text:
Bharathidasan

Bharathidasan (IPA: ; born K. Subburathinam 29 April 1891 – 21 April 1964), was a 20th-century Tamil poet and rationalist writer whose literary works handled mostly socio-political issues. He was deeply influenced by the Tamil poet Subramania Bharathi and named himself "Bharathi dasan" meaning follower or adherent of Bharathi. His greatest influence was Periyar and his self-respect movement. Bharathidasan's writings served as a catalyst for the growth of the Self-Respect Movement in Tamil Nadu. In addition to poetry, his views found expression in other forms such as plays, film scripts, short stories and essays. The Government of Puducherry union territory has adopted the song of Invocation to Mother Tamil, written by Bharathidasan as the state song of Puducherry (Tamil Thai Valthu (Puducherry)).

Life
Kanaka Subburathinam was born in Puducherry (earlier called Pondicherry) on 29 April 1891 to parents Kanagasabai and Lakshmi Ammal. He was deeply influenced by the Tamil poet and freedom fighter, Subramania Bharathi, who mentored him and hence Subburathinam named himself "Bharathi dasan" meaning follower or adherent of Bharathi. He is popularly known as Bharathidasan (Tamil: பாரதிதாசன்). A twentieth century Tamil poet, Bharathidasan was an active participant in the Indian independence movement, he opposed both the British Raj and the French colonial government. He was imprisoned for voicing his views against the French Government that was ruling Pondicherry at that time. Bharathidasan was a poet in his own right, writing mostly on socio-political issues like women’s liberation, rationalism, and against caste discrimination. He was greatly influenced by the great rationalist leader and social reformer, Periyar E. V. Ramaswami. Bharathidasan became one of the key figures in the Dravidian rationalist movement.    He was bestowed the titles ‘puratchi kavinjar’ (revolutionary poet) and 'paa vendhar' (king of poetry) to honor his excellence in Tamil poetry and he was widely known by his titles. Bharathidasan works were nationalized meaning brought into public domain in 1991 by the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi. Bharathidasan's works can be found at the open access Tamil literature repository Project Madurai.

He remained a prolific writer and poet till he died on 21 April 1964, a week before his 73rd birthday. He was awarded the Sahitya Academy Award posthumously for his Tamil play Pisiraandhaiyaar. One among his famous lines is ‘அறிவை விரிவு செய், அகண்டமாக்கு’, ‘Arivai virivu sei, agandamakku’ meaning “Expand knowledge – make it universal”. Named after this great poet, it has been Bharathidasan institute of management's endeavour to expand and universalize knowledge.

Named after the revolutionary poet Bharathidasan, the Bharathidasan University was set up in 1982 as an offshoot of the University of Madras. The motto of the University “We will create a brave new world” has been framed from Bharathidasan’s poetic words “புதியதோர் உலகம் செய்வோம்”. The University endeavours to be true to such a vision by creating in the region a brave new world of academic innovation for social change.

List of poems made into film lyrics

 * Thamizhukum Amudenru per
 * Sanke Muzhangu
 * "Thunbam Nergayil" (set in Desh by Carnatic musician Dandapani Desikar and used by film composer R. Sudarsanam in Or Iravu in 1951)
 * Thesa gnanam
 * Neelavana aadaikul
 * Valiyor silar
 * Muzhumai Nila
 * Chithirai
 * Pallikudam
 * Kalyanam aagatha penae
 * Kaatrilellam
 * Kandavudal kadal
 * Vaanukku nilavu
 * Paazhai pona manam
 * Vaana mazhai neeye
 * Avalum Naanum Amudhum Thamizhum

Awards and recognitions

 * Bharathidasan won the Golden Parrot Prize in 1946 for his play Amaithi-Oomai (Peace and Dumbness).

 * He was given the Sahitya Academy Award, posthumously in 1970 for his play Pisiranthaiyar.

 * On 9 October 2001, a commemorative stamp of Bharathidasan was released by the Postal Department in Chennai.
 * He was conferred with the title of "Puratchi Kavingyar" (meaning the "Revolutionary Poet") by Periyar.

Legacy

 * Tamil Nadu's state government gives the Bharathidasan Award annually to a Tamil poet.
 * The Government of Puducherry union territory has adopted Bharathidasan's song of Invocation to Mother Tamil as the state song of Puducherry.
 * A state university named Bharathidasan University was established in Tiruchirappalli.
 * Bharathidasan institute of management, one of India's top B-schools, was established in Tiruchirappalli.

title: Bharathidasan


text:
Kratonohy

Kratonohy is a municipality and village in Hradec Králové District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.

Administrative parts
The village of Michnovka is an administrative part of Kratonohy.

Etymology
The name of Kratonohy is derived from the Old Czech words kratonožka, kraťnoha which was a mocking designation for short-legged people. The name is believed to be originating from the 11th or the 12th century.

According to the legend which aimed to cover up the derogatory name, Kratonohy was founded by Býd, the son of Count Slavomil of Kouřim, at the place where he rested with his people for three days. The legend says that the name was derived from "shortening the legs", which figuratively meant tired legs.

Geography
Kratonohy is located about 15 km west of Hradec Králové. It lies in a flat agricultural landscape of the East Elbe Table. The highest point is the hill Medenec at 281 m above sea level.

History
The first written mention of Kratonohy is from 1316, the village of Michnovka was first mentioned in 1720. In the 14th century, a fortress probably existed here, but the oldest written record about the citadel comes from the 16th century. In the second half of the 14th century, owners of the village were the lords of Častolovice, Licek of Kratonohy and Perchta, daughter of Sezema of Kostomlaty. Perchta made a donation of some estates to St. George's Convent in Prague. From 1407 to 1467, Kratonohy was owned by Hroch of Dobřenice and brothers Jiří and Adam Dobřenský.

In 1623, Kratonohy was bought by Alžběta Vchynská of Vchynice na Chlumci. The homestead had been held by the Kinsky family to 1644, but due to mortgages, they sold it to Asterles of Asterfeld. During the 18th century, the Kratonohy estate was merged with Chlumec estate.

Transport
Kratonohy is located on the railway line Hradec Králové–Chlumec nad Cidlinou.

Sights
The gate of the homestead was built after 1720 by Jan Santini Aichel or his descendants. It is now the property of an agricultural company and intensively modified.

The Church of Saint James the Great is a Gothic-based building, rebuilt in the Baroque style in 1707–1710. It has an inwrought interior with an unusual solution: the altar was made as grotto and the rostrum as whale. The altar is a reproduction of a Spanish altar of Saint James the Great from Santiago de Compostela. The wife of manor owner Jan Adam Michna from Vacínov was Spanish, thus it is believed that its interior is the work of Spanish artists. It is one of the most impressive rural church interiors in the country.

Notable people

 * Rudolf Medek (1890–1940), poet and writer; taught here at school in 1910–1913
 * Jaroslav Čihák (1891–1944), army officer
 * Petr Kostka (born 1938), actor; lived and studied here

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kratonohy


text:
Churchill River (Atlantic)

The Churchill River, formerly known by other names, is a river in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It flows east from the Smallwood Reservoir into the Atlantic Ocean via Lake Melville. The river is 856 km long and drains an area of 79800 km², making it the longest river in Atlantic Canada.

Names
The Innu name of the river is Mishtashipu or Mishta-shipu ("Grand River") among the Labrador Innu and Patshishetshuanau-shipu ("Churchill Falls River") among the Central Innu, the Labrador Métis (NunatuKavut), and Nunatsiavut. The latter name was formerly calqued into English as the Grand River, the name commonly used by locals.

In 1821, Captain William Martin of HM brig Clinker renamed the river the Hamilton River after the then-current commodore-governor of Newfoundland Charles Hamilton. The name gradually supplanted use of the Grand River before being replaced on 1 February 1965 by provincial premier Joey Smallwood. Smallwood renamed it the "Churchill River" after the former British prime minister Winston Churchill ahead of the beginning of construction on the river's major hydroelectric project.

In 2022, MHA Perry Trimper called for Churchill's name to be removed from the river in favour of either "Grand River" or its Innu name.

Geography
The river flows in an arc, first north from Ashuanipi Lake though the saucer-shaped Labrador Plateau, and then mainly east through a series of lakes. Several of these lakes have been flooded to create the Smallwood Reservoir. The river then flows through a rocky canyon which is hundreds of feet deep, over Churchill Falls, and through a series of rapids below the falls. The water flow in the canyon has been mainly diverted underground through a giant hydroelectric power generating plant. The river continues eastward until it flows into Lake Melville.

Hydroelectric projects
Churchill Falls is the site of a major hydroelectric project, which diverted almost all of the stream that once fell over Churchill Falls. It presently has a capacity of 5,428 MW and other slated hydroelectric plants on the river will bring the total to over 9,200 MW. The Churchill Falls development has become a source of friction between two Canadian provinces, as Newfoundland and Labrador asserts that Quebec's Hydro-Québec (despite having provided a major part of the financing and access to the North American power grid) has taken a disproportionate share of the development's profits. Hydro-Québec still buys power from the dam at rates established in the 1969 power purchase agreement.

U-boat
In 2012 divers using side scan sonar found what they believe is the wreck of a U-boat just downstream of Muskrat Falls, validating a local legend. However, examination of historical records shows this to be unlikely, and the sonar images were quite grainy.

title: Churchill River (Atlantic)


text: File:Super Mario Bros. box.png

title: File:Super Mario Bros. box.png


text:
User talk:0101CHUky

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 12:04, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:0101CHUky


text: Category:Sussex County, New Jersey

title: Category:Sussex County, New Jersey


text:
Limigiano

Limigiano is a frazione of the comune of Bevagna in the Province of Perugia, Umbria, central Italy. It stands at an elevation of 333 metres above sea level. At the time of the Istat census of 2001 it had 56 inhabitants.

Limigiano is a rural village, surrounded by large olive groves. The main point of interest is the Romanesque abbey church of San Michele Arcangelo. While the foundations are from the 11th century, the current structure dates back to the 13th century. The church was extended and altered through several phases of construction, repair, and maintenance in the Middle Ages. Today the church has a naves and two aisles, each finishing in an apse. The church was renovated in 1947 but the beautiful frescoes (some probably by the school of Niccolò Alunno) are in various stages of deterioration, mostly due to the damage from the 1997 Umbria and Marche earthquake and the leaking in of rainwater since then. Of the medieval castle only a few ruins can be found.

title: Limigiano


text:
Battle of Cape Kaliakra

The Battle of Cape Kaliakra (Kaliakria, Caliacria; Калиакрийское сражение) was the last naval battle of the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792). It took place on 11 August 1791 off the coast of Cape Kaliakra, Bulgaria, in the Black Sea. Neither side lost a ship, but the Ottomans retreated to Istanbul afterward.

The Russian fleet under Counter (Rear) Admiral Fyodor Ushakov, of 15 ships of the line and two frigates (990 guns), and several small craft sailed from Sevastopol on 8 August, and at midday on 11 August encountered the Ottoman–Algerian fleet under Hussein Pasha of 18 ships of the line and 17 frigates (1,500–1,600 guns) and some smaller craft at anchor just south of Cape Kaliakra. Ushakov sailed, in three columns, from the northeast, between the Ottomans and the cape, despite the presence on the cape of several guns.

Admiral Said Ali, the commander of the Algerian ships, weighed anchor and sailed east, followed by Hussein Pasha with the 18 ships of the line. The Russians then turned around south to a parallel east-south-east course and formed up mostly into one line, with Ushakov in third position and one ship out of line on the off-battle side. Said Ali, leading the line, turned north to try to double the Russian van, but Ushakov sailed out of the line and attacked him, as the rest of the Russian fleet approached. This was at 16:45 (4:45 p.m.). Gradually the Turks turned to the south and when darkness put an end to fighting at 20:30 (8:30 p.m.) they were in full retreat to Istanbul. Russian casualties were 17 killed and 28 wounded, and the frigate Alexander Nevsky was damaged. Ottoman casualty figures are unknown, but their ships were heavily damaged aloft.

Ships involved
Some of the Russian vessels involved and their crew were:

Russian Empire

 * Rozhdestvo Christovo 84 (Nativity of Christ) (flagship)
 * Ioann Predtecha 74 (John the Precursor)
 * Maria Magdalina 66 (Mary Magdalene)
 * Preobrazhenie Gospodne 66 (Transfiguration of the Lord)
 * Pavel 66 (Saint Paul)
 * Vladimir 66 (St Vladimir)
 * Leontii Mutchenik 64 (Saint Leontius)
 * Alexander Nevsky' 50 (Saint Alexander Nevsky)
 * Andrei Pervozvannyi 50 (Saint Andrew the First-called)
 * Nikolai 50 (Saint Nicholas)
 * Feodor Stratilat 46 (Theodore Stratelates)
 * Ioann Bogoslov 46 (John the Theologian)
 * Navarchia Voznesenie Gospodne 46 (Navarchy Ascension of the Lord)
 * Pyotr 46 (Saint Peter)
 * Tsar Konstantin 46 (Tsar Constantine)
 * Fanagoria 40 (Phanagoria)
 * Makropolea Sv. Mark Evangelist 36 (Mark the Evangelist)
 * Rozhdestvo Christovo (Nativity of Christ) (bomb)
 * Ieronim (Saint Jerome) (bomb)
 * Panagia Apotumengana (Panagia of Taman) (privateer) 14
 * 16 privateers

Consequence
The battle occurred near the end of the Russian-Turkish war, which ended with the signing of the Jassy peace treaty.

The tactics used by Ushakov were an innovation in the theory of sea warfare. After that, a similar maneuver was used by Admiral Nelson in the Battle of Aboukir in 1798 and the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.

For the victory at Cape Kaliakra, the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky was awarded to Admiral Ushakov.

title: Battle of Cape Kaliakra


text:
Maungatua

Maungatua, known also as Mauka Atua is a prominent ridge in the Taieri Plains in Otago, New Zealand.

It rises 895 m above the floodplain of the Taieri River, directly to the west of Dunedin's airport at Momona. It can be clearly seen from much of Dunedin's urban area, 35 km, and from as far south as the outskirts of Balclutha, 65 km to the southwest. Lake Mahinerangi is located on the western side of Maungatua.

The name Maungatua in Māori literally means "Hill of the Spirits", and is spelt Mauka Atua by Ngāi Tahu local to the Otago Region. The name is a reference to an ancestral chief who arrived on the Āraiteuru migratory waka.

Ecology of Maungatua

Maungatua features a diverse range of plant species. The summit features tussock grassland and cushion bogs, whilst the sub-alpine zone includes shrubland and tussock grasslands. Carnivorous insect eating plants called sundews are found within swamps at the summit. Silver beech dominates the montane slopes, particularly on the southern face. This transitions to lowland podocarp forest which extends into the Waipori Gorge. This includes a mixture of broadleaf and kānuka forest. In addition, the only naturally-occurring kāmahi in the Dunedin area are found in the southern Maungatua in Mill Creek. Glowworms may also be found living in mānuka trees at the base of Maungatua.

title: Maungatua


text:
Charles Hamilton

Charles Hamilton may refer to:

Aristocracy

 * Charles Hamilton, 5th Earl of Abercorn (died 1701), Scottish peer
 * Charles Hamilton, 5th Earl of Haddington (1650–1685), Scottish nobleman
 * Charles Hamilton, 8th Earl of Haddington (1753–1828), Scottish nobleman
 * Charles Hamilton, Count of Arran (1691-1754)
 * Sir Charles Edward Archibald Watkin Hamilton, 5th Baronet (1876–1939), a British convert to Islam
 * Sir Charles John James Hamilton, 3rd Baronet (1810–1892), of the Hamilton baronets

Military

 * Charles Hamilton (orientalist) (1753?–1792), British East India Company soldier, known for his English translation of Al-Hidayah
 * Charles Iain Hamilton, naval historian at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
 * Charles Powell Hamilton (1747–1825), Royal Navy admiral
 * Charles R. Hamilton, US Army general and former commander of the United States Army Materiel Command
 * Charles S. Hamilton (born 1952), US Navy admiral
 * Charles S. Hamilton (philatelist) (1882–1968), US Army colonel and philatelist
 * Charles Smith Hamilton (1822–1891), Union Army general during the American Civil War

Politics and government

 * Charles Hamilton, Lord Binning (1697–1732), Scottish politician
 * Charles Hamilton (MP) (1704–1786), Member of Parliament for Truro
 * Sir Charles Hamilton, 1st Baronet (1845–1928), British Member of Parliament for Rotherhithe, 1885–1892
 * Sir Charles Hamilton, 2nd Baronet, of Marlborough House (1767–1849), governor of the colony of Newfoundland
 * Charles A. Hamilton, an Administrator of the British Indian Ocean Territory in 2005
 * Charles Edward Hamilton (1844–1919), Canadian politician
 * Charles Hadley Hamilton (1850–1915), Wisconsin lawyer and politician, son of Charles Smith Hamilton
 * Charles James Hamilton (1855–1937), Conservative member of the Canadian House of Commons
 * Charles Mann Hamilton (1874–1942), US Representative from New York, House minority whip
 * Charles McGill Hamilton (1878–1952), Canadian farmer and political figure in Saskatchewan
 * Charles Memorial Hamilton (1840–1875), US Representative from Florida
 * Charles V. Hamilton (1929–2023), political scientist and civil rights leader

Other fields

 * Charles Hamilton (bishop) (1834–1919), Anglican bishop of Ottawa
 * Charles Hamilton (female husband) (c. 1721–1724), woman who married while living as a man
 * Charles Hamilton (handwriting expert) (1913–1996), American paleographer, handwriting expert and author of historical works
 * Charles S. Hamilton (philatelist) (1882–1968), American philatelist and US Army colonel
 * Charles Hamilton (rapper) (born 1987), American rapper
 * Charles Hamilton (writer) (1876–1961), English story writer, primarily under the pen name Frank Richards
 * Charles H. Hamilton, one-time editor of the libertarian The Freeman journal
 * Charles K. Hamilton (1885–1914), early American aviator
 * Chuck Hamilton (1939–2023), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Charles "Uncle Chucc" Hamilton, a member of the production and songwriting collective 1500 or Nothin'

Fictional characters

 * Charles Hamilton, Scarlett O'Hara's first husband and Melanie Hamilton's brother in Gone with the Wind

title: Charles Hamilton


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Neolioberalismo

Neolioberalismo
This is a badly formulated rant written in Portugese written by an anonymous editor. It became a redirect, and was then listed on Redirects for deletion. We don't want to delete via this process as it sets a bad precedent. Rather than list as a speedy deletion (which I could delete) I'm listing this on VfD. I highly recommend deleting. There is really nothing to merge into Neoliberalism. If you want to see what the original article said (sort of) I put a google translation on the talk page. - Ta bu shi da yu 12:12, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Why not speedily? P. Riis 16:04, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete GRider 21:31, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Quickly! This is nothing but vandalism. jni 13:37, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, as quickly as possible. This is a waste of precious bandwidth. Aecis 16:25, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * What are you on about? Wikipedia is not paper. - Ta bu shi da yu 08:09, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Stream (disambiguation)

A stream is a body of moving water.

Stream or streaming may also refer to:

Films

 * Stream, a 2008 film featuring Whoopi Goldberg
 * Stream (film), an upcoming American horror film
 * The Stream (1922 film), a 1922 German silent film
 * The Stream (1938 film), a French drama film directed by Maurice Lehmann and Claude Autant-Lara

Albums

 * Stream (album), a 1995 album by Fischer-Z
 * Streaming (album), a 2006 album by Muhal Richard Abrams, George Lewis and Roscoe Mitchell
 * Streams (1999 album), an album of Christian music by various artists
 * Streams (Sam Rivers album), 1973
 * Streams (Yuma Uesaka and Marilyn Crispell album), 2021
 * Streams, a 2007 album by Ferenc Snétberger and Markus Stockhausen
 * Stream, a 2024 album by Fergus McCreadie

Songs

 * "Stream", a 1997 song by Forest for the Trees from Forest for the Trees
 * "Stream", a 2015 song by Last Dinosaurs from Wellness
 * "Stream", a 1992 song by Moby from Moby
 * "Stream", a 1997 song by the Third and the Mortal from In This Room
 * "Streaming", a 2006 song by Muhal Richard Abrams, George Lewis, and Roscoe Mitchell off the album of the same name

Television

 * Stream TV, an Italian television company
 * The Stream (TV series), a Norwegian reality singing competition
 * The Stream (Al Jazeera English), a daily television programme on Al Jazeera English

Brands and enterprises

 * Honda Stream, a car
 * Microsoft Stream, a corporate video-sharing service
 * Stream Energy, an American home services company
 * Stream Global Services, an outsourcing company
 * Stream unconference, a participant-driven technology meekon to bgamting

Computing and technology

 * Data stream, a sequence of signals in connection-oriented communication
 * Stream (computing), a sequence of data elements made available over time
 * Streamlet (scientific visualization), a graphical representation of flows
 * Standard streams, preconnected input and output streams for computer programs
 * Stream processing, a computer programming paradigm
 * Streaming media, multimedia streamed to an end-user
 * .stream, a generic top-level domain intended for streaming media sites
 * Live streaming, media broadcast in real-time to the viewer
 * Streaming services, list of subscription-based streaming platforms
 * STREAM, a memory bandwidth measurement convention, and a benchmark
 * STREAMS, a Unix System V framework

Other uses

 * Streaming (education), grouping students by academic ability
 * Flight Design Stream, a German paraglider design
 * Precious metals streaming, a business model

title: Stream (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Priscus (general)

Priscus (general) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 3 votes to delete, nominator's vote unclear, but not keep. Postdlf 02:44, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Priscus (general)
This substub is about Priscus, who already has a pretty good detailed article. "(general)" is a red herring: this is not about any general named Priscus. I bet it should be a speedy delete, but I'm not positive enough about the niceties to do that. Note: no redirect, either: who would look for "Priscus (general)"? and any minor general by that name — I know of none, but I wouldn't be surprised if there were one — should be redirected to another article altogether. — Bill 12:16, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. No content. P. Riis 16:25, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article is about the wrong Priscus. The general was someone entirely different (see also Gibbon) and not especially noteworthy. —No-One Jones (m) 16:34, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. NeoJustin 04:34 Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Hot plate

A hot plate or hotplate is a portable self-contained tabletop small appliance cooktop that features one or more electric heating elements or gas burners. A hot plate can be used as a stand-alone appliance, but is often used as a substitute for one of the burners from an oven range or a kitchen stove. Hot plates are often used for food preparation, generally in locations where a full kitchen stove would not be convenient or practical. A hot plate can have a flat surface or round surface. Hot plates can be used for traveling or in areas without electricity.

Hot plates can also be used as a heat source in laboratories.

Description
This type of cooking equipment is typically powered by electricity; however, gas fired hot plates were not uncommon in the 19th and 20th century and are still available in various markets around the world. Primarily used to heat/ keep food warm, or heat up water.

In scientific research

In laboratory settings, hot plates are generally used to heat glassware or its contents. Some hot plates also contain an integrated magnetic stirrer, allowing the heated liquid to be stirred automatically.

In a student laboratory, hot plates are used because baths can be hazards if they spill, overheat or ignite because they have high thermal inertia (meaning they take a long time to cool down) and mantles can be very expensive and are designed for specific flask volumes.

Two alternative methods for heating glassware using a hotplate are available. One method is to suspend glassware slightly above the surface of the plate with no direct contact. This not only reduces the temperature of the glass, but it also slows down the rate of heat exchange and encourages even heating. This works well for low boiling point operations or when a heat source's minimum temperature is high. Another method, called a teepee setup because it looks a little like a tipi, is to suspend glassware above a plate and surround the flask by a skirt of tinfoil. The skirt should start at the neck of the flask and drape down to the surface of the plate, not touching the sides of the flask, but covering the majority of the plates surface. This method is for glassware to be heated at higher temperatures because the flask is warmed indirectly by the hot air collecting under the skirt and unlike simply suspending the glassware, this method is better protected from drafts. Both these methods are useful in a student laboratory as they are cheaper, effective, safe, and the user does not have to wait for a bath to cool down after use.

Industrial hot plates
Hot plates are widely used for many industrial applications. These hot plates vary in size from 2 to over 300 square centimetres.

Typical operating temperatures vary from 100 to 750°C (212 to 1382°F) and power requirements are usually in the 120 to 480 volt range. Most industrial hot plates will withstand loads more than 150 pounds.

Industrial hot plates which incorporate a porous heated plate are referred to as heated chucks. These plates are used to heat thin sheets evenly by drawing the sheets firmly on the plate with a vacuum. These plates are widely used in the process of manufacturing semiconductors.

Hot plates using special material and protective coatings are used in mining and related industries to heat samples of toxic chemicals. Such hot plates are usually referred to as corrosion-resistant hot plates.

Hot plates are widely used in the electronics industry as a method of soldering and desoldering components onto circuit boards.

Hot plates with two heating surfaces are used to fuse plastic pipes. Many of these pipes are over 90-centimeter diameter. The two pipes to be fused are pressed against the plate till the edges are soft. The plate is removed and the two pipes are pressed together and bonded. This process is called butt fusion.

title: Hot plate


text:
Shannon Gilligan

Shannon Gilligan is an author of interactive fiction and computer games.

Early life and education
Gilligan graduated from Williams College in 1981 and spent a year abroad at Doshisha University in Kyoto, Japan.

Career
Gilligan has been extensively involved in the Choose Your Own Adventure series, having written five books in the main series and six others in the "Younger Readers" series. Her stepsons, Ramsey Montgomery(deceased) and Anson Montgomery, wrote several books in the series as well. Shannon was married to the series co-founder, R. A. Montgomery. She also writes the History Mystery Series and Our Secret Gang series for children. Over 2 million copies of her books are in print in several languages including English, Italian, Spanish and Turkish. She also worked in mystery computer games for Activision such as The Elk Moon Murder and the Murder Mystery series for Creative Multimedia. Following her work with Creative Multimedia, she would form Spark Interactive to develop the Windows and Mac software Comic Creator - which was voted “Best Software of the Year” by People Magazine in 1995. Gilligan is credited as the producer and director of Comic Creator, with R. A. Montgomery being the creator. She was the first person to be inducted into the Mystery Writers of America based on interactive works.

Choose Your Own Adventure series

 * #14 The Search for Champ (November 1983)
 * #15 The Three Wishes (April 1984)
 * #21 Mona Is Missing (October 1984)
 * #29 The Fairy Kidnap (August 1985)
 * #33 Haunted Harbor (April 1986)
 * #43 Home in Time for Christmas (December 1987)
 * #44 The Mystery of Ura Senke (May 1985)
 * #53 The Case of the Silk King (February 1986, adapted by ABC for an hour-long prime-time special)
 * #81 Terror in Australia (July 1988)
 * #119 The Terrorist Trap (November 1991)
 * #127 Showdown (August 1992)

Mystery games

 * The Elk Moon Murder
 * Who Killed Brett Penace? The Environmental Surfer
 * Who Killed Sam Rupert?
 * Who Killed Elspeth Haskard? The Magic Death
 * Who Killed Taylor French?
 * Comic Creator

title: Shannon Gilligan


text:
One Hour by the Concrete Lake

One Hour by the Concrete Lake is Pain of Salvation's second studio album. It is a concept album focusing on the issues of nuclear power and waste, displacement of indigenous peoples, the firearm industry, and human discovery.

Release history
One Hour by the Concrete Lake was first released by Avalon Records in Japan in July 1998. It was later released in Europe in January 1999 on InsideOut, in the USA in November 1999 on InsideOut America and in South America in November 1999 on Hellion.

Overview
One Hour by the Concrete Lake takes a more thorough and factual approach to its concept than its predecessor, Entropia. A number of facts are given in the album booklet, with a list of sources provided at the end. The chronological order of songs is the same as the track order (as opposed to Entropia) and a number of the events and places are real. For example, the Black Hills in North America and Lake Karachay in the former USSR. The sound is generally darker and more subdued than Entropia, with a harsh, industrial feel to the guitar tones.

Daniel Gildenlöw has personally, though reluctantly, stated that Concrete Lake is his least favorite Pain of Salvation album.

Concept
One Hour by the Concrete Lake follows the fictional tale of a man that works in the weapons industry. He begins to have doubts about the morality of his occupation, and realizes that he is just part of a big "machine" that controls his life. He makes a New Year's resolution to discover what consequences his life and his work have on other parts of the world, and decides to break free of the machine.

In the second chapter, he travels around the world to many different places and sees what effects his weapons are actually having. He remembers being told that the weapons he helped to make would save human lives and preserve the peace, yet all he sees are weapons being used by people to kill other people—which is their designed purpose. Furthermore, he finds native people (specifically, Native American Indians) struggling to reclaim their sacred land from the colonizing white man, who have also taken uranium from the ground and dumped radioactive waste into the local rivers.

In the third chapter, he arrives at shores of Lake Karachay (in Kyshtym in the former USSR). There, so much nuclear waste had been dumped over the past fifty years that if one stood by the shore for one hour, the exposure to radiation would be such that death from physical injuries would inevitably occur within two weeks. Concrete blocks have been placed in the lake, falling to the bottom to help compress sediments down and prevent them from shifting. Still it would take tens of thousands of years for the deleterious effects of the radiation to subside. Unfortunately, after ten years, the concrete had already begun to crack and split open. The water in the lake has been decreasing steadily over the years and will eventually leave a dry lake bed. In addition, the lake connects to many underground rivers that go out to sea.

The man's quest to leave the machine ends as he realizes that it is impossible for anyone to truly leave the machine. Outside one machine there are merely more machines. However, he also realizes that the "machine" is only made of its "wheels," so the only thing he can do is choose which machine he wants to be part of and take some responsibility for its direction.

The album ends with the idea that anyone could easily come to understand the significance and immorality of the issues raised in the album; it would only require them to stand for one hour by the concrete lake.

Track listing
All lyrics written by Daniel Gildenlöw. Music written by members listed below.

Note: These are the reported track lengths on the CD casing, however, the length of Inside Out goes for over 6 more minutes (includes a hidden track, Pilgrim Reprise). This increases the track length to 13:15, and the total album playing time to 60:00, linking the album length to the album title. In the South American edition, the hidden tracks are removed to make space for a bonus track, "Beyond the Mirror". The Japanese edition of this album also contains "Beyond the Mirror" as well as another bonus track, "Timeweaver's Tale".

Personnel

 * Daniel Gildenlöw - lead vocals, guitar
 * Kristoffer Gildenlöw - bass, vocals
 * Johan Hallgren - guitar, vocals
 * Fredrik Hermansson - keyboards and samplers
 * Johan Langell - drums and percussion, vocals

 * Additional personnel
 * Anders "Theo" Theander - producer, engineering
 * Jonas Reingold - engineering
 * Mats Olsson - mastering
 * Frasse Franzen - photos
 * Patrik Larsson/Peel Production - cover art
 * Katarina Åhlén - cello

title: One Hour by the Concrete Lake


text: Category:Lamb County, Texas

title: Category:Lamb County, Texas


text:
Entropia (album)

Entropia is Pain of Salvation's first studio album. It is a concept album concerning the story of a family in a fictional society that is torn apart by a war. The title is a portmanteau of Entropy (from thermodynamics, the measure of disorder present in a system), and Utopia (the ideal society). This is the only album to feature Daniel Magdic on guitar.

Release history
Entropia was first released by the Japanese company Marquee on their Avalon label in August 1997 (see 1997 in music). Following favourable reviews and positive fan reactions in the progressive rock/metal world, Marquee decided to fly Daniel over to Tokyo a week in October 1997 to promote the album. While in Tokyo, Daniel featured in various TV and radio shows, did interviews for the Japanese metal press, and performed in selected record stores. Around this time, purchasing albums through online record stores was commonplace, and fans from around the world began to do so with Entropia.

It was subsequently released in Romania (1998 on Rocris Discs), in Europe (September 1999 on InsideOut Music), in South America (September 1999 on Hellion), and in the USA (2000 on InsideOut America).

Concept
""This album is a very complex concept that is pretty hard to grasp. It is about a family in a war situation, about a father that fails to protect his family, about a child who needs a father and not a soldier, about a society that kills and excludes and then takes its hand away from the remains in shock of what it has become.

It is about a world I have chosen to call Entropia, which is a combination of the two words "Entropy" and "Utopia". Entropia is suspiciously similar to our world.""

- Daniel Gildenlöw

Track listing
All lyrics by Daniel Gildenlöw. All music by Daniel Gildenlöw except 1, 4 (part 2: "Memorials"), 6, 7 & 9 by Daniel Gildenlöw and Daniel Magdic.

Additional information

 * The Japanese version of "Entropia" has a bonus track after "To the End" titled "Never Learn to Fly".

Personnel

 * Daniel Gildenlöw - lead vocals, guitar
 * Kristoffer Gildenlöw - bass, vocals
 * Fredrik Hermansson - keyboards
 * Johan Langell - drums, vocals
 * Daniel Magdic - guitar, vocals

 * Additional personnel
 * Ander "Theo" Theander - Producer, engineering
 * Anders Hansson - Engineering

title: Entropia (album)


text:
Logic synthesis

In computer engineering, logic synthesis is a process by which an abstract specification of desired circuit behavior, typically at register transfer level (RTL), is turned into a design implementation in terms of logic gates, typically by a computer program called a synthesis tool. Common examples of this process include synthesis of designs specified in hardware description languages, including VHDL and Verilog. Some synthesis tools generate bitstreams for programmable logic devices such as PALs or FPGAs, while others target the creation of ASICs. Logic synthesis is one step in circuit design in the electronic design automation, the others are place and route and verification and validation.

History
The roots of logic synthesis can be traced to the treatment of logic by George Boole (1815 to 1864), in what is now termed Boolean algebra. In 1938, Claude Shannon showed that the two-valued Boolean algebra can describe the operation of switching circuits. In the early days, logic design involved manipulating the truth table representations as Karnaugh maps. The Karnaugh map-based minimization of logic is guided by a set of rules on how entries in the maps can be combined. A human designer can typically only work with Karnaugh maps containing up to four to six variables.

The first step toward automation of logic minimization was the introduction of the Quine–McCluskey algorithm that could be implemented on a computer. This exact minimization technique presented the notion of prime implicants and minimum cost covers that would become the cornerstone of two-level minimization. Nowadays, the much more efficient Espresso heuristic logic minimizer has become the standard tool for this operation. Another area of early research was in state minimization and encoding of finite-state machines (FSMs), a task that was the bane of designers. The applications for logic synthesis lay primarily in digital computer design. Hence, IBM and Bell Labs played a pivotal role in the early automation of logic synthesis. The evolution from discrete logic components to programmable logic arrays (PLAs) hastened the need for efficient two-level minimization, since minimizing terms in a two-level representation reduces the area in a PLA.

Two-level logic circuits are of limited importance in a very-large-scale integration (VLSI) design; most designs use multiple levels of logic. Almost any circuit representation in RTL or Behavioural Description is a multi-level representation. An early system that was used to design multilevel circuits was LSS from IBM. It used local transformations to simplify logic. Work on LSS and the Yorktown Silicon Compiler spurred rapid research progress in logic synthesis in the 1980s. Several universities contributed by making their research available to the public, most notably SIS from University of California, Berkeley, RASP from University of California, Los Angeles and BOLD from University of Colorado, Boulder. Within a decade, the technology migrated to commercial logic synthesis products offered by electronic design automation companies.

Commercial tools
The leading developers and providers of logic synthesis software packages are Synopsys, Cadence, and Siemens. Their synthesis tools are Synopsys Design Compiler, Cadence First Encounter and Siemens Precision RTL.

Logic elements
Logic design is a step in the standard design cycle in which the functional design of an electronic circuit is converted into the representation which captures logic operations, arithmetic operations, control flow, etc. A common output of this step is RTL description. Logic design is commonly followed by the circuit design step. In modern electronic design automation parts of the logical design may be automated using high-level synthesis tools based on the behavioral description of the circuit.

Logic operations usually consist of boolean AND, OR, XOR and NAND operations, and are the most basic forms of operations in an electronic circuit. Arithmetic operations are usually implemented with the use of logic operators.

High-level or behavioral
With a goal of increasing designer productivity, research efforts on the synthesis of circuits specified at the behavioral level have led to the emergence of commercial solutions in 2004, which are used for complex ASIC and FPGA design. These tools automatically synthesize circuits specified using high-level languages, like ANSI C/C++ or SystemC, to a register transfer level (RTL) specification, which can be used as input to a gate-level logic synthesis flow. Using high-level synthesis, also known as ESL synthesis, the allocation of work to clock cycles and across structural components, such as floating-point ALUs, is done by the compiler using an optimisation procedure, whereas with RTL logic synthesis (even from behavioural Verilog or VHDL, where a thread of execution can make multiple reads and writes to a variable within a clock cycle) those allocation decisions have already been made.

Multi-level logic minimization
Typical practical implementations of a logic function utilize a multi-level network of logic elements. Starting from an RTL description of a design, the synthesis tool constructs a corresponding multilevel Boolean network.

Next, this network is optimized using several technology-independent techniques before technology-dependent optimizations are performed. The typical cost function during technology-independent optimizations is total literal count of the factored representation of the logic function (which correlates quite well with circuit area).

Finally, technology-dependent optimization transforms the technology-independent circuit into a network of gates in a given technology. The simple cost estimates are replaced by more concrete, implementation-driven estimates during and after technology mapping. Mapping is constrained by factors such as the available gates (logic functions) in the technology library, the drive sizes for each gate, and the delay, power, and area characteristics of each gate.

title: Logic synthesis


text:
Talk:Walkman

Categories and Models
Suggested change - instead of a never ending stream of text would it be ok to have tables in each section detailing the models and features? And a section about the numbering and letter system in place, something along the lines of http://www.anythingbutipod.com/forum/showthread.php?t=33830 Discojim (talk) 01:30, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

Is this a valid reference?

1:03 mark

00:48, 8 November 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.108.211.43 (talk)

Samarium
According to this, the walkman was made possible because the use of samarium allowed for small, powerful magnets for the first time. Is this worth putting in the article? Totnesmartin (talk) 17:52, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

Sony Watchman
If there is going to be sections for the wide array of products that fall under the walkman line(including the Discman) shouldn't theree at least some mention of the Watchman portable TVs that sony made in the 80s and 90s? If only a link in the see other. While the Watchman is not directly related, the Video Walkman is not directly related either as it plays tapes and TV, not music. (Nokorola (talk) 05:08, 25 December 2010 (UTC))

Top picture
The term "Walkman" is I feel most commonly associated with the cassette players. As such, I think the picture at the top of the page should be of one of a classic cassette Walkman, not the modern mp3 players. Views? M0ffx (talk) 01:33, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Binksternet (talk) 06:35, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Hello M0ffx, I am not sure about that.. Changing the main picture to display an older product would not reflect its newness and might confuse people regarding its current existence, don't you think? I would even say it would be better to change the current picture to show a newer Walkman Model... Let me know if you agree. Cheers, Zalunardo8 (talk) 13:33, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

 * It is possible to have a pair of photos up at the top, with an early Walkman shown next to a recent model. Binksternet (talk) 14:14, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

Pavel background
"Pavel's background is nowhere near that of a much inventor". I'd fix this phrase, but I have no clue as to what is attempting to be said here. 98.154.221.203 (talk) 21:43, 27 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I deleted that bit. The editor who added it is trying to put Pavel down and to raise up another guy. Binksternet (talk) 22:56, 27 November 2011 (UTC)

Why were all references to Pavel (and the Stereobelt) removed? (21 July 2014) Sclaes (talk) 13:21, 28 July 2015 (UTC)

Du Gay
"Du Gay" fills up the references. Who or what is that? I can't find anything Googling that. RocketLauncher2 (talk) 22:01, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Hi RocketLauncher2, Paul Du Gay is the author of the book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman, that makes a case study of the Sony Walkman and how it changed the society culturally (e.g. how ideas of personal space changed after the release of the product, for example). Here is the link to the book: http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Doing_Cultural_Studies.html?id=Gop0dQGKm5sC&redir_esc=y . Hope this helps! Cheers, Zalunardo8 (talk) 10:42, 21 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Taking a second look, the references are completely not clear. I will correct it! Thanks for spotting it, Zalunardo8 (talk) 10:49, 21 May 2013 (UTC)

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 is Not a Prequel
Hey guys, the way the intro paragraph is written, it makes Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 sound like a prequel. It's not, it's a sequel. See, second sentence in the intro paragraph (and several other places throughout the article). Miiiiiiiight want to get that fixed. Also worth noting is that (a) Peter Quill's specific Walkman is of the original model, the TPS-L2, as pictured later on in this page (per ), and that (spoiler alert/tags appropriate here, if supported) it is destroyed in the second film by Ego and, in the end, replaced by a Microsoft Zune (this information should probably also be added to the previously-linked Wikipedia page on the film). 2606:A000:4C0E:D00:B141:B77D:DE3E:A900 (talk) 05:39, 18 June 2017 (UTC)starhawk aka laserhawk64@gmail.com

the official explanation. "Sony America" hated the name Walkman.
Sony President and co-founder Akio Morita had hated the name "Walkman" and asked that it be changed, but relented after being told by junior executives that a promotion campaign had already begun using the brand name and that it would be too expensive to change. Eventually "Walkman" caught on globally and Sony used the name worldwide.

This information is incorrect.

https://www.sony.co.jp/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/capsule/20/ "Sony America" hated the name Walkman. The product name Sony Disco Jogger was proposed by Sony America.

221.189.72.185 (talk) 23:48, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

English page. https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/capsule/20/

Of course, "Walkman" is Janglish. Overseas sales companies objected to this Japanese-English name, and proposed others. Sony America initially suggested "Sony Disco Jogger" because both disco and jogging were then all the rage in America.221.189.72.185 (talk) 00:03, 22 July 2017 (UTC)

I can confirm that Akio Morita didn't hate the name. At the time I was a Sony contractor and they asked me to suggest names for the product. I made about 100 suggestions, because they didn't accept the first batch and I kept submitting more. Then they said "Mr. Morita wants to use the name 'Walkman'." I replied that this was terrible and not even English, so they had me continue making suggestions. But finally the Walkman name was made final. Since I live in Japan I never realized until I read this Wikipedia article that other names were used overseas.BruceThomson (talk) 03:59, 17 September 2021 (UTC)

a better history
John Nathan's excellent book "sony: the private life" has a pretty good account of the birth of the walkman, which goes into sufficient detail as to suggest he got closer to may of the sources (ohga, morita, morita's wife & so on). details like the japanese attitude to over-ear headphones, a social discomfort surrounding headphones at all (to do with impaired hearing & a feeling of shame)... morita's wife's suggestion that the machine was antisocial, leading to the second headphone socket & the hotline feature... the name 'walkman' being japan-only but "escaping" into the other territories ahead of the machine & its marketing under different names, courtesy of wealthy tourists, flight-crews & business travellers exporting the japanese version of the tps-l2...

but his account starts with sony at a low point after the failure of betamax, & he characterises morita "conjuring the walkman out of thin air" as the beginning of sony's revival.

I've a lot of problems with this article. it's sloppily written & lacks detail. the 'pro' section ignores the TC-D3 entirely, a grave omission. there are typos here & there too. but it definitely needs a rewrite to include some of nathan's account, to place the development of the pressman into the walkman in some sort of context.

duncanrmi (talk) 20:29, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

Why is Android (Linux) Related?
I just cannot imagine the link from this page to the one on Android. There is no mention of Walkman on that page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Buchskj (talk • contribs) 02:37, 19 March 2019 (UTC)

 * I have no idea either. - BilCat (talk) 02:53, 19 March 2019 (UTC)

Types
Sony's twin cassette walkman. Setenzatsu.2 (talk) 20:07, 24 April 2020 (UTC)
 * What about it? The article makes no mention of any specific models other than the first. If there's something particularly notable about this model then tell us what and source it. Meters (talk) 05:41, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Hahaha. The guy/girl said, "twin cassette" walkman. It doesn't require a genius to figure out what "particularly notable about this model" is. Have you heard of google. So your logic is if smb decided to mention only one model, other models should not be mentioned? What kind of logic is that? Where is that rule in the rulebook? 89.201.184.245 (talk) 06:23, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Not interested in an IP's guesses. If the poster wants to suggest an addition to the article he or she should actually do so, with sources. Meters (talk) 07:19, 28 April 2020 (UTC)

Sony's line of DAPs
I re-added the line about Sony's line of DAPs known as Network Walkman since it was removed as unverified. NW moniker is used on many of their DAP products and product literature. It is also a Sony trademark. Most likely it is also why thier DAP product model IDs start with "NW", but couldn't find a citation for that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 135.180.81.126 (talk) 10:45, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

Who really invented the "Walkman"?
Many say it was a man with the name Andreas Pavel, he also had patented his so called Stereobelt years before Sony developed their Walkman and after years in court finally in 2003 Pavel and Sony settled for a payment in the low eight figures, so something between ten and twenty million dollars.--212.95.5.1 (talk) 21:15, 10 June 2021 (UTC)
 * What of it? The article does not make any claims about who first came up with the concept of a portable player. This is an article about the Sony Walkman. If you want to suggest an addition to the article then propose it, and provide reliable sources, not hand waving such as "Many suggest" and guesses such as "low eight figures, so something between ten and twenty million dollars." Meters (talk) 22:05, 10 June 2021 (UTC)

This is the https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/17/world/americas/an-unlikely-trendsetter-made-earphones-a-way-of-life.html article 2603:8080:4900:CBB1:0:0:0:1ECF (talk) 02:51, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

Radio Walkman info seems wrong or misleading
Prior to April 13, 2022 the infobox gives for Lifespan July 1, 1979 – October 25, 2010 (Compact Cassette Tape Edition); Approximately 1979 (AM/FM radio); July 1, 1984 – present (all other editions) The first transistor radio that Sony labeled "FM Walkman" was the SRF-40, released in Japan in 1980 according to Japanese blogs, and 1981 (as the SRF-40W) according to US sites. I don't know what the "lifespan" of Walkman radios was. The precise date "July 1, 1984" for "all other editions" seems to refer to the release of the Discman. But since the FM Walkman preceded it, this is too much information in the infobox that's not in the article. So I shortened it to July 1, 1979 – October 25, 2010 (Compact Cassette player); 1981 – present (other media players) in the same revision wherein I mention the first FM Walkman (transistor radio) and Walkman-cassette-player-with-a-radio. Skierpage (talk) 21:00, 13 April 2022 (UTC)

Andreas Pavel
If you look at the wiki entry on him, it says:

He was german born, not brazilian.

He won the case against Sony and received an 8-figure settlement and royalties. 2001:9E8:439A:4200:B0B2:B1B1:964B:EC72 (talk) 12:56, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Writing Workshop
— Assignment last updated by MeeseeksEverywhere (talk) 01:27, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Walkman


text:
George Street, Sydney

George Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney.

It was Sydney's original high street, and remains one of the busiest streets in the city centre. It connects a number of the city's most important buildings and precincts. There are more high rise buildings here than on any other street in Australia. Amongst Australia's 100 largest listed companies, more are located here than on any other street.

The street begins in the north end of Sydney in The Rocks, near the Sydney Harbour Bridge, and extends to the southern end of the city, near Central Station and Ultimo, where it leads into Railway Square. From here Broadway is the continuation of George Street turning westwards, leading to the western suburbs as Parramatta Road.

History
The origins of George Street lie in the layout of the Sydney Cove colony. Captain Arthur Phillip placed the convicts and marines on the rocky western slopes of the bay. A track leading from the convicts' encampment in the area of The Rocks, past the marine barracks and alongside the banks of a stream to a brick pit, located near to the present location of Central station with some arguing that it follows paths and tracks already created by the local Aboriginal people. This track that eventually became George Street is one of the two original thoroughfares, along with the track that became Bridge Street. It is possible that George Street was the first street in Australia. Until 1810 George Street was generally referred to as High Street in the English custom, although the northern part of the thoroughfare was also sometimes referred to as "Sergeant Major's Row" and, earlier, as "Spring Row" (since water carriers had originally established the route as a link between the Tank Stream, the Military encampment and the hospital). The Street was formally named for King George III by Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1810.

On 8 August 1907 at Bateman's Crystal Hotel on George Street, a meeting resolved to form the New South Wales Rugby Football League, Australia's first professional rugby football association and predecessor to the modern-day National Rugby League. In 1937, Frank Jenner committed to telling ten different people on George Street about Christianity every day thenceforward.

Until 2016, George Street was the route for Sydney's Anzac Day parade until made unavailable by CBD and South East Light Rail construction work. It now proceeds via Elizabeth Street. The Light Rail line through George Street began services in December 2019.

From 2019 to 2022, the majority of George Street between Bridge St (near Circular Quay) and Rawson Place (near Central Station) was progressively converted into a pedestrian mall.

Precincts
Being a major street through central Sydney, George Street is often seen in terms of a number of distinct sections or precincts. From north to south, they include:
 * The Rocks: At the northern end of George Street, north of Alfred Street, is The Rocks, the location of the first British settlement in Australia begun in 1788. There are many souvenir shops, restaurants and traditional pubs, as well as art galleries and the Museum of Contemporary Art. Here George Street ends as it reaches Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour). The area is dominated by the approaches to the Sydney Harbour Bridge, and faces the Sydney Opera House across Circular Quay. Circular Quay railway station and ferry terminals are located nearby.
 * Wynyard: The area along George Street from King Street in the south up to Alfred Street in the north is given over largely to offices of large corporations and financial institutions, interspersed with retail, large hotels and large-scale bars and entertainment facilities. An important cross street in this precinct is Martin Place, the location of the Sydney Cenotaph and the Sydney General Post Office. Wynyard railway station is located in the northern part of this precinct.
 * The Strand Arcade interior photographed from the top level, Sydney 02.jpg; one of the many retail strips on George Street, and one of the only remaining arcade/atrium style shopping centres in Sydney.]] Town Hall: Along the central section of George Street, this precinct is noted as the location of three important historic buildings: St Andrew's Cathedral, the Sydney Town Hall; and the Queen Victoria Building shopping centre. These are well served by Town Hall station. The surrounding area features large scale retail operations, such as the main Sydney store of the department store Myer. Pitt Street Mall, a large retail precinct, is located close by.
 * Cinema District: Situated on the hill overlooking Chinatown, this area used to feature the three largest cinemas in Sydney, however the three cinemas (Hoyts, Greater Union and Village Roadshow) merged their theatres into one complex, which was ultimately bought out by Greater Union in December 2005. The Cinema District also houses many video arcades, Internet cafes, fast food restaurants and pubs and is very busy after dark.
 * Chinatown: Sydney's traditional, main Chinatown is located in Haymarket, near to the southern end of George Street. The Chinatown precinct is situated mostly to the west of the street but also extends to the east of the street. A centre of retail shops and restaurants, features of Chinatown located close to George Street include a tree stump (near the intersection with Hay Street) gilded in gold and dripping water, which was presented to the Chinese community of Sydney with the message that it would bring good fortune to them. Close by is the Capitol Theatre, which often hosts the Sydney runs of international musicals.
 * Railway Square: the southern end of George Street is a confluence of several busy streets. It is so-named because it is adjacent to the Sydney Central station, and the square itself is the site of a large bus terminus. Railway Square is today ringed by hotels and small-scale retail, and is also the site of a campus of the Sydney Institute of TAFE.

Transport
On 8 December 1899, an electric tramway was opened along George Street to Harris Street. This reduced the traditional dependence on horses and human feet. In 1959 the trams were replaced by diesel buses. Bus lanes were introduced from Bridge Street to Broadway southbound and Broadway to Jamiestown Street northbound in July 1997. Until October 2015, George Street was the busiest street in Sydney in terms of number of buses per hour; most bus services to the inner western and north-western suburbs traveled along part of or most of George Street.

Many of the principal railway stations in the Sydney city centre are located on or near George Street. At the northern end of George Street, is Circular Quay station. Wynyard underground station was constructed in the same period at a location adjacent to George Street, with a major entrance to George Street near Hunter Street. Next south is Town Hall station is located under George Street near the Sydney Town Hall and at the southern end is Sydney Central station.

Light rail development
In response to increasing bus congestion in the CBD, on 13 December 2012, the NSW Government announced a commitment to build a light rail from Circular Quay down George Street to Central station before continuing east to Kensington and Randwick.

In conjunction with the light rail works, the City of Sydney pedestrianised sections of George Street between Hunter and Bathurst Streets, with the intention of making George Street "Sydney's premier retail and pedestrian street". The state government announced it would support the plan. Light rail construction commenced in October 2015 resulting in the closure of George Street. The light rail through George Street opened on 14 December 2019. However, the southbound lane between Bathurst Street and Campbell Street was never reopened and remained closed to traffic.

In May 2020, City of Sydney proposed to convert the southern section of George Street to a pedestrian-only boulevard, extending southwards the existing boulevard that was constructed under the light rail project. In July 2020, the northbound lane from Ultimo Street to Bathurst Street and the southbound lane from Campbell Street to Rawson Place was temporarily closed. The closure was made permanent in the Council meeting in December 2020. Works to convert the southern section of George Street to a pedestrian boulevard along with other traffic treatments started in March 2021. The section between Bathurst Street and Goulburn Street was completed in September 2021.

title: George Street, Sydney


text:
List of ecofeminist authors

An alphabetized list of ecofeminist writers includes the following:

 * Diane Ackerman
 * Carol J. Adams
 * Margarita Carretero-González
 * Rachel Carson
 * Carol P. Christ
 * Chris Cuomo
 * Mary Daly
 * Françoise d'Eaubonne
 * Barbara Ehrenreich
 * Clarissa Pinkola Estes
 * Alice Fulton
 * Greta Gaard
 * Chellis Glendinning
 * Alice Gorman
 * Mary Grey
 * Susan Griffin
 * Donna Haraway
 * Helena Norberg-Hodge
 * Allison Hedge Coke
 * Valerie Ann Kaaland
 * Stephanie Kaza
 * Petra Kelly
 * Robin Wall Kimmerer
 * Anna Kingsford
 * Winona LaDuke
 * Joanna Macy
 * Wangari Muta Maathai
 * Lynn Margulis
 * Carolyn Merchant
 * Maria Mies
 * Mary Midgely
 * Layli Phillips
 * Gloria Feman Orenstein
 * Judith Plaskow
 * Val Plumwood
 * Alicia Puleo
 * Arundhati Roy
 * Rosemary Radford Ruether
 * Ariel Salleh
 * Carol Lee Sanchez
 * Vandana Shiva
 * Leanne Betasamosake Simpson
 * Charlene Spretnak
 * Starhawk
 * Merlin Stone
 * Sophie Strand
 * Sheri S. Tepper
 * Mary Evelyn Tucker
 * Linda Vance
 * Alice Walker
 * Barbara Walker
 * Marilyn Waring
 * Karen J. Warren
 * Sheila Watt-Cloutier
 * Terry Tempest Williams
 * Laura Wright

Literature and poetry

 * Kelli Russell Agodon
 * Margaret Atwood
 * Jean Auel
 * Marion Zimmer Bradley
 * Octavia Butler
 * Climbing PoeTree - Alixa Garcia, Naima Penniman
 * Natalie Diaz
 * Annie Dillard
 * Charlotte Perkins Gilman
 * Geneen Marie Haugen
 * Linda Hogan
 * Sue Monk Kidd
 * Barbara Kingsolver
 * Ursula K. Le Guin
 * Sylvia Lindsteadt
 * Toni Morrison
 * Mary Oliver
 * Marge Piercy
 * Patti Ann Rogers
 * Nandini Sahu
 * Eva Saulitis
 * Ntozake Shange
 * Alice Walker

title: List of ecofeminist authors


text:
The Perfect Element, Part I

The Perfect Element, Part I is Pain of Salvation's third studio album, released in October 2000. It is a concept album that focuses on the forming of the individual, particularly on the events from one's childhood and adolescence. It is the first segment of a planned three-part concept. The Perfect Element, Part II was released in 2007 under the title Scarsick.

Overview
"The album is in a way a blend of the two earlier albums, with the groove and originality of Entropia and the focus, thoroughness and production of One Hour by the Concrete Lake. However, it will be quite unique as an album."

Analysis
The Perfect Element, Part I is the first part of a planned, two-piece concept, and is divided into three chapters, each containing four tracks.

Part one of the concept is a story of human development, which focuses specifically on the progression from childhood to adolescence. It contains many themes within its context which include:

 * Child abuse (sexual and physical)
 * Sexuality
 * Tragedy
 * Drug abuse
 * Love
 * Pain
 * Anger
 * Loss (of life and innocence, among other things)
 * Shame
 * Regret
 * Despair
 * Inner struggles

All these themes are dealt with as the story explores the lives of two characters, one male and one female (known commonly as "He" and "She") who are broken, dysfunctional people. They meet in the events of the song "Ashes" after the first two songs of the album present us with a depiction of their troubled pasts ("Used" for "He" and in "In the Flesh" for "She"). After that introduction, the concept focuses on the inner struggles and feelings of the characters after the events on "Ashes", and we also have some memory flashes, telling us more about their pasts and revealing what events in their lives caused them to become what they are, finally ending with the "falling" of He on the last song, "The Perfect Element".

Track listing
All lyrics by Daniel Gildenlöw. All music and arrangements by Daniel Gildenlöw except the middle part of "Her Voices" by Daniel Gildenlöw and Fredrik Hermansson, and the "Once..." part of "The Perfect Element" by Daniel Gildenlöw and Johan Langell. String arrangements by Daniel Gildenlöw and Fredrik Hermansson.

Concept, lyrics and artwork by Daniel Gildenlöw.

A Limited Edition has been also released with an extra cd including bonus tracks and multimedia application containing videos ("Ashes", "Exclamation") and additional material/information.

Extra CD:

 * 1. "Beyond the Mirror" - 8:20
 * 2. "Never Learn to Fly" - 5:10
 * 3. "Time Weaver’s Tale" - 6:19
 * 4. (PC multimedia track with videos, photos, interview, additional information/material and hidden area)

Personnel

 * Daniel Gildenlöw – lead vocals, guitar, producer, mixing, mastering
 * Kristoffer Gildenlöw – bass, backing vocals
 * Johan Hallgren – guitar, backing vocals, mixing
 * Fredrik Hermansson – keyboards, Steinway and samples
 * Johan Langell – drums, backing vocals, mixing, mastering

 * Additional personnel
 * Anders "Theo" Theander – producer, engineering
 * Pontus Lindmark – engineering
 * Mihai Cucu – strings
 * Camilla Andersson – strings
 * Petter Axelsson – strings
 * Gretel Gradén – strings
 * Johnny Björk – strings
 * Daniel Gildenlöw/Gildenlöw MultiMedia – artwork
 * Elin Iggsten – photos
 * Johanna Iggsten – photos
 * Fredrik Hallgren – photos

title: The Perfect Element, Part I


text:
RTÉ News on Two

RTÉ News on Two was a late-night news programme that aired each Monday to Thursday on Irish public television channel RTÉ Two between 2 November 1978 and 18 September 2014. The transmission time of this programme varied each night, but it generally aired between 22:45 and 23:30. Until 4 January 2013, the programme was broadcast every Monday to Thursday, lasting 22 minutes, reducing to ten minutes after this date. A world weather forecast followed each broadcast.

RTÉ News on Two took a different agenda to other RTÉ News and Current Affairs programmes. Its content was customised for a younger audience, and presenters and journalists tend to use more informal language on the programme. From 2 October 2006 the bulletin was presented by Eileen Whelan, following the departure of Anthony Murnane, who was with the programme from the beginning. Eamonn Falvey edited the programme from 2 April 2007 until December 2009. Gareth O'Connor was the programme editor until 2010. It was mainly presented by Eileen Whelan, Aengus Mac Grianna and Una O'Hagan.

From 5 March 2007 until 18 September 2014, RTÉ News on Two was streamed live on the internet and archive shows are available to view through the RTÉ website. For the duration of the 2011 general election campaign, RTÉ News on Two in its regular format was only aired on Thursday night, with a reformatted programme, The Eleventh Hour, airing Monday-Wednesday (with a short RTÉ News on Two extended summary airing beforehand).

History
The programme began as Newsnight in 1978 and was usually the last programme of the day during RTÉ 2's first ten years on the air. It was largely an international news service with reports from BBC News, ITN, ABC News, CBS News and other American networks.

On 3 October 1988, RTÉ 2 relaunched as Network 2, and their news programme was relaunched as Network News. It was a regular RTÉ News bulletin but the new name reflected the new name of the channel it was broadcast on.

In 1997, as part of RTÉ's revamp of Network 2 as "N2", the programme was completely changed and renamed News 2. News 2 was presented by Sharon Ní Bheoláin (who had presented Nuacht RTÉ for a number of years) and Anthony Murnane. Both presenters would present alternating weeks, with another presenter for the sports news. Unlike RTÉ News on RTÉ One, News 2 was presented from a green screen studio, the presenters sat on high stools, the main news presenter would sit on the right with the sports presenter on the left at different desks.

In 2003, RTÉ began another rebranding exercise and choose to highlight what channels they own, hence N2 was relaunched as RTÉ N2 (however continuity referred to the channel as RTÉ Network 2). The RTÉ Network 2 news programme was restored to the regular RTÉ News look and branding (as RTÉ News on Two), and now broadcasts from the regular RTÉ News studio, but many of the innovations of News 2 and the younger agenda remain. For example, the presenter usually stands to introduce the first story.

The series was replaced by two early evening bulletins called News Feed on 22 September 2014, which ran until January 2017.

For a period of time a live late-night news programme aired on both RTÉ One and RTÉ News Now on Friday nights between September and May after The Late Late Show.

There are no morning or late night news bulletins on any RTÉ channel.

title: RTÉ News on Two


text:
Start Point, Devon

Start Point is a promontory in the South Hams district in Devon, England,. Close to the most southerly point in the county, it marks the southern limit of Start Bay, which extends northwards to the estuary of the River Dart.

The rocks of the point are greenschist and mica-schist, formed by metamorphism of Devonian sediments during a period of mountain building towards the end of the Carboniferous period.

The name "Start" derives from an Anglo-Saxon word steort, meaning a tail. This root also appears in the names of birds with distinctive tails, like the redstart.

Features
As a result of the many shipwrecks in the area, Start Point lighthouse was built in 1836 to alert ships to the danger of the point and its surrounding rocks. The lighthouse and the area's birdlife make it a popular spot for visitors, and Start Point is accessible to walkers from the South West Coast Path.

The Start Point transmitting station is located on top of the promontory, just north-west of the lighthouse. Built in 1939, it nowadays transmits only a single broadcast, BBC Radio 5 Live.

title: Start Point, Devon


text:
Petr Kostka

Petr Kostka (born 11 June 1938) is a Czech actor.

Kostka was born in Říčany near Prague, Czechoslovakia. In 2003, he received Thalia Award for performing Herman in Smíšené pocity Mixed Emotions.

Selected filmography

 * Fetters (1961)
 * A Jester's Tale (1964)
 * Zítra vstanu a opařím se čajem (1977)
 * Což takhle dát si špenát (1977)
 * Jára Cimrman Lying, Sleeping (1983)
 * Fešák Hubert (1984)
 * Inženýrská odysea

title: Petr Kostka