text:
Revolver cannon

A revolver cannon is a type of autocannon, commonly used as an aircraft gun. It uses a cylinder with multiple chambers, similar to those of a revolver handgun, to speed up the loading-firing-ejection cycle. Some examples are also power-driven, to further speed the loading process. Unlike a rotary cannon, a revolver cannon only has a single barrel, so its spun weight is lower. Automatic revolver cannons have been produced by many different manufacturers.

Precursors
An early precursor was the Puckle gun of 1718, a large flintlock revolver gun, manually operated. The design idea was impractical, far ahead of what 18th century technology could achieve.

During the 19th century, Elisha Collier and later Samuel Colt used the revolver action to revolutionize handguns.

William A. Alexander of Mobile, Alabama invented a Rapid Firing Cannon Gun made from a design by Captain Weingard, both of whom also helped build the H.L. Hunley submarine. The gun was the prototype for the Gatling Gun. It was made in Mobile, Alabama and was the first to be used in the defense of Mobile. When the Confederates had to evacuate Mobile, they placed it on the ship the Magnolia to be shipped further inward for use upriver. The Union was gaining on them so to keep it out of their clutches they pushed it overboard into the river. The Union discovered the gun under the water and fished it out. In 1864 Alexander was called back to Mobile, AL. from Charleston, SC. To build one of his Rapid Firing Gun.

The Confederate States of America used a single 2-inch, 5-shot revolver cannon with manually rotated chambers during the Siege of Petersburg. The gun was captured in Danville, Virginia by Union forces on April 27, 1865.

The Hotchkiss revolving cannon of the late 19th century was not a revolver cannon in the modern sense but was rather a Rotary cannon, with multiple barrel allowing for feeding and extraction operations in parallel in different barrels.

In 1905, C. M. Clarke patented the first fully automatic, gas-operated rotary chamber gun, but his design was ignored at the time. Clarke's patent came as reciprocating-action automatic weapons like the Maxim gun and the Browning gun were peaking in popularity.

In 1932, the Soviet ShKAS machine gun, 7.62 mm calibre aircraft ordnance used a twelve-round capacity, revolver-style feed mechanism with a single barrel and single chamber, to achieve firing rates of well over 1800 rounds per minute, and as high as 3,000 rounds per minute in special test versions in 1939, all operating from internal gas-operated reloading. Some 150,000 ShKAS weapons were produced for arming Soviet military aircraft through 1945.

Around 1935, Silin, Berezin and Morozenko worked on a 6000 rpm 7.62 mm aircraft machine gun using revolver design, called SIBEMAS (СИБЕМАС), but this was abandoned.

Modern
It was not until the mid-1940s that the first practical revolver cannon emerged.

The archetypal revolver cannon is the Mauser MK 213 from World War II, from which almost all current weapons are derived. However, various problems, such as only moderate improvements in rate of fire and muzzle velocity, coupled with excessive barrel wear, and the effects of the Allied bombing campaign against German industry, meant that at the end of the war only five prototypes (V1 to V5) of either 20 mm MG 213 or 30 mm MK 213 were finished. In the immediate post-war era the unfinished weapon, and the engineers who worked on it, were seized by the Allies to continue development; Both the British and French worked on the 30 mm versions of the MK 213, producing the ADEN and DEFA, respectively. Switzerland produced the Oerlikon KCA. The American M39 cannon used the 20 mm version, re-chambered for a slightly longer 102 mm cartridge, intermediate between the MK 213's 82 mm and Hispano-Suiza HS.404's 110 mm case lengths. Several generations of the basic ADEN/DEFA weapons followed, remaining largely unchanged into the 1970s.

Around that time, a new generation of weapons developed, based on the proposed NATO 25 mm caliber standard and the Mauser 27 mm round. A leading example is the Mauser BK-27. In the 1980s, the French developed the GIAT 30, a newer generation power-driven revolver cannon. The Rheinmetall RMK30 modifies the GIAT system further, by venting the gas to the rear to eliminate recoil.

Larger experimental weapons have also been developed for anti-aircraft use, like the Anglo-Swiss twin barrel but single chamber 42 mm Oerlikon RK 421 given the code name "Red King" and the related single-barrel "Red Queen" - all of which were cancelled during development. The largest to see service is the Rheinmetall Millennium 35 mm Naval Gun System.

Soviet revolver cannon are less common than Western ones, especially on aircraft. A mechanism for a Soviet revolver-based machine gun was patented in 1944. The virtually unknown Rikhter R-23 was fitted only to some Tu-22 models, but later abandoned in favor of the two-barrel, Gast gun Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 in the Tu-22M. The Rikhter R-23 does have the distinction of being fired from the space station Salyut 3. The Soviet navy has also adopted a revolver design, the NN-30, typically in a dual mount in the AK-230 turret.

Characteristics
With a single barrel mated to a cylinder with multiple chambers, this type of autocannon uses the revolver principle to accelerate the cycle of loading, firing and ejecting multiple rounds of ammunition, achieving a very high rate of fire compared to conventional cannon of the same calibre.

Compared to rotary autocannon
Automatic revolver cannons generally have a lower maximum sustained rate of fire than that of rotary cannons because their barrel suffers from much higher heating loads, as it alone must fire every round. Rotary autocannons are capable of a rate of fire of up to 10,000 rounds per minute (such as the Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-23), while revolver cannons are capable of a rate of fire of up to 2,000 rounds per minute. However, revolver cannons are generally able to be made much lighter than rotary autocannons, requiring less support and mounting hardware—rotary autocannons spin the whole multiple barrel and breech assembly, which, in equal caliber versions, can weigh hundreds of kilograms more in comparison (though the weight per rounds fired is lower for the rotary). The firing rate of a rotary autocannon is directly related to the rotational speed of the barrel cluster. The need to accelerate this cluster generally requiring a large, external power supply means that the maximum attainable rate of fire is not immediately available. In addition, rotaries suffer from lower accuracy, a consequence of dispersion caused by multiple barrels rotating at a varying speed. As a result of their design, revolver cannons lack these issues altogether.

Examples

 * ADEN cannon
 * DEFA cannon
 * GIAT 30
 * M39 cannon
 * Mauser BK-27
 * Mauser MK 213
 * Oerlikon KCA
 * Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun
 * Rheinmetall RMK30
 * Rikhter R-23

title: Revolver cannon


text:
Thomas Barlow (bishop)

Thomas Barlow (1607, 1608 or 1609 – 8 October 1691) was an English academic and clergyman, who became Provost of The Queen's College, Oxford, and Bishop of Lincoln. He was seen in his own time and by Edmund Venables in the Dictionary of National Biography to have been a trimmer (conforming politically for advancement's sake), and have a reputation mixed with his academic and other writings on casuistry. His views were Calvinist and strongly anti-Catholic – he was among the last English bishops to dub the Pope Antichrist. He worked in the 1660s for "comprehension" of nonconformists, but supported a crackdown in the mid-1680s and declared loyalty to James II of England on his accession, though he had supported the Exclusion Bill, which would have denied it to him.

Early life
Barlow was the son of Richard Barlow of Long-gill in the parish of Orton, Eden in Westmorland (now Cumbria). He was educated at Appleby grammar school. Aged 16, he entered Queen's College, Oxford, as a servitor, rising to be a tabarder (scholar). He took his BA degree in 1630 and his MA in 1633, when he was elected a fellow of his college. In 1635 he was appointed metaphysical reader to the university, being seen as a master of casuistry, logic, and philosophy. Among his pupils was John Owen.

He associated at Oxford with Robert Sanderson and particularly with Robert Boyle, who made Oxford his chief residence from 1654 to 1668. Barlow was a learned Calvinist, who opposed Jeremy Taylor and George Bull, and with Thomas Tully was one of the guardians in Interregnum Oxford of acceptable orthodoxy. On the death of John Rouse, Barlow was elected to the librarianship of the Bodleian on 6 April 1652, a post he held until he succeeded to the Lady Margaret professorship in 1660. He favoured the scholars Anthony à Wood, Anthony Horneck, whom he had appointed as chaplain in Queen's, and Thomas Fuller, and was hospitable to Christopher Davenport. He spoke of infant baptism in a letter to John Tombes, which later affected his prospect of preferment.

Barlow retained his fellowship in 1648 with support from John Selden and his former pupil John Owen, having contributed anonymously a tract on the parliamentary visitation of Oxford in that year. He became Provost of his college in 1657. In 1658 he brought tactful support to Sanderson on behalf of Boyle.

Under Charles II
On the Restoration, Barlow was one of the commissioners for restoring the members of the university who had been ejected in 1648 and expelling the intruders. On behalf of John Owen, molested for preaching in his own house, he mediated with Edward Hyde, the Lord Chancellor. Henry Wilkinson was removed as Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity on 25 September 1660, in favour of Barlow. A few days before, on 1 September, he had taken his degree of D.D., one of a batch of loyalists created doctors by royal mandate. On the death of Barton Holiday in 1661, Barlow was appointed Archdeacon of Oxford, but there was a delay caused by a dispute between him and Thomas Lamplugh, ultimately decided in Barlow's favour, who was eventually installed on 13 June 1664. Barlow meanwhile was accused by Wood of underhand meddling in the election of Thomas Clayton to the wardenship of Merton College in 1661.

Barlow wrote at the request of Robert Boyle an elaborate treatise on "Toleration in Matters of Religion" at this time, but it was not published until after his death (in Cases of Conscience, 1692). Barlow's reasoning is based more on expediency than on principle. He shows that the religious toleration he advocates does not extend to atheists, papists or Quakers. Earlier, when Jews were applying to Cromwell for readmission into England, Barlow had composed "at the request of a person of quality" a tract on "Toleration of the Jews in a Christian State", published in the same collection. On the other hand, Barlow was one of a group of Oxford grandees hostile to the Royal Society, along with John Fell, Obadiah Walker, and Thomas Pierce. He was an enemy of the "new philosophy" (as propounded by leading Royal Society members), giving as his confessional reasons that it was "impious if not plainly atheistic, set on foot and carried on by the arts of Rome," so designing to ruin the Protestant faith by disabling men from defending the truth. He noted the Catholic background of Descartes, Gassendi, Mersenne and Du Hamel. His Directions to a young Divine for his Study of Divinity of this period contain a catalogue of theological works classified by subjects, with remarks on their value and character.

As pro-vice-chancellor of the university in 1673, he called in question William Richards, Chaplain of All Souls College, for Arminian doctrine in a sermon at St Mary's. He censured on doctrinal lines the publication of George Bull's Harmonia Apostolica. He wrote much in this period, but published little. Mr. Cottington's Divorce Case, on which Barlow's reputation as an ecclesiastical lawyer and casuistic divine mainly rests, was written in 1671.

Barlow was prominent in two abortive schemes of comprehension (inclusion into the state church) set on foot in October 1667 and February 1668. The "Comprehensive Bill", based on the Declaration of Breda, was drawn up by Sir Robert Atkyns and Sir Matthew Hale, and revised and endorsed by Barlow and his friend John Wilkins. Its introduction was frustrated by a Commons declaration and the plan was finally dropped. Barlow had some part in the release of John Bunyan from Bedford gaol in 1677.

In 1675, Barlow became Bishop of Lincoln through the good offices of two secretaries of state, Sir Joseph Williamson and Henry Coventry, both graduates of Queen's College, the latter having been his pupil; Gilbert Sheldon was opposed. Barlow's consecration (on 27 June) did not occur in the customary Lambeth Chapel, but in the chapel attached to the Holborn palace of the Bishop of Ely (then Peter Gunning). George Morley of Winchester was the consecrating prelate. Barlow resided mostly at Buckden Palace, near Huntingdon, and was accused of never having entered his own cathedral. The Bishop's Palace at Lincoln had still not been repaired after the damage done in the English Civil War, although George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax remonstrated with Barlow on the subject in 1684.

Barlow told his friend Sir Peter Pett that the real ground of hostility was not his avoidance of Lincoln, but his continuing hostility to Catholicism. In 1678, when Titus Oates forwarded his theory of a Popish Plot, Barlow had publicly declared enmity to the papists and their supposed leader, James, Duke of York. When the bill enforcing a test against popery was introduced, which excluded such peers from the House of Lords, Gunning of Ely defended the church of Rome from the charge of idolatry, but Barlow answered him vehemently. In 1680, while the Popish Plot panic was still at its height, he republished under the title of Brutum Fulmen, the papal bulls of Pius V and Paul III, pronouncing the excommunication and deposition of Queen Elizabeth and of Henry VIII, with inflammatory comments, and learned proofs that "the pope is the great Antichrist, the man of sin, and the son of perdition." In 1682 appeared Barlow's answer to "whether the Turk or pope be the greater Antichrist." He confirmed this in a letter of 1684 to the Earl of Anglesey, arguing again that "the pope is Antichrist."

When in 1684 Henry Viscount St John was convicted of killing Sir William Estcourt in a brawl, and Charles II used the royal prerogative for his pardon, Bishop Barlow published an elaborate tract (1684–1685) in support of regal power to dispense with penal laws. This was succeeded by "a case of conscience", proving that kings and supreme powers had authority to dispense with the positive precept condemning murderers to death. In the same year (1684), as the persecutions of nonconformists increased in violence and the quarter sessions of Bedford published "a sharp order" enforcing strict conformity, Barlow issued a letter to the clergy of his diocese requiring them to publish the order in their churches. A "free answer" was written to this letter by John Howe.

Under James II
When the Catholic James II became king, Barlow swiftly declared loyal affection to the new sovereign. When James issued his first declaration for liberty of conscience, Barlow was one of four bishops who sent an address of thanks to the sovereign and caused it to be signed by 600 of his clergy. He also issued a letter defending his conduct. James Gardiner, then sub-dean, was a strong whig and refused to sign the address, but on the appearance of the second declaration of 1688, Barlow addressed an equivocal letter to his clergy (on 29 May 1688).

Under William and Mary
William and Mary, on coming to the throne, demanded a new oath of hostility toward Rome. Barlow voted with the bishops that James had abdicated and took the oaths to his successors. He was reportedly ready to replace non-jurors in his diocese. Barlow died at Buckden on 8 October 1691 aged 84 and was buried in the chancel of the parish church, by his own desire in the same grave as his predecessor William Barlow. A monument on the north wall commemorates both in an epitaph of his composition.

Works
Thomas Barlow's writings include:
 * Exercitationes aliquot metaphysicae de Deo (1637)
 * Plain reasons why a Protestant of the Church of England should not turn Roman Catholic (1688)
 * Cases of Conscience (1692)

Library Collections
At his death in 1691, Barlow bequeathed 54 manuscript volumes and a variety of printed books to the Bodleian Library. About 600 books from Barlow's collection, especially duplicates (books already owned by the Bodleian) went to the library of Queen's College, Oxford. The printed books from Barlow's library, which was finally assimilated into the Bodleian in 1694, are currently held under the shelfmark "Linc." for Linconiensis, a reference to Barlow's title as the Bishop of Lincoln.

According to William Poole, "Barlow’s books are of especial value because he was a compulsive annotator." A staunch Calvinist, Barlow often made annotations to argue with the theology of the authors he read. Poole adds that Barlow "marked" books as though he were reading "tutorial essays" from students. Barlow's annotations have also been useful to scholars because he often made biographical notes about authors, other works they had written, and other editions of the same work.

Many of the printed books in Barlow's library that are currently held at the Bodleian reflect his interest in theology, the reign of Charles I, and events during the English Civil War and Interregnum. These include many shorter polemical pamphlets and tracts related to volatility in the 1640s and 50s such as

Barlow's manuscripts at the Bodleian cover a range of subjects, genres, and time periods. These include
 * F 2.63(25) Linc.: A declaration: or, representation from His Excellencie, Sir Tho. Fairfax, and the Army under his command: Humbly tendred to the Parliament concerning the just and fundamental rights and liberties of themselves and the kingdom. (1647)
 * C 13.13(45) Linc.: Matters of great note and consequence: 1 Divers questions upon his Majesties last answer concerning the militia resolved upon by both Houses of Parliament to be of dangerous consequence. 2 A true relation of the strange and untimely deathes which hath successively befalen all the nobility and others, which have beene the possessors of Shirborne Castle, in Dorset-shire since that it was unlawfully usurped and taken from the church by King Stephen in Anno Dom. 1100. Which castle is now in the possession of George Lord Digby, and how the case stands with him I leave to the courteous reader to censure. Whereunto is added, certaine articles of high treason against the said Lord Digby (1642)
 * C 14 6[9] Linc.: A short story of the rise, reign, and ruine of the Antinomians, familists & libertines, that infected the churches of New-England: and how they were confuted by the Assembly of ministers there: as also of the magistrates proceedings in court against them. Together with Gods strange and remarkable judgements from heaven upon some of the chief fomenters of these opinions; and the lamentable death of Ms. Hutchison. Very fit for these times; here being the same errours amongst us, and acted by the same spirit. Published at the instant request of sundry, by one that was an eye and eare-witnesse of the carriage of matters there. (1644)

 * Medieval literature:
 * Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (MS Barlow 20)
 * Classical rhetoric:
 * Cicero's De inventione rhetorica (MS Barlow 40)
 * Church history:
 * Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History (MS Barlow 3)
 * Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica (MS Barlow 39)
 * Contemporary theology:
 * The Presbyterian Platforme simply sett downe (MS Barlow 19)
 * Papers written by Barlow's fellow Bishop James Ussher whose work Barlow helped edit:
 * MS Barlow 10
 * MS Barlow 13

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Thomas Barlow (bishop)


text:
C. L. Gloger

Constantin Wilhelm Lambert Gloger (17 September 1803 near Grottkau, Silesia, Kingdom of Prussia – 30 December 1863 in Berlin) was a German zoologist and ornithologist.

Gloger was the first person to recognise the structural differences between swallows and swifts, and also the first to put up artificial bat boxes.

He was the originator of what is now known as Gloger's rule, which states that dark pigments increase in races of animals (birds were the examples in which he originally noticed the pattern) living in warm and humid habitats. He put forward this theory in his Das Abändern der Vögel durch Einfluss des Klimas (1833). The exact way this pattern is actually caused is still unclear, but in birds it has been suggested that darker pigmented plumage provides protection against feather-degrading bacteria, whose activity is greater in warm and humid regions. His other works include Gemeinnütziges Hand- und Hilfsbuch der Naturgeschichte (1841).

title: C. L. Gloger


text:
West Cheshire Association Football League

The West Cheshire Association Football League (commonly known as the West Cheshire League) is an English football league in the county of Cheshire, which also includes teams from Merseyside. Its current principal sponsor is Carlsberg, also sponsor of the South West Peninsula League. It has a Division One, Division Two and Division Three. Division One sits at step 7 (or level 11) of the National League System.

The top five teams may be eligible for promotion to the North West Counties Football League Division One. After several triumphs in Division One, Cammell Laird was promoted to the North West Counties League in 2004, and its reserve team, which had won Division Two, was promoted to Division One. It was the only team since Vauxhall Motors to be promoted from the league, until Runcorn Town was promoted in 2010. In 2014, Vauxhall Motors returned to the league.

The league also runs cup competitions.

Division One

 * Aintree Villa
 * Bootle St Edmund's
 * Capenhurst Villa
 * Chester Nomads
 * Ellesmere Port Town
 * Heswall
 * Litherland REMYCA reserves
 * Maghull
 * Marine U23s
 * Marshalls
 * Mersey Royal
 * Mossley Hill Athletic
 * Newton
 * Prescot Cables reserves
 * Rainhill Town
 * Vauxhall Motors reserves

Division Two

 * Ashville reserves
 * Bootle reserves
 * Cheshire Lines
 * Helsby
 * Maghull reserves
 * Mallaby
 * Marshalls reserves
 * Mossley Hill Athletic reserves
 * Poulton Royal
 * Poulton Victoria
 * Runcorn Sports
 * South Liverpool reserves
 * South Sefton Borough
 * Sutton Athletic
 * West Kirby

Division Three

 * Aintree Villa reserves
 * Capenhurst Villa reserves
 * Chester Nomads reserves
 * Ellesmere Port Town U23
 * Groves Athletics
 * Helsby reserves
 * Heswall U23
 * Higher Bebington Kelma
 * Hooton
 * Neston Nomads
 * Poulton Victoria reserves
 * Rainhill Town reserves
 * Runcorn Sports reserves
 * South Liverpool thirds
 * West Kirby reserves

1920s
No known league tables found although it is believed that the competition did operate in the period.

1930s
No known league tables found although it is believed that the competition did operate in the period.

1940s
All football competitions were suspended in for the seasons from 1940–41 to 1945–46 due to the Second World War.

2020s
Sources FA Full-Time,Non League Matters


text:
Millerstown

Millerstown may refer to:

Places

 * Ireland
 * Millerstown, County Westmeath, a townland in the civil parish of Killucan

 * United States
 * Millerstown, Kentucky
 * Millerstown, Champaign County, Ohio
 * Millerstown, Sandusky County, Ohio
 * Millerstown, Pennsylvania, in Perry County
 * Millerstown, Blair County, Pennsylvania
 * Macungie, Pennsylvania, which was known as Millerstown until officially renamed in 1875

title: Millerstown


text:
User:Benschop

Nico F. Benschop

Geldrop (Noord Brabant) - The Netherlands

Researcher at Philips Research Labs (Eindhoven) 1970 - 2002 Prof. (part-time) TU-Delft /EE: Digital VLSI Design 1981 - 1987 Retired nov-2002.

Subjects - Digital IC design methods : . . . State-Machines, Arithmetic, Logic circuits . . . Book  The Associative Structure of State Machines , see Abstract: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Network_Theory

Education : HBS-B. . highschool (Ede, Enschede) 1952 - 1957 HTS-EE. . . . . (Enschede - denHaag) 1957 - 1960 Mil.Serv. AirForce. (Breda - Ypenburg) 1960 -1962 TU-Delft. . . . . . . . . . . . . MSc/EE 1966 Univ-Waterloo, Canada. . PhD/EE 1970

Homepage : http://home.claranet.nl/users/benschop Hobbies, see http://home.claranet.nl/users/benschop/play.htm Favorite links http://home.claranet.nl/users/benschop/links.htm

Abstract
 The Associative Structure of State Machines by Nico F. Benschop.

Subtitle: An Associative Algebra Approach to Logic, Arithmetic and Automata.

Book (Feb 2011: 11 chapters, bibliography, 217 pgs): http://abc.nl/search/detailed.php?isbn=9789491030031&valuta=g Engineering synthesis of State-Machines, Arithmetic and Logic. Formal approach (Semigroup structure) - Background: Industrial Research.

http://home.claranet.nl/users/benschop/preface.htm

ACM Computer Review: - http://home.claranet.nl/users/benschop/ACMreview.txt by Prof. Harvey Cohn (CUNY)

Relevant subjects are Associative algebra, Algebraic structure and:

Purpose : This book is intended for researchers at industrial laboratories, teachers and students at technical universities, in electrical engineering, computer science and applied mathematics departments, interested in new developments of modelling and designing digital networks (DN : combinational and sequential logic, arithmetic) in general, as a combined math/engineering discipline. As background an undergraduate level of modern applied algebra will suffice.. [1]. Birkhoff-Bartee (1970) - Modern Applied Algebra [2]. Clifford-Preston (1960) - Algebraic Theory of Semigroups (part I) [3]. Hartmanis-Stearns (1970) - Algebraic structure of Sequential Machines
 * Computer Science: Basic structure of algorithms, software, hardware, Automaton, finite state machine (FSM) : Sequential logic.
 * Finite transformation semigroup: Function Composition, Residue Arithmetic, Boolean Algebra : Combinational logic.
 * Electrical Engineering: Digital circuit design, Combinational and Sequential logic, Finite Log-arithmetic with single- and dual bases.

Summary : The basic ideas of algebra relating to the structure of sequential and combinational logic, although well known from discrete mathematics [1][2], will be recalled briefly and, for practical state machine design purposes, interpreted in terms of the original additive and multiplicative arithmetic principles from which they developed in the nineteenth century (essentially the 1840's - Boole, Hamilton, Grassmann) The subsequent three parts follow the developments in reverse historical order: I. Sequential logic (state machines), II. Combinational logic (Boolean algebra), and III. Arithmetic. The respective disciplines: CS/EE/NT (computer science/ electrical engineering digital circuit design/ number theory) are merged under one heading: - - Finite Associative Algebra = Finite transformation Semigroups - - including: -- Non-commutative function composition, for sequential logic -- Commutative arithmetic (+, x) for residues and integers -- Commutative and Idempotent for combinational logic (binary, Boolean)

Structured Design : The original motivation for this work appears in appendix A, which is a report on the state of the art of computing science in 1973 (ICS73 Davos) regarding a controversy about the existence of a software crisis, and the need for more attention to ’structure’ in programming and design. In matters of abstract mathematical material with practical applications, there is the usual dilemma of how to present it: — either top down : starting with an abstract concise definition of the essential concepts involved and developing the consequences, ending up with corollaries, as selected examples of important special cases; — or bottom up : by appealing to practical (engineering) intuition and experience, to begin with special essential examples and applications, and gradually extracting their abstract essence to develop the general theory. This dilemma is here resolved by alternating these two approaches, with a preference for starting bottom-up. By familiar examples in arithmetic, digital circuits or state machines, the essence of a formal viewpoint is introduced, as basis for computer aided design (CAD) synthesis algorithms in practice. Synthesis is taken to mean: efficient binary coding of a - functionally specified - symbolic description of desired sequential or combinational logic behaviour.

Intro : Essential concepts and their engineering interpretation are introduced in a practical fashion with examples, e.g:

- - the elementary components of sequential behaviour (the 5 basic state machine types) For the initial motivation of structured design, see appx-A.
 * The known 5 non-isomorphic semigroups of order 2 as :
 * Any finite semigroup S is the sequential closure of a state Machine, uniquely decomposable as a coupled network of the 5 basic machine types.
 * Two of the five basic component types are non-commutative (branch- and reset- machines), the other three occur in residue arithmetic semigroups.
 * Excluding these non-comm've components, non-commutativity of S can be modelled by coupling - with combinational logic functions - between components (which does not occur if S is commutative).
 * Finite Group Decomposition (of any permutation machine) requires only right-congruence(s), thus proper subgroups suffice. Hence also a non-trivial simple group (like A5, without normal subgroup, resp. full congruence) can be decomposed as a coupled network of prime cycle machines, contrary to Krohn-Rhodes' decomposition which uses only 2 of the 5 basic machine types (reset- and permutation machines) and has the rather complex non-trivial simple groups (minimal order 60) as indecomposable components.
 * Binary Residue Arithmetic : each k-bit odd residue is a unique signed power of 3. So each residue n == +/- 3^i.2^j mod 2^k for unique natural pair i<2^(k-2), j<k, yielding an efficient dual base for log-arithmetic (US patent #5923888).
 * Fault Tolerant Logic by Error Correcting Codes : the known Hamming-code and Product-code methods for reliable transmissions can also be applied to (non-linear) Boolean combinational logic circuits. Practical examples show the trade-off between protection performance and cost.
 * Planar Boolean Functions : a new representation of BFn (n-input Boolean functions) uses the concept of (rank-) spectrum as an ordered sequence of n+1 natural numbers that characterizes a circuit, based on counting paths (minterms) in an orthogonal XY grid onto which a BFn is mapped. An essential algebraic composition property holds : the Spectrum of a (disjoint) product of BF's is the product of their Spectra : Sp(F1 * F2) = Sp(F1) x Sp(F2), where disjoint means: no common input(s).
 * Residue Arithmetic (mod m_k): The additive structure of multiplicative residue arithmetic semigroup S(*) [mod m_k] is analysed, for two characteristic moduli: m_k = p^k (prime power), and m_k = \prod{p_k} (the product of the first k primes). This yields insight into notoriously difficult representation theorems of Fermat, Waring and Goldbach (for integers, by controlled extension of residues with a carry, constructively breaking the Hensel lift ).

-- The 11 chapters (PDF format): Preface + Table of Contents + 2 Reviews --- http://home.claranet.nl/users/benschop/preface.pdf

title: User:Benschop


text: User talk:12.72.7.130

title: User talk:12.72.7.130


text:
User:Rafaelji

I am a teacher in Córdoba, Spain. I like art, history, photography and travelling. I am constructing a modest web page: http://tu.auna.es/zonaweb/rafaelji

title: User:Rafaelji


text:
H3 (pyrotechnics)

H3 is a pyrotechnic composition which is used mostly as a burst charge for small diameter shells. It is friction and shock sensitive, as are most compositions containing chlorates. For this reason, H3 should be mixed using the "diaper method" and not with a ball mill. The composition consists of:

 * Potassium chlorate (KClO3) (oxidizing agent) - 75%
 * Charcoal (fuel) - 25%
 * Dextrin (binder) - 2% (additional percent)

Due to the potassium chlorate, H3 should not be mixed with sulfur or compositions containing sulfur, as sulfur increases the sensitivity of the mixture.

title: H3 (pyrotechnics)


text:
Kavya Madhavan

Kavya Madhavan (born 19 September 1984) is a former Indian actress, who appeared predominantly in Malayalam films. She made her debut in 1991 as a child artist in Pookkalam Varavayi. Her debut role as one of the lead actresses (other being Samyuktha Varma) was in Lal Jose's Chandranudikkunna Dikkil in 1999, when she was in the ninth grade. Its success established her status as one of the leading actress in the Malayalam industry during the 2000s. She has acted in over 75 movies. She has won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress twice, for her performances in Perumazhakkalam (2004) and Khaddama (2010).

Early life
Kavya was born on 19 September 1984 to parents P. Madhavan and Shyamala. She hails from Nileshwaram village in Kasaragod. She has a brother Midhun Madhavan who is a fashion designer. She did her schooling at Nileshwaram Rajas high school. She learnt classical dance during her school days and participated in many dance competitions and won prizes. She was a kalathilakam at a sub district school's Youth festival.

Acting career
Kavya first appeared as a child artist in Kamal's film Pookkalam Varavayi (1991) at the age of six in a cameo role along the students in a bus. Subsequently, she was offered parts in other projects such as Pavam IA Ivachan (1994), Parassala Pachan Payyannur Paramu (1994) by P. Venu and Azhakiya Ravanan (1996), directed by Kamal. She was offered one of the female lead in Chandranudikkunna Dikkil, also starring Dileep, in 1999. After the success of Chandranudikkunna Dikhil, Kavya and Dileep became a popular pairing in Malayalam cinema, and they worked together in 21 movies. Some of their movies are Thenkasipattanam (2000), Darling Darling (2000), Dhosth (2001), Meesa Madhavan (2002) which was one of biggest grosser of the year and was directed by Lal Jose, Mizhi Randilum (2003) in which she played a double role, Sadanandante Samayam (2003), Thilakkam (2003) directed by Jayaraj, Runway (2004) directed by Joshiy, Kochi Rajavu (2005), Lion (2006) again directed by Joshiy, Chakkaramuthu (2006), Inspector Garud (2007), Paappi Appacha (2010), Vellaripravinte Changathi (2011) and Pinneyum (2016). Most of their movies were in the romantic comedy genre.

She also acted in films with Mammootty and Mohanlal, and in movies with several stars, such as Ee Pattanathil Bhootham, Christian Brothers and China Town.

She got critical acclaim for her performance of the role of Ganga in Perumazhakkalam for which she won 2004 Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress and for the role of Ashwati in Gaddama where she played a housemaid working in Saudi Arabia. The movie was based on a feature by K. U. Iqbal, published in Bhashaposhini. The movie was directed by her mentor Kamal, and she got her second Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress for 2011. She won the 2011 Kerala Film Critics Awards for Best Actress, Amrita-FEFKA Film Awards for Best Actress, Best Actress-Malayalam cinema in 59th Filmfare Awards South and Best Actress in Thikkurissy Foundation Awards. She was part of big grossers like Christian Brothers and China Town in 2011 and was selected as Top Star (Female) 2011 in Malayalam.

She was cast in Adoor Gopalakrishnan's Naalu Pennungal in which she played a supporting role.

Though she had many offers from Tamil cinema, she was very reluctant to act due to her busy schedule in Malayalam. Her first was Kasi (2001) which was the remake of Vinayans Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum. She went on to act in En Mana Vaanil and Sadhu Miranda and enjoyed moderate success.

She wrote lyrics for the song "En Khalbillulloru Pennaanu" for the film One Way Ticket (2008) and for Akashavani (2016). She sang her first movie song for the Malayalam film Matinee (2012). She has appeared in many advertisements, TV shows, short films and stage shows. She also sang songs for the movies Hadiya (2017) and Daivame Kaithozham K. Kumar Akanam (2018).

From acting as a child to acting as an actress, Sreeja has provided voice to her in many films. Devi, Praveena, Bhagyalakshmi and Vimmy Mariam George and Nithuna Nevil Dinesh have also lent their voices in some films.

Personal life
Kavya married Nishal Chandra on 9 February 2009, after which she moved to Kuwait. However, she returned home in June the same year and filed for divorce on 24 July 2009. Both Kavya and Nishal appeared before the court on 25 May 2011 and expressed their willingness for a mutual divorce. The divorce was granted on 30 May 2011. She married actor Dileep on 25 November 2016 at Vedanta Hotel, Kochi. The couple have a daughter, Mahalakshmi born on 19 October 2018.

Kavya owns a textile shop named Laksyah. In April 2013, Mathrubhumi Books published a collection of memoirs written by Kavya, titled Kathayil Alpam Kavyam which gives a glimpse into her childhood memories and the experiences of her school days and in the film industry. The book was released by writers Subhash Chandran and Deedi Damodaran at a function held in K. P. Kesava Menon Hall in Kozhikode on 11 April.

title: Kavya Madhavan


text:
Category:Renaissance gardens

 * Renaissance era gardens — including Italian Renaissance gardens, subsequent French Renaissance gardens, and those modeled on them elsewhere.

title: Category:Renaissance gardens


text:
Millersburg

Millersburg may refer to several places in the United States:

 * Millersburg, Illinois, an unincorporated community in Mercer County
 * Millersburg, Indiana, a town in Elkhart County
 * Millersburg, Hamilton County, Indiana, an unincorporated community in Jackson Township
 * Millersburg, Orange County, Indiana, an unincorporated community in Stampers Creek Township
 * Millersburg, Warrick County, Indiana, an unincorporated community in Campbell Township
 * Millersburg, Iowa, a city in Iowa County
 * Millersburg, Kentucky, a city in Bourbon County
 * Millersburg, Michigan, a village in Presque Isle County
 * Millersburg, Missouri
 * Millersburg, Ohio, a village in Holmes County
 * Millersburg, Oregon, a city in Linn County
 * Millersburg, Pennsylvania, a borough in Dauphin County

title: Millersburg


text:
User talk:Rafaelji

¡Vaya! si que has llegado lejos ;) saludetes, Willy

title: User talk:Rafaelji


text:
Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico

The Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico (Asamblea Legislativa de Puerto Rico) is the territorial legislature of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, responsible for the legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico. The Assembly is a bicameral legislature consisting of an upper house, the Senate (Spanish: Senado) normally composed of 27 senators, and the lower house, the House of Representatives (Spanish: Cámara de Representantes) normally consisting of 51 representatives. Eleven members of each house are elected at-large rather than from a specific legislative district with all members being elected for a four-year term without term limits.

The structure and responsibilities of the Legislative Assembly are defined in Article III of the Constitution of Puerto Rico which vests all legislative power in the Legislative Assembly. Every bill must be passed by both houses and signed by the Governor of Puerto Rico to become law. Each house has its unique powers. The constitution also states that each house shall be the unique judge on the legal capacity of its members. The constitution also grants parliamentary immunity to all elected members of the Legislative Assembly.

The assembly currently in session is the 19th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, composed of the 27th Senate and the 31st House of Representatives.

The Legislative Assembly convenes at the Capitol in San Juan.

History
The House of Representatives is the oldest legislative body in Puerto Rico. It was formed on November 25, 1897, when the Spanish government of Prime Minister Práxedes Mateo Sagasta granted autonomy to the archipelago, creating a House that was composed of 32 members. In addition to the House, there was also an Administrative Council of 15 members, eight of whom were elected by a "Colegio de Compromisarios" and the other seven were named by the Governor General in representation of the Spanish monarch.

After Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States on July 25, 1898, as part of the Spanish–American War, a military government was imposed archipelago. This was until April 12, 1900, when the U.S. Congress approved the first civil government for Puerto Rico under the federal Foraker Act. The act granted the archipelago with a civil governor (named by the U.S. President) and a House of Delegates composed of 35 members elected by the people of Puerto Rico, as well as an Executive Council of 11 members, designated all by the U.S. president, and six sitting members consisting of the governor's cabinet.

The political arrangement under the Foraker Act continued until 1917. On March 2 of that year, president Woodrow Wilson approved the Jones–Shafroth Act, which provided for the creation of an completely separate legislative branch with regards to the Executive branch in sections 25-39 of the statute. It established a House of Representatives with 39 members and a Senate of 19 members, all elected directly by the people of the unincorporated territory. Puerto Rico was then divided into 7 senatorial districts and 35 house districts. The first Senate of Puerto Rico was elected in July 1917.

The unincorporated territory is divided into 8 senatorial and 40 House districts. On July 25, 1952, the Constitution of Puerto Rico was formally adopted, establishing the current House of Representantes and Senate as the bicameral houses of the Legislative Assembly (as stated in Article III).

Powers
The Constitution of Puerto Rico vests all legislative powers in the Legislative Assembly. Each house has the sole power to be the judge of the legal capacities of its members. The members of both houses are protected by parliamentary immunity, which Article III, Section 14 states "no member of the Legislative Assembly shall be imprisoned...", they also shall not be held accountable for anything said in the floor.

Each House holds exclusive powers that are not given to the other. The House of Representatives has the exclusive power to initiate an impeachment process and the Senate the exclusive power to pass judgement. All laws dealing with the commonwealth budget or taxes must originate in the House of Representatives. The Senate retains the exclusive power to extend its consent to appointments to government offices made by the governor (judges, cabinet secretaries and others) as stated by law or Constitution.

The Legislative Assembly, with the consent of two-thirds of each chamber may propose amendments to the constitution. Proposed amendments are then subject to approval by the people of Puerto Rico in a referendum. It also has the power to consolidate or create municipalities.

Qualifications
Under Article III, Sections 5 and 6, members of the Legislative Assembly must be fluent in either Spanish or English, must be a citizen of the United States and Puerto Rico, and have resided in Puerto Rico for at least two years prior to their election. Senators must be at least 30 years old, while House representatives must be at least 25 years old. Both Senators and Representatives (except those elected at-large) must reside in their constituent district at least one year prior to their election.

Sessions
The following is a list of legislative assemblies, with a count starting on the legislature elected in the 1948 Puerto Rican general election, following the enactment of the Puerto Rico Elective Governor Act of 1947 by president Harry S. Truman.

• 1949–1953: 1st

• 1953–1957: 2nd

• 1957–1961: 3rd

• 1961–1965: 4th

• 1965–1969: 5th

• 1969–1973: 6th

• 1973–1977: 7th

• 1977–1981: 8th

• 1981–1985: 9th

• 1985–1989: 10th

• 1989–1993: 11th

• 1993–1997: 12th

• 1997–2001: 13th

• 2001–2005: 14th

• 2005–2009: 15th

• 2009–2013: 16th

• 2013–2017: 17th

• 2017–2021: 18th

• 2021–2025: 19th

Moves to unicameralism
Act No. 477 of September 23, 2004 provided for a referendum to be held on July 10, 2005, in which Puerto Rican voters were to indicate if they favored changing the Legislative Assembly to a single house, or maintain the bicameral legislature established by the 1917 Jones Act, which had been retained (with modifications) by the 1952 Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. A vote for unicameralism would constitute a mandate for the Legislative Assembly to hold a second referendum on July 9, 2007, on the constitutional amendment that would establish a unicameral legislature by 2009.

In the unicameral referendum held on July 10, 2005, Puerto Rican voters approved a mandate for the Legislative Assembly to hold a second referendum on the constitutional amendment that would establish unicameral legislature by 456,267 votes in favor, versus 88,720 against; voter turnout was only 22.6%, the lowest turnout figure in Puerto Rico's electoral history, vastly below the 81.7% that had gone to the polls just a few months earlier for the general election. Another referendum was scheduled for July 2007 to approve the specific amendments to the Constitution of Puerto Rico that are required for the change. However, the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ruled in June that it could not force the Legislative Assembly to initiate a constitutional amendment process to become a single chamber legislature. Further moves to unicameralism have been tabled.

Agencies
Agencies of the legislative branch include:

 * Commission on Civil Rights
 * Comptroller
 * Office of Legislative Services
 * Ombudsman
 * Superintendency of the Capitol

title: Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico


text:
Talk:Walter E. Williams

Photo/portrait request
As the two previous photos of WEW have been recently deleted, could someone please provide a "free" portrait -- perhaps by contacting his office? TIA, Pete Tillman (talk) 21:53, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

Austrian School?
I know Williams has been influenced by specific Austrians (notably Hayek), but should he be considered a member of the Austrian School per se? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.28.248.41 (talk) 23:28, 21 July 2012 (UTC)
 * He is Hayekean AFAIK, but not sure. Do you know something else? --MeUser42 (talk) 23:45, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

Awkward?
Is it me or is this sentence really awkward? "Williams was born into a Black family." Is the point of the sentence to mention that Williams is an African American? --Xerographica (talk) 03:36, 19 November 2012 (UTC)
 * The sentence would be helpful in describing Steve Martin's charcter Navin in "The Jerk". In the case of Walter Williams, it is such an obvious point that it is silly to mention it.  I am glad to see someone removed it.Gunbirddriver (talk) 22:14, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

Talented in inconsistent performance
It is said "Williams was a talented high school student who displayed a very inconsistent performance in his studies". I don't think this assertion has any place in an encyclopaedia. It relies on no evidences and is actually about a very subjective judgement. Talented in what? according to whom and whichn criteria? How does it come we know he was talented if his performances were - at least sometimes - poor? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.197.239.81 (talk) 11:15, 4 December 2016 (UTC)

 * I don't know exactly why someone wrote a sentence as "Williams was a talented high school student who displayed a very inconsistent performance in his studies" - but I do understand how the statement is not inconsistent. The phenomenon of intelligent and capable students receiving poor grades in some, or all, education subjects can be due to multiple factors. A common explanation (whether true to the individual or not) is "not being challenged enough." Another reason is sometimes to imply an early sign of someone's maverick-outlier personality (ie not doing as expected). Also can infer he had a preference for a few subjects at the expense of other ones. ... Without knowing what the editor was paraphrasing, the why/how cannot be determined with certainty. But that does not mean that the statement is false or nonsense.

 * Maybe it just needs a rewrite and a citation to his autobiography (or to essay or interview whereas he self-references his past).In Chapter 1 of his autobiography, Williams discusses a period in late high school, the influence his high school teacher (Rosenberg) had on him, and his academic history. He shares stories about what his mother did in response to what was regarded as under achievement. He shared the results of one report card (page 19) that angered his mother and resulted in a discussion with his teachers. "The grades were: English III (D-despite my general proficiency in English), American History (D), Geometry (B), Physics (D), French (B), Physical Education (B), Health Education (A)." Long story short: He was regarded as capable, in at least the subject of English, and perhaps could be said as 'talented' in substitution to 'smart', but wasn't taking his education seriously and his academic record reflected this without identifying the reason.(See his autobiography) Roxanne-snowden (talk) 02:48, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

Party affiliation
The article places Dr. Williams in two different Republican categories. Is he a Republican? I can't find anything that confirms his party affiliation. SunCrow (talk) 05:49, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Dr. Williams has predominant associations with Republicans and Libertarians. Both of these parties can have a lot of overlap. After sincere efforts to find confirmation of his party affiliation, I wasn't able to locate a firm confirmation of a party membership. I suspected he was unaffiliated as a registered voter, probably in the long term. What his affiliation is does influence his public perception. I suspect he is aware of this and minimizes it. Through information he has shared publicly, I was able to look up his voter record. Williams is an active voter and is listed as "NON-PARTISAN". He votes for 6TH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT, 19TH SENATORIAL DISTRICT, & 157TH LEGISLATIVE DISTRICT. There is no direct link to share. While I used info reasonably available and that the info is publicly available, I'm not comfortable listing all the personal data. In 15 minutes of searching, that info is obtainable and can be added and verified. I am not sure how to cite government records generated online.

 * On a page unavailable in the preview to his autobiography, on page 114, there was a small excerpt when searching using Google Books on party affiliations. The comment found, lacking any context, was "(It also attracted the name "the meeting of black Republicans, although neither Tom nor I are Republicans.) Quite a few of the attendees were Democrats and at least two were officials in the Democratic party...)" He uses "are" and not "were" or "was" - it suggests to me that he was not a Republican in the past but also not a Democrat. I didn't find anything about him being a Libertarian party member. Hope this helps. Roxanne-snowden (talk) 04:13, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

Essays
I ended up collecting numerous facts and sources associated with Walter Williams while locating the citations for a passage removed on Benedict College. This could be of use for editors of this page, so I wanted to make a mention, Refer to my 7/18/20 contribution to the main controversy section of the Benedict college talk page.

BTW, Google has his autobiography up "Up from the Projects: An Autobiography" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Roxanne-snowden (talk • contribs) 14:49, 18 July 2020 (UTC)

I inaccurately edited this page 11 years ago, mistake still here
In 2009 I edited this page to say that Walter's cousin is Julius Erving. I did this during class when Walter made a joke about being related to him. Walter loved making jokes. I had the audio recording as a source. Over the years I found a few web pages repeating this claim, but those linked back to the wikipedia page. wikipedia then used those pages as citations for the claim. Currently there is a National Review article making the claim as a source, but this may have been the journalist looking at wikipedia.

Maybe Walter wasn't joking this time, he was quite tall after all. But until there is more evidence, this claim needs to be removed until there is more evidence. Its not mentioned in his autobiography. I feel bad about mis-representing the man's life. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C6:9980:6901:3D6E:B506:84B9:3387 (talk) 21:10, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Date of Death
The New York Times article cited here says Williams died on Tuesday, which was December 1. The Wall Street Journal article cited here says he died on Wednesday, which of course was December 2. Several other sources I have found say either Wednesday or December 2. For example,. I have seen the date go back in forth in the article a couple of times. Rather than get involved in an edit war, I thought I'd bring it here. Jwolfe (talk) 09:29, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Libertarianism in the United States
When I hover my cursor over the picture of faces in this section it does not always display the right names. Jokem (talk) 20:40, 5 December 2020 (UTC)
 * That comes from Template:Imagemap American libertarians, which was created by . I've never worked with imagemaps, so I can't tell, but perhaps there is a mistake in the coding of the template. —DoRD (talk) 23:40, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Walter E. Williams


text:
User:Kjgn

hello Kjgn aressss mangs.!!xx.... sssssssss

title: User:Kjgn


text:
Thornton, West Yorkshire

Thornton is a village and former civil parish, within the metropolitan borough of the City of Bradford, in West Yorkshire, England. It lies 6 miles to the west of the city centre of Bradford, and together with neighbouring Allerton, had a total resident population in 2001 of 15,004, increasing to 17,276 in 2011 and 18,520 in 2021. Its most famous residents were the Brontës.

The preserved centre of the village retains the character of a typical Pennine village, with stone-built houses with stone flagged roofs. The surrounding areas consist of more modern housing, particularly towards the eastern and western edges of the village, still isolated from the rest of the city of Bradford by green fields.

Geography and administration
Thornton derives from Old English and means a thorn tree at a farm or settlement. It was mentioned in the Domesday Book of the 11th century, when it had been laid waste by William the Conqueror's harrying of the North, punishment for an uprising against the Norman invaders of 1066.

Thornton was formerly a township and chapelry in the parish of Bradford, becoming a civil parish in its own right in 1866. In 1865 Thornton was declared to be a Local Government District, administered by a local board. Such local boards became urban district councils under the Local Government Act 1894. Thornton Urban District existed for less than five years; in 1899 it was incorporated into the city of Bradford. The civil parish of Thornton continued to exist until 1974, but as an urban parish it had no parish council, being directly administered by the city council. In 1951 the parish had a population of 6097.

The parish was abolished in 1974 when the larger City of Bradford metropolitan borough was created, since when it has been an unparished area. Thornton comprises part of the Thornton and Allerton ward. It falls within the parliamentary constituency of Bradford West.

Its elevation, poor soils, isolation from major transport routes, and rainfall of close to 1000mm per year has limited its farming productivity. Resources such as coal, iron and sandstone, the development of turnpike roads, and the coming of the railways enabled Thornton to share in the prosperity generated by the 19th-century wool worsted trade. The increasing use of steam-powered mills (at the expense of the former cottage-industry production methods) concentrated production in the valleys of the city centre. Foreign imports, the Second World War, and closure of the railways, all contributed to the decline in manufacturing. Today, Thornton is often treated as a residential suburb of Bradford.

The main thoroughfare through the village was Market Street, until this road was bypassed in 1826 by the new Thornton Road (B6145). In the two centuries after its construction, most building work has since taken place along Thornton Road, extending the village down the slope of the hill it sits upon. This has left Market Street largely untouched and it retains its original character and stonework on the buildings. Market Street therefore forms the backbone of the conservation area in the village, while Thornton Road remains the main artery for traffic to Bradford, Allerton, Halifax, Keighley and Denholme.

Notable residents
Thornton's most famous residents were the Brontës. The Rev Patrick Brontë became the incumbent of Thornton Chapel in 1815, and Charlotte, Branwell, Emily and Anne Brontë were born at 74 Market Street, Thornton before the family moved to Haworth. In November 2023 the house was purchased by a campaign group which aims to restore and preserve the house as the Brontë Birthplace. The remains of the church where the father preached, known as the Bell Chapel, can be seen in the restored old graveyard off Thornton Road opposite the current church. The 44 mi long Brontë Way passes through Thornton on its way between Gawthorpe Hall in Lancashire and Oakwell Hall in the Birstall area.

Professional wrestler Les Kellett had a small holding and café called "The Terminus", where trolleybuses terminated before returning to Bradford, with his wife Margaret. On 2 acre behind the house Kellett sometimes bred pigs and once said he kept fifty head of cattle.

Thornton Viaduct
Thornton Viaduct was a railway viaduct for the Great Northern Railway line running from Queensbury to Keighley via Thornton. It was built in an S-shape to allow a smooth access to Thornton railway station. The viaduct is now a Grade II listed building.

The viaduct was reopened as part of The Great Northern Railway Trail between Cullingworth and Queensbury along the track bed in 2009, with a final link up to Queensbury opening in 2012.

title: Thornton, West Yorkshire


text:
Christian Motorcyclists Association

The Christian Motorcyclists Association (CMA) is an international Christian non-profit organization established in 1975. Its purpose is evangelizing to the motorcycling community.

History
CMA was started by Herb Shreve, an Arkansas pastor who purchased a motorcycle to close the generation gap with his rebellious son. He began evangelizing motorcycle rallies, and in 1975, he resigned from his church to start CMA. The organization grew to over 125,000 members and over 1200 chapters in all 50 states, and then gained chapters in 31 foreign countries, through the CMA International Ministry. René Changuion started CMA South Africa in 1980 and was the first country to be in the CMA International Coalition, now called CMA International. The UK organization was formed in 1983 when members of the Christian Bikers Association, established in the UK in 1979, approached the CMA in the USA and South Africa.

Organization
CMA is not a club but a ministry. This distinguishes CMA from other biker organizations that associate due to manufacturer brand loyalty or riding style. CMA's ministry team program is designed to "make ministers of their members." This implies a breakdown of the traditional distinction between clergy and laity that exist in most Christian ministries. Members are associated with the national organization and then independently may become members of local chapters.

CMA operates under a Board of Directors working in conjunction with six regional evangelists, a Lead evangelist, and Special Projects Evangelist, in order to support the goals and objectives of the organization. The current Chairman is John Ogden, Sr. This leadership team oversees CMA from a national level by appointing other state, area, and local leaders across the country. The headquarters is in Hatfield, Arkansas.

CMA publishes a monthly magazine, Heartbeat. The CMA is a member of Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability (ECFA) and Evangelical Press Association (EPA).

CMA (UK), which has an estimated 1,000 members, has an outreach arm called Holy Joe's whose members provide a cafe and helmet park at motorcycling shows and events. Proceeds from these and HJ's annual bike show are donated to charities such as emergency medical motorcycle couriers Freewheelers EVS.

title: Christian Motorcyclists Association


text:
Category:Construction trades workers

 * Workers and trades within the construction industry.

title: Category:Construction trades workers


text:
Dan Luger

Daniel Darko Luger MBE (born 11 January 1975) is a former English rugby union international who was a member of the squad that won the 2003 Rugby World Cup.

Club career
Dan Luger was born in Chiswick and is the son of a Croatian father (head of Croatia's rugby federation) and Czech mother. Dan was firstly educated at Ashton House School, then moving on to Latymer Upper School in Hammersmith joining local club Richmond as a junior.

Dan Luger played top flight rugby as a left or right wing for a number of England Premiership clubs from 1994 to 2003. He began as a junior at Richmond graduating to the senior XV before his twentieth birthday. Then he went on to play for he play for Orrel where he was first selected for the national team at U-21 level. His blistering pace stopped Orrell being relegated that season and he moved on to his first spell at Harlequins where he prospered earning the first of his full England caps. Luger suffered a series of injuries but was harlequins highest try scorer. He left the club following 1998-99 season and the Rugby World Cup where England lost in the quarter final to South Africa. He made the second highest metres gained in the tournament behind Jonah Lomu.

He joined London rivals Saracens for two injury hit seasons before returning to Harlequins where he continued being one of England and the British Lions star players. In 2003 he began a three-season stint with USA Perpignan in Catalonia where he became a French top 14 champion. On leaving Perpignan he played for RC Toulon where he went on to win the French pro D2 championship and was the club's highest try scorer and Rugby Nice Côte d'Azur where he combined playing with a coaching role.

International career
Although plagued by injury, his international record is exceptional: 24 tries in 38 matches. Only five players have scored more England tries having started his international career by scoring in both of his first two internationals against the Netherlands and Italy in World Cup qualifiers in 1998.

He made his first appearance for England A against Argentina at Northampton in December 1996 having played earlier that year in the World Students Cup in South Africa and for England U21s.

Luger made his international début in 1998, showing promise in the autumn 1999 World Cup qualification games, one against the Netherlands. He played in the 1999 Rugby World Cup, scoring a notable try against Fiji.

In November 2000, Luger scored a famous last minute match-winning try in an versus  match. Iain Balshaw kicked ahead and he touched down in the corner, with eight minutes of injury time played.

During the 2001 British & Irish Lions tour to Australia, Luger scored a hat-trick of tries in the opening match against Western Australia. However, an injury ended his tour, when he fractured a cheekbone in a training accident.

A try from him topped the 42-6 Grand Slam victory over Ireland at Lansdowne Road back in April 2003 and he was again on the score sheet in August when he touched down in England's 43-9 humbling of Wales at the Millennium Stadium during the World Cup warm-up matches.

He came on as an illegal substitute during the England-Samoa game at the 2003 Rugby World Cup, when the player he was intended to replace (Mike Tindall) hadn't left the field before Luger came on. Luger even made a tackle before being ordered off the field again. This led to a dispute over whether England should be fined, or perhaps even docked points as a penalty for having sixteen players on the field for a short period of time. Ultimately England were fined £10,000. He did not receive a cap for this appearance, a decision made by Clive Woodward. He was an integral part of the world champion winning side.

Luger was also a notable England Sevens player playing at international level for a number of years to 2006.

Bobsleigh
In 2009, along with Olympic medalists, Jason Gardener and Craig MacLean, and World Championship medal-winning decathlete, Dean Macey, he took part in the British Bobsleigh Championships at Cesana Pariol in Italy. He was given the position of driver and his brakeman was Craig. They qualified for the British championship. However, during their initial run Craig suffered several injuries after a collision on the track, and the duo were forced to withdraw from the competition on advice from medical specialists.

Financial services career
Luger has worked in financial sales, trading and hedge funds.

Peace Commitment
Dan Luger is a member of the 'Champions for Peace' club, a group of famous elite athletes committed to serving peace in the world through sport, created by Peace and Sport, a Monaco-based international organization.

title: Dan Luger


text:
Talk:Ompa til du dør

Fair use rationale for Image:Kaizers ompa cover.jpg
Image:Kaizers ompa cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:17, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ompa til du dør


text:
Nicolas Anelka

Nicolas Sébastien Anelka (born 14 March 1979) is a French professional football manager and retired player who played as a forward. As a player, he regularly featured in his country's national team, often scoring at crucial moments. Known for his ability to both score and assist goals, he has been described as a classy and quick player, with good aerial ability, technique, shooting, and movement off the ball, and was capable of playing both as a main striker and as a second striker.

Anelka began his career at Paris Saint-Germain, but soon moved to Arsenal. At Arsenal, he won the 1997–98 Premier League and FA Cup double. He became a first team regular and won the PFA Young Player of the Year Award the following season. He moved to Real Madrid for £22.3 million in 1999. He was part of the Real Madrid team that won the 1999–2000 UEFA Champions League, but he did not settle in well and returned to PSG in a £20 million deal. Despite regular first team football in Paris, Anelka set his eyes upon the Premier League once more, moving on loan to Liverpool in January 2002 before joining Manchester City for £13 million at the start of the 2002–03 season.

After three seasons in Manchester, he moved to Turkish club Fenerbahçe for two seasons, before returning to England to join Bolton Wanderers in deals worth £7 million and £8 million respectively. He was then transferred to Chelsea from Bolton for a reported £15 million in January 2008. At Chelsea, he won one Premier League title and two FA Cup trophies, as well as played in the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League final. In 2009, he won the Premier League Golden Boot award as the league's top goalscorer. During his transfers over the years, he has built an aggregate transfer cost of just under £90 million. After leaving Chelsea, he had brief stints at Shanghai Shenhua, Juventus, West Bromwich Albion and Mumbai City.

Anelka played 69 times at international level and won his first international honours with France at UEFA Euro 2000, and won the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup the following year. His failure to settle at club level limited his international appearances, but he returned to the national team for Euro 2008. On 19 June 2010, he was excluded by the French Football Federation (FFF) from the 2010 World Cup in South Africa for "comments directed against the national coach, Raymond Domenech." He did not play again for the national team.

Early and personal life
Anelka was born in Le Chesnay, Yvelines, to parents who had moved from Martinique in 1974. Thereafter, they settled in Trappes, near Paris. His childhood friends from Trappes include the actors Omar Sy and Jamel Debbouze. His mother is a secretary in the local high school.

Anelka is married to Barbara Tausia, a Belgian choreographer. Together, they have two sons, Kais, born in 2008, and Kahil, born in 2010. He acted in the 2002 film Le Boulet as a footballer named Nicolas. He has said that when he retires from football, he would like to work in the film industry because he has a friend in the business. He said, "I have a friend who's a producer, who makes lots of films. He recently did Astérix. So it's already agreed that I'm going to do other films. It helps to know actors and producers. It's different to football and it's something I enjoy very much because there's no ball. I like pretending to be somebody else, it's fun."

Anelka has two brothers, Claude and Didier.

After discussing religion with some childhood friends, Anelka converted to Islam in 2004 in the United Arab Emirates, taking the Muslim name of "Abdul-Salam Bilal". Anelka has said that he initially fasted during daylight hours as is required for the Muslim month of Ramadan, but "I realised I often got injured just after the period of Ramadan, so I don't observe it strictly any more". Initially, Anelka considered leaving European football to play in the UAE: "I am ready to stay here and to play for a club in the Emirates. I am not keen to go back to England or France." However, this did not come to pass and he briefly moved to Turkey instead, as well as three more English clubs.

Anelka is also known for his controversial relationship with French comedian Dieudonné M'bala M'bala and attracted widespread condemnation after performing the quenelle hand gesture, created by M'bala and regarded as anti-Semitic, on the pitch when playing for West Bromwich Albion in 2013. Anelka responded that the gesture was anti-establishment, not anti-Semitic. An FA disciplinary hearing nonetheless banned Anelka for five matches, but found that he was not anti-Semitic and had not intended the gesture to express or promote anti-Semitism. After West Brom suspended him pending their own investigation, Anelka was given notice of termination of his contract by the club due to the club and player being unable to come to terms over the conditions required for the suspension by the club to be lifted, as well as comments made by Anelka on Twitter. In 2020, Anelka said the quenelle was only a protest against his former manager Steve Clarke, who is not Jewish.

Anelka has been the subject of the 2012 Canal+ documentary L'Entrée des Trappistes about his friendship with Sy and Debbouze, and the feature-length 2020 Netflix documentary Anelka: Misunderstood.

Paris Saint-Germain
Anelka began his career at Paris Saint-Germain as a youth player at age 16.

Arsenal
In February 1997, at age 17, Anelka joined Premier League club Arsenal for a £500,000 transfer fee under newly appointed manager Arsène Wenger. The transfer caused controversy in France as Arsenal sought to sign him for free under the precedent of the recent Bosman ruling, despite there being exceptions for players under the age of 24; Wenger said this age restriction was only for domestic transfers.

His first team opportunities were limited in the 1996–97 season, but in 1997–98, he broke into the first team after a long-term injury to striker Ian Wright. In November 1997, Anelka scored his first goal for Arsenal in a 3–2 home win against Manchester United. Anelka was a key player in Arsenal's Double win of both the Premier League and FA Cup that season. Anelka scored the second goal in Arsenal's 2–0 win over Newcastle United in that season's FA Cup final.

Anelka was Arsenal's top scorer in the 1998–99 season with 17 Premier League goals. This form saw him voted the PFA Young Player of the Year, but Arsenal failed to defend their Premier League and FA Cup titles and made little progress in the UEFA Champions League. Fans turned on the striker amid transfer speculation and a perceived lack of enthusiasm, giving him the nickname "Le Sulk". During the close season, Anelka stated a desire to leave Arsenal, claiming the British press was responsible for his unhappiness in England. On 2 August 1999, he joined Real Madrid.

With regard to his time with the Gunners, Anelka later said he believes he should have never left Arsenal, a club that he has great "love" for. Of his former boss at Highbury, Arsène Wenger, Anelka is a huge admirer and a strong supporter of him. Anelka also placed at 29th in the club's compilation of the 50 Greatest Gunners of all-time. In all, he made 90 appearances for Arsenal, scoring 28 goals altogether for the club.

Real Madrid
In the summer of 1999, Anelka moved to Real Madrid for a £22.3 million transfer fee. He took time to score for the club; on a visit to the football tabloid Marca he played a FIFA game with the staff, who then released the mocking front-page headline "Anelka finally scores a goal...on a video game". He failed to score for Real Madrid in his first five months at the club, eventually recording his first goal in the opening match of the FIFA Club World Championship against Al-Nassr on 5 January 2000. Two days later, he scored twice against Corinthians in the same competition, also missing an 81st-minute penalty kick that would have given him a hat-trick.

On 28 February 2000, Anelka scored his first La Liga goal in a 3–0 defeat of rivals Barcelona in El Clásico at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. However, in March, he was suspended by club president Lorenzo Sanz after refusing to train, because of a disagreement with head coach Vicente del Bosque. After returning to the team, Anelka scored in both legs of the Champions League semi-final to give Los Blancos a 3–2 aggregate victory over Bayern Munich and advance to the competition final. He started in the final, held at the Stade de France in his home city of Paris, as Real Madrid ran out 3–0 winners over Valencia to win an eighth European Cup.

Return to Paris-Saint Germain
Anelka signed a six-year professional contract at Paris Saint-Germain in July 2000, a return to the club at which he used to play as a youth player, in a transfer deal worth £22 million. The Paris club had finished second in Ligue 1 that season, thereby qualifying for the 2000–01 UEFA Champions League. Anelka's return was met with much fanfare. Canal Plus, which owned Paris Saint-Germain, financed the transfer, while PSG sponsor Nike covered much of Anelka's compensation of £30–35,000 per week.

Anelka started well and was appointed captain of a team that was briefly at the top of 2000–01 French Division 1, but the team's form quickly dropped. In December 2000, following a 5–1 loss to Sedan, Philippe Bergeroo was replaced as PSG manager by Luis Fernández. PSG finished ninth in Ligue 1 that season, earning a place in next season's UEFA Intertoto Cup. PSG finished second in the first round of group stage, behind Bayern Munich, but finished bottom of the second group stage, behind Deportivo de La Coruña, Galatasaray and Milan.

However, once again, Anelka developed issues with his head coach, Luis Fernández (who was already under pressure for benching Ronaldinho due to his work ethic).

Liverpool (loan)
After two-and-a-half years, Anelka returned to the Premier League in December 2001 to join Liverpool on a short-term loan deal until the end of the season. He contributed to Liverpool's late push to come second in the 2001–02 FA Premier League, scoring goals against Everton, Fulham, Blackburn Rovers, Ipswich Town, and in the 2001–02 FA Cup against Birmingham City, but manager Gérard Houllier opted not to offer him a permanent deal after the end of the season in favour of signing Senegalese forward El Hadji Diouf.

Manchester City
Anelka joined Manchester City on 24 May 2002, with the £13 million transfer fee paid by manager Kevin Keegan, then a club record high. In his first season at City, Anelka was the club's top scorer with 14 goals, including a goal in the last ever Manchester Derby at Maine Road against Manchester United, against former club Arsenal and a last minute winner at Anfield after scoring a penalty just moments earlier. In his second season at City, he finished top scorer again, in the club's first season at the City of Manchester Stadium, with 25 goals. On 16 October 2004, he won and scored a penalty against Chelsea, which led to José Mourinho's first defeat as Chelsea manager.

Fenerbahçe
In January 2005, Manchester City announced Anelka had completed a £7 million transfer to Turkish team Fenerbahçe. He helped the Turkish club win the Süper Lig title in 2005, and played with them in the UEFA Cup that season, as well as the UEFA Champions League the season after.

Bolton Wanderers
On 25 August 2006, Bolton Wanderers signed Anelka on a four-year deal for a club record transfer fee of £8 million. He made his debut for Bolton against Watford on 9 September 2006. He opened his account on 19 September in a League Cup match against Walsall, scoring the last goal of a 3–1 away win. After 11 matches without a goal in the Premier League, he scored his first goals – a brace – on 25 November to help down Arsenal 3–1. He finished the 2006–07 Premier League season as Bolton's top scorer with eleven goals.

In January 2007, Anelka stated he would be willing to leave Bolton for a return to former club Arsenal. However, he pledged his future to Bolton in July 2007 following talks with manager Sammy Lee. Anelka later said he would reluctantly consider leaving the club if Bolton's poor start to the 2007–08 season continued, but later signed a new four-year contract lasting until 2011 on 30 August. In June 2020 Anelka admitted he signed the contract so that Bolton could get a bigger transfer fee when he left.

Chelsea
On 11 January 2008, it was confirmed Anelka would join Chelsea for £15 million. He made his Chelsea debut against Tottenham Hotspur on 12 January 2008, and scored his first goal two weeks later in the FA Cup against Wigan Athletic. He scored his first league goal on 2 February against Portsmouth, but failed to score again for Chelsea during the 2007–08 season.

In the 2008 Champions League final, Anelka delivered Chelsea's seventh penalty which was saved by Edwin van der Sar, resulting in Manchester United winning the competition. Anelka later blamed manager Avram Grant for his penalty miss, claiming Grant brought him on to play as a late substitute without a proper warm up beforehand and also too late in the game to acclimatize himself in it.

On 3 August 2008, Anelka scored four goals in a 5–0 friendly win against Milan.

With Didier Drogba injured at the beginning of the 2008–09 season, Anelka made a very impressive start to the campaign. His goalscoring spree won him the Golden Boot Award on 14 November 2008 for being the first player that season to score ten Premier League goals. Anelka scored his first competitive hat-trick for Chelsea against Sunderland, in a 5–0 home win on 1 November 2008, and followed this up with two braces against Blackburn Rovers, then West Bromwich Albion. He established himself as an important member of the squad and maintained his place in the team despite the return to fitness of Drogba. After the arrival of Guus Hiddink, Anelka was more often played on the wing. Furthermore, he was ranked among the top goalscorers in the league for the season. He scored another hat-trick against Watford in the FA Cup to earn Chelsea a 3–1 victory at Vicarage Road. On 10 May, he scored one goal and set up another in a 4–1 away win against former club Arsenal. Anelka did not celebrate the goal which he scored in the game, as he disclosed "he still loved Arsenal". A goal in Chelsea's final Premier League game of the season at Sunderland put him as top goal scorer for the season in the Premier League, earning him the Golden Boot with 19 goals.

Anelka scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season against West London rivals Fulham in a 2–0 win at Craven Cottage, before continuing his fine form with the opening goal in Chelsea's 3–0 win over Burnley the following weekend. He scored his third goal of the season in the opening match of the 2009–10 Champions League group stage in the 1–0 victory over Porto. Anelka scored one of the best goals of his season against APOEL in the Champions League with the ball being passed into the net from outside the box. Anelka scored his third league goal of the season against Liverpool at Stamford Bridge in a 2–0 win with the second goal coming from compatriot Florent Malouda. Anelka continued his fine scoring run in the Champions League with the winner in the 1–0 victory over Porto at the Estádio do Dragão, making Chelsea only the second ever English side to win at Porto's home ground. He continued his scoring in the season by scoring Chelsea's first goal in a 3–3 draw against Everton in the Premier League, his first goal in the competition since October. He followed that up with another goal in Chelsea's 2–1 victory over Portsmouth.

On 16 January 2010, on his return from injury, Anelka scored twice in an astonishing 7–2 victory over Sunderland. He continued this fine form into the next match scoring in an FA Cup tie against Preston North End, bringing his tally in the previous four matches to five goals. After the return of Didier Drogba from the African Cup of Nations, Anelka had been playing on the wing to support him. Anelka scored his first goal since January in a 1–0 win over his former club Bolton in April 2010, putting Chelsea four points ahead of second-place Manchester United. On the final day of the season, Anelka scored two goals against Wigan Athletic, including the first Chelsea goal in the sixth minute, to help Chelsea win their third Premier League title and their first in four years. Anelka (along with Ashley Cole) joined Henning Berg in the exclusive band of players who have won the Premier League title with two different clubs. On 24 June 2010, Chelsea announced Anelka had signed a new one-year extension to his existing contract that will keep him at the club until 2012.

Anelka started the 2010–11 campaign in fine form for Chelsea. He assisted Florent Malouda's last goal against West Brom on the opening day of the Premier League season, scored a double in the next game against Wigan Athletic, then won a penalty against Stoke City in Chelsea's third game of the season. He continued this fine form in Chelsea's first Champions League match, scoring a first half brace against MŠK Žilina. Further goals against Marseille and Spartak Moscow ensured this was the first season since playing for Paris Saint-Germain he had scored at least four goals in a Champions League season. On 19 October, during Chelsea's Champions League group stage match against Spartak, Anelka continued his impressive goal scoring form in the Champions League, scoring the second goal of the match and his 50th goal for Chelsea in the 43rd minute of the game. He ended the 2010–11 season with 16 goals from 45 appearances in all competitions.

Anelka scored Chelsea's first goal of the 2011–12 season against West Brom in a 2–1 Premier League victory. This would prove to be Anelka's final goal for Chelsea, however, as he failed to find the net in 14 further appearances in 2011. On 3 December 2011, after Chelsea's 3–0 victory against Newcastle United, manager André Villas-Boas confirmed to the media that Anelka, along with centre-back Alex, had submitted transfer requests to the club and would be free to leave Chelsea in January. On 12 December, Chelsea confirmed Anelka would join Chinese club Shanghai Shenhua. Zhu Jun, owner of Shanghai Shenhua, confirmed his club had sealed a deal with Anelka in his Weibo on 12 December 2011. This deal was later officially announced by both clubs and was finalized the same day.

In total, Anelka scored 59 goals for Chelsea in 184 appearances.

Shanghai Shenhua

On 1 January 2012, Anelka moved to Chinese club Shanghai Shenhua, with his annual salary reported to be around €12 million. Following his move, Anelka revealed he turned down the chance to join his former club PSG the previous month in favour of signing for Shanghai Shenhua, and explained that his move was because he did not have attractive offers to remain within Europe. On 21 February 2012, he scored his debut goal in a pre-season friendly match against Hunan Billows, just 40 seconds after the start of the match. Anelka failed to make his Chinese Super League (CSL) debut due to ankle injury on the opening league match of the season against Jiangsu Sainty. He eventually made his CSL debut and scored his first CSL goal on 16 March 2012, in a 3–2 away defeat against bitter rivals Beijing Guoan. On 11 April 2012, Anelka was named as part of the coaching staff to help struggling manager Jean Tigana.

On 19 June 2012, it was confirmed that Anelka's former Chelsea teammate Didier Drogba would join Shanghai Shenhua. On 7 June 2012, it was claimed Anelka was keen on a move back to the Premier League after he was involved in a heated exchange with a fan for refusing to bow in front of the travelling Shenhua fans with his teammates. Anelka provided two assists for Drogba and headed in a late equaliser to earn Shenhua a point in a 3–3 draw with Shandong Luneng Taishan on 25 August.

Juventus (loan)
On 26 January 2013, Anelka joined Italian side Juventus on a five-month loan deal. He made his debut for Juventus against Celtic in the Champions League. Anelka made two further appearances for Juventus, both in Serie A, as the club won the league title.

West Bromwich Albion
On 4 July 2013, Anelka joined West Bromwich Albion on a free transfer after being released by Shanghai Shenhua, marking another return to the Premier League, the sixth Premier League club he has played for in his career. He said he would like to end his career in England, at West Brom. On 22 August 2013, Anelka reportedly walked out of a training session telling staff he was leaving the club to retire. The reports were quickly denied by the club, which confirmed Anelka would miss one match and that he had left the session early on compassionate grounds following the death of his agent. On 28 August 2013, it was announced that since completing his week of compassionate leave, Anelka had decided to remain with the club and would begin training the following day in preparation for West Brom's forthcoming match against Swansea City. He subsequently returned full-time to the team.

Anelka scored his first goal for the club in a 3–3 draw with West Ham United on 28 December 2013, scoring a first-half brace in his first appearance in over two months. During his goal celebration he performed a quenelle, a hand gesture popularized by his comedian friend Dieudonné, described by some critics as an inverted Nazi salute. The Football Association (FA) and anti-racism organisations investigated the incident following allegations of anti-Semitism. On 27 February 2014, an FA disciplinary hearing banned Anelka for five matches, fined him £80,000 and ordered him to complete an educational course. In the hearing, the FA disciplinary hearing panel concluded, "[W]e did not find that Nicolas Anelka is an anti-Semite or that he intended to express or promote anti-Semitism by his use of the quenelle." Anelka and the FA both decided not to appeal this verdict. In the 2020 documentary Anelka: Misunderstood, Anelka said that the quenelle was only a protest at former West Brom manager Steve Clarke, who is not Jewish.

Anelka used social media to announce he was terminating his contract with West Brom. West Brom responded that Anelka had given the club no official notification of his intention to leave, and later gave him 14 days notice of termination from the club for gross misconduct.

Mumbai City FC
On 15 September 2014, Anelka joined Mumbai City of the newly formed Indian Super League. Following a three-match global ban, he made his debut on 28 October 2014 in a 5–1 defeat at Chennaiyin FC. Five days later, in his first home match at the DY Patil Stadium, Anelka scored the match's only goal to defeat Kerala Blasters. On 5 November, he scored his only other goal of the season, for a home game of the same outcome against the Delhi Dynamos. Anelka played a total of seven matches for Mumbai, as they finished seventh and did not qualify for the end-of-season play-offs.

In January 2015, Anelka had agreed a deal to join Algerian side NA Hussein Dey on an 18-month contract. However, the move was blocked by the Algerian Football Federation as, "Only those aged under 27 and playing on the international level for their countries are allowed to sign up with our clubs." Anelka subsequently returned to Mumbai and was named the team's player-manager on 3 July 2015.

International career

At youth level, Anelka played for the French under-20 team at the 1997 World Youth Championship, and made his senior team debut for France in a goalless draw with Sweden national team on 22 April 1998. Anelka was not selected for the 1998 FIFA World Cup-winning squad, but quickly became France's first choice centre forward during the UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying campaign, scoring the opening goal in France's 3–2 win over Russia on his first international start and scoring both goals in a comfortable 2–0 win over England at Wembley Stadium in February 1999. Anelka made his first appearance in a major tournament at Euro 2000, which France went on to win. He also formed part of the squad which won the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup, where he scored his only tournament goal in a 5–0 win over hosts South Korea in the opening game. In November 2002, he rejected an emergency call-up by Jacques Santini to face Serbia and Montenegro and was barred by the manager; in February 2004 he eyed a return for the UEFA Euro 2004 squad as Djibril Cissé was suspended.

In November 2005, now under, Raymond Domenech, Anelka returned to the France squad for a friendly against Costa Rica in Martinique. The match in the homeland of Anelka's parents was the team's first in the French Caribbean. He scored in the 3–2 win. When Cissé was forced out of 2006 World Cup due to injury, Lyon striker Sidney Govou was called up as Cissé's replacement rather than Anelka.

Anelka came on as a substitute in the Euro 2008 qualifier against Lithuania on 24 March 2007, and scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory. Following his performance, Anelka was praised by France manager Raymond Domenech: "It is the Nicolas I like to see... when he shows these qualities, he is a candidate for a permanent place." He also scored in the 2–0 victory against Ukraine on 2 June 2007.

Anelka featured in the France squad for Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland. Anelka started France's first group game against Romania, but was substituted after 72 minutes. He did not start either of France's remaining two games in the tournament against the Netherlands and Italy, coming on as a substitute in both games.

Anelka played a key role in France's 2010 World Cup playoff against the Republic of Ireland. He scored the winning goal in the 72nd minute that put France in a good position with one away goal.

During the 2010 World Cup, Anelka was sent home after reportedly abusing coach Raymond Domenech at half-time during the 2–0 defeat to Mexico. Following criticism of his positioning by Domenech, Anelka is reported to have said, "Va te faire enculer, sale fils de pute," meaning, "Go fuck yourself, you dirty son of a whore." The incident was later reported by the media, and the player refused to publicly apologise when asked to do so by French Football Federation (FFF) president Jean-Pierre Escalettes. The next day, the squad refused to go to training in protest against Anelka's expulsion. Anelka was subsequently given an 18-game suspension from international football by the FFF as punishment for his actions, effectively ending his international career. Anelka later claimed to be "dying with laughter" at the 18-match ban, as he had already decided to retire from international play.

Anelka took L'Équipe to court for their front page, demanding €150,000 in compensation. He lost the case as he only denied the wording of the insult that was attributed to him, and not the fact that he made an insult. In a 2018 documentary, Domenech said that Anelka only insulted his management, not him as a person or his mother.

Retirement
After retiring as a player, Anelka joined the technical staff of Dutch Eredivisie side Roda JC in February 2017, claiming he wanted to help his friend and the club's shareholder Aleksey Korotaev. In November 2018, he joined Lille as a youth forwards coach. On 3 February 2021 he became the sports director of Hyères FC, under the new ownership of Mourad Boudjellal. He departed three months later, on 4 May 2021, with no first team game taking place during his tenure due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France.

On 25 January 2024, Anelka has been appointed as the new president for TFF First League club Ümraniyespor.

International

 * Scores and results list France's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Anelka goal.

Honours
Arsenal
 * Premier League: 1997–98
 * FA Cup: 1997–98
 * FA Charity Shield: 1998

Real Madrid
 * UEFA Champions League: 1999–2000

Paris Saint-Germain
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2001

Fenerbahçe
 * Süper Lig: 2004–05

Chelsea
 * Premier League: 2009–10
 * FA Cup: 2008–09, 2009–10
 * FA Community Shield: 2009
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 2007–08
 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2007–08

Juventus
 * Serie A: 2012–13

France U18
 * UEFA European Under-18 Championship: 1997

France
 * UEFA European Championship: 2000
 * FIFA Confederations Cup: 2001

Individual
 * Division 1 Rookie of the Year: 1998
 * Premier League Player of the Month: February 1999, November 2008
 * PFA Young Player of the Year: 1998–99
 * PFA Team of the Year: 1998–99 Premier League, 2008–09 Premier League
 * Premier League Golden Boot: 2008–09

title: Nicolas Anelka


text:
Talk:Torre del Greco

(and I would have rewritten more if I didn't have a Dog to walk and dinner to fix in a few minutes).

Untitled
Torre del Greco is not a province, and does not have a million inhabitants. For the official information on Italian regions, provinces, and comuni, see the [ISTAT site].

Therefore anything after that, that didn't involve just the town of TdG, became irrelevant. Didn't check the two remaining wines for example, but Fiano di Avellino is the wine of Avellino, a town and province of Campania. Most of the stuff about the food should probably be thrown out, since not specific to TdG or even relevant to it, but rather to the town or province of Naples; same probably goes for the funicular and the songs. What's left is vague.

The historical side was no better. "Torre" is the Italian word for "tower", not a Latin word, and the history was a vague hash. Torre del Greco was not important in Roman times; etc. — Bill 21:46, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Torrese
Removed pejorative "slang" reference. Removed "Kayla..." example, it was misspelled and completely incorrect in its given etymology (should be "chella", same root as the Italian "quella") the etymology for "troia" is incorrect as well (as far as I know, the Helen of Troy etymology is a folk etymology- comes from the Low Breton for "male pig", in Italian it means "sow" or "prostitute", same for Neapolitan and Torrese).E. abu Filumena 01:29, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The section about "torrese dialect" is a nonsense. "Guagliona" and "guaglione" are used in all of Campania, as well as Molise and Abruzzo, and a big part of Puglia. Half the Italian south. There isn't a torrese dialect separated from the Neapolitan one. --Gspinoza 22:30, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Coral
Wrong. There's not much coral in the nearby sea. Most of the coral comes from japan or other areas. We just process it, nothing more.

Notable People
This is a list of unknown people with their professions given in Italian. Delete? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.172.84.166 (talk) 08:55, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:56, 30 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Stemma Città Metropolitana di Napoli.png

title: Talk:Torre del Greco