text:
Talk:Useful idiot

"Vladimir Putin's useful idiots"
I was surprised this article made no mention of the phrase in connection to modern Russia and in particular Putin, because we often saw it used that way over the past decade or so, describing Trump and many in the GOP. Indeed, given the phrase's height of popularity during the Cold War describing USSR fellow travelers, it's a natural extension from the USSR to Russia. So I found a recent article in The Economist in particular it names Putin as the one who finds "idiots useful" to his aims. A lot more should be said about this then the current one sentence. -- Green  C  18:07, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The article is behind the paywall, but the visible blurb speaks of what is known as Putinversteher in Germany. Is it possible to expand it with the info from economist article? - Altenmann >talk 18:13, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
 * This should work. But the concept of Putinversteher covers it well, so no need to expand too much in this article, other than somehow linking to Putinversteher. -- Green  C  20:15, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes, of course, this expression was used recently and can be easily sourced to NYT, WaPO, Politico, etc. And it was included. Why remove it ? My very best wishes (talk) 18:18, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

Trump
Here we go again. Trump was added and removed and added and removed here. (reminds me Wikihistory - a strongly recommended read. :-)

I dont think it is a good idea to throw in political wrangles here. Yes, opponent call Trump a shill of Putin, but done so without solid evidence that Trump is indeed a useful idiot is IMO a violation of WP:BLP. I can bring lots of examples someone called some visible person fascist, dictator, nazi, and whats's not, but we are not going to litter wikipedia with such examples, do we?- Altenmann >talk 18:17, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * That has been already debated at this talk page (Talk:Useful_idiot, and you seem to agree with the inclusion. That was widely published. Let's just follow WP:PUBLICFIGURE, please. My very best wishes (talk) 18:22, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * WP:PUBLICFIGURE say: If an allegation or incident is noteworthy, relevant, and well documented. There was no incident nor an allegation of an incident, just a political slander. An incident or allegation would go like, e.g., "Trump did this and that, which played Putin's hand and made Trump Potin's "useful idiot" The key missing part is "Trimp did this". Without that, it is just an empty slander. If you have examples of "Trump did this... useful idiot", they are IMO welcome here. - Altenmann >talk 18:26, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * you seem to agree with the inclusion - that was not about Trump. "Putinversteher" is exactly what I am saying: the article explains reasons why some people are called "Putin-understanders". - Altenmann >talk 18:36, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Here are cited sources: ,, (plus two articles in NYT). They do not call it "slander", this is your personal interpretation. This is a well-sourced contemporary usage of the term that is the subject of the page. Yes, one can call it a "claim", but this is a well-sourced, widely published and relevant (to the subject of the page) claim. And as such it is BLP-consistent, at least on this page. My very best wishes (talk) 18:38, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * You call it "claim", I call it "political slander", because it is claim without factual grounds. - Altenmann >talk 18:39, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * P.S. from the sources you cited, I see something that fits my opinion: I saw something about Trump denying Russian interference into American elections. That would be not an empty slander. Can you formulate this into the article properly? - Altenmann >talk 18:43, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It does not matter if it was proven or not. In fact, if someone was or was not a "useful idiot" can never be proven, this is just a popular terminology used to express a personal opinion. It only matters, this is a notable claim, it was widely published and well sourced, and it is about the contemporary usage of the "useful idiot" expression, which is the subject of the page. My very best wishes (talk) 18:45, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * OK. You almost convinced me. Now what remains is to substantiate your claim "widely published and well sourced". Meaning you have to provide a WP:SECONDARY source to this end, not just refbombing (i.e., not only 2-3-4-5 persons called Trump useful idiot, which would be WP:UNDUE). - Altenmann >talk 19:15, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * WP:SECONDARY are sources that contain "analysis, evaluation, interpretation, or synthesis of the facts, evidence, concepts, and ideas" [provided by other sources]. These sources qualify as such. Importantly, the authors are former top-ranking USA officials, hence they are not directly involved. What counts is not the number of sources, but an author being someone notable and an expert on the subject. So, I believe that Madeleine Albright, Michael Morell and Michael Hayden do count as such. They know what they are talking about. The fact that all of them are notable and make the same assertion makes this example very much notable. My very best wishes (talk) 19:33, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * P.S. That was a policy-based argument. Personally though, I do not think he is "an idiot". Come on. He knew what he was doing. My very best wishes (talk) 19:42, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The persons you are talking about are non-neutral with respect to Trump (talking about political wrangles). We need neutral secondary sources that state that political opponents of Trump call him "useful idiot". - Altenmann >talk 20:06, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Neutral sources aren't required, many would argue that there is no such thing. Horse Eye's Back (talk) 20:09, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I stand corrected, you are right: WP:BIASED. However this guideline recommend to indicate bias when expected: "The conservative Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater believed that...". - Altenmann >talk 20:24, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * That is not a BLP violation in any sense. Its inclusion is due, we don't censor stuff just because it happens to be connected to messy political wrangling. This objection is without reasonable grounds. Horse Eye's Back (talk) 19:44, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes it is a BLP violation, but user My very best wishes argued that it does not apply to public figures, and I am OK with this. No, we dont censor stuff, but we dont add use of each and every insult into Wikipedia. - Altenmann >talk 20:06, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * If it falls within the BLP policy then it is not a BLP violation. This is not a minor use of the term... Yes dozens of notable people are characterized as useful idiots each year in all sorts of contexts, but when it comes to Trump we have a lot more coverage than we do for basically anyone else. Horse Eye's Back (talk) 20:09, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, "a lot more coverage" is what I am asking to prove with secondary sources, so that it would not be WP:UNDUE. - Altenmann >talk 20:25, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * There was "a lot more coverage" in secondary sources in the section you removed so you are aware that it exists. In that context I don't know why its existence would have to be proven to you. Its clearly not undue. I hope you are not playing games. Horse Eye's Back (talk) 20:30, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

Tucker Carlson
Following the Trump case, can someone enlist Tucker Carlson here you should know why? - Altenmann >talk 22:02, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

Lenin's prediction?

 * "Lenin is widely credited with the prediction that liberals and other weak-minded souls in the West could be relied upon to be 'useful idiots'"

What kind of prediction is in mind? Given that Lenin didt use the term "useful idiots" (and Mona Charen does know that), I'd like to see specifics. Extraordinary claim, you know. - Altenmann >talk 04:26, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

 * The quote really should be entirely removed, it's does not enlighten. It is from 2003. Most recently Tucker Carlson and DJT are the figures most commonly associated with being pro-Russian useful idiots. It's classic talking head garbage made for some past political cycle.  --  Green  C  01:23, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Tucker Carlson: See my suggestion in section above. - Altenmann >talk 02:21, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree with removal of the opinion by DJT. I think Avtorkahanov or Solzhenitsyn assigned this expression to Karl Radek, not Lenin, but I do not have time for finding the exact citation. My very best wishes (talk) 15:21, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * there is no direct written authorship of anybody. only in memoirs someone claims that someone else said something similar. I rtemember seing a large collection of these but dismissed as tangential. sucg as below from Bazhanov's memoirs:
 * "Да ничего же не может быть проще, – объясняет Литвинов. – Мы объявляем на весь мир, что признаем царские долги. Ну, там всякие благонамеренные идиоты сейчас же подымут шум, что большевики меняются, что мы становимся государством, как всякое другое, и так далее. Мы извлекаем из этого всю возможную пользу.
 * I remember reading about Radek's attribution. He said something similar in the meaning/intention but far from being synonym, even further than Litviniov's. SO I didnt bother. IMO further digging is waste of time. Unless found by accident. - Altenmann >talk 16:27, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Except that "благонамеренные идиоты" is not exactly the same as "useful idiots". Yes, such quote can be used on the page, but only if it is connected to the subject of this page in secondary RS like the "rope" expression. Yes, the memoir by Bazhanov would be such source. Or maybe even that article. It says that Radek cited Lenin. OK. My very best wishes (talk) 17:05, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

Other Lenin's colorful expressions
I removed another chunk about Lenin's words. Per WP:COATRACK: this article is abouta specific phrase. Lenin wrote and said plenty of disparaging things, but the subject of this article is not Lenin's swear words. - Altenmann >talk 16:33, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

 * The rope issue comes up in sources when Lenin and this phrase are discussed. It's not a coatrack, it's a legitimate part of the history of this phrase in terms of the connection to Lenin. Some sources even imply the rope phrase is the real origin of useful idiot, which is another way of saying the same idea, originating with Lenin. -- Green  C  16:39, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Then write an article about rope. Yes it is a coatrack because it is tangential. Not to say that Lenin didnt say it either. That they may be discussed in the same piece of text does not mean they are related. The piece I deleted does not say that rope is a possible origin of idiot. As I say, you are welcome to write an article Lenin's misquotations; Lenin already did it himself :-). - Altenmann >talk 16:46, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * @GreenC. Yes, of course. These are actually different variations of the same or very similar ideas and expressions. The cited sources (not we) make direct connection to the subject of this page. Hence, this arguably belong to the page. My very best wishes (talk) 16:54, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

Gary Saul Morson
I re-read the text related to Lenin's rope in this book, but I fail to find how the wikipedian concluded that Morton said that it is "not a misquotation". He did write that (a) the phrase even if does not belong to Lenin, it does belong to "Lenin" (i.e., image of Lenin) (b) he does have a full section about what is misquotation, but he seems to draw a disrtinction between concepts of "except" meaning exact quote, and quotation, which he allows a certain degree of paraphrasing. But the latter is a matter of semantic of the term "quotation". Please clarify which exactly statements of the book the Wikipedian summarized, because taken out of context, it is hard for me to imagine that the words someone didnt say in any reasonable "mutation" is not a misquotation. - Altenmann >talk 18:18, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I am having a hard time following what you are saying. For example what does this mean?
 * he seems to draw a distinction between concepts of "except" meaning exact quote, and quotation, which he allows a certain degree of paraphrasing. But the latter is a matter of semantic of the term "quotation".
 * Sorry, type; the word is "excerpt" not "except" - Altenmann >talk 21:45, 5 May 2024 (UTC)
 * And what does this mean?
 * Please clarify which exactly statements of the book the Wikipedian summarized
 * What is "the Wikipedian"? And this statement is completely opaque to me:
 * it is hard for me to imagine that the words someone didnt say in any reasonable "mutation" is not a misquotation.
 * Also can you clarify why you added a dubious tag? Are you saying you find Morson's POV dubious, or the you find something else dubious? I'm completely unclear what you are saying. -- Green  C  03:14, 4 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, I also do not understand the problem. "Dumb and blind" has the same meaning as "useful idiot"; this is just a different wording. That is what the cited academic source says. My very best wishes (talk) 16:06, 5 May 2024 (UTC)
 * "deaf, dumb and blind" is a hint to the famous image of three monkeys  widely played on and it illustrates not "useful idiot" but a person who refuse to accept obvious, and Morton lists it among Lenin's insults of the same gist, not of synonyms. - Altenmann >talk 21:45, 5 May 2024 (UTC)
 * My problem is that Morson says that a misquotation is not a misquotation. Which is IMO a slippery slope; a change of an article or taking out of context may change the meaning of a phrase to opposite. - Altenmann >talk 21:45, 5 May 2024 (UTC)
 * If you mean Three wise monkeys, they are not deaf, dumb and blind; they just decided "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil". Does the source mention 3 wise monkey? My very best wishes (talk) 23:53, 5 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, decided to be "deaf, dumb and blind" to evil. The google links readily demonstrate that "deaf, dumb and blind" is a common reference to the three monkeys. here is a Russian term: . And if you want to be nitpicky, they are "見ざる, 聞かざる, 言わざる", literally does not see, does not hear, does not speak", i.e., blind, deaf and dumb, if you like - "no evil" is commonly inferred.- Altenmann >talk 00:33, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

The Morson argument is applicable to just about any popular misquotation. It's popular because it fits the image of the person to whom it is falsely attributed. Similarly, any pithy statement can be described as a "Chinese proverb", as with Interesting times. Do we really want to give space to this kind of nonsense? JQ (talk) 07:41, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * That's exactly what I was saying. A quotation is a quotation is a quotation. Period. And all attempts to overstretch the definition of the term are just personal opinions, WP:UNDUE in encyclopedia. - Altenmann >talk 18:01, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Useful idiot


text:
Branching (linguistics)

In linguistics, branching refers to the shape of the parse trees that represent the structure of sentences. Assuming that the language is being written or transcribed from left to right, parse trees that grow down and to the right are right-branching, and parse trees that grow down and to the left are left-branching. The direction of branching reflects the position of heads in phrases, and in this regard, right-branching structures are head-initial, whereas left-branching structures are head-final. English has both right-branching (head-initial) and left-branching (head-final) structures, although it is more right-branching than left-branching. Some languages such as Japanese and Turkish are almost fully left-branching (head-final). Some languages are mostly right-branching (head-initial).

Examples
Languages typically construct phrases with a head word (or nucleus) and zero or more dependents (modifiers). The following phrases show the phrase heads in bold.

Examples of left-branching phrases (= head-final phrases):
 * the house - Noun phrase (NP)
 * very happy - Adjective phrase (AP)
 * too slowly - Adverb phrase (AdvP)

Examples of right-branching phrases (= head-initial phrases):
 * laugh loudly - Verb phrase (VP)
 * with luck - Prepositional phrase (PP)
 * that it happened - Subordinator phrase (SP = subordinate clause)

Examples of phrases that contain both left- and right-branching (= head-medial phrases):
 * the house there - Noun phrase (NP)
 * very happy with it - Adjective phrase (AP)
 * only laugh loudly - Verb phrase (VP)

Concerning phrases such as the house and the house there, this article assumes the traditional NP analysis, meaning that the noun is deemed to be head over the determiner. On a DP-analysis (determiner phrase), the phrase the house would be right-branching instead of left-branching.

Tree structures
Left- and right-branching structures are illustrated with the trees that follow. Each example appears twice, once according to a constituency-based analysis associated with a phrase structure grammar and once according to a dependency-based analysis associated with a dependency grammar. The first group of trees illustrate left-branching:

 * Branching1.jpg

The upper row shows the constituency-based structures, and the lower row the dependency-based structures. In the constituency-based structures, left-branching is present (but not really visible) in so far as the non-head daughter is to the left of the head. In the corresponding dependency-based structures in the lower row, the left-branching is clear; the dependent appears to the left of its head, the branch extending down to the left. The following structures demonstrate right-branching:

 * Branching2.jpg

The upper row again shows the constituency-based structures, and the lower row the dependency-based structures. The constituency-based structures are right-branching insofar as the non-head daughter is to the right of the head. This right-branching is completely visible in the lower row of dependency-based structures, where the branch extends down to the right. The (c)-examples contain one instance of right-branching (the upper branch) and one instance of left-branching (the lower branch). The following trees illustrate phrases that combine both types of branching:

 * Branching3.jpg

The combination of left- and right-branching is now completely visible in both the constituency- and dependency-based trees. The head appears in a medial position, which means that the phrase combines both types of branching. Note that the (b)-trees also contain a PP phrase that is an instance of pure right-branching.

Full trees
The nature of branching is most visible with full trees. The following trees have been chosen to illustrate the extent to which a structure can be entirely left- or entirely right-branching. The following sentence is completely left-branching. The constituency-based trees are on the left, and the dependency-based trees are on the right:

 * Branching4.jpg

The category Po (= possessive) is used to label possessive 's. The following sentence is completely right-branching:

 * Branching5.jpg

Most structures in English are, however, not completely left- or completely right-branching, but rather they combine both. The following trees illustrate what can be seen as a stereotypical combination of left- and right-branching in English:

 * Branching6.jpg

Determiners (e.g. the) always and subjects (e.g. the child) usually appear on left branches in English, but infinitival verbs (e.g. try, eat) and the verb particle to usually appear on right branches. In the big picture, right-branching structures tend to outnumber the left-branching structures in English, which means that trees usually grow down to the right.

X-bar schema
The X-bar schema combines left- and right-branching. The standard X-bar schema has the following structure:

 * Branching7.jpg

This structure is both left- and right branching. It is left-branching insofar as the bar-level projection of the head (X') follows the specifier, but it is right-branching insofar as the actual head (X0) precedes the complement. Despite these conflicting traits, most standard X-bar structures (in English) are more right-branching than left-branching because specifiers tend to be less complex (i.e. fewer words) than complements.

Binary vs. n-ary branching
Much work in Government and Binding Theory (GB), the Minimalist Program (MP), and Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) assumes all branching to be binary. Other theories (both constituency- and dependency-based ones), e.g. early Transformational Grammar, Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Meaning-Text Theory, Word Grammar, etc. allow for n-ary branching. This distinction can have a profound impact on the overall nature of the theory of syntax. The two main possibilities in a phrase structure grammar are illustrated with the following trees:

 * Branching8.jpg

The binary branching on the left is closely associated with the structures of GB, MP, and LFG, and it is similar to what the X-bar schema assumes. The n-ary branching structure on the right is a more traditional approach to branching. One can muster arguments for both approaches. For instance, the critics of the strictly binary branching structures charge that the strict binarity is motivated more by a desire for theoretical purity than by empirical observation.

Strictly binary branching structures increase the amount of syntactic structure (number of nodes) to the upper limit of what is possible, whereas flatter n-ary branching tends to restrict the amount of structure that the theory can assume. Worth noting in this area is that the more layered the syntactic structures are, the more discontinuities can occur, which means the component of the theory that addresses discontinuities must play a greater role. Given the flatter structures associated with n-ary branching, certain phenomena (e.g. inversion and shifting) do not result in discontinuities, a fact that reduces the role that the component for discontinuities must play in the theory.

Tendencies
As stated above, the main branching trait for a language is just a tendency and it often shows exceptions. Spanish, for example, while overwhelmingly right-branching, puts numeral modifiers before nouns and, in certain cases, objects before verbs. Languages like English or Swedish, though regarded as being right-branching because the main verbs precede direct objects, place adjectives and numerals before their nouns. On the contrary, Northwest Caucasian languages such as Ubykh or Abkhaz are strongly left-branching but put adjectives after nouns.

Some languages, however, are exclusively left-branching or right-branching. Japanese and most other languages of northeastern Asia and the Indian subcontinent, as well as the Turkic languages, are practically a model for rigidly left-branching languages. The Mon–Khmer and Austronesian languages of southeast Asia and many African languages come close to rigidly right-branching, with numerals as well as adjectives following their nouns and with degree words like very, too, extremely, and quite following the adjectives they modify.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Branching (linguistics)


text:
Violet Florence Martin

Violet Florence Martin (11 June 1862 – 21 December 1915) was an Irish author who co-wrote a series of novels with cousin Edith Somerville under the pen name of Martin Ross (Somerville and Ross) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Early life
Martin was born at Ross House in Connemara, County Galway, the youngest of sixteen children of James Martin of Ross (1804–1872). The Martin family, a branch of the Martyn family - one of the Tribes of Galway - had settled at Ross by the early seventeenth century, having previously inhabited the town of Galway for some three hundred years. Her father, James, was a Protestant, his grandfather having converted from the Catholic faith in order to retain the family estates under the Penal Laws. Nevertheless, each child of the family was secretly 'baptised' by the family servants, a practice James Martin winked at.

She was a kinswoman of Richard Martin and her contemporary, Edward Martyn, two other notable members of the tribe. Her older brother, Robert Jasper Martin, was a noted songwriter and a well-regarded member of the Tory party in London. She shared a great-grandmother with the writer Maria Edgeworth, whose use of Irish vernacular speech she followed in her work.

Her father had managed to save both his estate and his tenants during the Great Famine - boasting that not one of his people died during the disaster - but at the cost of bankruptcy. Following his death in 1872, the family moved to Dublin and only returned to Ross in 1888 following revelations of financial fraud of the estate by their agent.

Writings and companionship with Edith Somerville
Violet Martin and Edith Somerville were second cousins. They originally met on 17 January 1886 at Castletownshend, after which they became lifelong companions and literary partners. They came to share a home in Drishane, County Cork. In 1889, Violet adopted the pseudonym Martin Ross, which comprised her surname and the name of her ancestral home; thus the authors were called Somerville and Ross. Their works included The Real Charlotte (1889), Some Reminiscences of an Irish R.M. and In The Vine Country. The precise nature of their relationship — whether they were romantic and sexual partners as well as literary collaborators and friends — has been the object of speculation by later writers.

Political and cultural outlook
Martin was a convinced Irish unionist, in opposition to Somerville's open nationalism. Both she and her brother Robert were well-regarded members of the literary circle in Irish unionism. However, unlike her brother, Martin was a convinced suffragette, becoming vice-president of the Munster Women's Franchise League. While on friendly terms with the leading members of the Gaelic literary revival such as W. B. Yeats and Lady Gregory, she objected to their romantic version of Irish peasantry. She was on good terms with Edward Martyn, partner of Gregory and Yeats - and her kinsman - and shared his love of the Irish language and culture.

Later years
Violet was seriously injured in a riding accident in November 1898, from which she never fully recovered. This was a contributing factor to her death in Drishane, County Cork, in 1915. Edith Somerville continued to write under their joint literary names, claiming that they were still in contact. The two women left thousands of letters and 116 volumes of diaries, detailing their lives, much of them yet unpublished. Edith died at Castletownshend in October 1949, aged 91, and is buried alongside Violet Florence Martin at Saint Barrahane's Church, Castletownsend, County Cork, Ireland. There is a joint memorial to them there.

She was awarded a posthumous D.Litt. by Trinity College Dublin.

Collaborative novels

 * An Irish Cousin (1889)
 * Naboth's Vineyard (1891)
 * In the Vine Country (1893)
 * Through Connemara in a Governess Cart (1893)
 * The Real Charlotte (1894)
 * Beggars on Horseback (1895)
 * The Silver Fox (1897)
 * Some Experiences of an Irish R. M. (1899)
 * A Patrick's Day Hunt (1902)
 * All on the Irish Shore (1903)
 * Further Experiences of an Irish R.M. (1908)
 * Dan Russell the Fox (1911)
 * In Mr Knox's Country (1915)

References and sources
Notes

Sources

title: Violet Florence Martin


text:
Jablonec

Jablonec may refer to places:

Czech Republic

 * Jablonec nad Nisou, a city in the Liberec Region
 * FK Jablonec, an association football club
 * Jablonec nad Nisou District around the city
 * Jablonec nad Jizerou, a town in the Liberec Region
 * Jablonec, a village and part of Libčeves in the Ústí nad Labem Region

Slovakia

 * Jablonec, Pezinok District, a village in the Bratislava Region
 * Gemerský Jablonec, a municipality and village in the Banská Bystrica Region

title: Jablonec


text:
Hawkhurst

Hawkhurst is a village and civil parish in the borough of Tunbridge Wells in Kent, England. The village is located close to the border with East Sussex, around 12 mi south-east of Royal Tunbridge Wells and within the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

Hawkhurst is virtually two villages: The Moor, to the south, consists mainly of cottages clustered around a large triangular green, while Highgate, to the north, features a colonnade of independent shops, two country pubs, hotels, a digital cinema in a converted lecture hall, and Waitrose and Tesco supermarkets.

There are four designated conservation areas in Hawkhurst parish – one at Sawyers Green, two in Highgate (Highgate and All Saints' Church) and one at The Moor. There are also over 200 listed buildings across the parish.

Since boundary changes in the 2010 general election, Hawkhurst is part of the parliamentary constituency of Tunbridge Wells, represented by Conservative Greg Clark. Prior to this it was in the Maidstone and The Weald constituency, formerly represented by Ann Widdecombe.

Roads
Hawkhurst (Kent) lies at the intersection of the A229 and A268 (see map). The village lies on the route of a Roman road which crossed the Weald here.

Railway
A railway station was built in Hawkhurst in 1892, to the west side of the Cranbrook Road, on the northern edge of the village. It was rarely busy except during hop picking time, when up to 26 special trains per day, each carrying up to 350 Cockneys from London, would arrive at Hawkhurst – up to 10,000 people per day. As this declined, the station became uneconomic, and it was closed in 1961.

The station site is now an industrial area just off the Cranbrook Road, but some original buildings are still standing and in a good state of preservation. The nearest open station is now Etchingham.

Buses
Hawkhurst is served by the Stagecoach South East bus routes 254, 304 and 349. These provide connections to Tunbridge Wells, Wadhurst, Robertsbridge, Battle, Bodiam and Hastings. The village is also served by the Arriva Southern Counties route 5 to Sandhurst, Staplehurst and Maidstone.

History
Hawkhurst has over 1,000 years of recorded history. The oldest known settlement was the Saxon manor of Congehurst, which was burnt by the Danes in 893 AD. There is still a lane of this name to the east of the village. At the time of the Domesday Book in 1096, the parish was mainly in the Lathe of Wye.

The ancient parish of Hawkhurst straddles the boundaries of four hundreds, including three that by 1295 were parts of the south of the Lathe of Scray in East Kent. The western portion of the parish of Hawkhurst was the entirety of the hundred of Great Barnfield (or East Barnfield). The eastern portion of the parish was partially in the hundred of Cranbrook and the hundred of Selbrittenden. Some acreage of the eastern portion was also in the hundred of Henhurst in the Rape of Hastings, East Sussex.

Etymology
The name Hawkhurst is derived from Old English heafoc hyrst, meaning a wooded hill frequented by hawks – 'Hawk Wood'. Hurst (Hyrst) in a place name refers to a wood or wooded area – there are several in West Kent and East Sussex. The 11th-century Domesday Monachorum refers to the village as Hawkashyrst, belonging to Battle Abbey. In 1254, the name was recorded as Hauekehurst; in 1278, it is often shown as Haukhurst; by 1610, it had changed to Hawkherst, which then evolved into the current spelling.

Iron industry
The village is located towards the Eastern end of the Weald, where iron has been produced from Roman times. The Weald produced over a third of all iron in Britain, and over 180 sites have been found across the Weald. Ironstone was taken from clay beds, then heated with charcoal from the abundant woods in the area. The iron was used to make everything from Roman ships to medieval cannon, and many of the Roman roads in the area were built to transport the iron. William Penn, founder of the state of Pennsylvania, is erroneously claimed to have owned ironworks at Hawkhurst. The industry eventually declined during the industrial revolution of the 18th Century, when coal became the preferred method of heating, and could not be found nearby.

Hop growing
In the 14th century, Edward III, wanting to break the Flemish (Dutch) monopoly on weaving, encouraged Flemish weavers to come to England. Many chose to settle in the Weald, because it had all the elements needed for weaving – oak to make mills, streams to drive them, and fuller's earth to treat the cloth.

The Kentish domination of the hop industry was stimulated by that same influx of Flemish weavers, who brought with them a taste for beer, and beer making skills. Several wealthy Kentish farmers invested in this new opportunity and approach. Although not the centre of the industry, Hawkhurst Brewery and Malthouse was built in 1850, on the edge of Hawkhurst Moor (now a house).

Hop growing also gave the area its distinctive skyline of hop gardens and oast houses, which were used to dry the hops. Nowadays, most hops are imported. However, at its peak 35000 acre of hop gardens existed in England, almost all of them in Kent, including much around Hawkhurst. Eventually mechanisation and cheap imports ended the industry, but the oast houses remain.

The Hawkhurst Gang
A witness before a 1745 Committee of Enquiry estimated there were 20,000 smugglers operating in Britain at that time. An infamous group, the "Holkhourst Genge", terrorised the surrounding area between 1735 and 1749. They were the most notorious of the Kent gangs, and were feared all along the south coast of England. At Poole in Dorset, where they had launched an armed attack on the customs house (to take back a consignment of tea that had been confiscated), several were hanged including Thomas Kingsmill, one of the gang's leaders.

A number of inns and local houses in Hawkhurst claim associations with the gang: high taxation on luxury goods in the early 18th century had led to an upsurge in smuggling, and the gang brought in brandy, silk and tobacco up from Rye and Hastings to be stowed away in hidden cellars and passages, before being sold off to the local gentry. It was reputed that when needed for a smuggling run, 500 mounted and armed men could be assembled within the hour. The Battle of Goudhurst eventually brought their career to an end.

Notable buildings
In 1886, the largest Barnardo's home for orphans under six years old was built in Hawkhurst, caring for hundreds of babies. It was known as Babies' Castle, and followed nine inspiring principles, known as "The Nine Nos":

 * No destitute child refused
 * No Race Barrier
 * No Creed Clause
 * No Physical Disability
 * No Age Limit
 * No Money Promise
 * No Voting
 * No Waiting
 * No Red Tape

Unfortunately, the building stood neglected for many years and was eventually redeveloped into a care home for the elderly, Hawkhurst House, in 2017.

In 1903 Gunther and his wife Leonie bought the Tongswood Estate. When he died in 1935, the house, dating from the 1860s, was sold and became St Ronan's School. Earlier owners of Tongswood were the Dunks family, who lived there from about 1500–1750. Sir Thomas Dunk, a wealthy clothier, who died in 1718, bequeathed enough money to build almshouses for six 'decayed housekeepers' (three men and three women) and a village school, plus enough money to buy lands to generate a steady income.

In 1875, the Victoria Lecture Hall was built by Henry Maynard "for the good of the village". It now houses Kino, a digital cinema.

Churches
Hawkhurst has several churches. The parish church of St Laurence stands at the south end of the village known as The Moor, which is the older part of Hawkhurst. It falls within the Diocese of Canterbury, and has as patron the Dean and Chapter of Christ Church, Oxford. It is likely that a church has stood on this site since 1100, or even earlier. After the Battle of Hastings William I gave the Manor of Wye, with rights over a large part of the parish, to the Abbot of Battle. The first mention of the church is in the charter of 1285, and its first rector was Richard de Clyne in 1291. The Chancel and North Chapel are the oldest parts of the church. The Great East Window was built about 1350 and has been described as one of the finest pieces of architecture in the country. Most of the rest of the church dates from around 1450, when the nave was lengthened and raised, the aisles, porches and tower added, and it took on its present appearance. The room over the North porch was used by Battle Abbey officials for rent collecting, and used to be called "The Treasury". In 1574, communion rails were introduced at a cost of 53 shillings, to keep communicants from the altar, the first parish church in England to have done so.

In 1944 a German flying bomb fell in the churchyard, causing considerable damage, and the church was put out of action until 1957. Part of the flying bomb can be seen on the south side at the back of the church.

There is a Roman Catholic church in the High Street, dedicated to St Barnabas, but, apart from Sunday, services are now held at the sister church in Goudhurst. An active Baptist Church is in Cranbrook Road, built partly on the site of the original Rootes cycle factory. A Methodist church on Highgate Hill is now being converted to a domestic dwelling: the congregation now holds services in Dunk's Almshouses.

All Saints' Church, Rye Road was a former chapel of ease for St Laurence's at Highgate. Built in 1861 by Sir George Gilbert Scott, the Church sits on the Highgate ridge with its spire visible from some distance. Grade II listed, the property is a local landmark that sat derelict for over two decades, but has now been sympathetically restored and converted into a number of private apartments.

Hospital
Hawkhurst Community Hospital (formerly the Cottage Hospital) provides 22 beds for patients who do not need to be in an acute hospital.

Education
Hawkhurst is home to three schools, one local authority primary and two independent preparatory schools.
 * Hawkhurst CofE Primary School
 * Marlborough House School
 * St. Ronan's School

Notable residents
The 19th-century astronomer Sir John Herschel (1792–1871) lived in Hawkhurst for thirty years. It was he who named the four moons of Uranus, the planet which had been discovered by his father, Sir William Herschel. He was also a mentor and inspiration to a young Charles Darwin. Herschel lived at Collingwood House in Hawkhurst.

Richard Kilburne, born in London to a Kentish family, was a lawyer and historian. He died at Hawkhurst on 16 November 1678, at age 74. Kilburne is buried in the chancel of the church at Hawkhurst under a flat stone inscribed with Latin declaring him "an ornament and an honor to his country."

Hawkhurst was the birthplace of the Rootes car empire.

Another leading local businessman was Charles Eugene Gunther, head of the Leipzig Meat Extract Company, later known as Oxo. He was also Lord Lieutenant of Kent in 1926.

Philip Langridge, the 20th-century operatic tenor, was born in Hawkhurst.

title: Hawkhurst


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Deurne, Belgium

Deurne is the second largest district of the municipality of Antwerp, Belgium, (right after the Antwerp town district) and has 82,270 inhabitants (2023).

Deurne is best known for its green environment with the biggest park in Antwerp Rivierenhof.

Ancien régime
Deurne was said to be the place where the Irish missionary Fredigand was abbot of Kerkelodor Abbey in the eighth century. There are indications that Deurne existed in prehistoric and Roman times but the first tangible proof of Deurne only dates back to 1185. During the Ancien régime Deurne was nothing more than part of the Eastern hinterland of Antwerp. Like many dwellings it settled on the crossroads of a river (the Schijn) and a connection route (the 'Turnhoutse baan': the road from Antwerp to Turnhout).

Deurne consisted mainly of sparsely populated farmland. However, as a direct result of the increasing wealth of the Antwerp population, many aristocratic estates were erected (the so-called "Hof van Plaisantie" was a specific rural estate, a bourgeois version of a château or country house). Typically, merchants, diplomats, wealthy artists (like Peter Paul Rubens f.i.) would escape to their Hof van Plaisantie. Some country houses in Deurne were : Sterckxhof, Papenhof, Lakbors, Bisschoppenhof, Gallifort, Inkborsch, Bosuil, Ertbrugge & Venneborg. Although most country houses were destroyed over the centuries (especially in 1542), some like Sterckxhof or Bisschoppenhof survived. Further surviving evidence of this aristocratic history of Deurne is the St Fredegand Church and the adjacent cemetery (the St-Fredegandusbegraafpark).

Nineteenth century
After the battle of Waterloo William of Orange started to connect the Antwerp port with its hinterland through the construction of a series of canals between Antwerp and Liège, connecting the Scheldt with the Maas. The work, started under his reign in 1823, was completed in 1874.

The effect of this canal was to establish a permanent barrier north of Deurne (where the Kleine Schijn used to flow), separating it from Merksem. In the south the Grote Schijn would form the south barrier of Deurne. The effect of both barriers was to enhance an 'island feeling' for Deurne. This was further promoted by the establishment of the Brialmont fortifications around Antwerp. Deurne was split apart and the western part of Deurne (Borgerhout) was to become a separate municipality. The rest of Deurne now lay outside the enceinte and became physically and mentally more separated from Antwerp.

Modern times
Because of the barriers constructed in the nineteenth century, urbanization would only begin in the twentieth century. Many large scale urban functions were 'dropped' in the undestined area previously occupied by the Brialmont-fortifications (like the event hall Sportpaleis Merksem). Urban planning started in 1913 and although the original plan was never fully realised it did determine the spatial structure of Deurne.

A real demographic explosion happened because of this urban planning and the need for many Antwerp residents to find modern housing. The population grew from 15,432 in 1920 to 52,303 in 1935.

World War II halted this evolution, mainly because of the V-2 bombardments. After 1945 the growth of Deurne started again and in the 1960s social housing & other community projects further enhanced this new urban identity of Deurne.

From 1972 onward Deurne was subject to the urban exodus and the urban sprawl whereby people moved from the dense urban centres towards the suburbs. As a result, the population began to diminish in numbers and the remaining population became older.

In 1983 Deurne was absorbed into the municipality of Greater Antwerp (see : Antwerp) whereby Deurne became one of the 9 districts. In 2001 Antwerp was decentralised, Deurne once again has its own elected council, not a city council but a district council, not a mayor but a 'chairman of the district governing board'...

Major attractions
Deurne has one of the oldest still functioning airports in the world, established in 1923. Antwerp Airport is a regional airport with only a limited number of flights a day. Located at the airport is the Stampe & Vertongen Museum, at the location of the old aircraft production company of the same name.

District college
The members of the district college between Januari 1, 2019 and 31 December 2024 are:

District council
The district council of Deurne has a total of 29 seats. De district council chairman is Frank Geudens (SP.A).

Notable people

 * Erik Van Looy, film director and TV quiz presentater
 * An Pierlé, musician
 * Björn Leukemans, cyclist
 * Pascal Struijk, footballer (born 1999)
 * Peter Renkens, was a Belgian singer. He was the frontman of Confetti's.[1]

Economy
VLM Airlines has its head office on the grounds of Antwerp International Airport in Deurne; the office is also CityJet's Antwerp office.

title: Deurne, Belgium


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Category:Churches in the United States

Church buildings in the United States.

title: Category:Churches in the United States


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Farsi Island

Farsi Island is a tiny, barren Iranian island (Bushehr province) in the Persian Gulf. There is an IRGC Navy base on this island. The island has an area of about 0.25 km2 and is restricted from the public. The center of Farsi Island is located at latitude 27° 59' 36" N and longitude 50° 10' 22" E. Its maximum elevation is 4 m. The word Farsi means "Persian".

In the late 1980s, during the "Tanker War" phase of the Iran–Iraq War, the IRGC used speedboats to launch attacks from Farsi Island on vessels of Iraq and its allies, including Kuwait. The United States entered the Persian gulf to protect Kuwaiti oil shipments. Iran planted naval mines near Farsi Island on the route of the first convoy, consisting of US navy vessels escorting the Kuwaiti oil tanker Bridgeton, which hit one of the mines.

On January 12, 2016, Iranian Revolutionary Guards forces stationed on the island apprehended two small vessels and their 10 U.S. Navy sailors after the latter entered Iranian waters. The incident prompted talks between the Iranian Foreign Ministry and the U.S. State Department regarding their release. All 10 sailors and their vessels were released the following morning.

title: Farsi Island


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User:Donny11

I'm just an occasional Wikipedia user. But if I see something that's wrong, or off somehow, I try to fix it as best I can. Ideally every user should be doing this, right?

title: User:Donny11


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Brookville Equipment

Brookville Equipment Corporation, based in Brookville, Pennsylvania, United States, manufactures railroad locomotives for industrial and light capacity switching needs. The company also builds and restores streetcars. The company used to be known as Brookville Locomotive Company.

History
The company began in 1918 by installing flanged railroad wheels on Ford trucks (Road–rail vehicle). The company soon began building gasoline-powered locomotives of their own following World War I. Brookville's locomotives were the first to include planetary drive axles rather than chain drives.

Products
In 2007, BEC unveiled its CoGeneration locomotives with up to 2100 hp, generated through the use of three low-emission diesel engines. The use of three clean-burning EPA Tier-3 engines offers a "Power on Demand" feature where engines come on-line as power needs are realized. This feature reduces emissions and fuel consumption. Individual water-cooled IGBT electronic switches for each traction motor improves rail adhesion.

Brookville manufactures equipment used in mining, tunneling, and industrial and switching applications. In 2008, Brookville built its first road switchers for the Metro-North Railroad. The locomotives are given the model designation of BL20-GH.

BEC's Railwalker re-railing devices can also put its locomotives back on-track without the risk of injury to the operator.

Streetcars
The company began manufacturing trucks for streetcars in 2003 – for use in vintage-style cars being newly built by the New Orleans Regional Transit Authority – and since 2002 it has had a streetcar division, working mainly on restoration, refurbishment and remanufacturing of existing streetcars. The first such contract was one to rebuild 18 PCC streetcars for SEPTA Route 15 in Philadelphia. The cars, known as PCC IIs, entered service in 2005. Later work has included restoring PCC cars for use on San Francisco Municipal Railway's F Market & Wharves line and manufacturing replicas of 1923 Perley Thomas streetcars for New Orleans.

On September 14, 2011, Brookville announced plans to develop a low-floor, articulated tram. The design was later named the "Liberty" model, and features the ability to operate away from the overhead electric power wires for a limited distance, using batteries. In early 2013, the company received a $9.4-million order for two Liberty streetcars from Dallas Area Rapid Transit. They are for Dallas's new Dallas Streetcar, which opened for public service on April 13, 2015. The company also built a pair of replica "Red Car Trolley" streetcars for Disney California Adventure in 2012.

2008
Metro-North Railroad ordered 10 units, numbers 110-115 in Metro North paint and numbers 125-130 ordered for Connecticut Department of Transportation, painted in New Haven scheme. The order also includes two multi-engine CoGeneration locomotives for MTA Capital and four (115ton) locomotives for the Staten Island Railway. The SIR locomotives are known as BL20G. After their overhaul beginning from 2020, the ConnDOT units were repainted into the CTrail scheme.

2010
Brookville was involved in the building of a low-emissions genset locomotive for the Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad that was commissioned in July 2010. The single locomotive was built through a partnership with several local and federal agencies, as well as the railroad and BEC. A second genset was produced for the Buffalo and Pittsburgh, which entered service on December 10, 2010, as well as one for the Ohio Central Railroad, both of which contained an engine kit from Brookville.

2011
Tri-Rail, a commuter rail line in Miami, ordered 12 BL36PH passenger locomotives from Brookville on February 25, 2011, at a cost of $109 million.

2013
Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) ordered two Liberty streetcars, with options for two more at a cost of up to $9.4 million, for operations on Dallas' streetcar line.

2015
In March, the first of the two DART streetcars was delivered. In April, two 1200 hp BL12CG genset locomotives were delivered to the Central California Traction Company. In June, the M-1 Rail Line in Detroit, Michigan ordered six streetcars at a purchase price of $32 million. The M-1 cars are equipped with rechargeable lithium-ion batteries and will run on battery power over 60% of the line. In November, Brookville was awarded an $18.6 million contract by the city of Milwaukee for four streetcars for service on the Milwaukee Streetcar, with deliveries planned to begin in late 2017.

2016
In March, the Oklahoma City Streetcar ordered five streetcars, with an option for a sixth, at a cost of $24.9 million.

2017
In June, Valley Metro Rail ordered six off-wire capable Liberty Streetcars for the Tempe Streetcar, at a cost of $33 million. El Paso commissioned the restoration of six PCCs for use on the El Paso Streetcar lines.

title: Brookville Equipment


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of innovative inventions

List of innovative inventions
All inventions are thought to be "innovative"; thus all inventions can't possibly be listed. "Innovative" is extremely prone to POV and cannot be applied in an NPOV, encyclopedic manner. -- Bumm13 12:46, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete.-- Bumm13 12:47, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The article can be moved to a different name, but because the article is on VFD it cannot be moved otherwhise it would be wiki-right. If the list of a list of inventions then people can add to it and such. If the page is merged into Timeline of invention, minus the comments - add the dates, I don't see a problem...

 * Delete. All inventions are innovative, by definition. Thus, this list is inherently POV.  A useful list might be "List of world-changing/highly influential inventions/discoveries", which would include things such as the printing press, anasthetic, fire, firearms, penicillin, telephony, digital computers, and the internet. This list would need to qualify entries by discussing their importance.  CryptoDerk 12:47, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, sure they are innovation by definition. Maybe this article can be such as starting point to your idea of QUOTE ""List of world-changing/highly influential inventions/discoveries", which would include things such as the printing press, anasthetic, fire, firearms, penicillin, telephony, digital computers, and the internet." END QUOTE... Then you wouldn't have a reason to justify your decision *smirk* squash 02:20, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. Also a list. Either of which alone would make it worth zapping. --Improv 18:46, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 'Zapping', If you are so paranoid about deleting it why don't you just slap a VFD on every 'list of ...' article you can see (sarcastic). Basing your decision, just because it is a list is ludicrious as the Wikipedia has a whole range of lists.
 * I vote delete for most but not all lists, that make it to VfD. That's enough for me. I occasionally add things to VfD, but not too often. I do oppose lists, but until there's more consensus to do so, I'm not going to be adding them here. --Improv 01:03, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Non-encyclopedic list. Title from the Department of Repetitive Redundancies Bureau, Replicated Reiterations Division.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:09, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Excuse me but, is List of sexual slang - encyclopedic... Show me why and get your facts straight before providing such a comment. The article's name can be moved accordingly and should not be the basis for your decision. squash 02:20, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Merge into Timeline of invention squash 02:00, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and rework; Look, while some of you may not be happy, currently, lists are valid wikipedia articles, and incomplete lists are permitted, so, unless someone has an objection other than "incomplete list" it should be kept. Posiduck 02:23, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Um, several people have pointed out objections other than "it's just a list". CryptoDerk 02:28, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * The only non "it's a list" objection was the complaint that its inherently POV, based on the fact that it will be incomplete. As for the "all inventions are innovative" argument; at least one use of innovate is "to revolutionize"; and some inventions did no such thing. Posiduck 02:41, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * After checking several dictionaries, I can find none that say that "innovate" means "to revolutionize", except as an archaic usage. Additionally, I can find several sources that say that "innovation" is a synonym of "invention", hence this title is indeed redundnat.  CryptoDerk 04:44, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, but rename. Am I missing something here?  The article is a list of influential inventions.  It says so explicitly.  People here seem to be complaining that the title is POV-based, even though the title doesn't reflect what the page is actually being used for.  Why don't we just rename it to List of highly influential inventions, as suggested by CryptoDerk, and expand it?  Providing more commentary and justification for each invention should also be done in the article.  Deletion isn't a good way of fixing articles when we have problems with the title but not the content. Factitious 05:17, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * I think the issue with this argument is that there's already such a list (as pointed out above). No need to rename this.  CryptoDerk 05:39, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * That list is very long, and includes many inventions that presumably wouldn't be included in a list focusing only on extremely influential inventions. The phatoptiken projector and leaf blower, for example.  Also, the timeline of invention doesn't provide statements justifying the importance of each invention, which, as has been stated a couple times above, would be necessary in a list attempting to single out the more important inventions.  I think that the current status of this article shows that it's not meant to be an all-encompassing list of every invention (despite the unfortunate and misleading title). Factitious 06:04, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

Invention and Innovation are NOT synonyms. An invention can generate innovation when it creates value for people and societies. In 2003 there has been 1 million patents (aka inventions) but it would be hard to say that there have been 1 million innovations !! Problem lies in the hard definition of relevant metrics to define when something can be defined "innovative". For example the automobile gnenerated the assembly lines in plants, it permitted commuting, it has generated several new industries like transports ...

 * Delete This is a list without any useful content. We all understand the inherent value of post-its and the like, but this is hardly encyclopedic.  Anna nym 02:40, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Innovative is POV. And IMHO this is not a misnamed List of highly influential inventions. Rubik's cube and Post-Its?  What happened to the plough, the wheel, and the gun. --Jll 13:28, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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Zoomorphism

The word zoomorphism derives from ζωον and μορφη. In the context of art, zoomorphism could describe art that imagines humans as non-human animals. It can also be defined as art that portrays one species of animal like another species of animal or art that uses animals as a visual motif, sometimes referred to as "animal style." Depicting deities in animal form (theriomorphism) is an example of zoomorphism in a religious context. It is also similar to the term therianthropy; which is the ability to shape shift into animal form, except that with zoomorphism the animal form is applied to a physical object. It means to attribute animal forms or animal characteristics to other animals, or things other than an animal; similar to but broader than anthropomorphism. Contrary to anthropomorphism, which views animal or non-animal behavior in human terms, zoomorphism is the tendency of viewing human behavior in terms of the behavior of animals. It is also used in literature to portray the act of humans or objects with animalistic behavior or features. The use of zoomorphism served as a decorative element to objects that are typically quite simple in shape and design.

Zoomorphic representation in religion

 * The appearance of the Holy Spirit like a dove in the New Testament (The Gospel According to Luke 3: 22), "and the Holy Spirit descended on him in bodily form like a dove..."

 * Mark the Evangelist as a lion in later Christian iconography.
 * In Hinduism Vishnu's vahana Garuda is depicted as an eagle or kite or with half kite and half human body.
 * The Egyptian gods were often depicted as zoomorphic or as hybrid.
 * The names of the two most prominent Hebrew Bible female prophets – Deborah and Huldah – were in the Babylonian Talmud interpreted in zoomorphic terms as "wasp" and "weasel".
 * Zoomorphic and anthropomorphic letters were used in some religious manuscripts, such as the Kennicott Bible.

Zoomorphic language for things, ideas

 * A literary phrase such as "The roar of the ocean".
 * Waterwolf, a Dutch terminology for the tendency of bodies of water in low-lying land to grow larger over time, causing death, loss of livestock and loss of land.
 * Sin lurking like a beast waiting to devour Cain in Genesis.

Humanity portrayed in evolutionary context
Desmond Morris in The Naked Ape and The Human Zoo, Robert Ardrey in African Genesis and Konrad Lorenz in On Aggression all wrote from a sociobiological perspective. They viewed the human species as an animal, subject to the evolutionary law of Survival of the fittest through adaptation to the biophysical environment.

Zoomorphic representation in Islamic art
One example of a zoomorphic object is the incense burner of Amir Saif al-Dunya wa’l-Din ibn Muhammad al-Mawardi, today located at the Metropolitan Museum in New York. Incense burners were common objects for zoomorphic forms that served as a container for aromatic material to be burned. This particular object comes from the Seljuq period in Iran. It is made of bronze, meaning it was a more expensive object as metalwork incense burners cost more to produce and were less common than other productions made of clay or soft stones. The work is meant to depict a lion or large cat. The artist plays with the anatomical elements of the body to fit the use for burning incense. Around the base of neck shows the area where the head is designed to be removed for the insertion of coal and incense. Throughout the body small holes were punctured for the release of the smoke. This object would have been found in a domestic space due to the animal-like imagery. Another example of zoomorphism in Islamic art is the bird-shaped oil lamp, located at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The oil lamp would have been used as an everyday object in a domestic space as well. The handle of the lamp is depicted by the head and neck of the bird. The body takes the form of the base of the lamp where oil can be poured in the small opening. The artist uses the form of the bird to utilize the lamp either hanging or resting. There are keyholes on either side of the body for the lamp to be hung by a chain and the flat base allows for the lamp to be placed on any smooth surface. The similarities between the incense burner and the lamp demonstrate how zoomorphism was used throughout Islamic culture. Zoomorphism appears on objects beyond household items. An example of this is the Dagger with Zoomorphic Hilt also located at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The hilt or handle of the dagger merges into the shape of a dragon attacking a lion who is performing the same act onto a deer. Each attacking animal is connected by its claws and teeth to form the handle. The inclusion of Persian and Indian symbols of power was common in zoomorphic imagery on hilts of daggers. In this dagger there is a figure of a bird in front of the deer who is meant to represent the Indian deity Garuda. Due to the intricate design and craftsmanship of this dagger, it would most likely not have been used for the purposes of a weapon, but rather as a ceremonial object. Many of the weapons included in Islamic art served as symbols for power and wealth.

Other

 * Fenrisulfr, a wolf in Norse mythology
 * Airavata, the king god of elephants in Indian mythology.
 * Paw feet bathtub, with feet in the shape of a lion's paws
 * The sphinx from Sophocles' "Oedipus Rex"
 * Elephantine Colossus, a hotel
 * Aslan in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a lion that is the king of Narnia
 * Robotic pets, like AIBO, modeled on dogs or other animals
 * In 2010 city planners from Southern Sudan, which would become independent a year later, unveiled plans for the city center of its capital, Juba, to be built in the shape of a rhinoceros. The city of Wau was to be transformed in the shape of a giraffe.

title: Zoomorphism


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Nancy Cunard

Nancy Clara Cunard (10 March 1896 – 17 March 1965) was a British writer, heiress and political activist. She was born into the British upper class, and devoted much of her life to fighting racism and fascism. She became a muse to some of the 20th century's most distinguished writers and artists, including Wyndham Lewis, Aldous Huxley, Tristan Tzara, Ezra Pound and Louis Aragon—who were among her lovers—as well as Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, Constantin Brâncuși, Langston Hughes, Man Ray and William Carlos Williams. MI5 documents reveal that she was involved with Indian diplomat, orator, and statesman V. K. Krishna Menon.

In later years she suffered from mental illness, and her physical health deteriorated. When she died in the Hôpital Cochin, Paris, she weighed only 26 kg.

1910s
Cunard's father was Sir Bache Cunard, an heir to the Cunard Line shipping businesses, interested in polo and fox hunting, and a baronet. Her mother was Maud Alice Burke, an American heiress, who adopted the first name Emerald and became a leading London society hostess. Nancy had been brought up on the family estate at Nevill Holt, Leicestershire. When her parents separated in 1911, she moved to London with her mother. Her education was at various boarding schools, including time in France and Germany.

In London, she spent a good deal of her childhood with her mother's long-time admirer, the novelist George Moore. It was even rumoured that Moore was her father, and although this has been largely dismissed, there is no question that he played an important role in her life while she was growing up. She would later write a memoir about her affection for "GM".

On 15November 1916 she married Sydney Fairbairn, a cricketer and army officer who had been wounded at Gallipoli. After a honeymoon in Devon and Cornwall, they lived in London in a house given to them by Nancy's mother as a wedding present. The couple separated in 1919 and divorced in 1925.

At this time she was on the edge of the influential group The Coterie, associating in particular with Iris Tree.

She contributed to the anthology Wheels, edited by the Sitwells, for which she provided the title poem; it has been said that the venture was originally her project.

Cunard's lover Peter Broughton-Adderley was killed in action in France less than a month before Armistice Day. Many who knew her claimed that she never fully recovered from Adderley's loss.

Paris
Nancy Cunard moved to Paris in 1920. There, she became involved with literary Modernism, Surrealists and Dada. Much of her published poetry dates from this period. During her early years in Paris, she was close to Michael Arlen.

In 1920 she had a near-fatal hysterectomy, for reasons that are not entirely clear. She recovered, and was then able to lead an active sexual life without the fear of pregnancy.

A brief relationship with Aldous Huxley influenced several of his novels. She was the model for Myra Viveash in Antic Hay (1923) and for Lucy Tantamount in Point Counter Point (1928).

In Paris, Cunard spent much time with Eugene McCown, an American artist from the hard-drinking set whom she made her protégé. It has been suggested that she became dependent on alcohol at this time, and may have used other drugs.

In 1928, the year she founded her publishing company, Hours Press, she met Henry Crowder, with whom she lived until 1933.

Personal style
Cunard's style, informed by her devotion to the artefacts of African culture, was startlingly unconventional. The large-scale jewellery she favoured, crafted of wood, bone and ivory, the natural materials used by native crafts people, was provocative and controversial. The bangles she wore on both arms snaking from wrist to elbow were considered outré adornments, which provoked media attention, visually compelling subject matter for photographers of the day. She was often photographed wearing her collection, those of African inspiration and neckpieces of wooden cubes, which paid homage to the concepts of Cubism.

At first considered the bohemian affectation of an eccentric heiress, the fashion world came to legitimize this style as avant garde, dubbing it the "barbaric look". Prestigious jewellery houses such as Boucheron created their own African-inspired cuff of gold beads. Boucheron, eschewing costly gemstones, incorporated into the finished creation green malachite and a striking purple mineral, purpurite, instead. It exhibited this high-end piece at the Exposition Coloniale in 1931.

The Hours Press
In 1927, Cunard moved into a farmhouse in La Chapelle-Réanville, Normandy. It was there in 1928 that she set up the Hours Press. Previously the small press had been called Three Mountains Press and run by William Bird, an American journalist in Paris, who had published books by its editor from 1923, Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams' The Great American Novel, Robert McAlmond and Ernest Hemingway's In Our Time. Cunard wanted to support experimental poetry and provide a higher-paying market for young writers. Her inherited wealth allowed her to take financial risks that other publishers could not. The Hours Press became known for its beautiful book designs and high-quality production.

It brought out the first separately published work of Samuel Beckett, a poem called Whoroscope (1930); Bob Brown's Words; and Pound's A Draft of XXX Cantos. Cunard published old friends such as George Moore, Norman Douglas, Richard Aldington and Arthur Symons, and brought out Henry-Music, a book of poems from various authors with music by Henry Crowder, two books by Laura Riding, the Collected Poems of John Rodker, poems by Roy Campbell, Harold Acton, Brian Howard and Walter Lowenfels. Wyn Henderson had taken over day-to-day operation of the press by 1931; in the same year it published its last book, The Revaluation of Obscenity by sexologist Havelock Ellis.

Political activism
In 1928 (after a two-year affair with Louis Aragon) Cunard began a relationship with Henry Crowder, an African-American jazz musician who was working in Paris. She became an activist in matters concerning racial politics and civil rights in the US, and visited Harlem. In 1931, she published the pamphlet Black Man and White Ladyship, an attack on racist attitudes as exemplified by Cunard's mother, whom she quoted as saying: "Is it true that my daughter knows a Negro?"

She edited the massive Negro Anthology, collecting poetry, fiction, and nonfiction primarily by African-American writers, including Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston. It included writing by George Padmore and Cunard's own account of the Scottsboro Boys case. Press attention to this project in May 1932, two years before it was published, led to Cunard's receiving anonymous threats and hate mail, some of which she published in the book, expressing regret that "[others] are obscene, so this portion of American culture cannot be made public."

She identified as an anarchist.

Anti-fascism
In the mid-1930s Cunard took up the anti-fascist fight, writing about Mussolini's annexation of Ethiopia and the Spanish Civil War. She predicted, accurately, that the "events in Spain were a prelude to another world war". Her stories about the suffering of Spanish refugees became the basis for a fundraising appeal in the Manchester Guardian. Cunard herself helped deliver supplies and organize the relief effort, but poor health – caused in part by exhaustion and the conditions in the camps – forced her to return to Paris, where she stood on the streets collecting funds for the refugees. In the pages of Sylvia Pankhurst's The New Times and Ethiopia News, in a comment on how ingrained race and colonial prejudices were even among the Left, she suggested that had the Spanish Popular Front government engaged the good-will of its colonial subjects, the fascist rebellion against the republic might have strangled where it first broke out – in Spanish Morocco.

In 1937 she published a series of pamphlets of war poetry, including the work of W. H. Auden, Tristan Tzara and Pablo Neruda. Later in 1937, together with Auden and Stephen Spender, she distributed a questionnaire about the war to writers in Europe. The results were published by the Left Review as Authors Take Sides on the Spanish War.

The questionnaire to 200 writers asked the following question: "Are you for, or against, the legal government and people of Republican Spain? Are you for, or against, Franco and Fascism? For it is impossible any longer to take no side."

There were 147 answers, of which 126 supported the Republic, including W. H. Auden, Samuel Beckett and Rebecca West.

Five writers explicitly responded in favour of Franco: they were Evelyn Waugh, Edmund Blunden, Arthur Machen, Geoffrey Moss and Eleanor Smith. Among sixteen responses that Cunard, in her eventually published compendium, grouped under the sceptical heading "Neutral?" were H. G. Wells, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot and Vera Brittain.

The most famous response was not included: it came from George Orwell, and began:"Will you please stop sending me this bloody rubbish. This is the second or third time I have had it. I am not one of your fashionable pansies like Auden or Spender, I was six months in Spain, most of the time fighting, I have a bullet hole in me at present and I am not going to write blah about defending democracy or gallant little anybody...."Several other writers also declined to contribute, including Virginia Woolf, Bertrand Russell, E. M. Forster, and James Joyce.

During World War II, Cunard worked, to the point of physical exhaustion, as a translator in London on behalf of the French Resistance.

Later life
After the war, Cunard gave up her home at Réanville and travelled extensively. In June 1948, she travelled from Trinidad to the United Kingdom, on board the HMT Empire Windrush. The voyage and the ship later became well known because the other passengers on board included one of the first large groups of post-war West Indian immigrants to the United Kingdom.

In September 1948 she started renting a small house in the French village Lamothe-Fénelon in the Dordogne Valley. In later years she suffered from mental illness and poor physical health, worsened by alcoholism, poverty, and self-destructive behaviour. She was committed to a mental hospital after a fight with London police. After her release, her health declined even further, and she weighed less than 60 pounds when she was found on the street in Paris and brought to the Hôpital Cochin, where she died two days later.

Her body was returned to England for cremation and the remains were sent back to the Cimetière du Père-Lachaise in Paris. Her ashes rest in urn number 9016.

Tributes
Constantin Brâncuși's La Jeune Fille Sophistiquée (Portrait de Nancy Cunard), a polished bronze on a carved marble base (1932), sold in May 2018 for US$71 million (with fees) at Christie's New York, setting a world record auction price for the artist.

According to an account of drafts of the poem "Nancy Cunard" by Mina Loy held in Yale University Library, "Drafts of Loy's poem about Nancy Cunard, her friend, fellow poet, and editor of The Hours Press, provide a window on her [Loy's] creative process. The final, published version of the poem ends with lines derived from this draft's beginning and its final lines are now the poem's centre:

 * The vermilion wall
 * receding as a sin
 * beyond your moonstone whiteness,
 * Your chiffon voice."

Works

 * Outlaws (1921), poems
 * Sublunary (1923), poems
 * Parallax (1925, Hogarth Press), poems
 * Poems (Two) (1925, Aquila Press), poems
 * Poems (1930)
 * Black Man and White Ladyship (1931) polemic pamphlet
 * Negro (1934) anthology of African literature and art, editor
 * Authors Take Sides (1937) pamphlet, compiler
 * Los poetas del mundo defienden al pueblo español (1937, Paris), co-editor with Pablo Neruda
 * The White Man's Duty: An analysis of the colonial question in the light of the Atlantic Charter (with George Padmore) (1942)
 * Poems for France, La France libre, London, 1944 and Poèmes à la France, Seghers, Paris, 1947
 * Releve into Marquis (1944)
 * Grand Man: Memories of Norman Douglas (1954)
 * GM: Memories of George Moore (1956)
 * These Were the Hours: Memories of My Hours Press, Réanville and Paris, 1928–1931 (1969), autobiography
 * Poems of Nancy Cunard: from the Bodleian Library (2005), edited with an introduction by John Lucas.
 * Selected Poems (2016), edited with an introduction by Sandeep Parmar.

title: Nancy Cunard


text: User talk:218.214.131.155

title: User talk:218.214.131.155


text:
Bray

Bray  may refer to:

France

 * Bray, Eure, in the Eure département
 * Bray, Saône-et-Loire, in the Saône-et-Loire département
 * Bray-Dunes, in the Nord département
 * Bray-en-Val, in the Loiret département
 * Bray-et-Lû, in the Val-d'Oise département
 * Bray-lès-Mareuil, in the Somme département
 * Bray-Saint-Christophe, in the Aisne département
 * Bray-sur-Seine, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Bray-sur-Somme, in the Somme département
 * Pays de Bray, a watershed in Normandy

Ireland

 * Bray, County Wicklow
 * Bray Daly railway station
 * Bray Male School, former name of Saint Cronan's Boys' National School
 * Bray Head, a hill just south of Bray, Wicklow
 * Bray Head, Kerry, a hill on Valentia Island, County Kerry
 * Bray Lower, a townland of County Kildare
 * Bray Upper, a townland of County Kildare

United Kingdom

 * Bray, Berkshire, a village near Maidenhead
 * Bray Shop, a village in Cornwall
 * River Bray

United States

 * Bray Place, a 1796 home and farmstead, Louisville, Kentucky
 * Bray Township, Pennington County, Minnesota
 * Brays, Missouri
 * Bray, Oklahoma

Other places

 * Bray, South Australia, a locality In Australia
 * Bray, Wallonia, a village in the municipality of Binche, Belgium
 * Bray, Botswana, a village in Kgalagadi District, Botswana
 * Bray, North West, a village in the North West province of South Africa
 * Bray Island, a Canadian Arctic islands in Nunavut, Canada

People

 * Bray (surname)
 * Bray (musician) (born 1972), American musician and singer-songwriter
 * Bray Wyatt American professional wrestler (1987–2023)

Other uses

 * 5182 Bray, a minor planet
 * Bray Castle, former name of Lewes Castle, Lewes, East Sussex, England
 * Bray People, a tabloid published in Northern Ireland
 * Bray Productions, an American animation studio
 * Bray Magazine (1922–1923), a theatrical cartoon series
 * Bray Studios (UK), British film studio
 * Bray Unknowns F.C., an Irish association football club
 * Bray Wanderers A.F.C., an Irish league football (soccer) club
 * Braying, the call of a donkey
 * USS Bray (DE-709), a destroyer escort of the United States Navy

title: Bray


text:
Shortlist Music Prize

The Shortlist Music Prize, stylized as (shôrt–lĭst), was an annual music award for the best album released in the United States that had sold fewer than 500,000 copies at the time of nomination. First given as a cash prize in 2001 under the name Shortlist Prize for Artistic Achievement in Music, the award was created by two music industry directors, Greg Spotts and Tom Serig, as an alternative to the commercial Grammy Awards. The recipient is chosen by a panel of entertainment industry members and journalists known as the "Listmakers". Over 50 of the best albums of the previous 12 months are picked before being narrowed down to the eponymous Shortlist, from which a winner is chosen. Since 2003, a gold statuette, nicknamed "The Shorty", has been given out in conjunction with the cash prize. In 2005, the Shortlist Music Prize was renamed the New Pantheon award for a year following a dispute between the prize's founders. No nominees or winners have been announced since the presentation of the 2007 award.

Modeled on the British Mercury Prize, the Shortlist Music Prize was conceived to honor "the most adventurous and creative albums of the year across all genres of music". At the end of 2001, Icelandic post-rock band Sigur Rós became the first recipients following a ceremony at the Hollywood Knitting Factory. Virgin Megastores sponsored the award during the inaugural year. The Shortlist Music Prize's format continued in similar fashion the following years, but at different venues. Tower Records opened an online store for the award, which included CD samplers of each year's nominated acts. The majority of the seven winners so far have been singer-songwriters: Irishman Damien Rice won in 2003, Americans Sufjan Stevens and Cat Power were successful in 2005 and 2006, respectively, and Canadian Feist won in 2007. Three winning albums eligible at the time of nomination—N.E.R.D's In Search of..., Rice's O, and Feist's The Reminder—went on to sell over 500,000 copies in the United States and achieved gold certification. N.E.R.D received the accolade between the time of nomination and the award ceremony.

The Shortlist Music Prize quickly became an anticipated event and a coveted award. It provided an artistic and independent music focus in contrast to the Grammys' major label or chart rankings affiliations. The 2003 and 2004 Shortlist Music Prize ceremonies were shown on MTV2 in recorded format. In 2005, Sarig started using the New Pantheon name after co-founder Spotts left to focus on politics. The 2005 award ceremony was pushed back from the end of the year to March 2006 to coincide with the Grammys; it was eventually canceled because of "logistical reasons" and winner Stevens was given his prize informally. After threatening legal action for the continuation of the Short List brand under the New Pantheon guise, Spotts returned and purchased both trademarks, uniting the two titles under the Shortlist Music Prize. The award ceremony continued to be held in the early part of years until the last given prize for 2007.

title: Shortlist Music Prize


text:
User:Donnyw

Hello

My name is Donny. I am from the United States. I often enjoy blogging and taking photographs.

title: User:Donnyw


text:
Semiclassical gravity

Semiclassical gravity is an approximation to the theory of quantum gravity in which one treats matter and energy fields as being quantum and the gravitational field as being classical.

In semiclassical gravity, matter is represented by quantum matter fields that propagate according to the theory of quantum fields in curved spacetime. The spacetime in which the fields propagate is classical but dynamical. The dynamics of the theory is described by the semiclassical Einstein equations, which relate the curvature of the spacetime that is encoded by the Einstein tensor $$G_{\mu\nu}$$ to the expectation value of the energy–momentum tensor $$\hat T_{\mu\nu}$$ (a quantum field theory operator) of the matter fields, i.e.

 * $$G_{\mu\nu} = \frac{8 \pi G}{c^4} \left\langle \hat T_{\mu\nu} \right\rangle_\psi,$$

where G is the gravitational constant, and $$\psi$$ indicates the quantum state of the matter fields.

Energy–momentum tensor
There is some ambiguity in regulating the energy–momentum tensor, and this depends upon the curvature. This ambiguity can be absorbed into the cosmological constant, the gravitational constant, and the quadratic couplings
 * $$\int \sqrt{-g} R^2 \, d^dx$$ and $$\int \sqrt{-g} R^{\mu\nu} R_{\mu\nu} \, d^dx.$$

There is another quadratic term of the form
 * $$\int \sqrt{-g} R^{\mu\nu\rho\sigma} R_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma} \, d^dx,$$

but in four dimensions this term is a linear combination of the other two terms and a surface term. See Gauss–Bonnet gravity for more details.

Since the theory of quantum gravity is not yet known, it is difficult to precisely determine the regime of validity of semiclassical gravity. However, one can formally show that semiclassical gravity could be deduced from quantum gravity by considering N copies of the quantum matter fields and taking the limit of N going to infinity while keeping the product GN constant. At a diagrammatic level, semiclassical gravity corresponds to summing all Feynman diagrams that do not have loops of gravitons (but have an arbitrary number of matter loops). Semiclassical gravity can also be deduced from an axiomatic approach.

Experimental status
There are cases where semiclassical gravity breaks down. For instance, if M is a huge mass, then the superposition
 * $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \big(|M \text{ at } A\rangle + |M \text{ at } B\rangle\big),$$

where the locations A and B are spatially separated, results in an expectation value of the energy–momentum tensor that is M/2 at A and M/2 at B, but one would never observe the metric sourced by such a distribution. Instead, one would observe the decoherence into a state with the metric sourced at A and another sourced at B with a 50% chance each. Extensions of semiclassical gravity that incorporate decoherence have also been studied.

Applications
The most important applications of semiclassical gravity are to understand the Hawking radiation of black holes and the generation of random Gaussian-distributed perturbations in the theory of cosmic inflation, which is thought to occur at the very beginning of the Big Bang.

title: Semiclassical gravity