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Bernard Lonergan

Bernard Joseph Francis Lonergan (17 December 1904 – 26 November 1984) was a Canadian Jesuit priest, philosopher, and theologian, regarded by many as one of the most important thinkers of the 20th century.

Lonergan's works include Insight: A Study of Human Understanding (1957) and Method in Theology (1972), as well as two studies of Thomas Aquinas, several theological textbooks, and numerous essays, including two posthumously published essays on macroeconomics. The projected 25-volume Collected Works with the University of Toronto Press is now complete. Lonergan held appointments at the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome; Regis College, Toronto, as distinguished visiting professor at Boston College, and as Stillman Professor of Divinity at Harvard University.

Aims
By his own account, Lonergan set out to do for human thought in our time what Thomas Aquinas had done for his own time. Aquinas had successfully applied Aristotelian thought to the service of a Christian understanding of the universe. Lonergan's program was to come to terms with modern scientific, historical, and hermeneutical thinking in a comparable way. He pursued this program in his two most fundamental works, Insight and Method in Theology.

One key to Lonergan's project is self-appropriation, that is, the personal discovery and personal embrace of the dynamic structure of inquiry, insight, judgment, and decision. By self-appropriation, one finds in one's own intelligence, reasonableness, and responsibility the foundation of every kind of inquiry and the basic pattern of operations undergirding methodical investigation in every field.

A second key, one which subsumes the first, is a global "turn to the idea" of functionally specialized collaboration. Lonergan's hope was that his discovery and articulation of eight dynamically-related but distinct tasks would, in good time, subsume, if not replace, the splintered and oftentimes isolated results of what he called "field specialization" and "subject specialization" that prevail in the modern university. Along the same lines, in the 1969 essay "The Future of Christianity," he wrote that the transition from "classicist culture" to "modern culture" would require "a complete restructuring of Catholic theology." The needed restructuring applies to all academic disciplines and all creeds.

Lonergan is often associated—with his fellow Jesuits Karl Rahner and Joseph Maréchal—with "transcendental Thomism", i.e., a philosophy which attempts to combine Thomism with certain views or methods commonly associated with Immanuel Kant's transcendental idealism. However, Lonergan did not regard this label as particularly helpful for understanding his intentions.

Life
Bernard Joseph Francis Lonergan was born on 17 December 1904 in Buckingham, Quebec, Canada. After four years at Loyola College (Montreal), he entered the Upper Canada (English) province of the Society of Jesus in 1922 and made his profession of vows on the Feast of St Ignatius of Loyola, 31 July 1924. After two further years of formation and education, he was assigned to study scholastic philosophy at Heythrop College, then in Oxfordshire, in 1926. Lonergan respected the competence and honesty of his professors at Heythrop, but was deeply dissatisfied with their Suarezian philosophy. While at Heythrop, Lonergan also took external degrees in mathematics and classics at the University of London. In 1930 he returned to Canada, where he taught for three years at Loyola College, Montreal.

In 1933, Lonergan was sent for theological studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. He was ordained to the Catholic priesthood in 1936. After a year of Jesuit formation ("tertianship") in Amiens, Lonergan returned to the Gregorian University in 1937 to pursue doctoral studies in theology. Due to the Second World War, he was whisked out of Italy and back to Canada in May 1940, just two days before the scheduled defence of his doctoral dissertation. He began teaching theology at College de l'Immaculee Conception, the Jesuit theology faculty in Montreal in 1940, as well as the Thomas More Institute in 1945–46. In the event, he would not formally defend his dissertation and receive his doctorate until a special board of examiners from the Immaculee Conception was convened in Montreal on 23 December 1946.

Lonergan taught theology at Regis College (a theological school attached to the University of Toronto) from 1947 to 1953, and at the Gregorian University from 1953 to 1964. At the Gregorian, Lonergan taught Trinity and Christology in alternate years, and produced substantial textbooks on these topics. In 1964, he made another hasty return to North America, this time to be treated for lung cancer. He was appointed again to Regis College from 1965 to 1975, was Stillman Professor of Divinity at Harvard University in 1971–72, and distinguished visiting professor at Boston College from 1975 until 1983. He died at the Jesuit infirmary in Pickering, Ontario, on 26 November 1984.

Influences
Lonergan described the genesis of his thought up to the mid-1950s in an interview. Augustine and John Henry Newman were major influences upon his early thinking. J. A. Stewart's study of Plato's doctrine of ideas was also influential.

In the epilogue to Insight, Lonergan mentions the important personal transformation wrought in him by a decade's apprenticeship to the thought of Thomas Aquinas. He produced two major exegetical studies of Thomas Aquinas: Grace and Freedom, and Verbum: Word and Idea in Aquinas.

Works
The University of Toronto Press has published Lonergan's work in a 25-volume series, Collected Works of Bernard Lonergan.

Grace and Freedom
Lonergan's doctoral dissertation was an exploration of the theory of operative grace in the thought of Thomas Aquinas. His director, Charles Boyer, S.J., pointed him to a passage in the Summa theologiae and suggested that the received interpretations were mistaken. A study of Thomas Aquinas on divine grace and human freedom was well-suited to his interest in working out a theoretical analysis of history. The dissertation was completed in 1940; it was rewritten and published as a series of articles in the journal Theological Studies. The articles were edited into a book by J. Patout Burns in 1972, and both the revised and the original version of his study were subsequently published in his Collected Works as Grace and Freedom: Operative Grace in the thought of St. Thomas Aquinas.

Verbum: Word and Idea in Aquinas
After his return from Rome, Lonergan wrote a series of four articles for Theological Studies on the inner word in Thomas Aquinas which became highly influential in the study of St. Thomas' accounts of knowledge and cognition. The articles were later collected and published under the title Verbum: Word and Idea in Aquinas.

Insight: A Study of Human Understanding
In 1945 Lonergan gave a course at the Thomas More Institute in Montreal that extended from September to April 1946 entitled "Thought and Reality," and the success of that course was the inspiration behind his decision to write the book Insight. While teaching theology at Collegium Christi Regis, now Regis College affiliated with the University of Toronto, Lonergan wrote Insight: A Study of Human Understanding, inaugurating the generalized empirical method (GEM). GEM belongs to the movement of "transcendental Thomism" inaugurated by Joseph Maréchal. This method begins with an analysis of human knowing as divided into three levels – experience, understanding, and judgment – and, by stressing the objectivity of judgment more than Kant had done, develops a Thomistic vision of Being as the goal of the dynamic openness of the human spirit.

Method in Theology
In 1972, Lonergan published Method in Theology, which distinguishes eight groups of operations ("functional specialties") in theology. Indeed, method is a phenomenon which applies across the board in all disciplines and realms of consciousness. Through his work on method, Lonergan aimed, among other things, to establish a firm basis for agreement and progress in disciplines such as philosophy and theology. Lonergan believed that the lack of an agreed method among scholars in such fields has inhibited substantive agreement from being reached and progress from being made, whereas in the natural sciences, for example, widespread agreement among scholars on the scientific method has enabled remarkable progress. The chapter on "Religious Commitment" in Method in Theology was delivered in a lecture at The Villanova University Symposium and published in: The Pilgrim People: A Vision with Hope, Volume IV (ed. Joseph Papin, Villanova University Press, 1970). Karl Rahner, S.J., however, criticized Lonergan's theological method in a short article entitled: "Some Critical Thoughts on 'Functional Specialties in Theology'" where he states: "Lonergan's theological methodology seems to me to be so generic that it really fits every science, and hence is not the methodology of theology as such, but only a very general methodology of science." In fact, by the time of writing Method in Theology, Lonergan had recognized that his proposal was along interdisciplinary lines. Moreover, his proposal was intended to move theology off a "list of academic disciplines" by appealing to patterns of operations yielding progress in "successful sciences." Lonergan's thinking in Method was, indeed, inspirational in bringing theological and psychology together in a unique way, e.g., Bernard J. Tyrrell, "Christotherapy: A Theology of Christian Healing and Enlightenment Inspired by the Thought of Thomas Hora and Bernard Lonergan" in The Papin Festschrift: Wisdom and Knowledge, Essays in Honour of Joseph Papin, Volume II (ed. Joseph Armenti, Villanova University Press, 1976, pp. 293–329).

Trinitarian theology
While at the Gregorian University, Lonergan composed a two-volume Latin textbook, De Deo Trino (third edition, 1964). It has recently appeared in the Collected Works together with an interleaf English translation under the title The Triune God: Doctrines (2009) and The Triune God: Systematics (2007).

In The Triune God: Doctrines, Lonergan begins with an examination of the dialectical process by which the dogma of the Trinity developed in the first four centuries. This section was previously published in English as The Way to Nicea. The second section of the work advances dogmatic theses on (1) the consubstantiality of the Son with the Father, (2) the divinity of the Holy Spirit, (3) the distinction of the divine persons by relations of origin, and (4) the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son (the Filioque). The fifth and final thesis is that the Trinity is a theological mystery in the strict sense and can only be understood analogically. A concluding scholion presents New Testament evidence in favor of the "psychological" analogy of the Trinity.

In The Triune God: Systematics, Lonergan develops the theory of intelligible (or spiritual) emanations in God as propounded by Thomas Aquinas. The volume begins with a discussion of the method of systematic theology which seeks an imperfect but highly fruitful understanding of the mysteries of faith by means of analogies. The following chapters develop an analogical conception of the divine processions (as intelligible emanations), relations, persons, and the two missions of the Word and Spirit.

Christology
Lonergan produced two textbooks in Christology. In 1956 he produced a supplemental volume De Constitutione Christi Ontologica et Psychica; the fourth and final edition of 1964 was presented in the Collected Works with an interleaf translation as The Ontological and Psychological Constitution of Christ (2002). Lonergan clarifies the metaphysical principles of Christ's constitution as one person in two distinct natures, and transposes that framework to address the consciousness of Christ as a single subject of two distinct conscious subjectivities.

Beginning with an edition of 1960, Lonergan introduced his own textbook for his Christology course, De Verbo Incarnato. Subsequent editions were published in 1961 and in 1964. De Verbo Incarnato is divided into four parts. The first part is an interpretation of the divinity and humanity of Christ as presented in the New Testament (thesis 1). The second part recapitulates the formation of the dogmatic theological tradition of Christology up through the monothelite controversy in the seventh century (theses 2–5). The third part, which covers much the same material as The Constitution of Christ but in a somewhat different manner, formulates what Lonergan calls "theological conclusions" from the hypostatic union regarding the ontological constitution of Christ as one person in two natures (theses 6–9), and his psychological constitution as a single subject of two subjectivities (thesis 10). The fourth part concerns "what belongs to Christ" (de iis quae christi sunt), including his grace, knowledge, sinlessness, and freedom (theses 11–14). The fifth and final section regards the redemptive work of Christ, in three theses: redemption in the New Testament (thesis 15), the satisfaction given by Christ (thesis 16), and "Understanding the Mystery: The Law of the Cross," presenting Lonergan's synthetic understanding of Christ's work (thesis 17).

He also produced a separate treatise on the Redemption, of uncertain date and never published. This treatise treats, in six chapters divided into 45 articles, good and evil, divine justice, the death and resurrection of Christ, the cross of Christ, the satisfaction given by Christ, and the work of Christ.

Among Lonergan's more noteworthy contributions to Christology include his theory about the ontological and psychological constitution of Christ, his interpretation of Christ's human knowing, and his interpretation of Christ's redemptive work.

Both De Verbo Incarnato and the supplement on Redemption are in preparation for the Collected Works. The plan is to present two volumes, The Incarnate Word, which would include theses 1–14 in Latin with an interleaf English translation, and The Redemption, which would include theses 15–17 and the supplement on Redemption.

Macroeconomics
In the 1930s and early 1940s, Lonergan developed an intense interest in macroeconomic analysis, but never published the manuscript he developed. In later life while teaching at Boston College, Lonergan returned his attention to the economic interests of his younger days. From 1978 until 1983, Lonergan taught the course "Macroeconomics and the Dialectic of History" at Boston College for one semester each year. The University of Toronto Press has published his two works on economics: For a New Political Economy and Macroeconomic Dynamics: An Essay in Circulation Analysis

Philosophy: generalized empirical method
Lonergan described his philosophical program as a generalization of empirical method (GEM) to investigate not only data given through exterior sensation, but also the internal data of consciousness. More specifically, objects are known while considering the corresponding operations of the subject and vice versa, experiencing and the subsequent operations of the intellect being components of both knowing and reality. Method, for Lonergan, is not a technique but a concrete pattern of operations.

Lonergan maintained what he called critical realism. By realism, he affirmed that we make true judgments of fact and of value, and by critical, he based knowing and valuing in a critique of consciousness. GEM traces to their roots in consciousness the sources of all the meanings and values that make up personality, social orders, and historical developments. A more thorough overview of Lonergan's work is available at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Lonergan's ideas include radical unintelligibility, theological critical realism, and functional specialization. Given the fact that no science can today be mastered by a single individual, Lonergan advocated sub-division of the scientific process in all fields. One of the leading voices in the effort to implement functional specialization was Philip McShane. McShane expressed his view about the profound importance of implementing functional specialization, or what he preferred to call "functional collaboration," in an observation followed by a question: "Intellectual labour has been dividing and divided throughout the past five hundred years in a way that fosters isolated (and often irrelevant) specialization. Is there another way of moving forward in the search for relevant understanding, patterns of genuine progress?" ("What is this website about?") His efforts to "seed functionality" permeate many of his essays, articles, and books. He wrote the introductory book Futurology Express (Axial Publishing, 2013) to express his hope for a revolution -- named "The Turn-Around" in chapter 1-- from academic effeteness to collaborative efficiency. See further: on Research, Functional Research, a book-length issue of the Journal of Macrodynamic Analysis (vol. 9, 2016); on Interpretation, see Interpretation from A to Z (Axial Publishing, 2020); on History, see "Reinventing History," chapter 10 of ChrISt in History; on Dialectic, see “On the Stile of a Crucial Experiment” (Divyadaan: Journal of Philosophy and Education, vol. 31, no. 3 (2020), 327–344); on Foundations, see "Foundations and the Notion of Objectivity," chapter 10 of The Allure of the Compelling Genius of History (Axial Publishing, 2015); on Doctrines see "Doctrines of Economics," chapter 12 of Futurology Express; on Systematics, see "Systematics and Elements of Metaphysics," chapter 15 of The Allure of the Compelling Genius of History; on Communications, see "Systematics, Communications, Actual Contexts," chapter 7 of ChrISt in History.

Hermeneutics
Frederick G. Lawrence has made the claim that Lonergan's work may be seen as the culmination of the postmodern hermeneutic revolution begun by Martin Heidegger. Heidegger replaced Edmund Husserl's phenomenology of pure perception with his own linguistic phenomenology. Hans-Georg Gadamer worked out this seminal insight into his philosophical hermeneutics. According to Lawrence, however, Heidegger, and in a lesser way, Gadamer, remained under the influence of Kant when they refused to take seriously the possibility of grace and redemption. Lawrence makes the observation that Heidegger—influenced also by Augustine's inability to work out a theoretical distinction between grace and freedom—conflated finitude and fallenness in his account of the human being. "Sin" is therefore absorbed into "fallenness," and fallenness is simply part of the human condition. Lonergan builds on the "theorem of the supernatural" achieved in medieval times, as well as on the distinction between grace and freedom worked out by Thomas Aquinas, and so is able to remove all the brackets and return to the truly concrete with a unique synthesis of "Jerusalem and Athens."

Honours
In 1970, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.

In 1971, Loyola College, one of Concordia University's founding institutions, awarded him the Loyola Medal. Concordia also awarded Lonergan an honorary doctorate in 1977.

Conferences and journals
An annual Lonergan Workshop is held at Boston College, under the leadership of Frederick G. Lawrence. The proceedings of the Workshop are published under the same name, Lonergan Workshop, edited by Frederick G. Lawrence. The Workshop began in Lonergan's lifetime and continued after his death. The West Coast Methods Institute sponsors the annual Fallon Memorial Lonergan Symposium at Loyola Marymount University. The Lonergan Symposium has been meeting for 32 years.

Boston College has a Lonergan Institute, and also publishes the bi-annual Method: Journal of Lonergan Studies. The journal was founded, and edited until 2013, by Mark D. Morelli. The Lonergan Studies Newsletter is put out four times a year by the Lonergan Research Institute, Toronto; it provides the most up-to-date bibliographical information on the Lonergan movement. Recently, Seton Hall University has put out The Lonergan Review.

Lonergan Centres have been set up in various places (see below, External links). The Lonergan Research Institute at Toronto holds the Lonergan archives as well as a good collection of secondary material, including a complete collection of dissertations on Lonergan's work. Much of the primary archival material is available online at the Bernard Lonergan Archive (see below, External links), and a site for secondary material has also been set up, thanks to the work of Robert M. Doran.

title: Bernard Lonergan


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Muzaffarnagar

Muzaffarnagar is a city under Muzaffarnagar district in the Indian State of Uttar Pradesh. It is situated midway on the Delhi - Haridwar/Dehradun National Highway (NH 58) and is also well connected with the national railway network. It is known as the sugarbowl of Uttar Pradesh.

The city previously called Sarwat and is located in the middle of the highly fertile upper Ganga-Yamuna Doab region and is very near to New Delhi and Saharanpur, making it one of the most developed and prosperous cities of Uttar Pradesh. It comes under the Saharanpur division. This city is part of Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) and Amritsar Delhi Kolkata Industrial Corridor (ADKIC). It shares its border with the state of Uttarakhand and it is the principal commercial, industrial and educational hub of Western Uttar Pradesh.

History
The earliest settlers of Muzaffarnagar and the region around it were Brahmins and Rajputs, followed by later migrations of Jat and Gurjar tribes. The town was established in 1633 by the son of a Mughal Commander Sayyid Muzaffar Khan Barha, otherwise known as Khan-i-Jahan, during the reign of Shah Jahan. At the time Muzaffarnagar was part of the Barah country as it was intimately connected with the Indian Muslim kinship group called the Barah Sayyids, who controlled the upper Doab. From Muzaffarnagar, the influential Sayyid brothers became de-facto rulers of the Mughal empire in the 1710s. The Indian Muslim inhabitants of Barha especially from near the town of Jansath were heavily recruited in the Mughal army and in the personal cavalry of the Sayyid Brothers.

In 1901, during the British Raj, it was a district in the Meerut Division in United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. In 1947, when the country got independence Indian flag was hoisted for the first time in the Muzaffarnagar City.

On 18 October 1976, during "The Emergency, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's suspension of democracy in India, between 25 and 30 people protesting against compulsory sterilisation were killed when Uttar Pradesh police fired into the crowd.

2013 Muzaffarnagar riots
The 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots between Hindus and Muslims resulted in 62 deaths.

According to a May 2015 report in India Today:"Shamli and adjoining Muzaffarnagar districts are considered sensitive ever since large-scale communal violence erupted in August and September 2013. More than 50 people had died and over 50,000 were rendered homeless ... The riot that ensued had engulfed many districts of western UP." Some politicians have demanded that the city name be changed from Muzaffarnagar to Lakshminagar.

Topography
Muzaffarnagar is 272 meters above sea level in the Doab region of Indo-Gangetic Plain. It is 125 kilometres north east of the national capital, New Delhi, and 200 kilometres south east of Chandigarh, and near to Roorkee, Saharanpur, Meerut & Bijnor.

Climate
Muzaffarnagar has a monsoon influenced humid subtropical climate characterised by much hot summers and cooler winters. Summers last from early April to late June and are extremely hot. The monsoon arrives in late June and continues until the middle of September. Temperatures drop slightly, with plenty of cloud cover but with higher humidity. Temperatures rise again in October and the city then has a mild, dry winter season from late October to the middle of March. June is the warmest month of the year.

The temperature in June averages 30.2 °C. In January, the average temperature goes to as low as 7 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year. The average annual temperature in Muzaffarnagar is 24.2 °C. The highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded in Muzaffarnagar are 45 C on 29 May 1994 and -2.6 C on 23 December 1990 respectively. The rainfall averages 929 mm. The driest month is November, with 8 mm of rain. Highest precipitation falls in July, with an average of 261.4 mm.

Demographics
2011 census, Muzaffar Nagar municipality had a population of 351,838 The municipality had a sex ratio of 897 females per 1,000 males and 12.01% of the population were under six years old. Effective literacy was 85.16%; male literacy was 88.83% and female literacy was 81.05%. The urban/metropolitan population is 494,792, of which 261,338 are males and 233,454 are females.

Religion
The city has 55.79% Hindus, 41.39% Muslims, 1.7% Jains, 0.67% Sikhs, 0.67% Buddhists and 0.17% Christians

Language
The Khariboli dialect is the native tongue of the city which resembles the Haryanvi dialect of adjoining Haryana. The official languages of Hindi, Urdu and English are also widely understood.

Economy
Sugar and jaggery production are important industries in the district. As a result of the farming activities around, the city is an important hub of jaggery trading business.

Muzaffarnagar is an industrial city with sugar, steel and paper being the major industries. District Muzaffarnagar has 8 sugar mills. More than 40% of the region's population is engaged in agriculture. According to Economic Research firm Indicus Analytics, Muzaffarnagar has the highest agricultural GDP in Uttar Pradesh, as well as UP's largest granary.

Healthcare
Muzaffaranagar has both public and private healthcare system. The District hospital is the major government hospital in the city along with several general practitioners in the city. The city is also catered by a private medical college (Muzaffarnagar Medical College) on the outskirts of the city.

Transportation

Muzaffarnagar connected by road and railway networks. The Ghaziabad - Saharanpur line passes through the city. Indian Railways provides connections to New Delhi, Western Uttar Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, South India, and other parts of the country. Dehradun Shatabdi Express and Dehradun Jan Shatabdi Express trains pass through and halt at the Muzaffarnagar station. The National Highway - 58 (NH-58) passes through Muzaffarnagar city. This highway provides connections towards Delhi on the southern direction and upper reaches of the Himalayas in the Uttarakhand state in the northern direction. The highway is the backbone of road transportation for the Muzaffarnagar city as well as the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. Cities and areas of Hardwar, Rishikesh, Dehradun as well as Badrinath and Kedarnath are served by this highway.

City transportation mostly consists of tricycles and 3-wheeled vehicles, rickshaws. An international airport, Muzaffarnagar International Airport, was proposed in the city in order to reduce the traffic at the Indira Gandhi International Airport, however, the same was transferred to the Jewar Airport.

Environmental concerns
Muzaffarnagar lies approximately halfway on the road from Delhi to Uttarakhand Rishikesh (the NH-58). As a result, many roadside resorts and eateries have sprung up on the highway near the city. Especially, the town of Khatauli is famed for its canal side forest park named "Cheetal". Once visited for the sight of deer and rabbits and other wild animals, the Cheetal is now encroached by privately owned dhabas and resorts thus sidelining the animals.

Notable people

 * Kapil Dev Agarwal, politician, MLA from Muzaffarnagar City and state minister in Uttar Pradesh Government.
 * Gourav Baliyan, wrestler
 * Rajpal Singh Baliyan, political figure, MLA from Budhana Assembly Seat.
 * Sanjeev Balyan, politician, Member of parliament Muzaffarnagar Loksabha
 * Kartar Singh Bhadana, political figure
 * Kamna Chandra, Haryana film writer
 * Sumit Jain, entrepreneur, co-founder & CEO Opentalk.to | co-founder and ex-CEO of Commonfloor.com
 * Divya Kakran, wrestler
 * Swami Kalyandev (1876–2004), an ascetic in the fields of education and social reform, awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Indian government
 * Amir Alam Khan, former M.P. and Uttar Pradesh minister, chairman of Bharat groups of colleges
 * Liaquat Ali Khan, first Prime Minister of Pakistan (once lived in Muzaffarnagar)
 * Nawazish Alam Khan, former MLA from Bhudana Vidhansabha
 * Nishu Kumar, Indian professional football player, plays as full back at Kerala Blasters FC and India.
 * Harendra Singh Malik, former Rajya Sabha MP, prominent Jat leader from Western Uttar Pradesh.
 * Pankaj Kumar Malik, political figure, MLA from Charthawal Assembly Seat.
 * Alam Muzaffarnagari, Indian Urdu writer
 * Vishnu Prabhakar, novelist, writer, journalist
 * Sultan Rahi, Pakistani actor
 * Sumit Rathi, Indian football player, plays for ATK and Indian U-17 Football Team
 * Rajpal Singh Saini, political figure
 * Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Bollywood actor
 * Narain Singh, Gurjar leader and deputy chief minister of UP
 * Brahma Singh, scientist and agriculturist; awarded the Padma Shri by the Indian government.
 * Shaukat Thanvi, Pakistani author who wrote Qazi G
 * Rakesh Tikait, Farmer leader
 * A. M. Turaz, Indian poet, lyricist, and script writer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Muzaffarnagar


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Palazzo Vecchio

The Palazzo Vecchio ( "Old Palace") is the town hall of Florence, Italy. It overlooks the Piazza della Signoria, which holds a copy of Michelangelo's David statue, and the gallery of statues in the adjacent Loggia dei Lanzi.

Originally called the Palazzo della Signoria, after the Signoria of Florence, the ruling body of the Republic of Florence, this building was also known by several other names: Palazzo del Popolo, Palazzo dei Priori, and Palazzo Ducale, in accordance with the varying use of the palace during its long history. The building acquired its current name when the Medici duke's residence was moved across the Arno River to the Palazzo Pitti.

History
In 1299, the commune and people of Florence decided to build a palace that would be worthy of the city's importance, and that would be more secure and defensible in times of turbulence for the magistrates of the commune. Arnolfo di Cambio, the architect of the Duomo and the Santa Croce church, began construction upon the ruins of Palazzo dei Fanti and Palazzo dell'Esecutore di Giustizia, once owned by the Uberti family. Giovanni Villani (1276–1348) wrote in his Nuova Cronica that the Uberti were "rebels of Florence and Ghibellines", stating that the palazzo was built to ensure that the Uberti family homes would never be rebuilt on the same location.

The cubical building is made of solid rusticated stonework, with two rows of two-lighted Gothic windows, each with a trefoil arch. In the 15th century, Michelozzo di Bartolomeo Michelozzi added decorative bas-reliefs of the cross and the Florentine lily in the spandrels between the trefoils. The building is crowned with projecting crenellated battlements, supported by small arches and corbels. Under the arches are a repeated series of nine painted coats of arms of the Florentine republic. Some of these arches can be used as embrasures (spiombati) for dropping heated liquids or rocks on invaders.

The solid, massive building is enhanced by the simple tower with its clock. Giovanni Villani wrote that Arnolfo di Cambio incorporated the ancient tower of the Foraboschi family (the tower then known as "La Vacca" or "The Cow") into the new tower's facade as its substructure; this is why the rectangular tower (height 94 m) is not directly centered in the building. This tower contains two small cells, that, at different times, imprisoned Cosimo de' Medici (the Elder) (1435) and Girolamo Savonarola (1498). The tower is named after its designer Torre d'Arnolfo. The tower's large, one-handed clock was originally constructed in 1353 by the Florentine Nicolò Bernardo, but was replaced in 1667 with a replica made by Georg Lederle from the German town of Augsburg (Italians refer to him as Giorgio Lederle of Augusta) and installed by Vincenzo Viviani.

Duke Cosimo I de' Medici (later to become grand duke) moved his official seat from the Medici palazzo in via Larga to the Palazzo della Signoria in May 1540, signalling the security of Medici power in Florence. When Cosimo later removed to Palazzo Pitti, he officially renamed his former palace the Palazzo Vecchio, the "Old Palace", although the adjacent town square, the Piazza della Signoria, still bears the original name. Cosimo commissioned Giorgio Vasari to build an above-ground walkway, the Vasari corridor, from the Palazzo Vecchio, through the Uffizi, over the Ponte Vecchio to the Palazzo Pitti. Cosimo I also moved the seat of government to the Uffizi.

The palace gained new importance as the seat of united Italy's provisional government from 1865 to 1871, at a moment when Florence had become the temporary capital of the Kingdom of Italy. Although most of the Palazzo Vecchio is now a museum, it remains as the symbol and center of local government; since 1872 it has housed the office of the mayor of Florence, and it is the seat of the City Council. The tower currently has three bells; the oldest was cast in the 13th century.

Entrance
Above the front entrance door, there is a notable ornamental marble frontispiece, dating from 1528. In the middle, flanked by two gilded lions, is the Monogram of Christ, surrounded by a glory, above the text (in Latin): "Rex Regum et Dominus Dominantium" (translation: "King of Kings and Lord of Lords". This text dates from 1851 and does not replace an earlier text by Savonarola as mentioned in guidebooks. Between 1529 and 1851 they were concealed behind a large shield with the grand-ducal coat of arms.

Michelangelo's David also stood at the entrance from its completion in 1504 to 1873, when it was moved to the accademia Gallery. A replica erected in 1910 now stands in its place, flanked by Baccio Bandinelli's Hercules and Cacus. The statuary present at the entrance of the Palazzo Vecchio is a testament to the fluctuating political atmosphere in Florence from 1504 to 1534, when Michelangelo's David and Bandinelli's Hercules and Cacus were created, respectively. The statuary in front of this political building was commissioned under two different rulers in Florence, David under Piero Soderini and Hercules and Cacus under the Medici. These statues, thus engage in a fierce dialogue with each other as well as the Florentine public about the socio-political state of Florence under each of the rulers. The statues at the entrance were installed next to each other to perpetuate different political agendas depending on their patron and demonstrate superiority from one regime to the next.

First courtyard
The first courtyard was designed in 1453 by Michelozzo. In the lunettes, high around the courtyard, are crests of the church and city guilds. In the center, the porphyry fountain is by Battista del Tadda. The Putto with Dolphin on top of the basin is a copy of the original by Andrea del Verrocchio (1476), now on display on the second floor of the palace. This small statue was originally placed in the garden of the Villa Medici at Careggi. The water, flowing through the nose of the dolphin, is brought here by pipes from the Boboli Gardens.

In the niche, in front of the fountain, stands Samson and Philistine by Pierino da Vinci.

The frescoes on the walls are vedute of the cities of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy, painted in 1565 by Giorgio Vasari for the wedding celebration of Francesco I de' Medici, the eldest son of Cosimo I de' Medici, to Archduchess Johanna of Austria, sister of the Emperor Maximilian II. Amongst the cities depicted are Graz, Innsbruck, Linz, Vienna, Bratislava (Pozsony), Prague, Hall in Tirol, Freiburg im Breisgau and Konstanz. Some were damaged over the course of time.

The harmoniously proportioned columns, at one time smooth, and untouched, were at the same time richly decorated with gilt stuccoes.

The barrel vaults are furnished with grotesque decorations.

Second courtyard
The second courtyard, also called "The Customs", contains the massive pillars built in 1494 by Cronaca that sustains the great "Salone dei Cinquecento" on the second floor.

Third courtyard
The third courtyard was used mainly for offices of the city. Between the first and second courtyard the massive and monumental stairs by Vasari lead up to the "Salone dei Cinquecento".

Salone dei Cinquecento
The Salone dei Cinquecento ('Hall of the Five Hundred') is the most imposing chamber, with a length of 52 m (170 ft) width of 23 m (75 ft), and height of 18 m (59 ft).

The Salone dei Cinquecento was built in 1494 by Simone del Pollaiolo, on commission of Savonarola who, replacing the Medici after their exile as the spiritual leader of the Republic, wanted it as a seat of the Grand Council (Consiglio Maggiore) consisting of 500 members.

Later, the hall was enlarged by Giorgio Vasari so that Grand Duke Cosimo I could hold his court in this chamber. During this transformation, famous (but unfinished) works were lost, including the Battle of Cascina by Michelangelo, and the Battle of Anghiari by Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo was commissioned in 1503 to paint one long wall with a battle scene celebrating a famous Florentine victory. He was always trying new methods and materials and decided to mix wax into his pigments. Da Vinci had finished painting part of the wall, but it was not drying fast enough, so he brought in braziers stoked with hot coals to try to hurry the process. As others watched in horror, the wax in the fresco melted under the intense heat and the colors ran down the walls to puddle on the floor. A legend exists that Giorgio Vasari, wanting to preserve Da Vinci's work, had a false wall built over the top of The Battle of Anghiari before painting his fresco. Attempts to find Da Vinci's original work behind the Vasari fresco have so far been inconclusive.

Michelangelo never proceeded beyond the preparatory drawings for the fresco he was commissioned to paint on the opposite wall. Pope Julius II called him to Rome to paint the Sistine Chapel, and the master's sketches were destroyed by eager young artists who came to study them and took away scraps. The surviving decorations in this hall were made between 1555 and 1572 by Giorgio Vasari and his helpers, among them Livio Agresti from Forlì. They mark the culmination of mannerism and make this hall the showpiece of the palace.

It has been stated that the Salone dei Cinquecento is the largest hall in Italy by volume. However, Padova’s Palazzo della Ragione is 81,5 m long, 27 m wide and 24 m high. Even though Salone dei Cinquecento with its flat ceiling is close to parallelepiped and Palazzo della Ragione’s hall with open roof is not, the latter's bounding box at 52 800 cubic m is 145% bigger than the 21 500 cubic m of Salone di Cinquecento (and likely to be larger even accounting for the roof).

On the walls are large and expansive frescoes that depict battles and military victories by Florence over Pisa and Siena: The ceiling consists of 39 panels constructed and painted by Vasari and his assistants, representing Great Episodes from the life of Cosimo I, the quarters of the city, and the city itself. Toward the center is the apotheosis: Scene of His Glorification as Grand Duke of Florence and Tuscany.
 * The Taking of Siena
 * The Conquest of Porto Ercole
 * The Victory of Cosimo I at Marciano in Val di Chiana
 * Defeat of the Pisans at the Tower of San Vincenzo
 * Maximilian of Austria Attempts the Conquest of Leghorn
 * Pisa Attacked by the Florentine Troops

On the north side of the hall, illuminated by enormous windows, is the raised stage called the Udienza, built by Bartolommeo Bandinelli for Cosimo I as a place to receive citizens and ambassadors. Above are frescoes of historical events; among these, that of Boniface VIII receiving the ambassadors of foreign States and, seeing that were all Florentines, saying: "You Florentines are the quintessence."

In the niches are sculptures by Bandinelli: in the center the statue of the seated "Leo X" (sculpted assisted by his student Vincenzo de' Rossi), and on the right a statue of "Charles V crowned by Clement VII". The six statues along the walls that represent the "Labors of Hercules" are by de' Rossi.

In the central niche at the south of the Hall is Michelangelo's noted marble group The Genius of Victory (1533–1534), originally intended for the tomb of Julius II. The statue was placed in this hall by Vasari. In 1868 it was removed to the Bargello Museum, but was returned in 1921 by officials.

Studiolo of Francesco I

At the end of the hall is a small side room without windows. The studiolo was a small secret study designed by Vasari in a manneristic style (1570–1575). The walls and the barrel vault are filled with paintings, stucco and sculptures. Most paintings are by the School of Vasari and represent the four elements: fire, water, earth, and air. The portrait of Cosimo I and his wife Eleonora of Toledo was painted by Bronzino. The delicate bronze sculptures were made by Giambologna and Bartolomeo Ammanati. From a peep-hole, Francesco spied on his ministers and officers during meetings in the Salone dei Cinquecento. Dismantled within decades of its construction, it was re-assembled in the 20th century.

The other rooms on the first floor are the Quartieri monumentali. These rooms, the Residence of the Priors and the Quarters of Leo X, are used by the mayor as offices and reception rooms. They are not accessible to the public.

Second Floor
A staircase designed by Vasari leads to the second floor. This floor contains the Apartments of the Elements, Priori, and Eleonora of Toledo.

Apartments of the Elements
These apartments (Sala degli Elementi) consist of five rooms (such as the Room of Ceres) and two loggias. The commission for these rooms was originally given by Cosimo I to Giovanni Battista del Tasso. But on his death, the decorations were continued by Vasari and his helpers, working for the first time for the Medicis. These rooms were the private quarters of Cosimo I.

Room of the Elements
The walls in the Room of the Elements are filled with allegorical frescoes Allegories of Water, Fire and Earth and, on the ceiling, represents Saturn.

The original statue "Boy with a Fish" by Verrocchio is on exhibit in one of the smaller rooms (the copy stands on the fountain in the first courtyard).

Terrace of Saturn
Named for the fresco on the ceiling. Has a fabulous view of Florence. There is a southeastern view to Piazzale Michelangelo and the Fortress Belvedere. Also visible are the remains of the Church of San Piero Scheraggio.

The Hercules Room
This room (the Sala di Ercole) gets its name from the subject of the paintings on the ceiling. Also the tapestries show stories of Hercules. The room contains a Madonna and Child and an ebony cabinet called a stipo inlaid with semi-precious stones.

The Lion House
Cosimo the Elder kept a menagerie of lions in a dedicated lion house in the palazzo. He often fought them or baited them against other animals in large festivals for visiting Popes or dignitaries.

The Room of Jupiter
The room is named for the fresco on the ceiling. On the walls are Florentine tapestries made from cartoons by Stradanus (16th century).

The Room of Cybele
On the ceiling, the Triumph of Cybele and the Four Seasons. Against the walls are cabinets in tortoise shell and bronze. The floor was made in 1556. From the window one can see the third courtyard.

The Ceres Room
The room gets its name from the motif on the ceiling, by Doceno, a pupil of Vasari. On the walls are Florentine tapestries with hunting scenes, from cartoons by Stradanus.

Apartments of Eleonora of Toledo
Beginning in 1540 when Cosimo moved the seat of government here, these rooms were refurbished and richly decorated to be the living quarters of Eleonora.

Sala Verde
This room served as Eleonora's bedchamber and was called the Green Room because of the color of the walls. The decorations on the ceiling are by Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio. A small door in the room indicates the beginning of the Vasari corridor, a passageway to the Palazzo Pitti built by Vasari for Cosimo I.

Cappella di Eleonora
The small, richly decorated chapel adjoining the Sala Verde is painted in fresco by the mannerist Angelo Bronzino and includes some of his masterpieces including the Crossing the Red Sea. It was built by Tasso to be Eleonora's private chapel.

The Room of the Sabines
It was named because of the ceiling decoration. At one time it was used for the Ladies-in-waiting at the court of Eleonora di Toledo. It contains Portraits of Medici Princes by Sustermans, statues by a Florentine art school and a tapestry by Fevère.

Dining Room
On the ceiling is the Coronation of Esther decorated by Stradanus, with an inscription in honor of Eleonora di Toledo. The room contains a lavabo and two tapestries by Van Assel representing Spring and Autumn.

The Room of Penelope
On the ceiling Penelope at the loom, in the frieze, episodes from the Odyssey. On the walls: Madonna and Child and a Madonna and Child with St. John by Botticelli.

The Room of Gualdrada
This room is dedicated to Virtue as personified by Gualdrada. The ceiling painting of Gualdrada is by the Flemish painter Stradanus, better known under his Italian name Stradanus. Against the wall is a cabinet with Florentine mosaic designs.

Apartments of the Priori
These rooms were used by the priori (priors) representing the guilds of Florence.

Sala dell'Udienza
The Audience Chamber or Hall of Justice used to house the meetings of the priors. It contains the oldest decorations in the palace.

The carved coffer ceiling, laminated with pure gold, is by Giuliano da Maiano (1470–1476). On the portal to the Chapel of the Signoria is an inscription in honor of Christ (1529). The doorway to the Hall of Lilies has marble mouldings sculpted by the brothers Giuliano and Benedetto da Maiano. The inlaid woodwork (intarsia) on the doors was carved by Del Francione and depicts portraits of Dante and Petrarch.

The large frescoes on the walls portraying the Stories of Furius Camillus by Francesco Salviati were made in the middle of the 16th century. Since Salviati had his schooling in the circle around Raphael in Rome, these frescoes are based on Roman models and not typical of Florentine art. Marcus Furius Camillus was a Roman general mentioned in the writings of Plutarch.

Chapel of the Signoria
A small doorway leads into the adjoining small chapel dedicated to St. Bernard, containing a reliquary of the Saint. Here the priors used to supply divine aid in the execution of their duties. In this chapel, Girolamo Savonarola said his last prayers before he was hanged on the Piazza della Signoria and his body burned.

The frescoes on the walls and ceiling, on a background imitating gold mosaic, are by Ridolfo Ghirlandaio. Of particular interest are The Holy Trinity on the ceiling and The Annunciation on the wall facing the altar. On the altar was a painting representing the Holy Family by Mariano Graziadei da Pescia, a pupil of Ridolfo Ghirlandaio. It is now on exhibition in the corridor of the Uffizi Gallery. Instead, there is a good painting of St. Bernard by an unknown artist.

Sala dei Gigli
The carved ceiling of the Hall of the Lilies, as this room is usually called, decorated with fleur-de-lys, and the Statue of St. John the Baptist and Putti are all by Benedetto da Maiano and his brother Giuliano. The golden fleur-de-lys decorations on blue background on the ceiling and three walls refer to the (short-lived) good relations between Florence and the French Crown.

On the wall are frescoes by Domenico Ghirlandaio, painted in 1482. The apotheosis of St. Zenobius, first patron saint of Florence, was painted with a perspectival illusion of the background. In this background one can see the cathedral, with Giotto's original facade and bell tower. In the lunette above is a bas-relief of the Madonna and Child. This fresco is flanked on both sides by frescoes of famed Romans: on the left Brutus, Gaius Mucius Scaevola and Camillus, and on the right Decius, Scipio and Cicero. Medaillons of Roman emperors fill the spandrels between the sections.

After its lengthy restoration, the (original) statue "Judith and Holofernes" by Donatello was given a prominent place in this room in 1988.

A door in the east wall leads to the Stanza della Guardaroba (Hall of Geographical Maps). This door is flanked by two dark marble pillars, originally from a Roman temple.

Stanza delle Mappe geografiche o Stanza della Guardaroba
The Hall of Geographical Maps or Guardaroba was an ambitious room that set out to represent the known world of the 16th century through the display of a collection of artifacts and murals of cartography, all seen in relation to scientific instruments of time and astronomy. For various reasons, it was not seen to completion, yet the accounts of Giorgio Vasari, the room's designer, detail the proposed purpose and visualisation of the space. The Guardaroba was commissioned by Cosimo I de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany during his major reconstruction of the interior of the Palazzo. Construction of the guardaroba began in 1563.

The idea behind the guardaroba is similar to that of late medieval studioli, which were small private study spaces, containing precious collected artifacts. Many courtly residences possessed similar spaces to the guardaroba, yet the guardaroba of Palazzo della Signoria is one of the earliest examples that integrates cartography into its decorative elements.

Guardaroba best translates to a type of storage space, or ‘wardrobe’ and its purpose was to house a collection; an early wunderkammer of sorts. Evidently, collections of artifacts and precious items existed before the Renaissance, yet it is not until the Renaissance that there consistently appeared collections which were preserved and interpreted, known as wunderkammen. Vasari's account of the program for the guardaroba highlights Cosimo I's instructions to create a space for some of the more precious items in the Medici collection. He had also instructed Vasari to design the space so it was fit for visitors, ultimately becoming a semi-public gallery space.

Master carpenter Dionigi di Matteo Nigetti (active Florence 1565–79) constructed the finely crafted and carved walnut cabinets and ceiling panels that can still all be found in the room today. Each of the doors was to be decorated with an up-to-date map of a particular region. Vasari called the map murals, Tables of Ptolemy, recognising Claudius Ptolemaeus (AD b.127-d.145) significant contributions to the history and progress of cartography. The responsibility of painting the Tables of Ptolemy was entrusted to renowned cosmographer Egnazio Danti, who was later responsible for the maps in the Vatican Galleria, Hall of Maps. Each map mural, of which there were to be 57 in total, was painted directly onto the cabinet doors, 53 of these Murals remain today. The regions depicted in the map would correspond to a collection of objects and artifacts within that cabinet. The map murals were arranged across the cabinet doors in two horizontal rows representing the hemispheres and navigated most of the perimeter of the room, only interrupted at the doorway and window. A layout of maps in this fashion came to be known as a ‘map cycle’, a term Cosimo I's guardaroba likely initiated. The may cycle is divided into sections of the then known four continents, Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas. The guardaroba was one of the more unusual projects commissioned by Cosimo I and therefore, Vasari wrote concisely on its programme and its progress.

“Over the doors of those cupboards within their ornaments, Fra Egnazio has distributed fifty seven pictures about two braccia high and wide in proportion, in which are painted in oils on the wood with the greatest diligence, after the manner of miniatures, the Tables of Ptolemy, all measured with perfect accuracy and corrected after the most recent authorities, with exact charts of navigation and their scales for measuring and degrees, done with supreme diligence; and with these are all the names both ancient and modern...The images of plants and animals are exactly in line with the maps...The terrestrial globe is marked distinctly and it is possible to use it for all the operations of the astrolabe perfectly” - Giorgio Vasari - Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects As well as the maps on the cabinets, other images adorned the room. Up to 300 portraits of famous people of the day hung around highest perimeters of the walls and would be revealed from beneath green cloth curtains. In between the cabinets doors, were to be mounted natural history drawings of flora and fauna that, as Vasari indicated above, would have been in line with its corresponding regions on the maps in a similar fashion to the objects that are revealed from beneath their corresponding region. The collected artifacts were arranged and maintained by curators and conservators known as guardarobiere, in a similar manner to the role of the contemporary museum.

The rarer an item, the more attractive it was to the collector and desired for the collection. Objects from the Americas or New World as it was then referred to, were particularly valuable at this time as Italians were not allowed to travel there without permission from Spain or Portugal. Instead, they explored this region vicariously through objects and the Medici possessed a significant collection of artifacts from the Americas, largely collecting featherwork.

Vasari intended the worldly representation in the guardaroba to be seen in relation to the larger cosmos, represented by a celestial sphere in the centre of the room and painted constellations on the ceiling. He also had grand visions of two large globes, a terrestrial and celestial hidden behind a false ceiling that could be lowered impressively via a pulley system into the room below. The room was also to display a copy of the 1484 clock made for Lorenzo de Medici by Lorenzo della Volpaia. An Antonio Santucci (b.? d.1613) armillary sphere that is now at the Florence Museum of the History of Science, was also displayed in the guardaroba along with a second, earlier armillary sphere that is now lost. It is the relationships between these objects and maps and the context for which they are shown that produces intended symbolic gestures; the clock, in relation to the maps, in relation to the celestial representations were an attempt to generate an effect of possessed knowledge over all space and time and in the case of the guardaroba, Cosimo I de Medici was to be seen as the possessor and purveyor of this knowledge, generating a narrative of his power.

A digital reconstruction of the room, as it was designed and described by Giorgio Vasari can be found here.

Old Chancellery
This was Machiavelli's office when he was Secretary of the Republic. His polychrome bust in terracotta and his portrait are by Santi di Tito. They are probably modelled on his death mask. In the center of the room, on the pedestal is the famous Winged Boy with a Dolphin by Verrocchio, brought to this room from the First Courtyard.

Mezzanine

Located in between the first and second floors, these rooms are occupied by Renaissance and Medieval objects given in a bequest by Charles Loeser, an American expat collector and scholar. This collection is one of the most valuable municipal collections for its artistic and historical value. The rooms are located in the old palace, and were renovated in the mid-15th century by Michelozzo. It is the only part of the palace where the original 14th- and 15th-century ceilings are still entirely visible. Cosimo I's mother Maria Salviati lived in these rooms after Cosimo moved the family from Palazzo Medici to the Palazzo Vecchio (at that point Palazzo Ducale).

The first room holds a Madonna con Bambino e san Giovannino, from the school of Lorenzo di Credi, a Madonna col Bambino in stucco painted in the Florentine school in the 15th century, a Madonna in Adoration by Christ with Saint Giovannino by Jacopo del Sellaio, a Madonna and Child attributed to Master of the Griggs Crucifix (15th century), and a Madonna Enthroned by the Tuscan school of the 14th century. Above the stone steps is a little room that was for a time a studiolo for Cosimo I. The window looks out over Piazza della Signoria and the room is decorated with birds, animals, fishes, and vegetal elements works by Bachiacca.

The dining room holds one of the most famous works of the Loeser Collection, The Portrait of Laura Battiferri (wife of Bartolomeo Ammannati), by famous Renaissance painter Bronzino around 1555. Adjacent is another Mannerist work, The Portrait of Ludovico Martelli, by a follower of Pontormo, possibly Michele Tosini. There is also a small sketch on fresco, Battle of the Knights for Vasari's Defeat of the Pisans at the Tower of Saint Vincent, by a student Giovan Francesco Naldini, which used to be displayed on the balcony above the Salone dei Cinquecento by Vasari's complementary monumental work. By the fireplace are two Romanesque sculptures, a capital with an eagle (first half of the 13th century) and a Coronation Head (first half of 12th century).

In the corner room, three Madonna and Children paintings are on display. The first, Madonna and Child is by the Master of Saints Flora and Lucilla, from the 14th century. The second, Madonna and Child with Saint Little Saint John is a later Renaissance work by Spanish artist Alonso Berruguete from 1514 to 1518, and the third is Madonna and Child by prominent Sienese artist Pietro Lorenzetti. This room also holds Adoring Angel by Tino di Camaino from around 1321, a Bust of Saint Antonino in painted plaster from the 15th century, and an embroidery designed by Raffaellino del Garbo.

Multaka network
In 2019, the museum joined six similar museums in Germany, the United Kingdom, Greece and Switzerland, creating the international Multaka network. This intercultural museum project organizes guided tours for refugees and migrants designed and offered for free by specially trained Arabic-speaking Multaka guides. The visitor-centered discussions with migrants in their language are focused on the historical origin and history of acquisition of cultural objects, including the visitors' own understanding of their country's cultural heritage.

title: Palazzo Vecchio


text:
Lincoln Thompson

Prince Lincoln Thompson, known as Sax (10 July 1949 in Jonestown, Kingston, Jamaica – 14 January 1999 in London, England), was a Jamaican singer, musician and songwriter with the reggae band the Royal Rasses, and a member of the Rastafari movement. He was noted for his high falsetto singing voice, very different from his spoken voice.

Career
He began his recording career as a harmony singer along with Cedric Myton of The Congos in 1967, in a band called The Tartans, who then split up in 1969. In 1971 he was taken on by Coxsone Dodd, and recorded three songs with him at Studio One called "Daughters of Zion", "True Experience" and "Live Up to Your Name". In 1974, he recorded the Humanity album with Cedric Myton, Clinton Hall and Keith Peterkin, and set up the God Sent label. He had two hit singles with "Kingston 11" and "Love the Way It Should Be".

In 2010, the song, "Humanity (Love the Way It Should Be)" was covered by the American singer John Legend backed by the Philadelphia band, The Roots, and was featured on Legend's album, Wake Up!.

Prince Lincoln received a record deal in 1978, he was signed up by Mo Claridge, who at the time ran Ballistics Records, a London offshoot of United Artists, and who noticed his "eerie falsetto". A single "Unconventional People" was released as a 12-inch single in March 1979 with the Humanity album following in May. In mid 1979, the Royal Rasses recorded a second Prince Lincoln album, Experience, this time without Cedric Myton. This album contained more than just the traditional drum and bass sound of most reggae. The band renamed themselves the Rasses to avoid confusion with fellow reggae band The Royals to record a further album called Natural Wild in 1980. This time the music was recorded in London. Prince Lincoln's decision to invite English rock musician Joe Jackson was controversial, and the album was a commercial flop.

Thompson returned to Jamaica and re-set up the successful God Sent label, with the help of German company Juicy Peeple to produce his fourth album, Ride with the Rasses in 1982. This music was recorded at Tuff Gong and Channel One studios. Around this time he and his family moved to Tottenham, London, England, where he opened an Ital shop called The Rasses Fish Mart and Grocery Store. In September 1983, he recorded Rootsman Blues in Addis Ababa studio in London. It was released by Target Records with only three musicians per track, giving the music the intimate quality of chamber music.

He released a final album, 21st Century in 1997 after someone from the United States heard the music in Prince Lincoln's shop, and agreed to become a sponsor. This final album was also recorded in London.

Thompson died in January 1999, in London, at the age of 49.

Singles

 * "Daughters of Zion" (1971)
 * "True Experience" (1971)
 * "Live Up to Your Name" (1971)

Albums

 * Humanity 1979
 * Experience 1979 (The lyrics from "Walk in Jah light" and "Thanksgiving" have been used to explain the doctrine of physical immortality at Rastafari movement).
 * Harder na Rass 1979
 * Natural Wild 1980
 * Ride with the Rasses 1982
 * Rootsman Blues 1983 also titled Unite The World
 * 21st Century 1997

title: Lincoln Thompson


text: Category:Pittsburgh Pirates managers

title: Category:Pittsburgh Pirates managers


text:
Talk:2004 American League Championship Series

Discussion
These discussion boards are not designed for Red Sox vs Yankee flaming folks. Show some respect for Wikipedia, would you get into a Red Sox vs Yankee argument in the middle of a library? Alkivar 23:47, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

In a word: Yes. Yes I would. (3 words)

 * Of course we would. GreatGatsby 04:42, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * in a library? yes. it's not even really a choice; Sox fans are genetically predisposed to sensing Yankee fans drawing near.  -Nosirrah Yendor 00:03, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Wherever you meet them, you have to make an argument.

 * Wait, when has a Yankees fan been in a library? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.191.165.226 (talk) 18:23, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

"The Base"
I removed a reference to Roberts's game 4 steal as "The Base", because that name isn't widely applied to that particular play. I HAVE seen it referenced on several occasions as "The Steal", though I don't know whether that usage is sufficiently widespread to be worthy of inclusion, either. -Colin Kimbrell 15:52, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It's known throughout Boston as "The Steal."--142.157.132.82 14:19, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

The Stat Tables
Are they all formatted different for a reason? Zena Dhark …·°º•ø®@» 20:27, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

"first team in professional sports history" to pull off the comeback down 3 games to none
The Toronto Maple Leafs came back from 3-0 down to beat the Detroit Red Wings 4-games-to-3 in their best-of-seven series in the 1942 Stanley Cup Finals and the New York Islanders duplicated the feat in 1975 during the Stanley Cup Quarterfinals against the Pittsburgh Penguins. So I edited the line to "first team in professional baseball history." However, I have no idea if it has happened in baseball at the minor league level so to be 100% accurate that line might benefit from being further edited to read: "first team in Major League Baseball history..." Jimsurge74 17:42, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

It just kept bugging me... so I edited it again to "Major League Baseball history." When I get a spare moment I'll look into if it ever happened in the minor leagues. Jimsurge74 16:39, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for File:2004ALCSLogo.gif
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Fair use rationale for File:2004ALCSLogo.gif
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Announcers
I think the announcers for the 2004 LCSes are mixed up. Didn't Joe (and company) announce the ALCS while Thom (and company) announce the NLCS? 199.71.183.2 17:08, 17 July 2007 (UTC)Bri

Fair use rationale for File:2004ALCSLogo.gif
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BetacommandBot (talk) 19:07, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

NPOV
This article seems heavily biased in favor of the Red Sox (of which I am a fan). I cleaned some stuff up like "Schilling, in a valiant effort....", and the fact the 0-3 deficit comeback was mentioned at least 3 times in the article.

I know they won, so it's hard not to make them look like the better club, but let the facts tell the story, don't dramatize it. 162.136.192.1 (talk) 20:41, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Mis-quote?
There's a quote attributed to Johnny Damon: "What's hard to believe, it was almost exactly one year ago tonight that Aaron Boone hit that home 11th inning home run to beat the Red Sox, to get for some reason it seemed predetermined that would be right back here a year later for a rematch of sort." - Unless I'm missing some nuance of American English, that doesn't seem to be correct (or maybe it was just mis-spoken?). The two references are both to DVDs. I know nothing about this game so I'd appreciate it if someone who actually knows what they're talking about could double-check this. Basiclife (talk) 22:01, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

yankees player tossed out of game
http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/playoffs2004/news/story?id=1905510

Ah it did get included in the article. Okay good.

Majinsnake (talk) 06:08, 25 December 2013 (UTC)

Derek Lowe
This comment in the Game 7 section " Lowe, who had significant bullpen experience for the Red Sox, was never even intended to be a starter in the postseason." is misleading at best. While it's true that Lowe had significant bullpen experience, he had been pitching as a starter for the 2002,2003 and 2004 seasons during which time he won 52 games as a starter. He was clearly intended to be a starter in the postseason. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bwanab (talk • contribs) 13:35, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Put historical importance of series up top
This is widely regarded, even by people with only a passing interest, as the greatest baseball series of all time. Several outlets call it the greatest comeback in the history of sports!

That deserves mention in the first paragraph of the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Curedwales (talk • contribs) 05:01, 27 May 2017 (UTC)


text:
Palisa (crater)

Palisa is the remnant of a lunar impact crater that is located to the west of the walled plain Ptolemaeus. It lies to the north-northeast of the crater Davy, and is attached to the lava-flooded satellite crater Davy Y by a wide break in the southwest rim. The crater is named after the Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa.

The rim of Palisa is worn and eroded, especially in the western half where there are multiple gaps that join the crater floor to the Mare Nubium to the west. The interior is nearly flat, and marked only by a pair of tiny craterlets in the southwest gap. The larger of this crater pair is designated Palisa P. Additional satellite craterlets D, A, and W lie just outside the northeast rim.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Palisa.

title: Palisa (crater)


text:
Robert Earl Hughes

Robert Earl Hughes (June 4, 1926 – July 10, 1958) was an American man who was, during his lifetime, the heaviest human being recorded, weighing 1071 lbs. He remains the heaviest human in the world able to walk without the need of assistance.

Early life and family
Robert Hughes was born in Monticello, Missouri, the son of Abraham Guy Hughes (1878–1957) and Georgia Alice Weatharby (1906–1947). He was born "weighing a hefty but not abnormal" 11 lb and was a "fairly average-size baby until he contracted whooping cough at about five months old."

The family moved to Fishhook, Illinois, when Robert was six months old.

Career
Hughes made some income from selling photographs of himself. During his adult life, Hughes made guest appearances at carnivals and fairs. At age 27, he joined a traveling roadshow, often accompanied by some of his family. Plans to appear on The Ed Sullivan Show variety television program were announced but never materialized.

In 1957, traveling with his brother Guy and Guy's wife Lillian, Hughes had bookings throughout the country. Walking, even with his massive cane, had started to be difficult for the 31-year-old. While at a carnival, word reached Hughes that his father had died at age 79 back in Illinois. Guy and Lillian returned to Illinois for the funeral, but Robert stayed on, believing it was his duty to honour his commitments. At season's end, he returned to Guy's farm, unable to walk more than 20 ft without the assistance of family members, who would follow closely, lugging a 5 ft wide, steel-reinforced chair in case of exhaustion.

Death
While travelling with the roadshow in Nappanee, Indiana, Hughes developed a rash, and the flesh under his fingernails turned blue. Because he was unable to be moved to the nearest hospital in Bremen, Indiana, doctors treated him at his trailer, and determined he was suffering from measles. He developed uremia.

He died on July 10, 1958, at the age of 32. He was buried in a small church cemetery in Benville, Illinois, in Brown County near his hometown, Fishhook. About 2,000 people attended the funeral.

title: Robert Earl Hughes


text:
Category:Survival skills

 * Authors, activists, practitioners of survival skills and survivalism, and related people should be in Category:Survivalists.
 * Books, novels, manuals, pamphlets, and other literature about survival skills and survivalism should be in Category:Books about survival skills.
 * Other media (films, television series, music, etc) about survival skills and survivalism should be in Category:Works about survival skills.

title: Category:Survival skills


text:
Eos Press

Eos Press is an American game publisher named for the ancient Greek goddess of the dawn. It was established in 2001 in Seattle, Washington, as "Hawthornn Hobgoblynn Press". Eos has operations in Suzhou (China), Taiwan and Singapore.

History
Financier and businessman Hsin Chen and Aron Anderson (game designer and owner of The Dreaming, a Seattle comic and game store) founded Hawthorn Hobgoblynn Press on January 12, 2001, to publish Godlike, a game created by their friends Dennis Detwiller and Greg Stolze. In 2003 they renamed the company "Eos Press" and business manager Brad Elliott became the third partner. Brad Elliott left the company in March, 2009, and the company was reformed by Hsin Chen (owner and director); adding Jesse Covner (partner and general manager) and David Ramirez (game project manager).

In 2010, Eos signed famed role playing game (RPG) designer and Nobilis creator Jenna Moran in an exclusive contract to create games and properties. Eos published the third edition of Nobilis and a supplement.

In 2015, Jenna Moran cut ties with Eos because of deceptive behavior by the company and repeated non-delivery of books paid for by the Chuubo's Marvelous Wish-Granting Engine Kickstarter. Later in the year, an anonymous donor contributed money to Jenna Moran so that print on demand copies could be distributed independently of Eos.

As of 2020, the company is inactive and may be defunct, as the website has not been updated since 2017.

Products
Notable Eos Press products are card games Abuse: The Final Insult; Creatures and Cultists and The Wormwood Tarot, a Victorian, gothic tarot set. Eos also publishes RPGs, including Godlike, under the name Hobgoblynn, as well as Unhallowed Metropolis, a game of neovictorian horror. Weapons of the Gods, the first licensed RPG published by Eos, is a Wuxia game inspired by the eponymous comic.

title: Eos Press


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rootian english

Rootian english, The result of the debate was Delete. [added by Andre🚐 22:54, 15 August 2022 (UTC) for afdstats]

Rootian english
Constructed language since 2004. No evidence of notability. Three Google hits (10 if you allow results from the same site), one of which looks less than relevant. - Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 15:18, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, non-notable. Andre ( talk )A| 15:27, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, actually I hoped to create notability thisway! Joris.82.168.78.5 16:04, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * That's not a good argument for keeping it; Wikipedia is to reflect what already is notable, not to create notability. -- Antaeus Feldspar 16:10, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes. Notability first, Wikipedia afterward. - Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 17:53, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Can't vote if you don't have an account. Dr. Bacchus
 * Delete, non-notable, advertising. --Fastfission 16:11, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable conlang. -Vina 18:11, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I am overjoyed, to the point of happy tears, to see such an honest author. Most of them come along and swear (and swear to) notability, saying that at least 15 people on 12 continents speak the made up language, and it is a horrible conspiracy of academic elitism to pretend that this groundswell of linguistic innovation isn't at least as important as Finno-Ugaric.  At least this fellow admitted it straight off.  Good on him or her. Geogre 18:53, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Although his Web site is great fun to (try to) read, the language is not yet notable. --LeeHunter 19:06, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a place to make notability. --Improv 20:59, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, Improv has a good point — siro  χ  o  22:05, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable (yet?). Good luck though. Nadavspi 00:28, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Micronations, antipopes, garage bands, software projects, & conlangs -- they all come to Wikipedia looking for free advertising. Keep looking. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:45, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Nonsense. jguk 22:25, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. As a language it is insignificant because nobody apart from the author and the idiot who wrote the article (same person perhaps?) speak it--Cynical 21:42, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, althought I'd love to see what exactly the changes are. As it stands, the vagueness of this article makes it sound more like an advertisement. Mo0 21:44, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:KingOfAllTrolls

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
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 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 15:20, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Raymond Chen
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Raymond Chen. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion(s) by adding your comments to Articles for deletion/Raymond Chen. Please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate.

Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:08, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:KingOfAllTrolls


text: Category:Skills

title: Category:Skills


text: User talk:213.180.20.1

title: User talk:213.180.20.1


text:
Talk:Marbury v. Madison/to do

 * Get picture of Madison (?)

title: Talk:Marbury v. Madison/to do


text:
Tempel (crater)

Tempel is the remnant of a lunar impact crater whose outer rim has been eroded, indented, and reshaped by subsequent impacts and lava flows. It is attached to the eastern rim of the crater Agrippa, in an area that has been resurfaced by old lava flows. To the southwest is Godin, and to the east lies the small, bowl-shaped Whewell. Its diameter is 43 km. The crater was named after German astronomer Wilhelm Tempel.

There is a gap in the northwestern rim of Tempel that forms a protrusion that follows the rim of Agrippa. Smaller gaps exist in the southern rim, and the relatively flat interior surface of the crater is joined by these valley clefts to the lava-covered exterior. From here the flow can be followed eastwards until it joins the Mare Tranquillitatis. Little of the original rim remains intact, and the formation is now a somewhat circular range of rounded, irregular ridges.

title: Tempel (crater)


text:
Talk:Amazon parrot

Untitled
Is it a good idea to have separate articles for (for example) Blue fronted Amazon? At the moment there is at most a paragraph of content for each of the parrots listed, and none for most.

Perhaps it would be better to place the content for these pages into sections on the Amazon parrot page. If any parrot later gets enough information specific to that species, it can be given an individual article at that time.

Ben@liddicott.com 15:22, 2004 Oct 18 (UTC)

Uppercase Amazon?
Shouldn't "amazon" be "Amazon" in the common names in this article (and in related articles)? My understanding is that the "amazon" refers to the geographic region known as "the Amazon" (the location of the Amazon rainforest and Amazon river). I believe Wikipedia generally uses uppercase in words of a common species name that are the proper name of a specific place. See MOS:LIFE, which says words in common names are "capitalized where they contain proper names: Przewalski's horse, California condor, and fair-maid-of-France", and WP:FAUNA example "New World monkey". —BarrelProof (talk) 20:03, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

 * This was previously discussed at WP:BIRDS, but there was no real consensus either way - see Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject Birds/Archive 66. FWIW, I agree with you. --Kurt Shaped Box (talk) 21:57, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the pointer. To me, that prior discussion appears to reach a rough conclusion and exhibit a preponderance of views that capitalization is appropriate. The only person I see there saying that the MOS would indicate lowercase also seems to be calling the general notion of lowercasing a "fiasco". A later remark pointed out that all examples in the Oxford dictionary (which include three parrot examples) use uppercase, and the last remark that was recorded said "Amazon" should be presumed to refer to the general region of Amazonia and should be uppercased, as when referring to other named geographic places. —BarrelProof (talk) 23:19, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

 * It wasn't clear to me if it should be upper or lower case. The discussion at WP:BIRDS seemed inconclusive and I saw that someone had already changed most of the Amazons to lower case, so I followed their lead. If we determine that is wrong, I'd be happy to work on reversing all the changes made. There were many changes though, so I'd like to see a firm decision made rather than to just dive in.

 * As part of the discussion, in the past all bird names were upper case, so it wasn't clear if amazon was being used as a proper name or not. It's not clearly referring to the Amazon river when referring to the Cuban, Puerto Rican, Yucatan, et cetera amazon, it's a kind of bird. When we refer to the Attila (genus), it's lower case even though they are named after Attila the Hun. I also understand that inca, in cases like Gould's inca is not upper case.

 * I don't have a strong feeling either way, but want to be clear that it wasn't a decision made without thought. Thanks, SchreiberBike talk 04:05, 25 September 2014 (UTC)
 * It doesn't seem like anyone feels too strongly about this, which I suppose is a good thing! If we're going to go with "white-fronted amazon", not "white-fronted amazon parrot", and use sentence case, the intuitive choice is to use a lowercase a, analogous to "inca" and "attila". It seems that most of the time (at least when talking about the wild birds), authors use "amazon" as a standalone noun, despite the complications below, and there aren't many cases of "yellow-billed Amazon" and the like to be found. But I don't care strongly wither, and you're quite welcome to convince me. —innotata 18:01, 29 September 2014 (UTC)
 * To complicate matters further, there is another aspect that may be worth thinking about. There seems to be a difference between the grammatical construction of the phrase "an Amazon parrot" and the phrase "a yellow-billed Amazon" or simply "an Amazon" (when referring to a parrot). In "an Amazon parrot", the word "Amazon" is an adjective, not a noun. If "Amazon" was a noun in that phrase, it would be like saying "a horse mammal" which is ungrammatical because a horse and a mammal are both nouns and we don't string multiple nouns together like that. I see two possibilities for interpretation of the phrase "a yellow-billed Amazon". One is that there is an implied noun ("parrot") that has been omitted for the sake of brevity, so "Amazon" is still basically acting like an adjective. This seems sort of like the term Russian Black Pied, which is the name of a cattle breed, because pied is really an adjective (sort of synonymous with "spotted"), and there is an implied noun (which is "cattle" in that case). It would seem ungrammatical to say "I saw a spotted walking along the path yesterday"; one instead should say "I saw a spotted cow walking along the path yesterday" because otherwise the noun is missing in the sentence. The other interpretation is to say that "Amazon" is actually a noun in the phrase "a yellow-billed Amazon", so "an Amazon" is a type of parrot – a noun phrase rather than an adjective that prefixes the noun "parrot". As an adjective, I think the case seems stronger for the capitalization, because it seems to be referring to the proper name of a geographic place (e.g., as in Hainan peacock-pheasant, which is a bird found in Hainan). But overall, I must say that I find the lowercase "amazon" rather disconcerting, and note that dictionaries generally at least don't seem to actively discourage its capitalization. —BarrelProof (talk) 05:21, 25 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Another example of the "missing noun problem" is Rhode Island Red, where the implied noun is "chicken". One can use "Rhode Island Red" as a noun phrase, but "Red" is ordinarily considered an adjective. —BarrelProof (talk) 20:16, 2 October 2014 (UTC)
 * an amazon parrot refers to the genus Amazona. There are many amazon parrots away that are away from the Amazon region.  The genus should be capitalized, but the common name should not, following Wikipedia  capitalization rules.  Other scientific names are used as part of the common name.  The scientific name piece is capitalized where appropriate, the common name is downcased where appropriate (Donacobius, Nicator, Rhea, Cotinga come to mind) Given that, whatever the entire group decides, I'm OK with.........Pvmoutside (talk) 17:46, 29 September 2014 (UTC)
 * There are certainly Amazon parrots that are away from the Amazon region, but I believe they (and their genus) got their name from that region (e.g., they are commonly called "Amazon parrots", not "Amazona parrots"). One of the quirks of common names is that they are not required to follow strict logic, but I believe the name is derived from the geographic place, and the proper names of geographic places are typically capitalized in a common name. I guess at this point I suggest capitalization when 'Amazon' is used as an adjective and not when it is used as a noun (as a type of parrot). —BarrelProof (talk) 03:50, 30 September 2014 (UTC)
 * It looks like the Amazon River was named after the Amazons of Greek mythology, and I can't find any other significant meaning for amazon in any language, so it looks like Amazon is based on a proper name. What I'm less clear on is whether it should be capitalized in a bird name. Right now Wikipedia has the inca hummingbirds lower case, but the Inca dove upper case. For the Attila (genus), I looked in Google Books and Scholar and found that where lower case names were used, attila was lower case. I can't find clear evidence either way for inca or amazon. I prefer lower case simply because it would be more work to change back to upper case in all the articles and lists, but if the consensus goes the other way, I'll start on the changes. Should we call for an administrator to close this? (By the way, I think it's great to find a discussion on Wikipedia where no one has strong feelings and everyone is willing to compromise!) SchreiberBike talk 21:00, 2 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I would capitalize this, too. The legendary Amazons: proper name. The river, rain forest and region, named after the classical figures: proper names. Dictionaries are notably capitalization-averse, so if they capitalize this, including with reference to the parrots, I think we're safe doing so, too.  There are proper names that become "commonized" over time (lynched, draconian, even platonic in the sense of relationships not philosophy), but this isn't all that frequent. If sources that are actually reliable on how to capitalize a word in everyday English writing are capitalizing this, then we should, too.  I'm sympathetic to the argument that in this case because it's derived from a genus name, Amazona, that is capitalized by convention not as a proper name, and we don't capitalize English words derived from taxa (it's Felidae but felid, Felinae, but feline), that we shouldn't capitalize it here, but I think the underlying proper name trumps that, because Amazona itself is named after the Amazon (in the geographic sense).  If the name just accidentally coincided with a proper name, different story (e.g. genus Erica, from Latin erica 'heath, broom', not from Nordic personal name Erica/Erika, fem. of Eric/Erik). BarrelProof's noun/adjective analysis isn't necessary; proper names are capitalized in English (not many other languages) even when used as adjectives.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  12:42, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

Useful to still include alternate names?
I see with this edit, User:Ddum5347 removed the alternative names for several species, when reorganizing the taxonomy. Is there any particular reason why the article shouldn't include these, just to help people find what they're looking for? Names such as 'blue-fronted amazon' and 'double yellow-headed amazon' are very commonly used (a quick google search will confirm this). --Iloveparrots (talk) 16:49, 9 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I removed them for the sake of consistency. All the amazons have different names, and I simply listed them with the title of their article and binomial. Ddum5347 (talk) 16:55, 9 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Just realized something else. Did you just put them in alphabetical order by Latin name? I don't think that's how it's supposed to work. I'm not sure if what was there before was correct, but I think they were supposed to be in taxonomic sequence there. --Iloveparrots (talk) 17:02, 9 March 2021 (UTC)
 * There's no dates or sources to give such a sequence. So they're alphabetised for now. Ddum5347 (talk) 17:06, 9 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I *think* this here contains the currently accepted taxonomic order. I'd need confirmation on that from someone whose area this is before I added it to the article though... --Iloveparrots (talk) 17:11, 9 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I asked about it at WP:BIRDS - here. Bit confused about this myself now... --Iloveparrots (talk) 17:17, 9 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Yeah, we'll see who can help us with this. Taxonomic sequence for such a large genus is hard to make. Ddum5347 (talk) 17:38, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

Team-B-Vital Improvement Drive
Hello all!

This article has been chosen as this week's effort for WP:Discord's #team-b-vital channel, a collaborate effort to bring Stub and Start class Vital articles up to a B class if possible, similar to WP:Articles for Improvement. This effort will run for up to seven days, ending early if the article is felt to be at B-class or impossible to further improve. Articles are chosen by a quick vote among interested chatters, with the goal of working together on interesting Vital articles that need improving. This is the first article chosen and a trial run for the effort.

Thank you! -- ferret (talk) 23:31, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Why did the species list get removed from this article? I thought that would be a useful thing to have in there. List of amazon parrots is outdated and in the wrong taxonomic order. --Iloveparrots (talk) 09:05, 16 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I believe they're following what appears to be guidance from WP:Birds and the GA Phedina as a model. As there's a dedicated list article that has split the details out already, having it in both places is duplicative. If the list is outdated, it should certainly be updated and fixed. Leaving the list broken because there was a second list here is no good. -- ferret (talk) 13:06, 16 July 2021 (UTC)
 * We're looking at getting the list up-to-date. -- ferret (talk) 13:17, 16 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I did try to fix it myself a while back but I couldn't get the hang of the table syntax. The version that was removed from this article is correct and up-to-date, as far as I'm aware. --Iloveparrots (talk) 14:09, 16 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I have finished adding the missing entries to List of amazon parrots and fixing a few issues such as Scaly-naped name and noting farinosa as the southern mealy. -- ferret (talk) 15:44, 16 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Just one thing though - if you look at the IOC taxonomy, the species are presented in a specific order for a reason. That's what I was trying to fix the other week and I kept messing up the table syntax... --Iloveparrots (talk) 13:56, 20 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Could you clarify what that reason is, and what the specific order is? As far as I can tell it's simply a spreadsheet, no statement or description of an order with any given purpose is described. -- ferret (talk) 13:59, 20 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Sure thing. It's the taxonomic sequence. The listed order is supposed to indicate the evolutionary relationships between the various amazon species. It was previously discussed here at WP:BIRDS. --Iloveparrots (talk) 14:38, 20 July 2021 (UTC)

I believe this effort has been a stunning successful and that the article has reached a B class state. Interested editors may continue to work on it if they plan to push for GA. -- ferret (talk) 12:14, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

Some dubious info in this article about sunflower seeds
Currently says:

> Within captivity, it is recommended to feed parrots sunflower seeds and parrot mix, changed daily.

It's really not a good idea to feed your Amazon lots of sunflower seed:

e.g.

https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/amazon-parrots-feeding

> Although wild Amazon parrots have access to seeds all year round, the types of seeds they have feed on change throughout the year, as different plants come into season. The commercial seed mixes offered to many captive parrots tend to be high in fat and deficient in nutrients. If these mixes are fed as the only source of food, Amazon parrots could become ill and ultimately die prematurely. To make matters worse, often, birds will pick through a large bowl of commercial seed mix and selectively eat 1 or 2 favorite types of seeds, limiting their nutrient intake even further. They often preferentially choose peanuts and sunflower seeds that are particularly high in fat and deficient in calcium, vitamin A, and other nutrients. Their selective appetite can further predispose them to malnutrition.

> Seeds should only be a small part of a balanced diet and should never be the entire diet. In addition, only a couple of nuts should be offered daily.

Parrot pellets along with fresh fruit and vegetables seems to be the current thinking.

Haven't got time to fix this right now, but I thought I'd mention it here. Wouldn't want anyone reading this to get bad info. --Iloveparrots (talk) 14:00, 23 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks a lot for the source. Changed. Roniius  talk to me 14:25, 23 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Awesome. Thank you very much. --Iloveparrots (talk) 17:16, 24 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amazon parrot


text:
Lestat

Lestat may refer to:

 * Lestat de Lioncourt, vampire character introduced in Anne Rice's 1976 novel Interview with the Vampire
 * Lestat (band), American dark wave gothic band active 1988–2000 and 2010-2014
 * Lestat (musical), 2006 Broadway show based on Anne Rice's The Vampire Chronicles

title: Lestat


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Robert (Bob) Morritt

The result of the debate was delete [added by Andre🚐 22:42, 15 August 2022 (UTC) for afdstats]
 * Delete. Someone is abusing wikipedia for their own gain? Bleh. --Improv 21:21, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Informational only: User:198.96.180.245 has attempted to blank this VFD listing and removed the VFD notice from the page in question. - Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 16:33, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. -Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 16:35, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. Dunc|☺ 16:59, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. vanity. Iain 17:57, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Time also to figure out if this is a range or a stable IP for blocking purposes. Geogre 18:43, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete; and bravo Touriste, I found one more under Estonia: oot. — Bill 22:38, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - no doubt. Nadavspi 00:26, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Obvious vanity pages should be speedies. Delete. Andre ( talk )A| 14:03, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)