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Saudi Arabian National Guard

The Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG) (الحَرَس الوَطنيّ), also known as the White Army, is one of the three major branches of the military forces of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

The national guard is under the administrative control of the Ministry of National Guard, instead of the Ministry of Defence. It differs from the regular Saudi Arabian Army in being forged out of tribal elements loyal to the House of Saud and tasked with protecting the royal family from internal dangers such as a coup d'état.

Organisation and roles
The Saudi Arabian National Guard has a standing force of 125,000 troops and a tribal militia of some 28,000 Fouj (tribal levies). It serves both as a defence force against external attack and as an Internal security force. Its duties include protecting the House of Saud, guarding against military coups, guarding strategic facilities and resources, and providing security for the cities of Mecca and Medina.

It reports directly to the king through the Minister of the National Guard and, unlike the army, navy and air force, is not under the control of the Ministry of Defense. The Guard's command structure and communication network are entirely separate from those of the Ministries of Defense and the Interior.

Its personnel are drawn from tribes loyal to the king and the royal family, whose high-ranking members are always appointed its commander. It has been described as an institution that "ties the tribes to the House of Saud" (by Sandra Mackey). It also draws recruits from official Wahhabi religious establishment. It differs from the army in that its officers command units (e.g. battalions) "largely made up of their own tribal cousins, which makes the leaders and their followers less susceptible to subversive ideas and outside ideologies."

According to journalist John R. Bradley, its leaders and their followers are 'supposed to have a vested interest in maintaining the status quo." The force was extensively reorganised and retrained by the Vinnell Corporation (using over a thousand US Vietnam War veterans) in the 1980s. The United States' support for the SANG has been delivered both through private contractors and the U.S. army's Office of the Program Manager, Saudi Arabian National Guard Modernization Program.

History

The SANG was founded as the successor to the Ikhwan, the tribal army of King Abdulaziz. The Ikhwan had helped King Abdulaziz conquer the Arabian Peninsula and take it from the Hashimites in World War I. However, the Ikhwan committed many excesses and atrocities not just on The Hejazi army but on other Arabs as well. The various tribal groups of the Ikhwan also had a tendency to go off and do their own things and thus needed to be brought under a more centralised control. The SANG acquired its moniker of the "White Army" during this period due to its wearing of traditional Arab dress instead of Western-style military uniforms. In 1954, the office of Jihad and Mujahidin was transformed into the modern National Guard. It was called White Army until 1963 when a British military mission reorganized it.

Training of the National Guard became the responsibility of the US Vinnell corporation in 1975. About 1,000 United States Vietnam veterans were initially recruited to serve in the long-term training program designed to convert the guard into a mobile and hard-hitting counterinsurgency force that could also reinforce the regular army if necessary. These contractors were supervised by a United States military group with the designation Office of the Program Manager—Saudi Arabian National Guard (OPM-SANG).

Extensive military infrastructure facilities have been built to ensure the comfort and well-being of national guard units. Their major cantonments were in Al-Ahsa Oasis near Al-Hufuf and the major oil installations of the Eastern Province and at Al-Qasim in the Nejd, in an area where many of the tribal elements were recruited and most training was conducted. A large new housing project for guard personnel, with associated schools, shops, and mosques, has been constructed near Riyadh, also the site of the guard's military academy, the King Khalid Military College. Other National Guard military cities were located at At-Ta'if, Dammam, and Jeddah, while a new headquarters complex was built in Riyadh in the early 1980s.

During the 1950s and early 1960s, the regular army and the national guard were both small and of roughly equal strength. The guard suffered when the army's expansion was given priority, but in the 1970s the decline was reversed when the guard was converted to a light mechanized force with the help of United States advisers. Initially consisting of four combined arms battalions, the active-duty component had by 1992 been enlarged to two mechanized brigades, each with four infantry battalions, an artillery battalion, and engineering and signals companies. The guard's mobility over desert terrain was assured by 1,100 Commando V-150 armoured cars. Firepower came from 105 mm and 155 mm towed howitzers, 106 mm recoilless rifles, 90mm guns and BGM-71 TOW platforms. In the 1990s, the V-150s were replaced in the mechanized battalions with over LAV-25 Family of Vehicles bought from DDGM/GD in Canada.

The second component of the national guard, made up of tribal battalions under the command of local sheikhs, was organised into four infantry brigades (called the Fowj). These men, often the sons of local chiefs or of veterans of the original Ikhwan forces, reported for duty about once a month for the purpose of receiving stipends. They were provided with Heckler & Koch G3 rifles, although many had individually acquired AK-47s and other automatic weapons. They also have radios and are equipped with Toyota pickup trucks or Land Rovers. Many units are stationed along the borders of the Kingdom and have the mission to patrol the border areas. Although neither particularly well trained nor well equipped, they could be counted on to be loyal to the House of Saud if called for service. Their enrollment in the guard was largely a means to bolster the subsidies paid to local shaykhs and to retain the support of their tribes.

The national guard's King Abdulaziz Mechanized Brigade was swiftly deployed to the border area after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and was actively engaged in the war, notably in the fighting to retake the town of Ra's al Khafji. After the war ended, it was reported that an enlargement of the national guard to eleven or twelve active brigades was contemplated. In addition, the ageing Commandos were to be replaced by more than 1,000 eight-wheeled LAV-25s and LAV variants manufactured by General Motors in Canada. The LAVs were to be mounted with a variety of armaments, such as 25 mm autocannon, larger-calibre 90 mm guns, 120mm mortars and TOW missile launchers.

Command
The Saudi Arabian National Guard's communications and chain of command maintained a separate network from regular Saudi Arabian military channels with a senior member of the royal family as its head. This structure was established by King Saud in 1956. Prior to 1956 the Guard was led by tribal sheikhs. Following the 1956 reorganization the first royal, Khalid bin Saud who was King Saud's son, was assigned to command the Guard in July 1957. In 1959 Saad bin Saud, another son of King Saud, became the commander. King Abdullah commanded SANG for four decades, from 1962 until 17 November 2010 when he appointed his son, Prince Mutaib bin Abdullah, as the new commander. In addition, three of his sons hold high positions within the organization. SANG's Deputy Commander was Prince Badr until 2010, who was a senior member of the Al Saud. Prince Mutaib was later arrested because of corruption and was imprisoned for a few months. Its general headquarters, located in Riyadh, directly controlled the three regional sectors and the training facilities and the King Abdulaziz Independent Mechanized Brigade of four battalions.

The three regional (eastern, central, and western) sectors each command one or more mechanized or motorized brigades, several independent Security and Military Police and logistical battalions, but also the irregular fowj battalions.

Structure
The SANG was restructured with the help of the Vinnell Corporation into a light mechanized force equipped with over a thousand Cadillac Gage Commando armored fighting vehicles (replaced with LAV-25s in the 1990s). Its mobile force consisted of three mechanized brigades and five motorized infantry brigades. The militia portion consists of around 24 battalions of fowj, tribal warriors on "retainer".

Brigades
The twenty one SANG brigades include:
 * King Abdulaziz Mechanized Brigade (KAAMB), the second of the original mechanized brigades formed in the late 1970s with Cadillac-Gage V-150 vehicles. These were replaced in the 1990s by the more-capable LAV series of tactical vehicles. This was also the brigade that fought at the Battle of Khafji. Its reported garrison in early 1991 was Al Hofuf.
 * King Faisal Light Infantry Brigade (KFB) based in Medina
 * King Khalid Light Infantry Brigade's strength is unknown
 * Prince Mohammad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud Light Infantry Brigade
 * Imam Muhammad bin Saud Mechanized Brigade (IMBSMB) the first of two mechanized brigades created in the late 1970s with Cadillac-Gage V-150 vehicles. These were replaced in the 1990s by the more-capable LAV series of tactical vehicles.
 * Prince Saad bin Abdul Rahman Mechanized Brigade (PSARMB)was formed in the late 1990s and equipped with LAV series of tactical vehicles
 * Prince Turki bin Abdulaziz Mechanized Brigade (PTAMB) was formed by 2006 and equipped with LAV series of tactical vehicles
 * King Saud Light Infantry Brigade (KSB) based in Jeddah
 * Omar bin Khattab light infantry brigade based in al-Taif

The two original motorized brigades, IMBSMB and KAAMB, had V-150 Commando armored cars, M‑102 howitzers (IMBS) and 155 mm M‑198 howitzers, plus TOW anti-tank guided missile systems in the anti-tank platoons of the line motorized companies; two in each company in the IMBS and six in the KAAB. The two brigades each had a headquarters company, four-line motorized battalions, a field artillery battalion, a support battalion, and air defense, signals, and engineers companies.

Central
Riyadh Regional Headquarters controlled:
 * Imam Muhammad bin Saud Mechanized Brigade (IMBS), which controls four battalions (1st–4th) as well as the 1st SANG Artillery Battalion, and is based in Riyadh
 * Prince Saad Abdulrahman Mechanized Brigade (PSAR), which controls four combined-armed battalions, and is based in Riyadh
 * Turki Mechanized Brigade was reported to be in formation in 2002. As of 2006, it remains uncertain as to how developed this unit is.
 * King Khalid Light Infantry Brigade's strength is unknown
 * Ceremonial Cavalry Squadron
 * King Khalid Military College
 * Military Police battalion
 * 1st Special Security Brigade based in Riyadh
 * 1st Rapid Deployment Special Brigade
 * Irregular (Fowj) tribal regiments

Eastern
Eastern Regional Headquarters, which is located in Dammam, controlled:
 * King Abdulaziz Mechanized Brigade (KAAB), was in information in 2002, but its strength and organization is still unknown. Stanton, writing in 1996, identified this brigade as the King Abdul Aziz Brigade, stationed in Hofuf south of Dammam. It comprised the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Combined Arms Battalions and the 2nd Artillery Battalion (155mm M-198 towed howitzers).
 * Prince Mohammad bin Abdulrahman al-Saud Light Infantry Brigade
 * Military Police battalion
 * 3rd Special Security Brigade based in Dammam
 * 3rd Rapid Deployment Special Brigade
 * Irregular (Fowj) tribal regiments

Western
Western Regional Headquarters, which is located in Jeddah, controlled:
 * King Saud Light Infantry Brigade (KSB) based in Jeddah
 * King Faisal Light Infantry Brigade (KFB) based in Medina
 * Khalifa Omar bin Khattab Light Infantry Brigade (KOKB) based in Taif
 * Military Police battalion
 * 2nd Special Security Brigade based in Jeddah
 * 2nd Rapid Deployment Special Brigade
 * Irregular (Fowj) tribal regiments

National Guard Aviation

 * Dirab Air Base - Center of Excellence and Aviation Training Brigade
 * Khasm Alan Air Base - 1st Aviation Brigade
 * Al Hofuf Air Base - 2nd Aviation Brigade
 * Prince Abdullah Air Base - 3rd Aviation Brigade

Independent battalions

 * In addition to the battalions under the control of the three regional headquarters, SANG has four independent light infantry battalions, which appear to be dedicated to protecting facilities and installations

Tribal militia
The second component of the national guard is the Fowj (Arabic:فَيْج (also fayj) "legman, courier; company"), made up of Bedouin tribal (militia) battalions under the command of local sheikhs. These men, often the sons of local chiefs or of veterans of the original Ikhwan forces, reported for duty about once a month for the purpose of receiving stipends. They were provided with obsolete rifles, although many had individually acquired Kalashnikov assault rifles. Although neither particularly well trained nor well equipped, they could be counted on to be loyal to the House of Saud if called for service. Their enrollment in the guard is largely a means to bolster the subsidies paid to local sheikhs and to retain the support of their tribes. The Fowj is currently organized into 27 battalions with approximately 27,000 men.

Uniforms
Uniforms worn by personnel of Saudi Arabia's national guard are closely patterned on the British and United States models that influenced them during their early development. The most common uniform colors are khaki or olive drab. Officers had semidress uniforms for various functions and dress uniforms for formal occasions. All personnel wear berets, and officers also have peaked caps. When in modern uniforms personnel wear a red beret. British three color British Desert pattern DPM used throughout the Middle East, American Desert Camouflage Uniform (DCU), used in Iraq and other desert regions throughout the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions. Some units still wear the American Desert Battle Dress Uniform of which a Saudi grey variant is worn by SANG security guards. These are being replaced by several new digital or pixelated camouflage designs with an embedded Saudi Arabian National Guard crest. National guardsmen often wear the traditional red-checkered keffiyeh Arab headdress. Tribal units often wear the thawb with crossed bandoliers.

Equipment
The SANG is not, by tradition, issued equipment not used by the regular military; it does not possess any tanks but has several thousand wheeled armored fighting vehicles and armoured personnel carriers. It possesses its own helicopters and light aircraft and all the remaining types of military hardware including artillery.

A$2.2 billion foreign military sale contract delivered 724 LAV‑II 8×8 wheeled armored personnel carriers in ten different varieties in 2001.

In December 2012, the Saudi National Guard ordered 68 French Multi-Purpose Combat Vehicle (MPCV) air-defense vehicles. In September 2014, 24 Boeing AH-6i Little Bird light attack and reconnaissance helicopters were ordered from Boeing with deliveries to begin in 2016.

Ranks

 * Officers

 * Enlisted

2013 reorganization
The SANG was transformed into a ministerial body on 27 May 2013. Prince Mutaib bin Abdullah, former commander of the SANG, became the minister of national guard on the same day. On 4 November 2017, Prince Mutaib was replaced by Prince Khalid bin Abdulaziz bin Eyaf Al Saud (until December 2018)

title: Saudi Arabian National Guard


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CityNews

CityNews is the title of news and current affairs programming on Rogers Sports & Media's Citytv network in Canada. The newscast division was founded on September 28, 1975 as CityPulse as a standalone local newscast on the network's Toronto station owned by CHUM Limited. Through the acquisitions of the Edmonton, Winnipeg and Calgary A-Channel stations in 2004, it was relaunched under the CityNews brand on August 2, 2005 and later expanded to Montreal in 2012. The remaining Citytv stations airs the news headlines segments during each station's Breakfast Television morning show.

Before the 2017–2018 relaunch of CityNews nationally, Citytv stations outside Toronto had their midday and evening news programs cancelled in 2006, and the remaining news programming on these stations (such as the nationally-broadcast CityNews International) was cancelled in early 2010.

After a soft launch in 2020 via CIWW/CJET-FM Ottawa, in June 2021 Rogers extended the CityNews branding to its news radio stations.

History

The newscast was broadcast in Toronto as CityPulse as a pilot episode on September 28, 1975, and as a second pilot episode on September 12, 1976. The first regular episode of CityPulse aired on September 12, 1977. On August 1, 2005, the final CityPulse titled newscast aired and it was renamed CityNews the next day. While the station claims that it was the first news show to abandon the traditional anchor desk, CBS News in the United States had done this as early as the 1950s under Edward R. Murrow. Its main innovation in television news was to have its reporters play a more participatory role in their stories. Elements of it were also taken from then-sister station ATV in the Maritimes, whose Live at 5 newscast, launched in 1982, had lead anchor Dave Wright roaming around the ATV newsroom and talking with the reporters.

By the mid-1980s, the newscast's style, pioneered by Moses Znaimer, was promoted as a "format" for local news shows to copy around North America. The show has been duplicated by other television stations owned by CHUM Limited and its format has been licensed to several television stations around the world, such as Citytv Barcelona and Citytv Bogotá. Other attempts to clone the format with regional changes have also been attempted; notably, two American attempts at a CityPulse-style newscast debuted within months of each other in 1993: KCOP-TV in Los Angeles with 13 Real News, and KIRO-TV in Seattle with what was dubbed "News Outside the Box" (the latter station attempted to leverage its then-sister radio stations as well). Both attempts failed and by 1994 both stations had reverted to "traditional" newscasts.

Until 1987, the anchors on CityPulse sat behind an anchor desk in a dark studio with two orange-red-black striped beams and a television set between the two anchors. CityPulse at Six was anchored by Gord Martineau and Dini Petty for most of the years from 1980 to 1987. Weather presenters during that era included CHUM Radio veteran Jay Nelson, Brian Hill, Greg Rist, and David Onley. Sports anchors included Jim McKenny, Russ Salzberg, John Saunders, Debbie Van Kiekebelt, and Ann Rohmer.

CityPulse Tonight, known as CityPulse News at 10 prior to 1981, was anchored by Bill Cameron, later by Gord Martineau, and then Anne Mroczkowski. In 1987, Mroczkowski moved to the supper-hour show to co-anchor with Martineau. J.D. (John) Roberts began his news anchoring career as anchor of CityPulse Tonight after several years as an entertainment reporter and MuchMusic video jockey.

On May 4, 1987, CityPulse moved into a newsroom set at 299 Queen Street West in Toronto along with the other station operations, from 99 Queen Street East. After the move, CityPulse began to move the anchors away from a central desk, positioning them around the newsroom (such as the assignment desk, equipped with police radios, banks of monitors, and perhaps the most unique feature, a map of Toronto with blinking lights indicating major highways, positioned behind a large glass wall, allowing the anchors to draw on the glass with markers to indicate the locations of stories and incidents), or walking through the newsroom.

24-hour coverage, akin to the 24-Hour News Source format popular in the US at the time, was instituted in the early 1990s, initially to cover the Gulf War (known as Gulfwatch). The updates were refined into a regular feature after the end of the war. These were branded as CityPulse (Overnight) NewsFlashes, for shorter updates (typically a shot of the darkened newsroom, followed by shots of area traffic cameras; a ticker would display one or two headlines, sports scores, a weather forecast, and/or the time of the next update; the sounds of the newsroom and/or a police scanner would be heard underneath), or as simply CityPulse Updates, for longer updates anchored by a CityPulse reporter (often Kevin Frankish) from the assignment desk, who, in a unique twist, would operate the camera themselves via a control device.

By March 2008, CityNews Toronto was struggling in the ratings, coming in third (with an average of 100,000 viewers) after CTV (326,000 viewers) and Global (126,000). On January 21, 2008, CityNews at 5 debuted, drawing a scant 1% share of the Toronto market at 5 p.m.

In July 2008, Rogers filed an application with the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to launch a separate 24-hour news station to be affiliated with Citytv Toronto, and to be known as CityNews (Toronto). The application was approved on December 10, 2008. The new station was in direct competition with CP24 which was launched on October 3, 2011, as CityNews Channel.

In December 2008, Citytv laid off the entire CityNews Entertainment unit. Entertainment reporters Larysa Harapyn and Liz West were released, and entertainment stories were then read by the anchors.

In September 2009, Citytv moved into its current newsroom at 33 Dundas Street East (Yonge-Dundas Square) in Downtown Toronto.

On January 19, 2010, CityNews at Noon, CityOnline and CityNews at Five were cancelled as part of layoffs and restructuring within the Citytv stations. Many long-time CityNews on-air personalities, including Anne Mroczkowski and Laura DiBattista, were let go.

Citytv Toronto reinstated the 6 and 11 p.m. newscasts on Saturday and Sunday evenings on March 5, 2011, with Pam Seatle anchoring the 6 p.m. newscast, and Melanie Ng anchoring at 11 p.m. On September 5, 2011, Citytv Toronto also reinstated CityNews at Five with anchors Francis D'Souza, Tom Hayes, and Avery Haines. The following day on September 6, 2011, Breakfast Television on all five of Citytv's owned-and-operated stations expanded to three-and-a-half hours, from 5:30-9 a.m. Avery Haines then left CityNews at Five to start a segment called "The Inside Story" that features on Tuesdays and Thursdays on CityNews at Six.

On August 13, 2012, CITY-TV expanded its nightly 11 p.m. newscast, CityNews Tonight, from 30 minutes to one hour.

In 2015, the station changed the format of its evening newscasts, removing the in-studio anchor and having all stories presented by videojournalists on the field. The reduced cost format is designed to appeal to younger viewers with a more "raw" presentation, and appeal to increased trust in the reporters and their journalism.

CityNews on CP24
Prior to 2008, CityNews and local cable news channel, CP24 were a combined operation sharing the same newsroom and studio space at 299 Queen Street West. CP24 simulcasted Citytv news programs such as Breakfast Television and CityNews. CP24 also reran most CityNews programming immediately after it was done airing live.

In July 2006, Bell Globemedia (later CTVglobemedia and now Bell Media) announced a bid to purchase Citytv/CP24's parent company, CHUM Limited. A year later, the CRTC approved the sale on the condition that the Citytv stations be sold. Shortly after, the sale of Citytv stations to Rogers Communications was finalized.

For a short period, things remained the same; Citytv anchors continued to anchor and contribute to CP24 and shows were simulcast between the two channels until CTV/Rogers announced the restructuring of its employees between to two channels beginning in November 2007, such as the hiring of new CP24-only and CityNews-only personalities.

In November 2008, CP24 moved most of its operations from its original newsroom, shared with Citytv, to a new state-of-the-art newsroom on the second floor with windows facing Queen Street West and at the same time CP24 unveiled a new look to its on-screen format. CP24 continued to simulcast CityNews programming up until December 10, 2008, when CTV pulled almost all Citytv news programming with the exception of Breakfast Television. That night, CTV News at Six replaced CityNews at Six, which had remained in place since the channel began broadcasting in 1998. Critics had speculated that the latter change was due to the CRTC's approval of Citytv Toronto planning on launching CityNews Channel. One of the final ties was severed on March 26, 2009, when CP24 dropped its simulcast of Breakfast Television and launched its own morning show, CP24 Breakfast.

Following the layoffs at the Citytv stations announced on January 19, 2010, CP24 extended its Live at 5 broadcast from 15 minutes to 30, and also launched another half-hour newscast, Live at 5:30. The show was featured a CP24 personality that hosted both Live at 5 and Live at 5:30; having interviews and updating Toronto on what is happening in the city. In addition, two other CP24 anchors would host the show, one co-hosting at 5pm and the other co-hosting at 5:30pm, bringing Toronto's Top Stories. By July 2012, Live at 5 and Live at 5:30 were brought back to the regular CP24 news format and with just one anchor 5pm and one anchor for 5:30pm.

CityNews Weather
CityNews is the only newscast in Canada that operates its own weather monitoring stations across the Greater Toronto Area. In addition to 20 weather stations, CityNews introduced a CityNews Weather LiveEye, a mobile unit that can monitor the weather anywhere.

On June 21, 2007, CityNews launched CityNews Weather Online, a desktop program that is more convenient than accessing their website. The program includes features to alert the user when a weather watch or warning is issued.

In November 2008, CityNews launched CityNews Weather Webcast, which are video weather forecasts recorded each day by one of the weather team members.

CityNews Webcast
On February 14, 2007, CityNews created the CityNews Webcast, a downloadable news podcast based in Toronto. There are three Webcasts uploaded on weekdays: in the morning, presented by Kevin Frankish from Breakfast Television; in the afternoon, presented by CityNews at Six anchor Gord Martineau; and the final Webcast in the evening, presented by the anchor hosting CityNews Tonight.

Theme music and opens
The CityPulse newscast originally began with the instrumental version of "Masterpiece" by The Temptations. In 1979, it was changed to a rendition of "Gonna Fly Now" by Maynard Ferguson; the theme was remixed and rearranged well into the 2000s. The theme for CityPulse Tonight continued to be "Masterpiece" until the early 1980s. From 1985 until 1994, "Pentatus" by Graham Shaw was used as the theme music for CityPulse Tonight. The current theme is a custom-composed music piece.

CityNews Channel
On May 30, 2011, Rogers Media announced plans to launch a digital cable specialty channel licensed as a Category B service with the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission called CityNews Channel, a 24-hour news network based in Toronto that would bring together resources from a number of Rogers-owned news and media properties, including Citytv Toronto, 680 News radio, and Maclean's magazine. The channel features "an enriched and interactive screen format," likely similar to that of Bell Media's CP24, the channel's main competitor.

CityNews Channel was launched on October 3, 2011, using the same news wheel format as 680News, with traffic and weather reports on the :1s, sports news at :15 and :45 and business news at :26 and :56 past the hour. The channel's anchors were rotated depending on the time period. Rolling news programming airs weekdays from 9:30 a.m. – 5 p.m., weekends from 7 a.m. – 6 p.m. and nightly from 7–11 p.m. ET; all Citytv Toronto news programming is simulcast on the channel (including weekday morning news/talk program Breakfast Television and nightly 11 p.m. newscast CityNews Tonight, which both feature an additional half-hour seen exclusively on CityNews Channel); an audio simulcast of 680News featuring live traffic camera feeds throughout Toronto also runs from 1-5:30 a.m. weeknights and midnight – 7 a.m. weekends.

Beginning April 14, 2012, Citytv Toronto ran a simulcast of CityNews Channel's weekend morning news programming every Saturday morning from 7–8 a.m. and Sunday mornings from 7–9 a.m. The channel abruptly ceased operations at 9 am on May 30, 2013.

CityNews in other markets
CityPulse was launched in Vancouver in 2002 when CKVU-TV was rebranded as "Citytv Vancouver". With the expansion of Citytv from two to five stations in August 2005, the newscasts on all five Citytv stations were renamed CityNews.

On July 12, 2006, coincident with the announcement of CTVglobemedia's plans to take over CHUM Limited, all prime-time CityNews programs, with the exception of those on CITY in Toronto, were immediately cancelled, with 281 CHUM employees across the country laid off. On CKAL Calgary and CKEM Edmonton, CityNews at Six and CityNews Tonight was replaced with a new half-hour newsmagazine called Your City. CHMI Winnipeg had been slated to launch its own version in January 2007 according to a news release, but it never materialized. CKVU's newscasts were not replaced, although a noon newscast based on the Breakfast Television format called Lunch Television was launched in early 2009. CityNews at Noon in Calgary and Edmonton, and Lunch Television in Vancouver continued until January 19, 2010.

When the show made the transition to CityNews, it lost several features, such as the CityPulse Webtest, which had existed since the 1980s as a phone-in contest. The new format on CHMI, which had been called A-Channel News (which was later used by CTVglobemedia's A stations, under the name A News, prior to the rebranding of the A system to CTV Two in August 2011), had lost nearly half of its audience for the 6 p.m. newscast before its cancellation.

On June 8, 2007, the CRTC approved the CTV takeover of CHUM. However, the five Citytv stations could not be sold to CTVglobemedia due to concentration of media ownership regulations. On June 11, Rogers Communications announced that it would buy the five Citytv stations from CTVglobemedia. The sale was approved on September 28 and became official on October 31, 2007. CTVglobemedia retained ownership of CP24, the 24-hour Toronto local news station that shared many programs and personalities with Toronto's Citytv station, including CityNews.

On January 19, 2010, Your City, based in CKEM-TV Edmonton and CKAL-TV Calgary, Lunch Television, and the comedy show The CityNews List on CKVU-TV Vancouver were also cancelled. In Winnipeg, the news part of Breakfast Television is called CityNews.

The Jim Pattison Group stations (CFJC-TV Kamloops, CKPG-TV Prince George, and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat) produce their own weeknight local newscasts, but do not produce their own local versions of Breakfast Television nor title their newscasts under the CityNews branding. In fact, despite keeping the same on-air branding and logos used as affiliates of the E! system, they do not bear the Citytv branding. However, as part of a renewal of their affiliation agreements with Citytv on May 3, 2012, CKPG, CHAT and CJFC were to begin simulcasting the Vancouver edition of Breakfast Television from CKVU-DT, starting in fall 2012 as the stations began carrying 90% of Citytv's morning and daytime programming from the CKVU schedule grid.

Citytv Saskatchewan does not produce any CityNews newscasts or Breakfast Television as it is licensed as an educational cable channel. The newly acquired CJNT Montreal, however, began producing CityNews under the Breakfast Television banner in the fall of 2013.

On June 5, 2017, Rogers announced that it would return local early evening and late night newscasts to its Citytv owned-and-operated stations in Calgary, Edmonton, Vancouver, Winnipeg and, through an expansion of CJNT-DT's news operations, Montreal. The hour-long newscasts – which aired at 6:00 and 11:00 p.m. local time – premiered in Edmonton and Winnipeg on September 4, 2017, while the remainder of the announced markets will launch newscasts in early 2018. On July 12, 2018, it was announced that the new Calgary, Montreal, and Vancouver newscasts would premiere on September 3.

CityNews Radio
On December 3, 2020, at 10:00 a.m., CIWW in Ottawa rebranded itself as CityNews, and began simulcasting on sister station CJET-FM 101.1 (formerly CKBY-FM) while continuing to broadcast on AM 1310.

In June 2021, Rogers announced that it would rebrand its five other all-news and news-talk radio stations under the CityNews brand. The rebranding is to take effect on October 18, 2021. Three of the stations – CFTR 680 Toronto, CFFR 660 Calgary, and CKWX 1130 Vancouver – are co-located with Citytv stations, while a fourth – CKGL 570 Kitchener – is located in a secondary market for Citytv Toronto. The move brought the CityNews brand to Atlantic Canada, where Rogers operates CJNI-FM 95.7 Halifax but does not operate a Citytv station.

On October 26, 2023, Rogers announced it would discontinue the news/talk format on both CIWW and CJET-FM effective at 1:00 p.m. that day, with CJET returning to a country music format and the CIWW licence expected to be returned to the CRTC for cancellation.

In March 2024, Rogers dropped the CityNews identification from CFTR in Toronto, rebranding the station 680 NewsRadio Toronto. Broadcast Dialogue reported that other CityNews radio stations would be similarly rebranded in the coming months.

CityNews International
Soon after the cancellation of the local CityNews broadcasts in Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and Winnipeg in 2008, a new half-hour program called CityNews International was launched. The program was produced in the Citytv Toronto studios and featured many of the same on-air personalities as the local Citytv Toronto's CityNews. CityNews International aired at 6:30 and 11:30 p.m. in Calgary and Edmonton. In Winnipeg, it ran at 11:00 p.m., and in Vancouver at 6 and 11:35 p.m. In Toronto, Citytv aired the newscast at 11:35 p.m. CityNews International was canceled during the 2010 cuts. The title of the program remains in use on Citytv Toronto for the international news segments shown during its evening newscasts.

Your City
The replacement program in Calgary and Edmonton for the evening/late-evening program was a magazine type of show called Your City.

The show aired five nights a week at 6:00 p.m., with a repeat at 11:00 p.m. The format of the show consisted of a top story, a report about theatre or other cultural life, various restaurant and wine reviews and an assortment of other general interest stories.

CityNews at Noon
The noon newscast aired in Toronto, Calgary and Edmonton. It was hosted by Francis D'Souza and Laura DiBattista in Toronto, Asha Tomlinson in Edmonton and Aisling Slattery in Calgary.

CityOnline
A lunchtime half-hour talk show about Toronto news and current affairs aired weekdays at 12:30 p.m., following Toronto's CityNews at Noon. The show encouraged audience participation with its phone-in format. Viewers could also e-mail and vote on a daily phone poll.

CityOnline was hosted by Kris Reyes. Previous hosts included Ann Rohmer (CP24), Tracy Moore (Cityline), and Laura DiBattista (CBC Radio).

Lunch Television
Lunch Television was hosted by Kyle Donaldson and Michel McDermott and aired in the Vancouver market.

An earlier program, also titled Lunch Television, aired on the original Toronto station during the 1990s.

National

 * Lisa LaFlamme - special correspondent

Citytv Toronto
Anchors
 * Meredith Shaw - Breakfast Television co-host (2023–present)
 * Sid Seixeiro - Breakfast Television co-host (2021–present)
 * Tracy Moore - host of Cityline (broadcast across Canada)

Weather
 * Frank Ferragine - weather specialist; Breakfast Television (weekday mornings)
 * Adam Stiles
 * Stella Acquisto
 * Natasha Ramsahai

Sports (CityNews)
 * Lindsay Dunn

Entertainment
 * Dina Pugliese - occasional entertainment reporter

Reporters
 * Cynthia Mulligan - general assignment reporter
 * Pam Seatle - general assignment reporter
 * Mark McAllister- general assignment reporter

CityNews Ottawa Radio
On December 3, 2020, at 10:00 AM, CIWW (1310 News) and CKBY-FM (Country 101.1) were rebranded as CityNews. Both stations broadcast identical content. Country 101.1 was rebranded to Country 92.3, as it was moved to CJET-FM.

Citytv Toronto

 * Thalia Assuras (later moved to ABC and then CBS); now host of (American Clean Skies Foundation)
 * Hugh Burrill - former sports anchor/reporter. Now at The Fan 590
 * Bill Cameron anchor; 1978–1983; (later moved to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation); deceased
 * Lance Chilton - CityNews/CP24 reporter (later anchor at A-Channel in Barrie and real estate agent in Barrie area)
 * Jojo Chintoh - reporter and crime specialist; 1978-2010 (now President at El Mundo Habitat Development Corporation)
 * Mark Dailey - CityNews Tonight anchor, crime specialist and continuity announcer known as "The Voice of Citytv"; 1979-2010 (died on December 6, 2010, due to prostate cancer)
 * Denise Donlon (later CEO of Sony Canada and executive director of CBC Radio's English-language services 2008–2011)
 * Dwight Drummond - CityNews at Five anchor and crime specialist (now 5, 5:30 and 6 p.m. anchor at CBC Toronto)
 * Francis D'Souza - Former anchor CityNews at Five (weeknights); also reporter. Now managing editor at CBC News
 * Merella Fernandez - anchor/reporter (now with CTV News in Toronto)
 * Kevin Frankish - Breakfast Television anchor/co-host (1991–2018), now teaches at Seneca College and produces special projects for City.
 * Mary Garofalo (later at WNYW-TV in New York; now host of Global's 16x9 - The Bigger Picture)
 * Anne-Marie Green - reporter (now at CBS News)
 * Melissa Grelo - anchor/reporter (now co-host of CP24 Breakfast and weekday anchor at CP24)
 * Peter Gross - sports director from 1977 until the early 1980s and then humour reporter with "The World According to Gross" until 1986. At 680 News from the early 1990s to 2019 except for a brief stint back at CityNews from 2001 to 2003 as a weather reporter and reprieving "The World According to Gross".
 * Larysa Harapyn - entertainment anchor (laid off upon Rogers' elimination the CityNews ' entertainment unit)
 * Tom Hayes - reporter (now with Global News in Toronto)
 * Lorne Honickman - CityPulse/CityNews legal specialist (was host of Legal Briefs on CP24 and Court TV Canada; practising lawyer)
 * Kathryn Humphreys - sports anchor/reporter (1997–2015), now a stay at home mom
 * Bob Hunter (founder of Greenpeace; later died after a prolonged battle with cancer on May 2, 2005)
 * Andrew Krystal - general assignment reporter. Died 2022.
 * Avi Lewis (1996–1998); (later with CBC Newsworld and then Al Jazeera English, now a documentary filmmaker and politician)
 * Stephen Lewis - commentator (later appointed as Canadian ambassador to the United Nations)
 * Amber MacArthur - new media specialist (now new media specialist for CP24)
 * Gord Martineau - longtime former anchor in Toronto; 1977-2016 (now retired)
 * Jim McKenny - sports reporter/anchor in Toronto; 1979-2009 (now retired)
 * Tracy Moore - Breakfast Television/CityNews reporter (now host of Citytv's Cityline)
 * Anne Mroczkowski - CityNews at Six anchor (laid off in January 2010 and later co-anchor of Global Ontario's News Hour); now media consultant and occasional actor
 * Farah Nasser - weekend anchor/substitute anchor/reporter (now weekend anchor at Global National)
 * David Onley - science and technology specialist/CP24 anchor and host of Homepage; 1984–2005; (Served as Lieutenant Governor of Ontario 2007–2014). Deceased 2023.
 * Dini Petty (later host of CTV's The Dini Petty Show and guest host of Cityline 2010–2012)
 * Alex Pierson - reporter; 1999-2006 (now a talk show host at Global News Radio 640 in Toronto)
 * Beatrice Politi - CityNews/A-Channel/CP24 Ottawa-based political specialist (now with Global Ontario)
 * Dina Pugliese - Breakfast Television co-host (2006–2023). Retired from broadcasting and focuses time on her beauty brand and family.
 * Monita Rajpal, started as a reporter, then moved up to the anchor desk before moving to CNN International for 14 years; her last broadcast on CNN International was July 4, 2014.
 * John Roberts (credited as J.D. Roberts) - entertainment reporter and weekend anchor (formerly co-host of CNN's American Morning; now with Fox News Channel as national correspondent in Atlanta)
 * Ann Rohmer - CityNews anchor and host of Breakfast Television and CityOnline (now lead anchor at CP24)
 * Tonya Rouse - CityNews/CP24 fitness specialist and host of CP24's Perfect Fit.
 * Omar Sachedina - reporter (now with CTV News Channel)
 * John Saunders - sportscaster (was with ESPN for 30 years) - deceased August 10, 2016
 * Dick Smyth - commentator in the 70s and 80s, later news director at 680 News - deceased March 6, 2021
 * Peter Silverman - consumer specialist and host of Silverman Helps segment (dismissed June 2008; later at CFRB, deceased October 7, 2021)
 * Jennifer Valentyne - Breakfast Television Live Eye host; now with The Bachelorette Canada

Citytv Vancouver

 * Fiona Forbes - Breakfast Television host (2002–2003; was at Shaw TV Vancouver)
 * Beverley Mahood - host (2003–2005; now co-host of CMT Canada's flagship program, CMT Central)
 * Simi Sara - Breakfast Television host (2005–2008; now at Global News Radio 980 CKNW)
 * Jody Vance - Co-host/news anchor; Breakfast Television

Citytv Calgary

 * Ross Hull - Breakfast Television reporter (now weather anchor at Global Toronto)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: CityNews


text:
Lolo Pass (Oregon)

Lolo Pass is a mountain pass 6 mi northwest of Mount Hood and 10 mi northeast of Zigzag, Oregon, on the Clackamas–Hood River county line. It divides the Sandy River watershed on the southwest from the Hood River watershed on the northeast.

At 3415 ft, it provides a much lower crossing of the Cascade Range near Mount Hood than the 4650 ft Oregon Route 35 Bennett Pass on the southeast side. Access from the southwest side of the pass is paved all the way to the pass, where the road changes to gravel, heading down the northeast side of the pass. Lolo Pass Road (Forest Road 18) is closed due to heavy snow each winter. The road through the pass was initially established by Native Americans, as a trading route connecting the Willamette Valley and sites at the eastern end of the Columbia River Gorge like Celilo Falls. In 1838, Daniel Lee (nephew of missionary Jason Lee) drove livestock across the pass, while traveling east to establish a new Methodist station, named Wascopam Mission. He was the first westerner known to have used the trail. The trail was then used as one of the final legs of the Oregon Trail; settlers arriving from The Dalles would often drive their livestock over the pass while their families floated down the river. The 1846 construction of the Barlow Road provided a less daunting alternate route around the south side of Mount Hood.

Lolo Pass is one of the milestones along the Pacific Crest Trail, though not a particularly low point for the region. By 5 mi south of Lolo Pass, the Pacific Crest Trail drops to 2800 ft and much lower to the north at the Columbia River. A small campsite is located along the trail just south of the forest service road.

title: Lolo Pass (Oregon)


text:
Lotus (genus)

Lotus, a latinization of Greek lōtos, is a genus of flowering plants that includes most bird's-foot trefoils (also known as bacon-and-eggs ) and deervetches and contains many dozens of species distributed in the eastern hemisphere, including Africa, Europe, western, southern, and eastern Asia, and Australia and New Guinea. Depending on the taxonomic authority, roughly between 70 and 150 are accepted. Lotus is a genus of legumes and its members are adapted to a wide range of habitats, from coastal environments to high elevations.

The genus Lotus is currently undergoing extensive taxonomic revision. Species native to the Americas have been moved into other genera, such as Acmispon and Hosackia, as in the second edition of The Jepson Manual.

The aquatic plant commonly known as the Indian or sacred lotus is Nelumbo nucifera, a species not closely related to Lotus.

Description
Most species have leaves with five leaflets; two of these are at the extreme base of the leaf, with the other three at the tip of a naked midrib. This gives the appearance of a pair of large stipules below a "petiole" bearing a trefoil of three leaflets – in fact, the true stipules are minute, soon falling or withering. Some species have pinnate leaves with up to 15 leaflets. The flowers are in clusters of three to ten together at the apex of a stem with some basal leafy bracts; they are pea-flower shaped, usually vivid yellow, but occasionally orange or red. The seeds develop in three or four straight, strongly diverging pods, which together make a shape reminiscent of the diverging toes of a small bird, leading to the common name "bird's-foot".

Taxonomy
The genus Lotus is taxonomically complex. It has at times been divided into subgenera and split into segregate genera, but with no consistent consensus. P.H. Raven in 1971 is said to have been the first to suggest that the "New World" (American) and "Old World" (African and Eurasian) species did not belong in the same genus. A molecular phylogenetic study in 2000 based on nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences confirmed this view. The New World species have been divided between the genera Hosackia s.str., Ottleya, Acmispon and Syrmatium. A 2006 study, primarily concerned with Old World Lotus species and hence with limited sampling of the American genera, found that they were all monophyletic. The study also supported the view that Dorycnium and Tetragonolobus are not distinct from Lotus at the generic level. More species were added to the 2006 results in 2008, but did not alter the broad conclusions reached before. Clades were identified within Lotus s.str., some of which were significantly different from the sections into which the genus had been divided. However, resolution was incomplete. The results of the analysis were presented in terms of clades and complexes.

Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Lotus:

 * Lotus aduncus (Griseb.) Nyman
 * Lotus aegaeus (Griseb.) Boiss.
 * Lotus alianus J.H.Kirkbr.
 * Lotus alpinus (Ser.) Schleich. ex Ramond - alpine bird's-foot-trefoil
 * Lotus anfractuosus (Baker f.) Kramina & D.D.Sokoloff
 * Lotus angustissimus L. – slender bird's-foot trefoil
 * Lotus arabicus Sol. ex L.
 * Lotus arenarius Brot.
 * Lotus argyrodes R.P.Murray
 * Lotus arinagensis Bramwell
 * Lotus assakensis Coss. ex Brand
 * Lotus australis Andrews – austral trefoil
 * Lotus axilliflorus (Hub.-Mor.) D.D.Sokoloff
 * Lotus becquetii Boutique
 * Lotus benoistii (Maire) Lassen
 * Lotus berthelotii Masf. – Canary Islands trefoil
 * Lotus biflorus Desr.
 * Lotus borbasii Ujhelyi
 * Lotus broussonetii Choisy ex Ser.
 * Lotus brunneri Webb
 * Lotus burttii Borsos
 * Lotus callis-viridis Bramwell & D.H.Davis
 * Lotus campylocladus Webb & Berthel.
 * Lotus carpetanus Lacaita
 * Lotus castellanus Boiss. & Reut.
 * Lotus chazaliei H.Boissieu
 * Lotus compactus Chrtková
 * Lotus conimbricensis Brot.
 * Lotus conjugatus L.
 * Lotus corniculatus L. – common bird's-foot trefoil, bird's-foot deervetch
 * Lotus creticus L.
 * Lotus cruentus Court
 * Lotus cytisoides L.
 * Lotus × davyae Druce
 * Lotus discolor E.Mey.
 * Lotus divaricatus Boiss.
 * Lotus dorycnium L.
 * Lotus drepanocarpus Durieu
 * Lotus dumetorum Webb ex R.P.Murray
 * Lotus edulis L.
 * Lotus emeroides R.P.Murray
 * Lotus eremiticus A.Santos
 * Lotus eriophthalmus Webb & Berthel.
 * Lotus frondosus (Freyn) Kuprian.
 * Lotus fulgurans (Porta) D.D.Sokoloff
 * Lotus garcinii Ser.
 * Lotus gebelia Vent.
 * Lotus germanicus (Gremli) Peruzzi
 * Lotus glacialis (Boiss.) Pau
 * Lotus glareosus Boiss. & Reut.
 * Lotus glaucus Aiton
 * Lotus glinoides Delile
 * Lotus goetzei Harms
 * Lotus gomerythus A.Portero, J.Martín-Carbajal & R.Mesa
 * Lotus graecus L.
 * Lotus halophilus Boiss. & Spruner
 * Lotus hebecarpus J.B.Gillett
 * Lotus hebranicus Hochst. ex Brand
 * Lotus herbaceus (Vill.) Jauzein
 * Lotus hirsutus L.
 * Lotus holosericeus Webb & Berthel.
 * Lotus jacobaeus L.
 * Lotus japonicus (Regel) K.Larsen
 * Lotus jolyi Batt.
 * Lotus jordanii (Loret & Barrandon) Coulot, Rabaute & J.-M.Tison
 * Lotus krylovii Schischk. & Serg.
 * Lotus kunkelii (Esteve) Bramwell & D.H.Davis
 * Lotus lalambensis Schweinf.
 * Lotus lancerottensis Webb & Berthel.
 * Lotus lanuginosus Vent.
 * Lotus laricus Rech.f., Aellen & Esfand.
 * Lotus latidentatus Elenevsky
 * Lotus lebrunii Boutique
 * Lotus longisiliquosus R.Roem.
 * Lotus lourdes-santiagoi Pina & Valdés
 * Lotus loweanus Webb & Berthel.
 * Lotus macranthus Lowe
 * Lotus maculatus Breitf.
 * Lotus maritimus L.
 * Lotus maroccanus Ball
 * Lotus mascaensis Burchard
 * Lotus × medioximus Husn.
 * Lotus michauxianus Ser.
 * Lotus × minoricensis M.À.Conesa, Mus & Rosselló
 * Lotus miyakojimae Kramina
 * Lotus mlanjeanus J.B.Gillett
 * Lotus mollis Balf.f.
 * Lotus namulensis Brand
 * Lotus nubicus Hochst. ex Baker
 * Lotus oliveirae A.Chev.
 * Lotus ononopsis Balf.f.
 * Lotus ornithopodioides L.
 * Lotus palustris Willd.
 * Lotus parviflorus Desf. – smallflower bird's-foot trefoil, smallflower trefoil
 * Lotus peczoricus Miniaev & Ulle
 * Lotus pedunculatus Cav. – greater bird's-foot trefoil, marsh bird's-foot trefoil, large bird's-foot trefoil, big trefoil
 * Lotus peregrinus L.
 * Lotus polyphyllos E.D.Clarke
 * Lotus pseudocreticus Maire, Weiller & Wilczek
 * Lotus purpureus Webb
 * Lotus pyranthus P.Pérez
 * Lotus quinatus (Forssk.) J.B.Gillett
 * Lotus rechingeri Chrtková
 * Lotus rectus L.
 * Lotus requienii Mauri ex Sanguin.
 * Lotus robsonii E.S.Martins & D.D.Sokoloff
 * Lotus sanguineus (Vural) D.D.Sokoloff
 * Lotus schoelleri Schweinf.
 * Lotus sessilifolius DC.
 * Lotus simoneae Maire, Weiller & Wilczek
 * Lotus spartioides Webb & Berthel.
 * Lotus spectabilis Choisy ex Ser.
 * Lotus stepposus Kramina
 * Lotus strictus Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
 * Lotus subbiflorus Lag. – hairy bird's-foot trefoil
 * Lotus subdigitatus Boutique
 * Lotus taitungensis S.S.Ying
 * Lotus tenellus (Lowe) Sandral, A.Santos & D.D.Sokoloff (including Lotus leptophyllus (Lowe) K.Larsen )
 * Lotus tenuis Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. – narrowleaf trefoil, slender trefoil, creeping trefoil, or prostrate trefoil
 * Lotus tetragonolobus L.
 * Lotus tetraphyllus L.
 * Lotus tibesticus Maire
 * Lotus torulosus (Chiov.) Fiori
 * Lotus × ucrainicus Klokov
 * Lotus villicarpus Andr.
 * Lotus weilleri Maire
 * Lotus wildii J.B.Gillett
 * Lotus zemmouriensis C.Chatel., F.Andrieu & Dobignard

Species placed elsewhere

 * Lotus aboriginus = Hosackia rosea
 * Lotus argophyllus = Acmispon argophyllus
 * Lotus argyraeus = Acmispon argyraeus
 * Lotus benthamii = Acmispon cytisoides
 * Lotus crassifolius = Hosackia crassifolia
 * Lotus dendroideus = Acmispon dendroideus
 * Lotus denticulatus = Acmispon denticulatus
 * Lotus grandiflorus = Acmispon grandiflorus
 * Lotus hamatus = Acmispon micranthus
 * Lotus haydonii = Acmispon haydonii
 * Lotus heermannii = Acmispon heermannii
 * Lotus humistratus = Acmispon brachycarpus
 * Lotus incanus = Hosackia incana
 * Lotus junceus = Acmispon junceus
 * Lotus mearnsii = Acmispon mearnsii
 * Lotus micranthus = Acmispon parviflorus
 * Lotus nevadensis = Acmispon decumbens
 * Lotus nuttallianus = Acmispon prostratus
 * Lotus oblongifolius = Hosackia oblongifolia
 * Lotus pinnatus = Hosackia pinnata
 * Lotus procumbens = Acmispon procumbens
 * Lotus rubriflorus = Acmispon rubriflorus
 * Lotus salsuginosus = Acmispon maritimus
 * Lotus stipularis = Hosackia stipularis
 * Lotus wrightii = Ottleya wrightii

Uses and ecology
Lotus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species. Several species are cultivated for forage, including L. corniculatus, L. glaber, and L. pedunculatus. They can produce toxic cyanogenic glycosides which can be potentially toxic to livestock, but also produce tannins, which are a beneficial anti-bloating compound.

Species in this genus can fix nitrogen from the air courtesy of their root nodules, making them useful as a cover crop. The nodulating symbionts are Bradyrhizobium and Mesorhizobium bacteria. Scientific research for crop improvement and understanding the general biology of the genus is focused on L. japonicus, which is currently the subject of a full genome sequencing project, and is considered a model organism.

Some species, such as L. berthelotii from the Canary Islands, are grown as ornamental plants. L. corniculatus is an invasive species in some regions of North America and Australia.

title: Lotus (genus)


text:
Talk:CityNews

Deletion
CityPulse was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP

Non-notable news show. Exabyte (talk) 06:05, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Note that the anon author's only other contribution is CFTO (up for speedy) with the content of "CFTO Sucks, CityPulse RULES.  AMEN, BROTHER!"  Looks like an advert, followed by a slam on a rival.  This could qualify for speedy delete as vandalism.  SWAdair | Talk  06:13, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * True, but we're voting on the article, not the newbie/vandal. • Benc • 06:16, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep; thanks to Juntung for the article improvement. Delete, unless someone is willing to unsubstub and prove its notability. Might be notable: 5,000+ Google hits ; it's probably big in Toronto. • Benc • 06:16, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and list on cleanup, it's Citytv's main news show. - SimonP 15:35, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep (?). I added the comment that it's the first major TV news show to have no news desk. I can't remember exactly the source (I need to look it up, it's in a book) but I think the show has been quite innovative. I think it also pioneered the open newsroom but I need to check on that one. It also spawned a local TV station. --JuntungWu 17:30, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It's a non-unique title of a show whose name is used for newspapers, TV shows, etc. Merge and redirect to whatever TV service is the master topic -- Citytv, I gather.  The content here is tiny and could easily be incorporated in its natural parent. Geogre 00:41, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Well known, long-running show that has won a number of awards. I'm not sure where you got the idea that the name is not unique?  The only other one I could find was in Lansing, and it was City Pulse, not CityPulse.   The Steve  10:52, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, the show has been on the air for over 25 years in Canada's largest television market (Toronto) and is considered very innovative by North American local news types and has been widely copied. AndyL 10:41, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * weak Keep: with the understanding that there's going to be a disambiguation issue, as at least two newspapers I know of use the name "CityPulse" to refer to various sections of the paper. --Feedle 21:04, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm really hoping that people don't start writing seperate articles about the different sections of their local newspaper.  The Steve  01:27, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep Cabalamat 21:42, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

CityNews at Noon
Isn't there still a CityNews at Noon in Edmonton and Calgary? --PsychoJason 04:58, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, there is. --  Zanimum 19:42, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

CP24 Roles
Should CP24 roles be removed from the CityNews staff listing now that the channels fall under separate ownership and will soon split? --99.238.177.201 (talk) 04:44, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Stylization
CityTV is free to stylize the titles of its programs however it wants, but Wikipedia uses standard formatting, so the whole program name is italicized as  CityNews, not CityNews, or some other corporate frippery. Ground Zero | t 19:55, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:CityNews


text:
File:ImageTingKauBridgeEarlyMorn.jpg

Ting Kau Bridge, October 2004, early morning. Photographer Juntung Wu, released on GFDL.

title: File:ImageTingKauBridgeEarlyMorn.jpg


text:
Ting Kau Bridge

Ting Kau Bridge is a 1177 m long cable-stayed bridge in Hong Kong that spans from the northwest of Tsing Yi Island and Tuen Mun Road. It is near the Tsing Ma Bridge which also serves as a major connector between the Hong Kong International Airport on Lantau Island and the rest of Hong Kong. It was completed on 5 May 1998. The bridge is toll-free.

The bridge is part of Route 3, connecting the northwest New Territories with Hong Kong Island. Other major structures on the road include the Tai Lam Tunnel, the Cheung Tsing Tunnel, the Cheung Tsing Bridge and the Western Harbour Crossing. The Ting Kau Bridge carries the heaviest traffic volume of the bridges on the Lantau Link, with many container trucks travelling between mainland China and the Hong Kong container port. A chromatic study and specially designed architectural lighting are intended to set the bridge off in its surroundings.

Design
Ting Kau Contractors Joint Venture designed and built Ting Kau Bridge between 1995 and 1998. The joint venture consisted of lead partners Cubiertas Y Mzov (22%) and Entrecanales Y Tavora (22%), both of Spain (now both part of Acciona, S.A); Germany's Ed. Züblin (22%); Australia's Downer and Co (22%); and Hong Kong's Paul Y (12%). Constructing engineers were Schlaich Bergermann & Partner.

The design and construction cost of the bridge was HK$1.94 billion. It is one of the longest cable-stayed bridges in the world. Along with the Tsing Ma and Kap Shui Mun bridges, it is closely monitored by the Wind and Structural Health Monitoring System (WASHMS).

Ting Kau Bridge is the world's first major 4-span cable-stayed bridge. This meant that the central tower had to be stabilised longitudinally, which was accomplished using the longest cable stays ever used in a bridge (465 m). The design of this bridge contains special features such as single leg towers, which are stabilised by transverse cables like the masts of a sailboat. The Ting Kau Bridge and approach viaducts link the western New Territories and the mainland to the Lantau Fixed Crossing expressway, which connects the airport to Kowloon and Hong Kong. It meets the Lantau Fixed Crossing on Tsing Yi Island, 500 m from the Tsing Ma Bridge.

The Ting Kau Bridge and Approach Viaduct are 1875 m long while the triple tower bridge has an overall length of 1177 m. The three towers were specially designed to withstand extreme wind and typhoon conditions, and have heights of 170 m, 194 m, and 158 m, located on the Ting Kau headland, on a reclaimed island in Rambler Channel (which is 900 m wide), and on the north-west Tsing Yi shoreline, respectively. The arrangement of separate decks on both sides of the 3 towers contributes to the slender appearance of the bridge while helping it act favourably under heavy wind and typhoon loads. Each deck carries 3 traffic lanes and a hard shoulder.

Measurements

 * Total length: 1177 m
 * Length of main spans: 448 m and 475 m
 * Main tower height: 201.55 m
 * Ting Kau tower height: 173.30 m
 * Tsing Yi tower height: 163.30 m
 * Deck surface area: 46000 m2
 * Deck cable steel weight: 2,800 tonnes
 * Structural steel deck weight: 8,900 tonnes
 * Weight of concrete panels 29,000 tonnes
 * Distance of wind give: 0.5 m
 * Reinforcement deck: 90 kg/m2
 * Reinforcement towers: 200 kg/m2
 * Span lengths: 127 ,
 * Number of stay cables: 384
 * Movements
 * Vertical at mid-span: 1.6 m
 * Lateral at mid-span: 0.4 m
 * Longitudinal at End Pier or Tsing Yi Abutment: 390 mm

title: Ting Kau Bridge


text:
National Veterans Inquiry

The National Veterans' Inquiry was a national-level inquiry into American war crimes in Vietnam. They were held December 1–3, 1970 in Washington, DC.

Origin
In November 1969, after the My Lai massacre was revealed in the U.S. press, the Bertrand Russell Foundation, with antiwar activists Jeremy Rifkin and lawyer Tod Ensign, organized the Citizens Commission of Inquiry (CCI) in the United States to document American war crimes in Vietnam. The CCI, held their first inquiry in February 1970 in Annapolis, Maryland.

Further inquiries were held in Springfield, Massachusetts; Richmond, Virginia; New York City; Buffalo; Boston; Minneapolis; Los Angeles; and, Portland, Oregon. In some cities, the commissions were co-sponsored by antiwar coalitions, in others they were organized independently.

Men who had taken part in the CIA's Phoenix Program described it as a program based on terror, torture, and assassination. Participants in the Operation Speedy Express filed confidential reports "of helicopter gunships mowing down noncombatants, of airstrikes on villages, of farmers gunned down in their fields while commanders pressed relentlessly for high body counts" amounting to a My Lai each month for over a year. Veterans of the operation spoke about the killing of civilians at the National Veterans' Inquiry in Washington, D.C.

title: National Veterans Inquiry


text: User talk:64.229.216.227

title: User talk:64.229.216.227


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Hkakabo Razi

Hkakabo Razi (ခါကာဘိုရာဇီ, ; ) is believed to be Myanmar's highest mountain. The 5881 m-tall mountain is the highest mountain in Southeast Asia as well. It is located in the northern Myanmar state of Kachin in an outlying subrange of the Greater Himalayan mountain system near the border tripoint with India and China. Its highest status has recently been challenged by 5870 m-tall Gamlang Razi, located about 6.6 km WSW on the Chinese border.

The peak is enclosed within Khakaborazi National Park. The park is entirely mountainous and is characterized by broad-leaved evergreen tropical rain forest at low altitudes, a sub-tropical temperate zone from 8000 to(-), then broad-leaved, semi-deciduous forest and finally needle-leaved evergreen, snow forest. Above 11000 ft, the highest forest zone is alpine, different from the forest not only in kind but in history and origin. Still higher, around 15000 ft, cold, barren, windswept terrain and permanent snow and glaciers dominate. At around 17500 ft, there is a large ice cap with several outlet glaciers.

Environmental protection
Hkakabo Razi was established as a natural reserve on January 30, 1996, and as a national park on November 10, 1998. The Khakaborazi National Park is the last stronghold for biodiversity in Myanmar. The extraordinarily rich flora and fauna, ranging from lowland tropical to alpine species still await proper research and identification. They have barely been studied, and the park remains an excellent center for field study for students of botany, geology, zoology, and geography.

A study was done by the Forest Department with the assistance of Wildlife Conservation Society of New York during 1997 and 1998. The results have been presented in ICIMOD sponsored Workshop "Sub-regional Consultation on Conservation of Hkakabo Razi Mountain Ecosystems in Eastern Himalayas", held in Putao, Myanmar during 25–29 October 1999. This was followed in 2001 with an international, interdisciplinary team of scientists from the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, National Geographic Society, Harvard University, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Myanmar Forestry Ministry. On 11 September 2001, herpetologist Joseph Slowinski, team leader from California Academy of Sciences, was bitten by a venomous krait and died in the field.

In 2002–2003, P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist from the California Academy of Sciences, and photographer Dong Lin retraced their previous steps and succeeded in making the first anthropological survey of the Hkakabo Razi region. On foot, they reached the northernmost village in Myanmar, Tahaundam, which is inhabited by about 200 Khampa Tibetans, including mountaineer Nyama Gyaltsen (see below).

The region will shortly be opened to the general public through eco-tourism by the Myanmar authorities. The government is collecting information for development in that regard, and many scientific expeditions have been already accepted in the region.

Only a few Westerners ever made it to Mt. Hkakabo Razi, the National Park or anywhere close to it. Captain B.E.A. Pritchard was the first Westerner to visit the Alun Dung valley, in 1913.

Climbing history
Takashi Ozaki (Japan, 1951 – May 14, 2011) and Nyima Gyaltsen (aka "Aung Tse"; Myanmar) made the first ascent in 1996. Ozaki had attempted the mountain in 1995 but turned back due to bad weather. The route to basecamp is long (four weeks) and arduous through a dense rain forest with many unbridged stream crossings. The recentness of the first ascent can also be attributed to the policy that foreigners were not allowed into the area until 1993.

In 2013, the nearby peak of Gamlang Razi was climbed and measured at 5870 m using an advanced version of GPS, making it possibly the highest in Myanmar. Ozaki had confirmed Hkakabo's height as 5881 m, but he did not yet have the GPS equipment to measure the exact height of Hkakabo Razi.

In August 2014 an all-Burmese expedition took a new route up the north face. Two team-members, Ko Aung Myint Myat and Ko Wai Yan Min Thu, reached the summit on August 31 for the second ascent of the mountain, placing a flag, plaque and Buddha image at the summit. The climbers ran out of battery power right after reaching the summit, and radio contact was lost. After they failed to return to the lower camps, a rescue operation was launched. The search for the missing climbers continued into October. It involved a helicopter crash landing, leading to the death of one pilot and an 11-day survival trek by the other pilot and the passenger mountaineer.

In November 2014, a National Geographic Society / The North Face sponsored expedition set out to measure the height of Hkakabo Razi using the same equipment as the Gamlang Razi team. The 2014 group was led by Hilaree Nelson, and also included Mark Jenkins, Cory Richards, Renan Ozturk, Emily Harrington and Taylor Rees. On November 7, 2014, Jenkins and Ozturk made the final attempt at the summit but turned back at 5742 m. They estimated that the summit was an additional 800 ft higher.

In August 2018 it was announced that three Myanmar mountaineers would ascend the mountain sometime that year, but for various reasons, the team postponed the climb until further notice.

title: Hkakabo Razi


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Wahoo (disambiguation)

Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) is a scombrid fish found worldwide in tropical and subtropical seas.

Wahoo may also refer to:

Biology

 * Eastern wahoo (Euonymus atropurpureus), a shrub native to eastern North America, also known as American wahoo or wahoo fruit
 * Ulmus alata, the winged elm or wahoo, a deciduous tree in the southeastern and south central United States

Geography

 * Wahoo, California, a former settlement
 * Wahoo, Nebraska, a city
 * Wahoo, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Marion County
 * Wahoo Township, Saunders County, Nebraska, a township
 * Wahoo, Florida, a populated area in Florida

Ships

 * USS Wahoo (SS-238), a Gato-class submarine
 * USS Wahoo (SS-518), a Tench-class submarine
 * USS Wahoo (SS-516), a Tench-class submarine
 * USS Wahoo (SS-565), a Tang-class submarine

Sports

 * Chief Wahoo, a mascot for the Cleveland Indians baseball team
 * Wahoos, an unofficial nickname for sports teams of the University of Virginia, officially referred to as the Cavaliers
 * Wahoo McDaniel (1938–2002), American football player turned professional wrestler
 * Pensacola Blue Wahoos, minor league baseball team located in Pensacola, FL

Other uses

 * Wahoo!, a 1965 album by American pianist and arranger Duke Pearson
 * Wahoo (board game), a board game
 * Wahoo! (company), a United States-based corporation which built fiberglass recreational boats from 1985 to 1996
 * Wahoo (underwater nuclear test), conducted as part of Operation Hardtack I
 * Wahoo Fitness, a manufacturer of cycling and fitness technology
 * Wahoo's Fish Taco

title: Wahoo (disambiguation)


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Wire (Third Day album)

Wire is the seventh album by Christian rock band Third Day. It breaks from the style of the band's previous albums to return to simple, rock and roll-driven melodies. To quote Allmusic's review of the album, "Third Day has stripped away the shine and gotten back to the grittiness of being a rock & roll band." The album is largely carried by the energetic guitar riffs that pervade its songs, although the forceful lyrics also contribute significantly.

The album's songs deal with numerous themes. "Wire", the title track, is a song about the pressure to succeed in modern society. "I Believe", "I Got a Feeling", "Innocent", and other tracks deal with sin, faith, and renewal from a Christian perspective. "Billy Brown" is a song that explores the readiness of people to follow and even idolize entertainment figures.

In November 2004, a live version of Wire was released, called Live Wire featuring a DVD and CD of songs from their tour of their latest album.

The album won 2005 Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album.

Personnel
Third Day
 * Mac Powell – acoustic guitar, lead and backing vocals
 * Brad Avery – guitars
 * Mark Lee – guitars
 * Tai Anderson – bass
 * David Carr – drums

Additional personnel
 * Paul Ebersold – acoustic guitar, acoustic piano, church organ, Hammond B3 organ, Mellotron, programming, string arrangements

Production

 * Paul Ebersold – producer
 * Terry Hemmings – executive producer
 * Dave Novik – executive producer
 * Dan Raines – executive producer
 * Robert Beeson – A&R consultant
 * Don McCollister – engineer
 * Skidd Mills – engineer
 * Mac Attkisson – second engineer
 * Scott Hardin – second engineer
 * Billy Bowers – additional engineer
 * Matt Goldman – pre-production engineer
 * Brendan O'Brien – mixing at Southern Tracks, Atlanta, Georgia
 * Karl Egsieker – mix assistant
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering at Gateway Mastering, Portland, Maine
 * Michelle Pearson – A&R production
 * Scott Hughes – art direction
 * Stephanie McBrayer – art direction, stylist
 * Bert Sumner – cover and packaging
 * Marina Chavez – photography
 * Traci Scrignoli – stylist, hair

Awards
On 2005, the album won a Dove Award for Rock/Contemporary Album of the Year at the 36th GMA Dove Awards. The song "Come on Back to Me" was also nominated for Rock Recorded Song of the Year.

title: Wire (Third Day album)


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Wahoo

Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) is a scombrid fish found worldwide in tropical and subtropical seas. It is best known to sports fishermen, as its speed and high-quality flesh makes it a prized and valued game fish.

Description
Its body is elongated and the back is an iridescent blue, while the sides are silvery with a pattern of irregular vertical blue bars. These colors fade rapidly at death. The mouth is large, and the teeth of the wahoo are razor sharp. Both the upper and lower jaws have a somewhat sharper appearance than those of king or Spanish mackerel. Specimens have been recorded at up to 2.5 m in length, and weighing up to 83 kg. The growth of the fish can be quite quick. They are among the fastest fish in the sea.

The wahoo may be distinguished from the related Atlantic king mackerel and from the Indo-Pacific narrow-barred Spanish mackerel by a fold of skin that covers the mandible when its mouth is closed. In contrast, the mandible of the king mackerel is always visible, as is also the case for the smaller Spanish mackerel and Cero mackerel. The teeth of the wahoo are similar to those of king mackerel, but shorter and more closely set together.

The barracuda is sometimes confused with the mackerel and wahoo, but it is easy to distinguish from the latter two species. Barracuda have prominent scales and larger, dagger-like teeth, and lack the caudal keels and blade-like (forked) tail characteristic of the scombrids.

Distribution
Wahoo have a circumtropical distribution and are found in Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Population genomic research using RAD sequencing indicates that two weakly differentiated fish stocks are in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans, likely with a considerable degree of migration and gene flow between these populations.

Life cycle
The eggs of the species are buoyant and the larvae are pelagic. Wahoo tend to be solitary or occur in loose-knit groups of two or three fish. Where conditions are suitable, they can be found in schools around 100 or more.

Ecology
Their diet is made up of other fish and squid. From a study surrounding the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO), an analysis of the stomach contents of wahoo indicated that their diet consists of 84.64% native fish, 14.26% cephalopods (e.g. cuttlefish), and 1.1% crustaceans. The gender ratio of wahoo favors females over males with ratios ranging from 1:0.9 (Puerto Rico) to 3.5:1 (North Carolina), which is common for most pelagic marine species.

Most wahoo taken from waters have a trematode parasite, the giant stomach worm (Hirudinella ventricosa), living in their stomachs, but it does not appear to harm the fish.

Fisheries
The flesh of the wahoo is white and/or grey, delicate to dense, and highly regarded by many cuisines. The taste has been said to be similar to mackerel. This has created some demand for the wahoo as a premium-priced commercial food fish. In many areas of its range, such as Hawaii, Bermuda, and many parts of the Caribbean, local demand for the wahoo is met by artisanal commercial fishermen who take them primarily by trolling.

Commercial
Although local wahoo populations can be affected by heavy commercial and sport-fishing pressure, wahoo as a species is less susceptible to industrial commercial fishing than more tightly schooling and abundant species such as tuna. Wahoo are regularly taken as a bycatch in various commercial fisheries, including longline fisheries for tuna, billfish, and dolphinfish (mahi-mahi or dorado). It is also taken in tuna purse seine fisheries, especially in sets made around floating objects, which act as a focal point for a great deal of other marine life besides tuna. In 2003, the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council issued a Dolphin Wahoo Fishery Management Plan for the Atlantic. The species as a whole, though, is not considered overfished.

Recreational
In most parts of its range, the wahoo is a highly prized sport-fishing catch. It reaches a good size, and is often available not too far from land; it is also a very good fighter on light to medium tackle. It is known in sport-fishing circles for the speed and strength of its first run. Recreational sports fishermen sometimes sell their catch.

Wahoo are most successfully fished with live bait around deep-water oil and gas platforms in the Gulf of Mexico during the winter.

Local names
In Hawaii, the wahoo is known as "ono". The species is sometimes called "hoo" in the United States.

title: Wahoo


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Rambler Channel

Rambler Channel is a body of water in Hong Kong that separates Tsing Yi Island from Tsuen Wan and Kwai Chung in the New Territories. The channel separates the two landmasses by 900 metres at its widest point.

Historically, the channel was known as Tsing Yi Mun (青衣門) and Tsing Yi Channel (青衣海峽).

The shoreline of the channel has changed rapidly in the last several decades, owing to the development of Tsuen Wan New Town and the Kwai Chung Container Port. Before extensive reclamation, Gin Drinkers Bay was located along the eastern shore of the channel, and Tsing Yi Bay was located along the western shore. Three islands (Nga Ying Chau, Pillar Island and Mong Chau) once stood in the channel as well.

Port facilities

 * Kwai Tsing Container Terminals

Transport

Six road bridges and one rail bridge span the channel:
 * Ting Kau Bridge, connecting Tsing Yi Island with Tuen Mun Road and Tai Lam Tunnel
 * Tsing Tsuen Bridge, usually known as the Tsing Yi North Bridge
 * Tsing Lai Bridge, the sole railway bridge, used by the MTR metro system
 * Cheung Tsing Bridge, part of Tsing Kwai Highway (Route 3), leading to Cheung Tsing Tunnel
 * Tsing Yi Bridge, usually known as the Tsing Yi South Bridge
 * Kwai Tsing Bridge, usually known as the second Tsing Yi South Bridge
 * Stonecutters Bridge, connecting Tsing Yi Island with Stonecutters Island

Ferry piers

 * Tsuen Wan Ferry Pier (demolished for Tsuen Wan West station)
 * Tsing Yi Ferry Pier (ferry services to this pier have ceased)

title: Rambler Channel