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Ford Tempo

The Ford Tempo is an automobile that was produced by Ford from the 1984 to 1994 model years. The successor of the Ford Fairmont, the Tempo marked both the downsizing of the Ford compact car line and its adoption of front-wheel drive. Through its production, the model line was offered as a two-door coupe and four-door sedan, with the Mercury Topaz marketed as its divisional counterpart (no Lincoln version was sold).

Deriving its chassis underpinnings and powertrain from the Ford Escort, the Tempo was the first aerodynamically styled sedan introduced by Ford. First seen on the 1982 Ford Sierra hatchbacks (designed by Ford of Europe) and the 1983 Ford Thunderbird, the model line was followed by the 1986 Ford Taurus.

Produced across multiple facilities in North America, the Tempo/Topaz was produced in a single generation of two-doors; two generations of four-door sedans were produced. For the 1995 model year, the Tempo/Topaz four-door sedan was replaced by the Ford Contour (and Mercury Mystique), developed from the Ford Mondeo; the two-door Tempo was not directly replaced.

Development
In the late 1970s Ford began planning to replace their compact rear wheel drive Ford Fairmont and Mercury Zephyr models with a new smaller front wheel drive (FWD) car. This new compact was expected to compete in the marketplace with General Motors' X-Body, but wound up more similar to GM's J-cars. Ford's chief development engineer for the new car was Ed Cascardo.

The Tempo and Topaz chassis shared some parts with the front-wheel-drive platform used on the first North American Ford Escort, but with a wheelbase stretched by 5.7 in and distinctive new bodies. There were few common components due to the Tempo and Topaz's larger size. Switching to front-wheel drive freed up interior space that would have otherwise been lost to accommodate a driveshaft and rear differential.

Wind tunnel testing on the Tempo began in December 1978. More than 450 hours of testing resulted in over 950 different design changes. The Tempo and Topaz both featured windshields inclined at a 60° angle and aircraft-inspired door frames, two features that had both appeared on the Thunderbird and Cougar in 1983. The door frames wrapped up into the roofline, which improved sealing, allowed for hidden drip rails, and cleaned up the A-pillar area of the car. The rear track was widened, improving aerodynamic efficiency. The front grille was laid back and the leading edge of the hood was tuned for aerodynamic cleanliness. The wheels were pushed out to the corners of the body, reducing turbulence. The cars' backlights were also laid down at 60°, and the rear deck was raised, reducing drag and resulting in greater fuel efficiency. Viewed from the side, the raised trunk imparted a wedge stance to the car which was especially prominent on the two-door coupes. The aerodynamic work resulted in a coefficient of drag ($$\scriptstyle C_\mathrm d\,$$) of 0.36 for the two-door Tempo, equal to that of the aero Ford Thunderbird. The four door returned a drag coefficient of 0.37.

The Tempo was designed for a four-cylinder engine, but all production of Ford's 2.3 L Lima OHC four was committed to other product lines. In 1983 Ford had stopped production of their 200 cubic inch Thriftpower inline six, leaving unused capacity at the Lima Engine plant. Ford developed a four-cylinder engine that shared some features of the Thriftpower six, topped with a new cylinder head and using other new technologies, while repurposing as much tooling as possible at the Lima plant.

When the cars were released, a turbocharged version of the new four cylinder was said to be in development, but this engine never became available. At that point, a V6 was not being considered.

Released in 1983 as a 1984 model, more than 107,000 two-door Tempos and more than 295,000 four-door Tempos were sold in its first year.

Chassis and suspension
The Tempo's chassis is a steel unibody. The structure from the firewall forward is shared with the contemporary Ford Escort.

The Tempo's front suspension on each side comprises a lower lateral link triangulated by the anti-roll bar and a coil over MacPherson strut. The rear "Quadralink" suspension is two parallel lower lateral control links and a radius rod per side, with coil over MacPherson struts. This differed from the Escort's rear suspension, which used a lower lateral arm, radius rod, and non-concentric coil spring and shock absorber. The Tempo was the first ever American built Ford with an independent rear suspension using MacPherson struts.

Brakes are 9.3 in discs in front and 8.0 × drums in back.

Steering is by power assisted rack and pinion, with three turns lock-to-lock.

Standard tires on base models are 175/80R13, while higher trim levels have 185/70R14, and sportier models are fitted with Michelin TRX 185/65R365 metric tires on aluminum wheels.

Powertrain
The Tempo's four cylinder gasoline engine is called the "High Swirl Combustion" (HSC) engine and displaces 2.3 L. It has a cast iron block and head, with a single cam-in-block and two overhead valves (OHV) per cylinder with pushrods and rocker arms. The HSC engine was also offered in a "High Specific Output" (HSO) version producing 100 hp.

In 1992 the 3.0 L Ford Vulcan V6 engine became an option in the Tempo. Fitting the Vulcan V6 into the Tempo required changes to the water pump, and use of a more restrictive exhaust system that reduced maximum power.

The original base transmission in the gasoline fueled Tempo/Topaz is a four-speed IB4 manual that made up part of what Ford called the "Fuel Saver" powertrain. A five-speed MTX-III manual or a three-speed FLC automatic were optional upgrades.

From 1984 to 1986 a version of Mazda's four-cylinder RF diesel engine was offered in the Tempo and Topaz. The only transmission paired with the diesel engine was the 5-speed manual.

All Wheel Drive
An optional All Wheel Drive (AWD) system became available in the Tempo and Topaz in 1987, and was offered until 1991. Although Ford had a long history with four wheel drive, and had built prototypes based on other car models before, the AWD Tempo was their first production passenger sedan to offer four wheel drive.

This design of part-time system is not meant for serious off-road driving, nor for use on dry streets. It is designed specifically to provide additional traction in slippery road conditions. The system is controlled by a rocker switch in the interior. When activated, the system engages a clutch which sends power to a limited-slip rear differential via a new driveshaft. There is no transfer case.

The all-wheel-drive system adds 105 lb to the weight of the car, and increases ride height by just 0.5 in.

The only engine offered with the AWD option was the HSO four cylinder, with the 3-speed automatic transmission.

In 1991 Ford started referring to the system as "Four Wheel Drive" instead of All Wheel Drive.

First generation (1984–1987)
The first generation Tempo and Topaz were unveiled on the deck of the USS Intrepid, a decommissioned aircraft carrier that had been turned into a floating museum in New York Harbor. They were released on 26 May 1983 as 1984 models. An early advertisement for the car featured a Tempo sedan performing a 360 degree loop on a stunt track. The car in the ad was securely attached to a track, and was pulled through the shot rather than operating under its own power.

As Ford's first downsized compact car, the Tempo arrived four years after GM's compact X-Bodies in 1979 for the 1980 model years, and two and a half years after Chrysler's compact K-cars were introduced. The four door Tempo had three windows in profile, somewhat similar to the European Ford Sierra, while the four-door Topaz received a more upright C-pillar without rear quarter windows. The front of the car featured two sealed-beam halogen headlamps in chrome trimmed recessed mounts, and the grille between them featured four thin horizontal slats, swept back to allow for greater air flow into the engine compartment and over the hood.

The first generation Tempo came standard with a four-cylinder 2.3 L gasoline engine or an optional Mazda-built 2.0 L diesel engine. In late 1985 the four speed manual transmission was discontinued and the five-speed became standard. A slight modification was made to the five-speed transmission, moving the "reverse" position in the shift pattern from right beside first gear to the opposite bottom corner to reduce the likelihood of mistakenly selecting reverse rather than first gear during takeoff. Other changes for 1985 included a redesigned instrument panel with passenger side shelf, side window demisters, and a redesigned driver's pod with separate area for the radio. Also for 1985, the engine received a new central fuel injection (CFI) system, although the carbureted version was offered in Canada until 1987.

The instrument panel featured a new, easier to read gauge layout, with all switches and controls placed within easy reach of the driver.

In early 1985, the Tempo became the first production American automobile to feature a driver's side airbag as a supplemental restraint system. In 1984, Ford entered a contract with the General Services Administration and the Department of Transportation to supply 5,000 airbag-equipped Tempos. Half also received a special windshield designed to minimize lacerations to passengers, and all were early recipients of the high-mounted brake lights that became required by law in 1986.

1986 update
In October 1985, the Tempo and the Topaz received several minor changes for the 1986 model year. The rectangular sealed-beam halogen headlamps were replaced with new, plastic composite enclosures with a replaceable lamp. The new headlights were flush-mounted to match the redesigned front corner lights and freshly restyled grille, which more closely matched that of the new Taurus that debuted in 1986, while the Topaz received a half pseudo-lightbar grille similar to the one on the upcoming Sable. In back, the trunk and taillights were slightly restyled.

In 1986, the Tempo surpassed the Hyundai Pony to become the best selling new car in Canada. A new "LX" luxury trim level replaced the GLX. An all-wheel-drive model was added for 1987 on both 2- and 4-door. It included all the interior amenities of the LX/LS models, and the HSO engine from the Sport (detailed below). An automatic transaxle was standard, and the AWD was driver-selected with a pushbutton.

From 1985 to 1987, Ford offered the Sport GL, which included unique interior and exterior styling cues, the 2.3 L HSO engine, alloy wheels, tachometer, and the five-speed manual transaxle with a lower (numerically higher) final drive ratio of 3.73 for quicker acceleration. It was badged simply as "GL", but was recognizable because it lacked the GL's chrome front and rear bumpers, had 14" alloy wheels and charcoal trim accents.

Trim levels
First generation Tempo trim levels:
 * L (Entry level model)
 * GL (Mid-range model. Also Sport GL)
 * GLX (Luxury model. 1984 and 1985 model years only)
 * LX (Luxury model. Introduced for 1986. Replaced the GLX)
 * AWD (1987 model year only.)

First generation Topaz trim levels:
 * L (Entry level model. 1984 model year only)
 * GS (Mid-range model. Equivalent to Tempo GL)
 * GS-AWD (1987 model year only)
 * LS (Luxury model)
 * LS-AWD (1987 model year only)
 * XR5 (Sport model. 1987 model year only. Coupe only)

Second generation (1988–1994)

For 1988, the Tempo and Topaz sedans were redesigned, while the coupes were just facelifted. Both cars arrived in November 1987. The changes made the Tempo and Topaz look even more like their respective Taurus and Sable stablemates. The front of the Tempo got a completely restyled grille featuring three thin horizontal chrome bars with a Ford oval in the center, and two composite flush-mounted rectangular headlamps with restyled front turn signal housings on either side. On the Tempo GLS, the grille was blacked out, as was the "D" pillar. At the rear were brand new flush mounted tail lamps. The rear quarter window was redesigned to match and blend evenly with the restyled rear door trim. The Topaz was differentiated from the Tempo by a more formal, more vertical rear window, a waterfall grille, more upscale wheels, and solid red tail lamps.

The HSO engine was standard equipment on the Mercury Topaz XR5 and LTS models.

Both the sedan and coupe received a brand new instrument panel design with a central gauge cluster that included a standard engine temperature gauge, and more ergonomic driver controls. Fan and windshield wiper controls were now mounted on rotary-style switches on either side of the instrument panel, and the HVAC controls received a new push-button control layout. Other changes included reworked interior door panels. A driver's side airbag continued as an option, a rarity then for an economy level car. On Tempo LX and AWD models, the interior received chrome and wood trim on the dashboard and doors. Topaz models featured a tachometer-equipped gauge cluster and a front center armrest as standard.

For the 1991 model year the all-wheel drive Tempo and Topaz and the Canadian market exclusive entry-level Tempo L were discontinued. For 1992, the Tempo and Topaz got a minor restyle, with the Tempo gaining body-colored side trim that replaced the black and chrome trim, as well as full body-colored bumpers. The Tempo's three bar chrome grille was replaced with a body-colored monochromatic piece, while the Topaz's chrome grille was replaced with a non-functional light-bar.

Also for 1992, the 3.0 L Vulcan V6 engine from the Taurus and Sable was introduced as an option for the GL and LX models, and as the standard engine on the GLS. The 1992 model year was the last year of the GLS, as it and its Topaz counterpart were discontinued in 1993. This left the Tempo with only two trim level options, GL and LX. 1992 also brought a slightly redesigned gauge cluster, with a tachometer reading up to 7,000 rpm instead of the previous 6,000 rpm. A fuel door indicator was added to the fuel gauge as an arrow pointing to the side of the car where the fuel door was located. 1992 was the only year when a speedometer reading to 120 mph was available in American models, and only in the GLS, XR5 and LTS trim levels; all other model years read to 85 MPH.

A revised body with eight headlamps was previewed late in 1991, and a redesigned Tempo was expected for 1993 or 1998. No new Tempo model appeared as it was discontinued in 1994 and was replaced by the Contour for 1995.

Trim levels
Second generation Tempo trim levels:
 * L (Entry level model. Discontinued in 1991)
 * GL (Mid-range model)
 * LX (Luxury model. Sedan only)
 * AWD (Includes LX trim. Sedan only. Discontinued in 1991)
 * GLS (Replaced Sport GL as the performance oriented model. Discontinued in 1992)

Second generation Topaz trim levels:
 * GS (Mid-range model equivalent to the Tempo GL. Available from November 1987 to 1994)
 * GS-AWD (Available from November 1987 to 1991)
 * LS (Luxury model. Discontinued after 1992)
 * LS-AWD (Sedan only. Available from November 1987 to 1991)
 * XR5 (Sport model. Available from November 1987 to 1992. Coupe only. 3.0 L V6 engine was standard for 1992)
 * LTS ("Luxury Touring Sedan". Four-door equivalent of the XR5. Available from November 1987 to 1992)

End of production
Although a third-generation Tempo had been spotted testing in 1990, this was eventually scrapped in favor of replacing the car with an adapted version of the European Ford Mondeo, then late in development. By 1993 Ford had been losing money on the Tempo for a decade. While the Tempo had long been a loss leader for Ford, the incoming Contour was based on the Mondeo, one of the most expensive cars in Ford's European lineup. Ford was unsuccessful in drawing a distinction between the Tempo and Contour, and many buyers assumed that the new car would be priced the same as the old, causing some to face a large sticker shock.

For buyers shopping for a compact Ford, moving to the Contour came with a jump in price: the range topping 1994 Tempo LX sedan with V6 cost about $12,900,, while a base model 1995 Contour GL with four-cylinder engine and manual transmission was $13,990,.

1994 marked the last year for the HSC engine, the 2.5 L having been dropped from the Taurus in 1991. It was also the end for the 3-speed FLC automatic transmission, with the Ford Escort and Mercury Tracer using the Ford F-4EAT transmission.

The last Ford Tempo was built at Oakville Assembly on May 20, 1994. The facility was retooled to build the Ford Windstar. Kansas City Assembly and Cuautitlán Assembly became assembly points for the Ford Contour and Mercury Mystique.

Production figures
The Tempo was a sales success for Ford, staying one of the top ten best selling cars in the US, if not one of the top five, during its entire production run. For the introductory, extended 1984 model year (16 months long), Ford sold a total of 531,468 examples of the Tempo and Topaz combined, but this was also the nameplate's best year. All model year production figures for the Tempo are as follows:

China
During the early 1990s, in an attempt to ease trade tensions with the United States, China agreed to buy millions of dollars worth of automobiles from each of the Big Three American automakers; the share of the deal for Ford was worth $32 million. Along with reducing Chinese dependence on imports of Japanese automobiles, the arrangement let China keep its favored nation status with the United States (despite political tensions of the late 1980s).

In 1992, Ford began sales operations in China for the first time, introducing the Tempo alongside the Ford Taurus, Ford Crown Victoria, Ford Aerostar, and the Lincoln Town Car. In total, the Chinese government purchased over 8,200 Tempos, with the initial order of 3010 1992 four-door Tempo sedans serving as the largest single fleet order ever received by Ford. In addition of the fitment of metric-unit instrument panels, the Tempo underwent several revisions for the Chinese market, including modifications of the fuel system to accommodate leaded fuel, heavier-duty suspension, and heavier-grade wiring.

The initial government fleet order was originally intended for use as taxis and tourist vehicles; all were white-colored GL-trim four-door sedans. Following their importation, the Tempos remained under government ownership under official use, later sold to private owners.

Mexico
Ford assembled and sold two models based on the American Tempo in Mexico — the Ford Topaz and the Ford Ghia.

The cars were built in Ford's Cuautitlán Assembly plant. The lower level of automation at that plant translated into higher assembly costs, making a Mexican-built Ford Topaz retail for about US$400 more than a more well equipped US model with more effective pollution controls.

The first to hit the Mexican market was the Ford Topaz, debuting in 1984. This car was based on the American Tempo, and was offered in both two door and four door sedan versions. Like the US model, the Ford Topaz was restyled in 1988.

The Ford Ghia debuted in 1992. Based on the American Mercury Topaz, this model was more luxuriously trimmed. A 5-speed manual transmission and V6 engine were available.

T-Drive Tempo
In or around 1990, a modified Tempo was used as a rolling testbed for a new powertrain configuration that Ford called "T-Drive". This system used transverse inline engines with the drive for the transmission taken off the center of the crankshaft, rather than the end.

The test Tempo's original transverse straight four engine and transaxle were replaced with a transversely mounted DOHC straight-eight engine and a center-mounted longitudinal transaxle, making the Tempo Rear Wheel Drive. The T-Drive specification allowed for engines of 4, 6, and 8 cylinders of 2.0 L, 3.2 L, and 4.0 L respectively, and the Tempo received the largest engine. Power output was estimated to have been in the range of 215 –. It is possible that the Tempo was chosen as it could accommodate a drive shaft and rear differential, due to the availability of the AWD model. This 8 cylinder, RWD Tempo with independent rear suspension was shown briefly and never seen again.

In 1991, the T-Drive technology was unveiled to the public as part of two concept cars; the Contour sedan and the Mystique minivan. It did not go into production.

title: Ford Tempo


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Famalicão

Famalicão may refer to:

Places

 * Famalicão (Guarda), a civil parish in the municipality of Guarda
 * Famalicão (Nazaré), a civil parish in the municipality of Nazaré
 * Vila Nova de Famalicão Municipality, a municipality in the district of Braga

Other uses

 * Famalicão, a documentary film by Manoel de Oliveira about Vila Nova de Famalicão
 * F.C. Famalicão, a football club based in Vila Nova de Famalicão
 * Clube Rugby Famalicão, a rugby club based in Vila Nova de Famalicão

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Famalicão


text:
Famalicão (Guarda)

Famalicão is a parish (freguesia) in the municipality of Guarda in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 615, in an area of 16.02 km2.

title: Famalicão (Guarda)


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Richard Bacon (broadcaster)

Richard Paul Bacon (born 30 November 1975) is an English television, radio presenter television producer. He has worked on television shows including Blue Peter, The Big Breakfast, Good Morning Britain, and on radio stations including Capital FM, Xfm London and BBC Radio Five Live. In 2016, Bacon became the presenter of The National Geographic Channel's reboot of its documentary and panel discussion TV series, Explorer.

Early life and education
Bacon grew up in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, and was educated at St Peter's Church of England Primary School on Bellamy Road, followed by two private schools, also in Nottinghamshire: at Wellow House School, a preparatory school on Newark Road in the village of Wellow, and then at Worksop College, a boarding school on Windmill Lane in Worksop. He studied Business Studies with Electronics at Nottingham Trent University, but dropped out after a year.

Life and career
His first job in the media was as a reporter for BBC Radio Nottingham, notably on the programme The Beat. In February 1996, he joined L!VE TV as a reporter; this saw him being banned from the State Opening of Parliament, and having a beer thrown at him by Damon Albarn as he tried to interview him leaving a nightclub.

Blue Peter
Bacon's television break was as a presenter on the children's show Blue Peter, which he joined on 21 February 1997. He presented alongside Romana D'Annunzio, Katy Hill, Konnie Huq and Stuart Miles. On 19 October 1998, he was the programme's first-ever presenter to have his contract terminated in mid-season, after the tabloid newspaper News of the World published a report of Bacon taking cocaine. His tenure on the programme lasted just over 18 months. The then head of BBC children's programmes Lorraine Heggessey went on air to explain Bacon's dismissal to CBBC viewers. Bacon was required to return his Blue Peter badge upon his dismissal.

TV career since Blue Peter
Bacon's television career survived the setback, and he has since presented such shows as The Big Breakfast, Top of the Pops, and reality TV shows Back To Reality and Castaway Exposed.

In August 2005, the band The Magic Numbers walked out of Top of the Pops, after Bacon made a remark that was widely thought to be about the body shape of members of the band; during rehearsals he referred to the band as a "big, fat melting pot of talent".

From 2006-11 he has narrated BBC Three's series Most Annoying People.

Bacon guest-hosted ITV's This Morning during 2005, Channel 5's The Wright Stuff on several occasions during 2007 and 2008, and BBC Two's Something for the Weekend from 2008 to 2009. He was the narrator for series 1 to 3 of Sky's police documentary Brit Cops.

In late 2010, he presented Richard Bacon's Beer & Pizza Club on ITV4. A second series aired in late 2011. Just before the 2010 World Cup he hosted a show called World Cup's Most Shocking Moments, with Peter Crouch.

Bacon presented editions of BBC Three's Young Voters' Question Time. He has made several TV cameo appearances as himself, including Hotel Babylon in 2007 (in which his character hires escort girls to play Scrabble with him all night), the episode "Video Killed the Radio Star" of the TV series FM, an episode of The Thick of It (both in 2009) and an episode of Psychoville in 2011. In October 2011, he hosted BBC Three's Up for Hire, an interactive series over the course of five nights tackling one of Britain's biggest issues – youth unemployment.

In April 2012, he presented the Channel 4 television series Hidden Talent, each programme of which featured ordinary members of the public taking tests in certain fields or skills to identify any previously unidentified talent.

On 13 January 2013, Bacon appeared on All Star Family Fortunes with his family playing against Louie Spence. On 25 November 2013, Bacon hosted one series of ITV's game show Show Me the Telly. On 8 December 2013, he guest-presented an episode of Sunday Scoop.

On 17 February 2014, he hosted a one-off show, Benefits Britain: The Debate, for Channel 4. In the same year he presented the live Channel 4 programme How Rich Are You?, about the UK economy.

In 2015, Bacon co-presented the first series of The Big Painting Challenge alongside Una Stubbs for BBC One, and sports show Eternal Glory for ITV. He also joined Reena Ninan as a substitute co-host of ABC's World News Now overnight and America This Morning news programme.

In November 2016 Bacon became the presenter of the National Geographic Channel's Explorer programme, which comprises several (usually three) short films, introduced by Bacon, involving matters of social, political, environmental or humanitarian significance. Each film is then discussed before a live studio audience with Bacon moderating, and usually includes the filmmaker or another representative of the film and at least one expert on either side of the issue. For the debut show, Bacon hiked through Yosemite National Park with President Barack Obama.

In June 2017, he began hosting a daily half-hour newsmagazine show called Top 30. It originally aired on Fox affiliates for four weeks before being picked up as a regular series, broadcast nationally across America in September 2017. On 13 September 2017, it was renewed through 2019.

In July 2019, he was a guest presenter filling in for Piers Morgan on Good Morning Britain.

In October 2019, the American TV network ABC commissioned his original "whodunnit" game show format The Hustler for an eight-part series, hosted by Craig Ferguson. Production began in the fall, with Bacon serving as one of its executive producers. It was cancelled in 2022. Richard Bacon has produced This Is My Life (2021–2022) and I Literally Just Told You (2021) presented by Jimmy Carr.

Radio career
Bacon joined BBC Radio 5 Live to present the late-night show on Saturdays and Sundays. After this, he worked as an announcer for BBC 7 and then a DJ for Capital FM followed by Xfm London.

He returned to 5 Live, and from November 2007 until December 2009 presented the late-night programme, in which his sign-off ("Goodnight Great Britain, wherever you are") copied that of Jack Killian, the main character in the NBC television series Midnight Caller. He also on occasion stood in for Simon Mayo in the daytime film review programme, and stated that his favourite film is The Apartment.

In January 2010, Bacon became the regular presenter of the 5 Live mid-afternoon show from Mondays to Thursdays, in which he replaced the departing Simon Mayo. The show covered news, sport, celebrity interviews and special features. On Tuesdays there was a TV review with Boyd Hilton and another guest, looking back over the week's television and previewing future programmes. In the Moan-In on Wednesdays, listeners could share their moans and receive marks out of 10 from Bacon and a guest, often Dave Vitty. On Thursdays the feature was Chart The Week, where two guests would discuss the week's most talked-about news stories. At the same time, Bacon started to present a regular Saturday afternoon show on BBC Radio 6 Music; he later left to concentrate on other commitments. He returned to 6 Music in January 2012 for six weeks to present a Saturday morning programme.

Bacon's afternoon show attracted criticism for its content, which was classified by the BBC Trust as "news". Rival broadcaster Talksport made a general complaint in 2010 to the BBC Trust, claiming the BBC Radio 5 Live station was not providing its mandatory 75% news output, "with many items falling outside of the remit, such as 'entertainment-based interviews' and listener-generated features." Talksport's complaint "particularly singl[ed] out Bacon's two-hour weekday afternoon show for criticism", finding in a poll that only 20% of listeners considered Bacon's show to comprise "news". In their response, the BBC Trust rejected Talksport's complaints, but admitted that a review was required to develop "'a more nuanced method of monitoring the proportion of news output' on 5 Live compared to the current system, which counts the whole of Richard Bacon's afternoon show as news".

In August 2011, Bacon recommended that his listeners should watch a YouTube video of comedian Doug Stanhope, in which he mocked Sarah Palin's disabled son Trig. The Down's Syndrome Association complained to the BBC about the broadcast, stating "the association is shocked that a BBC employee has publicised the work of a comedian which is nothing more than a vile offensive rant." Both Bacon and the BBC apologised for the broadcast, with Bacon writing "I full well understand my responsibilities as a broadcaster and such a reference fell below the standards I set myself personally in my broadcasting."

On 1 July 2014, it was announced that Bacon would be leaving BBC Radio 5 Live later in the year. Bacon's last Radio 5 Live show was broadcast on 24 September 2014.

Bacon also has covered for Simon Mayo on his BBC Radio 2 Drivetime show, when Mayo was on holiday in August 2015, and more recently in April 2016.

Bacon covered for Ian Payne on his LBC afternoon shows on 6 and 7 July 2019.

Personal life
Bacon married Rebecca McFarlane in 2008. They live in Los Angeles, where Bacon works in U.S. television. They have two children. His father-in-law is John McFarlane, who served as chairman of Barclays from 2015 to 2019.

In October 2011, Bacon announced on his podcast that he had been contacted by the Metropolitan Police, who advised him that his phone had been hacked by the private investigator Glenn Mulcaire.

On 28 March 2018, Bacon explained to Nicky Campbell in an interview with BBC Radio 5 Live that at the age of 42 he was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), about which he said "I like having it a lot, it is who I am. It's just learning to work with it and manage it means that life gets less chaotic and painful for my wife and children."

In July 2018, he was placed in an induced coma after becoming ill with pneumonia.

In October 2019, he discussed his alcohol addiction.

Charity
Bacon is a celebrity supporter of the British Red Cross and is particularly interested in their National Flood Appeal and international messaging services.

title: Richard Bacon (broadcaster)


text:
Famalicão (Nazaré)

Famalicão is a Portuguese parish in the municipality of Nazaré. The population in 2011 was 1,740, in an area of 21.72 km2.

title: Famalicão (Nazaré)


text:
Overlay complex

In telecommunications, an area code overlay complex is a telephone numbering plan that assigns multiple area codes to the same geographic numbering plan area (NPA). Area code overlays are implemented in territories of the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) to mitigate exhaustion of central office codes in growth areas. The method has been in use since 1992, and has been the exclusive method of area code relief since 2007.

History
From the inception of the North American Numbering Plan in 1947 until 1992, the only method of introducing new area codes was the area code split. It divided an existing numbering plan area (NPA) into multiple regions, one of which retained the existing area code. The other parts were assigned a new NPA code each. The retaining area was usually the historically more established or developed place, and required no numbering changes. It gained numbering capacity by acquiring the central office codes of the other areas, because those were delegated to a new area code in the process. The existing central office codes in the separated areas are maintained in the new numbering plan area, so that the only change for existing subscribers is the change of area code. Thus, only area code references, where present for long-distance calling, required updating in directories, letterheads and business cards.

With the proliferation of electronic central office switching starting in the 1980s, it became possible to implement another method for expanding numbering plan resources, the area code overlay. In an overlay numbering plan, also called overlay complex, an additional area code is assigned to an existing numbering plan area, thereby avoiding the need for existing customers in the reassigned regions to change telephone numbers. The first use of that solution was in New York City in 1992, when area code 917 was overlaid to two numbering plan areas, Manhattan's area code 212, and area code 718 in the outer boroughs.

Methodology
Most implementations of the overlay method have required ten-digit dialing, by including the area code, for all subscribers for all calling destinations, local or long-distance.

Exceptions
Near numbering plan area boundaries, special situations arose at times when established communities extended on both sides of the boundary. To preserve local community integrity, identity, and convenience, a party could dial an office prefix for a local call with only seven-digits, but the destination was technically located in the adjacent number plan area. If a subscriber called a distant office prefix with the same area code, the call would require the dialing prefix 1 before the seven- or ten-digit number.

A similar practice was implemented on a large scale in the metropolitan area of Washington, DC, and its suburbs in Maryland and Virginia. Most of the Washington region's inner ring is a single local calling area, even though it is split between three area codes–the District's area code 202, Maryland's area code 301 and Northern Virginia's area code 703. For most of the second half of the 20th century, it was possible to dial any number in the metro area with just seven digits. The entire area implemented a system of central office code protection in which no central office code was duplicated in the entire area. Each existing central office code was properly routed with each area code in the region so that each telephone number in the region could be dialed with any of the regional area codes, giving the appearance of an overlay plan. One side effect of this scheme was that if a number was in use in any portion of the Washington area, the corresponding number in Maryland or Virginia could only be used in an area considered a safe distance from the metro area, such as western Virginia or the Eastern Shore of Maryland. This system was ended in 1991 due to an impending number shortage on both sides of the Potomac River.

A similar method was employed in Canada's capital, Ottawa. It shared the same calling area as Hull, its twin city in Quebec, even though Ottawa was in area code 613 and Hull was in area code 819. Until 2006, it was possible to place a call between Ottawa and Hull with only seven digits. That continued even after Hull was merged into the larger city of Gatineau in 2002. That was implemented in a way that the same number could not be duplicated anywhere in eastern Ontario or western Quebec, even in areas a safe distance from the Ottawa area. However, Canada's inefficient number allocation system and the proliferation of cellphones brought 819 to the brink of exhaustion by the turn of the century. The only available numbers in 819 could have theoretically been used in the former Hull, but they could not be issued without ending seven-digit dialing between Ottawa and Hull. As was the case in Washington, the only way to free up numbers was to end seven-digit dialing in the area, which was done in 2006. The sole legacy of the old system is a "dual dialability" system for federal government numbers on both sides of the provincial border; all federal government offices on the Quebec side duplicated several exchanges worth of their counterparts on the Ontario side.

Rapid growth
Urban sprawl accelerated the rate of expansion of metropolitan areas, and multiple split plans have caused the geographical area of a given area code in those regions to shrink, except in countries that assign shorter area codes and longer local numbers in areas with high population densities. The rapid growth in popularity of electronic devices (pagers and then mobile phones), in addition to regular landline growth, increased demand for new phone numbers even more. Although landline growth has sharply dropped and even decreased, largely by the elimination of residential landlines in favor of personal mobile phones, it has been replaced by the even worse problem of data-only devices (hotspots, modems, netbooks, and especially popular tablets), which still require a telephone number for use on cellular networks even if they are unable to make or receive regular calls.

The rise in popularity of mobile devices has added to the pressure against split plans, as an area-code change affecting the exchange in which a cellphone is based not only forces customers to reprogram their phones but also requires the wireless carrier to reassign the number of every device based in those areas. While phones with a SIM card have their own mobile device number updated automatically, there is still the inconvenience of users having to update their contact lists for local family members or others who have had their numbers changed too.

Compromise
Most overlay plans introduced the inconvenience of mandatory ten-digit dialing in which the area code must always be included even for local calls. Ten-digit dialing is not a technically necessary requirement, and 917 was initially deployed without it, but a US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) mandate instituted it at the demand of major telephone companies, to whom an overlay is considered a disadvantage to competitors. In Canada, ten-digit dialing is also a requirement of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission in overlay area codes.

Popularity
Overlays were initially met with resistance, as they result in multiple area codes in the same geographic area, which requires ten-digit dialing. In many cases, such as 847 in Chicago's northwestern suburbs and 212 in New York City, an overlay was an additional disruption to a community that had already been subject to one or multiple code splits, encountering pushback from state regulators or consumer groups. However, overlay plans were eventually used much more widely in some areas than others. For example, much of Ohio has large overlay complexes, as has northern Georgia and the North Carolina Piedmont. Connecticut, Illinois, Oregon, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia and, more recently, California have also implemented many overlays. No area code splits have been performed since 2007, when area code 575 split off 505 in New Mexico, and no splits are proposed.

Telecommunications companies have increasingly favored overlays even in sparsely-populated rural areas in which ten-digit local numbers are unnecessary, as split plans force cellular providers to reprogram millions of client handsets. Customers also incur costs to publish new letterheads and to reprogram stored address book data on individual devices. Overlays have become more expedient as the proliferation of cell phones has accelerated area codes exhaustion. In most relief planning projects, overlays have become the sole option considered in the planning stage.

This is especially practiced for area codes that have been pushed back to the brink of exhaustion after being recently split, as carriers want to minimize additional customer inconveniences. For example, Maryland had been served solely by area code 301 from the implementation of the area code system until 1990, when everything from Baltimore eastward was split off as area code 410. Within only five years, 410 was already on the brink of exhaustion due to Baltimore's rapid growth and the proliferation of cell phones, pagers, fax machines and dial-up Internet lines. However, the area's dominant telephone provider, Bell Atlantic (now part of Verizon) realized that a split would have forced residents of either Baltimore or the Eastern Shore to change their numbers for the second time in the 1990s. Accordingly, area code 443 was created as an overlay for all of the eastern portion of Maryland in 1996.

Overlay plans also favor incumbent wireline carriers over new entrants, as the established firm already has large allocations of numbers in the more desirable existing code, and subscribers of new or growing competing carriers are relegated to unfamiliar, new codes.

The first example of an area code overlaid on an entire U.S. jurisdiction was Puerto Rico, with area code 939 added to the numbering plan area of area code 787, in 2001. Puerto Rico had just been split from area code 809, the area code for much of the Caribbean, in 1996. A split was deemed unfeasible due to the island's extremely dense population and the lack of a suitable boundary for a split. Additionally, a split would have forced half of Puerto Ricans to change telephone numbers for the second time in a decade.

The first instance of a statewide overlay was West Virginia's area code 304, in 2009. West Virginia had been served by 304 since the inception of the North American Numbering Plan, but it was obvious by 2007 that the state needed a new area code. At first, state officials voted to split off northern West Virginia with area code 681 and to leave southern West Virginia in 304. However, lobbying by the telecommunications industry led the state to reverse the decision and turn 681 into an overlay. Idaho followed that precedent in 2017 by overlaying area code 208 with 986.

The area codes for four of the five largest Canadian markets (416 in Toronto, 514 in Montreal, 604 in Vancouver, and 403 in Calgary) were split in the 1990s. Overlays gained popularity in the Canadian telephone network in the early 2000s. The proliferation of cellphones, fax machines, pagers, and dial-up Internet connections, particularly in larger markets threatened central office code exhaustion in many areas.

Particularly severe allocation problems manifested themselves at the turn of the century in Metro Toronto and the Golden Horseshoe, the center of Canada's largest local calling area. This area had been served by 416 since the institution of the area code system. Despite the Golden Horseshoe's explosive growth in the second half of the 20th century, numbers in the region were used up fairly quickly. As a result, the number allocation problem was not as severe in 416 as it was in the rest of Canada. Nevertheless, it was severe enough to force Toronto's suburban ring into area code 905 in 1993. While the Golden Horseshoe would have likely needed another area code due to its continued growth, it is very likely that the immediate need for relief would have been staved off had it been possible to reallocate numbers from the smaller rate centers in the region to Metro Toronto. Within two years of the 905 split, 416 was back on the verge of exhaustion. American cities such as New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles had been split between two area codes, but that solution was quickly ruled out for Metro Toronto because of the area's extremely dense population and the lack of a suitable boundary for a split. It was ultimately decided to overlay 416 with area code 647 in 2001, two years after Metro Toronto was merged into the "megacity" of Toronto.

The successful implementation of 647 triggered the rapid adoption of overlays across Canada. By 2023, seven-digit dialing had been effectively eliminated nationwide in Canada (as well as in most of the United States), due to both overlays and other regulatory requirements. Overlays are now the preferred method of expansion in Canada, and no numbering plan areas have been split in the country since 1999.

British Columbia and the Prairie Provinces have followed Puerto Rico and West Virginia's lead with province-wide overlays. In those cases, a factor behind the decision was the desire to spare rural areas the expense and burden of changing their numbers.

Types
The North American Numbering Plan Administrator recognizes several types of overlays:

In a distributed overlay, or all-services overlay, an entire existing numbering plan area (NPA) gains another area code serving the entire area. Most area code overlays are of this kind.

In a single concentrated overlay, only the high-growth portion of an existing area gains a second area code. This was previously implemented in several numbering plan areas, but all of them have since covered entire NPAs.

In a multiple concentrated overlay, the entire existing numbering plan area gains multiple additional area codes, each of which serves a different subsection of the original. This has never been implemented.

In a multiple-area distributed overlay, two or more numbering plan areas gain a single new area code covering the entire area, either concurrently or in phases. Examples include 872 in Chicago, Illinois (over 312 and 773) as well as 587 and 825 in Alberta (over 403 and 780). In a phased example, area code 564 was implemented initially only on area code 360 in 2017, but will expand to three other codes when needed, in western Washington.

A boundary-extension overlay is a type in which one or more neighboring numbering plan areas (with an overlay code or a primary area code) is expanded. Examples include 321 over 407 in central Florida and 778 over 250 in British Columbia. In 1999, 281 was the first of this type, merging with 713 in Houston. Later that year, 972 merged with 214, followed by 323 merging with 213 in Los Angeles in 2017, and 858, in San Diego, with 619 a year later. In 2023, the first multiple boundary-extension overlay was implemented with the folding of area codes 602, 480, and 623 into a single overlay complex for the Phoenix metropolitan area.

Service-specific overlays are not practiced in the NANP. Only one case, the first overlay area code in the NANPA, 917, was an example of this. It was established originally as an area code specifically for cellphones and pagers in New York City, but soon afterward, the FCC specified that area codes must not be service-specific, but it grandfathered this use for 917. Later, 917 became available for landline assignments in New York City.

Number pool management
The persistent unpopularity of new area code creation by splits or overlays has contributed to a change in the rules of number block allocation to conserve the pool of available telephone numbers. The change, which allowed for the assignment of smaller number blocks, is commonly known as telephone number pooling, and has slowed the need for new area codes. For example, the western half of Washington, including Seattle, narrowly avoided the need for an overlay in 2001. Area code 564, originally planned for introduction in October 2001, was delayed indefinitely in August 2001 after state regulators determined that the use of number pooling had resulted in more efficiency in the use of telephone numbers in western Washington. The 564 overlay complex was delayed until 2017.

Number pooling is not practiced in Canada. Every competing carrier is issued blocks of 10,000 numbers for every rate center in which it offers service, regardless of its actual subscriber count. Individual rate centers exist even in the smallest hamlets, and even tiny unincorporated villages receive multiple blocks of 10,000 numbers. Larger cities, particularly "megacities" that were created by amalgamations in the 1990s and early 2000s, have multiple rate centers, which were not combined for years, if at all. For example, Mississauga, Canada's sixth-largest city, is split between five rate centers even though it has been a single municipality since 1974. Hamilton, the nation's tenth-largest city, is split between nine rate centers. Surrey, the nation's twelfth-largest city, is split between three rate centers and part of a fourth, while Ottawa is split between 11. Overlays became the preferred relief solution in Canada, partly because it is not possible to reassign a number from a smaller rate center to a larger one, even if the smaller rate center has enough numbers to serve it. By 2013, as mentioned above, seven-digit dialling had been eliminated in all eight of Canada's original numbering plan areas.

title: Overlay complex


text:
Overlay

Overlay may refer to:

Computers

 * Overlay network, a computer network which is built on top of another network
 * Video overlay, techniques to display video on computer display
 * Hardware overlay, one type of video overlay that uses memory dedicated to the application
 * Another term for exec, replacing one process by another
 * Overlay (programming), a technique to reduce the amount of memory used by a program
 * Overlay keyboard, a specialized keyboard with no pre-set keys
 * Keyboard overlay, a sheet of printed text sitting between the keys, depicting an alternate keyboard layout
 * Vector overlay, an analysis procedure in a geographic information system for integrating multiple data sets

Other uses

 * Overlay architecture, temporary elements that supplement existing buildings and infrastructure for major sporting events or festivals
 * Overlay control, in semiconductor manufacturing, for monitoring layer-to-layer alignment on multi-layer device structures
 * Overlay plan, a method of introducing new area codes in telephony
 * Historic overlay district, a zoning district that applies special rules to a portion of other districts, usually for historic or conservation reasons
 * When the payoffs in gambling are greater than the costs; see Advantage gambling

title: Overlay


text:
Valado dos Frades

Valado dos Frades is a Portuguese parish in the municipality of Nazaré. The population in 2011 was 3,109, in an area of 18.51 km².

title: Valado dos Frades


text:
Bloxworth

Bloxworth is a village and civil parish in the English county of Dorset, within Wareham Forest on the A35 road 5 mi west of Poole. In the 2011 census the civil parish had 80 households and a population of 200. Bloxworth Heath is home to Woolsbarrow Hillfort.

To the northwest of the village is Bloxworth House, the first brick building in Dorset.

The hamlet of East Bloxworth lies about a mile to the east of the village.

title: Bloxworth


text:
David Macdonald (biologist)

David Whyte Macdonald CBE FRSE is a Scottish zoologist and conservationist. He is the Director of the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU) at the University of Oxford, which he founded in 1986. He holds a Senior Research Fellowship at Lady Margaret Hall with the Title of Distinction of Professor of Wildlife Conservation. He has been an active wildlife conservationist since graduating from Oxford.

Career
David Macdonald's concept was, and remains, to undertake original research on aspects of fundamental biology relevant to solving practical problems of wildlife conservation and environmental management, and thus to underpin policy formation and public debate of the many issues that surround the conservation of wildlife and its habitats. From his early work on red foxes he retains a specialisation in carnivores, with an increasing emphasis on felids. He has published over 300 papers in refereed international journals, and written or edited more than a dozen books, of which the most recent is Key Topics in Conservation Biology.

Amongst other things he is currently a Visiting Professor at Imperial College, chair of the Darwin Advisory Committee, Chair of Natural England's Science Advisory Committee and board member, a Trustee of Earthwatch Europe and WWF-UK, and council member of the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust.

He has done much to popularise biology with the general public. He is known for his documentary films and his popular books, for which he has twice won the Natural World Author of the Year award. His Night of the Fox won the BAFTA for Best Documentary Film of 1976, Running with the Fox won the Natural History Book of the Year award for 1987, and Meerkats United won the Wildscreen 1988 award. His films include the popular BBC seven-part series The Velvet Claw, a natural history of carnivores.

Awards and honours
He won the Dawkins Prize for Conservation and Animal Welfare in 2005, he was awarded the American Society of Mammalogists' Merriam Prize for research in mammalogy in 2006, and in 2007 The Mammal Society of Great Britain's equivalent medal. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in March 2008.

Macdonald was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2010 Birthday Honours.

title: David Macdonald (biologist)


text:
Bothenhampton

Bothenhampton is a village and former civil parish in southwest Dorset, England, just outside the town of Bridport. It is separated from the town only by the River Asker and the A35 Bridport by-pass. In the 2011 census the civil parish—which includes the settlement of Walditch—had a population of 2,131.

The parish church, Holy Trinity, was designed by the Arts and Crafts movement architect Edward Schroeder Prior in 1889. It was his first church. By the late 19th century the 15th century Old Holy Trinity Church had fallen into disrepair. There are 2 Commonwealth War Graves in the old churchyard. The new church was funded by J. P. F. Gundry, one of the directors of the West Bay Building Company, by public subscription and anonymous donation. The roof is the most radical feature of the church. The arches spring at 2’6 above floor level and rise to a ridge 30’ high. The windows are filled with a forerunner of Prior's Early English glass. The altar table and furnishings were designed by another leading Arts and Crafts Movement architect, William Lethaby, as was the altar front with its intertwined wild roses, leaves and stems.

At the end of the village is the village park, which is a memorial to John Holt. Annual events, such as a barn dance organised by the Bothenhampton village hall committee, take place in the John Holt play area.

In 1801 the population was 334 and in 1901 this was still only 423. New houses were built between the 1st and 2nd world wars and there was a lot of building in the 1960s. By 1980 the population had grown to approx 1200 and by 2001 it had become 2186. By 2001 11% of Bothenhampton's population were aged under 16, 42% were aged between 16 and 59 and 47% were aged 60 and over.

The civil parish and parish council were abolished with effect from 1 April 2024, with the parish area taken into Bridport.

title: Bothenhampton


text: Category:1530 deaths

title: Category:1530 deaths


text: User talk:68.166.86.88

title: User talk:68.166.86.88


text: Category:1533 deaths

title: Category:1533 deaths


text:
Progress Software

Progress Software Corporation is an American public company that produces software for creating and deploying business applications. Founded in Burlington, Massachusetts with offices in 16 countries, the company posted revenues of $531.3 million (USD) in 2021 and employs approximately 2100 people.

History
Progress Software was co-founded by several MIT graduates, including Joseph W. Alsop, Clyde Kessel, and Chip Ziering in 1981. Originally called Data Language Corporation (DLC), the company changed its name to Progress Software in 1987, the same name of its main product, Progress. In May 2016, Progress Software re-branded as "Progress" in an effort to "shed any doubts it was not living up to its name".

In October 2002, Progress Software acquired Stylus Studio developer eXcelon Corporation for approximately $24 million. n December 2003, Progress Software acquired DataDirect Technologies for $88 million. In 2004, Progress Software acquired Persistence Software for $16 million. In 2005, Progress acquired complex event processing company Apama. In January 2006, Progress Software acquired Actional Corporation. In March 2006, Progress Software acquired Neon Systems, a company specializing in modernizing 3270 applications.

In June 2008, Progress Software acquired Xcalia, a data integration company, and Mindreef, which developed SOAPscope products.In September 2008, Progress acquired IONA Technologies, developer of service-oriented architecture platforms Artix and Orbix, for $146 million. In April 2011, Progress Software sold their SWIFT integration product "ADS" (formally Iona's "Artix Data Services") to C24 Technologies Ltd. The product was re-branded to its former name "Integration Objects". In 2010, Progress Software acquired business process management vendor Savvion Inc.

In 2012, Progress announced its shift to become a much more narrowly focused specialist vendor, looking to sell or decommission most of their existing products. In June 2012, the company sold its open source division FuseSource, which was spun out from the IONA business in October 2010, to Red Hat. In October 2012, Progress Software sold the brands Sonic, Savvion, Actional and DataXtend (DXSI) to Trilogy which created the company Aurea Software. In December 2012, the Orbix, Orbacus and Artix product lines were sold to Micro Focus International for $15 million.

In 2013, Progress Software acquired Rollbase Inc. and Software AG acquired Apama activities from Progress Software.

In 2014, Progress acquired Cincinnati-based Modulus. Also in 2014, Progress acquired Telerik, a provider of application development tools.

In 2019, Progress Software acquired Ipswitch, Inc., an IT management vendor known for its MOVEit managed file transfer platform. On September 8, 2020, Progress Software announced the acquisition of Chef Software Inc., the developers of the Chef configuration management tool. The acquisition was completed by October 2020. On September 23, 2021, Progress Software acquired Kemp Technologies, who build load balancing products. The acquisition was completed on November 1, 2021. On January 3, 2023, Progress Software acquired database vendor MarkLogic Corporation.

Products
The Progress portfolio includes solutions for enterprise integration, data interoperability, and application development, including Software as a Service (SaaS) enablement and delivery.

Current products

 * Sitefinity – web content management.
 * Sitefinity Digital Experience Cloud – customer experience tool for customer journey analysis, personalization, and optimization.
 * NativeChat – an AI platform for creating and deploying chatbots.
 * Corticon – business rules engine.

 * Kemp LoadMaster
 * Flowmon
 * WhatsUp Gold

 * Chef

 * Kendo UI – UI toolkit for web development.
 * Telerik – UI tools for .NET development.
 * Test Studio – test automation.
 * Fiddler Everywhere

 * DataDirect Connectors – connectors to integrate data across relational, big data and cloud databases.
 * DataDirect Hybrid Data Pipeline – hybrid connectivity to data in the cloud or on-premises.

 * MOVEit
 * WS_FTP

 * OpenEdge – platform for building business applications and database management system.

 * MarkLogic

Data breaches
In 2023, a security vulnerability in Progress-owned file transfer software MOVEit was exploited in a data breach affecting various companies and government organizations. A running total maintained by cybersecurity company Emsisoft showed that more than 2,500 organizations were known to have been impacted as of October 25, 2023 with more than 80 percent of those organizations being US-based. The cybercriminal organization Clop was alleged to have been partially responsible for the attacks, and claimed responsibility for breaches of 1st Source, the BBC, British Airways, the New York City Department of Education, Putnam Investments, and Shell among others.

title: Progress Software


text:
Richard Pipes

Richard Edgar Pipes (ריכארד פּיִפּעץ Rikhard Pipets; Ryszard Pipes; July 11, 1923 – May 17, 2018) was an American historian who specialized in Russian and Soviet history. Pipes was a frequent interviewee in the press on the matters of Soviet history and foreign affairs. His writings also appear in Commentary, The New York Times, and The Times Literary Supplement.

At Harvard University, Pipes taught large courses on Imperial Russia as well as the Russian Revolution and guided over 80 graduate students to their PhDs. In 1976, he headed Team B, a team of analysts organized by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) who analyzed the strategic capacities and goals of the Soviet military and political leadership. Pipes is the father of American historian Daniel Pipes.

Early life
Richard Pipes was born in Cieszyn, Poland to an assimilated Jewish family (whose name had originally been spelled "Piepes" in German spelling, which in pronunciation is the same as the Polish spelling "Pipes" His father Marek Pipes was a businessman and a Polish legionnaire during World War I. He was a co-owner of the chocolate factory Dea in Cieszyn, before he moved to Warsaw in 1929. During the time Pipes attended the Synagoga Ahawat Tora in Michejda Street. By Pipes's own account, during his childhood and youth, he never thought about the Soviet Union; the major cultural influences on him were Polish and German. When he was age 16, Pipes saw Adolf Hitler at Marszałkowska Street in Warsaw during Hitler's victory tour after the Invasion of Poland. The Pipes family fled occupied Poland in October 1939 and arrived in the United States in July 1940, after seven months passing through Italy. Pipes became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1943 while serving in the United States Army Air Corps. He was educated at Muskingum College, Cornell University, and Harvard University.

Career
Pipes taught at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1996. He was the director of Harvard's Russian Research Center from 1968 to 1973 and later Baird Professor Emeritus of History at Harvard University. In 1962 he delivered a series of lectures on Russian intellectual history at Leningrad State University. He acted as senior consultant at the Stanford Research Institute from 1973 to 1978. During the 1970s, he was an advisor to Washington Senator Henry M. Jackson. In 1981 and 1982 he served as a member of the National Security Council, holding the post of Director of East European and Soviet Affairs under President Ronald Reagan. He also became head of the Nationalities Working Group. Pipes was a member of the Committee on the Present Danger from 1977 until 1992 and belonged to the Council of Foreign Relations. He also attended two Bilderberg Meetings, at both of which he lectured. In the 1970s, Pipes was a leading critic of détente, which he described as "inspired by intellectual indolence and based on ignorance of one's antagonist and therefore inherently inept".

Team B
Pipes was head of the 1976 Team B, composed of civilian experts and retired military officers and agreed to by then-CIA director George H. W. Bush at the urging of the president's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) as a competitive analysis exercise. Team B was created at the instigation of then Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld as an antagonist force to a group of CIA intelligence officials known as Team A. His hope was that it would produce a much more aggressive assessment of Soviet Union military capabilities. Unsurprisingly, it argued that the National Intelligence Estimate on the Soviet Union, generated yearly by the CIA, underestimated both Soviet military strategy and ambition and misinterpreted Soviet strategic intentions.

Team B faced criticism. The international relations journalist Fred Kaplan writes that Team B "turns out to have been wrong on nearly every point." Pipes's group insisted that the Soviet Union, as of 1976, maintained "a large and expanding Gross National Product," and argued that the CIA belief that economic chaos hindered the USSR's defenses was a ruse on the part of the USSR. One CIA employee called Team B "a kangaroo court".

Pipes called Team B's evidence "soft." Team B came to the conclusion that the Soviets had developed several new weapons, featuring a nuclear-armed submarine fleet that used a system that did not depend on active sonar, and was thus undetectable by existing technology.

According to Pipes, "Team B was appointed to look at the evidence and to see if we could conclude that the actual Soviet strategy is different from ours, i.e. the strategy of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD). It has now been demonstrated totally that it was". In 1986, Pipes maintained that Team B contributed to creating more realistic defense estimates.

In what was meant to be an "off-the-record" interview, Pipes told Reuters in March 1981 that "Soviet leaders would have to choose between peacefully changing their Communist system in the direction followed by the West or going to war. There is no other alternative and it could go either way – Détente is dead." Pipes also stated in the interview that Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher of West Germany was susceptible to pressure from the Russians. It was learned independently that Pipes was the official who spoke to Reuters. This potentially jeopardized Pipes' job. The White House and the "incensed" State Department issued statements repudiating Pipes' comments.

Writings on Russian history
Pipes wrote many books on Russian history, including Russia under the Old Regime (1974), The Russian Revolution (1990), and Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime (1994), and was a frequent interviewee in the press on the matters of Soviet history and foreign affairs. His writings also appear in Commentary, The New York Times, and The Times Literary Supplement. At Harvard, he taught large courses on Imperial Russia as well as the Russian Revolution and guided over 80 graduate students to their PhDs.

Pipes is known for arguing that the origins of the Soviet Union can be traced to the separate path taken by 15th-century Muscovy, in a Russian version of the Sonderweg thesis. In Pipes' opinion, Muscovy differed from every other State in Europe in that it had no concept of private property, and that everything was regarded as the property of the Grand Duke/Tsar. In Pipes' view, this separate path undertaken by Russia (possibly under Mongol influence) ensured that Russia would be an autocratic state with values fundamentally dissimilar from those of Western civilization. Pipes argued that this "patrimonialism" of Imperial Russia started to break down when Russian leaders attempted to modernize in the 19th century, without seeking to change the basic "patrimonial" structure of Russian society. In Pipes's opinion, this separate course undertaken by Russia over the centuries made Russia uniquely open to revolution in 1917. Pipes strongly criticized the values of the radical intelligentsia of late Imperial Russia for what he sees as their fanaticism and inability to accept reality. Pipes stressed that the Soviet Union was an expansionist, totalitarian state bent on world conquest. He is also known for the thesis that, contrary to many traditional histories of the Soviet Union at the time, the October Revolution was, rather than a popular general uprising, a coup under false slogans foisted upon the majority of the Russians by a tiny segment of the population driven by a select group of radical intellectuals, who subsequently established a one-party dictatorship that was intolerant and repressive from the start.

In 1992, Pipes served as an expert witness in the Constitutional Court of Russia's trial of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Reception
His writing has provoked discussions in the academic community, for example in The Russian Review among several others. Among members of this school, Lynne Viola and Sheila Fitzpatrick write that Pipes focused too narrowly on intellectuals as causal agents. Peter Kenez, a former PhD student of Pipes', argued that Pipes approached Soviet History as a prosecutor, intent solely on proving the criminal intent of the defendant, to the exclusion of anything else, and described Pipes as a researcher of "great reputation" but with passionate anti-communist views.

Other critics have written that Pipes wrote at length about what Pipes described as Vladimir Lenin's unspoken assumptions and conclusions while neglecting what Lenin actually said. Alexander Rabinowitch writes that whenever a document can serve Pipes' long-standing crusade to demonize Lenin, Pipes commented on it at length; if the document allows Lenin to be seen in a less negative light, Pipes passed over it without comment. Pipes' critics argued that his historical writings perpetuated the Soviet Union as "evil empire" narrative in an attempt "to put the clock back a few decades to the times when Cold War demonology was the norm." Diane P. Koenker described The Russian Revolution as having a "fundamentally reactionary" perspective that presents a sympathetic view of imperial forces and depicted Lenin as a "single-minded, ruthless and cowardly intellectual".

Following the demise of the USSR, Pipes charged the revisionists with skewing their research, by means of statistics, to support their preconceived ideological interpretation of events, which made the results of their research "as unreadable as they were irrelevant for the understanding of the subject," to provide intellectual cover for Soviet terror and acting as simpletons and/or communist dupes. He also stated that their attempt at "history from below" only obfuscated the fact that "Soviet citizens were the helpless victims of a totalitarian regime driven primarily by a lust for power."

Honors
Pipes had an extensive list of honors, including: Honorary Consul of the Republic of Georgia, Foreign Member of the Polish Academy of Learning (PAU), Commander's Cross of Merit of the Republic of Poland, Honorary DHL at Adelphi College, Honorary LLD at Muskingum College, Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Silesia, Szczecin University, and the University of Warsaw. Honorary Doctor of Political Science from the Tbilisi (Georgia) School of Political Studies. Annual Spring Lecturer of the Norwegian Nobel Peace Institute, Walter Channing Cabot Fellow of Harvard University, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Guggenheim Fellow (twice), Fellow of the American Council of Learned Societies and recipient of the George Louis Beer Prize of the American Historical Association. He was a member of the Board of Advisors of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy. He served on a number of editorial boards including that of the International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. He received one of the 2007 National Humanities Medals and in 2009 he was awarded both the Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom by the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation and the Brigham-Kanner Property Rights Prize by the William & Mary Law School. In 2010, Pipes received the medal "Bene Merito" awarded by the Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs. From 2010 to 2014, he participated in the annual Valdai Discussion Club.

He was a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.

Personal life
Pipes married Irene Eugenia Roth in 1946; the couple had two children, Daniel and Steven. Their son Daniel Pipes is a scholar of Middle Eastern affairs.

Pipes died in Cambridge, Massachusetts on May 17, 2018, at the age of 94.

Works
Author
 * The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923 (1954)
 * Social Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement, 1885–1897 (1963)
 * Struve, Liberal on the Left (1970)
 * Europe Since 1815 (1970)
 * Europe Since 1500 (1971) With J.H. Hexter and A. Molho
 * Russia Under the Old Regime (1974)
 * Soviet Strategy in Europe (1976)
 * Struve, Liberal on the Right, 1905–1944 (1980)
 * U.S.-Soviet Relations in the Era of Détente: a Tragedy of Errors (1981)
 * Survival is Not Enough: Soviet Realities and America's Future (1984)
 * Russia Observed: Collected Essays on Russian and Soviet History (1989)
 * The Russian Revolution (1990) (Audiobook)
 * Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime: 1919–1924 (1993)
 * Communism, the Vanished Specter (1994)
 * A Concise History of the Russian Revolution (1995)
 * The Three "Whys" of the Russian Revolution (1995)
 * Property and Freedom (1999)
 * Communism: A History (2001) (Audiobook)
 * Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger (2003)
 * The Degaev Affair: Terror and Treason in Tsarist Russia (2003)
 * Russian Conservatism and Its Critics (2006)
 * Scattered Thoughts (2010)
 * Russia's Itinerant Painters (2011)
 * Uvarov: A Life (2013) (In Russian)
 * Alexander Yakovlev: The Man Whose Ideas Delivered Russia from Communism (2015)

Editor
 * The Russian Intelligentsia (1961)
 * Revolutionary Russia (1968)
 * The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive (1996)

Contributor
 * "The National Problem in Russia." In: Readings in Russian Civilization (1969)
 * "The Communist System." In: The Soviet System: From Crisis to Collapse (1995)

Essays
 * "The Russian Military Colonies, 1810–1831." The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 22, No. 3, September 1950, pp. 205–219..
 * "The First Experiment in Soviet National Policy: The Bashkir Republic, 1917–1920." The Russian Review, Vol. 9, No. 4, October 1950, pp. 303–319. ..
 * "The Trial of Vera Z." Russian History, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2010, pp. v, vii–x, 1–3, 5–31, 33–49, 51–82..

Filmography

 * War and Peace in the Nuclear Age (documentary mini-series). Episode 12: “Reagan Reagan’s Shield”. WGBH, 1989.
 * History’s Mysteries (documentary series). “Killer Submarine”. History Channel, 2001.
 * Beyond the Movie – The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King. National Geographic, 2003.
 * The Power of Nightmares: The Rise of the Politics of Fear (documentary mini-series). Episode 1: “Baby It’s Cold Outside”. Written and directed by Adam Curtis. 2004.

title: Richard Pipes


text:
Bourton, Dorset

Bourton is a village and civil parish in north Dorset, England, situated north of the A303 road on the border with Somerset and Wiltshire between Mere and Wincanton. The parish is the most northerly in Dorset and in the 2011 census had a population of 822. Bourton is the most populous village in the electoral ward called Bourton and District. The District extends to Silton then south to Buckhorn Weston and Kington Magna. The total ward population at the abovementioned census was 1,905. The village lies on the River Stour which passes through the historic Bourton Mill, once home to the second largest water wheel in Britain (60 ft in diameter).

The village has two stores, a petrol station and a public house. The White Lion Inn stands on the High Street, which leads off what was the old main London to Exeter road before the village was bypassed to the south in 1992 by the A303. St George’s Church, which stands on one of the highest points in the village, was built via public subscription in 1810 and borders the primary school of the same name.

The point at which the counties of Dorset, Somerset and Wiltshire meet beside the lake at the rear of Bourton Mill is marked by Egbert's Stone which once fell into the River Stour, but was rescued and re-erected. In 878 it formed the rallying point for Alfred the Great's troops before the Battle of Ethandun. His grandfather, Egbert of Wessex, was said to have placed the stone there to settle the shire boundaries. Just over the county border is King Alfred's Tower.

The mill, which is mentioned in the Domesday book, has had many incarnations. As a linen mill it processed flax and supplied canvas to the Royal Navy but when industry declined it was developed into a foundry with a blast furnace and was one of the first places to make the new threshing machines in the West of England. It went on to build boilers, steam lorries and gas engines as well as gaining a reputation as a builder of water wheels. During the First World War Mills Bombs were produced here in vast quantities. After the Gasper dam burst upriver in the summer of 1917, much of the machinery was washed from the factory and it took a number of years for industry to restart on the site. When it did return in 1933 the factory entered its final phase as a dried milk processing plant and this continued up until its closure in 1998. It has now been demolished to make way for the Mill Lake development.

Chaffeymoor House, located in an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty at Chaffeymoor, is a large 17th-century house. It is a Grade II listed building. Its gardens are open to the public.

The nearest railway station is in neighbouring Gillingham. Trains run on the Exeter to Waterloo line.

title: Bourton, Dorset


text: Category:National Institutes of Health

title: Category:National Institutes of Health


text:
Talk:Battle of Hoth

this is dumb
there are actual battles from wwii and beyond that have less coverage on wikipedia than this. why do you delete so much good stuff and encourage things like 'casualty lists' of fictional battles. there are people dying every day in bbttles that dont make it on here and would probably get deleted by some admin if you put them on here

Link removal
I removed a link to a so-called "battle of hoth documentary", which is obviously a joke-movie. 62.194.170.62 20:31, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

According to the Inside the Worlds of the Star Wars Trilogy, there were Blizzards 6,8, and 9. So there must have been more than the 5 in the movie. Also, the commanders of the other AT-ATs were Brig. Nevar (the one Wedge destroyed) and Col. Starck (the one Luke destroyed).- B-101 20:17, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Are you saying the "battle before" means which battle Hoth was before?- B-101 13:33, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Just out of sheer morbid curiousity, where are we getting the statistics in this article, such as the Rebel ship losses? Gulfstorm75 03:39, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Those are from Inside the Worlds of the Star Wars Trilogy.- B-101 12:31, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Whoever keeps reversing the battle order, please stop it. It makes things more confusing and it is not needed.- B-101 12:29, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The rebel defeat at Hoth was because of its lack of coordination and perhaps their nearly desintegration. DarthPlaegis; 11:05; October 3, 2005

“The battle was not without loss for the Empire: Imperial-class Star Destroyer Tyrant (changed to Avenger in the movie) was disabled by the planetary ion cannon”

Can someone explain the bit in brackets? If not I propose its deletion. The disabled Star Destroyer was not referred to by name in the movie, so why should we assume that the movie has it as Avenger? The only Star Destroyer referred to at all is the Avenger but that was much later on when it found the Falcon. One could easily assume that the disabled Star Destroyer couldn’t be fixed quick enough to be involved in the chase of the Falcon. -Chris

"This plan had been formulated in advance, with tow-cables outfitted onto the Rebel's Snowspeeders due to a prediction that the main portion of the Imperial surface force would consist of AT-ATs"
 * Certainly an attack was likely, if not inevitable, and the installation of the shield to protect from bombardment would prescribe a surface assault. However, in the film, there is no reference to retro-fitting the speeders with the tow-cable cannons for the specific purpose of tripping up AT-ATs.  In fact, one might presume that the discovery of this functionality was serendipitous (by Luke) and that the speeder's tow-cable/cannon is standard.  Suggesting this statement may be false (without documentation) and be deleted.  Twiftshoeblade 19:49, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Check the origional "Essential Guide to Vechicals and Vessels" under 'Snowspeeder'.

Addition of the Prelude section
I changed the article so that information about what happened before the battle is in a separate section, bringing it closer to the Battle of Endor and Battle of Utapau articles, something that should probably be done with as many Star Wars battle entries as possible.

Removed TESB novel reference
The novel passage about the snowspeeder run into the AT-AT is contradicted by the film- it claims that it's Hobbie making a suicide run into General Veers AT-AT before he could destroy the shield generator- obviously the events of the film are quite different.Beryoza 05:27, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Atat.jpg
Image:Atat.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:01, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Redirect
I've redirected this article to the movie article. This article was entirely unsourced and consisted mostly of excessive plot summary from the movie. --EEMIV (talk) 14:00, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Hoth


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/System Startup

System Startup
Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not the place for computer tips. Thue | talk 20:17, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Or maybe move to wikibooks. Lev 20:45, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: If they got this far, they know how to start their computers. Geogre 02:01, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, if WP eventually ends up on paper, that wouldn't necessarily be true. Nevertheless, delete. Bad title, just troubleshooting instructions. I can, however, imagine a decent article on system startup (not capitalised) talking about how turning on a computer works (and how it has changed).   — Gwalla | Talk 21:52, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * D Wolfman 07:44, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not Windows XP for dummies. jni 13:30, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Useless. Delete unless a real article on system startup is made in which case move.  anthony (see warning) 17:09, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:129.177.43.123

title: User talk:129.177.43.123


text:
Category:Nevada maps

This category is for maps of the U.S. state of Nevada.

title: Category:Nevada maps


text:
User talk:Truth seeker

Wikipedia is not a place for nutty fringe theories. And why are you deleting the links? Evercat 20:19, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Still, if you really must write up this stuff, I suggest you make a new page for it, modern geocentrism or something like that. You should note the religious motivations for the theory, describe its relationship with creationism, etc.... Evercat 20:21, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I've even started that page for you... Evercat 20:46, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

In addition to the problem of parallax which I've noted on Talk:Heliocentrism, would you care to explain why God would set everything up so that it appeared from Earth that it's not in any way a fixed centre of the universe, but rather that the ordinary laws of motion and gravitation which physicists tell us about apply to Earth just like everything else? Is he deliberately trying to mislead us? It makes no sense... Evercat 11:47, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The ordinary laws of gravitation do apply to the earth as well as everything. The gravitational force of the unverse would have to cancel at the center (the earth) for this to work. Certainly God could arrange this. Truth_seeker.

You've not answered my question: why would God arrange everything so that it seemed as if geocentrism was false? Also:

 * 1) what's pulling the Sun around the Earth?
 * 2) you still haven't told me about parallax...

Evercat 20:36, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I am working on it. But briefly, I do not agree that "it seems that geocentrism is wrong". Once you understand the theory (I will try and outline it), you will see that observationally it is equivalent, as well as dynamically. Once that is established, then form the viewpoint of the "average Joe", I think it the geocentric position "seems" more real (look at a star trails photo). I will post an explanation for parallax. As for what's pulling the sun around the earth, the rotating aether is (i.e., a Machian inertial frame). I will try and explain this also. Let me ask you a question: What caused the entire universe to concentrate into a point smaller than an electron then spontaneously explode to form the universe? Cosmology is a wide open question. Truth_seeker.

Well, I eagerly await the explanation of parallax. In the meantime, let me tell you that I've noted often that people who advocate pseudoscience tend to try to baffle their audience with complicated language. Can't you explain the physics in simple language, instead of using phrases like "Machian inertial frame"? There's not a single Google hit for that phrase. What the heck is it, and why do you need one?

You say that mainstream science "isolates the solar system from the rest of the universe" - can you at least explain how taking the rest of the universe into account is supposed to help a geocentrist? Currently you don't explain.

Another thing (just out of curiousity this time): is the Earth supposed to be spinning, or completely still? From what I read it seems to be the latter, with the entire universe revolving round it once every 24 hours, but I don't see why it has to be this way... Evercat 20:32, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

On a completely different and much more serious note, you appear to be using material straight from - do you have copyright permission to do this? Evercat 20:51, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I am in contact with Robert Sungenis, owner of the site. I am modifying the material somewhat, but a lot of it is very close to original. Parallax izs not difficult in itself, I just need to come up w/ some diagrams.

earth in this theory is still.

As for isolating the solar system, the heliocenrtic argument is that since everything else in the universe is so far away, and space is just a vacuum, we can ignore its participation in the gravitational interaction of the solar system objects. But we know that no system is truly isolted.

Machian inertial frame- there are a lot of internet references to it. Google is not the decider of things. I will try and find some links for you (I have come across it a few times today).

Truth Seeker.

Revert duel
This is silly. As I see it, you are not making a reasonable effort to come to a consensus. Maybe you think I am not being reasonable. What should we do about it? Should we call in outside help?

I am not willing to drop my point about dynamics, though we might be able to find another name for it. The more I think about it, the more I see it as the central scientific argument against geocentrism, so it is important that it be stated accurately. I see the fact that a geostatic frame and an inertial frame differ in their dynamics to be a simple consequence of definitions and a bit of mathematics, so I don't understand your resistance. Do you think we are using different definitions?

Art Carlson 22:19, 2004 Nov 12 (UTC)

Sorry- I did not see this message until 11/16.

I am willing to come to a concensus. I mentioned this in one of my responses on the article's discussion page.

 * Then please make a reasonable effort to do so. If I don't see you making an effort, I will request community comment. Art Carlson 18:45, 2004 Nov 16 (UTC)

Why do you see this as a central point? You do not feel that the gravitational field of the universe can hold the universe together? Keep in mind the universe is not necassarily nearly as large as relativistic based estimates predict.

 * There are two main lines of reasoning that lead scientists to reject geocentrism. One is the simplicity argument or Occam's razor, which is nothing to scoff at, but it is not logically compulsory. (This might be compared to inductive arguments: If you've looked at a zillion ravens and all of them were black, you have very good reason to believe that all ravens are black, but it is still possible that the next raven you look at will be white.) This argument does (or at least could) restrict itself to kinematics, i.e., describing the way things move without worrying about why they move that way. Parallax and aberration also belong to this line of reasoning, although they are particularly convincing.

 * The other line of reasoning looks at the nature of the laws of physics and observes that there is one (rotational) frame with special properties: no centriugal force, no Coriolis force, and conservation of momentum. Operationally you can achieve this frame of reference by setting up a Cartesian coordinate system at some point in time, pointing a gyroscope along each axis, and insisting that your axes stay aligned with the gyroscopes for all future times. In this frame of reference, defined solely by the laws of physics without any reference to a particular configuration of matter, the Earth rotates. Historically, scientists found the simplicity argument compelling enough to accept heliocentrism, but they were happier when the laws of physics could be shown to agree with that choice. The first unambiguous evidence of this was the Foucault pendulum.

 * The logical necessity of the second line of argument arises because it can be observed that the laws of physics have one frame of reference (with respect to rotation) that is different from all the others. Even if it could be shown, e.g. by new physics experiments, that the frame of rotation of the Earth has special properties, then that frame would be the second special one. The frame defined by the gyroscopes will still be special. Art Carlson 18:45, 2004 Nov 16 (UTC)

State how you would like to state your dynamical point ansd I will accept or propose an alternate.

 * I have stated my dynamical point in several places in several ways. Pick one. Art Carlson 18:45, 2004 Nov 16 (UTC)

Truth_Seeker

Modern Geocentrism
Art and Gene have been doing some work on the article and it seems to me that it has improved considerably - the explanations are good, concise and to the point, but I would appreciate your view on it. I'm no expert on modern geocentrism so I'm not in a position to verify their work.

It would be nice to get to a point where we feel we can remove the NPOV warning from the article though as I can't think of many things more ugly at the top.

Please cast your eye over it and make comments on the talk page --KayEss 16:41, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I will look it over. I think we can work with it. Tere are some points I would like to challenge, but I will try and do it in a concise and fair amnner. Truth_Seeker 04:04, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank-you. As an aside, it's normally best to reply on the other person's talk page as they will be notified. I nearly missed your reply. --KayEss 04:18, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * That's cool. Shall we discuss them on the talk page? As you can see both Art and Gene are making a serious effort to try to present the modern geocentric view properly - we can probably all help each other to get the missing information into the piece.

How do you feel about the NPOV warning now? --KayEss 05:30, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Don't let me distract you from the edits you feel necessary to converge on a consensus, but I've started wondering about another question (which could eventually end up in the article, or not, but there's no hurry): Why should it be that the aether drags everything with it, including the Moon and the bob of a Foucault pendulem, but not the Earth itself? Is this, in your view, in the realm of physics, or does it require God to keep a finger on the Earth so it doesn't spin up? If the Earth is made of material that follows different rules, then shouldn't the Moon rocks in Houston roll over to one side of their glass case? Art Carlson 10:59, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC) (P.S. As far as I'm concerned, we can remove the NPOV warning and the RFC - assuming you aren't planning any drastic changes.)

 * It is in the realm of physics. I am not sure how to express it properly, but will get an answer. The analogy is the rotating bucket with ball at center. The ball stays still. Also much like and axle. These analogies are very simplistic, so let me get a better answer.205.180.135.66 23:53, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * A ball placed in the middle of a swirling bucket of water will of course start spinning! If an axle is not attached to a wagon, it will start turning, too. Art Carlson 09:11, 2004 Dec 1 (UTC)

 * Not swirling, but the bucket is turnned (basically slowly, no swirling). I envisioned a fixed axle, like on a wagon wheel. Still these analogies are overly simple.205.180.135.66 20:17, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I did the following experiment tonight(while washing dishes):

 * Apparatus: SS lid to pan (~10" diameter), filled with water.
 * Plastic cap for drain (~3.5" diameter)

 * I put the cap in the center of the lid fiulled with water. The cap floated. I turned the lid. The cap remained motionless.

 * Inertia?

Truth_Seeker 06:07, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Your last set of edits are going to get reverted as they're not in the correct style. The quotation doesn't belong in the encyclopia I'm afraid. You need to use the talk page to expound your position and then it can be written up properly. As you've seen Art and Gene are doing their best to try to put your position properly in the right style for the encyclopia. Remember that the entries are written from a neutral point-of-view. This means that words like 'our' don't belong in them - they are written as if from a third party looking on the debate from a distance, not from the point-of-view of the participants. --KayEss 06:36, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Does not a geocentric position assume that scientists are missing the blatantly obvious and are lying to us? What motivation could hundreds of thousands of scientists, from all over the world, with religious stances like christian, jewish, deist, atheist, etc? This also does not include amateur scientists and others who study the findings of scientists and see no problem with them, or see any deception on scientists part. Scientists are also rewarded for proving that the current theories are incorrect, or lacking in some way. It would seem easier to assume that you (and modern geocentrists) are probably incorrect. Very good arguments are needed to overcome my skepticism, and at this point I think its fair to label modern geocentrism as a crazy fringe conspiracy theory. --Havermayer 21:35, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

NPOV issues
Please see NPOV and NPOV tutorial, in particular, DO NOT remove NPOV tags from pages unless there is concensus that the article is NPOV, for that will be considered vandalism. Dunc|☺ 16:41, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I protected the page to stop you pushing your rather ridiculous POV. I could have just protected against vandalism, but I was being kind.  To reiterate then, we have the NPOV policy.  NPOV is not a "compromise" between an utterly bizarre view and something neutral.  You cannot state opinions as facts, however much religious fervour you have for them. Dunc|☺ 12:34, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Justification article
Hi,

I noticed that you appeared in the edit history of the justification (theology) article. I recently made major changes to the article in an effort to move it to NPOV. If you have any suggestions for improvement (style, content, whatever), please leave a comment on the talk page for that article. The goal is to get the article to the point that the POV and cleanup templates can be removed.

Thanks, --jrcagle 20:12, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Done refactoring for now
Done refactoring for now. Please comment on my refactoring in the space below. If we agree on the work so far, we can start distilling the argument to its salient points, and then move to an RFC -- where other, more experienced editors will comment on the issued. Otheus 17:57, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Truth seeker


text: Administrative divisions of the Mari El Republic