text:
The Abolition of Man

The Abolition of Man is a 1943 book by C. S. Lewis. Subtitled "Reflections on education with special reference to the teaching of English in the upper forms of schools", it uses that as a starting point for a defense of objective value and natural law as well as a warning about the consequences of doing away with them. It defends "man's power over nature" as something worth pursuing but criticizes the use of it to debunk values, the value of science itself being among them. The book was first delivered as a series of three evening lectures at King's College, Newcastle, part of the University of Durham, as the Riddell Memorial Lectures on 24–26 February 1943.

Moral subjectivism vs. natural law
Lewis begins with a critical response to "The Green Book" by "Gaius and Titius": The Control of Language: A Critical Approach to Reading and Writing, published in 1939 by Alexander ("Alec") King and Martin Ketley. The Green Book was used as a text for upper form students in British schools.

Lewis criticises the authors for subverting student values and claims that they teach that all statements of value (such as "this waterfall is sublime") are merely statements about the speaker's feelings and say nothing about the object. Such a view, Lewis argues, makes nonsense of value talk. It implies, for example, that a speaker who condemns some act as contemptible is really only saying, "I have contemptible feelings."

By denying that values are real or that sentiments can be reasonable, subjectivism saps moral motivation and robs people of the ability to respond emotionally to experiences of real goodness and real beauty in literature and in the world. Moreover, Lewis claims that it is impossible to be a consistent moral subjectivist. Even the authors of The Green Book clearly believe that some things, such as improved student learning, are truly good and desirable.

Lewis cites ancient thinkers such as Plato, Aristotle and St. Augustine, who believed that the purpose of education was to train children in "ordinate affections", to train them to like and dislike what they ought and to love the good and hate the bad. Lewis claims that although such values are universal, they do not develop automatically or inevitably in children. Thus, they are not "natural" in that sense of the word, but they must be taught through education. Those who lack them lack the specifically human element, the trunk that unites intellectual man with visceral (animal) man, and they may be called "men without chests".

Men without chests: a dystopian future
Lewis criticizes modern attempts to debunk natural values, such as those that would deny objective value to the waterfall, on rational grounds. He says that there is a set of objective values that have been shared, with minor differences, by every culture, which he refers to as "the traditional moralities of East and West, the Christian, the Pagan, and the Jew...". Lewis calls that the Tao, from the Taoist word for the ultimate "way" or "path" of reality and human conduct. (Although Lewis saw natural law as supernatural in origin, as evidenced by his use of it as a proof of theism in Mere Christianity, his argument in the book does not rest on theism.)

Without the Tao, no value judgments can be made at all, and modern attempts to do away with some parts of traditional morality for some "rational" reason always proceed by arbitrarily selecting one part of the Tao and using it as grounds to debunk the others.

The final chapter describes the ultimate consequences of this debunking: a not-so distant future in which the values and morals of the majority are controlled by a small group who rule by a perfect understanding of psychology, and who in turn, being able to see through any system of morality that might induce them to act in a certain way, are ruled only by their own unreflected whims. In surrendering rational reflection on their own motivations, the controllers will no longer be recognizably human, the controlled will be robot-like, and the Abolition of Man will have been completed.

An appendix to The Abolition of Man lists a number of basic values seen by Lewis as parts of the Tao, supported by quotations from different cultures.

A fictional treatment of the dystopian project to carry out the Abolition of Man is a theme of Lewis's novel That Hideous Strength.

Passages from The Abolition of Man are included in William Bennett's 1993 book The Book of Virtues.

Modern reviews

 * National Review ranked the book #7 in its 100 Best Non-Fiction Books of the 20th Century list. The Intercollegiate Studies Institute ranked the book as the second best book of the 20th century.
 * In a lecture on Walker Percy, Professor Peter Kreeft of Boston College lists the book as one of six "books to read to save Western Civilization," alongside Lost in the Cosmos by Walker Percy, Mere Christianity by C. S. Lewis, The Everlasting Man by G. K. Chesterton, Orthodoxy by G. K. Chesterton, and Brave New World by Aldous Huxley.

In popular culture

 * Christian hip hop duo Mars ILL named the track "The Abolition of manCHILD" from their 2002 album Raw Material after the book.
 * In 2003, the post-hardcore band Thrice based the lyrics of the song "The Abolition of Man" on the book. It is featured in the band's third album, The Artist in the Ambulance.
 * The band Point of Recognition also allude to Lewis' book in the lyrics of their song "Abolition of Man".
 * TAO, the sixth studio album of Canadian rapper Shad, was heavily inspired by The Abolition of Man.
 * In 2022 artist Carson Grubaugh created a comic book adaptation, “Abolition of Man,” using illustrations generated by artificial intelligence. The text of Lewis’ work serves as definitional prompts for the AI’s images.

title: The Abolition of Man


text:
Dahi vada

Dahi vada is a type of chaat (snack) originating from the Indian subcontinent. It is prepared by soaking vadas (fried lentil balls) in thick dahi (yogurt).

Names
Dahi vada is also known as "dahi vade" (दही वडे) in Marathi, dahi barey/dahi balley (دہی بھلے/دہی بڑے) in Urdu, dahi vada (दही वड़ा) in Hindi, dahi bhalla (دہی بھلا/ਦਹੀ ਭੱਲਾ) in Punjabi, thayir vadai in Tamil, thairu vada in Malayalam, perugu vada in Telugu, mosaru vade in Kannada, dahi bara (ଦହି ବରା) in Odia and doi bora (দই বড়া) in Bengali.

History
A recipe for dahi wada (as kshiravata) is mentioned in Manasollasa, a 12th-century Sanskrit encyclopedia compiled by Someshvara III, who ruled from present-day Karnataka. Today, dahi vada is prepared on festival such as Holi.

Preparation
Washed urad lentils are soaked overnight and ground into a batter for the vada, then cooked in hot oil. The hot deep-fried vadas are first put in water and then transferred to thick beaten yogurt. The vadas are soaked for a period of time before serving. Additions to the batter may include golden raisins. Vadas may be topped with coriander or mint leaves, chilli powder, crushed black pepper, chaat masala, cumin, shredded coconut, green chilies, boondi, thinly sliced fresh ginger, or pomegranate. Sweeter curd is preferred in some places in India, especially in Maharashtra and Gujarat, although the garnishing remains the same. A combination of coriander and tamarind chutney is often used as a garnish. The batter can be made using chickpea flour too.

Locations
Dahi vada as popular street chaat is found in various cities across India, including Chennai, Bangaluru, Delhi, Mumbai, Jaipur, Kolkata, Cuttack, and Indore. Dahi baray are also found in Pakistan, especially in Karachi.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dahi vada


text: User talk:68.161.116.161

title: User talk:68.161.116.161


text: Category:Belarusian journalists

title: Category:Belarusian journalists


text:
A350 road

The A350 is a north–south primary route in southern England, that runs from the M4 motorway in Wiltshire to Poole in Dorset.

Route
Starting at junction 17 of the M4 motorway north of Chippenham, the first three miles are a dual carriageway to the northern outskirts of Chippenham, where a partly light-controlled roundabout splits traffic between the bypass section and the road into the town centre. The Chippenham bypass is punctuated by six more roundabouts, the last being at the Lackham College. In so doing it crosses the A420 to Bristol and the A4 for Bath to the West and Calne to the East.

It then goes past the small village of Lacock before reaching Melksham four miles later. The road then follows the Semington bypass, opened in 2004, to Westbury, crossing the A361 between Trowbridge and Devizes. This section of the road has two light-controlled junctions to connect the road to outlying areas of Trowbridge before reaching the Yarnbrook roundabout. This section is approximately 5 miles long.

The road takes a winding route through the town centre of Westbury before heading towards Warminster, where it splits from its original route at a light-controlled junction along the Warminster bypass. Where the bypass meets the A36 Bath to Salisbury road, they merge for about 3 miles, before the A350 continues south towards Shaftesbury, passing through Crockerton Green and Longbridge Deverill and beneath the A303.

The section between Shaftesbury and Blandford Forum is almost completely unimproved and in at least one location the road is not wide enough to allow two lorries to pass safely, with the remainder of this section being narrow with several dangerous blind corners, that could be described as resembling almost B-Road status. The road passes through the hamlet of Cann and the villages of Compton Abbas, Fontmell Magna, Sutton Waldron, Iwerne Minster and Stourpaine before reaching Blandford Forum.

At Blandford Forum is another bypass built to ease town centre traffic where the A350 crossed and merged with the A354. The bypass still merges the two roads for a short stretch. There are four roundabouts on this section, the last of which sees the two roads go their separate ways. The road then passes through the villages of Charlton Marshall, Spetisbury and Sturminster Marshall before crossing the A31 via a roundabout.

Before reaching Poole, the road joins the A35 at a grade separated junction before separating again at a roundabout at the north east end of Holes Bay. This section is a dual carriageway as far as Poole Railway Station. The final section crosses the Black Water Channel by the Poole Bridge before terminating at the roundabout on New Harbour Road where the Ferry Port is located.

History
When first designated in 1922, the A350 ran only from Warminster to Poole. By 1948 the road had been extended north from Warminster to Chippenham on the former routes of the A363 and the A364. In the 1990s the road was extended north from Chippenham to the M4 motorway by renumbering the A429.

The Chippenham bypass was built in the 1990s as a single carriageway and was designed for future widening to dual carriageway. Work to dual the section between Chippenham Golf Club, where the original dual carriageway from the M4 motorway narrowed, to the Badger roundabout was completed in 2014, and the section from Brook roundabout to Bumper's Farm roundabout, the junction with the A420 Bristol Road, was completed in 2016. The remaining sections, as far south as the junction with the A4 Bath Road, were completed in the following years.

In 2004, the route between Melksham and Semington was replaced by a new road that bypassed Semington and, like the Chippenham bypass, was designed to be dualled at a future date. The New Semington Aqueduct carries the Kennet and Avon Canal over this section.

In December 2023, Wiltshire Council awarded a £20.7 million contract for dualling the remaining sections of the A350 Chippenham bypass. Preparatory works began in January 2024 and were completed in mid-March. Construction is expected to start in May 2024 and continue until November 2025.

Westbury
A controversial £33 million bypass around Westbury was initially proposed in 1997, with public consultation and a selection of route options proposed in 1999. Wiltshire County Council's Environment and Transport Committee selected the Eastern Route (though it was the least popular) as the 'preferred route' in 2001, because the Council said that it offered the best and lowest cost way of relieving traffic congestion in the town centre. The council submitted an initial planning application during 2005. The council said that the government indicated that it was in favour of the project in 2006. The Council presented a further planning application in 2007.

The council's selected route would pass to the east of the town. The council expected it to reduce traffic through Westbury, create more space for cyclists and pedestrians, and improve journey time reliability on the A350 by two minutes. It would also provide a new access road to the West Wilts Trading Estate, though not to the other Westbury trading estates, or the railway station or the designated Future Intermodal Freight Terminal. The scheme, would, by the council's own forecasts, cause increased heavy goods vehicle flow through other West Wiltshire communities, such as Southwick, which already have over twice the HGVs of Westbury. The eastern bypass route is supported by the 'Westbury Bypass Now' group.

The council's route, which runs close to the Westbury White Horse, two Sites of Special Scientific Interest, near Salisbury Plain and through a Special Landscape Area, is not included in the Regional Transport Priority for South West England. The route has been described as 'highly intrusive' by the council's landscape officer. It attracted opposition from various environmental and local groups including the White Horse Alliance, the Campaign to Protect Rural England, Woodland Trust, Friends of the Earth, Campaign for Better Transport and Wiltshire Wildlife Trust.

The scheme was 'called in' in 2007. An Inquiry into the scheme was held in July 2008. It was adjourned until September–October after objectors noticed that some figures for lorry counts were out by 100%. The inquiry ended in the autumn of 2008. The decision was with John Denham the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government. The planning inspectors recommended refusal of planning permission for Wiltshire Council's eastern Westbury bypass scheme.

Trowbridge
A scheme has been proposed since 2015 to improve the A350 West Ashton/Yarnbrook junction to ease traffic flows at a noted bottleneck. This will involve the construction of a new relief road to replace the section north of the junction. Three new roundabouts are also proposed, to connect with the A363 Westbury Road, a link to Yarnbrook village and one at the existing West Ashton Road.

Melksham
In 2020, the government said £135m could be available to bypass Beanacre, north of Melksham, and provide a new route east of the town. Wiltshire Council consulted with the public in late 2020 and early 2021 on a number of options, including short and long routes to the east and west of the town, taking into account local traffic and east–west movements as well as the north–south primary route.

In June 2021, Wiltshire Council's cabinet resolved to progress an eastern route that starts to the north of Beanacre and meets the A3102 and A365 before rejoining the current A350 south of the town, beyond Bowerhill. A shortlist of options around this route will again be subject to public consultation.

Future status
The A350 from the M4 to Warminster is designated as part of the 'major road network', a network of local authority 'A' roads which are not classed as 'strategic' but are locally or regionally important. Since 2020, Highways England (now National Highways) has been developing a South Coast to M4 route strategy. The current preferred route is the A36 to Bath, then the A46 to the M4. Due to the traffic situation in Bath, Highways England may propose de-listing the current route and adopting the A350 instead; this may release funding for further works between Poole and the M4.

title: A350 road


text:
The Prince & Me

The Prince & Me is a 2004 American romantic comedy film directed by Martha Coolidge, and starring Julia Stiles, Luke Mably and Ben Miller, with Miranda Richardson, James Fox and Alberta Watson. The film focuses on Paige Morgan, a pre-med college student in Wisconsin, who is pursued by a Danish prince posing as an ordinary college student. The film had 3 direct-to-video sequels created under different writers and a new director, with Kam Heskin replacing Julia Stiles in the role of Paige Morgan: The Prince & Me 2: The Royal Wedding (2006), The Prince & Me: A Royal Honeymoon (2008), and The Prince & Me: The Elephant Adventure (2010).

Plot
Paige Morgan is an ambitious pre-medical student at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Meanwhile, across the Atlantic, Denmark's Crown Prince Edvard prefers to live the life of a playboy, and when with his family often ignores or marginalizes his royal responsibilities.

Inspired by a television commercial showing Wisconsin students flashing their breasts, Edvard meets with his parents, King Haraald and Queen Rosalind, and announces his intention to attend college in America—specifically, Wisconsin, and to do so anonymously. The Queen then dispatches Edvard's majordomo, Søren, to chaperone the trip. Arriving at the university, Edvard orders him to keep his identity a secret and to call him 'Eddie'.

Later at a bar, Eddie sees Paige serving and asks her to take off her shirt, like on television. She angrily drenches him with the drink hose and bouncers escort Eddie from the bar. Eddie later apologizes to Paige, but she is annoyed when they are assigned as lab partners for an organic chemistry class. Since the class is important for Paige's medical school ambitions, she warns Eddie to not get in her way and reprimands him after he sleeps in through one of their lab experiments.

Running out of money, Eddie gets a job in the deli section of the bar. Paige reluctantly helps him during his first day, and the two start to mend fences. Paige does well in science, but she struggles in an English literature class. Eddie uses his earlier education to help her gain a better understanding of William Shakespeare, and Paige instructs him in common household chores like laundry.

Since Eddie is away from his family and unfamiliar with American holidays, Paige invites him to her parents’ dairy farm for Thanksgiving. Paige's father explains how he struggles to keep the small farm afloat, and Eddie uses his mechanical skills to fine-tune a riding mower for a race, which he wins. Keith Kopetsky, a rival racer reveals to be a sore loser and punches Eddie. After the fight that follows, Paige treats his grazes and they kiss for the first time.

Back at school, Eddie and Paige study for final exams. They sneak off to the library stacks to pursue a romantic encounter, where they kiss and take off his jacket and shirt. They are shortly ambushed by members of the Danish tabloid press. Once away from the mayhem, Paige learns his real identity and walks away from him through the rain. Just then, Eddie is notified by his mother that his father is very ill and she asks him to return home.

While Paige is questioned at a viva voce panel about Shakespeare, she realizes that she loves Edvard and runs to find him, but his roommate Scotty tells her that he has already left for Denmark. She follows him there and while being driven round Copenhagen is delayed by a royal parade. Paige leaves her taxi and is recognized from the papers by the crowd, who call Edvard’s attention to her. He mounts her behind him on his horse, hurriedly opens a parliamentary session and takes her to the castle.

The queen objects to Edvard's choice, but the king tells him that if he loves Paige, he should marry her. Edvard proposes and she accepts. After witnessing him reconcile workers and employers in a parliamentary committee, the queen realizes that Paige has helped him grow up at last and will make a good queen. However, during Eddie's coronation ball, Paige remembers that she is betraying her ambition to become a doctor working in Third World countries, breaks off her engagement and returns home.

King Haraald abdicates and the newly crowned Edvard realizes that he too has responsibilities to shoulder. However, he arrives after Paige’s graduation and tells her that she is his choice and he is willing to wait for however long it takes to achieve her dreams.

Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack was released on March 30, 2004, in the United States by Hollywood Records.

Track listing

 * 1) "Everybody Wants You" - Josh Kelley
 * 2) "Just a Ride" - Jem
 * 3) "Fire Escape" - Fastball
 * 4) "Man of the World" - Marc Cohn
 * 5) "Calling" - Leona Naess
 * 6) "Good Intentions" - Jennifer Stills
 * 7) "I Hope That I Don't Fall in Love with You" - Marc Cohn
 * 8) "Symphony" - Jessica Riddle
 * 9) "It Doesn’t Get Better Than This" - Katy Fitzgerald
 * 10) "Freeway" - Scapegoat Wax
 * 11) "Presidente" - Kinky
 * 12) "Drift" - Forty Foot Echo
 * 13) "Party" - The D4
 * 14) "Bloodsweet" - Scapegoat Wax
 * 15) "Separate Worlds" - Jennie Muskett

Reception
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an aggregate score of 28% based on 123 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "A bland, fluffy, and predictable bit of wish fulfillment." On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 47 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

The Christian Science Monitor ' s David Sterritt gave the film a positive review, calling it "quite appealing, thanks to good-humored acting and to Martha Coolidge's quiet directing style." Meanwhile, Manohla Dargis of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a negative review, calling it "a blandly diverting, chastely conceived and grammatically challenged fairy tale" USA Today said that The Prince & Me was overall "well-meaning, cute, sweet" but that the film could have been improved with "a bit more quirkiness and a little less formula."

title: The Prince & Me


text:
Morgan Robertson

Morgan Andrew Robertson (died March 24, 1915) was an American author of short stories and novels, and the self-proclaimed inventor of the periscope.

Early life
Robertson was the son of Andrew Robertson, a ship captain on the Great Lakes, and Amelia (née Glassford) Robertson.

Career
Morgan went to sea as a cabin boy and was in the merchant service from 1876 to 1899, during which time he was promoted eventually to first mate. Tired of life at sea, he studied jewelry-making at Cooper Union in New York City and worked for 10 years as a diamond setter. When that work began to impair his vision, he began writing sea stories, his work being published in such popular magazines as McClure's and the Saturday Evening Post. Robertson never made much money from his writing, a circumstance that distressed him greatly. Nevertheless, beginning with the early 1890s his main source of income was as a writer and he enjoyed the company of other bohemian-style artists and writers in New York.

Futility
Robertson is known best for his short novel Futility, or the Wreck of the Titan, first published in 1898. This story features an enormous British passenger liner named the SS Titan, which, deemed to be unsinkable, carries an insufficient number of lifeboats. On a voyage during the month of April, the Titan hits an iceberg and sinks in the North Atlantic Ocean, resulting in the loss of almost everyone on board. There are many close similarities with the real-life sinking of the Titanic. The book was published 14 years before the actual Titanic, carrying an insufficient number of lifeboats, hit an iceberg on the night of April 14, 1912, and sank in the North Atlantic Ocean, killing most of the people on board. The similarities between the fictional Titan and the real Titanic have caused comment ever since the tragedy.

Other works
In 1905, Robertson's book The Submarine Destroyer was published. It described a submarine that used a device known as a periscope. Despite Robertson's later claims that he had "invented" a prototype periscope himself (and was refused a patent), Simon Lake and Harold Grubb had perfected the model used by the U.S. Navy by 1902, three years before Robertson's "prescient" novel.

In 1914, in a volume that also contained a new version of Futility, Robertson included a short story named "Beyond The Spectrum", which described a future war between the United States and the Empire of Japan, a popular subject at the time. Japan does not declare war but instead ambushes United States ships en route to the Philippines Islands and Hawaii; an invasion fleet about to begin a surprise attack on San Francisco is stopped by the hero using the weapon from a captured Japanese vessel. The title refers to an ultraviolet searchlight used by the Japanese, but invented by the Americans, to blind American crews.

Robertson authored Primordial / Three Laws and the Golden Rule, a novella about shipwrecked children growing up together and becoming enamored of each other on a desert island. Fans of Edgar Rice Burroughs acknowledge Robertson's contribution to the works of Henry De Vere Stacpoole, particularly The Blue Lagoon. They believe that both Robertson's and Stacpoole's writings influenced Burroughs' creation of Tarzan of the Apes.

Death
On the afternoon of March 24, 1915, Robertson was found dead in his room at the Alamac Hotel in Atlantic City, New Jersey. He was 53 years old. It was believed initially that he died of an overdose of paraldehyde, which he was taking as a sleep aid, however a physician stated that heart disease was the cause.

Books and stories

 * This list may not be complete.

 * Spun-Yarn: Sea Stories, (Harper & Brothers, 1898) – collection
 * The Slumber of a Soul: A Tale of a Mate and a Cook
 * The Survival of the Fittest
 * A Creature of Circumstance
 * The Derelict "Neptune"
 * Honor Among Thieves
 * Futility (M. F. Mansfield, 1898); revised 1912 and later published as "The Wreck of the Titan", or a compound title
 * "Where Angels Fear to Tread" and Other Stories of the Sea (The Century Co., 1899) – collection
 * Where angels fear to tread
 * The brain of the battle-ship
 * The wigwag message
 * The trade-wind
 * Salvage
 * Between the Millstones
 * The Battle of the Monsters
 * From the royal-yard down
 * Needs must when the devil drives
 * When Greek meets Greek
 * Primordial
 * Shipmates (D. Appleton & Company, 1901) – collection
 * ''Ice Woman Diaries; A Witch’s Tin Key”
 * The Fool Killer
 * The Devil and His Due
 * Polarity: A Tale of Two Brunettes
 * A Tale of a Pigtail
 * The Man at the Wheel
 * The Day of the Dog
 * At the End of the Man-rope
 * A Fall From Grace
 * The Dutch Port Watch
 * On the Forecastle Deck
 * Masters of Men (Curtis Publishing Co., 1901)
 * Book I - The Age of Stone
 * Book II - The Age of Iron
 * Book III - Barbarism
 * Book IV - Civilization
 * Sinful Peck (Harper & Brothers, 1903) – novel
 * Land Ho! (Harper & Brothers, 1896–1905) – collection
 * The Dollar
 * The Ship-Owner
 * The Wave
 * The Cook and the Captain
 * The Line of Least Resistance
 * The Lobster
 * On Board The "Athol"
 * The Magnetized Man
 * The Mistake
 * The Submarine Destroyer
 * The Dancer
 * On the Rio Grande
 * Down to the Sea (Harper & Brothers, 1905) – collection
 * The Closing of the Circuit
 * A Cow, Two Men, and a Parson
 * The Rivals
 * A Chemical Comedy
 * A Hero Of The Cloth
 * The Subconscious Finnegan
 * The Torpedo
 * The Submarine
 * Fifty Fathoms Down
 * The Enemies
 * The Vitality of Dennis
 * The Helix
 * The Shark
 * The Mutiny

McClure's Magazine and Metropolitan Magazine collaborated in 1914 to publish a four-volume set of short fiction. All of the stories were previously published, perhaps all but "The Wreck of the Titan" first published in magazines.
 * The Wreck of the Titan, or Futility (McClure's and Metropolitan, 1914) – collection
 * The Wreck of the Titan – 1898 novella Futility, revised 1912 as The Wreck of the Titan
 * The Pirates
 * Beyond the Spectrum
 * In the Valley of the Shadow
 * Three Laws and the Golden Rule (McClure's and Metropolitan, 1914) – collection
 * The Three Laws and the Golden Rule – sequel to "Primordial"
 * The Americans
 * Dignity
 * The Honeymoon Ship
 * The Third Mate
 * Through the Deadlight
 * The Hairy Devil
 * The Slumber of a Soul
 * Honor Among Thieves
 * The Survival of the Fittest
 * A Creature of Circumstance
 * Over the Border (McClure's and Metropolitan, 1914) – collection
 * The Last Battleship
 * Absolute Zero
 * Over the Border
 * The Fire Worshiper
 * The Baby
 * The Grinding of the Mills
 * The Equation
 * The Twins
 * The Brothers
 * Kimset
 * The Mate of His Soul
 * The Voices
 * The Sleep Walker
 * The Grain Ship (McClure's and Metropolitan, 1914) – collection
 * The Grain Ship
 * From the Darkness and the Depths
 * Noah's Ark
 * The Finishing Touch
 * The Rock
 * The Argonauts
 * The Married Man
 * The Triple Alliance
 * Shovels and Bricks
 * Extracts from Noah's Logs

References in media and popular culture
Episode 17 (segment "Titan") of the American television show Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction tells the story of Robertson (Harris Fisher) writing Futility, or the Wreck of the Titan/Futility.

The strange correlation between Robertson's Futility and the actual sinking of the RMS Titanic was referenced in the 2009/2010 video game Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors.

The TV series One Step Beyond references an episode on Morgan Robertson "Night of April 14th" (season 1: episode 2) where a woman has nightmares of drowning in the ice cold ocean. Later, her husband plans a sailing trip from England to its destination in New York on the passenger ship Titanic. In the end of the show, host John Newland references Morgan Robertson in the similarities of his 1898 novella The Wreck of the Titan: Or, Futility to the actual Titanic.

In the 1996 PC Game Titanic: Adventure Out of Time, while taking a tour of the Titanic in the Turkish Baths, the character Trask describes and shows the character the book Futility and references how it gives him an ominous feeling about the ship.

title: Morgan Robertson


text:
Talk:Caladbolg

Comments
Another translation of Baladbolg that I like is 'hard lightening'. It is also intertwined with Excalibur if you would like to follow that up have a look at:

http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/e/ex/excalibur.html

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.94.251.106 (talk • contribs) 23:29, 23 October 2004 (UTC)

Use in Final Fantasy X
In Final Fantasy X, Tidus' Ultimate Weapon is called "Caladbolg". Relevent? Lemon Demon (talk) 18:27, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

 * It's just trivia. It doesn't need to be in an encyclopedia article.--Cúchullain t/ c 22:18, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Other articles have an 'In popular culture' section too, and these works feature Caladbolg too: Guild Wars 2, Fate/Grand Order -- kazerniel (talk | contribs) 20:00, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caladbolg


text:
Pluxus

Pluxus is a Swedish electronic music group from Stockholm, Sweden. The members are Sebastian Tesch, Adam Kammerland and Anders Ekert. Björn Carlberg was with the band until 2003. They use analogue synthesizers, samples and drum programming sets for their songs.

Pluxus has released four major albums on their own label Pluxemburg, as well as a number of singles, EPs and remixes. They also remixed the song Get On With Your Life for musician Stina Nordenstam. Their song Transient was used as the music to the Ford Fiesta TV advert in Europe.

Records

 * Pluxus 7" (1998)
 * Fas 2 (1999)
 * Och resan fortsätter här (2000)
 * Agent Tangent EP (2002)
 * European Onion (2002)
 * Reonion EP (2003)
 * Solid State (2006)
 * Plu Plux Plan (Best Of) (2006)
 * Transient EP (2008)
 * Solid State (2008) Kompakt rerelease

title: Pluxus


text:
Elvan Abeylegesse

Elvan Abeylegesse (also formerly: Hewan Abeye (አልቫን አበይለገሠ, Amharic) and Elvan Can (Turkish); born 11 September 1982) is an Ethiopian-born Turkish middle and long-distance running athlete who competes over distances from 1500 metres up to the marathon, and also in cross country. She is the former world record-holder for the 5000 metres, at 14:24.68 minutes.

In August 2015, the Turkish Athletics Federation confirmed that an anti-doping test taken during the 2007 World Championships in Athletics had been retested and found to be positive for a controlled substance, and that the athlete had been temporarily suspended pending retesting of her 'B-sample'. On 29 March 2017, IAAF confirmed the positive test, expunged her results from 25 August 2007 until 25 August 2009 (thereby stripping her of the two silver medals she had won at the 2008 Olympic Games), and banned her from athletics for two years.

Early life and career
Abeylegesse was born Hewan Abeye on 11 September 1982 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and raised with her seven brothers and sisters. She began her career running cross country. In 1999, she started for the Ethiopian junior team at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in Belfast, Northern Ireland and finished ninth. There, she was invited to a meeting in Istanbul, Turkey. She decided to move to Turkey and became a Turkish citizen after marrying a Turkish national. She took the name Elvan Can. Later she divorced and took the name Elvan Abeylegesse.

Registered in the Enka Sports Club in Istanbul, she is coached by Ertan Hatipoglu, a former triple jumper of Turkish origin from Bulgaria.

Career highlights
Abeylegesse's career in the international arena began at the age of 18 in Grosseto, Italy in 2001 by winning the European 3000 m and 5000 m titles, setting a national record for Turkey. She became a world leader with a time of 8:31:94 in the 3000 m in Brussels, Belgium in 2002 and with a time of 3:58.38 in the 1500 m in Moscow, Russia in 2004.

Abeylegesse has been a scholarship holder with the Olympic Solidarity program since August 2002.

At the Evergood Bergen Bislett Games in Norway on 11 June 2004, the sixth meeting of TDK Golden League, Abeylegesse broke the women's 5000 m world record, which had belonged to Chinese runner Jiang Bo since 1997 (14:28.09), improving the mark by over three seconds to 14:24.68. She became the first Turkish athlete ever to set a world record.

On 3 June 2006 her record time was beaten by Ethiopian Meseret Defar, who ran in 14:24.53 in New York City.

She ran at the inaugural World 10K Bangalore race in 2008 and finished in a dead heat with Grace Momanyi, with both runners eventually being declared joint victors.

She was the 2010 recipient of the Pierre de Coubertin World Fair Play Trophy, an annual award given by the International Fair Play Committee. She had lent a pair of running shoes to competitor Meselech Melkamu just moments before the beginning of the 10,000 metres final at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics. Having forgotten to bring her shoes to the track, Melkamu went on to take the silver.

Abeylegesse won the 2010 edition of the Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon in a time of 1:07:07. This was the fastest ever time for a woman in the half marathon race and made her the sixth fastest woman overall. She played down suggestions of a permanent switch to longer road races, however, saying a marathon debut would have to wait until after the 2012 London Olympics.

At the 2010 European Athletics Championships, Abeylegesse won gold in the 10,000 m, finishing in 31 minutes, 10.23 seconds On 28 July 2010, and she won the silver medal in 5000m finishing in 14 minutes, 54.44 seconds on 1 August 2010. She narrowly missed out on a medal at the 2010 IAAF Continental Cup, finishing two seconds behind Molly Huddle in the 5000 m.

She returned to action in 2012 after her pregnancy and made her debut over 20 km, finishing as runner-up at the 20 Kilomètres de Paris. She was also runner-up in the 15K section of the Istanbul Eurasia Marathon. She won the Nice Half Marathon in April 2013. On 17 November 2013 she became runner-up in the women's category at the Istanbul Marathon with a time of 2:29:30.

Doping ban
In August 2015, the Turkish Athletics Federation confirmed that an anti-doping test taken during the 2007 World Championships in Athletics had been retested and found to be positive for a controlled substance, and that the athlete had been temporarily suspended pending retesting of her 'B-sample'. If confirmed, Abeylegesse stood to lose her 2007 medal, and possibly other awards from that date. On 29 March 2017, IAAF confirmed the positive test, expunged her results from 25 August 2007 until 25 August 2009 (thereby stripping her of the two silver medals she had won at the 2008 Olympic Games), and banned her from athletics for two years.

Personal life
Abeylegesse married her longtime partner Semeneh Debelie in February 2011 and decided to take the season off due to pregnancy. In July 2011, she gave birth to a girl named Arsema.

Marathons

 * Istanbul Marathon: 2013, 2nd, 2:29:30

World records

 * 11 June 2004, Bergen Bislett Games (Golden League), Bergen, Norway (5000 m) (14:24:68) WR

title: Elvan Abeylegesse


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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Ancient Egypt/Temp

Creating this List
My method for compiling this list of kings and regnal dates was simple. My first step was to take the chronological list (pp.479-83) from the back of Ian Shaw, Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (Oxford, 2000) & use it as the backbone of this work. I use the word "backbone" because it only took a few minutes' reading to determine that there were some big holes: this chronology omits any record of the 7th & 8th dynasties, & offers an incomplete list for the 13th - 16th dynasties. My solution for this was simple: find primary sources & use them to fill these gaps.

Some research showed that K.S.B. Ryholt's work was the latest & most important study on the Turin King List -- which is our primary source for the 13th - 16th dynasties. Since Ryholt filled some holes in that manuscript based on his own, far more expert research, I tried to indicate where his list varies from the primary source. However the Turin King List is missing for the 7th & 8th dynasties, so I had to find another primary source. Fortunately, the Abydos King List of Sety I covers this period, & I used a copy I found online.

I am intentionally ignoring the Persian Emperors & the Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt. My goal here is to offer a standardized set of names & dates. These 2 groups have already been standardized by useage.

In a few places, I was presented with some very different lists of rulers for dynasties. The most important of these divergant POVs concerned the 2nd & the 15th dynasties. Before I undertook this project, I knew that opinion was divided over the rulers of the 2nd dynasty, & so I tried to reflect what I wrote in that Wikipedia article. For the 15th dynasty, where Ryholt diverged from what was given in Shaw, I decided to follow Ryholt, with the intent of explaining the various POVs about this matter in the article on the 15th dynasty.

Further, there about half-a-dozen royal names that were omitted in Shaw, but can be found in other authorities. (Some of these I ssupect were omitted from our exemplar by accident.) I have added them at the proper spots, with a comment stating that some authorities add them here. My justification for that act was simple: people will consult Wikipedia for information on those people, & even if they are fictitious or an artifact of a now-discredited theory, we need to have information about them. I added them to make this standard more useful for our audience.

Once I had this composite list created, I made an effort to harmonize the transliterations as close to the forms in Shaw as I could, using the versions in both the text & the chronology (e.g., where Ryholt wrote the name Antef, I changed it to Intef). My one exception here was the spelling of Ramesses, which is spelled "Rameses" in Shaw: a consensus was formed before I had created this list, a consensus which I agreed with, to standardize on "Ramesses". I also summarized any names that were fragmentary, seeing that there is not much to be said about a ruler of whom all it can be said is "part of his name appears in the Turin King List -- assuming that this ruler is a he."

The predynastic kings -- those who ruled before the 1st dynasty -- I took from the list at Pharaoh. In Shaw, only 2 of these early rulers are mentioned; our list I used in Wikipedia was far more extensive, although I've seen some authorities talk about "Dynasty 0" & "Dynasty 00" -- undoubtedly, there is a need for standardization here, although I doubt any one authority agrees with another. In any case I'm leaving this part of the list to someone else to finish because it's a period of Egyptian History that doesn't interest me.

As an aside, the list at Conventional Egyptian chronology includes 2 non-Manethonian dynasties -- the High Priests of Amun at Thebes, & the Libu -- & Ryholt adds a third non-Manethonian dynasty, which he calls "the Abydos dynasty". Although I'm suspicious about the existence & importance of the Libu, I feel that they should be given equal treatment to the traditional 30 dynasties of Manetho; they should be given a "See also" link at the bottom of the Pharaoh article, as the native Egyptians did not treat them equal to the Manethonian dynasties.

My division of dynasties into periods -- Old Kingdom, First Intermediate, Middle Kingdom, etc. -- is where I excercised any subjective judgement. Shaw includes the 7th & 8th dynasties in the Old Kingdom, & the whole of the 11th & at least part of the 13th dynasties into the Middle Kingdom. I varied from this based on my own opinion of when the periods began & ended. This was more out of not thinking the issue thru than anything else: the only item here that I have a strong opinion about is that the 7th & 8th dynasties should be placed in the First Intermediate, rather than in the Old Kingdom.

My last step was to add what I considered were important variants of names. By "important", I mean where the various methods of transliteration resulted in forms that one could not intuitively assume represented the same Egyptian name. On one hand, I'm probably being elitist in assuming that a reader would not see "Amenophis", "Amenhotep", & "Amunhotpe" all represented the same name in Ancient Egyptian. Yet on the other, some variants are clearly not intuitive to the non-expert -- & perhaps even the expert; for example, some names are assembled differently like the Fifth dynasty king "Raneferef" who is also known as "Neferefre"; there are better known Greek versions (like "Cheops") & less known Egyptian ("Khufu"). And while in most cases there is no one right way to transliterate an Egyptian name into modern English, there are a few ways that are now considered obsolete (e.g. "Piy" is now preferred to "Piankhi"). We need to reference all of these.

Then there are differences of opinion whether a group of names represented one or several individuals. The only one I have not flagged concerns Ramesses XII -- which deserves an article if only to explain that such-&-such Egyptologist convincingly argued that he did not exist. I did not add him to the list simply because I don't know who convincingly argued that there was no Ramesses XII.

I also added the prenomina of 4 rulers as their names were written in cuneiform. While I did this mostly because I happened to have the information at hand & felt it was interesting, I feel it is important to this project as a reminder to readers of the fact that how we represent Ancient Egyptian is admittedly very different from how it actually was spoken.

Once this was all done, I cut-n-pasted the whole to Wikipedia, then spent my spare time over a week re-arranging the information into tables. I chose tables because I felt it presented the names, dates & any comments in a more readable format.

As I write this, I realise that I most likely left a fair number of mistakes & typos unfixed. I welcome all to fix them. However, please refrain from making any substantial changes to this document for a few weeks in order to give everyone interested a chance to see what I have done & form an opinion favorable or otherwise. I'd rather have this proposal be rejected because the method proved not to be what the group wanted, rather than because of indecisive bickering over minor points -- which can always be changed. -- llywrch 23:31, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Comments

 * I think you have done a wonderful job. I understand why you have excluded the Persian and Ptolemaic rulers from this work, however they will be included in the final list. Also did you know Pharaoh was listed on Cleanup and has an effort under way to improve it Pharaoh/Temp?

Jay, I thought work on that page had gone into hiatus, but ALoan posted to the contrary a few days ago -- which note I saw right at the moment I was finishing my work on this. I see this compilation as a work in parallel with what he did there, & I hope Wikipedia can incorporate as much of my work into that page as possible. -- llywrch 21:26, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * A couple of minor, specific, comments. First, I would deprecate "Amenophis", which is the Greek version of the name. In general I would really prefer not to use the Greek versions as the primary name (although I suppose we'd better keep Cheops as an alternate, because that one is so well known). Second, I think the latter years of the 18th dynasty (my area of expertise) are not anything like as clearly understood as this table seems to indicate. E.g. there was almost certainly a period of dual regency between Amenhotep III and Akhenaten. Egyptologists are still fighting tooth and nail over how long a co-regency (as of the latest Amarna Letters, #4, both sides are still bringing up evidence), but I think most would agree there was some overlap. And then there are all the arguments over whether Tutankaten was Akhenaten's immediate successor or not, and if not, who was in the middle. I don't know how to indicate all this in your table, but I would be concerned if we made it sound more definitive than it really is. Noel 04:10, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * 1. Amenophis is not in this list. I'd only add it if someone could show that people are unable to intuit it is the same name as Amenhotep.
 * 2. The dates are taken about as exactly as I could from Ian Shaw, Oxford History of Ancient Egypt -- no corrections. As I understood it, the idea was to offer one set of dates we could all agree to, & since this book is a common & accepted reference I took the years from that.

 * If the Oxford History is not acceptible, the only other reference I know of that is widely accepted would be the Cambridge Ancient History -- although I believe that's 20 years older. Or we decide just to offer dates no more precise than "first half of the 14th century BC" or "last half of the 16th century BC". Even if we accept the Oxford History dates, I believe it is only proper that editors discuss to some extent the problems of assigning dates within the dynasty or biography articles; there are a number of disagreements over precise dates from the beginning of ancient Egyptian history practically to its end. -- llywrch 04:46, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Status
Hey Llywrch, what's the status on this page? I still think it's superior to the List of Pharaohs or Conventional Egyptian chronology pages. What needs to be done before it can replace them? I'd be happy to do what I can to aid in this effort. If you don't mind, I was going to add some links. john k 15:08, 26 August 2005 (UTC)


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Talk:Morgan Robertson

Untitled
Here is the text of the obituary mentioned in the sources section of the article. Since it's from 1915, it should be out of copyright.

Periscope Inventor Dead. Atlantic City, N.J., March 24. - Morgan Robertson, one of the best-known short story writers, and the inventor of the periscope, used on all submarines, was found dead in his room at the Alamac Hotel this afternoon. Physicians say he died from an overdose of protiodide. Mr. Robertson was sixty-five years old. His body will be brought to this city tomorrow. The periscope was first conceived by Mr. Robertson in his book "The Submarine Destroyer". When the story was first published in 1905 officials of the Holland Submarine Co. sent for the author and asked him if he considered the scheme practical. "Of course I do," he replied. "Here is a model of it which I have already patented." Officials of the company were so impressed that they purchased the invention for $50,000. A financial appeal on behalf of Mr. Robertson was recently made through American magazines.

JYolkowski 23:32, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The only patent containing the word periscope on Google Patents dated 1905
http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT998204 --Dennis Valeev 06:49, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

"Some readers have compared the searchlight's effects (blindness, intense heat, and facial burns) to those of the atomic bomb." Uncited.

Wouldn't a more apt comparison between the "ultraviolet searchlight" and a new technology be a laser? The history section says the foundation for lasers was "Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung" which was published 3 years after Robertson's book. 74.98.196.243 (talk) 23:29, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

"You can help the genius who write these stories come into his own"
I added an advertisement that ran in the June 1915 issue of Photoplay, which illustrates the campaign undertaken by McClure’s and Metropolitan on behalf of Robertson—although, as you can see, it was also a clever way to sell magazine subscriptions. It also includes the opinions of a number of famous writers on Robertson’s work, although we just have to take the ad’s word for it that those writers actually wrote those words. The ad was probably placed months in advance; by the time it ran, Robertson was already dead.Cbaile19 (talk) 14:23, 22 August 2014 (UTC)

Death
Both causes of death listed are inaccurate. Unless the heart disease was caused by a drug overdose, in which case, just the drug referenced is wrong, as the obituary above shows. I'd edit, but I think I'm better off calling a grown up. 86.144.97.50 (talk) 09:14, 6 February 2015 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.144.97.50 (talk) 09:03, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Conspiracy theories?
The similarities between the two has lent credibility to conspiracy theories regarding the Titanic.
 * Not clear why any of the conspiracy theories are supported by this work of fiction. Valetude (talk) 12:30, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Morgan Robertson


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hot Soup

Hot Soup was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was although 66% support vote for delete, article is now redirect to List of characters in the Ender's Game series. Cool Hand Luke  20:16, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Nickname of non-notable fictional character. RickK 23:33, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: No need to merge and redirect, as there is nothing there. Delete for there being nothing there. Geogre 01:43, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: non-article. I'd suggest redirecting to soup or Ender's Game, but either one would be misleading. —No-One Jones (m) 01:54, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Indrian 01:58, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * D We just don't need this pseudo-factoid. Chris 02:22, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I've set up a redirect to List of characters in the Ender's Game series, which seems like the best option.  — siro  χ  o  03:35, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)~
 * Comment: so why was this listed for deletion at all? why wasnt it boldly merged and redirected in the first place? The bellman 12:55, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Edward Almond

Lieutenant General Edward Mallory Almond (December 12, 1892 – June 11, 1979) was a senior United States Army officer who fought in World War I, World War II, where he commanded the 92nd Infantry Division, and the Korean War, where he commanded the U.S. X Corps.

Early life and education
Edward Mallory Almond was born on December 12, 1892, in Luray, Virginia. He was the first son of Walter, a farm equipment salesman, and Grace Popham Almond. Another boy, Malcolm, joined the family in 1895, as did a sister, Judy, in 1897. Young Almond, nicknamed "Ned" by his family, grew up being told stories by his paternal grandmother about the American Civil War. Almond's maternal grandfather, Thomas Popham, along with his great-uncle, William Barton Mallory, had both served in the Confederate Army during the war. In Almond’s youth there were still many veterans of the Civil War all over Virginia although Almond himself stated in later life that neither his grandparents nor the older people who had been involved spoke much about the conflict. He did note, however, that there seemed to be an undertone of bitterness for having lost the war.

Of his early years, Michael E. Lynch states:

"Almond grew up in the “Jim Crow” South, and did not question the status quo. He demonstrated no particularly racist tendencies beyond the societal norms of the day. His racism found expression in the genteel paternalism exhibited by middle-class and upper-class Virginians of the region. Black people lived in the “certain sections” of the towns of his youth, and he generally saw them only in subservient roles working on his grandfather’s farm. Despite the prevailing Jim Crow environment, this limited contact with African-Americans engendered a moderate outlook, shaping Almond’s early years and carrying over into his military career."

Always interested in the military, determined to be a professional soldier, and inspired throughout his life by the words of Stonewall Jackson's, "You may be whatever you resolve to be", Almond graduated from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in June 1915. He graduated third in a class of sixty-five cadets. He was later commissioned as a first lieutenant in the United States Army on 30 November 1916. The United States entered World War I soon afterwards, in April 1917 (see American entry into World War I).

World War I
Almond served in France during the latter stages of the war, ending it as a major. He fought in the Meuse–Argonne offensive of late 1918 as the commander of the 12th Machine Gun Battalion of the 4th Division, commanded then by Major General George H. Cameron. During his service in France, he was wounded in action and received a Silver Star Citation (later upgraded to the Silver Star decoration). Of his being wounded, which occurred in early August 1918, he later wrote:

"I had just opened a can of corn willy [corned beef] when a shell broke into our midst from across the stream, and although I had my helmet on it penetrated my helmet and the top of my head. My orderly who had brought me my supper was killed by another fragment, and a number of men in my vicinity were wounded also, and a couple killed."

After being relieved from combat in the Meuse–Argonne, Almond's division, the 4th, was transferred to the newly created Second Army in mid-October and Almond was preparing his battalion, which he assumed command of on October 1, for a huge new offensive scheduled for November 12, although the Armistice with Germany brought an end to this plan. The relatively short campaign in the Meuse−Argonne had cost the 4th Division dearly, with 45 officers being killed and 199 wounded, while another 1,120 enlisted men had been killed with a further 6,024 wounded. Almond's battalion had suffered 190 casualties, 4 of them being officers. The next few months for Almond and his battalion were spent on occupation duty in Germany.

"Almond’s experiences in the First World War taught him some enduring lessons about the value of training. War in Europe had changed the US Army a great deal, and Almond experienced much of that change. Almond also began to exhibit some of the professional traits that became the hallmarks of his career: aggressiveness, loyalty, and commitment to his mission. Almond finished the war as a temporary major, having been awarded a citation and a wound badge. When the War Department revised the awards system in the 1930s, the Silver Star replaced the citation and the Purple Heart replaced the wound badge. He had shown personal courage and aggressiveness and demonstrated tactical initiative that marked him as a bright and capable officer. The coming years saw him develop and mature professionally, and his experience and training helped prepare him for continued service. He would stay in the Army as it demobilized, and in the coming years he would meet and adapt to other challenges."

Between the wars
On returning to the United States after the war, Almond taught military science at Marion Military Institute from 1919 to 1924. He then attended the United States Army Infantry School at Fort Benning in Georgia after which he resumed teaching at Marion until 1928. He also taught at the Infantry School at Fort Benning, becoming acquainted with Lieutenant Colonel George C. Marshall, the assistant commandant of the school.

In 1930, Almond graduated from the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas. After a tour of duty in Philippines, where he commanded a battalion of Philippine Scouts, he attended the Army War College in 1934 after which he was attached to the Intelligence Division of the General Staff for four years. Having been promoted to lieutenant colonel on September 1, 1938, he attended the Army War College, Air Corps Tactical School, and finally the Naval War College, from which he graduated in 1940. Almond was then assigned to staff duty at VI Corps HQ, Providence, Rhode Island, receiving a promotion to the temporary rank of colonel on October 14, 1941.

World War II

Soon after the American entry into World War II, in December 1941, Almond was promoted to brigadier general on March 15, 1942 and was named assistant division commander (ADC) of the 93rd Infantry Division, a newly raised African-American formation, commanded at the time by Major General Charles P. Hall, and which was then based in Arizona.

Almond was for a time highly regarded by George C. Marshall, also a VMI graduate, who was now Army Chief of Staff. This regard accounted in part for Almond's promotion to major general, on September 23, ahead of most of his peers and subsequent command of the 92nd Infantry Division, made of almost exclusively African-American soldiers, a position he held from its formation in October 1942 until August 1945. Almond, surprised to be given such an assignment, in later years speculated why he was selected for command of the 92nd, stating:

"I think that General Marshall felt that General [Charles P.] Hall, who was in command of the Ninety-third Division when I was [his] Assistant Division Commander and [Hall] was from Mississippi, understood the character of the Negro and his habits and inclinations. The artilleryman at that time was General William Spence from North Carolina as I recall, who also had that understanding of Southern customs and Negro capabilities; the attitudes of Negroes in relationships thereto. I think that my selection for the Ninety-third and Ninety- second Divisions was of the same character."

He led the division during its training in the United States and in combat in the final phases of the Italian campaign of 1944–1945. During its time in Italy the division, arriving piecemeal throughout the latter half of 1944, underwent several changes in its organization, and suffered a total of almost 3,000 casualties during the often bitter Italian fighting, all while forming part of the U.S. Fifth Army under Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark and later Lucian Truscott.

Although Marshall picked Almond for this assignment because Marshall believed Almond would excel at this difficult assignment, the division performed poorly in combat with Almond blaming the division's poor performance on its largely African-American troops, echoing the widespread prejudice in the segregated Army that blacks made poor soldiers —and went on to advise the Army against ever again using African-Americans as combat troops. Almond told confidants that the division's poor combat record had cheated him of higher command.

Occupation duty in Japan
In 1946 Almond was transferred to Tokyo as chief of personnel at General Douglas Macarthur's headquarters, normally a dead-end job. Almond very effectively handled the sizable challenge of staffing the occupation forces in Japan as American forces rapidly demobilized, standing out among MacArthur's lackluster staff. Having won MacArthur's confidence as capable and loyal, Almond was the logical choice to become Chief of Staff in January 1949, when the incumbent, Paul J. Mueller, rotated home.

Korean War and X Corps

After the initial North Korean attack in June 1950, United Nations forces were forced to withdraw and eventually fell back to the Pusan Perimeter.

MacArthur decided to counterattack with an amphibious invasion at Inchon in November. The invasion force, consisting of the 1st Marine Division and the 7th Infantry Division, was originally named "X Force" and was placed under the command of Almond. Because the name X Force was confusing to logistics officers, upon Almond's suggestion, the formation was re-designated as X Corps. MacArthur split X Corps from the 8th Army, then placed Almond, who had no experience with amphibious operations, in command of the main landing force just before the landings.

Almond earned the scorn of Marine officers when, during the early phase of the Inchon landing, he asked if the amphibious tractors used to land the Marines could float. The invasion succeeded, but Almond did not pursue effectively and most of the routed North Korean Army escaped northwards.

During this time, Major General O. P. Smith, commander of the 1st Marine Division, which was part of X Corps (and therefore under Almond's overall command) from October until December 1950 had many conflicts with Almond.

Almond also had a poor relationship with Lieutenant General Walton Walker, commander of the 8th Army, and “his singularly unfortunate rivalry with Walker left an indelible stamp on what happened” in Korea.

Historians have criticized Almond for the wide dispersal of his units during the X Corps advance into north-eastern part of North Korea, in November–December 1950. This dispersal contributed to the defeat of X Corps by Chinese troops, including the destruction of Task Force Faith, and the narrow escape of the Marines at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir. Almond was slow to recognize the scale of the Chinese attack on X Corps, urging Army and Marine units forward despite the huge Chinese forces arrayed against them. Displaying his usual reckless boldness, he underestimated the strength and skill of the Chinese forces, at one point telling his subordinate officers "The enemy who is delaying you for the moment is nothing more than remnants of Chinese divisions fleeing north. We're still attacking and we're going all the way to the Yalu. Don't let a bunch of Chinese laundrymen stop you." As stated by a close associate: "When it paid to be aggressive, Ned was aggressive. When it paid to be cautious, Ned was aggressive."

Despite these mistakes and partly due to his close relationship with General MacArthur, the new Eighth Army commander Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway, who became the commander of the 8th Army following the death of General Walker in December 1950, retained Almond as commander of X Corps. Ridgway admired Almond's aggressive attitude, but felt he needed close supervision to ensure his boldness did not jeopardize his command. Almond and X Corps later took part in the defeat of the Chinese offensives during February and March 1951, as well as the Eighth Army's counter-offensive, Operation Killer. Almond was promoted to Lieutenant General in February 1951.

Future general and secretary of state Alexander Haig served as aide-de-camp to General Almond in the Korean War.

Post Korea

In July 1951, Almond was reassigned and became commandant of the United States Army War College.

He retired from the Army on 31 January 1953 and worked as an insurance executive until his death in 1979, aged 86.

He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia, near his son, Edward Mallory Almond Jr., a captain in the 157th Infantry Regiment, killed in action on March 19, 1945, in France.

1st Distinguished Service Cross citation
General Headquarters Far East Command: General Orders No. 43 (October 23, 1950)

CITATION: The President of the United States of America, under the provisions of the Act of Congress approved July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Major General Edward M. Almond (ASN: 0-466), United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while serving as Commanding General of X Corps. Major General Almond distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action against enemy aggressor forces in the Republic of Korea during the period from 15 to 25 September 1950. During the seizure of Inchon, General Almond personally visited front line units, coordinated tactical efforts, and by his own fearless example aided them in seizing assigned objectives. Following the fall of Inchon, General Almond personally led his troops in their rapid drive through enemy-held territory to seize Seoul, and to speed the disintegration of the enemy forces. During the assault of the Han River, he moved to a forward position well beyond the line of friendly forces to observe and control the river crossing. Despite heavy enemy mortar fire directed at him, General Almond remained to supervise the air and artillery support which was protecting the first units of the Seventh Infantry Division crossing the river. Disregarding enemy mine fields and sniper fire, he proceeded to the crossing site to direct fire of amphibious tanks neutralizing enemy opposition which was impeding our crossing. By his inspirational leadership, his complete indifference to danger, and personal control of the battlefield, General Almond quickly concluded tactical operations which destroyed the enemy forces in the X Corps zone of action and saved countless lives in the forces under his command.

2nd Distinguished Service Cross citation
Headquarters, Eighth U.S. Army, Korea: General Orders No. 362 (May 28, 1951)

CITATION: The President of the United States of America, under the provisions of the Act of Congress approved July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Second Award of the Distinguished Service Cross to Lieutenant General Edward M. Almond (ASN: 0-466), United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while serving as Commanding General, X Corps. Lieutenant General Almond distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action against enemy aggressor forces during the massive offensive by three known Communist Armies against the X Corps, during the period from 16 through 25 May 1951. General Almond personally directed the historic defense which contained this attack and resulted in crushing losses in enemy manpower and materiel. During this period General Almond distinguished himself by countless acts of individual heroism as well as providing the inspiration, leadership and tactical skill which contributed materially the success of this operation. On 19 May 1951, while reconnoitering enemy positions in a light aircraft, he observed 250 enemy at a point forward of a friendly tank patrol. General Almond landed his plane by the tank column and sent the tank platoon leader in his aide's plane to observe the enemy group. While with the tank column the enemy set up a machine gun within 500 yards of his position. Without regard for hostile fire from this gun, he directed tank fire which silenced the weapon. The tank platoon went on to destroy the 250 enemy. On 21 May 1951, General Almond made an aerial reconnaissance before a tank column operating at Soksa-ri, Korea. While flying low over this area, General Almond received intense automatic-weapons fire. Again, without regard for personal safety, he located these weapons and personally directed their destruction. Again on 25 May 1951, he made four flights in an unarmed light plane through the enemy-held mountain pass between Hangye and the Umyang bridgehead on the Seyang River. Despite intense enemy small-arms and friendly artillery fire, he returned time and again to insure proper command and liaison between friendly forces operating at both ends of the pass. These specific acts, as well as countless visits to forward-most command posts, provided the inspiration and forceful leadership essential at this critical time.

In popular culture

 * In the novel series The Corps, General Almond is mentioned in the last two books: Under Fire and Retreat Hell! Almond is portrayed by the author (who served under Almond in the Korean War) in a positive light.
 * In James McBride's 2002 novel Miracle at St. Anna, the commanding general of the 92nd Infantry Division, General Allman, is based on Almond.
 * In the 2008 Spike Lee film Miracle at St. Anna, Almond is portrayed by Robert John Burke.
 * In Victor H. Krulak's 1984 novel First To Fight, Almond is critiqued by retired Lieutenant General of the Marine Corps and author of the book, Victor H. Krulak, who served alongside Almond's counterpart, Lieutenant General Shepard

title: Edward Almond


text:
Texas State Highway 360

State Highway 360 (SH 360) is a 28 mi north–south freeway in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex in the U.S. state of Texas. It runs north from an at-grade intersection with US 287 in Mansfield, near the Ellis-Johnson county line to a partial interchange with SH 121 in Grapevine, near Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. The highway serves as a local north–south route running through the center of the metroplex, linking together the southern and northern suburbs to the core. Between US 287 and Camp Wisdom Road/Sublett Road, SH 360 follows a pair of frontage roads along a four-lane tollway known as the 360 Tollway, a tollway operated by the NTTA. Between Camp Wisdom Road/Sublett Road and SH 121, SH 360 follows a toll-free freeway maintained by TxDOT.

The highway was opened in several stages throughout its existence. The first portion of the highway was designated on November 30, 1955, between US 80 (now SH 180) and SH 183. Newer portions of the highway were opened between 1960 and 2003. The 360 Tollway was opened in 2018, and is eventually planned to extend southward to a terminus at US 67 in Venus.

Route description
SH 360 begins as a pair of frontage roads at its southern terminus at an at-grade intersection with US 287 in Mansfield, near the Ellis-Johnson county line. North of its intersection with US 287, SH 360 expands into a pair of free two-lane frontage roads along a four-lane toll road, the 360 Tollway, which continues north for 9.7 mi. In southwest Grand Prairie, SH 360 becomes a toll-free freeway at an intersection with Sublett Road/Camp Wisdom Road.

From there, the freeway proceeds north through Arlington near its boundary with Grand Prairie, where it interchanges with I-20 and then meets I-30. However, SH 360 and I-30 are not directly connected. As a legacy of the original toll road design of I-30 (formerly the Dallas-Fort Worth Turnpike), the highways connect only indirectly using long access roads that cross surface streets at lighted intersections.

From I-30, SH 360 then continues north beyond Arlington, interchanging with SH 183 near Euless. From the SH 183 interchange, the freeway continues north-northwest through Euless and into Grapevine, following the western boundary of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. SH 360 terminates at its northern terminus at a partial interchange with SH 121 in Grapevine.

History
SH 360 was constructed in different stages over the course of several decades. SH 360 was designated on November 30, 1955, from SH 183 south to US 80 (now SH 180). SH 360 was extended south in various stages, first to Spur 303 on July 25, 1960, I-20 on July 30, 1965, US 287 on June 10, 1966, and US 67 on August 26, 1969. SH 360 was extended north from SH 183 to SH 121 on May 6, 1969. For the most part, each section's frontage roads were built first, handling all of the traffic years before the actual freeway portion was completed (or even begun). Similarly, the interchanges at I-20, I-30, and SH 183 were in place long before the freeway lanes were completed.

The indirect interchange between SH 360 and I-30 is a relic back from when I-30 existed as the Dallas/Fort Worth Turnpike. In order to direct traffic through toll booths, the interchange was designed so that any traffic moving from between the freeways were routed through one common, bi-directional ramp. This was done as a cost-saving measure, as it required fewer toll booths. The toll booths were removed in 1977, but the complex access road system remained.

South of SH 183, SH 360 was previously known as Watson Road. The segment through Arlington is also officially designated as the "Angus G. Wynne Freeway" (after the founder of Six Flags); however, neither the official designation nor the older Watson Road name are locally used, and the road is generally called "360".

360 Tollway
The southernmost segment of SH 360 between US 287 in Mansfield and Camp Wisdom Road/Sublett Road in Grand Prairie was built between 1994 and 2003 as a pair of separated frontage roads, with space reserved between them for main freeway lanes to be added to meet future traffic needs. As traffic along the corridor grew, the SH 360 frontage lanes became increasingly congested. Local and state leaders began studying the construction of SH 360 as a freeway between the existing frontage roads in a project that became known as "360 South". On January 25, 2013, TxDOT and the NTTA approved a deal to construct the extension as a four-lane toll road, the 360 Tollway, in a public–public partnership, with TxDOT performing the design and construction and the NTTA managing the completed freeway as part of its tollway system. Construction on the tollway began in November 2015. A ceremonial groundbreaking for construction of the 360 South toll road was held on October 21, 2015. The first phase of the project, which was planned to build two grade-separated toll lanes in each direction, was estimated to cost $330 million. The tollway opened to drivers on May 11, 2018, and became NTTA's newest toll road. In the future, the toll road may be expanded to four lanes in each direction. The 9.7 mi toll road has two names: the portion between US 287 and the Mansfield city limit is named the Senator Chris Harris Memorial Highway after the local legislator who aided the extension, and the portion from the Mansfield city limit to Camp Wisdom/Sublett Road is named the Rosa Parks Memorial Highway in memory of the late civil rights figure. The project cost a total of $340 million. Driving the entire length of the tollway costs $1.62 for TollTag users and $2.44 for nonusers, with drivers being billed via mail.

I-30 interchange rebuild
The former trumpet interchange between SH 360 and I-30 in Arlington became a major bottleneck, compounded by the fact that it intersected with surface streets and was located near major tourist attractions, including Six Flags Over Texas, Globe Life Field, Choctaw Stadium & AT&T Stadium. In November 2014, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) announced that it would conduct an environmental study on a potential $200 million rebuild of the interchange. The rebuild would offer direct connections between SH 360 and I-30 for the first time. In March 2015, TxDOT approved spending $254 million on the stack interchange project, which would also include improvements to nearby Six Flags Drive. Ground broke on March 2, 2016, and was estimated to be completed in fall 2020 for $233 million. Construction was completed on December 21, 2023, with the interchange being open to traffic in all directions.

Future
The NTTA's future plans for SH 360 include another 5.5 mi extension of the toll road, which would run from the current SH 360 southern terminus in Mansfield to US 67 in Venus.

title: Texas State Highway 360


text: Category:American anthropologists

title: Category:American anthropologists


text:
Marvin Mandel

Marvin Mandel (April 19, 1920 – August 30, 2015) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 56th Governor of Maryland from January 7, 1969, to January 17, 1979, including a one-and-a-half-year period when Lt. Governor Blair Lee III served as the state's acting Governor from June 1977 to January 15, 1979. He was a member of the Democratic Party, as well as Maryland's first, and to date, only Jewish governor.

Before he became the state's Governor, Mandel had been Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1964 to 1969 and a delegate since 1952.

Mandel was elected as Governor of Maryland on January 7, 1969, by the joint vote of both houses of the Maryland General Assembly due to the approaching vacancy created by the election of Spiro T. Agnew, the incumbent governor, as Vice President of the United States, as there was no lieutenant governor at the time to succeed to the governorship, as in most other states. Such an office was created by amendment in 1970.

Early life
Mandel was born and raised in a Jewish family in Baltimore and attended the Baltimore City Public Schools, graduating from the Baltimore City College, which was a citywide, all-male institution that served as an early model of a college prep, specialized "magnet" school that developed and became popular in American public education forty years later. Mandel received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Maryland at College Park in 1939 and a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Maryland Law School in 1942, also receiving an honorary prize for his part in a school practice court honor case.

Political career
Mandel was first elected to public office in the Maryland House of Delegates in 1952, representing northwest Baltimore. Mandel served several terms throughout the tumultuous events and urban politics of the 1950s and early '60s when civil rights was on the state's front burner, and was finally chosen as Speaker of the House of Delegates in January 1963 and served in that position until January 1969. Speaker Mandel was first elected Governor and then sworn in by the legislative members of both houses in a joint session of the General Assembly in January 1969, upon the resignation of Governor Agnew, who was sworn in as vice president later that month. In his short inaugural speech to the legislators, he famously predicted his method and attitude towards the powers of his office putting aside the indirect and unusual way he came to the executive office and the idea of serving as an "acting governor", from the formerly opposing party, saying, "Make no mistake about it, we intend to govern!". After serving 23 months (almost two years of the unfinished Agnew term), he was duly further elected by the entire Maryland state body of voters in a regular gubernatorial election for a full four-year term in November 1970, and re-elected in a state election in November 1974.

Governor
Mandel's executive administration was notable for many reasons. While he was governor, the executive branch of the Maryland state government was reorganized, combining the recent 20th-century growth of commissions, boards, offices, bureaus and agencies into twelve departments headed by supervising secretaries with several administrative levels in each executive department. Each secretary and their assistants and deputies reported directly to the governor and their chief-of-staff, reflecting the current American federal presidency and presidential cabinet system.

Additionally, the mass-transit system of Maryland was established and fostered under Mandel, enacting plans begun back in 1969 for the establishment of two urban subway networks. The first such rail network was for the Baltimore metropolitan area and its two adjoining suburban counties of Baltimore County and Anne Arundel County), and the second was for the National Capital area of Washington, D.C. (comprising several northern Virginia counties, and the Maryland suburban counties of Montgomery and Prince George's Counties).

A statewide public school construction program initiative for Baltimore and the 23 counties of Maryland to be equalized and fully funded by the State was undertaken while Mandel was governor. Accordingly, students in kindergarten or first grade would begin their public education through to high school with equally adequate buildings, supplies and teachers.

The additional executive departmental reorganization and structure simplified the state government. Although narrowly rejected by state voters in a 1968 referendum (because of several large controversial proposals), many of the proposed charter's other more generally acceptable provisions and reorganizations were later pushed past the legislature by the new Mandel administration and enacted into law and policy by the voters in several special elections/referendums and the edicts of the Mandel and later Hughes and Schaefer administrations. This included the reorganized four-level state court system.

Other similar administrative organizations and efficiencies were reflected in the various other departments as they were set up and took shape with the various "administrations", authorities" and "offices" arrayed beneath the state secretaries in the governor's new cabinet, including newer unprecedented departments such as the environment, general services, public safety and correctional services, and natural resources.

Mandel's idea to grow Maryland business and create more jobs was to attract existing overseas companies to the state. In 1972, Mandel selected Philip Kapneck, a local businessman, to start Maryland's International Business efforts by opening an office in Brussels, Belgium. In 1974, Mandel appointed Kapneck as Maryland Trade Ambassador. Mandel's initiative was so successful that over the next 40 years, his Trade Ambassador attracted hundreds of businesses, creating more than a hundred thousand jobs.

Legal controversy
Mandel was convicted in 1977 along with five co-defendants of mail fraud and racketeering. The charges stemmed from what prosecutors said was a complicated scheme in which Mandel was given money and favors for vetoing one bill and signing another to help his friends make money on a race track deal. On June 4, 1977, he notified Lieutenant Governor Blair Lee III that Lee would have to serve as "Acting Governor of Maryland" until further notice. Lee continued to serve as "Acting Governor" until January 15, 1979, when Mandel rescinded his letter appointing Lee as "Acting Chief Executive" (just two days before the expiration of his second full term) on the basis of his overturned previous legal conviction and the neutral legal opinions on the status of his appeal case, that the governor was now eligible to re-assume the powers of his office previously delegated to Lee, even at that late date.

Mandel had already served nineteen months of his original sentence in the low-security federal prison camp at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida, before having his sentence commuted by President Ronald Reagan in 1981.

Based on the reasoning of an opinion of the U.S. Supreme Court, a U.S. District Court judge overturned the former governor's conviction in 1987. A year after that, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed the final decision, ending the long legal and political saga.

In addition, in 1980, Mandel's administrative aide Maurice R. Wyatt, Maryland District Court Judge Allen B. Spector, and State Health Department director Donald H. Noren were tried and convicted by Judge James MacGill on bribery charges related to payments for land development and septic tank installation moratoriums. Although not connected with Gov. Mandel's personal integrity and administration, these additional trials and convictions cast a pall on an otherwise overwhelming record of positive accomplishments in Maryland during the Mandel years.

Mandel's official gubernatorial portrait was not hung in the governor's Reception Room of the Maryland State House, the historic state capitol, with the most recent occupants of the office, until 1993, fourteen years after he left the executive chair and two administrations had intervened.

Personal life
Mandel married Barbara Oberfeld (his first wife) on June 8, 1941, at age 22 and later had two children, Gary and Ellen. Mandel announced through his press office on July 3, 1973, that he was leaving his wife of 32 years to marry the woman he loved, Jeanne Blackistone Dorsey. In 1974, after temporarily moving out of the governor's mansion into a small Annapolis apartment and separating from his first wife, Mandel later obtained a decree of divorce from Oberfeld, who had remained in the mansion and attempted to continue to act as "First Lady" and maintain a domestic life. After finally coming to a legal and domestic agreement, Oberfeld left and moved to her own quarters. Thereafter, Mandel soon married Dorsey, who occasionally entertained and performed some official functions as "First Lady" of the State in the later Mandel administration. Dorsey died on October 6, 2001, after 27 years of marriage to Mandel.

Mandel lived briefly in Arnold, Maryland, and lived and practiced law in Annapolis.

Mandel served as the chairman of the governor's Commission on the Structure and Efficiency of State Government, beginning in 2003. He was also a member of the Board of Regents for the University System of Maryland from 2003 through 2009.

Mandel died on August 30, 2015, at the age of 95 in Compton, Maryland. After lying in state at the Maryland State House, a funeral service was held in Pikesville, and he was interred at Lakemont Memorial Gardens in Davidsonville, Maryland. A Fall 2017 issue of his law school's magazine reported that Mandel had since been inducted into the Jewish Community Center of Greater Baltimore Hall of Fame.

title: Marvin Mandel


text: Category:Anthropologists by nationality

title: Category:Anthropologists by nationality


text:
Orwell Award

The NCTE George Orwell Award for Distinguished Contribution to Honesty and Clarity in Public Language (the Orwell Award for short) is an award given since 1975 by the Public Language Award Committee of the National Council of Teachers of English. It is awarded annually to "writers who have made outstanding contributions to the critical analysis of public discourse."

Noam Chomsky, Donald Barlett, and James B. Steele are the only recipients to have won twice.

Its negative counterpart, awarded by the same body, is the Doublespeak Award, "an ironic tribute to public speakers who have perpetuated language that is grossly deceptive, evasive, euphemistic, confusing, or self-centered."

1970s

 * 1975: David Wise for The Politics of Lying
 * 1976: Hugh Rank for the "Intensify/Downplay" schema for analyzing communication, persuasion, and propaganda
 * 1977: Walter Pincus, reporter for The Washington Post—"A patient, methodical journalist who knew his job and who knew the jargon of Washington. Mr. Pincus was the man responsible for bringing to public attention, and thus to a debate in the Senate, the appropriations funding for the neutron bomb."—Hugh Rank, chair, NCTE Committee on Public Doublespeak
 * 1978: Sissela Bok for Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life
 * 1979: Erving Goffman for Gender Advertisements

1980s

 * 1980: Sheila Harty for Hucksters in the Classroom: A Review of Industry Propaganda in Schools
 * 1981: Dwight Bolinger for Language—The Loaded Weapon
 * 1982: Stephen Hilgartner, Richard C. Bell, and Rory O'Connor for Nukespeak: Nuclear Language, Visions and Mindset
 * 1983: Haig Bosmajian for The Language of Oppression
 * 1984: Ted Koppel, moderator of Nightline—"...a model of intelligence, informed interest, social awareness, verbal fluency, fair and rigorous questioning of controversial figures... [who has sought] honesty and openness, clarity and coherence, to raise the level of public discourse."—William Lutz, chair, NCTE Committee on Public Doublespeak
 * 1985: Torben Vestergaard and Kim Schroder for The Language of Advertising
 * 1986: Neil Postman for Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business
 * 1987: Noam Chomsky for On Power and Ideology: The Managua Lectures
 * 1988: Donald Barlett and James B. Steele for a series of articles in The Philadelphia Inquirer on the Tax Reform Act of 1986, in which they pointed out language disguising tax loopholes in the legislation
 * 1989: Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky for Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media

1990s

 * 1990: Charlotte Baecher of the Consumers Union for Selling America's Kids: Commercial Pressures on Kids of the 90s
 * 1991: David Aaron Kessler—"Under the leadership of Commissioner Kessler, the FDA has begun seizing products with misleading labels, developing new guidelines for clarity and accuracy in food labels, and exposing false, misleading, and deceptive health claims on food labels and in food advertising."—William Lutz
 * 1992: Donald Barlett and James Steele of The Philadelphia Inquirer for the series America: What Went Wrong?
 * 1993: Eric Alterman for the book Sound and Fury: The Washington Punditocracy and the Collapse of American Politics
 * 1994: Garry Trudeau, creator of the cartoon strip Doonesbury, was cited for consistently attacking doublespeak in all aspects of American life and from all parts of the cultural and political spectrum.
 * 1995: Lies of Our Times was published between January 1990 and December 1994. It served not only as a general media critic but as a watchdog of The New York Times, which the magazine referred to as "the most cited news medium in the U.S., our paper of record."
 * 1996: William D. Lutz for The New Doublespeak: Why No One Knows What Anyone's Saying Anymore
 * 1997: Gertrude Himmelfarb for "Professor Narcissus: In Today's Academy, Everything Is Personal" in The Weekly Standard
 * 1998: Two winners
 * Juliet Schor for The Overspent American: Upscaling, Downshifting, and the New Consumer
 * Scott Adams for his role in "Mission Impertinent" (San Jose Mercury News West Magazine, November 16, 1997), which highlighted the absurdity of managerial language and the overuse of the "mission statement."
 * 1999: Norman Solomon for The Habits of Highly Deceptive Media: Decoding Spin and Lies in the Mainstream News (Common Courage Press)

2000s

 * 2000: Alfie Kohn for The Schools Our Children Deserve
 * 2001: Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber for Trust Us, We're Experts!: How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles with Your Future
 * 2002: Bill Press for the book Spin This!
 * 2003: Susan Ohanian for the website susanohanian.org
 * 2004: Investigative journalist Seymour Hersh and writer Arundhati Roy
 * 2005: Jon Stewart and the cast of The Daily Show
 * 2006: Steven H. Miles, M.D, author of Oath Betrayed: Torture, Medical Complicity, and the War on Terror
 * 2007: Ted Gup, author of Nation of Secrets: The Threat to Democracy and the American Way of Life
 * 2008: Charlie Savage, author of Takeover: The Return of the Imperial Presidency and the Subversion of American Democracy
 * 2009: Amy Goodman, co-founder, executive producer, and host of Democracy Now!

2010s

 * 2010: Michael Pollan, author of Food Rules and co-narrator of Food, Inc.
 * 2011: F.S. Michaels, author of Monoculture: How One Story Is Changing Everything
 * 2012: Peter Zuckerman and Amanda Padoan, authors of Buried in the Sky
 * 2013: Paul L. Thomas whose publications include "Ignoring Poverty in the U.S.: The corporate takeover of public education" (2012) and "Challenging Genres: Comic books and graphic novels" (2010). Dr. Thomas has also edited a recently published volume titled Becoming and Being a Teacher: Confronting Traditional Norms to Create New Democratic Realities (2013).
 * 2014 The Onion for its satire and "treatment of dramatically sensitive issues that plague our culture", in particular U.S. gun culture.
 * 2015: Anthony Cody for The Educator and the Oligarch
 * 2016: David Greenberg for Republic of Spin: An Inside History of the American Presidency
 * 2017: Richard Sobel for Citizenship as Foundation of Rights: Meaning for America
 * 2018: Katie Watson for Scarlet A
 * 2019: Michael P. Lynch for Know-It-All-Society: Truth and Arrogance in Political Culture

2020s

 * 2020: Dr. April Baker-Bell, author of Linguistic Justice: Black Language, Literacy, Identity, and Pedagogy
 * 2021: Kristin Kobes Du Mez for Jesus and John Wayne: How White Evangelicals Corrupted a Faith and Fractured a Nation
 * 2022: David Chrisinger for Public Policy Writing That Matters
 * 2023: Kisha Porcher and Shamaine Bertrand for the Black Gaze podcast

title: Orwell Award


text:
NCTE

NCTE may refer to:
 * The National Center for Transgender Equality
 * The National Council of Teachers of English, an American professional association
 * The National Centre for Technology in Education, a defunct Irish Government agency
 * National College of Textile Engineering, now known as the National Textile University, in Faisalabad, Pakistan
 * National Council for Teacher Education, an Indian regulatory body

title: NCTE