text:
Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (Mandat pour la Syrie et le Liban; الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا ولبنان, also referred to as the Levant States; 1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, concerning Syria and Lebanon. The mandate system was supposed to differ from colonialism, with the governing country intended to act as a trustee until the inhabitants were considered eligible for self-government. At that point, the mandate would terminate and a sovereign state would be born.

During the two years that followed the end of the war in 1918—and in accordance with the Sykes–Picot Agreement signed by the United Kingdom and French Third Republic during the war—the British held control of most of Ottoman Iraq (now Iraq) and the southern part of Ottoman Syria (Palestine and Transjordan), while the French controlled the rest of Ottoman Syria (including Lebanon, Alexandretta, and portions of Cilicia). In the early 1920s, British and French control of these territories became formalized by the League of Nations' mandate system. And on 29 September 1923 France was assigned the League of Nations mandate of Syria, which included the territory of present-day Lebanon and Alexandretta in addition to modern Syria.

The administration of the region under the French was carried out through a number of different governments and territories, including the Syrian Federation (1922–24), the State of Syria (1925–1930) and the Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946), as well as smaller states: Greater Lebanon, the Alawite State, and the Jabal Druze State. Hatay State was annexed by Turkey in 1939. The French mandate lasted until 1946, when French troops eventually left Syria and Lebanon, which had both declared independence during World War II.

Background
With the defeat of the Ottomans in Syria, British troops, under General Sir Edmund Allenby, entered Damascus in 1918 accompanied by troops of the Arab Revolt led by Faisal, son of Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz. Faisal established the first new postwar Arab government in Damascus in October 1918, and named Ali Rikabi a military governor.

The new Arab administration formed local governments in the major Syrian cities, and the pan-Arab flag was raised all over Syria. The Arabs hoped, with faith in earlier British promises, that the new Arab state would include all the Arab lands stretching from Aleppo in northern Syria to Aden in southern Yemen.

However, in accordance with the secret Sykes–Picot Agreement between Britain and France, General Allenby assigned to the Arab administration only the interior regions of Syria (the eastern zone). Palestine (the southern zone) was reserved for the British. On 8 October, French troops disembarked in Beirut and occupied the Lebanese coastal region south to Naqoura (the western zone), replacing British troops there. The French immediately dissolved the local Arab governments in the region. France demanded full implementation of the Sykes–Picot Agreement, with Syria under its control. On 26 November 1919, British forces withdrew from Damascus to avoid confrontation with the French, leaving the Arab government to face France. Faisal had travelled several times to Europe since November 1918, trying to convince France and Britain to change their positions, but without success. France's determination to intervene in Syria was shown by the naming of General Henri Gouraud as high commissioner in Syria and Cilicia. At the Paris Peace Conference, Faisal found himself in an even weaker position when the European powers decided to renege on the promises made to the Arabs.

In May 1919, elections were held for the Syrian National Congress, which convened in Damascus. 80% of seats went to conservatives. However, the minority included dynamic Arab nationalist figures such as Jamil Mardam Bey, Shukri al-Kuwatli, Ahmad al-Qadri, Ibrahim Hanano, and Riyad as-Solh. The head was moderate nationalist Hashim al-Atassi.

In June 1919, the American King–Crane Commission arrived in Syria to inquire into local public opinion about the future of the country. The commission's remit extended from Aleppo to Beersheba. They visited 36 major cities, met with more than 2,000 delegations from more than 300 villages, and received more than 3,000 petitions. Their conclusions confirmed the opposition of Syrians to the mandate in their country as well as to the Balfour Declaration, and their demand for a unified Greater Syria encompassing Palestine. The conclusions of the commission were ignored by both Britain and France. Unrest erupted in Syria when Faisal accepted a compromise with French Prime Minister Clemenceau. Anti-Hashemite demonstrations broke out, and Muslim inhabitants in and around Mount Lebanon revolted in fear of being incorporated into a new, mainly Christian, state of Greater Lebanon. A part of France's claim to these territories in the Levant was that France had been acknowledged as a protector of the minority Christian communities by the Ottoman Empire.

In March 1920, the Congress in Damascus adopted a resolution rejecting the Faisal-Clemenceau accords. The congress declared the independence of Syria in her natural borders (including Southern Syria or Palestine), and proclaimed Faisal the king of all Arabs. Faisal invited Ali Rikabi to form a government. The congress also proclaimed political and economic union with neighboring Iraq and demanded its independence as well.

On 25 April, the supreme inter-Allied council, which was formulating the Treaty of Sèvres, granted France the mandate of Syria (including Lebanon), and granted Britain the Mandate of Palestine (including Jordan), and Iraq. Syrians reacted with violent demonstrations, and a new government headed by Hashim al-Atassi was formed on 7 May 1920. The new government decided to organize general conscription and began forming an army.

These decisions provoked adverse reactions by France as well as by the Maronite patriarchate of Mount Lebanon, which denounced the decisions as a "coup d'état". In Beirut, the Christian press expressed its hostility to the decisions of Faisal's government. Lebanese nationalists used the crisis against Faisal's government to convene a council of Christian figures in Baabda that proclaimed the independence of Lebanon on 22 March 1920.

On 14 July 1920, General Gouraud issued an ultimatum to Faisal, giving him the choice between submission or abdication. Realizing that the power balance was not in his favor, Faisal chose to cooperate. However, the young minister of war, Youssef al-Azmeh, refused to comply. In the resulting Franco-Syrian War, Syrian troops under al-Azmeh, composed of the little remaining troops of the Arab army along with Bedouin horsemen and civilian volunteers, met the better trained 12,000-strong French forces under General Mariano Goybet at the Battle of Maysaloun. The French won the battle in less than a day and Azmeh died on the battlefield, along with many of the Syrian troops, while the remaining troops possibly defected. General Goybet captured Damascus with little resistance on 24 July 1920, and the mandate was written in London two years later on 24 July 1922.

States created during the French Mandate

Arriving in Lebanon, the French were received as liberators by the Christian community, but in the rest of Syria, they faced strong resistance.

The mandate region was subdivided into six states. They were the states of Damascus (1920), Aleppo (1920), Alawites (1920), Jabal Druze (1921), the autonomous Sanjak of Alexandretta (1921, modern-day Hatay), and the State of Greater Lebanon (1920), which became later the modern country of Lebanon.

The borders of these states were based in part on the sectarian geography in Syria. Many of the different Syrian sects were hostile to the French mandate and to the division it created, as shown by the numerous revolts that the French encountered in all of the Syrian states. The Maronite Christians of Mount Lebanon, on the other hand, were a community with a dream of independence that was being realized under the French. Therefore, Greater Lebanon was the exception among the newly formed states.

It took France three years from 1920 to 1923 to gain full control over Syria and to quell all the insurgencies that broke out, notably in the Alawite territories, Mount Druze and Aleppo.

Although there were uprisings in the different states, the French deliberately gave different ethnic and religious groups in the Levant their own lands in the hopes of prolonging their rule. The French hoped to fragment the various groups in the region, to mitigate support for the Syrian nationalist movement seeking to end colonial rule. The administration of the state governments was heavily dominated by the French. Local authorities were given very little power and did not have the authority to independently decide policy. The small amount of power that local leaders had could easily be overruled by French officials. The French did everything in their power to prevent people in the Levant from developing self-sufficient governing bodies.

State of Greater Lebanon
On 3 August 1920, Arrêté 299 of the Haut-commissariat de la République française en Syrie et au Liban linked the cazas of Hasbaya, Rachaya, Maallaka and Baalbeck to what was then known as the Autonomous Territory of Lebanon. Then on 31 August 1920, General Gouraud signed Arrêté 318 delimiting the State of Greater Lebanon, with explanatory notes stating that Lebanon would be treated separately from the rest of Syria. On 1 September 1920, General Gouraud publicly proclaimed the creation of the State of Greater Lebanon (État du Grand Liban, دولة لبنان الكبير) at a ceremony in Beirut. Greater Lebanon was created by France to be a "safe haven" for the Maronite population of the mutasarrifia (Ottoman administrative unit) of Mount Lebanon. Mt. Lebanon, an area with a Maronite majority, had enjoyed varying degrees of autonomy during the Ottoman era. However, in addition to the Maronite Mutasarrifia other, mainly Muslim, regions were added, forming "Greater" Lebanon. Those regions correspond today to North Lebanon, South Lebanon, Biqa' valley, and Beirut. The capital of Greater Lebanon was Beirut. The new state was granted a flag, merging the French flag with the cedar of Lebanon. Maronites were the majority in Lebanon and managed to preserve its independence; an independence that created a unique precedent in the Arab world, as Lebanon was the first Arab country in which Christians were not a minority. The State of Greater Lebanon existed until 23 May 1926, after which it became the Lebanese Republic.

Most Muslims in Greater Lebanon rejected the new state upon its creation. Some believe that the continuous Muslim demand for reunification with Syria eventually brought about an armed conflict between Muslims and Christians in 1958 when Lebanese Muslims wanted to join the newly proclaimed United Arab Republic, while Lebanese Christians were strongly opposed. However, most members of the Lebanese Muslim communities and their political elites were committed to the idea of being Lebanese citizens by the late 1930s, even though they also tended to nurture Arab nationalist sentiments.

State of Alawites
On 19 August 1920, General Gouraud signed Arrêté 314 which added to the autonomous sandjak of Alexandretta the cazas of Jisr el-Choughour, the madriyehs of Baher and Bujack (caza of Latakia), the moudiriyeh of Kinsaba (caza of Sahyoun) "with a view to the formation of the territories of Greater Lebanon and the Ansarieh Mountains"; where the "Ansarieh Mountains" area was to become the Alawite State. On 31 August 1920, the same day that the decree creating Greater Lebanon was signed, General Gouraud signed Arrêté 319 delimiting the State of Alawites, and Arrêté 317 adding the caza of Massyaf (Omranie) into the new State. The State of Alawites (État des Alaouites, دولة العلويين) was located on the Syrian coast and incorporated a majority of Alawites, a branch of Shia Islam. The port city of Latakia was the capital of this state. Initially it was an autonomous territory under French rule known as the "Alawite Territories". It became part of the Syrian Federation in 1922, but left the federation again in 1924 and became the "State of Alawites". On 22 September 1930, it was renamed the "Independent Government of Latakia". The population at this time was 278,000. The government of Latakia finally joined the Syrian Republic on 5 December 1936. This state witnessed several rebellions against the French, including that of Salih al-Ali (1918–1920).

On 28 June 1922, Arrêté 1459 created a "Federation of the Autonomous States of Syria" which included the State of Aleppo, the State of Damascus and the State of the Alawis. However, two and a half years later on 5 December 1924, Arrêté 2979 and Arrêté 2980 established the Alawite State as an independent state with Latakia as its capital, and separately unified the States of Aleppo and Damascus into a single State called "État de Syrie" ("State of Syria"), formally established on 1 January 1925.

In 1936, both Jebel Druze and the Alawite State were incorporated into the State of Syria.

State of Syria
On 1 September 1920, the day after the creation of Greater Lebanon and the Alawite State, Arrêté 330 separated out of the previous "Gouvernement de Damas" ("Government of Damascus") an independent government known as the "Gouvernement d'Alep" ("Government of Aleppo"), including the autonomous sandjak of Alexandretta, which retained its administrative autonomy. Arrêté 330, 1 September 1920: "...les territories de l'ancien Vilayet d'Alep, précédemment rattachés au Gouvernement de Damas, constitueront un Gouvernement indépendant dénomm "Gouvernement d'Alep"" [Translate: "...the territories of the former Vilayet of Aleppo, formerly attached to the Government of Damascus, will constitute an independent Government called "Government of Aleppo""]

"Attendu que la France en acceptant le mandat sur la Syrie n'a poursuivi d'autre but que celui de permettre aux populations de réaliser leurs aspirations légitimes de liberté et d'autonomie, tout en assurant la libre jeu et le développement des intérêts économiques communs. Attendu qu'il importe, pour ce faire, de respecter, conformément aux engagements du gouvernement de la République française, les volontés populaires librement exprimées et, en conséquence, de prendre en considération les vœux des populations des régions de la wilayet d'Alep et encore rattachées au gouvernement de Damas; Attendu qu'il est nécessaire de mettre fin, en même temps, à une situation de fait qui, par une centralisation excessive et désormais inutile, complique l'administration du gouvernement de Damas et entrave la bonne marche des affaire de la circonscription administratives d'Alep." [Translate: "Whereas France accepting the mandate over Syria has pursued no other aim than to enable the people to realize their legitimate aspirations for freedom and autonomy, while ensuring the free play and development of economic interests common. Whereas it is important, in order to do so, to respect, in accordance with the commitments of the Government of the French Republic, the freely expressed popular will, and consequently to take into consideration the wishes of the populations of the wilayet regions of Aleppo, still attached to the government of Damascus; Whereas it is necessary at the same time to put an end to a situation which, by excessive and unnecessary centralization, complicates the administration of the Government of Damascus and hampers the smooth running of the affairs of the administrative district of Aleppo." The terms "Gouvernement d'Alep" "Gouvernement de Damas" were used interchangeably with "l'État d'Alep" and "l'État de Damas" – for example, Arrete 279 1 October 1920 stated in its preamble: "Vu l'arrêté No 330 du 1er Septembre 1920 créant l'État d'Alep".

The State of Aleppo (1920–1925, État d'Alep, دولة حلب) included a majority of Sunni Muslims. It covered northern Syria in addition to the entire fertile basin of river Euphrates of eastern Syria. These regions represented much of the agricultural and mineral wealth of Syria. The autonomous Sanjak of Alexandretta was added to the state of Aleppo in 1923. The capital was the northern city of Aleppo, which had large Christian and Jewish communities in addition to the Sunni Muslims. The state also incorporated minorities of Shiites and Alawites. Ethnic Kurds and Assyrians inhabited the eastern regions alongside the Arabs. The General Governors of the state were Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi (1920–1922) Mustafa Bey Barmada (1923) and Mar'i Pasha Al Mallah (1924-1925).

The State of Damascus was a French mandate from 1920 to 1925. The capital was Damascus.

The primarily Sunni population of the states of Aleppo and Damascus were strongly opposed to the division of Syria. This resulted in its quick end in 1925, when France united the states of Aleppo and Damascus into the State of Syria.

Sanjak of Alexandretta
The Sanjak of Alexandretta became an autonomous province of Syria under Article 7 of the French-Turkish treaty of 20 October 1921: "A special administrative regime shall be established for the district of Alexandretta. The Turkish inhabitants of this district shall enjoy facility for their cultural development. The Turkish language shall have official recognition".

In 1923, Alexandretta was attached to the State of Aleppo, and in 1925 it was directly attached to the French mandate of Syria, still with special administrative status. The sanjak was given autonomy in November 1937 in an arrangement brokered by the League. Under its new statute, the sanjak became 'distinct but not separated' from the French Mandate of Syria on the diplomatic level, linked to both France and Turkey for defence matters.

In 1938, the Turkish military went into the Syrian province and expelled most of its Alawite Arab and Armenian inhabitants. Before this, Alawi Arabs and Armenians were the majority of Alexandretta's population.

The allocation of seats in the sanjak assembly was based on the 1938 census held by the French authorities under international supervision. The assembly was appointed in the summer of 1938, and the French-Turkish treaty settling the status of the Sanjak was signed on 4 July 1938.

On 2 September 1938, the assembly proclaimed the Sanjak of Alexandretta as the Hatay State. The republic lasted for one year under joint French and Turkish military supervision. The name Hatay itself was proposed by Atatürk and the government was under Turkish control. In 1939, following a popular referendum, the Hatay State became a Turkish province.

State of Jabal Druze
On 24 October 1922, Arrêté 1641 established the "État autonome du Djebel druze" ("Autonomous State of Jabal Druze")

It was created for the Druze population of southern Syria. It had a population of some 50,000 and its capital in As-Suwayda.

In 1936, both Jebel Druze and the Alawite State were incorporated into the State of Syria.

Al-Jazira Province
In 1936–1937, there was some autonomist agitation among Assyrians and Kurds, supported by some Bedouins, in the province of Al-Jazira. Its partisans wanted the French troops to stay in the province in the event of a Syrian independence, as they feared the nationalist Damascus government would replace minority officials by Muslim Arabs from the capital. The French authorities refused to consider any new status of autonomy inside Syria.

Golan Region
In Quneitra and the Golan Region, there was a sizeable Circassian community. For the same reasons as their Assyrian, Kurdish and Bedouin counterparts in Al-Jazira province in 1936–1937, several Circassian leaders wanted a special autonomy status for their region in 1938, as they feared the prospect of living in an independent Syrian republic under a nationalist Arab government hostile towards the minorities. They also wanted the Golan region to become a national homeland for Circassian refugees from the Caucasus. A Circassian battalion served in the French Army of the Levant and had helped it against the Arab nationalist uprisings. As in Al-Jazira Province, the French authorities refused to grant any autonomy status to the Golan Circassians.

Economy
Already in 1921, the French wanted to develop the agricultural sector and over a feasibility study of the Union Economique de Syrie the North-East Syrian and the Alawite State were deemed profitable for the cotton cultivation. Investments began in 1924, but it took until the 1930s to produce more than the level reached in 1925. By 1933, Palestine was the largest importer of Syrian goods, while the French held a share of 7.5% of the imports. Between the two World Wars, France became the largest trader of goods of the French Mandate. From 1933 onwards, Japan was also a large source for imports.

High Commissioners

 * 26 Nov 1919 – 23 Nov 1922: Henri Gouraud
 * 23 Nov 1922 – 17 Apr 1923: Robert de Caix de Saint-Aymour (acting)
 * 19 Apr 1923 – 29 Nov 1924: Maxime Weygand
 * 29 Nov 1924 – 23 Dec 1925: Maurice Sarrail
 * 23 Dec 1925 – 23 Jun 1926: Henry de Jouvenel
 * Aug 1926 – 16 Jul 1933: Auguste Henri Ponsot
 * 16 Jul 1933 – Jan 1939: Damien de Martel
 * Jan 1939 – Nov 1940: Gabriel Puaux
 * 24 Nov 1940 – 27 Nov 1940: Jean Chiappe (died on flight to take office)
 * 6 Dec 1940 – 16 Jun 1941: Henri Dentz
 * 24 Jun 1941 – 7 Jun 1943: Georges Catroux
 * 7 Jun 1943 – 23 Nov 1943: Jean Helleu
 * 23 Nov 1943 – 23 Jan 1944: Yves Chataigneau
 * 23 Jan 1944 – 1 Sep 1946: Étienne Paul-Émile-Marie Beynet

title: Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon


text:
Sentai

In Japanese, sentai (戦隊) is a military unit and may be literally translated as "squadron", "task force", "division (of ships)", "group" or "wing". The terms "regiment" and "flotilla", while sometimes used as translations of sentai, are also used to refer to larger formations.

Imperial Japanese aviation sentai
The term was used during World War II by the military of the Empire of Japan for Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS) and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (IJNAS) military aviation units equivalent to a group or wing in other air forces. However, the term had slightly different meanings in the IJAAS and the IJNAS.

An IJAAS Sentai was made up of two to four squadrons (chūtai). In the IJAAS, two or more Sentai comprised a hikōdan (air brigade). In the later stages of World War II, the IJAAS abolished chūtai and divided its sentai into hikōtai (flying units) and seibitai (maintenance units). A sentai commander (sentaichō) was generally a lieutenant colonel.

In the IJNAS, a sentai was a larger unit: a Kōkūtai was the equivalent of an IJAAS sentai. Several sentai made up a kantai (air fleet). In the IJNAS, a Sentaichō was usually a naval captain.

Imperial Japanese naval sentai
Sentai in the Japanese Navy were prescribed by the document Naval military command No. 10, Kantairei (艦隊令) dated 30 November 1914.

Paraphrased, they were defined as follows:
 * Sentai (戦隊): comprising two or more warships of the same type.
 * Kōkū Sentai (航空戦隊): comprising two or more aircraft carriers, seaplane tenders or air groups.
 * Suirai Sentai (水雷戦隊): comprising two or more destroyers, possibly with a light cruiser as a squadron flagship.
 * Sensui Sentai (潜水戦隊): comprising two or more submarines, with a submarine tender or cruiser as submarine squadron leader, and some submarine divisions. The 1st Sensui Sentai was formed on 1 April 1919 from the former 4th Suirai Sentai.
 * Yusō Sentai (輸送戦隊): comprising two or more landing ship divisions. First unit the 1st Yusō Sentai was organized on 25 September 1944.
 * Tokkō Sentai (特攻戦隊): comprising a mother ship and individual suicide weapons, such as Kaiten, Kairyū, Kōryū and Shin'yō. The first such unit was the 1st Tokkō Sentai, organized on 20 March 1945.

Cultural references
The Super Sentai Series (スーパー戦隊シリーズ) is a franchise of Japanese tokusatsu television dramas produced by Toei and TV Asahi that uses the word sentai to describe a group of three or more costumed superheroes who often pilot fictional robotic vehicles to fight kaiju.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sentai


text:
Category:Rootes Group

The Rootes Group is a now-defunct British automobile manufacturer.

Rootes was the parent company of many famous British marques, including Hillman, Humber, Singer, Sunbeam, Commer and Karrier.

title: Category:Rootes Group


text:
Wikipedia:Auto-categorization/Oklahoma

Oklahoma
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title: Wikipedia:Auto-categorization/Oklahoma


text:
Wikipedia:Auto-categorization/Oregon

Oregon
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 * (2) Category:Washington_County,_Oregon
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 * (1) Category:Yamhill_County,_Oregon

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title: Wikipedia:Auto-categorization/Oregon


text:
Wikipedia:Auto-categorization/Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania
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text:
Graal

Graal may refer to:

Music

 * Graal (album), 2015
 * "Graal" (Medium song), 2015
 * "Graal" (Ne Obvlisicaris song), 2023

Other

 * Graal (glasteknik), a style of glassblowing
 * Graal-Müritz, a health resort by the Baltic Sea in Germany
 * Graal Online, an MMORPG
 * GRAph ALigner (GRAAL), an algorithm for aligning two different graphs
 * GraalVM, a Java virtual machine extension aiming to support more languages and execution modes
 * Holy Grail, or "Graal" in older forms
 * Ambassador Graal, a Tellarite character in the Star Trek: Enterprise episode "Babel One"

title: Graal


text:
Talk:Graal

Online
I wonder why there's no article for Graal Online. That's quite odd.--Teiladnam 07:27, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, never mind.--Teiladnam 07:41, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Graal


text:
Joseph Plumb Martin

Joseph Plumb Martin (also spelled as Joseph Plum Martin; November 21, 1760 – May 2, 1850) was a soldier in the Connecticut Militia and Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and was mustered out as a 23-year-old Sergeant in a Sapper company. His published narrative of his experiences, re-discovered in the 1950s, has become a valuable resource for historians in understanding the conditions of a common soldier of that era, as well as the battles in which Martin participated.

Early life
Joseph Plumb Martin was born in Becket, Massachusetts on November 21, 1760 to the Reverend Ebenezer Martin and Susannah Plumb. At the age of seven, he was sent to live with his affluent grandparents in Milford, Connecticut. Because his family was well-to-do (his father studied at Yale), Martin was able to receive a well-rounded education, including reading and writing.

Revolutionary War service
When Martin was 15, in 1775, he was eager to join the war effort following the Battles of Lexington and Concord. His grandparents initially opposed the idea, but agreed after Martin vowed to run away and join a naval ship as a privateer if he was not allowed to join. He joined the Connecticut Militia in June 1776 and was assigned duty in the New York City area, then under General George Washington's command, arriving just before the opening of the British Long Island Campaign. His first tour of duty ended in December 1776, and he returned home just prior to the Battles of Trenton and Princeton.

After a restless winter and spring back in Connecticut, the 16-year-old veteran enlisted in the Continental Army on April 22, 1777, signing on for the duration of the American Revolutionary War. He served with the 17th Continental Regiment under the command of General James Varnum.

Martin participated in such notable engagements as the Battle of Brooklyn, the Battle of White Plains, the siege on Fort Mifflin and the Battle of Monmouth. He encamped at Valley Forge, witnessed John Andre being escorted to his execution and was also present during the climactic Siege of Yorktown. He was assigned to the Light Infantry in 1778, attaining the rank of Corporal. In the summer of 1780, under Washington's order to form a Corps of Sappers and Miners, he was recommended by his superior officers to be a non-commissioned officer of this regiment, and in being selected, was promoted to Sergeant. Prior to Yorktown, the corps was responsible for digging the entrenchments for the Continental Army.

During the battle, they were also a vanguard for a regiment commanded by Alexander Hamilton, clearing the field of sharpened logs called abatis so that Hamilton's regiment could capture Redoubt #10.

Postwar years
Martin was discharged from duty in June 1783, a few months before the Continental Army disbanded the following October. He taught in New York State for a year, and eventually settled on Maine's frontier, becoming one of the founders of the town of Prospect, near modern-day Stockton Springs. Over the years, he was known locally for being a farmer, selectman, Justice of the Peace and Town Clerk (the last position being held for over 25 years).

He married Lucy Clewley (born 1776) in 1794 with whom he had five children: Joseph (born 1799), Nathan and Thomas (twins, born 1803), James Sullivan (born 1810), and Susan (born 1812). He also wrote many stories and poems over the years, most famously a narrative of his experiences during the war in 1830, apparently sourced from a journal that he had kept, but that is now lost.

In 1794, he became involved in a bitter land dispute with land speculator Henry Knox, former Major-General in the Continental Army and Secretary of War under George Washington's administration as President. Knox claimed that he owned Martin's 100 acre farm, as well as the surrounding 600000 acre in an area now known as Waldo County, Maine. Martin claimed this was not true, and that he had the right to farm the land.

In 1797, Knox's claim was upheld. Martin's 100-acre farm was valued by three commissioners: one appointed by the settlers, one by the proprietors, and the third by the first two. Martin's was appraised for the sum of $170, payable over six years in three installments either in cash or in farm products. He could not raise the money and begged Knox to allow him to keep the land. There is no evidence that Knox even acknowledged his plaintive letters and appeared to let him remain on the land. Plumb Martin farmed only eight(8) acres of the original 100 he opted for. Knox died in 1806, never demanding payment from Plumb Martin. By 1811, his farmland was cut by half, and by 1818, when he appeared in the Massachusetts General Court with other Revolutionary War veterans to claim a war pension, he owned nothing.

In 1818, Martin's war pension was approved and he received $96 a year for the rest of his life. Still, other war veterans were fighting for what they were properly owed and, in an effort to further the cause of the veterans, Martin published his memoirs anonymously in 1830. It was not considered a success and mainly fell to the wayside, apparently lost to history. In 1836, a platoon of United States Light Infantry was marching through Prospect and discovered that Plumb Martin resided there. The platoon stopped outside of his house and fired a salute in honor of the Revolutionary War Hero.

Death
Martin died on May 2, 1850, at the age of 89. He is buried with his wife at the Sandy Point Cemetery, outside of Stockton Springs, Maine.

Joseph Plumb Martin's narrative

Martin's narrative of the war has been frequently cited by scholars as an excellent primary source for the American Revolution. For most of the war, Martin was a private in the army, and his account does not involve the usual heroes of the Revolution. His narrative is considered one of the major primary sources for historians, researchers and re-enactors of the American Revolution.

Martin's narrative was originally published anonymously in 1830, at Hallowell, Maine, as A narrative of some of the adventures, dangers, and sufferings of a Revolutionary soldier, interspersed with anecdotes of incidents that occurred within his own observation. It has been republished in many forms, but was thought lost to history. In the mid-1950s, a first edition copy of the narrative was found and donated to Morristown National Historical Park. The book was published again by Little, Brown in 1962, and with permission reprinted by Eastern National in 2006, in an edition edited by George F. Scheer under the title Private Yankee Doodle; as well as appearing as a volume in Series I of The New York Times' Eyewitness Accounts of the American Revolution in 1968. The current edition, published in 2001, is entitled A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier: Some of the Adventures, Dangers and Sufferings of Joseph Plumb Martin. Other current versions include a version adapted for children, entitled Yankee Doodle Boy and The Memoirs of a Revolutionary Soldier, and an annotated version entitled Private Yankee Doodle. His narrative is quoted in numerous works on the American Revolution, including those written by David McCullough and Robert Leckie.

Martin has been portrayed on various television documentaries/dramas: by Aaron Carter (in Liberty's Kids), Philip Seymour Hoffman (in the PBS series Liberty! The American Revolution), and Rick Schroder (in The American Revolution). First edition copies of his narrative reside in the Library of Congress, the US Army Military History Institute at Carlisle, PA, as well as the collection of artifacts at Morristown National Historical Park. The Joseph Plumb Martin Trail, named in his honor, encircles Valley Forge National Historical Park in Pennsylvania.

title: Joseph Plumb Martin


text:
Talk:The World Tomorrow (radio and television)

"New" series looks dead
I've been paring away unsourced claims about the "new" series being still in production. They were never sourced, and given that the ministry's website is gone, and the YouTube channel hasn't had an episode added in a year (and even then, it was HGArmstrong reruns.) Barring some sourced material, I see no reason to claim that it's in production. --Nat Gertler (talk) 04:31, 6 April 2018 (UTC) :Mr. Holt has been the host since the Dr. died, and a handful of others fill in occasionally as hosts. Regular weekly new shows air each week on the US national satellite religious stations of TheWalkTV. Major US market stations airing new programmes every week in Atlanta, Chicago, Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Denver, Charlotte, Indianapolis, US Virgin Islands, Sacramento, Nashville, Knoxville, and Sydney Australia to name a few. The Line upon Line live YouTube and simulcast podcast airs as a live webcast bible study every Friday night. It is hosted by Dr. Ricks. And a new Holt hosted Valentine Day episode aired recently too.
 * The following response was posted to my user page. I am copying it over here as this is the appropriate place for discussion. I have removed a paragraph of what look to be odd personal attacks and attempts to communicate with some third party through my talk page. --Nat Gertler (talk) 14:59, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

 * David A. and Matthew A.

 * LIVE ACTIVE WEBSITE ADDRESSES (Not dead, as your phishing statement claimed)
 * https://www.garnertedarmstrong.org
 * http://www.herbert-w-armstrong.com
 * http://cogwwm.homestead.com
 * http://www.intercontinentalcog.org/index.php
 * http://www.herbert-armstrong.org
 * http://icg.org.au — Preceding unsigned comment added by TGTAEA (talk • contribs) 06:59, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

 * The website I was referring to being gone is http://www.thechurchofgodworldwideministries.org, which was the one that was used as a reference in the article. The list of websites you give seems to be an assortment of websites of various groups and individuals. The one that seems to have anything about a this-century production of The World Tomorrow is the http://cogwwm.homestead.com one, and what that has on its front page is an embedded months-old video of what looks to be an HGArmstrong episode with a brief teaser tag on it that was put on some time after the death of GTArmstrong. That hardly provides reliable third-party source for any of the claims above. There is contact information overlaid in the video and at the end for http://cogwwm.org , which looks to be the same site as that homestead address. Youtube says that the video has seen 6 viewings in the time its been up there... or less than one per week. And I think two of those viewings was me checking it out. We are still lacking reliable source for there being any new episodes of a The World Tomorrow tv broadcast being produced. --Nat Gertler (talk) 15:21, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

https://www.denveropenmedia.org/search/node/The%20World%20Tomorrow — Preceding unsigned comment added by TGTAEA (talk • contribs) 18:21, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

Follow this link for a list of brand new shows in current production. It links to the local Denver Colorado Comcast TV station, complete with showtime listings, and current titles, and production dates. Just because you have not seen it on TV in your market, or on your satellite or cable service does not mean the program is not on the air. And you need to look further into the website links provided than a glance at the homepage to see the current episodes next time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TGTAEA (talk • contribs) 18:17, 6 April 2018 (UTC)
 * "And you need to look further into the website links provided than a glance at the homepage to see the current episodes next time." No, actually, I do not have to do what you want me to do. I am a volunteer for an online encyclopedia project, not some employee of yours. And as a volunteer, part of my goal is to see that the articles are based on reliably-sourced information. Information that is not reliably sourced can be removed. Going to the page you just linked to and checking the first page of results, I see none that were "published" this year... not that the publication dates listed there are particularly reliable indicators for content, as listings like this one show a 2014 publication date for a show where the key content was clearly produced well before, as it's a HGArmstrong talk.
 * Meanwhile, you should be reviewing our guidelines on conflicts of interest to see whether you may have such a conflict with regard to this article, and how to deal with if you do. --Nat Gertler (talk) 23:09, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

Suggest you take your own advice regarding conflicts of interest. You received a message form another interested editor last night, who has in the past tried to get this article removed or spliced into separate show articles. You have acted as a destructive editor camped out on this page working as a puppet for your pal.

Your destructive editing history, on behalf of your good buddy - is obvious upon a review of your history at this article.

And, I have no conflict as I am not in any way associated with the show, it’s church or affiliations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TGTAEA (talk • contribs) 02:01, 7 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Nope, no conflict of interest. I respond to that editor much as I respond to you. I have not acted as a puppet for anyone. Said editor is not my buddy, he is someone I've interacted with in dealing with the editing of this article, just one of hundreds of editors I end up interacting with here. --Nat Gertler (talk) 06:35, 7 April 2018 (UTC)

 * see Sockpuppet investigations/Garnerted. I've struck through the sock's edits, but feel free to delete this whole section, including my comment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Doug Weller (talk • contribs) 13:07, 9 April 2018 (UTC)
 * removing the information regarding the 21-century edition until adequate sourcing can be established, thanks. Roberticus  talk  14:58, 8 July 2022 (UTC)

Link removal
There have been repeated attempts to remove links from this talk page, both one that shows an old edit and one to a sockpuppet investigation of one of the editors here, using the claim that somehow these items are harassment. Neither would qualify as harassment; at most, one could claim that the edit itself that was linked to was harassment (although it is hard to see why), but that would be addressed by using the process described at Revision deletion, not by refactoring others comments. I have (again) restored the talk page. --Nat Gertler (talk) 03:58, 10 November 2022 (UTC)

 * The Harassment noted herein includes actions calculated to be noticed by the target(s), certain named celebrities and is clearly suggestive of targeting them, where no direct communication takes place with the celebs named in the discussion.
 * This particular individual and his name has been reverted/deleted under the WP:HA policy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.210.136.169 (talk) 09:31, 10 November 2022 (UTC)

 * The items that you are deleting are one revision link, which the link in itself contains no reference to anyone, and a link to a sock puppet investigation, with the link itself containing only a Wikipedia user name, and no harassing statement. (If you're trying to posit that the user name Garnerted is a reference to Garner Ted Armstrong, that could not possibly be harassment of him, as that individual has been dead since 2003 and is likely to remain that way.) If you wish to see either that revision or that sockpuppet investigation removed from Wikipedia, you will have to use other processes; removing the links on this page will not do so. --Nat Gertler (talk) 21:48, 10 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Looking around a bit more, it seems like you might be referring to another Garner Ted besides Armstrong, the one that the editor using that handle identified himself as. If you have evidence that the user was not in fact that individual, you might be able to address that at the appropriate noticeboard, but that would not make the links to the user's sockpuppet investigation inappropriate. It's needed here for the record of why edits were done. --Nat Gertler (talk) 22:04, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

Why are you, Mr. Gertler, personally harassing and attempting to make contact with a major celeb and his family in this strange manner.

You are the one feigning ignorance about what you are doing, and what this is all about, while you are camping at this obscure talk page since 2018 continuing to revert the harassing links and reinstating the links to harass a celeb who has nothing at all to do with this tv show, it’s production or any of this subject or it’s material whatsoever.

Criminal harassment and civil filings are being contemplated if your behavior continues, but we believe that is exactly what you want - attention drawn to yourself.

A cease and desist court order is already in place against the individual who contacted you, your accomplice and friend, way back in in 2018 when Wiki editor solicited and reached out personally contacting you to ask you to assist him and aid and abet him with his twisted harassment, when he and  were apparently trying to bring attention to this old tv show and their freshly created wwcg-archives website, and you gladly took up his cause, and began harassing on his behalf.

Please give it up - 5 years of your assisting is enough already. Get a life, or you will get more than you bargained for - please stop harassing this major celeb, his family and his assistant in this twisted and bizarre manner.

Again - they have nothing to do with the production of this tv program, the links are to fake stories, fake news, in an attempt by and yourself to draw attention yourselves and to this tv show and subject matter, you appear to be obsessing over for 5 years or longer running.

Best - — Preceding unsigned comment added by DRUnfiltered (talk • contribs) 13:37, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

 * You are drawing attention to this talkpage by not following the guidance at WP:TPO. Don't mess with other people's talkpage comments. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 20:04, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

 * And for anyone looking on: that user is currently block for making legal threats, under the WP:NLT policy. But the accusations have zero grounding in reality. I am neither trying to contact nor harass anyone by undoing the refactoring of others comments. I am merely maintaining this talk page according to guidelines, as I have frequently done for many pages. --Nat Gertler (talk) 05:00, 18 November 2022 (UTC)

New 2004 claim
An IP editor just added the claim to the intro "In 2004, a new version of The World Tomorrow television program began production." with three misformed links to Denver Open Media. The problems with this are: I am trying to maintain my retirement from article editing. Could someone review this new addition and, if they find similarly to me, revert it? --Nat Gertler (talk) 19:31, 18 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Denver Open Media, a public access TV site, is not a reliable source
 * None of the pages linked to give a 2004 date
 * I looked far enough into the second one to see that it's a Herbert Armstrong piece, and as HWA was quite dead by 2004 and I've seen no sign that he's gotten better since, this was not a new production. It may have been new tags slammed onto an old production, but that doesn't make it a new production any more than the removal of the Billy Joel theme song from reruns of Bosom Buddies made them new productions.
 * The introduction is for summaries of content in the article body, which this is not.

 * And now they're edit-warring in the material, but switching "2004" to "in recent years"... as though 2004 still qualifies as a recent year (babies who were born that year are now legal adults for most purposes.) No new sources have been given to show when these episodes were produced, to whatever extend they are new productions. --Nat Gertler (talk) 20:09, 18 November 2022 (UTC)
 * As far as I'm concerned, those "sources" do not support "a new version" regardless of any of the above. They just seem to be random videos and say nothing of detail suggesting a "reboot" IMO.   Butler Blog   (talk) 20:39, 18 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I requested partial-protection be applied.  Butler Blog   (talk) 20:40, 18 November 2022 (UTC)

Title card
The title card currently shown in the infobox is not the ideal example; it is clearly from a post-2003 version/rerun/series of the same title/whatever. I don't know if a pre-1994 item is available with rights cleared (and I don't feel like reviewing what-we're-allowed-to-use-at-low-res at the moment.) I know this title card was a subject for hassle in the past, although I was not involved in that. --Nat Gertler (talk) 18:02, 20 November 2022 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Auto-categorization/Rhode Island

Rhode_Island
Articles on this list need to be categorized. Each is shown with the first 500 characters or so of their content, to make your job easier. Scroll down to the bottom of this page to see a list of related categories that existed when this list was being created. Please delete articles from this list after you categorize them, to avoid duplication of effort.

Articles that have the state's name in the title that are not on this list are probably going to be automatically categorized. See the parent page (link at the top of this page) for more information.

Please add municipalities (towns, cities, townships, boroughs, villages, unincorporated communities, etc.) that are direct subdivisions of a county (equivalent to boroughs and census areas in Alaska and parishes in Louisiana) in both the county's category and. Please add county articles to the county category and to. Note that categories for all counties might not yet exist, but they will soon be automatically populated with most of the municipalities that belong there.

There is no convention for county sub-sub-divisions. (For example, villages that are part of towns, and towns that are part of townships.) Certainly sub-sub-divisions should be added to the sub-division category, and probably also a the state-wide. It's unclear whether or not to add them to the county category. See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Cities.

Category possibilities:
 * (1) Category:Airports_of_Rhode_Island
 * (3) Category:Bristol_County,_Rhode_Island
 * (9) Category:Cities_of_Rhode_Island
 * (11) Category:Counties_of_Rhode_Island
 * (10) Category:Governors_of_Rhode_Island
 * (3) Category:Interstate_highways_in_Rhode_Island
 * (5) Category:Kent_County,_Rhode_Island
 * (8) Category:Newport_County,_Rhode_Island
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 * (11) Category:Rhode_Island
 * (0) Category:Rhode_Island_counties
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 * (20) Category:Towns_of_Rhode_Island
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 * (7) Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_Rhode_Island
 * (9) Category:Washington_County,_Rhode_Island

Subcategories of this state:

Category:Rhode_Island Category:Airports_of_Rhode_Island Category:Cities_of_Rhode_Island Category:Counties_of_Rhode_Island Category:Bristol_County,_Rhode_Island Category:Kent_County,_Rhode_Island Category:Newport_County,_Rhode_Island Category:Providence_County,_Rhode_Island Category:Washington_County,_Rhode_Island Category:Governors_of_Rhode_Island Category:Rhode_Island_history Category:Rhode_Island_politicians Category:Governors_of_Rhode_Island [repeat] Category:Rhode_Island_rivers Category:Towns_of_Rhode_Island Category:Transportation_in_Rhode_Island Category:Interstate_highways_in_Rhode_Island Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_Rhode_Island Category:Brown_University


text:
User talk:David Gale

enough said.

WikiProject on Cycling
I've noticed you've made more than a few edits to cycling-related articles. I've created WikiProject on Cycling. Please come and join us in building up Wikipedia's articles relating to bicycles, cycling, and bicycle racing. --Christopherlin 04:29, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of ASmallWorld
A tag has been placed on ASmallWorld requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Dr Tobias Funke (talk) 17:17, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Categories for discussion nomination of Category:Telecommunications history
Category:Telecommunications history, which you created, has been nominated for deletion, merging, or renaming. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 07:10, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

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Nomination of List of cyclists for deletion
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Proposed deletion of Grant O. Gale

The article Grant O. Gale has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Nothing to support WP:NOTABILITY, only had a notable student

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Boleyn (talk) 22:18, 21 February 2013 (UTC)

Nomination of ASmallWorld for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article ASmallWorld is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/ASmallWorld & until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Safiel (talk) 17:53, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of SketchUp

The article SketchUp has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * does not appear to meet WP:CORP

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on |the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. John from Idegon (talk) 22:36, 3 July 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:David Gale


text:
Wikipedia:Auto-categorization/Tennessee

Tennessee
Articles on this list need to be categorized. Each is shown with the first 500 characters or so of their content, to make your job easier. Scroll down to the bottom of this page to see a list of related categories that existed when this list was being created. Please delete articles from this list after you categorize them, to avoid duplication of effort.

Articles that have the state's name in the title that are not on this list are probably going to be automatically categorized. See the parent page (link at the top of this page) for more information.

Please add municipalities (towns, cities, townships, boroughs, villages, unincorporated communities, etc.) that are direct subdivisions of a county (equivalent to boroughs and census areas in Alaska and parishes in Louisiana) in both the county's category and. Please add county articles to the county category and to. Note that categories for all counties might not yet exist, but they will soon be automatically populated with most of the municipalities that belong there.

There is no convention for county sub-sub-divisions. (For example, villages that are part of towns, and towns that are part of townships.) Certainly sub-sub-divisions should be added to the sub-division category, and probably also a the state-wide. It's unclear whether or not to add them to the county category. See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Cities.

Category possibilities:
 * (3) Category:Airports_of_Tennessee
 * (2) Category:Carroll_County,_Tennessee
 * (1) Category:Cities_in_Tennessee
 * (51) Category:Governors_of_Tennessee
 * (10) Category:Interstate_highways_in_Tennessee
 * (1) Category:Little_Tennessee_River
 * (11) Category:Members_of_the_Tennessee_House_of_Representatives
 * (1) Category:Radio_stations_in_Tennessee
 * (22) Category:Tennessee
 * (5) Category:Tennessee_General_Assembly
 * (17) Category:Tennessee_State_Senators
 * (0) Category:Tennessee_class_battleship
 * (7) Category:Tennessee_class_battleships
 * (6) Category:Tennessee_counties
 * (7) Category:Tennessee_geography
 * (4) Category:Tennessee_history
 * (5) Category:Tennessee_politicians
 * (45) Category:Tennessee_rivers
 * (1) Category:Towns_in_Tennessee
 * (2) Category:Transportation_in_Tennessee
 * (1) Category:Unincorporated_communities_in_Tennessee
 * (33) Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_Tennessee
 * (2) Category:Wilson_County,_Tennessee

Subcategories of this state:

Category:Tennessee Category:Cities_in_Tennessee Category:Governors_of_Tennessee Category:Radio_stations_in_Tennessee Category:Tennessee_General_Assembly Category:Members_of_the_Tennessee_House_of_Representatives Category:Tennessee_State_Senators Category:Tennessee_counties Category:Carroll_County,_Tennessee Category:Wilson_County,_Tennessee Category:Tennessee_geography Category:Tennessee_history Category:Tennessee_politicians Category:Governors_of_Tennessee [repeat] Category:Members_of_the_Tennessee_House_of_Representatives [repeat] Category:Tennessee_State_Senators [repeat] Category:Tennessee_rivers Category:Transportation_in_Tennessee Category:Airports_of_Tennessee Category:Interstate_highways_in_Tennessee Category:Unincorporated_communities_in_Tennessee Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_Tennessee

title: Wikipedia:Auto-categorization/Tennessee


text:
O'Reilly Open Source Convention

The O'Reilly Open Source Convention (OSCON) was an American annual convention for the discussion of free and open-source software. It was organized by publisher O'Reilly Media and was held each summer, mostly in Portland, Oregon, from 1999 to 2019.

History
OSCON grew out of The Perl Conference, but the amount of Perl content continued to decline each year. The first Perl Conference took place in 1997. The first OSCON was held in 1999.

 * Notable events
 * The OpenOffice.org open source project was announced at the 2000 conference in Monterey.
 * The OpenStack open source project was launched at the 2010 conference.
 * OSCON has been the host to Larry Wall's State of the Onion keynotes.
 * All O'Reilly events were cancelled in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the company closed the in-person conference portion of their business.

title: O'Reilly Open Source Convention


text:
Helen Wellington-Lloyd

Helen Wellington-Lloyd, also called Helen of Troy, is an actress originally from South Africa.

She is most notable for being a follower of punk band Sex Pistols in the late 1970s, attending most of their shows until their breakup. She was also one-time lover and later protégé of Malcolm McLaren. Wellington-Lloyd originated the first Sex Pistols "blackmail" typography for flyers and gig posters on the floor of her flat.

She appeared in Derek Jarman's film Jubilee (1977) and The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle, by Julien Temple (1980).

Little is known of her whereabouts since the release of The Swindle, except that on 20 September 2001, she auctioned her extensive collection of Sex Pistols memorabilia at Sotheby's in West Kensington, London.

Portrayals
Wellington-Lloyd was portrayed by Francesca Mills in the 2022 miniseries Pistol.

Filmography

 * Jubilee (1977)
 * Punk Can Take It (1979)
 * The Tempest (1979)
 * The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle (as Helen of Troy) (1980)

title: Helen Wellington-Lloyd


text: Category:Rootes vehicles

title: Category:Rootes vehicles


text:
Category:Concert halls

See also List of concert halls.

title: Category:Concert halls


text:
Wikipedia:Auto-categorization/Washington

Washington
Articles on this list need to be categorized. Each is shown with the first 500 characters or so of their content, to make your job easier. Scroll down to the bottom of this page to see a list of related categories that existed when this list was being created. Please delete articles from this list after you categorize them, to avoid duplication of effort.

Articles that have the state's name in the title that are not on this list are probably going to be automatically categorized. See the parent page (link at the top of this page) for more information.

Please add municipalities (towns, cities, townships, boroughs, villages, unincorporated communities, etc.) that are direct subdivisions of a county (equivalent to boroughs and census areas in Alaska and parishes in Louisiana) in both the county's category and. Please add county articles to the county category and to. Note that categories for all counties might not yet exist, but they will soon be automatically populated with most of the municipalities that belong there.

There is no convention for county sub-sub-divisions. (For example, villages that are part of towns, and towns that are part of townships.) Certainly sub-sub-divisions should be added to the sub-division category, and probably also a the state-wide. It's unclear whether or not to add them to the county category. See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Cities.

Category possibilities:
 * (3) Category:Airports_of_Washington
 * (3) Category:Airports_of_Washington,_DC
 * (2) Category:Benton_County,_Washington
 * (17) Category:Bridges_in_Washington
 * (1) Category:Bridges_in_Washington,_DC
 * (3) Category:Chelan_County,_Washington
 * (35) Category:Cities_in_King_County,_Washington
 * (7) Category:Cities_in_Washington
 * (2) Category:Education_in_Washington
 * (9) Category:Geography_of_King_County,_Washington
 * (6) Category:Governors_of_Washington
 * (7) Category:Interstate_highways_in_Washington
 * (20) Category:King_County,_Washington
 * (1) Category:Law_schools_in_Washington,_DC
 * (1) Category:Longview,_Washington
 * (5) Category:Mayors_of_Washington,_DC
 * (1) Category:Mayors_of_Washington_state
 * (1) Category:Museums_in_Washington
 * (14) Category:Museums_in_Washington,_DC
 * (0) Category:National_Mall_(Washington_DC)
 * (5) Category:National_Parks_in_Washington,_DC
 * (10) Category:National_memorials_in_Washington,_DC
 * (2) Category:People_from_Washington
 * (2) Category:Pierce_County,_Washington
 * (11) Category:Snohomish_County,_Washington
 * (12) Category:Tacoma,_Washington
 * (1) Category:Television_stations_in_Washington
 * (1) Category:Television_stations_in_Washington,_DC
 * (6) Category:Towns_in_Washington
 * (21) Category:Transportation_in_Washington
 * (8) Category:U.S._highways_in_Washington
 * (2) Category:Unincorporated_communities_in_Washington
 * (12) Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_Washington
 * (10) Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_Washington,_DC
 * (1) Category:Vancouver,_Washington
 * (7) Category:Volcanoes_of_Washington
 * (23) Category:Washington
 * (37) Category:Washington,_D.C.
 * (3) Category:Washington,_D.C._geography
 * (12) Category:Washington,_D.C._history
 * (18) Category:Washington,_DC_neighborhoods
 * (36) Category:Washington,_D.C._suburbs
 * (24) Category:Washington_Capitals_players
 * (6) Category:Washington_County,_Arkansas
 * (1) Category:Washington_County,_Idaho
 * (2) Category:Washington_County,_Illinois
 * (1) Category:Washington_County,_Kansas
 * (1) Category:Washington_County,_Maine
 * (1) Category:Washington_County,_Minnesota
 * (2) Category:Washington_County,_Oregon
 * (9) Category:Washington_County,_Rhode_Island
 * (1) Category:Washington_County,_Vermont
 * (1) Category:Washington_County,_Wisconsin
 * (8) Category:Washington_Metro
 * (86) Category:Washington_Metro_stops
 * (1) Category:Washington_Olympic_players
 * (5) Category:Washington_Parish,_Louisiana
 * (1) Category:Washington_Senator_managers
 * (23) Category:Washington_Senator_players
 * (11) Category:Washington state highways
 * (1) Category:Washington_Statesmen_players
 * (1) Category:Washington_Wizards
 * (10) Category:Washington_counties
 * (20) Category:Washington_geography
 * (5) Category:Washington_history
 * (11) Category:Washington_mountains
 * (39) Category:Washington_politicians
 * (1) Category:Washington_public_education
 * (44) Category:Washington_rivers
 * (2) Category:Washington_state_courts

Subcategories of this state:

Category:Washington Category:Cities_in_Washington Category:Cities_in_King_County,_Washington Category:Seattle,_WA Category:Museums_in_Seattle Category:Schools_in_Seattle Category:Seattle_geography Category:Seattle_history Category:Seattle_media Category:Seattle_newspapers Category:Seattle_radio_stations Category:Seattle_television_stations Category:Seattle_neighborhoods Category:Seattle_parks Category:Seattleites Category:Seattle_politicians Category:Mayors_of_Seattle Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_Seattle Category:Cities_in_the_Seattle_metropolitan_area Category:Cities_in_King_County,_Washington [repeat] Category:Seattle,_WA [repeat] Category:Tacoma,_Washington Category:Seattle,_WA [repeat] Category:Education_in_Washington Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_Washington Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_Seattle [repeat] Category:Washington_public_education Category:Governors_of_Washington Category:Museums_in_Washington Category:Museums_in_Seattle [repeat] Category:People_from_Washington Category:Seattleites [repeat] Category:Washington_politicians Category:Governors_of_Washington [repeat] Category:Mayors_of_Washington_state Category:Mayors_of_Seattle [repeat] Category:Seattle_politicians [repeat] Category:Regions_in_Washington Category:Seattle_metropolitan_area Category:Cities_in_the_Seattle_metropolitan_area [repeat] Category:King_County,_Washington Category:Cities_in_King_County,_Washington [repeat] Category:Geography_of_King_County,_Washington Category:Seattle_geography [repeat] Category:Television_stations_in_Washington Category:Seattle_television_stations [repeat] Category:Towns_in_Washington Category:Transportation_in_Washington Category:Airports_of_Washington Category:Bridges_in_Washington Category:Interstate_highways_in_Washington Category:U.S._highways_in_Washington Category:Washington_state_highways Category:Unincorporated_communities_in_Washington Category:Seattle_neighborhoods [repeat] Category:Washington_counties Category:Benton_County,_Washington Category:Chelan_County,_Washington Category:King_County,_Washington [repeat] Category:Pierce_County,_Washington Category:Snohomish_County,_Washington Category:Washington_geography Category:Cascade_Range Category:Geography_of_King_County,_Washington [repeat] Category:Volcanoes_of_Washington Category:Washington_mountains Category:Washington_rivers Category:Washington_history Category:Seattle_history [repeat] Category:Washington_state_courts


text:
Wikipedia:Auto-categorization/West Virginia

West_Virginia
Articles on this list need to be categorized. Each is shown with the first 500 characters or so of their content, to make your job easier. Scroll down to the bottom of this page to see a list of related categories that existed when this list was being created. Please delete articles from this list after you categorize them, to avoid duplication of effort.

Articles that have the state's name in the title that are not on this list are probably going to be automatically categorized. See the parent page (link at the top of this page) for more information.

Please add municipalities (towns, cities, townships, boroughs, villages, unincorporated communities, etc.) that are direct subdivisions of a county (equivalent to boroughs and census areas in Alaska and parishes in Louisiana) in both the county's category and. Please add county articles to the county category and to. Note that categories for all counties might not yet exist, but they will soon be automatically populated with most of the municipalities that belong there.

There is no convention for county sub-sub-divisions. (For example, villages that are part of towns, and towns that are part of townships.) Certainly sub-sub-divisions should be added to the sub-division category, and probably also a the state-wide. It's unclear whether or not to add them to the county category. See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Cities.

Category possibilities:
 * (1) Category:Airports_of_West_Virginia
 * (2) Category:Cities_in_West_Virginia
 * (9) Category:Governors_of_West_Virginia
 * (7) Category:Interstate_highways_in_West_Virginia
 * (2) Category:Jefferson_County,_West_Virginia
 * (3) Category:Marion_County,_West_Virginia
 * (2) Category:Monroe_County,_West_Virginia
 * (2) Category:Ohio_County,_West_Virginia
 * (1) Category:Putnam_County,_West_Virginia
 * (4) Category:Towns_in_West_Virginia
 * (2) Category:Transportation_in_West_Virginia
 * (1) Category:Unincorporated_communities_in_West_Virginia
 * (6) Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_West_Virginia
 * (13) Category:West_Virginia
 * (10) Category:West_Virginia_counties
 * (4) Category:West_Virginia_geography
 * (1) Category:West_Virginia_history
 * (3) Category:West_Virginia_politicians
 * (12) Category:West_Virginia_rivers

Subcategories of this state:

Category:West_Virginia Category:Cities_in_West_Virginia Category:Governors_of_West_Virginia Category:Towns_in_West_Virginia Category:Transportation_in_West_Virginia Category:Airports_of_West_Virginia Category:Interstate_highways_in_West_Virginia Category:Unincorporated_communities_in_West_Virginia Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_West_Virginia Category:West_Virginia_counties Category:Jefferson_County,_West_Virginia Category:Marion_County,_West_Virginia Category:Monroe_County,_West_Virginia Category:Ohio_County,_West_Virginia Category:Putnam_County,_West_Virginia Category:West_Virginia_geography Category:West_Virginia_rivers Category:West_Virginia_history Category:West_Virginia_politicians Category:Governors_of_West_Virginia [repeat]


text: Category:Arts venues

title: Category:Arts venues