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Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec

The Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (lit. 'National Library and Archives of Quebec') or BAnQ is a Quebec government agency which manages the province's legal deposit system, national archives, and national library. Located at the Grande Bibliothèque in Montreal, the BAnQ was created by the merging of the Bibliothèque nationale du Québec and the Archives nationales du Québec in 2006. The Bibliothèque nationale du Québec had previously merged with the Grande Bibliothèque du Québec in 2002.

History
The National Archives of Quebec (Archives nationales du Québec, ANQ) were founded on 2 September 1920, with Pierre-Georges Roy as Quebec's first Head Archivist. The purpose of the institution was to process historical materials, more specifically public archives and the Quebec government's archives, and to collect documents pertaining to the history of Quebec. the ANQ were brought under the jurisdiction of the Department of Cultural Affairs in 1961, and renamed the Archives de la province de Québec in 1963.

On 12 August 1967, the National Assembly of Quebec legislated to establish the National Library of Quebec (Bibliothèque nationale du Québec, BNQ), an institution that would also come under the Department of Cultural Affairs. The BNQ held the collections and furniture of the Bibliothèque Saint-Sulpice, founded by the Sulpician Order in 1915 and managed by the Government of Quebec since 1941.

In 1968, the provincial regulation on legal deposit came into effect requiring that Quebec publishers deposit with the BNQ two copies of their printed works, including books, brochures, newspapers, magazines and journals, artists' books and musical scores. In 1992, a regulation of the National Assembly expanded legal deposit to original prints, posters, art work reproductions, postcards, sound recordings (microgroove vinyl records, compact discs, and more), software, electronic documents, and desktop publishing.

In 1997, the idea of creating a Grande Bibliothèque was born out of the desire to provide widespread availability to the materials of the BNQ and of the Montreal Public Libraries Network. The institution founded to create a major public library, called the Grande bibliothèque du Québec (GBQ), was merged with the BNQ in 2002. The new entity pursued the acquisition, preservation and promotion of the national collection, and the acquisition and promotion of the circulating collection for the general public. The construction work of the Grande Bibliothèque took place from 2001 to 2004 in downtown Montreal, and the collections of the Montreal Library, the circulating collections of the BNQ and the new acquisitions were placed on the shelves of the Grande Bibliothèque in Fall 2004. The Grande Bibliothèque was formally inaugurated on 29 April 2005, and it began its operations on 3 May 2005.

On 31 January 2006, the Bibliothèque nationale du Québec and the Archives nationales du Québec merged to become the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.

Collection
The library's collection includes legal deposit copies of all works printed in Quebec, concerning Quebec, or written or contributed to by an author from Quebec.

Facilities
BAnQ carries out its mandate in twelve facilities which are open to the public: the Grande Bibliothèque, BAnQ Vieux-Montréal and BAnQ Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie in Montreal; BAnQ Gaspé, BAnQ Gatineau, BAnQ Québec, BAnQ Rimouski, BAnQ Rouyn-Noranda, BAnQ Saguenay, BAnQ Sept-Îles, BAnQ Sherbrooke and BAnQ Trois-Rivières.

Located in the Quartier Latin, in the heart of Montreal, the Grande Bibliothèque is the flagship library facility of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. This major public library was specifically designed to encourage the discovery and exploration of BAnQ's collections with free and open access. Materials from the universal collection are available for circulation while rarer documents such as most of the legal deposit collection can be consulted on site. The building, each of its six levels fostering a different atmosphere, opened to the public in 2005. Its patrons include scholars and the general public alike. It welcomes close to 50,000 visitors each week.

Mission
The mission of Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec is to gather, permanently preserve and promote Quebec's published heritage materials, any Quebec-related material of cultural interest, and any Quebec-related material published outside Quebec. It aims to provide democratic access to the heritage material constituted by its collections, to culture and universal knowledge, and to act, in this respect, as a catalyst for the library and information institutions of Quebec, thus contributing to the fulfillment of its citizens.

BAnQ also aims to provide structure, support and advise public bodies regarding the management of their materials, ensure the preservation of public archives, make them more accessible and boost their visibility. The institution is also responsible for promoting the preservation and accessibility of private archives. To this end, BAnQ carries out the responsibilities provided under the Archives Act. In the archival field, the institution can also provide research support services and contribute to the development and international outreach of Quebec heritage materials and expertise.

BAnQ serves as the official representative of the Agence francophone pour la numérotation internationale du livre regarding the assignment of ISBN prefixes in Quebec and Canada.

National library
BAnQ is responsible for acquiring, processing, preserving and highlighting the heritage collections. These collections bring together the entire production of printed materials in Quebec, mostly through legal deposit, and of Quebec-related materials. The Preservation Branch (Direction générale de la conservation) which handles this aspect of the institution's mission, operates out of BAnQ Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie, in Montreal. Designed to ensure the long-term preservation of the materials stored there, the facility also houses BAnQ's head office. Patrons can access the heritage collections' materials in the reading room of the Collection nationale, located in the Grande Bibliothèque. The special collections, however, can be viewed on site at BAnQ Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie.

National archives
Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec carries out its activities in the archival field through 10 regional facilities: BAnQ Vieux-Montréal, BAnQ Québec, BAnQ Gaspé, BAnQ Gatineau, BAnQ Rimouski, BAnQ Saguenay, BAnQ Sherbrooke, BAnQ Trois-Rivières, BAnQ Rouyn-Noranda and BAnQ Sept-Îles.

The Montreal facility is housed in the Gilles Hocquart Building, formerly the HEC Montréal building, on Avenue Viger. The Quebec City facility is located in the Louis-Jacques-Casault pavilion on the Université Laval campus.


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Talk:Dilate (Ani DiFranco album)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Dilate (Ani DiFranco album)


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Archbishopric of Ohrid (disambiguation)

The Archbishopric of Ohrid is a former Eastern Orthodox Church body in 1019–1767.

Archbishopric of Ohrid or Archdiocese of Ohrid may also refer to:
 * Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid (est. 1967), an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church in North Macedonia
 * Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric (2002–2023), was an autonomous archbishopric under the jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Church
 * Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ohrid (ca. 1300–1700), a former Roman Catholic archdiocese, now a titular see

Archbishop of Ohrid may also refer to:
 * Archbishop of Ohrid, title of the primate of the Archbishopric of Ohrid (1019–1767)
 * Archbishop of Ohrid and Macedonia, title of the primate of the Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric (est. 1967)
 * Archbishop of Ohrid and Metropolitan of Skopje, title of the primate of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric, part of the Serbian Orthodox Church (est. 2002)

title: Archbishopric of Ohrid (disambiguation)


text: User:Defunkt/nav

title: User:Defunkt/nav


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BNQ

BNQ or bnq may refer to:

 * BNQ, the Indian Railways station code for Banarhat railway station, West Bengal, India
 * bnq, the ISO 639-3 code for Bantik language, Indonesia
 * Bibliothèque nationale du Québec (BNQ), forerunner of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec

title: BNQ


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GBQ

GBQ may refer to:
 * Bozom language
 * GBQ Partners, an American professional services firm
 * Gigabecquerel (GBq)
 * Grande Bibliothèque du Québec
 * Guangzhou North railway station, China Railway telegraph code GBQ

title: GBQ


text: User talk:68.102.196.165

title: User talk:68.102.196.165


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Robert Henry (minister)

Robert Henry FRSE FSA (Scot) (18 February 1718 – 24 November 1790) was a Scottish minister and historian.

Life

He was born on 18 February 1718, the son of Jean Galloway and James Henry, a farmer at Muirton Farm near St. Ninians, Stirlingshire.

Henry was educated at St Ninian's Parish School then Stirling Grammar School. He then studied at the University of Edinburgh. After teaching at Annan Grammar School, he entered the Church of Scotland, being licensed by the Presbytery of Annan in 1746, but not finding a patron. He was finally ordained in 1748, just over the Scottish border in Carlisle, and translated in 1760 to Berwick-upon-Tweed, still just over the Scottish border (the rules on patronage were different in England).

In May 1768 he finally got a position in Scotland: as minister at New Greyfriars in Edinburgh. The University of Edinburgh granted him an honorary doctorate (DD) in July 1770. At this time he lived at Bristo Street, just south of Greyfriars Church.

He was Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1774.

In 1776 he moved from New Greyfriars to Old Kirk, St Giles and remained in this role until death.

In 1783 he was one of the co-founders of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

He died on 24 November 1790 at his home in Merchant Street in Edinburgh (just south of St Giles) but is buried with his family in Polmont churchyard. His position at St Giles was filled by Henry Grieve. He bequeathed his library to the Town Council of Linlithgow but his link to this town is unclear.

Family
In June 1763 he was married to Anne Balderston (d. 1800).

Works
He wrote a History of Great Britain on a New Plan (1771), covering the period from the first Roman invasion until the reign of King Henry VIII. The novelty consisted in dividing the subjects into different heads, civil history, military, social, and so on, and following out each of them separately. The work was mainly a compilation, having no critical qualities. Despite the persistent and ferocious attacks of Dr Gilbert Stewart, it was successful, and brought the author over £3000. It attracted the support of the Earl of Mansfield, whose persuasion gained for Henry a government pension of £100. The work was posthumously concluded by Malcolm Laing.

 * , a translation of De l'Origine des Loix, des Arts, et des Sciences, et de Leurs Progrès chez les Anciens Peuples.
 * , Vol. I (1771), Vol. II (1774), Vol. III (1777), Vol. IV (1781), Vol. V (1785).
 * , Vol. I (1771), Vol. II (1774), Vol. III (1777), Vol. IV (1781), Vol. V (1785).

title: Robert Henry (minister)


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John Abraham Heraud

John Abraham Heraud (1799–1887) was an English journalist and poet. He published two extravagant epic poems, The Descent into Hell (1830), and The Judgment of the Flood (1834). He also wrote plays and travel books.

Life
He was born in the parish of St Andrew's, Holborn, London, on 5 July 1799. His father, James Abraham Heraud, of Huguenot descent, was a law stationer, and died at Tottenham, Middlesex, on 6 May 1846, having married Jane, daughter of John and Elizabeth Hicks; she died 2 August 1850. John Abraham, the son, was privately educated, and originally destined for business, but in 1818 began writing for the magazines.

Heraud had a large circle of literary acquaintances, including Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, William Wordsworth, and John Gibson Lockhart. Southey was a correspondent, who thought Heraud capable of learning anything, except "how to check his own exuberance in verse", as he wrote to Robert Gooch.

Heraud wrote for the Quarterly Review and other reviews, and from 1830 to 1833 assisted in editing Fraser's Magazine. There he was sub-editor to William Maginn, taking on literary criticism and philosophy. At this period he was still in partnership with his father, in legal stationery. The partnership was dissolved in 1841, when he went into the trade on his own in the Chancery Lane area, but unsuccessfully.

With the Carlyles Heraud was very close. Thomas Carlyle was well aware of Heraud assiduously cultivating favour, and of James Fraser's opinion that Heraud was "mad as a March hare", writing to Jane Carlyle about him in 1834.

Heraud edited ''The Sunbeam. A Journal devoted to Polite Literature, in 1838 and 1839; the Monthly Magazine from 1839 to 1842; and subsequently the Christian's Monthly Magazine''. In 1843 he became a contributor to The Athenæum, and later served as its dramatic critic until his retirement in 1868. From 1849 to 1879 he was also the dramatic critic of the Illustrated London News. In 1869 he used that position to call for censorship of Formosa, Dion Boucicault's "courtesan play", prompting William Bodham Donne of the Lord Chamberlain's Office to tighten up licensing of drama with sexual overtones.

In the late 1840s friends were trying to sort out Heraud's financial problems, amounting to insolvency; a fund-raising committee was formed, with officers John Forster, Thomas Kibble Hervey and John Westland Marston. On 21 July 1873, on the nomination of William Gladstone, he was appointed a brother of the London Charterhouse, where he died on 20 April 1887.

The Syncretics
Heraud was identified as a leading figure in the "Syncretics", a proto-aesthetic group mocked in Punch and prominent around 1840. After a few years the excitement around their eclectic approach subsided. A biographer of Ralph Waldo Emerson, who initially took a great interest, has called Heraud in particular a "general failure".

The group
Other Syncretics were Francis Foster Barham, Richard Henry Horne, and John Westland Marston. Barham and Heraud founded the Syncretic Society, or Syncretic Association. It grew out of an earlier group round James Pierrepont Greaves, the "Aesthetic Society" or "Aesthetic Institution", based in Burton Street on the north side of Bloomsbury, with a core of Greaves and a few neighbours. Heraud and Barham took over the Monthly Magazine, and it functioned as the organ of the group in the period 1839 to 1841. Camilla Toulmin gained the impression in 1841, visiting Horne, that there was a group of younger and ambitious men in the Syncretics, besides the better-known names. For example, the Syncretics took up the Festus of Philip James Bailey.

Transatlantic ties
The group also found kinship with, and encouragement from, the New England transcendentalists. Bronson Alcott corresponded with Greaves. He also sent books to Greaves and Heraud; Greaves sent back books including Heraud's Lecture on Poetic Genius. Approval of the Monthly Magazine was strong from Alcott, Convers Francis and George Ripley. Heraud published one piece from New England in 1839, an oration by Robert Bartlett. It proved a false start, though. Later in the year the transcendentalists founded their own periodical, The Dial, along the same lines.

Writing in The Dial in 1842, Emerson in his article English Reformers praised Heraud as an interpreter of Jakob Boehme and Emanuel Swedenborg; and referenced his papers Foreign Aids to Self Intelligence, which had been announced as a three-volume work. Heraud took Emerson to be a disciple of Carlyle, and was contradicted in The Present. A few years later he was explaining that Swedenborg was to be taken only as an example and inspiration, since the transcendentalist approach was at odds with an established church. It was through the pages of the Monthly Magazine that two notable Swedenborgians, James John Garth Wilkinson and Henry James Sr., came to know each other.

Carlyle in fact disapproved of the group around Heraud and Alcott House, Greaves's project. These included John Goodwyn Barmby, Newton Crosland, Horne, Henry Mansel, and James Elishama Smith.

Drama activism
A series of public lectures by the Syncretic Association started early in 1841. Bayle Bernard was one of the speakers, and the talks took place in the Suffolk Street Gallery, London. A circumstantial account, "Damned" Tragedies, was given in the July 1842 Fraser's Magazine. Bernard's talk was light-hearted chat about actors, but Heraud and Frederick Guest Tomlins addressed more serious aspects and limitations of current British theatre, before the weekly series outstayed its welcome at the Gallery.

The Syncretics, who included also George Stephens, became active in agitation to have unperformed drama staged. The context was the restriction in London to three theatres with patents, and an absence of new verse drama productions. Not short of ambition, the Dramatic Committee of the Association, through Heraud, pressed for a reformed and poetic theatre, an actors' joint stock company, and the performance of new work, as well as drama schools to elevate taste. A failed demonstration, Martinuzzi of 1841, written by Stephens, led to Heraud in particular being lampooned in Punch, by William Makepeace Thackeray. The existing theatrical monopoly was, however, abolished by the Theatres Act 1843.

Heraud himself wrote dramas and persisted. The tragedy of Videna, based on Geoffrey of Monmouth, was acted at the Marylebone Theatre in 1854, with James William Wallack; and Wife or No Wife and a version of Ernest Legouvé's Medea were staged later.

Heraud as poet
Harper's Cyclopædia of British and American poetry noted that as a poet, Heraud had been snubbed by the critics, "and not always unjustly". It also repeated the story attributed to Douglas Jerrold, asked by Heraud whether he had seen "his Descent into Hell", and replying that he'd like to. Heraud made two attempts at epic grandeur in his poems The Descent into Hell, 1830, and The Judgment of the Flood, 1834. The view of Chambers's Cyclopædia of English Literature was that he attempted in poetry what John Martin did in art: the vast, the remote, and the terrible. It found his Descent and Judgment to be "psychological curiosities" of "misplaced power". George Saintsbury put Heraud on a level with Edwin Atherstone, and above Robert Pollok. Herbert Tucker regards the Judgement of the Flood as "deranged", but has more time for the Descent into Hell. He places it with other, earlier attempts to dramatise Christian typology, such as those of William Gilbank and Elizabeth Smith of Birmingham. He notes Heraud's familiarity with Coleridge's apologetics, and his reference to Martin in the annotations.

Heraud later wrote a political epic, which remained unpublished. This work was under the influence of William James Linton.

Works
Heraud was the author of:

 * The Legend of St. Loy, with other Poems, 1820.
 * Tottenham, a poem, 1820.
 * The Descent into Hell, a poem, 1830; second edition, to which are added Uriel, a fragment, and three odes.
 * A Philosophical Estimate of the Controversy respecting the Divine Humanity, 1831.
 * An Oration on the Death of S. T. Coleridge, 1834.
 * The Judgment of the Flood, a poem, 1834; new ed. 1857.
 * Substance of a Lecture on Poetic Genius as a Moral Power, 1837.
 * Voyages up the Mediterranean of William Robinson, with Memoirs, 1837.
 * Expediency and Means of Elevating the Profession of the Educator, a prize essay, printed in the Educator, 1839, pp. 133–260. The other prize winners were John Lalor, Edward Higginson, James Simpson, and Sarah Ricardo-Porter.
 * Salvator, the Poor Man of Naples, a dramatic poem, privately printed, 1845,
 * Videna, or the Mother's Tragedy. A Legend of Early Britain, 1854.
 * The British Empire, written with Sir Archibald Alison and others, 1856.
 * Henry Butler's Theatrical Directory and Dramatic Almanack, editor, 1860.
 * Shakespeare, his Inner Life as intimated in his Works, 1865.
 * The Wreck of the London, a lyrical ballad, 1866.
 * The In-Gathering, Cimon and Pero, a Chain of Sonnets, Sebastopol, 1870.
 * The War of Ideas, a poem, 1871. Based on the Franco-Prussian War.
 * Uxmal: an Antique Love Story. Macée de Léodepart: an Historical Romance, 1877.
 * The Sibyl among the Tombs, 1886.
 * The Sibyl among the Tombs, 1886.

Heraud's knowledge of German was unusual; he was a follower of Friedrich Schelling. He is also regarded as a disciple of Coleridge.

Family
On 15 May 1823 Heraud married, at Old Lambeth Church, Ann Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Baddams, and by her, who died at Islington on 21 September 1867, had two children, Claudius William Heraud of Woodford, and Edith Heraud, an actress.

title: John Abraham Heraud


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File:Ani DiFranco - Living in Clip.jpg

Summary
Cover for the album Living in Clip by Ani DiFranco

title: File:Ani DiFranco - Living in Clip.jpg


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Sir Thomas Herbert, 1st Baronet

Sir Thomas Herbert, 1st Baronet (1606–1682), was an English traveller, historian and a gentleman of the bedchamber of King Charles I while Charles was in the custody of Parliament (from 1647 until the king's execution in January 1649).

Biography
Herbert was born to a Yorkshire family. His birthplace, a timber-framed structure, still stands in York and is known as the Herbert House. Several of Herbert's ancestors were aldermen and merchants in that area – such as his grandfather and benefactor, Alderman Herbert (d. 1614) – and they traced a connection with the Earls of Pembroke. After attending St Peter's School, York and Tonbridge School, he is said to have studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, and Jesus College, Oxford (1621), but afterwards removed to Cambridge, through the influence of his uncle Dr Ambrose Akroyd.

In 1627 William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, procured his appointment in the suite of Sir Dodmore Cotton, then starting as ambassador for Persia with Sir Robert Shirley. Sailing in March they visited the Cape, Madagascar, Goa and Surat; landing at Gambrun on the Persian coast (10 January 1628), they travelled inland to Ashraf and thence to Qazvin, where both Cotton and Shirley died, and whence Herbert made extensive travels in the Persian hinterland, visiting Kashan, Baghdad and Amol. On his return voyage Herbert touched at Ceylon, the Coromandel coast, Mauritius and St Helena. He reached England in 1629, travelled in Europe in 1630–1631, married in 1632 and retired from court in 1634 (his prospects perhaps blighted by Pembroke's death in 1630); after this he resided on his Tintern estate and elsewhere until the English Civil War, when he sided with Parliament. He later published an account of his travels.

He was gentleman of the bedchamber to King Charles I from 1647 up to the king's execution. During the first civil war he was a keen supporter of Parliament, and when he was in the king's service the New Model Army found no reason to suspect him of disloyalty.

There is varied opinion on the matter of Herbert's devotion to King Charles. In 1678 he published Threnodia Carolina, an account of the last two years of the king's life. In this account Herbert seems devoted in the extreme, being too distraught to be with the king on the scaffold and bursting into tears when the king seemed upset by some news he had brought. It is true that many of the staunch Roundheads Parliament appointed to the king's service were converted into royalists on getting to know him. However Threnodia Carolina may have been an attempt to give Herbert a good name in Charles II's government (the king made him a baronet) and to clear the name of his son-in-law Robert Phayre, who was a regicide.

After the execution Herbert followed the New Model Army to Ireland arriving that summer to take up a position as a parliamentary commissioner. He was to remain in Ireland during the following decade serving in various governmental offices. In December 1653 he was appointed secretary to the Governing Commission for Ireland, which was redesigned in the August 1654 the Governing Council of Ireland. He served as its Clerk until 1659. Henry Cromwell knighted him for his services in July 1658. At the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 Herbert returned to London to take advantage of the offer of a general pardon. On 3 July 1660, shortly after his arrival in England, he had an audience with King Charles II who created him a baronet (his previous Cromwellian knighthood having passed into oblivion at the restoration). After this Herbert dropped out of public life, but initially he remained in London residing in York Street, Westminster, until the Great Plague in 1666, when he retired to York, where he died (at Petergate House) on 1 March 1682, and was buried in the church of St. Crux in that city, where his widow placed a brass tablet to his memory.

Works
Herbert's chief work is the Description of the Persian Monarchy now beinge' the Orientall Indyes, Iles and other ports of the Greater Asia and Africk (1634), reissued with additions, &c., in 1638 as Some Yeares Travels into Africa and Asia the Great (al. into divers parts of Asia and Afrigue), a third edition followed in 1664, and a fourth in 1677. This is one of the best records of 17th-century travel. Among its illustrations are remarkable sketches of the dodo, cuneiform inscriptions and Persepolis.

Herbert's Threnodia Carolina; or, Memoirs of the two last years of the reign of that unparallell'd prince of ever blessed memory King Charles I., was in great part printed at the author's request in Wood's Athenae Oxonienses, in full by Dr C Goodall in his Collection of Tracts (1702, repr. G. & W. Nicol, 1813).

Sir William Dugdale is understood to have received assistance from Herbert in the Monasticon Anglicanum, vol. iv.; see two of Herbert's papers on St John's, Beverley and Ripon collegiate church, now cathedral, in Drake's Eboracum (appendix). Cf. also Robert Davies account of Herbert in The Yorkshire Archaeological and Topographical Journal, part ni., pp. 182–214 (1870), containing a facsimile of the inscription on Herbert's tomb; Wood's Athenae, iv. I5-41; and Fasti, 11. 26, 131, 138, 143–144, 150.

Family
Herbert married, on 16 April 1632, Lucia, daughter of Sir Walter Alexander, Gentleman Usher to Charles I. She died in 1671. They had four sons and six daughters, but only one son and three daughters survived their father:
 * Henry (died 1687), who succeed his father as baronet Herbert of Tintern
 * Elizabeth, who married Colonel Robert Phaire of Cork on 16 August 1658
 * Lucie
 * Anne

Within a year of Lucia's death Herbert married Elizabeth (died 1696), daughter of Gervase Cutler, of Stainbrough, Yorkshire and Magdalen Egerton, and niece of the Earl of Bridgewater. They had one child, a daughter, who died in infancy.

title: Sir Thomas Herbert, 1st Baronet


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/RaD Man

RaD Man was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record.

13 votes delete, 9 to keep, 1 to merge/redirect. 1 vote, by User:Guybrushnd, was disregarded as likely sock puppet, due to limited and questionable edit history—I have concluded that all other alleged sock puppets are ostensibly valid votes.

This tally amounts to 14 votes to 9 against having RaD Man as an independent article, nearly a 2/3 consensus, but only 13 to 10 for deleting the content entirely. I believe this logically calls for merging and redirection, but only one vote suggested where. Another solution may be to continue the listing, so that the decision of where to merge may be discussed, and additional votes may be added. As I was one of the voters in such a close VfD, I will decline to personally enact a resolution. Postdlf 01:46, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I confirm Postdlf's tally of votes. In addition, I must admit that User:Eto's contribution history is suspicious having come into existence the same day as this discussion was initiated.  (The time-stamps are ambiguous, perhaps as a result of timezones.)  In addition, his edits (at least as a logged in user) stopped two days later with a high proportion of edits to VfD discussions.

 * However, even if User:Eto's vote is discounted, the final tally fails to reach the necessary consensus for deletion. By default, the article is kept.

 * Comment1: Based on the comments below, the notability of the subject of this article may change over time.  At that point, the decision about the appropriateness of this article may be reevaluated.

 * Comment 2: It does not require a VfD vote or even consensus to turn this article in to a merge and redirect if future editors determine that to be the most appropriate final resolution for this article.  Rossami (talk) 23:28, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

RaD Man
Vanity. See also Remorse 1981 and User:Radman1. RickK 05:00, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Are you kidding me?  Rad_Man is one of the most historical figures in the 'underground' art scene, and led one of the most influential groups of the time.  It's like not having Bill_Gates in wikipedia.  Seriously.  -- Eto 23:58, 17 Oct 2004 (PST)
 * Possible sock puppet vote, 6th edit.--[[User:Plato|Comrade Nick @ )---^-- ]] 07:01, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Eto is quite possibly not a sockpuppet, he has been here for a full month, and has just made very few edits.  — siro  χ  o  04:38, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * I wish people would hang around longer and have more contributions before they start participating in VfD. It'd help make sure people have a good grasp of what Wikipedia is before they start participating in policy actions. --Improv 13:46, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * If he's underground, let's bury him. Delete --Improv 20:55, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete unless evidence of notability is given. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 07:10, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * I saw the guy give a seminar about textmode scene at Assembly 2004... This might be a good idea to verify it. // Gargaj 21:57, 2004 Oct 28 (UTC)
 * yep thats him alright. Alkivar 22:23, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. All this ANSII crap is vanity.  Postdlf 08:00, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. --*drew 08:03, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity autobiography. jni 12:21, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity IMO. Andrewa 12:23, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Let's say he's the #1 figure in an underground movement. Ok.  It's an underground movement.  I.e. it is a movement where people don't use their real names, where the people don't document their work.  Therefore, it is an entirely unverifiable "scene" and a scene that does not have wide acceptance.  And you're outraged that the group isn't represented in an encyclopedia?  Huh?  Geogre 13:05, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I would only be more outraged by ignorant trolls such as yourself. By entirely unverifiable scene, what do you mean exactly?  A quick search at Amazon seems to not only verify but document the work you claim doesn't exist.  Refer to ISBNs 952917022X, 1859734243 and 0974653705 as well as the demo DVD, ASIN B00007M4IB.  I suppose it is always easier to just follow the herd.  School ya later! GRider 21:49, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity, hehe. Unless notability can be proven. Nadavspi 18:45, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It might be vanity, but he has interviews over the last 8 years. Plus a few Google searches shows plenty of information on him.  He's seems to be a signifigant enough figure in an art world to be worth keeping. -Lifefeed 19:17, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've been interviewed over the last 30 years or so, and I could come up under Google, but I don't deserve an article. Neither does he.  RickK 19:40, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * He seems to be a notable person in an underground art movement. That's deserving to me. - Lifefeed 15:25, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Let someone contribute an article about you, RickK, and we'll be the judge. GRider 21:53, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong keep and be careful with those scissors. What I'd suggest is a major once-over to make sure its NPOV (in case its written by RaD Man himself). Several cases of minor notability are presented, and yes, notability does add, as it affects more and different people.  — siro  χ  o  21:52, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: promo, nonnotable. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:50, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The hatred towards demosceners is disgusting. This 'encyclopedia' is becoming a useless example of press-gang censorship. Delete, instead, the mob that wanders around in force, burning out everything related to an effort to chronicle a misunderstood art form. --Guybrushnd 06:52, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Cool, sockpuppet. --Lucky13pjn 14:49, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I'm new. I'm not RadMan though. You could check my page, which has my real name, and then bother to spend 10 seconds googling me. Or come down to my workplace. --Guybrushnd 15:46, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't even know what a demoscener is, so there's no way I could hate them. What I DO hate is trolls who waste our time with all of this nonsense.  RickK 21:19, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Rationale at Votes for deletion/Remorse 1981.   —Triskaideka 17:09, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep Reasonably notable at the moment. In 5 years he may well be completely forgotten - so let's delete him then.--Tomheaton 20:21, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Wikipedia is not a news site. Anything that isn't going to be encyclopedic five years from now isn't encyclopedic now. Subjects must have established a lasting effect on culture or history before they merit encyclopedia articles.   —Triskaideka 20:32, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Reply to Comment: What do you mean by encyclopaedic? If you mean capable of being described in an encylopaedic fashion - which is what I take it to mean - then he will be as encyclopaedic in 5 years time or in 1000 years time as he is now.  If you mean notable enough to be in an encyclopaedia then I've got to disagree with you.  We really don't know who will be notable in 5 years time.  Wikipedia has plenty of people who may be less notable in 5 years time than they are now.  But that's fine because Wikipedia is a database - nice and easy to edit - let's take a risk and include him now and if in 5 years time his notability has waned then he can be deleted in a trice.--Tomheaton 20:46, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I mean notable enough to be in an encyclopedia. You're right that it's difficult to tell what subjects from the present will be notable in the future, but that doesn't excuse us from the responsibility to write articles only on things that will be.  Better to wait a few years until we're sure that a subject deserves an article than to rush into writing an article on a subject that turns out to be nonnotable.  We're building an encyclopedia here, not maintaining a list of the latest fads. Just because an internet-based encyclopedia can have nonce information inserted and removed rapidly doesn't mean that it should, nor indeed that it will, in practice.   —Triskaideka 21:03, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep -- While there is no argument that any page about a given person is vain to a degree, this person is certainly noteworthy.  Google seems to agree with this fact.  GRider 21:43, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep RaD Man was one of the most influential artists of the text art scene. Not only is ACiD Productions the oldest ASCII/ANSI group still around, it is the best known. RaD Man FOUNDED this group. Reason enough in my mind anyway for him to remain. Alkivar 01:12, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Sockpuppets annoy me. Ambi 00:20, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. Non-notable. --Jerzy(t) 13:54, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC)
 * Keep, M with ACiD Productions. Useful information in this article. +sj +  16:03, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This article has more fluff than content and this discussion has more heat than light. Most of the verifiable, encyclopedic content relates to ACiD Productions. Merge it there and redirect. --Michael Snow 17:30, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, albeit with reluctance arising from my distaste for being on the same side as some of the completely inappropriate comments offered above. I don't agree with the idea of waiting a few years to see if this subject area becomes notable.  I'm fine with documenting ephemera for historical purposes.  It would be nice to have ready online access to, say, fads of the 1920s.  My first inclination was to agree with Michael Snow about merge & redirect, but it seems that RaD Man (whom I'd never heard of until I saw this listing) has some activities outside ACiD that are worth noting.  This article certainly needs cleanup, though. JamesMLane 04:03, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. anthony (see warning) 14:18, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable.  --L33tminion | (talk) 21:19, Nov 12, 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/RaD Man


text:
David Herd (anthologist)

David Herd (1732–10 June 1810) was a noted Scottish anthologist of songs and ballads.

Biography
Herd was born in Balmakelly in the parish of Marykirk in Kincardineshire in 1732 to Margaret Herd (née Low) (1691–1751) and John Herd, a farmer. The child David was baptised on 23 October 1732. Later in life he became clerk to an accountant in Edinburgh, where he became a well-known figure among the literary men. He devoted his leisure to collecting old Scottish poems and songs. In 1769 he published his first compilation of nearly 60 'heroic ballads' and 300 songs as Ancient Scottish Songs, Heroic Ballads, etc. Later enlarged editions appeared in 1776 and 1791.

Herd was a member and Sovereign (president) of the Edinburgh Cape Club, a tavern based convivial society with members including the poet Robert Fergusson, the painters Alexander Nasmyth, Henry Raeburn and Alexander Runciman (a close friend of Herd's), as well as John Wotherspoon (the printer of Herd's book) and Deacon William Brodie. Herd was also friendly with Sir Walter Scott, who made use of Herd's manuscript collections in his collection of ballads, the Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border.

Herd died at Potterrow, Edinburgh on 10 June 1810 and was buried in the Buccleuch Parish Church yard.

title: David Herd (anthologist)


text: User talk:211.28.96.12

title: User talk:211.28.96.12


text:
User talk:Mick8882003

This message is regarding the page Wronskian. Please refrain from adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. -- SoothingR(pour) 10:42, 18 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Whatever you are doing to this article, please stop it or explain yourself at the talkpage..as I come to realize that most of your edits in Wronskian are counterproductive. -- SoothingR(pour) 10:49, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Wronskian
You are only sixteen years old, what right do you have to change my edits on an article that is intended for university students, please dont edit pages you have no knowledge of or dont even care about.
 * That is truly beside the point. You were adding random stuff to it, like adding red links at places that didn't make sense, links to test. One does not need to be an university student to understand that that is not common Wikipedia procedure. -- SoothingR(pour) 10:56, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

''Ok granted that the edit didnt make sense, but I was trying to work out why I couldnt get the link to work, I still dont understand why you are even on this page, are you interested in the material? Oh yes and give me some time to finish what I am editing, thats the main problem with this site, people revert pages without even considering if the info is worth while, one of the main reasons I do not use this page as much as I should''
 * In that case, I would like to recommend you to use the preview-button, so that you can fix your mistakes before other people think your edits are spam, or vandalism of whatever kind. Also, please sign your comments and don't reply at the top of my talkpage -- SoothingR(pour) 11:07, 18 December 2005 (UTC)
 * We also have a sandbox to try things out. Furthermore, you can use a page like User:Mick8882003/Sandbox to create your personal test space. Nevertheless, I think the material you added to Wronskian is not suitable for an encyclopaedia, so I moved it to Talk:Wronskian. And please do not argue from a position of authority ("what right do you have to change my edits on an article that is intended for university students") because you would lose against me; we try to concentrate on the arguments instead of the person bringing them forward. Cheers, Jitse Niesen (talk) 13:52, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

C Sharp
Please do not add commercial links or links to your own private websites to Wikipedia, as you did in C Sharp. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. You are, however, encouraged to add content instead of links as long as the content abides by our policies and guidelines. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --Chris (talk) 05:12, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Please do not remove legitimate warnings from your talk page or replace them with offensive content. Removing or maliciously altering warnings from your talk page will not remove them from the page history. You're welcome to archive your talk page, but be sure to provide a link to any deleted legitimate comments. If you continue to remove or vandalize legitimate warnings from your talk page, you will lose your privilege of editing your talk page. Thanks. Ryūlóng 05:29, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Regarding edits made during August 27 2006 (UTC) to Electrical engineering
Please stop. If you continue to use Wikipedia for advertising, you will be blocked from editing. Ryūlóng 05:30, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you insert a spam link, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Persistent spammers will have their websites blacklisted from Wikipedia. -- - GI e n 05:31, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Regarding edits made during August 27 2006 (UTC) to Chemical engineering
This is your last warning. The next time you insert a spam link, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Persistent spammers will have their websites blacklisted from Wikipedia. Ryūlóng 05:32, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. Please note that page blanking, addition of random text or spam, deliberate misinformation, privacy violations, and other deliberate attempts to disrupt Wikipedia are considered vandalism. If you wish to make useful contributions, you may come back after the block expires. ≈ jossi ≈ t • @ 05:36, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mick8882003


text:
Great Year

The term Great Year has more than one major meaning. It is defined by scientific astronomy as "The period of one complete cycle of the equinoxes around the ecliptic, or about 25,800 years". Ptolemy reported that his teacher Hipparchus, by comparing the position of the vernal equinox against the fixed stars in his time and in earlier observations, discovered that it shifts westward approximately one degree every 72 years. Thus the time it would take the equinox to make a complete revolution through all the zodiac constellations and return to its original position would be approximately 25,920 years. In the heliocentric model, the precession can be pictured as the axis of the Earth's rotation making a slow revolution around the normal to the plane of the ecliptic. The position of the Earth's axis in the northern night sky currently almost aligns with the star Polaris, the North Star. But as the direction of the axis is changing, this is a passing coincidence which was not always so and will not be so again until a Great Year has passed.

The Platonic Year, which is also called the Great Year, has a different more ancient and mystical meaning. Plato hypothesized that winding the orbital motions of the Sun, Moon and naked eye planets forward or back in time would arrive at a point where they are in the same positions as they are today. He called this time period the Great Year and suggested that such a unified return would take place about every 36,000 years.

By extension, the term "Great Year" can be used for any concept of eternal return in the world's mythologies or philosophies. Historian Otto Neugebauer writes: "The difficulty with the term 'great year' lies in its ambiguity. Almost any period can be found sometime or somewhere honored with this name."

Description of the science

The plane of the ecliptic is the plane described by the apparent motion of the Sun against the starry background. It is the Earth's orbital motion about the Sun which causes this apparent motion to occur. The Earth's axis of rotation is not set perpendicular to this plane but at a present angle of 23.5 degrees to the perpendicular. The alignment of the axis is maintained throughout the year so that the point of sky above the north or south poles remains unchanged throughout the Earth's annual rotation around the Sun.

A slow conical motion of the Earth's polar axis about its normal to the plane of the ecliptic is caused by the attractive force of the other heavenly bodies on the equatorial protuberance of the Earth. A similar conical motion can also be observed in a gyroscope that is subjected to lateral forces.

The resultant motion of the Earth's axis is called general precession and the equinox points in the ecliptic move westward along the ecliptic at the rate of about 50.3 seconds of arc per year as a result. In 25,772 years, the points are once again at the same point in the sky where observations began.

In addition the tilt, or obliquity, of the Earth's axis is not constant but changes in a cycle of its own. During a cycle that averages about 40,000 years, the tilt of the axis varies between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees.

History of both definitions
Plato (c. 360 BC) used the term "perfect year" to describe the return of the celestial bodies (planets) and the diurnal rotation of the fixed stars (circle of the Same) to their original positions; there is no evidence he had any knowledge of axial precession. The cycle which Plato describes is one of planetary and astral conjunction, which can be postulated without any awareness of axial precession.

Hipparchus (c. 120 BC) is the first Greek credited with discovering axial precession roughly two hundred years after Plato's death (see below).

Cicero (1st century BC) followed Plato in defining the Great Year as a combination of solar, lunar and planetary cycles.

Plato's description of the perfect year is found in his dialogue Timaeus: "And so people are all but ignorant of the fact that time really is the wanderings of these bodies, bewilderingly numerous as they are and astonishingly variegated. It is none the less possible, however, to discern that the perfect number of time brings to completion the perfect year at that moment when the relative speeds of all eight periods have been completed together and, measured by the circle of the Same that moves uniformly, have achieved their consummation.'"

In De Natura Deorum, Cicero wrote

"On the diverse motions of the planets the mathematicians have based what they call the Great Year, 'which is completed when the sun, moon and five planets having all finished their courses have returned to the same positions relative to one another. The length of this period is hotly debated, but it must necessarily be a fixed and definite time.'"

Macrobius (early fifth century AD) in his commentary on Cicero's Somnium Scipionis states that 'the philosophers' reckon the Great Year as 15,000 years.

Censorinus (3rd century AD) wrote that Aristarchus of Samos reckoned a Great Year as 2484 years: but it has been argued that this is a miscopying of 2434, which represents 45 Exeligmos cycles.

The origin of the Platonic Year would seem to have no connection with the precession of the equinoxes as this was unknown in Plato's time. Two centuries after Plato, Hipparchus is credited with discovering the period of equinox precession, and the term "Great Year" eventually came to be applied to the period of that precession caused by the slow gyration of the Earth's axis.

"Some time around the middle of the second century BC, the astronomer Hipparchus discovered that the fixed stars as a whole gradually shifted their position in relation to the annually determined locations of the Sun at the equinoxes and solstices... Otto Neugebauer argued that Hipparchus in fact believed that this [36,000 years] was the maximum figure and that he also computed the true rate of one complete precession cycle at just under 26,000 years..."

It is argued that a confusion between the two originated with the astronomer Ptolemy (c. 170 AD), who "adopted the larger, erroneous, figure, with the result that henceforth the two versions of the Great Year — the Platonic Great Year, defined by the planets, and the precessional, defined by the stars — were to be increasingly confused."

Ptolemy has even been accused of committing scientific fraud by making up observations that would give the figure of 36,000 years even though the data available to him were good enough to get very near the true figure of 26,000.

Josephus (first century AD) refers to a 'Great Year' (μέγας ἐνιαυτός) of 600 years.

"God afforded them a longer time of life on account of their virtue, and the good use they made of it in astronomical and geometrical discoveries, which would not have afforded the time of foretelling [the periods of the stars] unless they had lived six hundred years; for the great year is completed in that interval."

It has been suggested that he obtained this value from Berossos (c. 3rd century BC) who reckoned time in intervals of 60, 600 and 3600 years.

Isaac Newton (1642 – 1726/27) determined the cause of precession and established the rate of precession at 1 degree per 72 years, very close to the best value measured today, thus demonstrating the magnitude of the error in the earlier value of 1 degree per century.

title: Great Year


text:
User:Fiasco~enwiki

=Fiasco= Fiasco knows a finite, yet substantial, number of things. He will share these with anyone who appears to have even a trifling interest. He himself is, in ways, like a walking, talking, aggressively educational Wikipedia.

title: User:Fiasco~enwiki


text: User talk:211.28.96.11

title: User talk:211.28.96.11


text: Talk:Living in Clip

title: Talk:Living in Clip


text:
Morpholino

A Morpholino, also known as a Morpholino oligomer and as a phosphorodiamidate Morpholino oligomer (PMO), is a type of oligomer molecule (colloquially, an oligo) used in molecular biology to modify gene expression. Its molecular structure contains DNA bases attached to a backbone of methylenemorpholine rings linked through phosphorodiamidate groups. Morpholinos block access of other molecules to small (~25 base) specific sequences of the base-pairing surfaces of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Morpholinos are used as research tools for reverse genetics by knocking down gene function.

This article discusses only the Morpholino antisense oligomers, which are nucleic acid analogs. The word "Morpholino" can occur in other chemical names, referring to chemicals containing a six-membered morpholine ring. To help avoid confusion with other morpholine-containing molecules, when describing oligos "Morpholino" is often capitalized as a trade name, but this usage is not consistent across scientific literature. Morpholino oligos are sometimes referred to as PMO (for phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer), especially in medical literature. Vivo-Morpholinos and PPMO are modified forms of Morpholinos with chemical groups covalently attached to facilitate entry into cells.

Gene knockdown is achieved by reducing the expression of a particular gene in a cell. In the case of protein-coding genes, this usually leads to a reduction in the quantity of the corresponding protein in the cell. Knocking down gene expression is a method for learning about the function of a particular protein; in a similar manner, causing a specific exon to be spliced out of the RNA transcript encoding a protein can help to determine the function of the protein moiety encoded by that exon or can sometimes knock down the protein activity altogether. These molecules have been applied to studies in several model organisms, including mice, zebrafish, frogs and sea urchins. Morpholinos can also modify the splicing of pre-mRNA or inhibit the maturation and activity of miRNA. Techniques for targeting Morpholinos to RNAs and delivering Morpholinos into cells have recently been reviewed in a journal article and in book form.

Morpholinos are in development as pharmaceutical therapeutics targeted against pathogenic organisms such as bacteria or viruses and genetic diseases. A Morpholino-based drug eteplirsen from Sarepta Therapeutics received accelerated approval from the US Food and Drug Administration in September 2016 for the treatment of some mutations causing Duchenne muscular dystrophy, although the approval process was mired in controversy. Other Morpholino-based drugs golodirsen, viltolarsen, and casimersen (also for Duchenne muscular dystrophy) were approved by the FDA in 2019–2021.

History
Morpholino oligos were conceived by Summerton (Gene Tools) at AntiVirals Inc. (now Sarepta Therapeutics) and originally developed in collaboration with Weller.

Structure
Morpholinos are synthetic molecules that are the product of a redesign of natural nucleic acid structure. Usually 25 bases in length, they bind to complementary sequences of RNA or single-stranded DNA by standard nucleic acid base-pairing. In terms of structure, the difference between Morpholinos and DNA is that, while Morpholinos have standard nucleic acid bases, those bases are bound to methylenemorpholine rings linked through phosphorodiamidate groups instead of phosphates. The figure compares the structures of the two strands depicted there, one of RNA and the other of a Morpholino. Replacement of anionic phosphates with the uncharged phosphorodiamidate groups eliminates ionization in the usual physiological pH range, so Morpholinos in organisms or cells are uncharged molecules. The entire backbone of a Morpholino is made from these modified subunits.

Function
Morpholinos do not trigger the degradation of their target RNA molecules, unlike many antisense structural types (e.g., phosphorothioates, siRNA). Instead, Morpholinos act by "steric blocking", binding to a target sequence within an RNA, inhibiting molecules that might otherwise interact with the RNA. Morpholino oligos are often used to investigate the role of a specific mRNA transcript in an embryo. Developmental biologists inject Morpholino oligos into eggs or embryos of zebrafish, African clawed frog (Xenopus), sea urchin and killifish (F. heteroclitus) producing morphant embryos, or electroporate Morpholinos into chick embryos at later development stages. With appropriate cytosolic delivery systems, Morpholinos are effective in cell culture. Vivo-Morpholinos, in which the oligo is covalently linked to a delivery dendrimer, enter cells when administered systemically in adult animals or in tissue cultures.

Normal gene expression in eukaryotes
In eukaryotic organisms, pre-mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus, introns are spliced out, then the mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The small subunit of the ribosome usually starts by binding at the 5' end of the mRNA and is joined there by various other eukaryotic initiation factors, forming the initiation complex. The initiation complex scans along the mRNA strand until it reaches a start codon, and then the large subunit of the ribosome attaches to the small subunit and translation of a protein begins. This entire process is referred to as gene expression; it is the process by which the information in a gene, encoded as a sequence of bases in DNA, is converted into the structure of a protein. A Morpholino can modify splicing, block translation, or block other functional sites on RNA depending on the Morpholino's base sequence.

Blocking translation
Bound to the 5'-untranslated region of messenger RNA (mRNA), Morpholinos can interfere with progression of the ribosomal initiation complex from the 5' cap to the start codon. This prevents translation of the coding region of the targeted transcript (called "knocking down" gene expression). This is useful experimentally when an investigator wishes to know the function of a particular protein; Morpholinos provide a convenient means of knocking down expression of the protein and learning how that knockdown changes the cells or organism. Some Morpholinos knock down expression so effectively that, after degradation of preexisting proteins, the targeted proteins become undetectable by Western blot.

In 2016 a synthetic peptide-conjugated PMO (PPMO) was found to inhibit the expression of New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase, an enzyme that many drug-resistant bacteria use to destroy carbapenems.

Modifying pre-mRNA splicing
Morpholinos can interfere with pre-mRNA processing steps either by preventing splice-directing small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP) complexes from binding to their targets at the borders of introns on a strand of pre-mRNA, or by blocking the nucleophilic adenine base and preventing it from forming the splice lariat structure, or by interfering with the binding of splice regulatory proteins such as splice silencers and splice enhancers. Preventing the binding of snRNP U1 (at the donor site) or U2/U5 (at the polypyrimidine moiety and acceptor site) can cause modified splicing, commonly excluding exons from the mature mRNA. Targeting some splice targets results in intron inclusions, while activation of cryptic splice sites can lead to partial inclusions or exclusions. Targets of U11/U12 snRNPs can also be blocked. Splice modification can be conveniently assayed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and is seen as a band shift after gel electrophoresis of RT-PCR products.

Other applications: blocking other mRNA sites and use as probes
Morpholinos have been used to block miRNA activity and maturation. Fluorescein-tagged Morpholinos combined with fluorescein-specific antibodies can be used as probes for in-situ hybridization to miRNAs. Morpholinos can block ribozyme activity. U2 and U12 snRNP functions have been inhibited by Morpholinos. Morpholinos targeted to "slippery" mRNA sequences within protein coding regions can induce translational frameshifts. Morpholinos can block RNA editing, poly-A tailing and translocation sequences. Morpholino activities against this variety of targets suggest that Morpholinos can be used as a general-purpose tool for blocking interactions of proteins or nucleic acids with mRNA.

Specificity, stability and non-antisense effects
Morpholinos have become a standard knockdown tool in animal embryonic systems, which have a broader range of gene expression than adult cells and can be strongly affected by an off-target interaction. Following initial injections into frog or fish embryos at the single-cell or few-cell stages, Morpholino effects can be measured up to five days later, after most of the processes of organogenesis and differentiation are past, with observed phenotypes consistent with target-gene knockdown. Control oligos with irrelevant sequences usually produce no change in embryonic phenotype, evidence of the Morpholino oligo's sequence-specificity and lack of non-antisense effects. The dose required for a knockdown can be reduced by coinjection of several Morpholino oligos targeting the same mRNA, which is an effective strategy for reducing or eliminating dose-dependent off-target RNA interactions.

mRNA rescue experiments can sometimes restore the wild-type phenotype to the embryos and provide evidence for the specificity of a Morpholino. In an mRNA rescue, a Morpholino is co-injected with an mRNA that codes for the morphlino's protein. However, the rescue mRNA has a modified 5'-UTR (untranslated region) so that the rescue mRNA contains no target for the Morpholino. The rescue mRNA's coding region encodes the protein of interest. Translation of the rescue mRNA replaces production of the protein that was knocked down by the Morpholino. Since the rescue mRNA would not affect phenotypic changes due to the Morpholino's off-target gene expression modulation, this return to wild-type phenotype is further evidence of Morpholino specificity. In some cases, ectopic expression of the rescue RNA makes recovery of the wild-type phenotype impossible.

In embryos, Morpholinos can be tested in null mutants to check for unexpected RNA interactions, then used in a wild-type embryo to reveal the acute knockdown phenotype. The knockdown phenotype is often more extreme than the mutant phenotype; in the mutant, effects of losing the null gene can be concealed by genetic compensation.

Because of their completely unnatural backbones, Morpholinos are not recognized by cellular proteins. Nucleases do not degrade Morpholinos, nor are they degraded in serum or in cells.

Up to 18% of Morpholinos appear to induce nontarget-related phenotypes including cell death in the central nervous system and somite tissues of zebrafish embryos. Most of these effects are due to activation of p53-mediated apoptosis and can be suppressed by co-injection of an anti-p53 Morpholino along with the experimental Morpholino. Moreover, the p53-mediated apoptotic effect of a Morpholino knockdown has been phenocopied using another antisense structural type, showing the p53-mediated apoptosis to be a consequence of the loss of the targeted protein and not a consequence of the knockdown oligo type. It appears that these effects are sequence-specific; as in most cases, if a Morpholino is associated with non-target effects, the 4-base mismatch Morpholino will not trigger these effects.

A cause for concern in the use of Morpholinos is the potential for "off-target" effects. Whether an observed morphant phenotype is due to the intended knockdown or an interaction with an off-target RNA can often be addressed in embryos by running another experiment to confirm that the observed morphant phenotype results from the knockdown of the expected target. This can be done by recapitulating the morphant phenotype with a second, non-overlapping Morpholino targeting the same mRNA, by confirmation of the observed phenotypes by comparing with a mutant strain (though compensation will obscure a phenotype in some mutants), by testing the Morpholino in a null mutant background to detect additional phenotypic changes or by dominant-negative methods. As mentioned above, rescue of observed phenotypes by coinjecting a rescue mRNA is, when feasible, a reliable test of specificity of a Morpholino.

Delivery
For a Morpholino to be effective, it must be delivered past the cell membrane into the cytosol of a cell. Once in the cytosol, Morpholinos freely diffuse between the cytosol and nucleus, as demonstrated by the nuclear splice-modifying activity of Morpholinos observed after microinjection into the cytosol of cells. Different methods are used for delivery into embryos, into cultured cells or into adult animals. A microinjection apparatus is usually used for delivery into an embryo, with injections most commonly performed at the single-cell or few-cell stage; an alternative method for embryonic delivery is electroporation, which can deliver oligos into tissues of later embryonic stages. Common techniques for delivery into cultured cells include the Endo-Porter peptide (which causes the Morpholino to be released from endosomes), the Special Delivery system (no longer commercially available, used a Morpholino-DNA heteroduplex and an ethoxylated polyethylenimine delivery reagent), electroporation, or scrape loading.

Delivery into adult tissues is usually difficult, though there are a few systems allowing useful uptake of unmodified Morpholino oligos (including uptake into muscle cells with Duchenne muscular dystrophy or the vascular endothelial cells stressed during balloon angioplasty ). Though they permeate through intercellular spaces in tissues effectively, unconjugated PMOs have limited distribution into the cytosol and nuclear spaces within healthy tissues following IV administration. Systemic delivery into many cells in adult organisms can be accomplished by using covalent conjugates of Morpholino oligos with cell-penetrating peptides, and, while toxicity has been associated with moderate doses of the peptide conjugates, they have been used in vivo for effective oligo delivery at doses below those causing observed toxicity. An octa-guanidinium dendrimer attached to the end of a Morpholino can deliver the modified oligo (called a Vivo-Morpholino) from the blood to the cytosol. Delivery-enabled Morpholinos, such as peptide conjugates and Vivo-Morpholinos, show promise as therapeutics for viral and genetic diseases.

title: Morpholino


text:
User talk:Fiasco~enwiki

As yet, I'm not so notable as to warrant discussion. Honestly, I'd like to keep it that way. Fiasco 18:05, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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title: User talk:Fiasco~enwiki


text:
Scenario paintball

Scenario paintball is a colloquialism used to represent a diverse array of paintball events that encompass many themes that may include historical re-enactments, movies, current pop culture, futuristic or video game simulations, and more. Others have no theme at all. They frequently feature game mechanics such as "medics" and "snipers" and "helicopters" carried out through various simulations. The common denominator for this type of play is anywhere from 75 to 5000 players, with at least 6 hours of continuous play. These events average 12 hours of game play across a weekend in 2 major play periods. The longest and most challenging events run 24 hours straight with no breaks, with elite players covering ultra marathon distances. Instead of playing on a single field at a venue, all fields are combined into one continuous playable area. To further enhance the theme of a game, field locations may be named for important story locations, and props of various sorts are added to the game. These may be objects that players collect for points, or even vehicles that take part in the fighting, like paintball tanks. Players may don costumes specific to the theme, such as historic military uniforms or other costumes.

These events are best broken into sub-categories.

A Big Game is a type of scenario game that revolves around territory control with very few specific tasks given to players. They may or may not have a theme. These are designed for paintball first and foremost, but sometimes feature simulations. As player density at events increases, the tactics become increasingly Napoleonic, moving principal masses of players into perceived weak points to gain territory.

A Paintball Scenario is a type of scenario game that revolves around 2 large sides of players performing specific tasks. These tasks at their core are designed to entertain players and encourage paint consumption by placing 2 relatively balanced teams in the same place at the same time. The tasks can be very simple such as a "take and hold" of territory on field, or very complex involving many locations, role-playing, mini games, and more. Game tasks are distributed by giving the task to an assigned commander for the team, who chooses players to carry out the task. Sometimes these tasks are simply put on a poster for all to see.

A Scenario Paintball event is an immersive gaming experience that puts the theme, story line, role-playing, and simulation experiences above the paintball play. These events feature the most players in costumes, often with a bevy of melee weapons and unique experiences. These games may include escape rooms, large numbers of props, extensive simulations, and even open-world game play features.

A Real Time Tactical event is a mixture of Big Game play and video game Real Time Strategy game mechanics. Players use the event mobile app's Augmented Reality features to capture territory, build virtual structures, upgrade their forces, unlock special powers, and score points. Advanced game mechanics including capturing territory based on player GPS proximity, RGB light indicators on control points, image recognition, Heads Up Display compatibility, and AI content distribution.

A Battle Royale event plays the same as video game Battle Royales. Using the event's mobile app, players play over an increasingly shrinking playing field until only 1 person or team is left standing.

Scenario events are usually planned far in advance, both by the event "producers" or fields, and by the players themselves. Players may form large, lasting networks of players and teams that play together year after year in a specific scenario. These organizations help plan game strategy and direct their groups on the field and offer a level of organization beyond the basic two-sided team play.

Modern events may feature many different playing styles in a single weekend, featuring Battle Royale games, A Big Game, and a Paintball Scenario across 3 days.

Like all forms of paintball, scenario paintball has a very good per-capita safety record. Due to longer play times, heat-related injuries are one of the more common injuries in scenario paintball. Many players often carry 1- to 3-liter water bladders, allowing players to drink water without removing their safety masks, to combat heat and dehydration.

Gameplay
Scenario paintball games allows paintball players (who may be divided into teams) to participate in a scenario, or story; which can include historical re-enactments, or fictional simulations. Because of the addition of a storyline to the game, and a larger contingent of players, scenario games tend to run over the course of hours or even days. Because of the potential size and length of matches, players tagged by paintballs, and hence eliminated, might be able to return to the playing field after a set time. The scenario itself may be punctuated by smaller rounds, in which teams may need to complete a simple objective such as holding a location while another team attacks.

Scenario design
A paintball scenario will have often have pre-planning by a director or producer and incorporate a theme - with popular simulations possibly drawn from action movies, military events, science fiction, historical events, or television shows. Games are generally designed for either single day play, which are run over an eight- to twelve-hour timespan during the daylight hours, or 24-hour play, which last for much longer and are more intricate. The entire game itself can be either one continuous match, or divided into smaller skirmishes and missions; with scoring for individual matches contributing to an overall score.

Player roles
Many scenario games add special roles to the paintball game. Some are strictly for the story line, describing the player as part of the group he or she is portraying. A player may be almost anything to fit the storyline, such as a rebel, an angry villager, a scientist or more. These roles have no effect on how the player plays.

Some roles have special game abilities that assist their team. For example, a player could be a demolitions expert, medic, pilot or spy. These roles offer the player a chance to perform additional tasks on top of shooting opposing players. For example, a medic player may be able to "heal" a certain number of teammates that have been hit by a paintball, returning them to the action that much faster.

When a player starts the game he/she is in some games issued an identification card. Some cards also indicate the player's role in the scenario. Often, players enter scenario games purely for this role-playing aspect. Players are not required to play a role in the game, but those that accept a role may be provided with specific goals to accomplish in the game.

An important aspect of role-playing scenario games is that while missions win games, role-players develop information about those missions that gain more points.

This role-playing aspect extends off the field as well, and it is common for players to be "in character" both on and off the field for the duration of the game. Role-players often negotiate with other teams for props and information, and even attempt to get opposing players to defect. For role-players, the event may start before the game as they talk with other players on internet BBS/forums, perform character research, make phone calls between teams, and assemble costumes. These pre-game activities may start weeks or months before the first paintball is fired.

Fields
Fields are normally much bigger than standard paintball fields and can even have a combined total of many paintball fields. Fields can range from a small 3 vs 3 square, to a few acres, to over 100 acre. Fields are generally an entire venue with every field put into use simultaneously and an out-of-bounds tape strung around it. This includes speed ball fields, castles, wooded areas, urban environments, and more.

Props
In most scenarios, props are incorporated to enhance the fun and role-playing aspects of the game. Typically these props are small, simple in make and design, clearly identifiable, and serve a specific purpose. Conventional examples would be a small wooden box, labeled “EXPLOSIVES,” or fake money used as currency between different sides during the game.

Props almost always have specific rules written about them by the scenario producers. For example, rules pertaining to the aforementioned box of explosives may specify that only specific role-players (such as demolitions, engineers, etc.) of the game may handle or operate the prop, and that if taken to the enemy base the prop may be used to “blow up” their base thus eliminating any players inside.

Some props are randomly strewn about on fields for players to find, turn in to their base, and earn their side points. Often scenario producers will write missions for each side to retrieve or defend a particular prop from a specified spot on the field. For instance, at EMR’s Castle Conquest XXI big game, in which 200 defenders defended a three-story castle against upwards of 800 attackers, the removal of any four (out of ten) props from the castle resulted in victory for the attackers.

Equipment
Not all, but many scenario players prefer military simulation, or "Mil-Sim" style gear, choosing equipment that emulates real military gear in form and function. It is not uncommon to see elaborate costumes, paintball rocket- and grenade-launchers, radios, electronic bugs, and other props built especially for the game.

Mil-Sim markers are not the only markers used. Standard paintball markers are often used, although some brightly colored models make it more difficult to remain hidden while using them.

Because players are on the field for many hours at a time, they generally pack more gear than they would in a regular woodsball game. Players may carry a large number of items, including maps, ID Cards, smoke and paint grenades, night vision systems, radios, and water. Vests emulating those worn by law enforcement and military personnel may be used. Because scenarios tend to be played in the woods or in a mix of woods and buildings, camouflage jerseys and pants are often worn.

Tanks
Paintball scenario games may include Armored Tanks the players have to interact with.

Motorized Tanks, (Heavy Armor), have specific rules which vary from field to field. A common rule is that players are not allowed within 10 ft of a moving tank. Tanks are always limited to a speed of 5 mi/h. Tanks can be constructed from golf carts, ATVs, 6x6s or even utility vehicles that have been converted into auto based tanks which are usually quite large. Some people have even fabricated scale tanks from scratch.

Teams
There are many scenario paintball teams that attend various events throughout the world. Teams may be informal, playing for the recreational value of the scenario game, or may be more competitive. Play styles and player types vary greatly, since the pace of scenario games offers opportunities for a wide variety of athletic levels to participate.

Software
Some teams use Force Tracking and communications mobile apps. These include BattleTac, BlueFox Tracker, and RKE Warlord.

Major events

 * ION Skirmish in Pennsylvania every July has 4000+ players. Starts with a massive storming the beach and play continues throughout the woods and makeshift towns. Game play continues into the dark, until 10 pm.
 * Oklahoma D-day in Wyandotte, Oklahoma, every June has 4000+ players. Famous for the wide variety of challenging terrain, dozens of tanks, and helicopter. June 2021 is currently scheduled as the Final D-Day.
 * Fulda Gap at Command Decisions Wargame Center in Taylorsville, North Carolina host a 1500+ player game on a 70-acre field filled with multiple firebases, trench lines, towns, and bridges. Features several tanks on both sides as well as props such as simulated airstrikes, artillery, and other bombardments via pyrotechnic effects.
 * Skirmish Paintball in the UK host games all year round at 27 venues across Britain.
 * DFW Adventure Park in Roanoke, Texas host four major games a year on 250 acre.
 * Operation: Market Garden being the largest in Texas with about 500 players a year.
 * Biggame Germany: A large scenario game in Mahlwinkel, Germany, with 1500 players twice a year (June and September).
 * Firefly: After The Wave, Sherwood Forest, May 2019. World's first massively multiplayer server-connected scenario game.
 * Infinite War, Low Country Paintball, March 2020. World's first eSports Scenario Game.

Big Game vs Paintball Scenario vs Scenario Paintball
A Big Game focuses heavily on paintball play, typically carried out in a territory control format. A paintball scenario game focuses heavily on paintball play, typically carried out in a task-based format, with the tasks designed for 2 evenly matched forces to run into each other somewhere on the field. A scenario paintball game focuses heavily on the simulation and role-playing aspects, at the expense of the paintball play. These use a wide variety of tasks for players, territory control, and other game mechanics.

title: Scenario paintball


text:
Serbian Catholic Church

The term Serbian Catholic Church can refer to:

 * Catholic Church in Serbia, communities and institutions of the Catholic Church in Serbia (including the Latin Church)
 * Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur, an eparchy (diocese) for Eastern Catholics of the Byzantine Rite in Serbia
 * Serbian Old-Catholic Church, a former old-catholic church in Serbia, that existed in the second half of the 20th century

title: Serbian Catholic Church