text:
Talk:99 Luftballons

Luftballons
Doesn't luftballons actually literally translate into "air balloons"?

Yes it does. Editing. - VJ Emsi

Actually no, probably "toy balloon"

The translation of "luftballons" is just "balloons". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.33.60.39 (talk) 03:25, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Someone should check their German - "toy" is spielzeug, luft is "air"
 * While "Luftballon" literally is "air balloon" ("luft" = "air"), the word "Luftballon" describes what is called a toy balloon in English. Note that this is irrespective of whether the balloon is filled with air or helium. It would still be called "Luftballon". A "Luftballon" is certainly not an air balloon (as in "hot air balloon").2A00:23C6:150B:8101:C2D1:B99D:8A84:5616 (talk) 14:06, 1 February 2022 (UTC)

I checked in both dictionary and on my class. It's "air ballons". Keaze

 * Someone has changed the translation to "air balloons". I've changed it to 'balloons'. This is the usual and correct translation. English uses 'balloon' unqualified to signify the type of balloon at issue (the colorful sort that goes with bunting and streamers). 'Air balloon' is rarely used and is more suggestive of 'hot air balloon', which is certainly not what is meant by Luftballon. I've tried to put in a bit of explanation, to avoid having someone else who recognises Luft as the German for 'air' from messing it up again. But what I've written is clunky. If anyone can improve it please do. Klippa (talk) 09:17, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

You are correct. "Luft" in German does mean air. If it were 99 Red Balloons, it would be 99 Rot Balloons. The word luft reiterates that these are balloons filled with air. This is the way the Germans speak and write. If it were meant to be as others state, the song would have been titled 99 Balloons. There is nothing to say the balloons are red anywhere in the songs title. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.194.89.166 (talk) 01:05, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Strictly speaking, the song relies on them not being air balloons at all, but helium-filled balloons. Otherwise, they would sink to the ground, never to trigger the erroneous East German air defenses that then initiate the nuclear holocaust. "Balloon" it is. Pro hib it O ni o ns  (T) 20:46, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

Disagree. The idea that air-filled balloons would sink to the ground is original research and also incorrect. Recreational balloons (as opposed to Research balloons) are indeed filled with air; this internal air is kept heated by powerful burners so that it is less dense than the outside air; this difference in density causes the buoyancy. Helium shouldn't even be mentioned, in my opinion. David Spector (talk) 13:59, 29 March 2013 (UTC)
 * As pointed out above: despite "Luftballon" translating literally as "air balloon" it does not imply that this is a toy balloon filled with air. "Luftballon" describes the shape (small toy balloon inflated with a gas), a small helium balloon (which is what the german lyrics are talking about) is still called a "Luftballon". 2A00:23C6:150B:8101:C2D1:B99D:8A84:5616 (talk) 14:10, 1 February 2022 (UTC)

Off-topic chat
Red? I remember being told that the "99 red balloons" were nuclear missiles from the Soviet Union. Nonsense?
 * Well, kind of. You could interpret it that way. The story details a person letting 99 (red) balloons in the air and the radar of a seemingly-western nation reading them as warheads, and thus sending out a retaliation, resulting in global destruction. Folkor 06:38, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, no. It's definitely not a Soviet attack scenario. The German version doesn't mention any colour and the English version only uses "red" because it's a one-syllable word that works in context in order to keep the metre: "neun'n-neun-zig Luft-bal-lons" and "nine-ty-nine red bal-loons" are close enough to make the song work with either.
 * It's quite obviously aimed at the Western World, if anything. It also makes references to gas (i.e. oil), which has been a hot topic for pacifist groups (anti-capitalists, anti-globalists, you name it) for quite a while. I'm not sure whether it's against the US in particular, or just politicians in general, though -- I'd wager a little bit of both.
 * Also, the correct translation is "99 balloons". "Luftballon" is just a more specific word than "Ballon" in German (the latter could just as well be a transport "hot air balloon", "Luftballon" is used almost exclusively to refer to the kind you use as party decoration).
 * The meaning of the lyrics is pretty straightforward. It's a short tale about 99 balloons (red or not) being let go (as part of a peace demonstration, one might assume) and picked up by the army's RADAR and detected as missiles -- resulting in prompt "counter-measures" followed by global war because all the other generals think the country (which shot down the balloons) would be attacking them. The war lasts quite long (I think the German lyrics said "1000 years", but I'm not sure) and all that remains is a balloon, which she then lets go as well (possibly making it 100 balloons in total). No complex metaphors, no nothing. — Ashmodai (talk · contribs) 06:51, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

I think maybe when NATO created it's early warning system they bestowed upon it the ability to tell the difference between balloons (hot or party, red or not) and nuclear missiles, just saying, yeah I know it's only a song, and a damn catchy one. Yakacm (talk) 19:42, 2 March 2016 (UTC)

 * So, does that make the song actually somewhat pro-socialist and against America's constant prodding and testing the stress limits in the Cold War? Or is it just generally anti-nuke and against the idea that a bunch of politicians and generals have the power to blow the entire earth up as part of their intrigues and paranoid power struggles? 128.195.186.24 17:52, 9 October 2007 (UTC)Adieu
 * No country is named, 99 ministers are mentioned, so not the US, unless it's referring to the Moral Majority.
 * Um, it has nothing to do with any of that. Try following some of the links in the article. Jok2000 18:24, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

Article talk pages are for discussing improvement to their associated articles, not for general discussion of the articles' topics. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 20:45, 2 March 2016 (UTC)
 * It's actually 99 years of war in the German lyrics. :) — Mi r  a  23:56, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Banned by Clear Channel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_deemed_inappropriate_by_Clear_Channel_following_the_September_11%2C_2001_attacks Add to this article for regularity, please.

deleted reference to VH1 broadcast.
i deleted the reference to the 1 hour VH1 broadcast of the 99 Red Baloons video.

the reason: it HASN'T HAPPENED YET!!!

 * And I put in back in. Because it's scheduled to happen. But to make you happy I changed one word. I'll change it back on Monday. Lighten up. MK2 20:32, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

 * You can't enter something as fact unless it's verifiable. When you come up with some way to verify the future, i'll send you my superball numbers. --Johnnydc 06:29, 25 March 2006 (UTC)Johnnydc

 * '99 Red Balloons' Video to Air for an Hour

 * Johnny, I do indeed have the power to predict the future. As you can now see, events came to pass as I foretold. The Amazing Randi is writing me a check for a million dollars as we speak because he was overwhelmed by my ability to predict what TV shows would be broadcast next week. My secret - the TV Guide. MK2 03:26, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

99 Dead Baboons
Is the parody by Tim Cavanaugh (not sure if it's Tim Cavanaugh) worth mentioning?: http://crydee.sai.msu.ru/public/lyrics/cs-uwp/m/misc.dementia/baboons I used to hear it on Dr. Demento's radio program. Esquizombi 12:38, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Just a note: It's Tim Cavanagh who did the parody. Cavanaugh with a "u" is a different guy with a similar name.  Incidentally, I just started the article on the Tim you were referring to. Czj 20:15, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

questions
Who wrote the song? (Nena??) Who wrote the English lyrics? I think the article should give that.

I have a question about the English lyrics given at one of the external links. It says "Everyone's a Silverhero" - I always thought she was (at least intending) to say "superhero". Bubba73 (talk), 23:27, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

i added the information about the composer - and it is SUPER HERO--Kevin the1st 11:29, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

i've never posted anything on wikipedia before so forgive me if this isn't relevant - but the harry potter-themed rock band draco and the malfoys did a sort of parody of this song called "99 death eaters." don't know if someone would want to add that to the article.

Scrubs reference
Dear 200.140.183.82

This sentence makes grammatical sense: Both times, JD daydreams that dancing around in a room full of red balloons while this song is playing could diffuse a tense situation.

Please stop changing it to ones that don't make gramatical sense, for instance: Both times, JD daydreams that he is dancing around in a room full of red balloons while this song is playing could diffuse a tense situation.

Dreadpirate Roberts 07:57, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Neunundneunzig
Shouldn't the article somewhere mention the german spelling (+ ipa?) of Neunundneunzig? --° 18:34, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Covers
The article mentions that "the song has been covered by numerous bands" and lists NOFX among them. On what album did they cover this song? I can't find any reference to it in their official discography. Avitor 9:30, 2 November 2006 (CST)

 * I think someone must have confused NOFX with similar band Goldfinger, who did indeed cover 99 Red Balloons/99 Luftballons in their third album Stomping Ground. This version has been used in a fair amount of media, and so probably deserves most mention in this article. See for more info (sorry, not quite sure how normal wiki linking works! --SeldooN (talk) 23:25, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

Bjork did not cover this song. I have removed her name from the list of people covering it. This is not the first time this item has been removed and replaced. Dan4th 22:31, 14 June 2007 (UTC)Dan4th

I can't find anything other than Wikipedia that claims that Five Iron Frenzy has covered this song, and it's not in any discography of theirs. The claim was originally made on 16:36, March 10, 2007 by 69.160.218.1. I'm going to remove the reference unless someone can give some details on when and where Five Iron Frenzy covered the song. --Michael Anthony Abril 01:37, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

Medleystudios72 (talk) 15:36, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm confused. Now there is no mention of any covers.  The Goldfinger version originated on the first album listed on their Allmusic entry, a 2000 release titled "99 Red Balloons," then re-recorded for their 4 album "Stomping Ground," and apparently appeared in Not Another Teen Movie as well as Eurotrip.    Shouldn't there still be a section for covers.  At least this one?
 * There was no Covers section for a time, then apparently a new one was added with no sourcing establishing the significance of any of the covers. This information should not be added without third-party sourcing establishing that the covers are considered significant. The section had been tagged in April of last year for needing sources, and was ultimately removed in November. Doniago (talk) 15:42, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

Well, seeing as I just provided a source, shouldn't the Goldfinger cover be re-added? Or is Allmusic not a up to wiki standards? Medleystudios72 (talk) 18:45, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
 * AFAIK Allmusic is reliable, though I'm not a sourcing guru. I'd say go ahead and add the information, with source of course. Doniago (talk) 18:59, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Done. Thanks. Medleystudios72 (talk) 17:30, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

"Nena never had another hit single outside of Germany,"
> "Nena never had another hit single outside of Germany,"

What about Austria and Switzerland? --° 08:22, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

>> And what about "Nur geträumt"?!?!

See Also Section
I removed the following section:

 * ==See also==
 * ==See also==

 * Norwegian rocket incident
 * Iran Air Flight 655

There is only a tenuous connection between these incidents and the song.

Grand Theft Auto Vice City Stories
It may be worth noting - under "Cultural References" or somesuch that GTA Vice City Stories has 99 red balloons to collect, instead of the usual packages. This is said to refer to the song. Martin Packer (talk) 14:29, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

it's also featured in the Watchmen movie [A] 03:55, 16 August 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ariel ALB (talk • contribs)

99 Lead decoy balloons?
I heard the English version of this song, as a kid, and thought she was singing something about "lead” decoy "balloons".

The small British nuclear deterrent, in 1983/4 before trident was bought from the Americans, was the Polaris. The Soviets had enough missiles to defend Moscow from a British Polaris nuclear attack. To overcome the Soviet missile shield around Moscow the British included 99 decoy balloons to be deployed with each of the Polaris war heads so that the Soviet missile shield would be overwhelmed, not knowing what to fire at. The balloons were weighted with lead so that they would fall through the atmosphere with the same characteristics as a nuclear war head.

In 1983, Reagan announced the star wars project to defend America from a nuclear missile strike so I thought the lyrics were mocking the star wars/star trek technology America intended to use by showing how easy any such technology would be overcome. The 99 balloons were falling as if to celebrate a coming party, but were actually the ironic prelude to the nuclear warhead explosion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.154.110.226 (talk) 03:20, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Deletion from the article
I have deleted this from the article because I don't believe it; I think it simply confuses this with a different song:
 * The debut of the German version on Musikladen (TV program) 21 August 1982 made Nena "one of the most successful pop stars Germany had ever seen" according to MTV.com.
 * The debut of the German version on Musikladen (TV program) 21 August 1982 made Nena "one of the most successful pop stars Germany had ever seen" according to MTV.com.

The fact is that Nena appeared on Musikladen in August 1982 and sang Nur geträumt, which sold 40,000 copies the following day and became her first hit. This assertion I deleted asks us to believe she appeared again that same month and sang a song that all other sources say was released the following year, 1983. Michael Hardy (talk) 23:18, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation by outside world
"The host of American Top 40, Casey Kasem, was one of the few radio personalities who pronounced the song title correctly when it made the charts in the US in 1984."

Is this really relevant? It seems superflus and unimportant, the point about pronunciation was made well enough in the previous sentence and in any case; I would guess that technically this statement would need a citation. So I've removed it from the end of the third paragraph.--ASA-IRULE (talk) 00:25, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Potgutville?
Does anyone know where this reference to a Rolling Stones gig in "Potgutville" comes from? There's no such place. The German version of the Wiki page refers to the gig in question being in West Berlin. I'd change it back but I'm worried there's some reason the "Potgutville" reference has lasted so long!

DDR leads to a disambiguation page.
could somebody please fix it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.101.131.36 (talk) 22:51, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

Translation
Does anyone know why the opening line was translated as "Ninety-nine ..." and not "Nine and ninety ..."? Both are correct in English, and the second fits the rhythm better. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.112.29.76 (talk) 07:55, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Because "ninety-nine" is what people actually say in English and "nine and ninety" isn't? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.106.104.196 (talk) 10:01, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

WOO!! I added the 30 Rock reference!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.44.20.227 (talk) 06:23, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

99 Names of Allah
Wondering whether this has anything to do with the 99 Names of Allah... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.58.197.40 (talk) 02:15, 5 September 2010 (UTC)
 * you paranoid? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.23.103.113 (talk) 21:54, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

Lyrics
In the German version there are no words describing that kids bought the balloons. I guess that is a failure, it could be also adults who bought them? Also in the English version I cannot find a note about children. Does someone has a link or something which references that kids bought the balloons? Thx! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.180.70.172 (talk) 21:04, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Confirmed, the German version nether mentions the buying or the releasing or kids. The balloons are just there. There is also no mention of a faulty radar ("[...] hielt man für UFOs aus dem All[...]" translates to "[...] were thought to be UFOs from outer space[...]") --2.201.191.90 (talk) 21:15, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I read the article and noticed this also. No mention in the German lyrics of children or adults buying any balloons. No toy store either. I guess the next question is why hasn't it been changed?184.156.23.123 (talk) 05:16, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Why wasn't what changed? The English text is not a direct translation of the German one, that's well known and not that uncommon in general (for lyrical adaptions).--Kmhkmh (talk) 07:50, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

 * At the time I posed the previous question, the article made no distinction between the story of the German song and it's English counter part. The English lyrics were written by Kevin McAlea and begin the song with a slightly different story. This is what I was recommending should be changed to avoid confusion. Since the day I posed this question, the problem has been fixed and the information has been changed.184.156.23.123 (talk) 21:22, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

"Protest song"?
Really? This isn't what I would normally call a protest song. An general anti-war pop song, yes. -- J. Wong (talk) 22:36, 22 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes i wouldn't call it a classical for sure nor did it have that perception in general afaik, but its text has this antiwar theme and it was released during a late peak of the cold war.--Kmhkmh (talk) 22:47, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

English Translation Writer?
I read on the following page - http://www.lostidols.com/files/n/nena.html that Canadian Singer/Songwriter Lisa Dal Bello was involved in the translation of the original song's lyrics, which makes sense because she later worked on re-writing Nena's album It's All in the Game in English. Rexgamer (talk) 18:32, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

Techno Remix?
The article mentions the 2002 and 2009 remixes but didn't Nena also do a techno remix at somepoint? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.36.164.104 (talk) 08:19, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

Highest Charting German song in Billboard?
The article states that this is the highest charting German song in Billboard, but what about "Rock Me Amadeus" by Falco? That went to #1. And if it means the artist is from Germany, there are number ones by German artists. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.172.29.68 (talk) 05:08, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

Silly
Have to wonder if the bandmember who said, "I think the song loses something in translation and even sounds silly," was being facetious as the lyrics in German are themselves silly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.171.131.186 (talk) 23:02, 5 June 2020 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was not moved --BDD (talk) 16:45, 28 June 2013 (UTC)

99 Luftballons → 99 Red Balloons – This article discusses both the original song "99 Luftballons" and the English variation released as "99 Red Balloons" (both of which were widely popular). The WP:TITLE is currently the German name. On the English Wikipedia, we have a tendency to want to WP:USEENGLISH. So should we move this article to "99 Red Balloons"? I don't see any previous discussion of this question on the Talk page. BarrelProof (talk) 20:14, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Retain Luftballons. Both the German and English versions were popular among Anglophones, with German and English titles used to distinguish them when distinction is needed, so WP:COMMONNAME applies to both. The exception in the last sentence of the intro of WP:USEENGLISH appears to apply, so I prefer using the original German title. Kilopi (talk) 00:11, 22 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose English print sources mainly refer to the German original: Jeremy Gray Lonely Planet Germany 2007 Page 60 "Members of the Neue Deutsche Welle (NDW, German New Wave) always sang in German – although Nena, its tame international mother-ship, successfully recorded her hit single 99 Luftballons in English, too." etc. In ictu oculi (talk) 03:05, 22 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Retain Luftballons. In ictu oculi's source notes that the single is primarily known for its original German recording, the English recording was secondary. Augsburgbeliever (talk) 05:12, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Support 99 Luftballons get 2200 google book hits and "99 Red Balloons" (likely incorporating the covers as well gets 4500 hits. So, putting my own personal nostalgia aside, I am going to have to support the move on not only a WP:USEENGLISH basis but WP:COMMONNAME as well. the title is clearly and widely used in English sources so there is no real reason to not use it.--Labattblueboy (talk) 05:27, 22 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Google Books search for "99 Red Balloons" returns few relevant results for me; there are more, and higher quality sources for "99 Luftballons". Peter James (talk) 10:30, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Can you post your search metric because that was not, seen in my provided links, the result in my search. I would be very curious to see.--Labattblueboy (talk) 04:23, 24 June 2013 (UTC)
 * For the titles alone (in quotes, 100 per page, English language only), 249 for the English version and 390 (excluding Wikipedia content) for the German version. The German title search lists a small number of books in German, or referring to the album, but most of the results after the first page for both searches are clearly unrelated. Additionally many books that should be found for both are only found when searching for the German title, and changing the search terms (with/without "Nena" and "99") produces inexplicably different results - usually slightly more for "Luftballons", but still inconclusive - and for some searches the quality seems about equal. I-f there's a reason to rename at all, number of search results isn't it. Both titles are commonly used in English and this is an example of USEENGLISH - "leave the article name at the latest stable version" seems to apply, based on the reasons provided, and the article appears to have always been at this title. Peter James (talk) 12:38, 24 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose for the reasons already elaborated. ╠╣uw [ talk ]  12:59, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Neutral -- the ngram shows no conclusive evidence either way (simply too few uses overall to be useful to us). Good arguments on both sides here; I'm partial to WP:UE, but it seems English sources use the German name a lot as well, and it's in Latin script and somewhat decipherable in English.  Red Slash 18:18, 24 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose as above. To add a small anekdote: As the song rose through Casey Kasem's American Top 40 he started playing the German side of the single as it became apparent that most of the clubs played the German and not the English side. #GoodOlDays Agathoclea (talk) 19:49, 27 June 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Use of 99 Luftballoons in Coca-Cola Ad on TV
I attempted to add a statement in popular culture about 99 Luftballoons being used in a TV commercial for Coca-Cola that aired on American TV in March 2015 (the ad may be viewed by googling "99 Red Balloons Coke Ad"). My edit was removed, but I'm not sure why. I think the use of this song in a Coke commercial is an interesting fact that adds to the rich history of 99 Luftballoons. It also makes one wonder whether the creators of the Coke ad had ever really listened to the song's lyrics. I'm a relatively novice editor, so apologize if I've unwittingly done something wrong. JCNSmith (talk) 23:19, 22 March 2015 (UTC)JCNSmith (talk) 13:59, 23 March 2015 (UTC)
 * When adding pop culture references, third-party sources should be provided to establish that they are considered significant in some manner, in accordance with Wikipedia's policies against adding trivia. DonIago (talk) 16:04, 24 March 2015 (UTC)

track listing section?
hi. sorry if i'm missing it, but i've looked thru the article 3 times and don't see a track listing; i'm looking to know what was the b-side on the original single release. 63.142.146.194 (talk) 01:41, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

UFOs
That they are mistaken for UFOs is technically incorrect. They *are* UFOs. They are mistaken for UFOs from outer space. But it would be clunky to reword it. ls the article better off being clunky or with this literal misuse? On is there a better phrasing? - 104.162.19.65 (talk) 19:37, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

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David Frum isn't a primary source
According to David Frum, the political context of the song was the protests against NATO nuclear missile deployments.[6]

This needs to be more rigorous. I recommend removing this, or providing the primary sources which commentator David Frum refers to. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.74.14.178 (talk) 10:26, 11 September 2017 (UTC)

Orphaned references in 99 Luftballons
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of 99 Luftballons's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "UK": From Kelly Osbourne:  From Relax (song):  From Goldfinger discography:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 16:26, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

Red Rock Canyon UFO hoax
Note 5 cites an article in theLas Vegas Review Journal'about a UFO hoax in the Red Rock area near Las Vegas on September 9, 1973. There is no such article in on this or any other date.' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:8801:2000:F060:DB6:444D:3FC2:4603 (talk) 18:34, 6 January 2021 (UTC)

In Spain, was it not the English version that reached the top of the charts?
I say this because in the Spanish newspapers of the time in the lists of Los 40 Principales puts 99 red balloons, and not Luftballons. --83.165.1.169 (talk) 20:24, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:99 Luftballons


text:
Versainville

Versainville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Versainville


text:
Verson

Verson is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Verson


text: User talk:81.178.201.177

title: User talk:81.178.201.177


text:
Borger (name)

Borger or Börger is a name, primarily used as a surname.

Notable people with the name include:

Surname

 * A. P. (Ace) Borger (1888–1934), American town builder
 * Andrew Borger, American drummer
 * Asaf Borger, better known by his moniker Borgore
 * Bill Borger (born 1974), Canadian Businessman
 * David Borger (born 1969), Australian politician
 * Egon Börger (born 1946), German computer scientist
 * Elias Annes Borger (born 1784), Dutch poet
 * Gloria Borger (born 1952), American journalist
 * Jamie Borger, (born 1964), Swedish drummer
 * Jessica Borger, Australian immunologist and STEM advocate
 * John Borger (Canadian football) (born 1935), former Canadian football player
 * Julian Borger, British journalist
 * Karla Borger, German beach volleyball player
 * Nicolai Borger (born 1974), German actor and writer
 * Patrik Borger (born 1979), German football coach and former footballer
 * Rykle Borger, German assyriologist
 * Sebastian Borger, German journalist

Given name

 * Borger Breeveld (born 1944), Surinamese actor and journalist
 * Borger Kristoffersson Hoen (1799–1877), Norwegian farmer and politician
 * Borger A. Lenth (born 1937), Norwegian civil servant, banker and lawyer
 * Borger Thomas (born 1995), Norwegian professional footballer

title: Borger (name)


text:
Little Englander

Little Englanders during the late 19th and early 20th centuries were a faction of the Liberal Party who opposed further expansion of and financial support to the British Empire, and advocated complete independence for British colonies.

Since the 2010s, especially after the 2016 Brexit referendum, the term has become a popular derogatory epithet for an English chauvinist who mistrusts the European Union, international cooperation, and foreigners in general. "Gammon" has been used similarly in British political culture since 2012.

History
The original Little England movement originated among manufacturers in Manchester and found support among journalists such as Goldwin Smith. The movement objected to the protectionist stance of British Canada, which was exemplified by the tariff increase of 1859. The English manufacturers resented paying taxes to defend a colony that imported few British goods, but exported so many to England. Moreover, it was believed that the United States could become a much more important partner, as it was already Britain's best customer outside Europe. There was also a social element to the movement. The Manchester School opposed the Empire for providing sinecures for the idle sons of the aristocracy at the expense of productive industrialists at home. The Little England stance was adopted by a wing of the Liberal Party typified by William Gladstone (1809–1898), who opposed many of Britain's military ventures in the late 19th century. It is particularly associated with opposition to the Second Boer War (1899–1902). Arthur Ponsonby wrote of the Liberal leader Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman's opposition to the Boer War: "The impression one got of him from the Press in those days was … that he was an unpatriotic Little Englander".

In literature
The term "little England" predates its political usage; the expression "this little England" was used in the Gunpowder Day sermon of the English Puritan preacher Thomas Hooker (5 November 1626). It is also used in Shakespeare's play Henry VIII (1601), when the Old Lady tells Anne Boleyn: "In faith, for little England / You'd venture an emballing: / I myself would for Carnarvonshire."

Contemporary usage
The Cambridge online dictionary defines "Little Englander" as "an English person who thinks England is better than all other countries, and that England should only work together with other countries when there is an advantage for England in doing so". The term has been used as a derogatory term for English nationalists and British people who are xenophobic or overly nationalistic. It has also been applied to opponents of globalism, multilateralism, and internationalism. Since the 2010s, especially post-Brexit, the term has gained popularity as a derogatory way to describe supporters of English nationalism and xenophobia. For this reason, it is similar to the insult "gammon", which has been used in British political culture since 2012.

title: Little Englander


text:
Ver

Ver or VER may refer to:

 * Voluntary Export Restraints, in international trade
 * VER, the IATA airport code for General Heriberto Jara International Airport
 * Volk's Electric Railway, Brighton, England
 * VerPublishing, of the German group VDM Publishing, reproduces Wikipedia content
 * Voluntary Emission Reduction (or Verified Emission Reduction), used for carbon credits
 * Ver (command), a shell command in DOS, Windows etc.
 * an abbreviation for "versine", a trigonometric function
 * ver (function prefix) (versus), a prefix for versed trigonometric functions in mathematics
 * an abbreviation for "version"
 * places in France:
 * Ver, Manche, in the Manche département
 * Ver-lès-Chartres, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 * Ver-sur-Launette, in the Oise département
 * Ver-sur-Mer, in the Calvados département
 * River Ver, in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
 * Ver, Belgium, a small village in the municipality of Houyet, Belgium
 * Roger Ver, a Bitcoin entrepreneur
 * Ver (music), songs in pre-marriage ceremonies in Goa

title: Ver


text:
Talk:The UNIX Virus

I have updated the Honor system virus page to include this variant. Should this be a redirect to that page? Jxan3000
 * Yes, I'll merge it in later today. Thanks for pointing this out. --Twinxor 20:01, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:The UNIX Virus


text:
UTI (disambiguation)

A UTI is a urinary tract infection.

UTI or Uti may also refer to:

Science and technology

 * Uniform Type Identifier, in Apple software
 * Unique Transaction Identifier, in financial trading
 * Ultrasound tongue imaging, in phonetics

Companies

 * UTI Asset Management, an Indian mutual fund, former name Unit Trust of India
 * Universal Technical Institute, an American automotive education provider
 * UTI Holdings, a Romanian holding company

People

 * Uti Nwachukwu (born 1982), Nigerian Big Brother Africa contestant
 * Sunday Uti (born 1962), Nigerian sprinter

title: UTI (disambiguation)


text:
Francois Pienaar

Jacobus Francois Pienaar (born 2 January 1965) is a retired South African rugby union player. He played flanker for South Africa (the Springboks) from 1993 until 1996, winning 29 international caps, all of them as captain. He is best known for leading South Africa to victory in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. After being dropped from the Springbok team in 1996, Pienaar went on to a career with English club Saracens.

Early life and education
Pienaar was born in Vereeniging, South Africa, into a working class Afrikaner family, and is the eldest of four boys. After completing high school at Hoërskool Patriot Witbank, he won an athletic scholarship to the Rand Afrikaans University, where he studied law.

Playing career
He made his provincial debut for Transvaal Province in 1989 before being selected for the South Africa squad in 1993. He was appointed Springbok captain from his first test and remained captain until his last, and remains one of the most successful South African captains of all time.

In 1993 Transvaal won the Super 10, Currie Cup and Lion Cup under Pienaar. In 1994, Transvaal retained the Currie Cup under his captaincy and he was voted international player of the year by Rugby World magazine.

1995 World Cup
Pienaar is most famous for being captain of the first South African team to win the World Cup. Prior to the World Cup in 1995, the Springboks were only seeded ninth and were not expected to dethrone the incumbent champions Australia, who had not lost a game in the preceding 12 months.

During the tournament, South Africa defeated Australia, Romania, Canada, Western Samoa, and France. They then met New Zealand in the 1995 Rugby World Cup Final at Ellis Park Stadium. Pienaar led the Springboks to a three-point victory with a drop goal from Joel Stransky.

During the remarkable post-match presentation ceremony Nelson Mandela, wearing a Springbok jersey bearing Pienaar's number, presented him with the Webb Ellis Cup. During his acceptance speech, Pienaar made it clear that the team had won the trophy not just for the 60,000 fans at Ellis Park, but also for all 43,000,000 South Africans.

Pienaar is portrayed by Matt Damon in the film Invictus, released in December 2009, which focuses on the story of the 1995 World Cup.

Later career
Within a month of the World Cup's conclusion Pienaar had a stand-off with SARFU after he led South African players in threatening to join their Australia and New Zealand counterparts to play professionally for the World Rugby Corporation (WRC). Pienaar had convinced numerous Springbok players to sign with the WRC, but Louis Luyt eventually dissuaded them from breaking with the SARFU. During this standoff, Pienaar offered the black Springbok player Chester Williams less than other contemporary South African players. In purely marketing terms, Williams was second only to Jonah Lomu.

Subsequently, Springbok players were given contracts and the International Rugby Board (IRB) voted in favour of professionalisation. Pienaar was instrumental in negotiating the deal between SANZAR and Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation that turned rugby into a fully-fledged professional game. Some of the older generation rugby administrators branded him a traitor for selling out South African rugby to professionalism.

In 1996, Pienaar was controversially dropped from the Springbok side, after 29 caps, by coach Andre Markgraaff, who accused him of feigning an injury during a match.

Pienaar subsequently left for Britain, where he became player-coach for Watford-based club Saracens. Under his leadership, they defeated the London Wasps to win the Pilkington Cup and also finished second in the Zurich Premiership. During the next two seasons, they secured third and fourth spots in the Zurich Premiership, thereby qualifying for the European Cup on consecutive campaigns.

Pienaar captained the Barbarians in his only appearance for the club against Leicester at Twickenham in 1999.

Test history
World Cup Final

Retirement
In 2000, Pienaar retired as a player and became Saracens’ CEO. As a consequence of the club's lack of success during the two following years, Pienaar stepped down as coach and CEO in 2002. Pienaar is one of 5 directors of Saracens as of 11/23.

In 2002 he returned to Cape Town, South Africa, where he lives with his wife Nerine Winter and two sons. Both had Nelson Mandela as a godfather.

Pienaar wrote his autobiography Rainbow Warrior with Edward Griffiths in 1999. In November 2000, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Hertfordshire.

Pienaar was also involved in South Africa's failed bid to host the 2011 Rugby World Cup in 2005.

He was a pundit for ITV Sport during the Rugby World Cups of 2007, 2011 and 2015.

Depictions in media
Pienaar and Mandela are the subject of a 2008 book by John Carlin, Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game that Made a Nation, that spotlights the role of the 1995 Cup win in post-apartheid South Africa. Carlin sold the film rights to Morgan Freeman. The 2009 film Invictus, based on the book, was directed by Clint Eastwood, and starred Morgan Freeman as Nelson Mandela and Matt Damon as Pienaar.

Awards and honours

 * In 1995 he was voted Rugby Personality of the Year by Britain's Rugby Union Writers' Club, as well as Newsmaker of the Year in South Africa.
 * In 2004 he was voted 50th in the Top 100 Great South Africans.
 * In 2005 he was inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame.
 * On 24 October 2011, he was inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame.

title: Francois Pienaar


text: Category:Campania

title: Category:Campania


text:
Multi-headed

Multi-headed can refer to:

 * Polycephaly, the condition of having more than one head
 * Lernaean Hydra, an ancient serpent-like chthonic water beast that possessed numerous heads
 * Multi-headed train, where two or more engines are used
 * Multi-monitor, multiple physical display devices running on a single computer system

title: Multi-headed


text:
Ver-sur-Mer

Ver-sur-Mer (, literally Ver on Sea) is a commune in the Calvados department and Normandy region of north-western France. It is situated at the eastern end of Gold Beach between Arromanches and Courseulles. The town lies 20 km north-west of Caen and 14 km north-east of Bayeux.

As well as its beach, the village has a bakery, pony club, sailing club, shrimp fishery, small supermarket, tennis court, and youth hostel. It is also home to the America Gold Beach Museum. Ver-sur-Mer lighthouse, still active today, was built in 1908 on the heights above the beach. During World War II, Canadian troops swiftly seized the lighthouse; however, it was badly damaged and had to be restored after the end of the war.

Ver-sur-Mer's church, which was constructed between the 10th and 12th centuries, is dedicated to Saint Martin.

Richard Evelyn Byrd
On 1 July 1927, Commander Richard Evelyn Byrd was forced to crash land his plane, America, in the sea off Ver-sur-Mer after his attempt at the first mail-carrying flight across the Atlantic failed.

D-Day
On 6 June 1944, D-Day, the British 50th Infantry Division landed at Ver-sur-Mer as part of the Normandy Landings invasion, Operation Overlord. In 2021, the British Commonwealth of Nations soldiers who participated in the landing were commemorated with British Normandy Memorial near the village.

title: Ver-sur-Mer


text:
Talk:Free/Libre/Open-Source Software

The (currently) 3rd paragraph, the one that starts: "There may be a reason why FLOSS was invented"... looks like someones meandering thoughts they put in a blog entry. I'm going to edit heavily, mostly removing speculation and way-out-of-scope theories. This article is about the term, it shouldn't be a detailed explanation (one persons interpretation) of the rift between FS and OSS. Here I go... --Gronky

Page name
Currently, "Free/Libre" is a modifier on "Open Source" - which is wrong.

It should be either "Free, Libre, Open Source Softdware" or "Free/Libre/Open-Source Software". The former is only really aceptable in context, not as a name, so I suggest moving this page to the latter. A dash is needed between Open and Source to prevent "Free/Libre/Open" being a modifier on "Source". Post any objections here.

 * Page moved Gronky 09:38, 2005 May 25 (UTC)

Segmented the article
I segmented the article which I believe looks better, what do you think? I'd add a Free software section above open source explaining that it was the first term, and then go into why the open source was created (to make up for 'problems' with the free software term, the confusion, not emphasising technical merit, removing FOSS from ideological / philosophical viewpoint). --ShaunMacPherson 03:17, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Clarification, please
I want to write an article about OSS (specifically, to encourage my university to install OOo), but want to make sure I get my terms right. Is the difference merely in the connotation, not in the denotation? What are the technical or implicatory consequences of just using the term "Open-Source Software"? These should be included in the article. Thanks! --RealGrouchy 15:51, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * This is discussed in alternative terms for free software. Hope that helps. Gronky 16:00, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Not quite. Are all the terms interchangable? Does the part of the name, "Free/Libre" act as a qualifier of "Open-Source" (i.e. refers to only some OSS), a clarifier (i.e. doesn't change the meaning), or a modifier (i.e. some other group)? Also, linguistically speaking, are "Free" and "Libre" meant in the same way (i.e. they are redundant to each other), or does one act as a qualifier of the other (i.e. ...)? ........ Essentially, if I were to write an article and use the term "Open-Source Software" instead of FLOSS--or Vice-Versa, would I be changing the meaning (i.e. using a term that is broader/narrower than the other)? Sorry for the complicated (i.e. in need of clarification :P) words in my earlier question. --RealGrouchy 07:15, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * "free" is associated with the defintion published by Free Software Foundation. "open source" is associated with the definiton published by Open Source Iniative.  The defintions are not identical, so technically the terms refer to different things, but in practice, the list of software that fits one defintion but not the other is insignificant.  "libre" is not associated with any specific definition, although I think most people who care see it as a synonym for "free".  I say "most people who care" because most people don't care.  The definitions published by FSF and OSI are so similar that no one has felt the need to associate "libre" with either definition.

 * So "free", "libre", and "open source" are three repetitions of the same thing. They modify the word "software".  The reasons for choosing one term over another are political.  The repetition is there so as to exclude no one, and to create an a-political term.

 * That's the problem with the term FLOSS, however. These are not 3 repetitions of the same thing. Free Software operates under the FSF Foundation's principles. These are political principles with a specific political agenda associated with them: so-called "copy-left". The Open Source Definition doesn't care about politics; it's about empowering developers of software, allowing them to cooperate with each other where they all want to. Korval 10:47, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

 * If more clarification is needed, do ask, I'll try to update the alternative terms for free software article in response.

 * A short essay published by FSF on this topic is available here: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html

 * Gronky 19:18, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Frei?

 * The FLOSS acronym translates readily into other European languages, with for example the "F" representing free (English) or frei (German), and the "L" representing libre (Spanish or French), livre (Portuguese), or libero (Italian). By the end of 2004, the FLOSS acronym has been used in official English documents issued by South Africa, Spain, and Brazil. The FLOSS acronym is not used in official Spanish and Portuguese documents, since in these languages the unambiguious words libre and livre suffice.

While "frei" is a German translation for "free", it is almost equally unambiguous as "libre" -- while "Freibier" means "free beer", the adjective itself is used in the libre sense and "gratis" or "kostenlos"/"kostenfrei" (vs. "kostenpflichtig") are the adjectives used for the gratis sense. "Freie Software" is completely unambiguous ("Freies Bier" would be the rather absurd notion of libre beer, btw).

I don't think the acronym is very widespread in Germany, but either way the notion of "frei" being a translation for "free" seems a bit out of place. The (often misunderstood) term "open source" is a common Anglicism, btw, and Free Software is usually simply translated as Freie Software (which unambiguously refers to the libre sense).

I also don't see how the notion "The FLOSS acronym translates readily into other European languages" makes any sense if "libre" isn't an English word in the first place, "open source" being usually not translated at all and "free" being rather redundant in the presence of "libre". In German the Acronym would probably expand to "Freie/Libre/Open Source Software" (with "libre" just being redundant for repeating "frei" in a different language), so the L could just as well be dropped and the whole thing boiled down to "F/OSS" (which, as the article states, has a slightly different story).

Jesus. Why bother translating acronyms that arose from the need to resolve an ambiguity other languages don't neccessarily have? I guess "F/OSS" would be your best bet if you are going for a "FS and/or OSS" acronym in German: Freie / Open Source Software. -- Ashmodai 04:50, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Merge with FOSS or "Alternative terms for free software"?
Shouldn't this article be merged with Free and Open Source Software or Alternative terms for free software? --67.136.143.220 07:51, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * You are missing the point! "Free Software" is taken by a large number of people as that that meets the defination of the Free Software foundation.  Open Source software is that which meets the open source definition.  FLOSS is a term that aims to be inclusive of both.  The Folks at FSF.ORG are unwilling to consider their projects as "open Source" cmacd 02:41, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * You've just argued for a POV fork. The articles should be merged, Alternative terms for free software works.  You're welcome to mention such material on those pages.  I actually think they already are. --71.161.215.74 03:58, 6 August 2006 (UTC) (different anonymous)

 * I'll add tags to suggest the merge. To Cmacd123, although there are two definitions, the oss definition is just a rewording of the fs definition, and although it is possible for software to meet one definition but not the other, this almost never happens in practice.  Can you name any non-niche packages that are oss but not fs, or vice versa? Gronky 11:51, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Libre also = gratis in French? (According to Wiktionary)
http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Flibre&langpair=fr%7Cen&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&prev=%2Flanguage_tools

ie. One valid synonym of "libre" is "gratuit" which means "gratis".

ie. It seems to have the exact same problem as the English word "free".

--irrevenant [ talk ] 03:05, 10 December 2006 (UTC)
 * No, "libre" (for any definitions you are referring to above) means "without restriction". The particular synonym of "gratuit/gratis" that is applicable is as in an admission. As in, there are no restrictions to admission based on price. It does not apply to the "free as in beer" definition of "gratis". No cover, but not an open bar. --RealGrouchy 06:51, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Free/Libre/Open-Source Software


text:
Joyce Jillson

Joyce Jillson (December 26, 1945 – October 1, 2004) was an American syndicated newspaper columnist, best-selling author, actress, and astrologer, whose column was syndicated worldwide in more than 200 papers and magazines.

Biography
Born Joyce Linda Twitchell in Cranston, Rhode Island, she attended Boston University on an opera scholarship. She began her acting career in New York City and appeared on Broadway in the Anthony Newley musical, The Roar of the Greasepaint – The Smell of the Crowd. She starred as Jill Smith in ABC-TV's Peyton Place. She played the lead role in the 1973 cult action spoof Superchick. She appeared in the 1973 Columbo episode "Any Old Port in a Storm", and had roles in the 1976 exploitation film Slumber Party '57.

She began presenting horoscope reports on Los Angeles in 1973, and was the official astrologer for Twentieth Century Fox Studios.

She was also an author, writing Real Women Don't Pump Gas, The Fine Art of Flirting, A Year of Good Luck, and Joyce Jillson's Lifesigns. Her final manuscripts, Astrology for Dogs and Astrology for Cats were published posthumously.

Personal life
Jillson was married to Joseph Gallagher from 1969 until their divorce in 1981; they had no children. Jillson died of kidney failure at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center at age 58. She had been suffering from diabetes.

Filmography

 * Columbo - Any Old Port in a Storm (series) (1973) - Joan Stacey
 * Superchick (1973) – Tara B. True
 * Slumber Party '57 (1976) – Car Hop - Gladys
 * Murder in Peyton Place (1977) – Jill Harrington

title: Joyce Jillson


text: User talk:128.143.250.191

title: User talk:128.143.250.191


text:
Talk:Civil liberties

guarantees and freedoms that governments etc
It's not just about stopping governments from doing that.

title: Talk:Civil liberties


text:
.za

.za is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for South Africa. The .za namespace is managed and regulated by the .za Domain Name Authority (ZADNA). Most domains are registered under the second-level domain .co.za.

ZA is an abbreviation of the Dutch name for the country: Zuid-Afrika.

Management
None of the official names for South Africa can be abbreviated to ZA, which is an abbreviation of the Dutch Zuid-Afrika. Dutch was considered an official language in the Union of South Africa until 1961; it subsequently lost its synonymous status with Afrikaans in 1983. Suid-Afrika is the standard spelling in Afrikaans, but the .sa domain is used by Saudi Arabia. Zuid-Afrika has a history of usage: the international vehicle code for South Africa has been "ZA" since 1936. ZAR serves as the ISO 4217 currency code for the South African rand. South African aircraft registration prefixes also start with Z.

Second-level domains
.ZA has a Second Level Domain (SLD) Structure.

Approved

 * .ac.za: South African academic and tertiary societies
 * .co.za: general use by South African and non-South African persons and entities
 * .edu.za: South African further education training and private colleges
 * .gov.za: South African government & its departments and entities
 * .law.za: South African legal firms
 * .mil.za: South African Department of Defence & its institutions
 * .net.za: primarily for network & internet infrastructure providers
 * .nom.za: personal names, not organisations
 * .org.za: primarily for South African non-commercial entities.
 * .school.za: for schools in South Africa
 * .ecape.school.za: Eastern Cape
 * .fs.school.za: Free State
 * .gp.school.za: Gauteng
 * .kzn.school.za: Kwazulu-Natal
 * .mpm.school.za: Mpumalanga
 * .ncape.school.za: Northern Cape
 * .lp.school.za: Limpopo
 * .nw.school.za: North West
 * .wcape.school.za: Western Cape
 * .web.za: general use by South Africans & non–South Africans

Dormant

 * .alt.za: Historical registrants
 * .ngo.za: for non-governmental organisations. New registrations pending .za DNA public consultation process
 * .tm.za: for trademarks. On hold pending establishment of the .ZA DNA

Private

 * .agric.za: ARC & Company
 * .grondar.za: Mark R V Murray
 * .nis.za: Network Information Systems

Former (deleted)
ZADNA removed a number of domains from the .za zone on 7 August 2009:

 * .bourse.za: for all companies which are listed on the JSE Securities Exchange
 * .city.za: for municipal governments
 * .cybernet.za: Infront Investments Five cc
 * .db.za: De Beers
 * .iaccess.za: Compustat
 * .imt.za: Institute for Maritime Technology
 * .inca.za: Internetworking Cape
 * .landesign.za: Lan Design (no longer exists)
 * .olivetti.za: Olivetti/Mark Elkins
 * .pix.za: Proxima Information Exchange

Statistics
Currently around 29.39% of the .za internet is served via secured HTTPS protocol, with the Let's Encrypt Authority X3 being the most popular SSL certificate. Apache is the most popular web server, serving 66.56% of the .za domains, followed by Microsoft-IIS serving 11.60% of the total .za domains. The most common 1st character in domain names is "c", with 10.76% of .za domains starting with this character.

title: .za


text:
Ipaussu

Ipaussu is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 15,069 (2020 est.) in an area of 210 km2.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Ipaussu