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Jizzakh

Jizzakh (Jizzax/Жиззах, ) is a city and the center of Jizzakh Region in Uzbekistan, located in the northeast of Samarkand. Jizzakh is a district-level city. The population of Jizzakh is 179,200 (2020 est.).

Etymology
According to one version, the name of the city comes from the Sogdian word "Dizak", which means "small fortress" or "small fort".

History
Jizzakh was an important Silk Road junction on the road connecting Samarkand with the Fergana Valley. It is at the edge of Golodnaya Steppe, and next to the strategic Pass of Jilanuti (Timur's Gate) in the Turkestan Mountains, controlling the approach to the Zeravshan Valley, Samarkand and Bukhara.

The name Jizzakh likely derives from the Sogdian word for "small fort" and the present city is built of the site of the town which belonged to Osrushana. After the Arab conquest of Sogdiana, Jizzakh served as a market town between the nomadic raiders and settled farmers. The Arabs built a series of rabats (blockhouses) at Jizzakh, housing ghazis to protect the people. Under the Abbasids, rule of the region of Osrushana was given over to the house of Saman, who split the wider region amongst themselves under Abbasid suzerainty. In 892, Ismail Samani united the regions under his family's control, and effectively gained the region's independence from the Abbasids, founding the Samanid Empire.

After the fall of the Samanid's around the year 1000, Jizzakh fell under the rule of the Kara-Khanid Khanate. The Khanate had a string of successes, conquering the whole region of Transoxiana and pushing east into the Western Tarim Basin. In 1041, the khanate splintered into two. After a decade of infighting, the split was formalized into an eastern and western khanate, with Jizzakh falling into the western portion. After their conquest of Samarkand in 1086, the Seljuk Empire forced the western khanate to submit to their rule.

Jizzakh next fell under the control of the Khwarazmian Empire, who began as vassals to the Seljuks but eventually managed to become fully independent by 1190. Under their rule, they conquered much of Persia and Central Asia, leading to economic growth. This situation of relative prosperity was brought to an abrupt end in 1219 when the newly formed Mongol Empire invaded Khwarazmia. The Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire was one of their most brutal campaigns, and many cities were destroyed including Jizzakh. In 1220, the city was invaded and destroyed, resulting in most of the population being killed and the majority of the city being leveled. Under Mongol rule, the city struggled to recover, and went into a state of decay.

The Mongol Empire was divided among the grandsons of Genghis Khan, Jizzakh was included in the portion known as the Chagatai Khanate. This Khanate included Transoxiana, the Fergana Valley, the Tarim Basin, the region around Turpan, and much of what is today southern Kazakhstan. Despite being a key piece of the great Mongol Empire, the Chagatai Khanate began to fragment as early as the year 1300. In the 1340s, the khanate split into two. Moghulistan, or the eastern portion, retained the Tarim Basin and southern Kazakhstan. Jizzakh fell into the western portion, which was initially controlled by Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur, the last independently powerful Khan in the Transoxiana region.

In 1346 a tribal chief, Amir Qazaghan, killed Qazan and set up a puppet Khan. This marked a new era of khans with Mongol ancestry being used as politically legitimizing puppets, but lacking any real control. In 1370, after defeating his rivals in the region, Timur took control of Transoxiana, including Jizzakh. Early in his career, Timur fought regularly with Moghulistan to his north and east. Jizzakh, geographically near the border of Timur's realm and Moghulistan and controlling a key mountain pass, was likely rebuilt and refortified during this period.

Under the Timurid Empire, Central Asia experienced a blossoming of art and culture. Jizzakh, with its proximity to the empire's northern border and location of trade routes to the capital Samarkand likely experienced growth and revitalization. The empire began to weaken in the second half of the 15th century. In 1488, an Uzbek contingent led by Muhammad Shaybani helped Moghulistan defeat the Timurids in their attempt to conquer Tashkent, at the Battle of the Chirciq River. After this Timurid defeat, their power fell while Shaybani's power grew in the area between Tashkent and Samarkand. It is unclear if Jizzakh was held by Shaybani or as a Timurid bastion in these early years of Shaybani's rise to power. In 1500, he certainly controlled the city, as he needed it in his campaign to take the Timurid capital of Samarkand. In the next ten years his forces also captured Bukhara, Herat, and most of the surrounding region.

Shaybani established the Khanate of Bukhara, which would control Jizzakh for the next 100 years. Between 1600 and the mid 1700s, Jizzakh regularly changed hands, often functioning independently of neighboring powers. Uzbek nobility controlled the city during this era. In the 1740s, the emirs of Bukhara seized power from the remaining leaders of the Khanate of Bukhara. At some point between this time, and the official founding of the Emirate of Bukhara in 1785, Jizzakh fell under the control of the Emirs. It would stay as a part of the Emirate of Bukhara until the 1860s. In 1866, Jizzakh was a major fortress for the Emirate of Bukhara. This was in part due to its position near the border with Russian Turkestan. The Russian conquest of Central Asia had begun in the 18th century, and by the 1860s the Russians controlled a line of forts along the Syr Darya, just 70 miles from Jizzakh. In 1864, hostilities broke out between the Russians and the Emirate of Bukhara. Russian General Mikhail Chernyayev, the “Lion of Tashkent” failed in his first attempt to take Jizzakh, but succeed in his second try, with a loss of 6 men, against 6000 dead for the defenders. The old town was mostly destroyed, its remaining inhabitants evicted, and Russian settlers brought in.

After its incorporation into the Russian Empire, Imperial agents placed Jizzakh under the jurisdiction of the Samarkand Oblast following its establishment in 1887. At the turn of the 19th century, the region was populated by what the Russian authorities qualified as ethnic Uzbeks, who made up more than half of the population, with Tajiks constituting another quarter of the population and other ethnicities including Kazakhs and Uyghurs making up the rest. After a railway was built to Tashkent in 1906, Russian settlers began to pour into the region. This led to resentment, and land was often seized from locals by the government and given over to settlers. While few settlers moved to the Jizzakh region, Russian policies of land surveying, and redistribution angered natives who had their rights to grazing land and other key commodities restricted by the government. In 1916, Jizzakh was a center of an anti-Russian uprising. The revolt broke out after the Russians announced local men would be conscripted to do manual labor behind the front lines during World War I. This violated treaties the Russians had signed with during their conquest of the region that had promised to not conscripted locals. Most of the revolt was focused in the southern portions of the Jizzakh region, both the city and the mountains south of it. In 1917, Jizzakh's most famous native son, Sharof Rashidov, future secretary of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan, was born. During the Russian civil war, Jizzakh was inititally a part of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. After a debate among the communists about whether the region should embrace a more pan-Turkish identity, or be divided into smaller ethnic republics, the later side won out. National delimitation in Central Asia was started in 1924, and Jizzakh was placed in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic.

Modern Jizzakh is quietly tree-lined European, with almost nothing remaining of the pre-Rashidov era. The city has two universities, with a total of approximately 7,000 students, and is home to a football team, Sogdiana Jizzakh, which plays in the Uzbek League (Super Liga).

Geography
Jizzakh is an ancient oasis. The Turkestan and Nurata ridges, which surround the southern and part of the western part of the country, and the Arnasay-Aydar-Tuzkan lakes in the northern part of the country, provides a temperate climate. The peaks are covered with snow and glaciers, Chovkar mountain, in the foothills of the Usturshona system there are thick pine forests.

From the slopes of the mountains at an altitude of 1800 meters above sea level, pine forests begin. As the mountains rise, the pine forest thickens.

There are more than 20 caves in the region. Although they have not been studied by experts, only amateurs who have observed the Peshawar cave recall that inside the cave there is a large and long square (hall), a red hearth, paintings on stone walls and petroglyphic inscriptions abound. In addition, the long cave is artificially fenced and additional stairs are made for the next hall, which testifies to the fact that primitive people lived here in ancient times.

The huge cave south of Mount Molguzar was once used as a Buddhist temple. The book "History of the Sui Dynasty" also mentions the Eastern TSao (Usturshona), "There is the city of Yecha. It is a closed cave in the city and is sacrificed twice a year. Or the cultural Tavakbulak, located on the shoulders of Mount Molguzar at an altitude of two thousand six hundred meters above sea level, can be called a miracle. On the river Aktash in Bakhmal district there is a huge cemetery on the shoulders of steep mountains, next to it there is a magnificent gorge "Blood Drop".

Or the spring that rises from the Suffa Square at the top of the mountain in Zaamin district, the nearby Muzbulak, the garden built on the top of a high mountain in Bakhmal - all this speaks of ancient history. Rivers attached to the mountains, springs flowing from glaciers, groves covering the ravines. About 100 medicinal herbs... On the banks of the Poyimard river in Jizzakh district, in the middle of a 20-meter-high rocky outcrop, all of them are natural monuments, all of which testify to the existence of primitive man.

Climate
Jizzakh has a sharply continental version of a Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa). January lows average −4 °C and July highs average 34.9 °C. The climate at the foot of the mountains is milder than that of deserts and steppes. Annual precipitation is 400 to 500 mm in the south and 250 to 300 mm in the north. The frost-free period totals between 210 and 240 days, whilst annual sunshine totals 2800 to 3000 hours. There are many rivers flowing from the mountains, of which the largest are Sangzor and Zaamin.

Population
The population of the city as of 2020 was 179,900. The overwhelming part of the population is Uzbeks.

The number of the city's residents is constantly growing, which is due to the general growth of the country's population, as well as the fact that the city as an administrative center is attractive to the population of its own and visitors from other regions.

National composition as of 2011: Uzbeks — 140,700 people (87.8%), Russians — 6,300 people (3.9%), Tajiks — 2,720 people (1.7%), others (including Kazakhs, Tatars, Ukrainians, Kyrgyz and others) — 10,600 people (6.6%).

Main tourist sights

 * Sharof Rashidov Memorial Museum
 * Provincial Museum

Notable people

 * Patokh Chodiev
 * Hamid Olimjon
 * Sharof Rashidov
 * Sardor Rashidov

Education
=== Schools ===

 * There are 29 public schools, numbered from 1 to 29
 * Jizzakh Specialized School of Arts
 * Jizzakh Specialized Olympic Reserve Boarding School
 * KOBMMI
 * IBMI
 * Boarding school for gifted children named after "Umid"
 * A special boarding school for the blind and visually impaired children.
 * Special boarding school for children with speech impediment No. 32.

=== Lyceums ===

 * Academic lyceum under Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute
 * Academic lyceum "Sayiljoy" under the Jizzakh State Pedagogical Institute
 * Academic lyceum No. 2 under Jizzakh State Pedagogical Institute

=== Colleges ===

 * Jizzakh Light Industry Vocational College
 * Jizzakh Medical College
 * Jizzax College of Pedagogy
 * Jizzakh Vocational College of Architecture and Construction
 * Jizzakh Regional Law College
 * Jizzakh City Vocational College of Economics and Service

Universities

 * Jizzakh State Pedagogical University
 * Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute
 * Uzbekistan National University Jizzakh Branch
 * Kazan Federal University Jizzakh Branch
 * Sambhram University Jizzakh Campus

Sport
Jizzakh is a city with long sports traditions and actively developing professional sports. Sports development is supervised by the Department of Culture and Sports of Jizzakh Region.

Football

The city has a soccer club "Sogdiana" (called "Jizzakh" in 1970-1972 and 1975-1976). It plays its home matches at the stadium of the "Sogdiana" sports complex - a multipurpose arena, rebuilt in 2015 and now designed for 11,650 spectators (previously - the "Central" stadium, the "Jizzakh" stadium).

Transportation
Jizzakh is a major transportation hub. The railroad and highway connecting the central and western regions with the eastern regions of Uzbekistan pass through the city.

Along the valley of the Sangzor River runs the highway "Big Uzbek Route", connecting the two largest cities and two capitals of Uzbekistan: modern and ancient - the cities of Tashkent and Samarkand.

An electrified railroad line connecting the cities of Tashkent and Samarkand passes through the city of Jizzakh, passing through the city of Xovos. Previously, there was also a non-electrified railroad line passing through Syr Darya station, which ceased to function in the 1990s.

Until 2010, a trolleybus transportation network operated in the city. Trolleybuses were replaced by buses produced by the SamKochAvto on Isuzu chassis, as well as shuttle buses based on Daewoo Damas microcars.

title: Jizzakh


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Times Atlas of the World

The Times Atlas of the World, rebranded The Times Atlas of the World: Comprehensive Edition in its 11th edition and The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World from its 12th edition, is a world atlas currently published by HarperCollins Publisher L.L.C. Its most recent edition, the sixteenth, was published on October 12th, 2023.

First generation
The first version of The Times Atlas of the World appeared as The Times Atlas in 1895; more printings followed up to 1900. It was published at the office of The Times newspaper in London, and contained 117 pages of maps with an alphabetical index of 130,000 names. The atlas was a reprint of Cassell & Co.'s Universal Atlas, published in 1893. Cassell's atlas, in turn, used maps in English printed in Leipzig which were drawn from the second edition (1887; with some maps of the third edition (1893)) of the German Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas from the publisher Velhagen & Klasing.

Second generation
The second generation of the atlas was issued in 1922 as The Times Survey Atlas of the World and was prepared at the Edinburgh Geographical Institute under the direction of John George Bartholomew. It contained 112 double page maps with 200,000 names, and measured 47 cm × 33 cm.

Third generation
The third generation, based on the second, was Bartholomew's famous five-volume set of 19"×12" elephant folio atlases with 120 plates in eight colors, most maps being double page, and over 200,000 names. The set was issued from 1955–59 as ''The Times Atlas of the World. Mid-Century Edition'' by The Times Publishing Company Ltd. in London, (Volume One: The World, Australasia & East Asia. Volume Two: South-West Asia & Russia. Volume Three: Northern Europe. Volume Four: Southern Europe & Africa. Volume Five: The Americas; however, volumes III-V were in fact published first.) A July, 1957 advertisement for The Americas volume suggested that the maps included the latest places of note: "the St. Lawrence Seaway, the newest Federal and Interstate highway systems, ... rocket-launching sites and Atomic Energy installations."

In 1967, an edition in one volume (in which the maps were printed back-to-back – some on a fractionally smaller scale) was published as ''The Times Atlas of the World. Comprehensive Edition'' (with 123 leaves of maps in the 9th edition of 1992). This edition also appeared in a German, a Dutch and a French translation. Its introduction reads: "The successor to [the Mid-Century Edition] in one volume, nevertheless, this work contains greater detail, as well as considerable additional material, with no loss of scale, this being achieved by printing on both sides of the paper, using narrower margins, and including a single index. Some revisions and improvements were made; endpaper keys show which parts of the world are covered by which plates; an international glossary gives the English equivalents of common name-words. Some discoveries by satellite surveys were included."

Fourth generation
The 10th or "Millennium" edition (1999) of the 1967 Comprehensive Edition is in effect the first representative of the fourth generation. In contrast to its predecessors, it is completely produced by means of computer-cartography: The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World, published by Times Books in London (124 leaves of maps). Contents are slightly different in scale, or in arrangement.

10th edition (1999)
According to the publisher, this "was the first entirely new edition of the atlas since the Mid-Century Edition and also the first to be produced from digital data."

11th edition (2003)
This edition was also offered, bound in half-leather, by the Folio Society.

12th edition (2007)
Changes to previous editions include "an estimated 20,000 mapping updates including 3,500 changes to names, a brand new map of Alaska and NW Canada, abandoned settlements featured for the first time, new satellite images of the continents, revision of all national and socio-economic statistics and new coverage on Biodiversity and the Environment ... The division of Serbia and Montenegro into separate countries. The new national capital of Myanmar called Nay Pyi Taw, a joint capital with Yangon (Rangoon). Secession of St-Barthelemy and St-Martin from Guadeloupe. New World Heritage Sites. Opening of the 1118 km Golmud to Lhasa railway in China, the highest railway in the world. Opening of the 32.5 km cross sea Donghai bridge, in China, linking Shanghai to the deepwater port on Xiaoyang Shan island."

A Luxury Edition was also offered from 2008, bound by Book Works Studio in London.

13th edition (2011)
The map of Greenland depicted 15% less ice cover than in the 1999 edition. A number of glaciologists and climate scientists contested the claim. Researchers from the Scott Polar Research Institute wrote: "A sizable portion of the area mapped as ice-free in the Atlas is clearly still ice-covered. There is to our knowledge no support for this claim in the published scientific literature. It's a really bad mapping error." The publishers accepted that "the map did not meet the usual high standards of accuracy and reliability that The Times Atlas of the World strives to uphold" and designed a new map that is now included as an insert in the atlas; it is also available for free download.

14th edition (2014)
Changes to the new edition include "5000 place name changes, most notably in Japan, Brazil, South Korea, Taiwan and Spain. Updated national parks and conserved areas including the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA), the largest conservation zone in the world. Addition of over 50 major waterfalls around the world." [sic] Geopolitical changes include "Realignment of a section of the international boundary between Burkina Faso and Niger resulting from the International Court of Justice decision. New administrative structures in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya and Madagascar, and the addition of the long proposed new Indian state of Telangana. Updated population of Brazilian towns from new census information. Disputed boundary around Crimea."

New features include "New maps of the sub-ice features in the Antarctic and Arctic Ocean. Physical maps of all the continents showing land features which offer a useful counterpoint to political mapping. Illustrated articles on Biodiversity and Climate Change. The Power of Maps – this new section illustrates the influence maps have had on all our lives."

16th edition (2023)
New features include : • New country names for Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) and North Macedonia (previously the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) • More than 8000 place name changes with names comprehensively updated in Kazakhstan and Ukraine • Addition of Māori names in New Zealand and restored indigenous names in Australia, the most notable being the renaming of Fraser Island in Queensland to its Butchulla name K'gari • Administrative boundary updates in Ethiopia, Mali, and Kazakhstan • Added road, railway and airport infrastructure across the globe including the 4km-long Dardanelles Bridge (Turkey), the Fehmarn Belt road/rail tunnel alignment (Germany/Denmark) and the Sandoy Tunnel (Faroe Islands)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Times Atlas of the World


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Joe Theismann

Joseph Robert Theismann (born September 9, 1949) is an American former professional football player, sports commentator, corporate speaker, and restaurateur. He rose to fame playing quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL). Theismann spent 12 seasons with the Washington Redskins, where he was a two-time Pro Bowler and helped the team to consecutive Super Bowl appearances, winning Super Bowl XVII over the Miami Dolphins and losing Super Bowl XVIII. He played college football for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2003.

In the 1985 NFL season, he suffered an in-game gruesome and catastrophic fracture to his right leg that ended his career. Theismann worked as a sportscaster and an analyst on pro football broadcasts with ESPN for nearly 20 years. He primarily partnered with Mike Patrick, for the network's Sunday Night Football package and for one season of Monday Night Football with Mike Tirico and Tony Kornheiser. Theismann also worked as a color analyst on NFL Network's Thursday Night Football package with play-by-play voice Bob Papa and Matt Millen. Theismann also co-hosts the network's weekly show Playbook.

Since 2011, he has worked on the Washington Commanders preseason television broadcast team. Additionally, he works on the NFL Network on a variety of programs, primarily as an analyst.

Theismann is the owner of Theismann's Restaurant and Bar in Alexandria, Virginia, founded in 1975. He also performs as a speaker for corporate events, speaking on topics such as leadership and self-motivation.

Early life
Theismann was born to Austrian Joseph John Theismann who "ran a gas station and worked in his brother's liquor store." His Hungarian mother, Olga Tóbiás, worked for Johnson & Johnson until her retirement. Theismann was raised in South River, New Jersey, and attended South River High School, where he lettered in baseball, basketball, and football.

He was a high school teammate of Drew Pearson. Theismann accepted a college football scholarship to attend the University of Notre Dame, where he lived in Zahm Hall.

College career
At Notre Dame, Theismann became the starting quarterback in his sophomore year, after Terry Hanratty was injured late in the season.

In the three remaining games in the regular season, he led the Irish to two wins and a tie. In 1969, Theismann led the Irish to a number five ranking, but lost to the University of Texas in the 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic, 21–17. The next year, the Irish had a 10–1 record, a number two ranking, and won against Texas in the 1971 Cotton Bowl Classic, 24–11.

That year, Theismann was an All-American and an Academic All-American, and was in contention for the Heisman Trophy. Theismann, whose last name was actually pronounced THEES-man, recounted in 2007 that it was Notre Dame publicity man Roger Valdiserri who insisted that he change the pronunciation of his name to rhyme with "Heisman", but he finished second to Jim Plunkett of Stanford University.

Theismann set school records for passing yards in a season (2,429) and touchdowns in a season (16). He also set a school record for passing yards in a game (526) and completions in a game (33) while playing against the University of Southern California in a torrential downpour in 1970, which the Irish lost 38–28. As a starting quarterback, Theismann compiled a 20–3–2 record while throwing for 4,411 yards and 31 touchdowns. His 4,411 passing yards rank fifth on Notre Dame's career passing list.

Theismann was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2003. He was the eighth Notre Dame quarterback enshrined into the hall, joining former Heisman Trophy winners Angelo Bertelli, John Lujack, and Paul Hornung.

Toronto Argonauts
Theismann was selected 99th overall in the fourth round of the 1971 NFL Draft by the Miami Dolphins and in the 39th round of the 1971 Major League Baseball Draft by the Minnesota Twins. After prolonged negotiations with the Dolphins failed, Theismann elected to sign with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League for $50,000 per season.

In his rookie year, Theismann quarterbacked the Argonauts to a 10–4 record, led the league's Eastern Conference in passing statistics and won a berth in the Grey Cup game against the Calgary Stampeders in Vancouver, British Columbia (59th Grey Cup). A fumble late in the fourth quarter by Argonaut running back Leon McQuay close to the goal line cost the Argonauts what would have been their first Grey Cup victory since 1952.

In 1971, Theismann completed 148 of 278 passes for 2,440 yards, 17 touchdowns, and 21 interceptions. His 1972 season was shortened by injury, but he completed 77 of 127 passes for 1,157 yards and ten touchdowns. During his last CFL season, 1973, he completed 157 of 274 passes for 2,496 yards and both 13 touchdowns and interceptions. He was an all-star in both 1971 and 1973.

Washington Redskins
In 1974, the Washington Redskins obtained Theismann's rights from the Dolphins in exchange for the team's first-round draft pick in 1976 (the Dolphins selected linebacker Larry Gordon with the pick). Theismann left the CFL and joined the Redskins, where he served as the team's punt returner during his first season. In 1978, Theismann became the Redskins' starting quarterback, succeeding Billy Kilmer.

In 1982, Theismann led the Redskins to their first championship in 40 years against the Dolphins in Super Bowl XVII. He threw two touchdowns and, with the Redskins trailing 17–13 in the third quarter, made arguably the most important defensive play of the game – after his pass was deflected by Dolphins lineman Kim Bokamper, causing what appeared to be an interception and sure touchdown (which would have given Miami a two-score lead and effectively taken MVP running back John Riggins out of the game), Theismann himself was able to knock the ball out of Bokamper's hands, keeping the score close enough for Washington to stick to the run-heavy strategy that would eventually lead to victory. He also led the team to an appearance in Super Bowl XVIII the following year, and would go on to set several Redskins franchise records, including most career passing attempts (3,602), most career passing completions (2,044) and most career passing yards (25,206), while also throwing 160 touchdown passes, with 138 interceptions. On the ground, he rushed for 1,815 yards and 17 touchdowns. He was named NFL MVP in 1983 by four organizations. He earned the Player of the Game Award in the second of his two Pro Bowl appearances. Theismann also punted once in his career, for one yard against the Chicago Bears. In an era when most quarterbacks had long since used variations of a double-bar facemask or "cage" facemasks that afforded more protection, Theismann stood out in his use of a signature one-bar face mask throughout his career.

However, on at least one occasion, Theismann wore a helmet with a more standard facemask. Substituting for an ineffective Billy Kilmer against the Dallas Cowboys on October 16, 1977, Theismann entered the game wearing a facemask similar to the style worn by Ken Stabler at the time.

Career-ending injury
On November 18, 1985, Theismann suffered a comminuted compound fracture of the tibia and fibula in his right leg when he was sacked by linebackers Lawrence Taylor and Harry Carson. The injury took place during a Monday Night Football game against the New York Giants telecast by ABC from RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C.

The injury was later voted the NFL's "Most Shocking Moment in History" by viewers in an ESPN poll, and the tackle was ultimately dubbed "The Hit That No One Who Saw It Can Ever Forget" by The Washington Post.

The game's score was 7–7 in the second quarter when the Redskins attempted to run a "flea-flicker" play; Theismann handed the ball off to fullback John Riggins, who subsequently lateralled the ball back to the quarterback. The Giants' defense, however, was tightly focused, and they tried to blitz Theismann. As Taylor pulled Theismann down, Taylor's knee came down and drove straight into Theismann's lower right leg, fracturing both the tibia and the fibula as Giants linebackers Gary Reasons and Harry Carson also joined Taylor in the sack. Theismann would later describe the incident (December 22, 2005):

"The pain was unbelievable, but it didn't last more than a second or two. My leg snapped like a breadstick. I heard it clearly, it sounded like two muzzled gunshots over my left shoulder. Pow, pow! ... It was at that point, I also found out what a magnificent machine the human body is. Almost immediately, from the knee down, all the feeling was gone in my right leg. The endorphins had kicked in, and I was not in any great pain.”"

As Theismann was down, Taylor immediately popped to his feet and began frantically waving, before looking back and seeing Theismann sprawled on the ground. Initially, many Redskins personnel thought Taylor was taunting after the play before quickly realizing that Theismann was seriously injured, but it was later confirmed that Taylor knew immediately that something had happened and was trying to signal for help from the emergency medical technicians, something the Monday Night Football announcer team of Frank Gifford, O. J. Simpson, and Joe Namath had correctly inferred from the start.

While initially only the players on the field could see the extent of the damage to Theismann's leg, the reverse-angle instant replay provided a clearer view of what had actually happened: Theismann's lower leg bones were broken midway between his knee and his ankle, such that his leg from his foot to his mid-shin was lying flat against the ground while the upper part of his shin up to his knee was at a 45-degree angle to the lower part of his leg. ABC's decision to screen the reverse-angle instant replay several times despite its palpably graphic content shocked millions of viewers, with some describing it as "the most horrific professional sports injury of all time”; the repeated screening of this replay remains one of the most controversial in-game television production decisions in NFL history. As the replays were shown, Gifford repeatedly urged viewers at home to exercise discretion: "If your stomach is weak, just don't watch."

The compound fracture of the tibia and fibula led to insufficient bone growth during Theismann's recovery, leaving his right leg shorter than his left. As a result, the injury ended Theismann's career, forcing him to retire at the age of 36. While Theismann has clarified that Taylor apologized to him many times for the incident, he also stated that he never blamed Taylor, reiterating that he was merely doing his job.

Theismann's injury was highlighted in the film The Blind Side as the reason that, after the quarterback, one of the highest paid football players is the left tackle, who protects a right-handed quarterback's blind side. A very similar injury occurred exactly 33 years later to another Redskins quarterback, Alex Smith, on November 18, 2018, in a game against the Houston Texans when cornerback Kareem Jackson and defensive end J. J. Watt sacked Smith, a game that Theismann himself was attending. However, unlike Theismann, Smith managed to play an additional season two years later in 2020 and won the Comeback Player of the Year award before retiring in 2021.

Washington Redskins franchise records

 * Most career wins by a quarterback (87)
 * Most career passing yards (25,206)
 * Most career passing completions (2,044)
 * Most career passing attempts (3,602)

Broadcast and acting career
In 1985, Theismann helped call Super Bowl XIX for ABC alongside Frank Gifford and Don Meredith, becoming only the second player to do commentary on a Super Bowl telecast while still an active player at the time (the first was Jack Kemp when he helped call Super Bowl II for CBS). Theismann served as a color commentator on regional CBS NFL coverage in 1986 and 1987, then worked on ESPN's Sunday Night Football telecasts from 1988 to 2005, and on their Monday Night Football coverage in 2006.

In addition to covering football, Theismann hosted the first half of the first season of American Gladiators in 1989.

On March 26, 2007, ESPN announced that Ron Jaworski would replace Theismann in the Monday Night Football booth. Theismann rejected an offer to work on the network's college football coverage. He has since done a number of Washington Redskins pre-season games on CSN. On September 16, 2009, the NFL Network announced that Theismann would analyze game films on the show Playbook, airing Thursday and Friday nights at 6 p.m. Eastern.

On January 9, 2010, Theismann and his former head coach Joe Gibbs served as color commentators, along with play-by-play man Tom Hammond, for the Saturday AFC wild card game between the New York Jets and the Cincinnati Bengals.

On September 6, 2010, NFL network announced that they added Theismann to their Thursday Night Football broadcast crew alongside Bob Papa and Matt Millen. The grouping lasted one season. He also co-hosted NFL games on NBC in 2010, and co-hosted NFL Network's No Huddle in 2011.

Acting appearances
Theismann has occasionally acted, although most appearances are as himself or as himself in a fictional context. He does have several TV and movie appearances, including B.J. and the Bear (1981), Cannonball Run II (1984), and The Man from Left Field (1993).

Theismann appeared as himself, as part of a buyer group for the fictional "New York Hawks" football team on the TV series Necessary Roughness (2013) and on the post-Super Bowl episode "Operation: Broken Feather" of Brooklyn Nine-Nine (2014). His most recent acting appearances were in movies for the Hallmark Channel. In 2016's "Love on the Sidelines," he appeared as the father of an injured professional football player. In 2019's "SnowComing," he played an agent for professional athletes (in particular, a professional football player).

Personal life
Theismann and his first wife, the former Shari Brown, had three children: Joseph Jr., Amy, and Patrick. The couple divorced in April 1985, seven months before Theismann's injury in November 1985, after which Theismann began a seven-year relationship – including a brief engagement – with television personality Cathy Lee Crosby. Early in 1991, Crosby sued for $4.5 million, touching off a counter suit. The suits were settled several months later.

His second marriage, to former Miss Connecticut winner and Miss America contestant Jeanne Caruso, ended in divorce after three years in 1995. Theismann was ordered to pay nearly $1 million of marital property and $3,500 a month in alimony.

In 1996, Theismann married Robin Smith, a self-described "country girl from Memphis." They have homes in Virginia, Tennessee, and the Florida Panhandle.

Awards
Theismann received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Tom Landry in 1983.

Theismann was inducted into the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association Hall of Fame in 1997.

In 2011, Theismann was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame.

On September 5, 2014, Theismann was honored by the Ride of Fame as they christened a double decker sightseeing bus in Washington DC dedicated to him and his achievements.

UFL
On August 19, 2010, head coach Jay Gruden of the UFL's Florida Tuskers "confirmed that Theismann introduced himself to the Tuskers as the team's new part owner". Theismann expressed disappointment at the way he was treated during his time in the league and left the team when it was folded into the Virginia Destroyers in January 2011.

title: Joe Theismann


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Trans-Planckian problem

In black hole physics and inflationary cosmology, the trans-Planckian problem is the problem of the appearance of quantities beyond the Planck scale, which raise doubts on the physical validity of some results in these two areas, since one expects the physical laws to suffer radical modifications beyond the Planck scale.

In black hole physics, the original derivation of Hawking radiation involved field modes that, near the black hole horizon, have arbitrarily high frequencies—in particular, higher than the inverse Planck time, although these do not appear in the final results. A number of different alternative derivations have been proposed in order to overcome this problem.

The trans-Planckian problem can be conveniently considered in the framework of sonic black holes, condensed matter systems which can be described in a similar way as real black holes. In these systems, the analogue of the Planck scale is the interatomic scale, where the continuum description loses its validity. One can study whether in these systems the analogous process to Hawking radiation still occurs despite the short-scale cutoff represented by the interatomic distance.

The trans-Planckian problem also appears in inflationary cosmology. The cosmological scales that we nowadays observe correspond to length scales smaller than the Planck length at the onset of inflation.

Trans-Planckian problem in Hawking radiation
The trans-Planckian problem is the issue that Hawking's original calculation includes quantum particles where the wavelength becomes shorter than the Planck length near the black hole's horizon. This is due to the peculiar behavior there, where time stops as measured from far away. A particle emitted from a black hole with a finite frequency, if traced back to the horizon, must have had an infinite frequency, and therefore a trans-Planckian wavelength.

The Unruh effect and the Hawking effect both talk about field modes in the superficially stationary spacetime that change frequency relative to other coordinates which are regular across the horizon. This is necessarily so, since to stay outside a horizon requires acceleration which constantly Doppler shifts the modes.

An outgoing Hawking radiated photon, if the mode is traced back in time, has a frequency which diverges from that which it has at great distance, as it gets closer to the horizon, which requires the wavelength of the photon to "scrunch up" infinitely at the horizon of the black hole. In a maximally extended external Schwarzschild solution, that photon's frequency stays regular only if the mode is extended back into the past region where no observer can go. That region seems to be unobservable and is physically suspect, so Hawking used a black hole solution without a past region which forms at a finite time in the past. In that case, the source of all the outgoing photons can be identified: a microscopic point right at the moment that the black hole first formed.

The quantum fluctuations at that tiny point, in Hawking's original calculation, contain all the outgoing radiation. The modes that eventually contain the outgoing radiation at long times are redshifted by such a huge amount by their long sojourn next to the event horizon, that they start off as modes with a wavelength much shorter than the Planck length. Since the laws of physics at such short distances are unknown, some find Hawking's original calculation unconvincing.

The trans-Planckian problem is nowadays mostly considered a mathematical artifact of horizon calculations. The same effect occurs for regular matter falling onto a white hole solution. Matter which falls on the white hole accumulates on it, but has no future region into which it can go. Tracing the future of this matter, it is compressed onto the final singular endpoint of the white hole evolution, into a trans-Planckian region. The reason for these types of divergences is that modes which end at the horizon from the point of view of outside coordinates are singular in frequency there. The only way to determine what happens classically is to extend in some other coordinates that cross the horizon.

There exist alternative physical pictures which give the Hawking radiation in which the trans-Planckian problem is addressed. The key point is that similar trans-Planckian problems occur when the modes occupied with Unruh radiation are traced back in time. In the Unruh effect, the magnitude of the temperature can be calculated from ordinary Minkowski field theory, and is not controversial.

title: Trans-Planckian problem


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Category:Proprioception

Proprioception is the sense of the relative position of neighbouring parts of the body.

title: Category:Proprioception


text: Category:Rugby league players

title: Category:Rugby league players


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Dual-coding theory

Dual-coding theory is a theory of cognition that suggests that the mind processes information along two different channels; verbal and nonverbal. It was hypothesized by Allan Paivio of the University of Western Ontario in 1971. In developing this theory, Paivio used the idea that the formation of mental imagery aids learning through the picture superiority effect.

According to Paivio, there are two ways a person could expand on learned material: verbal associations and imagery. Dual-coding theory postulates that both sensory imagery and verbal information is used to represent information. Imagery and verbal information are processed differently and along distinct channels in the human mind, creating separate representations for information processed in each channel. The mental codes corresponding to these representations are used to organize incoming information that can be acted upon, stored, and retrieved for subsequent use. Both imagery and verbal codes can be used when recalling information. For example, say a person has stored the stimulus concept "dog" as both the word 'dog' and as the image (appearance, sound, smell, and other sensory information) of a dog. When asked to recall the stimulus, the person can retrieve either the word or the image individually, or both simultaneously. If the word is recalled, the image of the dog is not lost and can still be retrieved at a later point in time. The ability to code a stimulus two different ways increases the chance of remembering that item compared to if the stimulus was only coded one way.

There has been controversy to the limitations of the dual-coding theory. Dual-coding theory does not take into account the possibility of cognition being mediated by something other than words and images. Not enough research has been done to determine if words and images are the only way we remember items, and the theory would not hold true if another form of codes were discovered. Another limitation of the dual-coding theory is that it is only valid for tests on which people are asked to focus on identifying how concepts are related. If associations between a word and an image cannot be formed, it is much harder to remember and recall the word at a later point in time. While this limits the effectiveness of the dual-coding theory, it is still valid over a wide range of circumstances and can be used to improve memory.

Types of codes
Analogue codes are used to mentally represent images. Analogue codes retain the main perceptual features of whatever is being represented, so the images we form in our minds are highly similar to the physical stimuli. They are a near-exact representation of the physical stimuli we observe in our environment, such as trees and rivers.

Symbolic codes are used to form mental representations of words. They represent something conceptually, and sometimes, arbitrarily, as opposed to perceptually. Similar to the way a watch may represent information in the form of numbers to display the time, symbolic codes represent information in our mind in the form of arbitrary symbols, like words and combinations of words, to represent several ideas. Each symbol (x, y, 1, 2, etc.) can arbitrarily represent something other than itself. For instance, the letter x is often used to represent more than just the concept of an x, the 24th letter of the alphabet. It can be used to represent a variable x in mathematics, or a multiplication symbol in an equation. Concepts like multiplication can be represented symbolically by an "x" because we arbitrarily assign it a deeper concept. Only when we use it to represent this deeper concept does the letter "x" carry this type of meaning.

Evidence from psychological research
Many researchers have agreed that only words and images are used in mental representation. Supporting evidence shows that memory for some verbal information is enhanced if a relevant visual is also presented or if the learner can imagine a visual image to go with the verbal information. Likewise, visual information can often be enhanced when paired with relevant verbal information, whether real-world or imagined. This theory has been applied to the use of multimedia presentations. Because multimedia presentations require both spatial and verbal working memory, individuals dual code information presented and are more likely to recall the information when tested at a later date. Moreover, studies that have been conducted on abstract and concrete words have also found that the participants remembered concrete words better than the abstract words.

Paivio found that participants when shown a rapid sequence of pictures as well as a rapid sequence of words and later asked to recall the words and pictures, in any order, were better at recalling images. Participants, however, more readily recalled the sequential order of the words, rather than the sequence of pictures. These results supported Paivio's hypothesis that verbal information is processed differently from visual information and that verbal information was superior to visual information when sequential order was also required for the memory task. Lee Brooks conducted an experiment that provided additional support for two systems for memory. He had participants perform either a visual task, where they had to view a picture and answer questions about the picture, or a verbal task, where they listened to a sentence and were then asked to answer questions pertaining to the sentence. To respond to the questions, participants were asked to either respond verbally, visually, or manually. Through this experiment, Brooks found that interference occurred when a visual perception was mixed with manipulation of the visual task, and verbal responses interfere with a task involving a verbal statement to be manually manipulated. This supported the idea of two codes used to mentally represent information.

Working memory as proposed by Alan Baddeley includes a two-part processing system with a visuospatial sketchpad and a phonological loop which essentially maps to Paivio's theory.

Dual-coding theories complement a dual-route theory of reading. When people read written information, dual-route theory contends that the readers access orthographic and phonological information to recognize words in the writing.

Paivio's work has implications for literacy, visual mnemonics, idea generation, HPT, human factors, interface design, as well as the development of educational materials among others. It also has implications for, and counterparts in, cognitive sciences and computational cognitive modeling (in the form of dual process cognitive models and so on  ). It also has had implications for cognitive robotics.

Cognitive neuroscience support
Two different methods have been used to identify the regions involved in visual perception and visual imagery. First, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used to measure cerebral blood flow, which allows researchers to identify the amount of glucose and oxygen being consumed by a specific part of the brain, with an increase in blood flow providing a measure of brain activity. Second, an event-related potential (ERP) can be used to show the amount of electrical brain activity that is occurring due to a particular stimulus. Researchers have used both methods to determine which areas of the brain are active with different stimuli, and results have supported the dual-coding theory. Other research has been done with positron emission tomography (PET) scans and fMRI to show that participants had improved memory for spoken words and sentences when paired with an image, imagined or real. Those participants also showed an increase in brain activation that processes abstract words not easily paired with an image.

Alternative theory
Dual-coding theory is not accepted by everyone. John Anderson and Gordon Bower proposed an alternative method – the propositional theory – of how knowledge is mentally represented. The propositional theory claims that mental representations are stored as propositions rather than as images. Here, proposition is defined as the meaning that underlies the relationship between concepts. The propositional theory is able to explain the basic concept of an idea without needing images or verbal information. It is able to take the complex and break it down more into the differing components of the idea or concept. This theory states that images occur as a result of other cognitive processes because knowledge is not represented in the form of images, words, or symbols. This theory is also related to A Natural Deduction Systems model. This type of model allows for both feed forward and its reverse.

The common coding theory has also been proposed as an alternative to dual coding theory. The common coding theory looks at how things we see and hear are connected to our motor actions. It claims that there is a common code that is shared between perceiving something and the respective motor action.

title: Dual-coding theory


text: User talk:203.193.135.82

title: User talk:203.193.135.82


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User:Adrian holovaty

I'm a Web developer in Chicago.

title: User:Adrian holovaty


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Switching barriers

Switching barriers or switching costs are terms used in microeconomics, strategic management, and marketing. They may be defined as the disadvantages or expenses consumers feel they experience, along with the economic and psychological costs of switching from one alternative to another. For example, when telephone service providers also offer Internet access as a package deal they are adding value to their service. A barrier to switching is then formed as swapping internet services providers is a time consuming effort.

Switching cost or switching barriers are the expenses or cost that a consumer incurs due to the result of changing brand, suppliers, or products. Although most common switching cost is in monetary in nature, there are also psychological, effort based, and time based switching costs.

example: Google cloud eliminates a switching cost as regulators step up industry oversight.

There are a range of different switching costs that fall under three main categories: procedural switching barriers, financial switching barriers, and relational switching barriers. Procedural switching barriers refer to the time and resources associated with changing to a new provider; financial switching barriers refer to the loss of financially measurable resources; and relational switching barriers look at the emotional inconvenience from the breaking of bonds and loss of identity.

Procedural switching barriers
Procedural switching barriers emerge from the buyer’s decision-making process and the execution of their decision. Procedural switching barriers consist of: economic risk, learning, and setup costs, evaluation, this type of switching cost primarily involves the expenditure of time and effort. There are a number of switching costs or facets that fall under procedural switching barriers. Uncertainty costs refer to the perceived likelihood of acquiring a lesser performance and quality when switching. They have the potential to prevent a customer from switching. Pre-switching search and evaluation costs refer to the time and effort costs associated with the search and evaluations required to make a switching decision. Post-switching behavioural and cognitive costs envision the time and effort needed to become familiar with a new service routine when switching occurs. Setup costs refer to the time and effort costs related to the process of establishing a new product for initial use or forming a relationship with a new provider.

Financial switching barriers
Financial switching barriers involve the loss of financially measurable resources. There are two facets of financial switching barriers. Sunk costs are the considerations of costs and investments already incurred in initiating and maintaining relationships. Lost performance costs refer to the perceived liberties and benefits lost as a result of switching. Large lines of credit also act as financial switching barriers when customer lose the offer of large trade credit from incumbent or existing supplier.

Relational switching barriers
Relational switching barriers include the psychological or emotional discomfort caused by terminating a relationship and the breaking of bonds, along with the time and effort involved in and forming a new relationship. There are two facets of relational switching barriers. Brand relationship loss costs are the losses associated with severing the bonds of identification that have been developed alongside the brand with which a customer has associated. These bonds are lost when switching providers. Personal relationship loss costs are the losses and discomfort associated with switching to a provider that a consumer is not familiar with, as familiarity creates comfort for the consumer.

Collective switching barriers
Collective switching costs are a unique macro form of switching barriers, appearing when the market presents collective externalities towards a service or product, and represents the combined switching costs of all entities in the market. These costs affect the competition by improving incumbents and withholding new entrants into the market, who must overcome individual and collective switching costs to advance in the market. In the presence of the product/ service externalities, participation in the dominant product or service provides the most value, while at the same time, it increases the value of the product or service. As a group, entities face collective switching costs that surpass the sum of the individual costs, because unless a coordinated desertion takes place, any individual deserter finds themselves cut out of the collective use of the product / service and its benefits.

title: Switching barriers


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Verse drama and dramatic verse

Verse drama is any drama written significantly in verse (that is: with line endings) to be performed by an actor before an audience. Although verse drama does not need to be primarily in verse to be considered verse drama, significant portions of the play should be in verse to qualify.

For a very long period, verse drama was the dominant form of drama in Europe (and was also important in non-European cultures). Greek tragedy and Racine's plays are written in verse, as is almost all of William Shakespeare's, Ben Jonson's and John Fletcher's drama, and other works like Goethe's Faust and Henrik Ibsen's early plays. In most of Europe, verse drama has remained a prominent art form, while at least popularly, it has been tied almost exclusively to Shakespeare in the English tradition. In the English language, verse has continued.

In the new millennium, there has been a resurgence in interest in the form of verse drama. Some of them came in blank verse or iambic pentameter and endeavour to be in conversation with Shakespeare's writing styles. King Charles III by Mike Bartlett, written in iambic pentameter, played on the West End and Broadway, as well as being filmed with the original cast for the BBC. Likewise, La Bete by David Hirson, which endeavours to recreate Moliere's farces in rhyming couplets, enjoyed several prominent productions on both sides of the Atlantic. David Ives, known best for his short, absurdist work, has turned to "transladaptation" (his word) in his later years: translating and updating French farces, such as The School for Lies and The Metromaniacs, both of which premiered in New York City. With the renewed interest in verse drama, theatre companies are looking for "new Shakespeare" plays to produce. In 2017, the American Shakespeare Center founded Shakespeare's New Contemporaries (SNC), which solicits new plays in conversation with Shakespeare's canon. This was partially in response to the Oregon Shakespeare Festival commissioning "modern English" versions of Shakespeare plays. SNC has been on hold since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.

However, the twenty-first century also saw theatre practitioners using verse and hybrid forms in a much wider selection of dramatic texts and theatrical performances and forms than those inspired by Shakespeare. A transnational researcher, Kasia Lech, showed that contemporary practices reach for verse to test the boundaries of verse drama and its traditions in Western theatre, including English-language theatre but also Polish, Spanish, and Russian. Lech argues that verse is particularly relevant for contemporary theatre practice because the dialogical relationship between its rhythmic and lexical levels speaks to the globalized world's pluralistic nature. Lech discusses how artists such as Polish Radosław Rychcik and Spanish-British Teatro Inverso use verse in multilingual contexts "as a performative tool to engage with and reflect on interlingual processes as a socio-political force and as a platform for dramaturgies of foreignness." Nigerian Inua Ellams explores his identity that escapes geographical, national, and temporal boundaries. Russian Olga Shilyaeva in her 2018 ''28 дней. Трагедия менструального цикла (28 Days. The tragedy of a menstrual cycle'') uses verse to talk about experience of menstruation. Irish Stefanie Preissner in her Our Father (2011) and Solpadeine Is My Boyfriend (2012) plays with autobiography and her multiple identities "as the character she performs, as the performer, the writer, and a voice of a young generation of Ireland facing the drastic political, social, and personal changes and desperately looking for predictability."

Dramatic verse
Dramatic verse occurs in a dramatic work, such as a play, composed in poetic form. The tradition of dramatic verse extends at least as far back as ancient Greece.

The English Renaissance saw the height of dramatic verse in the English-speaking world, with playwrights including Ben Jonson, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare developing new techniques, both for dramatic structure and poetic form. Though a few plays, for example A Midsummer Night's Dream, feature extended passages of rhymed verse, the majority of dramatic verse is composed as blank verse; there are also passages of prose.

Dramatic verse began to decline in popularity in the nineteenth century, when the prosaic and conversational styles of playwrights such as Henrik Ibsen became more prevalent, and were adapted in English by George Bernard Shaw. Verse drama did have a role in the development of Irish theatre.

Closet drama
An important trend from around 1800 was the closet drama: a verse drama intended to be read from the page, rather than performed. Byron and Shelley, as well as a host of lesser figures, devoted much time to the closet drama, in a signal that the verse tragedy was already in a state of obsolescence. That is, while poets of the eighteenth century could write so-so poetic dramas, the public taste for new examples was already moving away by the start of the nineteenth century, and there was little commercial appeal in staging them.

Instead, opera would take up verse drama, as something to be sung: it is still the case that a verse libretto can be successful. Verse drama as such, however, in becoming closet drama, became simply a longer poetic form, without the connection to practical theatre and performance.

According to Robertson Davies in A Voice From the Attic, closet drama is "Dreariest of literature, most second hand and fusty of experience!" But indeed a great deal of it was written in Victorian times, and afterwards, to the extent that it became a more popular long form at least than the faded epic. Prolific in the form were, for example, Michael Field and Gordon Bottomley.

Dramatic poetry in general
Dramatic poetry is any poetry that uses the discourse of the characters involved to tell a story or portray a situation.

The major types of dramatic poetry are those already discussed, to be found in plays written for the theatre, and libretti. There are further dramatic verse forms: these include dramatic monologues, such as those written by Robert Browning and Alfred Tennyson and Shakespeare.

title: Verse drama and dramatic verse


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Great Cheverell

Great Cheverell is a village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, 5 mi south of Devizes. In some sources the Latinized name of Cheverell Magna is used, especially when referring to the ecclesiastical parish.

The parish includes Great Cheverell Hill, a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest consisting of unimproved species-rich chalk grassland on the northern edge of Salisbury Plain.

History
A large settlement of 111 households was recorded at Chevrel in the Domesday Book of 1086. There were 73 taxpayers in 1377. Population of the parish peaked around the time of the 1841 census, which recorded 295; then fell as agricultural employment decreased, reaching 174 at the 1951 census. Subsequent increases reflect housebuilding and employment at HM Prison Erlestoke.

Two manors, Cheverell Burnell and Cheverell Hales, came into the ownership of the Hungerford family in the 15th century and were given as endowments to Heytesbury almshouse until 1863, when much of the parish was acquired by Simon Watson Taylor as an addition to the Erlestoke estate bought by his father, George Watson-Taylor. After the son's death in 1902 the holdings were divided and sold.

Small streams meet in the northeast corner of the parish to form a tributary of the Semington Brook. A water-powered corn mill was recorded here in 1449; in the 16th and 17th centuries the mill was used for fulling. Edge-tools were made here in the early 19th century, and later a flour mill and an iron mill were in operation. A three-storey 19th century mill building is still standing.

The Manor House, next to the church, dates from c. 1690 with enlargement and alteration in the 18th century. Southwest of the house is a Grade II* listed game larder and gazebo of similar date. Glebe House, a former farmhouse north of the church, is from the late 17th century and early 18th.

The Stert and Westbury Railway was built through the parish by the Great Western Railway Company in 1900, providing routes from London to Weymouth or Taunton. There was a station called Lavington, just beyond the east boundary of the parish, about one mile by road from Great Cheverell village. The line remains open but the station was closed in 1967 and no local stations remain; the nearest are Pewsey and Westbury.

To the south the parish extends onto higher ground at Cheverell Down, where the southernmost part has been part of the Imber Range military training area since 1933.

Parish church
The Church of England parish church of St Peter is faced with limestone ashlar except for the oldest part, the chancel of malmstone and flint, which is probably from the 11th century. The nave and west tower are from the 14th century; in the 15th the south porch was added and the tower was raised, and gained an octagonal stair-tower. Restoration in 1868 by W.H. Woodman of Reading included re-roofing of the chancel, rebuilding of the chancel arch and addition of a north vestry. The octagonal font is 13th century.

The tower carries six bells: one of c. 1500 and three from the 18th century.

The church was designated as Grade I listed in 1962. Today the parish is part of the benefice of the Lavingtons, Cheverells & Easterton. The parish registers, now held at the Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre, cover the years 1653-1987 (baptisms), 1654-1994 (marriages), and 1654-1987 (burials).

Chapels
A Baptist chapel was built on the High Street in 1837. Known as Little Zoar, it was used until 1907 when it became the Parish Room, continuing in the same role today as the Village Hall. A new chapel was built in red brick and stone in 1911, a short distance to the east; it was in use in 1973 but is now a private residence.

Schools
Under the Will of J. Townsend, a charity school was established at Great Cheverell in 1725 which provided for six poor children of the parish to be taught reading and the principles of the Church of England, free of charge. By 1834, the school also had about another forty "pay-scholars", for whom a charge was made.

A new two-room school for 50-60 pupils was built in 1844 on a High Street plot provided by the rector, R. M. Atkinson, with assistance from the Townsend charity for running costs. This became a National School in 1845, a Board school in 1876 and a Church of England school in 1903. Attendance fell to 35 in 1955 but by 1973 had risen to 51.

A larger school, now called Holy Trinity CE Primary Academy, was opened on the south side of the village in 1980 to serve Great Cheverell and nearby parishes including Little Cheverell, Erlestoke and Coulston.

Local government
Great Cheverell (or Cheverell Magna) is a civil parish with an elected parish council. It is in the area of the Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which is responsible for most significant local government functions.

Amenities
There are playing fields with a modern pavilion, used for community functions. The village has a pub with accommodation, the Bell Inn, a late 18th-century building.

Notable residents

 * Jane Gregory (1959–2011), Olympic dressage rider
 * Sir Charles Carter Chitham (1886–1972), policeman in British India

title: Great Cheverell


text:
Talk:GEM (desktop environment)

Another GEM graphics engine
GEM is also a graphics engine for Pure data - Omegatron 16:10, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, and that GEM - the Graphics Environment for Multimedia - has its own page. I'll add a hatnote. Guy Harris (talk) 03:16, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

Alternative to Windows?
"It was a low-cost alternative to Microsoft Windows that was generally much more functional until Windows 3.0 was released, at which point GEM essentially disappeared."

I have removed this phrase, i can't see how something that originated 2-3 years prior to windows can be considered as a low cost alternative. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.74.9.227 (talk) 03:45, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Dubious claim
"somewhat less well known as the operating system for a series of PC-like computers from Amstrad."

1) GEM is not an operating system.

2) What does "PC-like" mean? PCs manufactured by companies other than IBM? At the time, the terms "IBM clone"/"PC clone" or "IBM compatible"/"PC compatible" would have been used.

As I recall, the Amstrad 1640 PCs were bundled with DOS 3.2 and GEM, circa mid-late 1980s. All of the software was supplied on (and run from) 5.25 inch floppy, hard drives being an optional extra. Ah, memories. 217.155.20.163 23:43, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Also Atari MS-DOS PCs were bundled with DOS 3.2 and GEM Suite (GEM Desktop, GEM Write and GEM Paint), in mid-late '80s too. Suite was supplied on 5.25 FD with 3 manuals in english customized by Atari, PCs were Atari PC2 and PC3. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.247.117.169 (talk) 16:00, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

GEM 4 & Timeworks Publisher
GEM 4 would work fine with Publisher, the problem (from memory) was that the code for the font handling was never handed over to DR as it should have been by its developers, which meant that at GST there was no option but to continue working one the code which was being added to do the font scaling needed for Publisher.

Chenab 12:39, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Not exactly. GST's method of ignoring font files that were not being used on the page and CCP's GEM/4 were incomptabile. GST's worked by intecepting the Int 21 findfirst/findnext file interupt, so could change from page to page. CCP's had a list which controlled the load order, if it did not get the files it wanted it sulked. I know cause I wrote it.--Kitchen Knife (talk) 17:51, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Atari
The Atari section is a little messy. Much of it is written in a passive tone, and some of it doesn't agree with the Manual of Style. Much of the information is also specific to TOS, which is not quite the same as GEM. I suggest that it be re-worked. Unless someone objects, or beats me, I'll be posting a re-worked version with a week or so. Yngvarr 21:40, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
 * This is done... Yngvarr 09:39, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

gem —Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.75.118.248 (talk) 10:15, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

Dates
It would be nice to see some dates, or at least years mentioned in this article. One gets no idea of the time frame of GEM in relationship to the Macintosh and Windows 1.0. DonPMitchell (talk) 04:23, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

Bezier curves
Re: "GEM/4, released in 1990, included the ability to work with Bézier curves, a feature still not common outside the PostScript world."

Is this trying somehow to differentiate whatever GEM/4 offered with the Bezier curves that are a native part of:
 * Adobe Flash since 1993;
 * Mac OS X since 1999;
 * the Windows Presentation Foundation since 2006; and
 * many, many others?

I guess you could, if you were desperate, argue that OS X is inside the PostScript world since the display model is PDF and PDF is prerendered PostScript?

— 64.245.141.66 (talk) 20:04, 21 June 2018 (UTC)

.app redirect
.app redirects to this page. I've nominated the redirect for discussion. -Taras (talk) 12:46, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

".acc" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the redirect .acc should be deleted, kept, or retargeted. It will be discussed at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 March 24 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines. 1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 12:32, 24 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:GEM (desktop environment)


text: Category:Hardeman County, Texas

title: Category:Hardeman County, Texas


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Peter Filichia

Peter Filichia (born 1946) is the former New York-based theater critic for The Star-Ledger newspaper in Newark, New Jersey and New Jersey's television station News 12, as well as for The Asbury Park Press.

In addition, Filichia has two weekly columns at Masterworks Broadway and Kritzerland, and also writes regular entries for the Music Theatre International Marquee blog. He wrote a regular column, "Peter Filichia's Diary," for the website TheaterMania.com from November 2001 until October 2011, and previously for the website BroadwayOnLine.

He is the author of the books Let's Put on a Musical!: How to Choose the Right Show for Your School, Community or Professional Theater, Broadway Musicals: the Biggest Hit and the Biggest Flop of the Season, 1959 to 2009, Broadway MVPs 1960-2010: The Most Valuable Players of the Past 50 Seasons, Strippers, Showgirls and Sharks: A Very Opinionated History of the Broadway Musicals that Did Not Win the Tony Award, and The Great Parade: Broadway's Astonishing, Never-to-Be-Forgotten 1963-1964 Season. At the beginning of his career, Filichia was a columnist for Seventeen and wrote books for teenagers.

He served four terms as president and chairman of the nominating committee of the Drama Desk, and has also been a member of the nominating committee for the Lucille Lortel Awards. He is currently head of the selection committee of the Theatre World Awards and has hosted the annual award ceremony for a number of years.

Filichia has become a playwright with the work Adam's Gifts, a loose contemporary adaptation of Dickens' A Christmas Carol. Productions include Theatre at St. John's in Manhattan, Spotlight Vermont, and the Clinton Area Showboat Theater in Clinton, Iowa. He has also written "God Shows Up", a satire of televangelism, currently in a limited run at Playroom Theater in New York. Filichia's adaptation of Molière's The Bourgeois Gentleman was presented in the 1972 New Jersey Shakespeare Festival.

He has also written the liner notes for many Broadway cast albums, especially reissues of such recordings as Jesus Christ Superstar, Fade Out - Fade In, Subways are for Sleeping, Ankles Aweigh, Redhead, Parade (Jerry Herman), Sweet Charity (Film Soundtrack), Prettybelle, Wish You Were Here and the Roundabout Theatre revival cast recording of 110 In The Shade. Filichia is also the critic-in-residence for the University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music. He has served on an assessment panel for the NEA and is the musical theater judge for the ASCAP Awards program. He has appeared on television with Sally Jessy Raphaël, Phil Donahue, and on Saturday Night Live. In 2004 and 2005, he hosted with Matthew Murray the live theatre discussion show Bitch or Brag About Broadway at New York's 45th Street Theatre.

Since March 2009, he has been on the panel of reviewers heard on the podcast "This Week on Broadway" produced and hosted by James Marino from BroadwayRadio.com.

A fan of baseball and baseball statistics, Filichia claims to have seen 11,000 performances in the theater as of October 1, 2017.

title: Peter Filichia


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Talk:Truman State University

Greek life and dormitories
This section is unusual for an article about big universities. The contents are completely unreferenced and since it is just a rote list of various societies without any further detail, I question whether there is any useful information being shared here. I propose deletion. The same goes for the buildings, which are referenced only by internal links. -- Melchior2006 (talk) 18:47, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Rather than deletion of the Greek society lists, consider a rewrite to a brief paragraph stating what kinds of Greek organizations are on campus, but without lists. This paragraph would need a citation, naturally. Qflib, aka KeeYou Flib (talk) 11:49, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

 * It would be difficult to find a source to quote. Until one turns up, it's better to delete. And considering the talk on the subject of "Greeks" above, most would agree with me. --Melchior2006 (talk) 06:40, 23 April 2023 (UTC)
 * That's fine - and by the way, I fully agree with the way that you made the edit. In the end what you did was exactly what I had in mind when I made the suggestion - perhaps I was unclear or something. Qflib, aka KeeYou Flib (talk) 18:24, 28 April 2023 (UTC)
 * No problem, I think we are on the same page. Thanks for your feedback. It was a good idea, and I will try to find stuff like that in the future. --Melchior2006 (talk) 07:06, 29 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Truman State University


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User talk:Warofdreams/2003

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;
 * How to edit a page
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. Angela 23:07, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Page splitting
Thanks for the page-splitting. I hope you like the compact TOCs I added. Phil 16:17, Oct 31, 2003 (UTC)

Scotland
Warofdreams, I see you wrote articles on Helensburgh and Dumbarton. You from that part of the world. My old man'd family are from Dumbarton, and my gran now lives in the Vale of Leven? Big Jim Fae Scotland

Entryism/entrism
Thank you for merging and improving entryism/entrism. I wrote the original draft of the entryism article - I had no idea that the entrism article existed as I had not heard the term used before. Do you know of any other groups that practice this tactic? The links to entryism are the British left, the links to entrism the French left. I wonder where else this goes on and what they call it ;) Secretlondon 14:11, Nov 7, 2003 (UTC)

List of British newspapers
Hi. Re List of British newspapers - I think there was a point for it to have separate local and regional things, in that the regional papers covered more than just one town/city, but a whole area - and the local ones just cover one town/city. If that's true, then it could have been clearer... Morwen 17:55, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Architectural style
Regarding your edits in Architectural style, it is good that you have removed the short descriptive sentences(which I have been wanting to do for some time).

But your categorisation is not accurate, though you have claimed it to be. I think the earlier categorisation was better and more accurate, probably because I ordered it out of the confusion which existed earlier:-)

Some of the mistakes as of now are - 1.You can't classify something as Western tradition, probably under Western architecture 2.Islamic architecture is not under Western tradition. 3. Deconstructivism is not usually classified under Postmodern architecture, it is one of the many directions after modernism. Or you should use post Modern Modern with a gap, in the sense of after.

You have also removed links by changing the names, if you do that you have to use the disambiguation technique so that the links still are valid.

Will be changing it shortly. If you have anything to clarify, let's discuss in Talk Page of article. KRS 15:51, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Trotskyism
I like your articles on the WRP and one of the 4th internationals. Someone made a List of Communist Parties some time ago and we've been debating how to actually categorise the revolutionary left. If you've any ideas on how categorise the various schools of trotskyism (if thats the right word) please let me know!

Hi. I don't if you've seen my List of Trotskyist internationals - feel free to edit/contribute. Secretlondon 20:00, Dec 2, 2003 (UTC)

Thanks - I was getting my list from http://www.broadleft.org/inter.htm and picking out the ones that I knew were Trotskyist. I didn't check them all. Secretlondon 20:16, Dec 2, 2003 (UTC)

Sheffield
hi saw you edited the crucible theatre page i started today. im from sheffield too. toodles.

Internationals
Yes I get my info from there as well. I've been sorting out the australian and new zealand parties - and found the SPGB's international. Definitely not trostkyist - I stuck it on the talk page whilst I decide what to do with it. Secretlondon 22:12, Dec 16, 2003 (UTC)

I don't feel confident to write an article on left communism. (or even whether that is a POV term). I'll have to leave that one for you. Secretlondon 22:26, Dec 17, 2003 (UTC)

I've produced the following: List of organisations associated with the British Labour Party which you may want to add to. Secretlondon 23:02, Dec 27, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Warofdreams/2003


text: Category:Error detection and correction

title: Category:Error detection and correction


text: User talk:61.19.243.11

title: User talk:61.19.243.11


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HMS Hercules (1815)

HMS Hercules was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy. She was launched on 5 September 1815 at Chatham.

In 1836 she formed part of an experimental squadron, which were groups of ships sent out in the 1830s and 1840s to test new techniques of ship design, armament, building and propulsion.

On 26 December 1852 Hercules departed on her way to Hong Kong to take up duties as a hospital ship. The gold rushes had put a premium on passenger ships to Australia, so she took 756 Scots civilian passengers to South Australia and Victoria for the Highland and Island Emigration Society. Many of these were emigrating under duress from the trustees of the Boreraig, Suishnish and North Uist estates of Lord Macdonald. The voyage proved disastrous, beginning almost immediately with a horrific storm, during which the ship sought refuge at Rothesay. Soon after their second departure in early January 1853, outbreaks of smallpox and typhus were discovered, necessitating a three-month quarantine at Queenstown, County Cork. 56 people died, 17 orphaned children were returned home and many others were assigned to a dozen other ships, families being broken up in the process. The ship finally arrived in Adelaide in July 1853.

Later in 1853 Hercules was placed on harbour service. In 1854 she proceeded to Hong Kong to serve as a depot and receiving ship, and she was sold there on 22 August 1865 to be broken.

title: HMS Hercules (1815)


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Peter Kerr, 12th Marquess of Lothian

Peter Francis Walter Kerr, 12th Marquess of Lothian, (8 September 1922 – 11 October 2004) was a British peer, politician and landowner. He was the son of Captain Andrew William Kerr by his wife, Marie Kerr. Both of his parents were male-line descendants of William Kerr, 5th Marquess of Lothian.

Life and career
His father, Andrew Kerr, and grandfather, Lord Walter Kerr, the son of the 7th Marquess of Lothian, were officers in the Royal Navy. He was educated at Ampleforth College and Christ Church, Oxford, and joined the Scots Guards. He succeeded his cousin, Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian, in 1940, and married a distant cousin, Antonella Newland (d. 2007), daughter of Major General Sir Foster Newland, on 30 April 1943. Lord and Lady Lothian had six children: two sons and four daughters. His wife pursued her own career as a journalist, and founded the Women of the Year Lunch. The family were mainly based at their estates in the Borders, at Newbattle Abbey and Monteviot. The 11th Marquess had left Blickling Hall in Norfolk to the National Trust. Another family house at Melbourne Hall in Derbyshire was opened to the paying public in 1952.

Lothian took part in the Wolfenden inquiry into the UK's laws on homosexuality and prostitution from 1954. He joined the UK's delegation to the United Nations General Assembly during the Suez crisis in 1956, and was later sent as a delegate to the Council of Europe in 1959 and the Western European Union. He served as parliamentary private secretary to the foreign secretary, Lord Home, from 1960, and was also a whip in the House of Lords. He served as a junior minister at the Ministry of Health during the short period of Lord Home's term as prime minister in 1964. He returned to the Foreign Office with Alec Douglas-Home (then formerly Lord Home) in 1970, serving as parliamentary under-secretary for two years. He was nominated as a member of the European Parliament in 1973, when the UK joined the European Economic Community.

Lord Lothian retired from politics in 1977, after which he served as Lord Warden of the Stannaries, Keeper of the Privy Purse to the Duke of Cornwall, and Chairman of the Prince's Council for the Duchy of Cornwall. He was appointed KCVO in 1983. He was also a member of the Royal Company of Archers, commandant of the Special Constabulary in the Scottish Borders, and a Knight of Malta.

He returned the Franciscan monastery of San Damiano, near Assisi, to the Franciscan Friars Minor in 1979, and he ceded control of Monteviot and Melbourne House to his elder and younger son, respectively, in the 1980s, to take on the restoration of Ferniehirst Castle in Roxburghshire.

Family
The 12th Marquess married Antonella Newland on 30 April 1943. They had five children:
 * Lady Mary Marianne Anne Kerr (20 March 1944), who married Charles Freiherr von Westenholz (17 March 1945 – 9 March 2006) on 6 April 1971. They had three sons and six grandchildren.
 * Michael Andrew Foster Jude Kerr, 13th Marquess of Lothian (7 July 1945), known as Michael Ancram. He married Lady Jane Fitzalan-Howard, later 16th Lady Herries of Terregles, on 7 June 1975. They have three daughters and two grandchildren.
 * Lady Cecil Nennella Therese Kerr (22 April 1948), who married Donald Angus Cameron of Lochiel, 27th Chief of Clan Cameron on 1 June 1974. They have four children and five grandchildren.
 * Lady Clare Amabel Margaret Kerr (15 April 1951), who married James FitzRoy, Earl of Euston, on 16 September 1972. They have five children and three grandchildren.
 * Lady Elizabeth Marion Frances Kerr (1954–2023) she married Richard Scott, 10th Duke of Buccleuch on 31 October 1981. They had four children.
 * Lord Ralph William Francis Joseph Kerr (b. 1957), who married Lady Virginia FitzRoy on 6 September 1980; they were divorced in 1987. He married Marie-Claire Black in 1988. They have six children.

His elder son, the Conservative politician Michael Ancram, succeeded to the marquessate on his death.

title: Peter Kerr, 12th Marquess of Lothian


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Kaspar Maria von Sternberg

Count Kaspar Maria von Sternberg (also: Caspar Maria, Count Sternberg, Kaspar Maria Graf Sternberg, hrabě Kašpar Maria Šternberk; 1761, Prague – 1838, Březina Castle) was a Bohemian theologian, mineralogist, geognost, entomologist and botanist. He is known as the "Father of Paleobotany".. His parents were Count Johann Nepomuk von Sternberg and Countess Anna Josefa Kolowrat-Krakowsky.

He established the Bohemian National Museum in Prague, where his collection of minerals, fossils and plant specimens formed the core collection, and he is deemed to be the founder of modern paleobotany. As of 1820 he was on friendly terms with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

Originally a student of theology, he attended the Collegium anglicum in Rome, from where he obtained a lower ordination. Inspired by the newly founded Regensburg Botanical Society (1790), he became an avid naturalist, subsequently becoming a prominent member of the society, making contributions to its Botanisches Taschenbuch and also establishing a botanical garden in Regensburg. In 1805, during an extended stay in Paris, he met with Alexander von Humboldt and came under the influence of a number of French paleontologists and botanists. Afterwards, he relocated to an estate in Radnice, Bohemia. Here, he created a botanical garden, and conducted important paleobotanical research at recently opened coal mines located in the surrounding areas.

The botanical genus Sternbergia is named in his honor.

Publications

 * Abhandlung über die Pflanzenkunde in Böhmen (two volumes 1817–1818) - Treatise on the botany of Bohemia.
 * Briefwechsel (1820-1832) - Correspondence with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
 * Versuch einer geognostisch-botanischen Darstellung der Flora der Vorwelt (with August Karl Joseph Corda, 1820–1825; two volumes) - Attempt at a geognostic-botanical description of primordial flora.
 * Ausgewählte Werke des Grafen Kaspar von Sternberg, 1902 - Selected works of Count Kaspar von Sternberg.
 * Leben des Grafen Kaspar von Sternberg, 2010 - The life of Count Kaspar von Sternberg.

The standard botanical author abbreviation Sternb. is applied to species he described.

title: Kaspar Maria von Sternberg


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Lyke-Wake Dirge

The "Lyke-Wake Dirge" is a traditional English folk song and dirge listed as number 8194 in the Roud Folk Song Index. The song tells of the soul's travel, and the hazards it faces, on its way from earth to purgatory, reminding the mourners to practise charity during lifetime. Though it is from the Christian era and features references to Christianity, much of the symbolism is thought to be of pre-Christian origin.

The title
The title refers to the act of watching over the dead between the death and funeral, known as a wake. "Lyke" is an obsolete word meaning a corpse. It is related to other extant Germanic words such as the German, the Dutch and the Norwegian , all meaning "corpse". It survives in modern English in the expression lychgate, the roofed gate at the entrance to a churchyard, where, in former times, a dead body was placed before burial, and the fictional undead monster type lich. "Lyke-wake" could also be from the Norse influence on the Yorkshire dialect: the contemporary Norwegian and Swedish words for "wake" are still likvake and likvaka respectively (lik and vaka/vake with the same meanings as previously described for "lyke" and "wake").

The lyrics
The song is written in an old form of the Yorkshire dialect of Northern English. It goes:

"This ae nighte, this ae nighte,  (Refrain:) —Every nighte and alle, Fire and fleet and candle-lighte,    (Refrain:) And Christe receive thy saule.

When thou from hence away art past, To Whinny-muir thou com'st at last;

If ever thou gavest hosen and shoon, Sit thee down and put them on;

If hosen and shoon thou ne'er gav'st nane The whinnes sall prick thee to the bare bane;

From Whinny-muir when thou may'st pass, To Brig o' Dread thou com'st at last;

From Brig o' Dread when thou may'st pass, To Purgatory fire thou com'st at last;

If ever thou gavest meat or drink, The fire sall never make thee shrink;

If meat or drink thou ne'er gav'st nane, The fire will burn thee to the bare bane;

This ae nighte, this ae nighte, —Every nighte and alle, Fire and fleet and candle-lighte, And Christe receive thy saule."

Note: ae: one; hosen: stockings; shoon: shoes; whinnes: thorns; bane: bone; brig: bridge

The safety and comfort of the soul in faring over the hazards it faces in the afterlife, are in the old ballad made contingent on the dead person's willingness in life to participate in charity. The poem was first collected by John Aubrey in 1686, who also recorded that it was being sung in 1616, but it is believed to be much older.

There would appear to be a lacuna in the version that Aubrey collected. Unlike the preceding and following pairs of stanzas, nothing happens at the Brig o' Dread. Richard Blakeborough, in his Wit, Character, Folklore, and Customs of the North Riding, fills this apparent gap with verses he says were in use in 1800, and which seem likely to be authentic:

"If ivver thoo gav' o' thi siller an' gawd, At t' Brigg o' Dreead thoo'll finnd footho'd,

Bud if o' siller an' gawd thoo nivver ga' neean, Thoo'll doon, doon tumm'l tiwards Hell fleeames,"

Note: siller: silver; gawd: gold; footho'd: foothold

In this version, the Brig o' Dread (Bridge of Dread) is the decisive ordeal that determines whether the soul's destination is Heaven or Hell.

This ballad was one of 25 traditional works included in Ballads Weird and Wonderful (1912) and illustrated by Vernon Hill.

The Whinny-muir of this tale also appears in The Well of the World's End as the "Muir o' Heckle-pins".

Fire and fleet
Some versions of the words include fire and sleet rather than fire and fleet; the latter is in Aubrey's version of the words and in the Oxford Book of English Verse. F.W. Moorman, in his book on Yorkshire dialect poetry, explains that fleet means floor and references the OED. He also notes that the expression Aboute the fyre upon flet appears in the mediaeval poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and explains that "Fire and fleet and candle-light are a summary of the comforts of the house, which the dead person still enjoys for this ae night, and then goes out into the dark and cold."

Versions and performances
The poem has been recorded a number of times as a song. Arnold Bax set it for voice and piano in 1908 and made an orchestral version in 1934. Benjamin Britten set it to music as a part of his Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings in 1943, and, in his Cantata on Old English Texts of 1952, Igor Stravinsky uses individual verses as interludes between the longer movements. English composer Geoffrey Burgon wrote a duet (This Eane Night) for two countertenors (recorded by James Bowman and Charles Brett) with words altered slightly to fit the canonical single melody, the second countertenor starting one bar behind the first. At the end of each versicle the line rises by a semitone producing an eerie and climactic ending on top D before dropping back down to the starting tone.

A version with a different tune (but with the "fire and fleet" version of the lyrics) was collected by the folk song collector, Hans Fried, from the singing of "an old Scottish lady", Peggy Richards. The Young Tradition used this version for their a cappella recording on their 1965 debut album, using quite a primitive harmonisation, in which two of the vocal parts move in parallel fifths. The folk band Pentangle performed a version on their 1969 album Basket of Light, using the same tune as The Young Tradition, but elaborating the arrangement, and Al Stewart had a duet with Mimi Fariña in the "Collector's Choice" version of his Zero She Flies album. Buffy Sainte-Marie also included this song on her 1967 album Fire & Fleet & Candlelight. Most later renditions of the song use the Richards-Fried melody; these include versions by Steeleye Span, the Mediaeval Baebes (titled 'This Ay Nicht') and Alasdair Roberts. The annual Spiral Dance in San Francisco has adapted the song to a neopagan context, changing the refrain to "May earth receive thy soul". This version can be found on Let It Begin Now: Music from the Spiral Dance.

Maddy Prior, writing in the liner notes to the Steeleye Span retrospective Spanning the Years, drily characterises the song's countercultural appeal, in describing one 1970s performance: "5 nights at the LA Forum with Jethro Tull. We were opening our set at the time with the Lyke Wake Dirge, a grim piece of music from Yorkshire concerning pergatory [sic] and we all dressed in dramatic mummers ribbons with tall hats. The effect was stunning. 5 gaunt figures in line across the front of the stage, lit from below casting huge shadows, intoning this insistent dirge alarmed some members of the audience whose reality was already tampered with by 1970s substances. It was most satisfying."

In the 2013 BBC radio play Neverwhere, the angel Islington (played by Benedict Cumberbatch) sang it.

In 2014 the dirge was recorded by Matt Berninger and Andrew Bird for the AMC TV series Turn In 2016 a version was used as the theme for BBC's The Living and the Dead supernatural horror TV series, performed by The Insects featuring Howlin' Lord.

"Lyke-Wake Dirge" is sometimes considered a ballad, but unlike a ballad it is lyric rather than narrative.

title: Lyke-Wake Dirge


text:
Fernando Henrique

Fernando Henrique may refer to:

 * Fernando Henrique Cardoso (born 1931), Brazilian politician, former president of Brazil
 * Fernando Henrique (footballer, born 1983) (Fernando Henrique dos Anjos), Brazilian goalkeeper
 * Fernando (footballer, born 1967) (Fernando Henrique Mariano), Brazilian footballer
 * Nando (footballer, born 1990) (Fernando Henrique Quintela Cavalcante), Brazilian footballer
 * Fernando Henrique (footballer, born 2001) (Fernando Henrique Pereira), Brazilian footballer

title: Fernando Henrique