text:
John Jackson

John or Johnny Jackson may refer to:

Art

 * John Baptist Jackson (1701–1780), British artist
 * John Jackson (painter) (1778–1831), British painter
 * John Jackson (engraver) (1801–1848), English wood-engraver
 * John Richardson Jackson (1819–1877), English engraver
 * John Adams Jackson (1825–1879), American sculptor
 * J. B. Jackson (1909–1996), writer and sketch artist in landscape design
 * John Reno Jackson (born 1995), Caymanian artist

Music

 * John Enderby Jackson (1827–1903), English musician and composer
 * John Jackson (blues musician) (1924–2002), American
 * John Jackson (musician), guitarist for the Jayhawks
 * Johnny Jackson (musician) (1955–2006), drummer with the Jackson 5
 * John Jackson, legal name of rapper Fabolous

Other entertainment

 * John Jackson (actor), English actor
 * John Jackson (travel writer) (died 1807), British traveler and writer
 * John G. Jackson (writer) (1907–1993), African-American cultural historian and writer
 * J. J. Jackson (media personality) (1941–2004), American radio and television personality
 * John M. Jackson (born 1950), American actor best known for playing the J.A.G. on JAG
 * John E. Jackson (make-up artist), American make-up artist
 * John Jackson (writer), English television writer

U.K.

 * John Jackson (Pontefract MP) (died 1637), English politician; MP 1624–1629
 * Sir John Jackson, 1st Baronet (1763–1820), British businessman, MP for Dover and a baronet
 * John Jackson (engineer) (1851–1919), British engineer and politician, MP for Plymouth Devonport, 1910–1918
 * John Arthur Jackson (1862–1937), British Conservative Party politician
 * John Jackson (South East Derbyshire MP) (1919–1976), British Conservative politician
 * John Edward Jackson (diplomat) (1925–2002), British diplomat

U.S.

 * John G. Jackson (politician) (1777–1825), Virginia politician and federal judge
 * John Jackson (mayor) (1809–1887), mayor of Tampa, Florida
 * John Jay Jackson Jr. (1824–1907), Virginia and West Virginia politician and federal judge
 * John Jackson (Richmond politician) (1848–1910), member of the Virginia House of Delegates
 * John B. Jackson (1862–1920), U.S. diplomat, United States Ambassador to Serbia
 * John Holmes Jackson (1871–1944), mayor of Burlington, Vermont
 * John S. Jackson (Wisconsin politician) (1874–1960), Wisconsin farmer and politician

Other political figures

 * John Rawleigh Jackson (1780–?), planter, slave-owner and politician in Jamaica
 * John Alexander Jackson (1809–1885), Colonial Treasurer of South Australia
 * John Alexander Jackson (Tasmanian politician) (1844–1889), Attorney-General of Tasmania, 1872 to 1873
 * John Robert Jackson (1859–1925), rancher and politician in British Columbia, Canada

Religion

 * John Jackson (minister) (1621–1693), English nonconformist
 * John Jackson (military chaplain) (died 1717), Anglican priest and first chaplain to the garrison at St John's, Newfoundland
 * John Jackson (controversialist) (1686–1763), English clergyman
 * John Jackson (archdeacon of Clogher) (fl. 1762–1783)
 * John Edward Jackson (antiquarian) (1805–1891), English cleric and archivist
 * John Jackson (bishop) (1811–1885), bishop of Lincoln and of Bishop of London
 * John Long Jackson (1884–1948), bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Louisiana
 * John Paul Jackson (1950–2015), American author, teacher, founder of Streams Ministries International

Science

 * John Hughlings Jackson (1835–1911), neurologist, namesake of Jacksonian seizure
 * John Price Jackson (1868–1948), American electrical engineer and academic
 * J. Wilfrid Jackson (1880–1978), British geologist and paleontologist
 * John Jackson (astronomer) (1887–1958), Scottish astronomer
 * John Meadows Jackson (1907–1998), British mathematician and physicist
 * John S. Jackson (1920–1991), Irish geologist
 * John David Jackson (physicist) (1925–2016), Canadian–American physicist and author of a graduate textbook on electrodynamics
 * John P. Jackson, American physicist and leading researcher on the Shroud of Turin

American football

 * John Jackson (offensive tackle) (born 1965), former NFL offensive tackle
 * John Jackson (wide receiver) (born 1967), former NFL player
 * Johnnie Jackson (American football) (born 1967), cornerback
 * John Jackson (wide receiver, born 1999), American football player

Association football

 * John Jackson (football manager) (1861–1931), first manager of Brighton and Hove Albion
 * John Jackson (footballer, born 1885) (1885–?), Scottish footballer (Clyde, Leeds City, Celtic, Dundee)
 * John Jackson (footballer, born 1906) (1906–1965), Scottish football goalkeeper (Partick Thistle, Chelsea)
 * John Jackson (footballer, born 1923) (1923–1992), English footballer for Stoke City
 * John Jackson (footballer, born 1942) (1942–2022), English football goalkeeper for Crystal Palace

Baseball

 * Bud Fowler (born John W. Jackson, 1858–1913), pioneer black baseball player and club organizer
 * John Jackson (baseball) (1909–1956), Major League Baseball pitcher, 1933
 * Big Train Jackson (John William Jackson Jr., born 1917), American baseball player

Boxing

 * John Jackson (English boxer) (1769–1845), English boxer
 * John David Jackson (boxer) (born 1963), former super welterweight boxer
 * John Jackson (Virgin Islands boxer) (born 1989), Olympic boxer from the Virgin Islands

Cricket

 * John Jackson (cricketer, born 1833) (1833–1901), English cricketer
 * John Jackson (cricketer, born 1841) (1841–1906), English cricketer
 * John Jackson (Worcestershire cricketer) (1880–1968), English cricketer
 * John Jackson (cricketer, born 1898) (1898–1958), Chilean cricketer

Other sports

 * John Jackson (jockey), British classic winning jockey
 * John Jackson (sport shooter) (1885–1971), American Olympic sport shooter
 * John Angelo Jackson (1921–2005), mountaineer
 * John Jackson (athlete) (born 1941), British steeplechaser
 * John Jackson (speedway rider) (born 1952), British speedway rider
 * John Jackson (racing driver) (born 1964), professional racing driver
 * J. D. Jackson (basketball) (born 1969), Canadian basketball coach and former player
 * John James Jackson (born 1977), British bobsledder and Royal Marines commando
 * John Jackson (field hockey) (born 1986), Irish field hockey player

Others

 * John Mills Jackson (c. 1764–1836), Canadian author, merchant, and justice of the peace
 * John K. Jackson (1828–1866), American lawyer and soldier
 * John Andrew Jackson, American slave
 * John Payne Jackson (1848–1915), Americo-Liberian journalist
 * John Francis Jackson (1908–1942), Australian fighter ace of World War II
 * John Jackson (trade unionist) (1919–1995), British trade union leader
 * John Jackson (businessman) (born 1929), author and campaigner
 * John Jackson (law professor) (1932–2015), American law professor at Georgetown University
 * John L. Jackson Jr. (born 1971), professor and dean of the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy and Practice
 * John Jackson (hacker) (born 1994 or 1995), security researcher

title: John Jackson


text: User talk:82.32.170.37

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:82.32.170.37


text:
Pesaro

Pesaro (Pés're) is a comune (municipality) in the Italian region of Marche, capital of the province of Pesaro and Urbino, on the Adriatic Sea. According to the 2011 census, its population was 95,011, making it the second most populous city in the Marche, after Ancona. Pesaro was dubbed the "Cycling City" (città della bicicletta) by the Italian environmentalist association Legambiente in recognition of its extensive network of bicycle paths and promotion of cycling. It is also known as "City of Music" (città della musica), for it is the birthplace of the composer Gioachino Rossini. In 2015 the Italian Government applied for Pesaro to be declared a "Creative City" in UNESCO's World Heritage Sites. In 2017 Pesaro received the European City of Sport award together with Aosta, Cagliari and Vicenza.

Local industries include fishing, furniture making and tourism. In 2020 it absorbed the former comune of Monteciccardo, now a frazione of Pesaro. Its frazione of Fiorenzuola di Focara is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

History
The city was established as Pisaurum by the Romans in 184 BC as a colony in the territory of the Picentes, the people who lived along the northeast coast during the Iron Age. In 1737, fourteen ancient votive stones were unearthed in a local farm field, each bearing the inscription of a Roman god; these were written in a pre-Etruscan script, indicating a much earlier occupation of the area than the 184 BC Picentes colony.

A settlement of the Picentes tribe has been found at Novilara. The northern Picentes were invaded in the 4th century BC by the Gallic Senones, earlier by the Etruscans, and when the Romans reached the area the population was an ethnic mixture. The Roman separated and expelled the Gauls from the country.

Under the Roman administration Pesaro, a hub across the Via Flaminia, became an important centre of trading and craftmanship. After the fall of the Western Empire, Pesaro was occupied by the Ostrogoths, and destroyed by Vitigis (539) in the course of the Gothic War. Hastily rebuilt five years later after the Byzantine reconquest, it formed the so-called Pentapolis, part of the Exarchate of Ravenna. After the Lombard and Frankish conquests of that city, Pesaro became part of the Papal States.

During the Renaissance it was ruled successively by the houses of Montefeltro (1285–1445), Sforza (1445–1512) and Della Rovere (1513–1631). Under the last family, who selected it as capital of their duchy, Pesaro saw its most flourishing age, with the construction of numerous public and private palaces, and the erection of a new line of walls (the Mura Roveresche). In 1475, a legendary wedding took place in Pesaro, when Costanzo Sforza and Camilla d'Aragona married.

On 11 September 1860 Piedmontese troops entered the city, and Pesaro was subsequently annexed to the new Kingdom of Italy (see also Battle of Castelfidardo).

Pesaro was significantly damaged in the 1916 Rimini earthquakes. Its historic centre was abandoned after the 16 August earthquake, leaving 14,000 displaced people crowded into 2,000 tents. Many villages in its hinterland also suffered collapsed buildings.

Buildings and museums

 * Ducal Palace (15th century): commissioned by Alessandro Sforza, the façade has a portico with six arcades supported by six heavy pilasters and an upper floor with five windows crowned by coats of arms, festoons and puttoes.
 * Rocca Costanza (15th century): massive castle built by Costanzo I Sforza; it has a square plan with four cylindrical corner towers and a wide dry moat. Later used as prison.
 * Villa Imperiale of Pesaro (c. 1530): suburban palace with gardens designed by Girolamo Genga for Duke Francesco Maria Della Rovere and his duchess Eleanora and built from c. 1530 onwards, stands atop the San Bartolo hill. Its sunken court is the direct precedent for the more famous one at the Roman Villa Giulia. Rooms are frescoed by prominent Mannerist painters Bronzino, Francesco Menzocchi, Girolamo Genga, and Raffaellino del Colle.
 * Mura Roveresche (17th century): "Della Rovere Walls", demolished in the early 20th century), only two gates, Porta del Ponte and Porta Rimini, and a short section remain.
 * Birthplace of Gioachino Rossini: now a museum dedicated to the composer, located at 34 Via Rossini. It has a museum with manifestos, prints, portraits and his spinet. Also some of his papers are on display at the Biblioteca della Fondazione Rossini housed in the Palazzo Montani Antaldi.
 * Conservatorio Statale di Musica Gioachino Rossini: located in the 18th century Palazzo Olivieri–Machirelli on the Piazza Oliveri.
 * Musei Civici di Palazzo Mosca: civic museum which contains mainly paintings and ceramics. Among the art is the Pesaro Altarpiece by Giovanni Bellini.
 * Oliveriano Archeologic Museum and Oliveriana Library: archaeological Collection and Manuscript Library; founded in 1756 by Annibale degli Abati Olivieri.
 * Villino Ruggeri: notable early 20th century art nouveau home, designed by Giuseppe Brega.

Churches and other religious buildings

 * Pesaro Cathedral (5th-14th centuries): Romanesque-Gothic Basilica built over remains of a late Roman edifice and dedicated to St Terence during the Middle Ages. The façade, in Romanesque-Gothic style, is unfinished: it has a simple ogival portal surmounted by a band of small arches. A recent restoration has brought to light floor mosaics.
 * The Baroque Sanctuary of Beata Vergine del Carmelo (18th century).
 * Church of the Maternità
 * Santissima Annunziata
 * Oratory of the Nome di Dio
 * San Giacomo
 * San Giovanni Battista
 * Sant'Agostino
 * Santa Lucia
 * Municipal Chapel of Sant'Ubaldo
 * Church and Convent of the Girolimini
 * Madonna del Porto
 * Santa Maria delle Grazie
 * Pieve di Ginestreto
 * Pieve di Santo Stefano
 * Santa Veneranda
 * Sacred Grove of Lucus Pisaurensis, pre-Roman era sacerdotal lucus

Cultural events and attractions
Carnival of Pesaro The Pesaro film festival (Mostra Internazionale del Nuovo Cinema) has taken place in Pesaro since 1965.

The Rossini Opera Festival has taken place every summer since 1980 in Pesaro, home as well as the Conservatorio Statale di Musica "Gioachino Rossini" founded with a legacy from the composer.

Sport
Pesaro hosts the home games of Victoria Libertas basketball; they play at the Adriatic Arena, the third biggest Italian indoor arena behind Mediolanum Forum in Milan and PalaLottomatica in Rome.

The city's other professional sports clubs are futsal club Pesaro Calcio a 5, volleyball club Volley Pesaro and football club Vis Pesaro dal 1898.

The city hosted the 2017 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships.

People

 * Anna Maria Alberghetti (born 1936), singer and actress
 * Massimo Ambrosini (born 1977), footballer
 * Pasquale Bini (1716–1770), violinist
 * Antonello Bonci, neuroscientist
 * Francesco Braschi (born 2004), racing driver
 * Roberto Burioni (born 1962), physician and professor of microbiology and virology
 * Bartolomeo Campi (died 1573), artist and military engineer
 * Stefano Gabellini (born 1965), racing driver
 * Matilde Leonardi, neurologist and paediatrician
 * Filippo Magnini (born 1982), swimmer
 * Gianni Morbidelli (born 1968), Formula 1 driver
 * Cristiano Mozzati, drummer for Lacuna Coil
 * Luca Nardi (born 2003), professional tennis player
 * Riz Ortolani (1926–2014), film composer
 * Angelo Romani (1934–2003), Olympic swimmer
 * Graziano Rossi (born 1954), motorcycle racer, father of Valentino Rossi
 * Gioachino Antonio Rossini (1792–1868), composer
 * Dorino Serafini (1909–2000), motorcycle racer and racing driver
 * Giovanni Sforza (1466–1510), condottiero and first husband of Lucrezia Borgia
 * Renata Tebaldi (1922–2004), operatic soprano
 * Giuseppe Vaccai (1836–1912), painter
 * Gaius Suetonius Paulinus (~40 AD), Roman General and Governor of Britain

Twin towns – sister cities
Pesaro is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Nanterre, France
 * 🇸🇮 Ljubljana, Slovenia
 * Watford, United Kingdom
 * 🇨🇳 Qinhuangdao, China
 * 🇵🇸 Rafah, Palestine
 * 🇳🇪 Keita, Niger
 * 🇷🇴 Reșița, Romania
 * 🇯🇵 Kakegawa, Japan

Partnership

 * Rovinj, Croatia

title: Pesaro


text:
Galaxy Press

Galaxy Press is a trade name set up to publish and promote the fiction works of L. Ron Hubbard, and the anthologies of the L. Ron Hubbard Writers of the Future contest.

The company was separated from Bridge Publications in the early 2000s, and is a business name of Author Services Inc. which is, in turn, completely owned by the Church of Spiritual Technology. Bridge now focuses solely on Hubbard's Scientology and nonfiction works.

They published The Kingslayer as an audio-book in 2003 as well as L. Ron Hubbard Master Story-Teller, a coffee-table book by William J. Widder.

In 2004 they published a new edition of To the Stars as well as in audio-book form.

In 2008, they announced they would be releasing eighty volumes containing the works Hubbard wrote for pulp magazines, at the rate of four titles every four or five months. The release is scheduled to be accompanied by a $1.9 million marketing campaign, including commercials on such programs popular with middle school children as Transformers and SpongeBob SquarePants. John Goodwin, the president of Galaxy Press, stated that the sale and marketing of the books is not intended to recruit people into the Church of Scientology. The profits from the books will go toward marketing future fiction books and to Applied Scholastics, a nonprofit organization that promotes Hubbard's ideas regarding education.

title: Galaxy Press


text:
Selke Valley Railway

The Selke Valley Railway (Selketalbahn), Gernrode-Harzgerode Railway (Gernroder-Harzgeroder Eisenbahn) and the Anhalt Harz Railway (Anhaltische Harzbahn) were different names for the metre gauge railway in the Lower Harz, Germany, originally owned by the Gernrode-Harzgerode Railway Company (Gernrode-Harzgeroder Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, GHE).

It is now only known as the Selke Valley Railway. This has included the Quedlinburg–Gernrode line since 2006. It continues through Alexisbad to Hasselfelde and includes the Alexisbad–Harzgerode branch and the Stiege–Eisfelder Talmühle connecting line. All of them are now owned by the Harz Narrow Gauge Railways (Harzer Schmalspurbahnen). The line follows the Selke river between Mägdesprung and Albrechtshaus.

Opening and early years
The Gernrode–Mägdesprung railway was opened by the Gernrode-Harzgerode Railway Company (Gernrode-Harzgeroder Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, GHE) after a construction period of 316 days on 7 August 1887. The Selke Valley Railway is the oldest narrow gauge railway in the Harz Mountains. Because of the terrain conditions and for cost reasons, Localbahn-Bau und Betriebs-Gesellschaft Wilhelm Hostmann & Co. from Hanover was awarded the contract to build the 1000 mm gauge railway. Services were initially hauled by three powerful steam locomotives called Gernerode, Harzgerode and Selke. The line was extended in stages to Hasselfelde by 1892. After the opening of the Stiege–Eisfelder Talmühle railway by the Nordhausen-Wernigerode Railway Company (Nordhausen-Wernigeroder Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, NWE) on 15 July 1905, a connection existed to the Harz Railway (Harzquerbahn). Because of the increased demand for both passenger and freight traffic, three more steam locomotives had been put into service by the turn of the century, the Güntersberge, the Alexisbad and the Hasselfelde.

Developments after the Second World War

In the spring of 1946, the Eisfelder Talmühle–Hasselfelde and Herzogschacht–Lindenberg sections of the Selke Valley Railway were dismantled and almost all the rolling stock and track material was sent as reparations to the former Soviet Union. The operational management between Efelder Talmühle and Hasselfelde was transferred to the NWE from 15 April 1946.

Because of its importance for the transport of fluorite, reconstruction began in the autumn of 1946 between Gernrode and Lindenberg (now Straßberg), which dragged on because of lack of material until 1950. The Lindenberg–Stiege section was not initially rebuilt. The GHE was nationalised in 1946 and it was absorbed by Deutsche Reichsbahn (DR) on 1 April 1949.

In 1983, the reconstruction of the Straßberg–Stiege section was approved, especially to ensure the supply of lignite from Nordhausen to the new cogeneration plant of Silberhütte. Scheduled passenger services between Hasselfelde and Gernrode were resumed on 3 June 1984. Since then, the three Harz narrow gauge lines (Selke Valley Railway, Harz Railway and Brocken Railway—Brockenbahn) have again been connected as one network, now 140 kilometres-long. On 1 February 1993, the Harz Narrow Gauge Railways (Harzer Schmalspurbahnen GmbH, HSB) took over the Harz Railway, the Brocken Railway and the Selke Valley Railway from DR.

The extension to Quedlinburg
Rail traffic on the standard gauge Quedlinburg–Gernrode–Ballenstedt–Frose railway ended in Gernrode after a signal box fire in Ballenstedt. Deutsche Bahn saw itself as no longer able to operate the line economically and the Gernrode–Frose section was closed. The Harz Narrow Gauge Railways took over the Quedlinburg–Gernrode section and began the conversion of the around 8.5 kilometres-long section of the Selke Valley Railway to Quedlinburg to metre gauge on 18 April 2005. The railway supervisory authority of Saxony-Anhalt approved operations over the line on 17 February 2006 and it was opened on 4 March with festivities and special trains. Since various remaining works had to be carried out, only a few special trains operated until the start of scheduled passenger traffic on 26 June 2006. The 2017 timetable shows six pairs of trains a day between Gernrode and Quedlinburg, two of which are hauled by locomotives.

Route

From Quedlinburg, the Selke Valley Railway runs for a few kilometres parallel with the standard gauge line to Thale until the newly-laid narrow gauge track turns to the south. This is followed by the stations of Quedlinburg-Quarmbeck and Bad Suderode (both reopened in 2006), before Gernrode station is reached. Now the old route of the Magdeburg–Halberstadt Railway Company branched off towards Frose and the line continues along the original Selke Valley Railway. The line runs past the halt (Haltepunkt) of Osterteich, next to the artificial pond of the same name, and through the Ostergrund. Past the Heiliger Teich ("holy pond", an artificial pond, which was built on the site of a pond that was believed in the Middle Ages to have health-giving properties) the line climbs through Sternhaus-Haferfeld station and continues to Sternhaus-Ramberg station. Like the previous one, this is located in the middle of a forest. After Sternhaus-Ramberg station, the line descends into the valley of the Selke. This section is the steepest in the entire network of Harz narrow gauge railways. The narrow valley of the Selke is reached by Mägdesprung station. The line now follows the course of the river to Alexisbad. The numerous rock cuttings that the railway must pass through demonstrate the difficulty of engineering the line. After passing the small halt of Drahtzug, the line reaches the village of Alexisbad. Alexisbad station, which is also the starting point of the branch to Harzgerode, lies at the end of the small town. Subsequently, the branch line climbs out of the narrow valley of the Selke onto the plateau of Harzgerode. The first section of the Selke Valley Railway ended at Harzgerode station.

From Alexisbad station, which is known for its simultaneous departures of two steam locomotives, the second line of the Selke Valley Railway continues through the Selke Valley towards Stiege, firstly to Silberhütte. Passing small factories, the line continues its journey via Straßberg, which has a halt as well as its main station, and continues to Güntersberge. After Güntersberge, the railway continues to climb, passing through Friedrichshöhe and Albrechtshaus stations to Stiege station. Since 1905, the connection to the Harz Railway has branched off here. This short line, the second section of the GHE, ends in Hasselfelde, also on a high plateau.

The connecting line to the Harz Railway runs from Stiege station up to the highest point at 523 metres above sea level near the halt of Birkenmoor and then downhill through the Bere valley. In the Bere valley, which is surrounded by high ranges, the railway crosses two side valleys on two large bridges, before reaching the Harz Railway and Eisfelder Talmühle station.

Passenger services
The route is used daily by steam trains and railcars. According to the summer and winter timetable, there are five daily services in both directions over the whole route, some with changes in Alexisbad and Stiege, as well as on the side branches to Harzgerode and Hasselfelde (2016/2017 timetable). Other trains run between Quedlinburg or Gernrode and Alexisbad. The number of pairs of trains operated by steam trains or diesel railcars is approximately the same in the summer timetable, with railcars predominating in the winter half-year. Although the Selke Valley Railway has some importance for regional traffic on the Quedlinburg–Gernrode section, the passengers on the other sections of the line are mostly tourists, people on excursions and hikers.

Since April 2010, steam trains have also run regularly on the connecting line (Stiege–Eisfelder Talmühle); before 1996 it was exclusively served by diesel multiple units. Depending on the timetable, there may be simultaneous departures from Eisfelder Talmühle, Stiege and Alexisbad.

Freight
Today, scheduled freight trains operate on the Selke Valley Railway only on the short section from the Hartsteinwerk Unterberg to Eisfelder Talmühle station: the Hartsteinwerk Unterberg regularly transports standard gauge gravel wagons on Rollbocks to the transfer yard in Nordhausen (Harz Railway). There are two converted diesel locomotives of class 199.8 available and equipment for transporting standard gauge freight cars.

Rolling stock
In Gernrode and Nordhausen Nord are the locomotive depots for the Selke Valley Railway. The diesel railcars of the Selke Valley Railway are based in Nordhausen Nord. Both locomotives and motor coaches are serviced and the steam locomotives are fueled and cleaned.

The rolling stock of the Selke Valley Railway, like all HSB rolling stock, are maintained in Wernigerode-Westerntor. This is the location of the HSB's central rolling stock depot, where all examinations and repair work are performed on all rolling stock. For the main examinations, however, the locomotives are taken to special maintenance facilities.

Peculiarities
Compared to the Harz Railway and the Brocken Railway, the Selke Valley Railway has some special features:

 * The stretch out of the northern edge of the Harz is a very varied landscape up to the high levels of the middle Harz mountains.
 * While on the Wernigerode–Brocken railway in normal traffic steam locomotives of DR classes 99.23–24 are used in particular, one-of-a-kind steam engines are used on the Selke Valley Railway (99 6101 and 6102, 99 6001 and 99 5906).
 * The Selke Valley Railway traverses a slope of 1:25 (4%), which is the steepest track used in the Harz mountains. The Brocken Railway traverses more elevation but does so at a shallower gradient of 1:30 (3.333%).
 * Stiege Station has the smallest terminal loop of any public railway. This is a balloon loop which was constructed specifically to allow heavy trains to the power station at Silberhutte from Nordhausen to continue in the direction of Silberhutte without reversing.

title: Selke Valley Railway


text:
Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom

Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom was the culmination in the 19th century of efforts over several hundred years to loosen the legal restrictions set in place on England's Jewish population. Between 1833 and 1890 Parliament passed a series of laws that placed male Jews in the United Kingdom on an equal legal footing with the kingdom's other emancipated males.

Freedom for Catholics bodes well for Jews
When in 1829 the Roman Catholics of the United Kingdom were freed from all their civil disabilities, the hopes of the Jews rose high; and the first step toward a similar alleviation in their case was taken in 1830 when William Huskisson presented a petition signed by 2,000 merchants and others of Liverpool. This was immediately followed by a bill presented by Robert Grant in 1830 which was destined to engage the British legislature in one form or another for the next thirty years. Thomas Macaulay, later a well-known and influential historian, was elected to Parliament in 1830 and – among other issues he took up – distinguished himself by attacking the exclusion of Jews.

At first the bill failed to get through the House of Commons. Against the opposition of Sir Robert Inglis, the first reading was passed by 115 to 97 votes. But the second reading, on 17 May, notwithstanding a sizable petition in its favour from 14,000 citizens of London, was rejected by 265 to 228 votes. The next year, 1833, however, it passed its third reading in the Commons on 22 July by a majority of 189 to 52, and was read for the first time in the Lords. On the second reading in the Lords on 1 August it was rejected by 104 to 54, with the Duke of Wellington speaking and voting against the Bill, though the Duke of Sussex, a constant friend to the Jews, presented a petition in its favour signed by 1,000 distinguished citizens of Westminster. The same thing happened in 1834, the bill being lost in the House of Lords by a majority of 92 votes. The whole force of the Tory Party and the personal antagonism of King William IV was against the bill. In the following year it was deemed inadvisable to make the annual appeal to Parliament, as the battle for religious liberty was going on in another part of the field; but by the passing of the Sheriffs' Declaration Act to hold the ancient and important office of sheriff. In the following year the Jew Bill was introduced late in the session, and succeeded in passing its first reading in the Lords on 19 August but was then dropped owing to the lateness of the session.

Membership of Parliament
Sir Sampson Gideon, who had a Jewish father and Christian mother, was a baronet, member of parliament and Irish peer in the eighteenth century. The economist and financier David Ricardo was born into a family of Sephardic Jews but converted to Unitarianism aged 21 and was a member of parliament from 1819 to 1823. Benjamin Disraeli, who was born Jewish and baptized aged 12 into the Church of England, was a member of parliament from 1837, served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1852, 1858–1859 and 1867–1868 Conservative governments. He went on to become, in 1868 and again in 1874, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He was elevated to the House of Lords in 1876. His willingness to take Christian oaths meant there were no barriers to his political career; for Jews who had not converted to Christianity the oath remained the key obstacle. The oath of office included the words "and I make this Declaration upon the true Faith of a Christian".

For a time the advocates of Jewish emancipation seemed to have lost heart. The chief supporters of the bill were Robert Grant in the Commons and Lord Holland in the Lords, dying in 1838 and 1840 respectively. During the four years following Holland's death, the political activity of the English Jews was concentrated on the attempt to obtain admission to municipal office. A bill to that effect got as far as a first reading in the Lords by one vote, in 1841, but was lost on a second reading. It was not until 31 July 1845 that the bill was carried. On 18 August 1846, the Religious Opinions Relief Act removed some of minor disabilities that affected British Jews and dissenters from the Established Church; the only state office that still remained closed to Jews was Parliament.

The success with which British Jews had induced Parliament to admit them to the shrievalty and to municipal offices had been because Jews had been actual candidates, and had been elected to those offices before any parliamentary relief was asked. It was now decided to adopt the same policy in regard to a seat in Parliament itself.

A Jewish candidate, Lionel de Rothschild, was elected as one of the four members of Parliament for the City of London in 1847 but could not take his seat without taking a Christian oath of office, and the bill that was introduced on 16 December that year was intended to carry out the wishes of a definite English constituency. This passed its third reading in the Commons on 4 May 1848, by a majority of 62 votes, but was rejected in the Lords by 163 non-contents to 128 contents. The same thing happened in 1849 when Lionel de Rothschild was again elected, but in the following year the struggle took on another and more dramatic form.

David Salomons, who had successfully fought the battle for the shrievalty and the aldermanic chair, had been elected member for Greenwich and insisted on taking his seat, refusing to withdraw on being ordered to do so by the speaker, and adding to his offence by voting in the division on the motion for adjournment which was made to still the uproar caused by his bold course of action. The prime minister, Lord John Russell, moved that Salomons be ordered to withdraw, and on that motion Salomons spoke in a dignified and forcible manner, and won the sympathy of the House, which nevertheless passed the Prime Minister's motion. The matter was then referred to the law courts, which decided that Salomons had no right to vote without having taken the oath of abjuration in the form appointed by Parliament, and fined him £500 for each vote he had recorded in the Commons. The government then brought in another bill in 1853, which was also rejected by the Lords. In 1855, Salomons was elected Lord Mayor of London.

In the following two years, bills were introduced by the government to modify the parliamentary oath, but they failed to obtain the assent of the Lords. In 1858 when the Oath Bill reached the Lords they eliminated the clause relating to Jews; but when the bill was referred again to the Commons, the lower house refused to accept it as amended, and appointed a committee to formulate its reasons, upon which committee, as if to show the absurdity of the situation, the member for the City of London, Lionel de Rothschild, was appointed to serve, something which he could legally do, even though he had not taken his seat. A conference was appointed between the two houses, and ultimately a compromise was reached with the passage of the Jews Relief Act 1858 by which either house might admit Jews by resolution, allowing them to omit the words "on the true faith of a Christian".

As a consequence, on Monday, 26 July 1858, Lionel de Rothschild took the oath with covered head, substituting "so help me, Jehovah" for the ordinary form of oath, and thereupon took his seat as the first Jewish member of Parliament; David Salomons was re-elected for Greenwich in a by-election and took his seat in early 1859. Two years later a more general form of oath for all members of Parliament was introduced, which freed the Jews from all cause of exclusion.

Reforms and political freedoms
The Reform Act 1867 granted every adult male householder the right to vote. In 1871, in the wake of the case of Numa Edward Hartog, the Universities Tests Act removed the difficulties in the way of a Jew becoming a scholar or a fellow in an English university. In 1885, Sir Nathaniel de Rothschild was raised to the upper house as Lord Rothschild, the first Jewish Lord. In 1876 Disraeli was made Earl of Beaconsfield. They were followed within a few years by Henry de Worms as Lord Pirbright and Sydney Stern as Lord Wandsworth. In 1890 all restrictions for every position in the British Empire were removed being thrown open to every British citizen without distinction of creed, except for that of monarch and the offices of Lord High Chancellor and of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

For some time after their admission to Parliament, the Jewish MPs belonged to the party that had given them that privilege, the Liberal Party, and Sir George Jessel acted as solicitor-general in William Ewart Gladstone's first ministry. But from the time of the Conservative reaction in 1874 Jewish voters and candidates showed an increasing tendency toward the Conservatives. The influence of Benjamin Disraeli may have had some effect on this change, but it was in the main due to the altered politics of the middle and commercial classes, to which the Jews chiefly belonged. Baron Henry de Worms acted as under Secretary of State in one of Lord Salisbury's ministries, while Sir Julian Goldsmid, a Liberal Unionist after the Home Rule policy of Gladstone was declared, made a marked impression as Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons.

Altogether the struggle had lasted for sixty years; nearly all that was contended for had been gained in half that period, but complete equality was not granted to Roman Catholics and Jews until 1890. The many political friendships made during the process had facilitated social intercourse.

Communal organisations and disunity
The pause which occurred between 1840 and 1847 in the emancipation struggle was due in large measure to a schism, which at the time seemed unfortunate, which had split the Jewish community in two and which prevented the members acting in unison for the defence of their rights. The Reform movement had reached England in a mild form under the influence of the Goldsmid family, which had been touched by the Mendelssohnian movement. In 1841 a Reform congregation was established in London, and was practically excommunicated by both the Spanish haham and the German chief rabbi. The effect of these differences was to delay common action as regards emancipation and other affairs; and it was not until 1859 that the charity organisation was put on a firm footing by the creation of the Jewish Board of Guardians. Ten years later the congregations were brought under one rule by the formation of the United Synagogue (1870), in the charter of which an attempt was made to give the Chief Rabbi autocratic powers over the doctrines to be taught in the Jewish communities throughout the British empire. But Parliament, which had recently disestablished the Irish Church, did not feel disposed to establish the Jewish Synagogue, and the clause was stricken out. The chief rabbi's salary is paid partly out of contributions from the provincial synagogues, and this gives him a certain amount of authority over all the Jews of the empire with the exception of the 3,000 or more Sephardim, who have a separate haham, and of the dwindling band of Reformers, who number about 2,000, scattered in London, Manchester, and Bradford. In 1871 the Anglo-Jewish Association was established to take the place, so far as regards the British empire, of the Alliance Israélite, which had been weakened by the Franco-German war. The Jews of England felt that they should be organised to take their proper part in Jewish affairs in general. For many years they, together with the French Jews, were the only members of the religion who were unhampered by disabilities; and this enabled them to act more freely in cases where the whole body of Israel was concerned.

Fighting blood libels
As early as 1840, when the blood accusation was revived with regard to the Damascus affair, and Jewish matters were for the first time treated on an international basis, the Jews of England took by far the most prominent position in the general protest of the European Jewries against the charge. Not only was the Board of Deputies at London the sole Jewish body in Europe to hold public meetings, but owing to their influence a meeting of protest was held by eminent Christians at the Mansion House, London (3 July 1840), which formed a precedent for subsequent distinguished gatherings. Sir Moses Montefiore, after aiding the Damascus Jews by obtaining, in an interview with the Sultan at Constantinople, a firman repudiating the blood accusation, visited Russia in 1846 to intercede for his coreligionists there. In 1860 he went to Rome in connection with the Mortara affair; and in 1863 he led a mission to Morocco on behalf of Jews of that country. Action was likewise taken by the chief English Jews in behalf of the unfortunate Hebrews of the Danubian principalities. Francis Goldsmid made an interpellation in the House of Commons with regard to the Jews of Serbia (29 March 1867), and started a debate in that assembly (19 April 1872) on the subject of the persecutions of the Jews in Romania. As a consequence a Romanian committee was formed, which watched the activities of the illiberal government of that country.

Pogroms in Russia
When in 1881 the outburst of violence in Russia brought the position of the Russian Jews prominently before the world, it was their coreligionists in England who took the lead in organising measures for their relief. Articles in The Times of 11 and 13 January 1882, drew the attention of the whole world to the extent of the persecutions, and a meeting of the most prominent citizens of London was held at the Mansion House on 1 February 1882 (see Mansion House Meeting). As a consequence a fund was raised amounting to more than £108,000, and a complete scheme of distributing in the United States the Russian refugees from Brody was organised by the committee of the Mansion House Fund. Similarly, when a revival of the persecutions took place in 1891, another meeting was held at the Guildhall, and a further sum of over £100,000 was collected and devoted to facilitating the westward movement of the Russian exodus. An attempt was made this time to obtain access directly to the czar by the delivery of a petition from the lord mayor and citizens of London; but this was contemptuously rejected, and the Russo-Jewish committee which carried out the work of the Mansion House Fund was obliged to confine its activity to measures outside Russia. When Maurice de Hirsch formed his elaborate scheme for the amelioration of the condition of the persecuted Jews, headquarters were established by him in London, though the administration was practically directed from Paris. The immigrants being excluded from most of the cities of the Continent, the burden of receiving most of the Russian refugees moving westward fell on England, as well as America.

Result of the Russian exodus
The advent of such a large number of Jews, unprovided with capital, and often without a definite occupation, brought with it difficulties. It was only natural that the newcomers should arouse a certain amount of prejudice by their foreign habits, by the economic pressure they brought to bear upon certain trades, especially on that of clothing, and by their overcrowding in certain localities. While the Continent had seen the rise of strong anti-Semitic feeling, England had been comparatively free from any exhibition of this kind. During Lord Beaconsfield's ministry, a few murmurs had been heard from the more advanced Liberals against the "Semitic" tendencies of the prime minister and his brethren in the race, but as a rule social had followed political emancipation almost automatically. The Russian influx threatened to disturb this natural process, and soon after 1891 protests began to be heard against the alien immigrants. Bills were even introduced into Parliament to check their entry into England. Nothing came of these protests, however, till the year 1902, when the question had reached such a point that it was deemed desirable to appoint a royal commission to inquire into the whole subject. The commission heard evidence both from those favouring and from those opposed to restricted immigration. Reports were made to the House of Commons that the arrival, in the East End of London, of Eastern European Jews, had brought smallpox and scarlet fever. The evidence, however, does not appear to have supported these accusations.


text:
Carolyn Kepcher

Carolyn Kepcher (born January 30, 1969) is an American businesswoman who was one of the judges on the NBC television program The Apprentice. She was formerly the Executive Vice President, chief operating officer, for the Trump Golf Properties. Before her career with Trump ended in August 2006, she monitored the progress of the contestants on the program and assisted Donald Trump in determining who should be fired.

Early life
Born and raised in New Rochelle, NY. During High School, Kepcher sold Avon Products door-to-door. While studying marketing on a volleyball scholarship at Mercy College, she took a job as a manager at a Manhattan restaurant.

Career
On graduation, in 1992, Kepcher secured a position as sales and marketing director of a golf club outside New York City. Her primary responsibility was to prepare the property for bank auction, where it was eventually sold to Donald Trump. Kepcher's ideas on how best to use the property impressed him, and he hired her as director of sales and marketing in 1994.

Trump: 1992–2006
After four years in this capacity, she was named general manager. Her effective management skills convinced Trump of her ability to lead and he later named her the chief operating officer of Trump National Golf Club Westchester in Briarcliff Manor, New York, and subsequently the Trump National Golf Club in Bedminster, New Jersey, overseeing over 250 employees at each location.

In 2004, she wrote a business book, Carolyn 101: Business Lessons From the Apprentice's Straight Shooter (ISBN 0-7432-7022-3) based on her business experience. The book went to No. 2 on The New York Times Best Seller List.

On August 31, 2006, Kepcher's employment at the Trump Organization ended. According to sources who spoke to the New York Post, Trump felt that Kepcher's newfound celebrity status had kept her too busy with speaking engagements and endorsements to focus on her responsibilities for the Trump Organization. Kepcher was replaced on The Apprentice by Ivanka Trump, beginning with Season 6.

Post-Trump
Kepcher became co-founder and CEO of Carolyn & Co., a company created for the purpose of "providing a broad array of services and assistance to career women."

On November 28, 2006, Kepcher was hired by Microsoft to star in a new reality show, Ultimate Challenge, to find the next best small-business venture. She was to be one of three judges. The contest winner would get $100,000 in seed money, a storefront or other business space in Manhattan rent-free for a year, and software to help get their business started. The pilot show was never completed.

In January 2007, Kepcher provided management skills to the nonprofit world through an affiliation with Graham-Pelton Consulting, Inc., a national leader in fundraising and nonprofit management. Since 2007, she has been a career advice columnist with the New York Daily News.

In 2010, Kepcher was the recipient of the prestigious Toastmasters International Golden Gavel award for Excellence in Communications and Leadership. Kepcher was also the winner of the Stevie Award for Women in Business in the category of "Women Helping Women".

Kepcher is also one of the few non-cast members of Saturday Night Live on NBC to recite the show's opening line "Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!"

Kepcher served on the board of the Back9Network, and on the Advisory board to the 2009 U.S. Women's Open at Saucon Valley Country Club. She is currently vice president and general manager of the Aspetuck Valley Country Club.

Personal life
Kepcher has two children, and lives in Ridgefield, Connecticut.

title: Carolyn Kepcher


text:
Talk:Willie Horton

Joseph Fournier
How about a pic of Joe? I think one should be on this page. I also think he should have his own entry. He was a person you know.--69.37.32.129 (talk) 23:55, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

 * You could create a short Wikipedia page just for him.Historian932 (talk) 08:12, 28 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Joe Fournier was my cousin! He was named after my dad. I remember how truly devastated my father was after his tragic unnecessary death! Willie Horton that bastard killed my cousin for a very petty about of money I believe it was less than 200.00 and Joe gave him the money with no questions he fully cooperated. Willie Horton WANTED to kill Joe because he was white. He's got a lot of nerve telling anyone else they are racial against him. He has no right to ever walk the streets again. He's a RAPIST and a brutal KILLERI have pics of Joe. He was only 18 when he was murdered for no damn reason. Never forget what Willie did. He raped a woman in Wheaton and committed another murder. Furlough is a bad idea white or black murders do not belong in furlough! It has nothing to do with race. It has to do with my cousin who was stabbed to death and stuffed in a trash can because Willie hated white people!! Joefcousin (talk) 03:57, 21 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Joe was my cousin! He was named after my dad. I remember how devastated my dad was over his death! Joe was his favorite nephew. Our family is still crushed over his savage unnecessary brutal death! Joe gave Willie the money with no questions asked he fully cooperated. He was an 18 year old kid! He was working at that gas station at night and going to school during the day he did it to help his family financially
 * He took Joe from us for evil reasons. He has a lot of nerve saying he's discriminated against when he murdered my cousin for less than 200 bucks because he was white! He did it because he wanted to. I have many words for that creep! Never forget he got put on furlough and raped a woman and committed a second murder. He's a brutal murderer that deserves to never see the light of day. Rest In Peace Joe Fournier. I tell you our family never got over this tragedy and we never will. I remember reading it in the Readers Digest when it happened. Willie Horton stabbed Joe 17 times in the chest and crushed his knees to his head and shoved him in a dumpster and left him there to bleed to death! I loved my cousin people! Do you really want a person like Willie Horton on the streets again? I sure do not!
 * He is a RAPIST and a KILLER! White or Back or whatever it makes no difference the facts are the facts and he's an ugly person putting it nicely. Absolutely EVIL. I wish MA had the death penalty. He deserves it! Joefcousin (talk) 04:21, 21 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I have a picture of Joe’s Mom my Aunt Ree holding his picture in her hands. If you tell me how to post it here I will do so. Joefcousin (talk) 04:42, 21 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I tried pasting the picture here but it won't go so if you'd like to see Joe and my Aunt Ree Google Joe Fournier 30th Anniversary Family Remembers. You will see that picture there. Joefcousin (talk) 04:50, 21 September 2023 (UTC)

Point
I want to make a point here since this article seems to have a 'tit for tat' argumentation between Republicans and Democrats. Al Gore DID mention the furlough program in the context of the NY Daily News debate. He did NOT mention Willie Horton by name nor did he run a commercial with Horton's picture. BUT BUSH DID NOT RUN A COMMERCIAL WITH HORTON EITHER!! Bush DID mention Horton by name at least twice, once at the Texas GOP Convention in June 88 and in the first debate on 9/25/88. Bush DID run a furlough commercial, a rather misleading one - but that commercial DID NOT feature either Horton's picture or mention his race.

But it is ALSO true that the Bush campaign FOUND OUT ABOUT Horton by watching the NY debate. Hence, they discovered Horton because of Gore's reference. I will concede that they probably would have found out about it anyway since they were combing for information as all campaigns do. Yet if the argument is that Gore's mention was somehow okay because he didn't run a commercial about it, it seems pretty inconsistent to blame Bush when he also didn't run a commercial featuring Horton.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Point
Why does it say that Gore "mentioned the Horton incident" in the NY Daily News Debate when he absolutely did not? Gore only mentioned the furlough program in Massachusetts, but he did not bring up Horton whatsoever in the debate. This is a well known fact and a simple archive of the debate can prove it.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

What's the "evidence" that the Bush campaign had any involvement in the Revolving Door ad? To say that the Bush campaign "claimed" not to have produced it, is like saying (to take an example from the same campaign) that Dukakis "claimed" that Donna Brazile was acting on her own when she accused Bush of being an adulterer. Brazile said she was, Dukakis said she was, and that's accepted as being the way it was. Seems to be much the same with Revolving Door. Ellsworth 18:59, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The rules for independent expenditures are very strict -- it's not just a matter of whether the Bush campaign produced the ad directly, but whether they had any kind of involvement ("cooperation or coordination" is the official phrase, I think) in its creation, production, or airing. The evidence is that Ailes openly bragged that they would use Horton in TV ads, McCarthy's close relationship with Ailes, the suspicious timing with "Revolving Doors", and the fact that an employee of Ailes's firm worked on both ads. RadicalSubversiv E 19:13, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the re-write you did is a fair assessment. Thanks. Ellsworth 19:50, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * NB the discussion above should reference the "Weekend Passes" ad, as the one produced by the independent group. "Revolving Door" was produced by the Bush campaign. The article has it right. Ellsworth 21:45, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Willie Horton: The Person
It seems odd to me that most of this article is about the Dukakis political campaign, when it is supposed to be an article about a person. Maybe we should put in some more stuff about Willie Horton? Kinghy 06:28, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Horton the person isn't important or worthy of an article. Horton as political smear tactic in 1988 is. Vidor 15:24, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Making it known that Massachusetts let a murderer free from prison who then raped and murdered another young woman isn't a smear tactic; it's a fact. Governor Dukakis could care less about that lady; the only thing he cared about was his precious reputation.  WatchingYouLikeAHawk 01:33, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the article should be expanded to illustrate how Michael Dukasis is a stubborn liberal who clings to his preconceived notions without regard to the effect that they might have on others, including members of his own family. I recall, during one of the presidential debates, someone asked him to suppose that his wife, Kitty Dukakis, had been raped and murdered, and whether, under such circumstances, he would favor the death penalty.  His answer was, to the effect, no, of course not.  Right after that, Kitty Dukakis was hospitalized for a nervous breakdown.  Who could blame her?   John Paul Parks (talk) 14:06, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

 * He did not murder the woman he raped. It doesn't make him any less of a scumbag, but it might help if you got the details straight, no? C'est Sie Bon 01:33, 03 Jun 2016 (UTC)   —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.0.66.214 (talk)

 * You should be aware that, for many years, in several states, rape was a capital offense. The Supreme Court of the United States struck such a statute down as unconstitutional in Coker v. Georgia.  The opinion of Lewis Powell, to the effect that women do not suffer any long-term injury from rape, is absolutely appalling.   John Paul Parks (talk) 14:11, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Regardless if it has a factual basis, its still negative campaigning (sometimes referred to as a smear tactic). Political campaigns are not held accountable for lying in adverstisements, there's no truth-in-advertising law that applies. And its pointless to sue (see New York Times Co. v. Sullivan). So it is NEVER smart to accept political ads as "fact". All pols "care about their precious reputation", and partisanship is ugly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.152.175.80 (talk) 21:32, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

William Horton
You know...some people might actually want to read about the man himself and not him as political weaponry. Wikipedia is getting really lame... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.77.135.111 (talk • contribs)

 * Well, he's 6'1, heavier-set these days, has soulful brown eyes, is a bit of a daydreamer, and his hobbies include making animal figurines out of chewed up playing cards, and murdering people. 68.0.119.181 01:41, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Horton is not notable as a person, only as the iconic example of a political tactic. That's just the way it is. Apart from baseball fans, no one uses the name "Willie Horton" today to mean anything but a particular type of political smear campaign. And yes, the Horton affair of 1988 was a political smear campaign. Horton's crimes are fact, but his connection to Dukakis (the political candidate who was the target of the smear attempt) is somewhere between distant and nonexistent. 75.71.67.2 (talk) 23:55, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Horton's crimes are fact, but his connection to Dukakis...is somewhere between distant and nonexistent - you mean other than as a demonstration of the results of wrong-minded policy that Dukakis supported?TheDarkOneLives (talk) 12:50, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

1992 campaign
I just added a "dubious" tag to the assertion that Willie Horton was referenced more times during the 1992 campaign than during the 1988 campaign. This has already been "fact" tagged for half a year. If sourcing is not forthcoming in the next week or so it should simply be removed from the article. Cgingold (talk) 00:16, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I believe the intention of the sentence is that Willie Horton was additionally referenced in 1992. I've cleaned the sentence to make it look less like what you seem to get from it. I can't find a citation at the moment but if anyone can, I'd appreciate it --Utopianfiat (talk) 19:27, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Politics?
I see that this article is considered part of WikiProject Biography and WikiProject Crime. These categorizations seem somewhat beside the point. In a vague sort of way, of course, this article is a biography -- and of course Willie Horton is a criminal -- but the notable aspect is not the biography as such but the use of this man as an icon in political discourse.

Is the article better categorized, perhaps, within WikiProject Politics or still better, WikiProject Propaganda if such a thing were to exist? 75.71.67.2 (talk) 00:18, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

No recorded statement?
Deleted:

 * There has been no recorded statement from him since his incarceration.

If this means (as I think) that he has not spoken publicly i.e. to the media since the 2nd arrest/conviction it is definitely not true. He talked to reporters during the 1988 campaign and he did a long interview with The Nation sometime in the 90s. I'll check for the Nation article when I get the chance but Nations online archives are pay-access. Ellsworth (talk) 22:39, 3 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Here's the citation for the Nation article: Elliot, Jeffrey M.. "The 'Willie' Horton nobody knows. (William Horton, Jr.)(interview) (Cover Story)." August 23, 1993. The Nation.
 * Here's a pay link to the full article:
 * http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-13235575.html
 * h/t User:Anomalocaris. Ellsworth (talk) 05:35, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

Recently removed material, preserved here
Hi. I recently removed a handful of material that sat tagged as "without verifiability" since 2008/2009. This is per WP:V, and particularly WP:ALIVE. The claims made are interesting, so I leave them here in hopes that someone finds suitable verifiability for them so they can be put back into the article. Regards. --Ds13 (talk) 16:54, 29 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Dukakis continued to argue that the program was 99 percent effective; yet, as the Lawrence Eagle-Tribune pointed out, no state outside of Massachusetts, nor any federal program, would grant a furlough to a prisoner serving life without parole.
 * In April 1988, Lee Atwater asked aide Jim Pinkerton for negative research to defeat Dukakis.
 * After giving the focus group the material Pinkerton provided on the index card, most of the voters switched from favoring Dukakis to favoring Bush.
 * The following week at the Illinois Republican convention in Springfield, Bush began to press the argument against Dukakis by declaring that Dukakis had let Horton loose to 'terrorize innocent people' and continued support of the furlough program until the Massachusetts legislature changed the law.
 * Bush again mentioned Horton at the National Sheriffs Association in Louisville, Kentucky and declared himself in favor of 'life without parole' for convicted murderers.
 * The commercial was filmed at an actual state prison in Draper, Utah, but the individuals depicted – thirty in all, were paid actors.

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Move Request
I think a strong case can be made that this article should be moved to William Horton. We literally have quote from the man in this article saying he did not go by Willie and, in fact, resented the name. "Willie Horton" may be the name he was most commonly known by, but I cannot think of another living person whose article title is a name that person never personally went by (and was contrived in order to attack that person). The ad is the "Willie Horton ad," but the person is William Horton. --216.12.10.118 (talk) 23:41, 15 March 2017 (UTC)

Identifying his race
One of the notable characteristics of the ad campaign, now that it has passed into history and others have a broad perspective to analyze it, is that Horton is black. Our article states, with secondary cite, "It is believed that the racial overtone of the ad wound up being a key aspect of the way the ad was remembered and later studied." Horton himself is also quoted as saying the ad plays or racial stereotypes about him. Multiple other details in the article discuss the racial aspect despite some denials at the time that there was racial intent. Given the relevance of race to the ad, and that Horton is the person whose race is at issue, his race is a notable characteristic of him and a relevant major detail in light of our article content. Therefore, per WP:LEDE and WP:RS, I think we should mention this detail. Other bio articles might not mention race (or at least not so early/prominently) but again, other people might not have race as a relevant or defining characteristic in relation to notability. Other editors disagree, stating merely that we should not mention it in the lede. Please discuss if you have an actual basis in content guideline or policy to exclude it. DMacks (talk) 21:35, 20 December 2018 (UTC)

Lead should cover the infamous dog-whistle ad
The lasting legacy of Willie Horton is the "Willie Horton ad", an ad by supporters of GHW Bush, which is widely connected to concept of "dog-whistle politics". Since the 1988, pretty much every RS mention of Horton has been in the context of this ad and the singular focus has been on its relationship to race, crime and dog-whistle politics. And there's no shortage of RS coverage since 1988: I was actually surprised by how often and how regularly this issue was raised in NYT, WAPO and other major newspapers in the last 30 years. It goes without saying that it's been widely covered in the academic literature. By omitting this from the lead, we are doing our readers an enormous disservice. Snooganssnoogans (talk) 00:11, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
 * The statement you had in the lead was inaccurate. It was not a "Bush" ad. And secondly, it's already in the main body. I might could get behind having it in the lead.....but it had to be properly stated.Rja13ww33 (talk) 00:12, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Why did you not then properly state it instead of wasting everyone's time and somehow again edit in a dubious manner on a race-related topic? Snooganssnoogans (talk) 00:18, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm not the one who wants in in. You still don't get how things work here do you?Rja13ww33 (talk) 00:23, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Can I then restore the content to the lead with the clarification that the ad was by a pro-Bush PAC? Snooganssnoogans (talk) 00:34, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I'd call it what it's called in the "Fall campaign" section.Rja13ww33 (talk) 00:42, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

Primary subject?
Can we discuss whether this is the prime topic for "Willie Horton"? Perhaps it's just that I recognized politics as a theatre of the absurd long ago, but isn't this a primarily US topic? And almost anyone in the US would associate "Willie Horton" with the Detroit Tigers power hitter rather than as a political tactic in an election. I came here because "Willie Horton" was mentioned in a thread on racism topics at ANI and couldn't I figure what the relationship between a power hitter and racism was. Imagine my surprise when I discovered that somehow this Willie was the short blip on the radar from a failed election campaign. How does someone in the news for the 10-12 weeks a presidential election campaign USED to last, and only as an example, be more important than a baseball player that played well for near 20 years? Generally we make it way too easy for a sports figure to have a bio....but Horton wasn't a flash in the pan. He was a solid player for many years on a pennant winning team in a major market. However, the Horton here is a nobody (actually less than that), and this shouldn't be a biography at all...it should be merged into an article on the Dukakis campaign. He doesn't qualify for a bio, and certainly isn't the primary topic for this title. John from Idegon (talk) 04:02, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
 * This specific part of the campaign is independently notable (and remains discussed even over the decades since), as can be seen by the mile of citatations, and there is also enough content here (IMO) for a stand-alone article. One good question is whether the person is the notable topic here (or notable himself at all), vs only the ad campaign and other poster-childing of him. Should we reframe it as the latter due to BLP1E? DMacks (talk) 04:21, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

Let's omit speculation
One sentence of the introduction reads as follows:

"The re-naming has been speculated to be the product of racist stereotyping."

Racism is a terrible scourge.

Therefore it is a terrible idea to include speculation about what may or may not have been racist 34 years ago.

Note that this speculation is based on the use of the inaccurate name "Willie" instead of the correct name, "William".

'''That is a colossally meager basis for asserting racism. There is not even anything pejorative about the name "Willie".

By pointing out every possible case of potential racism, such claims seriously detract from the no-questions-about-it-most-definitely racism by blurring the lines between racism and maybe? or maybe not? racism.

 * Sorry, this is nonsense. The campaign was unambiguously recognised as racist at the time. the Bush campaign disavowed it for that reason. You are introducing a modern, 2020s "racism-denialist" perspective that is out of sync with the perspective of the times. 1.145.157.5 (talk) 03:59, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Willie Horton


text:
Another Sunny Day

Another Sunny Day was an indie pop solo project of Harvey Williams, signed to Sarah Records. Williams later recorded two albums under his own name.

History
The band was a solo project for Harvey Williams (born in Newlyn, Cornwall), started while studying at Plymouth Polytechnic in 1986. Williams graduated and then pursued a career in music. Williams signed a deal with Sarah Records and the first Another Sunny Day release was the "Anorak City" flexi-disc in April 1988, which came with the Are You Scared To Get Happy? fanzine, and was named 'Single of the Week' by NME. The debut single proper was "I'm in Love with a Girl Who Doesn't Know I Exist", released two months later, which was again named 'Single of the Week'. Williams relocated to London in early 1989. The next release was in May 1989 – the "What's Happened?" single, followed later that year by "You Should All Be Murdered" and a limited 7-inch single on Bob Stanley's Caff label, with a cover version of Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark's "Genetic Engineering". While Williams recorded alone, he was joined by friends including Bobby Wratten, Michael Hiscock and Matthew Drummond for live shows. A couple more singles preceded the only Another Sunny Day album, London Weekend. Williams then joined Blueboy, before recording under his own name, releasing one album on Sarah and one on Shinkansen Records, and later went on to collaborate on several records by other groups including The Field Mice (for whom he became a permanent member) and The Hit Parade. Harvey Williams was working at the BBC in 2002, while also a member of Trembling Blue Stars.

Cherry Red Records re-issued the London Weekend album in August 2009; This release included six additional tracks: "Genetic Engineering", "Kilburn Towers", "It's OK If You Don't Love Me", "The Boy From St Ives", "I'm In Love With a Girl Who Doesn't Know I Exist" (four-track version), "Things Will Be Nice" (four-track version).

Albums

 * London Weekend (1992) Sarah - compilation

Compilation appearances

 * "I Want You" on Something's Burning in Paradise (1988)

as Harvey Williams

 * Rebellion (1994), Sarah
 * California (1998), Shinkansen

with The Hit Parade

 * Sixteen Weeks (1993), Polystar

title: Another Sunny Day


text:
Who Are You

Who Are You is the eighth studio album by the English rock band the Who, released on 21 August 1978 by Polydor Records in the United Kingdom and MCA Records in the United States. Although the album received mixed reviews from critics, it was a commercial success, peaking at number 2 on the US charts and number 6 on the UK charts.

Who Are You was the Who's final studio album to feature Keith Moon as their drummer. He died three weeks after it was released. The ironic nature of the text "Not to Be Taken Away" that was stencilled on Moon's chair on the album cover was noted by some critics.

Overview
Who Are You incorporates elements of progressive rock and, according to biographer Tony Fletcher, it was produced in such a way as to appeal to commercial rock radio at the time.

The album showcased some of Townshend's most complicated arrangements, with multiple layers of synthesizer and strings. Many of the songs also revisited themes from Townshend's never realized Lifehouse project, featuring lyrics about songwriting and music as a metaphor for life, as indicated by titles like "Guitar and Pen", "New Song", "Music Must Change", and "Sister Disco". The latter two, along with "Who Are You", ultimately appeared on Lifehouse Chronicles, Townshend's later actualization of the project. Several of the song's lyrics also reflect Townshend's uncertainty about the Who's continued relevance in the wake of punk rock, and his dissatisfaction with the music industry.

There was a three-year hiatus between Who Are You and the Who's previous studio album, The Who by Numbers (1975). The band was drifting apart during this period, for band members were working on various solo projects, and Moon and Townshend were driving deeper into drug and alcohol abuse. The initial sessions at Ramport Studios, produced by Glyn Johns and Jon Astley, were lackadaisical; Jon Astley recalled that "no one wanted to work", and the members looked forward more to drinking and reminiscing at six in the evening. Astley felt that he and Johns pushed Moon too hard to play a simpler style, while Johns believed that Moon had "lost confidence in his ability" and would deliberately go out of his way to resist his suggestions.

Moon's health was especially an object of concern, for his drumming skills had noticeably deteriorated and his performances for most of the sessions were substandard. He was unable to play in 6/8 time on the track "Music Must Change", so the drums were removed completely from the track, and replaced with the sound of footsteps and a few cymbal crashes. Bassist John Entwistle remarked that Moon "couldn't think of anything to play". Townshend writes in his memoir Who I Am that he offered to remove "Music Must Change" from the album due to Moon's struggles, and that Moon retorted, "I am still the best... Keith Moon-type drummer in the world!".

On another occasion, Astley recalled, "I was doing a drum track, and he hadn't learned the song. I actually had to stand up and conduct. He said, 'Can you give me a cue when you get to the middle part?' [...] He hadn't done his homework." Entwistle similarly described Moon as "really out of condition", and "disgusted with himself" as a result. Townshend wrote, "Musically his drumming was getting so uneven that recording was almost impossible, so much so that work on the Who Are You album had ground to a halt."

The recording was further delayed when lead singer Roger Daltrey underwent throat surgery, and when during a lengthy Christmas break, Townshend sliced his hand in a window during an argument with his parents. Former Zombies and Argent member Rod Argent was also called in to replace session keyboardist John "Rabbit" Bundrick after Bundrick suffered a broken arm falling out of a taxi at the studio door in March 1978. Townshend attributed Bundrick's broken arm to drunkenly throwing himself out to avoid paying the fare.

When the sessions resumed in March, they were moved to RAK Studios, which caused further delays due to the equipment malfunctioning, including the wiping of a backing track. Astley stated that the RAK equipment made the existing material sound different when played back, necessitating further delays as he attempted to fix the audio problems. In one incident, Daltrey punched Johns in the face due to an argument over a rough mix, rendering him unconscious. The argument was fueled by Ted Astley adding a string arrangement to "Had Enough", which Daltrey derided as "slushy". After one long and frustrating day, Townshend planned to fire Moon from the band unless he cleaned up his act. The plan drove Moon to attempt to kick his alcohol habit and work more enthusiastically. Due to a prior commitment to produce Joan Armatrading's studio album To the Limit, Johns had to leave in April, with Astley remaining as sole producer. Under Astley's command, the sessions returned to Ramport, with all of the drums except for "Who Are You" recorded in the last two weeks of production. Who Are You was released on 18 August 1978.

Moon died on 7 September 1978, just under a month after the album's release; on the cover, he is shown sitting in a chair labelled "Not to be taken away". Photographer Terry O'Neil had insisted Moon sit with the back of the chair facing the camera so as to hide his distended stomach, a result of his alcoholism.

Reception
The album was a commercial success, going 2× platinum in the US and Canada, gold in UK, and peaking at number 2 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart. The soundtrack to Grease prevented Who Are You from achieving number 1 status in the US. The success of Who Are You generated excitement at the prospect of a new Who tour for the album. The songs on the album were later performed on tour in 1979, when the Who were joined by new drummer Kenney Jones and keyboardist John Bundrick.

Reviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau said: "Every time I concentrate I get off on some new detail in Daltrey's singing or Townshend's lyrics or Entwistle's bass parts—though not in Moon's drumming, and I still don't relate to the synthesizer. But I never learn anything new, and this is not my idea of fun rock and roll. It ought to be one or the other, if not both."

Live performances
Across the band's entire career, only four of the songs on the album ("Sister Disco", "Music Must Change", "Trick of the Light" and "Who Are You") have been played live.

"Who Are You" was the first of the album's songs to be performed live; this was at a concert in the band's 1976 tour at the Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto, Ontario, albeit in a very raw and abbreviated version extremely different from the finished product. Another early and abbreviated live performance with Moon can be found on the DVD The Who at Kilburn: 1977 (2008). It was also played as part of the encore for the Who's 2012 "Quadrophenia and More" tour.

On the Who's 1979 tour, only four songs were played live: "Sister Disco", "Music Must Change", "Trick of the Light", and "Who Are You". On that tour, "Sister Disco" was played quite close to the studio version, except that the guitar outro was changed from country-style to a more bluesy one, except in 1989, where Townshend used acoustics, and 2008–09, where he could switch his Fender from 'electric mode' to 'acoustic mode'. Townshend actually stated in an interview that this was one of his least favourite songs to perform live (the other being "Dreaming from the Waist"), as Daltrey encouraged Townshend to share a microphone whilst harmonizing on the final vocal tag, evoking a camaraderie Townshend stated didn't really exist. It was played in the tours of 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1989, 2008 and 2009.

"Music Must Change" was often given an extended workout live, with performances usually ranging from seven to nine minutes. It was played in the 1979, 1980 and 1981 tours; it was rehearsed for the 2002 tour, but Entwistle died before the start of that tour and the band were not able to perform the song.

The Who have not been known to play "New Song", "Had Enough", "905", "Guitar and Pen", and "Love Is Coming Down". However, the John Entwistle Band used to play the Entwistle-penned songs.

Re-releases
In 1985, MCA Records released the album on CD. There were no extra tracks on this CD, as it only contained songs from the original LP.

In 1996, the album was reissued on CD. This re-release was remixed and remastered by Jon Astley and Andy Macpherson; some of the elements from the original mixes were eliminated or changed, including an alternate guitar track on "Music Must Change", while other elements were restored, such as "Trick of the Light" being restored to its full length of 4:45. This remaster included five bonus tracks: outtakes "Empty Glass" and "No Road Romance", and alternate mixes for "Guitar and Pen", "Love Is Coming Down", and "Who Are You".

On 24 December 2011, Universal Japan reissued the original analogue mixes of the album on limited, numbered edition SHM-CD, remastered by Jon Astley. The bonus tracks from the 1996 album were also included using vintage mixes where possible; however, the full band version of "No Road Romance" was included instead of Townshend's demo from the 1996 issue. The album was reissued in a miniature replica of the vinyl album for CD. In 2014, the album was released in its original mixes on HDtracks and iTunes, along with the rest of the Who's catalog.

Track listing
All songs written by Pete Townshend, except where noted.

Original LP Release and MCA Records 1985 CD re-release

Personnel
The Who
 * Roger Daltrey – lead vocals, percussion
 * Pete Townshend – guitars, backing vocals, piano, synthesizer, lead vocals on "Sister Disco" (bridge), "No Road Romance" and "Empty Glass"
 * John Entwistle – bass guitar, backing vocals, synthesizer, brass on "Had Enough" and "Music Must Change", lead vocals on "905"
 * Keith Moon – drums, percussion, backing vocals on "Guitar and Pen"

Additional musicians
 * Rod Argent – synthesizer on "Had Enough", piano on "Who Are You", keyboards on "Guitar and Pen" and (uncredited) "Love Is Coming Down"
 * Ted Astley – string arrangement
 * Andy Fairweather-Low – backing vocals on "New Song", "Had Enough", "Guitar and Pen", "Love Is Coming Down", and "Who Are You"
 * Billy Nicholls – backing vocals on "New Song" and "Had Enough"
 * Michael Nicholls – backing vocals on "Had Enough"
 * Unknown – drums on "Music Must Change"

title: Who Are You


text:
Angus MacInnis

Angus MacInnis (September 2, 1884 – March 3, 1964) was a Canadian socialist politician and parliamentarian.

MacInnis, a trade unionist who had served for five years as a Vancouver Alderman, was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1930 election as an Independent Labour Member of Parliament. He joined the Ginger Group of socialist MPs led by J.S. Woodsworth. He helped form the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in 1932 and thereafter sat as a CCF MP.

MacInnis retained his status as an MP through five subsequent elections until his retirement in 1957, but sat in three different ridings. From 1930 to 1935 he represented Vancouver South. From 1935 to 1953, he was elected three times in Vancouver East. He finished his political career as MP from Vancouver Kingsway. He was an outspoken advocate of civil liberties and spoke against the discrimination against Japanese Canadians that was widespread in British Columbia in the 1930s and 1940s, and was an early advocate of extending the right to vote to Japanese Canadians, a right that was not won until 1949.

In 1943, he and his wife Grace MacInnis published Oriental Canadians—Outcasts or Citizens? which, while a call for humane treatment of Japanese-Canadians, acquiesced to the prevailing mood at the time that favoured "evacuating" Japanese Canadians from the Pacific coast of British Columbia for reasons of wartime security.

When F. R. Scott stepped-down as the National Chairman, just before the CCF's biennial convention in Vancouver in July 1950, there was a rift between the farmer and labour wings. Percy Wright a Saskatchewan farmer and Member of Parliament, represented the farmer-wing, while MacInnis, represented the labour-wing. Wright defeated MacInnis in the election to be the CCF's National Chairman.

title: Angus MacInnis


text:
Bruttians

The Bruttians (alternative spelling, Brettii) (Bruttii) were an ancient Italic people. They inhabited the southern extremity of Italy, from the frontiers of Lucania to the Sicilian Straits and the promontory of Leucopetra. This roughly corresponds to the modern region of Calabria.

Occupying originally the mountains and hills of modern Calabria, they were the southernmost branch of the Osco-Umbrian Italic tribes, and were ultimately descended from the Samnites through the process of ver sacrum.

They are remembered as pillagers and conquerors of the ancient Greek poleis in Magna Graecia and brave rebels of the Romans.

The Museo dei Brettii e degli Enotri in Cosenza contains much recent data on the Bruttii.

Etymology

The name Bruttii must have been ancient since Diodorus speaks of the Bruttians as having expelled the remainder of the Sybarites, who had settled Sybaris on the Traeis in 446/445 BC after the destruction of their own city.

The first archaeological evidence for the existence of Bruttii is an inscription "Bruties esum" (I am of Brutius) on pottery in southern Campania from the mid 6th century BC.

The name is Indo-European. It is similar to Illyrian ethnonym Brentii from *brentos (deer). A close variant is attested in the name of the Bruttii in ancient Greek (Βρέττιοι) and the name of the community on its coinage (ΒΡΕΤΤΙΩΝ, "of the Brettioi"). Polybius, in more than one passage, calls it ἡ Βρεττιανὴ Χώρα, likely corresponding to the natives' name for their land, "Brettiōn".

After 356 BC when the Bruttii became independent, the name of the Bruttii became synonyms with "rebels" and "fugitive slaves" for the Lucanians and the ancient sources of the period.

Geography
The land of the Bruttii covered almost the entire current province of Cosenza, except the northernmost part which was the southern part of historical Lucania, from which it was separated by a line drawn from the river Laus near the Tyrrhenian Sea to the Crathis near the Gulf of Tarentum. On the west it was washed by the Tyrrhenian Sea, and on the south and east by that known in ancient times as the Sicilian Sea, including under that appellation the Gulf of Tarentum. Their territory corresponds approximately to modern Calabria, which was named as such only during Byzantine times.

Livy uses the term Bruttii provincia.

It was included by Augustus in the Third Region (Regio III), together with Lucania; and the two provinces appear to have continued united for most administrative purposes until the fall of the Roman Empire, and were governed conjointly by a magistrate termed a Corrector. The Liber Coloniarum however treats the Provincia Bruttiorum as distinct from that of Lucania.

The term Bruttium has no evidence in ancient and late ancient times, and only the "land of the Bruttii" or Brittii is attested. This name remained unchanged even after the fall of the Western Roman Empire until from 650 AD the northern area under the direct control of the Lombards is indicated as Bruttium or Brettia in Byzantine documents.

Origins
The land occupied by the Bruttii was inhabited in the earliest times by the Oenotrians, a native Italic tribe whose name refers to winemaking, of which the Conii and Morgetes appear to have been subordinate divisions. It was while the Oenotrians were still masters of the land that the first Greek trading outposts were founded; and the beauty of the climate and country, as well as the rapid prosperity attained by these first settlements, proved so attractive that within a few years many Greek colonies appeared.

The geographer Stephanus of Byzantium who lived in the 6th century AD, citing Antiochus of Syracuse but above all Aristophanes, points out that the Brettii were already mentioned in the 5th century BC in particular referring to the bruttia pix (Sila pitch) from the forests of the Sila region. The main wealth of Bruttium came from its forests especially in the conifers of the Sila mountains which provided shelter for grazing cattle and were a source of timber and pitch, used for waterproofing in shipbuilding or for terracotta containers, for sealing the lids of dolia (vessels) for food products, and also used in medicine or cosmetics.

In the course of the 4th century a great change took place; the Lucanians (an Oscan people), who had been gradually extending their conquests towards the south, and had already made themselves masters of the northern parts of Oenotria, now pressed forwards into the Bruttian peninsula, and established their dominion over the interior of that country and many of the Greek outposts. This probably took place after their great victory over the Thurii, near Laüs, in 390 BC.

The rise of the Bruttii is dated by ancient authors to approximately 356 BC at the time of the expedition of Dion from Athens against Dionysius the Younger of Syracuse. The wars of the latter as well as of his father with the Greek cities in southern Italy and the state of confusion and weakness to which these were reduced in consequence, probably contributed in a great degree to pave the way for the rise of the Bruttian power.

The Bruttii are represented by some ancient authors as a congregation of rebellious natives; Justin describes them as headed by 500 youths of Lucanian origin who joined the shepherds living in the forests together with other predecessor Italic tribes from the area, not just the Oenotrians, but also the Ausones, Mamertines and Sicels. These groups are described as mostly fugitive slaves by Diodorus and as "experts in affairs of war". In these stories because of their social conditions the name of the Bruttii acquired the meaning of "rebels" or "fugitive slaves".

The Bruttii spoke a variant of Oscan and Illyrian settlement in older periods provided considerable Illyrian elements.

A recent proposal is that the majority of the Brettii descended from indigenous populations of protohistoric tradition, of whom we have inscriptions in the Achaean alphabet and in the Paleo-Italic language across almost the entire territory of present-day Calabria. The Brettii, therefore, would not be slaves or descendants of the Lucanians but rather Italics from an ethnic substratum of the Oenotri starting at least from the 5th BC.

Development
The progress of the Bruttii after their first appearance in history was rapid. Expansionist aims began, and the Bruttians managed important successes both in the south and north of their territory until they impacted the east and west with the cities of Magna Graecia. They quickly became numerous and powerful enough to defy the Lucanians, and maintained their independence in the mountain districts of the interior. Their independence seems to have been readily acknowledged by the Lucanians.

The Bruttian tribes formed themselves into numerous small villages a few kilometres from each other, interspersed with fortified urban nuclei, in which they gathered the higher social classes (warriors, magistrates and priests) to make decisions for the management and defense of neighbouring villages. Money was minted, and the social fabric began to take shape with the consolidation of social classes, the most important being the warriors.

They coalesced into a league, the Confoederatio Bruttiorum, the culmination of the expansion, culture and economy of the Bruttii, and made Consentia (present-day Cosenza) their capital. The other main cities were Pandosia, Aufugum (present-day Montalto Uffugo), Argentanum, Clampetia, Bergae, Besidiae (present-day Bisignano) and Ocriculum.

In the phase preceding the Roman occupation of the region in the Hellenistic age, archaeology has identified around sixty indigenous centres in Calabria, of which fifteen are fortified.

Wars with Greek cities
Less than 30 years after their first revolt, they united with the Lucanians as allies against their Greek neighbours and attacked and occupied the Greek cities of Hipponium, Terina, and Thurii. The latter applied for assistance to Alexander, king of Epirus, who crossed over into Italy with an army, and carried on the war for several successive campaigns, during which he reduced Heraclea, Consentia, and Terina; but finally perished in a battle against the combined forces of the Lucanians and Bruttii, near Pandosia, 326 BC.

They next had to contend against the arms of Agathocles of Syracuse, who ravaged their coasts with his fleets, took the city of Hipponium, which he converted into a strong fortress and naval station, and compelled the Bruttians to conclude a disadvantageous peace. But they soon broke this treaty; and recovered possession of Hipponium. This appears to have been the period when the Bruttian nation had reached its highest pitch of power and prosperity; it was not long before they had to contend with a more formidable adversary, and as early as 282 BC they joined the Lucanians and Samnites against the growing power of Rome.

Pyrrhic War
A few years later they are mentioned as sending auxiliaries to the army of Pyrrhus, but after his defeat and his expulsion from Italy in 275 BC they had to bear the full brunt of the war. After repeated campaigns and successive triumphs of the Roman generals, Gaius Fabricius Luscinus and Lucius Papirius, the Bruttii were finally reduced to submission, and compelled to purchase peace by the surrender of one-half of the great forest of Sila, so valuable for its pitch and timber.

The Brettian settlement system seems to have dissolved probably following the defeat of Pyrrhus. The cities of Bruttium were called allies but forbidden to make alliances on their own and to mint coins. The only advantage granted by Rome was that of preserving the traditional laws, magistracies and customs: it was a formal autonomy, because the Roman garrisons installed in the fortified citadels ensured that everything was carried out according to Roman interests.

In the decades preceding the 2nd Punic war, the cities and agricultural landscapes of the Bruttii show a picture of general impoverishment, a consequence of the destruction of the Pyrrhic war and the political and social upheavals affecting the cities of Magna Graecia.

Second Punic War
The Brutti had never completely submitted and, having reorganised, took advantage of Hannibal 's invasion in 218 BC to become his allies during the Second Punic War after the Battle of Cannae. They reconquered Consentia and tried to regain their independence.

Rhegium (modern Reggio Calabria) remained firm, and was able to defy the Carthaginians throughout the war. In 215 BC, Hanno, the lieutenant of Hannibal, after his defeat at Grumentum by Tiberius Gracchus, threw himself into Bruttium, where he was soon joined by a body of fresh troops from Carthage under Bomilcar; and from this time he made this region his stronghold, from whence he repeatedly issued to oppose the Roman generals in Lucania and Samnium, while he constantly fell back upon it as a place of safety when defeated or hard pressed by the enemy. The physical character of the country rendered it necessarily a military position of the greatest strength: and after the defeat and death of Hasdrubal Hannibal himself put forces into some Bruttian territory, where he continued to maintain his ground against the Roman generals. In the last phases of the war in 204-2 BC many cities of the Bruttii surrendered to the consul Gnaeus Servilius Caepio after the conquest of Clampetia in 204 by P. Sempronius.

For four years Hannibal retained his positions in this province and made his headquarters for the most part in the neighbourhood of Crotona, but the name of Castra Hannibalis retained by a small town on the Gulf of Squillace, points to his having occupied this also as a permanent station. Meanwhile, the Romans, though avoiding any decisive engagement, were continually gaining ground on him by the successive reduction of towns and fortresses, so that very few of these remained in the hands of the Carthaginian general when he was finally recalled from Italy.

Romanisation

From Hannibal's departure towards Africa, measures adopted by the Romans under Caepio to punish them completed their romanisation and the ravages of so many successive campaigns inflicted a severe blow upon the prosperity of Bruttium. They were deprived of the right to bear arms, and en masse became slaves or employed in inferior roles as attendants of the magistrates instead of servants and not able to serve as Roman legionaries. Rome took away the office of city-state from Consentia, dissolved the Confederation and confiscated almost all the territory, transforming it into ager publicus, and the system of hill fortifications was abandoned or destroyed.

But it was some time before they were altogether crushed: for several years after the end of the Second Punic War one of the praetors was annually sent with an army to watch over the Bruttians; and it was evidently with the view of more fully securing their subjection that three colonies of Roman veteran soldiers and their families were established in their territory, two of Roman citizens at Tempsa and Crotona, and a third with Latin rights at Hipponium, to which the name of Vibo Valentia was now given. A fourth was at the same time settled at Thurii on their immediate frontier. Among the settlers at the latter were some ancestors of the first Roman Emperor, Augustus.

In the last quarter of the 2nd century BC the Via Popilia was opened which took on the role of backbone, not only military and political but also economic, of Romanisation and added to the existing Ionian and Tyrrhenian coastal routes which perhaps were restored and improved.

So complete was the romanisation of the region that the Bruttians were later not mentioned, with a few exceptions. First, their country again became the theatre of war during the revolt of Spartacus, who after his first defeats by Crassus, took refuge in the southernmost portion of Bruttium (called by Plutarch the Rhegian peninsula), in which the Roman general sought to confine him by drawing lines of intrenchment across the isthmus from sea to sea. The insurgent leader however forced his way through, and again carried the war into the heart of Lucania.

During the Civil Wars the coasts of Bruttium were repeatedly laid waste by the fleets of Sextus Pompeius, and witnessed several conflicts between the latter and those of Octavian, who had established the headquarters both of his army and navy at Vibo. Strabo speaks of the whole province as reduced in his time to a state of complete decay.

Late Empire
The traditional view was that southern Italy including Bruttii was insignificant economically and declined further in the last centuries of the empire (see Crisis of the Third Century) as elsewhere.

Between the 2nd and 3rd centuries many smaller villa-farms, which had lower productivity and could not compete with the larger ones (especially latifundia), often failed and were forced to sell them to the wealthy or more successful land owners who were able to invest in land and multiply their productivity and wealth. These were then able to expand their luxurious villas with greater opulence and monumental style. In Bruttii for these reasons, more than 60% of the villas from the Republican and early imperial period disappeared in this period, and this effect continued in the 4-5th centuries in particular the coastal areas of the region.

However, the wealth of the Roman Villa Palazzi di Casignana in the 4th century, one of many examples in the region that have been discovered in the last 20 years, shows that the area enjoyed a long period of relative tranquility and security during the 3rd and also over the next century. Indeed, the territory experienced an economic boom and significant growth in the rural population, with the numerous villas, farms, villages, churches and rural dioceses identified by surface reconnaissance and aerial photography. Nearby there were similar luxurious villas at Marina di Gioiosa Ionica (1st c. BC- 4th c. AD), Naniglio in Gioiosa Ionica, Ardore (3rd-4th c.) and at Quote San Francesco (5th- 6th c.).

The fortunate central position of this area in the Mediterranean and the good land and sea network were decisive factors for the investment by the rich Roman senatorial aristocracy and local notables in the 4th and 5th centuries, and for the holding of the imperial property which was significant in this area. Southern Italy was one of the last enclaves, between the 5th and 6th centuries, of great estates and of economic development linked to agriculture, livestock farming, craftsmanship and trade, while elsewhere in Italy the system was crumbling. The coastal area, however, was abandoned in the 5th century due to proobably to Arab incursions which led to development of centres in the safest hills in the interior, such as Gerace.

By the fifth century decline of the Western Empire, the region of Brettiōn was recorded as requesting help from the Roman Emperor from pirate raids on the coast, something that for years was recorded in error as occurring in Britain as the Groans of the Britons, due to similarity of the names.

title: Bruttians