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Rankism

Rankism is "abusive, discriminatory, and/or exploitative behavior towards people because of their rank in a particular hierarchy". Rank-based abuse underlies many other phenomena such as bullying, racism, xenophobia, hazing, ageism, sexism, ableism, mentalism, antisemitism, homophobia and transphobia. The term "rankism" was popularized by physicist, educator, and citizen diplomat Robert W. Fuller.

Characteristics
Rankism can take many forms, including
 * exploiting one's position within a hierarchy to secure unwarranted advantages and benefits (e.g. massive corporate bonuses);
 * abusing a position of power (e.g., abusive parent or priest, corrupt CEO, bully boss, prisoner abuse);
 * using rank as a shield to get away with insulting or humiliating others with impunity;
 * using rank to maintain a position of power long after it can be justified;
 * exporting the rank achieved in one sphere of activity to claim superior value as a person;
 * exploiting rank that is illegitimately acquired or held (as in situations resting on specious distinctions of social rank, such as racism, sexism, intellectualism, wealth, religious beliefs, hereditary, marital status, gang affiliation, criminal record, egotism or classism).

Rankism can occur in any social hierarchy, such as governments, corporations, families, non-profit organizations, and universities.

Use of term
The term rankism first appeared in print in the Oberlin Alumni Magazine for fall of 1997. It later appeared in a book called Somebodies and Nobodies: Overcoming the Abuse of Rank, written by Fuller and published in 2003.

The first use of the term in a management journal occurred in 2001 in a Leader to Leader Institute article. The piece questioned the abuse of rank in work hierarchies. The idea of rankism has since been widely covered in the media, including The New York Times, NPR, C-SPAN, The Boston Globe, the BBC, Voice of America, and O, The Oprah Magazine.

Other notable references of rankism include Fuller's second book on the subject, All Rise: Somebodies, Nobodies, and the Politics of Dignity, and an action-oriented guide titled Dignity for All: How to Create a World Without Rankism.

The Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies (Human DHS) network has also accepted the concept of rankism as core to its mission. It asserts, "...the mission we have undertaken at Human DHS is the confrontation of abuse, rankism and the humiliation endemic to it, on the historical scale."

Professional mediator Julia Ann Wambach uses Fuller's definition of rankism to explore the abuse of position within a hierarchy from both up and down the lines of power, including how rankism feeds on itself in group contexts.

Rankism and dignity
According to Fuller, the abuse of rank is experienced by victims as an affront to their dignity. Fuller and his supporters have launched a new social movement to promote the creation of a dignitarian society. The Dignity Movement's goal is to overcome rankism in the same way that the civil rights movement and women's movements target racism and sexism.

title: Rankism


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Wyke Regis

Wyke Regis is a village in the civil parish of Weymouth, in south Dorset, England. The village is part of the south western suburbs of Weymouth, on the northern shore of Portland Harbour and the south-eastern end of Chesil Beach. Wyke is 15 km south of the county town, Dorchester. The village has a population of around 5,500.

History
All Saints' Church in the village is known to have been frequented by King George III during his summer visits to Weymouth between 1790 and 1805. The church was the main place of worship for Weymouth citizens until the first sizeable church was built in the main part of the town in the 19th century. The victims of the wrecks of the East Indiaman ship Earl of Abergavenny, including its captain John Wordsworth, brother of poet William Wordsworth, are buried in the churchyard, as are bodies recovered from Alexander. Construction of the church started around 1451; it took four years to build and was dedicated on 19 October 1455. The church is constructed of local stone brought from quarries on Portland and at Upwey.

Thanks to treacherous local currents and the long sweep of Chesil Beach on which many ships ran aground, the village, as well as the neighbouring Isle of Portland gained a reputation for both smuggling and the looting of wrecks. This reputation is reflected today in the name of a local public house, the Wyke Smugglers previously known as the Wyke Hotel.

Located close to the Fleet Lagoon of Chesil Beach is the Wyke Regis Training Area.

In 1931 the civil parish had a population of 4378. On 1 April 1933 the parish was abolished and merged with Weymouth and Chickerell.

Industry
The major industry in the area was Whitehead Torpedo Works, which has now closed. As the major employer in the village, Whitehead's funded the building of two schools, which opened in 1897. Whitehead's expertise also led to the Royal Naval establishment at Portland becoming a major anti-submarine and torpedo warfare centre in both the First and Second World Wars. The Whitehead site is now a housing estate. It later became Vickers Armstrong, Wellworthys and finally AE Piston Products. In 2018 London based theatre company The Pensive Federation, inspired by artistic director Neil J. Byden's family and upbringing in Wyke and his parents connections to the factory, set their annual new writing festival in the fictional factory of Reseal9. Significant Other Inc. was performed at The Vault Theatre in Waterloo.

Schools
Wyke Regis Infant school is situated along Portland Road, while Wyke Regis Junior school is on the High Street. There is a Nursery school within the grounds of the Infant school. All Saints Church of England Academy is a secondary school situated on the Portland Road. The school is a Church of England school.

Politics
Wyke Regis is part of South Dorset constituency for elections to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

Wyke Regis is part of the Rodwell and Wyke ward for elections to Dorset Council.

Location
Wyke Regis looks over Chesil Beach and the Fleet lagoon to the west, the Isle of Portland to the south and Portland Harbour to the south and east. The South West Coast Path passes around the coast of the village, which is also around halfway along the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site.

Landmarks

 * On Westhill Road is a folly known as Wyke Castle, dating from the nineteenth century and now divided into three dwellings.
 * Wyke Regis Methodist Church was built in 1903 and forms part of the Dorset South & West Methodist Circuit.
 * Wyke Regis War Memorial, erected in 1919 in remembrance of local men who lost their lives in World War I.
 * In January 2019, a concrete BMX and Skate pump track was built on the Wyke Regis Playing Fields, said to be the first of its kind in the UK.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wyke Regis


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David Green

David or Dave Green may refer to:

Gridiron football

 * Dave Green (American football) (born 1949), American football punter
 * David Green (American football) (born 1972), American football running back
 * David Green (Canadian football) (born 1953), Canadian football running back

Cricket

 * David Green (cricketer, born 1935) (1935–2020), English cricketer
 * David Green (cricketer, born 1939) (1939–2016), Welsh cricketer

Other sports

 * David Green (baseball) (1960–2022), Nicaraguan-born baseball player
 * David Green (equestrian) (born 1960), Australian Olympic equestrian
 * David Green (racing driver) (born 1958), Busch Series race car driver
 * Dave Boy Green (born 1953), British boxer

Arts and entertainment

 * David Green (director) (born 1948), film director
 * David Gordon Green (born 1975), American filmmaker
 * Dave Green (director) (born 1983), American film and music video director
 * Dave Green (journalist), journalist and broadcaster
 * Dave Green (musician) (born 1942), British jazz bassist

Other people

 * David Green (civil engineer) (born 1937), British civil engineer
 * David Green (Director of the SFO) (born 1954), British prosecutor, Director of Serious Fraud Office
 * David Green (entrepreneur) (born 1941), entrepreneur & founder of Hobby Lobby Creative Centers
 * David Green (political adviser) (1922–2007), adviser to Illinois governor Daniel Walker
 * David Green (politician) (1951–2014), American politician
 * David Green (social entrepreneur) (born 1956), founder of Project Impact
 * David Green (university administrator), Vice-Chancellor of the University of Worcester
 * David Allen Green (born 1971), English lawyer, sceptic and blogger
 * David E. Green (1910–1983), American biochemist
 * David George Green (born 1951), British think tank CEO
 * David S. Green (19th-century), Mississippi legislator and minister
 * David W. Green (biochemist), biochemist known for developing isomorphous replacement
 * David W. Green (psychologist), British professor of psychology at University College London
 * Dave Green (astrophysicist) (born 1959), British astronomer
 * Dave Green (police officer) (1938–2012), American undercover police officer
 * G. David Green (born 1948), former chairman of the Dartington Hall Trust and The Prince's School of Traditional Arts
 * Stephen "David" Green, American politician

title: David Green


text:
Yetminster

Yetminster is a village and civil parish in the English county of Dorset. It lies 4 mi south-west of Sherborne. It is sited on the River Wriggle, a tributary of the River Yeo, and is built almost entirely of honey-coloured limestone, which gives the village an appearance reminiscent of Cotswold villages. In the 2011 census the civil parish had a population of 1,105.

History
In 1086 in the Domesday Book Yetminster was recorded as Etiminstre; it had 76 households, 26 ploughlands, 42 acre of meadow and 2 mills. It was in Yetminster Hundred and the tenant-in-chief was the Bishop of Salisbury.

The parish church of St Andrew has Saxon origins, though only part of a 10th-century standing cross remains from that period; the current building dates mostly from the mid-15th century, though the chancel was built around 1300 and the whole church was restored in 1890 and several times subsequently.

In 1300 the bishop of Salisbury founded a weekly market and three-day annual fair in the village. Records do not state whether the market thrived, but the fair continued until the 19th century. It was revived in the 20th century, and today takes place on the second Saturday in July.

Robert Boyle, pioneer of modern chemistry who is best known for Boyle's Law, left an endowment for the provision of a school for poor boys in the district; the building was constructed in 1697 and functioned as a school between 1711 and 1945.

In the early 19th century, several buildings in the village accommodated a thriving dowlas industry. Records from 1848 indicate Yetminster's degree of self-sufficiency as a community; nearly 20 trades and crafts were conducted in the village, including a glazier, a saddler, several shoe and boot makers, a tailor and a maltster.

In 1857 the Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway between Weymouth and Westbury opened; it passed through Yetminster and a station was built for the village.

Many of the buildings still standing in the village were built from the local limestone between the end of the 16th and the middle of the 18th centuries, resulting in an unusually unified architectural appearance. Writing in 1905 Sir Frederick Treves described the village as "probably the most consistent old-world village or townlet in the county", in 1965 Ralph Wightman stated that "Yetminster [...] is the nearest Dorset equivalent to the stone building of the Cotswold country", and in 1980 Roland Gant wrote that "little has come since to spoil this largish village."

Governance
Yetminster is within an electoral ward that bears its name and includes Chetnole and the surrounding area. The population of this ward in the 2011 census was 1,564. The ward is one of 32 that comprise the West Dorset parliamentary constituency, which is currently represented in the UK national parliament by the Conservative Chris Loder, who succeeded Oliver Letwin in 2019.

Geography
Measured directly, Yetminster village is about 4 mi southwest of Sherborne, 4 mi southeast of Yeovil, 13.5 mi northeast of Bridport and 14 mi north-northwest of Dorchester.

The geology of the parish comprises a narrow central band of Middle Jurassic cornbrash limestone and Forest Marble that crosses the parish from west to east, with Upper Jurassic Oxford clay to the north and south. In the southeast and northeast the Oxford clay is overlain by Quaternary undifferentiated head deposits. The village is sited on the cornbrash.

Demography
In the 2011 census Yetminster civil parish had 531 dwellings, 498 households and a population of 1,105. % of residents were age 65 or over, compared to % for England as a whole.

The population of the parish in the censuses between 1921 and 2001 is shown in the table below:

Amenities
Yetminster does not lie on a main road and experiences mostly local traffic. It has its own railway station (on the Heart of Wessex Line), which is sited close to the village centre. St Andrews Church has a 300-year-old faceless clock which chimes the national anthem every three hours. As well as the expected local store and pub, Yetminster still possesses a variety of village amenities and services, including a GP surgery and health centre, and a sports/social club with playing grounds and tennis court.

Notable people
Yetminster was the birthplace of Benjamin Jesty (c.1736–1816), a farmer who lived in the village for much of his life, who is notable for his early experiment in inducing immunity against smallpox using deliberate inoculation with the less virulent cowpox. Unlike Edward Jenner, a medical doctor who is given broad credit for developing the smallpox vaccine in 1796, Jesty did not publicise his findings, even though they were made some twenty years earlier in 1774. Only two people pre-dated Jesty's work. There is a blue plaque commemorating Jesty's pioneering work at Upbury Farm, near to the church.

English folk music group The Yetties met in the Yetminster Scout Group in the mid 1950s and took their name from the village.

title: Yetminster


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Ralph Rose

Ralph Waldo Rose (March 17, 1885 – October 16, 1913) was an American track and field athlete. He was born in Healdsburg, California.

Biography
Standing 6 ft 5.5 in (197 cm) and weighing 250 pounds (115 kg), Rose was the first shot putter to break 50 feet (15 m). His world record of 51 ft 0 in (15.5 m), set in 1909, lasted for 16 years. In 1904, while at the University of Michigan, he won both the shot put and discus at the Big Ten championships. He subsequently competed for the Olympic Club in San Francisco, California and won seven National AAU titles in the shot, discus, and javelin. A competitor in three Olympic Games, Rose compiled a medal total of three golds, two silver, and one bronze. At the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, he won the shot, was second in the discus, third in the hammer throw, and sixth in the 56-pound (25 kg) weight throw.

Four years later at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, he repeated as the shot put champion. At the opening ceremony Rose, the U.S. flag bearer, refused (supported by a majority of his mostly Irish-American teammates) to dip the flag towards the royal box, as athletes from other countries did. Fellow athlete Martin Sheridan supposedly explained Rose's action with the terse statement, "This flag dips to no earthly king." According to legend, this caused acrimony between the United States and Great Britain. Several decisions by British judges went against American athletes during the games, and U.S. spokesmen felt they stemmed from bias, caused in part by the flag incident. However, there is no reliable evidence that the British spectators objected to Rose's action, nor that Sheridan ever uttered his famous quote, which did not appear in print until 1952.

At the 1908 Summer Olympics Rose competed in the tug of war but was not successful.

In the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden, he won the two-handed shot put (throwing a total of 27.70 m (90 ft 10.5 in) with his right and left hands), took second in the regular shot, ninth in the hammer and 11th in the discus.

At the age of 28 he died of typhoid fever, in San Francisco.

title: Ralph Rose


text:
Charles Greene (athlete)

Charles Edward "Charlie" Greene (March 21, 1945 – March 14, 2022) was an American track and field sprinter and winner of the gold medal in the 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

Born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, Greene was considered a certain candidate for the 1964 Olympic team, but he suffered a muscle pull which held him to a sixth-place finish at the Olympic Trials.

Greene won the 100-yard dash for O'Dea High School in Seattle in 1962 and 1963 and also the 220-yard dash in 1963. Greene won the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) championships in the 100-yard dash in 1966 and in the 100-meter dash in 1968. At the 1968 AAU Championships, Greene tied the 100 m world record twice. First in the heats, he equaled the world record of 10.0 seconds. In the second semifinal, he achieved a time of 9.9 seconds, the same time which had been run by Jim Hines and Ronnie Ray Smith in the previous race. The evening when the three men equaled the world record (and several others were very close), June 20, 1968, at Hughes Stadium in Sacramento, California has been dubbed by track and field historians as the "Night of Speed". As a University of Nebraska student, Greene won the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championships in the 100-yard dash from 1965 to 1967 and tied the world record at 9.1 seconds.

At the 1968 Olympics in Mexico, Greene felt pain in his left hamstring late in the race and was third in the 100-meter dash. He was the fastest man in the trials and semifinals, but before the final race he was injured although started anyway with a bandaged leg. Despite the injury, he also led off the American 4 × 100 metres relay team which won the gold medal and set a new world record of 38.24 seconds.

Following his athletic career, Greene became a United States Army officer, serving as the sprint coach at West Point and head coach of the All-Army team. After retiring from the Army with the rank of Major, he became a director for Special Olympics International.

In 2007, Charles Greene became the sprints coach at Lincoln Northeast High School in Lincoln, Nebraska. He coached multiple state qualifiers in his first year along with the state's third-place 4 × 100 metres relay team of Logan Reising, Brian May, Tory Berks, and AJ Robinson.

Greene, who spent most of his childhood in Seattle, Washington, was slowed down later in life due to a number of medical complications and surgeries. He died in Lincoln, Nebraska on March 14, 2022, at the age of 76.

title: Charles Greene (athlete)


text: Category:Towns in Lincolnshire

title: Category:Towns in Lincolnshire


text:
Charon (band)

Charon was a Finnish gothic metal band from Raahe.

History
Charon was founded in 1992 by Antti Karihtala, Teemu Hautamäki, Pasi Sipilä, and Jasse Hast and was originally a brutal death metal act. After releasing three promo albums and two demos, all self-released, the band signed a record deal with Emanzipation Productions. Through Emanzipation, Charon released their first two full-length albums Sorrowburn and Tearstained in 1998 and 2000 respectively. After touring with fellow Finlanders Sentenced, the band parted ways with Emanzipation and signed to Spinefarm Records.

During the summer of 2001 Charon recorded their third studio album Downhearted. Prior to the release of the full album, the single Little Angel, which rose to number 5 on the Finnish singles chart, was released. In early 2002, Downhearted was released, and it proved to be just as popular as the single. The album rose to the number 3 slot on the Finnish Album Charts while the video for the song "Little Angel" hit No. 1 on the Nordic Video List.

The summer following the release of Downhearted the band went on tour in their native Finland, and directly thereafter the band toured through Europe with Nightwish and After Forever. Then in April 2003, the band released another single, In Trust of No One, which made its debut at No. 1 on the Finnish Singles Chart. Five months later the Religious/Delicious single was released, followed quickly by the band's fourth studio album The Dying Daylights. Immediately after the releases the band went on tour in Finland to support the album.

In November 2003, guitarist Jasse von Hast left the band, citing a lack of interest in playing for the group and boredom with band-related activities as reason for doing so. Lauri Tuohimaa stepped in and officially became the band's new guitarist in January 2004. Charon then went on yet another tour through Finland to support The Dying Daylights.

After several more tours and the release of the single Colder, the band released its fifth album Songs for the Sinners on 31 August 2005. Since then, the band has toured extensively in Europe and Russia. Concerning further releases, the band stated, during the summer, that they had six new tracks ready to record. Then, that autumn, another update was posted on the bands site stating that they have spent the last few weeks recording five new tracks for a demo and that they are currently negotiating a new record deal.

In June 2011, the band posted a news release on their website stating that they have decided to disband after summer concerts in their native Finland. In an interview with Leppaluoto, the band felt they had nothing more to contribute in the genre. And some members where not interested anymore, with conflict going back to 2005.

In October 2015, lead singer JP-Leppaluoto and other members of Charon participated in a music gig in Tavastia on Halloween, effectively reviving Charon for a final time for a show. Since then, Charon has again disbanded, despite some sources labelling the band on an "indefinite hiatus". Charon's Twitter is still somewhat active, only used as promoting other artists.

Final members

 * Juha-Pekka Leppäluoto – vocals (1995–2011, 2015)
 * Lauri Tuohimaa – guitar (2003–2011, 2015)
 * Antti Karihtala – drums (1992–2011, 2015)
 * Teemu Hautamäki – bass (1992–2011, 2015), vocals (1992–1995)

Former members

 * Jasse von Hast – guitar (1992–2003)
 * Pasi Sipilä – guitar (1992–2010)

Albums

 * Sorrowburn (1998)
 * Tearstained (2000)
 * Downhearted (2002)
 * The Dying Daylights (2003)
 * Songs for the Sinners (2005)

Singles

 * "Little Angel" (2001)
 * "In Trust of No One" (2003)
 * "Religious/Delicious" (2003)
 * "Ride on Tears" (2005)
 * "Colder" (2005)

Compilation albums

 * A-Sides, B-Sides & Suicides (2010)

Music videos

 * "November's Eve"
 * "Little Angel"
 * "Colder"
 * "Ride on Tears"

title: Charon (band)


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Dirac operator

In mathematics and quantum mechanics, a Dirac operator is a differential operator that is a formal square root, or half-iterate, of a second-order operator such as a Laplacian. The original case which concerned Paul Dirac was to factorise formally an operator for Minkowski space, to get a form of quantum theory compatible with special relativity; to get the relevant Laplacian as a product of first-order operators he introduced spinors. It was first published in 1928 by Dirac.

Formal definition
In general, let D be a first-order differential operator acting on a vector bundle V over a Riemannian manifold M. If
 * $$D^2=\Delta, \,$$

where ∆ is the Laplacian of V, then D is called a Dirac operator.

In high-energy physics, this requirement is often relaxed: only the second-order part of D2 must equal the Laplacian.

Example 1
D = −i ∂x is a Dirac operator on the tangent bundle over a line.

Example 2
Consider a simple bundle of notable importance in physics: the configuration space of a particle with spin $1⁄2$ confined to a plane, which is also the base manifold. It is represented by a wavefunction ψ : R2 → C2
 * $$\psi(x,y) = \begin{bmatrix}\chi(x,y) \\ \eta(x,y)\end{bmatrix}$$

where x and y are the usual coordinate functions on R2. χ specifies the probability amplitude for the particle to be in the spin-up state, and similarly for η. The so-called spin-Dirac operator can then be written
 * $$D=-i\sigma_x\partial_x-i\sigma_y\partial_y ,$$

where σi are the Pauli matrices. Note that the anticommutation relations for the Pauli matrices make the proof of the above defining property trivial. Those relations define the notion of a Clifford algebra.

Solutions to the Dirac equation for spinor fields are often called harmonic spinors.

Example 3
Feynman's Dirac operator describes the propagation of a free fermion in three dimensions and is elegantly written
 * $$D=\gamma^\mu\partial_\mu\ \equiv \partial\!\!\!/,$$

using the Feynman slash notation. In introductory textbooks to quantum field theory, this will appear in the form

 * $$D = c\vec\alpha \cdot (-i\hbar\nabla_x) + mc^2\beta$$

where $$\vec\alpha = (\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3)$$ are the off-diagonal Dirac matrices $$\alpha_i=\beta\gamma_i$$, with $$\beta=\gamma_0$$ and the remaining constants are $$c$$ the speed of light, $$\hbar$$ being the Planck constant, and $$m$$ the mass of a fermion (for example, an electron). It acts on a four-component wave function $$\psi(x) \in L^2(\mathbb{R}^3, \mathbb{C}^4)$$, the Sobolev space of smooth, square-integrable functions. It can be extended to a self-adjoint operator on that domain. The square, in this case, is not the Laplacian, but instead $$D^2=\Delta+m^2$$ (after setting $$\hbar=c=1.$$)

Example 4
Another Dirac operator arises in Clifford analysis. In euclidean n-space this is
 * $$D=\sum_{j=1}^{n}e_{j}\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}$$

where {ej: j = 1, ..., n} is an orthonormal basis for euclidean n-space, and Rn is considered to be embedded in a Clifford algebra.

This is a special case of the Atiyah–Singer–Dirac operator acting on sections of a spinor bundle.

Example 5
For a spin manifold, M, the Atiyah–Singer–Dirac operator is locally defined as follows: For x ∈ M and e1(x), ..., ej(x) a local orthonormal basis for the tangent space of M at x, the Atiyah–Singer–Dirac operator is
 * $$D=\sum_{j=1}^{n}e_{j}(x)\tilde{\Gamma}_{e_{j}(x)} ,$$

where $$\tilde{\Gamma}$$ is the spin connection, a lifting of the Levi-Civita connection on M to the spinor bundle over M. The square in this case is not the Laplacian, but instead $$D^2=\Delta+R/4$$ where $$R$$ is the scalar curvature of the connection.

Example 6
On Riemannian manifold $$(M, g)$$ of dimension $$n=dim(M)$$ with Levi-Civita connection $$\nabla$$and an orthonormal basis $$\{e_{a}\}_{a=1}^{n}$$, we can define exterior derivative $$d$$ and coderivative $$\delta$$ as
 * $$d= e^{a}\wedge \nabla_{e_{a}}, \quad \delta =e^{a} \lrcorner \nabla_{e_{a}}$$.

Then we can define a Dirac-Kähler operator  $$D$$, as follows
 * $$D = e^{a}\nabla_{e_{a}}=d-\delta$$.

The operator acts on sections of Clifford bundle in general, and it can be restricted to spinor bundle, an ideal of Clifford bundle, only if the projection operator on the ideal is parallel.

Generalisations
In Clifford analysis, the operator D : C∞(Rk ⊗ Rn, S) → C∞(Rk ⊗ Rn, Ck ⊗ S) acting on spinor valued functions defined by
 * $$f(x_1,\ldots,x_k)\mapsto

\begin{pmatrix} \partial_{\underline{x_1}}f\\ \partial_{\underline{x_2}}f\\ \ldots\\ \partial_{\underline{x_k}}f\\ \end{pmatrix}$$ is sometimes called Dirac operator in k Clifford variables. In the notation, S is the space of spinors, $$x_i=(x_{i1},x_{i2},\ldots,x_{in})$$ are n-dimensional variables and $$\partial_{\underline{x_i}}=\sum_j e_j\cdot \partial_{x_{ij}}$$ is the Dirac operator in the i-th variable. This is a common generalization of the Dirac operator (k = 1) and the Dolbeault operator (n = 2, k arbitrary). It is an invariant differential operator, invariant under the action of the group SL(k) × Spin(n). The resolution of D is known only in some special cases.

title: Dirac operator


text:
St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne

The Cathedral Church and Minor Basilica of Saint Patrick (colloquially St Patrick's Cathedral) is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia, and seat of its archbishop, currently Peter Comensoli.

In 1974 Pope Paul VI conferred the title and dignity of minor basilica on it. In 1986 Pope John Paul II visited the cathedral and addressed clergy during his papal visit.

The cathedral is built on a traditional east–west axis, with the altar at the eastern end, symbolising belief in the resurrection of Christ. The plan is in the style of a Latin cross, consisting of a nave with side aisles, transepts with side aisles, a sanctuary with seven chapels, and sacristies.

The cathedral was listed on the Victorian Heritage Register on 5 August 1999.

Location
The cathedral is located on Eastern Hill in Melbourne, in an area bounded by Albert Street, Gisborne Street, Lansdowne Street and Cathedral Place. Just to the west across Gisborne Street is St Peter's Church, constructed from 1846 to 1848, which is the Anglican parish church of Melbourne.

History
In 1848, the Augustinian friar James Goold was appointed the first bishop of Melbourne and became the fourth bishop in Australia, after Sydney, Hobart and Adelaide. Negotiations with the colonial government for the grant of five acres of land for a church in the Eastern Hill area began in 1848. On 1 April 1851, only 16 years after the foundation of Melbourne, the Colonial Secretary of Victoria finally granted the site to the Roman Catholic Church.

Goold decided to build his cathedral on the Eastern Hill site.

Since the Catholic community of Melbourne was at the time almost entirely Irish, the cathedral was dedicated to St Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland.

In 1851 a start was made, but with every able-bodied man in the colony soon rushing to the goldfields, not much was built by 1856, when Goold commissioned a larger one, using a design by Charles Hansom, but only the south aisle was built by 1858 when Goold appointed the recently arrived English architect William Wardell to design a far larger one. Wardell was an accomplished architect, known especially for a series of Catholic churches in London, all in Gothic Revival style, and was part of the circle around one of the leading exponents of the Gothic for churches, Augustus Welby Pugin.

St Patrick's Cathedral draws on the Gothic style of late thirteenth century, based on the great medieval cathedrals of England. The style is specifically Geometric Decorated Gothic, showing this style at its most complex in the large west window of the nave. The eastern arm with its chevet of radiating chapels in the French manner is still principally in the English late thirteenth century style, giving the most complete essay attempted in that style during the nineteenth century. William Wardell was a remarkably ambitious and capable architect; he went on to design the second St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney, in a similar style, even larger than St Patrick's, but with a completely English square East End.

In 1974 Pope Paul VI conferred the title and dignity of minor basilica on it. In 1986 Pope John Paul II visited the cathedral and addressed clergy during his papal visit. The building also saw a green ban in the 1970s.

Construction
In 1858 William Wardell was commissioned to plan the cathedral with a contract signed on 8 December 1858 and building commencing the same year.

Although the nave was completed within 10 years, construction proceeded slowly, and was further delayed by the severe depression which hit Melbourne in 1891. Under the leadership of Archbishop Thomas Carr the cathedral was consecrated in 1897 and even then it was not finished. Given the size of the Catholic community at the time, the massive bluestone Gothic cathedral was an immense and very expensive undertaking, and there were long delays while funds were raised. St Patrick's was one of the two largest churches brought to substantial completion anywhere in the world in the 19th century. The other is St Patrick's Cathedral, New York, United States.

Daniel Mannix, who became Archbishop of Melbourne in 1917, maintained a constant interest in the cathedral, which he was determined to see finished after the long delays during the previous 30 years. He oversaw the construction of the spires and a new main door in the late 1930s, with the spires being built taller than Wardell's original design. The completed building was officially completed in 1939.

The cathedral is 103.6 m long on its long axis, 56.4 m wide across the transepts and 25.3 m wide across the nave. The nave and transepts are 28.9 m high. The central spire is 105 m high and the flanking towers and spires are 61.9 m high. The bluestone used in its construction was sourced from basalt deposits in nearby Footscray.

Restoration
To celebrate the centenary of its consecration in 1997, the cathedral was closed throughout 1994 to be upgraded. Nothing was added to the main building. Rather, it underwent significant conservation work, with funds contributed by the federal and Victorian governments, corporate and philanthropic donors and the community of Melbourne.

The cathedral's stained glass windows had buckled and cracked and required a full year to restore to their original state. Teams of stonemasons and stained-glass craftsmen used "lime mortars and materials long-forgotten by the building trade — like medieval times". The 1992–97 restoration works were undertaken under the guidance of Falkinger Andronas Architects and Heritage Consultants. The works were awarded the Royal Australian Institute of Architects (Victorian Chapter) John George Knight Award for Heritage Architecture 1996. One of the gargoyles restored by the masonry team was modelled on the then-Premier of Victoria, Jeff Kennett.

Cathedral choir
There has been music at St Patrick's since 1858, but the present cathedral choir was founded in 1939 when the Vienna Mozart Boys Choir found itself stranded in Australia at the outbreak of war. The National Museum of Australia holds a collection of the choir's memorabilia from this period. St Patrick's choir has between 50 and 60 members who are all students of St Kevin's College in Toorak, through a scholarship program from the archdiocese. The choir has made commercial recordings in the past, mainly from the 1950s to 1990s. Selected recording before the 1980s have been deposited with the National Film and Sound Archive (Screensound Australia).

Cathedral singers
Formed in May 1996, the St Patrick's Cathedral Singers supplement the musical resources of the cathedral. The choir has been directed since 2015 by Mr Christopher Mason. The Singers sing weekly at the Sunday 6:30pm Mass. Entrance is by audition and some scholarships are available to eligible students.

Pipe organs
The cathedral's original pipe organ was built in the late 1870s by Robert Mackenzie and completed in 1880 by George Fincham. The current installation built by George Fincham & Sons, Melbourne in 1962–64 and incorporates a substantial part of the original. Installed in the west gallery of the cathedral, it comprises 81 speaking stops spread over four manuals and pedals. Some of the stops can be dated to 1880 or 1896, when the instrument was enlarged. The organ was refurbished in 1996–97 for the centenary of the cathedral. In addition to serving the liturgical needs of the cathedral, the organ is occasional used for recitals and recordings.

Bells
The bells of the cathedral were acquired by Bishop Goold, Melbourne's Roman Catholic leader at the time, when he visited Europe in 1851–1852. He bought a peal of eight bells for £500 (with some records showing that it cost £700). They arrived in Australia in 1853. The peal of eight bells is in F natural, with the tenor weighing and the treble. The peal set weights around 3556 kg. The bells were all cast by John Murphy of Dublin in 1852.

The bells were hung in a low frame at ground level in the western aisle in 1868. The consecration service was attended by around 5,000 people. The eight bell bears the coat of arms of Bishop Goold. The bells were eventually hung at the south-eastern tower.

The ringers of St Patrick's began the custom of ringing in the New Year in 1871. And by the 1880s, St Patrick's Cathedral became the leading tower for Australian change ringing. The bells were rung for the requiem mass of Pope Pius X in 1914. By 1959 the belfry fell into disrepair and the bells became unringable. The bells remained silent until in 1988, when the peal was sent to Eayre and Smith Bell foundry in England as the major Victorian project among Bicententennial bell restorations. Upon their return, a ninth bell, an Angelus bell, was added. An electronic chiming mechanism was also installed at this time for all the bells. The original manual method was retained by the electronic mechanism, in order to replicate how the bells would have sounded if they were rung by hand. The entire eight headstocks had to be replaced just ten years after this installation. The ringers are affiliated with The Australian and New Zealand Association of Bellringers.

The bells are unusual in that they were cast untuned, they ring anti-clockwise instead of clockwise, and they are thought to be the only ring of eight bells cast by Murphy which are still in operation today.

title: St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne


text:
Ronnie Ray Smith

Ronald Ray Smith (March 28, 1949 – March 31, 2013) was an American athlete, winner of the gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 1968 Summer Olympics. He attended San Jose State College during the "Speed City" era, coached by Lloyd (Bud) Winter and graduating in sociology.

At the 1968 AAU Championships, Ronnie Ray Smith equaled the 100 m world record in the semifinal, repeating the same time of 9.9 which was run by Jim Hines in the same race and Charles Greene in the other semifinal of the same competition. That evening of June 20, 1968, at Hughes Stadium in Sacramento, California has been dubbed by track and field historians as the "Night of Speed." Since Smith was still 19 years old at the time, that mark also became the World Junior Record, which lasted for exactly 8 years.

At the Mexico Olympics, Smith ran the third leg in the American 4 × 100 m relay team that won the gold medal and set a new world record of 38.24 seconds.

Before arriving at San Jose State, Smith ran at Manual Arts High School in Los Angeles, finishing third in the 220 yard dash at the CIF California State Meet in 1966.

After retiring from competitions Smith worked at the Los Angeles Parks and Recreation Department. He was inducted into the San Jose State Sports Hall of Fame.

Smith died in a hospice facility in Los Angeles, California, on March 31, 2013. He was 64. His funeral was featured on the TLC reality TV show Best Funeral Ever. In honor and memory of his 1968 gold medal performance, his casket "ran" a 100yd race and received a gold medal in a mock Olympic-style funeral.

title: Ronnie Ray Smith


text:
Jaromír Krejcar

(25July 1895 – 5October 1950) was a Czech functionalistic architect, student of Jan Kotěra and member of Devětsil.

He was born in Hundsheim, Austria. He collaborated with Czech structural engineer, Dr. Jaroslav Josef Polivka on the internationally acclaimed Czech Pavilion at the Paris Exposition of 1937.

Krejcar was husband of journalist Milena Jesenská and father of Jana Krejcarová. After the Communist-organized 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état he went to exile to the United Kingdom. He died in London.

title: Jaromír Krejcar


text:
Jana Černá

Jana Černá (14 August 1928 – 5 January 1981), born Jana Krejcarová, called "Honza" was a Czech poet, writer, and editor of samizdat editions in Czechoslovakia. She was a daughter of the journalist Milena Jesenská (1896-1944) and architect Jaromír Krejcar (1895-1950). After the communist coup d'état of 1948 she started publishing with her friends Egon Bondy, and others in a secret underground edition Půlnoc. She was married 4 times and had 5 children. Černá died at the age of 52 in a car accident.

Work

 * Hrdinství je povinné (1964)
 * Nebyly to moje děti... (1966)
 * Adresát Milena Jesenská (1969)
 * V zahrádce otce mého (1988)
 * Clarissa a jiné texty (1990)

title: Jana Černá


text:
Talk:Seamus Heaney

Seamus Heaney is IRISH
Seamus Heaney is Irish not British, he always refered to himself as being Irish, and was an Irish nationalist.--padraig3uk 13:59, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

There's an interesting article by Fionnuala O Connor in today's Irish Times (page14). She says that in his recent "Stepping Stones", Seamus jokes that his passport "wasn't actually green" until he moved south to live in 1972. Before that he had a British passport. When he needed a passport in a hurry fifty years ago, Dublin "wasn't even thought about". But she concludes that now, "someone from Heaney's background today would unthinkingly want their first passport to be Irish". Millbanks (talk) 17:17, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Indeed. Here's a link to the article in question: https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/seamus-heaney-if-i-described-myself-as-an-ulsterman-i-d-have-thought-i-was-selling-a-bit-of-my-birthright-1.2077002 —Moxfyre (ǝɹʎℲxoɯ | contrib) 17:00, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

I am sorry to contradict - but the facts seem clear: Seamus Heaney was born and lived his early life in the United Kingdom (ie. Northern Ireland). Self-reference has nothing to do with it, people don't choose their nationalities.

 * 'People don't chose their nationalities?'. That's obviously a very silly comment in relation to the North of Ireland. Belfast Agreement states citizens of the North can claim Irish or British citizenship.--Play Brian Moore 19:26, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry but they do in the north, therefore he's Irish. Derry Boi 11:38, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Obviously people have different feelings about what they call themselves. Seamus Heaney does, I believe have an Irish passport so there is not debate there. He is, of course, Northern Irish too. I think he has publicly stated that he is not British, though this doesn't mean that he techincally isn't.
 * Technically my arse. LEGALLY, citizens of the North have the right to claim Irish, British or both citizenships. Just because the territory is currently british occupied does not mean that the ancestral history of half the population is overwritten. you cant just stamp "british" over things that arent british. have you not learned anything from the troubles you moron? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.71.70.39 (talk) 17:10, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Oh dear, why is it that the "Oirish" brigade seems to have literacy problems - in marked contrast to Séamus Heaney? I've met Mr Heaney, and yes, he is a Nationalist and a Roman Catholic. He considers himself an Irishman but he is not anti-Protestant. He is an extremely cultured and well educated man, happy to be an expert on Anglo-Saxon and an Oxford Professor without betraying his Irish roots. He is not to be lumped in with Peter O'Toole, Shane MacGowan and others of that ilk.

As for your comment about the north of Ireland being currently "british (sic) occupied", I note that your anonymous note was written in March 2008. Precisely which British are occupying the province now? The Unionists? Millbanks (talk) 14:45, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

PS Have you tried contacting NALA? Millbanks (talk) 14:49, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

 * As for the Irish version of his name, unless there is some source that he has himself used that version then it must be removed. NotMuchToSay 13:09, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, this should be done in general for all "Irish names" on Wikipedia; unless there is proof that he has used that translation himself it should not be included. Demiurge 13:14, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Some of you need to look into the terms of the Good Friday Agreement Vintagekits 14:01, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The Belfast Agreement is irrelevant, being a multi-party political arrangement. It has no bearing whatsoever on an encyclopedia save that an encyclopedia may include an article on it. -- Mal 21:07, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Daily Telegraph 13/9/07 "Heaney was born into a Catholic, nationalist family in Northern Ireland - and once objected to inclusion in a book of British poets with the warning lines: 'Be advised, my passport's green/ No glass of ours was ever raised/ To toast the Queen' Cooke (talk) 11:34, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

I'm sure that's correct, but in an edition of The Irish Times last month I saw a picture of a smiling Séamus Heaney being introduced to an equally smiling Queen Elizabeth II at a reception at Queen's University, Belfast. Whether there was a loyal toast at the subsequent lunch and whether Mr Heaney raised his glass, I don't know. I wasn't there. Millbanks (talk) 08:32, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

In the interview in today's Irish Times (see above), Séamus Heaney says that he felt more "awkward than indignant" about being included in the list of British poets. He adds that he "didn't feel like putting a spring into the nationalistic step of either side"
 * I understand the sentiments of 'be advised, my passport's green' and clearly SH chose both to identify with (and finally choose a passport from, and a house in) 'the South', however just on the informative level, can not the fuller picture of birth, citizenship and choices be given. He clearly always was 'Irish' in the sense that it means a of people, and if it means born on that island, but not so always in the sense of citizenship. (ps … I once had the pleasure of sitting by SH in a bar for an hour, a gentler, warmer, friendlier man would be difficult to imagine). Pincrete (talk) 16:08, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

Page blanked - see Copyright problems/2021 May 27
Johnbod (talk) 03:04, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

YouTube as a source
Regardless of whether YouTube is or is not “a strong source”, the plain facts are (1) that the contents of this video clip are self-evidently authentic – only a conspiracy theorist would doubt them; (2) that while links to YouTube sometimes fail to produce the sought-for results because of deletion or removal by the provider, links even to sources such as the BBC and Oxford University have also in my experience done this; (3) the most one can aim for at the time of citing a weblink, is that (a) the link is still operating, and (b) that the resulting content accurately reflects what it purports to. This link fulfils both these criteria, and I believe users should have the possibility of viewing the content.

As a precaution in case the YouTube link fails, and as a courtesy to the other editor, I have not undone the link that was used to replace mine. If my reinstatement is deleted, I shall seek mediation, much as I would prefer to spend my time doing Wikipedia editing more creatively.CWO (talk) 23:32, 18 December 2022 (UTC)

New book of letters
There is a new book of Heaney's letters that I just ordered. I'm curious if it should go into the section of his works or in the section on his legacy. Does anyone have any thoughts? https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/nov/08/the-letters-of-seamus-heaney-review-amazing-grace — Zujine |talk 15:36, 12 November 2023 (UTC)

Hi @Martinevans123, can you explain why you "found those quite useful"? MOS:INFOBOXPURPOSE says, "The less information it contains, the more effectively it serves that purpose, allowing readers to identify key facts at a glance." This article has "publications" and "prizes and honours" sections, which are enough imo. Thedarkknightli (talk) 11:07, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi Thedarkknightli. As with many other bio articles, they gave me quick access to his major publications and honours, especially as they are all notable i.e. have their own article linked. Sorry if that's just a subjective personal opinion that can't counter the objective rules for writer infoboxes. But looking at the infobox template, don't see any advice on when to not include Notable works or Notable awards. So maybe that's all purely subjective too? I'd suggest that Notable works might be more valuable than Notable awards there. Also, as I suggested in my edit summary, collapsing a list might be a good way of keeping the box shorter. If you have very strong views on this, I'll not revert you again. Martinevans123 (talk) 11:29, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I agree that the info is useful for one to get a sense of who Heany was at a glance. I don't see a problem with including the list. It is courteous to discuss and conclude a disputed change before deleting it. And also to use edit summaries. Anna (talk) 02:20, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the late reply, guys. Have we reached a consensus on whether Heaney's notable works should be kept in the infobox? Thedarkknightli (talk) 01:28, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I'd be against it my self; who should choose, and the number we include implies a value judgement. Ceoil (talk) 01:44, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

Yes, add the detail into the info box. Anna (talk) 21:06, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

 * So, shall we take the issue to WP:DRN? Thedarkknightli (talk) 22:49, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Only if anyone seriously objects to adding the bits in. I would imagine people have better things to do. Anna (talk) 02:09, 14 March 2024 (UTC)
 * To note, this was resolved by this agreed edit Ceoil (talk) 23:03, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seamus Heaney


text:
User:Jonpin

Hi! I'm Jon! I attend Washington University in St. Louis, having graduated from a high school (Bergen County Academy/Academy for the Advancement of Science and Technology of Hackensack, New Jersey) which is notable enough to have a Wikipedia article, but I'm too lazy to write it. I have attended PROMYS, a summer program in mathematics in Boston twice. I am a fan of the New Jersey Devils and the Boston Red Sox, and I love mathematics and physics. I have a LiveJournal and a whole lotta siblings. In 2004, I ranked 38th in the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition, my other three years I finished in or near the top 100. My team finished 4th in the Division II Intercollegiate Championship Tournament run by National Academic Quiz Tournaments in 2005, and 3rd at the College Bowl National Championship in 2006.

Just 'cause everyone else lists them:

 * Pages I've created
 * ESPN25 my first edit was creating this page
 * 1986 American League Championship Series
 * Domineering
 * NCAA football bowl games, 2004-05
 * Blind Man's Bluff (poker)
 * Pages I've worked on
 * National Academic Quiz Tournaments
 * Washington University in St. Louis
 * U.S. presidential election debates, 2004
 * 2004 American League Championship Series
 * 2004 World Series
 * 1986 World Series
 * Football World Cup 2006, a bunch of the qualifying pages
 * 2004 U.S. election in progress that was fun
 * 2005 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament

Edit milestones: 1: 16:05, Jul 29, 2004 ESPN25 50: 03:42, Oct 6, 2004 1986 American League Championship Series 100: 01:25, Oct 22, 2004 2004 World Series 250: 17:22, Dec 14, 2004 1985 (song) 500: 02:31, Feb 14, 2007 User:Jonpin/WUHSAC

Subpages that I use as sandboxes (generally to get table formatting right): User:Jonpin/FIFA, User:Jonpin/Stanley, User:Jonpin/WUHSAC

title: User:Jonpin


text:
Pises Observatory

Pises Observatory is an astronomical observatory at the Parc National des Cévennes in France. It is situated at 1300 m altitude and houses an optical telescope with a charge-coupled device used for asteroid surveys.

title: Pises Observatory


text:
Enhanced full rate

Enhanced Full Rate or EFR or GSM-EFR or GSM 06.60 is a speech coding standard that was developed in order to improve the quality of GSM.

Enhanced Full Rate was developed by Nokia and the Université de Sherbrooke (Canada). In 1995, ETSI selected the Enhanced Full Rate voice codec as the industry standard codec for GSM/DCS.

Technology
The sampling rate is 8000 sample/s leading to a bit rate for the encoded bit stream of 12.2 kbit/s. The coding scheme is the so-called Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction Coder (ACELP). The encoder is fed with data consisting of samples with a resolution of 13 bits left justified in a 16-bit word. The three least significant bits are set to 0. The decoder outputs data in the same format.

The Enhanced Full Rate (GSM 06.60) technical specification describes the detailed mapping between input blocks of 160 speech samples in 13-bit uniform PCM format to encoded blocks of 244 bits and from encoded blocks of 244 bits to output blocks of 160 reconstructed speech samples. It also specifies the conversion between A-law or μ-law (PCS 1900) 8-bit PCM and 13-bit uniform PCM. This part of specification also describes the codec down to the bit level, thus enabling the verification of compliance to the part to a high degree of confidence by use of a set of digital test sequences. These test sequences are described in GSM 06.54 and are available on disks.

This standard is defined in ETSI ETS 300 726 (GSM 06.60). The packing is specified in ETSI Technical Specification TS 101 318. ETSI has selected the Enhanced Full Rate voice codec as the industry standard codec for GSM/DCS in 1995. Enhanced Full Rate was also chosen as the industry standard in US market for PCS 1900 GSM frequency band.

Licensing and patent issues
The Enhanced Full Rate incorporate several patents. It uses the patented ACELP technology, which is licensed by the VoiceAge Corporation.

Enhanced Full Rate was developed by Nokia and the Université de Sherbrooke (Canada).

title: Enhanced full rate


text:
Mel Pender

Melvin Pender Jr. (born October 31, 1937, in Atlanta, Georgia) competed as a runner in the 1964 and 1968 Olympics, winning an Olympic gold medalist in the 4x100 m relay at the 1968 Summer Olympics. He had been a member of the Philadelphia Pioneer Track Club where he was coached by Alex Woodley, who had coached several other athletes who went on to participate in Olympic events.

U.S. Army career
Pender enlisted in the U.S. Army at age 17. In 1960 he was assigned to the 82nd Airborne Division on Okinawa. Following the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, he returned to military service, graduating from Officer Candidate School in 1965. He was subsequently deployed to South Vietnam where he served with the 9th Infantry Division in the Mekong Delta. Subsequently he was ordered to return to the U.S. to train for 1968 Olympics in Mexico City.

After the 1968 Olympics, Pender returned to South Vietnam where he earned a Bronze Star Medal. Returning to the U.S. in August 1970, he then worked as assistant track and field coach and then as head track coach at the United States Military Academy at West Point. He later earned a bachelor's degree from Adelphi University. He retired from the Army in 1976 with the rank of Captain.

Olympic athlete
While serving in the U.S. Army his incredible speed was noticed in camp football games. He was selected to the 1964 Olympic Team, but was hampered by injury and finished seventh in the 100 meters at Tokyo.

Nearing age 31, Pender again made it to the 100 m final, where his explosive start and exceptional acceleration brought him to the lead midway through the race, but he faded slightly and finished sixth. In the relay, he was chosen to run the second leg. The American team won the gold medal in a new world record of 38.24 seconds. He also set world records in the 50 yds at 5.0, 60 yds at 5.8, 70 yds at 6.8 and 100 meters at 9.9 seconds.

title: Mel Pender


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for bureaucratship/Ilyanep

Ilyanep
Hi, I've been a sysop here for about 6 months (If I remember correctly) and would like to request becoming a bereaucrat. I doubt if I will be promoting too many people (seeing as nobody here except me gets any sleep), but I'd like to help out in the case where help is needed. I typically avoid arguments and edit wars, and I try to occasionally write new articles from scratch...but that's beside the point, I think. Ilyanep 22:35, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) From one sysop to another. --Merovingian ↕ T@Lk 16:28, Jun 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Warofdreams 18:00, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Support. --"D ICK " C HENEY  19:24, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Sure, why not. Snowspinner 20:08, Jun 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) If you want more boring responsibility, there's no reason why you shouldn't have it. :) —No-One Jones 22:34, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Support, svï¿½ not? --ï¿½var Arnfjï¿½r Bjarmason 21:15, 2004 Jun 15 (UTC)
 * 7) Cribcage 13:22, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) David Gerard 13:33, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Sounds good to me. Neutrality 16:24, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) JCarriker 01:34, Jun 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) Jwrosenzweig 18:11, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) Seems decent, even-handed and even-tempered. Cecropia | Talk 14:34, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) 172 18:59, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) Danny 01:48, 19 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 15) Lst27 03:43, 20 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) 172 09:37, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC) Seems to have a black/white view of conflict. Users who share his political biases are never in the wrong to him, while users who see things differently to him are never acting in good faith.
 * The only argument I have ever had with you was about the addition to the beginning of an article having to do with the Soviet Union almost half a year ago. I do not think that that is a basis to form a fair judgement of me. Furthermore, people who share my so-called "political biases" are criticised by me too when I see the need (in that case I saw the need to critisize you, but not for the revision of the article, but for your very condescending and uncivil conduct [And by the way, the reference was provided and you still dismissed the edits to the article]). But that's beside the point, and I really do not wish to hold an everlasting grudge against you if you stop acting in such a manner as you have. Ilyanep 14:23, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * You're right. It is not a basis to form a fair judgment of you. That is why I am not using it as a basis. Rather, I oppose your candidacy because I have long gotten the impression that you've been harboring a nasty grudge, which is not a characteristic one wants to see in a nominee for admin or bureaucrat status. Recently, for example, you joined in on some personal attacks on a request for comments page (started by other users with transparently political motivations) and posted some nasty comments about on the mailing list. I saw these as signs that you were harboring a grudge. Otherwise, I would've long forgotten the conflict that you'd mentioned. 172 14:48, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I do not remember posting anything on a mailing list, but one short comment on a Request for Comments page...and I have seen a few revert wars that you have been captured in. If this looked like a grudge I was holding against you then my sincerest apologies to you. Ilyanep 17:40, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I guess that I meant the quickpolls. I saw that you crossed out your comments there. I'll do the same. 172 18:55, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)


text:
Förster resonance energy transfer

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence resonance energy transfer, resonance energy transfer (RET) or electronic energy transfer (EET) is a mechanism describing energy transfer between two light-sensitive molecules (chromophores). A donor chromophore, initially in its electronic excited state, may transfer energy to an acceptor chromophore through nonradiative dipole–dipole coupling. The efficiency of this energy transfer is inversely proportional to the sixth power of the distance between donor and acceptor, making FRET extremely sensitive to small changes in distance.

Measurements of FRET efficiency can be used to determine if two fluorophores are within a certain distance of each other. Such measurements are used as a research tool in fields including biology and chemistry.

FRET is analogous to near-field communication, in that the radius of interaction is much smaller than the wavelength of light emitted. In the near-field region, the excited chromophore emits a virtual photon that is instantly absorbed by a receiving chromophore. These virtual photons are undetectable, since their existence violates the conservation of energy and momentum, and hence FRET is known as a radiationless mechanism. Quantum electrodynamical calculations have been used to determine that radiationless (FRET) and radiative energy transfer are the short- and long-range asymptotes of a single unified mechanism.

Terminology

Förster resonance energy transfer is named after the German scientist Theodor Förster. When both chromophores are fluorescent, the term "fluorescence resonance energy transfer" is often used instead, although the energy is not actually transferred by fluorescence. In order to avoid an erroneous interpretation of the phenomenon that is always a nonradiative transfer of energy (even when occurring between two fluorescent chromophores), the name "Förster resonance energy transfer" is preferred to "fluorescence resonance energy transfer"; however, the latter enjoys common usage in scientific literature. FRET is not restricted to fluorescence and occurs in connection with phosphorescence as well.

Theoretical basis
The FRET efficiency ($$E$$) is the quantum yield of the energy-transfer transition, i.e. the probability of energy-transfer event occurring per donor excitation event:

 * $$E = \frac{k_\text{ET}}{k_f + k_\text{ET} + \sum{k_i}},$$

where $$k_f$$ the radiative decay rate of the donor, $$k_\text{ET}$$ is the rate of energy transfer, and $$k_i$$ the rates of any other de-excitation pathways excluding energy transfers to other acceptors.

The FRET efficiency depends on many physical parameters that can be grouped as: 1) the distance between the donor and the acceptor (typically in the range of 1–10 nm), 2) the spectral overlap of the donor emission spectrum and the acceptor absorption spectrum, and 3) the relative orientation of the donor emission dipole moment and the acceptor absorption dipole moment.

$$E$$ depends on the donor-to-acceptor separation distance $$r$$ with an inverse 6th-power law due to the dipole–dipole coupling mechanism:
 * $$E = \frac{1}{1 + (r/R_0)^6}$$

with $$R_0$$ being the Förster distance of this pair of donor and acceptor, i.e. the distance at which the energy transfer efficiency is 50%. The Förster distance depends on the overlap integral of the donor emission spectrum with the acceptor absorption spectrum and their mutual molecular orientation as expressed by the following equation all in SI units:

 * $$ {R_0}^6 = \frac{2.07}{128 \, \pi^5 \, N_A} \, \frac{\kappa^2 \,Q_D}{n^4} J $$

where $$Q_\text{D}$$ is the fluorescence quantum yield of the donor in the absence of the acceptor, $$\kappa^2$$ is the dipole orientation factor, $$n$$ is the refractive index of the medium, $$N_\text{A}$$ is the Avogadro constant, and $$J$$ is the spectral overlap integral calculated as
 * $$ J = \frac{\int f_\text{D}(\lambda) \epsilon_\text{A}(\lambda) \lambda^4 \, d\lambda}{\int f_\text{D}(\lambda) \, d\lambda} = \int \overline{f_\text{D}}(\lambda) \epsilon_\text{A}(\lambda) \lambda^4 \, d\lambda,$$

where $$f_\text{D}$$ is the donor emission spectrum, $$\overline{f_\text{D}}$$ is the donor emission spectrum normalized to an area of 1, and $$\epsilon_\text{A}$$ is the acceptor molar extinction coefficient, normally obtained from an absorption spectrum. The orientation factor $κ$ is given by
 * $$\kappa = \hat\mu_\text{A} \cdot \hat\mu_\text{D} - 3 (\hat\mu_\text{D} \cdot \hat R) (\hat\mu_\text{A} \cdot \hat R), $$

where $$\hat\mu_i$$ denotes the normalized transition dipole moment of the respective fluorophore, and $$\hat R$$ denotes the normalized inter-fluorophore displacement. $$\kappa^2$$ = 2/3 is often assumed. This value is obtained when both dyes are freely rotating and can be considered to be isotropically oriented during the excited-state lifetime. If either dye is fixed or not free to rotate, then $$\kappa^2$$ = 2/3 will not be a valid assumption. In most cases, however, even modest reorientation of the dyes results in enough orientational averaging that $$\kappa^2$$ = 2/3 does not result in a large error in the estimated energy-transfer distance due to the sixth-power dependence of $$R_0$$ on $$\kappa^2$$. Even when $$\kappa^2$$ is quite different from 2/3, the error can be associated with a shift in $$R_0$$, and thus determinations of changes in relative distance for a particular system are still valid. Fluorescent proteins do not reorient on a timescale that is faster than their fluorescence lifetime. In this case 0 ≤ $$\kappa^2$$ ≤ 4.

The units of the data are usually not in SI units. Using the original units to calculate the Förster distance is often more convenient. For example, the wavelength is often in unit nm and the extinction coefficient is often in unit $$M^{-1} cm^{-1}$$, where $$M$$ is concentration $$mol/L$$. $$J$$ obtained from these units will have unit $$M^{-1} cm^{-1} nm^4$$. To use unit Å ($$10^{-10}m$$) for the $$ R_0$$, the equation is adjusted to
 * $$ {R_0}^6 = 8.785 \times 10^{-5} \frac{\kappa^2 \,Q_D}{n^4} J $$   (Å$$^6$$)

For time-dependent analyses of FRET, the rate of energy transfer ($$k_\text{ET}$$) can be used directly instead:

 * $$k_\text{ET} = (\frac{R_0}{r})^6 \, \frac{1}{\tau_D}$$

where $$\tau_D$$ is the donor's fluorescence lifetime in the absence of the acceptor.

The FRET efficiency relates to the quantum yield and the fluorescence lifetime of the donor molecule as follows:
 * $$E = 1 - \tau'_\text{D}/\tau_\text{D},$$

where $$\tau_\text{D}'$$ and $$\tau_\text{D}$$ are the donor fluorescence lifetimes in the presence and absence of an acceptor respectively, or as
 * $$E = 1 - F_\text{D}'/F_\text{D},$$

where $$F_\text{D}'$$ and $$F_\text{D}$$ are the donor fluorescence intensities with and without an acceptor respectively.

Experimental confirmation of the FRET theory
The inverse sixth-power distance dependence of Förster resonance energy transfer was experimentally confirmed by Wilchek, Edelhoch and Brand using tryptophyl peptides. Stryer, Haugland and Yguerabide also experimentally demonstrated the theoretical dependence of Förster resonance energy transfer on the overlap integral by using a fused indolosteroid as a donor and a ketone as an acceptor. Calculations on FRET distances of some example dye-pairs can be found here. However, a lot of contradictions of special experiments with the theory was observed under complicated environment when the orientations and quantum yields of the molecules are difficult to estimate.

Methods to measure FRET efficiency
In fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy, as well as in molecular biology, FRET is a useful tool to quantify molecular dynamics in biophysics and biochemistry, such as protein-protein interactions, protein–DNA interactions, and protein conformational changes. For monitoring the complex formation between two molecules, one of them is labeled with a donor and the other with an acceptor. The FRET efficiency is measured and used to identify interactions between the labeled complexes. There are several ways of measuring the FRET efficiency by monitoring changes in the fluorescence emitted by the donor or the acceptor.

Sensitized emission
One method of measuring FRET efficiency is to measure the variation in acceptor emission intensity. When the donor and acceptor are in proximity (1–10 nm) due to the interaction of the two molecules, the acceptor emission will increase because of the intermolecular FRET from the donor to the acceptor. For monitoring protein conformational changes, the target protein is labeled with a donor and an acceptor at two loci. When a twist or bend of the protein brings the change in the distance or relative orientation of the donor and acceptor, FRET change is observed. If a molecular interaction or a protein conformational change is dependent on ligand binding, this FRET technique is applicable to fluorescent indicators for the ligand detection.

Photobleaching FRET
FRET efficiencies can also be inferred from the photobleaching rates of the donor in the presence and absence of an acceptor. This method can be performed on most fluorescence microscopes; one simply shines the excitation light (of a frequency that will excite the donor but not the acceptor significantly) on specimens with and without the acceptor fluorophore and monitors the donor fluorescence (typically separated from acceptor fluorescence using a bandpass filter) over time. The timescale is that of photobleaching, which is seconds to minutes, with fluorescence in each curve being given by

 * $$\text{background} + \text{constant} \cdot e^{-\text{time}/\tau_\text{pb}},$$

where $$\tau_\text{pb}$$ is the photobleaching decay time constant and depends on whether the acceptor is present or not. Since photobleaching consists in the permanent inactivation of excited fluorophores, resonance energy transfer from an excited donor to an acceptor fluorophore prevents the photobleaching of that donor fluorophore, and thus high FRET efficiency leads to a longer photobleaching decay time constant:

 * $$ E = 1 - \tau_\text{pb}/\tau_\text{pb}',$$

where $$\tau_\text{pb}'$$ and $$\tau_\text{pb}$$ are the photobleaching decay time constants of the donor in the presence and in the absence of the acceptor respectively. (Notice that the fraction is the reciprocal of that used for lifetime measurements).

This technique was introduced by Jovin in 1989. Its use of an entire curve of points to extract the time constants can give it accuracy advantages over the other methods. Also, the fact that time measurements are over seconds rather than nanoseconds makes it easier than fluorescence lifetime measurements, and because photobleaching decay rates do not generally depend on donor concentration (unless acceptor saturation is an issue), the careful control of concentrations needed for intensity measurements is not needed. It is, however, important to keep the illumination the same for the with- and without-acceptor measurements, as photobleaching increases markedly with more intense incident light.

Lifetime measurements
FRET efficiency can also be determined from the change in the fluorescence lifetime of the donor. The lifetime of the donor will decrease in the presence of the acceptor. Lifetime measurements of the FRET-donor are used in fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM).

Single-molecule FRET (smFRET)
smFRET is a group of methods using various microscopic techniques to measure a pair of donor and acceptor fluorophores that are excited and detected at the single molecule level. In contrast to "ensemble FRET" or "bulk FRET" which provides the FRET signal of a high number of molecules, single-molecule FRET is able to resolve the FRET signal of each individual molecule. The variation of the smFRET signal is useful to reveal kinetic information that an ensemble measurement cannot provide, especially when the system is under equilibrium. Heterogeneity among different molecules can also be observed. This method has been applied in many measurements of biomolecular dynamics such as DNA/RNA/protein folding/unfolding and other conformational changes, and intermolecular dynamics such as reaction, binding, adsorption, and desorption that are particularly useful in chemical sensing, bioassays, and biosensing.

CFP-YFP pairs
One common pair fluorophores for biological use is a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) – yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) pair. Both are color variants of green fluorescent protein (GFP). Labeling with organic fluorescent dyes requires purification, chemical modification, and intracellular injection of a host protein. GFP variants can be attached to a host protein by genetic engineering which can be more convenient. Additionally, a fusion of CFP and YFP ("tandem-dimer") linked by a protease cleavage sequence can be used as a cleavage assay.

BRET
A limitation of FRET performed with fluorophore donors is the requirement for external illumination to initiate the fluorescence transfer, which can lead to background noise in the results from direct excitation of the acceptor or to photobleaching. To avoid this drawback, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (or BRET) has been developed. This technique uses a bioluminescent luciferase (typically the luciferase from Renilla reniformis) rather than CFP to produce an initial photon emission compatible with YFP.

BRET has also been implemented using a different luciferase enzyme, engineered from the deep-sea shrimp Oplophorus gracilirostris. This luciferase is smaller (19 kD) and brighter than the more commonly used luciferase from Renilla reniformis,  and has been named NanoLuc or NanoKAZ. Promega has developed a patented substrate for NanoLuc called furimazine, though other valuables coelenterazine substrates for NanoLuc have also been published. A split-protein version of NanoLuc developed by Promega has also been used as a BRET donor in experiments measuring protein-protein interactions.

Homo-FRET
In general, "FRET" refers to situations where the donor and acceptor proteins (or "fluorophores") are of two different types. In many biological situations, however, researchers might need to examine the interactions between two, or more, proteins of the same type—or indeed the same protein with itself, for example if the protein folds or forms part of a polymer chain of proteins or for other questions of quantification in biological cells or in vitro experiments.

Obviously, spectral differences will not be the tool used to detect and measure FRET, as both the acceptor and donor protein emit light with the same wavelengths. Yet researchers can detect differences in the polarisation between the light which excites the fluorophores and the light which is emitted, in a technique called FRET anisotropy imaging; the level of quantified anisotropy (difference in polarisation between the excitation and emission beams) then becomes an indicative guide to how many FRET events have happened.

In the field of nano-photonics, FRET can be detrimental if it funnels excitonic energy to defect sites, but it is also essential to charge collection in organic and quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells, and various FRET-enabled strategies have been proposed for different opto-electronic devices. It is then essential to understand how isolated nano-emitters behave when they are stacked in a dense layer. Nanoplatelets are especially promising candidates for strong homo-FRET exciton diffusion because of their strong in-plane dipole coupling and low Stokes shift. Fluorescence microscopy study of such single chains demonstrated that energy transfer by FRET between neighbor platelets causes energy to diffuse over a typical 500-nm length (about 80 nano emitters), and the transfer time between platelets is on the order of 1 ps.

Others
Various compounds beside fluorescent proteins.

Applications
The applications of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) have expanded tremendously in the last 25 years, and the technique has become a staple in many biological and biophysical fields. FRET can be used as a spectroscopic ruler to measure distance and detect molecular interactions in a number of systems and has applications in biology and biochemistry.

Proteins
FRET is often used to detect and track interactions between proteins. Additionally, FRET can be used to measure distances between domains in a single protein by tagging different regions of the protein with fluorophores and measuring emission to determine distance. This provides information about protein conformation, including secondary structures and protein folding. This extends to tracking functional changes in protein structure, such as conformational changes associated with myosin activity. Applied in vivo, FRET has been used to detect the location and interactions of cellular structures including integrins and membrane proteins.

Membranes
FRET can be used to observe membrane fluidity, movement and dispersal of membrane proteins, membrane lipid-protein and protein-protein interactions, and successful mixing of different membranes. FRET is also used to study formation and properties of membrane domains and lipid rafts in cell membranes and to determine surface density in membranes.

Chemosensor
FRET-based probes can detect the presence of various molecules: the probe's structure is affected by small molecule binding or activity, which can turn the FRET system on or off. This is often used to detect anions, cations, small uncharged molecules, and some larger biomacromolecules as well. Similarly, FRET systems have been designed to detect changes in the cellular environment due to such factors as pH, hypoxia, or mitochondrial membrane potential.

Signaling pathways
Another use for FRET is in the study of metabolic or signaling pathways. For example, FRET and BRET have been used in various experiments to characterize G-protein coupled receptor activation and consequent signaling mechanisms. Other examples include the use of FRET to analyze such diverse processes as bacterial chemotaxis and caspase activity in apoptosis.

Proteins and nucleotides folding kinetics
Proteins, DNAs, RNAs, and other polymer folding dynamics have been measured using FRET. Usually, these systems are under equilibrium whose kinetics is hidden. However, they can be measured by measuring single-molecule FRET with proper placement of the acceptor and donor dyes on the molecules. See single-molecule FRET for a more detailed description.

Other applications
In addition to common uses previously mentioned, FRET and BRET are also effective in the study of biochemical reaction kinetics. FRET is increasingly used for monitoring pH dependent assembly and disassembly and is valuable in the analysis of nucleic acids encapsulation. This technique can be used to determine factors affecting various types of nanoparticle formation as well as the mechanisms and effects of nanomedicines.

Other methods
A different, but related, mechanism is Dexter electron transfer.

An alternative method to detecting protein–protein proximity is the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), where two parts of a fluorescent protein are each fused to other proteins. When these two parts meet, they form a fluorophore on a timescale of minutes or hours.

title: Förster resonance energy transfer


text:
Allohistory

The term "allohistory" may refer to:

 * Alternate history, a form of historical fiction that speculates what would have happened had history gone differently
 * Counterfactual history, this speculation used in a real-world setting
 * Uchronia, a form of historical fantasy that posits a fictional "what may have happened" (as in The Lord of the Rings)

title: Allohistory


text:
Full Rate

Full Rate (FR or GSM-FR or GSM 06.10 or sometimes simply GSM) was the first digital speech coding standard used in the GSM digital mobile phone system. It uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The bit rate of the codec is 13 kbit/s, or 1.625 bits/audio sample (often padded out to 33 bytes/20 ms or 13.2 kbit/s). The quality of the coded speech is quite poor by modern standards, but at the time of development (early 1990s) it was a good compromise between computational complexity and quality, requiring only on the order of a million additions and multiplications per second. The codec is still widely used in networks around the world. Gradually FR will be replaced by Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) and Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) standards, which provide much higher speech quality with lower bit rate.

Technology
GSM-FR is specified in ETSI 06.10 (ETS 300 961) and is based on RPE-LTP (Regular Pulse Excitation - Long Term Prediction) speech coding paradigm. Like many other linear predictive coding (LPC) speech codecs, linear prediction is used in the synthesis filter. However, unlike most modern speech codecs, the order of the linear prediction is only 8. In modern narrowband speech codecs the order is usually 10 and in wideband speech codecs the order is usually 16.

The speech encoder accepts 13 bit linear PCM at an 8 kHz sample rate. This can be direct from an analog-to-digital converter in a phone or computer, or converted from G.711 8-bit nonlinear A-law or μ-law PCM from the PSTN with a lookup table. In GSM, the encoded speech is passed to the channel encoder specified in GSM 05.03. In the receive direction, the inverse operations take place.

The codec operates on 160 sample frames that span 20 ms, so this is the minimum transcoder delay possible even with infinitely fast CPUs and zero network latency. The operational requirement is that the transcoder delay should be less than 30 ms. The transcoder delay is defined as the time interval between the instant a speech frame of 160 samples has been received at the encoder input and the instant the corresponding 160 reconstructed speech samples have been out-put by the speech decoder at an 8 kHz sample rate.

Implementations
The free libgsm codec can encode and decode GSM Full Rate audio. "libgsm" was developed 1992–1994 by Jutta Degener and Carsten Bormann, then at Technische Universität Berlin. Since a GSM speech frame is 32.5 bytes, this implementation also defined a 33-byte nibble-padded representation of a GSM frame (which, at a frame rate of 50/s, is the basis for the incorrect claim that the GSM bit rate is 13.2 kbit/s). This codec can also be compiled into Wine to provide GSM audio support.

There is also a Winamp plugin for raw GSM 06.10 based on the libgsm.

The GSM 06.10 is also used in VoIP software, for example in Ekiga, QuteCom, Linphone, Asterisk (PBX), Ventrilo and others.

title: Full Rate


text:
Talk:Pises Observatory

"Notre observatoire de montagne situé en zone centrale du Parc National des Cévennes à 1300 m d’altitude." At least this piece of information, translated into English, should be added, to make the whole text a real stub. Leaving people in the dark is not the idea of an encyclopaedia.  13:22, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pises Observatory


text:
Larry Black (sprinter)

Larry Jeffery "Mutt" Black (July 20, 1951 – February 8, 2006) was an American sprinter, winner of the gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay and silver medal in the 200 m at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.

Black was born in Miami, Florida, and graduated from Miami Killian Senior High with a scholarship to North Carolina Central University. Larry's coach at Miami Killian was Leroy Daniels. While studying there he won the NCAA 220 yd championships in 1971. At the 1972 Olympics, Black ran the opening leg in the American 4 × 100 m relay team. The team won a gold medal and equaled the United States' own world record of 38.19 seconds. His cousin Gerald Tinker, also from the Miami area (rival Coral Gables High School), ran the third leg in that same gold medal winning race.

After retiring from sport Black returned to Miami and became director of its parks and recreation department. He died from an aneurysm in Miami on February 8, 2006, at the age of 54.

title: Larry Black (sprinter)


text:
Thomas Hoby

Sir Thomas Hoby (1530 – 13 July 1566) was an English diplomat and translator.

Early life
Hoby was born in 1530. He was the second son of William Hoby of Leominster, Herefordshire, by his second wife, Katherine, daughter of John Forden. He was a brother-in-law of William Cecil, Lord Burghley, the Queen's principal minister, and an uncle of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, who succeeded his father as Secretary of State. Among his siblings was brother Sir William Hoby of Hayles.

He matriculated at St. John's College, Cambridge in 1546. Encouraged by his sophisticated half-brother, Sir Philip Hoby (later the English Ambassador to the Holy Roman Empire and Flanders), he subsequently visited France, Italy, and other foreign countries, and, as Roger Ascham states, "was many wayes well furnished with learning, and very expert in knowledge of divers tongues." His tour of Italy, which included visits to Calabria and Sicily and which he documented in his autobiography, is the most extensive known to have been undertaken by an Englishman in the 16th century. In this and other respects, it may be regarded as a pioneering Grand Tour.

Career
Hoby translated Martin Bucer's Gratulation to the Church of England (1549), and Baldassare Castiglione's Il Cortegiano (1561). The latter translation of The Courtier, entitled The Courtyer of Count Baldessar Castilio, had great popularity and was one of the key books of the English Renaissance. It provided a philosophy of life for the Elizabethan era gentleman. A reading of its pages fitted him for the full assimilation of the elaborate refinements of the new Renaissance society. It furnished his imagination with the symbol of a completely developed individual, an individual who united ethical theory with spontaneity and richness of character.

On 9 March 1566 he was knighted at Greenwich, and was sent as Ambassador to France at the end of the month. At the time of his landing in Calais, on 9 April, a soldier at the town gate shot through the English flag in two places. Hoby demanded redress for the insult, and obtained it after some delay, but he was not permitted to view the new fortifications.

Personal life
On 27 June 1558, Hoby married Elizabeth, the third daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke, of Gidea Hall, Essex. Elizabeth was a sister-in-law of Lord Burghley and a great friend of Queen Elizabeth I. After their marriage, they resided at Bisham Abbey in Berkshire and were the parents of two daughters, who died young, and two sons (both subsequently knighted), including:

 * Edward Hoby (1560–1617), who married Margaret Carey, a daughter of Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon (the cousin of Queen Elizabeth). After her death in 1605, he married Cicely Unton (d. 1618), the daughter of Sir Edward Unton and Lady Anne Seymour (a daughter of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset and Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset).
 * Thomas Posthumous Hoby (1566–1640), a Member of Parliament for Appleby, Scarborough, and Ripon, who married Margaret (née Dakins) Devereux Sidney (1571–1633), daughter and heiress of Arthur Dakins, already the widow of two men, of Walter Devereux (a younger brother of the Earl of Essex), and of Thomas Sidney (a brother of the poet Philip Sidney).

He died in Paris on 13 July 1566, and was buried at Bisham, Berkshire, where his widow erected a monument to his memory and to that of his half-brother Sir Philip Hoby. His widow remarried in 1574, to John, Lord Russell, eldest surviving son and heir to Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, but John died in 1584 before acceding to the Earldom of Bedford (which passed to his nephew, Edward in 1585).

Descendants
His eldest son, Edward, did not produce any children from his two marriages; however, he had a natural son, whom he recognized as his own and made him his heir: Peregrine Hoby (1602–1679) with Katherine Pinckney, a favourite of James I. Peregrine was himself the father of Sir Edward Hoby, 1st Baronet (1634–1675), whose baronetcy continued until the fifth Baronet died in 1766, and Thomas Hoby (1642–1706), an MP for Great Marlow and Salisbury

As his second son, Thomas, died without issue, he left his manor of Hackness to John Sydenham of Brympton in Somerset, the son of his first cousin Alice Hoby, daughter of Sir William Hoby of Hayles, who was Hoby's uncle. He made further bequests to other members of the Sydenham family, and he also left each of his servants three years' wages.

title: Thomas Hoby


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Charles Fenno Hoffman

Charles Fenno Hoffman (February 7, 1806 – June 7, 1884) was an American author, poet and editor associated with the Knickerbocker Group in New York.

Biography
Hoffman was born in New York City on February 7, 1806. He was the son of New York Attorney General Josiah Ogden Hoffman (1766–1837) and his second wife, Maria (née Fenno) Hoffman (1781–1823). His elder half-brother from his father's first marriage to Mary Colden was Ogden Hoffman, who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1837 to 1841. When Charles was 11 years old, his leg was crushed by a boating accident and had to be amputated.

Hoffman, who was proud of his ancestry, was the grandson of John Fenno, the Federalist editor of the Gazette of the United States. One aunt, Harriet Fenno (d. 1808), was married to John Rodman, the New York County District Attorney, and other aunt, Mary Eliza Fenno (d. 1817), was married to Gulian C. Verplanck, a New York State Senator and U.S. Representative. He was descended from Martin Hermanzen Hoffman, who emigrated to New Netherland in 1657.

He attended New York University and Columbia College, and studied law with Harmanus Bleecker.

Hoffman was admitted to the bar in 1827, but he practiced law only intermittently. In 1833, he led a group of other students in the Eucleian Society in establishing The Knickerbocker magazine, which he edited for the first three issues before passing duties on to Timothy Flint, who then passed them to Lewis Gaylord Clark. In 1835, Hoffman edited The New-York Book of Poetry which first attributed A Visit From St. Nicholas to Clement Clarke Moore. In 1836, Park Benjamin, Sr. merged his New England Monthly Magazine with the American Monthly and hired Hoffman as editor, though he left to join the New York Mirror a year later.

Hoffman's first book was A Winter in the Far West (1835), recounting his travels as far west as St. Louis, Missouri. It was followed by Wild Scenes in Forest and Prairie (1839) based on actual experiences in search of health. He wrote a successful novel, Greyslaer (1840), based on the murder of Colonel Solomon P. Sharp by Jereboam O. Beauchamp, known as the Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy—an event that several writers, including Thomas Holley Chivers, Edgar Allan Poe and William Gilmore Simms, also fictionalized. Hoffman's version, however, had little in common with the true event.

Hoffman's fame rested chiefly upon his poems, first collected in The Vigil of Faith (1842). Literary critic Rufus Wilmot Griswold that year dedicated twice as much space to Hoffman than any other author in his respected anthology The Poets and Poetry of America. Griswold helped Hoffman publish The Echo, another collection of poetry, in 1844. Hoffman was also popular for his songs, including "Sparkling and Bright" and "Rosalie Clare."

Hoffman remained a successful editor and author throughout the 1840s. He officially began a new role as editor of The Literary World magazine on May 1, 1847. The weekly journal, which also included Evert Augustus Duyckinck and George Long Duyckinck, ceased publication in 1853.

Insanity
Under the strain of work, he went insane in 1849, supposedly after a servant used his manuscripts to start a fire. He was hospitalized briefly in April 1849 and, after his release, he accepted a position with the Department of State in Washington, D.C. By autumn, however, he was declared permanently insane. He spent the last 30 years of his life in the Harrisburg State Hospital, a state asylum in Pennsylvania. It was in Harrisburg that he was diagnosed with chronic mania, or manic-depressive psychosis.

Hoffman died in Harrisburg on June 7, 1884. He was buried at Christ Church Burial Ground following funeral services at the home of his sister-in-law in Philadelphia.

Selected list of works

 * A Winter in the West (1835)
 * The New-York Book of Poetry (1837)
 * Vanderlyn; or, The Fortunes of an Adventurer (unfinished, 1837)
 * Wild Scenes in the Forest and Prairie (1839)
 * Greyslaer: A Romance of the Mohawk (1840)
 * The Vigil of Faith (poetry collection, 1842)
 * The Echo (poetry collection, 1844)
 * Love's Calendar, Lays of the Hudson, and Other Poems (1847)
 * The Pioneers of New-York (1848)

title: Charles Fenno Hoffman


text:
John Reynolds (musician)

John Reynolds is a record producer and musician.

Biography and work
He was the first husband of singer Sinéad O'Connor; they had one child, Jake (b. 1987) Reynolds, formerly a drummer for the solo musician, Jah Wobble. Reynolds met O'Connor and recorded her first album, The Lion and the Cobra, in 1987, and has since collaborated on her albums I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got (1990); Universal Mother (1994), for which he was nominated as Q Producer of the Year; the Gospel Oak EP (1997); How About I Be Me (And You Be You)? (2012); and I'm Not Bossy, I'm the Boss (2014). He was also the drummer for O'Connor's band on her 2013 tour.

Reynolds produced the charity song "The Ballad of Ronnie Drew", featuring U2, The Dubliners, Kíla, and "A Band of Bowsies", which reached number one on the Irish singles chart. He has recently recorded Herbie Hancock, Indigo Girls, and Brian Eno.

In 2011, Reynolds produced the seventh Belinda Carlisle album, Voila, the album Lifelines by Andrea Corr, and, with Brian Eno, co-produced From Africa With Fury: Rise with Seun Kuti, son of Fela Kuti.

Discography
Production credits include:
 * Sinéad O'Connor – "Song to the Siren"
 * The Chieftains and Moya Brennan – "Lullaby for the Dead"
 * Damien Rice – "Under the Tongue"
 * Liam Clancy featuring John Sheahan – "The Parting Glass"
 * Orla Fallon and Moya Brennan – "Forgotten"
 * Glen Hansard – "High Hope"
 * Damien Dempsey – "Maasai Returns"
 * Andrea Corr – "Oh Brother"
 * Andy Irvine and Dónal Lunny – "Blacksmith"
 * Paul Brady – "Dreams Will Come"
 * Shane MacGowan and Moya Brennan – "You're the One"
 * Anúna and Moya Brennan featuring Iarla Ó Lionáird – "Is Mise 'n Ghaoth/The Lass of Aughrim"
 * Belinda Carlisle – "Voila"
 * Screaming Orphans – "Life in a Carnival"

title: John Reynolds (musician)