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Civil law (legal system)

Civil law is a legal system originating in Italy and France that has been adopted in large parts of the world. Modern civil law stems mainly from the Napoleonic Code of the early 19th century, and it is a continuation of ancient Roman law. Its core principles are codified into a referable system, which serves as the primary source of law.

The civil law system is often contrasted with the common law system, which originated in medieval England. Whereas the civil law takes the form of legal codes, the common law comes from uncodified case law that arises as a result of judicial decisions, recognising prior court decisions as legally binding precedent.

Historically, a civil law is the group of legal ideas and systems ultimately derived from the Corpus Juris Civilis, but heavily overlain by Napoleonic, Germanic, canonical, feudal, and local practices, as well as doctrinal strains such as natural law, codification, and legal positivism. The Napoleonic Code is the most widespread system of law in the world, in force in various forms in about 120 countries.

Conceptually, civil law proceeds from abstractions, formulates general principles, and distinguishes substantive rules from procedural rules. It holds case law secondary and subordinate to statutory law. Civil law is often paired with the inquisitorial system, but the terms are not synonymous. There are key differences between a statute and a code. The most pronounced features of civil systems are their legal codes, with concise and broadly applicable texts that typically avoid factually specific scenarios. The short articles in a civil law code deal in generalities and stand in contrast with ordinary statutes, which are often very long and very detailed.

Overview
The civil law system is the most widespread system of law in the world, in force in various forms in about 150 countries.

Origin and features
Civil law is sometimes referred to as neo-Roman law, Romano-Germanic law or Continental law. The expression "civil law" is a translation of Latin jus civile, or "citizens' law", which was the late imperial term for its legal system, as opposed to the laws governing conquered peoples (jus gentium); hence, the Justinian Code's title Corpus Juris Civilis. Civil law practitioners, however, traditionally refer to their system in a broad sense as jus commune. It draws heavily from Roman law, arguably the most intricate known legal system before the modern era.

In civil law legal systems where codes exist, the primary source of law is the law code, a systematic collection of interrelated articles, arranged by subject matter in some pre-specified order. Codes explain the principles of law, rights and entitlements, and how basic legal mechanisms work. The purpose of codification is to provide all citizens with manners and written collection of the laws which apply to them and which judges must follow. Law codes are laws enacted by a legislature, even if they are in general much longer than other laws. Rather than a compendium of statutes or catalog of case law, the code sets out general principles as rules of law.

While the typical French-speaking supreme court decision is short, concise and devoid of explanation or justification, in Germanic Europe, the supreme courts can and do tend to write more verbose opinions, supported by legal reasoning. A line of similar case decisions, while not precedent per se, constitute jurisprudence constante. While civil law jurisdictions place little reliance on court decisions, they tend to generate a phenomenal number of reported legal opinions. However, this tends to be uncontrolled, since there is no statutory requirement that any case be reported or published in a law report, except for the councils of state and constitutional courts. Except for the highest courts, all publication of legal opinions is unofficial or commercial.

Subcategories
Civil law systems can be divided into:
 * those where Roman law in some form is still living law but there has been no attempt to create a civil code: Andorra and San Marino
 * those with uncodified mixed systems in which civil law is an academic source of authority but common law is also influential: Scotland and the Roman-Dutch law countries (South Africa, Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka and Guyana)
 * those with codified mixed systems in which civil law is the background law but has its public law heavily influenced by common law: Puerto Rico, Philippines, Quebec and Louisiana
 * the Scandinavian legal systems, which are of a hybrid character since their background law is a mix of civil law and Scandinavian customary law and they have been partially codified. Likewise, the laws of the Channel Islands (Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark) mix Norman customary law and French civil law.
 * those with comprehensive codes that exceed a single civil code, such as France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Chile, Mexico, Russia, Spain: it is this last category that is normally regarded as typical of civil law systems, and is discussed in the rest of this article.

Prominent civil codes
A prominent example of a civil law code is the Napoleonic Code (1804), named after French emperor Napoleon. The Napoleonic code comprises three components: Another prominent civil code is the German Civil Code (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch or BGB), which went into effect in the German empire in 1900. The German Civil Code is highly influential, inspiring the civil codes in countries such as Japan, South Korea and Switzerland (1907). It is divided into five parts:
 * the law of persons
 * property law, and
 * commercial law.

 * 1) The General Part, covering definitions and concepts, such as personal rights and legal personality.
 * 2) Obligations, including concepts of debt, sale and contract;
 * 3) Things (property law), including immovable and movable property;
 * 4) Domestic relations (family law); and
 * 5) Succession (estate law).

History
Civil law takes as its major inspiration classical Roman law (c. AD 1–250), and in particular Justinian law (6th century AD), and further expanded and developed in the late Middle Ages under the influence of canon law. The Justinian Code's doctrines provided a sophisticated model for contracts, rules of procedure, family law, wills, and a strong monarchical constitutional system. Roman law was received differently in different countries. In some it went into force wholesale by legislative act, i.e., it became positive law, whereas in others it was diffused into society by increasingly influential legal experts and scholars.

Roman law continued without interruption in the Eastern Roman Empire until its final fall in the 15th century. However, given the empire's influence on the continent in Late Antiquity and then multiple incursions and occupations by Western European powers in the late medieval period, its laws became widely implemented in the West. It was first received in the Holy Roman Empire partly because it was considered imperial law, and it spread in Europe mainly because its students were the only trained lawyers. It became the basis of Scots law, though partly rivaled by received feudal Norman law. In England, it was taught academically at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, but underlay only probate and matrimonial law insofar as both were inherited from canon law, and maritime law, adapted from lex mercatoria through the Bordeaux trade.

Consequently, neither of the two waves of Roman influence completely dominated in Europe. Roman law was ultimately a secondary source that was applied only when local customs and laws were found lacking on a certain subject. However, after a time, even local law came to be interpreted and evaluated primarily on the basis of Roman law, since it was a common European legal tradition of sorts, and thereby in turn influenced the main source of law. Eventually, the work of civilian glossators and commentators led to the development of a common body of law and writing about law, a common legal language, and a common method of teaching and scholarship, all termed the jus commune, or law common to Europe, which consolidated canon law and Roman law, and to some extent, feudal law.

Codification
An important common characteristic of civil law, aside from its origins in Roman law, is the comprehensive codification of received Roman law, i.e., its inclusion in civil codes. The earliest codification known is the Code of Hammurabi, written in ancient Babylon during the 18th century BC. However, this, and many of the codes that followed, were mainly lists of civil and criminal wrongs and their punishments. The codification typical of modern civilian systems did not first appear until the Justinian Code.

Germanic codes appeared over the 6th and 7th centuries to clearly delineate the law in force for Germanic privileged classes versus their Roman subjects and regulate those laws according to folk-right. Under feudal law, a number of private custumals were compiled, first under the Norman empire (Très ancien coutumier, 1200–1245), then elsewhere, to record the manorial—and later regional—customs, court decisions, and the legal principles underpinning them. Custumals were commissioned by lords who presided as lay judges over manorial courts in order to inform themselves about the court process.

The use of custumals from influential towns soon became commonplace over large areas. In keeping with this, certain monarchs consolidated their kingdoms by attempting to compile custumals that would serve as the law of the land for their realms, as when Charles VII of France in 1454 commissioned an official custumal of Crown law. Two prominent examples include the Coutume de Paris (written 1510; revised 1580), which served as the basis for the Napoleonic Code, and the Sachsenspiegel (c. 1220) of the bishoprics of Magdeburg and Halberstadt which was used in northern Germany, Poland, and the Low Countries.

The concept of codification was further developed during the 17th and 18th centuries AD, as an expression of both natural law and the ideas of the Enlightenment. The political ideals of that era was expressed by the concepts of democracy, protection of property and the rule of law. Those ideals required certainty of law; recorded, uniform law. So, the mix of Roman law and customary and local law gave way to law codification. Also, the notion of a nation-state implied recorded law that would be applicable to that state. There was also a reaction to law codification. The proponents of codification regarded it as conducive to certainty, unity and systematic recording of the law; whereas its opponents claimed that codification would result in the ossification of the law.

In the end, despite whatever resistance to codification, the codification of Continental European private laws moved forward. Codifications were completed by Denmark (1687), Sweden (1734), Prussia (1794), France (1804), and Austria (1811). The French codes were imported into areas conquered by Napoleon and later adopted with modifications in Poland (Duchy of Warsaw/Congress Poland; Kodeks cywilny 1806/1825), Louisiana (1807), Canton of Vaud (Switzerland; 1819), the Netherlands (1838), Serbia (1844), Italy and Romania (1865), Portugal (1867) and Spain (1888). Germany (1900), and Switzerland (1912) adopted their own codifications. These codifications were in turn imported into colonies at one time or another by most of these countries. The Swiss version was adopted in Brazil (1916) and Turkey (1926).

Louisiana is the only U.S. state whose private civil law is based heavily on the French and Spanish codes, as opposed to English common law. In Louisiana, private law was codified into the Louisiana Civil Code. Current Louisiana law has converged considerably with American law, especially in its public law, judicial system, and adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code (except for Article 2) and certain legal devices of American common law. In fact, any innovation, whether private or public, has been decidedly common law in origin.

In theory, codes conceptualized in the civil law system should go beyond the compilation of discrete statutes, and instead state the law in a coherent, and comprehensive piece of legislation, sometimes introducing major reforms or starting anew. In this regard, civil law codes are more similar to the Restatements of the Law, the Uniform Commercial Code (which drew from European inspirations), and the Model Penal Code in the United States. In the United States, U.S. states began codification with New York's 1850 Field Code (laying down civil procedure rules and inspired by European and Louisiana codes). Other examples include California's codes (1872), and the federal revised statutes (1874) and the current United States Code (1926), which are closer to compilations of statute than to systematic expositions of law akin to civil law codes.

For the legal system of Japan, beginning in the Meiji Era, European legal systems—especially the civil law of Germany and France—were the primary models for emulation. In China, the German Civil Code was introduced in the later years of the Qing dynasty, emulating Japan. In addition, it formed the basis of the law of the Republic of China, which remains in force in Taiwan. Furthermore, Taiwan and Korea, former Japanese colonies, have been strongly influenced by the Japanese legal system.

Comparison with other legal systems
Civil law is primarily contrasted with the English common law that influenced the legal traditions of the English-speaking countries.

The primary contrast between the two systems is the role of written decisions and precedent as a source of law (one of the defining features of common law legal systems). While Common law systems place great weight on precedent, civil law judges tend to give less weight to judicial precedent. For example, the Napoleonic Code expressly forbade French judges to pronounce general principles of law. There is no doctrine of stare decisis in the French civil law tradition. There are regular, good quality law reports in France, but it is not a consistent practice in many of the existing civil law jurisdictions. In French-speaking colonial Africa there were no law reports and what little we know of those historical cases comes from publication in journals. Civil law codes must be changed constantly because the precedent of courts is not binding and because courts lack authority to act if there is no statute.

In some civil law jurisdictions the judiciary does not have the authority to invalidate legislative provisions. For example, after the fall of the Soviet Union the Armenian Parliament, with substantial support from USAID, adopted new legal codes. Some of the codes introduced problems which the judiciary was not empowered to adjudicate under the established principles of the common law of contracts - they could only apply the code as written.

Codification, however, is by no means a defining characteristic of a civil law system. For example, the statutes that govern the civil law systems of Sweden and other Nordic countries and the Roman-Dutch countries are not grouped into larger, expansive codes like those in French and German law.

In actual practice, an increasing degree of precedent is creeping into civil law jurisprudence, and is generally seen in many nations' highest courts.

Some authors consider civil law the foundation for socialist law used in communist countries, which in this view would basically be civil law with the addition of Marxist-Leninist ideals. Even if this is so, civil law was generally the legal system in place before the rise of socialist law, and some Eastern European countries reverted to the pre-socialist civil law following the fall of socialism, while others continued using a socialist legal systems.

Subgroups
The term civil law comes from English legal scholarship and is used in English-speaking countries to lump together all legal systems of the jus commune tradition. However, legal comparativists and economists promoting the legal origins theory prefer to subdivide civil law jurisdictions into distinct groups:
 * Napoleonic: France, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Chile, Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, Brazil, Mexico, other CPLP countries, Macau, former Portuguese colonies in India (Goa, Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli), Malta, Romania, and most of the Arab world (e.g. Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Lebanon, etc.) when Islamic law is not used. Former colonies include Quebec (Canada) and Louisiana (U.S.).
 * The Chilean Code is an original work of jurist and legislator Andrés Bello. Traditionally, the Napoleonic Code has been considered the main source of inspiration for the Chilean Code. However, this is true only with regard to the law of obligations and the law of things (except for the principle of abstraction), while it is not true at all in the matters of family and successions. This code was integrally adopted by Ecuador, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Colombia, Panama and Venezuela (although only for one year). According to other Latin American experts of its time, like Augusto Teixeira de Freitas (author of the "Esboço de um Código Civil para o Brasil") or Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield (main author of the Argentinian Civil Code), it is the most important legal accomplishment of Latin America.
 * Cameroon, a former colony of both France and United Kingdom, is bi-juridical/mixed
 * Germanistic: Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Latvia, Estonia, Roman-Dutch, Czech Republic, Russia, Lithuania, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Ukraine, Turkey, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand
 * South Africa, a former colony of the Netherlands and later the United Kingdom, was heavily influenced by English colonists and therefore is bi-juridical/mixed.
 * Nordic: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden
 * Chinese (except Hong Kong and Macau) is a mixture of civil law and socialist law.  Presently, Chinese laws absorb some features of common law system, especially those related to commercial and international transactions. Hong Kong, although part of China, uses common law. The Basic Law of Hong Kong ensures the use and status of common law in Hong Kong. Macau continues to have a Portuguese legal system of civil law.

However, some of these legal systems are often and more correctly said to be of hybrid nature:

Napoleonic to Germanistic influence: The Italian civil code of 1942 replaced the original one of 1865, introducing German elements as a result of its World War II Axis alliance. This approach has been imitated by other countries, including Portugal (1966), the Netherlands (1992), Brazil (2002) and Argentina (2014). Most of them have innovations introduced by the Italian legislation, including the unification of the civil and commercial codes.

Germanistic to Napoleonic influence: The Swiss civil code is considered mainly influenced by the German civil code and partly influenced by the French civil code. The civil code of the Republic of Turkey is a slightly modified version of the Swiss code, adopted in 1926 during Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's presidency as part of the government's progressive reforms and secularization.

Some systems of civil law do not fit neatly into this typology, however. Polish law developed as a mixture of French and German civil law in the 19th century. After the reunification of Poland in 1918, five legal systems (French Napoleonic Code from the Duchy of Warsaw, German BGB from Western Poland, Austrian ABGB from Southern Poland, Russian law from Eastern Poland, and Hungarian law from Spisz and Orawa) were merged into one. Similarly, Dutch law, while originally codified in the Napoleonic tradition, has been heavily altered under influence from the Dutch native tradition of Roman-Dutch law (still in effect in its former colonies). Scotland's civil law tradition borrowed heavily from Roman-Dutch law. Swiss law is categorized as Germanistic, but it has been heavily influenced by the Napoleonic tradition, with some indigenous elements added in as well.

Quebec law, whose private law is also of French civil origin, has developed along the same lines, adapting in the same way as Louisiana to the public law and judicial system of Canadian common law. By contrast, Quebec private law has innovated mainly from civil sources. To a lesser extent, other states formerly part of the Spanish Empire, such as Texas and California, have also retained aspects of Spanish civil law into their legal system, for example community property. The legal system of Puerto Rico exhibits similarities to that of Louisiana: a civil code whose interpretations rely on both the civil and common law systems. Because Puerto Rico's Civil Code is based on the Spanish Civil Code of 1889, available jurisprudence has tended to rely on common law innovations due to the code's age and in many cases, obsolete nature.

Several Islamic countries have civil law systems that contain elements of Islamic law. As an example, the Egyptian Civil Code of 1810 that developed in the early 19th century—which remains in force in Egypt is the basis for the civil law in many countries of the Arab world where the civil law is used— is based on the Napoleonic Code, but its primary author Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri attempted to integrate principles and features of Islamic law in deference to the unique circumstances of Egyptian society.

Japanese Civil Code is considered a mixture drawing roughly 60% from the German civil code, roughly 30% from the French civil code, 8% from Japanese customary law, and 2% from English law. Regarding the latter, the code borrows the doctrine of ultra vires and the precedent of Hadley v Baxendale from English common law system.

Countries with civil law systems
Some countries where civil law is practiced includes:
 * Continental Europe (except Andorra, including Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia)
 * East Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East (such as Indonesia, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkey)
 * Central and South America (except Guyana, Belize, Cuba and the Falkland Islands)
 * North Africa, Lusophone Africa, and Francophone Africa (such as Egypt, Angola, and Cote d'Ivoire)

title: Civil law (legal system)


text:
Talk:Changing room/Archive 1

I have a problem with the use of the terms "change room" and "wash room".

The problem is that these terms are confusing.

"Change room" could be a command to a hotel clerk, i.e. I'd like to change from one hotel to another.

"Wash room" could also be a command to a hotel clerk, i.e. I'd like the bedroom to be washed. The bedroom is not a washroom, but is merely a room one might like to have washed.

When there are various terms, I think we should choose the one that's clearest, i.e. use Occam's Razor to pare down to the simplest term.

Thus I fail to see the benefit of adding one byte (a blank space) between "wash" and "room" or getting rid of the "e" in changeroom and replacing it with "ing " (four bytes for one). The extra three bytes don't buy extra clarity, in fact they buy negative clarity.

This desire to Americanize everything often makes things less clear. See for example the difference between GFCI (the American term) and RCD. The American term is not only ambiguous, but also just plain wrong, because an RCD has nothing to do with ground. It just so happens that ground is one possible way electrons can try to violate Kirchoff's Current Law... Glogger 04:35, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"Changing room" could be a statement to the effect that I am changing my room, e.g. going from one room to another room. - Hi, Glogger. I honestly don't understand why you accompany your article change with the above discussion of the terms "change room" and "wash room", when those terms had already been removed from the article in my previous version. But I'll try to respond all the same. The phrases "change room" and "wash room", (and "changing room") should be, and were at one point in the life of the article, explained and disambiguated as phrases, not as the accidental conjunction of the words "change" and "room", or of the words "wash" and "room", or the words "changing" and "room". Even as mere word conjunctions, these particular ones are rather difficult to find in real life, as your (to me) amazing examples above demonstrate. I believe you're a native English speaker. (Also an academic teacher.) Are you seriously telling me you would request a change of hotel room, or to have your bedroom washed (a curious locution in itself), by saying say "Change room!" or "Wash room!" to hotel clerks? (Accompanied by imperious pointing... ?) Please tell me you're kidding.

After this attempted explanation, I will revert your changes to the article. However, I kind of expect you to re-add the material about how "changing room" is ambiguous. (No, the phrase never is ambiguous in real life.) You did when somebody else removed it, so you obviously have great faith in it. I won't be back to revert you again, since I find it difficult to get het up enough over a page such as this to edit war over it, in fact I suspect you're pretty unique in wanting to. If you do re-revert, I'd be quite happy to either leave the page as a monument to your interest, or to have it turned into a redirect. It was originally a redirect, and I'm kind of sorry I ever changed it. (The David Storey play doesn't really need disambiguation.) Would you like it to be a redirect to Changeroom?--Bishonen 13:47, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC) P.S. I see you just edited the article yet again. What does "ambiguation" mean?--Bishonen 13:47, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Move?
from VfD:

It's not that there's anything wrong with this article in itself, it's more that I don't see the point of it. Changing rooms are never called changerooms in the UK, so I assume this is an American term I just haven't come across before, but if we're keeping this, there might be some debate about the best title. Deb 17:36, 21 September 2004 (UTC) Also, when I "google" changeroom I get almost eight thousand hits (7,910). When I google "change room" I get a lot of false hits, such as View/Change Room. The term "change room" also means, for example, to book a hotel room, and then change your room booking. "Change room" also means to move from one room to another, e.g. when I go out of one bedroom and into another, I have changed rooms. For this reason, changeroom is the only precise and clear way of saying it. I also fixed many of the defficiences in the article, so it is much improved now from when it was last evaluated for vfd. Glogger 03:22, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to Changing room and clean up a bit. -- [[User:Bobdoe| Bob Doe ]] 17:48, 21 September 2004 (UTC)
 * I've lived in the US- they are not called that there, either. They're either Changing rooms, Dressing rooms, or Locker rooms, depending on context (and the presence or absence of lockers did not seem to affect this). Move & redirect- FZ 18:17, 21 September 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to changing room. It's not a common term in America either.   — Gwalla | Talk 19:52, 21 September 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. After deletion, create Change room and Changing room and make both redirect to Dressing room, which already has a discussion. Geogre 20:24, 21 September 2004 (UTC)
 * Note: It has been pointed out to me by Bishonen that Changing rooms is not an appropriate redirect to Dressing room because it is the name of a play. It is also the name of a popular BBC show.  Oops. Geogre 18:30, 22 September 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment - I've heard "changeroom" in Australia, and I think it might even be the most common term here --Rlandmann 21:53, 21 September 2004 (UTC)
 * Likewise - it is more common than any other of the terms listed here. Interesting. An Australianism I wasn't even aware of. Well, if it's only in Oz, it could probably be moved to some more international title, with this remaining as a redirect. Lacrimosus 22:34, 21 September 2004 (UTC)
 * Right, redirect. The question is which is more common internationally: Changing room or Dressing room? func(talk) 22:39, 21 September 2004 (UTC)
 * No Wikipedia policy is to leave unchanged regional article titles. Licorice might get far more hits than Liquorice but we do not want to move every article to its American spelling. - SimonP 23:34, 21 September 2004 (UTC)
 * Though this is the first time I've seen "licorice" spelled with a "qu". [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 17:03, 22 September 2004 (UTC)
 * And I've never seen "liquorice" spelt with two "c"s! -- Necrothesp 01:06, 23 September 2004 (UTC)
 * Er, Ok. But we need to deal with the issue of duplicate content. So long as all appropriate redirects are in place, the actual name of the article isn't important, but having two or more articles to place the same content is a problem, (Licorice and Liquorice go to the same article). func(talk) 23:48, 21 September 2004 (UTC)
 * Changeroom is a superset of fitting room, e.g. the fitting room is something for a department store, whereas the changeroom is a more general concept. The term lockerroom would also be possible, but that implies lockers.  Although "lockerroom" is used in the wide sense to denote rooms that may or may not have lockers, strictly speaking this usage is incorrect, so changeroom is more precise.  Also, it seems like it's good to use a single word, when possible, rather than a phrase.  From my experience, both (i.e. with and without a space between "change" and "room").  It's like "over head projector transparency" being shortened to "overheads".  We lose the space between "over" and "head", to simplify matters.  It also makes it easier to search, when the single word is used.  I'm in favour of keeping changeroom but including links to various kinds of changerooms.  Glogger 01:16, 24 September 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. We have articles on various types of rooms so I see this one as no different and it should not be deleted just because the majority (Americans) don't use the term changeroom. What it's called is just a matter of where you're from, I think. Rlandmann from Australia calls it a changeroom and I am from Canada where this is also a common term for this type of room. If Americans have a different term then I suggest just creating a redirect to this article. SD6-Agent 03:28, 24 September 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep under whatever name. Looks fairly ok content at first glance. Kim Bruning 16:59, 25 September 2004 (UTC)

 * I just had a slighly closer look at this article, and something's not quite right with it. People have been traumatized by communal stripdowns in recent anthrax scares, and this represents a return to people being "socialized into accepting their own body image?" What looks like an ad for Moore Lockerbaskets at the end? Additional links to the same site in the middle of the article? Increased privacy in lockerrooms the result of "transhumanism and perceptions of gender in the cyborg age?" Respectfully suggest we keep this nomination on VFD for a few more days while we sort this out. - RedWordSmith 18:38, 27 September 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

I concur, RedWordSmith. This is really odd. An anon (65.49.77.82) made numerous good edits to the article, and then suddenly starting inserting the whackiest stuff imaginable. These later edits need to be gone over with a fine toothed comb. func(talk) 03:02, 6 October 2004 (UTC)

I accept blame for the cyborg and wearable computing stuff; this is my own experiences and problems, i.e. they probably don't pertain to the mainstream Wikipedia audience; sorry if I cluttered with too much material that may not be of interest until most people are wearing computer gloging hardware. I am, however, only my way to a conference on 'glogging, and there are several companies now doing lifelong capture, e.g. Nokia, HP, Microsoft, etc.. Sooner or later these issues will come up, so we might only be able to ignore them for a little while longer... Glogger 04:28, 8 October 2004 (UTC)

I removed the following:

 * This trend was due, in part, to transhumanism and perceptions of gender in the cyborg age.

 * Another important question that arose was gender ambiguity, especially possible with cyborg technology. For example, what is the operational gender of a blind man who wears a computer vision system that sends live video to his wife for remote seeing help that she provides on a back channel that goes to earphones he wears.  The transmitting end of the link is male, but the remote seeing end is female.  Should he use the men's room or the women's room?  Society seemed to be giving him a reasonable alternative, namely a private area to change where s/he would not see or be seen by others -- even others of his body-gender, and certainly not others of his visual information processing mind-gender.

To the very best of my knowldge, we are not living in "the cyborg age," and I doubt anyone can provide references to when and where the "important question" of gender ambiguity arose in the history of changeroom design. All of this is just the tip of the iceberg, however... the association between terrorisim and changerooms... come on, what is this? func(talk) 04:06, 6 October 2004 (UTC)

--- I created an article for washroom. Hopefully this is OK, rather than needing to change to "wash room", since the unique text string will be easier to search, and for the same reason as changeroom, e.g. "wash room" could mean like you're telling someone to wash a room, wash the living room could for example be listed on a note to one's spouse saying "wash room", but has nothing to do with a washroom.

I hope we can keep them both as "washroom" and "changeroom" without having to mainstream americanize them.

Note for example, the change from GFI (Ground Fault Interruptor) to RCD, which is alot more clear and correct. GFI is actually wrong, because these devices don't detect ground leakage, they simply enforce Kirckhoff's Current Law (i.e. they should be called Balance Fault Interruptors not GFI). By not insisting on Americanizing everything, we actually get terminology that's more correct, and more clear, and more definitive. Thus RCCB in favour of GFI, and hopefully also "changeroom" (only one meaning) in favour of "change room" (multiple amgigous meanings). Glogger 04:24, 8 October 2004 (UTC)

--- Below is some material removed from the article (perhaps it's OK to move this material into this talk page so we can discuss it further)

Changeroom or "change room"
-      Sometimes a changeroom is referred to as a "change room", but such terminology leads to a non-uniqueness, e.g. the phrase "change room" can also mean for a person to move from one room to another room, or to change a room booking (e.g. to change rooms at a hotel). "Change rooms at a hotel" could mean one of two things: -      *To change a room booking from one room to another, or to change from one room to a different room; -      *A place in the hotel, e.g. the public swimming baths or public bathing area, where patrons change their clothes.

-      For this reason, the term "changeroom" is preferable to the term "change room". Preceding unsigned comment added by Gloggger (talk) 04:40, 8 October 2004 (UTC)

move to changing room
This should be moved to changing room which is a term that can be universally understood. Changeroom makes no sense to me. Mintguy (T) 09:24, 12 October 2004 (UTC)

Globalize
This article is written from a Canadian POV. Most of the examples are from Canada, and presented as the only way changerooms are. It would help if this article were expanded to include areas not in the Western world, as well as the UK and Europe. The United States also seems to have been left out.

I have also copyedited the article completely and edited out a lot of text which was speculative. This article is not sourced at all and badly needs it. I probably won't be watching this article, but I did want to put forth the issues I saw instead of tagging and leaving. Happy wiki-ing! --Keitei (talk) 05:51, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I only counted two examples from Canada and one from Germany. I'm not sure anything more is needed; if those two examples had been from the US instead of Canada, I doubt anyone would have noticed.  As for the sources, I agree.  The late section on terrorism, acclimatizing males to communal undress for military purposes, and anthrax scares is downright bizarre and probably ought to go (original research, at the very least).  Powers 14:28, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Removal of "Trends in Changeroom Design" section
This section was simply full of all kinds of ridiculous unsourced information and original research, as well as being largely off-topic. The talk surrounding this article's recent VFD seemed to arrive at a conclusion that this information has no place in this article, so I've removed this section. A brief mention of actual trends in changeroom styles may be appropriate, but owuld need to be re-written and probably doe snot warrant it's own sub-section.

74.60.80.39 22:32, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

Archives
Old messages: —Preceding unsigned comment added by Anthony Appleyard (talk • contribs) 09:15, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Talk:Changing room/Archive 1

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. There is a discussion not resolved and that is, is it changing room or dressing room. To me, they may be two different things. There there is the issue of what is a locker room. Vegaswikian (talk) 06:03, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Changeroom → Changing room — Relisted. Vegaswikian (talk) 18:49, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

Wikipedia policy is that articles should occupy the most-common form for their subject. Consequently a regional variation ("changeroom") should not be the location of this article. DionysosProteus (talk) 10:09, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Oppose. I'm not convinced that "changeroom" (as awkward as it sounds to my ears) is any more "regional" in nature than the other possible terms for this type of room.  It's been at Changeroom since the very beginning, in 2004, so I daresay we would need some sort of evidence that some other term is far more common.  Powers T 18:38, 5 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It's regional because in the UK, at least, the term "changeroom" is meaningless. It is a "dressing room" or "changing room" in Britain. DionysosProteus (talk) 23:40, 7 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I think "It's been at this location since the beginning" is a very poor argument when there's a huge (if muddled and, it appears unresolved) discussion earlier on the page that is largely about whether this is the best title. If nobody had objected to the title since "the beginning," that would be different, but clearly there has been objection and it's not apparent that there was consensus supporting the current title. Propaniac (talk) 16:59, 17 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, but I'd still like to see some evidence of usage rather than just perception. And this is speaking as someone who had never heard of the word "changeroom" before reading this article some time ago.  Powers T 21:05, 18 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Support move per nominator and per 70.29.208.247. Propaniac (talk) 16:59, 17 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Respecting national varieties of English is fine (WP:ENGVAR) but which national variety is this and how widespread is it?  —   AjaxSmack   01:43, 9 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Support the original article was written about Toronto, which should use Canadian English. "Changing room" is acceptable in Canadian English, and my personal Canadian preference for spelling it. 70.29.208.247 (talk) 03:57, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Security cameras in changing rooms
The article mentiones that some changing rooms had security cameras. Can someone proove this? I would not want to change in front of a camera, I doubt that anyone else would want to. -- 62.156.55.33 (talk) 21:50, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

Definition: What is part of a changing room and what isn't?
I have a question regarding the exact meaning of the word "changing room": In English, are shower rooms and locking facilites (which may be outside the changing room) regarded as part of the changing room or are they considered to be outside the changing room and something seperate? Ok, this may be a bit off-topic here but I think that the article should be extended to answer this question. -- 79.238.164.126 (talk) 03:11, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

Locker rooms with no lockers?
I think that the heading "locker room" is not quite appropriate (or we may need to add another type of changing room). I have been to changing rooms with no lockers at all. These changing rooms are solely supposed to be used by groups which change at the same time (school classes, clubs, etc.) and the whole room would be locked so noone could steal anything. As there are no lockers in these rooms, they cannot be called locker rooms. -- 62.156.55.33 (talk) 21:35, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I changed the heading to "communal changing rooms". I'm not sure if this term is appropriate. Anybody who has a better suggestion can feel free to change it. -- 79.238.164.126 (talk) 04:14, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

Individual changing cubicles?
This article claims that people who change at public pools ALWAYS have to do this in front of strangers of their own sex. This is not correct, at least not where I live. Here in Germany, public pools usually have gender-neutral changing cubicals (where you can change in private, without anyone watching, and you got a door that you're supposed to lock) as well as gender-segregated changing rooms where you cannot hide from others. Showers are mostly gender-segregated gang showers. -- 79.238.170.25 (talk) 17:54, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
 * So add the word "usually" to the sentence in question. Powers T 22:18, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
 * "Usually" isn't enough, most (public) pools that I know of have changing stalls. Pools that don't have them are the exception. -- 79.238.164.126 (talk) 03:12, 25 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Please, just make whatever change you feel is necessary. If you don't want to do so without consensus, at least propose a specific change here.  Powers T 15:22, 27 June 2012 (UTC)

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Unisex changing rooms?
A paragraph about unisex changing rooms (not green rooms) could be included. As I'm not too familiar with the concept of changing rooms, I'm writing this on the talk page so others who've done more research can judge better. There's a negative article about unisex changing rooms in The Sunday Times today. w umbolo  ^^^  09:21, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Changing room/Archive 1


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Tasmania

Tools

 * Main tool page: toolserver.org

 * Reflinks - Edits bare references - adds title/dates etc. to bare references
 * Checklinks - Edit and repair external links
 * Dab solver - Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
 * Peer reviewer - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Tasmania


text:
User talk:Kettle

Re: Watts, Los Angeles, CA
Okay, thanks for the feedback. I had reverted it because it seemed to be another bit of drive-by editorializing; we get a lot of that here. If "ran-down and crime-ridden" are truly the district's defining attributes, I'll bow out of the article.

Anyway, welcome to Wikipedia! I'm not very good at general greetings, and I don't want to use a generic greeting template, so I'll just say that I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stick around. Following that welcome link will lead you to the FAQs and other tutorial and policy pages you might not have read yet. If you've any questions, please feel free to ask me. Cheers, -- Hadal 04:39, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kettle


text:
Talian dialect

Talian, or Brazilian Venetian, is a Venetian dialect spoken primarily in the Serra Gaúcha region in the northeast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. It is also spoken in other parts of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as in parts of Espírito Santo    and of Santa Catarina.

Talian is mainly a Venetian dialect mixed with Italian dialects from the Veneto region as well as Lombardy and other Italian regions, influenced by local Portuguese.

History
Italian settlers first began arriving into these regions in a wave of immigration lasting from approximately 1875 to 1914. These settlers were mainly from Veneto, a region in Northern Italy, where Venetian was spoken, but also from Trentino and Friuli-Venezia Giulia. In the south of Brazil these immigrants settled as smallholders in the region of Encosta da Serra. There they created three settlements: Conde D'Eu (now Garibaldi), Dona Isabel (now Bento Gonçalves), and Campo dos Bugres (now Caxias do Sul). As more people arrived, the Italian settlement expanded beyond these localities. Approximately 100,000 immigrants from Northern Italy arrived between 1875 and 1910. As time went by, a uniquely southern Brazilian dialect emerged. Veneto became the basis for Italian-Brazilian regionalism.

Talian has been very much influenced not only by other Italian languages but also Portuguese, the national language of Brazil; this can be seen in the employment of numerous non-Venetian loanwords. It has been estimated that there have been 130 books published in Talian, including works of both poetry and prose.

Similar to Riograndenser Hunsrückisch (hunsriqueano riograndense), the main German dialect spoken by southern Brazilians of German origin, Talian has suffered great deprecation since the 1940s. At that time, president Getúlio Vargas started the so-called Nationalization Campaign to force non-Portuguese speakers of Brazil to "better integrate" into the national mainstream culture. Speaking Talian or German in public, especially in education and press, was forbidden.

Vocabulary
Sample text:

Current status
Talian has historically been spoken mainly in the southern Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná, as well as in Espírito Santo. Nowadays, there are approximately 3 million people of Italian ancestry in Rio Grande do Sul, about 30% of the local population, and approximately 1.7 million people in Espírito Santo, which accounts for 65% of the local population. According to some estimates, there are up to one million Italian descendants; Ethnologue reported 4,000,000 Italian descendants in the year 2006, but these numbers do not reflect absolutely the number of Talian speakers. During the "Estado Novo" period of the government of Getúlio Vargas, the use of Talian was declared illegal. As a result of the traumas of Vargas' policies, there is, even to this day, a stigma attached to speaking these languages.

In 2009, the legislative assemblies of the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina approved laws declaring the Talian dialect to be an integral part of the historical heritage of their respective states. In 2009, the city of Serafina Corrêa, in Rio Grande do Sul, elected Talian as co-official language, alongside Portuguese. Finally, in 2014 Talian was declared to be part of the cultural heritage of Brazil (Língua e referência cultural brasileira) by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage.

In 2015 Serafina Corrêa received the title of national capital of Talian. In 2019 Nova Erechim was recognized as the capital of Talian in Santa Catarina. In 2021, Governor Ratinho Júnior sanctioned state law 20,757, which makes the municipality of Colombo the capital of Talian in Paraná.

Newspapers in the Talian-speaking region feature articles written in the language. There are some radio programs broadcast in Talian.

Municipalities in Brazil that have co-official Talian language

 * Antônio Prado, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Camargo, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Capinzal, Santa Catarina
 * Casca, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Cotiporã, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Fagundes Varela, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Farroupilha, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Flores da Cunha, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Garibaldi, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Guabiju, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Ipumirim, Santa Catarina
 * Ivorá, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Marau, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Nova Bassano, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Nova Erechim, Santa Catarina
 * Nova Pádua, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Nova Roma do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Ouro, Santa Catarina
 * Paraí, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Pinto Bandeira, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Serafina Corrêa, Rio Grande do Sul
 * União da Serra, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Vila Flores, Rio Grande do Sul

Brazilian states with Talian as linguistic heritage officially approved statewide

 * Rio Grande do Sul
 * Santa Catarina

title: Talian dialect


text: Category:Computer hardware engineers

title: Category:Computer hardware engineers


text:
Battle of Wippedesfleot

The Battle of Wippedesfleot took place in 465 between the Anglo-Saxons (or Jutes), led by Hengest, and the Britons. It is described in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle thus:
 * 465: Her Hengest 7 Æsc gefuhton uuiþ Walas neah Wippedesfleote 7 þær .xii. wilisce aldormenn ofslogon, 7 hiera þegn an þær wearþ ofslægen, þam wæs noma Wipped.
 * 465: Here Hengest and Æsc fought together against Welsh (= Britons) near Wippedesfleot and there slew 12 Welsh leaders, and one of their thanes was slain, whose name was Wipped.

This battle is said to have resulted in much bloodshed and slaughter on both sides, to the extent that hostilities abated for a while thereafter. Some historians believe in a Saxon victory, but that is not what is mentioned in the text. The limited number of casualties is an indication that the battle was a small one. The number of warriors involved must not have reached 200 men.

Wippedesfleot is thought to be Ebbsfleet in Kent, near Ramsgate. Its location made the author of the Historia Brittonum think that all Saxons had now been driven out of Britain. Wippedes is possibly a corruption of Latin oppidis in reference to the creek's position by the twin forts of Rutupiæ and Rutupiæ alteræ (Regulbium). Ramsgate is the main place upon the former Island of Thanet, "which was given to the Saxons by Vortigern". It was the very place where, according to the Historia Brittonum, the Saxons first landed.

Gildas does not mention the battle.

Note: Ramsgate is on the North East coast of Kent. Ebbsfleet is close to Pegwell Bay, not to be confused with Ebbsfleet near Gravesend.

title: Battle of Wippedesfleot


text: User talk:63.188.200.13

title: User talk:63.188.200.13


text:
Waterpipe

Waterpipe or water pipe may refer to:
 * Water pipe, a pipe to feed water
 * Hookah, a smoking device
 * Bong, a smoking device

title: Waterpipe


text: File:JackHensley.PNG

title: File:JackHensley.PNG


text: Category:Civil engineers

title: Category:Civil engineers


text:
File:DanielPearl.PNG

Daniel Pearl, from the Daniel Pearl video

The source is from the "The Slaughter of the Spy-Journalist, the Jew Daniel Pearl," made by Pearl's captors.

Text reads: اسمی دانیال بیرل، انا یھودی امریکی English: "My name is Daniel Pearl, an American Jew"

title: File:DanielPearl.PNG


text:
User talk:Petdance

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

title: User talk:Petdance


text: User talk:67.2.202.144

title: User talk:67.2.202.144


text: User talk:24.233.50.179

title: User talk:24.233.50.179


text: User talk:67.2.197.156

title: User talk:67.2.197.156


text:
Talk:List of Utah State Parks

Untitled
As you can see here http://stateparks.utah.gov, the agency is actually called Utah State Parks and Recreation. Maybe this article could be renamed or perhaps just deleted, I don't really think every state agency needs its own article unless someone actually researches the history of it.

 * Then again, their contact info states simply "Utah State Parks", as do all their press releases. This "article" is a rather poor stub but some might disagree as to its deletion-worthiness (see Candidates for speedy deletion). You could list it on Votes for deletion if you wish.

 * If you'd like to move the article, you should read How to move a page. Note that you'll have to create an account and log in to do so. -- Hadal 04:58, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I'm going to add the proper name for now. I'll let somebody else debate weather the wikipedia article should use the common verses proper name. Davemeistermoab (talk) 06:00, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

The official name is Division of Utah State Parks and Recreation. It is commonly referred to as Utah State Parks.Bradadkins274 (talk) 18:03, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

Merge
We have two short articles about the same subject. IMO they should be merged, any objections? Dave (talk) 17:37, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I have no objections to this. Bradadkins274 (talk) 23:23, 19 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Done Dave (talk) 17:20, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Locator map
I've added the map Template:State parks of Utah map showing the state parks throughout Utah. Unfortunately this template displays differently in Firefox and Internet Explorer; in IE the pins are offset lower. Someone more familiar with Utah geography should double-check me, but please don't tear your hair out trying to fine-tune the precise location of each pin because it will inevitably be off in the other major browser. I think the value of the map is to give a sense of the distribution of parks across the state. --McGhiever (talk) 04:46, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

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text: Template:Hobart-stub

title: Template:Hobart-stub


text:
Category:Mechanical engineers

 * ' in the field of '.

title: Category:Mechanical engineers


text:
Phil Vassar

Phillip George Vassar Jr. (born May 28, 1962) is an American country music artist. Vassar made his debut on the country music scene in the late 1990s, co-writing singles for several country artists, including Tim McGraw ("For a Little While", "My Next Thirty Years"), Jo Dee Messina ("Bye, Bye", "I'm Alright"), Collin Raye ("Little Red Rodeo"), and Alan Jackson ("Right on the Money"). In 1999, he was named by American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) as Country Songwriter of the Year.

Later that same year, Vassar was signed to Arista Nashville as a recording artist. His debut album, Phil Vassar, was released in early 2000, producing five hits on the U.S. Billboard country singles charts and earning a gold certification in the United States. He followed it in 2002 with American Child, Shaken Not Stirred in 2004, and finally Greatest Hits, Vol. 1 in 2006 before Vassar left the label for Universal South Records (now Show Dog-Universal Music). His first album for that label, Prayer of a Common Man, was released in early 2008. He has charted nineteen singles on Billboard's Hot Country Songs, including two which peaked at No. 1: 2000's "Just Another Day in Paradise" and 2004's "In a Real Love".

Biography
Vassar was born May 28, 1962, in Lynchburg, Virginia. He attended James Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia. While there, Vassar had taken up playing the piano, and eventually found work as a singer in clubs. He was also a member of the Eta Kappa chapter of the Theta Chi fraternity. He then decided to move to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue a career in music. Eventually, he was signed to a small publishing contract, but was unable to land any hits on this contract.

As a songwriter
Starting in the late 1990s, Vassar began writing songs that were recorded by several country music artists. Among the artists who recorded his material were Blackhawk ("Postmarked Birmingham"), Collin Raye ("Little Red Rodeo"), Jo Dee Messina ("Bye, Bye", "I'm Alright"), Tim McGraw ("For a Little While"), Alan Jackson ("Right on the Money"), and Neal McCoy ("I Was"). Of them, "Bye, Bye", "I'm Alright", and "Right on the Money" all reached No. 1 on the country chart. "Bye, Bye" earned Vassar his first American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) award for Song of the Year, and in 1999 he was named ASCAP's Songwriter of the Year.

As a singer
In late 1999, Vassar was signed to his first recording contract, with the Arista Nashville label. His debut single, "Carlene", was issued that year, and by mid-2000 the song had gone on to peak at No. 5 on the Billboard country charts. It featured a backing vocal from Collin Raye.

The song was the lead-off single to Vassar's self-titled debut album, which he co-produced with Byron Gallimore. "Carlene" was followed by "Just Another Day in Paradise", his first No. 1 hit as a singer. Shortly after that song peaked, Tim McGraw topped the charts with "My Next Thirty Years", which Vassar co-wrote. Overall, Phil Vassar produced three more singles: the No. 16 "Rose Bouquet", "Six-Pack Summer" at No. 9, and finally "That's When I Love You", with a backing vocal from Jo Dee Messina, at No. 3. In addition, the album earned a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping 500,000 copies. Its success led to tours with Kenny Chesney.

Vassar also co-wrote the tracks "God Bless This Town" and "Live It Up" on Marshall Dyllon's late 2000 debut album Enjoy the Ride, in addition to co-producing them with Robert Byrne. The latter was released as a single.

American Child
American Child was Vassar's second album, once again co-produced with Gallimore. It was released in 2002, the same year in which he married Julie Wood, with whom he co-wrote "That's When I Love You". The album's title track served as its lead-off single, reaching a peak of No. 5 on the country charts, and the album itself peaked at No. 4 on the Top Country Albums charts. In mid-2002, he also co-wrote and performed a charity single called "Words Are Your Wheels" to promote literacy. Released exclusively through Walmart stores, this song featured guest vocals from Kenny Chesney, Brooks & Dunn, Martina McBride, and Sara Evans.

While "American Child" was climbing the charts, Arista tested another song written by Vassar, "This Is God". The song was so well received by test audiences that American Child was re-released in early 2003. The re-issue featured "This Is God" along with a cover of Huey Lewis and the News's "Workin' for a Livin'", with Dann Huff producing both recordings. "This Is God" was issued as the album's second single, becoming a Top 20 country hit. After it, came "Ultimate Love", which peaked at No. 41.

Shaken Not Stirred and Greatest Hits
In 2004, Vassar released his third studio album, Shaken Not Stirred. The album produced Vassar's second No. 1 as a singer in the song "In a Real Love". Also released from this album were the No. 17 "I'll Take That as a Yes (The Hot Tub Song)" and the No. 22 "Good Ole Days". Unlike with his first two albums, Vassar recorded Shaken Not Stirred with his road band. Vassar produced the album with Nick Brophy and Frank Rogers.

Vassar's first greatest hits compilation, Greatest Hits, Vol. 1, was issued in 2006. This album comprised the biggest hits from his studio albums to that point, as well as his renditions of "Bye, Bye", "I'm Alright", "My Next Thirty Years", and "Little Red Rodeo". The album also included three new songs. Two were released as singles, starting with the No. 2 "Last Day of My Life", which Vassar was inspired to write after attending the funeral of his friend Robert Byrne, with whom he co-wrote his 2001 single "Rose Bouquet". The second and final single from Greatest Hits, "The Woman in My Life" (another song co-written by Vassar and his wife), reached No. 20 on the country chart, shortly before Vassar parted ways with Arista Nashville.

Prayer of a Common Man
In March 2007, Vassar signed to Universal South Records, which became part of Show Dog-Universal Music in December 2009. His first single for the label, "This Is My Life", was released in mid-2007, peaking at No. 35 on the country music charts. Succeeding it was "Love Is a Beautiful Thing" This song was co-written by Jeffrey Steele and Craig Wiseman, and was previously recorded in 1999 by Canadian singer Paul Brandt under the title "It's a Beautiful Thing". By April 2008, "Love Is a Beautiful Thing" had reached No. 2 on the country charts, and Vassar's first album for Universal South (Prayer of a Common Man) was released. A third single from this album, "I Would", was issued in July 2008 and peaked at No. 26. It was followed in early 2009 by the album's title track, which became the lowest-peaking single of his career at No. 53.

Traveling Circus
One week after "Prayer of a Common Man" fell from the chart, Vassar charted his eighteenth single, "Bobbi with an I". Released in April 2009, it was the first single from Vassar's fifth studio album, Traveling Circus, released in December 2009. It peaked at No. 46 after eight weeks on the chart, and was followed by "Everywhere I Go".

American Soul
Vassar signed with Rodeowave Entertainment in 2011, releasing the single "Let's Get Together". This song made the top 40 late in the year, followed by "Don't Miss Your Life" in early 2012. On March 18, 2013, Vassar released his twenty-second single, "Love is Alive". On November 15, 2016, Vassar announced via his Facebook page that his new album, "American Soul" would be released on December 2, 2016.

Stripped Down
Released on January 17, 2020, the album’s production puts the songs front and center. It features songs written over the past 20 years but never-before recorded and new music, including "This Is Where the End Starts", co-written with daughter, Haley Vassar. Vassar's take on "Postmarked Birmingham," a hit he wrote for Blackhawk, is on the album. Numerous hit songwriters collaborated with Vassar on the album, including Ross Copperman, John Rich, Don Sampson, and Charlie Black.

Personal life
On March 26, 2002, Vassar married Julie Wood, with whom he co-wrote his singles "That's When I Love You" and "The Woman in My Life". Wood's brother, Jeff Wood, is also a country music artist, who recorded one studio album on Imprint Records in 1997 and charted three singles, in addition to co-writing album tracks for Vassar and other artists. Vassar has two daughters: Haley (born August 27, 1998), from a previous marriage, and Presley Jade (born December 4, 2003) with Wood. Vassar and Wood divorced in 2007.

Vassar is a fan of the Baltimore Orioles and the Baltimore Ravens.

Albums

 * Phil Vassar (2000)
 * American Child (2002)
 * Shaken Not Stirred (2004)
 * Greatest Hits, Vol. 1 (2006)
 * Prayer of a Common Man (2008)
 * Traveling Circus (2009)
 * Noel (2011)
 * The Hits Live On Broadway (2011)
 * American Soul (2016)
 * Stripped Down (2020)

title: Phil Vassar


text: Category:Aerospace engineers

title: Category:Aerospace engineers


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Jee Sin Sim See

The Venerable Chi Sin Sim Si is a legendary Chinese martial artist, said to have been one of the Five Elders, survivors of the destruction of the Shaolin Temple by the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912). He is linked to many southern Chinese martial arts including the five major family styles of Hung, Lau and Choy gar, Lee gar and Mok gar, Ng Ga Kuen/Ng Gar King and Wing Chun.

History
Chi Sin is said to have originally been a resident monk of the Original Northern Song Shan Shaolin Temple, in Henan. He was a survivor of the destruction of a Southern Shaolin Temple, situated in Fujian.

Others say that Chi Sin and the other Five Elders escaped the burning of the temple at Quanzhou 泉州 in Fujian. They went their separate ways and Chi Sin built the second southern temple at Jiulian Shan 九連山 (Nine Lotus Mountain), also in Fujian. Chi Sin was a revolutionary who planned to overthrow the Qing Government. However two of the Five Elders, Bak Mei and Fung Dou Dak joined forces with the Qing army and destroyed the second southern Shaolin Temple with a huge army outnumbering the monks 10 to 1. Chi Sin, the Abbot of the temple, was killed by Pak Mei in a duel during the attack.

Chi Sin features prominently in "Legends of Southern Shaolin” 南少林傳奇 written by Chiew Sek (Cantonese) and published in 1993. All of the legendary figures of Southern Shaolin and more widely, southern Chinese martial arts ('Nanquan/Nam Kuen') 南拳 are in some way associated with the legendary figure of Chi Sin such as Fong Sai-Yuk 方世玉, Ng Mui, Luk Ah Choi陸阿采, Lei Jou Fan 李祖寬, Wu Wai Kin 胡惠乾 and Hung Hei Gun 洪熙官 to name a few. Chi Sin has been portrayed in many Chinese martial arts movies.

title: Jee Sin Sim See


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User:Tom3

Long time lurker, first time member.

title: User:Tom3


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Constitutions of Clarendon

The Constitutions of Clarendon were a set of legislative procedures passed by Henry II of England in 1164. The Constitutions were composed of 16 articles and represent an attempt to restrict ecclesiastical privileges and curb the power of the Church courts and the extent of papal authority in England. In the anarchic conditions of Henry II's predecessor, Stephen (reigned 1135–1154), the church had extended its jurisdiction by taking advantage of the weakness of royal authority. The Constitutions were claimed to restore the law as it was observed during the reign of Henry I (1100–1135).

The Constitutions take their name from Clarendon Palace, Wiltshire, the royal hunting lodge at which they were promulgated.

Purposes
The Constitutions' primary goal was to deal with the controversial issue of "criminous clerks", or clergy who had been accused of committing a serious secular crime but were tried in ecclesiastical courts by "benefit of clergy". Unlike royal courts, these ecclesiastical courts were strictly limited in the punishments to which a convicted felon could be subjected; in particular the spilling of blood was prohibited. An ecclesiastical case of murder often ended with the defendant being defrocked (dismissed from the priesthood). In a royal court, murder was often punished with mutilation or death.

The Constitutions of Clarendon were Henry II's attempts to deal with these problems (and conveniently increase his own power at the same time) by claiming that once the ecclesiastical courts had tried and defrocked clergymen, the Church could no longer protect the individual, and convicted former clergy could be further punished under the jurisdiction of secular courts.

It was formerly supposed that Henry wanted all clerics accused of crimes to be tried in the King's Courts. But this impression, as F. W. Maitland showed, is certainly wrong. A rather complicated arrangement was proposed by which cognizance of the case was first to be taken in the King's Court.

If the culprit proved to be a cleric, the case was to be tried in the ecclesiastical court, but an officer of the King's Court was to be present. The officer, if the accused was found guilty, was to conduct him back to the King's Court after degradation, where he would be dealt with as an ordinary criminal and adequately punished.

The king's contention was that flogging, fines, degradation, and excommunication, beyond which the spiritual courts could not go, were insufficient as punishment. The archbishop urged that, apart from the principle of clerical privilege, to degrade a man first and to hang him afterwards was to punish him twice for the same offence. Once degraded, he lost all his rights, and if he committed another crime, he might then be punished with death like any other felon.

Effect
Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury (1162–1170), resisted the Constitutions, especially the clause concerning "criminous clerks". As a result, Henry put Becket up for trial at Northampton. Becket fled into exile with his family. Bishops were in agreement over the articles until the Pope disapproved and then Becket repudiated his arguments. The controversy resulted, becoming so bitter that Becket was murdered on 29 December 1170. After this Henry felt compelled to revoke the two controversial clauses, which went against canon law. However, the rest stayed in effect as law of the land.

title: Constitutions of Clarendon


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Weill

Weill is an educational institution affiliated with Cornell University, named after Sanford I. Weill and may refer to:
 * Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, research institute located on Cornell University's Ithaca, NY campus
 * Weill Medical College of Cornell University, medical school located in New York City
 * Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, graduate college for biomedical sciences located in New York City
 * Weill Medical College in Qatar, medical school located in Qatar

title: Weill


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Johannes Van Rensburg

Johannes Frederik Janse Van Rensburg (known as Hans) (24 September 1898 – 25 September 1966) was a South African lawyer, and leader of the Ossewabrandwag.

He was born in Winburg and died in Cape Town, a descendant of the Loyalist Johannes Frederik Janse Van Rensburg. He received his MA in German from the University of Stellenbosch, and his bachelor's and doctorates in law from University of Pretoria.

Van Rensburg qualified as a solicitor and was hired as the personal secretary of Tielman Roos, the Minister of Justice. In 1933, he became Secretary of Justice (under Smuts as Minister). As Secretary, he traveled overseas. In Germany, he met Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring, and other top Nazi officials. He was greatly impressed by Hitler's leadership and the discipline he observed in Germany.

In 1938, he helped organize the Ossewabrandwag as a vehicle for Afrikaner nationalism though often at odds with the National Party, the main driver of Afrikaner Nationalism. Van Rensburg was the commander general of the Ossewabrandwag from 1941 until 1952. Like most members of the Ossewabrandwag, he was regarded as a German sympathizer during the Second World War. There was evidence that he was the mastermind of German espionage operations in South Africa, and a treason case was built against him. However, the case was terminated after the National Party victory in 1948.

Van Rensburg died on 25 September 1966 in Cape Town, and was buried with military honors.

title: Johannes Van Rensburg


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Kingsford, New South Wales

Kingsford is a suburb in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Kingsford is located 7 kilometres south-east of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Randwick. Kingsford is part of the Eastern Suburbs region.

Location
Kingsford is a mainly residential area, situated directly south of the University of New South Wales, which is in Kensington. Many of the residents are students living in medium and high density housing. A large Australian Army depot lies in the east of Kingsford. Kingsford surrounded by Daceyville to the south, Eastlakes to the west, Randwick to the north, and Maroubra to the south,

At the centre of Kingsford, on Anzac Parade and Gardeners Road, there was a large roundabout connecting a public transport system to nine possible destinations via a large number of bus services. For this reason, this part of Kingsford is sometimes referred to as "nine-ways". Due to construction on light rail, the roundabout has since been converted into an intersection with traffic lights. Kingsford is less than 5 km from Coogee Beach.

History
The area was originally known as South Kensington. In 1936 it was renamed Kingsford to honour Australian aviator Sir Charles Kingsford Smith (1897–1935), as was the nearby Sydney Airport. Kingsford was undeveloped until a land boom in the 1920s.

On 19 December 1936, the coffin of Eileen O'Connor, who was likely to become Australia's second Catholic saint, was opened in a funeral home at 347 Anzac Parade, Kingsford. The body was found to be incorrupt although Eileen had died in 1921. The body was reinterred in the Coogee home of Our Lady's Nurses for the Poor, an order which Eileen had founded.

In the 1940s, many Greeks settled in the area, particularly migrants from the island of Castellorizo (or Kastellorizo). Many opened businesses in the area; and, in 1973, they built the Castellorizian Club on Anzac Parade. Kingsford was originally intended to be the terminus of the Eastern Suburbs railway line; but, as a cost-cutting measure, the line was terminated at Bondi Junction in 1979. A new light rail project linking Kingsford to the CBD via Anzac Parade opened in April 2020.

Charles Kingsford Smith Tribute
In 2010, a tribute was created to Charles Kingsford Smith in Gardeners Lane, off Anzac Parade. The tribute consisted of a mosaic of Smith, a mosaic of his plane, the Southern Cross, and a Trans Pacific Mural depicting the Southern Cross. The tribute was unveiled on 11 August 2010 by Mayor John Procopiadis. It was designed by Masoud Nodous; the artist was Tim Cole. In 2014, the mural depicting the Southern Cross was added. The artist was Annette Barlow.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census, there were 13,492 people in Kingsford. 46.4% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were China 8.3%, Indonesia 4.3%, India 2.8%, England 2.8% and Malaysia 2.5%. The most common ancestries in Kingsford were Chinese 20.8%, English 17.5%, Australian 16.7%, Irish 9.1% and Greek 8.8%. 51.2% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 9.8%, Greek 6.0%, Indonesian 4.0%, Cantonese 3.7% and Spanish 2.1%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion, so described 34.6%, Catholic 22.0%, Eastern Orthodox 9.0% and Anglican 5.4%.

Public transport
Kingsford is located near a light rail line with L3 services to and from Circular Quay.

Politics
At the federal government level of politics, Kingsford is part of the Division of Kingsford Smith in the Australian House of Representatives. Kingsford Smith has always been a Labor (ALP) stronghold. Kingsford is located within the boundaries of the electoral districts of Maroubra, Coogee and Heffron. In terms of local government Kingsford is a part of Randwick City Council.

Churches and schools

 * St Spyridon Church is a Greek Orthodox church on Gardeners Road. St Spyridon College is an independent school, with one campus located adjacent to the church.
 * The Indonesian Presbyterian Church and Kingsway Church are located at 94 Houston Road.
 * Holy Trinity Anglican Church is located at the corner of Anzac Pde & Sturt Street, Kingsford.
 * Gereja Focus Indonesia is an Indonesian students' church located on UNSW campus
 * Kingsford Church of Christ is located on Anzac Parade

Notable people

 * Charlie Bell, former CEO of McDonald's
 * Ron Coote, rugby league player
 * George Donikian, television and radio personality
 * Keith Edwards, rugby league player
 * Harold Larwood, cricketer

title: Kingsford, New South Wales