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Gerda Nicolson

Gerda Maureen Nicolson (11 November 1937 – 12 June 1992) was an Australian actress, who worked across all major forms of media, including theatre, television and films, she was best known for several long-running television roles, and was a constant presence on the small screen since the early 60s until her death. Nicholson's roles included the rural series Bellbird police detective series Bluey and soap opera Prisoner.

Early life
Gerda Maureen Nicolson was born in Hobart, Tasmania, and as a child moved to Geelong in Melbourne where her parents were both involved in reportory theatre. In 1959, she travelled to London with her parents and attended many stage performances. She initially studied architecture, but decided instead on a performing career, attaining her dramatic training at the St Martins Theatre, before travelling to London where she worked as a draftsperson.

On returning to Australia in 1961, Gerda joined Melbourne University's Graduate Society and acted in a number of its amateur stage plays. A year later, she was spotted by a director who encouraged her to audition for a stage play, A Woman in a Dressing Gown. Scoring one of the main roles, she joined the ensemble on its tour of Australia and New Zealand. Nicolson later said that the producer awarded her with the role on account of her stunning legs.

Television roles
Nicholson featured in a TV production titled The Proposal and the Bear for ABC TV, although she first reached wider audiences through her regular roles on television serials firstly with Crawford Productions long-running rural series Bellbird as Fiona Daily. After leaving that series she had a regular role in the police detective drama Bluey (1976) opposite Lucky Grills and also featured briefly in The Sullivans (1976) and had a small guest role in Cop Shop, she later in 1989 appeared in a small role in Neighbours as Robyn Taylor, who almost has an affair with Harold Bishop.

Prisoner
She became most widely recognised locally and internationally for her role in the cult soap opera drama series Prisoner (internationally also known as Prisoner: Cell Block H) as Prison Governor Ann Reynolds, joining the cast in 1983 after Patsy King left the series and she assumed the role of the new governor. This was her second role in the show — she had already played a minor guest part as a corrupt officer at another prison in earlier episodes. Nicolson played the role until the series ended in 1986. Prisoner found huge international cult success in the 1990s and 2000s. In 2019, it was announced that Jane Hall would take on the role of Ann Reynolds in the Prisoner reimaging series Wentworth.

Death and legacy
Nicholson collapsed in her dressing room prior to going to stage for theatre performance in Mary Lives! in 1992. Although she was rushed to hospital, but never regained consciousness and died on 12 June. The cause of death was a brain-related haemorrhage. Actress Pat Bishop assumed the role.

Green Room Award: The Gerda Nicolson Award (for an Emerging Actress) was instituted in her name to commemorate her work in Australian theatre, as she is recognised as one of Victoria's finest female actors. This award, protected by The Green Room Awards Association, was presented to the recipient by her widower until his death in 2006. Recipients included; Alison Whyte, Peta Brady and Kat Stewart.

Gerda Nicolson Award for Indigenous female students studying at the Victorian College of the Arts in the areas of performing arts. This award was hosted through the Willan Centre for an undergraduate student.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gerda Nicolson


text:
User:Utis~enwiki

My real name is "Oliver Scholz". If you want contact me via email: alkibiades at gmx dot de

Please put the tag "[wikipedia]" into the subject line, or else I might miss your email, because without it, mails sent to this address go into the "spam" folder.

I live in Frankfurt am Main near Darmstadt and study philosophy at the Goethe University Frankfurt. Right now I am trying to overcome my discontent with academic philosophy in order to find the strength to finish my studies and obtain my M.A.. At the same time I am preparing for a career as a writer, since I discovered that both my strengths and weaknesses as well as my inclinations and interests seem to fit better to this calling. My minor subjects in university are sociology and classical Greek, both of which I have a bit neglected lately, the former because my discontent here is even greater, the latter because I chose it rather as an object of love than of scientific study. Love and scientific study go well together, of course. It is just that I am a bad philologist.

(My apologies if I used the English word "science" incorrectly above. The German word "wissenschaft" applies to both the study of nature and to what is in English called "humanities". "Wissenschaft" emphasises accuracy and strictness of methodology.)

I am deeply impressed by the quality of quite a lot of the articles on the "classical music" tradition in the wikipedia, whatever some of the regular editors may say. Even some of those articles that I find intuitively incorrect, incoherent, imprecise or simply displeasing, exhibit in some parts a spirit of commitment, competence and search for precision that's more worth to me than either accurate dullness or blind enthousiasm alone. I'd very much like to contribute. For that I have to learn much, maybe too much. I am still a dilettant and amateur listener whose understanding of music is entirely implicit. But since music is of utmost importance to me in several respects, the process of gaining knowledge ("wissenschaft") in this domain will be one of personal development for me. Until now I have only dabbled a bit in musical aesthetics (Adorno, mostly). For what it's worth: still being an amateur I dare to have favourite composers: W. A. Mozart, Luigi Dallapiccola and Luigi Nono.

Introducing Frankfurt as a city near Darmstadt is actually a (weak) joke. Frankfurt is the larger and better known city of the two. But with its "Internationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik" Darmstadt is much more important in the domain of 20th and 21st century music. Still, we have the Ensemble Modern Orchestra here in Frankfurt, an orchestra entirely dedicated to contemporary music; this is one of several reasons why Frankfurt is a good place to live for me. I was born in Koblenz in the Rhineland; I moved to Frankfurt, when I started university, because of the Frankfurt School.

One of my hobbies is Lisp programming, particulary in the context of the Emacs text editor. This is what I do for recreation.

title: User:Utis~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gerbillidae

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - kept

Gerbillidae
Might be a valid notable encyclopedic (a genus of the animal kingdom??) article. Certainly needs work if so.Anyway, I'm calling the appropriate attention to this.--Jondel 11:13, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Valid topic, pretty worthless article. Keep if rewritten/expanded -- Ferkelparade π 12:54, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Speed deleted as patent nonsense. Here is the complete text:

 * titl. insects Most bugs have six leges.170,000 butterfly species 5,ooo species of dragonflys and 20,000 grasshopper 120,000 fly 80,000 true bug 350,000 beetle 110,000 bee and ant.

For the record, Gerbillidae (a subfamily of family Muridae, order Rodentia) comprises gerbils & related creatures (all mammals). Now if someone wants to actually address that topic, more power to them. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:48, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as new stub. Surely the 6x10e10 gerbil owners will find one or two in their number to improve this article. Denni ☯ 02:24, 2004 Oct 15 (UTC)
 * Keep as a re-direct to gerbil. Any objections?? 66.245.15.73 02:26, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as redirect to gerbil; all information about the subfamily appears to be contained there. Postdlf 02:32, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Sungai Petani

Sungai Petani (abbr. Sg. Petani or SP; Jawi: سوڠاي ڤتاني) is a town in Kuala Muda District, Kedah, Malaysia. Sungai Petani is Kedah's largest city and is located about 55 km south of Alor Setar, the capital of Kedah, and 33 km northeast of George Town, the capital city of the neighbouring state of Penang.

Etymology
The name of the municipality is taken from the name of a river, which is Sungai Petani (Petani River), a tributary of Merbok River. The word Petani might be related to the province of Pattani in Thailand. The word is said to derive from a Sanskrit word 'pathini', meaning "virgin nymph"; Pathini was the name of a daughter of Merong Mahawangsa, founder of the preceding Langkasuka Empire. When Kedah was known under the name of Langkasuka, traders always travelled between Merbok Valley and Pattani, and the eastern parts of Peninsular Malaysia through land routes. Thus it is not impossible that the word 'Petani' is borrowed from the name of the princess. "Petani" also means farmer in Malay, but it is unlikely that this is the origin of the city name as there are no sources pointing it to be the case.

Transportation
Sungai Petani railway station is served by rail services such as KTM ETS, a higher-speed rail service connecting major cities in Malaysia. The station is also one of the stops for KTM Komuter Northern Sector, a local commuter-rail service under KTM Komuter that connects major town in Penang, Kedah, and Perlis.

Long-distance services are also available at Ukir Square. Besides being a bus terminal, this multi-purpose building also houses the Urban Transformation Centre or UTC that provides the community a centralised location for main government agencies, public amenities and services of private sectors. While the local bus services are situated at Jalan Petri, the main operators including Tanjung Mewah Holiday Sdn Bhd (inner city), Red Omnibus (Route 2 from Alor Setar) and MARA Liner (to Sik and Kuala Ketil).

The nearest airport is the Penang International Airport on Penang Island. Another alternative airport is the Sultan Abdul Halim Airport, Alor Star (the state capital of Kedah).

Sungai Petani also served by North-South Expressway, an expressway that connects the town with major cities in Malaysia's West Coast.

Healthcare
Sungai Petani has various health amenities. Sultan Abdul Halim Hospital, a US$150-million hospital, is a public government hospital opened in 2007 that was built to replace a smaller hospital. The Sultan Abdul Halim Hospital was handed over by the Public Works Department to the Ministry of Health on July 23, 2006. It has 498 beds and provides secondary and tertiary specialist services There are also other various private medical facilities. They are Pantai Hospital Laguna Merbok (formerly known as Amanjaya Specialist Centre), Pantai Hospital Sungai Petani, and Metro Specialist Hospital.

Primary and Secondary
Kuala Muda Yan District Education Office administers the primary and secondary education of two districts, Kuala Muda (where Sungai Petani is located) and Yan. Sungai Petani hosts a large number of reputable schools such as the Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Ibrahim which was established in 1919 and Sekolah Menengah Sains Sultan Mohamad Jiwa. Other schools include Convent Father Barre (Primary and Secondary), Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Bakar Arang, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan St.Theresa, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Khir Johari, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Bandar Sungai Petani, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tunku Ismail, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sungai Pasir, Sekolah Menengah Teknik Sungai Petani 1 & 2, SJK(T) Saraswathy, Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan Sin Min, and SJK(C) Sin Kwang. There is also Maktab Rendah Sains MARA Merbok in Merbok, about 11 km northwest of Sungai Petani.

Tertiary
The AIMST University (the Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology), was previously in Amanjaya. The university offers a variety of professional courses, including medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, biotechnology, materials technology, engineering, and computer science and information technology.

Universiti Teknologi Mara has a branch campus at Merbok, Sungai Petani. Another government institution with campuses in Sungai Petani include Institusi Kemahiran Malaysia (IKM), Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Sultan Abdul Halim (IPG KSAH), an institution set up by the government to provide teaching courses for trainee teachers, and Kolej Komuniti Sungai Petani, a community college that provides Technical and Vocational Education Training (TVET) courses.

Sungai Petani also has a number of private colleges and universities. One of them is the Open University Malaysia (OUM) that operates as the Regional Learning Center for the state of Kedah and Perlis. Other private colleges include MSU College and Cosmopoint College.

Shopping
Sungai Petani has many malls, shopping centers and cinema. Amanjaya Mall, Central Square, Village Mall, River Front are modern shopping and entertainment complex and malls in the city. There are also a few retailer chain and hypermarket outlets such as Lotus's Sungai Petani, Lotus's Sungai Petani South and Lotus's Bandar Puteri Jaya.

Religious Institutions
Sungai Petani has no dearth of religious buildings. Muslims can visit Masjid Sultan Muzaffar Shah. For Christians, some churches located in the city are Church of Christ the King (founded in 1925) and True Jesus Church. For Hindu adherents, one of the temples that can be visited is Sri Subramaniya Swami Devasthanam Temple that celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2019.

Sungai Petani Clock Tower
Sungai Petani Clock Tower is located on the main street, Jalan Ibrahim and was built in 1936. It is topped by a dome-shaped and gold coloured structure. The tower was a present from Lim Lean Teng to George V to commemorate his Silver Jubilee.

Gunung Jerai
In the northern part of the town, about 30 kilometres away, is Gunung Jerai. Gunung Jerai is 1,217 metres from the sea level. This is the tallest mountain in the northern region and is surrounded by a vast jungle. It is a navigational point for ships entering the Straits of Malacca from the north because it is visible from far. There is an 18 km trekking route to the top of the mountain through a winding road. Atop the Jerai is a resort and the mountain boasts some tall and cooling waterfalls. Historically, the Jerai mountain served as the navigational point for traders from the east and west. There was a Hindu temple on top of the mountain that was built nearly a thousand years ago during the Bujang Valley Hindu Civilization.

Bujang Valley
The Bujang Valley or Lembah Bujang, sometimes referred to as the Ancient Wonder of Kedah, is a rich historical site covering an area of about 400sq. km in Merbok (17 km from Sungai Petani), bounded by Bukit Choras (Choras Hill) and Gunung Jerai. This archaeological area was the site of an ancient Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that ruled the region from the 4th century AD. There is also an archaeological museum here which is known as The Lembah Bujang Archaeological Museum. This museum displays more than 2,500 artifacts from Malaysia's earliest civilization that have been unearthed from the surrounding excavation sites. Gold, gems, ceramics, Hindu gods and Buddha stone statues dating from the third to 14th centuries are all on display, though its main feature is Candi Bukit Batu Pahat, a reconstructed temple built to worship the Hindu god Shiva.

People from Sungai Petani

 * Baddrol Bakhtiar, national football figure plays for Kedah and national team
 * Bala Ganapathi William, actor, director & TV host
 * Chong Wei Feng, national badminton player
 * Johari Abdul, Malaysian politician and Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat
 * Khairul Helmi Johari, Kedah captains and national football player
 * Neeta Manis, actor, singer & TV host
 * Sivasangari Subramaniam, national professional squash player.
 * Syed Amin Aljeffri, entrepreneur

title: Sungai Petani


text:
Talk:Redemption Song

gRRR
A Few years ago I heard Nelson Mandela say that Redemption Song was one of his favourite songs. I want to add is quote, But I cannot blooming find it! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.7.55.146 (talk) 11:17, 13 October 2004 (UTC)

Samples
The samples do not seem to be working for me? --Is Mise le Méas, Irishpunktom 14:08, Dec 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * What samples? Paul Tracy/ talk 01:55, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I assume he means the various samples of covers of Redemption Song at the bottom of the article. I just spot-checked a couple, and they seem to download correctly, so I assume the problem is that you can't play them?  They're in Ogg Vorbis format.  See Sound to find out how to listen to them -- there is free software available for it. Tuf-Kat 03:34, Dec 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * It was actually my Downloading tool, download express, once I turned it off it worked fine. Thanks! --Is Mise le Méas, Irishpunktom 22:55, Jan 12, 2005 (UTC)

I was wondering if anyone could explain the symbolism of redemption song? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.36.60.163 (talk) 07:47, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

NPOV

 * I removed some NPOV stuff and also reference to the white masses - reggae is popular in many African countries too.Paul Tracy 21:49, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * While Raggae is indeed popular in many African Countries, it was not brought there by Marley. Marley almost exclusively, made Raggae huge in Europe, especially in the UK.  Not so sure about the US.--195.7.55.146 09:47, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Bob Marley was Reggae's first superstar. He wasn't the first to bring Reggae to the UK, but he was the first to have a substantial number of hits. And he was huge in many parts of Africa too.

 * He also enjoys a fair amount of popularity in East Asia.

 * I recall reading somewhere that anthropologists and such who study obscure, remote tribes are told to bring gifts to help keep the people they're studying on friendly terms. Supposedly, one of the standard gifts that you can bring to almost any tribe anywhere in the world is a tape deck, batteries and a Bob Marley cassette. I wanna say that was in an old issue of Discover, but I could be wrong.  Tuf-Kat 00:35, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Not a reggae song
Allmusic.com says: "One of the few songs in Bob Marley's discography without the characteristic reggae rhythm". GregorB 19:46, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Also the song is composed of chords only excluding the intro which is also not of the reggae strum.AloysiusR 04:16, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

he sings it in a regge style, he was playing a reggeg folk, it's regge. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.231.28.185 (talk) 00:24, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

Dave Matthews Cover
On which DMB album does this cover version appear? I've tried to look in the discography article of DMB and still can't seem to find any information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.72.7.63 (talk) 11:46, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Samples, revisited
I am not sure that we need nine different sound files to represent the different versions of this song. I think Marley's (and maybe his son's version) are all that we need. Thoughts? - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  14:10, 3 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Okay, I've waited for over three weeks for a response to my inquiry. I will be purging all but those closest to the source of Marley's original version, preferring free source samples but sticking close to the source. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  14:56, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Emancipation Park statue
This sculpture is called Redemption Song, and is in Jamaica. Here is a link to a blog that describes it (which we cannot use but can serve as a launching point for the search for sources), and a link to the site that talks about Emancipation Park in Jamaica. I am thinking that an image might be culled for use here. As well, we might have a dab term (or even another article) in the statue itself. Thoughts? - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  10:43, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

Cover versions
I've edited out a large number of versions of this oft-covered song by different bands within the same genre. I think the article is best served by demonstrating how flexible the song is to adaptation by different genres of music. While I think the article would be the strongest with Marley's version, there might be some difficulty in getting it, and I am unsure how to add music. Until then, I am comfortable with his son's version of the song. Thoughts? - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  02:33, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Merge discussion
I am proposing that Redemption Song (Rihanna song) be merge into this article, as her version is a cover of the original. Dan56 (talk) 21:46, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

I strongly disagree that Rhianna's cover version should be merged with the original. There are myriad other cover versions that aren't merged, Rhianna's should be on a separate page. This article should be about the Bob Marley song only. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.146.155.193 (talk) 17:30, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

Seeing Rhianna's version that prominently on this page is a shame! away with it! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.12.30.200 (talk) 12:01, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

I agree the Rihanna bit merged in this page is a shame. Three commentors pushing the same way...is it consensus enough to remove that section?--MarmotteNZ (talk) 01:19, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

Rhianna's cover should be mecioned but put all this space for her isn't really working —Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.113.105.221 (talk) 20:36, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, if a cover version is going to be mentioned, it should be a cover by a well-respected, well-known musician. Personally I'd like to see Johnny Cash's version mentioned. 75.174.121.63 (talk) 05:01, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree with everyone else here the Rihanna cover, probably the worst of the lot, should not be given undo prominence over the other cover versions. Given the consensus, and WP policy for bold editing, I'm removing it.--Chimino (talk) 23:29, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

I belive that the Playing For a Change (featuring Stephen Marley) cover deserves mention in the cover section of this article — Preceding unsigned comment added by Drumerwritter (talk • contribs) 07:28, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

Stevee Wonder version
Dear,

you should mention in this article the version of Stevee Wonder. When I read this article, I wanted to know who wrote this song, Marley or S Wonder?

Iwas not surprised that Bob wrote it but I was surprised that you did not mention the Stevee Wonder version, which is very good too ! -)

Best regards, Lionel —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.113.76.218 (talk) 20:00, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

WTF does Bono have to do with an article on the song itself?
That whole sidebar on how he carries the lyrics around with him is irrelevant, I'm sure there are a thousand other douchey calculated things that clown carries around in his pocket for effect but you don't see references to them in other wiki articles. This should be removed.

Agree. 188.210.212.57 (talk) 21:37, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

Playing For A Change featuring Stephen Marley Cover
If a charity version featuring rihanna was added to the cover section i think that the Playing for a change version featuring Stephen Marley is more than worth it to be added as well, don't you think?. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Drumerwritter (talk • contribs) 07:24, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Redemption Song. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Redemption Song


text:
User:Diderot/arabalpha

Abandoned translation of fr:alphabet arabe

title: User:Diderot/arabalpha


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User:Unnistar

Welcome to the page of a young earnest cognizance seeking individual
Feel free to send me articles regarding Books, birds and poetry I shall update my page later, for the time being let me seek solace

title: User:Unnistar


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Joseph Tykociński-Tykociner

Joseph Tykociński-Tykociner (also known as Joseph T. Tykociner; 5 October 1877, in Włocławek, Congress Poland – 11 June 1969, in Urbana, Illinois, United States) was a Polish engineer and a pioneer of sound-on-film technology.

In 1921 he became the first research professor of engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Within a year of his arrival at the university, he conducted the first sound-on-film motion picture recordings at a physics demonstration that showed how pictures and sound could be synchronized to produce a "talkie", a motion picture with sound.

Life
Tykociner was born into a Jewish family in Włocławek, a town in Polish territory then under Russian control. He worked for the Marconi Company in 1901 in London at the time the first radio signal was transmitted across the Atlantic. At the age of eighteen he came to the United States. In New York City he met Nikola Tesla and became an expert in shortwave radio. He received a jeweled gold watch from Czar Nicholas II for setting up a radio communication system for the Russian fleet. He was at St. Petersburg's Helsinki Station when Lenin returned from exile in 1917. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 he worked on radio for the Polish government.

Sound film
He worked from 1918 to develop a system of recording and reproducing synchronized sound on motion picture film. He became the University of Illinois's first research professor of engineering in 1921. On June 9, 1922, Tykociner publicly demonstrated for the first time a motion picture with a soundtrack optically recorded directly onto the film. When Tykociner demonstrated the first sound-on-film motion picture recordings the projector had a photoelectric cell made by his Illinois colleague Jakob Kunz at its heart. In the first sounds ever publicly heard from a composite image-and-audio film, Helena Tykociner, the inventor's wife, spoke the words, "I will ring," and then rang a bell. Next, Ellery Paine, head of the university's Department of Electrical Engineering, recited the Gettysburg Address. The demonstration was written up in the New York World on July 30, 1922. A dispute between Tykociner and university president David Kinley over patent rights to the process thwarted its commercial application.

Tykociner applied for a patent shortly before the public demonstration. The patent was awarded in 1926. Many people consider Theodore Case as the inventor of the sound film even though Tykociński made sound film 3 years before him. In 1919, Lee De Forest filed patents for his sound-on-film process Phonofilm, unaware of Tykociner's work. DeForest, working with Theodore Case, produced several short films in 1921 and 1922, and introduced Phonofilm at a presentation at the Rivoli Theater in New York City on April 15, 1923. Case and DeForest had a falling out, and Case took his patents to William Fox, who used Case's patents to develop Fox Movietone.

Radar
In the 1920s, Tykociner did antenna design research that was a precursor to radar.

Zetetics
After his official retirement in 1946, he did research in a new field he termed "zetetics," (not to be confused with zeteticism, Marcello Truzzi's term for scientific skepticism), which Tykociński-Tykociner described as the collection and systematization of "all information about research activities, including creative processes, with the view of extending that knowledge which leads to discoveries, inventions, and the solution of human problems." This included the study of the science of research and the relationship between science and art. When he died in 1969 in Urbana, Illinois, his estate and papers were left to the university.

The Tykociner Memorial Lectures began in 1972 with a lecture by Dennis Gabor. Through 1998, other distinguished scientists and artists spoke on the relationship between science and the arts, including Leon Cooper, Leon Lederman, and Freeman Dyson. In 2002 the lectures were changed to weekly lectures in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering.

title: Joseph Tykociński-Tykociner


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joey Kaplan

Joey Kaplan
Non-notable, possibly vandalism. Delete Gazpacho 11:22, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Doesn't capture his magic.
 * Delete: Prank/slander, unimportant. Private concerns, not public. Geogre 18:49, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. At very least, not notable. Possibly not true. --Improv 20:26, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Prank? MarkS 20:52, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Still Delete. Was just in the process of listing it myself. (though it is an amusingly written bio) - Lifefeed 18:37, Nov 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Last I checked anonymous users couldn't vote on these things (as the first vote in an anon. vote), however I agree that it should be Deleted.--Josiah 22:01, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep How dare you take out my comments about my little petseleh! Me ois vaxen svi a tsibele miten cup in vant - .--Mama Kaplan 22:04, 5 Nov 1955 (UTC)
 * Above entry by User:148.244.150.58 --jpgordon{gab} 19:38, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep The legacy of Joey must live on even if his brain does not.
 * Above entry by User:148.244.150.58 --jpgordon{gab} 19:38, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete probable vandalism. — A.M. 05:24, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete seems to be a couple of kids pratting around. Dunc|☺ 12:26, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and Ban. Why do we put up with idiots like this? Trilobite (Talk) 17:31, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Shaddup I defy any of you to prove a word of this false
 * Above entry by User:148.244.150.58 --jpgordon{gab} 19:38, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * What are you gonna do about it, asshole?
 * Er, delete the article, presumably. Sum0 20:43, 29 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
User:Logimorph

I am Charles Bockett-Pugh from the UK, retired electronic engineer, fiddle player and lousy golfer.

title: User:Logimorph


text:
Electric blue

Electric blue may refer to:

 * Electric blue (color)

Biology

 * Electric blue crayfish (Procambarus alleni)
 * Electric blue gecko (Lygodactylus williamsi)
 * Electric blue tarantula (Chilobrachys natanicharum)
 * Sciaenochromis, a genus of haplochromine cichlid fish whose males are electric blue, including:
 * Electric blue hap (Sciaenochromis ahli)
 * Electric blue kande (Sciaenochromis psammophilu)

Music

 * Electric Blue (album), by Andy Bell, or the title song, 2005
 * "Electric Blue" (Icehouse song), 1987
 * "Electric Blue", a song by Arcade Fire from Everything Now, 2017
 * "Electric Blue", a song by the Cranberries from To the Faithful Departed, 1996
 * "Electric Blue", a song by Mars & Mystre, 2000
 * "Electric Blue", a song by Nicole Scherzinger from Big Fat Lie, 2014

Television

 * Electric Blue (TV series), a 1979–1987 British softcore pornography series

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Journal of Near-Death Studies

The Journal of Near-Death Studies is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to the field of near-death studies. It is published by the International Association for Near-Death Studies.

The journal's founding editor-in-chief was Kenneth Ring. Subsequent editors were Bruce Greyson and Janice Holden.

History
The journal was established in 1982 as Anabiosis and obtained its current title in 1987 with the start of volume 6. From 1997 to 2003 the journal was published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, but this arrangement was discontinued upon completion of volume 21.

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Cidlina

Cidlina is a river in the Czech Republic, a right tributary of the Elbe River. It flows mainly through the Hradec Králové and Central Bohemian regions. It is 87.3 km long.

Etymology
According to one theory, the name of the river is of Celtic origin and was composed of the words sīd(o) (meaning 'calm' or 'peace') and lèana (meaning 'wet meadow'). According to another theory, the name comes from the Proto-Slavic adjective cědlá, which meant 'clear', 'clean'.

Characteristic
The Cidlina originates in the territory of Lomnice nad Popelkou in the Ještěd–Kozákov Ridge at the elevation of 563 m and flows to Libice nad Cidlinou, where it enters the Elbe River at the elevation of 186 m. About 1.5 km south of the main spring there is the secondary spring of the Cidlina. The river is 225.9 km long. Its drainage basin has an area of 1164.5 km2.

The longest tributaries of the Cidlina are:

Settlements
The most notable settlement on the river is the town of Jičín. The river flows through the municipal territories of Železnice, Jičín, Vitiněves, Slatiny, Žeretice, Vysoké Veselí, Smidary, Skřivany, Nový Bydžov, Mlékosrby, Chlumec nad Cidlinou, Olešnice, Žiželice, Choťovice, Žehuň, Dobšice, Sány, Opolany and Libice nad Cidlinou.

Bodies of water
The largest body of water on the Cidlina and in its whole basin area is the Žehuňský Pond with an area of 173 ha. There are 126 bodies of water larger than 1 ha in the basin area.

Protection of nature
On the upper reaches of the river there is an extensive nature monument called Javorka a Cidlina – Sběř. It has an area of 272.9 ha and, in addition to the Cidlina bed, it also covers the bed of the lower course of the Javorka and some areas on the banks of the Cidlina. The reason for the protection is to ensure a stable population of specially protected species of plants and animals, especially the thick shelled river mussel, the dusky large blue, the Eurasian otter and the green snaketail.

The area of Žehuňský Pond and its surroundings is protected as Žehuňský rybník National Nature Monument. It has an area of 301.6 ha. Endangered species found here include the narrow-mouthed whorl snail and several rare species of the genus Taraxacum (bavaricum, pauckertianum and irrigatum).

The secondary spring of the Cidlina is located in Jezírko pod Táborem Nature Monument on an area of 0.3 ha. It is a small peat pond with a population of the round-leaved sundew.

Tourism
The Cidlina is suitable for river tourism. About 76 km of the river is navigable. Its calm flow makes it suitable for beginner paddlers.

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William Fitz Osbert

William Fitz Osbert or William with the long beard (died 1196) was a citizen of London who took up the role of "the advocate of the poor" in a popular uprising in the spring of 1196. Popular revolts by the poor and peasants in England were rare in the 12th century, and quickly and easily suppressed. The fullest known account of the revolt of 1196 comes from the contemporary English historian William of Newburgh in his Historia rerum anglicarum from a chapter entitled "Of a conspiracy made in London by one William, and how he paid the penalty of his audacity".

The revolt
Fitz Osbert was a striking figure who held demagogue-like charismatic power over his followers. He had a long beard and was given the nickname "the Bearded". He had a University education, had been on the Third Crusade and held a civic office in London. A contemporary remarked "He was of ready wit, moderately skilled in literature, and eloquent beyond measure; and wishing ... to make himself a great name, he began to scheme ... upon the achievement of mighty plans."

Urban riots were uncommon in 12th and 13th century England with one dramatic exception, that of the events of the spring of 1196. Fitz Osbert had become a champion of the poor of London. He held gatherings with stirring speeches, travelled surrounded by mobs of the poor for protection, and started, according to one source, "a powerful conspiracy, inspired by the zeal of the poor against the insolence of the rich". He had gathered over 52,000 supporters, and stocks of weapons were cached throughout the city for the purpose of breaking into the houses of the rich citizens of London. He did not, however, overtly oppose the king, Richard I, and went to the king in Normandy to make clear his loyalty.

Nevertheless, Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, decided that Fitz Osbert had to be stopped. He sent two accomplices to capture Fitz Osbert when he was alone and not surrounded by his mob. In the mêlée that followed one of the accomplices was killed and Osbert escaped with a few followers to take refuge in the nearby church of St Mary-le-Bow in Cheapside, intending not to seek sanctuary but to defend it as a fortress.

Most of his supporters however, feared to defend the church by force, and Hubert surrounded it with armed men and had it burned down. As Fitz Osbert emerged from the smoke and flames he was stabbed and wounded in the belly by the son of the man whom he had earlier killed, upon which Osbert was taken into custody. Within days he was convicted and "first drawn asunder by horses, and then hanged on a gibbet with nine of his accomplices who refused to desert him". He was the first person to be executed at Tyburn, which later became the principal site of execution for offenders from London. His followers called him a martyr and the spot where he was hanged became a daily place of gathering; objects associated with his execution were venerated, and even the soil at the spot where he died was collected, resulting in the creation of a pit. Eventually armed guards were put in place to keep people away.

In later centuries such revolts would become more common; in the 12th and 13th centuries English kings were in constant trouble from revolts by the aristocracy, but rarely had trouble from the lower classes.

Quotes
"I am the saviour of the poor. Do ye, oh, poor! who have experienced the heaviness of rich men's hands, drink from my wells the waters of the doctrine of salvation, and ye may do this joyfully; for the time of your visitation is at hand. For I will divide the waters from the waters. The people are the waters. I will divide the humble from the haughty and treacherous. I will separate the elect from the reprobate, as light from darkness."

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User:Istanbul~enwiki

Doodoocaca Doodoocaca Doodoocaca

Whee! Whee!

Hi! It's Istanbul.

title: User:Istanbul~enwiki


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Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy

The Old Swiss Confederacy began as a late medieval alliance between the communities of the valleys in the Central Alps, at the time part of the Holy Roman Empire, to facilitate the management of common interests such as free trade and to ensure the peace along the important trade routes through the mountains. The Hohenstaufen emperors had granted these valleys reichsfrei status in the early 13th century. As reichsfrei regions, the cantons (or regions) of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden were under the direct authority of the emperor without any intermediate liege lords and thus were largely autonomous.

With the rise of the Habsburg dynasty, the kings and dukes of Habsburg sought to extend their influence over this region and to bring it under their rule; as a consequence, a conflict ensued between the Habsburgs and these mountain communities who tried to defend their privileged status as reichsfrei regions. The three founding cantons of the Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, as the confederacy was called, were joined in the early 14th century by the city states of Lucerne, Zürich, and Bern, and they managed to defeat Habsburg armies on several occasions. They also profited from the fact that the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, for most of the 14th century, came from the House of Luxembourg and regarded them as potential useful allies against the rival Habsburgs.

By 1460, the confederates controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine to the Alps and the Jura mountains. At the end of the 15th century, two wars resulted in an expansion to thirteen cantons (Dreizehn Orte): in the Burgundian Wars of the 1470s, the confederates asserted their hegemony on the western border, and their victory in the Swabian War in 1499 against the forces of the Habsburg emperor Maximilian I ensured a de facto independence from the empire. During their involvement in the Italian Wars, the Swiss brought the Ticino under their control.

Two similar federations sprang up in neighboring areas in the Alps in the 14th century: in the Grisons, the federation of the Three Leagues (Drei Bünde) was founded, and in the Valais, the Seven Tithings (Sieben Zenden) were formed as a result of the conflicts with the Dukes of Savoy. Neither federation was part of the medieval Eidgenossenschaft but both maintained very close connections with it.

Territorial development
Under the Hohenstaufen dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire, the three regions of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden (the Waldstätten or "forest communities") had gained Imperial immediacy (Reichsfreiheit), the first two because the emperors wanted to place the strategically important St. Gotthard Pass under their direct control, the latter because most of its territory belonged to immediate monasteries. The cities of Bern and Zürich had also become immediate when the dynasty of their patrons, the Zähringer, had died out.

When Rudolph I of Habsburg was elected "King of the Germans" in 1273, he also became the direct liege lord of these reichsfrei regions. He instituted a strict rule and raised the taxes to finance wars and further territorial acquisitions. When he died in 1291, his son Albert I got involved in a power struggle with Adolf of Nassau for the German throne, and the Habsburg rule over the alpine territories weakened temporarily. Anti-Habsburg insurgences sprang up in Swabia and Austria, but were quashed quickly by Albert in 1292. Zürich had participated in this uprising. Albert besieged the city, which had to accept him as its patron.

This time of turmoil prompted the Waldstätten to cooperate more closely, trying to preserve or regain their immediacy. The first alliance started in 1291 when Rudolph bought all the rights over the town of Lucerne and the abbey estates in Unterwalden from Murbach Abbey in Alsace. The Waldstätten saw their trade route over Lake Lucerne cut off and feared losing their independence. When Rudolph died on July 15, 1291, the Communities prepared to defend themselves. On August 1, 1291, an Everlasting League was made between the Forest Communities for mutual defense against a common enemy. Uri and Schwyz got their status reconfirmed by Adolf of Nassau in 1297, but to no avail, for Albert finally won the power struggle and became King of Germany in 1298 after Adolf was killed in the Battle of Göllheim.

Nucleus
The Federal Charter of 1291 is one of the oldest surviving written documents of an alliance between Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden, the founding cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy. It is possible that it was written a few decades later than the given date of 1291, which would put it in the same date range as the pact of Brunnen of 1315. The traditional date given for the foundation of the Swiss Confederacy in Swiss historiography of the 16th century (Aegidius Tschudi and others) is 1307.

King Rudolf I died in 1291, and 1307 falls into the reign of King Albert I, both members of the House of Habsburg ruling in a time of political instability, when the Holy Roman Empire had been without an emperor for several decades. The politically weak kings of this period had to make frequent concessions to their subjects and vassals in order to remain in power. The founding cantons received confirmations of the Freibriefe establishing their immediate status. Even Unterwalden was finally properly granted this status by Albert's successor Henry VII in 1309. This did not prevent the dukes of Habsburg, who originally had had their homelands in the Aargau, from trying to reassert their sovereignty over the territories south of the Rhine.

In the struggle for the crown of the Holy Roman Empire in 1314 between duke Frederick I of Austria and the Bavarian king Louis IV, the Waldstätten sided with Louis for fear of the Habsburgs trying to annex their counties again, like Rudolph I had done. When a long-simmering conflict between Schwyz and the abbey of Einsiedeln escalated once more, the Habsburgs responded by sending a strong army of knights against these peasants to subdue their insurrection, but the Austrian army of Frederick's brother Leopold I was utterly defeated in the Battle of Morgarten in 1315. The three cantons renewed their alliance in the pact of Brunnen, and Louis IV reconfirmed their Imperial immediacy.

The Swiss chronicles of the Burgundy Wars period (1470s) refer to a rebellion against the local bailiffs, with a coordinated destruction of their forts or castles, known as the Burgenbruch ("slighting") in Swiss historiography. The earliest reference for this is the White Book of Sarnen (1470), which records that

The text names Zwing Uri at Amsteg as the first castle slighted, followed by castle Schwandau in Schwyz, Rötzberg in Stans, and finally the castle at Sarnen, the storming of which is told in a graphic manner.

The Burgenbruch was long seen as historical, substantiated by the numerous ruined castles in Central Switzerland, but archaeological excavations have shown that these castles were abandoned gradually, not during a sudden uprising, during the period of roughly 1200 to 1350. By the 1970s, the "demythologization" of the foundational period of the Confederacy was at its peak, and the default view was to regard the reports of the late-15th-century chronists as essentially legendary. Since the late 1970s, systematic surveys of medieval castles in Central Switzerland have shown that a number of castles were indeed destroyed during the early 14th century, so that a possible historical nucleus of the Burgenbruch accounts may be granted, even though the destruction of these forts in itself was of limited military import and could not have resulted in a lasting political change.

Expansion to the Acht Orte
Subsequently, the three communities (their territories did not yet correspond to the areas of the modern-day cantons) followed a slow policy of expansion. Uri entered a pact with the previously Habsburg valley of Urseren in 1317. In 1332, the city of Lucerne, trying to achieve immediacy from the Habsburgs, joined the alliance. In 1351, these four communities were joined by the city of Zürich, where a strong citizenship had gained power following the installation of the Zunftordnung (guild regulations) and the banning of the noble authorities in 1336. The city also sought support against the Habsburg city of Rapperswil, which had tried to overthrow mayor Rudolf Brun in Zürich in 1350. With the help of its new allies, Zürich was able to withstand the siege of duke Albert II of Austria, and the confederates even conquered the city of Zug and the valley of Glarus in 1352. They had to return both Glarus and Zug to the Habsburgs in the peace treaty of Regensburg in 1356; emperor Charles IV in return recognized the guild government of Zürich and confirmed its immediate status in spite of his having forbidden any confederations within the empire in his Golden Bull issued in January of that same year.

The confederacy had signed "perpetual" pacts with both Glarus and Zug in 1352, and thus, even if these pacts apparently were disregarded only a few years later. This date is often considered the entry of these two cantons into the confederation despite their remaining under Habsburg rule for a few more years.

In the west, the Vier Waldstätten had already formed an alliance with the city of Bern in 1323, and even sent a detachment to help the Bernese forces in their territorial expansion against the dukes of Savoy and the Habsburgs in the Battle of Laupen in 1339. In 1353, Bern entered an "eternal" alliance with the confederation, completing the "Confederacy of the Eight Cantons" (Bund der Acht Orte).

This alliance of the Eight Cantons was not a homogeneous state but rather a conglomerate of eight independent cities and lands, held together not by one single pact but by a net of six different "eternal" pacts, none of which included all eight parties as signatories. Only the three Waldstätten Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden were part of all these treaties. All eight parties would still pursue their own particular interests, most notably in the cases of the strong cities of Zürich and Bern. Zürich was also part of an alliance of cities around Lake Constance which also included Konstanz, Lindau and Schaffhausen and for some time included cities as far away as Rottweil or Ulm, and Bern followed its own hegemonial politics, participating successively in various alliances with other cities including Fribourg, Murten, Biel or Solothurn. This Bernese "Burgundian Confederation" was a more volatile construct of varying alliances, and in the Battle of Laupen (1339), Fribourg even sided against Bern. Bern's position after that battle was strong enough that such alliances often ended with the other party becoming a Bernese dependency, as happened with e.g. Burgdorf or Payerne.

An external threat during this time arose in the form of the Guglers, marauding mercenary knights from France who were beaten back under the leadership of Bern in December 1375.

Consolidation
In 1364, Schwyz reconquered the city and land of Zug and renewed the alliance the following year. In the 1380s, Lucerne expanded its territory aggressively, conquering Wolhusen, claiming sovereignty over the valley of the Entlebuch and the formerly Habsburg city of Sempach. As a consequence, Leopold III of Austria assembled an army and met the confederate army near Sempach in 1386, where his troops were defeated decisively in the Battle of Sempach and he himself was killed. In the wake of these events Glarus declared itself free and constituted its first regional diet (Landsgemeinde) in 1387. In the Battle of Näfels in 1388, an Austrian army of Albert III, the successor of Leopold, was defeated, and in the peace treaty concluded the next year, Glarus maintained its independence from the Habsburgs.

The loose federation of states was reinforced by additional agreements amongst the partners. In the Pfaffenbrief of 1370, the signatory six states (without Bern and Glarus) for the first time expressed themselves as a territorial unity, referring to themselves as unser Eydgnosschaft ("our confederacy"). They assumed in this document authority over clericals, subjecting them to their worldly legislation. Furthermore, the Pfaffenbrief forbade feuds and the parties pledged to guarantee the peace on the road from Zürich to the St. Gotthard pass. Another important treaty was the Sempacherbrief in 1393. Not only was this the first document signed by all of the Eight Cantons (plus the associated Solothurn), but it also defined that none of them was to unilaterally start a war without the consent of all the others.

Beginning in 1401, the confederates supported the insurrection of Appenzell against the abbey of St. Gallen and Frederick IV of Austria, duke in Tyrol and Vorderösterreich. Appenzell became a protectorate of the Eight Cantons in 1411, which concluded a 50-year peace with Frederick IV in 1412.

Emperor Sigismund placed the imperial ban on Frederick IV in 1415, who had sided with Antipope John XXIII at the Council of Constance, and encouraged others to take over the duke's possessions, amongst which was the Aargau. After being granted far-reaching privileges by the emperor (all eight cantons became immediate) and a decree that placed the ban over the peace treaty of 1412, the confederates conquered the Aargau. A large part became Bernese, while the County of Baden was subsequently administered by the confederation as a common property until 1798. Only the Fricktal remained a Habsburg possession.

In the Valais, the conflict between the Bishop of Sion and the Duchy of Savoy, which had led to a separation in 1301 (the bishop controlling the upper Valais and the Savoyards the lower part), broke out again. Twice the Savoyards temporarily occupied the whole Valais, but both times they were ultimately defeated. Both peace treaties from 1361 and 1391 restored the status quo of 1301. As a result of these struggles, the villages in the upper Valais organized themselves in the Sieben Zenden ("seven tenths") around 1355, emerging after these wars as largely independent small states, much like the cantons of the Confederacy.

In the Grisons, then called Churwalchen, the bishop of Chur and numerous local noble families competed for the control of the region with its many alpine passes. Throughout the 14th century, three leagues of free communities appeared. The Gotteshausbund ("League of the House of God"), covering the area around Chur and the Engadin, was founded when in 1367 the bishop, Jean de Vienne, planned to hand over the administration of his diocese to the Austrian Habsburgs. It bought its freedom by paying the bishop's debt and in the following decades increased its control over the secular administration of the prince-bishopric, until the bishop's regent was deposed in 1452. In the upper valley of the Rhine, the Grauer Bund ("Gray League") was founded in 1395 under the direction of the abbot of Disentis and including not only the peasant communities but also the local nobles to end the permanent feuds of the latter. By 1424 the Gray League was dominated by the free communities and gave itself a more democratic charter. The third league, the League of the Ten Jurisdictions (Zehngerichtenbund), would not be formed until later.

Internal crisis
The relationships between the individual cantons of the confederation were not without tensions, though. A first clash between Bern and the four Waldstätten over the Raron conflict (Bern supported the barons of Raron, while the forest cantons sided with the Sieben Zenden) in the upper Valais was barely avoided. The local noble barons of Raron established themselves as the leading family in the upper Valais in the late 14th century and competed with the bishop of Sion for the control of the valley. When emperor Sigismund designated them counts in 1413 and ordered the bishop to hand over his territories to the von Raron, a revolt broke out in 1414. The following year, both rulers had lost: the von Raron had not succeeded in ousting the bishop, who in turn had to concede far-reaching rights to the Sieben Zenden in the treaty of Seta in 1415.

The Old Zürich War, which began as a dispute over the succession to the count of Toggenburg, was a more serious test of the unity of the Eight Cantons. Zürich did not accept the claims of Schwyz and Glarus, which were supported by the rest of the cantons, and in 1438 declared an embargo. The other members of the confederation expelled Zürich from the confederation in 1440 and declared war. In retaliation Zürich made a pact with the Habsburgs in 1442. The other cantons invaded the canton of Zürich and besieged the city, but were unable to capture it. By 1446, both sides were exhausted, and a preliminary peace was concluded. In 1450, the parties made a definitive peace and Zürich was admitted into the confederation again, but had to dissolve its alliance with the Habsburgs. The confederation had grown into a political alliance so close that it no longer tolerated separatist tendencies of its members.

The end of the dynasty of the counts of Toggenburg in 1436 also had effects on the Grisons. In their former territories in the Prättigau and Davos, the (initially eleven, after a merger only ten) villages founded the League of the Ten Jurisdictions (Zehngerichtebund). By 1471, the three leagues, together with the city of Chur, had formed a close federation, based on military assistance and free trade pacts between the partners and including a common federal diet: the Three Leagues (Drei Bünde) was born, even though the alliance would be officially concluded in a written contract only in 1524.

Further expansion
In the second half of the 15th century, the confederation expanded its territory further. In the north, the formerly Habsburg cities of Schaffhausen and Stein am Rhein had become immediate in 1415, with the ban of Frederick IV. The two strategically important cities—they offered the only two fortified bridges over the river Rhine between Constance and Basel—not only struggled with the robber barons from the neighbouring Hegau region but also were under pressure from the Habsburg dukes, who sought to re-integrate the cities into their domain. On June 1, 1454, Schaffhausen became an associate (Zugewandter Ort) of the confederacy by entering an alliance with six of the eight cantons (Uri and Unterwalden did not participate). With the help of the confederates, a Habsburg army of about 2,000 men was warded off east of Thayngen. Stein am Rhein concluded a similar alliance on 6 December 1459.

The city of St. Gallen had also become free in 1415, but was in a conflict with its abbot, who tried to bring it under his influence. But as the Habsburg dukes were unable to support him in any way, he was forced to seek help from the confederates, and the abbey became a protectorate of the confederacy on 17 August 1451. The city was accepted as an associate state on 13 June 1454. Fribourg, another Habsburg city, came under the rule of the Duke of Savoy during the 1440s and had to accept the duke as its lord in 1452. Nevertheless, it also entered an alliance with Bern in 1454, becoming an associate state, too. Two other cities also sought help from the confederates against the Habsburgs: Rottweil became an associate on 18 June 1463, and Mülhausen on 17 June 1466, through an alliance with Bern (and Solothurn). In Rapperswil, a Habsburg enclave on Lake Zürich within confederate territory, a pro-confederate coup d'état in 1458 led to the city becoming a protectorate of the confederacy in 1464.

Duke Sigismund of Austria got involved in a power struggle with Pope Pius II over the nomination of a bishop in Tyrol in 1460. When the duke was excommunicated by the pope, a situation similar to that of 1415 arose. The confederates took advantage of the problems of the Habsburgs and conquered the Habsburg Thurgau and the region of Sargans in the autumn of 1460, which became both commonly administered property. In a peace treaty from 1 June 1461, the duke had no choice but to accept the new situation.

The Swiss also had an interest in extending their influence south of the Alps to secure the trade route across the St. Gotthard Pass to Milan. Beginning in 1331, they initially exerted their influence through peaceful trade agreements, but in the 15th century, their involvement turned military. In 1403 the upper Leventina, as the valley south of the pass is called, became a protectorate of Uri. The Swiss and the Duchy of Milan were in conflict over this region throughout much of the 15th century. In 1439, Uri assumed full control of the upper Leventina; the Duchy of Milan gave up its claims there two years later, and so did the chapter of Milan in 1477. Twice the Swiss conquered roughly the whole territory of the modern canton of Ticino and also the Ossola valley. Twice, the Milanese reconquered all these territories except the Leventina. Both times, the Swiss managed, despite their defeats, to negotiate peace treaties that were actually favorable for them.

Burgundy Wars
The Burgundian Wars were an involvement of confederate forces in the conflict between the Valois dynasty and the Habsburgs. The aggressive expansionism of the Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, brought him in conflict with both the French king Louis XI and emperor Frederick III of the House of Habsburg. His embargo politics against the cities of Basel, Strasbourg and Mulhouse prompted these to turn to Bern for help.

The conflicts culminated in 1474, after duke Sigismund of Austria had concluded a peace agreement with the confederates in Constance (later called the Perpetual Accord, Ewige Richtung). The confederates, united with the Alsatian cities and Sigismund in an "anti-burgundian league", conquered part of the Burgundian Jura (Franche-Comté), and the next year, Bernese forces conquered and ravaged the Vaud, which belonged to the Duchy of Savoy, which in turn was allied with Charles the Bold. The Sieben Zenden, with the help of Bernese and other confederate forces, drove the Savoyards out of the lower Valais after a victory in the Battle on the Planta in November 1475. In 1476, Charles retaliated and marched to Grandson with his army, but suffered three devastating defeats in a row, first in the Battle of Grandson, then in the Battle of Murten, until he was killed in the Battle of Nancy in 1477, where the confederates fought alongside an army of René II, Duke of Lorraine. There is a proverbial saying in Switzerland summarizing these events as "Bi Grandson s'Guet, bi Murte de Muet, bi Nancy s'Bluet" [hät de Karl de Küeni verloore] ("[Charles the Bold lost] his goods at Grandson, his boldness at Murten and his blood at Nancy").

As a result of the Burgundian Wars, the dynasty of the dukes of Burgundy had died out. Bern returned the Vaud to the duchy of Savoy against a ransom of 50,000 guilders in 1476, and sold its claims on the Franche-Comté to Louis XI for 150,000 guilders in 1479. The confederates only kept small territories east of the Jura mountains, especially Grandson and Murten, as common dependencies of Bern and Fribourg. The whole Valais, however, would henceforth be independent, and Bern would reconquer the Vaud in 1536. While the territorial effects of the Burgundian Wars on the confederation were minor, they marked the beginning of the rise of Swiss mercenaries on the battlefields of Europe.

Swiss mercenaries
In the Burgundian Wars, the Swiss soldiers had gained a reputation of near invincibility, and their mercenary services became increasingly sought after by the great European political powers of the time.

Shortly after the Burgundy Wars, individual cantons concluded mercenary contracts, so-called "capitulations", with many parties, including the Pope—the papal Swiss Guard was founded in 1505 and became operational the next year. More contracts were made with France (a Swiss Guard of mercenaries would be destroyed in the storming of the Tuileries Palace in Paris in 1792 ), the Duchy of Savoy, Austria, and still others. Swiss mercenaries would play an initially important, but later minor, role on European battlefields until well into the 18th century.

Swiss forces soon got involved in the Italian Wars between the Valois and the Habsburgs over the control of northern Italy. When the power of the Duchy of Milan perished in these wars, the Swiss finally managed to bring the whole Ticino under their control. In 1500, they occupied the strategically important fortress of Bellinzona, which the French king Louis XII, who ruled Milan at that time, ceded definitively in 1503. From 1512 on, the confederates fought on the side of Pope Julius II and his Holy League against the French in territories south of the Alps. After initial successes and having conquered large parts of the territory of Milan, they were utterly defeated by a French army in the Battle of Marignano in 1515, which put an end to military territorial interventions of the confederation, mercenary services under the flags of foreign armies excepted. The results of this short intermezzo were the gain of Ticino as a common administrative region of the confederacy and the occupation of the valley of the Adda river (Veltlin, Bormio, and Chiavenna) by the Three Leagues, which would remain a dependency of the Grisons until 1797 with a brief interruption during the Thirty Years' War.

Dreizehn Orte
Both Fribourg and Solothurn, which had participated in the Burgundy Wars, now wanted to join the confederation, which would have tipped the balance in favour of the city cantons. The rural cantons were thus strongly opposed. In 1477 they marched upon the cities in protest.

At Stans in 1481 the Federal Diet met in order to resolve the issues, but war seemed inevitable. A local hermit, Niklaus von der Flüe, was consulted on the situation. He requested that a message be passed on to the members of the Diet on his behalf. The details of the message have remained unknown to this day, but it did calm tempers and led to the drawing up of the Treaty of Stans (Stanser Verkommnis). Fribourg and Solothurn were admitted into the confederation.

After isolated bilateral pacts between the leagues in the Grisons and some cantons of the confederation had already existed since the early 15th century, the federation of the Three Leagues as a whole became an associate state of the confederation, in 1498, by concluding alliance agreements with the seven easternmost cantons.

When the confederates refused to accept the resolutions of the Diet of Worms in 1495, the Swabian War (also called the Swiss War in Germany) broke out in 1499, opposing the confederation against the Swabian League and emperor Maximilian I. After some battles around Schaffhausen, in the Austrian Vorarlberg and in the Grisons, where the confederates were victorious more often than not, the Battle of Dornach, where the emperor's commander was killed, put an end to the war. In September 1499, a peace agreement was concluded at Basel that effectively established a de facto independence of the confederation from the empire, although it continued nominally to be part of the Holy Roman Empire until after the Thirty Years' War and was not included into the system of imperial circles in 1500.

As a direct consequence of the Swabian War the previously associated city states of Basel and Schaffhausen joined the confederation in 1501. In 1513, the Appenzell followed suit as the thirteenth member. The cities of St. Gallen, Biel, Mulhouse and Rottweil as well as the Three Leagues in the Grisons were all associates of the confederation (Zugewandte Orte); the Valais would become an associate state in 1529.

Annexation of the Ticino and the Veltlin
The Ticino region consisted of several city-states along the Ticino river. Following the conquest of the region, it was divided into four 'Ticino Bailiwicks' which were under the joint administration of the Thirteen Cantons after 1512. The four bailiwicks were Valle di Maggia (Meynthal or Maiental), Locarno (Luggarus), Lugano (Lugano) and Mendrisio (Mendris). The area also included several other territories that were owned by one or more cantons. These included: the Bailiwick of Bellinzona (Bellinzona), Blenio (Bollenz) and Riviera (Reffier) which were owned by Uri, Schwyz, and Nidwalden as well as the bailiwick Leventina (Livinental) (owned by Uri) and even the Val d'Ossola (Eschental). There were also three Italian-speaking subject areas of the Three Leagues (Bormio, Valtellina and Chiavenna) which were not included in the Ticino Bailiwicks.

Between 1403 and 1422 some of these lands were annexed by forces from Uri, but subsequently lost after the Battle of Arbedo in 1422. While the Battle of Arbedo stopped Swiss expansion for a time, the Confederation continued to exercise influence in the area. The Canton of Uri conquered the Leventina Valley in 1440. In a second conquest Uri, Schwyz and Nidwalden gained the town of Bellinzona and the Riviera in 1500. The third conquest was fought by troops from the entire Confederation (at that time constituted by 12 cantons). In 1512, Locarno, the Maggia Valley, Lugano and Mendrisio were annexed. Subsequently, the upper valley of the Ticino river, from the St. Gotthard to the town of Biasca (Leventina Valley) was part of the Canton of Uri. The remaining territory (the Bailiwicks Beyond the Mountains; Baliaggi Ultramontani, Ennetbergische Vogteien) was administered by the Twelve Cantons. These districts were governed by bailiffs holding office for two years and purchasing it from the members of the League.

Some of the land and the town of Bellinzona were annexed by Uri in 1419 but lost again in 1422. In 1499 nearly one and a half centuries of Milanese rule in Bellinzona ended with the invasion of Milan by Louis XII of France. He captured the city and, fearing an attack by the Swiss, fortified the Castelgrande with 1,000 troops. Throughout the winter of 1499/1500 unrest in Bellinzona grew, until January when an armed revolt of the citizens of Bellinzona drove the French troops from the city. Following the capture and execution of Ludovico Sforza in April 1500 and seeking protection from France, Bellinzona joined the Swiss Confederation on 14 April 1500. Bellinzona would remain under the joint administration of Uri, Schwyz and Nidwalden until the creation of the Helvetic Republic after the Napoleonic invasion of Switzerland in 1798.

Between 1433 and 1438 the Duke of Milan, Aloisio Sanseverino, sat as a feudal lord over Lugano. Under the reign of his heirs in the following decades rebellions and riots broke out, which lasted until the French invasion of 1499.

Myths and legends
The events told in the saga of William Tell, which are purported to have occurred around 1307, are not substantiated by historical evidence. This story, like the related story of the Rütlischwur (the oath on the Rütli, a meadow above Lake Lucerne), seems to have its origins in the late 15th century White Book of Sarnen, a collection of folk tales from 1470, and is generally considered a fictitious glorification of the independence struggles of the Waldstätten.

The legend of Arnold von Winkelried likewise is first recorded in the 16th century; earlier accounts of the Battle of Sempach do not mention him. Winkelried is said to have opened a breach in the lines of the Austrian footsoldiers by throwing himself into their lances, taking them down with his body such that the confederates could attack through the opening.

Social developments
The developments beginning in about the 13th century had profound effects on the society. Gradually the population of serfs changed into one of free peasants and citizens. In the cities—which were small by modern standards; Basel had about 10,000 inhabitants, Zürich, Bern, Lausanne, and Fribourg about 5,000 each—the development was a natural one, for the liege lords very soon gave the cities a certain autonomy, in particular over their internal administration. The number of cities also grew during this period. In 1200 there were about 30 cities. A century later, in 1300, there were over 190 interconnected cities. At the beginning of the 14th century, the artisans in the cities began forming guilds and increasingly took over political control, especially in the cities along the Rhine, e.g. in the Alsace, in Basel, Schaffhausen, Zürich, or Chur. (But not, for instance, in Bern or Lucerne—or, in Germany, Frankfurt—where a stronger aristocracy seems to have inhibited such a development.) The guild cities had a relatively democratic structure, with a city council elected by the citizens.

In the rural areas, people generally had less freedom, but some lords furthered the colonization of remote areas by granting some privileges to the colonists. One well-known colonization movement was that of the Walser from the Valais to the Grisons, colonizing some valleys there in the 14th century. In the mountainous areas, a community management of common fields, alps, and forests (the latter being important as a protection against avalanches) soon developed, and the communes in a valley cooperated closely and began buying out the noble landowners or simply to dispossess them of their lands. Regional diets, the Landsgemeinden, were formed to deal with the administration of the commons; it also served as the high court and to elect representatives, the Landamman.

As free farmers moved into the mountain valleys, construction and maintenance of the mountain pass roads became possible. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the passes into Graubünden and Valais were expanded and developed, which allowed much of the Walser migration. The Gotthard Pass was first opened around the 12th century, and by 1236 was dedicated to the Bavarian Saint Gotthard of Hildesheim. As the population in the nearby mountain valleys grew, the pass roads continued to expand. With easier and safer roads, as well as increased infrastructure, international trade grew throughout the mountain valleys and Switzerland.

Although both poor and rich citizens or peasants had the same rights (though not the same status), not all people were equal. Immigrants into a village or city had no political rights and were called the Hintersassen. In rural areas, they had to pay for their use of the common lands. They were granted equal rights only when they acquired citizenship, which not only was a question of wealth (for they had to buy their citizenship), but they also had to have lived there for some time; especially in the rural areas.

The cities followed an expansionist territorial politics to gain control over the surrounding rural areas, on which they were dependent, using military powers or more often more subtle means such as buying out, or accepting as citizens the subjects (and thereby freeing them: "Stadtluft macht frei"—"city air liberates") of a liege lord. It was the cities, now, that instituted reeves to manage the administration, but this only sometimes and slowly led to a restriction of the communal autonomy of the villages. The peasants owned their land, the villages kept administering their commons; and the villagers participated in the jury of the city reeve's court. They had, however, to provide military service for the city, which on the other hand included the right to own and carry weapons.

Basel became the center of higher education and science in the second half of the 15th century. The city had hosted the Council of Basel from 1431 to 1447, and, in 1460, a university was founded, which eventually would attract many notable thinkers, such as Erasmus or Paracelsus.

Economy
The population of the cantons numbered about 600,000 in the 15th century and grew to about 800,000 by the 16th century. The grain production sufficed only in some of the lower regions; most areas were dependent on imports of oats, barley, or wheat. In the Alps, where the yield of grains had always been particularly low due to the climatic conditions, a transition from farming to the production of cheese and butter from cow milk occurred. As the roads got better and safer, a lively trade with the cities developed.

The cities were the marketplaces and important trading centers, being located on the major roads through the Alps. Textile manufacture, where St. Gallen was the leading center, developed. Cheese (esp. Emmentaler and Gruyère) also was a major export item. The exports of the Swiss cities went far, into the Levant or to Poland.

In the late 15th century, the mercenary services became also an important economic factor. The Reisläuferei, as the mercenary service was called, attracted many young adventurous Swiss who saw in it a way to escape the relative poverty of their homes. Not only the mercenaries themselves were paid, but also their home cantons, and the Reisläuferei, while being heavily criticized already at that time as a heavy drain on the human resources of the confederation, became popular in particular among the young peasants from the rural cantons.

Political organization
Initially, the Eidgenossenschaft was not united by one single pact, but rather by a whole set of overlapping pacts and separate bilateral treaties between various members, with only minimum liabilities. The parties generally agreed to preserve the peace in their territories, help each other in military endeavours, and defined some arbitration in case of disputes. The Sempacherbrief from 1393 was the first treaty uniting all eight cantons, and subsequently, a kind of federal diet, the Tagsatzung developed in the 15th century. The second unifying treaty later became the Stanser Verkommnis in 1481.

The Tagsatzung typically met several times a year. Each canton delegated two representatives; typically this also included the associate states. Initially, the canton where the delegates met chaired the gathering, but in the 16th century, Zürich permanently assumed the chair (Vorort), and Baden became the sessional seat.

The Tagsatzung dealt with all inter-cantonal affairs and also served as the final arbitral court to settle disputes between member states, or to decide on sanctions against dissenting members, as happened in the Old Zürich War. It also organized and oversaw the administration of the commons such as the County of Baden and the neighbouring Freiamt, the Thurgau, in the Rhine valley between Lake Constance and Chur, or those in the Ticino. The reeves for these commons were delegated for two years, each time by a different canton.

Despite its informal character (there was no formal legal base describing its competencies), the Tagsatzung was an important instrument of the eight, later thirteen cantons to decide inter-cantonal matters. It also proved instrumental in the development of a sense of unity among these sometimes highly individual cantons. Slowly, they defined themselves as the Eidgenossenschaft and considered themselves less as thirteen separate states with only loose bonds between.

title: Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy


text:
User:Linuxlad

Linuxlad is a jobbing physicist living near Bristol, UK.

Linuxlad's Lovely Lass - 22nd October 1948 to 3rd August 2006 - "Mille Regretz"

1st March 2006 - This snow-slope below Beinn a' Bheithir is ideal for beginners with axe and crampons :-)

- two further pages dedicated to Chris

Peace to thy gentle Shade, and endless Rest

title: User:Linuxlad


text:
Talk:British Rail Class 86

Edit links broken
Something strange is happening to the [edit]s viewed with Mozilla under Linux... The first eight or nine are all together at one section head. Rich Farmbrough 11:31, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * How is it doing now? I see the same with Firefox so I've tried moving the images to different sections. There will still be some stacking effects at high resolutions (I see it at 1600x1200 browser window, may still be a problem above 1299 or so browser width). Jamesday 19:42, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hull Trains
It has apparently been mentioned in RAIL magazine (I haven't seen the article) that HT are going to use a Class 86, at least for a few months, between London and Doncaster. Then passengers will have to change (so much for a non-stop service) onto a Class 222 to take them to Hull. If all this is correct, then the line in the article saying that Anglia's withdrawal of 86s in 2005 "brought an end to 40 years of Class 86-hauled passenger trains" will have to be changed. 86.136.251.18 23:50, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
 * In fact I believe from reading uk.railway on Usenet that RAIL thought there'd be Class 47 haulage for the last leg, but that since the mag was printed things have changed. I have no WP-suitable source for this, though. 86.136.251.18 23:55, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Dates in service
I was just reading the table containing the status of each locomotive in the class, and am a bit confused by the "in service" column. The dates given suggest that the locomotives commenced service around 1978-1983, which given that they were all built in the 1960s, doesn't make sense. What do those dates refer to? (It's not as if the all spent the first 15 years of their lives in a siding, is it?) --RFBailey (talk) 20:25, 7 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Does nobody know the answer to this? --RFBailey (talk) 22:25, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The table has now been removed as it is unreferenced. Personnally, I think the table shoul dbe moved to a new article "List of British Rail Class 86 locomotives". There are lots of tables like this in other articles, so I feel that the removal of it from this article is inconsistent.  Perhaps we need a policy decision on whether or not to have tables like this one in articles. Olana North (talk) 10:33, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I can understand why it was removed--it could be argued that it was verging on indiscriminate information, especially as it was unsourced. A "List of..." article may be more appropriate, but imagine what a list of Class 37s would look like(!).  And it would still have to address the concerns I raised above (all those months ago!).  --RFBailey (talk) 14:04, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Hungary
UK.railway shows a |thread linking to photos on wnxx.com, infering/showing some class 86's in Hungarian livery at Long Marston. how many are being exported/any details? Thanks in advance. 91.109.225.70 (talk) 21:18, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Class 86 electric locomotives began exports of Hungary, did not have additional information requests.
'Long Marston' bid to be exported to Hungary, the locomotive did not have contact information related to makin ... AndElectric Traction Ltd86205, 86260 electric locomotive No. 86701,86702 change has been altered after the station is scheduled to be released. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.137.16.146 (talk) 07:54, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

The fourth Class 86 is in Hungary and it works in Floyd's fleet. The fifth one is expected to arrive in August, 2011. More information: monostory.miklos [at] floyd.hu --Monostory (talk) 03:14, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

Paragraph which does not make sense ?
The following paragraph beginning:

"The 'Long Marston' Class 86 locomotive is stored in the 'EuroPhoenix' was purchased from....."

does not make any sense. Should these statements be removed from the article altogether ?

This appears twice - first of all under Section #2.5.1 Cross-Country, within the Virgin section.

Regards. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Scot66 (talk • contribs) 22:51, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Section 3.4 ("Exports") : what does the contents of this section actually mean - does it make any sense at all ?
Reading through this section 3.4 has convinced me that the paragraph contents appear to be complete nonsense ?? I can only recommend that this section be removed as it stands.

Scot66 (talk) 13:19, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

Possible change to the title of this article
This article is currently named in accordance the WikiProject UK Railways naming conventions for British rolling stock allocated a TOPS number. A proposal to change this convention and/or its scope is being discussed at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject UK Railways, where your comments would be welcome.

Class 86 runs on Southern
95.145.233.193 (talk) 19:14, 29 August 2018 (UTC) I saw on the southern trains they used to run Class 86 Locomotives between Brighton and London Victoria 95.145.233.193 (talk) 19:14, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

Calss 86 locomotives could not have run on `Souther' lines as those lines are electrified at 750V DC 3rd rail, and a 25kV AC overhead current collection locomotive can nott run on the 3rd rail. No railays with both AC & DC electrification exist south of the River Thames. Barney Bruchstein (talk) 19:15, 2 August 2021 (UTC)

Photographs
Here are 3 photos - I think the first two aren't great, we could do better. The third one is the better. How about removing (1) and (2) and adding (3)? I don't think we need 2 photos of the same locomotive in this article, and (3) is so much more illustrative. It won't be too much of a shame to see (1) and (2) depart. Tony May (talk) 12:25, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Completely agree, I've been bold and done it! Murgatroyd49 (talk) 15:54, 24 April 2019 (UTC)

Livery
According to `Modern Railways' magazine, July, 1965, vol. 21, no. 202, pp.368-369, Brian Haresnape, in an article entitled `The New Image Emerges on the LMR` clearly states that class 86 locomotives (then classified `AL6') were painted Rail Blue, but with a cast aluminium post 1956 BR `totem' (lion holding wheel, not a double arrow, whether cast or painted, which might be expected with rail blue livery. It is also said that Class 86's did not at this have a yellow warning panel.  P369 shows a monochrome photograph of the cab end of class 86 E3162 behind the cab end of cl.83 E3031, the 86 appearing darker than the 83 but this is not conclusive. But it  can be cocluded that the 86's were not painted in electric blue.  Barney Bruchstein (talk) 19:15, 2 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Modern Traction Locomotive Directory by Colin J. Marsden, ISBN 9780955788789, Page 297; "When built the AL6 fleet was finished in Electric blue livery, which was for the first few examples, devoid of a yellow warning panel" TimMassey (talk) 21:52, 3 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Haresnape in gives a photo of E3164 when new (1965). There are cast aluminium lion-and-wheel emblems in the centres of the bodysides, but no yellow panel; he states that it is rail blue.
 * However, Strickland in shows that they were Electric Blue when new, later repainted Rail Blue. There is no mention of yellow panels.
 * What I do know about yellow panels is that they were introduced somewhat earlier - about 1961/62 on some diesels - but were not necessarily applied at a full repaint. It's curious that locos were still being delivered new without the panels some 3-4 years after their introduction. Rail Blue is slightly "greener" than Electric Blue, but is very difficult to distinguish in monochrome photos, and even some colour photos (Ektachrome is better than Kodachrome in that respect). IIRC when repainted Rail Blue, the lion-and-wheel emblems were replaced by cast aluminium double arrows in the same position. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 13:15, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:British Rail Class 86


text:
Talk:Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy

Burgundy Wars: The saying
An English translation of the saying "Karl der Kühne verlor bei Grandson das Gut, bei Murten den Mut, bei Nancy das Blut"? is (preserving the alliteration (Gut - Mut - Blut, as well as Grandson - Gut, Murten - Mut)): "Charles the Bold lost his goods at Grandson, his manliness at Murten, his blood at Nancy".

 * I suppose we have to decide between "acceptable English" and "preservation of structure". Old English would be easier (god, mod, blod). Gut is "goods". I think staying true to the german source is more important then creating a rhyme with Blut and Nancy that was never there. Taking the old meanings into account, the above translation does justice to both requirements. PatLeCat

I don't think the alliteration is that central (blood and Nancy doesn't alliterate), and after all, if we give the original, the translation is only supposed to convey the meaning, while the rhyme may be admired in the original (hey, and it's just a folk-saying, not world literature or anything) dab 17:55, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * btw, the "Karl der Kühne verlor" bit is not considered part of the saying. (note the quotes at e.g.  ) I am editing to the effect that "Charles the Bold lost" was (smugly) understood. dab 18:12, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * well, this got reverted (what happened to the first part?) within three hours by a passer-by not bothering to check Talk, so it may be better to leave the 'complete' version in place... :-\
 * The "original" saying is of course alemannic anyway, and should read:
 * "bi Grandson s'Guet, bi Murte de Muet, bi Nancy s'Bluet" (hät de Karl de Küeni verloore")

heck, somehow I think if we give the original we might as well give the original original. Let me try inserting that alemannic version (but revert me if you think it's silly, I won't object)
 * dab 18:20, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Rewrite, move or de-FA
The current title of this article (Old Swiss Confederacy) suggest it is about a former state, but the structure is essentialy history (or rather two specific sections on territorial (which seems to include political among others) and social developments (economy, summary of politics)). At best, the title is confusing, suggesting it is a comprehensive overview of a former country (for good FA examples of this, see Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or Indo-Greek Kingdom, with country-like formatting). Alternative is to rename this series to History of Switzerland (date-date) or (name), as is our naming convention (FAs: History of Poland (1945–1989), History of post-Soviet Russia, History of the Netherlands, History of Russia, History of Scotland) and section headings are adjusted to reflect chronology, and non-history parts can be moved to former country article (consider also an example of History of Poland (1945–1989) vs. People's Republic of Poland, or History of Poland (1569-1795) vs. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). One way or another, this needs to decide what it is and adapt, as currently it is a confusing hybrid of history and former state article types. If no changes are made, I am afraid it should be deFAced, as it is substandard comapred to our newer FAs (mentioned above).--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 21:18, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * As my critique have not beed addressed, I have to nominate it for FARC. Hopefully the resulting attention will succeed in improving this article.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 17:07, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I have no idea what you are talking about. it is about a historical federation which you may or may not classify as a single 'state'. The article is perfectly suited to the unique nature of its subject, regardless of your a-priori considerations of how "articles about former states" should or should not be organized. I do think you make a valid observation and that the OSC may indeed be a "confusing hybrid of a historical process and a political entity", through no fault of this article. dab (ᛏ) 15:55, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Article moved
Well, I have moved the article now all the same. The argument is not entirely without merit, but I don't think it was a reason to go for FARC. This article is in and by itself good enough for FA status. There's now a completely new article on the Old Swiss Confederacy. Lupo 21:08, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * hrm, I find that split passing strange; the situation is now certainly more confusing than before. I can live with it, though, after all no information was lost. (ᛎ) qɐp 21:12, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Certainly not, in fact, information should've been added, unless I goofed somewhere along the line. Lupo 21:23, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I did the move because this article only deals with events up to the early 16th century; later events are handled at Reformation in Switzerland or Ancien Régime of Switzerland. But the Old Swiss Confederacy existed until 1798 at least, or even 1848, if one considers the restoration a re-instantiation and the Napoleonic era from 1798 - 1815 only an interruption. It increasingly annoyed me to link to this article from 17th-century contexts, such as e.g. Swiss peasant war of 1653.
 * There is currently quite some overlap, but I expect this to diminish in the future. Old Swiss Confederacy should concentrate more on the structure of the federation (for instance, the tables of treaties from HDS could be added, if I can figure out a way to present the information using a different layout (copyright!)). It should (and will) also mention the "Defensionale of Wil" (1647), and might point out in more detail how diverse the interests of the cantons were (Berne oriented towards the west, not interested in the Rhine valley (Sargans etc.), conquest of the Ticino driven by the central cantons, ...) Lupo 12:50, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I see -- this makes perfect sense, and the set of article is, of course, in excellent hands as long as you look after them. dab (ᛏ) 18:56, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Featured article?
Why on earth is this still one? It's B grade at best. It only has 4 footnotes and 2 foreign language references. I see there were even concerns way back in 2006 when standards were no doubt alot more lax. ʄ! •¿talk?  06:41, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

idiotic. this is easily FA quality. De-featuring it just goes to show the pathetic state of our "quality control" which is about counting footnotes and quibbling about layout while totally ignoring content. --dab (𒁳) 11:10, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

First of all, your breach of WP:civility has been reported at Wikiquette alerts. As for your assertion that this article is FA quality; it's not. Several of the FA criteria aren't met, the prose isn't "engaging, even brilliant, and of a professional standard", and the citations are not consistent or even basically adequate. The problem with basing article status on content alone(as was done most inappropriately here) is that content is entirely subjective. A few nice pictures and a timeline(which looks pretty awful in firefox I have to say) does not a FA make. ʄ! •¿talk?  10:52, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed about the timeline display issue -- I was just popping into the talk page to mention that, well, it's entirely unreadable to me, using Firefox. Text overprinting two or three times per row. —Quasirandom (talk) 22:09, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Fixed timeline issue...hopefullyTobyc75 (talk) 22:43, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Howdershelt

Howdershelt
Ed Howdershelt is, from what I can tell, a self-published author and is non-notable. Katherine Shaw 11:31, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Unresolved/lost VfD. Does seem to be unnotable, and I think the author may have written this substub himself. Delete. Cool Hand Luke  04:04, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just plain weird. Why should WP link to someone because they linked to us? Also not notable. - Vague Rant 05:51, Oct 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Howdershelt was a copy of Ed Howdershelt, which was vfd'd recently and deleted. I've deleted Howdershelt as well. See: Votes for deletion/Ed Howdershelt -- Wile E. Heresiarch 06:17, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Men of war

Men of war or Men o' war may refer to:

 * Men of War, a video game series
 * Men of War (video game), a 2009 video game part of the series
 * Men of War (film), a 1994 film starring Dolph Lundgren
 * Men of War a 1993 novel by Jerry Pournelle
 * Men of War (comics), a series of comic books published by DC Comics
 * Lexington Men O' War, a defunct professional ice hockey team
 * Men O' War, a 1929 short film

title: Men of war


text:
User:Explendido Rocha

I'm Portuguese, born 1972 in Leça da Palmeira.

I work in Natural Language Processing. I divide my life between my hometown and Oslo.

I'm specially interested (although from my contribution it may not seem so) in Central European matters.

If you are interested in my football tables, see
 * 🇵🇹 User:Explendido Rocha/Foot/Portugal
 * 🇪🇸 User:Explendido Rocha/Foot/Spain
 * 🇳🇴 User:Explendido Rocha/Foot/Norway
 * 🇩🇰 User:Explendido Rocha/Foot/Denmark

pt:Usuário:Explendido Rocha no:Bruker:Explendido Rocha

title: User:Explendido Rocha


text:
Der Volksstaat

Der Volksstaat (People's State) was the central organ of the German Social Democratic Workers Party (the Eisenachers). It was published in Leipzig from October 2, 1869 to September 23, 1876. Its predecessor was Demokratisches Wochenblatt (Democratic Weekly). It was initially published twice a week, and from July 1873 three times a week. It was edited by Wilhelm Liebknecht, with help from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. They also contributed to the newspaper as did many other socialists including Joseph Dietzgen.

Shortly after he became a member of the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) in 1875, Karl Kautsky published his first contributions to Der Volksstaat.

title: Der Volksstaat