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Dale Cooper

Federal Bureau of Investigation Special Agent Dale Bartholomew Cooper is a fictional character who is the protagonist of the ABC and Showtime television series Twin Peaks, and plays a supporting role in the prequel film Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me. He is portrayed in all his appearances by Kyle MacLachlan.

An idiosyncratic FBI agent, Cooper arrives in Twin Peaks in 1989 to investigate the brutal murder of popular high school student Laura Palmer, and begins to uncover several bizarre mysteries around the town, including some supernatural ones.

Concept and characteristics
Co-creator David Lynch named Cooper in reference to D. B. Cooper, the pseudonym of an unidentified man who hijacked a Boeing 727 aircraft on November 24, 1971.

MacLachlan has stated that he views Cooper as an older version of his character in Blue Velvet (1986), a previous David Lynch collaboration. "I see my character as Jeffrey Beaumont grown up. Instead of being acted upon, he has command on the world." Lynch has stated Cooper's character was developed as "a grown-up Jeffrey Beaumont".

Cooper displays an array of quirky mannerisms such as giving a "thumbs up" when satisfied, sage-like sayings, and distinctive sense of humor along with his love for a good cherry pie and a "damn fine cup of coffee" which he takes black. One of his most popular habits is recording spoken-word tapes to a mysterious woman called "Diane" into his microcassette recorder that he always carries with him, that often contain everyday observations and thoughts on his current case.

In an interview with Scouting Magazine, Lynch said that Cooper is likely an Eagle Scout, the highest rank of the Boy Scouts of America (which incidentally Lynch also holds), and that this is the root of Cooper's courteous yet determined nature and natural leadership skills. In the same interview, Lynch said that Sheriff Harry S. Truman was probably also a scout as a child, yet one that only made it to the rank of Life Scout, Scouting's second-highest rank.

Twin Peaks
Born on April 19, 1954, Dale Cooper is a graduate of Germantown Friends School and Haverford College. He is quirky and intellectual, with a profound interest in the mystical, particularly in Tibet and Native American mythology. Much of his work is based on intuition and even dreams. On joining the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Cooper was based at the Bureau offices in Philadelphia. It was here that Cooper was partnered with the older Windom Earle (Kenneth Welsh). At some point, Cooper would be placed under the authority of FBI Chief Gordon Cole (David Lynch), which sometimes meant being handed the mysterious 'Blue Rose' cases. Some time after Cooper joined the Bureau, Earle's wife, Caroline, was a witness to a federal crime. Earle and Cooper were assigned to protect her, and it was around this time that Cooper began an affair with Caroline. However, one night, while in Pittsburgh, Cooper let his guard down, and Earle murdered Caroline in a jealous rage. Earle was subsequently sent to a mental institution. Cooper was devastated by the loss of the woman he would later refer to as the love of his life, and swore to never again get involved with someone who was a part of a case to which he was assigned.

Three years before his arrival in Twin Peaks, Cooper has a dream involving the plight of the Tibetan people, which also reveals to him the deductive technique of the Tibetan method. Deeply moved by what he saw in this dream, this event forms the basis of his unconventional methods of investigation. Cooper reveals to his boss, Cole, of the portents of a strange dream.

On February 24, 1989, Cooper comes to the town of Twin Peaks to investigate the murder of Laura Palmer (Sheryl Lee). Initially, the prime suspect is Laura's boyfriend Bobby Briggs (Dana Ashbrook), but Cooper quickly determines he is innocent. Cooper meets Phillip Gerard (Al Strobel), a shoe salesman who is possessed by an evil spirit called MIKE; MIKE tells him that another demon, BOB (Frank Silva), is the key to solving Laura's murder. Eventually, Cooper deduces that Laura's father, Leland (Ray Wise), murdered her while possessed by BOB. When BOB forces Leland to commit suicide, Cooper helps him transition into the afterlife by reciting a Buddhist prayer for the dead.

Cooper helps the Twin Peaks Sheriff's Department in investigating other cases as well, even during a brief suspension from the FBI. While in Twin Peaks, he learns of the mysterious places called the Black Lodge and the White Lodge and the various spirits inhabiting them, including MIKE and The Man From Another Place (Michael J. Anderson). He also resolves to protect the town from Earle, who has become a serial killer.

In the final episode of Twin Peaks, Cooper enters the Black Lodge to rescue his new girlfriend, Annie Blackburn (Heather Graham), from Earle. In the Black Lodge, he encounters his evil doppelgänger, who is in league with BOB. Earle appears and says he will let Annie go if Cooper gives him his soul. Cooper agrees, and Earle stabs him in the stomach. Seconds later, BOB appears and reverses time in the Lodge. BOB tells Cooper that Earle cannot ask for his soul, and then kills Earle and takes his soul. BOB then turns on Cooper, who flees, pursued by BOB and Cooper's doppelgänger. BOB allows Cooper's doppelgänger to leave the Black Lodge, while Cooper remains there. In the show's final scene, the doppelgänger smashes Cooper's head into a mirror and starts laughing hysterically; BOB's face looks back at him in the broken mirror.

2017 revival
Twenty-five years after the events of the original series, Cooper remains trapped in the Black Lodge, while his doppelgänger continues to assume his identity in the natural realm. With help from entities both inside and outside of the Black Lodge, as well as Diane (Laura Dern) in her Naido form, Cooper is finally able to leave. Due to outside interference, however, Cooper replaces Douglas "Dougie" Jones, a Las Vegas insurance agent, instead of his doppelgänger. Upon his return to the natural realm, he is left in a near-catatonic state, unable to perform basic tasks without assistance and rarely speaking besides repeating words he hears. Only slight traces of Cooper's personality appear, such as his passion for coffee and cherry pie. Cooper also becomes the target of an assassination plot organized by corrupt businessman Duncan Todd (Patrick Fischler) on orders from his doppelgänger.

The attempts on Cooper's life fail, partly through circumstance and assistance from MIKE and The Man From Another Place. Assistance from supernatural forces also leads to Cooper inadvertently obtaining money to pay off Dougie's debt to loan sharks, exposing a ring of corruption in Dougie's office, improving Dougie's relationship with his wife Janey-E (Naomi Watts) and boss Bushnell Mullins (Don Murray), and winning over the favor of the Mitchum brothers, Rodney (Robert Knepper) and Bradley (James Belushi), the gangsters who own the local casino.

Cooper eventually starts to come out of his near-catatonic state after hearing Gordon Cole's name spoken while watching the film Sunset Boulevard. The reference to his boss' name prompts Cooper to stick a fork into an electrical socket, electrocuting himself, and initially putting him into a coma. Upon awakening, however, Cooper returns with his senses intact and with the assistance of the Mitchum brothers, he heads back to Twin Peaks.

Although Cooper is unable to arrive at the Twin Peaks sheriff's station before his doppelgänger, the doppelgänger is killed by Lucy Brennan (Kimmy Robertson) and BOB is destroyed by Freddie Skyes (Jake Wardle), allowing Cooper to return his doppelgänger's spirit to the Black Lodge. He also reunites with Diane, freeing her from her Naido form. With BOB and the doppelgänger defeated, he then visits Phillip Jeffries (Nathan Frizzell), who sends him to the night of Laura Palmer's death. Cooper is successful in preventing her murder, but while leading Laura to the Fireman's (Carel Struycken) realm, she abruptly disappears.

Using information given him by the Fireman, Cooper travels to Odessa in search of Laura, initially accompanied by Diane. He eventually finds a woman who resembles an older Laura, but identifies herself as Carrie Page (Lee). Nevertheless, certain that she is Laura, Cooper convinces her to travel to Twin Peaks to reunite with Sarah Palmer at her household. Upon arriving at the Palmer household, however, Cooper discovers that the house is occupied by a different family. As Cooper asks what year he is in, Carrie hears Sarah shouting Laura's name, causing her to scream and the lights in the house to go out. The series then ends with an image of Laura whispering into Cooper's ear.

In film
The feature film Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me subtly expands on the events of Cooper's fate in the series finale, while at the same time functioning as a prequel that details the last week of Laura Palmer's life. At one point while experiencing a strange dream involving the Black Lodge and its residents, in the non-linear realm Laura encounters Cooper at a point after he has become trapped there. Cooper implores her not to take "the ring," a mysterious object that gives its wearer a sort of connection to the Black Lodge. Shortly thereafter, Laura also has a vision of a bloody Annie Blackburn beside her in her bed, who tells her: "My name is Annie. I've been with Dale and Laura. The good Dale is in the Lodge, and he can't leave. Write it in your diary."

A year prior to Laura's murder, Cooper witnesses missing FBI Agent Phillip Jeffries (David Bowie) appear in Cole's office before mysteriously disappearing again. He then investigates the disappearance of Agent Chester Desmond (Chris Isaak), who went missing while tasked with solving the murder of Teresa Banks (Pamela Gidley), but finds only the words "Let's Rock" written on the windshield of Desmond's car. Later, Cooper confides in Agent Albert Rosenfield (Miguel Ferrer) that he suspects Teresa's murderer will strike again, correctly describing Laura as the killer's next victim, but Rosenfield dismisses Cooper's prediction.

At the film's conclusion, Cooper appears in the Red Room beside Laura's spirit, smiling and comforting her.

In literature
During the second season of Twin Peaks, Simon & Schuster's Pocket Books division released several official tie-in publications, each written either by its creators or members of their family, which offer a wealth of character back-stories; Cooper's, in two such publications, is one of the best-developed of these back-stories.

Many of the details of Cooper's history as previously cited are drawn from a book that writer Mark Frost's brother Scott Frost wrote as a companion to the series, titled The Autobiography of F.B.I. Special Agent Dale Cooper: My Life, My Tapes. The book is catalogued as ISBN 978-0-330-27280-3.

Early in the second season of Twin Peaks, Simon & Schuster Audio released Diane ... The Twin Peaks Tapes of Agent Cooper, a cassette-only release that Kyle MacLachlan also performed. The tape consists of newly recorded messages from Cooper to his (then) never-seen assistant, Diane, mixed in with monologues from the original broadcasts. The tape begins with a prologue monologue in which Cooper discusses his pending trip to Twin Peaks, continues with the initial monologue heard in the pilot, and continues to a point after his recovery from being shot. For his work on this release, MacLachlan was nominated for a Grammy Award for best spoken-word performance.

In popular culture
When Kyle MacLachlan guest hosted Saturday Night Live in 1990 at the height of Twin Peaks' popularity, the episode contained many references to the series throughout. Also featured was a sketch parodying the show and in particular Dale Cooper. Cooper is portrayed in the sketch as being extremely attentive to detail in his messages to Diane, including informing her of how many hairs he found in his shower the night before. Sheriff Harry S. Truman (Kevin Nealon) then visits Cooper, telling him that Leo Johnson (Chris Farley) has confessed to the murder of Laura Palmer and that he can go home. Cooper raises concerns that the investigations may not be over because he had a dream last night in which "A hairless mouse with a pitchfork sang a song about caves." He discards Leo's confession in spite of the overwhelming evidence against him. He is then visited by several Twin Peaks residents all played by SNL cast members: Audrey Horne, played by Victoria Jackson, who gives Cooper a going away gift and ties the ribbon with her tongue; Leland Palmer, played by Phil Hartman, who requests that Cooper dance with him; Nadine Hurley (Jan Hooks), who wants Cooper to take her silent drape runners to the patent office; The Log Lady, also played by Hooks, following Truman's observation that there were only two female SNL cast members; and finally Leo in custody of Deputy Andy Brennan (Conan O'Brien). Cooper protests that the case can not be over so soon and insists in vain that he and Truman perform several pointless tasks in order to aid him in the already solved investigation, including going to a graveyard at midnight disguised as altar boys. As everyone begins to leave, Cooper declares that they can not leave because they still do not know who shot him at the end of Season One. Leo, however, confesses to shooting Cooper, adding that Cooper himself saw him do it. Cooper reluctantly goes to sleep as The Man from Another Place (Mike Myers) begins to dance at the foot of his bed.

Relationships
Upon his arrival in Twin Peaks, Cooper is enchanted with the place and forms an instant rapport with many of the townspeople - most particularly Sheriff Harry S. Truman and his deputies, Deputy Tommy "Hawk" Hill and Deputy Andy Brennan (Harry Goaz). While Truman is initially skeptical of Cooper's unconventional investigation methods and other-worldly ideas, he is most often willing to accept Cooper's judgment. Over time, a deep bond emerges between the two; Truman even deputizes Cooper during the latter's brief suspension from the FBI.

Cooper's strongest relationship outside of the townspeople is that of his friendship with his colleague, Agent Albert Rosenfield. Though he has strong respect and admiration for Rosenfield's medical skills, and is seemingly not intimidated by Rosenfield's sarcastic manner, he has little tolerance or patience for Rosenfield's treatment of the town's citizens - most particularly his animosity towards Sheriff Truman.

Prior to Twin Peaks, Cooper's strongest romantic relationship was his affair with Caroline Earle, the wife of his former partner, Windom Earle. Caroline had been under Cooper and Earle's protection for witnessing a federal crime Earle committed when he lost his mind, but on one night when Cooper's guard was down, Caroline was murdered by Windom. Caroline's death and his failure to protect her continues to haunt Cooper on his arrival to Twin Peaks, referring to a "broken heart" when discussing women with Truman and his deputies.

On arrival to Twin Peaks, Cooper becomes quickly aware that 18-year-old Audrey Horne (Sherilyn Fenn), the daughter of local businessman Benjamin Horne (Richard Beymer), has a crush on him. Cooper is clearly attracted to Audrey, but he is quick to rebuff her advances when she turns up in his hotel bed. Cooper explains she is too young, but he does genuinely want to be her friend. Following her rescue, there remains a close and affectionate friendship with the two, most notably when Audrey arrives to his hotel room for comfort following her father's arrest and her sad farewell when she believes Cooper is leaving Twin Peaks for good. Audrey later gives Cooper a kiss when she discovers evidence that clears him of drug charges, and they later dance at the Milford wedding.

Following his reinstatement to the FBI, Cooper meets Annie Blackburn, the sister of Norma Jennings (Peggy Lipton), and falls in love with her. Annie is established as being a kindred spirit, experiencing the world with curiosity and wonder. Much like Cooper's pain over Caroline Earle, Annie also nurses a broken heart from someone in her past. Cooper helps her to prepare for participation in the Miss Twin Peaks contest. However, during the contest she is kidnapped by Earle, who takes her to the Black Lodge and uses her fear to open the gateway.

title: Dale Cooper


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Talk:Matthew Hopkins

Mathew Hopkins
The sharp eyed will notice the missing 'T' but Hopkins himself is known to have spelled his name with only one 'T' and there is evidence for this in many books I have read on the subject, including one such article (shown in the book) that contains his own signature. I will try and retreive or cite this info in anyway I can. SKC 19:30, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * he did indeed sign himself Mathew Hopkins as shown by a deed held by Suffolk Records Office and imaged in Matthew Hopkins Witch Finder General by Richard Deacon,1976, ISBN 0584101643. Edmund Patrick – confer 12:33, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Meaningless rubbish removed by Edmund Patrick – confer left by:-  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.29.47.68 (talk) 17:09, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

Puritan or article illogicality?

 * looking for the Devil's mark that was supposed to be dead to all feeling and would not bleed. It was believed that the witch's familiar would drink their blood from the mark.

If it didn't bleed, how would the familiar drink blood from it?

Or put another way, is the illogicity here of the Puritans or of the article?

The devils mark is present throughout most witch finding procedures and the frequent explanation is that of the devil (Europe) or familiars (England) suckling blood. I have never heard of this mark intended to not bleed before. Where does it come from?

The mark did bleed, the witchfinders just wanted to know if it hurt. If it didn't, they were accused of being a witch. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Androzaniamy (talk • contribs) 22:12, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

Guy claiming to be the reincarnation of MH

 * A man living in New Hampshire who is also named "Matthew Hopkins" and whose father is also curiously named "James" claims that he is in fact the reincarnation of the original Matthew Hopkins. Although he states that he has sworn off the ability to detect witchcraft, it is notable that he is a psychiatrist, and many people consider psychiatry to in fact be a modern form of witchcraft.

I removed this paragraph from the article in chief. Not sure that people claiming to be reincarnations of historical figures are worthy of notice here for that reason alone (see WP:BIO). I also question whether these assertions can be verified. Smerdis of Tlön 19:55, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

It's back up, and I'm removing it again. Doesn't sound noteworthy, it's unsourced, and the last line sounds like someone with a thing against psychiatrists. 'You don't know the history of Matthew Hopkins, I do', anyone? eiscir 22:56, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Update: a Google search for this Wyoming psychiatrist turns up nothing. I don't think this should be added again. eiscir 22:59, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Blackadder
Was he the inspiration for the Witchsmeller Pursuivant from Blackadder? Adam Bishop 03:07, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

I belive so, the common image of a Hopkin trial is very similar to that of the Blackadder trial, except for the burning which was not practices in England, we hanged ours

Dear mister editor! Exemine, please the article. Somebode vandalise it. kunalx@netvision.net.il

Recommend Deletion of non-encyclopedic language
Under the Life and Career Section:

"This boil would be known as The third nipple then he would cut her arm with a blunt knife and if she didn't bleed she was a witch, not a nice guy!"

 * There is unnecessary formatting of text (bold)
 * "not a nice guy!" is not encyclopedic —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.11.13.15 (talk) 22:21, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

early life prior to career,
I have quickly added the research I have been doing for the last four months. This does mean that the link to the existing maybe poor and I would appriciate fresh eyes on the subject. two things instantly 1- dictionary of nat bio was listed as saying Grantham as place of birth now same ref says Wenham has someone a copy of the publication. Sharpe is great as a criminal historian I do not know of him as a witch historian. 2- I believe there should be a section about the books about Hopkins, which would explain why most references are in pairs and that some "biographys" are more fiction added to fact, (the case of one historian calling the author of one book a "fraudlant and a liar" being a case in point). I am starting on his career which I will add to the existing.Edmund Patrick – confer 14:07, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

 * The ODNB doesn't say where Hopkins was born. What it says is: "Hopkins, Matthew (d. 1647), witch-finder, was the son of James Hopkins (d. 1634?), vicar of Wenham in Suffolk." --Malleus Fatuorum 14:11, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

Merge discussion
I am absolutely and fundamentally opposed to the proposed merger of this article with Matthew Hopkins in popular culture. Separating the pop culture trivia from what ought to be a serious historical account in this way has worked well on several other articles such as Adolf Hitler and the Gunpowder Plot. Including a list of heavy metal bands who may or may not have used the name witchfinder general makes the article look like it was written by a 10 year old. Malleus Fatuorum 12:52, 12 August 2010 (UTC)
 * AgreeSlatersteven (talk)
 * Agree a vast imporvement on what should be a serious historical account, works elsewhere, and give those researching Hopkins in popular culture a page to hopefully find what they are looking for. Edmund Patrick –  confer 20:17, 12 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Agree with Malleus - I oppose a merger of the articles. Richerman (talk) 22:13, 12 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The reason I proposed this is that as is, the article at Matthew Hopkins in popular culture is extremely short and provided only very limited information on the subject matter. Many other articles have such sections. Whether or not sections of popular culture are particularly encyclopedic is another matter entirely, but as is the article at Matthew Hopkins in popular culture has very little use and should therefore either be merged or deleted entirely. Travelbird (talk) 02:24, 13 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Have you considered the possibility that these "many other articles" may be sub-optimal in including such pop culture trivia? Malleus Fatuorum 03:21, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I also oppose any such merger. If the popular culture article is rubbish, then just delete it.  Don't import rubbish here. Parrot of Doom 13:55, 13 August 2010 (UTC)
 * travelbird I can understand your reasoning but if my memory serves me well Matthew Hopkins in popular culture will increase in size, there are at least two recording groups that I assume will return once they find that they can, amoungst others. i hope it remains and grows and thereby keeps away from the historical article. otherwise as you say delete it. Edmund Patrick – confer 19:24, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

 * After two weeks there is clearly no consensus for this merger proposal, therefore I am removing the merge tags. Malleus Fatuorum 14:05, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

What's with the Early Life section?
It starts "Very little is known of Matthew Hopkins before 1644, with no surviving contemporary documents concerning his family, or him" and then goes on to have a rather detailed paragraph about his family including an anecdote about what a great guy his father was. Either cut the first sentence or clarify this, because right now they're completely contradictory. 169.233.103.13 (talk) 21:17, 18 November 2010 (UTC)
 * The situation is correct.There are no contmproary records but a fair amount of folklore.Slatersteven (talk) 12:13, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

One more problem with the early life section. It states "In the early 1650s Hopkins moved to Manningtree, Essex, a town across the River Stour from Colchester, about 9 miles (14 km) from Wenham" But as he died in 1647, it seems unlikely he was getting a new lease on life three years or more after his death. Should this read 1630's or 1640's? As I don't know which, I won't edit, but someone needs to clean this up, or else we have a zombie witchfinder acting as an inkeeper. Or perhaps we should add a "Postmortem Career" section? 128.164.107.178 (talk) 17:28, 19 October 2011 (UTC)
 * just another little annoying vandal edit that slips through many thanks for noticing it. Edmund Patrick – confer 05:32, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

Lavenham connection?
This travelogue blog source says: ".. ‘witches’ were executed in Lavenham by the order of Matthew Hopkins Witchfinder General who charged the town for his services." Is this true and does anyone have a good source? If so, I think it should be added. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 22:08, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Some confusion may have been generated by the 1968 Vincent Price horror film Witchfinder General (film), which used Lavenham extensively as a location. See Matthew Hopkins in popular culture. Martinevans123 (talk) 13:41, 13 December 2015 (UTC)

Date inconsistency 1644 or 1646?
The intro to that article says "Hopkins' witch-finding career began in March 1646 and lasted until his retirement in 1647" but later states "He is believed to have been responsible for the deaths of 300 women between the years 1644 and 1646" and the body states "Hopkins began his career as a witch-finder after he overheard various women discussing their meetings with the Devil in March 1644 in Manningtree."

So which is correct?--216.31.124.169 (talk) 17:18, 20 July 2013 (UTC)
 * sorted thank you, not sure how or when that happened.Edmund Patrick – confer 21:04, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

Arithmetic
300 is 60% of 500, not 40%, so either the article should read "their efforts accounted for about 60 per cent of the total", or the other statistics should be checked and amended so that the given percentage is consistent with the presented data. Sasha (talk) 09:34, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * edited to correct, thanks, not sure how that happened, please be free to edit yourself if you come across the likes again. Be bold

Serial Killer
Interesting idea, shame it is OR. Any one seen this suggestion in RS?Slatersteven (talk) 13:28, 4 January 2017 (UTC)
 * What suggestion, please provide a link, could be worth investigating. Edmund Patrick – confer 15:34, 4 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I was referring to the edit inserting the idea he was a serial killer.Slatersteven (talk) 15:50, 4 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I see, you are right an interesting point worthy of a discussion somewhere, but one obvious danger (to me) is the imposition of "our" values onto an historic figure and/or event. Thanks, Edmund Patrick – confer 07:53, 5 January 2017 (UTC)
 * What about Gilles de Rais he is listed as a serial killer. Not that much difference between the two.--Fruitloop11 (talk) 17:18, 7 July 2021 (UTC)

Unlikely footnote about dates
There is a footnote which says "At this time the New Year did not occur until 25 March; all Old Style Dates have been rendered as New Style, with the year beginning on 1 January" (the footnote lacks a period at the end).

Most books and articles about British history, when writing about the period before the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 went into effect in 1752, do shift the start of the year from March 25 to January 1. But they use Julian calendar dates. The phrase "New Style" usually is understood to using both a start date of the year of January 1, and the Gregorian calendar. So the footnote is probably wrong, and at least confusing. Jc3s5h (talk) 19:16, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Matthew Hopkins


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Terminal (macOS)

Terminal (Terminal.app) is the terminal emulator included in the macOS operating system by Apple. Terminal originated in NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP, the predecessor operating systems of macOS.

As a terminal emulator, the application provides text-based access to the operating system, in contrast to the mostly graphical nature of the user experience of macOS, by providing a command-line interface to the operating system when used in conjunction with a Unix shell, such as zsh (the default interactive shell since macOS Catalina ). The user can choose other shells available with macOS, such as the KornShell, tcsh, and bash.

The preferences dialog for Terminal.app in OS X 10.8 (Mountain Lion) and later offers choices for values of the TERM environment variable. Available options are ansi, dtterm, nsterm, rxvt, vt52, vt100, vt102, xterm, xterm-16color and xterm-256color, which differ from the OS X 10.5 (Leopard) choices by dropping the xterm-color and adding xterm-16color and xterm-256color. These settings do not alter the operation of Terminal, and the xterm settings do not match the behavior of xterm.

Terminal includes several features that specifically access macOS APIs and features. These include the ability to use the standard macOS Help search function to find manual pages and integration with Spotlight. Terminal was used by Apple as a showcase for macOS graphics APIs in early advertising of Mac OS X, offering a range of custom font and coloring options, including transparent backgrounds.

title: Terminal (macOS)


text:
User talk:Maxlent

External Links Issue

City Guides from Travelconsumer.com I need some advice regarding what is ok and not ok to post. I publish a Web site titled Travelconsumer.com which has several pages of information about various cities around the world and includes articles about them. When I list Travelconsumer.com's city guide in the external links section it gets removed almost immediately and I received a warning about publishing a link to a commercial site on Wikipedia. What I don't understand is this. Travelconsumer.com does not sell any products or services. None! Yet other sites in the external links section are purely commercial and provide no information except about the products they sell. This being the case, why does my link to http://www.travelconsumer.com get bumped. If having advertising on my site is an issue, then nearly all of the external links on Wikipedia should be removed. Please advise.

My email address is listed http://www.travelconsumer.com/contact.htm.

Noel,

I appreciate your wanting to protect Wikipedia from spammers, but I am not a spammer. I would appreciate the opportunity to discuss your comments with you and to demonstrate how, like you, my goal is to aggregate and share information with others.

I can demonstrate that Wikipedia routinely publishes links to pages that are much more commercial than mine. For example, take a look at http://www.losangelesalmanac.com/default.htm which is a link off of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles. What do you see at the top of the Almanac page? Google ads. Nearly every Web site on the Web now has Google or some other advertising. The Almanc page is much more commercial than any of my pages. Additionally, the ads are not as relevant as mine and there are more of them. Compare that page to http://www.travelconsumer.com/articles/laintro.htm. You tell me who is more commercial.

Travelconsumer.com has pages for every country in the world, all of the states in the U.S., and hundreds of cities. My guess is that I was flagged as a spammer for the number of external links I created and not the value of the links.

I have more than 300 links to Wikipedia on Travelconsumer.com. I was planning on adding several thousand more links to Wikipedia from Medconsumer.info http://www.medconsumer.info. Isn’t linking to each other what the Web is about?

So, can we resolve this?

Copied from WP:VP
Please do not post your message 3 times in the future. Please see WP:WIN for info regarding what Wikipedia is not. You are not allowed to use Wikipedia to advertise or direct people to your website, as it's self-promotion. In general if someone is mass inserting links, they will be reverted. Now, I haven't checked out the content of the links you've posted, but as it's self-promotion, it is against the rules. If you feel like there are links that don't deserve to be there, feel free to remove them (put in the edit summary why they aren't worthy of being in a particular article). External links have nothing to do with commercial vs. non-commercial. The only real criteria for an good external link is that the content is related to the subject, but different and highly informative/interesting. Hope this clears things up. CryptoDerk 21:17, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * After reading this page and your email response to "Noel", I would just like to make it very clear once again that just because your website links to Wikipedia doesn't obligate Wikipedia to link to you. The fact that this is self-promotion automatically makes it wrong, period.  Furthermore, I have finally checked out a link for Tokyo.  This is nothing more than a bunch of links to other places with no original content of its own.  Even if you weren't self-promoting, it would be removed because of the lack of content.  CryptoDerk 21:25, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Maxlent


text:
User talk:Mirv/bin

Threads not worth preserving on my main talk page or archives.

rollback
Don't rollback me like I'm some common vandal ever again. Explain your reverts. On Raul's talk page, it was a typo I fixed right away, but the database was slow responding. You only made it worse causing edit conflicts. -- Netoholic @ 21:03, 2004 Oct 13 (UTC)
 * If you don't want to be treated like a common vandal, don't edit like a common vandal. I'll respond further when you realize that you have no business giving me orders. —No-One Jones (m) 21:13, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't be so snide. I told you it was a typo which I fixed even before you decided to meddle.  Don't ever rollback an edit of mine again. -- Netoholic @ 21:28, 2004 Oct 13 (UTC)
 * I refer you to my last sentence above. —No-One Jones (m) 21:31, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I refer you to my middle finger. Stop misjudging and harrassing me.  Everytime you get involved, you just make everything worse. -- Netoholic @ 21:37, 2004 Oct 13 (UTC)

P.S. This is not the first time I've asked you to watch that. -- Netoholic @ 21:10, 2004 Oct 13 (UTC)
 * You're right. This isn't the first time you've meddled with someone else's talk page comments. —No-One Jones (m) 21:13, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Dedham, Massachusetts
You were very much wrong to protect that page. None of the parties who keep reverting me there have offered any supported rationales as to why my edit ought to be excluded. The truth about Dedham Massachusetts and the Parish/Taxation issue is 100% clear and 100% documented by links and talk page information I have supplied. It really is a deeply offensive farce for you to take sides against the true history of Dedham. Shame on you. 216.153.214.94 00:14, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Personal attacks
Please remove the personal attack from your user page, Mirv. I simply meant that the comments of five people known for their support of anarchic dispute resolution methods does not necessarily represent the community as a whole. However, if you want to continually slander my name on here, I'll have an RfC filed in a couple of days, covering all your conduct over the last couple of weeks. I'm highly tempted to request a personal attack parole as well, if you can't keep your mouth in check yourself. Ambi 03:45, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Son of GOD or Devil?
It is to laugh and I laugh at you. Walk away for the time is short and the day is long. The fire imp, the antichrist I now know my place I have seen the bullet hit my head I did not die. I live in Jesus but for how long. I am not a junta, not yet. I seek love but in the end there is only death. It is to laugh and I laugh at you in the stars my name is written also on my right hand and on the TV, movies, books the signs of the time fill the air blood, blood, blood and death. Why take the keys of death and the grave for God is not the God of the Dead I am. 666 is also a mystery to me for my numbers are 3 and not 3. It is to laugh and I laugh at you. “You will do these things and greater” will you will you really. Your weak, your spirit, easily overcome. “To him who overcome I will grant to sit on my right side, and he will rule with a rod of iron.” Who can run from my face?

I seek the kingdom first. I ask for hell, the devil and the rejected I am fire. “Give me Gold tried in fire” I see mercy in your face God, how much love you have it makes all my hate fall away and just burn. Why must I pray night and day just to fall? I ask you for the greatest only to feel like the least. For 3 days I prayed, for 3 days I could get no rest and then you burned a name in on my wrong hand which was my right hand. Was it to mark me or blind the world, both? Beloved son of my right hand is that a name of your son or your adversary. Can I be your adversary? Do I sit at your right hand beloved or in hell fallen from grace. Is my name the Holy Spirit and the devil? The madman, the wolf, fire, my cries are they lies. My mark burns some times, he looked to fiction my life in Harry potter. Lord do you call my name will you see my face, I see my death and I can’t take it any more. I am the Dracula, I am the denial. DBW

Situation of administrator abuse
Hi, I'm in a potentially awkward position with an Administrator. I have read the Wiki pages on dispute resolution but I'm still not sure how to proceed.

The Admin ContiE has a personal grudge against me for reasons I do not fully understand. He has been this way since I began frequenting wikipedia.

I have done work improving the furvert article. He has basically gone on a crusade against any edit I make. He controls every furry category article and several others ruthlessly. He is an iron fist and bans anyone he edit wars with. I had uploaded pictures and he deleted them with no talking. He seems to believe I am every person he has had an edit war against. He is always using personal attacks, calling me troll without reason. I uploaded them again and he voted them for deleted, but to his surprise the person who runs the images, thank you Nv8200p, found they were acceptable once I tagged them properly. Just recently he removed both the images without himself discussing it in the talk page (unless he was the same person who discussed only one) with the edit here  Then ContiE assumed bad faith, added his constant insult of troll in the talk page. It appears on a completed different wiki, a comedy one in all things, somebody else stole my username and I believe this was Conti himself and uploaded them. ContiE showed it as his reason. While vandalism like his, I would revert and mention it, he would ban me permanently if I undid his edit. That is why I am asking admins for help. He holds a couple of accounts on wikipedia and I think they are administrators so I have to be careful who I tell about this. Arights 06:18, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mirv/bin


text:
Kočevje

Kočevje (Gottschee; Göttscheab or Gətscheab in the local Gottscheerish dialect; Cocevie) is a town and the seat of Municipality of Kočevje in southern Slovenia.

Geography
The town is located at the foot of the Kočevski Rog karst plateau on the Rinža River in the historic Lower Carniola region. It is now part of the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. The Rinža River flows through the town. Lake Kočejve, a former open-pit coal mine, lies northeast of the town center.

Climate
Kočevje features a humid continental climate (Dfb/Cfb).

Name
Kočevje was attested in written sources in 1363 as Gotsche (and as Gotsew in 1386, Kotsche in 1425, and propre Koczeuiam in 1478). The name is derived from *Hvojčevje (from hvoja 'fir, spruce'), referring to the local vegetation. The initial hv- changed to k- under the influence of German phonology. Older discredited explanations include derivation from the hypothetical common noun *kočevje 'nomadic settlement' and Slovene koča 'shack'. The former German name was Gottschee.

History
In 1247 Berthold, Patriarch of Aquileia, granted the area around Ribnica within the imperial March of Carniola to the Carinthian counts of Ortenburg. When the counts had received further estates in 1336 on the wooded plateau down to Kostel on the Kolpa River from the hands of Patriarch Bertram, they called for German-speaking settlers from Carinthia and Tyrol. In the following decades they established the town of Gottschee, which was first mentioned in a 1363 deed. The settlement received market rights in 1377 and town privileges in 1471.

Until 1918, the town was part of the Austrian Empire (and part of Cisleithania after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867), in the district of the same name, as one of the 11 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in province of Carniola. The German name alone was used by the post office before 1867.

After the Second World War, a Yugoslav labor camp for political prisoners operated in Kočevje until March 1946.

Germans of Kočevje
They first settled in Carniola around 1330 from the German lands of Tyrol and Carinthia and maintained their German identity and language during their 600 years of isolation. They cleared the vast forests of the region and established villages and towns. In 1809, they resisted French occupation in the 1809 Gottscheer Rebellion. With the end of the Habsburg monarchy in 1918, Gottschee became a part of the new Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Gottscheer thus went from being part of the ruling ethnicity of Austria-Hungary (and the ruling group in the estates of the province of Carniola itself) to an ethnic minority in a large Slavic state. With the onset of the Second World War and the Invasion of Yugoslavia their situation was worsened further.

Landmarks
The parish church in the town is dedicated to Saint Bartholomew (Sveti Jernej) and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novo Mesto. It is a Neo-Romanesque building erected between 1887 and 1903 on the site of an earlier church.

Notable people
Notable people that were born or lived in Kočevje include:
 * Stane Jarm (1931–2011), sculptor, graphic artist and teacher (worked in Kočevje)
 * Matej Bor (1913–1993), poet and author
 * Milan Butina (1923–1999), academy-trained painter, art teacher, art theorist
 * Ivan Jurkovič (born 1952), apostolic nuncio to Russia
 * Zofka Kveder (1878–1926), writer
 * Alois Loy (1860–1923), longtime mayor
 * Viktor Parma (1858–1924), composer
 * Roman Erich Petsche (1907–1993), teacher, painter, and Righteous Among the Nations
 * Jože Šeško (1908–1942), secondary-school professor, social revolutionary, communist resistance fighter
 * Franjo Uršič (1898–?), geologist, taught at the secondary school before the Second World War

title: Kočevje


text:
Jack Skellington

Jack Skellington is a character and the protagonist of the 1993 film The Nightmare Before Christmas. He is a tall, sentient skeleton who is the Pumpkin King of Halloween Town, a fantasy world based solely on the Halloween holiday. Jack is voiced by Chris Sarandon. Danny Elfman provided Jack's singing voice in the original film and soundtrack album, with Sarandon providing Jack's speaking and singing voice in subsequent productions.

His overall appearance is a skeleton dressed in a black pin-striped suit and a bow tie that strongly resembles a bat. Originally, his suit was meant to be completely black, but it blended with the background too well, so it was changed. At the beginning of the film, Jack makes his grand entrance by emerging out of the fountain in Halloween Town's plaza. His last name is a play on the word "skeleton". He has a ghost dog named Zero for a pet, who has a small jack-o'-lantern for a nose. He is adored by Sally, a feminine creation of Doctor Finkelstein. The character is a popular design on bags, hats, clothing, umbrellas, belt buckles, pet collars, and other items.

In The Nightmare Before Christmas
Jack Skellington is the patron spirit of Halloween, portrayed as being on par with Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny within his own holiday. As a living skeleton, he is supernatural and can remove parts of his body without harm, as is often demonstrated for comic relief. He is the most important of many Halloween spirits, with the implication that their job is to scare people in the real world on Halloween night.

Jack, as the "Pumpkin King" and master of ceremonies, is in charge of Halloween Town's Halloween celebration. He is loved, respected, and even idolized by the other residents for his role, but he has grown weary of celebrating the same holiday endlessly and is depressed about it. The only one who understands Jack's feelings is a lonely rag doll named Sally. She overhears his singing monologue and feels she can relate to his situation.

One morning after the usual annual celebration, Jack enters a forest containing portals to other worlds themed around holidays. He discovers Christmas Town and decides that this new experience is what his life was missing. He makes preparations for his own Christmas celebration in Halloween Town and wants to impersonate Santa Claus in the real world. While his intentions are not malicious, Jack does not understand the true spirit of Christmas. Halloween Town plans to give the holidays a macabre makeover. Sally reveals to Jack a bad premonition, but Jack's basic nature is impulsiveness. He does not seem to register contradictory information. By the end of the film, he notices Sally and her determination to help him. He proves that love can be a part of his nature by calling Sally his "Dearest Friend", telling Sally that they were meant to be together, embracing his future with her and embracing her.

Jack follows the formula of a tragic hero because he begins the story at a lofty position. In spite of all his fame and talent, he yearns for another side of life. While a desire for completeness is not a flaw, his impulsiveness proves to be. He tends to be enthusiastic and inclusive, and his charisma is enough to sway every member of Halloween Town except Sally. His selfish decisions lead to the near destruction of Christmas and himself. The strength of Jack's character is demonstrated by his will to correct his own mistakes.

The official film soundtrack CD contains an epilogue not in the film, stating that "many years later", Santa returned to Halloween Town to visit Jack, where he discovered that Jack had "four or five skeleton children at hand" who play together in a xylophone band.

The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King
Jack Skellington has been shown to have an extreme hatred for Oogie Boogie as was proven when he spoke of this plan to Lock, Shock, and Barrel, stating to "leave that no account Oogie Boogie out of this!" He later finds out that Santa Claus and Sally have been kidnapped by the Boogie Man and are in his underground lair. While trying to save his friends, Jack manages to destroy Oogie and save Christmas.

The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge
Tired of using the same old themes over and over on Halloween, Jack Skellington goes to Doctor Finkelstein, who gives him the Soul Robber, an invention that changes shape. Jack decided to leave Halloween Town to get new ideas for Halloween frights. When Jack comes back to town, he finds that Oogie Boogie has been resurrected. Now Jack has to set things right again. Jack dances, fights and sings in this game to attack Oogie Boogie's minions. Jack is portrayed as inept to some degree in this game.

Chris Sarandon did both the speaking and singing voice for Jack in this game.

Disney Universe
Jack Skellington features in the Nightmare Before Christmas downloadable expansion pack which includes Jack Skellington, Sally, Oogie-Boogie, Dr. Finkelstein, and the Mayor as in-game playable costumes. The downloadable content can be bought from console stores (e.g. the PlayStation Store). The package included the costumes of which some could be found in the downloaded level. Unlike the worlds originally in the game which all had 3 chapters, the Nightmare Before Christmas world only had 1 chapter called 'Halloween Graveyard'.

Kingdom Hearts series
Jack Skellington appears in four installments of the Kingdom Hearts video game series. He inhabits the world of Halloween Town, where the evil Heartless threatens its denizens. The games' protagonists, Sora, Donald Duck and Goofy, befriend Jack and together they battle the Heartless, and also Oogie Boogie. In combat, Jack uses some of his scary powers with demonstrations of some magic, making him a formidable sorcerer.

Chris Sarandon reprises his role for the English version, and Masachika Ichimura provides Jack's Japanese voice.

Kingdom Hearts
Jack Skellington introduces himself to Sora, Goofy, and Donald Duck as the ruler of Halloween Town. Jack plans to use the heart that Finkelstein created to control the seemingly docile Heartless to make a festival called "Heartless Halloween" so that Halloween can be frightening, but the idea fails when not only the first experiment cause the Heartless to go berserk, but Oogie Boogie steals the finished heart, and plans to use it to take over Halloween Town. At Oogie's manor, Jack, Sora, and the gang confront him. After Oogie is defeated, Jack finds out that Oogie uses dark orbs as his source of life, which Oogie combines himself with his manor to become a giant boss. Once the gang defeats Oogie once again, and his manor crumbles, revealing Halloween Town's keyhole. Jack is considerably shorter in this game than as he appeared in the movie, though he is still rather tall when compared to the game's protagonists.

Chain of Memories
"Created" from Sora's memories of Halloween Town, when Jack Skellington wanted to ask Doctor Finkelstein what happened when he sniffs the potion that can bring "true memories", Heartless appeared. When Jack Skellington had found out that Oogie Boogie had stolen Doc's potion, he must stop him before Oogie drinks the whole potion. They fail to reach him before he does, but they defeat him, as Oogie becomes overwhelmed with fear as a side effect of the potion. Sora becomes worried about what will happen when he discovers his true memories, but Jack reassures him that fear is a sign of a strong heart.

Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days
In this game, Roxas arrives at Halloween Town while Jack is in the middle of brainstorming for Halloween. Jack is having trouble with thinking of things but gets inspiration when he sees Roxas leaving through a Dark Corridor. Time after time, Roxas' adventures through Halloween Town inspire Jack to create such things as balloons filled with spiders, exploding frost pumpkins, and Halloween lanterns. When Roxas is sent to find the source of a terrible drop in heartless population, he finds the town overrun with monsters called Tentaclaws. After seeing Roxas defeating the source of the Tentaclaws, the cannibalistic Leechgrave, Jack invents a terrifying scarecrowish version of Roxas as his centerpiece for that Halloween.

Kingdom Hearts II
Following the film loosely to some degree, out of reference, Jack tries to take Santa Claus's place again. To that end, Jack asks Sora and the gang to help him be Santa's bodyguards. But after fighting the Heartless and Oogie Boogie, who has been resurrected by Maleficent, Santa explains to Jack that they each have a job to do with their respective holidays. Despite this, he begins to wear a Santa suit Sally sewed together for him. In the second trip to Halloween Town, Jack still wears the Santa suit, as he still longs to deliver Christmas presents and feels that it would be rude not to wear the suit Sally worked so hard on. Along with Sora and the gang, he helps defeat Doctor Finkelstein's experiment, who stole Christmas presents from Santa in search of a heart. As a reward for all his hard work and assistance, Santa brings Jack on a ride-along with him in his sleigh for a while. After Santa drops Jack off at Halloween Town, Jack learns the true meaning of Christmas by understanding the act of giving. He dances with Sally in the end, finally realizing all of the gifts she had given to him were all from the heart and wishes to give her something in return. She tells him that the nicest present she could ever ask for is just to be with Jack. Jack responds telling her that she does not even have to ask for that, meaning Jack feels the same way for her. During a cut scene in the end credits, he is shown to be wearing his original suit, suggesting he has taken Santa's previous advice to heart completely, and apparently begins presenting new ideas for next Halloween.

Disney Infinity
In the Disney Infinity video game series, Jack appears as part of the second wave of playable characters. He has the ability to scare enemies and throw exploding jack-o'-lanterns. If he rides Ghost Rider's motorcycle, his head will catch on fire, resembling Ghost Rider's flaming head.

Disney Magic Kingdoms
In the world builder game Disney Magic Kingdoms, Jack appears as a playable character to unlock for a limited time.

Disney Mirrorverse
An alternate version of Jack Skellington appears as a playable character in the video game Disney Mirrorverse.

Disney Dreamlight Valley
Jack Skellington was added as a villager to Disney Dreamlight Valley as part of a free update in December 2023, again voiced by Chris Sarandon.

Fortnite: Battle Royale
On the 24th of October, 2023, Jack Skellington was added to the game as an Item Shop skin for Fortnitemares 2023 alongside two other crossover skins, Alan Wake and Michael Myers from Halloween to celebrate The Nightmare Before Christmas’s 30th anniversary. He has a signature emote, Jack’s Scary Face, as well as his own bundle, including the Zero Back Bling, the Peppermint Parasol Pickaxe and the Jack’s Sled Glider.

Attractions
Jack appears as a meetable character at several Walt Disney Parks and Resorts including Disneyland, Hong Kong Disneyland, Disneyland Paris and Walt Disney World, and is located outside The Haunted Mansion in Frontierland. Disneyland during the holidays, Haunted Mansion is taken over by the cast of The Nightmare Before Christmas and is turned into Haunted Mansion Holiday. Jack and other characters appear throughout the ride wearing Christmas attire. Additionally, Jack hosts the Halloween Screams and Not So Spooky Spectacular! fireworks shows, as well as the Frightfully Fun Parade. Chris Sarandon reprised the voice for the character in each instance.

Cameos

 * During the opening scene of Sleepy Hollow, a scarecrow bearing a strong resemblance to the Pumpkin King scarecrow at the beginning of "This is Halloween" can be seen.
 * In James and the Giant Peach, Jack makes a cameo as Captain Jack, an antagonist in the pirate scene. Upon discovering him, Centipede says "A Skellington?".
 * A silhouette of Jack is shown in The Princess and the Frog as one of the shadows Dr. Facilier summons.
 * Jack Skellington's face made a cameo appearance on a doormat in the first volume of the graphic novel series Lenore, created by Roman Dirge.
 * Jack appears in an episode of The Critic in a short parody called "The Nightmare Before Hanukkah", done in the same stop-motion animation style as the original movie. In this parody, Jack wears a red suit rather than his usual black and white striped one.
 * Jack also appears in the animated Adult Swim sketch show Robot Chicken. In one sketch, film critic Roger Ebert and filmmaker M. Night Shyamalan review a batch of sequels to popular movies. One of which is The Nightmare Before Hanukkah, with Jack finding a place called "Hanukkah Town" and watches children open up presents, but finding out that it is just socks and pencils for their first day of Hanukkah, leading to Jack saying to himself: "Oh, wow, this sucks..." Jack appears again on another sketch called "Grown-Up Halloween" alongside the Mayor of Halloween Town.
 * Jack appears in the background in a South Park made-for-TV movie called "Imaginationland".
 * Jack appears in the movie Coraline as the yolk of an egg cracked by the Other Mother.
 * Jack appears in the Mad episode "Kitchen Nightmares Before Christmas". He also makes a cameo appearance in the short it was paired with, "How I Met Your Mummy".
 * A parody of Jack Skellington, in the form of a character named The Pumpkin Guy, appears in the opening of the Tiny Toon Adventures episode "Night Ghoulery".
 * Jack appears, along with his Halloween Town friends, in one of the cutaway scenes of the Family Guy episode "Peter's Sister". In the scene, a fictional Nightmare sequel entitled Happy 4th of July Jack Skellington, the citizens of Halloween Town sing a short song called "Patriotic Weirdness".
 * A Jack plush doll also made an appearance in Stocking's room in the anime Panty and Stocking.
 * Jack is included as one of many characters featured in Disney on Ice's production Let's Celebrate!. Mickey Mouse calls upon him to throw a Halloween party, which a number of Disney Villains find their way into. During his appearance, a medley of "Jack's Lament" and "What's This?" are performed, along with the film's opening number "This Is Halloween". Sarandon provided both the speaking and singing for Jack.
 * In the PlayStation and Nintendo 64 video game Gex 3: Deep Cover Gecko, the titular character references the main plot of The Nightmare Before Christmas from the point of view of Jack in the winter/Christmas-themed level, "Christmas Land" as he remarks "Christmas Town? I'm Jack Gexington from Halloween..."
 * In an episode of the children's show Tumble Leaf when they are on an adventure to the spider queen's Halloween party. Fig (main character) and friends stop at a neighbors home. On the door of the neighbors home, which is in a tree, it's shaped like the doors in the opening scene of nightmare before Christmas. On the door, Jack and Sally's beloved, iconic spiral mountain peak.
 * Some figures of Jack appear on a pavilion in Oh My Disney in the film Ralph Breaks the Internet.
 * Two unlockable costumes of Jack Skellington appear in the video game Fall Guys.
 * Jack Skellington appears as a purchasable outfit in Fortnite Battle Royale, as part of the game's annual Fortnitemares event in 2023. On November 3, 2023, Jack Skellington was disabled in the "Save the World" mode in Fortnite due to an issue.

Toys
Jack Skellington has been made into a Bendies figure, as well as various Funko Pop Vinyl figurines with different variants, such as a Day of the Dead variant. He appeared in the Kingdom Hearts action figure collections, and was also released in Japan's REVOLTECH Sci-fi line in 2010, along with the Japanese monsters, Gamera and Gyaos. Diamond Select Toys also made many action figures of Jack and other characters.

In 2017 a life-size Jack Skellington animatronic prop was released. The prop was six feet tall and sold exclusively at Spirit Halloween. But in 2019 the prop became a wholesale item.

In the Disney Infinity toys-to-life series, Jack appears as part of the second wave of playable figurines.

In 2019, a Lego minifigure of Jack Skellington was released as part of the Lego Minifigures Disney Series 2. A Lego Brickheadz figure of Jack was also released alongside a Brickheadz version of Sally.

For the 30th anniversary, NECA produced a Jack Skellington figurine.

Reception
Despite the film not being a part of the Disney Animated Canon, Jack has nonetheless become one of Disney's most popular characters. Jamie Frater adds, "Jack is perfectly realized as the 'town hero' who seeks more in his life (or death, as it may be), a place we all find ourselves time to time." UGO Networks listed Jack as one of their best heroes of all time.

title: Jack Skellington


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title: File:18 Squadron RAF.jpg


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Nik Welter

Nikolaus “Nik” Welter (2 January 1871 in Mersch – 13 July 1951 in Luxembourg City) was a Luxembourgish writer, playwright, poet, professor, literary critic (Germanic and Romance languages), and statesman. He wrote predominantly in German. He also served as a Minister for Education in the government of Émile Reuter.

After his university studies in Leuven, Paris, Bonn and Berlin, he became a teacher in Diekirch (1897-1906) and later at the Athénée de Luxembourg in Luxembourg City (1906-1918).

Welter mainly wrote plays and poetry. His work Griselinde (1901) inspired the Luxembourgish composer Alfred Kowalsky to write the opera of the same name. Other well-known works are Die Söhne des Öslings, Goethes Husar, Der Abtrünnige, Professor Forster and Lene Frank.

From early on, Nik Welter was involved with the Félibrige, a poets' movement in the Provence, and was in contact with the members of the Felibertum félibrige: Frédéric Mistral, Joseph Roumanille and Théodore Aubanel. He was often at Mistral's house in Bouches-du-Rhône and was taken up into the circle of the Féliber. In the same way, he also met German Romanists such as Eduard Koschwitz and August Bertuch. Along with the two German Romanists, he campaigned successfully for Frédéric Mistral to be awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize for Literature.

Nik Welter recorded his travels in the Provence and in Tunisia in the book Hohe Sonnentage. In his book Im Werden und Wachsen, he wrote about his childhood in Mersch. He was the author of the first Luxembourgish schoolbook Das Luxemburgische und sein Schrifttum.

Life
Welter studied at the Universities of Leuven, Paris , Bonn and Berlin. He then went to the teaching profession and was teacher in Diekirch and later at the Athénée de Luxembourg. During the government of Émile Reuter, Welter was the Minister of Education from 1918-1921. He belonged to no party. As author Welter wrote plays and poetry, as well as commissioned works such as 1909's "history of French literature" on behalf of the University of Marburg.

Work
Welter wrote almost exclusively in the German language. His drama Griselinde (1901) served the Luxembourg composer Alfred Kowalsky as libretto for his opera of the same name. Around the turn of the century, Welter's interest was in themes from Luxembourgish mythology and history, but also especially literature in the French minority language "langue d'oc" (Provencal), which had been reinvigorated by the Félibrige school. He corresponded with famous German Romanist as Eduard Koschwitz and August Bertuch and traveled twice to Maillane ( Bouches-du-Rhône) to Frédéric Mistral (Mistral Frederi), the "chef de file" of this movement. As one of the German Romanists, he was not indifferent to the efforts that the award of the 1904 Nobel Literature Prize led to Mistral. In reported Welter in his travelogue "Hohesonne days. A holiday book from Provence and Tunisia "(1912).

Honours

 * 1937: Joseph-von-Görres Prize
 * 1951: Grand Officer of the Order of the Oak Crown

Autobiographical

 * Im Dienste. Erinnerungen aus verworrener Zeit (1925)
 * Im Werden und Wachsen: aus dem Leben eines armen Dorfjungen (1926)
 * Freundschaft und Geleit. Erinnerungen (1936)

Poetry

 * Frühlichter. Gedichte (1903)
 * Aus alten Tagen. Balladen und Romanzen aus Luxemburgs Sage und Geschichte (1900)
 * In Staub und Gluten. Neue Gedichte (1909)
 * Hochofen. Ein Büchlein Psalmen (1913)
 * Über den Kämpfen. Zeitgedichte eines Neutralen (1915)
 * Mariensommer. Ein Büchlein Lieder (ca. 1929-30)

Non-fiction

 * Die Dichter der luxemburgischen Mundart. Literarische Unterhaltungen (1906)
 * Hohe Sonnentage. Ein Ferienbuch aus der Provence und Tunesien (1912)
 * Frederi Mistral. Der Dichter der Provence (1899)
 * Theodor Aubanel. Ein provenzalischer Sänger der Schönheit (1902)
 * Das Luxemburgische und sein Schrifttum (1914)
 * Mundartliche und hochdeutsche Dichtung in Luxemburg. Ein Beitrag zur Geistes- und Kulturgeschichte des Großherzogtums (1929)

Plays

 * Siegfried und Melusina. Dramatisierte Volkssagein drei Abtheilungen (1900)
 * Die Söhne des Öslings. Ein Bauerndrama aus der Zeit der französischen Revolution in fünf Aufzügen (1904)
 * Der Abtrünnige. Eine Komödie der Treue (1905)
 * Prof. Forster. Ein Trauerspiel in fünf Aufzügen (1908)
 * Lene Frank. Ein Lehrerinnendrama in 4 Aufzügen (1906)
 * Mansfeld. Ein Schicksalsspiel in vier Akten (1912)
 * Dantes Kaiser. Geschichtliches Charakterspiel in fünf Aufzügen (1922)
 * Griselinde. Oper in drei Aufzügen und vier Bildern (1918; music by Alfred Kowalsky)
 * Grossmama. Die Tragödie einer Seele in einem Aufzuge (1931)
 * Die Braut. Ein geschichtliches Spiel in drei Aufzügen (1931)
 * Goethes Husar. Aus seinem Leben. Dichtung und Wahrheit in drei Aufzügen (1932)

Collected works

 * Gesammelte Werke. Westermann Verlag, Braunschweig 1925/26 (5 volumes).

As editor

 * Franz Bergg (1866-1913). Ein Proletarierleben. Frankfurt-am-Main: Neuer Frankfurter Verlag, 1913
 * Michel Rodange: Dem Grow Sigfrid seng Goldkuommer. Komëdesteck a fünf Acten (1929)

title: Nik Welter


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title: File:23 Squadron RAF.jpg


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BBC Reporting Scotland

BBC Reporting Scotland is the BBC's national television news programme for Scotland, broadcast on BBC One Scotland from the headquarters of BBC Scotland in Pacific Quay, Glasgow.

History
Although BBC Television was established in Scotland in February 1952 – and broadcast some opt-out programming – it did not start its daily Scottish television news service until Friday 30 August 1957, initially consisting of a five-minute bulletin at 6.05pm on weekdays and a sports results programme on Saturdays. The BBC was keen to launch the Scottish News Summary ahead of its new commercial rival in the central belt, Scottish Television (STV) and before the launch of similar bulletins elsewhere in the UK. As it turned out, STV began broadcasting the day after the launch of what was the BBC's first opt-out TV news bulletin, with the commercial rival launching its local bulletins the following Monday. Similar five-minute bulletins were introduced to the rest of the UK the following month. Topical magazine programmes were later introduced to supplement the Scottish news bulletins including Six Ten, Scotland at Six, A Quick Look Round, and a weekly regional opt-out programme for the North of Scotland entitled Talk of the North.

Following the arrival of future director-general Alasdair Milne as controller of BBC Scotland, BBC Reporting Scotland was launched on Monday 1 April 1968 with a greater emphasis on hard news coverage. Inspired by the format of NBC's The Huntley-Brinkley Report in the United States, the programme was presented jointly from the BBC's studios in Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen.

The original team of presenters were former A Quick Look Round presenter Mary Marquis (Glasgow), news agency journalist Gordon Smith (Edinburgh) and ex-Grampian Television announcer Douglas Kynoch (Aberdeen). Kynoch later became the main anchor in Glasgow while future Pebble Mill at One host Donny MacLeod took over as the Aberdeen presenter. In Edinburgh, later presenters included Renton Laidlaw (later a veteran golf commentator) and Kenneth Roy.

In September 1969, BBC Reporting Scotland was integrated into the networked Nationwide strand. As with their counterparts in the other BBC Nations and Regions, BBC Reporting Scotland team often contributed reports to the Nationwide programme. When Nationwide ended in August 1983, BBC Reporting Scotland was briefly replaced by Scotland Sixty Minutes as part of the revamped news programme, Sixty Minutes, but was reinstated in 1984 after Sixty Minutes ended. Since that time, the BBC Reporting Scotland brand has also been used as the on-screen identity for most of BBC Scotland's television news bulletins.

Arguably the most famous of BBC Reporting Scotland's ex-presenters was Mary Marquis, who upon her return in September 1975, became its main anchor until her departure in 1988. Regular co-presenters included John Milne - who remained with the BBC for many years - Malcolm Wilson, Viv Lumsden, Alan Douglas and Eddie Mair.

Jackie Bird became the programme's longest serving presenter, anchoring the main 6.30pm edition of Reporting Scotland for nearly thirty years until her sudden departure in April 2019. Long-serving BBC Scotland sports commentator Archie Macpherson also established the programme's weekend sports previews on Friday nights.

In-depth weather forecasts were introduced as part of a major relaunch of the programme in October 1992, initially fronted by Vanessa Collingridge, and later, the popular Heather Reid (aka Heather the Weather) who stayed with Reporting Scotland for fifteen years. The programme also increased its use of live outside broadcasts and satellite links for news reports and interviews.

The viewing figures for the main 6.30pm programme averaged between 500,000 and 600,000 and have occasionally reached a million, including the night after the Lockerbie disaster in December 1988. In March 1996, part of the programme was shown on BBC1 across the UK following the Dunblane massacre. Occasional special editions, marking major news events, have also aired on the BBC News Channel and BBC Parliament.

BBC Scotland moved to BBC Pacific Quay in 2007. Reporting Scotland's first transmission from the new studios was a breakfast bulletin presented by Rob Matheson, transmitted at 6.25am on Monday 20 August 2007. The studio backdrop features the live view from cameras mounted on the roof of BBC Scotland's new headquarters on the southern banks of the Clyde. When it opened, the new building at Pacific Quay was one of the most up-to-date digital broadcasting facilities in the world and featured the BBC's first HD-capable newsroom. Since 4 October 1999, the programme's on-air titles and graphics have reflected the corporate branding of BBC News, including the signature theme tune composed by David Lowe.

During the 1970s and early 1980s, BBC Reporting Scotland used extracts from both commercial chart songs and library music for signature tunes, such as the Donna Summer cover of MacArthur Park, Jeff Wayne's Jubilation (also used by LWT's The Big Match) and Emerson, Lake & Palmer's version of Fanfare for the Common Man.

Reporting Scotland's on-air look was most recently updated when a new revamped set was built in Studio C at BBC Scotland's Pacific Quay studios, reflecting the new look of the BBC's News at One, Six and Ten. It was first seen on screen on 12 June 2023.

Since February 2019, BBC Reporting Scotland has been supplemented by a sister hour-long programme, The Nine, airing each weeknight on the BBC Scotland channel. While Reporting Scotland continues to cover Scottish news, The Nine's brief also includes UK national and international news coverage from a Scottish perspective. The programme has been compared with the frequent calls to replace Reporting Scotland with a 'Scottish Six' version of the BBC News at Six.

Broadcasting
On weekdays, the programme airs nine times a day on BBC One Scotland: There are three weekend bulletins (one bulletin on a Saturday and two bulletins on a Sunday)
 * Breakfast bulletins at 0625, 0655, 0725, 0755, 0825 and 0915 during BBC Breakfast
 * A 10-minute lunchtime programme at 1.35pm, during the BBC News at One
 * A short 30 second preview is aired at 5.15pm before the main 30-minute evening programme at 6.30pm, after the BBC News at Six
 * A 10-minute late night bulletin at around 10.30pm, after the BBC News at Ten

A mid-afternoon news summary used to be broadcast at around 4pm after the BBC News Summary on BBC Two Scotland from 1986 until 2003, when the bulletins moved to BBC One Scotland, but this was discontinued at the end of 2012.

Starting in December 2007, a short headline update was aired at 8pm during the BBC News Summary, but this was axed along with the national news summary in May 2018.

Along with other BBC Scotland news and current affairs programming, it can be viewed as a live or on-demand (in full or as individual articles) video stream from the online BBC iPlayer.

The programme can also be watched in any part of the UK (and much of Europe) via the BBC UK regional TV on satellite service transmitted from the Astra satellite at 28.2° east:-
 * on channel 101 using Sky-branded proprietary satellite receivers with a conditional access card associated with an address in Scotland
 * on channel 951 using a Sky-branded receiver with a card associated with a non-Scottish address or with no viewing card
 * on 10,803 MHz, 22,000Ksps, Horizontal polarisation, FEC 5/6 using a normal satellite receiver

Presenting team
 * On Maternity Leave

News editors

 * James Cook – Scotland editor
 * Glenn Campbell – Political editor
 * Douglas Fraser – Business and Economics editor

Regional reporters

 * Rebecca Curran – Aberdeen reporter
 * Louise Hosie – Aberdeenshire reporter
 * David Delday – Orkney reporter
 * John Johnston – Shetland reporter
 * Iain Macinnes – Inverness, Highlands and Islands reporter
 * Cameron Buttle – Scottish Borders reporter

News reporters

 * Jamie McIvor – News correspondent
 * Steven Godden
 * Ben Philip
 * Katie Hunter
 * Catriona Renton
 * Aileen Clarke
 * Gillian Sharpe
 * Morag Kinniburgh
 * Joanne Macaulay
 * Phil McDonald
 * Sarah McMullan
 * Richard Forbes
 * Andrew Thomson
 * Sarah Toom
 * Hazel Martin
 * Andrew Picken
 * Georgina Hayes
 * Eilidh Davies
 * Louise Cowie
 * Suzanne Allan

Political correspondents

 * Lynsey Bews – Chief Political correspondent
 * Andrew Kerr
 * David Wallace Lockhart
 * Kirsten Campbell
 * Phil Sim
 * Rajdeep Sandhu
 * Jenni Davidson – Political reporter

Westminster correspondents

 * David Porter
 * Georgia Roberts

Correspondents of different specialties

 * David Henderson – Political, Business and Transport correspondent
 * Lisa Summers – Health correspondent
 * David Cowan – Home affairs correspondent
 * Chris Clements – Social affairs correspondent
 * Lucy Adams – Social affairs correspondent
 * Hope Webb – Money and Work reporter
 * Kevin Keane – Environment, Energy and Rural affairs correspondent
 * Laura Goodwin – Science and Innovations correspondent
 * Pauline McLean – Arts correspondent
 * David Farrell – Entertainment correspondent
 * Mark Daly – Investigations correspondent
 * Ian Hamilton – Special correspondent
 * Chris McLaughlin – Sports news correspondent

Sport reporters

 * Paul Barnes
 * Lewis Irons
 * Andy Burke
 * Jane Lewis
 * Sheelagh McLaren
 * Kheredine Idessane

Former presenters and reporters

 * Abeer MacIntyre (2001–2008)
 * Alan Douglas (1978–1996)
 * Alan Mackay (1980s–2007)
 * Allan Robb (1993–1994)
 * Alma Cadzow (1980–1988)
 * Alasdair Fraser (now with BBC Alba)
 * Alastair Alexander (late 1960s - early 1970s)
 * Alison Walker (2003–2009)
 * Alistair Smith
 * Andrew Anderson (1997–2022)
 * Andrew Kerr (as Relief presenter)
 * Anne MacKenzie (1995–1997)
 * Archie Macpherson
 * Bill Hamilton (1973–1974)
 * Bill McFarlan (1985–1992)
 * Brenda Paterson
 * Brian Marjoribanks (late 1960s - early 1970s)
 * Brian Taylor - political editor (1985–2020)
 * Brian Townsend (1973)
 * Campbell Barclay (1976–1982)
 * Carla Romano (late 1990s - early 2000s)
 * Cat Cubie (weather presenter)
 * Cathy MacDonald (1988–1989) (now with BBC ALBA, BBC Radio nan Gàidheal and BBC Radio Scotland)
 * Catriona Shearer (2004–2021)
 * Charles Munro (late 1960s - early 1970s)
 * Chick Young (now with BBC Radio Scotland)
 * Connor Gillies (2018–2022) (now with Sky News)
 * Craig Anderson
 * David Currie (now with BBC Sport Scotland)
 * David Henderson (as Relief presenter)
 * David Robertson (2000–2008)
 * David Shanks (2018–2023)
 * Donny MacLeod
 * Douglas Kynoch (1968–1973)
 * Dougie Donnelly
 * Dougie Vipond (now with Landward)
 * Eddie Mair (1990–1993) (now with LBC)
 * Eleanor Bradford (health correspondent 2001–2016)
 * Emma Cameron (now with STV News)
 * Eric Crockhart
 * Fiona Henderson
 * Forbes McFall
 * Gail McGrane (weather presenter 2009–2011, 2018–2020, now with STV News)
 * Gerry Davis (1973–1975)
 * Glen Gibson (late 1960s - early 1970s)
 * Gordon Hewitt (mid-1970s - mid-1980s)
 * Gordon Smith
 * Hamish Neal
 * Hazel Irvine (now with BBC Sport)
 * Heather Reid (1994–2009, now working in academia)
 * Jackie Bird (1989–2019, works elsewhere in BBC)
 * Jane Franchi (1979–2003)
 * James Cook (now with The Nine)
 * John Duncanson
 * John MacKay (1987–1994)
 * John Milne (1972–2007)
 * Jonathan Sutherland (now with BBC Sport Scotland)
 * Kenneth Roy
 * Kirsty Wark (1981–1989, now with Newsnight)
 * Lesley Blair (1969 - mid 1970s)
 * Lindsay Monarch (late 1990s)
 * Louise Batchelor (1980s - 1989; 1994–2008)
 * Louise Tait
 * Louise Welsh
 * Louise White (mid-1990s)
 * Malcolm Wilson
 * Mary Marquis (1968–1988)
 * Neil Mudie (1977–1997)
 * Nick Sheridan (2020–2024)
 * Oliver Wright (now with STV News)
 * Paddy Christie
 * Penny Macmillan (1998–2007)
 * Peter MacRae
 * Renton Laidlaw (1970–1973)
 * Rhona McLeod (1995–2019)
 * Rob Maclean (now with BBC Sport Scotland and BT Sport)
 * Rob Matheson (1998–2011, now with Al Jazeera English)
 * Sally McNair (1990–2021)
 * Séan O'Neil (2023) (now with The Courier)
 * Stav Danaos (weather presenter 2011–2013, now with BBC Weather)
 * Vanessa Collingridge
 * Viv Lumsden (1984–1989)

title: BBC Reporting Scotland


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Dovedale

Dovedale is a valley in the Peak District of England. The land is owned by the National Trust and attracts a million visitors annually. The valley was cut by the River Dove and runs for just over 3 mi between Milldale in the north and a wooded ravine, near Thorpe Cloud and Bunster Hill, in the south. In the wooded ravine, a set of stepping stones cross the river and there are two caves known as the Dove Holes.

Dovedale's other attractions include rock pillars such as Ilam Rock, Viator's Bridge and the limestone features Lovers' Leap and Reynard's Cave.

Geology
The limestone rock that forms the geology of Dovedale is the fossilised remains of sea creatures that lived in a shallow sea over the area during the Carboniferous period, about 350 million years ago. During the two ice ages, the limestone rock (known as reef limestone) was cut into craggy shapes by glacial meltwater, and dry caves such as Dove Holes and Reynard's Kitchen Cave were eventually formed.

History
The caves were used as shelters by hunters around 13,000 BCE, and Dovedale has seen continuous human activity since. Around 4,500 years ago Neolithic farmers used the caves as tombs. There is evidence from Reynard's Cave of Bronze Age activity, and artifacts found there are displayed at Buxton Museum and Art Gallery.

Vikings settled in the area around 800 CE. Local place names such as Thorpe are of Scandinavian origin. These settlements became permanent, and Thorpe is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086.

Viator's Bridge, a packhorse bridge in Milldale has been in use since the medieval period when silks and flax were transported from nearby Wetton and Alstonefield.

Tourism started in the 18th century, and Dovedale is now one of the most visited natural tourist sites in Britain.

In July 2014 it was announced that a hoard of Late Iron Age and Roman coins has been discovered in Reynard's Kitchen Cave. The 26 coins discovered, which have been declared as "treasure", included three Roman coins from before the Roman invasion of Britain, and gold and silver pieces of Late Iron Age date, which are believed to have come from the Corieltavi, a Celtic tribe based in the East Midlands. National Trust archaeologist Rachael Hall said: "The coins would suggest a serious amount of wealth and power of the individual who owned them." The coins were scheduled to go on display at Buxton Museum in late 2014.

River Dove
The River Dove is a famous trout stream, 45 miles in length. Charles Cotton's Fishing House, the inspiration for Izaak Walton's The Compleat Angler, stands in the woods by the river. From Hartington to its confluence with the River Manifold at Ilam the River Dove flows through the scenic limestone valley known as Dove Valley, or Dovedale. From Hartington south to Ilam, a distance of eight miles (13 km), the Dove flows through Beresford Dale, Wolfscote Dale, Milldale, and then Dovedale.

National Trust
Much of the dale is in the ownership of the National Trust's South Peak Estate. Dovedale was acquired in 1934, with successive properties added until 1938, and Wolfscote Dale in 1948. Dovedale became a National Nature Reserve in 2006 in recognition that it is "one of England's finest wildlife sites" with diverse plant life and interesting rock formations. The National Trust became embroiled in controversy in 2010, when in conjunction with Derbyshire County Council it oversaw the renovation of Dovedale's iconic stepping stones. It involved topping all but one of the stones with layers of mortar and limestone slabs.

Thorpe Cloud
At the southern end of Dovedale, at between the villages of Thorpe and Ilam, stands Thorpe Cloud, 942 ft, an isolated limestone hill known as a reef knoll. It provides a viewpoint north up the dale and south across the Midlands plain. Its name "cloud" is a derivation of the Old English word clud which means "hill". On the opposite bank, at, is the higher but less isolated Bunster Hill, 1,079 ft, which is also a reef knoll. They were acquired by the National Trust in 1934 for the South Peak Estate.

Milldale
Milldale is a village of stone cottages at the northern end of Dovedale and the main access point to the dale from the north. A corn mill stood here until the mid-19th century; its stables are now used as an information hut by the National Trust.

Viator's Bridge
The ancient, narrow packhorse bridge at Milldale originally had no side walls so that horses with panniers could cross the bridge without being impeded. Izaak Walton, who refers to himself as "Viator", which is Latin for "traveller", wrote about it in The Compleat Angler:

""What’s here, the sign of a bridge? Do you travel in wheelbarrows in this country? This bridge was made for nothing else – why a mouse can hardly go over it, tis not two fingers broad!""

From this the bridge acquired the name Viator's Bridge.

The bridge has been in use since the medieval period, for packhorses transporting silks and flax from nearby Wetton and Alstonefield. It is listed as an ancient monument.

Limestone formations
Dovedale is notable for its numerous limestone formations. The most southerly named formation, Dovedale Castle, is a short distance along the river from the stepping stones at Thorpe Cloud. The limestone promontory called Lover's Leap is accessible from a set of steps. The steps were built by Italian prisoners of war captured in the Second World War and are now maintained by the National Trust and the National Park Authority.

At Lover's Leap, a young woman who believed her lover had been killed in the Napoleonic Wars threw herself from the promontory. Her skirt caught in the branches of a tree as she fell and saved her life. When she got home, she heard her lover was alive. There are other similar legends about Lover's Leap, including one placing the story in World War II.

Opposite Lover's Leap is a limestone formation called the Twelve Apostles. The rock spires have been created from hard reef limestone; they protrude from the valley side, and the river has eroded the rock and soil around them. The National Trust clears plant life to ensure the rock formations are visible.
 * Pickering Tor
 * Tissington Spires
 * Dovedale Church
 * Reynard's Cave
 * Lionshead Rock
 * Ilam Rock
 * Shepherd's Abbey
 * Dove Holes
 * Dove Holes

Natural history
Dovedale is of special ecological interest for its plant life, particularly the calcareous ash woods, which are considered among the best in England. There are unusual plants such as Solomon's seal, lily of the valley, herb-paris and small and large-leaved lime trees. Birds found here include common kingfisher, grey heron and dipper.

Tourism
Gentry comprised most of the visitors to Dovedale during the 18th and 19th centuries. From 1899 the Ashbourne-Buxton railway line ran to Thorpe Cloud station, above the village of Thorpe, making Dovedale more widely accessible to walkers and hikers of all social classes. Improvements in road transport facilitated travel to the area as well.

In 1931 Ramsay MacDonald's Labour government recommended creating a ‘National Park Authority’ to select natural areas for designation as national parks. Dovedale was one of the areas selected, and it was eventually included within the Peak District National Park when it became Britain's first National Park in 1951.

In July 1937, Staffordshire County Council converted the Leek and Manifold Valley Light Railway into a tarmac path now known as Manifold Way. The Ashbourne-Buxton railway line closed in the mid-1960s and was converted into a track known as Tissington Trail.

In a Peak District National Park survey conducted in 1986/87, more than a fifth of visitors said walking was their main reason for visiting. A footpath count on a Sunday in August 1990 recorded 4,421 walkers on the Staffordshire side of the river and 3,597 on the Derbyshire bank. Riverside paths make the valley accessible to walkers.

Fishing has grown in popularity as well, due in part to associations with Izaak Walton's The Compleat Angler. Some fishing rights are held by the Izaak Walton Hotel (part of the Duke of Rutland's estate at the southern end of Dovedale on the Staffordshire bank, SK143508).

Increased popularity has given rise to problems of congestion and erosion.

Literary and cultural associations
Charles Cotton's Fishing House, the inspiration for Izaak Walton's The Compleat Angler, stands in the woods by the River Dove.

Samuel Johnson, Lord Tennyson, John Ruskin and Lord Byron all praised Dovedale's scenery. The last wrote of Dovedale to the poet Thomas Moore, "I can assure you there are things in Derbyshire as noble as Greece or Switzerland."

Elizabeth Bennet and Mr Darcy talk about her travels in Derbyshire, including Dove Dale, after they meet unexpectedly at Pemberley in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice.

Dovedale was featured on the 2005 BBC TV programme Seven Natural Wonders as one of the wonders of the Midlands. The stepping stones across the river figure prominently in Jorge Grau's 1974 film The Living Dead at the Manchester Morgue. The area along the river was used in Franco Zeffirelli's 1996 version and the BBC's 2006 version of Jane Eyre, and Dovedale also featured in the 2008 film The Other Boleyn Girl. The Ridley Scott film Robin Hood also used Dovedale as a location, and it can be clearly seen in several scenes towards the end of the movie.

Dovedale Dash
The Dovedale Dash is an annual 4+3/4 mi cross-country race along the banks of the River Dove, along Dovedale, and between the villages of Ilam and Thorpe. First organised in 1953, the race takes place on the first Sunday of November, although previously it was held on the closest Sunday to Guy Fawkes Night. The race has been cancelled on five occasions, most recently in 1998, 2000 and 2004, as a result of bad weather, and in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.

title: Dovedale


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Drop tank

In aviation, a drop tank (external tank, wing tank or belly tank) is used to describe auxiliary fuel tanks externally carried by aircraft. A drop tank is expendable and often capable of being jettisoned. External tanks are commonplace on modern military aircraft and occasionally found in civilian ones, although the latter are less likely to be discarded except in an emergency.

Overview
The primary disadvantage with drop tanks is that they impose a drag penalty on the aircraft. External fuel tanks will also increase the moment of inertia, thereby reducing roll rates for air maneuvers. Some of the drop tank's fuel is used to overcome the added drag and weight of the tank. Drag in this sense varies with the square of the aircraft's speed. The use of drop tanks also reduces the number of external hardpoints available for weapons, reduces the weapon-carrying capacity and increases the aircraft's radar signature. Usually the fuel in the drop tanks is consumed first, and only when all the fuel in the drop tanks has been used, the fuel selector is switched to the airplane's internal tanks. Some modern combat aircraft use conformal fuel tanks (CFTs) instead of or in addition to conventional external fuel tanks. CFTs produce less drag and do not take up external hardpoints but some versions can only be removed on the ground.

History

According to Selfridge Field's history, drop tanks were first used on 5 March, 1923.

The drop tank was later used during the Spanish Civil War to allow fighter aircraft to carry additional fuel for long-range escort flights without requiring a dramatically larger, heavier, less maneuverable fuselage. Mitsubishi A5M, designed by Jiro Horikoshi, began carrying an external underside drop tank to provide fuel for extended range in 1937 and during World War II, the Luftwaffe began using external fuel tanks with the introduction of a 300 L light alloy model for the Ju 87R, a long-range version of the Stuka dive bomber, in early 1940. The Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter also used this type of drop tank, starting with the Bf 109E-7 variant introduced in August 1940. Fitted also to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190, the 300 L tank, available in at least four construction formats — including at least one impregnated paper material, single-use version — and varying only slightly in appearance, became the standard volume for most drop tanks in Luftwaffe service, with a rarely used 900 L, fin-stabilized large capacity drop tank used with some marks of the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter and other twin-engined Luftwaffe combat aircraft.

The first drop tanks were designed to be discarded when empty or in the event of combat or emergency to reduce drag, weight, and to increase maneuverability. Modern external tanks may be retained in combat, to be dropped in an emergency. The Allies commonly used them to allow fighters increased range and patrol time over continental Europe. The RAF used such external fuel tanks in 1942, during the transit of Supermarine Spitfires to Malta. The Imperial Japanese Navy design specification for what came to be the Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter included endurance with drop tanks of two hours at full power, or six to eight hours at cruising speed. Drop tanks were commonly used with the Zero, even on combat air patrol (CAP). The Zero entered service in 1940.

American bomber theorists (the so-called Bomber Mafia) wanted to create vast fleets of heavy bombers. They insisted formations of heavy bombers with multiple machine-gun positions would be self-defending, and that long-range escort fighters would be unnecessary, or even impossible to design. They were also concerned that long-range medium bombers might compete for resources. For all these reasons, official policy in the United States held that drop tanks should not be developed or encouraged. In the face of such entrenched attitudes in 1941 airmen such as Benjamin S. Kelsey and Oliver P. Echols worked quietly to get drop tank technology added to American fighters, beginning with the Lockheed P-38 Lightning. It was only with drop tanks supplying 450 gal of extra fuel per fighter that P-38s could carry out Operation Vengeance, the downing of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's aircraft. (For this mission, each fighter carried one drop tank of approximately 150 to 165 gal, and a larger one of approximately 300 to 330 gal).

8th Air Force General Ira C. Eaker experimented with British hardened paper drop tanks for the purpose of extending range for his Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters, so that they could fly with and defend the strategic bombers for extended periods. But the paper experiments did not satisfy American planners, and Eaker's inflexible bomber defense strategy was holding back the fighters, so he was replaced with Major General Jimmy Doolittle who gave escort fighters freedom to engage the enemy far ahead, and implemented metal drop tanks in 1944 for American fighters. External drop tanks turned the Thunderbolt from a short-range interceptor aircraft into a long-range escort and air superiority fighter, enabling it to accompany bombers from the British Isles into Germany and made it possible for heavy bomber formations to undertake daylight raids under escort by North American P-51 Mustangs. The P-38 could also carry two 300 to 330 USgal drop tanks for its longest sorties. This teardrop-shaped tank design was 13 ft long and 3 ft in diameter at its widest point.

Paper-based drop tanks

Faced by wartime metal shortages and a need to extend the range of fighter craft, the British came up with drop tanks made of glue-impregnated kraft paper, which had excellent tolerance characteristics for extreme heat and cold necessary for operation on an aircraft as well as being waterproof.

Since the glue would slowly dissolve from the solvent effects of the fuel (sometimes developing leaks within a few hours of being loaded with fuel) these were strictly a single-use item, used in typically chilly Northern European conditions, filled immediately before takeoff, jettisoned in the event of an aborted mission and only being required for the outbound portion of a flight. Such papier-mâché tanks were assembled from three main components, the nose cone, tail cone and the body, each shaped over wooden forms, the center section created by wrapping layers of the impregnated paper around a cylinder, the end caps hand-laminated with petal-shaped pieces sometimes called gores.

Before final assembly wooden anti-slosh baffles were installed, pipes and fittings were attached and the interiors coated with fuel-resistant lacquer and the three pieces were bonded together in press. Once the tank had cured, it was pressure tested to 6 psi and passing tanks were given two coats of cellulose dope followed by two coats of aluminium paint. (British paper drop tanks can be distinguished from outwardly similar metal tanks by colour, paper tanks were silver in appearance, while metal tanks were grey.) Some 13,000 papier-mâché tanks were made and used by the RAF, the vast majority during the war, conserving a considerable amount of metal. Very few examples survive due to their expendable nature, low intrinsic value and the fact that they are not inherently robust. While probably a nuisance for those under the flight path when the empty tanks were released, they were lightweight and comparatively fragile. Though they were likely to cause nothing but anxiety, the German authorities went so far as to distribute leaflets explaining that drop tanks were not bombs.

U.S. paper tanks were developed by Col. Bob Shafer and Col. Cass Hough, who spent many hours developing a 110-gallon (416 liter) paper tank, then getting them into series production at Bowater-Lloyd's of London, only to be told by experts at Wright Field "paper tanks are absolutely unfeasible and will not do the job for which they are intended". Since by the time the experts made that pronouncement 8th Air Force fighters had already used more than 15,000 paper tanks without a failure, the criticism was not taken seriously. It may explain why the most often-used fuel tanks for single-engined American fighters operating in Northern Europe were the 75-gallon (284 liter) capacity all-metal tank (made from two halves of formed aluminium with a prominent horizontal seam running along the tank's midline). Another common metal drop tank was the 150 to 165 USgal model used by P-51s, P-47s and P-38s.

Post-war use
The Matra JL-100 is a special hybrid drop tank and rocket pack; it combines a rocket launcher in front with 19 SNEB 68 mm rockets and 250 L of fuel behind into one single aerodynamically shaped pod for mounting on combat aircraft such as the Dassault Mirage IIIs and English Electric Lightnings. The Convair B-58 Hustler, the first operational bomber capable of Mach 2 flight, had no bomb bay: it carried a single nuclear weapon plus fuel in a combination bomb/fuel pod underneath the fuselage.

Automotive use

After World War II, hot rodders raced the dry lakes of California to set new land speed records. War surplus drop tanks (aka belly tanks) were plentiful, aerodynamically neutral and it did not take long to convert one into a car, dubbed a lakester. According to GM historians, Bill Burke of the So-Cal Speed Shop first attempted to convert a 168 USgal P-51 Mustang belly tank, before switching to the larger 305 USgal P-38 Lightning tank. Even now, lakesters compete at the Bonneville Salt Flats.

title: Drop tank