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Talk:Bottled water

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Untitled
Main issues: Worldwide perspective, references in terms of citation needed tags and inconsistent use of inline and external links

History of bottled water?
Yes, I agree -- it would definitely be useful to include such a section and am surprised there is not one already. Mrzubrow (talk) 03:46, 1 December 2012 (UTC)

Some points are somewhat valid but the article lacks citations and more statistical references
It seems that the writer sells home water purification systems. The article seems quite biased ==== Sdfer (talk) 08:00, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

seawater into drinking water
During the end of second world war there is no drinking water as all the water are get polluted so indian initiative ideas to convert seawater into drinking water. thus drinking water in packet has been evolved. so be kind to INDIANS

Health aspects of drinking purified water
There is a common understanding that drinking a lot of purified water can be bad for you (ostensibly because it will absorb minerals that would otherwise be consumed by your body). However, I could only find one clear article describing this and it is widely disseminated, by Zoltan P. Rona MD, MSc. Unfortunately the vast majority of the web sites that contain this article are trying to sell water purifiers or water itself and therefore are suspect sources of material. Can anyone provide information about whether drinking purified water is good or bad for you in the short or long-term and add to this article? -- S. Gartner talk 02:04, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

"Pure" Water is Undefined
I've read the article titled There's No Such Thing as Pure Water, and I realize it's written by a biased ecologist working for a water purification company; however, he makes a very good point that there is a misconception about the word "pure" applied to water. Water is an acid and naturally bonds with other chemicals to reach a level of neutrality that is safe for consumption. The Wikipedia article makes multiple mentions of pure water with no apparent understanding that you can't just have a bottle with only H2O in it. For example, the line "Even if the water itself is pure, a plastic container may leak chemicals into the bottled water," gives the impression that such a pure water exists. Is there an expert that can clarify this in the article? Lackthereof 19:17, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Water is not an acid unless you're referring to acid rain. Water has a pH of 7, which is neutral. Steelseal 21:57, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

In chemistry, water is actually an acid and a base, albeit weak ones. Water is both a weak acid and base because its ionization constant is 10^-7. This is how water can create something like the Grand canyon via erosion? We usually consider water to be neutral, however, in terms of classifying water from a chemical analysis standpoint, water has the properties of an acid and a base. The following are various definitions of the acid/base dichotomy:

Arrhenius:

acid: generates [H+] in solution

base: generates [OH-] in solution

Brønsted-Lowery:

acid: anything that donates a [H+] (proton donor)

base: anything that accepts a [H+] (proton acceptor)

Lewis:

acid: accepts an electron pair

base: donates an electron pair

THC Loadee --Preceding unsigned comment added by THC Loadee (talk • contribs) 15:40, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree with the abpve statement. Water is not acidic. Water has a PH of 7.0 which is considered to be neutral.  Any solutyion wityh a PH lower than 7.0 is considered to be acidic (proportionally) and iof a solution has a pH higher than 7.0 then it is considered basic  Sdfer (talk) 08:00, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

Bias Against Bottled Water
Great to see such an informative, objective and un-biased article *rolleyes*

What are your objections? RickK 22:44, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)

I don't think this article conforms to a high standard, it seems very biased against bottled water. The whole tone of the article is anti-bottled water. As well as that, it needs some tidying. - Joolz
 * Statements such as I don't think and it seems are personal views. Unless you can be more specific and back up your feelings I suggest we drop the NPOV tag. The points made on the unhealthy aspects of bottled water and the controls of it is backed up by links and much published articles in the past (such as the uranium and benzene contaminated bottled water).
 * I posted that months ago (before I learnt how to tag my name on the end ;) The NPOV tag was added today, and not by me. Also, you may note that I talked about the tone of the article. You may also notice I've outlined some of the problems I've had with this article below, which have been resolved now. -- Joolz 16:11, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I second this. This article has a very strong bias against bottled water.

It opens with an extensive section about the negative environmental effects of bottled water. This is followed by a "Marketing" section that has nothing to do with marketing. Penn & Teller's test is another of their many attempts to make the general public look stupid, and has no place in an encyclopedia.

The article mentions the potential health benefits of bottled water, but quickly clarifies that this is pseudoscience. It proceeds to mention that bottled water costs 10,000 times the price of tap water. This is a misperspective. People who buy bottled water aren't paying for the water, they're paying for the service of having it purified (in some cases) and put in a bottle.

The "Regulations" section is a blatant attack on the FDA's regulation of bottled water, and then mentions that, "ironically", tap water is more strictly regulated than bottled water.

The writers of this article are clearly people who pride themselves on drinking tap water, since about 75% of this article is anti-bottled water propaganda. This article needs a large overhaul.

--LocrialTheSequel 19:02, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Why don't you create an article called Anti-Bottled-water-ism? Then you can create the Bottled-Water-Driking-Wikipedians' Notice Board, and go through Wikipedia with a fine-toothed comb subtly changing the wording of various articles to paint Bottled Water in a more positive light. Colonel Mustard 03:48, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Source about Evian
Is there any source to the "fact" that Evian water sold in the US is actually made from US springs? How about Perrier? David.Monniaux 09:25, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

In the UK Evian bottles are labelled as from "Cachat Spring - S.A.E.M.E - 74500 Evian - FRANCE". It seems unlikely that they would source their supplies for the US market at a different spring for a whole range of reasons. Namely, the taste of the water simply wouldn't be the same, people would be able to tell the difference. It wouldn't seem to be in Evian's interests to use a different source for the US market. This claim seems to be completely unsubstantiated. - Joolz

Having done some research I can't find anything to substantiate the claim as of yet. I'm also wary of the claim that because it's a French company any product it produces, regardless of where it is produced, can be labelled as a 'product of France'. For instance, Nokia phones are often produced in Hungary, and as such are labelled 'Made in Hungary', even though it is a Finnish company. I'm not sure about the regulations in the US though. Also, the statement "a lot of the bottled water is actually very close to tap water." needs explanation. Close in what way exactly? In seems to stand to reason that there will be a number of similarities, considering the fact that they're both essentially water products. - Joolz Even being presented at the top of the article with a picture of a discarded water bottle indicates a clear bias. I can see devoting a section of the article to a criticism of them being wasteful, but this viewpoint seems to permeate the whole thing. --Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.228.63.45 (talk) 03:33, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

Does this help? http://www.bottledwaterweb.com/bottlersdetail.do?k=41

Different Tastes
You say that Evian would not produce differently tasting water marketed for different countries.

You may want to note that Cadbury produces different tasting chocolate worldwide based on the taste pallete of the respective consumer country.

From the web site www.mineralwaters.org you can choose a list of bottled water by country, where you will also find Evian mineralization table, there are two with different structures and total dissolved solids, this is a clear indication that two different springs are used in bottling Evian.

 * That is simply not enough evidence to back up such claims, according to Evian all their water comes from France. That isn't to say that they don't have two sources very nearby, and there can be a variety of reasons why there are two different types listed on that site. The site does not explain why, and you've simply leapt to a conclusion.
 * I'm going to remove the claim because it is unsubstantiated, and quite possibly libelous.
 * -- Joolz 23:32, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Let's kill this fad shall we? :) SD6-Agent 14:54, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

NPOV?
umm...I don't really know if you guys agree, but this doesn;t sound very neutral. From the dawn of humanity? exgeratted

''for thousands of years, people have been making deliberate use of the fact that water flows downhill all by itself. [1] [2] For some hundreds of years, technology has existed to pump water under pressure on a wide scale, enabling it to be stored at altitude, and self-feed under gravity on-demand [3]. This practice has become so wide-spread in the English-speaking world, that the phrase 'on-tap' has become synonymous with'on-demand'.

''Putting it into little containers and lugging it around is comparitively inefficient, both in terms of energy and time. This has been known since the dawn of humanity, when we drank from natural pipes and reservoirs known as rivers, lakes, and wells. It is these same natural pipes, which have supported earth's life since the very dawn of time, that are becoming poisoned and polluted by the plastics we discard, and the chemicals and residue from production and shipping of the plastic bottles which contain the bottled water which now enamours so many.''

The pointer outer 02:23, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Seconded, that section has no place in an encyclopaedia --Sophistifunk 04:01, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
I added the NPOV check template to this page, it seems to my eyes to be very biased against the bottled water industry, and sometimes industry as a whole. If someone with more experience could edit this to make it NPOV, that would be great.--24.123.252.46 22:37, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

I had attempted to clean out all the, uh, "irrelevant" bits of the article that may have caused it to be tagged NPOV. I would like to see the original tagger have a look at the modified article.
 * ) --68.51.221.64 22:20, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
Large relevent sections have been removed by someone under the guise of "NPOV". This happens so frequently on so many wikimedia pages that I don't have the heart to restore the article. Simply be warned that the page does not contain all that is true, and possibly even some of what it contains is untrue. Use the history feature yourself to uncover what has been written on the subject of bottled water, and decide for yourself. This should be boiler plate material in big letters superimposed over every wikimedia page, but until then, good bye and good luck. -- Joojabber 11:55, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

NPOV, first world centric
perhaps this is a 'no duh' comment, but everything on this page appears to be written from the prospective of someone with computer access; that is, someone who has access, at all times, to potable water, just a few steps away at thier sink. just some food for thoght. Pellaken 00:06, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

The person who performed wholesale slaughter of several sections (March 7-ish revisions), Joojabber, was me.

The sections in question were removed because some sections were irrelevant, but in most cases, simply not NPOV. You're free to add them back in a form that is not with bias slant, or peppered with the opinions of the editor--this is one of the powerful benefits of a user-editable encylopedia like Wikipedia. However, we as a community -- people using this resource, and people contributing to it -- should put forth our best effort to ensure that articles are of the best quality possible. This means that we have to be able to put on the NPOV hat when we're writing an article, even if it's about something we hate or loathe.

If that's not possible, it is for the best interests of everyone involved that anyone unable to perform NPOV edits simply step aside for someone else to do the grunt work, while mentioning that there are sections in particular that are wrong, but that you are unable to make modifications to these sections yourself for fear of conveying a biased point of view.

So, what I'm trying to say is, please don't use Wikipedia as a political tool. I understand that it could be considered a mouth-watering target, as it could be hours or days before someone modifies the article again (with who knows how many hits between article modifications), but such actions have the potential to devalue the great, exciting service Wikipedia offers.

Please put your best foot forward, everyone! ;) --68.51.221.64 06:32, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

NPOV, good idea/still needs help
Bottled water is a very contentious topic, and there are many both good and bad aspects to it. A "neutral" article can be both negative and positive, so long as it is honest.

I will try to redo parts of this over time -- I direct an independent research institute working on water (wiki Pacific Institute). I've taken a crack at the first sections, which now should be far more "NPOV." Comments welcome. PGleick 04:15, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Leave it Be or Even it Out
Don't cut out facts because they tip the scale. I read the article & nothing jumped out as anti-bottle watter; it merely points out disbenefits. Instead of whining, why don't you add an equal amount of benefits.

Taste
What about adding some information on taste tests, which have often shown that tap water is preferred. CoolGuy 18:08, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * not all water taste the same. KyraWilliams (talk) 22:26, 20 April 2016 (UTC)

Improper use of Wikipedia page
I have removed the following from the article, as it is clear in an edit at the Village Pump that the user who added it is attempting to use the article as a web server to store his data: Corvus cornix 21:29, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Bottled Water Investigation
Environmental Working Group [ http://www.ewg.org ] is launching a new investigation into bottled water--where it comes from, what's done to "purify" it, and if it's even worth the expense. We need help building our label database, so if you've got any water bottles handy we'd appreciate it if you took a few minutes to add your information to the list below.

Please note: Since we'll be dumping the contents of the list into a database at some point, we need the fields to be consistent and as typo-free as possible. We're open to comments and suggestions on improving our methods.
 * List removed. Since it is inappropriate to add original research to Wikipedia, I can't how conducting original research on Wikipedia is any better. Set up a wiki on your own site. - BanyanTree 20:57, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Don't set up your own wiki! We have a wiki for original research, Wikiversity. It is looking for potential research ideas. --Rayc 21:37, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Stored Water (non natural way) & Global Warming
Hi, I was just reading the Water entry and saw the quantity of water available on earth (1.4 billion cubic kilometers), and just was wondering if some of you have the number of liters of stored water in those companies which sell water or drinks?

Could this be also a factor to the global warming?, who knows... just wondering.

regards, Ramon Mata

Please tell me this person is kidding.

Broken Link in References
The 3rd link under references is broken.155.247.166.28 08:45, 26 April 2007 (UTC) Fixed the link with a new link. Erm, I don't think I'm making much sense. It's a new link that redirects you the article itself. Check it out if interested :)GabrielPere 05:10, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

FDA names of Different types of water
The FDA website mentions 8 different type of waters, while Wiiki has 9. The extra one is the Fluoridated water. Here is the link to the FDA website: 21 CFR Part 165.110 - Bottled Water

Distilled Water Inaccuracy & Suggested Addition
I suggest this section be reworded to be more applicable to the article:
 * "Bottled water processed with distillation or reverse osmosis lacks fluoride ions which are sometimes naturally present in groundwater, or added at a water treatment plant and which has an effect on the inhibition of cavity formation; the drinking of distilled water may conceivably increase the risk of tooth decay due to a lack of this element."

Sure many bottled waters are distilled to remove impurities, but I don't know of any company that sells distilled water for use as consumption (minerals are added). For anyone who has tried, distilled water tastes horrible and I'm pretty sure it's not safe for consumption in large quantities. If no one drinks distilled bottled water, than who cares if it increases tooth decay? Distilled water ≠ bottled water.

I think it would be interesting if a section would be posted that listed how the water of major brands is manufactured. Many brands are distilled (aka deionized), undergo reverse osmosis, or are simply pumped from the ground, but I'm assuming they all aren't the same. It might be noted that all water that is distilled or RO'd is essentially 99.999% the same, whether it came from the well of the gods or a sewage plant. The list might also show which methods resulted in water not achieving government quality tests. Did straight well water (artesian springs, etc) cause the contamination or was it the manufacturers' fault. I personally think these are important things to know. Maybe unadulterated Fiji water, that was transported halfway around the world, didn't pass the inspection because it wasn't purified?

People think water from different locations on the earth is special. This article should reinforce that all water is the same. H20 is H20, the only difference is the additives...which any factory can supply or remove. Hopefully we can save people money and a bit of the earth by letting people know specialty water in a neat little square bottle has no real value over water distilled from urine. LostCause 01:07, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Unclear
"Many believe that bottled water is no better than tap water and that home water filtration may also be a viable option." Does this statement refer to the microbial and/or chemical quality of the water? Or to its aesthetic qualities? And who are the "many"!? Research done in the UK and Finland has confirmed that microbial and chemical quality of bottled water may be worse than tap water from public supplies in both of those countries - this is based on the standards and the frequency of checks, although I am keen to see reports on this that actually quantify the difference. Parametric chemical and microbiological standards in Europe for bottled water are generally lower than those for tap water. As for aesthetics (taste, colour, odour etc.), blind tastings of chilled bottled and tap water frequently indicate that consumers cannot consistently tell the difference between the two, particularly if the tap water has been left to stand for a few minutes to allow for the evaporation of any residual chlorine. Jimjamjak (talk) 16:17, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Filters in plumbing system...
"Many countries such as the United Kingdom, have water that is adequate for drinking on tap, due to filters in the plumbing infrastructure."

I am considering deleting this sentence. I don't understand what this claim is referring to. Water that emerges from a water supplier's treatment plant is entirely fit for drinking. Nothing in the distribution system increases the quality of this water. Residual chlorine is likely to decrease with time (and therefore distance) in the distribution system, disinfection by-products may increase or decrease in concentration as they move through the system (the same for microbes, metals and other pollutants), but this has nothing to do with "filters in the plumbing infrastructure". Jimjamjak (talk) 16:53, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

I at least deleted the United Kingdom example, which was clearly absurd. I'm a frequent visitor to the UK and regularly drink tap water, as do many, many people. I find far less bottled water in use their then in the US. Jpgs (talk) 02:38, 13 July 2008 (UTC) I'm afraid I misread the original sentence and thought it said "inadequate" for drinking. But Jimjamjak is right, it is water purification infrastructure that generally indicates water quality, and in the UK and US water is generally fine for drinking without additional processing. Some individuals do add additional (e.g. carbon) filtration in their home, but this is to further purify or improve the taste of water that is already drinkable. The entire sentence should probably go. Jpgs (talk) 02:28, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Bias FOR Bottled Water
Maybe I'm the only one, but just the first section of this article seems very biased/POV with sentences like "Anti-bottled water campaigns may overstate so-called "corporate control" of water sources" and "While bottled water companies are facing criticism from activists... organizations such as Corporate Accountability International say that "millions" plastic bottles end up in landfulls, [landfulls?] the industry points out that PET bottles make up only one-third of 1 percent of the waste stream in the United States."

I think this article needs A LOT of work. Every sentence reads like a PR campaign by the bottled water industry.-Laikalynx (talk)

More backlash against bottled water
Windsor is looking to join other Canadian cities in banning bottled water in municipal facilities: http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=2d782126-9b6b-41d6-9d02-bb399a262f00

An interesting number for this page might be the New York EPA's figure: if you buy two 1-liter bottles of water a day it will cost you $1200 a year; the same amount from the tap would cost 50 cents a year. (They issue a magazine-like report every year that's mailed to NY residents). swain (talk) 04:14, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Selling something that is free!
Bottled water is a good example of how capitalism can brainwash you in order to sell you something that is free(and of good quality). Compagnies are really good, because they've created a need to buy something that is free. They created a myth that tap water is not good! Maybey in the third world tap water is not good, but in North America it is! I laughed when I saw air can in Spaceball, but if we follow that logic, It'll be the next step!!! --Preceding unsigned comment added by Acce (talk • contribs) 18:34, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

University of Cincinnati "Tap Water Quality Analysis"
The main article contains this sentence 'The University of Cincinnati recently completed a "Tap Water Quality Analysis" for major US cities.' with a link to to the study and a suggestion that most municipal water is 'safe' rather than safe (no scare-quotes). This study was funded by Pur filter company, and there is little data about the way the study was conducted. Lead may be introduced through building pipes rather than the municipal source, and it is not clear which was the source in each city. Either this section should be shortened, or a more detailed discussion of safe levels should be linked.

Dialectric (talk) 02:34, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Chemical contaminants in bottled water
Here's another study, it states [ http://www.ewg.org/reports/bottledwater Bottled water contains disinfection byproducts, fertilizer residue, and pain medication]. Hope it helps in improving this article. Best wishes. Universalsuffrage (talk) 21:46, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

What about the reports of plastic bottles leaching dioxin in sunlight?195.38.17.129 (talk) 07:22, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

Emergency response?
Am I the only one who finds the example of donating 648 liters of water kind of silly? It's all fine of course, but that's just over half a cubic meter! We're talking bathtub scale here, people. --Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.220.131.177 (talk) 13:18, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

 * You are right, I removed the whole section, it really wasn't pertinent to the article. A new name 2008 (talk) 13:23, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

SF Chronicle vs. NRDC report and Penn & Teller
For Grundle2600: Here are the problems I see with your additions: the claims belong to the authors of the op-ed, not to the SF Chronicle. Opinion pieces are not enough for establishing broad truth claims, so another source is needed. And there are two distinct claims here, one about the cost of water and the other about federal standards.

I decided to I look these up myself. The first originates from the NRDC, and I'll get to that in a moment. The second one I can't find at all, but as I said before, it is contradicted by SEC. 410. [ 21 USC 349 ] Bottled drinking water standards.. If there is a better source with specific information, that could be a different story.

So the NRDC material also fits better under the Tap water vs. bottled water section, and I've added the claim there using more specific language. I have not made up my mind entirely about the placement of the Penn & Teller sketch, but the extensive quoting from John Stossel (another opinion columnist) is also undesirable. I've rewritten this again in a more encylopedic style, and left it in the same section for now. --Ten Thousand Bullets (talk) 00:46, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

 * OK. Your changes are fine with me. Grundle2600 (talk) 00:58, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

Adventure travel?
Why is this template at the bottom of the page? swain (talk) 14:21, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

Bottled water from a tap
Removed the opening line that says you can get it free from a tap, in not so many words. First, you can't get bottled water from a tap - you get it from the store or from one of the water delivery guys. If you get it from a tap, it's tap water. Second, the article is about bottled water, not how you can get water from a tap in lieu of bottled water - and aside from that, this aspect is covered in the cost aspect section. -- Dennis The Tiger  (Rawr and stuff) 23:02, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Actually per [ http://www.ewg.org/health/report/bottledwater--scorecard ],, , , a sizable amount of bottled water is in reality tap water so the statement was factually accurate while also misleading.--BruceGrubb (talk) 14:45, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

Redundant article merged into this one
I have merged the article Bottled water phenomenon into this article and redirected. The 'bottled water phenomenon' article was largely redundant, as all of its major verifiable content is already covered here. Aspirex (talk) 11:52, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

suggested addition
How about a list of companies selling bottled water and a bit about each one's products? For instance, in Europe, the specific mineral content of certain sources is considered important. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Skysong263 (talk • contribs) 00:24, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

Reference number 9 disputed
I have to raise doubt about reference 9 used in this article that drinking bottled water may put you at cavity risk. While opening reference 9 it shows no actual study data. It is merely an opinion of some people working in dental field. And it sounds word of mouth. If an actual scientific study can be linked, that bottled water would result in cavity, then the argument is valid. But reference 9 is purely "he said, she said" type of article. That is not really a fact backed by scientific research. There are lots of studies shown on internet. I would request to either show such study link, or remove reference 9 from being used. Furthermore reference 9 emphasizes on one 3 year old kid who had cavity and the dentist suspects it was maybe due to lack of fluoridated water. That is hardly a groundbreaking finding. One 3 year old's cavity example should not be used as a claim. Please find better source or remove it — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.169.164.126 (talk) 14:46, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

Dead Link
Reference #13 is a dead link. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.92.174.105 (talk) 20:58, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

This is not an encyclopedic entry, rather it is an agenda driven piece
I came here to find a simple fact--when did bottled water become popular in the US. I couldn't find that, which one would think would be one of the first pieces of information given. Instead, I found nearly the entire page devoted to why bottled water is bad. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.60.0.29 (talk) 13:59, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

Undue weight
This article seems to have a lot of coverage of the controversies associated with bottled water, and subsequently ends up not sounding very neutral. I have added an 'undue weight' template message for the time being. Hope a few editors would be willing to help balance it out. Knyzna1 (talk) 18:10, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

I think the article will always sound a bit "against bottled water" simply because, scientifically, bottled water has more cons than pros.. But maybe we could add that :

- bottled water can be a convenient way to bring water around (even if sturdier plastic bottles meant to be refilled thousand times should be recommended for that use).

- sealed bottled water from known brands can be a way to drink clean water in countries where the quality of tap water is questionable.

Also the paragraph titled "Environmental Injustice Aspects of Bottled Water" is too long and should be break down or trimmed. 82.233.152.227 (talk) 22:00, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

USA bias
This article reads in part as if it is only in the USA that concerns over bottled water exists. A little more balance is urgently needed.  Velella  Velella Talk 18:49, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130306123351/http://www.fda.gov:80/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/BottledWaterCarbonatedSoftDrinks/ucm077079.htm to http://www.fda.gov/food/foodsafety/product-specificinformation/bottledwatercarbonatedsoftdrinks/ucm077079.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100421012141/http://www.aquatina.net:80/findafountain.html to http://www.aquatina.net/findafountain.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140304005841/http://m.smh.com.au/entertainment/restaurants-and-bars/5-for-a-glass-of-tap-water-as-owner-cries-pour-20110620-1gc1c.html to http://m.smh.com.au/entertainment/restaurants-and-bars/5-for-a-glass-of-tap-water-as-owner-cries-pour-20110620-1gc1c.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080531022856/http://www.medpagetoday.com:80/PrimaryCare/DentalHealth/tb/1756 to http://www.medpagetoday.com/PrimaryCare/DentalHealth/tb/1756
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090410064626/http://www.dwrf.info:80/nrdc_bottled_water.htm to http://www.dwrf.info/nrdc_bottled_water.htm#IV
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120618123015/http://salidacitizen.com:80/2012/01/stop-nestles-water-grab-or-let-them-help-themselves/ to http://salidacitizen.com/2012/01/stop-nestles-water-grab-or-let-them-help-themselves/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130120163408/http://www.uswaternews.com/archives/arcpolicy/4grouplan8.html to http://www.uswaternews.com/archives/arcpolicy/4grouplan8.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090227023016/http://www.wickedlocal.com:80/clinton/homepage/x1092588994 to http://www.wickedlocal.com/clinton/homepage/x1092588994

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:31, 9 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 6 one external links on Bottled water. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130306123351/http://www.fda.gov:80/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/BottledWaterCarbonatedSoftDrinks/ucm077079.htm to http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/BottledWaterCarbonatedSoftDrinks/ucm077079.htm
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110707131749/http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/List_of_Guidelines_for_Health_Emergency_How_to_measure_chlorine_residual.pdf to http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/List_of_Guidelines_for_Health_Emergency_How_to_measure_chlorine_residual.pdf
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20120217090015/http://www.seattlepi.com/local/312412_botwaterweb.html to http://www.seattlepi.com/local/312412_botwaterweb.html
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20130528134318/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/nestle-uses-social-media-for-bottled-water-palm-oil-damage-control/552747The to http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/nestle-uses-social-media-for-bottled-water-palm-oil-damage-control/552747The
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20130511224332/http://blog.mlive.com/muskegon_chronicle_extra/2007/01/nestle_raises_stakes_in_bottle.Muskegon to http://blog.mlive.com/muskegon_chronicle_extra/2007/01/nestle_raises_stakes_in_bottle.Muskegon
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110505013109/http://islandpress.org:80/bookstore/detailsfad4.html?prod_id=1858 to http://islandpress.org/bookstore/detailsfad4.html?prod_id=1858

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Hydration
Drink More Water, hydrating your body is important no matter what type it is. (Don Bev (talk) 22:46, 20 April 2016 (UTC))

Bottled water storage in freezing temperatures
I am unable to determine whether any commercial bottled water bottles survive freezing temperatures. Partially filled bottles can survive water's expansion as it freezes, at least in some shapes.

Emergency preparedness in freezing climates requires knowing this answer. Can someone contribute this knowledge? It's surprising that Ready.gov and bottled water manufacturers do not discuss it.

(Issues of high Storage temperatures for plastic bottles are separate and seem fraught) Wth727 (talk) 14:26, 19 August 2018 (UTC)

Nomination of Portal:Bottled water for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether Portal:Bottled water is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The page will be discussed at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Portal:Bottled water until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the page during the discussion, including to improve the page to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the deletion notice from the top of the page. North America1000 02:31, 26 March 2019 (UTC)

Concerns
Suggestion that some text in the Concerns section be looked at again, specifically: "In some cases it can be shown that bottled water is actually tap water.[76] However, it is also argued that the quality specifications for some bottled waters in some jurisdictions are more stringent than the standards for tap-water. In the US, bottled water that comes from municipal suppliers must be clearly labeled as such unless it has been sufficiently processed to be labeled as "distilled" or "purified".[77]"

The articles provided give no evidence for "quality specifications for some bottled waters in some jurisdictions are more stringent than the standards for tap-water." Perhaps list some areas in which this is true, with actual sources. ETAPx (talk) 16:48, 12 September 2021 (UTC)

The Health Concerns section has very limited talking points about potential leaching of chemicals in plastic water bottles. May relate back to inadequate info about the safety and leaching of city/home/municipal filtration systems (all pipes leach). For a more neutral POV, including info about chemical leaching in both aspects will allow readers to form their own opinions. ETAPx (talk) 16:53, 12 September 2021 (UTC)

A new type of bottled water is entering the market
I don't know if it is proper to have such an entry here on Wikipedia. I am simply providing this information for your consideration.

Biophoton-energized water - a type of water with molecules that are infused with a high concentration of biophotons from biophoton generators.

The entry, of course, would require a brief article explaining it more.

I'd appreciate your feedback.

MediStreet (talk) 19:35, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

 * No we don't list pseudo-scientific bunk, not without WP:MEDRS compliant sourcing. MrOllie (talk) 19:59, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I didn't ask your opinion. Of course, compliant sourcing certainly makes sense. Thank you for your most "professional" reply. MediStreet (talk) 13:05, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I'd appreciate your feedback. Sure. MrOllie (talk) 14:59, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Technology and Culture
— Assignment last updated by Thecanyon (talk) 05:34, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Writing Workshop
— Assignment last updated by Wikiallshi (talk) 19:32, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bottled water


text:
Sun protection

Sun protection refers to:

 * Sunscreen
 * Sun protective clothing
 * Car window sun protection glazing

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sun protection


text:
TAT1

TAT1 may refer to:
 * TAT-1, first submarine transatlantic telephone cable system
 * TAT1 (gene), human gene

title: TAT1


text:
Big Choice

Big Choice is a full-length album by the California punk band Face to Face, released in 1995. It was released on Victory Music in 1995, and then re-released on A&M Records. "Disconnected" was released to alternative radio on January 20, 1995. "Debt" was released as a single on August 15, 1995.

Critical reception
The Los Angeles Times wrote that singer "[Trever] Keith dwells on his inner struggles in self-questioning songs that focus on the gap between idealistic aspirations and flawed, frustrating realities."

Track listing
All songs written by Trever Keith and Matt Riddle unless otherwise noted.
 * 1) "Struggle" – 3:07
 * 2) "I Know You Well" – 2:42
 * 3) "Sensible" – 2:58
 * 4) "A-OK" – 2:57
 * 5) "You Lied" – 3:27
 * 6) "Promises" – 3:15
 * 7) "Big Choice" – 3:24
 * 8) "It's Not Over" – 2:26
 * 9) "Velocity" – 3:17
 * 10) "Debt" – 2:19
 * 11) "Late" – 3:37
 * 12) (blank) * – 1:16
 * 13) "Disconnected" * – 3:20
 * 14) "Bikeage" * (cover of Descendents) – 2:09

The '*' marks indicate that it's a bonus track. Those songs were featured on the 1995 re-release as bonus tracks. The original pressing had just the first eleven tracks. The twelfth track is sometimes referred to as "Untitled" or "Song 12", but is actually titled as blank. The track features a conversation about re-recording "Disconnected", which originally appeared on their first album Don't Turn Away and would be the following track on this album, because no one could "hear a single" until KROQ-FM first played it. However, the track is not featured on the track listing from the back cover of the album. Rock poster artist Jim Evans (T.A.Z.), worked closely with the band to create the unique album art featuring the "Big Choice" game machine.

Personnel

 * Trever Keith – guitar, vocals
 * Chad Yaro – guitar, backing vocals
 * Matt Riddle – bass, backing vocals
 * Rob Kurth – drums, backing vocals

Additional personnel
 * Face To Face – producer
 * Thom Wilson – producer, engineer
 * Mike Ainsworth – assistant engineer
 * Eddy Schreyer – mastering
 * Mark McKenna – photography

title: Big Choice


text: Talk:Big Choice

title: Talk:Big Choice


text:
User:Nonenmac

 * Flora of New York @ WikiBooks
 * /Flora of
 * /color tests
 * /refs
 * List of fern families
 * /orders
 * /Fern phylograms
 * /Equisetopsida sensu lato
 * /Magnoliidae
 * /Polypodiopsida
 * /Cyatheales
 * /Polypodiales
 * /Polypodiaceae
 * /Pteridaceae
 * /Aspidium
 * /Hymenophyllaceae
 * /Filix
 * /Onoclea
 * /Oenothera sect. Gaura
 * /Oenothera
 * /Specularia
 * /Northeast Native Plants
 * /Northeast Invasive Plants
 * /Honeysuckles
 * /Buttercups
 * /Geums
 * /Vitis
 * commons:User:Nonenmac
 * /help
 * /sandbox
 * commons:User:Nonenmac/graphs
 * WikiBooks
 * WikiNews
 * WikiSource
 * Meta-Wiki
 * User:Nonenmac/monobook.js
 * User:Nonenmac/Images

title: User:Nonenmac


text:
User talk:85776

Hi, please see Talk:Battlefield 1942. Thanks! --Mrwojo 22:18, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:85776


text:
Talk:No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls

Untitled
its 2002 the album was released do the math wiki —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.113.83.45 (talk) 01:37, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Possible Poem redirect page construction?
Hello whomever may read this, but I know of a poem that bears the same name. Would this be enough to persuade a redirect page to be created? Thanks, Checks Facts will happily talk  01:40, 5 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls


text:
User talk:Rftd

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 22:19, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Please don't post nonsense. RickK 22:39, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rftd


text:
Lochnagar

Lochnagar or Beinn Chìochan is a mountain in the Mounth, in the Grampians of Scotland. It is about 5 mi south of the River Dee near Balmoral. It is a popular hill with hillwalkers, and is a noted venue for summer and winter climbing.

Names
The English name refers to a mountain lake in the northeast corrie, Lochan na Gaire, the 'little loch of the noisy sound'. Beinn Chìochan or Beinn nan Cìochan, 'mountain of breasts' or 'breast-shaped mountain', is probably the original Gaelic name for the mountain.

The summit itself is Cac Càrn Beag, meaning 'small cairn of faeces' in Gaelic, or less euphemistically, 'little pile of shit'. Peter Drummond, former chairman of the Architectural Heritage Society of Scotland, has also suggested that cac is a corruption of ('slope'), which would lend a translation of 'little cairn of the slope'.

Geography
Lochnagar is located on the Royal Estate of Balmoral. Its principal feature is a north-facing corrie, around which most of the subsidiary tops, as well as the main peak, sit. The corrie is the location of many classic summer and winter climbing routes. The mountain is a Munro and is popular with hillwalkers at all times of the year, with the most common ascent route being from Glen Muick. Care should be taken on the summit in poor visibility: the plateau has few obvious features and has steep cliffs on its northern edge.

Climate
Lochnagar's summit experiences an Alpine Tundra Climate, with freezing, snowy winters and cool summers. The nearest UK Met Office weather station is at Braemar 6+1/2 mi northwest. The yearly temperature range is usually between -6.6 and 9.4 C. January has the highest average frosts, despite February nights being colder; January has an average of 26.9 frost days, compared with 24.3 in February. There is the risk of a frost at any time of the year, even in July and August, when each month averages 1 air frost every 10 years.

Nature and conservation
Lochanagar lies within the Cairngorms National Park, and also gives its name to Deeside and Lochnagar National Scenic Area, one of 40 such areas in Scotland. The designated national scenic area is 40000 ha in size, and covers the mountains surrounding Lochnagar as far south as the head of Glen Doll, as well Deeside to the north.

The mountain forms part of two designated Special Protection Areas, due to its importance for breeding dotterel (Charadrius morinellus) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos).

Cultural references
Due to its location on the Balmoral estate the mountain has many royal links, and Queen Victoria climbed to the summit in 1848. In the film Mrs. Brown, John Brown and Benjamin Disraeli hike up Lochnagar to discuss the need for the Queen to return to active involvement with government. It is also the setting for a children's story, The Old Man of Lochnagar, originally told by Prince Charles. In 2023, a recessional tune entitled The Call of Lochnagar was composed for the service at which Charles III was presented the Honours of Scotland.

The poet Lord Byron spent time in the area in his youth, and wrote the poem, Lachin y Gair (also known as Dark Lochnagar), which also forms the basis of a song which would eventually be composed by Beethoven.

"England! thy beauties are tame and domestic,

To one who has rov'd on the mountains afar:

Oh! for the crags that are wild and majestic,

The steep, frowning glories of dark Loch na Garr"

A malt-whisky distillery located near the Balmoral estate on the south side of the River Dee produces the Royal Lochnagar Single Malt whisky.

The hill gives its name to one of the houses at Aboyne Academy.

title: Lochnagar


text:
Burning Point

Burning Point is a Finnish power metal / heavy metal band, founded in 1999.

History
The band was founded in 1999 in Oulu, Finland, by bassist Jukka kyrö and guitarist Pete Ahonen.

In 2016 the band added vocalist Nitte Valo, formerly of the band Battle Beast. Valo started collaborating with the group in 2013 when guitarist Pete Ahonen asked her to collaborate on a few of the band's songs, and eventually asked her to join full-time as singer after he stepped down as vocalist.

Current members

 * Luca Sturniolo – Vocals
 * Pete Ahonen – Guitars
 * Pekka Kolivuori – Guitars
 * Tuomas Jaatinen – Drums
 * Jarkko Poussu – Bass
 * Matti Halonen – Keyboards

Former members

 * Jukka Jokikokko – Bass
 * Pasi Hiltula – Keyboards (see Eternal Tears of Sorrow, Kalmah)
 * Jukka Kyrö – Guitar
 * Toni Kansanoja – Bass
 * Jari Kaiponen – Drums
 * Jarkko Väisänen – Keyboards
 * Nitte Valo – Vocals
 * Jussi Ontero – Drums
 * Sami Nyman – Bass

Albums

 * Salvation by Fire (2001)
 * Feeding the Flames (2003)
 * Burned Down the Enemy (2006)
 * Empyre (2009)
 * The Ignitor (2012)
 * Burning Point (2015)
 * The Blaze (2016)
 * Arsonist of the Soul (2021)

Singles

 * To Hell and Back (CD-single 2004 on Poison Arrow Records)

title: Burning Point


text:
Self-surgery

Self-surgery is the act of performing a surgical procedure on oneself. It can be an act taken in extreme circumstances out of necessity, an attempt to avoid embarrassment, legal action, or financial costs, or a rare manifestation of a psychological disorder.

Genitals
These surgeries are generally the least life-threatening. Sometimes people resort to self-surgery in the form of castration in an attempt to control their sexual urges, or due to gender dysphoria.

Boston Corbett, the soldier who killed Abraham Lincoln's assassin John Wilkes Booth, had performed self-surgery earlier in life. He castrated himself with a pair of scissors in order to avoid the temptation of prostitutes. Afterwards, he went to a prayer meeting and ate a meal before going for medical treatment.

Abdominal
Successful abdominal self-surgery is extremely rare. A few well-publicized cases have found their way into the medical literature. "At four o'clock on the morning of his surgery, he disinfected his dormitory room with spray disinfectant and alcohol and draped an area with sheets that he had previously sterilized. For anesthesia, he took oral barbiturates. He also took hydrocortisone and prepared a canister of vaporized adrenalin, readying himself for a possible shock syndrome. He performed the procedure wearing sterile gloves and a surgical mask. Lying supine and looking into strategically placed mirrors to obtain an optimum view, he began by cleansing his abdomen with alcohol. The incision was made with a scalpel, exposure obtained by retractors, and the dissection carried out with surgical instruments. For local anesthesia, he injected lidocaine hydrochloride into each successive tissue layer during the opening. He controlled bleeding with locally applied gelatin powder, while sterilized cotton thread ligatures were used for the larger vessels. After eight hours he had had minimal blood loss but was unable to obtain adequate exposure to enter the retroperitoneal space because of the unexpected pain in retracting his liver. Exhausted, he bandaged his wound, cleaned up his room, and called the police for transport to the hospital because of a "rupture"."
 * On February 15, 1921, Evan O'Neill Kane carried out his own appendectomy in an attempt to prove the efficacy of local anesthesia for such operations. He is believed to have been the first surgeon to have done so. However, Kane previously performed appendectomies (on others) with local anesthetic. In 1932, he performed an even more risky self-operation of repairing his inguinal hernia at the age of 70.
 * In August of 1944, Jock McLaren, an Australian Army officer, conducted an appendectomy on himself without anaesthesia of any kind, using only a pocket knife and a mirror. He then proceeded to suture himself with what he had on hand - "jungle fibre". Though not qualified in human medicine or surgery, McLaren had considerable knowledge of veterinary medicine.
 * On April 30, 1961, Leonid Rogozov removed his own infected appendix at the Soviet Novolazarevskaja Research Station in Antarctica, as he was the only physician on staff. The operation lasted one hour and 45 minutes. Rogozov later reported on the surgery in the Information Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition.
 * A male student who had already performed a self-castration was the subject of a 1979 case report by Kalin. The student, some time after his self-castration, also attempted to reduce the activity of his adrenal glands with an injection of bovine serum albumin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and Freund's adjuvant. When this produced an abscess at the injection site, he resorted to self-surgery. His psychiatrist reported:

 * In 2000, a Mexican woman, Inés Ramírez, was forced to resort to self-surgery – a "self-inflicted caesarean section" – because of lack of medical assistance during a difficult labour: "She took three small glasses of hard liquor and, using a kitchen knife, sliced her abdomen in 3 attempts ... cut the uterus itself longitudinally, and delivered a male infant. Both mother and child reportedly survived and are now well."

Medically supervised
Jerri Nielsen was the sole physician on duty at the U.S. National Science Foundation Amundsen–Scott Antarctic research station in 1999 when she found a lump on her breast. She was forced to biopsy the lump herself. Her experience made international news and was the basis for her autobiography, Ice Bound. The lump was found to be cancerous, so she self-administered chemotherapeutic agents. She remained cancer-free for several years but died in 2009 after her cancer reappeared and spread to her brain.

Self-trepanation
Trepanation involves drilling a hole in the skull. The most famous instances of self-trepanation are those of Amanda Feilding, Joey Mellen (Feilding's domestic partner), and Bart Huges (who influenced Mellen and Feilding). In 2023, Michael Raduga performed self-neurosurgery that included electrical stimulation of the motor cortex.

Amputation of trapped limbs

 * In 1993, Donald Wyman amputated his leg with his pocketknife after it was pinned by a tree.
 * In 1993, Bill Jeracki was fishing near St. Mary's Glacier in Colorado, when a boulder pinned his left leg. Snow was forecast and without a jacket or pack, Jeracki did not believe he would survive the night. Fashioning a tourniquet out of his flannel shirt and using his bait knife, he cut his leg off at the knee joint, using hemostats from his fishing kit to clamp the bleeding arteries.
 * In 2000, British Special Air Service veteran and adventurer, Sir Ranulph Fiennes received severe frostbite on his left hand in a failed solo North Pole expedition. After abandoning the trip and while waiting in England for further medical care, the pain of the necrotized tissue became unbearable. Fiennes retired to his garden shed and amputated his own digits with a power saw after clamping them in a vise. He survived and went on to other expeditions, including summitting Mount Everest and an abandoned Antarctic traverse.
 * In 2002, Doug Goodale cut off one of his arms at the elbow in order to survive an accident at sea.
 * In 2003, Aron Ralston was on a canyoneering trip in Bluejohn Canyon (near Moab, Utah), when a boulder fell and pinned his right forearm down, crushing it. First he tried to chip away the rock around his hand with his pocket knife, but gave up the attempt after two days. Next he tried to lift and move the boulder with a simple pulley system made with rope and gear, but that failed too. On the sixth day, which he did not expect to live to see upon falling asleep the night earlier, a dehydrated and delirious Ralston had a vision of himself as a one-armed man playing with his future son. Upon a subsequent fit of rage he discovered that he could bow his arm against the chockstone far enough to snap the radius and ulna bones. Using the dull blade on his multi-use tool, he cut the soft tissue around the break. He then used the tool's pliers to tear at the tougher tendons. He was careful not to sever the arteries before attaching an improvised tourniquet. After he cut the main bundle of nerves, leading to agonizing pain, he cut through the last piece of skin and was free. In bad physical shape, and having lost more than a litre of blood, he managed to rappel 70 feet down and hike another 8 miles, when he ran into a Dutch family who offered help and guided him to a rescue helicopter which happened to be nearby looking for Ralston and took him to a hospital. His story was dramatized in the film 127 Hours (2010).
 * In 2003, an Australian coal miner trapped three kilometres underground by an overturned tractor cut off his own arm with a box-cutting knife. The 44-year-old man, who was not identified by police, was working late at the Hunter Valley mine when the tractor tipped over, crushing his arm and trapping him.

title: Self-surgery


text:
Josh Holloway

Joshua Lee Holloway (born July 20, 1969 ) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as James "Sawyer" Ford on the ABC television show Lost and as Will Bowman on the USA Network science fiction drama Colony. He also had a recurring role in the third season of the Paramount Network western series Yellowstone.

Early life
Holloway was born in San Jose, California, the second of four boys of a nurse mother and a surveyor father. His family moved to the Blue Ridge Mountains of Georgia when he was two. He was raised in Free Home, Georgia. Holloway is related to Baptist preacher Dr. Dale Holloway, and author and World War II prisoner of war Carl Holloway. He is also a descendant of Robert E. Lee. Holloway attended Cherokee High School in Canton, Georgia, graduating in 1987. He developed an interest in movies at a very young age. He studied at the University of Georgia but left after one quarter due to financial constraints.

Career
Holloway moved to Los Angeles, where he began a successful career as a runway and print model, including for brands Dolce & Gabbana, Calvin Klein and Donna Karan. In 1993, Holloway appeared in the Aerosmith video for the song "Cryin'" as a thief who tries to steal Alicia Silverstone's backpack from a diner, only to be caught and beaten up by her.

Holloway eventually started acting. His first role was as "Good Looking Guy" in an episode of Angel in 1999, followed by a role in the comedy Doctor Benny and in the movies Mi Amigo, Moving August, and Cold Heart. Following these roles, he gained recognition for his lead role in the Sci-Fi Channel movie Sabretooth with David Keith and John Rhys-Davies. He also made appearances in Good Girls Don't episode "Addicted To Love"; NCIS episode "My Other Left Foot"; The Lyon's Den episode "Separation Anxiety"; Walker, Texas Ranger episode "Medieval Crimes"; and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode "Assume Nothing".His big break came when he was cast as James "Sawyer" Ford in the hit television series Lost. The show propelled Holloway to celebrity status, but left him with little time to leverage his fame with other roles. According to USA Today, he took himself out of consideration for a role in a Brad Pitt Western due to the demands of his filming schedule. Nevertheless, he found time to star in the thriller Whisper and he also ventured into the world of video games in Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars. In the game, he plays the role of a Brotherhood of Nod intelligence officer named Ajay whose primary role is to assist players by supplying information that is crucial to upcoming battles. In May 2007, 20th Century Fox approached Holloway for the second time and offered him the role of Gambit in X-Men 4. In 2005, People magazine named Holloway one of the "50 Most Beautiful People in the World". In January 2006, In Touch Weekly named Holloway the "hottest hunk" on television. In the same month, Holloway was voted the seventeenth-sexiest guy worldwide by British readers of OK! magazine. In the same year, he was voted the second-sexiest star in Hollywood by Us Weekly.

In March 2007, Holloway was selected as the new face for Davidoff's fragrance Cool Water worldwide. In Spring 2008, Holloway was selected as the first male spokesperson for Magnum ice cream of Turkey. Previous Magnum spokespersons include Eva Longoria and Elizabeth Hurley. In the same year he made the top ten list of TV Guide's Sexiest Stars.

Holloway appeared in the 2009 film Stay Cool, a comedy written by the Polish brothers. Artist Salvador Larroca is believed by Comic Book Resources columnist Timothy Callahan to have used Holloway as the model for his rendition of Tony Stark during his run on Iron Man, which began in 2008. In June 2010, Holloway won a Saturn Award for "Best Actor on Television" for his role on Lost. In September 2010, Holloway was added to the cast of Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol, which was released in December 2011. In 2014, Holloway starred in the lead role in the CBS television show Intelligence as a cybercrime agent who can "access the entire electromagnetic spectrum" with his mind.

In 2016, Holloway began starring in Colony as Will Bowman, a former FBI agent who, in a bid to protect his family, is forced to collaborate with the occupational government to bring down the growing resistance movement inside the L.A. colony in the near future. Colony marked a Lost reunion for Holloway and executive producer Carlton Cuse.

Personal life
At the end of shooting the Lost pilot in Oahu, Hawaii, Holloway proposed to his long-time girlfriend, Yessica Kumala. The couple married on October 1, 2004. They have two children.

title: Josh Holloway


text:
Martin David Kruskal

Martin David Kruskal (September 28, 1925 – December 26, 2006) was an American mathematician and physicist. He made fundamental contributions in many areas of mathematics and science, ranging from plasma physics to general relativity and from nonlinear analysis to asymptotic analysis. His most celebrated contribution was in the theory of solitons.

He was a student at the University of Chicago and at New York University, where he completed his Ph.D. under Richard Courant in 1952. He spent much of his career at Princeton University, as a research scientist at the Plasma Physics Laboratory starting in 1951, and then as a professor of astronomy (1961), founder and chair of the Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics (1968), and professor of mathematics (1979). He retired from Princeton University in 1989 and joined the mathematics department of Rutgers University, holding the David Hilbert Chair of Mathematics.

Apart from serious mathematical work, Kruskal was known for mathematical diversions. For example, he invented the Kruskal count, a magical effect that has been known to perplex professional magicians because it was based not on sleight of hand but on a mathematical phenomenon.

Personal life
Martin David Kruskal was born to a Jewish family in New York City and grew up in New Rochelle. He was generally known as Martin to the world and David to his family. His father, Joseph B. Kruskal Sr., was a successful fur wholesaler. His mother, Lillian Rose Vorhaus Kruskal Oppenheimer, became a noted promoter of the art of origami during the early era of television and founded the Origami Center of America in New York City, which later became OrigamiUSA. He was one of five children. His two brothers, both eminent mathematicians, were Joseph Kruskal (1928–2010; discoverer of multidimensional scaling, the Kruskal tree theorem, and Kruskal's algorithm) and William Kruskal (1919–2005; discoverer of the Kruskal–Wallis test).

Martin Kruskal's wife, Laura Kruskal, was a lecturer and writer about origami and originator of many new models. They were married for 56 years. Martin Kruskal also invented several origami models including an envelope for sending secret messages. The envelope could be easily unfolded, but it could not then be easily refolded to conceal the deed. Their three children are Karen (an attorney ), Kerry (an author of children's books ), and Clyde, a computer scientist.

Research
Martin Kruskal's scientific interests covered a wide range of topics in pure mathematics and applications of mathematics to the sciences. He had lifelong interests in many topics in partial differential equations and nonlinear analysis and developed fundamental ideas about asymptotic expansions, adiabatic invariants, and numerous related topics.

His Ph.D. dissertation, written under the direction of Richard Courant and Bernard Friedman at New York University, was on the topic "The Bridge Theorem For Minimal Surfaces". He received his Ph.D. in 1952.

In the 1950s and early 1960s, he worked largely on plasma physics, developing many ideas that are now fundamental in the field. His theory of adiabatic invariants was important in fusion research. Important concepts of plasma physics that bear his name include the Kruskal–Shafranov instability and the Bernstein–Greene–Kruskal (BGK) modes. With I. B. Bernstein, E. A. Frieman, and R. M. Kulsrud, he developed the MHD (or magnetohydrodynamic ) Energy Principle. His interests extended to plasma astrophysics as well as laboratory plasmas.

In 1960, Kruskal discovered the full classical spacetime structure of the simplest type of black hole in general relativity. A spherically symmetric spacetime can be described by the Schwarzschild solution, which was discovered in the early days of general relativity. However, in its original form, this solution only describes the region exterior to the event horizon of the black hole. Kruskal (in parallel with George Szekeres) discovered the maximal analytic continuation of the Schwarzschild solution, which he exhibited elegantly using what are now called Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates.

This led Kruskal to the astonishing discovery that the interior of the black hole looks like a "wormhole" connecting two identical, asymptotically flat universes. This was the first real example of a wormhole solution in general relativity. The wormhole collapses to a singularity before any observer or signal can travel from one universe to the other. This is now believed to be the general fate of wormholes in general relativity. In the 1970s, when the thermal nature of black hole physics was discovered, the wormhole property of the Schwarzschild solution turned out to be an important ingredient. Nowadays, it is considered a fundamental clue in attempts to understand quantum gravity.

Kruskal's most widely known work was the discovery in the 1960s of the integrability of certain nonlinear partial differential equations involving functions of one spatial variable as well as time. These developments began with a pioneering computer simulation by Kruskal and Norman Zabusky (with some assistance from Harry Dym) of a nonlinear equation known as the Korteweg–de Vries equation (KdV). The KdV equation is an asymptotic model of the propagation of nonlinear dispersive waves. But Kruskal and Zabusky made the startling discovery of a "solitary wave" solution of the KdV equation that propagates non-dispersively and even regains its shape after a collision with other such waves. Because of the particle-like properties of such a wave, they named it a "soliton", a term that caught on almost immediately.

This work was partly motivated by the near-recurrence paradox that had been observed in a very early computer simulation of a certain nonlinear lattice by Enrico Fermi, John Pasta, Stanislaw Ulam and Mary Tsingou at Los Alamos in 1955. Those authors had observed long-time nearly recurrent behavior of a one-dimensional chain of anharmonic oscillators, in contrast to the rapid thermalization that had been expected. Kruskal and Zabusky simulated the KdV equation, which Kruskal had obtained as a continuum limit of that one-dimensional chain, and found solitonic behavior, which is the opposite of thermalization. That turned out to be the heart of the phenomenon.

Solitary wave phenomena had been a 19th-century mystery dating back to work by John Scott Russell who, in 1834, observed what we now call a soliton, propagating in a canal, and chased it on horseback. In spite of his observations of solitons in wave tank experiments, Scott Russell never recognized them as such, because of his focus on the "great wave of translation," the largest amplitude solitary wave. His experimental observations, presented in his Report on Waves to the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1844, were viewed with skepticism by George Airy and George Stokes because their linear water wave theories were unable to explain them. Joseph Boussinesq (1871) and Lord Rayleigh (1876) published mathematical theories justifying Scott Russell's observations. In 1895, Diederik Korteweg and Gustav de Vries formulated the KdV equation to describe shallow water waves (such as the waves in the canal observed by Russell), but the essential properties of this equation were not understood until the work of Kruskal and his collaborators in the 1960s.

Solitonic behavior suggested that the KdV equation must have conservation laws beyond the obvious conservation laws of mass, energy, and momentum. A fourth conservation law was discovered by Gerald Whitham and a fifth one by Kruskal and Zabusky. Several new conservation laws were discovered by hand by Robert Miura, who also showed that many conservation laws existed for a related equation known as the Modified Korteweg–de Vries (MKdV) equation. With these conservation laws, Miura showed a connection (called the Miura transformation) between solutions of the KdV and MKdV equations. This was a clue that enabled Kruskal, with Clifford S. Gardner, John M. Greene, and Miura (GGKM), to discover a general technique for exact solution of the KdV equation and understanding of its conservation laws. This was the inverse scattering method, a surprising and elegant method that demonstrates that the KdV equation admits an infinite number of Poisson-commuting conserved quantities and is completely integrable. This discovery gave the modern basis for understanding of the soliton phenomenon: the solitary wave is recreated in the outgoing state because this is the only way to satisfy all of the conservation laws. Soon after GGKM, Peter Lax famously interpreted the inverse scattering method in terms of isospectral deformations and Lax pairs.

The inverse scattering method has had an astonishing variety of generalizations and applications in different areas of mathematics and physics. Kruskal himself pioneered some of the generalizations, such as the existence of infinitely many conserved quantities for the sine-Gordon equation. This led to the discovery of an inverse scattering method for that equation by M. J. Ablowitz, D. J. Kaup, A. C. Newell, and H. Segur (AKNS). The sine-Gordon equation is a relativistic wave equation in 1+1 dimensions that also exhibits the soliton phenomenon and which became an important model of solvable relativistic field theory. In seminal work preceding AKNS, Zakharov and Shabat discovered an inverse scattering method for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

Solitons are now known to be ubiquitous in nature, from physics to biology. In 1986, Kruskal and Zabusky shared the Howard N. Potts Gold Medal from the Franklin Institute "for contributions to mathematical physics and early creative combinations of analysis and computation, but most especially for seminal work in the properties of solitons". In awarding the 2006 Steele Prize to Gardner, Greene, Kruskal, and Miura, the American Mathematical Society stated that before their work "there was no general theory for the exact solution of any important class of nonlinear differential equations". The AMS added, "In applications of mathematics, solitons and their descendants (kinks, anti-kinks, instantons, and breathers) have entered and changed such diverse fields as nonlinear optics, plasma physics, and ocean, atmospheric, and planetary sciences. Nonlinearity has undergone a revolution: from a nuisance to be eliminated, to a new tool to be exploited."

Kruskal received the National Medal of Science in 1993 "for his influence as a leader in nonlinear science for more than two decades as the principal architect of the theory of soliton solutions of nonlinear equations of evolution".

In an article surveying the state of mathematics at the turn of the millennium, the eminent mathematician Philip A. Griffiths wrote that the discovery of integrability of the KdV equation "exhibited in the most beautiful way the unity of mathematics. It involved developments in computation, and in mathematical analysis, which is the traditional way to study differential equations. It turns out that one can understand the solutions to these differential equations through certain very elegant constructions in algebraic geometry. The solutions are also intimately related to representation theory, in that these equations turn out to have an infinite number of hidden symmetries. Finally, they relate back to problems in elementary geometry."

In the 1980s, Kruskal developed an acute interest in the Painlevé equations. They frequently arise as symmetry reductions of soliton equations, and Kruskal was intrigued by the intimate relationship that appeared to exist between the properties characterizing these equations and completely integrable systems. Much of his subsequent research was driven by a desire to understand this relationship and to develop new direct and simple methods for studying the Painlevé equations. Kruskal was rarely satisfied with the standard approaches to differential equations.

The six Painlevé equations have a characteristic property called the Painlevé property: their solutions are single-valued around all singularities whose locations depend on the initial conditions. In Kruskal's opinion, since this property defines the Painlevé equations, one should be able to start with this, without any additional unnecessary structures, to work out all the required information about their solutions. The first result was an asymptotic study of the Painlevé equations with Nalini Joshi, unusual at the time in that it did not require the use of associated linear problems. His persistent questioning of classical results led to a direct and simple method, also developed with Joshi, to prove the Painlevé property of the Painlevé equations.

In the later part of his career, one of Kruskal's chief interests was the theory of surreal numbers. Surreal numbers, which are defined constructively, have all the basic properties and operations of the real numbers. They include the real numbers alongside many types of infinities and infinitesimals. Kruskal contributed to the foundation of the theory, to defining surreal functions, and to analyzing their structure. He discovered a remarkable link between surreal numbers, asymptotics, and exponential asymptotics. A major open question, raised by Conway, Kruskal and Norton in the late 1970s, and investigated by Kruskal with great tenacity, is whether sufficiently well behaved surreal functions possess definite integrals. This question was answered negatively in the full generality, for which Conway et al. had hoped, by Costin, Friedman and Ehrlich in 2015. However, the analysis of Costin et al. shows that definite integrals do exist for a sufficiently broad class of surreal functions for which Kruskal's vision of asymptotic analysis, broadly conceived, goes through. At the time of his death, Kruskal was in the process of writing a book on surreal analysis with O. Costin.

Kruskal coined the term asymptotology to describe the "art of dealing with applied mathematical systems in limiting cases". He formulated seven Principles of Asymptotology: 1. The Principle of Simplification; 2. The Principle of Recursion; 3. The Principle of Interpretation; 4. The Principle of Wild Behaviour; 5. The Principle of Annihilation; 6. The Principle of Maximal Balance; 7. The Principle of Mathematical Nonsense.

The term asymptotology is not so widely used as the term soliton. Asymptotic methods of various types have been successfully used since almost the birth of science itself. Nevertheless, Kruskal tried to show that asymptotology is a special branch of knowledge, intermediate, in some sense, between science and art. His proposal has been found to be very fruitful.

Awards and honors
Kruskal's honors and awards included:

 * Gibbs Lecturer, American Mathematical Society (1979);
 * Dannie Heineman Prize, American Physical Society (1983);
 * Howard N. Potts Gold Medal, Franklin Institute (1986);
 * Award in Applied Mathematics and Numerical Analysis, National Academy of Sciences (1989);
 * National Medal Of Science (1993);
 * John von Neumann Lectureship, SIAM (1994);
 * Honorary DSc, Heriot–Watt University (2000);
 * Maxwell Prize, Council For Industrial And Applied Mathematics (2003);
 * Steele Prize, American Mathematical Society (2006)
 * Member of the National Academy of Sciences (1980) and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1983)
 * Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1997
 * Elected Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences(2000)
 * Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2001)

title: Martin David Kruskal


text: User talk:68.253.204.143

title: User talk:68.253.204.143


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Reformed Theological Seminary

Reformed Theological Seminary (RTS) is a theological seminary in the Reformed theological tradition with campuses in multiple locations in the United States. Founded by conservatives in the Southern Presbyterian Church, the Presbyterian Church in the United States, in 1966, it serves primarily students from more conservative branches of the Presbyterian and Reformed traditions.

Founding
In 1966, conservatives from the Southern Presbyterian Church, the Presbyterian Church in the United States (PCUS), concerned about the increasing influence of liberalism and neo-orthodoxy in the denomination's seminaries and pulpits, established Reformed Theological Seminary, independent from the PCUS, along "Old School" Presbyterian lines, to educate ministers. RTS has largely served the Presbyterian Church in America since that denomination's founding in 1973, then later the Evangelical Presbyterian Church and the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church and in more recent years serves a large population of students from Particular Baptist and independent churches.

Leadership
RTS is governed by a board of trustees exercising oversight through its administration. RTS is led by its executive committee, the chancellor of the RTS system and through the respective campus presidents. Ligon Duncan is Chancellor and CEO.

Academics
RTS follows the Reformed tradition, including Covenant Theology.

Accreditation
Reformed Theological Seminary is accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada to award the MDiv, MABS, MAR, MATS, MAC, MACC, and DMin degrees. It is also accredited by Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges to award masters and doctorate degrees. The MAC degree program is accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs.

Programs of study
RTS's institutional focus is on training students (especially in its Presbyterian and Reformed branches) to be pastors, missionaries, educators, and Christian counselors. RTS offers Doctor of Ministry (DMin), Master of Divinity (MDiv), and Master of Arts (MA) degrees in several subjects. Through its Global program, RTS offers the Master of Arts (Biblical studies) degree (MABS) and the Master of Arts (Theological Studies) degree (MATS). The degrees can be earned completely online.

Faculty
RTS has had many notable faculty members, adjunct professors, and visiting lecturers, including R.C. Sproul, John Frame, Roger Nicole, Ronald H. Nash, Steve Brown, Douglas F. Kelly, Richard L. Pratt, Jr., Michael J. Kruger, Justin S. Holcomb, Bruce Waltke, Willem A. VanGemeren, and Tim Keller.

In April 2010, Bruce Waltke offered to resign his professorship at Reformed Theological Seminary because of controversy over a video made by The BioLogos Foundation where he discussed his positive views on evolution. Waltke wrote in a letter that he found no fault with the administration of RTS on the matter.

Campuses
RTS has campus locations in Jackson, Mississippi; Orlando, Florida; Charlotte, North Carolina; Atlanta, Georgia; Washington, D.C.; as well as its Global Campus. RTS also has sites in New York City, as well as Dallas and Houston in Texas.

RTS's Washington, D.C. campus is a member of the Washington Theological Consortium.

RTS's global campus traces its origins to the Orlando campus, from which distance education was first offered for RTS students in the early 1990s. In 1998, the Global campus became a separate "campus". The global campus eventually became the first online seminary to offer accredited degrees.

title: Reformed Theological Seminary


text: User talk:69.157.32.105

title: User talk:69.157.32.105


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Joe Higgs

Joseph Benjamin Higgs (3 June 1940 – 18 December 1999) was a reggae musician from Jamaica. In the late 1950s and 1960s he was part of the duo Higgs and Wilson together with Roy Wilson. He was a popular artist in Jamaica for four decades and is also known for his work tutoring younger musicians including Bob Marley and the Wailers and Jimmy Cliff.

Biography
Higgs was instrumental in the foundation of modern Jamaican music, first recording in 1958 for producer and businessman (and later Jamaican Prime Minister) Edward Seaga, both as a solo artist and with Roy Wilson. He is often called the "Godfather of Reggae". His first release (with Wilson) was "Oh Manny Oh" in 1958, which was one of the first records to be pressed in Jamaica and went on to sell 50,000 copies. Higgs and Wilson also recorded for Clement "Coxsone" Dodd in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The partnership with Wilson dissolved in 1964 when Wilson emigrated to the United States. Higgs then concentrated on a solo career and also worked with Carlos Malcolm and the Afro-Jamaican Rhythms, before joining Lynn Taitt's The Soul Brothers as lead vocalist.

Higgs mentored young singers in his yard and began working with Bob Marley in 1959. In fact, it was at one of the informal music lessons Joe Higgs held in Trench Town, that Bob and Bunny Livingston met Peter Tosh. Marley acknowledged later on that Higgs had been an influential figure for him, while Higgs described their time together: "I am the one who taught the Wailers the craft, who taught them certain voice technique". It was Higgs who introduced the Wailers to Dodd in 1963.

Higgs has also been described as the "Father of Reggae" by Jimmy Cliff. For a while Higgs toured with Cliff, acting as his bandleader as well as writing songs for Cliff including "Dear Mother", and also performed with The Wailers on their US tour when Bunny Wailer refused to go on the tour in 1973. Higgs wrote "Steppin' Razor" in 1967 as his entry in the Festival Song Contest, later recorded by Tosh without crediting Higgs. Higgs later won a court case to establish his rights as composer but never received any profits from the song's success.

Higgs won the Jamaican Tourist Board Song Competition in 1972 with "Invitation to Jamaica", released as a single on his own Elevation label, and much of his best-known solo work was issued in the 1970s. Singles included "More Slavery" (released on Micron), "Creation" (Ethnic Fight), "Let Us Do Something" (Elevation), and "World Is Upside Down" (Island). His debut album, Life of Contradiction, had been recorded in 1972 for Island Records, but as Island boss Chris Blackwell felt that it would be difficult to market it remained unreleased until 1975, when it was issued by Micron Music, and has been described as "a seminally sophisticated work combining reggae, jazz, and rhythm and blues influences to create a new texture that would have a profound effect on the best Jamaican music to follow". As well as The Wailers, Higgs also helped several other singers and groups including The Wailing Souls.

His second album, Unity Is Power, was released in 1979 and further singles followed on Cliff's Sunpower label and Bunny Wailer's Solominic imprint. His 1983 single "So It Go", with a lyric critical of the Jamaican government of the day was banned from airplay and led to harassment which would eventually lead to Higgs relocating to Los Angeles, where he lived for the rest of his life. Two further albums were released in the 1980s, Triumph (1985) and Family (1988), and in 1990 he recorded Blackman Know Yourself on which he was backed by the Wailers Band, and includes covers of the Marley/Lee Perry songs "Small Axe" and "Sun Is Shining". In 1995, his final album was issued, Joe and Marcia Together, a collaboration with his daughter.

A majority of Higgs' songs were connected to his impoverished life in Trenchtown where he grew up. Higgs considered that it was out of the poverty and violence of Kingston's shantytowns such as Trenchtown and Johnstown that the reggae music had grown. Before reggae hit big on the western music scene with Bob Marley, it was understood as a "ghetto music". Higgs was the very first artist out the ghetto music scene to have lyrics which primarily dealt with everyday troubles. In his own words: "'Music is a matter of struggle. It's not good that it's known you're from Trenchtown. Reggae is a confrontation of sound. Reggae has to have that basic vibrant sound that is to be heard in the ghetto. It's like playing the drum and bass very loud. Those are the basic sounds. A classical reggae should be accepted in any part of the world. Freedom, that's what it's asking for; acceptance, that's what it needs, and understanding, that's what reggae's saying. You have a certain love come from hard struggle, long suffering. Through pain you guard yourself with that hope of freedom, not to give up...''"

Higgs died of cancer on 18 December 1999 at Kaiser Hospital in Los Angeles. At the time of his death he was working with Roger Steffens on an official biography, and had been working on a collaboration with Irish artists, including John Alexander Reed and Ronald Padget for the Green on Black album. He was survived by twelve children, including his daughter Marcia, who is a rapper, and son Peter, a studio guitarist.

In 2006, the Joe Higgs Music Awards were established in his honour.

Quotations
From memorial website:

 * "Joe Higgs was a brother amongst the Wailers for years. He was encouragement, and he inspired us and kept us together." – Peter Tosh (1976)
 * "We looked up to Joe Higgs. He was something like a musical guardian for us. He was a more professional singer, because he was working for years with a fella named Roy Wilson as Higgs & Wilson. They had a lotta hits and they had the knowledge of the harmony techniques, so he taught us [The Wailers] them. And he helped in the studio, to work out our different parts." – Bunny Wailer (1980's)
 * "Joe Higgs helped me understand that music. He taught me many things." – Bob Marley

Discography

 * Life of Contradiction (1975), Micron
 * Unity is Power (1979), Island/1 Stop
 * Triumph (1985), Alligator
 * Family (1988), Shanachie
 * Blackman Know Yourself (1990), Shanachie – Joe Higgs with the Wailers Band
 * Joe and Marcia Together (1995)

 * Contributions to other albums:
 * Negril (LP, 1975. Micron Music Ltd.) (CD, 2003. 3D Japan), session musician

title: Joe Higgs


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CountrySize

CountrySize was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 6 votes to delete. Postdlf 04:14, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

CountrySize
Uh. . . real-estate-branding-cruft? -- WOT 22:27, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. jericho4.0 22:40, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Sietse 11:12, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Cruft. --Improv 18:00, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. — Bill 22:13, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I saw this months ago when it was created, and intended to VfD it, but I guess I must've forgotten. It was one of a bunch of very local-interest articles being created by this page's author.  Isomorphic 23:30, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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The Super Friendz

The Super Friendz are a Canadian indie rock band from Halifax, Nova Scotia. They were initially active between 1994 and 1997, before reforming in 2002, with sporadic activity since then.

Contemporaries of Sloan, their early work was on Sloan's Murderecords label.

Career
The Super Friendz were formed in 1994 by three King's College students Charles Austin (vocals and bass), Matt Murphy (vocals and guitar), Drew Yamada (vocals and guitar). Until 1996, the band had no permanent drummer, at various times Chris Murphy (no relation to Matt) of Sloan, Cliff Gibb of Thrush Hermit, and Dave Marsh filled the role until Lonnie James was chosen as a permanent member.

In 1994, The Super Friendz released the cassette Sticktoitiveness independently, and the single "By Request" on Murderecords, and later toured Canada with Sloan.

The band's first album, Mock Up, Scale Down was released on Murderecords on July 14, 1995. The singles "10 lbs.", "Karate Man" and "Rescue Us from Boredom" were released from the album, which was a Juno Award nominee for Alternative Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 1996.

In 1996, the band contributed the song "Blue Tattoo" to the compilation album A Tribute to Hard Core Logo,. On July 23, 1996, the band released the EP Play the Game, Not Games on Murderecords. The songs on Play the Game—especially the contributions of Austin and Yamada—were significantly more experimental than on the album.

The band's second album, Slide Show, was released on February 25, 1997. Critical response to the album was highly favorable, although some identified signs of creative tension in the album's diverse array of styles.

On May 23, 1997, a compilation album of sorts was released for the United States market on March Records. It was titled, confusingly, Sticktoitiveness, but rather than the 1994 cassette, it contained new mixes of most songs on Mock Up, Scale Down and five from "Play The Game, Not Games."

By August 1997, the band had broken up.

Post-breakup
Matt Murphy later re-emerged with a new band called The Flashing Lights. He has also played with the bands City Field and Cookie Duster, and starred in the film The Life and Hard Times of Guy Terrifico. In 2015, he formed a new band, TUNS, with Chris Murphy and Mike O'Neill.

Austin and Yamada launched the project Neuseiland with Joel Plaskett, then of Thrush Hermit. Austin is now a recording engineer and producer in Halifax, and has contributed to albums by Buck 65, Matt Mays, Joel Plaskett, Garrett Mason and many others. Yamada later toured with O'Neill and others, before leaving the music industry full-time to pursue post-secondary education. James went on to release two critically acclaimed solo records on Teenage USA, as well as recording and touring as a drummer in Royal City.

Reunion (2002-present)
In late December 2002, the Super Friendz came back together for a special holiday reunion. The band recorded a reunion album, Love Energy, which was released June 30, 2003 on Outside Music. A small tour followed that September.

In early 2006, a fourth studio album was self-produced, with the working title of Mick Mojo McKinzey Skunk but it has yet to be released. Song titles included "Altamont," "Every Year," "Home Again," "Shannon Park," "Local Heroes," and "Majesty of Rock."

Between the years of 2012 to 2014, the band has performed at such music festivals as the 2012 Halifax Pop Explosion, North by Northeast 2013, and Hillside Music Festival.

The original cassette Sticktoitiveness was remastered and released as a CD in March 2006. Mock Up, Scale Down was reissued on Murderecords on vinyl as a 2×LP in 2013.

Discography

 * Sticktoitiveness (1994)
 * Mock Up, Scale Down (1995)
 * Play the Game not Games E.P. (1996)
 * Slide Show (1997)
 * LoveEnergy (2003)

title: The Super Friendz


text: Category:Broome County, New York

title: Category:Broome County, New York


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Malcolm David Kelley

Malcolm David Kelley (born May 12, 1992), sometimes credited as just Malcolm Kelley, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and actor best known for portraying the character Walt Lloyd on the ABC series Lost and as one half of the pop duo MKTO.

Acting
Kelley's first major acting role was in the 2002 film Antwone Fisher, in which he played the title character as a child. Prior to this, he appeared in several small television roles in programs such as Malcolm in the Middle and Judging Amy. His next film role was You Got Served, in which he was cast in the supporting role of Lil' Saint.

In 2004, he was cast to play Walt in the TV show Lost. A regular cast member in the show's first season (2004–2005), he appeared only occasionally thereafter due to a dramatic growth spurt. He returned for an appearance in "Through the Looking Glass", Lost's third season finale, and twice more in the fourth season, with the episodes "Meet Kevin Johnson" and "There's No Place Like Home", and reprised his role in the fifth season with the episode "The Life and Death of Jeremy Bentham". He reprised the role of Walt a final time in the Season 6 DVD box set mini-episode "The New Man in Charge".

Following his departure from the main cast of Lost, Kelley appeared in several television roles, including the recurring character of Benjamin Cooley on Saving Grace.

In 2010, he appeared in the lead role of Finn on the TeenNick program Gigantic. The show was canceled after one season in 2011.

In 2014, he appeared in a guest role as himself and Tony Oller on The Thundermans as MKTO.

In 2017, he played Black in the film True to the Game and Michael Clark in Detroit.

Music
In 2012, Kelley and his former Gigantic co-star Tony Oller formed the pop duo MKTO. They were signed to Columbia Records. In 2013 Kelley recorded together with Celine Dion, the song "save your soul" for Dion's late 2013 release "loved me back to life". But their duet version was only included on the album's vinyl version. On the regular version, save your soul only contains Dion's vocals.

The duo's debut self-titled album, was released on April 1, 2014. Their single "Classic" was a major hit in the summer of 2014, reaching number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100.

title: Malcolm David Kelley