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Walter (name)

Walter is a German masculine given name of Germanic origin, composed of the elements walt- (Proto-Germanic *wald-) "power", "ruler", and hari (Proto-Germanic *χarja) "army".

The name was first popularized by the epic German hero Walther von Aquitaine, and later from the name of the writer Walther von der Vogelweide.

The name is first recorded in the 6th century, with Walthari son of Wacho, who was king of the Lombards during 539–546. Old Germanic forms are recorded as Walthari, Waltari, Walthar, Waltar, Waltere, Waldheri, Waldhere, Waltheri, Walthere, Walther, Walter, Waldher, and Valter. The Old English equivalent is Wealdhere, Old Norse has Valðar and  Valdarr.

The name entered the French language as Gauthier, Spanish as Gutierre, Portuguese as Gualter and Italian as Gualtiero. The modern Dutch form of the name is Wouter. The German name has also been adopted in a number of languages in the spelling Valter.

The Latinized form is Waltharius, the title of a poem of the late 9th or early 10th century on the legendary Gothic king Walter of Aquitaine. A fragmentary Old English poem on the same character is known as Waldere. Jacob Grimm in Teutonic Mythology speculates that Walthari, literally "wielder of hosts", may have been an epithet of the god of war, Ziu or Eor, and that the circumstance that the hero of the Waltharius poems loses his right hand in battle may be significant, linking him to the Norse tradition of Tyr.

Geographical distribution
As of 2014, 43.5% of all known bearers of the surname Walter were residents of Germany (frequency 1:643), 23.4% of the United States (1:5,374), 5.0% of Nigeria (1:12,307), 4.0% of France (1:5,814), 2.0% of Austria (1:1,467), 1.9% of England (1:10,157), 1.8% of Brazil (1:38,529), 1.6% of Australia (1:5,113), 1.4% of Angola (1:6,511), 1.3% of Canada (1:9,641), 1.3% of Switzerland (1:2,176), 1.2% of Ghana (1:7,682), 1.1% of Argentina (1:13,353), 1.0% of Poland (1:12,776) and 1.0% of South Africa (1:19,181).

In Germany, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:643) in the following states:
 * 1) Baden-Württemberg (1:386)
 * 2) Bremen (1:422)
 * 3) Brandenburg (1:450)
 * 4) Hesse (1:526)
 * 5) Saxony-Anhalt (1:539)
 * 6) Rhineland-Palatinate (1:599)
 * 7) Thuringia (1:603)
 * 8) Bavaria (1:606)
 * 9) Saxony (1:621)
 * 10) Saarland (1:627)

Middle ages

 * Walter the Englishman or Gualterus Anglicus (fl. c. 1175), Anglo-Norman poet and scribe
 * Walter, Count of Rethel (died 1262), French nobleman
 * Walter (abbot of Evesham) or Walter de Cerisy (died 1104), English church leader
 * Walter (archbishop of Sens) (fl. 887–923), French church leader
 * Walter, Bishop of Transylvania (fl. 1156–1157), Hungarian church leader
 * Walter (bishop of Rochester) (died 1182), English church leader
 * Walter (bishop of Wrocław) (fl. 1149–1169), Episcopal Walloon
 * Walter Bentley (died 1359), English knight who fought in the Hundred Years War
 * Walter de Coutances (died 1207), Archbishop of Rouen and Chief Justiciar of England
 * Walter von Cronberg (1477 or 1479–1543), 38th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
 * Walter fitz Alan, twelfth-century Scottish magnate and Steward of Scotland
 * Walter fitz Gilbert of Cadzow, medieval Scottish nobleman
 * Walter Tailboys (1350–1417), English landowner and politician

Modern era

 * M. Walter F. Abeykoon (born 1903; died unknown), Inspector General of the Sri Lanka Police (1959–1963)
 * Walter W. Arndt (1916–2011), German-American translator
 * Walter Lewis Baily Jr. (1930–2013), American mathematician
 * Wally Bayola (Walter James Bayola, born 1973), Filipino comedian and television personality
 * Walter Bender (born 1956), president of One Laptop Per Child Software and Content
 * Walter Bender (Canadian football) (born 1961), American football player
 * W. O. Bentley (Walter Owen Bentley, 1889–1971), English engineer, founder of Bentley Motors
 * Walter Bentley (1849–1927), Scottish-Australian Shakespearean actor
 * Walter Blackman (born c. 1965/1966), American politician
 * Walter Braithwaite (1865–1945), British army general
 * Walter Brennan (1894–1974), American actor
 * Walter von Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt (1887–1943), German general during World War II
 * Walter Chrysler (1875–1940), American industrialist
 * Walter P. Chrysler Jr. (1909–1988), American art collector and museum benefactor
 * Walter Cronkite (1916–2009), American journalist
 * Walter Crucce (born 1974), Argentine boxer
 * Walter Devaram (born 1939), Indian former Director General of Police of Tamil Nadu
 * Walter Day (born 1949), American businessman, musician, and retired video game referee
 * Walter Percy Day (1878–1965), English matte artist and special effects technician
 * Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex (1541–1576), English nobleman and general
 * Walt Disney (Walter Elias Disney, 1901–1966), American film producer, animator and entrepreneur
 * Walter Dorsey (1771–1823), justice of the Maryland Court of Appeals
 * Walter Duranty (1884–1957), Anglo-American journalist
 * Walter von Eberhardt (1862–1944), German military commander during World War I and Latvian War of Independence
 * Walter Eisfeld (1905–1940), German Nazi SS commandant of Sachsenhausen concentration camp
 * Walter Feit (1930–2004), American mathematician
 * Walter Fernando, Sri Lankan Sinhala air chief marshal, Commander of the Sri Lanka Air Force from 1986 to 1991
 * Walter Forster (disambiguation), several people
 * Walter Flanagan, host of the Tell 'Em Steve-Dave! podcast and star of AMC's Comic Book Men
 * Walter Gericke (1907–1991), German Luftwaffe officer during World War II and a general in the Bundeswehr of West Germany
 * Walter Giardino (born 1960), Argentinian heavy metal guitarist
 * Walter Godefroot (born 1943), Belgian road bicycle racer and cycling team manager
 * Walter E. Gregory (1857–1918), American physician
 * Walter Gretzky (1938–2021), Canadian cable repairman and father of Wayne Gretzky
 * Steve Conway (born Walter James Groom, 1920–1952), British singer
 * Walter Gropius (1883–1969), German architect
 * Gunther (Walter Hahn, born 1987), Austrian professional wrestler
 * Walter Hagen (1892–1969), American golfer
 * Walter Hagen (aviator) (1897–1963), German general, aviator and Luftwaffe pilot during World War II
 * Walter Hallstein (1901–1982), German diplomat and statesman
 * Walter Heck, German graphic designer
 * Walter Heitz (1878–1944), German general during World War II
 * C. Walter Hodges (1909–2004), English artist and writer best known for illustrating children's books and for helping to recreate Elizabethan theatre
 * Walter Jayawardena (born 1910; died unknown), Solicitor General of Sri Lanka (1967–1968)
 * Walter Johnson (1887–1946), American baseball player
 * Walter von Keudell (1884–1973), German forest expert and politician
 * Walter Keane (1915–2000), American plagiarist, known for claiming MDH Keane's big-eyed waif paintings as his own
 * Walter Kirn (born 1962), American author
 * Walter Knott (1889–1981), American farmer
 * Walter Koenig (born 1936), American actor
 * Walter R. Kramer (1914–1995), US badminton champion
 * Walter Kreye (born 1942), German actor
 * Walter Davis Lambert (1879–1968), American geodesist
 * Walter Lantz (1899–1994), American animator, cartoonist and film producer
 * Walter L. Lovelace (1831–1866), Missouri lawyer and politician
 * Walter Luchetti (born 1937), Italian politician
 * Walter Lübcke (1953–2019), German politician
 * Walter Martos (born 1957), Peruvian retired military general and current prime minister of Peru
 * Walter Matthau (1920–2000), American actor
 * Walter Mazzarri (born 1961), Italian football manager
 * Walter T. McCarthy (1898–1985), American lawyer and judge
 * Walter R. McComas (1879–1922), American politician and lawyer
 * Walter Mercado (1932–2019), Puerto Rican astrologer also known as Shanti Ananda
 * Walter Miller (1890–1959), American Hall of Fame jockey
 * Walter Mirisch (1921–2023), American film producer
 * Walter Mondale (1928–2021), American politician, Vice President of the United States (1977–1981) and 1984 Democratic Party presidential candidate
 * Walter "Junie" Morrison (1954–2017), American funk musician, member of the Ohio Players
 * Walter Andreas Müller (born 1945), Swiss actor and comedian
 * Walter Murch (born 1943), American film editor and sound designer
 * Walter Dean Myers (born Walter Milton Myers, 1937–2014), American author
 * Walter Niephaus (1923–1992), German chess master
 * Walter O'Brien (born 1975), Irish businessman
 * Walter D. O'Hearn (1910–1969), Canadian journalist
 * Walter Olkewicz (1948–2021), American actor
 * Walter Ophey (1882–1930), German painter
 * Walter Packer (born 1955), American football player
 * Walter Palmore (born 1996), American football player
 * Walter Payton (1953–1999), American football player
 * Walter Pedraza (born 1981), Colombian road-cyclist
 * Walter Pidgeon (1897–1984), Canadian actor
 * Walter Piston (1894–1976), American composer
 * Walter Poddubny (1960–2009), Canadian hockey player
 * Walter Raleigh (c. 1552/1554–1618), English explorer
 * Walter Rauff (1906–1984), German Nazi SS colonel accused of directing the killing of hundreds of thousands of Jews in mobile gassing vans
 * Walter Reed (1851–1902), US Army physician and medical researcher
 * Walther Ritz (1878–1909), Swiss theoretical physicist
 * Walter Rodney (1942–1980), Guyanese historian and political activist
 * Walter Röhrl (born 1947), German rally world champion
 * Walter Romberg (1928–2014), German politician
 * Walter Rouse, American football player
 * Walter Runte (Fl. 2022), American politician
 * Walter Samuel (born 1978), Argentine footballer
 * Walter B. Sands (1870–1938), chief justice of the Montana Supreme Court
 * Walter Schellenberg (1910–1952), German SS functionary during the Nazi era
 * Walter Schreifels (born 1969), American musician
 * Wally Schirra (1923–2007), American astronaut
 * Walter Scott (disambiguation), several people
 * Walter Scott (1771–1832), Scottish novelist and poet
 * Walter Short (1880–1949), American lieutenant general responsible for US military installations in Hawaii at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
 * Walter Sillers (1852–1931), American lawyer and planter
 * Walter Sillers Jr. (1888–1966), American politician and white supremacist
 * Walter Sisulu (1912–2003), South African politician
 * Walter Smith (1948–2021), Scottish football player and manager
 * Walter Bedell Smith (1895–1961), senior officer of the United States Army who served as chief of staff at Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ) during the Tunisia Campaign and the Allied invasion of Italy in 1943, during World War II
 * Walter Shaw Sparrow (1862–1940), British writer on art and architecture
 * Walter Stewart (disambiguation), several people
 * Walter Tetley (1915–1975), American child actor
 * Walter Tewksbury (1876–1968), American athlete
 * Walter Thurnherr (born 1963), Swiss government official, Chancellor of Switzerland
 * Walter Ulbricht (1893–1973), German politician, leader of East Germany, 1950–71
 * Walter Veltroni (born 1955), Italian writer, journalist and politician
 * Walter Waalderbos (born 1951), Dutch footballer
 * Walter Whitman (1819–1892), American poet, journalist, essayist and humanist
 * Bruce Willis (Walter Bruce Willis, born 1955), American actor
 * Walter Willison (born 1947), American actor, singer, writer, director and producer
 * Walter Winchell (1897–1972), American columnist and radio news commentator
 * Walter Zapp (1905–2003), Baltic German inventor
 * Walter Zenga (born 1960), Italian football manager and former player
 * Walter E. Zink, US Army major general

Fictional and legendary characters

 * Walter of Aquitaine, a Visigoth king in Germanic heroic legend
 * Walter, in the 2005 American science fiction adventure Zathura: A Space Adventure
 * Walter, an android in the 2017 Ridley Scott film Alien: Covenant
 * Walter (Muppet), a Muppet character introduced in the 2011 film The Muppets
 * Walter, a title character of Walter and Tandoori, a children's television series
 * Walter, a puppet of ventriloquist Jeff Dunham (born 1962)
 * Walter the Softy (real name Walter Brown), arch-enemy of Dennis the Menace from The Beano comic since 1953
 * Dr. Walter Bishop (Fringe), a scientist on the 2008–2013 TV series Fringe
 * Walter Blythe, in the Anne of Green Gables novels Anne of Ingleside, Rainbow Valley, and Rilla of Ingleside
 * Walter Donovan, the main antagonist of the 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
 * Walter C. Dornez, from the anime/manga series Hellsing
 * Walter E. Kurtz, the main antagonist of the 1979 film Apocalypse Now
 * Dr. Walter Jenning, in the 1986 American science fiction movie Howard the Duck
 * Walter Joseph Kovacs, the secret identity of the vigilante Rorschach in Watchmen since 1968
 * Walter Longmire, the title character in Craig Johnson's A Longmire Mystery Series and main protagonist of A&E and Netflix's LONGMIRE television series
 * Walter Mitty, the title character in James Thurber's 1939 short story The Secret Life of Walter Mitty
 * Walter Newell, secret identity of Stingray (comics), a Marvel Comics character since 1967
 * Walter Nichols, in the Nickelodeon sitcom Drake & Josh
 * Corporal Walter "Radar" O’Reilly, from the 1968–1986 M*A*S*H franchise
 * Walter Peck, in the 1984 American supernatural comedy movie Ghostbusters
 * Walter Powell, in the American sitcom television series Charles in Charge
 * Walter Raccoon, the father of Pinch and Scootch Raccoon and the husband of Wanda Raccoon in "PB&J Otter"
 * Walter Smith, in the Nintendo video game Ninja Gaiden
 * Walter Sobchak, in the 1998 film The Big Lebowski
 * Walter Vetrivel, the title character of the 1993 Indian film Walter Vetrivel
 * Walter White, the protagonist of the 2008–2013 TV series Breaking Bad
 * Walter, in Vencer la culpa

Medieval

 * Walter, or FitzWalter, an armigerous family in Norman England
 * Theobald Walter, 1st Chief Butler of Ireland
 * Hubert Walter (c. 1160 – 13 July 1205), English archbishop and justiciar

Early modern

 * Johann Walter (1496–1570), German composer and poet
 * Thomas Walter (botanist) (1740–1789), British-born American botanist
 * Anton Walter (1752–1826), German piano maker
 * Ignaz Walter (1755–1822), Austrian opera singer and composer

Modern

 * Andrew Walter (born 1982), American football quarterback
 * Ben Walter (born 1984), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Bianca Walter (born 1990), German short track speed skater
 * Bruno Walter (1876–1962), German-American conductor and composer
 * Carl Walter (c. 1831–1907), German-Australian botanist and photographer
 * David Walter (disambiguation), several people
 * Eleanor Walter (1910–1997), American painter
 * Emma Walter (1833/34–1893), British artist
 * Eugene Walter (1921–1998), American writer and actor
 * Francis E. Walter (1894–1963), American politician
 * Fritz Walter (football executive) (1900–1981), German football executive
 * Fritz Walter (footballer born 1960), German footballer
 * Fritz Walter (politician) (1896–1977), German politician
 * Fritz Walter (1920–2002), German footballer
 * Harriet Walter (born 1950), British actress
 * Harvey Washington Walter (1819–1878), American lawyer and railroad business executive
 * Hellmuth Walter (1900–1980), German engineer
 * Howard Arnold Walter (1883–1918), American Congregationalist minister, author, and hymn writer
 * Hubert Walter (1930–2008), German anthropologist
 * Ja'Kobe Walter (born 2004), American basketball player
 * Jamie Campbell-Walter (born 1972), British professional racing driver
 * Jean Walter (1883–1957), French architect
 * Jess Walter (born 1965), American novelist
 * Jessica Walter (1941–2021), American actress
 * Joachim Walter (1940–2021), East German football player
 * Joe Walter (American football) (born 1963), American football tackle
 * Joe Walter (footballer) (1895–1995), British football player
 * Joe Walter (Ohio politician) (born 1947), former member of the Ohio House of Representatives
 * Joseph Walter (1783–1856), British marine artist
 * Kevin Walter (born 1981), American football wide receiver
 * Leonie Maria Walter (born 2004), German biathlete
 * Ottmar Walter (1924–2013), German footballer
 * Otto F. Walter (1928–1994), Swiss journalist, author and publisher
 * Owen Walter (born 1979), Canadian ice hockey defenceman
 * Raymond Walter (born 1972), American politician, New York State Assemblyman
 * Rita Walter (1931–2020), American actress
 * Ruedi Walter (1916–1990), Swiss comedian and actor
 * Ryan Walter (born 1958), Canadian hockey player
 * Silja Walter (1919–2011), Swiss author and Benedictine nun
 * Thomas U. Walter (1804–1887), American architect
 * Tracey Walter (born 1947), American character actor
 * Ulrich Walter (born 1954), German astronaut
 * Young Singleton Walter (1811–1883), American politician

title: Walter (name)


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Talk:Tholian

Class C or Class Y ?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_planet_classifications this says tholia is a class y planet! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.21.218.204 (talk) 02:20, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

Untitled
I don't think that the Star Fleet Universe should be referenced in the main body this article.

We should limit the content to canon material and list any additional info at the very end. For example, we wouldn't want to feature the Next Generation comics where Tholians appeared as crystals with arms and legs, would we? --StAkAr Karnak 12:18, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Sources?
This is an article about a fictional race, but even then, shouldn't there be sources cited? (In fact, in a way it becomes even more important, as casual readers can't know the "truth" about this fictional race.)

What sources were used to write this article? Larry Dunn (talk) 19:17, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Tholian


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André Comte-Sponville

André Comte-Sponville (born 12 March 1952) is a French philosopher.

Biography
André Comte-Sponville was born in Paris, France. He studied in the École Normale Supérieure and earned a PhD from Panthéon-Sorbonne University, and is aggregated in philosophy. He is a proponent of atheism and materialism, but in a particular form, because of his spiritualistic aim.

The most important aspect of his work is an overcoming of traditional materialistic atheism in a perspective of post-materialism, because he demonstrates a spiritualization of atheism. This is especially present in his essay , published in 2006.

Audio

 * "Le bonheur - visions occidentale et chinoise", a three CD spoken word audio conference and discussion with Francois Julien, 2007.

title: André Comte-Sponville


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Template talk:Software distribution

This template is a mess
It says "software distribution" -- which brings to my mind the impression that this is supposed to be an article about the business of software, of bringing goods to market. Forms of distribution, for example, would be retail software, digital purchase, mail order, p2p. But the articles it links to are a mixture of varying software categories, novelty software licenses, and basically any odd article ending in "ware". What is this template actually supposed to be about? Ham Pastrami (talk) 04:28, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

I agree that title and use are not correlated. Although, term "software distribution" is not used only to describe process, but also as name for, usually open source, software collections. It is old Unix term that was accepted by first Linux collections and survived until this days as Linux distributions. The BSD is free Unix branch and has term "software distribution" in its name.

Article Software distribution is enough to direct visitors to further reading. The only reason not to mark it for deletion is that its name should be changed, to prevent spread of wrong information, so there will be some work to fix all pages that contain this template. BTW, it was created with wrong idea what means its title. --Simon321 (talk) 01:40, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

Crippleware
Could do with adding... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.104.78.164 (talk) 01:43, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
 * There is no such article. Crippleware redirect to Damaged Good, which is an economics article. Fleet Command (talk) 01:52, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

Shouldn't Abandonware be in the deceptive/illicit row?
It is not a legally recognized term nor is the activity associated with it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.111.59.16 (talk) 00:49, 11 February 2013 (UTC)

Additions ?
Should be "retail" added as delivery method? And in the "Compensation models" row, crowdfunding (e.g. Kickstarter, "subscription model") could be added. Shaddim (talk) 13:13, 1 August 2013 (UTC)
 * added Shaddim (talk) 19:58, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Software distribution


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Landnámabók

Landnámabók (, "Book of Settlements"), often shortened to Landnáma, is a medieval Icelandic written work which describes in considerable detail the settlement (landnám) of Iceland by the Norse in the 9th and 10th centuries CE.

Landnáma
Landnámabók is divided into five parts and over 100 chapters. The first part tells of how the island was found. The latter parts count settlers quarter by quarter, beginning with west and ending with south. It traces important events and family history into the 12th century. More than 3,000 people and 1,400 settlements are described. It tells where each settler settled and provides a brief genealogy of his or her descendants. Sometimes short anecdote-like stories are also included. Landnámabók lists 435 people (landnámsmenn, which includes men and women) as the initial settlers, the majority of them settling in the northern and southwestern parts of the island. It remains an invaluable source on both the history and genealogy of the Icelandic people. Some have suggested a single author, while others have believed it to have been put together when people met at things (assemblies).

Versions
Ari Þorgilsson may have written the earliest version of Landnámabók in addition to his shorter Íslendingabók; or early versions may have been based on the genealogies that Ari states he left out of Íslendingabók. The oldest surviving versions were written in the 13th and 14th centuries. The initial settlement of Iceland largely took place during the Viking Age between 870 and 930, but Landnámabók mentions descendants significantly later than the actual settlement period, at least into the 11th century.

Five versions of Landnámabók survive, of which three were written in the Middle Ages, the other two in the 17th century preserving medieval material:

 * Sturlubók by Sturla Þórðarson, thought to have been written between 1275 and 1280
 * A version in the early 14th-century compilation Hauksbók by Haukr Erlendsson, who says he based it on Sturlubók and a lost 13th-century version by Styrmir Kárason, Styrmisbók
 * Melabók, written c. 1300, of which only two sheets survive; genealogies were appended to this in the early 14th century
 * Skarðsárbók, compiled prior to 1636 by Björn Jónsson of Skarðsá from Sturlubók and Hauksbók
 * Þórðarbók, compiled in the 17th century by Þórður Jónsson from Skarðsárbók with the addition of sections of Melabók, some of which may derive from Styrmisbók

Landnámabók is one of the main sources of information on the heathen religion of the settlers. According to Sveinbjörn Rafnsson, the Sturlubók and Hauksbók versions tend to overemphasise Christianity, Melabók less so. An epilogue to 'Þórðarbók, probably copied from Melabók, justifies studying Icelandic history as a defence against foreign accusations of descent from "slaves or rogues" and because "all reasonable peoples" want to know about their origins.

title: Landnámabók


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Shift Out and Shift In characters

Shift Out (SO) and Shift In (SI) are ASCII control characters 14 and 15, respectively (0x0E and 0x0F). These are sometimes also called "Control-N" and "Control-O".

The original purpose of these characters was to provide a way to shift a coloured ribbon, split longitudinally usually with red and black, up and down to the other colour in an electro-mechanical typewriter or teleprinter, such as the Teletype Model 38, to automate the same function of manual typewriters. Black was the conventional ambient default colour and so was shifted "in" or "out" with the other colour on the ribbon.

Later advancements in technology instigated use of this function for switching to a different font or character set and back. This was used, for instance, in the Russian character set known as KOI7-switched, where SO starts printing Russian letters, and SI starts printing Latin letters again. Similarly, they are used for switching between Katakana and Roman letters in the 7-bit version of the Japanese JIS X 0201.

SO/SI control characters also are used to display VT100 pseudographics. Shift In is also used in the 2G variant of SoftBank Mobile's encoding for emoji.

The ISO/IEC 2022 standard (ECMA-35, JIS X 0202) standardises the generalized usage of SO and SI for switching between pre-designated character sets invoked over the 0x20–0x7F byte range. It refers to them respectively as Locking Shift One (LS1) and Locking Shift Zero (LS0) in an 8-bit environment, or as SO and SI in a 7-bit environment. In ISO-2022-compliant code sets where the 0x0E and 0x0F characters are used for the purpose of emphasis (such as an italic or red font) rather than a change of character set, they are referred to respectively as Upper Rail (UR) and Lower Rail (LR), rather than SO and SI.

title: Shift Out and Shift In characters


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Wainwright (occupation)

A wainwright or cartwright is a trades person skilled in the making and repairing of wagons and carts. The word wainwright is the combination of the archaic words "wain" (a large wagon for farm use) and "wright" (a worker or maker), originating from the Old English wægnwyrhta. A master wainwright employs several craftsmen, including wheelwrights, blacksmiths and painters.

A carriagemaker specializes in making carriages.

title: Wainwright (occupation)


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Wollstonecraft railway station

Wollstonecraft railway station is located on the North Shore line, serving the Sydney suburb of Wollstonecraft. It is served by Sydney Trains T1 North Shore line services.

History
Wollstonecraft station opened on 1 May 1893 when the North Shore line opened from St Leonards to Milsons Point. Originally named Edwards Road, named after J. G Edwards, it was renamed Wollstonecraft on 1 September 1900. The original buildings were replaced in the 1980s.

The platform is located on a sharp 200-metre radius curve, leading to complaints from residents about the squeal from train wheels.

In May 2022, an upgrade to the station was opened with accessibility upgrades including new bridges and lifts, raising the station platform and drainage works. Tendering for the upgrade started in mid-2020, with Downer being awarded to manage contractor contracts, with the work contracts being then awarded to RJS Infrastructure.

Transport links
Busways operates one bus route via Wollstonecraft station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
 * 265: Lane Cove to North Sydney

title: Wollstonecraft railway station


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9×21mm

The 9×21mm pistol cartridge (also known as the 9×21mm GP, 9×21mm IMI, 9mm IMI, 9×21mm Italian, or 9mm Italian) was designed by Jager (Loano, Italy), then adopted and commercialised by Israel Military Industries for those jurisdictions where military service cartridges, like the 9×19mm Parabellum, are or were illegal for civilian purchase (i.e. Italy, France, Brazil, and Mexico).

History
Based on the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge, the case was lengthened from 19.05 to 21.15 mm. The bullet sits slightly deeper in the case, which results in almost the same overall length as the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge (29.69 to 29.75 mm).

The cartridge was designed by Erasmus Giordano & Armando Piscetta to be used for civil purposes with large pistols (also those designed for .45 ACP). It was named "9 mm GP". The users were not enthusiastic at the very beginning for several reasons, such as the fact that barrels had to be modified.

During the 1980s, Israel Military Industries (IMI) started to use 9×21mm and received permission to import the UZI Defender (also called Micro Uzi) into Italy chambered for 9×21 IMI. It was the first official commercial launch for the 9×21mm. From that period on several companies in Italy started to sell 9×21mm pistols and ammunition. In just a few decades, the 9×21mm GP or 9×21 IMI became roughly 80% of the civilian small arms market in Italy.

Competition use
As it is a rimless round, the 9×21mm is used in USPSA/IPSC competition in open class firearms. A rimless case is preferred because, unlike semi-rimmed or rimmed cartridges, it will not tend to lock together with other rounds in a double-column magazine, resulting in a malfunction. As other .38 Super–based rimless cartridges became available, the 9×21mm decreased in popularity in the United States for competition use, but it is still widely used in many other parts of the world.

Synonyms

 * 9×21mm IMI
 * 9 mm IMI
 * 9mm Italiano
 * Winchester 9×21mm WIN [124-gr. bullet]

Cartridge dimensions
The 9×21mm has 1.01 ml (15.5 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity.

9×21mm maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions All sizes in millimeters (mm).

The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 254 mm (1 in 10 in), 4 grooves, Ø lands = 8.79 mm, Ø grooves = 9.03 mm, land width = 3.80 mm and the primer type is small pistol.

According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives) guidelines, the 9×21mm case can handle up to 235 MPa piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every pistol cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.

title: 9×21mm


text:
Grain Fort

Grain Fort is a former artillery fort located just east of the village of Grain, Kent. It was constructed in the 1860s to defend the confluence of the Rivers Medway and Thames during a period of tension with France. The fort's location enabled its guns to support the nearby Grain Tower and Garrison Point Fort at Sheerness on the other side of the Medway. It was repeatedly altered and its guns upgraded at various points in its history, before being decommissioned in 1956 when the UK abolished its coastal defence programme. It was subsequently demolished. The remnants of the fort are still visible and have been incorporated into a coastal park.

Strategic context
The fort was constructed in response to a naval arms race between Britain and France. Britain's coastal defences had not been substantially upgraded since the Napoleonic Wars, but a new generation of accurate and powerful guns, mounted on fast-moving, manoeuvrable iron-clad warships, had obsoleted the existing 18th and early 19th century forts along the British coastline. The Thames was seen as particularly vulnerable; as well as being one of the country's most important trade routes, it possessed several naval installations of great importance, including the victualling yards at Deptford, the armaments works of Woolwich Arsenal, the shipbuilding yards at North Woolwich, and the magazines at Purfleet.

The government's response to the increased threat was to appoint a Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom, which published a far-reaching report in 1860. It recommended that many existing forts should be upgraded or rebuilt entirely, and that new forts should be constructed to guard particularly strategic or vulnerable points along the coast. In all, around 70 forts and batteries were constructed around the English coast as a result of the Royal Commission's report.

An existing gun battery, Grain Tower, already existed just off the shoreline at Grain, about 1 km away from the site of the later Grain Fort. It had been built in the style of a Martello tower between 1848 and 1855 but the introduction of powerful and accurate rifled muzzle loader (RML) guns during the 1850s made it obsolete as soon as it was completed. The 1860 Commission report recommended that Grain Tower should be turned into a fully casemated fort, which would be built around the existing structure. However, the cost of doing this was seen as excessive and the proposal was dropped as part of a cost-cutting exercise to reduce the overall cost of the fort-building programme. Instead, a new land fort was built at Grain, while the existing battery at Garrison Point on the Isle of Sheppey was upgraded and fortified to create Garrison Point Fort.

Construction and layout

Grain Fort was constructed between 1861–68 to a heptagonal design. It initially had thirteen open emplacements carried on an earthwork, under which lay the magazines and linking passages. A semi-circular brick keep on a north–south alignment stood at the centre of the fort. It provided barrack accommodation for the garrison and was designed to be defensible, with loopholes in its front face to facilitate musket fire. Similarly, its gorge at the rear, where the main entrance stood, had crenelations to provide protection for defenders faced with a rearward attack. In front of the keep was a ditch, accessed via a gate at the rear of the fort. It had four caponiers that guarded the angles and were accessed via passages through the underlying structure. An inner ditch around the keep was covered by a further three caponiers and two demi-caponiers which led into the earthwork ramparts in one direction and into the keep in the other. The keep could also be accessed via a bridge which connected it with the terreplein.

Operational history
Grain Fort's initial armament consisted of 13 heavy RMLs (six 11-inch, four 9-inch and three 64-pdr. guns). By the end of the 19th century these had been replaced by four much more powerful guns: two 9.2-inch Mark X breech-loading guns and two 4.7-inch guns. The original thirteen emplacements were reduced to five by 1895. The fort continued in use during the Second World War and underwent further alterations when its two existing 6-inch close defence guns were enclosed within bomb-proof shelters. Fire control positions were also added, along with spigot mortars at each end of the terreplein. In 1956 the fort was decommissioned and sold to the local authority five years later, following which the surface buildings were demolished.

To supplement the fort's firepower, two additional gun batteries were subsequently constructed nearby. These were Grain Wing Battery (constructed 1890–95) 50 m south of Grain Fort, and Dummy Battery (constructed 1861–68), about 1 km south of the fort. Neither was used for long before they were disarmed and used for other purposes, and both were decommissioned and sold off along with Grain Fort.

Current status
Little is now visible of Grain Fort above the ground. In addition to the keep's demolition, the spaces within which the surface buildings once stood have been filled with rubble and rubbish. The fort's earthworks and a brick revetment still survive and a path links the concrete aprons of the infilled gun emplacements. The front caponiers are buried but have also survived mostly intact. Magazines and tunnels still exist within the subsurface structure and have been visited by urban explorers. Many of the fittings are reported to still survive. The site of the fort is now within the Isle of Grain Coastal Park, which is managed by the Friends of the Coastal Park in partnership with its owners, St James Parish Council. The fort is part of a scheduled monument designated in 1976 to cover "coastal artillery defences on the Isle of Grain, immediately east and south east of Grain village".

title: Grain Fort


text:
Bette Stephenson

Bette Mildred Stephenson Pengelly (July 31, 1924 – August 19, 2019) was a Canadian medical doctor and politician in Ontario. She served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1975 to 1987 and was a cabinet minister in the Progressive Conservative governments of Bill Davis and Frank Miller.

Background
Stephenson was born in Aurora, Ontario, the daughter of Clara Mildred (Draper) and Carl Melvin Stephenson. She graduated from Earl Haig Secondary School in North York, Ontario in 1941 and was the only female in her class to go on to university. She entered University of Toronto Medical School at the age of 17, a year younger than what was then the minimum age for admission, after persuading the dean to waive both the rule and the $680 tuition fee.

She attained her medical degree from the University of Toronto in 1946. Stephenson practised medicine for more than 40 years. She was a member of the medical staff, a Director of the Outpatient Department, and Chief of the Department of General Practice at Women's College Hospital. She was also a member of the medical staff at North York General Hospital.

She was a founding member of the College of General Practice in Canada, now known as the College of Family Physicians of Canada. She was also the first female member of the board of directors of the Ontario Medical Association and the Canadian Medical Association, and served as the first female president of both organizations. In 1974, she released a report stating that there were too many foreign-born students at the University of Toronto, particularly from China. The statements she made led some Chinese physicians to create the Federation of Chinese Canadian Professionals of Ontario which later became the Chinese Canadian Medical Society.

On behalf of the CMA, she lobbied then-Justice Minister Pierre Trudeau to remove abortion from the Criminal Code. According to Stephenson, he agreed to do so but then reneged and instead introduced amendments to the Criminal Code that provided for abortions only when the health of the woman was in danger as determined by a three-doctor hospital committee.

Politics
Stephenson was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1975 provincial election, representing the constituency of York Mills in North York. She was appointed to Bill Davis' cabinet as Minister of Labour on October 7, 1975. She won a convincing re-election victory over Liberal candidate Wilfred Caplan in the 1977 election.

On August 18, 1978, she was named Minister of Education and Minister of Colleges and Universities. As Minister, she ordered Toronto schools to use the Lord's Prayer during opening or closing exercise instead of silent meditation. She was returned to the legislature with the largest majority of her career in the 1981 provincial election.

Stephenson was a driving force behind the ICON computer project, in which a thin client networked computer was designed and built to Ontario specifications for classroom use. Introduced in 1984, the ICON was controversial and was eventually orphaned with support discontinued in 1994.

Stephenson was not informed of Davis's decision in 1984 to extend full funding to Catholic high schools until the policy had already been decided, and was privately opposed but did not resign from cabinet in protest due to her loyalty to Davis.

The Progressive Conservatives under Davis was considered a Red Tory party, however, Stephenson was on the party's conservative wing. She considered running to succeed Davis at the January 1985 PC Party of Ontario leadership convention but did not want to split the vote with fellow right-winger Frank Miller who was also considering running, so the two agreed that only one of them would run. When Miller decided to announce his candidacy, Stephenson supported him prominently.

When Miller replaced Davis as Premier of Ontario on February 8, 1985, he named Stephenson as the Chair of the Management Board of Cabinet.

Under Miller's leadership, the Progressive Conservatives were reduced to a tenuous minority government in the 1985 provincial election. Stephenson was personally re-elected without difficulty, and was named as Ontario's first female Treasurer and Deputy Premier on May 17. She accomplished little in these roles. Before having the chance as Treasurer to present a budget, the Miller government was defeated by a motion of non-confidence in June 1985, after the Liberals reached an agreement allowing them to form government with the support of the Ontario New Democratic Party. In opposition, she served as her party's Critic for Health. She retired from politics at the 1987 provincial election.

After politics
In the 1990s, Stephenson was appointed as a board member on the province's new Education Quality and Accountability Office, which monitors and reports to the public on the performance of the education system. From 1997 to 2005, she was chair of the Learning Opportunities Task Force. and was involved with the Gwillimbury Foundation in its attempt to build a university in Queensville, Ontario. She is a founding member of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research and also served on the boards of the Ontario Innovation Trust and the police services board overseeing the Ontario Provincial Police.

In 1992, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in recognition of having "made exceptional contributions to society throughout her career". In 1999, she was awarded the Order of Ontario and the Governor General's Award in Commemoration of the Persons Case. The Bette Stephenson Centre for Learning, a York Region District School Board school in Richmond Hill offering adult education programs, was named after her. In 2013, she was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.

Stephenson died in Richmond Hill on August 19, 2019, at the age of 95.

title: Bette Stephenson


text:
Talk:Skegness Grammar School

from VfD:

Non-notable School Dsmdgold 12:34, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - notable enough school that just doesn't have a good write up. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 12:38, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with Graham. Keep - David Gerard 12:47, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * One interesting fact about it in the article, really needs improving. Very weak keep for me. Average Earthman 15:19, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into some larger category - It is somewhat notable, but not enough for its own article. ClockworkTroll 20:21, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The "first school to receive grant status" fact isn't particularly notable.  Anything else in the article would just be trivia about the school tacked on.  This article has nowhere to go.  -- WOT 03:13, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. I think being the first school to be grant-supported is notable.   — Gwalla | Talk 17:50, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete. Not notable. Pre-university schools need to meet a pretty high bar to be notable, e.g. trying a very notable new teaching style, being the site of some notable event (e.g. Columbine), or similar. Schools are not intrinsically worth including on Wikipedia. --Improv 21:39, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't know what "grant-maintained" status is, so I don't know if being the first to receive it is notable. At the very least, merge into some larger category; keep if this can be expanded to something informative and if being the first is something meaningful, rather than (say) getting its grant two days before the next one. -- Jmabel 01:01, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but expand or write up grant-maintained school and merge/redirect there — siro  χ  o  06:08, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into grant-maintained school. That is significant! UK education policy of allowing schools to opt out of local government control but still get central government funding; More or less! I'll use that to create a stub and will flag it for attention. --Cje 09:23, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Changed my mind. I agree with WOT - being the first to "receive grant status" isn't particularly notable.  I hope the grant-maintained school article becomes something useful instead! But it doesn't need Skegness Grammar merged in to become useful --Cje 11:35, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Grammar school. anthony (see warning) 22:02, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Being the first grant-maintained school sounds notable. I'd certainly like to see this article expanded, but it doesn't seem right to delete it just for being a stub. Factitious 06:03, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - just deserves a line in grant-maintained school unless there is something else special about it --Jll 11:59, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Intrigue 17:40, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:54, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

Entry Reorganisation and rewrite
Well frankly I was appalled. For a grammar school I have never seen such a pile of garbage. Bad spelling, simply teeth grinding composition and grammar....sorry I could not leave it like that, it was a disgrace. I have rewritten the page today 21stCenturyGreenstuff (talk) 01:23, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Skegness Grammar School


text:
Wakonda

Wakonda or Waconda may refer to:

 * Fiction
 * Wakonda, Oregon, a fictional city in the U.S. state of Oregon from the novel Sometimes a Great Notion
 * Wakonda's Dream, a modern opera about contemporary Native Americans, often referred to as Wakonda

 * Places
 * Waconda, Oregon, an unincorporated community in Marion County, Oregon
 * Waconda Spring, a natural artesian spring in the U.S. state of Kansas
 * Waconda Lake, a reservoir in Kansas, named for the inundated spring
 * Wakonda Beach State Airport in Waldport, Oregon
 * Wakonda, South Dakota, a town in the U.S. state of South Dakota
 * Wakonda Variety, historic place in the South Dakota town
 * Wakonda State Park in the U.S. state of Missouri

People
 * Ships
 * USS Wakonda (YTB-528), a proposed United States Navy tugboat that was never built, the contract for her construction being cancelled in 1945

 * Josephine Waconda (1935-2013), American nurse and administrator

title: Wakonda


text:
User:Apyule

Hello everyone. I've really been thinking about page deletion lately. I've talked about deletion criteria before here, but now I think that the method needs to be looked at too. At the moment the system is almost totally broken, so much so that a lot of people are so sucked in that they don't even notice. It's almost as if they have Stockholm syndrome. Still, the system should be changed.

Recently, the system has been getting even worse. the most striking example of this that I have seen relates to AACS and the 99206706771272430000 key. The way the deletion was handled was appalling, even by Wikipedia standards. The initial listing at AfD was the correct action, but speedily deleting it was a major breach of policy by a self righteous power mad administrator on the flimsiest legal grounds. The way that the deletion review was closed in violation of accepted practice and basic polite behavior is almost unbelievable. You people are administrators, not Wikimedia foundation lawyers. Wikipedia discussions are built on consensus not votes or the vague legal ideas of random administrators.

title: User:Apyule


text:
Category talk:Populated coastal places

I wonder... Out of curiosity (mostly testing the limits of the category criteria), would Salt Lake City be considered a coastal city? It has a population over a hundred thousand, and is on the coast of the Great Salt Lake. It does have a lot of regularly-traveled piers and handles yachts and (conceivably) small cargo ships, but as the Great Salt Lake has only one major city on its coast and no international borders which would make international trade possible. There are inhabited settled islands in the Great Salt Lake, but nothing approaching the size of a city like Salt Lake City. However, I don't know if this would factor (probably not :P), but most of California's sea gulls congregate seasonally at the Great Salt Lake, sometimes blotting out the sky. My point is, Salt Lake is a large city on the coast of a lake and, for all geographical and ecological purposes, is a coastal city on the coast of a large saline inland sea. Geneva is also a lake-coastal city, as are Detroit and Chicago. Should their status as coastal cities depend on their being on international borders or how much of their port usage is for commercial trade?

Anyway, while that's stewing, I'm going to see if I can add cities (that much more clearly fit the established criteria) that aren't on the list. :) - Gilgamesh 12:41, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Another thought. This category can support ocean cities and lake cities, but what about major river cities, particularly on the St. Lawrence River or Rhone River? Such rivers are sea-commerce arteries that connect major lakes with the sea and function as major ports, even if they are not close to the sea nor a lake. - Gilgamesh 12:50, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

For that matter, what about the Three Gorges? Chongqing has been being revamped as a commercial port for traffic up the Yangtze River, and the lower parts of the city itself were destroyed in anticipation of rising water levels from the new man-made lake. - Gilgamesh 12:52, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Cities on a major river simply aren't coastal cities. If there was a category "international shipping ports" or something like that, they would fit there. I have removed both Rotterdam and Amsterdam from the category, as they are not on the sea but on a river or canal. I could remove The Hague because it isn't a port city, but I don't think that that criterium is correct here. Eugene van der Pijll 16:44, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * In that case, I really have to question the inclusion of lake cities such as Toronto. Why in the world would you include Toronto but not Montreal, just because Toronto happens to be on the lake part of the Saint Lawrence/Great Lakes Waterway and Montreal happens to be on the river part (if, of course, you don't count Lac Saint Louis)? I don't understand what value this classification as stated has.
 * Someone looking for "coastal cities" is not going to be looking for Toronto; they're going to be looking for Halifax and the like. As an example, Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia refers to it as the "second largest coastal city in Canada after Vancouver", not the third largest after Vancouver and Toronto. - Montréalais 07:24, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * They are not my rules. My rules would be: Include a city when it is a coastal city. Amsterdam and Rotterdam just aren't (I know both cities, they just don't feel like you're close to the sea), so I was glad the rules allowed me to remove them. I've never been to the Great Lakes, so I can't say anything about Toronto. Except that I have a North-American road atlas, and it does not show a large harbour, so you might get away with removing Toronto from the list (although I suppose "international vessels" doesn't mean much in Toronto). Eugene van der Pijll 01:34, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, Toronto does have a port serving international vessels; then again, so does Montreal (and Rotterdam, for that matter). However, when someone mentions the coast, I expect there to be salt water in the vicinity. - Montréalais 07:57, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I never once presumed salt water to be the prerequisite for this category, and cities on lake coasts are very obviously coastal. Toronto and Duluth are most definately coastal cities, as they hug shores of great bodies of water and serve international vessels.  I say the lakeshore cities stay. - Gilgamesh 03:05, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Lakes don't have coasts. They have shores. - Montréalais 15:08, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Most reputable dictionaries show a coast is exclusive to lands bordering the ocean. I also checked several geoscience/geography/surveying publications at our library (I was bored) and nowhere does it include the definition of lakeshores as coastlines.  I also seem to remember a guy from NOAA mentioning at a conference on coastal zone management 3 years ago that they apparently introduced the idea of referring to the shorelines of the Great Lakes as a "coast" in order to qualify some scientists and research facilities for additional funding, and several Great Lakes-based universities were also able to tap in.  This subsequently led to certain real estate developers/regional industrial promoters in Ontario and U.S. Great Lakes states talking about a "4th coast" (in the US) and a "South Coast" (in Canada).  While the St. Lawrence Seaway has brough ocean-based shipping to the region, I say this category should be for cities fronting oceans (or navigable salt water tributaries connected to oceans) only.  I would also say the Coast article needs to be updated/edited.  Cheers, Plasma east 00:56, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Plasma East's comments sew it up for me. - Montréalais 01:51, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I think this category should be modified to remove the confusing reference of inland non-coastal locations (ie. on lakes). Plasma east 01:27, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I disagree. Cities on shores of large lakes with significant water traffic are coastal cities. - Gilgamesh 05:16, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * While I agree that it is important to categorize port communities as such, I think that the creator of this category has misinterpreted what the differences are between using the term "coast" versus "shore" Perhaps these ports should be categorized in some way under "Port cities" or "Port towns", but in my opinion, I think that Wikipedia is misleading its readership with the "Coastal cities" and "Coastal towns" categories which I believe are erroneously including ports on the Great Lakes, Caspian Sea, and other large lakes as being "coastal" when many sources would say they are not.  The terms "coast" and "coastal" are normally used by geographers and geoscientists when relating to the ocean, as witnessed by the following definitions given by mainstream, non-academic sources.  Although there are some slight differences, the majority of the consensus is that "coast" belongs to land bordering an ocean, whereas "shore" can be more broadly defined:

 * Concise Oxford English Dictionary states coast→ n. the part of the land adjoining or near the sea.
 * Concise Oxford English Dictionary states shore→ n. the land along the edge of a sea, lake, etc. • (Law) the land between ordinary high- and low-water marks.
 * Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary states coast. broad area of land that borders the sea.
 * Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary states shore. the land bordering a usually large body of water
 * Dictionary.com states coast. Land next to the sea; the seashore
 * Dictionary.com states shore. The land along the edge of an ocean, sea, lake, or river; a coast
 * Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary states coast. the land next to or close to the sea
 * Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary states shore. the land along the edge of a sea, lake or wide river
 * Wordsmyth English Dictionary states coast. the land or area next to the ocean; seashore
 * Wordsmyth English Dictionary states shore. the land beside an ocean, sea, lake, or river
 * The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language states coast. Land next to the sea; the seashore
 * The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language states shore. The land along the edge of an ocean, sea, lake, or river

 * If Wikipedia were to change the categories to read "Port cities" and "Port towns", this would enable major river ports to be added, whereas they are being witheld by the arbitrary rules established by the creators of the "Coastal cities"/"Coastal towns" categoriesPlasma east 17:10, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Split
What about spliting the categories according to water bodies, say, coastal cities of the Pacific Ocean, coastal cities of the North Sea, coastal cities of the Mediterannean Sea, etc.? The list of seaports is currently sorted in this manner. — Instantnood 08:28, 11 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Probably better to split them by country, because there are already categories for some countries. And now this category is full, so it's high time for splitting. Karol 13:39, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
 * By water body categories can still be created.. they're two different ways of categorisation. — Instantnood 17:03, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

PCP
Where did this drug-term name come from? Was it OR? Hcobb (talk) 00:50, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Populated coastal places


text:
Talk:Sam Houston Math, Science, and Technology Center

Untitled
from VfD:

Non-notable School Dsmdgold 12:43, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-notable. jni 13:43, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Erm, It's rather OLD to be non-notable, don't you think? WhisperToMe 15:45, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Personally... no. Schools established in the United States before 1800 might be notable for age alone, and schools established before 1700 certainly would be, but 1878? Schools that old are a dime a dozen. I don't even think I'd buy "oldest school in Houston" as making the school notable if there were nothing else notable about it. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:02, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless greatly improved and notability established before VfD expiration. Low-quality article, BEEFSTEW points A, B, D = 3/10. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 15:53, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: a clear case by my criteria, as it has a long history and 2700 students. One can imagine how many people must've graduated from it over time. Everyking 13:33, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * What are your criteria? Are there any high school articles that you think should be deleted? As nearly as I can tell, you've voted to keep all of them. If, like Anthony, you believe all high schools are intrinsically notable, please say so. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 10:47, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, the standard I'm going by now is that if a school has at least 2000 students and has a history of some reasonably substantial length (a couple of decades is nice), it's a clear keep. No, I don't believe all high schools are intrinsically notable, but I believe institutions are made notable if enough people have a strong association with them. Everyking 20:44, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * By that standard, we'd best be listing every prison and hospital here as well. And maybe every church and supermarket as well. Denni ☯ 01:02, 2004 Oct 9 (UTC)
 * Last time I checked, prisons, hospitals, churches, and supermarkets, were not schools, so they wouldn't pass the standard of being "a school has at least 2000 students and has a history of some reasonably substantial length". anthony (see warning) 03:17, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Did I say that? I don't think I did. The idea was that a strong association for a large number of people establishes notability. Prisons would generally qualify, some hospitals might, churches generally wouldn't unless they were exceptionally large or had a notable history, supermarkets would never qualify unless something quite notable happened there. What establishes notability for you, by the way? What criteria aside from importance to a substantial number of people do you use to determine such things? Everyking 16:33, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Strongly disagree with Everyking that that establishes notability. Schools have a high bar to meet to be notable. This fails. --Improv 21:40, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep I fail to understand the bias against high schools. We keep lots of idiotic articles.  We just kept two incoherent stub articles on Mexico city bus stops.  We just kept GNAA.  But for some reason a high school is by default booted.  What's the harm in high school articles?  They might actually grow into something useful. Wolfman 02:14, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yes, it's true this High School has a long history, different names over the years, etc.  However, my alma mater can say the same thing, and IT isn't found on the Wikipedia. . . nor should it be (it would only be known to locals).  So, non-notable (contrary to Everyking's assertions) - unless the school is known outside of its local area for things of note, I believe it's prudent to delete.  Perhaps we could create a new Internet site called Schoolpedia and have all of these school articles there, eh?  (smile)  --avnative 02:44, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Re: Schoolopedia, I plan to include high schools in Wikiteer. anthony (see warning) 21:52, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, and let's get the WatchtheWikiWatch Foundation to fund and oversee this vast expansion of out of control school articles appearing out of bored out of their wits adolescent minds. Let's see, perhaps Mickey Mouse could lead the Wikicheer each time a new school is added, and of course each school's library would have a Wikiteria where students would overindulge in Wikiknowledge.  Those who become addicted to the Wiki way of schooling would attend Wikiholics Anonymous, where their Wiki scores would be calculated each meeting.  Of course one of the mandatory courses at schools listed in Schoolpedia/the Wikiteer would be "How to make VfD articles" as well as the ever popular "How to be a really annoying troll."  Then, due to the ever-increasing benevolence and guidance of the WatchtheWikiWatch Foundation, we could all retire from duty on this board!!!  --avnative 03:17, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * If the Mediawiki Foundation chooses not to fund Wikiteer, I'll fund it myself. Your ideas on what we should do with Wikiteer don't interest me, though. anthony (see warning) 03:08, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak keep -- there's this bit on the high school's page that, if expanded upon, might lend the school some notability IMO: Sam Houston [High] has Texas' oldest high school newspaper, the Aegis, started in 1889. In addition, the world's first girls' Military Drill Squad, formerly known as the Black Battalion, but now called the Tigerettes, originated at our school. It's not much, but it's something. - KeithTyler 17:25, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC) But nobody wants to do that work -- they just want to have tens of thousands of high school articles that have nothing different between them and no potential for notability. Lazy, cowardly, and presumptuous. - 19:22, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * There are plenty of people willing to do that work. We just don't want to be threatened into doing it, especially not when we can wind up doing all the work and then still have the article deleted. anthony (see warning) 03:15, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Neutral as it stands: if someone cares, please improve it before VfD deadline. I can imagine it being notable, but I can't tell from reading it. -- Jmabel 01:01, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. High school. anthony (see warning) 22:03, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Are we going on witch-hunts for all the high schools? Mike H 03:22, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak keep: mark it down: I voted keep on a high school.  The reason is that this one is so massive, so old, and so central to the city, and so famous outside of Houston, that it qualifies as notable.  That said, it needs an article that emphasizes its oddity and newsworthiness and notability, rather than just a "this is a school" article.  Encyclopedias write about schools in a different way from school guides or local government. Geogre 14:04, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Intrigue 17:40, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. There is absolutely nothing special in this article that makes this school and different from any of the tens of thousands of high schools that exist throughout North America. Therefore it is non-notable. (And since none of the inclusionists want to bother to add anything notable to this article, then even they must concede that it isn't notable. But to some people, something is "notable" simply by existing. Of course, that definition makes the word "notable" absolutely meaningless.) - KeithTyler 19:22, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * The word "notable" means "worthy of note". Specifically, when I say that all schools are notable, I'm saying that they are all worthy of note in Wikipedia.  The "tens of thousands of high schools that exist throughout North America" are all notable. After all, Wikipedia is not paper, so there's plenty of room for every school in it.  There's nothing meaningless about that statement. anthony (see warning) 03:08, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a school directory. I know Wikipedia is not paper, but unless the abovementioned can fork out $5, 000 or so to maintain the byte-space and time needed to keep pointless articles started by teen enthusiasts, I rule for deletion of most non-notable high schools.  This one I don't know, but there are at least a million schools of all kinds around the world. Mandel 08:47, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * The disk space would be a lot less than $5,000. More like $5.  I'll gladly donate $10 to the Foundation if we adopt a policy to keep all articles on schools. Let's see.  1 million schools times 1 K = 1 gig.  The cost is closer to $.50, but I'll still donate $10 if we keep them. As for time, when we stop listing these for deletion, we'll save more time than we lose.  In fact, we'll save disk space, too, since the entire history of these discussions takes up more room than the article itself (which is kept on disk anyway).  This is a completely vacuous argument for non-notability.  anthony (see warning) 16:48, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The irony there is that you're defending the articles as worthwhile by pointing out how small and scant they are. And BTW, high schools don't belong in a gazeteer, either. - KeithTyler 18:20, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * But anthony (see warning) is perfectly correct about the cost of disk space not being at issue here. Oddly enough I came up with almost the same number Anthony did, via a very different route. The town of Norwood has a population of forty thousand and has a high school, a junior high school, and six elementary schools. Projecting to a total U. S. population of three hundred million, there are less than ten thousand high schools in the U. S. A nice, ten-paragraph, high-quality article is about 5K. Include a handsome 30K .jpg of the school, and still have less than 50K for the article. In other words, one gig will take care of a million two-paragraph articles or ten thousand ten-paragraph-articles-with-jpg. Either way, I have already contributed enough to cover that during the last fund drive. I hope anthony (see warning) did, I hope Mandel did, and I hope you did. The issue here is: which is more likely to contribute to the general health of Wikipedia as a whole: deleting or retaining stubby, low-quality, school articles contributed by editors who seem to have no obvious commitment to their topic. I've phrased it in a way that makes my opinion clear, but the answer is not trivially obvious, and has nothing to do with the cost of disk space. (I think Wikipedia's disk space costs are negligible compared to bandwidth and server costs.) [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 20:55, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not defending the articles by saying they're small and scant, I'm defending them by saying that disk space is cheap. 1K articles are by no means small, and a million of them is hardly scant.  Besides, I gave myself a 20 to 1 margin of error, and assumed that every single school in the world would actually be made.  And besides, like I said, this assumes that deletion uses up zero space (it doesn't, in fact it probably uses up more space when you consider the VfD history).  As for whether or not high schools "belong" in a gazetteer, I admit that traditionally they are not included.  But saying that they are not traditionally included is not the same as saying they don't belong there.  I'm willing to hear arguments against having high schools in a gazetteer, but so far I have heard none.  Admittedly, coverage of high schools in a gazetteer would be limited to geographic information (points and polygons) and maybe a bit of demographic information (number of students), but I think this is quite appropriate for a gazetteer.  My proposal for Wikiteer will include everything that has a fixed geographic location: schools, hospitals, jails, even fire hydrants if I can find a source for their locations.  As for whether or not the issue is what we should do with low quality school articles, I appreciate that that's the issue some have taken, but a number of people have also taken up the issue of whether or not to include even high quality articles about a lesser known school.  In the case of this school I think the article is of sufficient quality that we are losing far too much information to justify deletion.  Of course, I would argue that we gain far too little by deletion in any case, and that little that we gain could be gotten without losing any information, if we just put a little bit of thought into things. anthony (see warning) 21:40, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

Worst school in the state
Isnt this school the worst in the state. They have failed the taks test more then any other school in history. The students have also suffered in their futures. I have seen the stats on the overall average of the general income of students from the school from years 1989-2006. The average income these students make from their jobs is $27,487 a year.

External links modified
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text:
Garrison Point Fort

Garrison Point Fort is a former artillery fort situated at the end of the Garrison Point peninsula at Sheerness on the Isle of Sheppey in Kent. Built in the 1860s in response to concerns about a possible French invasion, it was the last in a series of artillery batteries that had existed on the site since the mid-16th century. The fort's position enabled it to guard the strategic point where the River Medway meets the Thames. It is a rare example of a two-tiered casemated fort – one of only two of that era in the country – with a design that is otherwise similar to that of several of the other forts along the lower Thames. It remained operational until 1956 and is now used by the Sheerness Docks as a port installation.

Strategic context
The fort was constructed in response to a naval arms race between Britain and France. Britain's coastal defences had not been substantially upgraded since the Napoleonic Wars, but a new generation of accurate and powerful guns, mounted on fast-moving, manoeuvrable iron-clad warships, had obsoleted the existing 18th and early 19th century forts along the British coastline. The Thames was seen as particularly vulnerable; as well as being one of the country's most important trade routes, it possessed several naval installations of great importance, including the victualling yards at Deptford, the armaments works of Woolwich Arsenal, the shipbuilding yards at North Woolwich, and the magazines at Purfleet.

The government's response to the increased threat was to appoint a Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom, which published a far-reaching report in 1860. It recommended that many existing forts should be upgraded or rebuilt entirely, and that new forts should be constructed to guard particularly strategic or vulnerable points along the coast. In all, around 70 forts and batteries were constructed around the English coast as a result of the Royal Commission's report.

Garrison Point had long been fortified. A square blockhouse was constructed there by 1547, during the reign of Henry VIII. It was in the process of being replaced with a new fort when it was destroyed in the June 1667 Raid on the Medway during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. It was rebuilt as a bastion fort by 1669 to a design by Bernard de Gomme, who also designed Tilbury Fort further upriver. Two additional fortifications, the Half Moon Battery and Cavalier Battery, were subsequently added to further strengthen the defences. The Royal Commission recommended that de Gomme's red brick fortification and the two later batteries, which were incapable of withstanding modern guns, should be replaced by an armoured artillery fort on the same site. Its arc of fire would overlap that of Grain Fort and Grain Tower (and later Grain Wing Battery and Dummy Battery) on the other side of the Medway on the Isle of Grain.

Construction and layout
Construction began in February 1861 and continued until the last of its shielding was installed in June 1872, by which time about half of the guns were already in place. The new fort took the form of a semi-circular structure, one of only two built in the 1860s fortification programme (the other being Picklecombe Fort in Cornwall). It had two gun floors, each with 17 granite-faced casemates, in which 36 heavy guns were mounted behind 2,000 tons of iron shields. Another two gun turrets were planned for the roof but were not built. The magazines were located below ground in the basement of the fort. The bulk of the structure was built of brick, with concrete additions. The walls and piers are 4.4 m thick. The semi-circular row of casemates is closed off to the rear by a row of defensible buildings constructed from ashlar blocks of Kentish ragstone, with loopholes and gun ports in the flanks to facilitate close defence of the fort. A parade ground occupied the middle of the fort.

Operational history
Garrison Point Fort was initially armed with 9-inch and 10-inch rifled muzzle loader (RML) guns. By 1880 its armament had been expanded to include 9-inch, 10-inch, 11-inch and 12.5-inch RMLs. A Brennan torpedo station, used to launch wire-guided torpedoes, was added to the fort's structure in 1884 and remained in use until around 1906. The RMLs were obsolete by the end of the 19th century and had been removed by 1896, when the casemates were all converted to barracks and stores. In 1909 two 6-inch Mk. VII breech-loading (BL) guns were mounted on the fort's roof and four 12-pounder quick-firing guns were installed in a lower tier of the casemates.

A coastal artillery searchlight and concrete magazine were constructed to the east of the fort during the First World War, along with a machine-gun pillbox that no longer survives. Garrison Point Fort remained in service through the Second World War and was re-armed with two twin 6-pounder Quick Firing (QF) guns to defend against fast-moving attackers such as E-boats and destroyers. One of them was mounted on the fort's roof and the other was situated outside the front of the casemates. New gun emplacements, gun towers, a magazine and a searchlight emplacement were all constructed at this time. By 1944 the threat of invasion or seaborne attack had diminished to the point that the fort was reduced to care and maintenance status.

After the war, the fort was used by the Royal Navy Auxiliary Service as an emergency port control centre in the event of a nuclear war. Part of the fort's disused magazine was converted into a bunker housing nuclear defence officials. The fort was decommissioned in 1956 when the UK discontinued its coastal defence programme, and the structure was sold off to the owners of the adjacent Sheerness Docks.

Current status
The fort has been a Grade II listed building since 1977 and is part of the wider system of the Sheerness defences, listed as a scheduled monument. It is owned by Medway Ports Ltd, the operators of the Sheerness Docks, and is not publicly accessible as it lies within the port area. Some alterations have been made to the fort to enable its use in connection with the port. It was used for a time in the 1980s as a terminal for a now-defunct ferry service to the Continent, which involved fitting a walkway to the ferries through one of the casemates. A navigational radar control tower was installed on the fort's roof in 1962.

Garrison Point Fort is reportedly in a state of "slow decay" which has led it to be listed on the Heritage at Risk Register. Although the interior has been largely stripped out, traces remain of the original fittings. A considerable amount remains of the Brennan Torpedo station and its launching rails, though it is corroding badly. While the fort's structure is still basically intact its roof and much of its interior are derelict and decaying.

title: Garrison Point Fort


text:
File talk:Ttsbox.jpg

Anyone mind if I replace this with the Japanese/European box art ( http://img.gamekult.com/photos/00/00/41/40/ME0000414075_2.jpg )? Mainly because I reckon it looks much nicer. ;) Sockatume 12:43, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: File talk:Ttsbox.jpg


text:
Slough Fort

Slough Fort is a small artillery fort that was built at Allhallows-on-Sea in the north of the Hoo Peninsula in Kent. Constructed in 1867, the D-shaped fort was intended to guard a vulnerable stretch of the River Thames against possible enemy landings during a period of tension with France. Its seven casemates initially accommodated rifled breech loading guns, which were replaced by the turn of the century by more powerful breech-loaders on disappearing carriages, mounted in concrete wing batteries on either side of the fort. It was likely one of the smallest of the forts constructed as a result of the 1860s invasion scare.

All of the guns were removed by 1912, though the fort continued in use during the First World War as a command post. It was decommissioned in 1920 and sold off in 1929. Since the 1960s, it has been used as a stables adjoining a holiday camp. The camp's owners funded a partial restoration in 2012–13 that uncovered previously buried features of the fort.

Strategic context
The fort was constructed in response to a naval arms race between Britain and France. Britain's coastal defences had not been substantially upgraded since the Napoleonic Wars, but a new generation of accurate and powerful guns, mounted on fast-moving, manoeuvrable iron-clad warships, had rendered obsolete the existing 18th and early 19th century forts along the British coastline. The Thames was seen as particularly vulnerable; as well as being one of the country's most important trade routes, it possessed several naval installations of great importance, including the victualling yards at Deptford, the armaments works of Woolwich Arsenal, the shipbuilding yards at North Woolwich, and the magazines at Purfleet.

The government's response to the increased threat was to appoint a Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom, which published a far-reaching report in 1860. It recommended that many existing forts should be upgraded or rebuilt entirely, and that new forts should be constructed to guard particularly strategic or vulnerable points along the coast. In all, around 70 forts and batteries were constructed around the English coast as a result of the Royal Commission's report. Slough Fort was probably one of the smallest of these.

Construction
The position of Slough Fort (which took its name from the now-disappeared farmsteads of Upper and Lower Slough, just west of the fort) was dictated by its position on a ridge overlooking a slope leading down to the riverside. It was the only point along a fourteen-mile stretch of the river between Cliffe to the west and Grain to the east where a landing could be effected, due to the marshes along the rest of the shoreline. A fort situated at that point could thus provide an effective defence against an enemy attempting to land here. It also served to fill the gap between the upriver forts (Cliffe, Coalhouse and Shornemead) and those at the mouth of the Medway (Grain and Garrison Point). As an 1869 report noted, the fort was constructed "to prevent an enemy landing at the only accessible point for the purpose of attacking Chatham Dockyard from the north".

The land for the fort was bought by the War Office in 1861 for £1,639, but it was not built until 1867. The estimated cost of constructing the fort was reported in 1869 to be £27,343 (equivalent to £0 today). It took the form of a semicircular arc of seven casemates facing the river with a defensive ditch in front. Each casemate was faced in granite with magazines below providing ammunition via hoist shafts. A defensible block constructed of Kentish ragstone closed off the arc and provided the fort's domestic accommodation. The fort's main entrance is at the centre of the defensible block. A small stone-paved parade ground occupied the centre of the fort. After it was built, the ground behind the fort was raised and made into a glacis. On the roof of the fort, accessed from the ground level by two spiral staircases, there was an observation post protected by a banquette (an elevated step to facilitate rifle fire against attackers at close range).

Operational history
Slough Fort was initially armed with seven 7-inch rifled breech loaders (RBLs) positioned in the casemates. It was manned by three officers, one NCO and 75 other ranks. Between October 1889 and December 1891, a pair of wing batteries were constructed from concrete on either side of the fort, with a range finder position being added to the fort's roof. The new batteries accommodated two 9.2-inch and two 6-inch breech loaders on disappearing mountings, allowing them to recess below ground level once they had fired. These were much more powerful and longer ranged weapons than the old RBLs and were capable of engaging a battleship at a substantial distance. The old RBLs were removed.

The structure of the fort underwent substantial changes around this time. The casemates, which were now vulnerable to the more powerful artillery that had been developed since they were built, were covered almost up to roof level by an earthen glacis. Their interiors were also partly infilled with rubble, as was the defensive ditch in front of the casemates, providing additional protection against enemy fire as it helped to camouflage the structure. Two light quick-firing guns with ammunition lockers were installed on the fort's roof to guard against small, fast-moving threats such as torpedo boats. The rest of the fort remained intact but was now used as a barracks for the wing batteries. Three of the truncated casemates were converted into married quarters, one became officers' quarters and the final three were used by the men. An additional set of detached quarters for a Warrant Officer and a small detachment of Royal Engineers was constructed to the south-east of the fort, along with barrack stores.

Two new 9.2-inch guns were installed in 1906 in the western wing battery. They were mounted on barbettes, enabling them to recoil along their axis and so delivering a much faster rate of fire. One 9.2-inch and one 6-inch gun on a disappearing mounting remained in the eastern wing battery before being removed in 1907. During the war the fort was used as a Battery Command Post operating in conjunction with a Port War Signal Station located to the fort's east, which was responsible for monitoring all shipping entering or leaving the Thames. The remaining two 9.2-inch guns were removed in 1917 and reinstalled at Fletcher Battery, a newly built position on the Isle of Sheppey.

The Army discontinued the use of the fort in 1920 and in 1929 it was sold off and converted into a small zoo. It saw one further period of military usage during and immediately before the Second World War; it was used as an observation post from 1938, became part of the local anti-invasion system in 1939–40 and was used as part of the air defence network against V-1 flying bombs in 1944. After the war it belonged to the Allhallows Estate Company before passing to Strood Rural District Council. Plans were advanced to demolish it but the cost proved prohibitive. It was instead converted into a riding stables in the early 1960s.

Current status
Slough Fort is well-preserved and still substantially intact, though it has suffered some damage over the years (notably the loss of the outermost gun position of the left wing battery) and is surrounded on three sides by the caravans of the Allhallows Leisure Park. English Heritage designated it as a Grade II* listed building in 2009 in recognition of its unusually good state of preservation and for the way that it embodies "both technological developments in armaments and coastal defence during the late-C19 to early-C20 as well as the changing views of the perceived defensive need on the north Kent coast at this time." The wing batteries have been listed separately, also since 2009, as a scheduled monument in recognition of their rarity.

The fort is currently privately owned and continues to be used as a stables; the casemates are used as stalls for the horses. The main body of the fort is not accessible to the public, but Bourne Leisure, the owners of the adjoining Allhallows Leisure Park, have funded a partial restoration. The wing batteries have been cleared of thousands of tons of accumulated debris, a walking trail linking them has been laid out and interpretative signs have been installed for the benefit of visitors to show how the fort once appeared and how it functioned when it was in use. The Slough Fort Preservation Trust is working to repair the fort and increase public access.

title: Slough Fort


text:
Anavryto

Anavryto (Αναβρυτό, before 1927: Γαρδίκι - Gardiki ) is a mountain village and a community in the municipal unit Falaisia, Arcadia, Greece. The community consists of the villages Anavryto and Kato Anavryto, 1 km south of Anavryto. Both villages are on the southwestern slope of mount Tsemperou. Anavryto is 3 km southeast of Anemodouri, 3 km northeast of Voutsaras and 11 km southeast of Megalopoli. The village has a school and a church named Agia Marina. Anavryto suffered damage from the 2007 Greek forest fires.

title: Anavryto


text:
Talk:Gollancz (surname)

Untitled
No real reason for this to be separate from Victor Gollancz Ltd. Th Gollancz imprint does continue, but that can be mentioned under Orion.

Charles Matthews 12:52, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gollancz (surname)


text:
Dudleytown, Connecticut

Dudleytown is an abandoned settlement, located in a valley known as the Dark Entry Forest, in northwestern Connecticut in the United States, best known today as a ghost town. Due to vandalism and trespassers, the site is not open to the public.

Since the mid-1920s, the land occupied by the village has been maintained by philanthropists as a private land trust, who worked to reforest the land after decades of agricultural use. Only a few traces, such as cellar holes, remain of the original village. Due to rumors of ghost activity beginning in the 1980s, the village site has been subject to frequent vandalism, and the owners have since closed the land to the public.

History
Dudleytown was never an actual town. The name was given at an unknown date to a portion of Cornwall that included several members of the Dudley family. The area that became known as Dudleytown was settled in the early 1740s by Thomas Griffis, followed by Gideon Dudley and, by 1753, Barzillai Dudley and Abiel Dudley; Martin Dudley joined them a few years later. Other families also settled there.

As with every other part of Cornwall, Connecticut, Dudleytown was converted from forest to farm land. Families tilled the land for generations. Located on top of a high hill {all other references say it was in a valley}, Dudleytown was not ideally suited for farming. When more fertile and spacious land opened up in the Midwest in the mid-19th century, and as the local iron industry wound down, Cornwall's population declined.

Geography and conservation
The village was located a few miles south of the Cornwall Bridge neighborhood of Cornwall. It was located in a valley, known as the Dark Entry Forest, due to the shadows caused by the mountains surrounding the village and access road. The town's abandonment has meant that barely any ruins of the original township survive. During the early 20th century, old farms in Cornwall were sold to New Yorkers seeking a better life in the countryside, including Dudleytown, which has been privately owned since 1924 by Dark Entry Forest, Incorporated. The village site is today closed to the public and anyone found trespassing is prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law by the Connecticut State Police and the Department of Energy and Environmental Protection.

In promoting the land trust to investors, a March 1924 prospectus for the Dark Entry Forest stated: "This society is planned to promote forestation, to run a wood mill, to promote conservation of bird, animal and wildflower life, and to afford a playground for you and your children and your children’s children." Soon after acquisition, the owners planted thousands of trees. During the 1930s, New York's Skidreiverein Club spent their winter weekends skiing on trails they built in the area; in the summers, they canoed down the Housatonic River. Horse riding camps for children were also held on the site.

Rumors and vandalism
Dudleytown is said to be haunted. A local rumor that has been frequently shared on the internet alleges the founders of the town were descended from Edmund Dudley, an English nobleman who was beheaded for treason during the reign of Henry VII. From that moment on, the Dudley family was placed under a curse which followed them across the Atlantic to America. This curse is blamed for instances of crop failures and mental illness, as well as several purported violent deaths in the village. Local historians have found no genealogical link between the Dudley family of Cornwall and the English nobleman and noted many other factual inconsistencies in the rumors. Records have shown the land was originally occupied by the Mohawk Nation, as sacred ground. The village's decline has instead been attributed to its distance from clean drinking water and unsuitable soil for cultivation. One confirmed case of suicide of a village resident took place in New York state rather than within Cornwall.

Since the 1990s, police in Cornwall have responded to numerous cases of vandalism. In a 1993 interview with Playboy, actor Dan Aykroyd referred to Dudleytown as the "most haunted place on earth". In the same interview, he mistakenly stated that Dudleytown was in Massachusetts. The 1999 movie, The Blair Witch Project, about a haunted forest, prompted increased interest in the allegedly haunted village. It is legally off limits. This increased the frequency of such incidents. The owners of the Dudleytown's property have closed it to the public.

title: Dudleytown, Connecticut