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Julia Alvarez

Julia Alvarez (born March 27, 1950) is an American New Formalist poet, novelist, and essayist. She rose to prominence with the novels How the García Girls Lost Their Accents (1991), In the Time of the Butterflies (1994), and Yo! (1997). Her publications as a poet include Homecoming (1984) and The Woman I Kept to Myself (2004), and as an essayist the autobiographical compilation Something to Declare (1998). She has achieved critical and commercial success on an international scale and many literary critics regard her to be one of the most significant contemporary Latina writers.

Julia Alvarez has also written several books for younger readers. Her first picture book for children was "The Secret Footprints" published in 2002. Alvarez has gone on to write several other books for young readers, including the "Tía Lola" book series.

Born in New York, she spent the first ten years of her childhood in the Dominican Republic, until her father's involvement in a political rebellion forced her family to flee the country. Many of Alvarez's works are influenced by her experiences as a Dominican-American, and focus heavily on issues of immigration, assimilation, and identity. She is known for works that examine cultural expectations of women both in the Dominican Republic and the United States, and for rigorous investigations of cultural stereotypes. In recent years, Alvarez has expanded her subject matter with works such as 'In the Name of Salomé (2000)', a novel with Cuban rather than solely Dominican characters and fictionalized versions of historical figures.

In addition to her successful writing career, Alvarez is the current writer-in-residence at Middlebury College.

Early life and education
Julia Alvarez was born in 1950 in New York City. When she was three months old, her family moved back to the Dominican Republic, where they lived for the next ten years. She attended the Carol Morgan School. She grew up with her extended family in sufficient comfort to enjoy the services of maids. Critic Silvio Sirias believes that Dominicans value a talent for story-telling; Alvarez developed this talent early and was "often called upon to entertain guests". In 1960, the family was forced to flee to the United States after her father participated in a failed plot to overthrow the island's military dictator, Rafael Trujillo, circumstances which would later be revisited in her writing: her novel How the García Girls Lost Their Accents, for example, portrays a family that is forced to leave the Dominican Republic in similar circumstances, and in her poem, "Exile", she describes "the night we fled the country" and calls the experience a "loss much larger than I understood".

Alvarez's transition from the Dominican Republic to the United States was difficult; Sirias comments that she "lost almost everything: a homeland, a language, family connections, a way of understanding, and a warmth". She experienced alienation, homesickness, and prejudice in her new surroundings. In How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents, a character asserts that trying to raise "consciousness [in the Dominican Republic]... would be like trying for cathedral ceilings in a tunnel".

As one of the few Latin American students in her Catholic school, Alvarez faced discrimination because of her heritage. This caused her to turn inward and led to her fascination with literature, which she called "a portable homeland". She was encouraged by many of her teachers to pursue writing, and from a young age, was certain that this was what she wanted to do with her life. At the age of 13, her parents sent her to Abbot Academy, a boarding school, because the local schools were not considered sufficient. As a result, her relationship with her parents suffered, and was further strained when every summer she returned to the Dominican Republic to "reinforce their identities not only as Dominicans but also as proper young lady". These intermittent exchanges between countries informed her cultural understanding, the basis of many of her works.

After graduating from Abbot Academy in 1967, she attended Connecticut College from 1967 to 1969 (where she won the Benjamin T. Marshall Poetry Prize) and then transferred to Middlebury College, where she obtained her Bachelor of Arts degree, summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa (1971). She then received a master's degree from Syracuse University (1975).

Career
After acquiring a master's degree in 1975, Alvarez took a position as a writer-in-residence for the Kentucky Arts Commission. She traveled throughout the state visiting elementary schools, high schools, colleges and communities, conducting writing workshops and giving readings. She attributes these years with providing her a deeper understanding of America and helping her realize her passion for teaching. After her work in Kentucky, she extended her educational endeavors to California, Delaware, North Carolina, Massachusetts, Washington, D.C., and Illinois.

Alvarez was a Visiting Assistant Professor of English for the University of Vermont, in Burlington, Vermont, for a two-year appointment in creative writing, 1981–83. She taught fiction and poetry workshops, introductory and advanced (for upperclassmen and graduate students) as well as a course on fiction (lecture format, 45 students).

In addition to writing, Alvarez holds the position of writer-in-residence at Middlebury College, where she teaches creative writing on a part-time basis. Alvarez currently resides in the Champlain Valley in Vermont. She has served as a panelist, consultant, and editor, as a judge for literary awards such as the PEN/Newman's Own First Amendment Award and the Casa de las Américas Prize, and also gives readings and lectures across the country. She and her partner, Bill Eichner, an ophthalmologist, created Alta Gracia, a farm-literacy center dedicated to the promotion of environmental sustainability and literacy and education worldwide. Alvarez and her husband purchased the farm in 1996 with the intent to promote cooperative and independent coffee-farming in the Dominican Republic. Alvarez is part of Border of Lights, an activist group that encourages positive relations between Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

Literary writing
Alvarez is regarded as one of the most critically and commercially successful Latina writers of her time. Her published works include five novels, a book of essays, three collections of poetry, four children's books, and two works of adolescent fiction.

Among her first published works were collections of poetry; The Homecoming, published in 1984, was expanded and republished in 1996. Poetry was Alvarez's first form of creative writing and she explains that her love for poetry has to do with the fact that "a poem is very intimate, heart-to-heart".

Alvarez's poetry celebrates and questions nature and the rituals of family life, (including domestic chores) a theme in her well known poem "Dusting." Nuances of asphyxiated family life such as exile, assimilation, identity, and social class ebb and flow passionately through her poems.

Alvarez found inspiration for her work from a small painting from 1894 by Pierre Bonnard called The Circus Rider. Her poems, critic Elizabeth Coonrod Martínez suggests, give voice to the immigrant struggle.

How the García Girls Lost Their Accents, Alvarez's first novel, was published in 1991, and was soon widely acclaimed. It is the first major novel written in English by a Dominican author. A largely personal novel, the book details themes of cultural hybridization and the struggles of a post-colonial Dominican Republic. Alvarez illuminates the integration of the Latina immigrant into the U.S. mainstream and shows that identity can be deeply affected by gender, ethnic, and class differences. She uses her own experiences to illustrate deep cultural contrasts between the Caribbean and the United States. So personal was the material in the novel, that for months after it was published, her mother refused to speak with her; her sisters were also not pleased with the book. The book has sold over 250,000 copies, and was cited as an American Library Association Notable Book.

Released in 1994, her second novel, In the Time of the Butterflies, has a historical premise and elaborates on the death of the Mirabal sisters during the time of the Trujillo dictatorship in the Dominican Republic. In 1960, their bodies were found at the bottom of a cliff on the north coast of the island, and it is said they were a part of a revolutionary movement to overthrow the oppressive regime of the country at the time. These legendary figures are referred to as Las Mariposas, or The Butterflies. This story portrays women as strong characters who have the power to alter the course of history, demonstrating Alvarez's affinity for strong female protagonists and anti-colonial movements. As Alvarez has explained:

 * "I hope that through this fictionalized story I will bring acquaintance of these famous sisters to English speaking readers. November 25, the day of their murders is observed in many Latin American countries as the International Day Against Violence Toward Women. Obviously, these sisters, who fought one tyrant, have served as models for women fighting against injustices of all kinds."

In 1997, Alvarez published Yo!, a sequel to How the García Girls Lost Their Accents, which focuses solely on the character of Yolanda. Drawing from her own experiences, Alvarez portrays the success of a writer who uses her family as the inspiration for her work. Yo! could be considered Alvarez's musings and criticism of her own literary success. Alvarez's opinions on the hybridization of culture are often conveyed through the use of Spanish-English malapropisms, or Spanglish; such expressions are especially prominent in How the García Girls Lost Their Accents. Alvarez describes the language of the character of Laura as "a mishmash of mixed-up idioms and sayings".

In 2001, Julia Alvarez published her first children's picture book, “The Secret Footprints”. This book was written by Alvarez, and illustrated by Fabian Negrin. The book was about the Ciguapas, which are part of a Dominican legend. The Ciguapas are a fictional people that have dark skin, black eyes, with long, shiny hair that flows down the length their bodies. They have backward feet, so that when they walk their footprints point backward. The main character is named Guapa, and she is described as being bold, and has a fascination with humans to the point that it threatens the secrecy of the Ciguapas. The book features themes such as community, curiosity, difference, gender roles, and folklore.

Alvarez has also published young adult fiction, notably Return to Sender (2009) about the friendship that forms between the middle school age son of a Vermont Dairy farmer, and the same-age daughter of the undocumented Mexican dairy worker hired by the boy's family. The children's lives offer many parallels, as both children lose a grandparent, and have one parent injured (Tyler's) or missing (Mari's), but other aspects of their lives are lived in sharp contrast according to their legal status. The book argues for a shared humanity that transcends borders and nationality, but does not shy from difficult issues like dangerous border crossing, criminal coyotes who exploit the vulnerable, and forced deportation. A similar young adult work that examines difficult political circumstances and children's experience of them is Before We Were Free (2003), told from the perspective of a young girl in the Dominican Republic in the months before and just after the assassination of dictator Rafael Trujillo. This novel addresses Dominican history in an accessible, riveting plot, describing aspects of the situation in 1961 little covered in most histories in English. Again, Alvarez uses the friendship between an American boy and Latina young girl as part of the story, but makes the relationship much less central in this earlier work.

In the Name of Salomé (2000) is a historical novel based on the lives of Salomé Ureña and of Camila Henríquez Ureña, both Dominican writers and respectively mother and daughter, to illustrate how they devoted their lives to political causes. The novel takes place in several locations, including the Dominican Republic before a backdrop of political turbulence, Communist Cuba in the 1960s, and several university campuses across the United States, containing themes of empowerment and activism. As the protagonists of this novel are both women, Alvarez illustrates how these women, "came together in their mutual love of [their homeland] and in their faith in the ability of women to forge a conscience for Out Americas." This book has been widely acclaimed for its careful historical research and captivating story, and was described by Publishers Weekly as "one of the most politically moving novels of the past half century."

In 2020, Alvarez published her first adult novel in 14 years, Afterlife. Alvarez was 70-years-old when Afterlife was published; having made her name on poignant coming-of-age stories, Alvarez shifted her focus towards "the disorienting transition into old age." The main protagonist is grounded in both American and Dominican cultures, reflecting Alvarez's own background. Alvarez freely incorporates Spanish words and phrases into the story without the use of italics, quotations, or translations.

Influence on Latin American literature
Alvarez is regarded as one of the most critically and commercially successful Latina writers of her time. As Elizabeth Coonrod Martínez observes, Alvarez is part of a movement of Latina writers that also includes Sandra Cisneros and Cristina García, all of whom weave together themes of the experience of straddling the borders and cultures of Latin America and the United States. Coonrod Martínez suggests that a subsequent generation of Dominican-American writers, such as Angie Cruz, Loida Maritza Pérez, Nelly Rosario, and Junot Díaz, have been inspired by Alvarez's success. Alvarez has admitted that:

 * "..the bad part of being a 'Latina Writer' is that people want to make me into a spokesperson. There is no spokesperson! There are many realities, different shades and classes".

How the García Girls Lost Their Accents is the first novel by a Dominican-American woman to receive widespread acclaim and attention in the United States. The book portrays ethnic identity as problematic on several levels. Alvarez challenges commonly held assumptions of multiculturalism as strictly positive. She views much of immigrant identity as greatly affected by ethnic, gendered, and class conflict. According to critic Ellen McCracken:

 * "Transgression and incestuous overtones may not be the usual fare of the mainstream’s desirable multicultural commodity, but Alvarez’s deployment of such narrative tactics foregrounds the centrality of the struggle against abuse of patriarchal power in this Dominican American’s early contribution to the new Latina narrative of the 1990s."

Regarding the women's movement in writing, Alvarez explains:

 * "...definitely, still, there is a glass ceiling in terms of female novelists. If we have a female character, she might be engaging in something monumental but she’s also changing the diapers and doing the cooking, still doing things which get it called a woman’s novel. You know, a man’s novel is universal; a woman’s novel is for women."

Alvarez claims that her aim is not simply to write for women, but to also deal with universal themes that illustrate a more general interconnectedness. She explains:

 * "What I try to do with my writing is to move out into those other selves, other worlds. To become more and more of us."

As an illustration of this point, Alvarez writes in English about issues in the Dominican Republic, using a combination of both English and Spanish. Alvarez feels empowered by the notion of populations and cultures around the world mixing, and because of this, identifies as a "Citizen of the World".

Grants and honors
Alvarez has received grants from the National Endowment for the Arts and the Ingram Merrill Foundation. Some of her poetry manuscripts now have a permanent home in the New York Public Library, where her work was featured in an exhibit, "The Hand of the Poet: Original Manuscripts by 100 Masters, From John Donne to Julia Alvarez." She received the Lamont Prize from the Academy of American Poets in 1974, first prize in narrative from the Third Woman Press Award in 1986, and an award from the General Electric Foundation in 1986. In 2009, she received the Fitzgerald Award for Achievement in American Literature.

How the García Girls Lost Their Accents was the winner of the 1991 PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award for works that present a multicultural viewpoint. Yo! was selected as a notable book by the American Library Association in 1998. Before We Were Free won the Belpre Medal in 2004, and Return to Sender won the Belpre Medal in 2010. She also received the 2002 Hispanic Heritage Award in Literature.

Fiction

 * How the García Girls Lost Their Accents. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 1991. ISBN 978-0-945575-57-3
 * In the Time of the Butterflies. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 1994. ISBN 978-1-56512-038-9
 * Yo!. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 1997. ISBN 978-0-452-27918-6
 * In the Name of Salomé. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 2000. ISBN 978-1-56512-276-5
 * Saving the World: A Novel. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 2006. ISBN 978-1-56512-510-0
 * Afterlife: A Novel. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 2020. ISBN 978-1-64375-025-5
 * The Cemetery of Untold Stories. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 2024. ISBN: 978-1-64375-384-3

Children’s and young adult

 * The Secret Footprints. New York: Knopf, 2000.
 * A Cafecito Story. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2001. ISBN 978-1-931498-00-5
 * How Tia Lola Came to visit Stay. New York: Knopf, 2001. ISBN 978-0-375-90215-4
 * Finding Miracles. New York: Knopf, 2004. ISBN 978-0-375-92760-7
 * El mejor regalo del mundo: la leyenda de la Vieja Belen / The Best Gift of All: The Legend of La Vieja Belen. Miami: Alfaguara, 2009. (bilingual book)
 * Where Do They Go?. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2016. ISBN 978-1-609-80670-5
 * El mejor regalo del mundo: la leyenda de la Vieja Belen / The Best Gift of All: The Legend of La Vieja Belen. Miami: Alfaguara, 2009. (bilingual book)
 * Where Do They Go?. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2016. ISBN 978-1-609-80670-5
 * Where Do They Go?. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2016. ISBN 978-1-609-80670-5
 * Where Do They Go?. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2016. ISBN 978-1-609-80670-5
 * Where Do They Go?. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2016. ISBN 978-1-609-80670-5

Poetry

 * The Other Side (El Cocko), Dutton, 1995, ISBN 978-0-525-93922-1
 * Homecoming: New and Selected Poems, Plume, 1996, ISBN 978-0-452-27567-6 – reissue of 1984 volume, with new poems
 * The Woman I Kept to Myself, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2004; 2011, ISBN 978-1-61620-072-5

Nonfiction

 * Something to Declare, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1998, ISBN 978-1-56512-193-5 (collected essays)
 * A Wedding in Haiti: The Story of a Friendship. 2012.
 * A Wedding in Haiti: The Story of a Friendship. 2012.

title: Julia Alvarez


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User talk:PC Freak~enwiki

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Talk:Abbey National

Move
I'll try again. - Jerryseinfeld 21:12, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

overseas banking organisation

 * It is the first British bank to be owned by an overseas banking organisation.

What, the Midland being bought by HSBC doesn't count? 207.245.124.66 19:16, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

There are two ways of looking at this, HSBC was originally founded in Hong Kong (under British rule) so in 1992 when they bought Midland they were effectively a British bank by way of Hong Kong being British. By 1991 there was a listing of HSBC shares in London, and in 1993 the group headquarters moved to the UK. Ian3055 14:55, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

This should go back in. HSBC was only allowed to take over Midland if agreed to move to London and become regulated by the Bank of England. BSCH remains headquartered and regulated in Spain. --DavidCW 00:38, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Removed: Crystal Mark / Plain English
I've removed this reference as publications, not organisations, are awarded the Crystal Mark. Abbey National has some 25+ publications with a Crystal Mark, but this is not in itself noteworthy since banks tend to produce more publications than organisations in many other sectors (due to rate changes etc). - Stevecov 00:11, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

"Bank Charges" section
As correct as the argument behind it might be, this section looks like nothing but a tirade of attacks upon the bank's procedures, and needs serious reworking to present the case in a more neutral fashion. 19:22, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * You are free to edit it to make it comply with the NPOV (neutal point of view) policy. Since you dispute it, I'll tag it accordingly.  But you really need to improve the text or the tag will come off again.  --Concrete Cowboy 00:29, 30 September 2006 (UTC)  I see that somebody already has done so. --Concrete Cowboy 00:30, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * If they have, it is not showing up in the history. 15:43, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I've made some changes (86.142.10.244), removed uncited hearsay, tagged anything which might have a grounding in fact, but I'm still not entirely satisfied with the result. If cites can be provided for those bits, then I'd have no objections to removing pov-section.  It should be noted that the Bank Action Group mentioned previously probably doesn't meet Wikipedia's definition of a reliable source - if someone tries linking to that message board as a citation, this would probably be self-evident.  86.142.10.244 15:56, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I meant that someone had already tagged it NPOV-section. Your edits are fine. --Concrete Cowboy 23:57, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * D'oh! Sorry.  :)  13:19, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

One customer's opinion of the bank (any bank)
I deleted a link to a customer's complaint page added by an anon user. Wiki policy is not to link to our cite blogs and individual opinion/grievance sites. If you want to get the material included, you have to find an article in the mainstream press and cite that instead. This policy everywhere in Wikipedia. --Concrete Cowboy 13:23, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

corrent bank appellation (vs. marketing name)
current lede of article "Abbey, formerly Abbey National,"

however, the institution's own website at http://www.abbey.com/csgs/Satellite?pagename=Abbey/GSDistribuidora/GS_Home maintains "Abbey National plc. Registered Office: Abbey National House, 2 Triton Square, Regent's Place, London, NW1 3AN, United Kingdom. Registered Number 2294747. Registered in England." at bottom of that webpage.

i suspect that "Abbey National plc" remains institution appellation and "Abbey" is marketing name...two different animals.--68.173.2.68 (talk) 20:26, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

When did the Abbey National to Abbey rebranding occur?--194.221.133.226 (talk) 15:02, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Natwest is officially National Westminster Bank though it is branded as Natwest. The same occurs with Abbey. Should this article not be Abbey National, with the opening sentence being - ' Abbey National or Abbey as it is commonly known...' Wikiwoohoo (talk) 00:08, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move per consensus, over redirect. Taelus (talk) 00:28, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

Abbey (bank) → Abbey National — The official name was Abbey National with Abbey as the brand. Natwest has the same set up but is National Westminster Bank here. The same should apply with Abbey National. Cloudbound (the new name for Wikiwoohoo) (talk) 20:24, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Support per discussion in preceding section. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 16:54, 15 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Support Johnbod (talk) 00:33, 20 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Support, now that it's no longer trading as Abbey and no longer legally Abbey National, Abbey National seems the better choice for the article as it was the trading name for the greater part of the company/society's history, and the company/society's legal name throughout. And because Cloudbound/Wikiwoohoo has been itching for this change for over a year now. Bazj (talk) 10:43, 20 March 2010 (UTC)
 * An aside, how much irony is there in a rebranded user wanting to revert the rebranding in an article? Bazj (talk) 10:57, 20 March 2010 (UTC)
 * A considerable amount, when you put it like that. Cloudbound (talk) 13:00, 20 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Opening an Acount
Dear Sir, Can you please send me details to open a saving Account in your bank best rgards Farhan farhan8618@yahoo.com From Sri Lanka —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.43.161.154 (talk) 10:33, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

GM .abbey national bank                                                                                i have received mail from ,Mrs.Lynda Hunt Director internation Remittance dept,Abbey  nation bank of south africa .that amount worth 1 one million us dollar has been deposited in ur bank as winning lottery fifa world cup.2014 in my name shahzadzafar80gmail.com in support of some correspondent  documents relevant to this attached plz verify that weather amount mention above is actually deposited in my name in your bank shahzad zafar or not. plz also varyfy attached documents about their genuanness. shahzad zafar pakistan — Preceding unsigned comment added by 39.59.48.42 (talk) 17:35, 29 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Abbey National's banking software
Does anyone know the software package Abbey used for their banking operation? Many thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Londoner19 (talk • contribs) 20:23, 17 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Pre-1944 History
The History section of the Abbey National article contains a mere half dozen lines on the period before the 1944 merger, and nothing about the National’s early history as one of the leading Freehold Land Societies. There are three published histories of the Abbey Road and one of the National which are not mentioned at all on the article and I propose to use these to enlarge the History section. There is also a separate book on the demutualization of the Abbey National and that has not been sourced.Bebington (talk) 09:32, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

Most of the additional history added - a little more to do and tidy up.Bebington (talk) 15:50, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abbey National


text:
Neutron scattering

Neutron scattering, the irregular dispersal of free neutrons by matter, can refer to either the naturally occurring physical process itself or to the man-made experimental techniques that use the natural process for investigating materials. The natural/physical phenomenon is of elemental importance in nuclear engineering and the nuclear sciences. Regarding the experimental technique, understanding and manipulating neutron scattering is fundamental to the applications used in crystallography, physics, physical chemistry, biophysics, and materials research.

Neutron scattering is practiced at research reactors and spallation neutron sources that provide neutron radiation of varying intensities. Neutron diffraction (elastic scattering) techniques are used for analyzing structures; where inelastic neutron scattering is used in studying atomic vibrations and other excitations.

Scattering of fast neutrons
"Fast neutrons" (see neutron temperature) have a kinetic energy above 1 MeV. They can be scattered by condensed matter—nuclei having kinetic energies far below 1 eV—as a valid experimental approximation of an elastic collision with a particle at rest. With each collision, the fast neutron transfers a significant part of its kinetic energy to the scattering nucleus (condensed matter), the more so the lighter the nucleus. And with each collision, the "fast" neutron is slowed until it reaches thermal equilibrium with the material in which it is scattered.

Neutron moderators are used to produce thermal neutrons, which have kinetic energies below 1 eV (T < 500K). Thermal neutrons are used to maintain a nuclear chain reaction in a nuclear reactor, and as a research tool in neutron scattering experiments and other applications of neutron science (see below). The remainder of this article concentrates on the scattering of thermal neutrons.

Neutron-matter interaction
Because neutrons are electrically neutral, they penetrate more deeply into matter than electrically charged particles of comparable kinetic energy, and thus are valuable as probes of bulk properties.

Neutrons interact with atomic nuclei and with magnetic fields from unpaired electrons, causing pronounced interference and energy transfer effects in neutron scattering experiments. Unlike an x-ray photon with a similar wavelength, which interacts with the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus, neutrons interact primarily with the nucleus itself, as described by Fermi's pseudopotential. Neutron scattering and absorption cross sections vary widely from isotope to isotope.

Neutron scattering can be incoherent or coherent, also depending on isotope. Among all isotopes, hydrogen has the highest scattering cross section. Important elements like carbon and oxygen are quite visible in neutron scattering—this is in marked contrast to X-ray scattering where cross sections systematically increase with atomic number. Thus neutrons can be used to analyze materials with low atomic numbers, including proteins and surfactants. This can be done at synchrotron sources but very high intensities are needed, which may cause the structures to change. The nucleus provides a very short range, as isotropic potential varies randomly from isotope to isotope, which makes it possible to tune the (scattering) contrast to suit the experiment.

Scattering almost always presents both elastic and inelastic components. The fraction of elastic scattering is determined by the Debye-Waller factor or the Mössbauer-Lamb factor. Depending on the research question, most measurements concentrate on either elastic or inelastic scattering.

Achieving a precise velocity, i.e. a precise energy and de Broglie wavelength, of a neutron beam is important. Such single-energy beams are termed 'monochromatic', and monochromaticity is achieved either with a crystal monochromator or with a time of flight (TOF) spectrometer. In the time-of-flight technique, neutrons are sent through a sequence of two rotating slits such that only neutrons of a particular velocity are selected. Spallation sources have been developed that can create a rapid pulse of neutrons. The pulse contains neutrons of many different velocities or de Broglie wavelengths, but separate velocities of the scattered neutrons can be determined afterwards by measuring the time of flight of the neutrons between the sample and neutron detector.

Magnetic scattering
The neutron has a net electric charge of zero, but has a significant magnetic moment, although only about 0.1% of that of the electron. Nevertheless, it is large enough to scatter from local magnetic fields inside condensed matter, providing a weakly interacting and hence penetrating probe of ordered magnetic structures and electron spin fluctuations.

Inelastic neutron scattering
Inelastic neutron scattering is an experimental technique commonly used in condensed matter research to study atomic and molecular motion as well as magnetic and crystal field excitations. It distinguishes itself from other neutron scattering techniques by resolving the change in kinetic energy that occurs when the collision between neutrons and the sample is an inelastic one. Results are generally communicated as the dynamic structure factor (also called inelastic scattering law) $$S(\mathbf{Q},\omega)$$, sometimes also as the dynamic susceptibility $$ \chi^{\prime \prime}(\mathbf{Q},\omega)$$ where the scattering vector $$\mathbf{Q}$$ is the difference between incoming and outgoing wave vector, and $$\hbar \omega$$ is the energy change experienced by the sample (negative that of the scattered neutron). When results are plotted as function of $$\omega$$, they can often be interpreted in the same way as spectra obtained by conventional spectroscopic techniques; insofar as inelastic neutron scattering can be seen as a special spectroscopy.

Inelastic scattering experiments normally require a monochromatization of the incident or outgoing beam and an energy analysis of the scattered neutrons. This can be done either through time-of-flight techniques (neutron time-of-flight scattering) or through Bragg reflection from single crystals (neutron triple-axis spectroscopy, neutron backscattering). Monochromatization is not needed in echo techniques (neutron spin echo, neutron resonance spin echo), which use the quantum mechanical phase of the neutrons in addition to their amplitudes.

History
The first neutron diffraction experiments were performed in the 1930s. However it was not until around 1945, with the advent of nuclear reactors, that high neutron fluxes became possible, leading to the possibility of in-depth structure investigations. The first neutron-scattering instruments were installed in beam tubes at multi-purpose research reactors. In the 1960s, high-flux reactors were built that were optimized for beam-tube experiments. The development culminated in the high-flux reactor of the Institut Laue-Langevin (in operation since 1972) that achieved the highest neutron flux to this date. Besides a few high-flux sources, there were some twenty medium-flux reactor sources at universities and other research institutes. Starting in the 1980s, many of these medium-flux sources were shut down, and research concentrated at a few world-leading high-flux sources.

Facilities
Today, most neutron scattering experiments are performed by research scientists who apply for beamtime at neutron sources through a formal proposal procedure. Because of the low count rates involved in neutron scattering experiments, relatively long periods of beam time (on the order of days) are usually required for usable data sets. Proposals are assessed for feasibility and scientific interest.

Techniques

 * Neutron diffraction
 * Small angle neutron scattering
 * Spin Echo Small angle neutron scattering
 * Neutron reflectometry
 * Inelastic neutron scattering
 * Neutron triple-axis spectrometry
 * Neutron time-of-flight scattering
 * Neutron backscattering
 * Neutron spin echo

title: Neutron scattering


text:
Walter B. Gibson

Walter Brown Gibson (September 12, 1897 – December 6, 1985) was an American writer and professional magician, best known for his work on the pulp fiction character The Shadow. Gibson, under the pen-name Maxwell Grant, wrote "more than 300 novel-length" Shadow stories, writing up to "10,000 words a day" to satisfy public demand during the character's golden age in the 1930s and 1940s. He authored several novels in the Biff Brewster juvenile series of the 1960s. He was married to Litzka R. Gibson, also a writer, and the couple lived in New York state.

Early life
Walter Brown Gibson was born on September 12, 1897, in the Germantown neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Alfred Cornelius Gibson (1849–1931) and May Morrell Whidden Gibson (1863–1941).

Gibson was graduated from Colgate University in 1920 where he was a brother of Delta Kappa Epsilon, and began working "for newspapers in his native Philadelphia as a reporter and crossword-puzzle writer," specifically for The North American, and later The Evening Ledger. In 1923–1924, he provided illustrated single-page articles for Science and Invention magazine describing various tricks and puzzles. In 1928 Gibson was asked by Macfadden Publications to edit True Strange Stories; he did, for a time, identified as Walter Scofield, commuting back and forth to New York. In 1931, after submitting some crime stories for Detective Story Magazine, he was asked by publishers Street & Smith to produce the first print adventure of The Shadow, who at that stage was merely a voice, the mysterious narrator of the Street & Smith-sponsored Detective Stories radio drama. It was Gibson who created all the mythos and characterization of The Shadow, including his alter ego of wealthy playboy Lamont Cranston.

The Shadow
The popularity of the radio show's narrator inspired the show's sponsors (Street & Smith) to translate the character into print, and Gibson was duly asked to produce 75,000 words for the first quarterly issue of The Shadow pulp magazine. This first Shadow story was published on April 1, 1931, just nine months after the character's appearance on the airwaves. Six months later, The Shadow was headlining a new radio show, and his pulp adventures—written by Gibson under the house pseudonym Maxwell Grant—were going from strength to strength; launched as a quarterly publication, "within months, the magazine was on a twice-monthly schedule," causing Gibson to produce the equivalent of 24 novels per year. Described as a "compulsive writer," Gibson is estimated to have written, at his peak output, 1,680,000 words a year and at least 283 of the 336 Shadow novels. Gibson ultimately contributed more than 15,000,000 words towards Shadow publications.

As the Shadow character spun off into a daily syndicated comic strip, monthly comic books, movies and parlor games, Gibson went with him, scripting many of those comic book stories and the syndicated newspaper daily, as well as serving as consultant on the very popular Sunday night radio show.

Gibson is recognized as the creator of much of The Shadow's mythos, although his tales often conflict with the better-known radio show version. For example, Gibson's Shadow is, in reality, Kent Allard, a former World War I aviator, who sometimes posed as playboy Lamont Cranston. On the radio show, The Shadow was Cranston, a "wealthy young man about town." Similarly, Shadow companion Margo Lane arose not from the pulp novels but from the radio program; she was added to offer a contrasting female voice to the show's audience. In 1941 Gibson grudgingly added Margo Lane to the pulp stories, and even hinted at her having a power of invisibility.

Magic, non-fiction, and other works
Gibson wrote more than a hundred books on magic, psychic phenomena, true crime, mysteries, rope knots, yoga, hypnotism, and games. He served as a ghost writer for books on magic and spiritualism by Harry Houdini, Howard Thurston, Harry Blackstone, Sr., and Joseph Dunninger. Gibson wrote the comic books and radio drama Blackstone, the Magic Detective. starring a fictionalized version of Harry Blackstone. Gibson introduced the "Chinese linking rings" trick in America, and invented the "Nickels to Dimes" trick that is still sold in magic stores to this day. He "wrote extensively on Houdini and his escape tricks and sleight-of-hand," and became involved after Houdini's death with Houdini seances. Houdini was known as much for his investigations into – and exposure of – false mediums, and after his death, his wife Bess held seances for ten years in an attempt to contact the deceased magician. She then passed this role on to Gibson, who for many years helped preside over the Houdini Seances in the 1970s and 1980s at New York's Magic Towne House with such well-known magicians as Milbourne Christopher, Dorothy Dietrich, Bobby Baxter, and Dick Brooks. Before Gibson died, he passed on the responsibility of doing the Houdini Seances to Dorothy Dietrich of the Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania.

Under the pen name Andy Adams, Gibson is credited with writing at least five of the twelve novels in the Biff Brewster juvenile adventure and mystery series for adolescent boys: Brazilian Gold Mine Mystery, Mystery of the Mexican Treasure, Mystery of the Ambush in India, Egyptian Scarab Mystery, and Mystery of the Alpine Pass.

In the 1920s, Gibson wrote two books on numerology for the publisher George Sully & Co. With his wife Litzka R. Gibson (née Gonser ), he co-wrote The Complete Illustrated Book of the Psychic Sciences (Doubleday, 1966), a 404-page book which explains how to practice many popular forms of divination and fortune-telling, including astrology, tasseography, graphology, and numerology. Litzka wrote her own books on topics as diverse as palmistry, dancing, and personal hygiene, sometimes under the pen-name Leona Lehman.

Gibson wrote a Batman prose story which appeared in Detective Comics #500 (March 1981) and was drawn by Thomas Yeates.

Gibson also ghosted the novelization of the Preston Sturges screenplay The Sin of Harold Diddlebock under the by-line of popular humorist Harry Hershfield. Hershfield had been commissioned to write the novel, but stalled out in the first chapter. Gibson was engaged to write it in his stead, and the adaptive prose is actually his, from start to finish.

Appearances and tributes in fiction
He is a featured character in the Paul Malmont novel The Chinatown Death Cloud Peril, which was published by Simon & Schuster in 2006, and in the sequel The Astounding, the Amazing, and the Unknown (Simon & Schuster 2011). In addition, Gibson is the protagonist, along with actor Orson Welles, in a historical mystery by Max Allan Collins, The War of the Worlds Murder, published by Berkley Books in 2005.

In the Dynamite Entertainment miniseries "The Shadow: Year One" by Matt Wagner, a reporter appears on more than one occasion throughout the story's progress, investigating most of the appearances of The Shadow and its connection with Lamont Cranston (Allard, who had in fact changed his identity with Cranston's). At the end of the story we are shown that the reporter is called Maxwell Grant. Although it is not an appearance of Gibson as such, it is indeed a reference and tribute to his work in the novels when Grant talks of trying to document part of the adventures of The Shadow.

While not appearing directly, in P. N. Elrod's Bloodlist, Jack Fleming mentions that he knows the author of the Shadow Magazine, and when he comes across a mobster guard reading "Terror Island" thinks to himself that he'll "have to write to Walter and tell him about his mobster fan."

title: Walter B. Gibson


text:
1870 Manitoba general election

The 1870 Manitoba general election held on December 27, 1870, resulted in a victory for Lieutenant Governor Adams George Archibald's governing coalition. Archibald had previously been appointed as the province's Lieutenant Governor by George-Étienne Cartier, and promoted a model of "consensus government," which included members of the province's different ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups.

The only organized opposition in the province was the Canadian Party of John Christian Schultz, which demanded swifter retribution against the leaders of Louis Riel's Red River Rebellion. Archibald's coalition won 17 seats, Schultz's party only 5. There were also two Independent MLAs: Thomas Bunn (who seems to have tacitly supported Archibald) and George Klyne (who does not appear to have played a major role in parliament). Edward Hay subsequently became Leader of the Opposition.

Formal party politics had not yet arrived in Manitoba, although some candidates were associated with the Liberal and Conservative parties at the national level.

Riding results
Baie St. Paul:

 * Joseph Dubuc (Government/C) accl.

Headingly:

 * John Taylor (Opposition) 32
 * James Cunningham (Government) 31

High Bluff:

 * John Norquay (Government) accl.

Kildonan:

 * John Sutherland (Opposition) 38
 * Donald Matheson (Government) 31

Lake Manitoba:

 * Angus McKay (Government) accl.

Poplar Point:

 * David Spence (Government) 26
 * D. Cook 18
 * George Gunn (Government) 14

Portage la Prairie:

 * Frederick Bird (Opposition) 37
 * John Setter (Government) 36
 * William Garriock 3

Ste. Agathe:

 * George Klyne 19
 * Alexander Morin 14

St. Andrews North:

 * Alfred Boyd (Government) 58
 * Donald Gunn (Government) 28

St. Andrews South:

 * Edward Hay (Opposition/L) 38
 * Thomas Sinclair (Government) 28
 * John Gunn (Government) 20

Ste. Anne:

 * John McTavish (Government/C) accl.

St. Boniface East:

 * Marc-Amable Girard (Government/C) accl.

St. Boniface West:

 * Louis Schmidt (Government/C) accl.

St. Charles:

 * Henry Joseph Clarke (Government/C) accl.

St. Clements:

 * Thomas Bunn (Independent/probably Government) 39
 * Charles Begg 32

St. Francois Xavier East:

 * Pascal Breland (Government) 31
 * John Bruce 18

St. Francois Xavier West:

 * Joseph Royal (Government/C) accl.

St. James:

 * Edwin Bourke (Opposition) 35
 * Molyneaux St. John (Government) 21

St. Norbert North:

 * Joseph Lemay (Government) 35
 * Joseph Geuton 9

St. Norbert South:

 * Pierre Delorme (Government/C) 50
 * Joseph Hamelin 22

St. Pauls:

 * Curtis Bird (Government) 38
 * Hugh Pritchard 37

St. Peters:

 * Thomas Howard (Government/C) 75
 * Joseph Monkman 11

St. Vital:

 * André Beauchemin (Government) accl.

[Note: Louis Riel had been requested to run here; he declined.]

Winnipeg and St. John:

 * Donald Alexander Smith (Government/C) 70
 * John Christian Schultz (Opposition) 63

post-election changes:

On March 30, 1871, John Taylor's victory in Headingly was overturned and James Cunningham was declared elected. One of Taylor's votes had been cast too late; the tie-breaking vote was also disqualified.

Winnipeg and St. John (res. Donald Alexander Smith, January 1874), April 1874:

 * Robert A. Davis (Opposition) 112
 * Alex McMicken 66

The government was dominated by the Lieutenant Governors (Archibald and his successor, Alexander Morris) until July 1874, when Joseph Dubuc's francophone bloc joined forces with the Opposition members to bring down the government. Marc-Amable Girard then served as Premier from July to November 1874, at which time he was replaced by Robert A. Davis.

title: 1870 Manitoba general election


text:
Nicky

Nicky is a diminutive form of the name Nicholas, Nicola and Nicole, occasionally used as a given name in its own right. Sometimes it is spelled as Nikki. It can also be used as a diminutive of Dominic. It may refer to:

Sports

 * Nicky Adams (born 1986), English-born Welsh footballer
 * Nicky Boje (born 1973), South African cricketer
 * Nicky Butt (born 1975), English former footballer
 * Nicky Forster (born 1973), English football manager and former player
 * Nicky Grist (born 1961), Welsh former rally co-driver
 * Nicky Hayden (1981–2017), American motorcycle racer
 * Nicholas Latifi (born 1995), Canadian former racing driver, also known by his nickname Nicky
 * Nicky Law (footballer born 1961), English football manager and former player
 * Nicky Law (footballer born 1988), English midfielder; son of the above
 * Nicky Little (born 1976), New Zealand rugby union footballer
 * Nicky Maynard (born 1986), English footballer
 * Nicky Rackard (1922–1976), Irish hurler
 * Nicky Robinson (rugby union) (born 1982), Welsh rugby union footballer
 * Nicky Shorey (born 1981), English footballer
 * Nicky Summerbee (born 1971), English former footballer
 * Nicky Weaver (born 1979), English football goalkeeper
 * Nicky Winmar (born 1965), former Australian rules footballer
 * Dolph Ziggler (born 1980), American professional wrestler and comedian, also known by his ring name Nicky

Music

 * Nicky Astria (born 1967), Indonesian rock singer
 * Nicky da B (1990–2014), American rapper specializing in the regional genre of bounce music
 * Nicky Byrne (born 1978), singer and member of Irish pop group Westlife
 * Nicky Chinn (born 1945), British songwriter and record producer
 * Nicky Hopkins (1944–1994), English pianist and organist
 * Nicky Jam (born 1980), stage name of reggaeton artist Nick Rivera Caminero
 * Nicky Mehta, Canadian singer and songwriter
 * Nicky Nola (born 1985), Ugandan singer and dancer
 * Nicky Romero (born 1989), Dutch DJ and record producer
 * Nicky Ryan (born 1949), Irish music producer, recording engineer and manager
 * Nicky Thomas (1949–1990), Jamaican reggae singer
 * Nicky Wire (born 1969), Welsh lyricist, bassist and occasional vocalist

Other

 * Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (1868–1918), called "Nicky" by Kaiser Wilhelm II and King George V
 * Nicky Arnstein (1879–1965), American professional gambler and con artist, best known as the second husband of Fanny Brice
 * Nicky Best, British statistician
 * Nicky Campbell (born 1961), Scottish radio and television presenter and journalist
 * Nicky Case (born 1994), Canadian game developer
 * Nicky Cruz (born 1938), Christian evangelist and former gang leader
 * Nicky Gavron (born 1941), British politician, Deputy Mayor of London (2000-2003, 2004-2008), and member of the London Assembly
 * Nicky Gumbel (born 1955), Anglican priest and author
 * Nicky Henson (1945–2019), English actor
 * Conrad Hilton, Jr. (1926–1969), American socialite and businessman; grand-uncle of Nicky Hilton
 * Nicky Hilton (born 1983), American socialite, heiress and fashion designer, sister of Paris Hilton
 * Nicky Katt (born 1970), American actor
 * Nicky Jones (born 1996), American kid actor
 * Nicky Morgan (born 1972), British Member of Parliament (MP), former Education Secretary (2014–2016)
 * Nicky Verstappen (1987–1998), Dutch homicide victim

Fictional characters

 * Nicky, hero of the film Little Nicky, played by Adam Sandler
 * Nicky (Avenue Q), in the Broadway musical Avenue Q
 * Nick Tilsley, originally called Nicky, in the soap opera Coronation Street
 * The title character of the movie Nicky Deuce
 * Nicky Katsopolis, a character from Full House
 * Nicky Pearson, a character on This Is Us
 * Nicky Spurgeon, a character from Focus, played by Will Smith
 * Nicky, a character in the Geronimo Stilton book series
 * Nicky Harper, one of four title characters on the television series Nicky, Ricky, Dicky and Dawn

title: Nicky


text:
Talk:14 Shades of Grey

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
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Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

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During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

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title: Talk:14 Shades of Grey


text: Category:Princes of Liechtenstein

title: Category:Princes of Liechtenstein


text:
List of fleet and grand admirals

The following list of fleet and grand admirals is a summary of those individuals who have held the rank of fleet admiral, or its equivalent, as the senior officers of their countries' navies.

Austria-Hungary

 * 1911 – Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria (1860–1933)
 * 5 May 1916 – Anton Haus (1851–1917)
 * 9 October 1916 – Prinz Heinrich of Prussia (1862–1929)
 * 1 November 1916 – Charles I of Austria (1887–1922)
 * 22 February 1917 – Emperor William II of Germany (1859–1941)

China

 * Zheng He (1371–1433)
 * Shi Lang (1621–1696)
 * Chen Shaokuan (1889-1969)
 * Xiao Jingguang (1903–1989)

Croatia

 * March 1996 – Sveto Letica (1926–2001)

Egypt

 * King Fuad I (1868–1936)
 * King Farouk (1920–1965)
 * 26 July 1952 – King Fuad II (born 1952)

France

 * 1340 – Hugues Quiéret (1290–1340)
 * 1341 – Luis de la Cerda (1291–1348)
 * 1373 – Jean de Vienne (1341–1396)
 * 1421 – Louis de Culant (1360–1444)
 * 1437 – André de Laval-Montmorency (1408–1485)
 * 1450 – Jean V de Bueil (1406–1477)
 * 1521 – Guillaume Gouffier de Bonnivet (1488–1525)
 * 1525 – Philippe de Chabot (1492–1543)
 * 1552 – Gaspard de Coligny (1519–1572)
 * 1582 – Anne de Joyeuse (1560–1587)
 * 1587 – Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette (1554–1642)
 * 1592 – Charles de Gontaut, duc de Biron (1562–1602)
 * 1612 – Henri II de Montmorency (1595–1632)
 * 1651 – César de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme (1594–1665)
 * 1683 – Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon, Comte de Toulouse (1678–1737)
 * 1737 – Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, duc de Penthièvre (1725–1793)
 * 2 February 1805 – Joachim Murat (1767–1815)
 * 1814 – Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême (1775–1844)
 * 1831 – Laurent Truguet (1752–1839)
 * 1840 – Albin Roussin (1781–1854)
 * 1854 – Charles Baudin (1792–1854)
 * 1854 – Ferdinand Alphonse Hamelin (1796–1864)
 * 1854 – Alexandre Ferdinand Parseval-Deschenes (1790–1860)
 * 1855 – Armand Joseph Bruat (1796–1855)
 * 1860 – Prince Napoléon (1822–1891)
 * 1860 – Joseph Romain-Desfossés (1798–1864)
 * 27 January 1864 – Charles Rigault de Genouilly (1807–1873)
 * 15 November 1864 – Léonard Charner (1797–1869)
 * 20 February 1869 – François Thomas Tréhouart (1798–1873)
 * 1939 – François Darlan (1881–1942)

Germany

 * 1871 – Prince Adalbert (1811–1873)
 * 1901 – Emperor Wilhelm II (1859–1941)
 * 1901 – King Oscar II of Sweden (1829–1907)
 * 28 June 1905 – Hans von Koester (1844–1928)
 * 4 September 1909 – Prinz Heinrich of Prussia (1862–1929)
 * 27 January 1911 – Alfred von Tirpitz (1849–1930)
 * 31 May 1918 – Henning von Holtzendorff (1853–1919)
 * 1 April 1939 – Erich Raeder (1876–1960)
 * 30 January 1943 – Karl Dönitz (1891–1980)

Greece

 * WWII – King George II of Greece (1890–1947)

Iraq

 * King Faisal I (1883–1933)

Italy

 * 4 November 1924 – Conte Paolo Thaon di Revel (1859–1948)

Japan

 * 20 January 1898 – Marquis Tsugumichi Saigo (1843–1902)
 * 31 January 1906 – Sukeyuki Ito (1843–1914)
 * 31 October 1911 – Viscount Yoshika Inoue (1845–1929)
 * 21 April 1913 – Marquis Heihachiro Togo (1847–1934)
 * 7 July 1913 – Prince Takahito Arisugawa (1862–1913)
 * 26 May 1917 – Goro Ijuin (1852–1921)
 * 27 June 1922 – Prince Yorihito Higashi (1867–1922)
 * 8 January 1923 – Baron Hayao Shimamura (1858–1923)
 * 24 August 1923 – Baron Tomozaburo Kato (1861–1923)
 * 27 May 1932 – Prince Hiroyasu Fushimi (1876–1946)
 * 18 April 1943 – Isoroku Yamamoto (1884–1943)
 * 21 June 1943 – Osami Nagano (1880–1947)
 * 31 May 1944 – Mineichi Koga (1885–1944)

Korea

 * Yi Sunsin (1545–1598)

Ottoman Empire

 * List of Ottoman Kapudan Pashas

Peru

 * 1967 – Miguel Grau Seminario (1834–1879) (posthumous)

Prussia

 * Prince Adalbert (1811–1873)

Russian Empire

 * 1708 – General-Admiral Count Fyodor Apraksin (1661–1728)
 * 1727 – Admiral Generalissimus Prince Alexander Menshikov (1673–1729)
 * 1740 – General-Admiral Count Andrei Osterman (1686–1747)
 * 1756 – General-Admiral Prince Mikhail Golitsyn (1681–1764)
 * 1762 – General-Admiral Tsar Paul I (1754–1801)
 * 1784 – General-Field marshal Prince Grigori Potemkin (1739–1791)
 * 1796 – Navy General-Field marshal Count Ivan Chernyshyov (1726–1797)
 * 1831 – General-Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia (1827–1892)
 * 1883 – General-Admiral Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich (1850–1908)

Admirals of the fleet

 * 1996 – Felix Gromov (1937-2021)
 * 2000 – Vladimir Kuroyedov (born 1944)
 * 2005 – Vladimir Masorin (born 1947)

Admirals of the fleet

 * 31 May 1944 – Nikolai Kuznetsov (1902–1974) (demoted to rear admiral 3 February 1948, promoted to vice admiral 27 January 1951, reinstated 11 May 1953)
 * 31 May 1944 – Ivan Isakov (1894–1967)
 * 18 June 1962 – Vladimir Kasatonov (1910–1989)
 * 28 April 1967 – Sergey Gorshkov (1910–1988)
 * 30 April 1970 – Nikolai Sergeyev (1909–1999)
 * 28 July 1970 – Semyon Lobov (1913–1977)
 * 1973 – Georgiy Yegorov (1918–2008)
 * 5 November 1973 – Nikolai Smirnov (1917–1992)
 * 16 February 1982 – Alexei Sorokin (1922–2020)
 * 5 November 1983 – Vladimir Chernavin (1928-2023)
 * 4 November 1988 – Ivan Kapitanets (1928–2018)
 * 4 November 1989 – Konstantin Makarov (1931–2011)

Admirals of the Fleet of the Soviet Union

 * 03 March 1955 – Nikolai Kuznetsov (1902–1974) (demoted to vice admiral 17 February 1956, reinstated posthumously 26 July 1988)
 * 03 March 1955 – Ivan Isakov (1894–1967)
 * 28 October 1967 – Sergey Gorshkov (1910–1988)

Sri Lanka

 * Wasantha Karannagoda (born 1952) (Honorary rank)

Sweden

 * King Charles XIII (1748–1818)
 * King Oscar I (1799–1859)
 * King Oscar II (1829–1907)

Thailand

 * 1910 – Prince Bhanurangsi Savangwongse (1859–1928) (Honorary rank)
 * 1917 – Prince Paribatra Sukhumbandhu (1881–1944)
 * 1941 – Plaek Phibunsongkhram (1897–1964) (Honorary rank)
 * 1956 – Prayoon Yuthasastrkosol (1905–1957)
 * 1959 – Sarit Thanarat (1908–1963) (Honorary rank)
 * 1964 – Thanom Kittikachorn (1911–2004) (Honorary rank)
 * 1973 – Praphas Charusathien (1912–1997) (Honorary rank)
 * 1992 – Queen Sirikit (born 1932) (Honorary rank)
 * 1998 – Prince Mahidol Adulyadej (1892–1929) (Honorary rank awarded posthumously, previously served in the Royal Thai Navy as a captain)

United Kingdom

 * List of British admirals of the fleet

United States

 * 24 March 1903 (retroactive to 2 March, 1899) – George Dewey (1837–1917)
 * 15 December 1944 – William D. Leahy (1875–1959)
 * 17 December 1944 – Ernest King (1878–1956)
 * 19 December 1944 – Chester W. Nimitz (1885–1966)
 * 11 December 1945 – William Halsey Jr. (1882–1959)

Yugoslavia

 * 1983 – Branko Mamula (1921–2021)

title: List of fleet and grand admirals


text:
Frosty the Snowman

"Frosty the Snowman" is a popular Christmas song written by Walter "Jack" Rollins and Steve Nelson, and first recorded by Gene Autry and the Cass County Boys in 1950 and later recorded by Jimmy Durante in that year. It was written after the success of Autry's recording of "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" the previous year. Rollins and Nelson shopped the new song to Autry, who recorded "Frosty" in search of another seasonal hit. Like "Rudolph", "Frosty" was subsequently adapted to other media including a popular television special.

Song
A group of children find a hat and place it on Frosty's head. Frosty laughs and plays with the children until the hot sun threatens to melt him. Frosty says goodbye to the children, reassuring them, "I'll be back again someday."

It is generally regarded as a Christmas song, although Christmas itself is never mentioned in the lyrics. The action supposedly takes place in White Plains, New York, or Armonk, New York; Armonk has a parade dedicated to Frosty annually.

Covers
The song was quickly covered by many artists including Jimmy Durante, Nat King Cole and Guy Lombardo. The versions by Nat King Cole and Guy Lombardo also reached the American charts. A Phil Spector-produced 1963 cover by The Ronettes is a popular version, featuring in Rolling Stone's list of "The Greatest Rock & Roll Christmas Songs".

The song has been covered as an instrumental by the Canadian Brass, with founder Charles Daellenbach taking on the persona of Frosty, and repeatedly calling "One more time!" ("You know what happens when Frosty gets 'hot'"), and then starting to collapse ("I think he's melting" -- "You know what happens when Frosty gets hot"). It was also covered by the Hampton String Quartet on their inaugural album, What if Mozart Wrote 'Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas'. It was also recorded by American Brass.

The song has also been covered (with lyrics) by the band Cocteau Twins; the cover was released on their 1993 EP Snow. It was also covered by the Jackson 5 and appears on the Jackson 5 Christmas Album.

The song was covered and released as the first single of Tarja Turunen's third Christmas album and ninth studio album, Dark Christmas.

Book
In 1950, Little Golden Books published Frosty the Snow Man as a children's book, adapted by Annie North Bedford and illustrated by Corinne Malvern.

1950 short film
In 1950, the UPA studio brought "Frosty" to life in a three-minute animated short which appears regularly on WGN-TV. This production included a bouncy, jazzy a cappella version of the song and a limited animation style reminiscent of UPA's Gerald McBoing-Boing. The short, filmed entirely in black-and-white, has been a perennial WGN-TV Christmas classic, and was broadcast on December 24 and 25, 1955, and every year since, as part of a WGN-TV children's programming retrospective, along with their two other short Christmas classics, Suzy Snowflake and Hardrock, Coco and Joe. The short had previously been telecast annually on WGN's The Bozo Show, Ray Rayner and His Friends, and Garfield Goose, along with its two other companion cartoons. The three cartoons are also a tradition on WJAC-TV in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, which not only broadcasts the cartoons on their station, but also makes them available on their website.

Adaptations
In 1969, Rankin/Bass Productions produced a 25-minute television special, Frosty the Snowman, featuring the animation of Japanese studio Mushi Production, and the voices of comedians Jimmy Durante as the narrator (who also sings a version of the song), Billy De Wolfe as Professor Hinkle and Jackie Vernon as Frosty. Paul Frees and June Foray both also voice characters including Karen and Santa Claus in this animated special produced and directed by Arthur Rankin Jr. and Jules Bass and designed by Mad artist Paul Coker. This was a story based on the discovery of Frosty the Snowman.

Three sequels followed:
 * Frosty's Winter Wonderland (1976), based upon the song "Winter Wonderland"
 * Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (1979)
 * The Legend of Frosty the Snowman (2005) Bill Fagerbakke took over as Frosty's voice after Vernon's death.

Frosty Returns (1992) is a sequel to the original song, set in a separate fictional universe from the other specials, with John Goodman as the voice of a more sardonic Frosty defending the value of snow against Mr. Twitchell (Brian Doyle-Murray), the maker of a snow-removal spray.

On July 1, 2020, a live-action film adaptation of Frosty the Snowman was announced to be in development at Warner Bros. and Stampede Ventures, with Jason Momoa voicing the titular snowman, Jon Berg and Greg Silverman producing alongside Geoff Johns, Roy Lee and Momoa, and David Berenbaum writing the screenplay. Following Ray Fisher's accusation of mistreatment on the set of Justice League, Momoa defended Fisher and claimed that the Frosty the Snowman movie announcement was made without his permission and accused Warner Bros. of releasing the story in order to distract from Fisher's comments.

title: Frosty the Snowman


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User:332211jr.

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I am a follower of Hi332211!

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Join my vandilizing club!

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BARNEY SAYS HI!!!!!!!!!!!

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title: User:332211jr.


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Talk:Aurora, Nebraska

The youth center?
Should i add the stuff about the youth center here? I live here. Im just wondering —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Masterm900 (talk • contribs) 02:17, 31 March 2007 (UTC).

 * Yes, please feel free to improve the article. —Bkell (talk) 16:57, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:37, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 5 one external links on Aurora, Nebraska. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6HQu4Spqa?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopest%2Fdata%2Fcities%2Ftotals%2F2012%2FSUB-EST2012.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html
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title: Talk:Aurora, Nebraska


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Blue Lake (Utah)

Blue Lake is a large geothermal pond located about 16 mi south of Wendover, Utah at 40.50194°N, -114.03222°W. The lake is 60 ft deep, approximately 9 acre in size and at an elevation of 4300 ft above sea level. It is located on the Utah Test and Training Range, which is controlled by the United States Air Force, but the lake and its immediate surroundings are publicly accessible wetlands that are managed by the United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The BLM permits public access and use but does not permit the erection of permanent structures.

Scuba diving
Blue Lake is a popular spot for area divers. Since its water is warm year-round and reasonably clear, the lake is heavily used on the weekends for dive training, with programs such as the University of Utah Scuba Program. Other nearby high-mountain lakes are clear but cold even in early fall; and lower, warmer lakes tend to be murky. Blue Lake's constant high-volume flow of clear springwater provides underwater visibility of up to 60 ft at (rare) times, and year-round bottom temperatures of approximately 85 F.  Surface temperatures vary from the high 60s (~20 °C) in winter to the high 70s (~25 °C) in summer.

The lake supports warm-water fish, mostly bass, tilapia, sunfish and bluegill. In addition, divers have placed objects on the bottom, such as large metal sculptures of marine animals, boats, a chair and TV set, to add interest. The bubbling thermal spring on the lake floor is also an interesting site for exploration.

Late fall or early spring provides the best overall diving conditions, since the water is clear (the summer algal bloom is absent), daytime air temperatures are somewhat mild, and the summer's insects are absent. The algal bloom can reduce underwater visibility to a meter or less. However, it is not severe enough to damage the other marine life. During the winter, the lake's water is also clear, but area temperatures make diving unpleasant.

The Utah DWR allows fishing in the lake; bass (6 fish limit), bluegill (50 fish limit), and tilapia (no limit, mandatory keep and kill). The tilapia criteria reflect the fact that this species was introduced to Blue Lake illegally, and it competes with the native game fish for habitat.

title: Blue Lake (Utah)


text: User talk:332211jr.

title: User talk:332211jr.


text:
Ultra-Humanite

Ultra-Humanite is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He first appeared as a recurring adversary of Superman, and was among the first villains faced by him. He was designed to be the polar opposite of Superman; while Superman is a hero with superhuman strength, Ultra-Humanite is a criminal mastermind who has a crippled body but a highly advanced intellect. The Ultra-Humanite served as Superman's nemesis until Alexei Luthor and his Silver Age counterpart Lex Luthor were introduced in the comics. The origins of the super-criminal known as the Ultra-Humanite are shrouded in mystery. Even he claims not to remember his true name or appearance and attributes his vast intellect and mental prowess to scientific experiments of an unknown nature.

In other media, Ultra-Humanite has appeared in Justice League, voiced by Ian Buchanan, as well as the third and final season of The CW network television series Stargirl.

Publication history
Ultra-Humanite first appeared in Action Comics #13 (June 1939) and was created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster.

Golden Age
Ultra-Humanite is described as a fiendish "mad scientist", and is paralyzed from the waist down and in need of a wheelchair. His "great goal" is the "domination of the Earth". Portrayed as nearly bald in two texts and as completely bald in two others,  he is a "mental giant" and the "head of a vast ring of evil enterprises" whose "fiery eyes burn with terrible hatred and sinister intelligence". His real name is never given, but he has been known as the Ultra-Humanite (Ultra, for short) ever since "a scientific experiment resulted in [his] possessing the most agile and learned brain on Earth!"

"--Unfortunately for mankind", proclaims the villain, "I prefer to use this great intellect for crime. My goal? DOMINATION OF THE WORLD!!"

Superman sets out to smash the so-called Cab Protective League, an underworld organization headed by a racketeer named Jackie Reynolds, which is attempting to seize control of the city's lucrative taxi trade. Reynolds' union, financed by the Ultra-Humanite, intimidates other cab drivers through violence and threats against passengers. Apprehended by Superman, Reynolds is convicted and sentenced to Sing Sing penitentiary. Reynolds escapes by using a cigarette that emits "a mysterious gas" that renders his guards unconscious. Superman tracks Reynolds to his secluded cabin hideout and is about to take him into custody when his attention is called to a second figure in the cabin, a "paralyzed cripple" whose "fiery eyes... burn with a terrible hatred and sinister intelligence": the Ultra-Humanite.

Ultra deals Superman electricity sufficient "to kill five hundred men", and Superman lapses into unconsciousness. With Superman now helpless, Reynolds and the Ultra-Humanite attempt to kill him with a buzz saw, but Superman's invulnerable skin obliterated the saw into tiny pieces. Reynolds is killed by one of the flying pieces. Ultra's henchmen set fire to the cabin and leave Superman behind to perish. The Ultra-Humanite is carried outside to a waiting aircraft. Superman regains consciousness and deliberately crashes into the plane. The Man of Steel is unable to find the Ultra-Humanite's body.

After scores of subway riders are injured in the collapse of a subway tunnel, Superman discovers that Star, Inc., the firm that built the tunnel, defrauded the city by using substandard materials. Superman pursues some of the criminals who lead him to the Ultra-Humanite. As Superman barges headlong into the shed, the villain freezes him inside a block of crystal. Superman is able to break out and stop the villain's plans.

The Ultra-Humanite tries to extort millions of dollars from a cruise line, but again is foiled by Superman even though Ultra uses a hologram of himself to escape capture.

A mysterious epidemic sweeps through the city, killing hundreds. A young scientist, Professor Henry Travers, concocts an antidote. Ultra kidnaps Travers, but he is rescued by Superman. Ultra's henchmen fire an unknown ray and knock out Superman. Ultra tries hypnotizing him by placing a helmet on his head, but Superman fakes being controlled, and when he is taken to spread the plague with a henchman, he destroys the "fantastic airship of Ultra's creation" that was spreading "cargo of Purple Death". Superman returns to Ultra's stronghold where the villain tries to blast him, but Superman places the Ultra-Humanite in front of the gun, killing him.

In the next issue, Superman learns that Ultra's assistant temporarily revived him "via adrenalin". Ultra orders his henchmen to kidnap actress Dolores Winters and transplant his brain into her body. As Dolores, the Ultra-Humanite announces her retirement from acting, and throws a retirement party on her yacht, The Sea-Serpent. When the party is in full swing, she moves the yacht out to sea, and holds the guests at gunpoint. Ultra announces via ship's radio that she is holding the celebrities captive for $5 million. Dolores places helmets on the heads of the captives, wired to a control board where she can electrocute them. Despite receiving the ransom money, she still decides to kill the captives. Superman throws a huge stalagmite into the switchboard, breaking the electrical connection, and tries to capture Dolores. She waves a lighted torch in front of the captives and Superman, seeing the mad look in her eyes, realizes she is Ultra. After Superman extinguishes the torch, Dolores dives into the water and escapes.

Soon after, the Ultra-Humanite reads of the discovery of an atomic weapon created by physicist Terry Curtis. As Dolores, the villain seduces and kidnaps the scientist. After extended torture, Curtis agrees to help the Ultra-Humanite build an atomic arsenal. The Ultra-Humanite tells the city she wants $2 million or she will destroy every building and life in the city. As a demonstration, she promises to destroy the Wentworth Tower that afternoon. When an airship attacks the Tower, Superman holds the Tower up long enough to let the spectators escape. Superman destroys the disintegrator and follows the plane to the criminal lair, which is a city inside a volcano, and defeats the robot guards. Inside, the villain threatens to destroy Metropolis if Superman moves closer. In exchange for the release of Curtis, the Ultra-Humanite sends Superman to steal crown jewels, expecting him to be destroyed by the guards as she alerts them. Superman is able to battle past the guards and get the jewels. When Superman returns with the jewels, the Ultra-Humanite sends diamond drills at Superman, but Superman breaks past them. Curtis stops Ultra from pulling the lever that will destroy the city. Superman then disintegrates the photoelectric cell connections. Confronted again with her ultimate foe, the Ultra-Humanite dives to her apparent doom in the volcano's crater.

The Ultra-Humanite made his last Superman appearance in Action Comics #21 (1940), where he apparently dies, and made no further comic book appearances for several decades. He was subsequently replaced as Superman's archvillan by Lex Luthor who would be introduced in Action Comics #23 (1940).

Silver Age and the Multiverse
With the introduction of DC's multiverse system, the continuity of Golden Age Superman stories and the Ultra-Humanite were retroactively placed on Earth-Two, the Earth of DC's Golden Age characters. The Ultra-Humanite was reintroduced during the Silver Age as a recurring villain in the "Mr. and Mrs. Superman" feature in the Superman Family anthology comic. The feature consists of stories about the early years of the marriage between the Earth-Two Superman and Lois Lane. These stories feature a number of Golden Age Superman villains of which the Ultra-Humanite is the most prominent.

In the annual JLA/JSA teamup in Justice League of America #195-197 (1981), the Ultra-Humanite transfers his consciousness to an albino gorilla body and becomes a major super-villain on Earth-Two. In one instance, he recruited Brain Wave, Monocle, Rag Doll, Psycho-Pirate, Mist, and four villains from Earth-1 (Plant Master, Signalman, Cheetah, and Killer Frost) into a new Secret Society of Super Villains. Afterwards, the Ultra-Humanite regularly appears in DC Comics titles, opposing the All-Star Squadron in the 1940s, and the Justice Society of America and Infinity, Inc. in the decades since World War II.

Post-Crisis
After the 1985-86 limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths, Superman's history was rewritten in The Man of Steel miniseries, and the Earth-Two Superman was removed from continuity. The Ultra-Humanite was excluded from Superman's reboot, and his post-Crisis history remained tied to the 1940s and to the Justice Society of America and All-Star Squadron. Previous appearances of the Ultra-Humanite fighting Golden Age Superman in the 1940s in Action Comics #13-21 and in All-Star Squadron were re-told for the sake of continuity (a technique known as retconning) to show him having fought other 1940s heroes.

The Ultra-Humanite's most ambitious scheme occurs in the 2002 "Stealing Thunder" story arc from JSA #32-37 where, having taken over the body of an aged Johnny Thunder, he deceives Jakeem Thunder into handing over his magical pen. With Thunderbolt's power, the Ultra-Humanite restores his body's youth, and then proceeds to take over the world. Under his rule, Earth is transformed into essentially a single mind, with nearly every metahuman becoming an extension of him. A few heroes manage to escape the control of the Ultra-Humanite: Jakeem Thunder, Captain Marvel, Hourman, the third Crimson Avenger, Power Girl, Sand, and the second Icicle. Wildcat and Hector Hall are also freed—Wildcat as an apparent side effect of his 'nine lives', and Hall so that he could summon the garb of Doctor Fate and thus provide the Ultra-Humanite with access to Nabu's power—but both are held captive by the Ultra-Humanite. After the reserve JSA are able to temporarily short out the Thunderbolt (thanks to advice from the time-displaced original Hourman), the Ultra-Humanite is seemingly killed by the Crimson Avenger (although the Icicle nearly beats her to it) as revenge for the death of the first Crimson Avenger, who died earlier in an explosion triggered by the Ultra-Humanite.

One Year Later
After the events of "Infinite Crisis", history was altered to bring Dolores Winters (now called Delores Winters) back to life via the reveal that her brain was placed in a new body after Ultra-Humanite stole her body for his own use.

The Ultra-Humanite's secret origin is revised, shedding more light on his past life as genius youth Gerard Shugel (a name derived from Superman creators Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel). He was born with both an intellect that surpassed the world's greatest minds and a degenerative disease that was slowly eating away at him. He used his intellect to find ways to keep the disease at bay, while trying to find a way to transplant his brain into a healthy body.

Working with a reckless and young Satanna, a fellow college researcher, they worked together at their brain/transplant and animal hybridization technologies. Forced to relocate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and beset by rebel forces and the military, Satanna transplanted the brain of Gerard into the altered body of an albino gorilla. They shared an intimate relationship for a while, then they parted ways for a long time, paving the way for their separate adventures as chronicled pre-OYL.

In the 2006-07 Lightning Saga crossover between Justice Society of America and Justice League of America, the untold story of how Ultra-Humanite transitioned from Delores Winter's body to his albino ape form was revealed: Per Degaton, the villainous time traveler, and a young version of Despero rescued the Delores Winters-version of Ultra-Humanite from a hospital in the year 1948. It is revealed that the Ultra-Humanite was stricken with terminal cancer and in exchange for his loyalty, Per Degaton agreed to provide a new body for the villain, in the form of a rare albino ape from the secret civilization known as Gorilla City. Christening themselves the "Time Stealers", they align themselves with Mister Mind, Rex Hunter, the mysterious Black Beetle, and the villainous father of Booster Gold in an attempt to manipulate time for their own selfish goals. Their conspiracy ultimately unravels at the hands of Booster Gold and Blue Beetle Ted Kord. In the end, Ultra-Humanite and Despero were sent back into the past after their group was defeated, while other members were returned to their previous places in time.

Ultra-Humanite is said to still be alive and well, having stolen a copy of Steve Dayton's Mento helmet.

Later, Ultra-Humanite is seen aiding the Reach in their plans to conquer Earth; he is defeated by Blue Beetle and Guy Gardner. Ultra appears in the first arc of Power Girl (vol. 2), using an anti-gravity mechanism to raise New York City into the air, holding the city hostage in exchange for being able to transfer his mind into Power Girl's body. The attempt fails, and Power Girl accidentally scars his whole body with acid burns, maiming his form permanently.

Satanna returns to New York, attempting to aid her former lover, stealing the body of the current Terra, Atlee, for Gerard's use. After a lengthy fight, Power Girl is able to retrieve Terra's brain (now in the crippled simian form of the Ultra-Humanite) and bring both of them to Strata, Atlee's advanced underground birth society, to get her friend restored to her proper body. Strata's scientists agree to clone a new, fully human body for Gerard Shugel, resembling a healthy version of his twenty-year-old human self, cured from his degenerative disease. Power Girl attempts to hire him as a scientist for her Starr Labs, and Gerard plays along by showing a fake desire of reformation.

2010s onward
When DC rebooted its continuity with The New 52 in 2011, Ultra-Humanite was reintroduced in the pages of Action Comics with a wildly different concept: a fear-feeding alien in the Phantom Zone who manages to get out and feed on the fear of Superman when he is a child. Young Clark is too strong for him, so he retreats to the Phantom Zone. During the Superman: Doomed storyline, a portal opens in Smallville allowing the Ultra-Humanite to escape. Superman is able to defeat him by filling him up with too many emotions.

Later, DC discarded most of its New 52 changes, with an initiative called DC Rebirth. All of Superman's villains and history were restored to pre-New 52 basics in a storyline called Superman Reborn. The original Ultra-Humanite subsequently appeared again, depicted as an evil genius who placed his brain into an albino gorilla. He is a member of the Secret Society of Super Villains.

In Superman & The Authority, Ultra-Humanite's canonical status as Superman's first villain returns as Brainiac supplies him with a method of Brain cloning that allows him to be in multiple places at once. Superman is forced to leave earth with the Authority While Ultra-Humanite, unconcerned with implications of Clark's journey, prepares to continue his villainous career as the arch-nemesis of Jonathan Samuel Kent.

Powers and abilities
The Ultra-Humanite possesses a super-genius intelligence, thus making him twice as smart as Luthor. He has the medical knowledge necessary to surgically transfer his brain into another body without transplant rejection, even when using variously different species. His most frequently revisited form is that of a mutated albino gorilla with immense physical attributes and psychic powers. He invented numerous advanced weapons, vehicles, and other arcane technology.

In the New 52, Ultra-Humanite is portrayed as an alien who feeds on a person's emotions. To help him do this, he can send out small tentacled creatures that overshadows his victim, as well as draining the fears out of him or her.

Tangent: Superman's Reign
An alternate Ultra-Humanite appears in issues three and four of the Tangent: Superman's Reign series. This version is a living weapon created by the Soviets that went out of control. He is allegedly destroyed in battle by the Tangent version of Superman, but is later revealed that he was preserved and reprogrammed to fight for the Tangent's Superman's cause. He is finally destroyed by the combined efforts of the Tangent Batman and New Earth Superman.

Legends of the DC Universe
The first three issues of Legends of the DC Universe feature the post-Crisis Superman. Superman is early in his career and battles a scientist named Morgan Wilde who, angered by the death of his wife, swears revenge on Luthor and gains the ability to transfer his "life essence" (called "Under-Light") as the U.L.T.R.A. Humanite.

The Golden Age
In the Elseworlds miniseries The Golden Age, the Ultra-Humanite places his brain into the body of Tex Thomson, known as the Americommando. He also arranges to place the brain of his ally Adolf Hitler into the body of Danny Dunbar, while simultaneously arranging to give Hitler (as Dunbar) super-powers.

Superman & Batman: Generations
The Ultra-Humanite is the principal villain in the John Byrne limited series Superman & Batman: Generations. He first appears in the 1939 story, but is believed to be killed when his escape rocket explodes. Decades later, it is revealed that the Humanite had his brain placed in the body of his lackey Lex Luthor and posed as Luthor for the intervening time. He then attempts to swap bodies with a then-powerless Superman, but is killed when Superman, attempting to escape, throws a metal spear into Humanite's computer, causing it to electrocute the villain.

Earth 2
A different Ultra-Humanite appears as the main villain of the "One Nation" arc of Earth 2: Society #12-16, where he is a survivor of the destroyed Earth 2 and uses the lost children of the old Earth as his personal soldiers, one of whom is John Grayson, the son of the Earth 2 Dick Grayson, aka Batman III. He is killed by Hawkgirl with the Amazonion Casket, the object he was going to use as part of his plan to take over Earth 2.

Television

 * Ultra-Humanite in his albino gorilla body appears in Justice League, voiced by Ian Buchanan. This version is a cultured and intellectual criminal with a deep love for classical music and violent hatred for most modern art. Additionally, he is more benevolent than his comics counterpart, helping heroes for his own reasons across his appearances, with one seeing him joining Lex Luthor's Injustice Gang before eventually betraying him.
 * Ultra-Humanite in his albino Tyrannosaurus body appears in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold short "The Creature Commandos in The War That Time Forgot!", voiced by Jeff Bennett. This version is a brain in a small mobile robotic jar capable of possessing anything. While assisting the Axis Powers during World War II with mind-controlled dinosaurs from Dinosaur Island, he captured Batman, but is thwarted by the Creature Commandos, forced to retreat, and cornered by other dinosaurs.
 * Ultra-Humanite in his albino gorilla body appears in Young Justice, with vocal effects provided by Dee Bradley Baker in the first season and by Greg Weisman in the third season. This version mentored Dr. Helga Jace. First appearing in the episode "Revelation" as a member of the Injustice League, the Light uses the group to throw the Justice League and the Team off their trail. As of the episode "Home Fires", Ultra-Humanite has replaced the Brain as a leading member of the Light and acquired a speaker for his harness.
 * Ultra-Humanite in his albino gorilla body appears in the third season of Stargirl, voiced by an uncredited actor. This version is an enemy of the original Justice Society of America (JSA) and an associate of Dragon King. In the present, Ultra-Humanite forms an alliance with Icicle and Dragon King before transplanting his brain into the body of Starman (portrayed by Joel McHale) to manipulate Stargirl and her JSA while Dragon King transplanted his brain into Ultra-Humanite's body for him to "defeat" as Starman alongside Icicle's son before intending to run for president as a mouthpiece for Icicle to spread his ideals. However, the JSA defeat the villains, with S.T.R.I.P.E. leaving Ultra-Humanite brain-damaged.

Video games

 * Ultra-Humanite appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by Brian Jepson.
 * Ultra-Humanite appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * Ultra-Humanite appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Travis Willingham.
 * Ultra-Humanite appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains.

Miscellaneous

 * Ultra-Humanite in his albino gorilla body appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold #3. Having taken several apes as hosts to avoid being mistaken for Lex Luthor, he attacks the U.S. President, only to be thwarted by Batman and Green Arrow.
 * Ultra-Humanite appears in Young Justice #19. It is revealed that this version was originally an old woman who had her brain transplanted into an albino gorilla.

Merchandise

 * Ultra-Humanite received a figure in Mattel's Justice League Unlimited toyline.
 * Ultra-Humanite served as the Collect and Connect figure for the fourteenth wave of the DC Universe Classics line.

title: Ultra-Humanite


text:
Namesys

Namesys was a California corporation responsible for the design and implementation of the ReiserFS and Reiser4 filesystems. It has been inactive since late 2007 and,, is listed with the State of California with a status of "Suspended". Owned by Hans Reiser, Namesys was based in Oakland, California and also operated in Russia. The company also provided support for Linux systems.

The future of the company fell into doubt after Reiser was found guilty of murder and announced plans to sell the company to pay for his legal defense. Their website has not been accessible since November 2007. Edward Shishkin, a Namesys employee, was quoted in a January 2008 CNET article as saying that "commercial activity of Namesys has stopped".

title: Namesys