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History of the Scottish National Party

In Scotland, the Scottish National Party (SNP) is a left social democratic political party which campaigns for Scottish independence. The SNP has controlled Scotland's devolved legislature since the 2007 election as a minority government, and were a majority government from the 2011 election and have been a minority government, since the 2016 election.

Early years (1934–1960)
The party was founded on 7 April 1934 as the result of a merger between the National Party of Scotland (NPS) and the Scottish Party. Sir Alexander MacEwen became the new party's first leader. The merger was the brainchild of leading NPS figure John MacCormick, who desired unity for the nationalist movement in Scotland, and, upon learning of the Scottish Party's emergence, moved to secure it.

Initially, the SNP did not support all-out independence for Scotland, but rather the establishment of a devolved Scottish Assembly within the United Kingdom. This became the party's initial position on the constitutional status of Scotland as a result of a compromise between the NPS, who did support independence, and the Scottish Party, who were devolutionists. John MacCormick wanted a merger between the two parties and knew that it would only be through the support of devolution rather than independence that the Scottish Party would be persuaded to merge. However, the SNP quickly reverted to the NPS stance of supporting full independence for Scotland.

Professor Douglas Young was the leader of the Scottish National Party from 1942 to 1945. Young fought for the Scottish people to refuse conscription and his activities were popularly vilified as undermining the British war effort against the Nazis. Young was imprisoned for refusing to be conscripted.

John MacCormick left the party in 1942, owing to his failure to change the party's policy from supporting all out independence to Home Rule at that year's SNP conference in Glasgow. McCormick went on to form the Scottish Covenant Association, a non-partisan political organisation campaigning for the establishment of a devolved Scottish Assembly. This Covenant in itself proved politically challenging for the SNP, as it stole their nationalist platform. It also deprived the party of many members, who left with MacCormick.

The Covenant managed to get over 2 million signatures to a petition demanding Home Rule for Scotland in the late 1940s and early 1950s, and secured support from across the parties, but it eventually faded as a political force.

The SNP's early years were characterised by a lack of electoral progress and it wasn't until 1945 that the SNP's first member was elected to the UK parliament at Westminster. The party's first MP was Robert McIntyre who won a by-election for Motherwell under unusual wartime conditions, but he lost the seat in the general election later that year.

McIntyre's brief spell did not particularly galvanise the SNP. The 1950s were characterised by low levels of support, and this made it difficult for the party to advance. Indeed, in most general elections they were unable to put up more than a handful of candidates. The party's former president, Roland Muirhead, devoted much of his time to the Scottish National Congress, a direct action organisation which competed for support with the SNP.

A split occurred in the SNP in 1955 (although not as large as that of 1942) when a grouping styled the 55 Group started an organised campaign of internal dissent. This group was formed mainly of younger SNP members frustrated at the lack of progress of the party. This split proved to be minor and involved only a few members, mainly located in the city of Edinburgh, and the new National Party of Scotland made no impact whatsoever in the long-run.

The 1960s
Despite the poor record the SNP had in the 1950s, by the 1960s, they were beginning to make more impact. They won a significant vote in the 1961 Glasgow Bridgeton by-election, and William Wolfe did well at the 1962 West Lothian by-election. The party began to grow quickly in the 1960s with a rapid growth in the number of recognised branches. For example, in 1966 alone the SNP National Executive recognised 113 new branches of the party. 1967 was the year that the party signalled they could begin to make an impact electorally. The party polled very well at the Pollok by-election, winning some 28% of the votes cast in a constituency where they had never stood before.

Later that year, the SNP scored an even greater electoral success. Winnie Ewing won the Hamilton constituency in a by-election in 1967 with the help of national organizer John McAteer. Consequently, the SNP began to make a serious impact on the political scene. Ewing famously said on the night of her by-election victory, 'stop the world, Scotland wants to get on', and this spirit seemed to be embraced by many Scots. Her victory propelled the party into the popular conscience and many new members joined as a result. A novel feature of the 1967 SNP Annual Conference was that the party leader Arthur Donaldson was challenged for the position of party convenor. His challenger was Douglas Drysdale, who was vocally critical of Donaldson's leadership. Donaldson overwhelmingly defeated Drysdale to retain his position. Several prominent individuals formed the 1320 Club, hoping to develop a wider movement in the style of the Scottish Covenant Association, but they were expelled in 1968 for advocating paramilitary activity.

In local elections, the SNP were beginning to show they could compete also. In the 1967 Local Council elections, the SNP secured over 200,000 votes across the country making 27 gains in the burgh elections, and 42 in the counties. They managed to take control of Stirling council where former party leader Robert McIntyre became Provost. The SNP then went onto secure the largest share of the Scottish vote of any of the parties contesting the 1968 Local Council elections, winning some 40% of the vote.

Ewing's by-election victory and this improved electoral performance in the local elections helped to provoke the then UK Labour Government to establish the Kilbrandon Commission to set up the blue-print for the establishment of a devolved Scottish Assembly. It also prompted Edward Heath's announcement at the Conservative Perth Conference in 1968 that if he became Prime Minister he would establish a Scottish Assembly.

Scotland's unionist politicians were becoming increasingly worried at the growth of the SNP. The Labour Party in particular had cause for alarm as Scotland provided so much of their support base, and the SNP were now picking up support in their very heartlands.

At the 1969 party conference, William Wolfe was elected SNP leader in place of Arthur Donaldson.

The 1970s
At the 1970 general election, the SNP improved their vote over 1966, but did not make a serious breakthrough. Ewing lost her Hamilton seat and the only consolation for the SNP was the capture of the Western Isles, making Donald Stewart into their only MP. Thereafter, though, the SNP entered a period of sustained growth following the pattern of the 1960s: a number of strong showings in individual by-elections.

There was a minor setback in the early 1970s when a small number of party members in Dundee left to form a Labour Party of Scotland. This new party contested the Dundee East by-election of 1973, and the number of votes they captured was more than the Labour candidate's margin of victory over the SNP candidate, Gordon Wilson. However, in the long-run, this new party folded and most of its members returned to the SNP.

They were bolstered by their capture of the Glasgow Govan seat with Margo MacDonald as their candidate from the Labour Party in a by-election in 1973. This again signalled to Labour that the SNP posed an electoral threat to them and in the February 1974 General Election they returned 7 MPs. The failure of the Labour Party to secure an overall majority prompted them to quickly return to the polls to secure such and in the October 1974 General Election the SNP performed even better than they had done earlier in the year, winning 11 MPs and managing to get over 30% of the vote across Scotland.

The main driving force behind the growth of the SNP in the 1970s was the discovery of oil in the North Sea off the coast of Scotland. The SNP ran a hugely successful It's Scotland's oil campaign, emphasising the way in which they believed the discovery of oil could benefit all of Scotland's citizens. While Scottish Labour's electoral dominance had been well-established at this point, owing to the fact that Labour – as the party that created the National Health Service galvanised support for its vision of the welfare state and working class solidarity across the nations of the UK; the discovery of North Sea oil offered nationalists an equally compelling vision – where oil wealth would provide Scotland an escape from the stagflation the British economy was experiencing and the social unrest it led to.

Former SNP leader William Wolfe has argued that along with this campaign, the SNP was aided by their support for the workers in the Upper Clyde Shipbuilders Work-in, being led by Jimmy Reid, as well as supporting the workers at the Scottish Daily Express when they attempted to run the paper themselves and other such campaigns.

1979 United Kingdom general election
The SNP continued to ride high in the opinion polls throughout the 1970s, and many members are convinced that if the Liberals, led by David Steel hadn't maintained the Labour Government of the time in power, the SNP might have made further electoral gains in the resulting general election. It did well at the local elections of 1977, making 98 net gains and leaving much of Scotland under hung councils. However 1978 saw a Labour revival at the expense of the SNP, at three by-elections (Glasgow Garscadden, Hamilton and Berwick and East Lothian) and the local elections. The general election did not come until 1979, by which time the SNP's support had dwindled.

By 1976, the Labour Government had lost the three-seat majority it won at the 1974 general election after a series of by-election defeats, making its survival dependent on SNP support. In a position of the kingmaker, the SNP named home rule for Scotland as its price. Conservative opposition forced progress of the Scottish bill to a crawl, nevertheless, a bill to hold a referendum on establishing a devolved legislative assembly for Scotland was passed in 1978. However, Labour MP George Cunningham inserted an amendment requiring that the proposal be approved by 40% of all registered voters in order to take effect. In practice this doomed the home rule cause as while the proposed Scottish Assembly secured a majority of 51.6% at the referendum, a turnout of 63.7% meant only 32.9% of the electorate approved the bill. As a result, the SNP withdrew its support for the Labour Government.

In 1979, the SNP Parliamentary Group voted against the Labour Government in a Vote of No Confidence, causing the dissolution of the government and subsequent election. The then Labour Prime Minister, James Callaghan famously described this decision by the SNP as that of "turkeys voting for Christmas". After the 1979 general election, the SNP had only two seats, representing a net loss of nine seats. Margaret Thatcher became the UK's Prime Minister.

UK Government interference
The party was accused of paranoia when its leaders claimed it was being spied upon by government agents, but this belief was eventually substantiated by declassified government files. These files proved that the government had in fact spied on the SNP in the 1950s. During the 1970s, the British government used both police and agents placed within trade unions to limit the growth of the SNP the best it could. The Labour Party, which controlled the government at the time and drew a great deal of support from Scotland, saw that the SNP had become much more than a protest vote. It is alleged that government interference is part of what helped bring about the collapse in support for the party in 1979. Labour continues to ridicule the SNP for their claims of government interference. "The SNP appears totally paranoid. All the evidence shows they are absolutely no threat whatsoever to the British state," said a Labour spokesperson in response to the SNP's complaints. Despite these words, the Labour government has had several files on the SNP sealed for fifty years, citing reasons of national security.

Factionalism after 1979
The party went into a period of decline after the failure to secure a devolved Scottish Assembly in 1979, its poor performance in the general election of that year, and a perceived complicity in helping Thatcher get elected by voting for the dissolution of the Labour government. A period of internal strife followed, culminating in the proscription of two internal groups, Siol nan Gaidheal and the left-wing 79 Group. However, several 79 Group members would later return to prominence in the party, including Alex Salmond, who would later lead the party. It proved too much for Margo MacDonald though, who was defeated by Douglas Henderson for the position of party deputy leader at the 1979 party conference, and left the SNP, angry at the treatment of the left wing of the party, although she would later return to the party and be elected as an MSP.

There was also another internal grouping formed within the party, primarily as a response to the growth of the 79 Group entitled the Campaign for Nationalism in Scotland, with the support of traditionalists such as Winnie Ewing. This group sought to ensure that the primary objective of the SNP was campaigning for independence outwith a traditional left-right orientation. If the group was successful, it would have undone the work of figures such as William Wolfe, who moved the SNP to become a clearly defined social democratic party in the 1970s.

The 1980s
The period of internal factionalism inside the SNP came to an end at the 1982 SNP Conference, where internal factions were banned. The 79 Group, despite their proscription, were bolstered by the collapse of the Scottish Labour Party (SLP) in the aftermath of the 1979 election. This resulted in the SLP's leading figure, Jim Sillars deciding to join the SNP, as did a great number of other ex-SLP members. Sillars had been a Labour Party MP in the 1970s but, dissatisfied with the Labour Government's policy on Scottish devolution and their socio-economic programme, had in 1976 formed the SLP. This influx of ex-SLP members served to strengthen the left of the party, to which these new members naturally gravitated.

In 1979, William Wolfe stood down as SNP leader, and in the resultant leadership election Gordon Wilson was elected leader with 530 votes to 79 Group member Stephen Maxwell's 117 votes, and Willie McRae's 52 votes.

The 1980s offered little hope for the SNP with poor performances in both the 1983 and 1987 General Elections. Indeed, even the party leader, Gordon Wilson lost his seat in 1987. The party took stock of these results and started to analyse its policy platform. Sillars began to grow in influence in the party and the SNP was firmly placing itself on the left of centre.

Sillars argued against the idea that the party should eschew left-right politics in favour of focussing solely on independence by stating the Scottish people had to be given reasons as to why independence would benefit their lives, and that this should involve a fully developed socio-economic programme. He argued against the idea that somehow the country could be guided in a "tartan trance" to independence, as if the Scottish people could ignore the realities of the economic system in which they found themselves. Sillars was also key in moving the party to adopting a position of Independence in Europe to alleviate the "separatist" tag that the SNP's unionist opponents attached to them. Previously, the SNP had been sceptical about Scotland's continued membership of the EEC, but Sillars helped secure a firm commitment to an independent Scotland's membership.

There was a minor setback in 1987 when a few members on the left of the party broke away to establish a Scottish Socialist Party (not the same one that is in existence now) but in the long-run this small party did not establish itself and it folded without threatening to make a major electoral breakthrough.

As the 1980s wore on, the party managed to re-group and in 1988 the SNP managed to win the Govan seat in a by-election for the second time, with Sillars as their candidate. This was a huge upset, as the SNP overturned a Labour majority of around 19,000 and had not been expected to win. However, a hard-fought campaign using the party's sizeable activist base won through. Sillars' oratorical capabilities and street campaigning methods also played a decisive role in the party's victory.

Sillars' victory provoked great alarm amongst the Labour Party hierarchy in Scotland, much as Ewing's had in the 1960s. Fearing that their strong Scottish electoral base was under threat, they helped establish the Scottish Constitutional Convention to set out a blueprint for devolution. Initially the SNP looked as though they would get involved and party leader Gordon Wilson and Sillars attended an initial meeting of the convention. However, the convention's unwillingness to contemplate independence as a constitutional option persuaded Sillars in particular against getting involved and the SNP did not take part.

The first Salmond era
In 1990 Wilson stood down as leader and was replaced by Alex Salmond, who defeated Margaret Ewing for the post by 486 votes to 186. Salmond's victory surprised many as Ewing had the backing of most of the party leadership, including Sillars and the party secretary at the time, John Swinney, although he would go on to become a key ally of Salmond. Ewing's prominent supporters made her many people's favourite to win the contest, but in the end Salmond was the convincing victor. He proved a capable leader with his witty and intelligent style of debate giving him a national prominence and boosting the SNP's profile.

In that same year the SNP presence at Westminster was boosted when Labour MP for Dunfermline West, Dick Douglas defected to the SNP, citing his dissatisfaction with the way Labour had handled the Poll Tax issue as one reason. This boosted the SNP numbers at Westminster to five.

The 1992 General Election had promised much for the SNP. It proved to be mixed in fortunes. The SNP held three seats they had won in 1987, but lost Govan. They also lost Dunfermline West, but this was not helped by the sitting MP Dick Douglas deciding to stand against Labour MP Donald Dewar in his Glasgow seat instead of defending the seat he had represented for years. The SNP had failed to make headway in terms of winning seats. However, their campaign proved a success in terms of votes won, with the SNP vote going up by 50% from their 1987 performance. It proved too much to bear for Sillars though, and he quit active politics, famously describing the Scots as '90 minute patriots'. It also signaled the breakdown of the political relationship between Sillars and Salmond.

The intervening years between the 1992 and 1997 general elections were marked by some SNP electoral success. In the 1994 elections for the European Parliament the party managed to secure over 30% of the popular vote and return two MEPs (Winnie Ewing and Allan MacCartney). The SNP also came very close to winning the Monklands East by-election of that year, caused by the death of the leader of the Labour Party, John Smith. In 1995 they went one better, when the Perth and Kinross by-election was won by Roseanna Cunningham who later became the party's deputy leader.

The 1997 General Election saw the SNP double their number of MPs from three to six.

The Scottish Parliament
The return of the Labour Party to power came along with a referendum on Scottish devolution, which resulted in the establishment of the Scottish Parliament. This gave the SNP an opportunity to firmly establish itself as a political force in Scotland, and it returned 35 MSPs in the first Scottish Parliament election in 1999. Later that year, the party returned two members to the European Parliament, narrowly missing out on sending a third.

Swinney era
In 2000 John Swinney MSP was elected leader, defeating Alex Neil MSP by 547 votes to 268 in a hotly contested leadership election to replace Alex Salmond as National Convenor. Swinney's leadership quickly came under challenge. His subdued style of debating technique was often contrasted with that of his more charismatic predecessor.

The first term of the Scottish Parliament did not offer the SNP much comfort. Two MSPs quit the party, Margo MacDonald and Dorothy-Grace Elder, citing the actions of some of their colleagues as reasons for their resignations. The SNP also performed poorly at the 2001 UK general election with a reduced share of the vote and one fewer MP.

Despite optimism that the party would at least retain the same number of MSPs they gained in 1999, a downturn in electoral fortune at the 2003 Scottish Parliament Elections weakened them somewhat. They returned 27 elected members in the Scottish Parliament, though remained the second largest party. The only parties which increased their representation in that election were the Scottish Socialist Party (SSP) and the Scottish Green Party, both of which also support independence.

Soon, Swinney's leadership was challenged by grassroots activist, Dr. Bill Wilson, in the summer of 2003. Wilson was broadly critical of what he argued were the centralising tendencies of the Swinney leadership, as well as a drift to the centre ground of politics away from the SNP's traditional position of the left. At the party conference of that year, the election took place with Swinney receiving 577 votes and Wilson taking 111.

2004 did not get off to a good start for Swinney's leadership. On 1 January, a former parliamentary candidate and a party activist in the Shetland Islands Brian Nugent announced that he was forming his own pro-independence party, the "Scottish Party" (which eventually relaunched itself as the Free Scotland Party) in response to what he perceived to be an overly pro-EU stance by the SNP.

Soon afterwards, the party's National Executive Committee decided to suspend and then expel Campbell Martin, an SNP MSP. Martin had backed Wilson's leadership challenge and had continued to be overtly critical of Swinney's leadership, resulting in disciplinary action.

Despite a slump in the vote and a decrease in the number of available seats from 7 to 6, the SNP was able to retain its two Members of the European Parliament at the 2004 European elections. Nonetheless, John Swinney announced his resignation on 22 June 2004. He said that he would remain as caretaker leader until a successor was elected.

2004 leadership contest
Shortly afterwards, two MSPs (Roseanna Cunningham and Nicola Sturgeon) and one former MSP (Mike Russell) announced that they would be candidates in the election for the party leadership. Alex Neil MSP announced that he would not be a candidate, citing what he believed to be the hostility of senior party figures such as Fergus Ewing and Alex Salmond to the prospect of his becoming leader. In a surprise announcement on 15 July 2004, Alex Salmond announced that he would also be a candidate in the leadership race, despite having previously said "if asked, I'll decline, if nominated, I'll defer, and if elected, I'll resign". Nicola Sturgeon then withdrew from the contest and declared her support for Salmond and decided to stand for Deputy Leader.

This resulted in Kenny MacAskill pulling out of the race for deputy and declaring his support for Salmond and Sturgeon, leaving Sturgeon standing against Fergus Ewing and Christine Grahame. Shortly after Salmond and Sturgeon announced they were running on a joint ticket.

The campaign for leader was characterised by being a low-key affair. Salmond remained firm favourite to win back the leadership of the SNP. There remained greater doubt as to who would be the deputy leader with it being widely expected to be a much more close run affair than that for the post of leader.

There were some surprises during the course of the campaign. Alex Neil and Adam Ingram both came out in support of Alex Salmond, although they supported Grahame for deputy rather than Sturgeon. This was unexpected as both men had previously been critics of Salmond in the past. It was particularly surprising in light of Salmond's earlier comments, before he had entered the race that he would have difficulties working with Neil should he be elected leader, although he later went on the record to say that he should not have publicly said this.

There was some degree of criticism of Salmond's position by other candidates, who felt that his decision to lead the SNP from being a member of the British Parliament at Westminster rather than from the Scottish Parliament was contrary to the party's aim of independence. Nonetheless, on 3 September 2004, Salmond and Sturgeon were elected leader and deputy respectively. The result of the Leadership contest, in what was the first "One Member One Vote" election run by the SNP (as opposed to the delegate based elections of the past) was Salmond 4,952 (75.8%); Cunningham 953 (14.6%); and Russell 631 (9.7%). The result of the contest for Deputy Leader was Sturgeon 3,521 (53.9%); Ewing 1,605 (24.6%); and Grahame 1,410 (21.6%).

Since Salmond was an MP until 2010, Sturgeon led the party at the Scottish Parliament until Alex Salmond was elected as an MSP in 2007.

2005 United Kingdom general election
The SNP had mixed fortunes in the general election held on 5 May 2005. They managed to gain two seats (Angus MacNeil winning in Na h-Eileanan an Iar and Stewart Hosie in Dundee East) from the notional four they held to bring their total to six Members of Parliament. MacNeil's victory received particular praise for the 9.2% swing from Labour that led to the victory, especially as it was the first SNP gain from Labour in a UK general election for 31 years. However, there was also disappointment in that the sitting MP Annabelle Ewing did not manage to win the new Ochil and South Perthshire constituency, finishing 688 votes behind the Labour candidate.

There was also disappointment in that the SNP's share of the Scottish vote fell to 17.7% and that they finished third behind the Liberal-Democrats; this was the first time this had ever happened. The SNP's share of the vote across the Scottish Central Belt was particularly low, with some candidates only just managing to achieve a high enough share of the vote in their constituency to retain their £500 deposit.

However, Alex Salmond was in buoyant mood in the aftermath of the campaign, describing the SNP's Westminster parliamentary group as "Scotland's Super Six" and also promising that the SNP would be far more competitive in the 2007 election for the Scottish Parliament.

The second Salmond era
The return of Salmond marked an important milestone in the SNP's ideological transformation. Already during his first stint as leader, Salmond had convinced the party to embrace gradualism and adopt "independence must be achieved by a referendum" as the new strategy – an end to the long-held nationalist suspicion of referendums as a tool for unionists to thwart the independence cause, as had been the case in the 1979 devolution referendum. With a strategy that would later be adopted by Conservative leader David Cameron, Salmond decided the only way to end New Labour's electoral dominance was to emulate it, while highlighting their few ideological differences where New Labour was less popular, such as its support for the Trident nuclear deterrent based in Scotland. Like New Labour, the SNP embraced neo-liberal economics and sought to follow the Irish model by slashing corporation tax and attracting international businesses, while ending its traditional radicalism by abandoning its plans for nationalisation and higher income taxes. Unlike New Labour, however, Salmond and his deputy Nicola Sturgeon coated their policies with a heavy douse of social democratic rhetoric in order to appear more authentically left-wing than Labour to the latter's supporters.

2007 Scottish Parliament general election
The Scottish National Party was victorious in the 2007 election to the Scottish Parliament, emerging as the largest party with 47 seats. It narrowly defeated the incumbent Scottish Labour Party, which had 46 seats. The Conservatives won 17 seats, the Lib Dems 16 seats, the Greens 2 seats, and the Independent candidate Margo MacDonald was re-elected. On 16 May 2007, Alex Salmond was elected First Minister by the Parliament and sworn in the next day at the Court of Session in Edinburgh. The SNP went on to win the 2008 Glasgow East by-election and the largest share of the Scottish popular vote in the 2009 European Parliament election. The SNP exploited voter fatigue with Labour – a 2006 poll found 56% Scots believed Labour had been in power in Scotland for too longer, the fallout from the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the power struggle between Tony Blair and Gordon Brown which eroded Labour's popularity. Devolution had clearly become a turning point in the SNP's electoral fortunes, as while it would struggle for relevance in a UK election, the devolved parliament provided the SNP with oxygen it otherwise could not compete with Labour. As all of the SNP's MPs made the switch to the Scottish Parliament while only a handful of Labour MPs followed suit, the clear contrast in commitment to Scotland further the SNP's narrative that it, not Labour, was fighting for Scotland's interests. Salmond became the first pro-independence Scottish leader since the Act of Union of 1707.

The 2010s
The 2010 UK general election proved disappointing for the SNP, as the party only retained their six seats without making any gains, although they did overtake the Liberal Democrats to become the second-largest party on the popular vote share.

Majority government in Holyrood
The 2011 Scottish Parliament election, however, delivered the first majority government of the devolved Scottish Parliament as the SNP won a landslide of 69 seats, considered a remarkable feat as the Additional Member System used to elect MSPs was originally implemented to prevent single-party governments, as well as to produce proportional results. Following the result, the leaders of all the main opposition parties resigned their positions. The SNP's victory came on the back of the collapse of the Lib Dems, who was tainted by its participation in the Conservative-led UK Government, while Scottish Labour had clearly failed to inspire voters in opposition. Later, the SNP confirmed its intent to hold a referendum on Scottish independence.

Independence referendum campaign

In October 2012, the SNP voted at its party conference to change their stance on NATO, supporting continued membership for an independent Scotland. This was widely seen as the resolution of the long-standing NATO debate within the party. In response, two MSPs – John Finnie and Jean Urquhart – resigned from the party and became Independent MSPs. Another MSP, John Wilson, followed after the independence referendum.

In November 2013, some policies the SNP would pursue in an independent Scotland were detailed in Scotland's Future, the Scottish Government's 670-page white paper on the case for Scottish independence and the means through which Scotland would become an independent country. It had previously been claimed by the SNP that the White Paper would be a "game changer" and support for independence did rise after the publication of the document.

The referendum was held on Thursday 18 September 2014. The Yes Campaign was defeated, with 44.7% of voters voting "Yes" and 55.3% voting "No" in response to the question "Should Scotland be an independent country?". The turnout was 84.6%.

Sturgeon era
Following the defeat of the Yes Campaign, on the morning of 19 September, Alex Salmond announced he intended to step down as Leader of the Scottish National Party and First Minister of Scotland at the SNP's Autumn Conference.

On 14 November 2014, Nicola Sturgeon was elected as Leader of the Scottish National Party unopposed, with Dundee East MP Stewart Hosie elected as Depute Leader. On 20 November 2014, Sturgeon was formally sworn in as First Minister of Scotland, becoming the first female to hold the position. She embarked on a tour of Scotland, speaking to 12,000 people at the Hydro Arena in Glasgow on 22 November 2014.

The SNP's party membership increased dramatically post referendum, from around 25,000 members on the day of the referendum to around 92,000 as of 22 November 2014.

2015 SNP landslide
The SNP rebounded from the loss in the independence referendum at the 2015 UK general election, led by Nicola Sturgeon. The party went from holding six seats in the House of Commons to 56, mostly at the expense of the Labour Party. All but three of the fifty-nine constituencies in the country elected an SNP candidate in the party's most comprehensive electoral victory at any level; the party became the third-largest in the Commons, overtaking the Liberal Democrats (UK) — the Lib Dems or Liberals had been the third party since the Second World War.

2016 parliamentary elections
The SNP remained in control of the Scottish Parliament following the 2016 parliamentary elections. However, the SNP dropped from 69 seats at the 2011 election to 63, losing their majority. Nicola Sturgeon retained her post as First Minister under an SNP minority government.

2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum

The SNP was the only party to oppose the parliamentary bill which authorised a referendum on the UK's membership of the EU a year prior. While the SNP campaigned against European Communities membership in the 1975 referendum, it campaigned for Remain alongside Labour, the Liberal Democrats, the Greens and Plaid Cymru, while the Remain campaign was also supported by the UK Government and Prime Minister David Cameron, despite the Conservative Party remaining officially neutral. The UK Independence Party was the only main party in Great Britain to campaign for Leave. The UK as a whole voted for Leave by 52% on the back of English support, with England voting for Leave by 53%, while Scotland voted overwhelmingly for Remain by 62%, alongside Northern Ireland and Greater London. In its manifesto for the 2016 Scottish Parliament election, launched in April, two months before the EU referendum, the SNP stated that "a significant and material change in the circumstances that prevailed in 2014, such as Scotland being taken out of the EU against our will" would justify another independence referendum. Scotland's desire to remain in the EU and the direction taken by Conservative governments since the referendum have driven the SNP campaign for another independence referendum.

2017 United Kingdom general election
The SNP underperformed against polling expectations, losing 21 seats to bring their Westminster MPs down to 35. In what was largely attributed to their stance on holding a second Scottish independence referendum and saw a significant swing to the Unionist parties, with seats being gained by the Conservatives, Labour and the Liberal Democrats and a significant reduction in their majorities in the seats they did manage to retain. High-profile losses included: SNP House of Commons leader Angus Robertson in Moray and former SNP leader and First Minister Alex Salmond in Gordon; both of whom lost their seats to the Conservative Party.

2019 United Kingdom general election
The party achieved its best ever European Parliament result in the final election before Brexit, with the party taking its MEP total to 3 or half of Scottish seats. Later that year the SNP experienced a surge in the 2019 general election, winning 45.0% of the vote in Scotland. Although the party suffered a loss to the Liberal Democrats, it gained the seat of its then UK leader Jo Swinson, along with 7 from the Conservatives and 6 from Labour. Overall the party finished with 48 out of 59, or 81% of Scotland's Westminster seats.

2021 Scottish Parliament Election
At the 2021 Scottish election, the SNP won 64 seats, one seat short of a majority, albeit achieving a record high number of votes, vote share and constituency seats, and leading to another minority government led by the SNP. Sturgeon emphasised after her party's victory that it would focus on controlling the COVID-19 pandemic as well as pushing for a second referendum on independence.

Although in 2021 they won with a minority, a majority of MSPs elected had come from parties that supported Scottish independence; this prompted negotiations between the SNP and the Scottish Green Party to secure a deal that would see Green ministers appointed to government and the Scottish Greens backing SNP policies, with hopes that this united front on independence would solidify the SNP's mandate for the second independence referendum. The Third Sturgeon government was formed with Green support.

In the 2022 Scottish local elections, the SNP remained as the biggest party, winning a record number of councillors and securing majority control of Dundee.

On 15 February 2023, Sturgeon announced her intention to resign as leader and first minister.

On 16 March 2023, it was revealed that the SNP's membership had fallen to 72,000, down from over 125,000 at the end of 2019. As a result of this, CEO Peter Murrell resigned on 18 March after criticism was levied at him over the way the figures were published.

Post Sturgeon era (2023 onwards)
Humza Yousaf was announced as the next leader of the SNP on 27 March 2023 after winning the leadership election. Yousaf defeated Kate Forbes in the final stage, with 52% of the vote to Forbes's 48%. The leadership election was dominated by the strategy for a second independence referendum and the Gender Recognition Reform Bill, which has divided the party. Yousaf's views align with the party establishment and he is expected to continue Sturgeon's policies. The other two candidates, Forbes and Regan, were seen to be part of a new generational shift in the party.

On 5 April 2023, Peter Murrell, husband of Nicola Sturgeon and former party CEO, was arrested in connection with an investigation into Scottish National Party finances. It was reported that Police Scotland were searching a number of addresses including SNP headquarters and his home in Glasgow. A Niesmann + Bischoff motorhome was subsequently seized from a home in Fife that is believed to belong to Murrell's mother. He was later released without charge, pending further investigation. On 7 April 2023 it was announced that the SNP's auditors, Johnston Carmichael, had resigned from their role around October 2022, leaving only three months for their successors to approve and submit to the Electoral Commission the party's annual accounts for 2022. However, Humza Yousaf claimed he was unaware of the resignation until he won the SNP leadership contest in late March 2023. This comes less than a year after Douglas Chapman, SNP MP, resigned as their national treasurer stating that he was not given sufficient information to discharge his role.

title: History of the Scottish National Party


text: Category:Scottish essayists

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Scottish essayists


text:
Category:Scottish historians

See also Category:Historians of Scotland

title: Category:Scottish historians


text:
Roman Catholic Bishop of Arundel and Brighton

The Bishop of Arundel and Brighton is the ordinary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Arundel and Brighton in the Province of Southwark, England. On 21 May 2015, Pope Francis appointed Richard Moth to be the fifth bishop of Arundel and Brighton. He was installed on 28 May 2015 at Arundel Cathedral. The most recent former bishop was the Right Reverend Kieran Thomas Conry, the fourth bishop of the diocese, who announced his resignation on 27 September 2014, and which was accepted by Pope Francis on 4 October 2014.

The Diocese of Arundel and Brighton was created on 28 May 1965 out of the Diocese of Southwark when the latter was elevated to archdiocese status.

The diocese covers 4,997 sqkm and consists of the counties of East and West Sussex and Surrey outside the Greater London Boroughs. The see is in the town of Arundel where the bishop's seat is located in the Cathedral Church of Our Lady & Saint Philip Howard.


text:
Dyeing

Dyeing is the application of dyes or pigments on textile materials such as fibers, yarns, and fabrics with the goal of achieving color with desired color fastness. Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and particular chemical material. Dye molecules are fixed to the fiber by absorption, diffusion, or bonding with temperature and time being key controlling factors. The bond between the dye molecule and fiber may be strong or weak, depending on the dye used. Dyeing and printing are different applications; in printing, color is applied to a localized area with desired patterns. In dyeing, it is applied to the entire textile.

The primary source of dye, historically, has been nature, with the dyes being extracted from plants or animals. Since the mid-19th century, however, humans have produced artificial dyes to achieve a broader range of colors and to render the dyes more stable for washing and general use. Different classes of dyes are used for different types of fiber and at different stages of the textile production process, from loose fibers through yarn and cloth to complete garments.

Acrylic fibers are dyed with basic dyes, while nylon and protein fibers such as wool and silk are dyed with acid dyes, and polyester yarn is dyed with dispersed dyes. Cotton is dyed with a range of dye types, including vat dyes, and modern synthetic reactive and direct dyes.

Etymology
The word 'dye' comes from the Middle English 'deie', and from the Old English 'dag' and 'dah'. The first known use of the word 'dye' was before the 12th century.

History

The earliest dyed flax fibers have been found in a prehistoric cave in the Georgia and dates back to 34,000 BC. More evidence of textile dyeing dates back to the Neolithic period at the large Neolithic settlement at Çatalhöyük in southern Anatolia, where traces of red dyes, possibly from ocher, an iron oxide pigment derived from clay, were found. In China, dyeing with plants, barks, and insects has been traced back more than 5,000 years. Early evidence of dyeing comes from Sindh province in Ancient India modern day Pakistan, where a piece of cotton dyed with a vegetable dye was recovered from the archaeological site at Mohenjo-daro (3rd millennium BCE). The dye used in this case was madder, which, along with other dyes such as indigo, was introduced to other regions through trade. Natural insect dyes such as Cochineal and kermes and plant-based dyes such as woad, indigo and madder were important elements of the economies of Asia and Europe until the discovery of man-made synthetic dyes in the mid-19th century. The first synthetic dye was William Perkin's mauveine in 1856, derived from coal tar. Alizarin, the red dye present in madder, was the first natural pigment to be duplicated synthetically in 1869, a development which led to the collapse of the market for naturally grown madder. The development of new, strongly colored synthetic dyes followed quickly, and by the 1870s commercial dyeing with natural dyestuffs was disappearing. An important characteristic was light-fastness - resistance to fading when exposed to sunlight using industrial techniques such as those developed by James Morton.

Methods
Dyeing can be applied at various stages within the textile manufacturing process; for example, fibers may be dyed before being spun into yarns, and yarns may be dyed before being woven into fabrics. Fabrics and sometimes finished garments themselves may also be dyed. The stage at which a product is dyed varies depending on its intended end use, the cost to the manufacturer, its desired appearance, and the resources available, amongst other reasons. There are specific terms to describe these dyeing methods, such as:
 * Dope dyeing: In dope dyeing, pigments are added to the polymer solution itself before extruding the fibers. The process provides the dyed fibers with excellent fastness properties. The dope dyeing applies to synthetic fiber only. This method of dyeing is also known as solution dyeing and 'mass coloration' or 'mass colored'. It has limited color options.
 * Fiber dyeing: In fiber dyeing, the dyeing takes place at the fiber stage before they are spun into yarn. It is also called stock dyeing. Examples are melanges and medleys.
 * Yarn dyeing: In yarn dyeing, the yarns are dyed first before the fabric manufacturing stage. The yarn dyeing happens in hanks or in package dyeing. Package dyeing is a method where yarns are wound on perforated cones placed in a dye vessel. The dye solution is then alternatively pushed inside out and vice versa. Examples are many stripes, patterned (checks) and jacquard designed fabrics.
 * Piece dyeing: In piece dyeing, the dyeing takes place after producing fabrics with undyed yarns. Most of the solid dyed fabrics are dyed with the piece dyeing method, and the materials are also called piece dyed.
 * Garment dyeing: In garment dyeing, the garments are constructed of undyed, but ready-for-dyeing, fabrics.

Terms for different dyed materials
There are various terms used in the manufacturing and marketing industries depending on the method used to dye the substrate. For example, "stock dyed" refers to dyeing the fibers before making the yarn, "yarn dyed" refers to dyeing the yarns before producing fabrics, and "piece dyed" or "fabric dyed" refers to dyeing the yarns after they are converted into fabric. The fastness of fiber- and yarn-dyed materials is superior to that of fabrics.

Objective
The primary objective of the dyeing process is to achieve uniform color application in accordance with a predetermined color matching standard or reference on the substrate, which may be a fiber, yarn, or fabric, while meeting specified colour fastness requirements. Tie-dye and printing are the methods where the color is applied in a localized manner.

Exhaust method
In the exhaust method, the dye is transported to the substrate by the dye liquor's motion. The dye is adsorbed onto the fibre surface and ideally diffuses into the whole of the fibre. Water consumption in exhaust application is higher than the continuous dyeing method. There are three corresponding ways of dyeing with the exhaust method.

 * 1) Liquor circulating: loose stock, sliver, tow, yarn or fabric, is packed into canisters, wound onto cones or perforated beams and placed inside the dyeing vessel. In this way the liquor is pumped and revolves through the material which is stationary.
 * 2) Material circulating: Fabric winch dyeing and jiggers are the few forms in which material remains in motion and liquor stationary. In this the material moves through the stationary liquor.
 * 3) Liquor and material both in motion: Jet dyeing and softflow dyeing application methods where material and liquor both remain in motion.

Continuous method
In continuous method dye is transported to the substrate by passing it through the different stages but continuously. The continuous method is an innovative method where many discrete dyeing stages are combined, such as applying color, fixation and, washing off of unfixed dyes. Types of continuous dyeing are as follows

Cold pad batch method is a semi-continuous dyeing process.
 * Pad-steam
 * Pad dry
 * Thermosol

Waterless dyeing method
Waterless dyeing, also known as dry dyeing, is the newly developed and more sustainable dyeing method in which the dyes are applied to the substrate with the help of carbon dioxide or solutions that need less or no water compared to their counterparts.

Selection of dyes
The selection of the appropriate dyes is most important because any given dye does not apply to every type of fiber. Dyes are classified according to many parameters, such as chemical structure, affinity, application method, desired colour fastness i.e. resistance to washing, rubbing, and light. The properties may vary with different dyes. The selection of dye depends on the objective in dyeing and affinity (to which material is to be dyed). Fastness of color largely depends upon the molecular size of the dyes and the solubility. Larger molecular size serves better washing fastness results.

Indigo dyes have a poor wash and rubbing fastness on denim (cotton), so they are used to produce washed-down effects on fabrics. In contrast, vat or reactive dyes are applied to cotton to achieve excellent washing fastness.

The next important criterion for selecting dyes is the assessment of hazards to human health and the environment. There are many dyes especially disperse dyes that may cause allergic reactions to some individuals, and the negative impact on the environment. There are national and international standards and regulations which need to comply.

Direct application
The term "direct dye application" stems from some dyestuff having to be either fermented as in the case of some natural dye or chemically reduced as in the case of synthetic vat and sulfur dyes before being applied. This renders the dye soluble so that it can be absorbed by the fiber since the insoluble dye has very little substantivity to the fiber. Direct dyes, a class of dyes largely for dyeing cotton, are water-soluble and can be applied directly to the fiber from an aqueous solution. Most other classes of synthetic dye, other than vat and surface dyes, are also applied in this way.

The term may also be applied to dyeing without the use of mordants to fix the dye once it is applied. Mordants were often required to alter the hue and intensity of natural dyes and improve color fastness. Chromium salts were until recently extensively used in dyeing wool with synthetic mordant dyes. These were used for economical high color fastness dark shades such as black and navy. Environmental concerns have now restricted their use, and they have been replaced with reactive and metal complex dyes that do not require mordant.

Yarn dyeing
There are many forms of yarn dyeing. Common forms are the package form and the hanks form. Cotton yarns are mostly dyed at package form, and acrylic or wool yarn are dyed at hank form. In the continuous filament industry, polyester or polyamide yarns are always dyed at package form, while viscose rayon yarns are partly dyed at hank form because of technology.

The common dyeing process of cotton yarn with reactive dyes at package form is as follows:
 * 1) The raw yarn is wound on a spring tube to achieve a package suitable for dye penetration.
 * 2) These softened packages are loaded on a dyeing carrier's spindle one on another.
 * 3) The packages are pressed up to a desired height to achieve suitable density of packing.
 * 4) The carrier is loaded on the dyeing machine and the yarn is dyed.
 * 5) After dyeing, the packages are unloaded from the carrier into a trolley.
 * 6) Now the trolley is taken to hydro extractor where water is removed.
 * 7) The packages are hydro extracted to remove the maximum amount of water leaving the desired color into raw yarn.
 * 8) The packages are then dried to achieve the final dyed package.

After this process, the dyed yarn packages are packed and delivered.

Space dyeing
Space dyeing is a technique of localized color application that produces a unique multicolored effect.

History of garment dyeing
Garment dyeing is the process of dyeing fully fashioned garments subsequent to manufacturing, as opposed to the conventional method of manufacturing garments from pre-dyed fabrics.

Up until the mid-1970s the method was rarely used for commercial clothing production. It was used domestically, to overdye old, worn and faded clothes, and also by resellers of used or surplus military clothing. The first notable industrial use of the technique was made by Benetton, which garment dyed its Shetland wool knitwear.

Complex garment dyeing
In the mid-1970s the Bologna clothing designer Massimo Osti began experimenting with the garment dyeing technique. His experimentation over the next decade, led to the pioneering of not just the industrial use of traditional garment dyeing (dyeing simple cotton or wool garments) but, more importantly, the technique of “complex garment dyeing” which involved dyeing fully fashioned garments which had been constructed from multiple fabric or fiber types (e.g. a jacket made from both nylon and cotton, or linen, nylon and polyurethane coated cotton) in the same bath.

Up until its development by Osti (for his clothing brand C.P. Company), this technique had never been successfully industrially applied in any context. The complexity lay in developing both a practical and chemical understanding of how each fabric responded differently to the dye, how much it would shrink, how much color it would absorb, developing entirely new forms of quality control to verify possible defects in fabric before dyeing etc.

Beyond the industrial advantages of the technique (purchasing fabric in one color, white or natural, you may produce as many colors as you wish etc.), the artistic advantages of the technique were considerable and in many ways paved the way for the creation of the clothing style today known as Italian Sportswear. These advantages included The disadvantages included: Today, whilst garment dyeing is a diffusely employed as an industrial technique around the globe, predominantly in the production of vintage style cotton garments and by fast fashion suppliers, complex garment dyeing is still practiced almost exclusively in Italy, by a handful of premium brands and suppliers who remain committed to the art.
 * the way in which different fibers absorbed the dye's color allowed for the creation of incredibly nuanced differences in color tones and a harmony that is impossible to achieve any other way
 * the garment dyeing process naturally gave the fabric a “worn-in” hand allowing for the development of the casual and relaxed version of the classic menswear look which characterizes Italian sportswear
 * the fact that each fabric and fiber type responds differently to the dye also produces a “deconstructed” effect, whereby the consumer's attention is drawn to the construction techniques of the jacket. For example: a more densely woven fabric absorbs the color less intensely than a more open weave, the polyester stitching used for a cotton garment does not absorb any dye color, producing a contrast color stitch etc.
 * a relatively high failure rate for garments (between 5–10%)
 * the difficulty in achieving a very tailored look due to difficulties in precisely calculating shrinkage rates
 * high research and prototyping costs in order to understand how fabrics will behave in production

Related terms
There are several terms associated with the process of dyeing:

Affinity
Affinity refers to the chemical attraction between two elements or substances, leading to their inclination to unite or combine, as observed between fiber and dyestuff.

Bleeding
Materials that exhibit bleeding tendencies may lead to the staining of white or light-colored fabrics in contact with them while in a wet state. The phenomenon of color fading from a fabric or yarn upon immersion in water, solvent, or a comparable liquid medium, arises due to inadequate dyeing or the utilization of inferior quality dyes.

Staining
Fabric can experience undesired color absorption, resulting in staining, when exposed to water, dry-cleaning solvent, or similar liquids containing unintended dyestuffs or coloring materials. Additionally, direct contact with other dyed materials may cause color transfer through bleeding or sublimation.

Stripping
Stripping is a method used to partially or entirely remove color from dyed textile materials. It can also be utilized as a reprocessing technique to correct imperfect dyeing.

title: Dyeing


text:
Talk:Mathieu Kérékou

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Removed Military History tag as subject of the article in not notable due to his military service but rather political service. --dashiellx (talk) 17:56, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

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Should it really say transition to democracy?
Democracy exists in many forms and is a widely debated subject, and it feels like it comes off as a tad colonialist to say they found democracy just because they moved to a system similar to western ones. Especially when you consider the world bank's involvement in African politics throughout history. Very little of what they do involves public input. Perhaps transition to parliamentarism is a bit more impartial. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.227.83.117 (talk) 13:37, 3 April 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:07, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
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title: Talk:Mathieu Kérékou


text:
Talk:Foodborne illness

CJD / BSE
The article states "Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, transmitted usually by eating beef from animals with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, mad cow disease)" This is just plain wrong. Read the wikipedia article on CJD, then provide a reference for this statement.

82.152.155.58 (talk) 20:56, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree and I deleted the entry. If someone disagrees please revert and provide reference. Tolle (talk) 15:49, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

i do not agree — Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.153.213.115 (talk) 17:52, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

Statistics
Can someone provide a source for the statistics cited? Especially the number of cases of foodborn in the US and other countries. This information is sufficiently at variance to the claims of the US and UK governments - "safest food supply in the world" - that it ought to be a scandal if true.

--Diderot 18:45, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Concerning the US, the source is cited twice inside the page:
 * http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs237/en/
 * concerning the UK and FR, this is the french sources
 * http://www.invs.sante.fr/publications/2004/inf_origine_alimentaire/grilleLecture.pdf page 3
 * http://www.invs.sante.fr/publications/2004/inf_origine_alimentaire/inf_origine_alimentaire.pdf page 21
 * Cdang 09:40, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Conversely, can Diderot (or anyone else) cite evidence for his ascertion that the UK Govt claims the "safest food supply in the world"? A quick google search for the term came up with scores of references to the US claim - but I couldn't find a single claim along these lines for UK food, whether made by UK Govt or indeed anyone else.

 * Can someone please put the statistics in context? Why would the US have proportionately so many more cases of food poisoning than other developed countries like France?  Are French health standards that much higher, or was the data gathered in a different way? Theshibboleth 02:13, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Cursory glancing at the statistics shows the US CDC site includes all food-borne illnesses. 9.4 million is reported to occur from 31 known pathogens, and 38.4 million from "unspecified agents" which probably includes everything that could possibly make you sick, from allergens to mercury poisoning.  The French statistics state that they are solely reporting on 23 known pathogens.  This already reduces the French number by ~80% compared to the US statistics.  On top of that, the numbers shown in the charts for the French site don't correlate at all with the study linked to.  Also, the French study specifically states that they only include reported cases, while the US and UK numbers are an estimate of the total population.  For all these reasons, the French study cannot be directly compared to the US or UK studies, and I suspect the US and UK studies cannot be compared as well due to entirely different methodologies.   — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.82.217.173 (talk) 02:22, 19 February 2012 (UTC)

The problem would seem to be reporting. The US has such good reporting that I have discovered entire statistical summaries on the web (for several subjects) that use US statistics for the US and THIRD PARTY SOURCES for everyone else.24.10.102.46 05:24, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

--The United States numbers should not be compared to any others -- According to the World Health Organization "Because routine surveillance systems vary widely between diseases and between countries, the collected information presented here does not allow numerical comparison of data on foodborne disease between countries and diseases ...A higher number of reported cases can be the result of a well performing surveillance system and not necessarily that people are more often sick from contaminated food." --Chrispknight 02:29, 11 April 2007 (UTC)[[

"It is difficult to estimate the global incidence of foodbourne disease, but it has been reported that in the year 2000 about 2.1 million people died from diarrhoeal diseases." Who reported it?

Listeria
To my humble knowledge, Listeria does not itself cause illness, but rather its waste product does. I understand this is a pretty typical way for bacteria to cause illness, but in the case of Listeria it's waste causes the illness by getting into the food, not by being present in the body after infection by Listeria. The waste also does not break down in the presence of acids or heat, making normal tidy methods useless. 88.155.171.247 13:13, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Food Standards Agency (UK politics)
The article states: "There remain questions, however, over the nature of any agency funded by a government which has not an insignificant say in staffing." What precisely does this mean? It seems to me to be a thinly disguised political attack (and therefore POV statement) over the independence of the agency, but I could be misinterpreting it. JulesH 20:49, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Confused
This article seems a bit confused. The lead-in mentions prions and parasites, and the next section launches right into symptoms that have nothing to do with prions or parasites.

Doctored statistics?
> There are every year about 76 million foodborne illnesses in the United States (26,000 cases for 100,000 inhabitants)

This sounds bogus. Does anybody seriously think 1 in 4 yankee have a shitting attack due to food poisoning every year? Impossible, that would be too bad even for third world countries! Plus you must consider HACCP food safety was invented in the USA forty years ago! Is Wikipedia hosting doctored propaganda numbers?

 * Actually, when you think about it, foodborne illness on that scale is relatively possible, but keep in mind that foodborne illness not only covers the large stuff like hepatitis and botulism, it also covers smaller things, like the attacks you referred to above. HACCP is a good start, but it doesn't take into consideration each and every small thing that can happen in the industry like physical contamination, biological contamination, cross-contamination, temperature abuse, so on and so forth.  In general, you could get foodborne illness from your own kitchen, unless you follow HACCP on every single grocery item that you receive, and I highly doubt anyone, even professionals in the industry, does that.  CQJ 17:24, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * In retrospect, perhaps the statistic needs a source quotation and clarification on those lines. CQJ 02:09, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

I think the definitive article is still the 1999 "Food-Related Illness and Death in the United States" by Paul S. Mead, Laurence Slutsker, Vance Dietz, Linda F. McCaig, Joseph S. Bresee, Craig Shapiro, Patricia M. Griffin, and Robert V. Tauxe, although there may be be more recent articles of which I am unaware.

 * That is insanely ridiculous. 1 in 4 people every year in the US gets food poisoning? If three people in a town get food poisoning the CDC shows up and starts shutting down restaurants and grocery stores until they figure out the source. I'm not speaking of serious cases either, but of ones where the person went to a family doctor, which people do for colds in the US. 88.155.171.247 13:08, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The Center for Disease Control says so themselves. Did you even read the article, and understand what foodborne illness is? From their website: "An estimated 76 million cases of foodborne disease occur each year in the United States. The great majority of these cases are mild and cause symptoms for only a day or two. Some cases are more serious, and CDC estimates that there are 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths related to foodborne diseases each year."  Since when does every American go to the doctor if they have an upset stomach for a day? Ridiculous assertions here. Peoplesunionpro 17:52, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Gasterenteritis
Is gasterenteritis anything to do with food poisoning? Does it need a seperate article of its own or the search for it re-directed to this one - Foodborne illness? TurboForce 00:43, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Gastroenteritis is a generic term describing inflammation or infection of the gastro-intestinal tract. Gastroenteritis can be foodborne but isn't always. Foodborne illnesses can cause gastroenteritis but not all foodborne illnesses cause gastroenteritis. An example of the latter is Strep throat, which in adults who do are not exposed to young children, is frequently foodborne.

"food poisoning" as a technical term
The first paragraph of the article alludes to "true food poisoning" but I am a bit perplexed by the concept. Is there a medical term "food poisoning"? Is there a medical term "food-borne illness"? Webster's says that "food poisoning" is: "an acute gastrointestinal disorder caused by bacteria or their toxic products or by chemical residues in food." The Columbia desk encyclopedia completely agrees with this definition. Other encyclopedias will include poisonous foods, such as certain mushrooms and also will include viruses and protozoa. Lurking beneath this there seems to be some important technical line of demarcation. Even if the "poison" part of "food poisoning" were the defining point here (as opposed to infection), isn't it the toxins (poisons created by organisms) created by bacteria which cause the havoc in, say, cases of botulism? If so, then botulism would have to be considered a "true food poisoning," if I understand you correctly. I think this needs a bit of clarification. Thanks. NaySay 16:56, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Clarification certainly is needed. It is possible to ingest a poison derived from an infectious agent, without ingesting the infectious agent.  This article is rather a mess, in part because much of  its content pertains to gastroenteritis and is not specific to foodborne illness.  Gastroenteritis and several related pages are being worked on right now.  NaySay, would you care to join us? --Una Smith (talk) 22:30, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

 * The (limited) training I had distinguished foodborne disease, toxic food-poisoning and infective food-poisoning; the latter two being the result of toxins produced in the food and toxins produced in the gut respectively. Foodborne was limited to diseases with other effects

Infection by multiple pathogenic agents
According the the present article "symptoms begin several hours to several days after consumption". I am reading Fast Food Nation and one of its chapters is dedicated to pathogens such as E.Coli, aeromonas, etc and all the of the people who suffered the attack of those bacteria seem to have shown symptoms a couple of hours after eating infected food. I've been wondering about one thing, though: what if the person actually ingests not just one type of pathon, but two or more? Has this ever happened before? Does it have any bearing on how fast the symptoms show up? -- Toldet (talk) 22:49, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

 * It does make some difference, as some infections can cause the body to be unable to react correctly. The main sequence with bacterial infection is the multiplication of the bacteria, which is heightened by the ideal temperature of the body, so it is not going to matter much as after 4 to 6 hours vomiting normally removes a lot of the affected food, and after 24 hours the rest is passed. However if there were bacterial infection and an amoebic infection, the bacterial would reduce the effectiveness of resistance in the gut and stomach and may well allow the organisms to enter the stomach lining more quickly from where they would quickly pass into the bloodstream and then the organs.Amoebic dysentery is a major cause of these types of problem so if coupled with Escherichia coli it would be much more virulent.
 * --Chaosdruid (talk) 15:06, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Proposed merge
Food poisoning should be merged into this article. The merge proposal is being discussed on the food poisioning talk page. I have corrected the merge tag. Rlsheehan (talk) 20:50, 29 September 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅ Rlsheehan (talk) 21:00, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

food borne illness
All of your food borne illness pages (i.e salmonella, bottulism, shingles, etc.) say that they belong to the Kingdom 'Bacteria.' In the Kingdom of living things there is no Kingdom 'Bacteria.' The 6 Kingdoms are Anamalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, 'Eubacteria,' and 'Archaebacteria.' Please fix this. Thank you.

food borne illness
All of your food borne illness pages (i.e salmonella, bottulism, shingles, etc.) say that they belong to the Kingdom 'Bacteria.' In the Kingdom of living things there is no Kingdom 'Bacteria.' The 6 Kingdoms are Anamalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, 'Eubacteria,' and 'Archaebacteria.' Please fix this. Thank you. 174.116.206.90 (talk) 22:07, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

Bacteria - Most Common foodborne illness The most common bacteria pathogens are listed and the first one states that campylobacter can cause Buillain-Barre syndrome "Campylobacter jejuni which can lead to secondary Guillain-Barré syndrome and periodontitis[5]" I can't find anything in Medline that discusses Campylobacteriosis causing Gullain-Barre Syndrome and the National Institute of Nerological disorders states that the cause is unknown but that the disease is preceded by bacterial or viral infections. Adamschwerin (talk) 03:52, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

Food Poison Journal
I propose an external link to Food Poison Journal, associated with Marler Clark. -- Wavelength (talk) 18:52, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Since this is a blog run by a law firm that does foodborne illness cases, I would be opposed to it being added as an external link. I think the same information is available from media sources, CDC, etc. who have no financial interest in the topic. Look through WP:EL and see if you can find a rationale that would allow this link, but I think it's just too commercial. I think it would be a little like shyster lawyers being listed as ELs in the Traffic collision article (OK, not quite that bad, but to give you an idea of my objections). Bob98133 (talk) 20:29, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

Prevention of Foodborne Illness = out-of-scope?
The Prevention section should be moved to the Food Safety article with a pointer in this article explaining that proper observance of food safety principles will (theoretically) prevent all cases of foodborne illness. Would this be a true statement? Microbiojen (talk) 17:35, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

See also link: How To Treat Food Poisoning at Home November 6, 2010
I don`t know if anyone took the time to read that article but it is trash and was obviously not produced by a reliable source. Looks like it was translated from another language with google translate..

Here are just a few things I found out of place: "If you break out inside a rash" "The most common signs or symptoms of foods poisoning signs" "The simplest way to stop meals poisoning is always to wash all your meals thoroughly" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.59.248.91 (talk) 01:15, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

I am removing it as it is not up to standard for wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.59.248.91 (talk) 01:08, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

The Refrigerator Picture
The one showing all the problems in yellow text. Is it a mockup for demonstration purposes or a real picture? 74.128.56.194 (talk) 05:05, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Please discuss symptoms
In the current version of the article I don't think there is discussion of symptoms, especially nausea and vomiting. Is it known what mechanism causes the symptoms? Recently I had bad stomach pain + nausea, but no diarrea (or gas). Can I infer anything about what agent attacked me? It'd be great if this article could discuss symptoms. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by HaroldHelson (talk • contribs) 18:33, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

Citations needed
Most of this article doesn't link to its references plus there is at least one place where, rather than adding the reference link, the reference is inserted in the body of text in parenthesis -- just the title of the source, no publication data. I agree that it needs rewriting. Risssa (talk) 02:05, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

Freely-accessible sources?
I'm hesitant to use the following source from a university lecture: NONINFLAMMATORY GASTROENTERITIS - FOOD POISONING. However, it has some good information which I'm not seeing in the articles I'm looking at. II | (t - c) 02:39, 5 May 2013 (UTC)

Being able to be transmitted by other means
I moved the following section to here, because the point seems to be that pathogens behind foodborne illness may be spread by other means of transmission as well. For reinsertion, I think it needs to be more balanced with those other means and not only mention direct contact. Mikael Häggström (talk) 01:01, 28 November 2013 (UTC)

Help request at Talk:Vibrio related to Foodborne illness, "Ptomaine poisoning" section
I just edited the ptomaine section. I ended up putting a help request at Talk:Vibrio with part of it relating to that section. Sorry that this is so short and the Vibrio post is so long. TIA, --Geekdiva (talk) 01:19, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

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Spoiled Soda
I just recently vomited last night from drinking a can of Sprite for dinner. Here are some important detail I'd like to point out in my unpleasant experience. --Arima (talk) 03:06, 3 August 2016 (UTC)
 * My stomach had a delayed reaction to the spoiled Sprite and it took about an hour before I started having symptoms of nausea and frequent swallowing from increased salivation.
 * The canned Sprite was practically untouched from last year.
 * The canned Sprite was kept out at room temperature for too long.
 * The canned Sprite had no carbonation whatsoever upon opening.
 * The canned Sprite is two months away from reaching its Expiration Date.
 * The canned Sprite was unaffected by refrigeration which may have been the reason why it didn't start reacting adversely upon entering my stomach.

obsolete?
"ptomaine" for food poisoning is indeed less common than it used to be, but i don't think one can say "obsolete" yet. a certain %age of ppl -- seniors, mainly -- are still using it as their default term. "i got ptomaine at that buffet last week" etc. may be medically inaccurate, but the usage persists.

unlike, say, "consumption", a term which actually HAS gone obsolete (AFAIK). 209.172.23.222 (talk) 07:09, 25 January 2017 (UTC)

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Archbishop of Birmingham

The Archbishop of Birmingham heads the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Birmingham in England. As such he is the metropolitan archbishop of the Province of Birmingham. The archdiocese covers an area of 8735 km2 and spans of the counties of Oxfordshire, Staffordshire, West Midlands, Warwickshire and Worcestershire. The see in the City of Birmingham where the archbishop's seat is located at the Metropolitan Cathedral and Basilica of Saint Chad.

With the gradual abolition of the legal restrictions on the activities of Catholics in England and Wales in the early 19th century, Rome decided to proceed to bridge the gap of the centuries from Queen Elizabeth I by instituting Catholic dioceses on the regular historical pattern. Thus Pope Pius IX issued the Bull Universalis Ecclesiae of 29 September 1850 by which thirteen new dioceses which did not formally claim any continuity with the pre-Elizabethan English dioceses were created. One of these was the diocese of Birmingham. This has its origins in the Vicariates Apostolic of England, of the Midland District and lastly of the Central District. The last Vicar Apostolic of the Central District, from 28 July 1848, was Bishop William Bernard Ullathorne, O.S.B., who on 29 September 1850 became the first bishop of Birmingham.

In the early period from 1850 the diocese was a suffragan of the Metropolitan See of Westminster, but a further development was the creation under Pope Pius X, on 28 October 1911, of a new Province of Birmingham.

The current archbishop is The Most Reverend Bernard Longley, who was appointed the ninth archbishop of Birmingham on 1 October 2009 and installed at the Metropolitan Cathedral and Basilica of Saint Chad on 8 December 2009, the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception and one of the patronal feasts of the archdiocese, St Chad being the other.

title: Archbishop of Birmingham


text: User talk:81.157.135.172

title: User talk:81.157.135.172


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Taxmen

Taxmen was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 9 votes to delete. 2 uncounted votes to keep—one unsigned, the other signed "The Taxmen" by an anon user responsible for vandalizing this page to change votes. Postdlf 06:41, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Taxmen
Soon to be famous rock band. No album. --LeeHunter 18:51, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Let me tell you how it will be... ...delete. Dunc|☺ 19:05, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I hope they declare the pennies on their eyes. Delete.  Geogre 00:18, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-notable. Nadavspi 00:36, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. A case of promotional campaign. --*drew 00:38, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, even though everyone took all the good George Harrison jokes from me. Ah-ah, Mr. Wilson. Ian Pugh 01:44, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable, POV, wikispam. Andre ( talk )A| 14:00, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Extreme non-notability plus blatant advertising equals Delete. --Neschek 19:48, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * With the new edits from our good friend Evercat, I feel this page no longer constitutes deletion, but rather is a perfectly valid overview of the band. ~The Taxmen.
 * Delete. A good overview of a nonencyclopedic topic still doesn't belong here. --Improv 21:38, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * No potential to become encyclopedic at the moment, best of luck with the label and album however — siro  χ  o  10:13, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Do not delete. Any topic which may be of interest to someone should have the right to be posted.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Taxmen


text:
File:Sara Hickman - Shortstop.jpg

Summary
Cover for the album "Shortstop" by Sara Hickman

title: File:Sara Hickman - Shortstop.jpg


text:
Category:Towns in Herefordshire

Herefordshire has five towns and one city - Hereford - which has its own category and included here.

title: Category:Towns in Herefordshire


text:
Ceremony (The Cult album)

Ceremony is the fifth studio album by British rock band The Cult, first released on 23 September 1991. The most popular songs on the album are “Wild Hearted Son” and “Heart of Soul”.

Album information
Ceremony represented a period of great turmoil within the band. Longtime bassist Jamie Stewart had departed prior to recording, and the working relationship between vocalist Ian Astbury and guitarist Billy Duffy was at an all-time low. The pair reportedly rarely agreed to appear at the studio together, opting to record their parts separately at different times.

The album was highly anticipated by both music critics and fans as a result of the band's previous worldwide successes with their 1987 album Electric and its 1989 follow-up Sonic Temple. It was heavily inspired by Native American culture.

The band was sued for $61,000,000 by the parents of the Native American boy pictured on the album cover.

In New York, the case against Warner Bros. Records was dismissed in February 1997 for lack of personal jurisdiction. A separate case was filed in the District Court of South Dakota on April 10, 1995, but was terminated on May 16, 1995.

The album reached #25 in the U.S. and reached #9 in Canada, and achieved platinum status, but sales suffered with the arrival of grunge rock and time spent dealing with the lawsuit. Some countries, including South Korea and Thailand, did not see the record's release until 1992 and it was unreleased in Turkey until the Cult played several shows in Istanbul in June 1993. It reached #16 on the US Cashbox charts.

Track listing
All tracks written by Ian Astbury and Billy Duffy.
 * 1) "Ceremony" – 6:27
 * 2) "Wild Hearted Son" – 5:41
 * 3) "Earth Mofo" – 4:42
 * 4) "White" – 7:56
 * 5) "If" – 5:25
 * 6) "Full Tilt" – 4:51
 * 7) "Heart of Soul" – 5:55
 * 8) "Bangkok Rain" – 5:47
 * 9) "Indian" – 4:53
 * 10) "Sweet Salvation" – 5:25
 * 11) "Wonderland" – 6:10

Track information
Both "Ceremony" and "Wild Hearted Son" begin with Native American Indian dances. "White" includes an excerpt from Lawrence Lipton's 1959 book 'The Holy Barbarians', which was later the name of Astbury's band, formed in 1996. "Heart of Soul" begins with the lyric "Down and out in London, Los Angeles, and Paris too", which is a reference to George Orwell's 'Down and Out in Paris and London', with Los Angeles being where the band were based at that time.

"Wild Hearted Son" (UK#40, Canada #41) was the first officially released single, followed by "Heart of Soul" (UK#51). "Sweet Salvation" and "Heart of Soul" were both released as promotional only singles in Argentina in 1992, and "Ceremony" was released as a promotional single in Spain.

Personnel

 * The Cult
 * Ian Astbury – vocals, backing vocals (tracks 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 11)
 * Billy Duffy – guitar
 * Additional personnel
 * Mickey Curry – drums (all tracks)
 * Charley Drayton – bass (all tracks)
 * Richie Zito – additional keyboards (tracks: 1, 4), keyboards (tracks: 2, 11), harmonium (track 10)
 * Benmont Tench – organ (tracks 1, 7, 10), piano (track 5), mellotron (track 4)
 * Tommy Funderburk – backing vocals (tracks 1, 2, 5 to 11)
 * Scott Thurston – synthesizer and additional piano (track 5)
 * Suzie Katayama – cello (track 9)
 * Alex Acuña – percussion (tracks 9, 11)
 * Donny Gerrard, Mona Lisa, Yvonne St. James – backing vocals (track 10)
 * Technical
 * Mixed by Mike Fraser

title: Ceremony (The Cult album)


text:
Çukurova University

Çukurova University (Çukurova Üniversitesi) is a public university in Adana, Turkey. The university has sixteen faculties, three colleges, seven vocational colleges, three institutes and twenty-six research and application centers. The university campus is located 10 km away from Adana city center, by the Seyhan Dam Lake.

The university, with its 1903 teaching staff, offers courses to over 40,000 undergraduate, post graduate and doctorate students.

The library has internet access and houses national and international publications. Computer rooms are available for student use campus-wide. These computer rooms are also used for computer-assisted education and scientific research. The university also offers its students recreational facilities including an indoor sports center and swimming pool, a boathouse and sports grounds. Students can make the best of their leisure time in any of the 29 student clubs.

The students of the university have the opportunity to do practical training abroad through AIESEC and similar organizations. Transportation to the Balcalı Campus is offered by private bus services.

History
The Faculty of Agriculture, founded in 1969 by Ankara University, and the Faculty of Medicine, founded in 1972 by Atatürk University, were combined to form Çukurova University in 1973. The number of the faculties rose to five when the faculties of Basic Sciences, Administrative Sciences and Engineering were founded. In 1982, the Faculty of Basic Sciences was reorganized as the Faculty of Sciences and Letters, and the Faculty of Administrative Sciences was combined with the Department of Economics and Administrative Sciences forming the Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics. The Faculty of Engineering and Architecture emerged from the combination of the Faculty of Engineering and the Engineering Department of the Adana Academy of Administrative and Commercial Sciences. Also, the Faculty of Education was established when the two-year Foreign Language Colleges of the Ministry of Education in Adana, Mersin and Hatay were combined. By 1992, the university helped to lay the foundation of three new universities in Turkey. Two colleges, complete with modern buildings, laboratories and educational equipment were turned over to Mersin University, and three colleges were turned over to Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, and the Research and Application Center in Kahramanmaraş was taken over by Sutcu Imam University.

The number of faculties rose to 10 when the faculties of Fisheries, Theology, Dentistry and Fine Arts were established.

Adana Vocational College of Health and Kozan Vocational College were opened to education. With the addition of three post-graduate institutions and the State Conservatory of Çukurova University, the number of academic bodies increased to 21. The Karatas College of Tourism and Hotel Management was set up in 1994, the Karaisali Vocational College was set up in 1995 and the Vocational College of Kadirli offering two educational programs: Computer Programming and Industrial Electronics was founded in 1997. The Department of Physical Education was reorganized as the College of Physical Education and Sports, and in 1996, the Vocational College of Health Services was reorganized as the College of Health Sciences.

The Balcalı campus
The Çukurova University's Balcali campus which is on the eastern side of Seyhan Lake occupies an area of 20 km2. The name "Balcali" originates from the name of the village that stood on the present campus before the university was built.

The campus houses administrative and educational buildings with labs available for research services in various branches of a hospital complex, a central library, a central cafeteria, sports facilities, teacher residences, social facilities and dormitories which accommodate a total of 3500 students.

Public transport vehicles commute between the city center and the campus.

Education
The language of instruction in almost all the programs of the university is Turkish. However, the language of instruction in the Electric-Electronics and Mechanical Engineering Departments of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture is English.

Students receive compulsory English preparatory classes in all the programs of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences.

English preparatory classes are optional for the students registered in the Mathematics, Chemistry and Physics Departments of the Faculty of Science and Letters and for the students of Civil Engineering, Geology, Architecture, Industry and Textile Departments of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture.

Foreign language preparatory classes are conducted in the English, French and German Language Teaching Departments of the Faculty of Education.

The university consists of 10 faculties (with 80 undergraduate programs), three graduate schools (with 64 post-graduate programs), three colleges (with four undergraduate programs), seven vocational colleges (with 23 vocational programs) and YADIM (Foreign Languages Research and Application Center where both undergraduate and post-graduate students are taught English), and a state conservatory.

Evening classes
Evening classes are available in the Department of Teacher Training of the Faculty of Education; in the Departments of Economics and Business in the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences; in the Departments of Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Turkish Language and Literature in the Faculty of Science and Letters; in the Departments of Civil- Mechanical- Geological- Industrial- and Mining Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture; in the Faculty of Fisheries; and in all Departments of Ceyhan and Osmaniye Vocational Colleges.

Student societies
There are numerous student societies active in Çukurova University.

Çukurova University Equestrian Sports Club ÇUASK
Founded in 2000, ÇUASK offers university students and staff alike an opportunity to start lessons in horse riding. The club has four Thoroughbred stallions that are used for schooling. Once students gain experience, they are free to go on trail rides anywhere within the campus boundaries. Instructors in the club are students themselves, who volunteer in giving lessons, taking care of the horses/stables and in managing the club.

Academic staff
The university employs 1903 academic staff (24 from abroad) of which 330 are professors, 141 associate professors, 299 assistant professors, 152 instructors, 723 research assistants, 76 specialists, 157 lecturers.

Related EU universities
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 * 3) Eindhoven University Of Technology
 * 4) Wageningen University
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 * 3) Lancaster University
 * 4) Nottingham University

Notable alumni

 * Turgay Avcı, politician and Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
 * Hüseyin Dündar, world and European champion of martial arts disciplines
 * Fuat Oktay, 1st Vice President of Turkey
 * Macit Özcan, politician and mayor of Mersin
 * Ali Pilli, minister of Health of the 41st government of Northern Cyprus

title: Çukurova University


text: File:Sara Hickman - Necessary Angels.jpg