text:
Category:Atlanta Braves players

This category includes baseball players, past and present, for the franchise known as the Atlanta Braves since 1966. This franchise also has been known as:
 * Boston Red Stockings (1871-1875)
 * Boston Red Caps (1876-1882)
 * Boston Beaneaters (1883-1906)
 * Boston Doves (1907-1910)
 * Boston Rustlers (1911)
 * Boston Braves (1912-1935 / 1941-1952)
 * Boston Bees (1936-1940)
 * Milwaukee Braves (1953-1965)

title: Category:Atlanta Braves players


text:
Morden (disambiguation)

Morden is a district in the London Borough of Merton, England.

Morden may also refer to:

Australia

 * Parish of Morden, a civil parish in New South Wales

Canada

 * Morden, Manitoba, a city in Manitoba
 * Morden (electoral district), a former electoral district centered on that city
 * Morden, Nova Scotia, a town in Nova Scotia on the Bay of Fundy

United Kingdom

 * Morden, Dorset, a village in England
 * Morden tube station, in London, England
 * Ashwell & Morden railway station, near Guilden and Steeple Morden in Cambridgeshire
 * Guilden Morden, Cambridgeshire
 * Steeple Morden, Cambridgeshire

People

 * Morden (surname), people with the surname

Fictional characters

 * Morden (Babylon 5), a fictional character on the television series Babylon 5
 * General Morden, the main antagonist of the Metal Slug series of arcade games
 * The Morden, an enemy race from the video game Dungeon Siege II

Entertainment

 * "Morden", a song by Good Shoes

Other uses

 * HMCS Morden, a Canadian Navy corvette in service during World War II
 * 14502 Morden, a minor planet
 * Ulmus americana 'Morden', an elm cultivar

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Morden (disambiguation)


text:
Category:Seattle Pilots players

This category includes certain professional baseball players for the franchise currently known as the Milwaukee Brewers. This franchise has been known as:
 * Seattle Pilots (1969)
 * Such players appear below (list may be incomplete)
 * Milwaukee Brewers (1970–present)
 * See Category:Milwaukee Brewers players

title: Category:Seattle Pilots players


text: Category:Atlanta Braves field personnel

title: Category:Atlanta Braves field personnel


text:
Category:New York Yankees players

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:New York Yankees players


text: Category:Boston Braves players

title: Category:Boston Braves players


text: Category:New York Yankees field personnel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Finlandia co-op

This article received a strong consensus for deletion; however, this decision violated current Wikipedia policies. The page in question has thus been listed on VfD decisions not backed by current policies, and this debate remains in hiatus until a policy change is made. If a policy change permitting this page to be deleted is enacted this vote may be used to immediately delete the article.

Finlandia co-op
Non-notable student housing at Brown University. Serves a total of 24 people. Dsmdgold 15:12, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable -R. S. Shaw 19:14, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)
 * Delete: And what does this have to do with Dartmouth College, I wonder? (Delete: non-notable dorm.) Geogre 21:40, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. jni 07:43, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge NPOV content. +sj + 16:12, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merged. A shame to see a decent article like this, complete with photograph, summarily listed for deletion rather than merged.


text: Category:Milwaukee Braves players

title: Category:Milwaukee Braves players


text:
Category:Cincinnati Reds players

This category includes baseball players for the franchise currently known as the Cincinnati Reds. This franchise has been known by several names: For the team by the same name that played from 1876–1879, see Cincinnati Reds (1876–1879) players. For the team by the name of Cincinnati Red Stockings that played in 1869-70, see Cincinnati Red Stockings players See also
 * Cincinnati Red Stockings (19th century)
 * Cincinnati Redlegs (1950s)
 * Cincinnati Reds (1960–present)
 * Cincinnati Redlegs players

title: Category:Cincinnati Reds players


text:
User talk:CorporalPunishment

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes). Hi., just letting you know I listed your on requests for Arbitration, Requests_for_arbitration with the following complaint "User:Reithy has a request for comments open: Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/Reithy detailing his vandalism spree and his attack on other users. Since this every single day he has been creating a new account to insult me on his user/page talks pages, Talk about what a vandal I i'm, Revert other editors edits with his different accounts to make it seem like he has concenus. etc...(please see request for comments for basis for major problems.

He has been conducting a general campaign against me in the past week, with a different account per day to make it seem as if I have a large base of hatred from different users being directed at how awful I am.

Impossible to talk/reason with because he actually seems to like to believe that he's a sockpuppet and a unique indivudal any time you try to confront him.

His accounts he has created in just the past week are: User:Chuckschneider User:Schweppes42 User:144.132.89.151 user:Guido1970 user:ReithySockPuppet (pay particular attention to this one's user page) User:Lukewilson user:CorporalPunishment user:MunchieRonnie and user:PockyChoc."

please respond if you wish to. Chuck F 08:55, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:CorporalPunishment


text:
Category:Cincinnati Red Stockings players

''This category contains players for the original Cincinnati Red Stockings, who played from 1868 until 1870. For the American Association Cincinnati Red Stockings, who played from 1882-1889 (and were the precursor of today's Cincinnati Reds), see Cincinnati Red Stockings (AA) players.''


text:
Phosphoprotein

A phosphoprotein is a protein that is posttranslationally modified by the attachment of either a single phosphate group, or a complex molecule such as 5'-phospho-DNA, through a phosphate group. The target amino acid is most often serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues (mostly in eukaryotes), or aspartic acid or histidine residues (mostly in prokaryotes).

Biological function
The phosphorylation of proteins is a major regulatory mechanism in cells.

Clinical significance
Phosphoproteins have been proposed as biomarkers for breast cancer.

title: Phosphoprotein


text:
Nether Compton

Nether Compton is a village and civil parish in the English county of Dorset, situated approximately 3 mi west of Sherborne and 3 miles east of Yeovil in Somerset. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 328.

History
Nether Compton was burnt in 1066 by William, Duke of Normandy.

The parish church of St. Nicholas has a 13th-century chancel, nave and south porch. The west tower, north chapel and nave windows demonstrate that the church was altered significantly in the 15th century. The whole building was then restored in the 1880s, when the chapel was extended and various internal modifications made. The stone screen is Perpendicular and the pulpit early 17th century. The west tower houses five bells: one from the 15th century (Salisbury foundry, inscribed "Sit Semper Sine Ve Qui Michi Dicit Ave"), one dated 1585, two dated 1658 (Thomas Purdue, Closworth) and one from 1886 (Gillett and Co., Croydon).

Many of the buildings in the village date from when it was improved in the last decades of the 19th century, Colonel John R. P. Goodden having inherited Compton House in 1883. Architect Evelyn Hellicar (1862–1929) is responsible for a number of the buildings. These include Sheriff's Lodge (1889). The Grade II listed former village school, built c. 1843, is now a private home.

The village was rated as among the "20 most beautiful villages in the UK and Ireland" by Condé Nast Traveler in 2020.

Notable residents
Nether Compton was the childhood home of BAFTA Award winning actress Kristin Scott Thomas and of her younger sister, Serena Scott Thomas, also an actress, who was born in the village.

Harald Penrose (1904-1996), British test pilot and aviation author, lived in Nether Compton for more than fifty years in a house of his own design.

Over Compton was the childhood home of Silicon Valley entrepreneur and award-winning designer Joseph Oliver (formerly Poynter, foster child of Peter and Catherine McQueen).

title: Nether Compton


text: Category:Cincinnati Redlegs players

title: Category:Cincinnati Redlegs players


text:
Net income

In business and accounting, net income (also total comprehensive income, net earnings, net profit, bottom line, sales profit, or credit sales) is an entity's income minus cost of goods sold, expenses, depreciation and amortization, interest, and taxes for an accounting period.

It is computed as the residual of all revenues and gains less all expenses and losses for the period, and has also been defined as the net increase in shareholders' equity that results from a company's operations. It is different from gross income, which only deducts the cost of goods sold from revenue.

For households and individuals, net income refers to the (gross) income minus taxes and other deductions (e.g. mandatory pension contributions).

Definition
Net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income (also depending on UK and US usage), net earnings and net profit are commonly found as synonyms for net income. Often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is informally called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a company's income statement (a related term is top line, meaning revenue, which forms the first line of the account statement).

In simplistic terms, net profit is the money left over after paying all the expenses of an endeavor. In practice this can get very complex in large organizations. The bookkeeper or accountant must itemise and allocate revenues and expenses properly to the specific working scope and context in which the term is applied.

Net income is usually calculated per annum, for each fiscal year. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense (interest expense), and minority interest. Likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, and sales returns and allowances. For a product company, advertising, manufacturing, & design and development costs are included. Net income can also be calculated by adding a company's operating income to non-operating income and then subtracting off taxes.

The net profit margin percentage is a related ratio. This figure is calculated by dividing net profit by revenue or turnover, and it represents profitability, as a percentage.

An equation for net income
Net profit: To calculate net profit for a venture (such as a company, division, or project), subtract all costs, including a fair share of total corporate overheads, from the gross revenues or turnover.

$$\text{Net Profit} = \text{Sales Revenue} - \text{Total Costs}$$

A detailed example of a net income calculation:

$$\text{Net Income} = \text{Gross Profit} - \text{Operating Expenses} - \text{Other Business Expenses} - \text{Taxes} - \text{Interest on Debt} + \text{Other Income}$$

Net profit is a measure of the fundamental profitability of the venture. "It is the revenues of the activity less the costs of the activity. The main complication is . . . when needs to be allocated" across ventures. "Almost by definition, overheads are costs that cannot be directly tied to any specific" project, product, or division. "The classic example would be the cost of headquarters staff." "Although it is theoretically possible to calculate profits for any sub-(venture), such as a product or region, often the calculations are rendered suspect by the need to allocate overhead costs." Because overhead costs generally do not come in neat packages, their allocation across ventures is not an exact science.

Example
Net profit on a P & L (profit and loss) account:

 * 1) Sales revenue = price (of product) × quantity sold
 * 2) Gross profit = sales revenue − cost of sales and other direct costs
 * 3) Operating profit  = gross profit − overheads and other indirect costs
 * 4) EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes) = operating profit + interest income + other non-operating income
 * 5) EBT (Pretax profit, earnings before taxes) = EBIT − interest expenses − other non-operating expenses
 * 6) Net profit = EBT − tax
 * 7) Retained earnings = Net profit − dividends

Another equation to calculate net income:

Net sales (revenue) - Cost of goods sold = Gross profit - SG&A expenses (combined costs of operating the company) - Research and development (R&D) = Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) - Depreciation and amortization = Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) - Interest expense (cost of borrowing money) = Earnings before taxes (EBT) - Tax expense = Net income (EAT)

title: Net income


text:
User:Japsu

I'm a Computer Science undergraduate student from Tampere, Finland. I mostly contribute to the Finnish Wikipedia in which I am an administrator.

Links

 * My homepage

fi:Käyttäjä:Japsu

title: User:Japsu


text: Category:Cincinnati Reds field personnel


text:
Talk:Data model

Text about W3C, RDF and OWL removed
I removed the following text, see here, which was added both here and in the data modeling by User:EddyVanderlinden:

 * The end of the 1990 provided W3C standards (ref : Standards on RDF and recommendations on OWL ) which enabled ontologies to unite 4 modelling functions in 1 knowledge model: the knowledge representation (in RDF(S) and OWL), the knowledge generation through inferences, the conceptual model through ontologies and the physical model through triple stores.
 * The latest developments allow to generate applications straight from the knowledge systems (ontologies) (ref : See the finance semantic web application ).

I removed this text about W3C, RDF, OWL because it doesn't explain much itself, and doesn't explain the link with data modeling. -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 09:44, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Copy-paste registration
-- Mdd (talk) 20:36, 6 November 2009 (UTC)
 * In this edit text is copy/pasted from the data modeling article.
 * In this edit text is copy/pasted from the Generic data model article.
 * In this edit text is copy/pasted from the database model, flat file database, hierarchical model, network model, relational model, entity-relationship model, object-relational model, and object model article.
 * In this edit text is copy/pasted from the Information model article.
 * In this edit text is copy/pasted from the semantic data model article.
 * In this edit text is copy/pasted from the Unified Modeling Language article.
 * In this edit text is copy/pasted from the enterprise modeling article.
 * In this edit text is copy/pasted from the Data Architecture article.
 * In this edit text is copy/pasted from the data structure diagram article.
 * In this edit text is copy/pasted from the data flow diagram article.
 * In this edit text is copy/pasted from the entity-relationship model article.
 * In this edit text is copy/pasted from the Object Role Modeling article.

Lead sentence
I have undone the change in the lead sentence for the simple reason that it was not wikified. In a high-frequently viewed article like this it should be. Now I don't appose to a change in the lead sentence but it does have to fit the Wikipedia rules about lay out. Now the current article states:

 * A data model in software engineering is an abstract model that describes how data are represented and accessed. Data models formally define data elements and relationships among data elements for a domain of interest.

Now a new lead sentence is proposed by user:63.117.201.120:

 * Data is the documentation of real world entities (a person, place or thing), on a specific date. A data model is a plan that is used to document data with rigor. The data model is then used to specify how to store and retrieve the data from the appropriate place. A favorite saying of data architects is "a place for everything and everything in its place".

Now one of the rules is that the article has to start with the subject. So it could become:

 * A data model is a plan that is used to document data with rigor. The data model is then used to specify how to store and retrieve the data from the appropriate place. A favorite saying of data architects is "a place for everything and everything in its place".

Now for me as a not-native American I don't know what the expression "to document data with rigor" means? -- Mdd (talk) 19:54, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

Overall Impressions in 2018
I've just been revisiting this article after several years' absence. A surprising lack of recent talk?

The article starts reasonably well: sections 1, 2, 3 seem to provide a reasonably logical and consistent exposition.

After that it completely falls apart. Sections 4 and 5 are an absolute rag-bag. There's a whole sequence of 20 or so 3-or-4 paragraph sections each of which makes reasonable sense on its own, but none of which seem to fit into any coherent narrative for the article as a whole. Frankly, the article would be better without them.

Mhkay (talk) 20:38, 15 May 2018 (UTC)

Some candidate data models to include
I'm not sure whether these really constitute alternative data models or whether they can be understood to be subsumed by some already listed.

 * Frame
 * Category Theory

BookLubber (talk) 15:00, 16 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Data model


text: Category:Cleveland Indians players

title: Category:Cleveland Indians players


text:
Fino

Fino ("fine" "refinado" "refined" in Spanish) is the driest and palest of the traditional varieties of sherry and Montilla-Moriles fortified wine. They are consumed comparatively young and, unlike the sweeter varieties, should be consumed soon after the bottle is opened as exposure to air can cause them to lose their flavour within hours.

Flor
The defining component of Fino sherries is the strain of yeast known as flor that floats in a layer on top of sherry in the wine barrel. Until the mid-19th century, most sherry winemakers did not understand what this yellowish foam that randomly appeared in some of their barrels was. They would mark these barrels as "sick" and relegate them to their lowest bottlings of wine. It turned out that this strain of Saccharomyces yeast thrived in air, and the more "headroom" there was in the barrel, the more likely it was to develop. Over time winemakers noticed that these wines were lighter and fresher than their other sherries, with the flor acting as a protective blanket over the wine that shielded it from excessive oxidation.

Varieties

 * Jerez Fino is made from grapes grown in the vineyards around Jerez and aged in the wine cellars there, where the climate is hotter than those near the coast. The hotter summers cause Jerez Fino to develop a thinner layer of flor and thus a stronger flavour due to more exposure to the air.
 * Puerto Fino is made around El Puerto de Santa María. The cooler climate near the sea results in a thicker layer of flor and a more acidic and delicate flavour than Jerez Fino.
 * Manzanilla is made around Sanlúcar de Barrameda, where the climate is cooler than El Puerto de Santa María. Similar to the Puerto Fino, Manzanilla has a fresher and more delicate flavour than Jerez Fino.

Fino may also be produced in DO Montilla-Moriles. There the Fino along with the other sweet and fortified wines is made from the Pedro Ximénez grape as opposed to the Palomino grape used in Jerez.

Sweetened Fino is called Pale Cream Sherry.

On 12 April 2012, the rules applicable to the sweet and fortified Denominations of Origen Montilla-Moriles and Jerez-Xérès-Sherry were changed.

The classification by sweetness is:

Production
In the production of finos, winemakers normally will only use the free run juice; the juice that is produced by crushing the grapes under their own weight before they are sent to a wine press. The juice that comes after pressing is typically more coarse and produces heavier bodied wines. That juice is typically used to make oloroso sherry.

The barrels for sherries made using the fino method are only partially filled to allow the action of the flor yeast to give it the distinctive fresh taste of dry sherries. If the flor is allowed to die and the wine undergoes oxidative aging, the wine darkens and the flavour becomes stronger, resulting in an amontillado sherry.

In the final classification of a fino, it is judged on such qualities as cleanness, paleness, dryness, and aroma. According to the overseer's judgment, the initial stroke mark on the cask may then be embellished with one or more 'palm leaves'--curved marks that branch off the side of the initial mark. Wines receiving these marks are designated accordingly "una palma", "dos palmas", "tres palmas", with each additional palm leaf indicating a higher standard of quality.

Storing
Fino is the most delicate form of sherry and should be drunk within a year of bottling, although some argue that fino should not be older than six months. Once opened it will immediately begin to deteriorate and should be drunk in one sitting for the best results. If necessary it can be stored, corked, and refrigerated, for up to one week after opening.

Since sherry is not vintage dated, it can be hard to tell when the Fino was bottled. While the bottling date is printed on the label, it is in an encoded form. On the back label will be a small dot matrix number that starts with the letter L. After the L will be either a four or five-digit number. For the four-digit number, such as 7005, the first number is the year, and the last three numbers are numbers between 1 and 365 that indicate the day of the year. So this Fino was bottled on 5 January 2007. The five-digit code is similar, such as 00507, where the Julian date precedes the year. This was also bottled on 5 January 2007.

Serving
As with other particularly dry sherries, it is best served chilled at 7–10 °C before a meal, and in Spain is almost always drunk with tapas of some form, such as olives, almonds, or seafood.

title: Fino


text: Category:Cleveland Indians field personnel


text:
Woodturning

Woodturning is the craft of using a wood lathe with hand-held tools to cut a shape that is symmetrical around the axis of rotation. Like the potter's wheel, the wood lathe is a mechanism that can generate a variety of forms. The operator is known as a turner, and the skills needed to use the tools were traditionally known as turnery. In pre-industrial England, these skills were sufficiently difficult to be known as "the mysteries of the turners' guild." The skills to use the tools by hand, without a fixed point of contact with the wood, distinguish woodturning and the wood lathe from the machinist's lathe, or metal-working lathe.

Items made on the lathe include tool handles, candlesticks, egg cups, knobs, lamps, rolling pins, cylindrical boxes, Christmas ornaments, bodkins, knitting needles, needle cases, thimbles, pens, chessmen, spinning tops; legs, spindles, and pegs for furniture; balusters and newel posts for architecture; baseball bats, hollow forms such as woodwind musical instruments, urns, sculptures; bowls, platters, and chair seats. Industrial production has replaced many of these products from the traditional turning shop. However, the wood lathe is still used for decentralized production of limited or custom turnings. A skilled turner can produce a wide variety of objects with five or six simple tools. The tools can be reshaped easily for the task at hand.

In many parts of the world, the lathe has been a portable tool that goes to the source of the wood or adapts to temporary workspaces. 21st-century turners restore furniture, continue folk-art traditions, produce custom architectural work, and create fine crafts for galleries. Woodturning appeals to people who like to work with their hands, find pleasure in problem-solving, or enjoy the tactile and visual qualities of wood.

Overview
Wood lathes work with either reciprocating or continuous revolution. The reciprocating lathe is powered by a bow or a spring, rotating the wood first in one direction, and then in the other. The turner cuts on just one side of the rotation, as with the pole lathe. The reciprocating lathe may be human-powered with a bow, as well as with spring mechanisms. The reciprocating lathe, while primitive technology requiring considerable dexterity to operate, is capable of excellent results in skilled hands. For example, reciprocating bow lathes are still used to turn beads for the Arabian lattice windows called Meshrebeeyeh that so charmed Holtzapffel in the 1880s.

Continuous revolution of the workpiece can be human-powered with a treadle wheel, or achieved with water, steam, or electric power. The style of cutting does not have the pause required by the reciprocating lathe's rotation. Even with continuous revolution, however, the turner controls the contact of tools and wood entirely by hand. The cutters are not fixed, nor advanced automatically, as with the metal-working lathe.

The nature of wood defines woodturning techniques. The orientation of the wood grain, relative to the axis of the lathe, affects the tools and techniques used by the woodturner. In spindle turning, the grain runs lengthwise along the lathe bed, as if a log were mounted in the lathe. Grain is thus always perpendicular to the direction of rotation under the tool. In bowl turning, the grain runs at right angles to the axis, as if a plank were mounted across the chuck. When a bowl blank rotates, the angle that the grain makes with the cutting tool continually changes between the easy cuts to two places per rotation where the tool is cutting across the grain and even upwards across it. This varying grain angle limits some of the tools that may be used and require additional skill from the turner.

Moisture content affects both the ease of cutting wood and the final shape of the work when it dries. Wetter wood cuts easily with a continuous ribbon of relatively dust-free shavings. However, the wet wood moves as it dries. shrinking less along the grain. These variable changes may add the illusion of an oval bowl, or draw attention to the features of the wood. Dry wood is necessary for turnings that require precision, as in the fit of a lid to a box, or in forms where pieces are glued together.

The character of the wood creates other challenges for the woodturner. Turners of hardwoods and ivory select different tools than those used for cutting softwoods. Voids in the wood require higher lathe speeds, fillers, or extra safety precautions. Although other woodworkers value tight, straight grain, woodturners often search out the unusual wood from roots, defects, or diseased portions of trees.

The craft of woodturning is preserved and advanced by a community of practitioners. Until the 1970s, an apprentice system in the U.K., and Industrial Arts education in the U.S., preserved many of the traditional skills of the craft. Between 1975 and 1985, industrial arts teachers, hobbyists, artists, collectors, and tool suppliers developed the symposium format for the exchange of information about the craft. This community was a kind of prototype for the artisan-based maker culture active in the 21st century. The community organizes regional, national, and international symposiums publish journals, and hosts traveling experts at club events. Most publications and DVDs are of the DIY variety, including numerous YouTube videos.

History
The archaeological record of woodturning is limited to illustrations because wood is a fiber prone to rot. Egyptian monuments illustrate a strap used by a helper to rotate the lathe while another worker cut the wood. Early bow lathes and strap lathes were developed and used in Egypt and Rome. The Chinese, Persians, and Arabs had their variations of the bow lathe. Early lathe workers would sometimes use their bare feet to hold cutting tools in place while using their hands to power the lathe. Bow lathes continue in use right up to the present day, and much of our information about them comes from watching turners use them. Between 500 and 1500 A.D., turned wooden vessels served as the everyday bowls and cups of most of the population of Europe. Our knowledge of these humble vessels comes from examples preserved in anaerobic environments. These include shipwrecks, such as the Mary Rose, or sites like the Oseberg burial ship (where the burial was capped by a clay mound), deep wells and other water-logged sites (such as buried pits or ditches). Examples of the latter include 7th century bowls from the island monastery of Iona off western Scotland. Much of this ware was turned from green wood on a spring pole lathe. Finely crafted drinking bowls, known as mazers, were produced in very limited quantities from dry wood, then decorated with silver-gilt central bosses and rims.

As early as 1568, a separate flywheel powered a lathe via a drive belt. A master would cut the wood while an apprentice turned the crank on a huge wheel, often several feet in diameter. This was a continuous revolution lathe, which led to adaptation to external power sources such as water, steam, and electricity. This lathe evolved into the 'queen of machine tools' which made it possible to turn parts for other machinery. The Holtzapffels developed ornamental turning lathes from the continuous revolution lathe combined with metal-working innovations like the automatic slide rest. These lathes worked from geared patterns to cut designs in hardwoods such as ebony. They were favored as a hobby by European princes, meriting a mention by Tolstoy in War and Peace (1869).

Woodturners in London organized into a guild as early as 1310 on Wood Street. By 1347, the Turners Company was assigned responsibility for regulating weights and measures by the Mayor. By 1591, they built their own Hall. The Company governed the apprentice system and established pricing for goods. In 1604, they were incorporated as the Worshipful Company of Turners of London. Outside of London, the craft was decentralized and unregulated. Itinerant turners known as Bodgers set up temporary pole lathes near the source of wood for turning furniture parts.

In the 19th and early 20th century, woodturners in England worked in Turning Shops, usually within the master-apprentice system. In Germany and Russia, woodturning was concentrated in villages that had a specialty, such as turning toys. Bow lathes and pole lathes continued in use for decentralized, one-man production of architectural elements and bowls in many parts of the world. In the US, woodturning was part of the curriculum of industrial arts taught in public schools—often a prerequisite for classes in building furniture. The 'problems' from textbooks included both tool management skills, and assignments to turn objects such as gavels, darning eggs, boxes, trays, candlesticks, lamps, and legs for furniture.

Woodturning skills were used by patternmakers in the making of prototypes and shapes for casting molds used in foundries during the 19th and 20th centuries. They worked very slowly to achieve precision, using enormous patternmaker lathes and slow-cutting scraping tools.

Woodturning has always had a strong hobbyist presence. In the 1970s, an explosion of interest in hobby woodturning in the English-speaking world sparked a revival in the craft. Dr. Dale Nish traveled to England to recruit teachers, tools, and techniques from the last of the apprentice-trained woodturners. A few years later, Canadian Stephen Hogbin spent a year in Australia, pushing the limits of the craft through changes in scale and design. Industrial arts teachers used their institutional affiliation to create seminars, publish books, and foster research. The tool industry identified a new market for lathes and turning tools. A small group of serious collectors invested in the increasingly sculptural explorations of woodturners. Unusually, woodturning never established a strong foothold in university departments of art and design. Instead, practitioners of the craft have become adept at learning from demonstrations, private classes, regional meetings, their own published journals, and internet technologies. Some artists began as woodturners, and moved into more sculptural work, experimenting with super object forms and other fine craft concepts. The Center for Art in Wood, founded in 1986 as The Wood Turning Center, houses a collection in Philadelphia with over 1,000 objects from international artists as well as a research library and gallery. Other turners have chosen an artisan-based focus on traditional work, custom work, and the pleasure of studio practice.

Techniques
Complex forms made on a wood lathe develop from surprisingly few types of cuts: parting, planing, bead, cove, and hollowing. Parting separates the wood from the holding device or establishes depth cuts. Planning is done with a tool in which the bevel below the cutting edge supports wood fibers, just as in a typical wood planer. Beads are a convex shape relative to the cylinder, and coves are concave shape. Hollowing techniques are a combination of drilling and scooping out materials. The woodturner is at liberty to choose from a variety of tools for all of these techniques, and the quality of the cuts improves with practice wielding the tool selected. Turners rely upon three points of contact making any type of cut: the tool presses down on the tool rest, and against the woodturner's body before contacting the surface of the wood, most often with a bevel edge riding the surface of the wood. The objective is to position the tool correctly so that the wood comes around to the cutting edge, generating a thin shaving without chipping or tearing out sections of the wood. Woodturners prefer to use very clean cuts to minimize the time spent with abrasives. When it is necessary to sand the piece, they do so on the lathe, using abrasives held by a hand, in an inertial sander that revolves with the wood's rotation, or with power tools—drills or right-angle drills. The lathe also becomes a useful holding device for carving, burning, texturing, coloring, and finishing the form.

Holding devices
The wood rotates between the headstock of the lathe which includes the drive mechanism and the tailstock support, which only rotates if its center is 'live' or supported by a rotating holding device. The headstock end may use points or spurs which are driven into the wood. This type of turning is described as 'between centers.' The headstock spindle may also use a cup, collet, or scroll chuck to hold a tenon on the workpiece which will be removed in the finished product. The wood can also be screwed or glued to a faceplate—a strong disk that is threaded to mount on the headstock's spindle. The use of a chuck or faceplate allows the woodturner to forego tailstock support for the rotating wood. This type of secure holding system is essential for hollowing bowls or hollow forms.

Tools
Turning tools are generally made from carbon steel, high-speed steel (HSS), and more recently tungsten carbide. Comparing the three types, high-speed steel tools maintain their edge longer, requiring less frequent sharpening than carbon steel, but not as long as tungsten carbide. Tungsten carbide tools typically consist of scraping tools with the disposable carbide insert attached to the tool. The harder the type of high-speed steel used, the longer the edge will maintain sharpness. Tungsten carbide inserts are generally thought of as disposable, but they can be sharpened with diamond abrasives. Modern cutting and scraping tools can also be coated with titanium nitride to improve wear characteristics.

Woodturning tools must be sharpened more frequently than other edged woodworking tools to maintain a clean cut because the wood passes at great speed. Sharpening is usually accomplished with the aid of mechanical devices such as powered sharpening wheels and abrasives. This sharpening process requires either skill of the craftsman, or one of the many available sharpening jigs, which facilitate maintaining a specific bevel on the tool. As with any mechanical sharpening method, overheating or blueing is a danger to be avoided as it will ruin the steel's temper, rendering the steel too soft to maintain a sharp edge. When this happens, the blued area must then be ground away to expose fresh steel and the tool must then have the bevel reestablished and the edge re-honed. High-speed steel is not prone to blueing (overheating) whereas carbon steel blues easily, requiring frequent quenching in water or oil to avoid losing temper.

 * Types
 * spindle roughing gouge – a wide fluted gouge used to initially round a wooden spindle, and to roughly shape it. Generally not intended for cutting end grain due to the large cut it takes and the relatively weak tang connecting the blade to the handle. Unsafe for making bowls or any faceplate work.
 * spindle gouge or detail gouge – a shallow fluted gouge used to create details on spindles, including beads (raised portions of the turning typically semi-circular in cross-section) and coves (relieved portions of the turning).
 * bowl gouge – a deep fluted gouge used to turn the outside and inside of bowls and vessels. Often has a thicker shaft and longer handle than a spindle gouge because it has to cut farther away from the tool rest and deal with the forces of turning a large bowl. Sometimes called 'long and strong' gouge.
 * skew chisel – a wide, steeply pointed chisel with the edge running at an angle to the length of the tool. Used to smooth flat spindles, cut beads, and add details. Skew chisels are only used on spindle work (never on facework) and are honed after sharpening to create a razor edge. The skew is said to be the most difficult wood-turning tool to master but when used correctly, it delivers a superb finish which is hard to match by any other tool.
 * parting tool – a pointed tool used to separate (part of) work from the lathe, and to create a straight edge separating large and small diameter sections – wide parting tools are also called bedans are used to create evenly sized spindle sections.
 * bedan tool - somewhere between a skew chisel and a parting tool. Typically a piece of square stock with a 40 degree bevel at the end. Only one face is ground and the tool is presented to the work with that side facing up. It has a wider cutting edge than a parting tool but can be used as such. It can also be used to roll beads and make peeling cuts similar to the skew.
 * hollowing tool – many different types of tools are used to cut out the deep sections of steep bowls, vases, and hollow vessels. Often with very long handles, to maintain enough leverage when working in a deep vessel, far away from the handrest.
 * scraper – a tool that scrapes the wood fibers instead of cutting – these are used to smooth off wooden items cut with other tools, and to shape items that are not possible or difficult to shape with gouges. A sharp scraper has a burr at the edge which cuts the wood, only a dull scraper scrapes.
 * bowl saver – a tool used to core out the inside part of a bowl, allowing the waste piece to be used to create a smaller bowl, and to limit the number of wood chips created when hollowing out a bowl.
 * auger – a drill bit used to drill a hole partway or through a wooden item. For cutting the hole for a lamp cord, or as the first step when hollowing out a bowl or vessel
 * chatter tool – a flexible scraper used to add decorative chatter marks to turned items
 * wire – a simple wire, sometimes with handles attached at either side, to burn lines into the piece with friction.
 * there are also several tool types for special purposes, as well as tools that are a combination design of the above tools, i.e. skew/chisel combinations, thread cutting tools, ring cutting tools, medium fluted gouges, etc.

Other techniques

 * Eccentric turning – turning a single piece multiple times, upon different axes each time.
 * Oval or elliptical turning – turning a piece using an accessory mounted to the headstock that changes the center of rotation of the piece in time with the rotation so that a cutting tool held in a fixed position on the tool rest cuts an oval rather than a round path on the workpiece
 * Sculptureturnery – turning on a lathe that will generate turned work that is not necessarily circular, can be any of the following crosses –sections; elliptical, triangular, square, pentangle, hexagonal, or heptangular.
 * Multi-dimensional woodturning – requires that the workpiece as it rotates will be able to move cyclically along the lathe bed and/or simultaneously move cyclically across the bed.
 * Three-dimensional woodturning – is where the shape produced by the lathe is not symmetrical about the axis of rotation.
 * Therming – mounting a carrier between centers, and then mounting the small workpiece(s) to the carrier, so that the axis of the headstock/tail-stock does not pass through any of the workpieces, and each workpiece gets cut only on one face. As noted in Wood-turning Methods by Mike Darlow, the etymology of the term "thermal" comes via a corruption of the name of the Greek god Hermes, who was often represented as a statue set atop a plinth with a construction characteristic of themed work.
 * Segmented turning – a method of woodturning where the wood blank is constructed from many individual pieces of wood (segments) which are glued together before being turned. Many interesting patterns can be generated through the process of gluing and shaping the lathe.
 * Green or wet turning – turning wood while its moisture content is above equilibrium. Often done when the wood is newly felled. May be turned to finished thickness, in which case the differential shrinkage of the wood will result in a finished piece that is not perfectly round. Alternatively, it may be "rough turned". Rough turning involves turning the piece only to its general shape, leaving enough thickness so that after turning it can be allowed to dry to equilibrium moisture content and distort. The advantage over first drying the wood and then turning is that a rough-turned piece dries faster, will probably distort instead of split as solid wood tends to, and that wet wood turns better since it creates less dust. Rough turning is an inexact science: turning wood too thick will lead to splits, and turning wood too thin will lead to distortion that cannot be removed because not enough thickness is left. Once dry, it is mounted on the lathe a second time and turned to its final form. Rough turning is typically used on most functional work and some art pieces.
 * Natural edge workpieces that include the outside of the tree trunk or limb as the edge of the piece. Typically artistic turnings, usually bowls or hollow vessels, and usually green turned to final dimension. May include the bark or not, but pieces with bark should not have any bark damaged or missing.
 * Ornamental turning – also known as OT, a method in which the piece is mounted upon a rocking headstock, and a spinning tool is used to cut out exotic and decorative patterns. The device is called a rose engine lathe.
 * Twistwork – A type of carving on spindles or vessels, in which the lathe is a holding device and the turner makes spiral cuts. The turner may use a grid drawn on the wood, or cut entirely by eye, using either hand tools, power tools, or abrasives.

Safety
When woodturning, it is important to wear certain personal protective equipment (PPE). When working with spinning objects, loose clothing should not be worn; all jewelry should be removed; and long hair should be tied back. Since loose rags may also transfer color to the piece, paper towels should be used to avoid snags and accidents. Wood shavings generated during turning will need to be periodically removed.
 * Eye protection is a necessity when woodturning. There are several types of PPE available for eye protection such as safety goggles, glasses, and visors. Although all of these are adequate, a visor that protects the entire head from dust and debris provides the highest level of protection.
 * Respiratory equipment and dust collection systems are also important when woodturning or doing any type of woodworking that creates dust. This can range from a simple disposable dust mask to a full-face helmet with a built-in respirator. Most standalone respiratory equipment will interfere with dust shields and visors, so devices that incorporate both are ideal. Many kinds of wood create dust that is a health hazard. For example, cocobolo (granadillo) dust can cause toxic shock. Many people are sensitive to oils carried in walnut, locust, and oak sawdust. Long-term exposure to fine wood dust has also been linked with an increased risk of developing cancer.
 * Ear protection – A lathe is a quiet machine compared to other power tools, but earplugs should be worn if noise is excessive. This may be due to motor (fan) noise from a shop dust collector or the combination of wood and tool being used.
 * Hand/skin protection – Gloves should not be used with rotating equipment due to the risk of getting tangled in the machine. However, wood can cause splinters that not only puncture the skin but also cause festering sores or skin irritation. The polishes and finishes used in woodturning often contain organic solvents such as methanol, turpentine, and toluene, all of which can be harmful irritants to the skin. This subject continues to be debated in the community.
 * Foot protection – Protective footwear such as leather steel-toe boots is essential for any type of shop activity.

A good way to check the safety before starting the lathe is ' SAFER':

 * S – Speed – The rotational speed should be slower for big, heavy items and faster for smaller, lighter things. Most craftsmen recommend starting at slow speeds and re-setting speed to low at the end of the session.
 * A – Aside – Stand to the side of the blank's 'firing line' (not in front of the wood).
 * F – Fixings – Confirm that all materials and equipment tool-rest, tailstock, etc. are correctly attached and secured.
 * E – Eye and ear protection – Wear sufficient eye and ear protection.
 * R – Revolve – Confirm the wood can freely rotate without encountering any obstructions such as the tool rest.

Safe usage of a lathe also depends on the operator's choice of proper techniques for the lathe, tools, and wood. For example, using a high spindle speed with an unbalanced wooden blank may cause the lathe to vibrate dangerously. Spinning a large turning blank too quickly may cause it to explode. Inappropriate use of tools such as gouges and skew chisels can cause a catch, where the tool bites suddenly and aggressively into the wood in an uncontrolled manner. These risky practices can exert extremely large forces upon the wood, the tool, the lathe, and the operator. The wood could fracture or tear free from the lathe. In lathe accidents, tools are often torn from the operator's hand and thrown in unexpected directions. Particular care is required for wooden shapes that are not circular, such as off-center work, and for bowls with wings or square rims. Portions of the turning extend farther from the axis of rotation and are sometimes more difficult to see than the bulk of the wooden blank.

title: Woodturning


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Watermyn

This article received a strong consensus for deletion; however, this decision violated current Wikipedia policies. The page in question has thus been listed on VfD decisions not backed by current policies, and this debate remains in hiatus until a policy change is made. If a policy change permitting this page to be deleted is enacted this vote may be used to immediately delete the article.

Watermyn
Sister house to Finlandia co-op (see above). Equally non-notable. Dsmdgold 15:18, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable -R. S. Shaw 19:13, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)
 * Delete: Speedy delete candidate for being a hate article. "Watermyn sucks."  Furthermore, it was always that way.  The first version of the article said, "Watermyn is like a fresh summer's breeze. NOT."  Yeah.  No debate here, is there?  Geogre 21:42, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. not notable.Gurdonark 00:19, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. jni 07:49, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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Oborne

Oborne is a village and civil parish in north west Dorset, England, situated just north of the A30 road approximately 1 mi northeast of Sherborne, and is close to the border with Somerset. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 101. Oborne shares a grouped parish council, Yeohead & Castleton Parish Council, with the three village parishes of Poyntington, Goathill and Castleton.

A new parish church, designed by William Slater, was built on a fresh site in 1862. The volume on Dorset in the Buildings of England series by John Newman and Nikolaus Pevsner describe this as having "nave with bellcote, chancel and apse ... Slater's and Carpenter's typical single and twin lancets with pointed-trefoiled cusping." The remains of the Old St Cuthbert's Church are half a mile south, on the other side of the A30. Only the chancel remains. Oborne had been given to Sherborne Abbey by the Saxon King Edgar in the 10th century and it remained a 'chapel of ease' to the abbey until the Dissolution in 1539. Above the lintels of windows on the east and north sides are inscriptions entreating prayers for the good standing of Abbot John Myer (1533) and Sacristan John Dunster of Sherborne. The interior of the chancel contains a 17th-century pulpit and communion rails as well as a piscina and font from the former church at North Wootton. Nothing now remains of the medieval nave that was demolished in the 1860s. The chancel lay neglected until the 1930s, when a new incumbent began to restore it, taking advice from A. R. Powys (secretary of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings) who was also responsible for the restoration of the church at Winterborne Tomson, Dorset.

title: Oborne


text:
Category:Oakland Athletics players

This category includes baseball players for the American League franchise currently known as the Oakland Athletics. This franchise has been known by several names: See also: For the current Oakland Athletics roster:
 * Philadelphia Athletics (1901-1954)
 * Kansas City Athletics (1955-1966)
 * Oakland Athletics (1967-present)
 * Philadelphia Athletics (NA) players (National Association, 1871–75)
 * Philadelphia Athletics (NL) players (National League, 1876)
 * Philadelphia Athletics (AA) players (American Association, 1882–91)
 * Philadelphia Athletics players (AL)
 * Kansas City Athletics players (AL)
 * Oakland Athletics all-time roster
 * Oakland Athletics roster

title: Category:Oakland Athletics players


text: Category:Oakland Athletics field personnel


text: Category:Philadelphia Athletics players

title: Category:Philadelphia Athletics players


text:
Category:Kansas City Athletics players

Kansas City Athletics players.

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Kansas City Athletics players


text:
Category:Pittsburgh Pirates players

This is a list of players who, at one point, played for the Pittsburgh Pirates.

title: Category:Pittsburgh Pirates players


text:
Okeford Fitzpaine

Okeford Fitzpaine is a village and civil parish in the English county of Dorset, situated in the Blackmore Vale 3 mi south of the town of Sturminster Newton. It is sited on a thin strip of greensand under the scarp face of the Dorset Downs. In the 2011 census the civil parish—which includes the village of Belchalwell to the west and most of the hamlet of Fiddleford to the north—had 404 dwellings, 380 households and a population of 913.

History
Prehistoric remains within the parish include three cross dykes and five round barrows on the chalk hills south of the village, and an Iron Age hill fort on Banbury Hill, towards Sturminster Newton. Banbury covers about 3 acre and is of univallate (single rampart) construction, though its defences have been reduced by cultivation.

In 1086 in the Domesday Book Okeford Fitzpaine was recorded as Adford; it had 40 households, 16 ploughlands, 21 acre of meadow and one mill. It was in Sturminster Newton Hundred and the tenant-in-chief was Glastonbury Abbey. Since then it has been known as "Aukford Alured" and "Ockford Phippin", the latter echoing the modern colloquial "Fippenny Ockford" and its shorthand, "Ockford".

The present parish of Okeford Fitzpaine includes several areas that used to be within other parishes: Banbury Common (formerly in Child Okeford parish), the centre of the old parish of Belchalwell (plus four of its five separated parts), and part of Fiddleford (east of the Darknoll Brook). Until 1966 almost the entire village was owned by the Pitt-Rivers family, so it has no "big house", and comprised mostly tenant farmers. The village was sold off at auction by his mistress Stella Lonsdale following the death in 1966 of George Pitt-Rivers, who specified that the Estate not be sold as such, but that each property be sold individually, so that existing tenants might buy their leased farms.

Governance
In the United Kingdom national parliament, Okeford Fitzpaine is in the North Dorset parliamentary constituency which is represented by Simon Hoare of the Conservative party. In local government Okeford is governed by Dorset Council at the highest tier and Okeford Fitzpaine Parish Council at the lowest tier. The first meeting of the parish council took place on 1 January 1895.

For electoral purposes in national government and district council elections, Okeford Fitzpaine is in Bulbarrow electoral ward. In national parliamentary elections this is joined with 26 other wards that together elect the Member of Parliament for the North Dorset constituency.

Okeford Fitzpaine falls within the unitary authority of Dorset, having been part of the North Dorset non-metropolitan district until local government structural changes took effect on 1 April 2019. The authority is administered by Dorset Council, which has 82 councillors elected from 52 wards. The Conservative party has overall control following elections in May 2019.

Education
There is a small but thriving Church of England Voluntary Aided Primary School classified in 2015 by OFSTED as "Good". The school was virtually destroyed by fire during World War II, and many village records were lost.

There is also the Oak Tree Pre-School.

The school has now closed and the children are bused to Shillingstone Primary School, nearby.

Notable buildings
Within the parish are 61 structures that are listed by Historic England for their historic or architectural interest. Two of these – the Parish Church of St Andrew and the Church of St Aldhelm – have Grade II* status, with all other listed structures being Grade II. Among these are a barn off High Street; a green-painted K6 telephone kiosk by the post office; 50 m of raised pavement in Shillingstone Lane; a table tomb in St Andrew's churchyard; and another in St Aldhelm's churchyard.

The Parish Church of St Andrew is built from greensand and Marnhull limestone and has a 14th-century tower arch and west window, a mid-15th-century west tower, and a 19th-century chancel. The aisles and nave are also 19th century, though they incorporate some 15th-century elements. The pulpit is 15th century, albeit much restored.

The Church of St Aldhelm, formerly the parish church of Belchalwell, is in the southwestern part of the parish. The nave has late-12th-century origins, though only part of the south wall remains from this date. The south doorway is well preserved, dating to about 1190, and is ornamented with chevron and dog-tooth patterning. The north aisle, chancel, south tower and south porch are 15th-century additions, though at the end of the 19th century the east wall of the chancel and all the north aisle were largely rebuilt, as were the west walls of the nave and south porch.

The Old Rectory has a main block that was probably built in the mid 18th century by the Rev Duke Butler; it has a symmetrical five-bay east front comprising rendered walls above ashlar and rubble plinths. An earlier brick-walled kitchen wing to the northwest has a large fireplace with a chamfered bressummer.

There is what remains of a Cross of ashlar, that comprises two square steps under a chamfered plinth, on which stands an octagonal cross-base, chamfered on top, with broach stops occupying the corners of the square. The tenon of the cross-shaft still lodges in a square mortice at the centre of the octagon, but the rest has gone.

Community facilities
Okeford Fitzpaine has a village hall, which can cater for conferences of up to 140 people and parties of up to 200; it has full facilities for people with disabilities. The village also has The Royal Oak public house and a village Post Office and shop, "The Okeford Stores".

People
In 2015 the village had 333 houses, with 33 more under construction on land once occupied by Phillips's Hillview Dairy. Plans are being formulated for perhaps another 100, some on the land occupied by the defunct chicken farm, some on land occupied by the defunct Wessex Homes mobile home factory, and some on Pleydell's Farm in the middle of the village.

TV presenter Jack Hargreaves, known for having devised and presented How!, Out of Town and Old Country, lived at Belchalwell.

title: Okeford Fitzpaine


text:
Category:Minnesota Twins players

This category includes baseball players for the franchise currently known as the Minnesota Twins. This franchise has been known as:
 * Washington Senators (1901–1960)
 * Minnesota Twins (1961–present)

title: Category:Minnesota Twins players


text:
Repsol

Repsol S.A.  is a Spanish multinational energy and petrochemical company based in Madrid. It is engaged in worldwide upstream and downstream activities. In the 2022 Forbes Global 2000, Repsol was ranked as the 320th-largest public company in the world. As of 2022, it has 24,000 employees worldwide.

It is vertically integrated and operates in all areas of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. The business strategy also includes hydraulic fracking on the Alaska North Slope. As of 2021 Repsol had a renewable energy division.

CAMPSA and REPESA
In 1927, CAMPSA (Compañía Arrendataria del Monopolio de Petróleos S.A.), headed by Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, was created with the objective of administering concessions in handing over the state monopoly of petroleum companies. Originally the company was arranged so that the state would have a minority stake. The Creation of CAMPSA intensified the progress of the Spanish refinery industry.

In 1941, the Spanish government under Francisco Franco created the INI (National Industry Institute), in order to finance and promote Spanish industries. The INI supported CAMPSA in its exploration of Tudanca, Cantabria, a monumental moment in Spanish exploration on the Iberian Peninsula. The year 1947, marked the end of a 20-year contract between the Spanish state and CAMPSA, decentralizing services while at the same time giving specific rights to the state to intervene in the company's affairs, minus distribution and commercialization, which remained exclusive to CAMPSA.

In 1948, REPESA (Refinería de Petróleos de Escombreras S.A.) was incorporated for the installation of a refinery in the Valley of Escombreras (Cartagena).

REPESA became the symbol of the increasing industrial consolidation in the refining sector, as it took on the production and marketing of petrol, oils and lubricants under its own brand name.' From the beginning, REPSOL was REPESA's "star brand" of petroleum as a REPESA product brand.

International expansion

In 1999, Repsol bought 97.81% of the Argentine oil and gas company YPF S.A., which at the time was the largest oil-and-gas company in Ibero America. The acquisition better positioned Repsol as a multinational company. Repsol's acquisition of YPF also increased its capital to 288 million shares worldwide. Repsol's presence in Latin America was one of the keys to corporate growth. It was the first full year after the acquisition of YPF and the consolidation of Gas Natural SDG by global integration. The company's business structure was more balanced and international. Then in December 2001, Repsol completed an asset exchange agreement with Petrobras, making it the second largest consolidated oil company in Brazil. The same year Repsol announced new discoveries in Libya, Indonesia, Spain, Venezuela, Argentina, and Bolivia, prompting the development and marketing of its electricity business through Gas Natural SDG. In 2003, Repsol tripled its reserves and production of hydrocarbons in Trinidad and Tobago. North American expansion in 2008, saw Repsol open a massive regasification plant on the east coast of Canada with enough capacity to supply up to 20% of the gas demand for New York and New England. In 2008, Repsol began an intensive exploration campaign and invested in exploring in new areas, with results that enabled the company to change its profile. Using cutting edge technology, the company made over 30 hydrocarbon discoveries, many of which were considered to be among the largest in the world. In 2009, Petroleum Economist magazine called it the "Best energy company of the year".

Canary Islands
Following years of opposition from environmentalist groups, Spain finally gave permission in August 2014, for the company and its partners to explore prospects off the Canary Islands. In January 2015, after two months of exploration about 50 kilometers off the coasts of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, the company said in a statement it only found small deposits that were not worth drilling thus scrapping the project.

Alaska
In 2013, Repsol and Armstrong Energy, a privately held oil and gas exploration and production company in New Mexico, discovered the Pikka field 83km west of Deadhorse, Alaska and about 10km away from Nuiqsut on the Alaska North Slope by drilling a discovery well into the Nanushuk Formation, a well they called Qugruk 3. In May 2024 Repsol and Santos Limited subsidiary Oil Search were looking to sell 20-25% of their non-operating interest in the Pikka unit, to raise funds, one month after they had asked the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission for a permit to hydraulic fracking.

Talisman acquisition, 2014
In December 2014, Repsol announced that it would buy Canadian oil company Talisman Energy in a transaction worth about $15.1 billion Cdn ($13 billion US).

Company name and origins
In 1971, the Repsol logo first appeared, as REPESA (Refinería de Petróleos de Escombreras S.A.) brand product, in the Motorcycling World Championship of that year.

Its name derives from the founding company REPESA for its visibility and easy pronunciation in different languages. In 1991, the Instituto Nacional de Hidrocarburos (INH), before the imminent demise of the state oil monopoly, set the goal to create a company of mixed public-private capital, which exploited state oil assets. When looking for a name a survey at street level was performed and the only two words that people recognized and associate with the world of oil were CAMPSA (badge of the former monopoly) and REPSOL; obviously, this last one was chosen to name the new company.

"A short, round, sonorous and catchy name was searched. As many terms of the language sink their roots in Latin, here the first letters of a small company of lubricants (Repesa) were used, and the term is completed with the star that identifies Spain in the cultures of the north. Repsol is one of the few names of companies that do not obey an acronym or joins that obsession of putting together letters of horrific names. And that was the first hit".

Upstream
Exploration and production of oil and natural gas are in charge of Repsol Exploration SA and its many subsidiaries. It is present in several countries, such as Spain, United States, Canada, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Norway, United Kingdom, Algeria, Libya, Indonesia and others.

The oil and gas exploration and production activity is Repsol's main growth driver. Repsol has become a world leader in exploration, with over 40 finds since 2008. To guarantee this activity in the long term, in 2013, Repsol incorporated 65 exploration blocks, mainly in the United States (44 blocks) and Norway (6 blocks), into its mining holdings.

Production was doubled as a result of the acquisition of Talisman Energy in 2015. As of January 2022, Repsol produces an average of 572,000 barrels of oil per day, and it has proven reserves of 1.9 billion barrels.

Refining
Industrial activity involves the supply and trading of crude and products, oil refining, petroleum product marketing, distribution and marketing of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), production and marketing of chemicals and the development of new energies.

The Repsol Group owns and operates five refineries in Spain (Cartagena, A Coruña, Bilbao, Puertollano and Tarragona), and one in Peru. The combined refining capacity exceeds one million barrels per day.

In addition to products derived from oil and gas, Repsol also produces aviation biofuel from waste and biomass.

The brands Repsol, CAMPSA, and Petronor market their products through an extensive network of over 6,900 outlets, of which over 6,500 are service stations, distributed in Europe and Latin America. Repsol is one of the leading retail distributions of LPG, bottled and bulk, worldwide and is the first in Spain and Latin America.

Chemicals
The Chemicals division produces and markets a wide variety of products in over 90 countries, and it is one of the leaders of the market on the Iberian Peninsula. Its activities range from basic petrochemicals to derivatives.

Production is concentrated at three petrochemical complexes located in Spain (Puertollano and Tarragona) and Portugal (Sines), where there is a high level of integration between basic and derivatives, as well as with refining activities in the case of the Spanish facilities. Repsol also has a number of subsidiary and affiliate companies through which the company produces polyolefin compounds, chemical specialties, and synthetic rubber at special plants.

Trading
The main function of Trading is to optimize the supply and deliver to market of the Group’s positions in international markets for crude oil and petroleum products (integrated supply chain). Its activity consists of:
 * the supply of crude oil and products for Refining systems and other Group needs,
 * the delivery to market of crude oil and associated products from its own production,
 * the maritime transport of crude oil and derivative products associated with these activities,
 * the management of crude oil and product hedges in the financial derivative markets.

Wholesale and gas trading
The Company’s activity in this area focuses on optimizing the margin from the marketing and sale of regasified LNG and natural gas. The optimization of the gas and LNG portfolio has been carried out through swap operations with third parties, along with logistic optimizations and trading in the gas system.

Mobility
It provides marketing and sales of oil and other products at service stations and directly (Direct Sales).

On December 31, 2021, Repsol had 4,689 service stations in Spain, Portugal, Mexico, and Peru.

Lubricants, Aviation, Asphalts and Specialized Products
Production and sale of lubricants, bases for lubricants, bitumen, jet fuel, extender oils, sulfur, paraffins, and propellant gases.

LPG

In Spain and Portugal, Repsol distributes bottled Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), bulk LPG, and AutoGas. In Peru, it supplies AutoGas.

Retail Electricity and Gas
Repsol provides electricity and gas in the retail sector (residential and businesses) with a base of more than 1.3 million customers throughout all of Spain.

In 2021, Repsol secured the highest level of assurance —the A label— for the second straight year, for its environmentally friendly sourcing of electricity, according to the Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia. Repsol is the only major retail marketer in Spain, in terms of customers supplied, that guarantees 100% renewable electricity.

Renewables and low-carbon generation
Repsol is a major player in the generation of electricity in Spain. As of 31 December 2021, the total installed capacity in operation of low-carbon and renewables reaches 3,738 MW. This includes 693 MW in hydroelectric and pumping plants, 1,625 MW in combined cycle plants, 600 MW in cogeneration plants, 430 MW in wind and 390 MW in solar photovoltaic.

Brief chronology

 * 1948 incorporation REPESA (Refinería de Petróleos de Escombreras S.A.) created for the installation of a refinery in the Valley of Escombreras, Cartagena (Spain).
 * 1981 Creation of INH: Public organization created to integrate the various companies operating in the oil and gas in which the Spanish state had a controlling interest or was the sole owner.
 * 1986 Creation of the Repsol group: Its sole shareholder is the INH. Repsol brings together the companies in which the Spanish state had a controlling interest in the areas of exploration and production (old Hispanoil), refining (formerly ENPETROL), chemical and liquefied natural gas (LNG), Butane (former Butano S.A.), CAMPSA and Petronor. Repsol Chemical (Alcudia), initially a subsidiary of Repsol Petroleum, which will then be a subsidiary.
 * 1989 The State (INH) began the privatization of Repsol. IPO of 26% of Repsol Capital. Repsol shares, S.A. upgraded trading on exchanges in Spain and New York.
 * 1991 Natural Gas Company is created.
 * 1997 The State completes the privatization of Repsol.
 * On April 16, 2012 the President of Argentina, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner announced the introduction in the Congress of a bill to "safeguard the sovereignty of Argentina hydrocarbons." This project has as main purpose the expropriation of 51% of the shares of YPF.
 * On March 28, 2014 Repsol's Annual General Meeting ratified the "Convenio de Solución Amigable y Avenimiento de Expropiación" which recognises the Repsol's right to receive $5 billion as compensation for the expropriation of the 51% shareholding in YPF and YPF GAS, together with payment guarantees.
 * On May 15, 2018 Repsol announced it would no longer seek growth for oil and gas.
 * American energy investment company EIG acquires a 25% stake of Repsol's upstream business for US$4.8 billion.

Expropriation of YPF

In May 2012, the Argentine president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, proposed the expropriation of 51% of Repsol's shares in YPF. The Republic of Argentina's Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Act that was passed that summer made officially possible the expropriation of Repsol's shares. Repsol went to various international bodies to pursue legal action directly after losing its shares of YPF. The expropriation was an attempt by the Argentine government to nationalize its oil and gas production. Results however show that the move to nationalize actually hurt oil production in Argentina. Compared to the oil production in 2011, YPF's oil production in 2012 fell by 8%, according to data from Argentina's Department of Energy.

Repsol had the backing of the EU and the US, and both powers condemned Argentina's move as expropriation. President Fernández claimed that the state would seize 51% of YPF. In June 2013, Repsol rejected a $5 billion proposal from Argentina to compensate for the 2012 expropriation. The proposal also would have given Repsol drilling rights to 6.4% of the massive Vaca Muerta shale-gas field. The board of Repsol unanimously rejected this offer, as it would have caused them to drop a $10.5 billion lawsuit that was in progress against the Argentine government. Repsol at the time owned 6.4% of YPF. On 25 February 2014, the Repsol board announced it had accepted a settlement offer from the Argentine government of an issue of Argentine bonds valued at $5 billion. The deal concluded after three months of negotiations in Buenos Aires was subject to shareholder approval. The agreement ended two years of legal wrangling and the potential for a long drawn-out legal battle. Repsol Chairman Antonio Brufau described the "friendly" settlement as "extremely positive."

Environmental record
In 2011 Repsol built the world's first service station certified by BREEAM, "the leading international method for evaluating and certifying building sustainability". The construction of the station was completed under green architecture parameters, utilizing multiple recycled materials. The publication Newsweek selected Repsol as the most environmentally respectful energy company of 2012. However, recent reports of Repsol drilling in the indigenous lands of the Peruvian Amazon display a disregard for the environment. According to an Environmental Impact Assessment, Repsol's exploration of the rainforest will involve drilling at least 21 wells. Although Repsol denies it, 20 of the 21 wells fall within the land of indigenous people, who are very vulnerable to any sort of contact with foreigners.

In 2016, Repsol ranked as being among the 12th best of 92 oil, gas, and mining companies on indigenous rights in the Arctic. In 2021, Repsol was ranked no. 9 in the Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index (AERI) that covers 120 oil, gas, and mining companies involved in resource extraction north of the Arctic Circle.

Repsol's La Pampilla refinery in Peru was involved in an estimated 6,000-barrel spill off the coast of Lima, on 15 January 2022. Over 18,000 square kilometres of coastline have been affected, including the Ancón Reserved Zone, home to hundreds of endemic marine species. The spill has been called by the Peruvian Foreign Ministry "the worst ecological disaster that has happened in Lima". The Peruvian Minister for the Environment has estimated that the penalties imposed on Repsol could go as high as USD 33.4 million, aside from the reparations to the local population. Before the Government inspected the spill, Repsol falsely stated that the spill involved only "seven gallons". A Repsol spokeswoman stated to the Peruvian press that Repsol wasn't responsible for the spill: "we didn't cause the ecological disaster, we were unloading crude oil since the previous day. We called the Peruvian Navy, we asked them to confirm the alert on the coasts of Peru". The spokeswoman explained the mistake in informing the Government of the actual amount of spill stating that, since it happened during the night of the 15th, Repsol was unable to correctly estimate how much crude was spilled, and had to wait until the following morning to accurately analyse the situation. She also declined to say who would be responsible for the spill. The spill comes as the latest development in the botched response to the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami in Peru, where, due to the absence of any formal warnings by the Peruvian Navy's Hydrography and Navigation Directorate, two people died. Repsol has claimed that the Navy's refusal to inform the public of the incoming waves and tsunami allowed them to continue with the unloading of crude oil, which lead to the spill.

On August 23, 2022, a judge in Peru admitted a lawsuit by Peru's Consumer Protection Agency, Indecopi, against Repsol, i.e. the case will be dealt with in court. The case would consist of a civil lawsuit seeking $3bn for environmental damage and $1.5bn for damages to locals, like fishermen.

Sponsorship
Repsol has been a longtime sponsor of motorsport. It partners with Honda Racing Corporation to compete in MotoGP under Repsol Honda Team since 1995, winning titles with legendary riders such as Mick Doohan, Àlex Crivillé, Valentino Rossi, Nicky Hayden, Casey Stoner, and Marc Márquez. Previously, it supported two-time world rally champion Carlos Sainz until 1997, Formula One teams Jordan Grand Prix in 1998, Arrows Grand Prix in 1999–2000 and Scuderia Toro Rosso from 2018, and the Mitsubishi Ralliart factory program at the Dakar Rally until 2009.

title: Repsol


text:
Category:St. Louis Cardinals players

This category includes baseball players for the team known as the St. Louis Cardinals who play in the National League (1900-present).

title: Category:St. Louis Cardinals players


text:
GMC Typhoon

The GMC Typhoon is a high-performance SUV, produced from 1992 until 1993 by GMC. The Typhoon was based on the 1991 GMC Syclone.

Description
Like the GMC Syclone, the Typhoon is powered by a 4.3 L LB4 V6 engine with unique pistons, main caps, head gaskets, intake manifolds, fuel system and exhaust manifolds, producing 280 hp and 360 lb⋅ft (475 N⋅m) of torque. The engine is a modified version of the Vortec engine found in the standard Jimmy, which originally produced 190 hp. The engine uses a Mitsubishi TD06-17C/8 cm2 turbocharger producing 14 psi of boost and a Garrett Water/Air intercooler, as well as revised intake manifolds, fuel system, exhaust manifolds, and a 48 mm twin-bore throttle body from the 5.7 L GM Small-Block engine. The Typhoon sends power to all four wheels through a 4L60 4-speed automatic transmission and a BorgWarner 4472 (the Syclone used a BorgWarner 1372) transfer case splitting torque with 35% forward and 65% to the rear wheels. Other features include upgraded brakes, a limited-slip rear differential and sport modifications to the standard suspensions. Unlike the Syclone, the Typhoon featured an air-operated self-leveling rear suspension.

During tests by Car and Driver, the Typhoon was capable of accelerating from 0 – in 5.3 seconds and could do a quarter-mile run in 14.1 seconds at 95 mph. Car and Driver compared the Syclone's performance favorably to the Ferrari 348ts, Chevrolet Corvette, and Nissan 300ZX Turbo. It cost US$29,970, though the magazine criticized the plastic interior pieces.

Production and colors
All three model years were built for GMC by Production Automotive Services of Troy, Michigan. Aside from a handful of prototypes, only 4,697 Typhoons were built by GMC: 2,497 for 1992, and 2,200 for 1993. Unlike regular production Syclones, Typhoons were offered in various exterior color configurations (body color/lower-body cladding color) that differed by year, with black/black being the most common.

1991
 * Typhoon Pre-Production (6 total)

1992
 * Midnight Black with Black (1,262 total)
 * Midnight Black with Gray (130 total)
 * Frost White with Gray (518 total)
 * Apple Red with Gray (345 total)
 * Bright Teal with Gray (132 total)
 * Forest Green Metallic with Gray (82 total)
 * Aspen Blue with Gray (28 total)
 * Raspberry Metallic with Raspberry Metallic (3 total)
 * Radar Blue with Radar Blue (1 total)

1993
 * Midnight Black with Black (1,008 total)
 * Midnight Black with Gray (98 total)
 * Frost White with White (532 total)
 * Frost White with Gray (115 total)
 * Apple Red with Apple Red (77 total)
 * Apple Red with Gray (101 total)
 * Forest Green Metallic with Gray (210 total)
 * Garnet Red with Gray (24 total)
 * Royal Blue Metallic with Gray (35 total)
 * Radar Blue with Radar Blue (1 total)

title: GMC Typhoon


text:
Osmington

Osmington is a village and civil parish within Dorset, England, situated on the Jurassic Coast 4 mi north-east of Weymouth. In the 2011 census the parish—which includes the small settlements of Upton, Ringstead and Osmington Mills—had a population of 673.

History
Evidence exists of Bronze Age settlement in the area. The village's written history, however, begins in 940, when it is mentioned in a charter.

The oldest building in the village is the church, St. Osmund's, which was originally built in 1170, but has had alterations up to the 19th century. Residential buildings in the village date back to the 16th century.

To the northwest of the village, on White Horse Hill, is the Osmington White Horse, a large hill figure dating from 1808. It represents King George III.

John Constable (1776–1837), the leading English landscape artist, spent his honeymoon here in October 1816 and painted views of the local area. The Victoria and Albert Museum Catalogue of the Constable collection (Reynolds, G.(1973), HMSO, London) has in it 6 drawings of Osmington, Osmington Bay, Weymouth Bay and Portland as well as an oil painting of Weymouth Bay on millboard, thought to be an open-air sketch from his time on honeymoon. While in Osmington, Constable stayed at the home of his friend Rev. John Fisher, who had performed the wedding ceremony between Constable and his wife Maria Bicknell. Constable also drew 'View of Osmington and the Downs with the figure of George III on horseback at Sutton Poyntz'(Lot 93 in the Gregory sale, 20 July 1949).

Talbot Hughes (1869–1942), the painter, collector and writer, lived in Osmington from 1913 until his death in 1942. He was buried on 9 February 1942 in the churchyard at St. Osmund's.

The village has an unusual thatched bus shelter which was erected in memory of David Edward Parry-Jones, Lieutenant 1st Battalion The Rifle Brigade, who died in action near Caen on 3 August 1944. The shelter was successfully listed as a war memorial by Osmington Parish Council in 2018.

Economy
Osmington's economy was primarily agricultural until after the mid-20th century. With the decline in agricultural employment in the area, the village's character changed and it is now primarily occupied by people whose work is elsewhere. Whereas previously, several shops and tradesmen were in the village, by the end of the 20th century, no shop remained, most tradesmen had disappeared, and the village pub had been closed. In 2018 the pub, the Sly Fox, re-opened under new management and is a hub for meetings of local voluntary organisations. Despite the loss of local employment, the village, which at the end of World War II was so poor that large sections were condemned, has become affluent with a high proportion of professional and managerial residents (38.4% compared to a county average of 26.1% in 2001).

title: Osmington


text:
Talk:Woodturning

Untitled
I was looking for the source for information about the MT2 or Morris Taper used in wood lathes today. Does any one have a source?

Just added this first entry as a placeholder. Will seek someone to write a detailed article. - Anon Just rewrote the introductory section. Aiming for an overview of the craft for the non-practitioner, particularly how woodturning differs from other uses of a lathe. The turningpage, for example, shoots right into issues for the metal-working machinist's lathe and CNC equipment. The wood lathe is both an antecedent of that equipment, and a technology that continues to evolve in its own right.KayLiggett (talk) 15:58, 11 December 2016 (UTC)

There is so much information in this article. Maybe someone who knows more about the subject could explain some of the terminology (for instance, "beads", "coves", etc), whether within the article or in separate articles? Avocado 23:27, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC) Here ya go--see if the new Techniques section clarifies some of it. KayLiggett (talk) 17:53, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

Please note that the Egyptian pic has been listed for speedy deletion because of the mispelling in it. I have not deleted for now, but can anyone fix it? Filiocht | Blarneyman 11:09, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

unknown tool
I have this tool that is basicly a rounded skew, and I'd like to know the name of it. I often use it as you would a lady-finger gouge, in making beads. Here's a few pictures:

Please reply with what you think it is. Kamocat 20:07, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't know much about woodturning, but this is a scraper. I found details on how to sharpen it in Leonard Lee's shrapening book. You need to turn a burr on it like a regular card scraper. Luigizanasi 07:18, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

This is a woodturning tool! I feel silly answering myself, but it's a roundnosed turning chisel. I found this in a book, woodshop tool maintenance by Cunningham and Holtrop, page 66 to 68. 131.191.89.250 02:48, 2 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I should have specified that, according to Lee, it is a woodturning tool, to be used on a lathe. :-) Do Cunningham & Holthorp say how to sharpen it? Luigizanasi 16:25, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Having done quite a bit of turning, I would call this tool a scraper (specifically a roundnose scraper), not a chisel. It is not a skew or skew chisel.  If someone can refer me to the page of Leonard Lee's excellent book where he says chisel, I can probably explain his calling it that, as soon as I find my copy.  :)  The tool would be sharpened by (a) flattening the face if needed; (b) regrinding the bevel; (c) optionally creating a burr with, say, a burnishing rod.  I say "optionally" because a burr of sorts is created anyway by step (b).  Also, some woodturners prefer using the tool without a burr.  They might take an incidental burr off, or just not worry about it.

Joe V. 17:50, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Musical Instruments
I am surprised that this page has existed this long, and still made no mention of musical instruments that are made by turning ie. woodwinds... I added it. Spettro9 (talk) 23:30, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

spindle and faceplate turning
list of some content i commented out as part of editing  it may belong in another place in this artical.

 * Spindle turning is named for the type of product originally produced, while faceplate turning is named for an early method of ataching the material to the lathe. needs verification editing for content  may be needed elsewhere in article.
 * The distinction between spindle turning and faceplate turning is due to the fibrous nature of the material. The distinction is based on how the wood is held in the lathe depending on the object beeing turned and the goals of the turner. the rest of this paragraph may need editing in to the article it needs sources but its all true, just not related to how the wood is mounted  paragraph folows

 * When faceplate turning, the opposite applies. when working on the interior of the wood i believe this is true

the artical is not bad but it needs some more editing Eadthem (talk) 04:20, 10 May 2009 (UTC) -I took these paragraphs out of the introductory section--they belong in a section for techniques. True, but in need of editing and a citation. I will do that.KayLiggett (talk) 16:04, 11 December 2016 (UTC)

Grammar?
"A - Aside - make sure you are stood " - uhh, can someone correct this? 121.216.103.244 (talk) 15:25, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

Another "Other techniques" needed.
It is possible to turn "half columns" by constructing the blank stock out of two pieces. The two pieces are either glued together with a non-waterproof glue or screwed together. If glued, the pieces are easier to separate afterwards if they are glued together with a sheet of newspaper between them. Great care then needs to be used to make sure that the stock is mounted in the lathe with the centre of rotation passing exactly through the join. Once the piece is turned, the two pieces are separated, either by soaking in water (if glued) or unscrewing. 121.216.103.244 (talk) 15:32, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

Still more "other techniques".
Inlaying. Small pieces of other materials, often of contrasting colours and/or textures and of any cross-sectional shape, are inserted into the blank prior to turning. Suitable materials can include timber (both the same as the stock and/or different), hard plastics (too soft plastics do not cut well), moderately soft metals (aluminium, copper, brass), polyester filler. The end result cross-sectional shape can be varied by inserting the inlay at different angles. Especially when combined with segmented turning, this can produce spectacularly colourful work. When using metal inlays, even greater care than usual must be taken to ensure that cutting tools are (and remain) sharp, and that only very shallow cuts are made, to avoid tearing the inlay out of the stock. When using this technique to make thin-walled pieces such as bowls, consideration must be given as to whether the inlay is to be visible on both surfaces, or only on one. This is especially important when using transparent inlays such as plastic. 121.216.103.244 (talk) 15:59, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

Punctuation and rewords in Safety
Although I'm not a craftsman, I made bold changes in the spirit of Wikipedia. To improve the article, a content expert should review these edits and remove misinterpretations.

Also, the comment: "This subject continues to be debated in the community." should have clarification and citation. Gprobins (talk) 12:54, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

Draft:Therming
Hi Folks! I updated this draft article for therming, a technique using using a lathe to produce multiple copies of same kind of wood shape. It might be worth doing a merge, or perhaps keeping it as a standalone article and linking to it. Anybody any thoughts. Thanks.  scope_creep Talk  20:57, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Woodturning


text: Category:St. Louis Cardinals field personnel


text: Category:Detroit Tigers players

title: Category:Detroit Tigers players


text: Category:Toronto Blue Jays players

title: Category:Toronto Blue Jays players


text:
GMC Syclone

The GMC Syclone is a high-performance version of the GMC Sonoma pickup truck. Produced in 1991 by GMC along with Production Automotive Services (PAS)—the same company credited with building the 1989 Pontiac Turbo Trans Am—the GMC Syclone was the fastest production truck for 1991. Following the Syclone's production, the similarly powered 1992–1993 GMC Typhoon SUV was based on the GMC Jimmy platform. Also following the Syclone, the 1992 GMC Sonoma GT truck was offered as a sport package with the looks of a Syclone but without the price and performance of its turbocharged predecessor. Only 806 Sonoma GTs were produced.

Production run
The GMC Syclone, Typhoon, and Sonoma GT were built by GMC and PAS (Production Automotive Services) of Troy, Michigan, and sold through dealerships. At the time it was introduced, the Syclone was the fastest stock pickup truck being produced in the world. Auto magazines compared its acceleration favorably to a variety of sports cars including the Chevrolet Corvette and—in a memorable comparison test in Car and Driver magazine—a Ferrari 348 ts. The Syclone features a 4.3L turbocharged V6 engine with an automatic transmission and an AWD (all-wheel drive) driveline and 4-wheel anti-lock brakes. Both the Syclone and Typhoon trucks feature a Mitsubishi TD06-17C 8cm² turbocharger and Garrett water/air intercooler attached to a 4.3L LB4 V6 engine featuring upgrades that included hypereutectic pistons, nodular iron main caps, upgraded head gaskets, intake manifolds, exhaust manifolds, and a 48 mm twin-bore throttle body from the 5.7L Chevrolet small-block engine. All Syclones and Typhoons used the 4L60 4-speed automatic transmission. A BorgWarner 4472 all-wheel-drive transfer case splits torque with 35% of power going to the front and 65% of power to the rear wheels. Both trucks featured sport modifications to the standard suspensions. The Syclone was the first production truck to receive a 4-wheel anti-lock braking system. With this engine, the Syclone produces 280 hp and 350 lbft of torque. The Syclone, when new, was capable of accelerating from 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) in 5.3 seconds and could do a quarter-mile run in 13.4 seconds at 98 mph according to Car and Driver 's comparison test.

The Syclone and Typhoon's gauge cluster is the same one as used in the Pontiac Sunbird Turbo, which was discontinued in 1990, one year before the Syclone was introduced.

The 1991 Syclone was only available in black. For the upcoming 1992 production, a wider range of colors was to be offered; however, the Syclone was cancelled before full production could begin. In total, 2,998 Syclones were built. Out of the 2,998, only three were built in 1992. The first 1992 Syclone was used for DOT crash testing while the remaining two are privately owned.

Saudi Syclone
During the 1991 Syclone production, roughly 150 Syclones were officially exported by GMC. Out of the 150 trucks, there were an estimated 113 destined for resale in the Middle East and were modified with a metric dash cluster, leaded fuel chip, and a resonator in place of the catalytic converter. These 113 trucks were shipped to Saudi Arabia to be sold as export sales. These 113 trucks were known as the Saudi Syclones. Not all of the exported Saudi Syclones were sold immediately overseas. Out of the 113 Saudi Syclones, 31 trucks remained unsold and were eventually brought back to the United States. Rather than selling the 31 trucks to the public, GMC set up a lottery where employees could enter their name to be drawn to have the chance at purchasing a Saudi Syclone as a significantly reduced price ($12,500) and had to take delivery through a dealership. It is alleged that not many employees knew of the lottery to purchase one of the Saudi Syclones, so almost everyone who entered got the chance to buy one, which upset a lot of GM employees in various other divisions who felt they missed out. The remaining 69 trucks were distributed throughout Europe for sale where a small number ended up in a German compound for sometime. GMC, desperate to be rid of them, sold them on a "make us an offer" basis. Lucky purchasers managed to get hold of one for a few thousand dollars under their market value.

In 2009, a poor-condition GMC Syclone was scrapped under the U.S. federal government Car Allowance Rebate System (colloquially known as "cash for clunkers"), despite being highly collectible.

Special editions
There were two special-edition 1991 Syclones offered by third parties:

Marlboro Syclone

The special-edition Marlboro Syclone was the grand prize for the ten winners of The Marlboro Racing '92 Contest. To enter the sweepstakes, a form was filled out which included a questionnaire. All ten trucks were provided to American Sunroof Company (ASC), by Shinoda Design Associates, Inc., in conjunction with Phillip Morris, Inc. With the help of Larry Shinoda, designer of the Corvette Stingray and Boss Mustang, a transformation of the originally black Syclones took place. All ten of the Marlboro Syclones were among the 2,995 Syclones built in 1991 and started life as a standard black production Syclone.

Marlboro Syclone custom features include: The ten grand prize winners of the Marlboro Sweepstakes not only won a 1991 GMC Syclone Marlboro Edition truck, but were treated to an all-expenses-paid day of racing alongside the Indy racing team and pit crew with a VIP access and tours, pit passes, photo session with the Marlboro Indy team, and a prize pack full of various Marlboro apparel. After the raffle had taken place and the trucks claimed by the winners, Phillip Morris had each truck delivered to an allocated dealership nearest to each winner’s residence. The winners were responsible for luxury taxes and fees.
 * Targa-style roof panel with mounts in the pickup bed (roof converted by ASC)
 * Slide-down rear window assembly (installed by ASC)
 * Guidon hard tonneau cover
 * Boyd Coddington "Cobra" wheels with Marlboro-emblem center caps and Goodyear Eagle GS-C tires
 * PPG "Hot Licks" red paint, with white strobe stripes provided by Graphik Concepts
 * Recaro leather seats with Simpson 5-point racing harness
 * Custom MOMO "Evolution" steering wheel
 * Sony sound system
 * PROMPaq performance chip and Borla stainless steel exhaust
 * Bell Tech suspension which lowered the truck by three inches

Indy Syclone & PPG Syclone
Three Indy Syclones were used at the Indianapolis 500 race on May 24, 1992, with the only modification being a sticker package. One of these Indy trucks was later converted into the PPG Syclone Pace Truck (though it was not the official pace car) with significant modifications to be used on the track, including a multi-colored silver, magenta, and aqua paint scheme, and a molded in light bar in the roof, a racing fuel cell, a built-in halon fire suppression system, water-cooled brakes, and color-matched leather interior to the exterior paint scheme. The bed has a multi-piece tonneau cover that folds with the tailgate in the fashion of an accordion to reveal the fuel cell, batteries, and halon canister mounts. The PPG Syclone was retired to the GM Heritage Collection where it was stored and occasionally taken out for car shows until it was auctioned at Barrett Jackson in 2009, selling for $66,000. It is now privately owned, with its last location known to be in Colorado.

title: GMC Syclone


text:
Over Compton

Over Compton is a village and civil parish in north west Dorset, England, situated in the Yeo valley 2 mi east of Yeovil. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 183.

Compton House, formerly the home of the Goodden family, lies outside the village. St Michael's Church is on the estate. The MCC cricketer Cecil Goodden was born in Compton House.

title: Over Compton


text: Category:San Diego Padres players

title: Category:San Diego Padres players