text:
Talk:Typography of Apple Inc.

Apple Symbols font
I found an interesting curiosity when I was digging around in Font Box, looking at Apple Symbols' repertoire. It turns out that Font Book reveals 227 glyphs that are not accessible from the Unicode charset. They're simply not mapped in the cmap table. They're fun symbols from Apple's history, for example keyboard symbols, port symbols, Apple logos, the Newton logo in two different styles. I used ftxdumperfuser to map them into the Unicode private use area successfully. Loads of fun :-). — David Remahl 06:05, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * These glyphs are quite easily accessible using the Character Palette:
 * Choose Glyph from the View pop-up
 * Select the Glyph Catalogue tab
 * Choose Apple Symbols from the Font pop-up
 * The glyphs David refers to are at positions 950 to 1143 and can be inserted into any document that supports referencing Glyph IDs (such as RTF). I notice that the glyphs do have particularly high baselines. On ones such as the QuickTime 1.0 logo this is particularly evident. Nicholas 13:25, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, that's interesting! But I can't find a "View" popup on Character Palette... Actually, there are a few more that I don't think are assigned Unicode to characters at: 321, 402, 740–755, 757, 780–787, 817–822, 949, 950–1143 — David Remahl 13:56, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * (From an email I just sent someone who asked for more info...) If you have 10.3 and Just want to see the font in action, open TextEdit, press command-T to open the fonts panel, select Apple Symbols, then, if you can't see a 'gear' icon in the bottom-left of your fonts panel, expand it a bit until you can, click the gear icon and choose Characters… (you could also open it from the keyboard menu if you have that turned on). Make sure you can see the "View" pop-up by showing the palettes toolbar (oval button in the top right of the window frame) and select Glyph. Then choose Apple Symbols from the pop-up, and click on any which take your interest. the "Insert With Font" button will insert the glyph you have selected into your TextEdit document. You can only save this is you save in RTF (rich text) format. Nicholas 22:31, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Trouble with translation
Hello,

I am currently translating a part of this article in french, and I have a little problem with a sentence :
 * the hinting required to create a TrueType font

I did not find a senseful meaning for "hinting" in this context, may I have some explanation (in english) ?

Cdang 08:24, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Hinting has to do with how glyphs are rendered out on a device with a low resolution. With a limited number of pixels available, it becomes important to make the best use of every one of them. By adding "hints" to a font, the typeface designer can provide guidance to the font rendering engine about how to best reduce the font to low point sizes on a computer display. Hinting can also affect the spacing between letters. The process is rather complicated, and my knowledge on the topic is not very deep. I plan to read up on it, and create hinting, as well as the unwritten section of this article about Apple's hinting patents.

 * Here are some URLs that may help:, , , (and let this day be remembered as the day that David linked twice to microsoft.com) — David Remahl 08:43, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanx a lot. I don't know any translation for this, but with this, I'll be able to explain it in the French version. Cdang 08:11, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

More examples
The images on de:Apple show examples of fonts in use, including an Apple logo I've never seen before, from their very earliest days. Nicholas 14:33, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I've seen it! A terrible logo! :-).

 * It is mentioned in one of the references, . The logo was drawn by Ron Wayne, and depicts Isaac Newton sitting below an Apple tree. In the frame, there is a quotation by William Wordsworth, about Newton. Obviously the logo worked extremely poorly in small sizes.

 * Unfortunately I don't have any experience in identifying fonts, and I've been unable to find any sources that mention the typeface used in the logo. Since it was apparently hand drawn, it could be Wayne's own design. It looks similar to some versions of Caslon. Many of the characters are pretty close to Big Caslon included with Mac OS X. On the other hand, the "R" is very different, the O is drawn with an almost constant stroke width, while in Big Caslon it is elongated. The difference in weight of the two strokes in the "A" is greater in Apple's logo. I browsed some Caslon-related typefaces on, but couldn't find a better match, though. The Caslon at the very end of this page looks like an excellent match too, but the page doesn't specify exactly which font was used.

 * When I'm satisfied with this article, I plan to write an Apple logo article too. So stay tuned :-). — David Remahl 22:20, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Apple dumped this logo reportedly because it was too busy and complex. --DF08 (English) 10:14, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

WorldScript
I was a bit shocked to find that WorldScript is not even mentioned in the otherwise vast and interesting article. I'd also like to see a bit more about ATSUI. Would anyone like to add some more information? — Hippietrail 13:22, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * You're right, it will be a very important part of the article...It should probably go under the System 7 – 9 subsection to Font management and capabilities. Unfortunately, I don't know WorldScript that well, so unless someone else writes it, I'll have to do some studying. — David Remahl 19:26, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I added some basic info about it to the above-mentioned section...I think I'm going to post a note on User_talk:Evertype and ask if Michael Everson could expand on it. I think we should leave the nitty-gritty details for WorldScript, though, since the WorldScript connection to "Typography" is rather weak. — David Remahl 06:46, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Errata
I believe the part about Microsoft's ClearType not being able to be tuned is not correct. Microsoft provides a tool for doing so.

http://www.microsoft.com/typography/cleartype/tuner/Step1.aspx

Jobs' role
Much of Apple's use of typography was due to Steve Jobs (at least according to Jobs himself), who said in a commencement address at Stanford:

"Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and sans‐serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.

None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later." --Wasabe3543 02:45, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Edited Mac OS X Fonts not included
I've removed the line: 'Many of the classic Mac typefaces included with previous versions are not part of Mac OS X. The serif typefaces New York, Palatino, and Times were dropped, as were the sans-serif Charcoal and Chicago' as this aappears to be not true, according to List of fonts in Mac OS X and Microsoft's List of Mac OS X fonts in the public beta Just thought I'd flag it here in case anyone knows the origin of this sentence and whether it was supposed to mean something else... Scottkeir 12:29, 18 December 2005 (UTC)
 * They were dropped from Mac OS X in as much as they only came with Mac OS 9, which itself came with Mac OS X as part of the Classic Environment. If you installed Classic, you got them. Suffice to say that they no longer came with OS X once Apple stopped including Mac OS 9 with it. Nicholas 16:19, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

⌘
I find ⌘ is an important part of Apple's typography. --Abdull 21:25, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

More Errata
I just noticed London is missing from Image:Original Mac fonts.png. Nicholas 16:22, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

What is this article's focus?
This is a very confused article, as witnessed from the clumsy wording in the opening paragraph. Does "Apple typography" refer to the corporate fonts used by the company over its history, the fonts which ship with its operating systems, or the font technologies (such as TrueType) developed by the company? I think this article needs to define its focus more specifically, and much of the content of this article should be moved out to other articles - most specifically the sections about TrueType and ClearType, especially since the latter has nothing to do with Apple. - Brian Kendig 19:27, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * It refers to all the stuff you mentioned, which is what the wording explains. ClearType has a significant relation to TrueType, which is related to Apple. — Wackymacs 19:39, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Gotcha - that's the problem, then; this article has far too wide a scope. My problem with the opening paragraph started when I tried to think of a way to reword "Apple typography covers several topics..."' and wasn't able to find a way to start a sentence with "Apple typography is" - it's just to all-encompassing a term. - Brian Kendig 21:12, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

propose split and disambig
i suggest splitting this article into Macintosh typography and apple marketing typography any objections? Plugwash 13:56, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I suggest leaving well enough alone. Evertype 18:22, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I have to agree with others on this talk page that the current situation isn’t quite “well enough.” —Banzai! (talk) @ 03:52, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
 * BTW, hats off to you for designing LastResort... truly a work of art (I'm not kidding). I'm awed to be in your presence. —Banzai! (talk) @ 08:37, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Include information about "resource forks"?
Mac OS includes the ability to create and use a "resource fork" from several related font files. Good example: Lucida Grande is stored typically at, but the actual font family is made up of two TrueType files (LucidaGrande.ttf and LucidaGrandeBold.ttf) merged into a single "resource fork" with the file extension of ".dfont". Fondu is a program that can convert dfonts to their respective TrueType, OpenType, Type 1, and/or Glyph bitmaps. I don't know anything more than that about what a resource fork even is in this context, but it might be worth including in the formats section. -Matt 20:25, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The article already covers what is going on with .dfont files. They do look like old Mac resource forks, but the font is really in the data fork on those. Generally .dfont files don't even have resource forks. --iMb~Meow 05:21, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Proposed split
The article currently describes: Why are these two seemingly very distinct topics crammed together in a single article? Would anyone object if I went ahead and separated them, say, into two articles named as above? (No responses in the next half hour and I'll "be bold" and go ahead.) —Banzai! (talk) @ 03:47, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Typography and logography of Apple Computer, Inc.
 * 2) Font management on the Mac

OK, I’m doing it. Please don’t kill me. —Banzai! (talk) @ 04:24, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * You claim to have split the article, but so far as I can tell you have merely deleted half of it. Where on earth has the rest gone? If you do not respond within the next five minutes I will revert all your edits.
 * (Actually, that was a lie: I'm going to give you time to respond before I do anything. But please bear in mind for future reference that half an hour is not nearly long enough to establish lack of opposition for a potentially contentious edit. Many editors only check Wikipedia once every few days, and even among the tiny minority who check every half hour, many will have been asleep when you posted your proposal. "Be bold, be bold, but not too bold...") — Haeleth Talk 14:36, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I guess you're probably right. :-P I noticed above at least two other people in addition to myself having the same thought, so I figured I'd just take care of it right then. In retrospect, it wouldn't have hurt to weight longer.
 * Sorry. The page about fonts on the Mac is at Fonts on the Mac. —Banzai! (talk) @ 17:04, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Fear not - I don't object, I was just worried because I couldn't find the rest of the article! Now I have the full picture, I agree that it's better this way. Thanks for clarifying that. — Haeleth Talk 21:10, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

You've fucking ruined this article. Where have the keyboard and other products sections gone? Would anyone object to be reverting to the August 4th version, minus the stuff about font management? --Dtcdthingy 22:36, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Right, I've done some reorganisation and the split between the two articles should now be in a much more sensible place. --Dtcdthingy 15:10, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Newton completed recognition.png
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BetacommandBot (talk) 22:53, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Think Different image: wrong font weight.
I feel quite sure that Apple did not use that font in its Think Different campaign, if at all. I would have remembered those e's. See this image: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_04kZGR_ltmE/TN8_XBZhHoI/AAAAAAAAImA/sCGVkDxLb2w/s1600/John-Houston-Stainless-Rolex-OyterQuartz.jpg. The bolder weight in the example is a very different effect than the weight Apple used in its marketing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.212.231.87 (talk) 10:32, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

Wrong caption
I cannot confirm to what extent Helvetica is used in advertising, but the iPhone 5S wordmark is definetely not set in Helvetica Neue Ultra Light. The caption in the article is wrong, the font used is some lighter weight of Apple Myriad. --93.135.152.219 (talk) 13:59, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

Incomplete Helvetica
Isn't the older iOS font Helvetica, later Helvetica Neue? There isn't any iOS font coverage beyond Helvetica Neue Thin, which doesn't make any sense...correct me if I'm not seeing it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.11.115.50 (talk) 21:27, 22 January 2014 (UTC)

Images for lead paragraph?
I mildly fixed the issue for the lead paragraph being too short, but we need some pictures to summarise it. If anyone knows any good ones, let me know and add them in the article. Thanks! THetardis123 (talk) 10:06, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

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Is the Think Different image valid?
I noticed this on a whim, but the Think Different image used in the Apple Garamond section seems off. I noticed it's an SVG recreation of the original, but if you look at the "r" for example, it's not rounded at all. I thought that perhaps Apple had changed some of the design to be more angular, but this doesn't seem to be the case. It may be worth regenerating it, or using the original ad if it qualifies as fair use, if these letters are incorrect. Snaans (talk) 21:49, 12 October 2021 (UTC)
 * It seems to be a rather poor autotrace. I'll change it back to the original for now. ― novov t   c   01:48, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

Ip
IPhone 180.243.14.103 (talk) 12:58, 18 November 2022 (UTC)

Apple Garamond
The origin date of Apple Garamond is unclear. The article states that it was the typeface used since 1984, but that doesn’t track with the Apple Corporate Identity Guidelines published in 1985 which identifies only ITC Garamond (condensed to 80%). Stewf (talk) 08:08, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Apple Garamond may not have been the official name until Bitstream delivered the custom fonts under that name in 1991 (as noted in the font file info). Stewf (talk) 08:09, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Typography of Apple Inc.


text:
Postage stamps and postal history of the Straits Settlements

The Straits Settlements of the Malayan Peninsula have a postal history distinct from the other Malayan areas.

Early postal arrangements
Mail was originally handled privately by passing ships; the earliest known postal markings date from around 1806, used by a post office on Prince of Wales Island (now Penang).

Stamps of British India and Burma
Service was regularised by the Indian Post Office Act of 1837, by which the East India Company was granted a monopoly of the mail services. All private vessels were required to carry letters at prescribed rates for postage. Handstamps were applied to preadhesive ship letters. Postage stamps of India were used from 1854, the Settlements being considered part of the "Bengal circle", then from 1861 they became part of the "Burma circle". The cancellations used were B/109 at Malacca, B/147 at Penang, and B/172 at Singapore.

First stamps
When the Settlements became a crown colony in 1867, they began issuing their own stamps, not least because they adopted a currency based on 96 cents to a silver dollar. Beginning on 1 September 1867, nine types in the existing stocks of Indian stamps were overprinted with a crown and a new value in cents. Then, stamps printed by De La Rue for the Settlements started arriving in December; they are notable for a prominent white frame around the profile of Victoria, inscribed "STRAITS SETTLEMENTS POSTAGE". The set of nine values, 2c to 96c, appeared gradually, with the 30c value not being issued until 1872.

Shortages from 1879 through 1882 necessitated the production of various surcharges, until new 5c and 10c stamps arrived in January 1882. Additional surcharges appeared regularly until the end of the century.

Key plates
In 1892, key plate stamps went on sale, a number of them printed in two colours. A notable feature of this issue is the $5 stamp issued in 1898. The accession of King Edward VII necessitated new stamps in 1902, still in a key plate design, supplemented in 1903 with a design using oval vignette.

Twentieth century
The island of Labuan was incorporated into the colony in 1907, the remainder of Labuan Colony's stamps were overprinted "STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.", some with new denominations. In 1910 new stamps appeared with values of $25 and $500 (although available for postage, their more usual use was fiscal). George V replaced Edward VII on stamps beginning in 1912, reusing the frames and replacing only the vignettes. These stamps were overprinted in 1922 to mark the Malaya-Borneo Exhibition. The Straits Settlements also joined in the Silver Jubilee issue for George V in 1935. The last issue of the Straits Settlements was the 1937 George VI series.

World War II
In March 1942, Japan issued stamps for their occupation, by overprinting existing stamps with Japanese inscriptions. After the Japanese surrendered in 1945, the British military administration issued provisionals by overprinting Straits Settlements stamps with "BMA / MALAYA". These stamps were used until 1948, when stamps were produced for Singapore, Penang and Malacca. The Straits Settlements was dissolved in 1946, with Singapore becoming a separate Crown colony, while Penang and Malacca joined the new Malayan Union.

References and sources

 * References

 * Sources
 * AskPhil – Glossary of Stamp Collecting Terms
 * Encyclopaedia of Postal History
 * Lowe, Robson. (1951) The Encyclopedia of British Empire Postage Stamps Volume III. London: Robson Lowe, pp. 296–321.
 * Rossiter, Stuart & John Flower. (1986) The Stamp Atlas. London: Macdonald. ISBN 0-356-10862-7
 * British Malaya Security Markings: Firm Chops, PERFINS, Forwarding Agents Chops etc.
 * Francis E. Wood, "Straits Settlements and native protected states with special reference to stamps of doubtful catalogue status" in The London Philatelist, Feb/Mar 1939.
 * Francis E. Wood, Straits Settlements postage stamps. Betws-y-Coed: 1945 or 1948. (Reprinted: Kuala Lumpur, Malaya, Selangor Stamp Club, 1961.)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: User talk:62.253.64.13

title: User talk:62.253.64.13


text:
Com Defeito de Fabricação

Fabrication Defect (Com Defeito de Fabricação) is an album by the Brazilian musician Tom Zé, released in 1998. It is a concept album about the likelihood of humans becoming androids due to the forces of economic manipulation; "genetic defects", like the desire to dance, are the only things preventing the transformation.

Zé supported the album by touring with Tortoise as his backing band. A remix EP, Postmodern Platos, was released in 1999.

Critical reception
Rolling Stone thought that the album "exhibits a symphonic precision rare in music of such percussive complexity." CMJ New Music Report called the album "a stunning return," writing that Zé is "perhaps the last Brazilian Tropicalista to remain totally true to his iconoclastic roots."

The Orange County Register stated that Fabrication Defect "showcases [Zé's] off-kilter cultural cut 'n' paste style in which everything from a 'rubber balloon on tooth' to bottles can become a musical instrument." The Village Voice concluded that "Zé doesn't simply cut and paste digital bits together into a martial disco beat, preferring unlikely material displacements of musique concrète."

AllMusic wrote that "the album is a fragmented blend of skittish acoustic guitars, booming electronic rhythms, shouted slogans, bizarre found-sound tape loops, and near-psychedelic production tricks."

Track listing

 * 1) Defect 1: Gene
 * 2) Defect 2: Curiosidade
 * 3) Defect 3: Politicar
 * 4) Defect 4: Emerê
 * 5) Defect 5: O Olho Do Lago
 * 6) Defect 6: Esteticar
 * 7) Defect 7: Dançar
 * 8) Defect 8: ONU, Arma Mortal
 * 9) Defect 9: Juventude Javali
 * 10) Defect 10: Cedotardar
 * 11) Defect 11: Tangolomango
 * 12) Defect 12: Valsar
 * 13) Defect 13: Burrice
 * 14) Defect 14: Xiquexique

title: Com Defeito de Fabricação


text:
Malaise

In medicine, malaise is a feeling of general discomfort, uneasiness or lack of wellbeing and often the first sign of an infection or other disease. The word has existed in French since at least the 12th century.

The term is often used figuratively in other contexts, in addition to its meaning as a general state of angst or melancholia.

Cause
Malaise is a non-specific symptom and can be present in the slightest ailment, such as an emotion (causing fainting, a vasovagal response) or hunger (light hypoglycemia ), to the most serious conditions (cancer, stroke, heart attack, internal bleeding, etc.).

Malaise expresses a patient's uneasiness that "something is not right" that may need a medical examination to determine the significance.

Malaise is thought to be caused by the activation of an immune response, and the associated pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Figurative use
"Economic malaise" refers to an economy that is stagnant or in recession (compare depression). The term is particularly associated with the 1973–75 United States recession. An era of American automotive history, centered around the 1970s, is similarly called the "malaise era."

The "Crisis of Confidence" speech made by US President Jimmy Carter in 1979 is commonly referred to as the "malaise speech", although the word itself was not actually in the speech.

title: Malaise


text:
User talk:Demarshall

David Edson Marshall

Born: Edmonton - January 20, 1961 Educated: Calgary - Bachelor of Education - University of Calgary 1989

I am currently studying drama at the University of Calgary in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

I will add to this as I think of things to add.

--David Marshall B.Ed. 06:16, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC) David Marshall B.Ed. 08:33, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:David Edson Marshall.jpg
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License tagging for Image:DavidMarshall2.jpg
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Image:DAVID_MARSHALL2.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:DAVID_MARSHALL2.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Calliopejen1 (talk) 05:45, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

SI Prefixes
I am writing as a courtesy to let you know that I moved your request regarding SI prefixes to a new section on the same talk page. In that way it will get the proper attention. I have responded publically to you there. Martinvl (talk) 09:10, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

BrowserChoice.eu
Hi, I noticed your recent contributions to BrowserChoice.eu, and I had a question about this edit of yours. Specifically, what you've written doesn't actually seem to be the case - when I visit http://www.browserchoice.eu, I see IE, Firefox, Chrome, Opera and Maxthon as the first five browsers, with six others available when scrolling to the right. I didn't want to revert right away since I thought that the site might show different lists in different locales/languages or something. Could you perhaps post a screenshot (here, not in the article) showing the BrowserChoice.eu website in the state you describe, with the browser's address bar also showing? I'm sure there's a reasonable explanation for this apparent discrepancy.

I also had to revert another one of your edits on the same article, because the statement was unsourced and hence original research. If you do add it back, please make sure it's backed by a reliable source.

Finally, I wanted to point out that putting ~ in the edit summary doesn't work, it isn't expanded to your signature. And at any rate, edit summaries are meant for describing the changes you're making to the article, not signing them. Please see Help:Edit summary for more information, and feel free to contact me on my talk page if you need more assistance.

Thanks! Indrek (talk) 09:10, 28 November 2012 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:David Edson Marshall 2011.jpg

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Proposed deletion of File:David Edson Marshall.jpg

The file File:David Edson Marshall.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned image with no foreseeable encyclopedic use."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Pkbwcgs (talk) 18:48, 29 April 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Demarshall


text:
Proconsul

A proconsul was an official of ancient Rome who acted on behalf of a consul. A proconsul was typically a former consul. The term is also used in recent history for officials with delegated authority.

In the Roman Republic, military command, or imperium, could be exercised constitutionally only by a consul. There were two consuls at a time, each elected to a one-year term. They could not normally serve two terms in a row. If a military campaign was in progress at the end of a consul's term, the consul in command might have his command prorogued, allowing him to continue in command. This custom allowed for continuity of command despite the high turnover of consuls. In the Roman Empire, proconsul was a title held by a civil governor and did not imply military command.

In modern times, various officials with notable delegated authority have been referred to as proconsuls. Studies of leadership typically divide leaders into policymakers and subordinate administrators. The proconsul occupies a position between these two categories. Max Weber classified leadership as traditional, rational-legal (bureaucratic), and charismatic. A proconsul could be both a rule-following bureaucrat and charismatic personality. The rise of bureaucracy and rapid communication has reduced the scope for proconsular freelancing.

Etymology
The Latin word prōconsul is a shortened form of prō consule, meaning "(one acting) on behalf of the consul." It appears on inscriptions beginning in 135 BC. Ancient historians describe Quintus Publilius Philo, the first proconsul, as acting prō consule for 326 BC. For later proconsuls, the same sources use the shortened form.

Roman Republic
A proconsul was endowed with full consular authority outside the city of Rome. Cicero notes that this did not include the right to consult auguries: "Our ancestors would not undertake any military enterprise without consulting the auspices; but now, for many years, our wars have been conducted by pro-consuls and propraetors, who do not have the right to take auspices."

The position was created to deal with a constitutional peculiarity of the Roman Republic. Only a consul could command an army, but the high turnover of consuls could disrupt continuity of command. If a consul's term ended in the midst of a campaign, he could be prorogued and continue to command.

Quintus Publilius Philo was one of two consuls for the year 327 BC. When his term expired at the end of the year, his army was in the midst of besieging the city of Neapolis (modern Naples). Rather than risk a change of command at such a delicate moment, the people voted that he should "conduct the campaign in place of a consul (prō consule)" after his term expired. Publilius thus became the first proconsul.

With territorial expansion beyond Italy and the annexation of territories as Roman provinces, the proconsul became one of two types of Roman provincial governors. The other was the propraetor.

In theory, proconsuls held delegated authority and acted on behalf of the consuls. In practice, a proconsulship was often treated as an extension of a consul's term. This extension applied only outside the city walls of Rome. It was an extension of the military command of the consul, but not of his public office.

As the number of Roman legions was increased, there was a need to increase the number of military commanders. The office of the praetor was introduced in 366 BC. The praetors were the chief justices of the city. They were also given imperium so that they could also command an army.

During the Second Samnite War, Rome increased the number of her legions. The position of propraetor was instituted. These were praetors whose imperium was extended and were given the task to command a reserve army. Propraetors had the power to command one army, whereas proconsuls had the power to command two armies.

In 307 BC, Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus, who was consul the previous year, was elected as proconsul to conduct the campaign in Samnium. During the Third Samnite War (298–290 BC) the consuls of the previous year, Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus and Publius Decius Mus, were given a six-month extension of their authority to carry on the war in Samnium. In 291 BC Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges had his command extended and to carry out mop up operations towards the end of the war. He defeated the Pentri, the largest Samnite tribe.

There were two republican proconsuls who did not previously hold the position of consul. During the Second Punic War (218–201 BC) Scipio Africanus volunteered to lead the second Roman expedition against the Carthaginians in Spain. He was too young to have been a consul. He was made proconsul by a vote of the Popular Assembly. When Scipio left Spain after his victory in 205 BC, Lucius Cornelius Lentulus and Lucius Manlius Acidinus were sent as commanders without public office (sine magistratus). This was done because Manlius Acidinus had not been a consul before.

As Rome acquired territory, the need for provincial governors grew. The province of Sicily was created in 241 BC, while Corsica and Sardinia was created in 238 BC. In 227 BC, two praetors were assigned the administration of these two provinces. Two more praetors were added when the provinces of Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior were created in 197 BC. After this, no praetors were added even when the number of provinces increased. It became customary to extend the authority of consuls and the praetors at the end of their annual terms. The provinces were assigned by lot to proconsuls and propraetors. The proconsuls were assigned the provinces which contained the larger number of troops.

Under Lex Sempronia, enacted in 123 BC, the senate determined the allocation of the provinces before the next consular elections. In 81 BC, Sulla added two praetors so that the two proconsuls and six propraetors could be assigned to govern the ten provinces Rome ruled at that time. Sulla made the governorships annual and required the holder to leave the province within thirty days after the arrival of his successor.

In 67 BC, Pompey received extraordinary powers and an unprecedented multiyear proconsulship to deal with the problem of piracy. The "first triumvirate" of Julius Caesar, Pompey and Crassus also received multiyear proconsulships in 59 BC. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus was also granted this power in 38 BC.

Roman Empire
Under the Republic, consuls and proconsuls had raised and commanded armies loyal to themselves. Augustus, Rome's first emperor, replaced these essentially private armies with a standing imperial army. The consuls and proconsuls lost their military authority, but the titles retained considerable prestige.

The provinces were divided between imperial provinces, which were under the jurisdiction of the emperor, and senatorial provinces, which were under the jurisdiction of the senate. The imperial provinces were mostly the border provinces, where most of the legions were stationed. This allowed the emperor to retain control of the army. In the senatorial provinces, the governors were called proconsuls. Tenure was generally restricted to one year.

According to Suetonius: The more important provinces, which could not with ease or safety be entrusted to the government of annual magistrates, [Augustus] reserved for his own administration: the rest he distributed by lot amongst the proconsuls; but sometimes he made exchanges, and frequently visited most of both kinds in person.

Augustus decreed that the governors of the senatorial provinces would receive the title proconsul, regardless of whether they had served as praetor or consul. These were chosen by lot, with the result ratified by the Senate. In the imperial provinces, the emperors appointed governors who held the title of legatus Augusti pro praetore, or pro-praetor, regardless of what position they had held previously.

A passage in the New Testament notes that cases might be judged by a proconsul: "If therefore Demetrius and the artisans with him have a complaint against anyone, the courts are open, and there are proconsuls; let them bring charges there against one another."

Notitia Dignitatum, an early fifth-century imperial chancery document, mentions three proconsuls but no propraetors. These outranked vicars in precedence, though administratively they were subordinates like all governors. They governed the provinces of: Asia, comprising the central part of the western Anatolian coast; Achaea, comprising the Peloponnese and most of Central Greece; and Africa, the northern part of modern Tunisia.

In leadership theory
Although "proconsul" is an official title only with respect to magistrates of ancient Rome, the word has also been applied to various British, U.S., and French officials. In the modern context, it is rarely a compliment. The terms satrap (from Persian) and viceroy (from French) are both used in a similar way.

Despite the gulf between ancient and modern proconsuls, writer Carnes Lord has proposed a single definition to allow the phenomenon to be analyzed in the context of leadership theory: "delegated political-military leadership that rises in the best case to statesmanship." South African historian John Benyon defines a proconsul as a leader with "semi-independent and extraordinary capacity to shape the periphery" of an empire.

Modern writing on leadership tends to stress the distinction between "administration" on the one hand and "policy" on the other. This emphasis can be traced to an essay by Woodrow Wilson written in the late 19th century. In earlier epochs, it was common for leaders to combine the two roles. Since this is no longer the case, specific terminology is required to describe such officials.

In his classic study, Max Weber distinguished among three modes of legitimate governance: traditional, rational-legal, and charismatic. In the form of bureaucracy, the rational-legal mode is dominant in the modern world. But a modern proconsul may also resort to aristocratic, or charismatic, leadership.

In the Roman Republic, a proconsul was typically a former consul and thus an experienced commander-in-chief. Having held the Republic's highest office, he was a statesman as well as an administrator. Rome's patrician class was prepared to exercise aristocratic leadership, both civil and military.

Several factors are said to limit the scope of proconsular authority in modern times. Democracies put the military under civilian authority and tend to avoid policymaking by military leaders. Modern government emphasizes bureaucracy and rulemaking, while the Romans were aristocratic. Finally, modern communications allows for greater central control.

Although transoceanic telegraph lines were laid by the mid-19th century, Lord describes the late 19th century as the heyday of British proconsular authority. Lord Curzon in India, Frederick Lugard in Nigeria, Cecil Rhodes in South Africa, and Lord Cromer in Egypt all took imperial initiatives that London approved only reluctantly. As ruler of Japan and Korea after World War II, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur consciously modeled himself on a Roman aristocrat. The role of U.S. General David Petraeus and others in Iraq suggests a continued need for proconsular leadership, according to Lord. Modern technology makes communication easier than ever. But as email and Power Point presentations proliferate, clarity and intellectual discipline is lost. Another factor is that civilian policymakers, whether on the spot or in the metropole, may lack the skills needed to manage military forces. Yet proconsuls are at best an ad hoc solution to a reoccurring problem. Managing a large territory in occupation or conflict requires a range of skills and the ability to deal with various organizations. No one is trained as a proconsul and the available administrators have experience in at most one relevant agency or service. During the Vietnam War, the U.S. attempted to deal with this issue by creating an integrated civilian-military command structure called Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS).

British Empire
British colonial officials sometimes referred to as proconsuls include Alfred Milner in South Africa, Lord Curzon in India, Lord Lugard in Nigeria, and Lord Kitchener in Egypt and Sudan. These leaders were able to take imperial initiatives even when the government in London was reluctant. Conservative and Unionist governments were notably more tolerant of such freelancing than Liberal governments were. These proconsuls ruled in the age of the transoceanic telegraph, so rapid communication did not end proconsular independence.

United States
Various American commanders and ambassadors have been referred to as proconsuls. Writer Carnes Lord discusses the following figures in the framework of proconsular authority:
 * William Howard Taft in the Philippines (1900–1903)
 * Leonard Wood in Cuba
 * Lucius D. Clay in Germany
 * Douglas MacArthur in South Korea
 * Edward Lansdale, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., Creighton Abrams, Ellsworth Bunker, and William Colby in South Vietnam
 * Wesley Clark in Bosnia in 1994–99
 * Paul Bremer in Iraq in 2003
 * David Petraeus in Iraq in 2004–08 and Afghanistan in 2010–11

title: Proconsul


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Vire (river)

The Vire is a river in Normandy, France whose 128 km course crosses the départements of Calvados and Manche, flowing through the towns of  Vire, Saint-Lô and Isigny-sur-Mer, finally flowing out into the English Channel. Its main tributaries are the Aure, the Elle and the Souleuvre.

The outflow of the Vire has been canalized and forms the port of Isigny-sur-Mer.

The poets of the Vire valley (Vau de Vire) are said to have given rise to vaudeville.

Places along the river:
 * Calvados (14) : Vire, Pont-Farcy, Isigny-sur-Mer
 * Manche (50) : Tessy-sur-Vire, Troisgots, Torigni-sur-Vire, Condé-sur-Vire, Sainte-Suzanne-sur-Vire, Saint-Lô, Rampan, Pont-Hébert, La Meauffe, Cavigny

Hydrology and water quality
The generally brownish waters of the Vire are moderately alkaline having been tested by Lumina Tech as pH 8.31. The river waters are relatively turbid, with a Secchi disc measurement of 12 centimetres.

Historical significance
At the turn of the 10th century, the territorial lands of the Kingdom of Brittany had been expanded up to the Vire by their king Alan I.

title: Vire (river)


text:
BYU Cougars men's soccer

BYU Cougars men's soccer is an American soccer team based in Provo, Utah, United States. The club has won nine NIRSA national championships, and it is the only university sponsored soccer program to have ever purchased a franchise, competing in the Premier Development League (now known as USL League Two) from 2003 to 2017. It has since returned to club competition, and the team plays its home games at The Stadium at South Field on the campus of Brigham Young University. The team's colors are dark blue and white.

History
Men's soccer has had a presence at BYU dating back to 1955, when Carl and Harold Boden – two brothers who had recently moved from Germany to attend the school – placed an ad in the student newspaper and gathered enough players together to start a team. They joined the Utah Soccer League the following year, and began playing teams from around the state of the Utah. The university officially sanctioned soccer as a club sport in 1963.

The team received a major boost in 1969 with the arrival of former Italian soccer star Bruno Gerzeli, who had 14 seasons of experience as a professional player in Europe and South America. Gerzeli had become a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1966 while living in Canada, and moved to Utah shortly thereafter. His coaching helped BYU secure the Daynes Cup, the top soccer trophy in the state, in 1970. He also provided some international exposure by arranging for the team to take a 22-day tour of his native Italy in 1974. That same year BYU installed new coach Shavji “Jim” Dusara, who had served as head coach of the national soccer team of Tanzania during Olympic qualifying in 1968 and 1972. Dusara continued the trend of building BYU soccer with players from foreign countries, in addition to local talent from Utah and other parts of the United States. The team won the Daynes Cup for the second time in 1976.

The BYU men's soccer team officially joined the NCAA in 1978. Then known as the “SoccerCats”, the team showed well in their first season, defeating rival Utah 3-0 and eventually finishing in second place in the WAC tournament. The program then proceeded to win the tournament in the following three consecutive seasons (1979 to 1981). Dusara guided the team as head coach until 1987, when he was controversially dismissed by BYU's athletic administration, and the men's soccer program was dropped from NCAA status.

With the end of NCAA competition, BYU's men's soccer team found significant success at the club level. The Cougars won NCSA national titles in 1993 and 1995 prior to moving to NIRSA. There, they continued to dominate the Collegiate Club Soccer Championships, winning national titles in 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2001, including an unprecedented run of 30 straight victories at the Club National Championships.

In 2001, BYU participated in its first international tour as a club team. The Cougars traveled for 10 days throughout Europe, playing 6 games in Spain and the Netherlands. BYU compiled a 4-1-1 record, with games in Spain against Vallecas CF, Rayo Vallecano reserves, and FC Barcelona reserves, and in the Netherlands against FC Sittard and Minor Nuth. In 2002, they spent 6 days in Pachuca and Mexico City playing 4 games against the various reserve teams of C.F. Pachuca and Cruz Azul, compiling a 2–2 record.

Paralleling their efforts to increase the level of competition, BYU left the collegiate club division of soccer, and purchased a franchise in the Premier Development League (now known as USL League Two), where they began play in May 2003. Part of the United Soccer Leagues, this league provides the year round competition necessary to develop individual and team skills that in hand will better prepare them for success in their international travels. BYU is the only university sponsored soccer program to ever purchase a franchise and compete at a level considered higher than NCAA soccer in the pyramid of U.S. soccer development. Their first season in the PDL saw BYU in the Southwest division, competing against traditionally strong southern California sides such as Orange County Blue Star and Southern California Seahorses. Despite a 3–0 victory over Nevada Wonders in their first game, BYU's first season was a difficult one, and saw them pick up just one more victory all year, but BYU finished 4th the following two years. In 2006, BYU realigned to the Northwest division, and qualified for their first US Open Cup and their first playoffs. In 2007, the Cougars won their first divisional title, but the following year the team fell back to 4th place. BYU realigned to the PDL's Southwest Division in 2009 following the league's expansion in the Pacific Northwest, and they finished fourth in the table, three points out of the playoffs. BYU's tough time in the Southwest continued in 2010, a season in which the Cougars won just four games.

In 2017, it was announced that the team would leave the PDL after 15 seasons to return to club status, and the club finished the season with its sixth NIRSA National Championship.

On November 23, 2019, the Cougars faced the 2014 National Champions Ohio State in the 2019 NIRSA National Championship. Ohio State and BYU whom are perennial power houses entered the match with a 18-1-0 record and a 16-1-0 record respectively. The Buckeyes took a 1–0 lead in the 8th minute, but the Cougars responded shortly after with a penalty kick in the 14th minute. The Cougars then made it 2–1 in the 24th minute of the match. In the 28th minute the Buckeyes were reduced to 10 men following a red card. The Cougars entered half-time with the 2–1 advantage. Although the Buckeyes were down a player, they kept the pressure on BYU for majority of the 2nd half. The Cougars defense made spectacular efforts to keep the game only 2–1, after weathering numerous set pieces from the Buckeyes. As the Buckeyes continued to push more numbers forward in search for an equalizer, BYU sealed the game in the 80th minute off a counterattack to make the game 3–1, and ultimately giving BYU their 7th National Championship.

NIRSA

 * 1996 National Champions
 * 1997 National Champions
 * 1998 National Champions
 * 1999 National Champions
 * 2001 National Champions
 * 2017 National Champions
 * 2019 National Champions
 * 2021 National Champions
 * 2022 National Champions
 * 2023 National Champions

United Soccer League

 * 2007 PDL Northwest Division Champions

Head coaches

 * 🇮🇹 Bruno Gerzeli (1968–1974)
 * 🇿🇦 Jim Dusara (1974–1987)
 * 🇺🇸 David G. Woolley (1987–1995)
 * 🇺🇸 Chris Watkins (1995–2015)
 * 🇺🇸 Brandon Gilliam (2015–present)

Stadium

 * The Stadium at South Field; Provo, Utah (1995–present) (40.247°N, -111.655°W)

title: BYU Cougars men's soccer


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White-winged snowfinch

The white-winged snowfinch (Montifringilla nivalis), or snowfinch, is a small passerine bird. Despite its name, it is a sparrow rather than a true finch.

Taxonomy
In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the white-winged snowfinch in his Ornithologie based on a specimen but without specifying where it had been collected. He used the French name Le pinçon de neige ou la niverolle and the Latin Fringilla nivalis. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the white-winged snowfinch. Linnaeus included a brief description, used the binomial name Fringilla nivalis and cited Brisson's work. Linnaeus listed the type location as "America". The type location was subsequently designated as Switzerland. The specific name nivalis is Latin for 'snowy' or 'snow-white'. This species is now placed in the genus Montifringilla that was introduced by the German ornithologist Christian Ludwig Brehm in 1828.

Seven subspecies are recognised:
 * M. n. nivalis (Linnaeus, 1766) – south Europe
 * M. n. leucura Bonaparte, 1855 – south and east Turkey
 * M. n. alpicola (Pallas, 1811) – the Caucasus and north Iran to Afghanistan
 * M. n. gaddi Zarudny & Loudon, 1904 – southwest Iran
 * M. n. tianshanica Keve-Kleiner, 1943 – east Kazakhstan and north Tajikistan
 * M. n. groumgrzimaili Zarudny & Loudon, 1904 – northwest China to central Mongolia
 * M. n. kwenlunensis Bianchi, 1908 – west central China and north Tibet

Description
The white-winged snowfinch is a large stocky snowfinch at 16.5 – in length. It has brown upperparts, white underparts and a grey head. There is a long narrow white wing panel. In summer, the bill is black, and there is a black bib. The bib is lost in winter and the bill becomes yellow. Sexes are similar. In flight, it shows black wings with huge white wing panels, and a white edged black tail. This bird has a chattering song with many trills, and variety of rolling or creaky calls.

Distribution and habitat
It is a resident breeding species on bare mountains, typically above 1500 m, across southern Europe (Pyrenees, Alps, Corsica, Balkans) and through central Asia to western China. It nests in crevices or rodent burrows, laying 3–4 eggs.

Behaviour
The white-winged snowfinch's food is mainly seeds with some insects. It is fearless, and will forage around ski resorts. It is hardy, and rarely descends below 1000 m even in hard winter weather.

title: White-winged snowfinch


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Scott Rolen

Scott Bruce Rolen (born April 4, 1975) is an American former professional baseball third baseman. He played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, Toronto Blue Jays, and Cincinnati Reds from 1996 to 2012.

Rolen started his career with the Phillies, where he was named the 1997 National League Rookie of the Year. Rolen became known for two iconic postseason home runs with the Cardinals: a go-ahead hit off Roger Clemens in Game 7 of the 2004 NLCS and a Game 1 homer off Justin Verlander in the 2006 World Series. Regarded as one of the best defensive third basemen of all time, Rolen won eight Gold Glove Awards over his career, the fourth-most among third basemen.

A seven-time All-Star, Rolen was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame on July 23, 2023.

Early life
Rolen was born in Evansville, Indiana, and attended Jasper High School in Jasper, Indiana. During his senior year at Jasper in 1993, he was named Indiana Mr. Baseball. He was also named to the Indiana high school basketball All-Star team.

Draft and minor leagues (1993–1996)
After a flurry of scholarship offers came in from schools like Oklahoma State and the University of Alabama, Rolen ultimately committed to playing college basketball for the Georgia Bulldogs. That commitment was complicated when the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB) selected Rolen in the second round of the 1993 MLB Draft.

Rolen told reporters after the draft that he hoped he could forge a deal that would allow him to play for the Phillies farm system in the summer and on the Georgia basketball team in the winter. On July 22, however, Rolen chose to forego his commitment to Georgia to sign with the Phillies and focus on baseball; he was subsequently assigned to the Rookie-level Martinsville Phillies of the Appalachian League. He played 25 games in his first season of professional baseball, batting .313 with five doubles and 12 runs batted in (RBIs) in 80 at bats.

After attending spring training with the Phillies, Rolen opened the 1994 season with the Low A Spartanburg Phillies of the South Atlantic League. While his offensive metrics in Spartanburg were strong, batting .295 with 10 home runs, 30 doubles, and 61 RBIs by the last week of August, Rolen's 35 defensive errors in that same span caused concern among sports analysts. Manager Roy Majtyka defended Rolen's defensive performance, saying, "I've seen bad hops that hit him in the head be ruled an error. It's a joke. I honestly think you could take half of them away." Rolen was named Spartanburg's Most Valuable Player after batting .294 with 14 home runs and 72 RBIs, but he "wasn't satisfied with anything [he] did", telling reporters after the season, "I need to improve my entire game." When the minor league season concluded, Rolen participated in the 1994 Florida Instructional League to continue honing his sport.

As a minor league baseball player, Rolen was unaffected by the 1994–95 MLB strike, and he reported that April to the Class A-Advanced Clearwater Phillies of the Florida State League. He missed the first part of the season, however, with a fractured hook of hamate on his glove hand that required surgery. He was activated from the disabled list on June 6, hitting two home runs against the Brevard County Manatees in his first game back after the injury. The injury appeared to help Rolen's offensive performance, as it was less painful for him to hit a pitch well inside the strike zone than outside of it. After hitting .290 with ten home runs and 39 RBIs in 238 at bats in Clearwater, Rolen was promoted to the Double-A Reading Phillies of the Eastern League on August 16. He played in an additional 20 games after his promotion, batting .290 with three home runs and 15 RBIs in 76 at bats.

Rather than promoting Rolen directly to the major leagues, the Phillies chose to keep him in Reading for the start of the 1996 season, with Todd Zeile playing third base in Philadelphia. After recording nine home runs and 42 RBIs while leading the Eastern League by a .361 average, 83 hits, 22 doubles, a .568 slugging percentage, and 33 extra-base hits in 61 games for Reading, Rolen was promoted to the Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons of the International League on June 13. Rolen's promotion coincided with a difficult stretch for the Phillies, and the team began planning at the end of June to call him up to Philadelphia after the All-Star Game break. He batted .274 in 45 games for Scranton, with two home runs and 19 RBIs in 168 at bats.

Philadelphia Phillies (1996–2002)
Rather than taking advantage of the MLB trading deadline to acquire new players for the struggling team, the Phillies chose to promote Rolen for his MLB debut on August 1, 1996. He debuted for the first game of a doubleheader against the St. Louis Cardinals, recording his first major league hit and error in the 2–1 Phillies victory. Rolen's first two home runs came on August 21 in a 6–0 shutout of the Los Angeles Dodgers. What should have been Rolen's rookie season came to a premature end on September 7, when he suffered a fractured right ulna after being hit by a pitch from Steve Trachsel in a 4–2 Philadelphia victory over the Chicago Cubs. Rolen finished the season batting .254 with four home runs and 18 RBIs in 130 at bats, the maximum threshold to be considered a rookie for the 1997 season. Had Rolen not fractured his arm in his final plate appearance, he would have been considered a 1996 rookie, but a hit by pitch does not count as an at bat, thus preserving his eligibility for the following season.

In the next season, he was named National League Rookie of the Year, becoming the first Phillie since Dick Allen in 1964 to win the award. In 1998, he won his first of eight Gold Glove awards. Only Hall of Famers Brooks Robinson (16) and Mike Schmidt (10), plus current Cardinals third baseman Nolan Arenado (10) have more at third base. Rolen was supposed to be one of the key pieces in the Phillies' revival. However, claiming that management was not trying hard enough to win, as well as having constant friction with manager Larry Bowa, Rolen demanded a trade. He was nearly traded to the Cincinnati Reds for prospect Brandon Larson, but the Reds' president John Allen killed the deal over financial concerns. Instead, on July 29, 2002, Philadelphia traded Rolen and Doug Nickle to the St. Louis Cardinals for Plácido Polanco, Mike Timlin, and Bud Smith. On September 25, 2002, Rolen signed an eight-year, $90 million extension with the Cardinals. Rolen was represented in negotiations by ACES Inc.

St. Louis Cardinals (2002–2007)
Rolen's 2004 season was one of his best. For much of the season, he led the National League in RBIs, often ranked among the league leaders in most offensive statistics, and had the highest vote total of any player for the All-Star Game. Despite being injured for the last stretch of the season, he finished the year with a career-high .314 batting average, 34 home runs, and 124 RBIs. He finished fourth in the National League MVP voting. Rolen, along with Albert Pujols and Jim Edmonds earned the nickname "MV3" for their outstanding 2004 seasons. The 2004 Cardinals won the National League Central Division with 105 wins. Rolen's two-run home run in the sixth inning of Game 7 of the NLCS against Roger Clemens won the National League pennant for St. Louis by defeating the Astros in seven games. However, the Boston Red Sox swept the Cardinals in four games to win the 2004 World Series.

On May 10, 2005, Rolen injured his shoulder in a collision with Dodgers first baseman Hee-Seop Choi and was placed on the disabled list two days later. He was expected to be out of action for up to six weeks. On May 13, he underwent shoulder surgery; an additional MRI revealed a tear in the labrum. He eventually opted to have season-ending surgery on his shoulder in August, rather than attempt to let it heal on its own and return for the playoffs. He finally returned to full-time duties in 2006, a year in which Rolen was one of six nominees for the National League Comeback Player of the Year award. He finished 2006 hitting .292, hitting 22 home runs and 95 RBIs. Rolen and the Cardinals won the 2006 World Series over the Detroit Tigers, with Rolen most notably hitting a game-tying home run in Game 1. On September 15, 2006, Rolen set a personal record for RBIs in a game with 7 in a 14–4 win against the San Francisco Giants, hitting two home runs.

The next year, however, Rolen faced more injury woes. He was placed on the 15-day disabled list on August 31, 2007, because of his recurring left shoulder problems. On September 11, Rolen had season-ending shoulder surgery "for the removal of scar tissue and a bursectomy and a manipulation of his left (non-throwing) shoulder".

Toronto Blue Jays (2008–2009)
On January 12, 2008, the Cardinals reached a preliminary deal to send Rolen to the Toronto Blue Jays for Troy Glaus (which became finalized on January 14).

Rolen suffered a non-displaced fracture of his right middle finger during fielding drills at spring training. His fingernail was also torn off. As a result, Rolen missed the beginning of the regular season, having surgery to insert a screw in his broken finger. Marco Scutaro was the Blue Jays' third baseman in Rolen's place. On April 25, 2008, Rolen was activated from the 15-day disabled list. Two days later, against the Kansas City Royals, he hit his first home run as a Blue Jay.

After coming off another stint in the DL in late August, this time for his shoulder, he modified his batting stance by lowering his shoulders and arms by six inches, enabling him to reestablish his offensive power for the season's final month and hitting a couple of home runs at the comfort of less strain on the shoulder, which he had three prior surgeries to correct. He finished the year with a .262 batting average, 11 home runs and 50 RBIs in 115 games.

Cincinnati Reds (2009–2012)
On July 31, 2009, Rolen was traded to the Cincinnati Reds along with cash considerations for Edwin Encarnación, Josh Roenicke and Zach Stewart. During the 2010 season, Rolen regularly started at third base. He hit his 300th career home run on June 28, 2010, off Kyle Kendrick of the Philadelphia Phillies. His performance helped the Reds win the Central Division that year, their first division championship in 15 seasons. Rolen also won his eighth Gold Glove as a member of the Reds, the third team with which he received the award.

A middle-of-the-order hitter throughout his career, Rolen finished with a career .281 batting average, a .364 on-base percentage and a .490 slugging percentage. He had 2,077 hits, 316 home runs, and 1,287 RBIs, while scoring 1,211 runs. He finished with a career Wins Above Replacement (WAR) of 70.1, which ranks 10th all-time among third basemen.

On July 15, 2011, he became the fourth third baseman ever to have 2,000 hits, 500 doubles, 300 home runs and 1,200 RBIs, along with Mike Schmidt, George Brett, and Chipper Jones. Rolen ended his career with the 2012 National League Division Series, where a groundball error in Game 3 scored the go-ahead run for the San Francisco Giants when the Reds were one win away from the NLCS. With the potential in the ninth inning to tie or win in Game 5 by being at the plate with two runners on in a 6–4 game, Rolen struck out to clinch the series for the Giants.

Rolen did not attend 2013 spring training, but also did not announce his retirement.

Charity work
In 1999, Rolen created The Enis Furley Foundation (named after one of Rolen's dogs), wanting to help children and their families who struggle with illness, hardship, or other special needs. The scope of the foundation was intentionally left broad to give the flexibility to respond to a wide range of personal circumstances. Externally, the Enis Furley Foundation is active in community outreach programs, "Hot Corner Kids," and the construction of outdoor retreats, such as "Camp Emma Lou" (named after another one of Rolen's dogs). Rolen's goals for his charity efforts are simple: "To have fun, have a blast. Let's play."

Rolen gave Indiana University a "major gift" to the Indiana University baseball program and its facility, Bart Kaufman Field. Rolen made the contribution in honor of his parents, Ed and Linda Rolen, who are longtime educators and IU fans.

Awards and honors

 * 1993 Selected to the Indiana Basketball All Star Team
 * 1993 Mr. Baseball (Indiana)
 * 1997 NL Rookie of the Year
 * 8-time National League 3B Gold Glove Award (1998, 2000–04, 2006, 2010)
 * 7-time National League All-Star (2002–2006, 2010, 2011)
 * National League Silver Slugger (2002)

Rolen was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Baseball Writers' Association of America in 2023, his sixth year of eligibility. Notably, he had received only 10.2% of the vote in his first appearance on the ballot in 2018, the lowest ever for a candidate eventually voted in by the BBWAA. He was formally inducted on July 23.

Personal life
Rolen is married and is a father of two children. When he was inducted into the Hall of Fame, Rolen celebrated the announcement with his parents, wife, and children. In 2018, when he first appeared on the Hall of Fame ballot, Rolen's son predicted that his father would someday be inducted.

On July 18, 2018, Rolen was hired as the Director of Player Development for Indiana University baseball.

title: Scott Rolen


text:
John King

John or Johnny King may refer to:

Academics

 * John Edward King (1858–1939), author and headmaster
 * John E. King (1913–2008), American educator and academic administrator
 * John Leslie King (born 1951), professor at the University of Michigan School of Information
 * John Mark King, leader of St. James-Bond Church (1863–1883) and principal of Manitoba College in Winnipeg

Entertainment

 * John Crookshanks King (1806–1882), Scottish sculptor in Boston, Massachusetts
 * John King (painter) (1929–2014), English painter
 * John 'Dusty' King (1909–1987), American actor
 * John Michael King (1926–2008), American actor
 * John Reed King (1914–1979), American radio and TV game show host
 * John King (ukulelist) (1953–2009), American ukulele player
 * John King (author) (born 1960), English author of novels such as The Football Factory
 * John King (comics), a fictional character in the Marvel Comics Universe
 * John King (country singer) (born 1988), country musician
 * John King (record producer), American music producer, one of the Dust Brothers
 * John King, lead guitarist for American rock band The Litter.

Military

 * John King, 1st Baron Kingston (died 1676), Anglo-Irish soldier during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
 * John King (explorer) (1838–1872), Irish soldier and member of the Burke and Wills expedition in Australia
 * John King (Medal of Honor) (1865–1938), U.S. Navy chief petty officer and twice recipient of the Medal of Honor
 * John F. King, U.S. Army officer and Georgia's Insurance and Safety Fire Commissioner
 * John H. King (1820–1888), U.S. Army officer and American Civil War general

U.S.

 * John King (New York congressman) (1775–1836), United States Representative from New York
 * John A. King (1788–1867), Governor of New York, 1857–1858
 * John Pendleton King (1799–1888), United States Senator from Georgia
 * John A. King (1817–1900), New York politician
 * J. Floyd King (1842–1915), U.S. Representative from Louisiana
 * John Rhodes King, member of the sixth (1855) and eleventh (1866) Texas Legislatures
 * John M. King, member of the 6th South Dakota State Senate in 1899
 * Jack P. King (1909–1982), member of the Hawaii House of Representatives
 * John W. King (1918–1996), Governor of New Hampshire, 1963–1969
 * John McCandish King (1927–2016), member of the Illinois House of Representatives
 * John G. King (politician) (born 1942), in Massachusetts
 * John King Jr. (born 1975), United States Secretary of Education, 2016–2017
 * John Richard C. King (born 1976), South Carolina state legislature
 * John King (Los Angeles politician), president of the Common Council
 * John King (Michigan politician), member of the Michigan House of Representatives
 * John Edward King (Louisiana judge) (1821–1881), Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court for one day

U.K.

 * John King, 2nd Baron King (1706–1740), English MP and peer
 * John King (official) (1759–1830), of Aldenham House, Herts., English Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs and MP
 * John Gilbert King (1822–1901), Irish Conservative politician
 * John Francis King (1926–1998), mayor of Galway, 1978–1979
 * John King (MP for Gloucester), English MP for Gloucester
 * Sir John King, 2nd Baronet (died 1720), Anglo-Irish politician

Elsewhere

 * John Charles King (1817–1870), member of Victorian Legislative Assembly for Evelyn
 * John King (Australian politician) (1820–1895), Victorian Legislative Council and Gippsland
 * John Warwick King (1856–1927), Canadian Member of Parliament from Ontario

Religion

 * John King (bishop of London) (died 1621), Church of England bishop
 * John King (Covenanter) (died 1679), Church of Scotland minister, Scots Worthy, executed and mutilated in Edinburgh
 * John King (Rector of Chelsea) (1652–1732), English clergyman
 * John King (Master of Charterhouse) (1655–1737), English clergyman and headmaster
 * John Glen King (1732–1787), English cleric and antiquarian
 * John King (bishop of Portsmouth) (1880–1965), English Roman Catholic bishop
 * John King (priest) (died 1638), Canon of Windsor, and of Westminster
 * John King (Archdeacon of Killala) (died 1818), Anglican priest in Ireland

Cricket

 * John King (Suffolk cricketer) (1797–1842), English cricketer
 * John King (cricketer, born 1871) (1871–1946), English cricketer
 * John William King (1908–1953), English cricketer and nephew of cricketer John King
 * Bart King (1873–1965), American cricketer, John Barton King

Football and rugby

 * Johnny King (footballer, born 1926) (1926–2010), English footballer for Leicester in the 1949 FA Cup Final
 * Johnny King (footballer, born 1932), English footballer for Stoke and Crewe in the 1950s and 1960s
 * John King (footballer, born 1933) (1933–1982), Welsh international footballer for Swansea
 * John King (footballer, born 1938) (1938–2016), English footballer for Tranmere and Port Vale
 * John King (rugby league), rugby league footballer of the 1940s
 * John King (Scottish footballer) (1888–1984), Scottish footballer
 * John Abbott King (1883–1916), English rugby player
 * Johnny King (born 1942), Australian rugby league footballer of the 1960s and '70s
 * John M. King, Mississippi College head football coach before George Bohler in 1925

Other sports

 * John King (baseball) (born 1994), American baseball player
 * Johnny King (boxer) (1912–1963), English boxer 1920s–1940s
 * John King (long jumper) (born 1963), English long jumper
 * John Paul King (born 1982), Irish hurler
 * John King (racing driver) (born 1988), American stock car racing driver

Other

 * John King (murderer) (1974–2019), American white supremacist and one of the three perpetrators of the Murder of James Byrd Jr.
 * John King (pirate) (died 1717), juvenile pirate in the crew of "Black Sam" Bellamy
 * John King (police officer) (1830–1881), police constable at the Eureka Stockade rebellion
 * John G. King (physicist) (1925–2014), experimental physicist at MIT
 * John King (journalist) (born 1963), American journalist for CNN
 * John King, USA, American television show
 * John King, Baron King of Wartnaby (1917–2005), English businessman, chairman of British Airways
 * John Herbert King, British clerk and spy for the Soviet Union
 * USS John King (DDG-3), U.S. Navy Destroyer named for the Medal of Honor recipient
 * John A. King House, historic house in Lake Butler, Florida

title: John King


text: User:Itai/Wikisource

title: User:Itai/Wikisource


text:
Talk:Virtua Fighter 4

Dreamcast Preview
Two discs were released related to this game for the Sega Dreamcast. One a history of prior VF games, the other Virtua Fighter 4 Passport a preview of VF4.

http://dreamcast.ign.com/articles/096/096694p1.html

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Virtua Fighter 4. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20150627174927/http://www.ysnet-inc.jp/ to http://www.ysnet-inc.jp/#portfolio
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20150626114928/http://www.ign.com/articles/2001/07/04/virtua-fighter-4-impressions-part-2-arcade to http://ign.com/articles/2001/07/04/virtua-fighter-4-impressions-part-2-arcade

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:42, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Virtua Fighter 4


text:
Ocean's Twelve

Ocean's Twelve is a 2004 American heist comedy film directed by Steven Soderbergh and written by George Nolfi. The second installment in the Ocean's film trilogy franchise and the sequel to Ocean's Eleven (2001), the film features an ensemble cast including George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Andy García, Don Cheadle, Bernie Mac, Julia Roberts, Casey Affleck, Scott Caan, Vincent Cassel, Eddie Jemison, Carl Reiner, and Elliott Gould.

Ocean's Twelve was released theatrically in the United States on December 10, 2004, by Warner Bros. Pictures. The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $362.9 million worldwide, becoming the tenth-highest-grossing film of 2004. It was followed by Ocean's Thirteen (2007), with Soderbergh and most of the cast again returning.

Plot
Terry Benedict locates all eleven members of Danny Ocean's crew, demanding they return the $160 million they stole from his casinos plus $38 million in interest. He gives them a two-week deadline to return it or he will either get them all arrested or killed.

Short by half the amount, the group schemes to stage a heist in Amsterdam to avoid problems with U.S. authorities. Saul decides to not to participate since he is too old for another grand heist. They are tipped off by an informant named Matsui about the location of the first stock certificate ever issued. After a complex series of schemes, they find the document has already been stolen by master thief the "Night Fox".

Europol detective Isabel Lahiri is called in to investigate the theft and realizes that she gave Rusty the idea of how to solve a complication of the heist with a description of a similar burglary during their earlier relationship. Surprising the group at their accommodation, she warns them they cannot beat the Night Fox or his mentor, the mysterious master thief "LeMarc", both of whom excel in the "long con", and steals Rusty's phone. She has been hunting both for years.

Danny and his crew discover that the Night Fox is François Toulour, a wealthy French baron and gentleman thief with a villa on Lake Como. Danny goes to the villa and steals Toulour's paintings. Confronting Toulour, he reveals that he had exposed their identities to Benedict (breaking the code of silence among thieves) and hired Matsui to inform the crew about the stock certificate so as to meet with Danny.

Toulour is outraged when LeMarc suggested Danny may be a better thief than him, so he challenges him to steal the Imperial Coronation Fabergé Egg. If Danny and his crew win, he will pay off their debt to Benedict.

The crew begin to plan an elaborate heist to swap the egg for a holographic recreation, but Toulour gives the camera recordings from his villa to Lahiri, who deduces that they want to steal the egg through an intercepted phone call to Rusty. She then captures most of the crew except Linus, Tarr, Turk, and Saul.

Linus comes up with a second plan involving Danny's wife, Tess, posing as a pregnant Julia Roberts in order to get close to the egg and swap it. They are foiled by Lahiri and a coincidentally present Bruce Willis, and the rest of the group members are captured. Lahiri is told that they are to be extradited to the U.S., while Linus is chosen first to be interrogated by the FBI agent assigned to collect them.

The agent is actually Linus's mother, who organizes the release of the whole gang. She points out to Lahiri that she will face consequences for forging a signature on a Europol form to obtain the necessary arrest warrants for Ocean's gang.

Sometime later, Danny and Tess return to Toulour's villa, where Toulour expresses glee at their failure. He explains that he stole the egg at night using his agility and dancing skills to evade the museum's heavy security. Toulour's celebration is short-lived when Danny reveals that his group stole the real egg while it was in transit to the museum, and Toulour realizes they were tipped off by LeMarc.

A flashback reveals that Danny and Rusty had met LeMarc earlier when he revealed his confidence trick intended to humiliate Toulour and, at the same time, restore to himself the Fabergé egg that he had stolen years ago but returned following his wife's wishes. Toulour is forced to admit that Danny won the bet and gives him the money for the debt to Benedict.

As the crew pay back Benedict and promise not to perform any more heists in his casinos, Toulour is seen in the background spying on them. Rusty takes Lahiri to a safe house that he claims has been lent to him by LeMarc. There, she is reunited with her father, who is revealed to be the man she has been pursuing for years: LeMarc.

Production
The script was reworked when Julia Roberts learned she was pregnant with twins.

The film was shot in 2004 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, St. Petersburg, Florida and in Las Vegas at the Bellagio Hotel. Filming also took place in Chicago, Amsterdam, Paris, Monte Carlo, Lake Como (at George Clooney's Villa in Laglio), Rome and Castellammare del Golfo in Sicily. The production spent three weeks in the Netherlands; scenes were filmed in the KattenKabinet, the Hotel Pulitzer, Haarlem railway station, and The Hague City Hall. In Paris, scenes were shot at the Sorbonne, the Australian Embassy, and the Gare du Nord. Afterwards, filming moved to Italy. The Monte Carlo Casino and the Villa Erba (on Lake Como) also served as filming locations.

Reception
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on  reviews, and an average rating of. The website's critical consensus reads, "While some have found the latest star-studded heist flick to be a fun, glossy star vehicle, others declare it's lazy, self-satisfied and illogical." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

The film was criticized for its slow start, its complex plot and a final twist that negated much of the preceding action. The Washington Post's Stephen Hunter said that "it all ends on one of those infuriatingly sloppy notes where, having dramatized narrative events WXYZ for us, which we have taken on good faith, it suddenly and arbitrarily delivers narrative events STUV, which completely invalidate events WXYZ." Newsweek said that "while it looks like the cast is having a blast and a half, the studied hipness can get so pleased with itself it borders on the smug." Claudia Puig with USA Today remarked, "At the rate things are going, all of Hollywood will put in about a day's work on Ocean's Seventeen." Ocean's Twelve was rated by Entertainment Weekly as one of "The 25 Worst Sequels Ever Made".

In a positive review for the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and applauded its cleverness: "The movie takes inventory of its characters with the same droll wit it does everything else ... The movie is all about behavior, dialogue, star power and wiseass in-jokes. I really sort of liked it." Steven Soderbergh has stated that it is his favorite of the then-three Ocean's films.

Soundtrack
The original soundtrack to Ocean's Twelve was released by Warner Bros. Records on December 7, 2004. David Holmes returned to compose the music for the film and won a BMI award.

Holmes' songs "Amsterdam" and "I Love Art...Really!" were released as singles and do not appear on the commercial soundtrack LP. "The Real Story" is different in the film, which uses "Rito a Los Angeles" by Peppino de Luca, featuring part of the main riff of "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida". The album also lacks "Thé à la Menthe" performed by La Caution, used during the Night Fox "laser-dance" sequence, "Margaret" by Giuseppe De Luca, which plays as the group are escorted from the police station, and "El Capitalismo Foraneo" by Gotan Project, which plays as Lahiri cracks Matsui.

"Ascension to Virginity" was taken from the soundtrack of 1968 movie Candy, where it likewise appeared in the epilogue.

All songs by David Holmes, unless otherwise noted.

 * 1) "L'appuntamento" by Roberto Carlos, Erasmo Carlos and Bruno Lauzi, performed by Ornella Vanoni – 4:35
 * 2) "$165 Million + Interest" (into) "The Round Up" – 5:43
 * 3) "L.S.D. Partie" by Roland Vincent – 2:59
 * 4) "Lifting the Building" – 2:34
 * 5) "10:35 I Turn Off Camera 3" – 2:25
 * 6) "Crepuscolo sul mare" by Piero Umiliani – 2:44
 * 7) "What R We Stealing" – 3:21
 * 8) "Faust 72" by Dynastie Crisis – 3:23
 * 9) "Stealing the Stock" (into) "Le Renard de Nuit" – 4:53
 * 10) "7/29/04 The Day Of" – 3:11
 * 11) "Lazy [Album Version]" by Yellow Hammer – 4:30
 * 12) "Explosive Corrosive Joseph" by John Schroeder – 2:33
 * 13) "Yen on a Carousel" – 3:13
 * 14) "The Real Story" – 2:55
 * 15) "Ascension to Virginity" by Dave Grusin – 5:05
 * 16) "Three 8 Bar Drum Loops" – 1:02 (hidden track)

Sequel
A sequel, titled Ocean's Thirteen was released in 2007, also directed by Steven Soderbergh. It is the third installment in the Ocean's franchise, and the final film in the Ocean's Trilogy. All the male cast members reprised their roles, with Al Pacino and Ellen Barkin joining the cast, but neither Julia Roberts nor Catherine Zeta-Jones returned.

title: Ocean's Twelve