898 Mother Mary MacKillop, and two Josephite Sisters, arrived into Dunedin on the request of the parish priest of Port Chalmers to assist with teaching. When they arrived they found the existing school house to be in a sad state of disrepair. As a result of Mackillop, her follow sisters and the community's endeavours a new school, St Joseph's Primary School, was opened at the end of January 1898. MacKillop lived in Port Chalmers for two months and was the first Head of St Joseph's in Port Chalmers, teaching the Upper Standards. The second St Joseph's School building was opened in 1913 and was a two-story brick building that became a feature of the Port Chalmers landscape. The Sisters of St Joseph continued to run the school until 1979 before handing the role over to lay teachers. In 1987 the third St Joseph's School was built and became a state-integrated, co-educational Catholic primary school. St Joseph's School closed at the beginning of 2023.

Media
Parts of 2016 drama The Light Between Oceans starring Michael Fassbender, Alicia Vikander and Rachel Weisz was filmed here in 2014, notably the bookshop and haberdashery scenes. During shooting the main street was covered in gravel and thousands of people turned up each day hoping to catch a glimpse of the actors.

Notable people

 * Pinky Agnew, actor and author.
 * Orpheus Beaumont, inventor of the Salvus lifejacket.
 * Arthur Winton Brown, Mayor of Wellington.
 * Jean Begg, welfare worker and administrator
 * Learmonth White Dalrymple, educationalist.
 * William Dow Duncan, All Black rugby union player.
 * David Elliot, Illustrator and writer of children's books.
 * John Grenell, real name John Hore, Country and Western Singer.
 * Ralph Hotere, artist.
 * Russell Moses, artist.
 * Mary MacKillop (Saint Mary of the Cross), Australia's first saint, lived for several months in Port Chalmers.
 * Nadia Reid, Folk singer/songwriter.
 * Robert Scott, musician.
 * Dougal Stevenson, television personality.
 * William Thompson, ship captain from Alloa
 * Sir John Thorn, Kt OBE JP mayor for 33 years
 * E. T. C. Werner, sinologist and diplomat.

Ship
Port Chalmers was also the appellation of a ship which sailed between England, Australia and New Zealand at the beginning of the 20th century. It was torpedoed in mid-October 1940 and sank, with some crew surviving 14 days at sea on the lifeboat.

title: Port Chalmers


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Claude Rajotte

Claude Rajotte (born July 3, 1955) is a well-known Canadian DJ/VJ/music critic from Montreal, Quebec.

Life
Rajotte was born in Drummondville, Quebec on July 3, 1955. His career started at the local radio station CHRD, in 1974. After short stints in Ottawa and Quebec, he settled in Montreal and started to work for CKOI-FM in 1976.

While being a DJ for CHOM-FM (1982–2002), he spoke English with a marked French Canadian accent that was liked by his radio audience. In the 1980s, Rajotte was in the habit of continually switching from English to French during his broadcasts. With his unmistakable accent, francophones connected immediately, however, that did not detract anglophone listeners, leading to complaints from CHOM's main competitor at the time, the francophone radio station CKOI, Rajotte's former employer. Canada's broadcasting regulators, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), ruled that CHOM DJs were not allowed to speak in French on the air, despite the requirement that CHOM must broadcast a certain proportion of French language songs.

He was also a fixture for over 17 years (1987–2004) on MusiquePlus (the French counterpart to MuchMusic). He was a VJ and a much appreciated album critic. His review show called Le Cimetière des CD (The Cemetery of CDs) was on the air for ten consecutive years. Once a week during the show, Rajotte would hold a "destroy", an event during which he would physically destroy a newly released album which he particularly disliked using unorthodox methods. He was also a regular host of the channel's alternative video show, Nu Musik during the 1980s, and Rage during the 1990s (which was renamed The Claude Rajotte Show).

From 2004 to 2011, Rajotte hosted a late-night radio show on Radio-Canada's Espace Musique. He was also a frequent contributor to Bande à part. In the summer of 2011, he quits Radio-Canada and returns to MusiquePlus. August 2014, his TV program Rajotte moves to Musimax until December 2015. He also hosted a weekly radio show for almost two years on CIBL-FM until December 2020. His most recent mixes are all on his Mixcloud page. https://www.mixcloud.com/DJ_Rajotte/

Rajotte as cultural icon
Rajotte is widely considered to be a cultural icon in Quebec and is regularly referenced in art, literature, and media.

Compilations by Rajotte

 * 2001: Le Cimetière des CD (Gold Jam Records)
 * 2007: L'univers de Rajotte (CBC Records)
 * 2008: L'univers de Rajotte 2 (CBC Records)

title: Claude Rajotte


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Category:Catholic Church councils

Church Councils held by the Roman Catholic Church from the Great Schism of 1054 to the present.

For the different types of Council, see Ecumenical Council and Synod

title: Category:Catholic Church councils