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Urquhart Castle

Urquhart Castle (Caisteal na Sròine) is a ruined castle that sits beside Loch Ness in the Highlands of Scotland. The castle is on the A82 road, 21 km south-west of Inverness and 2 km east of the village of Drumnadrochit.

The present ruins date from the 13th to the 16th centuries, though built on the site of an early medieval fortification. Founded in the 13th century, Urquhart played a role in the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century. It was subsequently held as a royal castle and was raided on several occasions by the MacDonald Earls of Ross. The castle was granted to the Clan Grant in 1509, though conflict with the MacDonalds continued. Despite a series of further raids the castle was strengthened, only to be largely abandoned by the middle of the 17th century. Urquhart was partially destroyed in 1692 to prevent its use by Jacobite forces, and subsequently decayed. In the 20th century, it was placed in state care as a scheduled monument and opened to the public: it is now one of the most-visited castles in Scotland and received 547,518 visitors in 2019.

The castle, situated on a headland overlooking Loch Ness, is one of the largest in Scotland in area. It was approached from the west and defended by a ditch and drawbridge. The buildings of the castle were laid out around two main enclosures on the shore. The northern enclosure or Nether Bailey includes most of the more intact structures, including the gatehouse, and the five-story Grant Tower at the north end of the castle. The southern enclosure or Upper Bailey, sited on higher ground, comprises the scant remains of earlier buildings.

Early Middle Ages
The name Urquhart derives from the 7th-century form Airdchartdan, itself a mix of the Old Irish aird (point or promontory) and Old Welsh cardden (thicket or wood). Pieces of vitrified stone, subjected to intense heat and characteristic of early medieval fortification, had been discovered at Urquhart from the early 20th century. Speculation that Urquhart may have been the fortress of Bridei son of Maelchon, king of the northern Picts, led Professor Leslie Alcock to undertake excavations in 1983. Adomnán's Life of Columba records that St. Columba visited Bridei some time between 562 and 586, though little geographical detail is given. Adomnán also relates that during the visit, Columba converted a Pictish nobleman named Emchath, who was on his deathbed, his son Virolec, and their household, at a place called Airdchartdan. The excavations, supported by radiocarbon dating, indicated that the rocky knoll at the south-west corner of the castle had been the site of an extensive fort between the 5th and 11th centuries. The findings led Professor Alcock to conclude that Urquhart is most likely to have been the site of Emchath's residence, rather than that of Bridei who is more likely to have been based at Inverness, either at the site of the castle or at Craig Phadrig to the west.

The early castle
Some sources state that William the Lion had a royal castle at Urquhart in the 12th century, though Professor Alcock finds no evidence for this. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Meic Uilleim (MacWilliams), descendants of Malcolm III, staged a series of rebellions against David I and his successors. The last of these rebellions was put down in 1229, and to maintain order Alexander II granted Urquhart to his Hostarius (usher or door-ward), Thomas de Lundin. On de Lundin's death a few years later it passed to his son Alan Durward. It is considered likely that the original castle was built soon after this time, centred on the motte at the south-west of the site. In 1275, after Alan's death, the king granted Urquhart to John II Comyn, Lord of Badenoch.

The first documentary record of Urquhart Castle occurs in 1296 when it was captured by Edward I of England. Edward's invasion marked the beginning of the Wars of Scottish Independence, which would go on intermittently until 1357. Edward appointed Sir William Fitz Warin as constable to hold the castle for the English. In 1297 he was ambushed by Sir Andrew de Moray while returning from Inverness, and Moray subsequently laid siege to the castle, launching an unsuccessful night attack. The English must have been dislodged soon after, since in 1298 Urquhart was again controlled by the Scots. In 1303 Sir Alexander de Forbes failed to hold off another English assault. This time Edward installed as governor Alexander Comyn, brother of John, as the family had sided with the English against Robert Bruce. Following his murder of the Red Comyn in 1306, Bruce completed his defeat of the Comyns when he marched through the Great Glen in 1307, taking the castles of Inverlochy, Urquhart and Inverness. After this time Urquhart became a royal castle, held for the crown by a series of constables.

Sir Robert Lauder of Quarrelwood was constable of Urquhart Castle in 1329. After fighting at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333, where the Scots were defeated, Lauder returned to hold Urquhart against another threatened English invasion. It is recorded as being one of only five castles in Scotland held by the Scots at this time (the others were Dumbarton, Lochleven, Kildrummy and Loch Doon). In 1342, David II spent the summer hunting at Urquhart, the only king to have stayed here.

Over the next two hundred years, the Great Glen was raided frequently by the MacDonald Lords of the Isles, powerful rulers of a semi-independent kingdom in western Scotland, with a valid claim to the earldom of Ross. In 1395, Domhnall of Islay seized Urquhart Castle from the crown, and managed to retain it for more than 15 years. His brother, Alexander Macdonald, Lord of Lochaber, also had a contract from Thomas Dunbar, Earl of Moray, to defend the Regality of Moray, which included access to the Great Glen. In 1411, Donald Macdonald marched through the glen on his way to claim the earldom of Ross. He met Alexander Stewart, earl of Mar at the Battle of Harlaw. Donald won the battle and retained control of Ross thereafter. James I recognized his title as the first earl of Ross of his family. Nevertheless, the crown was soon back in control of Urquhart.

In 1437 Domhnall's son Alexander, Earl of Ross, raided around Glen Urquhart but could not take the castle. Royal funds were granted to shore up the castle's defences. Alexander's son John succeeded his father in 1449, aged 16. In 1452 he too led a raid up the Great Glen, seizing Urquhart, and subsequently obtained a grant of the lands and castle of Urquhart for life. However, in 1462 John made an agreement with Edward IV of England against the Scottish King James III. When this became known to James in 1476, John was stripped of his titles, and Urquhart was turned over to an ally, the Earl of Huntly.

The Grants

Huntly brought in Sir Duncan Grant of Freuchie to restore order to the area around Urquhart Castle. His son John Grant of Freuchie (d.1538) was given a five-year lease of the Glen Urquhart estate in 1502. In 1509, Urquhart Castle, along with the estates of Glen Urquhart and Glenmoriston, was granted by James IV to John Grant in perpetuity, on condition that he repair and rebuild the castle. The Grants maintained their ownership of the castle until 1512, although the raids from the west continued. In 1513, following the disaster of Flodden, Sir Donald MacDonald of Lochalsh attempted to gain from the disarray in Scotland by claiming the Lordship of the Isles and occupying Urquhart Castle. Grant regained the castle before 1517, but not before the MacDonalds had driven off 300 cattle and 1,000 sheep, as well as looting the castle of provisions. Grant unsuccessfully attempted to claim damages from MacDonald. James Grant of Freuchie (d.1553) succeeded his father, and in 1544 became involved with Huntly and Clan Fraser in a feud with the Macdonalds of Clanranald, which culminated in the Battle of the Shirts. In retaliation, the MacDonalds and their allies the Camerons attacked and captured Urquhart in 1545. Known as the "Great Raid", this time the MacDonalds succeeded in taking 2,000 cattle, as well as hundreds of other animals, and stripped the castle of its furniture, cannon, and even the gates. Grant regained the castle, and was also awarded Cameron lands as recompense.

The Great Raid proved to be the last raid. In 1527, the historian Hector Boece wrote of the "rewinous wallis" of Urquhart, but by the close of the 16th century Urquhart had been rebuilt by the Grants, now a powerful force in the Highlands. Repairs and remodelling continued as late as 1623, although the castle was no longer a favoured residence. In 1644 a mob of Covenanters (Presbyterian agitators) broke into the castle when Lady Mary Grant was staying, robbing her and turning her out for her adherence to Episcopalianism. An inventory taken in 1647 shows the castle virtually empty. When Oliver Cromwell invaded Scotland in 1650, he disregarded Urquhart in favour of building forts at either end of the Great Glen.

When James VII was deposed in the Revolution of 1688, Ludovic Grant of Freuchie sided with William of Orange and garrisoned the castle with 200 of his own soldiers. Though lacking weapons they were well-provisioned and, when a force of 500 Jacobites (supporters of the exiled James) laid siege, the garrison was able to hold out until after the defeat of the main Jacobite force at Cromdale in May 1690. When the soldiers finally left they blew up the gatehouse to prevent the reoccupation of the castle by the Jacobites. Large blocks of collapsed masonry are still visible beside the remains of the gatehouse. Parliament ordered £2,000 compensation to be paid to Grant, but no repairs were undertaken. Subsequent plundering of the stonework and other materials for re-use by locals further reduced the ruins, and the Grant Tower partially collapsed following a storm in 1715.

Later history
By the 1770s the castle was roofless and was regarded as a romantic ruin by 19th-century painters and visitors to the Highlands. In 1884 the castle came under the control of Caroline, Dowager Countess of Seafield, widow of the 7th Earl of Seafield, on the death of her son the 8th Earl. On Lady Seafield's death in 1911 her will instructed that Urquhart Castle be entrusted into state care, and in October 1913 responsibility for the castle's upkeep was transferred to the Commissioners of His Majesty's Works and Public Buildings. Historic Environment Scotland (formerly Historic Scotland), the successor to the Office of Works, continues to maintain the castle, which is scheduled monument in recognition of its national significance.

In 1994 Historic Scotland proposed the construction of a new visitor centre and car park to alleviate the problems of parking on the main A82 road. Strong local opposition led to a public inquiry, which approved the proposals in 1998. The new building is sunk into the embankment below the road, with provision for parking on the roof of the structure. The visitor centre includes a display of the history of the site, including a series of replicas from the medieval period; a cinema; a restaurant; and a shop. The castle is open all year, and can also host wedding ceremonies. In 2018 518,195 people visited Urquhart Castle, making it Historic Scotland's third most visited site after the castles of Edinburgh and Stirling.

Description
Urquhart Castle is sited on Strone Point, a triangular promontory on the north-western shore of Loch Ness, and commands the route along this side of the Great Glen as well as the entrance to Glen Urquhart. The castle is quite close to water level, though there are low cliffs along the northeast sides of the promontory. There is considerable room for muster on the inland side, where a "castle-toun" of service buildings would originally have stood, as well as gardens and orchards in the 17th century. Beyond this area the ground rises steeply to the north-west, up to the visitor centre and the A82. A dry moat, 30 m across at its widest, defends the landward approach, possibly excavated in the early Middle Ages. A stone-built causeway provides access, with a drawbridge formerly crossing the gap at the centre. The castle side of the causeway was formerly walled-in, forming an enclosed space similar to a barbican.

Urquhart is one of the largest castles in Scotland in area. The walled portion of the castle is shaped roughly like a figure-8 aligned northeast-southwest along the bank of the loch, around 150 by, forming two baileys (enclosures): the Nether Bailey to the north, and the Upper Bailey to the south. The curtain walls of both enclosures date largely to the 14th century, though much augmented by later building, particularly to the north where most of the remaining structures are located.

Nether Bailey
The 16th-century gatehouse is on the inland side of the Nether Bailey and comprises twin D-plan towers flanking an arched entrance passage. Formerly the passage was defended by a portcullis and a double set of doors, with guard rooms on either side. Over the entrance are a series of rooms which may have served as accommodation for the castle's keeper. Collapsed masonry surrounds the gatehouse, dating from its destruction after 1690.

The Nether Bailey, the main focus of activity in the castle since around 1400, is anchored at its northern tip by the Grant Tower, the main tower house or keep. The tower measures 12 by, and has walls up to 3 m thick. The tower rests on 14th-century foundations, but is largely the result of 16th-century rebuilding. Originally of five storeys, it remains the tallest portion of the castle despite the southern wall collapsing in a storm in the early 18th century. The standing parts of the parapet, remodelled in the 1620s, show that the corners of the tower were topped by corbelled bartizans (turrets). Above the main door on the west, and the postern to the east, are machicolations, narrow slots through which objects could be dropped on attackers. The western door is also protected by its own ditch and drawbridge, accessed from a cobbled "Inner Close" separated from the main bailey by a gate. The surviving interior sections can still be accessed via the circular staircase built into the east wall of the tower. The interior would have comprised a hall on the first floor, with rooms on another two floors above, and attic chambers in the turrets. Rooms on the main floors have large 16th-century windows, though with small pistol holes below to allow for defence.

To the south of the tower is a range of buildings built against the thick, buttressed, 14th-century curtain wall. The great hall occupied the central part of this range, with the lord's private apartments of great chamber and solar in the block to the north, and kitchens to the south. The foundations of a rectangular building stand on a rocky mound within the Nether Bailey, tentatively identified as a chapel.

Upper Bailey
The Upper Bailey is focused on the rocky mound at the southwest corner of the castle. The highest part of the headland, this mound is the site of the earliest defences at Urquhart. Vitrified material, characteristic of early medieval fortification, was discovered on the slopes of the mound, indicating the site of the early medieval fortification identified by Professor Alcock. In the 13th century, the mound became the motte of the original castle built by the Durwards, and the surviving walls represent a "shell keep" (a hollow enclosure) of this date. These ruins are fragmentary but indicate that there were towers to the north and south of the shell keep.

A 16th-century watergate in the eastern wall of the Upper Bailey gives access to the shore of the loch. The adjacent buildings may have housed the stables. To the south of this, opposite the motte, is the base of a doocot (pigeon house) and the scant remains of 13th-century buildings, possibly once a great hall but more recently re-used as a smithy.

Relics
After the castle came into public hands repairs and excavations were carried out. These were interrupted by World War I but were resumed and completed by 1922. A large collection of relics was found, including a bronze ewer from the 15th century, coins, jewellery, crosses and other items from the 13th to 17th centuries. The excavations have been criticised for not recording the locations or stratigraphic information, but the collection is of great value, and is now mostly in the care of the National Museum, Edinburgh. Samson (1983) has provided a detailed list with illustrations.

title: Urquhart Castle


text: User talk:218.111.222.38

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:218.111.222.38


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MEETING THAT SPAWNED 9/11

MEETING_THAT_SPAWNED_9/11
Patent nonsense and ranting, probably copied from a website. Luigi30 03:09, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Heatherden Hall

Heatherden Hall is a Grade II-listed, Victorian country house located in Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire, England. It stands in the grounds of Pinewood Studios and is used as offices, film sets, and as a wedding venue.

It was purchased by Lieutenant-Colonel Walter Grant Morden, a Canadian financier and Member of Parliament, who transformed the mansion by adding a large ballroom and a Victorian Turkish bath. During the 1930s it became a retreat and private meeting place for politicians and diplomats.

History
When Morden died in 1932, the estate was bought at auction by Charles Boot, who had recently inherited a large construction firm from his father, Henry Boot, who had died in 1931. Within a year Charles Boot had transformed Heatherden Hall into the office building for a new film studio complex that occupied the grounds.

The mansion has two main fronts: one formal three-storey entrance and another that is seen mostly in films. A conservatory was added to the front where the door was once situated, and became known as the Gatsby Suite; however, this was subsequently removed and now forms part of the enlarged outdoor terrace. The grand ballroom runs along the side. Heatherden Hall has extensive grounds with formal gardens and lakes, plants and features. The many trees surrounding the manor served as the inspiration for the name "Pinewood".

Use in films
The house and gardens have been featured in many British films, including Doctor in the House, Twice Round the Daffodils, The Amazing Mr Blunden, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, Bugsy Malone, The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, From Russia with Love (as the SPECTRE headquarters) and the Carry On films. It has appeared in such television series as One Foot in the Grave and Midsomer Murders. The Great Celebrity Bake Off for SU2C and the Great American Baking Show are filmed on the grounds of Heatherden Hall.

title: Heatherden Hall


text:
Projection-valued measure

In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis, a projection-valued measure (or spectral measure) is a function defined on certain subsets of a fixed set and whose values are self-adjoint projections on a fixed Hilbert space. A projection-valued measure (PVM) is formally similar to a real-valued measure, except that its values are self-adjoint projections rather than real numbers. As in the case of ordinary measures, it is possible to integrate complex-valued functions with respect to a PVM; the result of such an integration is a linear operator on the given Hilbert space.

Projection-valued measures are used to express results in spectral theory, such as the important spectral theorem for self-adjoint operators, in which case the PVM is sometimes referred to as the spectral measure. The Borel functional calculus for self-adjoint operators is constructed using integrals with respect to PVMs. In quantum mechanics, PVMs are the mathematical description of projective measurements. They are generalized by positive operator valued measures (POVMs) in the same sense that a mixed state or density matrix generalizes the notion of a pure state.

Definition
Let $$H$$ denote a separable complex Hilbert space and $$(X, M)$$ a measurable space consisting of a set $$X$$ and a Borel σ-algebra  $$M$$ on $$X$$. A projection-valued measure $$\pi$$ is a map from $$M$$ to the set of bounded self-adjoint operators on $$H$$ satisfying the following properties:
 * $$\pi(E)$$ is an orthogonal projection for all $$E \in M.$$
 * $$\pi(\emptyset) = 0$$ and $$\pi(X) = I$$, where $$\emptyset$$ is the empty set and $$I$$ the identity operator.
 * If $$E_1, E_2, E_3,\dotsc$$ in $$M$$ are disjoint, then for all $$v \in H$$,
 * $$\pi\left(\bigcup_{j=1}^{\infty} E_j \right)v = \sum_{j=1}^{\infty} \pi(E_j) v.$$

 * $$\pi(E_1 \cap E_2)= \pi(E_1)\pi(E_2)$$ for all $$E_1, E_2 \in M.$$

The second and fourth property show that if $$ E_1 $$ and $$E_2$$ are disjoint, i.e., $$E_1 \cap E_2 = \emptyset$$, the images $$\pi(E_1)$$ and $$\pi(E_2)$$ are orthogonal to each other.

Let $$V_E = \operatorname{im}(\pi(E))$$ and its orthogonal complement $$V^\perp_E=\ker(\pi(E))$$ denote the image and kernel, respectively, of $$\pi(E)$$. If $$V_E $$ is a closed subspace of $$H$$ then $$H$$ can be wrtitten as the orthogonal decomposition $$H=V_E \oplus V^\perp_E$$ and $$\pi(E)=I_E$$ is the unique identity operator on $$V_E $$ satisfying all four properties.

For every $$\xi,\eta\in H$$ and $$E\in M$$ the projection-valued measure forms a complex-valued measure on $$H$$ defined as
 * $$ \mu_{\xi,\eta}(E) := \langle \pi(E)\xi \mid \eta \rangle

$$ with total variation at most $$\|\xi\|\|\eta\|$$. It reduces to a real-valued measure when
 * $$ \mu_{\xi}(E) := \langle \pi(E)\xi \mid \xi \rangle

$$ and a probability measure when $$\xi$$ is a unit vector.

Example Let $$(X, M, \mu)$$ be a $σ$-finite measure space and, for all $$E \in M$$, let

\pi(E) : L^2(X) \to L^2 (X) $$ be defined as
 * $$\psi \mapsto \pi(E)\psi=1_E \psi,$$

i.e., as multiplication by the indicator function $$1_E$$ on L2(X). Then $$\pi(E)=1_E$$ defines a projection-valued measure. For example, if $$X = \mathbb{R}$$, $$E = (0,1)$$, and $$\phi,\psi \in L^2(\mathbb{R})$$ there is then the associated complex measure $$\mu_{\phi,\psi}$$ which takes a measurable function $$f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$$ and gives the integral
 * $$\int_E f\,d\mu_{\phi,\psi} = \int_0^1 f(x)\psi(x)\overline{\phi}(x)\,dx$$

Extensions of projection-valued measures
If $\pi$ is a projection-valued measure on a measurable space (X, M), then the map

\chi_E \mapsto \pi(E) $$

extends to a linear map on the vector space of step functions on X. In fact, it is easy to check that this map is a ring homomorphism. This map extends in a canonical way to all bounded complex-valued measurable functions on X, and we have the following.

$$

The theorem is also correct for unbounded measurable functions $$f$$ but then $$T$$ will be an unbounded linear operator on the Hilbert space $$H$$.

This allows to define the Borel functional calculus for such operators and then pass to measurable functions via the Riesz–Markov–Kakutani representation theorem. That is, if $$g:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{C}$$ is a measurable function, then a unique measure exists such that
 * $$g(T) :=\int_\mathbb{R} g(x) \, d\pi(x).$$

Spectral theorem
Let $$H$$ be a separable complex Hilbert space, $$A:H\to H$$ be a bounded self-adjoint operator and $$\sigma(A)$$ the spectrum of $$A$$. Then the spectral theorem says that there exists a unique projection-valued measure $$\pi^A$$, defined on a Borel subset $$ E \subset \sigma(A)$$, such that
 * $$A =\int_{\sigma(A)} \lambda \, d\pi^A(\lambda),$$

where the integral extends to an unbounded function $$\lambda$$ when the spectrum of $$A$$ is unbounded.

Direct integrals
First we provide a general example of projection-valued measure based on direct integrals. Suppose (X, M, μ) is a measure space and let {Hx}x ∈ X be a μ-measurable family of separable Hilbert spaces. For every E ∈ M, let π(E) be the operator of multiplication by 1E on the Hilbert space

 * $$ \int_X^\oplus H_x \ d \mu(x). $$

Then π is a projection-valued measure on (X, M).

Suppose π, ρ are projection-valued measures on  (X, M) with values in the projections of H, K. π, ρ  are unitarily equivalent if and only if there is a unitary operator U:H → K such that

 * $$ \pi(E) = U^* \rho(E) U \quad $$

for every E ∈ M.

Theorem. If (X, M) is a standard Borel space, then for every projection-valued measure π on (X, M) taking values in the projections of a separable Hilbert space, there is a Borel measure μ and a μ-measurable family of Hilbert spaces {Hx}x ∈ X, such that π is unitarily equivalent to multiplication by 1E on the Hilbert space

 * $$ \int_X^\oplus H_x \ d \mu(x). $$

The measure class of μ and the measure equivalence class of the multiplicity function x → dim Hx completely characterize the projection-valued measure up to unitary equivalence.

A projection-valued measure π is homogeneous of multiplicity n if and only if the multiplicity function has constant value n. Clearly,

Theorem. Any projection-valued measure π taking values in the projections of a separable Hilbert space is an orthogonal direct sum of homogeneous projection-valued measures:

 * $$ \pi = \bigoplus_{1 \leq n \leq \omega} (\pi \mid H_n) $$

where

 * $$ H_n = \int_{X_n}^\oplus H_x \ d (\mu \mid X_n) (x) $$

and

 * $$ X_n = \{x \in X: \dim H_x = n\}. $$

Application in quantum mechanics
In quantum mechanics, given a projection-valued measure of a measurable space $$X$$ to the space of continuous endomorphisms upon a Hilbert space $$H$$,

 * the projective space $$\mathbf{P}(H)$$ of the Hilbert space $$H$$ is interpreted as the set of possible (normalizable) states $$\varphi$$ of a quantum system,
 * the measurable space $$X$$ is the value space for some quantum property of the system (an "observable"),
 * the projection-valued measure $$\pi$$ expresses the probability that the observable takes on various values.

A common choice for $$X$$ is the real line, but it may also be

 * $$\mathbb{R}^3$$ (for position or momentum in three dimensions ),
 * a discrete set (for angular momentum, energy of a bound state, etc.),
 * the 2-point set "true" and "false" for the truth-value of an arbitrary proposition about $$\varphi$$.

Let $$E$$ be a measurable subset of $$X$$ and $$\varphi$$ a normalized vector quantum state in $$H$$, so that its Hilbert norm is unitary, $$\|\varphi\|=1$$. The probability that the observable takes its value in $$E$$, given the system in state $$\varphi$$, is

P_\pi(\varphi)(E) = \langle \varphi\mid\pi(E)(\varphi)\rangle = \langle \varphi|\pi(E)|\varphi\rangle.$$

We can parse this in two ways. First, for each fixed $$E$$, the projection $$\pi(E)$$ is a self-adjoint operator on $$H$$ whose 1-eigenspace are the states $$\varphi$$ for which the value of the observable always lies in $$E$$, and whose 0-eigenspace are the states $$\varphi$$ for which the value of the observable never lies in $$E$$.

Second, for each fixed normalized vector state $$\varphi$$, the association

P_\pi(\varphi) : E \mapsto \langle\varphi\mid\pi(E)\varphi\rangle $$ is a probability measure on $$X$$ making the values of the observable into a random variable.

A measurement that can be performed by a projection-valued measure $$\pi$$ is called a projective measurement.

If $$X$$ is the real number line, there exists, associated to $$\pi$$, a self-adjoint operator $$A$$ defined on $$H$$ by

 * $$A(\varphi) = \int_{\mathbb{R}} \lambda \,d\pi(\lambda)(\varphi),$$

which reduces to

 * $$A(\varphi) = \sum_i \lambda_i \pi({\lambda_i})(\varphi)$$

if the support of $$\pi$$ is a discrete subset of $$X$$.

The above operator $$A$$ is called the observable associated with the spectral measure.

Generalizations
The idea of a projection-valued measure is generalized by the positive operator-valued measure (POVM), where the need for the orthogonality implied by projection operators is replaced by the idea of a set of operators that are a non-orthogonal partition of unity. This generalization is motivated by applications to quantum information theory.

title: Projection-valued measure


text: Talk:Geography of the West Bank

title: Talk:Geography of the West Bank


text:
Template:Adelaide tasks

Here are some tasks you can do to help with WikiProject Adelaide:

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Mark Mancina

Mark Mancina (born 1957) is an American film composer. A veteran of Hans Zimmer's Media Ventures, Mancina has scored over sixty films and television series including Speed, Bad Boys, Twister, Tarzan, Training Day, Brother Bear, Criminal Minds, Blood+, Planes and Moana.

He has made several collaborations with The Walt Disney Company, and has won two Grammy Awards, and was nominated for an Annie Award for Brother Bear. For his work on the Disney Theatrical Productions adaptation of The Lion King, he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Original Score in a Musical.

Career
Mancina has worked primarily as a composer for Hollywood soundtracks, such as his collaboration with Trevor Rabin on the soundtrack for Con Air. He arranged many of the songs behind Disney's The Lion King (while Hans Zimmer wrote the orchestral score with Nick Glennie-Smith and Lebo M for the African chants) including the Broadway musical. He composed the score for the thriller Twister (1996) and the action films Speed (1994) and Bad Boys (1995). Mancina co-wrote several songs for Hanna-Barbera's 1990 animated film Jetsons: The Movie.

Mancina collaborated with John Van Tongeren to write the theme to the 1995 revival of The Outer Limits. They both scored ten episodes for the first season of the show. He collaborated with Phil Collins on two Disney animated feature films, Tarzan (for which soundtrack he and Collins received a Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album) and Brother Bear. Mancina wrote and composed the arrangement of "When You Wish Upon a Star" from 2006 to 2022 for the previous Disney logo and was co-arranged with and orchestrated by David Metzger. Furthermore, he composed the music of the Disneynature logo, as well as co-composing the music of the 2013 DisneyToon Studios logo with Metzger.

Mancina composed the music for the 2005–06 anime television series Blood+, which had music produced by Hans Zimmer. Additionally in television, he composed score for Criminal Minds and Soldier Of Fortune, Inc.

Mancina has contributed to a number of progressive rock projects. He toured with Trevor Rabin in support of Can't Look Away and went on to produce tracks on the Yes album Union in 1991. He worked with Emerson, Lake & Palmer, as he coproduced their 1992 album, Black Moon, and he also wrote one song Burning Bridges on this record.

With playwright Glen Berger, Mancina has written a musical based on the film August Rush, for which he had written the score. Mancina and Berger cowrote the lyrics for the musical, with Mancina writing the music and Berger writing the book. Under the direction of John Doyle, it received its world premiere at the Paramount Theatre in Aurora, Illinois in May 2019.

Although he did not participate in the 2020 film Bad Boys for Life, his original theme for Bad Boys is used heavily throughout the film as well as the end credits.

Personal life
He resides in Carmel, California, with his wife and daughter. Trained as a classical guitarist, he is an avid guitar player and rare instrument collector.

title: Mark Mancina


text:
User talk:EricAir

Welcome!

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Hi EricAir, thanks for the contributions. The copyright status of the images is unclear, and they also have (C) EnchantedLearning, which further complicates their status, if they are made by you and your are releasing them under the GFDL, you might want to remove the (C), otherwise third parties may be unsure as to whether they can reuse the content. Please read our image use policy. Also the cell (biology) article already has an image of the animal cell, and the placement of the image breaks up the text, and the image had no caption, so I have removed it from that particular article for the moment, but I'm sure we can find somewhere else to reuse it. Thanks. --Lexor|Talk 10:59, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:EricAir


text:
Richmond Kickers

Richmond Kickers is an American professional soccer club based in Richmond, Virginia. The Kickers compete as a member of USL League One (USL1). The club was established in 1993, and began play that same year as a United States Interregional Soccer League (now USL League Two) expansion team, which at the time, was the fourth tier of soccer in the United States.

The club's majority owner is 22 Holdings, LLC, and its minority owners are Richmond Kickers Youth Soccer Club and the Ukrop family, a prominent family from the Greater Richmond Region who founded the Ukrop's grocery chain. The company serves as the club's primary uniform sponsor. Darren Sawatzky has been the club's manager since 2019, taking over for David Bulow. The club's Director of Soccer, Leigh Cowlishaw, coached the team from 2000 until 2018, making him one of the longest tenured professional soccer coaches in American soccer history.

The Kickers play their home league matches at City Stadium, with a reduced capacity of 6,000 seats for most matches. City Stadium has been the club's primary home since 1995. The club has two primary supporters groups: the Red Army and the Scuffletown Social Club, both of whom sit in Section O of the stadium. Richmond has rivalries with fellow Mid-Atlantic and Deep South soccer clubs including the Charleston Battery and Greenville Triumph. The Kickers had an intrastate rivalry with the Virginia Beach Mariners, where the two sides competed for the James River Cup until the Mariners folded in 2009.

The Kickers played their inaugural match on May 8, 1993, winning 1–0 over the now defunct-Columbia Spirit. Richmond has won eight trophies over the course of their history including four regular season titles across the second, third, and fourth divisions, and three playoffs championships across the third and fourth divisions. The club has won the U.S. Open Cup once, winning the domestic cup in 1995. The club earned a berth into the 1996 CONCACAF Cup Winners Cup, but ultimately did not play in the tournament.

Today the club is one of the most well-attended USL League One teams, with an average of 3,000 to 4,000 fans per match.

The team has been known to develop several players who has notable soccer careers. Some notable players who played for the Richmond Kickers include, Derrick Etienne, Dwayne De Rosario, and Matt Turner. Some players who played a majority of their career with Richmond include Matthew Delicâte, Yomby William, Robert Ukrop, and Kevin Jeffrey.

1993–2019
The Richmond Kickers were founded in 1993 and played their inaugural season in the United States Interregional Soccer League (USISL), which, at the time, represented the third division of the American soccer pyramid. The team originally played their home matches on the campus of the University of Richmond and targeted players specifically from Virginia. After a poor season in 1994, the club self-relegated to the newly formed fourth-tier USISL Premier League, now known as the USL League Two. During the 1995 season, the Kickers battled to a 15–3 winning season and went on to win the first ever USISL Premier League championship, defeating the now-defunct Cocoa Expos in the championship. That same season, Richmond won their only, Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup championship. The following year, Richmond chose to rejoin the third division, where they reached the USISL Select League championship, only to lose to the California Jaguars in the finals.

For the next nine seasons, Richmond played in the second tier of the American soccer pyramid, earning the Commissioner's Cup twice, in 1998 and 2001, as well as earning two conference championships. However, the club was never able to secure a division two league championship, their closest coming in 2005, when the Kickers fell to the Seattle Sounders in the 2005 USL First Division Championship. After the 2005 season, the Kickers ownership self-relegated the team back into the third division, citing possible financial problems for the club if they remained in the second tier. Since joining the third division, the Kickers have had tremendous success, making it to at least the playoff semifinals each season they have played in the third division. Additionally, the Kickers have won two third division premierships and two third division championships during their spell.

In September 2005, the club retired Rob Ukrop's #6 jersey. Ukrop played for the inaugural 1993 Kickers and the 1995 U.S. Open Cup team, joined the New England Revolution at the launch of Major League Soccer before returning midway through the 1996 season to play out his career in his hometown.

Richmond Kickers have not only experienced league success, but have been perennial contenders in the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup tournament. In the 2007 U.S. Open Cup, the Kickers defeated the Los Angeles Galaxy of the first division, Major League Soccer, 1–0 in the third round of competition. The Kickers won their First Round match of the 2008 U.S. Open Cup, beating the Fredericksburg Gunners of the PDL with a final scoreline of 3–0. The Kickers won their second-round game over the Western Mass Pioneers 2–1 before being eliminated from the Cup in the third round by MLS side, and defending USOC champion, New England Revolution, 3–0. In the 2011 US Open Cup the Kickers made a Cinderella run, defeating MLS clubs Columbus Crew and Sporting Kansas City to reach the semi-finals, before falling to the Chicago Fire.

The Kickers briefly sponsored two developmental teams of their own: Richmond Kickers Future and Richmond Kickers Destiny. Future played in the men's USL Premier Development League from 2002 to 2008, while the Destiny played in the women's USL W-League from 2004 to 2009. The Kickers entered a multi-year deal to become the USL Pro affiliate of D.C. United in 2013, and continued that affiliation through 2018. Loudoun United FC was launched as a fully owned-and-operated affiliate of D.C. United for the 2019 USL Championship season, presumably ending the Kickers' affiliation tenure.

USL League One era and new ownership (2019–present)
After two losing seasons in the second-division USL Championship, the Kickers announced that they were self-relegating and becoming inaugural members of the new third division league, USL League One. In addition to joining a new league, the Kickers announced that 22 Holdings, LLC, an organization consisting of former Davidson College soccer players and led by former Kickers player Rob Ukrop, had acquired a controlling interest in the team. The former majority owners, the Richmond Kickers Youth Soccer Club, would continue holding a minority interest in the team and operating as the team's youth organization.

Colors and badge
The Kickers' primary colors are red and white, having been so since the beginning of the 2001 season. Their kits are manufactured by Adidas, as they have been since at least 2009. In March 2012, the Kickers revealed a new logo designed by branding firm yogg llc to celebrate 20 years since their inception. Along with the new crest, the club also announced they would be using a third uniform with the colors from their first season in 1993, green and blue. They also have a black kit they have used during the 2013 season.

For the 2022 season, the club released "legacy kits" for the season which included the club's original green color in the home kits. The club used the original 1993 logo in the kits.

Stadium

 * E. Claiborne Robins Stadium, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia (1993–1994)
 * City Stadium, Richmond, Virginia (1995–present)

Supporters
The Kickers' supporters groups sit in section O of City Stadium. The two supporters groups are the River City Red Army, which formed in 2010, and the Scuffletown Social Club, which formed in 2020.

James River Cup
The James River Cup was an annual competition held between the Richmond Kickers and the Virginia Beach Mariners (formerly Hampton Roads Mariners) which the team with the most points at the conclusion of all scheduled matches between the two teams would win. The Cup was held every year since 1996 with the exception of 1997 and 2001 when Virginia Beach did not field a team. In 2007, the Virginia Beach team was disbanded.

For the 2008 season, the James River Cup was contested between the Kickers' organization and the Hampton Roads Piranhas organization. The cup went to the organization that had the most points in games between their PDL and W-League teams. The series ended up tied 2–2–1, with the Piranhas winning the Cup on goal difference.

Winners

 * 2008: Hampton Roads Piranhas
 * 2007: Not held
 * 2006: Virginia Beach Mariners
 * 2005: Richmond Kickers
 * 2004: Richmond Kickers
 * 2003: Richmond Kickers
 * 2002: Richmond Kickers
 * 2001: Not held
 * 2000: Richmond Kickers
 * 1999: Richmond Kickers
 * 1998: Richmond Kickers
 * 1997: Not held
 * 1996: Hampton Roads Mariners

Club management
{|class="wikitable" !style="background:#E31735; color:white;" scope="col" colspan=2|Front office

!style="background:#E31735; color:white;" scope="col" colspan=2|Coaching staff

!style="background:#E31735; color:white;" scope="col" colspan=2|Richmond Kickers Youth Club

League

 * A-League (Second Tier)
 * Regular Season (1): 2001
 * USL Second Division/USL Pro/USL League One (Third Tier)
 * Regular Season (4): 2006, 2007, 2013, 2022
 * Playoffs (2): 2006, 2009
 * USISL Premier League (Fourth Tier)
 * Playoffs (1): 1995

Cup

 * Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup
 * Winners (1): 1995

International

 * Participations in CONCACAF Cup Winners Cup: 1996

Other

 * Bon Secours Cup
 * Winners (2): 2019, 2020
 * James River Cup
 * Winners (7): 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005

Year-by-year
This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Kickers. For the full season-by-season history, see: List of Richmond Kickers seasons. 1. '''Avg. attendance''' include statistics from league matches only.

2. Top goalscorer(s) includes all goals scored in league, league playoffs, U.S. Open Cup, CONCACAF Champions League, and other competitive continental matches.

History vs. Major League Soccer

 * 3/15/97 – Exhibition – Richmond Kickers 3 vs. Columbus Crew 1 (UR Stadium)
 * 6/17/97 – Exhibition – D.C. United 4 vs. Richmond Kickers 2 (UR Stadium)
 * 7/23/97 – U.S. Open Cup (3rd Rd) – MetroStars 3 vs. Richmond Kickers 0 (UR Stadium)
 * 6/14/00 – U.S. Open Cup (2nd Rd) – Richmond Kickers 3 vs. Colorado Rapids 0 (UR Stadium)
 * 7/25/00 – U.S. Open Cup (3rd Rd) – San Jose Earthquakes 2 vs. Richmond Kickers 0 (Spartan Stadium)
 * 4/1/01 – Exhibition – Richmond Kickers 0 vs. Dallas Burn 0 (UR Stadium)
 * 7/24/01 – U.S. Open Cup (4th Rd) – D.C. United 2 vs. Richmond Kickers 1 (RFK Stadium)
 * 4/13/02 – Exhibition – Richmond Kickers 0 vs. D.C. United 1 (UR Stadium)
 * 7/17/02 – U.S. Open Cup (3rd Rd) – Columbus Crew 3 vs. Richmond Kickers 0 (Crew Stadium)
 * 4/5/03 – Exhibition – Richmond Kickers 1 vs. D.C. United 1 (UR Stadium)
 * 7/21/04 – U.S. Open Cup (4th Rd) – Richmond Kickers 2 vs. D.C. United 1 (UR Stadium)
 * 8/4/04 – U.S. Open Cup (Quarterfinals) – Chicago Fire 1 vs. Richmond Kickers 0 (UR Stadium)
 * 8/3/05 – U.S. Open Cup (4th Rd) – Richmond Kickers 1 vs. D.C. United 3 (UR Stadium)
 * 7/10/07 – U.S. Open Cup (3rd Rd) – Richmond Kickers 1 vs Los Angeles Galaxy 0 (UR Stadium)
 * 3/22/08 – Exhibition – Richmond Kickers 3 vs. D.C. United 0 (UR Stadium)
 * 7/1/08 - U.S. Open Cup (3rd Rd) - New England Revolution 3 vs. Richmond Kickers 0 (Veteran's Stadium)
 * 6/30/10 – U.S. Open Cup (4th Rd) – D.C. United 2 vs. Richmond Kickers 0 (George Mason Stadium)
 * 6/28/11 – U.S. Open Cup (3rd Rd) – Richmond Kickers 2 vs. Columbus Crew 1 (Crew Stadium)
 * 7/12/11 – U.S. Open Cup (Quarterfinals) – Richmond Kickers 2 vs. Sporting Kansas City 0 (Livestrong Sporting Park)
 * 8/30/11 – U.S. Open Cup (Semifinals) – Chicago Fire 2 vs. Richmond Kickers 1 (Toyota Park)
 * 5/29/12 – U.S. Open Cup (3rd Rd) – Richmond Kickers 1 vs. D.C. United 2 (City Stadium)
 * 7/17/15 – U.S. Open Cup (4th Rd) – Richmond Kickers 1 vs. Columbus Crew SC 3 (City Stadium)

International competition

 * 7/16/04 – Exhibition – Richmond Kickers 1 vs. Nottingham Forest 1 (UR Stadium)
 * 7/25/09 – Exhibition – Richmond Kickers 1 vs. C.S.D. Comunicaciones 0 (UR Stadium)
 * 7/1/14 – Exhibition – Richmond Kickers 1 vs. Mexico U21 1 (City Stadium)
 * 7/31/14 – Exhibition – Richmond Kickers 0 vs. Crystal Palace 3 (City Stadium)
 * 7/19/15 – Exhibition – Richmond Kickers 1 vs. West Bromwich Albion 2 (City Stadium)
 * 7/16/16 – Exhibition – Richmond Kickers 2 vs. Swansea City A.F.C. 0 (City Stadium)

title: Richmond Kickers


text:
Talk:New York City English

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sibyllwang.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:13, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Lexicon
I don't know why you think "stoop" is a New York only word. It has certainly been in use in Kansas City ever since i was a child. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.136.147.139 (talk) 14:12, 16 September 2013 (UTC)
 * For a variety of reasons:
 * Some visitors/transplants from outside the region claim never to have heard it before,
 * It's widely believed to have originated from the Dutch word for "step", consistent with the city's founders, and
 * it was used in the area only for a long time before spreading out to the rest of the country. Daniel Case (talk) 15:42, 24 February 2014 (UTC)

I've literally never heard the word skel used in New York City. However, I've frequently heard e.g. bodega, schmuck, bubkes, on line, etc. Is this term restricted to a particular cultural group? --Alex Hajnal (talk) 11:56, 21 September 2023 (UTC)

Circular reference
"such as the low back chain shift and the short-A split (see below)" and later below "Labov has pointed out that the short-A split is found in southern England as mentioned above."... I keep seeing "above" and "below" back and forth over and over for hours on end. and don't know what this is talking about. 207.239.94.2 (talk) 19:14, 26 September 2013 (UTC)
 * why not fix it?mnewmanqc (talk) 02:23, 27 September 2013 (UTC)

Good article
Very informative. Nguyễn Quốc Việt (talk) 04:12, 31 December 2014 (UTC) Informative, indeed. I added Eddie Murphy but the edit's new URL link hasn't gone live yet. Why? Can someone help me fix this? I'm a Wikipedia novice. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nicashmc (talk • contribs) 01:56, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

Pronunciation of horrible and forest
I am from Central Jersey. I myself pronounce the o in horrible and forest like the o in port, and I hear others pronounce the o in the two words similarly. However, people with heavy New York accents will pronounce the letter like a in part. And there are New Jerseyans who will pronounce the o this way. So, I feel how horrible tends to be pronounced in New Jersey should be noted. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.53.226.245 (talk) 22:01, 14 August 2016 (UTC)

This was prior to the expansion of the New Jersey talk page. Therefore, there would no longer be a need to address how the vowel is pronounced in New Jersey on this page. Over and out. (My IP address changed for whatever reason. This is the same person speaking.)74.102.216.186 (talk) 00:18, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

 * One need not have a "heavy" New York accent to pronounce the o in words like horrible and forest like the a in part. (I would consider my own New York accent to be quite light (I am largely rhotic, for example) and I do pronounce such o's in this manner.  This pronunciation is by no means unique to New York.  (For example, announcer Peter Thomas of Forensic Files fame, a Florida native, also had it.) Kostaki mou (talk) 17:32, 13 August 2018 (UTC)

Fronted aʊ
I am only confused because it would seem, based on transcription, that the nucleus of the diphthong aʊ is the vowel a, which is a front vowel already. Note that I myself pronounce this as a front vowel. So, I humbly ask that someone explain how this diphthong is pronounced in other areas of the country. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.53.226.245 (talk) 15:57, 6 September 2016 (UTC)

 * The symbol [a] technically represents a front vowel in the IPA, but (1) it's not very front, compared to other front vowels; and (2) since IPA doesn't have a symbol to represent a low central vowel, [a] is often used for that purpose too. So in area of the country where /aʊ/ isn't fronted, its nucleus is a low central [a]; in New York and other regions where /aʊ/ is fronted, it's a low front-ish [a], or something even further front such as [æ]. AJD (talk) 18:50, 6 September 2016 (UTC)

Thank you, sir/ma'am. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.102.218.18 (talk) 23:54, 19 September 2016 (UTC)

 * In NYCE it's typically fronted [æʊ]. I'll have to fix that too with the citations. mnewmanqc (talk) 01:59, 30 October 2016 (UTC)

Backed aɪ
Currently, the article says that the New York accent features a backed aɪ. However, when I hear a backed /aɪ/, I think specifically of a Staten Island accent, not a generic New York accent. So, in the other boros of New York, is the backed /aɪ/ still used as the local accent? If anyone can clear me up, that would be helpful. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.102.218.18 (talk) 03:10, 27 October 2016 (UTC)

 * There's no know variation in phonology around the different boroughs despite the widespread belief that there's a Brooklyn accent, Queens accent, SI accent etc. No one has ever demonstrated what any differences might consist of or even that it's possible to detect which borough someone's from. That said, the notion of backed /aɪ/, presumably [ɑɪ], is an oversimplification, which I will fix and with proper citations. The way it works is that [aɪ] appears before voiceless obstruents and [ɑɪ] appears elsewhere. It's similar to Canadian raising. Thus high is [hɑɪ] but height is [haɪt]. Give me a day or two to fix that. Labov actually has that wrong. mnewmanqc (talk) 01:57, 30 October 2016 (UTC)

Unfortunately, sir/ma'am, I really need somebody from New York, who knows the accent well enough to make that call. I do see your good intentions of answering my question. However, the real problem is that the variation between the boroughs is not a sociolinguistic one, but an analytic one. For an example, I have some relatives from Staten Island who almost always pronounce as. However, Bugs Bunny, who is supposed to be from Brooklyn, hardly ever pronounces as. All said, this is not a bust on you at all. And I do thank you, sir/ma'am, nonetheless for your participation in this discussion. 74.102.216.186 (talk) 01:56, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

I take that back. Now knowing you do research, you might be the go-to man, sir.74.102.216.186 (talk) 01:39, 21 November 2016 (UTC)

 * By accident, I found the source you were looking for. pg. 389.LakeKayak (talk) 22:13, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
 * right. The issue with PRICE backing is that Labov got it wrong. As pointed out by phonologist Jonathan Kaye cited in my book, there is no backing when the diphthong is followed by a voiceless obstruent. This is related to what's called Canadian Raising. mnewmanqc (talk) 02:49, 15 February 2017 (UTC)

I actually only posted the link because I was under the impression you were still looking for a source to fix the citations.LakeKayak (talk) 03:28, 11 March 2017 (UTC)
 * thanks. It's useful to have the link mnewmanqc (talk) 02:41, 12 March 2017 (UTC)

Father-bother merger
Currently, on this page, it reads that the vowels in father and bother are particularly merged. However, on "Phonological history of English low back vowels," it says that the father-bother merger did not reach New York English. How we tend to speak around here, the two vowels are not merged. Father is pronounced as [], and bother is pronounced as []. It is very unlikely that the two were once merged in New York English only to be split up back into their original classes, especially when the rest of the country tends to merge these two vowels. Therefore, it is safe to say that the merger never occurred in New York English in the first. Therefore, I am going to change that line. I can neither support nor refute the idea of a diphthong or  occurring before certain consonants. As I live in Central Jersey, there are some features of this dialect that I don't have. So although I don't have such feature, it still may occur in some speakers who reside within the city itself. Over and out.74.102.216.186 (talk) 02:18, 19 November 2016 (UTC)

 * As you live in Central Jersey, how you speak "around here" isn't directly relevant for an article on New York City, and moreover personal experience is not taken as more compelling than scholarly literature in Wikipedia. However, I agree with you that it's troubling that some articles say NYC English is father-bother–merged and some say it's not. The heading "father-bother variability" is probably most accurate—some people are merged but a few maintain some distinction—but the paragraph following it doesn't really support that. I'll page Mnewmanqc on this, since I know he's done research on this merger in New York. AJD (talk) 03:10, 19 November 2016 (UTC)

 * AJD is right. There is an ongoing merger and lots of variability. The ANAE has it as unmerged, although with some discussion of variability. I also found variability in my small sample. However, most recent (post 1990) research just assumed that the vowels were merged despite the fact that prior literature mentions three back vowels: LOT, PALM, and THOUGHT. I'll look at the main article and fix it there with appropriate citations. Thanks for bringing this up. mnewmanqc (talk) 17:36, 19 November 2016 (UTC)

Back vowel chain shift
This bullet point seemed inaccurate and even slapped on. It seemed that way the chain shift was not described on any other page. So, I have removed this bullet point. For my only comment, the vowel in cart is not pronounced like the vowel in caught. What is pronounced like the vowel in caught is the vowel in court. Over and out.74.102.216.186 (talk) 02:38, 19 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Just because something isn't mentioned on other pages doesn't mean it's inaccurate here, especially when it's supported with references to scholarly literature. Also, it doesn't say that cart in NYC is pronounced the same as caught in NYC; it says thaty cart in NYC is the same as caught in Boston, which is true. AJD (talk) 03:06, 19 November 2016 (UTC)

I have a doubt that such a feature exists in New York, and at times there are errors in scholarly literature. However, Mnewmanqc usually can say when errors occur in scholarly literature in New York English. Therefore, I think I best ask him, just so that I personally know. However, either way, it seems best that I leave that section of the article alone. And I thank you, sir, for you participation in this discussion. 74.102.216.186 (talk) 01:58, 20 November 2016 (UTC)

Alright, it seems I lost the debate. I found evidence supporting the Back Vowel Chain Shift. However, if this is a genuine characteristic, shouldn't it have its own page or at least a section on a page with other mergers? Over and out.74.102.216.186 (talk) 03:27, 28 November 2016 (UTC)

I have three things more to say.
 * 1) It seems like this shift only occurs in the city.  As far as I can recall, I myself have never really heard born pronounced .  I typically hear born pronounced as.
 * 2) I finally can explain why I was confused when I read in the article that cart in New York sounds similar to General American caught.  Unfortunately, living in Central Jersey, there are a few New York features that I don't have, and that people around tend not to have.  I pronounce the vowel in caught as traditional .  Simply, I completely forgot that it is shifted to  or  in New York.
 * 3) The name "Back Vowel Chain Shift in Transition" probably seems a little better.  Already mentioned in the section, the chain shift is in transition. Therefore, there would be nothing wrong with that name per se.  However, that is only my opinion.  I am going to make this change.  However, if anyone so wishes to undo this edit, I do respect that you reserve the right to do so.  Over and out.74.102.216.186 (talk) 04:01, 28 November 2016 (UTC)

While making the edit, I realized that the name of the section was "Back vowel chain shift before r." The new name of the section is "Back vowel chain shift before r in transition." Also, I added "shore" and "sure" as example for the two vowel classes, for a small reason. Not everybody will know the difference between the vowel in bore and boor or Tory and tour. In my experience, I never even heard of a difference before. However, typically even if you don't make the distinction yourself between shore and sure, you probably will know what the distinction would be. Growing up, I would have debates with my mother on how the word sure was pronounced. Over and out.74.102.216.186 (talk) 04:15, 28 November 2016 (UTC)

Rhoticity in New York
Alright, I have a slight problem with one line: "Items with /ɔɪ/ may occur with an r-colored vowel (e.g., /ˈtʰɝlət/ toilet), apparently as a result of hypercorrection. Younger New Yorkers (born since about 1950) are likely to use a rhotic [əɹ~ɜɹ] (like in General American) for the diaphoneme /ɜːr/ (as in bird), even if they use non-rhotic pronunciations of beard, bared, bard, board, boor, and butter." I have my doubts. I may have come to accept that linking and intrusive r exists in New York, but I cannot wrap my head around hypercorrection of or the lacking of r dropping in bird. I am begging for someone to respond. Thank you. 74.102.216.186 (talk) 00:49, 21 November 2016 (UTC)
 * First, could somebody actually tell me beyond the shadow of a doubt that hypercorrection of actually occurs in New York?  It doesn't sound like New York at all.
 * Secondly, could somebody actually tell me beyond the shadow of a doubt that bird is really pronounced as in New York?

I have figured out what my issue was. I was able to access one of Labov's books through Google Books. Labov said, "This record of the repaid extinction of the major NYC stereotype is certainly accurate as far as it goes: r-less /əy/[See note] has disappeared. Yet close listening to New Yorkers over the years has convinced me that it lingers on in a modified form.  Many New Yorkers today can be heard to use a palatalized form of a well contracted, mid-central [r] in first and work ".

Note: Labov transcribed the sound in a few different ways all referring to the same sound [ɜɪ].

So, that is where my doubt came from. I have been hearing a New York accent long enough to pick up some alteration to words "bird" and "first," but I misidentify the alteration. So, I am going to add the above quote in. As my full understanding of the quote is vague, I am in no position to explain on the article myself. Anybody else is free to do that.74.102.216.186 (talk) 01:53, 23 November 2016 (UTC)
 * I found cases of the non-rhotic NURSE vowel (to use Wells's key word designation) in one young woman from Howard Beach; so it's not extinct. I found none of the supposed hypercorrection of /ɔɪ/ (i.e., toilet to terlet).However, I think it may appear in Carrol Conner's rendition of Archie Bunker. Of course, that's performance speech. I've heard anecdotal reports of it too. Labov believes, however, it's a myth (I can't remember where he said that). As for his rhotic palatalization, I'm not sure what he means by that frankly. I discuss this in my book New York City English.

I do wish to thank you personally, sir. I myself have had doubts on the extinction of the non-rhotic NURSE vowel and the hypercorrection of [ɔɪ]. However, I stood alone for sometime with no "scholarly literature" to support my side. Now, I might be able to clarify what could have been meant by rhotic palatalization, but it may or may not occur in New York. Under the palatalization page, it says palatalization of a vowel result in a front vowel. So possibly he meant that [ɜɪ] was fronted to maybe [ɛɪ]. However, the chances that I am misunderstanding him are high. And it is possible that this is not how the sound is pronounced in New York. But, nonetheless, I do thank you, sir, for your response when I needed it the most.74.102.216.186 (talk) 04:29, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

 * So I thiiink what Labov means by rhotic palatalization is in effect a NURSE vowel with a lower F1 than in other dialects. AJD (talk) 04:55, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

I will admit, sir. It took me some time to figure out what F1 was. The page "Vowel" described it to mean the first formant, or the inverse of height. So, I really had problems figuring out what a formant was. But anyway, according to "Vowel," a lower F1 results in a higher vowel. So, to clarify my understanding, you're saying that Labov probably means by rhotic palatalization that the /ɝ/ class is slightly raised compared to other dialects.74.102.216.186 (talk) 02:34, 28 November 2016 (UTC)

Thanks to AJD, I think I have a clear understand of what is meant by rhotic palatalization. Thank you, sir.

So, therefore, I am considering adding an explanation to the article of what is meant by rhotic palatalization. Would anybody care whatsoever if I did so? If so, you may speak now. Thank you.74.102.216.186 (talk) 22:47, 7 December 2016 (UTC)

As it seems nobody has an opinion, I am going to add in the explanation. Thank you. (f.k.a 74.102.216.186) LakeKayak (talk) 01:51, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

Request for removal: hypercorrection of /ɔɪ/ to [ɝ]
Currently, the article says that, "Items with /ɔɪ/ may occur with an r-colored vowel (e.g., /ˈtʰɝlət/ toilet), apparently as a result of hypercorrection," sourced by Matthew Gordon. However, if we are going to make such a claim, I would rather have certainty. And there seems to be a debate on whether or not such does occur. I know user mnewmanqc has done some research on the coil–curl merger and the loss of it. However, he says he could not find any case of hypercorrection of the /ɔɪ/ class to [ɝ]. Therefore, would anybody object to removing the line? If so, I just wish to hear your side. Thank you.LakeKayak (talk) 04:15, 29 December 2016 (UTC)
 * These are good points. It seems best to me to leave the claim and add the lack of certainty about it with sources in Gordon and then Newman (2014). That would provide the best overall coverage. mnewmanqc (talk) 10:47, 29 December 2016 (UTC)

As I don't have access to either source, I would not be able to do that myself. Do you, sir, have access to either source? If so, perhaps you could do the job.LakeKayak (talk) 18:54, 29 December 2016 (UTC)

 * I actually did know a woman who said, "terlet." Also, in one of her films, Mae West said, "You've got a pernt there."  Kostaki mou (talk) 00:46, 24 January 2017 (UTC)

The Mae West example would probably consider performance speech, and it may have been used only for effect. However, as for the analysis of your first example, used in real life, I can say that means, the hypercorrection probably does happen, but it is rather rare. Anyway, I thank you for your participation in this discussion.LakeKayak (talk) 21:40, 24 January 2017 (UTC)

"Only two of his 51 speakers under age 20 used the form as compared with those over age 50 of whom 23 out of 30 used the r-ful form."
Was "r-ful" meant to be "r-less?" I am asking because I have no clue.LakeKayak (talk) 16:23, 31 December 2016 (UTC)

Reading the source, it looks like "r-ful" was meant to be "r-less." I am going to fix it.LakeKayak (talk) 20:21, 31 December 2016 (UTC)

Back Vowel Chain Shift(2)
I made one change to this section. Although I did leave an edit summary, I may have to show how I "connected the dots," per se. Therefore, I have created this section of the talk page to explain myself in the event that I have confused anyone. To start, Mnewmanqc has done a little research on this. From what he found, the vowel in cart in New York English has an F1 value of approximately 700 Hertz. However, according to the formant page, the vowel in caught in General American, represented as typically has an F1 value of approximately 500 Hertz. Therefore, I have removed the following line from the article:
 * The result of the shift is that cart in New York sounds similar to cot/caught in Boston or caught in General American, with its round-lipped vowel.

If anybody objects, I wish to hear your side. Thank you.LakeKayak (talk) 00:09, 3 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Where are you getting this specific data? Wolfdog (talk) 14:06, 11 February 2017 (UTC)

https://www.academia.edu/17279625/LOTs_of_THOUGHTs_about_the_endangered_PALMs_of_New_York page 3.LakeKayak (talk) 14:17, 11 February 2017 (UTC)

Questions on "Variability based on social register"
Currently, there is a bullet labelled "Variability based on social register," formatted as a second level bullet under the bullet labelled "Cot-caught distinction." It sounds like we're saying that the cot–caught merger has some variability based off social structure, which I don't believe to be accurate. If this is a mistake, then we easily change the level of the bullet. However, before I make any such edit, I want to make sure that it was not intentional first. LakeKayak (talk) 02:07, 17 January 2017 (UTC)

Frank Sinatra
Wasn't he from New Jersey? Shouldn't he be listed as notable speaker from New Jersey?LakeKayak (talk) 01:10, 22 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Yep... seems like it. Wolfdog (talk) 01:43, 22 January 2017 (UTC)

Done.LakeKayak (talk) 19:07, 22 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Didn't Sinatra grow up in Hoboken, which is in the NYCE dialect region. That he's from a different state is irrelevant. No one can tell the difference between those east of the Hackensack River and any other part of the dialect region. This is documented in Labov, Ash, and Boberg (2006). mnewmanqc (talk) 04:13, 11 February 2017 (UTC)

I don't know. I'll have to look that one up.LakeKayak (talk) 12:54, 11 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Although it turns out he did grow up in Hoboken, I have no confirmation either way about how he spoke. And I don't know which one is the case.  I think it may be easiest to leave in the New Jersey section until we have confirmation.LakeKayak (talk) 13:07, 11 February 2017 (UTC)

 * If it makes you feel better, just listening to Sinatra speaks makes it abundantly obvious that he speaks NYCE. Listen: . Wolfdog (talk) 15:22, 11 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Yes. This will do.  Thank you.LakeKayak (talk) 15:28, 11 February 2017 (UTC)
 * good. Agreed. He can stay in NJ too. NJ is not a dialect region but forms part of various ones. mnewmanqc (talk) 23:51, 11 February 2017 (UTC)

Initial l
According to Wells, the initial l in New York is typically unvelarized. This page fails to address the topic at all, neither supporting or refuting this claim. It would be feasible to add a bullet addressing the topic under the bullet for "L-vocalization." I am left to use Wells as source because Labov never mentions the topic, either. (His focus was rhoticity and the evolution of vowels in the different dialects of American English.) Over and out.LakeKayak (talk) 13:45, 28 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure how important a distinction it is, but if Wells says it, then you can cite it. By the way, what do you mean with your addition "(See further below.)"? Wolfdog (talk) 21:06, 28 January 2017 (UTC)

The next bullet describes the feature of laminal consonants, including, being articulated with the blade of the tongue. "See further below" was an attempt to avoid redundancy. If you can fix it, please do.LakeKayak (talk) 00:32, 29 January 2017 (UTC)

Formatting table
Can anybody help me out with the table for the vowels of New York City English? I want to merge the two /ɒ/ cells in the first column. However, I seem to have problems doing it.LakeKayak (talk) 20:37, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

"On line"
The Atlantic article may be supporting evidence. However, my question is whether or not "on line" is confined to New York. Currently, this page makes it seems like it is. If I mistook the article, just tell me. Thank you.LakeKayak (talk) 00:33, 18 February 2017 (UTC)

 * The page doesn't make it seem like on line is confined to New York in the strict sense. It says that "most other" American dialects don't use on line, which is certainly true (and is supported by the Atlantic article). And it's definitely a distinctive feature of NYC English. Other NYC features aren't "confined to" New York either. AJD (talk) 04:17, 18 February 2017 (UTC)

I think it would be clearer if we said, "New Yorkers 'tend to' stand "on line," whereas most other American-English speakers 'tend to' stand "in line." Otherwise, when I read it, I feel that we are speaking in absolute.  Either way, before I make such an edit, I wish for your approval.  Thank you.LakeKayak (talk) 16:43, 18 February 2017 (UTC)

 * I mean, that's fine, although the exact same thing could be said about literally every other dialect feature mentioned in the article. AJD (talk) 03:46, 19 February 2017 (UTC)

Done. Thanks for your response.LakeKayak (talk) 20:08, 19 February 2017 (UTC)

Recent developments
I think the section may need to be revised. And I think I agree with Labov more on the stability of the New York accent. From my experience, the New York accent is relatively stable. I have relatives from Staten Island who have heavy New York accents.LakeKayak (talk) 21:56, 24 February 2017 (UTC)

Mary-marry merger in Northern New Jersey
I initially was going to say this on the talk page English-language vowel changes before historic /r/, but it didn't seem to be the most appropriate spot for it. I don't know if here is any more appropriate.

I believe I hear "Mary" and "marry" variably merged from where I live in Central Jersey within the New York dialect area. While the ANAE never addresses the issue, one issue that the ANAE never addresses, I found in another source "Transmission and Diffusion" also written by Labov. Therefore, I am left to wonder if Labov, or anybody for that matter, ever discussed this feature. Does anybody know for sure? Thank you.LakeKayak (talk) 01:58, 1 May 2017 (UTC)

 * The ANAE seems to have quite a bit of information on New Jersey in terms of Mary, marry, and merry. The ANAE shows a three-way distinction throughout the entire state, except in two cities -- (one I can't identify precisely in north-central or north-western NJ and the other being Vineland) -- which both show a Mary-merry (but not marry) merger. (Ironically, it doesn't at all mention the idea of a Mary-marry [but not merry] merger, which I personally have.) Wolfdog (talk) 21:43, 1 May 2017 (UTC)

I also have a Mary-marry [but not merry] merger. I was under the impression Labov et al. simply never addressed the issue. I was basing this off an experience I encountered while researching the New York /æ/ split system. Labov et al. report that all function words are lax. However, in "Transmission and Diffusion", Labov says that in between the Passaic the Haskensack Rivers in Northern New Jersey, this constraint is pretty much absent altogether. Meanwhile, he does state that this constraint still holds for New York City proper and in New Jersey east of the Haskensack River. It remains clear why Labov et al. never mentioned this issue in the ANAE. The ANAE was intended to each dialect as a whole rather than how a dialect can vary. Therefore, I was under the impression that this was the case for the Mary-marry merger.LakeKayak (talk) 22:22, 1 May 2017 (UTC)

 * P.S. I forgot one thing. As the Mary–marry–merry three way distinction is found in New York City proper, I at least can see how it may not have been appropriate for Labov et al to mention the variability in a subset of the dialect in Northeastern New Jersey.LakeKayak (talk) 23:08, 15 May 2017 (UTC)

How best we split the page?
I think that as the byteage of the article is at around 100 kilobytes, according to WP:SIZESPLIT, the page should be split. But the question is how.LakeKayak (talk) 17:03, 13 May 2017 (UTC)
 * This is a very strange question coming from you, since it appears that you moved the entire New York Latino English page to New York City English. There was a very large amount of information on that page. Why move it then? I hope you don't mind me moving it back. We can discuss as needed, but obviously that is the first major way to move some information out of the NYCE page. Wolfdog (talk) 21:29, 14 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Now, for other ways to answer your question, it seems that the "Phonology" section is the largest and so could be split off into its own new page. Initially, I would think this would be called something like "New York City English phonology" (much like Australian English phonology, South African English phonology, etc.). However, my next thought is that by WP:COMMONNAME this would probably be quickly moved to the name "New York accent", since "accent" is enormously much more reader-friendly term for "phonology". New York City English could remain the page for the larger dialect of which the accent is a subset. Thoughts? Wolfdog (talk) 21:53, 14 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Well, I kind of do mind about New York Latino English. (I'll use NYLE for short.) The article had rather unusual information and seemed to be written as someone's personal opinion of the topic.  From reading the article, it seemed to be a very specific ethnolect of New York City English.  Now, as this article is rather large, NYLE will not necessarily have to be on this page.  But I fail to see the argument of why it merits its own page.
 * But I do think the idea of a separate page for New York City accent is a good one.LakeKayak (talk) 02:00, 15 May 2017 (UTC)

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Manning vs. manning
You say ' "Manning" and "manning" might not be the best example. This may imply that the two form a minimal pair. However, according to Labov et al., at least in perception, the use of one pronunciation will not change the meaning of the word.' Can you show me where Labov says that? I'd like to look further into that topic. Thanks. Wolfdog (talk) 16:29, 29 May 2017 (UTC)

 * In chapter 17 of the ANAE, Labov et al. say "The correction of [se:əd] to [sæ:d] is heard as as form of the same word, while the correction of [soəd] to [sɑd] is heard as a different word."LakeKayak (talk) 21:16, 29 May 2017 (UTC)

Conversational Style
This is caused by the LakeKayak's elimination of the section called Conversational Style and Bellagio99's reversal and invitation for comment. The question is really whether they conversational styles associated with a particular regional variety belong in an article on that variety (or complex of varieties). I'd say yes for two reasons. First, where else would the topic go? Second, it is a feature of a regional pattern that has been researched and commented on in the public sphere. More anecdotally, when I got the template for the Dialects of English series of books, they had a section on Conversational Style and it appears in the book [|New York City English. So I say it belongs. [[User:Mnewmanqc|mnewmanqc]] (talk) 08:39, 12 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm not so sure whether or not there is a strong difference about how New Yorkers speak enough for it to be a defining feature of the dialect.
 * , I cannot see your argument for "where else would the topic go" as very sound. If it doesn't belong here, then there is a chance it doesn't belong on the encyclopedia.  It did seem like a very opinionated topic.LakeKayak (talk) 20:15, 12 June 2017 (UTC)
 * In terns of opinionated, there's published research on conversational styles and by a very well-known sociolinguist Deborah Tannen. There's no research I know of that claims Tannen is wrong. If people make judgments about the relative values of one style over another, that's irrelevant to the case. mnewmanqc (talk) 07:04, 15 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Of course, I support U|Mnewmanqc. But I wanted to go on the record for that. It struck me that this article was the perfect place for it. And it so fits my experience and what others say. PS: I have to be away for the next 2 days, so absence of comment should not imply anything but that. Bellagio99 (talk) 21:20, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

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"Noo Yawk English" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Noo Yawk English. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Utopes (talk / cont) 22:10, 15 March 2020 (UTC)

Merger/Redirect
Can we propose a redirect from the New York accent page to this page? Or perhaps a merger? There are not many concrete reasons for them to be separate pages. 021120x (talk) 12:17, 24 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I believe the split was motivated by the fact that the WP community recommends that pages over 100,000 bytes be split. Wolfdog (talk) 22:19, 25 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:New York City English


text:
The Old Gum Tree

The Old Gum Tree (also known as The Proclamation Tree) is a historic site in Glenelg North, South Australia. Near this tree on 28 December 1836, the British governor John Hindmarsh delivered the proclamation announcing the establishment of Government of the colony of South Australia. A ceremony is held each year at the site on Proclamation Day, with the current Governor reading out Hindmarsh's original speech.

The tree itself, probably a red gum, had died by 1907. Its decayed outer surface was encased in concrete in 1963.

It was listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate in 1978 and listed on the South Australian Heritage Register in 1980.

title: The Old Gum Tree


text:
Talk:Primate of All Ireland

Article name?
Should Archbishop of Armagh really redirect here? Shouldn't it be the other way around? Isn't this rather like having King of England redirect to Defender of the Faith? john k 03:22, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes. Actually, the two things should be quite separate. Curiously, I see that the CoI has a distinct Archbishop article now, and the RCC does not... The "day job" is Archbishop of Armagh, the superior titular role of Primate coming into play on limited occasions. Mind you, the roles are more tightly combined, and more notable perhaps, in the CoI, where the Archbishop of Armagh / Primate of All-Ireland is distinct from all other bishops, notably having a unique form of election. And then there is the question of perhaps merging this article with the Primate of Ireland one, which actually contains more on the disputes between the two (whereas the Diocesan History currently listed as covering same has little to say on the matter, with more on other disputes between Dublin and Armagh). 195.96.72.22 (talk) 10:26, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Merge them. -- SECisek (talk) 15:32, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Proposed merge
I am proposing to merge this article and Primate of Ireland. I have opened a discussion at Talk:Primate of Ireland. Scolaire (talk) 21:32, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Primate of All Ireland


text:
Anthocharis scolymus

Anthocharis scolymus, the yellow tip, is a butterfly in the subfamily Pierinae whose range is Eastern Asia (East China, Korea, Ussuri) where it is commonplace; occasionally it is found in Japan.

The apex of the forewing is produced and falcate (sickle-shaped); white above and below, with dark apical marking and black median spot on the forewing above, and a black spot at the apex of the hindwing; the male moreover, has a moderately large orange spot in the apical area of the forewing, occurring occasionally also in the female (= ab. virgo form. nov. The butterfly appears in one brood and is common in swampy places. The larva feeds on cress (Draba, Descurainia sophia, Arabis hirsuta, Cardamine impatiens, and Rorippa).

title: Anthocharis scolymus


text: Talk:Down upon the Suwannee River

title: Talk:Down upon the Suwannee River


text: Talk:Kickin' It at the Barn

title: Talk:Kickin' It at the Barn


text:
Air Fortress

Air Fortress (エアー・フォートレス Eā Fōtoresu) is a run-and-gun video game developed and published by HAL Laboratory for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was released in Japan in August 1987, in North America in September 1989 after an initial test release of 385 copies in 1987, and an Australian release in 1989.

Story
The people of the planet Farmel, having recently gained the technology for space travel, eagerly explored the galaxy only to find a herd of monstrous "Air Fortresses" moving in their direction. They quickly discovered that the Fortresses behaved like interstellar locusts, consuming all of the resources and living things in their path. The Space Federation sent their mightiest fleet, which was quickly eliminated by the powerful Fortresses. In a final gambit they send a single warrior named Hal Bailman, outfitted with a shielded spacesuit, powerful weapons, and small "lightship" to infiltrate the Fortresses and destroy them from the inside out.

Gameplay
As Hal Bailman, the player infiltrates the progressively more challenging Air Fortresses. Each Air Fortress has two levels: the Air Base and the Fortress itself.

Air Base
On approach to the Air Fortress, Hal Bailman battles the enemy from his lightship. The gameplay is that of a side-scrolling shooter. During this phase, the player has three attempts to successfully reach the Air Lock that grants access to the Air Fortress. Along the way, the player must dodge a variety of flying enemies and space station parts. The player also has a chance during this phase to collect energy and "crash beam bullets," a more powerful ammunition that is limited in supply, that can be used inside the Fortress.

In this mode of play, a single hit will destroy the player's ship. In the Japanese version, if Hal collides with an enemy while on his lightship he must restart the approach sequence from the beginning; however, in the American version the player will automatically be respawned from the same point at which his ship was destroyed, provided that they have extra lives.

Air Fortress
Inside the Fortress, the game becomes an action-adventure game. The player now has more control over where they go, and finding one's way through the massive Fortresses is one of the major challenges of the game. The player must navigate through the maze, fight off enemy robots, security devices, and spacemen with their beam weapon, locate and destroy the central core of the Fortress, and find their ship to escape. The last is perhaps the most difficult part, since the Fortress explodes shortly after the core is destroyed and the player only has a short window of time in which to escape, with the exit never situated in the same place as where the player entered the maze.

Development and release
Air Fortress was developed by Japanese video game maker HAL Laboratory. "SUGA," the password for the final air fortress, is a reference to Air Fortress director, game designer, and programmer Hiroaki Suga. While the US version credits sound composer Hideki Kanazashi as "Rodeo Kanagushi", the Japanese version credits him as "Jumper Kanagushi".

HAL America offered Air Fortress by mail order through a national advertising campaign. Players who purchased the game through HAL received a free Air Fortress T-shirt.

Reception
Air Fortress garnered average reviews from critics. VideoGames & Computer Entertainment's Andy Eddy remarked that the game offered "a great deal" of originally with its mixture of arcade and adventure aspects, but found the music to be repetitive and felt that the overall design could have used more color. Nintendo Power gave the game positive ratings to its audiovisual presentation, control, challenge and fun factor. Computer Entertainer commended the visuals but noted that the game's difficulty increased quickly after the first fortress, and found the shooter sequences less interesting than the fortresses. Play Time's Oliver Menne highlighted its smooth scrolling and lack of flickering, while praising HAL for their work with the graphics and music.

Retrospective reviews for Air Fortess have been more mixed. AllGame's Shelby Babb expressed that the game "does a good job at combining levels of side-scrolling shooting with exploration-style adventure." Game Freaks 365's Stan Stepanic praised the music but felt mixed with the visuals, while criticizing its gameplay and difficulty level. Hardcore Gaming 101's Adam King felt overall mixed about the audiovisual presentation but commended the controls. A writer for Jeuxvideo.com gave the title a positive outlook.

title: Air Fortress


text: Talk:Highwire Act Live in St. Louis 2003


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Richard William Scott

Sir Richard William Scott, (February 24, 1825 – April 23, 1913) was a Canadian politician and cabinet minister.

Early life
He was born in Prescott, Ontario, in 1825, a descendant of a family from County Clare. A lawyer by training, Scott was admitted to the bar in 1848 and established a practice in Bytown (now Ottawa).

Political career
Scott became a member of municipal council in 1851, was mayor of Bytown in 1852, and held a seat in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1857 to 1863. With Canadian Confederation, Scott won a seat in the Ontario legislature as a Liberal representing Ottawa from 1867 to 1871. He was Speaker of the legislature briefly in December 1871 before he was appointed to the provincial cabinet as Commissioner of Crown Lands. Scott played a leading role in passing legislation ensuring the rights of separate schools in Ontario.

In November 1873, he left provincial politics when he was appointed minister without portfolio by Alexander Mackenzie in the federal Cabinet. Mackenzie had become prime minister after Sir John A. Macdonald's government had been forced to resign because of the Pacific Scandal. Scott was appointed to the Senate of Canada by Mackenzie in January 1874 and became Secretary of State for Canada and Leader of the Government in the Senate.

A supporter of temperance, he drafted the "Scott Act," which allowed any county or municipality in Canada to prohibit the retail sale of liquor by majority vote. With the defeat of the Liberal government in the 1878 election, Scott became Leader of the Opposition in the Senate until the return of the Liberals to government, under Wilfrid Laurier. Scott resumed his old Cabinet position of Secretary of State.

Scott retired from the cabinet in 1908 but remained in the Senate until his death in 1913.

He was made a knight in 1909 by King Edward VII.

Family
Richard William Scott was married in Philadelphia, Pa., November 8, 1853, to Mary Heron, the daughter of John Heron and Frances, his wife. She was born and educated in Dublin, Ireland. The couple had two sons William L. Scott, Local Master in Chancery, and D Arcy Scott, Barrister, Ottawa and four daughters. Before her marriage, Mrs. Scott was a professional singer who toured in Canada and the United States as a member of "The Heron sisters." The couple lived at 274 Daly Avenue, Ottawa. She served on the Executive Committee of the National Council of Women and as a Vice-President of the Local Council.

Archives
There is a Richard William Scott fonds at Library and Archives Canada.

title: Richard William Scott