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Strathfield, New South Wales

Strathfield is a suburb in the Inner West of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 12 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district and is the administrative centre of the Municipality of Strathfield. A small section of the suburb north of the railway line lies within the City of Canada Bay, while the area east of The Boulevard lies within the Municipality of Burwood. North Strathfield and Strathfield South are separate suburbs to the north and south, respectively.

History
The Strathfield district lies between the Concord Plains to the north and the Cooks River to the south, and was originally occupied by the Wangal clan. European colonisation in present-day Strathfield commenced in 1793 with the issue of land grants in the area of "Liberty Plains", an area including present-day Strathfield as well as surrounding areas, where the first free settlers received land grants. In 1808, a grant was made to James Wilshire, which forms the largest part of the current suburb of Strathfield. This grant was bounded by present-day The Boulevarde, Chalmers Street and Liverpool Road. Wiltshire's 1 km2 grant by Governor Macquarie in 1808 [regranted 1810] followed representations from Lord Nelson, a relation by marriage of Wilshire.

In the west, Wiltshire's grant neighboured an area that was granted in 1823 to the Church of England, to support clergy in the colony, which covered the western part of present-day Strathfield and Flemington (Homebush West). The church lands were sold in 1841

Ownership of Wiltshire's grant was transferred in 1824 to ex-convict Samuel Terry. The land became known as the Redmire Estate, which Michael Jones says could either be named after his home town Redmire in North Yorkshire, England, or could be named after the "red clay of the Strathfield area".

The railway came to Strathfield in 1855, with Homebush station built as one of the initial four stations on the railway line between Sydney and Parramatta. A station was sited here because of the presence of Homebush Racecourse north of Parramatta Road. The arrival of the railway spurred residential development. Subdivision of the "Redmire Estate" began in 1867, which led to residential development forming the village of "Redmire" or "Redmyre". An early buyer was one-time Mayor of Sydney, Walter Renny who built in 1868 a house they called Stratfieldsaye, possibly after the Duke of Wellington's mansion near Reading, Berkshire. It may have also been named after the transport ship of the same name that transported many immigrants – including Sir Henry Parkes – to Australia, though the transport ship was probably also named after the Duke's mansion as it was built soon after his death and was likely named in his honour. A plaque marking the location of Stratfield Saye can be found in the footpath of Strathfield Avenue, marking the approximate location of the original house [though some of the wording on the plaque is incorrect]. According to local historian Cathy Jones, "ownership of [Stratfieldsaye] was transferred several times including to Davidson Nichol, who shortened the name to 'Strathfield House', then 'Strathfield'." In 1877, development had progressed sufficiently to justify the addition of a halt on the railway line at Redmyre, east of existing Homebush station. The Village of Homebush Estate, part of which forms the northern part of today's Strathfield, was subdivided in 1878.

By 1885, sufficient numbers of people resided in the district to enable incorporation of its own local government. "Strathfield" as a geographical name was first established when Strathfield Council was proclaimed on 2 June 1885 by the Governor of NSW, Sir Augustus Loftus, after residents of the Redmire area petitioned the New South Wales State government for the establishment of local government. The new local government area included parts of the three established residential areas of Redmire (now central Strathfield), Homebush (now Homebush South and northern Strathfield) and Druitt Town (now southern Strathfield). Residents in Homebush and Druitt Town formed their own unsuccessful counter-petition. It is likely that the region was named Strathfield to neutralise the rivalry between Homebush and Redmire. The railway station was also renamed "Strathfield" in 1885, and it became an important interchange station when the Great Northern Railway was opened the following year, between Strathfield and Hornsby.

Strathfield Council

Strathfield Council was incorporated in 1885 and included parts of the then-established suburbs of Redmire, Homebush and Druitt Town. The part of Redmire incorporated into Strathfield Council included the central part of today's suburb of Strathfield, the part of Homebush incorporated into Strathfield included the southern part of today's suburb of Homebush as well as the northern part of today's Strathfield (Village of Homebush or Homebush South), and the part of Druitt Town incorporated into Strathfield included the southern part of today's Strathfield. In directories, addresses in all three areas were included under "Strathfield" after the council was established.

The adjoining areas of Flemington, North Homebush and southern Druitt Town was unincorporated. The southern part of Flemington was annexed to Strathfield Council in 1892 (now the southern part of Homebush West and the western part of Strathfield), which increased the size of the Council area by about 50%. The Council formed three wards – Flemington, Homebush and Strathfield – and Aldermen was elected to represent their ward at Council. Wards were abolished in 1916. Today's suburb of Strathfield encompasses the entire Council area as enlarged in 1892, except for a small area immediately to the south of Homebush and Flemington stations: the village centres immediately south of Homebush and Flemington stations were carved out of Strathfield and joined with the area formerly in Homebush Council in the late 20th century, creating the modern suburbs of Homebush and Flemington (Homebush West).

Meanwhile, the southern part of Druitt Town which was not incorporated into Strathfield became part of Enfield Council, then was amalgamated into Strathfield Council in 1949 and renamed "Strathfield South".

The eastern part of former Redmire - renamed Strathfield - became part of Burwood Council. The boundary between Strathfield and Burwood was a straight line running north–south aligned with the Boulevarde, and as a result there was a small portion to the north of Strathfield Council boundaries and west of Burwood Council boundaries that was not part of either council. This portion became part of Concord Council (later combined into the City of Canada Bay). This has resulted in the modern suburb of Strathfield being split between the three councils.

Residential and commercial development
The suburb of Strathfield became a popular residential suburb in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The building of Strathfield station, and its expansion into a major suburban, intercity and interstate station, with direct services to Sydney Central, Melbourne and Canberra, helped to make the suburb one of the most accessible in Sydney by rail. It was also close to major road and water transport routes. Members of Sydney's business elite, such as the family of William Arnott and David Jones, built various large homes in Strathfield. After federation, Strathfield continued to be favoured by business and political leaders, with prime ministers Earle Page, George Reid and Frank Forde all having lived in the suburb, and Billy Hughes lived in the part of "Strathfield" which is now Homebush South. Page, for example, chose to live in Strathfield because of its direct rail services to Melbourne, then the seat of federal parliament, and his electorate on the north coast of New South Wales. Some of the large homes built in this period were purchased by private schools, and the unusually large number of private and public schools in the one suburb further increased residential demand.

Following the introduction of the Local Government Act in 1919, Strathfield Council was one of the first to proclaim the major part of its area a residential district by proclamation in 1920. Strathfield underwent suburban subdivision in the early 20th century, with more suburban houses on smaller lots being built rather than the substantial mansions with expansive grounds built in the earlier period. Nevertheless, it remained a popular residential area. In 1977, Strathfield was the most expensive suburb in metropolitan Sydney measured by median house price.

More significant commercial development took place in the last quarter of the 20th century, with a "modern" shopping centre, Strathfield Plaza, opening in 1981, accompanied by the first high rise residential apartment building in the suburb. More towers followed in the next few decades, concentrated around the station.

Heritage listings
Strathfield has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 25A Barker Road: Mount St Mary Campus of the Australian Catholic University
 * Great Southern and Western railway: Strathfield rail underbridges
 * Great Southern and Western railway: Strathfield railway station
 * 62 The Boulevarde: Trinity Uniting Church, Strathfield

Education
Strathfield has an unusually large concentration of educational institutions in one suburb.

The government schools located in Strathfield include the two secondary schools Strathfield Girls High School and Strathfield South High School. The catchment of Strathfield Girls stretches north to Concord West, west to Homebush West and east to the western part of Burwood, but does not include the southern-most section of the suburb of Strathfield itself. Strathfield South High School is co-educational, and its catchment includes the southern-most section of Strathfield, as well as the suburbs further south including parts of Chullora and Greenacre, Belfield, Strathfield South, Enfield and Croydon Park. A boys' high school is located in nearby Homebush.Two government comprehensive primary schools are located in Strathfield, Marie Bashir Public School in north-central Strathfield and Strathfield South Public School. Two others are located nearby to the north: Homebush Public School in Homebush, which also serves the northernmost part of Strathfield, and Strathfield North Public School in the separate suburb of North Strathfield. Chalmers Road Public School, also located in Strathfield, is a state government school for students aged four to eighteen years with moderate or severe intellectual disabilities.

A large number of independent or church-affiliated schools are also located in Strathfield. These include:
 * St Patrick's College is an independent, Roman Catholic, day school for boys.
 * Santa Sabina College is an independent, Roman Catholic, Dominican, day school for girls K-12 and boys K-4. The primary school is known as Santa Maria Del Monte.
 * Meriden Anglican School for Girls is an independent, Anglican, day school for girls..
 * Trinity Grammar School Preparatory School campus is on The Boulevarde and has classes from Pre-Kindergarten to Year 6.
 * St Martha's Primary School is a Roman Catholic primary school.

Strathfield is also home to a major campus of the Australian Catholic University, the former home of the Christian Brothers novitiate and Catholic Teachers' College. The Seminary of the Good Shepherd, which trains Catholic priests, straddles the boundary between Strathfield and Homebush. In addition, the Catholic Institute of Sydney, where priests for the Archdiocese of Sydney, and other theologians and ministers, are trained, is located in Strathfield, on a site which was originally the NSW Society for the Blind, and later an Australia Post training centre. Arnottholme at 65-69 Albert Road, Strathfield, the former home of William Arnott was for many years owned by the NSW Department of Education until its sale in 2022 for $7,700,000.

Built environment

 * Carrington Avenue Uniting Church
 * Trinity Uniting Church, Strathfield
 * St Andrew's Anglican Church
 * St Anne's Anglican Church
 * St David's Presbyterian Church
 * St Martha's Catholic Church
 * Sts Peter and Paul Russian Orthodox Cathedral
 * Ukrainian Autocephalic Orthodox Church
 * Strathfield Korean Uniting Church
 * Sydney Chinese Seventh-day Adventist Church
 * Western Sydney Chinese Christian Church

Strathfield has a long history as a "desirable suburb for Sydney's better classes", especially prior to the building of the Sydney Harbour Bridge allowed residential development to flourish on the North Shore. Although the Inner West region became eclipsed by the Eastern Suburbs and the North Shore as premium residential areas, Strathfield with its boulevardes, large houses and established schools remained a popular suburb for residents. Even in 1977, Strathfield was the most expensive suburb in metropolitan Sydney by median house price. In December 2021, Strathfield (post code area 2135) was the 13th most expensive area by postcode in Australia, when measured by median house price. Of the top 20 most expensive post code areas (all of which are in metropolitan Sydney), Strathfield was the only one which was located outside the Eastern Suburbs, North Shore or Northern Beaches regions.

Strathfield's residential landscape is extremely varied, ranging from country-style estates to high-rise apartments. Many styles of architecture have been employed over past decades, with dwellings having been constructed in Victorian, Federation, Interwar period architecture, Californian Bungalow and contemporary periods. One of the oldest surviving houses built in the 1870s is Fairholm which is now a retirement village called Strathfield Gardens. Primarily these have been replaced by modern, multimillion-dollar mansions, although Strathfield has retained its wide avenues and most of the extensive natural vegetation. Streets such as Victoria Street, Llandillo Avenue and Kingsland Road predominantly feature older mansions, while Agnes Street, Newton Road and Barker Road are common locations for new homes. In the vicinity of Homebush Road, a number of noted tree-lined avenues follow an oblique street pattern established by the development of the Village of Homebush in the late 19th century, and are noted for the grand, historic houses built in the late 19th and early 20th centursies. These include Albert Road, historically known as one of Sydney's most prestigious streets and was lined by landmark mansions. Some of these have been replaced by institutions and others have been subdivided, but the street retains some of the most prestigious houses in the area;. and Redmyre Road, a wide boulevard which retains most of its Victorian mansions and large Federation-era houses. Further to the southeast, a pocket of the suburb bounded by Hunter Street, Carrington Avenue, Homebush Road and the Boulevarde is known in the real estate press as the "Golden Mile", because it contains some of the most desirable and highly sought-after real estate in the area. Examples of prestigious addresses in this area include homes located on Cotswold Road, Strathfield Avenue, Llandilo Avenue, Agnes and Highgate Street. Additionally, decreasing land sizes through subdivision has led to an increase in residential densities, reflecting the outward expansion of Sydney's inner city. A large proportion of Strathfield's population now dwells in apartments with the area immediately surrounding Strathfield railway station dominated by high rise residential towers. Smaller apartment buildings are located in other areas within the suburbs, were mostly built during the 1960s and 1970s.

In the last century a number of grand Strathfield homes became independent school campuses:
 * Holyrood – Santa Sabina
 * Brunyarra – Santa Maria Del Monte
 * Lauriston – Santa Maria Del Monte
 * Llandilo – Trinity Grammar School
 * Somerset – Trinity Grammar School
 * Milverton – Trinity Grammar School
 * Riccarton/The Briars – Meriden and partially demolished
 * Wariora – Meriden and now demolished
 * Lingwood/Branxton – PLC Sydney and now Meriden School
 * Selbourne – Meriden and now demolished
 * Telerah – Wadham Preparatory School

Commercial areas
Strathfield's commercial town centre is centred on a town square south of the station, and includes the Strathfield Plaza shopping centre which includes Woolworths and other stores, as well as a large number of cafes, restaurants and other stores located around the square and along Albert Road, Churchill Avenue, Redmyre Road and the Boulevarde. Strathfield's town centre is particularly known for a large concentration of Korean restaurants and shops catering to Korean cultural needs. The area is often called Little Korea.

Other commercial areas in the suburb include a small commercial area immediately north of the station, a commercial area along the southern boundary concentrated around the intersection of the Boulevarde and Liverpool Road (part of a town centre around the former Enfield Town Hall). The northern parts of Strathfield are served by the Homebush and Flemington village centres, which were carved out of the suburb of Strathfield after 1947.

There are also some car dealerships and other commercial premises along Parramatta Road and Liverpool Road, on the northern and southern boundaries of the suburb.

Residents
The following were either born or have lived at some time in the suburb of Strathfield:

Architecture

 * George Sydney Jones (1868–1927), architect of Trinity Congregational Church and the following Strathfield houses; Springfort (1894); Darenth (1895); Bickley (1894); Treghre (1899); and Luleo (1912).
 * Harry Kent (1852–1938), architect, alderman for the Municipality of Strathfield and architect of the Strathfield Town Hall.

Business

 * William Arnott, founder of Arnott's Biscuits.
 * Sir Robert Crichton-Brown (1919–2013), businessman, soldier and sailor, lived in Strathfield in the 1920s and 1930s.
 * Alfred John Bush (1879-1951), founder of AJ Bush and Son's Meats, lived in Strathfield from 1925 until his death.
 * Charles Henry Hoskins (1851-1926), industrialist and businessman, lived in Strathfield during the 1890s and 1900s.
 * Edward Lloyd Jones (1844–1894), head of the department store David Jones Limited, and his son;
 * Edward Lloyd Jones (1874–1934), Shorthorn cattle breeder and former chairman of David Jones Limited, and his brother;
 * Charles Lloyd Jones (1878–1958), former chairman of David Jones Limited and former chairman of the Australian Broadcasting Commission.

Education

 * Brian Rees (1929–2016), Headmaster of Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood, Charterhouse School and Rugby School, was born in Strathfield.

Law

 * David Wilson KC (1879–1965), barrister and company director
 * Sir Percy Ernest Joske, CMG QC (1895–1981), judge and Queens's Counsel

Medicine

 * Sir Philip Sydney Jones (1836–1918), medical practitioner and University of Sydney vice-chancellor lived at Llandilo on The Boulevarde.

Politics

 * Sir George Reid (1845-1918), 4th Prime Minister of Australia.
 * Earl Page (1880–1961), 11th Prime Minister of Australia.
 * Frank Forde (1890-1983), 15th Prime Minister of Australia.
 * Lady McMahon (1932–2010), spouse of the 20th Prime Minister of Australia, was born in Strathfield.

Religion

 * Rev Prof Hubert Cunliffe-Jones (1905–1991), was born in Strathfield.

Science

 * F. J. Duarte: author and physicist, lived in Leicester Avenue, Strathfield.

Entertainment

 * Bang Chan, member and leader of the South Korean boy band Stray Kids, lived in Strathfield for some time during his teenage years.

Sport

 * Alan Davidson (1929−2021), cricketer
 * Daphne Akhurst (1903–1933), tennis player

Other people

 * Katharine Gatty, suffragette
 * Anu Singh, convicted of murdering her boyfriend
 * Derek Percy, convicted child killer

Transport
Strathfield railway station is a major interchange on the Sydney Trains and NSW TrainLink networks, and has long been an interchange for several of Sydney's suburban lines, as well as intercity services and interstate services. However, intercity services from Strathfield significantly reduced in 2013. With the upgrading of the East Hills line, intercity trains heading southwest to Canberra and Melbourne from Sydney Central began to use that line, leaving only intercity trains to the north and west to continue using Strathfield station. The bus station located on the town square, immediately south of the station, is an interchange for buses serving the Inner West.

In the west, Strathfield is bounded by the A3 arterial road, linking Strathfield with the St George region, where it joins the A1 road (Princes Highway) towards Sutherland Shire and the south coast, while in the north it connects Strathfield with Ryde and Pymble and Gordon, where it intersects with the A1 road again and then proceeds towards the Northern Beaches.

Strathfield is bounded in the north by the Great Western Highway (Parramatta Road) and in the south by the Hume Highway (Liverpool Road), both major arterial roads. The Great Western Highway links Strathfield east to Ashfield, where it splits with Parramatta Road proceeding to east towards Broadway and the southern City and the A4 road proceeding northeast to the Sydney CBD and Sydney Harbour Bridge. To the west, it leads to Parramatta, Blacktown, Penrith and beyond. The Hume Highway links Strathfield east to Ashfield, where it joins Parramatta Road, and west to Bankstown, Liverpool, Canberra and Melbourne. The M4 Western Motorway largely parallels the Great Western Highway but lies outside Strathfield suburb boundaries. The exit at Concord Road in North Strathfield serves Strathfield.

Two local arterial routes serving the Inner West, formed by Concord Road-Raw Square-The Boulevarde (north-south, formerly part of Metroad 3 and State Route 27) and Beresford Road-Albert Road-Redmyre Road-Morwick Street (west-east), join and intersect in central Strathfield in a complex pattern.

Demographics
According to the, Strathfield had a total population of 25,915 people, a slight increase compared to 25,813 in 2016.

The availability of a fast and convenient rail connection to many parts of Sydney and the development of high density residential blocks near the station have made Strathfield's town centre an attractive place to live for successive waves of temporary and permanent migrants in recent decades. While the concentration of restaurants and shops catering to Korean cultural needs in the vicinity of Strathfield station has created a perception of Strathfield as a Korean suburb (see "Commercial area" section), the proportion of residents who are Korean by birth or ancestry has never been a particularly large: many more members of the Korean community in Sydney travel into the suburb to visit the commercial area. According to the 2021 census, only 7.7% of residents identified as Korean by ancestry, and the Chinese and Anglo-Celtic ancestry groups are much larger. In recent years, there has also been a sharp rise in Nepalese arrivals.

In 2021, 34.6% of people were born in Australia. The most common other countries of birth were Nepal 13.6%, China 8.6%, India 6.8%, South Korea 6.2%, and Vietnam 3.1%. The most common ancestries were Chinese 21.7%, Nepalese 13.0%, English 8.2%, Australian 7.7% and Korean 7.7%. 76.7% of people had both parents born overseas.

29.4% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Nepali 12.9%, Mandarin 9.3%, Cantonese 7.2%, Korean 7.1% and Arabic 4.8%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 23.1%, Catholic 21.8%, Hinduism 20.8% and Buddhism 7.2%.

Culture
Strathfield has made an impact on the indie rock and indie pop scene, producing bands such as Prince Vlad & the Gargoyle Impalers, Lunatic Fringe, The Mexican Spitfires and Women of Troy. It has also inspired pop songs such as The Mexican Spitfires's song "Rookwood" about Rookwood Cemetery and the legendary Blitzkrieg punk rock of Radio Birdman's classic mid-1970s "Murder City Nights". Indie pop legend Grant McLennan of The Go-Betweens also called Carrington Avenue, Strathfield home for a few years in the 1990s.

Strathfield Murders
On 17 August 1991, seven people were killed, when Wade Frankum stabbed a fifteen-year-old girl to death, before running amok with a rifle in the Strathfield Plaza shopping mall, and then turning the weapon on himself. This is commonly known as the Strathfield Massacre. A Memorial plaque is located at Churchill Avenue, Strathfield.

title: Strathfield, New South Wales


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Wolfgang Gröbner

Wolfgang Gröbner (11 February 1899 – 20 August 1980) was an Austrian mathematician. His name is best known for the Gröbner basis, used for computations in algebraic geometry. However, the theory of Gröbner bases for polynomial rings was developed by his student Bruno Buchberger in 1965, who named them for Gröbner. Gröbner is also known for the Alekseev-Gröbner formula, which was actually proven by him.

Early life
Gröbner was born in Gossensaß, which at that time was in part of the County of Tyrol of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and is now part of Italy. Gröbner first studied engineering at the University of Technology in Graz, Austria, but switched in 1929 to mathematics.

Career
He wrote his dissertation Ein Beitrag zum Problem der Minimalbasen in 1932 at the University of Vienna; his advisor was Philipp Furtwängler. After his promotion, he did further studies at the University of Göttingen under Emmy Noether, in what is now known as commutative algebra. Later he contributed with his students to numerical analysis of ordinary differential equations and the industrial applications of Lie-theoretic methods, including a book on Lie series.

Awards

 * Wilhelm Exner Medal, 1969.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wolfgang Gröbner


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Mario Monicelli

Mario Alberto Ettore Monicelli (16 May 1915 – 29 November 2010) was an Italian film director and screenwriter, one of the masters of the commedia all'italiana ("Italian-style comedy"). He was nominated six times for an Oscar, and received the Golden Lion for his career.

The early times
Monicelli was born in Rome to an upper class family from Ostiglia, a town in the province of Mantua, in the Northern Italian region of Lombardy. He was the second of the five children of Tomaso Monicelli, a journalist, and Maria Carreri, a housewife. His older half-brother, Giorgio (whose mother was actress Elisa Severi), worked as writer and translator. An older brother, Franco, was a journalist.

Monicelli was raised in Rome, Viareggio (Tuscany) and Milan. He lived a mostly carefree youth. Many of the cinematic jokes he later shot in My Friends (1975) were inspired by his own experiences during his years in Tuscany.

During his time at university in Milan, Monicelli met Riccardo Freda, Remo Cantoni, Alberto Lattuada, Alberto Mondadori and Vittorio Sereni, with whom he founded the newspaper Camminare, also thanks to the support of the publisher Mondadori. In Camminare, Monicelli wrote the columns on film criticism. He tended to write critically about Italian films, while praising American and French films. Monicelli later recounted that his non-nationalistic taste might have been a veiled form of anti-fascism. Indeed, the experience with Camminare did not last long in fascist Italy. The Ministry of Popular Culture soon shut the publication down because of its left-wing ideas.

Monicelli later returned to Tuscany to complete his studies with the department of Literature and Philosophy of the University of Pisa. He delayed his graduation until he was drafted in the army. Monicelli later said: "dressing as a soldier was enough to get your degree; you didn't even need to write a dissertation, nor anything else [...] That's how my graduation went, I even doubt the worth of my degree."

In 1934 he shot his first cinematographic experiment, together with the then architecture student Alberto Lattuada who provided the scenography and Alberto Mondadori. Their short film, Cuore Rivelatore, was inspired by Edgar Allan Poe's short story of the same name (The Tell-tale Heart). The three sent it to the Littorali national cultural festival, but it wasn't shown because it was branded as an example of "paranoid cinema".

Breakthrough
Always with his friend Alberto Mondadori, he released the silent film I ragazzi della Via Paal (an adaptation of the novel The Paul Street Boys), which was an award-winner in the Venice Film Festival. The award earned Monicelli the opportunity to work in the production of a professional film. He was therefore able to skip the various stages of professional training and was sent, together with Mondadori, to work as a camera assistant in the production of Gustav Machatý's film Ballerine.

After that he found work, as a camera assistant again, in Augusto Genina's film Lo squadrone bianco (1936) and The Castiglioni Brothers (1937) by Corrado D'Errico. There he met Giacomo Gentilomo, who hired him as an assistant director and co-writer for Short Circuit (1943), considered as a possible precursor to the giallo genre.

In 1937, under the pseudonym of Michele Badiek, he wrote and directed the amateur film Summer Rain (1937). The film was attended by many friends and fellow citizens. Monicelli said that this experience was important for his training, as he learned to

"'write for the cinema, to shoot, to deal with actors [...] And, above all, to realise, when I watched the film again in the theater, that what I was putting on the screen every day did not correspond, if at all, to my expectations'."

From 1939 to 1942, he produced up to 40 numerous screenplays, and worked as an assistant director.

In 1940 Monicelli enlisted in the cavalry, hoping that this choice could avoid him being sent to Russia or to Africa. When the army broke up in 1943, he fled to Rome, where he remained hidden until the summer of 1944.

In 1946 his father Tomaso committed suicide. Being a journalist and a literary critic, Tomaso Monicelli had dared to criticise the fascist regime especially after the murder of Giacomo Matteotti in 1924. He was blacklisted and boycotted for his writings and endured a series of failures. Later on, Monicelli said he could understand his father's decision.

"'I understood his gesture. He had been unjustly cut off from his job, even after the war was over, and he felt he had nothing left to do here. Life is not always worth living; if it stops being true and dignified, it's not worth it. I found my father's body. Around six o'clock in the morning I heard a gunshot, I got up and forced the bathroom door open. A very modest bathroom, by the way.'"

Comedy Italian style
Monicelli made his official debut as a director in 1949 along with Steno, with the film Totò cerca casa, starring the comedy genius Totò. From the very beginning of his career Monicelli's cinematic style had a remarkable flow to it. The duo produced eight successful movies in four years, including the cult film Cops and Robbers (1951) and Totò a colori (1952). From 1953 onwards Monicelli worked alone, without leaving his role as a writer of screenplays.

Monicelli's career includes some of the masterpieces of Italian cinema. In Big Deal on Madonna Street (1958), featuring the ubiquitous comedian Totò in a side role, he discovered the comical talent of Vittorio Gassman and Marcello Mastroianni and probably started the new genre of the modern commedia all'italiana ("Italian-style comedy"). While better known in the English-speaking world under the title Big Deal on Madonna Street, the actual translation from the Italian is "the usual unknown perpetrators" (closely resembling the famous line from Casablanca: "Round up the usual suspects"). The film was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 31st Academy Awards.

The Great War (1959), released one year later, is generally regarded as one of his most successful works, which rewarded Monicelli with a Golden Lion in the Venice Film Festival, and an Academy Award nomination for the Best Foreign Film. The film featured the famous drama actor Vittorio Gassman, the Italian superstar of comedy, Alberto Sordi, and a star of Italian neorealism Silvana Mangano. It excelled in the absence of rhetorical accents and for its sharp, tragicomical sense of history while portraying the Italian defeat during World War I.

Among the difficulties encountered in the production of the films, those related to censorship were particularly strong. The film Totò and Carolina (1955) underwent three revisions, because according to the censors, the mere fact that the policeman was played by Totò was tantamount to pillorying the police.

Monicelli received two more Academy Award nominations with I compagni (1963), a heart-felt homage to "humanitarian socialism" and The Girl with the Pistol (1968), which tackled the themes of bride kidnapping and honor killing, still relevant in the Southern-Italian culture of the time.

L'armata Brancaleone (1966) is another masterpiece of Italian cinema. The film tells the tragicomic tale of a Middle Ages Italian knight, with uncertain nobility and few means but high ideals, self-confidence and pomposity (Vittorio Gassman). The bizarre macaronic Latin-Italian dialogues were devised by Age & Scarpelli, the most renowned writers of Italian comedies, and represent a whole linguistic invention which was followed by Brancaleone at the Crusades (1970), and less successfully in Bertoldo, Bertoldino e Cacasenno (1984).

My Friends (1975), featuring Ugo Tognazzi, Adolfo Celi, Gastone Moschin, Duilio Del Prete and Philippe Noiret, was one of the most successful films in Italy and confirmed Monicelli's genius in mixing humour, irony and bitter understanding of the human condition. The film was popular to the point that some lines are today turned into well established idiomatic expression ("la supercazzola"), and even a programming language ("monicelli") has been created using a syntax based on film quotes. His 1976 film Caro Michele (1976) won him the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 26th Berlin International Film Festival.

Dramatic accents were predominant in the An Average Little Man (1977), featuring Alberto Sordi for his first complete dramatic role. Here Monicelli's pessimism takes over: the transformation of Italian society was such that it was no longer possible to laugh, believe or hope. This is why it is considered by many critics to be the film that brings the season of Italian-style comedy to a close.

Final years
He turned again to more cheerful comedy and attention to historical events from a popular, intimate point of view with Il Marchese del Grillo (1981), also featuring Alberto Sordi at his best. The film was awarded Monicelli's third Silver Bear for Best Director award at the 32nd Berlin International Film Festival. The Rogues (1987) was also a historical parody set during Renaissance.

Among the final works by Monicelli are Speriamo che sia femmina (1986), Parenti serpenti (1992) and Dear Goddamned Friends (1994), featuring Paolo Hendel. The latter won an Honourable Mention at the 44th Berlin International Film Festival. His 1999 film Dirty Linen was entered into the 21st Moscow International Film Festival.

His last feature film was The Roses of the Desert (2006), which he directed when he was 91 years old.

In 1991 he received the Golden Lion for Career of the Venice Film Festival. A documentary made by Roberto Salinas and Marina Catucci, Una storia da ridere, breve biografia di Mario Monicelli, appeared in 2008.

Death
At the age of 90, Monicelli decided to go and live on his own, in order to remain self-sufficient and survive to ageing for a longer time.

"'[I did it]To stay alive as long as possible. The love of women, relatives, daughters, wives, lovers, is very dangerous. A woman is a nurse at heart, and if she has an old man near her, she is always ready to interpret his every wish, to run and bring him what he needs. So, little by little, this old man doesn't do anything any more, he stays in his armchair, he doesn't move any more and he becomes a dumb old man. If, on the other hand, the old man is forced to do things for himself, make his own bed, go out, light the cooker, sometimes burn himself, he will live ten years longer."

He died on 29 November 2010 at the age of 95. He killed himself by jumping from a window of the San Giovanni Hospital in Rome, where he had been admitted a few days earlier for prostate cancer in the terminal stage He had two daughters, Martina (1967) and Ottavia (1974), from Antonella Salerni. He had a third daughter, Rosa (1988), from his last companion Chiara Rapaccini.

He was an outspoken atheist.

Director

 * I ragazzi della Via Paal, with Alberto Mondadori (1935)
 * Pioggia d'estate (1937)
 * Toto Looks for a House (with Steno, 1949)
 * Al diavolo la celebrità (1949, with Steno)
 * Vita da cani (with Steno, 1950)
 * The Knight Has Arrived! (with Steno, 1950)
 * Guardie e ladri (with Steno, 1951)
 * Totò e i re di Roma (with Steno, 1952)
 * Totò e le donne (Toto and the Women, 1952, with Steno)
 * Le infedeli, with Steno (1953)
 * Proibito (1954)
 * Un eroe dei nostri tempi (1955)
 * Totò e Carolina (1955)
 * Donatella (1956)
 * Il medico e lo stregone (1957)
 * Padri e figli (1957)
 * I soliti ignoti (Big Deal on Madonna Street, 1958)
 * The Great War (1959)
 * The Passionate Thief (1960)
 * Boccaccio '70 (1962 – segment "Renzo and Luciana")
 * I compagni (The Organizer, 1963)
 * Alta infedeltà (High Infidelity, 1964, with Luciano Salce, Elio Petri and Franco Rossi)
 * Casanova '70 (1965)
 * Le fate (1966 –, with Mauro Bolognini, Antonio Pietrangeli and Luciano Salce )
 * L'armata Brancaleone (For Love and Gold, 1966)
 * The Girl with the Pistol (1968)
 * Capriccio all'italiana (Caprice Italian Style, 1968, with Mauro Bolognini, Steno, Pino Zac, Pier Paolo Pasolini and Franco Rossi)
 * Toh, è morta la nonna! (1969)
 * Brancaleone alle Crociate (Brancaleone at the Crusades, 1970)
 * Le coppie (1971, with Alberto Sordi and Vittorio De Sica)
 * La mortadella (1971)
 * Vogliamo i colonnelli (1973)
 * Romanzo popolare (1974)
 * Amici miei (1975)
 * Caro Michele (1976)
 * Signore e signori, buonanotte (1976, with Luigi Comencini, Nanni Loy, Luigi Magni and Ettore Scola)
 * Un borghese piccolo piccolo (1977)
 * Viva Italia! (1977, with Dino Risi and Ettore Scola)
 * Viaggio con Anita (1979)
 * Temporale Rosy (1979)
 * Camera d'albergo (1981)
 * Il marchese del Grillo (1981)
 * Amici miei atto II (1982)
 * Bertoldo, Bertoldino e Cacasenno (1984)
 * Le due vite di Mattia Pascal (1985)
 * Speriamo che sia femmina (1986)
 * I picari (1987)
 * La moglie ingenua e il marito malato (1989)
 * 12 registi per 12 città (1989, documentary. Segment "Verona")
 * Il male oscuro (1990)
 * Rossini! Rossini! (1991)
 * Parenti serpenti (1992)
 * Cari fottutissimi amici (1994)
 * Facciamo paradiso (1995)
 * Esercizi di stile (1996 – segment Idillio edile)
 * Topi di appartamento (1997, short)
 * Panni sporchi (1999)
 * Un amico magico: il maestro Nino Rota (1999, documentary)
 * Come quando fuori piove (2000, TV mini series)
 * Un altro mondo è possibile (2001, documentary)
 * Lettere dalla Palestina (2002, documentary)
 * Firenze, il nostro domani (2003, documentary)
 * Le rose del deserto (The Roses of the Desert, 2006)

Screenplays

 * I ragazzi della via Paal (1935)
 * Pioggia d'estate (1937)
 * La granduchessa si diverte (1940)
 * Thrill (1941)
 * La donna è mobile (1942)
 * Short Circuit (1943)
 * Il sole di Montecassino (1945)
 * Black Eagle (1946)
 * The Opium Den (1947)
 * Gioventù perduta (1947)
 * The Captain's Daughter (1947)
 * The Courier of the King (1947)
 * Follie per l'opera (1948)
 * I Miserabili (1948)
 * L'ebreo errante (1948)
 * Il cavaliere misterioso (1948)
 * Accidenti alla guerra! (1948)
 * Il tradimento (1949)
 * Al diavolo la celebrità (1949)
 * Totò cerca casa (1949)
 * The Wolf of the Sila (1949)
 * Il conte Ugolino (1949)
 * Her Favourite Husband (1950)
 * Vita da cani (1950)
 * Soho Conspiracy (1950)
 * The Elusive Twelve (1950)
 * È arrivato il cavaliere! (1950)
 * Il brigante Musolino (1950)
 * Botta e risposta (1950)
 * Guardie e ladri (1951)
 * Tizio, Caio, Sempronio (1951)
 * It's Love That's Ruining Me (1951)
 * The Ungrateful Heart (1951)
 * Accidenti alle tasse!! (1951)
 * Amo un assassino (1951)
 * Totò e i re di Roma (1952)
 * Sardinian Vendetta (1952)
 * Totò e le donne (1952)
 * Totò a colori (1952)
 * Perdonami (1952)
 * Cinque poveri in automobile (1952)
 * Cats and Dogs (1952)
 * Un turco napoletano (1953)
 * Il più comico spettacolo del mondo (1953)
 * Le infedeli (1953)
 * Fatal Desire (1953)
 * Giuseppe Verdi (1953)
 * Guai ai vinti (1954)
 * Proibito (1954)
 * Un eroe dei nostri tempi (1955)
 * Totò e Carolina (1955)
 * La donna più bella del mondo (1955)
 * Donatella (1956)
 * Il medico e lo stregone (1957)
 * Padri e figli (1957)
 * I soliti ignoti (1958)
 * The Great War (1959)
 * Risate di gioia (1960)
 * A cavallo della tigre (1961)
 * Boccaccio '70 (1962 – segment "Renzo e Luciana")
 * Frenesia dell'estate (1963)
 * I compagni (1963)
 * Casanova 70 (1965)
 * I nostri mariti (1966 – segment "Il marito di Olga")
 * L'armata Brancaleone (1966)
 * The Girl with the Pistol (1968)
 * Toh, è morta la nonna! (1969)
 * Brancaleone alle crociate (1970)
 * Vogliamo i colonnelli (1973)
 * Gran bollito (1977)
 * Amici miei (My Friends, 1975)
 * Un borghese piccolo piccolo (1977)
 * Temporale Rosy (1979)
 * Camera d'albergo (1981)
 * Il marchese del Grillo (1981)
 * Amici miei atto II (1982)
 * Bertoldo, Bertoldino e Cacasenno (1984)
 * Le due vite di Mattia Pascal (1985)
 * Speriamo che sia femmina (1986)
 * I picari (1987)
 * Il male oscuro (1990)
 * Rossini! Rossini! (1991)
 * Parenti serpenti (1992)
 * Cari fottutissimi amici (1994)
 * Facciamo paradiso (1995)
 * Panni sporchi (1999)
 * Un amico magico: il maestro Nino Rota (1999, documentary)
 * Come quando fuori piove (2000, TV mini series)
 * Le rose del deserto (The Roses of the Desert, 2006)

Actor

 * Rue du Pied de Grue (1979)
 * Sono fotogenico, directed by Dino Risi (1980)
 * Il ciclone, directed by Leonardo Pieraccioni (1996, voice)
 * Sotto il sole della Toscana (Under the Tuscan Sun, 2003)

title: Mario Monicelli


text:
Korporatsioon Vironia

Korporatsioon Vironia (abbreviated korp! Vironia or C!V!) is an Estonian fraternal student society and the oldest student corps in Estonia. The organization is named after the Latin name for the ancient Estonian county of Virumaa. A full member of the organization is called a "vironus" (abbr. "vir!"), while every member can also be called a "Vironian" (viroonlane).

History
Vironia was officially founded at the Riga Polytechnical Institute on 9 December 1900 as the very first ethnic Estonian student corps. It remained the only Estonian student corps in Riga and became also the only Estonian member of the two Baltic German corps federations (Chargierten-Convent) in the Baltic governorates. Vironia was also the initiator and the co-founder of the League of Estonian Corporations (EKL) in 1915.

After a brief evacuation to Moscow during World War I in 1915 and a short return to Riga in 1918, Vironia entered the Estonian War of Independence in corpore. 6 of its members died in the war and one died of war injuries after the war. It was reactivated in Tartu, Estonia in 1920 and opened a second chapter in Tallinn in 1936.

After being banned following the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states in 1940, it opened 8 colonies abroad in 6 Western countries and there was also unofficial activity in Venezuela. Underground activity in occupied Estonia was restored in the 1960s and the chapters in Tallinn and Tartu were legally restored in 1989.

Today, Vironia has more than 550 members worldwide, being among the biggest Estonian student organizations. Active chapters are in Tallinn and Tartu in Estonia, Toronto, and the US West Coast.

Foreign relations
Vironia retains good relations with all non-Baltic German members of the former Riga Chargierten-Convent:
 * (1879, Polish, currently in Warsaw)
 * (1880, Baltic Russian, separate colony in Tartu)
 * (1880, Latvian)
 * (1883, Polish, currently in Warsaw)
 * (1900, Latvian)

Of these, Vironia also has cartel agreements with Welecja (signed 1936) and Fraternitas Arctica (signed 2010). Vironia has also signed cartel agreements with the Karjalainen Osakunta in Helsinki (1930) and is currently an active member of the League of Estonian Corporations, having also signed a cartel agreement with Fraternitas Estica (2009). Unofficial relations since the exile period are retained with the Västmanlands-Dala Nation in Uppsala, Sweden, and since the 2010s with in Kaunas, Lithuania.

Chapters

 * Tallinn, Estonia
 * Tartu, Estonia
 * Estonia Alumni Assembly
 * Toronto, Canada

 * West Coast United States, colony

Academia

 * Karl Ipsberg – Rector of the Special Engineering Courses, Tallinn University of Technology
 * Hugo Kaho – Rector of the University of Tartu
 * Edgar V. Saks – Historian and author, Estonian exile government's minister of education i
 * Jaan Unt – Philologist and translator

Art and architecture

 * Ernst Enno – Poet and writer
 * Boris Kõrver – Composer and musician
 * Edgar Johan Kuusik – Architect
 * Erik Orav – Director of the Leo Castelli Gallery and the Sid Deutsche Gallery, New York City
 * Roman Toi – Composer, conductor, and organist

Business

 * Eduard Aule – President of the Bank of Estonia
 * Oskar Kerson – President of the Bank of Estonia in Exile (1968–1980)
 * Harry Männil – Businessman and cultural benefactor
 * Märten Ross – Deputy President of the Bank of Estonia
 * Artur Uibopuu – President of the Bank of Estonia

Military

 * Gustav Jonson – Major General, Chief of Cavalry regiments of the Estonian Ground Force in the War of Independence (1918-1919)

Politics

 * Oskar Amberg – Minister of Labour and Welfare, Minister of War, Minister of Roads, and Member of Parliament
 * Eduard Aule – Minister of Nutrition and Member of Parliament
 * Karl Ipsberg – Minister of Roads, Deputy Minister of Commerce and Industry, and Member of Parliament
 * Hugo Kaho – Member of Parliament
 * Kalev Kallemets – Member of Parliament
 * Juhan Kalm – Member of Parliament
 * August Kerem – Deputy State Elder, Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Roads, Minister of Defense
 * Tõnis Kint – Prime Minister in duties of the President, acting Prime Minister in Exile, Deputy Prime Minister in Exile, Minister of Agriculture in Exile, Acting Minister of War in Exile, and Member of Parliament
 * Andres Küng – Member of Parliament and MP of Sweden
 * Juhan Kurvits – Member of Parliament
 * Peeter Kurvits – Minister of Economic Affairs, II Deputy President of the Riigikogu, and Member of Parliament
 * Viktor Päts – Member of Parliament
 * Jaan Mägi – Member of Parliament
 * Jaan Raudsepp – Minister of Roads
 * Villem Reinok – Member of Parliament
 * Juhan Ross – Member of Parliament
 * Edgar V. Saks – Minister of Education in Exile
 * Karl Selter – Minister of Economic Affairs, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Member of Parliament
 * Leo Sepp – Minister of Monetary Affairs and Minister of Economic Affairs
 * Johan Sihver – Member of Parliament
 * Edgar Sulg – Member of Parliament
 * Anton Teetsov – Minister of Monetary Affairs
 * Artur Uibopuu – Member of Parliament
 * Georg Vestel – Deputy State Elder, Minister of Monetary Affairs, and Minister of Commerce-Industry
 * Nikolai Viitak – Minister of Roads and Member of Parliament

title: Korporatsioon Vironia


text:
Empress Hotel, Fitzroy North

The Empress Hotel (formerly the Empress of India Hotel) is a pub located at 714 Nicholson Street, in the inner Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy North. The Empress Hotel closed in December 2013, and reopened in its current form in early 2015.

History
The pub was opened in 1873 by John Bourke, and named in honour of Queen Victoria, who had been proclaimed the Empress of India on 1 January 1877. Until the late 20th century, it was frequented by employees of the nearby North Fitzroy tram depot.

In the late 1980s, it became a live music venue, and played a part in the Melbourne indie rock scene through the 90s and 2000s. In its last decade as a music venue, hotel management had to deal with noise complaints from residents who had moved nearby without realising it was a music venue. In February 2015 the venue reopened with a traditional bar, a dining area and an open air beer garden.

title: Empress Hotel, Fitzroy North


text:
Anthocharis stella

Anthocharis stella, the stella orangetip, is a species of butterfly found mainly in the Rocky Mountains in the United States where its caterpillar feeds on different kinds of rock cress. It has two subspecies.

title: Anthocharis stella


text:
Bernie Morris

Bernard Patrick Morris (August 21, 1890 – May 16, 1963) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played for the Seattle Metropolitans of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) from 1915 to 1923. When the Metropolitans became the first U.S.-based team to win the Stanley Cup in 1917, Morris scored 14 of Seattle's goals (in a best-of-five series). Morris also played for the Calgary Tigers, Boston Bruins, and various minor league teams.

Playing career
Born in Brandon, Manitoba, Morris played for several senior teams in Manitoba and Saskatchewan before joining the Victoria Aristocrats of the PCHA in 1914. He moved over to Seattle the following season, played eight seasons for Seattle, and was a member of the Stanley Cup champion 1917 team. He had an outstanding 1917 series, scoring 14 goals in four games.

Morris was scheduled to play in the ill-fated 1919 series, but was arrested by the United States for alleged draft dodging and jailed. He received a sentence of two years, to be served at Alcatraz. The fact that he was a British subject did not stop the American authorities from arresting him, as by treaty, he was supposed to register for the draft (then claim exemption), but he neglected to attend his physical, thus making him the "first foreign national on the West Coast convicted of draft evasion." By fall he was transferred to an Army unit and in March 1920 granted an honourable discharge.

Morris returned to hockey after the 1919–20 season and played in the 1920 series for Seattle.

In October 1923, Morris was traded by Seattle to the Calgary Tigers. He played for the Tigers in the 1924 series against Montreal. In all, Morris played a season and a half with Calgary before being traded again. He was traded to the Montreal Maroons and then to the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL) on January 3, 1925. He was released by Boston in February 1925, and he returned west to play for the Regina Capitals.

From 1925 to 1930, Morris finished his career with various teams in the minor California Pro League, Can-Pro, and International League. Morris managed the Hamilton Tigers during the 1928–1929 and 1929–1930 seasons. He made his home in Hamilton, Ontario and did not move to Syracuse when the team was transferred there in 1930.

Awards

 * PCHA First All-Star team: 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1922
 * PCHA Second All-Star team: 1921, 1923

title: Bernie Morris


text:
Talk:Busted

Untitled
Someone seems to be under the impression that label-less Fightstar is a successful act!

They didn't actually say they were Tories. If you read the original Tatler article, only Charlie said that he was a Conservative supporter (well, he is a public schoolboy). Matt said he ought to be a Tory because he earns so much now and James said he supports the Monster Raving Loony Party. --195.11.216.59 13:30, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Good Lord
Reads like it was writing by, either Busted themselves or one of their mothers 80.3.89.183 19:18, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Then change it you prat! JayKeaton 13:46, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

I read that their song 'But You Said No' got to number 1

It's because they suck.

More info
Im no expert on Bisted. But it needs more information - ie, tour dates, ... just a load more jazz.

Yeah, i agree, for such a succesful band, their is little info....i'm gonna re-arrange the album thing

Manufactured?
According to a BBC article, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3390003.stm, they weren't manufactured, but chose to go the "pop band" route, this sounds plausible, but the three of them are all seen playing guitars/vocals, who'se the drummer? (I know their lead singer was a former drummer, but in the videos he's shown at the front)

Or did they, like Spinal Tap, go through more drummers than Pete Doherty does hypodermics?

Something this awful had to be manufactured. —Preceding unsigned comment added by KenSharp (talk • contribs) 11:06, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Singles
The Singles are not complete: there's manking "Hurra, die Schule brennt". It's a Video running on MTV 83.176.151.111 (talk) 17:20, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

They're Back?
this link from The People newspaper says that BUSTED are making a return.... http://www.people.co.uk/showbiz/showbiz/tm_method=full%26objectID=20360100%26siteID=93463-name_page.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.104.152.7 (talk) 17:59, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Well, that's the link I posted into the article, but someone saw fit to remove it. Dunno why, the rumour (taken from a newspaper widely circulated in the UK, it's safe to say millions would have read this) is a decent source, and the subsequent denial lends a bit of interest to the article- that even a few years after they split, there's still interest in them- enough to make the national press. As the article stands, the implication is that they split up and nobody was interested afterwards. The globetrotter (talk) 14:49, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I removed it because I saw one reference from a non-reputable source which was swiftly quashed by Matt Willis. If someone wants to re-add a version with reliable sources AND citations that it was widely reported, please do. Otherwise, it seems fairly non-notable to me. -mattbuck (Talk) 14:59, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Congrats on your editing skills..
"The bands initial line-up consisted of James Bourne on Guitar and Vocals who is crap, Matt Sergeant (Willis) on Drums who is crap, Owen Doyle on Bass and Vocals,who is also shit and Ki Fitzgerald on Guitar and Vocals [1] called The Termites. The latter two members were sacked later that year. they also did not play there own instruments".

Classic stuff there!

Tommyhaych 18:23, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Thank you for your suggestion. When you feel an article needs improvement, please feel free to make those changes. Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the  link at the top. The Wikipedia community encourages you to be bold in updating pages. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes — they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out how to edit a page, or use the sandbox to try out your editing skills. New contributors are always welcome. You don't even need to log in (although there are many reasons why you might want to). -mattbuck (Talk) 18:25, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Changed the face of British music?
Changed the face of British music? In what way? Citation needed to at least several critics/commentators for that comment methinks.

Anon. 10 June 2008 21:55 GMT

 * It scrunched up into a look of disgust. ;) 87.194.30.174 (talk) 14:35, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

MTV Show
MTV now has a television show called busted TheHammer24 (talk) 03:27, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Busted


text:
Dixon Ticonderoga

The Dixon Ticonderoga Company is an American manufacturer of office and art supplies based in Heathrow, Florida. A subsidiary of Italian-based F.I.L.A. SpA, the company offers a number of brands, with one of the most well-known being Ticonderoga: the yellow No. 2 pencil known for its distinctive green and yellow ferrule. Other brands include Dixon and Oriole pencils, Dixon Industrial products, Prang school and art supplies, and Lyra and Pacon art products.

History
The company was formed by the merger of Joseph Dixon Crucible Company of New Jersey with Bryn Mawr Corporation of Pennsylvania, dating to 1795. The company was founded by Joseph Dixon and his son. Dixon also acquired 200-year-old German-based manufacturer Lyra. The pencil's name originates in the graphite ore discovered on Lead Hill in 1815 and processed in Ticonderoga, New York.

In 2002, the company closed down its Sandusky, Ohio factory shifting the manufacturing operations to Mexico. In 2005, the company was acquired by F.I.L.A., a manufacturer of school and art supplies based in Milan, Italy, and announced the closure of its main US factory in Versailles, Missouri. The company retains a distribution center in Georgia, where it makes limited numbers of pencils in order to claim status as a domestic producer, and a headquarters facility in Heathrow, Florida.

A consultant and former director of business development for the Dixon Ticonderoga company has been Lee Corso (who is better known as a sports broadcaster on ESPN). According to USA Today, his on-air trademark is waving a pencil to punctuate his speech.

Ticonderoga pencil

The classic Ticonderoga is a wood-cased graphite pencil. It is well known for having a characteristic yellow color, a green (originally brass) metallic ferrule, and a soft pink eraser. The pencil has a mild hexagonal shape that slows surface rolling. Its thickness is approximately 7mm, and its unsharpened length is 19 cm. The Ticonderoga was traditionally manufactured from Eastern red cedar, but it is now made from an unspecified American cedar.

The eponymous Ticonderoga model pencil is distributed by the Dixon Ticonderoga Company. The company, which was originally located in downtown Jersey City, New Jersey, was founded in the 19th century. In 1999, Dixon ceased US production of the Ticonderoga pencil, but it continues to own and operate facilities outside the US in Italy, France, Asia, Latin America and Germany.

Dixon Ticonderoga manufactures a variety of pencils, including the Classic, Black, Noir, Tri-Conderoga, Microban, Laddie, My First (formerly Beginners), SenseMatic, and colored pencils. The pencils are available in different grades: #1 (Extra Soft), #2 (Soft), #2½ (Medium), #3 (Hard), and #4 (Extra Hard).

Ticonderoga pencils were the favorite pencil of the author Roald Dahl. Dahl began using them, along with yellow lined legal pads, whilst living in the U.S., and upon returning home to the U.K. had them specially shipped over for use in his writing shed at Gipsy House, his home in Buckinghamshire.

Brands

 * Prang
 * GoWrite!
 * Pacon
 * WonderFoam
 * KolorFast
 * Dixon
 * Ticonderoga
 * Ghostline
 * Princeton Artist Brush

title: Dixon Ticonderoga


text:
User:Adambisset

Hey there. I'm a Philosophy lecturer by day and jazz pianist by night. This sounds like a romantic way to live, and it would be if I didn't live in Dundee :-)

I spend most of my time here tending the Dundee page, which I've extensively edited and rewritten. I only tend to make minor edits to other articles, but I regularly leave comments, questions and requests on discussion pages.

RANT: The 'search engine test' gives special privilege to certain subjects. It is an invalid method for determining the notability of Wikipedia articles. Think about it the other way round: if a subject has millions of Google hits does the world really need another page about it?

 * SUPPORT Médecins Sans Frontières

title: User:Adambisset


text:
User:Sanson michel

Bonjour , je suis francais, je suis chef-d'entreprise et je m'interresse beaucoup a l'ukraine, je connais les villes,KIEV,DONETS'K,DNIEPROPETROVS'K

title: User:Sanson michel


text:
Talk:129 (number)

Odd statement?
Is it just me, or does this look "odd" to anybody else?

"... can be expressed as a sum of three squares in four different ways: ..." followed by only three examples.

If 112 + 22 + 22 is two of the four ways, maybe it would help to point that out.

I'm just sayin'. ;-) Flagstonia (talk) 22:25, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:129 (number)


text:
Talk:128 (number)

[and]
should and be used in the name of a number?Qwed117 (talk) 18:53, 21 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:128 (number)


text:
Mental Ray

Mental Ray (stylized as mental ray) is a production-quality ray tracing application for 3D rendering. Its Berlin-based developer Mental Images was acquired by Nvidia in 2007 and Mental Ray was discontinued in 2017.

Mental Ray has been used in many feature films, including Hulk, The Matrix Reloaded & Revolutions, Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, The Day After Tomorrow and Poseidon.

In November 2017 Nvidia announced that it would no longer offer new Mental Ray subscriptions, although maintenance releases with bug fixes were published throughout 2018 for existing plugin customers.

Features

The primary feature of Mental Ray is the achievement of high performance through parallelism on both multiprocessor machines and across render farms. The software uses acceleration techniques such as scanline for primary visible surface determination and binary space partitioning for secondary rays via ray tracing, and used Quasi-Monte Carlo methods to solve the underlying light transport simulation. It also supports caustics and physically correct simulation of global illumination employing photon maps. Any combination of diffuse, glossy (soft or scattered), and specular reflection and transmission can be simulated.

Mental Ray was designed to be integrated into a third-party application using an API or be used as a standalone program using the .mi scene file format for batch-mode rendering. There were many programs integrating it such as Autodesk Maya, 3D Studio Max, Cinema 4D and Revit, Softimage|XSI, Side Effects Software's Houdini, SolidWorks and Dassault Systèmes' CATIA. Most of these software front-ends provided their own library of custom shaders (described below). However assuming these shaders are available to mental ray, any .mi file can be rendered, regardless of the software that generated it.

Mental Ray is fully programmable and infinitely variable, supporting linked subroutines also called shaders written in C or C++. This feature can be used to create geometric elements at runtime of the renderer, procedural textures, bump and displacement maps, atmosphere and volume effects, environments, camera lenses, and light sources.

Supported geometric primitives include polygons, subdivision surfaces, and trimmed free-form surfaces such as NURBS, Bézier, and Taylor monomial.

Phenomena consist of one or more shader trees (DAG). A phenomenon looks like regular shader to the user, and in fact may be a regular shader, but generally it will contain a link to a shader DAG, which may include the introduction or modification of geometry, introduction of lenses, environments, and compile options. The idea of a Phenomenon is to package elements and hide complexity.

Since 2010 Mental Ray has also included the iray rendering engine, which added GPU acceleration to the product. In 2013, the ambient occlusion pass was also accelerated by CUDA, and in 2015 the GI Next engine was added which can be used to compute all indirect/global illumination on GPUs.

In 2003, Mental Images received an Academy Award for contributions of mental ray to motion pictures.

title: Mental Ray


text:
ZF Friedrichshafen

ZF Friedrichshafen AG, also known as ZF Group, originally Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen (lit. 'Cogwheel Factory of Friedrichshafen'), and commonly abbreviated to ZF, is a German technology manufacturing company that supplies systems for passenger cars, commercial vehicles and industrial technology. It is headquartered in Friedrichshafen, in the south-west German state of Baden-Württemberg. Specializing in engineering, it is primarily known for its design, research and development, and manufacturing activities in the automotive industry and is one of the largest automotive suppliers in the world. Its products include driveline and chassis technology for cars and commercial vehicles, along with specialized plant equipment such as construction equipment. It is also involved in the rail, marine, defense and aviation industries, as well as general industrial applications. ZF has 162 production locations in 31 countries with approximately 168,700 (2023) employees.

History
The company was founded by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, the inventor of the zeppelin airship and engineer Alfred von Soden-Fraunhofen in 1915 in Friedrichshafen, Germany as a subsidiary of Luftschiffbau Zeppelin, to manufacture gears for zeppelins and other airships. The German Zahnradfabrik translates to 'gear factory' or ''cogwheel factory' in English.

In 1999, the steering systems division was made separate and became the new ZF Lenksysteme GmbH, a joint venture between ZF Friedrichshafen and Robert Bosch GmbH.

Due to the 2008 financial crisis ZF took a €250 million loan from the state-owned KfW Bank and embarked on a company-wide restructure that shut down unprofitable locations, particularly outside Germany, the total number of employees was reduced from 63,000 to 59,000 worldwide. CEO Hans-Georg Härter stated that the combined effects of the loan and restructuring will eliminate the need for further employee reduction.

On 16 September 2014, the Wall Street Journal reported that ZF agreed to acquire TRW Automotive Holdings for $13.5 billion. The acquisition would create the world's second largest automotive parts concern, ranked just behind Robert Bosch GmbH. For clearing way to acquire TRW Automotive Holdings, ZF Friedrichshafen AG sold its stake in ZF Lenksysteme GmbH to Robert Bosch GmbH. ZF Lenksysteme GmbH has now been renamed as Robert Bosch Automotive Steering GmbH.

In September 2020, ZF Friedrichshafen AG entered a partnership with Aeva Inc. to put LIDAR sensors for self-driving vehicles, into production.

Highlights
Some of the most important milestones:

 * 1919: ZF entered the automobile market, a move prompted by heavy restrictions on aircraft manufacturing imposed by the Treaty of Versailles.

 * 1920: Patent application submitted for the Soden six speed transmission.
 * 1921: Under a rampant inflation and investor fears, the company went public as the Zepernicker Zahnradfabrik, with the Zeppelin Luftschiffbau GmbH holding 80% of the stock options, valued at 4 million marks.
 * 1927: Moved to Friedrichshafen and changed the name to ZF Friedrichshafen.
 * 1929: A thriving auto industry warrants the series production of the innovative helical ZF Aphon transmission for cars and commercial vehicles.
 * 1932: Launch of steering systems production under license by ZF Lenksysteme GmbH.
 * 1944: On 3 August, the Zahnradfabrik was bombed by the 304th BW/Fifteenth Air Force. As early as 20 September 1942, Albert Speer had warned Hitler of how important the Friedrichshafen tank engine production and the Schweinfurt ball-bearing facilities were. After the bombing, the company was relocated to former location, Zepernick until the 1970s.
 * 1944: Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen created the Panzer IV hydrostatischer, the only tank that they modified with their hydraulic drive.
 * 1953: Market launch of the first fully synchronised transmission for commercial vehicles worldwide.
 * 1961: Development of a fully automatic transmission for passenger cars. With series production beginning in 1969, and later proving highly popular, the 3HP20 is built to be swappable with the company's manual transmissions. The 1960s sees ZF supplying transmissions to major German automakers (including DKW, Mercedes-Benz, Porsche and BMW) as well as Peugeot and Alfa Romeo.
 * 1977: Start of volume production for automatic transmissions for commercial vehicles.  Worldwide subsidiaries and factories were opened in the 1970s, and the company moved into India and South Korea.
 * 1980s: ZF started operating in Asia in the mid 80s
 * 1984: Majority shareholding gained in Lemförder Metallwaren AG, rebranded as ZF Lemförder GmbH.
 * 1986: Start of U.S. transmission production in Gainesville, Georgia, for pickup trucks. ZF became a major supplier to Ford in the 1980s.
 * 1991: The 5HP18 was the first 5-speed automatic transmission for passenger cars. Introduced in 1991 on the BMW E36 320i/325i and E34 5 Series
 * 1994: Development of an automatic transmission system for heavy commercial vehicles. The company expanded into China in the 1990s.
 * 1999: World premiere for the first automatic 6-speed transmission. Series production begins in 2001, with the BMW 7 Series as the first client. Today, ZF produces around one million six-speed automatic transmissions annually.
 * 2001: Acquisition of Mannesmann Sachs AG, renamed ZF Sachs AG.
 * 2001: Active Roll Stabilization (ARS) premiere on BMW 7 Series (E65)
 * 2002: Presentation of the world's first 4-point link – a newly developed chassis module for trucks and buses.
 * 2003: First deliveries of the Active Steering systems for passenger cars.
 * 2004: Ford starts volume production of the continuously variable transmissions (CVT) for passenger cars developed by ZF.
 * 2005: The 10-millionth airbag casing, the 5-millionth passenger car axle system and the 2-millionth 'Servolectric' electric power steering system are delivered.
 * 2006: ZF produces the 10-millionth passenger car automatic transmission.
 * 2007: One of the world's first 8-speed automatic transmissions, the 8HP boasted to achieve an 11% improvement in fuel economy in comparison with standard 6-speed automatic transmissions. Production began in 2009.
 * 2008: Acquisition of keyboard manufacturers Cherry Corporation. Incorporated into the ZF Electronics GmbH Corporate Division.
 * 2011: World premiere for the first automatic 9-speed transmission. . Land Rover demonstrated the world's first nine-speed automatic transmission for a passenger car at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. The ZF 9HP transmission is designed for transverse applications, and is one of the most efficient and technically advanced transmissions ever used in a production vehicle. Land Rover is the lead partner with ZF on this project.
 * 2013: Jeep announces that ZF has developed a nine-speed automatic transmission for use in its all-new 2014 Jeep Cherokee (KL) midsized crossover utility vehicle.
 * 2013: ZF Opens automatic passenger car transmission plant in Gray Court, South Carolina, U.S.
 * 2014: American auto parts manufacturer TRW Automotive acquired for $13.5 billion.
 * 2015: Acquired the Bosch Rexroth industrial gears and wind turbine gearbox unit (formerly Lohmann & Stolterfoht).
 * 2019: ZF acquires occupant recognition software maker Simi Reality Motion Systems.
 * 2019: ZF acquires auto part manufacturer WABCO.
 * 2019: ZF to provide the entire electric powertrain of Mercedes EQC.
 * 2020: ZF completes acquisition of WABCO, which will be integrated into ZF as its Commercial Vehicle Control Systems Division.
 * 2022: ZF and Wolfspeed announced a joint R&D center in Germany to accelerate global Silicon Carbide system and device top innovation. ZF intends to invest in Wolfspeed, in order to support construction of the world’s most advanced and largest Silicon Carbide device fab. The partnership also includes a significant investment by ZF to support the planned construction of the world’s most advanced and largest 200mm Silicon Carbide device fab in Ensdorf, Germany.
 * 2023: ZF and Hon Hai Technology Group (“Foxconn”)  announced a 50-50 partnership in passenger car chassis systems, a key move aimed at accelerating and expanding automotive and supply chain opportunities with top-tier customers. Foxconn will acquire a 50-percent stake in ZF Chassis Modules GmbH.

Products

ZF Friedrichshafen manufactures automatic and manual transmissions for cars, trucks, buses and construction equipment; chassis components (ball joints, tie rods, cross-axis joints, stabiliser bars, control arms); shock absorbers and suspension struts; electronic damping systems including Continuous Damping Control (CDC), Active Roll Stabilization (ARS); clutches; torque converters; differentials; axle drives; and industrial drives.

ZF products include
 * driveline technology (automatic, manual, servo, automated manual, special transmission, driveline components, rubber-metal technology, transfer case, hybrid system)
 * chassis technology (chassis components and modules, steering technology, suspension systems)
 * additional technologies (electronic/software, diagnostic systems, precision plastic technology, lubricants)
 * Axle systems and drops

Applications
ZF components are utilized across a diverse range of vehicles and machinery, including cars, trucks, buses, light commercial vehicles, off-road equipment, rail vehicles, helicopters, motorcycles, lift trucks, machinery and system construction, test systems, cranes, as well as special marine, military and agricultural vehicles and equipment.

The ZF Lenksysteme division, a joint venture between ZF and Bosch, specializes in the production of steering systems and components. This includes steering columns, gears, pumps, Electric Power Steering (EPS), and Active Steering systems.

In response to the increasing adoption of automatic transmissions in buses, ZF developed the ZF AS Tronic transmission. The company also produces a range of manual and automatic transmissions for trucks and buses. Notably, ZF transmissions, such as the Ecomat introduced in 1980, are widely used in buses.

ZF Lemförder and ZF Sachs AG are specialized divisions within ZF, focusing on the production of both original equipment and aftermarket auto parts.

Divisions
ZF Friedrichshafen is organized into nine divisions, each focusing on different aspects of automotive and industrial technology:

Active Safety Systems
Sales (2020): €4,987 million.

Products: Electronic Stability Control, Integrated Brake Control, Electric Park Brakes, Electrically Powered Steering Systems, and Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering Systems.

Car Chassis Technology
Sales (2020): €6,680 million.

Products: Chassis components for wheel guidance, complete front and rear axles, passive and semi-active dampers, and electromechanical active chassis systems.

Electrified Powertrain Technology
Sales (2020): €8,459 million.

Products: Automatic Transmissions, Automated Manual Transmissions, Manual Transmissions, Dual-Clutch Automatic Transmissions, Powertrain Modules, Electronic Systems, Electric Motors, Electric Vehicle Drives, and Electronic Interfaces.

Electronics & ADAS
Sales (2020): €1,561 million.

Products: Advanced driver assistance systems, sensor technologies, integrated electronics, advanced safety domain control units, safety electronics such as airbag electronic control units, and crash sensors for the automotive industry.

Passive Safety Systems
Sales (2020): €3,503 million.

Products: Airbags, airbag inflators, seat belt systems, and steering wheels.

Commercial Vehicle Control Systems
Sales (2020): €1,539 million.

Products: Braking control systems and advanced technologies that enhance the safety, efficiency, and connectivity of commercial vehicles.

Commercial Vehicle Technology
Sales (2020): €3,307 million.

Products: Automated, manual, and powershift transmissions, drive components such as clutches and electric drives, ADAS technology including automated, camera and radar-based comfort and safety functions for trucks and buses, chassis systems, chassis components, and steering systems for vehicles.

Industrial Technology
Sales (2020): €2,687 million. Products: Transmissions and axles for agricultural and construction machinery, driveline technology for material handling systems, rail and special vehicles, marine propulsion systems, aviation technology, gearboxes for wind turbines and industrial applications, and test systems for driveline and chassis technology.

Aftermarket
Sales (2020): €2,522 million.

Brands: ZF, LEMFÖRDER, SACHS, TRW, and BOGE.

ZF TRW
TRW Automotive, based in Livonia, Michigan, was originally the automotive division of TRW Inc., established in 2002. It specializes in designing, manufacturing, and selling automotive safety systems. With approximately 200 facilities and 66,100 employees across 26 countries, TRW Automotive was acquired by ZF Friedrichshafen in 2015 and now forms the Active & Passive Safety Technology division.

In October 2022, ZF spun off the Passive Safety Systems division into a standalone entity, ZF Lifetec, focusing on vehicle safety tests and equipment.

Overseas facilities
ZF Group operates globally, with Europe as its primary market, followed by the Asia-Pacific region, North and South America and Middle East & Africa.

The company maintains six research and development (R&D) centers worldwide to tailor product development to local markets, investing approximately 5% of its sales revenue annually in R&D.

In Great Britain, ZF has been active since 1973. The manufacturing base in Darlaston supplies chassis components to the British automotive industry, including Jaguar, BMW, and Land Rover. ZF Great Britain Ltd. in Nottingham also has a remanufacturing facility and customer support operations.

In the NAFTA region, ZF operates 16 locations, including an R&D center near Detroit and a manufacturing plant in Laurens County, South Carolina, which began production in 2013.

ZF has a significant presence in Asia, focusing on China, Korea, Japan, and Australia. Liuzhou ZF Machinery Co., Ltd. in China, a joint venture with Guangxi LiuGong Machinery Co., manufactures driveline components for construction machinery.

ZF's presence in India includes joint ventures and license partnerships spanning over three decades. ZF India Private Ltd., operational since 2007 in Pune, focuses on axles, off-road driveline technology, and commercial vehicle technology. The facility includes factory buildings, a warehouse, and an aftermarket service facility.

title: ZF Friedrichshafen


text:
Talk:126 (number)

Useless trivia
Removed useless trivia - first, Tom Cruise's incorrect gas bill (how is that notable, especially to the number 126?), and also the stuff about the numbers on the keyboard. If anyone has good reasons to keep this stuff, post it here. 71.212.5.9 (talk) 15:16, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Best number ever.
Best number ever. Reliable  Forever talk 14:42, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:126 (number)


text: Talk:125 (number)

title: Talk:125 (number)


text:
Talk:124 (number)

Unbiquadium
I restored the unbiquadium comment-out because the element hasn't even been discovered yet, per WP:NUM. As far as I know, no scientist team is trying to discover unbiquadium. Once a team of scientists announces they've discovered, the comment-out is removed. When the element gets an official name is usually at least a year from date of discovery. PrimeFan 18:47, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:124 (number)


text:
Talk:123 (number)

Subject
make a suggestion or voice a concern. 61.6.253.187 (talk) 12:05, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:123 (number)


text: Talk:122 (number)

title: Talk:122 (number)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John E. Potter

John E. Potter
In its current form, this article is nonsense. utcursch 13:42, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yup, delete. A good candidate for the speedy version... Fire Star 14:04, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. One line of nonsense. jni 14:36, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. I went ahead and put a tag on it. --Ianb 15:05, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. (Content was "hey i love you and Grant Ringenberg cuz he's the bestest of all best boyfriends")  Awww, ain't that cute.  Smerdis of Tlön 15:14, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * My hero! Thanks. --Ianb 15:18, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:121 (number)

Squares of the form x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
Until a couple of minutes before my edits, this page made it seem like it was a conjecture that there are no squares after 121 that are of the form x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1. This is actually easy to prove!

Case 1: Let x = 2k

Then, x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 16k4 + 8k3 + 4k2 + 2k + 1. For k > 0, this is between (4k+k)2 and (4k+k+1)2.

Case 2: Let x = 2k+1

Then, x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 16k4 + 40k3 + 40k2 + 20k + 5. For k > 0, this is between (4k2+k)2 and (4k2+k+1)2. For k > 1, this is between (4k2+5k+1)2 and (4k2+5k+2)2.

As a result, it suffices to check k = 0 and k = 1 and there are no solutions other than x = 0 and x = 3. 173.76.131.225 (talk) 21:32, 18 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I spot a mistake, but more importantly, this is original research. I'll revert your edits for now, but feel free to reinstate them if you can include a reliable source for this information. Gap9551 (talk) 07:43, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

Mera account add kyu nahi ho raha hai
please add my account 45.112.29.69 (talk) 00:27, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

 * For information on creating a Wikipedia account, please see Account. Certes (talk) 12:37, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:121 (number)


text:
World Climate Conference

The World Climate Conferences are a series of international meetings, organized by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), about global climate issues principally global warming in addition to climate research and forecasting.

1979
The First World Climate Conference was held on 12–23 February 1979 in Geneva and sponsored by the WMO. It was one of the first major international meetings on climate change. Essentially a scientific conference, it was attended by scientists from a wide range of disciplines. In addition to the main plenary sessions, the conference organized four working groups to look into climate data, the identification of climate topics, integrated impact studies, and research on climate variability and change. The Conference led to the establishment of the World Climate Programme and the World Climate Research Programme. It also led to the creation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) by WMO and UNEP in 1988.

1990
The Second Climate Conference was held on 29 October to 7 November 1990, again in Geneva. It was an important step towards a global climate treaty and somewhat more political than the first conference. The main task of the conference was to review the WCP set up by the first conference. The IPCC first assessment report had been completed in time for this conference. The scientists and technology experts at the conference issued a strong statement highlighting the risk of climate change. The conference issued a Ministerial Declaration only after hard bargaining over a number of difficult issues; the declaration disappointed many of the participating scientists as well as some observers because it did not offer a high level of commitment. Eventually, however, developments at the conference led to the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), of which the Kyoto Protocol is a part, and to the establishment of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), a global observing system of systems for climate and climate-related observations.

2009
World Climate Conference-3 (WCC-3) was held in Geneva, Switzerland, 31 August – 4 September 2009. Its focus was on climate predictions and information for decision-making at the seasonal to multi-decadal timescales. The goal was to create a global framework that will link scientific advances in these climate predictions and the needs of their users for decision-making to better cope with changing conditions. Key users of climate predictions include food producers, water managers, energy developers and managers, public health workers, national planners, tourism managers and others, as well as society at large. Participants in WCC-3 included these users, as well as climate service providers and high-level policy-makers. The Conference also aimed to increase commitment to, and advancements in, climate observations and monitoring to better provide climate information and services worldwide that will improve public safety and well-being.

WCC-3 outcomes also intended to contribute to the achievement of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals and broader UN climate goals, including the Hyogo Framework for Action on Disaster Risk Reduction. The Conference theme complemented global work under way to help societies adapt to climate change in line with Bali Action Plan, especially the Nairobi Work Programme. The outcomes formed part of WMO input to the 2009 UNFCC COP-15 meeting for climate mitigation in Copenhagen in the December following WCC-3.

title: World Climate Conference


text:
Talk:Brazilian Space Agency

Previous discussions without headers
What's the relation between the Brazilian Space Agency and INPE (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais)? In some sources they appear to be the same but they've different histories (see here). 193.171.121.30 13:47, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * INPE, as it name says (National Institute of Space Research) handles researches of aerospace technology; they have built most of the meteorological sattelites used by Brazil nowadays. INPE also deals with sattelite data, such as weather forecasting. The AEB deals with space monitoring and the launches of brazilian space missions.

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NASA - BSA
During our recent visit to the NBL in Houston NASA, we were asked to guess what flag was missing. Then the guide told us that Brazil used to partner with NASA, and that stopped after the VLS-1 explosion. Fact is, there are old pics of the NBL flag wall including Brazil's, but that flag is gone in later ones. Anyone has some data, what, wherefore?

http://serg.mountgambier.org/recent/Jan-Jun%202008/USA/Neutral%20buoyancy%20internal.jpg

https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/03/fc/97/06/space-center-houston.jpg

The way the flags are lined up now really seems to have one space "missing". Yama Plos  talk  21:21, 10 August 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Brazilian Space Agency