text:
User talk:Meggar

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Nice to see another contributor interested in railroad topics
It's nice to see another contributor interested in railroad topics. You might want to check out WikiProject Trains, too. Thanks, —Morven 18:55, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC)

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter pics
Hi, I've noticed that you've removed a picture from De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter. I reverted, but you reverted it back. I don't want to violate the 3-revert-rule but you've offered no explanation of any kind for the removal. Could you please comment over at Talk:De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter to explain why you don't think this picture should be included? Otherwise, I will replace the picture shortly. Thanks, -Lommer | talk 19:29, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry - I just realized the problem, forget the whole thing. -Lommer | talk 19:37, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

1942 Steel picture caption
Hello: The caption in the article steel now says that the steel is being poured into a mold. My steelmaking days were in a continuous casting plant but I think the previous caption saying that the steel was being poured into an open hearth furnace is probably correct. You can see doors of the furnace behind the ladele in the background. Molds for large forgings would be either open on all sides or else located in a pit below the teeming floor. --Wtshymanski 21:44, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Edit to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory
Hi. I was wondering why you removed the link to the Failure article? I clicked on it and found a lengthy article about the film. David L Rattigan

Swing bridge pix
Very nice contribution Image:Railway_swing_bridge.jpg. I was wondering if you have access to that site for another view. I need a good picture of a timber trestle for that article, and the right approach to the bridge would be suitable. Thanks, Leonard G. 04:36, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

The new pix is nice and will illustrate the principle (you will see in 5 min in Trestle, but where is "here" (where the longer pix are)? Leonard G. 01:46, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the image, the article now looks great! Best wishes, Leonard G. 01:59, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

I have created a taxobox for bridge type articles that includes an image and image title - this is needed to avoid bad image flow around the taxobox in some circumstances, and also seems appropriate as a presentation (see clapper bridge). The problem is that now the trestle article is dominated by the taxobox image (due to its aspect ratio) and a clip of this would cut off useful information. The wooden trestle really should be the introductory image, but an image more resembling the steel trestle shown would be better for the layout. Any possibility of an image that would show what the current wood trestle image shows, but with a more appropriate aspect ratio? (I know this sounds a bit fussy, but I think layout is important, especially for this suite of articles indexed by bridge, which I hope to bring to featured article *suite* status.) Thanks, Leonard G. 01:13, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Relays
Yes, good edit on that one. Light current 05:50, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for helping with spammers. Pavel Vozenilek 23:24, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Ditto -- you beat me to one today, and when I looked I saw you got about 5 from the same person. Way to Wiki! Coll7 01:26, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Sevigny and everyone else
"Alright, that is a good link for Chloë Sevigny being part Polish. If she says so then it is correct. That is the only acceptable criterion. Each person picks his or her own label, if any. No other facts or opinions matter. Meggar 03:04, 2005 September 6 (UTC)"

OBVIOUSLY. Where do you think all of my info is from? Either interviews or biographies/profiles, etc. That is my area of expertise. Don't revert ANY of my info unless you can find something that directly contradicts it (and I don't mean those one-sentence trivita bits on some websites that say Leelee Sobieski is of "Polish and French" descent", many bits like that are either out-rite wrong or misleading. Interviews or in-depth profiles are the only good sources). Most of the "Jewish Americans" people would hardly consider themselves "German Americans" or whatever, especially after having to escape whichever country to avoid persecution. And none of the ones I removed have any actual ethnic German/Latvian/etc. ancestry.

Anyway, just because Sevigny's last name sounds French doesn't mean she is 100% French, as you have obviously discovered. She probably just has some distant French ancestry - and I only left the "French heritage" thing on there for novelty value. Never ever assume anything, check. I have checked - so either trust me or find info that proves me wrong. But never just revert my edits without proof of your own. Very counter-productive.

Blue Raspberry /Black cap
Dear Meggar, I dont know if you live in the L.A. surroundings, but since I remember we went to Westwood to collect "Blue Raspberries". No one called these dark red to clear blue raspberries(Rubus leucodermis-not Rubus occidentalis) a blackcap-just blue raspberries. Blackcaps have been kinds of boysenberries aud other black-not blue colored rubus species. Saludos --Quer 20:13, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

pin and sleeve/IEC 309
over at Industrial and multiphase plugs and sockets you added "Pin and Sleeve circular connectors are not compatible with the newer IEC 309 type.". The way this is written kind of implies that IEC 309 is used in the US too. Is this the case? Plugwash 21:51, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism
Afraid not, though I'm not aware of the vandalism in the first place. MOD 19:45, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Image:Wooden trestle bridge approach.JPG
Hi, just curious but where is the bridge in Image:Wooden trestle bridge approach.JPG? Regards--A Y Arktos\talk 21:08, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Turbine
I have put some arguments on the Turbine talk page. Please read and comment.--EvenT 10:59, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Ledum groenlandicum.jpg
Hi Meggar,

I am moving your picture to commons, its name there is. You put a nice GFDL tag on it, which means we need to specify a source. Did you take this picture yourself?

t.i.a.,

TeunSpaans 18:49, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

(compliments, btw, nice pic))

 * Done, thanks. Time to put names on the others. Meggar 19:12, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Lift and Bernoulli's principle
Hi there Meggan,

Thought I'd drop you a note in regard to the "Wing" article and your reversions. My amendments to the "Science of the wing" was an attempt to make the "Wing" article consistent with the "Lift (force)" article. I'm not sure if you are reading the "Lift(force)" article correctly. The Lift(force) article is a very comprehensive and correct discussion on lift and it actually attributes lift to Newton's third law of motion. It then raises Bernoulli's principle and the mathematics behind it which can be used to calculate lift (as Lift is one of the variables) but it is not responsible for lift itself.

It states "The force on the wing can also be examined in terms of the pressure differences above and below the wing.". The words "...can also be examined in terms of..." are very different from "...can be explained by...".

In fact, further down the page disguised under the title "Common misconceptions - Equal Transit Time", the author says exactly this (I based part of my edit on this text). "Equal Transit Time" which is what the Bernoulli effect claims to do to the air flowing around wings to create lift, is a misconception (It probably would have been more obvious if the author titled this "Bernoulli Effect"). Reading it he actually states "Such an explanation would predict that an aircraft could not fly inverted, which is demonstrably not the case." and, "It is unclear why this explanation has gained such currency, except by repetition by authors of populist (rather than rigorously scientific) books and perhaps the fact that the explanation is easiest to grasp intuitively without mathematics...Albert Einstein, in attempting to design a practical aircraft based on this principle, came up with an airfoil section that featured a large hump on its upper surface, on the basis that an even longer path must aid lift if the principle is true. Its performance was terrible."

Hope this helps.

Best regards,Fthiang 04:31, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

You did not put the homology link back into the article
Please stop deleting the discussion page homology material which is meant to settle disputes. It is rude behavior. 136.183.146.158 06:45, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

singer
May I ask you, why did u change the image of Indian singer from the article. There also 2 other images. But why don't u change that also? Jpandey 08:34, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Potato revision...
I just looked over an edit I made yesterday to the Potato article's 'Trivia' section - Why was the factoid about Dan Quayle removed? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Arkmtech (talk • contribs) 00:35, 11 February 2007 (UTC).

Edit to Protist
Hi, sorry about about the revision. Is it a good idea to just leave the table and create a sub-section for the 4 main phyla? K e  yblad  e  S  e  phi  (Talk)  (Contributions)   (Autograph) 03:33, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Carbon steel
At first I want to thank you for fixing the reference in "types of carbon steel". You also removed my sentence about cast iron from the page with the reason usable cast iron doesn't conform to the intro, which I do not understand exactly (I know the temptation to write short summaries of edits myself, though ;)). What exactly do you mean by that? I think it was a quite useful sentence because it explains what iron with even more carbon in it is, since this is a list ordered by carbon content. Of course this does not conform to the intro sentence, but that is what I tried to say with "has quite different properties". I guess you made some accessibility considerations when deleting it, so I'm willing to learn. Tierlieb 18:32, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Jeff Gannon
You're a genius. The simple act of moving a few things around really improved the article, and may have offered a solution to a content dispute. Thanks. - Crockspot 19:33, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Ditto to that!!! What were we thinking, Crockspot??!! Way to go, Meggar!! Much appreciated! Sdth 21:04, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Image:Saskatoon berries.jpg
Hello, Meggar. I noticed you uploaded Image:Saskatoon berries.jpg in July 2005, and also that this image is missing a copyright tag. I added, but it would be great if you could clarify the copyright status of this image. Let me know if you have any questions. —Bkell (talk) 16:35, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

re Monotropa uniflora "dark environment"
Meggar, I remain to be convinced that there exist any "very dark environments where other small photosynthetic plants could not [grow], as in the understory of dense forest." Do you have a citation or example? The Pacific Northwest might be one, I haven't seen the rainforest in Olympic National Park. But this photo from there shows mosses: http://www.nps.gov/archive/olym/plants/monuni.htm

Dave Matthews 21:47, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Image of Amelanchier alnifolia
I am seeking permission to use the photo Image:Amelanchier alnifolia.jpg by Meggar in an upcoming publication of Popular Farming Series. Am I free to use this image in our publication and how would you like for the image to be attributed in the magazine?

Please contact me at sstaton@bowtieinc.com.

Thank you.

Sstaton80 19:36, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Kosovo War
Speculations, or anything controversial, cannot be presented at the fact table. You can write about it somewhere in the article instead! Thank you, --Albanau 06:56, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of High-end audio cables
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is High-end audio cables. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:05, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Pipe wrench patent.JPG
Thank you for uploading File:Pipe wrench patent.JPG. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

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File:Squirrel_cage.jpg
Hi Meggar, I just saw your http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Squirrel_cage.jpg and I was wondering whether you could provide me the original 3D file; I'd like to work it out to a full squirrel cage motor.

Thanks in advance, User:KVDP —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.182.251.226 (talk) 13:34, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

File:Clark y.png listed for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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User talk:ZayZayEM/Sandbox

Please only comment here with mark-up tips to improve my style

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title: User talk:ZayZayEM/Sandbox


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text: User talk:24.62.31.167

title: User talk:24.62.31.167


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User:Dcabrilo

I was a contributor back in the day, but it seems Wikipedia eats its own children. If you need me, you can probably find me elsewhere or just figure out my Gmail contact :)

title: User:Dcabrilo


text: File:Super mario sunshine.jpg

title: File:Super mario sunshine.jpg


text:
Raum the Old

Raum the Old (Old Norse: Raumr inn gamli) is a legendary king in Norway in the Hversu Noregr byggdist and in Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar. He was said to have been ugly, as was his daughter, Bryngerd, who was married to King Álf. Indeed, in Old Norse, raumr means a big and ugly person.

Raum and his sons
In Heversu Noregr byggdist, Raum is one of the three sons of Nór, the legendary first king of Norway, and succeeds his father as a ruler and ancestor of rulers over southwestern Norway.

Raum attended a Yule feast given by Bergfin (Bergfinnr) son of Thrym (Þrymr) the Giant of Vermland and bedded Bergfin's sister Bergdís (Bergdís). Bergdís subsequently bore three sons: Björn (Bjǫrn 'bear'), Brand (Brandr 'sword'), and Álf (Álfr 'elf'). Álf was fostered by Bergfin himself and so became known as Finnálf (Finnálfr). Björn was kept by his mother and his name was expanded to Jötunbjörn (Jǫtunbjǫrn 'Giant-bear'). Brand was sent to his father Raum who dedicated him to the gods (whatever that means exactly), and so he was afterwards known as Gudbrand (Guðbrandr 'God-sword').

Later Raum married Hild (Hildr) the daughter of Gudröd the Old (Guðrǫðr inn gamli) the son of King Sölvi (Sǫlvi) who first ruled the land now called Sóleyjar (the modern region of Solør comprising the municipalities of Grue, Åsnes, and Våler).

However the Ynglinga saga says that Sölvi the Old who first cleared Sóleyar lived much later, making this Sölvi to be the father of a second Sölvi, the father of Halfdan Goldtooth (Hálfdanr Gulltanni), the father of Sólveig or Sölva who married Ólaf Woodcutter (Ólafr Trételgja). But Af Upplendinga Konungum claims that Olaf's wife Sölva was the sister of King Sölvi the Old.

By his wife Hild, Raum became father of four legitimate sons: Gudröd, Hauk (Haukr) or Höd (Hǫðr), Hadding (Haddingr), and Hring (Hringr).

Descendants of Gudbrand
Gudbrand inherited the valley Gudbrandsdal from his father Raum. King Gudbrand was father of King Audleif (Auðleifr), father of King Gudmund (Guðmundr), father of Gudbrand who rejected the title of king but called himself Jarl instead, and yet was the most powerful Jarl in the northern lands. Jarl Gudbrand's son was Jarl Geirmund (Geirmundr), father of Jarl Hródgeir (Hróðgeirr), father of Gudbrand who rejected the title of Jarl and called himself hersir 'lord' as did his descendants.

Descendants of Jötunbjörn
Jötunbjörn the Old inherited Raumaranes Dale from his father King Raum. (Raums Dale is the modern district of Romerike in the county of Akershus. Jötunbjörn was father of King Raum, father of Hrossbjörn (Hrossbjǫrn), father of Orm Broken-shell (Ormr Skjelamoli), father of Knatti who had two sons: Thórolf (Þórolfr) and Ketil Raum (Ketill Raumr). A variant of this genealogy appears at the beginning of the Vatnsdæla saga in which Ketil the Large is the direct son of Orm Broken-shell with no mention of either Knatti or of Ketil's brother Thórolf. Also nothing is said of Jötunbjörn's ancestry, only that he was from the north of Norway. The Hversu then relates that Thórolf was father of Helgi, the father of Bersi, the father of Thormód (Þormóðr), the father of Thórlaug (Þórlaugr) who was the mother of Tungu-Odd (Tungu-Oddr). In the Landnámabók (1:15) it is said that two brothers whose ancestry is not given settled the Akraness in Iceland between Kalman's river (Kalmansár) and Char river (Aurridaár). One was Thormod who settled the land to the south of Reymir, and dwelt at Holm; he was the father of Bersi and Geirlaug, the mother of Tungu-Odd (Tungu-Oddr). The other was named Ketil. Further information appears in the Landnámabók (1.20). Tungu-Odd is a major character in Hænsna-Thóris saga (Hen-Thórir's saga). Geirlaug rather than Thorlaug is the name of Tungu-Odd's mother in all accounts except for that of the Hversu.

Descendants of Finnálf the Old
According to the Hversu, Finnalf inherited the land of East Dale (Eystri-Dal, probably the modern Dal) and all the land north of Lake Vænir (modern Lake Vänern) from the Gaut Elf river (the modern Göta älv river) north to the Raum Elf river (the modern Glomma river), and that the land was then called Álfheim.

Finnálf married Svanhild (Svanhildr) who was called Gold-feather (Gullfjǫðr) and was the daughter of Day (Dagr) son of Dayspring (Dellingr) by Sun (Sól) daughter of Mundilfari. Dag as a personification of day and the sun-goddess Sól are mentioned elsewhere, but only the Hversu mentions their daughter. Svanhild bore Finnálf a son named Svan the Red (Svanr inn rauðr) who was father of Sæfari, father of Úlf (Úlfr), father of Álf, father of Ingimund (Ingimundr) and Eystein (Eysteinn).

According to the eddic poem Hyndluljód (stanza 12), Óttar, whose genealogy is the subject of this poem, was son of Innstein (Innsteinn), son of Álf the Old, son of Úlf, son of Sæfari, son of Svan the Red. So the Innstein of the Hyndluljód and Eystein of the Hversu are presumably identical.

Descendants of Gudröd
Gudröd, Raum's eldest legitimate son, inherited the largest portion of his father's lands. Gudröd's son was Eystein the Wicked (Eysteinn illráði) who conquered part of Trondheim and set his son Önund over it. When Önund was killed in a revolt, Eystein made his dog, Saur, king of the territory. The tale is also told more fully as a deed of long ago in the Saga of Hakon the Good in the Heimskringla where Eystein (no parentage given) is said to be King of the Uplands in Norway, part of the modern county of Oppland. See Snær for another use of the dog king motif.

Descendants of Höd
Höd ruled over Hadeland (Haðaland). Höd was father of Höddbrodd (Hǫðbroddr). (The name Höd is identical to that born by the slayer of the god Baldr in other tales. And while the Höd of the Hversu is said to be father of a son named Höddbrodd, in Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum (Book 3) Høtherus, the slayer of Balderus, is the son of Hothbrodus or Hothbroddus.)

The Hversu relates that Höddbrodd son of Höd was the father of Hrólf (Hrólfr), father of Hrómund Berserk (Hrómundr berserkr), father of three children: Hámund (Hámundr), Haki, and Gunnlöd (Gunnlǫð).

Hámund was Earl of Hordaland and father of Hrók the Black (Hrókr inn svartr) and Hrók the White (Hrókr inn hvítr). Haki was father of Hródgeir (Hróðgeirr), father of Haki Berserk. Gunnlöd was the mother of Útstein (Ústeinn) and Innstein (Innsteinn). In Hálfs saga ok Hálfsrekka ('The saga of Hálf and his heroes'), the two brothers named Hrók and the brothers Útstein (Útstein) and Innstein play prominent roles. This saga names the father of Útstein and Instein as a Jarl named Álf the Old of Hordaland, which is one of Hálf's kingdoms.

Hrók the Black was the father of Gunnlöd (Gunnlǫð) the mother of Hrómund Gripsson, the protagonist of Hrómundar saga Gripssonar ('Saga of Hrómund Gripsson'). Two sons of Hrómund named Björnólf (Bjǫrnólfr) and Hróald (Hróaldr) appear among the first Norse settlers in Iceland in the Landnámabók (1.3) and are mentioned in other sagas.

Descendants of Hadding
The Hversu tells that Hadding (Haddingr) son of Raum ruled over Haddingjadal and Telemark (Þelamǫrk). He was father of son also named Hadding, who himself was father of another Hadding, father of Högni the Red. The Hversu then comments cryptically that after him the three Haddings (Haddingjar) took power, that they ruled one after the other, and that Helgi Hadding-prince (Haddingjaskati) was one of them.

The Haddingjar are otherwise known as two of the sons of Arngrim of which the fullest account is in Hervarar saga and are certainly not the Haddingjar spoken of by the Hversu. (But some suspect all references to the Haddingjar are garblings of old traditions about the divine twins.) Helgi Haddingjaskati is mentioned in the prose epilogue to the eddic poem Helgavida Hundingsbana II which states that Helgi Hundingsbane and his Valkyrie and his lover Sigrún were afterwards reincarnated as Helgi Haddingjaskati and Kára as told in the Káraljód (Káraljóðr), a poem no longer extant. A version of this tale survives only in Hrómundar saga Gripssonar in which the Haldingjar are two concurrent kings of Sweden and Helgi is their champion. Helgi conquers in part through the magic of his lover, the sorceress Kára, who appears in the form of a swan. When Helgi accidentally kills her, he meets his own doom and the Halding kings flee. Haldingjar seems to a garblings of Haddingjar. The Hversu account probably indicates a version in which both Helgi and the two Haddingjar proper (probably here the sons of Högni the Red) were all three called Haddingjar and ruled in rotation. Also, in the text the name of Helgi's lover actually appears as Cára, which should have been normalized as Kára. But Cára was instead misread and transcribed as Lára in Jónsson and Vilhjálmsson's Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda and so appears in most later discussion.

Descendants of Hring
Raum's son Hring was the eponym and ruler of Ringerike (Ringeríki) and also ruled Valdres (a valley of modern Oppland). Hring married the daughter of a sea-king named Vifil (Vifill) by whom he was the father of Halfdan the Old (Hálfdan gamli). See Halfdan the Old to follow this lineage further.

Alternative spellings
Alternative Anglicizations are: Álf: Alf ; Álfheim: Alfheim ; Bergdís: Bergdis ; Björn: Bjorn ; Björnólf: Bjornolf ; Finnálf: Finnalf ; Gudröd: Gudrod ; Gunnlöd: Gunnlod ; Hálf: Half ; Halfdan: Hálfdan ; Hámund: Hamund ; Hródgeir: Hrodgeir ; Hrossbjörn: Hrossbjorn ; Högni: Hogni ; Höd: Hod, Hodr, Hoder, Hother ; Höddbrodd: Hoddbrodd ; Hróald: Hroald ; Hrók the Black: Rook the Black ; Hrók the White: Rook the White ; Hrólf: Hrolf ; Hrómund: Hromund ; Jötunbjörn: Jotunbjorn ; Kára: Kara ; Ketil Raum: Ketil the Large ; Lára: Lara ; Ólaf: Olaf ; Önund: Onund ; Raumaríki: Raumarike, Raumarik, Raum's-ric ; Sæfari: Saefari ; Sigrún: Sigrun ; Sól: Sol ; Sóleyjar: Soleyjar ; Sölva: Solva ; Sólveig: Solveig ; Sölvi: Solvi ; Thórolf: Thorolf ; Thrym: Thrymr ; Úlf: Ulf ; Útstein: Utstein.

title: Raum the Old


text:
Glued laminated timber

Glued laminated timber, commonly referred to as glulam, is a type of structural engineered wood product constituted by layers of dimensional lumber bonded together with durable, moisture-resistant structural adhesives so that all of the grain runs parallel to the longitudinal axis. In North America, the material providing the laminations is termed laminating stock or lamstock.

History
The principles of glulam construction are believed to date back to the 1860s, in the assembly room of King Edward VI College, a school in Southampton, England. The first patent however emerged in 1901 when Otto Karl Freidrich Hetzer, a carpenter from Weimar, Germany, patented this method of construction. Approved in Switzerland, Hetzer's patent explored creating a straight beam out of several laminations glued together. In 1906 he received a patent in Germany for curved sections of glulam. Other countries in Europe soon began approving patents and by 1922, glulam had been used in 14 countries.

The technology was first brought to the United States by Max Hanisch Sr., who had been associated with the Hetzer firm in 1906 before emigrating to the United States in 1923. With no financial backing, it was not until 1934 that Hanisch was able to first use glulam in the United States. The project, a school and community gym in Peshtigo, Wisconsin, took time to get started, as manufacturers were hard to find, but eventually the Thompson Brothers Boat Manufacturing Company took on the project. The Wisconsin Industrial Commission, however, rejected the arches as they had no previous experience working with glulam. A compromise was reached in which the arches could be used if they were used in conjunction with bolts, lags, metal strapping, and angles to reinforce the structure. Though the reinforcements were unnecessary, ground finally broke in late 1934 featuring four spans of three-hinged arches with clear spans of 64 ft. The partnership for this project lead to the creation of Unit Structures Inc., a construction firm for glulam owned by both the Hanisch and Thompson families.

In 1936, Unit Structures patented both the forming equipment used to produce glulam arches and the glulam arches themselves. A second project, this time for the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), gave Unit Structures the opportunity to prove the strength and stiffness of glulam members to architects and engineers. Full-scale load tests conducted by placing 31,500 lb of sandbags on the roof exceeded the design specs by 50%. The noted deflections were also in favor of the system. While the results took some time to get published, the test enabled Unit Structures to continue building with glulam. At this time, I-sections featuring plywood webs and glulam flanges became popular in Europe while rectangular sections became the norm in America. The I-sections saved on lumber, which was beneficial to Europeans as they had high lumber costs but were more labor intensive, which was expensive in the States. The glulam system piqued the interest of those on the west coast and many firms began to engage with it.

In 1942, the introduction of a fully water-resistant phenol-resorcinol adhesive enabled glulam to be used in exposed exterior environments without concern of glue line degradation, expanding its applicable market. During the midst of World War II, glulam construction became more widespread as steel was needed for the war effort. In 1952, leading fabricators of engineered and solid wood joined forces to create the American Institute of Timber Construction (AITC) to help standardize the industry and promote its use. The first U.S. manufacturing standard for glulam was published by the Department of Commerce in 1963. Since then, glulam manufacturing has spread within the United States and into Canada and has been used for other structures, such as bridges, as well. It is currently standardized under ANSI Standard A190.1.

Manufacturing
The manufacturing of glulam is typically broken down into four steps: drying and grading the lumber, joining the lumber to form longer laminations, gluing the layers, and finishing and fabrication. The lumber used to produce glulam may come to the manufacturers pre-dried. A hand-held or on the line moisture meter is used to check the moisture level. Each piece of lumber going into the manufacturing process should have a moisture content between 8% and 14% in accordance with the adhesive used. Lumber above this threshold is redried.

Knots on the ends of the dried lumber are trimmed. Lumber is then grouped based on the grade. To create lengths of glulam longer than those typically available for sawn lumber, the lumber must be end-jointed. The most common joint for this is a finger joint, 1.1 in in length that is cut on either end with special cutter heads. A structural resin, typically RF curing melamine formaldehyde (MF) or PF resin, is applied to the joint between successive boards and cured under end pressure using a continuous RF curing system. After the resins have cured, the lumber is cut to length and planed on each side to ensure smooth surfaces for gluing.

Once planed, a glue extruder spreads the resin onto the lumber. This resin is most often phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde, but PF resin or melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin can also be used. For straight beams, the resinated lumber is stacked in a specific lay-up pattern in a clamping bed where a mechanical or hydraulic system presses the layers together. For curved beams, the lumber is instead stacked in a curved form. These beams are cured at room temperature for 5 to 16 hours before the pressure is released. Combining pressure with RF curing can reduce the time needed for curing.

The wide-side faces faces of the beams are sanded or planed to remove resin that was squeezed out between the boards. The narrow top and bottom faces may also be sanded if necessary to achieve the desired appearance. Corners are often rounded as well. Specifications for appearance may require additional finishing such as filling knot holes with putty, finer sanding, and applying sealers, finishes, or primers.

Resin glues
When glued laminated timber was introduced as a building material in the early twentieth century, casein glues (which are waterproof but have lower shear strength) were widely used. Joints with casein glues had detachment failures due to inherent stresses in the wood. Cold-curing synthetic resin glues were invented in 1928. "Kaurit" and other urea-formaldehyde resin glues are inexpensive, easy to use, waterproof and enable high adhesive strength. The development of resin glues contributed to the wide use of glued laminated timber construction.

Finger joints
The use of finger joints with glulam allowed for production of glulam beams and columns on large scale. Glulam finger joints provide a large surface area for gluing. Automatic finger-jointing machines cut the pointed joints, connect and glue them together under pressure, allowing for a strong, durable joint, capable of carrying high loads comparable to natural wood with the same cross-section.

Computer numerical control
Computer numerical control (CNC) allows to cut glued laminated timber into unusual shapes with a high degree of precision. CNC machine tools can utilize up to five axes, which enables undercutting and hollowing-out processes. The cost-effective CNC machines carve the material using mechanical tools, like a router.

Advantages
Advantages to using glulam in construction:

 * Size and shape - By laminating a number of smaller pieces of lumber into a single large structural member, the dimensions of glulam members are only limited by transport and handling rather than the size of a tree like sawn lumber. This also enables the use of smaller trees harvested from second-growth forests and plantations rather than relying on old-growth forests. Glulam can also be manufactured in a variety of shapes, so it offers architects artistic freedom without sacrificing structural requirements.
 * Versatility - Because the size and shape of glulam members can be so variable, they are able to be used as both beams and columns.
 * Strength and stiffness - Glulam has a higher strength to weight ratio compared to both concrete and steel. Glulam also reduces the impact defects in the wood have on the strength of the member making it stronger than sawn lumber as well.  Glulam has also been proven to have a higher resistance to lateral-torsional buckling than steel.
 * Environmentally friendly - Glulam has much lower embodied energy than reinforced concrete and steel because the laminating process allows the timber to be used for much longer spans, heavier loads, and more complex shapes than reinforced concrete or steel. The embodied energy to produce it is one sixth of that of a comparable strength of steel. Also, as glulam is a wood product, it naturally sequesters carbon, keeping it from being released into the atmosphere. As long as the wood used to manufacture the glulam members comes from a sustainably managed forest, glulam is a renewable resource.
 * Fire safety - While glulam is inherently flammable because it is made of wood, if it catches on fire a char layer forms that protects the interior of the member and thus maintains the strength of the member for some time.

Disadvantages

 * Material cost - Glulam may be more costly than concrete at high axial loads, though this depends on location and availability/ abundance of either material. While glulam beams may be cheaper than HEA steel beams in some cases, it is not a significant difference.
 * Moisture - Glulam, especially when used for bridge projects, is susceptible to changes in moisture which can impact its strength. The bending strength of glulam exposed to a number of wet/dry cycles can decrease dramatically (by 43.5% in one study).
 * Dimensions - Compared to steel and reinforced concrete, glulam generally requires larger members to support the same load. The cross-sectional area and height of glulam members are significantly greater than those of steel. Compared to concrete, glulam columns will be smaller for small axial loads, but once large axial forces come into play, concrete columns have a smaller cross-sectional area.
 * Biodegradation - As a wood product, glulam is subject to concern regarding biodegradation. In regions with higher risk, measures to protect the glulam need to be taken.

Sport structures

Large stadium roofs are a common application for wide-span glulam beams. Advantages are the light weight of the material and the ability to furnish long lengths and large cross-sections. Prefabrication is invariably employed and the structural engineer needs to specify methods for delivery and erection of the large members at an early stage in the design.

The PostFinance Arena is an example of a wide-span sports stadium roof using glulam arches reaching up to 85 metres. The structure was built in Bern in 1967, and has subsequently been refurbished and extended. Eastern Kentucky University's Alumni Coliseum was built in 1963 with the world's largest glued laminated arches, which span 308 ft.

The roof of the Richmond Olympic Oval, built for speed skating events at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, British Columbia, features one of the world's largest clearspan wooden structures. The roof includes 2,400 cubic metres of Douglas fir lamstock lumber in glulam beams. A total of 34 yellow cedar glulam posts support the overhangs where the roof extends beyond the walls.

Anaheim Ice rink in Anaheim, California was built in 1995 by Disney Development Company and architect Frank Gehry using large double-curved yellow pine glulam beams.

Bridges

Glulam has been used for pedestrian, forest, highway, and railway bridges. Pressure-treated glulam timbers or timbers manufactured from naturally durable wood species are well suited for creating bridges and waterfront structures. Wood is naturally resistant to corrosion by salt used for de-icing roadways.

One North American glulam bridge is Keystone Wye in the Black Hills of South Dakota, constructed in 1967. The da Vinci Bridge in Norway, completed in 2001, is almost completely constructed with glulam. The Kingsway Pedestrian Bridge in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, is constructed of cast-in-place concrete for the support piers, structural steel and glulam for the arch, a post tensioned precast concrete walking deck, and stainless steel support rods connecting the arch to the walking deck.

Religious buildings

Glulam is used for the construction of multi-use facilities such as churches, school buildings, and libraries. The Cathedral of Christ the Light in Oakland, California, is one such example and uses glulam to enhance the ecological and aesthetic effect. It was built as the replacement of the Cathedral of Saint Francis de Sales, which became unusable after the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989. The 21,600 ft2, 110 ft vesica piscis-shaped building formed the frame with a glued-laminated timber beam and steel-rod skeleton covered with a glass skin. Considering the conventional mode of construction with steel or reinforced concrete moment-frame, this glulam-and-steel combination case is regarded as an advanced way to realize the economy and aesthetic in the construction.

As an alternative to new-felled oak trees, glued laminated timber was proposed as the structural material in the replacement spire of Notre-Dame de Paris, destroyed by fire in 2019.

Other

In 2019, the world's tallest structure employing the use of glulam was Mjøstårnet, an 18-story mixed-use building in Brumunddal, Norway. In 2022, the Ascent MKE building in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, surpassed it with 26 stories, measuring over 86 meters tall.

The roof of the Centre Pompidou-Metz museum in France is composed of sixteen kilometers of glued laminated timber intersecting to form hexagonal units. With a surface area of 8,000 m2, the irregular geometry of the roof, featuring various curves and counter-curves, resembles a Chinese hat.

Failures
In 2005, researchers at Lund University, Sweden, found a number of failures of glulam structures in Scandinavian countries. They concluded that construction faults or design errors were responsible. In January 2002 the roof of the Siemens velodrome arena in Copenhagen collapsed when a joint between glulam trusses failed at the point of its dowel fastenings. In February 2003 the roof of a newly built exhibition hall in Jyväskylä, Finland, collapsed. It was found that during construction the specified number of dowels at joints between glulam timbers were missing or had been wrongly placed.

The collapse of the Perkolo bridge in Sjoa, Norway, in 2016 was caused by a design miscalculation of stresses at joints. Following this incident thirteen road bridges of glulam construction were checked, with only minor faults found.

On 15 August 2022 Tretten Bridge in Gudbrandsdalen, Norway, collapsed as two vehicles were crossing. It was made with glulam and steel construction and had been erected in 2012, with a design life of "at least 100 years". The cause of the failure was not immediately apparent, although during the 2016 inspection, one joint was found to have dowels that were too short.

title: Glued laminated timber


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Algebraic normal form

In Boolean algebra, the algebraic normal form (ANF), ring sum normal form (RSNF or RNF), Zhegalkin normal form, or Reed–Muller expansion is a way of writing propositional logic formulas in one of three subforms:

 * The entire formula is purely true or false:
 * $$1$$
 * $$0$$
 * One or more variables are combined into a term by AND ($$\and$$), then one or more terms are combined by XOR ($$\oplus$$) together into ANF. Negations are not permitted: $$ a \oplus b \oplus \left(a \and b\right) \oplus \left(a \and b \and c\right) $$
 * The previous subform with a purely true term: $$ 1 \oplus a \oplus b \oplus \left(a \and b\right) \oplus \left(a \and b \and c\right) $$

Formulas written in ANF are also known as Zhegalkin polynomials and Positive Polarity (or Parity) Reed–Muller expressions (PPRM).

Common uses
ANF is a canonical form, which means that two logically equivalent formulas will convert to the same ANF, easily showing whether two formulas are equivalent for automated theorem proving. Unlike other normal forms, it can be represented as a simple list of lists of variable names—conjunctive and disjunctive normal forms also require recording whether each variable is negated or not. Negation normal form is unsuitable for determining equivalence, since on negation normal forms, equivalence does not imply equality: a ∨ ¬a is not reduced to the same thing as 1, even though they are logically equivalent.

Putting a formula into ANF also makes it easy to identify linear functions (used, for example, in linear-feedback shift registers): a linear function is one that is a sum of single literals. Properties of nonlinear-feedback shift registers can also be deduced from certain properties of the feedback function in ANF.

Performing operations within algebraic normal form
There are straightforward ways to perform the standard boolean operations on ANF inputs in order to get ANF results.

XOR (logical exclusive disjunction) is performed directly:
 * 1 ⊕ 1 ⊕ x ⊕ x ⊕ y
 * y
 * 1 ⊕ 1 ⊕ x ⊕ x ⊕ y
 * y

NOT (logical negation) is XORing 1:
 * 1 ⊕ 1 ⊕ x ⊕ y
 * x ⊕ y
 * 1 ⊕ 1 ⊕ x ⊕ y
 * x ⊕ y

AND (logical conjunction) is distributed algebraically
 * (1 ⊕ x ⊕ y) ⊕ (x ⊕ x ⊕ xy)
 * 1 ⊕ x ⊕ x ⊕ x ⊕ y ⊕ xy
 * 1 ⊕ x ⊕ y ⊕ xy
 * 1 ⊕ x ⊕ x ⊕ x ⊕ y ⊕ xy
 * 1 ⊕ x ⊕ y ⊕ xy

OR (logical disjunction) uses either 1 ⊕ (1 ⊕ a)(1 ⊕ b) (easier when both operands have purely true terms) or a ⊕ b ⊕ ab (easier otherwise):
 * 1 ⊕ (1 ⊕ )(1 ⊕ )
 * 1 ⊕ x(x ⊕ y)
 * 1 ⊕ x ⊕ xy
 * 1 ⊕ x ⊕ xy

Converting to algebraic normal form
Each variable in a formula is already in pure ANF, so one only needs to perform the formula's boolean operations as shown above to get the entire formula into ANF. For example:
 * x + (y ⋅ ¬z)
 * x + (y(1 ⊕ z))
 * x + (y ⊕ yz)
 * x ⊕ (y ⊕ yz) ⊕ x(y ⊕ yz)
 * x ⊕ y ⊕ xy ⊕ yz ⊕ xyz

Formal representation
ANF is sometimes described in an equivalent way:
 * {| cellpadding="4"

 * $$f(x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n) = \!$$
 * $$a_0 \oplus \!$$
 * $$a_1x_1 \oplus a_2x_2 \oplus \cdots \oplus a_nx_n \oplus \!$$
 * $$a_{1,2}x_1x_2 \oplus \cdots \oplus a_{n-1,n}x_{n-1}x_n \oplus \!$$
 * $$\cdots \oplus \!$$
 * $$a_{1,2,\ldots,n}x_1x_2\ldots x_n \!$$
 * }
 * where $$a_0, a_1, \ldots, a_{1,2,\ldots,n} \in \{0,1\}^*$$ fully describes $$f$$.
 * $$a_{1,2}x_1x_2 \oplus \cdots \oplus a_{n-1,n}x_{n-1}x_n \oplus \!$$
 * $$\cdots \oplus \!$$
 * $$a_{1,2,\ldots,n}x_1x_2\ldots x_n \!$$
 * }
 * where $$a_0, a_1, \ldots, a_{1,2,\ldots,n} \in \{0,1\}^*$$ fully describes $$f$$.
 * $$a_{1,2,\ldots,n}x_1x_2\ldots x_n \!$$
 * }
 * where $$a_0, a_1, \ldots, a_{1,2,\ldots,n} \in \{0,1\}^*$$ fully describes $$f$$.
 * where $$a_0, a_1, \ldots, a_{1,2,\ldots,n} \in \{0,1\}^*$$ fully describes $$f$$.

Recursively deriving multiargument Boolean functions
There are only four functions with one argument:
 * $$f(x)=0$$
 * $$f(x)=1$$
 * $$f(x)=x$$
 * $$f(x)=1 \oplus x$$

To represent a function with multiple arguments one can use the following equality:
 * $$f(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n) = g(x_2,\ldots,x_n) \oplus x_1 h(x_2,\ldots,x_n)$$, where
 * $$g(x_2,\ldots,x_n) = f(0,x_2,\ldots,x_n)$$
 * $$h(x_2,\ldots,x_n) = f(0,x_2,\ldots,x_n) \oplus f(1,x_2,\ldots,x_n)$$

Indeed,
 * if $$x_1=0$$ then $$x_1 h = 0$$ and so $$f(0,\ldots) = f(0,\ldots)$$
 * if $$x_1=1$$ then $$x_1 h = h$$ and so $$f(1,\ldots) = f(0,\ldots) \oplus f(0,\ldots) \oplus f(1,\ldots)$$

Since both $$g$$ and $$h$$ have fewer arguments than $$f$$ it follows that using this process recursively we will finish with functions with one variable. For example, let us construct ANF of $$f(x,y)= x \lor y$$ (logical or):
 * $$f(x,y) = f(0,y) \oplus x(f(0,y) \oplus f(1,y))$$
 * since $$f(0,y)=0 \lor y = y$$ and $$f(1,y)=1 \lor y = 1$$
 * it follows that $$f(x,y) = y \oplus x (y \oplus 1)$$
 * by distribution, we get the final ANF: $$f(x,y) = y \oplus x y \oplus x = x \oplus y \oplus x y$$

title: Algebraic normal form


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General conference (Latter Day Saints)

In the Latter Day Saint movement, a general conference is a meeting for all members of the church for conducting general church business and instruction. When Joseph Smith established the Church of Christ in 1830, he was instructed by revelation that the church "are to meet in conference once in three months, or from time to time as said conferences shall direct or appoint; And said conferences are to do whatever church business is necessary to be done at the time." The church met in conferences regularly until Smith's death in 1844.

Since Smith's death, the churches of the Latter Day Saint movement have continued the tradition of meeting in regular general conferences.

Frequency and locations
The first general conference of the newly formed Church of Christ was held on June 9, 1830, in Fayette, New York, presided over by Joseph Smith. It included a gathering of 27 members of the two-month-old church.

Originally, conferences of the church were held approximately every three months, as suggested by a revelation which outlined the initial organization of the church. Beginning in 1832, the conferences were held less frequently, usually to conduct special church business or to respond to special church needs. At these early conferences, Smith would occasionally receive revelations, which were later canonized as part of the Doctrine and Covenants. During this time, rather than convening a general conference, often the church would hold local conferences that were held in various locations. Once the majority of the church gathered in Nauvoo, Illinois, it settled into a more regular pattern of holding general conferences twice per year, in April and October.

The following are the dates and locations of the general conferences from the establishment of the church until Smith's death in 1844:

After Smith's death
Following Smith's death and the resulting succession crisis, general conferences have been practiced in different forms by the various denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement.

General Conferences of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), general conferences are a semiannual meeting where general authorities and other church leaders preach sermons and give guidance to church members. Changes to church leadership are also proposed and sustained through the principle of common consent. General conferences are held on the weekends containing the first Sunday in April and the first Sunday in October.

The conferences have been held in Salt Lake City, Utah, since 1848; they were held in the Salt Lake Tabernacle on Temple Square from 1867 to 2000 and in the Conference Center after that.

Various speakers will generally include all members of the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, along with other selected church leaders. Almost every general authority of the church is present, though outside the First Presidency and Twelve only a few speak. Non–general authority speakers may include male and female officers of church organizations.

During one session the conducting officer presents all the church's general authorities and general officers for a formal sustaining vote of the membership, and it is usually at this time that any changes among the general church leadership are announced.

Frequently, significant announcements are made at general conference, which may include building sites for new temples or the institution of new policies or programs.

The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square along with the organist at the Conference Center generally provide the majority of the music at LDS Church general conferences.

World Conference in Community of Christ
World Conference is the name given to the triennial meeting  of delegates of Community of Christ. They were originally called General Conferences and were held semiannually, or as need arose.

The World Conference is the highest legislative body in the Community of Christ and is empowered to act for the entire church. Delegates to the conference are elected by Mission Center conferences. Motions are often debated vigorously and the results are sometimes controversial. World Conferences are traditionally held at Community of Christ World Headquarters, with the legislative and main worship services held in the Auditorium.

title: General conference (Latter Day Saints)


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Die preparation

Die preparation is a step of semiconductor device fabrication during which a wafer is prepared for IC packaging and IC testing. The process of die preparation typically consists of two steps: wafer mounting and wafer dicing.

Wafer mounting
Wafer mounting is a step that is performed during the die preparation of a wafer as part of the process of semiconductor fabrication. During this step, the wafer is mounted on a plastic tape that is attached to a ring. Wafer mounting is performed right before the wafer is cut into separate dies. The adhesive film upon which the wafer is mounted ensures that the individual dies remain firmly in place during 'dicing', as the process of cutting the wafer is called.

The picture on the right shows a 300 mm wafer after it was mounted and diced. The blue plastic is the adhesive tape. The wafer is the round disc in the middle. In this case, a large number of dies were already removed.

Semiconductor-die cutting
In the manufacturing of micro-electronic devices, die cutting, dicing or singulation is a process of reducing a wafer containing multiple identical integrated circuits to individual dies each containing one of those circuits.

During this process, a wafer with up to thousands of circuits is cut into rectangular pieces, each called a die. In between those functional parts of the circuits, a thin non-functional spacing is foreseen where a saw can safely cut the wafer without damaging the circuits. This spacing is called the scribe line or saw street. The width of the scribe is very small, typically around 100 μm. A very thin and accurate saw is therefore needed to cut the wafer into pieces. Usually the dicing is performed with a water-cooled circular saw with diamond-tipped teeth.

Types of blades
The most common make up of blade used is either a metal or resin bond containing abrasive grit of natural or more commonly synthetic diamond, or borazon in various forms. Alternatively, the bond and grit may be applied as a coating to a metal former. See diamond tools.

title: Die preparation


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SEAL Recon Rifle

The SEAL Recon Rifle (nicknamed the "Sniper M4" and "Recce" ) is an American designated marksman rifle and assault rifle used by the United States Navy SEALs. Essentially a heavily modified M16 rifle, it is intended to provide SEAL snipers and designated marksmen with a versatile, accurate, lightweight, and relatively compact weapon chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO.

History
The concept of an accurized rifle based on the 5.56 NATO cartridge was first observed in 1993 during the Battle of Mogadishu. This led to the development of various options for improving accuracy in the field, including improved ammunition and triggers, a range of optics, free-floating handguards, and rail systems.

Developed in-house by SEAL team armorers, the rifle was centered less around a rigid specification and more around the concept of an accurized rifle that could share the duties and ammunition of fielded M4 carbines, whilst also being able to engage targets beyond the carbines' range.

When further development was handed over to Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, the United States Army incorporated their own concepts and funding into the joint program, resulting in the Mk 12 Special Purpose Rifle which many SEALs were disappointed with.

Former SEAL sniper Kyle Defoor recounts:

"It went to 18' quite frankly because the big Army got involved. Most of us that have a lot of time on one (myself included) think that 16' is better for a number of reasons: [...] The MK12 is ok as it comes, but, me and majority of the guys that were around me immediately [replaced] the fixed stock. Some would go with a Geissele trigger too, and some would put a tube rail back on. All of these little touches were done in house at the shooters home team."
 * 1) 2' does make a difference, especially with a [suppressor].
 * 2) Weight (it's not pounds at this stage it's ounces) and remember that balance has a factor here too.
 * 3) I've shot both together on the same range at the same time. I don't really care what charts and scientists say, me and [my fellow SEALs] can hit just as good with 16' as 18'.

The rifle is used by the Navy SEALs, US Army Special Forces and Delta Force.

Specifications
Initially, SEAL Recon Rifles were built in-house with the only requirements being a 16" barrel (406mm), and the ability to shoot any 5.56×45mm cartridge in inventory, including the first iterations of the 77-grain (5 gram) Mk262 Mod0 cartridge. Otherwise, the rifle was individualized to the tastes of the user by the armorer or the SEAL themselves.

The stainless-steel barrels were sourced from Lilja Precision Rifle Barrels with a 1:8 (203mm) twist and a unique heavy profile, beginning at 0.980 inches (25mm) in diameter for the first 2.60 inches (66mm) of length, then narrowing down to 0.850 inches (22mm) in diameter, 0.750 inches (19mm) in diameter underneath the front sight block, and 0.725 inches (18mm) in diameter to the muzzle.

These barrels were mated to flat-top upper receivers featuring an M1913 rail, to which optics and back-up iron sights could be attached. Operators commonly chose to install back-up iron sights manufactured by Knight's Armament Company, ARMS Inc, and Troy Industries with the rifles.

Recon rifles were reportedly fitted with free-float handguards, the most popular being the KAC M4 Match RAS and a longer-length LaRue free-float handguard, either of which provides plentiful rail space to mount accessories. KAC free-floated rails (P/N 20214) were part of the Mk12 Mod 1 package and were in common use during the war on terror.

Barrels were sometimes fitted with Ops Inc. 12th model suppressors and their accompanying muzzle brakes.

title: SEAL Recon Rifle


text:
Active camouflage

Active camouflage or adaptive camouflage is camouflage that adapts, often rapidly, to the surroundings of an object such as an animal or military vehicle. In theory, active camouflage could provide perfect concealment from visual detection.

Active camouflage is used in several groups of animals, including reptiles on land, and cephalopod molluscs and flatfish in the sea. Animals achieve active camouflage both by color change and (among marine animals such as squid) by counter-illumination, with the use of bioluminescence.

Military counter-illumination camouflage was first investigated during the Second World War for marine use. More recent research has aimed to achieve crypsis by using cameras to sense the visible background, and by controlling Peltier panels or coatings that can vary their appearance.

In animals

Active camouflage is used in several groups of animals including cephalopod molluscs, fish, and reptiles. There are two mechanisms of active camouflage in animals: color change and counter-illumination.

Counter-illumination
Counter-illumination is camouflage using the production of light to blend in against a lit background. In the sea, light comes down from the surface, so when marine animals are seen from below, they appear darker than the background. Some species of cephalopod, such as the eye-flash squid and the firefly squid, produce light in photophores on their undersides to match the background. Bioluminescence is common among marine animals, so counter-illumination may be widespread, though light has other functions, including attracting prey and signaling.

Color change

Color change permits camouflage against different backgrounds. Many cephalopods including octopuses, cuttlefish, and squids, and some terrestrial amphibians and reptiles including chameleons and anoles can rapidly change color and pattern, though the major reasons for this include signaling, not only camouflage. Cephalopod active camouflage has stimulated military research in the United States.

Active camouflage by color change is used by many bottom-living flatfish such as plaice, sole, and flounder that actively copy the patterns and colors of the seafloor below them. For example, the tropical flounder Bothus ocellatus can match its pattern to "a wide range of background textures" in 2–8 seconds. Similarly, the coral reef fish, the seaweed blenny can match its coloration to its surroundings.

In research
Active camouflage provides concealment by making an object not merely generally similar to its surroundings, but effectively invisible with "illusory transparency" through accurate mimicry, and by changing the appearance of the object as changes occur in its background.

Early research

Military interest in active camouflage has its origins in Second World War studies of counter-illumination. The first of these was the so-called diffused lighting camouflage tested on Canadian Navy corvettes including HMCS Rimouski (K121). This was followed in the United States Army Air Forces with the airborne Yehudi lights project, and trials in ships of the Royal Navy and the US Navy. The Yehudi lights project placed low-intensity blue lights on aircraft. As skies are bright, an unilluminated aircraft (of any color) might be rendered visible. By emitting a small, measured amount of blue light, the aircraft's average brightness better matches that of the sky, and the aircraft is able to fly closer to its target before being detected. Bell Textron filed for a patent on 1/28/2021, # 17/161075 Active Aircraft Visual Cloaking System, that proposes using electroluminescent paint along with an active camera system to project and control a luminescent paint scheme to blend the aircraft exterior structure with the sky.

Possible technologies
Active camouflage may now develop using organic light-emitting diodes and other technologies which allow for images to be projected onto irregularly shaped surfaces. Using visual data from a camera, an object could perhaps be camouflaged well enough to avoid detection by the human eye and optical sensors when stationary. Camouflage is weakened by motion, but active camouflage could still make moving targets more difficult to see. However, active camouflage works best in one direction at a time, requiring knowledge of the relative positions of the observer and the concealed object.

In 2003 researchers at the University of Tokyo under Susumu Tachi created a prototype active camouflage system using material impregnated with retroreflective glass beads. The viewer stands in front of the cloth viewing the cloth through a transparent glass plate. A video camera behind the cloth captures the background behind the cloth. A video projector projects this image on to the glass plate which is angled so that it acts as a partial mirror reflecting a small portion of the projected light onto the cloth. The retroreflectors in the cloth reflect the image back towards the glass plate which being only weakly reflecting allows most of the retroreflected light to pass through to be seen by the viewer. The system only works when seen from a certain angle.

Phased-array optics would implement active camouflage, not by producing a two-dimensional image of background scenery on an object, but by computational holography to produce a three-dimensional hologram of background scenery on an object to be concealed. Unlike a two-dimensional image, the holographic image would appear to be the actual scenery behind the object independent of viewer distance or view angle.

Military prototypes

In 2010, the Israeli company Eltics created an early prototype of a system of tiles for infrared camouflage of vehicles. In 2011, BAE Systems announced their Adaptiv infrared camouflage technology. It uses about 1000 hexagonal Peltier panels to cover the sides of a tank. The panels are rapidly heated and cooled to match either the temperature of the vehicle's surroundings, or one of the objects in the thermal cloaking system's "library" such as a truck, car or large rock.

In fiction
Active camouflage technology, both visual and otherwise, is a commonly used plot device in science fiction stories. The Star Trek franchise incorporated the concept, and Star Trek: Voyager depicts humans using "bio-dampeners" to infiltrate a Borg Cube without the antagonists realizing they are there. The eponymous antagonists in the Predator films also use active camouflage. In many video games, such as the Halo series,  Deus Ex: Human Revolution, and the Crysis series, players can obtain and use cloaking devices. In the 2002 James Bond film Die Another Day, Bond's Aston Martin V12 Vanquish is fitted with an active camouflage system.

title: Active camouflage


text:
User:JahRasta

Hi, My name is Robert Engles, and i am a devout Rasta who admires the great Halifu Kwajah!

title: User:JahRasta


text:
Dracula (1979 film)

Dracula is a 1979 gothic horror film directed by John Badham. The film starred Frank Langella in the title role as well as Laurence Olivier, Donald Pleasence and Kate Nelligan.

The film was based on Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula and its 1924 stage adaptation, though much of Stoker's original plot was revised to make the film—which was advertised with the tagline "A Love Story"—more romantic. The film received mostly positive reviews and was a moderate box office success. It won the 1979 Saturn Award for Best Horror Film.

Plot
In Whitby, Yorkshire in 1913, Count Dracula arrives from Transylvania via the ship Demeter one stormy night. Mina Van Helsing, who is visiting her friend Lucy Seward, discovers Dracula's body after his ship has run aground and rescues him. The Count visits Mina and her friends at the household of Lucy's father, Dr. Jack Seward, whose clifftop mansion also serves as the local asylum. At dinner, he proves to be a charming guest and leaves a strong impression on the hosts, especially Lucy. Less charmed by this handsome count is Jonathan Harker, Lucy's fiancé.

Later that night, while Lucy and Jonathan are having a secret rendezvous, Dracula reveals his true nature as he descends upon Mina to drink her blood. The following morning, Lucy finds Mina awake in bed, struggling for breath. Powerless, she watches her friend die, only to find wounds on her throat. Lucy blames herself for Mina's death, as she had left her alone.

At a loss for the cause of death, Dr. Seward calls in Mina's father, Professor Abraham Van Helsing, who suspects what might have killed his daughter: a vampire. He begins to worry about what fate his seemingly dead daughter may now have. Seward and Van Helsing investigate their suspicions and discover a roughly clawed opening within Mina's coffin, leading them to the local mines. It is there that they encounter the ghastly form of an undead Mina and it is up to a distraught Van Helsing to destroy what remains of his daughter.

Lucy has in the meantime been summoned to Carfax Abbey, Dracula's new home. She reveals herself to be in love with this foreign prince and openly offers herself to him as his bride. After a surreal "wedding night" sequence, Lucy, like Mina before her, is now infected by Dracula's blood. The two doctors manage to give Lucy a blood transfusion to slow her descent into vampirism, but she remains under Dracula's spell.

Now aided by Jonathan, the doctors realize that the only way to save Lucy is by destroying Dracula. They manage to locate his coffin within the grounds of Carfax Abbey, but the vampire is waiting for them. Despite it being daylight, Dracula is still a very powerful adversary. Dracula escapes their attempts to kill him, bursts into the asylum to free the captive Lucy and also scolds his slave, Milo Renfield, for warning the others about him. Renfield apologizes and pleads for his life, but Dracula kills him by breaking his neck. Dracula makes preparations to return to Transylvania with Lucy.

Harker and Van Helsing board the ship carrying Dracula and Lucy as cargo bound for Transylvania. Below decks, Harker and Van Helsing find Dracula and Lucy sleeping in a coffin. Van Helsing attempts to stake Dracula, but Lucy protests, waking Dracula. In the struggle, Van Helsing is fatally wounded by Dracula as he is impaled with the stake intended for the vampire. Dracula now concentrates his attention on Harker. Van Helsing uses his remaining strength to throw a hook attached to a rope, tied to the ship's rigging, into Dracula's back. Harker seizes his chance and hoists the count up through the cargo hold to the top of the ship's rigging, where he dies a painful death when the rays of the sun burn his body.

Van Helsing dies from his wounds. Lucy is now apparently herself again. Lucy smiles enigmatically as she notices Dracula's cape blow away into the horizon.

Cast

 * Frank Langella as Count Dracula
 * Laurence Olivier as Professor Abraham Van Helsing
 * Donald Pleasence as Dr. Jack Seward
 * Kate Nelligan as Lucy Seward
 * Jan Francis as Mina Van Helsing
 * Trevor Eve as Jonathan Harker
 * Tony Haygarth as Milo Renfield
 * Sylvester McCoy as Walter Myrtle
 * Janine Duvitski as Annie
 * Teddy Turner as Swales

Production
Like Universal's earlier 1931 version starring Bela Lugosi, the screenplay for this adaptation of Bram Stoker's novel Dracula is based on the stage adaptation by Hamilton Deane and John L. Balderston, which ran on Broadway and also starred Langella in a Tony Award-nominated performance. Set in the Edwardian period, and strikingly designed by Edward Gorey, the play ran for over 900 performances between October 1977 and January 1980. Langella also appeared in the play for a limited run in the West End. The play is also known for switching the names of the characters of Mina Harker and Lucy Westenra. When Badham was asked why he had also switched their names in his film, he said that he could not quite remember but that maybe he and Richter "felt like Mina was a dopey name and that Lucy was kind of a nice name".

The film was shot on location in England, at Shepperton Studios and Black Park, Buckinghamshire. Locations in Cornwall doubled for the majority of the exterior Whitby scenes; Tintagel (for Seward's Asylum), and St Michael's Mount (for Carfax Abbey). The Castle Dracula was a glass matte painted by Albert Whitlock.

Gilbert Taylor was the cinematographer, and the original music score was contributed by John Williams.

According to Frank Langella, Count Dracula was "a dominant, aggressive force. He must have Miss Lucy or he dies. He wants what he wants and he doesn't analyze it. Dracula as a character is very erotic. ... A woman can be totally passive with Dracula: 'he made me drink, I couldn't help it.' ... Dracula seems to represent a kind of doorway to sexual abandonment not possible with a mere mortal. Besides, he's offering immortality. Actually, I can't think of a woman who wouldn't like to be taken if it's with love. If you take a woman by force and at the same time gently, you can't fail."

Langella wanted to explore sides of the character which weren't shown before: "I decided he was a highly vulnerable and erotic man, not cool and detached and with no sense of humour or humanity. I didn't want him to appear stilted, stentorian or authoritarian as he's often presented. I wanted to show a man who, while evil, was lonely and could fall in love".

Langella held this view many years after the release of the movie. In his 2017 interview during SITGES film festival he said that he "saw a gentleman in [Dracula], while the bad guys were the ones who wanted to destroy him, and we see that today in many instances: ignorance leads to the desire to destroy different people, there is the suffering of homosexuals, or women." Langella remembers that the beginning of shooting was very disorganized. The cinematographer was changed and they had continual changes of plans. However, the actor said that the process "turned out well" in the end.

However, Langella's most vivid memories were his efforts to create a different Dracula. "I did not want to look like Bela Lugosi, or Christopher Lee", remembers Langella. He thus read the novel and found the character to be "gothic, elegant, lonely, without anyone who understood his problem, which consisted of the need for blood to survive." Langella also understood that the attraction that the character produced among women was key to realize his enormous "power of seduction", which Langella did not hesitate to use.

Badham hired legendary composer John Williams to write the musical score for the film. Williams was originally set to score Ronald Neame's sci-fi disaster Meteor, but numerous production delays forced Williams to step back from the project, freeing him to work with Badham. Williams recorded the score with the renowned London Symphony Orchestra in the spring of 1979. The original soundtrack album was released by MCA Records, followed by a Deluxe Edition encompassing the complete score by Varèse Sarabande in 2018.

Box office
In 1979, at least three Dracula films were released around the world: this film, West German director Werner Herzog's retelling as Nosferatu the Vampyre, and the comedy Love at First Bite. The success of the jokey Love at First Bite, starring George Hamilton, may have been relevant to the muted response this version experienced. The film opened at number one at the US box office with an opening weekend gross of $3,141,281 nationally from 455 theaters but performed modestly at the box office, grossing $20,158,970 domestically, and was seen as something of a disappointment by the studio.

Critical response
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, gave the film 3½ stars out of 4, writing: "What an elegantly seen Dracula this is, all shadows and blood and vapors and Frank Langella stalking through with the grace of a cat. The film is a triumph of performance, art direction and mood over materials that can lend themselves so easily to self-satire...This Dracula restores the character to the purity of its first film appearances..." Janet Maslin of The New York Times, stated: "In making this latest trip to the screen in living color, Dracula has lost some blood. The movie version ... is by no means lacking in stylishness; if anything, it's got style to spare. But so many of its sequences are at fever pitch, and the mood varies so drastically from episode to episode, that the pace becomes pointless, even taxing, after a while." Film historian Leonard Maltin gave the film 1.5 out of a possible 4 stars, describing it as "Murky...with Langella's acclaimed Broadway interpretation sabotaged by trendy horror gimmicks and ill-conceived changes to Bram Stoker's novel."

Home video
The movie made it onto Variety's All-Time Horror Rentals in 1993, but it fell into relative cinematic obscurity for several years, partly due to it having a very limited video release outside of the US.

Video recolouring
The 1979 theatrical version looks noticeably different from later prints. When the film was reissued for a widescreen laserdisc release in 1991, the director chose to alter the colour timing, desaturating the look of the film.

John Badham had intended to shoot the film in black and white (to mirror the monochrome 1931 film and the stark feel of the Gorey stage production), but Universal Studios executives objected. Cinematographer Gilbert Taylor was prompted to shoot the movie in warm, "golden" colours, to show off the distinctive production design. The original version has not been widely screened since the 1980s. Other than an occasional broadcast, such as on TCM in a pan and scan format, the movie has effectively been out of print.

In 2018, a 2.35:1 aspect ratio fan edit restored the theatrical colour timing based on the original laserdisc and VHS releases, as well as set photography and reference materials prompting an official release the following year.

A July 2019 Shout! Factory announcement revealed that the movie had been licensed to release the original 1979 theatrical colour version of Dracula on Blu-ray; it was released in November 2019. This is the first time the original 1979 Dracula has been made commercially available since first being released on VHS and laserdisc in 1982. It also includes the previously available desaturated version on another disc.

In November 2020, Black Hill Pictures and KOCH Media released a newly restored "cinema edition" featuring the 1979 colour version of Dracula on Blu-ray (Region B/2). This is the second time the original 1979 version has been made commercially available making use of higher quality source materials after the release of Shout! Factory's more aged uprint.

title: Dracula (1979 film)


text:
Talk:Raymond Damadian

Requested move 20 October 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Andrewa (talk) 08:36, 27 October 2017 (UTC)

Raymond Vahan Damadian → Raymond Damadian – WP:COMMONNAME] Ե րևանցի  talk  06:43, 20 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Raymond Damadian - 2 540 results
 * Raymond Vahan Damadian - 42 results

 * Support: Per nominator. There are no other people with Wikipedia articles with the same name (even without the middle name), so there are no disambiguation issues. His middle name is rarely, if ever, used when referring to him. --1990'sguy (talk) 13:01, 20 October 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Armenian
There seems to have been some controversy over whether Damadian can be called an Armenian American, even though he seems to be described that way very widely in reliable sources - e.g. "an American of Armenian descent", "The closest that any Armenians has come to receiving the Nobel Prize was Dr. Raymond Damadian",, etc. What's the problem? BobFromBrockley (talk) 18:05, 9 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Both of those sources cater to Armenian people who apparently live overseas (based on the fact that they use the English language) -- of course they're interested in people of that same demographic. It's clear that Damadian is of Armenian descent, and there's nothing wrong with including this in the article body. However, Damadian was born in the U.S., lived in the U.S., did all his work in the U.S., I see nothing indicating that he's an Armenian citizen, -- also, his Armenian ethnicity is irrelevant to everything he is known for. It fails MOS:LEAD. Show me mainstream sources that mention that Damadian is Armenian, and I'll be OK with including it in the intro. --1990'sguy (talk) 21:10, 9 November 2017 (UTC)
 * "Armenian American" does not mean dual national, anymore than "Italian American", "African American or any other similar hyphenated ethnic identity. BobFromBrockley (talk) 16:56, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Cf Richard Bakalyan, Ken Davitian, Adam Benjamin Jr., Steven Derounian, Charles Garabedian, Khachadour Paul Garabedian, etc etc etc - also not dual citizens as far as I can tell.BobFromBrockley (talk) 17:02, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Some of the articles you show are of people who were born overseas -- I support using that wording in that case. The other articles were people like Damadian -- where their Armenian ancestry is irrelevant to everything they're known for. I support making it simply "American" in those latter cases. Also, Italian Americans and African Americans are Americans first and foremost, and the first sentence of those articles should reflect that, unless the ethnic background of any person in question is relevant to who they are. --1990'sguy (talk) 20:40, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
 * It doesn't matter if they are "Americans first and foremost" or not. "Italian American" and "Armenian American" are how they identify themselves and/or how they are identified. It also doesn't matter whether their ethnic identity is relevant to the person's notability (clearly, Damadian's birthday isn't part of the reason Damadian is famous either, yet WP includes it in the first sentence or so of a biography). What matters is whether there are reliable sources which describe him as such. There is an article Armenian Americans which defines Armenian Americans as " citizens or residents of the United States who have total or partial Armenian ancestry". As the Damadian article has a reliably sourced statement that he is of Armenian descent, then it should be uncontroversial to describe him as Armenian American. BobFromBrockley (talk) 13:02, 13 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I haven't assessed all of these sources to see if they are all fully RS for a BLP, but here are some sources that name Damadian as "Armenian American"., , , , , , , , , , . In short, he is widely and uncontroversially regarded as Armenian American. BobFromBrockley (talk) 13:20, 13 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Are there any guidelines about including ethnicity in the intro (when it is irrelevant to the person) that favor your position? Also, there's a big difference between one's ethnic identity and one's birthdate. I would argue that one's birthdate is essential information about someone, while one's ethnic identity (assuming they don't make it a big part of themselves) is not. Besides, does Damadian himself view "Armenian American" as his ethnic identity? If he just considers himself an American and doesn't show any connection to Armenia, we should just call him an American. Otherwise, we'll probably end up using hyphenated terms on most articles. --1990'sguy (talk) 13:41, 13 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Good question. I'm not sure what the guidelines are. It seems very common in biographies of Americans (and what would be the problem if lots of articles have hyphenated identities in them?). It's clear Damadian shows connection to Armenia - e.g. he attended a world congress of Armenian scientists in the mid-2000s, or more recently an Armenian Evangelical Church annual banquet. And it's also clear he is an iconic figure in the Armenian diaspora ("His exclusion scandalized the scientific community, in general, and the Armenian community, in particular.") BobFromBrockley (talk) 15:33, 13 November 2017 (UTC)
 * These are fair points, but as I already mentioned above, I have a problem with Armenian sources (non-independent) being used to put this in the intro. Hopefully, some of the sources you linked above are, along with being reliable. --1990'sguy (talk) 19:55, 13 November 2017 (UTC)

 * His ethnicity should not be mentioned in the intro because 1) it has little to no importance to his notability 2) he was born in the US and his Armenianness is not significant in any way that should be mentioned in the intro in the same way the Armenian ancestry of Jack Kevorkian and Robert Kardashian is not mentioned in the into. -- Ե րևանցի talk  15:31, 23 November 2017 (UTC)

 * The sources are clear -- Damadian is an American of Armenian (or Armenian-French) descent, and he has no other connection to Armenia (e.g. nationality). Thus, he's not "Armenian-American" in the same way that Ron DeSantis isn't "Italian-American" or Barack Obama isn't "Kenyan-American" (try adding those labels on those two individuals' articles). It is inappropriate, inaccurate, and WP:POV to add the "Armenian-American" to the intro. --1990'sguy (talk) 01:37, 28 February 2021 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Raymond Damadian


text:
Hotchiku

The "bamboo of [the] dharma"; lit. 'dharma bamboo', sometimes romanized as ' or ', is a Japanese aerophone, an end-blown bamboo flute, crafted from root sections of bamboo. The bamboo root is cleaned and sanded, resulting in a surface patterned with many small, circular knots where the roots formerly joined the stalk. The same part of the bamboo plant is also used to produce the but, unlike the, the 's inside (bore) and outside surfaces are left unlacquered, and an inlay is not used in the mouthpiece. The membranes at the nodes inside a bore are generally left more intact than those of a, though older  also share this trait. Together, these characteristics make for a visibly and audibly raw and organic instrument. are sometimes referred to as, meaning "without [a paste made of clay and lacquer, used to smooth the bore on modern ], one-piece";  are not cut in two pieces for crafting or storage, unlike modern  that are used as musical instruments.

have four holes down the front for fingers and one hole on the back for the thumb of the upper hand. The instrument is capable of a range of at least two octaves, and more if the instrument is well-crafted and in the hands of an experienced player; they can be fashioned to any length, suitable bamboo permitting, with longer instruments having their frequency range shifted proportionally lower. are typically longer than other variations of the, and almost always thicker and heavier.

The techniques for playing the are similar to  techniques, although the sound resulting from  is more fragile and possibly less well tuned to musical scales than are modern, refined (, or tuned ). The angle of the lit. 'singing mouth' (歌口), or blowing edge, of a is closer to perpendicular to the bore axis than that of a modern, but this is mostly a choice of the maker depending upon the size of the bamboo. Older and  also share this trait, though unlike  they usually have an inlaid blowing edge. This property, along with the unlacquered bore, results in a rough and breathy timbre.

Because of its extremely natural construction, the is commonly used for suizen (吹禅) (blowing Zen meditation). Playing traditional is generally only attempted by highly skilled  musicians, since the blowing and fingering techniques required for  have to be altered considerably. Since are not generally tuned to a standard musical scale, they do not commonly accompany other instruments.

Distinctions between and traditional

The term was popularized by Watzumi Doso. Traditional were quite similar, with three primary differences. First, modern performers such as Doso and Okuda often prefer exceptionally long, while  rarely exceeded 2.1. Second, had an inlaid mouthpiece, which protects the blowing edge from taking on excess moisture and rotting out. Thirdly, though is not used, the inside is painted with, a natural lacquer made from the sap of the urushi tree, used in Japan from antiquity. Like the mouthpiece inlay, this protects the bore from taking on excess moisture and contributes to the flute's longevity.

Lacking and a mouthpiece inlay,  gradually take on moisture as they are played, making the tone less stable. Though were not tuned to a precise scale either, they could generally be played together. As their hole positions were either calculated or copied from another, a particular piece could be played roughly the same way on any. take even more freedom; some of Watazumi Doso's instruments were literally a piece of bamboo cut down with some holes seemingly randomly bored into it.

Distinguishing from  in general can be difficult, as there are many types of. In addition to, there are also modern , such as those made by John Kaizan Neptune, which are tuned to be played with modern (Western) musical instruments. Again, since the abolition of the Fuke sect in 1871, modern have been made in two halves in order to tune them more precisely, but  used for Zen practice have been primarily  since the beginning. The term encompasses all of these, including, and should not be understood as referring only to the modern, more musical iteration of the instrument.

Famous players

 * Watazumi Doso Roshi
 * Nishimura Koku
 * Atsuya Okuda

title: Hotchiku


text:
User:Fugg

Also Fugg at wikibooks. Currently cataloging open-source and freeware games.

title: User:Fugg