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Nassim Nicholas Taleb

Nassim Nicholas Taleb (alternatively Nessim or Nissim; born 12 September 1960) is a Lebanese-American essayist, mathematical statistician, former option trader, risk analyst, and aphorist. His work concerns problems of randomness, probability, and uncertainty.

Taleb is the author of the Incerto, a five-volume philosophical essay on uncertainty published between 2001 and 2018 (notably, The Black Swan and Antifragile). He has been a professor at several universities, serving as a Distinguished Professor of Risk Engineering at the New York University Tandon School of Engineering since September 2008. He has been co-editor-in-chief of the academic journal Risk and Decision Analysis since September 2014. He has also been a practitioner of mathematical finance, a hedge fund manager, and a derivatives trader, and is currently listed as a scientific adviser at Universa Investments. The Sunday Times called his 2007 book The Black Swan one of the 12 most influential books since World War II.

Taleb criticized the risk management methods used by the finance industry and warned about financial crises, subsequently profiting from the late-2000s financial crisis. He advocates what he calls a "black swan robust" society, meaning a society that can withstand difficult-to-predict events. He proposes what he has termed "antifragility" in systems; that is, an ability to benefit and grow from a certain class of random events, errors, and volatility, as well as "convex tinkering" as a method of scientific discovery, by which he means that decentralized experimentation outperforms directed research.

Early life and family background
Taleb was born in Amioun, Lebanon, to Minerva Ghosn and Nagib Taleb, an oncologist and a researcher in anthropology. His parents were of Antiochian Greek descent, holding French citizenship. His grandfather,, and his great-grandfather, , were both deputy prime ministers in the 1940s through the 1970s. His paternal grandfather Nassim Taleb was a supreme court judge and his great-great-great-great-grandfather, Ibrahim Taleb (Nabbout), was a governor of Mount Lebanon in 1866. Taleb attended a French school there, the Grand Lycée Franco-Libanais in Beirut. His family saw its political prominence and wealth reduced by the Lebanese Civil War, which began in 1975. He is a Greek Orthodox Christian.

Education
Taleb received his bachelor and Master of Science degrees from the University of Paris. He holds an MBA from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania (1983), and a PhD in management science from the University of Paris (Dauphine) (1998), under the direction of Hélyette Geman. His dissertation focused on the mathematics of derivatives pricing.

According to a profile in Le Monde, Taleb claims to read in ten languages.

Finance view
Taleb has been a practitioner of mathematical finance, a hedge fund manager, and a derivatives trader. He is a scientific adviser at Universa Investments.

Taleb considers himself less a businessman than an epistemologist of randomness, and says that he used trading to attain independence and freedom from authority. He advocated for tail risk hedging, which is intended to mitigate investors' exposure to extreme market moves. His business model has been to safeguard investors against crises while reaping rewards from rare events, and thus his investment management career has included several jackpots followed by lengthy dry spells.

He has also held the following positions: managing director and proprietary trader at Credit Suisse UBS, worldwide chief proprietary arbitrage derivatives trader for currencies, commodities and non-dollar fixed income at First Boston, chief currency derivatives trader for Banque Indosuez, managing director and worldwide head of financial option arbitrage at CIBC Wood Gundy, derivatives arbitrage trader at Bankers Trust (now Deutsche Bank), proprietary trader at BNP Paribas, independent option market maker on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and founder of Empirica Capital.

Taleb reportedly became financially independent after the crash of 1987 and was successful during the Nasdaq dive in 2000 as well as the financial crisis that began in 2007, a development he attributed to the mismatch between reality and statistical distributions used in finance. After that crisis, Taleb became an activist for what he called a "black swan robust society". Since 2007 he has been a Principal/Senior Scientific Adviser at Universa Investments in Miami, Florida, a fund based on the "black swan" idea, owned and managed by former Empirica partner Mark Spitznagel. Some of its separate funds made returns of 65% to 115% in October 2008. In a 2007 Wall Street Journal article, Taleb claimed he retired from trading in 2004 and became a full-time author. He describes the nature of his involvement as "totally passive" from 2010 on.

Taleb attended the World Economic Forum annual meeting in Davos in 2009; at that event he had harsh words for bankers, suggesting that bankers' recklessness will not be repeated "if you have punishment".

Academic career
Taleb changed careers and became a mathematical researcher and philosophical essayist in 2006, and has held positions at NYU's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, at University of Massachusetts Amherst, at London Business School, and at Oxford University. He has been Distinguished Professor of Risk Engineering at New York University Tandon School of Engineering since 2008. He was Distinguished Research Scholar at the Said Business School BT Center, University of Oxford from 2009 to 2013.

Taleb is co-Editor in Chief of the academic journal Risk and Decision Analysis (since September 2014), jointly teaches regular courses with Paul Wilmott in London (19th time, March 2015), and occasionally participates in teaching courses toward the Certificate in Quantitative Finance. He is also co-faculty at the New England Complex Systems Institute.

Writing career
Taleb's five volume philosophical essay on uncertainty, titled Incerto, covers the following books: Fooled by Randomness (2001), The Black Swan (2007–2010), The Bed of Procrustes (2010), Antifragile (2012), and Skin in the Game (2018). It was originally published in November 2016 including only the first four books. The fifth book was added in August 2019.

His first non-technical book, Fooled by Randomness, about the underestimation of the role of randomness in life, published in 2001, was selected by Fortune as one of the smartest 75 books known.

His second non-technical book, The Black Swan, about unpredictable events, was published in 2007, selling close to three million copies (as of February 2011). It spent 36 weeks on the New York Times Bestseller list, 17 as hardcover and 19 weeks as paperback, and was translated into 50 languages. The book has been credited with predicting the banking and economic crisis of 2008.

In a 2008 article in The Times, the journalist Bryan Appleyard described Taleb as "now the hottest thinker in the world". Daniel Kahneman proposed the inclusion of Taleb's name among the world's top intellectuals, saying "Taleb has changed the way many people think about uncertainty, particularly in the financial markets. His book, The Black Swan, is an original and audacious analysis of the ways in which humans try to make sense of unexpected events."

A book of aphorisms, The Bed of Procrustes: Philosophical and Practical Aphorisms, was released in December 2010.

The fourth book of his Incerto series—Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder—was published in November 2012.

The fifth book of his Incerto series—Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life—was published in February 2018.

Taleb's non-technical writing style has been described as mixing a narrative, often semi-autobiographical style with short philosophical tales and historical and scientific commentary. The sales of Taleb's first two books garnered an advance of $4 million, for a follow-up book on anti-fragility.

Ideas and theories

Taleb's book The Bed of Procrustes summarizes the central problem: "we humans, facing limits of knowledge, and things we do not observe, the unseen and the unknown, resolve the tension by squeezing life and the world into crisp commoditized ideas". Taleb disagrees with Platonic (i.e., theoretical) approaches to reality to the extent that they lead people to have the wrong map of reality, rather than no map at all. He opposes most economic and grand social science theorizing, which in his view, suffers acutely from the problem of overuse of Plato's theory of forms. Based on these and other constructions, he advocates for what he calls a "black swan robust" society, meaning a society that can withstand difficult-to-predict events.

He has also proposed that biological, economic, and other systems exhibit an ability to benefit and grow from volatility—including particular types of random errors and events—a characteristic of these systems that he terms antifragility. Relatedly, he also believes that universities are better at public relations and claiming credit than generating knowledge. He argues that knowledge and technology are usually generated by what he calls "stochastic tinkering" rather than by top-down directed research,  and has proposed option-like experimentation as a way to outperform directed research as a method of scientific discovery, an approach he terms convex tinkering.

Taleb has called for cancellation of the Nobel Prize in Economics, saying that the damage from economic theories can be devastating. He opposes top-down knowledge as an academic illusion. Together with Espen Gaarder Haug, Taleb asserts that option pricing is determined in a "heuristic way" by operators, not by a model, and that models are "lecturing birds on how to fly". Teacher and author Pablo Triana has explored this topic with reference to Haug and Taleb, and says that perhaps Taleb is correct to urge that banks be treated as utilities forbidden to take potentially lethal risks, while hedge funds and other unregulated entities should be able to do what they want.

In his writings, Taleb has identified and discussed the error of comparing real-world randomness with the "structured randomness" in quantum physics where probabilities are computable or games of chance such as casino gambling in which the probabilities are purposefully constructed by the proprietors. Taleb calls this the "ludic fallacy". He argues that predictive models suffer from Platonism, gravitating towards mathematical purity and failing to take some key ideas into account, such as: the impossibility of possessing all relevant information, that small unknown variations in the data can have a huge impact, and flawed theories/models that are based on empirical data and that fail to consider events that have not taken place, but could have taken place. Discussing the ludic fallacy in The Black Swan, he writes, "The dark side of the moon is harder to see; beaming light on it costs energy. In the same way, beaming light on the unseen is costly, in both computational and mental effort."

In the second edition of The Black Swan, he posited that the foundations of quantitative economics are faulty and highly self-referential. He states that statistics is fundamentally incomplete as a field, as it cannot predict the risk of rare events, a problem that is acute in proportion to the rarity of these events. With the mathematician Raphael Douady, he called the problem statistical undecidability (Douady and Taleb, 2010).

Taleb has described his main challenge as mapping his ideas of "robustification" and "antifragility", that is, how to live and act in a world we do not understand and build robustness to black swan events. Taleb introduced the idea of the "fourth quadrant" in the exposure domain. One of its applications is in his definition of the most effective (that is, least fragile) risk management approach: what he calls the "barbell strategy" which is based on avoiding the middle in favor of linear combination of extremes, across all domains from politics to economics to one's personal life. These are deemed by Taleb to be more robust to estimation errors. For instance, he suggests that investing money in 'medium risk' investments is pointless, because risk is difficult, if not impossible to compute. His preferred strategy is to be both hyper-conservative and hyper-aggressive at the same time. For example, an investor might put 80 to 90% of their money in extremely safe instruments, such as treasury bills, with the remainder going into highly risky and diversified speculative bets. An alternative suggestion is to engage in highly speculative bets with a limited downside.

Taleb asserts that by adopting these strategies a portfolio can be "robust", that is, gain a positive exposure to black swan events while limiting losses suffered by such random events. Together with Donald Geman and Hélyette Geman, he modeled the "maximum entropy barbell" which consists in "to constrain only what can be constrained (in a robust manner) and to maximize entropy elsewhere", based on an insight by E. T. Jaynes that economic life increases in entropy under regulatory and other constraints. Taleb also applies a similar barbell-style approach to health and exercise. Instead of doing steady and moderate exercise daily, he suggests that it is better to do a low-effort exercise such as walking slowly most of the time, while occasionally expending extreme effort. He claims that the human body evolved to live in a random environment, with various unexpected but intense efforts and much rest.

He appeared as a special guest on The Ron Paul Liberty Report on 19 May 2017, and stated his support for a non-interventionist foreign policy. Taleb subsequently appeared with Ron Paul and Ralph Nader on their respective shows in support of Skin in the Game, which was dedicated to both men. After the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, however, Taleb publicly supported an aggressive response against Russia and denounced "naive libertarians, who think I'm like them because they like my books."

Taleb wrote in Antifragile and in scientific papers that if the statistical structure of habits in modern society differ too greatly from the ancestral environment of humanity, the analysis of consumption should focus less on composition and more on frequency. In other words, studies that ignore the random nature of supply of nutrients are invalid.

Taleb co-authored a paper with Yaneer Bar-Yam and Joseph Norman called Systemic risk of pandemic via novel pathogens – Coronavirus: A note. The paper published on 26 January 2020, took the position that the SARS-CoV-2 was not being taken seriously enough by policy makers and medical professionals.

Criticism and reactions
Aaron Brown, an author, quantitative analyst and adjunct professor in finance at Yeshiva and Fordham Universities, said regarding The Black Swan that "the book reads as if Taleb has never heard of nonparametric methods, data analysis, visualization tools or robust estimation." Nonetheless, he calls the book "essential reading" and urges statisticians to overlook the insults to get the "important philosophic and mathematical truths." Taleb replied in the second edition of The Black Swan that "One of the most common (but useless) comments I hear is that some solutions can come from 'robust statistics.' I wonder how using these techniques can create information where there is none". Westfall and Hilbe in 2007 complained that Taleb's criticism is "often unfounded and sometimes outrageous." Taleb, writes John Kay, "describes writers and professionals as knaves or fools, mostly fools. His writing is full of irrelevances, asides and colloquialisms, reading like the conversation of a raconteur rather than a tightly argued thesis. But it is hugely enjoyable – compelling but easy to dip into. Yet beneath his rage and mockery are serious issues. The risk management models in use today exclude the very events against which they claim to protect the businesses that employ them. These models import a veneer of technical sophistication ... Quantitative analysts have lulled corporate executives and regulators into an illusory sense of security." Berkeley statistician David Freedman said that efforts by statisticians to refute Taleb's stance have been unconvincing.

Taleb contends that statisticians can be pseudoscientists when it comes to risks of rare events and risks of blowups, and mask their incompetence with complicated equations. This stance has attracted criticism: the American Statistical Association devoted the August 2007 issue of The American Statistician to The Black Swan. The magazine offered a mixture of praise and criticism for Taleb's main points, with a focus on Taleb's writing style and his representation of the statistical literature. Robert Lund, a mathematics professor at Clemson University, writes that in Black Swan, Taleb is "reckless at times and subject to grandiose overstatements; the professional statistician will find the book ubiquitously naive." However, Lund acknowledges that "there are many points where I agree with Taleb," and writes that "the book is a must" for anyone "remotely interested in finance and/or philosophical probability."

Taleb and Nobel laureate Myron Scholes have traded personal attacks, particularly after Taleb's paper with on why nobody used the Black–Scholes–Merton formula. Taleb said that Scholes was responsible for the financial crises of 2008, and suggested that "this guy should be in a retirement home doing Sudoku. His funds have blown up twice. He shouldn't be allowed in Washington to lecture anyone on risk." Scholes retorted that Taleb simply "popularises ideas and is making money selling books". Scholes claimed that Taleb does not cite previous literature, and for this reason Taleb is not taken seriously in academia. Haug and Taleb (2011) listed hundreds of research documents showing the Black–Scholes formula was not Scholes' at all, and argued that the economics establishment ignored literature by practitioners and mathematicians (such as Ed Thorp), who had developed a more sophisticated version of the formula.

In an interview on Charlie Rose, Taleb said that he saw that none of the criticism he received for The Black Swan refuted his central point, which convinced him to protect his assets and those of his clients.

Taleb's aggressive and clearly directed commentary against parts of the finance industry—e.g., stating at Davos in 2009 that he was "happy" that Lehman Brothers collapsed—has led to reports of personal attacks and possible threats.

Honors

 * 2009: Included on the Forbes magazine list of "Most Influential Management Gurus"
 * 2011: Included on the Bloomberg 50 most influential people in global finance
 * 2013, 2014, 2015: Included among most influential 100 thought leaders in the world by the Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute
 * 2016: Taleb received an honorary doctorate from the American University of Beirut.
 * 2018: Wolfram Innovator Award for contributions to decision making under complicated and less-idealized probabilistic structures using Mathematica.

Incerto
Incerto is a group of works by Taleb as philosophical essays on uncertainty. It was bundled into a group of four works in November 2016 ISBN 978-0399590450. A fifth book, Skin in the Game, was published in February 2018. This fifth book is bundled with the other four works in July 2019 as Incerto (Deluxe Edition) ISBN 978-1984819819.
 * Second ed., 2005. ISBN 1-58799-190-X.
 * Expanded 2nd ed, 2010 ISBN 978-0812973815.
 * Expanded 2nd ed, 2016 ISBN 978-0812982404.
 * (This book was not published with the original bundling of the Incerto series.)
 * (This book was not published with the original bundling of the Incerto series.)

Selection of papers

 * Taleb, N. N., & West, J. (2023). Working with convex responses: Antifragility from finance to oncology. Entropy, 25(2), 343.
 * Taleb, N.N.; Norman, J.; Bar-Yam, Y; (26 January 2020) "Systemic Risk of Pandemic via Novel Pathogens – Coronavirus: A Note". Academia.edu. Systemic Risk of Pandemic via Novel Pathogens – Coronavirus: A Note
 * Taleb, N. N. (2019). Medicine and Risk Transfer. Foresight: The International Journal of Applied Forecasting, (53), 31-32.
 * Taleb, N. N. (2019). Medicine and Risk Transfer. Foresight: The International Journal of Applied Forecasting, (53), 31-32.

title: Nassim Nicholas Taleb


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title: User talk:64.172.44.224


text:
Killing of Victoria Snelgrove

Victoria E. Snelgrove (October 29, 1982 – October 21, 2004) was an American journalism student at Emerson College in Boston, who died after being shot by officer Rochefort Milien of the Boston Police Department using a less-lethal weapon. The shooting took place following the victory of the Boston Red Sox over the New York Yankees in the 2004 American League Championship Series. In 2005, the city of Boston reached a $5.1 million wrongful death settlement with Snelgrove's family. After filing a wrongful death suit for $10 million against FN Herstal (the manufacturer of the weapon), the family agreed to an out-of-court settlement in June of 2006; the final amount of the settlement was not disclosed.

Killing
In the early hours of October 21, 2004, after the Boston Red Sox defeated the New York Yankees at Yankee Stadium in Game 7 of the 2004 American League Championship Series, the Boston Police Department took action around Fenway Park to control a crowd that had gathered, some of whom were throwing bottles at the police. Approximately 90 minutes after the game ended, officer Rochefort Milien shot Snelgrove with an FN 303 blunt trauma / pepper spray projectile. Snelgrove, who was not acting in an unruly manner, was not Milien's intended target; he had fired at a different person in the crowd. The crowd-control projectile hit Snelgrove in the eye, causing her to bleed heavily. Ambulances were blocked by the excessive crowds, which still refused to clear the area, preventing prompt medical attention from arriving from the dense medical area only a half-mile (0.8 km) away.

Snelgrove died at 12:50 p.m. EDT at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, about 11 hours after being shot. According to the autopsy, the pellet opened a three-quarter-inch (1.9 cm) hole in the bone behind the eye, broke into nine pieces, and damaged the right side of her brain.

Boston's Police Commissioner, Kathleen O'Toole, placed Milien on paid leave. O'Toole later attended the hour-long funeral on October 26, 2004, at St. John's Catholic Church in East Bridgewater, Massachusetts, along with Mayor of Boston Thomas Menino and Governor of Massachusetts Mitt Romney.

Investigation and aftermath
Commissioner O'Toole accepted the police department's responsibility, while condemning the "punks" who participated in the near-riot. The investigation into Snelgrove's death was led by Donald K. Stern, a former United States Attorney best known for prosecuting mob figures, including fugitive Winter Hill Gang leader James "Whitey" Bulger. Through the investigation, Officer Milien was identified as the person who fired the shot that killed Snelgrove. The report from the investigation outlined 12 recommendations for the Boston Police Department, including a review of use-of-force policies and improved training for less-lethal weapons. On May 2, 2005, the city of Boston announced a $5.1 million wrongful death settlement for her family's lawsuit.

On September 12, 2005, the district attorney for Suffolk County, Daniel F. Conley, announced that he would not prosecute any of the officers involved. Four days later, Commissioner O'Toole demoted the police superintendent who was in charge the night of the shooting to captain and suspended two officers, including Milien, for 45 days without pay. The deputy superintendent outside Fenway Park at the time of the incident was also criticized for poor decisions that led to Snelgrove's death, but had already retired. Milien retired from the Boston Police Department on February 29, 2020.

The weapon that killed Snelgrove was manufactured by Fabrique Nationale de Herstal (FN Herstal). Because of the incident, several police forces, such as the Seattle Police Department, discontinued use of this weapon. In June of 2006, a $10 million wrongful death suit between FN Herstal and the Snelgrove family was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount. Boston police never used their FN 303s again, and destroyed them in 2007, stating that they were more powerful and lethal than had been anticipated.

Memorials
Stephen King and Stewart O'Nan dedicated their book Faithful (2004) to Snelgrove; the dedication reads simply: "For Victoria Snelgrove, Red Sox fan." Red Sox outfielder Trot Nixon stated that he would have traded Game 7 of the 2004 ALCS to have her back.

Snelgrove's parents established the Victoria Snelgrove Memorial Fund, "a non-profit organization to carry forward her spirit and concern for others," which awards scholarships to students at East Bridgewater High School and Emerson College. In April 2018, a skatepark in East Bridgewater was opened and named after Snelgrove.

title: Killing of Victoria Snelgrove


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Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg

Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg (1150 – 22 February 1217 ), also called Yehuda HeHasid or 'Judah the Pious' in Hebrew, was a leader of the Chassidei Ashkenaz, a movement of Jewish mysticism in Germany considered different from the 18th-century Hasidic movement founded by the Baal Shem Tov.

Judah was born in the small town of Speyer in the modern day Rhineland-Palatinate state in Germany in 1150 but later settled in Regensburg in the modern day state of Bavaria in 1195. He wrote much of Sefer Hasidim (Book of the Pious), as well as a work about Gematria and Sefer Hakavod (Book of Glory), the latter has been lost and is only known by quotations that other authors have made from it. His most prominent students were Elazar Rokeach, Isaac ben Moses of Vienna author of Or Zarua and perhaps also Moses ben Jacob of Coucy (according to the Hida).

Biography
Judah was descended from an old family of kabbalists from Northern Italy that had settled in Germany. His grandfather Kalonymus ben Isaac the Elder was a scholar and parnas in Speyer (died 1126). His father Samuel, also called HeHasid "the Pious", HaKadosh "the Holy", and HaNabi "the Prophet", was president of a bet midrash in Speyer, and from him Judah, together with his brother Abraham, received his early instruction. Samuel died while Judah was still young. About 1195 he left Speyer and settled in Regensburg (Ratisbon), on account of an "accident" – most probably a ritual murder accusation Feb. 13 1195 (see e.g. Israel Yuval: Two Nations in Your Womb (2006) p. 171) and the following persecution experienced by the Jews of Speyer.

He founded a yeshiva in Regensburg and secured many pupils. Among those who became famous were Eleazar of Worms, author of the Roqeaḥ; Isaac ben Moses of Vienna, author of Or Zarua; and Baruch ben Samuel of Mainz, author of Sefer ha-Ḥokmah. Eleazar applies to his teacher in several passages terms expressive of the highest esteem, such as "father of wisdom".

Judah left one son, Moses Zaltman, author of a commentary on several parts of the Bible. Some scholars think that this Moses Zaltman, Zlatman or Blatman was in reality Rabbi Moses ben Yoel of Regensburg. It has been erroneously supposed that Judah had two other sons, Aaron and David.

He died on Shabbat Zachor.

Judah he-Ḥasid has often been confused with Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon of Paris, who is also called HeḤasid, which is nothing but an honorable title usual in his age. The fact that French words are to be found in the Book of the Pious and that it reflects French conditions caused Grätz also to attribute its authorship to Judah Sir Leon HeḤasid. But the reasons given by Grätz are not tenable.

Legends of his life
Legend describes Judah as an excellent bowman who at the age of eighteen was ignorant of the daily prayers. When, however, enlightenment suddenly came upon him he performed many miracles. He restored fertility to a young married woman. The prophet Elijah is said to have partaken of his Seder meal and to have been seen by him in a synagogue. He miraculously prevented a Jewish child from being baptized and knew the exact year of Israel's redemption. He maintained communications with the Bishop of Salzburg and acted as seer for the Duke of Regensburg.

Writings
It is rather difficult to determine in what the new and important departure ascribed to him by legend consisted, since the obscurity spread over his works is as impenetrable as that surrounding his life. We know little of his study of the Talmud. Occasionally a halakhic writing, Gan Bosem, is quoted as his; a decision of his is found in Samson ben Zadok's Sefer Tašbaṣ § 219, in Isaac ben Moses of Vienna's Or Zarua, and in Meïr Rothenburg's collection of responsa; and he is found in correspondence with celebrated halakhists of his age.

His commentary on the Torah, written down by his pupils after his lectures, was known only by citations in later commentaries. Yet, in 1975, Rabbi I. S. Langa has published Judah's commentary on the Pentateuch, but he was forced to publish a second censored edition, due to claims about interpolations and modifications made in the composition of the Torah (on Gen. 48:20; Lev. 2:13; Deu. 2:8). Eran Viezel has argued that these claims were made by R. Moshe Zaltman, the son of R. Judah he-Hasid, rather than Judah himself.

Liturgy
He composed liturgical songs, but the authenticity of those attributed to him is uncertain. As regards his Shir Hayichud (seven parts; the eighth is called Shir HaKavod), printed in Tiengen, 1560, there is very great divergence of opinion, and the question of its authorship is still undecided. According to Zunz, it seems to be genuine, as do also his prayer Yechabeh Dim`ati and his selicha Gadol Yichudcha Elohim Beyisrael. More probably, according to the sources, his father, or a certain Samuel Ḥazzan, who died as a martyr at Erfurt in 1121, composed the Shir ha-Yiḥud, and Judah himself wrote a commentary on it. Several prayers are erroneously attributed to Judah; e.g., Zunz wrongly ascribes to him the alphabetical teḥinnah Ezkera Yom Moti. He wrote also commentaries on several parts of the daily prayers and on the Maḥzor.

Judah collected the notes of travel of his fellow citizen Petachiah of Regensburg, though incompletely and without any order. His chief literary work was an ethical and mystical one. Undoubtedly genuine is his Sefer HaKavod, which is mentioned by his pupils. Although there is some doubt, it is generally accepted that the person who wrote ethical will Tzava'at Rabbi Yehudah Hechasid, printed in 1583 and translated into Judæo-German, Prague, seventeenth to eighteenth century was Harav Yehuda HeChasid Shapiro. This testament contained regulations regarding the dead (§§ 1-15), the building of houses (§§ 16-21), matrimony (§§ 22-32), prohibited marriages between stepbrothers and stepsisters and between cousins, and various customs and superstitious prescriptions (§§ 33-end).

He was also a student, of one of the authors of Tosafot, and was the teacher of Meir of Rothenburg. He also taught Isaac ben Moses of Vienna (author of the Or Zarua) and Moses ben Jacob of Coucy (author of the Semag). Some say all the items in the will were written through Holy Spirit. Some commentaries go so far as to say that none of the Biblical prophets came to his level. Many people are very careful with all the items listed in the will. Some say one who is not careful with the items in the tzavaah will have to give a din and heshbon (account). The reason why the will is generally not brought in the Shulchan Aruch is because the dangers mentioned in it and the Gemara are real dangers, while the items in the will are not real dangers, but things which one must distance himself from.

There are also ascribed to Judah an astrological work, Gemaṭriot, handed down by his pupils and seen by Chaim Azulai, and Sefer ha-Ḥokhmah, on prayers and customs and the writing of scrolls of the Law.

Sefer Hasidim
The principal work with which Judah's name is connected is Sefer Hasidim. The book contains ethical, ascetic, and mystical teachings, intermingled with elements of German popular belief. Sefer Hasidim is not a uniform work, nor is it the product of one author. Parts of it have been attributed to Samuel of Speyer and Eleazar of Worms, as well as to Judah himself.

Mysticism
The precise importance of Judah ben Samuel is somewhat difficult to determine. Side by side with the official, dogmatic religion of the Synagogue there has always existed a mysticism dealing more largely and more intimately with the personal relation of the individual to God, which at times was in opposition to the religion of the Synagogue. Judah's mysticism was in such a stage of opposition; he therefore undervalued the study of the Halakhah and indulged in marked departures from the accepted religious practises. He endeavored to deepen the feeling of devotion and piety and emphasized the importance of studying the Bible rather than studying the Talmud. He deals mystically with prayer, regarding it as more important than study. It was really he who introduced theosophy among the Jews of Germany. The occasional quotations from his Sefer HaKavod present the salient points of his views.

The conception of a personal relation to the Lord was long since felt by Jewish thinkers to be inconsistent with His spiritual nature. Judah and his school, therefore, though not the first ones, distinguished between the Divine Being (Etzem) and the Divine Majesty (Kavod). The Divine Being, called also Ḳedushshah, dwells in the west, invisible to men and angels. The Divine Being is superior to all human perception. When God reveals Himself to men and angels, He appears in the form of the Divine Majesty. The Divine Majesty, then, dwelling in the east and created out of divine fire, holds the divine throne, true to its nature of representing to human eyes the Divine Being. The throne is draped on the south, east, and north, while it is open to the west in order to allow the reflection of the Divine Being dwelling in the west to shine upon it. It is surrounded by the heavenly legions of angels, chanting to the glory of the Creator.

Lacking the philosophic training common among the Spanish Jews – although he was acquainted with Ibn Ezra, Saadia, some of the Karaites, and perhaps Maimonides – Judah did not reduce his mystic-theosophical theories to a system, and they are therefore difficult to survey. His intellectual importance is on the whole not clear. Zunz says of him: "To vindicate whatever is noble in human endeavors, and the highest aspirations of the Israelite, and to discover the inmost truths alluded to in the Sacred Books, seemed to be the ultimate purpose of a mind in which poetic, moral, and divine qualities were fused."

title: Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg


text:
Taieri Mouth

Taieri Mouth is a small fishing village at the mouth of the Taieri River, New Zealand. Taieri Island (Moturata) lies in the ocean several hundred metres off the river's mouth.

It has a white sand beach for swimming and several picnic areas. Moturata is a distinctive landmark which can be walked to at low-tide. Caution is advised as the tides can change quickly. Another feature is the millennium walking track that follows the Taieri River from the mouth through the lower gorge to Henley.

The village is located 40 km southwest of central Dunedin on the Southern Scenic Route. It is located in the Clutha District on the boundary of Dunedin City and 10 km east of Lake Waihola. Immediately to its south is the smaller settlement of Taieri Beach, and the two are often considered parts of the same settlement.

It gained a little notoriety or sadness in the 1990s, relating to the Bain family murders, as the place where Robin Bain worked as the school principal.

History

There was a Māori occupation site at Taieri Mouth, with moa bones, indicating it was from the Moa Hunter (early) period of Māori culture.

According to oral tradition in the early 18th century Tuwiriroa moved from Tititea on the Kawarau River near modern Queenstown and built a pa, Motupara, near Taieri Mouth. A rival, Tukiauau, had already built a pa, Whakaraupuka, inland on the Taieri Plain by Lake Waihola. Tuwiriroa had a daughter Haki Te Kura, famous for swimming across Lake Wakatipu. Tukiauau had a handsome son Korokiwhiti. The daughter and son now fell in love but the woman's father, the chief of the Taieri Mouth pa, disapproved. The young man's father was a hunted man. Hearing his enemies had discovered his whereabouts he decided to abandon the upriver settlement and move his people further south. As they came down the river in their canoes the distraught young woman attempted to jump from a rock into her lover's craft but struck the prow and was killed. Adding insult to injury her head was severed and held up angrily to her people on the shore as the flotilla passed by to the sea. There were repercussions and Tukiauau and his son were pursued and eventually killed.

Maori occupation continued and Edward Shortland recorded a small settlement on the site in 1843 and Maori were still living here in 1850. An early European settler was a former whaler, 'The Hermit of Taieri Mouth' (also known as John Bull) whose real name was John Edward O'Neil. He is remembered for his boisterous ways and prodigious strength.

On 4 July 2024 the area saw the finding of a deceased intact 5 m male blackish-silver specimen of the almost unknown Mesoplodon traversii (spade-toothed whale) was washed ashore.

Demographics
Taieri Mouth is described by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement. It covers 3.25 km2, and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the much larger Bruce statistical area.

Taieri Mouth had a population of 252 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 57 people (29.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 63 people (33.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 108 households, comprising 132 males and 123 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.07 males per female. The median age was 52.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 39 people (15.5%) aged under 15 years, 18 (7.1%) aged 15 to 29, 123 (48.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 72 (28.6%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 95.2% European/Pākehā, 10.7% Māori, 1.2% Pasifika, and 3.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 54.8% had no religion, 29.8% were Christian, 1.2% had Māori religious beliefs and 1.2% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 36 (16.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 57 (26.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $28,000, compared with $31,800 nationally. 15 people (7.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 81 (38.0%) people were employed full-time, 45 (21.1%) were part-time, and 3 (1.4%) were unemployed.

Education
Taieri Beach School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of as of. The school opened in 1862.

title: Taieri Mouth


text:
Communist Party of Georgia

Communist Party of Georgia (საქართველოს კომუნისტური პარტია) is a communist party in Georgia. The party was founded on 23 February 1992 as the Socialist Labour Party. It was registered at the Ministry of Justice on 27 February 1998. In the 1992 elections it won four MPs. During the period 1994–1995 it maintained a parliamentary fraction. In the 1995 elections it polled 3% of the votes.

Ivan Tsiklauri is the First Secretary of the party. The main goal of the party is restoration of the socialist system. It publishes Komunisti-XXI. In 1999 it claimed to have 15,000 members. The party has a youth organization, Komsomol.

In 1991 and 1995 SKP supported the candidacies of Eduard Shevardnadze.

In the 1999 elections it ran in an electoral bloc called Bloc "Communists - Stalinists" together with the political party "Stalineli".

For the 2000 presidential elections SKP nominated Ivan Tsiklauri, but the nomination was later withdrawn.

The Communist Party of Adzharia is an autonomous organization within SKP.

title: Communist Party of Georgia


text:
Arrochar Alps

The Arrochar Alps are a group of mountains located around the heads of Loch Long, Loch Fyne, and Loch Goil. They are part of the Grampian mountains range, which stretch across Scotland. The villages of Arrochar and Lochgoilhead are the nearest settlements. Many of the mountains are located on the Cowal Peninsula in Argyll and Bute, west of Scotland.

The mountains are especially popular due to their proximity and accessibility from the central belt of Scotland including Glasgow. They are mostly within both the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park and also in the Argyll Forest Park.

The Glens that give access into the heart of the mountain range include: Glen Croe, Hell's Glen, Glen Mhor and Glen Kinglas.

The A83, a main trunk road to the west coast of Scotland passes through the area. There is a train station nearby at Arrochar and Tarbet railway station.

List
The list below includes the Munros, Munro Tops, Corbetts, Corbett Tops and Grahams.

 * Munros:
 * Beinn Ìme, 1011 m
 * Beinn Bhuidhe, 948 m
 * Ben Vorlich, 943 m
 * Beinn Narnain, 926 m
 * Ben Vane, 915 m
 * Munro Tops:
 * Ben Vorlich (North Top), 931 m
 * Corbetts:
 * Beinn an Lochain, 901 m
 * The Cobbler (Ben Arthur) 884 m
 * Beinn Luibhean, 857 m
 * Ben Donich, 847 m
 * Binnein an Fhidhleir, 817 m
 * The Brack, 787 m
 * Beinn Bheula, 779 m
 * Cnoc Coinnich, 763 m
 * Corbett Tops:
 * The Cobbler (North Peak), 870 m
 * The Cobbler (South Top), 858 m
 * A' Chrois, 848 m
 * Beinn Chorranach, 848 m
 * Little Hills, 808 m
 * The Brack (West), 787 m
 * Ben Vorlich (South Top), 780 m
 * Beinn Dubh, 773 m
 * Grahams:
 * Stob an Eas, 732 m
 * Beinn Lochain, 703 m
 * Stob na Boine Druim-fhinn, 658 m
 * Creag Tharsuinn, 643 m
 * Cruach nam Mult, 611 m
 * Other mountains:
 * Mullach Coire a' Chuir, 639 m
 * Cruach nan Capull, 565 m
 * Cruach Tairbeirt, 415 m
 * Beinn Reithe, 628 m
 * The Saddle (Lochgoilhead), 521 m
 * Clach Bheinn (Lochgoilhead), 441 m
 * Tom Molach, 370 m
 * Càrn Glas, 502 m
 * Tom nan Gamhna, 389 m
 * The Steeple (Lochgoilhead), 390 m
 * Cruach nam Miseag, 606 m

Areas

 * Tarbet, Loch Lomond, (Eastern Gateway alongside Ardlui and Arrochar).
 * Arrochar, Loch Long, (Eastern Gateway alongside Ardlui and Tarbet).
 * Succoth, Loch Long.
 * Ardgartan, Loch Long.
 * Rest and be thankful, Glen Croe.
 * Butter Bridge, Glen Kinglas.
 * Cairndow, Loch Fyne.
 * Ardno, Loch Fyne.
 * St Catherines, Loch Fyne.
 * Strachur (South Western Gateway), Loch Fyne.
 * Lochgoilhead, Loch Goil.
 * Carrick Castle, Loch Goil.
 * Ardlui, north end of Loch Lomond, (Northern and Eastern Gateway alongside Arrochar and Tarbet).

Lochs

 * Loch Goil
 * Loch Restil
 * Loch Long
 * Loch Lomond
 * Loch Sloy
 * Loch Fyne

Glens

 * Glenbranter (Parly)
 * Hell's Glen
 * Glen Kinglas
 * Glen Croe
 * Glen Mhor, Glen Croe (Rest & be Thankful viewpoint) to Hell's Glen.
 * Glen Loin, north of the head of Loch Long at Arrochar.
 * Glen Falloch, northeast of Loch Lomond to Crianlarich.
 * Glen Fyne, north of the head of Loch Fyne.
 * Glen Tarbet from Loch Lomond to Arrochar. Not Tarbet, Loch Nevis in Lochaber; or Tarbert, Kintyre; Tarbat, Ross and Cromarty. Very confusing!

Parks

 * Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park
 * Argyll Forest Park, Cowal Peninsula
 * Ardgoil Estate, Ardgoil Peninsula

title: Arrochar Alps


text:
Mottville, New York

Mottville is a hamlet in the Town of Skaneateles, New York, United States. A tornado touched down in Mottville on July 28, 2002.

History
Mottville, originally styled "Mottsville", was named after Arthur Mott, who moved to the area about 1820, owned a wool factory, and was for some time a successful and prominent citizen. He died of the effects of alcoholism in Toledo, Ohio, on October 30, 1869. The Friends Female Boarding School was established on the west shore of Skaneateles Lake by Lydia P. Mott, mother of Arthur Mott, soon after her arrival in about 1818.

In 1836 Mottville contained about 30 homes, a post-office, one furnace, a grist and saw mill, and a tavern. Skaneateles Falls also developed into a busy center with a post-office. Other hamlets in the vicinity were Kellogg's Mills, Willow Glen, and Glenside.

A local newspaper, the Communitist [sic], was launched in early 1844, issued fortnightly by the Skaneateles Community, at Community Place, near Mottville, promoted by the Vermont-born abolitionist and communalist John A. Collins.

title: Mottville, New York


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Victoria Snelgrove

Victoria Snelgrove
I CALL TO HAVE THIS REMOVED FROM VFD consensus shows overwelmingly keep/merge. Most content has already been added to the 2004 ALCS and the Non-lethal force article. Alkivar 06:07, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * It's been more than 5 days - I'm removing the VfD notice from the article itself.... Krupo 06:10, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * That is all fine and good, but aren't there more votes for a merge and redirect than for a keep? Indrian 06:13, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)

I've tallied the votes: The consensus is for merge and redirect, and I am doing so. —Lowellian (talk)  23:07, Oct 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2 for delete
 * 8 for keep (including one anon vote; also, Zerby’s vote is a merge, not a keep)
 * 16 for merge and redirect (including one anon vote)

Tragic sure, encyclopedic, far less sure. Indrian 23:36, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Is anybody outside her immediate circle going to remember this name in a few years? Delete. Lord Bob 23:48, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Wolfman 01:28, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - again, just because someone dies does not make them noteworthy. Adam Bishop 02:06, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep An unusual event that made national headlines is certainly encylopedic, but it should maybe be merged to the main Boston Red Sox article. Zerbey 02:17, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep "killed ... by a pepper spray projectile" - that's a pretty interesting thing to remember in discussions about pepper spray --Deleteme42 02:26, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it did make the news. Redirect and merge to 2004 American League Championship Series (an article which already makes mention of her, just not by name).  —Lowellian (talk)   03:31, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect per Lowellian's suggestion. Geogre 03:57, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with Lowellian. Merge and redirect. RickK 05:22, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Well-known occurrence. Has potential to be ongoing controversy as the Boston Police has accepted responsibility and the police officer/s placed on leave. The police are holding a probe. Currently Google News has 931 articles indexed for her so it has made news around the world. Capitalistroadster 06:07, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and redirect; I agree with Lowellian. Fishal 06:34, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect; I agree with Lowellian, Geogre, RickK and Fishal. Aecis 13:18, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep; This is worthy of having an article.
 * You should probably sign your vote. Lord Bob 17:50, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * An anon, 65.35.128.23, added this vote.  —Lowellian (talk)   23:02, Oct 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Non-lethal force. The reason why Victoria Snelgrove was in yesterday's Globe is because of the circumstances of her death. The event was conspicuous recent example of someone—so far nobody's suggested that she was anything but an innocent bystander—killed by police use of a "nonlethal" weapon. The headline in yesterday's Globe does not even mention her name: "Postgame police projectile kills Emerson student." Her name does not appear until the second paragraph, and only as identification: "Victoria Snelgrove, a 21-year-old journalism student from East Bridgewater, was struck..." 1/3 of page B4 is devoted to a story about her, "Student remembered as a bright, budding journalist," but there's really not much that can be said. In other words, the incident is worthy of mention, but in the context of nonlethal weapons, not in the context of biography. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 20:01, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC) P. S. In this context I'm haunted by the opening line of Erich Segal's tearjerker novel, Love Story, which opens with the sentence "What can you say about a twenty-five-year-old girl who died?"
 * Merge & redirect to non-lethal force as suggested; that makes a lot more sense than redirecting to a baseball article. Wile E. Heresiarch 18:38, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC) PS. You're haunted by the opening line of Love Story ?? Good heavens.
 * Merge and redirect with the ALCS article. CryptoDerk 00:00, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * M/R to the ALCS article. — siro  χ  o  03:40, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Radman1 06:19, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. Sjc 06:45, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge information into another article. The information should be retained but not as its own article. Ben James Ben 02:00, 2004 Oct 25 (UTC)
 * Agree with idea to merge with other existing entries. Many come to mind like the 2004 ALCS, pepper spray, police force, lethal force, Boston Red Sox.  --192.147.222.2 13:53, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mark Richards 22:24, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge. Suggest moving content to both the ALCS article and the Non Lethal Force article. Its relevant to both. Alkivar 01:26, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I have added the content to the 2004 American League Championship Series article. Alkivar 01:49, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Merge and redirect. I'm gonna also say add the stuff to 2004 ALCS as well as Non-lethal force, and redirect it to non-lethal force.
 * Whoops, sorry. I forgot to sign this earlier. Jonpin 04:15, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Wikipedia is not paper If you do not want to know about this person in the news, then do not search for her :). --ShaunMacPherson 19:10, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. The Wikipedia may not be paper, but it's integrity is compromised when we allow entires of irrelevance to be included. May she rest in peace, but Ms. Snelgrove is not in-and-of herself a person of importance. The incident in question is, for various reasons cited above. Her death should be cited in the non-lethal force entry, for sure. Pacian 20:01, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge or otherwise preserve Sahasrahla 22:35, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Krupo 05:33, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Revived Communist Party of Georgia

Revived Communist Party of Georgia (საქართველოს აღორძინებული კომუნისტური პარტია, SAKP) was a communist party in Georgia. Founded in 1997. The party is now dissolved.

The party had a 105-member central committee elected on a two-year mandate. A CC Bureau was constituted with 21 members. The party claimed to have 17,500 members divided in 32 regional organizations. It published Tskhovreba.

The chairman of the party was Shalva Berianidze. The second secretary was Zakaria Menteshashvili.

Initially the party was part of the electoral bloc "Revived Communists and People's Patriots" together with the Democratic Union of Georgia. It then shifted, ahead of the 1999 elections and joined the bloc "Communists - Stalinists" which had been formed by Communist Party of Georgia and Political Party "Stalineli".

The party advocated a foreign policy of active neutrality. The party was opposed to separatism.

It was recognized as the legal inheritor of the Communist Party of Georgia.

title: Revived Communist Party of Georgia


text:
User talk:Maniac British

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

title: User talk:Maniac British


text:
User talk:205.188.117.10

Nomination of List of Pennsylvania locations by per capita income for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of Pennsylvania locations by per capita income is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of Pennsylvania locations by per capita income until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Cardiffbear88 (talk) 21:28, 2 March 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:205.188.117.10


text:
Onion ring

Onion rings (also called French-fried onion rings) is a form of appetizer or side dish in British and American cuisine. They generally consist of a cross-sectional "ring" of onion dipped in batter or bread crumbs and then deep fried; a variant is made with onion paste. While typically served as a side dish, onion rings are often eaten by themselves.

Onion strings are a variant where the onion is cut vertically first, resulting in strips rather than circles.

History
A British recipe from 1802 calls for cutting onions into slices, dipping them into a batter including Parmesan cheese, and deep-frying them in lard. It suggests serving them with a sauce of melted butter and mustard.

Many recipes for deep-fried onion slices or rings are found starting in the early 20th century. There are various processes:
 * no coating: 1902, 1907;
 * dipped in milk or egg and coated in flour: 1902, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1916;
 * battered: 1919, 1922;
 * breaded: 1914.

Food chemistry
The cooking process decomposes propanethial oxide in the onion into the sweet-smelling and tasting bispropenyl disulfide, responsible for the slightly sweet taste of onion rings.

title: Onion ring


text:
Crash pad

Crash pad may refer to:

 * Bouldering mat, a small foam pad used for protection when bouldering
 * Punk house, a type of squat popularised by the hippie and punk subcultures
 * Crash pad (pilots), a location used by airline flight crews for temporary lodging
 * Crash Pad, a 2017 comedy film
 * The Crash Pad Series, an ongoing queer adult series by Pink and White Productions
 * A hostel-like setting for airline pilots and flight attendants

title: Crash pad


text:
Talk:Mahte

Untitled
Why have "mahte" as the main article title and "mate" in the subsidiary articles? Can we not be consistent, with one as the principal spelling and the other noted as "also"? Just asking (I know nothing -- yet -- about Latvian mythology!) -- Picapica 23:38, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Corect spelling in Latvian is Māte, when writing without macrons it is Mate (or sometimes Maate), Mahte is acctualy German not English spelling (German way of spelling was used for spelling Latvian until 20. century) - H is used to indicate long vowel (as is macron or double vowel).

BTW is nummber of deities correct ? I was told that there are about 270 not "sixsty-seventy" -- Xil - talk 09:51, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mahte


text:
Paraíba Valley

The Paraíba Valley (Vale do Paraíba) is a landform that encompasses the regions: Paraíba Valley Metropolitan Region and Northern Coast, in the state of São Paulo and Sul-Fluminense Region, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, which stands out for concentrating a considerable portion of the Brazilian economy.

The name is due to the fact that the region is part of the Paraíba do Sul river basin, since this river extends from the São Paulo and along almost the entire length of the state of Rio de Janeiro and a small southern part of the Minas Gerais state.

In the strict sense, the name "Vale do Paraíba", "Paraíba Valley" in English, should only be used to refer to a region with a certain geographical feature. Therefore, this is not an official IBGE Region, Mesoregion or Microregion.

Location
It is located on the banks of the Presidente Dutra highway (BR-116), exactly between the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, within the metropolitan complex formed by the two capitals and with its main urban axis following the Via Dutra route. Although highly urbanized and industrialized, the region also has important nature reserves, such as the Serra da Mantiqueira, on the border with Minas Gerais, one of the highest points in Brazil, and that of Bocaina, an Atlantic Forest stronghold that also includes small towns and farms of historical and architectural interest.

Municipalities of the region
The total population of all municipalities in the region is almost 3.3 million, equivalent to the population of the Uruguay.

The most important cities in the region are:

 * On Rio's Side: Volta Redonda, Resende, Barra Mansa and Barra do Piraí;
 * On São Paulo's Side: São José dos Campos, Taubaté, Jacareí, Caçapava, Pindamonhangaba, Guaratinguetá, Lorena, Caraguatatuba and Cruzeiro. Beside those cities, Aparecida and Cachoeira Paulista, have great national prominence due to religious tourism.

Other cities in the region are:

 * Rio's Side: Itatiaia, Pinheiral, Piraí, Quatis, Rio Claro, Valença, Rio das Flores, Porto Real e Paraty.
 * São Paulo's Side: Arapeí, Areias, Bananal, Campos do Jordão, Canas, Cunha, Igaratá, Ilhabela, Jambeiro, Lagoinha, Lavrinhas, Monteiro Lobato, Natividade da Serra, Paraibuna, Piquete, Potim, Queluz, Redenção da Serra, Roseira, Santa Branca, São José do Barreiro, São Luiz do Paraitinga, São Sebastião, Silveiras, Tremembé e Ubatuba.

Demography
The history of the Paraíba Valley is closely linked to the coffee cycle, a period of opulence that gave the region prestige and political power. Despite the city of Lorena that began its development with the gold cycle in the 1700s due to the passage through the Paraíba do Sul River.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, a group of Trappist religious settled in the Maristela farm in Tremembé, and introduced rice cultivation in the Paraíba do Sul river floodplains, as well as new planting and irrigation techniques. Milk production was introduced with the decay of coffee, which occurred after the world economic crisis of 1929.

The industrialization of the Paraíba Valley began in the 1940s during the Estado Novo, a set of new politics implemented at the time, following a diplomatic agreement made between Brazil and the United States, which envisaged an ambitious project: the construction of a steel mill that would supply the demand for steel from the Allied Countries during the Second World War and aid in the development of Brazil. In 1946, one of the largest steel complexes in the world and the largest in Latin America was inaugurated, Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional - CSN, located in Volta Redonda. The start of steel production at CSN served as the basis for the industrialization of the country and, especially, of Paraíba Valley, with the arrival of steel companies in the region, as well as the automotive and aerospace industry.

Agriculture and Livestock
Farming is still vital to several municipalities in this region, being the main source of revenue and taxes in some cities.

Vale do Paraíba is the second largest milk producer in the country. For cyclical reasons, milk production is in decline, but still sustains a large part of the rural population of small municipalities.

Rice is one of the most important agricultural products of the region reaching in the 2002/2003 harvest, the mark of 850 thousand bags of 60 kg.

Other diversified crops are being tried by some producers in these floodplains.

The current land structure of the Paraíba Valley is the result of significant changes in the form of land distribution that occurred after coffee decay, when large farms began to be shredded in family shares and inheritances. This process multiplied as the generations went on, resulting in a region punctuated by small properties and markedly familiar agricultural production.

Industry
In the 1950s, the region rapidly industrialized. At this time, in São Paulo, the creation of the Aeronautical Technological Institute, the consequent installation of the aeronautical industry with Embraer, the largest aerospace complex in Latin America, as well as the automakers Volkswagen, Ford, GM, Chery, LG and Ericsson, as well as Alstom and Usiminas, among others. In Rio de Janeiro, CSN attracted other mining and steel companies. Other industrial complexes include Coca-Cola, Nissan, Jaguar Land Rover, PSA Peugeot Citroën, MAN Trucks and Buses and Hyundai Heavy Industries, as well as Guardian do Brasil, ArcelorMittal Siderurgica Barra Mansa, Brazil's Nuclear Industries (INB), Michelin, White Martins, the National Rolled Steel Industry (INAL), the Brazilian Stannifer Company (CESBRA), S / A Tubonal, Saint-Gobain Channeling, among others.

High school and Trade Education
The Paraíba Valley is a region that has several ETECs, a vocational school, present in the following cities ETEC Machado de Assis (Caçapava), ETEC Marcos Uchôas dos Santos Penchel (Cachoeira Paulista), ETEC Professor José Santana de Castro (Cruzeiro), ETEC Professor Alfredo de Barros Santos (Guaratinguetá), ETEC Canon José Bento (Jacareí), ETEC Father Carlos Leôncio da Silva (Lorena), ETEC João Gomes de Araújo (Pindamonhangaba), ETEC Sao Jose dos Campos (Sao Jose dos Campos), and ETEC Doctor Geraldo Jose Rodrigues Alckmin (Taubaté). In Rio de Janeiro jurisdiction, are the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the State of Rio de Janeiro, better known as the Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro - IFRJ, being the second largest federal technical education network in the country, present in Pinheiral, as well as the Technical School Support Foundation - FAETEC, which has two teaching centers, located in Barra Mansa and Volta Redonda.

All cities in the Paraíba Valley have at least one school from the SENAR, SENAC, SESC, SESCOOP, SENAI, SESI, SEST, SENAT, SEBRAE Education System, among others that focus in vocational and trade studies.

São José dos Campos has the Embraer Juarez Wanderley High School, which despite being considered a private school is totally free, it serves 600 students in the three high school grades, full-time (10 hours / day - 6,000 class hours). in 3 years).

The cities of Lorena and Guaratingueta also have technical colleges, also offering high school, linked to universities. In Lorena, is the Technical College of Lorena "Professor Nelson Pesciotta" (COTEL), which is linked to USP and offers full-time chemistry course. In Guaratinguetá, the Guaratinguetá Industrial Technical College "Prof. Carlos Augusto Patrício Amorim" (CTIG), linked to UNESP, offers 4 courses, Electronics, Electro-electronics, Mechanics and Informatics, all full-time. In both colleges, for the student to receive the degree of technician, there is the condition that the student must complete a supervised internship.

Guaratinguetá also opened E.E.A.R - School of Aeronautics Specialists, technical education unit of the Brazilian Air Force responsible for the training of Sergeants Specialists.

Higher Education
The Paraíba Valley is a region with a large concentration of higher education institutions. Among the public ones are: FATEC (Cruzeiro, Guaratinguetá, Pindamonhangaba, Taubate, Jacareí and Sao Jose dos Campos), ITA (in Sao Jose dos Campos), UERJ (campus in Resende), UFF (campus in Volta Redonda), Unesp ( campus in São José dos Campos - Environmental Dentistry and Engineering and campus in Guaratinguetá), Unifesp (campus in São José dos Campos), USP (campus in Lorena) and UNITAU (campus in Taubaté).

In the region are also located the UFF School of Engineering (in Volta Redonda), the INPG College undergraduate and with MBA courses, a UNIP campus, the University of Vale do Paraíba (Univap, in São José dos Campos), Anhanguera Educacional (Taubaté, Pindamonhangaba, São José dos Campos and Jacareí, in Roseira), a Unisal campus (in Lorena), Fatea also in Lorraine, FCN (Canção Nova College, in Cachoeira Paulista), FARO (Roseira College), FAPI (Pindamonhangaba College), UNESA and Dom Bosco Colleges in Resende, CEDERJ centers, ETEP Faculties (São José dos Campos and Taubaté), Bilac College, FACIC (Faculty of Humanities of Cruise), ESC (Higher School of Cruise) with graduation courses in Nursing, Physical Therapy and Bachelor of Physical Education, Bachelor and Degree, UBM (University of Barra Mansa), FAETERJ (Faculty of Technology of Rio de Janeiro, linked to the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ) located in Barra Mansa, UNIFOA, Geraldo Di Biase University Center (UGB) and the FASF (Faculty Sul Fluminense) in Volta Redonda.

title: Paraíba Valley


text:
Talk:Job rotation

Untitled
Job rotation is typically taught in business school classes in organization design. I'm sorry that I really don't have time to fix up the writing, but to give a clue of a direction to start, try searching on "job rotation" and "tavistock". The idea of job rotation came up through the Tavistock Institute for Human Relations, in about the same time as the Trist and Bamford studies on coal mining. Daviding (talk) 22:29, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Job Rotation
Hello, I am Vimmy, I am part of  Psychology I/O, Spring, 2013 provided by York College taught by my professor, User:Dr_Ashton. As a part of our class assignment we are required to make an edit on a Wikipedia article that we think needed to be edited. Here is a link to my sandbox User:VIMMYSEAJATAN/Job_Rotation, I want to add additional information to the Job rotation section of this article. Please visit my sandbox to view the content Vimmy (talk) 18:09, 9 May 2013 (UTC)

Hello, I am Jo ann, and I took professor Ashton's class a few years ago. I made this page during the class and just happened to check on it today. I noticed you made a few changes. I don't have a problem with that as long as you make it better than it was. I am wondering if the professor pointed you to this page purposely or if you found it on your own. Best wishes!! 8.28.19.75 (talk) 19:41, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

Updating
Hello, I'm going to be updating the Job Rotation wiki page in the next couple of days as part of a Public Administration project under Dr. Hanks at Texas State University. I will be updating information and sources as well as integrating current information into the new page.Karlbarl13 (talk) 20:58, 14 April 2016 (UTC)

Peer Review
Hi, I will be submitting a review of this Wikipedia article to fulfill the requirements of Dr. Hanks' Public Admin. class.

COMPREHENSIVENESS

a) Content: Other than lacking a reference to the differentiation between the public and private sector, the lead section provides an excellent overview on the topic of job rotation. The article as a whole also does a great job in weighing the pros and cons of those main aspects, which I understand to be employees and employers (private and public). The only thing I think could add to the article would be a better understanding of what job rotation actually is. Aside from this, the article covers the issues and debates of job rotation with sufficient references. b) Focus: the issues and debates are the main focus of the article which are shown as pros and cons. Most of these also provide scholarly support to back these claims. c) Representativeness: Job rotation covers a wide range of issues so it is good that the article relies on a large variety of sources to back these claims. It also ensures that each side of the issue is fairly represented so the reader can have the best understanding possible.

SOURCING

All-in-all, the sourcing of the article was done very well. The claims did not directly state that certain things would happen with job rotation. Instead, they claimed that certain things could happen, and referenced their reasoning for doing so.

NEUTRALITY

Because the article has good sources, it is also able to stay generally neutral. It is able to demonstrate how beneficial job rotation can be while also provides the “drawbacks” that come with those benefits.

READABILITY

a) Language: Aside from small grammatical errors, the article is written very well. The simple language makes it very easy to understand and follow the train of thought. It makes it so the reader can know how a claim makes sense, rather than just having to take the articles word for it. b) Organization: The organization is very clear and follows as what is does, why it’s done, and the pros and cons for workers, public employers, and private employers. Each section is similar in size but still contain enough information to appropriately cover the topic. c) Formatting: The article follows the proper formatting style required for Wikipedia enteries. Sections are clearly labeled and contain links to relevant outside information d) Illustrations: Though there is only one illustration, it still provides a good enough understanding to stand alone. The citation in the caption is lengthy, but the title gives a good representation of the illustrations contents.

Question 1) I like how the group identified the pros and cons of both the employees and employers. It is easy to understand why one side would want to do something beneficial for themselves, so it is good to see benefits and drawbacks for both sides.

Question 2) One improvement I think the article needs is to add real-world examples of job rotation between different jobs. Another would be to add relevant illustrations to the article to make it more engaging for the reader. As it is now, the article seems like a big mass of information. I would like to see more illustrations like the one they did include.

B H71 (talk) 01:15, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

Peer Review 2
Comprehensiveness: The content is solid and gives the reader a clear idea of what Job Rotation is and breaks it down into Private and Public sectors. The article has good focus and scholarly support with a several different perspectives mostly divided by benefits and drawbacks but could be improved by adding more examples in all the sections to add more depth

Sourcing: The sourcing is good overall but only the first five sources in the References section are referenced in the article (with links) so I am not sure how they were used.

Neutrality: The article does a good job of staying neutral by simply stating known benefits and drawbacks. The balance is in favor of the Private Sector section over the Public sector section.

Readability: This article is very readable and has a strong organization. The Goals Sections is not needed I recommend taking “Why is job rotation beneficial?” and adding it under the Objectives section. In the Private Sector section there is a subsection for Cost of Job Rotation that seems unnecessary to have as an extra title or maybe it’s missing a link. In the References section the last 6 references are formatted differently than the first 5.

Question 1: The topic is easy to follow and understand and the organization is very clear.

Question 2: The article does need more examples Job rotation in the real world to tie to specific points that the article points too and the minor formatting issues mentioned ab

Mr.Haynes30 (talk) 16:19, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

"Peer Review #3"

-Comprehensiveness- The Article its self was very easy to read and portrayed in a very professional manner. One could easily read the first paragraph and have a decent understanding and comprehension of the matter at hand.

-Sourcing is very well used, however, only the first five were truly used. I feel as though the sources have a high value and should be used more often.

-Neutrality- The Article is very well balanced on both sides of the spectrum, but could go into more depth on both sides in order for the reader to have a better grasp.

-Readability- As stated, the article is well written and easy to understand. The page is also very well organized which allows to flow very well.

Question 1: I really enjoy this page primarily due to the fact that it extremely easy to understand, and organized very well.

Question 2: Some improvements could be made by referring to more examples of job rotation, using more sources, and going into slightly more detail under the "benefits" and "drawbacks" heading. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Crc151 (talk • contribs) 18:17, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

Peer Review
-Comprehensiveness- a) The lead sections content offers a very clear understanding of the topic. I understand the key points of the article to be "what job rotation is, how employers practice this technique and why, and the drawbacks and benefits to using job rotation." The article contains sufficient evidence and content that is relevant to my understanding of the topic of the page. b) I think that the focus of the article is clear and the citations are done extremely well throughout the article. c) There are several sources that have been considered in the article so it is good you have strayed from a single point of view. I especially like the offered information of "drawbacks and benefits" so that the reader is not to think that there are only one or the other when using this technique.

-Sourcing- a)With the exception of one or two statements I believe everything is cited and sourced properly. The language is precise and the rhetoric of the statements are all relatively clear and organized.

-Neutrality- a) The article does a great job keeping a neutral point of view from the authors. I especially like the use of offering positive and negatives of the implemented tool as I previously mentioned.

-Readability- a) The article over all has clear "readability" the language may be slightly too advanced for someone very uneducated on the topic, however I believe anyone looking at this page should not have any issues assessing what is currently posted, great job! b) Overall the article is organized very positively to the reader. It is very space friendly and offers both verbal as well as visual information. c) Very good use of linkage to other Wiki's so the readers can take a more in depth look at certain things they need to. d) The image is appropriate as far as my understanding and is clear to view.

-Questions- 1) My favorite part of this page is its extremely easy readability, and its vast use of further wiki links within its own page. 2) Two changes you could consider are possibly adding a second visual aid to the page, and maybe looking at the titles, I feel like certain subtitles that are "bolded" stand out more than the topic title. Patrick Kiefer (talk) 00:30, 19 April 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.112.227.109 (talk) 00:28, 19 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Job rotation


text:
Strath Taieri

The Strath Taieri (sometimes spelt Strath-Taieri) is a large glacial valley and river plateau in New Zealand's South Island. It is surrounded by the rugged hill ranges to the north and west of Otago Harbour. Since 1989 it has been part of the city of Dunedin. The small town of Middlemarch is located at its southern end.

The name is a hybrid word, from Strath (anglicised Irish and Scots Gaelic srath), meaning a broad river valley, and the Māori name Taieri (alternative spelling Taiari) of the river which runs through it.

Early history
There is evidence that moa hunters (1300-1500) were once active on the Strath Taieri, the Taieri Gorge, at Deep Stream and Rocklands on the adjacent plateau to the south. A Māori route from the coast to the interior lay along the valley. Activity during the Classic period (1500–1642) is attested by a cave discovered in 1949 with its entrance blocked, containing the bodies of a Māori woman and child. It is not clear if they were trapped deliberately or accidentally. This corresponds with other sites in the area containing rock shelters with mostly domestic articles, wooden bowls, material for garments and gear for hunting weka or fishing. Charles Kettle saw the area from the top of Maungatua in 1847 and was impressed by the land's pastoral potential.

Strath Taieri and its surrounding district lay beyond the limit of the coastal Otago Block which Kettle was surveying but, following the Otago Association's settlement on that land in 1848, horizons became broader. Kettle was one of the first Europeans known to have visited the Strath Taieri when he led an exploration party up the "strath" in February 1851. The Otago Provincial government was established in 1852, whose territory included the region.

It seems Duncan Stewart, his wife and their children were living on the site of what was later the Barewood homestead, on the Barewood run, by late 1853 or early 1854. John Sutton was granted the Barewood Run in 1854 before it was surveyed. Between 1857 and 1859 much of the land in and around Strath Taieri was taken up by pastoralists on lease from the Crown.

One of these leaseholds, Cottesbrook, became the centre of several sheep stations put together by the Tasmanian Gellibrand family. A group of buildings, including a homestead, office, cottage, cook house, butcher's shop and large shearing shed were all built from the local stone. They remain, fine examples of masonry and distinctively Australasian design. A number of the early European settlers came from Tasmania.

The gold rush and its aftermath
From 1861, the Otago gold rushes saw the development of a stagecoach route, the Dunstan Trail leaving the coastal Taieri Plain near Outram advancing north and west across the plateau south of Strath Taieri proper, through Clark's Junction and on over the Rock and Pillar Range to the Maniototo. A new road north through Strath Taieri was proposed in 1863. In 1864, gold-bearing ground was reported at Hyde at the head of Strath Taieri and now the northern limit of Dunedin. Briefly, there were two thousand people there. Goldfields to the east and north saw the 'middle Taieri valley', as Strath Taieri was sometimes called, surrounded by prospering districts.

Edward Wingfield Humphreys (1841–1892) is credited with naming the valley 'Strath Taieri'. Alice Humphreys (née Hawdon, 1848–1934) moved to her husband's property in the "strath" soon after their marriage in 1869. She is credited with calling the private township laid out on their property 'Middlemarch' after George Eliot's novel. However, this origin of the name has been disputed. From whatever source it got its name, the private township of Middlemarch on Humphrey's property of Garthmyl had been surveyed on land adjoining the projected railway and several sections were already sold by 6 November 1880. A stone house was built and occupied by Mr. Kirk and his family by the winter of 1881. By 1891, there was a hotel, eight houses, two blacksmith shops, two stores, a school and twenty tents occupied by workers building the railway.

Following the abolition of the New Zealand provinces in 1876 the Taieri County was formed, whose Deep Stream Riding included Strath Taieri. The county improved the road traversing the plateau from the Taieri Plain, building a bridge over Deep Stream in 1880, a suspension bridge over the Taieri River at Sutton in 1885, and the same year another over the Taieri linking Middlemarch with the Cottesbrook station. The Sutton Stream, south of the township, was bridged in 1884. There was a long pause before the 'centre road', now state highway 87, was extended north to Hyde and the Maniototo.

Construction of the Otago Central Railway from the South Island's main trunk line, which lay along the coast, began in 1879. Its route was projected to cross the Taieri Plain and follow the Taieri Gorge upstream to Strath Taieri, which it would then traverse from south to north as the main route to Central Otago. The gorge presented formidable obstacles, to which the existing bridges and tunnels are now picturesque testimony. The line reached Middlemarch in April 1891, spurring the township's development. It was extended to Hyde on 16 July 1894, where it had a similar effect. The line's eventual terminus was Cromwell in the Upper Clutha catchment, but it did not arrive there until 1921.

To develop Middlemarch the March Creek had been diverted and for many years the township was regularly flooded until channel work on the creek ameliorated the problem. A Presbyterian preacher covered the Strath Taieri district in 1886. Anglican and Roman Catholic churches were built in 1901 and a handsome church of the local schist stone was completed for the Presbyterians in 1906.

Twentieth century and beyond
Gold mining in nearby areas such as Macraes Flat and Nenthorn buoyed up the development of the Strath Taieri and its townships, but that stalled in the twentieth century. In the 1880s, rabbits became a plague, and it was only by strenuous efforts this was contained by the 1940s. Runs were broken up for closer settlement in 1894 and later, but the valley remained thinly populated. In 1914, there was a move to have the Strath Taieri Riding transferred to the Maniototo County, which was unsuccessful. In the 1930s, attempts to get a water supply for Middlemarch were also unsuccessful. However, an electricity supply to Middlemarch was made operative on 28 July 1939.

On 4 June 1943, the derailment of the Dunedin Cromwell Express on the outskirts of Hyde cost twenty-one lives. Because the accident was attributed to the negligence of the engine driver, the government became liable for more than £200,000 in compensation. The modern equivalent would be several million dollars. Postwar development was slow and while farm production increased, the population expanded only a little and latterly declined.

As the 20th century advanced, this large and apparently empty country maintained the character and atmosphere of a pioneering district. Middlemarch could seem to visitors like a set for 'High Noon'. The plateau country to the south, with its fantastic rock formations, tors, heightens the impression of antiquity and otherworldliness which inspired artistic responses. Until 1948, Antimony was mined at Hindon.

The celebrated New Zealand painter Colin McCahon as a schoolboy in 1936, had what he later described as a 'vision' looking westward from a point on the coastal hills over the Taieri Plain apparently to the plateau country south of the Strath Taieri proper. He later said his art had been an attempt to communicate this vision. He described it as seeing a landscape 'standing far from the sun of Egypt in the Otago cold.' He called it a 'landscape of splendour and order and peace', which he conceived as a pre-Biblical place. In 1945, his younger and also celebrated Otago contemporary, the poet James K. Baxter, wrote 'Upon the upland road/Ride easy, stranger:/Surrender to the sky/Your heart of anger.' The lines certainly capture the effect on some people of the experience of crossing the plateau, approaching the Strath Taieri by road from the south.

That landscape became greener in the 1960s and 1970s as native tussock was converted to European pasture, a process protested in the works of the artist Marilynn Webb. But the postwar prosperity of farming ended in the 1970s. In October 1977, the Taieri County was merged with its northern neighbour, Waikouaiti County, thus Strath Taieri became part of the new The Silverpeaks County surrounding Dunedin and its boroughs in an inland arc. Rural recession intensified and in 1989 The Silverpeaks County was merged into a new, much enlarged, City of Dunedin. In 1990, the Central Otago Railway was closed and the line from Clyde back to Middlemarch soon uplifted. Nevertheless, a tourist train service was being operated from Dunedin to Strath Taieri by way of the Taieri Gorge on the remaining part of the line. Since 1991 this has been run by the Taieri Gorge Railway Limited owned by the Dunedin City Council. In 1993, the course of the track further inland was opened as the Otago Central Rail Trail for hikers and cyclists, by the Department of Conservation. Both have proved successful in attracting visitors.

As a farming district, strategically located but isolated by geographical barriers, Strath Taieri's development turned on changes in farming and transport until the late 20th century. While the closure of the through railway saw the end of that means of moving heavy goods between the coast and the interior, the completion of the tar sealing of State Highway 87, in 1996, was the effective provision of another. With the growth of tourism, much of it motor-vehicle-based, this, with the rail trail and tourist rail services, has added a new element to the mix.

The rural, pioneering atmosphere of the district was perhaps responsible for the unexpected success of its bachelor dances, recently promoted ostensibly to find partners for its single men. That, and the emergence of New Zealand's iconic Southern Man may have led to the event's attracting visitors from around the country and overseas. Apparently, few marriages have resulted, but Strath Taieri has become known to many more people.

Demographics
The statistical area of Strath Taieri, which includes Middlemarch, covers 2115.02 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Strath Taieri had a population of 666 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 48 people (−6.7%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 48 people (−6.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 267 households, comprising 369 males and 300 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.23 males per female. The median age was 43.0 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 135 people (20.3%) aged under 15 years, 84 (12.6%) aged 15 to 29, 366 (55.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 84 (12.6%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 95.5% European/Pākehā, 9.9% Māori, 0.5% Pasifika, and 1.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 6.8, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.3% had no religion, and 36.5% were Christian.

Of those at least 15 years old, 84 (15.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 90 (16.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $34,700, compared with $31,800 nationally. 69 people (13.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 297 (55.9%) people were employed full-time, 93 (17.5%) were part-time, and 18 (3.4%) were unemployed.

Education
In 2021, there is one primary school in the Strath Taieri District, at Middlemarch. There were several schools in earlier times.

title: Strath Taieri


text: User talk:152.163.100.69

title: User talk:152.163.100.69


text:
Mitchell Feigenbaum

Mitchell Jay Feigenbaum (December 19, 1944 – June 30, 2019) was an American mathematical physicist whose pioneering studies in chaos theory led to the discovery of the Feigenbaum constants.

Early life
Feigenbaum was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Jewish emigrants from Poland and Ukraine. He attended Samuel J. Tilden High School, in Brooklyn, New York, and the City College of New York. In 1964, he began his graduate studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Enrolling for graduate study in electrical engineering, he changed his area of study to physics. He completed his doctorate in 1970 for a thesis on dispersion relations, under the supervision of Professor Francis E. Low.

Career
After short positions at Cornell University (1970–1972) and the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1972–1974), he was offered a longer-term post at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico to study turbulence in fluids. He was at Cornell from 1982 to 1986 and then joined Rockefeller University as Toyota Professor in 1987. Although a complete theory of turbulent fluids remains elusive, Feigenbaum's research paved the way for chaos theory, providing groundbreaking insight into the many dynamical systems in which scientists and mathematicians find chaotic maps.

In 1983, he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship, and in 1986, alongside Rockefeller University colleague Albert Libchaber, he was awarded the Wolf Prize in Physics "for his pioneering theoretical studies demonstrating the universal character of non-linear systems, which has made possible the systematic study of chaos". He was a member of the Board of Scientific Governors at the Scripps Research Institute. He remained at Rockefeller University as Toyota Professor from 1987 until his death.

Work
Some mathematical mappings involving a single linear parameter exhibit the apparently random behavior known as chaos when the parameter lies within certain ranges. As the parameter is increased towards this region, the mapping undergoes bifurcations at precise values of the parameter. At first, one stable point occurs, then bifurcates to an oscillation between two values, then bifurcating again to oscillate between four values, and so on. Feigenbaum discovered in 1975, using an HP-65 calculator, that the ratio of the difference between the values at which such successive period-doubling bifurcations occur tends to a constant of around 4.6692... He was able to provide a mathematical argument of that fact, and he then showed that the same behavior, with the same mathematical constant, would occur within a wide class of mathematical functions, prior to the onset of chaos. This universal result enabled mathematicians to take their first steps to unraveling the apparently intractable "random" behavior of chaotic systems. The "ratio of convergence" measured in this study is now known as the first Feigenbaum constant.

The logistic map is a prominent example of the mappings that Feigenbaum studied in his noted 1978 article: "Quantitative Universality for a Class of Nonlinear Transformations".

Feigenbaum's other contributions include the development of important new fractal methods in cartography, starting when he was hired by Hammond to develop techniques to allow computers to assist in drawing maps. The introduction to the Hammond Atlas (1992) states:

Using fractal geometry to describe natural forms such as coastlines, mathematical physicist Mitchell Feigenbaum developed software capable of reconfiguring coastlines, borders, and mountain ranges to fit a multitude of map scales and projections. Dr. Feigenbaum also created a new computerized type-placement program which places thousands of map labels in minutes, a task that previously required days of tedious labor.

In another practical application of his work, he founded Numerix with Michael Goodkin in 1996. The company's initial product was a software algorithm that dramatically reduced the time required for Monte Carlo pricing of exotic financial derivatives and structured products.

The press release made on the occasion of his receiving the Wolf Prize summed up his works:

The impact of Feigenbaum's discoveries has been phenomenal. It has spanned new fields of theoretical and experimental mathematics ... It is hard to think of any other development in recent theoretical science that has had so broad an impact over so wide a range of fields, spanning both the very pure and the very applied.

title: Mitchell Feigenbaum


text:
User talk:Merenta

Hi and welcome to my talk page. You're welcome to use this page to add comments that you'd like me to see and respond to; I'll respond here unless you ask for a response elsewhere. Even if I disagree with you or the tone of what you say here, I won't delete your response unless it is unsigned. I might delete a personal attack here - but I have yet to see one. Cheerio and happy editing!

Women in Red World Contest
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Fixed your talk page archiving
Hi! I took the liberty of fixing the auto-archiving settings at the top of this page. --rchard2scout (talk) 10:13, 27 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Excellent - thanks and sorry I needed to have you work on my page! Merenta (talk) 20:21, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Merenta


text: User talk:68.101.38.47

title: User talk:68.101.38.47


text: User talk:64.90.204.86

title: User talk:64.90.204.86


text:
Basal

Basal or basilar is a term meaning base, bottom, or minimum.

Science

 * Basal (anatomy), an anatomical term of location for features associated with the base of an organism or structure
 * Basal (medicine), a minimal level that is necessary for health or life, such as a minimum insulin dose
 * Basal (phylogenetics), a relative position in a phylogenetic tree closer to the root

Places

 * Basal, Hungary, a village in Hungary
 * Basal, Pakistan, a village in the Attock District

Other

 * Basal plate (disambiguation)
 * Basal sliding, the act of a glacier sliding over the bed before it due to meltwater increasing the water pressure underneath the glacier causing it to be lifted from its bed
 * Basal conglomerate, see conglomerate (geology)

title: Basal


text:
User talk:Mpolito

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- 23:50, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mpolito


text:
User:Mrees1997

I'm a criminal defense attorney. I haven't looked over the criminal law pages too closely yet. I am, however, looking at small boat-related pages. I added Thistle_(dinghy) when I noticed we had Flying Scot but no Thistle. They're both very popular, but the Thistle is faster. I might write blurbs for some of these other little boats.

Mike.

title: User:Mrees1997