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User talk:Gurdonark

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title: User talk:Gurdonark


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London Musicians Collective

The London Musicians Collective (LMC) is a cultural charity based in London, England devoted to the support and promotion of contemporary, experimental and improvised music.

From its foundation in 1975 until its reorganization in 2009, the LMC organized concerts, festivals,    tours, workshops and publications in support of experimental music.

The LMC grew from Musics and had overlapping membership. It had some of the same approach to division of labour as the magazine. While the latter chose financial independence, the LMC at its first meeting rejected this policy by 37 votes to 1. The LMC then applied to the Arts Council of Great Britain for funding.

Two LPs were produced, numbered LMC1 and LMC2, but they were independent productions not directly initiated by the main collective.

In 2002, the LMC was awarded a community radio licence to broadcast a new radio station, Resonance FM, in central London. It also produced a magazine, Resonance, and a range of CDs, including Your Favourite London Sounds in 2001, compiled by Peter Cusack.

The LMC is funded by donations, membership fees and grants. It was supported by Arts Council England until its funding was cut in 2008.

After the LMC ceased its initial programme of activities in 2008 the contents of its office were archived by CRiSAP (Creative Research in Sound Arts Practice) at the London College of Communication, University of the Arts London in 2009.

An online exhibition Sound Traces, curated by LMC co-founder David Toop for CriSAP, explored the legacy of LMC activities from 1975–2008. This ran from 2009 until April 2023 and an archive record of the exhibition is in preparation for late 2023.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: London Musicians Collective


text:
User talk:Snapped Chopstick

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title: User talk:Snapped Chopstick


text:
Orthogonal complement

In the mathematical fields of linear algebra and functional analysis, the orthogonal complement of a subspace $$W$$ of a vector space $$V$$ equipped with a bilinear form $$B$$ is the set $$W^\perp$$of all vectors in $$V$$ that are orthogonal to every vector in $$W$$. Informally, it is called the perp, short for perpendicular complement. It is a subspace of $$V$$.

Example
Let $$V = (\R^5, \langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle)$$ be the vector space equipped with the usual dot product $$\langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle$$ (thus making it an inner product space), and let $$W = \{\mathbf{u} \in V: \mathbf{A}x = \mathbf{u},\ x\in \R^2\},$$ with $$\mathbf{A} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1\\ 2 & 6\\ 3 & 9\\ 5 & 3\\ \end{pmatrix}.$$ then its orthogonal complement $$W^\perp = \{\mathbf{v}\in V:\langle \mathbf{u},\mathbf{v}\rangle = 0 \ \ \forall \ \mathbf{u} \in W\}$$ can also be defined as $$W^\perp = \{\mathbf{v} \in V: \mathbf{\tilde{A}}y = \mathbf{v},\ y \in \R^3\},$$ being $$\mathbf{\tilde{A}} = \begin{pmatrix} -2 & -3 & -5 \\ -6 & -9 & -3 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}.$$

The fact that every column vector in $$\mathbf{A}$$ is orthogonal to every column vector in $$\mathbf{\tilde{A}}$$ can be checked by direct computation. The fact that the spans of these vectors are orthogonal then follows by bilinearity of the dot product. Finally, the fact that these spaces are orthogonal complements follows from the dimension relationships given below.

General bilinear forms
Let $$V$$ be a vector space over a field $$\mathbb{F}$$ equipped with a bilinear form $$B.$$ We define $$\mathbf{u}$$ to be left-orthogonal to $$\mathbf{v}$$, and $$\mathbf{v}$$ to be right-orthogonal to $$\mathbf{u}$$, when $$B(\mathbf{u},\mathbf{v}) = 0.$$  For a subset $$W$$ of $$V,$$ define the left-orthogonal complement $$W^\perp$$ to be $$W^\perp = \left\{ \mathbf{x} \in V : B(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}) = 0 \ \ \forall \ \mathbf{y} \in W \right\}.$$

There is a corresponding definition of the right-orthogonal complement. For a reflexive bilinear form, where $$B(\mathbf{u},\mathbf{v}) = 0 \implies B(\mathbf{v},\mathbf{u}) = 0 \ \ \forall \ \mathbf{u}, \mathbf{v} \in V$$, the left and right complements coincide. This will be the case if $$B$$ is a symmetric or an alternating form.

The definition extends to a bilinear form on a free module over a commutative ring, and to a sesquilinear form extended to include any free module over a commutative ring with conjugation.

Properties

 * An orthogonal complement is a subspace of $$V$$;
 * If $$X \subseteq Y$$ then $$X^\perp \supseteq Y^\perp$$;
 * The radical $$V^\perp$$ of $$V$$ is a subspace of every orthogonal complement;
 * $$W \subseteq (W^\perp)^\perp$$;
 * If $$B$$ is non-degenerate and $$V$$ is finite-dimensional, then $$\dim(W)+\dim (W^\perp)=\dim (V)$$.
 * If $$L_1, \ldots, L_r$$ are subspaces of a finite-dimensional space $$V$$ and $$L_* = L_1 \cap \cdots \cap L_r,$$ then $$L_*^\perp = L_1^\perp + \cdots + L_r^\perp$$.

Inner product spaces
This section considers orthogonal complements in an inner product space $$H$$.

Two vectors $$\mathbf{x}$$ and $$\mathbf{y}$$ are called if $$\langle \mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y} \rangle = 0$$, which happens if and only if $$\| \mathbf{x} \| \le \| \mathbf{x} + s\mathbf{y} \| \ \forall$$ scalars $$s$$.

If $$C$$ is any subset of an inner product space $$H$$ then its is the vector subspace $$\begin{align} C^\perp
 * &= \{\mathbf{x} \in H : \langle \mathbf{x}, \mathbf{c} \rangle = 0 \ \ \forall \ \mathbf{c} \in C\} \\

&= \{\mathbf{x} \in H : \langle \mathbf{c}, \mathbf{x} \rangle = 0 \ \ \forall \ \mathbf{c} \in C\} \end{align}$$ which is always a closed subset (hence, a closed vector subspace) of $$H$$ that satisfies:
 * $$C^{\bot} = \left(\operatorname{cl}_H \left(\operatorname{span} C\right)\right)^{\bot}$$;
 * $$C^{\bot} \cap \operatorname{cl}_H \left(\operatorname{span} C\right) = \{ 0 \}$$;
 * $$C^{\bot} \cap \left(\operatorname{span} C\right) = \{ 0 \}$$;
 * $$C \subseteq \left(C^{\bot}\right)^{\bot}$$;
 * $$\operatorname{cl}_H \left(\operatorname{span} C\right) = \left(C^{\bot}\right)^{\bot}$$.

If $$C$$ is a vector subspace of an inner product space $$H$$ then $$C^{\bot} = \left\{\mathbf{x} \in H : \|\mathbf{x}\| \leq \|\mathbf{x} + \mathbf{c}\| \ \ \forall \ \mathbf{c} \in C \right\}.$$ If $$C$$ is a closed vector subspace of a Hilbert space $$H$$ then $$H = C \oplus C^{\bot} \qquad \text{ and } \qquad \left(C^{\bot}\right)^{\bot} = C$$ where $$H = C \oplus C^{\bot}$$ is called the of $$H$$ into $$C$$ and $$C^{\bot}$$ and it indicates that $$C$$ is a complemented subspace of $$H$$ with complement $$C^{\bot}.$$

Properties
The orthogonal complement is always closed in the metric topology. In finite-dimensional spaces, that is merely an instance of the fact that all subspaces of a vector space are closed. In infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces, some subspaces are not closed, but all orthogonal complements are closed. If $$W$$ is a vector subspace of an inner product space the orthogonal complement of the orthogonal complement of $$W$$ is the closure of $$W,$$ that is, $$\left(W^\bot\right)^\bot = \overline W.$$

Some other useful properties that always hold are the following. Let $$H$$ be a Hilbert space and let $$X$$ and $$Y$$ be linear subspaces. Then:
 * $$X^\bot = \overline{X}^{\bot}$$;
 * if $$Y \subseteq X$$ then $$X^\bot \subseteq Y^\bot$$;
 * $$X \cap X^\bot = \{ 0 \}$$;
 * $$X \subseteq (X^\bot)^\bot$$;
 * if $$X$$ is a closed linear subspace of $$H$$ then $$(X^\bot)^\bot = X$$;
 * if $$X$$ is a closed linear subspace of $$H$$ then $$H = X \oplus X^\bot,$$ the (inner) direct sum.

The orthogonal complement generalizes to the annihilator, and gives a Galois connection on subsets of the inner product space, with associated closure operator the topological closure of the span.

Finite dimensions
For a finite-dimensional inner product space of dimension $$n$$, the orthogonal complement of a $$k$$-dimensional subspace is an $$(n-k)$$-dimensional subspace, and the double orthogonal complement is the original subspace: $$\left(W^{\bot}\right)^{\bot} = W.$$

If $$\mathbf{A} \in \mathbb{M}_{mn}$$, where $$\mathcal{R}(\mathbf{A})$$, $$\mathcal{C} (\mathbf{A})$$, and $$\mathcal{N} (\mathbf{A})$$ refer to the row space, column space, and null space of $$\mathbf{A}$$ (respectively), then $$\left(\mathcal{R} (\mathbf{A}) \right)^{\bot} = \mathcal{N} (\mathbf{A}) \qquad \text{ and } \qquad \left(\mathcal{C} (\mathbf{A}) \right)^{\bot} = \mathcal{N} (\mathbf{A}^{\operatorname{T}}).$$

Banach spaces
There is a natural analog of this notion in general Banach spaces. In this case one defines the orthogonal complement of $$W$$ to be a subspace of the dual of $$V$$ defined similarly as the annihilator $$W^\bot = \left\{ x\in V^* : \forall y\in W, x(y) = 0 \right\}. $$

It is always a closed subspace of $$V^*$$. There is also an analog of the double complement property. $$W^{\perp \perp}$$is now a subspace of $$V^{**}$$(which is not identical to $$V$$). However, the reflexive spaces have a natural isomorphism $$i$$ between $$V$$ and $$V^{**}$$. In this case we have $$i\overline{W} = W^{\perp\perp}.$$

This is a rather straightforward consequence of the Hahn–Banach theorem.

Applications
In special relativity the orthogonal complement is used to determine the simultaneous hyperplane at a point of a world line. The bilinear form $$\eta$$ used in Minkowski space determines a pseudo-Euclidean space of events. The origin and all events on the light cone are self-orthogonal. When a time event and a space event evaluate to zero under the bilinear form, then they are hyperbolic-orthogonal. This terminology stems from the use of conjugate hyperbolas in the pseudo-Euclidean plane: conjugate diameters of these hyperbolas are hyperbolic-orthogonal.

title: Orthogonal complement


text:
User talk:Luffy

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

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Luffy 21:54, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC) Thanks for the introduction.

Your AFD nomination
I've closed Articles for deletion/Carr Manor High School as keep, due to the changes which had been made since the nomination, which resulted in unanimous keep. Regards, Rt . 16:05, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Alright, thank you for the notfication :) The Great Luffy (talk) 02:38, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Sanson.gif
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A'ight. You can delete it then :) 21:04, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Sanson.gif)
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One Piece merge discussion
Hello, we are currently conducting a merge discussion (here) about trimming down and merging the List of minor One Piece characters into the main character list. According to the page history you were involved with the article early-on and I thought you should know about the discussion so you can weigh in on the discussion. Thanks! --Kraftlos (talk) 06:03, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Luffy


text:
List of mayors of Nashville, Tennessee

The Mayor of Nashville is the chief executive of the government of Nashville, Tennessee. The current mayor is Freddie O'Connell. Each mayor serves a term of four years, with a limit of two consecutive terms, unless this is interrupted by a legal mechanism, such as a recall election.

Mayors of the City of Nashville
The following is a list of the mayors of Nashville before it had a consolidated metropolitan government:

Mayors of Metropolitan Nashville
The following is a list of the mayors of Nashville after the consolidation of the municipal government with the government of Davidson County:

title: List of mayors of Nashville, Tennessee


text: User talk:Inter

title: User talk:Inter


text:
Developmental stage theories

In psychology, developmental stage theories are theories that divide psychological development into distinct stages which are characterized by qualitative differences in behavior.

There are several different views about psychological and physical development and how they proceed throughout the life span. The two main psychological developmental theories include continuous and discontinuous development. In addition to individual differences in development, developmental psychologists generally agree that development occurs in an orderly way and in different areas simultaneously.

Stage theories
The development of the human mind is complex and a debated subject, and may take place in a continuous or discontinuous fashion. Continuous development, like the height of a child, is measurable and quantitative, while discontinuous development is qualitative, like hair or skin color, where those traits fall only under a few specific phenotypes. Continuous development involves gradual and ongoing changes throughout the life span, with behavior in the earlier stages of development providing the basis of skills and abilities required for the next stages. On the other hand, discontinuous development involves distinct and separate stages, with different kinds of behavior occurring in each stage.

Stage theories of development rest on the assumption that development is a discontinuous process involving distinct stages which are characterized by qualitative differences in behavior. They also assume that the structure of the stage is not variable according to each individual; however the time of each stage may vary individually. While some theories focus primarily on the healthy development of children, others propose stages that are characterized by a maturity rarely reached before old age.

Ego-psychology
The psychosexual stage theory created by Sigmund Freud (b.1856) consists of five distinct stages of Psychosexual development that individuals will pass through for the duration of their lifespan. Four of these stages stretch from birth through puberty and the final stage continues throughout the remainder of life. Erik Erikson (b.1902) developed a psychosocial developmental theory, which was both influenced and built upon by Freud, which includes four childhood and four adult stages of life that capture the essence of personality during each period of development. Each of Erikson's stages include both a positive and negative influences that can go on to be seen later in an individual's life. His theory includes the influence of biological factors on development. Jane Loevinger (b.1918) built on the work of Erikson in her description of stages of ego development.

Individuation and attachment in ego-psychology
Margaret Mahler's (b.1897) theory of separation-individuation in child development contains three phases regarding the child's object relations. John Bowlby's (b.1907) attachment theory proposes that developmental needs and attachment in children are connected to particular people, places, and objects throughout our lives. These connections provide a behavior in the young child that is heavily affected and relied on throughout the entire lifespan. In case of maternal deprivation, this development may be disturbed. Robert Kegan (b.1946) provided a theory of the evolving self, which describes the constructive development theory of subject–object relations.

Piaget's cognitive development theory
Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental theory describes four major stages from birth through puberty, the last of which starts at 12 years and has no terminating age: Sensorimotor: (birth to 2 years), Preoperations: (2 to 7 years), Concrete operations: (7 to 11 years), and Formal Operations: (from 12 years). Each stage has at least two substages, usually called early and fully. Piaget's theory is a structural stage theory, which implies that:
 * Each stage is qualitatively different; it is a change in nature, not just quantity;
 * Each stage lays the foundation for the next;
 * Everyone goes through the stages in the same order.

Neo-Piagetian theories
Neo-Piagetian theories criticize and build on Piaget's work. Juan Pascaual-Leone was the first to propose a neo-Piagetian stage theory. Since that time several neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development have been proposed. These include the theories of Robbie Case, Grame Halford, Andreas Demetriou and Kurt W. Fischer. The theory of Michael Commons' model of hierarchical complexity is also relevant. The description of stages in these theories is more elaborate and focuses on underlying mechanisms of information processing rather than on reasoning as such. In fact, development in information processing capacity is invoked to explain the development of reasoning. More stages are described (as many as 15 stages), with 4 being added beyond the stage of Formal operations. Most stage sequences map onto one another. Post-Piagetian stages are free of content and context and are therefore very general.

Other related theories
Lawrence Kohlberg (b.1927) in his stages of moral development described how individuals developed moral reasoning. Kohlberg agreed with Piaget's theory of moral development that moral understanding is linked to cognitive development. His three levels were categorized as: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional, all of which have two sub-stages. James W. Fowler (b.1940), and his stages of faith development theory, builds off of both Piaget's and Kohlberg's schemes.

Learning and education
Maria Montessori (b.1871) described a number of stages in her educational philosophy. Albert Bandura (b.1925), in his social learning theory, emphasizes the child's experiential learning from the environment.

Spirituality and consultancy
Inspired by Theosophy, Rudolf Steiner (b.1861) had developed a stage theory based on seven-year life phases. Three childhood phases (conception to 21 years) are followed by three stages of development of the ego (21–42 years), concluding with three stages of spiritual development (42-63). The theory is applied in Waldorf education

Clare W. Graves (b.1914) developed an emergent cyclical levels of existence theory. It was popularized by Don Beck (b.1937) and Chris Cowan's as spiral dynamics, and mainly applied in consultancy. Ken Wilber (b.1949) integrated Spiral Dynamics in his integral theory, which also includes psychological stages of development as described by Jean Piaget and Jane Loevinger, the spiritual models of Sri Aurobindo and Rudolf Steiner, and Jean Gebsers theory of mutations of consciousness in human history.

Other theories
Lev Vygotsky (b.1896) developed several theories, particularly zone of proximal development. Other theories are not exactly developmental stage theories, but do incorporate a hierarchy of psychological factors and elements. Abraham Maslow (b.1908) described a hierarchy of needs. James Marcia (b.1937) developed a theory of identity achievement and identity status.

title: Developmental stage theories


text:
User talk:Zepp007

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title: User talk:Zepp007


text:
Loge

Loge may refer to:

Places

 * Loge-Fougereuse, a village and municipality in the Vendée department of France
 * La Loge, Pas-de-Calais, a municipality in the Pas-de-Calais department of France
 * La Loge-Pomblin, a municipality in the Aube department of France
 * La Loge-aux-Chèvres, a municipality in the Aube department of France
 * Small trading stations of French India

Other uses

 * Loge (moon), a natural satellite of Saturn
 * Loki (German: Loge), a minor god in Norse mythology who alternately helps and opposes the other gods
 * Logi (mythology) (Swedish: Loge), the personification of fire in Norse mythology
 * Loge, a character in Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen that synthesizes both Loki and Logi
 * La Loge, an 1874 painting by Pierre-Auguste Renoir also known as The Theatre Box
 * Box (theatre), also known as loge, a small, separated seating area in the auditorium for a limited number of people

title: Loge


text:
Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-23

The Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-23 (Грязев-Шипунов ГШ-6-23) (GRAU designation: 9A-620 for GSh-6-23, 9A-768 for GSh-6-23M modernized variant) is a six-barreled 23 mm rotary cannon used by some modern Soviet/Russian military aircraft.

The GSh-6-23 differs from most American multi-barreled aircraft cannon in that it is gas-operated, rather than externally powered via an electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic system. The GSh-6-23 uses the 23×115 Russian AM-23 round, fed via linked cartridge belt or a linkless feed system. The linkless system, adopted after numerous problems and failures with the belt feed, is limited. Fire control is electrical, using a 27 V DC system. The cannon has 10 pyrotechnic cocking charges, similar to those used in European gas-operated revolver cannon such as the DEFA 554 or Mauser BK-27.

The rapid rate of fire exhausts ammunition quickly: the Mikoyan MiG-31 aircraft, for example, with 260 rounds of ammunition (800 rounds maximum), would empty its ammunition tank in less than two seconds.

GSh-6-23M has the highest rate of fire out of any autocannon so far.

The GSh-6-23 is used by the Sukhoi Su-24 attack aircraft, the MiG-31 interceptor aircraft, and the now-obsolete Sukhoi Su-15 among others. However, after two Su-24s were lost because of premature shell detonation in 1983, and because of some other problems with gun usage (such as system failures), usage of the GSh-6-23 was stopped by a decision of the Soviet Air Force Command. At present all aircraft in the Russian Aerospace Forces are flying with fully operational guns.

It is also used in the SPPU-6 gun pod, which can traverse to −45° elevation, and ±45° azimuth.

Variants

 * Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-23M; a modernized version.

title: Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-23


text: User talk:67.163.253.153

title: User talk:67.163.253.153


text:
Channel Country

The Channel Country is a region of outback Australia mostly in the state of Queensland but also in parts of South Australia, Northern Territory and New South Wales. The name comes from the numerous intertwined rivulets that cross the region, which cover 150,000 km². The Channel Country is over the Cooper and Eromanga geological basins and the Lake Eyre Basin drainage basin. Further to the east is the less arid Maranoa district.

Geography
Birdsville and Windorah are the most prominent towns in the area. Other settlements include Betoota and Bedourie. Haddon Corner is also located in the Channel Country. The Channel Country is the location for a majority of Min Min light sightings. It is also home to at least two important bird areas, Lake Yamma Yamma and the Lake Machattie Area.

The Channel Country features an arid landscape with a series of ancient flood plains from rivers which only flow intermittently. The principal rivers are Georgina River, Cooper Creek and the Diamantina River. When there is sufficient rainfall in their catchment area these rivers flow into Lake Eyre, South Australia. In most years the flood waters are absorbed into the earth or evaporate, however. One of the most significant rainfall events occurred in 2010 when a monsoonal low from ex-Cyclone Olga created a period of exceptional rainfall.

Land use
The primary land use is cattle grazing which has replaced sheep grazing. It is estimated that in the Queensland section alone there are between half to one million head of cattle. The area's towns and cattle stations are serviced by a mail run that is operated by West Wing Aviation which delivers goods and passengers as well as mail.

In 2013, the Queensland Government placed caps on water extraction from the region's river to prevent the introduction of cotton growing. At the same time open-cut mining was banned but coal seam and underground mining have been permitted after changes were made to the Wild Rivers legislation.

In 2021, 11 coal seam gas exploration licenses were granted to Origin Energy by the state government, covering 250,000 hectares of the region. Origin subsequently announced it is withdrawing from the region with a view to sell its exploration permits to another energy company or forfeit the sites.

Bioregion
The Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia Channel Country Bioregion covers a larger area, extending into South Australia, the Northern Territory and New South Wales and includes the town of Innamincka.

History
Indigenous Australians have inhabited the area for approximately 20,000 years, with over 25 tribal groups living in the Channel Country area. A vast trade network had been established running from north to south with goods such as ochre sent north with shells and pituri moved south. Birdsville was once a major meeting place for conducting ceremonies and trade. Originally known as Diamantina Crossing, it bore its current name by 1882, and the name was formalised at the proclamation of the town in 1887.

Innamincka Station was established in 1872 by Robert Bostock and grew until it covered over 15000 sqkm and in 1881 it supported a herd of 8,000 cattle. The first station and permanent settlement set up along the Cooper Creek. The tender was accepted for the run named Caryapundy by J. C. Myers in 1872. Myers has also had his tenders accepted for other runs such as Bollwarry, Mount Wood, Teriwinda and Torrens Creek.

Annandale Station was established when Patrick Drinan took up the run in July 1876. Other properties were settled soon afterward including Kaliduwarry and Glengyle Stations. Pandie Pandie Station was established in the same year by Robert Frew as was Alton Downs and Planet Downs. Nearby Haddon Downs station was also taken up by Frew in 1877. Diamantina Lakes Station was also established in 1876 with a partnership between John Arthur Macartney and Hugh Louis Heber-Percy who initially took up the lease.

title: Channel Country


text:
User:Masterhomer/Balance Formulas

We can represent a chemical change by a chemical formula.

Chemicals formulas have the following syntax:

reactants -(chemical reaction)> new product All chemicals on the right hand side of a formula are called reactants and on the left hand side are called products.

2 O2 + 2 H2 -> 2H2O

The above is an example of a chemical formula. However, the chemical formula is not possible in it's current state. In order for a chemical formula to make sense, we first must balance it.

O2 + 2 H2 -> 2H2O

Balancing involves taking making sure the number of atoms on one side of the forumla match the amount on the other side. Unless your formula is part of a nuclear reaction, in which mass is converted into energy, the amount of mass of reactants must always equal the product.

So we know that the mass must always be the same on both sides of a formula, but we also know that different molecules have different molecular weights. From a chemical formula, it is then possible to discovered exactly how much a certain molecule (usally in moles) of one reactant versus another is required. For example the above formula, it can be discovered that for every 1 mole of oxygen, 2 moles of hydrogen are required for every two moles of water.

You can use these "molar ratios" to find alot of informaton about how to prepare the reaction, namely how much mass of each reactant is required for a effiecent reaction to occur.

title: User:Masterhomer/Balance Formulas


text:
Frances Lankin

Frances Lankin, (born April 16, 1954), is a Canadian senator, former president and CEO of United Way Toronto, and a former Ontario MPP and cabinet minister in the NDP government of Bob Rae between 1990 and 1995. From 2010 to 2012, she co-chaired a government commission review of social assistance in Ontario. From 2009 to 2016, she was a member of the Security Intelligence Review Committee.

Lankin was appointed to the Senate on March 18, 2016, on the advice of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. She sat with the Independent Senators Group until February 2024 when she was appointed Government Liaison in the upper chamber and changed her designation to non-affiliated. She rejoined the ISG in May 2024.

Background
Lankin was born in London, Ontario. She started her career as the executive director of a childcare centre before attending the University of Toronto to study criminology. Due to a provincial government hiring freeze, Lankin was unable to get a position in her desired field working in probation and parole, so she accepted a position as a correctional officer. Lankin was one of the first women correctional officers to work at the Don Jail, an all-male institution. After four years, Lankin became a probation and parole officer before taking a position with the Ontario Public Service Employees Union (OPSEU).

Lankin was a very active member of OPSEU, where she focused on many issues of concern to women workers. She took a position as Equal Opportunity Coordinator with the union, working on such issues as paid maternity leave, pay equity and childcare. While at OPSEU, Lankin helped found the Ontario Coalition for Better Childcare and was provincial spokesperson for the Equal Pay Coalition. She eventually became an economic researcher and finally a full-time negotiator for the union. During her time at OPSEU, Lankin was appointed by the provincial government to the Workers' Compensation Appeals Tribunal for a 3-year term.

In government
In 1985, Lankin tried to gain the nomination as the NDP candidate in the riding of Riverdale. She lost to David Reville who went on to win the seat.

Lankin was elected Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) for the Toronto riding of Beaches—Woodbine in the 1990 provincial election, succeeding Marion Bryden who retired from politics. The NDP under Bob Rae won its first-ever majority government in this election, and Lankin, then thirty-six years old, was appointed to cabinet on October 1, 1990, as Minister of Government Services and Chair of the Management Board of Cabinet. She announced that same-sex spouses of civil servants would be eligible for insurance and medical benefits.

Lankin was promoted to Minister of Health on April 22, 1991. She soon developed a reputation as one of the most proficient ministers in Rae's government, and won praise for her attention to administrative detail. She managed to bring the $17 billion health budget under control by reducing out-of-province charges to OHIP and reducing costs for the province's drug benefit plan. She also increased funding for AIDS initiatives and made it easier for Ontario residents to receive treatment for drug and alcohol addiction. She also became one of Rae's most trusted ministers, and a part of his "inner circle".

On February 3, 1993, Lankin was shifted to the position of Minister of Economic Development and Trade.

The Rae government was defeated in the provincial election of 1995, although Lankin was re-elected in Beaches-Woodbine by about 3,000 votes over her nearest opponent. After the election she was named finance critic and party whip.

Leadership race
When Rae resigned as NDP leader in 1996, Lankin declared herself a candidate to succeed him. She was regarded as the frontrunner in this race, and was strongly supported by senior members of the Rae government and the party establishment. However, this identification actually damaged her popularity among party delegates who were disappointed by the rightward shifts of the Rae government. Rival candidate Peter Kormos accused her in the leadership debate of bearing responsibility for the "social contract" — which forced open collective bargaining agreements with public sector unions and was deeply unpopular with labour — and for the Rae government's abandonment of a promise to institute a publicly run auto insurance system.

Lankin's actual position in relation to the "social contract" was somewhat complicated. She initially opposed the Rae government's plans to revisit existing labour contracts, and personally warned Rae of the fallout that would result from organized labour. She later considered resigning from cabinet over the issue on two separate occasions, but ultimately chose to remain because (she argued) it would give her the opportunity to moderate the legislation. She did, in fact, replace Rae's initial plans for outright wage rollbacks with requirements that workers above a certain income level take unpaid leave days. Even in this moderated form, however, the legislation was highly unpopular and strained the NDP's relations with the labour movement.

As a result of criticisms from Kormos and others, many of Lankin's potential supporters went to rival candidate Howard Hampton, who had also been a cabinet minister in the Rae government, but was not part of Rae's inner circle. Hampton defeated Lankin on the third ballot by fewer than 200 votes.

In opposition
While in opposition, she wrote and submitted a private-members' bill banning the use of restraints on elderly patients. Her bill was unanimously carried by all parties in the Legislature and became one of two private members bills submitted and passed by Lankin, a very rare accomplishment for a third-party opposition MPP. She was inspired to propose the bill after discovering that her own mother suffering from dementia had been tied to her bed in a Toronto area hospital.

In the 1999 Ontario election, which reduced the NDP to only nine seats, Lankin scored a convincing re-election victory in the redistributed riding of Beaches—East York. Lankin resigned her seat in June 2001 to accept a position as president and CEO of United Way Toronto.

United Way Toronto
Lankin was the president and CEO of United Way Toronto from 2001 to 2011, guiding the organization through its transformation from a trusted fundraiser to an organization dedicated to addressing underlying root causes of social problems. Under Lankin's leadership, United Way Toronto engaged in a number of strategic initiatives that aimed to improve the lives of individuals, families and neighbourhoods in Toronto, including:

 * a five-year plan to develop social infrastructure and engage residents in priority neighbourhoods identified in conjunction with the City of Toronto
 * partnerships with government, business and labour to focus attention and resources on United Way Toronto's key priority areas: neighbourhoods, youth and newcomers
 * development of social research reports such as Losing Ground: The Persistent Growth of Family Poverty in Canada's Largest City, Decade of Decline: Poverty and Income Inequality in the City of Toronto in the 1990s and Poverty by Postal Code: The Geography of Neighbourhood Poverty to identify and highlight challenges faced by the most underserved inner-suburbs of Toronto
 * building and strengthening United Way Toronto's network of health and social service agencies through funding and development of agency capacity and leadership
 * mobilization of the community's volunteer and financial resources

Lankin retired from the United Way in 2011.

Other work
In addition to her role at United Way, Lankin has served on several Crown, not-for-profit, charitable and corporate boards. Over the years, she has served on the boards of Equal Voice, The Canadian Club, The Canadian Foundation for Economic Education (CFEE), Altruvest Charitable Services Seneca College, the Toronto City Summit Alliance, the University of Toronto's School of Public Policy Advisory Committee, the Board of the Ontario Hospital Association, the Board of the Literary Review of Canada, the Mowat Centre's Advisory Committee, the National NewsMedia Council, the Ontario Press Council, the Institute of Corporate Directors,  the TELUS Toronto Community Board, Metrolinx, Hydro One and the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation. She co-chaired the Toronto City Summit in June 2002 and 2003.

In 2006, she co-chaired a federal government Blue Ribbon Panel, which made recommendations for improving how the federal government distributes grants and contributions to charities and other organizations.

In 2009, Lankin was sworn into the Queen's Privy Council of Canada, appointed by prime minister Stephen Harper as a member of the Security Intelligence Review Committee, which provides an external review of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service.

In 2010, the provincial government of Ontario announced the appointment of Lankin and Munir Sheikh to lead the Commission for the Review of Social Assistance in Ontario, as part of the province's poverty reduction strategy. They released a report, Brighter Prospects: Transforming Social Assistance in Ontario, in 2012 with their findings.

In 2012, Lankin was named a Trudeau mentor by the Pierre Elliot Trudeau Foundation, and in 2013, she became a fellow at the Broadbent Institute.

In 2014, Lankin was appointed to the Premier's Advisory Council on Government Assets, whose mandate was to review and identify opportunities to modernize government business enterprises.

Awards
On June 29, 2012, Lankin was made a Member of the Order of Canada. Her citation reads, "For her contributions to social justice as a politician and as a social service administrator, championing the rights of women and the disadvantaged." She has received numerous awards including honorary Doctor of Laws degrees from Queen's University, Ryerson University and the University of Windsor, as well as a Doctor of Education from Nipissing University.

Other awards Lankin has received include:

 * 2002 – Elizabeth Fry Society of Toronto – Rebel for a Cause
 * 2003 – Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal
 * 2004 – United Way Canada's - Award of Excellence
 * 2006 – Carlton University, Arthur Kroger Award for Policy
 * 2007 – Canadian Public Relations Society - CEO Award of Excellence in Public Relations
 * 2008 – GTA Consumer's Choice - Women of the Year Award
 * 2008 – CA-Queen's Centre for Governance Voluntary Sector Reporting Award For Excellence in Financial Reporting
 * 2008 – Equal Voice's - EVE Award
 * 2008 – More Magazine's - Top 40 over 40 Women in Canada
 * 2009 - CA-Queen's Centre for Governance Voluntary Sector Reporting Award For Excellence in Financial Reporting
 * 2009 – Italian Canadian Chamber of Commerce’ Community Building Award
 * 2010 – Community Service Award – Black Action Defence Committee
 * 2010 – Tropicanna President's Award
 * 2010 – Herb Carnegie Foundation – Future Aces Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 2010 - CA-Queen's Centre for Governance Voluntary Sector Reporting Award For Excellence in Financial Reporting
 * 2011 – Toronto Community Social Planning Committee – Community Leadership Award
 * 2012 – Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal

Federal politics
Lankin was appointed to the Senate on March 18, 2016, on the advice of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.

She currently sits on the Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs and the National Security and Intelligence Committee of Joint Parliamentarians. She previously served on the Senate Committee on Aboriginal Peoples, the Senate Committee on Internal Economy, Budgets and Administration, the Senate Committee on Senate Modernization, the Senate Committee on Rules, Procedures and the Rights of Parliament and the Senate Committee on National Security and Defence.

Lankin has sponsored four bills in the Senate:

 * Bill S-3: An Act to amend the Indian Act in response to the Superior Court of Quebec decision in Descheneaux c. Canada, which amended the Indian Act in response to concerns of sex-based discrimination in the Act.
 * Bill C-210: An Act to amend the National Anthem Act, which made Canada's national anthem gender neutral.
 * Bill C-375: An Act to amend the Criminal Code (presentence report), which sought to include information on mental health in pre-sentence reports.
 * Bill C-101: An Act to amend the Customs Tariff and the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Act, which provided greater flexibility to the federal government to address trade surges.

title: Frances Lankin


text:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangkok

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangkok (Archidiœcesis Bangkokensis, อัครสังฆมณฑลกรุงเทพฯ) is a Latin archdiocese in Thailand. The bishop's seat is the Assumption Cathedral, Bangkok.

History
In 1662, the Apostolic Vicariate of Siam was created  on territory split off from the Apostolic Vicariate of Cochinchina, based in Vietnam. It was renamed the Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Siam on 10 September 1841, having lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Western Siam. On 5 May 1899 it lost more territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Laos.

It was renamed the Apostolic Vicariate of Bangkok on 3 December 1924.

It lost more territories: on 30 June 1930 to establish the Mission sui juris of Rajaburi, on 11 May 1944 to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Chantaburi and on 17 November 1959 to establish the Apostolic Prefecture of Chieng-Mai. All three of these have become its suffragans. On 18 December 1965, it was elevated to the rank of a Metropolitan archdiocese.

On 9 February 1967 it lost territory to establish the Diocese of Nakhon Sawan as its suffragan.

It was visited by Pope John Paul II in May 1984 and Pope Francis in November 2019.

Extent
The archdiocese covers an area of 18,831 km2, and as of 2002 it is responsible for 81,646 Catholic Christians, 0.7% of the about 12 million living in the area. It covers the administrative provinces Ayutthaya, Bangkok, Nakhon Pathom, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon and Suphanburi; also the parts west of the Bang Pa Kong River of Chachoengsao and Ban Na of Nakhon Nayok belong to the diocese.

Apostolic Vicars of Siam

 * Louis Laneau, M.E.P. (1669–1696)
 * Louis Champion de Cicé, M.E.P (1700–1727)
 * Jean-Jacques Tessier de Quéralay, M.E.P. (1727–1736)
 * Jean de Lolière-Puycontat, M.E.P. (1738–1755)
 * Pierre Brigot, M.E.P. (1755–1776), appointed Ecclesiastical Superior of the Coromandel Coast (India)
 * Olivier-Simon Le Bon, M.E.P. (1776–1780)
 * Joseph-Louis Coudé, M.E.P. (1782–1785)
 * Arnaud-Antoine Garnault, M.E.P. (1786–1811)
 * Esprit-Marie-Joseph Florens, M.E.P. (1811–1834)
 * Jean-Paul-Hilaire-Michel Courvezy, M.E.P. (1834–1841)

Apostolic Vicars of Eastern Siam

 * Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix, M.E.P. (1841–1862)
 * Ferdinand-Aimé-Augustin-Joseph Dupond, M.E.P. (1864–1872)
 * Jean-Louis Vey, M.E.P. (1875–1909)
 * René-Marie-Joseph Perros, M.E.P. (1909–1924)

Apostolic Vicars of Bangkok

 * René-Marie-Joseph Perros, M.E.P. (1924–1947)
 * Louis-August-Clément Chorin, M.E.P. (1947–1965)
 * Joseph Khiamsun Nittayo (1965)

Archbishops of Bangkok

 * Joseph Khiamsun Nittayo (1965–1972)
 * Cardinal Michael Michai Kitbunchu (1972–2009)
 * Cardinal Kriengsak Kovitvanit (2009–2024)

Coadjutor Bishops

 * Jean-Jacques Tessier de Quéralay, M.E.P. (1717–1727)
 * Pierre Brigot, M.E.P. (1755)
 * Olivier-Simon Le Bon, M.E.P. (1764–1776)
 * Esprit-Marie-Joseph Florens, M.E.P. (1810–1811)
 * Barthélemy Bruguière, M.E.P. (1828–1831), appointed Apostolic Vicar of Korea
 * Jean-Paul-Hilaire-Michel Courvezy, M.E.P. (1832–1834)
 * Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix, M.E.P. (1838–1841)
 * Joseph Khiamsun Nittayo (1963–1965)

Province
Its ecclesiastical province comprises the Metropolitan's own archdiocese and these five suffragan bishoprics :
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Chanthaburi
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Chiang Mai
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Chiang Rai
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Nakhon Sawan
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Ratchaburi
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Surat Thani

title: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangkok


text:
User:Mazadillon

For information about me visit my my talk page.

title: User:Mazadillon


text:
True Parallels

True Parallels is the second studio album by American rock band Trust Company. Originally to be released in 2004, the release date was pushed back to March 21, 2005, internationally and on March 22, 2005, in the United States. Despite little promotion from their label, the album entered the Billboard album charts at number 32 and has gone on to sell in excess of 200,000 copies.

Background
Trust Company was originally scheduled to play at Ozzfest 2003, but canceled to focus on finishing True Parallels. Several months prior to the album's release, original bassist Josh Moates left the group and was replaced by Walker Warren.

"Stronger" was released in February 2005 as the album's single. It has two versions for the music videos, the original version features the band performing at a party. The video was unreleased until it was uploaded in May 2017 by former bassist Walker Warren and was later posted on Trust Company's Facebook page, the MTV2 version which received moderate airplay, features the band performing in a skatepark. According to drummer Jason Singleton on the band's message board, "The War is Over" gained much popularity within the World of Warcraft film-making community and was considered for a second single.

When they were known as 41Down, the track that bore the title of this album was later remade for their album The Lonely Position of Neutral as the track "Falling Apart".

Personnel
Credits adapted from the CD liner notes.

TRUSTcompany

 * James Fukai – guitar, background vocals, producer (13), mixing (13), art direction
 * Kevin Palmer – guitar, vocals, producer (13), mixing (13), art direction
 * Jason Singleton – drums, background vocals, producer (13), mixing (13), art direction
 * Josh Moates – bass (3–12), art direction
 * Chris Cheney – bass (1 & 2)

Technical

 * Ted Jensen – mastering at Sterling Sound, New York City
 * Jordan Schur – executive producer
 * Jason Harter for i-psyte Design – art direction

Tracks 1 & 2

 * Howard Benson – producer, keyboards, programming
 * Mike Plotnikoff – engineer
 * Eric Miller – additional engineering
 * Paul Decarli – Pro Tools editing
 * Chris Lord-Alge – mixing at Image Recording Studio, Hollywood, CA
 * Dmitar Kmjaic – mixing assistant
 * Gersh – drum tech
 * Keith Nelson – guitar tech
 * Doug Robb – background vocals (1)

Tracks 3–12

 * Don Gilmore – producer, engineer, mixing at NRG Recording Studios, North Hollywood, CA
 * John Ewing Jr. - engineer
 * Fox Phelps – 2nd engineer
 * Jeffrey Rabhan – additional percussion (4–10)

Track 13

 * James Uertz – engineer, mixing
 * Layla Palmer – background vocals

Charts
Album – Billboard (United States)

Singles – Billboard (United States)

Appearances

 * "Stronger" was featured in the video game MX vs. ATV Unleashed in 2005. It was also the theme song to a WWE pay-per-view at Backlash 2005.
 * "Surfacing" was featured in the video game MVP Baseball 2004 by EA Sports.

title: True Parallels


text: User talk:66.176.248.191

title: User talk:66.176.248.191


text:
Talk:True Parallels

I just put Category:2005 albums just in case it's not going to be released this year. -- Mike Garcia 21:59, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Retina - hidden track
Can someone please, please, please put in something about the hidden track, Retina? It does exist on the album but isn't mentioned. It plays after a bunch of consecutive tracks with nothing but silence in them. I'd put it in myself but don't know what specific track it is on the CD. RPTechnic (talk) 04:43, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:True Parallels


text:
John Jenkins (governor)

John Jenkins was an English soldier and radical advocate for self-government. He served as governor of Albemarle (now North Carolina) four times: 1672–1675; 1676–1677; 1678–1679; 1680–1681, becoming the only person who has served as proprietary governor so many times.

Biography
John Jenkins was born in England. Jenkins first arrived in Maryland in the 1650s. He was given the title Captain, and he likely served in Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army. His first wife, Ann, was listed as a "transport" in local records, and likely arrived in Maryland as a servant. Ann died around the time her terms of service expired. Jenkins then married Johanna Gerald, whose family was widely known in the Chesapeake for their radical, antimonarchical views and support for democratic republican government in the English colonies. John and Johanna initially lived on a track of land in Charles County, Maryland. After a group of republicans rejected Maryland's royalist government, John served in some representative capacity in local government. With Royalist government restored in Maryland in the early 1660s, John and Johanna moved to settlements in Albemarle Sound in the early 1660s. These settlements were highly egalitarian, peopled by refugees, outcasts, and egalitarians who had battled against aristocracy and monarchy in the English Civil Wars. Radically egalitarian religious groups such as the Quakers, who had been persecuted and driven out of Massachusetts and Virginia, found a warm reception in Albemarle. The English settlers around Albemarle cultivated and maintained unusually respectful relations with the regions Native American groups.

In 1670 he was deputy of the Earl of Craven and had risen to the dignity of Colonel, and was senior member of the Council.

When Governor Carteret left Albemarle in April 1672 and went to England, he authorized Colonel Jenkins as deputy governor. As acting governor, Jenkins welcomed radical Quakers such as George Fox to the colony. Jenkins remained De facto governor for more than three years. By fall 1675, the colonists established a new assembly, which was led by Thomas Eastchurch. Eastchurch had Jenkins imprisoned and assumed the role of the Governor of General Assembly of North Carolina. However, in the spring of 1676, Johanna Jenkins had rallied her husbands allies and had him released from prison. Now free, Jenkins forced Eastchurch out of Albemarle. When Virginians who had been involved in Bacon's Rebellion had to flee, Jenkins welcomed them to Albemarle, where they would be safe from retribution by Virginia Governor Berkeley. Under Jenkins, settlers in ALbemarle had also developed trade relations with New England merchants, who gladly worked with the Albemarle settlers to evade imperial customs duties.

Royalists such as Thomas Miller and Thomas Eastchurch informed officials in London that Jenkins was allowing democracy to flourish in Albemarle and that they were working with New England merchants, who were already suspect in London. Miller, promising to restore royal rule and eliminate the radicalism that pervaded the Albemarle settlements, managed to have himself appointed governor. However, Miller did not serve long, as the Albemarle settlers, led by Jenkins, plotted Miller's overthrow. The series of event took place known as Culpeper's Rebellion leading to the arrest of Miller and Jenkins elevation to governor by popular acclaim. The rebel government hold position to the end of 1678, and the assembly met in the home of John and Johanna Jenkins. During the time, the radically democratic Albemarle republic became, in the words of one Royalist official, a haven for "negros, Indians and English servants." As the southern colonies became more heavily dominated by white planters committed to black slavery, servants, slaves, and other democrats fled to the Jenkins' Albemarle settlements. More than anywhere in colonial America, the Albemarle settlements led by John and Johanna Jenkins became a multi-racial democracy where woman exercised political influence. In 1679 John Harvey  assumed the position, but died six months later. The council elected Jenkins acting governor. At this position he has served up to his death in Perquimans County, North Carolina, on 17 December 1681.

Personal life
John Jenkins is believed to have graduated from Clare College, Cambridge in 1642. Jenkins married twice. He was survived by Johanna, who later married Thomas Harvey (North Carolina governor). No exact data is stored about the heirs of Jenkins, also it might be that he had a daughter Joanna Jenkins.

title: John Jenkins (governor)


text:
Rollo Carpenter

Rollo Carpenter (born 1965) is the British-born creator of Jabberwacky and Cleverbot, learning Artificial Intelligence (AI) software. Carpenter worked as CTO of a business software startup in Silicon Valley.

Cleverbot
In 2011, Cleverbot, a learning Artificial Intelligence conversationalist, took part alongside humans in a formal Turing Test at the Techniche 2011 festival at IIT Guwahati, India on 3 September. The results from 1,334 votes were announced 4 September 2011. Cleverbot was judged to be 59.3% human, far exceeding expectations. The humans in the event achieved just 63.3%.

title: Rollo Carpenter


text:
User:Masterhomer/Limiting reactant

A chemical reaction requires a certain amount of mass of reactants in order to form a product. Many times, the mass of one reactant is not enough to complete the reaction fully. This reactant is known as a limiting reactant.

Finding the limiting reactant requires a balanced formula.

title: User:Masterhomer/Limiting reactant


text:
Hypnotize (album)

Hypnotize is the fifth and most recent studio album by the American heavy metal band System of a Down. It was released on November 22, 2005, six months after the release of its companion album Mezmerize. Mezmerize and Hypnotize both debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart.

Reception
Hypnotize received generally positive reviews. It opened at number one on the Billboard 200, with 320,000 copies sold in its first week. The album also debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 47,000 copies in its first week. The album was certified gold and platinum by the RIAA on December 13, 2005. Since its release, Hypnotize has sold 8 million copies worldwide.

Entertainment Weekly (No. 851, p. 100) - "[T]hey're flaunting a heretofore underexplored sensitive side, offsetting their trademark stampeding riffology with flashes of delicate lyricism." - Grade: B+

Rolling Stone (No. 988, p. 117) - 3.5 out of 5 stars - "Hell immediately runneth over in Malakian's scoured-staccato guitars and Dolmayan's furious hammering."

Spin (p. 62) - Ranked #20 in Spin's "40 Best Albums of 2005".

Uncut (p. 109) - 3 stars out of 5 - "System succeed through their skill at wielding complex, progressive heaviness in a pop context."

Track listing
All lyrics written by Daron Malakian and Serj Tankian, except where noted. All music written by Malakian, except where noted.

DualDisc edition – DVD side

 * Entire album in enhanced stereo
 * The Recording of Mezmerize / Hypnotize
 * "B.Y.O.B." and "Question!" videos

Personnel
System of a Down
 * Serj Tankian – vocals, keyboards
 * Daron Malakian – vocals, guitars, bass (uncredited), keyboards (uncredited)
 * Shavo Odadjian – bass
 * John Dolmayan – drums

Vocal duties
 * "Attack": Serj Tankian (main), Daron Malakian (second voice)
 * "Dreaming": Tankian (main - verses) Malakian (main - bridge)
 * "Kill Rock 'n Roll": Tankian and Malakian (both main)
 * "Hypnotize": Tankian and Malakian (both main)
 * "Stealing Society": Tankian (main - verses) Malakian (main - bridge)
 * "Tentative": Tankian (main), Malakian (second voice)
 * "U-Fig": Tankian (main - verses & chorus) Malakian (main - chorus)
 * "Holy Mountains": Tankian (main), Malakian (second voice)
 * "Vicinity of Obscenity": Tankian
 * "She's Like Heroin": Malakian (main), Tankian (second voice)
 * "Lonely Day": Malakian (main), Tankian (second voice)
 * "Soldier Side": Tankian and Malakian (both main)

Production
 * Produced by Rick Rubin and Daron Malakian
 * Mixed by Andy Wallace
 * Engineered by David Schiffman
 * Editing by Jason Lader and Dana Nielsen
 * Assistant engineer: Phillip Broussard
 * All artwork by Vartan Malakian
 * Design: System of a Down and Brandy Flower
 * String arrangement: Serj Tankian and Marc Mann
 * Mix Pro Tools engineer: John O'Mahony
 * Mix assistant engineers: Steve Sisco (Soundtrack) and Joe Peluso (Enterprise)
 * Album production coordination: Lindsay Chase and Braden Asher
 * Recording location: The Mansion in Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles and Akademie Mathematique of Philosophical Sound Research, Los Angeles
 * Mixed at Soundtrack Studios, New York City and Enterprise Studios, Los Angeles
 * Mastered by Vlado Meller at Sony Music Studios, New York City

title: Hypnotize (album)


text: Category:Electoral divisions of Australia


text:
Talk:Hypnotize (album)

Untitled
To discuss the dispute over this album's release date, please go to Talk:System of a Down. Tuf-Kat 03:18, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
Please stop removing the information from this page, 66.36.148.190 (or should I say The truth about Hephaestos?). If you continue this one more time, I have no other choice but to report you and I think you do deserve a ban from this repeated vandalism. As I told you at your talk page. -- Mike Garcia | talk 3 July 2005 14:05 (UTC)
 * Hi, Mike. Please feel free to add your source to the article. Thanks! 66.36.148.190 3 July 2005 15:25 (UTC)

 * Are you insane? Please grow up and leave because you shouldn't be here vandalizing any page (especially this one) and I am not threatening to ban you. But you will be banned when me, Dan, MrHate or others report you. -- Mike Garcia | talk 3 July 2005 18:07 (UTC)

 * He's not vandalizing, he's just asking you to cite your source. Deltabeignet 4 July 2005 03:59 (UTC)

 * Yes, he did vandalize the page (see ). I don't care what he's doing or what he wants me to do, why? Because, I really don't have to deal with anonymous users like him, especially when he refuses to stop vandalizing or removing some information that is right or not before threatening to violate the 3RR (three revert rule). -- Mike Garcia | talk 5 July 2005 20:56 (UTC)

 * What he's doing is not vandalism. He just does not see a reasonable reason so believe that such a fact is true and thus asks you to cite your sources before accepting it. --DB0 09:25, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Category
Please add the category of upcoming/unreleased albums when the article is unprotected. Thanks!!! secfan 10:37, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

Unprotected
This article shouldn't have been protected for so long--particularly in the period of fan anticipation of the release. I've unprotected and apologise for our lack of vigilance in leaving it this long. I've added the category requested by User:secfan. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 08:43, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, but what about Mezmerize? It has been protected for a long time? -- Mike Garcia | talk 17:24 August 1, 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism is back (again)!
An anonymous vandal (66.36.133.229, similar to the previous anonymous vandal 66.36.148.190) is vandalizing the page by removing the sentence that says "The album was supposed to be called Mezmerize before rotating" twice. If this happens one more time, I am going ask a moderator to lock it, so his/her vandalism can stop. He/she has begun unconvinced with what I said: "It's true that it was supposed to be called Mezmerize" when I was reverting the vandalism. -- Mike Garcia | talk 20:46, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I have settled for compromise language (I don't think the mistaken beliefs of a few fans merits inclusion) but you have to have it 100% your way. If you would please add a source it would be easier for all. 66.36.133.229 22:43, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You see, this is why you should not post here. Especially when you keep removing the information I reverted. So stop vandalizing the article. You either do that or leave here and take your behavior elsewhere. I am sorry, but the sentence you kept removing has nothing to do with whatever you want me to do. I am getting so tired of your attitude. -- Mike Garcia | talk 22:58, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * We've already been over this in this article before, and what he's doing is NOT VANDALISM. I have seen no proof anywhere that says that this album was supposed to be called Mezmerize and the other one Hypnotize. If you can give us a credible source for this, maybe it would stop happening. bob rulz 02:35, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * True, it might be useful to assume good faith instead of calling it vandalism, not least because Wikipedia mustn't be original research and verifiability is important, so anyone insisting on claiming "The album was supposed to be called Mezmerize before rotating" is better off citing reliable sources if they don't want to lose the sentence.NightBeAsT 15:50, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's just a sentence. Someeone can simply change it to "The album was believed to be called Mezmerize before rotating". There. No harm done. --Ultrasound 05:04, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Believed by whom? I've never heard that before reading it here. If one person believes it to be true it doesn't mean that it belongs in an encyclopedia article. If we had a source this would be much, much, much easier. 66.36.144.40 05:26, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

This report is for the other anonymous vandal (66.36.130.216): Please stop removing the same information that has been removed and restored a couple times on this article by the famous anonymous vandal (66.36.148.190/66.36.133.229). It is considered vandalism. -- Mike Garcia | talk 22:42, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

This is for the other anonymous vandal (66.36.152.26): You need to stop removing the same old ifnormation too otherwise I will report you, so don't have me do it. -- Mike Garcia | talk 03:14, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Re: Source
Here is the source how Hypnotize was supposed to be first and Mezmerize was supposed to be last last:. -- Mike Garcia | talk 22:03, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * This source is relevant to the content dispute at System of a Down. When it comes to this article's disputed sentence ("The album was supposed to be called Mezmerize before rotating"), this source isn't sufficient. We know Ultimate Guitar was wrong when they said Hypnotize was disc 1, but why? Did they report the wrong info? Were the album names swapped? Was the album that was supposed to be released later, released first? The source really doesn't answer those questions, and we can't say for sure that Mezmerize was earlier called Hypnotize. At least, not with this source. Pasboudin 23:10, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's true that Hypnotize was supposed to be first and Mezmerize was supposed to be last. They got mixed up in early 2005 and then had to switch sides. -- Mike Garcia | talk 23:37, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Bro, who cares. Mezmerize has already been released, stop thinking about the past. Your acting like a stubborn little child. The media doesnt have full knowledge of events. Only the band does. Someone should have removed that "..was supposed to be released.." bit on both articles a long long time ago. By the way, the band didnt mix it up, they had packaging and album artwork all prepared. They even styled their website prehand. This can only show that there was some sort of planning before. --Ultrasound 14:52, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Nu Metal?
"We are not an Armenian band, we are not a heavy metal band and we aren't nu-metal. We are System of a Down. People always seem to feel the need to put us into a category, but we just don't fit into any category. We are what rock music has evolved into." -Daron Malakian

Please stop changing the genre. Daisy_suitepee

 * You know, this is funny. I always had this idea for a great scene in a movie. A reporter (from some music magazine) is interviewing four guys with eye shadow and trenchcoats, indecipherably screamed lyrics and ridiculously distorted guitars:
 * Reporter- "So, what genre would you place yourselves in?"
 * Guitarist- "I find that genres only put people in cages."
 * Drummer- "Yeah."
 * Lead Singer- "I don't think you can put us in a category. Our music is... what it is. No genre fits us."
 * Bassist- "If you had to pick just one... I'd say jazz fusion. With elements of blues. And neoclassical folk."
 * Reporter- "Um... what about 'death metal'?"

Anyway, there is no reason why we should live by Mr. Malakian's statement. Besides, if this is really what rock music has evolved into, you can shoot me now. Why Deltabeignet 04:20, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Here we go again!
This page has now been locked up tight to avoid Pasboudin's trolling. I am so tired of this user getting me into an edit war. -- Mike Garcia | talk 02:41, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe you shouldn't threaten to kill other editors. Just a thought, Mike. Rhobite 02:54, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Mike Garcia, I see no reasons for your selfish reverts. The compromise that was agreed to that simply stated "Hypnotize was originally thought by some to be released before Mezmerize, but Mezmerize ended up being released first" or something to that affect is not only more gramatically correct than the other sentence (as was stated below), it gives out the exact same information in a less conflicting, less "controversial" way.

 * Not to mention that you broke the 3-revert rule. bob rulz 03:21, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Mike Garcia: Ungrammatical
I just noticed this page in Recent Changes. It looks like lately User:Mike Garcia has been editing the page to read as follows:
 * According to MTV.com, the album thought to be released on these dates for 2005: January 18; March 1 or 15 and April 26 when the album was rumoured to be first and Mezmerize rumoured to be last. Later in early spring, these reports were not likely to prove true and then the albums switched by opposite: Mezmerize on first and Hypnotize on last.

I dare any native speaker of English to parse that paragraph — it's simply meaningless. The last non-Garcia edit looks like a good summary of the facts, and it's even in English! I don't know how this revert war got started, but Mike Garcia's latest edits look awfully close to vandalism. --Quuxplusone 02:43, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Mike's edits are not vandalism, but they are also not helpful to the article. It's unfortunate that the article is now protected, including this unreadable paragraph. Rhobite 03:12, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Grammatically, most verbs would go in the passive form, and "by opposite" sounds quite strange to me. (As a non-native speaker however I don't even know what the correct phrase would be.) However the full paragraph is not very useful IMO (it might sound useful because it is about a recent album and a future one, but try to imagine something like that on an article about an album of the past decade), I think the compromise above is better.--Army1987 13:58, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

I decided to edit the page despite the fact that it is protected. All I have done is rewritten Mike's paragraph due to its poor grammar. I also removed the list of uncited dates ("January 18; March 1 or 15 and April 26") - it's not clear where these dates come from or what they represent. This is an instance of WP:IAR. It's better to edit a protected page than to let it sit there with an unreadable paragraph. Rhobite 20:08, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

sec vs. s
The edit summary reads: WP:ALBUM convention is to use sec as the abbreviation. Actually WP:ALBUM reads: | Length = ? min ? s

And this is consistent with the SI standard (see second article). No need for this odd notation. --Army1987 14:16, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I was going by the sample infobox on the WP:ALBUM page. You're right, the code uses the s, but the actual infobox (taken from Dirt) uses sec. Furthermore, the vast majority of album articles I've seen use sec instead of s. I figure it's simpler to conform with current standards than going to all those articles and fixing them. --Dalkaen 22:19, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Unprotected
I see no good reason to protect this article at the moment. --Tony Sidaway Talk 20:54, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Errrr... you mean besides the revert war brewing up?  Sasquatch  t|c 00:05, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Yep, I think I probably screwed up there. Mike has evaded blocks in the past and I should have realised he would probably do so this time. Oh well, I'll reprotect (or someone else will) if it gets bad. --Tony Sidaway Talk 01:40, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Mike is still evading his block and ordering Pasboudin to leave in his edit summaries. Could someone please reprotect. the wub  "?!"  22:04, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Methinks it might be time to reprotect the article. Minus the irrelevant paragraph. Sorry, Mike, but this has gone too far.—chris.lawson (talk) 04:54, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Let's vote
Since it seems impossible to achieve consensus as to wheter keep that paragraph (MTV.com initially reported that the album would be released in the first quarter of 2005, with Mezmerize following it by six months [1]. In early 2005, these reports turned out to be incorrect: Mezmerize was released first, the band announced that Hypnotize would be released in the fall.), let's vote for it.--Army1987 21:08, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Keep as is, or minorly edit:

 * 1) Mike Garcia | talk 21:20, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Delete:

 * 1) Rhobite 22:05, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) It's not relevant. Should we describe every mistake and wrong prediction ever made about anything? the wub  "?!"  22:06, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Pretty much universal opposition to Mike on this issue at  Talk:System of a Down, Talk:Mezmerize, Talk:Hypnotize, and elsewhere. Pasboudin 22:13, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Delete per the wub.—chris.lawson (talk) 04:55, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Delete. -->Chemical Halo 03:48, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Irrelevant. If it must be mentioned, then certainly not in such detail. -- D a l k a e n T / C 05:30, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Delete. It's irrelavent and rumours shouldn't be put in encyclopedia entries. --Ultrasound 12:41, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Keep but majorly rewrite:

 * 1) Army1987 21:14, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
"Although, in late 2004, some sources reported that Hypnotize would be released first, it ended up being released after Mezmerize." or: Originally, it was unclear which half of the double album was to be released first. In late 2004 some sources, such as MTV.com, reported that Hypnotize would be the first, but in early 2005 they were proven wrong, as Mezmerize was released. --Army1987 12:37, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't dare to touch that paragraph anymore. IMHO, we'd better keep the paragraph in its Rhobite version, or maybe even better in its shorter Norvy version (Although some sources originally reported that Hypnotize would be released first, it ended up being released after Mezmerize.), until Hypnotize is released, then use the what-will-we-expect-to-read-in-year-2015 rule of thumb. However, see also Talk:System_of_a_Down. --Army1987 12:26, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Even better:

Leaked
You shouldn't tell people the album has been leaked because it encourages illegal downloading (not that i have a problem with it) and it will drag the RIAA in. --Ultrasound 06:20, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
 * We should have no agenda here other than creating the best encyclopaedia we can. If it has been leaked, then we should be reporting that, regardless of whether it encourages people to download the album, or whether it "drags the RIAA in" - not sure where you think they'll be dragged in though. KeithD [[User_talk:KeithD|(talk)]] 23:36, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Soldier Side (song) redirects here
This article's AFD debate was inconclusive; as the article merely duplicated information here, I made the editorial decision to redirect. Johnleemk | Talk 02:31, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Promo Poster
Does anyone see any reason to keep that tour poster on the page, seeing that the album has been released now anyway? It's not really a great quality scan, and I think it's a bit distracting. If no one objects, I think I'll remove it in a few days. Thebogusman 02:57, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

tracks
i thought that every track from Mezmerize accompanied a track from Hypnotize, wasent there a former revision of this page that had a list of accompanied tracks? what happend to it?

--Joe dude 23:25, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

No. --Macarion 00:19, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Joined artwork
Does anyone have a picture of the joint artwork with hypnotise?

I think that the hypnotize page should have a new section, that highlights the similarities between this and Mezmerise. For those who are not aware, the inside artword combines, behind the dic of mezmerise, it a picture of the hypnotize dic, and behind the hypnotize disc is a picture of the Meznerize disc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SJZ44474 (talk • contribs) 00:53, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

Song articles
Since many of the songs are not popular, yet have respective articles, propose we post warning flags at each one which is an unneeded song.

billboard debut
The claim that "System of a Down [is] the only band, other than The Beatles, to have two albums debut the top of the charts in the same year." is incorrect. Numerous artists have done this, included Guns N' Roses Use Your Illusion  I am removing the refrence from this page. Stuph 06:30, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Well, not entirely true, as Use Your Illusion I and II were released on the same day, and therefore could not have both debuted at #1, to my knowledge they went #1 and #2. Aside from that, I can't find evidence of other bands besides the Beatles and System of a Down to release two #1 albums in a calendar year, DMX did do it, however. Matt d84 16:52, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

House of plastic
What is the "House Of Plastic" song?! I've never seen that anywhere. --213.158.196.100 21:06, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hypnotize (album)


text:
Supportability

Supportability may refer to:

 * Supportability (engineering)
 * Supportability (computer science)

title: Supportability


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hypomolecular transition

Hypomolecular transition
Hypomolecular transition was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was a consensus to delete the article.

If it's going to work, a hoax needs to be much cleverer than this. At best: neologism, Googling zero. — Bill 22:03, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Having passed a class on organic chemistry a few years ago, I have to say this looks like patent nonsense to me. Delete. - RedWordSmith 22:52, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * I agree. Delete. Josh Cherry 00:23, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: What a heck? It reminds me of the diet aid that was advertised on cable TV that said that it "contains absolutely no chemicals."  I.e. those molecules have to be of something. Geogre 05:01, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Patent nonsense _R_ 21:26, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --Jll 13:03, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Ds Definitely looks like patent nonsense to me ... Chris 02:53, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * D, original pseudoscience (no google hits). Joe D 01:35, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:Linkin Park

title: Category:Linkin Park


text:
Claude of France

Claude of France (13 October 1499 – 26 July 1524) reigned as Duchess of Brittany from 1514 until her death in 1524 and was Queen of France from 1515 to 1524 as the wife of King Francis I. She was the eldest daughter of King Louis XII of France and Duchess Anne of Brittany.

Life
Claude was born on 13 October 1499 in Romorantin-Lanthenay as the eldest daughter of King Louis XII of France and his second wife, Duchess Anne of Brittany. She was named after Claudius of Besançon, a saint her mother had invoked during a pilgrimage so she could give birth to a living child. During her two marriages, Anne had at least fourteen pregnancies, of whom only two children survived to adulthood: Claude and her youngest sister Renée, born in 1510.

Marriage negotiations
Because her mother had no surviving sons, Claude was heiress presumptive to the Duchy of Brittany. The crown of France, however, could pass only to and through male heirs, according to Salic Law. Eager to keep Brittany separated from the French crown, Queen Anne, with help of Cardinal Georges d'Amboise, promoted a solution for this problem, a marriage contract between Claude and the future Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.

This sparked a dispute between the Cardinal and Pierre de Rohan-Gié (1451–1513), Lord of Rohan, known as the Marshal of Gié, who fervently supported the idea of a marriage between the princess and Francis, Duke of Valois, the heir presumptive to the French throne, which would keep Brittany united to France.

On 10 August 1501 at Lyon the marriage contract between Claude and the future Charles V was signed by François de Busleyden, Archbishop of Besançon, William de Croÿ, Nicolas de Rutter and Pierre Lesseman, all ambassadors of Duke Philip of Burgundy, Charles' father. A part of the contract promised the inheritance of Brittany to the young prince, already the next in line to thrones of Castile and Aragon, Austria and the Burgundian Estates.

In addition, the first Treaty of Blois, signed in 1504, gave Claude a considerable dowry in the case of her father's death without male heirs: besides Brittany, Claude also received the Duchies of Milan and Burgundy, the Counties of Blois and Asti and the territory of the Republic of Genoa, then occupied by France.

In 1505, her father, Louis, very sick, cancelled Claude's engagement to Charles in the Estates Generals of Tours, in favor of his heir, Francis, Duke of Valois. Louise of Savoy had obtained from the king a secret promise that Claude would be married to her son. Queen Anne, furious to see the triumph of the Marshal of Gié, exerted all her influence to obtain his conviction for treason before the Parliament of Paris.

Duchess of Brittany

On 9 January 1514, when her mother died, Claude became Duchess of Brittany; and four months later, on 18 May, at the age of 14, she married her cousin Francis at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. With this union, it was secured that Brittany would remain united to the French crown, unless the third marriage of Louis with Mary of England (celebrated on 9 October 1514) produced the long-waited heir. However, the third marriage of Louis was short-lived and childless: Louis XII died on 1 January 1515, less than three months after the wedding. Francis and Claude became king and queen.

As Duchess of Brittany, Claude left all the affairs of the Duchy to her spouse; she did, however, refuse his repeated suggestion to have Brittany incorporated into France, and instead named her oldest son, Francis, heir to the duchy.

Queen of France
As Queen, Claude was eclipsed at court by her mother-in-law, Louise of Savoy, and her sister-in-law, the literary Navarrese queen Margaret of Angoulême. She never ruled over Brittany; in 1515 she gave the government of her domains to her husband in perpetuity. Unlike her younger sister Renée, she seems to have never showed any interest in her maternal inheritance nor had any disposition to politics, as she preferred to devote herself to religion under the influence, according to some sources, of Christopher Numar of Forlì, who was the confessor of her mother-in-law. Gabriel Miron repeated his functions under Anne of Brittany and remained as Chancellor of Queen Claude and first doctor; he wrote a book entitled de Regimine infantium tractatus tres.

After Francis became king in 1515, Anne Boleyn stayed as a member of Claude's household. It is assumed that Anne served as Claude's interpreter whenever there were English visitors, such as in 1520, at the Field of Cloth of Gold. Anne Boleyn returned to England in late 1521, where she eventually became Queen of England as the second wife of Henry VIII. Diane de Poitiers, another of Claude's ladies, was a principal inspiration of the School of Fontainebleau of the French Renaissance, and became the lifelong mistress of Claude's son, Henry II.

Claude was crowned Queen of France at St. Denis Basilica on 10 May 1517 by Cardinal Philippe de Luxembourg (also known as Cardinal du Mans), who "anointed her in the breast and forehead".

She spent almost all her marriage in an endless round of annual pregnancies. Her husband had many mistresses, but was usually relatively discreet. Claude imposed a strict moral code on her own household, which only a few chose to flout.

About Claude, the historian Brantôme wrote:

"I must speak about madame Claude of France, who was very good and very charitable, and very sweet to everyone and never showed displeasure to anybody in her court or of her domains. She was deeply loved by the King Louis and the Queen Anne, her father and mother, and she was always a good daughter to them; after the King took the peaceful Duke of Milan, he made him declare and proclaim her in the Parliament of Paris the Duchess of the two most beautiful Duchies of Christendom, Milan and Brittany, one from the father and the other from the mother. What an heiress! if you please. Both Duchies joined in all good deed to our beautiful kingdom."

The pawn of so much dynastic maneuvering, Claude was short in stature and affected by scoliosis, which gave her a hunched back, while her husband was bigger and athletic. The successive pregnancies made her appear continuously plump, which drew mockeries at Court. Foreign ambassadors noted her "corpulence", claudication (tendency to limping), the strabismus affecting her left eye, her small size, and her ugliness, but they acknowledged her good qualities. She was little loved at court after the death of her parents. Brantôme testified:

"That the king, her husband gave her the pox, which shortened her days. And madame the Regent [Louise of Savoy] bullied her constantly [...]."

The king's will imposed the omnipresence of his mistress, Françoise de Foix.

Death
Claude died on 26 July 1524 at the Château de Blois, aged twenty-four. The exact cause of her death was disputed among sources and historians: while some alleged that she died in childbirth or after a miscarriage, others believed that she died for exhaustion after her many pregnancies or after developing bone tuberculosis (like her mother) and finally some believed that she died from syphilis caught from her husband. She was buried at St. Denis Basilica.

She was initially succeeded as ruler of Brittany by her eldest son, the Dauphin Francis, who became Duke Francis III, with Claude's widower King Francis I as guardian. After the Dauphin's death in 1536, Claude's second son, Henry, Duke of Orleans, became Dauphin and Duke of Brittany. He later became King of France as Henry II.

Claude's widowed husband himself remarried several years after Claude's death, to Eleanor of Austria, the sister of Emperor Charles V. The atmosphere at court became considerably more debauched, and there were rumours that King Francis’ death in 1547 was due to syphilis.

Physical appearance and possible Down syndrome
Foreign ambassadors noted her "strong corpulence", her limp, the strabismus of her left eye, her very short stature, her ugliness, and her reserve, but they also emphasized her good-hearted nature.

This physical description, taken from the surviving archives of the Château de Chenonceau, might actually describe Down syndrome in the queen. According to Monique Cuilleret, it is a "pure description of a woman with Down syndrome". This opinion is shared by archaeologists Dominique Castex, Eric Crubezy, Baruch Arensburg, and Jean Zammit, who consider this possibility "very likely".

Issue
Claude and Francis I had:
 * Louise (19 August 1515 – 21 September 1518, aged three): died young, engaged to Charles I of Spain almost from birth until death.
 * Charlotte (23 October 1516 – 8 September 1524, aged seven): died young, engaged to Charles I of Spain from 1518 until death.
 * Francis (28 February 1518 – 10 August 1536, aged 18), who succeeded Claude as Duke of Brittany, but died unmarried and childless.
 * Henry II (31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559, aged 40), who succeeded Francis I as King of France and married Catherine de' Medici, by whom he had issue.
 * Madeleine (10 August 1520 – 2 July 1537, aged 16), who married James V of Scotland and had no issue.
 * Charles (22 January 1522 – 9 September 1545, aged 23), who died unmarried and childless.
 * Margaret (5 June 1523 – 14 September 1574, aged 51), who married Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, in 1559 and had issue.

title: Claude of France


text: User talk:204.108.80.10

title: User talk:204.108.80.10