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Enigma (1982 film)

Enigma is a 1982 Anglo-American thriller film directed by Jeannot Szwarc and starring Martin Sheen, Sam Neill, Brigitte Fossey, and Kevin McNally. Based on Michael Barak's novel Enigma Sacrifice, the film centers on a CIA agent who tries to infiltrate Soviet intelligence in order to stop a murderous plot.

Plot
East German dissident Alex Holbeck (Martin Sheen), living in Paris, hosts a radio program aimed at Iron Curtain countries. Bodley (Michael Lonsdale), a CIA agent, recruits Alex to take on a dangerous assignment.

Alex is sent to East Berlin on a mission to steal an Enigma code scrambler. This is part of an attempt to stop the Russian assassination of five Soviet dissidents planned for Christmas Day. What Alex does not know is that the CIA already has a code scrambler. By stealing the scrambler in Berlin, they are trying to convince the Russians that they do not have a copy.

On arrival in Berlin, Alex finds that the East German police and KGB knows that he is there. Alex must use numerous disguises and escape from a number of capture attempts. He seeks shelter with his former lover, Karen Reinhardt (Brigitte Fossey), before moving on, as it is too dangerous for her. Karen and a number of Alex's other old friends are arrested and tortured by the police in an attempt to gain information about Alex's whereabouts.

As he gets more desperate, Alex enlists Karen's help again; she seduces Dimitri Vasilikov (Sam Neill), the KGB man in charge of the hunt for Alex, to obtain information. In the end, Dimitri catches Alex and Karen and finds the scrambler hidden in an exhibition artifact. As he is in love with Karen, he lets them go, but keeps the scrambler, which was in fact not needed. On Christmas Day, the assassination attempt is successfully thwarted.

Cast

 * Martin Sheen as Alex Holbeck
 * Brigitte Fossey as Karen Reinhardt
 * Sam Neill as Dimitri Vasilikov
 * Derek Jacobi as Kurt Limmer
 * Michael Lonsdale as Bodley
 * Frank Finlay as Canarsky
 * Warren Clarke as Konstantin
 * Michael Williams as Hirsch
 * David Baxt as Melton
 * Kevin McNally as Bruno, CIA
 * Michel Auclair as Doctor
 * Féodor Atkine as The Diplomat
 * Vincent Grass as Soviet W
 * Patrick Bauchau as Soviet Soldier
 * Liliane Rovère

Production
Goldcrest Films put up $58,000 in development costs and invested £985,000 in the budget of $8.1 million. The company received £355,000, losing £630,000.

Enigma was shot partly, in 1982, at Paris–Le Bourget Airport. A scene was shot in the terminal, in the hall of eight columns, disused at the time, others on the terrace or in front of the entrance.

The aircraft in Enigma are:
 * Dassault Super Mystère B.2
 * Dassault Mystère IVA, F-TENN
 * Dassault MD.450 Ouragan, F-TEUU
 * Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle, F-BJTR
 * Lockheed L-749 Constellation, F-ZVMV

Reception
Janet Maslin in her review for The New York Times, decried the "wise-guy" attitude in Enigma, writing: "There are plenty of mysteries about Enigma but they aren't necessarily the ones the film makers intended. As directed by Jeannot Szwarc, best known for Jaws 2 and Somewhere in Time, this is the spy film at its most absurdly hard-boiled and at its most icily perfunctory. It is punctuated by crisp titles (indicating the date of each scene), played very close to the vest and riddled with false alarms ..."

Film historian and critic Leonard Maltin in Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide 2013 (2012) noted a "fine cast does its best with so-so material".

title: Enigma (1982 film)


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Eye examination

An eye examination is a series of tests performed to assess vision and ability to focus on and discern objects. It also includes other tests and examinations pertaining to the eyes. Eye examinations are primarily performed by an optometrist, ophthalmologist, or an orthoptist. Health care professionals often recommend that all people should have periodic and thorough eye examinations as part of routine primary care, especially since many eye diseases are asymptomatic.

Eye examinations may detect potentially treatable blinding eye diseases, ocular manifestations of systemic disease, or signs of tumours or other anomalies of the brain.

A full eye examination consists of an external examination, followed by specific tests for visual acuity, pupil function, extraocular muscle motility, visual fields, intraocular pressure and ophthalmoscopy through a dilated pupil.

A minimal eye examination consists of tests for visual acuity, pupil function, and extraocular muscle motility, as well as direct ophthalmoscopy through an undilated pupil.

Visual acuity
Visual acuity is the eyes ability to detect fine details and is the quantitative measure of the eye's ability to see an in-focus image at a certain distance. The standard definition of normal visual acuity (20/20 or 6/6 vision) is the ability to resolve a spatial pattern separated by a visual angle of one minute of arc. The terms 20/20 and 6/6 are derived from standardized sized objects that can be seen by a "person of normal vision" at the specified distance. For example, if one can see at a distance of 20 ft an object that normally can be seen at 20 ft, then one has 20/20 vision. If one can see at 20 ft what a normal person can see at 40 ft, then one has 20/40 vision. Put another way, suppose you have trouble seeing objects at a distance and you can only see out to 20 ft what a person with normal vision can see out to 200 feet, then you have 20/200 vision. The 6/6 terminology is used in countries using the metric system, and that represents the distance in metres.

This is often measured with a Snellen chart or LogMAR chart.

Another test of Visual acuity or function (EVTS/OptimEyes) uses targets which change in size, contrast, and viewing time was developed by Daniel M. Laby. This test of visual function has been shown to correlate to professional sports performance.

Refraction
In physics, "refraction" is the mechanism that bends the path of light as it passes from one medium to another, as when it passes from the air through the parts of the eye. In an eye exam, the term refraction is the determination of the ideal correction of refractive error. Refractive error is an optical abnormality in which the shape of the eye fails to bring light into sharp focus on the retina, resulting in blurred or distorted vision. Examples of refractive error are myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia and astigmatism. The errors are specified in diopters, in a similar format to an eyeglass prescription. A refraction procedure consists of two parts: objective and subjective.

Objective refraction
An objective refraction is a refraction obtained without receiving any feedback from the patient, using a retinoscope or auto-refractor.

To perform a retinoscopy, the doctor projects a streak of light into a pupil. A series of lenses are flashed in front of the eye. By looking through the retinoscope, the doctor can study the light reflex of the pupil. Based on the movement and orientation of this retinal reflection, the refractive state of the eye is measured.

An auto-refractor is a computerized instrument that shines light into an eye. The light travels through the front of the eye, to the back and then forward through the front again. The information bounced back to the instrument gives an objective measurement of refractive error without asking the patients any questions.

Subjective refraction
A subjective refraction requires responses from the patient. Typically, the patient will sit behind a phoropter or wear a trial frame and look at an eye chart. The eye care professional will change lenses and other settings while asking the patient for feedback on which set of lenses give the best vision.

Cycloplegic refraction
Sometimes, eye care professionals prefer to obtain a cycloplegic refraction, especially when trying to obtain an accurate refraction in young children who may skew refraction measurements by adjusting their eyes with accommodation. Cycloplegic eye drops are applied to the eye to temporarily paralyze the ciliary muscle of the eye.

Pupil function
An examination of pupilary function includes inspecting the pupils for equal size (1 mm or less of difference may be normal), regular shape, reactivity to light, and direct and consensual accommodation. These steps can be easily remembered with the mnemonic PERRLA (D+C): Pupils Equal and Round; Reactive to Light and Accommodation (Direct and Consensual).

A swinging-flashlight test may also be desirable if neurologic damage is suspected. The swinging-flashlight test is the most useful clinical test available to a general physician for the assessment of optic nerve anomalies. This test detects the afferent pupil defect, also referred to as the Marcus Gunn pupil. It is conducted in a semidarkened room. In a normal reaction to the swinging-flashlight test, both pupils constrict when one is exposed to light. As the light is being moved from one eye to another, both eyes begin to dilate, but constrict again when light has reached the other eye.

If there is an efferent defect in the left eye, the left pupil will remain dilated regardless of where the light is shining, while the right pupil will respond normally. If there is an afferent defect in the left eye, both pupils will dilate when the light is shining on the left eye, but both will constrict when it is shining on the right eye. This is because the left eye will not respond to external stimulus (afferent pathway), but can still receive neural signals from the brain (efferent pathway) to constrict.

If there is a unilateral small pupil with normal reactivity to light, it is unlikely that a neuropathy is present. However, if accompanied by ptosis of the upper eyelid, this may indicate Horner's syndrome.

If there is a small, irregular pupil that constricts poorly to light, but normally to accommodation, this is an Argyll Robertson pupil.

Ocular motility
Ocular motility should always be tested, especially when patients complain of double vision or physicians suspect neurologic disease. First, the doctor should visually assess the eyes for deviations that could result from strabismus, extraocular muscle dysfunction, or palsy of the cranial nerves innervating the extraocular muscles. Saccades are assessed by having the patient move his or her eye quickly to a target at the far right, left, top and bottom. This tests for saccadic dysfunction whereupon poor ability of the eyes to "jump" from one place to another may impinge on reading ability and other skills, whereby the eyes are required to fixate and follow a desired object.

The patient is asked to follow a target with both eyes as it is moved in each of the nine cardinal directions of gaze. The examiner notes the speed, smoothness, range and symmetry of movements and observes for unsteadiness of fixation. These nine fields of gaze test the extraocular muscles: inferior, superior, lateral and medial rectus muscles, as well as the superior and inferior oblique muscles.

Visual field (confrontation) testing
Testing the visual fields consists of confrontation field testing in which each eye is tested separately to assess the extent of the peripheral field.

To perform the test, the individual occludes one eye while fixated on the examiner's eye with the non-occluded eye. The patient is then asked to count the number of fingers that are briefly flashed in each of the four quadrants. This method is preferred to the wiggly finger test that was historically used because it represents a rapid and efficient way of answering the same question: is the peripheral visual field affected?

Common problems of the visual field include scotoma (area of reduced vision), hemianopia (half of visual field lost), homonymous hemianopsia and bitemporal hemianopia.

External examination
External examination of eyes consists of inspection of the eyelids, surrounding tissues and palpebral fissure. Palpation of the orbital rim may also be desirable, depending on the presenting signs and symptoms. The conjunctiva and sclera can be inspected by having the individual look up, and shining a light while retracting the upper or lower eyelid. The position of the eyelids are checked for abnormalities such as ptosis which is an asymmetry between eyelid positions.

Slit-lamp
Close inspection of the anterior eye structures and ocular adnexa are often done with a slit lamp which is a table mounted microscope with a special adjustable illumination source attached. A small beam of light that can be varied in width, height, incident angle, orientation and colour, is passed over the eye. Often, this light beam is narrowed into a vertical "slit", during slit-lamp examination. The examiner views the illuminated ocular structures, through an optical system that magnifies the image of the eye and the patient is seated while being examined, and the head stabilized by an adjustable chin rest.

This allows inspection of all the ocular media, from cornea to vitreous, plus magnified view of eyelids, and other external ocular related structures. Fluorescein staining before slit lamp examination may reveal corneal abrasions or herpes simplex infection.

The binocular slit-lamp examination provides stereoscopic magnified view of the eye structures in striking detail, enabling exact anatomical diagnoses to be made for a variety of eye conditions.

Also ophthalmoscopy and gonioscopy examinations can also be performed through the slit lamp when combined with special lenses. These lenses include the Goldmann 3-mirror lens, gonioscopy single-mirror/Zeiss 4-mirror lens for (ocular) anterior chamber angle structures and +90D lens, +78D lens, +66D lens & Hruby (-56D) lens, the examination of retinal structures is accomplished.

Intraocular pressure
Intraocular pressure (IOP) can be measured by tonometry devices. The eye can be thought of as an enclosed compartment through which there is a constant circulation of fluid that maintains its shape and internal pressure. Tonometry is a method of measuring this pressure using various instruments. The normal range is 10-21 mmHg.

Retinal examination
Examination of retina (fundus examination) is an important part of the general eye examination. Dilating the pupil using special eye drops greatly enhances the view and permits an extensive examination of peripheral retina. A limited view can be obtained through an undilated pupil, in which case best results are obtained with the room darkened and the patient looking towards the far corner. The appearance of the optic disc and retinal vasculature are also recorded during fundus examination.

A red reflex can be seen when looking at a patient's pupil through a direct ophthalmoscope. This part of the examination is done from a distance of about 50 cm and is usually symmetrical between the two eyes. An opacity may indicate a cataract. Retinal vessel analysis is a non-invasive method to examine the small arteries and veins in the retina which allows to draw conclusions about the morphology and the function of small vessels elsewhere in the human body and is used in particular by cardiologists as well as ophthalmologists.

Eye exams for children
It is often recommended that children should have their first eye exam at six months old, or earlier if a parent suspects something is wrong with the eyes. Across the world, screening programs are important for identifying children who have a need for spectacles but either do not wear any or have the wrong prescription.

Children need the following basic visual skills for learning:
 * Near vision
 * Distance vision: Tumbling E chart, Landolt C chart
 * Eye teaming (binocularity)
 * Eye movement
 * Accommodation (focusing skills)
 * Peripheral vision
 * Eye–hand coordination

Conditions diagnosed during eye examinations

 * Myopia
 * Hyperopia
 * Presbyopia
 * Amblyopia
 * Diplopia
 * Astigmatism
 * Strabismus

Specialized eye examinations

 * Color vision
 * Stereopsis
 * Near point of convergence
 * Keratometry
 * Cycloplegic refraction
 * Accommodative system
 * Amplitude of accommodation
 * Negative relative accommodation
 * Positive relative accommodation
 * Vergence system
 * Optokinetic system
 * Amsler grid
 * Gonioscopy
 * Corneal topography
 * Corneal pachymetry
 * Scheimpflug ocular imaging
 * Retinal tomography
 * Ocular computed tomography
 * Scanning laser polarimetry
 * Electrooculography
 * Electroretinography
 * Ultrasound biomicroscopy
 * Maddox rod
 * Brock string
 * Convergence Testing
 * Worth 4 dot test
 * Pulfrich effect

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eye examination


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Tamizhaga Dravida Makkal Katchi

Tamizhaga Dravida Makkal Katchi (Tamil Dravidian People's Party), political party in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The party general secretary is A. Gandhian.

In the 2001 Tamil Nadu assembly elections TDMK supported the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)-led National Democratic Alliance (India) (NDA).

title: Tamizhaga Dravida Makkal Katchi


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Skiddaw Little Man

Skiddaw Little Man also called Little Man is a fell in the English Lake District, it is situated four kilometres north of the town of Keswick and reaches a height of 865 m.

Topography
Little Man is often overlooked and disregarded as an independent and distinct fell owing to its name which makes it sound like a minor top of its parent fell Skiddaw which in fact lies 1.5 km to the north west. With a topographical prominence of 61 m, Little Man qualifies comfortably as a Hewitt and Nuttall hill and is regarded as a separate fell by renowned mountain writers Alfred Wainwright and Bill Birkett. The fell is actually called Little Man on Ordnance Survey maps and by many guide books.

To the north and east Little Man is connected to the Skiddaw massif, Lonscale Fell being the nearest separate fell to the east, 2.5 km away. To the south and the west the fell falls away steeply with fast flowing streams draining the fell into the River Derwent. Half a kilometre to the south east of the main summit lies a 815 m high lower top called Lesser Man, this is adorned with an unusual cairn consisting of rocks and old fence posts. A further half a kilometre to the south east of Lesser Man, on the other side of the bridleway from Keswick to Skiddaw, stands Jenkin Hill (735 m), this flat-topped height being regarded as an outlier of Little Man.

Geology
Geologically, Little Man consists of Skiddaw slate and the summit of the fell is made up of grassy patches within large areas of slate.

Summit
Little Man has one big advantage over Skiddaw in that its convex southern slopes make it a far better viewpoint than its higher neighbour. In fact the panorama from Little Man is regarded as one of the best in the national park taking in the valleys and lakes of northern Lakeland as well as all of the best-known fells of the district.

Ascents
Many people climb Little Man via the tourist path from Keswick on the way to the summit of Skiddaw. However, there are several better and more interesting but steep ascents from the hamlets of Millbeck and Applethwaite to the south of the fell. One of the routes from Millbeck is a scrambler's route up the steep south west Arête.

title: Skiddaw Little Man


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User talk:Dirgela

Welcome - Klaipeda - History - Kaliningrad Oblast

Please take part in the improval of this article
Hello. I would like to inform you that there is an ongoing discussion at article Territorial claims of the Baltic States (formerly was known as "Lost territories of the Baltic States", but was recently renamed; some users seems to disagree with that renaming). Recent edits as well were accused of POV, and, in fact, article was disputed for a long time already. There are currently no Lithuanian contributors to that article, therefore your opinion is much needed. It would be nice if you would add that article to your watchlist and continue helping to improve it until a decition will be reached about its future (there is currently a poll about it in the article's talk page). I hope together we all will be able to make that article neutral. Kaiser 747 10:45, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I cannot answer your questions well, as it was not me who created the article, I merely noticed the dispute and as not many people were taking part in at the time and not every side of this was represented, I decided to inform former contributors to that article and as well other contributors who contributed about the history of the area, that's why I informed you as well. I am glad you decided to help; watch that article and in time some concensus should be reached, as you know history of the area, watch it and check it if that solution will really be NPOV and true (as well you are probably the only Lithuanian editing the article, and representatives from all sides are needed to make an article NPOV). If you think some section shouldn't be here, suggest its removal in the talk page and explain yourself. I don't know very much about history of those places myself, so I am not sure of everything, but I was feeling that certain parts were POV thus decided to invite more people to join the discussion. BTW, I would like to note that your vote for one article with the previous explaination of voting means that you voted for an article "Territorial changes of the Baltic States" which would include all changes of the Baltic States in the history, rather than "Territorial changes after World War 2" (about all the states) which, as I understand, you wanted. Thus, if I am right, you could write that as an additional suggestion as there is no such proposal in poll right now and change your vote. Thank you for accepting my invitation and participating! Good luck at helping to make that article true and NPOV. Kaiser 747 09:48, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Hello. Firstly, thank you for contributing at the article Territorial claims of the Baltic States and its discussion. I would like to notify you that I will leave to Frankfurt soon where I will spend quite much time; thus I won't be on Wikipedia for long. Therefore, I would like to ask you and others to continue to contribute there and watch that a solution would be reached, factually accurate name would be chosen, and the article wouldn't just stay disputed forever as it used to be previously. Check the article from time to time (or, even better, put it on watch list) and if you will see that no one discusses anything anymore nor edits the article for a long time (e.g. a week), try to act by implementing voting decition and such. Good luck! (you shouldn't reply to this by the way as most likely I won't be able to check Wikipedia anytime soon as I will leave quickly). Merry Christmas to you :) .Kaiser 747 09:51, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Naming conventions/Geographic names
Hi, would you take a look at Naming conventions/Geographic names and possibly voice your opinion at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions/Geographic names ? I think we are very close to the final proposal there. How does it look from the Lithuanian perspective ? --Lysy (talk) 22:34, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Partitions of Poland
Would you take a look at talk:Partitions of Poland. We are discussing a possible change of the name of the article there and I believe that a Lithuanian perspective view would be helpful. --Lysy (talk) 10:21, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Lietuvos valstiečių liaudininkų sąjunga
Hi there. I was hoping to move the Peasants and New Democratic Party Union article to a new namespace reflecting its renaming from Valstiečių ir Naujosios demokratijos partijų sąjungos to Lietuvos valstiečių liaudininkų sąjunga. I've found two possible English translations for Lietuvos valstiečių liaudininkų sąjunga online -- "Lithuanian Peasant Nationalist Union" and "Lithuanian Peasant Popular Union." I was wondering if as a native speaker you had any opinion as to which was more correct. Thanks The Tom 22:07, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Relatives?
Dirgėla. - 7-bubёn >t 01:43, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Everybody with that surname are relatives, some rather distant though.dirgela|dirgela

File:VAArts logo.png listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:VAArts logo.png, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 08:37, 6 August 2016 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:VAArts logo.png
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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:45, 5 September 2018 (UTC)

Baltic Porter
Hi Dirgela. I'm curious why you reverted my edit linking "Baltijos Porteris" with "Baltic Porter"? What is it I'm missing? Tammbeck (talk) 18:47, 14 October 2019 (UTC)

Hi, you should be using the interwiki tool from wikidata. Adding these links manually is not recommended in Lithuanian Wikipedia.--Dirgela (talk) 18:50, 14 October 2019 (UTC)

I read at Help:Interlanguage links that local links (such as my edit) are required to link to article sections or redirects, such as Porter (beer) or Baltic porter. If Wikidata can't do this, it would be a shame if we can't link the two articles. Tammbeck (talk) 18:59, 14 October 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dirgela


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Joseph Kentenich

Peter Joseph Kentenich, SAC (16 November 1885 – 15 September 1968) was a German Pallottine priest and founder of the Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement. Kentenich was a theologian, educator, and founder of a Catholic movement, whose teachings underwent a series of challenges from political and ecclesiastical powers. The process for his beatification was opened in 1975.

Childhood
Kentenich was born on November 16, 1885, in Gymnich, Erftstadt near Cologne, and baptized "Peter Josef Kentenich" on 19 November at the parish church of St.Kuniberts. His father was Matthias Köp, a manager on a farm in Oberbolheim, where his mother Katharina Kentenich was one of the domestic staff. Because his parents never married, Joseph was born at the house of his maternal grandparents, Anna Maria and Matthias Kentenich, where he spent the first years of his life. In 1894 Kentenich was sent to St. Vincent orphanage in Oberhausen.

Entrance into the seminary
In 1897, Kentenich expressed the wish to become a priest for the first time. Two years later, he entered the Pallottines minor seminary in Ehrenbreitstein. In 1904, he entered the novitiate of the Pallottines in Limburg an der Lahn. However, he faced difficulties because of his intellectualist character. He was obsessed by the philosophical question: "Is there a truth, and how to know it?". He strove for perfection, but felt an incapacity to love God and his neighbor. He later noted that his devotion to Mary allowed him to overcome this crisis and discover the personal love of God.

Priesthood
Admitted to the religious profession in 1909, Kentenich was ordained as a priest in Limburg an der Lahn on 8 July 1910. Although he wished to become a missionary in Africa with the Pallottines, his poor health prevented him from doing so and he taught at the minor seminary of the Pallottine Fathers in Vallendar-Schoenstatt, near Koblenz.

Chaplain
During his time at Vallendar-Schoenstatt students began to protest against the internal regulations that they considered too severe; some protesters spread graffiti on the walls. Two priests in charge of their spiritual direction resigned. Kentenich was named as a replacement.

In his first talk, he said to his students: "I am at your disposal with all that I am and all that I have: my knowledge and my ignorance, my competence and my incompetence, but especially my heart... We will learn to educate ourselves under the protection of Mary, to become strong, free and priestly men."

Beginning the "Covenant of Love" with Mary
Kentenich interpreted the ideas of his order's founder, Vincent Pallotti, as a call for a worldwide effort to involve lay people in apostolic work, and to unite the various factions in the church.

On 18 October 1914, Kentenich brought together several of his students to found a Marian Congregation. In an old chapel of St. Michael, formerly abandoned and used for the storage of the gardening tools, he gathered about twenty seminarians and they sealed what he called the "Covenant of Love" with the Mother of God. This "Covenant" is conceived not as a symbol, but a bilateral contract between the two contracting parties. The Virgin Mary was requested to establish her throne in the chapel to spread her treasures. Each group member agreed to give their life entirely to the Mother of God, and to let themselves be guided by her through their existence. This was the first milestone of the foundation of the Schoenstatt Movement. The speech Kentenich delivered on this occasion is considered the Schoenstatt Movement's Foundation Act. The organisation was named after its place of origin, a word meaning "Beautiful Place".

In 1915, a teacher gave Kentenich a picture of the Virgin and Child. The tenderness of Mary's gesture impressed him and he placed the icon above the altar. Venerated under the name Mater ter admirabilis (Mother Thrice Admirable), the picture appears in every Schoenstatt site.

Several of the seminarians died during World War I. The Servant of God Joseph Engling was killed on 4 October 1918 by a shell in Northern France, next to Thun-Saint-Martin. His process of beatification is underway.

Between WWI and WWII
The movement, initially purely local, expanded rapidly after the World War I. It gradually encompassed many categories; young people, priests, women, sisters, and pilgrims. Father Kentenich traveled through all of Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Switzerland, to preach retreats and lead training sessions. From 1928 to 1935, he preached every year for more than 2,000 priests, and many other lay retreatants.

In 1926, Kentenich founded the Schoenstatt Sisters of Mary.

During Hitler's reign
Kentenich observed the rise of Nazism with concern, ranking it among the products of what he called "the idealistic and mechanistic thinking" that engulfed Europe since the nineteenth century. In 1933, when the Nazis took power in Germany and closed several religious houses, Kentenich quickly sent groups of the Schoenstatt Sisters of Mary to South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay to allow the movement to survive in case the persecution of the Church in Germany intensified.

His opposition to Nazism attracted persecutory reactions towards him. Father Kentenich said about the swastika: "We, it is the Cross of the Christ that we follow." About Nazism, he said, "I see no place where the water of baptism could run there".

Arrest by the Gestapo
Once in power, the Nazis classified Schoenstatt as one of their main opposition groups. On 20 September 1941, Kentenich was summoned by the Gestapo. During the interview, the officers quoted some of his private words which had been reported by an informer: "My mission is to reveal the inner emptiness of National Socialism, and by there to defeat it." The police imprisoned him for a month in what had previously been a Reichsbank vault. He was then transferred to a prison in Koblenz, a former Carmelite convent. He spent 5 months there, after which he was sent on to Dachau concentration camp, where he was held until the end of the war.

At Dachau concentration camp
When Kentenich was sent to Dachau in March 1942, there were 12,000 prisoners, including 2,600 priests. He was inmate number 29392. The Germans were grouped in a block where they had the right to attend daily Mass. On 19 March 1943 Kentenich celebrated his first Mass at the camp and later gave nightly talks to his fellow prisoners.

Kentenich came under the protection of the "kapo" (inmate block chief), a communist named Guttmann, after Guttman saw Kentenich sharing his daily bread and soup with another detainee. Guttmann later saved his life; due to poor health, the priest was due to be sent to the gas chamber but Guttmann hid him from the S.S. physician.

Foundation of Schoenstatt International at Dachau
Kentenich restarted his apostleship each time he was transferred into a new block.On 16 July 1942 two new Schoenstatt branches were created at Dachau under the responsibility of two lay deportees: the Secular Institute of the Families and the Institute of the Brothers of Mary.

During the winter of 1944, epidemics and the tightening of the Nazi regime caused the death of 10,000 prisoners in Dachau. At this point Kentenich formed the International Movement. He wrote treaties on spirituality and prayers, as well as a didactic poem of over 20,000 verses. In December, Bishop Gabriel Piguet, a French prisoner, secretly ordained a seminarian from Schoenstatt (now Blessed Karl Leisner). Suffering from tuberculosis, Leisner would celebrate only one Mass before dying a few weeks after the camp was liberated; he was beatified by John Paul II on 23 June 1996.

On 6 April 1945, upon the arrival of American troops, the prisoners are released. On 20 May, at the feast of Pentecost, Father Kentenich returned to Schoenstatt. He immediately restarted his work, in order to establish a barrier against those whom he considered the biggest dangers to the world: communism in the East, and practical materialism in the West. The experience of deportation helped him teach his disciples on how to maintain inner freedom. Schoenstatt priests Albert Eise (who died of illness while in Dachau) and Franz Reinisch, (who was executed by the Nazis) were invoked as heavenly protectors by all members of the Movement.

International development of Schoenstatt
In March 1947, Kentenich was received in a private audience by Pope Pius XII. He thanked the Pope for the publication, two days earlier, of the constitution Provida Mater Ecclesia, which created the Secular Institutes.In October 1948, the Holy See erected in a Secular Institute the Schoenstatt Sisters of Mary. At the same time, Kentenich traveled to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, the United States, and Africa to establish the movement there, with the construction of replicas of the Schoenstatt Shrine, training centers, and religious houses.

Exile
At this time concerns were raised that the role of the founder was deemed too exclusive. The Bishop of Trier, in whose diocese Schoenstatt is located, ordered a canonical visitation. The visitor, auxiliary Bernhard Stein, praised the movement, but made some criticisms pertaining to the perceived lack of autonomy regarding the sisters.

Kentenich responded by writing a long document on the work of Schoenstatt which was presented as a cure for what he saw as the disease of Western thought, idealism. For Kentenich, Schoenstatt was an antidote to this poison, as it is not an abstract theory but a practical application of Christian doctrine. The Apostolic Visitor, sent the file to the Holy Office in Rome. In 1951, Father Tromp, a Dutch Jesuit, was appointed Apostolic Inspector with extensive powers. Puzzled by the unconventional terminology used by Kentenich, he accused him of being an agitator, an innovator, and a sectarian. After being stripped of all his functions in the movement, Kentenich was assigned a residence in the convent of Pallottines in Milwaukee; all further correspondence with the leaders of the work was prohibited.

His exile lasted fourteen years. He accepted the transfer and wrote: "God does not speak clearly by events? The Church wants to test our obedience, to recognize that if the work and the holder of the work are marked by God." More than three decades later, when witnesses were examined for the cause of Kentenich's beatification, a 78-year-old priest still in office declared, "Kentenich never received any official act of indictment. There was no official lawyer and he was never brought before a judge, much less faced a complainant or a witness."

In 1959, Kentenich was appointed as parish priest of the German-speaking Catholic community of Milwaukee.

In 1953, it was suggested to Pope Pius XII that he dissolve Schoenstatt; he declined. The question was raised if the movement should be integrated into the Congregation of the Pallottines, or retain its autonomy. The superiors of the Order advocated for the first option, but other Pallottines agreed with Father Kentenich that Schoenstatt should be fully autonomous. In 1962, under the intervention of several bishops, John XXIII entrusted the case to the Congregation for Religious.

Return from exile
In December 1963, Pope Paul VI appointed Bishop Höffner, from Münster, as moderator and protector of Schoenstatt. A new apostolic visitor was appointed, who delivered a favorable report. In 1964, under the unanimous opinion of the German bishops, a papal decree declared the separation of Schoenstatt from the Pallottines.

In October 1965, Kentenich was reinstated at the direction of the Movement. Now in his eighties, he was received by Paul VI a few days after the closing of the Second Vatican Council. He predicted that the council "will bear fruit, but will have first negative effects, because of the uncertainty of large sections of the hierarchy, clergy and laity about the image of the Church... This uncertainty can be overcome by turning our eyes to Mary, the first image and Mother of the Church.

His last actions in Schoenstatt: a father to many
On Christmas of 1965, Kentenich was welcomed at Schoenstatt. His work now included five secular institutes: the Schoenstatt Fathers, the Diocesan Priests, the Brothers of Mary, the Sisters of Mary, the Ladies of Schoenstatt, and the Families. This also encompassed the several Federations and Leagues gathering priests, lay people, and families.

Kentenich stressed the fatherhood of God and that of the priesthood in the Church, especially the episcopate. The fatherhood, with the motherly presence of Mary were both essential points of the movement; the practical way to live this was by the covenant of love with the Mother Thrice Admirable.

Death
In a speech at the annual conference of German Catholics in 1967, Kentenich said: "We are living in apocalyptic times... Heavenly and devilish powers clash in this earth... This confrontation is to challenge the domination of the world; today this is clearly visible." The solution is to appeal to the Virgin Mary, "favorite weapon in the hands of the living God".

During the last year of his life he often returned to this theme: "The task of Mary is to bring Christ to the world and the world to Christ... We are convinced that the great crises of the present times cannot be overcome without Mary" (12 September 1968).

On 15 September 1968, on the Feast of Our Lady of Sorrows, Kentenich celebrated Mass at the recently inaugurated Church of the Adoration. Six hundred Sisters of Mary attended the ceremony. Just after Mass, he went into the sacristy for the thanksgiving prayer and suffered a heart attack; after receiving the last sacraments he died minutes later. He is buried in the Church of the Adoration. On his tomb, according to his wish, is the inscription: Dilexit Ecclesiam ("He loved the Church"; Eph 5:25 ). This was influenced by the same inscription engraved on the tomb of Cardinal Gaspard Mermillod, Bishop of Geneva (Switzerland) who was exiled from his own country for 11 years in the 19th century, for refusing to adhere to a national church separated from Rome.

Beatification process
The process for his beatification was opened on 10 February 1975 in the Diocese of Trier. Life-size sculptures of Kentenich, created by American artist Gwendolyn Gillen, now stand outside Schoenstatt chapels in Lamar, Texas, Pewaukee, Wisconsin, Rome, Puerto Rico and many other countries.

On 3 May 2022 the Bishop of Trier announced that the process had been suspended because of allegations of abuse.

Investigations into accusations of sexual abuse
In July 2020, Alexandra von Teuffenbach, a former professor at the Pontifical Lateran University and the Pontifical Athenaeum Regina Apostolorum, alleged that Kentenich manipulated and coerced community members, specifically from the Schoenstatt Sisters of Mary, into sexually inappropriate conduct. Von Teuffenbach cited particular accusations found in documents of the archives of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith after Pope Francis had allowed the consultation of documents concerning the pontificate of Pius XII. She also claimed that these accusations were the reason for Kentenich's investigation by Fr. Sebastiaan Tromp (Apostolic Visitator from the Holy See), in the 1950s and eventual separation from the Schoenstatt Movement during his exile from 1951 to 1965.

The possibility of sexual or psychological abuse was strongly denied by the General Presidency of the Schoenstatt Movement. In a formal statement the movement indicated that the allegations had long been known about and the fact that Kentenich was reinstated from exile by the Vatican in 1965 was evidence that the allegations were not considered true. It was also stated that at the opening of Kentenich's process of beatification in 1975 a nihil obstat ("no obstructions") was granted by the church and that this would not have been granted if the previously known accusations were found to have any substance.

The Schoenstatt Sisters of Mary also released their own formal statement. The Sisters emphatically rejected the accusations and said that "successive generations of our community have experienced the founder as an authentic and credible personality.” As with the statement from Schoenstatt's General Presidency, the Sisters noted that they were already aware of the allegations made against Kentenich and emphasized that when he was reinstated as the founder and returned from his exile in 1965, all accusations had already been considered by the Church and deemed insufficiently substantiated to make a formal accusation.

A few days after the reports and responses, the postulator of Kentenich's cause and key representatives of Schoenstatt met with Bishop Stephan Ackermann of the Diocese of Trier. The result was an announcement of an independent commission of historians, organized by the diocese, to review the beatification process of Kentenich. It will also be the task of the commission "to reconcile the newly found material with what has already been gathered and evaluated from other archives by the previous commission." At the end of their work, the commission "will write a report in which a statement will also be made about the personality and spirituality of Fr. Josef Kentenich as depicted in the collected documents."

Reacting to the announcement, Fr. Juan Pablo Catoggio (international president of the Schoenstatt Movement) issued a statement addressed to the “Schoenstatt Family throughout the world”, saying that “we very much welcome this decision of the bishop," since in this way "the clarification of the questions regarding the person and actions of Father Kentenich” can be found.

Fr. Eduardo Aguirre, postulator for the cause of beatification of Kentenich, pointed out that Kentenich was not formally accused by the Holy Office (at that time the highest tribunal of the Church), at any time before, during, or after the exile for immoral conduct of any form, including the mention of sexual misconduct or deviance of any kind. Aguirre claims that "any assertion to the contrary is simple false."

On 3 May 2022, the Bishop of Trier announced that Kentenich's sainthood process had been suspended because of the allegations of abuse.

title: Joseph Kentenich


text:
User talk:Lyle~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Sam [Spade] 19:00, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Lyle. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Lyle~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Lyle~enwiki


text:
Mehmed Fuad Pasha

Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1814 – February 12, 1869), sometimes known as Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha and commonly known as Fuad Pasha, was an Ottoman administrator and statesman, who is known for his prominent role in the Tanzimat reforms of the mid-19th-century Ottoman Empire, as well as his leadership during the 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war in Syria. He represented a modern Ottoman era, given his openness to European-style modernization as well as the reforms he helped to enact.

Among other posts, he served as Grand Vizier, the equivalent of Prime Minister, on two occasions between 1861 and 1866. He is often regarded, along with Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, as one of the most influential Ottoman statesmen, who favoured a French-inspired civil code for the newly established civil courts in 1868.

Fuad Pasha was a fervent supporter of keeping the empire an absolute monarchy, rejecting the ideas of being legally bounded or restricted by a constitution or legislature. He often clashed with liberal intellectuals like Namık Kemal, Ziya Pasha and İbrahim Şinasi.

Early life
Fuad Pasha was born in 1814 to a prominent ulema family. His father, Keçecizade Izzet Molla, was a famous poet, and Fuad continued this trend as both a littérateur and a poet. He received a medrese education but had to leave his education when his father was dismissed and banished to the provinces. His mother was a descendant of Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha a 17th-century grand vizier. He studied in the medical school Tibhane-i Amire for four years with no family support and then proceeded to serve as a doctor for the Admiralty.

Career beginnings
Fuad Pasha was fluent in French, which led him to a job as scribe to the governor of Tunisia, Tahir Pasha, from 1832 to 1836. Upon the governor's death, Fuad Pasha entered the service of the Grand Vizier, Mustafa Reşid Pasha, and began working with Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha. His title, "Pasha", was given to a high-ranking member of the Ottoman government and could only be given by the Sultan as an honorary title. Mehmed Emin Aali had been in the Grand Vizier's service for a considerable amount of time. While Mustafa Reşid and Mehmed Emin Aali were on a diplomatic trip to London, Fuad secured a position as the First Translator of the Porte, a position which he held from 1838 to 1852.

Fuad continued to study history, modern languages, international law, and political economics with the hope of rising to a diplomatic career. His translator position led him to become a prótege of Mustafa Reşid's while he was in power for the first two years after the Edict of Gülhane from 1839 to 1841 and again from 1846 to 1852. The Edict was launched by Sultan Abdülmecid I at the recommendation of Mustafa Reşid and effectively began the Tanzimat reforms. Although Mehmed Emin Aali and Fuad were the same age, Fuad was somewhat slower in rising to position. This changed, however, in 1848 when Fuad demonstrated his skills in his negotiations with Russian officials in Bucharest and St. Petersburg regarding refugees flooding into the Empire as a result of the 1848 revolutions in Europe. Czar Nicholas I of Russia demanded the extradition of the men who had started the revolutions who were now seeking refuge in the Empire. Mustafa Reşid had previously refused the Czar's demands and the threat of war was growing. Fuad, however, traveled to St. Petersburg and, through his negotiations, the Czar relinquished his demands for extradition and settled for Fuad's promise that the revolutionaries would be kept far from the Russian borders. Fuad demonstrated this same talent for negotiations in 1852 when he worked with Muhammad Ali of Egypt's successor, Prince Abbas, in Egypt.

Because of these diplomatic successes, Fuad became Mehmed Emin Aali's equal, both in political rank and influence with Mustafa Reşid. Mustafa Reşid was removed as Grand Vizier in 1852 by the sultan and Mehmed Emin Aali was then named as his successor. Mehmed Emin Aali recommended to the Sultan that Fuad succeed him as Foreign Minister, and in 1852, this recommendation was accepted. The beginning of Fuad's term as Foreign Minister and Mehmed Emin Aali's as Grand Vizier marked an important shift in Ottoman foreign policy and sharp division between Mustafa Reşid and his former protégés. While Mustafa Reşid had displayed a preference for Great Britain, Fuad and Mehmed Emin Aali were strong supporters of France. This, however, would ultimately lead to their fall as both men supported France in the 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war between the Catholic Maronites (supported by the French), and the Druze Muslims (supported by the British and, subsequently, Mustafa Reşid) over power in Mount Lebanon before the Crimean War. Because of this fall, both Fuad and Mehmed Emin Aali took a step back from their governmental careers and turned to the Council of the Tanzimat, of which Mehmed Emin Aali was chairman and Fuad was a member.

Member of the Council of the Tanzimat
Fuad Pasha was an important reformer during the Tanzimat period. The goal of the program was to, “promote reform, fend off the powers and forestall rebellion”. The Council of the Tanzimat was established to codify the actions enacted by the Tanzimat reforms. These reforms were designed to centralize power through “modernization [and] centralization” to “increase revenue [and] prevent fragmentation”. It was enacted on November 3, 1839 through an imperial decree given by Mustafa Reşid Pasa called the “Rose Chamber Edict.” This period demonstrated the Empire's increased efforts towards Westernization and acceptance by the Concert of Europe, as well, as Western schools were opened to train bureaucrats for future governmental positions. Councils of State, Justice, and Education were all established, as well as provincial councils to represent all religious and social groups residing in the Empire. Fuad hoped that the Tanzimat reforms would, “find salvation for the empire by creating among its peoples the bond of equal citizenship based on Ottoman nationality”. He realized the importance of change and saw it as a necessary evolution that the Ottoman Empire needed to make. However, in his efforts to create an image of a modern Ottoman Empire, Fuad Pasha believed that by giving non-Muslim subjects of the Empire equal rights via the Millet system would “dull their nationalist and separatist tendencies.” He, along with the other three reformers, believed that in order to save the empire, a sense of “Ottomanism” needed to be created. The goal was to create an “Ottoman” nation and unify the Jews, Christians, and Muslims into an Ottoman nationality. The Council of the Tanzimat took complete charge of preparing legislation, and because both Fuad and Ali wanted immediate progress, the Council was made separate from the ministries and the chairman was “given direct access to the sultan,” which represented increasing efforts towards centralization. The old Supreme Council, however, still remained an influential factor as its existence and functions, though de jure limited to judicial matters, caused much confusion.

Chairman of the Council of the Tanzimat
In 1856, Fuat was given the task of reforming the financial and provincial problems that plagued the Empire and was thus named chairman of the Council of the Tanzimat. These stemmed from “a shortage of trained bureaucrats and inadequacies in tax collection.” Though reforms had been started by Resid in 1841, their initial success was interrupted by the outbreak of the Crimean War. Two years of study resulted in the Provincial Regulation of 1858. The main idea behind the Regulation was concentrating power back into the offices of the provincial governors and spreading the Tanzimat reforms across the entire Empire. It kept the provincial government structure that was already in place, but ensured that the governors of each province were the main source of authority as well as the chief representative of the central government in Istanbul through whom, all communications with the central government were made. In addition to administration councils’ structures being reformed, a Cadastral Department in each province was responsible for registering every male resident, whether they be Muslim or non-Muslim, Ottoman or foreign resident. Each of these residents was issued a “population tax certificate" (vergi nüfus tezkeresi) which stated his tax obligation and also served as an identity card.” A new conscription system was also introduced that better reflected the needs and population makeup of each province.  Fuat also worked on reforming the financial system of the Empire.  These reforms included the introduction of an annual budget system and the budgets of each ministry subject to the scrutiny of the treasury to keep in check with annual revenues.  To increase these revenues, the inefficient tax farming system was ended in 1861 with the establishment of the Excise Tax Administration which was separate from the bureaucracy of the Ministry of Finance and replaced the former Customs Administration.

Foreign Minister 1858-1860: The Mount Lebanon Crisis

In 1860, violence broke out in the Mount Lebanon region of modern-day Lebanon between the Maronite and Druze communities over which group would control the region. Ultimately, the Druzes dominated and pillage nearly every Maronite town nearby. Fuad, as the foreign minister was sent to investigate these massacres and carry out the Empire’s foreign policy initiatives. Due to his success at executing the changes of the Tanzimat program, Fuad was sent to Syria and arrived in Beirut on July 17, 1860, armed with extreme power granted to him by the Sultan. He brought in a nationalistic viewpoint that these conflicts were “local sectarian characteristics that Ottoman reform ultimately would discipline.” He was sent by Sultan Abdulmecid along with the new Western-style army to work with a newly established International Commission (Britain, France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia) to bring stability to the region. Fuad began what some have called a “reign of terror” in which he executed hundreds of the accused pillagers, arrested Druze leaders, and sentenced them to death after a trial in a military court for “failing to protect the Christians”. His rather strict reaction to the Mount Lebanon crisis reflected a push towards modernity and order throughout the Empire, as well as a growing sentiment of nationalism called Osmanlilik, as demonstrated in a statement he gave to the people of Syria in 1861, announcing his return to Istanbul. He referred to the power of the Sultan as a “father-figure” who must be obeyed lest they suffer his merciless punishment, but who also treated all of his subjects with equality, regardless of their religion. This strictness also reflects the Empire's immense desire to prove to its counterparts in Europe that it was fully capable of acting in accordance with modern law, especially considering the deployment of European troops to Syria in July 1860. Fuad chaired the aforementioned International Commission, called the Beirut Committee, which established the reorganization of Mount Lebanon in March 1861. In this, Mount Lebanon would remain a subject of the Sublime Porte and would be “ruled by a non-local Christian governor, independent from the governors of Beirut and Damascus.” Fuad worked closely with Great Britain's representative to the Committee, Lord Dufferin, as they both had similar interests in preventing French domination in the region. Though Dufferin spoke critically of the corruption and lack of communication he believed to exist in the Empire, he proposed the creation of a semi-independent Syria with Fuad as a “governor-general” This was due to Dufferin's great respect towards Fuad, whom he described as “tall, handsom, well-versed in French, and of charming manners.”  Fuad, however, signed an agreement General de Beaufort, the commander of the French troops, in order to use the French to their advantage in the region. This smooth diplomatic skill was attributed to his sense of humor, and “subtlety and tact of the polished diplomat.” This agreement resulted in the establishment of the Law of the Provinces, of which Fuad was an architect, which created the province of Syria.

Grand Vizier, 1861–1863, 1863–1866
In 1861, Sultan Abdülaziz named Fuad as Grand Vizier, replacing his colleague Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha. Abdülaziz preferred Fuad's quick and decisive manner, though he did not grant Fuad the same sort of independence and autonomy that Mehmed Emin Aali had enjoyed under Sultan Abdülmecid, which Fuad sought. Fuad was appointed to two full terms as Grand Vizier, though he resigned in 1866 because of his opposition to Abdülaziz's plan to marry Isma'il Pasha's (the Khedive of Egypt) daughter.

Foreign Minister, 1867–1869
Sultan Abdülaziz reappointed Fuad to his final term as foreign minister, due to French and British insistence during revolts in Crete and the threat of Russian intervention. As Foreign Minister, he wrote a political testament with advice to the Sultan regarding an alliance with Great Britain and France based on shared interests and a common enemy of Russia. Fuad demonstrated understanding of Russian expansion and confessed that, “I too would have turned the world upside-down to capture Istanbul.” He called for the modernization of the Empire to gain legitimacy in France's eyes in order to strengthen these alliances against Russia. He considered Great Britain as the Empire's most important ally and stated, “the English people...will always be the first to have our alliance and we will hold fast to that alliance to the last” and that “we should relinquish several of our provinces rather than see England abandon us” Regarding France, the Empire should maintain polite relations in order to prevent conflict, rather than hope for protection.

Death, 1869
Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha was also reappointed as Grand Vizier and went to Crete from 1867 to 1868. While Mehmed Emin Aali was successfully ending the revolt, Fuad was acting Grand Vizier and Foreign Minister, and accompanied Sultan Abdülaziz on a trip through Europe in the summer of 1867. The double burden put considerable strain on Fuad, however, and he sought medical attention and rest in France. He died in Nice on February 12, 1869. His body was returned to Constantinople by the French Navy on board the aviso FRENCH AVISO Latouche-Tréville.

Family
Mehmed Fuad married Emine Behiye Hanım, and had two sons, Ahmed Nazım Bey and Kazım Bey. His elder son, Nazım Bey (died 1863) married Nimetullah Hanım (21 November 1838 – 25 January 1905), daughter of Şevket Bey, and had two sons, Mustafa Hikmet Bey (2 July 1857 – 6 August 1911) and Reşad Fuad Bey (6 June 1861 – 12 June 1921).

Mustafa Hikmet married Mihrünnisa Hanım, daughter of Hayrullah Efendi and Münteha Hanım, and sister of poet Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan. They had one son, Ahmed Nazım Bey, and one daughter who died in infancy. Reşad Fuad married Behiye Hanım, daughter of Hayreddin Pasha and his fourth wife Kamer Hanım, and had four sons, Mehmed Hayreddin Fuad Keçeci, Mehmed Salih Keçeci (1893 – 1954), Mehmed Fuad Keçeci (died 1967), and Ali Şevket Fuad Keçeci.

Mehmed Fuad's younger son, Kazım Bey (died 1859) married Gülbiz Ikbal Hanım, a former Circassian slave, and had a son Izzet Fuad Pasha (1860 — 1925). Izzet Fuad married the Egyptian princess Fatima Aziza Amina Hanim (1854 – 1895), second daughter of Prince Mustafa Fazıl Pasha, and his wife Rengi Gul Hanim. They had one son, Kazım Bey.

Additional sources

 * Finkel, Caroline. Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923. New York: Basic, 2006. Print.

title: Mehmed Fuad Pasha


text:
User talk:Spatel2

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 19:01, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Spatel2


text:
Granite Peak

Mountains named Granite Peak or variations.

Canada
In Canada, according to NRCan CGNDB:

United States
In the United States, according to USGS GNIS:

title: Granite Peak


text:
User talk:Halsteadk/Archive1

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 19:03, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I notice you replaced 'superceded' with 'superseded' in the item on Windows 2.0. In fact 'superceded' isn't wrong, just a (fairly common) variant. Either version of the word is fine. See for example http://www.webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=superceded&x=15&y=17 Chris Jefferies 09:47, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Lauterbrunnen-valley
A very well deserved promotion. This might be my favourite image I've found on Wikipedia. Congratulations. Raven4x4x 05:58, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Pic of the Day
Hi Halstead,

Just to let you know that your photo Image:Lauterbrunnen-valley.jpg is up for Picture of the Day on Sunday. As this is a weekend, it will also appear on the Main Page. If you get a chance, you can check and improve the caption at Picture of the day/November 27, 2005. -- Solipsist 09:17, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

Mott, Hay and Anderson redirect
Hi,

I thought you ought to know that I've replaced your redirect to Mott MacDonald with a brief history of Mott, Hay and Anderson. I thought about incorporating the MHA history into the Mott MacDonald page, but I don't know enough about the history of the other components of MM (Murdoch MacDonald, Ewbank Preece, Osprey, Hatch etc.) to give balanced view. Feel free to revise this if you can add anything about them.

Ecb 15:54, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

izes and ises
On the page Boys' Brigade you replaced the organizations with organisations to refelct the page was British. This old chestnut is a perennial discussion. the suffix "ize" is not an American trait. Most words in British English that end with this suffix can be "ise" or "ize" (there are some exceptions as there are words that should end in "ise" in American English. In fact the OED prefers the use of "ize" as do many accademic sources. .  "ise" in British/commonwealth English seems to have crept into use more over the course of the latter twentieth century (find any old English dictionary and you will srtuggle to find "ise").  It has reached such ubiquity outside accademic circles that many British/Commonwealth readers often mistake the "ize"  as Ameircan.  Most dictionaries now list both suffixes as acceptable in British English, but if we are writning an international project and we have a choice, it makes sense to use the spelling that would be usiversally acceptable to all English Speakers and matches other existing links (IMO the rule should also apply to examples such as Gaol and Jail in British English and Ketchup and Catsup in American English). Dainamo 13:09, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Hmm
Wow, you're incredibly relf-righteous. I guess I can't make a mistake, right? Courier new 20:57, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

 * ref: talk:University of Cambridge

?
What is implied by the reference to "other, intelligent users." The inclusion of a comma changes the meaning of the sentence entirely and, if intentional, is very clever. Courier new 04:08, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * no implication intended by that but well spotted, have removed it for clarification. You are clearly not stupid but I take issue with your seriously rapid approach to insult other people's intelligence as displayed on the Cambridge Uni talk page (extensive use of the word 'duh', etc).  It's totally unnecessary, unhelpful and inappropriate. Halsteadk 13:43, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

But calling me "pompous" is not? Courier new 15:38, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

good grief. Bwithh 09:46, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

"I think you are right on with this one. Wikiarticles have way too many 'considered by many' lines of crap. We should stick to the facts - and cite them." Ha! Courier new 16:55, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Reference marks on The Stig
In accordance with Wikipedia policy on Citing sources, please properly cite the Swedish article on the Stig's identity on the The Stig page by using this format:

Article name Source Name, Accessed Decemeber 12, 2012

In addition, please also transfer the reference mark to the Top Gear page in the 2006 section as well. Thank You.--293.xx.xxx.xx 06:58, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Car supermarket
Thank you - CrazyRussian talk/email 01:25, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

Civ - FS2004.com
After doing some research on "Civ" and FS2004.com, I have discovered that FS2004.com and a bunch of other domains are owned by "Civilized Design". Civ - Civilized...Funny that. It's not 100% proof, but it's an idea of why "Civ" keeps submitting this domain.Darklord2000 17:47, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Jared Rushton
Jared Rushton has been proposed for deletion. An editor felt this person might not be notable enough for an article. Please review Notability (people) for the relevant guidelines. If you can improve the article to address these concerns, please do so.

If no one objects to the deletion within five days by removing the "prod" template, the article may be deleted without further discussion. If you remove the prod template, the article will not be deleted, but if an editor is still not satisfied that it meets Wikipedia guidelines, it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. NickelShoe (Talk) 20:33, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

The man who spelt "Boy" with a capital "B"
Hi, this comment is in reference to your work in the Boys' Brigade article where you have removed "unnecessary" and "inexplicaple" capitalisations of the words "Boy" and "Boys".

I would like to point out that it is our Founder, Sir William Smith himself who began the practice in the BB of capitalising the 'B' as a sign that the most important person in the BB has always been the Boy. (see last paragraph in http://www.boys-brigade.org.uk/aboutus/ffb-spelt.htm) This is the reason for your inexplicable findings.

Hope this clarifies things!

Axfangli 17:31, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

STOPMASTERS
In response to my stopmaster fandago, I removed it after realizing I could get into serious trouble for adding it, and apparently some of the teachers found out. "MattyW" is a nickname most of the teachers know so... Also, when were you at Judd? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by MattyW Wiki (talk • contribs) 21:20, 7 February 2007 (UTC).

Sorry about that
All I saw was an IP address delete a large amount of text with no edit summary. It would help if you were logged on so I can tell that you are an established user, or at least leave an edit summary so I can be sure that your removal of text is not vandalism. --Nevhood 22:08, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Response at User talk:Nevhood Halsteadk 22:34, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Don't worry... I'll try my best to be careful and not revert legitimate edits! --Nevhood 23:08, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:Kent flag.gif
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Reply
I thought it would be nice to see the changes that people make, and, continue talking to me like that, and I will have you blocked for Incivility, and yes, It is a segment, as they have done it on almost all the episodes this series. 1B6 10:56, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Well if you're just going to be threatening when a fair comment is raised, I'd prefer not to talk to you at all. Looking at your own block history I'm not surprised by your response. Halsteadk 13:55, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I never said it was anything else, my god, talk about being [|being a dick]. 1B6 15:20, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * So perhaps you could point out why you think I was uncivil? You are clearly very civilised and I plainly stand to learn a lot from you about how to speak to people in a polite manner. Halsteadk 16:39, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I havent got the time to talk to childish little fools like you. 1B6 18:44, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Out Run edit -- consistency?
The reason I chose past tense in adding my two-pennorth to this article, is because in doing so I matched the tense of the adjacent existing portions; I at first thought that using present tense might look better, but couldn't be bothered to adjust the existing text to match. :)

This means that the new section is now slightly out of kilter with the old one just before ("The most time efficient route 'was' via Coconut Beach...", "The five goals 'had' different finishing animations..."); with any luck this doesn't matter... 193.122.47.162 13:03, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pointing this out - I went back and made it consistent through the section. Looks like there are others that it would be appropriate to change but tricky to know where to draw the line (eg for descriptions of cabinet designs) as some are appropriate for past tense. Halsteadk 16:52, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

The Skinners' School
Do you know anything about the Skinners' School Song? The lyrics on the page are under threat as they may not be in the public domain...I see you've edited the page a lot so thought you may have some idea. --McKDandy 09:32, 28 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry, no, I went to Judd. Until I saw it appear on the page I had no idea they had one! Halsteadk 09:57, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

From tmjsmith
I reckon we should discuss the articles ommited by me.. i think they give a strong bias to the article... Hillsong is fine... Matthias Media is a pro-Baptist magazine... that absolutely hates Hillsong

Billy Ray Cyrus
Thanks for catching the questionable edits that I did miss. :-) -- 健次 (derumi)talk 20:15, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Frank Houston
You are wasting your time if you are trying to protect the article - St Francis of Houston patron saint of the kiddy fiddlers. Houston's activities have been widely covered in the antipodean press. Albatross2147 11:15, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Did you even bother to read anything that I wrote on the talk page??? Had you bothered to look at either the article, my edits, or my entry on the talk page, you would see the only unreferenced items I'm disputing relate to him being called "The Bishop" and allegations of receiving dodgy love gifts!! Halsteadk 13:45, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Steve Chalke
Thanks for reverting the recent edit on this. I note that there's been some minor edit warring in the past that you've been part of. I'm glad you felt that the bit about the controversy coming from just a small part of the book was worth keeping - I added that as I felt it was relevant to note that the disagreements arise from just a tiny part of the book (which IMO is very good and unfortunately its overall message has been largely ignored to the controversy). As you may have noticed, I've done quite a bit of work on this article and I hope it's OK with you. I would like to do some further editing and I'm wondering if you know of any further "pro" statements as I've only been able to find the one from Tom Wright, whereas there are three "anti" statements. So I think the POV isn't quite neutral yet. I'd also be keen to include some more biographical information on Steve (I first encountered him about 22 years ago!) Sidefall 17:44, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Template_talk:Infobox_UK_school
Many thanks for sorting out the order of the postcode. The templates look much better now. I expect you will already have seen my comments on the talk page about the co-ordinates - as you will see I have not yet entirely caught up with the decimal age! Dahliarose 09:02, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Response
Actually, the Boys Brigade does not operate in Nigeria, so that is how I know he is trolling. And no, I will not be told how to act by you. Zanusi 11:36, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
 * (Response on user's talk page - BB Nigeria is alive and well...) Halsteadk 14:02, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Well be that as it may, I am petty sure you are not an admin, therfore you have no rights in any circumstance to say that I must leave, or that I will be asked to leave, and even then, you can't stop me from accessing and editing Wikipedia. Zanusi 15:10, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Note: User:Zanusi is now blocked...

Tiburon reply
You can't expect a car to be stock in the same form in every single market. That is the stock US version, and unlike the image you seem to prefer, it meets the WikiProject Autos requirement of infobox images being 3/4 front view. IFCAR 18:34, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Halsteadk/Archive1


text:
User talk:Milou~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 19:04, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Milou. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Milou~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:32, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:23, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Milou~enwiki


text:
Talk:American Tune (album)

External links modified
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title: Talk:American Tune (album)


text:
Fuzzy Logic (Super Furry Animals album)

Fuzzy Logic is the debut album by the Welsh rock band Super Furry Animals. Recorded at Rockfield Studios in Wales, and released on the Creation label in May 1996, it was positively received by critics, who felt it was an eclectic if inconsistent mix of psychedelic music and glam rock, and was included in Q Magazine's list of recordings of the year. It has retained a modest respect among some critics; it was listed in Q's "Best British Albums Ever" in July 2004, and is included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. It contains two top 20 hits in "If You Don't Want Me to Destroy You" and "Something 4 the Weekend"; it also contains the singles "God! Show Me Magic" and "Hometown Unicorn". It reached number 23 in the UK Albums Chart on release. In 2013, NME ranked it at number 245 in its list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

Recording
In a 2008 interview with Uncut Gruff Rhys described the process of making the album:

We'd signed a deal and we were sort of blagging a bit ... We'd heard about Rockfield Studios and we wanted to record there because they had jacuzzis and you got three meals a day, all the wrong reasons for going to a studio.

Although the album was conceived as a reaction to Britpop which the band felt represented a "conservative backwards movement in music" they soon realised that they were in an "old 70's studio making [a] 70's rock album". Former members Rhys Ifans and Dic Ben contributed to the track "Long Gone" by leaving an answerphone message which plays as the song comes to a close.

The album cover is a montage of photos of Welsh-born drug smuggler Howard Marks, the subject of the song "Hangin' with Howard Marks". Marks visited Rockfield during the making of the album at the band's request.

Reception
Reviewing Fuzzy Logic in 1996 for NME, Simon Williams commented that debut albums "rarely come as multi-layered, as lovingly-manipulated as this". A rave review in Alternative Press praised the album as "the stuff of which fearless dreams are forged". Jon Wiederhorn of Rolling Stone felt it was "rich in hallucinogenic spirit and shimmering guitars" and invoked the spirit of early 1970s pop music. James Delingpole in a January 1997 review in The Daily Telegraph wrote the band had produced a "strange mix of Bowie-esque glam rock, school-of-Syd-Barrett psychedelia and DIY kitsch", which resulted in a "delightfully skewed" album. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic later commented that on Fuzzy Logic, the band combined psychedelia and art rock with pop melodies in an "intoxicating" manner, and that despite not being fully cohesive as an album, "the individual pleasures of each song become more apparent with each listen". Fuzzy Logic was named the third best album of 1996 by Melody Maker and fourth best by NME. The album was also included in Q magazine's list of recordings of the year.

Fuzzy Logic reached number 23 in the UK Albums Chart on release.

Legacy
In a June 2005 Pitchfork review of the 2005 reissue, Marc Hogan felt the album was a good introduction to the band's "candy-factory chameleon act" with music styles including "synth-laced punk-pop", "slanted pop" and "Pipers-era Floyd", despite its inconsistency. Rod Stanley in the 2005 book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die felt that the band would go on to record better albums, but that the inventiveness of the album's blend of "Sixties pop, punk rock, and psychedelia, with an underlying Nineties dance sensibility", made it both joyful and exciting. Reviewing the album in 2016, Uncut's John Lewis wrote that its "quizzical" lyrics and influences from "1970s guilty pleasures" set Super Furry Animals apart from their contemporaries in the 1990s Britpop scene.

In 1999, critic Ned Raggett ranked Fuzzy Logic at number 74 on his list of "The Top 136 or So Albums of the Nineties" for Freaky Trigger. Fuzzy Logic was listed at number 42 in Q's 2004 list of the "50 Best British Albums Ever". In 2017, Pitchfork ranked the album at number 27 on its list of the 50 best Britpop albums. In 2013, NME ranked it at number 245 in its list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

Track listing

 * The 1996 US release replaced "Something for the Weekend" with the slower paced single version known as "Something 4 the Weekend".

Personnel

 * Super Furry Animals
 * Gruff Rhys – vocals, guitars, analogues, claps
 * Dafydd Ieuan – drums, percussion, vocals, piano, claps
 * Cian Ciaran – keyboards, analogues, vocals, claps
 * Guto Pryce – bass, Hammond, vocals, claps, analogues
 * Huw Bunford – guitars, vocals, e-bow, cello, claps

 * Additional musicians
 * Gorwel Owen – piano, Hammond, Rhodes
 * Jez Francis – piano on "God! Show Me Magic"
 * Matthew Everett – violin
 * Chris Williams – violin
 * Helen Spargo – viola
 * Catherine Tanner – cello
 * Martin Smith – trumpet, tenor horn
 * Simon James – saxophone, flute
 * Andrew Frizell – saxophone, recorder, trombone
 * Lindsay Higgs – balalaika
 * Rhys Ifans & Dic Ben – answering machine message on "Long Gone"

 * Technical personnel
 * SFA – songs, production
 * Gorwel Owen – production
 * Andy Wilkinson – engineering
 * Nick Brine – assistance
 * Brian Cannon @ Microdot – design, art direction
 * Toby Egelnick – inside design, layout

title: Fuzzy Logic (Super Furry Animals album)


text:
Apse line

An apse line, or line of apsides, is an imaginary line defined by an orbit's eccentricity vector. It is strictly defined for elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic orbits.

For such orbits the apse line is found:
 * for elliptical orbits – between the orbit's periapsis and apoapsis (also known as the major axis)
 * for parabolic and hyperbolic orbits – between the orbit's periapsis and focus

For circular orbits, the apse line is not defined because the eccentricity is equal to zero. As it is required as a base for the definition of true anomaly, it is usually arbitrarily assumed (as a line pointing into the direction of the vernal equinox).

title: Apse line


text: Category:Schuyler County, New York

title: Category:Schuyler County, New York


text: File:Shogun Total War.jpg

title: File:Shogun Total War.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shenouda S. Yacoub

Shenouda S. Yacoub was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 6 votes to delete. Postdlf 01:29, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Shenouda S. Yacoub
Delete: Vanity. This person is likely not well-known enough to have an article of his own. Vacuum 19:11, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: vanity. Check back in a few years, though. Wile E. Heresiarch 23:15, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Nadavspi 00:41, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. utcursch 10:07, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. --Cyprus2k1 10:40, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Congrats on the award, Shenouda, but it's not enough for an article. JamesMLane
 * Similar text is at Shenouda S. yacoub. Do I have to do a separate VfD listing or can we delete along with the listed article, if consensus is to delete? JamesMLane 07:17, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
NO2 (disambiguation)

NO2 is nitrogen dioxide.

NO2 may also refer to:

 * Nitrite ion, NO2−
 * Nitronium ion, NO2+
 * –NO2, nitro group, characteristic of nitro compounds
 * "NO2", a song by American rock band Phish, from their album Phish

title: NO2 (disambiguation)


text:
User:Ca64

I am from Denmark, but living in Bucharest, Romania.

I intend to contribute to the development of Wikipedia, in particular on the subject Romania and any information related to the country.

title: User:Ca64


text:
Christocentrism

Christocentrism is a doctrinal term within Christianity, describing theological positions that focus on Jesus Christ, the second person of the Christian Trinity, in relation to the Godhead/God the Father (theocentric) or the Holy Spirit (pneumocentric). Christocentric theologies make Christ the central theme about which all other theological positions/doctrines are oriented.

Augustinism
Certain theological traditions within the Christian Church can be described as more heavily Christocentric. Notably, the teachings of Augustine of Hippo and Paul of Tarsus, which have been very influential in the West, place a great emphasis on the person of Jesus in the process of salvation.

For instance, in Reformation theology, the Lutheran tradition is seen as more theologically Christocentric, as it places its doctrine of justification by grace, which is primarily a Christological doctrine, at the center of its thought. Meanwhile, the Calvinist tradition is seen as more theologically theocentric, as it places its doctrine of the sovereignty of God ("the Father") at the center.

John Duns Scotus
Scotus is famous for his belief in the Absolute Primacy of Christ, whereby Christ would have become incarnate even had the Fall never taken place. Scotus writes "that God predestined this soul [of Christ] to so great a glory does not seem to be only on account of [redemption], since the redemption or the glory of the soul to be redeemed is not comparable to the glory of Christ’s soul. Neither is it likely that the highest good in creation is something that was merely occasioned only because of some lesser good; nor is it likely that He predestined Adam to such good before He predestined Christ; and yet this would follow [were the Incarnation occasioned by Adam’s sin].  In fact, if the predestination of Christ’s soul was for the sole purpose of redeeming others, something even more absurd would follow, namely, that in predestining Adam to glory, He would have foreseen him as having fallen into sin before He predestined Christ to glory". As such, Scotus' theology is grounded in the claim that Creation exists for the sake of Christ, regardless of whether any individual chooses to sin.

John Paul II
John Paul II's magisterium has been called Christocentric by Catholic theologians. He further taught that the Marian devotions of the Rosary were in fact Christocentric because they brought the faithful to Jesus through Mary.

Biblical hermeneutics
The christocentric principle is also commonly used for biblical hermeneutics. The aim behind it is to read and interpret the narratives of the Old Testament in light and in primacy of the revelation of Christ. It is normally employed to demonstrate Christ typologically (or via allegoresis) through the Hebrew Bible (since Christ did not fulfill any prophecy in the authorial context), but not in a grammatical or authorial sense as understood today. And another aim behind it is to purge away detrimental and/or theologically incoherent ideas of God found in the texts of the Old Testament. The Christocentric method (as in Christ is the interpretive telos or goal behind reading the Law) is mentioned by the apostle Paul in Romans 10:4, and Ignatius of Antioch thematically demonstrates that Christ (or the revelation of Christ) is the magisterial and “inviolable” record, or the “charters” according to J.B. Lightfoot and Kirsopp Lake; Ignatius considers the incarnation of Christ to be superior to the Hebraic writings when he disagrees with (what is seemingly) the religious Jews on what is considered authoritative (Philadelphians 8:2-9:2). Ignatius repeats this idea by writing, ''“But the Gospel has its own preeminence: the advent of the Savior, our Lord Jesus Christ, His passion, and the resurrection,” or “ ἐξαίρετον δέ τι ἔχει τὸ εὐαγγέλιον, τὴν παρουσίαν τοῦ σωτῆρος, κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τὸ πάθος αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὴν ἀνάστασιν”. The Greek is found in Kirsopp’s edition.''

This interpretive technique is employed by early Christians like Paul of Tarsus when he argues (through a rhetorical, dichotomous question) that the mosaic command for the care of oxen was not inspired by God in its original context, but in its spiritual form for believers (1st Corin. 9:9-10), when he argues that the mosaic rites acted as symbols or types for Christ (Colo. 2:16-17), like patristic Barnabas who argued that God never forbade the consumption of pork, nor commanded circumcision since these things were interpreted naively due to an evil angel misleading them, but these served as spiritual lessons ([https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/barnabas-lightfoot.html ibid. 9:1, 4, 6, 10:2-3, 9]), like Origen of Alexandria when he argued that infantile Christians had vicious and irrational ideas of God (an interpretive mistake similarly employed by the Gnostics and Jews) due to literalism and a lack of the pneumatic, interpretive approach ([https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/04124.htm First Prin. IV.8-9]), like Saint Athanasius, who cited Colossians 2:17 and Hebrews 9:10, argued that God never commanded sacrifice through the law of Moses, “nor even when they came to mount Sinai,” but He prefigured the symbols towards Christ (Letter 19, Section 3–4), like Gregory of Nyssa when he wrote that the Exodus narrative where the firstborn die for the sins of their fathers is an idea so impious that he considers it unworthy of God; thus, he reinterprets it as “The teaching is this: When through virtue one comes to grips with any evil, he must completely destroy the first beginnings of evil” (Life of Moses 2.89-101), and even an early Christian document, the Didascalia, speaks of Christ fulfilling the types and it denies God commanding sacrifice in the beginning to Cain and Abel (ibid. Chapter 26, translated by R. Hugh Connolly).

Interfaith and ecumenism
Christocentrism is also a name given to a particular approach in interfaith and ecumenical dialogue. It teaches that Christianity is absolutely true, but the elements of truth in other religions are always in relation to the fullness of truth found in Christianity. The Holy Spirit is thought to allow inter-religious dialogue and to influence non-believers in their journey to Christ. This view is notably advocated by the Catholic Church in the declarations Nostra aetate, Unitatis Redintegratio and Dominus Iesus.

title: Christocentrism


text:
Bob Lee

Bob Lee may refer to:

Sportspeople

 * Bob Lee (Australian footballer) (1927–2001), SANFL football administrator
 * Bob Lee (baseball) (1937–2020), baseball pitcher
 * Bob Lee (footballer, born 1953), English footballer
 * Bob Lee (guard) (1935–2017), American football player
 * Bob Lee (quarterback) (born 1946), former American football player

Others

 * Bob Lee (businessman) (1979–2023), American tech executive
 * Bob Lee, deceased oil producer, known for the construction of the Cape Romano Dome House
 * Bob Lee, character in The Airmail Mystery

title: Bob Lee


text:
Tamil Nadu Peasants and Workers Party

Tamil Nadu Peasants and Workers Party (தமிழ்நாடு விவசாயிகள் தொழிலாளர் கட்சி, TNPWP) is a political party in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The president of TNPWP is Pon Kumar. TNPWP supported the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) for 22 years, but the alliance broke down ahead of the 2006 Tamil Nadu assembly election. Instead the TNPWP aligned itself with the Samajwadi Party. Since the 2006 elections, TNPWP has supported the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)-led Democratic Progressive Alliance government.

The flag of TNPWP is green-yellow-red.

title: Tamil Nadu Peasants and Workers Party


text: Category:Seneca County, New York

title: Category:Seneca County, New York