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Francisco de Vitoria

Francisco de Vitoria (c. 1483 – 12 August 1546; also known as Francisco de Victoria) was a Spanish Roman Catholic philosopher, theologian, and jurist of Renaissance Spain. He is the founder of the tradition in philosophy known as the School of Salamanca, noted especially for his concept of just war and international law. He has in the past been described by scholars as the "father of international law", along with Alberico Gentili and Hugo Grotius, though some contemporary academics have suggested that such a description is anachronistic, since the concept of postmodern international law did not truly develop until much later. American jurist Arthur Nussbaum noted Vitoria's influence on international law as it pertained to the right to trade overseas. Later this was interpreted as "freedom of commerce".

Life
Vitoria was born c. 1483 in Burgos and was raised in Burgos, the son of Pedro de Vitoria, of Alava, and Catalina de Compludo, both of noble families. According to modern scholarship, he had Jewish ancestry on his maternal side (the Compludos), being related to famous converts like Paul of Burgos and Alfonso de Cartagena. He became a Dominican in 1504, and was educated at the College Saint-Jacques in Paris, where he was influenced by the work of Desiderius Erasmus. He went on to teach theology from 1516 (under the influences of Pierre Crockaert and Thomas Cajetan). In 1522 he returned to Spain to teach theology at the college of Saint Gregory at Valladolid, where many young Dominicans were being trained for missionary work in the New World. In 1524, he was elected to the chair of theology at the University of Salamanca, where he was instrumental in promoting Thomism (the philosophy and theology of St. Thomas Aquinas). Francisco de Vitoria died on 12 August 1546 in Salamanca.

Positions on the status of Indigenous Americans
A noted scholar, he was publicly consulted by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. He worked to limit the type of power the Spanish Empire imposed on the Native Peoples. He said, "The upshot of all the preceding is this, then, that the aborigines undoubtedly had true dominion in both public and private matters, just like Christians, and that neither their princes nor private persons could be despoiled of their property on the ground of their not being true owners." Vitoria denied that the native peoples could be understood as slaves by nature in Aristotelian terms. He adopted from Aquinas the Roman law concept of ius gentium ("the law of nations"). His defense of American Indians was based on a Scholastic understanding of the intrinsic dignity of man, a dignity he found being violated by Spain's policies in the New World.

In three lectures (relectiones) held between 1537 and 1539 Vitoria concluded that the Indians were rightful owners of their property and that their chiefs validly exercised jurisdiction over their tribes. This had already been the position of Palacios Rubios. Neither the pope nor Charles V had a rightful claim over Indian lives or property. No violent action could be taken against them, nor could their lands or property be seized, unless the Indians had caused harm or injury to the Spanish by violating the latter's lawful rights. In one of his lectures, "On the evangelization of unbelievers", Vitoria establishes that firstly, Indians, "should not be forcibly converted; but a second conclusion is that they may be forcibly restrained from hindering the missionaries of the faith, and from insulting Christ and Christians."

Throughout his lecture, "On the evangelization of unbelievers", Francisco de Vitoria employed the concept of what was considered Spanish Christian Universalism. Spanish Christian Universalism was the belief that all matters, arguments, and events were connected in the world, and Vitoria "visualized a universal society in the world into which any number of independent states might fit and foster relationships."

Francisco de Vitoria argued that forcible conversion of the Indians would, "cause great provocation and unrest among the heathen." Secondly, "instead of the benevolent and proper affection required for belief, forcible conversion would generate immense hate in them, and that in turn would give rise to pretense and hypocrisy."

Vitoria defended the Indians against other forms of harm which were being proposed, such as indirectly coercing the Indians into Christianity, "by taxes and levies by which they may be encouraged to become converts to the faith." He argued, "but as for tributes which cannot also be demanded of the faithful, I assert that they cannot be demanded of unbelievers with the intention of making them convert. Unbelievers cannot be deprived of their goods on the grounds of their unbelief, any more than other Christians, because they possess true right of ownership over their own property."

A supporter of the just war theory, in De iure belli Francisco pointed out that the underlying predicate conditions for a "just war" were "wholly lacking in the Indies". The only area where he saw justification for Spanish intervention in native affairs was to protect victims seized for human sacrifice, and because of the inherent human dignity of the victims themselves—whose rights were being violated and thus in need of defense.

Thomas E. Woods goes on to describe how some wished to argue that the natives lacked reason, but the evidence was against this because the natives had obvious customs, laws, and a form of government.

The Spaniards were in the practice of invoking in their American conquests the so-called "Requerimiento", a document read to the Indians before the commencement of any hostilities. The "Requerimiento", declared the universal authority of the Pope, and the authority the Spanish monarchs had received from the Pope over this part of the New World for the purpose of colonizing and evangelizing it. The Indians had to accept the sovereignty of the Spanish monarchs or be compelled to submit by force. Vitoria denied the legitimacy of this document.

Vitoria follows the arguments against Spanish rule of South-American territories by arguments that justify the Spanish practices, which are grounded in natural law. He asserts the right of the Spaniards to travel freely, and to trade, which includes searching for, mining, and exporting the abundant natural resources they find in South America. Unlawful resistance infringing upon the Spaniard's rights of travel, trade and exploitation, or infringing upon the Pope's right to spread Christianity, can be used to justify a "just war" of the Spaniards against the indigenous inhabitants, ending in Spanish rule over the territories in question.

Vitoria's works are known only from his lecture notes, as he has published nothing in his lifetime. Nevertheless, his influence such as that on the Dutch legal philosopher Hugo Grotius was significant. Relectiones Theologicae was published posthumously several times (Lyon, 1557; Salamanca, 1565; Ingolstadt, 1580; Lyon, 1586 & 1587; Venice, 1626; Venice, 1640; Cologne & Frankfurt, 1696; and Madrid, 1765).

Francisco de Vitoria's writings have been interpreted by various scholars to support contrary policies. Antony Anghie and others argue that Vitoria's humanitarianism legitimized conquest.

Francisco de Vitoria presented strict interpretation of baptism of desire:"When we postulate invincible ignorance on the subject of baptism or of the Christian faith, it does not follow that a person can be saved without baptism or the Christian faith. For the aborigines to whom no preaching of the faith or Christian religion has come will be damned for mortal sins or for idolatry, but not for the sin of unbelief. As St. Thomas says, however, if they do what in them lies, accompanied by a good life according to the law of nature, it is consistent with God’s providence that he will illuminate them regarding the name of Christ."

Works
Notes of his lectures from 1527 to 1540 were copied by students and published under the following titles:
 * De potestate civili, 1528
 * Del Homicidio, 1530
 * De matrimonio, 1531
 * De potestate ecclesiae I and II, 1532
 * De Indis, 1532
 * De Jure belli Hispanorum in barbaros, 1532
 * De potestate papae et concilii, 1534
 * Relectiones Theologicae, 1557
 * Summa sacramentorum Ecclesiae, 1561
 * De Indis et De Jure Belli (1917 translation of a large part of the Relectiones Theologicae)

Critical translations

 * Francisco de Vitoria: Political Writings, translated by Jeremy Lawrance, ed. Jeremy Lawrance and Anthony Pagden, Cambridge University Press, 1991.
 * Francisco de Vitoria: Relection on Homicide & Commentary on Summa theologiae IIa-IIae Q. 64 (Thomas Aquinas), translated with an Introduction and Notes by John P. Doyle, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1997.

title: Francisco de Vitoria


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Category:Globalization

Globalization is social change associated with increased connectivity among societies and their elements and the explosive evolution of transportation and telecommunication technologies to facilitate international cultural and economic exchange. The term is applied in various social, cultural, commercial and economic contexts.

To browse the category, you may prefer to use the Globalization Category Tree.

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Andrew Johns

Andrew Gary Johns (born 19 May 1974), also known by the nickname Joey, is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. Johns captained the Newcastle Knights in the National Rugby League and participated in the team's only two premiership victories in 1997 and 2001, playing a club record 249 games for the Knights. Johns also represented his country at two World Cups, and on one Kangaroo tour, playing in total 21 Test matches for the national side. He played in 23 State of Origin series matches for the New South Wales Blues (captaining the side to a series win in 2003), and played for the Country Origin side in 1995 and 2003.

Johns announced his retirement from rugby league on 10 April 2007 at the age of 32. This followed a long run of injuries, the last of which was a bulging disc in his neck which forced his retirement due to the risk of serious spinal injury from further heavy contact. Andrew Johns is one of only four players to have won the Golden Boot Award more than once and is one of only two players to have won the Dally M Medal for best player in the NRL three times. He finished his career as the highest points scorer in Australian first-grade premiership history with 2,176 points.

In 2008, less than a year into his retirement, Johns was named as the Greatest Player of the last 30 years by the publication 'Rugby League Week', beating the likes of Queensland legend Wally Lewis (voted #2), fellow NSW star Brad Fittler (voted #3) and then former Queensland and Australian captain Darren Lockyer (voted #4). On 28 September 2012, Johns was named as the eighth 'Immortal' of rugby league.

Early days
Andrew Johns began playing junior rugby league in his home town of Cessnock, New South Wales for the Cessnock Goannas. At an early age it was evident he had plenty of playing ability and Johns joined the Newcastle Knights junior ranks at age 15 in 1989.

Four years later, at 19, the opportunity at first grade presented itself as Johns was tested off the bench during the 1993 season in a handful of games. The following year in the last pre-season trial for the 1994 season, Matthew Rodwell, Newcastle's then-regular sustained a knee injury handing Johns his opportunity.

Subsequently, he was named in the starting line-up against the South Sydney Rabbitohs and in his début match made an immediate impact as he amassed 23 points and won the Man of the Match award. He soon formed a winning partnership with his older brother, Matthew, who had played at the Knights since 1991.

1995–2001
The 1995 ARL season saw prosperous times for Johns, as in the absence of Super League-aligned players, he was selected for the first time to represent New South Wales in the 1995 State of Origin series. Incumbent New South Wales Ricky Stuart was not selected due to his affiliation with Super League. Also that year he was able to make his début for the Kangaroos in Australia's successful 1995 World Cup campaign in England. He played as a and was named man of the match in the decider against England at Wembley Stadium as Australia once again retained the World Cup.

At the conclusion of the World Cup, Johns was awarded his first significant accolade, being named Most Valuable Player of the tournament. The following year Johns was moved to for the State of Origin, with New South Wales selectors favouring Geoff Toovey in the  role. Since then, Johns was regularly chosen for state and national representative sides when fit, only missing out on a Blues or Australian cap due to injury.

During the 1997 ARL season Johns played a pivotal role in guiding the Knights to their first grand final appearance—against defending champions and '97 minor premiers the Manly Warringah Sea Eagles. There were grave concerns leading up to the match that Johns would be unable to play the game, as he had suffered three broken ribs and a punctured lung only a fortnight earlier. However, Johns was able to play, and with less than a minute of the match to go with scores tied at 16-all Johns made a play that has gone down in rugby league folklore. He went out of position unexpectedly and into dummy half where he ran down a narrow blind side before slipping a pass to Newcastle Darren Albert for the match-winning try. With only six seconds remaining in the game Newcastle had snatched victory and secured their first premiership title.

The following year in the new National Rugby League the Knights performed even better during the regular season than in the previous year, losing only five matches and narrowly missing out on the minor premiership on points difference. Johns individually was brilliant and was awarded his first Player of the Year Dally M Medal award for the 1998 season. Unfortunately for Johns and NSW fans, he had one of his worst goal-kicking games in Game 1 of the 1998 State of Origin series as NSW lost by one point despite scoring more tries than Queensland. His performances at club, state and national level were again rewarded as he received his second Player of the Year Dally M Medal award, the first time a player had won the award consecutively since Parramatta Eels great Michael Cronin in 1977 and 1978.

Despite initial concerns regarding the leadership of the Knights after the retirement of Paul Harragon, and even more when Andrew's brother Matthew joined English Super League club the Wigan Warriors, Johns was given the responsibility of captaining the Newcastle squad. The fears proved groundless: Johns led Newcastle to another Grand Final victory, defeating the Parramatta Eels 30–24 in 2001. He was awarded the Clive Churchill Medal for Man of the Match in a Grand Final and at the end of the 2001 NRL season, he went on the 2001 Kangaroo tour. He was the top points scorer in Australia's successful Ashes series campaign and was named man of the match for the second Test. Also that year he was awarded the Australian Sports Medal for his contribution to Australia's international standing in the sport of rugby league.

2002–2005
Having won the 2001 NRL Premiership, the Knights travelled to England to play the 2002 World Club Challenge against Super League champions the Bradford Bulls. Johns captained as a, scoring a try and kicking three goals in Newcastle's loss. In 2002, Johns was awarded the captaincy of both New South Wales and Australia, going on to win the title of Player of the Series against Great Britain. At a club level Andrew Johns and the Newcastle Knights performed well, narrowly missing out on the minor premiership on points difference. Unfortunately, the Knights' finals campaign derailed as Johns broke a bone in his back in the first week of the finals, and the Knights without Johns ended up losing to eventual premiers the Sydney Roosters 38–12 to be knocked out of the season. Before his injury Johns' season had been marvellous and despite his lack of involvement in the finals series he was named the Player of the Year Dally M Medal for a record third time, a feat achieved by only one other player, Johnathan Thurston, to date.

Johns' back injury at the tail-end of 2002 was the first of what seemed like a plague of injuries over the next few seasons: he had a serious neck injury that threatened his career in 2003, sustained an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) knee injury which kept him out of most of the 2004 season, and broke his jaw in early 2005.

During the 2003 Rugby Union World Cup, Wales assistant coach Scott Johnson got Johns to assist with pre-match preparation by speaking to the players and presenting them with their jerseys.

Johns was the centre of controversy in 2004 after receiving a massive offer from rugby union to switch codes. Numerous past legends of both codes expressed their opinions. Debate continues about what happened during the negotiations with rugby union, since the contractual offers were made by the Waratahs without the salary top-ups from the Australian Rugby Union that had been usual in contractual negotiations with previous potential converts from rugby league. The ARU's formal reasons for not supporting the Waratahs' bid to secure Johns were his age (30) and injury history. These were later retracted after the "ecstasy controversy" (see below).

Even without the additional monetary support from the ARU, the Waratahs were able to table an offer to Johns that was far larger than any rugby league club could offer on its own. After David Gallop, the CEO of the NRL and Channel Nine contributed money and a promise of a commentary position after his career ended, Johns finally decided to stay in league, ending months of speculation and debate. He says his decision was greatly affected by his son, who wanted him to stay in league. He was also approached by the Welsh Rugby Union because of his Welsh heritage.

As Game 2 of the 2005 State of Origin series approached, the Blues were down 0–1 and Johns was selected to replace Brett Kimmorley in the New South Wales squad. The second game in the series was his first match since returning from a series of injuries that sidelined him for a number of weeks. Johns did not have to struggle to regain his form, receiving Man-of-the-Match honours in the Blues' 32–22 win over Queensland. He was again chosen as the first-choice for Game 3 and performed well, sealing the series for the Blues with a strong 32–10 win, their last series win for quite some time.

In August 2005, it was announced that Johns would join the Super League side the Warrington Wolves on a short-term deal, playing in the final two games of the regular Super League season and any playoff games the Wolves might reach. The Knights agreed to these terms only after Johns first signed a new contract, making him available to captain the Knights until the end of 2008.

2006–2007
Andrew Johns broke one of the longest-standing records in Round 2 of the 2006 season as he amassed 30 points against the Canberra Raiders and in doing so claimed the points-scoring record for a player at a single club, surpassing Mick Cronin's 1,971 points for Parramatta.

Back in the NRL, playing for Newcastle during a Round 18 match against the Parramatta Eels, Johns' name entered the NRL record books for the second time in the year. A Johns conversion of a Newcastle try made Johns the highest points scorer in the 98-year history of first-grade rugby league in Australia, eclipsing Jason Taylor's previous record of 2,107 points. He rather coincidentally scored the record-breaking conversion in a 46–12 loss to the Eels, who were coached at the time by Jason Taylor.

Things did not start well for Johns in the 2007 season as he lasted only four minutes into Round 1. As Canterbury Bulldogs forward Sonny Bill Williams went to perform one of his trade-mark hits on Johns, the tackle strayed high leaving Johns lying concussed. Williams pleaded guilty at the judiciary to a reckless high tackle, and received a two-week suspension for the hit. Johns missed the following match but returned in Round 3 against the Canberra Raiders—which would be his last career match in the NRL. On the Thursday after the Canberra match, a tackle with Newcastle teammate Adam Woolnough in a training session resulted in his referral to a specialist to examine a neck injury. It was revealed that Johns had a bulging disc in his neck. It was confirmed that this had been present for some time and was not related to the training incident. All medical advice was that Johns should retire from professional football, since any further neck injury could prove life-threatening and on 10 April 2007, Johns announced his retirement from rugby league.

The Newcastle Knights' season would fall apart: they finished 15th of 16 teams on the ladder, narrowly missing out on the Wooden Spoon with a narrow two-point victory in their last match of the season. Johns tried to soften the blow of his retirement by saying he had been seriously considering retirement at the end of the 2007 season and was quoted in the press as saying "I knew this year would be my last year, it's just unfortunate it's stopped five months before the end of the season." Commenting on his teammates' reaction to his retirement, Johns noted: "They were sort of relieved I think, after a couple of injuries this year ... I think the time's right."

On his retirement a chorus of past league greats called for Johns to be immediately honoured as an immortal of the game. In the preceding 13 years, the former Cessnock junior had changed the game like few others before him. In October 2008 Johns completed a walk from Newcastle to Sydney to raise funds for the Black Dog Institute.

Cricket career
In June 2006 it was announced that, while still playing rugby league, Johns would play cricket for New South Wales, in its Twenty20 series. The announcement sparked much media interest and many critics and the public suspected a public relations stunt as his first match was to be played in Johns' home town of Newcastle. Despite this, Johns made his professional cricket debut for NSW on 7 January 2007 against South Australia in front of a record crowd at Newcastle Number 1 Sports Ground. He had a missed opportunity to take a wicket: a short-pitched delivery was pulled to the boundary but much to the dismay of the large Newcastle crowd, the catch was put down. In his second match, against Tasmania at Stadium Australia in Sydney, Johns scored only nine runs and with that his short cricket career was over.

After retirement
Johns sought to celebrate the inclusion of Australia's Dally Messenger in the original All Golds tour, Johns had been invited to join the New Zealand team for the match against the Northern Union. Despite his neck injury, he was able to play with the squad, and completed the match uninjured, but declined another offer from the New Zealand team. Queensland and Australia Darren Lockyer was invited to take Johns' place but then Lockyer himself was ruled out after suffering a season-ending knee injury. New Zealand Warriors captain and Queensland front rower Steve Price was the eventual replacement for the match. Andrew became a commentator for Channel 9 and Monday Night Football on Triple M radio.

On 22 April in Round 6 of 2007, Newcastle held special farewell celebrations for Andrew Johns in the Knights' home game against Brisbane. The Knights board renamed the new $30 million East grandstand of EnergyAustralia Stadium the Andrew Johns Stand. In addition, in a first for the NRL, his number 7 jersey was retired for the match with new young Jarrod Mullen wearing number 18. Later in the year the Knights named Johns as and captain for their commemorative Team of the Era.

In June 2007, in what would be the first of his involvements as a specialist part-time coach, rival code the Australian Rugby Union hired Johns as the Wallabies in-play kicking coach for the duration of the 2007 Tri Nations Series. On 27 October 2007, Johns married his partner Cathrine Mahoney in a secret wedding on a Sydney island. When Johns returned from his honeymoon at the beginning of the 2008 Pre-season, he began a part-time coaching role with the Parramatta Eels, working one on one with Eels halves Brett Finch and Tim Smith. In the same time frame Johns worked with his old club the Newcastle Knights in a similar skills specific coaching role. The third club to hire Johns for his coaching services was the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, who signed Johns for the 2008 season. The role involved him in specifically working with the halves, s and backs.

In February 2008, a year after his retirement, Johns moved a step closer to becoming rugby league's next Immortal after being named the Best Player of the Last 30 Years by a major rugby league magazine. On 17 April 2008 he was named in Team of the Century as a by a 28-man judging panel, who voted in a secret ballot and chose the team from an original list of the 100 Greatest Players named earlier in the year. Later, Johns said he felt "the game has forgiven me". On 9 September 2008 at the Dally M awards in Sydney, Johns and his wife Cathrine announced they were expecting their first child in March 2009 (Johns has a son from his previous marriage). On 1 March 2009, Johns and Cathrine welcomed their first child and son, Louis Byron

In 2010 the Melbourne Rebels announced they had secured the services of Johns to work with the Super Rugby club's inside backs. Recent Rebels signing James O'Connor said "Obviously he comes from a league background but there was nobody better at taking the ball to the line and pulling those balls back ... the chance to work with him was pretty awesome."

Despite Johns' ecstasy use controversy, he was officially announced as the eighth 'Immortal' of the game on 28 September 2012, after Rugby League Week magazine stated the voting criteria were to be based solely on a player's "on field performance" (despite admitting to using ecstasy while playing). In early November 2012, Johns signed on as assistant coach of the Manly Warringah Sea Eagles for the 2013 Rugby League season, mentoring and ambassadorial roles.

Ecstasy use controversy
On 26 August 2007 Johns was arrested for fare evasion on the London Underground, and subsequently found to be in possession of one ecstasy tablet. He was cautioned and released with no further charges. Johns initially claimed that an unknown person had pushed the tablet into his pocket which he later forgot to remove before leaving the crowded venue. This initial statement was met with a great deal of cynicism from both the press and the public. On 30 August, Johns revealed, live on the Footy Show, that he had regularly taken ecstasy throughout his playing career, mainly during the off-season. He claimed he had suffered from depression and bipolar disorder and the drugs helped him in dealing with the high level of psychological 'pressure' associated with his career as an elite sportsman. Not long after the incident he released his 'tell-all' autobiography that went into further details regarding his depression and drug use while playing in the NRL.

The ARU released a press statement shortly after the controversy arose, stating that Johns' drug use was known to the ARU and was a key factor in its decision to not proceed with contractual negotiations in 2004. Brett Robinson, then high-performance unit manager, said that, as well as Johns' age and injury history, the knowledge of his drug taking had been influential in the ARU making its final decision.

When Johns was named the Best Player of the Last 30 Years in early 2008, the accolade allayed concern that Johns' shock drug admission the year before had tarnished his remarkable efforts on the field for Newcastle, NSW and Australia. On receiving the award he was quoted as saying his health was now in great shape. "I'm at the best place I have been in a long time," he said. "It's not until you step away that I realise all the pressure I was under, I'm not going to miss playing at all."

Racism controversy
In June 2010 during the lead-up to Origin II, New South Wales Timana Tahu withdrew mid-week from the NSW squad following reports Johns referred to Queensland player Greg Inglis as a "black c*nt" during a training session. Johns was subsequently fired from his role as NSW assistant coach. Though he apologised for the incident on Tuesday 15 June, it is alleged it was not the first time Johns had used racist language in a football environment. Inglis demanded Johns be barred from any involvement in rugby league.

More Joyous Scandal
Johns was the catalyst to the More Joyous Scandal, engulfing leading Sydney horse trainer Gai Waterhouse, advertising figure John Singleton (racehorse More Joyous's owner) and bookmaker and son of the horse trainer Tom Waterhouse. Johns passed information from Tom Waterhouse that horse More Joyous was "off" on to brothel owner Eddie Hayson and former jockey Allan Robinson. Singleton received word of this and verbally attacked Gai Waterhouse on live television. Johns feared his Channel 9 commentating career would be over due to the trouble he caused Tom Waterhouse, a Channel 9 advertiser. Johns's commentating career survived, although his reputation was further damaged. Both Waterhouses were cleared of any major wrongdoing by a Racing NSW inquiry, however, Singleton and Gai's longstanding partnership ceased until 2016. On 28 September 2023, it was announced that Johns would be stepping down from his role within the New South Wales coaching staff after the NSWRL board informed him his contract would not be renewed after another series loss.

Epilepsy
In 2019, Johns revealed that he had been diagnosed with epilepsy. His doctors were of the view that his playing career could have contributed to the diagnosis. In an interview with his brother, Matthew Johns on Fox League on Sunday night, he said, “They think maybe a contributor could be some of the concussions I’ve had and ... continual head knocks”. Johns lost his driver licence after suffering an epileptic seizure at a cafe in Yamba on the New South Wales north coast in December 2018. The Roads and Maritime Service (RMS) initially refused to return his licence but later did so on appeal.

Live State of Origin rant
Following the NSW loss to QLD in game 3 of the 2022 State of Origin series, resulting in a QLD series win, Johns was visibly upset while part of a commentary panel during the family friendly Channel 9 live broadcast. In an incident after the game, in which media speculated at the time might have been his unofficial resignation, Johns made the out of context statement in response to a question about the game, “Now we have to listen to all the bullshit from you (Queenslanders) in the next 12 months. It drives you mad.”

Business life
Johns is founder and co-owner of Steel City Beer Company with Matthew Johns, Danny Buderus, Kurt Gidley and Matt Hoy.

Achievements, awards and accolades
In February 2008, Johns was named in the list of Australia's 100 Greatest Players (1908–2007) which was commissioned by the NRL and ARL to celebrate the code's centenary year in Australia. Johns went on to be named as in Australian rugby league's Team of the Century. Announced on 17 April 2008, the team is the panel's majority choice for each of the thirteen starting positions and four interchange players. In 2008 New South Wales announced their rugby league team of the century also and Johns was again named as a.

Newcastle Knights records

 * Most points in a match: 34 (v Canberra, 29 July 2001)
 * Most goals in a match: 11 (v Canberra, 19 March 2006)
 * Most points in a season: 279 (2001 National Rugby League Season)
 * Most points for the club: 2,176

Australian premiership records

 * Retired as highest individual point scorer in premiership history: 2,176 (eclipsing Jason Taylor's previous record of 2,107; now 4th).
 * The competition's leading point scorer in 2001: 279 points.
 * Most ever points scored by a in a single National Rugby League season (279 in 2001).

International records

 * Most points scored on international debut: 30 (v South Africa at the 1995 World Cup)
 * Most points scored in a test match: 32 (v Fiji in 1996)
 * Most goals in a test match: 12 (v Fiji in 1996)

Awards

 * Dally M Medal (best player in the NRL competition): 3 (1998, 1999 and 2002)
 * Dally M Halfback of the Year: 4 (1995, 1998, 1999 and 2002)
 * Provan-Summons Medal (fans' favourite player): 5 (1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002)
 * Golden Boot (best player in the world): 2 (1999 and 2001)
 * Clive Churchill Medal (man-of-the-match in the grand final): 1 (2001)
 * Dally M 'Representative Player of the Year' Award: 1 (2005)
 * Player of the Series – Australia v Great Britain: 2001
 * Most Valuable Player of the Tournament at the 1995 World Cup in England
 * State of Origin man-of-the-match: 4 (Game 2, 1996; Game 1, 2002; Game 2, 2003 and Game 2, 2005)
 * Voted #1 in the 'Modern Masters Top 30 Players of the Past 30 Years' poll (Rugby League Week)
 * Announced as the eighth Immortal of the Australian game on 27 September 2012 joining other greats: Bob Fulton, John Raper, Clive Churchill, Reg Gasnier, Graeme Langlands, Wally Lewis and Arthur Beetson. This being the ultimate honour one could receive as a professional rugby league footballer.
 * Inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame on 11 October 2012 at the Crown Palladium in Melbourne along with fellow greats of Australian sport such as Brisbane Broncos coach Wayne Bennett and cricketing great Adam Gilchrist
 * Australian Sports Medal

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Smooth Fox Terrier

The Smooth Fox Terrier is a breed of dog, one of many terrier breeds. It was the first breed in the fox terrier family to be given official recognition by The Kennel Club (circa 1875; breed standard 1876). It is well known, and although not a widely popular breed today outside hunting and show circles, it is extremely significant due to the large number of terriers believed descended from the breed.

Origins
The Smooth Fox Terrier's development as a breed is largely undocumented, but the dog has been known as a distinct breed in England since at least the 18th century; the first documented evidence of the Smooth Fox Terrier came in 1790, when a Colonel Thornton painted a portrait of his dog, Pitch.

Recognition
The Smooth Fox Terrier entered the show ring during the mid-19th century, making it one of the earliest entrants in such events. The American Kennel Club recognized the Fox Terrier in 1885; one hundred years later, the Smooth Fox Terrier was recognized as being a distinct breed from the Wire Fox Terrier. Conventional wisdom long held that the Smooth Fox Terrier and Wire Fox Terrier are variations of the same breed; in recent years, however, an increasing number of experts have stated the opinion that the two breeds are not related at all. Whereas the Wire Fox Terrier is probably directly descended from the Rough Black and Tan Terrier of Wales, the Smooth Fox Terrier is thought to count the Smooth Black and Tan Terrier as its primary ancestor, with traces of Beagle and Bull Terrier thrown in as well.

However, the two breeds were considered to be varieties of one breed and were occasionally interbred until the mid-1980s when the AKC changed them from varieties to separate breeds. All modern Smooth Fox Terriers trace back to wires many times, from Eng. Ch Watteau Chorister, through Eng. Ch. Lethal Weapon, Eng. Ch. Corrector of Notts and Eng. Ch. Cromwell Ochre's Legacy back to Dusky D'Orsay. Bred by Mr. Francis Redmond, Dusky D'Orsay's sire was a Wire, Dusky Collar, and her dam a Smooth, Eng. Ch. D'Orsay's Donna. Through Dusky D'Orsay, all modern Smooths trace back to several famous Wires, including Ch. Cackler Of Notts and Meersbrook Bristles.

The Smooth Fox Terrier's historic profession is fox bolting. A fox bolting dog will accompany a pack of foxhounds and "bolt" after foxes, driving them out from their hiding spots and into the line of sight of the larger dogs and men on horses. Smooth Fox Terriers with white coats were less likely to be mistaken for the fox in close combat situations, and were therefore more highly prized.

Temperament
The Smooth Fox Terrier is a highly energetic dog, and thus not recommended for first time dog owners. As the breed was originally bred to go after small animals, they also have a high prey instinct, they are very friendly dogs and do not mind strangers if introduced and exposed to people from a young age. Without appropriate early exposure, however, loud barking may ensue.

Health
Some known health problems are deafness, luxating patellas and a variety of eye disorders such as lens luxation, distichiasis, and cataracts. Skeletal problems that can occur include Legge-Perthes disease and shoulder dislocations. Myasthenia gravis and idiopathic epilepsy have also been reported, as well as goiter.

Ataxia is a hereditary condition in the breed. A mutation in the KCNJ10 gene, which has been identified in the Jack Russell Terrier and Parson Russell Terrier as the cause of one type of ataxia, has also been identified in this breed.

Notable Smooth-haired Fox Terriers

 * Nipper, mascot of HMV and RCA; some commercials featured him portrayed as a Smooth Fox Terrier, though others dispute this and determine the dog was a Jack Russell Terrier mixed breed.
 * Snitter, protagonist from the novel The Plague Dogs, written by Richard Adams
 * Titina, travelled with Umberto Nobile on Airship Norge and Airship Italia
 * Skip, from the book My Dog Skip by Willie Morris (played by a Jack Russell Terrier in the film of the same name)
 * Dash, seven consequent dogs (among them, six Smooth Fox Terriers) of Sir Aurel Stein, who accompanied him in archeological expeditions to Xinjiang, Iran and other countries in the early 20th century
 * Igloo, pet of explorer Richard E. Byrd; frequently accompanied Byrd on trips to Antarctica
 * Angus and India are the Smooth Fox Terriers of fashion designer and film director Tom Ford; they appear in his film A Single Man and have been on the runway of his fashion show. John was another Smooth Fox Terrier owned by Ford; John and Ford appeared on the front page of i-D magazine in 2001.
 * Kvik in the Danish TV series Matador

title: Smooth Fox Terrier


text:
Talk:Shelf Bank

This article was listed on Votes for deletion and the consensus was keep: see Votes for deletion/Shelf Bank

title: Talk:Shelf Bank


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User talk:168.91.4.66

"Sovereign Protectors" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Sovereign Protectors and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 September 15 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. TNstingray (talk) 13:31, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:168.91.4.66


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Osborne effect

The Osborne effect is a social phenomenon of customers canceling or deferring orders for the current, soon-to-be-obsolete product as an unexpected drawback of a company's announcing a future product prematurely. It is an example of cannibalization. The term alludes to the Osborne Computer Corporation, whose second product did not become available until more than a year after it was announced. The company's subsequent bankruptcy was widely blamed on reduced sales after the announcement.

Description
The Osborne Effect states that prematurely discussing future, unavailable products damages sales of existing products. The name comes from the planned replacement of the Osborne 1, an early personal computer first sold by the Osborne Computer Corporation in 1981. In 1983, founder Adam Osborne pre-announced several next-generation computer models (the Osborne Executive and Osborne Vixen), which were only prototypes, highlighting the fact that they would outperform the existing model as the prototypes dramatically cut down assembly time. A widely held belief was that sales of the Osborne 1 fell sharply as customers anticipated those more advanced systems, leading to a sales decline from which Osborne Computer was unable to recover. This belief appeared in the media almost immediately after the company's September 1983 bankruptcy:

"To give the jazzy $2,495 Osborne Executive a running start, Adam began orchestrating publicity early in 1983. We, along with many other magazines, were shown the machine in locked hotel rooms. We were required not to have anything in print about it until the planned release date in mid-April. As far as we know, nothing did appear in print, but dealers heard about the plans and cancelled orders for the Osborne 1 in droves.

In early April, Osborne told dealers he would be showing them the machine on a one-week tour the week of 17 April, and emphasized that the new machine was not a competitor for the Osborne 1. But dealers didn't react the way Osborne expected; said Osborne, 'All of them just cancelled their orders for the Osborne 1.'"

Osborne reacted by drastically cutting prices on the Osborne 1 in an effort to stimulate cash flow. But nothing seemed to work, and for several months sales were practically non-existent.

Pre-announcement is done for several reasons: to reassure current customers that there is improvement or lower cost coming, to increase the interest of the media and investors in the company's future prospects, and to intimidate or confuse competitors. When done correctly, the sales or cash flow impact to the company is minimal, with the revenue drop for the current product being offset by orders or completed sales of the new product as it becomes available. However, when the Osborne effect occurs, the quantity of unsold goods increases and the company must react by discounting and/or lowering production of the current product, both of which depress cash flow.

Criticism
Interviews with former employees cast doubt on the idea that Osborne's downfall was caused solely by announcement ahead of availability.

After renewed discussion of the Osborne effect in 2005, columnist Robert X. Cringely interviewed ex-Osborne employee Mike McCarthy, and clarified the story behind the Osborne effect. Purportedly, while the new Executive model from Osborne Computer was priced at US$2,195 and came with a 7 in screen, competitor Kaypro was selling a computer with a 9 in screen for $400 less, and the Kaypro machine had already begun to cut into sales of the Osborne 1, a computer with a 5 in screen for $1,995.

Consequently, after inventory of the Osborne 1 had been cleared out, McCarthy believed, customers switched to Kaypro, causing monthly sales of the Executive to fall to less than 10% of its predecessor.

On 20 June 2005, The Register quoted Osborne's memoirs and interviewed Osborne repairman Charles Eicher to tell a tale of corporate decisions that contributed to the company's demise. Apparently, while sales of the new model were relatively slow, they were starting to show a profit when a vice president discovered that there was an inventory of fully equipped motherboards for the older models worth $150,000. Rather than discard the motherboards, the vice president sold Osborne leadership on the idea of building them into complete units and selling them.

Soon, $2 million was spent to turn the motherboards into completed units, and for CRTs, RAM, floppy disk drives, to restore production and fabricate the molded cases. This was far more money than anybody anticipated, and also more than the company could afford at that time. In his autobiography, Osborne described this as a case of "throwing good money after bad". It was at this time that the company folded.

Other examples
In 1978, North Star Computers announced a new version of its floppy disk controller with double the capacity which was to be sold at the same price as their existing range. Sales of the existing products plummeted. The company almost went bankrupt, folding in 1984.

Other consumer electronic products have been continually plagued by the Osborne effect as well. In the early 1990s, TV sets' sales were depressed by talk of the imminent release of HDTV, which did not actually become widespread for another 10 years.

When Sega began publicly discussing their next-generation system (eventually released as the Dreamcast), barely two years after launching the Saturn, it became a self-defeating prophecy. At the time Sega had a history of short-lived consoles, particularly the Sega Mega-CD and 32X, which were considered ill-conceived "stopgaps". Those consoles, along with the early release of the Saturn in the United States to compete with Sony's PlayStation, ended sales of Sega's own Genesis and frustrated players (the early release meant they could not afford the console) and developers (the early release of the Saturn forced developers to rush to finish their games) alike. These factors quickly led to the failure of the Saturn: following the Dreamcast announcement, sales of Saturn consoles and software substantially tapered off in the second half of 1997, while many planned games were canceled, shortening the console's life expectancy substantially. While this let Sega focus on bringing out its successor, the premature demise of the Saturn caused customers and developers to be skeptical and hold out, which led to the Dreamcast's failure as well, and Sega's exit from the console industry.

Another example of the Osborne effect took place as a result of Nokia's CEO Stephen Elop's implementation of the plan to shift away from Symbian to Windows Phone for its mobile software platform. On top of this, criticism of existing products was compared to the Ratner effect. Although it was known for some time that Nokia's Symbian phones were no longer competitive against iOS and Android, they still generated significant profit thanks to Nokia's brand recognition until Elop's "burning platform" memo "effectively transformed the Symbian cash-cow into a dead duck". At the same time, Nokia's first Windows Phone devices would not be ready for a year, and once they were released their sales were not enough to replace the volume and profit of Symbian devices. Furthermore, the announcement that Windows Phone 7 devices would not be able to upgrade to Windows Phone 8 hurt sales of Nokia's Windows Phone 7 phones, plus it was a risky move for Microsoft which "can ill afford to alienate people when there are scores of highly capable and affordable Android phones up for grabs, or years-old Apple iPhones which aren't being prematurely shut out of the iOS playground." Poor performance led Nokia to sell its mobile phone division to Microsoft in 2013.

MakerBot also appears to have fallen victim to the Osborne effect, as talking openly about a future product significantly reduced the sales of their current product.

title: Osborne effect


text:
Category talk:Jamaican people

Untitled
So, stupid question, but why is the category "Jamaican people" when many of the entries use "Jamaicans"? Is there an MoS ruling on this, or do they object to the abbreviated form? -- nae'blis (talk) 18:16, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Nevermind, I don't work with bios much, so I didn't realize it was standardized that way...seems clunky, but whatever. -- nae'blis (talk) 22:12, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Jamaican people


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Nissan SR engine

The SR engine is a series of 1596 cc, 1838 cc or 1998 cc straight-four, four-stroke gasoline engines manufactured by Nissan. It has an aluminium head and block with steel sleeves and has a DOHC 4-valve design, with variable valve timing on select models. It was added to a new engine family name PLASMA (Powerful ＆ Economic, Lightweight, Accurate, Silent, Mighty, Advanced).

The engine was used in many small to medium Nissan vehicles, including high-performance turbocharged variants. It was designed by Nissan as a replacement of the earlier CA series of engines, and was replaced by the QR and MR series of engines. Power outputs are shown under JIS Net PS or ECE Net kilowatts unless otherwise indicated.

SR16VE

The 1596 cc SR16VE has Nissan's Neo VVL variable valve timing with lift control. It produces 175 PS at 7800 rpm and 119 lbft at 7200 rpm. Redline is at 8300 rpm. Bore and stroke is 86x68.7 mm with a 11.0:1 compression ratio.

This engine was never used on the USDM counterpart of the B14 Lucino, the B14 Nissan 200SX, as it uses the 1.6 L GA16DE and 2.0 L SR20DE engines instead.

It is used in the following vehicles:
 * N15 Nissan Pulsar VZ-R
 * B14 Nissan Lucino VZ-R
 * B15 Nissan Sunny VZ-R

SR16VE N1
This version was used in the limited-production Pulsar VZ-R N1, produced from 1997 to 1998. These cars were tuned by Autech Japan. It made 200 PS at 7800 rpm and 134 lbft at 7600 rpm. Redline of the N1 Version 2 (1998) is at 8600 rpm. This is also claimed to be the most powerful production 1.6 L naturally aspirated engine.

SR18Di
The SR18Di is a 1838 cc DOHC engine. It produces 110 PS at 6500 rpm and 150 Nm at 4000 rpm. Based on the Single Point Fuel Injection system, it was installed on JDM cars and some UK versions. This model used some cast iron blocks and it was used on the P10 generation Nissan Primera, but due to the low overall power this engine option was dropped on the next generation.

This engine was never used on the USDM counterpart of the P10/11 Primera, the Infiniti G20, as it uses the 2.0 L SR20DE engine instead.

It is used in the following vehicles:
 * 1990-1993 Nissan Primera
 * Nissan Sunny
 * Nissan Bluebird U12
 * Nissan Avenir W10

SR18DE
The SR18DE is a 1838 cc DOHC engine. It produces 125 PS at 6000 rpm and 156 Nm at 4800 rpm. This engine came with Multi Point Fuel Injection System ECCS (Electronic Concentrated Control System). The SR18DE crankshaft was produced with four fewer counterweights than the SR20DE variants, which have eight, for lighter weight and better fuel efficiency. These lightweight crankshafts were also homologated for use in the Japanese N2 Silvia racing program and later used in the SR20VE engine.

This engine was never used on the USDM counterpart of the P10/11 Primera, the Infiniti G20, as it uses the 2.0 L SR20DE engine instead.

It is used in the following vehicles:
 * 1991-1997 Nissan Primera
 * Nissan Sunny
 * Nissan Avenir W10
 * Nissan Rasheen
 * 1991-1997 Nissan Bluebird U13
 * 1989-1998 Nissan Bluebird U14 119 PS Factory detuning and refining of fuel injection.
 * 1990-1993 Nissan Pulsar GTi B13 and N14, 140 PS at 6400 rpm and 167 Nm at 4800 rpm
 * 1991-1999 Nissan Pulsar GTi N15, 140 PS at 6400 rpm and 167 Nm at 4800 rpm
 * 1989(??)-2001 Nissan Presea 125 PS

SR20Di
The SR20Di is a 1998 cc DOHC engine. It produces 116 PS. Bore and stroke are 86x86 mm. Similar to the 1.8 liter version except for bigger displacement with a throttle body injection system.

This engine was never used on the USDM counterpart of the P10/11 Primera, the Infiniti G20, as it uses the 2.0 L SR20DE engine instead.

It is used in the following vehicles:
 * 1991–1994.6 Nissan Primera

SR20DE

The SR20DE is a 1998 cc DOHC engine. It was used in over 15 Nissan models, first appearing in the U12 Bluebird on October 1989. It was gradually phased out over time with the introduction of the low-emissions QR engine family in 2000, until production stopped in 2002. It carried nominal power ratings between 125-165 hp from the factory, although there are some Autech models with horsepower ratings of between 175 and 200 hp depending on the chassis and degrees of tuning.

The breakdown of the engine code is as follows:
 * SR - Engine
 * 20 - 2.0 Litres
 * D - Dual Overhead Cams
 * E - Electronic Fuel Injection

This engine has the following specifications (SAE, 1991):

It is used in the following vehicles:

SR20DET

The SR20DET is a 1998 cc DOHC engine. It is a turbocharged version of the SR20DE, with power outputs ranging from 204 PS at 6000 rpm to 250 PS at 6400 rpm, and torque outputs ranging from 266 Nm at 4800 rpm to 280 Nm at 4800 rpm. It was first used in the U12 Bluebird SSS ATTESA Limited from October 1989, and expanded to several cars from 1989 through 2002. The Silvia was the longest-running Nissan model to use this engine, starting with the S13 series in 1991 and ending with the S15 series in 2002. This engine was replaced with the QR20DE engine in most applications.

It is used in the following vehicles:
 * 1989-1991 Nissan Bluebird HNU12 SSS ATTESA Limited
 * 1990-1995 Nissan Pulsar RNN14 GTi-R
 * 1991-1994 Nissan Silvia S13 K's
 * 1991-1997 Nissan Bluebird HNU13 SSS ATTESA Limited
 * 1991-1998 Nissan 180SX S13
 * 1994-1998 Nissan Silvia S14 K's
 * 1994-1998 Nissan 200SX S14 + "S14a"
 * 1994 Nismo 270R
 * 1995-1998 Nissan Avenir PNW10 Salut G GT Turbo
 * 1997-2001 Nissan R'nessa NN30 GT Turbo
 * 1998-2002 Nissan Avenir PNW11 Highway Star/GT4
 * 1998-2002 Nissan Liberty PNM12 GT4
 * 1999-2002 Nissan Silvia S15 Spec-R (JDM)
 * 1999-2002 Nissan 200SX S15 Spec-R/Spec-S (AUDM and NZDM)

SR20VE

The 1998 cc SR20VE has Nissan's Neo VVL variable valve timing with lift control. It produces 190 PS at 7000 rpm and 20.0 kgm at 6000 rpm with a 10.3:1 compression ratio and later (2001–2003) 204 PS at 7200 rpm and 21.0 kgm at 5200 rpm with a 11:1 compression ratio.

This engine was never used on the USDM counterpart of the P11 Primera, the Infiniti G20, as it uses the 2.0 L SR20DE engine instead.

It is used in the following vehicles:

 * 1997-2000 P11 JDM Nissan Primera Te-V sedan or G-V wagon, 190 PS
 * 2001-2003 P12 JDM Nissan Primera, 20V sedan or W20V Wagon, 204 PS
 * 1997-2000 U14 JDM Nissan Bluebird SSS-Z sedan, 190 PS
 * 1997-2000 Y11 JDM Nissan Wingroad ZV-S wagon, 190 PS
 * 2002 ASL Garaiya sports car, 204 PS

SR20VET

The 1998 cc SR20VET was the first turbocharged engine from Nissan with variable valve lift (VVL), produced exclusively for the Japanese market. It produces 280 PS at 6400 rpm and 309 Nm at 3200 rpm, with 9.0:1 compression ratio.

It is used in the following vehicles:
 * 2001-2007 PNT30 Nissan X-Trail GT

title: Nissan SR engine


text: Category:Figure skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics


text: Category:Figure skaters at the 1960 Winter Olympics


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Nod factor

Nod factors (nodulation factors or NF), are signaling molecules produced by soil bacteria known as rhizobia in response to flavonoid exudation from plants under nitrogen limited conditions. Nod factors initiate the establishment of a symbiotic relationship between legumes and rhizobia by inducing nodulation. Nod factors produce the differentiation of plant tissue in root hairs into nodules where the bacteria reside and are able to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere for the plant in exchange for photosynthates and the appropriate environment for nitrogen fixation. One of the most important features provided by the plant in this symbiosis is the production of leghemoglobin, which maintains the oxygen concentration low and prevents the inhibition of nitrogenase activity.

Chemical Structure
Nod factors structurally are lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) that consist of an N-acetyl- D -glucosamine chain linked through β-1,4 linkage with a fatty acid of variable identity attached to a non reducing nitrogen in the backbone with various functional group substitutions at the terminal or non-terminal residues.

Nod factors are produced in complex mixtures differing in the following characteristics:

 * Length of the chain can vary from three to six units of N-acetyl- D -glucosamine with the exception of M. loti which can produce Nod factors with two unit only.
 * Presence or absence of strain-specific substitutions along the chain
 * Identity of the fatty acid component
 * Presence or absence of unsaturated fatty acids

Nod gene expression is induced by the presence of certain flavonoids in the soil, which are secreted by the plant and act as an attractant to bacteria and induce Nod factor production. Flavonoids activate NodD, a LysR family transcription factor, which binds to the nod box and initiates the transcription of the nod genes which encode the proteins necessary for the production of a wide range of LCOs.

Function
Nod factors are potentially recognized by plant receptors made of two histidine kinases with extracellular LysM domain, which have been identified in L. japonicus, soybean, and M. truncatula . Binding of Nod factors to these receptors depolarizes the plasma membrane of root hairs via an influx of Ca+2  which induce the expression of early nodulin (ENOD) genes and swelling of the root hairs. In M. truncatula, the signal transduction initiates by the activation of dmi1, dmi2, and dmi3 which lead to the deformation of root hairs, early nodulin expression, cortical cell division and bacterial infection. Additionally, nsp and hcl genes are recruited later and aid in the process of early nodulation expression, cortical cell division, and infection. Genes dmi1, dmi2, and dmi3 have also been found to aid in the establishment of interactions between M. truncatula and arbuscular mycorrhiza,  indicating that the two very different symbioses may share some common mechanisms. The end result is the nodule, the structure in which nitrogen is fixed. Nod factors act by inducing changes in gene expression in the legume, most notable the nodulin genes, which are needed for nodule organogenesis.

Nodulation
Rhizobia bind to host specific lectins present in root hairs which together with Nod factors lead to the formation of nodulation. Nod factors are recognized by a specific class of receptor kinases that have LysM domains in their extracellular domains. The two LysM (lysin motif) receptor kinases (NFR1 and NFR5) that appear to make up the Nod factor receptor were first isolated in the model legume Lotus japonicus in 2003. They now have been isolated also from soybean and the model legume Medicago truncatula. NFR5 lacks the classical activation loop in the kinase domain. The NFR5 gene lacks introns. First the cell membrane is depolarized and the root hairs start to swell and cell division stops. Nod factor cause the fragmentation and rearrangement of actin network, which coupled with the reinstitution of cell growth lead to the curling of the root hair around the bacteria. This is followed by the localized breakdown of the cell wall and the invagination of the plant cell membrane, allowing the bacterium to form an infection thread. As the infection thread grows the rhizobia travel down its length towards the site of the nodule. During this process the pericycle cells in plants become activated and cells in the inner cortex start growing and become the nodule primordium where the rhizobia infect and differentiate into bacteroids and fix nitrogen. Activation of adjacent middle cortex cells leads to the formation of nodule meristem.

title: Nod factor


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Wire Fox Terrier

The Wire Fox Terrier (also known as Wire Hair Fox Terrier, Wirehaired Terrier or simply Fox Terrier) is a breed of dog, one of many terrier breeds. It is a fox terrier, and although it bears a resemblance to the Smooth Fox Terrier, they are believed to have been developed separately. It originates from England.

Appearance

The Wire Fox Terrier is a sturdy, balanced dog weighing 17 to 19 lb for males and 15 to 17 lb for females. It should not be more than 15+1/2 in at the withers. Its rough, broken coat is distinctive. Coat colour consists of a predominant white base with brown markings of the face and ears, and usually a black saddle or large splotch of colour; there may be other black or brown markings on the body.

Temperament
Two of the Wire Fox Terrier's most distinctive traits are its energy and intelligence. It has a low threshold for boredom and requires stimulation, exercise and attention. The Wire Fox Terrier is a companion animal that requires near-constant attention.

The dog should be alert, quick and ready to respond swiftly with enthusiasm. However, they should also be friendly, communicative, and playful if they receive the proper care and exercise. Bred to be independent thinkers, they are capable of tactical maneuvering for vermin and other sport.

Often, Wire Fox Terriers are abandoned or surrendered for reasons that may include: running away instead of coming on a command; chasing cars, bicycles, other dogs, etc.; or taunting and then attacking other animals, including a household's cats and other dogs –and they are able to do serious damage. But these are actually normal behaviors for a breed designed to hunt not only foxes, but also badgers and boars, with no more fear of cows or buses than they have of small prey. Keeping one as a pet requires firm control to redirect these prey instincts and provide the dog with enough exercise and diversion. With diligent supervision, Wire Fox Terriers can be amusing, exciting, long-lived companion animals.

Grooming
Wire Fox Terriers kept for show are hand stripped; if the hair becomes too long, it is taken out by hand in order to preserve the colours and the glossiness of the coat. Many kept as pets are clipped monthly by a groomer. Clipping dulls the colours and makes the coat soft, curly and more difficult to keep clean, but it is preferred by many owners due to being a simpler (and cheaper) procedure than stripping.

History
The Wire Fox Terrier was developed in England by fox hunting enthusiasts and is believed to be descended from a now-extinct rough-coated, black-and-tan working terrier of Wales, Derbyshire, and Durham. The breed was also thought to have been bred to chase foxes into their burrows; the dogs' short, strong, usually docked tails were used as handles by the hunter to pull them back out.

Although it is said Queen Victoria owned one, and her son and heir, King Edward VII, did own a Wire Fox Terrier named Caesar, the breed was not popular as a family pet until the 1930s, when The Thin Man series of feature films was created. Asta, the canine member of the Charles family, was a Wire Fox Terrier, and the popularity of the breed soared. Milou (Snowy) from The Adventures of Tintin comic strip is also a Wire Fox Terrier.

In the late 20th century, the popularity of the breed declined again, most likely due to changing living conditions in the Western world and the difficulty of keeping hunting terriers in cities due to their strong prey instincts.

As of 2019, the Wire Fox Terrier has the distinction of having received more Best in Show titles at Westminster Kennel Club dog shows (currently 15) than any other breed. Matford Vic, a Wire Fox Terrier, is one of only five dogs to have won the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show on more than one occasion. She won the competition twice, in 1915 and 1916. The only dog to win it on more occasions was Warren Remedy, a smooth fox terrier, who won it on three occasions between 1907 and 1909.

Health
A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.5 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.

Noteworthy wire fox terriers

 * Archie, owned by Gill Raddings Stunt Dogs, starred in ITV's Catwalk Dogs.
 * Asta, from The Thin Man film series
 * Beauty, awarded the Dickin Medal for conspicuous gallantry or devotion to duty while serving in military conflict.
 * Bob, from the Hercule Poirot episode Dumb Witness
 * Bunny, from the film Hudson Hawk
 * Bella, who played Snoopy in the movie Moonrise Kingdom
 * Boer, the dog of Alexei Brusilov, the author of the 'Brusilov Offensive'.
 * Caesar, the companion of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom
 * Charles, brought to Ceylon by Leonard Woolf in 1905
 * Chester, in the 1998 film Jack Frost
 * Dášeňka, the dog of Czechoslovak writer and journalist Karel Čapek - also featured as the hero of his book Dášeňka čili život štěněte
 * Dodger Herbie Tobacco (only a mutt in the film) from the Disney animated film Oliver & Company is actually a Wire Fox Terrier.
 * Dogmatix (French: Idéfix), companion of Asterix and Obelix.
 * Featherstonehaugh (pronounced 'Foon'), "a wire-haired fox terrier of irreproachable breeding" from Margery Allingham's novel Police at the Funeral.
 * Guido from the film Pups United
 * Ike Larue, from the Ike Larue series, written and illustrated by Mark Teague
 * J.D. from the film Millionaire Dogs (1999)
 * Jani, owned by Vincent Korda, mentioned by his son Michael Korda in "Alone" (2017)
 * Lacey, Ch. Registry's Lonesome Dove, 1992 Best in Show winner at Westminster Dog Show
 * Mickey, the companion of French composer Francis Poulenc.
 * Moll, from the book Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man
 * Montmorency, from the book Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome
 * Pan, the companion of A.L. Westgard, AAA pathfinder. Pan was the mascot of the dedication tour for the National Park to Park Highway in 1920.
 * Pard, the companion of Humphrey Bogart character in the 1941 film High Sierra. Pard was played by Humphrey Bogart's own dog, Zero. It is evident in the film that Pard loves his master.
 * Polly, a white rough terrier companion to Charles Darwin
 * Scruffy, the Muirs' wire fox terrier on The Ghost and Mrs. Muir television series
 * Skippy, canine actor in the 1930s
 * Asta, from the film adaptation of The Thin Man (the novel's breed was a Schnauzer)
 * George, from Bringing Up Baby
 * Mr. Atlas, from Topper Takes a Trip
 * Mr. Smith, from The Awful Truth
 * Sky, winner of the 2012 Purina Thanksgiving Dog Show and the 2014 Westminster Dog Show.
 * Snowy (French: Milou), companion of Tintin
 * Topsy, the dog of actress Diana Napier while married to tenor Richard Tauber.
 * Van Gogh, Paul Meltsner's dog featured in his famous painting Paul, Marcella and Van Gogh
 * Vicki, Rudyard Kipling's dog
 * Watch, the pet and companion of The Boxcar Children, is a Wire Fox Terrier.
 * Wessex, the dog of British novelist (Tess of the d'Urbervilles) Thomas Hardy
 * Willy, from the film Ask the Dust
 * Wuffles, the Patrician's dog in the Discworld Series

title: Wire Fox Terrier


text:
Elmwood (electoral district)

Elmwood is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba.

1914-1920
The original Elmwood riding existed from 1914 to 1920, in what was then a suburban community in the north of Winnipeg. Its provincial Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) were:

1958-present
The modern Elmwood riding was created by redistribution in 1957, and has formally existed since the provincial election of 1958. It is located in the northeastern section of the amalgamated City of Winnipeg; the Red River forms its western and part of its southern boundary. The Elmwood riding existing from 1958 to 1969 was confined to the actual Elmwood area of the city of Winnipeg. In the redistribution of 1969 part of East Kildonan was added. Since 1981 the Elmwood riding has moved further north into East Kildonan taking in much of the old Kildonan riding (existing between 1958 and 1981) while the eastern part of the Elmwood area has been removed and added to the Concordia riding created in 1981.

Elmwood is mostly working-class and industrial. According to the 1999 Canadian census, manufacturing accounted for 18% of all industry in the riding. Thirty-one per cent of the riding's residents are listed as low-income. The average family income in Elmwood was $41,842, and the unemployment rate was 9.40%.

The riding has a significant immigrant population, including 9% of German background and 8% of Ukrainian background. 18% of the riding's residents over age 65.

The New Democratic Party of Manitoba (and its predecessor, the Manitoba Co-operative Commonwealth Federation) have won Elmwood in every provincial election since the riding's creation. It was one of just four Winnipeg seats retained by the NDP in the disastrous 1988 general election.

title: Elmwood (electoral district)


text:
Maddox (writer)

George Ouzounian (born 1978 (age 28)), known as Maddox, is an American blogger, YouTuber, and author. He gained fame on the internet in the early 2000s for his opinion-oriented website, The Best Page in the Universe, which he still maintains. His first book, The Alphabet of Manliness (2006), became a New York Times bestseller.

Writing career
Maddox started The Best Page in the Universe in 1997. He took his pen name from the 1987 original video animation Metal Skin Panic MADOX-01. The majority of the content is satirical. Maddox reported in 2006 that the site's online store earned enough for him to "stay above water." Maddox is reported to have worked as a programmer for a telemarketing company until 2004.

On June 6, 2006, Maddox appeared at the San Diego Comic Con with his comic book, The Best Comic in the Universe. He was also working on a reality television show for Spike TV titled Manformation with Thom Beers and Dax Herrera until the project was shelved in 2011. In 2010, he appeared on Penn & Teller: Bullshit!'s eighth season episode "Old People" and started his own web series, The Best Show in the Universe, on YouTube. In 2012, Maddox appeared in the web series Tournament of Nerds as the character Kool-Aid Man. Maddox has also performed in the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre and in the horror film Ooga Booga as the character Skeez.

Maddox has written three books, starting with The Alphabet of Manliness published in 2006. It reached number one on the Amazon.com sales chart. The book is illustrated and has a chapter-length entry for each letter in the English alphabet regarding a "manly" topic (for example, N is for Norris, Chuck). In 2011, his second book, I Am Better Than Your Kids, was published. Maddox announced his intention to write a third book in May 2015 and he updated fans about the first draft being written in September 2016. The book, titled F*ck Whales: Petty Essays from a Brilliant Mind was released in October 2017.

In 2018, Maddox continued to produce episodes of his YouTube web series The Best Show in the Universe of which his channel has about 250,000 subscribers. In the past, episodes were accompanied by an article on a related topic posted to The Best Page in the Universe. Additionally, Maddox sells shirts, hoodies, hats, mugs, and other merchandise through his store. As of 2020, Maddox regularly streams on Twitch, playing as characters "Bananadox," a talking banana, and "Cowboy Ox-Mad", an exaggerated cowboy figure.

Podcast and lawsuit
In 2014, Maddox created a weekly podcast titled The Biggest Problem in the Universe, co-hosted by Dax Herrera under the pseudonym "Dick Masterson". The format of the show rotated between each co-host discussing a problem and soliciting votes from the audience. The podcast had its final episode in 2016. This led to Maddox creating a new podcast network called Madcast Media. The pilot program, The Best Debate in the Universe features debates where Maddox argues both sides of an issue.

In 2017, Maddox filed a $372 million harassment lawsuit with the New York Supreme Court against Herrera, individuals at Patreon, and Weber Shandwick copywriter Asterios Kokkinos who made guest appearances on The Biggest Problem in the Universe and The Dick Show. Maddox and his girlfriend, not named in the suit, allege that the defendants launched a trolling campaign against them which resulted in death threats, rape threats, racial slurs and the loss of sponsorship. They cited an album by Kokkinos and a billboard contest by Herrera, which both attempted to mock Maddox, along with targeted ads on Facebook and Reddit. A representative for Shandwick stated their plans to contest the lawsuit's claims, and Herrera rejected the allegations. In 2018, Judge Charles Ramos dismissed the claims against all defendants arguing that those against Herrera should have been filed in the jurisdiction of California. Of the claims against Asterios Kokkinos, Ramos expressed frustration as to the poor drafting of the complaint and its lack of specific evidence, saying, "this complaint is such a mess that I can't address these issues because I can't specifically point to what's being alleged as against your client or your client." Ramos dismissed the claims against Weber Shandwick with prejudice, stating that they were named in the suit "just because someone used their equipment".

Personal life
Maddox is a graduate of Woods Cross High School in Woods Cross, Utah. He attended the University of Utah but left without a degree.

title: Maddox (writer)


text:
Nissan KA engine

The KA engines were a series of four-stroke inline-four gasoline piston engines manufactured by Nissan, which were offered in 2.0 and 2.4 L. The engines blocks were made of cast-iron, while the cylinder heads were made of aluminum.

Despite their large capacity, this motor was not equipped with balance shafts.

When used in the passenger cars both versions of the KA24 used a crankshaft girdle, as opposed to individual main bearing caps. In the Nissan Hardbody and Frontier applications a crank girdle was not used.

KA20DE
The KA20DE was a DOHC 16-valve engine produced from June 1999 through August 2007. It was mainly used in Japanese Domestic Market commercial vehicles.

 * Specifications
 * Bore × Stroke: 86x86 mm
 * Max power: 120 PS at 5200 rpm (Caravan E24/E25, Atlas F23); 125 PS at 5600 rpm (Datsun Truck D22)
 * Max torque: 169 Nm at 2800 rpm (Caravan E24/Atlas F23); 171 Nm at 2800 rpm (Caravan E25); 175 Nm at 3200 rpm (Datsun Truck D22)
 * Valve Configuration: DOHC, 16 valves
 * Compression ratio: 9.5:1

 * Applications
 * 1999.06-2007.06 Nissan Atlas (F23)
 * 1999.06-2001.04 Nissan Caravan (E24)
 * 2001.04-2007.08 Nissan Caravan (E25)
 * 1999.06-2002.08 Nissan Datsun Truck (D22)

KA24E
The KA24E was a SOHC 12-valve engine produced from July 1988 through January 1997. It uses Hitachi sequential electronic fuel injection, and features cast steel connecting rods, a half-counterweighted cast steel crankshaft, and a cast aluminum cylinder head.

 * Specifications

 * Weight: 371lbs (168kg)

 * Bore × Stroke: 89x96 mm
 * Max power: 134 hp at 5600 rpm (Navara/Hardbody(D21) 134 hp at 5200 rpm)
 * Max torque: 206 Nm at 4400 rpm (Navara/Hardbody(D21) 209 Nm at 3600 rpm)
 * Valve Configuration: SOHC, 12 valves
 * Compression ratio: 8.6:1 (9.1:1 for early 1989 240SX)
 * Timing Chain (not Timing Belt a.k.a. Cambelt)

 * Applications
 * 1989–1990 Nissan 240SX
 * 1990–1997 Nissan D21 Truck - ("Hardbody")
 * 1990-1998 Sunny (B13)
 * 1997-1999 D22 Navara (Australia)
 * 1990-1995 Nissan Pathfinder
 * 1989–1995 Nissan Axxess / Nissan Prairie (not UK except parallel imports for wheelchair conversions post 1991)
 * 1999-2001 Isuzu Fargo (Rebadged Nissan Caravan)
 * 1990–1992 Nissan Stanza (USA-spec)
 * 1989–1992 Nissan Pintara / Ford Corsair
 * 1993-1996 Nissan Terrano II Europe

KA24DE
The 2389 cc KA24DE was used in many Nissan cars and trucks. Most KA24DEs bound for the US were built in the city of Aguascalientes, Mexico, with the exceptions of the 240SX, 1994-97 Altima (re-badged Bluebird SSS), and the U13 Bluebird released in Australia with FWD configuration, which were manufactured in Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. The KA24DE is very similar to the KA24E. The KA24E is SOHC with three valves per cylinder actuated by rocker arms, and the KA24DE is DOHC with 4 valves per cylinder and shim-over-bucket valve actuation. Design improvements of the dual cam engine include the use of a knock sensor, larger diameter girdled main bearings in the Japanese block, different oil pan (not interchangeable between Japanese and Mexican blocks), different oil pickup (front pickup on Japanese block and side on Mexican block), dipstick location (toward the rear of block on Mexican and mid block on Japanese) and piston oil squirters. In addition to the increased power and torque, the KA24DE has a higher redline than the KA24E.

KA24DE-A is an Altima specific model of the KA24DE. The head and block are non-interchangeable between all other models and are uniquely cast for front wheel drive operation.

Differences in the Japanese block to Mexican are also present. The Mexico blocks (all DEs except those found in the S series) implemented a distributor and oil pump drive similar to the L series; from the crank nose. They also used a single row chain for the upper timing assembly without valve cover mounted guide. In addition to this, they removed the rearmost cam journal in the Mexico head. The crank rides on individually capped bearings with a slightly smaller diameter than the Japanese block, with shorter, slightly lower compression pistons in cylinders that have thicker walls than the Japanese DE. They retained the knock sensor and piston oilers.

 * Specifications
 * Bore × Stroke: 89x96 mm
 * Displacement: 2389 cc
 * Max. power: 155 bhp at 5,600 rpm (Navara/Frontier (D22) 110 kW at 5600 rpm) (Xterra engine: 143 bhp at 5200 rpm)
 * Max. torque: 160 lbft at 4,400 rpm (Navara/Frontier (D22) 208 Nm at 3600 rpm) 154 lbft at 4000 RPM (2000-2004 Nissan Xterra).
 * Valvetrain configuration: DOHC, 4 valves per cylinder
 * Compression ratio: 9.5:1 (240SX 91-98), 9.2:1 (Navara/Frontier (D22)), 9.2:1 (Xterra Engines)
 * Timing Chain

KA24DE KA24DE-A
 * Applications
 * 2000-2004 Nissan Xterra
 * 1998-2016 Nissan Navara/Frontier (D22)
 * 1991-1998 Nissan 240SX
 * 1997-2000 Nissan R'nessa (4WD model, Japan)
 * 1998-2001 Nissan Presage U30 (Japan)
 * 1999-2001 Nissan Bassara U30 (Japan)
 * 1993-1997 Nissan Bluebird U13
 * Isuzu COMO (Isuzu COMO)
 * Nissan Largo
 * 1993-1999 Nissan Altima [150 hp - Max torque 154 lbft. Compression ratio: 9.5:1]
 * 2000-2001 Nissan Altima [Change hp & Torque]

title: Nissan KA engine


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Ji Pengfei

Ji Pengfei (simplified Chinese: 姬鹏飞; traditional Chinese: 姬鵬飛; pinyin: Jī Péngfēi; February 2, 1910 – February 10, 2000) was a Chinese politician.

Biography
Ji Pengfei was born in Linyi, Yuncheng, Shanxi in 1910. He joined the Chinese Red Army in 1931, and the Chinese Communist Party in 1933.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Ji Pengfei worked with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and led diplomatic missions to East Germany before being appointed as China's first ambassador to the GDR in 1953, being the youngest Chinese ambassador at 43. He was recalled to serve as vice-minister of Foreign Affairs in 1955.

When the Cultural Revolution broke out, he was initially targeted as member of the counter-revolutionary clique ruling the Foreign Ministry, along with Chen Yi and Qiao Guanhua. Nevertheless, he was relatively untouched as he remained at his post. After Chen Yi died in 1972, Ji Pengfei succeeded him as Foreign Minister until 1974, and was elected CCP Central Committee member. He was appointed secretary-general of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress in 1975, and confirmed in 1978. In 1972, he signed Japan-China Joint Communiqué with Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka and Foreign Minister Masayoshi Ohira of Japan.

In the post-Cultural Revolution period, Ji Pengfei held several posts. In 1979 he was appointed head of the International Liaison Department of the CCP Central Committee, then vice premier and secretary-general of the State Council from 1980 to 1982, and finally head of the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office. He also served as Standing Committee member of the Central Advisory Commission, a Party body aimed at helping the retirement of elder officials.

In 1999, his son, Ji Shengde, a senior member of the People's Liberation Army intelligence, was arrested and tried for corruption, selling classified information and diverting public funds, and was sentenced to death penalty. The penalty was commuted to 20 years in prison, when he returned stolen money and denounce other abuses.

Ji Pengfei was praised by the Xinhua News Agency as an outstanding communist fighter, and greatly lauded again in 2010 at a ceremony in the Great Hall of the People to celebrate his 100th birth anniversary.

title: Ji Pengfei


text:
Backing vocalist

A backing vocalist is a singer who provides vocal harmony with the lead vocalist or other backing vocalists. A backing vocalist may also sing alone as a lead-in to the main vocalist's entry or to sing a counter-melody. Backing vocalists are used in a broad range of popular music, traditional music, and world music styles.

Solo artists may employ professional backing vocalists in studio recording sessions as well as during concerts. In many rock and metal bands (e.g., the power trio), the musicians doing backing vocals also play instruments, such as guitar, electric bass or keyboards. In Latin or Afro-Cuban groups, backing singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing. In some pop and hip-hop groups and in musical theater, they may be required to perform dance routines while singing through headset microphones.

Styles of background vocals vary according to the type of song and genre of music. In pop and country songs, backing vocalists may sing harmony to support the lead vocalist. In hardcore punk or rockabilly, other band members who play instruments may sing or shout backing vocals during the chorus (refrain) section of the songs.

Terminology
Alternative terms for backing vocalists include backing singer, backing vocals, additional vocals or, particularly in the United States and Canada, backup singer, background singer, or harmony. In a capella performances a backing vocalist can be said to be singing 'backapella'.

Examples
While some bands use performers whose sole on-stage role is backing vocals, backing singers commonly have other roles. Two notable examples of band members who sang back-up are The Beach Boys and The Beatles. The Beach Boys were well known for their close vocal harmonies, occasionally with all five members singing at once such as "In My Room" and "Surfer Girl".

The Beatles were also known for their close style of vocal harmonies – all of them sang both lead and backing vocals at some point, especially John Lennon and Paul McCartney, who frequently supported each other with harmonies, often with fellow Beatle George Harrison joining in. Ringo Starr, while not as prominent as a backup singer due to his distinctive voice, sings backing vocals in such tracks as "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill" and "Carry That Weight". Examples of three-part harmonies by Lennon, McCartney and Harrison include "Nowhere Man", "Because", "Day Tripper", and "This Boy". The members of Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and Bee Gees each wrote songs, sang backup or lead vocals, and played various instruments in their performances and recordings.

Lyrics
In the lyrics, the backing vocals are standardly written in parentheses to differentiate them from the main vocals, which are written without any markup. The backing vocals for a line may come in mid-line, or even after the main lyrics have already been sung. Vocalizing is fairly common so as to not detract from the meaning of the lyrics of the primary vocals. The sound of the backing vocals is often in a differing style (e.g., either more muted or pitched up) so as to complement rather than compete with the main parts.

Lead singers who record backing vocals
In the recording studio, some lead singers record their own backing vocals by overdubbing with a multitrack recording system, record their own backing vocals, then recording the lead part over them. Some lead vocalists prefer this approach because multiple parts recorded by the same singer blend well.

A famous example overdubbing is Freddie Mercury's multipart intro to Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody". Other artists who have recorded multitrack lead and backing vocals include Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy, Tom DeLonge of Blink-182 and Angels and Airwaves, Wednesday 13 in his own band and Murderdolls, Ian Gillan of Deep Purple, Brendon Urie of Panic! at the Disco, Simon Le Bon of Duran Duran, and Brad Delp of Boston.

With the exception of a few songs on each album, Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, Prince, Dan Fogelberg, Eddie Rabbitt, David Bowie, Harry Nilsson, and Richard Marx sing all of the background vocals for their songs. Robert Smith of the Cure sings his own backing vocals in the studio, and doesn't use backing vocalists when performing live.

Uncredited backing vocals
Prominent vocalists who provide backing vocals in other artists' recordings are often uncredited to avoid conflicts with their own recording agreements, and for other reasons. Examples include:

 * "Roll with Me, Henry" by Etta James, which includes Richard Berry, author of "Louie Louie",  performing the role of Henry.
 * Sam Cooke's "Bring It On Home to Me", with vocal "echo" responses by Lou Rawls.
 * John Lennon and Paul McCartney on the Rolling Stones' "We Love You".
 * Ronnie Spector on Eddie Money's "Take Me Home Tonight", from the Ronettes' 1963 hit "Be My Baby".
 * Mick Jagger doing background vocals on Carly Simon's recording of "You're So Vain", which led to the erroneous theory that the song was about Jagger.
 * Paul McCartney as one of the background revellers on Donovan's 1966 "Mellow Yellow". (Contrary to popular belief, McCartney does not whisper "quite rightly" in the chorus, but Donovan himself).
 * Andrew Gold's "Never Let Her Slip Away", with harmony vocals by Freddie Mercury.
 * Jonathan Richman's "The Neighbors", featuring Jody Ross.
 * Rockwell's "Somebody's Watching Me", with backing vocals by Jermaine Jackson and Michael Jackson.
 * "Bad Blood" by Neil Sedaka, with backing vocals by Elton John.
 * Patti LaBelle on Kanye West's "Roses" from the album Late Registration. She said the liner notes were already printed when she lent her vocals to the track.
 * Usher's "Superstar", with vocals by Faith Evans.
 * Mýa's background vocals on "Get None", the debut single by Tamar Braxton.
 * Al B. Sure!'s background vocals in Guy's song "You Can Call Me Crazy". (According to producer Teddy Riley, the song was originally planned for Sure!'s debut album In Effect Mode but didn't make the final cut. )
 * Mint Condition frontman Stokley Williams doing background vocals on "The Curse Of The Gifted" from Wale's 2013 album The Gifted.
 * Eric Roberson's background vocals on Cam'ron's song "Tomorrow" from his 2002 album Come Home with Me.
 * Anelia's vocals on Andrea's 2014 song Най-добрата (Nay-dobrata).
 * Jamie Foxx's vocals on Ariana Grande's 2015 single "Focus".
 * Ina Wroldsen's vocals on Calvin Harris's and Disciples's 2015 song "How Deep Is Your Love".
 * Iselin Solheim's vocals on Alan Walker's 2015 song "Faded", and his 2016 song "Sing Me to Sleep".
 * Beyoncé's background vocals on Coldplay's 2015 song "Hymn for the Weekend" from their album A Head Full of Dreams.

title: Backing vocalist


text:
Shila

Shila may refer to:

People

 * Shila (Nestorian patriarch), Patriarch of the Church of the East from 503 to 523
 * Shila of Kefar Tamarta, a Jewish Talmudist, an amora of the 3rd century
 * Shilabhattarika, a 9th-century Sanskrit poet from India

Other uses

 * Shila Devi, the famous idol of Durga, the form of mother goddess in Shaktism
 * Shila (film), a 1982 Indian Malayalam film

title: Shila


text:
Ryan Nelsen

Ryan William Nelsen (born 18 October 1977) is a former New Zealand professional football player and former head coach of Major League Soccer side Toronto FC.

Nelsen commonly played as a defender, and his professional career began in 1995. He notably captained the New Zealand national team and started his professional football career in his native country for Christchurch United. In 2001, he joined MLS side D.C. United and went on to play 81 times in the league, scoring 7 goals. In 2005, he moved to England with Premier League side Blackburn Rovers where he scored 8 times in 172 appearances. In 2012, he made a move to Tottenham Hotspur but only managed 5 appearances (scoring once in an FA Cup tie against Bolton Wanderers, the re-arranged match following Fabrice Muamba's cardiac arrest) before joining Queens Park Rangers in the summer of 2012. He agreed to return to MLS on 8 January 2013 by signing with Toronto FC as head coach. He was fired from Toronto FC on 31 August 2014.

Early life
After attending Our Lady of the Assumption primary school and St Thomas of Canterbury College, he moved to the United States to play for Greensboro College in North Carolina in 1997. After spending two years at Greensboro and leading The Pride to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III championship match, only to lose to Ohio Wesleyan University, he transferred to Stanford University where he played his final two years of college football. He was named Stanford's Most Valuable Player as a junior and an NSCAA All-American as a senior while playing as a defensive midfielder. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in political science.

Christchurch United
Nelsen played for Christchurch United from 1995 to 1998. Even after he relocated to the United States, he played his last season with the club when he was home for a semester's sabbatical from his university football scholarship with Greensboro College.

DC United
Nelsen was drafted fourth overall in the 2001 MLS SuperDraft by D.C. United, with whom he spent four years in Major League Soccer (MLS). After emerging as a starter in 2002, Nelsen was named team captain in 2003, replacing Marco Etcheverry, as well as winning the team's Defender of the Year Award and being named to the league's Best XI. Again, in 2004 after leading United to its fourth MLS Cup, he was named the Best XI. In four years in MLS, Nelsen had seven goals and five assists.

Blackburn Rovers
Nelsen was signed by Blackburn Rovers on a free transfer in January 2005, shortly after the completion of the 2004 MLS season. In the summer of 2005, after just six months at the club, Nelsen signed a new three-year contract after impressing manager Mark Hughes and helping to turn Blackburn's defence into one of the toughest in the Premiership. Nelsen was successfully awarded a work permit on appeal after the initial application had been refused due to New Zealand being ranked outside the top seventy in the FIFA World Rankings.

In the 2005–06 season, Blackburn qualified for the UEFA Cup with a sixth-place finish, but Nelsen missed the last few games after breaking his foot in a 2–0 win at Charlton Athletic. Nevertheless, his performances since arriving in England prompted much interest from rival clubs including Portsmouth, whose bid for Nelsen was rejected by Blackburn. On 1 February 2006, he started and played the full ninety minutes alongside Andy Todd in a 4–3 league victory over Manchester United at Ewood Park.

Nelsen was dealt with another blow before the start of the 2006–07 season, with a serious hamstring injury forcing him out until the new year. On his return to the team in an FA Cup fourth round win against Luton Town, he was immediately made captain. In July 2007, he signed a new five-year deal with the club until the summer of 2012. He scored his first league goal for Blackburn with a header against Wigan Athletic on 26 April 2009 in a 2–0 win which helped Blackburn stay in the Premier League for another season. He then scored his second Premier League goal against Portsmouth with a header from a corner taken by David Dunn on 7 November 2009, and has also scored goals against Birmingham City and Fulham. On 11 April 2010, Nelsen came on for the injured Christopher Samba against Manchester United at Ewood Park in a 0–0 draw. Nelsen made his 175th appearance for Blackburn Rovers, leading the team in a 3–2 defeat to Everton at Ewood Park on 17 April 2010. In all competitions, Nelsen made a total of thirty-three appearances and scored four goals in the 2009–10 season.

On 13 November 2010, he scored against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane for his first goal of the 2010–11 Premier League season. On 27 November, he played the full ninety minutes partnering Christopher Samba, but this time in a 7–1 rout against Manchester United at Old Trafford. He then added his second and third goals of the campaign by scoring against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 4 December in a 3–0 win and against West Ham United on 18 December in a 1–1 draw.

With Blackburn's tenth successive Premier League season, and their seventeenth in nineteen seasons, now underway, Nelsen welcomed the club's proposed takeover by Indian owned Venky's Group who has promised up to £100 million for Sam Allardyce to spend on strengthening the squad – with Nelsen feeling that the squad could do with "freshing up." On 15 January 2011, he made his 200th appearance for Blackburn in the away game against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge.

Nelsen signed a two-year contract extension with Rovers in late January 2011 which would keep him at the club until the summer of 2013. Under Steve Kean as manager following the sacking of Sam Allardyce, Nelsen was relieved as team captain of Blackburn in favour of Christopher Samba, Nelsen moving to vice-captain. Nelsen suffered a knee injury forcing him to miss the rest of the 2010–11 season. Following the 2010–11 season, in which Blackburn avoided relegation, Nelsen recovered from the knee injury and made one appearance against Aston Villa in a 3–1 loss.

After fully recovering from his knee injury Nelsen was released from Blackburn on the transfer deadline day 31 January 2012 to sign for Tottenham Hotspur by Tottenham boss Harry Redknapp.

Tottenham Hotspur
Nelsen was signed by Tottenham Hotspur on a free transfer on 2 February 2012, to replace defender Sébastien Bassong, who joined Wolves on loan. He was given the number 33 shirt. He made his debut for Tottenham on 11 February 2012 in the Premier League match against Newcastle United, when he replaced Ledley King in the seventy-fourth minute.

Nelsen made his first starting debut on 19 February 2012 against Stevenage in their FA Cup tie.

He scored his first goal for Tottenham Hotspur on 27 March 2012 in the seventy-fourth minute of an FA Cup tie against Bolton Wanderers in a replay of a previous game, due to Bolton midfielder Fabrice Muamba having a cardiac arrest in the first tie. Tottenham Hotspur won the match 3–1 that day.

On 25 May 2012, he was released by Tottenham with fellow January signing Louis Saha. He made eight appearances scoring one goal.

Queens Park Rangers
On 18 June 2012, it was announced that Ryan Nelsen had signed a one-year deal with Queens Park Rangers. He scored the first goal with Rangers against Wigan Athletic heading the ball equalising the score to 1–1.

It was announced on 8 January 2013 that Nelsen had signed for Canadian MLS side Toronto FC as the club's new head coach. However, he remained under contract with QPR and was in negotiations with their management regarding his release to take up the Toronto position.

It was announced on 22 January 2013 that Nelsen would play his last game for QPR against Manchester City at Loftus Road on 29 January and will join Toronto FC on 1 February. He played his last match for Queens Park Rangers on 29 January in a 0–0 draw against English champions, Manchester City, and was given a guard of honour by his teammates after the game.

International career
Nelsen made his New Zealand debut against Poland on 19 June 1999. He was part of the All Whites' winning squad in the 2002 OFC Nations Cup, scoring the only goal of a 1–0 win over rivals Australia in the final.

Although he has been selected to play on numerous occasions, Nelsen had not represented New Zealand between his last appearance in 2004 and 2008 due largely to a recurring hamstring injury. Nelsen captained the New Zealand U-23 squad for their first appearance at the Olympic Games against China. Although he was only available for the opening two matches as Blackburn had requested that he return in time to prepare for their opening Premier League game of the 2008–09 season against Everton. Nelsen captained the All Whites side as they qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, beating Bahrain in a two-legged playoff in November 2009.

On 10 May 2010, Nelsen was named in New Zealand's final 23-man squad to compete at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

On 15 June, 28 years to the day after New Zealand made their second appearance in a FIFA World Cup Finals, their first since 1982, Nelsen captained New Zealand to their first ever point in a FIFA World Cup Finals match in a 1–1 draw with World Cup debutants Slovakia. On 24 June, Nelsen again skippered the All Whites in a 0–0 draw with Paraguay, but New Zealand were knocked out of the group stages. However, it is surely indisputable that New Zealand's biggest honour was to draw 1–1 with Italy, who were the reigning champions.

Nelsen was named in a football "World Cup Best XI" by American sports channel, ESPN on 10 July 2010.

Coaching career
On 8 January 2013 Nelsen accepted an offer to become head coach of Major League Soccer side Toronto FC. He started on 1 February in time for Toronto's pre-season. Nelsen won his first game as a head coach in the home opener against Sporting Kansas City in a 2–1 victory on 9 March, with both goals coming from newly acquired striker Robert Earnshaw. He was sacked, along with his assistants, on 31 August 2014 after winning three out of his last 13 matches.

Writing career
Nelsen and New Zealand author Tony Smith co-wrote the book Ryan Nelsen's Road to the World Cup.

International
New Zealand's goal tally first.

Honours
In the 2011 New Year Honours, Nelsen was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to football.

D.C. United Blackburn Rovers New Zealand Individual
 * MLS Cup: 2004
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2007
 * OFC Nations Cup: 2002, 2008
 * Merdeka Cup: 2000
 * MLS Best XI 2003, 2004
 * IFFHS OFC Men's Team of the Decade 2011–2020
 * IFFHS Oceania Men's Team of All Time: 2021
 * Oceania Footballer of the Year: 2006, 2010

title: Ryan Nelsen