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Talk:Ellis Island

External links modified
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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap138/p138.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101122121724/http://ellisislandimmigrants.org/ellis_island_archives.htm to http://www.ellisislandimmigrants.org/ellis_island_archives.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141106045425/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/ce17a.htm to http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/ce17a.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110616213716/http://www.ifes.org/publication/ae70d81d78fa5026d8fca4e6fb92b5c3/Stewart_PR.pdf to http://www.ifes.org/publication/ae70d81d78fa5026d8fca4e6fb92b5c3/Stewart_PR.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.nps.gov/elis/planyourvisit/maps.htm

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National monument status
this is part of a national monument, not a separate national monument called "Ellis Island National Monument". As per List of national monuments of the United States, the Statue of Liberty NM also includes Ellis Island, but we already have an article on Statue of Liberty NM. epicgenius (talk) 04:44, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * By the way, I am aware that Ellis Island is sometimes referred to as "Ellis Island National Monument". However, that's not a monument on its own, but an addition to the Statue of Liberty NM in 1965. The official website refers to Ellis Island as "Part of Statue of Liberty National Monument". To reduce confusion, only the main monument page, not its constituent parts, should have the categories "National Park Service National Monuments in..." That's why Statue of Liberty also no longer is categorized as a national monument, but Statue of Liberty National Monument is categorized as such. epicgenius (talk) 13:56, 14 July 2019 (UTC)

2 wrong maps about NY/NJ territorial division.
I have read with much attention the question about the NY/NJ territorial division of the 1998 and I have noted 2 wrong maps on this page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Island#/media/File:EllisIslandMapOSM.png and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Island#/maplink/0) In both the maps the dotted boundaries of the NY enclave in the NJ State are wrong. In fact these maps IGNORE that the two states jointly negotiated a post-trial settlement for minor changes in 1999 to decide exactly where and how to draw the lines in accordance with the Supreme Court decision.

The EXACT and FINAL map is the FIGURE 10 in this document (https://web.archive.org/web/20141018003341/http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap138/p138.htm) In fact in 1998 the United States Supreme Court accepted the final map and New York was granted jurisdiction to 4.68 acres. This area includes almost all of the Main Immigration Building as well as portions of the Wall of Honor, baggage handling/dormitory building, power house and administration building (Figure 10). The New York portion of Ellis Island is landlocked, enclaved within New Jersey's territory. New Jersey has sovereign authority over the remaining 22.80 acres of the island that includes portions of the above buildings, the ferry house, and all of the 29 hospital and dormitory buildings located on the southern portion of the island.

Other 2 100% exact maps are: https://www.nps.gov/elis/learn/historyculture/maps.htm and http://www.schundler.net/Ellis%20Island%20Map%20Color.pdf

I think that it is necessary TO REPLACE the 2 wrong maps with these 2 exact maps in this beautiful and detailed page of Wiki! Thanks for the possible correction. 02:48, 13 April 2020 (UTC)

These are the 2 exact maps of the NYC enclave in Ellis Island
After some working days I corrected the wrong maps on this page of wiki and these are the 100% exact new maps: https://ibb.co/qxYQqq7 https://ibb.co/wJXfkcv

Can someone to replace the wrong maps with these 2 new exact maps? Thanks. Forza NYCFC !! (talk) 19:46, 23 April 2020 (UTC)
 * They may be better than what we have but we probably need a better source. The second map you call 100% correct clearly states "Not to scale". Rmhermen (talk) 19:07, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

The EXACT, OFFICIAL and FINAL map is the FIGURE 10 in this document (https://web.archive.org/web/20141018003341/http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap138/p138.htm) The fundamental thing isn't to put my 2 maps (after a great hard work I hope that it will be possible....), but to correct the wrong dotted NY/NJ boundaries in the actual maps or however to eliminate them. Do you agree? My only aim is to improve this fantastic page. Forza NYCFC !! (talk) 19:46, 23 April 2020 (UTC)
 * That link is to someone's essay about how GIS is being used in a real world example. It is not an official document. The image doesn't even have a claim of authorship. Who drew that map? Rmhermen (talk) 22:42, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

The U.S. Supreme Court issued its final decree and approved the boundary line as mapped by the NJDEP on May 17, 1999. The Ellis Island case represented the first use of GIS to present and implement a boundary dispute before the U.S. Supreme Court. The authors of this article are Richard G.Castagna, Lawrence L.Thornton and John M.Tyrawski. All three are experts of geography and above all coming from New Jersey, not NYC... The figure 10 illustrates the exact boundaries of NYC and NY State enclave in the New Jersey State on the Ellis Island. The last summer I went at Ellis Island National Museum of Immigration in the Main Building and it is in NYC and therefore in the NY State (to see the official site https://www.nps.gov/elis/faqs.htm in the ELLIS ISLAND GEOGRAPHY paragraph) while the Baggage-Dormitory is only for a small porzion in the NY State. Instead in the actual maps on Wiki, if you see the dotted parts, it is exactly the opposite! In addition in these 2 maps there is also another error. In fact it there isn't a L shaped area of 2.089 squre feet near the Ferry Slip. I think that it is necessary to correct them. Forza NYCFC !! (talk) 19:46, 23 April 2020 (UTC)
 * These maps IGNORE that the two states jointly negotiated a post-trial settlement for minor changes in 1999 to decide exactly where and how to draw the lines in accordance with the Supreme Court decision.

 * Please download them to Wikimedia Commons, where they will be archived and availble for use Djflem (talk) 20:03, 23 April 2020 (UTC)
 * We still don't have a source for that map. Figure 10 does not claim to be "The EXACT, OFFICIAL and FINAL map". Perhaps we can unscramble the website name and see what journal this was published in. https://web.archive.org/web/20141018003341/http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap138/p138.htm) Rmhermen (talk) 20:41, 23 April 2020 (UTC)
 * It's from the Environmental Systems Research Institute. It's a reliable source but it's copyrighted, so I'm not sure whether we can use it. The NPS map is public domain and already on Commons. It does seem that the current maps in the article are incorrect and need to come out. Station1 (talk) 21:08, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

In the meanwhile is it possible to replace these 2 maps (but also the first of the 2 maps in the New Jersey v. New York page) with these 2 my maps (https://ibb.co/qxYQqq7 https://ibb.co/wJXfkcv), with the official NPS map (https://www.nps.gov/elis/learn/historyculture/maps.htm) or at least to eliminate or simply to correct the actual maps from these 2 beautiful and very interesting Wiki pages? Forza NYCFC !! (talk) 23:50, 23 April 2020 (UTC)
 * , I think it would be possible. It would be preferable if these were in SVG format but that is not a requirement. This link, which you mentioned on my talk page, is a reliable source as is ESRI. Feel free to upload them to Commons and post the photos here. epicgenius (talk) 03:23, 24 April 2020 (UTC)
 * In the meantime, I've replaced the first incorrect map with the public domain NPS map. If is the creator of the two maps at ibb.co and uploads them to Commons, or if some other better map comes along, we can replace it. Station1 (talk) 16:34, 24 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I have corrected caption to correspond with decision. Natural island was smaller.Djflem (talk) 19:04, 24 April 2020 (UTC)

I uploaded them on Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NYC_enclave_in_Ellis_Island.png https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:New_York_City_enclave_in_Ellis_Island.png I hope that it will be possible to post them also on this page (to put the first photo and above all to use the second photo to replace the wrong actual photo). Forza NYCFC !! (talk) 18:32, 25 April 2020 (UTC)

I am very happy that after my suggestions also OpenStreetMap has fixed the error: https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=17/40.69940/-74.03999&layers=N Forza NYCFC !! (talk) 22:23, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

Also here(https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/advanced-viewer/) it is perfect. Now it is ABSOLUTELY necessary to correct it on Google Map/Satellite and Google Earth. Can anyone to report to Google this serious error? I can't find their email. Forza NYCFC !! (talk) 02:48, 9 May 2020 (UTC)

Where did they come from?
From the "Immigration procedures" section: "At first, the majority of immigrants arriving were Northern and Western Europeans, with the largest numbers coming from the German Empire, the Russian Empire and Finland, the United Kingdom, and Italy.[299] Eventually, these groups of peoples slowed in the rates that they were coming in, and immigrants came in from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Jews."

This suggests that Jewish immigrants were largely from Southern and Eastern Europe. In fact, the largest number came from the Russian Empire, which indeed included much of southern and eastern Europe, but vast numbers of Jews had come in the "at first" period: from places now in Lithuania, Poland and Belarus, all in the Russian Empire and definitely not in southern Europe. Will try to come up with a more felicitous expression.Roger.Lustig (talk) 17:38, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ellis Island


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Bözberg Road Tunnel

The Bözberg Road Tunnel is a motorway tunnel in Switzerland. The tunnel lies under the Bözberg Pass between Frick and Baden, in the canton of Aargau, and forms part of the A3 motorway from Basel to Sargans. It is 3705 m long, and was opened in 1996.

The tunnel runs roughly parallel to the Bözberg Rail Tunnel.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bözberg Road Tunnel


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Babasónicos

Babasónicos is an Argentine rock band, formed in the early 1990s along with others such as Peligrosos Gorriones and Los Brujos. After emerging in the wave of Argentine New Rock bands of the late 1980s and early 1990s, Babasonicos became one of the banner groups of the "sonic" underground rock movement in Argentina in the late 1990s.

The band name refers partly to Sai Baba, the Indian guru, and partly to The Jetsons, whose Spanish version is called Los Supersónicos (The Supersonics).

The lead singer Adrián "Dárgelos" Rodríguez and the keyboardist Diego "Uma-T" Tuñón initially decided to create a new style, which would not follow the established Argentine music. The other official band members are: Diego "Uma" Rodríguez (guitarist and lead singer), Diego "Panza" Castellano (drummer), Mariano "Roger" Domínguez (guitarist), and Gabriel "Gabo" Manelli (bassist, deceased).

For their second album, Trance Zomba (1994), they incorporated a guest DJ, "DJ Peggyn" who would eventually remain as a band member until after releasing Miami (1999). This same year the band saw the departure of their longtime manager Cosme.

In 1999, they collaborated with Ian Brown on a song that bears their name on his album Golden Greats.

In 2001, the band released Jessico, their most commercially successful and critically acclaimed album up to that point, reaching a broad mainstream audience with singles like "Los Calientes", "El Loco" and "Deléctrico".

The following records, Infame (2003), Anoche (2005) and Mucho (2008) continued with a streak of critical praise and commercial success, each one being selected by several media outlets as one of the best Argentine albums of their respective years.

Babasonicos also composed the soundtrack for Vera Fogwill's movie Las Mantenidas Sin Sueños (Kept and Dreamless), which was released in 2007. The album was composed in 2003.

On January 12, 2008, the band posted an entry on their official site in which they informed that their longtime bassist, Gabriel Manelli had died as a result of Hodgkin's disease, which he had been suffering since the tour supporting the album Infame. Multi-instrumentalist and long-time friend Carca joined the group in replace of Manelli in their 2011 album A Propósito.

They released their latest album Trinchera, in 2022.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Pasto (1992)
 * Trance Zomba (1994)
 * Dopádromo (1996)
 * Babasónica (1997)
 * Miami (1999)
 * Jessico (2001)
 * Infame (2003)
 * Anoche (2005)
 * Mucho (2008)
 * A propósito (2011)
 * Romantisísmico (2013)
 * Discutible (2018)
 * Trinchera (2022)

Interviews

 * The Scenestar - March 2007

title: Babasónicos


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Queen Mary Hospital (Hong Kong)

The Queen Mary Hospital is the largest district general hospital located in Pok Fu Lam on Hong Kong Island of Hong Kong. It is part of the teaching hospital of the Faculty of Dentistry and Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine of the University of Hong Kong. It has 1,706 beds. It provides general medical and surgical services to the residents of Western and Southern districts and is a tertiary referral centre for the whole territory of Hong Kong and beyond.

History
Queen Mary Hospital had its foundation stone laid on 10 May 1935 by the Governor of Hong Kong, William Peel, and was officially opened on 13 April 1937 by Andrew Caldecott, the then Governor of Hong Kong. The hospital was named for Mary of Teck, the widowed queen consort of King George V of the United Kingdom. It then replaced the Government Civil Hospital as the main accident and emergency hospital for Hong Kong Island. The hospital was greatly expanded over the years, with two major expansion projects completed in 1955 and 1983, the 2nd being designed by London-based hospital architects, Llewelyn Davies.

Buildings
Queen Mary Hospital's main ward tower, Block K, is one of the tallest hospital buildings in Asia at 137 m (28 storeys).

The Main Block (Wing A to E) is listed as a Grade III historic building. The Nurses Quarters is listed as a Grade II historic building.

Facilities
As of 31 March 2019, the hospital has 1,711 beds.

Services

 * Accident and emergency
 * Trauma centre
 * Anaesthesiology
 * Clinical Oncology
 * Cardiothoracic Anaesthesiology
 * Cardiothoracic Surgery
 * Ear, Nose & Throat
 * Microbiology
 * Neurosurgery
 * Obstetrics & Gynaecology
 * Oral Maxillo-facial Surgery & Dental Surgery
 * Ophthalmology
 * Orthopaedics & Traumatology
 * Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
 * Paediatric Cardiology
 * Pathology & Clinical Biochemistry
 * Psychiatry
 * Radiology
 * Surgery
 * Clinical Psychology
 * Dietetics
 * Medical Social Work
 * Occupational Therapy
 * Pharmacy
 * Physiotherapy
 * Prosthetics and Orthotics
 * Podiatry
 * Speech Therapy

, Macau healthcare authorities send patients to Queen Mary Hospital in instances where the local Macau hospitals are not equipped to deal with their scenarios.

Treatments
In anti-leukaemic treatment, it used oral arsenic trioxide.

title: Queen Mary Hospital (Hong Kong)


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Sachseln Tunnel

The Sachseln Tunnel is a tunnel in the Swiss canton of Obwalden. It runs to the south-east of the Lake of Sarnen (Sarner See) between Giswil and Sarnen, bypassing the old road along the lake side, and forms part of the A8 motorway. The tunnel was completed in 1997 and is 5231 m long.

The speed limit through the tunnel is 80 km/h.

As the tunnel does not meet modern safety standards, work is being undertaken to uprate it, with the construction of a parallel safety tunnel with cross connections at least every 300 m, and the renewal of ventilation and other safety equipment. The work is expected to be completed by 2019.

title: Sachseln Tunnel


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User:Phils

My interests lie in analysis and probability.

I started contributing to Wikipedia in October 2004.

title: User:Phils


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User:Aperion~enwiki

I think Wikipedia is great, this is what the internet is all about!

I have a degree in music, and have done some formal study in philosophy. My other interests are mythology and scared texts of any and all religions. And I'll be posting in these areas.

I'm a composer and musician (I play trumpet) from Chicago, I have my own website where I have some of my music posted for anyone to listen to.

title: User:Aperion~enwiki


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Myōjō

Myōjō (明星) was a monthly literary magazine published in Japan between April 1900 and November 1908. The name Myōjō can be translated as either Bright Star or Morning Star.

History and profile
The magazine was established in 1900. It was the organ of a poetry circle called Shinshisha (New Poetry Society) which had been founded by Yosano Tekkan in 1899. Myōjō was initially known for its development and promotion of a modernized version of the 31-syllable tanka poetry. Famous contributors such as Yosano Akiko, who also edited the magazine, transformed the traditional poetry with a sensual style in the romantic movement.

Other important contributors included Hagiwara Sakutaro, Ishikawa Takuboku, Iwano Homei, Kitahara Hakushu, Noguchi Yonejiro, Kinoshita Rigen, and Haruo Satō. The magazine was advised by Mori Ōgai, Ueda Bin and Baba Kocho, with Yosano Tekkan remaining as editor-in-chief of the publication.

Myōjō gradually transformed itself from purely tanka poetry, to a sophisticated journal promoting the visual arts and western style poetry as well. It is regarded as having a crucial influence on the development of Japanese poetry and literature in the early 20th century.

Myōjō was short lived, as internal dissension dissolved the Shinshisha literary circle. Many of its original members helped create a successor literary journal, Subaru (The Pleiades). Myōjō was revived from 1921–1927 by Tekkan, and again from 1947–1949.

title: Myōjō


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2003 in Ireland

Events from the year 2003 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Mary McAleese
 * Taoiseach: Bertie Ahern (FF)
 * Tánaiste: Mary Harney (PD)
 * Minister for Finance: Charlie McCreevy (FF)
 * Chief Justice: Ronan Keane
 * Dáil: 29th
 * Seanad: 22nd

Events

 * 21 January – The Spire of Dublin on O'Connell Street was completed.
 * 16 February – One hundred thousand people in Dublin, and 30,000 in Belfast marched to express their opposition to the imminent invasion of Iraq.
 * 7 April – President George W. Bush of the United States arrived in Northern Ireland for discussions with UK Prime Minister, Tony Blair. He also met Taoiseach Bertie Ahern, and the leaders of the pro-agreement parties.
 * 21 June – The 2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games were opened by the former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela, in Croke Park, Dublin.
 * 31 August – The remains of Belfast mother Jean McConville were found 31 years after she was abducted and murdered by the Provisional IRA, who accused her of being a British Army agent.
 * 15 September – For the first time, the All-Ireland Football Final was contested by two teams from the same province. Tyrone were victorious over Armagh in the first All-Ulster Final.
 * 27 November – The people of Northern Ireland went to the polls. The Democratic Unionist Party and Sinn Féin made massive gains at the expense of more moderate unionist and nationalist parties.

Arts and literature

 * May – Claire Kilroy's debut novel All Summer was published.
 * 20 May – Mark O'Rowe's play Crestfall premièred at the Gate Theatre, Dublin.
 * 25 November – The contents of Lissadell House in County Sligo were auctioned.
 * December – The tree-planting amaptocare public art project in Ballymun was launched.
 * Hugo Hamilton's memoir The Speckled People was published.
 * Paul Murray's comic novel An Evening of Long Goodbyes was published.
 * My Name Is Red by Orhan Pamuk won the International Dublin Literary Award.

Association football

 * The League of Ireland moved from a predominantly winter season to a Scandinavian-style summer season. Bohemians won the transitional 2002/03 season and Shelbourne won the 2003 championship.

Gaelic games

 * All-Ireland Hurling Final – Kilkenny 1–14, Cork 1–11.
 * All-Ireland Football Final – Tyrone 0–12, Armagh 0–9.

Golf

 * Nissan Irish Open was won by Michael Campbell (New Zealand).

Rugby union

 * Rugby World Cup – Ireland reached the quarter-finals of the competition before being beaten by France.
 * 2003 Six Nations Championship: Ireland lost only to England, who won the tournament with a grand slam.
 * 2002–03 Heineken Cup: Munster and Leinster advanced from the pool stage and both were defeated in the semi-finals. The final was played in Lansdowne Road.

Births

 * 14 March – Sean Roughan, footballer
 * 16 May – Louise Little, cricketer
 * 6 June – Johnny Kenny, footballer
 * 7 November – Lara McDonnell, actress

Deaths

 * January to June
 * 8 January – Patrick Pery, 6th Earl of Limerick, peer and public servant (born 1930).
 * 21 January – Tony O'Malley, painter (born 1913).
 * 23 January – Aodhagán Brioscú, last surviving founder of Irish cultural organisation Gael Linn.
 * 29 January – Mary Reid, one of the "Irish of Vincennes", falsely arrested in France on terrorism charges.
 * 16 February – Seán Ó Cionnaith, Workers' Party politician (born 1938).
 * 25 February – Tom O'Higgins, barrister and judge, Chief Justice, Fine Gael TD and twice defeated Irish presidential candidate (born 1916).
 * 11 March – Brian Cleeve, writer and television broadcaster (born 1921).
 * 17 March – Linda Kavanagh, Workers' Party activist and Dublin City Council member.
 * 2 April – Pat Leavy, actress.
 * 6 April – Ian Malone, member of British Army's Irish Guards, shot dead in Iraq (born 1974).
 * 28 May – James Plunkett, novelist, author of Strumpet City. (born 1920).
 * 30 June – Constance Smith, actress (born 1928).

 * July to September
 * 16 July – James Kelly, former Irish Army officer cleared of attempting to import arms for the IRA in the 1970 Arms Trial (born 1929).
 * 17 July – Eamonn Leahy, barrister and husband of Cabinet Minister Mary Hanafin.
 * 28 July – Valerie Goulding, former Senator and campaigner for the disabled (born 1918).
 * 3 August – Phil Monahan, founder of Monarch Properties Holdings Limited, leaving an estate worth €26.7 million.
 * 12 August – Kieran Kelly, jump jockey after a racing accident (born 1978).
 * 14 August – Donal Lamont, former Catholic Bishop in Rhodesia (born 1911).
 * 19 August – Dennis Flynn, soldier in Canada, Chairman of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto (born 1923)
 * 20 September – Liam Tobin, longtime Árd Rúnaí Roinn na Gaeltachta and Irish language campaigner
 * 24 September – Tomás MacGabhann, trade unionist and Irish language activist
 * 28 September – Proinsias Mac Aonghusa, journalist, broadcaster, chairman Bord na Gaeilge, president Conradh na Gaeilge (born 1933).

 * October to December
 * 7 October – Frank Roe, former President of the Circuit Court.
 * 16 October – Ernest Bodell, cricketer (born 1928).
 * 10 December – Sean McClory, actor (born 1924).
 * 12 December – John McConnell, economics expert, journalist and civil servant.
 * 27 December – Patrick J. Reynolds, Fine Gael TD and Senator (born 1920).
 * 30 December – Archbishop Michael Courtney Papal Nuncio to Burundi who was assassinated.
 * 31 December – Gerald Goldberg, lawyer, Fianna Fáil politician and first Jewish Lord Mayor of Cork (born 1912).

title: 2003 in Ireland


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Powerstock

Powerstock is a village and civil parish in south west Dorset, England, situated in a steep valley on the edge of the Dorset Downs, 5 mi north-east of the market town of Bridport. The civil parish includes the village of West Milton to the west and the summit and northern slopes of Eggardon Hill to the south-east. Powerstock village contains many cottages and two inns: The Three Horseshoes near the church and The Marquis of Lorne Inn on the other side of the valley in a small hamlet called Nettlecombe. The small Mangerton River runs through the valley.

In 2013 the parish had an estimated population of 290. In the 2011 census figures have been published for Powerstock parish combined with the small parish of North Poorton to the north; the population in this area was 358.

Powerstock was rated as among the "20 most beautiful villages in the UK and Ireland" by Condé Nast Traveler in 2020.

History
The origins of the name Powerstock have not been fully determined; the second part derives from the Old English stoc, meaning an outlying farmstead, but the first part—similar to the nearby settlement of Poorton—is unresolved. In the Domesday Book of 1086 it was recorded as Povrestoch.

Powerstock Castle is a medieval motte and bailey castle. St Mary's Parish Church dates from the 12th century and is a Grade I listed building.

According to one source, the name was 'Poorstock' until the Bridport Railway was built through the village in 1857, when the change to Powerstock was made to avoid connotations of 'poor (rolling) stock'. However another source states the name existed in its current form as early as 1787. Powerstock railway station (and the entire Bridport branch line) closed on 5 May 1975.

Landscape
Poorstock Forest was one of the 80 royal forests created by the Normans in the 11th, 12th and early 13th centuries, in part to support medieval hunting. The term forest originally referred to land where hunting and forestry rights were reserved for a monarch or the aristocracy.

The nearby Eggardon Hill (height 252 m) lies about 1.5 mi south-east of the village. On the summit is a 14-hectare Iron Age hill-fort, from which can be viewed a wide panorama of the Dorset countryside. Just over a mile to the east of the village lies the nature reserve of Powerstock Common.

Another prominent hill is Drackenorth, some 3 km north-northeast, which lies on the Jubilee Trail.

There is also a cricket pitch located at The Weir playing field in Nettlecombe. This has traditionally been used by Powerstock and Hooke Cricket Club. It has also been used to host Powerstock's Village Fete.

In popular culture
Powerstock was used as the filming location for a BBC production of Agatha Christie's A Murder is Announced and the 2010 Springwatch series.

title: Powerstock


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Arrissoules Tunnel

Arissoules Tunnel (Tunnel d'Arrissoules) is a motorway tunnel in the Swiss cantons of Fribourg and Vaud, near the village of Arrissoules. The tunnel forms part of the A1 motorway from Geneva to St. Margrethen. It is 2987 m long, and was opened in 2000.

title: Arrissoules Tunnel


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Joseph Parry

Joseph Parry (21 May 1841 – 17 February 1903) was a Welsh composer and musician. Born in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, he is best known as the composer of "Myfanwy" and the hymn tune "Aberystwyth". Parry was also the first Welshman to compose an opera; his composition, Blodwen, was the first opera in the Welsh language.

Born into a large family, Parry left school to work in the local coal mines when he was nine years of age. He then went to work at the Cyfarthfa Ironworks, where his father was also employed. In 1854 the family emigrated to the United States, settling at Danville, Pennsylvania, where Parry again found employment at an iron works.

Though Parry had a great interest in music, he had no opportunity to study it until there was a temporary closure of the Rough and Ready Iron Works. Some of his co-workers were also musicians, and they offered music lessons while the iron works was closed. Parry joined a music sight-reading class taught by one of the men. He continued to study harmony with another co-worker, and learned how to read and write while he was learning about harmony.

Parry soon began submitting compositions to eisteddfodau in Wales and the United States and winning awards. During a return visit to Wales for the National Eisteddfod at Llandudno, Parry was offered two music scholarships, but was unable to accept due to family obligations. A fund was established for the support of Parry and his family while he studied music.

Parry went on to receive a doctorate in music from the University of Cambridge; he was the first Welshman to receive bachelor's and doctor's degrees in music from the University. He returned to Wales in 1874 to become the first professor of music at Aberystwyth University, later accepting a position at Cardiff University.

Early years
Parry was born in Merthyr Tydfil in 1841, the seventh of eight children of Daniel (1800–1866) and Elizabeth Parry (née Richards, 1806–1886). The family was musically inclined, with all family members singing in the chapel choir. Parry's mother, who performed at church functions, was remembered for her fine voice; two of Parry's sisters, Elizabeth and Jane, and a brother, Henry, gained some prominence in the United States as vocalists. He left school at age nine to work in the mines as the family needed the income. Young Parry worked a 56-hour week for twelve and a half pence while at the mine. By age 12, Parry was working at the puddling furnaces of the Cyfarthfa Ironworks, where his father also worked.

Parry's father, Daniel, emigrated to the United States in 1853; the rest of the family followed in 1854. Like his father and brother, Parry became a worker at the Rough and Ready Iron Works in Danville, Pennsylvania. Danville had a large Welsh community and he became involved in strengthening Welsh culture locally, attending the Congregational Chapel and the Sunday school. Parry also served as the organist for the Mahoning Presbyterian Church in Danville; the organ he played is still in service. Although he had sung in church choirs in Wales and the United States, Parry received no formal music lessons until he was 17 and living in Danville.

Parry's opportunity to study music came in the form of a temporary closure of the iron works where he was employed. Parry had the good fortune to become friendly with three fellow workers who were also musicians. During rest periods, the three often would sing. Parry listened with interest at first, later joining in. One of the men started a music sight-reading class while the iron works was closed; Parry joined this class and became a fine sight-reader. His interest in harmony made him want to study that also. One of his other co-workers agreed to take Parry as a pupil. Young Parry was unable to read or write at the time he began harmony studies. The teacher patiently blended reading lessons with principles of harmony, and Parry quickly became skilled at both; the teacher often found it hard to keep up with his pupil. During this time, Parry also learned to play the harmonium.

Return to Wales
Parry competed in the eisteddfod at Utica in 1861, and took first prize for Temperance Vocal March. Curious as to how his music would be received in his native Wales, in 1864, he sent an anthem to the National Eisteddfod of Wales at Llandudno. The adjudicators awarded him first prize, believing he was a professional musician. In 1865, Parry again prepared an entry, but this time he travelled to the contest in Aberystwyth. Parry's anthem entry was lost in the post, so it could not be judged. Instead, he was given a seat in the Gorsedd and the title "Pencerdd America" ("Chief Musician of America").

During this visit, Parry and his friends who had accompanied him to Wales travelled the country giving concerts of Parry's own works. They were well received throughout the land. Parry was offered the opportunity to study for a year under Dr Davies of Swansea, followed by a one-year scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music. He had to refuse both offers since he had a wife and child in the United States dependent on him for support. By 1865, Parry's musical ability had become well known in Wales and in the United States. A fund was established to support Parry and his family while he studied music; donations were received from both countries. Parry aided his own cause by giving concerts in Pennsylvania, New York and Ohio.

In August 1868 Parry and his family arrived in England, where he began a three-year study at the Royal Academy of Music under William Sterndale Bennett and Manuel Garcia. During his last year of study at the Royal Academy, Parry appeared before Queen Victoria three times, each time by her special request. The Queen made another request of Parry each time he appeared: that he perform only works he had composed. In 1871, Bennett convinced Parry to enter University of Cambridge for a degree in music. While at Cambridge, Parry became the first Welshman to take both the MusB and MusD there. After earning his bachelor's degree, Parry and his family returned to Danville, where he operated a school of music for the next three years. When Aberystwyth University established a chair for music, it was offered to Parry; he moved his family back to Wales, becoming the university's first professor of music.

Professor and doctor of music
Parry worked at Aberystwyth from 1874 to 1881. In addition to his university duties, Parry frequently travelled as an adjudicator and conducting concerts of his compositions. He received his doctorate from Cambridge in 1878. At the time a candidate was required to compose a short oratorio and to have the work publicly performed; the normal method was to have one of the college Chapel Choirs perform the oratorio. But Parry obtained the services of many Welsh singers; 100 made the trip to Cambridge to perform Parry's oratorio. When Parry resigned his position at Aberystwyth University in 1880, he opened his own academy of music in the town.

In 1881, the Parry family left Aberystwyth for Swansea, where Parry became the organist at Ebenezer Chapel and was head of a musical college he founded. When he was offered a chair at Cardiff University in 1888, Parry and his family moved to the nearby town of Penarth. He lectured and taught at the university and was known as "Y Doctor Mawr" ("The Great Doctor"). Parry also accepted a position as the organist at Christ Church Congregational Church in Penarth.

Parry became a candidate for principal of the Guildhall School of Music in 1896; the vacancy was due to the death of Sir Joseph Barnby. Officials of the city of Cardiff, colleagues and students at Cardiff University, as well as Parry's former teachers wrote letters to the School of Music Committee in support of his election to the position. There were 38 applicants for the position; the field was reduced to two candidates through a series of ballots by the Court of Common Council. Parry was no longer under consideration after the first round of reductions. He remained at the university and continued his work as an eisteddfod adjudicator, a conductor at Cymanfaoedd Canu, and as a performer and lecturer throughout Wales and the United States until the time of his death.

Personal life and characteristics
In 1861 in Danville, Pennsylvania Parry married Jane Thomas (1844–1918). She was the daughter of Welsh immigrants and the sister of Gomer Thomas, who published many of Parry's early compositions. The couple had three sons and two daughters. The older children were born when the family was still living in Danville; only Parry's youngest child was born in Wales. Two of Parry's three sons died after the family moved to Penarth. Parry's youngest son, William, died in 1892; his oldest son, Joseph Haydn, died two years later. While all of Parry's children are said to have had musical talent, his eldest, Joseph Haydn, followed in his father's footsteps as a composer and teacher.

Later in 1894, Parry and his wife hoped a trip to the US would help ease some of the sadness over the deaths of their two sons. Parry had last visited the United States on a vocal concert tour in 1880. Though the Parrys would be visiting family, he believed he should be available to the public during the visit since many people in the US had helped him financially when he was studying music in England.

Parry asked an old friend to notify the Welsh community in the United States that he would be visiting and would adjudicate at eisteddfodau, lecture or lead cymanfaoedd canu if desired. The community could arrange for Parry to visit by contacting Rev. Thomas Edwards of Edwardsville, Pennsylvania. Parry and his family visited many cities and towns in the eastern US and were warmly received wherever they went. He kept those back in Cardiff advised of his travels through letters to the Western Mail which were printed by the newspaper. Parry's last journey to the United States in 1898 included a visit to Salt Lake City, where he adjudicated at the third Salt Lake eisteddfod which was held in the Mormon Tabernacle. His last major work, an opera entitled The Maid of Cefn Ydfa, premiered at the Grand Theatre in Cardiff in late December 1902.

Parry was known as a religious man and a hard worker both at the iron works and at his craft. Despite his recognition in Wales and in the United States, he was not a wealthy man. Parry had little aptitude for business. With his permission, a committee of his friends managed his affairs, with Parry creating compositions and his friends tending to the business of publications. Since his compositions were based primarily on Welsh subjects, many of Parry's friends believed it would have been to his advantage to have settled in London, where there were more cosmopolitan experiences to draw inspiration from. In 1859, Parry and his family became citizens of the United States; he was equally proud of being a Welshman and a United States citizen.

David Jenkins, who was a student and assistant to Parry at Aberystwyth, described him as impulsive and unable to criticise his own works, too erratic to be a good conductor and too impatient for all but advanced students, but with a boyish enthusiasm, especially for music. Sir Alexander Mackenzie, who also worked with Parry, also noted his great enthusiasm and described him as a man of great musical ability.

Death
About two weeks before his death, Parry became suddenly ill. The medical condition was serious enough to warrant surgery. An operation was performed and a full recovery was expected. Some days after the surgery, it was necessary to perform a second operation due to complications. Parry developed a high fever from blood poisoning a few days after the second surgery. There was a slight rally, but Parry continued to have relapses and grew steadily weaker. Parry, who had planned a tour of Australia and the US for 1904, lay in his sick bed when The Maid of Cefn Ydfa was signed for performances by three opera companies; he was never able to be told of the good news. Parry died at his Penarth home on 17 February 1903. His last composition was written during his final illness-a tribute to his wife, Jane, entitled Dear Wife.

At least 7,000 people from all parts of the country gathered in Penarth for the funeral of Joseph Parry. They lined the route from Parry's home to Christ Church, where the family worshipped and to the churchyard at St Augustine's. His family and friends were joined by officials from the city of Cardiff, faculty and students from Cardiff University, representatives from the National Eisteddfod and many members of various choirs throughout Wales. Ministers of various denominations were also part of those gathered to pay respects to Parry. He was buried on the north side of St Augustine's Churchyard, Penarth. Parry's monument is a marble column topped by a lyre with seven strings, with the strings representing the members of Parry's family. Two of the seven strings of the lyre are broken to represent the deaths of his two sons, who died before Parry.

Shortly after his death, a national fund was established in Parry's name. This was meant to provide support for his widow, Jane, through an annual annuity; any funds remaining after Jane's death were to be used to provide a national music scholarship named for Parry.

Music
Parry was a prolific composer; one of his early works, "My Childhood Dreams", was published while he was living in Danville. Despite his penchant for composing, most of his major works were not commercially successful. His oratorio, Saul of Tarsus, was commissioned for the National Eisteddfod at Rhyl in 1892, and was somewhat successful. Parry and others considered it to be his best work; the problem with the oratorio was that it was difficult to perform and that the score for the composition is 305 pages long.

Parry is believed to have composed 27 complete works, among them ten operas, five cantatas and two oratorios, as well as many songs and hymns. By the 1890s, Parry was sufficiently well known and was asked to produce many of his works on a commission basis. He dealt with a variety of publishers for some of his works, while he published others himself. Parry published his opera, Blodwen, himself but the reasons for this are not clear. He appears to have done less self-publishing in the 1890s. Part of the reason for this may have been the loss of his printing plates in the Western Mail fire of 1893.

During Parry's lifetime, many of his works remained unpublished; the shelves of his study held stacks of manuscripts. A friend of Parry's talked with him about the possibility of losing all of his manuscripts if there was a fire and suggested Parry needed a safe to store his manuscripts in. When Parry said he could not afford to buy a safe, the friend gave him one as a gift. Over 100 years after his death, one of his unknown works, Te Deum, was discovered by accident in the National Library of Wales archives.

After Parry's death, the Welsh Congregational Church sought to purchase the copyrights of all Parry's works and to publish them. The church was successful in obtaining the copyright to Aberystwyth and more than 60 other hymns and anthems written by Parry. In 1916, Parry's widow, Jane, sold the rights to all works which Parry owned the copyrights of to Snell and Sons, music publishers, for £1150.

Aberystwyth
The music, written by Parry, was first published in 1879 by Stephen and Jones in Ail Lyfr Tonau ac Emynau (English tr. Second Book of Tunes and Hymns). It was paired with Charles Wesley's words, "Jesus, Lover of My Soul", and first sung at the English Congregational Church in Portland Street in Aberystwyth, where Parry worked as an organist.

Blodwen
Parry's opera, Blodwen, was first performed in Aberystwyth's Temperance Hall on 21 May 1878, although Parry did not publish it until 1888, while at Swansea. This was the first opera written by a Welsh composer and also the first opera to be performed in Welsh. The opera, with its libretto written by Richard Davies, is set during the time of the Welsh Revolt—the last attempt by the Welsh to preserve their independence. At the time, very few people in Wales had seen an opera, and they had no idea what it was like. The opera programmes provided explanations, especially that the singers would wear costumes but would not be acting. Those who were members of Welsh nonconformist churches needed reassurance that this was not a theatrical performance, as acting and theatres were held in as much contempt as taverns. Parry was raised in the nonconformist Annibynwyr Chapel and adhered to the tenets of his faith for his entire life. The majority of participants in the first performance of Blodwen were music students of Parry; his two older sons were also part of the production, playing piano and harmonium. Before the performance, Parry spoke to the audience. He repeated what had been printed in the programmes: that the participants were not acting and explained to those gathered what an opera was. Despite this, there were some clergymen who were not pleased.

Soon after the first performance of Blodwen, a local couple named their baby daughter after the opera's heroine. There were no recorded instances of any children being named Blodwen until after the premiere of Parry's opera. Records show the great popularity of the name for girls and also the popularity of Howell, the name of the hero, for boys. The opera was successful, with a further 500 performances worldwide by 1896. Despite the success of Aberystwyth and Myfanwy, Blodwen seems to have been Parry's most popular work while he was living.

Myfanwy
While Parry is most often thought of as the sole creator of the ballad, it was actually the work of three men. At some point, Thomas Walter Price, a poet and journalist, published a poem in English called "Arabella". It is believed that Parry wrote the music before the Welsh words of Myfanwy were written by Richard Davies. Parry's work was published in 1875, with Parry selling all rights to the song to a publisher for £12. The song was first performed at the first concert of the Aberystwyth and University Musical Society on 28 May 1875, with Parry as the conductor. It remains a standard in repertoires of Welsh male choirs today.

Te Deum
Edward-Rhys Harry reconstructed Parry's setting of the Te Deum taken from the text of The Book of Common Prayer. The manuscript was discovered in the National Library of Wales archives. Parry wrote the manuscript in 1863, while living in Danville. Harry uncovered the manuscript while researching choral traditions at the library. He worked a year at transcribing the original Parry manuscript. The London Welsh Chorale gave the work its world première performance under Harry at StGiles Cripplegate, Barbican, London on 14 July 2012.

Other works
Parry was also involved in music-related publishing. Beginning in 1861, he was a regular contributor of Tonic sol-fa material to the Welsh music journal, Y cerddor Cymreig. Parry's work with making Tonic sol-fa accessible allowed everyone with an interest in choral work to participate. He edited Cambrian Minstrelsie (A National Collection of Welsh Songs) in 1893. He also compiled Dr Parry's Book of Songs, which was a collection of his own works, and wrote Elfenau Cerddoriaeth ("Elements of Music"), a Welsh handbook on theory, in 1888. In 1895, Parry entered into an agreement with an American music publishing firm, the John Church Company. The company published some of Parry's songs along with English translations of poems by Heinrich Heine. The translations were done by poets of note, including James Thomson. Since it is doubtful that Parry was familiar with Heine's work, there is the possibility that Parry was commissioned by the company to write the songs during an extensive US trip he had made the year before.

After his move to Penarth, Parry became involved in journalism, writing regular columns for both The Cardiff Times and The South Wales Weekly News. He also did some writing for the Western Mail. In his later years, Parry wrote an autobiography which has been described as inaccurate; he never published the information. The National Library of Wales acquired this manuscript in 1935 from Edna Parry Waite, Parry's daughter and his last surviving child. The National Library published Parry's writings as a bilingual book, The Little Hero-the Autobiography of Joseph Parry, in 2004.

Additionally Parry wrote what might very well be the first original work for brass band by an established composer, his "Tydfil Overture" (c. 1874-80 – i.e. pace Percy Fletcher's tone poem Labour and Love of 1913). It has been recorded by the John Wallace Collection.

Operas

 * Blodwen (1878)
 * Virginia (1883)
 * Arianwen (1890)
 * Sylvia (1895)
 * King Arthur (1897)
 * Cap and Gown (1898)
 * Ceridwen (1900)
 * His Worship the Mayor (1900)
 * The Maid of Cefn Ydfa (1902)
 * Y Ferch o'r Scer (1902)

Choral

 * Y mab Afradlon (The Prodigal Son) (1866)
 * Yr Adar (1873)
 * Jerusalem (1878)
 * Emmanuel (1880)
 * Joseph (1881)
 * ''Nebuchadnezzar (1884)
 * Saul of Tarsus (1892)
 * Cambria (1896)
 * Various hymns and anthems

Other music

 * String Quartet
 * Ballade, for Orchestra
 * 4 Sonatas for Solo Harp
 * Many songs, published individually or in collections

Britain
In 1947, another son of Merthyr Tydfil, Jack Jones, based his novel, Off to Philadelphia in the Morning , on the events in the life of Joseph Parry. The book became a BBC three-part presentation of the same name in 1978 with David Lyn as Parry. Jones never offered the book as anything except a work of fiction; despite this, some aspects of the novel have been misconstrued as fact.

The centenary of Parry's death was marked by an open air concert in Merthyr Tydfil's Cyfarthfa Park featuring performances of Parry's works. The concert was recorded on 28 July 2002 by Welsh television production company Avanti Media. It was broadcast by S4C on 17 February 2003. A great-granddaughter of Parry's, who was a professional opera singer, was present for the event.

An anthem Parry composed with the Rev. Robert David Thomas while living in Pennsylvania was performed for the first time in Wales to mark the centenary of the composer's death. There was no record of the anthem, "Cymry Glan Americ", having been performed in Wales; it is not certain if the work, which was written on January 1, 1872 had ever been performed previously. A relative of Rev. Thomas located the composition and shared the information with Geraint Jones, the conductor of the Trefor brass band. Jones and his band performed the anthem on 28 May 2002 in Pwllheli at the centenary of the town hall.

In 2011 conductor Edward-Rhys Harry oversaw the total reconstruction of Parry's oratorio Emmanuel, which was performed by Cor Bro Ogwr and The British Sinfonietta, conducted by Harry, in December of that year. In May 2013, Emmanuel was performed in the US for the first time when Harry and Côr Bro Ogwr performed in New York and Philadelphia.

Parry's cottage
The cottage at 4 Chapel Row, Merthyr Tydfil, where Parry was born, is now open to the public as a museum. The row of cottages was attached to the Bethesda Chapel, where the family attended services. There are two bedrooms upstairs with the kitchen and another bedroom downstairs. The Parry family lived here with two lodgers until emigrating to the United States in 1854.

The chapel and its attached cottages were slated for demolition in 1977; efforts by the local council and students from Cyfarthfa High School saved the row of cottages, but not the Bethesda Chapel. In 1979, the Merthyr Tydfil Heritage Trust opened the cottage to the public. Exhibitions were installed upstairs in 1986 and restoration of the ground floor was completed in 1990. Parry's home was refurbished in 2016 through funds from a local company and was reopened to the public beginning on what would have been the composer's 175th birthday. The home is now part of the Cyfarthfa Heritage Area.

United States
Parry is warmly remembered, particularly at the Mahoning Presbyterian Church in Danville, where he served as organist and choirmaster. Each time he visited the US, Parry returned to the church to play the organ. The Susquehanna Valley Welsh Society holds an annual Cymanfa Canu in his honour at the church on the Sunday nearest his May 21 birthday. In 2007, the church's steeple was restored with help from the National Welsh American Foundation. The re-dedication of the church was held on May 21, the birthday of Parry. A plaque has been placed at one of his homes in Danville; the community marked the centenary of his death at the local Danville Festival by a memorial concert of Parry's works.

title: Joseph Parry


text:
2002 in Ireland

Events from the year 2002 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Mary McAleese
 * Taoiseach: Bertie Ahern (FF)
 * Tánaiste: Mary Harney (PD)
 * Minister for Finance: Charlie McCreevy (FF)
 * Chief Justice: Ronan Keane
 * Dáil:
 * 28th (until 25 April 2002)
 * 29th (from 6 June 2002)
 * Seanad:
 * 21st (until 26 June 2002)
 * 22nd (from 12 September 2002)

Events

 * 1 January – The Euro Currency officially became the legal tender for the Republic of Ireland, along with the other European Union (EU) Eurozone member area countries, replacing the Irish pound by being introduced physically with the official launch of the currency coins and banknotes.
 * 9 January – Former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev received the Freedom of the City of Dublin.
 * 7 March – A referendum on a proposal to amend the Constitution to remove the threat of suicide as a ground for legal abortion was narrowly defeated.
 * 13 March – The MS Stena Europe ferry was introduced on the Fishguard–Rosslare route.
 * 21 March – The third Coimisiún na Gaeltachta published its report on strengthening the role of the Irish language in the Gaeltacht.
 * 2 April – Brendan Comiskey, the Roman Catholic Bishop of Ferns, resigned after criticism of his handling of abuse cases in the diocese.
 * 5 April – The first recruits of the new Police Service of Northern Ireland graduated.
 * 17 May – The Fianna Fáil-Progressive Democrats coalition was re-elected in the general election. It was the first government to be re-elected since 1969. Fianna Fáil achieved 80 seats, just four short of an overall majority. Fine Gael lost 23 seats, and the Labour Party remained static. Increased support for Sinn Féin resulted in four extra TDs. Michael Noonan resigned as leader of Fine Gael and Ruairi Quinn resigned as leader of the Labour Party.
 * 1 June – The national football team began its 2002 FIFA World Cup campaign.
 * 11 October – Geraldine Kennedy was appointed the first female editor of The Irish Times.
 * 14 October – As of midnight the Northern Ireland Assembly and Executive were suspended by order of the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.
 * 19 October – Irish voters accepted the Treaty of Nice in the second referendum held on the issue.
 * The Garda College Museum and Visitor Centre is opened at the Garda Síochána College, Templemore, County Tipperary.

Arts and literature

 * February – Sebastian Barry's satire Hinterland, based on the life of Charles Haughey, premièred at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, causing controversy.
 * 10 August – Niall Bruton's sculpture "Waiting on Shore" was unveiled at Rosses Point.
 * 26 September – Five Old Master paintings from the Alfred Beit collection were stolen from Russborough House, the fourth major art theft from this location.
 * 25 October – Peter Mullan's film The Magdalene Sisters was released in Ireland.
 * The Chester Beatty Library in Dublin won the European Museum of the Year Award.
 * John Banville's novel Shroud was published.
 * Joseph O'Connor's historical novel Star of the Sea was published.
 * Louis le Brocquy's 1951 painting A Family was presented to the National Gallery of Ireland (Dublin) as a gift of Lochlann and Brenda Quinn, the first painting by a living artist to enter the gallery's permanent collection.

Association football

 * Shelbourne won the League of Ireland for the tenth time.

 * 2002 FIFA World Cup
 * Group stage
 * Ireland 1–1 Cameroon
 * Ireland 1–1 Germany
 * Ireland 3–0 Saudi Arabia
 * Knockout stage
 * Ireland 1-1 Spain (Spain won 3–2 on penalties)

Show jumping

 * Dermott Lennon won the individual Show Jumping World Championship on Liscalgot.

Gaelic games

 * All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
 * Kilkenny 2–20 – 0–19 Clare.
 * All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
 * Armagh 1–12 – 0–14 Kerry.

Golf

 * Murphy's Irish Open was won by Søren Hansen (Denmark).

Rugby union

 * 2002 Six Nations Championship
 * Ireland lost to England and France.
 * 2001–02 Heineken Cup
 * Munster and Leinster advanced from the pool stage. Leinster were defeated in the quarter-finals while Munster were defeated by Leicester in the final.

Births

 * 2 March – Armstrong Okoflex, footballer
 * 4 March – Troy Parrott, footballer
 * 29 August – Rhasidat Adeleke, sprinter
 * 12 November– Hazel Doupe, actress

January to June

 * 14 January – Colm Hilliard, Fianna Fáil TD (born 1936).
 * 16 January – Jim Tunney, former Fianna Fáil TD, Minister of State and Lord Mayor of Dublin (born 1923).
 * 22 February –
 * Paddy Ambrose, soccer player and coach (born 1930).
 * Brendan O'Dowda, tenor singer (born 1925).
 * 27 February – Spike Milligan, comedian, poet and writer (born 1918 in the British Raj).
 * 14 March – Kevin Danaher, folklorist and writer (born 1913).
 * 19 March – David Beers Quinn, historian (born 1909).
 * 8 May – Sylvester Barrett, former Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister and MEP (born 1926).
 * 30 May – John B. Keane, playwright, novelist and essayist (born 1928).

July to December

 * 1 August – Brendan Menton Snr, soccer administrator and president of the Football Association of Ireland (born 1912).
 * 28 August – Jim McFadden, ice hockey player (born 1920).
 * 4 September – David Molony, lawyer, former Fine Gael TD and Seanad member (born 1950).
 * 16 September – David Grene, classical scholar (born 1913).
 * 20 September – Pat Saward, soccer player (born 1928).
 * 17 October – Derek Bell, harpist and composer (born 1935).
 * 25 October – Richard Harris, actor (born 1930).
 * 2 November – Brian Behan, writer and trade unionist (born 1926).
 * 2 December – Jim Mitchell, former Fine Gael TD and Cabinet Minister (born 1946).
 * 3 December – Glenn Quinn, actor (born 1970).
 * 18 December – Lucy Grealy, poet and memoirist (born 1963).
 * 24 December – Alan Clodd, book collector, dealer and publisher (born 1918).

Full date unknown

 * Frances Kelly, painter (born 1908).
 * Owen Walsh, artist (born 1933).

title: 2002 in Ireland


text:
Oscar Luigi Scalfaro

Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (9 September 1918 – 29 January 2012) was the president of Italy from 1992 to 1999. A member of Christian Democracy (DC), he became an independent politician after the DC's dissolution in 1992, and was close to the centre-left Democratic Party when it was founded in 2007.

Biography
Scalfaro was born in Novara, Province of Novara, on 9 September 1918, son of Guglielmo, Barone Scalfaro (born Naples, 21 December 1888) and wife Rosalia Ussino. He was raised in a religious atmosphere. He became a member of the association Azione Cattolica (Catholic Action) at the age of 12 and kept its badge on his lapel until his death.

Scalfaro studied law at Milan's Università Cattolica and graduated on 30 July 1941. On 21 October 1942, he entered the magistrature. In 1945, after the end of World War II, he became a public prosecuting attorney, and to date, he is the last Italian attorney to have obtained a death sentence: in July of that year, along with two others, he was a public prosecutor in the trial against former Novara prefect Enrico Vezzalini and servicemen Arturo Missiato, Domenico Ricci, Salvatore Santoro, Giovanni Zeno and Raffaele Infante, accused of "collaborating with the German invaders". After a three-day-long debate, all six were condemned to death. The death sentences were carried out on 23 September 1945. Later on, he obtained one more death sentence, but the accused was pardoned before the execution could take place. In 1946 he was elected to the Constituent Assembly and later in 1948, he became a deputy representing the district of Turin. He was re-elected ten times in a row until 1992. Within the Democrazia Cristiana party, he was associated with its right wing.

On 25 May 1992, he was elected as President of the Italian Republic, after a two-week stalemate of unsuccessful attempts to reach agreement. The killing of anti-Mafia magistrate Giovanni Falcone prompted his election. His mandate ended in May 1999, and he automatically became a lifetime member of the Senate. On 7 April 1994, Scalfaro co-officiated at the Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah at the Sala Nervi in Vatican City, along with Pope John Paul II, and Chief Rabbi of Rome Elio Toaff.

In recent times, Scalfaro was the chairman of the committee that advocated the abrogation, in the referendum of 25 and 26 June 2006, on the constitutional reform that had been passed in parliament the previous year by the former centre-right majority. Along with all the centre-left (and a few centre-right personalities, too), Scalfaro considered it to be dangerous for national unity and for other reasons. The opponents of the reform won a landslide victory in the referendum.

Scalfaro was the oldest surviving former Italian president and the second oldest member of the Senate, after Rita Levi-Montalcini. He consequently took the temporary presidency of the newly elected assembly which followed the 2006 general election, as Levi Montalcini refused the role because of her age. This made him one of the three politicians in Italian history to have presided over the three highest-ranked offices in the Italian Republic: President of the Republic, President of the Senate, and President of the Chamber of Deputies; the others are Sandro Pertini and Enrico De Nicola.

A staunch Catholic, and in the past, a rather conservative and anti-communist politician, Scalfaro nevertheless distrusted many members of the DC who changed support to Forza Italia, and was consistently on bad terms with Silvio Berlusconi. He openly supported the centre-left coalition, which included Democratic Party of the Left, which won the 1996 and 2006 elections. Despite his age, he also actively campaigned, for the "No" side, in the June 2006 referendum on a constitutional reform. This reform had been proposed by Berlusconi's House of Freedom coalition during its control of the government.

During the Second World War, in 1944, Scalfaro lost his 20-year-old wife Maria Inzitari, by whom he had a daughter, Marianna. He never married again.

After the 2008 parliamentary election, he was again asked to preside as pro tempore Speaker of the Senate after Rita Levi-Montalcini again refused the post, but this time he also declined to serve.

Scalfaro passed away on 29 January 2012 in Rome.

Honours and awards
As President of the Italian Republic, Scalfaro was Head of several Italian Orders from 28 May 1992 to 15 May 1999: the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, the Military Order of Italy, the Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity, the Order of Merit for Labour and the Order of Vittorio Veneto. Personally, he was awarded the Gold Medal of Merit for School, Culture and Art on 31 July 1973. He also received several foreign honours:
 * Knight of Magistral Grace of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (1950)
 * Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark : Knight of the Order of the Elephant (19 October 1993)
 * 🇲🇹 Malta : Honorary Companion of Honour with Collar of the National Order of Merit (16 November 1995 )
 * 🇪🇸 Spain : Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (27 June 1996)
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakia : Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (1997)
 * 🇭🇷 Croatia : Recipient of the Grand Order of King Tomislav ("For outstanding contribution to the promotion of friendship and development co-operation between the Republic of Croatia and the Italian Republic." - 17 December 1997)
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia : Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia : Commander Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the Three Stars
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania : Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great (19 May 1997)
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden : Knight of the Order of the Seraphim (30 April 1998)
 * 🇵🇱 Poland : Knight of the Order of the White Eagle
 * 🇺🇾 Uruguay : Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (1995)

title: Oscar Luigi Scalfaro