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Gorgosaurus

Gorgosaurus (lit. 'dreadful lizard') is a genus of tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in western North America during the Late Cretaceous Period (Campanian), between about 76.5 and 75 million years ago. Fossil remains have been found in the Canadian province of Alberta and the U.S. state of Montana. Paleontologists recognize only the type species, G. libratus, although other species have been erroneously referred to the genus.

Like most known tyrannosaurids, Gorgosaurus was a large bipedal predator, measuring 8 - 9 m in length and 2 - 3 MT in body mass. Dozens of large, sharp teeth lined its jaws, while its two-fingered forelimbs were comparatively small. Gorgosaurus was most closely related to Albertosaurus, and more distantly related to the larger Tyrannosaurus. Gorgosaurus and Albertosaurus are extremely similar, distinguished mainly by subtle differences in the teeth and skull bones. Some experts consider G. libratus to be a species of Albertosaurus; this would make Gorgosaurus a junior synonym of that genus.

Gorgosaurus lived in a lush floodplain environment along the edge of an inland sea. It was an apex predator, preying upon abundant ceratopsids and hadrosaurs. In some areas, Gorgosaurus coexisted with another tyrannosaurid, Daspletosaurus. Although these animals were roughly the same size, there is some evidence of niche differentiation between the two. Gorgosaurus is the best-represented tyrannosaurid in the fossil record, known from dozens of specimens. These plentiful remains have allowed scientists to investigate its ontogeny, life history and other aspects of its biology.

Discovery and naming
Gorgosaurus libratus was first described by Lawrence Lambe in 1914. Its name is derived from the Greek $γοργος$ (gorgos – "fierce" or "terrible") and $σαυρος$ (saurus – "lizard"). The type species is G. libratus; the specific epithet "balanced" is the past participle of the Latin verb librare, meaning "to balance".

The holotype of Gorgosaurus libratus (NMC 2120) is a nearly complete skeleton associated with a skull, discovered in 1913 by Charles M. Sternberg. This specimen was the first tyrannosaurid found with a complete hand. It was found in the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta and is housed in the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa. Prospectors from the American Museum of Natural History in New York City were active along the Red Deer River in Alberta at the same time, collecting hundreds of spectacular dinosaur specimens, including four complete G. libratus skulls, three of which were associated with skeletons. Matthew and Brown described four of these specimens in 1923.

Matthew and Brown also described a fifth skeleton (AMNH 5664), which Charles H. Sternberg had collected in 1917 and sold to their museum. It was smaller than other Gorgosaurus specimens, with a lower, lighter skull and more elongate limb proportions. Many sutures between bones were unfused in this specimen as well. Matthew and Brown noted that these features were characteristic of juvenile tyrannosaurids, but still described it as the holotype of a new species, G. sternbergi. Today's paleontologists regard this specimen as a juvenile G. libratus. Dozens of other specimens have been excavated from the Dinosaur Park Formation and are housed in museums across the United States and Canada. G. libratus is the best-represented tyrannosaurid in the fossil record, known from a virtually complete growth series.

In 1856, Joseph Leidy described two tyrannosaurid premaxillary teeth from Montana. Although there was no indication of what the animal looked like, the teeth were large and robust, and Leidy gave them the name Deinodon. Matthew and Brown commented in 1922 that these teeth were indistinguishable from those of Gorgosaurus, but in the absence of skeletal remains of Deinodon, opted not to unequivocally synonymize the two genera, provisionally naming a ?Deinodon libratus. Although Deinodon teeth are very similar to those of Gorgosaurus, tyrannosaurid teeth are extremely uniform, so it cannot be said for certain which animal they belonged to. Deinodon is usually regarded as a nomen dubium today. Additional likely synonyms of G. libratus and/or D. horridus include Laelaps falculus, Laelaps hazenianus, Laelaps incrassatus, and Dryptosaurus kenabekides.

Several tyrannosaurid skeletons from the Two Medicine Formation and Judith River Formation of Montana probably belong to Gorgosaurus, although it remains uncertain whether they belong to G. libratus or a new species. One specimen from Montana (TCMI 2001.89.1), housed in the Children's Museum of Indianapolis, shows evidence of severe pathologies, including healed leg, rib, and vertebral fractures, osteomyelitis (infection) at the tip of the lower jaw resulting in permanent tooth loss, and possibly a brain tumor.

Formerly assigned species
Several species were incorrectly assigned to Gorgosaurus in the 20th century. A complete skull of a small tyrannosaurid (CMNH 7541), found in the younger, late Maastrichtian-age Hell Creek Formation of Montana, was named Gorgosaurus lancensis by Charles Whitney Gilmore in 1946. This specimen was renamed Nanotyrannus by Bob Bakker and colleagues in 1988. Currently, many paleontologists regard Nanotyrannus as a juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex. Similarly, Evgeny Maleev created the names Gorgosaurus lancinator and Gorgosaurus novojilovi for two small tyrannosaurid specimens (PIN 553-1 and PIN 552–2) from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia in 1955. Kenneth Carpenter renamed the smaller specimen Maleevosaurus novojilovi in 1992, but both are now considered juveniles of Tarbosaurus bataar.

Description

Gorgosaurus was smaller than Tyrannosaurus or Tarbosaurus, close in size to Albertosaurus. Adults reached 8 to 9 m in length from snout to tail, and weighed 2 - 3 MT in body mass. The largest known skull measures 99 cm long, just slightly smaller than that of Daspletosaurus. As in other tyrannosaurids, the skull was large compared to its body size, although chambers within the skull bones and large openings (fenestrae) between bones reduced its weight. Albertosaurus and Gorgosaurus share proportionally longer and lower skulls than Daspletosaurus and other tyrannosaurids. The end of the snout was blunt, and the nasal and parietal bones were fused along the midline of the skull, as in all other members of the family. The eye socket was circular rather than oval or keyhole-shaped as in other tyrannosaurid genera. A tall crest rose from the lacrimal bone in front of each eye, similar to Albertosaurus and Daspletosaurus. Differences in the shape of bones surrounding the brain set Gorgosaurus apart from Albertosaurus.

Gorgosaurus teeth were typical of all known tyrannosaurids. The eight premaxillary teeth at the front of the snout were smaller than the rest, closely packed and D-shaped in cross section. In Gorgosaurus, the first tooth in the maxilla was also shaped like the premaxillary teeth. The rest of the teeth were oval in cross section, rather than blade-like as in most other theropods. Along with the eight premaxillary teeth, Gorgosaurus had 26 to 30 maxillary teeth and 30 to 34 teeth in the dentary bones of the lower jaw. This number of teeth is similar to Albertosaurus and Daspletosaurus but is fewer than those of Tarbosaurus or Tyrannosaurus. Gorgosaurus shared its general body plan with all other tyrannosaurids. Its massive head was perched on the end of an S-shaped neck. In contrast to its large head, its forelimbs were very small. The forelimbs had only two digits, although a third metacarpal is known in some specimens, the vestigial remains of the third digit seen in other theropods. Gorgosaurus had four digits on each hindlimb, including a small first toe (hallux) which did not contact the ground. Tyrannosaurid hindlimbs were long relative to overall body size compared with other theropods. The largest known Gorgosaurus femur measured 105 cm long. In several smaller specimens of Gorgosaurus, the tibia was longer than the femur, a proportion typical of fast-running animals. The two bones were of equal length in the largest specimens. The long, heavy tail served as a counterweight to the head and torso and placed the center of gravity over the hips.

In 2001, paleontologist Phil Currie reported skin impressions from the holotype specimen of G. libratus. He originally reported the skin as being essentially smooth and lacking the scales found in other dinosaurs, similar to the secondarily featherless skin found in large modern birds. Scales of some sort were present in this specimen, but they are reportedly widely dispersed from each other and very small. Other patches of isolated Gorgosaurus skin shows denser, and larger though still relatively fine scales (smaller than hadrosaurid scales and approximately as fine as a Gila monster's). Neither of these specimens was associated with any particular bone or specific body area. In the Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs Kenneth Carpenter pointed out that traces of skin impressions from the tail of Gorgosaurus showed similar small rounded or hexagonal scales.

Classification and systematics
Gorgosaurus is classified in the theropod subfamily Albertosaurinae within the family Tyrannosauridae. It is most closely related to the slightly younger Albertosaurus. These are the only two definite albertosaurine genera that have been described, although other undescribed species may exist. Appalachiosaurus was described as a basal tyrannosauroid just outside Tyrannosauridae, although American paleontologist Thomas Holtz published a phylogenetic analysis in 2004 which indicated it was an albertosaurine. More recent, unpublished work by Holtz agrees with the original assessment. All other tyrannosaurid genera, including Daspletosaurus, Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, are classified in the subfamily Tyrannosaurinae. Compared to the tyrannosaurines, albertosaurines had slender builds, with proportionately smaller, lower skulls and longer bones of the lower leg (tibia) and feet (metatarsals and phalanges).

The close similarities between Gorgosaurus libratus and Albertosaurus sarcophagus have led many experts to combine them into one genus over the years. Albertosaurus was named first, so by convention it is given priority over the name Gorgosaurus, which is sometimes considered its junior synonym. William Diller Matthew and Barnum Brown doubted the distinction of the two genera as early as 1922. Gorgosaurus libratus was formally reassigned to Albertosaurus (as Albertosaurus libratus) by Dale Russell in 1970, and many subsequent authors followed his lead. Combining the two greatly expands the geographical and chronological range of the genus Albertosaurus. Other experts maintain the two genera as separate. Canadian paleontologist Phil Currie claims there are as many anatomical differences between Albertosaurus and Gorgosaurus as there are between Daspletosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, which are almost always kept separate. He also notes that undescribed tyrannosaurids discovered in Alaska, New Mexico and elsewhere in North America may help clarify the situation. Gregory S. Paul has suggested that Gorgosaurus libratus is ancestral to Albertosaurus sarcophagus.

Below is the cladogram of Tyrannosauridae based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Loewen et al. in 2013.

Diet and feeding
Just like other tyrannosaurids, bite force of Gorgosaurus and Albertosaurus increases slowly among young individuals, and then it increases exponentially when they reach the late juvenile stage. In 2012, Jovannelly and Lane estimated that Gorgosaurus could exert a bite force of at least 22,000, possibly up to 42,000 newtons. Other paleontologists have produced significantly lower bite force estimates. In 2021, given that the largest known Gorgosaurus had a similar bite force to the similar-sized Tyrannosaurus, Therrien and colleagues proposed that the maximum bite force that could be produced by adult albertosaurines is around 12,200 to 21,800 newtons. In 2022, Sakamoto estimated that Gorgosaurus had an anterior bite force of 6,418 newtons and a posterior bite force of 13,817 newtons.

In 2023, a juvenile Gorgosaurus (TMP 2009.12.14) with its in situ stomach contents containing two Citipes juveniles about a year old intact was reported from the Dinosaur Park Formation. This juvenile would have been 5-7 years old at the time of death, measuring about 4 m long and weighing around 335 kg. It is much larger than the two Citipes juveniles that weigh about 9 - 12 kg, contrary to the assumption that tyrannosaurids fed on prey of their size once they reached 16 - 32 kg, indicating that juvenile tyrannosaurids still consumed much smaller prey after exceeding a certain size threshold. The discovery of this specimen indicated that tyrannosaurids probably did not hunt in multigenerational packs, since its prey size is too small to share with the conspecifics. It is also a direct dietary evidence that reinforces the theory of 'ontogenetic dietary shift' for tyrannosaurids, as previously inferred by ecological modeling and anatomical features among different age groups. Only the remains of the hindlimbs and caudal vertebrae of juvenile Citipes were present in the tyrannosaurid's stomach cavity, suggesting that a juvenile Gorgosaurus may have had preferential consumption of the muscular hindlimbs. Thomas R. Holtz Jr., a paleontologist who also previously theorized that tyrannosaurs underwent a big dietary shift with maturation, said that the fossil "looks like it was Thanksgiving," as the juvenile Gorgosaurus was mostly eating the legs of Citipes.

Life history
Gregory Erickson and colleagues have studied the growth and life history of tyrannosaurids using bone histology, which can determine the age of a specimen when it died. A growth curve can be developed when the ages of various individuals are plotted against their sizes on a graph. Tyrannosaurids grew throughout their lives, but underwent tremendous growth spurts for about four years, after an extended juvenile phase. Sexual maturity may have ended this rapid growth phase, after which growth slowed down considerably in adult animals. Examining five Gorgosaurus specimens of various sizes, Erickson calculated a maximum growth rate of about 50 kg per year during the rapid growth phase, slower than in tyrannosaurines like Daspletosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, but comparable to Albertosaurus.

Gorgosaurus spent as much as half its life in the juvenile phase before ballooning up to near-maximum size in only a few years. This, along with the complete lack of predators intermediate in size between huge adult tyrannosaurids and other small theropods, suggests that these niches may have been filled by juvenile tyrannosaurids. This pattern is seen in modern Komodo dragons, whose hatchlings start off as tree-dwelling insectivores and slowly mature into massive apex predators capable of taking down large vertebrates. Other tyrannosaurids, including Albertosaurus, have been found in aggregations that some have suggested to represent mixed-age packs, but there is no evidence of gregarious behavior in Gorgosaurus.

The discovery of two exceptionally preserved juvenile skulls from Gorgosaurus suggests that Gorgosaurus underwent the morphological shift from gracile juveniles to robust adults at an earlier age than Tyrannosaurus, to which it was compared in a study published by Jared Voris et al., suggests that the ontogenetic changes occurred at roughly 5-7 years of age in Gorgosaurus; much earlier than its larger and later relative. However, both tyrannosaur genera underwent these ontogenetic transformations at a similar percent of skull length relative to the large known adult individuals. The study's results likewise indicate that there is a dissociation between body size and cranial development in tyrannosaurs, while simultaneously allowing better identification of juvenile remains that may have been misidentified in museum fossil collections. It is estimated that an ontogenetic dietary shift of Gorgosaurus and Albertosaurus occurs when the mandibular length reaches 58 cm, indicating that this is the stage when their bite force increases exponentially and when they begin to pursuit large prey.

Paleopathology
Several pathologies have been documented in the Gorgosaurus libratus holotype, NMC 2120. These include the third right dorsal rib, as well as healed fractures on the 13th and 14th gastralia and left fibula. Its fourth left metatarsal bore roughened exostoses both in the middle and at the far end. The third phalanx of the third right toe is deformed, as the claw on that digit has been described as "quite small and amorphous". The three pathologies may have been received in a single encounter with another dinosaur.

Another specimen cataloged as TMP94.12.602 bears multiple pathologies. A 10 cm longitudinal fracture is present in the middle of the right fibula's shaft. Multiple ribs bear healed fractures and the specimen had a pseudoarthortic gastralium. Lesions from a bite received to the face were present and showed evidence that the wounds were healing before the animal died.

Another specimen has a poorly healed fracture of the right fibula, which left a large callus on the bone. In a 2001 study conducted by Bruce Rothschild and other paleontologists, 54 foot bones referred to Gorgosaurus were examined for signs of stress fracture, but none were found.

As with many tyrannosaurids, several Gorgosaurus specimens show evidence of intraspecific face biting.

TMP 2017.012.0002, is a Gorgosaurus right maxilla with 5 raised scars; healed injuries from face biting by conspecifics.

TMP91.36.500 is a very complete sub-adult Gorgosaurus with preserved face bite injuries and also has a thoroughly healed fracture in the right fibula. Also present was a healed fracture in the dentary and what the authors describing the specimen referred to as "a mushroom-like hyperostosis of a right pedal phalanx." Ralph Molnar has speculated that this may be the same kind of pathology afflicting an unidentified ornithomimid discovered with a similar mushroom shaped growth on a toe bone. TMP91.36.500 is also preserved in a characteristic death pose.

Paleoenvironment
Most specimens of Gorgosaurus libratus have been recovered from the Dinosaur Park Formation in Alberta. This formation dates to the middle of the Campanian, between 76.5 and 74.8 million years ago, and Gorgosaurus libratus fossils are known specifically from the lower to middle section of the formation, between 76.6 and 75.1 million years ago. The Two Medicine Formation and Judith River Formation of Montana have also yielded possible Gorgosaurus remains. At this time, the area was a coastal plain along the western edge of the Western Interior Seaway, which divided North America in half. The Laramide Orogeny had begun uplifting the Rocky Mountains to the west, from which flowed great rivers that deposited eroded sediment in vast floodplains along the coast. The climate was subtropical with marked seasonality, and periodic droughts sometimes resulted in massive mortality among the great herds of dinosaurs, as represented in the numerous bonebed deposits preserved in the Dinosaur Park Formation. Conifers formed the forest canopy, while the understory plants consisted of ferns, tree ferns and angiosperms. Around 73 million years ago, the seaway began to expand, transgressing into areas formerly above sea level and drowning the Dinosaur Park ecosystem. This transgression, called the Bearpaw Sea, is recorded by the marine sediments of the massive Bearpaw Shale.

The Dinosaur Park Formation preserves a great wealth of vertebrate fossils. A wide variety of fish swam the rivers and estuaries, including gars, sturgeons, sharks and rays, among others. Frogs, salamanders, turtles, crocodilians and champsosaurs also dwelled in the aquatic habitats. Azhdarchid pterosaurs and ornithuran birds like Apatornis flew overhead, while the enantiornithine bird Avisaurus lived on the ground alongside multituberculate, metatherian and eutherian mammals. A number of species of terrestrial lizards were also present, including whiptails, skinks, monitors and alligator lizards. Dinosaur fossils in particular are found with unrivaled abundance and diversity. Huge herds of ceratopsids roamed the floodplains alongside equally large groups of saurolophine and lambeosaurine hadrosaurs. Other herbivorous groups like ornithomimids, therizinosaurs, pachycephalosaurs, small ornithopods, nodosaurids and ankylosaurids were also represented. Small predatory dinosaurs like oviraptorosaurs, troodonts and dromaeosaurs hunted smaller prey than the huge tyrannosaurids; Daspletosaurus and Gorgosaurus, which were two orders of magnitude larger in mass. Intervening predatory niches may have been filled by young tyrannosaurids. A Saurornitholestes dentary has been discovered in the Dinosaur Park Formation that bore tooth marks left by the bite of a young tyrannosaur, possibly Gorgosaurus.

Coexistence with Daspletosaurus
In the middle stages of the Dinosaur Park Formation, Gorgosaurus lived alongside a rarer species of tyrannosaurid, Daspletosaurus. This is one of the few examples of two tyrannosaur genera coexisting. Similar-sized predators in modern predator guilds are separated into different ecological niches by anatomical, behavioral or geographical differences that limit competition. Niche differentiation between the Dinosaur Park tyrannosaurids is not well understood. In 1970, Dale Russell hypothesized that the more common Gorgosaurus actively hunted fleet-footed hadrosaurs, while the rarer and more troublesome ceratopsians and ankylosaurians (horned and heavily armoured dinosaurs) were left to the more heavy built Daspletosaurus. However, a specimen of Daspletosaurus (OTM 200) from the contemporaneous Two Medicine Formation of Montana preserves the digested remains of a juvenile hadrosaur in its gut region, and another bonebed contains the remains of three Daspletosaurus along with the remains of at least five hadrosaurs.

Unlike some other groups of dinosaurs, neither genus was more common at higher or lower elevations than the other. However, Gorgosaurus appears more common in northern formations like Dinosaur Park, with species of Daspletosaurus being more abundant to the south. The same pattern is seen in other groups of dinosaurs. Chasmosaurine ceratopsians and saurolophine hadrosaurs are also more common in the Two Medicine Formation of Montana and in southwestern North America during the Campanian, while centrosaurines and lambeosaurines dominate in northern latitudes. Holtz has suggested this pattern indicates shared ecological preferences between tyrannosaurines, chasmosaurines and saurolophines. At the end of the later Maastrichtian stage, tyrannosaurines like Tyrannosaurus rex, saurolophines like Edmontosaurus and Kritosaurus and chasmosaurines like Triceratops and Torosaurus were widespread throughout western North America, while lambeosaurines were rare, consisting of a few species like Hypacrosaurus, and albertosaurines and centrosaurines had gone extinct. However, in the case of the centrosaurines, they had thrived in Asia with genera like Sinoceratops. While albertosaurine remains have been found in the Hell Creek Formation, it is most likely these are indeterminate remains belonging to a species of Tyrannosaurus.

title: Gorgosaurus


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User talk:Matani2005~enwiki

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 * Hi,, Welcome to Wikipedia!

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Thanks for your welcome message. I've been around for a few weeks/months now, but I am still very much feeling my way!--PeterR 19:08, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the welcome, Matani. How did I end up on your radar as a new user? Dmleach 19:21, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Matani, thank you for showing how to add a name/date-stamp without manually figuring out the time! Julyo 20:23, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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Hello Matani2005, Can you review the edits made here by someone named "Jez"? http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeb_Bush&diff=prev&oldid=12600085 Also, please see my comments about these edits on the discussion page for this article, and comment. If you can change what this person did, back to the way it was, I would appreciate it. If there is an actual and correct reason for any edit, kindly explain to me the reason so I don't make the same mistake again. Thank you. SummerFR PS Is "Jez" with wikipedia or is that person just making chnages? He did not discuss it on the discussion page when I asked for examples. And, many of his changes were of text written by OTHER people, not me, after he criticized me on the discussion page for that article. I was very true to everything already written by others on that page. Thanks for your help.

I wrote to you above but I didn't know how to do a link on my name at that time, so I am trying it again here:

Sneaky Vandalism by "JEZ" in Jeb Bush article
Could you take a look at these edits below, by someone named "JEZ," and comment on the discussion page for the Jeb Bush article? I am asking you because you previously wrote to me a welcome note. I think what he did is called "sneaky vandalism" by wikipedia though I am new here. Thanks, SummerFR 20:21, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Jez's edits on JEB article

Thank you Admin Matani2005
Matani2005, it seems to me that in your edit on the article, you restored the text that had been deleted and changed by JEZ. Thank you. I appreciate your help, as the edits JEZ made did not aid any reader in any way. SummerFR 00:59, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Welcoming
Hi, I noticed you welcomed Wsiegmund. There are two small fixes I would like to suggest to your welcome message: The tildes reference needs a ; after each 6, this will fix the display. From reading the help pages I don't think it's possible to have previous edits credited anymore. Thanks for staying on the welcome wagon. Alf melmac 21:13, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your welcome of August 30, 2005. At the time, it seemed a bit overwhelming, but now I find it a good resource to refer to. -Walter Siegmund 17:59, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * For more on this, see melmac's old talk page.  -Walter Siegmund 20:11, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Matani2005~enwiki


text: Category:Jack County, Texas

title: Category:Jack County, Texas


text:
Frederick II, Duke of Austria

Frederick II (Friedrich II.; 25 April 1211 – 15 June 1246), known as Frederick the Quarrelsome (Friedrich der Streitbare), was Duke of Austria and Styria from 1230 until his death. He was the fifth and last Austrian duke from the House of Babenberg, since the former margraviate was elevated to a duchy by the 1156 Privilegium Minus. He was killed in the Battle of the Leitha River, leaving no male heirs.

Family
Born in Wiener Neustadt, Frederick was the second surviving son of the Babenberg duke Leopold VI of Austria and Theodora Angelina, a Byzantine princess. The death of his elder brother Henry in 1228 made him the only heir to the Austrian and Styrian duchies.

His first wife was Byzantine princess Eudokia Laskarina, (referred to as Sophia), a daughter of emperor Theodore I Laskaris and his first wife Anna Komnene Angelina. They were divorced by 1222. Frederick secondly married Agnes of Merania in 1229, an heiress of the extinct noble House of Andechs whose dowry included large possessions in Carniola and the Windic March. From 1232 Frederick styled himself Dominus Carniolae ("Lord of Carniola"). However, the marriage was dissolved due to childlessness in 1243.

Reign
Frederick succeeded his father in 1230. Proud of his Byzantine descent, the young duke soon was known as the Quarrelsome because of his harsh rule and frequent wars against his neighbors, primarily with Hungary, Bavaria and Bohemia. Even the Austrian Kuenring ministeriales, which had so far been faithful to the ruling house, started an insurgency as soon as his reign began.

According to the Weltchronik of Jans der Enikel, Frederick had gone to the court of Emperor Frederick II by his summon, leading a procession of 200 knights wearing the triband colors of Austria. When he approached the Emperor, he was enthusiastically invited—by both command and request of Emperor Frederick—to eat bread with him. The Duke refused, stating he brought his own gold. But the Emperor insisted without prevailing. Thus instead he ordered that no one in the town sell the Duke firewood for his kitchen. Duke Frederick instead sought a house to buy and when the Emperor learned of this, forbade it. Duke Frederick then instructed his marshal to go out late at night and buy some nuts so that his food could be prepared. Duke Frederick had impressed the Emperor so much that he allowed him the sale of firewood and whatever he wishes. Afterwards, the Duke asked to be shown the Emperor's assassins, which he was allowed. They moved onto the town's tower, which stood 50 cubics tall, and brought out two of his assassins. The Emperor then told one to jump down and without a thought, the man leapt and fell to his death. Immediately, Duke Frederick was impressed by the sheer loyalty of these men and the Emperor stopped the other man from jumping. The experience convinced the Duke of the Emperor's power.

Most dangerous were his disputes with the Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II in the course of the rebellion of the emperor's son Henry (VII), husband of Frederick's sister Margaret. Not only had the duke refused to appear at the 1232 Reichstag diet in Aquileia, appealing to the Austrian Privilegium Minus privileges, and displeased the emperor by picking quarrels with King Béla IV of Hungary, he furthermore seemed to be involved in his brother-in-law Henry's conspiracy. When he again refused to attend the 1235 diet in Mainz, Emperor Frederick II finally ostracized him and gave permission to King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia to invade the Austrian lands. Vienna opened its gates for the united Bohemian and Bavarian forces and during the years of Frederick's ban even became an imperial free city, where the emperor had his son Conrad IV elected King of the Romans in 1237. However, the expelled duke managed to maintain his position as the ruler of an Austrian rump state at his Wiener Neustadt residence. In the same year, Frederick enacted the Landrecht Law, which required all subjects to defend the country in the case of invasion.

In 1239, in a spectacular change in imperial politics, Duke Frederick became one of the emperor's most important allies. In 1241, Duke Frederick was one of the very few Western European commanders who faced the Mongols when they invaded Austria. After the Mongols started pillaging Hungary and Croatia, King Bela IV asked the papacy and the Western European rulers for help. Duke Frederick sent a very small expeditionary force of knights to assist the Hungarians. He and his knights managed to defeat a small Mongolian raiding party during the initial stages of the Battle of Mohi, but they soon left after inter-conflicts with King Bela IV and the Cumans in the region. He would meet the Mongols again, this time in his own country. After the defeat of Hungary, the Mongols now set their sights on Vienna. A minor raiding squadron started pillaging Wiener Neustadt in Southern Vienna, but Duke Frederick together with his knights and foreign allies, defeated them and drove them out. The Austrians would again defeat the Mongols in the River March in Theben. Afterwards, the Mongols never again tried to invade Austria.

The conflict with Bohemia was settled by the engagement of his niece Gertrude of Babenberg with King Wenceslaus' eldest son Margrave Vladislaus of Moravia. Negotiations with the emperor about the elevation of Vienna to a bishopric and of Austria (including Styria) to a kingdom were initiated, however, on condition that the duke's niece Gertrude now would have to marry the fifty-year-old emperor, who moreover had recently been banned by Pope Gregory IX and needed allies. In 1245 the terms were arranged, but the willful young girl, then in her late teens, refused to appear in the consummation ceremony at the diet of Verona. In the year before his death, Duke Frederick finally succeeded in gaining the rule over the March of Carniola from the Patriarchate of Aquileia, but upon his death it fell to the Carinthian duke Bernhard von Spanheim.

Duke Frederick's ambitious plans were dashed when he died at the Battle of the Leitha River, in another border conflict he had picked with the Hungarian king Béla IV. He is buried at Heiligenkreuz Abbey.

Legacy
As the Austrian Privilegium Minus of 1156 also allowed women to inherit, Frederick's sister Margaret and his niece Gertrude would have been entitled to the throne. Shortly after the death of her uncle, Gertrude first married her fiancé Vladislaus of Moravia, who nevertheless died in the next year, then Margrave Herman VI of Baden, who did not manage to maintain his position in Austria, and finally in 1252 Prince Roman Danylovich, a younger brother of Knyaz Lev I Rurik, son-in-law of the Hungarian king, who also ended in divorce in 1253.

In the same year the Bohemian Přemyslids made a second attempt to confirm their claims to the Austrian and Styrian duchies by arranging the marriage between Gertrude's aunt Margaret of Babenberg and King Wenceslaus' son Ottokar II, more than twenty years her junior. Subsequently, Austria became a field of conflict between the Přemyslids and the Hungarian Árpád dynasty, in which Ottokar at first would prevail defeating King Béla at the 1260 Battle of Kressenbrunn, until finally being overthrown by the Habsburg king Rudolf I of Germany at the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278.

As the last Babenberg duke, Frederick the Quarrelsome signifies the end of an era in the history of Austria, beginning with the enfeoffment of Margrave Leopold I in 976. With his overambitious plans, which were frequently foiled by his erratic character, he somewhat resembled his later Habsburg successor Duke Rudolf IV. According to the 18th century historian Chrysostomus Hanthaler, Frederick was the first Austrian duke utilizing the red-white-red coat of arms after his accession—an attempt to prevail against the reluctant local nobles and to stress his autonomy towards Emperor Frederick II. The triband is first documented in a seal on a deed issued on 30 November 1230, confirming the privileges of Lilienfeld Abbey. The medieval chronicler Jans der Enikel reports that the duke appeared in a red-white-red ceremonial dress at his 1232 accolade in the Vienna Schottenstift.

title: Frederick II, Duke of Austria


text:
Talk:SS United States

Speed
The speed issue came up again. This is pretty difficult. I know for a fact that the source I provided is a verifiable reliable source, but it's only verifiable if someone can find a copy of Nautilus, alumni newsletter of the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, University of Michigan. The story began in the Fall 2003 issue, and was completed in the Spring/Summer 2004 issue. These seem to have vanished from any web presence, but I saw volume 25 online for a while -- long enough that we cited it easily. Is there anyone anywhere near the NA&ME building at the U. of Michigan who could check the stacks for these volumes? --jpgordon:==( o ) 17:19, 23 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Another good resource for this would be this: The Speed of the SS United States, KANE, 1978. J. R. Kane was chief engineer at Newport News Shipbuilding at the time of the 1952 trials. --jpgordon:==( o ) 17:42, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

 * When the ship's specs were declassified, in 1968, the New York Times reported the newly-released info, including a top speed of "42 knots, or better than 48 land-miles per hour". (The math checks out; 42.000 knots = 48.3327 mph.) The article ran on page 35 of the August 16, 1968, paper, under the headline, "Secrets of the Liner United States".

 * I'm new to this topic, so let me ask a possibly dumb question: Is there reason to disbelieve the Times on this? The now-old messages above have dead links, and don't summarize the sources they were linking to. What did J.R. Kane say? What did Michigan Naval Engineering say?

 * The article currently gives 38.32 knots as the ship's maximum speed. Is there any reason I should not change that to the figure that the Times quotes the U.S. Navy as giving in 1968? TypoBoy (talk) 18:05, 4 February 2016 (UTC)

 * My late father worked as a marine engineer for Babcock & Wilcox from 1946 to 1981, eventually becoming the Manager of Marine Sales, and later Technical Editor of SNAME. He worked on the boilers for the United States, whose powerplant was essentially that of an Essex Class Aircraft Carrier. He told me the top speed could reach 43 knots if needed. You have to remember that the the published power is based on the operating pressure of 925 lbs PSI, but the design pressure of the boilers is 1118 lbs PSI, and they were steam tested to 1356 PSI according to the bronze test plate from boiler number 1B which I have from him. It was removed when they removed two shafts during the failed conversion to make it a cruise liner in the 1980s. So it was easy to get about 25 percent more power out of the powerplant than was publicly stated. You need to keep that in mind when doing any calculations. GCW50 (talk) 9 Feb 2016

I am reviving this discussion as I have also found printed media (made since you started this discussion) that also states that the United States briefly attained speeds of 43kts. - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 15:14, 7 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Hey a year later for a 13-year old Wikipedia discussion! I've reached out again to the U of Michigan Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering Dept. to try to get access to the "How fast did it go?" article that explains the ruse. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆 𝄐𝄇 02:46, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

I've finally gotten into a correspondence with the person responsible for Nautilus magazine at UM NAME. Funny how slow going this has been for such a fast going ship. Anyway, for the first time I have a .PDF of half of the "How fast did it go" article, and I'll have the other half as soon as my contact goes back into the office. Once I have the whole thing, I'll feel comfortable with a full citation like for any other academic journal; that certain volumes are unavailable online does not break WP:V. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆 𝄐𝄇 16:25, 18 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Did this end up going anywhere? :-) Ed [talk] [majestic titan] 16:12, 16 September 2021 (UTC)
 * No, I need to wake it up again; the department was all in COVID disarray in February. Thanks for reminding me. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 16:59, 16 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Anything new? I'm inclined to go with the NYT story if nothing else. I can't read it because of the paywall but if you have access maybe you could provide a quote? I got a copy from the library and will add it to the article. GA-RT-22 (talk) 15:07, 16 February 2023 (UTC)
 * So basically, you know it's incorrect, but because re-finding the source has been difficult, you'll willingly put in sourced misinformation. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 15:45, 16 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I've put in another query to the department. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 16:00, 16 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't know it's incorrect. You declined to answer 's questions six years ago, so all I have is what's in the reliable sources, and that's what I put in the article, per Wikipedia policy. If you think the information is wrong, you've had six years to discuss your concerns, and you have not done so in that time. GA-RT-22 (talk) 17:21, 16 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I do know it's incorrect. So do many people. I've got an exact source which has been moved and the moment isn't WP:V by me but is certainly WP:V for anyone with access to the NA&ME library at the U of M. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 18:45, 16 February 2023 (UTC)
 * This source, mentioned above, is in a different place now: The Speed of the SS United States. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 18:50, 16 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Here's another source discussing this. 38 knots. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 19:21, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

So, from that Nautilus issue: "Those with NA&ME degrees should look at Marine Technology, 1978, vol 15,2, paper by John R. Kane, 'Speed of the United States.' He gives top speed on builder's trials as 38.3 knots. We look at the speed power/curves he gives, and doing a little eyeball extrapolation, estimate the power for 43 knots would have to be...you try it, see if you agree with your editor's estimate of 1,000,000shp...But second, whence cometh that 43-knot figure? Well, boys will be boys, boys not above playing tricks on the gullible. Mr. Author-of-43-knots was aboard on the trial ship in which the 38.3 knot speed was reached. However, that speed was a SECRET until Kane was allowed to publish it some 25 years late. But everyone aboard wanted to know at the time. Well, those boys who would be boys were those pushing slide rules in the Data Center, so when reporters wandered in, hoping to learn something, we were Silent Sams, every one. Mr. Kane, boss of all data, stood by to make sure we did NOT speak to the curiousity seekers...But the slide rule boys concocted a sneaky joke. We made up a false speed/power data sheet showing that 43 knots, and 'carelessly' left it on a table that was otherwise littered with innocent paper...We were sure one of the curious would see it...the data boys had done their dirty deed, and them that don't know their NA&ME have been telling it like it could never be ever since." --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 19:34, 16 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Do you have the full citation for that article? I think it's includeable with a sentence like "A graduate of the University of Michigan's Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering program later claimed that the Times number stemmed from a false piece of data deliberately left out as a joke for reporters to latch onto." Ed [talk] [OMT] 23:30, 7 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm happy with just the Marine Tech citation. Of course it would be better without the paywall but I don't doubt that it says what we say it says. GA-RT-22 (talk) 00:15, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Oh, look what I just found. The Speed of the SS United States. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 00:15, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Sorry,, I meant a full citation for the Nautilus article. I've already just added Kane! Ed [talk] [OMT] 04:05, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I've really no idea how to cite it. I've a photograph of the journal page, that's it. It's page 8 vol. 25 of Nautilus. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 04:29, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks, ! I've added it as a source. Feel free to tweak that! Ed [talk] [OMT] 03:14, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

Cultural Reference
Several stock footage scenes of the ship are used in the 1957 film An Affair to Remember. Please add? Tiptopper (talk) 03:28, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

 * The linked page on the film doesn't mention film of this ship as being so used. We'd need to have that film use verified. Dhtwiki (talk) 22:59, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:07, 25 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Commodore plaque.jpg

 * the file was deleted. IonlyPlayz2 (talk) 13:19, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

Literature section
I'm starting to wonder what the purpose of the Literature section is and how it differs from Further reading. Ujifusa, for example, appears in Literature, several times in References, and in Further reading. Several other works also appear in two or more of these sections. GA-RT-22 (talk) 04:44, 7 November 2023 (UTC)
 * That is a ... great question. I'm guessing it was intended to be a list of books that are directly about the ship, but that should really be confined to the references/further reading. I think we can remove it after verifying we won't lose anything useful. Ed [talk] [OMT] 04:47, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

Steam production expressed as weight
Hello all- Can anyone clarify the meaning of the quantity "310,000 pounds of steam", as currently expressed in the first sentence of SS_United_States? To my non-boiler-room-experienced eye, that unit expression wants further explanation: Is it meant to indicate the weight of water vapor produced over a certain amount of time, for example? Thanks in advance for any help. Eric talk 16:02, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Thank you for pointing this out!
 * In terms of boilers, output is measured in hours and vapor. So, the term should read along the lines of, '310,000 pounds of steam an hour...'
 * GGOTCC (talk) 19:25, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I made some changes to the sentence. Does it make more sense now? Best, GGOTCC (talk) 20:10, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Yes, thanks! I made a tweak that I think might improve the sentence flow. Eric talk 12:39, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

Why is she in Philadelphia?
With United States (forcefully) making her a sudo-icon of Philadelphia, many readers will likely wonder why that is. The article does not explain how she rounded up in the city, and none of the sources I have explain why. Does anyone have information which may expand on the article's noticeable lack of coverage?

Thanks! GGOTCC (talk) 06:08, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:SS United States


text:
Dorset Downs

The Dorset Downs are an area of chalk downland in the centre of the county Dorset in south west England. The downs are the most western part of a larger chalk formation which also includes (from west to east) Cranborne Chase, Salisbury Plain, Hampshire Downs, Chiltern Hills, North Downs and South Downs.

Physical geography
The Dorset Downs are bounded on the north, along the steep scarp face, by the Blackmore Vale, a large clay and limestone valley. On the east, the Downs were once, thousands of years ago, continuous with Cranborne Chase, but the River Stour now cuts a valley between them, which is the location of Blandford Forum and the eastern boundary of the downs. From the northern scarp face, the hills dip gently southwards before the chalk disappears beneath the Bagshot Beds which form the heathlands of the county, between Dorchester and Wareham. South of the River Frome, the chalk reappears in a narrower strip, forming coastal cliffs east of Weymouth and, further east, the steep ridge of the Purbeck Hills. This southerly strip of the visible chalk (sometimes referred to as the South Dorset Downs or South Dorset Ridgeway) continues westwards behind Weymouth, and rejoins the main body of the downs at their western extremity at Eggardon Hill. In the west the chalk dips down under marl.

Together with Cranborne Chase, the Dorset Downs have been designated as National Character Area 134 by Natural England, the UK Government's advisor on the natural environment. In Dorset this area is bounded by the Dorset Heaths and Weymouth Lowlands to the south, the Marshwood and Powerstock Vales to the west and the Blackmore Vale to the north.

The main land uses on the downs are arable agriculture, woodland and calcareous grassland, a habitat which is growing as farmers are encouraged to set aside land with subsidies. Chalk is a rough rock and the Dorset Downs hold a large water table which acts as a reservoir of drinking water for much of the county. This property of chalk also means there are many seasonal rivers, called winterbournes, that flow depending upon the level of the water table.

Hills

 * Bulbarrow Hill (274 m), site of Rawlsbury camp and the highest hill in the Downs.
 * Telegraph Hill (267 m)
 * Lyscombe Hill (262 m)
 * Watts Hill (261 m)
 * Bell Hill (258 m)
 * Eggardon Hill (252 m), also the western extremity of the South Dorset Downs
 * Toller Down (252 m)
 * Ball Hill (251 m)
 * Dogbury Hill (248 m)
 * Beaminster Down (244 m)
 * Shillingstone Hill (223 m), a densely wooded scarp face with a large quarry.
 * Rampisham Down (219 m)
 * Hambledon Hill (192 m) and Hod Hill (143 m), two outliers of Cranborne Chase, separated from the Downs by the River Stour.

Fauna
The downs are the native home to the Dorset Down sheep.

Places of interest

 * Blandford Forest
 * Cerne valley, including Cerne Abbas Giant.
 * Dorsetshire Gap, a steep valley.
 * Milton Abbas, 18th-century planned estate village and museum.
 * Minterne Magna, Rhododendron garden at Minterne House.
 * Nettlecombe Tout hill fort.
 * Ringmoor settlement and field system.

title: Dorset Downs


text:
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Wikipedians/Germany is being replaced by a category
Hello! You were listed on the Wikipedians/Germany page as living in or being associated with Germany. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, or one of the Bundesland-based subcategories, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Germany for instructions. --Angr ( tɔk ) 15:08, 15 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi Angr, thanks for the note, I've added the Bavaria category. --Markus (Mh26) 15:36, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being 'minor'. The only thing that's changed is that you will no longer have them marked as minor by default.

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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 20:26, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mh26


text: User talk:81.7.93.149

title: User talk:81.7.93.149


text:
East European Plain

The East European Plain (also called the Russian Plain, or historically the Sarmatic Plain) is a vast interior plain extending east of the North European Plain, and comprising several plateaus stretching roughly from 25 degrees longitude eastward. It includes Volhynian-Podolian Upland on its westernmost fringe, the Central Russian Upland, and, on the eastern border, encompasses the Volga Upland. The plain includes also a series of major river basins such as the Dnepr Basin, the Oka–Don Lowland, and the Volga Basin. At the southeastern point of the East European Plain are the Caucasus and Crimean mountain ranges. Together with the North European Plain (covering much of Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany and Poland), and covering the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), European Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, southeastern Romania, and, at its southernmost point, the Danubian Plain in Northern Bulgaria (including Ludogorie and Southern Dobruja), it constitutes the majority of the Great European Plain (European Plain), the greatest mountain-free part of the European landscape. The plain spans approximately 4000000 km2 and averages about 170 m in elevation. The highest point of the plain, located in the Valdai Hills, is 346.9 m.

Boundaries

 * West: Baltic Sea, Oder and Lusatian Neisse, Sudetenland, Carpathians (Outer Western Carpathians, Outer Eastern Carpathians, Southern Carpathians, Serbian Carpathians).
 * South: Balkan Mountains, Black Sea, Crimean Mountains, Caucasus, The Caspian Sea and the Sea of Azov, Ustyurt Plateau.
 * East: Ural Mountains and Turan Depression.
 * North: White Sea, Barents Sea, Kara Sea, Scandinavian Mountains.

Regional subdivisions

 * Belarus
 * Belarusian Ridge
 * Polesia (Belarus, Ukraine)
 * Bulgaria
 * Danubian Plain (Bulgaria) (southern portion of the Lower Danubian Plane)
 * Estonia
 * Kazakhstan (European part)
 * Latvia
 * Lithuania
 * Poland
 * Roztocze
 * Mazovian Lowland
 * Romania / Moldova
 * Moldavian Plateau (Moldova, Romania, Ukraine)
 * Wallachian Plain (northern portion of the Lower Danubian Plane)
 * Russia (European part)
 * Timan Ridge
 * Northern Ridge (Uvaly)
 * Mari Depression
 * Valdai Hills
 * Smolensk–Moscow Upland (Russia, Belarus)
 * Central Russian Upland (Russia, Ukraine)
 * Oka–Don Lowland
 * Volga Upland
 * Obshchy Syrt
 * Caspian Depression
 * Ukraine
 * Sian Lowland
 * Volhynian-Podolian Upland
 * Podolian Plateau
 * Polesian Lowland
 * Dnieper Upland
 * Kyiv Mountains
 * Central Upland
 * Black Sea Lowland
 * Azov Upland / Donets Ridge

Other major landforms
The following major landform features are within the East European Plain (listed generally from north to south).
 * North Russian Lowlands
 * Baltic Uplands
 * Belarusian Ridge
 * Kuma–Manych Depression
 * Bugulma-Belebey Upland
 * Vyatskie Uvaly

Largest rivers

 * Volga River
 * Danube
 * Ural River
 * Vistula
 * Dnieper River
 * Don River (Russia)
 * Pechora River
 * Kama River
 * Oka River
 * Belaya River
 * Daugava
 * Neman River
 * Pregolya River

title: East European Plain


text:
User talk:Icundell

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Whosyourjudas (talk) 17:44, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Bias
I'd like your opinion at Requests for arbitration. Thanks. Chameleon 12:11, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

DreamGuy
I've created a Requests for comment against DreamGuy. I don't know whther you might want to look at it. IVoteTurkey 14:58, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi. I've added a quick question for you at the bottom of Requests for comment/DreamGuy. I'm not really sure whether you meant to certify the request and forgot to outline evidence of your attempts to resolve the dispute, or whether you meant to endorse rather than certify the request. Could I ask you to clarify? Thanks. jguk 19:04, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your clarification. It's appreciated. (I think it's important to play it by the book on user conduct RfCs and wouldn't want the "wrong" decision on whether it is kept for now (or not) to be made.) I have moved the request to the "approved pages-have met the two person threshold" section. jguk 20:09, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Category:UK Wikipedians
Hi, just to let you know that the list of UK participants at the UK notice board was getting rather long, so I have replaced it with the above category which I have added to your user page. -- Francs2000 | Talk 30 June 2005 19:06 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Gaulalongsidethumb.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Gaulalongsidethumb.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Mark83 17:10, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * But Crown Copyright doesn't automatically mean it's useable. The actual source must be explicitly described and to quote from the CC tag itself "HMSO has explicitly stated in official correspondence that material under Crown Copyright may not be relicensed under the GFDL.". Some government bodies allow use of CC material provided its reproduction is accurate and not used in a misleading context, however others expressly prohibit its use. Mark83 17:30, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

DreamGuy
I'm very happy to add my support to IVoteTurkey's RfC - even though it's nearly 18 months old. I assume it's still an open matter, and DreamGuy is clearly overdue for a serious reality-check. Please note my comments on the talk page re his use of sockpuppets to subvert the 3RR - this is probably something that should be brought to the attention of an admin. --Centauri 11:43, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Personal Attacks
This is regarding this edit. It appears you've been here a long time and thus must be familiar with No personal attacks, yes? NPA and WP:CIVIL aren't optional, and they certainly don't go out the window when you're talking about someone you disagree with. Please don't make such attacks. —Bunchofgrapes (talk) 23:25, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Irony? I admit I haven't been following all of Dreamguy's contributions lately; show me a diff showing him making a similar personal attack and I'll give him a similar warning. —Bunchofgrapes (talk) 01:54, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Gaulalongsidethumb.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Gaulalongsidethumb.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. ed g2s • talk 22:19, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Geography Wikiproject
I thought you might be interested in helping WikiProject_Geography If so, just add your name to the page. Thanks AlexD 11:32, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

List of references in Dead Like Me
Yeah, too bad. I saved a copy locally for my own amusement. The list grew out of hand; I thought some of the jokes were clever. --Christopherlin 20:22, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Myrmidon Books
Thanks for your contribution to the talk page for Myrmidon. It was nominated for speedy deletion by someone who appeared to speak English as a second language and didn't know what the Man-Booker Prize was.Bmcollier (talk) 09:29, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors

A tag has been placed on Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be a clear copyright infringement. This page appears to be a direct copy from https://uk.linkedin.com/in/katie-thorp-8b578942. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites or other printed material as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

If the external website or image belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text or image — which means allowing other people to modify it — then you must verify that externally by one of the processes explained at Donating copyrighted materials. If you are not the owner of the external website or image but have permission from that owner, see Requesting copyright permission. You might want to look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for more details, or ask a question here.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Zackmann08 (Talk to me/What I been doing) 07:11, 16 October 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Icundell


text: User talk:83.70.148.233

title: User talk:83.70.148.233


text:
User talk:Reason~enwiki

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Whosyourjudas (talk) 17:45, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Hello
Hi! I'm a Wikipedia user on the Arabic and Hebrew pages, holding the username "Reason". Owing to the fact that you don't use this account (on the English Wikipedia), I would really appreciate giving it up to me (the English one only), so I can manage a global account with the same username. Please feel free to contact me at my discussion page or leaving me an email by "E-mail this user" link which you see on my userpage. Yours Know More (talk) 13:17, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Reason. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Reason~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:37, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:00, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Reason~enwiki


text:
User talk:Andrewtheartist

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Whosyourjudas (talk) 17:46, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Andrewtheartist


text: Category:Jackson County, Texas

title: Category:Jackson County, Texas


text:
User talk:Nalpak

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Whosyourjudas (talk) 17:48, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Please stop uploading pictures of you and your friends, they will be deleted. - SimonP 18:58, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)

What made you think that the article at Adam Hollander was remotely an article for an encyclopeida? RickK 20:04, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nalpak


text:
User talk:Juvenalis~enwiki

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Whosyourjudas (talk) 17:48, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image source
Thank you for uploading Image:Arie Eldad.jpg. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. Thank you. --Ellmist 04:43, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Pictures of Knesset members, taken from the Knesset http://www.knesset.gov.il website may be used in Wikipedia under fair use treatmenr. MathKnight 4 July 2005 15:11 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Ephraim Katzir.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Ephraim Katzir.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you.  Ja Ga  talk 17:30, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Juvenalis. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Juvenalis~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:00, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:43, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Juvenalis~enwiki