text:
Creighton Preparatory School

Creighton Preparatory School (simply referred to as Creighton Prep or Prep) is a private, Jesuit high school for boys in Omaha, Nebraska, United States. It was established in 1878 under the name Creighton College and is located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Omaha. Creighton College was founded by John A. Creighton and named after Edward Creighton, developer of the transcontinental telegraph line. It was founded from a $100,000 grant and donated to the Catholic Church, leading to its inception as a Jesuit institution. Creighton College separated into Creighton University and Creighton Preparatory School in 1958. Over the 142 years since its founding, Creighton Prep has grown from an initial class of 120 students to a student body of 1021 individuals (2016).

Creighton Prep holds a rivalry with Westside High School and is the recipient of nearly 200 individual State Championship and All State Championship titles. Creighton Prep has received the U.S. Department of Education Blue Ribbon Award for Academic Excellence and has its education programs are grounded in Jesuit Philosophies. Admittance is dependent on an annually held entrance exam. Creighton Prep was used as a site for the filming of Downsizing, a 2017 American science fiction comedy-drama film directed by Alexander Payne.

1878
Creighton School was founded in 1878, later separating into Creighton Preparatory School and Creighton University. The school was named after Edward Creighton, an Omaha businessman, developer of the transcontinental telegraph line, and founder of Omaha and Northwestern Railroad who originally proposed the school but died prior to completing its proposal. After his death in 1874, his wife, Mary Lucretia, then began finishing the proposal but died in 1876, leaving the unfinished plans to her brother-in-law, John A. Creighton. In the will of Mary Lucretia, it was stated that there would be a $100,000 memorial for her late husband “to purchase the site for a school in the city of Omaha and erect buildings thereon for a school of the class and grade of a college.” John Creighton purchased 6.2 acres of land at the address of 24th and California streets in Omaha, NE. Construction of the initial building was completed during the summer of 1878 and the completed site was transferred to the ownership Right Reverend James O'Connor, Bishop of Omaha in July of that year. O'Connor then contacted the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) to operate the college and the university was transferred to their ownership in August 1879. Classes began on September 2, 1878 with five Jesuit priests serving as the Board of Trustees, two lay teachers, and an initial enrollment of 120 students.

1953–1967
From 1878 to 1958 Creighton Prep functioned as a department of Creighton University. In 1953, both organizations determined their functionality would be best served if they were to separate into two independent institutions. The initial plot of land for Creighton Preparatory School was purchased in 1953, fundraising for the school began in 1956, and construction was completed prior to the start of the 1958 fall term. Both Fr. Henry Sullivan, S.J and Fr. Carl Reinert, S.J. spearheaded the effort, raising $1.7 million for the construction of a 105,000 sq/ft school at its current 7400 Western Avenue location. Once completed, the school was officially given to the Society of Jesus, known more commonly as the Jesuits.

In 1958, upon completion of the main building, construction on the Jesuit residence began. The Jesuit residence was completed in 1961, after 3 years of construction. This 50,000 sq/ft building was designed to house 30 Jesuit priests, Scholastics, and Brothers who had been living prior in then-empty classrooms and two houses southwest of the main school building. The same year, a chapel for the Jesuit priests was constructed, later renovated into a school wide chapel, named Skinner Chapel.

In 1967, led by Fr. Daniel Kenney, Creighton Prep founded a student led service organization called "Operation Others" (simply referred to as "OO"), as a food box give-away program. This program encompassed 8 Omaha-area Catholic High schools and grew to annually serve approximately 1500 families.

1970–1985
Led by Mike Wilmot, S.J., volunteers and students constructed the "Tin Gym" in 1970. This provisional building was to serve as a secondary gym along the north side of the school. This gym served the purpose of hosting dances, informal sports games, and other student activities. This building was later demolished in 2009 to make way for the construction of the Heider Center gymnasium, and the wood floor was placed into long-term storage until being sold to St. Joan of Arc School in 2015. Creighton Prep was significantly damaged by an F4 tornado during the 1975 Omaha Tornado Outbreak, resulting in approximately $500,000 in damage and early termination of the school year. Clean-up efforts involved over 1500 individuals and surveys of the damage showed significant damage to the building's second floor. Final exams for the school were held in the "Tim Gym", with many believing that the school may need to be permanently closed due to its extensive damage. The school was repaired prior to the beginning of the fall term.

In 1985, Mike Wilmot, S.J. oversaw students, parents, and volunteers in the construction of the Creighton Prep weight room.

1992–1999
The 35,000 sq/ft Henry L. Sullivan, S.J. Campus Center was the largest structural change made to Creighton Prep since its construction. Completed in 1992, the multipurpose space was designed to host Catholic Masses, eating and study areas, and serve as a location for social events. This addition also included the construction of two additional centers, expanding the campus ministry and counseling offices. Lastly, updated class spaces for the Fine Arts Department were constructed adjacent to the Sullivan Center, expanding the art, architecture, and band programs at Creighton Prep.

In 1999, the 25,000 sq/ft Dr. James B. and Joan C. Peter Science Center completed construction. This addition included the construction of 5 classrooms/ laboratory rooms and renovation of 4 additional classrooms. Approximately 100,000 sq/ft of the east side of the school was renovated in addition to the construction. Large portions of the Jesuit residence were renovated and re-purposed to be used as classrooms and administration offices. Further renovations included the construction of the current main entrance, a 2000-person football stadium, and the addition of a wrestling room.

2000–2009
In 2001, Robert Hotz, S.J., president of Creighton Prep at the time, invited alumnus William Glenn (1962), a gay man, to address the faculty on his experiences of homosexuality in high school and how to better assist gay students. In 2003, President of Creighton Prep, Reverend Robert Hotz, S.J. resigned after inviting another openly gay alumnus, Don Fraynd (1990), to speak at school Mass on his experiences pertaining to religion, service, and homosexuality. The Advocate was critical of the resignation while Creighton Prep never listed an official reason for Hotz's resignation.

In celebrating the 50 year anniversary of the original completion of the campus, Creighton Prep began a $20 million construction project in 2008. This project was part of a $37 million capital campaign lasting from 2007 to 2013. This renovation project included the construction of a new gym (referred to as the Heider Center), baseball field, multipurpose artificial turf playing field, renovated classrooms, new auditorium (referred to as the Criss Auditorium), and new technology center. This construction project resulted in the demolition of the "Tin Gym", having been replaced by updated facilitates. Construction completed in 2009 and the gym was dedicated as the Heider Center on December 12, 2009. Additionally, 2009 marked the implementation of the house system named after influential Creighton Prep priests and each having their own mascot. The houses are as follows: Kanne (Terrapin), Neiman (Griffin), Hindelang (Labrador), Auer (Owl), and Laughlin (Razorback), named after: Fr. Charles Kanne SJ, Fr. Mark Neiman SJ, Fr. Michael Hindelang SJ, Fr. John Auer SJ, and Fr. Dan Laughlin SJ, respectively. Each house competes for the "House Cup" named after Fr. William O’Leary, SJ. These houses also served as a means to assign specific councilors to groups of students. This change was coupled with the addition of block scheduling and implementation of a "community period" in place of traditional study hall.

2014–present
In 2014, Creighton Prep partnered with the City of Omaha Storm-Water Program to construct a bio retention garden near the front of the school. By partnering with student clubs: Creighton Prep Architecture Club, the Creighton Prep Junior Green Jays, and the Creighton Prep Science Club, the garden was constructed in 2014 with monitoring systems to determine the project's efficacy. This same year, construction of the Circo Memorial Plaza took place. This plaza dedicated Creighton Prep graduates that had died in World War I, World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War, 9/11, and Afghanistan War. Additionally, previous presidents, principals, Jesuit priests, and long time faculty (serving 15 years or more) were dedicated. During the 2015–2016 school year, Creighton Prep implemented a one-on-one IPad program in which students would be required to provide an IPad to their classes.

In 2016, Creighton Prep renovated the Henry L. Sullivan, S.J. Campus Center, reorganizing the space in order to accommodate a new catering service. Creighton Prep had previously relied on restaurant vendors and volunteer work in order to feed the student body but starting in fall of 2016, Creighton Prep contracted FLIK Independent School Dining to serve as the primary food provider. This also included an expansion of the before and after school food service, now providing breakfast and after school meals. The transition to professional dining services came from concerns over lack of nutritional value and inadequate accommodation of food allergies and dietary restrictions. FLIK Independent School Dining services were specifically selected due to their association with the Catholic Schools Network and their successful implementation at both Rockhurst High School and Marquette University High School. The change in meal provider also resulted in a $450 increase in tuition cost with each lunch now costing $2.62. This project further encompassed renovations to the school's Skinner Chapel.

In 2018, Creighton Prep announced plans to begin construction on a $16 million "learning commons" to provide academic and emotional resources to the student body. The center is named after Rev. Timothy R. Lannon, president of Creighton Prep (1988 to 1995) and president of Creighton University (2011 to 2015). The center was proposed in part to “help assist our young men as they navigate their emotional and academic needs.” (Rev. Tom Neitzke) and includes the addition of an on staff student psychologist. The Learning Commons also included the addition of a "learning differences" specialist, academic coach, director for student outreach and advocacy, and construction of a student services department. Prep also began construction of a 120 ft clock tower alongside the 52,000 sq/ft expansion. Funding for the project came from Scott Heider, managing principal of Charwell Capital, and his wife Cindy Heider who provided $8 million donation and led the capital campaign for the addition costs.

Due to a theft of 27 relics from St. John's Parish, Creighton Prep's relic associated with St. Francis Xavier was relocated, as of 2019.

Athletics
Creighton Preparatory School's athletic teams are known as the Junior Jays. They compete in NSAA District A-1 for football, District A-4 for wrestling and cross country, and District A-2 for track & field. The Junior Jays have won over 160 state championships in various sports. The Creighton Prep student section at athletic events is often referred to as "The Birdcage". The Birdcage is known for its chants, but has been previously criticized for the content of their chants, and alleged acts of vandalism carried out by students. Likewise, due to Creighton Prep's status as an all-male school, it has often been subject to anti-gay chants. There is a rivalry between Creighton Prep and Westside High School in athletics, which is considered the oldest high school rivalry in the state. This rivalry began in 1958 when Prep was moved to its current site was largely formed due to the close proximity of the two schools.

There also exists a rivalry between Creighton Prep and Omaha Central due to their similar academic rigor. This rivalry is born partly out of the 1960 state title football championship where both teams were undefeated and ended the game with a scoreless tie. The title was split with both teams receiving the championship title. This game was viewed by approximately 15,000 people and was later published in the book Omaha Central, Creighton Prep, and Nebraska's Greatest High School Football Game. This game was later featured in the 2016 Journal of Sport History.

The 2013 Class A Boys Soccer State Championship, won by Omaha South High School against Creighton Prep (1-0) at Morrison Stadium, holds the current record as the highest attended soccer match in the State of Nebraska. The estimated attendance of this game was 8,200 people, beating the previous record of approximately 6,900 people held by the Creighton Men's Soccer team. In September, 2020, Creighton Prep's basketball team made a 26 point comeback against Millard West. Referred to as "Creighton Prep's Miracle Comeback", Creighton Prep came back from a 26-0 deficit, scoring 29 points in the last 9 minutes 40 seconds of the game's 4th quarter. This game broke the previous school record (Prep v. Burke, 2012, with Prep making a 25 point comeback) and is the 4th largest high school comeback in Nebraska state history.

Refugee program
Creighton Prep was one of the first Omaha schools to establish a refugee sponsorship program led by student volunteers, with Prep students sponsoring approximately 3 families annually. This program is in place due to Nebraska's policies on accepting large numbers of refugees per capita annually, relative to other states. In 2016, Nebraska took in more refugees than any other state, numbering at 1441. This had led to the formation of a relocation aid and resettling service program headed by Creighton Prep, in conjunction with local schools and Lutheran Family Services. Additionally, Prep has integrated a Conflict and Refugee course into its International Studies program, headed by Katy Salznam who previously worked for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Geneva, Switzerland. In line with Creighton Prep's service requirements for graduation, this program involves tutoring refugees in English and volunteering at Yates Community Center, a Bhutanese immigrant center.

Academics
Creighton Prep's overarching model for education is based around the Jesuit values of faith, scholarship, leadership and service. Priorities include "cura personalis" or "care for the whole person," Magis, Men and Women for Others, Leadership, and Diversity. This is further expanded upon by Prep's "Graduate at Graduation" (Grad at Grad), which describes the qualities a student at Creighton Prep is expected to develop. The "Grad at Grad" is universally subscribed to by all Jesuit High schools. The "Grad at Grad" profile outlines five character qualities Jesuit high schools aim to instill in their students by the time of the graduation: Open to Growth, Religious, Loving, Intellectually Competent, and Committed to Doing Justice. Creighton Prep has won the U.S. Department of Education Blue Ribbon Award for Academic Excellence twice (1986-1987).

Classes are structured into block scheduling with specific classes taking place on respectively assigned days. These include A, B, and C day schedules with their own designated classes. Creighton Prep does not employ a traditional study hall, rather it uses a municipal class period, referred to as "Community Period", for study hall, masses, and other school activities. Admittance to Creighton Prep is determined by an annual entrance exam held in January.

Creighton Prep has been accredited as a college preparatory school by:

 * AdvancED
 * The National Catholic Education Association
 * The North Central Education Association

Creighton Prep is a member of:

 * The Jesuit Schools Network
 * The National Catholic Education Association
 * Jesuit Secondary Education Association

Demographics
As of 2019, approximately 16% of the Creighton Prep student body is made up of people of color, with 84% of the student body being white. Of the minority students reported, 5% of students are African American, 3% are Asian, 3% are Latino, and 3% identify as mixed race. 12% of students come from non-Catholic religious beliefs and 88% of student identify as Catholic. 22% of students attended public elementary and middle school, and 78% of students attended private Catholic school, prior to admittance to Prep. Approximately, 45-52% of students receive financial aid. In efforts to increase income and racial diversity in the student body, Creighton Prep began scholarship programs in the mid 2010s, citing that their student body should better reflect the racial and financial demographics of Omaha.

Discipline
Creighton Prep employs a demerit system as a means to discipline students and enforce school policies. This demerit system is mediated by a "demerit card" and with every 5 demerits a student will receive a detention, referred to as a "Jug" (standing for Justice Under God).

As of fall 2014, Creighton Prep has become the first high school in Omaha to implement a mandatory drug testing policy for the entire student body, with approximately 80-90% of all students being tested annually. The policy change was born out a decade of participation in the Nebraska Risk and Protective Factor Student Survey done by the state to assess the drug usage of the cumulative student body and as an initiative to begin expanding Prep's health and wellness program. The company contracted is Psychemedics, who have also successfully implemented a similar policy at Rockhurst High School. The process involves randomly selecting students to take part in the drug test where hair samples are taken to assess if a student has performed binge drinking, marijuana, PCPs, amphetamines, cocaine and opiates (approx. 90% of all mainstay drugs) during the previous 90 days. For the first offense, the student and their parents or guardian will meet with the student's councilor and discuss interventions. There is no disciplinary punishment enacted by the school but the student must undergo a follow-up test in 90 days which will cost $60. For the second offense, the student will meet with the Dean of Student and must complete a chemical dependency screening, follow recommendations made by the administrators, and undergo a second follow-up test in 90 days. If the student receives a third offense, they will then be dismissed from the school.

Retreats and service
Creighton Prep requires the student to participate in a retreat program annually in order to meet graduation requirements. The retreats are centered around the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius and personal reflection. Along with this, students are required to complete a minimum of 50 hours of community service as an additional graduation requirement. These service requirements are designed to aid "materially poor or marginalized in our society." and therefore must be approved by the school prior to commencement. Each grade has its own individual service requirements and retreat options.

 * Freshman year: Creighton Prep founded the model of student-led freshman retreats in 1970, a program founded by Fr. Jim Michalski, SJ.  Freshmen are required to attend a two and one-half day retreat organized by Creighton Prep's Campus Ministry, upper-class students, and adult volunteers. This retreat is designed to welcome new students into the prep community and serve as an introduction to Ignatian spirituality.  Freshmen are paired with a "Big Brother" during their freshman year, an upper-class student who serves as a guide to the new student.  During the fall semester, each Freshman student must complete 3 hours of community service alongside their Big Brother.
 * Sophomore year: Sophomores are required to complete a one-day retreat led by a member of Prep's faculty. Each retreat involves ten students who will perform 7 hours of service at Heart Ministry Center food pantry.  This retreat referred to as the "Faces of Christ Retreat" is designed to serve the marginalized and homeless population of Omaha, NE. There exists an additional, optional overnight retreat which is a 24-hour peer-led retreat at Camp Fontanelle in Nickerson, NE which focuses on Ignatian Spirituality and reflection.  Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the Sophomore retreat was changed to  "The Sophomore Pilgrimage Retreat", an outdoor prayer service.
 * Junior year: Juniors are required to complete one of two retreats. The first, called the Junior Encounter Retreat is a two and one-half day retreat focusing on "Christian Community and sacraments".  The retreat focuses heavily on group discussion and reflection on Christian themes.  The retreat takes place at Creighton University Retreat Center in Griswold, IA with five possible dates being offered to students.  The second option is the Junior Ignatian Service Retreat which is centered around service to the community.  Students will provide service to and aid in serving meals at the Francis House in Omaha, NE. Service requirements for Juniors involve the student to take either the class Catholic Social Teaching (CST) or Catholic Social Teaching Plus (CST+).  The former requiring 20 hours of service out of class and the latter requiring 40 hours of service which is fulfilled during class time.
 * Senior year: Seniors are offered an optional retreat in March which is designed to reflect upon their previous years as a student. By graduation, the Senior is expected to have fulfilled 50 hours of community service, whether it be through a class or on their personal time.  Options available to seniors are the 30-hour service class Arrupe Experience, named after Jesuit priest Pedro Arrupe.  Other means of filling this requirement include: service clubs, volunteering with the Loyola Scholars Summer Institute, work with the Service Coordinator, or continuing the service work done in CST and CST+ classes from the previous year.

BASH
Annually, Creighton Prep will host a dinner auction in April referred to as BASH (Building a Scholastic Heritage) as a means to provide financial aid to the student body. This includes live and silent auctions, a student-driven raffle, and dinner predominately staffed by student volunteers. The student-led raffle ticket event alone has constituted in nearly $210,000, providing 21 students with full tuition financial aid. BASH annuals has approximately 650-750 attendees and relies on both donors and advertisers as the means of income. Historically, BASH was first held in 1971 and led by J. Don Ashford and Mrs. John Cleary alongside 20 volunteers. This event earned approximately $25,000 which was then employed to fund the financial aid program at the time. In 2016, it was reported that the net proceeds from BASH resulted in over $800,000, constituting a large percentage of the $1.9 million offer in financial aid to the student body.

Film
In April 2016, filming for the movie Downsizing took place at Creighton Prep. Downsizing is a 2017 American science fiction comedy-drama film directed by Alexander Payne, written by Payne and Jim Taylor and starring Matt Damon, Christoph Waltz, Hong Chau, and Kristen Wiig. This film was the first movie to have been shot in Omaha since 2002's "About Schmidt" and the first film to ever feature Creighton Prep. The film stars Matt Damon playing the role of a Creighton Prep alum who, in part of the film, returns to Creighton Prep during a high school reunion. The choice to film at Creighton Prep was decided 2 weeks prior to shooting by director Alexander Payne, who graduated from Creighton Prep in 1979. Set up for the film included conversion of the interior of the school into crew space and decoration of the exterior of the school at Payne's request to feature a large banner with the Creighton Prep's seal. Payne also included several references to Creighton Prep, such as a street named " Creighton Prep Ave", throughout the film. The film project worked in conjunction with Creighton Prep's Fine Arts Department, headed by Jeremy Caniglia. Damon and Payne would later autograph memorabilia to be auctioned off at Prep's BASH fundraiser and the Creighton Prep's students would host a fundraiser for Damon's charity, Water.org.

Priest sexual assault allegations
In 2018, the Midwest Province of the Society of Jesus released documentation disclosing sexual assault allegations surrounding key members of Creighton Prep's clergy. This has included Rev. Willard Dressel (employed at Prep from 1959 to 2003), Rev. J. Roger Lucey (President of Creighton Prep, 1977 to 1982), Rev. J Michael Cannon (employed from 1979 to 1987), Fr. Thomas R. Haller (employed from 1955 to 1980), Rev. Jim Sinnerud (employment terminated in 2018) and Rev. Daniel Kenney (employed from 1965 to 1989). While the former four are deceased, Rev. Kenney was permanently removed from the ministry as of 2003 following eight individual accusations. These documents and the current status of Rev. Kenny's priesthood become public in 2018. It was later revealed by Creighton Prep staff that Rev. Kenney had his previous tenure at Creighton Prep prematurely ended in 1989 for similar accusations involving sexually explicit behavior with students but no official record was kept from the alleged events. Rev. Kenney was laicized in November 2020 and is no longer a Jesuit priest. An interdisciplinary research team at Creighton University received a grant from Fordham University in 2021 to investigate Kenney's abuse and to understand the culture at Creighton Prep that enabled it. Rev. Jim Sinnerud also has received allegations of sexual assault of a minor. This has resulted in his tenure at Creighton Prep in 2018 being terminated and him being barred from participating in ministerial services. This latter accusation came independent of the Midwest Province of the Society of Jesus' release earlier in the year, instead citing an incident that occurred prior to his employment at Creighton Prep. In 2019, "Book of Mormon" star Andrew Rannells released his memoir Too Much Is Not Enough: A Memoir of Fumbling Toward Adulthood, in which, he described sexual encounters that occurred between him and a priest, referred to as pseudonymous "Father Dominic", while attending Creighton Prep.

Notable alumni

 * Titus Adams, National Football League player
 * Loren Babe, Major League Baseball player (New York Yankees, Philadelphia Athletics)
 * Rex Barney, Major League Baseball pitcher (Brooklyn Dodgers)
 * Gutzon Borglum, Mount Rushmore sculptor
 * L. Brent Bozell Jr., conservative activist and Catholic writer
 * Junior Bryant, National Football League defensive lineman
 * Jeremy Caniglia, illustrator
 * John Joseph Cavanaugh III, U.S. House of Representatives member
 * James M. Connor, actor
 * Nicholas D'Agosto, actor
 * Ted DiBiase, former WWE wrestler
 * P. T. Deutermann, author
 * Richard Dooling, novelist, screenwriter, visiting law professor at University of Nebraska-Lincoln College of Law
 * Ron Hansen, author (The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford)
 * Andrew Higgins, manufacturer; produced "Higgins boats" (LCVPs) during World War II
 * John I. Jenkins, C.S.C., president of the University of Notre Dame
 * Tim Kasher, musician (Cursive and The Good Life)
 * Mike Lair, politician
 * Matt Maginn, musician (Cursive)
 * Matt Mason, Nebraska State Poet
 * Holt McCallany, actor
 * Vincent J. McCauley, C.S.C., Servant of God, first Bishop of Fort Portal, Uganda
 * Bill McGuire, Major League Baseball catcher (Seattle Mariners)
 * Duncan McGuire, soccer player
 * Tim McGuire, college football coach
 * Scott Munter, Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Emmett Louis Murphy, American attorney and civil servant
 * Lt. Col. John Nagl, assisted Gen. David Petraeus in writing the US Army Marine Counterinsurgency Field Manual, current headmaster at The Haverford School
 * Conor Oberst, musician (Bright Eyes)
 * James C. O'Brien, American attorney and diplomat who served as the Special Envoy for Hostage Affairs.
 * Alexander Payne, film director, Academy Award-winning screenwriter
 * Steve Pedersen, musician (Cursive and Criteria)
 * Kyle Peterson, Major League Baseball pitcher and ESPN analyst
 * Zach Potter, National Football League tight end for the Houston Texans
 * Daniel Quinn, author
 * Andrew Rannells, Grammy Award-winning actor and singer
 * Albert C. Wedemeyer, Army general
 * Gene Williams, National Football League offensive lineman
 * Michael E. Ryan, United States Air Force general, Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
 * Bob Wiltfong, The Daily Show correspondent and comedian
 * Easton Stick, NCAA National Champion Quarterback for North Dakota State University and 2019 NFL draft pick of the Los Angeles Chargers
 * C. Edward McVaney, co-founder and former CEO of the JD Edwards Corporation
 * Charles A. Vacanti, M.D, American researcher in tissue engineering and stem cells, co-creator of the Vacanti mouse.
 * Gary Wiren, PhD. Inducted into PGA Hall of Fame and the World Golf Teachers' Hall of Fame
 * Thomas Michael Shanahan, former United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska
 * John Patrick Raynor, Twentieth president of Marquette University.
 * Albert Gerard Schatz, former United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska.
 * Robert Rossiter Jr, United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska.
 * Robb Nansel, American Musician, co-founder / president of Saddle Creek Records
 * Steven Kenneth Bonnell II (alias "Destiny"), formerly partnered Twitch streamer, now YouTube streamer

title: Creighton Preparatory School


text:
Talk:Tax advantage

Untitled
See Talk:Retirement plan Chris 02:54, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

At present, this article does not really say what 'tax advantage' is. It waffles about instances where tax advantage may be applicable, but doesn't say anything more. Wholly insufficient article at present, which is presumably clearer to those in the US, but vague and unclear to those outside it.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Tax advantage


text: Talk:Individual retirement account

title: Talk:Individual retirement account


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Skov

Skov
Non-notable. Mikkalai 02:54, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unabashed vanity page Wolfman 06:35, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Concur. --Golbez 06:53, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. bbx 11:41, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity.   — Gwalla | Talk 21:02, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Skov


text:
Talk:401(k)

All earnings... what?
Hanging sentence: "...these contributions are made on an after-tax basis and all earnings."

Capital Gains in 401k
Under the heading Taxation, I don't understand the statement "Earnings from investments in a 401(k) account in the form of capital gains are not subject to capital gains taxes."

That seems to be misleading. All profits in a 401k are subject to normal income taxes upon withdrawal, excepting possibly for a special provision called NUA for company stock inside a 401K.

I am thinking the original author is probably trying to say, compared to mutual funds which often have annual capital gains distributions with tax liability, 401K allows savings to accumulate tax-deferred until withdrawal.

So the first sentence should say: "Income taxes on pre-tax contributions and investment earnings in the form of interest and dividends add: and capital gains are tax deferred."

Upon withdrawal all 401K gains are taxed as normal income (short term gains tax treatment), excepting for a special provision called NUA which allows favorable tax treatment (lower long term gains tax rates) for certain company stock gains, subject to the NUA rules.

TBILLT (talk) 16:22, 10 July 2018 (UTC)TBILLT

 * I think it's accurate in that the gains themselves are not taxed while in the fund. Withdrawal is another issue, one that that sentence is not addressing. JesseRafe (talk) 17:13, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

174.7.167.228 (talk) 13:14, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Withdrawals are taxed, not profits. See the link in the preamble. Understanding the withdrawals instead to be an allocation of principal between the account's two owners allows for, and explains why, everyone gets a benefit from permanently sheltering profits from tax.  Obviously they could not get that benefit if profits were taxed on withdrawal.

Second sentence in Taxation section is false
This can be readily seen by simple calculation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.118.108.99 (talk) 18:50, 3 November 2018 (UTC)

401k
starts from the 400 billion dollar medical expenses, and the one man that started it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.89.33.32 (talk) 18:28, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

Other Countries (KiwiSaver)
KiwiSaver isn't a tax deferred arrangement (it has no tax offset or effect on your net income). The statement in paragraph two of Other Countries implies that KiwiSaver is an equivalent scheme to a 401(k) (noting that the UK and Australia do have similar, albeit not identical, schemes). Happy to discuss, but I'm going to remove the NZ reference unless there is a specific point to it being a comparison (that NZ does not have an equivalent). Roche-Kerr (talk) 00:45, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:401(k)


text:
Power Play (1998 TV series)

Power Play is a Canadian television drama series, which aired on CTV from 1998 to 2000. The series was filmed at Copps Coliseum (now FirstOntario Centre) in Hamilton, Ontario.

The show starred Michael Riley as Brett Parker, a former New York City sports agent who became the general manager of a (fictional) National Hockey League franchise, the Hamilton Steelheads.

One of the throughline plots of the series dealt with Parker's ongoing love–hate relationships with the sport, the team and his superior at McArdle Industries, corporate executive Colleen Blessed, played by Kari Matchett.

The cast also included Gordon Pinsent as team owner Duff McArdle, Jonathan Crombie, Jennifer Dale and Al Waxman. The show's theme song was a modernized version of the Stompin' Tom Connors classic, "The Hockey Song", performed partly by Connors himself, and then transitioning to the performance of the band Rusty.

The show was briefly aired on the United States broadcast network UPN, starting in 1999, but was pulled after two episodes. The second episode aired in the United States has the distinction of being the lowest-rated episode (since the Nielsen ratings service began in the 1950s) of any prime-time TV series ever aired by any United States network.

Main

 * Michael Riley – Brett Parker
 * Kari Matchett – Colleen Blessed
 * Dean McDermott – Mark Simpson
 * Caterina Scorsone – Michelle Parker
 * Gordon Pinsent – Duff McArdle

Recurring

 * Jonathan Rannells – Todd Maplethorpe
 * Mark Lutz – Jukka Branny-Acke
 * Krista Bridges – Rose Thorton
 * Normand Bissonnette – Al Tremblay
 * Lori Anne Alter – Renata D'Allesandro
 * Greg Spottiswood – Joe Harriman
 * Al Waxman – Lloyd Gorman
 * Johanna Black – Andrea Stuyvesant
 * Neil Crone – Harry Strand
 * Jonathan Crombie – Hudson James
 * Fiona Highet – Rayanne Simpson
 * David Keeley – Bud Travis
 * Jennifer Dale – Samantha Robbins
 * Don Cherry – Jake Nelson
 * Tanja Jacobs – SM3 Reagan Sexsmith
 * Chris Tessaro – Marshak
 * Rob Faulds – Play-by-Play Announcer
 * Sean McCann – Ray Malone

All-time Hamilton Steelheads roster
The following players have been seen playing for the Steelheads over the course of the series:
 * 1 Tremblay
 * 1 McCloud
 * 2 Banks
 * 3 Kudlow
 * 4 Borden
 * 7 Schmöckel
 * 9 Simpson
 * 10 Wynn
 * 12 Sauvé
 * 13 Bränny-Acke
 * 14 Marshak
 * 16 Lalonde
 * 18 Grant
 * 22 Maplethorpe
 * 23 Dee
 * 24 Stephanovic
 * 25 St. Germaine
 * 26 Pacelli
 * 28 Chartraw
 * 29 Alexander: D. Parent
 * 30 MacDougall
 * 32 Shipton
 * 37 Ignarson
 * 40 Zinoviev
 * 44 Bedard
 * 48 McNally
 * 55 Gunn
 * 75 Kerensky
 * 75 Robinson

title: Power Play (1998 TV series)


text:
Talk:403(b)

Untitled
See Talk:Retirement plan Chris 02:55, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

- regulations expected to be finalized in 2007

What happened? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.198.99.84 (talk) 20:41, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Suggest a list of the largest providers of 403(b) plans and volume of each. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.237.207.140 (talk) 02:40, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:403(b)


text:
Nelumbo lutea

Nelumbo lutea is a species of flowering plant in the family Nelumbonaceae. Common names include American lotus, yellow lotus, water-chinquapin, and volée. It is native to North America. The botanical name Nelumbo lutea Willd. is the currently recognized name for this species, which has been classified under the former names Nelumbium luteum and Nelumbo pentapetala, among others.

Description
American lotus is an emergent aquatic plant. It grows in lakes and swamps, as well as areas subject to flooding. The roots are anchored in the mud, but the leaves and flowers emerge above the water's surface. The petioles of the leaves may extend as much as 2 m and end in a round leaf blade 33 - 43 cm in diameter. Mature plants range in height from 0.8 to 1.5 m.

Flowering begins in late spring and may continue into the summer. The specific name means "yellow" in Latin and refers to the flowers, which may be white to pale yellow. The flowers measure 18 - 28 cm in diameter and have 22-25 petals.

Ecology
It is the larval host plant of the American lotus borer, Ostrinia penitalis.

Conservation status
However, Nelumbo lutea populations are declining in the U.S. due to habitat destruction, and it has been listed as threatened or endangered in New Jersey, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, and extirpated in Delaware. Their populations have a low level of genetic diversity, showing variation among different populations rather than within populations.

Range
The native distribution of the species is Minnesota to Oklahoma, Florida, Mexico, Honduras, and the Caribbean. It was apparently distributed northwards in the United States by Native Americans who carried the plant with them as a food source.

Uses
This plant has a large tuberous rhizome that is used as a food source. This may be the plant called "macoupin" in Miami-Illinois. The seed is also edible and is known as "alligator corn". The seedlike fruits can be shaken loose, and are also edible. The unopened leaves and young stalks can be cooked.

The species is widely planted in ponds for its foliage and flowers. American Lotus spreads via creeping rhizomes and seeds. This species has been crossed with N. nucifera to create many hybrids. Seeds may be propagated by scarifying the pointed tip of the seed with a file then soaking in water. Propagation is also possible by division of established plants.

Other media
Disney's character Princess Tiana wears as her iconic princess dress, a gown fashioned from a yellow Nelumbo lutea.

title: Nelumbo lutea


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fluoride poisoning

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - kept

Fluoride poisoning
This article is currently two sentences long, and any content here would be a duplicate of the information already in Fluoride and Water fluoridation. Tried changing to redirect, a user insists on reverting. Rhobite 02:59, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * No vote. Someone else's noncompleted nomination. Mikkalai 02:57, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * KEEP. I JUST created this article and will include relevant information about the issue.  I require a few days to work on this article.  Then, you can decide if to keep or delete.--AAAAA 03:02, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Why keep it around as a stub then? You could always change it from a redirect at the same time that you added significant information to it. Right now it's a substub, and we delete substubs or turn them into redirects until they grow up. I still think that there is no possible information that could go in this article but be off-topic in one of the other two. Rhobite 03:20, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Valid topic of great public interest. The initial article was basically a disputed and controversial claim presented as fact, and there's now been an edit war featuring the same player, but that's not grounds for deletion. The debate over the redirect belongs in the talk page, not here. Andrewa 03:37, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * This is exactly the right place for a debate about whether an article should exist or redirect. Rhobite 04:19, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've replied at Wikipedia talk:Votes for deletion. Andrewa 04:57, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Given that Water fluoridation includes a section on the controversy, information that might go into this article would be more useful there.  AAAAA, if you think the opposition to fluoridation is slighted on Water fluoridation, it would help if you'd add your material there.  JamesMLane 03:38, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Water fluoridation is a valid topic too, but that article is currently listed on cleanup. With its current content it could be renamed the water fluoridation controversy, there is little else there. No change of vote. Andrewa 04:04, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: Perfectly valid and encyclopaedic topic, and one that could easily become too long for inclusion in fluoride. It certainly shouldn't be part of water fluoridation, since it is much more general than that (e.g. there are claims for compensation being made by persons living near aluminium smelters who claim to have been harmed by volatile fluoride emissions, due to the use of cryolite.) However it could do with a bit of cleanup, and I certainly hope it doesn't stay as a list article with so little toxicological information. If it survives VfD, I might pop it on my ever-growing to-do list. Securiger 13:41, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 20:59, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, present version looks OK to me. I haven't followed the history, but the present article is long enough to stand on its own and does not seem to me to be a hidden attack on drinking water fluoridation. (I was once at a public meeting where a member of the public stood up and explained at some length how important it was not to confuse fluorIDE with fluorINE... and said that the easy way to remember the difference is remember that... the N in flouriNe stands for "nature's," and the D in fluoriDe stands for death!) [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:24, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Love it! For those who may not appreciate the irony of this, fluoride (the family of compounds) occurs in nature and in some forms appears quite harmless, and is even claimed to be beneficial. On the other hand the physical properties of fluorine (the element) were investigated relatively late in history partly because it tended to kill the researchers. No change of vote. Andrewa 02:57, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep present article is fine. Dsmdgold 04:55, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Fine now. Editors should not put substubs on Wikipedia that they are working on. Work on it in your own disk space and load it up when it is ready. Otherwise you are trolling for VfD to pick you up. Jallan 18:13, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, the present version is fine. I agree with Jallan, putting up 2-sentence substubs with the intention of fixing them "later" isn't a great practice. Rhobite 20:02, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Looks fine now. [[User:Noisy|Noisy | Talk]] 08:57, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - almost all material is copied directly from Flouride and is redundant. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:24, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Angela Merkel

Pro-Russian policy must be noted somewhere in the lede
She is not seen favorably at all since 2022, neither in Germany nor elsewhere. This article should note this. Malecide (talk) 16:01, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Could you provide some sources for that? It‘s quite a strong claim and would probably need at least two good reliable sources, unless we attribute it as an opinion. Actualcpscmscrutinize, talk 16:15, 4 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Blocking negotiations of accession of Ukraine and Georgia into NATO in 2008 while Russia was still weak, green-lighting Russia's invasion of Georgia afterward, Nord Stream 1 and 2, pushing for Minsk treaties, not doing anything about Russian spy infiltration of Germany, tolerating Putinverstehern in her party etc. Malecide (talk) 05:32, 10 November 2023 (UTC)
 * That’s your own analysis, but Wikipedia is not a place for sharing personal opinions in articles. We can’t write that Merkel is „not seen favorably at all“ based on individual editors objecting to her policies. Actualcpscmscrutinize, talk 09:06, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

Official website
I've updated the official website of Angela Merkel. During her active time as politician, she used https://www.angela-merkel.de/ but that site has now been blanked since at least 20 December 2021. As former chancellor of Germany she has a federally funded office which has an official website since June 2022: https://www.buero-bundeskanzlerin-ad.de/. This gets regularly updated with official statements, events, contact info etc. while the former website remains blanked. --AFBorchert (talk) 07:23, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Maybe an archive of the old website could be included. JackTheSecond (talk) 11:00, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Good point, I've updated the external links accordingly. --AFBorchert (talk) 15:29, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

Name IPA wrong
The IPA doesn’t correspond to the linked audio file reading her name. Angila would be pronounced aŋˈɡɪːla, but Angela is aŋˈɡeːla.

See https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Angela#German and https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Angela Basxto (talk) 18:30, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Angela Merkel


text: Category:1190s births

title: Category:1190s births


text:
Category:Mechanics

Mechanics is the branch of science concerned with the behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment.

title: Category:Mechanics


text:
Manawatū District

Manawatū District is a territorial authority district in the Manawatū-Whanganui local government region in the North Island of New Zealand, administered by Manawatū District Council. It includes most of the area between the Manawatū River in the south and the Rangitīkei River in the north, stretching from slightly south of the settlement of Himatangi in the south, to just south of Mangaweka in the north, and from the Rangitīkei River to the top of the Ruahine Range in the east. It does not include the Foxton area and the mouth of the Manawatū River, or Palmerston North City (which includes Ashhurst). Its main town is Feilding. The district has an area of 2,624 km².

Name and geography
Manawatū is said to have been named by Hau, a great Māori explorer. As he pursued his wife, who had left him for another lover, along the south-west coast of the North Island, he came across and named river mouths, including Whanganui, Whangaehu and Rangitīkei according to events that befell him at the time. He then came across the mouth of the large, wide Manawatū River; awed by the sight and in fear he might not be able to cross it, he said, "Ka tū taku manawa" (My heart stands still).

The name Manawatū (often the Manawatu) also refers to the whole area centred on the Manawatū Plains, the floodplain of the Manawatū River, with Palmerston North as its principal city. Like some other areas of New Zealand such as Wairarapa and the King Country, the Manawatū in this sense has never had precisely defined boundaries, its extents determined largely by custom and preference. Always included are Palmerston North and all of today's Manawatū District, and usually included is that part of Horowhenua District lying north of Levin. Parts of Rangitikei and/or Tararua districts might also be included.

Demographics
Manawatū District covers 2566.59 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a density of  people per km2. Feilding, the council seat, has a population of, the only town with more than 1,000. Other towns and settlements include Halcombe, Himatangi Beach, Kimbolton, Pohangina, Rongotea, Sanson, and Tangimoana.

Manawatū District had a population of 32,415 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 2,250 people (7.5%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 4,956 people (18.0%) since the 2013 census. There were 13,464 dwellings. The median age was 41.0 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 6,483 people (20.0%) aged under 15 years, 5,217 (16.1%) aged 15 to 29, 14,406 (44.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 6,312 (19.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 88.0% European/Pākehā, 18.3% Māori, 2.8% Pasifika, 3.4% Asian, 0.4% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders, and 1.6% other. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Manawatū District had a population of 30,165 at the 2018 New Zealand census. There were 11,193 households, comprising 14,943 males and 15,222 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female.

The percentage of people born overseas was 10.6, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 52.4% had no religion, 35.4% were Christian, 1.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.4% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.3% were Buddhist and 1.6% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 3,657 (15.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 5,595 (23.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $32,400, compared with $31,800 nationally. 3,549 people (14.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 12,321 (51.6%) people were employed full-time, 3,498 (14.6%) were part-time, and 726 (3.0%) were unemployed.

Manawatu County Council
Manawatu County Council was one of 63 county councils that were formed in 1876 when the provinces were abolished. It originally extended from Rangiwahia in the north to Waikanae in the south. Over the 12 years to 1888, The towns of Palmerston North, Feilding and Foxton split off to form borough councils. The northern half of Manawatu County split off to form Oroua County Council in 1883. The area south of the Manawatū River split off to form Horowhenua County Council in 1884.

Manawatū District Council
Manawatu District Council was formed in 1988 when Manawatu County Council amalgamated with Kairanga County Council, itself a splinter of Oroua County Council. The following year, Manawatu District amalgamated with Feilding Borough, Kiwitea County, Oroua County and Pohangina County in the 1989 local government reforms.

For the purposes of representation, Manawatū District is divided into two wards:

In 2021, the council decided to establish a Māori ward from the 2022 local election.

The council is responsible for day-to-day administration and services:
 * Animal control
 * Bylaws
 * Cemeteries
 * Community grants and funding
 * Infrastructure such as roads, drains, rubbish collection
 * Library services
 * Liquor licensing
 * Property profiling

Ian McKelvie was elected mayor in a by-election in November 2002 and remained in the position until he resigned on 15 December 2011, after being elected to Parliament in the. Deputy Mayor Matt Bell was then acting mayor until a by-election held on 7 March 2012. The by-election was narrowly won by Margaret Kouvelis from Feilding, who beat councillor Steven Gibson by just 14 votes (3293 votes to 3279). Helen Worboys won the mayoralty from the incumbent Margaret Kouvelis in the 2016 Local Government elections.

Horizons Regional Council
Manawatū District is in the Manawatū-Whanganui Region, which is governed by the Horizons Regional Council. For electoral and representation purposes, the district is divided into:

 * Horowhenua-Kairanga Ward: rural area south of Feilding, including the entire Horowhenua District.
 * Manawatū-Rangitikei Ward: Feilding and rural area to the north, and including the entire Rangitikei District.

Tourism

The Manawatū district includes both plains and hills, and is visited by cyclists and others for the views of the Central North Island volcanoes on clear days. The western coast has swimming beaches and large dunes, while the Ruahine Ranges in the east has walking tracks and views over the district from the Wharite mountain or from the Saddle Road.

In the middle of the district is Feilding, with its saleyards, equestrian and motorsport venue (Manfeild), boutique shopping and historical landmarks and collections.

The Royal New Zealand Air Force's main base, RNZAF Base Ohakea, is in Manawatū.

Schools
Secondary:
 * Feilding High School, Feilding
 * Hato Paora College, Cheltenham

title: Manawatū District


text: Category:1192 births

title: Category:1192 births


text:
Talk:Opera Boston

Removed text:

''While this looks all very well on the surface, the company's managing director (Carol Charnow) staged a palace coup and threw out Richard Conrad, who had originally founded the company as the Boston Academy of Music, twenty years before, and broke his heart. ''He had lost his voice in a tragic gay-bashing attack and had recovered some of the magnificent form that earned him a vocal disc debut with Dame Joan Sutherland and Marilyn Horne, in the 1960's. He had presented many "Best of Boston" seasons  and was critically acclaimed (Boston Globe/Herald) as well as gaining international notice, especially for the "Boston" version of Verdi's Masked Ball, with Ray Bauens, Marion Dry, Robert Honeysucker, and Ellen Chickering, all of whom were Boston artists who had left the Boston Lyric Opera.

Much of this could be restored if verified, dates added for the events described and a few POV phrases removed. Andrewa 03:01, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The above statement is a very pointed version of what happened, most likely written by someone with a grievance. In fact, it reads as though it were dictated by Mr. Conrad. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.101.252.250 (talk • contribs) 15:33, December 22, 2005 (UTC)

It's certainly sympathetic to him. On a slightly different tack, it sounds as though Richard Conrad and Boston Academy of Music both might warrant articles, or at least redirects to and mentions in this one, which badly needs expansion. Andrewa 13:46, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It proved very hard to track down much on Richard Conrad apart from his own website, but I've created an article. All are welcome to improve it.  --   Jack of Oz   [Talk]  11:54, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Opera Boston


text: Category:1127 deaths

title: Category:1127 deaths


text: Category:1120s deaths

title: Category:1120s deaths


text:
Salim Al-Huss

Salim Ahmad al-Huss (سليم أحمد الحص; born 20 December 1929) also spelled Selim El-Hoss, is a Lebanese politician who served as the prime minister of Lebanon and a longtime Member of Parliament representing his hometown, Beirut. He is known as a technocrat.

Early life and personal life
Salim al-Huss was born into a Sunni Muslim family in Beirut in 1929. He received his undergraduate degree in economics from the American University of Beirut and a PhD in business and economics from Indiana University in the United States.

Al-Huss was married to Leila Pharaoun, a Maronite Christian who converted to Islam at the end of her life in order to be buried next to her husband in a Muslim cemetery, according to a 2000 interview with al-Huss.

Political career
Al-Huss served as prime minister of Lebanon four times. The first was from 1976 until 1980 during the first years of the Lebanese Civil War. His second, and most controversial term, was from 1987 until 1989, when in 1988 he unconstitutionally nominated himself as prime minister but was recognized by many nations and statesmen of the international community. Al-Huss was chosen a third time to serve as prime minister by President Elias Hrawi from November 1989 until December 1990. He served as prime minister again from December 1998 to October 2000.

After losing his parliamentary seat to a previously unknown candidate running with former prime minister Rafik Hariri in the general elections of 2000, a frail al-Huss resigned as prime minister, declaring an end to his political career.

In March 2005, he was considered as a candidate to form a new government following the resignation of Omar Karami (Prime Minister again), but he reportedly refused to accept the position for health reasons; Najib Mikati was subsequently appointed.

During his last two terms as prime minister, he was also foreign minister.

He is a member of the anti-imperialist conference Axis for Peace. Al-Huss is a strong opponent of capital punishment, and during his term as prime minister he refused to sign any execution warrants, temporarily halting executions in Lebanon, which remain rare.

Al-Huss's first term
From January to September 1988, he boycotted meetings of his own cabinet, in protest against the policies of President Amine Gemayel. On 22 September, he refused to accept his dismissal in favour of General Michel Aoun, a Maronite Christian. The crisis was precipitated by the failure of the National Assembly to elect a new president (a post traditionally reserved for a Maronite).

Since the Lebanese constitution states that in the event of a presidential vacancy, the outgoing president appoint a temporary prime minister to act as president, outgoing president Gemayel decided to appoint Maronite army commander Michel Aoun to that office, notwithstanding the tradition of reserving it for a Sunni Muslim. al-Huss refused to concede the prime minister's post to Aoun, so the two ended up heading rival administrations; with Aoun occupying the presidential palace at Baabda, al-Huss established his own office in Muslim-dominated West Beirut.

Lebanon was thus left with no president and two rival governments: one constitutional and the other recognized by many states. However, although Syria, at the time occupying much of Lebanon, supported al-Huss, and although al-Huss' cabinet was already operational, most of the international community dealt with administrations on both sides of the Green Line and recognized both as Lebanon's prime ministers even though, constitutionally speaking, Aoun was the lawfully-appointed prime minister and acting president of Lebanon.

Violent conflict between the two prime ministers soon arose over Michel Aoun's refusal to accept the presence of Syrian troops in Lebanon. In competition with Aoun, al-Huss remained acting president from 1988 until 5 November 1989, when René Moawad took office. When Moawad was assassinated seventeen days later, al-Huss reprised his role as acting president for two days, at which point Elias Hrawi was elected to succeed Moawad.

In 1990, the civil war ended when Aoun was forced to surrender following an attack on the presidential palace by Syrian and Lebanese military forces. Al-Huss subsequently resigned as prime minister, in favour of Omar Karami.

Retirement
On 2 May 2017, aged 87, al-Huss took part in a one-day hunger strike in a show of solidarity with the ongoing hunger strike of some 1,500 Palestinian prisoners.

title: Salim Al-Huss


text:
Glenhaven

Glenhaven may refer to:
 * Glenhaven, New South Wales, Australia
 * Glenaven, Queensland, Australia formerly known as Glenhaven
 * Glenhaven, California, United States

title: Glenhaven


text:
Normal basis

In mathematics, specifically the algebraic theory of fields, a normal basis is a special kind of basis for Galois extensions of finite degree, characterised as forming a single orbit for the Galois group. The normal basis theorem states that any finite Galois extension of fields has a normal basis. In algebraic number theory, the study of the more refined question of the existence of a normal integral basis is part of Galois module theory.

Normal basis theorem
Let $$F\subset K$$ be a Galois extension with Galois group $$G$$. The classical normal basis theorem states that there is an element $$\beta\in K$$ such that $$\{g(\beta) : g\in G\}$$ forms a basis of K, considered as a vector space over F. That is, any element $$\alpha \in K$$ can be written uniquely as $\alpha = \sum_{g\in G} a_g\, g(\beta)$ for some elements $$a_g\in F.$$

A normal basis contrasts with a primitive element basis of the form $$\{1,\beta,\beta^2,\ldots,\beta^{n-1}\}$$, where $$\beta\in K$$ is an element whose minimal polynomial has degree $$n=[K:F]$$.

Group representation point of view
A field extension K / F with Galois group G can be naturally viewed as a representation of the group G over the field F in which each automorphism is represented by itself. Representations of G over the field F can be viewed as left modules for the group algebra F[G]. Every homomorphism of left F[G]-modules $$\phi:F[G]\rightarrow K$$ is of form $$\phi(r) = r\beta$$ for some $$\beta \in K$$. Since $$\{1\cdot \sigma| \sigma \in G\}$$ is a linear basis of F[G] over F, it follows easily that $$\phi$$ is bijective iff $$\beta$$ generates a normal basis of K over F. The normal basis theorem therefore amounts to the statement saying that if K / F is finite Galois extension, then $$K \cong F[G]$$ as left $$F[G]$$-module. In terms of representations of G over F, this means that K is isomorphic to the regular representation.

Case of finite fields
For finite fields this can be stated as follows: Let $$F = \mathrm{GF}(q)=\mathbb{F}_q$$ denote the field of q elements, where q = pm is a prime power, and let $$K= \mathrm{GF}(q^n)=\mathbb{F}_{q^n}$$ denote its extension field of degree n ≥ 1. Here the Galois group is $$G = \text{Gal}(K/F) = \{1,\Phi,\Phi^2,\ldots,\Phi^{n-1}\}$$ with $$\Phi^n = 1,$$ a cyclic group generated by the q-power Frobenius automorphism $$\Phi(\alpha)=\alpha^q,$$with $$\Phi^n = 1 =\mathrm{Id}_K.$$ Then there exists an element β ∈ K such that $$\{\beta, \Phi(\beta), \Phi^2(\beta),\ldots,\Phi^{n-1}(\beta)\} \ = \ \{\beta, \beta^q, \beta^{q^2}, \ldots,\beta^{q^{n-1}}\!\}$$ is a basis of K over F.

Proof for finite fields
In case the Galois group is cyclic as above, generated by $$\Phi$$ with $$\Phi^n=1,$$ the normal basis theorem follows from two basic facts. The first is the linear independence of characters: a multiplicative character is a mapping χ from a group H to a field K satisfying $$\chi(h_1h_2)=\chi(h_1)\chi(h_2)$$; then any distinct characters $$\chi_1,\chi_2,\ldots $$ are linearly independent in the K-vector space of mappings. We apply this to the Galois group automorphisms $$\chi_i=\Phi^i: K \to K,$$ thought of as mappings from the multiplicative group $$H=K^\times$$. Now $$K\cong F^n$$as an F-vector space, so we may consider $$\Phi : F^n\to F^n$$ as an element of the matrix algebra Mn(F); since its powers $$1,\Phi,\ldots,\Phi^{n-1}$$ are linearly independent (over K and a fortiori over F), its minimal polynomial must have degree at least n, i.e. it must be $$X^n-1$$.

The second basic fact is the classification of finitely generated modules over a PID such as $$F[X]$$. Every such module M can be represented as $M \cong\bigoplus_{i=1}^k \frac{F[X]}{(f_i(X))}$, where $$f_i(X)$$ may be chosen so that they are monic polynomials or zero and $$f_{i+1}(X)$$ is a multiple of $$f_i(X)$$. $$f_k(X)$$ is the monic polynomial of smallest degree annihilating the module, or zero if no such non-zero polynomial exists. In the first case $\dim_F M = \sum_{i=1}^k \deg f_i$, in the second case $$\dim_F M = \infty$$. In our case of cyclic G of size n generated by $$\Phi$$ we have an F-algebra isomorphism $F[G]\cong \frac {F[X]}{(X^n-1)}$ where X corresponds to $$1 \cdot \Phi$$, so every $$F[G]$$-module may be viewed as an $$F[X]$$-module with multiplication by X being multiplication by $$1\cdot\Phi$$. In case of K this means $$X\alpha = \Phi(\alpha)$$, so the monic polynomial of smallest degree annihilating K is the minimal polynomial of $$\Phi$$. Since K is a finite dimensional F-space, the representation above is possible with $$f_k(X)=X^n-1$$. Since $$\dim_F(K) = n,$$ we can only have $$k=1$$, and $K \cong \frac{F[X]}{(X^n{-}\,1)}$ as F[X]-modules. (Note this is an isomorphism of F-linear spaces, but not of rings or F-algebras.) This gives isomorphism of $$F[G]$$-modules $$K\cong F[G]$$ that we talked about above, and under it the basis $$\{1,X,X^2,\ldots,X^{n-1}\}$$ on the right side corresponds to a normal basis $$\{\beta, \Phi(\beta),\Phi^2(\beta),\ldots,\Phi^{n-1}(\beta)\}$$ of K on the left.

Note that this proof would also apply in the case of a cyclic Kummer extension.

Example
Consider the field $$K=\mathrm{GF}(2^3)=\mathbb{F}_{8}$$ over $$F=\mathrm{GF}(2)=\mathbb{F}_{2}$$, with Frobenius automorphism $$\Phi(\alpha)=\alpha^2$$. The proof above clarifies the choice of normal bases in terms of the structure of K as a representation of G (or F[G]-module). The irreducible factorization $$X^n-1 \ =\ X^3-1\ = \ (X{-}1)(X^2{+}X{+}1) \ \in\ F[X]$$ means we have a direct sum of F[G]-modules (by the Chinese remainder theorem):$$K\ \cong\ \frac{F[X]}{(X^3{-}\,1)} \ \cong\ \frac{F[X]}{(X{+}1)} \oplus \frac{F[X]}{(X^2{+}X{+}1)}.$$ The first component is just $$F\subset K$$, while the second is isomorphic as an F[G]-module to $$\mathbb{F}_{2^2} \cong \mathbb{F}_2[X]/(X^2{+}X{+}1)$$ under the action $$\Phi\cdot X^i = X^{i+1}.$$ (Thus $$K \cong \mathbb F_2\oplus \mathbb F_4$$ as F[G]-modules, but not as F-algebras.)

The elements $$\beta\in K$$ which can be used for a normal basis are precisely those outside either of the submodules, so that $$(\Phi{+}1)(\beta)\neq 0$$ and $$(\Phi^2{+}\Phi{+}1)(\beta)\neq 0$$. In terms of the G-orbits of K, which correspond to the irreducible factors of: $$t^{2^3}-t \ = \ t(t{+}1)\left(t^3 + t + 1\right)\left(t^3 + t^2 + 1\right)\ \in\ F[t],$$ the elements of $$F=\mathbb{F}_2$$ are the roots of $$t(t{+}1)$$, the nonzero elements of the submodule $$\mathbb{F}_4$$ are the roots of $$t^3+t+1$$, while the normal basis, which in this case is unique, is given by the roots of the remaining factor $$t^3{+}t^2{+}1$$.

By contrast, for the extension field $$L = \mathrm{GF}(2^4)=\mathbb{F}_{16}$$ in which n = 4 is divisible by p = 2, we have the F[G]-module isomorphism $$L \ \cong\ \mathbb{F}_2[X]/(X^4{-}1)\ =\ \mathbb{F}_2[X]/(X{+}1)^4.$$ Here the operator $$\Phi\cong X$$ is not diagonalizable, the module L has nested submodules given by generalized eigenspaces of $$\Phi$$, and the normal basis elements β are those outside the largest proper generalized eigenspace, the elements with $$(\Phi{+}1)^3(\beta)\neq 0$$.

Application to cryptography
The normal basis is frequently used in cryptographic applications based on the discrete logarithm problem, such as elliptic curve cryptography, since arithmetic using a normal basis is typically more computationally efficient than using other bases.

For example, in the field $$K=\mathrm{GF}(2^3)=\mathbb{F}_{8}$$ above, we may represent elements as bit-strings: $$\alpha \ =\ (a_2,a_1,a_0)\ =\ a_2\Phi^2(\beta) + a_1\Phi(\beta)+a_0\beta\ =\ a_2\beta^4 + a_1\beta^2 +a_0\beta,$$ where the coefficients are bits $$a_i\in \mathrm{GF}(2)=\{0,1\}.$$ Now we can square elements by doing a left circular shift, $$\alpha^2=\Phi(a_2,a_1,a_0) = (a_1,a_0,a_2)$$, since squaring β4 gives β8 = β. This makes the normal basis especially attractive for cryptosystems that utilize frequent squaring.

Proof for the case of infinite fields
Suppose $$K/F$$ is a finite Galois extension of the infinite field F. Let [K : F] = n, $$\text{Gal}(K/F) = G =\{\sigma_1...\sigma_n\}$$, where $$\sigma_1 = \text{Id}$$. By the primitive element theorem there exists $$\alpha \in K$$ such $$i\ne j\implies \sigma_i(\alpha)\ne\sigma_j(\alpha)$$ and $$K=F[\alpha]$$. Let us write $$\alpha_i = \sigma_i(\alpha)$$. $$\alpha$$'s (monic) minimal polynomial f over K is the irreducible degree n polynomial given by the formula $$\begin {align} f(X) &= \prod_{i=1}^n(X - \alpha_i) \end {align}$$ Since f is separable (it has simple roots) we may define $$ \begin {align} g(X) &= \ \frac{f(X)}{(X-\alpha)f'(\alpha)}\\ g_i(X) &= \ \frac{f(X)}{(X-\alpha_i) f'(\alpha_i)} =\ \sigma_i(g(X)). \end {align} $$ In other words, $$\begin {align} g_i(X)&= \prod_{\begin {array}{c}1 \le j \le n \\ j\ne i\end {array}}\frac{X-\alpha_j}{\alpha_i - \alpha_j}\\ g(X)&= g_1(X). \end {align}$$ Note that $$g(\alpha)=1$$ and $$g_i(\alpha)=0$$ for $$i \ne 1$$. Next, define an $$n \times n$$ matrix A of polynomials over K and a polynomial D by $$ \begin {align} A_{ij}(X) &= \sigma_i(\sigma_j(g(X)) = \sigma_i(g_j(X))\\ D(X) &= \det A(X). \end {align}$$ Observe that $$A_{ij}(X) = g_k(X)$$, where k is determined by $$\sigma_k = \sigma_i \cdot \sigma_j$$; in particular $$k=1$$ iff $$\sigma_i = \sigma_j^{-1}$$. It follows that $$A(\alpha)$$ is the permutation matrix corresponding to the permutation of G which sends each $$\sigma_i$$ to $$\sigma_i^{-1}$$. (We denote by $$A(\alpha)$$ the matrix obtained by evaluating $$A(X)$$ at $$x=\alpha$$.) Therefore, $$D(\alpha) = \det A(\alpha) = \pm 1$$. We see that D is a non-zero polynomial, and therefore it has only a finite number of roots. Since we assumed F is infinite, we can find $$a\in F$$ such that $$D(a)\ne 0$$. Define $$ \begin {align} \beta &= g(a) \\ \beta_i &= g_i(a) = \sigma_i(\beta). \end {align} $$ We claim that $$\{\beta_1, \ldots, \beta_n\}$$ is a normal basis. We only have to show that $$\beta_1, \ldots,\beta_n$$ are linearly independent over F, so suppose $\sum_{j=1}^n x_j \beta_j = 0$  for some $$x_1...x_n\in F$$. Applying the automorphism $$\sigma_i$$ yields $\sum_{j=1}^n x_j \sigma_i(g_j(a)) = 0$ for all i. In other words, $$A(a) \cdot \overline {x} = \overline {0}$$. Since $$\det A(a) = D(a) \ne 0$$, we conclude that $$\overline x = \overline 0$$, which completes the proof.

It is tempting to take $$a=\alpha$$ because $$D(\alpha)\neq0$$. But this is impermissible because we used the fact that $$a \in F$$ to conclude that for any F-automorphism $$\sigma$$ and polynomial $$h(X)$$ over $$K$$ the value of the polynomial $$\sigma(h(X))$$ at a equals $$\sigma(h(a))$$.

Primitive normal basis
A primitive normal basis of an extension of finite fields E / F is a normal basis for E / F that is generated by a primitive element of E, that is a generator of the multiplicative group K×. (Note that this is a more restrictive definition of primitive element than that mentioned above after the general normal basis theorem: one requires powers of the element to produce every non-zero element of K, not merely a basis.) Lenstra and Schoof (1987) proved that every finite field extension possesses a primitive normal basis, the case when F is a prime field having been settled by Harold Davenport.

Free elements
If K / F is a Galois extension and x in K generates a normal basis over F, then x is free in K / F. If x has the property that for every subgroup H of the Galois  group G, with fixed field KH, x is free for K / KH, then x is said to be completely free in K / F.  Every Galois extension has a completely free element.

title: Normal basis


text:
Boylston station

Boylston station (also signed as Boylston Street) is a light rail station on the MBTA Green Line in downtown Boston, Massachusetts, located on the southeast corner of Boston Common at the intersection of Boylston Street and Tremont Street. A southbound street-level stop for the route of the bus rapid transit Silver Line is outside fare control. The station has two island platforms; each has one disused track, making them effectively side platforms. Boylston is not accessible for Green Line trains.

Boylston station was opened in 1897 as part of the original segment of the Tremont Street subway. Originally used by streetcars, from 1901 to 1908 it also served Main Line Elevated trains. Unlike other Green Line stations, Boylston has been little modified, and retains much of its original appearance. Two of the original four headhouses have been removed, however, and a sub-passage connecting the platforms has been sealed. Construction of a proposed underground Silver Line station was proposed in the 1990s; that phase of the project was cancelled in 2010.

Station layout
Boylston was originally configured for four tracks with two island platforms, and the original track layout has remained essentially unchanged since then. The two outer tracks formerly led to the Pleasant Street portal. A stub of the former outer southbound track is used for work car storage. The northbound track has been fully removed; a disconnected segment of track holds two former streetcars for display. The cars (PCC #3295 and Type 5 #5734) were used for fan trips until 1990 and 1998.

The Green Line takes a sharp right-angle turn just south of Boylston station, as it turns from Tremont Street onto Boylston Street. The tight radius of curvature of the track frequently causes loud squealing noises to emit from the train wheels, which are audible at street level near the station entrance at the corner. In 2017, the Green Line added 6 greasing units to the existing 13 in the system; these devices pump grease onto train wheels and the rail as trains pass them. The MBTA also retrofitted flange stick lubricators on newer trains, which scrape graphite onto the side of the wheel and do not affect braking. However in 2018, journalism students from adjacent Emerson College measured sound intensities over 110 dBA in the station.

History
Boylston and Park Street were the first two stations built in the Tremont Street subway. The subway was constructed between 1895 and 1897, and first broke ground on the site of the current Boylston station. When the station opened in 1897, it became the first underground rapid transit station in the United States.

Boylston and Park Street were built with rectangular stone headhouses designed by Edmund M. Wheelwright that did not aesthetically match the Common. Unlike the interior decor, the headhouses were sharply criticized as "resembling mausoleums" and "pretentiously monumental". Later stations on the East Boston Tunnel and Washington Street Tunnel incorporated this criticism into their more modest headhouses.

As opened, the inner tracks at Boylston ran between the Public Garden incline to the west and the inner loop at Park Street, while the outer tracks ran between the Pleasant Street incline to the south and the outer through tracks at Park Street. Most streetcars from the west looped at Park Street, while those from the south continued through to North Station. From 1901 to 1908, Main Line Elevated trains ran on the outer tracks (with temporary high-level wood platforms) while streetcars continued to use the inner tracks.

The Boylston Street incline (replacing the Public Garden incline) and Boylston Street subway opened on October 3, 1914, both using the inner tracks. On October 10, the fence dividing the northbound platform was opened, allowing passengers from the west to transfer to northbound streetcars from the south. On October 9, 1915, the fence was again closed, forcing passengers from the west to transfer at Park Street (after cars from the south had dropped off many passengers) rather than at Boylston Street.

The 1947 state act that created the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) from the Boston Elevated Railway established four immediate projects for the new agency, one of which was expansion of the Tremont Street Subway to four tracks between Park Street and Scollay Square. As part of the plan, Park Street and Boylston stations were to be combined into a single Boston Common station, with a direct entrance from an underground parking garage. The garage ultimately opened in 1961, but the stations were not combined.

The exit-only north headhouse on the southbound platform was removed in 1958, followed by its northbound twin around 1962. On November 19, 1961, the Lenox Street line was substituted with buses. A shuttle service was run between Boylston and Pleasant Street until April 6, 1962, at which time the outer tracks at Boylston were closed. In 1964, the Tremont Street subway, including Boylston station, was designated a National Historic Landmark. Of the two original stations, Boylston retained more of its original appearance, having undergone only minimal changes in over a century of continuous operation. The sub-passage between the platforms was closed around 1968, and permanently sealed off in 1981. In 1974, local students installed nine colorful panels in the station as part of the MBTA's arts program.

The northbound outer track was removed in 1983. A planned renovation in 1986 was deferred due to the station's historic status, though the disused outer tracks were fenced off. The MBTA again planned a renovation of the station – including elevators for accessibility – in 1990, but did not construct the project. In mid-2006, the MBTA installed brighter lighting at Boylston station, as well as modern electronic faregates and fare vending machines for the CharlieCard system.

Plans for the South Boston Piers Transitway (later part of the Silver Line) were approved in 1993, calling for a bus rapid transit level at Boylston under the Green Line level. This portion was deferred in 1999, to become Phase III of the project. Silver Line service on the surface, running on Tremont Street, began stopping at Boylston in December 2001. After substantial increases in projected cost, Phase III was cancelled in 2010.

In 2019, the MBTA indicated that Boylston was a "Tier II" accessibility priority pending the results of conceptual design.

Incidents and accidents
A few months before the station opened, there was a gas explosion at the corner of Tremont and Boylston Streets on March 4, 1897. Illuminating gas had been escaping from an underground main for two months into the cavity between the station's roof and the street above, before a horse-drawn trolley caused a spark which ignited the gas. Witnesses reported that a fireball engulfed the trolley, and burned several people and horses instantaneously. Six people were killed, and at least sixty were seriously injured. The station was spared any serious damage, as much of the force of the blast had radiated upward.

On June 6, 1906, there was another explosion at Boylston station. The origin of the explosion was deemed to be the short-circuiting of the overhead lines in the station, which began to burn and catch fire. Because of the electrical nature of the fire, spraying water to stop the flames failed, and fire-fighters who attempted to do so were met with electric shocks. Only three people were injured, and the fire extinguished itself.

On August 4, 1958, a fire in the fuse box of a streetcar at Boylston injured 23 people.

title: Boylston station


text:
Buck Rinehart

Dana Gillman "Buck" Rinehart (February 24, 1946 – February 18, 2015) was an American attorney who served as the 50th mayor of Columbus, Ohio, from 1984 to 1992.

Biography
Rinehart was born in Parkersburg, West Virginia in 1946. Having served in the United States Marine Corps Reserve, retiring as a Lieutenant Colonel, Rinehart attended Ohio State University in Columbus, earning a B.A. in Political Science. He later attended Moritz College of Law at Ohio State, graduating cum laude.

Rinehart began his career as treasurer of Franklin County, Ohio, from 1976-1984. As County Treasurer, he posted a sign at the county building listing the names of real-estate tax scofflaws, the "Dirty Dozen".

After mounting a failed 1982 campaign for governor, Rinehart ran for mayor in 1983, to replace outgoing Republican mayor, Tom Moody (1972–1984). Rinehart narrowly won the election to become the 50th mayor of Columbus. He won re-election in 1987. Rinehart did not seek a third term after the revelation of his affair with Brenda Dodrill, whom he later married.

His term of mayor was characterized by an intense effort to distance Columbus, Ohio from its cowtown reputation (New World Center, 1986; convention center/arena complex, 1987; acquiring St. Louis Cardinals NFL football team, 1988).

In an April 2, 2013, article, the Columbus Dispatch described Rinehart's eight years as the city's mayor as "tumultuous." "No idea was too big, no plan too outrageous for Rinehart," the Dispatch reported. "During his administration, the city built a $28 million Downtown safety building, the Franklin County Solid Waste Authority was established, I-670 from Downtown to Port Columbus was completed, City Center mall was planned and built (and is now a downtown park), redevelopment of the Short North and Brewery District got under way, the Martin Luther King Center was developed, and retail and residential growth began at Easton." Rinehart's leadership lead to the annexation of the Polaris area and the successful development of Southern Delaware County.

However, the Dispatch also said that Rinehart made "glaring mistakes." One example cited by the Dispatch was Rinehart taking a wrecking ball to what was then the 120-year-old facade of the old Ohio Penitentiary on Spring Street, only to learn later that the city didn’t have permission for demolition.

After leaving office, Rinehart returned to practicing law at Rinehart, Rishel & Cuckler, Ltd, where his clients included powerful business interests. For example, a July 4, 2011, Cleveland.com article reported that Rinehart lobbied for the Ohio Independent Automobile Dealers Association.

Rinehart died from pancreatic cancer on February 18, 2015.

title: Buck Rinehart


text:
Essay of Dramatick Poesie

John Dryden's Essay of Dramatick Poesy was likely written in 1666 during the Great Plague of London and published in 1668. Dryden's claim in this essay was that poetic drama with English and Spanish influence is a justifiable art form when compared to traditional French poetry.

The treatise is a dialogue among four speakers: Eugenius, Crites, Lisideius, and Neander. The four speakers are Sir Robert Howard [Crites], Charles Sackville (then Lord Buckhurst) [Eugenius], Sir Charles Sedley [Lisedeius], and Dryden himself (Neander means "new man" and implies that Dryden, as a respected member of the gentry class, is entitled to join in this dialogue on an equal footing with the three older men who are his social superiors).

On the day that the English fleet encounters the Dutch at sea near the mouth of the Thames, the four friends take a barge downriver towards the noise from the battle. Rightly concluding, as the noise subsides, that the English have triumphed, they order the bargeman to row them back upriver as they begin a dialogue on the advances made by modern civilization. They agree to measure progress by comparing ancient arts with modern, focusing specifically on the art of drama (or "dramatic poesy").

The four men debate a series of three topics: (1) the relative merit of classical drama (upheld by Crites) vs. modern drama (championed by Eugenius);  (2) whether French drama, as Lisideius maintains, is better than English drama (supported by Neander, who famously calls Shakespeare "the greatest soul, ancient or modern"); and  (3) whether plays in rhyme are an improvement upon blank verse drama—a proposition that Neander, despite having defended the Elizabethans, now advances against the skeptical Crites (who also switches from his original position and defends the blank verse tradition of Elizabethan drama). Invoking the so-called unities from Aristotle's Poetics (as interpreted by Italian and refined by French scholars over the last century), the four speakers discuss what makes a play "a just and lively imitation" of human nature in action. This definition of a play, supplied by Lisideius/Sedley (whose rhymed plays had dazzled the court and were a model for the new drama), gives the debaters a versatile and richly ambiguous touchstone. To Crites' argument that the plots of classical drama are more "just," Eugenius can retort that modern plots are more "lively" thanks to their variety. Lisideius shows that the French plots carefully preserve Aristotle's unities of action, place, and time; Neander replies that English dramatists such as Ben Jonson also kept the unities when they wanted to, but that they preferred to develop character and motive. Even Neander's final argument with Crites over whether rhyme is suitable in drama depends on Aristotle's Poetics: Neander says that Aristotle demands a verbally artful ("lively") imitation of nature, while Crites thinks that dramatic imitation ceases to be "just" when it departs from ordinary speech—i.e. prose or blank verse.

A year later, the two brothers-in-law quarreled publicly over this third topic. See Dryden's "Defence of An Essay of Dramatic Poesy" (1669), where Dryden tries to persuade the rather literal-minded Howard that audiences expect a play to be an imitation of nature, not a surrogate for nature itself.

title: Essay of Dramatick Poesie


text:
Wikipedia:Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight

The Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight (ACOTF) is an ongoing collaborative effort to raise the quality of a selected article of Australian significance. The aim of this initiative is to fill gaps in coverage of the Australia and Australia-related topics on Wikipedia by developing individual articles one-by-one through extensive co-operation.

During the collaboration or soon after, the article will hopefully attain or near featured standard. The collaboration also serves to give users a focus and something to be proud of.

Recent collaborations

 * WikiProject Football (soccer) in Australia/To-do
 * WikiProject Football (soccer) in Australia/To-do

Procedure
Anyone who is a registered user prepared to devote time to collaborate on an article, not just Australians, can nominate an article and vote for articles already nominated.

The article is selected using approval voting. Every second Sunday, the votes are tallied, and the winner will be promoted for two weeks to potential contributors. The next winner will be selected on Thursday, 22 July 2010, 12:00 (AEST)

Previous selected articles that have gone on to become featured articles can be found at /Features. All previous selected articles can be found at /History. Failed nominations can be found at /Removed.

Nominations
New nominations can be made at any time and should be added at the end of this page. Please use the template in the comment.

If the page you are nominating already exists, please add to the top of its talk page. The "collaboration-candidate=yes" part automatically adds the talk page to the category Category:Australia collaboration candidates.

Considerations for nominations

 * Please only nominate Australian articles (or topics) which need serious work. If you have an article in mind that is not related to Australia please use Article Creation and Improvement Drive, which is not specific to Australian articles.
 * Giving reasons as to why an article should become the ACOTF may assist others in casting their vote.
 * Can the wider community easily contribute to the article? Or is it something only a small number of people will know about?
 * Sources to find articles to nominate might include:
 * WikiProject Australia/To-do
 * Category:Australia articles without a WikiProject
 * Category:Australia articles needing attention
 * Australia stubs or its subcategories
 * Collaborations sometimes work better if people know how to help. Consider adding a todo template to the article's talk page, and identifying what you think needs doings for others to add to or fix.

Voting
Please vote for as many of the following candidates as you like. Please add only support votes. Opposing votes will not affect the result, as the winner is simply the one with the most support votes (see Approval voting).

Only registered users should vote. '''Any Wikipedian can vote on this page. You do not have to be an Australian.'''

To enter your votes, simply edit the appropriate sections by just inserting a new line with "# ~". This will add your username and a time stamp in a new numbered list item.

Potential voters should consider when voting whether they are prepared to contribute to that article if it is selected. The ACOTF can not be effective if people vote purely in the hopes that someone else will improve an article. The purpose is to draw together a group of interested people for a time.

Tie-breakers
In case of a tie, the tied candidate that was nominated first will be selected.

Article selection
If the article is selected as the ACOTF, enter the article's complete title at Template:Collab-australian. The template WP:Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight/Current should then be placed at the top of the selected article.

When the article is no longer ACOTF, please add the following template to the talk page:

Pruning
Nominations will be moved to /Removed if they do not attract attention. An item will be allowed to remain up for voting two weeks per two votes it receives.

NOTE: If the turnover of collaborations slows down as it did in September/October 2006 or February and August 2008, the expiry dates should be taken with a pinch of salt for a while and allowed to relax to ensure popular choices are not pruned merely due to nobody actually selecting a new collaboration topic.

Items may also be removed if they are inappropriate for nomination (see Considerations... above)

Current Nominations
None


text:
Talk:Secondary mandate

Untitled
from VfD:

A non-passed, non-notable proposal. Mikkalai 03:20, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Move to secondary mandate and keep. Electoral reform is of widespread interest, and this proposal's distinct enough from proportional representation to deserve its own page. - TB 10:43, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Wolfman 15:12, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to secondary mandate and keep. Agreed with TB.   — Gwalla | Talk 21:07, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Move and KeepDsmdgold

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Secondary mandate