text:
User:Sunborn/proto-religions

A page in my namespace for use of cateloging small religions Really see List of religions that page is my baby and this is just an organization for canidates for addition to that page

Unusual churches
http://unusualchurches.blogspot.com/
 * 1) Church of Craft
 * 2) Virtual Church of the Blind Chihuahua
 * 3) Church of the Interactive Network
 * 4) Church of Bullshitology
 * 5) Church of Volkswagenism
 * 6) First Church of Elvis the Divine
 * 7) Church of the Lambchop Almighty
 * 8) Church of Now
 * 9) Church of Tetris
 * 10) Church of the Gerbil
 * 11) Church of the Apathetic Agnostic
 * 12) First Church of Dan Aykroyd
 * 13) Church of the Grey
 * 14) Church of Stop Shopping
 * 15) Church of the Spiral Tree
 * 16) Church of Mez
 * 17) Holy Church of IP
 * 18) First Church of the Last Laugh
 * 19) Temple of George W. Bush
 * 20) Potato God Worship Center
 * 21) Church of Johnson
 * 22) Church of the Beholder
 * 23) Abston Church of Christ
 * 24) Church of Frag
 * 25) Church of Buffett, Orthodox
 * 26) First Church of Simba
 * 27) Church of the Heavenly Wood
 * 28) First Church of Pac-Man
 * 29) Church of the Universe
 * 30) Church of God Anonymous
 * 31) Church of the Open Heart
 * 32) First Church of Jesus Christ, Elvis
 * 33) Holy Church of Moo
 * 34) Church of Magick
 * 35) Church of Tina Chopp
 * 36) 24 Hour Church of Elvis
 * 37) Church of the Swimming Elephant
 * 38) First Church of Tiger Woods
 * 39) Church of Reality
 * 40) Church of SpongeBob Squarepants
 * 41) First Church of Shatnerology
 * 42) Church and School of Wicca
 * 43) Church of the Almighty Dollar
 * 44) Church of Light
 * 45) Church of the Quivering Otter
 * 46) North Texas Church of Freethought
 * 47) Church of Reason
 * 48) Church of Body Modification
 * 49) Internet Church of God
 * 50) Church of the Great Charismatic Pineapple
 * 51) First Electronic Church of America
 * 52) Eclectic Movement for Inri Cristo
 * 53) Church of NO MA'AM
 * 54) Church of Gnostic Luminism
 * 55) Church of O
 * 56) Church of Ben
 * 57) Church of the East
 * 58) Church of Betty
 * 59) First Satanglican Church of Wendall Corners
 * 60) Church of the Avocado
 * 61) Church of Fear
 * 62) Church of Transport Tycoon
 * 63) Church of Perfect Liberty
 * 64) Amsterdam Cannabis Ministry
 * 65) Church of Hed
 * 66) Church of Mary
 * 67) Church of Saturday Night Live
 * 68) Church of Zen Fatalism
 * 69) Church of Monday Night Football
 * 70) Church of Darwin
 * 71) Wiccan Church of Canada
 * 72) Church of the Blinding White Light of Stupidity
 * 73) Church of Spock of Latter-Day Science Officers
 * 74) Church of Our Lady of Malted Barley and Hops
 * 75) Church of the Profit$
 * 76) Church of the Meta-Seed
 * 77) Church of j35u5 chr15t
 * 78) Church of Christ Ad Exchange
 * 79) Church of the Covered Dish
 * 80) Cult of Vi
 * 81) First Church of Cyberspace
 * 82) Peyote Way Church
 * 83) Cult of the Flaky Hardware
 * 84) Church of the Living Tree
 * 85) Cult of the Almighty Dave
 * 86) Cult of Distraction
 * 87) Wonderfully Absurd Temple
 * 88) Temple of Black Jesus
 * 89) Beer Church
 * 90) Agnostic Church
 * 91) Inflatable Church
 * 92) Jenny's Jesus Club
 * 93) Church of Hot Air
 * 94) First Church of Plank
 * 95) Church of the Rotate Your Envelope Stock
 * 96) Church of Nothing At All
 * 97) Kick Ass Post Apocalyptic Doomsday Cult of Love
 * 98) Church of Secularistic Holidayism
 * 99) Church of Greenspan
 * 100) Unreality Cult
 * 101) Church of Daler Mehndi
 * 102) Holy Order of Sockism
 * 103) Temple of the Invisible Pink Unicorn
 * 104) Kedonald
 * 105) Church of the Fishermen
 * 106) The True Religion
 * 107) Church of the Fisher Price Record Player
 * 108) First Church of Wintermute
 * 109) Church of Spork
 * 110) Cult of Bob
 * 111) Temple of the Spinning Shaggy
 * 112) Church of NOJ
 * 113) Cult of Steve
 * 114) Church of Jeff Scholey
 * 115) Kababism
 * 116) First Church of the Sarian Way Reformed
 * 117) SuperChurch
 * 118) Partridge Family Temple
 * 119) Cult of the Dead Milkmen
 * 120) Church of the Future
 * 121) First Internet McChurch Tabernacle
 * 122) Cult of Scalia
 * 123) Church of the Empty Bottle
 * 124) Cult of Cod
 * 125) First Church of the Grey Goo
 * 126) First Church of the Easily Amused
 * 127) Temple of Belch
 * 128) Church of the Dome
 * 129) Andersianism
 * 130) Clown Ministry
 * 131) First Church of Smeg
 * 132) First Church of the Living Dead
 * 133) ChurchLite - Church for the Unbeliever
 * 134) First Church of Holy Rock and Roll
 * 135) Restored Church of the Star Goat
 * 136) Church of the Rain Forest
 * 137) Cult of the Great Serpent
 * 138) Wallism
 * 139) First Church of Chumbawamba
 * 140) Techanism
 * 141) Chapel of the Snoring Possum
 * 142) Church of Mockery
 * 143) Church of Universal Eclectic Wicca
 * 144) Church of the Jelly Bean
 * 145) United Deist Community
 * 146) Psycult
 * 147) Church of Fandel
 * 148) Church of Rabin and Peace
 * 149) Church of Miho
 * 150) Church of John Coltrane
 * 151) Cult of Macintosh
 * 152) Virtual Church
 * 153) Cult of the Cat
 * 154) Church of Girl V4.0
 * 155) Cult of Uranus
 * 156) Jeez fer Joozis
 * 157) Cult of Da Man
 * 158) Cult of Free Inquiry
 * 159) First Church of Common Sense
 * 160) Church of Tiamat
 * 161) First Church of the Synthetic Christ
 * 162) Church of the Almighty Kiwi
 * 163) First Church of Lindy Hop
 * 164) First Church of Kurt the Redeemer
 * 165) First Church of Appliantology
 * 166) First Church of Senior Lab/Grand Lord PSI
 * 167) Charlie the Hamster Evangelistic Ministry
 * 168) Ministry of Hubert the Invisible Beaver
 * 169) First Church of Generic Beliefs
 * 170) Church Of Pennywise
 * 171) Church and School of Wicca
 * 172) Church of Ancient Ways
 * 173) Church of Buddy Christ
 * 174) Church of the Customer
 * 175) Church of Ryouga
 * 176) Church of Critical Thinking
 * 177) Church of Amiga
 * 178) Church of Sardior
 * 179) North Texas Church of Freethought
 * 180) Church of Telatium
 * 181) Church of Apatheism
 * 182) Temple of the Sacred Cat
 * 183) Church of Apeiron
 * 184) Thee Church ov MOO
 * 185) Church of Iron Oak
 * 186) First Church of Satan
 * 187) Church of the Larger Fellowship
 * 188) Atheists for Jesus
 * 189) Universal Church of Google
 * 190) Ministry of Charles and Paula Slagle
 * 191) Church of Saget
 * 192) Church of Hank
 * 193) Hair Religion
 * 194) Cutting Edge Ministries
 * 195) Church of Endora
 * 196) Church of Ed Wood
 * 197) Universal Church of Cosmic Uncertainty
 * 198) Church of the Machine
 * 199) Church of Lucifer
 * 200) Temple of Godzilla
 * 201) Church of the Friendly Ghost
 * 202) Temple of the Vampire
 * 203) Church of Least Resistance

Already listed Unique religions

 * 1) Church of Emacs
 * 2) Process Church of the Final Judgment
 * 3) Church of All Worlds
 * 4) Landover Baptist Church
 * 5) Universal Life Church
 * 6) Church of the SubGenius
 * 7) Church of Satan
 * 8) Church of Virus

Moved from above because they are only Christian denominations

 * 1) St. Fechin's Independent Catholic Church
 * 2) True Christian Church of Christ
 * 3) Avalonian Catholic Church
 * 4) Apostolate of a Silent Soul
 * 5) Church of Fools

God-u-like
http://www.godulike.co.uk/az.php
 * Ananda marga movement
 * Death of God Movement
 * Guarni-Kaiowa
 * Handsome Lake Religion
 * Harris Movement
 * Human Potential Movement
 * Kabbalah
 * Kimbanguist Church
 * Kingdom Now Movement
 * Rosicrucianism
 * Sakya Tradition
 * The Template Foundation

various mythologies

 * Bantu mythology
 * Batak mythology
 * Bushman mythology
 * Dayak mythology
 * Dogon mythology
 * Ganda mythology
 * Melanesian mythology
 * Nuer mythology
 * Pueblo mythology
 * Shilluk mythology

listed

 * Akan mythology
 * Balinese mythology (aka Agama tirtha, Agama Hindu Dharma)
 * Fijian mythology
 * Yoruba mythology
 * Dinka mythology

Religious tolerance
http://www.religioustolerance.org
 * Roma Mythology
 * The Federation of Damanhur
 * The Creativity Movement (aka, World Church of the Creator)

Apologetics index
http://www.apologeticsindex.org/
 * Breatharianism (aka, Air cult)
 * Church of the American Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 * Aum Shinrikyo, (aka, Aleph, Aum Shin Rikyo)

Overview of world religions
http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/index.html
 * Santo Daime
 * Mahikari
 * Subud
 * The Compassion Society (Tz'u-hui T'ang)
 * Malê cult (Malê, Alfusás Mythology, Alfusás)
 * The Three in One Religion (San-i Chiao, Hsia Religion, Hsia Chiao)
 * Soka Gakkai

Mythologies

 * Oromo Mythology (Boorana Mythology)
 * Maasai Mythology
 * Kongo Mythology
 * Chewa Mythology
 * Nuer Mythology
 * Tswana Mythology
 * Merina Mythology
 * Kaguru Mythology
 * Bemba Mythology
 * Chamba Mythology
 * Lugbara Mythology
 * Kadiweu Mythology
 * Balinese Mythology
 * Batak Mythology
 * Bornean Mythology
 * Bugis Mythology
 * Javanese Mythology
 * Toraja Mythology
 * Acehnese Mythology
 * Mayan Mythology
 * Maori Mythology
 * Samoan Mythology
 * Tongan Mythology
 * Sioux Mythology
 * Cheyenne Mythology
 * Blackfoot Mythology
 * Navaho Mythology
 * Choctaw Mythology
 * Cherokee Mythology
 * Inuit Mythology

From other sources

 * Noahidism (aka, Noahism)
 * Prometheism
 * Order of Mars
 * Cosmosofy
 * Technosophy
 * The Church of Seven Planes
 * The Aetherius Society
 * Phineas priesthood (is this listed above?)

--User:Sunborn

title: User:Sunborn/proto-religions


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Oswald Chambers

Oswald Chambers (24 July 1874 – 15 November 1917) was an early-twentieth-century Scottish Baptist evangelist and teacher who was aligned with the Holiness Movement. He is best known for the daily devotional My Utmost for His Highest.

Youth and education
Born to devout parents in Aberdeen, Scotland, Chambers moved with his family in 1876 to Stoke-on-Trent when his father, Clarence Chambers, became Home Missions evangelist for the North Staffordshire Baptist Association, then to Perth, Scotland when his father returned to the pastorate, and finally to London in 1889, when Clarence was appointed Traveling Secretary of the Baptist Total Abstinence Association. At 16, Oswald Chambers was baptized and became a member of Rye Lane Baptist Chapel. Even as a teenager, Chambers was noted for his deep spirituality, and he participated in the evangelization of poor occupants of local lodging houses. Chambers also demonstrated gifts in both music and art.

From 1893 to 1895, Chambers studied at the National Art Training School, now the Royal College of Art and was offered a scholarship for further study, which he declined. For the next two years he continued his study of art at the University of Edinburgh while being greatly influenced by the preaching of Alexander Whyte, pastor of Free St. George's Church. While at Edinburgh, he felt called to ministry, and he left for Dunoon College, a small theological training school near Glasgow, founded by the Rev. Duncan MacGregor. Chambers was soon teaching classes at the school and took over much of the administration when MacGregor was injured in 1898.

Holiness minister
While teaching at Dunoon, Chambers was influenced by Richard Reader Harris, KC, a prominent barrister and founder of the Pentecostal League of Prayer. In 1905, Reader introduced Chambers as "a new speaker of exceptional power." Through the League, Chambers also met Juji Nakada, a Holiness evangelist from Japan, who stimulated Chambers' growing interest in world evangelism. In 1906, Nakada and Chambers sailed for Japan via the United States. In 1907, Chambers spent a semester teaching at God's Bible School, a Holiness institution in Cincinnati, then spent a few months in Japan working with Charles Cowman, a co-founder of the Oriental Missionary Society.

Arriving back in Britain by the end of the year, Chambers found the Holiness movement divided by the advocates and opponents of founding a new denomination and by supporters and detractors of the tongues movement. Chambers did not oppose glossolalia but criticized those who made it a test of the Baptism of the Holy Spirit.

Sailing back to the United States in 1908, Chambers became better acquainted with Gertrude Hobbs, the daughter of friends, whom he had known casually. They married in May 1910; and on 24 May 1913, Gertrude (whom Chambers affectionately called "Biddy") gave birth to their only child, Kathleen. Even before they married, Chambers considered a partnership in ministry in which Biddy—who could take shorthand at 250 words per minute—would transcribe and type his sermons and lessons into written form.

Bible Training College
In 1911 Chambers founded and was principal of the Bible Training College in Clapham Common, Greater London, in an "embarrassingly elegant" property that had been purchased by the Pentecostal League of Prayer. Chambers accommodated not only students of every age, education, and class but also anyone in need, believing he ought to "give to everyone who asks." "No one was ever turned away from the door and whatever the person asked for, whether money, a winter overcoat, or a meal, was given." Between 1911 and 1915, 106 resident students attended the Bible Training College, and by July 1915, forty were serving as missionaries.

YMCA chaplain
In 1915, a year after the outbreak of World War I, Chambers suspended the operation of the school and was accepted as a YMCA chaplain. He was assigned to Zeitoun, Cairo, Egypt, where he ministered to Australian and New Zealand troops, who later participated in the Battle of Gallipoli. Chambers raised the spiritual tone of a center intended by both the military and the YMCA to be simply an institution of social service providing wholesome alternatives to the brothels of Cairo. When he told a group of fellow YMCA workers that he had decided to abandon concerts and movies for Bible classes, they predicted the exodus of soldiers from his facilities. "What the skeptics had not considered was Chamber's unusual personal appeal, his gift in speaking, and his genuine concern for the men." Soon his wooden-framed "hut" was packed with hundreds of soldiers listening attentively to messages such as "What Is the Good of Prayer?" Confronted by a soldier who said, "I can't stand religious people," Chambers replied, "Neither can I." Chambers irritated his YMCA superiors by giving away refreshments that the organization believed should be sold so as not to raise expectations elsewhere. Chambers installed a contribution box but refused to ask soldiers to pay for tea and cakes.

Death and influence
Chambers was stricken with appendicitis on 17 October 1917, but resisted going to a hospital on the grounds that the beds would be needed by men wounded in the long-expected Third Battle of Gaza. On 29 October, a surgeon performed an emergency appendectomy; however, Chambers died 15 November 1917 from a pulmonary hemorrhage. He was buried in Cairo with full military honors.

Before he died, Chambers had proofread the manuscript of his first book, Baffled to Fight Better, a title he had taken from a favorite line by Robert Browning. For the remainder of her life—and at first under very straitened circumstances—Chambers' widow transcribed and published books and articles edited from the notes she had taken in shorthand during the Bible College years and at Zeitoun. Most successful of the thirty books was My Utmost for His Highest (1924), a daily devotional composed of 365 selections of Chamber's talks, each of about 500 words. The work has never been out of print and has been translated into 39 languages.

Honours
Chambers House in YMCA of Hong Kong Christian College, which was founded by YMCA of Hong Kong, was named in commemoration of Chambers.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Oswald Chambers


text:
Howard Browne

Howard Browne (April 15, 1908 – October 28, 1999) was an American science fiction editor and mystery writer. He also wrote for several television series and films. Some of his work appeared over the pseudonyms John Evans, Alexander Blade, Lawrence Chandler, Ivar Jorgensen, and Lee Francis.

Biography
Beginning in 1942, Browne worked as managing editor for Ziff Davis publications on Amazing Stories and Fantastic Adventures, both under Raymond A. Palmer's editorship. When Palmer left the magazines in 1949, Browne took over in January 1950. Browne ended the publication of Richard Shaver's Shaver Mystery and oversaw the change in Amazing from a pulp magazine to a digest. He left the magazines in 1956 to move to Hollywood.

In Hollywood, Browne wrote for television shows including Maverick ("The Seventh Hand" with James Garner and Diane Brewster among nine other episodes), Ben Casey, and The Virginian. His last credit was for the film Capone (1975), starring Ben Gazzara.

Browne's novel Thin Air was twice adapted for television. In 1975 it was used as the basis for a first-season episode of The Rockford Files titled "Sleight of Hand." In 1982 it was the basis for a second-season episode of Simon & Simon of the same name as the novel.

Works by Howard Browne

 * Warrior of the Dawn (1943)
 * Return to Liliput (1943) (as by William Brengle)
 * If You Have Tears (1947) (as by John Evans)
 * The Man from Yesterday (1948) (as by Lee Francis)
 * Forgotten Worlds (1948) (as by Lawrence Chandler)
 * The Return of Tharn (1956)
 * Thin Air (1954)
 * Pork City (1988)
 * Scotch on the Rocks (1991)
 * Murder Wears a Halo (1997)
 * Carbon-Copy Killer & Twelve Times Zero (1997)
 * Incredible Ink (1997)

Detective Paul Pine novels and stories:

 * Halo in Blood (1946) (as by John Evans)
 * Halo for Satan (1948) (as by John Evans)
 * Halo in Brass (1949) (as by John Evans)
 * The Taste of Ashes (1957)
 * The Paper Gun (1985)

title: Howard Browne


text:
Talk:Teuchter

Etymology
The etymology suggested looks very doubtful. I can't find it by googling - mind you I can't find any alternative explanation. Exile 14:21, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed. In my experience it's used to refer disparagingly to anyone from the countryside -- not just Highlanders. -- Derek Ross |  Talk 03:55, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)

 * Well, I was told this origin by Professor Ruaraidh MacThomhais, head of Celtic at Glasgow University, no less. He seemed to think it was plausible. I've added another origin (Scots teuch). I don't think google not finding it proves anything, and the SND is unclear.
 * I have to say I've never heard anyone other than a Highlander called a teuchter, but I've never stayed in Arbroath :-;. Eoghan 00:30, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I was always under the impressions that it quite simply meant 'islander' i.e. someone of from an island. Although used (incorrectly, but commonly) to mean pretty much all of the above definitions. 86.13.131.85 (talk) 18:51, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

 * People in Arbroath will generally refer to inhabitants of Forfar and Strathmore as teuchters but it's more widespread than that. I am fairly sure that Dundonians think of Fifers as teuchters, although I may be wrong. However I grew up in Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire and often heard the term used by Aberdonians referring to people from the farmland around the city, particularly in the areas around Ellon or Turriff, so I know for sure what Aberdonians mean by the term. The only place where I saw reference to Highland teuchters as opposed to the other teuchters that I knew about, was in the Angus Og strip which I occasionally read, so I would guess that the identification of teuchters with Highlanders is a Glasgow thing and related to Glasgow's northern rural hinterland being the South-western Highlands. -- Derek Ross |  Talk 14:20, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC)

 * I severely doubt the dancing theory. People say "Heuch!" (more frequently, "Heeeeuch!"), not "Teuch!".  I know because I use this myself :-)  being from Skye but mostly growing up in Aberdeenshire.  However, I've heard people refer to traditional Scottish fiddle and accordian music as "heuchter teuchter" music.  Whether "teuchter" came about as rhyming slang based on "heuchter" (from "heuch"), I do not know, as it could equally just be that "heuch" was changed to "heuchter" in this saying to make it rhyme with "teuchter".  Incidentally, I sometimes wonder if there is any connection between the Scottish "heuch" and the American "he-haw", particularly with Bluegrass and Country being descended from Celtic music.  209.130.177.141 (talk) 19:05, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Racist?
There was recently a letter in the Sunday Herald complaining about the use of the word by their diarist. I've never considered the word so, and I come from Plockton... Was there any basis to that claim, or was that guy just insane? Maccoinnich 23:30, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * Must be insanity. It's a rural/urban difference rather than a racist difference. Teuchters are generally indistinguishable from toonies until they start speaking. In Aberdeen even that may not be enough for an outsider to tell the difference. -- Derek Ross |  Talk 22:37, 2005 Jan 28 (UTC)

Other/Wrong Spelling(s)
I've added a redirect page to here from Choochter (Redirect Page [ Choochter]). I'm not sure if "Choochter" is a mispelling or alternative spelling, but for now I've redirected here as if "Teuchter" is the (only) correct spelling -- Kinger 17:50, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Source?
This article seems highly POV in my opinion. There is not one source referred to in the ENTIRE article! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 2009 92.16.18.6 (talk • contribs) 04:18, 6 January

Pronunciation incorrect?
I think the pronunciation of /ˈtʃuːxtər/ should actually be /ˈtjuːxtər/. My reasoning:

 * 1) The source given for the pronunciation is not a dictionary.
 * 2) The | entries on onelook.com for "teuchter" other than Wikipedia give /tj-/ rather than /tʃ-/ (I was not able to access Encarta to check their pronunciation).
 * 3) The /tʃ-/ pronunciation is probably a result of yod-coalescence, which means it may be non-standard.

The pronunciation needs to be checked in a reputable dictionary such as the OED.

— Paul G (talk) 10:10, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I've checked this in the OED (second edition), and it gives both pronunciations, although the /u/ is not lengthened. I'll make changes. — Paul G (talk) 09:10, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

Welsh
There is a Welsh word with a similar meaning but I can't remember how it is spelt. Does anyone know so it can be added to Wikipedia. jmb (talk) 18:35, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Wider meaning
As previous comments in this talk page have mentioned, in north east Scotland "teuchter" refers to people who are from the countryside as opposed to from the town that the user of the term is from. E.g. Aberdonians talking about those from the shire, Arbroath folk talking about Forfarians, Forfarians talking about folk from the villages. My own father, not a Highlander, was called a teuchter often in his childhood for being from a north east village! I think it would be worth mentioning this in the article, if someone is willing to compile sources for it. Dictionary of the Scots language lists "country bumpkin" as an alternate definition to "Highlander", for instance. SaoiDunNeachdain (talk) 23:16, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Teuchter


text:
HDV

HDV is a format for recording of high-definition video on DV videocassette tape. The format was originally developed by JVC and supported by Sony, Canon, and Sharp. The four companies formed the HDV Consortium in September 2003.

Conceived as an affordable high definition format for digital camcorders, HDV quickly caught on with many amateur and professional videographers due to its low cost, portability, and image quality acceptable for many professional productions.

HDV and HDV logo are trademarks of JVC and Sony.

Video and audio coding
HDV video and audio are encoded in digital form, using lossy inter frame compression. Video is encoded with the H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2 compression scheme, using 8-bit chroma and luma samples with 4:2:0 chroma subsampling. Stereo audio is encoded with the MPEG-1 Layer 2 compression scheme. The compressed audio and video are multiplexed into an MPEG-2 transport stream, which is typically recorded onto magnetic tape, but can also be stored in a computer file.

The data rate for both the audio and video is constant and is roughly the same as DV data rate. The relatively low video data rate can cause bit rate starvation in scenes that have much fine detail, rapid movement or other complex activity like flashing lights, and may result in visible artifacts, such as blockiness and blurring. In contrast to the video, HDV audio bitrate is relatively generous. At the coded bitrate of 384 kbit/s, MPEG-1 Layer 2 audio is regarded as perceptually lossless.

Recording formats
Two major versions of HDV are HDV 720p and HDV 1080i. The former is used by JVC and is informally known as HDV1. The latter is preferred by Sony and Canon and is sometimes referred to as HDV2. The HDV 1080i defines optional progressive recording modes, and in recent publications is sometimes called HDV 1080 or 1080-line HDV as progressive 1080-line recording becomes commonplace.

HDV 720p
HDV 720p format allows recording high definition video (HDV-HD) as well as progressive-scan standard definition video (HDV-SD).

HDV-HD closely matches broadcast 720p progressive scan video standard in terms of scanning type, frame size, aspect ratio and data rate. Earlier HDV 720p camcorders could shoot only at 24, 25 and 30 frames per second. Later models offer both film-like (24p, 25p, 30p) and reality-like (50p, 60p) frame rates.

HDV-SD is a mode for recording progressive-scan standard definition video. Such a video is sometimes called enhanced definition video (EDTV), but is considered high definition video in Australia. Depending on region, HDV-SD video is recorded either as 576p50 or as 480p60. Like DVCPRO Progressive, HDV-SD was meant as an intermediate format during the transition time from standard definition to high definition video. Later models of HDV 720p camcorders do not record in this mode.

JVC was the only manufacturer of HDV 720p camcorders. JVC was the first to release an HDV camcorder, the handheld GR-HD1. Later JVC shifted its HDV development to shoulder-mounted cameras.

A common misconception is that JVC developed a proprietary extension to HDV called ProHD, featuring film-like 24-frame/s progressive recording mode and LPCM audio, for professional use. JVC has clarified that ProHD is not a video recording format, but "an approach for delivering affordable HD products" and a common name for "bandwidth efficient professional HD models".

HDV 1080i
Sony adapted HDV, originally conceived as progressive-scan format by JVC, to interlaced video. Interlaced video has been a useful compromise for decades due to its ability to display motion smoothly while reducing recording and transmission bandwidth. Interlaced video is still being used in acquisition and broadcast, but interlaced display devices are being phased out. Modern flat-panel television sets that utilize plasma and LCD technology are inherently progressive. All modern computer monitors use progressive scanning as well.

Before interlaced video is displayed on a progressive-scan device it must be converted to progressive using the process known as deinterlacing. Progressive-scan television sets employ built-in deinterlacing circuits to cope with interlaced broadcast signal, but computer video players rarely have this capability (especially modern ones, since progressive video is much more common these days). As such, interlaced video may exhibit ghosting or combing artifacts when watched on a computer.

Some HDV 1080i camcorders are capable of recording progressive video within an interlaced stream, provided that the frame rate does not exceed half of the field rate. The first HDV 1080i camcorder to implement such Progressive Scanning was the Sony HVR-V1. To preserve compatibility with interlaced equipment the HVR-V1 records and outputs video in interlaced form. 25-frame/s and 30-frame/s progressive video is recorded on tape using progressive segmented frame (PsF) technique, while 24-frame/s recording employs 2-3 pulldown. The camcorder offers two variations of 24-frame/s recording: "24" and "24A". In "24" mode the camera ensures that there are no cadence breaks for a whole tape, this mode works better for watching video directly from the camera and for adding "film look" to interlaced video. In the "24A" mode the camera starts every clip on an A frame with timecode set to an even second margin and records the 2-3 pull-down identification data in the HDV stream, so that compatible NLE software knows when to remove the 2-3 pull-down cadences. Several editing tools, including Sony's own Vegas, are capable of processing 24A video as proper 24 frame/s progressive video.

Prior to the HVR-V1, Sony was offering Cineframe, essentially an interlaced-to-progressive converter, to simulate film-like motion. The conversion process involved blending and discarding fields, so vertical resolution of the resulting video suffered. Motion, produced in the 24-frame/s variant of Cineframe was too uneven for professional use. The same or better film look effect can be achieved by converting regular interlaced video into progressive format using computer software.

In 2007 Canon commoditized progressive scanning, releasing the HV20 camcorder. The version for 50 Hz market featured PF25 mode with PsF-like recording, while the version for 60 Hz market had PF24 mode, which utilized 2-3 pulldown scheme. Progressive scan video recorded with the HV20 does not include flags necessary for performing automated film-mode deinterlacing, which is why most editing tools treat such video as interlaced. The HV30, released in 2008, implemented additional PsF-like PF30 mode for 60 Hz markets. Output is performed via component, HDMI and FireWire in interlaced form.

Progressive scan video must be properly deinterlaced to achieve full vertical resolution and to avoid interlace artifacts. 25P and 30P video must be deinterlaced with "weave" or "no deinterlacing" algorithm, which means joining two fields of each frame together into one progressive frame. This operation can be done in most editing tools simply by changing project properties from interlaced to progressive. 24P video must go through film-mode deinterlacing also known as inverse telecine, which throws out judder frames and restores original 24-frame/s progressive video. Many editing tools cannot perform film-mode deinterlacing, requiring usage of a separate converter.

HDV 1080p

The original 1080-line HDV specification defined interlaced recording only, which is suitable for television broadcast. As users have become increasingly interested in digital cinematography and in web videos, progressive recording became a necessity. In response to this need, capability for native progressive recording has been added to the 1080i HDV specification. Progressive recording modes are optional for 1080i HDV devices, which means that not every HDV 1080i camcorder or deck is capable of recording or playing back native progressive video. Because HDV 1080i specification now includes both interlaced and progressive recording modes, in recent publications it is often called HDV 1080 or 1080-line HDV, but the official name still bears the "i" suffix.

HDV camcorders capable of native 1080-line progressive video record it at rates of 23.98 frame/s (commonly referred to as "24p") and 29.97 frame/s ("30p") for 60 Hz markets, and at 25 frame/s ("25p") for 50 Hz markets. Video is output as true progressive video via an i.LINK/FireWire port. Output through other ports is performed in interlaced mode to preserve compatibility with existing interlaced equipment.

The first 1080-line HDV camcorder to offer recording in native progressive format was the Canon XL H1, introduced in 2006. It was followed by the XH-G1 and XH-A1. When shooting in progressive mode, also known as Frame mode, these camcorders generate progressive video from interlaced CCD sensors. Because of row-pair summation, vertical resolution of progressive video is 10–25% lower than resolution of interlaced video.

In 2008 Sony released its own models capable of native progressive recording: the HVR-S270, the HVR-Z7 and the HVR-Z5. Sony stressed out that the models handle the signal entirely in progressive mode all the way from capture to encoding to recording on tape to output. Sony has designed Native Progressive Recording logo for the devices that are capable of native progressive recording and playback.

In 2009 Canon released the HV40 HDV camcorder. Its 60 Hz variant, carrying prominent 24p native progressive mark, became the first consumer HDV model to offer 24-frame/s native progressive recording. Like the aforementioned Sony models, the HV40 uses true progressive-scan sensor.

Despite differences in branding, native progressive modes offered by Canon and Sony are fully compatible, with both companies adhering to HDV specifications for recording native 1080p video. Other HDV devices capable of reading and recording in native progressive 1080-line format include the Sony HVR-M15AU, HVR-25AU, HVR-M15AE, HVR-25AE and HVR-M35 HDV videocassette recorders, and the 60 Hz Canon HV20/HV30 camcorders when used in tape recorder mode.

Compatibility
Generally, HDV devices are capable of playing and recording in DV format, though this is not required by HDV specification. Many HDV devices manufactured by Sony are capable of playing and recording in DVCAM format. 1080-line devices generally are not compatible with 720-line devices, though some standalone tape decks accept both HDV flavors. Devices that can play and record native 1080p video can play and record native 1080i video, however the opposite is not always the case.

HDV camcorders are usually offered with either 50 Hz or 60 Hz scanning rate depending on a region. Some models, like Canon XH-A1/G1 and third-generation Sony models such as HVR-S270, HVR-Z5 and HVR-Z7, can be made switchable for "world" capability. Some JVC ProHD products like the GY-HD200UB and GY-HD250U are world-capable out of the box.

HDV is closely related to XDCAM and to TOD families of recording formats, which use the same video encoding — MPEG-2. In particular, HDV 720p is equivalent to 19 Mbit/s XDCAM EX recording mode used in tapeless JVC ProHD camcorders, while HDV 1080i is equivalent to 25 Mbit/s XDCAM HD recording mode and to 1440CBR TOD recording mode.

Recording media

The HDV Consortium allows using the HDV trademarks only for products that incorporate a tape drive that can record and play video cassette compliant to the HDV format. Therefore, HDV remains a tape-based format. Various solutions for tapeless recording of HDV video that are available on the market are not covered by HDV specification.

Magnetic tape
Most HDV camcorders use "small" DV cassettes also known as MiniDV cassettes. The Sony HVR-S270 shoulder-mount camcorder is capable of recording both onto "small" and "large" cassettes. Because HDV has the same data rate as DV, recording time is the same as DV Standard Play. Unlike DV, HDV does not offer Long Play speed.

A standard MiniDV cassette provides one hour of recording. By using cassettes with longer and thinner tape it is possible to record up to 80 minutes onto one MiniDV cassette, though usage of such tape is not recommended. A large DV cassette loaded with longer tape can deliver up to 4.5 hours of recording time.

Tape manufacturers also offer MiniDV cassettes specifically for HDV recording. Such cassettes have the same Metal Evaporate (ME) formulation as normal DV cassettes, but are claimed to have reduced drop-out rate compared to standard DV cassettes. Usage of such cassettes is not required by HDV specification.

File-based media

Since HDV was introduced, tapeless — or file-based — video recording formats such as DVCPRO P2, XDCAM and AVCHD have gained broad acceptance. The trend towards tapeless workflow was accelerated with increased capacity and reduced cost of non-linear media like hard disk drives (HDD), optical discs and solid-state memory.

Recognizing the need for faster workflow, JVC, Sony and other manufacturers offer on-camera recording units, which convert an HDV camcorder into a hybrid system capable of recording both onto tape and onto file-based media. These recorders connect to a camcorder via FireWire and do not recompress HDV video, offering exactly the same image quality as if video were recorded on tape.

JVC offers two FireStore recorders made by Focus Enhancements: the HDD-based DR-HD100 and MR-HD100 on-camera recorders; it also offers the SxS-based KA-MR100G recorder. Canon offers Focus Enhancements FS-CF and FS-CF Pro models, which record onto CompactFlash memory cards. Sony offers the HDD-based HVR-DR60 and the CompactFlash-based HVR-MRC1K recorders.

Recording time depends on capacity of media used. In particular, a 32 GB CompactFlash card is good for 144 minutes of HDV video. The HVR-DR60 can fit over two hours of high definition video, while the FireStore models with 100 GB disk drive can store almost four hours of footage. File-based recorders are invaluable for continuous recording that extends one hour.

Use in broadcast television
HDV is accepted for broadcast TV use with varying restrictions.

Discovery Channel chose HDV handhelds for shooting Deadliest Catch despite their reduced light sensitivity and a large depth of focus, because smaller cameras were better for crew safety and they destroy several dozen cameras per series. HDV camcorders were also used for shooting MythBusters.

In 2006 KRON San Francisco purchased 52 Sony HVR-Z1U HDV camcorders. According to chief engineer Craig Porter, the cameras proved reliable. The station formed a group of "video journalists" or "one-man bands", who would use a Z1 camcorder, Toughbook laptop and Edius editing software to report, shoot and edit their own stories. After the station was moved to smaller cameras, it became possible for the journalists to travel in compact cars, which were 10 to 15 times cheaper than traditional large ENG vans.

In February 2009 ITV News bought 68 Sony HVR-Z5E handheld camcorders for its multi-skilling journalists. The camcorders, which come with non-removable 20x lens and outfitted with CompactFlash recorders became popular among journalists who are not trained camera operators.

In the TV series JAG made for CBS, handheld HDV camcorders were used for scenes where larger HD cameras would have been impractical.

The BBC does not consider HDV to meet HD broadcast standards, therefore acceptability of HDV footage for HD programming is limited to 25% of the program's total duration.

The Discovery HD Theater accepted content sourced from 1080-line HDV camcorders, but limits it to 15% of a whole program. Producers wishing to use HDV were required to submit an approved postproduction path outlining their handling of the footage in the editing process. The Discovery Channel HD simulcast had fewer or no guidelines and accepted a mix of XDCAM HD, HDV and AVCHD for the length of a program. For example, Discovery Channel aired 911: The Bronx, a six-episode reality series set in a hospital and shot with HDV cameras. Several episodes of Survivorman were shot with the Sony HVR-Z1U and HDR-HC3 camcorders.

The Discovery Channel International used rating system that defines Gold, Silver and Bronze acquisition and delivery levels. Depending on particular camera make and model and on post-production process, HDV footage could be rated as Silver HD, Bronze HD, or widescreen SD. In particular, some users considered Canon HDV camcorders to deliver the best-looking image with the least amount of compression artifacts among the models having 25 Mbit/s MPEG-2 HD codec.

The PBS accepts HDV for widescreen programming acquisition and to a limited extent for use in HD programs. PBS may allow usage of "less than full broadcast quality equipment" if compression artifacts are "not obvious when viewed on an HDTV monitor". For example, the Art Wolfe's TV series Travels to the Edge was produced for PBS in HDV format using Canon XL-H1 camcorders.

The Travel Channel HD eagerly accepts HDV footage. For example, Sony HDV camcorders were used for production of highly acclaimed Anthony Bourdain's No Reservations program, among other cameras. Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern and its follow-up Bizarre World are shot with Sony HDV cameras as well. Madventures was shot with the Sony EX1 XDCAM EX camera paired with the Sony HVR-A1U HDV camcorder.

Current TV used Sony HDV camcorders to shoot episodes for Vanguard TV series.

Guiding Light, the longest-running soap opera in production in television and radio history, broke away from traditional three-sided sets and pedestal-style cameras in 2008, choosing the handheld Canon XH-G1 for shooting on practical locations until the show was canceled in 2009.

Editing
Because HDV video is recorded in digital form, original content can be copied onto another tape or captured to a computer for editing without quality degradation. Depending on capturing software and computer's file system, either a whole tape is captured into one contiguous file, or the video is split in smaller 4 GB or 2 GB segments, or a separate file is created for each take. The way files are named depends on capturing software. Some systems convert HDV video into proprietary intermediate format on the fly while capturing, so original format is not preserved.

HDV footage can be natively edited by most non-linear editors, with real-time playback being possible on modern mainstream personal computers. Slower computers may exhibit reduced performance compared to other formats such as DV because of high resolution and interframe compression of HDV video.

Editing performance can be improved by converting HDV to intermediate format prior to editing. These include various Cineform products, Edius HQ, Avid DNxHD, Apple Intermediate Codec and Apple ProRes 422, among others. Usage of an intermediate codec adds one more generation to the video, potentially degrading its quality. On another hand, an intermediate codec can reduce blockiness and fix other issues in the original video, like interlaced chroma in progressive recordings.

Depending on the non-linear editing system (NLE), it is possible to minimize generation losses by editing native HDV video using straight cuts only, with no effects, and rendering back to HDV. Up to 15 frames per each cut may be re-encoded because of the long-GOP nature of HDV video.

Distributing
HDV video can be recorded or printed back to tape. Such tapes are often accepted by local television stations, though many organizations prefer the submissions to be delivered in higher-end format like Digital Betacam, HDCAM or D5 HD. It is also possible to record M2TS file to any media that offers enough capacity, like a DVD, external HDD drive or a memory card.

For consumer use, HDV-sourced video can be delivered on a Blu-ray Disc without re-encoding, can be converted to AVCHD and delivered on an AVCHD disc, or can be downconverted to DVD-Video.

Canon

Canon entered the HDV market in September 2005, with the Canon XL H1, a professional-oriented modular camera system with interchangeable lenses, HD-SDI output, and three 1440 × 1080 ⅓" CCDs. This was the first HDV camcorder to allow 1080-line native progressive recording. In July 2006, Canon announced the handheld XH A1/XH G1 models, which use the same sensor as the XL-H1. Both models share the same body and most of the features, with the XH G1 geared towards professional multi-camera production and including connections for HD-SDI/SD-SDI Out, genlock, and time code.

Later in the same year, Canon introduced the consumer-oriented Canon HV10, a compact unit with a single 2.76 megapixel CMOS sensor. The camera recorded interlaced video only.

In April 2007 Canon released the HV20 which used the same sensor and internal processor as the HV10, had a larger lens and more conventional layout. This was the first consumer HDV camcorder that featured progressive shooting modes in addition to native interlaced recording. Progressive-scan video was recorded within interlaced container to remain compatible with consumer level editing suites. The version for 50 Hz market offered PF25 mode, which utilized Progressive segmented Frame technique, while the 60 Hz variant featured PF24 mode, which utilized 2-3 pulldown scheme.

The HV30, released in 2008, was a minor update of the HV20. The body color has been changed from silver to black, the LCD screen has been improved, and the 60 Hz variant implemented PsF-like PF30 mode.

In 2009 Canon released the HV40. Its 50 Hz variant was practically identical to the HV30, while the 60 Hz variant became the first consumer HDV camcorder capable of native progressive 24 frames/s recording.

JVC

In 2003 JVC released the first HDV camcorder — the handheld GR-HD1. The camcorder offered standard DV recording mode, HDV 720p30 and HDV 480p60. The HDV modes used the older Rec. 601 standard for color space, rather than the newer Rec. 709 standard intended for high-definition video. The imager of the GR-HD1 used a single 1/3" CCD sensor instead of a 3CCD setup, another unusual choice discouraging professional use. The GR-HD1 was not popular in either the consumer or semi-professional market, and JVC later shifted its HDV development to professional shoulder-mounted cameras.

The shoulder mount GY-HD100 camcorder was released in 2005 and featured 3CCD imaging system with native 720p resolution, interchangeable lens and 24 frame/s recording. Because of the latter feature this camcorder became popular for shooting "digital movies". The updated version, GY-HD110, provides several updates and fixed split-screen effect found on some GY-HD100 cameras.

The GY-HD200, released later, offered 50p/60p recording, 720p-to-1080i converter and Anton Bauer professional battery with mount.

In 2006 JVC released the GY-HD250, which simplified multi-camera recording by providing genlock and time code input/output. HD/SD-SDI output allowed to record uncompressed video.

In 2008 the "B" modification of the GY-HD200 was released, allowing live recording of either 720p or 1080i signal onto an external tapeless recorder. Recording to tape was still performed in 720p mode only.

Sharp
Sharp is the only member of the HDV Consortium that has not produced an HDV camcorder or a videocassette recorder. The closest Sharp has ever got in supporting HDV standard is the AQUOS DV-ACV52 digital video player. The player supports HDV video, though it does not have a tape transport. Instead, it allows playback and dubbing of DV/HDV video from a camcorder connected to the player via a FireWire connector.

Sony

Sony specializes in 1080i HDV equipment and makes products for both 60 Hz and 50 Hz markets. Traditionally, Sony uses suffixes "E" and "P" to identify 50 Hz models, and suffix "U" or no suffix at all to identify 60 Hz models. Models listed below are specified without suffixes.

In September 2004 Sony released the first HDV 1080i camcorder, the HDR-FX1. Its professional version, the HVR-Z1, came with XLR audio inputs and 44 additional features. Most notably, the HVR-Z1 was switchable between 50 Hz and 60 Hz scanning to cater for the different scanning rates used in different markets.

In the middle of 2005 Sony released its first consumer HDV model, the HDR-HC1, which had a single CMOS sensor, electronic stabilization system and was capable of recording in DV and HDV 1080i modes. Its professional version, the HVR-A1, added a second accessory shoe in place of the flash, XLR audio inputs, additional recording options, larger eyecup and larger lens hood.

In 2006 Sony replaced the HDR-HC1 with the smaller and cheaper HDR-HC3, which featured an incrementally improved CMOS chip, but omitted some features of its predecessor. The HDR-HC3 was replaced by the HDR-HC5 which used the same CMOS chip as the HDR-HC3, and added an option of recording in xvYCC color space. The replacement model, the HDR-HC7 came with a higher pixel count CMOS sensor and with a microphone input. Like the HDR-HC5, the HDR-HC7 could also record xvYCC. In 2008 the HDR-HC7 was replaced with the HDR-HC9.

In 2006, Sony added two new models to its upscale HDV lineup: the "advanced amateur" HDR-FX7 and its professional cousin, the HVR-V1. The progressive-scan CMOS sensors of these models resolve full 1080 lines of vertical resolution. The HDR-FX7 records interlaced video only, while the HVR-V1 offers the choice of shooting interlaced or progressive video. Progressive video is converted to interlaced using pulldown for recording onto tape.

In August 2007, Sony introduced the shoulder-mounted version of the HDR-HC7, the HVR-HD1000.

In November 2007, Sony announced the HVR-Z7 handheld camcorder and the HVR-S270 shoulder-mounted camera. Both use the same three 1/3" ClearVid CMOS sensors and attain light sensitivity similar to that of the venerable DSR-PD170 while offering HDV recording in native interlaced, progressive scan and native progressive modes. The Z7 has 2 XLR audio inputs and HDMI output while the S270 has 4 XLR inputs and features HD-SDI output. Presently the HVR-S270 is the only HDV camcorder capable of recording onto full-size DV cassettes.

In 2008 the HDR-FX1 and the HVR-Z1 were replaced with the HDR-FX1000 and the HVR-Z5, respectively. The major changes include utilizing CMOS sensors instead of CCD, and progressive mode shooting. The FX1000 records progressive scan video using pulldown, while HVR-Z5 offers native progressive recording.

In November 2008 Sony restarted production of the HDR-FX7 camcorder, which had been discontinued a year earlier. Offered for almost half the original price, the HDR-FX7 bridged the gap between the HDR-HC9 and the FX1000.

In summer 2009 Sony discontinued the HDR-HC9 on the North American market, but restarted its sales in spring 2010, this time advertising it not as an HDV camcorder, but as a MiniDV HD camcorder. MiniDV HD has never been officially presented as an alternative name for HDV. The other competing HD recording standard that uses DV cassettes is DVCPRO HD. In spring 2011 the HDR-HC9 is no longer available for purchase from the Sony's North American online store.

Future of HDV
JVC released its latest HDV camcorder — the GY-HD250 — in 2006. In September 2011 this model was discontinued on the U.S. market. The "B" modification of the older GY-HD200 was released in 2008 and discontinued in November 2009. The latest HDV camcorder made by Canon — the HV40 — was released in 2009, but it traces back to the HV20 developed in 2007, and was phased out of production during 2011, though stocks have lasted through 2012. The latest Sony consumer HDV model is the HDR-HC9, originally released in 2008 and discontinued on the North American market in 2011. 2008 was also the year when Sony presented the latest "advanced amateur" and professional HDV camcorders, namely the HDR-FX1000 and the HVR-Z5.

All the three major manufacturers of HDV equipment — JVC, Canon and Sony — have heavily invested in development of MPEG-2 video compression scheme and continue to rely on it in their professional tapeless camcorder lineups: XDCAM HD (Sony), XDCAM EX (Sony and JVC), XDCAM HD422 (Sony), XF Codec (Canon). At the same time Sony and Canon have joined Panasonic in marketing of AVCHD recording format, which is claimed to deliver visual quality similar to HDV at half the datarate. Consumer high definition camcorders released by these companies since 2009 employ AVCHD format.

In 2010 industry analysts did not expect new HDV products, but believed that manufacturers would continue to support HDV for their existing users, while at the same time transitioning to file-based workflow.

When accessed in 2017, the Broadcast & Production Cameras section on Sony's website does not mention HDV technology. The HDV page does not list any equipment or whitepapers.

title: HDV


text:
Patellar reflex

The patellar reflex, also called the knee reflex or knee-jerk, is a stretch reflex which tests the L2, L3, and L4 segments of the spinal cord. Many animals, most significantly humans, have been seen to have the patellar reflex, including dogs, cats, horses, and other mammalian species.

Mechanism
Striking of the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer just below the patella stretches the muscle spindle in the quadriceps muscle. This produces a signal which travels back to the spinal cord and synapses (without interneurons) at the level of L3 or L4 in the spinal cord, completely independent of higher centres. From there, an alpha motor neuron conducts an efferent impulse back to the quadriceps femoris muscle, triggering contraction. This contraction, coordinated with the relaxation of the antagonistic flexor hamstring muscle causes the leg to kick. There is a latency of around 18 ms between stretch of the patellar tendon and the beginning of contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscle. This is a reflex of proprioception which helps maintain posture and balance, allowing to keep one's balance with little effort or conscious thought.

The patellar reflex is a clinical and classic example of the monosynaptic reflex arc. There is no interneuron in the pathway leading to contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Instead, the sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron in the spinal cord. However, there is an inhibitory interneuron used to relax the antagonistic hamstring muscle (reciprocal innervation).

This test of a basic automatic reflex may be influenced by the patient consciously inhibiting or exaggerating the response; the doctor may use the Jendrassik maneuver in order to ensure a more valid reflex test.

Clinical significance
After the tap of a hammer, the leg is normally extended once and comes to rest. The absence or decrease of this reflex is problematic, and known as Westphal's sign. This reflex may be diminished or absent in lower motor neuron lesions and during sleep. On the other hand, multiple oscillation of the leg (pendular reflex) following the tap may be a sign of cerebellar diseases. Exaggerated (brisk) deep tendon reflexes such as this can be found in upper motor neuron lesions, hyperthyroidism, anxiety or nervousness. The test itself assesses the nervous tissue between and including the L2 and L4 segments of the spinal cord.

The patellar reflex is often tested in infants to test the nervous system.

History
Wilhelm Heinrich Erb (1840–1921) and Carl Friedrich Westphal (1833–1890) simultaneously reported the patellar tendon or knee reflex in 1875. The term knee-jerk was recorded by Sir Michael Foster in his Textbook of physiology in 1877: "Striking the tendon below the patella gives rise to a sudden extension of the leg, known as the knee-jerk."

In popular culture
The term began to be used figuratively from the early 20th century onwards. O. O. McIntyre, in his New York Day-By-Day column in The Coshocton Tribune, October 1921, wrote: "Itinerant preacher stemming Broadway on a soap box. And gets only an occasional knee-jerk."

title: Patellar reflex


text:
User:Choster

Professional dilettante.

title: User:Choster


text:
Talk:Max Guevera

Can anyone change the title the correct spelling is Max Guevara not Max Guevera.

See example http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B00005JLJM/103-1018144-7921458?v=glance&vi=contents

- User:Share Bear

title: Talk:Max Guevera


text:
Withdrawal reflex

The withdrawal reflex (nociceptive flexion reflex or flexor withdrawal reflex) is a spinal reflex intended to protect the body from damaging stimuli. The reflex rapidly coordinates the contractions of all the flexor muscles and the relaxations of the extensors in that limb causing sudden withdrawal from the potentially damaging stimulus. Spinal reflexes are often monosynaptic and are mediated by a simple reflex arc. A withdrawal reflex is mediated by a polysynaptic reflex resulting in the stimulation of many motor neurons in order to give a quick response.

Example
When a person touches a hot object and withdraws their hand from it without actively thinking about it, the heat stimulates temperature and pain receptors in the skin, triggering a sensory impulse that travels to the central nervous system. The sensory neuron then synapses with interneurons that connect to motor neurons. Some of these send motor impulses to the flexors that lead to the muscles in the arm to contract, while some motor neurons send inhibitory impulses to the extensors so flexion is not inhibited. This is referred to as reciprocal innervation.

The withdrawal reflex in the leg can be examined and measured, using an electromyogram to monitor the muscle activity in the upper leg (biceps femoris) while applying increasing electrical stimulation to the lower leg (sural nerve) on the same side of the body. The stimulus intensity at which the reflex is evoked is often the intensity at which the subject reports the onset of pain, and the strength of the withdrawal reflex is correlated with the strength of the pain experienced.

Crossed extension reflex following withdrawal reflex
Once a danger receptor (called "nociceptor") has been stimulated, the signal travels via the sensory nerve to the dorsal (posterior) horn of the spinal cord. The nerve synapses with ipsilateral motor neurons that exit the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord and work to pull the soon-to-be injured body part away from danger within 0.5 seconds. At the same time, the sensory neuron synapses with the ipsilateral motor neuron, as well as the motor neuron in the contralateral anterior horn. This motor neuron stabilizes the uninjured side of the body (for instance; preparing the other leg to support the entire body weight when the other foot has stepped on a tack). At the same time as these two synapses, the sensory neuron also sends signals along the spinal cord to get motor neurons to contract muscles that shift the center of gravity of the body to maintain balance. This contralateral stimulation of motor neurons to stabilize the body is called the crossed extension reflex, and is a result of the withdrawal reflex (usually in the lower extremities).

title: Withdrawal reflex


text:
Louise Élisabeth de Croÿ

Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ (Louise Élisabeth Félicité Françoise Armande Anne Marie Jeanne Joséphine; 11 June 1749 – 15 May 1832) was a French noblewoman and courtier, as the Marquise of Tourzel. She was the Governess of the Children of France from 1789 until 1792. Decades after the French Revolution, Louise-Élisabeth published her memoirs, which presented a unique perspective on the royal family during the French Revolution. She later acquired the title of duchess.

Life
Louise Élisabeth was born in Paris, into the illustrious House of Croÿ during the reign of King Louis XV. Louise’s father was the duke of Havré, Louis Ferdinand Joseph, and her mother was the princess of Montmorency-Luxembourg, Marie Louise.

Louise Élisabeth was married in 1766, at the age of seventeen, to the Marquis de Tourzel. They enjoyed a happy marriage for twenty years, in which Louise Élisabeth bore six children; her husband was, however, killed in a hunting accident in 1786. She was a staunch supporter of the House of Bourbon, and had this motto engraved on a ring she refused to part with: Lord, save the King, the Dauphin, and his sister!.

French Revolution
After the Storming of the Bastille in 1789, many members of Queen Marie Antoinette’s intimate circle were forced to flee abroad. The duchesse de Polignac, the queen's favourite and the governess to the royal children, was forced to emigrate to Switzerland. Marie Antoinette appointed Louise Élisabeth to the newly vacant post, with particular attention to be paid to the dauphin, Louis-Charles. The marquise was advised to curb the dauphin's fear of loud noises, particularly the barking of the many dogs at Versailles.

After an angry mob of women incited by revolutionaries stormed the Palace of Versailles on 5 October 1789, the marquise accompanied the royal family to live in the Tuileries Palace in Paris. Tourzel's loyalty was strong, and she refused to abandon the royal children as political strife in the nation dramatically increased. She even accompanied the king and his family on the flight to Varennes, for a royalist stronghold in Montmédy. This attempt failed, and the entire party was brought back to Paris.

After the abolition of the monarchy in 1792, Louise Élisabeth was separated from the royal family and imprisoned in the La Force Prison, and soon the Prison Port-Libre. Also imprisoned at the same time was her daughter, Pauline de Tourzel, and Marie Antoinette's personal friend, Princesse de Lamballe. Shortly after their imprisonment, they found themselves targeted in the September Massacres, when thousands of incarcerated people in Paris were massacred by mobs who were trying to get rid of the prisons of jailed aristocrats they suspected of treason. Louise Élisabeth and her daughter were smuggled out of the prison by a mysterious man, but Princesse de Lamballe was not so fortunate. She was murdered, and her severed head was then paraded around the city. Louise Élisabeth and her daughter were advised by their rescuer, a "Monsieur Hardi", to leave Paris because Pauline had escaped the prison illegally and was in danger of arrest, and they left for the countryside, where they lived incognito in Vincennes and at the property of her son in Abondant outside of Dreux.

In January 1793, King Louis XVI was executed. In October, the former queen of France, Marie Antoinette, was also sent to the guillotine. Louise Élisabeth was devastated by their deaths, and she was equally shocked to hear of the death of Louis-Charles in 1795. Several times over the coming decades, Louise Élisabeth was accosted by various men pretending to be "Louis XVII of France".

Later years
As soon as Marie-Thérése-Charlotte was allowed visits again by the government, she was among the first who requested to see her in her prison cell in the Temple. It was Louise Élisabeth who informed Marie-Therese that she was to marry her cousin Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, on the request of the latter’s father. She attended the wedding of Marie-Therese and Louis Antoine in Mitau in the June of 1799, and remained in Mitau for some time. Because of her well-known sympathy for the Bourbon family, she was put under secret surveillance of Napoleon I’s secret police.

During the Bourbon Restoration, Louise Élisabeth was made a duchess by King Charles X. She later published her memoirs, which are an invaluable historical account of the final days of the royal household. Her daughter, Pauline, became a lady-in-waiting to Marie Antoinette's only surviving child, Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte.

In fiction
Louise-Élisabeth de Tourzel has been featured in several novels about the French royal family, including the Marie Antoinette romances by Alexandre Dumas.

The novels include:

 * Trianon, by Elena Maria Vidal
 * Madame Royale, by Elena Maria Vidal
 * Flaunting, Extravagant Queen, by Jean Plaidy

The character of Louise-Élisabeth appeared in the 1956 French film Marie-Antoinette reine de France.

title: Louise Élisabeth de Croÿ


text:
Crossed extensor reflex

The crossed extensor reflex or crossed extensor response or crossed extension reflex is a reflex in which the contralateral limb compensates for loss of support when the ipsilateral limb withdraws from painful stimulus in a withdrawal reflex. During a withdrawal reflex, the flexors in the withdrawing limb contract and the extensors relax, while in the other limb, the opposite occurs as part of the crossed extensor reflex. To provide a more clear explanation, this opposite occurrence means one limb with perform flexion at the hip and knee with the extensors relaxed, while the other limb will perform extension at the hip and knee while flexors are relaxed. Besides shifting the body weight to the other side, the reflex pathway is also associated with leg coordination when walking by flexing muscle on one side, while extending muscle on the other side. This crossed extensor response is properly part of the withdrawal reflex.

An example of this is when a person steps on a nail: The leg that is stepping on the nail pulls away, while the other leg takes the weight of the whole body.

The crossed extensor reflex is contralateral, meaning the reflex occurs on the opposite side of the body from the stimulus.

To produce this reflex, branches of the afferent nerve fibers cross from the stimulated side of the body to the contralateral side of the spinal cord. There, they synapse with interneurons, which, in turn, excite or inhibit alpha motor neurons to the muscles of the contralateral limb.

In the ipsilateral leg (the one which steps on the nail), the flexors contract and the extensors relax to lift the leg from the ground. On the contralateral side (the one that bears all the weight), the flexors relax and the extensors contract to stiffen the leg since it must suddenly support the entire weight of the body. At the same time, signals travel up the spinal cord and cause contraction of the contralateral muscles of the hip and abdomen to shift the body’s center of gravity over the extended leg. To a large extent, the coordination of all these muscles and maintenance of equilibrium is mediated by the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.

title: Crossed extensor reflex


text:
Talk:Blaze (character)

 * Surely there should be a Blaze (disambiguation)?
 * I have already taken care of that. --Toreau 12:58, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)

Blaze owns, leave it.

title: Talk:Blaze (character)


text:
Microalgae

Microalgae or microphytes are microscopic algae invisible to the naked eye. They are phytoplankton typically found in freshwater and marine systems, living in both the water column and sediment. They are unicellular species which exist individually, or in chains or groups. Depending on the species, their sizes can range from a few micrometers (μm) to a few hundred micrometers. Unlike higher plants, microalgae do not have roots, stems, or leaves. They are specially adapted to an environment dominated by viscous forces.

Microalgae, capable of performing photosynthesis, are important for life on earth; they produce approximately half of the atmospheric oxygen and use the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide to grow photoautotrophically. "Marine photosynthesis is dominated by microalgae, which together with cyanobacteria, are collectively called phytoplankton." Microalgae, together with bacteria, form the base of the food web and provide energy for all the trophic levels above them. Microalgae biomass is often measured with chlorophyll a concentrations and can provide a useful index of potential production.

The biodiversity of microalgae is enormous and they represent an almost untapped resource. It has been estimated that about 200,000-800,000 species in many different genera exist of which about 50,000 species are described. Over 15,000 novel compounds originating from algal biomass have been chemically determined. Examples include carotenoids, antioxidants, fatty acids, enzymes, polymers, peptides, toxins and sterols. Besides providing these valuable metabolites, microalgae is regarded as a potential feedstock for biofuels and has also emerged as a promising microorganism in bioremediation.

An exception to the microalgae family is the colorless Prototheca which are devoid of any chlorophyll. These achlorophic algae switch to parasitism and thus cause the disease protothecosis in human and animals.

Characteristics and uses

The chemical composition of microalgae is not an intrinsic constant factor but varies over a wide range of factors, both depending on species and on cultivation conditions. Some microalgae have the capacity to acclimate to changes in environmental conditions by altering their chemical composition in response to environmental variability. A particularly dramatic example is their ability to replace phospholipids with non-phosphorus membrane lipids in phosphorus-depleted environments. It is possible to accumulate the desired products in microalgae to a large extent by changing environmental factors, like temperature, illumination, pH, CO2 supply, salt and nutrients.

Microphytes also produce chemical signals which contribute to prey selection, defense, and avoidance. These chemical signals affect large scale tropic structures such as algal blooms but propagate by simple diffusion and laminar advective flow. Microalgae such as microphytes constitute the basic foodstuff for numerous aquaculture species, especially filtering bivalves.

Photo- and chemosynthetic algae
Photosynthetic and chemosynthetic microbes can also form symbiotic relationships with host organisms. They provide them with vitamins and polyunsaturated fatty acids, necessary for the growth of the bivalves which are unable to synthesize it themselves. In addition, because the cells grow in aqueous suspension, they have more efficient access to water, CO2, and other nutrients.

Microalgae play a major role in nutrient cycling and fixing inorganic carbon into organic molecules and expressing oxygen in marine biosphere.

While fish oil has become famous for its omega-3 fatty acid content, fish do not actually produce omega-3s, instead accumulating their omega-3 reserves by consuming microalgae. These omega-3 fatty acids can be obtained in the human diet directly from the microalgae that produce them.

Microalgae can accumulate considerable amounts of proteins depending on species and cultivation conditions. Due to their ability to grow on non-arable land microalgae may provide an alternative protein source for human consumption or animal feed. Microalgae proteins are also investigated as thickening agents or emulsion and foam stabilizers in the food industry to replace animal based proteins.

Some microalgae accumulate chromophores like chlorophyll, carotenoids, or phycobiliproteins that may be extracted and used as coloring agents.

Cultivation of microalgae
A range of microalgae species are produced in hatcheries and are used in a variety of ways for commercial purposes, including for human nutrition, as biofuel, in the aquaculture of other organisms, in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and as biofertiliser. However, the low cell density is a major bottleneck in commercial viability of many microalgae derived products, especially low cost commodities.

Studies have investigated the main factors in the success of a microalgae hatchery system to be:
 * Geometry and scale of cultivation systems (referred as photobioreactors);
 * Light intensity;
 * Concentration of carbon dioxide in the gas phase
 * Nutrient levels (mainly N, P, K)
 * Mixing of culture

title: Microalgae


text:
Laura Harris

Laura Elizabeth Harris (born November 20, 1976 ) is a Canadian actress who has appeared in a wide variety of movies and television shows. She is probably best known for her roles as Marybeth Louise Hutchinson in The Faculty (1998), Maggie in Severance (2006), Daisy Adair in Dead Like Me, and Marie Warner in Season 2 of 24. She took a hiatus from acting in 2015 after almost 28 years, but began reappearing in roles from 2021. She is sometimes credited as Elizabeth Harris and Laura E. Harris.

Early life
Harris is the daughter of schoolteachers. She began acting in radio dramas and animation series when she was five years old. As a child Harris was educated at Crofton House School and attended college through UC correspondence. After working nearly 14 years in television, she broke into feature film acting as a teenager.

Career
Harris is known for her roles as Grim Reaper Daisy Adair in the cable series Dead Like Me and as Marie Warner in the spy drama 24. Her film career dates back to 1990 when she appeared in an adaptation of Stephen King's It as Loni. She appeared as Marybeth Louise Hutchinson in The Faculty in 1998.

In 2006, Laura Harris starred as Maggie in a British-German horror film called Severance, directed by Christopher Smith, and written by Smith and James Moran.

In the summer of 2009, she co-starred in the internationally co-produced science fiction series Defying Gravity as Zoe Barnes.

She has also done voice-overs in animated TV shows including The New Adventures of Beany and Cecil, Astonishing X-Men, Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. and My Little Pony Tales.

While never officially quit acting, she switched her focus in 2010 to education and began attending college at UC Berkeley. While there, she began to show an interest in activism. In 2013, she began working for a tech company that also worked to improve local communities, politically and otherwise.

In 2021, after a 6 year hiatus from acting, Laura took on the role of Willow Ward on the Netflix show Scaredy Cats, appearing in 3 episodes. Also in 2021 Laura had a part in the Lifetime Channel movie Gone Mom.

title: Laura Harris


text:
User talk:Samt

''This is samt's user talk page. Please add fresh comments add the end. Thank you.''

title: User talk:Samt


text:
User:Slambo/Trains

What is this?
On this page, I will list the pages that have to do with trains and railroading that I have created (C) or significantly (i.e. more than just linkifying or correcting typos) updated (U). Articles that have reached featured status are listed in boldface. However, please remember that although I may have created the initial versions of many of the articles listed here, other authors may have substantially updated or added to the articles as well. Please check the various article history pages for the complete author credits.

Categories

 * Category:Fictional locomotives (C)
 * Category:Fictional trains (C)
 * Category:Freight equipment (C)
 * Category:Important people in rail transport (C) replaced by Category:People in rail transport
 * Category:Locomotive manufacturers (C)
 * Category:Locomotive parts (C)
 * Category:Maintenance of way equipment (C)
 * Category:Named locomotives (C) replaced by Category:Famous locomotives ; replaced by Category:Individual locomotives
 * Category:Named passenger trains (C)
 * Category:Passenger equipment (C)
 * Category:Rolling stock (C)
 * Category:Timeline of rail transport and most of the articles within this category (C); replaced by Category:Rail transport timelines
 * Category:United States railfanning locations (C)
 * Category:United States railroad executives (C) replaced by Category:American railroad executives
 * Most of the state railroad categories listed under Category:Railway companies of the United States (C)

Templates

 * Template:ALCO diesels (C)
 * Template:Canada class 1 (C)
 * Template:Canada class 2 (C)
 * Template:CLC diesels (C)
 * Template:EMD diesels (C)
 * Template:FM diesels (C)
 * Template:Freight cars (C)
 * Template:Future year in rail transport (C)
 * Template:GE diesels (C)
 * Template:Infobox Railroad (C as )
 * Template:Infobox SGRailroad (C)
 * Template:MLW diesels (C)
 * Template:Month in rail transport (C)
 * Template:North American named trains (C)
 * Template:Passenger cars (C)
 * Template:The Big Four (C)
 * Template:US class 1 (C) - now named Template:North America class 1
 * Template:US class 2 (C)
 * Template:US class 3 (C)
 * Template:Whyte types (C)
 * Template:Year in rail transport (C)

Railroads

 * Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (U, collaboration with User:Lordkinbote)
 * Bauxite and Northern Railway (C stub)
 * Bulgarian Railroad Company (C stub)
 * California Southern Railroad (C stub) - front page DYK feature July 12 2006; GA 2006-07-23
 * Cedar Rapids and Iowa City Railway (C stub)
 * Chicago Central and Pacific Railroad (C stub)
 * Chicago, North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad (C stub)
 * Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad (C, collaboration with User:Ckape) - Did You Know feature January 6 2005; Featured Article Candidate April 2 2005
 * Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific (C stub)
 * Elgin, Joliet and Eastern (C stub)
 * Gateway Western Railway (C stub)
 * Green Bay and Western (C)
 * I&M Rail Link (C stub)
 * Iowa, Chicago and Eastern Railroad (C stub)
 * Iowa Interstate Railroad (C) - DYK feature May 25, 2005
 * Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad (C stub)
 * Massena Terminal Railroad (C stub)
 * Monon Railroad (C as Monon, merged/moved to Monon Railroad)
 * Point Comfort and Northern Railway (C stub)
 * Reading Railroad (U)
 * Red River Valley and Western Railroad (C stub)
 * Rockdale, Sandow and Southern Railroad (C stub)
 * Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer du Congo (C stub)
 * Soo Line (C) - article now named Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway
 * Southern Pacific (U)
 * Southern Pacific Santa Fe Railroad (C)
 * Virginia and Truckee Railroad (U)
 * Wisconsin and Southern Railroad (C)
 * Wisconsin Central (C)

Holding companies

 * Watco Companies (C stub)

Railroad and railfanning locations

 * Cajon Pass (U)
 * Cincinnati, Richmond & Muncie Depot (C)
 * Rochelle Railroad Park (C)

Trains

 * 20th Century Limited (C)
 * Broadway Limited (U)
 * California Zephyr (U)
 * City of Denver (train) (C)
 * City of Los Angeles (train) (C)
 * Electroliner (C stub)
 * List of named passenger trains (North American trains: 0-9, A-C, D-H, I-M, N-Z) (C)
 * Overland Flyer (C)
 * Pioneer Zephyr (C) Did You Know feature February 26 2005, collaboration with Vaoverland; current featured article; Main Page feature March 23 2005.
 * Prospector (passenger train) (C)
 * Rapido (C stub)
 * San Francisco Chief (U)
 * Santa Fe De Luxe (C stub)
 * Scott Special (C) front page DYK feature May 13 2006
 * Southern Belle (C) DYK candidate May 4 2005.
 * Super Chief (C)
 * Twin Cities Zephyr (C stub)

Motive power

 * 2-2-0 (C stub)
 * 2-6-0 (C)
 * 2-6-6-2 (C stub)
 * 2-8-0 (C)
 * 2-8-2 (C stub)
 * 2-8-4 (C)
 * 4-2-0 (C)
 * 4-4-0 (C)
 * 4-4-2 (locomotive) (C)
 * 4-6-0 (C)
 * 4-6-6-4 (C stub)
 * 6-2-0 (C)
 * EMD BL2 (C)
 * EMD GP30 (C stub, expanded by another author)
 * GE U36B (C)
 * List of Fairbanks-Morse locomotives (C)
 * List of GM-EMD locomotives (U)
 * List of MLW diesel locomotives (C)
 * Little Joe (electric locomotive) (C stub as Little Joe (locomotive))
 * Southern Pacific class AC-1 (C)
 * Southern Pacific class AC-2 (C)
 * Southern Pacific class AC-3 (C)
 * Southern Pacific class AC-4 (C)
 * Southern Pacific class AC-5 (C)
 * Southern Pacific class AC-6 (C)
 * Southern Pacific class AC-7 (C)
 * Southern Pacific class AC-8 (C)
 * Southern Pacific class AC-10 (C)
 * Southern Pacific class AC-11 (C)
 * Southern Pacific class AC-12 (C)
 * Southern Pacific class MC-1 (C)
 * Southern Pacific class MC-2 (C)
 * Southern Pacific class MC-4 (C)
 * Southern Pacific class MC-6 (C)
 * Southern Pacific class MM-2 (C)

Unpowered rolling stock

 * Autorack (C, collaboration with User:Vaoverland) - Used as an example of Wikipedia style at Annotated article starting December 18 2004.
 * Baggage car (C stub)
 * Caboose (U)
 * Covered hopper (C)
 * Dome car (C) - Did You Know feature November 18 2004
 * Flatcar (C)
 * Gondola (rail) (C) - split out from Gondola
 * Observation car (C)
 * Passenger car (C) - Featured Article Candidate November 20 2004, a few objections left to address
 * Refrigerator car (C stub)
 * Roadrailer (C stub)
 * Schnabel car (C stub)
 * Stock car (rail) (U)
 * Tank car (C stub)

Maintenance of way equipment

 * Crane (railroad) (U)
 * Rotary snowplow (C)
 * Spiker (C stub)

Named

 * Atlantic (locomotive) (C)
 * Best Friend of Charleston (C)
 * C. P. Huntington (C)
 * El Gobernador (C) - DYK feature January 23 2006
 * Gov. Stanford (C)
 * John Bull (locomotive) (C) - Did You Know feature; Featured Article
 * Pioneer (locomotive) (C stub)
 * Sandusky (locomotive) (C)
 * Stourbridge Lion (C)

Unnamed but famous

 * Illinois Central 201 (C stub)
 * Pere Marquette 1225 (C)
 * Reading 2101 (C stub)
 * Santa Fe 1010 (C stub)
 * Santa Fe 2926 (C stub)
 * Santa Fe 3751 (C stub)
 * Soo Line 1003 (C stub)
 * Soo Line 2719 (C stub)
 * Southern Pacific 975 (C stub)
 * Southern Pacific 4294 (C)
 * Southern Pacific 5021 (C stub)
 * Texas and Pacific 610 (C stub)
 * Timken 1111 (C); DYK feature October 2005
 * Union Pacific 1995 (C stub)
 * Union Pacific 1996 (C stub)

Parts

 * Backhead (C stub)

Manufacturers

 * American Car and Foundry (C) - Did You Know feature December 3 2004
 * Amoskeag Locomotive Works (C stub)
 * Atlas Car and Manufacturing Company (C stub)
 * Brooks Locomotive Works (C)
 * Brookville Locomotive Company (C stub)
 * Buffalo Car Manufacturing Company (C)
 * Cooke Locomotive and Machine Works (C stub)
 * Dickson Manufacturing Company (C stub)
 * Ensign Manufacturing Company (C)
 * Fairbanks-Morse (C stub)
 * Foster, Rastrick and Company (C stub)
 * H. K. Porter, Inc (C stub) - has since been expanded by another editor
 * Hinkley Locomotive Works (C)
 * Jackson and Woodin Manufacturing Company (C)
 * Lima Locomotive Works (C)
 * List of locomotive builders (U)
 * List of rolling stock manufacturers (C)
 * Manchester Locomotive Works (C stub)
 * Mather Stock Car Company (C stub)
 * Rhode Island Locomotive Works (C stub)
 * Richmond Locomotive Works (C stub)
 * Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works (C)
 * Schenectady Locomotive Works (C stub)
 * Vulcan Iron Works (C stub)

People

 * Alvin Adams (C stub)
 * Oliver Ames, Jr. (C stub)
 * Arthur K. Atkinson (C stub)
 * William W. Atterbury (C stub)
 * Matthew Baird (C stub) DYK feature April 21 2005
 * Matthias W. Baldwin (C) Did You Know candidate January 7 2005
 * John W. Barriger III (C stub)
 * Andrew Jackson Beard (C stub)
 * John J. Bernet (C); DYK feature 2007-06-03
 * Benjamin Biaggini (C stub)
 * Aretas Blood (C)
 * Horatio G. Brooks (C stub)
 * Robert M. Brown (C stub)
 * Gridley Bryant (C stub)
 * Ralph Budd (C stub) Did You Know feature February 24 2005
 * Samuel B. Casey, Jr. (C stub)
 * John Cooke (C)
 * Paul Philippe Cret (C stub) has since been expanded by another editor
 * Henry Farnam (C stub)
 * Matthias N. Forney (C stub)
 * John W. Garrett (C stub)
 * George Jay Gould I (U)
 * Franklin B. Gowen (C) Did You Know feature March 6 2005; featured article March 19 2005
 * Jasper Grosvenor (C stub)
 * Fred Gurley (C stub)
 * John Harbeson (C stub)
 * William F. Harnden (C stub)
 * Benjamin W. Heineman (C stub)
 * Cyrus K. Holliday (C) DYK feature July 6 2005.
 * Robert S. Hughes (C stub)
 * Melville E. Ingalls (C stub)
 * Eli H. Janney (C stub)
 * John B. Jervis (C) Did You Know feature March 11 2005.
 * Hugh J. Jewett (C stub)
 * Wayne A. Johnston (C stub)
 * Morris Ketchum (C stub)
 * Henry Keyes (C stub)
 * Sarah Kidder (C stub)
 * Stephen Harriman Long (U)
 * Henry C. Lord (C stub)
 * George C. Magoun (C stub)
 * Allen Manvel (C stub)
 * Alonzo C. Mather (C)
 * Angus Daniel McDonald (C stub)
 * John Francis Nash (C stub)
 * William F. Nast (C stub)
 * Thomas Nickerson (ATSF) (C stub)
 * William Norris (locomotive builder) (C stub)
 * Fred T. Perris (C stub)
 * Samuel C. Pomeroy (C stub)
 * John Urpeth Rastrick (C stub)
 * Joseph Reinhart (C stub)
 * Albert Alonzo Robinson (C)
 * Jacob S. Rogers (C stub)
 * Thomas Rogers (locomotive builder) (C stub)
 * John Souther (C stub)
 * William Benson Storey (C stub)
 * Henry Strong (ATSF) (C stub)
 * William Barstow Strong (C) - DYK feature June 3, 2005.
 * William Swinburne (c stub)
 * Ginery Twichell (C) - DYK feature July 17 2005.
 * Jacob Nash Victor (C stub)
 * Aldace F. Walker (C)
 * J. Elfreth Watkins (C stub)
 * Frederick Methvan Whyte (C stub)
 * Robert E. Woodruff (C stub)
 * James R. Young (C stub)

Miscellaneous

 * Most of the pages listed in Category:Rail transport timelines (C)
 * American Freedom Train (C) and the subpages American Freedom Train - 1947-1949 station stops (C), American Freedom Train - 1975-76 station stops (C)
 * Brakeman (C stub)
 * Centralized traffic control (C stub)
 * Chicago Railroad Fair (C)
 * Defect detector (C)
 * E.H. Harriman Award (C)
 * List of preserved Southern Pacific Railroad rolling stock (C) split out and expanded from Southern Pacific Railroad
 * List of railroad executives (C)
 * Maintenance of way (C)
 * Pacific Fruit Express (C stub) has since been expanded by another editor
 * Portal:Trains (C) and the subpages and templates that it uses (originally at Wikipedia:Wikiportal/Trains)
 * Rail spike (C stub)
 * Rail transport in the United States (C)
 * Railroader of the Year (C stub)
 * Railroadiana (C stub)
 * Regional Railroad of the Year (C stub)
 * Reporting mark (formerly titled List of AAR reporting marks) (C) and the alphabetic list subpages (C)
 * Riverside and Great Northern Railway (C stub)
 * Roundhouse (C stub)
 * Short Line Railroad of the Year (C stub)
 * Train Operator of the Year (C)
 * Trans-Asian Railway Network Agreement (C)
 * Turntable (railroad) (C)
 * World's largest locomotive (C)

List of railroads by state

 * List of Arkansas railroads (C)
 * List of California railroads (C)
 * List of Hawaii railroads (C)
 * List of Illinois railroads (C)
 * List of Kentucky railroads (C)
 * List of Louisiana railroads (C)
 * List of Maine railroads (C)
 * List of Missouri railroads (C)
 * List of Montana railroads (C)
 * List of Nebraska railroads (C)
 * List of Nevada railroads (C)
 * List of New Hampshire railroads (C)
 * List of North Carolina railroads (C)
 * List of North Dakota railroads (C)
 * List of Oklahoma railroads (C)
 * List of Oregon railroads (C)
 * List of South Dakota railroads (C)
 * List of Tennessee railroads (C)
 * List of Utah railroads (C)
 * List of Vermont railroads (C)
 * List of Washington railroads (C)
 * List of Wisconsin railroads (C)
 * List of Wyoming railroads (C)

Accidents

 * Bourbonnais train accident (C) - Did You Know feature January 29 2005
 * Glendale train crash (U)
 * Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash (C stub)
 * Rosedale train crash (U)
 * Spanish River derailment (C stub) - split off from List of rail accidents so its entry there could be shortened
 * Weyauwega derailment (C) - Did You Know candidate January 13 2005

Model railroading

 * NTrak (C)

title: User:Slambo/Trains


text: User talk:192.5.109.49

title: User talk:192.5.109.49


text:
User:Yuyu

da:Bruger:Yuyu de:Benutzer:Yuyu el:Χρήστης:Yuyu es:Usuario:Yuyu et:Kasutaja:Yuyu fr:Utilisateur:Yuyu it:Utente:Yuyu ko:사용자:Yuyu la:Usor:Yuyu nl:Gebruiker:Yuyu pt:Usuário:Yuyu ru:Участник:Yuyu zh:User:Yuyu zh-classical:User:Yuyu

title: User:Yuyu


text: Category:Containers

title: Category:Containers


text:
Talk:The Forever War series

Date of publication
This article states that "Forever Peace" was published in 1991. User:Hob changed its article to state that it was published in 1997. When was it published? Mr. Jones 20:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1997 is the correct year. neckro 19:54, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

These do not form a series
Other than the fact they have similar titles, there is no connection between The Forever War and Forever Peace. How are they part of a series? MK 14:52, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * They are by the same author, so putting them on the same page is not so bad. I take your point, though. Mr. Jones 20:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm unsure of the necessity of this page as well; however, even if it should exist it needs some clarification. I'll make a quick edit to try to clear things up. neckro 19:54, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Why is there a link to an Obama Speech?
Why does the graphic novel link lead to the wikipedia page for one of Barack Obama's speeches? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.93.132.52 (talk) 08:05, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

Do they take place in the same future universe?
The page said "Not all of them take place in the same future universe." for a long time. Then it was changed, but "not the three of them" made no sense so I restored that sentence to what it was in the previous (possibly incorrect, but logical) revision. Do only three of them take place in the same future universe? I do not know. Could be. There are exactly 3 novels. (Referencing this edit.)  •ː•   3ICE   •ː•   02:13, 24 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Forever Free follows The Forever War. It is a direct sequel that takes place in the same universe, picking up after the coda at the end of The Forever War and utilizing the same cast of characters. Forever Peace, while it sounds like it should be the sequel to The Forever War, is not. I can't imagine that it even takes place in the same universe, as the technology in Forever Peace would allow the citizenry to pretty much have whatever they need (provided they live in a First World country) whereas in The Forever War, most of the population of Earth is poor, hungry, and unemployed as the novel begins. Lithonius (talk) 15:03, 17 April 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Forever War series


text:
User talk:Jdsouza

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on, or ask your question and then place  before the question on your talk page. Again, welcome! --Nate1481(t/c) 11:14, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
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Hello Jdsouza,

I've added a discussion to the Luta Livre Talk page that I'd like your input on. Please check it out and let me know what's up.

Thanks,

Aesopian 14:54, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:1 August 2007 david hahn mugshot.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:1 August 2007 david hahn mugshot.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the image. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

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Your recent edits
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Replaceable fair use Image:1_August_2007_david_hahn_mugshot.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:1_August_2007_david_hahn_mugshot.jpg. I noticed the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

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If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that even if you follow steps 1 and 2 above, fair use images which could be replaced by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted 2 days after this notification (7 days if not used in an article), per our Fair Use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Videmus Omnia Talk  22:40, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:1 August 2007 david hahn mugshot.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:1 August 2007 david hahn mugshot.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Samuell Lift me up or put me down 03:48, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Hi

Sorry, I should have been more clear, but a ration is not the template you put on a page but description of why the image is fair use, an example can be found. However, it should be noted that images of living people do not count as fair use see WP:NONFREE for more info. Thanks Samuell Lift me up or put me down 21:02, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jdsouza


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Renault Vel Satis

The Renault Vel Satis is a five-passenger, five-door executive hatchback, manufactured and marketed by Renault from 2002–2005 over a single generation, sharing its platform with the Laguna II and Espace IV and manufactured on the same assembly line in Sandouville, France and noted for its unorthodox styling approach to the luxury segment.

Launched at the 2001 Geneva Motor Show to replace the already discontinued Safrane, the Vel Satis followed a 1998 Paris Motor Show concept.

As Renault's flagship model, it was the company's first car offered with adaptive cruise control, Renault reportedly spent €550 million developing the Vel Satis, predicting 50,000 sales across Europe in its first year. In total, over an eight year production, approximately 62,000 were manufactured.

The name Vel Satis is a portmanteau of Velocity and Satisfaction.

Overview

The Vel Satis is noted for its height (13 cm higher than a Safrane), benefiting interior space, and remains in use by high-ranking French officials. It was the second ever car to receive a five star Euro NCAP safety crash test rating, after the Laguna II.

Engine availability included:
 * 2.0 T 16 valve 4-cylinder
 * 3.5 24 valve V6-cylinder
 * 2.0 dCi 16 valve 4-cylinder
 * 2.2 dCi 16 valve 4-cylinder
 * 3.0 dCi 24 valve V6-cylinder

The Vel Satis received a minor facelift for model year 2005, featuring a revised front grille, rear apron, twin-flow exhaust system, and chrome-plated door handles. The interior featured revised fittings, fabrics and materials and revised radio and navigation systems. The 2.0-liter petrol engine received an increase in output to 125 kW.

In March 2005, Renault UK decided not to develop a RHD version of the facelifted Vel Satis, as sales of the model had been poor in the United Kingdom since launch. Although 3,500 sales were predicted, only a third of these were achieved. This came two years after Renault discontinued the Avantime coupé/MPV.

On August 27, 2005, Renault ended production of the Vel Satis — losing an estimated €18,710 per vehicle produced.

Reception
Patrick Le Quément, Renault's design chief, said the Vel Satis was intended to have physical presence, to redefine the prestige car on French terms, and to target less conformist customers.

In September 2002, Car described the Vel Satis as "ugly and very French."

Reviews of the car were critical of its ride and handling but noted the car was quiet under most conditions. "The gearbox is prone to considerable hunting in its quest to deliver power, at which point engine noise intrudes more than anticipated, and the change itself is by no means the smoothest in the class." The ride quality was described as feeling "over tough at pottering speeds, but displays a tendency to disintegrate into chop and judder when confronted with anything other than the smoothest of surfaces."

title: Renault Vel Satis


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Philharmonic Dining Rooms

The Philharmonic Dining Rooms is a public house at the corner of Hope Street and Hardman Street in Liverpool, Merseyside, England, and stands diagonally opposite the Liverpool Philharmonic Hall. It is commonly known as The Phil. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.

History
The public house was built in about 1898–1900 for the brewer Robert Cain. It was designed by Walter W. Thomas (not to be confused with Walter Aubrey Thomas the designer of the Royal Liver Building) and craftsmen from the School of Architecture and Applied Arts at University College (now the University of Liverpool), supervised by G. Hall Neale and Arthur Stratton.

Paul McCartney performed at the Philharmonic when he was a young musician, and during an impromptu concert in 2018.

Exterior
The building is constructed in ashlar stone with a slate roof in an "exuberant free style" of architecture. It has a combination of two and three storeys, with attics and cellar. There are ten bays along Hope Street and three along Hardman Street. Its external features include a variety of windows, most with mullions, and some with elaborate architraves, a two-storey oriel window at the junction of the streets, stepped gables, turrets with ogee domes, a balustraded parapet above the second storey, a serpentine balcony (also balustraded) above the main entrance in Hope Street, and a low relief sculpture of musicians and musical instruments. The main entrance contains metal gates in Art Nouveau style, their design being attributed to H. Bloomfield Bare.

Interior
There are 5 floors in total, with the main bar interior decorated in musical themes that relate to the nearby concert hall. These decorations are executed on repoussé copper panels designed by Henry Bloomfield Bare and by Thomas Huson, plasterwork by C. J. Allen, mosaics, and items in mahogany and glass. Two of the smaller rooms are entitled Brahms and Liszt. Of particular interest to visitors is the high quality of the gentlemen's urinals, with pink-marble basins and pink imitation-marble urinal surrounds.

Appraisal
Pollard and Pevsner, in the Buildings of England series, state that it is the most richly decorated of Liverpool's Victorian public houses, and that "it is of exceptional quality in national terms". The Grade I listing means that it is "of exceptional interest". Pye describes it as one of Liverpool's "architectural gems".

title: Philharmonic Dining Rooms


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User:Samt

''Hello, I'm samt. Right now, all I can tell you is I'm based in Sydney, Australia where I work as a systems integration consultant. Depending on how things go here at Wikipedia, I'll add more detail to this page.''

Current topics of interest
None right now. I'm only editing rarely to correct egregious errors on subjects about which I'm reasonably knowledgable.

title: User:Samt