text:
Wireless sensor network

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) refer to networks of spatially dispersed and dedicated sensors that monitor and record the physical conditions of the environment and forward the collected data to a central location. WSNs can measure environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, pollution levels, humidity and wind.

These are similar to wireless ad hoc networks in the sense that they rely on wireless connectivity and spontaneous formation of networks so that sensor data can be transported wirelessly. WSNs monitor physical conditions, such as temperature, sound, and pressure. Modern networks are bi-directional, both collecting data and enabling control of sensor activity. The development of these networks was motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. Such networks are used in industrial and consumer applications, such as industrial process monitoring and control and machine health monitoring and agriculture.

A WSN is built of "nodes" – from a few to hundreds or thousands, where each node is connected to other sensors. Each such node typically has several parts: a radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting. A sensor node might vary in size from a shoebox to (theoretically) a grain of dust, although microscopic dimensions have yet to be realized. Sensor node cost is similarly variable, ranging from a few to hundreds of dollars, depending on node sophistication. Size and cost constraints constrain resources such as energy, memory, computational speed and communications bandwidth. The topology of a WSN can vary from a simple star network to an advanced multi-hop wireless mesh network. Propagation can employ routing or flooding.

In computer science and telecommunications, wireless sensor networks are an active research area supporting many workshops and conferences, including International Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors (EmNetS), IPSN, SenSys, MobiCom and EWSN. As of 2010, wireless sensor networks had deployed approximately 120million remote units worldwide.

Area monitoring
Area monitoring is a common application of WSNs. In area monitoring, the WSN is deployed over a region where some phenomenon is to be monitored. A military example is the use of sensors to detect enemy intrusion; a civilian example is the geo-fencing of gas or oil pipelines.

Health care monitoring
There are several types of sensor networks for medical applications: implanted, wearable, and environment-embedded. Implantable medical devices are those that are inserted inside the human body. Wearable devices are used on the body surface of a human or just at close proximity of the user. Environment-embedded systems employ sensors contained in the environment. Possible applications include body position measurement, location of persons, overall monitoring of ill patients in hospitals and at home. Devices embedded in the environment track the physical state of a person for continuous health diagnosis, using as input the data from a network of depth cameras, a sensing floor, or other similar devices. Body-area networks can collect information about an individual's health, fitness, and energy expenditure. In health care applications the privacy and authenticity of user data has prime importance. Especially due to the integration of sensor networks, with IoT, the user authentication becomes more challenging; however, a solution is presented in recent work.

Habitat monitoring
Wireless sensor networks have been used to monitor various species and habitats, beginning with the Great Duck Island Deployment, including marmots, cane toads in Australia and zebras in Kenya.

Environmental/Earth sensing
There are many applications in monitoring environmental parameters, examples of which are given below. They share the extra challenges of harsh environments and reduced power supply.

Air quality monitoring
Experiments have shown that personal exposure to air pollution in cities can vary a lot. Therefore, it is of interest to have higher temporal and spatial resolution of pollutants and particulates. For research purposes, wireless sensor networks have been deployed to monitor the concentration of dangerous gases for citizens (e.g., in London). However, sensors for gases and particulate matter suffer from high unit-to-unit variability, cross-sensitivities, and (concept) drift. Moreover, the quality of data is currently insufficient for trustworthy decision-making, as field calibration leads to unreliable measurement results, and frequent recalibration might be required. A possible solution could be blind calibration or the usage of mobile references.

Forest fire detection
A network of Sensor Nodes can be installed in a forest to detect when a fire has started. The nodes can be equipped with sensors to measure temperature, humidity and gases which are produced by fire in the trees or vegetation. The early detection is crucial for a successful action of the firefighters; thanks to Wireless Sensor Networks, the fire brigade will be able to know when a fire is started and how it is spreading.

Landslide detection
A landslide detection system makes use of a wireless sensor network to detect the slight movements of soil and changes in various parameters that may occur before or during a landslide. Through the data gathered it may be possible to know the impending occurrence of landslides long before it actually happens.

Water quality monitoring
Water quality monitoring involves analyzing water properties in dams, rivers, lakes and oceans, as well as underground water reserves. The use of many wireless distributed sensors enables the creation of a more accurate map of the water status, and allows the permanent deployment of monitoring stations in locations of difficult access, without the need of manual data retrieval.

Natural disaster prevention
Wireless sensor networks can be effective in preventing adverse consequences of natural disasters, like floods. Wireless nodes have been deployed successfully in rivers, where changes in water levels must be monitored in real time.

Machine health monitoring
Wireless sensor networks have been developed for machinery condition-based maintenance (CBM) as they offer significant cost savings and enable new functionality.

Wireless sensors can be placed in locations difficult or impossible to reach with a wired system, such as rotating machinery and untethered vehicles.

Data logging
Wireless sensor networks also are used for the collection of data for monitoring of environmental information. This can be as simple as monitoring the temperature in a fridge or the level of water in overflow tanks in nuclear power plants. The statistical information can then be used to show how systems have been working. The advantage of WSNs over conventional loggers is the "live" data feed that is possible.

Water/waste water monitoring
Monitoring the quality and level of water includes many activities such as checking the quality of underground or surface water and ensuring a country's water infrastructure for the benefit of both human and animal. It may be used to protect the wastage of water.

Structural health monitoring
Wireless sensor networks can be used to monitor the condition of civil infrastructure and related geo-physical processes close to real time, and over long periods through data logging, using appropriately interfaced sensors.

Wine production
Wireless sensor networks are used to monitor wine production, both in the field and the cellar.

Threat detection
The Wide Area Tracking System (WATS) is a prototype network for detecting a ground-based nuclear device such as a nuclear "briefcase bomb." WATS is being developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). WATS would be made up of wireless gamma and neutron sensors connected through a communications network. Data picked up by the sensors undergoes "data fusion", which converts the information into easily interpreted forms; this data fusion is the most important aspect of the system.

The data fusion process occurs within the sensor network rather than at a centralized computer and is performed by a specially developed algorithm based on Bayesian statistics. WATS would not use a centralized computer for analysis because researchers found that factors such as latency and available bandwidth tended to create significant bottlenecks. Data processed in the field by the network itself (by transferring small amounts of data between neighboring sensors) is faster and makes the network more scalable.

An important factor in WATS development is ease of deployment, since more sensors both improves the detection rate and reduces false alarms. WATS sensors could be deployed in permanent positions or mounted in vehicles for mobile protection of specific locations. One barrier to the implementation of WATS is the size, weight, energy requirements and cost of currently available wireless sensors. The development of improved sensors is a major component of current research at the Nonproliferation, Arms Control, and International Security (NAI) Directorate at LLNL.

WATS was profiled to the U.S. House of Representatives' Military Research and Development Subcommittee on October 1, 1997, during a hearing on nuclear terrorism and countermeasures. On August 4, 1998, in a subsequent meeting of that subcommittee, Chairman Curt Weldon stated that research funding for WATS had been cut by the Clinton administration to a subsistence level and that the program had been poorly re-organized.

Incident monitoring
There are studies that show that using sensors for incident monitoring improve in a great way the response of firefighters and police to an unexpected situation. For an early detection of incidents we can use acoustic sensors to detect a spike in the noise of the city because of a possible accident, or use termic sensors to detect a possible fire.

Supply chains
Using low-power electronics, WSN:s can be cost-efficiently applied also in supply chains in various industries.

Characteristics
The main characteristics of a WSN include

 * Power consumption constraints for nodes using batteries or energy harvesting. Examples of suppliers are ReVibe Energy and Perpetuum
 * Ability to cope with node failures (resilience)
 * Some mobility of nodes (for highly mobile nodes see MWSNs)
 * Heterogeneity of nodes
 * Homogeneity of nodes
 * Scalability to large scale of deployment
 * Ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions
 * Ease of use
 * Cross-layer optimization

Cross-layer is becoming an important studying area for wireless communications. In addition, the traditional layered approach presents three main problems:
 * 1) Traditional layered approach cannot share different information among different layers, which leads to each layer not having complete information. The traditional layered approach cannot guarantee the optimization of the entire network.
 * 2) The traditional layered approach does not have the ability to adapt to the environmental change.
 * 3) Because of the interference between the different users, access conflicts, fading, and the change of environment in the wireless sensor networks, traditional layered approach for wired networks is not applicable to wireless networks.

So the cross-layer can be used to make the optimal modulation to improve the transmission performance, such as data rate, energy efficiency, quality of service (QoS), etc. Sensor nodes can be imagined as small computers which are extremely basic in terms of their interfaces and their components. They usually consist of a processing unit with limited computational power and limited memory, sensors or MEMS (including specific conditioning circuitry), a communication device (usually radio transceivers or alternatively optical), and a power source usually in the form of a battery. Other possible inclusions are energy harvesting modules, secondary ASICs, and possibly secondary communication interface (e.g. RS-232 or USB).

The base stations are one or more components of the WSN with much more computational, energy and communication resources. They act as a gateway between sensor nodes and the end user as they typically forward data from the WSN on to a server. Other special components in routing based networks are routers, designed to compute, calculate and distribute the routing tables.

Hardware
One major challenge in a WSN is to produce low cost and tiny sensor nodes. There are an increasing number of small companies producing WSN hardware and the commercial situation can be compared to home computing in the 1970s. Many of the nodes are still in the research and development stage, particularly their software. Also inherent to sensor network adoption is the use of very low power methods for radio communication and data acquisition.

In many applications, a WSN communicates with a local area network or wide area network through a gateway. The Gateway acts as a bridge between the WSN and the other network. This enables data to be stored and processed by devices with more resources, for example, in a remotely located server. A wireless wide area network used primarily for low-power devices is known as a Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN).

Wireless
There are several wireless standards and solutions for sensor node connectivity. Thread and Zigbee can connect sensors operating at 2.4 GHz with a data rate of 250 kbit/s. Many use a lower frequency to increase radio range (typically 1 km), for example Z-wave operates at 915 MHz and in the EU 868 MHz has been widely used but these have a lower data rate (typically 50 kbit/s). The IEEE 802.15.4 working group provides a standard for low power device connectivity and commonly sensors and smart meters use one of these standards for connectivity. With the emergence of Internet of Things, many other proposals have been made to provide sensor connectivity. LoRa is a form of LPWAN which provides long range low power wireless connectivity for devices, which has been used in smart meters and other long range sensor applications. Wi-SUN connects devices at home. NarrowBand IOT and LTE-M can connect up to millions of sensors and devices using cellular technology.

Software
Energy is the scarcest resource of WSN nodes, and it determines the lifetime of WSNs. WSNs may be deployed in large numbers in various environments, including remote and hostile regions, where ad hoc communications are a key component. For this reason, algorithms and protocols need to address the following issues:

 * Increased lifespan
 * Robustness and fault tolerance
 * Self-configuration

Lifetime maximization: Energy/Power Consumption of the sensing device should be minimized and sensor nodes should be energy efficient since their limited energy resource determines their lifetime. To conserve power, wireless sensor nodes normally power off both the radio transmitter and the radio receiver when not in use.

Routing protocols
Wireless sensor networks are composed of low-energy, small-size, and low-range unattended sensor nodes. Recently, it has been observed that by periodically turning on and off the sensing and communication capabilities of sensor nodes, we can significantly reduce the active time and thus prolong network lifetime. However, this duty cycling may result in high network latency, routing overhead, and neighbor discovery delays due to asynchronous sleep and wake-up scheduling. These limitations call for a countermeasure for duty-cycled wireless sensor networks which should minimize routing information, routing traffic load, and energy consumption. Researchers from Sungkyunkwan University have proposed a lightweight non-increasing delivery-latency interval routing referred as LNDIR. This scheme can discover minimum latency routes at each non-increasing delivery-latency interval instead of each time slot. Simulation experiments demonstrated the validity of this novel approach in minimizing routing information stored at each sensor. Furthermore, this novel routing can also guarantee the minimum delivery latency from each source to the sink. Performance improvements of up to 12-fold and 11-fold are observed in terms of routing traffic load reduction and energy efficiency, respectively, as compared to existing schemes.

Operating systems
Operating systems for wireless sensor network nodes are typically less complex than general-purpose operating systems. They more strongly resemble embedded systems, for two reasons. First, wireless sensor networks are typically deployed with a particular application in mind, rather than as a general platform. Second, a need for low costs and low power leads most wireless sensor nodes to have low-power microcontrollers ensuring that mechanisms such as virtual memory are either unnecessary or too expensive to implement.

It is therefore possible to use embedded operating systems such as eCos or uC/OS for sensor networks. However, such operating systems are often designed with real-time properties.

TinyOS, developed by David Culler, is perhaps the first operating system specifically designed for wireless sensor networks. TinyOS is based on an event-driven programming model instead of multithreading. TinyOS programs are composed of event handlers and tasks with run-to-completion semantics. When an external event occurs, such as an incoming data packet or a sensor reading, TinyOS signals the appropriate event handler to handle the event. Event handlers can post tasks that are scheduled by the TinyOS kernel some time later.

LiteOS is a newly developed OS for wireless sensor networks, which provides UNIX-like abstraction and support for the C programming language.

Contiki, developed by Adam Dunkels, is an OS which uses a simpler programming style in C while providing advances such as 6LoWPAN and Protothreads.

RIOT (operating system) is a more recent real-time OS including similar functionality to Contiki.

PreonVM is an OS for wireless sensor networks, which provides 6LoWPAN based on Contiki and support for the Java programming language.

Online collaborative sensor data management platforms
Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an online database for storage and also allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data. Examples include Xively and the Wikisensing platform. Such platforms simplify online collaboration between users over diverse data sets ranging from energy and environment data to that collected from transport services. Other services include allowing developers to embed real-time graphs & widgets in websites; analyse and process historical data pulled from the data feeds; send real-time alerts from any datastream to control scripts, devices and environments.

The architecture of the Wikisensing system describes the key components of such systems to include APIs and interfaces for online collaborators, a middleware containing the business logic needed for the sensor data management and processing and a storage model suitable for the efficient storage and retrieval of large volumes of data.

Simulation
At present, agent-based modeling and simulation is the only paradigm which allows the simulation of complex behavior in the environments of wireless sensors (such as flocking). Agent-based simulation of wireless sensor and ad hoc networks is a relatively new paradigm. Agent-based modelling was originally based on social simulation.

Network simulators like Opnet, Tetcos NetSim and NS can be used to simulate a wireless sensor network.

Localization
Network localization refers to the problem of estimating the location of wireless sensor nodes during deployments and in dynamic settings. For ultra-low power sensors, size, cost and environment precludes the use of Global Positioning System receivers on sensors. In 2000, Nirupama Bulusu, John Heidemann and Deborah Estrin first motivated and proposed a radio connectivity based system for localization of wireless sensor networks. Subsequently, such localization systems have been referred to as range free localization systems, and many localization systems for wireless sensor networks have been subsequently proposed including AHLoS, APS, and Stardust.

Sensor data calibration and fault tolerance
Sensors and devices used in wireless sensor networks are state-of-the-art technology with the lowest possible price. The sensor measurements we get from these devices are therefore often noisy, incomplete and inaccurate. Researchers studying wireless sensor networks hypothesize that much more information can be extracted from hundreds of unreliable measurements spread across a field of interest than from a smaller number of high-quality, high-reliability instruments with the same total cost.

Macroprogramming
Macro-programming is a term coined by Matt Welsh. It refers to programming the entire sensor network as an ensemble, rather than individual sensor nodes. Another way to macro-program a network is to view the sensor network as a database, which was popularized by the TinyDB system developed by Sam Madden.

Reprogramming
Reprogramming is the process of updating the code on the sensor nodes. The most feasible form of reprogramming is remote reprogramming whereby the code is disseminated wirelessly while the nodes are deployed. Different reprogramming protocols exist that provide different levels of speed of operation, reliability, energy expenditure, requirement of code resident on the nodes, suitability to different wireless environments, resistance to DoS, etc. Popular reprogramming protocols are Deluge (2004), Trickle (2004), MNP (2005), Synapse (2008), and Zephyr (2009).

Security
Infrastructure-less architecture (i.e. no gateways are included, etc.) and inherent requirements (i.e. unattended working environment, etc.) of WSNs might pose several weak points that attract adversaries. Therefore, security is a big concern when WSNs are deployed for special applications such as military and healthcare. Owing to their unique characteristics, traditional security methods of computer networks would be useless (or less effective) for WSNs. Hence, lack of security mechanisms would cause intrusions towards those networks. These intrusions need to be detected and mitigation methods should be applied.

There have been important innovations in securing wireless sensor networks. Most wireless embedded networks use omni-directional  antennas and therefore neighbors can overhear communication in and out of nodes. This was used this to develop a primitive called "local monitoring" which was used for detection  of sophisticated attacks, like blackhole or wormhole, which degrade the  throughput of large networks to close-to-zero. This primitive has since been  used by many researchers and commercial wireless packet sniffers. This was subsequently refined for more sophisticated attacks such as with  collusion, mobility,  and multi-antenna, multi-channel devices.

Distributed sensor network
If a centralized architecture is used in a sensor network and the central node fails, then the entire network will collapse, however the reliability of the sensor network can be increased by using a distributed control architecture. Distributed control is used in WSNs for the following reasons:

 * 1) Sensor nodes are prone to failure,
 * 2) For better collection of data,
 * 3) To provide nodes with backup in case of failure of the central node.

There is also no centralised body to allocate the resources and they have to be self organized.

As for the distributed filtering over distributed sensor network. the general setup is to observe the underlying process through a group of sensors organized according to a given network topology, which renders the individual observer estimates the system state based not only on its own measurement but also on its neighbors'.

Data integration and sensor web
The data gathered from wireless sensor networks is usually saved in the form of numerical data in a central base station. Additionally, the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) is specifying standards for interoperability interfaces and metadata encodings that enable real time integration of heterogeneous sensor webs into the Internet, allowing any individual to monitor or control wireless sensor networks through a web browser.

In-network processing
To reduce communication costs some algorithms remove or reduce nodes' redundant sensor information and avoid forwarding data that is of no use. This technique has been used, for instance, for distributed anomaly detection   or distributed optimization. As nodes can inspect the data they forward, they can measure averages or directionality for example of readings from other nodes. For example, in sensing and monitoring applications, it is generally the case that neighboring sensor nodes monitoring an environmental feature typically register similar values. This kind of data redundancy due to the spatial correlation between sensor observations inspires techniques for in-network data aggregation and mining. Aggregation reduces the amount of network traffic which helps to reduce energy consumption on sensor nodes. Recently, it has been found that network gateways also play an important role in improving energy efficiency of sensor nodes by scheduling more resources for the nodes with more critical energy efficiency need and advanced energy efficient scheduling algorithms need to be implemented at network gateways for the improvement of the overall network energy efficiency.

Secure data aggregation
This is a form of in-network processing where sensor nodes are assumed to be unsecured with limited available energy, while the base station is assumed to be secure with unlimited available energy. Aggregation complicates the already existing security challenges for wireless sensor networks and requires new security techniques tailored specifically for these scenarios. Providing security to aggregate data in wireless sensor networks is known as secure data aggregation in WSN. were the first few works discussing techniques for secure  data aggregation in wireless sensor networks.

Two main security challenges in secure data aggregation are confidentiality and integrity of data. While encryption is traditionally used to provide end to end confidentiality in wireless sensor network, the aggregators in a secure data aggregation scenario need to decrypt the encrypted data to perform aggregation. This exposes the plaintext at the aggregators, making the data vulnerable to attacks from an adversary. Similarly an aggregator can inject false data into the aggregate and make the base station accept false data. Thus, while data aggregation improves energy efficiency of a network, it complicates the existing security challenges.

title: Wireless sensor network


text:
Justin Keating

Justin Pascal Keating (7 January 1930 – 31 December 2009) was an Irish Labour Party politician, broadcaster, journalist, lecturer and veterinary surgeon. In later life he was president of the Humanist Association of Ireland.

Keating was twice elected to Dáil Éireann and served in Liam Cosgrave's cabinet as Minister for Industry and Commerce from 1973 to 1977. He also gained election to Seanad Éireann and was a Member of the European Parliament. He was considered part of a "new wave" of politicians at the time of his entry to the Dáil.

Early life
He was born in Dublin in 1930, a son of the noted painter Seán Keating and campaigner May Keating. Keating was educated at Sandford Park School, and then at University College Dublin (UCD) and the University of London. He became a lecturer in anatomy at the UCD veterinary college from 1955 until 1960 and was senior lecturer at Trinity College Dublin from 1960 until 1965. He was RTÉ's head of agricultural programmes for two years before returning to Trinity College in 1967. While at RTÉ, he scripted and presented Telefís Feirme, a series for the agricultural community, for which he won a Jacob's Award in 1966.

Political career
In the 1950s and 1960s Keating was a member of the Communist Irish Workers' Party. Keating was first elected to the Dáil as a Labour Party Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin County North constituency at the 1969 general election. From 1973 to 1977 he served in the National Coalition government under Liam Cosgrave as Minister for Industry and Commerce. In 1973 he was appointed a Member of the European Parliament from the Oireachtas, serving on the short-lived first delegation.

During 1975 Keating introduced the first substantial legislation for the development of Ireland's oil and gas. The legislation was modelled on international best practice and intended to ensure the Irish people would gain substantial benefit from their own oil and gas. Under Keating's legislation the state could by right acquire a 50% stake in any viable oil and gas reserves discovered. Production royalties of between 8% and 16% with corporation tax of 50% would accrue to the state. The legislation specified that energy companies would begin drilling within three years of the date of the issue of an exploration license.

He lost his Dáil seat at the 1977 general election, but was subsequently elected to Seanad Éireann on the Agricultural Panel, serving there until 1981. He briefly served again in the European Parliament from February to June 1984 when he replaced Séamus Pattison.

Later life and death
In the aftermath of President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's "World Without Zionism" speech in 2005, Keating published an op-ed in The Dubliner Magazine, expressing his views on Israel. The article started by claiming that "the Zionists have absolutely no right in what they call Israel". Keating then proceeds to explain why he thinks Israel has no right to exist, claiming that the Ashkenazi Jews are descended from Khazars.

Keating died on 31 December 2009, at age 79, one week before his 80th birthday. Tributes came from the leaders of the Labour Party and Fine Gael at the time of his death, Eamon Gilmore and Enda Kenny, as well as former Fine Gael leader and Taoiseach John Bruton.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Justin Keating


text:
Talk:Heredity

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 August 2021 and 10 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Wentabdul 2021.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:22, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heredity


text:
User:Kajit

Hello! My name is Toshihiko Kaji, and I am a graduate student, living in Tokyo, Japan.

title: User:Kajit


text:
Gamba Osaka

Gamba Osaka (ガンバ大阪) is a Japanese professional football club based in Suita, Osaka Prefecture. The club plays in the J1 League, which is the top tier of football in the country. The club's home stadium is Panasonic Stadium Suita. They form a local rivalry with Osaka city-based Cerezo Osaka.

Gamba Osaka is among the most accomplished Japanese clubs, having won several top-tier domestic titles, as well as the 2008 AFC Champions League.

Name origin
The club's name Gamba comes from the Japanese ganbaru (頑張る), meaning "to do your best" or "to stand firm".

History
It was founded in 1980 as Matsushita Electric SC by the mononymous company, which is now known as Panasonic, in Nara Prefecture and became a member of the Japan Soccer League. It was mostly made of remaining players and staff of the defunct Yanmar Club, the former B-team of Yanmar Diesel SC, later to be known as Cerezo Osaka. Gamba Osaka was an original member ("Original Ten") of the first J.League season. Due to participation in the J League, the club name was changed to Panasonic Gamba Osaka in 1992.

In 1996, the club dropped the name Panasonic from its front while its corporate name was changed from "Matsushita Soccer Club Co., Ltd." to "Gamba Osaka Co., Ltd."

Record breaking
In 2005, the club claimed its first J.League championship on a dramatic final day during which any of five clubs could have claimed the championship. Gamba needed to win, and have cross town rivals Cerezo Osaka draw or lose. Gamba defeated a valiant Kawasaki Frontale 4–2, while victory was snatched from Cerezo by a last-minute FC Tokyo equalizer. In an AFC Champions League match in 2006, Gamba Osaka defeated Vietnamese side Da Nang FC in a record-equaling victory of 15–0. In the 2008 Pan-Pacific Championship final, Gamba Osaka beat MLS club Houston Dynamo 6–1 to win the tournament, in large part because of Bare who scored 4 goals in the final (5 in all at the tournament). After his brilliant display and having just scored 10 goals in 18 games for Gamba in the domestic league, he was sold to UAE club Al-Ahli for 1 billion yen.

Asian Champions
In October 2008, Gamba for the first time in their history, reached the final of the AFC Champions League after defeating fellow Japanese league rivals Urawa Red Diamonds 4–2 on aggregate after a 1–1 draw at home in the first leg, Gamba registered one of the most historic comebacks in Champions League history when they came back from being behind 1–0 before half time to win 1–3 with all goals scored in the second half at Saitama. Gamba Osaka went on to win the 2008 AFC Champions League title after winning 5–0 on aggregate against the giant-killing Australian club Adelaide United in the Final. They became the fifth Japanese club to win the maximum Asian title, after Urawa, Júbilo Iwata, then-company-affiliated Yomiuri (now Tokyo Verdy), and Furukawa Electric (now JEF United Ichihara Chiba).

In December 2008, Gamba made it to the semi-finals of the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup after beating Australian club Adelaide United 1–0. They were beaten in the semi-finals by 2007–08 Premier League and 2007–08 UEFA Champions League winners Manchester United. On 21 December 2008, they played for third place against Mexican side Pachuca with Gamba winning the match 1–0. In December 2012, Gamba were relegated from Division 1 after losing 2–1 to Júbilo Iwata. Gamba finished 17th in the league despite scoring more goals than any other club, including Champion Sanfrecce Hiroshima. Ultimately, although Gamba had a positive goal difference at the end of the season, Gamba could not overcome their poor defense, which allowed the second most goals in Division 1 after Consadole Sapporo. This also made Gamba Osaka the fastest club to suffer relegation from the top division after winning the AFC Champion's League and playing in the FIFA Club World Cup, the relegation being only four years later. However, the club bounced back in the 2013 season, becoming the J2 Champion and directly promoting to Division 1 again after only one season.

In 2014, Gamba won the Division 1 title, a year after winning the second division, becoming the second club in the professional era to achieve this feat (after Kashiwa Reysol in 2011). That same year, Gamba also became the second club to win the domestic treble (after Kashima Antlers in 2000), by winning the J.League Cup and the Emperor's Cup as well.

In 2015 saw Gamba return to the AFC Champions League for the first time since 2012, where they advanced all the way to the semi-finals before being eliminated by eventual winner and 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Fourth Place, Guangzhou Evergrande 1–2 on aggregate. Domestically, Gamba Osaka advanced to the final of both the 2015 J.League Cup and the J1 League Championship, losing to Kashima Antlers 0–3 and Club World Cup Third Place Sanfrecce Hiroshima 3–4 respectively. Gamba Osaka successfully defended their status as the 2015 Emperor's Cup winners, defeating Urawa Red Diamonds 2–1. \

In 2020, Gamba finished as the 2020 J1 League runners up in which saw the club returned to the 2021 AFC Champions League once again since 2017. Gamba was than drawn in Group H alongside South Korean giants Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors, Thailand club Chiangrai United and Singaporean side Tampines Rovers. On 7 July 2021, Gamba managed to record their highest ever win in the AFC Champions League after thrashing Tampines Rovers 8–1 at the Bunyodkor Stadium where Shuhei Kawasaki scored a hat-trick in the match. However, the club failed to qualified to the Round of 16 even when they finished the group as runners up due to accumulating 9 points.

Affiliated clubs

 * 🇹🇭 Chonburi (2023−present)

On 6 February 2023, Gamba Osaka sign partnership with Thai League 1 club, Chonburi. The alliance intends to strengthen the top team through player transfers, training-type loans and other mutual exchange of coaching staff and players. In conjunction with this new agreement, JFA-certified S-class coaches are currently undergoing overseas training at Chonburi (from 30 January 2023 to 12 February 2023) under the tutelage of Daisuke Machinaka. Under this agreement the teams will share and cooperate with player scouting information to mutually improve both teams.

 * AFC Ajax (2024−present)

On 4 March 2024, Gamba Osaka and 36-time Eredivisie champions announce a strategic partnership to advance talent identification and development initiatives in Japan. This exclusive collaboration is scheduled to extend over an initial three-year period. For Ajax, this partnership represents a significant opportunity to strengthen its global football network and identify and nurture young talents in the Japanese football landscape. Gamba Osaka, in turn, gains access to Ajax's renowned training methodologies for its youth development program while establishing connections within the global football community.

In popular culture
In the Captain Tsubasa manga series, two characters are from Gamba Osaka: the defender Makoto Soda and the forward Takashi Sugimoto.

Home stadium

Gamba Osaka used the Osaka Expo '70 Stadium in the Expo Commemoration Park as its home stadium from 1980 through 2015, which seats around 21,000.

The club began construction in December 2013 of a new soccer-specific stadium called Suita City Football Stadium in the same park, with a seating capacity of 	39,694. The new stadium had its inaugural official match during the Panasonic Cup on February 14, 2016, an exhibition match during which Gamba Osaka hosted fellow J1 club Nagoya Grampus.

Osaka derby
Gamba's fiercest rival are fellow locals Cerezo Osaka with whom they contest the Osaka derby. Also have a heavy rivalry with Saitama's Urawa Red Diamonds, which they make the "National Derby" of Japan.

Honours
As both Matsushita Electric (amateur era) and Gamba Osaka (professional era)

Award winners
The following players have won the awards while at Gamba Osaka:

Domestic
 * J.League Player of the Year
 * 🇧🇷 Araújo (2005)
 * 🇯🇵 Yasuhito Endō (2014)
 * J.League Top Scorer
 * 🇨🇲 Patrick M'Boma (1997)
 * 🇧🇷 Araújo (2005)
 * 🇧🇷 Magno Alves (2006)
 * J.League Best Eleven
 * 🇨🇲 Patrick M'Boma (1997)
 * 🇯🇵 Junichi Inamoto (2000)
 * 🇯🇵 Yasuhito Endō (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015)
 * 🇯🇵 Masashi Oguro (2004)
 * 🇧🇷 Araújo (2005)
 * 🇧🇷 Fernandinho (2005)
 * 🇯🇵 Satoshi Yamaguchi (2006, 2007, 2008)
 * 🇯🇵 Ryōta Tsuzuki (2006)
 * 🇧🇷 Magno Alves (2006)
 * 🇧🇷 Baré (2007)
 * 🇧🇷 Patric (2014)
 * 🇯🇵 Takashi Usami (2014, 2015)
 * 🇯🇵 Yosuke Ideguchi (2017)
 * J.League Rookie of the Year
 * 🇯🇵 Takashi Usami (2010)
 * J.League Cup MVP
 * 🇯🇵 Michihiro Yasuda (2007)
 * 🇧🇷 Patric (2014)
 * J.League Cup New Hero Award
 * 🇯🇵 Michihiro Yasuda (2007)
 * 🇯🇵 Takashi Usami (2014)

International
 * Asian Footballer of the Year
 * 🇯🇵 Yasuhito Endō (2009)
 * AFC Champions League Most Valuable Player
 * 🇯🇵 Yasuhito Endō (2008)
 * AFC Champions League Top Scorer
 * 🇧🇷 Magno Alves (2006)
 * 🇧🇷 Leandro (2009)

World Cup players
The following players have been selected by their country in the World Cup, while playing for Gamba Osaka:

 * 🇨🇲 Patrick M'Boma (1998)
 * 🇯🇵 Tsuneyasu Miyamoto (2002, 2006)
 * 🇯🇵 Akira Kaji (2006)
 * 🇯🇵 Yasuhito Endō (2006, 2010, 2014)
 * 🇯🇵 Yasuyuki Konno (2010, 2014)
 * 🇯🇵 Masaaki Higashiguchi (2018)

Olympic players
The following players have represented their country at the Summer Olympic Games whilst playing for Gamba Osaka:
 * 🇯🇵 Shigeru Morioka (1996)
 * 🇯🇵 Tsuneyasu Miyamoto (2000)
 * 🇯🇵 Junichi Inamoto (2000)
 * 🇯🇵 Ryōta Tsuzuki (2000)
 * 🇯🇵 Michihiro Yasuda (2008)
 * 🇯🇵 Yosuke Ideguchi (2016)
 * 🇯🇵 Hiroki Fujiharu (2016)

Greatest ever XI
In 2011, as part of the club's official celebration of their 20th anniversary, supporters cast votes to determine the greatest ever team.
 * Goalkeeper
 * 🇯🇵 Yōsuke Fujigaya (2005–2013, 2015–2017)

 * Defenders
 * 🇯🇵 Akira Kaji (2006–2014)
 * 🇧🇷 Sidiclei (2004–2007)
 * 🇯🇵 Tsuneyasu Miyamoto (1995–2006)
 * 🇯🇵 Satoshi Yamaguchi (2001–2011)

 * Midfielders
 * 🇯🇵 Yasuhito Endō (2001–2021)
 * 🇯🇵 Tomokazu Myojin (2006–2015)
 * 🇯🇵 Hideo Hashimoto (1998–2011)
 * 🇯🇵 Takahiro Futagawa (1999–2016)

 * Forwards
 * 🇨🇲 Patrick M'Boma (1997–1998)
 * 🇧🇷 Araújo (2005)

Record as J.League member

 * Key
 * Pos. = Position in league; P = Games played; W = Games won; D = Games drawn; L = Games lost; F = Goals scored; A = Goals conceded; GD = Goals difference; Pts = Points gained
 * Attendance = Average home league attendance per game
 * † 2020 season attendance reduced by COVID-19 worldwide pandemic.
 * Source: J. League Data Site

title: Gamba Osaka


text:
David Albert

David Z. Albert (born 1954) is Professor of Philosophy and Director of the MA Program in The Philosophical Foundations of Physics at Columbia University in New York.

Education and career
He received his bachelor's degree in physics from Columbia College (1976) and his PhD in theoretical physics from The Rockefeller University (1981) under Professor Nicola Khuri. Afterwards he worked with Yakir Aharonov of Tel Aviv University. He has spent most of his career in the philosophy department at Columbia University, although he has also been a frequent visiting professor of philosophy at Rutgers University. In 2015, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

Philosophical work
Albert has published four books—Quantum Mechanics and Experience (1992), Time and Chance (2000), After Physics (2015), and A Guess at the Riddle (2023) —as well as numerous articles on quantum mechanics. His books have been both praised and criticized for their informal, conversational style.

Appearance in What the Bleep Do We Know!?
Albert appeared in the controversial movie What the Bleep Do We Know!? (2004). According to an article published in Popular Science, he was "outraged at the final product." The article states that Albert granted the filmmakers a near-four hour interview about quantum mechanics being unrelated to consciousness or spirituality. His interview was then edited and incorporated into the film in a way that misrepresented his views. In the article, Albert also expresses his feelings of gullibility after having been "taken" by the filmmakers. Although Albert is listed as a scientist taking part in the sequel to What the Bleep, called "Down the Rabbit Hole", this sequel is a "director's cut", composed of extra footage from the filming of the first movie.

Feud with Lawrence Krauss
In March 2012, Albert published an extremely negative review of Lawrence Krauss' book A Universe from Nothing: Why There Is Something Rather Than Nothing in The New York Times book review. Krauss claimed that his book counters religion and philosophy, and the book was cited by Richard Dawkins as comparable to Darwin’s Origin of Species, on the grounds that it upends the “last trump card of the theologian.” In his review, Albert lamented the way in which books like Krauss' forward critiques of religion that are "pale, small, silly, nerdy”, and expresses how "the whole business of approaching the struggle with religion as if it were a card game, or a horse race, or some kind of battle of wits, just feels all wrong". Disagreeing with the central thesis of Krauss' book, Albert wrote: "The particular, eternally persisting, elementary physical stuff of the world, according to the standard presentations of relativistic quantum field theories, consists (unsurprisingly) of relativistic quantum fields... they have nothing whatsoever to say on the subject of where those fields came from, or of why the world should have consisted of the particular kinds of fields it does, or of why it should have consisted of fields at all, or of why there should have been a world in the first place. Period. Case closed. End of story."

Krauss reacted vehemently and responded in an interview published in The Atlantic, calling Albert “moronic” and dismissing the philosophy of science as worthless. In March 2013, The New York Times reported that Albert, who had previously been invited to speak at the Isaac Asimov Memorial Debate at the American Museum of Natural History, at which Krauss was also an invited speaker, was later disinvited. Albert claimed "It sparked a suspicion that Krauss must have demanded that I not be invited. But of course I’ve got no proof."

title: David Albert


text:
User talk:Phils

Past discussions can be found here.

Revision to Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire and Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri articles
I noticed that you have revised either Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri or Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire.

I intend to revise those articles following the WikiProject Video games/Article guidelines. There are more details on the discussion pages of those articles. I'd be interested in any comments you have. It would be best if your comments were on the discussion pages of the two articles.

Thank you.

Vyeh (talk) 04:23, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Happy Adminship Anniversary
Wishing Phils a very happy adminship anniversary on behalf of the Wikipedia Birthday Committee! Armbrust Talk to me  Contribs  01:57, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

Notification of pending suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Following a community discussion in June 2011, consensus was reached to provisionally suspend the administrative permissions of users who have been inactive for one year (i.e. administrators who have not made any edits or logged actions in over one year). As a result of this discussion, your administrative permissions will be removed pending your return if you do not return to activity within the next month. If you wish to have these permissions reinstated should this occur, please post to the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and the userright will be restored per the re-sysopping process (i.e., as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised and that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions). This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts. MadmanBot (talk) 01:06, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Hotline Communications

The article Hotline Communications has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * no sources from the very beginning. Nothing can be verified. Notability is 00

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Puda (talk) 14:55, 12 December 2013 (UTC)

Notification of pending suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Following a community discussion in June 2011, consensus was reached to provisionally suspend the administrative permissions of users who have been inactive for one year (i.e. administrators who have not made any edits or logged actions in over one year). As a result of this discussion, your administrative permissions will be removed pending your return if you do not return to activity within the next month. If you wish to have these permissions reinstated should this occur, please post to the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and the userright will be restored per the re-sysopping process (i.e. as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised, that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions, and that you have not been inactive for a three year period of time). If you remain inactive for a three year period of time, including the present year you have been inactive, you will need to request reinstatement at WP:RFA. This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts. MadmanBot (talk) 00:30, 1 January 2015 (UTC)

Suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Following a community discussion in June 2011, consensus was reached to provisionally suspend the administrative permissions of users who have been inactive for one year (i.e. administrators who have not made any edits or logged actions in over one year). As a result of this discussion, your administrative permissions have been removed pending your return. If you wish to have these permissions reinstated, please post to the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and the userright will be restored per the re-sysopping process (i.e. as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised, that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions, and that you have not been inactive for a three year period of time). If you remain inactive for a three year period of time, including the present year you have been inactive, you will need to request reinstatement at WP:RFA. This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts. Acalamari 10:38, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

FAR for StarCraft
I have nominated StarCraft (video game) for a featured article review here. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets featured article criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Delist" the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Hog Farm Talk 04:38, 13 February 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phils


text:
USS Baltimore (SSN-704)

USS Baltimore (SSN-704), a Los Angeles-class submarine-class nuclear-powered attack submarine, was the sixth ship of the United States Navy to be named for Baltimore, Maryland. The contract to build her was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut on 31 October 1973 and her keel was laid down on 21 May 1979. She was launched on 13 December 1980 sponsored by Congresswoman Marjorie S. Holt, and commissioned on 24 July 1982. The vessel's logo was "From Sails to Atoms," as inscribed on the ships original plaque.

Baltimore was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 10 July 1998. Ex-Baltimore is scheduled to be disposed of through the Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program in Bremerton, Washington.

title: USS Baltimore (SSN-704)


text:
Fort Belvedere

Fort Belvedere may refer to:

 * Belvedere (fort), a 16th-century fort in Florence, Italy, built by Grand Duke Ferdinando I de' Medici
 * Fort Belvedere, Surrey, the country home of King Edward VIII, scene of his 1936 abdication
 * "Fort Belvedere", a song by American postpunk band Live Skull from their 1986 album Cloud One

title: Fort Belvedere


text:
P. J. Ruttledge

Patrick Joseph Ruttledge (1 January 1892 – 8 May 1952) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Minister for Local Government and Public Health from 1939 to 1941, Minister for Justice from 1933 to 1939, Minister for Lands and Fisheries from 1932 to 1933 and Vice President of Sinn Féin from 1923 to 1926. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1921 to 1951.

Born in Ballina, County Mayo, in 1892. He was educated at St Muredach's College and later at St. Enda's School, Rathfarnham, Dublin, run by Patrick Pearse. After studying at Trinity College Dublin, he qualified as a solicitor in 1918 and built up a practice in his home town.

During the Irish War of Independence he was active in the Irish Republican Army. He was a close friend of Seán Mac Diarmada, with whom he lived for some time. He also took part in local politics, becoming chair of Ballina Urban Council from 1919 to 1932 and chair of Mayo County Council from 1922 to 1926.

He was first elected to Dáil Éireann in 1921 as a Sinn Féin TD for Mayo North and West. He opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 and joined the Republican forces and was seriously injured during the Civil War. He was re-elected to the Dáil again in 1923 for Mayo North and in a further ten elections until 1951. In 1926, Ruttledge was a founder-member of Fianna Fáil. In the Dail (in 1928) Ruttledge put forth a proposal for a committee to review the many long prison sentences under which many Republicans were still being held. He stated that the long sentences "reflected a partisan spirit in keeping with the vendetta by prominent political leaders at the time."

Cabinet Positions
He joined the cabinet of Éamon de Valera in 1932, serving as Minister for Lands and Fisheries, Minister for Justice and Minister for Local Government and Public Health, resigning in 1941 for the officially stated reason of "ill health". However, it is speculated by some historians that his actual motivation for the resignation was that he morally objected to the execution of IRA members by the Fianna Fáil government. Ruttledge continued to work as TD for over a decade after his resignation despite his "ill health".

Minister of Justice
During Ruttledge's tenure as Minister for Justice, three IRA men were executed for IRA activities but eight others had their death sentences commuted. Ruttledge worked to suppress a movement he considered to be fascist (the Blueshirts). In February 1933 he had their leader Eoin O'Duffy removed from his position as the Commissioner of the Irish national police force - the Garda Síochána. In 1934 Ruttledge introduced anti-fascist legislation that would prevent the Blueshirts from wearing their uniforms in public (also known as the Blueshirts Bill). In 1937 Ruttledge banned the annual IRA Easter Rising commemoration in Castlebar, County Mayo. Violence ensued with police baton charging marchers with numerous injuries and 13 arrests for Civil Disobedience (including future hunger striker Jack McNeela).

Ruttledge died in 1952 while still a member of the Dáil. He was described by The Irish Times as 'a gentle, kind and upright man'. He married Helena Roddy in 1928, and they had one son who died young and three daughters. A horsebreeder, he was a member of the Turf Club and won the Irish Derby with Mondragon in 1939.

title: P. J. Ruttledge


text:
User:Dannyboy~enwiki

Hi everybody! I'm Dannyboy, an editor for Wikipedia. I haven't been working on much yet, but I will be working on video game articles! --Dannyboy 08:51, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Dannyboy~enwiki


text:
Talk:List of loughs of Ireland

Untitled
Are there any examples of an Irish lake named "loch" rather than "lough"? Could we move this page to List of Irish loughs?

zoney ♣ talk 16:56, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

1) Not as far as I know; and 2) Yes, why not? (I've done it, anyway...) -- Picapica 22:13, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Any lakes named loch instead of lough, you ask. How about every single one of them in the Irish language! An Muimhneach Machnamhach 14:08, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, as someone who speaks Irish I'm aware of that, and certainly we can include that information here on Wikipedia. But this is the English version, so there is no need to have a lengthy page title to include the Irish term (even if the term is introduced in the article).
 * zoney ♣ talk 14:56, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Should this article include lakes whose name do not include the word "Lough" in their name? (I know there are not that many...) Should we rename the article to "List of Irish lakes" as that term is more generic? NotMuchToSay 13:36, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

We should call this entry "List of lakes in Ireland". Nobody uses the word 'lough' to mean a lake anymore, although their names still include 'Lough'. If the list is only of those lakes whose name includes the word 'Lough', then we may be justified in keeping the existing title, but even then it is odd-sounding. Gnomon 12:05, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

Derry/Londonderry Name
Hello. I'd like to refer to the naming of the the county Derry/Londonderry. It is known by British establishment as LondonDerry. In the Republic of Ireland, the city and county are almost always referred to as Derry, on maps, in the media and in conversation. Please see any road sign in the Republic of Ireland. I applied the change to incorporate all views for a balanced inclusion and to give readers a more in depth understanding. For references please see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Londonderry. Perhaps inclusion of both names is the solution.As is the case by politicians in the North. Thank you Scamallach (talk) 06:12, 17 February 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scamallach (talk • contribs)

 * Please see WP:DERRY. It is unfortunately irrelevant what it is called in the Republic of Ireland as County Londonderry does not reside in the Republic of Ireland and as a result how they refer to it is not relevant. Similar to if the United Kingdom started to refer to Dublin as Big Town it wouldn't matter as Dublin isn't in the UK. As a result only what it is called inside the country in which it exists is relevant. As it exists in the UK and the UK created the county, with the name of County Londonderry, it is referred to by its official name of County Londonderry on Wikipedia. Canterbury Tail   talk  02:47, 19 February 2017 (UTC)

Thank you for your reply. According to your logic the wiki pages of the Anglo-Irish Agreement 1985 and the Good Friday Agreement should be erased as they are irrelevant too ? Suggesting Irelands view is irrelevant is subjective. Articles 2 & 3 of the Irish constitution claim that the whole island formed one "national territory" (that includes Derry). Being a contentious issue,the UK challenged this and failed in the european courts. It was however partly amended and became one building block on which the Good Friday Agreement was created. A compromise was found. I suggest a compromise be found here to include the identity of Irish people in Northern Ireland — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scamallach (talk • contribs) 00:02, 6 March 2017 (UTC)

 * As Canterbury Tail said it doesn't matter what a different state refers to the city and county by as they do not lie within that state no matter what that state implies or claims. De facto and de jure it lies within the United Kingdom not the Republic of Ireland. The name of the city and county has absolutely nothing to do with Irish identity. There are people of such claim who refer to it as Londonderry and those who are of British identity who refer to it as Derry for shorthand. The logic in your reasoning has flaws. Mabuska (talk) 11:50, 6 March 2017 (UTC)

Thank you for your reply. My point is if there is a legitimate wikipedia page then should I not be able to reference that where ever the subject is mentioned. There is a page "Derry Londonderry naming dispute' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry/Londonderry_name_dispute. I simply want to reference this page. Or is there a rule in the editors book saying I can only reference certain pages What is the point in having a wiki page if an editor cant reference it ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scamallach (talk • contribs) 10:43, 12 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on List of loughs of Ireland. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150621232653/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=EUR-22&RoutePrm=0%3A%3B14%3Aload%3B14%3Aload%3B14%3Aload%3B14%3Aload%3B14%3Aload%3B to http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=EUR-22&RoutePrm=0%3A%3B14%3Aload%3B14%3Aload%3B14%3Aload%3B14%3Aload%3B14%3Aload%3B
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141025024015/http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/hmwb_nw.pdf to http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/hmwb_nw.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150621171638/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=EUR-21&RoutePrm=0%3A%3B14%3Aload%3B14%3Aload%3B14%3Aload%3B14%3Aload%3B to http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=EUR-21&RoutePrm=0%3A%3B14%3Aload%3B14%3Aload%3B14%3Aload%3B14%3Aload%3B
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141025024015/http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/hmwb_nw.pdf to http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/hmwb_nw.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:15, 31 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of loughs of Ireland


text:
Category:Junior Certificate subjects

This category is a list of subjects that can be taken in the Junior Certificate.

title: Category:Junior Certificate subjects


text:
User:Guppyfinsoup/Sandbox

Simões ( talk/contribs ) 19:38, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Guppyfinsoup/Sandbox


text:
George Dance

George Dance may refer to:

 * George Dance the Elder, English architect
 * George Dance the Younger, English architect, son of George Dance the Elder
 * George Dance (politician), Canadian politician
 * Sir George Dance (dramatist), English lyricist and librettist

title: George Dance


text:
René Laloux

René Laloux (13 July 1929 – 15 March 2004) was a French animator, screenwriter and film director.

Biography
He was born in Paris in 1929 and went to art school to study painting. After some time working in advertising, he got a job in a psychiatric institution where he began experimenting in animation with the interns. It is at the psychiatric institution that he made the 1960 film Monkey's Teeth (Les Dents du Singe), in collaboration with Paul Grimault's studio, and using a script written by the Cour Cheverny's interns.

Another important collaborator of his was Roland Topor with whom Laloux made Dead Time (Les Temps Morts, 1964), The Snails (Les Escargots, 1965) and his most famous work, the feature length Fantastic Planet (La Planète Sauvage, 1973).

Laloux also worked with Jean Giraud (Mœbius) to create the lesser known film Les Maîtres du temps (Time Masters), released in 1982. Laloux's 1987 film, Gandahar, was released in the US as Light Years, and made in cooperation with the artist Caza. The US version was redubbed by Harvey Weinstein, from a screenplay adapted by Isaac Asimov. The US version was not as successful as the French, grossing less than $400,000 on its release.

Laloux died of a heart attack on 14 March 2004 in Angoulême, Charente, Poitou-Charentes, France.

Filmography
Feature films
 * Fantastic Planet (1973)
 * Time Masters (1982)
 * Gandahar (1987) (released in the U.S. in bowdlerized form under the title Light Years)

Short films
 * Tick-Tock (Tic-Tac) (1957)
 * Les Achalunés (1958)
 * The Monkey's Teeth (Les Dents du singe) (1960)
 * Dead Times (Les Temps morts) (1964)
 * The Snails (Les Escargots) (1965)
 * The Play (1975)
 * Quality Control (1984)
 * The Captive (La Prisonnière) (1985)
 * How Wang-fo Was Saved (Comment Wang-Fo fut sauvé) (1987)
 * Eye of the Wolf (L'Œil du loup) (1998) (screenwriter only)

title: René Laloux


text:
György Dózsa

György Dózsa (or György Székely, Romanian: Gheorghe Doja; c. 1470 – 20 July 1514) was a Székely man-at-arms from Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary who led a peasants' revolt against the kingdom's landed nobility during the reign of King Vladislaus II of Hungary. The rebellion was suppressed, and Dózsa captured, tortured, and executed by being seated on a throne (itself smouldering according to legend), crowned with red-hot iron, devoured alive by his followers under duress, then quartered.

Ancestry and early life
György Dózsa was of Székely origins and known to his contemporaries as György Székely. Based on primary sources, he was probably in his forties or fifties at the time of his execution and thus must have been born around 1470. Nothing more specific is known of his ancestry, family, or early life. His birthplace has been suggested as Dálnok (today Dalnic, Romania). It was asserted by Márki in his 1913 biography of Dózsa that he was the man identified in a 1507 court document as Georgius Dosa Siculus de Makfalva (today Ghindari, Romania) and was therefore from the Dózsa family belonging to the Szovát branch of the Örlőcz clan. This has since been questioned, as variants of the family name Dózsa were 'quite common' at the time in Transylvania. Márki suggested a family tree starting with András Dózsa in the beginning of the 15th century who lived in Marosszék. His sons, Tamás and Ádám would have then moved to Dálnok and started families. Tamás, a vajda (infantry captain) became György Dózsa's father. Pataki doubts this, as Székelys of the lófő rank (as Márki stipulated the Dózsas were) depended on their land for their place in the economic and social hierarchy, which limited their mobility by making them reluctant to sell or exchange their lands (although they did do so at times). Therefore, he considers it unproven that the György Dózsa from Dálnok was the same person recorded as being from Makfalva in the 1507 court document. Dózsa had a younger brother, Gergely Dózsa (Gregory Dózsa), who would be executed alongside him. Contemporary sources attest that Dózsa's father had had four sons; besides György and Gergely, they have been names as János, Lukács, and Menyhért. As Lukács is usually credited with the acts attributed to Gergely in other sources, the two names probably denote the same person. Menyhért supposedly became the ban of Croatia, but there is little to support this connection. Márki suggests that János might have been the same as a János Székely inciting a rebellion among the Transylvanian Saxons in 1513–1514, but Pataki disputes this. Márki claims that the family still had members in 1913, descending from Ádám Dózsa, György Dózsa's uncle. However, Pataki found no record of people named Dózsa living in or near Dálnok in the 1602 or the more extensive 1614 census, although many lófő and noble families with the name Székely lived there. Márki further argues that Dózsa had a sister, Katalin, who married Miklós Zeyk, a future supporter of King John Zápolya.

Dózsa probably did not receive much education, and seems to have been illiterate. He grew up in a time of widespread social upheaval and small rebellions. During the reign of King Matthias Corvinus, which covered what was probably Dózsa's childhood, peasants were taxed oppressively; after Matthias' death in 1490, the War of the Hungarian Succession broke out between John Corvinus (the late King's illegitimate son), Emperor Maximilian I, and two brothers from the Jagiellonian dynasty, John Albert and Vladislaus. The conflict impacted Transylvania, with the Székelys supporting Vladislaus. After his victory, they nevertheless suffered the tyranny of Voivode István Báthory, who extorted rents and taxes by torture and intimidation. Many Székelys fled the country, and Báthory's actions eventually prompted a successful revolt to replace him in December 1492. Even afterwards, the period that was probably Dózsa's youth and early adulthood was punctuated with revolts and rebellions, the most violent in 1506.

If the 1507 court document about Georgius Dosa Siculus de Makfalva indeed refers to Dózsa, he committed a violent robbery at a market in Medgyes (today Mediaș, Romania) that year, killing multiple merchants. The document requests that he be punished and removed in order to preserve the community's peace. However, it remains unclear whether this case concerns Dózsa or another man of a similar name. Family tradition recounted by Márki holds that Dózsa was a 'tall, strong' man with curly brown hair and of exceptional physical strength, but there are no contemporaneous depictions or descriptions of him.

Mercenary career and heroism
It has been claimed by Márki and accepted by Pataki that Dózsa participated in the 1513 campaign of John Zápolya against Ottoman forces. He then probably joined the defence of Nándorfehérvár (today Belgrade, Serbia). Sources mention him as a cavalry captain of great courage during this siege. They tell the story of him beating the Ottoman champion, bey of the spahis of Szendrő (today Smederevo, Serbia), named as Ali of Epeiros in a duel on 28 February 1514. Ali was a great swordsman, who had already caused the death of many Hungarian valiants during his duels.

Dózsa's desire for glory was growing, and his fellow soldiers tried in vain to dissuade him from challenging the feared Ottoman champion to a duel. According to legend, Dózsa was incensed by Ali insulting the Hungarians and also wanted to take his 'magnificent horse' for himself. In the popular account, the two men first fought with spears then with swords on a field outside the castle of Nándorfehérvár, and Dózsa cut off Ali's armour-covered right hand 'in one [piece]'. He then killed him. Although there is no decisive proof of how the duel happened, it seems to have been considered important: King Vladislaus rewarded Dózsa with a noble title, a village, and a coat of arms. Some accounts claim that Dózsa demanded a prize himself, arriving at Buda with a letter of recommendation from his commander, others that he was summoned by the royal court. He perhaps took Ali's right arm there as proof of his victory. One source claims that Dózsa committed a crime before arriving at court. He is suggested to have been rewarded with a large sum of money by the King, which the treasurer, István Telegdy, refused to give to him. At this, Dózsa murdered a royal tax collector, stole three thousand gold coins from him, and threatened to join the Ottomans. The court feared that Dózsa could open Nándorfehérvár to the enemy, and bought his loyalty with two hundred gold coins and two horses in golden and silver tacks. However, Márki does not believe that this happened, as the court would have had no reason to reward a soldier threatening treason instead of executing him. With this victory, Dózsa won a nation-wide reputation and fame.

When Dózsa arrived in Buda, some primary sources describe him being reprimanded by Miklós Csáky, Bishop of Csanád for his crimes. Dózsa then complained to Cardinal Tamás Bakócz, Archbishop of Esztergom, who gave him command of the crusaders as a consolation. This is unlikely to have happened in this way. Dózsa was, however, knighted by the King, his wages doubled. He was given a village of forty households located between Nándorfehérvár and Temesvár, as well as two hundred gold coins. The coat of arms of his family was also renewed (or given to him to ennoble him, as it is unclear whether his ancestors had been nobles) and a bleeding, cut-off arm holding a sword was included on it. Based on the crimson robes embroidered with gold and golden chain given to him, Márki claims that Dózsa was rewarded above the level of simple knighthood and could have hoped for a career at the royal court.

Background
In 1513, Pope Leo X was elected, a man enthusiastic about driving the Ottomans out of Europe. On 17, June he published a bull authorising a crusade, appointing Archbishop Bakócz to organise it. The bull called not on European princes but on the people to fight the holy war and pre-emptively branded anyone who would impede the crusade as traitors. When he returned to Hungary, the Archbishop was warned by the King that the country was strained financially and unable to furnish even the most important fortresses on the border. Among the leading barons of the country, there was a debate about the wisdom of launching a crusade: Bakócz argued that Hungary needed to exploit the internal strife of the Ottoman Empire for its own protection and go against them with as large an army as possible, considering that foreign aid was unlikely. The treasurer, István Telegdy thought that it would be wiser not to recruit commoners: a large number of missing peasants would be devastating for the country's agriculture during the summer, and untrained agricultural workers had little military value. He proposed only asking commoners for donations and relying on noble's banderiums for the crusade. The party favouring the peasants' crusade won and the bull was published on 9 April. The King arranged for tithes to be redirected to fund the operations.

Social tensions and the role of the Franciscans
Bakócz entrusted recruitment to the Franciscan order, probably on 25 April. Due to the work of the friars, there were around 15,000 volunteers in the camp at Pest within two weeks. However, there were also news of friars agitating against the feudal order around the country. Radical notions of social equality had been noted among Hungarian Franciscans for decades. Superiors were concerned with a tendency of monks to question authority on the basis that they only owed obedience to God, and with young friars giving lengthy speeches based on scriptures instead of repeating conventional interpretations. From the beginning of the 1510s, these phenomena were exacerbated with apocalyptic visions some Franciscans claimed to have. In 1512 and 1513, there seems to have been a movement of young friars who disobeyed orders and openly criticised bishops and abbots.

Early religious reform ideologies, especially the teachings of Jan Hus, had been present in Hungary for decades, and many of the volunteers had social and political goals in mind when joining the crusade. Franciscans organised 'gatherings' in many parts of the country which worried lords. The friars and their supporters urged peasants to deny the rents and taxes due to the king and to landlords, and declared general disobedience to superiors. There were calls for violence against tax collectors and officials. Tensions reached the point of open revolt before 15 May, but on the 20th at the latest, and Bakócz was warned some days before the 15th about attacks against manor houses and the possibility of a widespread uprising.

Recruitment
At first, volunteers gathered slowly: only three hundred people were in the camp by 24 April. A contemporary source claims that Dózsa went to Bakócz 'extraordinarily upset', asking to be appointed leader of the crusade in order to protect the peasants from exploitation. The chronicler gives the explanation that Dózsa in fact wanted to use the peasant army to take vengeance on the lords for withholdding two hundred gold coins of rewards from him. For the time at least, he was not named leader, and the story of him asking for command is an improbable one.

Choosing a commander was a problem for the crusade: the lords 'scorned' at the commons, and none of them were popular enough. Bakócz needed to find someone who was of noble origins (to uphold the notion that armies should be led by nobles), but not powerful enough to arouse the jealousy of the leading lords of the country; he would also need to be liked well enough by peasants and possess some military experience. According to Márki, these were the reasons for the Archbishop entering talks with Dózsa, who had recent experience fighting against the Ottomans, and appointed him commander on 24 April. However, there is no mention of Dózsa in contemporary sources before 3 June, and no proof that he was ever appointed to command the crusaders camping around Pest. More recent scholarship suggests that at this early time, a man named Menyhért was in charge, Dózsa only taking control when the displeased peasants became violent. Contemporary diplomatic reports named a Melchior Bannser/Banckwr/Vanser/Vanbosor as commander of the camp, who was probably a German or Czech mercenary captain. During the upheaval of the peasant revolt, this Melchior or Menyhért and Dózsa were often mixed up in reports and it is unclear what actions pertained to which one of them in the early weeks of the crusade and developing revolt.

Leader of the peasant revolt
Within a few weeks, Dózsa had gathered an army of some 40,000 so-called hajdú, consisting for the most part of peasants, wandering students, friars, and parish priests - some of the lowest-ranking groups of medieval society. They assembled in their counties, and by the time he had provided them with some military training, they began to air the grievances of their status. No measures had been taken to supply these voluntary crusaders with food or clothing. As harvest-time approached, the landlords commanded them to return to reap the fields, and, on their refusing to do so, proceeded to maltreat their wives and families and set their armed retainers upon the local peasantry.

The volunteers became increasingly angry at the failure of the nobility to provide military leadership (the original and primary function of the nobility and the justification for its higher status in the society.) The rebellious, anti-landlord sentiment of these "Crusaders" became apparent during their march across the Great Hungarian Plain, and Bakócz cancelled the campaign. At that time, Bakócz stopped recruiting on the news of the clashes between peasants and nobles in Mezőtúr, and later on he stopped the whole campaign. However, György Dózsa, his brother Gergely Dózsa and several Franciscan friars, headed by the priest Lőrinc, disobeyed the order to stop the recruitment. From then on, the crusaders labelled the nobles and the king himself as pro-Ottoman traitors. After that, the peasant armies regarded the defeat of the nobility and the king as a prerequisite for victory in their crusade against the Ottoman Empire.

The movement was thus diverted from its original object, and the peasants and their leaders began a war of vengeance against the landlords.

Dózsa's most notable elected co-leaders
The peasant armies did not trust in the leadership of nobility, thus they elected their own leaders.

 * Gregory Dózsa (Gergely Dózsa), younger brother of György Dózsa,
 * Laurence Mészáros (Lőrinc Mészáros), a Franciscan friar and parish priest of Cegléd, who in his proclamation, the Pope, II. In the name of King Vladislaus and the legate, he promised the forgiveness of all sins and otherworldly punishment to those who go to the crusade, help it and take care of its sick, but he threatened church curses to those who do not do this.
 * "Priest Barabbas" (Barabás),
 * Ambrose Ványa (Ambrus Ványa) from turkeve, a Franciscan theologist who graduated from the university, he edited Dozsa's fiery proclamations to the people,
 * Thomas Kecskés (Tamás Kecskés) from Aszaló,
 * Francis Bagos (Ferenc Bagos),
 * Anthony Nagy (Antal Nagy), the leader of the Kalocsa crusaders, nobleman from Sárköz,
 * Benedict Pogány (Benedek Pogány),
 * Ambrose Száleresi (Ambrus Száleresi), a well-to-do citizen of Pest.

Social Goals
Based on the research of professor Sándor Márki, Dózsa and his co-elected senior fellows wanted to change the church and the political system fundamentally. They aimed to have a single elected bishop for the entire country and to make all priests equal in rank. They also wanted to abolish the nobility and distribute the lands of the nobility and the Catholic Church equally among the peasants. They decided that there should be only two orders: the city burgeroise (merchants and craftsmen) and the peasants, and they also wanted to abolish the kingdom as a form of government. Dózsa himself only wanted to be the warlord and representative of the people: subordinating himself in everything to the decisions of the people.

The formerly peasant origin Franciscan friars became the ideologues of the uprising. With their help, Dózsa effectively threatened to excommunicate the religiously minded peasant-soldiers in his army if they betrayed their "holy crusader movement" and their "just" social goals.

Growing rebellion

"I, George Dózsa, the mighty champion valiant, head and captain of the blessed people of the Crusaders, only King of Hungary - but not subject of the Lords - individually and collectively send you our greetings! To all the cities, market towns, and villages of Hungary, especially in the counties of Pest and Outer Szolnok. Know ye that the treacherous lying nobility have risen up violently against us and against all the crusading armies preparing for holy war, to persecute and exterminate us. Therefore, under the penalty of banishment and eternal damnation, not to mention the death penalty and the loss of all your goods, we strictly enjoin and order you, that immediately after receiving this letter, without delay or excuse, you hasten here to the city of Cegléd, so that you, the blessed simple people, strengthened in the covenant sanctified by you, nobles must be limited, restrained, and destroyed. If not, you will not escape the punishment of the nobles intended for you. What’s more, we ordinary commoners suspend and hang nobles on their own gates, hang on skewers, destroy their property, tear down their houses, and kill their wives and children in the midst of the greatest possible torture."

The rebellion became more dangerous when the towns joined on the side of the peasants. In Buda and elsewhere, the cavalry sent against them were unhorsed as they passed through the gates.

The army was not exclusively composed of peasants of Hungarian nationality. A part of the army, about 40%, was made up of Slovaks and Rusyns from Upper Hungary, Romanians from Transylvania, Serbs from the South, and there may have been Germans, but the latter were very few in number. After the news spread about Dózsa's first victories, peasant riots took place in most places in the country, in which peasants of other nationalities, such as Slovaks, Germans, Croats, Slovenes or Serbs, also took part.

The rebellion spread quickly, principally in the central or purely Magyar provinces, where hundreds of manor houses and castles were burnt and thousands of the lower untitled gentry noblemen were killed by impalement, crucifixion, and other methods. Dózsa's camp at Cegléd was the centre of the jacquerie, as all raids in the surrounding area started out from there.

In reaction, the papal bull was revoked, and King Vladislaus issued a proclamation commanding the peasantry to return to their homes under pain of death. By this time, the uprising had attained the dimensions of a revolution; all the vassals of the kingdom were called out against it, and soldiers of fortune were hired in haste from the Republic of Venice, Bohemia, and the Holy Roman Empire. Meanwhile, Dózsa had captured the city and fortress of Csanád (today's Cenad), and signaled his victory by impaling the bishop and the castellan.

Subsequently, at Arad, Lord Treasurer István Telegdy was seized and tortured to death. In general, however, the rebels only executed particularly vicious or greedy noblemen; those who freely submitted were released on parole. Dózsa not only never broke his given word, but frequently assisted the escape of fugitives. He was unable to consistently control his followers, however, and many of them hunted down rivals.

Downfall and execution
In the course of the summer, Dózsa seized the fortresses of Arad, Lippa (today Lipova), and Világos (now Şiria), and provided himself with cannons and trained gunners. One of his bands advanced to within 25 kilometres of the capital. But his ill-armed ploughmen were outmatched by the heavy cavalry of the nobles. Dózsa himself had apparently become demoralized by success: after Csanád, he issued proclamations which can be described as nihilistic.

As his suppression had become a political necessity, Dózsa was routed at Temesvár (today Timișoara, Romania) by an army of 20,000 led by John Zápolya and Stephen Báthory. He was captured after the battle, and condemned to sit on a smouldering, heated iron throne, and forced to wear a heated iron crown and sceptre (mocking his ambition to be king). While he was suffering, a procession of nine fellow rebels who had been starved beforehand were led to this throne. In the lead was Dózsa's younger brother, Gergely, who was cut in three despite Dózsa asking for Gergely to be spared. Next, executioners removed some pliers from a fire and forced them into Dózsa's skin. After tearing his flesh, the remaining rebels were ordered to bite spots where the hot pliers had been inserted and to swallow the flesh. The three or four who refused were simply cut up, prompting the others to comply. In the end, Dózsa died from the ordeal, while the rebels who obeyed were released and left alone.

The revolt was repressed but some 70,000 peasants were tortured. György's execution, and the brutal suppression of the peasants, greatly aided the 1526 Ottoman invasion as the Hungarians were no longer a politically united people and peasants rejected military service against the Ottomans. Another consequence was the creation of new laws, an effort in the Hungarian Diet led by István Werbőczy. The resulting Tripartitum elaborated the old rights of peasants, but also greatly enhanced the status of lesser nobility (gentry), erecting an iron curtain between Hungarians until 1848 when serfdom was abolished.

Legacy

The often biased historiography of the nobility later often claimed that the memory of György Dózsa served as a role model for other great peasant uprisings on the territory of the Hungarian crown, such as the revolt of Jovan of Czerni, which took place barely twelve years after the Dózsa War, and the peasant uprising in Croatia led by Ambroz Gubec in 1572–1573.

Today, on the site of the martyrdom of the hot throne, there is the Virgin Mary Monument, built by architect László Székely and sculptor György Kiss. According to the legend, during György Dózsa's torture, some friars saw in his ear the image of Mary. The first statue was raised in 1865, with the actual monument raised in 1906. Hungarian opera composer Ferenc Erkel wrote an opera, Dózsa György, about him.

His revolutionary image and Transylvanian background were drawn upon during the Communist regime of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. The Hungarian component of his movement was downplayed, but its strong anti-feudal character was emphasized.

In Budapest, a square, a busy six-lane avenue, and a metro station bear his name, and it is one of the most popular street names in Hungarian villages. A number of streets in several cities of Romania were named Gheorghe Doja. Also, a number of streets in several cities of Serbia were named "Ulica Doža Đerđa". Two Postage stamps were issued in his honor by Hungary on 12 June 1919 and on 15 March 1947, the latter in the "social revolutionists" series.

title: György Dózsa


text:
User talk:Nooa~enwiki

Hey Mark, how's it going? I suppose I can stick on here the normal greeting template. I take back the part about thanking you for your contributions, because I see you haven't made any :) Wuzzeb 17:00, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nooa. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nooa~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:11, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:02, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nooa~enwiki


text:
Talk:List of integrals of rational functions

Untitled
Using Safari 1.2.3 (v125.9) on Mac OS X, the HTML-based math formatting is much less clear than the TeX-based images. The integral signs are too small, the fractions are too widely spaced, and so forth.

I do not know by what rule Wikipedia chooses to render using images or HTML, but the Italian version, with only images, displays much more clearly on this setup than this English version.

I hope that someone who knows more than I do about the workings of Wikipedia can correct this.

- Jrn 17:02, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is not very precise with notation - all of them are missing a constant of integration, most of them are missing 'dx' at the end, and to make this worse, some use 'dx' in a different meaning. guiltyspark 23:47, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

There should not be constants of integration present in equations which have an integral as part of the solution because the integral includes a constant of integration. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.241.227.12 (talk) 05:09, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

This is not this?
'(forgive my wrong speling ness)' The List of rational fractions are not that accurate. please help in correcting stupidity here... The first integral of the said function is a complete noncence and is not the integral of the said definition of that function... I suggest this article be rewriten or in other case case... Deleted... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kendelarosa5357 (talk • contribs) 09:53, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

Some Inaccuracy Is Due to
Some of the inaccuracy is due to the flaw of foluma starting with
 * $$\int\frac{x}{(ax + b)^2} dx$$,

because, this equation is applied several times. --Chenchiheshang (talk) 15:18, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Concerning this integral, both the older version and your revised version are correct. They just differ by a constant 1/a2, which simply changes the constant of integration.
 * $$\frac{b}{a^{2} (a x + b)} = \frac{1}{a^{2}} - \frac{x}{a (a x + b)}$$
 * This is probably true for the other integrals, but I haven't checked. --catslash (talk) 21:55, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Differentiating the integrals given for $$\scriptstyle{{x^2}/{(a x + b)^2}}$$, $$\scriptstyle{{x^2}/{(a x + b)^3}}$$ and $$\scriptstyle{{x^2}/{(a x + b)^n}}$$ in the older version shows that they are all correct. Differentiating the integrals given in the later version shows that the integral of $$\scriptstyle{{x^2}/{(a x + b)^3}}$$ is still correct though it has changed by a constant term. However, something has gone wrong with the integrals of $$\scriptstyle{{x^2}/{(a x + b)^2}}$$ and $$\scriptstyle{{x^2}/{(a x + b)^n}}$$. I think that the simplest fix is just to revert these edits.

 * Regarding the integrals of $$\scriptstyle{\frac{1}{x (a x + b)}}$$ and $$\scriptstyle{\frac{1}{x^{2} (a x + b)}}$$, a factor of $$\scriptstyle{1/a}$$ has been removed from arguments of the logarithms. This simply has the effect of subtracting a constant multiple of $$\scriptstyle{\ln(1/a)}$$, and so does not affect the correctness. Since these edits make the expressions slightly simpler, I will try to preserve these last two edits. --catslash (talk) 23:42, 7 July 2010 (UTC)


text:
Michael Hilliard

Michael Leo Hilliard (11 March 1903 – 3 August 1982) was an Irish revolutionary and later Fianna Fáil politician.

Early life and revolutionary period
He was born 11 March 1903 in Navan, County Meath, fifth child of James Hilliard, a farmer and cattle dealer, and Mary Hilliard (née O'Brien). He was educated at St Finian's College, Mullingar, he left in 1920 to take part in the IRA's independence campaign. As Company Captain of Navan Company, 4 Battalion, 2 Meath Brigade, in 1920 he was involved in enforcing the Belfast boycott, arms raids, blocking roads and burning of Robinstown Royal Irish Constabulary Barracks. In February 1921, Hilliard claims to have taken part in the execution of a suspected spy named “Chandeler” (sic) in Navan who was masquerading as a Michael O’Brien from Silvermines trying to join the IRA. In April 1921 was promoted to brigade intelligence officer and later Brigade Commandant. Hillard fought on the side of the Anti-Treaty IRA during the Irish Civil War.

He was arrested on 15 July 1922 but managed to escape soon after from Dundalk Jail with over 100 other IRA men. Hilliard took part in attacks on National forces until recapture in January 1923. During imprisonment, he went on hunger strike for 35 days. He recalled the experience as "a tremendous experience to have. Your mind gets crystal clear and you [are] in a sort in an ecstasy after about 21 days. You have day dreams and night dreams, you have such beautiful dreams. I can’t really explain it, but you can recall it as if you were looking at a film as to what happened to you from the very early days of your life". Hilliard was released in July 1924 and remained active in the IRA until about 1932, when he left to join Fianna Fáil. Hilliard later applied to the Irish government for a service pension under the Military Service Pensions Act, 1934 and was awarded 5 and 1/6 years service in 1941 at Grade C for his service with the IRA between 1 April 1920 and 30 September 1923.

Political career
From 1934 he represented the party on Navan Urban District Council. He was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Meath–Westmeath constituency at the 1943 general election. During his career he served in the governments of Seán Lemass and Jack Lynch. During his tenure as Minister for Posts and Telegraphs Hilliard oversaw the introduction of a television service in Ireland, RTÉ. He served as Minister for Defence from 1965 to 1969.

He retained his Dáil seat at eight further general elections, switching to the Meath constituency after constituencies were revised for the 1948 general election. However, at the 1973 general election, he lost his seat to his party colleague Brendan Crinion. He did not contest any further Dáil elections.

While a TD in 1973, Hilliard was appointed a Member of the European Parliament as part of Ireland's short-lived first delegation.

His son Colm Hilliard was Fianna Fáil TD for Meath from 1982 to 1997.

title: Michael Hilliard