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Halesworth

Halesworth is a market town, civil parish and electoral ward in north-eastern Suffolk, England. The population stood at 4,726 in the 2011 Census. It lies 15 mi south-west of Lowestoft, on a tributary of the River Blyth, 9 mi upstream from Southwold. The town is served by Halesworth railway station on the Ipswich–Lowestoft East Suffolk Line. It is twinned with Bouchain in France and Eitorf in Germany. Nearby villages include Cratfield, Wissett, Chediston, Walpole, Blyford, Linstead Parva, Wenhaston, Thorington, Spexhall, Bramfield, Huntingfield, Cookley and Holton.

History
A Roman settlement, Halesworth has a medieval church; St Mary's with Victorian additions and a variety of houses, from early timber-framed buildings to the remnants of Victorian prosperity. Former almshouses used to house the Halesworth & District Museum (open from May to September) but this has now been moved to Halesworth railway station. There is a Town Trail walk.

The place-name 'Halesworth' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as Healesuurda and Halesuuorda. The name means 'Hæle's homestead'.

The town's Angel Hotel dates from the 16th century.

Joseph Dalton Hooker, the botanist and traveller, lived in Halesworth with his family.

In 1862 the only murder of modern times was recorded. Ebenezer Tye (died 25 November 1862, aged 24) was a policeman who was trying to stop a burglary in Chediston Street. However he was beaten to death and is now buried in Halesworth Cemetery. The murderer, John Ducker, was caught and was the last person to be publicly hanged in Suffolk. The archives of the Diocese of Norwich record the murder of a chantry priest in Halesworth in medieval times.

In 1862 the Rifle Hall was presented to the town by the family of a late captain of the rifle corps, Andrew Johnston. It is so called because it was used as a drill hall by the rifle corps. The hall was originally built in 1792 as a theatre and was used from 1812 to 1844 by the theatre manager David Fisher. He owned an itinerant theatre group which travelled a circuit of theatres in East Anglia (including the Fisher Theatre in Bungay which has now been fully restored).

A Halesworth bank used to issue its own banknotes. A 5 guinea banknote (£5.25), issued by the Suffolk and Halesworth Bank in 1799, is to be found in the Coins and Medals Collection at the British Museum, and the Museum also holds later examples.

A short distance to the north-east of the town itself, in Holton, lies the Second World War airfield of RAF Halesworth. The airfield was constructed in 1942–1943, and initially the 56th Fighter Group of the United States 8th Army Air Force were stationed there. In 1944, it became the base of the 489th Bomb Group flying B24 Liberators. They played a part in the build-up and conduct of the D-Day, from 6 June 1944. From July they switched to strategic offensive bombing until November, when they ceased operations to return to America.

Between January and June 1945, the 5th Emergency Rescue Squadron operated from the base, flying "war-weary" P47 and B17 aircraft. Their mission was to carry dinghies and smoke markers to aid downed crews found at sea. The airfield closed for flying in February 1946. Today it is an industrial site owned by Bernard Matthews Ltd, but there is a museum.

There are historical records of some 30 pubs in Halesworth.

Governance
Since 2019, Halesworth has been governed by East Suffolk district council and Suffolk County Council. Between 1974 and 2019 it was part of the Waveney district. Prior to 1974, local government functions had been carried out by Halesworth Urban District Council.

Halesworth Town Council was also formed in 1974. The 12 Town Councillors are elected every four years. The chairman and vice-chair are elected by fellow councillors and usually serve for two years in office.

The Thoroughfare
Excavations outside the White Hart pub in 1991 discovered part of a causeway – probably dating from the late Saxon period. A piece of oak pile from these excavations is in the Halesworth & District Museum.

There are examples of 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th century buildings in the Thoroughfare. Number 8 is a former ironmonger's. This shop belonged to the grandfather of Sir David Frost and the name of William Frost can still be seen underneath the archway next to the shop.

A block of four shops next to this was originally built in 1474 as the Guildhall. This was the home of the Guild of St John the Baptist and Guild of St Love and St Anthony.

Arts and natural history
Halesworth is the home to the New Cut Arts Centre. The town has the largest Millennium Green in the UK with around 44 acre of grazing marsh providing a haven for wildlife close to the town centre. The rivers in this area are home to grey herons, common kingfishers and Eurasian otters.

Railways
Halesworth railway station is connected to Ipswich and Lowestoft. Services are available to Lowestoft and Ipswich and are run by Abellio Greater Anglia. Other dates of importance to rail travel are 1854, when the railway arrived in Halesworth, 1859, when the station moved to its present position as the line was extended to Lowestoft, 1888, when a moveable platform was installed. It was renewed in 1922 and restored in 1999, so allowing the platforms to be extended across the adjacent level crossing. In 1958, Norwich Road railway bridge opened as an alternative to that level crossing.

From 24 September 1879 until 11 April 1929 the narrow-gauge Southwold Railway connected Halesworth to Southwold. There were plans by the Southwold Railway Society to revive the railway, partly on the original track and partly on new formation, but these have now been abandoned in favour of a railway park, to be situated at Southwold.

St Mary's Church
Halesworth is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, recording Ulf the priest to be in charge of the parish.

The present church is essentially early 15th century, with outer aisles built and restoration taking place in the late 19th century. At the time of the restoration, some evidence was uncovered of a round-tower church on the site. The carved Danestones in the church, depicting hands clutching foliage or tails, were found in the church during the 19th century and could be part of a cross shaft. Their original location is unknown, as is their date. However, Pevsner in The Buildings of England mentions them as being part of an Anglo-Saxon frieze, with a suggested date of the later 9th century.

St Mary's became the centre of the eight-parish Halesworth Team Ministry in the 1980s. With the 1996 addition of the parishes of Bramfield, Thorington and Wenhaston, it is now part of the Blyth Valley Team Ministry of eleven parishes.

The statue of the Madonna and Child in the Lady Chapel was fashioned from driftwood by Peter Eugene Ball.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC East and ITV Anglia. Television signals are received from the Tacolneston TV transmitter. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Suffolk on 95.5 FM, Heart East on 102.4 FM, Greatest Hits Radio East (The Beach) on 97.4 FM, and Kiss on 106.1 FM. The town is served by the local newspapers, Beccles and Bungay Journal and Eastern Daily Press.

Sports
Halesworth has a 27-hole golf club. Halesworth Town F.C. and Wenhaston United F.C. are the local football clubs. Halesworth also has a tennis club with courts and a bowls club, both located at the Dairy Hill area.

title: Halesworth


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Talk:Martok

Untitled
In By Infero's Light, the real General Martok said that he had heard of Worf. This would indicate that the two men never met before, or he had amnesia.

JesseG 18:10, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

Homage in Battlestar Galactica
The following seems to have been taken verbatim from Memory Alpha. ShutterBugTrekker 00:42, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

 * In Ronald D. Moore's new series Battlestar Galactica, there's an area on Caprica called Martok Valley named for this character.

 * It's uncited in any event -- I thought I'd deleted it a while ago. Guess not. --EEMeltonIV 03:16, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Worf and Martok
An editor previously complained (added a citation needed request) to the statement "also is an important relationship for Worf". This was a reasonable summary of the article, not only was Worf is adopted into Martok's House, but Marok proposed Worf as the leader of the Kligon Empire. But in case anyone else mistakes summarizing the article for original research, don't take my word for it, instead see this StarTrek.com about Siblings in Star Trek which it compares the Worf and Martok relationship to brotherhood. -- 109.76.211.106 (talk) 11:36, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

Found an interview with Hertzler which might be useful https://web.archive.org/web/20041029182131/http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/news/article/105362.html -- 109.79.169.92 (talk) 06:08, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

Found another old interview with J.G. Hertzler, maybe someone could make use of it. -- 109.76.133.190 (talk) 12:26, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Martok


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Aberlour

Aberlour (Obar Lobhair ) is a village in Moray, Scotland, 12 mi south of Elgin on the road to Grantown. The Lour burn is a tributary of the River Spey, and it and the surrounding parish are both named Aberlour, but the name is more commonly used in reference to the village which straddles the stream and flanks the Spey – although the full name of the village is Charlestown of Aberlour.

Etymology
Aberlour, recorded in 1226 as Aberlower, means 'confluence of the Lour burn'. The first element is the Pictish word aber 'river mouth, confluence'. The name of the Lour burn is from Gaelic labhar 'loud, noisy'. This probably replaced an earlier Pictish cognate word. Charlestown refers to Charles Grant of Elchies.

History
A site noted as Abirlaur is shown in this location on maps in Joan Blaeu's Atlas of Scotland, from 1654. The current village, Charlestown of Aberlour, was "founded by Charles Grant of Elchies in 1812 – with the name of Charlestown of Aberlour after his son Charles." It is commonly referred to simply as Aberlour. A grant of land from Charles Grant senior feued 100 plots along the south bank of the river and saw the start of the High Street (formerly Main Street) and parish church. The three locations are close enough in definition for there to be little distinction between them. The village was granted its feu charter in 1814 and began to operate its own markets. Whisky was a major industry even then and once the 1823 Excise Act was passed and a longer warehousing process introduced it began to take on the more mature characteristics that are familiar today.

The first Aberlour distillery was established shortly after the Act became law, by the owner of a gentleman's estate where Aberlour House is situated. Soon after the property changed hands, that distillery was demolished. In 1879, local resident James Fleming (1830-1895, built a new Aberlour distillery alongside the Lour Burn; which is now owned and operated by the Pernod Ricard group of companies. Fleming was also a bank agent and became a significant resident and generous benefactor in the village, providing its first purpose-built meeting place, The Fleming Hall (1889), followed by The Fleming Cottage Hospital (1900), and - as a safe pedestrian crossing over the fast-flowing river Spey - The Victoria Bridge, completed in 1902 and known locally as the Penny Bridge.

According to the 1846 A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland, "This parish, formerly called Skirdustan, signifying, in the Gaelic tongue, 'the division of Dustan', its tutelary saint, derived its present name from its situation at the mouth of a noisy burn, which discharges itself into the river Spey."

Aberlour once was the site of an orphanage which was founded in 1875 by Margaret Macpherson Grant and a minister called Charles Jupp. His tomb lies in St Margaret's Episcopal Church which was the church used by the children of the orphanage. The orphanage was split into two separate units – one for the girls and the other for the boys. Between the two buildings was the school where the children were taught. The horror author Dorothy K. Haynes and her twin brother Leonard spent four years, from 1929 to 1933, in Aberlour Orphanage; her experiences are recounted in her 1973 memoir Haste Ye Back. Aberlour Child Care Trust is now one of Scotland's main children's charities with services throughout Scotland. The Trust was also found to be a child care institution where children suffered physical, emotional and sexual abuse at the Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry in 2021.

Aberlour is also the place where the famous Walkers shortbread is made. Walkers own the woods behind the factory – Fisherton woods. Until 2004, Aberlour House was the site of a school, a prep school for Gordonstoun; it is now offices for Walkers. Aberlour Golf Club (now defunct) first appeared in 1905 and continued until the late 1930s.

Thomas Telford, the renowned civil engineer designed Craigellachie Bridge spanning the River Spey about 2 mi to the north of the village. It was built after the Great Spate in the 19th century destroyed an earlier bridge.

Alexander Cameron Sim, a pharmacist who introduced lemonade (locally called ramune) to Japan, was born in the village.

The area was once served by Aberlour railway station, but this closed on 18 October 1965 as a result of the Beeching Axe.

Notable residents

 * Rev James Sellar, minister of the parish church, was Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1875.
 * James Fleming, founder of Aberlour distillery in 1880; village bank agent; philanthropist.

title: Aberlour


text: User talk:68.73.147.55

title: User talk:68.73.147.55


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Free West Alliance

The Free West Alliance (FWA) was an organization attempting to organize the migration of libertarians and the like-minded into the U.S. states of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming, in order to influence local political policy toward libertarian ideals. It also sought to mobilize residents of the states who had libertarian politics.

History
FWA was created shortly after the selection of the state of New Hampshire by an earlier American political migration movement, the Free State Project (FSP). FWA founders were predominantly either former members of FSP who had "opted out" of New Hampshire in that organization's state selection process, or others who had associated with FSP but not signed up.

The reasons for the creation of FWA are many, most prominent being the dissatisfaction many westerners felt over the selection of an eastern state, for geographical reasons and for the cultural split that became evident in the Free State Project discussion forums between "westerners" and "easterners". Note, some in the "western" faction actually lived in the east, and vice versa.

The Free West Alliance was associated to some degree with similar Canadian movements, and with the Free State Wyoming (FSW).

The Montana and Wyoming branches of FWA were the most active. Evidence of prior, small freedom migration movements to Wyoming turned up in discussions on the various email lists associated with FWA. Montana and Wyoming are often viewed as states with strong anti-authoritarian traditions, and have a history of informal individual migrations for that purpose.

title: Free West Alliance


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Edward Wotton (zoologist)

Edward Wotton (1492 – 5 October 1555) was an English physician, born in Oxford, credited with starting the modern study of zoology, by separating out much of the fanciful and folkloric additions that had been added over time to the body of zoological knowledge.

His systematic researches on Aristotelian lines were collected in De differentiis animalium libri decem, published in Paris in 1552. Wotton was also partly responsible for Insectorum, sive, Minimorum animalium theatrum or Theatre of Insects, although this was not published (as edited by Thomas Muffet) until 1634.

By favour of bishop Fox, he was made socius compar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, with leave to travel into Italy for three years. He attended Padua, applied himself to physic, and took the degree of doctor. He was admitted a fellow of the College of Physicians 8 February 1528. He does not appear, as often stated, to have been physician to Henry VIII, but did serve the Duke of Norfolk and Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury. He was a fellow censor with Alban Hill in 1555.

title: Edward Wotton (zoologist)


text: User talk:207.175.46.5

title: User talk:207.175.46.5


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Enford

Enford is a village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, in the northeast of Salisbury Plain. The village lies 10 mi southeast of Devizes and 14 mi north of Salisbury. The parish includes nine small settlements along both banks of the headwaters of the River Avon. Besides Enford, these are Compton, Coombe, East Chisenbury, Fifield, Littlecott, Longstreet, New Town and West Chisenbury.

The name is derived from the Old English Enedford meaning 'duck ford'.

History
The parish carries much evidence of prehistoric activity, including bowl barrows. Lidbury Camp, on Littlecott Down, was occupied in the Iron Age and in the Romano-British period, and further evidence of Romano-British occupation has been found around Compton. A site on the west bank of the Avon near Compton is possibly that of a Roman villa.

The Domesday Book of 1086 recorded 34 households at Enford and a smaller settlement at Compton. Medieval strip lynchets are visible north of East Chisenbury.

Enford manor was held by St Swithun's priory, Winchester until the Dissolution. Later owners included Thomas Culpeper (executed in 1541 for alleged adultery with Catherine Howard), and Sir Edmund Antrobus who in 1899 sold the manor to the War Office.

The parish population in 1676 has been calculated as 616. At the first census in 1841 there were 814; the population peaked at 911 in 1851 and then steadily declined to around 700 in the mid 20th century.

Chisenbury Priory is a country house, approached by a tree-lined drive from the road between Littecott and East Chisenbury. The house was built in the later 17th century, with a brick front added in the 18th; it is Grade II* listed.

A school was provided at Enford c. 1845 by Sir Edmund Antrobus, and supported partly by Sir Edmund and partly by a fund organised by John Prince, former vicar. By 1871 it had become a National School with some 61 pupils, increasing to 124 in 1906. The school moved to new buildings at Longstreet in 1966, next to the newly built village hall; it closed in 1989.

The parish gained a small area in 1885: West Chisenbury, formerly a detached part of Netheravon parish.

Archaeology
The East Chisenbury midden is a notable example of a large dump of archaeological material, dating to the 1st millennium BC. Now within a military training area, the midden mound contains discrete layers of flint, charcoal, bones, pottery and excrement. It survives to a height of 8 ft and is 460 ft wide despite 2,500 years of weathering. The accumulation is believed by some archaeologists to have a ritual basis, with organised deposition of produce and waste being suggested as an explanation for its size and longevity. All Cannings Cross, 8 mi to the north, is a similar site.

Parish church
The Church of England parish church, All Saints', was described by Pevsner as "Quite a large and a very interesting church. ... The chancel is astonishing."

The Domesday Book of 1086 recorded a priest at Enford. There may have been a church here at that time, as 12th-century arches are cut into earlier walls. The chancel arch is late 12th or early 13th, while the chancel is 13th except for its south wall. A small octagonal building on the north side, built as a chapel but now the sacristy, is from a similar date. The north aisle is 14th century; in the 15th the south aisle and the tower were rebuilt. There was a spire, which fell in 1817, requiring repairs to the church in 1825–30. Restoration by C.E. Ponting took place in 1892–3.

In the churchyard is the lower part of a medieval stone cross. The six bells in the tower include three from the 17th century.

The church was designated as Grade II* listed in 1964. Today it is part of the Avon River Team parishes.

Methodist chapel
A chapel was built at East Chisenbury c. 1845 by either Primitive Methodists or Independent Methodists. A new chapel was built by the former in 1896 and continued in use well into the 20th century; the building was sold in 1990.

Local government
Enford is a civil parish in the area of the Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which is responsible for all significant aspects of local government. It also has an elected parish council, with mostly consultative functions.

Amenities
There is a modern village hall at Longstreet. The parish has two pubs: the Swan Inn at Enford (17th/18th century) and the Red Lion at East Chisenbury.

title: Enford


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Dick Zimmer

Richard Alan Zimmer (born August 16, 1944) is an American Republican Party politician from New Jersey, who served in both houses of the New Jersey Legislature and in the United States House of Representatives. He was the Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate from New Jersey in 1996 and 2008. In March 2010, he was appointed by Governor Chris Christie to head the New Jersey Privatization Task Force.

Early life and career
Zimmer was born on August 16, 1944, in Newark, New Jersey, to William and Evelyn Zimmer, the second of two children. In his early years he was raised in Hillside, New Jersey. His father, a physician, died of a heart attack when he was 3 years old. After his father's death, his mother moved from Hillside to Bloomfield, New Jersey, where she supported the family by working as a clerk at the Sunshine Biscuits warehouse. They lived in a Bloomfield garden apartment, which Zimmer has referred to as "the New Jersey equivalent of a log cabin."

When Zimmer was 12 years old, his mother married Howard Rubin, a Korean War veteran with three children of his own. The newly combined family moved to Glen Ridge, New Jersey, and Rubin worked at the post office there. Zimmer attended Glen Ridge High School, where he was selected as the class speaker for his graduation ceremony. His mother, suffering from lymphoma, required paramedics to take her from Columbia Presbyterian Hospital to the school auditorium on a stretcher to hear the address. She died several days later.

Zimmer attended Yale University on a full academic scholarship and majored in political science, graduating in 1966. In the summer of 1965, he worked in the Washington, D.C., office of Republican U.S. Senator Clifford P. Case, after which time he became active in Republican politics. He attended Yale Law School, where he was an editor of the Yale Law Journal.

Career
After receiving his LL.B. in 1969 he worked as an attorney in New York and New Jersey for several years, first for Cravath, Swaine & Moore and then for Johnson & Johnson.

In 1973, he was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board, a nonpartisan, nonprofit advocacy group and think tank with the mission to make political institutions more open and accountable. From 1974 to 1977, he served as chairman of New Jersey Common Cause. As chairman he successfully lobbied for New Jersey's Sunshine Law, which made government meetings open to the public. He also championed campaign finance reform, working closely with Thomas Kean, then a member of the New Jersey General Assembly. Zimmer then served as treasurer for Kean's reelection campaign.

New Jersey Legislature
After moving to Delaware Township in Hunterdon County, he was elected to the General Assembly in 1981, serving until 1987. He was the prime Assembly sponsor of New Jersey's first farmland preservation law, resulting in the permanent preservation of 1,222 farms in the state. Zimmer also sponsored the legislation creating the state's radon detection and remediation program, which became a national model. He was chairman of the Assembly State Government Committee from 1986 to 1987.

In 1987, following the death of State Senator Walter E. Foran, Zimmer won a special election to replace him in the New Jersey Senate. He was later elected to a full term. In the Senate he served on the Revenue, Finance and Appropriations Committee.

U.S. House of Representatives
In 1990, Zimmer ran for the United States House of Representatives for the 12th District, then encompassing parts of Hunterdon, Mercer, Somerset, Morris and Warren counties. The seat was open after six-term incumbent Jim Courter decided to not seek reelection after unsuccessfully running for Governor of New Jersey the previous year. In the Republican primary, Zimmer defeated Assemblyman Rodney Frelinghuysen, the early favorite, and Phil McConkey, former wide receiver for the New York Giants. In the general election he defeated Marguerite Chandler, a businesswoman from Somerset County, by a margin of 66 to 34 percent.

Zimmer served three terms in the House, winning reelection in 1992 and 1994. As a Congressman, Zimmer is best known for writing Megan's Law (U.S. Public Law 104–145), which requires notification when a convicted sex offender moves into a residential area. It was named after Megan Kanka, a New Jersey resident who was raped and murdered by convicted sex offender Jesse Timmendequas. He also introduced "no-frills" prison legislation, requiring the elimination of luxurious prison conditions.

As a member of the Ways and Means Committee, he sought the elimination of wasteful spending and undue taxation. He was ranked the most fiscally conservative member of the United States Congress three times by the National Taxpayers Union and was designated a Taxpayer Hero by Citizens Against Government Waste every year he was in office.

Zimmer was also a member of the Committee on Science, Space and Technology and the Committee on Government Operations. As a member of the Environment Subcommittee, he introduced environmental risk-assessment legislation later incorporated in the 1996 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act.

1996 U.S. Senate campaign
In 1995, Zimmer lined up support to run in the following year's United States Senate elections, becoming the front-runner among Republicans seeking to face Democratic incumbent Bill Bradley. On August 16, 1995, Bradley announced that he would not seek reelection. Zimmer formally announced his candidacy on February 13, 1996, having already secured the endorsement of Governor Christine Todd Whitman and other leading Republicans. In the Republican primary he won with 68 percent of the vote, defeating Passaic County Freeholder Richard DuHaime (20 percent) and State Senator Dick LaRossa (12 percent).

After a bitter and expensive campaign that focused partly on Zimmer's authorship of the federal version of Megan's Law, Zimmer lost to Democratic Congressman Robert Torricelli by a vote of 1,519,328 (53 percent) to 1,227,817 (43 percent).

Career after Congress
Zimmer gave up his House seat to run for the Senate, completing his third term in office on January 3, 1997. After leaving Congress, he worked at the Princeton office of the Philadelphia-based law firm Dechert Price & Rhoads. In 2001 he joined the Washington, D.C., office of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, where he is of counsel.

From 1997 to 2000 Zimmer also taught as a lecturer in Public and International Affairs at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School.

In 2000, Zimmer again ran for the 12th District House seat. In the Republican primary he defeated Michael J. Pappas, who had held the seat from 1997 to 1999, by a margin of 62 to 38 percent. He faced the incumbent, Democrat Rush D. Holt, Jr., in the general election. The results were too close to call on election night, and after a recount Zimmer ultimately lost by only 651 votes (146,162 to 145,511 votes, or 48.7 to 48.5 percent).

On March 11, 2010, Zimmer was appointed by Governor Chris Christie to be the chairman of the New Jersey Privatization Task Force, charged with developing plans to privatize certain state government operations as a cost-cutting measure.

On September 25, 2020, he endorsed Joe Biden for President.

In February 2021, Zimmer announced he was running for the New Jersey Senate. However, he dropped out later that month.

Zimmer and his wife Marfy Goodspeed are longtime residents of Delaware Township in Hunterdon County, New Jersey. They have two sons: Carl Zimmer, a science writer, and Benjamin Zimmer, a linguist and lexicographer.

2008 U.S. Senate campaign
Zimmer entered the race for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate from New Jersey on April 11, 2008, after being drafted by New Jersey Republican leaders. Party leaders had originally supported businesswoman Anne Evans Estabrook for the Senate nomination until she withdrew in March 2008, following a mini-stroke. Many Estabrook supporters then supported businessman Andy Unanue for the Senate nomination. Unanue received criticism in the race because of his residency in New York City and his spending his entire three-week campaign in Vail, Colorado. Several days after filing his petitions for the Senate race, Unanue dropped out of the race and his committee on vacancies designated Zimmer to enter the race under the Unanue petitions.

On June 3, 2008, Zimmer won the Republican U.S. Senate nomination over State Senator Joseph Pennacchio and Ramapo College economics professor Murray Sabrin. In the general election on November 4, 2008, he faced the Democratic primary winner, incumbent U.S. Sen. Frank Lautenberg.

In polls conducted by Rasmussen Reports and Strategic Vision in mid-September 2008, Zimmer trailed Lautenberg by 7 points. He ultimately lost to Lautenberg by a margin of 56 percent to 43 percent. Despite the loss, Zimmer received nearly 1.4 million votes, setting a record for most votes cast in New Jersey history for a Republican candidate for statewide office.

title: Dick Zimmer


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Synovial fluid

Synovial fluid, also called synovia,[help 1] is a viscous, non-Newtonian fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints. With its egg white–like consistency, the principal role of synovial fluid is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement. Synovial fluid is a small component of the transcellular fluid component of extracellular fluid.

Structure
The inner membrane of synovial joints is called the synovial membrane and secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity. Synovial fluid is an ultrafiltrate from plasma, and contains proteins derived from the blood plasma and proteins that are produced by cells within the joint tissues. The fluid contains hyaluronan secreted by fibroblast-like cells in the synovial membrane, lubricin (proteoglycan 4; PRG4) secreted by the surface chondrocytes of the articular cartilage and interstitial fluid filtered from the blood plasma. This fluid forms a thin layer (roughly 50 μm) at the surface of cartilage and also seeps into microcavities and irregularities in the articular cartilage surface, filling all empty space. The fluid in articular cartilage effectively serves as a synovial fluid reserve. During movement, the synovial fluid held in the cartilage is squeezed out mechanically to maintain a layer of fluid on the cartilage surface (so-called weeping lubrication). The functions of the synovial fluid include:

 * reduction of friction — synovial fluid lubricates the articulating joints
 * shock absorption — as a dilatant fluid, that possesses rheopectic properties, becoming more viscous under applied pressure; the synovial fluid in diarthrotic joints becomes thick the moment shear is applied in order to protect the joint and subsequently, thins to normal viscosity instantaneously to resume its lubricating function between shocks.
 * nutrient and waste transportation — the fluid supplies oxygen and nutrients and removes carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the chondrocytes in the surrounding cartilage
 * molecular sieving - pressure within the joint forces hyaluronan in the fluid against the synovial membrane forming a barrier against cells migrating into, or fluid migrating out of, the joint space. This function is dependent on the molecular weight of the hyaluronan.

Composition
Synovial tissue is sterile and composed of vascularized connective tissue that lacks a basement membrane. Two cell types (type A and type B) are present: Type A is derived from blood monocytes, and it removes the wear-and-tear debris from the synovial fluid. Type B produces hyaluronan. Synovial fluid is made of hyaluronic acid and lubricin, proteinases, and collagenases. Synovial fluid exhibits non-Newtonian flow characteristics; the viscosity coefficient is not a constant and the fluid is not linearly viscous. Synovial fluid has anti-thixotropic characteristics; under conditions of sudden increase in pressure as in some kind of mechanical shock, its viscosity suddenly increases. Normal synovial fluid contains 3–4 mg/ml hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid), a polymer of disaccharides composed of D-glucuronic acid and D-N-acetylglucosamine joined by alternating beta-1,4 and beta-1,3 glycosidic bonds. Hyaluronan is synthesized by the synovial membrane and secreted into the joint cavity to increase the viscosity and elasticity of articular cartilages and to lubricate the surfaces between synovium and cartilage.

Synovial fluid contains lubricin (also known as PRG4) as a second lubricating component, secreted by synovial fibroblasts. Chiefly, it is responsible for so-called boundary-layer lubrication, which reduces friction between opposing surfaces of cartilage. There also is some evidence that it helps regulate synovial cell growth.

It also contains phagocytic cells that remove microbes and the debris that results from normal wear and tear in the joint.

Collection
Synovial fluid may be collected by syringe in a procedure termed arthrocentesis, also known as joint aspiration.

Classification
Synovial fluid may be classified into normal, noninflammatory, inflammatory, septic, and hemorrhagic: Glucose (mg/dl) concentration in synovial fluid is nearly equal to serum. Normal: Normal or decreased: Decreased:
 * Synovial fluid viscosity
 * Normal
 * Traumatic arthritis
 * Degenerative (Osteo) arthritis
 * Pigmented villonodular synovitis
 * Systemic lupus erythematosus
 * Rheumatic fever
 * Rheumatoid arthritis
 * Gout
 * Pyogenic (Septic) arthritis
 * Tubercular arthritis
 * Less of lubrication in joints

Pathology
Many synovial fluid types are associated with specific diagnoses:

• Noninflammatory (Group I)

• * Osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease

• * Trauma

• * Rheumatic fever

• * Chronic gout or pseudogout

• * Scleroderma

• * Polymyositis

• * Systemic lupus erythematosus

• * Erythema nodosum

• * Neuropathic arthropathy (with possible hemorrhage)

• * Sickle-cell disease

• * Hemochromatosis

• * Acromegaly

• * Amyloidosis

• Inflammatory (Group II)

• * Rheumatoid arthritis

• * Reactive arthritis

• * Psoriatic arthritis

• * Acute rheumatic fever

• * Acute gout or pseudogout

• * Scleroderma

• * Polymyositis

• * Systemic lupus erythematosus

• * Ankylosing spondylitis

• * Inflammatory bowel disease arthritis

• * Infection (viral, fungal, bacterial) including Lyme disease

• * Acute crystal synovitis (gout)

• Septic (Group III)

• * Pyogenic bacterial infection

• * Septic arthritis

• Hemorrhagic

• * Trauma

• * Tumors

• * Hemophilia/coagulopathy

• * Scurvy

• * Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

• * Neuropathic arthropathy

Analysis
Glucose (mg/dl) concentration in synovial fluid is nearly equal to serum.

The cytological and biochemical analysis of human synovial fluid began around 1940 using cadaver-derived fluid and comparing characteristics to those of, for instance, bovine synovial fluid.

Chemistry
The mucin clot test is a very old approach to determining if an inflammatory infiltrate is present. In this test, acetic acid is added to the synovial fluid specimen. In a normal specimen, this should lead to a congealing of the hyaluronic acid, forming a 'mucin clot.' If inflammation is present, a mucin clot is not formed (the hyaluronic acid is degraded).

Lactate is elevated in septic arthritis, usually above 250 mg/dL.

Complement factors are decreased in rheumatoid arthritis and lupus arthritis.

Microscopy
Microscopic analysis of synovial fluid is performed to evaluate for cell count and crystals. Crystals include monosodium urate crystals, calcium pyrophosphate, hydroxyapatite and corticosteroid crystals.

Monosodium urate crystals are seen in gout or gouty arthritis and appear as needle-shaped negatively birefringent crystals varying in length from 2 to 20 μm. With negative birefringence, the crystals appear yellow in parallel light and blue with perpendicular light.

Calcium pyrophosphate crystals are seen in pseudogout (also known as calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease or, CPPD). These crystals are rod-shaped or rhomboids varying in length from 2 to 20 μm and with positive birefringence (blue with parallel light, yellow with perpendicular light).

Hydroxyapatite crystals are small and negatively birefringent. They are usually only detectable with an Alizarin Red S stain.

Corticosteroid crystals may be seen following therapeutic corticosteroid injection into the joint space. They appear blunt, jagged, and show variable birefringence.

Cracking joints
When the two articulating surfaces of a synovial joint are separated from one other, the volume within the joint capsule is increased and a negative pressure results. The volume of synovial fluid within the joint is insufficient to fill the expanding volume of the joint and gases dissolved in the synovial fluid (mostly carbon dioxide) are liberated and quickly fill the empty space, leading to the rapid formation of a bubble. This process is known as cavitation. Cavitation in synovial joints results in a high frequency 'cracking' sound.

Etymology and pronunciation
The term synovia came to English around 1640 (the anglicized form synovial is first recorded in the mid 18th century) from Neo-Latin, where it was coined perhaps by Paracelsus from Greek συν- "with" and Latin ovum "egg" and -ia because it resembles egg white in consistency and external appearance.

The term synovium is a much more recent pseudo-Latin coinage for what is less confusingly called the synovial membrane. It is not recorded in general dictionaries, and medical dictionaries only explain its meaning, not its etymology, but it is apparently derived from the term synovia, i.e. the obfuscated etymology of mixed Greek and Latin elements of the singular term synovia was misunderstood and the word was erroneously reinterpreted as the plural of the previously non-existent term synovium (perhaps in analogy to other plural terms for liquids such as "waters" for amniotic fluid). If one insists on using this pseudo-Latin term synovium for the synovial membrane, the non-Latinate plural synoviums is better and less confusing than synovia.

title: Synovial fluid


text:
John Scarne

John Scarne (March 4, 1903 – July 7, 1985) was an American magician and author who was particularly adept at playing card manipulation. He became known as an expert on cards and other games, and authored a number of popular books on cards, gambling, and related topics.

Early life
He was born Orlando Carmelo Scarnecchia in Steubenville, Ohio, United States, and at some point anglicized his name to John Scarne. He grew up in the New Jersey communities of Fairview and Guttenberg. When he left school after the eighth grade, he learned from a local card sharp how to perform such swindles as The Three Card Monte, and how to cheat in gambling card games by manipulating the cards.

Scarne began practicing sleight of hand with the goal of becoming a card sharp, but his Roman Catholic mother dissuaded her son from gambling in general, and cheating others in particular. She persuaded him to practice magic instead.

One of Scarne's influences was Nate Leipzig. Of Leipzig, Scarne said, "Whatever I can do, is because Nate Leipzig showed me how to do it." Scarne soon extended his skill at handling cards to learning—and devising—magical effects with cards. He spent a few months learning about crooked gambling devices (including marked cards and loaded dice) at a nearby novelty store. Thanks to his endless practice, Scarne began making money as a magician.

Career
Gradually, Scarne became an expert at not only magical effects, but games of all kinds as well. Articles were written about him in various magazines, and he was hired as a consultant or adviser by various companies, as well as by the US Army, which sent him to bases around the world in order to educate soldiers about the dangers of card and dice cheats. He wrote fifteen books and co-wrote a few more for a total of twenty-eight books on games, such as Scarne on Dice, Scarne's Guide to Modern Poker and Scarne's New Complete Guide to Gambling. He also wrote two autobiographies: The Amazing World of John Scarne: A Personal History (1956), and The Odds Against Me (1966). He served as a technical advisor in the 1973 motion picture The Sting, and doubled for actor Paul Newman's hands during scenes that involved card manipulations and deck switching.

Scarne was often proclaimed by experts, magicians and editors of the time to be the greatest card manipulator of all time. But he was happiest when inventing (and marketing, through his company John Scarne Games, Inc.) new games, which he did quite a bit. And he was especially proud of one called Teeko, which he invented in 1945 (version withdrawn), re-invented in 1952 and modified in the 1960s. He was so proud of the game that he named his son John Teeko Scarne. Teeko quickly spread around the world. However, Scarne never made a profit on the game, mainly due to water damage in a warehouse which destroyed the entire stock of Teeko sets in one day. Today Teeko is virtually unknown.

Scarne's most famous card trick was titled "Scarne's Aces". The trick involved taking a spectator's shuffled deck of cards, performing a series of riffle shuffles himself and then cutting to all four aces. Another one of Scarne's most notable card effects was the triple coincidence, in which a spectator and a magician each pick three different playing cards out of two regular decks of opposite colors and it is shown that all of the selections match. Scarne also created a quadruple coincidence, wherein a spectator selects a card and four apparently impossible predictions of their card are made.

Scarne also attempted to discredit Edward O. Thorp's card counting system for the game of blackjack. In his 1966 autobiography The Odds Against Me, he analyzed Thorp's system and concluded that the whole system was loaded with mathematical errors, and that it was pure fiction dreamed by Thorp. Scarne also dismissed Wilson's famous blackjack point count system as "hokum". Scarne offered a challenge to blackjack card counters, but the prospective participants were never able to agree upon its terms.

In The Odds Against Me, Scarne described his own technique for counting down up to four-deck blackjack with the rules generally used in Las Vegas in 1947: Scarne made use of his stacks of chips as a device to help track the contents of the undealt cards. A more complete description of his technique is present in his later book, Scarne's Guide to Casino Gambling, where he also described preventative measures taken by casinos to combat card counting.

Personal life
Scarne married Steffi Storm (née Norma Kearney) in 1955, with their son John born the same year. Scarne died on July 7, 1985, at 82, while living in North Bergen, New Jersey.

Publications

 * Scarne on Dice (1945)
 * Scarne on Cards (1949) (Mentioned in Ian Fleming's Moonraker (1955), where Bond reads this book.)
 * Scarne on Card Tricks (1950)
 * Scarne's Magic Tricks (1953)
 * Scarne on Teeko (1955)
 * The Amazing World of John Scarne (1956)
 * Scarne’s Complete Guide To Gambling (1961)
 * The Odds Against Me (1966)
 * Scarne's Encyclopedia of Games (1973)
 * The Mafia Conspiracy (1976)
 * Scarne's Guide to Casino Gambling (1978)

title: John Scarne


text:
User talk:Keizar

Hello, "Keizar" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

-- Infrogmation 18:19, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. 19:58, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC).

title: User talk:Keizar


text:
Haltwhistle

Haltwhistle is a market town and civil parish in Northumberland, England, 23 mi east of Carlisle and 37 mi west of Newcastle upon Tyne. It had a population of 3,811 at the 2011 Census.

Haltwhistle is the closest community to Hadrian's Wall and to Northumberland National Park, both approximately 2 mi distant.

The name
The name Haltwhistle has nothing to do with a railway stop. Early forms of the name are Hautwesel (1240), Hautwysel (1254), Hawtewysill (1279), Hautwysell (1381), Haltwesell (Speede 1610). The second part -twistle relates to two streams or rivers. It derives from two Old English words twicce or twise, 'twice', 'division into two' and wella, 'stream, brook'. The second word is reduced in the compound word to ull, making twicculla, twisella. All but one of the examples in place names represent a high tongue of land between two streams where they join.

The first part is probably derived from Old English hēafod, here 'hill-top', in general, 'head', 'headland', 'summit', 'upper end' or 'source of a stream'. If so, it describes the hill-top on which Holy Cross Church and the oldest part of Haltwhistle was built, enclosed on the north-east and west by Haltwhistle Burn and on the south by the South Tyne. Rowland suggests Hal from 'hill' A suggestion is French haut-, meaning 'high', since the settlement already existed long before the Norman Conquest.

A Town web site suggests that Haltwhistle signifies either "the high hill by two rivers" or "the watch on high".

History
Haltwhistle was probably in existence in Roman times, as it is one of the closest approaches of the River South Tyne in its upland reaches to Hadrian's Wall. The old Roman road known as the Stanegate, which is thought to predate Hadrian’s Wall by some forty years or so, passes just 2 mi to the north of the town.

The town web site summarizes an important part of the history (late Middle Ages) of the community as: "for many centuries, the constant marauding of English and Scots caused turmoil in Haltwhistle and throughout the Borders". In 1598, "the infamous Armstrongs of Liddesdale fired and plundered Haltwhistle". Another important raid on Haltwhistle was made in 1601 by the Scots "who carried away prisoners and all their goods"; they were later reclaimed by a raid on Liddesdale. Scots, particularly the Armstrongs, later returned and burned many houses; that led to "years of feuds between the Armstrongs and the Ridley's of Haltwhistle".

Celia Fiennes did not entirely enjoy her visit in the 1690s: "'This Hartwhistle is a Little town, there was one Inn but they had noe hay nor would get none, and when my servants had got some Else where they were angry and would not Entertaine me, so I was forced to take up in a poor Cottage wch was open to ye Thatch and no partitions but hurdles plaistered. Indeed ye Loft as they Called it wch was over the other roomes was shelter'd but wth a hurdle; here I was fforced to take up my abode and ye Landlady brought me out her best sheetes wch serv'd to secure my own sheetes from her dirty blanckets, and Indeed I had her fine sheete to spread over ye top of the Clothes; but noe sleepe Could I get, they burning turff and their Chimneys are sort of fflews or open tunnills, yt ye smoake does annoy the roomes. This is but 12 mi from another part of Scotland, the houses are but a Little better built, its true the inside of them are kept a Little better.'"

Dorothy, Lady Capell, endowed a school in Haltwhistle in her will of 1721.

The development of the town benefited from its location on the main Newcastle to Carlisle road and on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway line.

The expansion of Haltwhistle in the 18th and 19th centuries was due to coal mining in the area and to a lesser extent the use of Haltwhistle as a loading point for metal ores coming from the mines on Alston Moor to the south. In 1836 while some workmen were quarrying stone for the Directors of the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, on the top of Barcombe, a high hill in the township of Thorngrafton and Parish of Haltwhistle, one of them found a copper vessel containing 63 coins, 3 of them gold and 60 copper. The gold coins were, one of Claudius Caesar, reverse Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus; one of Nero and one of Vespasian. The find is known as the Thorngrafton Hoard and the empty arm-purse can still be seen in the museum at Chesters Fort.

More recently, paint manufacture became a major commercial force in the town, but has now stopped major production. Current local employers include factories making plastic bottles and de-icing products.

In the 21st century, the tourist industry dominates the economy with Hadrian's Wall and walking and rambling counting among the principal interests of tourists. The Town web site summarizes the appeal of the area which is "within easy reach of Newcastle and Carlisle"."Skirted by the Northumberland National Park and the North Pennines range, Haltwhistle is ideal for activity and family holidays, walking, cycling, fishing and climbing. Close to where the North & South Tynes meet, with many pretty villages dotted along both river valleys..."

Early economy
Haltwhistle was a market town for the exchange of local goods. In the 18th century two Quakers set up a baize manufactury and there was a weaving establishment. On the Haltwhistle Burn were fulling mills, dyeing and spinning mills. A walk along this stream to the Roman Wall, shows that it must have been a hive of industry with quarries, coal mining and lime burning kilns. The Directory of 1822 (Pigot) gives a whole range of craftsmen, shopkeepers and traders; 60 in number, including makers of clogs. The weekly market was held on Thursdays and there were fairs on 14 May and 22 November for cattle and sheep.

Landmarks
Hadrian's Wall to the north of the town is used as a major selling point for the town. The section of the wall closest to Haltwhistle is among the most spectacular and complete, with the wall striding eastwards from the lake at Crag Lough along the spine of the Whin Sill.

The remains of Haltwhistle Castle and the series of Bastles, and Haltwhistle Tower. Haltwhistle also claims to be at the geographic centre of Britain – equidistant from the sea as measured along the principal points of the compass. A hotel in the centre of Haltwhistle is named the Centre of Britain Hotel in recognition of this claim. The claim is rather tenuous as it requires that the northern extremity is taken to be Orkney rather than Shetland. Depending on how the centre of the island is calculated, however, the centre can be said to be Dunsop Bridge in Lancashire. See centre points of the United Kingdom.

A Border reivers' Peel Tower, circa 15th century, is now part of the Centre of Britain hotel and the town contains five Bastle houses (fortified farm houses). Roughly three miles distant from the town centre are Blenkinsop Hall and Blenkinsopp Castle, both Grade II listed buildings. The Grade I listed Thirlwall Castle is located four miles from Haltwhistle.

Other historic properties nearby include Featherstone Castle, Unthank Hall, Bellister Castle and Coanwood Friends Meeting House.

Haltwhistle Viaduct lies to the south of the railway station and was the first major feature on the Alston Line to Alston, Cumbria.

Other features
Stone-built houses are a feature of Haltwhistle. It is one of two settlements in Great Britain which claim to be the exact geographic centre of the island, along with Dunsop Bridge in Lancashire, 71 mi to the south.

Religious sites
The Church of the Holy Cross is situated below the Market Place, with views over the river and the valley. This is a Grade II listed building said to be "one of only a few early 13th century churches still functioning as a working church in England". One of the tombs is that of crusader Thomas de Blenkinsopp who died in 1388. There are a number of other medieval grave covers to the Blenkinsopps and the Thirlwells.

It is a good example of a North Country church, impressive considering the time when it was built in the thirteenth century. The chancel measures 46 by, with lancet windows – combined three lights in the east end and four single lights on each side, the walls being supported by buttresses. Inside is a piscina (for washing) and three sedilia (seats for the clergy). The nave measures 63 by and has side aisles above which are clerestory windows. It has four bays with round columns and pointed arches, looking very spacious inside. The font, dated 1676, has some curious crude carvings on it, and there is another large circular bowl on a shaft, which is probably an earlier font. At the west end it has long lancet windows and a bell-cote, again typical of the North country.

Nearby, the village of Coanwood houses a small but historic chapel, designated as Grade II* by English Heritage. The summary states: "...dated 1760 on lintel. Squared stone with rusticated quoins and dressings". Coanwood Friends Meeting House was a Quaker place of worship and is maintained to this day as a historical site open to visitors.

Governance
Haltwhistle is currently in the parliamentary constituency of Hexham; Guy Opperman of the Conservative Party is the Member of Parliament. In 2023 Joe Morris was selected to stand as the Labour Party candidate at the next General Election.

For Local Government purposes it belongs to Northumberland County Council a unitary authority, with Haltwhistle lying in the Tynedale Division. Prior to the 2009 structural changes to local government in England it was part of Tynedale Council. Prior to the 1974 great reorganisation, it belonged to the county of Northumberland. The Old Town Hall in Haltwhistle is now used as a hair salon.

An electoral ward with the same name still exists. This ward stretches from Hexham south up the River Tyne South and has a total population taken at the 2011 Census of 4,832.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Border.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Newcastle, Capital North East, Heart North East and Metro Radio.

The town's local newspaper is the Hexham Courant.

Transport
The town is served by Haltwhistle railway station on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, also known as the Tyne Valley Line. The line was opened in 1838, and links the city of Newcastle upon Tyne in Tyne and Wear with Carlisle in Cumbria. The line follows the course of the River Tyne through Northumberland.
 * Railway

Passenger services on the Tyne Valley Railway are operated by Northern and ScotRail. The line is also heavily used for freight. The railway station is on the south side of the town, close by the River South Tyne.

Until 1976, the railway station was also the junction of the branch line to Alston, in Cumbria, which was 13 mi in length. Part of the southern section of the Haltwhistle to Alston line has been reopened as a narrow gauge railway, known as the South Tynedale Railway, between Alston and Slaggyford. The trust that owns and operates the railway intends to reopen the entire branch line from Alston to Haltwhistle.

The A69 trunk road, which links Carlisle and Newcastle upon Tyne, formerly passed south of the town centre and through its western outskirts, until a full bypass was opened in 1997.
 * Road

title: Haltwhistle


text:
User:Improv/biases

I try to be fair, but sometimes my biases may creep in. In the interests of full disclosure, I'll list them here, but I hope that you will find that I've succeeded at being fair, even when I have a personal interest.

 * I was once a Libertarian, in the american sense of the word. I am not any longer, and the philosophy involved now leaves a bad taste in my mouth.
 * I never was an Objectivist, and find the philosophy involved particularly loathsome.
 * I am very liberal. I sympathise strongly with liberal flavours of Communism, e.g. Eurocommunism and Trotskyism, but have a somewhat different hope for society.
 * I am very much into green issues. I support Greenpeace and, to a lesser degree, Earth First
 * I am, definitionally, an American, but do not choose to identify as such
 * I have a complex set of ideas on Multiculturalism
 * I am an atheist that finds religion interesting (from a distance)
 * I feel that one of the longest-lasting and most tragic themes in history is that of the mass exploitation of one people by another for economic purposes, whether called colonialism, slavery, or other things.

title: User:Improv/biases


text:
User:Crayz9000

About me
Just another part-time hacker (in the original sense of the word, as in I like to tinker), and all-around computer enthusiast. I'm somewhat of a Linux nut, but I've also used Windows (all versions), FreeBSD, and MacOS, so I'd like to say that I'm fairly unbiased, but the quality control on Redmond's side has left me distinctly unimpressed.

In my free time, I do HTML coding and debate Star Trek versus Star Wars. I got hooked on that extremely geeky hobby while on alt.startrek.vs.starwars in 2000 and haven't looked back. Now, I don't have much time to devote to it, but it's still something amusing to do.

My nickname
This is an oft-asked question. A lot of people call me Crazy9000 for some reason, probably because it can be phonetically pronounced that way. But that wasn't quite what I'd intended: Originally I had wanted the nickname Cray9000, as in Cray Research and HAL 9000, but someone had already taken that username on a free-mail site I tried. Not one to be stopped, I put a 'z' in the middle (and the rest, as they often say, is history).

title: User:Crayz9000


text:
Thyroid hormone resistance

Thyroid hormone resistance (also resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH), and sometimes Refetoff syndrome) describes a rare syndrome in which the thyroid hormone levels are elevated but the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level is not suppressed, or not completely suppressed as would be expected. The first report of the condition appeared in 1967. Essentially this is decreased end organ responsiveness to thyroid hormones. A new term "impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormone" has been suggested in March 2014 by Refetoff et al.

Presentation
The syndrome can present with variable symptoms, even between members of the same family harboring the same mutation. Typically most or all tissues are resistant to thyroid hormone, so despite raised measures of serum thyroid hormone the individual may appear euthyroid (have no symptoms of over- or underactivity of the thyroid gland). The most common symptoms are goiter and tachycardia. It has also been linked to some cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although the majority of people with that diagnosis have no thyroid problems. An association with depression has been proposed.

Causes
Normal thyroid hormone function requires normal thyroid hormone transport across cell membrane, appropriate deiodination, thyroid hormone nuclear receptor, thyroid hormone response elements, co-activators, co-repressors, and normal histone acetylation. Any abnormalities in this chain can result in thyroid hormone resistance and it has not been as well studied as the various forms of insulin resistance.

The most well known cause of the syndrome are mutations of the β (beta) form (THRB gene) of the thyroid hormone receptor, of which over 100 different mutations have been documented. Mutations in MCT8 and SECISBP2 have also been associated with this condition.

Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion
Hypothalamus secretes a hormone called thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) which in turn release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH signals thyroid to secrete thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 gets converted to active T3 in peripheral tissues with the help of deiodinase enzymes. T3 negatively feedback on the pituitary and decreases TSH secretion.

Diagnosis
The characteristic blood test results for this disorder can also be found in other disorders (for example TSH-oma (pituitary adenoma), or other pituitary disorders). The diagnosis may involve identifying a mutation of the thyroid receptor, which is present in approximately 85% of cases.

Management
Beta blockers, like metoprolol, are sometimes used to help suppress symptoms.

Incidence
Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome is rare, incidence is variously quoted as 1 in 50,000 or 1 in 40,000 live births. More than 1000 individuals have been identified with thyroid hormone resistance, of which 85% had thyroid hormone beta receptor mutation.

title: Thyroid hormone resistance


text:
Talk:Mahler measure

Calculating the Mahler measure of a polynomial via its roots is usually easier than performing the integration.

To calculate the Mahler measure of a polynomial in Maple You can do this:

>Mahler := proc( f ) > local r, n, i, m; >  n := degree( f ); > r := solve( f=0, x ); > m := abs(coeff( f, x ) ); > for i from 1 to n do >   m := m * max(1,abs(r[i])); > od; > end proc:

> f := -x^9-x^8-x^7-x^6-x^5 + x^4 + x^3+x^2-x-1;

9   8    7    6    5    4    3    2         f := -x  - x  - x  - x  - x  + x  + x  + x  - x - 1

> evalf( Mahler( f ) );

2.294787065

???
What is lα supposed to be? Polynomials are functions, not sequences. Reading it as Lα(X), where X is presumably the unit circle, does not work either, as then
 * $$\lim_{\alpha\to\infty}\Vert p\Vert_\alpha=\Vert p\Vert_\infty=\max_{z\in X}|p(z)|,$$

which is hopelessly different from $$|a|\prod_{|\alpha_i|\ge1}|\alpha_i|$$.

And what does If p is an irreducible polynomial with $$p(0) \ne 0$$ and $$M(p) = 1$$, then p is a cyclotomic polynomial mean? Irreducible over which field? Certainly not the complex numbers. In any case, any polynomial can be normalized to M(p)=1 just by multiplying it with a suitable constant. -- EJ 03:45, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Right on both counts. According to Borwein it's the L0 "norm" (p.3), and irreducible monic integer polynomials (p.15).  I have edited accordingly.  Richard Pinch (talk) 19:11, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mahler measure


text: User talk:62.103.72.93

title: User talk:62.103.72.93


text:
List of radio stations in Finland

This is a list of radio networks and stations in Finland and elsewhere broadcasting exclusively or partly in the Finnish language.

National stations

 * Yle Radio 1
 * YleX
 * Yle Radio Suomi
 * Yle Vega
 * Yle X3M

Digital radio

 * Yle Klassinen

Yle Radio Suomi

 * Helsinki
 * Hämeenlinna
 * Joensuu
 * Jyväskylä
 * Kajaani
 * Kemi
 * Kokkola
 * Kotka
 * Kuopio
 * Lahti
 * Lappeenranta
 * Mikkeli
 * Oulu
 * Pohjanmaa (Vaasa and Seinäjoki)
 * Pori
 * Rovaniemi
 * Sámi Radio
 * Tampere
 * Turku

Yle Vega

 * Huvudstadsregionen (Helsinki)
 * Västnyland (Raseborg)
 * Östnyland (Porvoo)
 * Österbotten (Vaasa)
 * Åboland (Turku)

World service

 * Yle Mondo

National distribution

 * Basso (radio)
 * Classic (radio)
 * Classic Hits (radio)
 * Helmiradio
 * Iskelmä (Finnish radio station)
 * Loop (Finnish radio station)
 * Easy Hits
 * Radio City (Finnish radio station)
 * Radio Dei
 * Kasari (radio)
 * Radio Nostalgia (Finnish radio station)
 * Radio Nova
 * NRJ (Finland)
 * Radio Patmos (Finnish radio station)
 * Radio Rock
 * Radio Suomipop
 * Radio SuomiRock
 * SuomiRäp
 * Top51

Local distribution

 * Aito Kajaus
 * Auran Aallot
 * Business FM
 * Finest FM
 * FUN Tampere
 * HitMix
 * Iskelmä
 * Järviradio
 * Lähiradio
 * Metro Helsinki
 * Pispalan Radio
 * Radio 957
 * Radio City
 * Radio Helsinki
 * Radio Kompassi
 * Radio Kuopio
 * Radio Mega Oulu
 * Radio Mikkeli
 * Radio Moreeni
 * Radio Musa
 * Radio Pooki
 * Radio Pori
 * Radio Pro
 * Radio Ramona
 * Radio Sandels
 * Radio SUN
 * Radio Vaasa
 * Radio Voima
 * Sea FM
 * Steel FM
 * Spirit FM

Public service stations (Sweden)

 * Sveriges Radio Finska

title: List of radio stations in Finland


text:
Abernethy, Perth and Kinross

Abernethy is a village and former burgh in the Perth and Kinross council area and historic county of Perthshire, in the east central Lowlands of Scotland. The village is situated in rural Strathearn, 8 mi south-east of the city of Perth, near the River Earn's confluence with the River Tay and on the northern edge of the Ochil Hills.

Formerly the site of a number of Roman encampments, Abernethy became an important Pictish religious and political centre. The village was the setting for the Treaty of Abernethy, where Malcolm Canmore gave allegiance to William the Conqueror and its mediaeval round tower marks the site of a former abbey and, later, collegiate church.

The civil parish of Abernethy also contains the nearby settlement of Aberargie and traditionally extends to Mugdrum Island in the Firth of Tay. It is part of the Almond and Earn ward for elections to Perth and Kinross Council

Etymology
Abernethy, recorded in the 10th century as Aburnethige, means 'mouth of the river Nethy'. The first element of the name is the Pictish word aber 'river mouth'. The river-name Nethy is from the Celtic root nect- 'pure, clean'. The Nethy Burn flows down from the Ochil Hills past the present village. The Gaelic form of the name is Obar Neithich.

Early history
There is evidence of early settlement in the area, with a Bronze Age log boat being discovered at Carpow in 2001, believed to date from around 1,000 BC. The Carpow boat is one of the best-preserved examples in Britain, and the second-oldest example of a boat recovered in Scotland. Remains of suspected pre-historic stone circles have been discovered to the north and south of the village. Castle Law was the site of an Iron Age hillfort, first excavated in the late 19th century.

A group of Roman sites within the village have been given the name "the Abernethy complex", including later use of the fortress at Castle Law and the site of the former Carpow Roman Fort to the east of the village.

Middle Ages
The village was once the "capital" (or at least a major religious and political centre) of the kingdom of the Picts. The parish church, which sits on land given by Nechtan, king of the Picts, is dedicated to Saint Brigid of Kildare of (fl. 451–525), and the church is said to have been founded by Dairlugdach, second abbess of Kildare, one of early Christian Ireland's major monasteries.

Several pieces of Pictish or early medieval sculpture have been found in Abernethy, including an incomplete Pictish symbol stone attached to the base of the round tower. The location "Afarnach's Hall" referred to in the earliest mediaeval Arthurian literature is usually identified as Abernethy.

Abernethy is believed to have been the seat of an early Pictish bishopric, its diocese extending westward along Strathearn. In the 12th century the bishop's seat was moved to Muthill, then Dunblane, so that Abernethy, no longer being a residential bishopric is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.

In 1072, Abernethy was the site of the Treaty of Abernethy concluded between William the Conqueror and Malcolm III of Scotland.

Abernethy remained the site of a small priory of Augustinian canons, founded 1272. In the 15th century, this priory was suppressed in favour of a collegiate church under the patronage of the Douglas Earls of Angus. Remains of the collegiate church survived until 1802 within the present village graveyard, when they were replaced by the present plain red sandstone church, which is still dedicated to Saint Brigid.

Modern history
Abernethy was granted a charter as a burgh of barony in 1476 by the 5th Earl of Angus, a status confirmed in 1628 by the 11th Earl. The Earl of Angus and Lord Abernethy have become subsidiary titles of the Dukes of Hamilton. It later became a police burgh and held its burgh status and instruments of local government until the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973.

In 1933, Powrie Park was gifted to the burgh by William Powrie as a memorial and is maintained as common good land by Perth and Kinross Council.

In the Second World War, the village hosted a camp for Polish forces and was the destination for a number of evacuees. In 2012, the London Olympics torch relay passed through Abernethy as part of its progress around the British Isles.

Culture and community
Abernethy was formerly associated with agriculture, including soft fruit production, salmon fishing and weaving.

A general store is found in the village's Main Street. The local post office was replaced in 2009 with a mobile service. The village also hosts a public house, museum, garden centre, public park and heritage gardens.

A Gala / Fete Day is held annually on the first or second Saturday in June, with a race to the top of nearby Castle Law taking place the following day.

Museum of Abernethy
The Museum of Abernethy in the village opened in May 2000 and is open to the public during May to September each year. It also holds a key to the round tower.

Religion
The village falls within the Church of Scotland's ecclesiastical parish of Abernethy, Dron and Arngask. The village's parish church is known as the Kirk of St Bride and dates to the 19th century, built on the site of a former mediaeval church and on the site of the former monastery.

The former South United Free Church building, constructed in 1866, remains in the village, but has been deconsecrated.

Twinning
Abernethy is twinned with Grisy-Suisnes in the Île-de-France.

Landmarks
The core of Abernethy is designated as a conservation area, with a number of residential and business premises being listed buildings.

Abernethy Round Tower
The village has one of Scotland's two surviving Irish-style round towers (the other is at Brechin, Angus); both are in the care of Historic Environment Scotland. The tower stands 74 ft high, and it is possible to climb to the top, using a modern metal spiral staircase (the tower originally had several wooden floors linked by ladders). The tower was evidently built in two stages (shown by a change in the masonry), and probably dates from the 11th to early 12th centuries.

Abernethy cross
The village's war memorial is modelled on a former market cross and was unveiled in the village's square in 1921. It records the names of 30 men from Abernethy who died in the First World War and the names of a further eight who died in the Second World War were added later.

Balvaird Castle
The 15th century Balvaird Castle, a mediaeval tower house, is located outside of the village.

Transport
The village is located near the M90 motorway, sitting on the A913 road, connecting to Cupar to the east and onward through the A912 to Perth in the west. There is a bus service to nearby towns.

Abernethy railway station served the village until 1955, when it was closed by the British Transport Commission. The line continues to operate as a branch of the Edinburgh–Dundee line, running between Perth and Ladybank.

Education
The village maintains a single non-denominational state primary school. Abernethy Primary School's current building was constructed in 2002 and expanded in 2013. In 2023, the school roll was 148 pupils.

title: Abernethy, Perth and Kinross


text:
Cyclohexa-1,4-diene

1,4-Cyclohexadiene is an organic compound with the formula C6H8. It is a colourless, flammable liquid that is of academic interest as a prototype of a large class of related compounds called terpenoids, an example being γ-terpinene. An isomer of this compound is 1,3-cyclohexadiene.

Synthesis and reactions
In the laboratory, substituted 1,4-cyclohexadienes are synthesized by Birch reduction of related aromatic compounds using an alkali metal dissolved in liquid ammonia and a proton donor such as an alcohol. In this way, over reduction to the fully saturated ring is avoided. 1,4-Cyclohexadiene and its derivatives are easily aromatized, the driving force being the formation of an aromatic ring. The conversion to an aromatic system may be used to trigger other reactions, such as the Bergman cyclization.

title: Cyclohexa-1,4-diene