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Fantastic Voyage

Fantastic Voyage is a 1966 American science fiction adventure film directed by Richard Fleischer and written by Harry Kleiner, based on a story by Otto Klement and Jerome Bixby. The film is about a submarine crew who is shrunk to microscopic size and venture into the body of an injured scientist to repair damage to his brain. In adapting the story for his script, Kleiner abandoned all but the concept of miniaturization and added a Cold War element. The film starred Stephen Boyd, Raquel Welch, Edmond O'Brien, Donald Pleasence, and Arthur Kennedy.

Bantam Books obtained the rights for a paperback novelization based on the screenplay and approached Isaac Asimov to write it. Because the novelization was released six months before the movie, many people mistakenly believed that the film was based on Asimov's book. Its modern and imaginative production design received five nominations at the 39th Academy Awards mostly in technical departments, winning for Best Visual Effects and Best Art Direction in Color.

The movie used the concept of miniaturization in science fiction along with The Incredible Shrinking Man and inspired an animated television series of the same name.

Plot
The United States and the Soviet Union have both developed technology that can miniaturize matter by shrinking individual atoms, but only for one hour. A scientist, Dr. Jan Benes, working behind the Iron Curtain, has figured out how to make the process work indefinitely. With the help of American intelligence agents, including agent Charles Grant, he escapes to the West and arrives in New York City, but an attempted assassination leaves him comatose with a blood clot in his brain that no surgery can remove from the outside.

To save his life, Grant, Navy pilot Captain Bill Owens, medical chief and circulatory specialist Dr. Michaels, surgeon Dr. Peter Duval, and his assistant Cora Peterson are placed aboard a Navy ichthyology submarine at the Combined Miniature Deterrent Forces (CMDF) facilities. The submarine, named Proteus, is then miniaturized to "about the size of a microbe", and injected into Benes' body. The team has 60 minutes to get to and remove the clot; after this, Proteus and its crew will begin reverting to their normal size, become vulnerable to Benes's immune system, and kill Benes.

The crew faces many obstacles during the mission. An undetected arteriovenous fistula forces them to detour through the heart, where cardiac arrest must be induced to, at best, reduce turbulence that would be strong enough to destroy Proteus. The crew faces an unexplained loss of oxygen and must replenish their supply in the lungs. They notice "rocks" that are actually carbon particles from smoke. Grant finds the surgical laser needed to destroy the clot was damaged from the turbulence in the heart, as it was not fastened down as it had been before: this and his safety line snapping loose while the crew was refilling their air supply lead Grant to suspect a saboteur is on the mission. The crew must cannibalize their wireless radio to repair the laser, cutting off all communication and guidance from the outside, although because the submarine is nuclear-powered, surgeons and technicians outside Benes's body are still able to track their movements via a radioactive tracer, allowing General Alan Carter and Colonel Donald Reid, the officers in charge of CMDF, to figure out the crew's strategies as they make their way through the body.

The sub enters the lymphatic system, but the reticular fibres started to interfere. The crew is then forced to pass through the inner ear, requiring all outside personnel to make no noise to prevent destructive shocks, but while the crew is removing reticular fibers clogging the submarine's vents and making the engines overheat, a fallen surgical tool causes the crew to be thrown about and Peterson is nearly killed by antibodies, but they are able to reboard the submarine in time. By the time they finally reach the clot, the crew has only six minutes remaining to operate and then exit the body.

Before the mission, Grant had been briefed that Duval was the prime suspect as a potential surgical assassin, but as the mission progresses, he instead begins to suspect Michaels. During the surgery, Dr. Michaels knocks out Owens and takes control of Proteus while the rest of the crew is outside for the operation. As Duval finishes removing the clot with the laser, Michaels tries to crash the submarine into the same area of Benes' brain to kill him. Grant fires the laser at the ship, causing it to veer away and crash, and Michaels to get trapped in the wreckage with the controls pinning him to the seat, which attracts the attention of white blood cells. While Grant saves Owens from the Proteus, Michaels is killed when a white blood cell consumes the ship. The remaining crew quickly swim to one of Benes' eyes and escape through a tear duct seconds before returning to normal size.

Cast

 * Stephen Boyd as Charles Grant, a CIA Agent enlisted to protect Benes
 * Raquel Welch as Cora Peterson, the technical assistant for Dr. Duval
 * Edmond O'Brien as General Alan Carter, one of the officers in charge of Combined Miniature Deterrent Forces
 * Donald Pleasence as Dr. Michaels, CMDF's medical chief and a circulatory specialist
 * Arthur O'Connell as Colonel Donald Reid, the operational commander for CMDF
 * William Redfield as Captain Bill Owens, a U.S. Navy officer who designed the Proteus for his branch's research and development program
 * Arthur Kennedy as Dr. Peter Duval, a top-class brain surgeon enlisted to perform the surgery on Benes
 * Jean Del Val as Dr. Jan Benes, the comatose scientist who perfected the formula for unlimited miniaturization
 * Barry Coe as communications aide
 * Ken Scott as a Secret Service agent
 * Shelby Grant as nurse
 * James Brolin as technician

Production
The film was the original idea of Otto Klement and Jerome Bixby. They sold it to Fox, which announced the film would be "the most expensive science-fiction film ever made." Richard Fleischer was assigned to direct and Saul David to produce; both men had worked at the studio before. Fleischer had originally studied medicine and human anatomy in college before choosing to be a movie director. Harry Kleiner was brought in to work on the script.

The budget was set at $5 million. The budget went up to $6 million, $3 million of which went on the sets and $1 million on test footage.

The Proteus submarine was constructed as a full-size set piece 42 feet long, first seen in the "miniaturizer" room and later in scenes set outside the lung and inside the inner ear, when the cast was to be seen "swimming" (actually suspended by wires) outside the submarine. The full-size Proteus mockup contained all the interior sets that the actors are seen in to represent the interior of the submarine, with sections that could be pulled out to allow for cameras and crew to film the interior. The submarine was also constructed in miniature, including a large miniature around five feet in length that could be flown on wires in the abstract sets representing the inside of the human body. The heart and brain sets built to accommodate the five-foot miniature filled a soundstage on the Fox lot—these were filmed "dry for wet," with floating, blob-shaped elements meant to be blood cells filmed separately and composited over the footage. A smaller, 18-inch miniature of the Proteus was constructed to operate in liquid for a shot of the submarine bursting through an arterial wall early in the movie. A tiny Proteus miniature just a few inches in length was made for the miniaturization sequence to show the ship being picked up by a "precision handling device" and dropped into a large glass cylinder which was then miniaturized to become part of a syringe that would inject the Proteus into the brain-injured scientist.

The film starred Stephen Boyd, making his first Hollywood movie in five years. It was the first role at Fox for Raquel Welch, who was put under contract to the studio after being spotted in a beauty contest by Saul David's wife.

For the technical and artistic elaboration of the subject, Fleischer asked for the collaboration of two people of the crew that he had worked with on the production of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, the film he directed for Walt Disney in 1954. The designer of the Nautilus from the Jules Verne adaptation, Harper Goff, also designed the Proteus; the same technical advisor, Fred Zendar, collaborated on both productions.

At one point in the movie's preproduction it was positioned as one of the Derek Flint spy spoof movies starring James Coburn, which were produced by 20th Century Fox and Saul David. Several script pages sampled in the bonus features of the 2012 DVD release of Fantastic Voyage show Stephen Boyd's Grant character (who, like Flint, is a secret agent) being identified as Flint, and some of Flint's wisecracks about not wanting to be miniaturized survive to be uttered by Boyd's Grant in Fantastic Voyage. Years later comic actor Mike Myers proposed making an installment of his own Austin Powers spy spoof movies called Shagtastic Voyage, in which Powers would be injected into the body of Dr. Evil.

The military headquarters is 100 x 30 m and the Proteus 14 × 8 m. The artery, in resin and fiberglass, is 33 m long and 7 m wide; the heart is 45 × 10 m and the brain is 70 × 33 m. The plasma effect was produced by chief operator Ernest Laszlo via the use of multicolored turning lights, placed on the outside of translucent decors.

"There are no precedents so we must proceed by trial and error", said David.

Frederick Schodt's book The Astro Boy Essays: Osamu Tezuka, Mighty Atom, and the Manga/Anime Revolution claims that Fox had wanted to use ideas from an episode of Japanese animator Osamu Tezuka's Astro Boy in the film, but it never credited him.

Isaac Asimov, asked to write the novelization from the script, declared that the script was full of plot holes, and received permission to write the book the way he wanted. The novel came out first because he wrote quickly and because of delays in filming.

Music
The score was composed and conducted by Leonard Rosenman. The composer deliberately wrote no music for the first four reels of the film, before the protagonists enter the human body. Rosenman wrote that "the harmony for the entire score is almost completely atonal except for the very end when our heroes grow to normality".

Reception
The film received mostly positive reviews and a few criticisms. The weekly entertainment-trade magazine Variety gave the film a positive pre-release review, stating, "The lavish production, boasting some brilliant special effects and superior creative efforts, is an entertaining, enlightening excursion through inner space—the body of a man." Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote, "Yessir, for straight science-fiction, this is quite a film—the most colorful and imaginative since Destination Moon" (1950). Richard Schickel of Life magazine wrote that the rewards would be "plentiful" to audiences who get over the "real whopper" of suspended disbelief required. He found that though the excellent special effects and sets could distract from the scenery's scientific purpose in the story, the "old familiar music of science fiction" in lush new arrangements was a "true delight", and the seriousness with which screenwriter Kleiner and director Fleischer treated the story made it more believable and fun. Schickel made note of, but dismissed, other critics' allegations of "camp."

, the film holds a 92% approval rating at review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes from 36 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "The special effects may be a bit dated today, but Fantastic Voyage still holds up well as an imaginative journey into the human body."

Box office
According to Fox records, the film needed to earn $9,400,000 in rentals to break even and made $8,880,000, meaning it initially showed a slight loss, but television sales moved it into the black, and subsequent home video sales were almost entirely profit.

Awards and honors
The film won two Academy Awards and was nominated for three more:
 * Academy Awards (1966)
 * Won: Best Art Direction – Color (Jack Martin Smith, Dale Hennesy, Walter M. Scott, Stuart A. Reiss)
 * Won: Best Special Effects (Art Cruickshank)
 * Nominated: Best Cinematography (Ernest Laszlo)
 * Nominated: Best Film Editing (William B. Murphy)
 * Nominated: Best Sound Editing (Walter Rossi)

Novelization
After acquiring the film's paperback novelization rights, Bantam Books approached Isaac Asimov to write the novelization, offering him a flat sum of $5,000 with no royalties involved. In his autobiography In Joy Still Felt, Asimov writes, "I turned down the proposal out of hand. Hackwork, I said. Beneath my dignity." However, Bantam Books persisted, and at a meeting with Bantam editorial director Marc Jaffe and 20th Century Fox executive Marcia Nassiter on April 21, 1965, Asimov agreed to read the screenplay.

In the novelization's introduction, Asimov states that he was reluctant to write the book because he believed that the miniaturization of matter was physically impossible, but he decided that it was still good fodder for story-telling and that it could still make for some intelligent reading. In addition, 20th Century Fox was known to want someone with some science-fiction clout to help promote the film. Aside from the initial "impossibility" of the shrinking machine, Asimov went to great lengths to portray with great accuracy what it would actually be like to be reduced to infinitesimal scale. He discussed the ability of the lights on the submarine to penetrate normal matter, issues of time distortion, and other side effects that the movie does not address. Asimov was also bothered by the way the wreck of Proteus was left in Benes. In a subsequent meeting with Jaffe, he insisted that he would have to change the ending so that the submarine was brought out. Asimov also felt the need to gain permission from his usual science-fiction publisher, Doubleday, to write the novel. Doubleday did not object, and had suggested his name to Bantam in the first place. Asimov began work on the novel on May 31, and completed it on July 23.

In the film, the crew (apart from the saboteur) manage to leave Benes's body safely before reverting to normal size, but the Proteus remains inside, as do the remains of the saboteur's body (albeit digested by a white blood cell), and several gallons (full scale) of a carrier solution (presumably saline) used in the injection syringe. Isaac Asimov pointed out that this was a serious logical flaw in the plot, since the submarine (even if reduced to bits of debris) would also revert to normal size, killing Benes in the process. Therefore, in his novelization Asimov had the crew provoke the white cell into following them, so that it drags the submarine to the tear duct, and its wreckage expands outside Benes's body. Asimov solved the problem of the syringe fluid by having the staff inject only a very small amount of miniaturized fluid into Benes, minimizing its effect on him when it expands.

Asimov did not want any of his books, even a film novelization, to appear only in paperback, so in August 1965, he persuaded Austin Olney of Houghton Mifflin to publish a hardcover edition, assuring him that the book would sell at least 8000 copies, which it did. However, since the rights to the story were held by Otto Klement, who had co-written the original story treatment, Asimov would not be entitled to any royalties. By the time the hardcover edition was published in March 1966, Houghton Mifflin had persuaded Klement to allow Asimov to have a quarter of the royalties. Klement also negotiated for The Saturday Evening Post to serialize an abridged version of the novel, and he agreed to give Asimov half the payment for it. Fantastic Voyage (abridged to half its length) appeared in the February 26 and March 12, 1966, issues of the Post. Bantam Books released the paperback edition of the novel in September 1966 to coincide with the release of the film. Harry Harrison, reviewing the Asimov novelization, called it a "Jerry-built monstrosity", praising the descriptions of science-fiction events as "Asimov at his best", while condemning the narrative framework as "inane drivel".

Animated television series
Fantastic Voyage is an American animated science fiction TV series based on the film. The series consists of 17 half-hour episodes, airing Saturday mornings on ABC-TV from September 14, 1968, through January 4, 1969, then rebroadcast the following fall season. The series was produced by Filmation Associates in association with 20th Century Fox. A Fantastic Voyage comic book, based on the series, was published by Gold Key and lasted two issues.

Other adaptations
A comic book adaptation of the film was released by Gold Key Comics in 1967. Drawn by Wally Wood, the book followed the plot of the movie with general accuracy, but many scenes were depicted differently and/or outright dropped, and the ending was given an epilogue similar as that seen in some of the early draft scripts for the film.

A parody of the film titled "Fantastecch Voyage" was published in Mad Magazine. It was illustrated by Mort Drucker and written by Larry Siegel in issue #110, April 1967. The advertising-business-themed spoof has the crew—from L.S.M.F.T. (Laboratory Sector for Making Folks Tiny)—sent to inject decongestant into a badly plugged-up nose.

The film was adapted into a video game for Atari 2600 in 1982 by Fox Video Games.

Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain (1987) was written by Isaac Asimov as an attempt to develop and present his own story apart from the 1966 screenplay. This novel is not a sequel to the original, but instead is a separate story taking place in the Soviet Union with an entirely different set of characters.

Fantastic Voyage: Microcosm is a third interpretation, written by Kevin J. Anderson, published in 2001. This version has the crew of the Proteus explore the body of a dead alien that crash-lands on earth, and updates the story with such modern concepts as nanotechnology (replacing killer white cells).

Cancelled sequel/remake
Plans for a sequel or remake have been in discussion since at least 1984, but as of the beginning of July 2015, the project remained stuck in development hell. In 1984, Isaac Asimov was approached to write Fantastic Voyage II, out of which a movie would be made. Asimov "was sent a suggested outline" that mirrored the movie Innerspace and "involved two vessels in the bloodstream, one American and one Soviet, and what followed was a kind of submicroscopic version of World War III." Asimov was against such an approach. Following a dispute between publishers, the original commissioners of the novel approached Philip José Farmer, who "wrote a novel and sent [in] the manuscript" that was rejected despite "stick[ing] tightly to the outline [that was sent to Asimov]." "It dealt with World War III in the bloodstream, and it was full of action and excitement." Although Asimov urged the publisher to accept Farmer's manuscript, it was insisted that Asimov write the novel. So, Asimov eventually wrote the book in his own way (completely different in plot from what [Farmer] had written), which was eventually published by Doubleday in 1987 as Fantastic Voyage II and "dealt not with competing submarines in the bloodstream, but with one submarine, with [an] American hero cooperating (not entirely voluntarily) with four Soviet crew members." The novel was not made into a movie, however.

James Cameron was also interested in directing a remake (since at least 1997), but decided to devote his efforts to his Avatar project. He still remained open to the idea of producing a feature based on his own screenplay, and in 2007, 20th Century Fox announced that pre-production on the project was finally underway. Roland Emmerich agreed to direct, but rejected the script written by Cameron. Marianne and Cormac Wibberley were hired to write a new script, but the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike delayed filming, and Emmerich began working on 2012 instead.

In spring 2010, Paul Greengrass was considering directing the remake from a script written by Shane Salerno and produced by James Cameron, but later dropped out to be replaced by Shawn Levy. It was intended that the film be shot in native stereoscopic 3D.

In January 2016, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Guillermo del Toro was in talks to direct the reboot by reteaming with David S. Goyer, who was writing the film's script with Justin Rhodes with Cameron still on the film by his production company Lightstorm Entertainment. In August 2017, it was reported that del Toro had postponed working on the film to completely focus on his film The Shape of Water, due to release the same year, and he would start pre-production in spring 2018 and would begin filming in the fall of the same year for a 2020 release.

In April 2024, Cameron offered an update on the project: "we plan to go ahead with it very soon."

Similarly themed works
The concept of entering the human body popularized by Fantastic Voyage has been greatly influential especially in animated TV shows, of which there are several examples:
 * The Invisible Enemy, a 1977 four-part serial of the British TV series Doctor Who is said to have been inspired by the film. In it, the Doctor's body is possessed by an evil virus, so a doctor creates clones of his companion Leela and himself to enter his head to search for the virus and destroy it.
 * The 1987 film Innerspace follows a similar plotline, this time concerning a test pilot being miniaturized and injected into a store clerk, although accidentally.
 * The live-action/animated comedy film Osmosis Jones stars a white cell cop trying to stop a deadly virus from destroying the human he guards.
 * Captain Planet and the Planeteers episode "An Inside Job" features The Planeteers battling water-borne parasites in Kwame's body so that he can recover.
 * SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Squidtastic Voyage" spoofs the film, with SpongeBob and Patrick attempting to retrieve Squidward's clarinet reed after he swallows it. Other Nicktoons have used the Fantastic Voyage template, such as the Rugrats episode "The Inside Story", involving the babies being forced to shrink down and enter Chuckie's body to retrieve a watermelon seed, The Angry Beavers episode, "Vantastic Voyage", where the scientists go inside Dag's body, the Fairly OddParents episode "Tiny Timmy!", which has Timmy being shrunk down by Cosmo and Wanda to enter Vicky's body in order to study for school, and The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius episode, "Journey to the Center of Carl", where Jimmy and his friends go inside Carl's body, among others.
 * Children's educational TV series The Magic School Bus had a number of episodes involving the bus going inside a human: "For Lunch" and "Inside Ralphie" in the first season, "Flexes Its Muscles" in the second season, "Works Out" in the third season and "Goes Cellular" and "Makes a Stink" in the final season, dealing with the topics of Digestion, Germs, Body Mechanics, Circulation, Cells and Smelling respectively.
 * The Iron Man animated TV series features the episode "Iron Man, On the Inside", in which Iron Man must go inside Hawkeye to save him.
 * Dexter's Laboratory episode "Fantastic Boyage" features Dexter attempting to inject himself into Dee Dee to find a cure for the common cold, inadvertently winding up inside his dog.
 * Futurama episode "Parasites Lost" involves the Planet Express crew sending microscopic copies of themselves inside Fry to save him from parasites.
 * Family Guy episode "Emission Impossible" has Stewie shrinking down and going inside of Peter's testicles to prevent him and Lois from having another baby.
 * Both Teen Titans and Teen Titans Go! feature episodes in which either Beast Boy or Robin enter Cyborg's body to cure him.
 * The Simpsons' fifteenth iteration of Treehouse of Horror sees in its third leg a trip into Mr. Burns's body to rescue Maggie after she gets shrunk down into a pill and ingested.
 * Phineas and Ferb episode "Journey to the Center of Candace" features Phineas and Ferb building a shrinking submarine to enter Isabella's chihuahua, but accidentally ending up inside their sister Candace.
 * Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Journey to the Center of the Bat!" has Atom and Aquaman traveling through Batman's body to cure him.
 * Regular Show episode "Cool Cubed" features Mordecai and Rigby shrinking and traveling into Thomas's brain to stop it from freezing.
 * Rick and Morty episode "Anatomy Park" involves Rick shrinking Morty down to fit in a homeless man dressed as Santa Claus to assist with the amusement park he was trying to operate inside of him.
 * Archer two-part season 6 finale "Drastic Voyage" directly spoofs the film.

title: Fantastic Voyage


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Inky Mark

Inky Mark (born November 17, 1947) is a Canadian politician was Mayor of Dauphin and a former member of the House of Commons of Canada, representing the Manitoba riding of Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette. Mark was a member of the Conservative Party of Canada, although he frequently criticized and took positions opposite the party and its leader, Stephen Harper. Mark ran in the 2015 federal election, noting that he is now a Green Party of Canada member but that he would still run as an independent. He lost significantly.

Early life
Mark was born in Taishan, China, and moved to Manitoba as a child. Mark's father and grandfather had emigrated from China to Canada some time previously, but were unable to bring their families with them as a result of provisions in the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923. Mark accompanied his mother when she fled China in 1953, and subsequently settled with his family in the Manitoba community of Gilbert Plains.

Education
Mark has a Bachelor of Arts from Brandon University and a Bachelor of Education degree from the University of Manitoba. Before entering political life, he worked as a high school teacher and small businessman. Mark also has a certificate in broadcasting and started a master's degree in education program, although he did not graduate.

Municipal politics
Mark's political career started when joined the Board of Directors of the Dauphin First United Church. He was subsequently elected to the Dauphin town council in 1991, and became the town's mayor in 1994.

Federal politics
Mark was first elected to the House of Commons in the federal election of 1997, running as a candidate of the Reform Party in the riding of Dauphin—Swan River. From 1997 to 2000, Mark was one of only three Chinese-Canadian MPs in the House of Commons.

The Reform Party dissolved itself in 2000 in favour of the Canadian Alliance, and Mark ran as a candidate of the new party in the federal election which followed.

On September 12, 2001, Mark left the Canadian Alliance caucus to sit as a member of the Democratic Representative Caucus, in alliance with the Progressive Conservative Party.

The DRC came to an end on April 10, 2002, when Stephen Harper replaced Day as Canadian Alliance leader. Every other member of the DRC requested to be re-admitted to the Alliance; Mark did not join them, but instead decided to sit as an "Independent Conservative", with the intention of rejoining the Progressive Conservatives at their annual party convention later in the year; he had been a Progressive Conservative before the early 1990s. Mark formally joined the Progressive Conservatives on August 27, 2002.

In December 2003, the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative Party formally merged to create the new Conservative Party of Canada. Mark supported the merger, and formally joined the new party's caucus on February 2, 2004. Mark was easily re-elected in the Canadian federal election of 2004.

In 2005, Mark alleged that Treasury Board President and Liberal MP Reg Alcock offered him an ambassadorship if he were to resign his seat. Alcock responded by saying, "Frankly, if I was going to recruit somebody, I'd go a little higher up the gene pool." Mark called this comment racist and filed a complaint with the Canadian Human Rights Commission. As the CHRC does not publish its investigations, it is not possible to know the outcome of this case.

Criticism and complaints
While a sitting MP, Mark gained a reputation as "an outsider" within the Conservative caucus. Mark is and has been an outspoken critic of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, the Prime Minister's Office, and several sitting and former Conservative MPs. He frequently complained that Harper was controlling, and he responded by refusing to attend Conservative events. Mark has called Harper a "fascist" and complained that he runs a "top-down dictatorship". He says that the Central Intelligence Agency is controlled by the United States' Republican Party, and that the Republican Party installed Stephen Harper as the Canadian Prime Minister in order to sell out Canada to the United States.

Following the announcement of his resignation, Mark complained that the nomination race for his successor was rigged, and allowed Robert Sopuck to be acclaimed without competition.

Following his resignation as an MP, Mark stepped up his criticisms of the Harper government. He complained that the nomination race for the Conservative candidate following the resignation of Labrador MP Peter Penashue was rigged because Harper "wants a candidate he can control". He also complained that the nomination race to replace Merv Tweed was rigged, and that the eventual successor, Larry Maguire, was just a "rubber stamp" for Harper. Mark was featured prominently in the book Tragedy in the Commons, where almost every chapter quoted Mark's complaints about the way Harper's government was run.

Mark complained that the Conservatives' Constituent Information Management System (CIMS) was a secretive database used to track and control Canadians' information and voting preferences, and said that Harper could simply "switch off" this system to punish an MP.

Parliamentary work
For his tenure as an MP, Mark was always a "backbencher".

In 2001, as the Alliance's parliamentary critic for Immigration, Mark was responsible for expressing his party's position on the Liberal government's Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, which he did during the immigration controversy involving the Sklarzyk family who, as a result of an administrative error, was deported from Canada to Poland in May 2001. He also contributed to the parliamentary committee's work in drafting the final version of the bill, and was generally regarded by MPs from all parties as having made several constructive criticisms to the legislation.

However, on June 13, 2001, Mark's position on the bill was undercut by Canadian Alliance leader Stockwell Day, who delivered a speech in parliament supporting tighter restrictions against refugee claimants and reduced opportunities for rejected claimants to appeal to the Refugee Board. Day's comments diverged from Mark's stated position on several particulars, and his speech was regarded as very surprising by many other MPs in the House of Commons. For example, Liberal MP Steve Mahoney referred to Day's comments as "treachery" towards Mark, for which he was ruled out of order by the Speaker.

In 2005, Mark's private members' Bill C-331 (Internment of Persons of Ukrainian Origin Recognition Act) was passed by the House of Commons and Senate of Canada, eventually resulting in the establishment of the Endowment Council of the Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund, supporting educational and commemorative projects recalling Canada's first national internment operations of 1914–1920.

Federal resignation and return to municipal politics
Mark announced in June 2009 that he would be resigning before the next federal election. On August 16, 2010, he announced that he would step down as an MP on September 15 to campaign for another term as mayor of Dauphin. However, he lost to Eric Irwin.

Return to federal politics and switch to Green Party of Canada
Mark announced on November 13, 2014, that he would be running as an independent candidate for the 2015 federal election in Dauphin—Swan River—Neepawa, which includes nearly all of his old riding. Mark announced that he is now a member of the Green Party of Canada, but would still seek election in 2015 as an independent candidate. Mark finished a distant fourth behind Sopuck, garnering only eight percent of the vote.

Electoral record
^ Change is from the total of Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance votes in the 2000 election.

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to Reform Party vote in 1997 election.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Inky Mark


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Talk:ABC Radio Melbourne

If the station now broadcasts as 774 ABC Melbourne, should the article be moved there (or to 774 ABC) and 3LO be the redirect, instead of the other way round? -- Chuq 01:32, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Abclocalradio.png
Image:Abclocalradio.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 06:16, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Abclocalradio.png
Image:Abclocalradio.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:01, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Announcers
Why are the announcers always deleted on this page? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Robbo128 (talk • contribs) 06:23, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

I have added weekday announcers onto this page and cited the reference I used. Robbo128 (talk) 12:01, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

All the other 'ABC Local Radio' Wiki pages (Sydney & Brisbane) have a schedule with times so I have added one here and do not want to see it deleted like it has been previously. Thanks :) Robbo128 (talk)

Format entry in infobox - "Talk" doesn't really cut it for me.
The infobox tells us that the station's Format is Talk. That seems shallow. I regard infoboxes as inherently shallow, but let's make the best of what we have. 774 does have a lot of "Talk", but it also has a lot of sporting coverage. It has saturation coverage of Test Cricket and AFL. It now does a lot of live coverage of soccer too. Olympic and Commonwealth Games get full coverage.

The Format article doesn't help much, even though it's an active link in the infobox.

I think we should change Format to say "Talk and Sport" HiLo48 (talk) 23:17, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:ABC Radio Melbourne


text:
Sovereign Grace Churches

Sovereign Grace Churches (SGM; previously Sovereign Grace Ministries and People of Destiny International) is a group of Reformed, neocharismatic, evangelical and confessional Christian churches primarily located in North America. It has variously been described as a family of churches, a denomination, and an apostolic network. It has also been described as a cult, due to its unorthodox teachings, systemic control of members, and allegations of covering up child sex abuse. As well as the North American congregations, there are also congregations in Australia, Bolivia, Ethiopia, Great Britain, Germany and Mexico.

History
The organization of over 80 member churches grew out of the charismatic renewal of the 1970s under the leadership of Larry Tomczak. It has its roots in a charismatic prayer meeting in Silver Spring, Maryland, then Washington, DC, called Take and Give (TAG), which grew into Covenant Life Church, the former flagship of Sovereign Grace. Tomczak co-founded the church with C. J. Mahaney. Mahaney describes himself as a "former pothead." Larry Tomczak withdrew from the Charismatic Catholic scene shortly before the creation of Covenant Life Church.

In 1981, Brent Detweiler, pastor of Indiana Christian Fellowship in Indiana, Pennsylvania, asked Mahaney and Tomczak to provide oversight and accountability for his church. The two churches formed an informal church-planting partnership. In 1982, shortly after planting a church in Cleveland, Mahaney, Tomczak and Detweiler formed People of Destiny International as an umbrella organization for their various ministries. The original apostolic team comprised Mahaney, Tomczak, Detweiler and Bill Galbraith. Tomczak and Mahaney and the movement were influenced by Bryn Jones and Terry Virgo, leaders of the British New Church Movement. Both Tomczak and Mahaney spoke at New Frontiers' Bible Weeks and Stoneleigh Conference. They were also friendly with Maranatha Campus Ministries for a period.

In "The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Thought" published in 1995, Alister McGrath associated PDI with the Shepherding Movement and described it as having "informal links with Bryn Jones", the UK house church leader. In the mid-1990s, while Tomczak was still involved in the group's leadership, religious anthropologist Dr. Karla Poewe wrote that "Vineyard is particularly attractive to the young and intellectual... People of Destiny serves a Catholic constituency" although participants at that time would not agree with this assessment, contrasting PDI with the Vineyard Church.

The theological focus gradually shifted during the mid-1990s and it was later suggested that the increasing New Calvinism of PDI was a major factor in Larry Tomczak's departure from the movement.

Although reconciled with C. J. Mahaney in 2011, Tomczak earlier described the parting of ways with Sovereign Grace Ministries as "an unbelievable nightmare" during which his family "were threatened in various ways if [they] did not cooperate with [PDI/SGM]... A letter was circulated in an attempt to discredit me and to distort the events surrounding my departure." Other notable charismatic figures, such as Lou Engle, founder of The Call prayer concerts, and Ché Ahn, pastor of Harvest Rock Church in Pasadena, California, also ceased to be formally associated with PDI during this period.

As of 2008 the group identified itself as "a family of churches passionate about the gospel of Jesus Christ... with a strong doctrinal basis that is evangelical, Reformed, and continuationist." This move towards Reformed (or Calvinist) doctrine is illustrated by Sovereign Grace's partnerships with Reformed theologians—such as John MacArthur, Mark Dever, and John Piper—in events like the Together for the Gospel Conferences.

In the summer of 2009, Detweiler, who had left the SGM board in 2009, released a series of documents detailing numerous grievances with Mahaney, including concerns about Mahaney's leadership style. On July 6, 2011, Mahaney announced that he would be taking a leave of absence as a team reviewed charges brought against him of "pride, unentreatability, deceit, sinful judgment, and hypocrisy." One of the purposes for this period included reconciliation with former SGM ministers. Larry Tomczak reported that Mahaney had gone out of his way to rebuild their relationship after 13 years of estrangement. On January 25, 2012, Mahaney was reinstated as president of the organization by the board after three review panels found no reason to disqualify C.J. from his role as president, or to "call into question his fitness for gospel ministry."

Early in 2012, Sovereign Grace Ministries announced their intention to relocate their headquarters from Gaithersburg, Maryland, to Louisville, Kentucky, citing Louisville's lower cost of living as well as the growing connection with the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in town. Some critics have suggested that the move may have more to do with the fractured state of the organization's relationship with the SGM flagship church, Covenant Life Church in Gaithersburg.

Later in 2012, the movement's former flagship, Covenant Life Church, departed from SGM, a decision supported by an overwhelming 93% of voting members. Additionally, the Sovereign Grace churches in Indiana and Altoona, PA, Sarasota and Daytona Beach, FL and Charlottesville, VA cut ties with the movement during this period. Daytona Beach's pastor Jesse Jarvis noted a “leadership culture characterized by excessive authority and insufficient accountability” as rationale for the church's departure. The Indiana church, as mentioned above, was one of the charter members of SGM. About 80 churches from the United States and around the world remained in the organization.

By March, 2013 approximately 20 churches had left Sovereign Grace Ministries. During that same month C.J. Mahaney announced "that he would step down as president of SGM's beleaguered network of churches."

In January 2015, Joshua Harris, leader of SGM's former flagship church Covenant Life Church, resigned as lead pastor, saying he planned to attend Seminary to pursue more formal education and connection to other branches of Christianity. He believed that "the isolation of Covenant Life, and of a small cluster of churches of which it was a part, may have fed leadership mistakes, including the decision of pastors—himself among them—to handle a child sexual abuse case internally instead of going to police."

History of name changes
Sovereign Grace Churches was known as "People of Destiny International" until 1998. British restorationist leader Terry Virgo states that Larry Tomczak and C. J. Mahaney, leaders at the time, had become "increasingly uncomfortable" with the "People of Destiny International" name, and it was shortened to "PDI Ministries". In 2002, the group adopted its next name of "Sovereign Grace Ministries."

In December 2014, executive director Mark Prater announced that the group's name would change to "Sovereign Grace Churches", to reflect its newly changed structure.

Church planting
Church planter Fred Herron described the PDI/SGM church planting method of founding new churches: a pastor leads a group of members to relocate to a different city and form, or plant, a new church.

The first church adoption was in Cleveland Ohio. North Coast Church formerly called Crossroads Christian Community was founded in 1980. It was a growing fellowship of 200 people but lacked the apostolic oversight for greater growth. Co-pastors Steve Witt and Bob Cohen invited an "Apostolic Team" the fall of 1980 to come and assist in "apostolic restructuring." Steve Witt's father had been influential in Larry Tomczaks salvation and transfer from Cleveland to DC area. A team arrived in April 1981 of 11 people, including Tomczak and family. They stay one year and returned to DC leaving behind a team to monitor and build North Coast Church. North Coast thrived and grew until its ultimate demise decades later.

For many years, PDI did not adopt existing churches, but later altered its policy. SGM adoption of an existing church begins with the development of a relationship with leadership and continues with dialogue to evaluate the doctrinal and practical compatibility of Sovereign Grace with the church desiring adoption.

Sovereign Grace Music
Sovereign Grace Churches also operates Sovereign Grace Music, based in Louisville, Kentucky, where contemporary worship albums have been released every few years since the 1980s. Sovereign Grace Music is directed by worship leader Bob Kauflin, former member of Christian band Glad, and is known for lyrics that are founded in biblical doctrine. Kauflin employs many other songwriters and pastors from other churches to aid in the songwriting process for Sovereign Grace Music. In 2011, Sovereign Grace Music's album Risen charted at No. 41 on the Billboard Top Christian Albums chart. Since then, five other albums have charted, the highest being From Age To Age (2012) at No. 25.

Claims of abuse cover-up
In late 2012, a lawsuit in Montgomery County, Maryland was brought against Sovereign Grace Ministries, making accusations of a conspiracy to cover-up child sex abuse. The plaintiffs claimed that church leaders, including Mahaney, did not report accusations of misconduct to the police. Larry Tomczak, a co-founder of SGM, who left the organization in the late 1990s, was alleged to have abused and assaulted a child in the form of administering corporal punishment over a period of twenty-five years. Tomczak was investigated and no charges were filed against him. All of the others who were named in the lawsuit, including Covenant Life Church pastors in Maryland, Sovereign Grace employees, and Fairfax Church in Virginia, were also investigated by law enforcement and no charges were brought.

The plaintiffs only asked the court to determine whether or not there had been a conspiracy to cover up abuse. Judge Burrell found that any conspiracy to cover-up should have been brought within the time frame of the alleged abuse. Therefore, all of the claims by the Maryland plaintiffs were dismissed in May 2013 because the statute of limitations had expired, three years after each turned 18; the claims by two Virginia plaintiffs were still within the statute of limitations. An appeal of the lower court's decision was heard by the Maryland appellate court in May 2014, and the lawsuit was again dismissed when the court found that the Plaintiff's attorney had filed the appeal too early. Maryland's highest civil court, the Court of Appeals, denied certiorari on September 24, 2014, permanently ending the case.

All charges brought by the Maryland plaintiffs were dismissed by Maryland Circuit Judge Sharon Burrell, permanently barring plaintiffs from ever bringing those or related charges in Maryland civil court again at any time in the future. During the hearing, Judge Burrell referred to an affidavit filed by Brent Detwiler supporting the claims of the plaintiffs as "vague and irrelevant". The court also found that the "Covenant Life School" sued by the plaintiffs did not exist during the time frame of the alleged abuse.

As reported in Time magazine (February 2016), Susan Burke, the lawyer for the victims, plans to file another lawsuit in Virginia, involving the two individuals from that jurisdiction. As of January 2018, two years later, no such lawsuit has been filed.

Maryland State Senate committee hearings (March 2016)
On March 8, 2016, two individuals testified before the Maryland State Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee regarding the Sovereign Grace Ministries lawsuit. Charlotte Ennis, a member of the church, testified that the lawsuit was, "an egregious, and even bizarre, $50 million class action suit alleging child sexual abuse and cover up that was undoubtedly false." According to Ennis, the lawsuit originally asked for $50 million in damages, but as the deposition and discovery process went on, "the plaintiffs tried hard to settle out of court for a much lower sum". She testified that the defense had refused to settle out of court requiring that the case be heard in court on its merits. As a result, the case was dismissed. Ennis testified only about the Maryland plaintiffs. (Ennis testified that in addition to her personal involvement with the Palmer situation she had a professional background as a Research Manager for a news organization).

1. In the Palmer case, brought by Renee Palmer Gamby, Ennis testified that, "Documentation was found showing the family of one plaintiff was immediately advised to notify authorities. Witnesses (I was one) were prepared to testify under oath to that fact. That child was abused at age 2 by a babysitter whose case was criminally prosecuted in 1993."

2. In the case brought by Robin Roe (pseudonym), Ennis testified that, "Another church plaintiff was never abused, (her sister was abused by her father who was prosecuted in 1987), but that plaintiff claimed the church had incarcerated her, ruining her life. Actually, she was charged and imprisoned by state and federal authorities for crimes of fraud, theft, drug possession, drug trafficking, and weapons concerns. Predictably, the judge questioned her very legitimacy as a plaintiff.  The actual victim did not participate in that lawsuit."

(Allegation Number 57 of the lawsuit reads, "As a result of the Church's conduct and misrepresentations, Robin Roe was not cared for by loving and responsible adults, but instead was incarcerated in a juvenile half-way house with criminal juveniles.)"

3. Ennis testified that, "A third plaintiff eventually withdrew her allegations, admitting they were false."

4. Regarding the alleged pedophile ring at the church's school Ennis testified that, "Investigators found that the supposed ringleader teacher was not even at the school for the majority of that year. He was in the hospital because his back was so bad he couldn't walk. The actual teacher was the accuser's own mother. The allegations included closets and rooms that did not match those in the school building. To date the police have filed no charges against anyone in that case." Ennis testified that regarding the three plaintiffs alleging charges of multiple cases of child sex abuse and rape at the church school, "Not one of those plaintiffs has filed criminal charges even though there is no criminal statute of limitations in Maryland. False criminal charges can result in a jail term or hefty fine, however."

Ennis went on to testify that an "extensive and undoubtedly expensive" investigation was conducted by the Montgomery County Police Department but no charges were ever filed. A subsequent examination of the case, conducted by an independent investigator, found that the allegations of child sex abuse detailed in the lawsuit "likely never happened at all" (except for the two which had been promptly reported and prosecuted several decades earlier).

At the same Senate hearing another individual, Terry Mayo, also testified. Mayo testified that her husband was one of the accused in the Sovereign Grace lawsuit and that "she and her husband had experienced the nightmare of false accusations." His accuser was plaintiff Heather Thompson Bryant.

Mayo testified, In 2013, in a lawsuit against our church, a woman accused my husband and three others of molesting her twenty-five years earlier. She didn't remember the alleged “abuses” before her thirties, and then believed she was recovering lost memories. She also imagined that 18 people witnessed the abuse, and she listed them by name. However, none of those named supported her stories of abuse. Montgomery County police investigated and filed no charges. After eighteen months, an independent investigator concluded her accusations likely never happened. But that didn't spare us from a witch hunt. In the initial months, the accused were labeled child sex offenders and the story of the abuse, truth be damned, was aggressively promoted in news, radio and social media. 1)	We received online threats that flyers would go out to our neighbors, “informing” them of the “pedophile” at our address. 2)	Anonymous calls were made to business clients, threatening them for doing business with us. 3)	Online forums ripped us to shreds. 4)	Minor children, suffocated by public reaction, suffered horribly. 5)	An un-accused spouse was laid off and later denied another job. 6)	People withdrew from us, or fell silent. 7)	Questions harassed us: Could we lose everything financing a defense?

Mayo also testified that her "husband had contemporaneous records from the 1980s that refuted the allegations."

Mayo said, at the close of her Senate Committee testimony, "I was burned by sexual abuse in the early 70s; we’re being burned by the false accusation of it now. An internet lynch mob can go on forever, but the law should protect innocent people from legal charges they can’t defend, like those from the distant past. The current statute gives survivors sufficient time for litigation, and a lifetime to bring charges to criminal court. Survivors and non-survivors alike need legal protection. The law as it stands, does both. Until you’ve experienced your life ripped open by false accusations, please consider that what happened to us can happen to anyone. That puts this proposal squarely in the category of more-harm-than-good."

Ennis said, during her Senate Committee testimony, that she was in favor of extending the statute of limitations for child sexual abuse, but that the proposed 2016 bill, SB 69, did not have "enough teeth" to prevent lawsuits based on false accusations against individuals or organizations.

Pam Palmer, who organized the lawsuit and is also the mother of plaintiff Renee Palmer Gamby, was present and testified at the March 8, 2016 Maryland Senate Committee Hearing in favor of SB 69.

SB 69 died in committee following the hearing.

The following year a new bill, HB 642, was introduced and passed by the Maryland State Legislature. HB 642, the first bill of its kind to be supported by the Catholic Church in Maryland, extended the statute of limitations to 20 years after the age of majority, but makes it much more difficult to implicate a church or civic organization in a child sex abuse civil suit after the plaintiff turns 25. That bill was signed into law by Maryland Governor Larry Hogan on March 4, 2017.

Washingtonian Magazine article
A story in Washingtonian Magazine, by Tiffany Stanley, dated February 14, 2016, highlights three families who were plaintiffs in the lawsuit and their involvement with Sovereign Grace Ministries. The article quotes Plaintiff's attorney, Susan Burke, saying that she "plans to file a new suit in Virginia against the Fairfax church on behalf of at least two plaintiffs." As of January 2018, two years later, no new lawsuit has been filed.

Covenant Life apology
Leaders of the Fairfax, Virginia, church accused in the lawsuit have "acknowledged the stories of abuse and issued a tearful apology to the families.... senior pastor Mark Mullery blamed the church’s model of reconciliation. 'This resulted in the victim’s family being corrected when they should have been gently cared for as sufferers,'” he said, according to the Washingtonian Magazine article.

Nathaniel Morales
In a different case in 2014, Nathaniel Morales, a youth mentor at Covenant Life Church, who "led youth bible studies, directed worship teams, and even attended sleepovers," was convicted of abusing four boys between 1983 and 1991. "Between 1990 and 2007 at least five members of the church’s staff were told of Morales’s abuse. None notified the police." Subsequently, Covenant Life Church former pastor Grant Layman [Mahaney's brother-in-law] said, while testifying about allegations against Nathaniel Morales, that he [Layman] had not reported the abuse to the police. Layman was not on trial and was not given an opportunity to clarify his remarks in court. Pastors are not mandatory reporters in the State of Maryland. An independent investigator reported that Morales was never a paid employee of Covenant Life Church. Ennis testified before the Maryland Senate Committee that no one had testified during the Morales trial that the church had advised them not to report.

In November 2013, SGM issued a statement saying that, years after pastoral counsel was sought, "allowing courts to second guess pastoral guidance would represent a blow to the First Amendment." Regarding the accuracy of the plaintiffs' claims, SGM released a statement saying that "SGM is not in a position to comment on the specific allegations at this time, but upon review it appears the complaint contains a number of misleading allegations, as well as considerable mischaracterizations of intent."

title: Sovereign Grace Churches


text:
User:Wikiti

Requested pages:

 * Syncytin, a well-known viral protein that has been implicated in multiple sclerosis and other myelin disorders
 * Harry Dahlian
 * Louis Slotin
 * rabbet (in woodworking)

title: User:Wikiti


text:
Talk:Elizabeth Barry

Biography assessment rating comment
WikiProject Biography Summer 2007 Assessment Drive

The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Yamara 22:09, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Discussion
Today, when I was at the library, I remember that you (bishonen) requested a picture for this page. I found a very nice one — it looks just like a photograph, even though photogaphy wasn't invented for another 150 years or so — in Leslie du S. Read (1996), International Dictionary of Theatre - 3: Actors, Directors and Designers, St. James Press, Detroit, page 52. Unfortunately, the library doesn't offer access to a scanner, and the book was part of the reference library so I couldn't borrow it either. The image is credited to New York Public Library. The cost for licensing an image from the NYPL is > $100, even though they can't possibly claim copyrights on things as old as this one. So even if it is public domain, and we could legally use it, the problem is getting a hold of a digital copy of it.

I also did a Google image search, but all the images are boring and/or of uncertain copyrights. — David Remahl 01:40, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot for your efforts and tips, David. I don't know the dictionary you mention, but the Carolina library in Uppsala (where I work) has it, it seems. I'll take a look at your Barry pic, if I ever find any time to spare when I'm in Uppsala. Alternately, the 16-volume Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers and Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800 by Highfill et. al., that KB in Stockholm (where I live) has in their ref section , is more easily accessible to me, maybe they've got the same pic. KB might do me a digital copy of an obviously public domain pic, if I found a good one in there. At least, I know  KB will do a pretty good-looking paper copy (not a regular photocopy, but some different technique) that I could then scan at home. Do you think there would be too much depreciation adding up if I did that?
 * I love the Highfill dictionary, incidentally. I was just checking places like Alibris and ABE and Amazon in hopes of finding a complete second-hand copy, even if I'd have to charter the Queen Elisabeth II to get the volumes across the Atlantic, but it looks hopeless. There are only odd single volumes offered, expensively, and most of the time you can't even tell which volumes they are. Grrr. :-( Anyway, thanks very much. --Bishonen 12:09, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I love the Highfill dictionary, incidentally. I was just checking places like Alibris and ABE and Amazon in hopes of finding a complete second-hand copy, even if I'd have to charter the Queen Elisabeth II to get the volumes across the Atlantic, but it looks hopeless. There are only odd single volumes offered, expensively, and most of the time you can't even tell which volumes they are. Grrr. :-( Anyway, thanks very much. --Bishonen 12:09, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reverting myself
On second thoughts, I've reverted to Sannse's 1911 EB version, it was fine as it was. I've added back minor edits by others—meaning basically the categories—and not lost anybody's work but my own, I hope. Bishonen|Talk 12:07, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

theatre companies
The phrasing of "big, prestigious London theatre companies " seems somewhat ridiculous when there were only two companies originally, then one for a time, rather than a plethora of rival companies as the sentence would suggest. Fisty 08:33, 6 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Ahh, that's why I like to write for Wikipedia — the appreciation. If the phrasing is ridiculous, perhaps you'd like to improve it? I was trying to make sense to a non-specialist reader in a concise way about Barry's prestige, without going into detail about the London monopoly of the patent theatres versus the other kinds of work that less famous and successful actors than Barry would be reduced to, either exclusively or part time. Quite a few people combined a September—May position in one of the licensed theatres with working the summer fairs outside London in the off season, for instance. Seasons or years in "strolling" companies or the "nursery" theatre at Barbican were quite common also, and London-based actors not infrequently worked for periods abroad. A reasonably successful career actor like Joseph Haines would be a good example. Barry and the rest of the top actors did the prestigious patent theatre work exclusively. Bishonen | talk 09:27, 6 June 2006 (UTC).

Wrong citation
"When Barry starred in The Orphan, it was implied that “the trope of the female breast to represent innocence or ruin (consider the many references to Monimia’s “swelling breasts” or “white breasts”)" In the play is never mentioned “swelling breasts” or “white breasts”. Confused Alberich21 (talk) 10:54, 4 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elizabeth Barry


text:
Cassie Steele

Cassandra Rae Steele (born December 2, 1989 ) is a Canadian actress and singer known for portraying Manny Santos on Degrassi: The Next Generation and Abby Vargas on The L.A. Complex. In 2014, she played Sarah in the MTV horror television movie The Dorm. She also voices Tammy Gueterman and Tricia Lange in Adult Swim's Rick and Morty.

Early life
Steele is of British descent on her father's side and Filipina descent on her mother's side. She began crafting her own songs to go with her poetry when she was in the first grade, she then began taking singing lessons. She attended London School of Dance in Scarborough, Ontario, and trained in ballet and jazz dance. She was also a gymnast for an unspecified amount of time.

2001–2010: Degrassi: The Next Generation and early work
In 2001, Steele first appeared in a Fib Finder commercial alongside Cristine Rotenberg. She later, that year, appeared on an episode of Relic Hunter as the ten-year-old version of Sydney Fox.

Since she was eleven years old, Steele appeared as a regular cast member on Degrassi: The Next Generation playing the character of Manny Santos. She played the role for nine years, before exiting the show in 2010. She has also appeared in three Degrassi TV films: Degrassi Spring Break Movie, Degrassi Goes Hollywood and Degrassi Takes Manhattan.

During the filming of Degrassi, Steele also starred in the Disney film Full Court Miracle as well as the MTV movie Super Sweet 16: The Movie and My Babysitter's a Vampire and had recurring roles in The Best Years and Instant Star.

Steele has also embarked on a music career. Her debut album, How Much for Happy, was released in 2005, followed by two Canadian tours. Steele's follow-up album, Destructo Doll, was released on July 21, 2009. She appeared on Channel One News to promote the album for the music segment.

2011–present: The L.A. Complex and other projects
In 2011, Steele was cast as Abby Vargas in the series The L.A. Complex, which premiered on CTV and Much Music on January 10, 2012, and aired regularly on Much Music. On the same day as the premiere, the series was officially picked up by The CW to begin airing in the United States in the spring. It was renewed for a second season, which aired simultaneously on both Much Music and The CW that summer. The L.A. Complex was officially cancelled on December 20, 2012.

On April 17, 2012, Steele released the extended-play "Shifty" to iTunes. On April 1, 2014, her single "Mad" was released to iTunes. The official lyric video premiered on her VEVO page one day prior.

Since 2014, she has had recurring role on the adult animated series Rick and Morty as Tammy Guetermann and Tricia Lange. She starred as Valerie Vont in the Lifetime film Sorority Surrogate with fellow Degrassi star Daniel Kelly, which was released on March 22, 2014. She would appear as Sarah in the film The Dorm later that year.

On August 12, 2014, Steele released the album "Patterns" to iTunes. The official video for "Games" was released the same year on September 1, and it premiered on her VEVO page. Steele released the single "Power" shortly afterwards. It was released to iTunes on October 21, 2014.

In 2018, she appeared in Drake's I'm Upset music video, which takes place during a Degrassi reunion.

Steele started the band "psychocandy" with Glint member Jase Blankfort in August 2019. Their single "Hunger" is available to stream on SoundCloud. On January 1, 2020, the band posted a photo on a new account on Instagram with the caption "2020."

In 2019, it was reported that Steele would voice the titular character in the Disney film Raya and the Last Dragon. On August 27, 2020, however, Steele was replaced by Kelly Marie Tran.

In 2022, Steele released a sustainable thong line in collaboration with designer Rachael Finley. The clothing line was inspired by Steele's infamous outfit in Degrassi, where Manny arrives to school wearing a visible thong.

Personal life
Steele married American actor Trent Garrett in 2018. In December 2020, Garrett filed for divorce from Steele.

Steele's first child, a boy, was born in November 2023. with her boyfriend Favi Martinez. They reside in Colorado.

Her sister is actress Alex Steele, who also starred on Degrassi: The Next Generation as Angela Jeremiah and Tori Santamaria.

Other songs

 * "Things That God Cannot Explain" (2005)
 * "Pavement" (2008) (featured on Songs from Instant Star 4)
 * "Crash My Party" (2009) (featured on Degrassi Goes Hollywood: Music from the Original Movie)
 * "Life Is a Show" (2009) (featured on Degrassi Goes Hollywood: Music from the Original Movie)
 * "One Saturday Night Away" (2009) (featured on Degrassi Goes Hollywood: Music from the Original Movie; with the cast of Degrassi Goes Hollywood)
 * "Something Sexy" (2010) (single release)
 * "I Trust You" (2010) (featured on Degrassi Takes Manhattan: The Heat Is On (Music from the Original Movie); with fictional band The Studs)
 * "Grain" (2010) (single release)
 * "Mad" (2014) (single release)
 * "Power" (2014) (single release)

title: Cassie Steele


text:
Heavy tank

A heavy tank is a tank variant produced from World War I to the end of the Cold War. These tanks generally sacrificed mobility and maneuverability for better armour protection and equal or greater firepower than tanks of lighter classes.

Role
Heavy tanks achieved their greatest, albeit limited, success when fighting lighter tanks and destroying fortifications. Heavy tanks often saw limited combat in their intended roles, instead becoming mobile pillboxes or defensive positions, such as the German Tiger I and Tiger II designs, or the Russian KV and IS designs.

Design
Heavy tanks feature very heavy armor and weapons relative to lighter tanks. Many heavy tanks shared components with lighter tanks. For example, the US M103 heavy tank shared many components with the lighter Patton tank, including transmission and engine. As a result, they tend to be either underpowered and comparatively slow, or have engine and drive train reliability issues. In case of an entirely new design development, which was the case with the German Tiger I, designs often became needlessly complex and costly, resulting in low production numbers. Although it is often assumed that heavy tanks suffered inferior mobility to medium tanks, this was not always the case, as many of the more sophisticated heavy tank designs featured advanced suspension and transmissions to counteract this drawback. As mentioned previously, heavy tanks are often extremely expensive and resource-intensive to produce and operate. The German Tiger I, for example, had similar speed and better terrain-handling characteristics when compared to its main competitor, the significantly lighter Panzer IV medium tank. However, low reliability and limited resources meant that just 1,347 were produced, compared to roughly 8,800 Pz.Kpfw. IV.

History

The origins of the class date to World War I and the first tank designs, which were intended to operate in close concert with infantry.

Virtually all early tanks possessed thick armor to allow them to survive in no man's land. As lighter and more maneuverable designs were introduced during the Interwar period, these larger vehicles with stronger defensive and offensive capabilities became known as "heavy" tanks.

Heavy tanks had gradually progressed from their trench warfare and bunker destroying role to dedicated anti-tank purposes by the onset of World War II. Heavy tanks saw limited deployment by France at the beginning of the war, and were only ever used in conflict by Nazi Germany and the USSR from about 1943 to the war's end.

This tank type remained a decisive factor in the early years of the Cold War. The purpose of heavies would not change until their replacement by the main battle tank. Often referred to as MBTs, these designs effectively filled all roles required by armies, thus rendering more specialized designs obsolete.

World Wars
The first British tank, the Mark I of World War I, was introduced to break through German defensive lines of trenches and barbed wire. When lighter, faster tanks were introduced, the larger tanks were classified as heavy.

The French Char 2C was one of the largest tanks ever produced. At the start of World War II, France and the Soviet Union were the only countries to have inventories of heavy tanks, such as the Char B1, T-35, and KV-1. The Matilda II was designed under the British infantry tank concept, which is similar to the heavy tank, having thick armour and tending to weigh more than their other tanks. However, it is usually considered separate because infantry tanks generally had less firepower, with their cruiser tanks (comparable to mediums) at the time having the same main armament but more machine guns. Later war examples were the German Tiger I and II, as well as the Soviet IS series. Note that "heavy" versus "medium" is more a question of tactical roles than weight; the Panther, for example, was a "medium" tank that outweighed most Allied "heavy" tanks.

American forces rarely fielded heavy tanks, as they still held on to the infantry-support doctrine like the British; in addition, the Americans recognized the logistical and mobility issues that came with possessing a heavy tank force and did not want to compromise its 3000 mile supply line to Europe. The M6 heavy tank was designed in 1940 but held few advantages over medium tanks and planned production of several thousand was stopped. The Anglo-American T14 Heavy Tank project started in 1941 did not deliver a pilot model until 1944. The US preferred to use tank destroyers (mobile but relatively lightly armoured vehicles) for anti-tank defence, and prior to 1944 there were few indications that the US M4 Sherman was outclassed in terms of armor and weapons by German heavy tanks which were few in number. Near the end of World War II, a few early model M26 Pershings were sent to Europe to gain combat experience. Aside from these the closest the Americans came to putting a heavy tank into service were up-armored M4 Sherman "Jumbos" which were used as assault guns.

Both the US and UK developed very well-armoured and armed tanks intended for assaulting heavily defended areas - the T28 GMC and 'Tortoise' had casement designs and weighed around 80 tonnes but did not enter service.

Cold War

The immediate post-war period saw the final fielding of heavy tanks, including the US M103 heavy tank, the British FV214 Conqueror, and the French ARL 44 (in very limited numbers for the ARL 44), all in response to the Soviet heavy tanks of the period. The largest tank guns were approaching maximum calibre whose shell could still be handled by the crew, even using awkward two-part ammunition (separate projectile and propellant case, similar to battleship guns), which greatly slowed their rate of fire. Thanks to improved shell designs and fire control technology improving accuracy, postwar medium tanks were catching up to heavy tanks in firepower. The tactical value of heavy tanks thus declined to the point that no new designs were fielded; the heavily armed mediums came to be known as the main battle tank (MBT). Doctrine held that less expensive self-propelled artillery could serve in the infantry support role. The weight of MBTs quickly increased during the Cold War, and most third generation MBTs including the M1 Abrams, Challenger 2, Leopard 2, Merkava, Arjun MBT, and Type 99 have weights similar to those of 1950s heavy tanks.

Older heavy tanks with steel armour were rendered obsolete by anti-tank guided missiles and high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) ammunition. The much more flexible missiles are effective at ranges beyond a tank gun's range, and sheer armour mass was no longer a guarantee of survivability against the largest HEAT warheads of tank guns or missiles.

title: Heavy tank


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mike Brailsford

Mike Brailsford was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Someone who has appeared on some game shows and hosts a web ring. Doesn't appear notable enough. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 01:43, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wrong side of the line. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:50, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity - it looks like an advert-cum-CV Jongarrettuk 11:44, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
IEEE 802.10

IEEE 802.10 is a former standard for security functions that could be used in both local area networks and metropolitan area networks based on IEEE 802 protocols.

802.10 specifies security association management and key management, as well as access control, data confidentiality and data integrity.

The IEEE 802.10 standards were withdrawn in January 2004 and this working group of the IEEE 802 is not currently active. Security for wireless networks was standardized in 802.11i.

The Cisco Inter-Switch Link (ISL) protocol for supporting VLANs on Ethernet and similar LAN technologies was based on IEEE 802.10; in this application 802.10 has largely been replaced by IEEE 802.1Q.

The standard being developed has 8 parts:
 * a. Model, including security management
 * b. Secure Data Exchange (SDE) protocol
 * c. Key Management
 * d. - has now been incorporated in 'a' -
 * e. SDE Over Ethernet 2.0
 * f. SDE Sublayer Management
 * g. SDE Security Labels
 * h. SDE PICS Conformance.

Parts b, e, f, g, and h are incorporated in IEEE Standard 802.10-1998.

title: IEEE 802.10


text:
List of Choro Q video games

The Choro Q video games are a series of video games based on Takara's Choro Q toy cars (also known as Penny Racers in English-speaking markets). The games have been localised for Western release under many different names, including Gadget Racers, Penny Racers and Road Trip.

Most of these games were developed by external companies, although they are usually credited to Takara since the developers' name rarely appears outside of the ending credits. Some of these developers include Tamsoft (Choro Q, Choro Q 2 and Choro Q 3), Barnhouse Effect (Shin Combat Choro Q, Choro Q HG and Choro Q HG 4), E-game (Choro Q Wonderful!, Choro Q HG 2 and Choro Q HG 3), Electronics Application (aka Eleca) (Choro Q Advance, Choro Q Advance 2, Choro Q: Hyper Customable GB and Perfect Choro Q). Most are auto racing games with extensive opportunities for customization, often including role-playing video game-style elements such as towns and side-quests.

Overseas releases
Only three games in the series were released outside Japan prior to 2001 (including the 1984 MSX game by Taito, which is unrelated to the later Choro Q titles) - Choro Q for the PlayStation (released in Europe only as Penny Racers) and Choro Q 64 for the Nintendo 64 (released in North America and Europe as Penny Racers). However, since 2001 many of the titles have been released in the US and PAL regions as budget titles, by publishers including Conspiracy Entertainment, Midas Interactive Entertainment and Play It!.

title: List of Choro Q video games


text:
Dr. Enuf

Dr. Enuf is an American brand of soft drink bottled by Tri-City Beverage in Johnson City, Tennessee. It is a lemon-lime flavored drink (though its taste is different from common lemon-lime sodas such as Sprite or 7 Up.) Dr. Enuf is fortified with several water-soluble vitamins. Its marketing slogan is "Enuf is Enough!"

Dr. Enuf's origins date back to 1949, when a Chicago businessman named William Mark Swartz was urged by coworkers to formulate a soft drink fortified with vitamins as an alternative to sugar sodas full of empty calories. He developed an "energy booster" drink containing B vitamins, caffeine and cane sugar. After placing a notice in a trade magazine seeking a bottler, he formed a partnership with Charles Gordon of Tri-City Beverage to produce and distribute the soda.

Early product heritage with Mountain Dew
Early in its development, Dr. Enuf was reported to have several therapeutic effects, including the easing of stomach pains, relief from hangovers, and a clearing of the mind. One of the early advertised uses of Dr. Enuf, curing hangovers, coincided with Tri-City Beverage's other soft drink at the time, a drink mixer called Mountain Dew. Tri-City Beverage later sold the rights to Mountain Dew to Pepsi, but kept the Dr. Enuf brand.

The drink is still produced to this day by Tri-Cities Beverage. Dr. Enuf is available in original, Diet, Herbal and Diet Herbal varieties. A bottle of any of the varieties contains at least 80% of the recommended daily nutritional requirement of thiamine (Vitamin B1), niacin (Vitamin B3), potassium and iodine. The herbal varieties also contain ginseng and guarana, and are cherry flavored.

Availability
Dr. Enuf is widely distributed in northeast Tennessee, particularly in the Tri-Cities, plus parts of southwestern Virginia and western North Carolina.

While hard to find, Dr. Enuf is available in select locations throughout the Southeast as well as at many Cracker Barrel locations throughout the country. It is also available at Pal's restaurant locations. As of 2022, Dr. Enuf is also available in Eastern Kentucky.

title: Dr. Enuf


text:
Talk:List of Choro Q video games

history
the series history is far from complete, I'll get it more or less finished in the near future.

Takosuke 01:46, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

done, for the record. 62.252.192.12 22:28, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

What is Road Trip shifting gears?

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title: Talk:List of Choro Q video games


text:
List of tea companies

This is a list of Wikipedia articles on companies that produce or distribute tea.

Global

 * Lipton (Lipton Teas and Infusions; except in India, Nepal and Indonesia where it is owned by Unilever Hindustan)
 * Tetley (Tata Global Beverages)
 * Twinings (Associated British Foods)

Australia

 * Daintree Tea Company
 * Dilmah
 * Bushells (Lipton Teas and Infusions)
 * Madame Flavour
 * Madura Tea Estates
 * Nerada Tea
 * T2 (Australian company) (Lipton Teas and Infusions)

Bangladesh

 * M. M. Ispahani Limited

Brazil

 * Matte Leão

Canada

 * DavidsTea
 * Red Rose Tea (owned by Lipton Teas and Infusions; except in the United States where it is owned by Teekanne)
 * Tim Hortons (owned by Restaurant Brands International)

China

 * Ten Fu Group (Zhangzhou, Fujian)

France

 * Betjeman & Barton
 * Fauchon
 * Kusmi Tea
 * Ladurée
 * Le Palais des Thés
 * Mariage Frères

Germany

 * TeaGschwendner
 * Teekanne
 * Teekampagne

Hong Kong

 * Luk Yu

India

 * Godrej Tea
 * Gujarat Tea Processors & Packers Ltd (Wagh Bakri brand)
 * Limtex
 * Brooke Bond Red Label, Taaza, Taj Mahal, and Lipton (owned by Hindustan Unilever)
 * Society Tea
 * Tata Tea and Tetley (owned by Tata Consumer Products)

Indonesia

 * Lipton (Hindustan Unilever)
 * Sariwangi
 * Teh botol

Ireland

 * Barry's Tea
 * Bewley's
 * Lyons Tea (Ireland) (Lipton Teas and Infusions)

Israel

 * Wissotzky Tea

Japan

 * Harada Tea Processing Co., Ltd.
 * Ito En

Kenya

 * Kenya Tea Development Agency
 * Kericho Gold
 * Ketepa

Malaysia

 * BOH Tea Plantation
 * Sabah Tea

Nepal

 * Giribandhu Tea Estate
 * Lipton (Hindustan Unilever)
 * Rakura tea

Netherlands

 * Pickwick (brand) (Douwe Egberts)

New Zealand

 * BrewGroup

 * Dilmah
 * Zealong

Pakistan

 * Brooke Bond, Supreme and Red Label (owned by Lipton Teas and Infusions)
 * Tapal Tea
 * Tetley (owned by Tata Global Beverages)

Rwanda

 * Rwanda Mountain Tea

Singapore

 * TWG Tea

Sri Lanka

 * Akbar Tea
 * Alghazaleen Tea
 * Bogawantalawa (BPL Teas)
 * Dilmah
 * Heladiv
 * George Steuart Group (Steuarts Tea, 1835 Steuart Ceylon)
 * Mlesna

Turkey

 * Çaykur

United Kingdom
The UK market is dominated by five brands - PG Tips (owned by Lipton Teas and Infusions), Tetley (owned by Tata Tea Limited), Typhoo (owned by the Indian conglomerate Apeejay Surrendra Group), Twinings (owned by Associated British Foods) and Yorkshire Tea (owned by Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate). Tetley leads the market with 27% share, followed by PG Tips with about 24% share. Typhoo is in third place with about 13% share. Twinings is fourth with about 11% share and Yorkshire Tea is fifth with about 6% share.

• Ahmad Tea

• Associated British Foods

• Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate

• Brooke Bond (no longer trading under this name: see PG Tips) (Lipton Teas and Infusions)

• Clipper tea

• Fortnum & Mason

• Glengettie tea

• Horniman's Tea

• Jacksons of Piccadilly

• Lancashire Tea

• Lyons Tea (Lipton Teas and Infusions)

• Matthew Algie

• Mazawattee Tea Company

• Nambarrie (Twinings)

• PG Tips (Lipton Teas and Infusions)

• Punjana

• Scottish Blend (Lipton Teas and Infusions)

• Taylors of Harrogate (Bettys and Taylors Group)

• Typhoo

• Whittard of Chelsea

• Yorkshire Tea: a brand of Taylors Tea ([[Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate|Bettys and Taylors

• PunjanaGroup]])

United States
• American Tea Room

• Argo Tea

• Bigelow Tea Company

• Capital Teas

• Celestial Seasonings (owned by Hain Celestial Group)

• Good Earth Tea

• Harney & Sons

• Honest Tea

• Imperial Tea Court

• Luzianne

• Mighty Leaf Tea

• Numi Organic Tea

• Peet's Coffee & Tea

• Red Diamond

• Salada tea (Lipton Teas and Infusions)

• Stash Tea

• Talbott Teas (owned by Jamba Juice)

• Tavalon Tea

• Tazo (Lipton Teas and Infusions)

• Té Company

• Tea Forté

• TeaGschwendner

• Teavana (owned by Starbucks)

• The Republic of Tea

• Upton Tea

• Yogi Tea

Bottled tea

 * Argo Tea
 * AriZona Beverage Company
 * Honest Tea
 * Ito En
 * Lipton (Pepsi-Lipton, a joint venture between PepsiCo and Unilever)
 * Milo's Tea Company
 * Nestea
 * Snapple
 * SoBe
 * Sweet Leaf Tea
 * Tazo
 * Turkey Hill
 * T2 (company) (Pepsi-Lipton, a joint venture between PepsiCo and Unilever)

title: List of tea companies


text:
Category:Film criticism

See also Books about film.

title: Category:Film criticism