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Asterism (astronomy)

An asterism is an observed pattern or group of stars in the sky. Asterisms can be any identified pattern or group of stars, and therefore are a more general concept than the 88 formally defined constellations. Constellations are based on asterisms, but unlike asterisms, constellations outline and today completely divide the sky and all its celestial objects into regions around their central asterisms. For example, the asterism known as the Big Dipper comprises the seven brightest stars in the constellation Ursa Major. Another is the asterism of the Southern Cross, within the constellation of Crux.

Asterisms range from simple shapes of just a few stars to more complex collections of many stars covering large portions of the sky. The stars themselves may be bright naked-eye objects or fainter, even telescopic, but they are generally all of a similar brightness to each other. The larger brighter asterisms are useful for people who are familiarizing themselves with the night sky.

The patterns of stars seen in asterisms are not necessarily a product of any physical association between the stars, but are rather the result of the particular perspectives of their observations. For example the Summer Triangle is a purely observational physically unrelated group of stars, but the stars of Orion's Belt are all members of the Orion OB1 association and five of the seven stars of the Big Dipper are members of the Ursa Major Moving Group. Physical associations, such as the Hyades or Pleiades, can be asterisms in their own right and part of other asterisms at the same time.

Background of asterisms and constellations
In many early civilizations, it was common to associate groups of stars in connect-the-dots stick-figure patterns. Some of the earliest records are those of ancient India in the Vedanga Jyotisha and the Babylonians. Different cultures identified different constellations, although a few of the more obvious patterns tend to appear in the constellations of multiple cultures, such as those of Orion and Scorpius. As anyone could arrange and name a grouping of stars there was no distinct difference between a constellation and an asterism. For example, Pliny the Elder mentions 72 asterisms in his book Naturalis Historia.

A general list containing 48 constellations likely began to develop with the astronomer Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BCE). As constellations were considered to be composed only of the stars that constituted the figure, it was always possible to use any leftover stars to create and squeeze in a new grouping among the established constellations.

Exploration by Europeans to other parts of the globe exposed them to stars previously unknown to them. Two astronomers particularly known for greatly expanding the number of southern constellations were Johann Bayer (1572–1625) and Nicolas Louis de Lacaille (1713–1762). Bayer had listed twelve figures made out of stars that were too far south for Ptolemy to have seen. Lacaille created 14 new groups, mostly for the area surrounding South Celestial Pole. Many of these proposed constellations have been formally accepted, but the rest have remained as asterisms.

In 1928, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) precisely divided the sky into 88 official constellations following geometric boundaries encompassing all of the stars within them. Any additional new selected groupings of stars or former constellations are often considered as asterisms. However, technical distinctions between the terms 'constellation' and 'asterism' often remain somewhat ambiguous.

Asterisms consisting of first-magnitude stars
Some asterisms consist completely of bright first-magnitude stars, which mark out simple geometric shapes.
 * The Summer Triangle of Deneb, Altair, and Vega – α Cygni, α Aquilae, and α Lyrae – is prominent in the northern hemisphere summer skies, as its three stars are all of the 1st magnitude. The stars of the Triangle are in the band of the Milky Way which marks the galactic equator, and are in the direction of the Galactic Center.
 * The Winter Triangle is visible in the northern sky's winter and comprises the first magnitude stars Betelgeuse, Sirius and Procyon (the second and fourth closest star or star system visible without aid).
 * The larger northern Winter Hexagon includes seven of the twenty-two first-magnitude stars visible in the sky, with Pollux, Capella, Aldebaran, Rigel, Sirius and Procyon, and with the 2nd-magnitude Castor on the periphery, and Betelgeuse off-center. Adding Betelgeuse then it is known as the Heavenly 'G'. It encircles the galactic anticenter, as well as incorporates constellations such as Gemini and Orion. It also includes in the background of Aldebaran the Hyades, the nearest star cluster and one of five first-magnitude deep-sky objects, two of which can be seen just north-east of the Hyades, the Pleiades also in the Taurus constellation and the Alpha Persei Cluster (with Alcyone and Mirfak as the brightest stars).
 * The northern Spring Triangle consists of Arcturus, Regulus and Spica.
 * The Great Diamond consisting of Arcturus, Spica, Denebola and Cor Caroli, the latter two not being first-magnitude stars. An east-west line from Arcturus to Denebola forms an equilateral triangle with Cor Caroli to the North, and another with Spica to the South. Together these two triangles form the Diamond. Formally, the stars of the Diamond are in the constellations Boötes, Virgo, Leo, and Canes Venatici.

Other asterisms consist partially of multiple first-magnitude stars.
 * The Southern Cross including the first-magnitude stars Acrux and Mimosa, west of the Carina Nebula (one of five first-magnitude deep-sky objects), and with the first-magnitude stars Alpha Centauri (the closest star to the Sun) and Beta Centauri pointing at the cross, distinguishing the cross from less bright and similar asterisms like the Diamond Cross or False Cross.

All other first-magnitude stars are the only such stars in their asterisms or constellations, with Canopus in the Argo Navis asterism south of Sirius, visually east of the Carina Nebula and near the Large Magellanic Cloud (both being first-magnitude deep-sky objects), Achernar in the Eridanus constellation east of Canopus, Fomalhaut in the Southern Fish constellation east of Achernar and Antares in the Scorpius constellation visually near the Galactic Center.

Constellation-based asterisms

 * The Big Dipper, also known as The Plough or Charles's Wain, is composed of the seven brightest stars in Ursa Major. These stars delineate the Bear's hindquarters and exaggerated tail, or alternatively, the "handle" forming the upper outline of the bear's head and neck. With its longer tail, Ursa Minor hardly appears bearlike at all, and is widely known by its pseudonym, the Little Dipper.
 * The Northern Cross in Cygnus. The upright runs from Deneb (α Cyg) in the Swan's tail to Albireo (β Cyg) in the beak. The transverse runs from ε Cygni in one wing to δ Cygni in the other.
 * The Southern Cross is an asterism by name, but the whole area is now recognised as the constellation Crux. The main stars are Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and arguably also Epsilon Crucis. Earlier, Crux was deemed an asterism when Bayer created it in Uranometria (1603) from the stars in the hind legs of Centaurus, decreasing the size of Centaur. These same stars were probably identified by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia as the asterism 'Thronos Caesaris.'
 * The Fish Hook is the traditional Hawaiian name for Scorpius. The image will be even more obvious if the chart's lines from Antares (α Sco) to Beta Scorpii (β Sco) and Pi Scorpii (π Sco) are replaced with a line from Beta through Delta Scorpii (δ Sco) to Pi forming a large capped "J." Adding vertical lines to connect the limbs at the left and right in the main diagram of Hercules will complete the figure of the Butterfly.
 * Boötes is sometimes known as the Ice Cream Cone. It is also known as the Kite.
 * The stars of Cassiopeia form a W which is often used as a nickname.
 * The Great Square of Pegasus is the quadrilateral formed by the stars Markab, Scheat, Algenib, and Alpheratz, representing the body of the winged horse. The asterism was recognized as the constellation ASH.IKU "The Field" on the MUL.APIN cuneiform tablets from about 1100 to 700 BC. Alpheratz is now only considered a part of the constellation Andromeda whereas formerly the star was a part of both constellations.
 * The Bowl of Virgo is formed by the stars Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon and Eta Virginis. Together with Spica, they form a Y shape.
 * The Three Leaps of the Gazelle consists of three pairs of stars in Ursa Major aligned in a row spanning about 30 degrees. In Arabic lore, the star pairs are pictured as the hoof prints of a gazelle startled from a pond by Leo the lion. (The "pond" is pictured as the Coma Star Cluster.) The first pair of stars are Xi and Nu, second pair Upsilon and Lambda, third pair Kappa and Iota Ursa Majoris. The pairs also mark three of the bear's paws.

Some asterisms refer to portions of traditional constellation figures. These include:

 * The Water Jar or Urn of Aquarius is a Y-shaped figure centered upon Zeta Aquarii and includes Gamma, Eta and Pi. It pours water in a stream of more than 20 stars terminating with the star Fomalhaut.
 * The Crab Breast of Cancer is a quadrilateral formed by the four stars Gamma, Delta, Eta and Theta Cancri which make up the carapace (inner shell) of the Crab. Contained within is the Beehive Cluster (Messier 44) which includes Epsilon Cancri.
 * The Snake Head is the westernmost portion of Hydra consisting of the stars Delta, Epsilon, Zeta, Eta, Rho and Sigma Hydrae.
 * Orion's Belt consists of the three bright stars Zeta (Alnitak), Epsilon (Alnilam) and Delta Orionis (Mintaka) which form the belt of Orion.
 * The Bull's Face of Taurus is a V-shaped figure formed by prominent members of the Hyades cluster, including stars Gamma, Delta¹, Delta², Delta³, Epsilon, Theta Tauri, as well as the bright star Alpha Tauri (Aldebaran) which forms the red eye of the Bull.

Other particular asterisms
Other asterisms are also composed of stars from one constellation, but do not refer to the traditional figures.
 * Four stars (Beta, Upsilon, Theta, and Omega Carinae) form a well-shaped diamond – the Diamond Cross.
 * The Saucepan or Pot, being the same stars as the Belt and Sword of Orion. The end of the handle is at ι Orionis, with the far rim at η Orionis.
 * The four central stars in Hercules, Epsilon (ε Her), Zeta (ζ Her), Eta (η Her), and Pi (π Her), form the Keystone. The bright globular cluster Messier 13 lies along the western segment, between Zeta and Eta.
 * The curve of stars at the front end of the Lion from Epsilon (ε Leo) to Regulus (α Leo), looking much like a mirror-image question mark, has long been known as the Sickle.
 * The brighter stars of Sagittarius form the Teapot. (The Large Sagittarius Star Cloud appears to be steam emerging from the "spout".)
 * Northeast of the Teapot asterism lies the fainter Teaspoon, consisting of the stars ξ¹, ξ², ο, π, ρ¹ and ρ² Sagitarii.
 * Four bright stars in Delphinus (Sualocin or α Delphini, Rotanev or β Delphini, γ Delphini and δ Delphini) form Job's Coffin.
 * The Terebellum is a small quadrilateral of four faint stars (Omega, 59, 60, 62) in Sagittarius' hindquarters.
 * Just south of Pegasus, the western fish of Pisces is home to the Circlet formed from Gamma (γ Piscium), Kappa (κ Piscium), Lambda (λ Piscium), TX Piscium, Iota (ι Piscium), and Theta (θ Piscium).
 * Dubhe and Merak (Alpha and Beta Ursae Majoris), the two stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are often called the Pointers: a line from β to α and continued for about five times the distance between them arrives at the North Celestial Pole and the star Polaris (α UMi/Alpha Ursae Minoris), the North Star.
 * Rigil Kentaurus (α Centauri) and Hadar (β Centauri) are the Southern Pointers leading to the Southern Cross and thus helping to distinguish Crux from the False Cross.

Asterisms across multiple constellations
Other asterisms that are formed from stars in more than one constellation.
 * The Egyptian X is a large asterism which, like the Diamond of Virgo, is composed of a pair of equilateral triangles. Sirius (α CMa), Procyon (α CMi), and Betelgeuse (α Ori) form one to the North (Winter Triangle) while Sirius, Naos (ζ Pup), and Phakt (α Col) form another to the South. Unlike the Diamond, however, these triangles meet, not base-to-base, but vertex-to-vertex. The name derives from both the shape and, because the stars straddle the Celestial Equator, it is more easily seen from south of the Mediterranean than in Europe.
 * The Lozenge is a small diamond formed from three stars – Eltanin, Grumium, and Rastaban (Gamma, Xi, and Beta Draconis) – in the head of Draco and one – Iota Herculis – in the foot of Hercules.
 * The diamond-shaped False Cross is composed of the four stars Alsephina (δ Velorum), Markeb (κ Velorum), Avior (ε Carinae), and Aspidiske (ι Carinae). Although its component stars are not quite as bright as those of the Southern Cross, it is somewhat larger and better shaped than the Southern Cross, for which it is sometimes mistaken, causing errors in astronavigation. Like the Southern Cross, three of its main four stars are whitish and one orange.
 * The Northern Y is formed by four prominent stars, Arcturus (α Boötis), Seginus (γ Boötis), Alphecca (α Coronae Borealis), and centered on Izar (ε Boötis). From the United Kingdom in particular, where there is serious light pollution in many areas and also twilight much of the night when these constellations appear, this "Y" is often visible while other stars of Boötes and Corona Borealis are not.
 * The Lightning Bolt, aligned north to south, consists of the stars Epsilon Pegasi, Alpha Aquarii, Beta Aquarii and Delta Capricorni. Easily visible to naked eyes even in light polluted skies, the asterism is useful for orienting among three constellations.
 * The Serpent Bowl is a large curved asterism spanning 3.5 hours of right ascension, from mid-northern latitudes best seen in July and August evenings. From west to east, it includes the stars Delta, Alpha and Epsilon Serpentis, Delta, Epsilon, Upsilon, Zeta and Eta Ophiuchi, Xi Serpentis, Nu and Tau Ophiuchi, Eta and Theta Serpentis.
 * The Eagle Tail Corona is a flattened curved figure in the tail of Aquila and extending into Scutum. It consists of the stars 14, 15, Lambda and 12 Aquilae, Eta Scuti, HD 174208, R and Beta Scuti. The compact open cluster Messier 11 is also aligned with the curve.

Telescopic asterisms
Asterisms range from the large and obvious to the small, and even telescopic.
 * The 37 or LE of NGC 2169, in Orion.
 * The Engagement Ring in Ursa Minor has the north star Polaris as the diamond, at one end of a ring of much fainter stars about one degree across.
 * The Broken Engagement Ring in Ursa Major at 10:51 / +56°10' (preceding β Ursae Majoris, Merak).
 * The Christmas Tree shape of the Christmas Tree Cluster, in Monoceros. It is made up of about approximately 40 stars.
 * The Coathanger, in Vulpecula, also known as Brocchi's Cluster (see image at top).
 * Kemble's Cascade, a chain of stars that ends in open cluster NGC 1502, in Camelopardalis.
 * Napoleon's Hat (Picot 1), in Bootes (south of α Bootis, Arcturus).
 * The Ring of the Nibelungen (Ferrero 27) in Draco, named after the 1857 German epic drama, at 15:57 / +62°32' (near galaxy NGC 6015).
 * The V-shaped Messier 73 in Aquarius, determined to be an asterism in 2002.

title: Asterism (astronomy)


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Asterism (typography)

In typography, an asterism, ⁂, is a typographic symbol consisting of three asterisks placed in a triangle, which is used for a variety of purposes. The name originates from the astronomical term for a group of stars.

The asterism was originally used as a type of dinkus in typography, though increasingly rarely. It can also be used to mean "untitled" or author or title withheld – as seen, for example, in some editions of Album for the Young by composer Robert Schumann (№ 21, 26, and 30). In meteorology, an asterism in a station model indicates moderate snowfall.

Dinkus

A dinkus is a typographical device to divide text, such as at section breaks. Its purpose is to "indicate minor breaks in text", to call attention to a passage, or to separate sub-chapters in a book. An asterism used this way is thus a type of dinkus: nowadays this usage of the symbol is nearly obsolete. More commonly used dinkuses are three dots or three asterisks in a horizontal row. A small black and white drawing or a fleuron ( ❧ ) may be used for the same purpose. Otherwise, an extra space between paragraphs is used. A dinkus may be used in conjunction with the extra space to mark a smaller subdivision than a sub-chapter.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Asterism (typography)


text: Category:Welsh writers

title: Category:Welsh writers


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R v S (RD)

R v S (RD), [1997] 3 SCR 484 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on establishing the rules for determining reasonable apprehension of bias in the court system by judges, and establishing limits to the application of social context in judging. The case was argued by Burnley "Rocky" Jones of Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Facts
On October 17, 1993, in the city of Halifax, Nova Scotia, a black youth was arrested, allegedly for assaulting the police officer Stienburg while he was attempting to arrest another individual. The police officer claimed that the youth ran into him with his bike attempting to free the individual the police officer already had handcuffed. The youth, on the other hand, alleges that he stopped his bike to see what the police officer was doing, as a crowd had amassed at the scene. The youth recognised the individual being arrested and asked him repeatedly if he should call his mother, not once addressing the officer. Hearing the youth, the officer threatened to arrest him. When the youth continued to talk the police officer arrested him.

Ruling
At the trial level, Judge Corrine Sparks acquitted the youth, for the reason that the only evidence was the testimony of the officer and the youth, and both had reasonable credibility. In the end of her judgement she added,

"I believe that probably the situation in this particular case is the case of a young police officer who overreacted. And I do accept the evidence of Mr. S. that he was told to shut up or he would be under arrest. That seems to be in keeping with the prevalent attitude of the day."

The last phrase became the focus of all the appeals to follow. Judgements needs to be based solely on the evidence while the phrase suggests some preconceived notions.

It was determined at the trial and appeal level that there was an "apprehension of bias" on the part of Sparks.

However, the Supreme Court of Canada allowed the appeal and restored Sparks' acquittal of RDS. The Court noted that

"A judge who happens to be black is no more likely to be biased in dealing with black litigants, than a white judge is likely to be biased in favour of white litigants. All judges of every race, colour, religion, or national background are entitled to the same presumption of judicial integrity and the same high threshold for a finding of bias. (para. 115)" "A high standard must be met before a finding of reasonable apprehension of bias can be made. Troubling as Judge Sparks’ remarks may be, the Crown has not satisfied its onus to provide the cogent evidence needed to impugn the impartiality of Judge Sparks. Although her comments, viewed in isolation, were unfortunate and unnecessary, a reasonable, informed person, aware of all the circumstances, would not conclude that they gave rise to a reasonable apprehension of bias. (para. 158)"

title: R v S (RD)


text:
Talk:Uninstaller

Third Party Uninstallers
Maybe we should consider putting all the third party uninstaller stuff on it's own page? Andrew Morritt 00:33, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

Norton Clean Sweep is the ancestor of Norton GoBack? --Mircea.Vutcovici 16:34, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Uninstall A Word?
Is uninstall even a word? I remember my english teacher asserted that uninstall is not a word. FreeBSD uses deinstall (make deinstall). Are they trying to be different or did they realise something that someone else hasn't? Uranther 03:23, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Google hits suggests "uninstall" is more common than "deinstall". My own personal preference is for the antonym of "install" to be "remove" rather than multiplicitizing verbositociousness ... but the term "uninstall" seems to be reasonably well established. --FOo 05:51, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thesaurus says remove is the antonym of install. But techspeak and jargon words don't have to be correct English and usually are not. Uninstall probably wasn't an English word; but it became one as soon as it slipped into the vernacular. English teachers often forget that language is not static. New ideas need new words, and we don't generally consult an English teacher before we pick them. Deinstall isn't in the dictionary btw, nor is uninstall if I'm not mistaken. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.102.196.41 (talk) 20:52, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Why are they often called unwise.exe?
Are developers just trying to imply that it is "unwise" for the user to stop using their product, or is there some other meaning? Does anyone know the origin of this convention? I'd like to see something about this in the article, even if it's just stating that it's not really known. AllUltima 23:29, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It is for programs that use the wise installer system. unwise just undoes what the wise installer did. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.102.196.41 (talk) 20:36, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Broken code?
In the first paragraph there is a like that isn't doing anything.

"- ! header 1 ! header 2 ! header 3"

Deletion notice – Unreferenced sections
Hi, everyone. You know that everything in Wikipedia needs reliable sources and that unsourced contents may be challanged or deleted. This article contains sections that are completely unsourced. They had been unsourced long before they were tagged for lacking sources.

So, I believe I have the right to delete those unsourced sections if I so wish, unless they are sourced, right?

Fleet Command (talk) 08:45, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

Content is too implementation-specific
There is no indication that the descriptive sections are not specific to a particular uninstaller implementation. Additionally, it repeatedly mentions details specific to the Microsoft Windows platforms. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.184.245.22 (talk) 15:21, 17 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Uninstaller


text: Category:Provinces of Cambodia

title: Category:Provinces of Cambodia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Maverex

Maverex

 * Non-notable hacker? Rmhermen 00:36, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Maverex road trips yields zero hits on Google. A hacker's "popular Internet tv show" should get a few more hits than that. -- [[User:Bobdoe| Bob Doe ]] 00:53, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Reeks of vanity. Delete. --Slowking Man 07:35, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Script kiddie vanity.   — Gwalla | Talk 20:55, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Obvious vanity. jni 07:48, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Sjc 10:41, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Maverex


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Belfast (disambiguation)

Belfast is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.

Belfast may also refer to:

South Africa

 * Belfast, Mpumalanga, South Africa
 * Belfast, Limpopo, South Africa

United Kingdom

 * Belfast (Northern Ireland Parliament constituencies) (1921–1973), the largest city and capital of Northern Ireland
 * Belfast (Parliament of Ireland constituency) (1603–1800), in present-day Northern Ireland
 * Belfast (UK Parliament constituency) (1801–1885)
 * Belfast Lough, intertidal sea inlet on the east coast of Northern Ireland

United States

 * Belfast, California, in Lassen County
 * Belfast, Georgia
 * Belfast, Maine
 * Belfast Township, Murray County, Minnesota
 * Belfast, Missouri
 * Belfast, Nebraska
 * Belfast, New York, a town
 * Belfast (CDP), New York, a hamlet in the town
 * Belfast, Clermont County, Ohio
 * Belfast, Highland County, Ohio
 * Belfast, Licking County, Ohio, a ghost town
 * Belfast, Pennsylvania
 * Belfast Township, Fulton County, Pennsylvania
 * Belfast, Tennessee

Elsewhere

 * Belfast, New Zealand
 * Belfast, Prince Edward Island, Canada
 * Port Fairy, Victoria, Australia, formerly known as Belfast

Music

 * Belfast (album), a 2004 album by the Spanish folk metal group Mägo de Oz
 * "Belfast" (Elton John song), a 1995 track by Elton John on the album Made in England
 * "Belfast" (Boney M. song), a 1977 single by Boney M
 * "Belfast", a track on the 1986 album Animal Man by Rogue Male
 * "Belfast", a track on the 2008 album Stainless Style by Neon Neon
 * "Belfast", a track on the EP "III" by Orbital
 * "Belfast (Penguins and Cats)", a track on the album Call Off the Search by Katie Melua

Other media

 * Belfast (film), a 2021 British film.
 * Belfast Telegraph, a daily newspaper published in Belfast, Northern Ireland

Military

 * Belfast Blitz, German air raids on Belfast in 1941 during World War II
 * Belfast Commando, a former light infantry regiment of the South African Army
 * HMS Belfast (C35), a Town-class cruiser launched in 1938, now a museum ship in London
 * USS Belfast, a Tacoma-class frigate in commission from 1943 to 1945 and then transferred to the Soviet Union
 * HMS Belfast (Type 26 frigate), the third planned of the type
 * Short Belfast, a heavy-lift turboprop freighter aircraft

Other uses

 * Belfast Giants, ice hockey team from Belfast, Northern Ireland

title: Belfast (disambiguation)


text:
ClarkNet

ClarkNet was an Internet service provider (ISP) located in Ellicott City, Maryland that began operation in April 1993. It was the first ISP local to the Baltimore area and the second ISP native to Maryland. Operations ceased during 2003.

The company's incorporated name was Clark Internet Services, Inc., the service was called ClarkNet, and it operated under the domain name of clark.net. ClarkNet was founded by Jamie Clark, son of Maryland State Senator James A. Clark, in April 1993. It was located on the Clark family farm, located between Clarksville, Maryland and Columbia, Maryland, and initially operated out of a working cow barn. Jamie Clark is deaf and most of the early employees were also deaf. As the company grew the offices moved to Columbia and the computer data center remained at the barn.

ClarkNet was a pioneer in many areas. It was the first ISP to provide dial-up TCP/IP access (via SLIP or PPP) targeted for the home user in the Mid Atlantic region. It was one of the first web servers in the world, listed by CERN as one of the first 100 web servers in existence and one of the first in the country to offer free web pages to its customers. It was the first ISP to provide local dial in access numbers to all of Baltimore, and many parts of Maryland. It was the second ISP native to Maryland. It was the country's first (only?) deaf owned and operated ISP. It pioneered the use of "Centrex ISDN" which is a 24x7 dedicated flat-rate ISDN line. It hosted, for a time, one of the top ten root Usenet servers.

ClarkNet enjoyed a great deal of press exposure because of its early entry into the Internet, the fact it was a deaf-owned company, its unusual location on a working farm, and its excellent reputation for service. Washington, DC area institutions used ClarkNet as their first exposure to the Internet which included, among many others: NPR (National Public Radio), SANS (the SANS Institute), and The Washington Post. Jamie Clark was interviewed and pictured in Fortune Magazine and was the subject of a feature spot on NPR. ClarkNet was the largest dial-up provider in the Baltimore/Washington area for a time. It won several awards, such as Small Business Administration awards.

The company employed up to 80 people at its largest. The company was structured with five primary teams: Engineering, Customer Service, Sales and Marketing, Web Development, Accounting, along with a senior management team and a board of directors. ClarkNet also rolled out a training curriculum for individuals and businesses to teach basic to advanced courses in web development and Internet research.

Services provided included: Dialup TCP/IP; Dialup shell access; Dedicated circuits such as ISDN, T1, Frame Relay, SMDS; Web hosting; Web development; Colocation hosting. At its largest it had over 20,000 dialup customers and 2,000 dedicated customers.

ClarkNet was purchased by Verio in late 1997 but retained a large degree of local autonomy and continued to grow under the Verio brand with many of the original ClarkNet employees in place. Verio was sold to NTT in 2000 by which time the product focus had shifted away from dial-up and dedicated Internet access to web hosting and most of the original ClarkNet staff, products and network were let-go, dismantled or sold (respectively) over the 2000-2003 period.

The barn on the Clark farm where ClarkNet started burned down in an accident on November 15, 2004, although the company was no longer in existence nor being used by Verio at the time.

title: ClarkNet


text:
Gjallarhorn (band)

Gjallarhorn is a Finnish band that performs world music with roots in the folk music of Finland and Sweden. The group was formed in 1994. The band's music echoes the ancient folk music tradition of Scandinavia with medieval ballads, minuets, prayers in runo-metric chanting and ancient Icelandic rímur epics in a modern way. The group is named after the Gjallarhorn associated with the god Heimdallr from the Norse mythology.

The music
The band is Finnish and hails from Ostrobothnia, a Swedish-speaking region on the west coast of Finland, one of the four regions of the historical province of Ostrobothnia and the only region in Finland outside Åland where more people speak Swedish rather than Finnish.

The music of the band remains Swedish in character. Most of their repertoire is the acoustic folk music of these Swedish-speaking Finns, from the unique minuets and ballads that have only survived in Ostrobothnia, to the old traditional waltzes. The didgeridoo and sub-contrabass recorder offer an underlying drone, a technique shared by some other Nordic bands such as Garmarna. Also notable is their use of the hardanger fiddle and Jenny Wilhelms' kulning, a high-pitched, wordless vocal technique based on traditional Scandinavian cattle-herding calls.

History
Gjallarhorn was formed in 1994 on the west coast of Finland, in the Swedish speaking area, by Jenny Wilhelms, Christopher Öhman (viola, mandola) and Jacob Frankenhaeuser (didgeridoo). The band started as a trio but became a quartet with percussion in 1996. The band has been a quartet ever since.

In 1997 the first CD Ranarop was released. The group was selected "Folk music group of the year 1997" and the CD was "Folk music CD of the year 1997" in Finland. In 1998 the band started touring frequently on a professional basis with performances at international world, folk and jazz music festivals. Gjallarhorn has toured in Europe, United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Japan.

The second CD Sjofn was released in 2000 and the third CD Grimborg in 2002. In 2003 Grimborg was awarded the French "Academie Charles Cros" prize for world music and Gjallarhorn was nominated for the music prize of the Nordic Council of Ministries.

In 2004 the band made a 10th anniversary tour, and the Swedish Cultural Fund of Finland selected the band with Jenny Wilhelms for their annual honor award, given to artists in different fields of cultural and educational work.

In 2005 the band started working on new material. The fourth album Rimfaxe was released in 2006. The album was mixed in the US by Bruce Swedien. The didgeridoo was replaced by Göran Månsson's sub contrabass recorder as the drone effect and bass of the band.

Band members
The current members of the band are:

 * Sebastian Åberg, percussion (2006– )
 * Adrian Jones, viola, mandola, kalimba (2000– )
 * Göran Månsson, flutes, recorders, sub contrabass recorder (2005– )
 * Jenny Wilhelms, vocals, fiddle and hardangerfiddle (1994– )
 * Martin Kantola, sound (1996– )

Former members

 * Jakob Frankenhaeuser, didgeridoo (1994–1996)
 * David Lillkvist, percussion (1996–2002)
 * Tommy Mansikka-Aho, didgeridoo, slideridoo and jaw harp (1996–2004)
 * Christopher Öhman, viola, mandola (1994–2000)
 * Sara Puljula, percussion (2002–2003)
 * Petter Berndalen, percussion (2004–2006)

Albums

 * Ranarop, 1997 (original); 2002 (remastered)
 * Sjofn, 2000
 * Grimborg, 2003
 * Rimfaxe, 2006

title: Gjallarhorn (band)


text: User talk:67.37.26.21

title: User talk:67.37.26.21


text:
Talk:Sesamstraße

Anyone able to place a infobox here? Thanks. -BRAINULATOR9 (TALK) 00:04, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

duplicate
Should Sesame Street be integrated? Conny (talk) 19:43, 14 May 2016 (UTC).

Outdated and contradictive
e.g. "Established characters such as Rumpel and Samson were retired", but then in the character list and later samson is said to be main character and " - present" Nonsense. 47.69.165.80 (talk) 11:52, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sesamstraße


text:
Krystyna Kuperberg

Krystyna M. Kuperberg (born Krystyna M. Trybulec; 17 July 1944) is a Polish-American mathematician who currently works as a professor of mathematics at Auburn University, where she was formerly an Alumni Professor of Mathematics.

Early life and family
Her parents, Jan W. and Barbara H. Trybulec, were pharmacists and owned a pharmacy in Tarnów. Her older brother is Andrzej Trybulec. Her husband Włodzimierz Kuperberg and her son Greg Kuperberg are also mathematicians, while her daughter Anna Kuperberg is a photographer.

Education and career
After attending high school in Gdańsk, she entered the University of Warsaw in 1962, where she studied mathematics. Her first mathematics course was taught by Andrzej Mostowski; later she attended topology lectures of Karol Borsuk and became fascinated by topology.

After obtaining her undergraduate degree, Kuperberg began graduate studies at Warsaw under Borsuk, but stopped after earning a master's degree. She left Poland in 1969 with her young family to live in Sweden, then moved to the United States in 1972. She finished her Ph.D. in 1974, from Rice University, under the supervision of William Jaco. In the same year, both she and her husband were appointed to the faculty of Auburn University. From 1996 to 1998, Kuperberg served as an American Mathematical Society Council member at large.

Contributions
In 1987 she solved a problem of Bronisław Knaster concerning bi-homogeneity of continua. In the 1980s she became interested in fixed points and topological aspects of dynamical systems. In 1989 Kuperberg and Coke Reed solved a problem posed by Stan Ulam in the Scottish Book. The solution to that problem led to her 1993 work in which she constructed a smooth counterexample to the Seifert conjecture. She has since continued to work in dynamical systems.

Recognition
In 1995 Kuperberg received the Alfred Jurzykowski Prize from the Kościuszko Foundation. Her major lectures include an American Mathematical Society Plenary Lecture in March 1995, a Mathematical Association of America Plenary Lecture in January 1996, and an International Congress of Mathematicians invited talk in 1998. In 2012 she became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

title: Krystyna Kuperberg


text:
Talk:Music history of the United States during the colonial era

Untitled
Added a lead ˜˜˜˜ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lily huval (talk • contribs) 20:01, 2 May 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Lily huval.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 04:39, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
I removed the below section from the article. If there was anything that could accurately be labeled "jazz" before 1900, it was not yet of national importance. The below text seems not to deal only with post 1900 aspects, and IMO the link to Cajun music is dubious (and need I say that Cajun culture is not native to New Orleans as seems to be implied). -- Infrogmation 00:40, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Jazz
- Jazz was a fusion of African rhythms with European melodies and harmonies, resulting in a highly-variable, diverse genre that came to include both popular styles like swing, popularized in the 1920s to the 1940s, as well as avant-garde art music like bebop and cool jazz, which catered to intellectuals, especially blacks associated with the Black Power and Civil Rights Movements. Early jazz was associated primarily with New Orleans, and a local, Cajun influence can be seen in the genre's instrumentation and form, which developed in the 19th century.

Shape note
Hello, why are shape notes discussed in this article? Shape notes were invented around 1801, a full quarter century after the end of the colonial era. Opus33 (talk) 20:58, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

What a mess.
I dislike striking the lead paragraph entirely, but it's nothing but anachronisms and irrelevancies. Neither Mozart nor Haydn penetrated America during the colonial era, the Marine Band wasn't founded until two decades later, and it's tough to claim that opera was popular in the colonial era when the first one to be performed in the US wasn't until 1790. The rest of the article is of a piece, jampacked with unsupported and uncited assertions, and requires much work.   Ravenswing   07:24, 23 May 2012 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Sesamstraße/to do

Translate extensive German Wikipedia article on Sesamstraße.

title: Talk:Sesamstraße/to do


text:
Green Lake Park

Green Lake Park may refer to:

 * Green Lake Park, a park surrounding Green Lake (Seattle), United States
 * Green Lake (Kunming) or Green Lake Park, an urban park in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
 * Green Lake Provincial Park, a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada
 * Green Lakes State Park, Onondaga County, New York, United States

title: Green Lake Park


text:
Tractor configuration

In aviation, the term tractor configuration refers to an aircraft constructed in the standard configuration with its engine mounted with the propeller in front of it so that the aircraft is "pulled" through the air. Oppositely, the pusher configuration places the airscrew behind and propels the aircraft forward. Through common usage, the word "propeller" has come to mean any airscrew, whether it actually propels or pulls the plane.

In the early years of powered aviation both tractor and pusher designs were common. However, by the midpoint of the First World War, interest in pushers declined and the tractor configuration dominated. Today, propeller-driven aircraft are assumed to be tractors unless it is stated otherwise.

Origins
The first successful airplanes to have a "tractor" configuration were the Santos-Dumont_Demoiselle and Blériot_VII.

The first biplane airplane to have a "tractor" configuration was the Goupy No.2 (first flight on 11 March 1909) designed by Mario Calderara and financed by Ambroise Goupy at the French firm Blériot Aéronautique. When it was constructed, it was the fastest airplane in existence. At that time a distinction was made between a propeller ("pushes the machine", akin to a ship's propeller) and a tractor-[air]screw ("pulls the machine through the air"). The Royal Flying Corps called the tractors "Bleriot type" after Louis Bleriot to distinguish them from pushers, or "Farman type".

World War I military aviation
The downside of a single-engine tractor aircraft was that it was initially impossible to fire a gun through the propeller arc without striking the propeller blades. Early solutions included mounting guns (rifles or machine guns) to fire around the propeller arc, either at an angle to the side – which made aiming difficult – or on the top wing of a biplane so that the bullets passed over the propeller arc.

The first system to fire through the propeller was developed by French engineer Eugene Gilbert for Morane-Saulnier, and involved fitting metal "deflector wedges" to the propeller blades of a Morane-Saulnier L monoplane. It was employed with immediate success by French aviator Roland Garros and was also used on at least one Sopwith Tabloid of the Royal Naval Air Service.

A more workable solution was a gun synchronizer, which utilized a synchronization gear developed by aircraft pioneer Anthony Fokker and fitted to the Fokker E.I monoplane in 1915. The first British "tractor" to be specifically designed to be fitted with synchronization gear was the Sopwith 1½ Strutter which did not enter service until early 1916.

Other solutions to avoiding the propeller arc include passing the gun's barrel through the propeller's hub or spinner – first used in production military aircraft with the World War I French SPAD S.XII – or mounting guns in the wings. The latter solution was generally used from the early 1930s until the beginning of the jet age.

title: Tractor configuration


text:
Rosita (Sesame Street)

Rosita is a Muppet character on the children's television series Sesame Street. Fluent in both American English and Mexican Spanish, she is the first regular bilingual Muppet on the show. Rosita comes from Mexico and likes to play the guitar.

History
Rosita was originally designed to look similar to a fruit bat and bore the name Rosita, La Monstrua de las Cuevas ("the monster of the caves"). Her wings were removed in 2004 (in the show's 35th season), but reinstated in 2021 (in the show's 52nd season). She wears a ribbon in her hair, but in deference to Zoe she only wears one instead of two.

Rosita was introduced to the series in 1991.

Rosita is performed by Carmen Osbahr, who originally worked on Mexico's Plaza Sésamo.

In July 2022, Sesame Place in Pennsylvania faced criticism after a family claimed in an Instagram post that the character snubbed their two young Black children by ignoring them as they waved to her. The video went viral as other users posted similar incidents of costumed characters and black children at the park, with those on social media calling for a boycott of the park. The park released a statement that the costume had made it difficult for the performer to see the girls. They later followed with another statement that the performer had not intentionally snubbed the girls, but instead rejected a request "from someone in the crowd who asked Rosita to hold their child for a photo which is not permitted." On July 19, Sesame Place Pennsylvania formally apologized to the family and invited the family back for a personal meet-and-greet with the characters. They also announced that their employees will undergo racial bias training to ensure park guests have an "inclusive, equitable and entertaining" experience.

International programs
Rosita appeared on Barrio Sésamo: Monstruos Supersanos in July and August 2012.

Appearances
March 3, 2004: Rosita, Elmo, Zoe, Big Bird and purple AM Monster appear on The West Wing.

April 24, 2004: Rosita, Elmo, Zoe, Grover, Cookie Monster Phoebe and Elephant on Hollywood Hits Broadway Benefit Gala

November 4, 2005: Elmo, Grover, Telly, Rosita and a Muppet Turkey on Emeril Live.

May 3, 2008: Rosita on The Early Show

May 4, 2008: Rosita on Good Morning America

May 15, 2008: Rosita on Tell Me More

July 4, 2009: Elmo, Big Bird, Cookie Monster, Oscar the Grouch, Rosita, and Abby Cadabby on A Capitol Fourth

November 9, 2009: Elmo and Rosita on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon

December 3, 2009: Elmo, Rosita and Cookie Monster on The Tyra Show

September 20, 2011: Elmo, Grover, Rosita, Cookie Monster, Oscar, and Slimey on Good Morning America

September 19, 2012: Elmo, Big Bird, Murray, Grover, Bert, Abby, Rosita, Oscar, and Cookie Monster on Good Morning America

January 28, 2013: Rosita, Grundgetta, Herry, Alan Muraoka, Bob McGrath, Roscoe Orman, Sonia Manzano, and Alison Bartlett O'Reilly, at From Broadway With Love: A Benefit Concert for Sandy Hook

May 10, 2013: Rosita, Oscar, Cookie Monster, Telly and Armando on Good Morning America.

September 13, 2013: Elmo, Grover, Abby Cadabby, Rosita, Cookie Monster, Murray, The Count, and Big Bird on Good Morning America

December 11–14, 2014: Elmo, Grover, Rosita, Ernie, Bert, Cookie Monster, Big Bird, The Count, Abby and guest star Santino Fontana at Mormon Tabernacle Choir

January 15, 2016: Ernie, Telly, Abby, Rosita, Elmo and Carol-Lynn Parente on Good Morning America

April 17, 2016: Elmo, Rosita, and Oscar the Grouch on Last Week Tonight with John Oliver

May 1, 2016: Elmo and Rosita at Daytime Emmy Awards

January 5, 2017: Big Bird, Elmo, Oscar the Grouch, Cookie Monster, Abby Cadabby, The Count, Rosita and Grover on Today

January 10, 2017: Abby Cadabby, Rosita and Telly at SiriusXM

October 6, 2017: Big Bird, Rosita and Abby Cadabby on Good Morning America

October 6, 2017: Elmo, Rosita and Abby Cadabby on Today

November 8, 2017: Alan Muraoka, Rosemarie Truglio, Elmo, Abby, Zoe, Big Bird, Telly, Count von Count, Rosita, Cookie Monster, Bert and Ernie on Today

July 4, 2019: Big Bird, Elmo, Abby Cadabby, Rosita, Ernie and Bert on A Capitol Fourth

October 21, 2019: Elmo, Abby, Big Bird, Cookie Monster, Rosita, Ernie, Bert, Oscar, Grover, and the Count on Today

title: Rosita (Sesame Street)


text:
Edgar Ende

Edgar Karl Alfons Ende (23 February 1901 – 27 December 1965) was a German surrealist painter and father of the children's novelist Michael Ende.

Ende attended the Altona School of Arts and Crafts from 1916 to 1920. In 1922 he married Gertrude Strunck, but divorced four years later. He remarried in 1929, the same year his son Michael was born. In the 1930s Ende's Surrealist paintings began to attract considerable critical attention, but were then condemned as degenerate by the Nazi government. Beginning in 1936 the Nazis forbade him to continue to paint or exhibit his work. In 1940 he was conscripted into the Luftwaffe as an operator of anti-aircraft artillery.

The majority of his paintings were destroyed by a bomb raid on Munich in 1944, making his surviving pre-war work extremely rare. In 1951, Ende met the recognized founder of Surrealism, André Breton, who admired his work and declared him an official Surrealist. He continued to paint surrealist works until his death in 1965 from a myocardial infarction.

Ende's paintings are thought to have had a significant influence on his son's writing. This is inferred in the scenes depicting the surreal dream-paintings from Yor's Minroud in Die Unendliche Geschichte (The Neverending Story), and is made explicit in Michael Ende's book Der Spiegel im Spiegel (The mirror in the mirror), a collection of short stories based on (and printed alongside) Edgar Ende's surrealist works.

title: Edgar Ende


text: Category:Geography of Cambodia

title: Category:Geography of Cambodia


text:
User talk:Eequor/Archives/vs. MIT

On August 27th, Eequor deleted what in her summary she called a "fallacious argument", the thought-experiment of the calculator that only multiplies. I am appalled, and I put it back. A number of mathematicians have edited this page without complaining about that argument. I've also used it in teaching basic combinatorics in probability courses I've taught at several universities. One of those was MIT, where some of the student are exceedingly mentally acute, and no one complained. Could those concerned venture their opinions here? Michael Hardy 23:49, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The most glaring error is the idea that a calculator which can only multiply must necessarily continue to usefully function if its value is cleared. It may easily be claimed that, in fact, the calculator is functioning exactly as designed if 3 is entered after clear is pressed and 0 is the result.  It is probably buggy, and will never again produce any number other than 0, but it does what you said it should do.  No further conclusion can be drawn from this, anyway, because exactly two numbers are being multiplied every time, not zero numbers.

 * Another problem: the argument supposes that the displayed value must be identical to the value stored in memory. This may sometimes be true in real life, but it is not necessary.  For example, calculators must often round fractional values so they will fit on the display, but many calculators continue to store the least significant digits.  The imaginary calculator might display 0 while storing 1 internally.

 * Additionally, the argument is inconsistent with itself. It supposes a calculator which "can only multiply", and then adds that the calculator also has a clear function.  There is also no definition of what clear might do.  Because of this, the result of pressing the clear key after multiplying 21 by 4 is undefined, and so no conclusions about the future behavior can be made.

 * One could define the clear key to mean "remove the current number and display 1", but this leads to a circular argument, additionally neglecting to demonstrate why the result cannot be 0. Defining the key as replacing the previous value with 0 gives an apparent reductio ad absurdum, but not of a sort that makes any conclusion about the definition of the empty product (it only shows the clear key must not produce 0 if it is desired that the calculator will continue to function).  The key must be defined to produce no numerical value.  Call this value nil, and let the calculator display nothing at all if its value is nil.

 * As commonly understood, a calculator displaying nothing accepts the next-input value as its new value (entering 3 when the value is nil produces 3). Since the calculator is claimed to only multiply, and because the only value which when multiplied by a number n produces exactly n is the multiplicative identity, 1, nil must be numerically equivalent to 1.

 * Now, consider the behavior of the calculator immediately after pressing clear. It is blank, and will remain blank indefinitely until a number is entered, yet when a number is entered the blankness will be numerically equivalent to 1.  No numbers are multiplied until enter is pressed.  Therefore the empty product is equal to 1. --[[User:Eequor| η  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ υωρ ]]] 01:11, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I find the arguments above largely correct if construed literally, but completely lacking in merit, for reasons I would have thought were obvious. They're written by someone who is too literal-minded. Michael Hardy 19:56, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * No, you're simply incorrect. You needn't be rude when you're shown to be wrong.  If this is the quality of education provided by MIT, I consider myself fortunate to have not been a student there.  --[[User:Eequor| η  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ υωρ ]]] 00:47, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I was not shown to be wrong. A somewhat hand-waving argument was given; you showed that there were holes in it if construed literally, but it's not-quite-literal meaning should have been clear.  Another user has taken some trouble to rephrase it in view of your comments.  What exactly is it you're calling rude?  My statement that the fact that the meaning should have been obvious?  Some people consider excessive literal-mindedness rude.  Michael Hardy 01:46, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Ad hominem is inherently rude.

 * "Ronald Reagan is a Republican, therefore the argument he just gave is wrong." That's ad hominem.  But I don't think it's inherently rude, although fallacious, nor that Ronald Reagan would be offended by being called a Republican. Michael Hardy 20:26, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Whether a person is "too literal-minded" is a matter of opinion.

 * OK, your removing a very good argument is literal-mindedness. OK? Michael Hardy 20:26, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * As written, your previous statement implies literal-mindedness should have been obvious, not the meaning of the thought experiment.

 * While its general meaning should be obvious to laypeople, and most people will probably accept it without question, the experiment has been presented poorly and makes its conclusion for the wrong reasons. This is an encyclopedia, not a grade school textbook.  Articles should be made readable without sacrificing accuracy.  Science does not accept arguments simply because they are "good enough", and neither should Wikipedia.  --[[User:Eequor| η  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ υωρ ]]] 02:13, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Eequor, you are rude and gratuitously belligerent. I have been polite in addressing you and have tried consistently to reconcile, but you persist in belligerence. Michael Hardy 20:26, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I see that Eequor has deleted the rest of this discussion.

For the record, I was not shown to be wrong, nor was I rude, nor was there an ad hominem. "Literal-minded" applied to the nature of the arguments, not to the person. Michael Hardy 21:25, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eequor/Archives/vs. MIT


text:
User talk:Timmers

Hello, "Timmers" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

. -- Infrogmation 00:52, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

title: User talk:Timmers


text:
Penman equation

The Penman equation describes evaporation (E) from an open water surface, and was developed by Howard Penman in 1948. Penman's equation requires daily mean temperature, wind speed, air pressure, and solar radiation to predict E.  Simpler Hydrometeorological equations continue to be used where obtaining such data is impractical, to give comparable results within specific contexts, e.g. humid vs arid climates.

Details
Numerous variations of the Penman equation are used to estimate evaporation from water, and land. Specifically the Penman–Monteith equation refines weather based potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimates of vegetated land areas. It is widely regarded as one of the most accurate models, in terms of estimates.

The original equation was developed by Howard Penman at the Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, UK.

The equation for evaporation given by Penman is:
 * $$E_{\mathrm{mass}}=\frac{m R_n + \rho_a c_p \left(\delta e \right) g_a }{\lambda_v \left(m + \gamma \right) }

$$ where:
 * m = Slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve (Pa K−1)
 * Rn = Net irradiance (W m−2)
 * ρa = density of air (kg m−3)
 * cp = heat capacity of air (J kg−1 K−1)
 * δe = vapor pressure deficit (Pa)
 * ga = momentum surface aerodynamic conductance (m s−1)
 * λv = latent heat of vaporization (J kg−1)
 * γ = psychrometric constant (Pa K−1)

which (if the SI units in parentheses are used) will give the evaporation Emass in units of kg/(m2·s), kilograms of water evaporated every second for each square meter of area.

Remove λ to obviate that this is fundamentally an energy balance. Replace λv with L to get familiar precipitation units ETvol, where Lv=λvρwater. This has units of m/s, or more commonly mm/day, because it is flux m3/s per m2=m/s.

This equation assumes a daily time step so that net heat exchange with the ground is insignificant, and a unit area surrounded by similar open water or vegetation so that net heat & vapor exchange with the surrounding area cancels out. Some times people replace Rn with and A for total net available energy when a situation warrants account of additional heat fluxes.

Temperature, wind speed, relative humidity impact the values of m, g, cp, ρ, and δe.

Shuttleworth (1993)
In 1993, W.Jim Shuttleworth modified and adapted the Penman equation to use SI, which made calculating evaporation simpler. The resultant equation is:

 * $$E_{\mathrm{mass}}=\frac{m R_n + \gamma * 6.43\left(1+0.536 * U_2 \right)\delta e}{\lambda_v \left(m + \gamma \right) }

$$

where:
 * Emass = Evaporation rate (mm day−1)
 * m = Slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve (kPa K−1)
 * Rn = Net irradiance (MJ m−2 day−1)
 * γ = psychrometric constant = $$\frac{0.0016286 * P_{kPa}} {\lambda_v}$$ (kPa K−1)
 * U2 = wind speed (m s−1)
 * δe = vapor pressure deficit (kPa)
 * λv = latent heat of vaporization (MJ kg−1)

Note: this formula implicitly includes the division of the numerator by the density of water (1000 kg m−3) to obtain evaporation in units of mm d−1

Some useful relationships

 * δe = (es - ea) = (1 – relative humidity) es
 * es = saturated vapor pressure of air, as is found inside plant stoma.
 * ea = vapor pressure of free flowing air.
 * es, mmHg = exp(21.07-5336/Ta), approximation by Merva, 1975

Therefore $$m= \Delta =\frac{d e_s}{d T_a} = \frac{5336}{T_a^2} e^{\left(21.07 - \frac{5336}{T_a}\right)}$$, mmHg/K
 * Ta = air temperature in kelvins

title: Penman equation


text: User talk:205.213.172.222

title: User talk:205.213.172.222


text:
Tadeusz Ważewski

Tadeusz Ważewski (24 September 1896 – 5 September 1972) was a Polish mathematician.

Ważewski made important contributions to the theory of ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, control theory and the theory of analytic spaces. He is most famous for applying the topological concept of retract, introduced by Karol Borsuk, to the study of the solutions of differential equations.

Biography
Ważewski was born in Galicia on the 24 September 1896 to parents Stanisław Ważewski and Anieli Kozlowskich. He would attend schools in Mielec and Przemyśl before attending the Tarnow secondary school in 1914. Ważewski went to, originally, study physics at the Jagiellonian University (Krakow), but after being convinced by Stanisław Zaremba, he would change his degree to mathematics.

Zaremba helped Tadeusz get a scholarship to study at the University of Paris from 1921 to 1923 where he would continue the study of topology and set theory which Zaremba had influenced him to study. In 1924 he attained his Doctorate based on his thesis On Jordan curves containing no simple closed Jordan curve (French). Then in 1927 he was awarded the Habilitation at the Jagiellonian University on the basis of the thesis Rectifiable Continuums in Relation to Absolutely Continuous Functions and Mappings (Polish).

Two of his advisors were Émile Borel and Arnaud Denjoy at the University of Paris.

In the years after his Habilitation he continued to work at the Jagiellonian University but his focus had moved from topology to analysis. Ważewski was made a professor at the university in 1933.

During World War II Ważewski was taken to the Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg concentration camp where he would be kept until his release in February 1940. Once released he continued to teach in secret.

Ważewski worked as a full-time professor after the war at the Jagiellonian University in 1945. He was the head of the Department of Differential Equations for all of his life in the State Mathematical Institute. Ważewski was given a Doctor of Sciences (Mathematics) in 1953. After this he was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1967 from the university.

In 1923 he was inducted into the Polish Mathematical Society. Ważewski was made the president of the society for two years beginning on 1959 before becoming an honorary member in 1967.

Tadeusz died in Rabka-Zdrój on 5 September 1972.

title: Tadeusz Ważewski


text:
Wigner semicircle distribution

The Wigner semicircle distribution, named after the physicist Eugene Wigner, is the probability distribution on [−R, R] whose probability density function f is a scaled semicircle (i.e., a semi-ellipse) centered at (0, 0):

 * $$f(x)={2 \over \pi R^2}\sqrt{R^2-x^2\,}\, $$

for −R ≤ x ≤ R, and f(x) = 0 if |x| > R. The parameter R is commonly referred to as the "radius" parameter of the distribution.

The distribution arises as the limiting distribution of the eigenvalues of many random symmetric matrices, that is, as the dimensions of the random matrix approach infinity. The distribution of the spacing or gaps between eigenvalues is addressed by the similarly named Wigner surmise.

General properties
Because of symmetry, all of the odd-order moments of the Wigner distribution are zero. For positive integers $n$, the $2n$-th moment of this distribution is
 * $$\frac{1}{n+1}\left({R \over 2}\right)^{2n} {2n\choose n}\, $$

In the typical special case that $R = 2$, this sequence coincides with the Catalan numbers 1, 2, 5, 14, etc. In particular, the second moment is $R^{2}/4$ and the fourth moment is $R^{4}/8$, which shows that the excess kurtosis is $−1$. As can be calculated using the residue theorem, the Stieltjes transform of the Wigner distribution is given by
 * $$s(z)=-\frac{2}{R^2}(z-\sqrt{z^2-R^2})$$

for complex numbers $z$ with positive imaginary part, where the complex square root is taken to have positive imaginary part.

The Wigner distribution coincides with a scaled and shifted beta distribution: if $Y$ is a beta-distributed random variable with parameters $α = β = 3/2$, then the random variable $2RY – R$ exhibits a Wigner semicircle distribution with radius $R$. By this transformation it is direct to compute some statistical quantities for the Wigner distribution in terms of those for the beta distributions, which are better known. In particular, it is direct to recover the characteristic function of the Wigner distribution from that of $Y$:
 * $$\varphi(t)=e^{-iRt}\varphi_Y(2Rt)=e^{-iRt}{}_1F_1\left(\frac{3}{2}; 3; 2iRt\right)=\frac{2J_1(Rt)}{Rt},$$

where $_{1}F_{1}$ is the confluent hypergeometric function and $J_{1}$ is the Bessel function of the first kind. Likewise the moment generating function can be calculated as
 * $$M(t)=e^{-Rt}M_Y(2Rt)=e^{-Rt}{}_1F_1\left(\frac{3}{2}; 3; 2Rt\right)=\frac{2I_1(Rt)}{Rt}$$

where $I_{1}$ is the modified Bessel function of the first kind. The final equalities in both of the above lines are well-known identities relating the confluent hypergeometric function with the Bessel functions.

The Chebyshev polynomials of the third kind are orthogonal polynomials with respect to the Wigner semicircle distribution of radius $1$.

Relation to free probability
In free probability theory, the role of Wigner's semicircle distribution is analogous to that of the normal distribution in classical probability theory. Namely, in free probability theory, the role of cumulants is occupied by "free cumulants", whose relation to ordinary cumulants is simply that the role of the set of all partitions of a finite set in the theory of ordinary cumulants is replaced by the set of all noncrossing partitions of a finite set. Just as the cumulants of degree more than 2 of a probability distribution are all zero if and only if the distribution is normal, so also, the free cumulants of degree more than 2 of a probability distribution are all zero if and only if the distribution is Wigner's semicircle distribution.

title: Wigner semicircle distribution


text:
R.

R. or r. may refer to:

 * Reign, the period of time during which an Emperor, king, queen, etc., is ruler.
 * Rex, abbreviated as R., the Latin word meaning King
 * Regina, abbreviated as R., the Latin word meaning Queen
 * Regnavit or rexit, abbreviated as r., used in historiography to designate the ruling period of a person in dynastic power, to distinguish from his or her lifespan (e.g. "Charles V (r. 1519–1556)")
 * Abbreviation R., meaning Rex or Regina. Commonly used for criminal prosecution in Commonwealth realms where offences are brought in the name of the monarch (e.g. "R. v Defendant")
 * R., an album by American singer R. Kelly

title: R.


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Wikipedia:Regional notice boards

Regional notice boards were an early initiative at organizing Wikipedians interested in a certain area of the world. They have generally been superseded by WikiProjects, which have a similar function. A list of regional notice boards (most of which are now simply WikiProject talk pages) is available at Category:Regional Wikipedian notice boards.

title: Wikipedia:Regional notice boards


text: User talk:168.103.124.125

title: User talk:168.103.124.125


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Cambodian riel

The riel (រៀល ; sign: ៛; code: KHR) is the currency of Cambodia. There have been two distinct riel, the first issued between 1953 and May 1975. Between 1975 and 1980, the country had no monetary system. A second currency, also named "riel", has been issued since 20 March 1980. Since the late 1990s, the riel has had an unofficial fixed exchange rate of 4,100:1 with United States dollar, Cambodia's second de facto currency for commercial transactions.

Popular belief suggests that the name of the currency comes from the Mekong river fish riĕl ("small fish" in Khmer). It is more likely that it derives from the high-silver content Spanish-American dollar, whose value is eight reales, a coin widely used for international trade in Asia and the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries.

Concurrent use with foreign currencies
In rural areas the riel is used for virtually all purchases, large and small. However, the United States dollar is also used, particularly in urban Cambodia and tourist areas. In areas near the Thai border, the Thai baht is also accepted.

Dollarization started in the 1980s and continued to the early 90s when the United Nations contributed humanitarian aid, refugees began sending remittances home, and inflation as high as 177% per year eroded confidence in the riel. From 1991–1993, the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia stationed 22,000 personnel throughout Cambodia, whose spending represented a large part of the Cambodian economy.

While the riel remains in common use in the provinces, the major cities and tourist areas heavily use the U.S. dollar. The latter is dispensed in ATMs, accepted in virtually all purchases, and USD quotations are required to price hotel rooms, airline tickets and significant financial transactions. Everyone knows the exchange rate of 4,000 KHR/US$ for retail trade, with riel paid out for change in fractions of a dollar.

In June 2020, the National Bank of Cambodia announced the phaseout from wide circulation of small U.S. dollar banknotes of $1, $2 and $5. This is aimed at reducing the cost of keeping the smaller US notes in circulation, as well as increasing the use of the riel in lieu of these notes. No fees were to be charged to collect these small notes before 31 August 2020, but after that date banks were expected to incur costs of transporting these notes.

Cambodian tical
Prior to the year 1875, the tical was the currency of Cambodia as well as Siam and Laos. However, as a result of French intervention in the region, the tical in Cambodia was replaced in 1875 by the Cambodian franc.

Cambodian franc
The franc was the currency of Cambodia between 1875 and 1885. It was equal to the French franc and was similarly subdivided into 100 centimes. It replaced the tical and was replaced by the piastre.

French Indochinese piastre
The piastre was introduced in French Indochina in 1885 at par with the Spanish-American silver dollar, and was in use until 1952.

First riel (1953–1975)
In 1953, the Cambodia branch of the Institut d'Émission des États du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viet-nam issued notes dual denominated in piastre and riel with the riel being at par with the piastre. At the same time, the two other branches of the Institut had similar arrangements with the đồng in South Vietnam and the kip in Laos. The piastre itself was derived from Spanish pieces of eight (pesos).

The riel was at first subdivided into 100 centimes (abbreviated to cent. on the coins) but this changed in 1959 to 100 sen (សេន). For the first few years, the riel and piastre circulated alongside each other. The first riel banknotes were also denominated in piastres.
 * First issue, 1955–56: 1 riel, 5 riels, 10 riels, 50 riels.
 * Second issue, 1956: 1 riel, 20 riels, 50 riels, 100 riels, 500 riels.
 * Third issue, 1956: 100 riels, 500 riels.
 * Fourth issue, 1963: 5 riels, 10 riels, 100 riels.
 * Fifth issue, 1972: 100 riels*, 500 riels, 1,000 riels*, 5,000 riels*. (* Unissued.)

Coins: The 10, 20 and 50 centimes of 1953 and sen coins were minted in aluminum and were the same size as the corresponding att and xu (su) coins of Laos and South Vietnam (though without the holes in the Lao coins). A 1 riel coin about the size of a U.S. nickel was to be issued in 1970, as part of the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization's coin program, but was not released, perhaps due to the overthrow of the government of Norodom Sihanouk by Lon Nol.

Khmer Rouge (1975–1980, 1993–1999)
Although the Khmer Rouge printed banknotes, they were not issued as money was abolished after the Khmer Rouge took control of the country.
 * Sixth issue, 1975: 0.1 riel (1 kak), 0.5 riels (5 kaks), 1 riel, 5 riels, 10 riels, 50 riels, 100 riels.

In 1993, they printed a series of coloured banknotes for limited use on territories controlled by them.
 * Regional issue, 1993: 5 riels, 10 riels, 20 riels, 50 riels, 100 riels

Second riel (1980–present)
After the Vietnamese attacked Khmer Rouge in 1978, the riel was re-established as Cambodia's national currency on 20 March 1980, initially at a value of 4 riels = 1 U.S. dollar. It is subdivided into 10 kaks or 100 sens. Because there was no money for it to replace and a severely disrupted economy, the central government gave away the new money to the populace in order to encourage its use. Near the same time, the United Nations gave humanitarian aid to Cambodia in U.S. dollars, and placed people in Cambodia to get it started, and the populace prefer the more stable U.S. dollar. As the supply of riels grew rapidly during the early 1990s, the riel devalued from 4 riels to 1 dollar in 1980 to a rate of around 4000 KHR/USD in the 2000s and around 4100 KHR/USD in the 2020s, where it has remained stable ever since.

 * Seventh issue, 1979: 0.1 riel (1 kak), 0.2 riels (2 kaks), 0.5 riels (5 kaks), 1 riel, 5 riels, 10 riels, 20 riels, 50 riels.
 * Eighth issue, 1987: 5 riels, 10 riels.
 * Ninth issue, 1990–92: 50 riels, 100 riels, 500 riels.
 * Tenth issue, 1992–93: 200 riels, 1,000 riels*, 2,000 riels*. (* Unissued.)
 * Eleventh issue, 1995: 1,000 riels, 2,000 riels, 5,000 riels, 10,000 riels, 20,000 riels, 50,000 riels, 100,000 riels.
 * Twelfth issue, 1995–99: 100 riels, 200 riels, 500 riels, 1,000 riels.
 * Thirteenth issue, 2001–07: 50 riels, 100 riels, 500 riels, 1,000 riels, 2,000 riels, 5,000 riels, 10,000 riels, 50,000 riels.
 * Fourteenth issue; 2008–15: 100 riels, 500 riels, 1,000 riels, 2,000 riels, 5,000 riels, 10,000 riels, 20,000 riels, 50,000 riels, 100,000 riels.
 * Fiftheeth issue; 2016–19: 1,000 riels, 15,000 riels, 20,000 riels.
 * Sixteenth issue; 2021: 30,000 riels.
 * Seventeenth issue; 2022: 200, 2,000 riels.

Banknotes

 * 100 riels (2001-08-09 and 2015-01-14)
 * 200 riels (1995 and 2022-11-14)
 * 500 riels (2002-04-04 and 2014-01-14)
 * 1,000 riels (2006-01-06 and 2017-10-25)
 * 2,000 riels (2008-01-03, 2013-11-09 and 2022-11-14)
 * 5,000 riels (2001-04-06 and 2017-10-25)
 * 10,000 riels (2001-04-06 and 2015-05-07)
 * 15,000 riels (2019)
 * 20,000 riels (2008-05-12 and 2018)
 * 30,000 riels (2021-10-18)
 * 50,000 riels (2001-04-06 and 2014-05-06)
 * 100,000 riels (1995 and 2013-05-14)
 * 100,000 riels (1995 and 2013-05-14)

Coins
The first coins were 5 sen pieces, minted in 1979 and made of aluminum. No more coins were minted until 1994, when denominations of 50, 100, 200 and 500 riels were introduced. However, these are rarely found in circulation.

title: Cambodian riel


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Wassily Chair

The Wassily Chair, also known as the Model B3 chair, was designed by Marcel Breuer in 1925–1926 while he was the head of the cabinet-making workshop at the Bauhaus, in Dessau, Germany.

Despite popular belief, the chair was not designed specifically for the non-objective painter Wassily Kandinsky, who was on the Bauhaus faculty at the same time. Kandinsky had admired the completed design, and Breuer fabricated a duplicate for Kandinsky's personal quarters. The chair became known as "Wassily" decades later when it was re-released by Italian manufacturer Gavina which had learned of the anecdotal Kandinsky connection in the course of its research on the chair's origins.

History
A champion of the modern movement and protégé of Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer is equally celebrated for his achievements in architecture and furniture. Breuer was an outstanding student and subsequently a master carpenter at the Bauhaus in the early 1920s. His entire body of work, both architecture and furniture, embodies the driving Bauhaus objective to reconcile art and industry. While at the Bauhaus, Breuer revolutionized the modern interior with his tubular-steel furniture collection – inspired by bicycle construction and fabricated using the techniques of local plumbers. His first designs, including the Wassily, remain among the most identifiable icons of the modern furniture movement.

The chair later known as the "Wassily" was first manufactured in the late 1920s by Thonet, the German-Austrian furniture manufacturer most known for its bent-wood chair designs, under the name Model B3. It was first available in both a folding and a non-folding version. In this early iteration, the straps were made of fabric, pulled taut on the reverse side with the use of springs.

The fabric used was made from Eisengarn ('iron yarn'), a strong, shiny, waxed-cotton thread. It had been invented in the 19th century, but Margaretha Reichardt (1907–1984), a student at the Bauhaus weaving workshop, experimented and improved the quality of the thread and developed cloth and strapping material for use on Breuer's tubular-steel chairs.

The Thonet produced version of the chair is most rare, and went out of production during World War II.

Most of Breuer's early designs were produced under license by the Berlin-based manufacturer, Standard-Möbel, Lengyel & Company. The Wassily chair was the only significant early Breuer design not offered by Standard-Möbel, Lengyel & Co.

After the War years, Gavina picked up the license for the Wassily, along with the Breuer designs previously sold by Standard-Möbel, Lengyel & Co., and introduced the more recognized Wassily version that replaced the fabric with black leather straps, though the fabric version was still made available. In 1968 Knoll bought the Gavina Group of Bologna. This brought all of Breuer's design into the Knoll catalog.

This chair was revolutionary in the use of the materials (bent tubular steel and Eisengarn) and methods of manufacturing. In 1925 Breuer purchased his first bicycle and he was impressed with the lightness of its tubular steel frame. This inspired him to experiment with using the material in furniture design. The design (and all subsequent steel tubing furniture) was technologically feasible only because the German steel manufacturer Mannesmann had recently perfected a process for making seamless pipe. . Previously, steel tubing had a welded seam, which would collapse when the tubing was bent.

The Wassily chair, like many other designs of the modernist movement, has been mass-produced since the late 1920s, and continuously in production since the 1950s. A design classic is still available today. Though patent designs are expired, the trademark name rights to the design are owned by Knoll of New York City. Reproductions are produced around the world by other manufacturers, who market the product under many names.

title: Wassily Chair


text:
Channel 9

Channel 9 or TV 9 may refer to:

TV9 Network, India

 * TV9 Bangla, a Bengali-language news channel
 * TV9 Bharatvarsh, a Hindi-language news channel
 * TV9 Gujarati, a Gujarati-language news channel
 * TV9 Kannada, a Kannada-language news channel
 * TV9 Telugu, a Telugu-language news channel

Other countries

 * Channel 39 (New Zealand TV channel), formerly Channel 9, a regional television station in Dunedin, New Zealand
 * Channel 9 (Bangladeshi TV channel), a satellite TV channel from Bangladesh
 * DZKB-TV, commonly known as Channel 9, the flagship television station of Radio Philippines Network in Manila, Philippines
 * HTV9, an Ho Chi Minh City Television, Vietnam
 * MCOT HD, formerly known as Thai TV Channel 4 and Channel 9 M.C.O.T.
 * Nine Network, an Australian commercial television network commonly known as Channel 9
 * TV9 (Malaysian TV network), a free-to-air private television network in Malaysia
 * TV9 Mongolia, a private television station in Mongolia

Europe and Middle East

 * 9Live, a German TV channel
 * C9TV, a local television station based in Derry, Northern Ireland, 1999–2012
 * Canal 9 (Danish TV channel), a Danish television channel owned by Discovery Networks
 * Canal 9 (Norwegian TV channel), a Norwegian television channel owned by TV4 Group and C More Entertainment
 * Canal Nou, in the Valencian Community, Spain
 * SBS 9, a commercial TV channel in the Netherlands
 * Channel 9 (Greece), a Greek television channel in the Attica region
 * Channel 9 (Israeli TV channel), formerly Israel Plus, a television station in Israel
 * Kanal 9, a commercial television channel in Sweden
 * Kanal 9 (Serbian TV channel), one of three regional television stations in Šumadija and Pomoravlje Region

South and Central America

 * ATV (Peruvian TV channel), formerly Canal 9, in Peru
 * Canal 9 (Costa Rican TV channel), a television station in Costa Rica 1994–2000
 * Canal 9 (Nicaraguan TV channel), a television channel in Nicaragua
 * Channel 9 (La Rioja, Argentina), a government television channel in the Provinces of La Rioja and Catamarca, Argentina
 * El Nueve or Azul Televisión, a general entertainment television network based in Buenos Aires, Argentina, formerly Canal 9
 * Sistema Nacional de Televisión (Paraguayan TV channel), formerly Canal 9, in Paraguay
 * Telefe Bahía Blanca, a private television channel broadcasting on channel 9 in Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Other uses

 * Channel 9 (Microsoft), part of MSDN that publishes videos and podcasts on software development
 * Chanel 9, a fictional television channel on the BBC television series The Fast Show

title: Channel 9


text:
Stanisław Zaremba (mathematician)

Stanisław Zaremba (3 October 1863 – 23 November 1942) was a Polish mathematician and engineer. His research in partial differential equations, applied mathematics and classical analysis, particularly on harmonic functions, gained him a wide recognition. He was one of the mathematicians who contributed to the success of the Polish School of Mathematics through his teaching and organizational skills as well as through his research. Apart from his research works, Zaremba wrote many university textbooks and monographies.

He was a professor of the Jagiellonian University (since 1900), member of Academy of Learning (since 1903), co-founder and president of the Polish Mathematical Society (1919), and the first editor of the Annales de la Société Polonaise de Mathématique.

He should not be confused with his son Stanisław Krystyn Zaremba, also a mathematician.

Biography
Zaremba was born on 3 October 1863 in Romanówka, present-day Ukraine. The son of an engineer, he was educated at a grammar school in Saint Petersburg and studied at the Institute of Technology of the same city obtaining is diploma in engineering in 1886. The same year he left Saint Petersburg and went to Paris to study mathematics: he received his degree from the Sorbonne in 1889. He stayed in France until 1900, when he joined the faculty at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. His years in France enabled him to establish a strong bridge between Polish mathematicians and those in France.

He died on 23 November 1942 in Kraków, during the German occupation of Poland.

Research activity
"Zaremba's magneficent discoveries found a broad response and deep appreciation in the world. Stanisław Zaremba is the pride of Polish science. At the same time, by his pioneering activity in such an important field as mathematical analysis, he became one of the creators of modern Polish mathematics."

Selected publication

 * , translated in Russian as.
 * , translated in Russian as.
 * , translated in Russian as.
 * , translated in Russian as.
 * , translated in Russian as.

title: Stanisław Zaremba (mathematician)


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Eschar

An eschar (ἐσχάρᾱ; eschara) is a slough or piece of dead tissue that is cast off from the surface of the skin, particularly after a burn injury, but also seen in gangrene, ulcer, fungal infections, necrotizing spider bite wounds, tick bites associated with spotted fevers and exposure to cutaneous anthrax. The term ‘eschar’ is not interchangeable with ‘scab’. An eschar contains necrotic tissue whereas a scab is composed of dried blood and exudate. Black eschars are most frequently attributed in medicine to cutaneous anthrax (infection by Bacillus anthracis), which may be contracted through herd animal exposure and also from Pasteurella multocida exposure in cats and rabbits. A newly identified human rickettsial infection, R. parkeri rickettsiosis, can be differentiated from Rocky Mountain spotted fever by the presence of an eschar at the site of inoculation. Eschar is sometimes called a black wound because the wound is covered with thick, dry, black necrotic tissue.

Eschar may be allowed to slough off naturally, or it may require surgical removal (debridement) to prevent infection, especially in immunocompromised patients (e.g. if a skin graft is to be conducted).

If eschar is on a limb, it is important to assess peripheral pulses of the affected limb to make sure blood and lymphatic circulation is not compromised. If circulation is compromised, an escharotomy, or surgical incision through the eschar, may be indicated.

Escharotic
An escharotic is a substance that kills unwanted or diseased tissue, usually skin or superficial growths like warts, leaving them to slough off. Examples include:
 * inorganic reagents, such as strong acids and alkalis, or cytotoxic salts of heavy metals, for example zinc or silver
 * organic compounds such as sanguinarine, salicylic acid, and certain medicines like imiquimod
 * Irritant or corrosive fluids from plants, such as latex or resins from various species of Ficus, Euphorbia, Carica, or Taraxacum
 * refrigerants, which kill the tissue by freezing; examples include liquid nitrogen, solid carbon dioxide, and its solution in ether

Escharotics have long been used in medicine. In conventional modern practice some still are useful for topical treatment of growths such as warts. For lack of anything better in the past, escharotics once were more widely used, and for example, popular products included so-called black salves, with ingredients such as zinc chloride, plus sanguinarine in the form of bloodroot extract. These and others were traditional as topical treatments for localised skin cancers in herbal medicine. They combined unreliability in eradication of the cancer, with harmful effects such as scarring, serious injury, and disfigurement. Consequently escharotic salves now are strictly regulated in most western countries, and available on prescription only. Some prosecutions have been pursued over unlicensed sales of escharotic products such as Cansema.

title: Eschar


text:
Talk:Climent of Ohrid

This article doesn't match the claims in the article Cyrillic Alphabet - which viewpoint is correct?

RenesisX

Well, if people just let me finish the damn article, it wouldn't look "incoherent". I just wasted half an hour of editing because so was so kind to redirect what I had written to nothing

title: Talk:Climent of Ohrid


text:
Phellodendron

Phellodendron, or cork-tree, is a genus of deciduous, dioecious trees in the family Rutaceae, native to east and northeast Asia. It has leathery, pinnate leaves and yellow, clumped flowers. The name refers to the thick and corky bark of some (but not all) species in the genus.

Fossil record
Phellodendron seeds are known from the Early Oligocene of eastern North America, from the Mid Oligocene to the Pliocene of Europe and from the Pliocene of Asia and Japan.

One fossil seed of Phellodendron has been extracted from bore hole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland. Several Phellodendron macrofossils have been recovered from the late Zanclean stage of Pliocene sites in Pocapaglia, Italy.

Cultivation and uses
As an ornamental plant, Phellodendron is a tree for all seasons. In spring it has yellow flowers, in summer it provides foliage and shade, in fall the leaves turn bright yellow, and the textured bark and winding branches add interest in the winter. The female bears black drupes that attract birds and other wildlife through the late fall and winter.

The cork-tree is resistant to drought and insects, and it can thrive in a variety of soils. It is hardy to zone 4 and it is easy to maintain, sometimes to the point of being invasive. One drawback is that the drupes fall and scatter, which may be undesirable on a formal lawn.

The bark in some species is thick, resembling that of the cork oak, but is not thick enough for commercial cork production. It has been used to produce a yellow dye.

One species, Phellodendron amurense (Chinese: 黄柏; pinyin: huáng bǎi; or 黄檗; pinyin: huáng bò; Russian: Бархат амурский "Barkhat Amurskiy" (Amur Velvet), also бархатное дерево, пробковое дерево), is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. Recently, Phellodendron has also attracted scientific attention because of the phytochemicals it produces:
 * Berberine has antibacterial and anti-fungal properties
 * Jatrorrhizine may be anti-mutagenic
 * Phellodendrine has promise as an immune suppressant
 * Palmatine may be a vasodilator

The phytochemical descriptions are included for informational purposes only and not for treatment purposes. The research at this stage is very preliminary. Traditionally, the bark is the principal part of the plant used medicinally, although oil from the fruit is also used. The species grows in Northern China, and in the Khabarovsk and Primorskiy regions of Russia.

Already identified as a significant forest invader in the mid-Atlantic region, Phellodendron amurense is an emerging species of concern in New England, and is identified as invasive or having invasive tendencies by state and private conservation authorities. Because the fruit is plentiful and high in sugars, Amur cork-tree attracts birds and mammals which help disperse its seeds. Because of its phytochemical profile and because the seedlings grow thickly, Phellodendron can out-compete other species. By suppressing reproduction of native hardwoods, Amur cork-tree can come to dominate native forests under favorable conditions. As a relatively new species of concern, its invasion biology and response to control are not well understood.

title: Phellodendron


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Talk:Lithic period in Mesoamerica

Untitled
Should mention possible multiple waves of immigration. Rmhermen 01:16, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

Universally accepted?
"While it is universally accepted that the peopling of the Americas had occurred by c. 11,200 years ago..."

This to me seems to be highly POV, as Clovis' earliest dates go back 11,500 radiocarbon years (about 13,500 calendar years), and the new dates from Monte Verde are almost "universally accepted" among archaeologists. I'll take the initiative and make a very minor edit to make it seem less POV. Debate is welcome. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.90.55.99 (talk) 15:22, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I added a citationneeded template to the edit; disputed facts should cite a reliable source. Agyle (talk) 07:58, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

Pre-projectile point horizon
¿huh? What is "a pre-projectile point horizon" ??? wtf? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.131.231.33 (talk) 21:09, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Perhaps it should be clarified, but Googling "pre-projectile point horizon", in quotes, turned up explanations on the first page. Agyle (talk) 07:58, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lithic period in Mesoamerica


text:
File:Clarknet logo.jpg

Licensing
Company is no longer in business.

title: File:Clarknet logo.jpg