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Dave Ulliott

David A. "Devilfish" Ulliott (1 April 1954 – 6 April 2015), was an English professional gambler and poker player.

Formerly, Ulliott was a minor figure in the Hull underworld,. He went on to become a World Series of Poker bracelet-winner, and a mainstay of televised poker. At the poker table, he wore orange-tinted prescription sunglasses, a sharp suit (or leather jacket) and gold knuckleduster rings reading "Devil" and "Fish", which he made himself.

In 2017 he was elected to the Poker Hall of Fame.

Early years
Ulliott was born in 1954 in Kingston upon Hull, England. He grew up in a small council house in a working-class area. Ulliott was left school at the age of 15. After visiting the bookies with his father and winning his first bet at 50:1, he picked winners at horse racing with his colleagues during hot lunch breaks. He was eventually fired from his job for taking an afternoon off to go to the races.

At the age of 19, Ulliott was involved in a fight on the way home from the Golden Nugget Pool Hall in Kingston upon Hull. Ulliott was fought by five men and their wives (one of whom slashed his face with a steel comb), after protecting his younger brother. He fought back and eventually returned home. Ulliott later claimed that he was proud of the experience and the incident made him realise that he could not be beaten in a fight "inside".

Criminal activities
Ulliott became involved in a safe-cracking team soon after being advised by the rest of the team that everyone was involved in the operation, including the shops, which carried out insurance fraud, and the police, who turned a blind eye. Together, they targeted tobacconists, off-licence, and garages. On one occasion, when Ulliott lost over £5,000 at the bookies, he robbed that safe and took it home in a pram. One of the team was eventually caught and informed the police that Ulliott was involved. He went on the run for a week but was eventually caught.

Ulliott was confined to a small cell in Kingston upon Hull Police Station for three weeks. He was later sent to Leeds Prison, where he was kept in isolation for 23 hours a day for the first two months of his nine-month sentence, which included his 21st birthday. Not long after his release, he was arrested again for an armed robbery at an off-license but was released three days later without charge. Upon his release, he got a job at a timber yard. Later, he again became involved in the safe-cracking team while also working as a bouncer and gambling.

Ulliott was arrested again when he was 28 for a fight outside a nightclub and served 18 months in Leeds and Durham Prisons. Again he spent much time in an isolation block for 23 hours a day. During this time, he met a criminal named John, with whom he planned to carry out a bank robbery upon his release. However, on the day it was planned to happen, John was arrested by the regional crime squad, and Ulliott was advised by John's wife to "go straight". Not long after Ulliott met his second wife, he decided to abstain from criminal activities.

Poker career
Ulliott began playing poker with his parents as a young child and later learned three card brag at the age of 16, after being introduced to Hull's Fifty-One Club casino. By the time of his second marriage, Ulliott was organising poker games in the back of his shop and dominating the home games of others to the extent that people stopped telling him where they were being held.

At the end of 1990, he met Gary Whitaker, a cafe manager from Wakefield, at Napoleon's Casino, Leeds. They travelled together to poker games six nights a week, and Whitaker placed bets for Ulliott after he was banned from all of William Hill's betting shops for successfully gambling £4,000 up to £70,000. Whitaker went on to become Ulliott's regular driver as he took part in a regular game with Dave Colclough, John Shipley and Lucy Rokach, and held a 10% stake in his action.

When they first travelled to London (where the regular game at the time was lowball), Ulliott was forced to change his style of play as he found the players harder to bluff; he credits the experience for improving his game. On one occasion in London, Ulliott lost a £60,000 pot to Donnacha O'Dea when the latter hit a two-outer against him, but made all the money back within 24 hours. On another occasion, Ulliott played in five cities in a day, winning in each to earn £35,000.

When playing in private games, Ulliott often took a gun to ensure he would be able to leave a poker game with the winnings. He fired it in the air one night to scare off some opponents who were planning to rob him of the money he had won from them.

Devilfish
Ulliott first won money in a noted poker tournament in 1993. Over the following years, Ulliott worked on his tournament game to the extent that, during 1996, he won £100,000 in a two-week period at The Vic. His success at that time led to him and Whitaker going to Las Vegas, Nevada for the first time.

Ulliott took £10,000 with him on the trip, and was around even, until he entered the $500 pot limit Omaha event of the 1997 Four Queens Poker Classic. When the event reached the heads-up stage, numerous Vietnamese-American followers of Men Nguyen supported the latter by cheering "Go on the Master" at him. In response, Whitaker cheered Ulliott on by cheering "Go on the Devilfish."

The nickname was thought up by Stephen Au-Yeung early 1997, who ran a poker game that Ulliott had frequented in Birmingham UK and who later sold him the website DevilFishPoker.com in 2005; a devilfish (or fugu) is a poisonous fish that can kill when ingested if not properly prepared. Ulliott reduced Nguyen's stack to one chip, and the tournament director insisted upon still taking a one-hour scheduled break, over Nguyen's protests. Ulliott turned to Nguyen and said, "We're taking the break, and in all fairness to you, I think you should go upstairs and think about your tactics." Ulliott went on to win, and the headlines the next day read, Devilfish devours the Master.

Since the event, Ulliott claimed that the event was only of significance for defining his nickname.

Prior to earning the nickname, Ulliott had been referred to as Dave the Clock because he used a grandfather clock as a buy-in to a local game where he knew a furniture dealer was playing.

1997 World Series of Poker
Ulliott arrived at the 1997 World Series of Poker (WSOP) with $200,000, but lost it all on cash games and tournament buy-ins. He borrowed over $70,000 more, but lost this too, burning some bridges in the process. He scraped together a buy-in for the $2,000 pot limit Texas hold 'em event, where he reached heads-up against fellow Englishman Chris Truby. In the final hand, Ulliott got all of his money in the pot with an open-ended straight draw and flush draw against Truby's top set. Ulliott won with a straight on the river to claim $180,310 and his only WSOP bracelet. Whitaker jumped over the barricade to join in the celebrations. The press release the next day claimed he was lucky to draw out on Truby, but mathematically, Ulliott was a 54.5% favourite to win when the money went into the pot. After winning his bracelet, he had the nickname "Devilfish" engraved on it.

Following the tournament, he went through a highly successful period playing in cash games, winning between $10,000 and 20,000 each day for a two-week stretch. During one session, on the advice of his friend Mansour Matloubi, he played Lyle Berman heads-up pot limit Omaha and beat him out of $168,000. By the end of the trip, Ulliott had $742,000 in cash, that he carried around with Whitaker in bags from duty-free. When returning to their casino in Leeds, Ulliott and Whitaker were met with great applause from their regular opponents.

Late Night Poker
In 1999, Ulliott was one of 40 players to appear in the first series of the Late Night Poker television series, the first poker show to use hole cam technology. He won his qualifying heat against a field that included Charalambos "Bambos" Xanthos and future Hendon Mobster Ross Boatman to advance to the Grand Final. Ulliott dominated the final from the first hand (where his flush beat Surinder Sunar's pocket queens). During the event, he made four of a kind against Joe Beevers, eliminated Liam Flood and slow-played three aces against Dave Welch, prompting commentator Nic Szeremeta to say, "I've never seen a hand played so well." Ulliott went on to win the heads-up confrontation against Peter Evans, and the £40,000 first prize.

Ulliott's win was watched by over 1,500,000 people (a huge figure for the channel and timeslot of the broadcast) and his character at the table was part of the reason for the renewal of the series, which went on to run for five more series, with Ulliott appearing in them all. Ulliott also made the final table in the second series.

World Poker Tour
In January 2003, Ulliott won his biggest tournament cash prize in the World Poker Tour (WPT) first season Jack Binion World Poker Open. Ulliott outlasted a field of 160 players, entering the final table with a 2:1 chip lead over his nearest rival, and taking first place and $589,175 after eliminating Phil Ivey. Ulliott eliminated four of his five opponents at the final table, in a performance that commentator Mike Sexton has referred to as "still the most dominating performance in WPT history." In the second season, Ulliott was also invited to the WPT Bad Boys of Poker Invitational, and finished on the television bubble of the Aruba Poker Classic.

In December 2007, Ulliott came in 3rd place in the sixth season of the WPT Doyle Brunson Classic Championship Event earning $674,500.

Other events
Ulliott came close to winning a second WSOP bracelet on numerous occasions, finishing second in events at the 1998 WSOP and 2000 WSOP, and second at two more events at the 2001 WSOP. In two of these events, he was eliminated whilst holding aces.

Ulliott represented his country in the Poker Nations Cup, the PartyPoker.com Football & Poker Legends Cup and the Intercontinental Poker Championship as well as the inaugural British Poker Open, which had a strong American field in contention.

At the PartyPoker Premier League, he embarked on a rivalry with Phil Hellmuth, including one six-man game where Ulliott called Hellmuth's all-in bluff with A♠-8♠ against Hellmuth's 7♥-5♥, making him a better than 60% favourite. Hellmuth flopped the nut straight. Later in the same game, Hellmuth's pocket nines beat Ulliott's aces.

Ulliott's total lifetime tournament winnings exceeded $6,200,000, putting him 11th on England's all-time money list, according to available records. His 33 cashes at the WSOP account for $1,708,075 of those winnings.

Personal life
Ulliott was married three times. He had two children, Paul and Kerry, with his first wife Susan; four sons with Amanda (Mandy) Ashby, named Stephen, Christopher, Michael and Matthew; one son, David, with his common-law wife Diana and a daughter, Lucy, with Anpaktita, his third wife. He lived in Kingston upon Hull, not far from where he grew up.

Autobiography
In spring 2010, Penguin Books announced the publication of Ulliott's autobiography, DEVILFISH: The Life & Times of a Poker Legend, in September 2010. It was launched at Poker in the Park – Europe's largest free poker festival, held in London's Leicester Square – with a book signing session and talk by Ulliott.

The book was very favourably reviewed by journalist and poker player Victoria Coren in The Observer saying: "I was nervous to review it, in case it was bad. Dave Ulliot is a friend of mine. And he has a gun. But I needn't have worried. The book is, like the man, fast, funny, scary, smart, cocky, colourful, and I adore them both." She recounted her first meeting with Ulliot: "In the winter of 1999, on the sixth floor of a Cardiff hotel, I walked into a lift to find it already occupied by an elderly couple and a tall, sinister-looking fellow in a black leather trench coat and red sunglasses. 'The Devilfish!' I breathed. 'Can I hold your bracelet?' Without a word, the shady gentleman slipped a heavy gold bracelet off his wrist and jingled it into my hand. The elderly couple must have thought we were both insane."

Death
Ulliott was diagnosed with colon cancer in February 2015, and died of the disease on 6 April 2015 at the age of 61.

Legacy & reputation
Despite the dominance of Texas hold'em throughout televised poker, Ulliott had a reputation as a very strong pot limit Omaha player, with over 40 finishes in the money in tournaments of that type. Once, in an Omaha cash game at The Vic in 1997, he successfully read that Jon Shoreman had a straight flush and laid down a four of a kind. Ulliott was also considered the best five-card stud player in Northern England. However, Ulliott indicated that his real preference was for four card Omaha.

In the UK, Ulliott was particularly famous, even being mentioned in EastEnders. He also appeared on the front cover of the inaugural edition of PokerPlayer magazine, and was voted No. 9 on their Top 10 Poker Legends List.

Ulliott was associated with the online poker site Devilfish Poker. After being eliminated in third place for $120,000 in the Full Tilt Poker invitational event at the 2005 Monte Carlo Millions, Ulliott stood up, flashing a "www.devilfishpoker.com" sign that was strapped to his back inside his jacket. The event was being broadcast live on Fox Sports Net (FSN), which has a policy against advertising .com websites, and Ulliott was banned from appearing in any forthcoming FSN productions.

Ulliott later responded that he only paid the entry money so he could advertise his site; it was originally agreed that he would be able to promote the site, so he decided to advertise his site through the publicity stunt regardless. Despite supporting online poker sites, Ulliott indicated that many online players do not know what they are doing when playing, which makes them harder to play against.

Ulliott became the subject of some controversy when he claimed that female poker players would never be as good as male players. He cited Lucy Rokach as a rare example of a strong female player, but still maintained that female players would never be aggressive enough to compete with their male counterparts.

Ulliott claimed that his gambling wins led to him being banned by all the British bookmakers. He also claimed that Joe Beevers placed bets on his behalf for a period of time, during which time he managed to back all six winners at Ascot one year, including one at 14/1 and one at 20/1.

In his later years, Ulliott attempted to change his image, no longer wearing slicked-back hair or sunglasses at the poker table. This was a result of attending a party in Las Vegas, where he felt everyone looked the same as him.

title: Dave Ulliott


text: Category:Sega

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Sega


text: Category:Games on Sega platforms

title: Category:Games on Sega platforms


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Norm Crosby

Norman Lawrence Crosby (September 15, 1927 – November 7, 2020) was an American comedian born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was often referred to as "The Master of Malaprop".

Career
Crosby went solo as a stand-up comedian, adopting a friendly, blue collar, guy-next-door persona in the 1950s. Crosby refined his standup monologues by interpolating malapropisms. He first appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in December 1964. In late-1968, he co-starred on The Beautiful Phyllis Diller Show, an NBC twelve-week series.

In 1974, he co-hosted a Canadian variety television series, Everything Goes. From 1974 through 1984 he was on over half a dozen Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts including one of George Burns and two separate ones of Redd Foxx. From 1978 through 1981, he hosted a nationally syndicated series, The Comedy Shop, in which a mix of up-and-coming stand-up comics and vaudeville legends presented their material.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Crosby became a commercial pitchman for Anheuser-Busch Natural Light beer. During this time, he also appeared as a celebrity guest on a number of game shows, including Celebrity Bowling, Liar's Club, Tattletales, and Hollywood Squares.

From 1983 until the program's dissociation from Jerry Lewis in 2010, Crosby co-hosted and contributed to the annual Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon.

He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6560 Hollywood Boulevard.

He appeared in two films with Adam Sandler – Eight Crazy Nights (2002)., and Grown Ups 2 (2013)

Personal life and death
Crosby was born to a Jewish family and was raised in Dorchester, Boston, the son of Ann (née Lansky) and John Crosby.

During World War II, he served aboard a Coast Guard submarine chaser in the North Atlantic. He suffered permanent damage of his hearing from a concussion he received from the depth charges that exploded while he was on anti-submarine patrol. He did not notice hearing problems until long after he had returned home and wore a hearing aid onstage.

In 1966, Crosby married Joan Crane Foley. They had two children. He became a Freemason in 1956, and served as Master of at least one lodge and participated in many charitable activities. He was a member of Ionic Composite Lodge #520 in Los Angeles, California.

On November 7, 2020, Crosby died of heart failure at his home in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 93.

title: Norm Crosby


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adam Ployd

Adam Ployd
Non-notable grad student. Joyous 02:28, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * delete: pointless, likely vanity -- Whosyourjudas (talk) 02:29, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. Pshaw.  -Kbh3rd 03:39, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. Non-notable vanity. --Ianb 06:14, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)


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St. Andrews Bay (Florida)

St. Andrew Bay, colloquially called "St. Andrews Bay", is a bay located in Bay County in the panhandle of Florida. It is a 69,000-acre estuary located in northwest Florida. It is relatively deep, and of relatively high salinity due to the low freshwater inflow provided by only a few spring-fed creeks (the most significant being Econfina Creek, fed by Wiliford and Pitts Springs). The county seat of Bay County, Panama City, is located on the bay, named for Saint Andrew. The Atlanta & St. Andrews Bay Railway, which ran from Panama City to Dothan, Alabama (and still exists as a smaller short line), was also named for the bay.

History
St. Andrew Bay was the location of a large number of saltworks critical for the Confederacy during the American Civil War. Edward Crissey, in command of the steamboat USS Bloomer, which he had been instrumental in stealing from her berth near Geneva, Alabama, helped destroy numerous salt works, doing great damage to the Confederate war effort. The shallow draft of the steamboat allowed her to go up inlets where other, deeper draft vessels had been unable to travel.

Wildlife
Wild dolphin are commonly seen in the waters of St. Andrew Bay; they are easily spotted when the waters are smooth in the mornings. In shallower waters, St. Andrew Bay is known for vast schools of mullet, redfish and speckled trout. Occasionally a manatee is spotted in the bay as well.

title: St. Andrews Bay (Florida)


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Scylax of Caryanda

Scylax of Caryanda (Σκύλαξ ὁ Καρυανδεύς) was a Greek explorer and writer of the late 6th and early 5th centuries BCE. His own writings are lost, though occasionally cited or quoted by later Greek and Roman authors. The periplus sometimes called the Periplus of Scylax is not, in fact, by him; that so-called Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax was written in about the early 330s BCE by an unknown author working in the ambit of the post-Platonic Academy and/or the Aristotelian Peripatos (Lyceum) at Athens.

Exploration

Scylax was from Caryanda, a small city on an island close to Iasos in Asia Minor. He was probably an ethnic Carian, who might have been familiar with Greek and used it for his writings. Not much is known about Scylax, except for the few fragments of information relayed by later Greek writers. Herodotus calls him a sea-captain from Ionia. He is said to have sailed down the Indus River at the behest of the Achaemenid emperor Darius I (522–486 BCE) and then around the Arabian peninsula to reach Suez. In the narrative of Herodotus:

"Darius was the discoverer of the greater part of Asia. Wishing to know where the Indus (the only river with crocodiles, save one) ran into the sea, he sent a number of men, on whose trustworthiness he could rely, and among them Scylax of Caryanda, to sail down the river. They set out from the city of Caspatyrus, in the region called Pactyica, and sailed downstream in an easterly direction to the sea. Here they turned westward, and after a voyage of thirty months, reached the place from which the Egyptian king ... sent the Phoenicians to sail round Libya. Once the voyage was completed, Darius conquered the Indians, and made use of the sea in those parts. Thus all Asia, except the eastern section, has been found to exhibit the same features as Libya. (Herodotus, Histories 4.44)"

Several questions have been raised about this narrative. The city of Caspatyrus and the country of Pactyica have not been traced to any real locations. Assuming that it is somewhere in the vicinity of Gandhara, which was under the control of the Achaemenid emperor, it is unclear how Scylax was able to assemble a fleet of vessels in this land-locked country. More importantly, the Indus does not flow east, but rather in a south-westerly direction. Due to these reasons, some commentators doubted if Scylax's journey ever took place. But these doubts are now laid to rest by the excavations at Suez, which seem to corroborate Scylax's account, and Darius's subsequent acquisition of control over Sindh.

Scholars have constructed various explanations for these questions. David Bivar has noted that 'Caspatyrus' was written as 'Caspapyrus' by the later Greek writer Hekataios, and both the names seem to have been misspellings of 'Paskapyrus', a known Greek spelling of the name of Peshawar. Scylax is presumed to have started by sailing east along the Kabul River and turned south after its confluence with the Indus River near Attock. The idea that the Indus itself flowed east must have been a misunderstanding by Herodotus or his source.

Scholars state that Scylax's expedition was not merely for exploration, but rather for reconnaissance for future conquest by Darius. According to Matthew R. Christ and Grant Parker, "Herodotus presents geographical curiosity as a feature of foreign kings, particularly when they plan conquest". Olmstead characterised it as a "spying" expedition. It lasted thirty months. Soon afterwards, Darius seems to have added to his empire the lands explored by Scylax as a new province called Hinduš. It was referred to as "India" by the Greek writers. The extent of the province is not precisely known, though Herodotus's description of it as lying to the west of the desert (Thar desert) limits it to essentially Sindh (middle and lower Indus basin).

Darius also commissioned the completion of the canal connecting the Nile with the Red Sea, stating in an inscription:

"I commanded to dig this canal from the Nile...to the sea which goes from Persia; afterwards this canal [was dug] thus as I commanded, and [ships] passed from Egypt by this canal to Persia as was my [will]."

Afterwards, oceanic communication between India and Persia as well as Egypt and Mediterranean were established and maintained for some time.

Works
Scylax wrote an account of his travels, perhaps entitled Periplus (Circumnavigation) and said to have been dedicated to Darius. The work has disappeared except for seven quotations by later writers. The surviving quotations indicate it was not merely a logbook, but contained accounts of people, landscape, the natural conditions and perhaps also political affairs. Scholar Klaus Karttunen believes that it might have been written in Greek, in which case it would have been among the first works to be written in Greek prose. Hekataios was influenced by the work and Herodotus knew about it, though he may not have actually seen it himself.

The surviving quotations appear fabulous. One talks about Troglodytes (cave-dwellers), another about Monophthalmic (one-eyed people), yet another about Henotiktontes (people that produce only one offspring). According to Tzetzes, Scylax claimed that all these things were true and not made up. Scholar R. D. Milns states that Scylax would have reported the stories he heard from the natives, which he would have accepted in good faith.

Scylax's Periplus provided the West with its first account of the easterly people and served as a model for later Greek writers. More lastingly, it gave India its name. The people of the Indus region were referred to as Hiduš or Hindush in Persian (due to sound change of *s > h from Proto-Iranian Sindhu). If Scylax wrote in the Ionic dialect of Greek, which did not pronounce initial h sounds, he would have transformed it to Indos (plural: Indoi). Their land was characterised as Indike (the adjectival form, meaning "Indian"). Herodotus uses these terms as equivalent to the Persian terms Hiduš and Hindush, even though he also generalised them to all the people living east of Persia, leading to considerable ambiguities.

Scylax was famous in the ancient world. He is mentioned by Strabo as an "ancient writer." According to the Suda, he also wrote (perhaps "in the decades around 480 BC" ) a life of his contemporary, Heraclides of Mylasa (τὰ κατὰ Ἡρακλείδην τὸν Μυλασσῶν βασιλέα), who is mentioned in Herodotus 5.121.

In popular culture
In the historical fiction novel Creation by Gore Vidal Scylax of Caryanda appears as a character who is on such familiar terms with King Darius I of Persia that they engage in humorous banter about extending Persian rule to India.

Ancient sources

 * Herodotus, Histories, 4.44
 * Aristotle, Politics, 7.13.2
 * Suda, s.v. Σκύλαξ

title: Scylax of Caryanda


text:
Category:Ballistic missiles

 * Ballistic missiles — large rockets which maintain a ballistic flight path to their targets.
 * They usually are a guided missile, with some form of in flight guidance to maintain accuracy.

title: Category:Ballistic missiles


text:
User:Cherishdj

[My Widgetwiki page]

title: User:Cherishdj


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Stephen Champlin

Stephen Champlin (17 November 1789 – 20 February 1870) was an officer in the United States Navy during the War of 1812.

Born in Kingston, Rhode Island, Champlin entered the Navy as a sailing master 22 May 1812. He commanded the schooner USS Scorpion (1813) in her capture of the British HMS Little Belt (1812) during the Battle of Lake Erie, and later in the War of 1812 was wounded when his ship was taken on Lake Huron. Retired in 1855, Captain Champlin was later promoted to Commodore on the retired list, and died in Buffalo, New York and is buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo).

Two ships have been named USS Champlin for him, as was Champlin, Minnesota

title: Stephen Champlin


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Apichatpong Weerasethakul

Apichatpong Weerasethakul (อภิชาติพงศ์ วีระเศรษฐกุล; ;, born 16 July 1970) is a Thai independent film director, screenwriter, film producer and Professor at Tama Art University in Tokyo. Working outside the strict confines of the Thai film studio system, Apichatpong has directed several features and dozens of short films. Friends and fans sometimes refer to him as "Joe" (a nickname that he, like many with similarly long Thai names, has adopted out of convenience).

His feature films include Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives, winner of the 2010 Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or; Tropical Malady, which won the Jury Prize at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival; Blissfully Yours, which won the top prize in the Un Certain Regard program at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival; Syndromes and a Century, which premiered at the 63rd Venice International Film Festival and was the first Thai film to be entered in competition there; and Cemetery of Splendour, which premiered in the Un Certain Regard section of the 2015 Cannes Film Festival to critical acclaim. Apichatpong has received numerous additional accolades, including the 2016 Principal Prince Claus Award and the eighth edition of the Artes Mundi Prize. His first English-language film was Memoria, a 2021 international collaboration set in Colombia.

Themes reflected in his films include dreams, nature, sexuality (including his own homosexuality), and Western perceptions of Thailand and Asia, and his films display a preference for unconventional narrative structures and for working with non-actors.

Apichatpong has also widely exhibited in galleries, including FACT in Liverpool, and the BFI Gallery in London, the contemporary art space within BFI Southbank.

Early life and education
Apichatpong was born in Bangkok, Thailand, to a Thai Chinese family. Both his parents had been physicians who worked at a hospital in Khon Kaen, while his grandparents came from Canton. Apichatpong never learned to speak Chinese as his father, who was also a member of the House of Representatives, died when he was young.

Apichatpong grew up in a traditional Buddhist family, exposed to rituals that incorporate animism and Hinduism, spiritual practices retained in the surrealist tones of his works today. Among the filmmaker's early influences are the Dada movement and Joseph Cornell's "boxes".

Apichatpong attended Khon Kaen University and received a bachelor's degree in architecture in 1994. He made his first short film, Bullet, in 1993. He attended the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and received a Master of Fine Arts in filmmaking in 1997.

Career
Apichatpong's feature-length debut, Dokfa nai meuman (Mysterious Object at Noon) is a documentary and was conceptually based upon the "exquisite corpse" game invented by surrealists. He co-founded the production company, Kick the Machine, in 1999, and uses the company as a vehicle for his own works, alongside Thai experimental films and video. The list of other founders includes Gridthiya Gaweewong and Suaraya Weerasethakul and the company co-organised the Bangkok Experimental Film Festival in 1999, 2001, 2005 and 2008.

Blissfully Yours, Tropical Malady
Apichatpong's 2002 film Sud Sanaeha (Blissfully Yours) was his debut narrative feature film and was awarded the Un Certain Regard prize at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival, though it was censored in his native Thailand. His 2004 Sud Pralad (Tropical Malady) won a Jury Prize from the same festival.

Between Blissfully Yours and Tropical Malady, Apichatpong co-directed The Adventure of Iron Pussy with artist Michael Shaowanasai, who starred as the main character, a transvestite secret agent, while pop singer Krissada Terrence, better known as Noi from the Thai band Pru, portrayed the male lead. The low-budget, digital movie was a spoof of Thai films of the 1960s and 1970s, particularly the musicals and action films of Mitr Chaibancha and Petchara Chaowarat. The Adventure of Iron Pussy was screened at the Berlin Film Festival in 2004. When asked about the film in May 2013, Apichatpong said: "I have had enough of Iron Pussy for now. I was having a good time making it but I was not inspired."

Along with his features, Apichatpong is also known for his short films, videoworks and installations. For the 2005 Jeonju International Film Festival, he was commissioned to contribute to the Three Digital Short Films project, alongside two other Asian directors. His film was called Worldly Desires, while Japanese filmmaker Shinya Tsukamoto made Vital, Bullet Ballet and Song Il-gon from South Korea created Magician(s).

In 2005 Apichatpong served as the consultant on the Tsunami Digital Short Films, a series of 13 films commissioned by the Thailand Culture Ministry's Office of Contemporary Art and Culture as a memorial tribute to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the resulting tsunami that struck Thailand. His contribution was the film Ghost of Asia.

The Thai Office of Contemporary Art and Culture also honoured Apichatpong with its 2005 Silpathorn Award for filmmaking. The annual award is given to living contemporary artists in various disciplines.

Syndromes and censorship
In 2006, Apichatpong released a feature film, Syndromes and a Century, that was commissioned by Peter Sellars for the New Crowned Hope Festival in Vienna to celebrate the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth. It premiered at the 63rd Venice Film Festival and screened at numerous film events, such as the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival.

The film's Thai release, originally slated for 19 April 2007, was indefinitely delayed after the Thai Censorship Board demanded the removal of four scenes. Apichatpong refused to recut the film and said he would withdraw the film from domestic circulation. He explained his reasons for doing so in an article in the Bangkok Post:

I, as a filmmaker, treat my works as I do my own sons or daughters. I don't care if people are fond of them or despise them, as long as I created them with my best intentions and efforts. If these offspring of mine cannot live in their own country for whatever reason, let them be free. There is no reason to mutilate them in fear of the system. Otherwise there is no reason for one to continue making art.

Two of the "sensitive" scenes involve doctors engaging in "inappropriate" conduct (kissing and drinking liquor) in a hospital; the others depict a Buddhist monk playing a guitar and two monks playing with a remote-control flying saucer. The censors refused to return the print unless the requested cuts were made. In 2007 the film was shown twice in privately arranged screenings at the Alliance française in Bangkok.

The censorship of the film came about as a motion picture ratings system was being considered by the junta-appointed National Legislative Assembly. A replacement for the 1930 film act, the ratings law contained a restrictive ratings structure and retained the government's powers to censor and ban films it deemed would "undermine or disrupt social order and moral decency, or that might impact national security or the pride of the nation". The ratings board would comprise mainly bureaucrats in the Ministry of Culture, as well as members of the Royal Thai Police.

To oppose the draft law, Apichatpong and other directors formed the Free Thai Cinema Movement. Apichatpong was quoted as saying: "We disagree with the right of the state to ban films ... There already are other laws that cover potential wrongdoings by filmmakers." Ladda Tangsupachai, director of the Ministry of Culture's Cultural Surveillance Department, said the ratings law was needed because moviegoers in Thailand are "uneducated". She further explained, "They're not intellectuals, that's why we need ratings ... Nobody goes to see films by Apichatpong. Thai people want to see comedy. We like a laugh."

The filmmakers sought a self-regulation approach, with the founding of an independent body run by film professionals. Apichatpong had written in a commentary earlier in the year:

Free from state influence, this agency would be responsible for monitoring and assigning ratings, and it would bear direct responsibilities towards the audience, who in turn would monitor the performance of the agency. This way, the film industry will be liberated from the state's shackles and begin to have a dialogue with the public.

A protest against the draft ratings law was held outside the Parliament building in Bangkok, at which Apichatpong and fellow Thai directors Wisit Sasanatieng and Pen-Ek Ratanaruang held banners that read: "No Freedom. No Democracy. No Peace" The ratings law, with the "cut-and-ban" categories left intact, was passed on 20 December 2007.

"Tomyam Pladib"
Apichatpong presented the "Apichatpong On Video Works" session as part of the "Tomyam Pladib" art exhibition that featured both Thai and Japanese artists who produced works regarding the coexistence of traditional and modern cultures. The filmmaker's presentation consisted of three short films: Ghost Of Asia, 0116643225059 and The Anthem. Apichatpong also answered questions from the audience to conclude the presentation.

The first English-language book on Apichatpong was published in March 2009. James Quandt is the editor and author of the analytical career overview that introduces the book. Other contributors include the cultural and political theorist Benedict Anderson, filmmaker Mark Cousins, art curator Karen Newman, critics Tony Rayns and Kong Rithdee, and actress Tilda Swinton.

"Primitive", Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives and Memoria
"Primitive", Apichatpong's first solo exhibition—composed of a two-channel video installation, seven single-channel videos, and two giclée prints —was first shown at Haus der Kunst in February 2009. In September 2009, the exhibition was shown in Liverpool, United Kingdom (UK) at FACT (Foundation for Art and Creative Technology). The work was commissioned by Haus der Kunst, of Munich, Germany, with FACT and Animate Projects, and was produced by Illuminations Films, London and Kick the Machine. Curator Karen Newman wrote in the introduction for the exhibition: "His works are also vehicles that take us between different worlds, asking questions about the future and revealing a much bigger story than at first appears." Primitive was shot in the border town, Nabua, where the Mekong River divides Thailand and Laos. In 2011 the New Museum presented the American debut of Primitive

In 2010, Apichatpong's feature film, Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives, won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. The film was also selected as the Thai entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards but it did not make the final shortlist.

In 2012, Apichatpong's film Mekong Hotel was screened in the Special Screenings section at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.

In March 2013, Apichatpong and fellow Kick The Machine artist Chai Siri received the "Sharjah Biennial Prize" at the 2013 Sharjah Biennial 11 in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), alongside five other artists, including Magdi Mostafa and Fumito Urabe. Apichatpong was also awarded Japan's "Fukuoka Art and Culture Prize" in June, alongside Indian visual artist Nalini Malani, worth 3,000,000 yen (US$30,530).

In March 2014, it was announced that Apichatpong will feature among 32 directors from four continents, including Vincent Gallo and Gaspar Noé, to direct Short Plays, a soccer-themed omnibus production shot around the world. Apichatpong's short is set in his home town, features 22 shots of its lake, almost the only recognizable feature from his childhood, which are arranged like players in a soccer game.

Apichatpong's latest film, Memoria, a collaboration with Tilda Swinton, produced by Diana Bustamante and shot in Colombia in 2019, had its premiere in the 2021 Cannes Film Festival. It received the Jury Prize (ex aequo), alongside Nadav Lapid's Ahed's Knee. Apichatpong also directed a segment of The Year of the Everlasting Storm, an anthology film.

Personal views
In a May 2013 interview for the Encounter Thailand journal, Apichatpong stated that all of his films are personal in nature and he does not consider himself a cultural ambassador for Thailand. In relation to the concept of "queer", he explained: "For me, the word queer means anything’s possible."

In December 2023, alongside 50 other filmmakers, Apichatpong signed an open letter published in Libération demanding a ceasefire and an end to the killing of civilians amid the 2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, and for a humanitarian corridor into Gaza to be established for humanitarian aid, and the release of hostages.

Short films and installations

 * Bullet (1993)
 * 0116643225059 (1994)
 * Kitchen and Bedroom (1994)
 * Like the Relentless Fury of the Pounding Waves (1996)
 * Rice Artist Michael Shaowanasai's Performance (1996)
 * 100 Years of Thai Cinema (for Thai Film Foundation, 1997)
 * thirdworld (1998)
 * The Lungara Eating Jell-O (for World Artists for Tibet, 1998)
 * Windows (1999)
 * Malee and the Boy (1999)
 * Boys at Noon (2000)
 * Boys at Noon / Girls at Night (2000)
 * Haunted Houses Project: Thailand (for Istanbul Biennial, 2001)
 * Secret Love Affair (for Tirana) (2001)
 * Narratives: Masumi Is a PC Operator / Fumiyo Is a Designer / I Was Sketching / Swan's Blood (for Intercross Creative Center, 2001)
 * Second Love in Hong Kong, co-director (2002)
 * Golden Ship (for the Memlingmuseum, 2002)
 * This and Million More Lights (for 46664, 2003)
 * GRAF: Tong / Love Song / Tone (2004)
 * It Is Possible That Only Your Heart Is Not Enough to Find You a True Love: True Love in Green / True Love in White (for Busan Biennial, 2004)
 * Worldly Desires (for Jeonju International Film Festival, 2004)
 * Ghost of Asia, co-director (for Tsunami Digital Short Films project, 2005)
 * Waterfall (for Solar Cinematic Art Gallery/Curtas Vila do Conde International Film Festival, 2006)
 * Faith (for FACT/Liverpool Biennial, 2006)
 * The Anthem (for LUX/Frieze Art Fair, 2006)
 * Unknown Forces (for REDCAT, 2007)
 * Luminous People (in The State of the World, 2007)
 * Because (2007)
 * My Mother's Garden (for Christian Dior, 2007)
 * Meteorites (for Short Films for the King Bhumibol Adulyadej's 80th Birthday, 2007)
 * The Palace (for National Palace Museum, 2007)
 * Emerald (2007)
 * Vampire (for Louis Vuitton, 2008)
 * Mobile Men (in Stories on Human Rights, 2008)
 * Phantoms of Nabua (for Toronto International Film Festival, 2009)
 * Empire (2010)
 * M Hotel (2011)
 * For Tomorrow For Tonight (2011)
 * The Importance of Telepathy (for Documenta, 2012)
 * Cactus River (for Walker Art Center, 2012)
 * Mekong Hotel (for Arte, 2012)
 * Ashes (2012)
 * Sakda (Rousseau) (2012)
 * Dilbar (at Sharjah Biennial, 2013)
 * Fireworks (2014)
 * Fever Room (at Steirischer Herbst and Kunstenfestival des Arts, 2016)

Contributions

 * 2008 Life on Mars, the 2008 Carnegie International
 * 2011 "For Tomorrow For Tonight", Irish Museum of Modern Art
 * 2013 "Mirage City Cinema", Sharjah Biennal 11
 * 2013 "Photophobia", Oslo, Norway

title: Apichatpong Weerasethakul


text:
Helen Gallagher

Helen Gallagher (born July 19, 1926) is an American actress, dancer, and singer. She is the recipient of three Emmy Awards, two Tony Awards, and a Drama Desk Award.

Gallagher's work on the New York stages spanned seven decades, with her big break coming in the role of Nancy in the 1947 musical High Button Shoes. Gallagher won her first Tony Award for her role as Gladys Bumps in the 1952 revival of Pal Joey, and earned her first leading role on the Broadway stage in 1953, starring in Hazel Flagg. Two more noteworthy stage roles for Gallagher included her run as Nickie in Sweet Charity, which began in January 1966, and earned Gallagher a Tony Award nomination; and then, a year and a half later, Gallagher replaced Gwen Verdon in the lead role of Charity.

Gallagher won her second Tony Award as well as a Drama Desk Award for her role as Lucille Early in the 1971 revival of the 1920s musical classic No, No, Nanette. To audiences unfamiliar with her theater work, Gallagher is perhaps more recognizable as the Irish matriarch Maeve Ryan on the ABC soap opera Ryan's Hope. She played Maeve for the show's duration, from July 1975 to January 1989, and was recognized with three Daytime Emmy Awards. Gallagher last acted on the New York stages in 2000 and is still actively involved in the industry, working as an acting instructor at Herbert Berghof Studio in New York City.

Early years
Born in Brooklyn, New York, on July 19, 1926, Gallagher was raised in Scarsdale, New York, and the Bronx. Her parents separated and she was raised by an aunt. She suffered from asthma.

Stage
Gallagher was known for decades as a Broadway performer. She appeared in Make a Wish, Hazel Flagg, Portofino, High Button Shoes, and Sweet Charity (for which she received a 1967 Tony Award nomination for Featured Actress in a Musical), eventually assuming the title role, and closing the original Broadway run. She also appeared in Cry for Us All.

In 1952, she won a Tony Award for her work in the revival of Pal Joey. In 1971, she won her second Tony for her role in the revival of the musical No, No, Nanette. Her song-and-dance number with Bobby Van from that show, "You Can Dance with Any Girl", was a popular number from the 1971 revival, and was performed by both Gallagher and Van on the 1971 and 1972 Tony Awards telecasts. She later took on the role of Sue Smith in the Paper Mill Playhouse revival of the show, playing the role Keeler played a quarter century earlier.

Her first starring role on Broadway came in 1953 as title character in Hazel Flagg, based on the 1937 Carole Lombard movie Nothing Sacred. The role earned her a feature-photo shoot for Life. Gallagher appeared in the 1977 movie Roseland opposite Christopher Walken. An aficionada of Rodgers and Hammerstein, she appeared on a special tribute to Richard Rodgers on The Bell Telephone Hour.

Television
In 1949 Gallagher was co-host of Manhattan Showcase, a 15-minute talent-discovery program on CBS television.

Despite extensive work on Broadway, Gallagher is perhaps best known to many Americans unfamiliar with her theater repertoire as the Irish matriarch Maeve Ryan on the ABC soap opera Ryan's Hope, a role she played for the show's entire duration, from 1975 to 1989. She was nominated for five Daytime Emmy Awards for her work on the serial, winning in 1976, 1977, and 1988.

At the time she was cast in Ryan's Hope, Gallagher taught singing in her home three times a week. Michael Hawkins, who played the first Frank Ryan, was one of her students.

As the show progressed into the 1980s, the show's ratings - never at blockbuster levels - took a steep slide. ABC executives cancelled Ryan's Hope in 1989. Creator and head writer Claire Labine scripted the end of the final episode with Maeve at the family bar, singing "Danny Boy". Almost immediately after the cancellation of Ryan's Hope, Gallagher had a two-day guest stint on Another World, and has appeared in All My Children as a strict nurse and on One Life to Live as a sex therapist (whose son married Dr. Dorian Lord). She has continued to act in various off-Broadway and professional theater productions.

Later years
In 1984, Gallagher starred in the title role of Tallulah, a musical stage biography of actress Tallulah Bankhead. In 1990s, she guest-starred on Law & Order and The Cosby Mysteries. In 1997, she starred in the independent LGBT-themed drama film Neptune’s Rocking Horse.

She is currently a faculty member at Herbert Berghof Studio in New York City.

title: Helen Gallagher


text:
Lyndon LaRouche U.S. presidential campaigns

Lyndon LaRouche's United States presidential campaigns were a controversial staple of American politics between 1976 and 2004. LaRouche ran for president on eight consecutive occasions, a record for any candidate, and tied Harold Stassen's record as a perennial candidate. LaRouche ran for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States seven times, beginning in 1980.

1976
In 1971 LaRouche founded the U.S. Labor Party as a vehicle for electoral politics. In 1976 he ran for President of the United States as the U.S. Labor Party candidate, polling 40,043 votes (0.05%). According to LaRouche supporters, the major accomplishment of the campaign was the broadcast of a paid half-hour television address, which gave LaRouche the opportunity to air his views before a national audience. This was to become a regular feature of later campaigns during the 1980s and 1990s.

His platform included a reference to Vice President Nelson Rockefeller: "Impeach Rocky to prevent imminent nuclear war".

1980
Since the autumn of 1979, LaRouche resigned from the U.S. Labor Party and founded the National Democratic Policy Committee (NDPC), a political action committee whose name drew complaints from the Democratic National Committee, who saw these efforts as infiltration.

LaRouche budgeted $150,000 for the first primary state, New Hampshire. That included air time on TV stations in overlapping markets such as Maine and Vermont, along with 1,928 radio advertisements on New Hampshire radio. LaRouche reportedly spent $4,000 on a half-hour broadcast on WBZ, and a total of $24,200 on all TV spots in the state.

The Democratic National Committee asserted that LaRouche is not a Democrat, but the U.S. electoral system made it impossible for the party to prevent LaRouche followers entering Democratic primaries. LaRouche himself polled negligible vote totals, but continued to promote himself as a serious political candidate, a claim which was sometimes accepted by elements of the media and some political figures.

In the end, LaRouche got 177,784 (0.91%) votes in the primaries.

1984
LaRouche's 1984 campaign was his most successful, garnering over 76,000 votes. Independent Democrats for LaRouche, a committee formed for the 1984 election, was found guilty in 1988 of soliciting loans in violation of Minnesota securities law, and was ordered to stop selling unregistered Securities.

1988
In 1988 LaRouche and running mate Debra Hanania Freeman received 25,082 votes, or 0.03% of the vote.

1992
In 1992, LaRouche became the third person in U.S. history (after Joseph Smith and Eugene Debs) to run for president from a prison cell. Classical violinist Norbert Brainin performed a benefit concert on his behalf in Washington, D.C.; the Washington Post reviewer praised his musicianship while condemning his political message. LaRouche's running mate, who did the active campaigning, was the American Civil Rights Movement leader, Reverend James Bevel.

1996
Prior to the primaries the Chair of the Democratic National Committee, Don Fowler, ruled that LaRouche "is not to be considered a qualified candidate for nomination of the Democratic Party for President" on account of LaRouche's "expressed political beliefs, including beliefs which are explicitly racist and anti-Semitic, and otherwise utterly contrary to the fundamental beliefs ... of the Democratic Party and ... on his past activities including exploitation of and defrauding contributors and voters." In subsequent primaries LaRouche received enough votes in Louisiana and Virginia to get one delegate from each state. When the state parties refused to award the delegates LaRouche sued in federal court, claiming a violation of the Voting Rights Act. After losing in the district court the case was appealed to the First District Court of Appeals, which sustained the lower court.

In 1999, however, a court ruled that the Democratic National Committee had the right to keep LaRouche from electing delegates to the Democratic National Convention, based on a party requirement that a Democratic nominee must be a registered voter. LaRouche, as a convicted felon, was not eligible to be a registered voter in the state of Virginia, where he lived. (see United States v. LaRouche)

2000
A routine FEC audit of the 2000 "LaRouche's Committee for a New Bretton Woods" campaign found that vendors whose sole client was Lyndon LaRouche had added unqualified "mark-up charges" to the bill submitted for matching funds. The vendors were American System Publications, Inc., Eastern States Distributors, Inc., EIR News Services, Inc., Hamilton Systems Distributors, Inc., Mid-West Circulation Corp., Southeast Literature Sales, Inc., and Southwest Literature Distributors, Inc. They had overbilled by $241,519 and the campaign was ordered to repay $222,034. The FEC decision was affirmed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit.

LaRouche qualified to win six delegates in the Arkansas Democratic primary. A minimum of 15% vote was required and LaRouche took 22%. However, the Democratic Party refused to grant him delegates because he was ineligible to vote.

2004
He waged a campaign, begun in October 2002, to have Dick Cheney dumped from the Republican ticket.

Again, LaRouche gained negligible electoral support. However, according to Federal Election Commission statistics, LaRouche had more individual contributors to his 2004 presidential campaign than any other candidate, until the final quarter of the primary season, when John Kerry surpassed him. As of the April 15 filing, LaRouche had 7834 individual contributions, of those who have given cumulatively, $200 or more, as compared to 6257 for John Kerry, 5582 for John Edwards, 4090 for Howard Dean, and 2744 for Dick Gephardt.

He ran even though his home state of Virginia is one of a handful of states which still has lifetime denial of the vote to felons, which can be overturned only on appeal to the governor. (Neither the Constitution nor federal statute law requires presidents to be registered voters.) The Democratic Party did not consider his candidacy to be legitimate and ruled him ineligible to win delegates. He gained negligible electoral support. He was endorsed by two Democratic state representatives, Erik Fleming of Mississippi and Harold James of Pennsylvania, though Fleming later called the endorsement "the worst mistake of all." LaRouche was not one of the major candidates invited to the primary-season debates, although he did participate in some alternative forums for minor candidates.

LaRouche was present in Boston during the 2004 Democratic National Convention but did not attend the convention itself. His followers sang songs insulting Democratic nominee John Kerry. Later in the campaign his followers heckled Kerry and disrupted his rallies.

He held a media conference in which he declared his support for John Kerry and pledged to mobilize his organization to help defeat George W. Bush in the November presidential election.

2016
On October 17, 2016, LaRouchePAC advised readers to write in Lyndon LaRouche and Alexander Hamilton in the 2016 Presidential elections. In the article "What We Need in 2016: — Alexander Hamilton's Principles, LaRouche's Four Laws", the PAC wrote "American citizens should write in LaRouche's name at the presidential ballot box to stand for the re-adoption of Alexander Hamilton's economic principles, as LaRouche has reclarified them. "I'm writing in LaRouche and Alexander Hamilton, let's get the nation to elect the right principles" will cut through the dread with which Americans are questioning each other about the approach of Election Day."

This exhortation was disseminated by PAC members through social media. No verifiable statistics have been assembled concerning vote totals.

Campaign committees
Unknown years
 * 1976 – Committee to Elect Lyndon LaRouche (1976 Committee)
 * 1980 – Citizens For LaRouche
 * 1984 – Independent Democrats for LaRouche
 * 1988 – Democrats For National Economic Recovery – LaRouche in 88
 * 1992 – Democrats For Economic Recovery-LaRouche in 92
 * 1996 – The Committee to Reverse the Accelerating Global Economic and Strategic Crisis: A LaRouche Exploratory Committee
 * 2000 – LaRouche's Committee for a New Bretton Woods
 * 2004 – LaRouche in 2004
 * LaRouche Democratic Campaign
 * Texas Democrats to Draft LaRouche
 * LaRouche Campaign

FEC cases

 * Committee to Elect Lyndon LaRouche v. FEC; FEC v. Committee to Elect Lyndon LaRouche; Jones v. FEC
 * Gelman v. FEC (80 1646)
 * Gelman v. FEC (80 2471)
 * Dolbeare v. FEC (No. 81 Civ. 4468-CLB)
 * FEC v. Citizens for LaRouche;
 * FEC v. LaRouche
 * LaRouche v. State Board of Elections
 * Spannaus v. FEC (85-0404)
 * Spannaus v. FEC (91-0681)
 * LaRouche v. FEC (92-1100)
 * LaRouche v. FEC (92-1555)
 * FEC v. LaRouche(94-0658)
 * LaRouche's Committee for a New Bretton Woods v. FEC

FEC chronology 1979–1992
(Adapted from material at the FEC website.)

 * August 23, 1979 – U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia upholds the Commission's action in denying primary matching fund payments to Lyndon LaRouche, a candidate of the U.S. Labor Party, during the 1976 presidential primary campaign. (613 F.2d 834 (D.C. Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 (1980).)
 * December 18, 1979 – Lyndon LaRouche establishes eligibility to receive primary matching funds.
 * February 19, 1980 – U.S. Supreme Court denies a petition for certiorari in three cases brought by Lyndon LaRouche and Leroy Jones against the Commission. (444 U.S. 1074 (1980).)
 * April 17, 1980 – Commission terminates the primary matching fund eligibility of Lyndon LaRouche.
 * May 28, 1980 – Commission denies a request to re-establish matching fund eligibility for Lyndon LaRouche.
 * July 22, 1980 – U.S. District Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia affirms the Commission's determination that Lyndon LaRouche failed to re-establish matching fund eligibility. (Gelman v. FEC, 631 F.2d 939 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 876 (1980).)
 * October 27, 1980 – U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia rules that FEC must notify Citizens for LaRouche Committee of investigations involving contributors to 1980 LaRouche campaign. (Gelman v. FEC, Civil Action No. 80-2471.)
 * April 15, 1981 – Commission releases final audit report on Citizens for LaRouche (1980).
 * March 11, 1982 – District Court for the Southern District of New York grants preliminary injunction to plaintiffs in Dolbeare v. FEC, in which plaintiffs challenged FEC investigations of the 1980 presidential primary campaign of Lyndon LaRouche. (No. 81 Civ. 4468-CLB (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 9, 1982)(unpublished opinion).) The LaRouche campaign alleged that the FEC had launched investigations to harass the campaign, producing a "chilling effect on the free association rights of the campaign's contributors," and that the FEC had gone beyond the prescribed scope of its investigations. The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York barred the FEC from initiating any more investigations into the LaRouche campaign's 1980 presidential primary activities until the pending enforcement actions were concluded, and auditing, or issuing depositions to, LaRouche campaign contributors unless the FEC simultaneously notified the LaRouche campaign of such actions.
 * January 26, 1984 – Commission initially determines Democratic candidate Lyndon LaRouche ineligible for 1984 primary matching funds, based on violations involving his 1980 campaign.
 * April 12, 1984 – Lyndon LaRouche establishes eligibility to receive primary matching funds.
 * July 7, 1984 – Lyndon LaRouche becomes ineligible for matching funds.
 * October 29, 1985 – Commission releases audit report on 1984 presidential primary campaign of Lyndon LaRouche.
 * March 24, 1988 – Lyndon H. LaRouche establishes eligibility to receive primary matching funds.
 * May 23, 1990 – FEC releases final audit report on LaRouche Democratic Campaign.
 * October 3, 1990 – LaRouche committee makes oral presentation contesting FEC audit report.
 * December 19, 1991 – Commission denies Lyndon LaRouche's eligibility to receive primary matching funds.
 * February 27, 1992 – FEC makes final determination denying matching funds to Lyndon LaRouche, for his 1992 presidential campaign.
 * March 3, 1992 – Lyndon LaRouche and his campaign committee ask the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit to review the Commission's decision to deny the campaign matching funds. (LaRouche v. FEC (No. 921100).)
 * September 17, 1992 – FEC makes final determination that the LaRouche Democratic Campaign repay $151,260 in federal funds for 1988 campaign.
 * October 22, 1992 – Lyndon LaRouche and LaRouche Democratic Campaign '88 petition U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit to review the Commission's final repayment determination.

Other FEC cases
In 2004, the FEC dismissed a complaint filed by LaRouche associate Barbara M. Boyd against LaRouche Watch, an online forum, and Red Letter Press, a publishing house affiliated with the Freedom Socialist Party. The Commission found "no reason to believe" that the forum was a political action committee, or that it was subsidized by Red Letter Press, as alleged by Boyd.


text:
Lake Benmore

Lake Benmore is New Zealand's largest artificial lake. Located in the South Island of New Zealand and part of the Waitaki River, it was created in the 1960s by construction of Benmore Dam.

Characteristics
The lake has an area of about 75 km² and a maximum depth of 90 meters. The lake consists of two arms: the Haldon arm, fed mainly by the Tekapo, Pukaki and Twizel rivers, and the Ohau Canal; and the Ahuriri Arm, fed mainly by the Ahuriri River. Immediately downstream is Lake Aviemore.

As of 2023, Land Air Water Aotearoa described the water quality as "very good", with a trophic level index of 1.8. It also described the quality of ecological conditions as "high", with a lake submerged plant indicators score of 72.0%.

The lake is split between the Mackenzie, Waimate, and Waitaki districts, within the southern portion of the Canterbury Region.

Construction
The lake is the reservoir of Benmore Dam, New Zealand's largest earth dam, which was created as part of the Waitaki hydroelectricity power scheme. Construction of Benmore Dam was approved in 1957 and the lake was filled in December 1964.

After the lake was created the incidence of seismic shocks increased by a factor of three to six times.

Uses
Besides being a reservoir for Benmore Dam, the lake is a fishing spot; in 2009 it was the second most-fished lake in New Zealand, with fish such as brown trout, rainbow trout, chinook salmon, and sockeye salmon. Fish in the lake include salmon that have escaped from salmon farms on nearby hydro canals. The lake is also used for swimming and camping and there are walks in the area.

title: Lake Benmore


text: Category:Polish sociologists

title: Category:Polish sociologists


text:
Column (disambiguation)

A column is a vertical structural element in architecture.

Column or columns may also refer to:

Art and entertainment

 * Column (periodical), a recurring piece or article in a newspaper or magazine
 * "Columns" (How I Met Your Mother), a 2007 episode of How I Met Your Mother
 * Columns (video game), a puzzle video game

Computing, informatics and mathematics

 * Column (data store), a NoSQL object
 * Column (database), a set of data values of a particular type in a relational database
 * Column(s) in a table (information), a data arrangement with rows and columns
 * Column vector, an m × 1 matrix in linear algebra
 * Miller Columns, the data tree structure visualization technique

Military

 * Column (formation), a military formation
 * Flying column, a combined arms independent military formation of a temporary nature

Science

 * Column (botany) or gynostemium, a part of an orchid
 * Column chromatography, a method used to purify individual chemical compounds from mixtures of compounds
 * Column-based nucleic acid purification
 * Cortical column, a group of neurons in the brain cortex
 * Fractionating column, an essential item used in distillation of liquid mixtures
 * Packed bed column, an apparatus used in column chromatography, absorption, scrubbing and distillation
 * Stalagnate (or pillar or sinter column), a limestone cave formation comprising a column from the ceiling to the floor
 * Vertebral column, a column of vertebrae situated in the dorsal aspect of the abdomen
 * Column (fluid dynamics), a vertical body of one fluid moving through another
 * Eruption column, a cloud of super-heated material suspended in gases after a volcanic eruption

Other uses

 * Columns (juggling), a juggling pattern
 * Column (typography), a vertical block of text positioned on a page
 * Columns of Gediminas, one of the earliest symbols of Lithuania and its historical coats of arms.
 * Fifth Column, group of people who undermine a larger group, city or nation

title: Column (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Galgo Español

Not really a greyhound
I find the wording about the Galgo español not being a greyhound a bit confusing. I know what is meant but linguistically this distinction does not make sense. Galgo is a type of dog; English greyhounds are "Galgo inglés" (English galgo) because galgo refers to a type. Then, fair enough, "galgo español" is also a breed, with its standard, etc. It's be like saying a German shepherd isn't a real shepherd because it's not related to the English shepherd... Get me? Moreover, such types of dogs have been recreated several types through history, as modern DNA studies show... so it's best to distinguish...

I propose amending the text to this:

Despite being called a "Greyhound", the Spanish Galgo is not related to the English Greyhound. The lineages of the two breeds are different. --Mariannep (talk) 14:54, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

Article Name
Hmmm--shd this page really be under Galgo Español? Elf | Talk 02:44, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * yes, I think so... done - sannse (talk) 18:26, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * perhaps a redirect should be enabled so anyone who searchs for "Spanish Galgo" comes to this page as well. I was thinking that also the galgo page should have a mention at the top of it like "If you are looking for the dog, see "Spanish Galgo" - --24.72.59.197 (talk) 03:53, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Hunting dog and BBC link
The chapter tells a sad story about hanging dogs, not using them as hunting dogs. And the BBC-link is about "real" greyhounds, not galgos. So quite irrelevant, eh? --86.41.85.198 (talk) 22:15, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

User is correct, the link was wrong; I have corrected that. Also I take advice; section is not so much about hunting, but more about the hanging. Therefore I will add more information on hunting. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.166.150.125 (talk) 11:47, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Galgo Abuse and Rescue
I'm new here, so I'm not 100% on the letter of the law. I placed a link to the Galgo Rescue International Network; is such a link appropriate? Also, would a new section on Galgo abuse (which is relatively prevalent throughout Spain) be appropriate? You can read up on it here at the Galgo Rescue International Network website. There are no disturbing or graphic images on that web pages, but there are links to such images.

Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vrothgarr (talk • contribs) 04:07, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

irrelevant political jabs
"Spain has suffered catastrophic events during the last century, such as the Spanish Civil War and the 40-year-long Francisco Franco fascist dictatorship, which allowed this breed to be kept relatively unknown both inside and outside of its native country, at least until democracy led to greater social and cultural equality and development." WTF is this relevant? Dogs breed better in democracy? 83.38.49.62 (talk) 15:02, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

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Galgos
I demand a change because galgos are kept being exploited nowadays and they don't deserve it. They are not bred to hunt nor to be inured and discarded. I demand a change 158.148.92.144 (talk) 23:50, 6 February 2022 (UTC)

Change! Controversy!
I demand a change because galgos are kept being exploited nowadays and they don't deserve it. They are not bred to hunt nor to be inured and discarded. I demand a change 158.148.92.144 (talk) 23:56, 6 February 2022 (UTC)

Change! Controversy!
I demand a change because galgos are kept being exploited nowadays and they don't deserve it. They are not bred to hunt nor to be inured and discarded. I demand a change. This is an objective view, because it's true that they are not being treated like normal dogs, but simply like puppets. 158.148.92.144 (talk) 23:59, 6 February 2022 (UTC)

Photos
Greetings, I have a 1.5 year old Galga. Is there any photos from any position that could benefit this article? 108.48.55.131 (talk) 02:50, 25 February 2022 (UTC)

Inaccurate photograph on article
The photo with the caption "Galgos are a fairly healthy breed." is quite obviously an English Greyhound and not a Galgo. That dog's deep chest easily reaches their elbow, and yet the information on the breed standard in this article states "Their chests are not as deep as a Greyhound's and should not reach the point of the elbow." 2601:40F:4100:B4B0:A4A3:F49C:A107:9733 (talk) 21:40, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Galgo Español


text:
Talk:Dodge Mirada

I'm not sure this is correct about the relationship to the Magnum. My recollection is that car sat on the intermediate platform used by the earlier Satellite and Charger coupes. The Mirada instead used the compact Volare/Aspen chassis. I think they were quite different. (The Cordoba occupied both at different times, however.) RivGuySC 02:44, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I doubt the Mirada is properly classified as a fullsize car. Compared to the Caprice and LTD coupes, it would clearly be an intermediate. RivGuySC 05:30, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

I own an '81 and it came with AM/FM and an 8-track, there was no cassette player. I'm not sure if there was a cassette player option, but the 8-track was definitely one of the radio options.

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Caelus

Caelus or Coelus was a primordial god of the sky in Roman mythology and theology, iconography, and literature (compare caelum, the Latin word for "sky" or "the heaven", hence English "celestial"). The deity's name usually appears in masculine grammatical form when he is conceived of as a male generative force.

Identity
The name of Caelus indicates that he was the Roman counterpart of the Greek god Uranus (Οὐρανός, Ouranos), who was of major importance in the theogonies of the Greeks, and the Jewish god Yahweh. Varro couples him with Terra (Earth) as pater et mater (father and mother), and says that they are "great deities" (dei magni) in the theology of the mysteries at Samothrace. Although Caelus is not known to have had a cult at Rome, not all scholars consider him a Greek import given a Latin name; he has been associated with Summanus, the god of nocturnal thunder, as "purely Roman."

Caelus begins to appear regularly in Augustan art and in connection with the cult of Mithras during the Imperial era. Vitruvius includes him among celestial gods whose temple-buildings (aedes) should be built open to the sky. As a sky god, he became identified with Jupiter, as indicated by an inscription that reads Optimus Maximus Caelus Aeternus Iupter.

Genealogy
According to Cicero and Hyginus, Caelus was the son of Aether and Dies ("Day" or "Daylight"). Caelus and Dies were in this tradition the parents of Mercury. With Trivia, Caelus was the father of the distinctively Roman god Janus, as well as of Saturn and Ops. Caelus was also the father of one of the three Jupiters, the fathers of the other two being Aether and Saturn instead. In one tradition, Caelus was the father with Tellus of the Muses, though this was probably a mere translation of Ouranos from a Greek source.

Myth and allegory
Caelus substituted for Uranus in Latin versions of the myth of Saturn (Cronus) castrating his heavenly father, from whose severed genitals, cast upon the sea, the goddess Venus (Aphrodite) was born. In his work On the Nature of the Gods, Cicero presents a Stoic allegory of the myth in which the castration signifies "that the highest heavenly aether, that seed-fire which generates all things, did not require the equivalent of human genitals to proceed in its generative work." For Macrobius, the severing marks off Chaos from fixed and measured Time (Saturn) as determined by the revolving Heavens (Caelum). The semina rerum ("seeds" of things that exist physically) come from Caelum and are the elements which create the world.

The divine spatial abstraction Caelum is a synonym for Olympus as a metaphorical heavenly abode of the divine, both identified with and distinguished from the mountain in ancient Greece named as the home of the gods. Varro says that the Greeks call Caelum (or Caelus) "Olympus." As a representation of space, Caelum is one of the components of the mundus, the "world" or cosmos, along with terra (earth), mare (sea), and aer (air). In his work on the cosmological systems of antiquity, the Dutch Renaissance humanist Gerardus Vossius deals extensively with Caelus and his duality as both a god and a place that the other gods inhabit.

The ante-Nicene Christian writer Lactantius routinely uses the Latin theonyms Caelus, Saturn, and Jupiter to refer to the three divine hypostases of the Neoplatonic school of Plotinus: the First God (Caelus), Intellect (Saturn), and Soul, son of the Intelligible (Jupiter).

In art
It is generally, though not universally, agreed that Caelus is depicted on the cuirass of the Augustus of Prima Porta, at the very top above the four horses of the Sun god's quadriga. He is a mature, bearded man who holds a cloak over his head so that it billows in the form of an arch, a conventional sign of deity (velificatio) that "recalls the vault of the firmament." He is balanced and paired with the personification of Earth at the bottom of the cuirass. (These two figures have also been identified as Saturn and the Magna Mater, to represent the new Saturnian "Golden Age" of Augustan ideology.) On an altar of the Lares now held by the Vatican, Caelus in his chariot appears along with Apollo-Sol above the figure of Augustus.

Nocturnus and the templum
As Caelus Nocturnus, he was the god of the night-time, starry sky. In a passage from Plautus, Nocturnus is regarded as the opposite of Sol, the Sun god. Nocturnus appears in several inscriptions found in Dalmatia and Italy, in the company of other deities who are found also in the cosmological schema of Martianus Capella, based on the Etruscan tradition. In the Etruscan discipline of divination, Caelus Nocturnus was placed in the sunless north opposite Sol to represent the polar extremities of the axis (see cardo). This alignment was fundamental to the drawing of a templum (sacred space) for the practice of augury.

Mithraic syncretism
The name Caelus occurs in dedicatory inscriptions in connection to the cult of Mithras. The Mithraic Caelus is sometimes depicted allegorically as an eagle bending over the sphere of heaven marked with symbols of the planets or the zodiac. In a Mithraic context he is associated with Cautes and can appear as Caelus Aeternus ("Eternal Sky"). A form of Ahura-Mazda is invoked in Latin as Caelus Aeternus Iupiter. The walls of some mithrea feature allegorical depictions of the cosmos with Oceanus and Caelus. The mithraeum of Dieburg represents the tripartite world with Caelus, Oceanus, and Tellus below Phaeton-Heliodromus.

Jewish syncretism
Some Roman writers used Caelus or Caelum as a way to express the monotheistic god of Judaism (Yahweh). Juvenal identifies the Jewish God with Caelus as the highest heaven (summum caelum), saying that Jews worship the numen of Caelus; Petronius uses similar language. Florus has a passage describing the Holy of Holies in the Temple of Jerusalem as housing a "sky" (caelum) under a golden vine. A golden vine, perhaps the one mentioned, was sent by the Hasmonean king Aristobulus to Pompeius Magnus after his defeat of Jerusalem, and was later displayed in the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.

title: Caelus


text:
Waitaki District

Waitaki District is a territorial authority district that is located in the Canterbury and Otago regions of the South Island of New Zealand. It straddles the traditional border between the two regions, the Waitaki River, and its seat is Oamaru.

History
Waitaki District is made up of the former Waitaki County, Waihemo County and Oamaru Borough, which were amalgamated in 1989. It is governed by the Waitaki District Council.

Name
During the colonial period, the area was also known as Molesworth. However, the Maori name Waitaki eventually prevailed.

Geography
It has a land area of 7107.73 km2, of which 4195.17 km2 or 59.02% is in the Canterbury Region and 2912.56 km2 or 40.98% in the Otago Region. It is the only district in the South Island that lies in two regions.

A major reason for this split was the governance of the Waitaki River, which forms a political boundary between Canterbury and Otago. With major hydro schemes on this river, it was decided to place the entire catchment in one administrative region, thus forming the split. Some people who fall into the Canterbury Region of Waitaki District still regard themselves as part of Otago, and attempts have been made in the past to change the boundary. The district, which is agricultural by nature, comprises the wide alluvial fan of the river, and runs inland along the banks of the river, forming a roughly triangular region.

Urban areas and settlements
Oamaru, the district seat, is the only town in the Waitaki district with a population over 1,000. It is home to people, 0/0*100% of the district's population.

Other settlements and localities in the district include:

Ahuriri Ward:

 * Aviemore
 * Benmore
 * Black Point
 * Bortons
 * Clearburn
 * Danseys Pass
 * Duntroon
 * Earthquakes
 * Kokoamo
 * Kurow
 * Ōhau
 * Lake Waitaki
 * Lindis Pass
 * Livingstone
 * Maerewhenua
 * Omarama
 * Otekaieke
 * Otematata
 * Otiake
 * Pukeraro
 * Strachans
 * Waikaura
 * Wharekuri

Waihemo Ward:

 * Billys Flat
 * Dunback
 * Flag Swamp
 * Glenpark
 * Goodwood
 * Green Valley
 * Hampden
 * Hillgrove
 * Inch Valley
 * Kaika
 * Kātiki
 * Macraes
 * Makareao
 * Meadowbank
 * Moeraki
 * Moonlight Flat
 * Morrisons
 * Nenthorn
 * Palmerston
 * Pleasant Valley
 * Shag Point
 * Shag Valley
 * Stoneburn
 * Trotters Gorge
 * Waianakarua
 * Waihemo
 * Wairunga
 * Waynes
 * Puketapu

Corriedale Ward:

 * Airedale
 * All Day Bay
 * Awamoko
 * Cormacks
 * Corriedale
 * Elderslie
 * Enfield
 * Five Forks
 * Fuchsia Creek
 * Georgetown
 * Herbert
 * Hilderthorpe
 * Incholme
 * Island Cliff
 * Island Stream
 * Kakanui
 * Kauru Hill
 * Kia Ora
 * Kuriheka
 * Maheno
 * Maraeweka
 * Marakerake
 * Maruakoa
 * Ngapara
 * Otepopo
 * Papakaio
 * Peebles
 * Pukeuri
 * Queens Flat
 * Reidston
 * Richmond
 * Rosebery
 * Tapui
 * Taranui
 * Teschemakers
 * Tokarahi
 * Totara
 * Waimotu
 * Waitaki Bridge
 * Whitecraig
 * Whitstone
 * Windsor Park
 * Windsor

Oamaru Ward:
 * Ardgowan
 * Oamaru
 * Weston

Demographics
Waitaki District covers 7107.94 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Waitaki District had a population of 23,472 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 1,164 people (5.2%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 2,643 people (12.7%) since the 2013 census. There were 12,240 dwellings. The median age was 46.1 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 4,038 people (17.2%) aged under 15 years, 3,510 (15.0%) aged 15 to 29, 10,314 (43.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 5,607 (23.9%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 85.0% European/Pākehā, 9.5% Māori, 5.5% Pasifika, 6.9% Asian, 0.7% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders, and 1.5% other. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Waitaki District had a population of 22,308 at the 2018 New Zealand census. There were 9,171 households, comprising 10,974 males and 11,331 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female.

The percentage of people born overseas was 15.4, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 47.9% had no religion, 41.5% were Christian, 0.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.6% were Hindu, 0.3% were Muslim, 0.5% were Buddhist and 1.6% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 2,331 (12.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 4,719 (25.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $27,700, compared with $31,800 nationally. 2,019 people (11.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 8,529 (46.8%) people were employed full-time, 2,826 (15.5%) were part-time, and 441 (2.4%) were unemployed.

Economy
A relatively sparsely settled area, the District has a large number of farms. However, in recent times (late 2000s), numerous proposals for new farming operations have locals fearing that the agriculture will be transformed from often family-held farms to large agribusiness operations, causing local ecological damage and siphoning off capital overseas.

title: Waitaki District


text:
Washington State Route 16

State Route 16 (SR 16) is a 27.16 mi state highway in the U.S. state of Washington, connecting Pierce and Kitsap counties. The highway, signed as east–west, begins at an interchange with Interstate 5 (I-5) in Tacoma and travels through the city as a freeway towards the Tacoma Narrows. SR 16 crosses the narrows onto the Kitsap Peninsula on the partially tolled Tacoma Narrows Bridge and continues through Gig Harbor and Port Orchard before the freeway ends in Gorst. The designation ends at an intersection with SR 3 southwest of the beginning of its freeway through Bremerton and Poulsbo. SR 16 is designated as a Strategic Highway Network (STRAHNET) corridor within the National Highway System as the main thoroughfare connecting Tacoma to Naval Base Kitsap and a part of the Highways of Statewide Significance program.

SR 16 was created during the 1964 state highway renumbering as the successor to Primary State Highway 14 (PSH 14). PSH 14, which had itself been the successor to State Road 14, traveled northeast from Shelton to Gorst and south to Gig Harbor. PSH 14 was extended over the Tacoma Narrows in 1939 on the unfinished Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which would later collapse months after opening in 1940, into Tacoma over Secondary State Highway 14C (SSH 14C). SR 16 has been expanded into a freeway in stages beginning with the original Nalley Valley Viaduct in Tacoma in 1971, and ending with the opening of an interchange near Port Orchard in 2009. Later improvements to the corridor include the installation of high-occupancy vehicle lanes that connect to I-5 and the rest of the freeway network in Pierce County, which were completed in 2019.

Route description

SR 16 begins as an elevated freeway at an interchange with I-5 in Tacoma southwest of downtown. The interchange includes direct ramps for a set of high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV lanes) and collector–distributor lanes as it travels over South Tacoma Way and a railroad that carries Sound Transit's Sounder commuter train. SR 16 intersects Sprague Avenue at an interchange and turns west, passing a golf course and Cheney Stadium. A parallel pedestrian and cycling path, the Scott Pierson Trail, runs along the north side of the freeway. At a partial interchange with Center Street near Fircrest, SR 16 turns northwest and travels around the Tacoma Community College campus to an interchange with North Pearl Street (SR 163), which provides access to Ruston and the Vashon Island ferry.

SR 16 continues west past a partial cloverleaf interchange with Jackson Avenue and towards the Tacoma Narrows on the twin-suspension Tacoma Narrows Bridges. The 5,979 ft westbound span and the tolled 5,400 ft eastbound span combine to carry six lanes of SR 16 onto the Kitsap Peninsula. The eastbound span is tolled via electronic toll collection through the "Good to Go" program on the Kitsap Peninsula side of the bridge. Tolls for two axle vehicles and motorcycles are set at $4.50 for Good to Go accounts, $5.50 collected at the toll plaza, and $6.50 for Pay by Mail, with prices increasing for each additional axle by $2.25 for Good to Go accounts, $2.75 for toll plaza users, and $3.25 for Pay by Mail users.

SR 16 continues onto the Kitsap Peninsula and intersects 24th Street in a partial diamond interchange east of the Tacoma Narrows Airport as it passes the toll plaza for the eastbound Tacoma Narrows Bridge. The freeway travels northwest through Gig Harbor past interchanges with Olympic Drive and Wollochet Drive near Gig Harbor High School before it reaches Henderson Bay. SR 16 continues through an interchange with Burnham Drive and past the Washington Corrections Center for Women and St. Anthony Hospital towards Purdy, intersecting the southern terminus of SR 302. The freeway bypasses Purdy and Peninsula High School to the east before intersecting SR 302 Spur and entering Kitsap County. SR 16 passes the community of Burley and intersects its main access highway, Burley-Olalla Road, in an interchange before entering the city of Port Orchard. The freeway ends after serving as the western terminus of SR 160 and SR 166 on the west side of the city. The four-lane highway continues west along the Sinclair Inlet into Gorst, intersecting its spur route and ending at an intersection with SR 3.

Every year, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume. This is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic (AADT), which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. In 2012, WSDOT calculated that the busiest section of SR 16 was west of its interchange with Union Avenue in downtown Tacoma, serving 112,000 vehicles, while the least busiest section is after the SR 160 interchange west of Port Orchard, serving 32,000 vehicles. SR 16 is designated as a Strategic Highway Network corridor, connecting Naval Base Kitsap to the state highway system along with SR 3, within the National Highway System that classifies it as important to the national economy, defense, and mobility. WSDOT designates the entire route of SR 16 as a Highway of Statewide Significance, which includes highways that connect major communities in the state of Washington.

History

The present route of SR 16 roughly follows the route of several state highways signed during the 20th century, the first of which was State Road 14. State Road 14 traveled north from Shelton to Gorst and south into Gig Harbor as the primary connector between the Olympic and Kitsap peninsulas. Its construction had been proposed by Pierce County in the 1910s to connect Gig Harbor to the Navy Yard Highway, which was under construction at the time. State Road 14 was re-designated in 1937 as PSH 14 and included a secondary highway named SSH 14C that traveled from Gig Harbor to the Tacoma Narrows, site of an under-construction suspension bridge to open in 1940. PSH 14 was extended southeast over SSH 14C and the unfinished Tacoma Narrows Bridge into the city of Tacoma as part of a transfer of bridge ownership to the state of Washington in 1939. After the collapse of the original bridge on November 7, 1940, PSH 14 was truncated to Gig Harbor and traffic was redirected to a ferry landing in Manchester. The second Tacoma Narrows Bridge was opened on October 14, 1950, and PSH 14 was extended the following year to an intersection with U.S. Route 99 (US 99) in Downtown Tacoma.

PSH 14 was replaced by SR 16 under the sign route system created during the 1964 state highway renumbering, traveling from US 99 in Tacoma to SR 3 in Gorst. WSDOT began converting the SR 16 corridor to a controlled-access freeway with the construction of the Nalley Valley Viaduct in 1969, designed with tetrapod columns at a cost of $3.67 million. The viaduct opened on October 29, 1971, and connected SR 16 to I-5 in Tacoma, part of a new freeway replacing Bantz Boulevard between I-5 and the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. A bypass of Purdy on the Pierce–Kitsap county line was opened in November 1978 and the former route of SR 16 was divided between SR 302 and its spur route. The remainder of SR 16 in Port Orchard was upgraded to a freeway during the 1980s; however, at-grade intersections remained at Mullenix Road until 1993 and Burley-Olalla Road until 2009. Two at-grade intersection remain to access businesses and a cemetery from the westbound lanes north of the Wollochet Drive interchange.

WSDOT began installation of high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV lanes) on SR 16 as part of a Pierce County HOV system, which was constructed from 2000 to 2022 across several freeways. Beginning in the early 2000s, frontage roads and the Scott Pierson Trail were built along the freeway and sound walls were erected near residential areas in Tacoma. From Tacoma to Gig Harbor, WSDOT began installing exit numbers to interchanges with SR 16 that correspond to its milepost. The Nalley Valley Viaduct was replaced by a new westbound structure in 2011, carrying all four lanes of SR 16 towards I-5 in Tacoma, while the original viaduct was closed and demolished. The eastbound Nalley Valley Viaduct began construction in November 2011 and was completed by WSDOT in January 2014. The third viaduct, carrying HOV lanes, began construction in 2017 and was completed in November 2019.

On February 23, 2016, a 10 mi section of SR 16 from the Kitsap–Pierce county line to Gorst was dedicated as the Tony Radulescu Memorial Highway, in honor of a Washington State Patrol trooper who was killed on that stretch of highway four years earlier.

The northern terminus of SR 16 in Gorst is a major traffic bottleneck and forms a gap between the two main freeways on the Kitsap Peninsula. A proposal to rebuild the intersection into a grade-separated interchange was considered in 2019 but did not move forward in a legislative session. A rebuilt interchange, estimated to cost around $500 million, has been sought to improve access to Bremerton National Airport and local military installations.

Tacoma Narrows Bridge

The Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which carries SR 16 across the Tacoma Narrows between Tacoma and the Kitsap Peninsula, was first proposed by locals during the late 19th century—the earliest being local rancher John G. Shindler while traveling through the Narrows by steamboat in 1888. The Northern Pacific Railway planned to build a trestle bridge over the Narrows to connect its western terminus in Tacoma to the proposed Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Port Orchard. The Washington State Legislature, after extensive lobbying by local auto groups and businesses, authorized the construction of a road bridge over the Narrows in February 1929. The Washington Toll Bridge Authority was created in March 1937 to construct and maintain toll bridges throughout the state, beginning with the Tacoma Narrows Bridge from Tacoma to Gig Harbor and the Lake Washington Floating Bridge from Seattle to Mercer Island.

The bridge, designed by American suspension bridge engineer Leon Moisseiff, began construction on November 23, 1938, by the Pacific-General-Columbia Company, a partnership between three companies that received a $2.88 million grant from the Public Works Administration and a $3.52 million loan from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, to be repaid through tolls. The Tacoma Narrows Bridge opened on July 1, 1940, and included ceremonies attended by an estimated 10,000 people, including Governor of Washington Clarence D. Martin. The 2,800 ft bridge, christened the name "Galloping Gertie" by its construction workers, cost $6.4 million to build and became the third longest suspension span in the world after its completion. The following day, the art deco MV Kalakala was chosen to make the commemorative final ferry crossing of the Tacoma Narrows. The original toll for the bridge cost 55 cents per car, 15 cents per extra passenger, and 15 cents for pedestrians. The bridge, which was prone to movement during windstorms, collapsed at approximately 11:00 am on November 7, 1940, because of winds in excess of 42 mph. The only fatality during the collapse was a dog trapped in a car belonging to local reporter Leonard Coatsworth of Tacoma.

A second, 5,979 ft Tacoma Narrows Bridge was constructed between 1948 and 1951, officially opening to traffic on October 14, 1950. The bridge was designed to let wind pass through the structure with perforated girders and open grating in the deck. Traffic on the four-lane bridge began increasing from 6,000 vehicles in 1960 to nearly 67,000 vehicles by 1990, according to WSDOT AADT data. The increased traffic prompted the Washington State Legislature to approve the construction of a tolled eastbound bridge in 1999, to be finished during the early 2000s. The 5,400 ft eastbound bridge was constructed between 2002 and 2007, opening on July 15, 2007, during ceremonies attended by 60,000 people, including Governor Christine Gregoire. The newer eastbound bridge provided the debut for the Good to Go RFID pass from WSDOT, which allows frequent users to bypass the toll booths by way of a prepaid transponder placed on the inside of the windshield and reducing the toll.

Spur route
SR 16 has a 0.39 mi spur route located in Gorst that travels west from SR 16 to southbound SR 3. The spur route was added to the state highway system in 1988 after SR 16 was re-aligned to avoid traffic signals in Gorst. WSDOT included the road in its annual AADT survey in 2012 and calculated that between 4,100 and 8,600 vehicles used the spur route.

Alternate route
SR 16 AR is an unsigned 0.68 mi alternate route serving traffic passing through the eastbound toll plaza (rather than using electronic toll collection) approaching the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Pierce County. The route was added to the state highway system in 2007 after the completion of the eastbound Tacoma Narrows Bridge on July 15. WSDOT included the road in its annual AADT survey in 2012 and calculated that 9,100 vehicles used the alternate route.

title: Washington State Route 16


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Camille Thériault (old)

Camille Thériault (old) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

This page (originally named Camille Thériault) contained information on the same individual as Camille Theriault. I moved the Camille Theriault data to Camille Thériault and made Camille Theriault a redirct.

In hindsight, I should never have moved the original Camille Thériault article to Camille Thériault (old), however it is now done and needs to be deleted. -- User:Jord

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:LostLeviathan

Member since September of 2004. Student at Carleton College, interested primarily in Math and Economics.

Friends

 * GenkiNeko was my roommate last year.

Recently edited

 * Church of Christ, Scientist
 * Headphones
 * Seven Up! (formerly 7 Up (documentary))
 * Capitol Steps
 * The West Wing (television)
 * Bust a Groove
 * Ümlaut and umlaut
 * Acne
 * "Weird Al" Yankovic
 * George Stephanopoulos

Recent discussions

 * Talk:Church of Christ, Scientist
 * Talk:Jimmy Carter
 * Talk:Acne
 * Talk:Bust a Groove
 * Talk:Rhythm video game
 * Talk:%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic
 * Talk:Thefacebook

Recent new articles/redirects

 * Canon Wordtank and Wordtank G50
 * Colonel Klink (redirects to Hogan's Heroes)
 * Nicholas Perricone (new article)
 * Alpha lipoic acid (redirects to lipoic acid)
 * Xylocaine (redirects to lidocaine)
 * Snogging (redirects to french kiss)
 * The Federalist Society (redirects to Federalist Society)
 * Dr. Kevorkian (redirects to Jack Kevorkian)

title: User:LostLeviathan


text:
U of C

U of C refers to a number of institutions of higher education around the world, including the following:

 * Australia:
 * University of Canberra (Australian Capital Territory)

 * Canada
 * University of Calgary (Alberta)

 * New Zealand
 * University of Canterbury (Christchurch)

 * Portugal
 * University of Coimbra

 * Spain
 * University of Cantabria

 * United Kingdom
 * University of Cambridge

 * United States
 * University of California
 * University of Charleston (West Virginia)
 * University of Chicago (Illinois)
 * University of Cincinnati (Ohio)
 * University of Colorado
 * University of Connecticut

title: U of C


text:
Musical freestyle

Musical freestyle can refer to:

 * Musical canine freestyle, performing synchronized routines with one's dog
 * Musical kur, equine dressage to music
 * Freestyle music, a form of dance-pop or electronic dance music
 * Freestyle rap

title: Musical freestyle


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adventures of Batman & Robin

Adventures of Batman & Robin was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE There is no content to this page. What content there was was copied from another page, and had absolutely nothing to do with Batman or Robin, but was rather about the Addams Family of all things. 132.205.15.42 02:55, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep - should be a redirect to Batman, or something. Mark Richards 06:19, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * It's a that's supposedly about an SNES video game, the redirect would be inappropriate. 132.205.15.4 04:10, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.