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Early history of Switzerland

The early history of Switzerland begins with the earliest settlements up to the beginning of Habsburg rule, which in 1291 gave rise to the independence movement in the central cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden and the growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the Late Middle Ages.

Paleolithic to Mesolithic
A hand-axe fashioned by Homo erectus has been found in Pratteln, which has been dated to 300,000 years ago. Neanderthal presence is known from the Grotte de Cotencher in Neuchâtel, dating to 70,000 years ago and from the caves of Wildkirchli in the Appenzell Alps, dated to about 40,000 years ago. Anatomically modern humans reached Central Europe 30,000 years ago, but most of what is now Switzerland was covered by glaciers during the Last Glacial Maximum (Würm glaciation). The ice-free parts, northern Switzerland along the High Rhine and part of the Aar basin, were exposed to permafrost. Human habitation in the Swiss Plateau can be shown for the beginning Mesolithic, in Wetzikon-Robenhausen beginning around 10,000 years ago.

Neolithic to Copper Age
The Neolithic reached the Swiss plateau before 7,000 years ago (late 6th millennium BC), dominated by the Linear Pottery culture. The area was relatively densely populated, as is attested to by the many archeological findings from that period. Remains of pile dwellings have been found in the shallow areas of many lakes, attributed to archaeological cultures such as Cortaillod, Pfyn and Horgen. Artifacts dated to the 5th millennium BC were discovered at the Schnidejoch in 2003 to 2005. The pre-Indo-European population of the Alpine region is typified by Ötzi the Iceman, an individual of the late 4th millennium BC found in the Austrian Alps (some 25 km east of the Swiss border). The Bell Beaker culture marks the transition from the Chalcolithic to the early Bronze Age.

Bronze Age
In the 3rd millennium BC, Switzerland lay on the south-western outskirts of the Corded Ware horizon, entering the early Bronze Age (Bell Beaker culture) in step with Central Europe, in the late centuries of the 3rd millennium. The Early Bronze Age Rhône culture in western Switzerland (c. 2200-1500 BC) developed from the Bell Beaker culture and was closely related to the Unetice culture in central Europe. This was followed by the Tumulus culture (c. 1500-1300 BC) in the Middle Bronze Age, and the Urnfield culture in the Late Bronze Age (c. 1300 BC). Settlements included lakeside villages and fortified settlements on elevated sites.

The Bronze Hand of Prêles dating from the 16th-15th century BC, is a unique find from the Tumulus culture period. Described as "the earliest metal representation of a human body part ever found in Europe", it may have been a ritual object, or mounted on a standard like similar metal hands known from the Iron Age, or possibly a prosthesis. It was found in a grave along with a bronze hair-ring, pin and dagger. The hand had a golden bracelet or cuff decorated with solar motifs.

Iron Age
The Swiss plateau lay in the western part of the Early Iron Age Hallstatt culture, and it participated in the early La Tène culture (named for the type site at Lake Neuchâtel) which arose out of the Hallstatt background from the 5th century BC.

By the final centuries BC, the Swiss plateau and Ticino were settled by Continental Celtic speaking peoples (Gauls): the Helvetii and Vindelici inhabited the western and eastern part of the Swiss plateau, respectively, and the Lugano area by the Lepontii. The interior Alpine valleys of eastern Switzerland (Grisons) were inhabited by the non-Celtic Raetians.

The distribution of La Tène culture burials in Switzerland indicates that the Swiss plateau between Lausanne and Winterthur was relatively densely populated. Settlement centres existed in the Aare valley between Thun and Bern, and between Lake Zurich and the Reuss. The Valais and the regions around Bellinzona and Lugano also seem to have been well-populated; however, those lay outside the Helvetian borders.

Almost all the Celtic oppida were built in the vicinity of the larger rivers of the Swiss plateau. About a dozen oppida are known in Switzerland (some twenty including uncertain candidate sites), not all of which were occupied during the same time. For most of them, no contemporary name has survived; in cases where a pre-Roman name has been recorded, it is given in brackets. The largest were the one in Bern-Engehalbinsel (presumably Brenodurum, the name recorded on the Bern zinc tablet ), on the Aare, and the one in Altenburg-Rheinau on the Rhine. Of intermediate size were those of Bois de Châtel, Avenches (abandoned with the foundation of Aventicum as the capital of the Roman province), Jensberg (near vicus Petinesca, Mont Vully, all within a day's march from the one in Bern, the Oppidum Zürich-Lindenhof at the Lake Zurich–Limmat–Sihl triangled Lindenhof hill, and the Oppidum Uetliberg, overlooking the Sihl and Lake Zurich shore. Smaller oppida were at Geneva (Genava), Lausanne (Lousonna) on the shores of Lake Geneva, at Sermuz on the upper end of Lake Neuchâtel, at Eppenberg and Windisch (Vindonissa) along the lower Aar, and at Mont Chaibeuf and Mont Terri in the Jura Mountains, the territory of the Rauraci.

A female who died in about 200 B.C found buried in a carved tree trunk during a construction project at the Kern school complex in March 2017 in Aussersihl. Archaeologists revealed that she was approximately 40 years old when she died and likely carried out little physical labor when she was alive. A sheepskin coat, a belt chain, a fancy wool dress, a scarf and a pendant made of glass and amber beads were also discovered with the woman.

Roman era
In 58 BCE, the Helvetii tried to evade migratory pressure from Germanic tribes by moving into Gaul, but were stopped and defeated at Bibracte (near modern-day Autun) by Julius Caesar's armies and then sent back. In 15 BCE, Tiberius and Drusus conquered the Alps, and the region became integrated into the Roman Empire: the Helvetii settlement area became part first of Gallia Belgica and later of the province of Germania Superior, while the eastern part was integrated into the Roman province of Raetia.

The following 300 years saw extensive Roman settlement, including the construction of a road network and the founding of many settlements and cities. The center of Roman occupation was at Aventicum (Avenches), other cities were founded at Arbor Felix (Arbon), Augusta Raurica (Kaiseraugst near Basel), Basilea (Basel), Curia (Chur), Genava (Geneva), Lousanna (Lausanne), Octodurum (Martigny, controlling the pass of the Great St. Bernard), Salodurum (Solothurn), Turicum (Zürich) and other places. Military garrisons existed at Tenedo (Zurzach) and Vindonissa (Windisch).

The Romans also developed the Great St. Bernard Pass beginning in the year 47, and in 69 part of the legions of Vitellius used it to traverse the Alps. The passes were expanded from dirt trails to narrow paved roads. Between 101 and 260, the legions moved out of the region, allowing trade to expand. In Raetia, Roman culture and language became dominant. Nearly 2,000 years later, some of the population of Graubünden still speak Romansh which is descended from Vulgar Latin.

In 259, Alamanni tribes overran the Limes and caused widespread devastation of Roman cities and settlements. The Roman empire managed to reestablish the Rhine as the border, and the cities on Swiss territory were rebuilt. However, it was now a frontier province, and consequently the new Roman cities were smaller and much more fortified.

Christianization and post-Roman era
In the late Roman period in the 3rd and 4th centuries, the Christianization of the region began. Legends of Christian martyrs such as Felix and Regula in Zürich probably are based on events that occurred during the persecution of Christians under Diocletian around 298. The story of the Theban Legion, which was martyred near Saint Maurice-en-Valais in Valais, figures into the histories of many towns in Switzerland.

The first bishoprics were founded in the 4th and 5th centuries in Basel (documented in 346), Martigny (doc. 381, moved to Sion in 585), Geneva (doc. 441), and Chur (doc. 451). There is evidence from the 6th century for a bishopric in Lausanne, which may have been moved from Avenches.

With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Germanic tribes moved in. Burgundians settled in the Jura, the Rhône valley and the Alps south of Lake Geneva; while in the north, Alemannic settlers crossed the Rhine in 406 and slowly assimilated the Gallo-Roman population, or made it retreat into the mountains. Burgundy became a part of the Frankish kingdom in 534; two years later, the dukedom of Alemannia followed suit.

The Burgundy kings furthered the Christianization through newly founded monasteries, e.g. at Romainmôtier or St. Maurice in the Valais in 515. In the Alaman part, only isolated Christian communities continued to exist; the Germanic faith including the worship of Wuodan was prevalent. The Irish monks Columbanus and Gallus re-introduced Christian faith in the early 7th century. The Bishopric of Konstanz also was founded at that time.

Early Middle Ages

Under the Carolingian kings, the feudal system proliferated, and monasteries and bishoprics were important bases for maintaining the rule. The Treaty of Verdun of 843 assigned the western part of modern Switzerland (Upper Burgundy) to Lotharingia, ruled by Lothair I, and the eastern part (Alemannia) to the eastern kingdom of Louis the German that would become the Holy Roman Empire. The boundary between Alamania, ruled by Louis, and western Burgundy, ruled by Lothar, ran along the lower Aare, turning towards the south at the Rhine, passing west of Lucerne and across the Alps along the upper Rhône to Saint Gotthard Pass.

Louis the German in 853 granted his lands in the Reuss valley to the monastery of St Felix and Regula in Zürich (modern day Fraumünster) of which his daughter Hildegard was the first abbess. According to legend this occurred after a stag bearing an illuminated crucifix between his antlers appeared to him in the marshland outside the town, at the shore of Lake Zürich. However, there is evidence that the monastery was already in existence before 853. The Fraumünster is across the river from the Grossmünster, which according to legend was founded by Charlemagne himself, as his horse fell to his knees on the spot where the martyrs Felix and Regula were buried.

When the land was granted to the monastery, it was exempt from all feudal lords except the king and later the Holy Roman Emperor (a condition known as Imperial immediacy; in German Reichsfreiheit or Reichsunmittelbarkeit). The privileged position of the abbey (reduced taxes and greater autonomy) encouraged the other men of the valley to put themselves under the authority of abbey. By doing so they gained the advantages of the Imperial immediacy and grew used to the relative freedom and autonomy. The only source of royal or imperial authority was the advocatus or Vogt of the abbey which was given to one family after another by the emperor as a sign of trust.

In the 10th century, the rule of the Carolingians waned: Magyars destroyed Basel in 917 and St. Gallen in 926, and Saracens ravaged the Valais after 920 and sacked the monastery of St. Maurice in 939. The Conradines (von Wetterau) started a long time rule over Swabia during this time. Only after the victory of king Otto I over the Magyars in 955 in the Battle of Lechfeld were the Swiss territories reintegrated into the empire.

High Middle Ages

King Rudolph III of the Arelat kingdom (r. 993–1032) gave the Valais as his fiefdom to the Bishop of Sion in 999, and when Burgundy and thus also the Valais became part of the Holy Roman Empire in 1032, the bishop was also appointed count of the Valais. The Arelat mostly existed on paper throughout the 11th to 14th centuries, its remnants passing to France in 1378, but without its Swiss portions, Bern and Aargau having come under Zähringer and Habsburg rule already by the 12th century, and the County of Savoy was detached from the Arelat just before its dissolution, in 1361.

The dukes of Zähringen founded many cities, the most important being Freiburg in 1120, Fribourg in 1157, and Bern in 1191. The Zähringer dynasty ended with the death of Berchtold V in 1218, and their cities subsequently thus became independent, while the dukes of Kyburg competed with the house of Habsburg over control of the rural regions of the former Zähringer territory. When the house of Zähringen died out in 1218 the office of Vogt over the Abbey of St Felix and Regula in Zürich was granted to the Habsburgs, however it was quickly revoked.

The rise of the Habsburg dynasty gained momentum when their main local competitor, the Kyburg dynasty, died out and they could thus bring much of the territory south of the Rhine under their control. Subsequently, they managed within only a few generations to extend their influence through Swabia in south-eastern Germany to Austria.

Under the Hohenstaufen rule, the alpine passes in Raetia and the St. Gotthard Pass gained importance. Especially the latter became an important direct route through the mountains. The construction of the "Devil’s Bridge" (Teufelsbrücke) across the Schöllenenschlucht in 1198 led to a marked increase in traffic on the mule track over the pass. Frederick II accorded the Reichsfreiheit to Schwyz in 1240 in the Freibrief von Faenza in an attempt to place the important pass under his direct control, and his son and for some time co-regent Henry VII had already given the same privileges to the valley of Uri in 1231 (the Freibrief von Hagenau). Unterwalden was de facto reichsfrei, since most of its territory belonged to monasteries, which had become independent even earlier in 1173 under Frederick I "Barbarossa" and in 1213 under Frederick II. The city of Zürich became reichsfrei in 1218.

While some of the "Forest Communities" (Waldstätten, i.e. Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden) were reichsfrei the Habsburgs still claimed authority over some villages and much of the surrounding land. While Schwyz was reichsfrei in 1240, the castle of Neu Habsburg was built in 1244 to help control Lake Lucerne and restrict the neighboring Forest Communities. In 1245 Frederick II was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV at the Council of Lyon. When the Habsburgs took the side of the pope, some of the Forest Communities took Frederick's side. At this time the castle of Neu Habsburg was attacked and damaged. When Frederick failed against the Pope, those who had taken his side were threatened with excommunication and the Habsburgs gained additional power. In 1273 the rights to the Forest Communities were sold by a cadet branch of the Habsburgs to the head of the family, Rudolf I. A few months later he became King of the Romans, a title that would become Holy Roman Emperor. Rudolph was therefore the ruler of all the reichsfrei communities as well as the lands that he ruled as a Habsburg.

He instituted a strict rule in his homelands and raised the taxes tremendously to finance wars and further territorial acquisitions. As king, he finally had also become the direct liege lord of the Forest Communities, which thus saw their previous independence curtailed. On 16 April 1291 Rudolph bought all the rights over the town of Lucerne and the abbey estates in Unterwalden from Murbach Abbey in Alsace. The Forest Communities saw their trade route over Lake Lucerne cut off and feared losing their independence. When Rudolph died on 15 July 1291 the Communities prepared to defend themselves. On 1 August 1291 an Everlasting League was made between the Forest Communities for mutual defense against a common enemy.

In the Valais, increasing tensions between the bishops of Sion and the Counts of Savoy led to a war beginning in 1260. The war ended after the Battle at the Scheuchzermatte near Leuk in 1296, where the Savoy forces were crushed by the bishop's army, supported by forces from Bern. After the peace of 1301, Savoy kept only the lower part of the Valais, while the bishop controlled the upper Valais.

The 14th century
With the opening of the Gotthard Pass in the 13th century, the territory of Central Switzerland, primarily the valley of Uri, had gained great strategical importance and was granted Reichsfreiheit by the Hohenstaufen emperors. This became the nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy, which during the 1330s to 1350s grew to incorporate its core of "eight cantons" (Acht Orte)

The 14th century in the territory of modern Switzerland was a time of transition from the old feudal order administrated by regional families of lower nobility (such as the houses of Bubenberg, Eschenbach, Falkenstein, Freiburg, Frohburg, Grünenberg, Greifenstein, Homberg, Kyburg, Landenberg, Rapperswil, Toggenburg, Zähringen etc.) and the development of the great powers of the late medieval period, primarily the first stage of the meteoric rise of the House of Habsburg, which was confronted with rivals in Burgundy and Savoy. The free imperial cities, prince-bishoprics and monasteries were forced to look for allies in this unstable climate, and entered a series of pacts. Thus, the multi-polar order of the feudalism of the High Middle Ages, while still visible in documents of the first half of the 14th century such as the Codex Manesse or the Zürich armorial gradually gave way to the politics of the Late Middle Ages, with the Swiss Confederacy wedged between Habsburg Austria, the Burgundy, France, Savoy and Milan. Bern had taken an unfortunate stand against Habsburg in the battle of Schosshalde in 1289, but recovered enough to confront Fribourg (Gümmenenkrieg) and then to inflict a decisive defeat on a coalition force of Habsburg, Savoy and Basel in the battle of Laupen in 1339. At the same time, Habsburg attempted to gain influence over the cities of Lucerne and Zürich, with riots or attempted coups reported for the years 1343 and 1350 respectively. This situation led the cities of Lucerne, Zürich and Bern to attach themselves to the Swiss Confederacy in 1332, 1351, and 1353 respectively.

As elsewhere in Europe, Switzerland suffered a crisis in the middle of the century, triggered by the Black Death followed by social upheaval and moral panics, often directed against the Jews as in the Basel massacre of 1349. To this was added the catastrophic 1356 Basel earthquake which devastated a wide region, and the city of Basel was destroyed almost completely in the ensuing fire.

The balance of power remained precarious during the 1350s to 1380s, with Habsburg trying to regain lost influence; Albrecht II besieged Zürich unsuccessfully, but imposed an unfavourable peace on the city in the treaty of Regensburg. In 1375, Habsburg tried to regain control over the Aargau with the help of Gugler mercenaries. After a number of minor clashes (Sörenberg, Näfels), it was with the decisive Swiss victory at the battle of Sempach 1386 that this situation was resolved. Habsburg moved its focus eastward and while it continued to grow in influence (ultimately rising to the most powerful dynasty of early modern Europe), it lost all possessions in its ancestral territory with the Swiss annexation of the Aargau in 1416, from which time the Swiss Confederacy stood for the first time as a political entity controlling a contiguous territory.

Meanwhile, in Basel, the citizenry was also divided into a pro-Habsburg and an anti-Habsburg faction, known as Sterner and Psitticher, respectively. The citizens of greater Basel bought most of the privileges from the bishop in 1392, and from this time on, though Basel nominally remained the domain of the prince-bishops until the Reformation, it was de facto governed by its city council, which since 1382 had been dominated by the city's guilds. Similarly, the bishop of Geneva granted the citizenry substantial political rights in 1387.

Other parts of western Switzerland remained under the control of Burgundy and Savoy throughout the 14th century; the Barony of Vaud was incorporated into Savoy in 1359 and was annexed by Bern only in the context of the Swiss Reformation, in 1536. In the Valais, the bishop of Sion, allied with Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy, was in conflict over the Walser-settled upper Valais during the 1340s. Amadeus pacified the region in 1352, but there was renewed unrest in 1353. In 1355, the towns of the upper Valais formed a defensive pact and negotiated a compromise peace treaty in 1361. This lasted until a renewed uprising in response to the 1383 accession of Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy. Amadeus invaded the Valais in 1387, but after his death in a hunting accident, his mother, Bonne de Bourbon, made peace with the Seven Tithings of the upper Valais, restoring the status quo ante of 1301. From this time, the upper Valais was mostly independent de facto, preparing the Republican structure that would emerge in the early modern period. In the Grisons, similar structures of local self-government arose at the same time, with the League of God's House founded in 1367, followed by the Grey League in 1395, both in response to the expansion of the House of Habsburg.

title: Early history of Switzerland


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Spetses

Spetses (Σπέτσες, Πιτυοῦσσα "Pityussa", Arvanitika: Πετσε̱) is an island in Attica, Greece. It is counted among the Saronic Islands group. Until 1948, it was part of the old prefecture of Argolis and Corinthia Prefecture, which is now split into Argolis and Corinthia. In ancient times, it was known as Pityussa.

The island is now an independent municipality, with no internal boundaries within the municipality. The town of Spetses is the only large settlement on the island. The other settlements on the island are Moní Ayíon Pánton, Ligonéri, Ágioi Anárgyroi, Kouzoúnos. Also part of the Municipality of Spetses are the islands of Spetsopoula, Falkonera, and Velopoula (all uninhabited). The municipality has an area of 27.121 km2.

An unusual aspect of Spetses is that no private automobiles are allowed within the town limits. The most common modes of transport are walking, horse-drawn carriages, bicycles, mopeds, and motorcycles. Only taxis and delivery vehicles are allowed in the downtown area. Ferries and high-speed hydrofoils arrive regularly from the Athenian port of Piraeus.

Trails encircle the island and total about 25 to 30 km. Beaches closest to the town of Spetses include Ayios Mamas in the center of town; and Kaíki (previously College) beach 1 km to the northwest and Ayia Marina 2 km to the south, both of which offer water-sports. Public buses serve beaches further outside town, including Zogeria, Ayioi Anaryiroi, and Ayia Paraskevi.

Etymology
The name of the island derives from the Medieval and Modern Greek noun σπέτσες, spétses spices, herbs, which in turn derives from the Italian and Venetian spezie spices. The Ancient Greek name for the island Πιτυοῦσσα describes its forested nature 'abounding in pine trees'.

History
The island of Spetses, located in the Mediterranean Sea, was first occupied during the Mesolithic Age, in around 8000 BC. During that period the island was connected by an isthmus to the mainland of Argolida, at the point now named Kosta. Pieces of flint from that time were found near the part of the island named Zogeria, containing a water source probably available since the same period. Other archaeological finds were located in the area of Saint Marina, the site of the first Hellenistic settlement to be found on the island, dating to the 3rd millennium BC. At least three natural harbours of Spetses (Saint Marina, Saint Paraskevi and Zogeria) served as a refuge for ships carrying goods to and from the Argolis Gulf during the peak of the State of Lerna (about 2300 BC).

After the collapse of the State of Lerna, Spetses suffered a period of decline. Artefacts in the areas of Saint Marina and Saint Anargyroi are characteristic of the existing settlements belonging the late Mycenaean period; the 12th to 13th century BC. At the time of the Peloponnesian War, stone observatories were built at the sites of Prophet Elias and Zogeria.

Mention of the island of Spetses was made both by Strabo in the 1st century BC and Pausanias in the 2nd century AD, referring to the island as Pitiousa. The raid by the Goths in the Eastern Roman empire caused a wave of refugees to flee to Spetses, resulting in the re-settlement of the island. They were concentrated in the Old Port, which became one of the three largest cities of Argolis (including Argos and Hermione).

Venetian and Ottoman rule
In the 15th century, the Venetians, who had ruled the island since 1220, named it Spezia ("Spice") for its position on a major traderoute that dealt in spices. Over time the name was Hellenised to Spetsai (Spetse/Spetses).

During the 18th century, after the conquest of the Peloponnese by the Ottomans and the Venetian expulsion, many Arvanites took refuge in Spetses in order to escape Ottoman persecution. These refugees created the old village of Spetses, in the area of Kastelli; it is fortified by a wall that reinforces the natural protection provided by the terrain. Over the years the island developed a significant naval power. The Greek Coalition, in cooperation with the Russians in the Russian-Turkish war in 1768–1774, turned the powerful merchant fleet of Spetses to a significant power against the Ottoman Empire during the so-called Orlov Revolt, also known as the Orlofika. In response to these events, in 1770 the Turks destroyed the only village on the island.

For some years after the destruction of the village, the island was deserted. It was re-occupied in 1774 by new settlers from the opposite coast of the Peloponnese after the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca. This allowed the Russians free movement of ships in the Mediterranean. A powerful commercial fleet was recreated by using the Russian flag to establish trade routes with neighbouring countries. Merchant seafaring was the only source of livelihood for men of many of the rocky, non-arable Greek islands, and the brisk Mediterranean and Black Sea trade of the 18th and 19th centuries allowed them to prosper. They did especially and spectacularly so during the trade embargoes that were imposed during the Napoleonic Wars; Greek merchantmen and crews were willing and able to work with, or against, both belligerent sides at tremendous profit.

After the re-occupation of Spetses, the settlement began to expand beyond the Kastelli region. This growth stimulated a corresponding increase in the maritime economic activities of the island.

An Arvanite community still inhabits the island.

War of Independence
From 1821, the island played an important role in the Greek War of Independence, and it was the home of celebrated war heroine Laskarina Bouboulina. Her life sized statue can be seen in the main dock. Spetses was the first of the Greek islands to raise the flag of Revolution on the morning of 3 April (O.S.) 1821. Its fleet, consisting of merchant ships, played a key role in the struggle, both by participating in raids against the Turkish coast and the siege of fortresses in the Peloponnese. Particularly important is the involvement of the Spetsiote fleet in sieges of the fortresses of Nafplion and Monemvasia and naval battles of Samos (1824) and Kafireas (1825). Along with their counterparts in nearby Hydra, Spetsiote captains were so wealthy they had been hoarding their gold in wells, a wealth that they tapped to fund the war of liberation.

Several ships have been named after the island, including modern Hydra class frigate F 453 Spetsai, the World War 2-era Greek destroyer Spetsai (D83), and the historic Greek battleship Spetsai.

Modern

The Poseidonion Hotel was built by Sotirios Anargyros, descendant of a great 18th-century Spetsiot shipping family. His branch of the family had fallen on hard times, and he emigrated to the United States as a young man in 1868, when Spetses was declining as a maritime center. In 1899 he returned from the US, now a wealthy tobacco tycoon and started to transform the island of his youth. He built a mansion and met with rich Athenians who visited Spetses from August to October, in order to hunt the turtledoves and quail migrating between Africa and Europe. Anagyros had pine seedlings planted in the hills. In the early 21st century, the island is one of the most wooded in the southern Aegean.

He saw the need for a comfortable hotel and built the Poseidonion in the style of its French Mediterranean models, the Carlton in Cannes (1911) and the Negresco in Nice (1912). The hunters could bring along their wives and children to enjoy the comfort of the hotel, the spa, donkey rides, dancing to the orchestra in the evening, and mixed bathing on the beaches across the channel. The Poseidonion rapidly became the favorite vacation spot for high society, royalty, and the rich Athenians who came to enjoy a small slice of the grand life. In the 1960s and 1970s, the island attracted a number of wealthy Greek vacationers from Athens and elsewhere, who owned second villas or lived on their large yachts in the port. Some had children who became students of the Anargirios School. Although some hotels had been constructed, tourists often stayed in purpose-built holiday homes. From the 1980s, the Greek vacationers were often supplanted by north European tourists, especially from Britain, who were attracted by the low cost of a holiday.

Package tours to Spetses declined and eventually ceased during the 1990s. In the early 21st century, the island's holiday clientele is of a higher economic class and largely Greek.

The main Athenian tourist season lasts for only two months of the year, although most hotels and restaurants are open from Easter until October. Efforts are being made by officials to extend the season, by adding major events to attract visitors:

 * The Spetses Classic Yacht Regatta
 * In June a weekend of sailing races, starting/finishing in the straight between Spetses and Kosta. A record number of 75 yachts took part in the 2015 Regatta, which celebrated its 5th anniversary; categories were Vintage (built prior to 1947), Classic (built between 1948–1974), Spirit of Tradition (built after 1976), Traditional Caiques and Open Boats.

 * The Spetses Mini Marathon
 * The main event is an international 26 km marathon around the island. A 10 km race was added to the program in 2014. The mini marathon has been held since 2011. Swimming races of 2.5 km and 5 km have been added, as well as a children’s 1000 m. Running and swimming races are also part of the three-day program. More than 2,000 men and women participate in the running events, while over 3,000 athletes in total take part in all sports. According to the Greek press, this has become the biggest annual sporting event in Greece outside of Athens.

In September 2013, Dr Marina Lyda Coutarelli, President of the Organizing Committee and CEO of Communication Lab, was named "Honorary Citizen" of Spetses island. She was honored for her work and effort, with regard to the island's development.

In the early 21st century, there was a distinct shift away from package tourism on Spetses and the island once again became fashionable among wealthier Greeks. Nowadays, the majority of visitors are Greek or independent travellers from around the world. Whilst it is still possible to find traditional lower cost rooms to rent and tavernas to eat in on the island there are now many higher priced restaurants and 'boutique' hotels around the town.

The Armáta Festival

On 8 September (O.S.) 1822 the Ottoman fleet, coming from Monemvasia, endeavoured to supply the town of Nafplion, which was at the time besieged by Greek forces since the spring of 1821. Sailing between Trikeri and Spetsopoula, the Turkish force confronted the combined fleets of the three nautical islands, Spetses, Hydra and Psara. The admiral of the Greek fleet, Andreas Miaoulis, gave orders to withdraw to the Gulf of Argolis, in order to outmanoeuvre the more numerous and powerful Ottoman fleet.

According to general descriptions, the battle consisted in distant and ineffectual cannonade between the two fleets. An Algerian brig was damaged by fire, having boarded by mistake a Greek fireship.

According to Spetsiot local historian Anastasios Orlandos, however, the retreat of the Ottoman fleet was the result of an attack by the fireship of Kosmas Barbatsis (1792–1887) against the Ottoman flagship. The latter fled to avoid it, followed by the other Ottoman ships. The besieged castles of Nafplion could not be relieved, and fell to the Greeks two and a half months later.

Each year, the second weekend of September is dedicated to celebratory events aimed at commemorating the events of the battle of 8 September 1822, in combination with the feast of the chapel of Panagiá Armáta (the Madonna-in-arms), near the lighthouse. The events culminate with a fictionalized re-enactment of the battle, including the torching of the Turkish flagship in the harbour, an incident not mentioned in historical depictions of the battle.

Spetses is one of nine European cities that participates in the European Network of Historical Reconstructions (Brussels, Belgium; Dublin and Cork, Ireland; Bailen, Spain; Slavkov, Czech Republic; Tewkesbury, UK; and Hydra and Spetses in Greece).

In wider culture
Spetses was the basis for the island of Phraxos in John Fowles' 1965 novel The Magus. Many locations described in the book actually existed, including the "Lord Byron School" (the private Anargyrios and Korgialenios School of Spetses) and the "Villa Bourani" (located on the south side of the island above a popular public beach). Both the school and villa still exist, although the house is under private ownership. Fowles himself taught English at the school between the years 1951 and 1953.

Spetses is the setting of Richard H. White's 2013 novel Miro's Knot. The book describes real locations on Spetses in extensive detail, with a portion of the book set on Spetsopoula. As of 2024, Miro's Knot is in development to be adapted into a feature film.

Spetses is also the basis for Catherine Lind’s 2014 novel Unexpected Journeys. Both the apartment hotel and the tavern described exist on Spetses, though under different names. All the other locations described in the book are also actual, many under their real names. The tavern sits at the corner of the old harbour, while the hotel resides just above the small pebbled beach at the end of the new harbour. In the book, one of the main characters tells the island's history through the memories of his grandparents, and the novel's historical descriptions are fairly accurate, amongst other things recounting the story of Laskarina Bouboulina.

Maggie Gyllenhaal's 2021 drama The Lost Daughter and Rian Johnson's 2022 mystery-comedy Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery were shot on Spetses.

Notable residents

 * Laskarina Bouboulina
 * Dimitrios Drivas
 * John Fowles
 * Alexander Frey
 * Diomidis Kyriakos
 * Ioannis Kyriakou
 * Ioannis Malokinis
 * Hatzigiannis Mexis
 * Ioannis Orlandos
 * Georgios Panou
 * Iannis Xenakis
 * Vasilios Lazarou

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Spetses


text:
I3

I3, I-3 or i3 may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Core i3, a microprocessor line from Intel
 * i3 (window manager), a tiling window manager
 * Triiodide (I3−), an anion composed of 3 iodide atoms
 * Intermud-3, an InterMUD network method between MUDs
 * Axiom I3, a large cardinal axiom in rank-into-rank set theory

Transport

 * Interstate 3, a proposed Interstate Highway in the U.S. states of Georgia and Tennessee
 * BMW i3, an electric car by BMW
 * Inline-triple engine, an internal combustion engine with three cylinders in a straight line
 * LB&SCR I3 class, a British LB&SCR locomotive

Military

 * JSUB I-3, a Type J1 submarine of the Imperial Japanese Navy
 * i3 fighter, a conceptual Japanese jet fighter proposed in 2010
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich I-3, a heavy interceptor prototype fighter of the 1950s
 * Polikarpov I-3, a 1928 Soviet biplane fighter

title: I3


text:
Gran Atlas Aguilar

The Atlas Universal Aguilar was the first comprehensive world atlas of Spanish origin appeared in the 1950s. Published by Aguilar S.A. de Ediciones in Madrid in 1954 with 116 pages of maps preceded by an atlas of Spain. Five further editions were published until 1968, then this notable work was excelled by the three volume, large-sized Gran Atlas Aguilar by the same company (1969/1970, 406 pages of geographic and thematic maps), one of the most elaborate works of its kind published after World War II. A concise edition was issued as Atlas Mundial Gráfico Aguilar (1976), also published in 1982 by The Kimberley Press, Miami, Florida as Webster's New World Atlas.

title: Gran Atlas Aguilar


text:
Talk:Saab 9-2X

Is it a sports car?
Please vote on the proper classification of this vehicle by adding a single indented line with your answer and your name:

How should we categorize this car?
 * 1) It's a sports car
 * 2) It's a sporty sedan
 * 3) It's a "sports sedan" or "performance sedan"
 * 4) It's a luxury car

Thanks!--SFoskett 12:46, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd argue it's a sports sedan, given the tuning and turbocharging, and Saab's market positioning for the car. It's definitely not a sports car IMO. Stombs 11:27, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * The Subaru Impreza WRX is labelled "sports car" and the 9-2X is certainly sportier (lower unsprung weight and improved suspension for instance). // Liftarn

 * None of these classifications stick for the entirety of the 9-2X line...
 * The "sports car" page says "Most sports cars are rear-wheel drive, have two seats, two doors, and are designed for precise handling, acceleration, and aesthetics." The 9-2X and WRX arguably meet half of these criteria. The 9-2X, while solidly built, is rather spartan in terms of interior features.  Navigation systems and power seats, for example, are not available as options.  On these grounds, the car is not a luxury model.  This car also comes as a wagon, which makes calling it a "sports sedan" somewhat misleading.  Given that only the 9-2X Aero is turbocharged (the 9-2X Linear is normally aspirated, coming in at around 165 hp), only the Aero deserves a "sport" designation.  Subaru bridges the gap by calling the WRX Wagon a "Sport Wagon."  At the end of the day this is a performance automobile, but it is not a sports car, a sport(s) sedan, or a luxury car.  Indeed, in terms of practical performance, it outperforms many of its sportier brethren, but this makes it an overachieving sedan (or wagon), not a sports or luxury car. Operationglobalturkey 05:49, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

What is this joke???
The only two cars in the Saab range are the 9-3 and the 9-5. This car is not a Saab its a Subaru, and it's not sold in 99% of countries around the world. Delete this article or merge it with the Subaru Impreza article. Davez621 05:57, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

No, this is a Saab, as it was sold by Saab Cars USA, Inc. The article clearly states that the model is a rebadged Impreza. The Pontiac GTO was just an option package for the Pontiac LeMans, but it gets its own article -- would you delete that one? Jasongill 17:07, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I guess Saab itself would like to forget about that car as much as Davez621, but since it is reality, it will be here now. And that is a good thing, if only to remind Saab in the future not to do something like this again! -- Mipmip 07:43, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * To be fair it was a product of GM's ownership, not something Saab approved of.

 * I can't believe that their is no mention of this car's "Saabaru" nickname.

blank area
The blank area above the description should be fixed. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.188.172.165 (talk • contribs) 16:26, 26 May 2006 (UTC-7)

External Links.
Why was the "saab92x.com" link removed? Its the largest source of 9-2x info on the internet! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.76.229.231 (talk) 05:49, 24 February 2007 (UTC).

Speedometer Placement
The interior picture caption of this article notes that the Subaru WRX and Saab 9-2X share interiors. This is true, but it is notable that the WRX places the Tachometer in the center of the dash, with the speedometer on the right. The Saab uses a traditional arrangement with the Speedometer in the center. Is this worth noting in the caption? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Operationglobalturkey (talk • contribs) 05:55, 8 May 2007 (UTC).

Bringing back the Saab 9-2X article
You all may be wondering why I, AirportExpert brought back the Saab 9-2X article seperate from the Subaru Impreza (second generation) article. This is not the first time "badge engineering" has occurred with a car. For example, the Saab 9-7X is a badge-engineered variant of the Chevrolet Trailblazer, yet that has its own article. why should this car be any different? Also, Saab and Subaru are very different companies. This car was not also offered at a Subaru dealership. Although this may be mostly a Subaru UNDERNEATH, it is still a real Saab. I have one of these cars, and I can assure you that nowhere on the registration does it say "it says Saab, but it's really a Subaru". Please keep this car on its own article. --AirportExpert (talk) 20:17, 26 October 2014 (UTC)AirportExpert

 * As you have gone against a previous merge consensus, I have undone your change. The only major changes made to the Saab version were a new front-end and a new tailgate door. There are countless other badge engineered models that are merged. One poorly presented article (9-7X) is not the holy grail of automotive excellence for which all other articles must imitate. OSX (talk • contributions) 23:14, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

 * I would like to issue a new consensus for changing this back. Although you may feel differently (which I respect), if the 9-7X has its own article, then I feel that this vehicle should have its own article too. If this is the case, then let's just start merging all badge-engineered vehicles onto one article. Such as, the Chevrolet Suburban, Cadillac Escelade, and GMC Yukon, or the Ford Escape and Lincoln MKC. I could go on forever. This is why most vehicles deserve their own article, such as this one. --AirportExpert (talk) 23:24, 26 October 2014 (UTC)AirportExpert

 * I don't beleive 9-7X should have it's own article, nor should the Cadillac Escalade (GMC Yukon does not have it's own page). Lincoln MKC is not badge engineered; it may share a platform but all body panels, the interior, dimensions, suspensions, etc are unique to that particular model. However, to use more US examples, most (not all) badge engineered cars are merged: Chevrolet Sprint (with Suzuki Cultus), Chevrolet Optra/Suzuki Forenza (with Daewoo Lacetti), Dodge Sprinter (with Mercedes-Benz Sprinter), etc. OSX (talk • contributions) 23:41, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Those vehicles that you had listed, are primarily sold at the same dealerships, such as the Mercedes-Benz and dodge sprinter. Otherwise, these vehicles are so old and unheard of, that they do not need their own page, such as the Suzuki Cultos and Chevrolet optra. They are also not even sold in the United States, as the Saab 9-2x is. This is the English Wikipedia site. My main point is, that what harm is there in giving this vehicle its own article? All this will do, is make it easier for the reader. From my perspective, I found the Subaru impreza page to be a bit cluttered and filled with unnecessary information. All we will be doing, is organizing Wikipedia so it will be easier to read, and look less cluttered.--AirportExpert (talk) 23:55, 26 October 2014 (UTC)AirportExpert

 * Since when did the dealership a vehicle is sold at become the determining factor? Old and unheard of? Likewise... Well the Saab 9-2X is getting on these days and it is not particularly well known. Certainly, the similar vintage Chevrolet Optra is a much more important and well-known model, selling hundreds and thousands of units worldwide. It doesn't change the fact it is a rebadged Daewoo Lacetti though. The determining factor for whether a related vehicle gets it's own article does not include: the dealership sold at, market(s) sold in, sales figures, how much of fan following it has, its age, or how well known it is. If two cars are substantially related (i.e. rebadged, not just platform sharing), the consensus at WP:CARS has been to merge unless there is an overwhelming reason not to. For example, there may be too much content about the rebadged model that it becomes unwieldy to have a single page. If you can find significantly more information on the 9-2X (that is fully referenced) and it balloons the Impreza page out beyond reasonable levels, I would support the 9-2X having it's own article. But, considering how little changes occurred relative to the donor model, I find this being an unlikely scenario. The other reason why we would keep content separate is because it may be unworkable to have a merged article. For example, the first generation of Lexus ES was effectively a rebadged Toyota Camry hardtop sedan (sold only in Japan). The second generation Lexus ES was also based on the Camry hardtop, but was widened, had its own interior and front and rear fascias—but nonetheless was heavily related. Considering that the ES has not shared panels with the Camry since the late 1990s, it would be unwieldy to merge this Lexus ES content with the Camry page.

 * No such dilemma affects the Saab 9-2X—it was sold for a brief period over a single generation. One types "Saab 9-2X" into the search box and they are taken to the very section they need to be. I cannot see how readers would be confused by this. Simply transferring this small, simple section to it's own page will not make finding the information any easier. OSX (talk • contributions) 03:53, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saab 9-2X


text:
User talk:Gr3g~enwiki

ClockworkTroll 12:48, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Gr3g. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Gr3g~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:09, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:24, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gr3g~enwiki


text:
User talk:Kums

Clean

Nomination of Perl Golf Apocalypse for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Perl Golf Apocalypse is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Perl Golf Apocalypse until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Esquivalience t 01:07, 28 February 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kums


text:
User talk:Greg123456

ClockworkTroll 12:58, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Greg123456


text:
User talk:J. Passepartout

ClockworkTroll 12:50, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC) --UTRSBot (talk) 21:53, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

CS1 error on Penn State Dickinson Law
Hello, I'm Qwerfjkl (bot). I have automatically detected that this edit performed by you, on the page Penn State Dickinson Law, may have introduced referencing errors. They are as follows: Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a false positive, you can [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:Qwerfjkl/Botpreload&editintro=User:Qwerfjkl/boteditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:Qwerfjkl&preloadtitle=Qwerfjkl%20(bot)%20–%20Qwerfjkl_(bot)&section=new report it to my operator]. Thanks, Qwerfjkl (bot) (talk) 23:19, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * A "missing title" error. References show this error when they do not have a title. Please edit the article to add the appropriate title parameter to the reference. ([//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penn_State_Dickinson_Law&action=edit&minor=minor&summary=Fixing+reference+error+raised+by+%5B%5BUser%3AQwerfjkl%20(bot)%7CQwerfjkl%20(bot)%5D%5D Fix] | [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&preload=User:Qwerfjkl%20(bot)/helpform&preloadtitle=Referencing%20errors%20on%20%5B%5BSpecial%3ADiff%2F1151580355%7CPenn%20State%20Dickinson%20Law%5D%5D Ask for help])

title: User talk:J. Passepartout


text:
User talk:Vintermann

Goodbye, Wikipedia!
I'm leaving wikipedia for now, on account of a run in with the charming culture, especially zealous article-deletors.

If you're reading this, I want to ask you a couple of questions.

1. Do you feel that conflicts, politics and drama distract you from contributing to wikipedia? 2. Have you ever left wikipedia for longer periods on account of such?

In my opinion, wikipedia is failing, since the more conflict-loving contributors steadily come to dominate more and more, at the expense of people who would rather just contribute. The "adhocracy" mode of operation does not work for wikipedia, since it isn't a non-rivalrous public good any longer. Cloning it and running away with GFDL-licenced articles isn't much of an option, since the established wikipedia bureucracy (composed of people who like bureucracy...) still control the site with the pipes, the sponsors, the servers, the name recognition.

I'm hoping Knol delivers on its promises. It's a fundamentally better approach, since it appears to allow conflicting views (including conflicting views on what the site "should be") to coexist rather than fighting it out with a monstrous, survival-of-the-most-persistent bureucratic process.

(Did I mention that MediaWiki is awful? I accidentally almost edited something on ClockWorkTroll's page, because he had embedded something in my talk page instead of copying it, and clicking on section edit brought me to that instead)

Beaujolais effect
The problem with Beaujolais effect is that it seems to assume too much existing reader knowledge. What's a "visibility rule"? What's a "use clause"? The article doesn't say, or say where to find out. I read the article, and I can kind of put together the meaning, but have to apply some guesswork because I don't have a background in computer language design. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:31, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Le Monde diplomatique
I see that you have replaced the affirmation that the Diplo is decidedly left-wing by an affirmation that it is generally considered to be so.

In all trueness, I don't know who considers that the Diplo is not left-wing. Perhaps the only people doing so are far far left activists, to whom anybody not espousing their own brand of communism is guilty of a "right-wing deviation" or is a "social-traitor". :-) But, seriously, the Diplo is left-wing by all reasonable definitions. David.Monniaux 20:23, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Women Unite
Women Unite has been proposed for deletion. Please see the article for details. NickelShoe 01:29, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi, I was not the person who proposed the article for deletion. That was NickelShoe. If you remove it, most likely NickelShoe will nominate it for Articles for Deletion. That is the next step.
 * Every article on Wikipedia must satisfy the non negotiable policy of WP:V through WP:RS using WP:CITE. All of this means that you must show the encyclopedic importance of the article through verifying the statements in it by referencing third-party sources. In addition, if the group is music-related, it must satisfy WP:BAND. If you have any questions about this feel free to ask me.

 * My page being semi-protected just means that non-registered users cannot edit it, so that does not apply to you! Sincerely, --Mattisse 13:05, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Looking back in the article's history, I guess I was the one who put the tag on in August, 2006. Anyway, what I wrote above still applies. Wikipedia's policy is that "verifiablity" not "truth" is the criteria for referencing. This is because Wikipedia is an encyclodia. Read WP:NOT - what Wikipedia is not. Sincerely, --Mattisse 13:11, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Looking back, this reminds me why I don't like Wikipedia. Can you say "condescending"? The people who become heavy users, or admins, are of a peculiar kind. And with condescension and arrogance, they make sure other kinds don't feel welcome. I will be glad when an alternative comes, because wikipedia is more a like a quilt carpet of petty kings than a democracy. To Mattisse's credit, she didn't remove the article. But if she did, what could I have done? Spent hours and hours trying to reverse the ruling? Yes, that would probably have worked. Not because it's a valid article (although it is), but because the most pigheadedly persistent eventually disgust the others enough that they quit fighting. Not that I would have done that. It would probably take a lot to top a typical wikipedia admin in pigheadedness anyway ... because that's the kind of people who remain. Vintermann (talk) 19:53, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vintermann


text:
User talk:Godrickwok/Archive 2005

ClockworkTroll 12:51, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Howdy! back
Hey there. Always glad to see new interest in Buddhism and especially Madhyamaka. I'll take a look at your comments on MMK in just a minute, but I should warn you (1) that due to limited comp time for me lately, I may not be able to immediately help address concerns, and (2) the Buddhism WikiProject never really got off the ground, so be ready to jumpstart it if you want it to do anything. ::grin:: -- कुक्कुरोवाच|Talk‽ 22:55, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

QuakeAID, Baou Trust, et al
Well, after watching from the shadows for a number of days all the suspicious activity I took some action. We shouldn't be hearing from User:Baoutrust for a while. S/he didn't respond to that very well. Check out the user's edit history. S/he's either a crackpot or crook, maybe both. So my question is now that this is being dealt here on Wikipedia, how can this be brought to the attention of the proper authorities? Stealing money from people who mean to donate to charitable relief organizations is downright despicable. —RaD Man (talk) 09:55, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

(Here's a record of the original article that was posted at RaD Man's Talk in response to the QuakeAID/Baou scam suspicion incident.) --Godric 22:41, Jan 3, 2005 (UTC) (note that the foreign transcript located on other users' talk page could be unavailable any time at their discretion.)

1. QuakeAID on Tsunami Disaster donation page
 * I saw that it's removed, and I agree with its removal very much. Now that with the Wayback Machine logs, we have a stronger arguement showing that QuakeAID is indeed dubious as a proclaimed "charitable" organization since its birth and up until today (1998 -2005), thus its factual accuracy of being a donation-entry is seriously questionable. Therefore it should be removed from the donation page until it clears itself from all the suspicion of fraud, of which is targeting false claims within the donation-page only.

2. QuakeAID itself in Wikipedia
 * I disagree with one VfD voter's suggestion on "keep but marked fraudulent" (Right now the page has its purpose again.) --Godric 20:44, Jan 7, 2005 (UTC) because it's simply that QuakeAID's WP-page is not factually accurate, due to that its claim of being a "charitable" organization is highly questionable. Therefore, QuakeAID's WP-page should be removed until it clears itself from all the suspicion of fraud, of which is targeting the false claims within Wikipedia only.

3. QuakeAID's possible supporting (mis)information in Wikipedia - OfficialWire(formerly OfficialSpin), etc
 * All QuakeAID's supporting (mis)informational pages within Wikipedia should be at least put on suspension, or VfD if it's clearly supporting QuakeAID's false image; due to their questionable factual accuracy in relation to the already questionable QuakeAID WP-page.

4. Ms Jennifer Monroe (user BAOU) (her staff & her founder)'s social impact in Wikipedia
 * S/he was obviously unable to contain herself in order to continue the factual debate without invoking personal attack or evasive maneuver. I read that she is being banned for 24 hours and I agree that it's necessary. However, when she comes back after the 24-hr ban, I highly doubt that she will be able to contain herself any further, citing her history on WP and given that she's being banned. I urge for attention on this matter. Let's discuss on how to deal with Ms Jennifer Monroe if she ever comes back and talk, and the possibility of her creating even more dummy pages only to fulfill her own "personal quest".

5. Last but not least, QuakeAID's future social impact on Societies beyond Wikipedia, around the world
 * The impact of QuakeAID beyond WP is indeed an even more serious matter than just for the wikipedians here.

 * I first suggest the admins and sysops to backup all talk page logs and page revision histories that is related to this Baou/QuakeAID fraud concern (including the dummy pages authored by user BAOU since they might contain information that support the Baou/QuakeAID agenda)
 * Individual WP users can backup their own copies of evidence for authenticity too.
 * Preserve a timeline of happenings involving BAOU & respective eyewitnesses.
 * Collect further evidence around this matter (wayback machine log, google search, forum, testimony, etc...)
 * Raise concern at Community Portal, and ask for help from whomever living around the New York area that is willing to lend a hand.
 * Decide whether or not, and how, to notice the Law Enforcement of respective cities (Greece, UK, USA, etc.)
 * Then I guess the rest should be handled by the Law.

(anything to add?)

--Godric 17:53, Jan 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * I have been following the QuakeAID article and related threads. I've added information regarding the quakeaid.com dispute.  Do you think you could help assist me in the fleshing out of this article, and that sub-section?  Preferrably I'd like this article to be kept in light of everything that has been uncovered.  GRider\talk 19:27, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Replied remotely at here. --Godric 05:02, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)

Barnstars on Wikipedia
It looks nice with your new image. I think we should keep it that way. – ClockworkSoul 04:29, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Replied remotely at here. --Godric 05:00, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * You know, the more I look at WikiDefender Barnstar.png, the more I realize how nice it really is: by far the most beautiful of all of our awards. If you're ever motivated to, I think some of the other barnstars/awards could use your "magic touch". – ClockworkSoul 14:07, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * It would be my honor :) I'd like to try so. --Godric 14:14, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)

Template: Helpout
Hello. I am in the process of orphaning the obsolete Template:Helpout, per WP:TfD (see vote); since you had the template in a page of your user space, I have taken the liberty to replace the template call with the corresponding code from the template to be deleted. Cheers. Phil s 09:31, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Images
Thunderbrand 15:50, September 4, 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia awards committee
Check out my comments here, Wikipedia awards committee. Thanks! --evrik 17:09, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Hi!
Hi Godrickwok!

I've just added my name to the list at the Buddhism Portal. I'd like to get involved, creating, editing, whatever needs doing! If there's anything you think I could help with, please let me know, either on my talk page or by email (user dot rentwa at googlemail dot com). Rentwa 22:10, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Godrickwok/Archive 2005


text:
User talk:UkieTryzub

ClockworkTroll 12:51, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tryzub. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tryzub~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:14, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:00, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:UkieTryzub


text:
User talk:Steveguy

ClockworkTroll 12:51, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Steveguy