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Carl Eugene Watts

Carl Eugene Watts (November 7, 1953 – September 21, 2007), also known by his nickname Coral, was an American serial killer dubbed "the Sunday Morning Slasher" who murdered numerous women and girls over an eight-year period. He is suspected of being the most prolific serial killer in United States history. He died of prostate cancer while serving two sentences of life imprisonment without parole in a Michigan prison for the murders of Helen Dutcher and Gloria Steele, although the number of his victims may have exceeded 100.

Early life and criminal history
Carl Eugene Watts was born in Killeen, Texas to Richard Eugene Watts and Dorothy Mae Young on November 7, 1953. His father was a private first class in the Army, and his mother was a kindergarten art teacher. They had married in Coalwood, West Virginia. Before Carl was born, in 1942, Richard was transferred to Killeen and assigned to Fort Hood Army Base because it was chosen as the site for the American Army's Tank Destroyer Tactical and Firing centre. Three days after his birth, they returned to West Virginia, where they had grown up, and a year later, Sharon, their second child, was born. Watts' parents divorced when he was less than two years old due to an unsatisfactory marriage, and his mother raised him. In 1962, Dorothy Mae married Norman Caesar, a mechanic, with whom she had two daughters. The two moved to Inkster, Michigan where she found employment as a high school art teacher. Watts disliked his new stepfather, which made it difficult for him to adapt to his new familial environment. Watts claimed that he was referred to as a "mama's boy" and that he often worried about losing his mother's attention.

Dorothy Mae, Carl, and Sharon frequently visited Dorothy's mother and family in Coalwood, where Dorothy was born and raised. In the rural region near his grandmother's home, Carl learnt to hunt and skin rabbits with his grandfather at this time, an activity he really enjoyed. Watts later adopted the nickname "Coral," which was the southern pronunciation of his name, as a result of Watts' passion for the southern town and his native cousins. Watts reportedly had academic difficulties in Inkster but yet managed to get decent grades. Watts and his sister contracted meningitis when he was eight years old, which nearly killed him and caused him to be held back a year and miss the third grade.

Watts was brought to the Herman Kiefer Hospital, where he had to be kept apart from other patients and undergo spinal taps. Journalists claim that Watts' body temperature was so high that physicians worried it might have caused brain damage. After his illness, his family members also noticed a change in his personality, describing him as bashful, quiet, and introverted. His attention span dropped and he began to suffer from a poor memory. Watts struggled to keep up with other pupils when he returned to school since he had been held back one grade and had experienced chronic sleeplessness as a result of his sickness. Watts started having violent dreams about battling off and killing the wicked spirits of women, which interrupted his sleep cycle. When detectives questioned him about his crimes and asked him why he killed women, he responded that he wanted to "free their spirits" because they had "evil eyes."

By the time he was 12 years old, according to Watts, he began to relish his sleep-induced fantasies of torturing and killing girls and young women. Teenage Watts started stalking girls at this time, and it is thought that he killed his first victim before the age of 15. He frequently received failing grades in school, and by the age of 16, he could read only at a fourth-grade level. He was severely bullied at school as well. Police were able to identify a 15-year-old Watts as a culprit in the assault on 26-year-old Joan Gave on June 29, 1969. While delivering newspapers on his route, Watts knocked on Gave's apartment door. Watts beat Gave when she opened the door and abused her violently. He then continued on his delivery route as if nothing happened. Gave immediately contacted the authorities who apprehended Watts at his home. He was ordered to undergo psychiatric treatment at the Lafayette Clinic in Detroit, a mental hospital.

During a psychiatric evaluation, Watts was asked if his dreams and nightmarish visions disturbed him, he replied, "No, I feel better after I have one," and claimed that they were not nightmares because "he enjoyed them." He further elaborated that his motivation for assaulting Gave was because he "just felt like beating someone up." According to a psychiatric assessment, Watts was revealed to have a mild intellectual disability with an intelligence quotient of 75, and to have a delusional thought process and no evidence of psychosis. However, a police officer interrogating Watts after his arrest later stated that he appeared to be "very, very intelligent" with an "excellent memory." Also, Watts' psychiatrist later reported that Watts was an "impulsive individual who has a passive-aggressive orientation to life" and who is "struggling for control of strong homicidal impulses." He thought Watts posed a threat to society and hoped that the adolescent would benefit from outpatient therapy. He was discharged from the Lafayette Clinic on his 16th birthday and visited the facility nine more times for outpatient care throughout the ensuing years. During his time in various mental institutions, Watts was diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.

Watts graduated from high school in 1973 at the age of 19, and was given a football scholarship to Lane College in Jackson, Tennessee, despite his subpar grades and sporadic drug use after his release. Watts said that exercising allowed him to let out his suppressed rage. He was able to achieve stardom as a football player and even greater success in boxing, becoming a Golden Gloves fighter. After just three months, he was dismissed from Lane College after being charged with stalking and assaulting women and receiving minor leg injuries. The fact that many people at Lane College thought Watts was a suspect in the violent killing of a female student—even though there was insufficient evidence to hold him accountable for the crime—was another factor in his expulsion. He briefly resided in Houston, Texas following his expulsion, and then spent a year working as a mechanic for a Detroit wheel manufacturer. In 1974, when Watts entered to Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo, a string of heinous assaults and attacks on women started to occur.

Murders
Watts' first confirmed murders took place when he was 20 years old in 1974, by kidnapping his victims from their homes, torturing them, and then murdering them. He attacked in several different jurisdictions and even different states. Most of his victims were thin, attractive, white women, and he used methods such as strangulation, stabbing, bludgeoning, and drowning. His victims ranged between the ages of 14 and 44. Watts murdered dozens of women between 1974 and 1982, and despite the many women he murdered, he was not discovered as a serial killer for almost eight years. Even with the advent of DNA testing, it was still nearly impossible to connect them because he rarely performed sexual acts on his victims; his crimes were not thought to be sexually motivated.

Watts may have been involved in the disappearance of Nadine Jean O'Dell, who was 16 years old when she disappeared on August 16, 1974. She was last seen walking down John Daly Street in Inkster, Michigan on her way to babysit at her boyfriend's house in Taylor, Michigan. Her body has never been found and no one witnessed her presumed abduction.

At 10:45 a.m. on October 25, 1974, Watts knocked on 23-year-old Lenore Knizacky's apartment door. Watts called for "Charles," which was the name of one of his siblings, when she unlocked the door while the door was still chained. When she responded in the negative, she asked if he would like to leave a note and she undid the chain lock and went to get paper. Watts then attacked Knizacky and choked her into unconsciousness. Police were later alerted by Lenore, but they were unable to find her attacker. Gloria Steele, 20, was tortured and brutally killed by Watts on October 30, 1974. She is thought to have been his second victim. She attended Western Michigan University while raising her family. She was discovered with a crushed windpipe and 33 chest stab wounds from a wooden carving instrument. There were no witnesses other than Diane K. Williams, an apartment resident manager, who saw a black man "searching for Charles" strolling throughout the complex of apartments. When Watts saw her, he grabbed her, pushed her door open, and dragged Williams inside her apartment. Her phone started to ring as the two were fighting, so she knocked it off the hook and yelled for help. Williams spotted the man getting into a tan Pontiac Grand Prix as she stood up and peered out the window after her attacker fled. The police assembled a line-up, and Williams and Knizacky recognised Watts, who had just been apprehended stealing plywood from the campus of Western Michigan University. For both the Knizacky and Williams cases, he was taken into custody and charged with assault and battery.

After being diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder and attempting suicide with a length of cord at the Kalamazoo Mental Hospital, Watts was moved to the Center for Forensic Psychiatry in Michigan. When Watts was questioned about the death of Steele in 1975, he acknowledged that he had been nearby the day before Gloria died, but he insisted that he had not killed her despite having admitted to attacking around fifteen other young women. When Detroit police executed a search order at Watts' residence, they discovered wooden carving tools but no evidence connecting him to Gloria's death. He entered a "no contest" plea at his trial for the assault and battery of Knizacky and Williams, and was sentenced to a year in the county jail. His psychologists classified him as being extremely hazardous, lacking in remorse for his crimes, impetuous, careless, and emotionally distant, with a high likelihood of recidivism.

Watts returned to Inkster after being released from prison in 1976 and moved in with his mother and stepfather. Watts impregnated Deloris Howard, a childhood friend, in 1979, and the two gave birth to Nakisha Watts. Shortly after, Watts and Deloris split up, and he soon after wed Valeria Goodwill. Goodwill claimed that shortly after their marriage, he started acting oddly. He kept moving the furniture around, using knives to chop up houseplants, broke candles and melted them into the table, and dumped trash all over the floors without picking it up. He would also get up and depart after they had sex or had an "intimate encounter" and would disappear for several hours at a time. Their union only lasted for six months.

Five women were attacked and killed in the Detroit region over the course of a year by a perpetrator who was dubbed by Ann Arbor newspapers as "the Sunday Morning Slasher" since all of the attacks took place on Sunday mornings at around 4 a.m. On October 31, 1979, Jeanne Clyne, a 44-year-old reporter for Detroit News, walked home after a doctor's appointment, and was attacked. She was approached in broad daylight next to her Grosse Point Farms home on a major suburban road. Eleven stab wounds resulted in her death. Insufficient evidence was discovered by the police to identify a suspect. Detectives initially suspected Jeanne's husband, but once Watts admitted to her murder, they ruled him out.

Shirley Small, a 17-year-old high school student from Ann Arbor, Michigan, was fatally stabbed twice in the heart outside her home on April 20, 1980. Glenda Richmond, 26, was the victim of a comparable assault on July 13, 1980, in front of her summer residence in the Ann Arbor region. A diner manager, she sustained 28 knife wounds to her chest. At both crime scenes, there was insufficient evidence to convict anyone. However, both of the murders displayed characteristics of Watts' crimes. Graduate student Rebecca Huff, age 20, of the University of Michigan, was found dead on September 14, 1980, in front of her house. She had suffered about 50 stab wounds. Her case was the first homicide that could be directly attributed to Watts.

A 20-year-old lady named "Dalpe" was attacked and stabbed on October 6 but managed to live. She ended up with partially paralysed muscles, weak muscles, could hardly eat or move her head, and her arms barely moved over her head due to the deep slashes she sustained to her face, one of which ruptured her jugular vein. On November 1, "Angus," a 30-year-old woman, spotted a black man wearing a hooded sweatshirt as she was making her way home from a Halloween party. She kept an eye on him. He bent down to tie his shoe as soon as she pulled out her keys and then immediately followed her. She ran to her front door while screaming at the top of her lungs. He was startled by her response, so he turned and fled the other way. She identified Watts from a line-up of photos, but she was not sure because the outside area was dimly lighted at the time of her attack.

Canadian authorities also believe Watts crossed the border into Windsor, Ontario that October, assaulting 20-year-old Sandra Dalpe outside her apartment, leaving her near death with multiple wounds to the face and throat but she survived. By that time, Watts had fallen under scrutiny from local homicide investigators. A task force was organized in July 1980 to probe the Sunday slashings, and Watts was placed under sporadic surveillance; a November court order permitted officers to plant a homing device in his car.

On November 15, at around five in the morning, two police officers on patrol in the vicinity of Main Street in Ann Arbor saw a suspicious man in a car following a woman who was walking home. She attempted to hide in a doorway after realising she was being followed in the hopes that her stalker would lose her. Watts "nearly went crazy" when he lost track of the woman he was pursuing. Watts was detained by the police after they pulled over his automobile for having outdated licence plates and a suspended licence. Additionally, they examined his car and discovered a package containing wood-filing equipment and a few screwdrivers. Their most important discovery, however, was a dictionary that belonged to Huff and had the carved phrase "Rebecca is a lover" on it. It was insufficient proof, though, to hold him responsible for her slaying. Watts relocated to Columbus, Texas, in the spring of 1981, where he worked for an oil firm. He spent his weekend nights travelling more than 70 miles to his next hunting ground in the Houston region.

Arrest and discovery
Michele Maday, then 20 years old, answered the door to her Houston apartment on May 23, 1982, to find a suspicious-looking man standing there. Unexpectedly, the stranger assaulted, beat, and choked her until she passed out. The man entered her bathroom, filled the tub with water, and drowned her while she was still lying on the floor before departing the area.

Later that day, Melinda Aguilar, 18, and Lori Lister, 21, had their Houston apartment broken into by Watts. He choked Lister down the steps below the flat while she was returning from work. Then he went inside the apartment and started to choke Aguilar too. Aguilar pretended to be unconscious while Watts wire-tied her hands behind her back. In order to drown Lister, he hauled her body upstairs and into the bathroom, where he filled the bathtub with water. Aguilar was able to escape while Watts was focused on Lister and leapt out of a window to get assistance. Lister was saved, and Watts was apprehended after evading capture. While Watts was being held, investigators started to connect him to several recent killings of women. Prosecutors in Texas did not believe they had enough evidence to find Watts guilty of murder, though.

In May 1982, after the attacks on Melinda Aguilar and Lori Lister, Harris County Assistant District Attorney Ira Jones brokered a plea bargain. Watts would only be charged with burglary with intent to murder if he confessed fully to his crimes and received immunity from prosecution on the murder accusations. A 60-year sentence was imposed for this offence. The deal was accepted, and he later led the detectives to the graves of three of his victims. Watts finally acknowledged attacking 19 women, murdering 13 of them. Watts admitted to killing 44-year-old Jeanne Clyne in Detroit in 1979, but he refrained from confessing to the deaths of Glenda Richard, Shirley Small, or Rebecca Huff. However, Michigan authorities refused to go in on the deal so the cases in that state remained open.

Linda Tilley, 22, a student at the University of Texas, was drowned in the swimming pool of her apartment complex in September 1981, according to his confession. One week later, he also killed Elizabeth Montgomery, 25, by stabbing her. Susan Wolf, 21, was several steps from her apartment when she was fatally stabbed in the arm and chest while going home after purchasing ice cream from a grocery store. Watts acknowledged another murder from January 1982—that of 27-year-old Phyllis Tamm, who was attacked while jogging. Watts alleged that after choking her with his hands, he tied an elastic strap to a tree branch and hung her there.

Margret Fossi, a 25-year-old architecture student who appeared to have passed away from a strike to the throat, was murdered by Watts almost two days later. At Rice University, her body was discovered in the trunk of her vehicle. Watts claimed that he burnt her shoes, her pocketbook, the blueprints she was carrying, and her belongings in an effort to "destroy her spirit." Additionally, Watts said to authorities that on January 16 he later saw Julia Sanchez, a young woman, attempting to fix a flat tire on a motorway. Sanchez was left for dead after Watts sliced her throat. Despite this, she lived. Watts claimed to have assaulted two additional women in the Houston region that same month. Patty Johnson, then 19 years old, was attacked on January 30, 1982, as she exited her car on her way home. Watts slashed her throat in an attempt to kill her. Watts left after hearing someone yell who had heard what was happening. Johnson survived, and up until Watts admitted guilt, another man had received a life sentence for the assault. The second victim Watts cited was "Martell," a 19-year-old who had been attacked outside of her residence and stabbed three times with a screwdriver but had managed to survive.

Watts also admitted to killing Elena Semander, 20, Emily LaQua, 14, Anna Ledet, 34, Yolanda Gracia, 21, Carrie Jefferson, 32, Suzanne Searles, 25, and Michele Maday, 20, between February and May 1982. Watts was never put on trial for the majority of the murders despite his confessions due to the agreement he made.

Michigan trial
Watts was sentenced to the agreed 60 years in 1982. However, shortly after he began serving time, the Texas Court of Appeals ruled that he had not been informed that the bathtub and water he attempted to drown Lori Lister in was considered a deadly weapon. The ruling reclassified him as a non-violent felon, making him eligible for early release. At the time, Texas law allowed nonviolent felons to have three days deducted from their sentences for every one day served as long as they were well behaved. Watts was a model prisoner, and had enough time deducted from his sentence that he could have been released as early as May 9, 2006. The law allowing early release was abolished after public outcry, but could not be applied retroactively according to the Texas Constitution.

In 2004, Michigan Attorney General Mike Cox went on national television asking for anyone to come forward with information in order to try to convict Watts of murder to ensure he was not released. Joseph Foy of Westland, Michigan, came forward to say that he had seen a man fitting Watts' description murder Helen Dutcher, a 36-year-old woman who died after being stabbed 12 times on December 1, 1979. Foy identified Watts by his eyes, which he described as being "evil" and devoid of emotion. Although Watts had immunity from prosecution for the 13 killings he had admitted to in Texas, he had no immunity agreement in Michigan. Before his 2004 trial, law enforcement officials asked the trial judge to allow the Texas confessions into evidence, to which he agreed.

Watts was promptly charged with the murder of Helen Dutcher. A Michigan jury convicted him on November 17, 2004, after hearing eyewitness testimony from Joseph Foy. On December 7, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. Two days later, authorities in Michigan started making moves to try him for the murder of Western Michigan University student Gloria Steele, who was stabbed to death in 1974. Watts' trial for the Steele murder began in Kalamazoo, Michigan on July 25, 2007; closing arguments concluded July 26. The following day the jury returned a guilty verdict. Watts was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole on September 13. He was incarcerated at a maximum security prison in Ionia, Michigan. He died of prostate cancer on September 21, 2007, in a Jackson, Michigan hospital.

Victims
Watts officially confessed to the murders of 13 women but later claimed he had killed 40 women and also implied that there were more than 80 victims in total. He would not confess outright to having committed these murders, however, because he did not want to be seen as a "mass murderer." Police still consider Watts a suspect in 90 unsolved murders. Watts is now suspected to have killed more than 100 women, which would make him the most prolific serial killer in American history. The following is a summary of confirmed and suspected murders that have been linked to Watts:
 * September 6, 1972: Zenaida Tomes, 20, was discovered in a field in Taylor, Michigan, adjacent to North Line Road and Lange Close. She had suffered 45 stab wounds. Over the years, rumors have circulated that Tomes' death may have been caused by Watts, who was present in the area at the time. However, she was taken from Detroit and murdered somewhere else, which is contradictory with Watts' known modus operandi; therefore, officials are less convinced that he was involved.
 * August 16, 1974: At 9:30 in the morning, Nadine Jean O'Dell, a 16-year-old girl, was last seen on John Daly Road in Inkster, Michigan, heading toward Michigan Avenue. She was going to meet her boyfriend in Taylor, Michigan, where she was going to babysit at his house. Nadine never made it to the house when he did.
 * October 30, 1974: Gloria Steele, a 19-year-old Western Michigan University student, was attacked and fatally stabbed 33 times in her Kalamazoo, Michigan, apartment. In 2004, Watts was convicted of killing the woman.
 * September 21, 1979: Malak “Mimi” Haddad, 34, was found headless in Allen Park, Michigan. Her case is still open, and her head was never found.
 * October 2, 1979: Dawn Jerome, 20, was found strangled to death in Taylor, Michigan.
 * October 8, 1979: Peggy Pochmara, 22, was discovered dead in Detroit, strangled, in the front yard of her boyfriend's neighbor.
 * October 31, 1979: Jeanne Clyne, 44, was stabbed to death on a sidewalk in Grosse Pointe Farms, a Detroit suburb, as she made her way home from a doctor's appointment. She had been stabbed 13 times with a screwdriver-like woodworking tool.
 * December 1, 1979: Helen Mae Dutcher, 36, was attacked by a man who repeatedly stabbed her in the neck and back in an alleyway near a Ferndale dry cleaners in Detroit. Twelve stab wounds caused Dutcher's death. Witness Joseph Foy contributed to Watts' 2004 conviction for her slaying.
 * March 10, 1980: Hazel Connof, 23, was discovered with her belt around her neck attached to a chain-link fence in the Detroit driveway of her boyfriend.
 * March 31, 1980: Denise Dunmore, 26, was found strangled in a Detroit parking lot outside her home.
 * April 20, 1980: Seventy feet from her apartment at 2820 Page Street in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Shirley Small, 17, was discovered dead from two stab wounds to the heart and six major cuts on her face. Small did not experience a sexual assault. Small went to a Big Boy restaurant in Ypsilanti after spending time with friends at a Farmington roller skating rink. Because she was angry with her partner after their recent breakup, she avoided entering the restaurant with her friends. She started walking from Ypsilanti to Ann Arbor as her boyfriend drove along the route he believed she was taking to get home in search of her. At 3:45 a.m., he discovered her strolling up Packard Road toward her house. She declined his two attempts to give her a ride and kept on walking. She was slain at 4:45 in the morning.
 * May 31, 1980: Linda Monteiro, 27, was found strangled outside her Detroit home.
 * July 13, 1980: The body of 17-year-old Glenda Richmond was discovered stabbed to death in Braeburn, Michigan, on the south side of the city. Richmond, who worked at a Brown Jug Restaurant, was murdered after she finished work. With a screwdriver, she was stabbed 28 times in the left breast. A neighbor discovered her body lying in the grass just 27 feet from her front door.
 * July 31, 1980: 28-year-old Lilli Marlene Dunn was last seen at around 3 a.m. on Agnes Street in Southgate, Michigan. She had left her house at 6:30 p.m. to go bowling, after which she and some companions proceeded to a bar on Ford Road in Dearborn, Michigan. She got home around 2:30 in the morning. Someone attacked her right after she had parked her car in her garage. She was thrown into a light-colored vehicle while kicking and screaming. Her handbag, hairbrush, and shoes were later discovered by authorities on the street. Her captor is believed to have followed her home. Authorities believe Dunn could have been a victim of Watts.
 * September 15, 1980: Flight attendant Rebecca Greer Huff, 30, was fatally stabbed in the Waldenwood Unit Complex in Ann Arbor, Michigan, at around 4:30 a.m. while returning to her apartment. She had not been sexually abused, but she had been stabbed 54 times with a screwdriver. When the killer approached Huff, she had already gotten out of her car and was heading toward the entrance. A witness first heard screaming before seeing a man run and get into a car.
 * November 6, 1980: Lena J. Bennett, 63, was discovered in her garage in Harper Woods, Michigan, hanging from a beam by a trench coat belt. She had a wooden broomstick pushed into her vagina during the assault.
 * September 3, 1981: Susan Wolf, 21, was stabbed in the arm and chest outside her Houston apartment as she carried groceries from her car.
 * September 5, 1981: 22-year-old Linda Tilley was murdered in the swimming pool at her Austin apartment building. Watts had been following a different female from Houston for several hours that day but had lost track of her in Austin before spotting Tilley and following her inside her apartment building. When she attempted to fight him off, they both fell into a pool, where he held her down until she drowned. Until Watts confessed, Tilley's death had been thought to be accidental.
 * September 12, 1981: Elizabeth Montgomery, 25, was stabbed once outside her Houston apartment while she walked her dog.
 * January 4, 1982: The body of Phyllis Tamm, 27, was discovered hanging from a tree not far from Rice University in Houston. Early in the morning, she was out running alone when she was attacked and hung by her tube top from a branch. It was not until Watts' confession that Tamm's death was deemed a homicide. The medical examiner ruled her death a suicide.
 * January 17, 1982: Margaret Fossi, a 25-year-old architecture student, was discovered dead in the trunk of her parked automobile at Rice University. A day before, she had been reported missing. Asphyxia had been brought about by a hit to the throat, which claimed Fossi's life.
 * February 7, 1982: Elena Semander, 20, was found dead in a Houston dumpster after she had been strangled with her shirt.
 * February 16, 1982: Debra Mackey, 20, was a formerly unidentified woman known as Hale County Jane Doe, whose badly decomposed headless and nude body was discovered on a dirt road in the Texas desert outside of Hale County. Mackey had disappeared on January 6, 1982, more than a month prior to her discovery. She was identified by the DNA Doe Project in June 2023.
 * March 20, 1982: Emily Elizabeth LaQua, 14, was killed while traveling to Brookshire to start a new job as a waitress. She had recently relocated from Seattle to Texas to live with her father, and at first it was assumed that she had disappeared on her own accord. Five months later, her body was discovered stuffed in a culvert. This is the only case for which Watts did not receive legal immunity.
 * March 27, 1982: Edith Ledet, 34, was stabbed to death in Galveston as she returned home from a graduation party.
 * April 14, 1982: Cheryl Sibolo, 25, left work at the Houston G.P.O. (parking lot) and saw Watts in her rearview mirror following her. Cheryl pulled over in front of the Houston G.P.O. immediately to confront Watts. Cheryl got out of her vehicle yelling loud, shaking her fists and legs at Watts threatening, STOP THIS NOW! and YOU BETTER LEAVE ME ALONE! I’LL GET YOU! Watts began to exit his vehicle as she was still yelling. Cheryl turned to get back in her vehicle still yelling at him. Watts immediately became frightened, got back in his vehicle and drove his vehicle around her with a 'mocking' scared look on his face and drove away.
 * April 15, 1982: Yolanda Gracia, 21, was stabbed to death on her front lawn as she returned home.
 * April 16, 1982: Carrie Mae Jefferson, 32, was stabbed twice while she was walking home from her job at the downtown post office in Houston. Jefferson's body was buried by Watts at White Oak Bayou.
 * April 21, 1982: Suzanne Searles, 25, was taken as she made her way home from a party. According to Watts, he held her head in a flowerpot filled with water because he could not tell if she was dead after he had strangled her. Watts buried Searles. He led police to her grave as soon as he confessed in 1982.
 * May 23, 1982: Michelle Maday, 20, was returning home about 4 a.m. when Watts choked her to death outside her apartment. According to Watts, he brought Maday's body inside and dumped it in her bathtub. After attempting to murder Melinda Aguilar and Lori Lister, Watts was apprehended.

title: Carl Eugene Watts


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Tribes of Redwall Otters

Tribes of Redwall Otters was published in 2002 as an accessory to the Redwall series by Brian Jacques.

Summary
This booklet about otters features trivia questions, a giant poster, profiles of many of the otter characters that are featured in the series, and the much anticipated recipe for Shrimp and Hotroot Soup. The book offers insight into the culture and history of otters, listing important otter characters and customs from the series.

It was illustrated by Jonathan Walker.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tribes of Redwall Otters


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Category:John Steinbeck

John Steinbeck was an American novelist.

title: Category:John Steinbeck


text:
British Rail Derby Lightweight

The British Rail Derby Lightweight diesel multiple units, were the first such trains to be built en-masse for British Railways. The units were built at BR's Derby Works from 1954 to 1955. The units were built in various formations, including 12 power-twin 2-car units, 84 power-trailer 2-car units, four 4-car units, and two single car units.

Body framing was extruded and riveted together. Panelling was welded into continuous sheets and riveted to the frame. Luggage racks were light alloy. The floors had 2 layers of flameproof hardboard, covered with linoleum. To reduce noise and condensation, the inside structure and undersides were sprayed with asbestos. Lighting was by 60-watt, 24-volt lamps charged by belt driven dynamos. Heating was oil fired. Standard mild steel bogies ran on Timken roller bearings.

Contemporaneous with these units was the unique Battery Electric Multiple Unit.

Operations
The first units were introduced on services around the West Riding of Yorkshire, namely Leeds to Bradford and Harrogate services from 14 June 1954. Subsequent units were introduced onto services in West Cumbria, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Newcastle to Middlesbrough, Edinburgh to Glasgow and, later, Birmingham to Sutton Coldfield, Bletchley to Buckingham and Banbury, and East London lines services. They were also the last units to run on the Anglesey Central Railway which closed to public traffic in 1964.

These units were extremely successful, helping to reduce the operating costs of branchlines and also attracting many more passengers when new. They carried 800,000 more passengers on the London Midland Region between February and October 1956 than steam did in the same period of 1955. The largest increase was 434% (4,772 passengers) on the Buckingham-Banbury line (from 13 August), followed by Birmingham-Lichfield 178% (from 5 March), Bury-Bacup 152% (from 6 February), Llandudno-Blaenau Ffestiniog 39% (from 5 March) and Manchester-Buxton 38% (from 8 October).

Due to their success, British Railways ordered many more DMU vehicles from various builders over the next decade, thus helping to eliminate steam locomotives. However, as these units were non-standard compared to other later DMU vehicles, they were subject to early retirement. The last units were withdrawn from normal traffic in 1969.

Formations
Four different sorts of formation were created from the 217 cars built of this type, as follows:

Single Car Units
79683 was left over as a spare DTCL, and took the place of 79649 in 1957, when this was converted into a special saloon on diagram 565. It was later renumbered 999510 in the departmental saloon series and was eventually scrapped in 1981.

In 1962 three of the power twin units were converted to power trailer units, when 79191–79193 were rebuilt as DTCL vehicles and renumbered 79633–79635.

Power Twins 79000+79500 to 79007+79507

 * Engine: Two BUT (Leyland) 125 bhp
 * Transmission: Hydraulic, Lysholm-Smith (Leyland) torque converter
 * Coupling code: Red triangle

Remainder of the fleet

 * Engine: Two BUT (AEC) 150 bhp
 * Transmission: Mechanical
 * Coupling code: Yellow diamond

Departmental Use
A number of cars from these units were subsequently transferred to departmental (non-revenue earning) use after withdrawal from normal service:
 * 79018 + 79612 were rebuilt as an ultrasonic test train based at Reading, numbered 975007 + 975008. Replaced by unit 901001.
 * 79900 was rebuilt as test coach "Iris", based at Bletchley, numbered 975010. Later transferred to the BR Research Division at the Railway Technical Centre at Derby, for its last few years in traffic, it was repainted into original BR Green livery. Replaced by unit 901002.
 * 79185 was taken into departmental use for brake trials, numbered 975012. It was scrapped in 1970.
 * 79250 and 79252 were taken into departmental use as staff messrooms, numbered 975013 and 975014. They were scrapped in 1978 and 1982 respectively.
 * 79649, the inspection saloon mentioned above, took its place in the departmental series as 999510.

Preservation

Thanks to their extended life in departmental service, one 2-car unit and a single car unit survive in preservation on the Ecclesbourne Valley Railway, the former following a high-profile campaign.

title: British Rail Derby Lightweight


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Stradbroke Island

Stradbroke Island, also known as Minjerribah, was a large sand island that formed much of the eastern side of Moreton Bay near Brisbane, Queensland until the late 19th century. Today the island is split into two islands: North Stradbroke Island and South Stradbroke Island, separated by the Jumpinpin Channel.

In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, the Stradbroke Island was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as a "Natural attraction".

Indigenous history
Archaeological evidence suggests the Quandamooka, an Aboriginal Australian people, lived on the island for at least 21,000 years prior to European settlement. It was also a traditional meeting place of Quandamooka peoples such as the Nunukul and Goenpul. A 1964 survey found 121 pre-European dwelling sites with evidence of substantial wooden huts.

Jandai (also known as Janday, Jandewal, Djendewal, Jundai, Goenpul and Jandawal) is one of the Aboriginal languages spoken on Stradbroke Island.

European settlement
There are persistent stories of a 17th-century Spanish shipwreck known locally as the Stradbroke Island Galleon. There exists a body of Aboriginal oral history that may bear on some such incident, and several artefacts have been found in the sand dunes, including an English silver coin from 1597 and the blade of a 17th-century Spanish rapier. The evidence however is not conclusive.

Captain James Cook made the first documented European sighting of the island in 1770 and named Point Lookout, but did not land. The first historically documented contact between Europeans and the local Aborigines was 1803 when Matthew Flinders landed in search of fresh water. The next documented contact was between shipwreck survivors Thomas Pamphlett, Richard Parsons and John Finnegan landed on Moreton Island in April 1823, before being taken to Stradbroke Island by the natives where they were helped and provided with food, shelter and a canoe by the local Aborigines.

Initial white settlement of Stradbroke Island was at Amity Point where a pilot station was established in 1825. More fertile soil, good sources of fresh water and a better harbour was found at the present location of Dunwich so settlement soon concentrated there. Dunwich became a staging point where larger ships were unloaded of cargo which was placed into smaller vessels to be carried over the sand bars of Brisbane River and up to the penal settlement of Brisbane. The Dunwich settlement was in close proximity to a major Aboriginal camp at Myora Spring. Whites and Europeans generally lived in reasonable harmony though there were moments of conflict as would be expected within the context of two very different cultures meeting for the first time.

Early efforts to establish agriculture on the island, especially plans to grow cotton north of Dunwich, resulted in conflicts with the local Aboriginal people, the Ngugi tribe of the Quandamooka people. In March 1830, the 57th regiment seeking reprisals for the murder of a guard, attacked a group of Ngugi people near a lagoon on Moreton Island. This was likely the first significant massacre of indigenous people in the region.

In 1843 the first Catholic mission for Aboriginal people was established on Stradbroke Island by Archbishop Polding, a Passionist priest, who visited and chose the site. It was unsuccessful because of poor relations with the local tribes and lack of resources, and the missionaries withdrew in 1847.

A quarantine station was established at the northern end of the island in July 1850. This was due to its proximity to the shipping route, its isolation and to there being a supply of fresh water available.

On 2 February 1887 the barque Scottish Prince ran aground on the southern end of Stradbroke Island. Three tug boats were dispatched to try to pull the vessel free, but this did not succeed. All of the passengers and crew were rescued but the cargo was remained onboard until the ship broke apart and its goods were washed ashore. Parts of the wreck can still be found in shallow water approximately 500 m offshore south of the Southport Spit and it is a popular diving site. Since 2013, sand movement has resulted in increasing amounts of the wreck becoming visible.

Myora Mission, initially run by the Queensland Aboriginal Protection Association from 1892 and from 1896 by the Queensland Government as an Aboriginal reserve and "industrial and reform school", was used as a source of cheap labour, and eventually closed in 1943.

Island division
In September 1894, heavy seas drove aground the barque Cambus Wallace at a narrow isthmus roughly halfway down the island's length. Salvage activity (including the detonation of a cargo of explosives) weakened the sand dunes along the spit such that by the spring of 1896, storms and tides had washed a permanent breach from Moreton Bay to the Coral Sea.

The island is now two islands separated by the Jumpinpin Channel:

 * North Stradbroke Island is the larger of the two, about 38 km long and up to 11 km wide.
 * South Stradbroke Island is about 22 km long and at most 2 km wide.

North Stradbroke is the more developed of the two islands, with the three small townships of Dunwich, Amity Point and Point Lookout offering vacation rentals, shops and a range of eateries. It also has a sealed, bitumen road network.

South Stradbroke, while less developed, has a number of anchorages, campsites, and two major tourist resorts, Couran Cove and South Stradbroke Island Resort, or Tipplers. There are almost no sealed roads on the island.

In popular culture
The 2015 novel Ghost Galleon by Errol Bishop is based on the legend of the Stradbroke Island Galleon. Bishop became aware of the legend while the principal of Macleay Island State School in Moreton Bay.

title: Stradbroke Island


text:
Combe, Yealmpton, Devon

Combe is a village near Yealmpton in the county of Devon, England.

title: Combe, Yealmpton, Devon


text: Category:Kansas City Royals managers

title: Category:Kansas City Royals managers


text:
User:DHunscher

Dale Hunscher, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Wikipedian since 2004. Studying Wikipedia Fall 2004 for a class at the University of Michigan School of Informationwhere I attend part-time. I have a day job as a project leader on clinical research data management software at the Center for the Advancement of Clinical Research, a unit of the University of Michigan Health System.

title: User:DHunscher


text:
User talk:Xsarpedonx

Is what happens when someone is using my name, Sarpedon.

nForce4
Nice work on the nForce4 article!! If you have a look at the edit I made to it, though, you will see that unordered lists can be done in Wiki articles simply by putting a * at the start of each item, you don't need to use the HTML <ul>, <li> entities..

(similarly, numbered lists can be done by putting a # at the start of each line)

Thanks for joining us, and I hope you enjoy it here! —Stormie 07:06, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hiya! Have a look at Markup for some of the things you can do without needing to put HTML into a page. But there's no harm done if you do it with HTML, the article still looked fine, I just switched it so it would be easier on the eyes next time someone came to edit it.

 * General etiquette with tags? Good question. :-) I just do things based on what I've seen most commonly used elsewhere - so, goes at the bottom,  goes at the top.

 * It should stop telling that you've got new messages as soon as you click on the new message link to your talk page? Is it not? —Stormie 08:26, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Descendents-Enjoy!.jpg)
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Hi, File:Descendents-Milo Goes to College.jpg, File:Descendents-ALL.jpg, and File:Descendents-Fat.jpg are nominated for deletion. Regards Hekerui (talk) 11:10, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

Nomination of Swingin' Utters for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Swingin' Utters is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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title: User talk:Xsarpedonx


text:
Turnham Green tube station

Turnham Green is a London Underground station in Chiswick of the London Borough of Hounslow, west London. The station is served by the District and Piccadilly lines although currently Piccadilly line trains normally stop at the station only at the beginning and end of the day, running through non-stop at other times. To the east, District line trains stop at and Piccadilly line trains stop at. To the west, District line trains run to either or  and Piccadilly line trains stop at. The station is in both Travelcard Zone 2 and Zone 3.

The station is located on Turnham Green Terrace (B491) on the eastern edge of Chiswick Common. It is about 200 m north of Chiswick High Road (A315), and as well as Central Chiswick the station serves the Bedford Park area. The actual Turnham Green park is much closer to Chiswick Park station.

History
The station is located close to the site of the Battle of Turnham Green (1642), during the First English Civil War.

District line
Turnham Green station was opened on 1 January 1869 by the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR) on a a new branch line to built from the West London Joint Railway starting north of Addison Road station (now ). The line ran through Shepherd's Bush and Hammersmith via a now unused curve and initially the next station towards central London was Grove Road station in Hammersmith (also now closed).

Between 1 June 1870 and 31 October 1870 the Great Western Railway (GWR) briefly ran services from to Richmond via the Hammersmith & City Railway (now the Hammersmith & City line) tracks to Grove Road then on the L&SWR tracks through Turnham Green.

On 1 June 1877, the District Railway (DR, now the District line) opened a short extension from its terminus at Hammersmith to connect to the L&SWR tracks east of station (which had opened in 1873). The DR then began running trains over the L&SWR tracks to Richmond. On 1 October 1877, the Metropolitan Railway (MR, now the Metropolitan line) restarted the GWR's former service to Richmond via Grove Road station.

On 5 May 1878 The Midland Railway began running a circuitous service known as the Super Outer Circle from St Pancras to via Cricklewood and South Acton. It operated over a now disused connection between the North London Railway and the L&SWR Richmond branch. The service was not a success and was ended on 30 September 1880.

The DR's service between Richmond, Hammersmith and central London was more direct than either the L&SWR's or the MR's routes via Grove Road station or the L&SWR's other route from Richmond via Clapham Junction. The success of the DR's operations lead it, on 1 July 1879, to open a branch from Turnham Green to.

From 1 January 1894, the GWR began sharing the MR's Richmond service and served Turnham Green once again, meaning that passengers from Turnham Green could travel on the services of four operators.

Following the electrification of the DR's own tracks north of Acton Town in 1903, the DR funded the electrification of the tracks through Turnham Green. The tracks between Acton Town and central London were electrified on 1 July 1905 and those on the Richmond branch on 1 August 1905. Whilst DR services were operated with electric trains, the L&SWR, GWR and MR services continued to be steam hauled.

MR services were withdrawn on 31 December 1906 and GWR services were withdrawn on 31 December 1910 leaving operations at Turnham Green to the DR (by then known as the District Railway) and L&SWR. The L&SWR constructed an additional pair of non-electrified tracks between Turnham Green and its junction with the District at Hammersmith and opened these on 3 December 1911 although their use was short-lived as the District's trains out-competed the L&SWR's to the extent that the L&SWR withdrew its service between Richmond and Addison Road on 3 June 1916, leaving the District as the sole operator.

In 1913, the Central London Railway (now the Central line) obtained parliamentary approval for an extension to Richmond. This would have had a deep-level station at Turnham Green. The stations each side would have been at Heathfield Terrace and Emlyn Road. The plan was delayed by the First World War and an alternative route was adopted in 1920, which was not progressed.

Piccadilly line
In the early 1930s, the London Electric Railway, precursor of the London Underground and owner of the District and Piccadilly lines, began the reconstruction of the tracks between and  to enable the Piccadilly line to be extended from Hammersmith to  and  (then the terminus of what is now the Heathrow branch). Express non-stop tracks were provided for the Piccadilly line between the stopping lines of the District line. Services on the Piccadilly line began running through Turnham Green on 4 July 1932.

To provide a better interchange with the Richmond branch of the District line, Piccadilly line trains began stopping at Turnham Green station in the early mornings (from the first train until 06:50 Monday to Saturday, 07:45 on Sunday) and late evenings (from 22:30 until the last train) only from 23 June 1963. During the rest of the day they run non-stop through the station as before. Local residents have been campaigning for more Piccadilly line trains to stop at Turnham Green with trains only stopping in the event of delays to the District line whereby large numbers of passengers are left waiting on the platform or occasionally while scheduled maintenance work is carried out.

However, in December 2013, it was announced that Turnham Green will be made a permanent stop on the Piccadilly line once the line has been upgraded, with work scheduled to commence in 2019 and introduction of the first new train in 2022. A consultation published in January 2014, concluded that the business case would currently have an overall negative impact on business across London from introducing increased stopping at Turnham Green, but did outline the future plans to do so when upgrades had taken place, with passengers benefiting from improvements to the District line and the Night Tube (on Friday and Saturday nights, beginning with the Jubilee, Victoria, Central, Northern and most of the Piccadilly line, then expanding across other lines in subsequent years)  from Autumn 2015 in the interim, giving the following conclusion:

''However, we recognise the continued frustration among those who wish for the Piccadilly line to stop for more of the day at Turnham Green station. The signalling constraints and the size of the train fleet mean that we are unlikely to be able to implement changes in the short term. TfL therefore plans to stop Piccadilly line trains at Turnham Green station all day once the line is modernised and we have a new and larger fleet of trains and a new signalling system. This upgrade is set to commence in 2019 with introduction of the first new train in 2022.''

''In the interim, passengers using Turnham Green station will benefit from the upgrade of the District line. The introduction of a fleet of new larger and walk-through, air-conditioned trains will start this year and be complete by 2016. This will be followed by a new signalling system enabling a faster, more frequent and more reliable service from 2018.''

Additionally, the Piccadilly line will stop throughout the night at Turnham Green when the Night Tube network starts in 2015. However this upgrade was suspended indefinitely due to a lack of funding because of the coronavirus pandemic.

The station today
There is a newsagent near the ticket hall. There are four ticket barriers and a gate that control access to all platforms. Refurbishment work in the station was completed in 2006.

District line
Train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally every 2–8 minutes between 05:16 and 00:15 eastbound, every 6–12 minutes between 06:59 and 01:08 westbound to Ealing Broadway and between 06:28 and 00:37 westbound to Richmond.

Piccadilly line
During late nights, early mornings and evenings, Piccadilly line trains stop here in order to provide a better interchange with the Richmond branch of the District line. Until 06:50 Mondays to Saturdays and 07:45 on Sundays,  and after 22:30,    trains stop at this station. Late night trains and Night Tube services also stop at Turnham Green. At all other times (rush hours, middays and weekends), the Piccadilly line does not stop here.

Connections
London Bus routes 94, 272 and E3 serve the station directly, while routes 110, 237, 267, H91 and night bus route N9 run along Chiswick High Road, about 300 yards south of the station. Route 94 runs 24 hours a day, and night bus route N11 serves the station itself.

title: Turnham Green tube station


text:
Combe, Buckfastleigh, Devon

Combe is a small village in the county of Devon, England. It lies on the River Mardle about 2 miles north west of the town of Buckfastleigh.

title: Combe, Buckfastleigh, Devon


text:
Reginald Warneford

Reginald Alexander John Warneford, VC (15 October 1891 – 17 June 1915), also known as Rex Warneford, was a British aviator and Royal Naval Air Service officer who received the Victoria Cross for air-bombing a Zeppelin during the First World War. It was the first victory of a heavier-than-air aircraft over a lighter-than-air dirigible.

Early life
Warneford was born in Darjeeling, India, the son of an engineer on the Indian Railways. He was brought to England as a small boy and educated at King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon but after his family returned to India he continued his education at the English College, Simla. Following apprenticeship in the Merchant Marine, Warneford joined the British-India Steam Navigation Company.

At the outbreak of the First World War, he was in Canada awaiting return to India. Instead, he sailed then to Britain, joining the 24th (Service) Battalion (2nd Sportsman's), Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) but soon transferred to the Royal Naval Air Service for pilot training.

Service
Warneford's initial training took place at Hendon, passing then to Upavon in Wiltshire where he completed his pilot training on 25 February 1915. During the course of training, the Commander of Naval Air Stations, R. M. Groves was quoted as saying: "This youngster will either do big things or kill himself." Warneford's flying instructor at the time, Warren Merriam, noted his skills as a pilot but had to make special arrangements to ensure that Warneford's perceived over-confidence did not bar him from attaining a commission. Merriam took an opportunity whilst Commander Groves was visiting Hendon to ask Warneford to demonstrate his flying skills. Groves' favourable impression overcame the views of the Squadron Commander at the time who believed that Warneford would never make an officer because of his lack of discipline.

Warneford was initially posted to 2 Wing on the Isle of Sheppey in Kent but was quickly (7 May 1915) posted to an operational unit with 1 Wing at Veurne on the Belgian coast. Over the next few weeks, Warneford was involved in attacks on German troops and guns, as well as actions against enemy aircraft. His aggressiveness and effectiveness led to his being given his own aircraft and a roving commission. On 17 May 1915, Warneford encountered a Deutsches Heer-flown Zeppelin airship, LZ 39, setting out on a raid over the UK. He attacked LZ 39 with machine gun fire but the airship was able to ascend out of range by jettisoning ballast.

On 7 June 1915 at Ghent, Belgium, Warneford, flying a Morane-Saulnier Type L, attacked another German Army airship, LZ 37. He chased the airship from the coast near Ostend and, despite its defensive machine-gun fire, succeeded in dropping his six 20 lb Hale bombs on it, the last of which set the airship on fire. LZ 37 subsequently crashed in Sint-Amandsberg (51.062°N, 3.74853°W), Ghent. It crashed into a convent school, killing two nuns. The commander of LZ 37, Oberleutnant Otto van der Haegen, and seven members of the crew were killed.

The explosion overturned Warneford's aircraft and stopped its engine. Having no alternative, Warneford had to land behind enemy lines, but after 35 minutes spent on repairs, he managed to restart the engine just as the Germans realised what was going on, and after yelling "Give my regards to the Kaiser!", he was able to achieve lift off and returned to base.

On 17 June 1915, Warneford received the award of Légion d'honneur from the French Army Commander in Chief, General Joffre. Following a celebratory lunch, Warneford travelled to the aerodrome at Buc in order to ferry an aircraft for delivery to the RNAS at Veurne. Having made one short test flight, he then flew a second flight, carrying an American journalist, Henry Beach Needham, as passenger. During a climb to 200 feet, the righthand wings collapsed leading to a catastrophic failure of the airframe. Accounts suggest that neither occupant was harnessed and were both thrown out of the aircraft, suffering fatal injuries. For Needham, death was instantaneous. Warneford died of his injuries on the way to hospital. He was buried at Brompton Cemetery, London on 21 June 1915 in a ceremony attended by thousands of mourners. The grave lies in front of the eastern colonnade.

His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Yeovil, Somerset, England. A street in Ghent was named Reginald Warnefordstreet on the spot where the airship crashed. In 2016 he had a road named in his memory, Warneford Crescent in Longhedge, Salisbury.

Wareneford was commemorated in music by Howard Ellis Carr in the final movement of his Three Heroes suite, which includes a musical depiction of a Zeppelin air raid. The suite became popular after the war, and was performed quite regularly, including at Hastings in 1921 and at The Proms in 1918, 1920 and 1924.

Legacy
In 1921, a house at his school, King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon, was named after him. However, just 3 years later the houses were changed to commemorate the 2 benefactors of the school, guild and king's. In 2000 the houses were changed once again and Warneford was represented by the colour green once again.

title: Reginald Warneford


text:
Yealmpton

Yealmpton is a village and civil parish in the English county of Devon. It is located in the South Hams on the A379 Plymouth to Kingsbridge road and is about 8 mi from Plymouth. Its name derives from the River Yealm that flows through the village. At the 2001 census, it had a population of 1,923, falling to 1,677 at the 2011 census. There is an electoral ward of the same name. The population of this ward in 2011 was 2,049.

Yealmpton is home to a 400-year-old stone cottage, where it is said a version of the famous rhyme Old Mother Hubbard was written. It is also the site of Kitley Caves, including the now closed Kitley Show Cave, where green marble was quarried; there is an arch of it in the British Museum. John Pollexfen Bastard (1756–1816) a British Tory politician, landowner and colonel of the East Devonshire Militia, lived at Kitley House, Yealmpton.

Parish church
The parish church is dedicated to St Bartholomew and was designed by William Butterfield. It dates from 1850, apart from the tower which was only built in 1915. It is in a version of the Gothic of the late 13th and early 14th century. The font is Norman and the monuments (moved here from the old church) include a brass to Sir John Crocker (1508), one to Mary Coppelston (died 1630) (an arched recess with kneeling figures against the tomb-chest), and several to members of the Bastard family.

Historic estates
The parish contains several historic estates including:

Lyneham
Lyneham was, After Hele the second earliest known home of the Crocker family, one of the most ancient in Devon according to "that old saw often used among us in discourse", the traditional rhyme related by Prince (d.1723): "Crocker, Cruwys, and Coplestone,

When the Conqueror came were at home"
 * The last male of the Crocker family of Lyneham was Courtenay Crocker (d.1740), several times MP for Plympton. The Cruwys family in 2014 still resides in its ancient manor house at Cruwys Morchard where, despite the traditional rhyme, it is first recorded in the reign of King John (1199-1216), or possibly a little earlier. The senior branch of the Copleston family died out in the male line in 1632, but the Coplestons of Bowden survived a further century until the death without progeny of Thomas Copleston (1688-1748), MP, whose heirs in 1753 sold Bowden to William Pollexfen Bastard of Kitley.

Kitley
Kitley house is the former home of the Pollexfen family, who also had a residence at Mothecombe in Holbeton.

Bowden
Bowden, seat of a junior branch of the Coplestone family of Copleston in the parish of Colebrooke. It was first the home of Walter Copleston, 3rd son of John II Copleston (d.1457) of Copleston, thrice MP for Devon, by his wife  Elizabeth Hawley (d.1447). Thomas Coplestone (1688-1748) of Bowden was MP for Callington in Cornwall.

Railway service
From 1898 to 1960, Yealmpton was the terminus of the Yealmpton to Plymouth branch railway line. The line was built by the Great Western Railway. In its early days the line carried passengers and freight. The growth in the number of motor cars and buses led to reducing passenger traffic in the 1920s and passenger services ceased on the line in 1930. From then until 1941, only freight traffic ran on the line.

Passenger services were restored in 1941, as villages such as Yealmpton were then being used as dormitory areas by the people of Plymouth following the severe air raids on the city. The passenger services ceased again in October 1947 and freight services only ran until 1960, when the line closed completely. The station at Yealmpton was demolished and housing in Riverside Walk now stands on the site.

Agricultural Show
Known as one of the best one day shows in the region, 2008 marked the 121st Agricultural Show. Despite the weather, thousands turned up to enjoy the best of what the Devon countryside had to offer. Highlights included the Royal Horse Artillery parading and firing their guns as well as the M.A.D mountain bike display team.

title: Yealmpton


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Free Internet Exchange

Free Internet Exchange was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to keep the page.

Free Internet Exchange
I'm none too computer-savvy, but this smells like an advert, complete with link? — Bill 00:00, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertisement. --Improv 02:52, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong keep, because Google gives 16000 results for "freeix", which seems to be what this article is about. — siro  χ  o
 * A note: I have moved this page to FreeIX because of the content of the article. — siro  χ  o  04:35, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, see Category:Internet_exchange_points. Needs improved, though :) --BesigedB 16:14, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Also Internet Exchange Point -- Chuq 22:04, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertisment with no information value. And as I keep saying in Vfds the amount of google hits does not indicate the notability of a subject. --Cynical 21:36, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Cabalamat 22:08, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

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text:
Talk:List of heritage railways in Northern Ireland

AfD Discussion

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was KEEP

Heritage railways in Northern Ireland was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. 12 votes to keep, 2 votes to delete. Postdlf 05:23, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Heritage railways in Northern Ireland
Tried this on speedy a while back but it was refused. This is little more than a list of links where there is a meager 3 links which are all broken. Delete under terms that there is little or no content with no indication of improvement. - KeithTyler 00:01, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep links being red are not a reason for deletion. - SimonP 03:24, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and put topic in Requested Articles. Articles being merely a list of links is a reason for deletion, What Wikipedia is not, point 13. Does not fall under the exceptions: disambiguation pages and "it may help to make lists of relevant internal links, as this conveys useful information and helps navigation." Redness is significant here as red links are not either helpful or "relevant." [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 10:00, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC) Keep in present form. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 18:40, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. In this case, there is a clear hierachy to this list.  Deleting this takes out the middle of the hierachy, so if and when these railways are written about, they fit into the bottom of the hieracy and are properly linked to.  IMHO doing this top-down is often better than bottom-up editing as it identifies articles that need to be written rather than them spontaneously appearing.  It would not take too much to write a stub with a link to their website. Dunc|☺ 16:10, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Such deletionism really irritates me. What do you think Cleanup is for??? Just because you know nothing about the subject doesn't lessen its worthiness to be in the encyclopaedia. It was a mere 5 minutes to add some essential details on this topic. Please review the latest version. zoney ♣ talk 16:16, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * What I find ironic is that, in order to spite the anti-broken-link sentiment, you added topical information to a list article instead of adding topical information to the actual topical articles (which would, of course, have un-broken the links). And if it belongs on Cleanup, then go ahead and put it there. But given the amount of effort apparent in Irish wikipedians' notice board, it seems that if they were important topics, they would have been created a long time ago. - KeithTyler 18:03, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * What an attitude to have on Wikipedia! While I'm sure we don't want frivelous articles on Wikipedia about nothing bands, and non-notable people, I can assure you that these are real places and groups, with a regional level of importance. Yes, we haven't written anything for the articles concerned yet. BIG DEAL! Wikipedia isn't finished yet :-) We don't yet have an article on Sport in Ireland either - does that mean the sport section of Ireland should be deleted! As regards the information I added? Mere summaries. Much better to have them on one page rather than a range of stubs. When the articles are created (and let me assure you, they are for sure on my mental to-do list now) then this page will STILL be useful, as a page about Heritage railways in Northern Ireland in general. Please do not assume that things that seem of little consequence to you don't belong in an encyclopaedia! zoney ♣ talk 21:26, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Good point their is too much friveolous information (particularily on actors and movies, too much is overlapping with the IMDB and often of questionable merit) - but this heritage railways article fits in well with culture, history and geography - it is not the most topical or up-to-date or trendy information and this is part of why it should stay. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and work in progress - make it better and do not delete because something is a stub or incomplete. Also it is a good way of subsectioning rather than putting it into a history or topical article. Djegan 22:03, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep and expand. Good stuff.  Antandrus 16:19, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep not worthy of a deletion Kiand 16:39, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: What's a "heritage railway?" I don't find out.  It looks like a series of rail museums.  Ok.  Good.  List of rail museums in Northern Ireland would be fine.  This article's title promises a discussion of "heritage railways," whatever those are, and it does not deliver.  I can't believe that people are reading the same article I am.  Either rename it and complete it or actually do what it's supposed to do and discuss this term "heritage railways" in Northern Ireland. Geogre 19:30, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. It's either a list, which ought to be List of heritage railways in Northern Ireland, or it's an explanation of the term. An explanation of the term would be redundant, as the fundamental term is already explained sufficiently at Heritage railway (unless there is something unique about N. Irish heritage railways as opposed to heritage railways elsewhere in the Isles, aside from their location). But even if this were to be a list, 3-4 entries does not a separate list make -- it should be merged into List of heritage railways. (Incidentally, List of heritage railways is mostly links to other lists, which would really make it an Archive of heritage railways under the visible convention.) I was also not aware that the new standard was to include prose for each entry in a list article. - KeithTyler 00:15, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep does wikipedia contain the sum of all human knowledge, is the ratio of red to blue links a new policy of an articles usefulness - no to both Djegan 20:13, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * To answer the question of "ratio of red to blue links": if your only information in an article is is to invite you to go somewhere that does not exist, then how can it be a useful article? - KeithTyler 00:17, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not the sum of human knowledge yet - their are many other aticles that are not "finished" yet - it goes without saying that their is a topical and technological bias on wikipedia at the moment (this reflects the background of the people who contribute, no insult intended) - just that an artcle has many red lines this is not a test as to weither it is a "useful article" - otherwise show me the policy - give it time, think of what wikipedia will be in ten years! Djegan 10:20, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep': I see no valid reason for deleting this article and consider this listing frivolous. Filiocht 07:30, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

Well, I seem to have incurred the wrath of the Irish Wikipedian contingent. Seems a little unbalanced, but there's not much I can do about that, I guess. With such a pouring out of people to vote keep on this article, I can't help but be reminded of the pouring out of people on the vfd for Exopolitics. It clearly helps in VfD if you have lots of people in one area who feel a topic deserves an article, regardless of quality. I'd better recruit everyone in my town to Wikipedia so we can ensure the retention of stubs such as 320th Street, Federal Way, Washington, Seatac Discount Plaza, and The Starbucks on Dash Point Road. - KeithTyler 17:16, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * That's not a very good argument against keeping the article. Besides, ignoring my fellow Irish Wikipedians' votes, that's still five keep votes against three deletes. I do feel justified in contacting people who would be in some way concerned with the article - I mean, the whole point of VfD and the delay in deletion is to prevent articles being deleted without people having a chance to oppose. Technically speaking there would not be anything to stop you doing what you propose above, but it is often cited that one shouldn't "disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point". Besides, how big is 320th Street? I mean, there is an article about O'Connell Street in Dublin. zoney ♣ talk 19:36, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I have no strong opinion on this page, but I agree with Keith that that us Irish sometimes have an over-the-top defensive reaction to criticism of our brethern, whether justified or not. For instance the nation went nuts some years ago when some two-penny Brit journo referred us as a land of pixies and peasants.  Our reaction is governed by our national inferiority complex: "You're only picking on us because we are a small country who used to be ruled by that other shower" -- Rye1967 23:13, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Please keep your complexes to yourself. I voted to keep this article because I feel it is perfectly valid; much more valid than many articles on minor characters in fantasy computer games, for instance. If anything, I feel I personally suffer from an superiority complex, anyway. Filiocht 08:42, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree, either way wikipedia is not the place for nationalism - it is a place for sharing information and knowledge - keep wikipedia professional, keep comments professional, people sometimes get to casual in the terms they use and this only leads to a mire - an article should only be deleted if it is not of merit for an encylopedia, not for the sake of it, thousands of people worldwide contribute free time to wikipedia and this work should be respected in as far as possible keeping it within the principals of wikipedia - slurs do not change the fact of the matter, people who are not irish have made their opinion as well on both sides. Djegan 19:25, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, though ideally this would be "List of..." and the information for each railway placed in indidivual articles. --Ianb 23:26, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep The article is notable, fixable, and verifiable. Someone should just edit to better links, because it seems otherwise useful.Gurdonark 12:19, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I (of course) don't agree that this listing was frivolous. Calling the listing "frivolous" is rather hyperbolic. It was a stub-sized list of wikilinks, all of which were broken, and was not being maintained. Now, of course, it is (or may be) being maintained, though I still would urge that the descriptive content be put into topic articles and the list article only contain list content, and probably be merged into List of heritage railways in that article's existing Northern Ireland section instead of being in its own list article. - KeithTyler 17:58, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep but would somebody PLEASE add a stub msg?--Cynical 21:38, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Cabalamat 22:07, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

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Combe, Herefordshire

Combe is a small village and civil parish in the English county of Herefordshire. The village lies 4 km east of Presteigne near the confluence of the Hindwell Brook and the River Lugg.

title: Combe, Herefordshire


text:
Category:Maya deities

 * Deities of the Maya

title: Category:Maya deities


text:
Talk:The Dance (Fleetwood Mac album)

Silver Springs info
I'd say the paragraph on Silver Springs is at best irrelevant, and at worst of dubious reliability. Should be removed? Reformatted (talk) 20:37, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Anglo/American?
Is "Anglo/American" the term to use, or "British-American", or __? Misty MH (talk) 08:52, 16 September 2018 (UTC) Misty MH (talk) 09:03, 16 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Dance (Fleetwood Mac album)


text:
Category:Irish deities

Deities of pre-Christian Ireland.

title: Category:Irish deities


text:
Talk:Say You Will (album)

Requested move 1 February 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Number   5  7  12:43, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

– I'm not seeing how the Fleetwood Mac album is able to be considered the primary topic over the Foreigner song "Say You Will". The Foreigner song was #1 on a billboard chart, and the Fleetwood Mac album reached #3 the highest. The song is about two decades older than the album. And last, but not least, I would have to believe that when someone is asked about "Say You Will", they would think about the song and how it sounds. However, I also don't see the song being the primary topic; at the present time, the album received about 6 times the views as the song, but that is most likely because the album is currently sitting at the ambiguous title. So, in this case, the disambiguation page should be moved to the ambiguous title so that readers can decide which article they are trying to find. Steel1943 (talk) 21:50, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Say You Will → Say You Will (album)
 * Say You Will (disambiguation) → Say You Will
 * Support - per WP:Naming conventions (music). Plus in any case Primary Topic shouldn't be applied to artist products which derive notability from artist, such as almost all songs since the Tin Pan Alley era. In ictu oculi (talk) 22:26, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. No primarytopic here.  Dicklyon (talk) 04:37, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. – Davey 2010 Talk 20:41, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

"It was the band's first studio album since 1995's Time and the first without vocalist/keyboardist Christine McVie, who had left the band in 1998" Christine Perfect/McVie doesn't appear on the first Fleetwood Mac album from 1968 either as far as I can tell (using credits from my copy and discogs as research material). 100.10.48.139 (talk) 12:34, 24 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Say You Will (album)


text:
Talk:Behind the Mask (album)

Without knowing anything about this era of Fleetwood Mac, I'm curious to know how Lindsey Buckingham took a guitar credit on one song when he had left the band previously?! Can anyone in the know add that information to the article? 108.240.19.35 (talk) 09:49, 2 August 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Behind the Mask (album)


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Talk:Tango in the Night

Fairlight
One small note about this ambiguous line, which should be revised or split into two sentences: "To make ends meet, Buckingham recorded most of the vocals himself using a Fairlight, an early sampling synthesizer." To clarify, Buckingham recorded most of the vocals himself, but most of the vocals were not recorded with the Fairlight. Fairlight vocal samples can indeed be heard in a few spots (the descending "I am what I am" in the break of Family Man, for example) but most vocals were recorded straight to tape. The Fairlight mainly provides many of the dark and unusual keyboard sounds on the album. (The cello sound on the chorus of Little Lies is an example.) The sped up vocals on the majority of the album were recorded to tape and were altered in pitch using a variable speed oscillator, which controls the speed of the tape recorder. (The love grunts on Big Love are a good example) Google "Buckingham variable speed oscillator" and you'll find a lot of info on that. The VSO was also used to speed up guitars to make them sound like mandolins or keyboards (the arpeggiated guitars on Mystified as an example) Hope that makes sense! Scrutinator (talk) 15:05, 2 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Good catch! Lots of the ethnic and ethereal sound heard on Tango in the Night are from the Fairlight or from slowing or speeding up the tape. Some background vocal layering, bass guitar, and drum programming was done with the Fairlight as well! But I will make those changes! Dobbyelf62 (talk) 22:21, 5 April 2017 (UTC)

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Expanding sections
Thanks for your edits to Tango in the Night over the past several months. Given the breadth of information available on the album, one of my goals has been to add more content to make the article more comprehensive in its coverage. Despite the improvements that have been made recently, there are still some changes that need to be made. Currently, the Production section of the article has gotten very lengthy and some paragraphs might be better served in another section. I was thinking about splitting the Production section up into a "Composition" section and "Release" section, the latter of which would contain the final paragraph (With pressure on Buckingham to keep the project focused...) in addition to any other relevant information.

As for the "Composition" section, the plan was to include the paragraph that I added on February 26, which would also be fleshed out by a few more references, including Larry Katz's interview with Lindsey Buckingham and possibly another McVie interview that can be found in the Library of Congress. However, you reverted the edit a few hours later, saying that the "content seems unnecessarily detailed and not overly interesting to the reader." The purpose of the paragraph was to highlight the collaborations between McVie and Buckingham, of which there are three on the album. Currently, the article spends several paragraphs on Nicks' contributions even through she only contributed three songs to the album. As such, to expand the scope of the article, I found it prudent to add some sourced information on the composition process. I would be interested to hear how we can incorporate this section back into the article in some capacity.

Furthermore, the article would would also benefit from a Critical reception section, which most articles of this size possess. A review template is already listed, so the next logical step would be to construct some prose using these references. Thank you for your time, and I'm looking forward to hear your feedback.

Until then, Dobbyelf62 (talk) 02:39, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi @Dobbyelf62, thanks for your feedback (I've moved out discussion to the article talk page, as it seems appropriate here). I haven't read the article in its entirety in a while, and I think reading the paragraph you added on its own made it seem somewhat indulgent, perhaps even too detailed. I agree with you that it would make sense to balance the content to describe the contributions the different members made to the album. Your suggestions to split the Production section into two, as well as adding a Critical reception section are both welcome, so please go ahead, and I'll try not to meddle with it too much. I mainly try to do copy edits to articles, unless something is quite glaring, so I'll leave it to you to add prose to the page, and I'll just jump in once in a while to make sure you've dotted your tees and crossed your eyes 😉 Revirvlkodlaku (talk) 14:25, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tango in the Night


text:
Talk:Mirage (Fleetwood Mac album)

Payola part needs BIG fix
The section on the Payola needs elaboration, and big time, or else it should be pulled. What is the relevance to this album? While I can guess that it has much to do with it, it doesn't elaborate on how payola was related to Mirage. I would edit, but I'm not familiar with the situation specific to Mirage. Perhaps someone else could make I change.

I will make a suggestion:

If you are reading this post more than one month after the date stamp, pull the payola part. It won't hurt, because it's only confusing right now. Derekwriter 02:42, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Um, what he said. This is completely out-of-the-blue unsubstantiated weirdness.--68.221.47.199 19:12, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Fleetwood Mac - Mirage.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 06:55, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Fleetwood Mac - Mirage.jpg
Image:Fleetwood Mac - Mirage.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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title: Talk:Mirage (Fleetwood Mac album)