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Stourbridge Lion

The Stourbridge Lion was a railroad steam locomotive. It was the first locomotive and the first foreign built locomotive to be operated in the United States, and one of the first locomotives to operate outside Britain. It takes its name from the lion's face painted on the front, and Stourbridge in England, where it was manufactured by the firm Foster, Rastrick and Company in 1829. The locomotive, obtained by the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company (D&H), was shipped to New York in May 1829, where it was tested raised on blocks. It was then taken to Honesdale, Pennsylvania for testing on the company's newly built track. The locomotive performed well in its first test in August 1829, but was found to be too heavy for the track and was never used for its intended purpose of hauling coal wagons. During the next few decades, a number of parts were removed from the abandoned locomotive until only the boiler and a few other components remained. These were acquired by the Smithsonian Institution in 1890 and are currently on display at the B&O Railroad Museum in Baltimore.

History
One of the first railroads in the United States, the D&H was originally chartered in 1823 to build and operate canals between New York City and the coal fields around Carbondale, Pennsylvania. While the line was originally planned as a canal for the entire route, company engineers began thinking about rail transportation as early as 1825; the initial plan was to build a railroad between the mines and the western end of the canal as a way to get the coal to the canal boats.

John B. Jervis, who later became the designer of the 4-2-0 (the Jervis type) locomotive, was named the D&H's chief engineer in 1827. Jervis planned out a series of inclines connected by level, but themselves disconnected, railroads. The company directors liked Jervis's plan and authorized its construction with some hesitation for the as-yet unproven railroad technology.

In 1828, a former coworker of Jervis, Horatio Allen, went on a railroad research tour of England. Through Allen, Jervis sent specifications for locomotives that could be used on the D&H. Allen wrote back in July that four locomotives had been ordered, three from Foster, Rastrick and Company and one from Robert Stephenson and Company, for the D&H.

Stourbridge Lion was one of these three locomotives built by Rastrick, but Stephenson's shop had completed their locomotive, the Pride of Newcastle, before any of Rastrick's locomotives. The Pride of Newcastle even arrived in America nearly two months before the Stourbridge Lion, but it was the latter that was used for the first railroad trials. The price on delivery of the Stourbridge Lion was $2,914.90,.

The locomotive was transported from Liverpool aboard the ship John Jay, arriving at New York in mid-May 1829. It was assembled at the West Point Foundry in New York where it was first tested under steam. Here, it was reported that it "became the object of curiosity to thousands who visited the works from day to day to see the 'critter' go through the motions only". Its first official run took place on August 8, 1829 in Honesdale, Pennsylvania. According to an eye-witness, "the fire was kindled and steam raised, and, under the management of Horatio Allen, the 'wonderful machine' was found capable of moving, to the great joy of the crowd of excited spectators". Despite having no experience of driving a locomotive, Allen took the Stourbridge Lion out for its first test on his own, driving it about three miles along the track including a raised section over the Lackawaxen Creek. He then reversed the locomotive back to its starting point. The locomotive performed admirably, but the track that was built on which to run it was insufficient for the task (the company had not used all-iron rails but instead iron strips applied to a wooden rail). Jervis had specified that the locomotives should weigh no more than 4 tons; the Stourbridge Lion weighed nearly double that, 7.5 tons.

The two other Foster, Rastrick & Co locomotives that had been ordered by Allen, Delaware and Hudson, arrived separately at New York in August and September 1829 before being shipped on to Rondout.

Rastrick built another engine at about the same time as the Stourbridge Lion intended for use in England. This engine, the Agenoria, was of very similar to the Stourbridge Lion although of a different gauge and with a markedly longer chimney. The Agenoria first ran in June 1829, was operated for more than 30 years and is currently preserved at the National Railway Museum in York, England.

By 1834, documents show that the railroad attempted to sell the Stourbridge Lion and its early sisters to the Pennsylvania Canal Commission, but the deal was not finalized. The locomotives were deemed too unsuitable for the now expanding railroads; American locomotive manufacturers had begun producing their own locomotives of improved designs as early as 1830. The four locomotives were used as sources of English wrought-iron bar stock until the middle of the 1840s.

By 1845, all that was left of the Stourbridge Lion was its boiler. The boiler was still functional, however, and it was used in a foundry in Carbondale for about another five years until the foundry's owner headed west to try his luck as a Forty-niner. The foundry was sold a few years later to new owners who recognized the boiler's value as a piece of history, and in 1874 reportedly tried to sell it for $1,000 (0). The owners were unable to find a buyer.

In 1883, the D&H borrowed the boiler to display at the Exposition of Railway Appliances in Chicago. Unfortunately, security around the boiler's transportation was lax; souvenir hunters pulled every loose item that they could off the now historic boiler, even resorting to hammers and chisels to remove portions of it. The boiler was stored again and eventually acquired by the Smithsonian Institution in 1890. A few other parts that are believed to have been from the Stourbridge Lion are also preserved, but their authenticity is questioned. These other parts may have come from one or more of the locomotive's sister engines. The museum has made a few attempts to rebuild the locomotive with the parts that remain. However, with the parts' origins still in question, and the lack of a few other key parts, the locomotive's reconstruction has never been completed. The boiler and assembled parts are currently on display at the B&O Railroad Museum in Baltimore. The D&H built their own replica of the Stourbridge Lion in 1932 from plans that were made based on the parts remaining in existence. The Wayne County Historical Society Museum contains a full-scale replica of the Stourbridge Lion, and is home to many related photographs and artifacts. This museum is in a small brick building on Main Street, Honesdale, Pennsylvania, which was once the D&H Canal's company office, and is where the Stourbridge Lion began its inaugural run.

Mechanical description
The boiler had a simple single flue, with the chimney exiting through the upper part of the boiler drum. This was not a smokebox as such, as there was no smokebox door for access and cleaning. A prominent external exhaust pipe ahead of the boiler led to a blastpipe within the chimney. The exhaust pipe is visible in many pictures of the locomotive.

The piston rods connected to a pair of grasshopper beams (one for each cylinder) mounted above the boiler. A connecting rod near the piston end of the walking beams drove the rear axle's wheels, where it also connected to a coupling rod to drive the front wheels.

title: Stourbridge Lion


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Glass brick

Glass brick, also known as glass block, is an architectural element made from glass. The appearance of glass blocks can vary in color, size, texture and form. Glass bricks provide visual obscuration while admitting light. The modern glass block was developed from pre-existing prism lighting principles in the early 1900s to provide natural light in manufacturing plants. Today glass blocks are used in walls, skylights, and sidewalk lights.

Appearance
The texture and color of glass blocks can vary in order to provide a range of transparency. Patterns can be pressed into either the inner void or the outside surface of the glass when it is cooling in order to provide differing effects. Glazes or inserts may also be added in order to create a desired private or decorative effect.

Standards and grading
Glass blocks in Europe are manufactured in accordance with the European Standard EN1052-2. The International Standard is ISO TC 160/SG1. The Standards allow for variation in sizes and production irregularity. Blocks fall within three classifications; Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 with Class 1 being the highest and best rating with a maximum permissible deviation from designed size and rectangularity of 1 mm.

Insulation
Glass brick has an r value between 1.75 and 1.96, close to that of thermopane windows. There are newer glass blocks injected with argon gas and having a layer of low-emissivity glass between the halves, which increases the insulative (U) value to 1.5 W/m²·K, which is between triple glazed windows (1.8 W/m²·K) and specialty double glazed windows with advanced frame and coatings(1.2 W/m²·K).

Wall blocks

Glass blocks can provide light and serve as a decorative addition to an architectural structure, but hollow glass blocks are non load-bearing unless stated otherwise. Hollow glass wall blocks are manufactured as two separate halves and, while the glass is still molten, the two pieces are pressed together and annealed. The resulting glass blocks will have a partial vacuum at the hollow center. Due to the hollow center, wall glass blocks do not have the load-bearing capacity of masonry bricks and therefore are utilized in curtain walls. Glass block walls are constrained based on the framing in which they are set. If a masonry or steel frame exists, the maximum area of the wall can be 144 ft2, whereas the maximum area without a frame is 100 ft2.

The William Lescaze House and Office at 211 East 48th Street in New York City, built in 1934, was the city's first house to use glass blocks as walls.

Skylights and sidewalk lights
Glass blocks used in flooring are normally manufactured as a single solid piece, or as a hollow glass block with thicker side walls than the standard wall blocks. These blocks are normally cast into a reinforced concrete gridwork or set into a metal frame, allowing multiple units to be combined to span over openings in basements and roofs to create skylights. Glass wall blocks should not be used in flooring applications because the way in which they are manufactured does not allow them to support a load.

Construction methods
Glass wall blocks are fixed together to form complete walls by several methods – the most common method of construction is to bed the blocks together in a Portland cement-based mortar with reinforcing rods of steel placed within the mortar as recommended by the project architect or block manufacturer.

Other methods of construction include several proprietary systems whereby the mortar is replaced by timber or PVC extrusions.

Specialty types
Specialist glass blocks are produced for various applications including:

Bullet and vandal resistance
Bullet and vandal resistant blocks are generally solid glass or have very thick side walls similar to pavement blocks.

Fire resistant
Fire resistance of varying degrees can be achieved by several methods. Standard production hollow wall block will offer little fire resistance; however, resistance is improved by utilizing specially produced hollow blocks with thicker sidewalls, or the inclusion of a special layer of fire-resisting material between the two halves of the block during manufacture. Some manufacturers of glass blocks have developed a method of bonding two glass blocks together with adhesive, producing blocks of up to 160 mm (6½") thick with enhanced fire resistance. It is important that the block manufacturer's recommendations are followed with regards to the installation of fire resisting glass block walls, as without special construction techniques, the wall will not achieve the desired fire resistance.

Gas insulated
A recent innovation in the manufacture of glass blocks is the inclusion of argon gas within the hollow center of glass wall blocks. This advancement in production technique has resulted in a glass block which is able to offer significantly improved thermal insulation properties.

Colored
Some hollow glass wall blocks are available in colored variants. These colored variants fall into two categories. The first type is manufactured with UV stable colored glass and can be used in the same locations as standard clear glass blocks. The second type utilizes a colored material (dye or transparent paint) which is injected into the hollow center of the blocks to form a permanent coating, enabling vibrant colors to be achieved which are not possible with colored glass. However, the colored coating may not be UV stable and can fade in bright sunshine over time, and may therefore not be suitable for all locations.

Falconnier
Modern glass bricks were preceded by Falconnier Hollow Glass Bricks in the late nineteenth century. Falconnier Bricks were blown glass bricks available in multiple colors and were formed in molds while the glass was molten. They could be used for walls or roofs and were joined together with wire and cement. The suggested use for Falconnier glass bricks was in greenhouse construction due to the non-conductivity of the glass for temperature control and lack of porosity of glass for moisture control. They were touted for not tarnishing, trapping dust, or retaining water.

Prisms
Vault lights in sidewalks, which utilized prism lighting, were one of the first steps towards the modern hollow glass brick. At the end of the nineteenth century glass prisms became a popular way to diffuse light into spaces that would otherwise be difficult or unsafe to light via flame-based oil lamps (e.g. basements underneath sidewalks).

Examples of architectural use

 * Real-Time Control Building #3 in Edmonton, Canada.
 * Crown Fountain in Chicago, United States.
 * Maison de Verre (for House of Glass) in Paris, France
 * Michigan State Capitol in Lansing, Michigan
 * Hermès luxury retail space in Ginza, Tokyo, Japan by Renzo Piano
 * Streamline Moderne
 * Ibrox Stadium, Glasgow
 * Österreichische Postsparkasse in Vienna, Austria by Otto Wagner
 * Raphael's Refuge, outside of Flatonia, Texas

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Glass brick


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Talk:Cacophony (band)

General
Did some changes unlogged. Rigmarole

I think the part about the "far too common Iron Maiden harmony style" is a bit biased... any ideas? 4/19/06

yeah agreed. how bout maybe saying the far too common approach of harmonzing things in 5ths...

Someone keeps adding Slipknot and KoRn guitarists to the current members section. This is wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.192.124.46 (talk) 15:53, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

Please add a picture to this artist biography. Thanks. - 03/08/2013 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.161.149.21 (talk) 18:05, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

Retagged
The article was not biased, it was simply in need of sources. I rewote many of the passages for ease of readability and cohesion. It still needs to be cleaned up and sources still nee to be provided. 67.49.249.169 02:26, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Priest Guitarists are more technical than both Becker and Friedman (Post Ram down), especially Glenn. So saying cacophony having more technical guitar Duo than priest is unfair. Yeh they are way more technical than Maiden Guitarists, but not priest. ( Listen to solos in All guns Blazing, One shot at glory, Hellrider, ZRam it down, Baptizm of fire - Glenn solo album song) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.146.125.225 (talk) 07:02, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

progressive metal
is it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.162.203.68 (talk) 16:56, 18 February 2008 (UTC)
 * It is not. Mac Dreamstate (talk) 18:13, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cacophony (band)


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Talk:Stourbridge Lion

Delisted GA
This article has been delisted for failure to meet current GA criteria. Once the article has been brought up to standards, it may be renominated at WP:GAC. If you have any questions regarding this delisting, feel free to leave a message on my talk page. Additionally, if you feel this delisting was made in error, you may request remediation at WP:GA/R. Regards, Lara Love  T / C  05:12, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Might have been more useful for editors if you'd said which criteria it failed! 86.132.138.205 23:34, 20 September 2007 (UTC)
 * i believe it's the "no inline references" criteria. too bad that they increase quality standards, but have no process to actually increase quality. how many delisted GA's are there? 1947 Accotink2  talk 13:16, 29 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Not only lack of inline references (isn't it more likely that the lion's face was painted on the front because it had been named "Lion", rather than the other way around?) but the lede was poorly drafted: why use the word "locomotive" six times when once or twice would suffice?--Shantavira|feed me 10:35, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

Copyright problem
This article has been reverted by a bot to as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. (See the investigation subpage) This has been done to remove User:Accotink2's contributions as they have a history of extensive copyright violation and so it is assumed that all of their major contributions are copyright violations. Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. VWBot (talk) 05:36, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

Copyright problem
This article has been reverted by a bot to as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. (See the investigation subpage) This has been done to remove User:Accotink2's contributions as they have a history of extensive copyright violation and so it is assumed that all of their major contributions are copyright violations. Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. VWBot (talk) 12:52, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stourbridge Lion


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Quilicura

Quilicura is a commune of Chile located in capital Santiago. Founded in 1901, it was originally a satellite city on what were then the outskirts of the city of Santiago, but as urban sprawl has set in it is now quickly urbanizing from what was recently prime agricultural land.

Etymology
The origin of the name Quilicura is from the Mapuche language Mapudungun and comes from the words kila meaning three and kura meaning stone. The "Three Stones" are three hills which separate the area and formed the border with Renca.

Location
Quilicura is located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region, at the northwestern edge of Chile's capital Santiago. It borders Renca to the south (naturally separated by Renca Hill), Pudahuel to the west, Huechuraba and Conchalí to the east, and Lampa and Colina to the north.

There is little green space in comparison to wealthier neighborhoods in the city because Quilicura is still an industrial area.

Demographics

According to the 2002 census, Quilicura spans an area of 57.5 sqkm and has 126,518 inhabitants (62,421 men and 64,097 women). Of these, 125,999 (99.6%) lived in urban areas and 519 (0.4%) in rural areas. The population grew by 207.7% (85,397 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. According to the 2012 census preliminary data Quilicura is now home to 203,946 residents.

In 2005 the regional quality of life index was rated at a medium level of 72.53 or 34 out of 52. In 2003 Quilicura's Human Development Index was recorded as 0.782 or 19 out of 341.

In 2011 the average annual household per capita income was rated at US$39,302 (PPP).

For the year 2017; according to the results of the 2017 census delivered by the National Institute of Statistics, the population of the commune increased to a total of 210 410 inhabitants, of which 103 456 (49%) correspond to men, while 106 954 (51%) correspond to women; therefore, its masculinity index is 96,7.

In recent years, Quilicura has become the home of a large Haitian community.

Transport
Quilicura is located about 12 km from Santiago's international airport and is served by the Américo Vespucio Norte Highway as well as the Pan-American Highway. RED public buses connect Quilicura to the centre of Santiago and run frequently in each direction. The first phase of the Santiago Metro Line 3 connecting the commune with the rest of the network was completed on 22 January 2019, with phase 2 being completed in 2023. Currently, the closest metro station to Quilicura is Los Libertadores which is the northern terminus of the line 3.

Administration
As a commune, Quilicura is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by a mayor who is directly-elected every four years. The 2021-2024 mayor is Paulina Bobadilla Navarrete (Ind./Comunes). The communal council has the following members:
 * Alexandra Arancibia Olea (Ind./PEV)
 * Nicolas Quiroz Venegas (Ind./PEV)
 * Gonzalo López Pizarro (Ind./PH)
 * Daniela Cuevas Fuentes (PCCh)
 * Lorena Ayala Galaz (Ind./RD)
 * Juan Muñoz Milla (Ind./PPD)
 * María Margarita Indo Romo (PDC)
 * Miguel Astudillo Cáceres (RN)

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Quilicura is part of electoral district No. 8 together with the commune of Colina, Lampa, Pudahuel, Maipú, Til Til, Cerrillos and Estación Central. On the other hand, the commune belongs to the VII Senatorial District that represents the entire Metropolitan Region of Santiago.

Notable people

 * Carmen Romo Sepúlveda

title: Quilicura


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Talk:Stourbridge Lion/to do

 * Add a photo or drawing of the locomotive
 * Improve the referencing to include more reliable sources and citations

title: Talk:Stourbridge Lion/to do


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Days Inn

Days Inn is a hotel chain headquartered in the United States. It was founded in 1970 by Cecil B. Day, who opened the first location in Tybee Island, Georgia. The brand is now a part of the Wyndham Hotels and Resorts, headquartered in Parsippany, New Jersey, which used to be a part of Cendant. As of December 31, 2023, Days Inn includes 1,501 locations worldwide with 114,216 rooms.

History
Founder Cecil B. Day, before creating Days Inn, had worked in real estate in Atlanta, Georgia, where he built and developed apartment complexes. He also owned several locations of the fast food chains Jiffy Drive-In and Carrols in Atlanta. Day sold his holdings to Phipps Land Company for $14 million in 1969, the largest real estate transaction in the state of Georgia at the time.

Day founded Days Inn on Tybee Island, Georgia, in 1970. He proposed the idea as a means of using a piece of land he owned on the island. When the first Days Inn opened, Day could not find maid service, so he had his children make up the rooms' beds. Also, a truck that delivered furniture was too heavy for the bridge onto the island, so Day's mother hauled furniture onto the island in her station wagon. Despite the criticism that Day faced from friends for wanting to start a new lodging option on a "no-name island" with a flagging tourist economy, the first Days Inn was 100 percent occupied by April 1970. The first property featured 60 rooms and a price of $8 per room. Throughout most of the 1970s, the Inns were referred to as 8 Days Inn with pricing starting at $8.88 per room. As costs increased, the 8 was removed from advertising and signage.

Later in 1970, Day opened the second location, in Forsyth, Georgia. During a heavy rainstorm a week before construction was completed and the planned opening day, about 20 travelers were allowed to stay at the property, at Day's insistence despite unfinished rooms. Three nights later all 120 rooms were occupied. Through the 1970s hotel guests could take home a paperback Bible (usually the American Bible Society Good News Bible New Testament) from their guest rooms for free. Days Inn of America, Inc. began franchising hotels in 1972 and within eight years created a system of more than 300 hotels in the United States, Mexico, and Canada.

Stanley S. Tollman and Monty D. Hundley, via the Tollman-Hundley Hotel Group, became the largest franchisees in the 1980s and bought Days Inn of America. In 1991, they took it into bankruptcy and then sold it to Hospitality Franchise Systems. Tollman and Hundley were indicted on federal bank fraud and tax fraud charges because they had not disclosed all assets in the process. Tollman fled to London in 2002, where he fought extradition for many years. In 2008, he agreed to a plea deal that would allow him to return home in exchange for more than $100 million.

Concepts
Starting with the second location in Forsyth, many Days Inns featured a restaurant and gift shop combination called Tasty World. Day refused to sell alcohol at Tasty World restaurants. Day did not drink alcohol and decided to target families with the brand. He noted that his refusal was criticized by bankers, who felt that including a bar would increase profits. Forsyth and many properties after it also featured on-site gasoline pumps to sell unbranded fuel to motel guests. Day, who was a devout Christian, also offered a network of chaplains to provide ministry at each motel.

Days Inn was one of the first hotel chains to offer discounts to senior citizens. It was also among the first to locate its properties along suburban and rural exits on the Interstate Highway System, as opposed to more urban locations.

Brands
The hotel brands of Days Inn include:

 * Days Inn and Days Inn & Suites – Full- or limited-service. Some properties are only rooms; others have rooms mixed with suites.
 * Days Hotel – full-service variant found in high-traffic and large cities.
 * Days Suites – all-suites variant; may be either full- or limited-service.
 * Days Lodge – a short lived chain of lodges.
 * Days Park – for recreational vehicles and motor homes.
 * Daystop – a budget chain started in 1990 in Lakeville, Minnesota.

Days Inn in the United Kingdom
In the UK, the top four motorway service operators have Days Inn hotels. Welcome Break brought the Days Inn brand to the UK under a licence from a US company. It used to have one at each service station with a hotel. However, some have been converted to Ramada. Welcome Break also run a couple of non-motorway hotels, one of which is in Milton Keynes. Additionally, some locations are operated on behalf of Extra Services. Roadchef also maintains Days Inn Hotels at most of their sites. Days Inn and Moto Hospitality have experimented with two hotels in Wetherby and Winchester.

title: Days Inn


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Terry Farrell

Terry Farrell may refer to:

 * Terry Farrell (actress) (born 1963), American actress and former fashion model
 * Sir Terry Farrell (architect) (born 1938), British architect
 * Terry Farrell (politician) (born 1960), Canadian politician

title: Terry Farrell


text: User talk:211.90.129.176

title: User talk:211.90.129.176


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User talk:Lachatdelarue/Dog communication

Looks like a good start to me. I'd give a couple of specific examples of dominance & submission in that section. Elf | Talk 00:52, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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Rincon (surfspot)

Rincon (Spanish, "angle" or "corner") is a surf spot located at the Ventura and Santa Barbara County line in Southern California, United States. Also known as the "Queen of the Coast", Rincon is one of the most famous surf spots in California, known around the world for its well-formed waves and long rides. The book 100 Best Surf Spots in the World rates Rincon at 24. It is best at low tide during the winter months when swells are coming mostly from the west and northwest. There is a gated residential community that occupies most of the Rincon beachfront. Public access is provided at parking lots on both sides of the gated community, with restrooms and a picnic area in the upper parking lot, Rincon Beach Park.

Rincon Point is home to the Rincon Classic surf championship scheduled for January each year. The championship draws local surf greats and spectators to the beach every year. Though scheduled for January, the event is often delayed until surf conditions merit a contest. Once these surf conditions are met the contest is held from Saturday through Sunday. There are multiple divisions ranging from the Legends (55+) to the gremlins (U12). There are nine divisions for the men, including the pro division, while there are 2 divisions for the women. The pro division mainly consists of local professional surfers including world surf league competitor Conner Coffin who competes in the contest almost every year. The contest is open to the public and local residents receive priority registration based on their county. During the contest local restaurants provide lunch for the competitors and also sell food to the public. These restaurants include Nutbelly and Rincon Brewery.

Geography and ecology
Rincon is located along U.S. Route 101 at Bates Road. It is divided into three parts: the Cove, Rivermouth, and Indicator. The cove is the best part of the point and is the closest to the freeway. Rivermouth is the fastest section of the wave reaching from the mouth of Rincon Creek to the large white/stone house. Tube rides occur mainly at Rivermouth at low tide. Indicator is at the top of the point, visually obstructed from the freeway. While Rincon is most famous for its long right-breaking waves, Indicator also produces some extremely fast left-breaking waves during the summer, when southerly swells are most prevalent. During a larger westerly swell, all three sections often connect into one contiguous ridable wave.

Because of the quality of the wave, people travel from all over the world to surf there, sometimes resulting in extremely crowded surfing conditions. There have been occasional deaths at Rincon, mostly resulting from surfers getting caught at the bottom of the cove at higher tides during larger swells and getting thrown into the granite boulders which support the nearby freeway.

Environmentally, Rincon Creek has a tendency to flow higher levels of bacteria into the surf zone during heavy rains, resulting in occasional beach closures.

History
In 1769, the Spanish Portola expedition came west along the beach from the previous night's encampment at Pitas Point. The explorers found a large native village at a watering place near the mouth what is now called "Rincon Creek", and camped nearby on August 16. Fray Juan Crespi, a Franciscan missionary travelling with the expedition, noted that "As soon as we arrived all the people came to visit us, and brought us a great supply of roasted fish to eat" The 1775 (second) expedition led by Juan Bautista de Anza camped at the same place, referring to the native village as "La Rinconada".

In 1835, the area was included in a 4460 acre land grant called Rancho El Rincon. The grant extended along the coast on both sides of the Santa Barbara/Ventura county line, and encompassed present-day Rincon Point, Rincon State Beach and La Conchita.

title: Rincon (surfspot)


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Vince Fumo

Vincent Joseph Fumo (born May 8, 1943) is a former politician, lawyer, businessman from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A Democrat, he represented a South Philadelphia district in the Pennsylvania Senate from 1978 to 2008. On March 16, 2009, he was convicted of 137 federal corruption charges. On July 14, 2009, he was sentenced to 55 months in federal prison.

Early life and education
Fumo holds a B.S. degree from Villanova University (1964), a law degree from Temple University School of Law (1972), and an MBA (1984) from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He served on the board of trustees of the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, a museum dedicated to the U.S. Constitution.

Career
In 1974, Fumo, along with three associates, was the target of a 44 count indictment for mail fraud. The four men, who included the Majority Leader of the State Senate, the head of the Democratic City Executive Committee, and the Chief Clerk of the State House were accused of helping convicted Senator Henry Cianfrani, add 33 ghost employees to the state payroll. At the time, Fumo was an assistant to Peter Camiel in charge of patronage.

In 1978, Fumo was convicted by a jury of 15 counts. However, a federal judge overturned the conviction in 1981 after motions by the defense to acquit.

Politics
Fumo represented South Philadelphia's 1st Senatorial District beginning in 1978 when he succeeded Buddy Cianfrani, who had been convicted of racketeering, bribery and obstruction of justice.

A powerful State Senator, the Pennsylvania Report said that "[i]t is difficult to catalog and characterize all of his tie-ins and tentacles at all levels of government, but having him on your side in a pitched battle rattles opponents." In 2002, the political website PoliticsPA named him to the list of "Smartest Legislators," calling him "[a]rguably the smartest legislator in Harrisburg."

Fumo was the ranking Democratic Member of the Senate Appropriations Committee until his federal indictment in February 2007. He also served on the Communications & Technology, Consumer Protection, Game & Fisheries, Rules, & Urban Affairs & Housing Committees.

Business
In addition to his State Senate work, Fumo is associated with the Philadelphia Law firm of Dilworth Paxson LLP. He was the Chairman of First Penn Bank. The bank was founded as Pennsylvania Savings Bank, by his grandfather. Fumo took over control after his father was convicted of bank fraud in 1976. The bank grew rapidly under Fumo's control from $1.5 million in assets to about $550 million, and was eventually sold in 2007 for $94 million, potentially netting $19 million for Fumo.

Fumo was hospitalized on March 2, 2008, after suffering a heart attack at his home. He underwent a successful emergency angioplasty at Hahnemann University Hospital and was released on March 9, 2008.

On March 12, 2008, Fumo announced he was dropping his bid for reelection and retiring from public service, citing his federal indictment.

On March 16, 2009, a Philadelphia Federal jury convicted Fumo on 137 counts of corruption, conspiracy, fraud and more.

2009 conviction
Fumo was the subject of a federal investigation, which resulted in his indictment in 2007. The investigation related to a charity, run by a former member of Fumo's staff, the Citizens Alliance for Better Neighborhoods. In 2004, PECO, a subsidiary of Exelon, donated $17 million to the organization. Federal prosecutors began an investigation as to whether Fumo had forced the utility to make the donation by initially opposing, then supporting, utility deregulation in the state. There were also allegations that Fumo had used the charity's funds for personal benefit. Fumo also suggested that Verizon hire a law firm, Obermayer Rebmann Maxwell & Hippel, for a three-year, $3 million retainer to handle legal work. The chair of Obermayer's litigation committee, Thomas Leonard, was a prominent Democrat who served as the city's controller in the 1990s and attended Temple University Law School with Fumo in the 1970s; both remained friends since then and worked together on fundraising for Democratic candidates.

In late May 2006, two of Fumo's staffers were arrested and indicted on charges of destroying electronic evidence, including e-mail related to the investigation. The charges were based on e-mails sent by the aides, in which they suggested that Fumo ordered destruction of the documentation.

On February 6, 2007, a Federal grand jury named Fumo in a 137 count indictment, alleging mail fraud, wire fraud, conspiracy, obstruction of justice and filing a false tax return. Charges include using state workers to oversee construction of his mansion, spying on his ex-wife, and work on his farm. Additionally, the indictment accused him of misusing $1 million of state funds and $1 million from his charity for personal and campaign use and commandeering yachts from the Philadelphia Seaport Museum for personal travel.

Immediately before the indictment was handed down, Fumo resigned his position as the ranking Democrat on the Appropriations Committee and vowed to fight the charges.

On March 12, 2008, at a press conference at the Pennsylvania Convention Center in Philadelphia, Fumo announced he was dropping his bid for reelection under stress, saying that the charges against him left "a cloud hanging over [his] head." He did, however, complete his final term in the Senate, which ended at the end of the year. This was reportedly at the insistence of Governor Ed Rendell who was present at the press conference. Fumo also added that the decision had nothing to do with his health issues.

On March 16, 2009, he was found guilty of all 137 counts of corruption and was facing a minimum of ten years in prison. His former aide, Ruth Arnao, was also found guilty of all 45 counts against her.

On July 14, 2009, Fumo was sentenced to 55 months in prison, substantially below the sentencing guidelines of 11 to 14 years. On November 11, 2011, upon a judicial review of his sentence, his prison term was increased by six months and the amount of his court-ordered restitution payment was increased by $1.1 million.

Incarceration
The Federal Bureau of Prisons ordered Fumo to report to Federal Correctional Institution, Ashland, near Ashland, Kentucky, by August 2009. Fumo was released from prison in August 2013.

title: Vince Fumo


text:
Genroku

Genroku (元禄) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Jōkyō and before Hōei. The Genroku period spanned the years from September 1688 to March 1704. The reigning emperor was Emperor Higashiyama (東山天皇). The period was known for its peace and prosperity, as the previous hundred years of peace and seclusion in Japan had created relative economic stability. The arts and architecture flourished. There were unanticipated consequences when the shogunate debased the quality of coins as a strategy for financing the appearance of continuing Genroku affluence. This strategic miscalculation caused abrupt inflation. Then, in an effort to solve the ensuing crisis, the introduced what were called the Kyōhō Reforms.

Change of era
The first year of the Genroku period (元禄元年) was 1688. The new era name was created to mark the beginning of the reign of Higashiyama. The previous era ended and the new one commenced in Jōkyō 5, on the 30th day of the 9th month.

A sense of optimism is suggested in the era name choice of Genroku (meaning "original happiness").

Events of the Genroku era

 * 1688 (Genroku 1, 1st month): Ihara Saikaku publishes Japan's Eternal Treasury.
 * 1688 (Genroku 1, 11th month): Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu assumes the office of
 * 1688 (Genroku 1): The Tokugawa shogunate revised the code of conduct for funerals, which incorporated a code of conduct for mourning as well.
 * 1689 (Genroku 2, 4th month): Foreign settlements in Nagasaki become possible.
 * September 16, 1689 (Genroku 2, 3rd day of the 7th month): German physician Engelbert Kaempfer arrives at Dejima.
 * 1690 (Genroku 3, 10th month): The Abandoned Child Ban was officially proclaimed.
 * 1692 (Genroku 5): Building of temples in Edo banned.
 * 1693 (Genroku 6, 12th month): Arai Hakuseki becomes tutor to the of Kōfu-, the future  Tokugawa Ienobu.
 * 1693 (Genroku 6): The code of conduct for funerals is revised again.
 * 1695 (Genroku 8, 2nd month): Land survey performed of territory under the direct control of the in Kantō.
 * 1695 (Genroku 8, 8th month): Minting begun of Genroku coinage. The shogunate placed the Japanese character gen (元) on the obverse of copper coins, the same character used today in China for the . There is no connection between those uses, however.
 * 1695 (Genroku 8, 11th month): First kennel is established for stray dogs in Edo. In this context, Tokugawa Tsunayoshi comes to be nicknamed "the Dog ".
 * 1697 (Genroku 10): The fourth official map of Japan was made in this year, but it was considered to be inferior to the previous one—which had been ordered in Shōhō 1 (1605) and completed in Kan'ei 16 (1639). This map was corrected in Kyōhō 4 (1719) by the mathematician Tatebe Katahiro (1644–1739), using high mountain peaks as points of reference, and was drawn to a scale of 1:21,600.
 * 1697 (Genroku 10): Great fire in Edo.
 * 1698 (Genroku 11): Another great fire in Edo. A new hall is constructed inside the enclosure of the Edo temple of Kan'ei-ji (which is also known as Tōeizan Kan'ei-ji or "Hiei-san of the east" after the temple of Enryaku-ji at Mount Hiei near to Heian-kyō).
 * 1700 (Genroku 13, 11th month): Exchange rate of silver coins established.
 * 1703 (Genroku 15, 12th month): Akō Domain incident involving the 47.
 * 1703 (Genroku 16, 3rd month): Ōishi Yoshio commits ritual suicide.
 * 1703 (Genroku 16, 5th month): First performance of Chikamatsu Monzaemon's play The Love Suicides at Sonezaki.
 * December 31, 1703 (Genroku 16, 23rd day of the 11th month): The Great Genroku earthquake shook Edo and parts of the shogun's castle collapsed. The following day, a vast fire spread throughout the city. Parts of Honshū's coast were battered by tsunami, and up to 200,000 people were either killed or injured.

Prominent figures of the Genroku era

 * Chikamatsu Monzaemon— playwright
 * Ichikawa Danjūrō I, Sakata Tōjūrō I, Yoshizawa Ayame I—kabuki actors
 * Ihara Saikaku—novelist
 * Arai Hakuseki—Confucian scholar and shogunal advisor
 * The Forty-seven
 * Ogata Kōrin and Ogata Kenzan—Rinpa school artists
 * Torii Kiyonobu, Hishikawa Moronobu, Miyagawa Chōshun—ukiyo-e artists
 * Matsuo Bashō—Haiku poet

title: Genroku


text:
Around the World with Orson Welles

Around the World with Orson Welles is a series of six short travelogues originally written and directed by Orson Welles for Associated-Rediffusion in 1955, for Britain's then-new ITV channel. Despite its title emphasizing the world, it was entirely filmed in Europe. Among other incidents in the episodes, Welles visited Jean Cocteau and Juliette Gréco in Paris, attended a bullfight in Madrid (with co-hosts Kenneth Tynan and Elaine Dundy) and visited the Basque Country.

Production
In March 1955, Associated-Rediffusion had originally commissioned a series of 26 half-hour programmes, but in the end, only 6 were broadcast, and even then, in rather troubled circumstances. Before a contract had even been signed, Welles had rapidly shot a pilot episode himself (the third episode broadcast, "Revisiting Vienna") using loaned money and on the basis of an informal agreement. As Welles had made an agreement with producer Louis Dolivet in 1953 to work exclusively for him (beginning with their troubled film production Mr. Arkadin), Dolivet was brought on board as the series producer.

The filming schedule was ambitious. Once the contract was signed, Welles was expected to make a further 25 episodes in 25 weeks spread out over nine months, with the first broadcast scheduled for September 1955. However, Welles's other commitments interfered with his ability to meet deadlines, and much of the series was left incomplete. Welles spent much of 1955 working on writing, directing and acting in his London stage production Moby Dick—Rehearsed, and after that flopped on the West End, he switched to shooting an (aborted) film adaptation of the play, first in London, and then in Rome – filming Moby Dick—Rehearsed in Rome was under the pretext of working on the Around the World with Orson Welles TV series.

Although Associated-Rediffusion retained a number of rights, including approval of episode synopses, script approval, music approval, and viewing rights for the rushes and final cut, film scholars Jean-Pierre Berthomé and Francois Thomas argue that Welles remained in control much of the time, due to the fragmentary, piecemeal way in which much of the footage was shot, with the writer/director/presenter being the only person who could piece it all together. For instance, Welles shot most of his interviews with only one camera, focussed on the interviewee, and all of the reverse shots of him asking questions had to be shot later in a studio. Frequently, Welles's entire episodes would be heavily studio-dependent; his entire participation in an episode on bullfighting consisted of filming himself entering and sitting down at a bullfight, then filming the bullfight; and the reconstructing part of the audience seats in a studio, so he could record his bullfight commentary months after having watched it.

The first episode missed its initial broadcast deadline, and it was still not finished when it went out the following month – Welles had to provide the voiceover himself, live from Rome, when it was broadcast in the UK. The second episode was missing a voiceover in several sections. The third and fifth episodes, were the most complete.

Welles had effectively abandoned the production to move back to the USA at the end of 1955, so the fourth and sixth episodes were particularly badly hit. Episode four, on the Paris district of St. Germain des Prés, had to be padded out with stock footage from other documentaries. Episode six had only half the necessary footage, so it was padded out by having two friends of Welles's, Kenneth Tynan and Elaine Dundy (who had been present at the same bullfight he recorded), become guest hosts for the first half of the episode, until the existing footage of Welles could be used. The seventh episode was not originally completed or broadcast.

Episodes
For many years, it was believed that the third episode, "Revisiting Vienna", also known as "The Third Man Returns to Vienna", (Welles starred in The Third Man in 1949) was lost. In June 2011, the episode was found in the archives at the Wisconsin Historical Society Center for Film and Theater Research in Madison, Wisconsin by Ray Langstone, completing the series.

Orson Welles also worked on a seventh episode entitled "The Tragedy of Lurs", which was not completed. The documentary was based on the controversial Dominici murder case in France, and contained interviews with many of the principals shortly after the trial. A version of the film, using Welles's footage and additional sound, was constructed by French filmmaker Christophe Cognet and integrated into his 52-minute documentary titled The Dominici Affair by Orson Welles (2000).

Home video release
Sets containing what were then thought to be the five sole surviving broadcast episodes and "The Dominici Affair" were separately released on both VHS and DVD. Then, in 2015, to mark the centenary of Welles's birth, the British Film Institute released both DVD and limited-edition Blu-ray sets containing all six broadcast episodes and The Dominici Affair by Orson Welles.

title: Around the World with Orson Welles


text:
User:Neodem

Me
Hi, I'm 36, I'm a Software Engineer with a Masters Degree in Software Engineering from Drexel University.

Goals
I'm really liking it here and plan on adding a bunch of content. I'm still getting my feet wet. We'll see..

title: User:Neodem


text:
Talk:Wet nurse

Midwifery
I don't like the use of "suitable one" in the line "Furthermore, a wet nurse often completes the duties of the midwife, if a suitable one is not found." Perhaps it should simply read read "Some wet nurses are also trained to serve as a midwife during childbirth." Cafe Nervosa | talk  23:46, 1 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me. Deco 02:24, 2 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I wonder whether that may be missing the point. Wet nurses are predominantly in developing countries and in fact I expect mostly in the poorest and least developed at that. So I wonder whether many of them have actually trained as a midwife (although it depends what you mean by training I guess). It might be better to say able to serve. And maybe, if necessary since it appears to me that the original writer was indicating normal/proper midwives are preferred of wet nurses which is something your modification appears to be missing Nil Einne 04:40, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Lactation without pregnancy and other queries
I'd really like to see a source on this statement: "Through frequent stimulation of the areolae and nipples, a woman may begin lactating and, therefore, be able to nurse." I find it surprising. Thanks. Derrick Coetzee 01:02, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * See Breastfeeding. It surprised me too, I can't find any mention of it in any of my texts but one of my girlfriends once started lactating unexpectedly, she called Telehealth and the nurse said that they get a lot of calls about it, but it's normal. Matt 20:20, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

- Hi, I changed the end of a sentence from 'insure an heir' to 'ensure an heir'. October the 25th, 2004. Cheers. - I'd also like to see a source on the statement about women getting pregnant and killing their babies soon after birth, just to become wet nurses. Sounds like a complete myth to me... any reliable sources? Especially in light of the further info that women don't need to be become pregnant in order to lactate. 11 Oct 2005. - 21/10/05 - I changed "inoperative breasts" to "insufficient milk production". I did not think "inoperative breasts" provided sufficient information, and also felt that it was offensive (ie. the implication that women are somehow inoperative if they are unable to sucessfully breastfeed).

20/10/06 "Though it is not widely known in developed countries, a woman who has never been pregnant may produce milk. Through frequent stimulation of the areolae and nipples, a woman may begin lactating and, therefore, be able to nurse" Wow, I don't think this is true at all...so correct me if I'm wrong, but someone's been messing with this page oO.

03/04/09 what if you have a baby older than the chil you would like to wet nurse is it ok? are there any medical complications?

The idea of an "heir and a spare" is mythology. The fact that Prince Charles had two sons does not somehow prove that he set out to have an "heir and a spare". The concept is nothing more than news media hokum.124.197.15.138 (talk) 08:33, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

nursing older people
There are some wet nurses who nurse those who are no longer babies / toddlers. I don't know how old of an age this continues to, but I think some info about it should be added. --Kalmia 06:18, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Other uses of the term
What about a section that investigates how the term is applied outside of it's text book definition. ie: Washing DC "Wet Nurses" or other common uses of the phrase.

umm... i'm not sure how to change it, but the part about stalin's grand daughter or whoever and the wet nurse union is, i'm pretty sure, complete bull. very clever though. but someone might want to change that. i looked it up and couldn't find anything, so if it turns out to be true,at least cite it.

I spent some time reading and I could find nothing that supported any of the claims about the never-pregnant being able to breastfeed (other than the one linked above, and I'm not convinced) and the total garbage about Stalin's grand-daughter and "wet nurse pimps. Hilarious, yes, truthful, no way. You could have at least run spell-check on the fake union's name.Caligi 23:24, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Useful sources
Here a recent New Yorker piece with lots of sources within it, if anyone wants to add bits to our article: . BrainyBabe (talk) 10:09, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Here's another recommendation, but I can't vouch for it, not having seen it: "For a mindblowing historical perspective on class, market forces and wet-nursing, I recommend certain chapters of Sarah Blaffer Hrdy's "Mother Nature"." BrainyBabe (talk) 23:50, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

"The virtues of cross-nursing and the 'yuk factor'" by Rhonda Shaw in Australian Feminist Studies, Volume 19, Number 45, November 2004, pp. 287-299(13). Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group. BrainyBabe (talk) 23:55, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Wet nurse in China
Wet nurses are still common in many developing countries, although the practice poses a risk of infections such as HIV[1]. Following the 2008 Chinese milk scandal, in which contaminated infant formula poisoned thousands of babies, the salaries of wetnurses in the world's most populous country increased dramatically [2] The use of a wetnurse is seen as a status symbol in some parts of modern China [1].

Well, dude. Things need to be existing for a period of time, and then "increse dramatically". And I totally agreed with "The use of a wetnurse is seen as a status symbol", because 1. It is weirdo. 2. It is expensive. 3. No one has done that before, at least for the last 50 years, and until the year 2005.

--Sqchen (talk) 20:45, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Promotion of formula milk
I've removed the following sentence since I believe it to be completely wrong: In countries like the United Kingdom, that do not observe the above International Code and thus allow penetrative promotion of baby-formula as equal or superior to breast milk, and aggressively market it via product sample distribution through hospital gift-bags, mass-media advertising etc. Put it back if you can confirm precisely which country should be mentioned - it's certainly not the UK. I've also taken out this bit: ''wet-nursing has been on occasion viewed as child abuse. '' It needs moving to a more appropriate part of the article. Mister Flash (talk) 22:21, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

Get rid of the Nipple
Please —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.119.185.255 (talk) 19:32, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

Untitled
So Jewish Bible is mythology while Islam is tradition, in piece on wet nurse from Moses. Very interesting piece from antisemitism, it appears it was Justin Raimondo who wrotes that — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.93.140.169 (talk) 21:43, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

African-American slave wet nurses
I'd like to see something about this as least mentioned. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.69.204.131 (talk) 16:59, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

Additions under the headline: Renaissance to 20th century
I would like to add to the existing paragraph under the Renaissance to the 20th century from this :

''Wet nursing was reported in France in the time of Louis XIV, the early 17th century. It was commonplace in the British Isles: For years it was a really good job for a woman. In 17th- and 18th-century Britain a woman would earn more money as a wet nurse than her husband could as a laborer. And if you were a royal wet nurse you would be honored for life.[6] Women took in babies for money in Victorian Britain, and nursed them themselves or fed them with whatever was cheapest. This was known as baby-farming; poor care sometimes resulted in high infant death rates. Dr Naomi Baumslag[17] noted legendary wet-nurse Judith Waterford: "In 1831, on her 81st birthday, she could still produce breast milk. In her prime she unfailingly produced two quarts (four pints or 1.9 litres) of breast milk a day."[6] The English wet-nurse in Victorian England was most likely a single woman who previously gave birth to an illegitimate child, and was looking for work in a profession that glorified the single mother.[18] English women tended to work within the home of her employer to take care of her charge, as well as working at hospitals that took in abandoned children. The wet-nurse's own child would likely be sent out to nurse, normally brought up by the bottle, rather than being breastfed. Fildes argues that "In effect, wealthy parents frequently 'bought' the life of their infant for the life of another."[19] Wet-nursing in England decreased in popularity during the mid-19th century due to the writings of medical journalists concerning the undocumented dangers of wet-nursing. Valerie A. Fildes argued that “Britain has been lumped together with the rest of Europe in any discussion of the qualities, terms of employment and conditions of the wet nurse, and particularly the abuses of which she was supposedly guilty.”[20] According to C.H.F. Routh, a medical journalist writing in the late 1850s in England, argued many evils of wet-nursing, such as wet-nurses were more likely to abandon their own children, there was increased mortality for children under the charge of a wet-nurse, and an increased physical and moral risk to a nursed child.[21] While this argument was not founded in any sort of proof, the emotional arguments of medical researchers, coupled with the protests of critics of the practice slowly increased public knowledge and brought wet-nursing into obscurity, replaced by maternal breastfeeding and bottle-feeding.[22]''

to the following:

France: Wet nursing was reported in France in the time of Louis XIV, the early 17th century. In 18th century France, approximately 90 percent of infants were wet nursed, mostly sent away to live with their wet nurses. The high demand for wet nurses coincided with the low wages and high rent prices of this era, which forced many women to have to work soon after childbirth. This forced mothers to have to send their infants away to be breast fed and cared for by wet nurses who struggled even more poor than themselves. With the high demand in wet nurses, the price to hire one increased as the standard of care decreased. This led to many infant deaths. In response, rather than nurse their own children, upper class women turned to the practice of hiring wet nurses to come live with them instead. In entering into their employers home to care for their charges, these wet nurses had to leave their own infants to be nursed and cared for by women far worse off than themselves, and who likely lived at a relatively far distance away. The Bureau of Wet Nurses was created to serve two purposes. It supplied parents with wet nurses, as well as it helped lessen the neglect of charges by controlling the months salary payment to wet nurses. In order to become a wet nurse, women had to meet a few qualifications including a good physical body with a good moral character. Wet nurses were often judged on their age, their health, the number of children they had, as well as their breast shape, breast size, breast texture, nipple shape and nipple size, since all these aspects were believed to affect the quality of a woman’s milk. In 1874, the French government introduced the Roussel Law, which “mandated that every infant placed with a paid guardian outside the parents’ home be registered with the state so that the French government is able to monitor how many children are placed with wet nurses and how many wet nursed children have died.” England: Wet nursing was commonplace in the British Isles: For years, wet-nursing was a well-paid, respectable and popular job for many lower class women in England. In 17th- and 18th-century Britain, a woman would earn more money as a wet nurse than her husband could as a labourer. And if you were a royal wet nurse you would be honoured for life.[6] Women took in babies for money in Victorian Britain, and nursed them themselves or fed them with whatever was cheapest. This was known as baby-farming; poor care sometimes resulted in high infant death rates. Dr Naomi Baumslag[17] noted legendary wet-nurse Judith Waterford: "In 1831, on her 81st birthday, she could still produce breast milk. In her prime she unfailingly produced two quarts (four pints or 1.9 litres) of breast milk a day."[6] It was common for upper class women to hire wet nurses to breastfeed their children. The English wet-nurse in Victorian England was most likely a single woman who previously gave birth to an illegitimate child, and was looking for work in a profession that glorified the single mother.[18] There were two types of wet nurses in Victorian England. There were wet nurses who were on poor relief and struggled to sufficiently provide for themselves or their charges, and then there were professional wet nurses who were well paid and respected. Up until the 19th century, most wet nursed infants were sent far from their families to live with their wet nurse for up to the first three years of their life. As many as 80 percent of wet-nursed babies who lived with their wet nurses, died during infancy, which led to a change living conditions. English women tended to work within the home of her employer to take care of her charge, as well as working at hospitals that took in abandoned children. The wet-nurse's own child would likely be sent out to nurse, normally brought up by the bottle, rather than being breastfed. Fildes argues that "In effect, wealthy parents frequently 'bought' the life of their infant for the life of another."[19] Wet-nursing in England decreased in popularity during the mid-19th century due to the writings of medical journalists concerning the undocumented dangers of wet-nursing. Valerie A. Fildes argued that “Britain has been lumped together with the rest of Europe in any discussion of the qualities, terms of employment and conditions of the wet nurse, and particularly the abuses of which she was supposedly guilty.”[20] According to C.H.F. Routh, a medical journalist writing in the late 1850s in England, argued many evils of wet-nursing, such as wet-nurses were more likely to abandon their own children, there was increased mortality for children under the charge of a wet-nurse, and an increased physical and moral risk to a nursed child.[21] While this argument was not founded in any sort of proof, the emotional arguments of medical researchers, coupled with the protests of critics of the practice slowly increased public knowledge and brought wet-nursing into obscurity, replaced by maternal breastfeeding and bottle-feeding.[22]

United State: Colonists from England had brought with them to North America the practice of wet nursing. Since the arrangement of sending infants away to live with wet nurses was the cause of so many infant deaths, by the 19th century, Americans adopted the practice of having wet nurses live with the employers in order to nurse and care for their charges. This practice consequently raised the death rate for the biological infants of wet nurses. Many employers would have only kept a wet nurse for a few months at a time since it was believed that the quality of a woman’s breast milk would lessen over time. Since there were not any official records kept which pertained to wet nurses or wet nursed children in the United States, we lack the knowledge of precisely how many infants were wet-nursed, for how long they were wet-nursed, whether they lived at home or else where while they wet-nursed, as well as how many wet-nursed babies lived or died. The only evidence which exists, pertaining to wet-nursing in the United States is found in help wanted ads in newspapers, through complaints about wet nurses in magazines, and through medical journals which acted as employment agencies for wet-nurses. In the South United States, it was a very common practice for slaves to become wet nurses to their owner’s children. Some slaves had to leave their own children in order to wet nurse and raise their owner’s child until that child was old enough to attend school, however in some instances, the slaves child and the owner’s child would be raised together in their younger years. In Hospitals: Wet Nurses were often hired to work in hospitals so that they could nurse premature babies, babies who were ill or babies who had been abandoned. During the 18th and 19th centuries, congenital syphilis was a common cause of infant mortality in France. Mercury was used to treat syphilis, however it could not be safely administered to infants. In 1780, began the process of giving mercury to wet nurses who could then transmit the treatment to the infants with syphilis through their milk in the act of breastfeeding.

Kabkzb (talk) 20:42, 10 March 2016 (UTC)Kabkzb

Changes Under the Headline "Reasons"
I'd like to add the following few changes to the piece written under the headline: Reasons. There was increased need for wet nurses under circumstances when the rates of, infant abandonment by mothers, and maternal death during childbirth, were high. Some women choose not to breastfeed for social reasons. Many of these women were found to be of the upper class, for them, breastfeeding was considered unfashionable, in the sense that it not only prevented these women from being able to wear the fashionable clothing of their time but it was also thought to ruin their figures. Mother’s also lacked the support of their husbands to breastfeed their children since hiring a wet nurse was less expensive than having to hire someone else to help run the family business and/or take care of the family household duties in their place. Some women chose to hire wet nurses purely to escape from the confining and time consuming chore of breastfeeding. Kabkzb (talk) 05:10, 10 March 2016 (UTC)Kabkzb

I would like to add the following changes under headline Current Attitudes in Developed Countries
Dating back to the Roman times and up until the present day, philosophers and thinkers alike have agreed that the important emotional bond between mother and child is threatened by the presence of a wet nurse. Kabkzb (talk) 20:54, 10 March 2016 (UTC)Kabkzb

Title paragraph
I believe the title paragraph should be edited to give general information first, and then specific information in the lower sections.

The current title paragraph: ''A wet nurse is a woman who breast feeds and cares for another's child. The women exposes her s nipples to the father to check and then if the father approves the nipples then that women is allowed to let their baby suck milk from the woman. It is a ritual in Africa that the father and the wet nurse are left alone for one week and have sex and appease themselves to each other's body and then the father finally declares that the nipples are good enough. In fact the milk is also tasted by the father.[1] Wet nurses are employed when the mother is unable or elects not to nurse the child herself. Wet-nursed children may be known as "milk-siblings", and in some cultures the families are linked by a special relationship of milk kinship. Mothers who nurse each other's babies are engaging in a reciprocal act known as cross-nursing or co-nursing. ''

What I propose: ''A wet nurse is a woman who breast feeds and cares for another's child. Wet nurses are employed when the mother is unable or elects not to nurse the child herself. Wet-nursed children may be known as "milk-siblings", and in some cultures the families are linked by a special relationship of milk kinship. Mothers who nurse each other's babies are engaging in a reciprocal act known as cross-nursing or co-nursing.''

This is because the second through fourth sentences refer to a specific cultural ritual around the practice, rather than the practice itself. 121.44.39.123 (talk) 12:18, 29 July 2017 (UTC)

Incorrect link
Under the Mythology section, the hyperlink for Nuakea, the Hawaiian goddess of lactation, links to the historical individual named after that goddess rather than the goddess herself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.183.130.99 (talk) 00:33, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Home as an Idea and a Place
— Assignment last updated by Heinzam (talk) 22:36, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

TTS audio
regarding my removal of the audio, perhaps I should have been more clear. This is not a human-read audio recording, but rather a text-to-speech that a user uploaded to many articles without gaining consensus first. You can read the relevant WikiProject discussion here. Opencooper (talk) 05:57, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wet nurse


text:
Tenna

Tenna (天和) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Enpō and before Jōkyō. This period spanned the years from September 1681 through February 1684. The reigning emperor was Reigen-tennō (霊元天皇).

Change of era

 * Tenna gannen (天和元年): The new era name of Tenna (meaning "Heavenly Imperial Peace") was created to mark the 58th year of a cycle of the Chinese zodiac. The previous era ended and the new one commenced in Enpō'' 9, on the 29th day of the 9th month.

Events of the Tenna era

 * 1681 (Tenna 1): In Edo, the investiture of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi as the fifth shōgun of the Edo bakufu.
 * February 5, 1681 (Tenna 1, 28th day of the 12th month): The Great Tenna Fire in Edo.
 * 1681 (Tenna 2): A famine afflicts Heian-kyō and the nearby areas.
 * March 3, 1683 (Tenna 3, 5th day of the 2nd month): Yaoya Oshichi was burned at the stake for arson.
 * 1683 (Tenna 3): Tokugawa shogunate grants permission for Mitsui money exchanges (ryōgaeten) to be established in Edo.
 * 1683 (Tenna 4): The assassination of Hotta Masatoshi signals the end of government characterized by financial sobriety and stringency, and the beginning of a swing towards extravagance and the expansive spending policies of Tsunayoshi's chamberlains.

title: Tenna


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Enpō

Enpō (延宝) (contemporarily written as 延寳) is the Japanese era name (年号) after Kanbun and before Tenna. This period spanned the years from September 1673 to September 1681. The reigning emperor was Reigen-tennō (霊元天皇).

Change of era

 * 1673 Enpō gannen (延宝元年): The new era of Enpō (meaning "Prolonged Wealth") was created to mark a number of disasters, including a great fire in Kyōto. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Kanbun 14, on the ninth day of the 13th month.

Events of the Enpō era

 * 1673 (Enpō 1): There was a great fire in Heian-kyō.
 * 1673 (Enpō 1): The foundations for Mitsui financial success began with the opening of a dry good store in Edo.
 * May 10, 1674 (Enpō 2, 5th day of the 4th month): Ingen Ryūki, founder of the Ōbaku sect of Japanese Zen Buddhism, died at Manpuku-ji, a Buddhist temple which Ingen had founded at Uji, near Heian-kyō.
 * 1675 (Enpō 3): A devastating fire burned Heian-kyō.
 * 1675 (Enpō 3): The Bonin Islands (Ogasawara Islands) are explored by shogunate expedition, following up "discovery" of the islands by the Japanese when a ship bound for Edo from Kyūshū is blown off course by a storm in Kanbun 10. The islands are claimed as a territory of Japan.
 * April 7, 1680 (Enpō 8, 8th day of the 3rd month) : Tokugawa Ietsuna, the 4th shōgun of the Edo bakufu died; and his named successor, Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, was ready to take his place as the 5th Tokugawa shōgun.

title: Enpō


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File talk:Cuban missiles.jpg

U-2?
There's no way this picture was taken from a U-2, it's almost certainly from a RF-101 or RF-8. Look at the angle of the trees, this was taken at low level. -How the hell cen you tell the level at which the picture was taken by the angle of the trees? lol --84.47.17.252 15:12, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Because if the plane is too high things will not have any perspective to them (it will be a top-down shot only), and U-2 planes fly pretty high. --Fastfission 04:22, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

What if the plane was really high but not above the target. If the plane was downrange and so viewing the gorund at 60 degrees then the trees would be 30 degrees to the normal of the photo. 143.210.37.62 15:44, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Most credible and detailed technical literature concerning reconnaisance aircraft of the time dismisses the "U2 photograph" idea as a military urban legend, akin to the now thoroughly debunked myth of Constance Babbington-Smith's location of V1 launch sites by cleverly noticing scorch marks on the ground.

 * It is pointed not only are the U2A models cameras mounted in fuselage bays pointed straight down, but that aircraft of the period would not possess the navigation systems or camera controls necessary to pinpoint such a small target from high altitude, and relied on high speed rolls of ultra-wide film to cover a large swath of landscape. It is also contended that the film stock and lenses available at the time could not have possibly have produced images of that resolution from high altitude, particularly through turbulent tropical air. The U2 is much too slow to survive at low level in hostile airspace.

 * The pictures are however, are completely consistent with the results typically obtained by a low-level, high-speed penetration by an RF-101 Voodoo "alone, unarmed and unafraid" with its nose mounted camera. Reconnaisance pilots from the period usually contend the photographs were taken by an Navy RF-101A, out of Pennsacola, Florida, which is a lot more plausable, especially when compared with other declassified U2 shots from the sixties.

 * It is speculated that labelling them U2 shots would have greater cachet, and enhance their public reception. It would also be of great assistance in justifying the hugely expensive technology purchasing programs underway, and hopefully deceive the Soviets with respect to what U2 overflghts of Soviet territory could reveal.

 * Despite an oft repeated and powerful myth to the contrary, these are almost certainly not U2 pictures at all, but from a far more mundane and conventional source. Let the legend die.
 * 74.114.154.242 03:18, 7 September 2006 (-- Formatted by Leigh 13:27, 7 September 2006 (UTC))

 * Yeah, I don't think this one looks like U-2 photos at all. However surely some U-2 photos were used during the Crisis—wasn't Rudolph Anderson shot down in a U-2 at this time? --Fastfission 14:06, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I think I have seen this picture in the Thirteen Days (film) preview (I didn't see the movie) where this exact pictuere was taken supposedly made by a low flying reconneisance jets (RF-101 Voodoo?) during the conflict. Mieciu K 21:28, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

title: File talk:Cuban missiles.jpg


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Aquarius Festival

The Nimbin Aquarius Festival was a counter-cultural arts and music festival organised by the Australian Union of Students. It was the fourth in a biannual series of festivals, first organised by the National Union of Australian University Students. The first Australian Universities Arts Festival was held in Sydney in 1967, and the second Australian Universities Arts Festival was held in Melbourne in 1969. The third added "Aquarius" to its name and was held in Canberra in 1971. The fourth and last was held in Nimbin, New South Wales in 1973.

The Aquarius Festival aimed to celebrate alternative thinking and sustainable lifestyles. The ten-day event was held from 12 to 23 May 1973 and co-directed by Johnny Allen and Graeme Dunstan. Vernon Treweeke also played a part in organising the event. It is often described as Australia's equivalent to the Woodstock Festival and the birthplace for Australia's hippie movement. It has also been credited with being the first event that sought the permission to use the land from traditional owners, and included a Welcome to Country ceremony. The estimated attendance at Nimbin was between 5,000 and 10,000 people.

Performers
Performers at the festival included the White Company - an experimental theatre troupe featuring a number of alternative culture artists including Peter Carolan - singer Paul Joseph, Donny McCormack (ex-Nutwood Rug Band), The Larrikins and Ian Farr. Also appearing were Indian street performers the Bauls of Bengal, the South African pianist Dollar Brand (later known as Abdullah Ibrahim), classical-ambient musician Lindsay Bourke, and tightrope walker and unicyclist Philippe Petit, who gained worldwide fame the following year by walking between the rooftops of the Twin Towers at the World Trade Center.

Legacy
The festival had a permanent effect on the economy of Nimbin, as many Festival participants decided to remain in the district. The area was previously a dairying and banana growing region in severe decline. Some of those that stayed might be defined as hippies, but in fact the larger percentage came from all sorts of backgrounds and life experience, ranging from 18 to 80 years old.

One group pooled resources after the Nimbin Aquarius Festival and bought a then 1200 acre property at Tuntable Falls in the next valley east, below Mount Nardi, and formed a community called the "Co-Ordination Co-Operative". Other groups followed suit and formed communes that continue today. Examples include Paradise Valley Pastoral Company and Nmbngee.

Interviews were conducted in 1992 documenting the alternative lifestyle movement of northern NSW in the 1970s, focusing on the town of Nimbin and the 1973 Aquarius Festival. Interviewees discussed how they arrived in Nimbin, their efforts in organising the Aquarius Festival, and the lasting impact the Festival had on the township.

title: Aquarius Festival


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Claire Burch

Claire Burch (1925 in Brooklyn, New York – May 21, 2009) was an American author, filmmaker and poet.

History
After attending grade school in Brooklyn, Burch completed a commercial art course at Washington Irving High School in Manhattan and received her B.A. in English from NYU. In the suburbs of Great Neck, New York, she first began writing poetry and articles which were published in Life magazine, The New Republic, Mademoiselle, McCall's, Saturday Review, Redbook, Good Housekeeping, and numerous literary quarterlies and anthologies. Burch also developed a career as a psychiatric writer, publishing two books on the subject: Careers in Psychiatry and Stranger in the Family.

In the early 1970s Burch became a playwright and painter. Her play Ten Cents a Dance was optioned to be directed by José Quintero, the famous O'Neill interpreter. Burch wrote a total of seven plays and several folk operas, but eventually moved on to filmmaking and video anthropology—she was an early adapter of video as a medium.

In 1978, Burch moved to California with her longtime companion Mark Weiman, publisher and owner of Berkeley's Regent Press. She had endured a series of illnesses and wanted to escape the harsh climate of Manhattan.

Burch gained insight and inspiration from insanity and the often unexpected behavior associated with it. She would often videotape homeless people in People's Park and Telegraph Avenue in Berkeley, which were collected in her film People's Park in Berkeley: Then and Now. The film documented the dispute between homeless activists and the University of California from the riots of 1969 through 1996 by interviewing park "regulars," and profiling the events surrounding the deaths of park supporters James Rector and Rosebud Denovo.

She also produced documentaries on noted cultural figures such as James Baldwin (whom she knew as a teenager), Timothy Leary and Country Joe McDonald. Also of note was Oracle Rising, a film about the legendary psychedelic newspaper The SF Oracle published in the Haight-Ashbury district during the Summer of Love. Her last completed film was Elegy for the Naked Guy, about the life and death of Andrew Martinez, a well-known figure on the Berkeley campus in the mid-'90s who died in prison in 2007.

Late in life Burch suffered a stroke which took most of her vision, but she was able to retain enough sight to frame her subjects. She died before completing her final project, Gimme an 'F', a documentary on Country Joe McDonald and the song that helped end the Vietnam War, the "Fuck Cheer" from Woodstock, and the "Fixin' to Die Rag." The film is estimated to be 70% complete.

Family
At 18, Burch married a soldier and the couple raised three children in Great Neck and Greenwich Village. When her husband Brad died in 1967, she and her kids moved full-time to the West Village. Burch's interest in psychiatry bloomed after she adopted a child who was diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Drug use
Burch underwent a traditional four-times-weekly Freudian analysis before switching to marijuana and LSD in the early 1970s. She was a recreational marijuana user throughout her life.

Death
Burch died at the age of 84. She left behind a vast archive in almost every media--visual art (painting and drawing); writing (a dozen published books and thousands of pages of unpublished manuscripts); music (thousands of hours of reel-to-reel, cassette tapes of her original music and hundreds of songs); and a huge library of both edited and unedited film and video, representing her habit of recording about an hour of reality every day for the past 36 years. This last project creates an archival nightmare, as there is not enough time to view it all. Burch was fond of referring to the Collyer Brothers, a pair of New Yorkers who suffered from a fear of throwing anything away and filled their apartment from top to bottom. She would often mockingly refer to her own archival efforts in the same vein.

Filmography

 * Oracle Rising: The Recreation of the Original Haight Ashbury Hippie Psychedelic Underground Newspaper (1994)
 * People's Park of Berkeley : then and now (1995)
 * Timothy Leary's Dead (1996)
 * The Ghost of Haight Ashbury Meets Timothy Leary (1998)
 * The James Baldwin Anthology (2008)

title: Claire Burch


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Kanbun (era)

Kanbun (寛文) was a Japanese era (年号) after Manji and before Enpō. This period spanned the years from April 1661 to September 1673. The reigning emperors were Go-Sai-tennō (後西天皇) and Reigen-tennō (霊元天皇).

Change of era

 * 1661 Kanbun gannen (寛文元年): The new era name of Kanbun (meaning "Generous Art") was created to mark a number of disasters, including a great fire at the Imperial Palace. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Manji 4.

Events of the Kanbun era

 * March 20, 1662 (Kanbun 2, 1st day of the 2nd month): There was a violent earthquake in Heian-kyō which destroyed the tomb of Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
 * 1662 (Kanbun 2): Emperor Gosai ordered Tosa Hiromichi (土佐広通, 1599–1670), a Tosa-school disciple, to adopt the name Sumiyoshi (probably in reference to a 13th-century painter, Sumiyoshi Keinin 住吉慶忍), upon assuming a position as official painter for the Sumiyoshi Taisha 住吉大社.
 * March 5, 1663 (Kanbun 3, 26th day of the 1st month): Go-sai abdicated in favor of his younger brother, Satohito, aged 10; and then he lived in complete retirement until his death.
 * June 6, 1663 (Kanbun 3, 1st day of the 5th month): An earthquake struck in Ōmi Province.
 * 1665 (Kanbun 5, 6th month): Courts of inquiry were established in all the villages of the empire. These courts were charged with discovering the faith of the inhabitants, and their express purpose was to discover and eradicate all remnants of Christianity and Christian believers in Japan.
 * 1668 (Kanbun 8, 1st day of the 2nd month): A major fire broke out in Edo—a conflagration lasting 45 days. The disastrous fire was attributed to arson. Residents of Edo and later historians of the period also called this the fire of the eighth year of Kanbun.
 * 1669 (Kanbun 9): An Ainu rebellion, Shakushain's Revolt (1669–1672), breaks out in Hokkaido against the Matsumae clan
 * 1670 (Kanbun 10): The Bonin Islands (Ogasawara Islands) are discovered by the Japanese when a ship bound for Edo from Kyūshū is blown off course by a storm.

title: Kanbun (era)


text:
User talk:Istanbul Kid

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Istanbul Kid


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British Rail Class 104

The British Rail Class 104 diesel multiple units were built by Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company from 1957 to 1959.

A product of British Rail's Modernisation Plan of 1954, the 104s were designed for general branch line and commuter routes. The first units ordered were for the London Midland Region, with the majority of the class for use in North West of England. The Class 110 was a re-engineered version of the 104 with more powerful engines, but did not last as long in service. The 104s had asbestos insulation removed during the 1970s.

Greater Manchester
The 104 was introduced on 17 June 1957. The type was seen regularly on services from Manchester to Buxton, Marple, New Mills and Blackpool. The 104 was ideal for these routes as the lightweight chassis were well suited to the hilly lines in the northwest of England. A regular sight in the Greater Manchester area for over 30 years, the 104s were replaced by Sprinters by 1990, with the last running on 4 May 1990.

Scotland
In early 1984 a few units reallocated to Scotland to replace Class 107s. A fire at Ayr depot had destroyed several trains and the 104s were called in to replace them. One unit was repainted in a unique maroon and white livery for services to Oban – it became known as the "Mexican Bean". The 104s were withdrawn from Scotland in April 1989 and were replaced by Sprinter DMUs.

London Region
Other vehicles spent time in London and the last vehicles could be found on the Gospel Oak to Barking line. They were withdrawn in 1995.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 18 January 1986, a Class 104 unit (vehicles 53433 & 53482) suffered a brake failure, ran past three signals at danger and collided with Class 47 locomotive 47 111 near Preston. Forty-four people were injured.

Departmental Use
A number of Class 104s were used following their withdrawal from passenger services.

The last two London Midland DTCL vehicles to survive, M54182 & M54183, were converted in 1987/1988 into loco hauled Sandite cars and renumbered ADB977554/ADB977555 respectively. Used until 1994, M54183 was scrapped in February 1994 while M54182 was stored at Buxton until June 2000 and was saved for preservation.

Other Sandite cars included 53472, 53478 & 53530 which were used in Scotland until April 1989.

Derby RTC, known for their railway testing, used 53475, 53506 & 53422 (renumbered 977342, 977343 & 977344 respectively) as carriage washing test coaches. They also used 53451 & 53529 as part of DMU auto-gear experiments until February 1991.

M54182 was the only vehicle converted for non-passenger use to survive into preservation. In 2008 after several years in storage, the vehicle was restored externally, retaining its departmental condition and run in a demonstration capacity with Class 37 37075 for a gala weekend at the Churnet Valley Railway. It was believed by the organisers to be the first and only time that departmental DMU Sandite operations had been recreated in a heritage setting.

Preservation
13 Class 104 vehicles are preserved, all were owned privately by two individuals. 12 vehicles were preserved in 1992 in a bulk tender from British Rail who at the time were reluctant to sell individual vehicles or sets. The thirteenth was saved in 2000 after protracted storage after departmental use. In 2020 the first one was scrapped (50556) due to its extremely poor condition at the East Lancashire Railway.

East Lancs Railway
The East Lancs Railway is now the main location for Class 104 preservation, with a number of vehicles based there. The line is geographically appropriate to the Class, being close to Manchester, and lines that the Class 104's served for most of their lives. During their time at the Churnet Valley Railway a small restoration team returned a 2-car set to service between 1997 & 2004. Between 2005 & 2010 attention turned to the rebuild of unique Trailer Composite Lavatory (TCL) M59137 to strengthen the 2-car set to 3 cars, however limited resources put the restoration on hold. Driving Trailer Composite Lavatory (DTCL) ADB977554 was also cosmetically restored into BR Blue livery in 2008 and performed demonstration sandite trains that year with Class 37 Diesel 37075.

Llangollen Railway
The Llangollen Railway received three vehicles in 1994 on a long-term loan basis. A 2-car set (M50454/M50528) was quickly returned to service in 1994 and has operated in service every season bar one since. The railway also have a "spare" power car (M50447) which was used as a mess-coach and workshop between 1994 & 2011 before being selected itself for a restoration to operating condition, which is currently ongoing.

North Norfolk Railway
The North Norfolk Railway received DTCL 56182 in February 2015 from the Churnet Valley Railway for restoration back to original condition. It was then joined by 50479 in October 2020 from the Telford Steam Railway for restoration but is currently stored until 56182 is completed. 50479 will receive a rolling restoration, so it can be used to haul 56182 at special events, of body and interior to bring it up to a fully restored condition. Once restoration of both vehicles are complete they will run in a as delivered 2-car power trailer formation.

Telford Steam Railway
The Telford Steam Railway was home to the remaining four vehicles (also on long-term loan), which arrived between 1999 and 2001 from Oswestry, Crewe and Meadowhall. Between 1999 & 2004 the railway operated a 2-car set formed of M50479/M50531 but it was later downgraded to coaching stock use only and by 2010 only M50479 was used. Then in 2018 M50479 was finally withdraw and stored. The other two vehicles, E59228 & E53556, are in poor condition and have not run in preservation. E53556 left for the East Lanchshire Railway in November 2017 to be scrapped. M50479 left in October 2020 for the North Norfolk Railway after the loan was terminated. It will be restored after M56182. E59228 left in October 2020 for the East Lancashire Railway where it will be stored for the foreseeable future after the loan terminated in 2017.

title: British Rail Class 104


text: User talk:65.64.92.40

title: User talk:65.64.92.40


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Manji (era)

Manji (万治) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Meireki and before Kanbun. This period spanned the years from July 1658 through April 1661. The reigning emperor was Go-Sai-tennō (後西天皇).

Change of era

 * 1658 Manji gannen (万治元年): The era name was changed to mark a disastrous, great fire in Edo. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Meireki 4, on the 23rd day of the 7th month.

The source of this era name comes from the Records of the Grand Historian: "When the common people know their place, then all under heaven is ruled"  (衆民乃定、万国為治)

Events of the Manji era

 * 1658 (Manji 1): In the aftermath of the Great Mereiki Fire, the shogunate organized four all-samurai, all-Edo firefighting squads.
 * 1658 (Manji 1): Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu is born. Yoshiyasu will become Shōgun Tsunayoshi's favorite courtier and chief counselor.
 * 1659 (Manji 2): In Edo, construction begins on the Ryōgoku Bridge (ryogokubashi).
 * 1660 (Manji 3): Former rōjū Sakai Tadakatsu entered the Buddhist priesthood.

title: Manji (era)


text:
Talk:Blaise Pascal

images
There are too many images, and it's making this page crowded. I say we remove the stamp image, and develop a caption for the statue image. -- Removed this passage: "Following an accident in 1654 at the Neuilly bridge where the horses plunged over the parapet but the carriage miraculously survived, Pascal abandoned mathematics and physics for philosophy and theology." Source? Pascal's turn toward religion is commonly attributed to his mystical experience of Nov. 23, 1654. Mark K. Jensen 09:47, Jan 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Found a source placing the accident in question 15 days before Pascal's mystical experience. Mark K. Jensen 01:25, Jan 26, 2005 (UTC)

Article Direction
When searching for Pascal I was brought to an article about the Pascal physics unit. It seems obvious that the biography of a man should come before an article about a connotation in the mans honor, so I think it should direct here first.

Semi-protected edit request on 29 November 2019

 * this page should be unprotected -- there is no reason for it to be protected for >10yrs. either wikip is open, or it isnt — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:4B00:89AA:CA00:680B:8D6C:3328:A26C (talk) 19:46, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

Request: Pascal had three sibling(s) not two. He had Older sibling and she died when she was child. Her name remains unknown. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=qpmGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=pascal+is+third+child&source=bl&ots=FnMn72jFMx&sig=ACfU3U1xOKpGvBj6jDd3jo5DN-IHjYCprQ&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-gtXSiJHmAhUKbn0KHfu8DBMQ6AEwGnoECAkQAQ I'm not sure and I'm a little bit skeptical with some sources. More: http://famous-mathematicians.org/blaise-pascal/ https://prezi.com/fmw68lwidhds/blaise-pascal/ http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/~greg/calculators/pascal/About_Pascal.htmMathemaphilosophie (talk) 21:10, 29 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. – Frood (talk) 02:18, 30 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I am not a regular contributor to Wikipedia but I do know a thing or two about Pascal. The older sister's name was Antonia, or sometimes spelled Anthonia. There are literally hundreds of references to her all over the internet, including here: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/3241/blaise-pascal
 * There is also a reference to it in Pascal's biography, "Pascal's Wager" by James A. Connor, 2006 (Harper Collins). Looking at the reference "reliable sources" shown above gave me little to no understanding as to why the original reference was inadequate. 98.53.149.206 (talk) 22:01, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Also I'm not the original person who made the comment - just another passer-by who noticed the same error as the original poster did. 98.53.149.206 (talk) 22:02, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

Edit request October 2020
"The latter contains Pascal's Wager, a probabilistic argument for God's existence." This sentence is found in the introduction to the page. It would be better to characterize the Wager as a practical argument for the belief in God's existence. Its focus is to persuade the listener to live and accept theism, not demonstrate its theoretical truth. This is obvious since the argument itself proceeds by admitting that God may not exist, which in any case is better not to be supposed, hence its conclusion.
 * I'm not sure I got my head around your criticism. I grant Pascal is something of a fideist and also that one could elaborate on the Wager and I've yet to do so, but it is definitely based in probability. It and Bayes Theorem are probably the two most famous instances of use of the mathematics of probability in philosophy. It is not a mere piece of rhetoric, but a piece of logic or at least mathematics. The force of the argument is not just practical but numerical; that belief in God is an infinite reward for finite cost. "Practical argument for God's existence" sounds more like Kant's moral argument for God's existence, which he would call based in practical reason.   Your point seems to be that it's not an argument for the logical necessity of God, which is true, but then probabilistic in the sense of inductive rather than deductive inference is also correct.  Cake  (talk) 00:30, 27 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I’m not the original poster here, but I think what they’re saying is that the Wager isn’t an argument that God exists; it’s an argument in favor of believing in God.
 * The phrase “probabilistic argument for God's existence” can be read as meaning “an argument (based in probabilistic math) claiming that God exists.”
 * So I think OP was saying that the phrasing here is misleading about what the Wager argues in favor of. Elysdir (talk) 17:49, 14 October 2023 (UTC)

reference to Zhu Shijie
There is no reference to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Shijie in this article. According to this Wikipedia entry 朱世傑 invented or discovered this mathematical schema some several hundred years before Blaise Pascal. This article should make reference to this fact. PillarOfAshok (talk) 18:19, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

 * We need uninvolved reliable sources stating this. Ymblanter (talk) 01:07, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Upon re-reading the existing material in Wikipedia I think the matter is dealt with sufficiently in the separate article here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_triangle. I also chatted with a few folks on the Chinese language wikipedia discord about this topic, who pointed out that 'Pascal's Triangle' is known as 杨辉三角 in Chinese (Yang Hui Triangle) - nevertheless the Chinese language version of the above article (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/巴斯卡三角形) refers to Pascal's triangle. Nobody seemed bothered by this. PillarOfAshok (talk) 14:26, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I have added a redirection for those who desire to see the main article, namely, Pascal's triangle. Wherein, those who feel intrigued by the section will click on the main article thus having a bien pensant understanding of the Pascal’s triangle. Raulois (talk) 18:49, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

Was Pascal gay?
In Bit by Bit: An Illustrated History of Computers, Stan Augarten writes: “To a large degree, Blaise's extreme religiosity was fuelled by agonizingly poor health and a pent-up sexuality—he apparently was a homosexual.” (p. 23)

I’m not finding anything about his sexuality anywhere online (except for a copy of the above line, used verbatim without attributing it to Augarten) and Augarten doesn’t give a source for the claim that Pascal was gay.

Anyone have any more information?

Or, more generally, any more info about Pascal’s personal life? I feel like whether or not he was gay, more info about him as a person would be a useful addition to this article. Elysdir (talk) 18:00, 14 October 2023 (UTC)

 * I delved into this matter and, it’s suffice to say that, there’s no evidence capable of corroborating that Pascal was “gay”. Thus, I’m exceptionally intrigued to scrutinize where Augarten procured the notion that Pascal was “gay”, is it because he was single? Pascal was always interconnected with his sisters and cared deeply for Mademoiselle de Roanez (you can find her on the French Wikipedia). Raulois (talk) 21:07, 14 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Here's a link to the book, if anyone would like to read the excerpt in context. It was written by Stan Augarten; note it a similar sentence has been reprinted on this university website. BhamBoi (talk) 01:57, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blaise Pascal