text:
Anthony Anderson

Anthony Anderson (born August 15, 1970) is an American actor, comedian and game show host. He is best known for his leading roles in television shows such as Andre "Dre" Johnson on the comedy series Black-ish (2014–2022), Marlin Boulet on the drama series K-Ville (2007), and NYPD Detective Kevin Bernard on the NBC crime drama Law & Order (2008–2010, 2022). He has also had major roles in feature films such as Me, Myself & Irene (2000), Kangaroo Jack (2003), Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London (2004), Hustle & Flow (2005), The Departed (2006), Transformers (2007), and Scream 4 (2011).

Anderson is currently the host of the Fox game show We Are Family. He has appeared as a regular judge on Food Network's Iron Chef America and had roles on other television programs such as All About the Andersons, The Bernie Mac Show, Guys with Kids, and The Shield. From 2016 to 2022, Anderson served as host of the ABC version of the game show To Tell the Truth and was a guest panelist on various game shows. In 2024, he hosted the 75th Primetime Emmy Awards.

Early life
Anderson was born in Compton, California. His mother, Doris Bowman (née Hancox), was a telephone operator and actress. His stepfather, Sterling Bowman, was a native of Little Rock, Arkansas, who moved to Los Angeles to work in the steel mill industry before opening a chain of three clothing stores. Sterling died in 2022. Anderson has a younger half-brother, Derrick Bowman, who works as an ICU nurse. Growing up, Anderson's nickname was "Tugga" because he could not pronounce sugar. According to a DNA analysis, Anderson descends from the Bubi people of Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea), and from the Tikar, Hausa, and Fulani people of Cameroon.

Anderson has stated that his first attempt at stand-up comedy was a failure. Although this experience was a blow to his ego, he met his future friend and fellow comedic actor Guy Torry there, who consoled him after the show and encouraged him to keep getting up on stage. He and Torry later acted together in the 1999 film Life, alongside Eddie Murphy and Martin Lawrence.

Anderson is an alumnus of the Hollywood High School Performing Arts Magnet's Class of 1988. He initially enrolled at Howard University as a theater major but faced financial difficulties, leading him to leave after his junior year. Nearly three decades later, inspired by his son Nathan's acceptance to the university, he returned to Howard to complete his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree at the Chadwick A. Boseman College of Fine Arts in 2022.

1995–2004: Early roles
Anderson's early television work includes a lead role as Teddy Broadis in the teen series Hang Time, and many one-off guest appearances on shows such as NYPD Blue, Malcolm & Eddie, In the House, and Ally McBeal, as well as recurring roles on series like 'Til Death and The Bernie Mac Show. Anderson has worked as an actor, often in comedic roles, since his film debut in Liberty Heights (1999). In 2002, he voiced the character Ray Ray in an episode of the Disney Channel animated series The Proud Family. He later reprised this role in a second season episode of its revival series The Proud Family: Louder and Prouder, which aired in 2023. From 2003 to 2004, he was the central character in the short-lived series All About the Andersons, which lasted for one season on The WB. He also had leading film roles in the comedy films Kangaroo Jack (2003), My Baby's Daddy (2004), and King's Ransom (2005), with a supporting role in the family adventure film Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London (2004).

2005–2014: Rise to prominence
Anderson took supporting roles in the drama Hustle & Flow (2005), and Martin Scorsese's crime film The Departed (2006). Additionally, Anderson had a supporting role in Scary Movie 3 (2003) and Scary Movie 4 (2006). He was originally set to return in Scary Movie 5 (2013) with Regina Hall and Kevin Hart. Anderson joined the cast of the long-running NBC crime drama television series, Law & Order in 2008. After three seasons (18, 19, and 20) as Kevin Bernard, he reprised the role upon the series's revival in 2022, concurrent with the final episodes of Black-ish. In 2009, Anderson directed a one-minute short film featuring his Law & Order co-star Jeremy Sisto. The short was made for the Responsibility Project, a joint initiative of NBC and Liberty Mutual Group. The short aired during the In The House episode "Reality Bites" on October 16, 2009. In June 2010, he was cast in a minor role in Scream 4.

Before his work in Law & Order, Anderson starred in two other crime series, Fox's K-Ville (as one of the lead characters) and FX's The Shield. He also starred in the sitcom Guys with Kids, which lasted a single season. In 2013, Anderson signed on to host the celebrity-driven, family game show called Wall of Fame, which was produced by Endemol USA for NBC. Eight one-hour episodes were taped at the time, but never aired. Anderson's series Eating America with Anthony Anderson was a summer show in 2014. He visited different towns in America that host "food festivals" highlighting a specific type of food. He was a frequent judge on Iron Chef America, and was one of the few judges to taste dishes from all the Iron Chefs on the show. In the Ultimate Bar Food battle, he served as bartender/sous-chef for Iron Chef Bobby Flay opposite Masaharu Morimoto and fellow judge Simon Majumdar.

2014–2022: Black-ish
In 2014, Anderson began starring as Andre "Dre" Johnson on the ABC sitcom Black-ish, which completed its eight-season run in 2022. During its run Anderson received 11 Primetime Emmy Award nominations and three Golden Globe Award nominations. In 2022, Anderson was not nominated as a producer or actor for its final season. He reacted to the news while guest hosting Jimmy Kimmel Live! joking, "Can you believe that shit? Now I'm not saying the voters were stupid for not nominating me or Black-ish or Tracee, I'm just saying they're racist." He also serves as executive producer on its spinoffs Grown-ish, which premiered on Freeform in 2018, and Mixed-ish, which ran on ABC for two seasons from 2019 to 2021. He guest starred as Dre in episodes on both series. From 2016 to 2022, he was the host of To Tell the Truth, which also aired on ABC. In 2019, Anderson was a guest panelist in season two of The Masked Singer. He later competed in season ten as "Rubber Ducky" and was eliminated in the first episode when competing in Group A. In October 2022, Anderson and his mother Doris began filming Anthony Anderson and Mom: European Vacation to be aired on the E! network.

2023–present: We Are Family
In November 2023, it was announced that Anderson and his mother Doris would host the Fox game show We Are Family, replacing Jamie Foxx and his daughter, Corinne, who were originally set to host the show. It premiered on January 3, 2024. In December 2023, Anderson was named as the host of the 75th Primetime Emmy Awards. The decision for Anderson to host was met with controversy due to his allegations of sexual assault. The Sexual Violence Prevention Association (SVPA) urged the Emmys and Fox, the network set to air the 2024 ceremony, to reconsider Anderson as host writing, "The entertainment industry has the power and responsibility to protect individuals from sexual violence...the Emmys and Fox to not only remove Anderson as host, but to also conduct their due diligence going forward when selecting hosts." The telecast was met with mixed reviews and some criticism, in particular, regarding a recurring bit in which Anderson's mother interrupted acceptance speeches that went on too long. Some on social media cited the moment when Anderson's mother interrupted a speech given by Jennifer Coolidge, who won for The White Lotus, as being "rude" and "disrespectful".

Personal life
Anderson was married to Alvina Stewart from September 1999 to September 2023. They have two children. Their son Nathan starred as Tahj in the Netflix sitcom Richie Rich and guest starred in Black-ish. Stewart initially filed for divorce in September 2015 citing irreconcilable differences, after having been separated since April 2014. They reconciled in January 2017 and she withdrew her petition. On March 25, 2022, she filed for divorce again, and it was granted by a judge the following year in September.

Anderson has type 2 diabetes and has been active in diabetes awareness.

Playing for the Alzheimer's Association, in 2011, Anderson won $250,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire.

Anderson is an honorary member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity; he was inducted on July 30, 2020. In 2019, a star was named after Anderson in the International Star Registry.

Divorce settlement
Nineteen months after their second split, Anderson and his ex-wife Alvina finalized their divorce in September 2023. The actor was ordered to pay more than $200,000 a year in spousal support per their divorce settlement, with a base amount of $20,000 monthly. The court documents stated that should the actor's gross income exceed $2,000,000 per year, he was to pay 20% of the gross amount to her. Further settlement agreements stated that Anderson was to relinquish his Glock 19 firearm to law enforcement within 30 days of the divorce finalization. Anderson was set to keep their home in Encino and a 2004 Land Rover, while Alvina kept possession of their home in Houston and their 2022 Mazda. They also split their cemetery plots located in LA's Inglewood Park Cemetery.

Rape and sexual assault allegations
Anderson was accused of raping a 25-year-old extra in a trailer on the film set of Hustle & Flow on July 27, 2004. The alleged victim accused Anderson and assistant director Wayne Witherspoon of forcibly removing her clothing, photographing her naked body, and sexually assaulting her. A witness claimed to have heard the alleged victim's screams and to have seen her run naked from the trailer, and she was treated at St. Francis Hospital. The charges were dropped on October 6, 2004, because the judge ruled that there was no probable cause to try the case.

Anderson was sued for sexual assault in September 2004 by another woman who claimed that Anderson made sexually suggestive remarks and then assaulted her in his dressing room on the set of All About the Andersons. On July 20, 2018, it was revealed that he was being investigated by the Los Angeles Police Department for another sexual assault allegation. Due to lack of evidence on September 4, the Los Angeles District Attorney's Office decided not to press charges against Anderson.

title: Anthony Anderson


text:
Chute Forest

Chute Forest is a village and civil parish in east Wiltshire, England. The parish is bordered to the east and south by the county of Hampshire. The village is about 5 mi northwest of Andover and 3 mi to the east of Ludgershall.

History
The area was a large royal forest by the 13th century and continued in Crown ownership until 1639. It was then an extra-parochial area until it became a civil parish in the 19th century, and an ecclesiastical parish in 1875 after the church was built.

The Chute Hoard
A hoard of Iron Age coins found in the northeast in 1927 (with further coins found in 1986 and 1994) is the only evidence of prehistoric activity in the parish. The coins are from the 1st century BC. The British Museum holds 36 coins while the Wiltshire Museum at Devizes has others, together with the hollow flint nodule in which they were found.

Chute Lodge
Chute Lodge, in the centre of the parish, is a country house built in red brick in 1768 by Sir Robert Taylor, on or near the site of an earlier house. In 1988 the house was designated as Grade I listed.

Parish church
St Mary's Church, 600 metres north of Chute Lodge, was built between 1870 and 1871 to designs by J.L. Pearson and consecrated in 1875. It has been designated as a Grade II* listed building and is now in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.

Local government
Chute Forest is a civil parish with an elected parish council. It is in the area of Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which is responsible for almost all significant local government functions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chute Forest


text:
In My Lifetime, Vol. 1

In My Lifetime, Vol. 1 is the second studio album by American rapper Jay-Z. It was released on November 4, 1997, by Roc-A-Fella Records and Def Jam Recordings. The album debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 chart and was certified Platinum by the RIAA, selling over 138,000 copies in its first week of release. In My Lifetime, Vol. 1 also served as Jay-Z's first album release following the sudden death of fellow Brooklyn rapper and collaborator The Notorious B.I.G. in March 1997.

Production
The album features guest contributions by Lil' Kim, Foxy Brown, Babyface, Blackstreet, Teddy Riley, Too $hort, Sauce Money and Puff Daddy. Producers for Reasonable Doubt such as DJ Premier and Ski contribute to a limited number of beats on this album, though the majority of the production is handled by Puff Daddy's production team The Hitmen from the Bad Boy label, giving the album a generally glossier sound than its predecessor. It displayed a shift from the mafioso rap themes of Reasonable Doubt to the so-called "jiggy" era of late 90s hip-hop, often credited to videos and albums from Puff Daddy and his Bad Boy record label's roster of artists including The Notorious B.I.G. (the first two singles from his second album were both huge pop hits) and Mase. "Reasonable Doubt was like an introduction," Jay-Z told MTV News. "Like, you know, meeting somebody out on the street... Everything, your whole conversation is very general, not too much detail and things like that. Its just that 'In My Lifetime' is more detailed, more in-depth. Much more personal".

Influence of The Notorious B.I.G.
In a 1998 interview with MTV News, Jay-Z explained how the death of fellow Brooklyn rapper and collaborator The Notorious B.I.G. shaped parts of In My Lifetime, Vol. 1. In the interview, he explained how the album was not as fun to record as his debut,(Reasonable Doubt (1996)), and that certain tracks, such as "The City is Mine", were influenced by the rapper's death. "A lot of different songs were influenced by what was happening. 'City Is Mine', the first verse, you could just hear it. I think two hooks on there came from songs that he (The Notorious B.I.G.) had previously recorded...The album to me — this album wasn't fun to me like Reasonable Doubt, because it was like, it seemed really slow to me, and I didn't set out to do that, just looking back now and listening to it now."

Critical reception
In a contemporary review, Steve Jones of USA Today called In My Lifetime "a rock-solid set with both street and pop appeal". Chicago Tribune critic Soren Baker believed Jay-Z's lyrics "contain a finesse and insight few can articulate as succinctly", while writing that "his use of pop producers Teddy Riley and Sean 'Puffy' Combs will alienate listeners, even as Jay-Z establishes himself as that rare underground rhymer with commercial appeal". Robert Christgau gave the album a two-star honorable mention in his 2000 Consumer Guide book, indicating a "likable effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well enjoy". He named "(Always Be My) Sunshine" and "Real Niggaz" as highlights while calling Jay-Z "arrogant yet diffident, ruthless yet cute—a scary original". Chris Norris of Spin said Jay-Z's raps are often "in search of meaty ideas or distinctive charm—skills without pleasure", and was also critical of the production. "Without one sure, guiding vision," Norris wrote, "the Combs blueprint comes off as either mundane or embarrassing".

AllMusic editor John Bush wrote in a retrospective review, "Though the productions are just a bit flashier and more commercial than on his debut, Jay-Z remained the tough street rapper, and even improved a bit on his flow". According to Bush, he "struts the line between project poet and up-and-coming player" while balancing "both personas with the best rapping heard in the rap game since the deaths of 2Pac and Notorious B.I.G.".

title: In My Lifetime, Vol. 1


text: User talk:204.183.80.82

title: User talk:204.183.80.82


text:
David King (chemist)

Sir David Anthony King (born 12 August 1939) is a South African-born British chemist, academic, and head of the Climate Crisis Advisory Group (CCAG).

King first taught at Imperial College, London, the University of East Anglia, and was then Brunner Professor of Physical Chemistry (1974–1988) at the University of Liverpool. He held the 1920 Chair of Physical Chemistry at the University of Cambridge from 1988 to 2006, and was Master of Downing College, Cambridge, from 1995 to 2000: he is now emeritus professor. While at Cambridge, he was successively a fellow of St John's College, Downing College, and Queens' College. Moving to the University of Oxford, he was Director of the Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment from 2008 to 2012, and a Fellow of University College, Oxford, from 2009 to 2012. He was additionally President of Collegio Carlo Alberto in Turin, Italy (2008–2011), and Chancellor of the University of Liverpool (2010–2013).

Outside of academia, King was Chief Scientific Adviser to the UK Government and Head of the Government Office for Science from 2000 to 2007. He was then senior scientific adviser to UBS, a Swiss investment bank and financial services company, from 2008 to 2013. From 2013 to 2017, he returned to working with the UK Government as Special Representative for Climate Change to the Foreign Secretary. He was also Chairman of the government's Future Cities Catapult from 2013 to 2016.

Early life and education
King was born on 12 August 1939 in South Africa, son of Arnold Tom Wallis King, of Johannesburg, director of a paint company, and Patricia Mary Bede, née Vardy. His elder brother, Michael Wallis King (born 1937), was director of the FirstRand bank and vice-chair of the multinational mining company Anglo American plc. King was educated at St John's College, an all-boys private school in Johannesburg. He studied at University of the Witwatersrand, graduating with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree and then a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1963.

Academic career
After his PhD, King moved to the United Kingdom where he was a Shell Scholar at Imperial College, London, from 1963 to 1966. He was then a lecturer in the School of Chemical Sciences of the University of East Anglia from 1966 to 1974. He was appointed Brunner Professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of Liverpool in 1974. He was a member of the National Executive of the Association of University Teachers from 1970 until 1978, and served as its president for the 1976/77 academic year.

In 1988, King was appointed 1920 Professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of Cambridge. He subsequently served as Head of the University's Department of Chemistry from 1993 to 2000, and was its director of research from 2005 to 2011. When he first moved to Cambridge in 1988, he was elected a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. He moved from St John's when he was elected Master of Downing College, Cambridge, in 1995. He stepped down as Master in 2000, and was then a Fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, from 2001 to 2008.

From 2008 to 2012, King was Director of the Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment at the University of Oxford. He was also a Fellow of University College, Oxford, from 2009 to 2012. He was President of Collegio Carlo Alberto in Turin, Italy, from 2008 to 2011, and was Chancellor of the University of Liverpool from 2010 to 2013.

Research
King has published over 500 papers on his research in chemical physics and on science and policy.

During his time at Cambridge, King had, together with Gabor Somorjai and Gerhard Ertl, shaped the discipline of surface science and helped to explain the underlying principles of heterogeneous catalysis. However, the 2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Ertl alone.

Career outside academia
King was the Chief Scientific Adviser to the UK Government and Head of the Government Office for Science from October 2000 to 31 December 2007, under prime ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. In that time, he raised the profile of the need for governments to act on climate change and was instrumental in creating the £1 billion Energy Technologies Institute. In 2008 he co-authored The Hot Topic on this subject.

During his tenure as Chief Scientific Adviser, he raised public awareness for climate change and initiated several foresight studies. As director of the government's Foresight Programme, he created an in-depth horizon scanning process which advised government on a wide range of long-term issues, from flooding to obesity. He also chaired the government's Global Science and Innovation Forum from its inception. King advised the government on issues including: the foot-and-mouth disease epidemic 2001; post 9/11 risks to the UK; GM foods; energy provision; and innovation and wealth creation. He was heavily involved in the government's Science and Innovation Strategy 2004–2014. He suggested that scientists should honour a Hippocratic Oath for Scientists.

In April 2008, King joined UBS, a Swiss investment bank, as senior science advisor. He left UBS to return to the UK government when he was appointed the Foreign Secretary's Special Representative for Climate Change in September 2013.

From 2013 to 2016, King was the first chairman of the Future Cities Catapult, a government-funded body conducting research into smart cities.

In May 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, King formed and led Independent SAGE, a committee of unpaid experts which acts as a "shadow" of the UK government's SAGE group to address concerns of lack of transparency and political influence on that body.

Climate change
In his role as scientific advisor to the UK government King was outspoken on the subject of climate change, saying "I see climate change as the greatest challenges facing Britain and the World in the 21st century" and "climate change is the most severe problem we are facing today – more serious even than the threat of terrorism".

He strongly supports the work of the IPCC, saying in 2004 that the 2001 synthesis report "is the best current statement on the state of play of the science of climate change, and that really does represent 1,000 scientists".

King criticised the Bush administration for what he saw as its failures in climate change policy, saying it is "failing to take up the challenge of global warming".

In 2004, King gave evidence to a House of Commons select committee confirming his view that "on a global and geological scale that climate change is the most serious problem we are faced with this century", and illustrated it with a statement that "Fifty-five million years ago was a time when there was no ice on the earth; the Antarctic was the most habitable place for mammals". The Independent on Sunday reported that King had at a later event compared current and projected carbon dioxide levels with the record over the past 60 million years, and in an indirect quote suggested King implied that Antarctica was likely to be the world's "only" habitable continent by the end of this century if global warming remains unchecked. At the end of the 2007 programme "The Great Global Warming Swindle", broadcast on Channel 4, Fred Singer ridiculed the reported view of the "chief scientist"; King's complaint to Ofcom that the programme was unfair and had not given a chance to clarify was upheld, despite Channel 4's arguments that King was not named and had not challenged earlier reporting.

King became head of the Climate Crisis Advisory Group in 2021, basing public meetings on a similar format to Independent SAGE, and publishing reports advising emission cuts and carbon dioxide removal. He promotes the CCAG's 4R planet pathway: Reducing emissions; Removing the excess greenhouse gases (GHGs) already in the atmosphere; Repairing ecosystems; strengthening local and global Resilience against inevitable climate impacts.

Food production
King told The Independent newspaper in February 2007 "he agreed that organic food was no safer than chemically-treated food" and openly supported a study by the Manchester Business School that implicated organic farming practices in unfavourable CO2 comparisons with conventional chemical farming.

In an article published in The Guardian in February 2009, King is quoted as saying that "future historians might look back on our particular recent past and see the Iraq war as the first of the conflicts of this kind – the first of the resource wars" and that this was "certainly the view" (that the invasion was motivated by a desire to secure energy supplies) he held at the time of the invasion, along with "quite a few people in government".

Energy
King is a strong supporter of nuclear electricity generation, arguing that it is a safe, technically feasible solution that can help to reduce emissions from the utilities sector now, while the development of alternative low-carbon solutions is incentivised. In the transport sector, King has warned governments that conventional oil resources are more scarce than they believe and that peak oil might approach sooner than expected. Moreover, he has criticised first generation biofuels due to the effect on food prices and subsequent effect on the developing world. He strongly supports second generation biofuels, however, which are manufactured from inedible biomass such as corn stover, wood chips or straw. These biofuels are not made from food sources (see food vs fuel).

King is a member of the Global Apollo Programme and headed its public launch in 2015. The programme calls for multinational research into reducing the cost of low-carbon electricity generation.

Humanism
King is a Distinguished Supporter of Humanists UK.

Covid response
In July 2020 King advocated for school closures in the UK until covid cases were reduced to 1 in a million.

Honours and awards
King was knighted in the 2003 New Year honours. In 2009, he was made a Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur by the French government.

In 1991 he received the BVC Medal and Prize, awarded by the British Vacuum Council. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1991, a Foreign Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2002, and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (HonFREng) in 2006.

In media
King appears in the film The Age of Stupid, released in February 2009, talking about Hurricane Katrina. He was portrayed by David Calder in the 2021 BBC television film The Trick.

Personal life
By his first marriage, which ended in divorce, King has two sons. In 1983, he married, secondly, charity administrator and former head of a commercial law team, Jane Margaret, daughter of general practitioner Hans Eugen Lichtenstein, OBE, of Llandrindod Wells, Powys, Wales, a Holocaust survivor from a family that owned leather goods shops and an umbrella factory in Berlin. They have a son and a daughter.

Books published

 * Sir David King, Gabrielle Walker, The Hot Topic: how to tackle global warming and still keep the lights on, Bloomsbury London 2008
 * Oliver Inderwildi, Sir David King, Energy, Transport & the Environment, 2012, Springer London New York Heidelberg

Biographical links

 * David King interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 27 November 2009 (video)
 * Sir David King at the Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford
 * Sir David King at the Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge
 * BBC's biography of Sir David King
 * David King's article on climate change at www.chinadialogue.net
 * 'Profile: Professor Sir David King' by Alison Benjamin, The Guardian, 27 November 2007.
 * Sir David King: Building a Sustainable Future Lecture presented at the Royal Institute of British Architecture 2007 (Video)

title: David King (chemist)


text:
Bogoria coat of arms

Bogoria is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in medieval Poland and later under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, branches of the original medieval Bogoriowie family as well as families connected with the Clan by adoption.

History
The coat of arms was first attributed to Michał Bogorya, whose name was first recorded in the papers of Trzemeszno monastery, when he was given the title of count, and in a decree granting privileges to the Holy Cross monastery near Sandomierz around 1069. According to legend, Bolesław II the Bold (Bolesław Śmiały), armed with only 3,000 of his cavalry, attacked a much larger band of Polovtsy near Snowskie, striking down their leader. During the battle a colonel called Michał Bogorya proved extraordinary courage and bravery, bearing several wounds and arrows in his body. Bolesław, upon returning from the battle and hearing of his bravery, saw Bogorya and extracted the arrows from his chest, broke them with his own hands and conferred them on Bogorya and his descendants as an eternal honour.

Blazon
The coat of arms consists of two broken white (or silver) arrows pointing in opposite directions—one up and one down—on a red (or blue/green) field. The helm bears a peacock with its tail spread and its beak pointing to the shield's right, holding an arrow likewise broken and twisted upward.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:

 * Bogoriowie (knights)
 * Jarosław z Bogorii i Skotnik
 * Piotr z Bogorii i Skotnik
 * Stanisława z Bogorii i Skotnik
 * Mikołaj z Bogorii i Skotnik
 * Wojciech z Bogorii i Żminogrodu
 * The family of Mstislav Rostropovich, Russian cellist and conductor of Polish descent
 * Marcjan Dominik Wołłowicz
 * Andrzej Mokronowski
 * Władysław Wołłowicz
 * Franciszek Bohomolec
 * Ostafi Wołłowicz

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Bogoria coat of arms


text:
MVSN

MVSN may refer to:

Paramilitary organizations

 * Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale, better known as the Blackshirts, the Italian Fascist paramilitary groups
 * Milice de Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale, better known as the Tonton Macoute, a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959

Companies

 * Macrovision, the former name of the software company Rovi Corporation.

title: MVSN


text:
Godziemba coat of arms

Godziemba is a Polish coat of arms. A rare medieval Polish knightly coat of arms used by Polish and Austrian noble family Głownia (and Glownia ).

It is mentioned for the first time in years 1470-1480 by famous Polish chronicler Jan Długosz in his book "Liber beneficiorum dioecesis Cracoviensis" ("Book of the Benefices of the Bishopric of Kraków") with the name "Paulus de Glownia nobilis de domo Godzamba". This is Polish nobility coat of arms as well as knightly "Arma Baronum Regni Polonie" coat of arms.

History
The legendary history of the Godziemba coat of arms goes back to the 11th century, a common telling is as follows:

In 1094 A.D., Sieciech was Voivode of Kraków. In this year the Moravians invaded Poland in force. When the Polish learned that the enemy had camped for the night within the vicinity, a vanguard was assembled to engage in a surprise offensive. The Polish vanguard subsequently ambushed the enemy, and brought them to battle. The knight Godziemba, a member of the Polish vanguard, lost his weapon in the skirmish, and retreated into a nearby forest. One of the Moravians, seeing that he was unarmed, pursued him. Godziemba sprang from his horse and uprooted a young pine tree from the soil. He fended off his attacker with the makeshift weapon and eventually managed to knock his pursuer from his horse. He then disarmed him, made him a prisoner, and delivered him to Voivode Sieciech. In commemoration of the brave and noble deed he received a coat of arms depicting the spruce, with his heroic image displayed on the crest.

It has been debated that the event is nothing more than a fictitious legend. This is based on grounds that it took place before the art of heraldry was ever in practice. Nonetheless, the story is significant to the over-all history of the blazon and crest.

Blazon
Gules field with three pronged pine (sometimes fir, sometimes spruce) eradicated proper. Out of the crest coronet, Hero Godziemba in argent armor holding the three pronged spruce in dexter hand, all proper.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:

 * Jan Lubrański Bishop, politician and diplomat, (1456–1520)
 * Stanisław Dąmbski Bishop (ca. 1638-1700)
 * Kazimierz Sosnkowski Inspector General of the Armed Forces of Poland, (1885–1969)

title: Godziemba coat of arms


text:
Talk:Tom Van Flandern

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on Tom Van Flandern. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070929022056/http://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org/winners_year.html to http://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org/winners_year.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160104212720/http://www.metaresearch.org/cosmology/PhysicsHasItsPrinciples.asp to http://metaresearch.org/cosmology/PhysicsHasItsPrinciples.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130407233124/http://metaresearch.org/solar%20system/eph/eph2000.asp to http://metaresearch.org/solar%20system/eph/eph2000.asp
 * Added tag to http://metaresearch./
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20021123170349/http://www.metaresearch.org/solar%20system/cydonia/proof_files/proof.asp to http://www.metaresearch.org/solar%20system/cydonia/proof_files/proof.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130327225237/http://metaresearch.org/cosmology/BB-top-30.asp to http://metaresearch.org/cosmology/BB-top-30.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:43, 30 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Tom Van Flandern. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101120071353/http://astrosociety.org/education/resources/pseudobib03.html to http://www.astrosociety.org/education/resources/pseudobib03.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:05, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Tom Van Flandern. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111001230512/http://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org/pdf/awarded/1974/vanflandern.pdf to http://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org/pdf/awarded/1974/vanflandern.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160305092902/http://remarkableohio.org/historicalmarker.aspx?fileid=138463&historicalmarkerid=106264 to http://www.remarkableohio.org/HistoricalMarker.aspx?historicalMarkerId=106264&fileId=138463

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:16, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

Major revisions
I reverted a bulk revision to the article that removed many facets of the subject's career. I believe that each of these edits deserves a discussion on if it should stay or go or needs to be improved. In the spirit of wikipedia's Bold-revert-discuss guideline, I have reverted the bold edits, now let's discuss them. StarHOG (Talk) 14:24, 18 June 2020 (UTC)

 * See also Fringe theories/Noticeboard. - DVdm (talk) 14:32, 18 June 2020 (UTC)

 * What is there to discuss? You can't just say, WP:BRD GO! You have to explain what the problem is. jps (talk) 15:30, 18 June 2020 (UTC)
 * ... Which will be difficult, because the edits were fine. Merging references, cutting unduly-weighted and poorly-sourced material, trimming a link farm — I can see no problem with any of them. XOR'easter (talk) 16:12, 18 June 2020 (UTC)
 * So I wonder why wikipedia has that entire section on Bold edit, revert, discuss if some editors just think that edits are great and don't need to be discussed? I mean, if you don't see anything wrong with an edit, personally, why would you want to follow wikipedia guidelines and discuss it with other editors? And when they complain about it, just throw it back in their face telling them you're not following the guidelines and if they have a problem with that, they can state their reasons why. StarHOG (Talk) 20:45, 18 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Feel free to let us know what your concerns are. We're waiting. jps (talk) 21:09, 18 June 2020 (UTC)
 * My concern is we're not following wikipedia guidelines. Let's figure that out before anything else. StarHOG (Talk) 23:18, 18 June 2020 (UTC)

WP:NOTBURO. Let us know the issues with the edits, please. jps (talk) 23:51, 18 June 2020 (UTC) You're right about BRD, although the recent edits and comments indicate a small consensus to move forward it seems; if there's a particular text you would like restored, why not specify? Thanks, — Paleo Neonate  – 05:22, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Why not follow the guidelines? A call for consensus, which has not been done here yet, is not a vote of the majority to bypass the guidelines. I'm not a wikipedia historian, but something in my bones tells me that these guidelines were put in place for this very reason, so that one or two editors that think their right don't walk all over other editors, that there is a process to be followed and it doesn't change because of how many editors line up on one side of an issue. StarHOG (Talk) 12:19, 19 June 2020 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't call the string of edits, , , , , a bold edit, as two editors were involved. I'd rather call your undo (with an i.m.o. unfriendly, uninviting edit summary) the bold edit, which I then undid with an invitation to go discuss on the talk page. I now count four editors who think the trimmed version is better than the original, so I think it will be more productive to discuss the article here, rather than our interpretations of the BRD policy supplement. - DVdm (talk) 12:52, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * isn't this what WP:CONSENSUS is about? — Paleo  Neonate  – 09:26, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

A fascinating and notable operator in fringe areas. I should like to see the original version restored so that the extent of his claims can be assessed. Could somebody give a diff for clarity? There is no issue in the BIO of his ideas being claimed as mainstream. Xxanthippe (talk) 22:44, 19 June 2020 (UTC).
 * I mean, the point is that this guy wrote a library about all the different things he thought were wrong with the "mainstream". The current article makes it clear that this is his approach. Lovingly detailing all his claims is obviously WP:NOT what Wikipedia is for. What we can do is pay attention to those ideas which have received significant outside notice. All that was removed was stuff that was solely sourced to Van Flandern's own writing. WP:PSTS should be at least considered in our editorial decisions. jps (talk) 01:55, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
 * OK. Let's have a diff then so we are clear what we are discussing. Xxanthippe (talk) 05:06, 20 June 2020 (UTC).
 * It's easy to see from the history, but here's the difference after recent edits: — Paleo  Neonate  – 09:26, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I will take a look. Xxanthippe (talk) 22:37, 20 June 2020 (UTC).

title: Talk:Tom Van Flandern


text:
Oksza coat of arms

Oksza - is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
 * Jan Kołda
 * Andrzej Rej (diplomat)
 * Mikołaj Rej
 * Nicholas Andrew Rey
 * Konstantin Rokossovsky
 * Paweł Edmund Strzelecki
 * Stanisław Orzechowski

title: Oksza coat of arms


text:
Talk:Mesoamerican ballgame

Cohodas, Gillespie
The last names Cohodas and Gillespie are repeatedly listed as sources for this material, but the page provides no further information about these references. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BooksXYZ (talk • contribs) 17:01, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, both of these authors have written various articles about the ballgame. With no year in the reference, it is impossible to pin down the exact source. Simon Burchell (talk) 20:34, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

How common are ballcourts?
My earlier text based on my observations, reading, and research was: "Every Pre-Columbian ruin of any size in the area contains at least one ballcourt, often several."

Anon editor (from 66.245.27.203) removed that and added the text: "but most prehispanic Mesoamerican communities had none at all."

I've removed both statements from the article. What is your source on that, 66.245.27.203? Can you give examples of mapped and explored sites with no ballcourts? Or does "communities" include hamlets and villages with no permanent structures? Explanation and clarification welcome. Wondering, -- Infrogmation 18:18, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

You must distinguish not only the site but the period of occupation. Ball courts seem to have been special civic-ceremonial architecture, and while sometimes they were built in very small communities--say 10 houses or less--others may have had hundreds of homes and no ball court--this is true for every period from Early Formative to Late Postclassic. Indeed, ball courts seem to have been an earlier phenomenon in southern Mesoamerica than in, for example, the Basin of Mexico. Remember, too, that the presence of a ball court implies at least a trading link with the lowlands, as the trees that supplied the rubber for the balls do not grow in the highlands. There are lots of misconceptions about ball courts; one is that all/most Mesoamerican communities built and used them. Specifically, as to mapped and explored sites with no ball courts: look at all major regional survey reports for the Basin of Mexico, Puebla, and Valley of Oaxaca. Many have been published by the University of Michigan and Penn State Univ (and other sources); authors include William Sanders, Jeffrey Parsons, Richard Blanton, and Stephen Kowalewski. I've been on over a thousand sites in the Mixteca Alta and Valley of Oaxaca, and almost all lacked ball courts.--signed, fellow Mesoamerican scholar

 * Okay. I have to admit I was mostly thinking of Maya sites; in Oaxaca and Central Mexico I'm mostly just familiar with the larger more famous sites. Can we be more specific, perhaps starting with something like that ball courts are common in Peten sites but rare in Oaxaca (or whatever the cases may be)? Cheers, -- Infrogmation 09:32, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Non-cultural details scarce
What's the aim? How do people actually play? 119 06:16, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I came here looking for the rules of the games as well. MMad 12:04, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, all that is known about the pre-Columbian ritual/game can only be inferred from the archaeological record and interpretation of imagery- there are no inscriptions or texts from that era (that can be read) which explain or describe the rules, or even (directly) the purpose.--cjllw | TALK  22:39, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

poc-ta-tok
I´m writing about the same subject at the german wikipedia. I´m not an expert. Actually, I only have done some google research. My problem is, that I can´t confirm "poc-ta-tok". In this Vocabulary book it ist called "pitzal" for instance.

The term "ulama", another problem, is used in the text in a way that goes around the problem. Maybe that is clever. Because, I guess the word has nothing to do with ballgame, but with rubber. I will write ( hope no one will erase that) that it is the Aztek word for rubber and the people who grow it at ~1500. So, there is no olmec-connection, in my view. That is not from me ( it´s internet), but it explains a lot. Yours, Zahnstein --62.227.72.108 08:00, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Great writing here
sorry for the off-topic, but I have to say this- I love the transition in 'Versions of the game' from paragraph 4 (game was extremely violent, graphic descriptions of injuries, skull of losers makes new ball, "stories of the ritual ballgames between the Maya Hero Twins and the demonic Lords of Xibalba") and paragraph 5 (And it's fun for the kids!).

 * I just moved out the demonic part here in refactoring but I think that the transition still stands. --Homunq 17:02, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Merge with Ulama game article?
I would agree with the merge, under the name of Mesoamerican ballgame. Madman 20:34, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
 * No, you're wrong in that Ulama is a separate game, likely a descendent of the Mesoamerican ballgame. Separate articles are needed.  An older and ever-so-slightly wiser Madman 13:34, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree that separate articles are needed. Kaldari (talk) 07:18, 30 March 2015 (UTC)

Rules, people, rules!!!!
Ok, great. We have the origin, the history which was all very interesting. But, I mean, we need the rules and the gameplay.

 * You'll have to invent them yourself (only if you do invent them don't put it in the article). Nobody knows the rules.Maunus 16:02, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Besides this, the article seems to suggest most scholars associate the hip-ball game with the rules cited by the Spanish witnesses, as well as the bigger courts and rings. If so, it would be interesting to see if they've actually used a test group of athletes to see if people can actually play a game with those particular rules using only their hips, particularly with a ball weighing 4 pounds. Ulama is not a hips-only game. Keeping a ball bouncing with arms and shins is feasible, with hips there wouldn't be rallies more than 2 or 3 shots. It's hard to believe the hip-ballgame was played on the big ring courts or with ulama-like rules. The mural dipicting hip-ball suggests the ball isn't high up in that game, maybe the bounces don't matter there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.170.56.228 (talk) 00:08, 1 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Check out this YouTube video. It appears that these re-enactors only use their hips.  Madman (talk) 02:59, 1 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Yabbut is their ball 4Kg heavy? And even they have a hard time keeping the ball off the ground. I honestly can't picture it, unless there is something nobody has though of yet, such as the ball being suspended from a wire or something.2.80.239.111 (talk) 02:17, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

Another article to merge to here
I think the new article Ceremonial Ball Court should be merged and redirected to here. -- Infrogmation 00:35, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Agree with the merge proposal, although perhaps at some point there'd be justification for having separate articles on the ballcourt structures and the ballcourt game/rituals. The new article also only covers aspects relating to the Maya, whereas ballcourts are one of the common pan-Mesoamerican defining aspects.--cjllw |  TALK  04:23, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Considerable overlap with Maya Hero Twins entry
Retelling the Popol Vuh story, with a lot of unnecessary detail, unfocuses your own story. Retal 00:17, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * This is true, and I pulled out large chunks unrelated to the ballgame. It still needs work, particularly (I believe) on the long paragraphs discussing the cosmic meaning of the game.  Madman 13:38, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Chichen Itza - court size
Please correct! There are two different sizes for the chichen itza ball court given in the court section!

Patrick —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.18.182.74 (talk) 23:36, 13 January 2007 (UTC).

Images
I've uploaded a 360 ° panorama of the Great Ballcourt at Chichen Itza. Just wondering if it was germane to place in the main article (or other articles) to give a sense of scale for the size.--Rojoxiii (talk) 00:47, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Grammar
This article could use a little brush up language-wise —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 87.52.45.238 (talk) 14:36, 14 February 2007 (UTC).

History Channel
Just saw the show "Decoding the Past" on History Chan. They said that they now believe it is the the winning team's captain which is sacrificed as winning the game makes him worthy. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 65.11.103.62 (talk) 02:43, 10 April 2007 (UTC).
 * This pops up on occasion. Being the sticklers we are here, we're looking for some more academic than the guides at Chichen Itza or even the History Channel.  There's certainly a lot we don't know about this game (starting with the rules).  Thanks, Madman 01:29, 12 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I visited Chichen Itza this week and with our tour guide, he also confirmed that the winning team's captain was sacrificed to the gods. I don't know how much professional information you need about him, but he claimed to us that he was of strictly Mayan decent (he left his village to go to college), graduated with a Masters degree in archeology and astronomy and currently participates in speaking all over the world.  His Spanish name is Antonio Cuxil (couldn't find his Mayan name), and his credentials are confirmed in several sources.  I cannot find any papers or books he has written, but I just thought I'd throw that out there.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.144.227.226 (talk) 01:47, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Hmm...and yet, with all those qualifications and worldwide speaking engagements, he spends his time hauling gringos around on a look-see before they cram back into the tour bus? Somehow, I don't think so; either he, or you, are having a laugh. --cjllw ʘ  TALK 04:01, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
 * So you think those qualifications are worth much, economically wise, in a country other than the US? And even there...2.80.239.111 (talk) 02:21, 13 September 2011 (UTC)
 * We can add this to the article once it is found in a secondary source. We really really cannot cite "the tour guide at Chichen Itza". Madman (talk) 03:49, 17 June 2008 (UTC)
 * With the scholars professing ignorance on the subject, WP shouldn't really take a side.2.80.239.111 (talk) 02:21, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

Too Heavy on the Mayas
The article dwells a bit much on the Mayas in connection with the ballgame. In fact, the ballgame was as common or even more so among the Aztecs, and it was from them that the Spanish learned about it. Perhaps the original contributor here is more acquainted with the Mayas, but for balance and accuracy, someone should contribute more about the Aztecs and the game. If I have the time..... Tmangray 01:48, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. I think we're all just working on our projects.  Madman 01:30, 12 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I added a section on the Aztec ullamaliztli.·Maunus· · ƛ · 10:58, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the contribution. Re:the rendering of Nahuatl words-I've heard the pronounciation of these words and in my own experience, besides slight variations among native speakers, I find that neither the "o" nor the "u" renderings fully captures the actual vowel sound.  This probably also accounts for the alternate renderings one finds for all the cognates of olli/ulli. Tmangray 17:48, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The actual explanation which I didn't include in the article is that the long o vowel of nahuatl has a tendency to be raised to sound a bit closer to the spanish u sound than the short one. almost everytime you find the letter u used as a vowel in a 16th century document it corresponds to a long vowel. In fact in some dialects the contrast of long and short o has become a contrast of o and u instead. I have removed your additions of the spanish spelling, because that part of the article is trying to render the actual Náhuatl usage. The u-spelling is simply a spanish mishearing of the sounds in the nahuatl language that are unknown in spanish. In my opinion it is an injustice to the nahuatl language to not render the actual words but rather their hispanified counterparts. ·Maunus· · ƛ · 19:01, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

But the actual words were not originally rendered in roman letters. It's the pronounciation relative to a given language, in one case Spanish, in the other, English. It's all approximation. The Royal Spanish Academy in their online dictionary uses the "u" as the best rendition relative to their language, although I agree that the sound is not a true "u" sound, but having heard it spoken myself, I can't say it really sounds like a true "o" either. Then there's the fact that it shows up with the alternate spellings. There should be at least some mention of this so that readers are not confused. Tmangray 22:42, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * This is obviously a problem which arises in connection with transliterating all languages. The various official pronunciation systems are of little use to the casual inquirer since they require considerable study of their codes and navigation of jargon describing them.  These should be posted for those who can use them easily, but some accommodation should also be made for others, even if this requires the use of crude approximations.  It might also be helpful to link to any online voice files with native speakers pronouncing the various words.  This of course carries its own limitation in that pronounciations vary even among native speakers, but it would still be useful. Tmangray 22:55, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * There are no native speakers of classical nahuatl, which is a dead literature language. The only way we can attain knowledge of how the sound sounded in classical nahuatl is by the descriptions given in the early grammars - none of us have heard how it was pronounced in classical nahuatl. Carochi consistently writes the vowel as "ō" while he remarks that the sound is not as low as the spanish o. The transscription of classical nahuatl is not governed by the royal spanish academy, nor should it be used as in the historical sources. The transcription of classical nahuatl is best rendered by scholars of classical nahuatl, and no scholars of classical nahuatl spanish or english speaking render the long o vowel of classical nahuatl with the letter u. Carochi, Olmos, Launey and the american nahuatl scholars use the letter o, sometimes with a diacritic (macron) to write this vowel. ·Maunus· · ƛ · 07:17, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The Royal Spanish Academy is most certainly the ultimate authority on transcriptions into Spanish, not classical Nahuatl scholars. I would be very much surprised if the Academy doesn't utilize the foremost scholarship in determining such things.  I'm also surprised to hear that there are no native speakers of classical Nahuatl.  Are none of the hundreds of thousands speakers of Nahuatl in Mexico today considered more authoritative about pronunciations of their own language than people in academia?  And why is it that the surviving ballgame is rendered "Ulama" and not "Olama"?  And why is so-called "classical" Nahuatl the only source to be considered for transliteration?  Isn't the common speech, which is most likely like the Nahuatl still spoken in Mexico today, as valid if not more valid as representative of Nahuatl generally?  Because of this, and the acknowledgment that the "o" used to transcribe classical Nahuatl by one scholar isn't quite as "low" as the Spanish "o" (which is clear when you hear Nahuatl spoken today), why shouldn't alternative transcriptions be mentioned? Tmangray 03:05, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Classical Nahuatl was the dialect spoken in mexico city at the arrival of the panish. It has a great literary corpus and the early sources are in this language. The current speakers of Nahuatl speak any of around 30 different nahuatl dialects some of which are very different from classical nahuatl. And no these speakers are not considered to be more authoritative on the pronunciation of a language that they have never heard. Just like you couldn't be considered an authority on Old English unless you had actually studied it. As for the spanish academy the thing that I have been trying to tell you is that I am trying to render the words in actual nahuatl, not in spanish. The spelling with u is a spanish transcription while the transcription with o follows the normal orthography for writing Nahuatl - so the real academia doesn't enter into this discussion at all. The reason the surviving game is called ulama is that it was so named by spaniards. There are no(natural) Nahuatl communities in Sinaloa where it is played. Classical Nahuatl and not modern nahuatl dialects is the source for transcriping words from aztec culture for several reasons. 1. it was the language spoken by the aztecs of tenochtitlan, and most (all) early sources arefrom their language. 2. it was a lingua franca before the arrival of the spaniards. 3.it has literarure, what none of the modern dialects have. 4. its the only language that we know to have even used the word o:llamaliztli, other communities may have called it differently. 5.alternative transcription is mentioned and used in different parts of the rarticle because I realize that it is the normally used orthography by non-nahuatl scholars, but I try to make a distinction between this ultimately spanish word and the words actually used by the aztecs themselves.·Maunus· · ƛ · 05:10, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Name of the game?
Back in middle or high school, I was taught this game was known as Tlatchi, and google turns up quite a few hits under that name. I seem to remember the old D&D Hollow World boxed set campaign also referred to it by that name. Rather than alter this page, I set up a Tlatchi page, which now redirects to this one.
 * Tlachtli was the name the aztecs called the game, other cultures called it by other names as you will see if you read the article.·Maunus· · ƛ · 09:45, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Article needs work
I thought perhaps we could spend some time trying to better document this article and remove or document some of the more outlandish or broad-sweeping statements: In general, the article seems to be something that has grown up over time by the steady addition of sentences here and there by various authors, so perhaps it can copyedited into a tighter, better documented, and more nuanced article. FYI, Madman 13:34, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * "The goal was to knock the ball into the opponent's end of the court" - Do we know this?
 * "A loser's skull might be used as the core around which a new rubber ball would be made." - Seems unlikely.
 * "Brightly painted deer hides adorned with feathers were worn around the hips and provided some additional protection, as well as adding to the rich attire of the players." Um, OK, if you say so.
 * Thanks for your good work on the article. Regarding the skull in the ball, between depictions in art of skulls in ballgame balls and the Popul Vuh, I know there's been some scholarly speculation that this was done (needs citation, I know), but I don't know that i has been demonstrated to be so. -- Infrogmation 19:48, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it seems that the decapitated severed head becomes the ball in some sort of metaphysical way, and some scholars have speculated that the skull actually substituted for the ball (though it could hardly bounce properly ! :), but do they really build an actual ball around the head? Thanks for weighing in, Madman 22:47, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * After significant research, I removed the sentence stating "A loser's skull might be used as the core around which a new rubber ball would be made." There have been no balls recovered that contain skulls (ref: Filloy Nadal or Hosler articles) and I have read nothing that hints of this practice in any of my other sources (Scarborough and Wilcox The Mesoamerican Ballgame and Whittington's The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame, both recent collections of scholarly articles.).  Now, the http://www.ballgame.org/ website does mention this ("Some balls had human skulls at the core.  Rubber strips were wound around skulls to form a large hollow ball.") but I haven't found anything else anywhere.  I would be happy to add this back if someone can find a citation etc.  Thanks, Madman 01:53, 10 October 2007 (UTC)
 * By the way, I conversed via email with the curator of the Mint Museum, which sponsored the The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame travelling exhibit and, in a loose way, the website above. She indicated that she was not aware of any evidence that skulls were actually used within the rubber balls, and that any depictions showing skulls superimposed on balls were metaphorical in nature.Madman 18:51, 22 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I have finally tracked down a couple of mentions of skull-balls by two prominent archaeologists: Mary Ellen Miller and Linda Schele. They were essentially speculating on the possibility, and I noted this in the article.
 * I also found the source of the "Brightly painted deerskin . . . " sentence above, which was also Miller. She was particularly referring to Maya players. FYI, Madman (talk) 05:27, 22 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Today, I removed the following sentence: "In some versions of the game, the feet were used as in modern football soccer." due to lack of any supporting documentation. Madman 18:51, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Proof?
The earliest documentation of this game comes from the 1800s. This documentation of its existance is relies heavy on original research. True there is a similar game being played today, but what proof have we that the games played today were ever played in these particular "courts". My problem is mostly about the so called "ancient ball courts" and their actual use. Where's the proof linking the modern games with the "ancient ball courts"? Please don't cite me any modern writings. I want actual proof that very specifically links the game with the courts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.254.141.144 (talk) 17:57, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The earliest documentation written in latin script comes from the 16th century, written by spanish conquistadors ad native croniclers who saw the game being played. The connection of the ancient ball courts with the ball game comes from huge amounts of epigraphic evidence AND hieroglyphic texts clearly stating that the function of the ballcourt structures were to play ball. You should read the article actually, it's all in there.·Maunus· · ƛ · 18:06, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Indeed, the illustration in the article from the Codex Borgia should alone be demonstration that the association of the activity with the physical architecture is not a 19thC invention. And far from being 'orginal research' in the sense used on wikipedia (ie some contributor's own personal interpretation), there can scarcely have been a publication on Mesoamerican archaeology and architecture that does not mention the connection.
 * True enough, there are a number of popular contemporary accounts which assume a lot more about the actual gameplay and purpose than more serious research avows, but that doesn't seem to be the intent of the query here. --cjllw ʘ  TALK 01:00, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Came to the talk page for this reason. There's zero skepticism or academic inquiry into this. The entire thing is speculative, every single instance, without citations that aren't just more speculative works of fiction or people trying to insert further information gleaned from their own imagination. This is disappointing. I grew up under the premise that all of this was true. But the reality is we have a bunch of statues that could be anything, a couple of hand stones that are more probably for grinding flat stone surfaces / stone masonry, and a couple of reproduction rubber balls whose labels fell off and now their providence is unknown.

I suppose it makes sense when one journalist declaring something and a thousand others cutting and pasting his work has been deemed a primary source. But it's shocking how little evidence there is for any of this. 2001:8003:2956:4300:50FD:2CD8:8930:2A5B (talk) 16:26, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

They sacrified the losers, or the winners?
The local guides explain that the captain sacrified was of the WINNER team, with the idea to offer only the best to the gods. They say also that both captains were always willing to win, for the death by sacrifice was considered a glorius ending. If there is no proof .of this being false, perhaps this version should be included. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.96.143.93 (talk) 08:57, 16 February 2009 (UTC)
 * That'd be the wrong way around -- in order for a statement like that to be included we'd need demonstration that it is verifiably made by a range of reliable sources. Local tour guides and their tales would meet neither of these criteria, I'm afraid. While there's clear iconographic evidence & portrayals of captive/'loser' sacrifice, AFAIK nothing really indicates the reverse. --cjllw ʘ  TALK 23:24, 16 February 2009 (UTC)
 * How do we know the iconographic evidence & portayals are of "captive/loser" been sacrificed, rather than the winner of the game? 99.232.166.204 (talk) 03:03, 30 November 2009 (UTC) Yu Li
 * Precisely; there's no references cited in the article demonstrating that the losers were sacrificed. Therefore, I have temporarily changed it to a neutral stance until more references are found.--Canned Soul (talk) 03:31, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

Pot-a-tok??
What is the source for this strange word?77.162.130.139 (talk) 22:02, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

Removed suspect material
I removed the statements referenced by Brian Fagan's The Seventy Great Inventions of the Ancient World because this book is a popular press book (i.e. not scholarly) whose focus is not the ballgame. In this book, Fagan makes overly broad statements which are not supported in scholarly treatments of the ballgame. For example:

 * The stone ballcourt goals. . ."changed the game entirely though, since an immediate win could be attained from them by tossing the balls in the ring, or points could be scored by simply tossing the ball so that it touched the ring."

Since we don't know the rules of the Mesoamerican ballgame with any certainty, we can't say that the rings "changed the game entirely" nor have I seen any other reference to idea that touching the ring with the ball scored "points". The use of the word "toss" is also problematic since (so far as I have read) the players never "tossed" the ball except to serve.

The other quote is:

 * "With the Aztec version of the game, the skulls of losing teammembers were even placed in a 'skull rack' beside the field, and their blood was offered as 'food for the gods'. "

This implies that the entire losing team was sacrificed. It is not known with any certainty exactly who or how many were sacrificed.

In summary, Fagan is not a reputable source, at least as far the ballgame. I would want these excerpts verified by some sort of scholarly material before including them in this article. Thanks, Madman (talk) 20:14, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

hihohjkjjjgghhhyggghhyyyyyyyt₳฿฿฿฿฿฿฿฿฿฿฿₵₵₵₵₵₵₵₵₵₵¢¢↔↔↔↔↔↔ §kaksnmcndhbshndmccokjbjhjjhmhgjhjhgjhjhvghkjh,khjhkj §8 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.244.41.122 (talk) 19:58, 16 January 2014 (UTC)

Nahuatl pronunciation
Shouldn't (Nahuatl pronunciation: /oːlːamaˈlistɬi/) be (Nahuatl pronunciation: /oːlːamalˈistɬi/). With the emphasis character after the 'l'? Senor Cuete (talk) 16:34, 27 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Mesoamerican ballgame. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080910095804/http://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/journal/404/Handspan.pdf to http://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/journal/404/Handspan.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:12, 8 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Mesoamerican ballgame. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070524065929/http://www.denison.edu/collaborations/istmo/n04/proyectos/corazon.html to http://www.denison.edu/collaborations/istmo/n04/proyectos/corazon.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:59, 2 September 2017 (UTC)

Linking to Aztec society
Hello friends. I feel like it would a good idea to link this article to the Aztec society article where you mention the ballgame and what it means particularly to the Aztecs. The Aztec society article mentions the ball game and is linked to this article as well. Is anyone against this idea? Tdbdh4 (talk) 23:30, 9 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Mesoamerican ballgame. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070221182955/http://www.doaks.org/Social/social09.pdf to http://www.doaks.org/Social/social09.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:18, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mesoamerican ballgame


text:
Appleshaw

Appleshaw is a village in the English county of Hampshire. The name Appleshaw is derived from Old English ‘scarga’ - a shaugh or wood; thus Appleshaw may mean ‘apple wood’. It includes the hamlet of Ragged Appleshaw, the ‘ragged’ possibly being a corruption of ‘roe gate’ - the gate of the Royal Deer Forest of Chute. The northern boundary of the parish is the Wiltshire border.

This small parish lies on the Wiltshire border and includes the hamlets of Redenham and Ragged Appleshaw, including part of Redenham Park. Granted the right to two annual fairs in 1658, Appleshaw became a rival to the great Weyhill sheep fair.

The Salisbury Journal in 1801 reported that 15,000 sheep were sold at Appleshaw - a reduction on the previous year's total.

W. G. Grace once played cricket here, with his bat made of Wallop willow.

In the middle of the street a clock sticks out from a barn wall, placed there to celebrate Queen Victoria's jubilee.

Education
Appleshaw has one school, Appleshaw St Peter's CE Primary School.

title: Appleshaw


text: Category:House of Savoy

title: Category:House of Savoy


text:
Pierzchała coat of arms

Pierzchała (Roch) is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
One of the oldest Polish coats of arms. According to the most heraldists the proper name of it is "Pierzchała" (Pirzchała), recorded in 1409. The word "Roch" means in Polish the heraldic emblem: the rook, it has been later also used as the name (recorded in 1422).

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:

 * Klemens Pierzchała, Bishop of Płock
 * House of Walewski
 * Marie Walewska
 * Alexandre Joseph Colonna, Count Walewski
 * House of Wiszowaty
 * Andrzej Wiszowaty
 * Benedykt Wiszowaty
 * Andrzej Wiszowaty, Jr.
 * Oborski family
 * pl:Kategoria:Oborscy herbu Pierzchała

Related coat of arms

 * Roch III coat of arms
 * Wysocki coat of arms

title: Pierzchała coat of arms


text:
Harlan Township, Warren County, Ohio

Harlan Township is one of the eleven townships of Warren County, Ohio, United States. It is located in the southeast corner of the county. The population was 4,929 as of the 2020 census.

Geography

Located in the southeastern corner of the county, it borders the following townships:
 * Washington Township - north
 * Vernon Township, Clinton County - northeast
 * Marion Township, Clinton County - east
 * Wayne Township, Clermont County - southeast
 * Goshen Township, Clermont County - southwest
 * Hamilton Township - west
 * Salem Township - northwest

The two tiny villages of Butlerville and Pleasant Plain are located in Harlan Township, as well as the unincorporated community of Level.

Name and history
The only Harlan Township statewide, it is named for Aaron Harlan of Xenia, a member of the Ohio General Assembly that created the township and who formerly represented the area in Congress.

Harlan Township was organized in 1860. It was created by the Ohio General Assembly by the Act of March 16, 1860 (Ohio Laws, volume 57, page 135), which took effect that day. It divided the existing Salem Township into two parts, the northern part to be called Corwin Township, the southern to be called Harlan.

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

Public services
The Little Miami, Blanchester, Goshen, and Clinton Massie school districts serve the township. Mail is delivered through the Pleasant Plain, Clarksville, Morrow, Goshen, and Blanchester post offices. The Little Miami Telephone Company's Butlerville exchange serves most of the township, but parts of Harlan Township lie in the Little Miami, Blanchester, Morrow, and Clarksville telephone exchanges.

title: Harlan Township, Warren County, Ohio


text:
Poraj coat of arms

Poraj is a Polish Coat of Arms. Used by several knighthood families of medieval Poland and noble families of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth - those descended in the male-line from the Poraj family and those allowed into the heraldic clan by adoption.

History
The Poraj coat of arms is of Bohemian origin. The name comes from the progenitor of the Polish clan Prince Poraj (Pořej), brother of Adalbert of Prague, son of the Bohemian Duke Slavník. According to a legend the sons of Duke Slavník bore the coat of arms of roses, each in a different color.

Prince Poraj came to Poland with the procession of Dobrawa of Bohemia, the spouse of Mieszko I of Poland and settled down in Greater Poland.

Blazon
Gules, a rose Argent barbed Vert seeded Or.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this Coat of Arms include:
 * Jan Gruszczyński, Primate of Poland and Viceroy
 * Jan Bodzanta, Bishop of Kraków
 * Bogufał I, Bishop of Poznań
 * Bogufał II, Bishop of Poznań
 * Bogufał III z Czerlina, Bishop of Poznań
 * Benedykt Izdbieński, Bishop of Poznań
 * Franciszek Antoni Kobielski, Bishop of Lutsk
 * Maciej Garnysz, Bishop of Chełmno
 * Stanisław Pstrokoński, Bishop of Chełmno
 * Piotr Goryński, Voivode of the Duchy of Masovia
 * Jan Samuel Chrzanowski, lieutenant colonel
 * Adam Mickiewicz, national poet, see: Three Bards
 * Wincenty Kadłubek, Bishop of Kraków and chronicler
 * Roman Grodecki, professor at the Jagiellonian University
 * House of Kurozwęcki
 * Krzesław Kurozwęcki, Grand Chancellor of the Crown and Bishop of Kujawy
 * Dobiesław Kurozwęcki, Voivode of Krakow
 * Stanisław Kurozwęcki, Vice-Chancellor of the Crown
 * Zawisza Kurozwęcki, regent of the Kingdom of Poland
 * Dobiesław "Lubelczyk" Kurozwęcki, Voivode of Lublin
 * Mikołaj "Lubelczyk" Kurozwęcki, Voivode of Lublin
 * Krzesław Kurozwęcki, castellan of Nowy Sacz
 * Piotr Kurozwęcki, Court Marshal of the Crown
 * Krzesław "Półtorabek" Kurozwęcki, starost of Krakow
 * Adam Kurozwęcki, starost of Brzeziny
 * Janusz Zakrzeński, film and theatrical actor
 * Stanislaw Chlebowski, painter
 * Józef Biernacki, general, participant of the Kosciuszko and November Uprisings
 * Alojzy Prosper Biernacki, Chancellor of the Exchequer during the November Uprising
 * Andrzej Boryszewski, Archbishop of Lwów, Primate of Poland
 * Mikołaj Róża Borzyszowski, Crown Master of the Kitchen, castellan of Małogoszcz
 * Hieronim Bużeński, Grand Treasurer of the Crown
 * Antoni Madeyski, sculptor
 * Andrzej Madeysk, engineer, associate professor
 * Jerzy Madeyski, art historian
 * Adam Gruszczyński, judge, castellan of Gniezno
 * Włodzimierz Gruszczyński, architect and professor
 * Wojciech Męciński (Alberto Polacco), Jesuit, missionary in Japan
 * Wojciech Męciński, general of the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw
 * Cezar Męciński, officer of the Polish Army
 * Cezary Chlebowski, writer and historian
 * Wincenty Wiszniewski, astronomer
 * Józef Kuczewski, judge and wójt of Wiłkomierz, member of the Grodno Sejm
 * Stanisław Wybranowski, Standard-Bearer of Lublin
 * Stanisław Goczałkowski, Burgrave of Krakow
 * Jan Chlebowski, Royal Rotmistrz in the times of John II Casimir Vasa

Gallery
Variations

title: Poraj coat of arms


text:
Talk:Philippe de Mézières

Untitled
Who is Andrew, King of Naples? He is not listed on the List of monarchs of Naples and Sicily. Adam Bishop 18:22, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Philippe de Mézières


text: User talk:66.245.27.203

title: User talk:66.245.27.203


text:
Pomian coat of arms

Pomian is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
On the shield is the black head of a bison on a yellow field, with a sword driven into the head so that both the top and the bottom of the sword are visible. Above the helmet on the crown is an arm in armor with a bare hand holding a sword.

The origin of this coat-of-arms can be traced back to 1279, when Hebda, brother of Jaranda, performed public deeds of merit to atone for the sins of his murdered brother. One of his brave acts was the killing of a bison that had been plaguing the village of Lubania. During the reign of Walter II, King of Poland, the bison head was placed on the shield and the arm with a sword was placed above the crown and was named Pomian. This is a communal coat-of-arms and is shared by other Great Polish Families.

Blazon
The Pomian coat of arms, being borne by multiple families, as with most Polish armorial bearings, has multiple variations to the basic design. The example image on this page may be blazoned as follows: ''Arms: Or, a buffalo's head caboshed, sable, pierced with a sword, proper. Mantling: Sable, doubled Or. Crest: Out of a ducal coronet, an arm embowed in armor holding in its hand a sword, proper.''

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
 * Bohdan Andrejewicz Sakowicz
 * Alfred Niezychowski
 * Stanislaw Kobierzycki, Kasztelan Gdański, Author and Historian, Gdansk, Poland b.1600-d.1665.
 * Wladyslaw Aleksander Lubienski, Primate of Poland
 * Swietoslaw Jana Kobierzycki, Canon Cathedral Plock.
 * Zophia Kobierzycka, consort to Stefan Czarniecki.
 * Jaroslaw Kobierzycki.
 * Krzysztof Kosinski, Polish Noble and leader of Kosinski Uprising.
 * Maciej Łubieński, Primate of Poland and Interrex
 * Feliks Lubienski, Justice Minister in the Grand Duchy of Warsaw
 * Tomasz Lubienski, General and industrialist
 * Bernard Łubieński, Redemptorist preacher and missionary
 * Lech Kaczyński
 * Rula Lenska, actor
 * Tadeusz Cieński, senator
 * Jan Cieński, bishop

title: Pomian coat of arms


text: Category:Savoy

title: Category:Savoy


text:
Rola coat of arms

Rola is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Kingdom of Poland and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

One of the several Polish coats of arms which adopted Lithuanian catholic nobles due to Union of Horodło (1413) acts.

Blazon
Gules, a rose Argent seeded Or, encircled by three coulters Argent, one pointed downwards.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
 * Jan Januszowski
 * Piotr Wolyniec
 * Balthasar "Balthus" Klossowski
 * Pierre Klossowski
 * Stanisław Kostka Gadomski
 * Stanisław Lubieniecki
 * Józef Niemojewski
 * Stanisław Rola-Arciszewski
 * Augustinus Rotundus
 * Aleksander Rożniecki
 * Jan Tarnowski
 * Tomasz Wawrzecki

title: Rola coat of arms


text:
Horseman's pick

The horseman's pick is a weapon of Middle Eastern origin used by cavalry during the Middle Ages in Europe and the Middle East. It is a type of war hammer that has a very long spike on the reverse of the hammer head. Usually, this spike is slightly curved downwards, much like a miner's pickaxe. The term is sometimes used interchangeably with war hammer. A metal-made horseman's pick called "nadziak" was one of the main weapons of the famous Polish Winged Hussars. A weapon of late make, the horseman's pick was developed by the English and used by billmen. It was used with great success during the Hundred Years' War. A use of the horseman's pick was to tear men from their mounts.

The horseman's pick was often used as a means to penetrate thick plate armour or mail which the standard sword could not. However, a number of drawbacks limited the weapon's effectiveness. Its relative heaviness made it unwieldy and, thus, easily avoided. The injury caused by the weapon was also small and rarely immediately fatal. Additionally, if swung too hard, the weapon often became embedded in the victim or their armour, making retrieval difficult.

title: Horseman's pick


text:
Percy Lowe

Percy Roycroft Lowe (2 January 1870 – 18 August 1948) was an English surgeon and ornithologist.

Life
Lowe was born at Stamford, Lincolnshire and studied medicine at Jesus College, Cambridge. He served as a civil surgeon in the Second Boer War, and it was whilst in South Africa that he became interested in ornithology. On his return he became private physician to Sir Frederick Johnstone, 8th Baronet, whose constant travel exposed Lowe to birds all around the world.

During World War One he served in the Royal Army Medical Corps; he was Officer in Command on Princess Christian Ambulance Train for which he was awarded the OBE in 1920.

Lowe worked with Dorothea Bate on fossil ostriches in China.

In November 1919 he succeeded William Robert Ogilvie-Grant as Curator of Birds at the Natural History Museum, retiring on his sixty-fifth birthday in 1935. He was succeeded by Norman Boyd Kinnear.

He was editor of the Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club from 1920 to 1925 and president of the British Ornithologists' Union from 1938 to 1943. In 1933 he was one of eleven people involved in the appeal that led to the foundation of the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO), an organisation for the study of birds in the British Isles. His 1936 publication The finches of the Galapagos in relation to Darwin's conception of species introduced the term Darwin's finches.

In 1939 he was elected a Corresponding Member of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union and in 1946 was awarded the Godman-Salvin Medal of the British Ornithological Union.

An extinct species of penguin, Archaeospheniscus lowei, was named in his honor to recognize his research into penguin fossils.

title: Percy Lowe