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Buncrana

Buncrana is a town in County Donegal, Ireland. It is beside Lough Swilly on the Inishowen peninsula, 23 km northwest of Derry and 43 km north of Letterkenny. In the 2022 census, the population was 6,971, making it the second most populous town in County Donegal, after Letterkenny, and the largest in Inishowen.

Buncrana is the historic home of the O'Doherty clan and originally developed around the defensive tower known as O'Doherty's Keep at the mouth of the River Crana. The town moved to its present location just south of the River Crana when George Vaughan built the main street in 1718.

The town was a major centre for the textile industry in County Donegal from the 19th century until the mid-2000s (decade).

O'Doherty's Keep

On the northern bank of the River Crana as it enters Lough Swilly sits the three-storey O'Doherty's Keep, which is the only surviving part of an original 14th-century Norman castle. The first two levels of the keep were built after 1333. In 1601 the O'Doherty's Keep was described as being a small, two-storey castle, inhabited by Conor McGarret O'Doherty. In 1602 the third level was added and it was upgraded by Hugh Boy O'Doherty as an intended base for Spanish military aid that hoped to land at Inch.

The keep was burned by Crown forces in 1608 in reprisal for the rebellion of Sir Cahir O'Doherty, who had sacked and razed the city of Derry. After Sir Cahir O'Doherty was killed at the Battle of Kilmacrennan, he was attaindered and his land seized. The keep was granted to Sir Arthur Chichester, who then leased it to Englishman Henry Vaughan, where it was repaired and lived in by the Vaughan family until 1718.

In 1718, Buncrana Castle was built by George Vaughan, it was one of the first big manor houses built in Inishowen, and stone was taken from the bawn, or defensive wall, surrounding O'Doherty's Keep to build it. It was erected on the original site of Buncrana, which had grown up in the shadow of the keep. Vaughan moved the town to its present location, where he founded the current main street and built the Castle Bridge (a six-arched stone single lane bridge) across the River Crana leading to his Castle.

During the 1798 Rebellion, Theobald Wolfe Tone was held in Buncrana Castle when he was captured after the British/French naval battle off the coast of Donegal, before being taken to Derry and then subsequently to Dublin. On 18 May 1812, Isaac Todd bought the entire town of Buncrana, also the townlands of Tullydish, Adaravan and Ballymacarry, at the Court of Chancery on behalf of the trustees of the Marquess of Donegall. His nephews inherited the castles, and they later became known as the Thornton-Todds. The castle remains as a private home today. In the forecourt there is a memorial rock in honour of Sir Cahir O'Doherty, and a plaque dedicated to Wolfe Tone.

One of the oldest remaining inhabited residences in Buncrana is a Georgian property called Westbrook House, situated at the entrance to Swan Park just north of the town centre of Buncrana. The house was built in 1807 by Judge Wilson, who also built the single-arch stone bridge (referred to as Wilson's Bridge) leading to the house and the entrance to Swan Park.

19th century
The town was often the focal point for unrest in the surrounding areas as rural peasants protested against evictions and rent increases. In 1834, unrest broke out when local residents tried to expel various landlord agents from the area. The names of individual agents were posted on the church doors in Buncrana by a "Captain Wright" warning that the agents risked death if they continued to live in the area. The unrest forced the administration in Dublin Castle to station troops in the towns of Buncrana, Clonmany and Carndonagh.

Communal relations between Protestant and Catholic communities were tense and on occasions led to violence. In November 1833, communal tensions broke out. The houses of local Protestants were attacked and the windows of their houses were smashed.

During the second half of the 19th century, the town developed a significant tourism industry. Tourists, particularly from Derry, were able to access the town through the Londonderry and Lough Swilly Railway.

20th century
In October 1905, Buncrana was the first town in County Donegal to receive electricity. It was generated at Swan Mill which continued to provide electricity for the town until September 1954 when Buncrana was brought under the ESB Rural Electrification Scheme.

On 30 July 1922, during the Irish Civil War, Buncrana was captured by the Free State forces from Republican forces without the loss of life. The Free State forces held the railway station, telephone and telegraph offices and all the roads entering the town. At 4:00am a sentry stopped a car on the outskirts of the town and on discovering it contained the Republican commander, with five armed volunteers, arrested them. At around 7:00am the Republican forces' position was surrounded and were given fifteen minutes to surrender. They complied, were arrested and their weapons and ammunition seized. Later that day, 100 Free State troops commandeered a train at Buncrana station and proceeded to take Clonmany, Carndonagh and other locations on the peninsula.

Buncrana was the object of public attention in 1972, when after Operation Motorman it became the place of refuge for many Provisional Irish Republican Army members from Derry. In 1991, a local Sinn Féin councillor, Eddie Fullerton, was murdered by Loyalist paramilitaries from the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). In a documentary that aired a month later, it was alleged that members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary had leaked a classified intelligence file related to Fullerton to UDA paramilitaries, which allegedly resulted in his murder.

In March 2016, Buncrana again came to public attention when five people of the same family died after their car slipped off Buncrana Pier into the waters of Lough Swilly. Only a 4-month-old baby girl survived when the driver, Sean McGrotty, passed his daughter through a window to a passer-by who swam out to help. On 23 November 2017 an inquest found that McGrotty died by 'misadventure', as the post-mortem results showed that he was more than three times over the drink drive limit.

Local
Buncrana Town Council was the Local Authority for the town and provided an extensive range of services in the area. These services ranged from planning control, the provision of social housing, the upkeep and improvement of roads, and the maintenance of parks, beaches and public open spaces. The Town Council was abolished in June 2014 when the Local Government Reform Act 2014 was implemented. Its functions were taken over by Donegal County Council in 2014. Buncrana is in the Inishowen Municipal District, which elects councillors to Donegal County Council.

National
Buncrana is part of the Donegal (Dáil constituency) since 2016. Previously it was part of the Donegal North-East constituency of Dáil Éireann.

Geography
Buncrana is located on the eastern shore of Lough Swilly in north County Donegal. The main urban area of the town is situated between the Crana River to the north and the Mill River to the south. The principal street follows a rough north–south route and is divided into Upper and Lower Main Street by Market Square. The Main Street has a one-way traffic system. The River Crana is crossed by four bridges: Castle Bridge (which gives vehicular access to Buncrana Castle and pedestrian access to Swan Park), Westbrook Bridge (officially, Wilson's Bridge), the new Cockhill Bridge (officially opened in 2018 ) and the old Cockhill Bridge (now a pedestrian bridge). The Mill River, south of the town, is crossed by two bridges: Victoria Bridge (known locally as the Iron Bridge) which is the main point of access to the town and the Mill Bridge which is at the end of the Mill Brae road at the south end of the town.

Geology
The underlying bedrock includes Fahan slate formation. The river valley of the Mill River flows over a narrow band of Culdaff limestone with a sill of metadolerite along the river's southern embankment extending from the estuarine zone inland. Sandy gravels and conglomerates overlie bedrock. The geology was formed during the Lower Carboniferous Period. The local soils throughout the area range from shallow to moderate depth peaty podzols and established podzolic types with a moderate percentage of loam and sandy clays.

Climate
Buncrana, like the rest of Ireland, has a temperate oceanic climate, or Cfb on the Köppen climate classification system, characterised by cool summers and mild winters. Ireland's position in the Atlantic Ocean means that its climate is strongly influenced by the Gulf Stream, which keeps it a few degrees warmer than other locations at the same latitude. These are the average temperature and rainfall figures between 1961 and 1990 taken at the Met Éireann weather station at Malin Head, about 35 km northwest of Buncrana:

Transport
Buncrana railway station opened on 9 September 1864, was closed for passenger traffic on 6 September 1948, and finally closed altogether on 10 August 1953.

The nearest railway station is operated by NI Railways and runs from Derry~Londonderry railway station via Coleraine to Belfast Lanyon Place and Belfast Grand Central station. The strategically important Belfast-Derry railway line is to be upgraded to facilitate more frequent trains and improvements to the permanent way such as track and signalling to enable faster services.

Buncrana is connected to the rest of the national road network via a regional road, the R238. This connects it to the N13, the national primary road that connects Letterkenny and Derry (it becomes the A2 when it crosses the border). The town is considered the gateway to Inishowen and lies on the "Inishowen 100", an approximate 100-mile route around the peninsula that passes various scenic sites.

TFI Local Link routes 242 (Redcastle/Buncrana), 252 (Burt/Buncrana) , 995 (Muff/Buncrana) and 995A (Illies/Buncrana) all service the town.

Local bus company McGonagle Bus and Coach operates an hourly bus service from Derry to Buncrana and vice versa. The company took over the route from Lough Swilly Buses in April 2014 after Lough Swilly ceased trading. The buses run every hour at ten minutes past the Hour, each way. The two routes serving the town are 951 (Malin/Carndonagh/Letterkenny) and 956 (Cockhill/Buncrana/Derry).

Demography
The results of the 2022 census put the population of Buncrana at 6,971, its historical highest.

At the same census, the town had 2,603 private households, 27.6% were made up of one person living alone, 15.8% were couples without children, 30.3% were couples with children, 12.6% were lone-parent families and 13.7% were classified under other categories. 3,403 were males and 3,568 females.

Around 81.7% of residents were recorded as Catholic, 5.0% were of another stated religion (e.g. Church of Ireland, Presbyterian, Orthodox or Islam). The percentage of residents with no religion was 9.2%.

27.6% of the town's residents were 'foreign-born'.

Of people aged 3 and over, 31.0% could speak Irish.

The percentage of people over the age of 15 whose full-time education had ceased who possessed a third-level degree (NFQ level 7 or higher) was 26.0%.

Tourism
Buncrana has a relatively strong tourism industry, and it is one of the most popular holiday destinations in the northwest of Ireland. This is possibly due to its close proximity to Derry, and also for its wide range of retail stores. It also has well-developed tourist facilities, and it serves as the main town on the Inishowen peninsula, which also helps with sustaining the tourism industry in the town.

Lisfannon beach, a Blue Flag beach, sits on the shores of Lough Swilly just south of the town, and is an important recreational beach that is popular with locals and day-trippers from Derry.

Sport
Buncrana is home to many sports clubs, including clubs for soccer, Gaelic football and hurling, athletics and watersports. Football clubs based around Buncrana include Buncrana Hearts F.C., Cockhill Celtic F.C. and Illies Celtic. Buncrana Hearts and Illies Celtic play in the Inishowen Football League and Cockhill Celtic play in the Ulster Senior League.

Gaelic Football is also a popular sport in Buncrana, and the club caters for teams from Under-8 level right up to Senior level. They play their home games at the Scarvey, the team is very successful underage, winning at least two Inishowen titles the last few seasons and winning four county championships since 2000, reaching under-14 final for the past two seasons as well as the under 15s last season.

Buncrana Golf Club has the oldest 9-hole links course in Ireland.

Culture
Three buildings in Buncrana are recorded on the Record of Protected Structures, namely the Drift Inn (formerly Buncrana Railway Station), Buncrana Castle and Swan Mill.

Music

Buncrana's music scene is served by a number of local pubs and bars, which have live music several nights of the week. The annual Buncrana Music & Arts Festival takes place every 23 July in the town.

The Buncrana Music and Arts Festival returned to the town in 2010, after a five-year absence. The festival included successful performances from The Coronas, The Undertones and Altan. It has recurred each year since.

Media
The two main local newspapers that serve the Inishowen area, the Inish Times and the Inishowen Independent, have their offices in Buncrana. Local issues in the town and peninsula are also covered in the Derry Journal. The local radio station is Highland Radio and it is based in Letterkenny.

Buncrana receives all the Irish national television and radio stations from the Saorview television network from the local Fanad television transmitter. Due to its close proximity to Derry, before the 2012 digital switchover, the town could receive the five main UK television channels from the Derry or Limavady television transmitters from the mid-1950s.

Tidy Towns
In 2012, Buncrana won a silver medal in the national Tidy Towns Competition. The work of the Buncrana Lighthouse Restoration Project was also recognised when they received a Heritage Award.

Youth facilities
Buncrana Youth Club is open seven days a week and provides various services such as arts, sports, drama, music and computers. It also operates summer camps and provides coaching, personal development and peer education.

Buncrana Youth Drop in is located in the Plaza theatre on the Main Street and is usually open from 7pm til 10pm and provides a safe place for young people with such facilities as a pool table, internet access, TV, gaming consoles and a small shop. It also runs workshops and other youth projects.

Buncrana Youth Club and Buncrana Drop in are both affiliated with Donegal Youth Service.

BreakOUT is a lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) youth organisation in County Donegal that has a local group in Buncrana. The group is open to ages from 14 to 23. The group has run various projects to promote LGBT causes in Buncrana. In 2011, positive slogans to combat homophobia were drawn on the Main Street footpath. The group meets at the Inishowen Development Partnership building on Saturdays from 7pm to 9pm.

Education
Buncrana is served by three secondary schools: Crana College, a vocational school managed by the Donegal Education and Training Board and Scoil Mhuire, Buncrana, a voluntary secondary school under the trusteeship of CEIST (Catholic Education Irish Schools Trust) and Coláiste Chineal Eoghain (an Irish language secondary school (Meanscoil) in Tullyarvan Mill). Crana College was set up in 1925, Scoil Mhuire in 1933 and Coláiste Chineál Eoghain in 2007. As of September 2011, Crana College had 540 registered students, while Scoil Mhuire had around 700. The town's has four primary schools: Scoil Íosagáin, Cockhill National School, St Mura's National School and Gaelscoil Bhun Cranncha.

Buncrana Community Library opened in 2000 in a refurbished Presbyterian church. It won the Public Library Buildings Awards 2001 for the best small library in the converted, extended or refurbished category.

People

 * Ryan Bradley (Gaelic footballer), (1985 – present), 2012 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Winner with Donegal
 * Daniel Devlin, (1814 – 22 February 1867), prosperous businessman and City Chamberlain of New York City
 * Hugh Doherty (footballer), (1921 – 29 September 2014), Professional Irish footballer (Celtic, Blackpool, Derry City and Dundalk)
 * John Doherty, (1798–1854), radical trade unionist
 * Eddie Fullerton, (1935 – 25 May 1991), Sinn Féin councillor assassinated by the Ulster Defence Association
 * Danny Hutton, (born 10 September 1942), singer with Three Dog Night and head of Hanna-Barbera Records from 1965 – 1966
 * Pádraig Mac Lochlainn, politician
 * Ray McAnally, (30 March 1926 – 15 June 1989), actor whose filmography includes The Mission, My Left Foot, and A Very British Coup
 * Michael McCorkell, (3 May 1925 – 13 November 2006), Lord Lieutenant of County Londonderry
 * Frank McGuinness, (born 29 July 1953), playwright and poet whose work includes Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme
 * Patrick Stone, (14 March 1854 – 23 December 1926), member of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
 * Mark Timlin, (17 November 1994 – Present), Professional footballer (Derry City and St Patrick's Athletic)

Twin towns – Sister cities
Buncrana is twinned with two towns. It twinned with Campbellsville, Kentucky as both towns had a large Fruit of the Loom plant. The plant was a large source of employment in Buncrana before it moved its operations overseas to Morocco. Buncrana is twinned with the following towns:

title: Buncrana


text:
Konstantin Ramul

Konstantin Ramul (30 May 1879 – 11 February 1975) was an Estonian professor of psychology and longtime chair of psychology at the University of Tartu. He is best known for his work on the history of experimental psychology.

Ramul believed that history is dependent upon psychology, though the philosopher of science Ernest Nagel criticized him for "not stat[ing] clearly the type of psychological investigation which is relevant to the historian's task" (Nagel 1934, pp. 599–600).

Selected publications

 * Ramul, Konstantin. 1936. "Psychologie und Geschichte." Archiv für die gesamte Psychologie 95(1-2), pp. 1–14.
 * ———. 1960. "The Problem of Measurement in the Psychology of the Eighteenth Century." American Psychologist 15, pp. 256–265.
 * ———. 1974. Iz istorii psikhologii. Tartu: Tartuskiĭ gos. universitet.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Konstantin Ramul


text:
Talk:Cyrano de Bergerac

RfC: Article title
I would like to propose a change to the title of this article and Cyrano de Bergerac (play). I believe that the most famous “Cyrano de Bergerac” is the play, not the writer, or, at least, that they are of equal fame. In either case, the writer is not more famous than the play.

Therefore:
 * Option 1: Move Cyrano de Bergerac to Cyrano de Bergerac (writer) and Cyrano de Bergerac (play) to Cyrano de Bergerac. (Support)
 * Option 2: Move Cyrano de Bergerac to Cyrano de Bergerac (writer) and leave Cyrano de Bergerac (play) as it is. (Neutral, may support as a compromise)
 * Option 3: Leave them both as they are. (Oppose)

Option 1

 * 1) Support - Not familiar with the author or play, but after a quick search engine test, I would concur that "the most famous “Cyrano de Bergerac” is the play". Thus, per WP:COMMONNAME, it would seem that dis-ambiguous Cyrano de Bergerac should point to the play, and not the author. NickCT (talk) 17:23, 3 August 2015 (UTC)

Option 2

 * Support: Seems the simplest solution. Best avoidance of any confusion. DaltonCastle (talk) 23:53, 28 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Support: Per DaltonCastle and as a sort of compromise. Eman 235 / talk  00:08, 4 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Support: The solution with the least confusion. - Kautilya3 (talk) 00:23, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Support I cannot be bothered to dig up the relevant link, but as I understand it, MOS recommends that when two equally famous subjects share a name, the articles should be given a clarifying title of some kind, and a disambiguation page be created. Vanamonde93 (talk) 04:25, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

Option 3

 * 1) Oppose – For the same reasons as discussed in September 2012. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 06:58, 28 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment The case is completely different here. When this was being discussed, the title Cyrano de Bergerac belonged to a disambiguation page (totally unacceptable) and moving it to the article about the writer was the most obvious choice. Still, one editor during that discussion pointed out that the play is more famous than the writer, which, I believe, is true. This editor′s comments were not addressed then, and this is why I decided to request this RfC.--The Traditionalist (talk) 09:02, 28 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose Summoned by bot. The current article title and disambiguation notice is fine. If it ain't broke, don't fix it. Coretheapple (talk) 02:51, 31 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose Summoned by bot. Concur with above. —Мандичка YO 😜 07:41, 2 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose Summoned though RfC board. This is the main topic, play is important, but not main. MQoS (talk) 12:26, 11 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose Summoned by bot. It seems fine as is. -  Cwobeel   (talk)  01:17, 12 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose Summoned by bot. Current title and notice seem sufficient to me as well. Comatmebro  User talk:Comatmebro 19:06, 13 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose Also summoned by bot and support the current name Alec Station (talk) 07:08, 20 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Coretheapple. No indication there is need for this. Best, FoCuS  contribs ;  talk to me!  01:12, 21 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose per above. … … … … I have amended the 'about' at the head of the article.Pincrete (talk) 18:10, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

Discussion
Note: I did not list this at WP:RM on purpose.

--The Traditionalist (talk) 17:09, 27 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Was Abel his father or brother or both?
The article says first "He was the son of Abel de Cyrano" and then "... help of his own brother Abel de Cyrano" -- so, was Abel his father or brother or both? 93.185.19.156 (talk) 11:42, 3 August 2018 (UTC)

Explain his name and origin
I must preface my remarks by saying I am not an expert in the French language, French history, or French geography, so what I say is very much open for questioning.

I'd like an explicit explanation of his name and origin. The article says he was born in Paris rather than Gascony as had been believed. But what is the basis for the incorrect belief? Is it simply an assumption from the name "de Bergerac"? Or is there more to it?

Firstly, based on the "wide" definition in the article about Gascony, Bergerac is in not in Gascony. Of course, Gascony is vaguely defined and the borders of that time were in flux. But Bergerac was within the 1477 borders of Guyenne (see map in that article). It is clearly within the Dordogne department in the province of Guyenne. See: https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vidal-Lablache_n°9_-_Provinces_en_1789.jpg

Secondly, "de Bergerac" is described in the French article as his dit name. In an earlier discussion of his name, an editor wrote 'The French article is titled “Savinien de Cyrano de Bergerac” and begins “Savinien de Cyrano, dit de Bergerac” (Savinien de Cyrano, called de Bergerac).' The dit name is sometimes described as a nickname, but that's not quite right because it had legal status. The article Dit Name focuses on French-Canadian genealogy. The Military and Paramilitary Organizations section of the article Pseudonym has a better explanation. Cyrano de Bergerac, as most know him, or an ancestor could have acquired that surname for reasons other than coming from the commune Bergerac. It might have been ironical, perhaps because he had some characteristic in common with people from the commune. Or it might be that his first contact with the army occurred with a unit from that commune. Nothing can be assumed. Humphrey Tribble (talk) 06:32, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

 * The article (via the French article) states that the estate was “at Mauvières and Bergerac in the Vallée de Chevreuse”. See Note 11 for an explanation of how the name Bergerac became attached to land a long way from Guyenne. ⚜ Moilleadóir ✍ 03:58, 18 July 2022 (UTC)

Alleged Homosexuality
There's not a shred of real evidence as to Cyrano's sexual tastes. Trying to enroll him as a homosexual is specious and deceptive. Since his so-called 'lover' (based on no evidence) was the object of so much unfriendly writing by Cyrano, we can't take any view on the subject. But someone with an agenda does take a view in the article. When did Wikipedia become the site for hunches and guesses? 47.232.145.208 (talk) 07:10, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cyrano de Bergerac


text:
At Folsom Prison

Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison is the first live album by American singer-songwriter Johnny Cash, released on Columbia Records on May 6, 1968. After his 1955 song "Folsom Prison Blues", Cash had been interested in recording a performance at a prison. His idea was put on hold until 1967, when personnel changes at Columbia Records put Bob Johnston in charge of producing Cash's material. Cash had recently controlled his drug abuse problems, and was looking to turn his career around after several years of limited commercial success. Backed by June Carter, Carl Perkins, and the Tennessee Three, Cash performed two shows at Folsom State Prison in California on January 13, 1968. The initial release of the album consists of fifteen songs from the first show and two from the second.

Despite little initial promotion by Columbia, Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison was a hit in the United States, reaching number one on the country charts and the top 15 of the national album chart. The lead single, a live version of "Folsom Prison Blues", was a top 40 hit, Cash's first since 1964's "Understand Your Man". At Folsom Prison received positive reviews and revitalized Cash's career, becoming the first in a series of live albums recorded at prisons that includes At San Quentin (1969), På Österåker (1973), and A Concert Behind Prison Walls (1976). The album was rereleased with additional tracks in 1999, a three-disc set in 2008, and a five LP box set with bonus rehearsals in 2018 for Record Store Day. It was certified triple platinum in 2003 for US sales exceeding 3.4 million.

Background
Johnny Cash became interested in Folsom State Prison, California, while serving in the United States Air Force Security Service. In 1953, his unit watched Crane Wilbur's 1951 film Inside the Walls of Folsom Prison. The film inspired Cash to write a song that reflected his perception of prison life. The result was "Folsom Prison Blues", Cash's second single on Sun Records. The song became popular among inmates, who would write to Cash, requesting him to perform at their prisons. Cash's first prison performance was at Huntsville State Prison in 1957. Satisfied by the favorable reception, he performed at several other prisons in the years leading up to the Folsom performance in 1968.

A few years after attaining commercial success from songs such as "I Walk the Line", "Understand Your Man", and "Ring of Fire", Cash's popularity waned, in part due to his increasing dependence on drugs. In 1967, Cash sought help for his escalating drug problems, and by the end of the year, began to get clean and try to turn his career around. Concurrently, the country portion of Columbia Records underwent major personnel changes, where Frank Jones and Don Law, who had produced several of Cash's albums, were ousted in favor of Bob Johnston, who was known for his erratic behavior and willingness to disagree with studio executives. Cash saw this as an opportunity to pitch his idea of recording a live album at a prison, which Johnston enthusiastically supported. Johnston called San Quentin State Prison and Folsom, with Folsom being the first to respond.

Recording
On January 10, 1968, Cash and June Carter checked into the El Rancho Motel in Sacramento, California. They were later accompanied by the Tennessee Three, Carl Perkins, the Statler Brothers, Johnny's father Ray Cash, Reverend Floyd Gressett, pastor of Avenue Community Church in Ventura, California (where Cash often attended services), who counseled inmates at Folsom and helped facilitate the concert, and producer Johnston. The performers rehearsed for two days, an uncommon occurrence for them, sometimes with two or more songs rehearsed concurrently by various combinations of musicians. During the rehearsal sessions on January 12, California governor Ronald Reagan, who was at the hotel for an after-dinner speech, visited the band and offered his encouragement. One focus of the sessions was to learn "Greystone Chapel", a song written by inmate Glen Sherley. Sherley recorded a version of the song, which he passed on to Rev. Gressett via the prison's recreation director. On January 13, the group traveled to Folsom, meeting Los Angeles Times writer Robert Hilburn and Columbia photographer Jim Marshall, who were hired to document the album for the liner notes.

Cash decided to hold two performances on January 13, one at 9:40 am and one at 12:40 pm, in case the first performance was unsatisfactory. After an introduction by MC Hugh Cherry, who encouraged the prisoners to "respond" to Cash's performance, Carl Perkins took the stage and performed his hit song "Blue Suede Shoes". Following this song, the Statler Brothers sang their hit "Flowers on the Wall" and the country standard "This Old House". Cherry returned to the stage and instructed the inmates not to cheer for Cash until he introduced himself; they obliged. Waiting for the introduction would be the start of the Cash biopic Walk The Line which was released in 2005.

Cash opened both shows with a rendition of "Folsom Prison Blues", followed by many songs about prison, including "The Wall", "Green, Green Grass of Home", and the gallows humor song "25 Minutes to Go". Cash also included other songs of despair, such as the Merle Travis song "Dark as a Dungeon". Following "Orange Blossom Special", Cash included a few "slow, ballad-type songs", including "Send a Picture of Mother" and "The Long Black Veil", followed by three novelty songs from his album Everybody Loves a Nut: "Dirty Old Egg-Sucking Dog", "Flushed from the Bathroom of Your Heart", and "Joe Bean". June Carter joined Cash to perform a pair of duets. After a seven-minute version of a song from his Blood, Sweat and Tears album, "The Legend of John Henry's Hammer", Cash took a break and Carter recited a poem. Cash ended both concerts with Sherley's "Greystone Chapel". The second concert was not as fruitful as the first; the musicians were fatigued from the earlier show. Only two songs from the second concert, "Give My Love to Rose" and "I Got Stripes", made it onto the LP release.

Set list for the 9:40 am concert

"Folsom Prison Blues"

"Busted"

"Dark as a Dungeon"

"I Still Miss Someone"

"Cocaine Blues"

"25 Minutes to Go"

"I'm Not in Your Town to Stay"

"Orange Blossom Special"

"The Long Black Veil" Set list for the 12:40 pm concert

"Folsom Prison Blues"

"Busted"

"Dark as a Dungeon"

"Cocaine Blues"

"25 Minutes to Go"

"Orange Blossom Special"

"The Legend of John Henry's Hammer"

"Give My Love to Rose"

"Dirty Old Egg-Sucking Dog"

Reception and impact
The album release of At Folsom Prison was prepared in four months. Despite the recent success of "Rosanna's Going Wild", a Cash single released just before the Folsom concerts that reached number two on the country charts, Columbia initially invested little in the album or its single "Folsom Prison Blues". This was due partially to Columbia's focusing its promotional efforts on pop stars rather than country artists. Nevertheless, the single charted on the Billboard Hot 100 on May 25, 1968; it also hit the country charts a week later. The single suffered a setback when Sirhan Sirhan assassinated Senator Robert F. Kennedy on June 5, 1968. Radio stations ceased playing the single due to the macabre line: "I shot a man in Reno / Just to watch him die". Reeling in the success prior to the assassination, Columbia demanded Johnston remix the single with the line removed. Despite protests from Cash, the single was edited and re-released. The new version became a success, reaching number one on the country charts and the top forty on the national charts. The single prompted the album to climb the album charts, eventually reaching number one on the Top Country Albums chart and number thirteen on the Pop Albums chart—the forerunner to the Billboard 200. By August 1968, Folsom had shipped over 300,000 copies; two months later it was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping over 500,000.

At Folsom Prison received rave reviews. Al Aronowitz of Life stated Cash sang the songs like "someone who has grown up believing he is one of the people that these songs are about." For The Village Voice, Ann Fisher wrote that "every cut is special in its own way" and Richard Goldstein noted the album was "filled with the kind of emotionalism you seldom find in rock." Fredrick E. Danker of Sing Out! praised At Folsom Prison as "an album structured an aural experience for us".

The success of At Folsom Prison revitalized Cash's career; according to Cash, "that's where things really got started for me again". Sun Records re-dubbed Cash's previous B-side "Get Rhythm" with applause similar to Folsom's, and it became successful enough to enter the Hot 100. Cash returned to the prison scene in 1969 when he recorded At San Quentin at San Quentin State Prison. At San Quentin became Cash's first album to hit number one on the Pop chart and produced the number two hit "A Boy Named Sue". The ensuing popularity from the Folsom concert also prompted ABC to give Cash his own television show.

The album was re-released on October 19, 1999, with three extra tracks excluded from the original LP: "Busted", "Joe Bean", and "The Legend of John Henry's Hammer". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic praised the new version, calling it "the ideal blend of mythmaking and gritty reality." On May 27, 2003, At Folsom Prison was certified triple platinum by the RIAA for shipping over three million units. Since its release, it has been acknowledged as one of the greatest albums of all time by several sources. In 2003, the album was ranked number 88 on Rolling Stone list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, maintaining the rating in a 2012 revised list, ranking at number 164 in a 2020 revised list. Also in 2003, it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry. Country Music Television named it the third greatest album in country music in 2006. Blender listed the album as the 63rd greatest American album of all time and as one of the "500 CDs You Must Own". In 2006, Time listed it among the 100 greatest albums of all time. Guitar World magazine rated it as the best live album of all time. The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

In 2008, Columbia and Legacy Records re-issued At Folsom Prison as a two CD, one DVD set. This so-called "Legacy Edition" contained both concerts uncut and remastered. The included DVD, produced by Bestor Cram and Michael Streissguth of Northern Light Productions, featured pictures and interviews relevant to the concert. Pitchfork Media lauded the collection, claiming that it had "the force of empathic endeavors, as if he were doing penance for his notorious bad habits". Christian Hoard wrote for Rolling Stone that the Legacy edition "makes for an excellent historical document, highlighting Cash's rapport with prison folk".

At the 11th Annual Grammy Awards in 1969, the album Johnny Cash At Folsom Prison won the Grammy Award for Best Album Notes while the song, "Folsom Prison Blues" won Cash the Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Performance, Male. In 2018, Johnny Cash At Folsom Prison on Columbia Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Personnel

 * Johnny Cash – vocals, guitar, harmonica
 * June Carter – vocal
 * Marshall Grant – bass guitar
 * W.S. Holland – drums
 * Carl Perkins – electric guitar, vocals on track 2.
 * Luther Perkins – electric guitar
 * The Statler Brothers (Lew DeWitt, Don Reid, Harold Reid, Phil Balsley) – vocals
 * Bob Johnston – producer
 * Bob Breault – engineer
 * Bill Britain – engineer
 * Jim Marshall – photography

Credited on 1999 re-issue
 * Bob Irwin – producer
 * Steven Berkowitz – producer, A&R
 * Vic Aneseni – mixing
 * Howard Fritzson – art direction
 * Darcy Proper – mastering
 * Frank Tozour – PQ editing
 * John Henry Jackson – product manager
 * Randall Martin – packaging manager
 * Darren Salmieri – A&R
 * Tim Smith – A&R
 * Nick Shaffran – consultant

title: At Folsom Prison


text: Category:Hungarian athletes

title: Category:Hungarian athletes


text:
Martin X-23 PRIME

The Martin X-23A PRIME (Precision Reentry Including Maneuvering reEntry) (SV-5D) was a small lifting-body re-entry vehicle tested by the United States Air Force in the mid-1960s. Unlike ASSET, primarily used for structural and heating research, the X-23A PRIME was developed to study the effects of maneuvering during re-entry of Earth's atmosphere, including cross-range maneuvers up to 617 nmi from the ballistic track.

Design
Each X-23A was constructed from titanium, beryllium, stainless steel, and aluminum. The craft consisted of two sections—the aft main structure and a removable forward "glove section". The structure was completely covered with a Martin-developed ablative heat shield 0.75 to 2.75 in thick, and the nose cap was constructed of carbon phenolic material.

Aerodynamic control was provided by a pair of 12 x lower flaps, and fixed upper flaps and rudders. A nitrogen-gas reaction control system was used outside the atmosphere. At Mach 2 a drogue ballute deployed and slowed the vehicle's descent. As it deployed, its cable sliced the upper structure of the main equipment bay, allowing a 47 ft recovery chute to deploy. It would then be recovered in midair by a specially-equipped JC-130B Hercules aircraft.

Flight testing
The first PRIME vehicle was launched from Vandenberg AFB on 21 December 1966 atop an Atlas SLV-3 launch vehicle. This mission simulated a low Earth orbit reentry with a zero cross-range. The ballute deployed at 99850 ft, though the recovery parachute failed to completely deploy. The vehicle crashed into the Pacific Ocean.

The second vehicle was launched on 5 March 1967. This flight simulated a 654-mile (1053-kilometre) cross-range reentry, and banking at hypersonic speeds. The recovery parachute deployed properly and was located by two of the deployed recovery aircraft. During an inspection fly-by of the descending parachute system it was seen that reefing cutters had failed to actuate. These cutters are on the harness suspending the vehicle from the parachute to ensure stability of the vehicle behind the JC-130B recovery aircraft during reel-in, and permit safely boarding the vehicle. As a result, the parachute and vehicle were allowed to descend to the sea. Subsequently, the vehicle separated from its flotation "balloon" in the rough seas and, with the parachute, sank before a nearby ship could arrive to retrieve it from the ocean.

The final PRIME mission was flown on 19 April 1967, and simulated re-entry from low Earth orbit with a 617 nmi cross-range. This time, all systems performed perfectly, and the X-23A was successfully recovered. An inspection by a USAF-Martin team reported the craft "ready to fly again", although no later missions were carried out. The third X-23A is now on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio.

title: Martin X-23 PRIME


text:
Laver table

In mathematics, Laver tables (named after Richard Laver, who discovered them towards the end of the 1980s in connection with his works on set theory) are tables of numbers that have certain properties of algebraic and combinatorial interest. They occur in the study of racks and quandles.

Definition
For any nonnegative integer n, the n-th Laver table is the 2n × 2n table whose entry in the cell at row p and column q (1 ≤ p,q ≤ 2n) is defined as

 * $$L_n(p, q) := p \star_n q$$

where $$\star_n$$ is the unique binary operation that satisfies the following two equations for all p, q in {1,...,2n}:

and

Note: Equation ($$) uses the notation $$x \bmod 2^n$$ to mean the unique member of {1,...,2n} congruent to x modulo 2n.

Equation ($$) is known as the (left) self-distributive law, and a set endowed with any binary operation satisfying this law is called a shelf. Thus, the n-th Laver table is just the multiplication table for the unique shelf ({1,...,2n}, $$\star_n$$) that satisfies Equation ($$).

Examples: Following are the first five Laver tables, i.e. the multiplication tables for the shelves ({1,...,2n}, $$\star_n$$), n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4:

There is no known closed-form expression to calculate the entries of a Laver table directly, but Patrick Dehornoy provides a simple algorithm for filling out Laver tables.

Properties

 * 1) For all p, q in {1,...,2n}: $$\ \ 2^n \star_n q = q;\ \ p \star_n 2^n = 2^n;\ \ (2^n-1)\star_n q = 2^n;\ \ p\star_n 2^{n-1}=2^n\text{ if }p\ne 2^n$$.
 * 2) For all p in {1,...,2n}: $$\ \ (p \star_n q)_{q=1,2,3,...}$$ is periodic with period πn(p) equal to a power of two.
 * 3) For all p in {1,...,2n}: $$\ \ (p \star_n q)_{q=1,2,3,...,\pi_n(p)}$$ is strictly increasing from $$p \star_n 1 = p+1\ $$ to $$\ p \star_n \pi_n(p) = 2^n$$.
 * 4) For all p,q: $$\ p \star_n q = (p+1)^{(q)}, \text{ where } x^{(1)}=x,\ x^{(k+1)}=x^{(k)} \star_n x.$$

Are the first-row periods unbounded?
Looking at just the first row in the n-th Laver table, for n = 0, 1, 2, ..., the entries in each first row are seen to be periodic with a period that's always a power of two, as mentioned in Property 2 above. The first few periods are 1, 1, 2, 4, 4, 8, 8, 8, 8, 16, 16, ... . This sequence is nondecreasing, and in 1995 Richard Laver proved, under the assumption that there exists a rank-into-rank (a large cardinal property), that it actually increases without bound. (It is not known whether this is also provable in ZFC without the additional large-cardinal axiom.) In any case, it grows extremely slowly; Randall Dougherty showed that 32 cannot appear in this sequence (if it ever does) until n > A(9, A(8, A(8, 254))), where A denotes the Ackermann–Péter function.

title: Laver table


text: Category:Hungarian people by occupation

title: Category:Hungarian people by occupation


text:
Eastern Freeway (Melbourne)

The Eastern Freeway is an urban freeway in eastern Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. It is one of the most important freeways in terms of commuting to the city, connecting Alexandra Parade and Hoddle Street in the inner suburbs, with EastLink tollway farther east. It consists of between three and six lanes (including the Hard Shoulder Running lane during peak periods) in each direction, also an inbound transit lane reserved for vehicles with two or more occupants during peak hours.

It is continually the widest freeway in Melbourne, with 12 lanes altogether near the Hoddle Street and Alexandra Parade end.

Route
The Eastern Freeway starts at its junction with Hoddle Street, as an eastern continuation of Alexandra Parade, with six lanes eastbound and three lanes westbound. Three more lanes (that provide an exit to Hoddle Street) join the westbound carriageway after it leaves the junction, and after a short distance both directions narrow from six to five lanes in each direction. The freeway narrows again to four lanes in each direction near Chandler Highway and Yarra Bend.

The freeway narrows once more to three lanes just before Bulleen Road, and features a concrete barrier rather than the grassy median that was designed to carry a railway. There is a short four lane section between Tram and Blackburn Roads, then three lanes to the end at Springvale Road, and connects to the EastLink toll road to Ringwood and Frankston. The freeway was unique in that it did not connect to any other freeway prior to EastLink being built.

The travel time on the Eastern Freeway in each direction is 13 minutes: 5 minutes between Springvale Road and Doncaster Road, and 8 minutes between Doncaster Road and Hoddle Street). In peak period, travel time is between 16–26 minutes. However, during times of extreme congestion, including residual from an incident, the travel time can go well beyond half an hour.

The entire freeway has a 100 km/h speed limit. There are no fixed speed cameras, however Victoria Police regularly patrol the full length of the freeway to enforce the speed limit. VicRoads also operates a network of CCTV cameras across the entire length of the freeway and abnormal traffic movements by vehicles are reported to Victoria Police.

History
Construction started on the first section of freeway between Hoddle Street, Clifton Hill and Bulleen Road Balwyn North in 1971 by the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works (MMBW), but the project and its construction was transferred to be under the direct responsibility of the Country Roads Board on 1 July 1974; the section was opened in 1977. The central reservation was designed to be wide enough to cater for a proposed Doncaster railway line between Hoddle Street and Bulleen Road, bridges over it deliberately kept free of support pylons to allow for it. The bridges were designed by Melbourne engineer Bruce Day, with particular attention paid to the aesthetics of each bridge so that they fitted in their landscape, were related to one another, and also provided a variety and progression of design themes. Land was also reserved from Bulleen Road to Doncaster East to extend the proposed railway line, but the plan fell out of favour in the 1980s and the land was sold. The freeway was extended further south-east through Balwyn North from Bulleen Road to Doncaster Road and opened in 1982, with a major part being the undergrounding of 2.4 km of Koonung Creek in a precast reinforced concrete conduit to allow more room for the freeway. The freeway was extended for the last time to Donvale in December 1997.

The Eastern Freeway was signed as Freeway Route 83 between Alexandra Parade and Bulleen Road upon opening in 1977, then extended eastward to Doncaster Road when that section of freeway was opened in 1982; this was replaced by State Route 83 in 1989, itself extended eastward to Donvale when that section of freeway was opened in 1997. With Victoria's conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in the late 1990s, it was replaced by route M3 when EastLink opened in 2008.

The passing of the Road Management Act 2004 granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: in 2004, VicRoads re-declared Eastern Freeway (Freeway #1830) from Gold Street in Collingwood to Springvale Road in Donvale.

Timeline of construction

 * 1977 – Initial stage, 9 km from Alexandra Parade to Bulleen Road, opened December 1977 in three stages: Hoddle Street to Chandler Highway; Chandler Highway to Burke Road; Burke Road to Bulleen Road; total cost (including associated works in Hoddle Street) of A$84 million.
 * 1982 – Second stage, extended 3km from Bulleen Road to Doncaster Road, opened 3 June 1982, by Minister for Transport, the Hon S M Crabb MP. Two lanes in each direction, plus emergency stopping lanes, at a cost of $24 million.
 * 1997 – Third stage, extended 7km from Doncaster Road to Springvale Road, opened December 1997, at a cost of $250 million. The sound barriers built in Stage 3 designed by architects Wood Marsh/Pels Innes Neilson Kosloff won the Australian Institute of Architects Victorian Architecture Medal and the national Walter Burley Griffin Award for Urban Design in 1998.

The first and second stages were controversial and met much opposition due to the first being constructed through the middle of Yarra Bend Park and the second stage to Doncaster Road through parkland now named Koonung Creek Reserve.

In recent years, amidst growing congestion problems and increased awareness of unsustainable methods of transport in Melbourne, there has been massive local council lobbying (by Melbourne, Yarra and Manningham) and public pressure placed on the State Government for the Doncaster railway line to be constructed.

One last 5km extension to the Eastern Freeway, to terminate at the intersection of Maroondah Highway and Mount Dandenong Road via the eastern half of the Ringwood Bypass in Ringwood, was planned in October 2000: this would include tunnels 1.5km in length and a connection with the planned Scoresby Freeway (later EastLink), cost $326 million, and was scheduled for completion in mid-2005. Instead, the Scoresby Freeway and the planned Eastern Freeway extension was merged into the Eastlink project, and the remainder of the Eastern Freeway reservation was built into the western half of the Ringwood Bypass, which opened in July 2008. Eastlink connected the freeway to the Monash, Mornington Peninsula and Frankston Freeways.

1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan
Originally designated F-19 under the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan during its construction in the early 1970s, it was supposed to be linked to the then-new Tullamarine Freeway, as well as taking traffic off the Maroondah Highway. Protests from inner Melbourne suburbs residents led to it being terminated at Hoddle Street.

April 2020 crash
On 22 April 2020, a drunk truck driver, Mohinder Singh, crashed his truck into a Porsche 911 and two police cars. Four police officers in the police cars were killed. The driver of the Porsche, Richard Pusey, was also drunk and was later arrested for running away from the scene and for filming the dying police officers, later pleading guilty to three charges, and was jailed for 10 months.

On 14 April 2021, truck driver Singh was sentenced to at least 22 years in prison by the Supreme Court of Victoria over the manslaughter of four police officers.

Safety
Despite the inherent danger in small and large vehicles travelling at high speeds, the freeway is generally considered one of the safest in Melbourne, with minimal changes of elevation, a flowing route, ample shoulder space and well-maintained safety barriers. Long sections of the freeway suffer from low lighting levels due to its route and proximity to residential areas.

In the seven years preceding and including 2009, six people died in a section of the freeway known as the Bulleen Bend. This is the tightest bend in the freeway's length, between the Bulleen and Doncaster Road interchanges. Despite the relatively tight bend and 100 km/h limit, there were few safety barriers on the extremities of the road surface, leaving nothing between the cars and the trees on the road shoulder. Flexible barriers were installed along lengths of the freeway in an attempt to improve safety. These measures reduced the relative risk of casualty crashes by approximately 75 percent.

Widening and upgrades (North East Link)
The Eastern Freeway is one of the primary freeways feeding into the CBD. Despite decades of road widenings and infrastructure investment, it experiences periods of traffic congestion. In 2016, Premier of Victoria Daniel Andrews announced the construction of a new tolled freeway to connect to the Eastern Freeway. Termed the North East Link, the main component of the project is two tunnels connecting the M80 Ring Road in the north-eastern suburb of Greensborough to the Eastern Freeway at Bulleen Road in Balwyn North. It is anticipated to add up to 135,000 extra vehicles to the Eastern Freeway and surrounding suburbs every day.

One component of the project is widening the entire freeway from Hoddle Street to Springvale Road. 45 kilometres of new lanes will be added, including six 'express' lanes between Middleborough Road and the Chandler Highway. In some locations east of Bulleen Road, it will be more than doubled in width from nine lanes to 20 lanes, making it one of the widest roads in the world. Construction on the first section to be upgraded between Burke Road and Tram Road will begin in 2024 with the other stages to follow in 2025. The upgrade is anticipated to be completed by 2028 to coincide with the opening of the tunnels.

Western extension (East West Link)
The Eastern Freeway has no connecting freeways at its western end in Clifton Hill. As a result, traffic from the Eastern Freeway is released westward along Alexandra Parade and north–south along Hoddle Street. There have been proposals to extend the freeway further west to connect with the CityLink network and ultimately to the Western Ring Road at Sunshine West, but none have been constructed to date.

On 1 March 2007, the Victorian Government announced a study linking the major freeways conducted by international transport expert Sir Rod Eddington. The Eddington Transport Report was released in early 2008 and outlined 20 main recommendations for the city, including a tunnel from the Eastern Freeway to CityLink under Royal Park. The newly elected state Liberal government announced in 2013 that they would commence construction of the tunnel. This announcement sparked heated public debate and protests both in favour and against the proposal until the newly elected Labor government renounced the contracts signed by the previous government in 2015 and scrapped the project.

One aspect of the East West Link proposal was to widen the Eastern Freeway between Hoddle Street and Tram Road in Doncaster. While the exact details of the proposal were not released before the project was abandoned, this was opposed by residents and councils along its length.

title: Eastern Freeway (Melbourne)


text:
Hristo Lukov

Hristo Nikolov Lukov (Христо Николов Луков; 6 January 1887 in Varna – 13 February 1943 in Sofia) was a Bulgarian lieutenant-general, politician, and Minister of War, who led the nationalistic Union of Bulgarian National Legions (UBNL), an organisation largely supportive of Nazi ideology. Lukov was assassinated in 1943 by two members of the Bulgarian resistance movement, Violeta Yakova and Ivan Burudzhiev.

First World War
Hristo Nikolov Lukov was promoted during World War I to the rank of a major and a commander of an artillery battalion. Abroad he is incorrectly thought to be the commander of the 13th Infantry division during World War I. In fact, that was major-general Hristo Tsonev Lukov, a native of Gabrovo.

Interwar period
During the interwar period Hristo Nikolov Lukov became the commander of the Army School of Artillery, of the Training Section of the General Staff's Artillery Inspection, and of the 2nd and 3rd Infantry divisions.

Between 1935–1938 Lukov served as Minister of War, in which position he created close ties to high-ranking Nazi officials.

Second World War
During the Second World War he was a key supporter of the Axis powers, particularly Nazi Germany. This was largely due to his close relations with the Third Reich  and his activities as leader of UBNL. Lukov was considered one of the most prominent advocates of antisemitic ideas in Bulgaria.

Death
Lukov was shot dead by Communist partisans on 13 February 1943 in Sofia. According to the book "In the name of the people", he was ambushed by two Jewish resistance fighters in front of his apartment in Sofia. Although struck by one bullet, he fought back one of the partisans, Ivan Burudzhiev, but the second one, Violeta Yakova, fired two more shots and killed him.

'Lukov March'
From 2003 to 2019, the far-right Bulgarian National Union hosted an annual 'Lukov March' to commemorate “fallen heroes of Bulgaria” with a torch march, taking place in February in Sofia. It persistently caused controversy and was subject to multiple court bans. In 2020, the Supreme Administrative Court upheld a ban by the Sofia municipality so that the evening procession was cancelled. Less than 200 supporters of Lukov still gathered for the laying of wreaths at the house where Lukov was killed. Over one hundred people gathered for a counter-protest in central Sofia earlier in the day, promoting “No Nazis on the streets”.

Awards and decorations

 * Order of Bravery, 4th degree, first and second class
 * Order of St Alexander, 3rd class without swords and 4th class with swords
 * Order of Military Merit, 1st class
 * Iron Cross of 1939, 2nd class (Germany)

title: Hristo Lukov


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xiaowei

Xiaowei was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Clear vanity. Nadavspi 18:07, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Absolutely. Delete. --Neschek 18:14, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Polite, but pointless. A newbie misunderstanding what Wikipedia is for and not reading the text on the edit page. Do we have to have it jump out in big flashing red lights playing a trombone for these people to get the message that you don't write articles about yourself? Average Earthman 18:34, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The following should do the trick: Don't write your autobiography here!!! . Dunno about the trombone, maybe some mouseover Javascript would work. --Ianb 23:22, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:25, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete., could be speedy as user seems to indicate agreement to page removal.--Ianb 23:22, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed, will do. However, I hope someone dropped a welcome on the fellow and told him about making a User page, where he can introduce himself to the community?  Geogre 18:35, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Neschek already posted a welcome message on his talk page, and the user also already copied the page to his user page. Nadavspi 19:54, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted, per authorial consent, VfD consensus, and the fact that the information has been preserved on the user page. Geogre 00:34, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xiaowei


text:
Jaap Eden

Jacobus Johannes "Jaap" Eden (19 October 1873 – 2 February 1925) was a Dutch athlete. He is the only male athlete to win world championships in both speed skating and bicycle racing.

Early life
Jaap Eden was born in Groningen to Johannes Eden and Maria Baale. Eden's mother died of complications from his birth. His father, a gymnastics teacher, could not take care of the baby alone and sent him to his grandparents, who owned a hotel near Santpoort. As a boy, Eden enjoyed running in dunes near his grandparents' home, gymnastics and, in the winter, skating. His speed and skating technique were noticed by the best Dutch skater at the time, Klaas Pander, and he invited the 15-year-old Eden to join him training.

Jaap Eden's first significant victory came in a short track race over 160m in December 1890. Thus, Eden, at age 17, was allowed by the Dutch Federation to compete in the world championships.

The championships were organized by the Skating Club of Amsterdam, as there was no international governing body at the time. Only two foreign skaters entered, American Joe Donoghue becoming the first champion. Eden skated in the shortest two of the four events, placing 3rd and 4th in the half mile and mile, respectively. Eden entered the European Championships in Hamburg, but without any notable success.

Bad weather canceled the 1892 world championships; the European Championships that year were only attended by Austrian skaters. Eden instead competed in the Prince of Orange Cup in England, where he won his first international competition.

In summer 1892, skating officials from several European countries convened in Scheveningen. The International Skating Union (ISU) was established, and the body's constitution announced annual world championships, over 500m, 1500m, 5000m and 10000m. The first ISU-governed world championships were to take place on the Museumplein in Amsterdam.

Eden also played bandy on an elite level, when it had been introduced to the Netherlands in 1891.

Skating successes
Two days before the championships, Eden won the 1500m and 5000m Dutch championships. His time in the 1500 m, 2:35.0 is the first ISU-recognized world record in that distance. This made Eden, who trained in Norway earlier that winter, a favorite for the world championships.

In the 1500m, Eden tied with Oskar Frederiksen (Norway) in the preliminaries, but beat him in a head-to-head final race. He outclassed the field in the 5000m, winning by half a minute, while his main opponent Frederiksen did not finish. Eden was challenged again by Frederiksen in the first run of the 500m on the second day, but in the final Eden again beat the Norwegian. This meant Eden's third victory, sufficient for the world title. Frederiksen skated the first official world record in the 10000m. Eden, skating alone in the last race, fell after the first lap and abandoned the race.

After his victory, Eden was welcomed by a crowd in his home town Haarlem. He became known throughout the country.

The next winter, Eden trained in Hamar, Norway and traveled to Stockholm for the world championships in early February 1894. Because of bad weather, the championships were held in nearby Saltsjöbaden. The 500m, saw Eden paired with Frederiksen. The Norwegian made a false start, but was unaware of this until the finish. He was requested to re-skate immediately, but he wanted to recover. Eden, convinced Frederiksen would be disqualified, skated alone, finishing in 50.4 seconds. Frederiksen matched it in his second attempt. Jaap Eden did not want to skate a tie-breaker and Frederiksen won after drawing lots.

Eden skated a world record in 10,000m. With 19:12.4, he was half a minute ahead of the others. In the third distance, he lost to Einar Halvorsen, which meant no world champion. Eden failed to finish the final distance after a fall.

Two weeks later, the European championships took place in Hamar. Eden failed to compete on the first day, officially because of the strong wind. However, he was in his hotel with one of the chambermaids. Eden returned to the ice on the second day, and emphatically won the 5,000m in 8:37.6 — a world record by almost half a minute. The record remained for nearly 17 years, until it was broken by 0.4 seconds by Nikolay Strunnikov.

Personal records
Source: speedskatingbase.eu

World records
Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com

Legacy
The ice skating rinks Jaap Edenbaan (outdoor) and Jaap Edenhal (indoor) in Amsterdam are named after Eden.

Since 1972, the Dutch Sportsman of the year receives the Jaap Eden Award. The prize for this achievement is a statue created by painter and sculptor Jits Bakker (born 1937) from Bilthoven and is named after Eden.

title: Jaap Eden


text:
Magilligan

Magilligan is a peninsula that lies in the northwest of County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, at the entrance to Lough Foyle, within Causeway Coast and Glens district. It is an extensive 79000 acre coastal site, part British army firing range, part nature reserve and is home to the HM Prison Magilligan. The settlement of Magilligan Point on the lough is noted for its ferry crossing to Greencastle, County Donegal.

History
Magilligan gets its name from "MacGilligans country", which formed a major part of the barony of Keenaght.

Magilligan served as the base line for triangulation for the mapping of Ireland in the 19th century. Colonel Thomas Colby chose Magilligan due to the flatness of the strand and its proximity to Scotland which, along with the rest of Britain, had been accurately mapped in previous decades. A straight line precisely 30533 feet was measured from North Station to Ballykelly in 1828 from which all other references were measured. The survey finished in 1846 when County Kerry was mapped.

Landmarks
A Martello Tower stands to the north of Magilligan Point near the lough, Building began in 1812, late in the British, and featured a round tower with gun mounts for two 24-pounder guns. A fort at Magilligan point was originally planned but was seen as impractical because of soft ground. The tower has been restored but is not generally open. It was built at the same time as the more unusual double-gunned tower across the lough at Greencastle. The tower was finished in 1817, after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, and never saw military action. During World War II the top of the tower was fitted out with a pillbox. Since its construction, sand deposits have enlarged the peninsula on which it stands and the tower is now some way from the sea.

HM Prison Magilligan is situated along the main road (Point Road) to the east of the Magilligan Point. It opened in 1972 and has a capacity of 568 prisoners.

Transport
It is close to Bellarena railway station and there is a ferry service which operates during the summer season, connecting Magilligan with Greencastle across the lough.

During the 19th century the Londonderry & Coleraine Railway Company (L&CR) operated a short lived tramway between the village of Magilligan and the settlement of Magilligan Point. Opening in July 1885 and closing in October 1885, it is the shortest lived passenger railway line in Ireland.

Notable people

 * Donnchadh Ó hÁmsaigh (1695–1807) – Irish harpist
 * John Graham – Church of Ireland clergyman, a senior officer of the Orange Order, and a prolific author of poetic and historical works
 * Eddie Butcher (1900–1980) – singer, songwriter and song collector

title: Magilligan


text:
Spillway

A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of water downstream from a dam or levee, typically into the riverbed of the dammed river itself. In the United Kingdom, they may be known as overflow channels. Spillways ensure that water does not damage parts of the structure not designed to convey water.

Spillways can include floodgates and fuse plugs to regulate water flow and reservoir level. Such features enable a spillway to regulate downstream flow—by releasing water in a controlled manner before the reservoir is full, operators can prevent an unacceptably large release later.

Other uses of the term "spillway" include bypasses of dams and outlets of channels used during high water, and outlet channels carved through natural dams such as moraines.

Water normally flows over a spillway only during flood periods, when the reservoir has reached its capacity and water continues entering faster than it can be released. In contrast, an intake tower is a structure used to control water release on a routine basis for purposes such as water supply and hydroelectricity generation.

Types
A spillway is located at the top of the reservoir pool. Dams may also have bottom outlets with valves or gates which may be operated to release flood flow, and a few dams lack overflow spillways and rely entirely on bottom outlets.

The two main types of spillways are controlled and uncontrolled.

A controlled spillway has mechanical structures or gates to regulate the rate of flow. This design allows nearly the full height of the dam to be used for water storage year-round, and flood waters can be released as required by opening one or more gates.

An uncontrolled spillway, in contrast, does not have gates; when the water rises above the lip or crest of the spillway, it begins to be released from the reservoir. The rate of discharge is controlled only by the height of water above the reservoir's spillway. The fraction of storage volume in the reservoir above the spillway crest can only be used for the temporary storage of floodwater; it cannot be used as water supply storage because it sits higher than the dam can retain it.

In an intermediate type, normal level regulation of the reservoir is controlled by the mechanical gates. In this case, the dam is not designed to function with water flowing over the top if it, either due to the materials used for its construction or conditions directly downstream. If inflow to the reservoir exceeds the gate's capacity, an artificial channel called an auxiliary or emergency spillway will convey water. Often, that is intentionally blocked by a fuse plug. If present, the fuse plug is designed to wash out in case of a large flood, greater than the discharge capacity of the spillway gates. Although many months may be needed for construction crews to restore the fuse plug and channel after such an operation, the total damage and cost to repair is less than if the main water-retaining structures had been overtopped. The fuse plug concept is used where building a spillway with the required capacity would be costly.

Chute spillway
A chute spillway is a common and basic design that transfers excess water from behind the dam down a smooth decline into the river below. These are usually designed following an ogee curve. Most often, they are lined on the bottom and sides with concrete to protect the dam and topography. They may have a controlling device and some are thinner and multiply-lined if space and funding are tight. In addition, they are not always intended to dissipate energy like stepped spillways. Chute spillways can be ingrained with a baffle of concrete blocks but usually have a "flip lip" and/or dissipator basin, which creates a hydraulic jump, protecting the toe of the dam from erosion.

Stepped spillway
Stepped channels and spillways have been used for over 3,000 years. Despite being superseded by more modern engineering techniques such as hydraulic jumps in the mid twentieth century, since around 1985 interest in stepped spillways and chutes has been renewed, partly due to the use of new construction materials (e.g. roller-compacted concrete, gabions) and design techniques (e.g. embankment overtopping protection). The steps produce considerable energy dissipation along the chute and reduce the size of the required downstream energy dissipation basin.

Research is still active on the topic, with newer developments on embankment dam overflow protection systems, converging spillways and small weir design.

Bell-mouth spillway

A bell-mouth spillway is designed like an inverted bell, where water can enter around the entire perimeter. These uncontrolled spillways are also called morning glory (after the flower), or glory hole spillways. In areas where the surface of the reservoir may freeze, this type of spillway is normally fitted with ice-breaking arrangements to prevent the spillway from becoming ice-bound.

Some bell-mouth spillways are gate-controlled. The highest morning glory spillway in the world is at Hungry Horse Dam in Montana, U.S., and is controlled by a 64 by ring gate. The bell-mouth spillway in Covão dos Conchos reservoir in Portugal is constructed to look like a natural formation. The largest bell-mouth spillway is in Geehi Dam, in New South Wales, Australia, measuring 105 ft in diameter at the lake's surface.

Siphon spillway
A siphon uses the difference in height between the intake and the outlet to create the pressure difference required to remove excess water. Siphons require priming to remove air in the bend for them to function, and most siphon spillways are designed to use water to automatically prime the siphon. One such design is the volute siphon, which employs volutes or fins on a funnel to form water into a vortex that draws air out of the system. The priming happens automatically when the water level rises above the inlets.

Other types
The ogee crest over-tops a dam, a side channel wraps around the topography of a dam, and a labyrinth uses a zig-zag design to increase the sill length for a thinner design and increased discharge. A drop inlet resembles an intake for a hydroelectric power plant, and transfers water from behind the dam directly through tunnels to the river downstream.

Design considerations
One parameter of spillway design is the largest flood it is designed to handle. The structures must safely withstand the appropriate spillway design flood (SDF), sometimes called the inflow design flood (IDF). The magnitude of the SDF may be set by dam safety guidelines, based on the size of the structure and the potential loss of human life or property downstream. The magnitude of the flood is sometimes expressed as a return period. A 100-year recurrence interval is the flood magnitude expected to be exceeded on the average of once in 100 years. This parameter may be expressed as an exceedance frequency with a 1% chance of being exceeded in any given year. The volume of water expected during the design flood is obtained by hydrologic calculations of the upstream watershed. The return period is set by dam safety guidelines, based on the size of the structure and the potential loss of human life or property downstream.

The United States Army Corps of Engineers bases their requirements on the probable maximum flood (PMF) and the probable maximum precipitation (PMP). The PMP is the largest precipitation thought to be physically possible in the upstream watershed. Dams of lower hazard may be allowed to have an IDF less than the PMF.

Energy dissipation
As water passes over a spillway and down the chute, potential energy converts into increasing kinetic energy. Failure to dissipate the water's energy can lead to scouring and erosion at the dam's toe (base). This can cause spillway damage and undermine the dam's stability. To put this energy in perspective, the spillways at Tarbela Dam could, at full capacity, produce 40,000 MW; about 10 times the capacity of its power plant.

The energy can be dissipated by addressing one or more parts of a spillway's design. First, on the spillway surface itself by a series of steps along the spillway (see stepped spillway). Second, at the base of a spillway, a flip bucket can create a hydraulic jump and deflect water upwards. A ski jump can direct water horizontally and eventually down into a plunge pool, or two ski jumps can direct their water discharges to collide with one another. Third, a stilling basin at the terminus of a spillway serves to further dissipate energy and prevent erosion. They are usually filled with a relatively shallow depth of water and sometimes lined with concrete. A number of velocity-reducing components can be incorporated into their design to include chute blocks, baffle blocks, wing walls, surface boils, or end sills.
 * Steps
 * Flip bucket
 * Ski jump
 * Stilling basin

Safety
Spillway gates may operate suddenly without warning, under remote control. Trespassers within the spillway are at high risk of drowning. Spillways are usually fenced and equipped with locked gates to prevent casual trespassing within the structure. Warning signs, sirens, and other measures may be in place to warn users of the downstream area of sudden release of water. Operating protocols may require "cracking" a gate to release a small amount of water to warn persons downstream.

The sudden closure of a spillway gate can result in the stranding of fish, and this is usually avoided.

title: Spillway


text:
Wayne Hills High School

Wayne Hills High School is a four-year comprehensive community public high school, in Wayne, in Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, in the New York metropolitan area. The school serves students in ninth through twelfth grades as one of the two secondary schools that are part of the Wayne Public Schools, the other being Wayne Valley High School.

As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,182 students and 121.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.7:1. There were 69 students (5.8% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 21 (1.8% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

History
The school opened in September 1966 as the district's second high school. With the opening of the new facility, the district's original secondary school was renamed Wayne Valley High School.

Awards, recognition and rankings
In its listing of "America's Best High Schools 2016", the school was ranked 222nd out of 500 best high schools in the country; it was ranked 35th among all high schools in New Jersey and 18th among the state's non-magnet schools.

In the 2011 "Ranking America's High Schools" issue by The Washington Post, the school was ranked 64th in New Jersey and 1,902nd nationwide. In Newsweek's May 22, 2007 issue, ranking the country's top high schools, Wayne Hills High School was listed in 1102nd place, the 34th-highest ranked school in New Jersey.

The school was the 65th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 35th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 51st in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 60th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 70th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which included 316 schools across the state.

Schooldigger.com ranked the school tied for 61st out of 381 public high schools statewide in its 2011 rankings (an increase of 18 positions from the 2010 ranking) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the mathematics (91.4%) and language arts literacy (96.4%) components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).

Sports
The Wayne Hills High School Patriots compete in the Big North Conference, which comprises public and private high schools in Bergen and Passaic counties, and was created following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. In the 2009-10 school year, the school competed in the North Jersey Tri-County Conference, which was established on an interim basis to facilitate the realignment. Before the realignment, Wayne Hills had competed in the North Bergen Interscholastic Athletic League (NBIAL) as the only team outside Bergen County participating in the league. With 953 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group III for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 761 to 1,058 students in that grade range. The football team competes in the Freedom Red division of the North Jersey Super Football Conference, which includes 112 schools competing in 20 divisions, making it the nation's biggest football-only high school sports league. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group III North for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 680 to 884 students.

Wayne Hills interscholastic sports teams include: volleyball, soccer, tennis, football, marching band, field hockey, basketball, cheerleading, bowling, wrestling, skiing, fencing, ice hockey, track and field, swimming, cross country running, lacrosse, gymnastics, baseball, softball and golf.

The school participates as the host school / lead agency in a joint ice hockey team with Wayne Valley High School. The co-op program operates under agreements scheduled to expire at the end of the 2023–24 school year.

The gymnastics team won the overall state championship in 1981.

The varsity baseball team won the Passaic County Tournament championships in both 2000 and 2009. The team won the 2009 tournament with an 11-0 win in the championship game vs. Pompton Lakes High School.

The boys' track team were 2003 county, league and state champions.

In 2007, Wayne Hills was county champions in boys and girls tennis. In 2012, the boys tennis team won the Passaic County Tournament for the eighth consecutive year.

The 2008 boys' volleyball team was undefeated and went on to winning the Passaic County championship.

The boys' golf team won the county tournament in 2008, 2013 and 2015.

The girls' fencing team won the Passaic County championships in 2009.

In 2009, the boys' swim team won the Passaic County championship, the second tournament ever held. In 2010, the girls and boys won the Passaic County championship. In the same season, both teams won their division of the Tri-County league. The boys finished with an undefeated regular season. Both teams competed in and lost in the first round of the state tournament.

In 2010, the boys lacrosse team won the inaugural Passaic County Tournament. They would go on to win again in 2017, 2018 and 2019, becoming the only team to win back-to-back championships and then three-peat. They have won more county lacrosse championships than any other team in Passaic County.

The girls' ski team won back-to-back state championships in 2011 and 2012.

Ice hockey
In the 2017-18 season, Wayne Hills and Wayne Valley joined to create an all-Wayne co-operative ice hockey team. The team made it to the semifinals of the 2018 NJSIAA New Jersey Boys Ice Hockey Public A tournament, where they lost 3-2 to Hunterdon Central Regional High School.

Field hockey
The field hockey team won the North I Group IV state sectional title in 1978, 1980, 1982, 1983, 2008 and 2009. The team won the Group IV state championship in 1982, defeating Shawnee High School in the tournament final by a score of 2-0.

Football
The Wayne Hills football team won the North I Group III state sectional championship in 2002, 2004-2008, 2010 and 2011, and won the North I Group IV title in 2016 and 2018. Led by Coach Chris Olsen, the team won eight state sectional championships in the ten years through 2011, reigning as the two-time defending champs of North I Group III. The team accumulated a 65-6 record during the seven seasons through 2008.

Wayne Hills and Wayne Valley have participated in an annual rivalry since 2009, which Wayne Hills leads 11-2 through the 2017 season. NJ.com listed the rivalry in the 24th spot on their 2017 list "Ranking the 31 fiercest rivalries in N.J. HS football".

In 2002, the varsity team won their first North Jersey I Group III title in the school's history by defeating Ramapo High School 19-0. This was also the first undefeated football season. Additionally, several members of this senior class became professional athletes. Tight end Greg Olsen went on to play college and professional football.

From 2004 to 2009, the team won 55 consecutive games. During the winning streak, the team won five state sectional championships, including four perfect 12-0 seasons. The Wayne Hills 55-game win streak came to an end with a 17-15 loss to Saint Joseph Regional High School in October 2009. The streak is the second-longest in New Jersey high school football history, behind only to Paulsboro High School's 63-game win streak.

The 2004 team finished the season with a 10-2 record after winning the North I Group III state sectional title, defeating Ramapo High School by a score of 38-28 in the semis and then topping Northern Valley Regional High School at Demarest in the tournament final by a score of 17-16.

The team was in the 2005 playoffs as the top seed in the North I, Group III bracket, and won the first two rounds, beating #8-seed Teaneck High School 40-6 and number-four Ramapo High School 41-13, and then crushing third-seeded Parsippany Hills High School by a score of 46-0 in the sectional finals.

In 2006, the Patriots came in seeded second in the North I, Group III bracket, and won the first two rounds, beating 7th-seed Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan 37-7 and 6th-seed Passaic Valley Regional High School 33-0. In the state finals, played at Rutgers University on December 2, 2006, Wayne Hills defeated fourth-seeded Parsippany Hills High School 23-12, the second consecutive year the two faced each other in the finals. The football team was ranked 3rd behind #1 Don Bosco Prep and #2 St. Peter's Prep in New Jersey. The team was ranked 7th in the East region by USA Today in their final 2006 Super 25 prep football regional rankings.

Wayne Hill's football team finished 12-0 in the 2007 season, defeating Wayne Valley High School in the North I Group III state sectional championship game played at Giants Stadium by a final score of 27-7. The win was team's 40th consecutive win, and its fourth consecutive sectional title.

In 2008, Wayne Hills played Lakeland Regional High School at Giants Stadium and won the North I Group III sectional title with a final score of 35-6, making them 52-0 in the previous four seasons, and giving them their fifth consecutive sectional title. As of December 9, 2008, Wayne Hills was ranked 81st on the Rivals.com list of the top 100 high school football teams in the nation. The only other New Jersey teams then on the list were Shawnee High School (88th) and Don Bosco Prep (17th).

In 2009, Wayne Hills lost to their longtime rival, Ramapo High School, in the North I, Group III state sectional championship at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford. The loss to Ramapo ended a streak of 17 consecutive playoff victories extending from the first round of the 2004 playoffs through the 2009 semifinal game and a string of 62 consecutive wins in football games played against public schools statewide dating back to 2003.

In 2010, Wayne Hills won the North I Group III state championship against Northern Valley at Old Tappan in what has been called the "Miracle in the Meadowlands", taking a lateral pass on a kickoff with seconds left on the clock to win the state title by a score of 24-21. The team ended this year ranked 3rd in the top 25 best high school teams in North Jersey by The Record and its national ranking according to Max Preps was 289.

In December 2011, the New Jersey Commissioner of Education upheld the suspension of nine Wayne Hills football players who been alleged to have been involved in an October fight outside of a house party in which two students from Wayne Valley High School had been assaulted, including one who was beaten and left unconscious in a street. Though the students had been allowed to play in the first two rounds of the football playoffs, they were ruled ineligible to participate in that year's final against Old Tappan. Despite the absence of the nine from the championship game, Wayne Hills defeated Old Tappan for the second consecutive year, by a score of 15-12, the team's second consecutive North I, Group III title and its eighth title in ten years.

The Wayne Hills football program was featured in the documentary series titled Traditions, which airs on SNY. The production team followed the team around for the first week of October and attended practices and conducted interviews to showcase what the program, at its core, is about.

In Spring 2012, head coach Chris Olsen announced that he would step down as the athletic director for the 2012-13 school year and serve as head coach for the last year. The team finished with a 6-5 record and did not make an appearance in the finals, losing to Pascack Valley High School in the semi-finals by a score of 20-11, marking the first year in nine years that the Wayne Hills Patriots did not make it to the state finals.

The team won the 2016 North I, Group IV state sectional championship with a 31-24 overtime win in the tournament final against Wayne Valley High School, under head coach Wayne Demikoff.

In 2018, the team won the North I Group IV title with a 20-13 win against Northern Valley at Old Tappan and then went on to win the Group IV North Bowl by a score of 35-21 against Phillipsburg High School.

Notable alumni

 * Marina Alex (born 1990), professional golfer.
 * Chris Carter (born 1959), Sirius/XM disc jockey and producer who was one of the founding members of Dramarama.
 * Alex Chilowicz (born 1987), professional soccer referee who has worked in Major League Soccer and the English Football League
 * Barbara Dare (born 1963), pornographic movie actress.
 * Nickolette Driesse (born 1994), soccer midfielder who plays for Orlando Pride of National Women's Soccer League.
 * John Easdale (born 1961), lead singer of Dramarama.
 * Mark Englert, guitarist for Dramarama.
 * Ryan Neill (born 1982), former NFL defensive end and long snapper.
 * Greg Olsen (born 1985), sportscaster and former NFL tight end.
 * Jessielyn Palumbo (born 1992, class of 2010), Miss New Jersey USA 2016 and beauty photographer
 * Lieutenant General Guy C. Swan III (born 1954), retired United States Army officer, whose final assignment was Commanding General United States Army North (USARNORTH), at Fort Sam Houston, Texas.
 * Holly Taylor (born 1997), actress and dancer who performed in the Broadway production of Billy Elliot the Musical as Sharon Percy (Ballet Girl) and plays the role of Paige Jennings in the FX television series The Americans.
 * Vikki Ziegler (born c. 1972, class of 1990), lawyer and author who was the focus of the reality television show Untying the Knot.

title: Wayne Hills High School


text: Category:Hungarian mathematicians

title: Category:Hungarian mathematicians