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User:Crystalline Entity

Registered October 22, 2004.

I am currently a postdoctoral researcher in computational astrophysics researching supernovae. I finished my PhD on star formation using smoothed particle hydrodynamics in 2005.

Contributions
Civilization III Conquests, smoothed particle hydrodynamics, The Armed Man, Misty Mountains, Anduin, River Sirion, Haughton-le-Skerne

Articles I've found interesting
Astrophysics, Linux, Fortran, Perl, Tolkien, Memetics and Memes, Humanism, Existentialism, Middle Ages, Civilization, Calendars, Handel, Relativism, Time, Anarchism

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Crystalline Entity


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Runemagick

Runemagick is a Swedish death/doom band formed in 1990. The band was started by Nicklas "Terror" Rudolfsson under the name Desiderius, which was quickly changed to Runemagic. First, the band consisted solely of Rudolfsson, but he was later joined by Robert "Reaper" Pehrsson. They started out as a pure death metal band but later incorporated doom metal influences, inspired by the likes of Bathory, Treblinka/Tiamat, Celtic Frost, Nihilist/Entombed, and Candlemass.

After a few demos the band fell apart in 1993. Rudolfsson restored Runemagic in 1997 with Fredrik Johnsson on guitar and Peter Palmdahl on bass; he also added the "k" to the name (see also magick). A rehearsal demo with Nicklas on drums was recorded and sent to Century Media Records, which got them a record deal for three albums. After many line-up changes, in 2000, the band parted with Century Media and eventually landed on the Norwegian label Aftermath Music.

After the album Dawn of the End (2007) the band went into a long hiatus but resumed in 2017. In 2018, the band recorded and released a new album, Evoked From Abysmal Sleep, released by Aftermath Music, Parasitic Records and Flowing Downwards. The band also played live first the first time since 2005 at Kill-Town Deathfest in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Current

 * Nicklas Rudolfsson - guitar (1990–present), vocals (1997–present), drums (1990–1993), bass (1990–1992)
 * Emma Rudolfsson - bass (2000–present)
 * Daniel Moilanen - drums (2000–present)
 * Jonas Blom - guitar (2018–present)

Former

 * Robert "Reaper" Pehrsson - guitar, (1991–1992), vocals (1991–1993)
 * Johan Norman (session/touring) - guitar (1992–1993)
 * Alex Losbäck - bass (touring/session member) (1992–1993)
 * Fredrik Johnsson - guitar (1997–2003)
 * Peter Palmdahl - bass (1997–1998)
 * Tomas Eriksson - guitar (2002–2003)
 * Jonas Blom - drums (1998)
 * Johan Bäckman - bass (1993)

Studio albums

 * The Supreme Force of Eternity (1998)
 * Enter the Realm of Death (1999)
 * Resurrection in Blood (2000)
 * Requiem of the Apocalypse (2002)
 * Moon of the Chaos Eclipse (2002)
 * Darkness Death Doom (2003)
 * On Funeral Wings (2004)
 * Envenom (2005)
 * Invocation of Magick (2006)
 * Dawn of the End (2007)
 * Evoked From Abysmal Sleep (2018)
 * Into Desolate Realms (2019)
 * Beyond the Cenotaph of Mankind (2023)

EPs

 * Ancient Incantations (2001)
 * Moon of the Chaos Eclipse (2002)
 * Black Magick Sorceress (2005)
 * Bound in Magick Haze (2015)
 * The Opening of Dead Gates (2019)

Live albums

 * Dark Live Magick (2001)
 * Darkness Death Doom (2003)

title: Runemagick


text: Category:Morris County, Texas

title: Category:Morris County, Texas


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2-Bromo-1-chloropropane

2-Bromo-1-chloropropane, C3H6BrCl, is an alkyl halide. This simple compound has a chiral center and is used sometimes to determine the enantiomeric resolution of simple chromatographic methods.

title: 2-Bromo-1-chloropropane


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Southold

Southold may refer:

 * Southold, New York, a town located in Suffolk County, New York, USA
 * Southold (CDP), New York, a census-designated place and hamlet in the town of Southold, New York, USA
 * Former name of Southolt, Suffolk, England
 * Southold (LIRR station), a station along the Main Line (Greenport Branch) of the Long Island Rail Road. It is located on Youngs Avenue and Traveler Street, just north of NY 25 (Main Road) in Southold, New York, and is the last LIRR station to be located north of NY 25
 * Southold High School
 * Southold Historic District, a national historic district located at the hamlet of Southold in Suffolk County, New York

title: Southold


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Mountain marathon

Mountain marathon is an extended form of fell running, usually over two days and often with a strong orienteering element. Competitors usually participate in teams of two, and have to carry their own food and tent. There are various classes of event (such as, for the Original Mountain Marathon - Elite, A, B, C, D and Long, Medium and Short Score).

The major events are listed below:
 * Marmot Dark Mountain s - held on the last weekend of January each year.
 * The Lowe Alpine Mountain Marathon (LAMM) - held in the Scottish Highlands in June (ended in 2018 ).
 * The Scottish Mountain Marathon (SMM) - a new event in Scotland in June.
 * The Saunders Lakeland Mountain Marathon (SLMM) - held in or near the Lake District in early July.
 * The Mourne Mountain Marathon held in Mourne Mountains, County Down, Northern Ireland in September.
 * The ROC Mountain Marathon - held on the last weekend of September each year
 * The Original Mountain Marathon (OMM - Formerly the Karrimor International Mountain Marathon/KIMM) - held in a UK hill or mountain area in the last weekend in October.
 * The Swiss International Mountain Marathon (since 1976: Formerly Karrimor International Mountain Marathon / KIMM Switzerland / Mammut International Mountain Marathon / MIMM Switzerland / R'adys Mountain Marathon) - held in Switzerland in mid August. In autumn 2013 the event has changed its name again ...

The Highlander Mountain Marathon which began in 2007 and was held in April at a Scottish location 'within a 2 hour drive of Inverness' has now come to an end.

New competitors can receive training from various organization for example Trail Running Scotland.

The start arrangements on the two days are usually different (and are designed to encourage navigational independence). For example, on day 1 of the SLMM a staggered start is used, with teams being sent off at 1 or 2 minute intervals, and not getting their way-cards until they are 'on the clock'. On Day 2 the overnight leaders are often sent off half an hour before the others (a 'chasing start') and a mass start, for those more than half an hour behind overnight, then follows.

The races have provided the stimulus for various items of specialist lightweight equipment, for instance lightweight tents and multipouched running rucksacks (the 'OMM Classic Marathon 25 or 32 Sac').

title: Mountain marathon


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Southwick

Southwick may refer to:

People

 * Southwick (surname)

India

 * Southwick, Ooty, a suburb of Ooty town in the state of Tamil Nadu

England

 * Southwick, Hampshire (pronounced suth-ick), a village
 * Southwick, Northamptonshire (pronounced suth-ick), a small village
 * Southwick, a hamlet in the parish of Mark, Somerset
 * Southwick, Sunderland, a suburb of the City of Sunderland, Tyne and Wear
 * Southwick, West Sussex, a town in the Adur District
 * Southwick (electoral division), a West Sussex County Council constituency
 * Southwick Ship Canal
 * Southwick, Wiltshire, a village near Trowbridge

Scotland

 * Southwick, Dumfries and Galloway, see Colvend and Southwick, former parish in Dumfries and Galloway

United States

 * Southwick, Massachusetts, a town in Hampden County

Other uses

 * Southwick angle in radiography

title: Southwick


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Field of Mars Reserve

The Field of Mars Reserve is a protected nature reserve located on the northern suburbs of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The 50 Hectare (123.5 acres) reserve is a remnant of bushland situated between the Lane Cove and Parramatta rivers within the suburb of East Ryde and near Gladesville, Hunters Hill and Ryde.

Features
The name Field of Mars was given by Governor Arthur Phillip, when in January 1792 he granted to two marines the first parcels of land, later expanded to eight parcels in this district. There are a number of theories on the origin of the name, the first is that it was a direct reference to the Roman God of war and the marines' service in the colony. The second theory is that it is named after the Roman Campus Martius, which also has a military connection. The third theory is that it is named after the Champ de Mars in Paris, again with military connections. The name was later used on the parish in the area, which is still today used on land titles. The area became known initially as the Field of Mars Common.

The reserve was a gazetted as a wildlife refuge in 1979 under the and features considerable flora and fauna and contains an environmental education centre. The reserve adjoins the Field of Mars Cemetery, bounded by Strangers Creek in the north and Wellington Road in the south.

The Field of Mars Fires devastated part of the reserve by bushfires in 2002.

The Sydney suburb of derives its name from the reserve.

title: Field of Mars Reserve


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Talk:Eon (geology)

Ok, why was the 'Eon' created? Or more specifically, what were the criteria? is it based on fossils still; or large extinction events and creation; or is it from rock structures that existed; or types of

This article says that an eon is 10^9 years. Is there a similar name for 10^6 years?? 66.245.26.209 14:31, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I'm not sure that this is true (that an eon is a billion years). The http://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/usgsnps/gtime/gtime1.html lists the times of the eons, and they are definitely not 1 billion years apart.

I'm deletting this line.

 * Check the www.m-w.com definition of "eon". 68.143.166.174 21:29, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

This article formerly claimed that the Precambrian Eon currently is twice as long as the Phanerozoic Eon. Since the former was about 4000 million years long, and the latter currently is about 550 million years long (it has not ended yet), I cannot see how the former could be twice as long as the latter. I cleared up this inconsistency. Init 20:22, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Precambrian...?
Im still a bit blown away someone would write "arbitraily designated by humans" to quanitfy a term. good god, is there any word ever typed (and comprehensible) NOT arbitraily designated as something "by humans". its just such a weird thing to say... makes the article sound like it was either A: written by someone (human) with a child-like literary grudge against humans... or B: written by someone/thing NOT human... if its the later, ill apologize in person. Lionvision (talk) 23:29, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

The article on geological time says that Proterozoic, Archaeozoic and Hadean are themselves aeons, and that "Precambrian time" is no longer a recognised period of time. Can this be cleared up? Gee Eight, 4 February 2006, 14.43 UTC

Proposed move
eon (geology) to eon. As eon currently redirects here, this should simply be at eon. Hoof38 13:40, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Vote at:talk:eon

 * I would agree with the move, but talk:eon doesn't have anything about this, nor is there any vote underway at Requested Moves. And I can't mention this on your discussion page because you've been blocked indefinitely. Tempshill 16:11, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Shouldn't you label the x-axis of the graph?

title: Talk:Eon (geology)


text: User talk:213.237.78.145

title: User talk:213.237.78.145


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Hugh Coveney

Hugh Coveney (20 July 1935 – 14 March 1998) was an Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Minister of State at the Department of Finance from 1996 to 1997, Minister for the Marine and Minister for Defence from 1994 to 1995 and Lord Mayor of Cork from 1982 to 1983. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cork South-Central constituency from 1981 to 1982, 1982 to 1987 and 1994 to 1998.

Early life
Coveney was born into one of Cork's prosperous "merchant prince" families in 1935. He was educated at Christian Brothers College, Cork, Clongowes Wood College and the College of Estate Management, London. He worked as a chartered quantity surveyor in his father's surveying firm, Patrick F. Coveney Associates (later P. F. Coveney & Son). He was subsequently a fellow of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. He married Pauline Brown in 1969; and they had six sons and one daughter.

Political career
Coveney served as Lord Mayor of Cork from 1982 to 1983. He was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fine Gael TD for the Cork South-Central constituency at the 1981 general election. He lost his seat in the first general election of 1982 but regained it in the second election in the same year. He lost his seat again at the 1987 general election and did not contest the 1989 or 1992 general elections. He was elected to the Dáil again in the 1994 Cork South-Central by-election caused by the resignation of the Progressive Democrats TD Pat Cox.

He was appointed to cabinet in December 1994 under Taoiseach John Bruton as appointed Minister for Defence and Minister for the Marine. However, he was demoted to a junior ministry in May 1995 after allegations of improper contact with businessmen. It was revealed that he had made a telephone call to Bord Gáis asking that his family firm be considered for a state contract.

Yachting
Coveney's yacht Golden Apple of The Sun (designed by Cork-based designer Ron Holland) was a successful competitor in the Admiral's Cup in the 1970s.

A later 50 ft yacht Golden Apple was used by the family for the "Sail Chernobyl" project. The family sailed around the world to raise €650,000 for the Chernobyl Children's Project, a charity which offers assistance to children affected by the 1986 Chernobyl disaster.

Death
In March 1998, it became publicly known that the Moriarty Tribunal had questioned Coveney about whether he had a secret offshore account with Ansbacher Bank, a bank which had become notorious for facilitating tax-evasion. Ten days later, on 13 March 1998, Coveney visited his solicitor to change his will. The next day, 14 March 1998, Coveney died in a fall from a seaside cliff while out walking alone. His son, Simon Coveney, insisted that his father had never held an Ansbacher account. It later emerged that Hugh Coveney had $175,000 on deposit in the secret Cayman Island-based bank. The account was closed in 1979.

His son, Simon, was elected a TD to succeed his father in the resulting by-election on 3 November 1998.

title: Hugh Coveney


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Spang

Spang is a village in Germany, north of Trier between Bitburg and Wittlich. This village was first mentioned in 1254. It is on one side of the Spanger brook while on the other side is the village of Dahlem. These two villages eventually became a single municipality Spangdahlem as they are known today. The locals still refer themselves to being from Spang or Dalhem. After World War II the USAF located a currently operating fighter airbase in the area of Spangdalhem.

Many of the Spang families in the USA, Germany and South America have traced their roots to this area. Generally speaking most people used their first names for identification as surnames where not important for identification. In Germany when someone left their village or city they were known as "name" von (from) village i.e. Joseph von Spang was Joseph from the village of Spang. Over time the von was dropped and the person was now known as Joseph Spang and Spang became their surname. Earliest recorded von Spang was Nicholaus von Spang who married Elizabeth Bernardos (Sic) 18 Jan 1581 in St Gangolf Catholic church in Trier, Germany.

title: Spang


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Thomas Willett

Thomas Willett (c. 1607 – August 29, 1674) was a Plymouth Colony fur trader, merchant, land purchaser and developer, Captain of the Plymouth Colony militia, Magistrate of the colony, and was the 1st and 3rd Mayor of New York, prior to the consolidation of the five boroughs into the City of New York in 1898.

Plymouth Colony Fur Trade
The early years of the Plymouth Colony were marked by severe economic crises and challenges. Incremental progress was made as the colonists learned the native Americans' method of raising corn and beans, cattle were imported from England and multiplied, and some trade in wampum and other goods was established. However, the major contribution to placing the colony on a firm financial basis and finally paying its debt to its financial "Adventurers" in London was made by exporting furs, primarily of beaver to be used in making hats.

The first record of Willett's long career is probably that of William Bradford regarding the establishment of a second main trading post for the Plymouth Colony on the Penobscot River in what is now Maine in 1629. The Plymouth Colony was reluctantly joining in this effort, initiated by Isaac Allerton, in order to protect their established trading post on the Kennebunk River. Willett is thought to be the "honest young man" recently arrived with the second and last major group from John Robinson's Leyden congregation who was given the task of monitoring the activities of Edward Ashley, the man placed in charge of the trading post by Allerton. This "young man being discreet, and one (Willett) whom they could trust, they so instructed as kept Ashley ... within bounds". It is definitely known that Willett, among others, was deposed and Ashley and the depositions were transported to England for trial in July 1631 after Ashley was arrested and accused of trading arms and ammunition with native Americans.

In 1631, the trading post was robbed of just about anything of value by the French while the "master of the house" was away meeting a supply ship. Willett was in charge of the trading post when the French again robbed it in 1635 and evicted the English; a subsequent effort to recapture it using a ship commanded by a Captain Girling was futile, and the colony gave up the Penobscot post permanently. An account of the expulsion of the English from Penobscot and the subsequent attempt to regain it from the French point of view exists in a letter from Sieur D'Aulney to Governor John Endecott of Massachusetts. Willett's early and continuing experiences in the fur trade provided valuable skills in native languages and frontier trade for use in his later career.

Willett remained active in the colony's remaining fur trading efforts, including being appointed to a committee in 1637 to advise the governor concerning the decline in the trade, and in 1649 and again in 1656, with others, taking over the remaining trading post on the Kennebunk River. He probably spent little time at the Kennebunk River trading post given his other activities, but Winthrop recorded one incident where a potential theft or worse by some native Americans was thwarted by Willett in 1639.

Landowner in Plymouth
Willett was "Admitted to the freedom of this society" (i.e., recognized as a full citizen, or "freeman") in 1633/4 and married Mary Browne on July 6, 1636. He received several grants of land from the colony in 1638/9 and 1640 plus six acres in 1640 for a houselot. As the years passed, he assumed more and more responsibility in the colony including becoming the co-captain of the colony's military company (with Myles Standish) in 1647/8; he remained in this post after Standish retired and for almost all of the remainder of his life. His initial appointment as Assistant to the Governor was in 1651; and he was reappointed to that post many times in the following years.

Merchant and Land Development
Willett's initial beginning as a merchant in addition to the continuing involvement in the fur trade may have come in 1641/2 when he furnished a sixteenth portion of the construction cost to build a 40–50 ton bark (ship). In time he became the major merchant in the lucrative trade with the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (later New York) where his early knowledge of the Dutch language and customs was of great advantage. His later merchant activities included at least some trade with Virginia and across the Atlantic.

Willett's abilities in the native languages led to his becoming a trusted translator and to establishing friendships among the native Americans, particularly with the principal leaders of the Pokanokets, who were led successively by Massasoit, and his sons Wamsutta (or Alexander) and Metacom (known as Prince Phillip). (The Pokanokets today are usually referred to as members of a larger group of native Americans, the Wampanoag.) The colony's desire for more land to accommodate its growing population and the desire for more economic activity, combined with the Pokanokets' desire for English goods, led to a series of land purchases from them, notably in the western part of the colony. Willett's father-in-law, John Browne, was among the founders of Taunton in 1640, and Browne's and Willett's involvement continued in further purchases along and near the eastern coast and northern reaches of Narragansett Bay. Willett had moved to this western area of the colony and became involved in the affairs of Rehoboth by the early 1650s, serving in numerous capacities, particularly after the death of Browne in 1662. Willett was authorized to purchase further land from the native Americans in 1662 and again in 1668 and 1669; these purchases led enlargement of Rehoboth and Swansey (Swansea, originally Wannamoisett ). An example of a deed between the native Americans and a group of purchasers involving Browne and Willett can be found in a history of the town of Swansea. An extensive history of the early land purchases in Pokanoket area, including those involving Willett, has been compiled by Bicknell including a map showing historical names.

Willett became a part owner with other prominent men, including his father-in-law and a son-in-law, John Saffin, of a large development consortium, the Atherton Company, leading to interests in properties in a number of the early New England towns. Willett was appointed with others to settle a dispute between the colonies of Plymouth and Rhode Island over ownership of Hog Island in Narragansett Bay in 1658/9.

Willett's trade with New Nederland led to further involvement with that colony. In 1650 he was entrusted, along with the English secretary to Peter Stuyvesant, to represent New Nederland in settling its border with the English colony of Connecticut (this link shows the 1650 boundary established, along with those of later surveys, see also New Haven Colony).

English Acquisition of New Amsterdam from the Dutch
Accompanying the English commander Richard Nicolls, Willett contributed to the peaceable surrender of New Amsterdam to the English on September 7, 1664. Willett had informed the Dutch that an expedition by the English was pending, and he was a member of the English party that entered New Amsterdam under a flag of truce on September 2 to attempt to persuade Governor Stuyvesant and the Dutch to surrender peacefully. This eventually happened.

Largely because of his knowledge of the native languages, Willett very soon thereafter accompanied a successful negotiating party north to the Iroquois to secure for the English the excellent relations that the Iroquois had maintained with the Dutch. Colonel Richard Nicholls, who was given command of the transfer from Dutch to English governance, sent a request to Thomas Prence, then governor of the Plymouth Colony, that Willett be relieved of his duties to that colony so that he could assist in the transfer. His letter stated that "Mr. Willett was more acquainted with the manners and customs of the Dutch than any English man in the country, and that his conversation was very acceptable to them". This request was granted and Willett resigned his official duties with Plymouth.

When the colony was reorganized with the name of New York, Willett was appointed the first mayor of the town (June 1665) with the approval of the English and Dutch alike; he had apparently maintained a residence in New Amsterdam for some years in addition to his long-establish trading relationships. The next year he was elected alderman, and became mayor again for another year in mid-1667. He was a member of the New York governor's executive council at times from 1665 to 1672 under Francis Lovelace.

Return to Plymouth and legacy
One of the greatest services Willett provided to the colony for many years, along with his father-in-law John Browne, was maintenance of good relations with the Pokanokets whose main village was near Rehoboth, close to Mt. Hope. The relations with the colony soured with Willett's absences to New York and for his other merchant activities, and even more so after his death. The military affairs of the colony were increasingly assumed by Josiah Winslow, who pursued a much more aggressive approach. Alexander, Massasoit's eldest son who had become the leader of the Pokanokets, died while in the custody of Winslow in 1662. Philip, the next eldest son, then became the Pokanoket's leader; relations eventually deteriorated to the point of open warfare between the English colonies and most of the New England tribes in 1675. This became known as King Philip's War.

After his first term as New York mayor, Willett apparently spent time in Rehoboth in early 1667 where he was appointed Captain of the town's militia and was the principal in the establishment of the Township of Swansea. Swansea was originally part of Rehoboth; they divided after a Baptist congregation originally led by Obadiah Holmes, and subsequently by John Myles, arose and had differences with the existing congregation of the town. Among other things, the members of the Baptist congregation were heavily fined for setting up their own congregation and not attending services at the established church. After Swansea was officially recognized, a small group led by Willett was given control over who was allowed to set up residence in the new town. Although Willett's brother-in-law, James Browne, was probably the most prominent lay member of the Baptist congregation, and Willett was deeply involved in establishing it as a separate and recognized congregation, Willett actually may not have been a member of the congregation. Such limited religious tolerance evidently was not extended to Quakers; Willett reportedly was among a group of magistrates condoning a severe whipping of two Quakers in 1658.

After having lost his first wife, Willett married Joanna Boyse in September 1671.

Willett was a given a "halbert" (halberd) in December 1673 when an expedition against the Dutch in New Orange was contemplated. The Dutch had briefly conquered New York and changed the name to New Orange (the name reverted to New York after the Dutch signed a peace treaty in February 1674). This is the last record of Willett's activity in the colony.

Willett left a large estate as evidenced by the inventory compiled for probate. When the Dutch recaptured New York in 1673, Willet's holdings along with those of the other English landowners there were confiscated; he died shortly thereafter and these holdings were never restored. Even with these losses, Willett died one of the wealthiest men in the colony as can be seen from the lengthy inventory. Although no record appears to exist indicating that Willett participated in the slave trade, the inventory of his estate indicates ownership of eight negro slaves when he died. The Plymouth court later decided to grant freedom after two years additional service to one of Willett's slaves who had been taken prisoner during King Philip's war and later returned to Willett's heirs. Willett's will left the bulk of his estate to be divided among his sons (including Samuel Hooker, married to his daughter, Mary), along with more minor bequests to his unmarried daughters, grandchildren, an old servant, schools, churches, and the pastor, John Myles. Willett's will was made in April of 1671, prior to his second marriage.

Ancestry and Transport
The origins of Thomas Willett are not known for certain and are subject to some debate. The most commonly encountered description of his early life from the Dictionary of National Biography describes him as the fourth son of the English clergyman Andrew Willet. The germ of this description may have come from the pedigree of Willett's descendants published in 1848, which offered the theory that this Thomas may have descended from Andrew Willet because the Willett name is rare. A differing opinion exists in Dexter's compilation of the Leyden congregation in the appendix of his work, England and Holland of the Pilgrims. This indicates that Willett was the son of Thomas and Alice Willet of the Leyden congregation. The respective merits of these opinions are discussed by Burgess.

There is general agreement that Willett came over to the Plymouth Colony with the second wave of the Leyden congregation in 1629. There is disagreement however over whether or not he went back to England shortly thereafter for the trial of Edward Ashley who was accused of trading weapons and ammunition to native Americans. The evidence that this might have been the case is based upon a listing of passengers on the ship Lyon which sailed from London on June 22, 1632, with William Pierce as Master as given by Charles Edward Banks in his Planters of the Commonwealth. This list includes Thomas Willett along with the family of his future father-in-law, John Browne, including Willett's future wife, Mary. However, an examination of the original source material by Samuel Gardner Drake, published in 1860, indicates that the original record for the ship sailing to England on that date listed only a few names of the passengers, including only a "Tobie" Willet and a "Jo:" Browne (but no other Brownes). This and the indication that only the depositions of Willett and others accompanied Ashley back to England for his trial are contrary to Banks' passenger list.

Family in the Plymouth Colony and Descendants
Willett's parents and siblings were evidently left behind when he emigrated to Plymouth in 1629. His family life thereafter centered around that of his wife's family. Willett married Mary, daughter of John Browne (Sr.), a leading citizen of the Plymouth Colony, and Browne's wife, Dorothy, in 1636. He moved with the Brown(e) family from Plymouth westward, originally to the Taunton area by the 1650s, and later to the eastern shores of Narragansett Bay to Wannamoisett, near present-day Barrington, Rhode Island. Willett had substantial business dealings with Browne (Sr.) and later increasingly, especially between 1656 and 1660 when Browne (Sr.) is believed to have been in England, with Browne's two sons, John (Jr.) and James. Another family connection was with Willett's early co-worker in the fur trade, John Howland. Howland's daughter, Lydia, married James Browne and Howland's widow, Elizabeth, was living with James and Lydia Broowne's family when she died. Both John Browne (Sr.) and John Browne (Jr.) died in 1662, the son ten days before the father.

The children of Thomas and Mary Willet, as compiled from several sources, were:

 * Mary, b. November 10, 1637, d. June 24,1712, married Rev. Samuel Hooker (son of Rev. Thomas Hooker) in 1658, remarried Rev. Thomas Buckingham in 1703.
 * Martha, b. August 6, 1639, d. 1678, married John Saffin in 1658.
 * John, b. August 21, 1641, d. February 2, 1663/4, married Abigail Collins in 1663.
 * Sarah, b. May 4, 1643, d. June 13, 1665, married Rev. John Eliot (son of Rev. John Eliot).
 * Rebecca, b. December 2, 1644, d. April 2, 1652.
 * Thomas, b. October 1, 1646, d. before 1671(?).
 * Hester, b. July 6, 1648, d. July 26, 1737, married Rev. Josiah Flint.
 * James, b. November 24, 1649, married Elizabeth Hunt (daughter of Peter Hunt) in 1673, remarried Grace Frinck in 1677.
 * Hezekiah, b. June 20, 1651, d. July 26, 1651.
 * Hezekiah, b. November 16, 1653, d. July 1, 1676, married Ann (or Hannah) Browne (daughter of John Brown (Jr.)) in 1675.
 * David, b. November 1, 1654, d. before 1671(?).
 * Andrew, b. October 5, 1656, d. April 6, 1712, married Ann Coddington in 1682 (daughter of William and Ann Coddington).
 * Samuel, b. October 27, 1658.

(?) Sons John, Thomas, and David are not mentioned in Willett's will which calls James the "eldest son".

There is disagreement over Thomas Willett's date and place of birth. The Dictionary of National Biography states that he was born in England in 1605. Willett's will, dated April 26, 1671, says he was then "being going in the sixty-fourth year of my age" (i.e., he was 63 years old, born between April 27, 1607, and April 27, 1608, prior to the migration to the Netherlands later in 1608 which included those who later became the Leyden congregation). His original gravestone also stated that he died "in the 64th year of his age" in 1674 (i.e., he was born in 1610 or 1611) and this is in agreement with the range given in Dexter's listing for the Willet family in Holland. The respective merits of these opinions are discussed by Burgess. Willet died August 4, 1674, and was buried in the Little Neck Cemetery at Bullock's Cove, Riverside area of East Providence, Rhode Island.

Mary Willett, the first wife of Thomas, died on January 8, 1669, at about 55 years old making her birthdate about 1614, almost certainly in England. Her grave is next to that of Thomas Willett. Little mention is found of her in the records; what is there includes her marriage to Thomas on July 6, 1636, and she is also mentioned in connection with her father's will which was hastily written while he was ill in the short period between his son's death and his own. The will of John Browne (Sr.) made scant reference to his daughter, Mary, no significant bequest to her, and none at all to her offspring. Browne's objective may have been to leave his property to the relatively more needy members of his family rather than to those of Mary's branch, as she was married to one of the wealthiest men in the colony. However this might have been, Browne's intent could have been better expressed and the result was an unusual mention in the colony's records regarding Mary Willett's good relationship with her father.

Joanna Prudden, widow of Rev. Peter Prudden and second wife of Thomas Willett, married Willett in Milford, Connecticut, on September 20, 1671. After Willett's death in 1674, she soon returned to Milford and remarried again, this time to Rev. John Bishop. She was born in Halifax, Yorkshire, England, in 1616 and died on November 8, 1681, in Stamford, Connecticut.

Mary Willett, eldest daughter of Capt. Thomas Willett and his wife Mary, married in 1658 Rev. Samuel Hooker, son of Rev. Thomas Hooker, Puritan divine and founder of Hartford, Connecticut.

There is some thought that Willett's son, Thomas Willett (Jr.), was the major in the militia of Queens County who was a councilor under Governors Sir Edmund Andros and Henry Sloughter. According to Hillman it is probable that this Major Thomas Willett was actually a member of another Willett family which had settled on Long Island. They were possibly cousins of the Thomas Willett who is the subject of this article.

Hezekiah Willett was killed during King Philip's War in spite of the special consideration which was supposed to be extended to the Browne/Willett family by Philip's followers. This was a source of great sorrow to Philip as reported by the servant captured when Hezekiah was killed (this probably was the slave later ordered freed by the colony's court ). This incident also exasperated the Plymouth colonists; special punishments were eventually meted out to Hezekiah's killers.

Andrew Willett spent most of his adult life near what is now Kingston, Rhode Island. He married Ann Coddington, daughter of William Coddington, a governor of Rhode Island. Thomas Willett's interests in the Atherton Company led to ownership of land in this area of Rhode Island, then known as the "Boston Neck", along with other company shareholders who over time banded together as merchants, which included Thomas Willett's son, Andrew. Some confusion exists in the records distinguishing between the Boston Neck area of Rhode Island and Boston, Massachusetts.

Some have claimed that one of Willett's great-grandsons was Marinus Willett, who also served as Mayor of New York from 1807 to 1808, assuming that Willett's son, Samuel, settled on Long Island where he became Sheriff of Queens County and Marinus' grandfather. This claim has been refuted by E. Haviland Hillman in an article published in The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record, Volume 47 at 119, published in April 1916.

The descendants of Thomas Willett were numerous. The 'Dorothy Q.' of the poem of Oliver Wendell Holmes was Thomas Willett's great-granddaughter, and the great-grandmother of Holmes. Another of Thomas Willett's descendants is American musician Parthenon Willett Miller Huxley.

The Fire Department of New York operated a fireboat named Thomas Willett from 1908 to 1959.

title: Thomas Willett


text:
Spangle

Spangle may refer to:
 * Spangle (or sequin), a small, thin, often circular piece of glittering metal or other material, used especially for decorating garments
 * Spangle, the aesthetic feature of visible crystallites on the surface of galvanized steel
 * Spangle, Washington, United States
 * Spangle (novel), a 1987 historical novel by Gary Jennings
 * Spangle (Papilio protenor), a swallowtail butterfly of India
 * Yellow-crested spangle (Papilio elephenor), a swallowtail butterfly of India
 * Spangle Lake
 * Gold spangle, a moth of the family Noctuidae
 * Radial Spangle, an indie rock band from Norman, Oklahoma, United States

title: Spangle


text:
Spanish Fork

Spanish Fork may refer to:

 * Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español - a fork of the Spanish language Wikipedia
 * Spanish Fork, a stream in Boise County, Idaho, northwest of Idaho City
 * Spanish Fork, Utah, a city in southern Utah County
 * Spanish Fork High School
 * Spanish Fork Canyon, a canyon through which the Spanish Fork (river) and Soldier Creek flow, southeast of the city
 * Spanish Fork (river), a river that flows through Spanish Fork Canyon, through the city of Spanish Fork, and into Utah Lake

title: Spanish Fork


text:
Talk:List of wilderness areas of the United States

Untitled
The list has 606 of the 662 wilderness areas. We need to track down the remaining few. Rmhermen 14:40, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

List Total as of October 2005
I counted 685 articles, but may be off. Some articles may be doubled up on states that border each other. Wilderness.net lists 677 wilderness areas, so the list may still need adjustments.--MONGO 09:48, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Two examples of doubling up include: Beaver Dam Mountains Wilderness and Paria Canyon-Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness which are on both the list for Arizona and for Utah.--MONGO 09:54, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Removed three from Utah list as acreage is larger in neighboring states.--MONGO 09:58, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I returned them and added an alphabetical listing. But it still has 666 items which is 3 too many. Possible duplication among some very similarly named areas or somme state wildernesses slipped onto the list. Rmhermen 14:40, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps I made a mistake, but every single missing article was from Arizona...what a chore...but gave me something to do. I think the only thing we can do (unless someone wants to take the time and recount them) is as the articles are created, narrow it down then. I did see that there are like two or three "Bighorn Mountain" or Mountains articles sanctioned by Wilderness.net and there must be others of the same name...one article, I parentisized (sp) the word "Arizona" to disamiguate:(Hells Canyon)--MONGO 01:48, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

List Total as of June 2007
I added 15 new Wilderness areas (NH, VT, NV) and updated the count from 680 to 702. So there are at least 7 missing at this point. --Jnik 15:33, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

New wilderness areas created March 2009
The Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 created a number of new wilderness areas. I've added a few from Oregon, Idaho, and Michigan, but there are many more. Most do not yet have articles of their own. --BlueCanoe (talk) 18:14, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

How about replacing the two lists with a single table?
This page lists the same wilderness areas in two separate ways - by state and alphabetically. I've been working on a single sortable table that could replace both these. It would be formatted like this:

There would be redundant names in the table since some areas were expanded after they were originally dedicated. All of the data comes from a master list sent to me by the webmaster at wilderness.net. I could format all of the data for a master table in an hour or so.

What do you think - should I replace the existing lists with this table? Lexaxis7 (talk) 04:13, 14 November 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree a table would be an improvement. Notice that in your table, the size does not sort correctly.  Here is a way to fix that and also a way to make dates appear conventionally while retaining sortability:
 * {| class="wikitable sortable" | style="width: 75%"

! Wilderness !! State !! Size !! Designated
 * Absaroka-Beartooth || MT || 920365 acre || 1978-03-27
 * Absaroka-Beartooth || WY || 23283 acre || 1984-10-30
 * Agassiz || MN || 4000 acre || 1976-10-19
 * Agua Tibia || CA || 17386 acre || 1975-01-03
 * Agua Tibia || CA || 539 acre || 2009-03-30
 * Aldo Leopold || NM || 20216 acre || 1980-12-19
 * }
 * I have also eliminated "Wilderness" on every entry. —EncMstr (talk) 05:16, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Agua Tibia || CA || 539 acre || 2009-03-30
 * Aldo Leopold || NM || 20216 acre || 1980-12-19
 * }
 * I have also eliminated "Wilderness" on every entry. —EncMstr (talk) 05:16, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
 * }
 * I have also eliminated "Wilderness" on every entry. —EncMstr (talk) 05:16, 14 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the fixes - much better. I'll wait for more feedback before doing anything. Lexaxis7 (talk) 17:35, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Unless I hear any reasonable objections by this time tomorrow, I will replace the existing lists with a single table as discussed above.Lexaxis7 (talk) 23:19, 15 November 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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text:
Talk:Arti (Hinduism)

Worship or homage?
Regarding the Aarthi page, wanted to know whether you could add a clarification whether the rite is an act of worship of deity, as in the Catholic latria, or merely an act of homage.

See my page: http://www.geocities.com/prakashjm45/aarticontroversy.html Lucio Mas 14:40, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Aarti is worship. And don't visit Lucio Mas' page; it's full of crap and hatred. Armyrifle 19:51, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Lyrics
I am adding the lyrics for aarti. --Shell 20:46, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Update: I am done. It might be a little off and I needed to make a few minor corrections.

Image
I was wondering if anyone could tell me if this photo depicts aarati? MishaPan 15:05, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Seems he is holding a thali (plate) for aarti, but not performing the ritual itself! --Ekabhishek (talk) 03:04, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Should be renamed Aartii
Why Aarti, whereas the Hindi spelling is aartii ? Aarti (आर्ति) is not an entry in the Hindi Wikipedia. Indeed, you have to look up the word under Aartii (आरती).

etymology
Seems to me the word can't descend both from Skt aradhana and from Skt aa+rati. —Tamfang (talk) 19:47, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

Question about brushes
Do the brushes in the image at the right have a specific name in Sanskrit/Hindi? Is their waving part of the Aarti ritual or is it a separate ritual? Is this used in Bengal only, or is it all over India? Wiki-uk (talk) 05:32, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

 * It is called a chamara Fly-whisk and can be seen also as an attribute of some deities like Varahi or used by attendants or consorts to fan the main deity as in File:AshtaSiddhi.jpg. It is not an integral part of aarti and is a separate ritual in itself. The chamara is used for fanning the deity at any time (not especially aarti, but may accompany aarti). -- Redtigerxyz Talk 05:48, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060111090050/http://www.atmajyoti.org:80/vi_india_videos.asp to http://www.atmajyoti.org/vi_india_videos.asp

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Requested move 7 September 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: no consensus. Stronger consensus needed to determine whether we should accept current usage or long-term significance as the determining factor for the primary topic, per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC (closed by non-admin page mover) ASUKITE  16:07, 24 September 2021 (UTC)

– Clearly the primary topic see the |Arti_(Hinduism)|Aarti_(film)|Arti,_Russia|Arathi|Arthi_(Balmiki)|Arti_(given_name) page views. Bada Kaji (talk • श्रीमान् गम्भीर) 12:14, 7 September 2021 (UTC) — Relisting. ASUKITE  14:58, 15 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Arti (Hinduism) → Arti
 * Arti → Arti (disambiguation)
 * Strong Support the argument given by proposer is absolutely correct and i support this move Uttarpradeshi (talk) 16:05, 7 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 19:21, 7 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This is a sensible proposal, but there isn't a primary topic with respect to usage. We've got data about how many times each link on a (dab) page is followed by readers (the WP:Clickstream). The last month for which I've got easily accessible data is March: then the link to Arti (Hinduism) was clicked 15 times in total, with an unknown number of clicks for the other links (if it's less than ten, it doesn't get included in the dataset). If you compare that with the pageviews for the dab page itself for the same period (324 ), it becomes clear that only a small proportion of visitors to the dab have clicked on that link. There's not a very a different picture that emerges from other months: November 2020 was higher (48), but still small compared to the total views, January 2020 it was clicked 15 times (with Arti Singh getting 10 clicks), and in January 2019 it got <10 clicks, when the only link followed more than 9 times was that for the place in Russia. – Uanfala (talk) 00:26, 11 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I just cant understand why are you showing/arguing on past data, rather we have the latest data, still if you dont believe on "daily" data, you can see |Arti_(Hinduism)|Aarti_(film)|Arti,_Russia|Arathi|Arthi_(Balmiki)|Arti_(given_name) this, this page is the primary from almost past 1 year, and that is a more than sufficient time to show that now this page is a primary topic PERMANENTLY. Uttarpradeshi (talk) 14:20, 14 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I've used the data from six months ago because it's the most recent one that's easily accessible for me. If you'd like to, you can dig up more recent data from the WP:Clickstream (but if it is indeed the "permanent" primary topic, then it wouldn't matter which period we're looking at, would it?). The data you're providing is the pageviews: they show how many times each title has been viewed (regardless of the reader paths that led to those views: most actually come from incoming links, internal and external, not from reader searches). Pageviews are one of the several tools to gauge the relative significance of the topics concerned, but they don't contain much information about usage (see Pageviews and primary topics). Again, your proposal makes sense in terms of long-term significance, but not in terms of usage: as I've tried to show above, only a small proportion of readers landing on the dab page proceed to follow the link to this article. – Uanfala (talk) 14:54, 14 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Hinduism has been notified of this discussion. ASUKITE  14:58, 15 September 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Sock comments stricken off — DaxServer (talk to me) 18:21, 17 September 2021 (UTC)

Gaudiya Vaishnavism Section
Hi folks, the Gaudiya Vaishnavism section doesn't have any cited sources. Can anyone provide any sources to support this section? Also, the description of the arti echoes what is described about the practice of the arti in the "practice" section but the paragraph asserts that "In Gaudiya Vaishnavism, arti refers to the whole puja ritual, of which offering the lamp is only one part." This suggests that there is some difference between general Hindu practice of arti and Gaudiya Vaishnav practice of arti-- can someone find a source to support this implied statement? Thanks, Hemmingweigh (talk) 06:41, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arti (Hinduism)


text:
Spanish Lake

Spanish Lake can refer to:

 * A lake
 * Spanish Lake in Fresno County, California
 * Spanish Lake (Ascension Parish), a lake in the US state of Louisiana
 * Spanish Lake (Iberia Parish), a lake in the US state of Louisiana

 * A peak
 * Spanish Lake Centre, a peak of the Flourmill Volcanoes in British Columbia, Canada

 * A Populated Place
 * Spanish Lake, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis in the United States
 * Spanish Lake community, a village in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana

 * Other uses
 * Spanish Lake (film), a film about the city in Missouri
 * The Spanish Lake is a nickname given to the Pacific Ocean in certain sources between 1521 and 1898.

 * See also

title: Spanish Lake


text:
Fell running

Fell running, also sometimes known as hill running, is the sport of running and racing, off-road, over upland country where the gradient climbed is a significant component of the difficulty. The name arises from the origins of the English sport on the fells of northern Britain, especially those in the Lake District. It has elements of trail running, cross country and mountain running, but is also distinct from those disciplines.

Fell races are organised on the premise that contenders possess mountain navigation skills and carry adequate survival equipment as prescribed by the organiser.

Fell running has common characteristics with cross-country running, but is distinguished by steeper gradients and upland country. It is sometimes considered a form of mountain running, but without the smoother trails and predetermined routes often associated with mountain running.

History

The first recorded hill race took place in Scotland. King Malcolm Canmore organised a race in Braemar in 1040 or perhaps as late as 1064, reputedly to find a swift messenger. This event appears to have been a precursor to the Braemar Gathering. There is no documented connection between this event and the fell races of the 19th century.

From the 19th century records survive of fell races taking place as a part of community fairs and games. The sport was a simple affair and was based upon each community's values for physical ability. Fell races took place alongside other sports such as wrestling, sprint races and (especially in Scotland) heavy events such as throwing the hammer. These fairs or games events were often commercial as well as cultural, with livestock shows and sales taking place alongside music, dancing and sports. In a community of shepherds and agricultural labourers comparisons of speed and strength were interesting to spectators as a source of professional pride for competitors. The most famous of these events in England, the Grasmere Sports meeting in the Lake District, with its Guide's Race, takes place every year in August.

The Fell Runners Association started in April 1970 to organise the duplication of event calendars for the amateur sport. As of 2013 it administers amateur fell running in England, in affiliation with British athletics. Separate governing bodies exist for each country of the United Kingdom and each country has its own tradition of fell running, though the sport is largely the same. The most important races of the year include the Ben Nevis Race in Scotland, run regularly since 1937, and the Snowdon Race in Wales.

Overlap with other sports
Fell running is often known as hill running, particularly in Scotland. It is sometimes called mountain running, as in the name of the Northern Ireland Mountain Running Association although the term mountain running often has connotations of WMRA races which tend to be on smoother, drier trails and lack the route choice which may be available in fell races.

Fell race courses are often longer than cross-country running courses, steeper and unmarked when out on the hills (with a few exceptions). Fell running also overlaps with orienteering. Courses are again typically longer but with less emphasis on navigation. Fell running does sometimes require navigational skills in a mountainous environment, particularly in determining and choosing between routes, and poor weather may increase the need for navigation. However, in most fell races, the route or sequence of checkpoints is published beforehand and runners may reconnoitre the course to reduce the risk of losing time working out where to run during the race. Category O events and Mountain Marathons (see also below), test navigational ability, attracting both orienteers and fell runners. Other multi-terrain events, such as the Cotswold Way Relay and the Long Mynd Hike, also qualify as fell races under Fell Runners Association rules.

Some fell running could also be classed as trail running. Trail running normally takes place on good paths or tracks which are relatively easy to follow and does not necessarily involve the significant amounts of ascent that are required in fell running.

Rocks
Fell running does not involve rock climbing and routes are subject to change if ground nearby becomes unstable. A small number of fell runners who are also rock climbers, nevertheless do attempt records traversing ridges that allow running and involve scrambling and rock climbing – particularly where the record is 24 hours or less. Foremost of these in the UK is probably the traverse of the Cuillin Main Ridge on Skye, the Greater Traverse, including Blaven and the Lakes Classic Rock Round.

Organisations
The Fell Runners Association (FRA) publishes a calendar of 400 to 500 races per year. Additional races, less publicised, are organised in UK regions. The British Open Fell Runners Association (BOFRA) publishes a smaller calendar of races (usually 15 championship races, and other smaller events, such as galas or shows)>– mostly derived from the professional guide races – in England and Scotland and organises a championship series. In Scotland, all known hill races (both professional and amateur) are listed in the annual calendar of Scottish Hill Runners. In Wales, the Welsh Fell Runners Association provides a similar service. Northern Ireland events are organised by Northern Ireland Mountain Running Association. Again, races are run on the premise that a contender possesses mountain navigational skills and carries adequate survival equipment. In Ireland, events are organised by the Irish Mountain Running Association.

The World Mountain Running Association is the governing body for mountain running and as such is sanctioned by and affiliated with the IAAF, the International Association of Athletics Federations. It organises the World Mountain Running Championships. There are also continental championships, such as the African Mountain Running Championships, the European Mountain Running Championships, the South American Mountain Running Championships and the North American Central American and Caribbean Mountain Running Championships.

Championships
The first British Fell Running Championships, then known as Fell Runner of the Year, were held in 1972 and the scoring was based on results in all fell races. In 1976 this was changed to the runner's best ten category A races and further changes took place to the format in later years. Starting with the 1986 season, an English Fell Running Championships series has also taken place, based on results in various races of different lengths over the year.

Race categories
Race records vary from a few minutes to, generally, a few hours. The longest common fell running challenges tend to be rounds to be completed within 24 hours, such as the Bob Graham Round. Some of the mountain marathons do call for pairs of runners to carry equipment and food for camping overnight. Longer possible routes do exist, such as an attempt at a continuous round of Munros. Mountaineers who traverse light and fast over high Alpine, Himalayan or through other such continental, high altitudes are considered alpine-style mountaineers by fell runners.

Races run under the FRA Rules For Competition of the Fell Runners Association are categorised by the amount of ascent and distance.

Category A

 * Should average not less than 50 metres climb per kilometre.
 * Should be at least 1.5 kilometres in length.
 * Should not have more than 20% of the race distance on road.

Category B

 * Should average not less than 25 metres climb per kilometre.
 * Should not have more than 30% of the race distance on road.

Category C

 * Should average not less than 20 metres climb per kilometre.
 * Should contain some genuine fell terrain.
 * Should not have more than 40% of the race distance on road.

Category L

 * A category "L" (long) race is 20 kilometres or over.

Category M

 * A category "M" (medium) race is over 10 kilometres but less than 20 kilometres.

Category S

 * A category "S" (short) race is 10 kilometres or less.

Category O

 * also known as a Long O event
 * checkpoints are revealed to each competitor when they come up to a "staggered" start
 * entry by choosing an orienteering type class, such as a Score-O event and often as a team of two (pairs)

Category MM

 * events also known as mountain marathons and mountain trials
 * similar to Category O, but multi-day events, in wild, mountainous country. Competitors must carry all the equipment and food required for the overnight camp and subsequent days. Entry is usually as a pair.

Three example "classic A" races

 * Ben Nevis Race AM 10 miles (16 km) 4,400 ft (1340 m) - male record 1:25:34 (Kenny Stuart, 1984), female record 1:43:01 (Victoria Wilkinson, 2018)
 * Blisco Dash AS 5 miles (8.1 km) 2,000 ft (610 m) - male record 36:01 (Jack Maitland, 1987), female record 44:34 (Hannah Horsburgh, 2018)
 * Wasdale Fell Race AL 21 miles (34 km) 9,000 ft (2750 m) - male record 3:25:21 (Billy Bland, 1982), female record 4:12:17 (Janet McIver and Jackie Lee, 2008)

Footwear
Modern fell-running trainers use light, non-waterproof material to eject water and dislodge peat after traversing boggy ground. While the trainer needs to be supple, to grip an uneven, slippery surface, a degree of side protection against rock and scree (loose stones) may be provided. Rubber studs have been the mode for two decades, preceded by ripple soles, spikes and the flat-soled "pumps" of the fifties.

24-hour challenges
Fell runners have set many of the peak bagging records in the UK. In 1932 the Lakeland runner Bob Graham set a record of 42 Lakeland peaks in 24 hours. His feat, now known as the Bob Graham Round, was not repeated for many years (in 1960); by 2011, however, it had become a fell runner's test-piece, and had been repeated by more than 1,610 people. Building on the basic 'Round' later runners such as Eric Beard (56 tops in 1963) and Joss Naylor (72 tops in 1975) have raised the 24-hour Lakeland record considerably. The present record is 78 peaks, set by Kim Collison, on 11–12 July 2020; the previous record of 77 peaks, set by Mark Hartell, had stood since 1997. The women's record of 68 peaks was set in 2022 by Fiona Pascall.

Most fell-running regions have their own challenges or "rounds":
 * Ireland – The Wicklow Round
 * Lake District – The Bob Graham Round
 * North Wales – The Paddy Buckley Round
 * Northern Ireland – The Denis Rankin Round
 * Scotland – The Ramsay Round
 * South Wales – South Wales Traverse

title: Fell running


text:
Sparkman

Sparkman may refer to:

 * Sparkman, Arkansas
 * Sparkman & Stephens
 * Stump v. Sparkman
 * Suicide of Bill Sparkman
 * Sparkman-Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery
 * Sparkman-Skelley Farm
 * Spark Man, a Robot Master in Mega Man 3

People with the surname

 * Sparkman (surname)

Schools

 * Sparkman High School
 * Sparkman High School (Arkansas)

title: Sparkman


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for adminship/CyborgTosser

Moved from voting page

Explanation demanded
Why was this person promoted in the face of considerable dissent and numerous valid objections? Shorne 13:12, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

24/29 = 83% the objections were that too few edits were made - sorry but the number of edits required are subjective and enough people clearly think that he  does have enough. Netholic objected that he didn't accept the nomination and answer the questions - that was explained. Theresa Knott (Not the skater) 13:57, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The objections pertained to far more than the number of edits, as anyone with two eyes can see. I consider this action a mockery of consensus. Shorne 14:10, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * You seem very very upset by this. He's only been made an admin, it's supposed to be no big deal. Sorry the vote didn't go your way, but that's the nature of voting. Why don't you keep an eye on his edits and bring any abuse of admin power to the attention of the community? Theresa Knott (Not the skater) 14:20, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm upset that serious objections were ignored. As for abuses of power, there are others that I have already brought to the attention of the community. The administration seems content to disregard them as well. Shorne 14:40, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * If there were other reasons to show CyborgTosser should not have been made an admin, they should have been made here, at RfA. The community is awfully big... -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 14:54, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This was an easy promotion. More than 80% and no objections presented that the editor would use admin powers wrongly or prejudicially. If Shorne knows of other more substantive reasons this person should not have been promoted, they should have been made during the week's time so as to be more persuasive. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 14:46, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I concur. The only thing dubious about this vote was the apparent ulterior-motive on the part of User:Ruy Lopez. Using this vote to make some kind of "point", (and failing to be upfront about the actual "point"), was inappropriate and unfair to the nominee. If you want to do something about what you perceive as "systematic bias", then find the appropriate venue in which to do so, (like Xed eventually did). func(talk) 15:01, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:Motley County, Texas

title: Category:Motley County, Texas


text:
Spaulding

Spaulding can refer to:

People

 * Spaulding (surname)

Places
United States
 * Camp Spaulding, California
 * Spaulding, California
 * Spaulding, Illinois
 * Spaulding Mountain, Maine
 * Spaulding Township, Michigan
 * Spaulding, Oklahoma
 * Spaulding, Wisconsin

Other uses

 * Spaulding (automobile)
 * Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
 * Spaulding Turnpike in New Hampshire, USA
 * Spaulding Wooden Boat Center, a non-profit living history museum in Sausalito, California

title: Spaulding


text:
User talk:Sj/templates/welcome

Test1
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia.

Helpful links: Editing || Writing a great article || Naming || Style Manual || Policies || Reassigning old edits.

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I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian on en:. Drop us a note at New user log so we can meet you and help you get started. You can also leave me questions at my talk page. 14:54, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Sj/templates/welcome


text:
Ettore Cunial

Ettore Cunial (November 16, 1905 – October 6, 2005) was an Italian prelate.

Born at Possagno in the Province of Treviso, Cunial was ordained priest in 1929. In 1953, his appointment as Titular Archbishop of Soteropolis and Vicegerent of Rome followed. He was appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope Paul VI in 1976, and did not retire until October 23, 2004, even though the customary retirement age for the Roman Curia is 75, and very few are permitted by exception to remain in office past 80.

In February 2005 the death of Corrado Bafile left Cunial the oldest Catholic bishop in the world. Cunial died on October 6, 2005 at Possagno just six weeks before he would have turned 100.

title: Ettore Cunial


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Benjamin Logan

Benjamin Logan (May 1, 1743 – December 11, 1802) was an American pioneer, soldier, and politician from Virginia, then Shelby County, Kentucky. As colonel of the Kentucky County, Virginia militia during the American Revolutionary War, he was second-in-command of all the trans-Appalachian Virginia. He became a politician and help secure statehood for Kentucky. His brother, John Logan, who at times served under him in the militia and replaced him as delegate, became the first state treasurer of Kentucky.

Early and family life
Benjamin Logan was born in then-vast Augusta County, Virginia, the eldest son of Scottish immigrants David and Jane (McKinley) Logan. He had seven siblings by the time his father died, when Benjamin Logan was 15. By primogeniture, Benjamin inherited the family's 860 acre (3.5 km2) farm, but would sell it when he reached legal age, then split the proceeds with his siblings and move across the Appalachian Mountains to the Holston River, where he purchased land and began to farm. He married Ann Montgomery in 1772; they had eight children.

Militia Officer
Logan served in the Virginia militia during Henry Bouquet's 1764 campaign against the Shawnee. A decade later, he served as a lieutenant in Lord Dunmore's War against the same Indian nation. In 1775, Logan joined a party of settlers led by Daniel Boone who traveled to Kentucky, then the westernmost portion of Virginia. He left the group in what would become Lincoln County. With the help of his brother John and others, he built a stockade known as Logan's Fort which eventually would grow into the town of St. Asaph's near Stanford. In 1776, Logan brought his family from Virginia to join him, but initially settled them at Harrod's Fort, as less exposed to Native raids, but in 1777 they joined him at Logan's Fort. However, beginning on May 20, 1777, the fort was besieged by a hundred native warriors. When the garrison's provisions and ammunition ran low, Logan and two companions left during the night and traveled 150 miles to the Holston settlement. Logan returned as fast as he could with powder and lead; his companions followed with a relief party under Col. John Bowman, which caused the besiegers to scatter. Logan was appointed sheriff of the county and a justice of the peace. During the American Revolution, he was the second ranking officer in the Virginia militia for Kentucky County, taking part in the defense of the settlements against attacks made by British-led Indians. In July 1779, under Co. Bowman, Logan as second-in-command led 300 men in an expedition across the Ohio River to the native settlement at Chillicothe. He also joined in campaigns against hostile Indians north of the Ohio River, serving under George Rogers Clark. However, Logan and Clark frequently disagreed over strategy.

After American independence, Logan became active in the campaign to establish Kentucky as a separate state. He served as Kentucky's representative in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1781 until 1787 when he began arguing for statehood.

In October 1786, Logan led a force of Kentucky mounted militiamen against the Shawnee towns in the Ohio Country along the Little Miami River and Mad River (Logan's Raid). These were lightly defended since most warriors had left to defend the villages of Chief Little Turtle from a separate force moving up the Wabash River under the command of General George Rogers Clark. Logan seized and burned thirteen villages, taking prisoner women and children, destroying the food supplies and killing or capturing many, including the aged Chief Moluntha who surrendered under a U.S. flag outside his wegiwa while displaying the Shawnee copy of the Treaty of Fort Finney (1785). Despite the protection of Logan's men, Captain Hugh McGary slipped through the guard and murdered the Shawnee chief. The chief's death infuriated the Shawnee, who retaliated by redoubling their attacks against the whites, and escalating the Northwest Indian War.

Logan served as one of Lincoln County's initial representatives to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1781, and also served in the 1785, 1786, and 1787 sessions. Meanwhile, Virginia conducted a tax census, which listed both John and Benjamin as non-residents of Lincoln County, but taxed each for slaves and livestock in the county, John for three enslaved adults and two younger slaves, as well as seven horses, a stud horse, and 30 cattle, and Benjamin for three adult slaves, five younger slaves, eight horses and 70 cattle. Since Benjamin Logan does not appear as a resident of another county, he may have been overlooked or away conducting a military expedition.

Benjamin Logan advocated for Kentucky statehood at the Danville Convention and was a delegate when it wrote the first Kentucky constitution in 1791 and 1792. Following statehood, he served in the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1792 to 1795. He ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1796 and 1800.

Death and legacy
In 1802, Benjamin Logan died of a stroke at age 60, at his home 6 miles southwest of Shelbyville, Kentucky. He was buried in the family cemetery.

Both Logan County, Kentucky and Logan County, Ohio were named for him, as is the Benjamin Logan Local School District in Ohio.

He was the uncle of U.S. Supreme Court associate justice John McKinley.

title: Benjamin Logan


text:
Spearfish

Spearfish may refer to:

Places

 * Spearfish, South Dakota, United States
 * North Spearfish, South Dakota, United States
 * Spearfish Formation, a geologic formation in the United States

Biology

 * Tetrapturus, a genus of marlin with shorter rostrum (a.k.a. snout or bill) and stunted sail behind the dorsal fin
 * Longbill spearfish, native to the Atlantic Ocean
 * Mediterranean spearfish, native to the Mediterranean Sea
 * Shortbill spearfish, native to the Indo-Pacific
 * Roundscale spearfish, native to the Eastern Atlantic to the western Mediterranean
 * Spearfish remora, a species of remora found around the world in tropical and subtropical seas
 * Spearfish Fisheries Center, one of 70 fish hatcheries as part of the National Fish Hatchery System of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Military

 * Spearfish torpedo, or simply Spearfish, is a modern torpedo built by GEC-Marconi
 * Fairey Spearfish, a prototype dive bomber of the immediate post World War II period
 * HMS Spearfish (69S), a 1936 British S-class submarine lost in World War II
 * USS Spearfish (SS-190), a US submarine in World War II

title: Spearfish


text:
Longueville, New South Wales

Longueville is an affluent harbourside suburb on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, 8 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Municipality of Lane Cove.

Longueville is a small residential suburb on the peninsula between Tambourine Bay and Woodford Bay, on the banks of the Lane Cove River. Originally a home to manufacturing industries, the suburb had its beginnings as a residential area in the 1870s. Longueville was officially proclaimed a suburb in the 1920s.

Before settlement, Longueville was the home of the Cammeraygal people of the Ku-ring-gai Aboriginal Tribe. The suburb has high house prices with an average price of $5,412,500 as of May 2024.

History
The area in which Longueville is was originally inhabited by the Cammeraygal Group of the Ku-ring-gai Aboriginal Tribe. The group, which inhabited the north shore of Port Jackson, was one of the largest in the Sydney area.

In 1831, the area that is now Longueville became home to one of the earliest manufacturing industries, with Rupert Kirk's soap and factory. Longueville had its beginnings in the 1870s, and at the time encompassed the Lane Cove area, which in turn was then part of Willoughby. By 1884, there were just two houses in the area, owned by Joseph Palmer and Henry Lamb. Richard Hayes Harnett, a land speculator, later acquired some of the land and subdivided it into home sites. He later became the first mayor of Mosman. Longueville was officially proclaimed a suburb in the 1920s.

There is some conjecture about where the name Longueville originated, however a commonly held belief is that the suburb was named after French nobleman, the Duc de Longueville. The main streets are said to have been named after his three daughters, Christina, Lucretia and Arabella. A related theory is that the name bears a connection to the Château de Châteaudun which possesses both a Longueville wing and a Dunois wing, with Dunois being the name of one of the principal streets in Longueville.

Transport
Longueville wharf is served by Captain Cook Cruises ferry services. Busways route 261 operates to Lane Cove and King Street Wharf.

Houses
In 2011, the majority of dwellings were detached houses (99.1%) with some varied architectural styles, including stately Victorian-style homes, Federation styles, Californian bungalows, weatherboard cottages, and contemporary waterfront houses.

Longueville has some of Sydney’s highest property prices with a median property price of $5.41 million as of May 2024 according to allhomes.com.au, having climbed from the eighth most expensive at $2.23 million in 2011, positioning it as one of Sydney's most prestigious suburbs. In the past few years, the suburb has seen many new homes being constructed and older houses undergoing extensive renovations. Norfolk Road holds the record for the highest sale price achieved at auction in the suburb.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census, the population of Longueville stood at 2,116 people, 50.7% identified as female and 49.3% identified as male, with a median age of 46 years. 11.9% of the population was born overseas with England (4.8%), China (excluding SARs and Taiwan) (2.2%), New Zealand (1.8%), Hong Kong (SAR of China) (1.7%) and Malaysia (1.4%) being the most common countries of birth identified. The five strongest religious affiliations in the area were in descending order: Catholic (37.8%), No Religion, so described (28.9%), Anglican (14.2%), Eastern Orthodox (3.7%) and 2.6% of respondents elected not to disclose their religion.

Longueville's population is typically indebted, with a median weekly household income of A$4,894, compared with $1,746 in Australia. The most common types of occupation for employed persons were Professionals (43.5%), Managers (25.0%), Clerical and Administrative Workers (11.7%), Community and Personal Service Workers (5.8%), Sales Workers (5.7%), Technicians and Trades Workers (3.7%), Labourers (2.4%) and Machinery Operators and Drivers (0.3%). 89.8% of the suburbs occupied private dwellings were family households, 9.5% were lone person households and 0.8% were group households. 98.8% of private dwellings in the Longueville area were separate houses and 1.7% were flats or apartments.

Notable residents
Notable former and current residents of Longueville include:
 * Marjorie Barnard - novelist
 * Pamela Clauss - NYC-based pioneering surgical nurse and philanthropist
 * Louisa Dunkley - Union leader and feminist
 * Antonia Kidman - journalist, television host
 * Nicole Kidman - actress
 * Rose Lindsay - artist's model, printmaker, author and wife of Norman Lindsay
 * John Newcombe - tennis player
 * Patrick O'Farrell - historian of Catholic Australia
 * Brett Whiteley - artist
 * Geoffrey Robertson - Barrister

Politics
Longueville is in the formerly safe Liberal federal electoral division of North Sydney, electing an independent MP in 2022. Former Liberal Party Federal Treasurer Joe Hockey represented the seat from 1996 and was replaced by Liberal MP Trent Zimmerman at the 2015 North Sydney by-election. Zimmerman was the first openly gay man to be elected to the House of Representatives and was re-elected at the 2016 federal election. North Sydney is one of only two original divisions in New South Wales, along with Wentworth, which have never been held by the Australian Labor Party. In 2022 Kylea Tink was elected as part of a wave of 'teal' independents that were elected in that year's federal election, unseating many Liberal MPs. An independent won in the division of North Sydney despite losing this Longueville polling place in both the first-preference and two-candidate preferred vote.

For NSW state elections, Longueville is in the Electoral district of Lane Cove. Since 2003, this seat has been held by Liberal MP Anthony Roberts, a former minister in the state government.

title: Longueville, New South Wales


text:
Ralph Winwood

Sir Ralph Winwood (c. 1563 – 27 October 1617) was an English diplomat and statesman to the Jacobean court.

Early life
Ralph Winwood was born the son of Richard Winwood at Aynhoe in Northamptonshire. A 'hot puritan', according to a Jesuit reporter, he was educated at St John's College, Oxford (1577), Magdalen College, Oxford (1582). To conclude his education, he travelled to Italy, where he enrolled at the University of Padua (1594).

Career
Pursuing a career as a diplomat, Winwood became secretary to Sir Henry Neville (c. 1562-1615), the English ambassador in France, in 1599 and he succeeded Neville in this position two years later, retaining it until 1603. He was Clerk of Privy Council (extraordinary) from 1603 to 1608, and (ordinary) from 1608 to 1609. In 1603 Winwood was sent to The Hague as agent to the States-General of the United Provinces, and was appointed a member of the Dutch council of state on the basis of the Treaty of Nonsuch. Winwood's hearty dislike of Spain coloured all his actions in Holland; he was anxious to see a continuance of the war between Spain and the United Netherlands, and expressed both his own views and those of the English government at the time when he wrote, "how convenient this war would be for the good of His Majesty's realms, if it might be maintained without his charge." He was knighted on 28 June 1607.

In June 1608, Winwood signed the league between England and the United Provinces. Shortly afterwards, he became the first accredited English ambassador to the Dutch Republic. He was in Holland when the trouble over the succession to the duchies of Jülich and Cleves threatened to cause a European war. In this matter, he negotiated with the Protestant Princes of Germany on behalf of King James I of England. As ambassador, Winwood publicly intervened in the Vorstius affair, and secretly sided with the Contra-Remonstrants in the religious conflicts that engulfed the United Provinces during and after his embassy. While in Holland he obtained greyhounds for Anne of Denmark from Jacob van den Eynde, Governor of Woerden. He was appointed Master of Requests from 1609 to 1614.

Having returned to England Sir Ralph became secretary of state and Privy Councillor from 1614 until his death and a Member of Parliament (MP) for Buckingham.

In the House of Commons he defended the king's right to levy impositions. Created principal Secretary of state on Somerset's demise, Winwood held the office from March 1614 to his death during the Addled Parliament. Winwood was responsible for the inquiry into the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury and the release of Raleigh from the Tower in 1616. Raleigh was urged by Winwood to attack the Spanish fleet and the Spanish settlements in South America.

Spanish envoys at Court of St James's made several written complaints about the secretary's share in this undertaking to the king at Whitehall Palace. In the midst of this latest foreign policy crisis, Sir Ralph Winwood died in London on 28 October 1617. It can hardly be doubted, wrote Gardiner, that, if he had lived till the following summer, he would have shared in Raleigh's ruin.

Marriage
Ralph Winwood married Elizabeth Ball, daughter of Nicholas Ball of Totnes, Devon, by whom he had five sons (2 of whom predeceased him) and four daughters. One of Winwood's daughters, Anne Winwood (d. 1643), married Edward Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu of Boughton, and their son was Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu.

Ditton House
Winwood acquired the park and manor of Ditton at Stoke Poges. John Chamberlain described improvements at Ditton Park in August 1617 made by Winwood and his wife, including a new dovecote, a spring and conduit, fair ponds, damming and filling in the old moat, planting an orchard, and setting out a walled garden with arbours.

title: Ralph Winwood


text:
Spearman (disambiguation)

A spearman is a fighter armed with a spear.

People

 * Spearman (surname)
 * Spearman baronets, a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom

Places

 * Spearman, Texas
 * Spearman High School
 * Spearman Independent School District

Other

 * The Spearman, an alternate title for the Shaw Brothers film Flag of Iron
 * Spearman–Brown prediction formula, a formula relating psychometric reliability
 * Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, a non-parametric test statistic

title: Spearman (disambiguation)


text:
Karl Ernst Krafft

Karl Ernst Krafft (10 May 1900 – 8 January 1945) was a Swiss astrologer, born in Basel. He worked on the fields of astrology and graphology.

Astrology career
After studying in the University of Basel and Geneva, he graduated with a degree in mathematics. For the best part of ten years he worked on a massive book entitled Traits of Astro-Biology. This expounded his own theory of "Typocosmy": the prediction of the future based on the study of an individual's personality, or type. Krafft opened an office in Zürich, where he provided horoscopes and investment advice. Krafft's business collapsed, as did and his own investments (which were decided via divination).

By the early 1930s, when Adolf Hitler had come to power, Krafft enjoyed a unique status among occultists and prophets in Germany. The National Socialists, later to become his patrons, at first posed a threat to him. Occultists, like Freemasons, were among those harassed and vilified by most National Socialists. While the Nazi state persecuted astrologers, Rudolf Hess and Heinrich Himmler consulted them. Krafft moved to Germany at the invitation of the Nazis and was endorsed by the Ministry of Propaganda. Kraff subsequently joined the Nazi Party and introduced anti-Semitic ideas into his work. Krafft moved into the orbit of the National Socialist elite in November 1939 when he made a remarkable prediction. He predicted that the Führer's life would be in danger between 7 and 10 November. He wrote, on 2 November to a friend, Dr Heinrich Fesel, who worked for Himmler, warning him of an attempt on Hitler's life. Fesel filed the letter away, unwillingly to become enmeshed in something dangerous.

On 8 November, a bomb exploded at the Munich beer hall. There were many injuries but the target, Hitler, was unscathed because he left the assembly in the hall a few minutes before the explosion. When newspapers reported the near-catastrophe Fesel dispatched a telegram to Hess, drawing attention to Krafft's prediction. Krafft was arrested and brought to Gestapo Headquarters in Berlin. Krafft's proclamation of exacting astrological rules managed to convince the Gestapo that astrology enabled its practitioners to make accurate forecasts of future events resulting in now being employed by the Nazi Propaganda Ministry, the SS and even the Foreign Office to carry out astrological studies of a political nature. After his release he was summoned to the Reich Propaganda ministry, run by Joseph Goebbels. Goebbels had recently taken to poring over Nostradamus, trying to squeeze propaganda from the prophecies. Krafft, he felt, should work on deciphering the cryptic quatrains. Krafft began work on a pro-German evaluation of Nostradamus.

Krafft was convinced that the prophecies of Nostradamus boded well for the Third Reich. Tens of thousands of pamphlets based upon his interpretations of the quatrains were translated and circulated in six languages: French (translated by Krafft himself), Danish, Hungarian, Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish and he soon came to the attention of the Führer. In the spring of 1940 he gave a private horoscope reading for Hitler to an aide, but he never met his leader.

British intelligence became so concerned at the thought that their opponent's war was being conducted by a mystic that they, for a time, hired the services of astrologer Louis De Wohl. De Wohl was quietly dropped after several months, having failed to procure any hard evidence about Krafft's work.

Krafft warned the Reich leaders that for victory to be certain, the war must end for Germany in 1943. Krafft's star was still in the ascendancy when Rudolf Hess made his astonishing flight to Scotland in 1941. Hitler was outraged. Hess was the biggest occult supporter of them all. Hitler ordered a purge of astrologers, occultists and other sages. Krafft was caught up in this. He worked on horoscopes of Allied generals and admirals, having informal contacts with Kurd Kisshauer and Amt Rosenberg. One of his predictions when seeing the charts of both Erwin Rommel and Bernard Montgomery, adversaries in the desert war, was: "Well this man Montgomery's chart is certainly stronger than Rommel's."

Later life
Krafft was arrested on 12 June 1941, as part of a crackdown on astrologers, faith healers and occultists following Rudolf Hess's flight to Scotland. He was released in 1943 and set back to propaganda work, but the integrity of his forecasts soon told against him. Krafft's bitter complaints at the demeaning work he was expected to do, led to his rearrest in 1944. He was held in poor conditions, caught typhus fever and eventually died on 8 January 1945 en route to the Buchenwald concentration camp.

title: Karl Ernst Krafft


text:
West Kameng district

West Kameng (pronounced ) is a district of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India. It accounts for 8.86% of the total area of the state. The name is derived from the Kameng river, a tributary of the Brahmaputra, that flows through the district.

History
The area around the Kameng river has traditionally come under the control of the Mon kingdom, Bhutan, Tibet and the Ahom kingdom. Tibetan Buddhism got a strong foothold among the tribal groups as early as in the 7th century, where the Kachen Lama constructed the Lhagyala Gompa in Morshing.

Whenever loose control was exerted over the area, small, feudal chiefdoms ruled by the Miji and the Aka chiefs dominated control over the area. This can be evidenced in the fact that ruined fortresses like those in Bhalukpong constructed in the 10th to 12th century and the Dirang fort, which was constructed in the 17th century to defend against invasions from neighbouring chiefdoms.

Upon the arrival of the British, the entire area became what was known as the North-East Frontier Agency. It was renamed as the Balipara Frontier tract in 1919, with its headquarters at Charduar in Assam. In 1946, the district area was carved out of the Balipara, with the name Sela Sub-Agency and its headquarters continued to be Charduar of Assam.

Following the independence of India, the Sela Sub-Agency was renamed as the Kameng Frontier Division. Its headquarters were later transferred to Bomdila in 1954. However, with the invasion of Tibet in 1950, Tibetan refugees started populating the area. Furthermore, with the invasion of the Chinese troops into this area, many historical monuments were either destroyed or defaced.

The Kameng Frontier Division was renamed as the Kameng District. The Political Officer was also redesignated as the Deputy Commissioner of Kameng. However, due to political reasons, the Kameng district was bifurcated between East Kameng and West Kameng on 1 June 1980. Tawang district, which initially belonged to part of the district, was separated on 6 October 1984.

Geography
West Kameng district occupies an area of 7442 km2, comparatively equivalent to Papua New Guinea's New Ireland. It lies approximately between 91° 30' to 92° 40' East longitudes and 26° 54' to 28° 01' North latitudes. The district shares an international border with Tibet in the north, Bhutan in the west, Tawang District in the northwest, and East Kameng district in the east. The southern border is shared with Sonitpur district and Udalguri district of Assam. The Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary is located in West Kameng.

Topography
The topography is mostly mountainous. Much of the West Kameng area is covered with the Himalayas. The highest peak in the district and state is Kangto.

Climate
Like East Kameng, the West Kameng district experiences an arid tundra or a cool temperate climate in the north. Snow fall occurs from mid-November to February. Snow can be also seen in Khupi, Bomdila, Sela. Sela range is the highest place in the district, situated at 13,714 feet above sea level.

Transport
The 2000 km proposed Mago-Thingbu to Vijaynagar Arunachal Pradesh Frontier Highway along the McMahon Line,   (will intersect with the proposed East-West Industrial Corridor Highway) and will pass through this district, alignment map of which can be seen here and here.

Economy
Like most of Arunachal Pradesh, Jhum, or shifting cultivation, is practised among the tribes who live in lower elevations where there is a temperate or subtropical climate. Horticulture is practised as well.

Small industries such as textile and handicraft factories can be found. Nowadays tourism industries is booming in this district along Tawang district. With the improving of roads condition and investment in hospitality sectors the flow of tourists can be seen round the year.

Divisions
The district is divided into three subdivisions, Thrizino, Rupa and Bomdila, which are further divided into twelve administrative circles, namely, Dirang, Bomdila, Kalaktang, Balemu, Bhalukpong, Jameri, Singchung, Nafra, Thrizino, Rupa, Thembang and Shergaon. The four development blocks in this district are Dirang, Kalaktang, Nafra-Buragaon, and Thrizino.

There are 4 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly constituencies located in this district: Dirang, Kalaktang, Thrizino-Buragaon and Bomdila. All of these are part of Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency.

Population
According to the 2011 census West Kameng district has a population of 83,947, roughly equal to the nation of Antigua and Barbuda. This gives it a ranking of 618th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 12 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 16.64%. West Kameng has a sex ratio of 755 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 69.4%.

Language
West Kameng comprises five major tribes: Monpa (which includes Dirang, Bhut, Lish, and Kalaktang Monpa), Miji (Sajolang), Sherdukpen, Aka (Hrusso), and Bugun (Khowa). Minority tribes include Takpa, Lishipa, Chugpa, and Butpa. All of these indigenous communities use Hindi to communicate with each other.

Religion
Most of the inhabitants are Buddhist, though the Aka, Bugun (Khowa), and Miji have indigenous religions and those tribe members follow a mix of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Donyi-Polo (a form of Animism).

Flora and fauna
In 1989 West Kameng district became home to the Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, which has an area of 217 km2. It is also home to the Sessa Orchid Wildlife Sanctuary, which was established in 1989 and has an area of 100 km2.

title: West Kameng district


text:
Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven

Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven (29 April 1686 – 1 January 1742), styled The Honourable Peregrine Bertie between 1686 and 1704, Lord Willoughby de Eresby between 1704 and 1715 and Marquess of Lindsey between 1715 and 1723, was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1708 until 1715 when he was called to the House of Lords.

Early life
Bertie was the second and eldest surviving son of Robert Bertie, Lord Willoughby de Eresby (subsequently 4th Earl of Lindsey) and his first wife Mary Wynn, daughter of Sir Richard Wynn, 4th Baronet. He became Lord Willoughby and heir to other titles on the death of his elder brother in 1704.

Career
At the 1708 British general election Lord Willoughby was returned as a Member of Parliament for Lincolnshire with his father's support. Although his father was a Whig, Willoughby acted as a Tory. He sat on a drafting committee for the Boston church bill, and a committee of inquiry into the laws excluding placemen. He acted against the Whigs in an electoral dispute. Although nominated to the committee examining the arrangements for the trial of Dr Sacheverell, he voted against the impeachment in 1710. He was returned as a Tory at the 1710 election and listed as one of the 'worthy patriots' who detected the mismanagements of the previous administration, and a 'Tory patriot' who opposed the continuation of the war in 1711. He was also a member of the October Club. He sat on drafting committees for bills to build a waterworks near Boston and to help drain the Ancholme Level. As a Hanoverian Tory, he voted against the expulsion of Richard Steele in March 1714. He did not stand at the 1715 general election but was summoned to the House of Lords by a writ of acceleration in his father's Barony of Willoughby de Eresby on 16 March 1715.

He was a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to George I from 1719 to 1727. In 1723, on the death of his father, he inherited the rest of the family titles, and the hereditary Great Office of Lord Great Chamberlain. He also inherited the Lincolnshire seats at Grimsthorpe Castle and Eresby, and the London mansion, Lindsey House, at 59-60 Lincoln's Inn Fields. He was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire in succession to his father in 1724. He was receiver of the Duchy of Lancaster rents in Lincolnshire from 1728 to his death, and Lord Warden and Chief Justice in Eyre north of the Trent from 1734 to his death. He had a seat on the Foundling Hospital's board of governors when the charity was founded in 1739.

Personal life
Lord Willougby married Jane Brownlow, daughter of Sir John Brownlow, 3rd Baronet in June 1711. Together, they were the parents of seven children:

 * Peregrine Bertie, 3rd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven (1714–1778)
 * Lord Albemarle Bertie (d. 1765), a gambler and sportsman depicted by Hogarth who was blinded early in his youth.
 * Brownlow Bertie, 5th Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven (1729–1809)
 * Lady Mary Bertie (d. 1774), who married Samuel Greatheed in 1747.
 * Lady Albinia Bertie (d. 1754), who married Francis Beckford, in 1744.
 * Lady Jane Bertie (d. 1793), who married General Edward Mathew in 1743.
 * Lady Caroline Bertie (d. 1744), who married George Dewar.

Lady Ancaster died on 25 August 1736. Lord Ancaster died on 1 January 1742.

Descendants
His second son, Lord Albemarle, was the natural father of Admiral Sir Albemarle Bertie (1755–1824), who was created a baronet of the Navy in 1812.


text:
User talk:Jamiejamez

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia.

Helpful links: Editing || Writing a great article || Naming || Style Manual || Policies || Reassigning old edits.

Other Questions? Help || Village pump(everyone gathers here) || What Wikipedia is not

Maintenance: Deleting articles || all maintenance tasks (see also open tasks, below)

Uploading images: please note the origins and copyright status of every image you upload.

To sign your comments, type four tildes like this: ''. This automatically adds your name and the current time.

I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian on en:. Drop us a note at New user log so we can meet you and help you get started. You can also leave me questions at my talk page.

Regards, +sj + 15:00, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jamiejamez


text:
Talk:Peace camps

 * Delete

This page can now be found at Peace camp--Scuiqui fox 15:02, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peace camps


text: Category:Nacogdoches County, Texas

title: Category:Nacogdoches County, Texas