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Johann Joseph Fux

Johann Joseph Fux (c. 1660 – 13 February 1741) was an Austrian composer, music theorist and pedagogue of the late Baroque era. His most enduring work is not a musical composition but his treatise on counterpoint, Gradus ad Parnassum, which has become the single most influential book on the Palestrinian style of Renaissance polyphony.

Life
Fux's exact date of birth is unknown. He was born to a peasant family in Hirtenfeld, Styria, Austria. Relatively little is known about his early life, but likely he went to nearby Graz for music lessons. In 1680 he was accepted at the Jesuit Ferdinandeum University there, where his musical talent became apparent. From 1685 until 1688 he served as organist at St. Moritz in Ingolstadt. Sometime during this period he must have made a trip to Italy, as evidenced by the strong influence of Corelli and Bolognese composers on his work of the time.

By the 1690s he was in Vienna, and attracted the attention of Emperor Leopold I with some masses he composed; the emperor was sufficiently impressed by them to assist him with his career after this point. In 1698, Leopold hired him as court composer. Fux traveled again to Italy, studying in Rome in 1700; it may have been here that he acquired the veneration for Palestrina which was so consequential for music pedagogy.

Fux became the Hofkapellmeister (head musician of the Wiener Hofmusikkapelle) in 1715, along with Antonio Caldara as his vice-Kapellmeister, and F.B. Conti as the court composer.

Fux served Leopold I until the latter's death, and two more Habsburg emperors after that: Joseph I, and Charles VI, both of whom continued to employ him in high positions in the court. Fux was famous as a composer throughout this period, and stood out among his contemporaries as the highest ranking composer in the Holy Roman Empire. However, this renown gradually became eclipsed later in the 18th century as the Baroque style died out. Although his music until recently never regained favor, his mastery of counterpoint influenced countless composers through his treatise Gradus ad Parnassum (1725). Haydn largely taught himself counterpoint by reading it and recommended it to the young Beethoven. Mozart had a copy of it that he annotated.

Gradus ad Parnassum
The Gradus ad Parnassum (Steps or Ascent to Mount Parnassus) is a theoretical and pedagogical work written by Fux in Latin in 1725, and translated into German by Lorenz Christoph Mizler in 1742. Fux dedicated it to Emperor Charles VI.

The work is divided into two major parts. In the first part, Fux presents a summary of the theory on Musica Speculativa, or the analysis of intervals as proportions between numbers. This section is in a simple lecture style, and looks at music from a purely mathematical angle, in a theoretical tradition that goes back, through the works of Renaissance theoreticians, to the Ancient Greeks. Fux explains that intervals in exact mathematical proportions result in larger and smaller half tones, and he also mentions that some organists added extra keys (split halves to use smaller and bigger half tones), but that adding extra keys on a keyboard was problematic and for this reason they divided every note in "zwei gleiche Theile" (two equal parts), resulting in equal temperament. He continues: "Da man aber erfahren, daß solches in Zahlen nicht angeht, ist das Ohr zu hülfe genommen worden, indem man von dem einem Theil einem fast gar nicht mercklichen Theil weggenommen, und dem andern zugesetzet. [Because experience told us that one cannot do this by means of figures, the ear was called in to help, by taking away an almost non-detectable amount from one note and adding it to the others.]" The works of Mersenne, Cicero and Aristotle are among the several references quoted by Fux in this section.

The second part, on Musica Pratica, is the section of this treatise where the author presents his instruction on counterpoint, fugue, double counterpoint, a brief essay on musical taste, and his ideas on composing sacred music, writing in the a cappella and in the recitativo style. This part is in the form of a dialog, between a master (Aloysius, Latin for Luigi, who is meant to represent Palestrina's ideas) and a student, Josephus, who represents Fux himself, a self-admitted admirer of Palestrina. At the outset, Fux states his purpose: "to invent a simple method by which a novice can progress, step by step, to attain mastery in this art." and gives his opinion of contemporary practice: "I shall not be deterred by the most ardent haters of school, nor by the corruptness of the times." He also states that theory without practice is useless, thus stressing practice over theory in his book.

While Gradus ad Parnassum is famous as the origin of the term "species counterpoint", Fux was not the first one to invent the idea. In 1610, Girolamo Diruta, a composer of the Venetian school, published Il Transilvano, which presented the Renaissance polyphonic style as a series of types: one note against one note, two notes against one note, suspensions, and so forth. Fux's work repeated some of Diruta's, possibly coincidentally, since he is not known to have had a copy.

In species counterpoint, as given in Fux, the student is to master writing counterpoint in each species before moving on to the next. The species are, in order, note against note; two notes against one; four notes against one; ligature or suspensions (one note against one, but offset by half of the note value); and florid counterpoint, in which the other species are combined freely. Once all the species are mastered in two voices, the species are gone through again in three voices, and then in four voices. (Occasionally, in modern counterpoint textbooks, the third and fourth species are reversed with suspensions being taught before four notes against one.) Fux expressed the intention of adding sections on how to write counterpoint for more than four parts, indicating that rules in this area were to be "less rigorously observed". However, citing his poor health as a result of gout and age, he chose to conclude the book as it stood.

Modern counterpoint education is greatly indebted to Gradus ad Parnassum, and Fux presented the ideas with such clarity and focus that both subsequent and modern counterpoint texts continue to cite his work, from the book by Albrechtsberger (Gründliche Anweisung zur Komposition) to 20th century examples such as the book by Knud Jeppesen (Counterpoint: The Polyphonic Vocal Style of the Sixteenth Century). Furthermore, Gradus ad Parnassum is a noteworthy historical document in that it clearly delineates the stylistic distinction of the entire baroque era between an antique and sacred style and a more modern and largely secular style.

The Latin edition of Fux's Gradus ad Parnassum from the year 1725, translated by Lorenz Christoph Mizler, is the only surviving book of J.S. Bach's personal library of theoretical works. As Mizler was a student of J.S. Bach, musicologist Christoph Wolff has suggested that Bach may have played some part in persuading Mizler to translate the treatise.

Works
In addition to writing Gradus ad Parnassum, Fux also composed numerous sacred and secular works. Fux's compositions were catalogued by Ludwig Ritter von Köchel who also catalogued Mozart's works.

Sacred compositions
Fux's sacred works include masses (such as Missa canonica, Missa Corporis Christi,), requiems, oratorios (including Santa Dimpna, Infanta d'Irlanda, K 300a (1702), Il fonte della salute, K 293 (1716)), litanies, Vespers settings, motets, graduals, offertories, Marian antiphons (consisting of 21 settings of Alma Redemptoris mater, 22 settings of Ave Regina, 9 of Regina coeli, and 17 of Salve regina), settings of the text "Sub Tuum Praesidium", hymns (many of which are lost), Sequences, Introits, Communion hymns, German sacred songs (all lost), and other sacred works.

Some of Fux's masses (along with Caldara and others) utilized the canon (imitative counterpoint in its strictest form) as a compositional technique, one of the telltale signs of the stile antico. Other indications of the stile antico include large note values (whole, half, or quarter notes).

However, while most associate Fux with composing in the stile antico, referring to him as the "Austrian Palestrina", due to his treatise Gradus ad Parnassum, he also had the ability to compose in the stile moderno as well, evident in his oratorios, such as Santa Dimpna, Infanta d'Irlandia. For instance, many of the movements in the second half of Santa Dimpna make use of da capo aria form, and the eight (surviving) arias demonstrate the baroque concept of the "affect", as demonstrated by the vocal coloratura and instrumental figures.

Fux, along with other composers, such as Hofer, Biber, and Caldara established a solid repertory of Catholic church music in southern Germany and Austria, despite the presence of the better-known Protestant church music in northern Germany.

Secular compositions
Besides sacred works, Fux was a composer of vocal and instrumental music. His works include 19 operas, 29 partitas, 10 oratorios, and about 80 masses. Fux's instrumental compositions include 50 church sonatas, Concentus musico-instrumentalis (1710), and keyboard works. Fux's compositions for Clavier include five Partitas, a 20-minute Capriccio, a Ciaccona, an Harpeggio Prelude and Fugue, an Aria Passaggiata, and a set of twelve Minuets.

The Concentus musico-instrumentalis is a cycle of seven partitas scored for woodwind, brass, and string instruments. This cycle, published in 1701, was to Joseph, King of Rome. Its cosmopolitan admixture of French, Italian, and German movements and its festive characteristics can be found in Fux's keyboard suites, which are heavily ornamented and treble-dominated. Most Italian operas of that period were concentrated on the solo aria. Whereas, Fux's operas employ an ensemble of solo singers and the large arias often use a concertizing solo instrument. Fux's emphasis on contrapuntal structures was conservative and represented the older manner of treating musical texture.

Fux's early operas show characteristics of the late 17th century such as using arioso passages in recitatives. His style is primarily a combination of his preference for contrapuntal textures, a vivid mastery of vocal and instrumental rhetoric and Italianate ornamentation, and colorful use of obbligato scoring. Compared to his Italian contemporaries, it is Fux's manipulation of the da capo aria that represents his exceptional sense of dramma per musica: his scoring, texture, and motivic-thematic integration allow an individual style to arise while the idealized passions of the Affektenlehre attain dramatic life.

Most of his dramatic operas were premiered at the Hoftheater, Vienna; otherwise given below. List of Fux's 19 operas:
 * Il fato monarchico, festa teatrale (18 Feb. 1700; music not extant)
 * Neo-exoriens phosphorus, id est neo-electus et infulatus praesul Mellicensis, Latin school opera (1701; music not extant)
 * L'offendere per amare ovvera La Telesilla, dramma per musica (25 June 1702; music not extant)
 * La clemenza d' Augusto, poemetto drammatico (15 Nov. 1702; music not extant)
 * Julo Ascanio re d'Alba, poemetto drammatico (19 March 1708)
 * Pulcheria, poemetto drammatico (21 June 1708)
 * Il mese di Marzo, consecrato a Marte, componimento per musica (19 March 1709)
 * Gli ossequi della note, componimento per musica (15 July 1709)
 * La decima fatica d'Ercolo, ovvero La Sconfitta di Gerione in Spagna, componimento pastorale-eroico (1 Oct. 1710)
 * Dafne in lauro, componimento per camera (1 Oct. 1714)
 * Orfeo ed Euridice, componimento da camera per musica (1 Oct. 1715)
 * Angelica vincitrice di Alcina, festa teatrale (14 Sept. 1716)
 * Diana placate, componimento da camera (19 Nov. 1717)
 * Elisa, festa teatrale per musica (Laxenburg, 28 Aug. 1719)
 * Psiche, coponimento da camera per musica (19 Nov. 1720)
 * Le nozze di Aurora, festa teatrale per musica (6 Oct. 1722)
 * Constanza e Fortezza, festa teatrale (Prague, 28 Aug. 1723) – his notable opera
 * Giunone placata, festa teatrale per musica (19 Nov. 1725)
 * La corona d'Arianna, festa teatrale (28 Aug. 1731)

The festive opera Constanza e Fortezza (Constancy and Strength), with a libretto by Pietro Pariati (1665–1733), was Fux's most notable opera. It was performed twice in a specially designed open-air theatre in Prague Castle on the occasion of the coronation of Charles VI as King of Bohemia in 1723. The set was designed by the court theatre architect Giuseppe Galli-Bibiena (1696–1756). This work is regarded as a festive coronation opera because both performances of this opera took place a few days before the coronation of Charles VI as King of Bohemia and of his consort Elisabeth Christina as Queen. There was an issue of the double celebratory function of this opera – coronation of Charles VI and Elisabeth Christina's birthday.

Selected discography

 * The Dresden Album. Johannes Pramsohler. Ensemble Diderot. (Audax Records ADX 13701)
 * Concentus musico instrumentalis...1701. Concentus Musicus Wien, Nikolaus Harnoncourt (Teldec 8.42171 XH, 244 690 2)
 * Concentus musico instrumentalis...1701 K352 – 358. Neue Hofkapelle Graz, Lucia Froihofer and Michael Hell (CPO 777 980-2)
 * Kaiserrequiem K51-53. Clemencic Consort, René Clemencic (Arte Nova 74321 27777 2)
 * Complete Music for Harpsichord. Performed by Filippo Emanuele Ravizza. (Brilliant Classics 95189)
 * Alla Turca. Matthias Maute, Monika Mauch, and Ensemble Caprice. (ATMA Classique ACD2 2347)

title: Johann Joseph Fux


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List of James Bond allies

This is a list of allies of James Bond who appear throughout the film series and novels.

M
M is a Rear Admiral of the Royal Navy, and the head of the Secret Intelligence Service. Fleming based the character on a number of people he knew who commanded sections of British intelligence. M has appeared in the novels by Fleming and seven continuation authors, as well as 24 films. M has been portrayed by Bernard Lee, Robert Brown, Judi Dench, Ralph Fiennes, John Huston and Edward Fox.

Miss Moneypenny
Miss Moneypenny is the secretary to M. The films depict her as having a reserved romantic interest in Bond, although Fleming's novels do not imply such a relationship while the John Gardner and Raymond Benson novels emphasise it more. In the film series, Moneypenny has been portrayed by Lois Maxwell, Barbara Bouchet, Pamela Salem, Caroline Bliss, Samantha Bond and Naomie Harris.

Q
Q (standing for Quartermaster) is the head of Q Branch (or later Q Division), the fictional research and development division of the British Secret Service. His real name is Major Boothroyd, but Bond and M never use his name. He has appeared in 20 of 23 Eon Bond films; all except Live and Let Die, Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace. The character was also featured in the non-Eon Bond films Casino Royale (1967) and Never Say Never Again. He has been portrayed by Desmond Llewelyn for most of the films, and by Peter Burton, Geoffrey Bayldon, Alec McCowen, John Cleese (first as R in The World Is Not Enough), and Ben Whishaw.

Bill Tanner
Bill Tanner is MI6's Chief of Staff. Tanner is a Bond ally appearing regularly in the novels of Ian Fleming and John Gardner, as well as in Kingsley Amis' Colonel Sun, but did not become a regular cinematic character until the Brosnan and Craig era of films. Among his most prominent cinematic roles was in For Your Eyes Only (1981), in which Tanner was given a bigger part while M was "on leave", due to Bernard Lee's death that prevented him from reprising his role as M in the film. He otherwise has minor roles in The Man with the Golden Gun (1974), and appears in two of the four Brosnan films. Tanner appears in four of the five Craig films, taking on an increased role as M's chief aide and a friend and ally of Bond.

In 1965, Amis wrote the authorised spin-off The Book of Bond, or Every Man His Own 007, a tongue-in-cheek guide to being a spy. The book is not credited to Amis, but rather to Lt. Col. William "Bill" Tanner.
 * Michael Goodliffe (1974) (uncredited)
 * James Villiers (1981)
 * Michael Kitchen (1995–1999)
 * Rory Kinnear (2008–present)

Mary Goodnight
Mary Goodnight is Bond's second personal secretary. She first appears in the novel On Her Majesty's Secret Service, then again in You Only Live Twice. By the time of her appearance in The Man with the Golden Gun, she has been assigned to the Kingston station of the service, although she has a much larger role. She appears later in the Jeffery Deaver novel Carte Blanche. She is shown to have a strong friendship with Miss Moneypenny.

She appears in the film The Man with the Golden Gun as a Bond girl, played by Britt Ekland.

Loelia Ponsonby
Loelia Ponsonby is Bond's shared personal secretary in many of the Bond novels. She is also the secretary for 008 and 0011, both of whom share an office with Bond. She retires and is replaced in On Her Majesty's Secret Service by Mary Goodnight after she marries a member of the Baltic Exchange. For the films, her flirtatious relationship with Bond is transferred to and replaced by Miss Moneypenny. Ponsonby nearly made an appearance in GoldenEye, but she was removed from the final draft. The name of the character may be based on the Duchess of Westminster of the same name.

Charles Robinson
Charles Robinson is the Deputy Chief of Staff at MI6. He first appears in Tomorrow Never Dies, then later in The World Is Not Enough, and Die Another Day. Played by Colin Salmon, Robinson appears to be M's right-hand man and is often seen at her side. When Bond reports in with MI6, he often does so to Robinson.

Smithers
One of Q's assistants, Smithers makes two film appearances: in For Your Eyes Only and Octopussy. He is played by Jeremy Bulloch. He is a distinct character from Colonel Smithers, a Bank of England official whom Bond consults in the novel Goldfinger and its film version.

00 agents
The 00 Section of MI6 is considered the elite of the Secret Service. Agents with the 00 prefix have proven themselves capable enough in the field to be entrusted with the licence to kill: the authorisation to, at their own discretion, commit acts of assassination and other controversial activities in order to complete their missions, without having to first seek permission from headquarters.

The following 00 agents have been referenced onscreen in the James Bond films. Additional 00 agents, ranging from 001 to 0012, have been referenced in literature and in comic strips.
 * 002 – Mentioned in The Man with the Golden Gun, named Bill Fairbanks and killed by Francisco Scaramanga. A different 002 (name not revealed) appears during the opening sequence of The Living Daylights.
 * 003 – Body found in a snowbank at the start of A View to a Kill.
 * 004 – Killed during the opening sequence of The Living Daylights.
 * 005 – Seen attending a meeting during Thunderball.
 * 006 – Named Alec Trevelyan, a one-time ally and friend of Bond who is presumed dead for nine years; he is the primary antagonist in GoldenEye.
 * 007 – Can refer to both James Bond and Nomi, MI6 agent holder of the codename in No Time to Die.
 * 008 – Mentioned by M in Goldfinger as a potential replacement for Bond if his mission fails. Bond also mentions this to Goldfinger himself.  008 is also mentioned in The Living Daylights as an alternate choice to assassinate General Pushkin if Bond refuses to do so.
 * 009 – Seen early in Octopussy, killed by twins working for General Orlov. However, 009 still manages to complete his mission by returning a forged Fabergé egg and Bond later avenges his death.  009 is also mentioned in the film The World Is Not Enough as the agent who initially shoots Renard. 009 is mentioned again in Spectre as the intended recipient of the Aston Martin DB10 after it was reassigned from Bond. Bond steals the car for use in his own mission, leaving 009 without it.

Additional unidentified 00 agents are seen briefly in Thunderball and The World Is Not Enough. In the latter, one of the agents is revealed to be female.

Felix Leiter

 * Jack Lord (1962)
 * Cec Linder (1964)
 * Rik Van Nutter (1965)
 * Norman Burton (1971)
 * David Hedison (1973 & 1989)
 * Bernie Casey (1983)
 * John Terry (1987)
 * Jeffrey Wright (2006, 2008 & 2021)

A revised version of the character of Felix Leiter appears in the 1954 television adaptation of Casino Royale. In that version, Leiter is a British agent named Clarence Leiter and is played by Michael Pate.

General Anatoly Gogol
General Anatoly Gogol is the head of the KGB in the films The Spy Who Loved Me, Moonraker, For Your Eyes Only, Octopussy, and A View to a Kill. In his final appearance, in The Living Daylights, the character has become a post-Glasnost envoy in the Foreign Service and is succeeded as head of the KGB by General Pushkin. In the end credits of the film, his first name is listed as "Anatol", although in The Spy Who Loved Me, M referred to him as Alexis.

Gogol is played by Walter Gotell (who also played SPECTRE henchman Morzeny in From Russia with Love). With the KGB, Gogol often allies himself with Bond to stave off the possibility of war with the West, an ideal that is not always shared with his comrades—such as when he argues against Soviet General Orlov's reckless proposal of military conquest in Octopussy, and uncovers Orlov's theft of priceless jewels from the Kremlin.

Only in For Your Eyes Only and A View to a Kill does Gogol act as an enemy, but even then his actions are more those of a respectful competitor. He particularly opposes the methods of the villain Max Zorin in A View to a Kill. General Gogol has a secretary named Miss Rublevitch, played by Eva Rueber-Staier, being some sort of Soviet counterpart to Miss Moneypenny.

Sir Frederick Gray
Sir Frederick Gray is the Minister of Defence in the films The Spy Who Loved Me, Moonraker, For Your Eyes Only, Octopussy, A View to a Kill, and The Living Daylights. He is always listed in the closing credits as "Minister of Defence", and is played by Geoffrey Keen.

In The Spy Who Loved Me, after being briefed on his forthcoming mission to Egypt, Bond holds a private discussion with Gray, to whom he refers as "Freddie". It is never revealed how they know each other well enough for Bond to be so informal. In the next few films, Bond calls Gray "Minister", for most of their scenes include other officials. It is also suggested that he belongs to no particular political party; direct references are made to Margaret Thatcher in For Your Eyes Only, even though he had also held the post in The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker – which were both made during the government led by James Callaghan.

Marc-Ange Draco
Draco is the head of the Unione Corse, a (real-life) major European crime syndicate and a rival of SPECTRE. He appears in the novels On Her Majesty's Secret Service, working as an ally of Bond; and Never Dream of Dying, where 007's former father-in-law turns out to be linked to the villain of the Union. He also appears in the film On Her Majesty's Secret Service, portrayed by Gabriele Ferzetti.

René Mathis
Mathis is a long-time friend of Bond and an agent of the French secret service Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage (SDECE). He is a main character in Casino Royale and a supporting character in From Russia, with Love, Never Dream of Dying and Devil May Care. Mathis captures the SMERSH villain Rosa Klebb, and uses cardiopulmonary resuscitation to keep Bond alive until a doctor arrives after Bond is poisoned by Klebb. In Casino Royale, it is revealed that he originally met Bond on assignment in Monte Carlo prior to World War II, when Bond was trying to crack down on a group of Romanians cheating at a local casino with the use of invisible ink. Mathis is reassigned to work with Bond at the time of the events in Casino Royale, where he poses as a radio salesman, assisting Bond and introducing him to Vesper Lynd.

In the novel Thunderball, Bill Tanner asks Moneypenny to send a copy of SPECTRE's ransom demand letter to Mathis at the Deuxième Bureau. In Never Dream of Dying, he is captured by the head of the Union Le Gérant and is blinded with lasers. Bond later saves him from imprisonment. A younger version of Mathis appears in the "Young Bond" short story "A Hard Man to Kill".

The characters of Mathis and Vesper Lynd are combined to form Valerie Mathis in the original 1954 Climax! production of "Casino Royale". Mathis first appears onscreen in the 1967 version of Casino Royale, played by Duncan Macrae. Here, he is a police officer, prompting Evelyn Tremble (Peter Sellers) to state that it has been worrying him that despite his supposed nationality, Mathis has a Scots accent: "Aye, it worries me too", Mathis replies. In the 2006 adaptation of Casino Royale, Mathis is an MI6 agent, played by Giancarlo Giannini. Mathis is suspected of being a traitor and informant to Le Chiffre and arrested. Upon the discovery that Vesper was the real traitor, Bond advises that MI6 should continue interrogating Mathis because his innocence has not yet been established. Mathis appears again in Quantum of Solace, having retired to an Italian villa given to him by MI6. He joins Bond to bring down Dominic Greene, only to be killed by corrupt policemen working for Greene. Before dying, Mathis asks Bond to forgive Vesper and make peace with her death.

May Maxwell
May Maxwell is Bond's loyal and elderly Scottish housekeeper, who is often mentioned in Ian Fleming's Bond novels. She also appears in several John Gardner novels and the Anthony Horowitz novel Trigger Mortis, as well making a cameo appearance in the first Young James Bond novel, SilverFin. She has yet to make an appearance in any of the Bond films. May is named after the housekeeper of Ivar Bryce, a friend of Fleming.

Sir James Molony
A noted neurologist whose expertise is frequently employed by M and the Secret Services, Molony appears in the novels Dr No, Thunderball, You Only Live Twice, and The Man with the Golden Gun.

Sheriff J. W. Pepper
Sheriff John Wayne (J. W.) Pepper is a parish sheriff in Louisiana. He appears in the films Live and Let Die and The Man with the Golden Gun. Played by Clifton James, he is mostly used as comic relief, especially and memorably for his tendency to speak loudly about whatever is on his mind.

In Live and Let Die, he chases Bond's and Kananga's speedboats, believing them to be young people joyriding, but Felix Leiter later has one of the sheriff's superiors introducing him to Bond's mission. His first film appearance also reveals a comedic rivalry with Louisiana State Police troopers, who are shown kidding him when his car is destroyed by a fallen speedboat of Kananga's. After a chase that destroys several police cars, the state police tell him that Bond is a spy and Pepper quips, "On whose side?"

In The Man with the Golden Gun, a vacationing Pepper is shown having a boat tour in Thailand and briefly seeing Bond on another boat (the spectator can hear the notes of the preceding film's main theme where its title is made to better identify Pepper and his relation with Bond's adventures). Later, a gag involving him and an elephant is represented on the screen. He is later the man trying the AMC Hornet that Bond steals from a showroom, and, convinced he is chasing communists (another category he dislikes), "helps" Bond in the subsequent car chase with Francisco Scaramanga's AMC Matador, only to be arrested by the Royal Thai Police together with the British operative.

Both of Pepper's appearances, particularly in the latter film, have been criticised by some Bond fans who view him as symptomatic of the overly comic and slapstick nature of some of the 'Moore Era' movies. Despite this, Pepper does have a loyal following amongst some Bond fans, with Roger Moore claiming, "He gave my first two films a great, fun character", on actor Clifton James's death.

Quarrel
Quarrel is a Cayman Islander living in Jamaica. He first appears in the novel Live and Let Die as Bond's guide while 007 is investigating Mr. Big. Quarrel later appears in the novel Dr. No to help Bond infiltrate Dr. Julius No's island, Crab Key. The only Bond film in which Quarrel appears is the 1962 film Dr. No, played by John Kitzmiller where, as in the novel, he is killed by Dr. No's mythical "dragon", which is actually a flamethrower-equipped vehicle.

As the films were made out of sequence from the novels, for the film adaptation of Live and Let Die, Quarrel was changed to Quarrel Jr. (Quarrel's presumed son), played by Roy Stewart, whom Bond teams up with, and leads him on his boat in multiple scenes, before helping him destroy Dr. Kananga's poppy fields. Curiously, Quarrel Jr. seems to have a great knowledge of the island of San Monique, despite presumably being a Cayman Islander.

John Strangways and Mary Trueblood
John Strangways is a former Lieutenant Commander in the special branch of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. He makes his first appearance in the novel Live and Let Die as the chief Secret Service agent in the Caribbean. Strangways is roughly 35 years old and wears a black patch over one eye. He later appears in the novel Dr. No, where he and his Number 2, Mary Trueblood (a former Chief Officer in the Women's Royal Naval Service), are assassinated for prying into Dr. Julius No's business. Mary Trueblood is based on Fleming's secretary from The Sunday Times, Una Trueblood.

Strangways makes his only appearance in the films in Dr. No, where, as in the novel, he is killed for investigating the title character. Unlike in the novel, however, Strangways does not wear an eyepatch in the film. He is portrayed by Timothy Moxon and voiced by Robert Rietty (who later voiced villains Emilio Largo in Thunderball and Ernst Stavro Blofeld in For Your Eyes Only). Mary is portrayed by Dolores Keator and dubbed by Nikki van der Zyl; both were Jamaican residents and were not in London for the final dubbing of the film.

Tiger Tanaka
Tiger Tanaka is an ally to Bond in the novel You Only Live Twice and its film adaptation. He is the head of the Japanese Secret Service (Koan-Chosa-Kyoku) and resides within a secret underground office complex beneath the streets of Tokyo, his identity being the most closely guarded secret in Japan. Tanaka helps Bond disguise himself to look Japanese so that Blofeld will not recognise him. Tanaka arranges for Bond to marry a girl native to the land, Kissy Suzuki, in order to provide extra cover. In the film, Tanaka is portrayed by Tetsurō Tamba. He supplies an army of ninjas to attack Ernst Stavro Blofeld and leads the attack on Blofeld's volcano base. Tanaka also appears in the novel The Man with the Red Tattoo and in the Dynamite Entertainment-published spin-off comic book, Felix Leiter.

In the novel, the character was based on one of Fleming's friends, Torao Saito – although he was not connected to Japanese intelligence, but was in fact a well-known polymath in Japan, being a journalist, writer, photographer and architect.

Ronnie Vallance
Vallance appears in four of the Bond novels: Moonraker, Diamonds Are Forever, Colonel Sun and On Her Majesty's Secret Service, as well as two of the short stories: "The Property of a Lady" and "Risico". He is the head of Special Branch, with the Metropolitan Police rank of Assistant Commissioner, and the boss of Gala Brand.

Jack Wade
Jack Wade is an American CIA agent who appears in the films GoldenEye and Tomorrow Never Dies. He is played by Joe Don Baker. Eight years before GoldenEye, Baker played villain Brad Whitaker in The Living Daylights.

Valentin Dmitrovich Zukovsky
Valentin Dmitrovich Zukovsky (Russian: Вaлeнтин Дмитриeвич Жуковский) is a former KGB agent turned Russian mafia head who runs a bar, a casino, and a caviar factory. When he was younger (and a KGB agent), a conflict with Bond ended with Bond shooting Zukovsky in the leg, causing him to walk with a limp. However, after leaving the KGB, Zukovsky does not hold a grudge towards Bond, especially when dealing with Bond means turning a profit. Played by Robbie Coltrane, Zukovsky makes two appearances in the films, his first being in GoldenEye before being shot and mortally wounded by Elektra King in The World Is Not Enough. He lives long enough after being shot to execute a trick shot using his cane gun, enabling Bond to escape King's trap.

Dr. Madeleine Swann
Dr. Madeleine Swann is a psychiatrist, daughter of Mr. White, who assists Bond in his mission and becomes his love interest in the film Spectre and continues to be a central character in the subsequent film No Time to Die.

Film allies
This section lists allies who each appear in only one film.

(*) Robert Brown also played 'M' in Octopussy, A View to a Kill, The Living Daylights and Licence To Kill. As M's real name and background are not revealed in any of these films, it is possible Brown's 'M' may in fact be Hargreaves.

Additional allies
Thunderball:
 * Major François Derval (played by Paul Stassino)
 * Foreign Secretary (played by Roland Culver)
 * Sir John (played by Edward Underdown)
 * Kenniston (played by Reginald Beckwith)
 * Ladislav Kutze (played by George Pravda)
 * Group Captain Pritchard (played by Leonard Sachs)

Casino Royale (1967 version):
 * Mata Bond (played by Joanna Pettet)
 * Sir James Bond's Butler (played by Erik Chitty)
 * Captain Carlton-Towers (played by Bernard Cribbins)
 * Chinese General (played by Burt Kwouk)
 * Cooper (played by Terence Cooper)
 * "The Detainer" (played by Daliah Lavi)
 * French Legionnaire (played by Jean-Paul Belmondo)
 * Le Grand (played by Charles Boyer)
 * Agent Mimi/Lady Fiona McTarry (played by Deborah Kerr)
 * Ransome (played by William Holden)
 * Mr. Slymington-Jones (played by Colin Gordon)
 * Smernov (played by Kurt Kasznar)
 * Evelyn Tremble (played by Peter Sellers)

Never Say Never Again:
 * Nigel Small-Fawcett (played by Rowan Atkinson)
 * Lord Ambrose (played by Anthony Sharp)
 * Gen. Miler (played by Manning Redwood)
 * Nicole (played by Saskia Cohen-Tanugi)
 * Capt. Pederson (played by Billy J. Mitchell)

title: List of James Bond allies


text: User talk:130.18.31.82

title: User talk:130.18.31.82


text:
Steeltown

Steeltown is the second studio album by Scottish band Big Country. The album was recorded at ABBA's Polar Studios in Stockholm with Steve Lillywhite producing. It was released on 19 October 1984, in the UK and 29 October 1984, in the United States. It was released on CD only in Germany, as well as remastered and reissued there.

Steeltown is the band's only UK number 1 album, topping the chart for 1 week in October 1984. The title track "Steeltown" was written about the town of Corby, telling how many Scots went to work at the Stewarts & Lloyds steelworks when it opened in 1935, at the height of the Great Depression, but later found themselves unemployed when the steelworks declined in the early 1980s.

The 1996 reissue contains all of the B-sides from the album's single releases as well as the extended version of non-album single "Wonderland".

"East of Eden" was the only Top 20 single from the album, reaching number 17 in the UK Singles Chart.

Reception
Critic Fred Schruers of Rolling Stone gave the album a glowing review, writing: Clanging and crackling with energy, this second album from Big Country rings natural evolutionary changes on the band's stirring twin-guitar sound even as it frames still better news: bandleader Stuart Adamson has rapidly matured into a songwriter capable of bringing meticulous craft to his obvious passion.

Some critics reacted negatively towards the album, calling it muddled and overly dense. The album's relative failure has been attributed to the fact that many American and international fans couldn't relate to its themes and lyrics, which dealt with the misfortunes of Scottish workers and contained references to British politics. However, many fans today consider Steeltown to be the band's finest work.

James Dean Bradfield from Manic Street Preachers has cited the album as being one of his all-time favourites.

Track listing
All lyrics are written by Stuart Adamson; all music is composed by Adamson, Mark Brzezicki, Tony Butler, and Bruce Watson, except where indicated.

Side one

 * 1) "Flame of the West" – 5:01
 * 2) "East of Eden" – 4:29
 * 3) "Steeltown" – 4:39
 * 4) "Where the Rose Is Sown" – 4:58
 * 5) "Come Back to Me" – 4:35

Side two

 * 1) "Tall Ships Go" – 4:38
 * 2) "Girl with Grey Eyes" – 4:47
 * 3) "Rain Dance" – 4:19
 * 4) "The Great Divide" – 4:50
 * 5) "Just a Shadow" – 5:38

1996 reissue bonus tracks

 * 1) "Bass Dance" – 1:39
 * 2) "Belief in the Small Man" – 5:17
 * 3) "Prairie Rose" (Bryan Ferry, Phil Manzanera) – 4:46
 * 4) "Wonderland" (12" version) – 7:07
 * 5) "Winter Sky" (Adamson, Watson) – 3:16

2014 30th anniversary deluxe edition – disc 2

 * 1) "Wonderland”
 * 2) "Giant”
 * 3) "All Fall Together"
 * 4) "East of Eden" (radio edit)
 * 5) "Prairie Rose" (Ferry, Manzanera)
 * 6) "Where the Rose Is Sown" (radio edit)
 * 7) "Belief in the Small Man"
 * 8) "Bass Dance"
 * 9) "Just a Shadow" (radio edit)
 * 10) "Winter Sky" (Adamson, Watson)
 * 11) "Wonderland" (work in progress #1)
 * 12) "Wonderland" (work in progress #2)
 * 13) "East of Eden" (rough mix)
 * 14) "Tall Ships Go" (rough mix)
 * 15) "Where the Rose Is Sown" (rough mix)
 * 16) "Come Back to Me" (rough mix)
 * 17) "Bass Concerto" (work in progress)
 * Tracks 11-17 are previously unreleased.

Personnel

 * Big Country
 * Stuart Adamson – vocals, guitar, EBow
 * Mark Brzezicki – drums, percussion
 * Tony Butler – bass, vocals
 * Bruce Watson – guitar, EBow, mandolin

 * Technical
 * Steve Lillywhite – producer
 * Will Gosling – engineer
 * Jeremy Bird – sleeve design
 * Brian Aris – photography

 * Bonus tracks
 * "All Fall Together" produced by Big Country; mixed by Jimmy Iovine.
 * "Winter Sky" recorded at Impulse Studios, Edinburgh, 1-2 December 1984. Produced by Stuart Adamson and Bruce Watson; engineered by Lawrence Riva.

title: Steeltown


text: User talk:66.167.79.179

title: User talk:66.167.79.179


text:
Talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

membership section of the article
the membership section's key is incorrect. the colors are wrong NotPedanticReally (talk) 18:23, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

Iran joining SCO?
Several sites stated that Iran joined SCO, while others say that its members only agreed to its membership. If it did actually join, please correct the map.

---the post above seem to be unsigned?---

Yes according to some sources it seems that Iran has joined the SCO: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/iran-gets-full-shanghai-cooperation-organization-membership-with-russias-help/2367372 However the official webpage of the SCO doesn't say anything about it, nor do their facebook-page?

Though, if it is an official fact that Iran actually has joined the SCO, I find it amazing that Wikipedia has still not been updated with such a globally important matter, even though their membership seems to have been announced almost a week ago?! Taeronai (talk) 03:18, 23 September 2021 (UTC)

 * I have updated the members table but I don´t know how to update the graphics world maps, the world globe and the Asia map to show the new Iran status. Please some graphics editor can help.
 * Other point is the colors for member and observers are very similar green tones, could they be changed for better contrast? 138.4.43.34 (talk) 18:11, 16 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Comment in article: "On 17 September 2021, the SCO members have agreed to let Iran obtain membership, and Iran has initiated the process of becoming a member. Historically, this process took 2 years. Until Iran completes this process, it is still an observer state. See the official list of members at the SCO website: http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/" Another RS: 1. Iran will become full member of the grouping in next SCO summit due to be held in India, 2. Iran to partake in 2023 SCO summit as full member, 3. Iran signs formal MoU to join SCO; to become permanent member at 2023 India Summit — Yuri V.  (t•c) 08:44, 23 September 2022 (UTC).

 * Yes, they became a full member last years, as this news reel suggests: ie 2022.
 * https://sputnikglobe.com/20230417/no-unipolar-world-anymore-iranian-fm-spox-says-us-no-longer-a-superpower-1109603907.html
 * Joshannon (talk) 23:53, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

Map is not NPOV
The map (actually globe) depicting the SCO countries shows Arunachal Pradesh with a closed boundary because it is claimed by China. However, similar Indian claims on Chinese and Pakistani territory have not been shown. Please correct this. Junoon53 (talk) 20:37, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

NPOV
The last paragraph seems to need some editing, it doesn't seem to represent a NPOV. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.45.202.80 (talk • contribs)

I've partially edited the paragraph concerning Sri Lanka since it suffered of a POV.

Name
The article should be moved to Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, since this is the official translation. See www.sectsco.org. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.75.204.58 (talk • contribs)

History section
This sentence is unclear. (it's from the history section):

In July 2005, after the war in Afghanistan and Iraq saw a semi-permanent troop presence of U.S. forces in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, the SCO meeting at its summit in Astana, Kazakhstan, urged them to set a timetable for withdrawing their troops from member states.

I am guessing that it is supposed to mean:

In July 2005, after the war in Afghanistan and Iraq, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan saw a semi-permanent troop presence of U.S. forces in in their countries. At the SCO summit metting in Astana, Kazakhstan, urged the U.S. to set a timetable for withdrawing their troops from member states.

It's not much better but it makes the unamed "them" clear. CambridgeBayWeather 07:45, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Troop presence is usually based on a contract, which can have limitations, timewise or otherwise. I am not familiar with all of that but read of Kyrgystan that they decided they would not extend the contract, and so the US airbase near Bishkek was dismantled. Different countries would have had different contracts.

 * I have read elsewhere that the SCO founder members first got together in 1990, after the Soviet Union had collapsed, to make agreements between all these countries to end border disputes. If somebody can verify and build this in, I think that would be good because it demonstrates this is an organisation that has grown, not artificially cobbled together. 58.174.193.29 (talk) 05:45, 24 July 2015 (UTC)

Role and Organization section
I would like to see more information about this sentence: "...this aim is frustrated by the artificial nationalism of the five main ex-soviet Central Asian states." Sounds hostile and/or biased and needs clarification.

I wanted to seek clarification of the term 'artificial nationalism', but it seems to have vanished, which is good because it is judgemental and therefore close to propaganda. It should stay in this section though, because it is interesting that such a term was ever coined. 144.136.192.15 (talk) 02:54, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Quite right. My take would be that it is a translation from .... It may not be judgemental because it would (in my view) mean that 'someone' came along and whipped up national feelings, so one part of a nationalism was 'artificial', disappearing as soon as the whipper had gone home. It has been said that some US Congress members have whipped up nationalism that led to the Ukrainian Orange Revolution. I have always wondered how these people had orange posters and balloons, t-shirts, caps etc all on the same day. Someone must have coordinated the colour and the ordering a few weeks in advance. Ukrainians did not just turn up on that square and suddenly everyone bought that merchandise, or did they? I had thought they were demonstrating because they were so poor and suddenly they participated in a merchandise supported revolution.... 121.209.53.9 (talk) 06:21, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

Taiwan?
The highlighted map of member countries includes Taiwan but I doubt the signatory states have any meaningful relations with Taiwan's government or military let alone cooperation as defined in the treaty. This should probably be changed. Smoove K 06:53, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmmmm. Probably, this has to do with the fact that Taiwan is considered part of China, as far as China is concerned at least. The map is probably intended to list "all of china". But you're right, this should be amended. Should we shade Taiwan, or just remove it? The Minister of War 09:27, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure without actually knowing the depth of the organization. If the member states agree in assisting China in defending Taiwan should it be attacked for some reason, or if there is some other similar understanding or connection (even without Taiwan's approval), I could see the island becoming shaded. Otherwise, if there is no de facto relationship, it should probably not be indicated at all. Smoove K 04:23, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

 * China defending Taiwan? That'd be the day!

 * I've checked it out a bit, and it seems the SCO supports China's claim for Taiwan; the SCO logo also incorporates Taiwan. As such, a version of the map with or without Taiwan could be considered POV on that topic. I'd say we have to shade it, though i dont really know how. The Minister of War 11:20, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd say that actually colouring Taiwan would be POV. Wikipedia is supposed to represent the facts, and the fact here is that Taiwan has no bilateral relations with the SCO. Wikipedia should not represent the viewpoint of China in this manner, that would definitely make it POV. Joffeloff 00:43, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with Joffeloff that Wiki presents facts. But i think the fact here is that though Taiwan has no relations with SCO, it is not recognised by any of its members. Taiwan is considered by them to be a part of PRC. For example, South Ossetia formaly is within Georgia, but 95% of its population are Russian citizens, and they obey Russia's laws, not Georgia's. But on the map of GUAM (where Georgia is a member) South Osseita is included in that block.

 * Well, the logo of the SCO shows Taiwan, and so their official view of this is quite well documented. I added a random sentence under 'relations with the west', I just couldn't figure a better place to put it. Joffeloff 11:36, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I think Taiwan/ROC should be removed from the map, but not the logo. the SCO can draw their logo however they like, but Wikipedia is here to present the facts, and Taiwan is a de facto independent nation and not part of the SCO.  In the event that the PRC-ROC unification become a reality, we'd still have to look at the unification arrangement to determine if Taiwan can be added.  For example, if Taiwan becomes a PRC province under direct control by the PRC government, then yes, add Taiwan to the map.  But if the "One China" turns into something like a loose Commonwealth of equal states/partners, with PRC as a SCO member but not ROC, then Taiwan should still be excluded from the SCO map.  -- Adeptitus 21:32, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

I'd say it shouldn't be shaded in the map at all. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 03:25, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

remove taiwan from this map or the map will be removed from the SCO article. Willy turner 02:36, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

 * What a bunch of bull, Taiwan is a part of China, of course the PRC will defend it, just as the USA will defend NY when it gets attacked. PEACE.  142.239.254.20 19:23, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Citation: "Taiwan is a de facto independent nation and not part of the SCO." Your logic goes wrong, man. Taiwan is part of China and China is a member of SCO. What should you conclude then? Not only does Chinese government or SCO admits that Taiwan is part of China, US government and most of the countries in the world also do. In addition, while you don't think so, I, for one, think that Taiwan is part of China. Is this clearer to you now? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.151.71.18 (talk • contribs) 2007-08-09 15:11:46

I have created an updated map that gives Taiwan its own color, and have labeled it as such in the legend, and included a link that explains the dispute. I think some of this discussion here on the talk page is actually relevant to the article, especially the part about how SCO member nations all recognize the PRC's claim to Taiwan. Somebody who is more familiar with the matter should add that, with proper references. --Sapphic 01:28, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Taiwan is a part of China, as the Republic of China, the government of the island of Taiwan claims to be the legitimate government of China, which the People's Republic of China does so as well, both claiming Taiwan as an integral part of China as a whole. However, that does not mean that the Republic of China is a member of the SCO.207.114.206.48 (talk) 07:06, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

 * a small favour, could you make it striped? like how most map represent disputed claim? not really important but it look cool! :S 222.165.72.43 (talk) 12:53, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

New Members
I just read that the SCO just decided to admit Mongolia, India, Pakistan, and Iran, so this should be updated pronto!Getagrip123 12:54, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Added a line of text, updated the pic, and removed the 'possible future members' section. ArmanJan

I've read that too. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/HD18Ad02.html (source - 18 April 2006) and Belarus is gaining observer status http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/HD27Ag01.html (source - 27 April 2006)

I don't think they are members YET. But there is an inconsistency. It first says "All four nations have applied for full membership to the organization." then "So far India has not made an official membership application, but has unofficially made its interest in joining known." Which is it?

I am sorry, but the SCO is not a military organization
The SCO is not a military organization and they have gone out of their way to stress this. This said it is a security organization, which is not exactly military, but linked to military applications. The SCO however has a clause where military cooperation is promoted in fighting, seperatists, extremistis, and terrorists. 69.196.164.190

 * The word 'security' is these days very often used in the Anglo press to mean 'military' and related to all things military. This must come from the fact that in the new arms race the population can be told to accept austerity for security, but not necessarily for the military. If military would be used, people would ask 'who is our enemy?'. There is a bit of language massaging about; e.g. when Washington speaks of 'our interests', does this mean military, business, human, environmental? They don't explain, but we all know it's military/global corporations'business. 2001:8003:A048:1300:A529:4AFC:DB3:2B94 (talk) 06:38, 17 April 2017 (UTC)

Some pictures of the SCO 2006 Summit will help build this article up. I would like to help with this article. 69.196.164.190

 * Not a military organization? Are you kidding?  Sure, they say it's not, but c'mon.  It's coming from countries that always mention wanting "peace" with their neighbors and all of that horse crap.  I'll agree it's not a primarily military organization like NATO...but it is a military organization. 68.18.25.136 (talk) 14:42, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
 * What makes you think a collapsed Democratic Russia would sided with a economically reformed China when Soviets couldn't even trust Mao? It has political aims possibly to hedge against US hegemony, but it's not a military alliance in the sense of Warsaw Pact. It shouldn't even been mentioned on the same level or plane as Warsaw pact.Phead128 (talk) 04:54, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

They have over-lapping aims and ambitions. It should have been clear to the world when Uzbekistan kicked the US out of its bases just how much power the SCO wields. It's united against the biggest "rogue" threat the world faces today, namely The United States of America. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.192.246.138 (talk) 13:27, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Let's not get carried away here. US bases are not for free, Japan pays for Okinawa, Germany for their bases - no idea about the others. Correction, negotiations have been mentioned in the Australian press about paying for the Marines in Darwin. Maybe, just maybe, Uzbeks did not want to pay any more, or more, or maybe it had been for free and now they were supposed to pay. I hate it, when people discuss topics without giving price tags and who is to pay. 144.136.192.15 (talk) 03:02, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

SCO terror list
Does anyone know where I can find the list of organizations banned by the SCO as terrorist organizations? I have looked and looked and I cannot find the list. KazakhPol 00:54, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

Turkmenistan
Does anyone know if there have been suggestions that Turkmenistan should/will join? --Dpr 19:51, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Map?
Can we get a map, like Image:Map of NATO countries.png? I can't seem to find the base world map, or I'd do it.  Vert e t Noir talk 08:30, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

bbcamerica, bbc:
bbcamerica, bbc, has, this morning [05:00-06:00], Pacific time, referred to it as military, as well as "peace mission 2007", "Peace Mission 2007".

Thank You.

user : hopiakuta

75.80.255.85 12:43, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

"peace mission 2007" "shanghai cooperation organization" "shanghai cooperation organisation" "". (0.34 seconds).
< http://google.as/search?q=%22peace+mission+2007%22+%22shanghai+cooperation+organization%22+%22shanghai+cooperation+organisation%22+%22%22 >:

"peace mission 2007" "shanghai cooperation organization" "shanghai cooperation organisation" "". (0.34 seconds).

user : hopiakuta

[[ hopiakuta | [[ [[%c2%a1]] [[%c2%bf]] [[ %7e%7e%7e%7e ]] -]] 13:44, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Taiwan in SCO Map
I noticed that a few SCO maps have been changed to not show Taiwan as "disputed" (including the map on this page). Is this sticking with NPOV, or are people fine with it? Otebig 05:44, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Comment Unless the SCO regards Taiwan as 'disputed' then it is not up to WP editors, IMO, to make that call. If the SCO includes Taiwan as part of the PRC, then so be it. That my 2к --Russavia 08:00, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

GDP for SCO
The combined GDP PPP is about 12000000000 if anyone is interested in adding that in. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.168.70.88 (talk) 11:35, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * No, you are mistaken, the combined GDP PPP is about 12000000000000000000000, learn some fact or get out. Also, sign your comments.  24.222.149.179 (talk) 03:00, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Mongolia
Did mongolia really express its wish to join the SCO? My sources say the contrary: ''Mongolia is observer of the SCO since 2004. However, she obstinately resists full membership, in spite of sustained Russian and Chinese pressure - the more the SCO tries to paint itself as a virtual opponent of NATO and the american presence in Asia, the more obstinately. (My translation. Original text: Die Mongolei ist in der SCO seit 2004 mit Beob-achterstatus vertreten. Der Vollmitgliedschaft aber widersetzt sich die Regierung trotz nachhaltigen russischen und chinesischen Drängens umso hart-näckiger, je mehr sich das Bündnis als virtueller Antipode zur NATO und zur amerikanischen Prä-senz in Asien zu profilieren versucht.'') From here.

''At a KAS symposium in Berlin, the former Mongolian president Ochirbat as well as the accompanying parlamentarians and security experts made clear that this should include an institutionalized relationship with NATO in the long run, for example in the Partnership for Peace framework. This wish corresponds to the just as openly declared Mongolian dislike to get involved in the SCO - the Russian/Chinese dominated pact with four central asian states - as full member, beyond the current status as observer. (Original text: Bei einem von der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung ausgerichteten Symposium in Berlin machten der frühere mongolische Staatspräsident Punsalmaa Ochirbat ebenso wie die Parlamentarier und Sicherheitsexperten in seiner Begleitung deutlich, dass das längerfristig auch eine institutionalisierte Beziehung zur Nato, etwa im Rahmen des Programms Partnerschaft für den Frieden, einschliessen sollte. Dieses Anliegen korrespondiert mit der gleichermassen offen bekundeten Abneigung der Mongolei, sich über den gegenwärtigen Beobachterstatus hinaus als Vollmitglied in das von Russland und China dominierte Bündnis mit vier zentralasiatischen Staaten, die Schanghaier Kooperationsorganisation (SCO), einbinden zu lassen.'')From here.

I see some leftist websites allude to Mongolia being eager to join the SCO, but they seem to be writing from their own wishes without taking the Mongolian perspective into account. Anyway, I'd like to see a reliable source. Yaan (talk) 11:42, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Mongolia is a non-factor, 3 million people positioned in a largely empty region sandwiched between russia/china. Mongolia is just an economic satellite of china/russia. It has no freedom in it's foreign policy, china could squash it like a bug in 3 days if it went out of line. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.168.25.74 (talk) 04:05, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

 * 3 days? more like 24 hours, paratrooped and captured the capital, nothing else of interest anyway... it is obivious why mongolia is freak out. 222.165.72.43 (talk) 12:57, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I found an additional source in English verifying that Mongolia has been aloof with regards to membership, and have updated the article accordingly. Otebig (talk) 13:37, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Cyrillic
Hey. I just looked at the Cyrillic transliteration for the Chinese. Besides I don't see the point of having the Chinese in Cyrillic, the letter ц has ts sound. It is currently listed as a z, despite the fact something like a 3 has that sound. Is this correct? Deavenger (talk) 02:51, 23 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The letter "z" in Romanised Mandarin Chinese (Hanyu Pinyin) stands for the /t͡s/ sound, and thus "ц" in Cyrillic. --71.252.19.211 (talk) 03:19, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

Dialogue Partners vs Observers
It should be kept clear Sri Lanka and Belarus are going to be Dialogue Partners (as the citeed source states) and NOT observers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.182.211.178 (talk) 05:35, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

Major Military Alliance Map Should Be Removed
The map was taken from Wiki Commons. It is highly flawed, factually inaccurate and not at wiki standards. It should be removed from the article. A discussion of the map's many errors is in the image file discussion page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 7o62x39 (talk • contribs) 02:15, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

 * No it shouldn't. It's a military alliance, let's not kid ourselves here. 68.18.25.136 (talk) 14:45, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree with the OP. There is a "soft" military alliance and a "hard" military alliance. SCO is more like a "soft" military alliance. Examples of "hard" military alliances: China and North Korea, US and Israel, US and Japan, etc... I recommend that this image be removed ASAP.Phead128 (talk) 05:02, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

Multiple Errors - SCO's Nature, CSTO, Observers, Consistancy with NATO wiki article
Observers are not members, and are distinct from nations on some path towards membership. The OAS has 61 observers, NATO has dozens of observers. In fact, the four NATO Contact Countries (Japan, Korea, Australia, and New Zealand) have a status more formally tying them to NATO than the "observers" listed in this idiotic map as part of the SCO.

By virtue of the EU's sui generis relationship with NATO, the Berlin Agreement, and the EU/ESDP "separable but not separate" relationship with NATO, the NATO/EU relationship of NATO having to decline to act for the EU/ESDP to act and the fact that every non-NATO EU state but Malta sent forces to Afghanistan - were the USA enacted NATO's mutual defense clause - either the Wikipedia article on NATO should include Sweden, Finland, Austria, Cyprus, Ireland and Malta (as ESDP de facto NATO members), Macedonia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Ukraine and Georgia which are all more than observers being to some degree along the process of joining NATO, along with the four "contact" nations - Japan, Korea, Australia, and New Zealand as NATO members. Australian forces in Kosovo operated under NATO command. Azerbaijan which has aspirations to join NATO sent forces to Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq. India, Mongolia and Columbia are sending forces to Afghanistan in 2009 joining 42 other nations with forces deployed in Afghanistan under NATO-ISAF.

India would sooner join the FPDA or become a contact nation of NATO before they would join the SCO. Turkmenistan will not join the CSTO or SCO as it has major problems with members of both. Mongolia would not join the SCO or CSTO as its security threats are from China and Russia.

Sri Lanka will likely join the SCO as the Chinese are constructing a major naval base there for the purpose of projecting force into the Indian Ocean (which surely does not make India happy). Russia has thwarted Belarus from joining SCO arguing that Belarus is a European state outside of the sphere of SCO (read China). The reality is that the SCO is China's project and the CSTO is Russia's. Any Sino-Russian "alliance" is far more complex than the Atlantic project between North America and Europe.

The CSTO treaty precludes members (Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgystan) from joining other military alliances. The security provision of the SCO is limited to counter-terrorism under RAT. 7o62x39 (talk) 20:05, 23 June 2009 (UTC)7o62x39

Taiwan not disputed
Taiwan is considered part of China according to the officiel SCO website : http://www.sectsco.org/EN/China.asp Polylepsis (talk) 21:38, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

not done much
This morning the WaPo cited a scholar who said "it generated 'lots of hype but in reality has done nothing,' said Alexander Cooley, a Columbia University scholar who has studied the body. Russia, a member of the Shanghai grouping, initially backed it with gusto but has since cooled on what it considers a vehicle for Chinese ambitions." where can we add this? is it notable? http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/07/AR2010090707448.html?hpid=topnews&sid=ST2010090305799 207.238.152.3 (talk) 12:24, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

 * this is a eastern "nato"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.114.199.215 (talk) 17:59, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

pronunciation
So, which is it: "skoh" or "shkoo"? — kwami (talk) 09:58, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

I don't know about other languages, but in english, pretty much everyone pronounces it as "Ess-See-Oh"98.218.229.58 (talk) 16:53, 16 October 2011 (UTC)
 * It's an abbreviation. You pronounce it letter by letter. Why would you pronounce it as "skoh"? --2.245.169.139 (talk) 19:02, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

Some states highlighted on map not associated with SCO
Syria and Bangladesh should not be highlighted. Doyna Yar (talk) 14:12, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

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Criticism
I'm surprised there has been no criticism entered regarding this organization. What does this organization provide that isn't supplied by the UN? What is its ultimate intent? http://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13253-uzbekistan-concerned-over-sco-expansion.html
 * Every Declaration adopted in SCO summits has contained various critical messages against the unipolar world order, the hegemony of one superpower, or the deployment of anti-missile defense systems – all obviously addressed to the United States. In the 2005 Declaration, the SCO even went as far as demanding from the U.S. to set a timetable for withdrawing American military contingents deployed to military bases in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan to serve the operation in Afghanistan.

Kortoso (talk) 17:18, 24 June 2016 (UTC)

 * What does the NATO provide that is not provided by the UN? Your logic is flawed. The UN is too big and too international. What's wrong about neighboring countries having a more manageable and more specific organization. --178.7.46.9 (talk) 18:29, 9 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Among many other things, the organization provides defense from CIA/DoS/MSM/Pentagon working in concert to carry out regime changes and install US puppets under the pretense of "fighting for human rights". Not that the human rights don't matter, they do, but the US govt. sponsored "NGOs" are being very selective and unfair about what country becomes the next "baddie". United Nations can not serve as the protector, since its resolutions, including those of the Security Council, are not being followed (e.g.: the case of Libya, where the SC agreed to a no-fly zone, but never agreed to NATO bombing the government forces, which is what happened). Since talking to US does not work (they won't listen), these countries need combined military/economic/diplomatic/informational means to protect themselves from these "freedom crusades". 46.242.11.1 (talk) 22:52, 9 June 2017 (UTC)

Cooperation on security
One of the threats recognized by SCO is separatism? Where is that called out? Edit: Fear not, here is the link: http://infoshos.ru/en/?idn=7678
 * Fighting three evils
 * Priority for the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has always been maintaining and reinforcing peace, ensuring security and stability in the region, first of all, by organizing joint efforts against terrorism, separatism and extremism, or fighting the three evils, as we call it.

No concrete definitions for these three evils, however. Kortoso (talk) 17:24, 24 June 2016 (UTC)

PDF Service Partly Out of Order.
My PDF download of this article comes with the Chinese characters replaced with bullets, i.e. blank glyphs filling the places where 汉字, Chinese characters, ought to be. This is unusual, and seems to be local. So far I have seen this error only with this single article. David Lloyd-Jones (talk) 01:15, 11 September 2016 (UTC)

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Biased and promotional language
Attention should be paid to this page to avoid promotional and biased language. When I visited this article saw part of content as just promotional mostly from state owned sources and dibious websited what are of course tool for propaganda. Wikipedia is not tool for advocacy or propaganda. It should be reserved for personal blogs.

I will start with removing lead secction what is strictly made from personal blog/website "euroasia future" and member states owned sources without indipendient third source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.245.38.251 (talk) 20:32, 27 April 2019 (UTC)

Spelling in English
Is there an official source on how to spell the organisation/organization's name in English? Their website seems to use both interchangeably. Example: Of their two most recent official press releases, one uses Organisation and the other uses Organization. But perhaps there's some more official source for a registered name? --Delirium (talk) 00:50, 17 June 2019 (UTC)

 * I just saw a photo of the heads of government who attended the recent 2022 summit. On the wall behind them was written [SNIP] SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION [SNIP]. Also, Oxford spelling indicates that that is the expected spelling for such an organization. —71.105.198.28 (talk) 21:13, 19 September 2022 (UTC)

Afghanistan
The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was an observer state of the SCO. Following the recent defeat or the IRA, Afghanistan has a brand new government and is not a member of any international organisation or union. As it can be seen, the article itself uses the IRA flag for Afghanistan, because the IRA, as a government in exile is still an observer of the SCO. That's why I recommend that we change the link to redirect to IRA instead of Afghanistan. Bilikon (talk) 04:00, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

Iran is a member of this organization
This organization has 9 members and Iran is the ninth member. This page is in contrast to the Persian language page Irandamavand (talk) 14:59, 10 June 2022 (UTC)

 * The organization currently has 8 members. In September 2021, the leaders of SCO member states have approved Iran's prospective membership, which started the process of Iran joining the SCO. The process takes time. For example, it took India and Pakistan two years to become SCO members after SCO's approval of their prospective membership. It is expected that Iran will obtain membership status in just one year, i.e., in September 2022:
 * "A Memorandum on Iran's commitments with regard to obtaining the status of an SCO member state is to be signed at the meeting of the SCO Heads of State Council in Samarkand in September of this year, whereupon the final decision will be adopted to endow the Islamic Republic with this status."
 * However, recent Global Times report, citing Iranian Embassy to China, claims that Iran will obtain membership status in April 2023. In any case, Iran's current status within SCO is an observer state. — UnladenSwallow (talk) 18:18, 27 July 2022 (UTC)

"Asian Association" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Asian Association and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 June 21 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 17:30, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

Taiwan and Crimea
From what I understand, although the PRC, which claims Taiwan, is a member of the SCO, the ROC, which is the de facto government of Taiwan, is not a member of the SCO. So the territory of Taiwan is de jure part of the SCO (according to the PRC and the vast majority of countries that endorse the One China Policy). At the same time, Ukraine, which claims Crimea, is not a member of the SCO, but Russia, which is the de facto government of Crimea, is a member of the SCO. However, Russia's claims on Crimea are not as widely recognized as China's claims on Taiwan.

Right now, the article has a contradiction, because the first map at the top of the article has Crimea colored in as part of Russia:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SCO_MAP_10_July_2015_-_Including_two_new_permanent_members_Pakistan_and_India.png

Yet, the second map does not have Crimea colored in:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization_(%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_-_%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87).png

And neither map has Taiwan colored in. I think most editors would agree that both maps need to be consistent with each other. So I would like people to give their opinions on how both of these maps should be filled in:

 * Option 1: Crimea and Taiwan colored

 * Option 2: Crimea colored, but not Taiwan

 * Option 3: Crimea not colored, but Taiwan colored

 * Option 4: Crimea and Taiwan not colored

 * Option 5: Crime and Taiwan colored with stripes indicating their disputed statuses

 * Option 6: Something else (comment below)

A note on options 1-4:
 * Option 1 would be recognizing de facto Russian rule in Crimea, and de jure PRC rule in Taiwan (DF DJ)
 * Option 2 would be recognizing de facto Russian rule in Crimea, and de facto ROC rule in Taiwan (DF DF)
 * Option 3 would be recognizing de jure Ukrainian rule in Crimea, and de jure PRC rule in Taiwan (DJ DJ)
 * Option 4 would be recognizing de jure Ukrainian rule in Crimea, and de facto ROC rule in Taiwan (DJ DF)

I would note that Option 3 has the most support in the international community (most countries recognize Crimea as part of Ukraine, and Taiwan as part of the PRC). Personally, I choose Option 3, as it best represents the international community, but would be okay with Option 5.

Please share your thoughts on this. Thanks. --JasonMacker (talk) 17:00, 20 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I would prefer to adopt File:SCO Membership Map.svg, that adopted a modified Option 1. --Liuxinyu970226 (talk) 03:38, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I looked on the Chinese Wikipedia article on the SCO, and they have given labels to the colors, but have not labeled Taiwan's color on the map. I think that would be okay to use, as long as Taiwan's color is also given a label establishing it as a part of PRC but ruled by ROC. JasonMacker (talk) 21:06, 29 December 2022 (UTC)
 * My impression is that the concern over consistency here suggests the territorial disputes in Crimea and Taiwan are very similar (or even exactly the same). I disagree. Since you are the one proposing a change, please provide some evidence for why Crimea and Taiwan should be treated similarly (i.e., why this needs to be addressed). Note that Crimea is sovereign territory that was illegally annexed and Taiwan is the seat of a government in exile. These are extremely different situations despite both being territorial disputes. 69.131.84.146 (talk) 17:08, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

Iran becomes a SCO member.
I have updated the members table and the timeline but I don´t know how to update the graphics world maps, the world globe and the Asia map to show the new Iran status. Please some graphics editor can help. Other point is the colors for member and observers are very similar green tones, could they be changed for better contrast? 138.4.43.34 (talk) 18:15, 16 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I was did so on zhwiki, but later reverted by, citing that the process are not completed, and should wait for April 2023? Liuxinyu970226 (talk) 03:39, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

SCO granting dialogue memorandum to Egypt and Quatar.
As of the latest update by the SCO, "it's members have signed the memorandum on granting SCO dialogue partner status to Arab republic of Egypt and the state of Quatar. This latest update has been done on 14th September 2022. SCO Secretary-General Zhang Ming, First Deputy Foreign Minister of the Arab Republic of Egypt Hamdi Sanad Loza and State Minister for Foreign Affairs of the State of Qatar Soltan bin Saad Al-Muraikhi signed the documents.

Deputy Foreign Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan Furkat Sidikov attended the event on behalf of Uzbekistan.

The memorandums stipulate cooperation in security, countering the illegal production of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors and their sale, as well as such areas of mutual interest as trade, investment, energy and others. 103.199.208.59 (talk) 14:56, 20 September 2022 (UTC)

Note for those continuing to add Iran - that's premature until at least April 2023
There have been repeat attempts to add Iran. Its full membership is expected after the signing of the memorandum of understanding but is not effective yet. It is good to continue to monitor but no source expects the full membership to become effective earlier than April 2023. Even then, we should wait for confirmation that it has become official. JArthur1984 (talk) 16:06, 22 January 2023 (UTC)

Defence organisation?
Please provide sources to support this claim. SCO it's supposed to be a non-military block. 139.47.83.42 (talk) 12:36, 30 January 2023 (UTC)

 * There's a source cited in the body of the article regarding SCO meetings on defence issues. You can check it and see if it is accurate.
 * I agree that the core interest of the SCO is "security" - with a focus on counterterrorism, extremism, and separatism. This is not co-extensive with "defence."
 * But there may be enough "defence" for its inclusion in the list of activities, for Wikipedia purposes. Consider for example that the Defence ministers of SCO countries have met specifically, for example. JArthur1984 (talk) 13:50, 30 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Also, I wonder if you are thinking of the fact that SCO is not a "military alliance." That's true. I just revised the short description of the page accordingly to reflect that it is not an "alliance" but a multilateral cooperation organization. JArthur1984 (talk) 13:54, 30 January 2023 (UTC)

Consistency on Iran
Right now, Iran is listed as a "member", an "ascending member", and an "observer state" all at the same time in different parts of the article. Although we're just a few months away from the April 2023 deadline where it seems as though a lot of this inconsistency will become moot, the article should be cleaned up to be ready for a single, consistent categorization of Iran, especially when we will have to describe how Iran became a member in the past tense.

On a separate note, there is a place that are talking in future tense about an event in the past:

During 19–22 October 2022, Iran will host SCOCOEX, an international conference and exhibition on economic cooperation opportunities available to the SCO member states and partners.

If someone already has a report on how this past event went, feel free to share. I couldn't find anything in a quick Google search. Thanks. JasonMacker (talk) 18:53, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

Note for Iran in infobox?
There are many good faith but incorrect efforts to change Iran from observer to full member. Its application has been approved and it is expected to accede to full membership in April 2023. But accession has not yet occurred.

Is one way to address this to place note in the infobox, with this information? JArthur1984 (talk) 16:38, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

Algeria has applied, update the 2nd map
Algeria has applied for observer status and the second map in the "members" section is old and doesn't show Algeria as one of the "Interested in partnership" countries Gattor1 (talk) 23:54, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 August 2023
Bahrain has been ratified as a dialogue partner so is now officially one.

Date granted July 15, 2023

Sources:

https://www.bna.bh/en/BahraingrantedthestatusofSCOdialoguepartner.aspx?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2BDlDCMEcGKMPY4rKOqGpdTL4%3D#:~:text=Shanghai%2C%20July%2015%20(BNA)%3A,People's%20Republic%20of%20China%20Dr.

http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230718/951659/The-SCO-signs-a-memorandum-on-granting-the-Kingdom-of-Bahrain-the-status-of-dialogue-partner.html

—- 184.185.243.237 (talk) 19:19, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ Was already added to body of article, but not infobox, so I did that. Xan747 ✈ 🧑✈ 16:38, 25 August 2023 (UTC)

Former President Vladimir Putin?
The caption for the image of the individual leaders of the association says that Vladimir Putin, president of Russia is no longer in office. Jugodellago (talk) 17:12, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

 * I think this is only the caption when you click to view the file information. Nonetheless, the caption was not a model of clarity either. I've simply deleted to avoid the ambiguity as I do not think the picture adds much to the article. JArthur1984 (talk) 17:38, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation


text:
Utes

Utes may refer to:

 * Ute people, indigenous people of North America
 * Students of the University of Utah
 * Utah Utes, athletics team of the University of Utah
 * Útes, fictional island in the video game ARMA 2
 * Underground thermal energy storage (UTES)

title: Utes