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Carl Panzram

Charles "Carl" Panzram (June 28, 1891 – September 5, 1930) was an American serial killer, spree killer, mass murderer, rapist, child molester, arsonist, robber, thief, and burglar. In prison confessions and in his autobiography, Panzram confessed to having murdered twenty-one boys and men, only five of which could be corroborated; he is suspected of having killed more than a hundred boys and men in the United States alone, and several more in Portuguese Angola.

Panzram also confessed to having committed more than a thousand acts of rape against males of all ages. After a lifetime of crime, during which he served many prison terms and escaped from many prisons, Panzram was executed by hanging in 1930 for the murder of a prison employee at the United States Penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas.

Early life
Carl Panzram was born on June 28, 1891, on a farm near East Grand Forks, Minnesota, the sixth of seven children born to East Prussian immigrants Johann "John" Gottlieb Panzram and Mathilda Elizabeth "Lizzie" Panzram (née Bolduan ). Panzram and his six siblings were made to work on the family farm from a young age until truancy laws, which made it illegal for parents not to send their children to school, came into effect.

Panzram's parents were very angry about having their children sent to school during the day and forced them to work in the fields throughout the night instead; Panzram later reported he would get just two hours of sleep before he would have to get up for school. Punishments in the household also ranged from being chained to being starved. Panzram reflected on his early childhood with the sentiment that he was not liked by other children; by the age of five he claimed that he was a liar and thief, and he recalled that he became meaner the older he grew. Panzram's father abandoned the family when he was 7 years old. Eventually, four of his five older brothers left as well; one of them drowned.

Early criminal record
Panzram's run-ins with the law started in 1899, at age 8, when he was charged in juvenile court with being drunk and disorderly, and in 1903, at age 11, he was arrested and jailed for being drunk and "incorrigible," a term used when detaining youths. Not long after this second arrest, Panzram stole cake, apples, and a revolver from a neighbor's home. In October 1903, Panzram's mother sent him to the Minnesota State Training School, purportedly a reform school; Panzram later wrote in his autobiography, however, that he was repeatedly beaten, tortured and raped by staff members, in a workshop the children dubbed "the paint shop" due to leaving the room "painted" with bruises and blood. Panzram hated the school so much that he decided to burn it down, and did so successfully and without detection on July 7, 1905.

In January 1906, Panzram was paroled from Red Wing Training School, where he had been detained after stealing money from his mother's pocketbook. By his early-teens Panzram exhibited alcoholism and had a lengthy criminal rap sheet, mostly for burglary and robbery offenses. At age 14, a couple of weeks after his parole and two weeks after attempting to kill a Lutheran cleric with a revolver, Panzram ran away from home to live on the streets. He often traveled via train cars, and later recalled having been gang raped by a group of homeless men on one of these occasions.

Early crimes
In the summer of 1906, Panzram was arrested for burglary in Butte, Montana, and sentenced to one year's imprisonment at Montana State Reform School in Miles City. He claimed that after a guard punished him, he assaulted and critically injured the man with a wooden board. As punishment, Panzram had to spend some time in solitary confinement. The following year, Panzram and a fellow inmate named James Benson escaped from Montana State Reform School and stole guns in Terry, Montana. In the coming weeks, Panzram and Benson repeatedly broke into stores and razed buildings, especially churches, to the ground with fire. In Fargo, North Dakota, the two men separated.

Later in 1907, after getting drunk in a Helena, Montana saloon, Panzram enlisted in the United States Army and was assigned to the 6th Infantry at Fort William Henry Harrison. Refusing to take orders from officers and being generally insubordinate, he was convicted of larceny for stealing $80 worth of supplies and served a prison sentence in the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth between 1908 and 1910, with U.S. Secretary of War William Howard Taft officially approving Panzram's sentence. Panzram later claimed that while he had been a "rotten egg" before imprisonment at the military penitentiary, "any shred of goodness left in him was smashed out" during his time at Fort Leavenworth.

After his release and dishonorable discharge, Panzram resumed his criminal activities as a thief. Stealing items that ranged from bicycles to yachts, he was caught and imprisoned multiple times. He served prison sentences both under his own name and various aliases in: Fresno, California; Rusk, Texas; The Dalles, Oregon; Harrison, Idaho; Butte, Montana; Montana State Prison; Oregon State Prison; Bridgeport, Connecticut ("John O'Leary"); Sing Sing Correctional Facility, New York; Clinton Correctional Facility, New York; and Washington, D.C. and Leavenworth, Kansas. While incarcerated, Panzram frequently attacked guards and refused to follow their orders. The guards retaliated, subjecting him to beatings and other punishments.

In his autobiography, Panzram wrote that he was "rage personified" and that he would often rape men whom he had robbed. He was noted for his large stature and great physical strength—due to years of hard labor at Leavenworth and other prisons—which aided him in overpowering most men; he also engaged in vandalism and arson. By his own admission, one of the few times he did not engage in criminal activities was when he was employed as a strikebreaker against union employees. On one occasion, he tried to sign aboard as a ship's steward on an Army transport vessel but was discharged when he reported to work intoxicated. The last thing that he had stolen before he was caught was a radio.

Escalating violence
Panzram claimed in his autobiography that after escaping from a chain gang sentence at Rusk, Texas, he went to Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, in the winter of 1910 to try to enlist in the Federales. He took a train to Del Rio, Texas, and got off in a small town 50 to 100 mi east of El Paso. He later claimed to have abducted, assaulted, and strangled a man about a mile from town and then stolen $35 from the victim.

In the summer of 1911, Panzram, going by the alias "Jefferson Davis", was arrested in Fresno, California, for stealing a bicycle. He was sentenced to six months in county jail, but escaped after thirty days. Panzram later claimed that after his escape, while riding on a boxcar in California, he disarmed an armed man he either called a "railway detective" or a "railway brakeman", whom he then forced to rape a homeless man at gunpoint, before throwing both of them off the train. He proceeded to Oregon, where he made a living as a logger.

Panzram admitted years later that once, when hiding in a bordello, his wallet was stolen and he was infected with gonorrhea; he also became paranoid. In 1913, Panzram, going by the alias "Jack Allen", was arrested in The Dalles, Oregon, for highway robbery, assault, and sodomy. He broke out of jail after two months. He was later arrested in Harrison, Idaho, but again he escaped from county jail. He was again arrested in Chinook, Montana, and sentenced to one year in prison for burglary, to be served at the Montana State Prison.

On April 27, 1913, Panzram, using his "Jefferson Davis" alias, was admitted to the Montana State Prison at Deer Lodge, Montana. He escaped on November 13. Within a week, he was arrested for burglary in Three Forks, giving his name as "Jeff Rhoades". He was incarcerated at Deer Lodge for an additional year. By his own account he committed sodomy while imprisoned. Panzram was released on March 3, 1915, with a new suit of clothing, $5 and a ticket to the next town six miles away. He rode the rails through Washington, Idaho, Nebraska and South Dakota via the Columbia River. On June 1, he burglarized a house in Astoria, Oregon, where he was soon arrested while attempting to sell some of the stolen items.

Under the name "Jeff Baldwin", Panzram was sentenced to seven years in prison, to be served at the Oregon State Penitentiary in Salem, where he was taken on June 24, 1915. 50-year-old Warden Harry Minto believed in harsh treatment of inmates, including beatings and isolation, among other disciplinary measures. Later, Panzram stated that he swore he "would never do that seven years and I defied the warden and all his officers to make me." Later that year, Panzram helped fellow inmate Otto Hooker escape from the prison. While attempting to evade recapture, Hooker killed Minto. This event marked Panzram's first known involvement in a murder, as an accessory before the fact. In his prison record which noted his two alias "Jefferson Davis" and "Jeff Rhodes", he falsely gave his age as 30, and his place of birth as Alabama. His only truthful statement was when he stated his occupation as "thief".

Panzram was disciplined several times while at Salem, including sixty-one days in solitary confinement, before escaping on September 18, 1917. After two shootouts, in which he attempted to shoot Chief Deputy Sheriff Joseph Frum, he was recaptured and returned to the prison. On May 12, 1918, he escaped again by sawing through the bars of his cell, and caught a freight train heading east. He began going by the name "John O'Leary" and shaved off his mustache to change his appearance. Panzram would never return to the Northwest. Panzram allegedly ended up in New York City, got a Seaman Identification card, and sailed on the steamship James S. Whitney to Panama. There he tried to steal a small boat with the help of a drunken sailor, who killed everyone on board and was arrested. Still free, Panzram travelled to Peru to work in a copper mine. After that, he traveled to Chile, Port Arthur, Texas, London, Edinburgh, Paris, and Hamburg.

Murder spree
In 1920, Panzram committed a robbery in Newport, Rhode Island. On September 16, 1920, he burglarized the Taft Mansion in New Haven, Connecticut, a residence of William Howard Taft, by that time a former President. Panzram specifically targeted the mansion out of animus he had been holding against Taft since his incarceration at Fort Leavenworth. He stole a large amount of jewellery and bonds, as well as Taft's Colt M1911 .45-caliber handgun.

Using Taft's stolen money, Panzram bought a small sailing yacht, the Akista, and embarked on an 8-year-long murder spree which spanned several countries and involved multiple victims. Sailing south to New York City, for three months Panzram lured sailors away from port bars onto the yacht, made them drunk before raping them, and then murdered the men with Taft's stolen pistol, subsequently dumping their bodies near Execution Rocks Light in Long Island Sound. In this manner Panzram claimed to have killed ten men. The sailor murders ended only after Akista ran aground and sank near Atlantic City, New Jersey, during which his last two potential victims escaped to parts unknown. On October 26, Panzram was arrested in Stamford, Connecticut, for burglary and possession of a loaded handgun. In 1921, he served six months in jail in Bridgeport, Connecticut.

Panzram caught a ship to Southern Africa and landed in Luanda, the capital of colonial Portuguese Angola. In 1921, Panzram was foreman of an oil rig in Angola. He later burned it down out of what he said was "spitefulness". Shortly after, he decided to seek out a virgin girl. Panzram paid a resident Angola family 80 eschudas (US$8) and, in exchange, was given a 12-year-old girl, whom he raped in his shack later that night. He returned the girl to her family demanding his money back on suspicion of the girl not being an actual virgin. The family then gave Panzram an 8-year-old girl, whom he also raped in his shack, but who was eventually taken back to the family because he suspected that she too was not a virgin. He then claimed that he raped and killed an Angolan boy estimated to be 11-or-12-years-old. In his confession to this murder, he wrote: "His brains were coming out of his ears when I left him and he will never be any deader." He also claimed that he hired a boat with six rowers, shot the rowers with a Luger pistol, and threw their bodies to the crocodiles.

After his return to the United States, Panzram asserted he raped and killed two small boys, beating one to death with a rock on July 18, 1922, in Salem, Massachusetts, and strangling the other later that year near New Haven. After his murder spree in Salem, Panzram worked as a night watchman in Yonkers, New York, north of Manhattan, at Abeeco Mill factory. In Providence, he stole a yawl and sailed to New Haven, seeking victims to rob and rape, and boats to steal. In June 1923, in New Rochelle, New York, he stole a yacht belonging to the police chief of New Rochelle. He picked up a 15-year-old boy named George Walosin and promised him a job on the boat, but instead sodomized him.

On June 27, on the river near Kingston, New York, Panzram claimed he picked a man up but then believing the man was going to attempt to rob him, Panzram used a .38 caliber pistol from the stolen yacht to kill the John Doe victim. Panzram threw the body into the river. On June 28, Panzram and Walosin docked at Poughkeepsie, New York. Panzram stole $1,000 worth of fishing nets. At Newburgh, New York, Walosin, having witnessed the murder the day before, jumped overboard and swam to shore. He reported to the police at Yonkers that he had been sexually assaulted by Panzram. An alert went out for "Captain John O'Leary". On June 29, "John O'Leary" was arrested in Nyack, New York.

On July 9, Panzram tried to escape from jail. He later conned his lawyer by giving him ownership of a stolen boat in return for bail money. Panzram skipped bail, and the boat was confiscated by the government agents. On August 26, "O'Leary" was arrested in Larchmont, New York, after breaking into a train depot. Three days later, on August 29, "O'Leary" was cleared as a suspect in the stabbing death of Dorothy Kaufman of Greenburgh, New York, committed a month prior. He was sentenced to five years' imprisonment. While in county jail, he confessed to the alias "Jeff Baldwin", and that he was wanted in Oregon for the murder of a policeman (Minto). After first being imprisoned in Sing Sing Prison, in October, Panzram was imprisoned at Clinton Prison in Dannemora, New York as Inmate #75182. While there he tried to escape but ended up with an injured spine and broken ankles. He was discharged in July 1928, and he allegedly committed another murder that summer in Baltimore, Maryland.

Final capture
On August 30, 1928, Panzram was arrested in Baltimore for a Washington, D.C. burglary – stealing a radio and jewelry from the home of a dentist on August 20. Three men were also arrested as accomplices and most of the jewelry was recovered. Panzram gave his correct name although he lied by claiming his age as 41 and that he was from Nevada. During his interrogation, he confessed to killing three young boys earlier that month – one in Salem, one in Connecticut, and a 14-year-old newsboy in Philadelphia. Panzram's confession to killing a boy at Pier 28 on League island near Philadelphia in August 1928 was confirmed. Boston police were unable to corroborate his other confession, the murder of a boy in Charlestown, Massachusetts. Panzram later wrote that he had contemplated mass murders and other acts of mayhem, such as poisoning a city's water supply with arsenic, or scuttling a British warship in New York Harbor to provoke a war between the United States and Britain. In light of his extensive criminal record, Panzram was sentenced to 25-years-to-life. Upon arriving at Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary, identified as inmate #31614, he warned the warden: "I'll kill the first man that bothers me". Because he was considered too psychotic he was assigned to work alone in the prison laundry room, where the foreman, Robert Warnke, was known to bully and harass other prisoners under him. Warnke soon antagonized Panzram, despite the latter repeatedly warning him to back off. On June 20, 1929, Panzram beat Warnke to death with an iron bar. He was convicted and sentenced to death. He refused to allow any appeals of his sentence. In response to offers from death penalty opponents and human rights activists to intervene, he wrote: "The only thanks you and your kind will ever get from me for your efforts on my behalf is that I wish you all had one neck and that I had my hands on it."

While on death row, Panzram was befriended by an officer named Henry Philip Lesser, who would give him money to buy cigarettes. Panzram was so astonished by this act of kindness that, after Lesser provided him with writing materials, Panzram wrote a detailed summary of his crimes and nihilistic philosophy while awaiting execution. Panzram explicitly denied having any remorse for any of his actions and began his journal with the statement that: "In my lifetime I have murdered 21 human beings, I have committed thousands of burglaries, robberies, larcenies, arsons and, last but not least, I have committed sodomy on more than 1,000 male human beings. For all these things I am not in the least bit sorry. I have no conscience so that does not worry me."

Execution
Panzram was hanged on September 5, 1930. As officers attempted to place the customary black-hood over his head, he spat in the executioner's face. When asked for any last words, he responded: "Yes. Hurry it up, you Hoosier bastard; I could kill a dozen men while you're screwing around!"

Legacy
In 1938, American psychiatrist Karl Menninger wrote Man Against Himself. He included material about Panzram, referring to him as using the pen name of "John Smith," and identified him as prisoner No. 31614.

Former prison guard Henry Lesser preserved Panzram's letters and autobiographical manuscript. He spent the next four decades trying to have this material published. In 1980, Lesser donated Panzram's materials to the San Diego State University, where they are housed as the "Carl Panzram papers" in the Malcolm A. Love Library. Writers Thomas E. Gaddis and Joe Long co-wrote Killer: A Journal of Murder (1970). They had consulted with Lesser who let them draw from Panzram's manuscript for their work.

In 2005, Fantagraphics Books published Joe Coleman's comic book Muzlers, Guzzlers, and Good Yeggs, which included a section dedicated to the life and times of Carl Panzram.

Films
The Yugoslav film Strangler vs. Strangler (Davitelj protiv davitelja) (1984), about an ostensible serial killer, opens with a Panzram quote: "I wish you all had one neck and my hands were around it."

Killer: A Journal of Murder (1995) was loosely based on Panzram's journals. It featured James Woods in the role of Panzram and Robert Sean Leonard as Henry Lesser.

The German horror film Schramm begins with a quote of Panzram: "Today I am dirty, but tomorrow I'll be just dirt."

Filmmaker John Borowski released a documentary, Carl Panzram: The Spirit of Hatred and Vengeance (2012).

title: Carl Panzram


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BGO Records

BGO Records (Beat Goes On) is a British record label specializing in classic rock, blues, jazz, and folk music.

In 1965, Andy Gray opened Andys Records and set up a market stall in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. Year by year he opened up more shops. In 1987, he started the BGO label, together with Mike Gott. Gott left the label in 2004 to set up his own label, Gott Discs. However Gott returned to BGO in late 2008.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: BGO Records


text: Category:Chilean painters

title: Category:Chilean painters


text: Category:Chilean artists

title: Category:Chilean artists


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Igor Shafarevich

Igor Rostislavovich Shafarevich (И́горь Ростисла́вович Шафаре́вич; 3 June 1923 – 19 February 2017) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician who contributed to algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry. Outside mathematics, he wrote books and articles that criticised socialism and other books which were described as anti-semitic.

Mathematics
From his early years, Shafarevich made fundamental contributions to several parts of mathematics including algebraic number theory, algebraic geometry and arithmetic algebraic geometry. In particular, in algebraic number theory, the Shafarevich–Weil theorem extends the commutative reciprocity map to the case of Galois groups, which are central extensions of abelian groups by finite groups.

Shafarevich was the first mathematician to give a completely self-contained formula for the Hilbert pairing, thus initiating an important branch of the study of explicit formulas in number theory. Another famous (and slightly incomplete) result is Shafarevich's theorem on solvable Galois groups, giving the realization of every finite solvable group as a Galois group over the rationals.

Another development is the Golod–Shafarevich theorem on towers of unramified extensions of number fields.

Shafarevich and his school greatly contributed to the study of algebraic geometry of surfaces. He started a famous Moscow seminar on classification of algebraic surfaces that updated the treatment of birational geometry around 1960 and was largely responsible for the early introduction of the scheme theory approach to algebraic geometry in the Soviet school. His investigation in arithmetic of elliptic curves led him, independently of John Tate, to the introduction of the group related to elliptic curves over number fields, the Tate–Shafarevich group (usually called 'Sha', and denoted as 'Ш', the first Cyrillic letter of his surname).

He contributed the Grothendieck–Ogg–Shafarevich formula and to the Néron–Ogg–Shafarevich criterion.

With former student Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro, he proved a version of the Torelli theorem for K3 surfaces.

He formulated the Shafarevich conjecture, which stated the finiteness of the set of Abelian varieties over a number field having fixed dimension and prescribed set of primes of bad reduction. The conjecture was proved by Gerd Faltings as a partial step in his proof of the Mordell conjecture.

Shafarevich's students included Yuri Manin, Alexey Parshin, Igor Dolgachev, Evgeny Golod, Alexei Kostrikin, Suren Arakelov, G. V. Belyi, Victor Abrashkin, Andrey Todorov, Andrey N. Tyurin, and Victor Kolyvagin.

He was a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in the department of Mathematics, Physics and Earth Sciences. In 1960, he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. In 1981, he was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Society.

In 2017, Shafarevich was awarded the Leonhard Euler Gold Medal by the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Soviet politics
Shafarevich came into conflict with the Soviet authorities in the early 1950s but was protected by Ivan Petrovsky, the Rector of Moscow University. He belonged to a group of Pochvennichestvo-influenced dissidents who endorsed the Eastern Orthodox tradition. Shafarevich published a book, The Socialist Phenomenon (French edition 1975, English edition 1980), which was cited by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in his 1978 address to Harvard University.

In the 1970s, Shafarevich, with Valery Chalidze, Grigori Podyapolski and Andrei Tverdokhlebov, became one of Andrei Sakharov's human rights investigators and so was dismissed from Moscow University. Shafarevich opposed political interference in universities.

The Socialist Phenomenon
Shafarevich's book The Socialist Phenomenon, which was published in the US by Harper & Row in 1980, analyzed numerous examples of socialism from ancient times to various medieval heresies and a variety of modern thinkers and socialist states. From those examples, he claimed that all the basic principles of socialist ideology derive from the urge to suppress individualism. The Socialist Phenomenon consists of three major parts:

 * 1) Chiliastic Socialism: Identifies socialist ideas amongst the ancient Greeks, especially Plato, in numerous medieval heretic groups such as the Cathars, Brethren of the Free Spirit, Taborites, Anabaptists, in various religious groups during the English Civil War, in modern writers such as Thomas More, Tommaso Campanella and numerous Enlightenment writers in 18th-century France.
 * 2) State Socialism: Describes the socialism of the Incas, the Jesuit state in Paraguay, Mesopotamia, Egypt and China.
 * 3) Analysis: Identifies three persistent abolition themes in socialism: the abolition of private property, the abolition of the family, and the abolition of religion (mainly but not exclusively Christianity)

Shafarevich argued that ancient socialism (such as Mesopotamia and Egypt) was not ideological, as an ideology socialism was a reaction to the emergence of individualism in the Axial Age. He compared Thomas More's (Utopia) and Tommaso Campanella's (City of the Sun) visions with what is known about the Inca Empire and concluded that there are striking similarities. He claimed that we become persons through our relationship with God and argued that socialism is essentially nihilistic and is unconsciously motivated by a death instinct. He concluded that we have the choice of pursuing death or life.

Religious views
Shafarevich adhered to Russian Orthodox Christianity and incorporated the neo-Platonic views of Eastern Orthodoxy into his understanding of the relation of mathematics and religion.

In his talk to the Göttingen Academy of Sciences upon receiving a prize, Shafarevich presented his view of the relationship between mathematics and religion. He noted the multiple discoveries in mathematics, such as that of non-Euclidean geometry, to suggest that pure mathematics reflects an objective reality, not a set of conventional definitions or a formalism. He claimed that the growth of mathematics itself is not directed or organic. To have a unity and direction, mathematics needs a goal. It can be practical applications or God as the source for the direction of development. Shafarevich opted for the latter, as pure mathematics is not in itself driven by practical applications.

Russian politics
On 21 December 1991 he took part in the first congress of the Russian All-People's Union, headed by Sergei Baburin. In October 1992, he became a member of the founding committee of the National Salvation Front. In 1993, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the State Duma with Mikhail Astafyev's Constitutional Democratic Party - Party of Popular Freedom.

Shafarevich was a member of the editorial board of the magazine Nash Sovremennik and in 1991–1992 of the editorial board of Den of Alexander Prokhanov, which ceased publication in October 1993 and later reopened under the title Zavtra. In 1994, he joined the "All-Russian National Right Wing Centre", led by Mikhail Astafyev.

Accusations of antisemitism
Shafarevich's essay Russophobia was expanded into his book Three Thousand-Year-Old Mystery (Трехтысячелетняя загадка) and resulted in accusations of antisemitism. He completed the Russophobia essay in 1982 and it was initially circulated as samizdat. In the Soviet Union, it was first officially published in 1989. At the same time, Shafarevich condemned the methods that were used to screen out applicants of Jewish origin when entering prestigious Moscow universities in the 1970s and early 1980s.

In Russophobia, he argued in the essay that great nations experience periods in their history of reformist elitist groups ('small nations') having values that differ fundamentally from the values of the majority of the people but gaining the upper hand in the society. In Shafarevich's opinion, the role of such a 'small nation' in Russia was played by a small group of intelligentsiya, dominated by Jews, "who were full of hatred against traditional Russian way of life and played an active role in the terrorist regimes of Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin".

Its publication led to a request by the United States National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to Shafarevich to resign his membership, because the NAS charter prohibited stripping an existing membership. In an open letter to the NAS, Shafarevich explained that Russophobia is not antisemitic. Shafarevich also noted that since NAS enlisted him without his request or knowledge, delisting him was its internal matter. Nevertheless, when the United States invaded Iraq, Shafarevich faxed his resignation.

Accusations of antisemitism continued and involved Shafarevich's other publications. Semyon Reznik targets the Russophobia essay for factual inaccuracies: Shafarevich misassigned Jewish ethnicity to a number of non-Jews involved in the execution of Nicholas II, repeated the false assertion of graffiti in Yiddish at the murder site and suggested that Shafarevich's phrase "Nicholas II was shot specifically as the Tsar, and this ritual act drew a line under an epoch in Russian history" – is read by some as a blood libel. (An accusation which ignores the remainder of Shafarevich's sentence: "so it can only be compared with the execution of Charles I in England or of Louis XVI in France".) Aron Katsenelinboigen wrote that Shafarevish's work "lives up to the best traditions of antisemitic propaganda".

Later, Shafarevich expanded on his views in his book Three Thousand-Year-Old Mystery in which he further claimed that Jews effectively marginalise and exclude non-Jews in all types of intellectual endeavors. The work was published in Russian in 2002; an introductory section explains the relationship with the Russophobia essay, explaining that the essay developed from an appendix to an intended work of wider scope, which he started writing in samizdat.

In 2005, Shafarevich was amongst the signatories of the Letter of 5000.

The issue of Shafarevich's alleged antisemitism has been the subject of a 2009 doctoral thesis at the University of Helsinki, which was later turned into a book in which the author, Krista Berglund, stated that Shafarevich's views have been misconstrued as antisemitic.

Publications

 * Shafarevich, Igor (1975), "Socialism in Our Past and Future." In From under the Rubble, with Solzhenitsyn, Alexander; Agursky, Mikhail; Barabanov, Evgeny; Borisov, Vadim; Korsakov, F. Collins: Harvill Press [Regnery Pub. 1989].
 * Shafarevich, Igor (1981), "On Certain Tendencies in the Development of Mathematics", The Mathematical Intelligencer, Vol. 3, Number 4, pp. 182–184.
 * Nikulin, V. V.; Shafarevich, Igor (1987), Geometries and Groups, Berlin; Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0387152814
 * Kostrikin, A. I.; Shafarevich, Igor (1991), Noncommutative Rings, Identities, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-642-72899-0
 * Parshin, A. N.; Shafarevich, Igor (1995), Number Theory: Fundamental Problems, Ideas, and Theories, Berlin: Springer, ISBN 0387533842
 * Arslanov, M. M.; Parshin, A. N.; Shafarevich, Igor (1996), Algebra and Analysis, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 311014803X
 * Shafarevich, Igor (2003), Discourses on Algebra, Berlin: Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-42253-2
 * Shafarevich, Igor (2005), Basic Notions of Algebra, Berlin: Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-26474-3
 * Shafarevich, Igor (2013), Basic Algebraic Geometry 1: Varieties in Projective Space(3rd edition), Berlin, Springer-Verlag,ISBN 978-3-642-37955-0
 * Shafarevich, Igor (2013), Basic Algebraic Geometry 2: Schemes and Complex Manifolds(3rd edition), Berlin, Springer-Verlag,ISBN 978-3-642-38009-9
 * Shafarevich, Igor; Remizov, Alexey (2013), Linear Algebra and Geometry, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-642-30993-9
 * Shafarevich, Igor (2015), Collected mathematical papers, Reprint of the 1989 edition, Springer Collect. Works Math., Springer, Heidelberg, x+769 pp.
 * Shafarevich, Igor (2005), Basic Notions of Algebra, Berlin: Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-26474-3
 * Shafarevich, Igor (2013), Basic Algebraic Geometry 1: Varieties in Projective Space(3rd edition), Berlin, Springer-Verlag,ISBN 978-3-642-37955-0
 * Shafarevich, Igor (2013), Basic Algebraic Geometry 2: Schemes and Complex Manifolds(3rd edition), Berlin, Springer-Verlag,ISBN 978-3-642-38009-9
 * Shafarevich, Igor; Remizov, Alexey (2013), Linear Algebra and Geometry, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-642-30993-9
 * Shafarevich, Igor (2015), Collected mathematical papers, Reprint of the 1989 edition, Springer Collect. Works Math., Springer, Heidelberg, x+769 pp.

title: Igor Shafarevich


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Nepali Congress (Democratic)

Nepali Congress (Democratic) (नेपाली काँग्रेस (प्रजातान्त्रिक) was a political party in Nepal, which was formed due to a vertical split of the original Nepali Congress. The Nepali Congress (Democratic) was led by Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba, while the original was led by Girija Prasad Koirala.

Name
Before the name Nepali Congress (Democratic) was chosen, different proposals were discussed. The Central Working Committee member Pradeep Giri suggested Nepali Congress (Socialist, Republic). Other proposals were Nepali Congress (Deuba) and Nepali Congress (Bisweswor, Ganesh Man). The name Nepal Congress (Democratic) was made public on 22 September 2002.

Tarun Dal
Tarun Dal was the youth wing of the Nepali Congress (Democratic). The 3rd general convention of Tarun Dal was held in Chitawan on July 17–20, 2007 and elected Mahendra Yadav as the new president of Tarun Dal.

Nepal Students Union (Nepal Bidyarthi Sangh)
The Nepal Students Union (Nepal Bidyarthi Sangh) was the students wing of Nepali Congress (Democratic). The 8th general convention of Nepal Student Union (NSU) declared Kisor Rathor and Kiran Paudel as president and general secretary. The 9th general convention of the Nepal Students Union (NSU), affiliated with the Nepali Congress (Democratic), was held in Nepalgunj from 10 to 15 July 2007.

Merger of Nepali Congress and Nepali Congress (Democratic)
On 25 September 2007, Nepali Congress (Democratic) and Nepali Congress merged back together. The unified party retains the name Nepali Congress and uses the tree as its election symbol.

title: Nepali Congress (Democratic)


text: Category:Chilean actors

title: Category:Chilean actors


text:
Pickled pigs' feet

Pickled pigs' feet is a type of pork associated with cuisine of the Southern United States, Mexican, Chinese, French Canadian, and Scandinavian cuisine.

The feet of domestic pigs are typically salted and smoked in the same manner as other pork cuts, such as hams and bacon. It is common to preserve them in a manner very similar to home canning and processes for pickled vegetables; typically a saturation of hot vinegar brine is used. Such methods allow them to be preserved without the need for refrigeration until the jar is opened. They were once popular in American bars.

title: Pickled pigs' feet


text: Category:Chilean film directors

title: Category:Chilean film directors


text:
Rastriya Prajatantra Party

The Rastriya Prajatantra Party (राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी; abbr. RPP, RaPraPa (राप्रपा)) is a constitutional monarchist and Hindu nationalist political party in Nepal.

The party was formed by Panchayat era prime ministers Surya Bahadur Thapa and Lokendra Bahadur Chand in 1990. The party led two coalition governments in 1997 under Thapa and Chand. The two were also appointed prime minister by King Gyanendra in the 2000s; Chand in 2002 and Thapa in 2003.

Rajendra Prasad Lingden is currently serving as party chairman after being elected at the party's general convention in December 2021. Rastriya Prajatantra Party is currently the fifth-largest political party in the House of Representatives after winning 14 seats at the 2022 general election and is one of seven national parties recognized by the Election Commission. The party was briefly part of the ruling coalition government following the election, but has been in opposition since 25 February 2023.

Founding and early years, 1990–1994
The Rastriya Prajatantra Party was formed by the ruling elite of the Panchayat era on 29 May 1990. The party split in the same year after another group also registered itself with the Election Commission. The two parties had the same name, ideology and statute but different flags and election symbols. The two parties, one led by Surya Bahadur Thapa zand the other led by Lokendra Bahadur Chand, contested the 1991 elections. The two parties won four seats between them with Chand's party winning three seats and Thapa's party winning one seat. Following their performance at the elections the two parties agreed to merge into a single Rastriya Prajatantra Party on 8 February 1992.

The party held its first general convention from in 1992 from 11 to 16 June in Kathmandu and unanimously elected Surya Bahadur Thapa as its chairman. Lokendra Bahadur Chand and Rajeshwor Devkota were elected leader and co-chairman, respectively. The party emerged as a third force at the 1992 local elections and the 1994 general elections. The party received 18 percent of the votes and won 20 seats to the House of Representatives, making them the third largest party in the parliament.

Coalition governments, 1995–1997
The party initially supported the minority government of CPN (UML) but later withdrew their support and backed a no-confidence motion Manmohan Adhikari. The party then joined a coalition government with Nepali Congress and Nepal Sadbhawana Party under the premiership of Congress leader Sher Bahadur Deuba. A faction of the party led by former prime minister Lokendra Bahadur Chand were dissatisfied with the coalition government and in March 1996 some cabinet ministers close to Chand withdrew their support for the Deuba government and resigned before a no-confidence vote was set to table by the opposition CPN (UML). The ministers withdrew their resignation before the no-confidence vote and Deuba won the confidence vote. Six cabinet ministers close to Chand again resigned from the government in December 1996 but supported Deuba in the confidence vote later and rejoined the cabinet.

Chand and Thapa governments, 1997–1998
In March 1997 a faction of the party led by Lokendra Bahadur Chand joined a coalition government with CPN (UML), with Chand as prime minister. On 3 October 1997, the faction led by Surya Bahadur Thapa voted for a no-confidence motion tabled by Nepali Congress and toppled the government. Thapa was then made the prime minister on 6 October 1997 with the support of Congress.

After losing support within his party Thapa asked King Birendra to dissolve the house and call for fresh elections. After the recommendation of the Supreme Court, the king called forth a special session of the parliament to debate the no-confidence motion filed against Thapa. Thapa survived the no-confidence vote and expelled six central committee members for threatening to back a no-confidence motion against him.

The second general convention of the party took place from 12 to 16 November 1997 in Birgunj. Surya Bahadur Thapa was re-elected for a second term as chairman. Prakash Chandra Lohani, Pashupati SJB Rana and Kamal Thapa were nominated as vice-chairman, general secretary and spokesman respectively. Lokendra Bahadur Chand however created his own Rastriya Prajatantra Party on 9 January 1998 claiming that Thapa had mismanaged the party, did not listen to the directions of the central committee and accused Thapa of not holding the general election in a fair manner. He broke off with 10 members of parliament including 8 from the House of Representatives and 2 from the National Assembly. Thapa resigned as prime minister on 10 April 1998 and was replaced by Nepali Congress president Girija Prasad Koirala.

The two parties contested the 1999 elections and fared badly in the election with the party winning 11 seats and the party led by Chand not winning any seats. Following the elections, the parties decided to merge again on 31 December 1999. A group led by Rajeshwar Devkota however decided not to rejoin the party and formed their own Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Nationalist).

Second Chand and Thapa governments, 2002–2006
The king dismissed the government of Sher Bahadur Deuba on 4 October 2002 after failing to conduct the elections following the dissolution of the House of Representatives on May earlier that year. Lokendra Bahadur Chand was then appointed as prime minister on 11 October 2002. He resigned on 31 May 2003 after protests from opposition parties calling for the restoration of the parliament and the formation of a national consensus government. Chand had also faced accusations from within his party of failing to address these issues. He was replaced by Surya Bahadur Thapa on 5 June 2002.

At the third general convention of the party held in Pokhara from 12 to 14 December 2002, Surya Bahadur Thapa completed his second four-year term as party chairman and could not compete for the post of chairman again as per the party constitution. Pashupati SJB Rana was elected chairman during the convention and Padma Sundar Lawati, Kamal Thapa and Rosan Karki were nominated vice-president, general secretary and spokesperson respectively.

There were calls within the party for Surya Bahadur Thapa to resign as prime minister for undermining democracy by failing to form a national consensus government. He resigned on 7 May 2004 and was replaced by Nepali Congress (Democratic) leader Sher Bahadur Deuba. On 4 November 2004, Thapa announced that he would be quitting the party and forming a new centre-right liberal party. The party was formally launched on 13 March 2005 as Rastriya Janashakti Party.

On 1 February 2005, King Gyanendra dismissed Deuba as prime minister and seized executive powers. The party announced their support for the pro-democracy agitation led by the Seven Party Alliance but ten members of the party's central committee, including Kamal Thapa who had rejoined the party after leaving for Janashakti, supported the coup. Thapa along with six central committee members were appointed to the King's cabinet in December 2005 with Thapa becoming Home Minister.

On 10 January 2006, members of the central committee close to Kamal Thapa voted to replace Pashupati SJB Rana as party chairman with Thapa. Thapa's claim as new chairman was dismissed by other members of the party. Thapa's faction of the party contested the 2006 local elections that was boycotted by the Seven Party Alliance and the Rana faction of the party. The party won mayoral positions in major cities including Kathmandu, Pokhara, Bharatpur and Dhangadhi in an election marred by a lack of candidates, violence and low turnout. The party members that supported Thapa, including six incumbent cabinet ministers, were expelled. On 28 October 2006, they formed their own party, the royalist Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal, under the leadership of Kamal Thapa.

Constituent Assembly, 2007–2015
The party held its fourth general convention from 9 to 11 December 2007 and re-elected Pashupati SJB Rana as party chairman. Following the 2006 revolution a national consensus government under the leadership of Girija Prasad Koirala was formed. The parliament was reinstated and eventually transformed into the Interim Legislature Parliament after including the Maoists. The party had eight seats in the parliament but two MPs, Budhhiman Tamang and Brijesh Kumar Gupta, were dismissed because of their support of the royal coup.

In the 2008 elections the party failed to win a seat from the constituency vote but got 2.45% of the party list votes and won 8 seats to the 1st Constituent Assembly through the party-list proportional representation system. Party chairman Pashupati SJB Rana also lost from Sindhupalchowk 1. On 28 May 2008, at the first session of the 1st Constituent Assembly. The party voted in favor of abolishing the monarchy and turning Nepal into a republic. Lokendra Bahadur Chand who was serving as the parliamentary party leader of the party was absent during the vote. The party joined the Madhav Kumar Nepal led government in June 2009.

At the party's fifth general convention from 17 to 19 May 2013, the Rastriya Janashakti Party merged into the party and Surya Bahadur Thapa was elected as the chairman of the unified party. It was also decided that the senior leadership would rotate annually between Surya Bahadur Thapa, Lokendra Bahadur Chand, Pashupati SJB Rana and Prakash Chandra Lohani. In the 2013 elections, the party won constituency seats in Rupandehi 2, Chitwan 5 and Dhankuta 2 and got 2.75% of the party list votes and won 10 seats through the party-list proportional representation system for a total of 13 seats in the 2nd Constituent Assembly. The party supported the CPN (UML)–Nepali Congress coalition government under Sushil Koirala following the election and sent two ministers to the cabinet.

Continued internal conflicts, 2016–2020
On 21 November 2016, the party announced its unification with the Kamal Thapa led Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal. The new party retained the name of Rastriya Prajatantra Party. The new party had a total strength of 37 in the Parliament of Nepal, becoming the fourth largest party. Thapa was elected as chairman of the party in a special general convention in Kathmandu in February 2017. The party joined the coalition government on 9 March 2017 under CPN (Maoist Centre) chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal with Kamal Thapa serving as deputy prime minister. Prakash Chandra Lohani split away from the party following the decision to join the government and because of issues regarding the electoral symbol of the party. He announced the formation of Ekikrit Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Nationalist) on 29 March 2017. Another split occurred on 6 August 2017 after Pashupati SJB Rana broke away forming Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Democratic). The party joined the coalition government under Nepali Congress president Sher Bahadur Deuba on 13 October 2017 with Kamal Thapa again serving as deputy prime minister.

In the 2017 general and provincial elections, Rastriya Prajantatra Party formed an alliance with Nepali Congress and Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Democratic). The party only won one seat to the House of Representatives and party chairman Kamal Thapa lost in Makwanpur 1. Only general secretary Rajendra Lingden was elected from Jhapa 3 after forging an electoral pact with the Left Alliance against Nepali Congress in some eastern districts including Jhapa. The party got 2.06% of the party list votes and could not become a national party after failing to pass the 3% threshold in party list voting. The party also won one seat each to provincial assemblies of Province 1, Province 3 and Province 6.

Re-unification and new leadership, 2020–present
The Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Samyukta), created through the merger of Rana and Lohani's splinter groups, merged with the party on 12 March 2020, with Kamal Thapa, Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana and Prakash Chandra Lohani all acting as chairs. In July 2020, Sunil Bahadur Thapa, the son of former prime minister Surya Bahadur Thapa, resigned from the party and joined Nepali Congress. The party conducted its general convention from 1 to 3 December 2021 and elected Rajendra Prasad Lingden as the party's chairman. He defeated former deputy prime minister and incumbent party chairman Kamal Thapa at the general convention. The party also announced that it had 150,000 active party members. The general convention also elected Nepalgunj mayor Dhawal Shamsher Rana as the party's general secretary and former member of constituent assembly Bikram Pandey as the party vice-president. Following the general convention, Kamal Thapa left the party and revived the Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal.

The party announced intentions to unify other pro-monarchist groups under their umbrella and groups including Nepal Ka Lagi Nepali Campaign, Mission Nepal, Gorach Abhiyan and the Gyanendra Shahi led Hamro Nepal Hami Nepali Campaign joined the party in the following months. Former chairman of Bibeksheel Sajha Party, Rabindra Mishra also joined the party on 28 September 2022 as senior vice-president.

The party fielded 140 candidates to the House of Representatives at the 2022 general and provincial elections and forged an election pact with CPN (UML) in Jhapa, Banke and Rupandehi districts. Party chairman Rajendra Lingden retained his seat in Jhapa 3 and the party gained 6 more direct seats. The party also got 5.58% of the party list vote to become one of seven national parties in the Federal Parliament. The party won 7 proportional seats for a total of 14 seats at the House of Representatives. The party was also successful in winning seats to all seven provincial assemblies.

Ideology
The Rastriya Prajatantra Party was established as an alternative force to the major political parties, Nepali Congress and Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist). The party was founded on the principles of democracy, constitutional monarchy, nationalism and economic liberalism. At the time of the party's foundation Surya Bahadur Thapa's party was considered as the more liberal party and Lokendra Bahadur Chand's party was considered as the more conservative party.

Monarchy and federal structure
At the first session of the 1st Constituent Assembly, the party voted to abolish the monarchy and turn Nepal into a secular republic. Later however, the party advocated for turning Nepal into a Hindu republic. Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal, a splinter group of the party which had voted against abolishing the monarchy changed its constitution to support the re-establishment of the Hindu state and a return to constitutional monarchy. After the merger between the two parties in November 2016 it was announced that the unified party would take up the constitution of Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal. The party has stated support for a Sanatan Hindu state with full religious freedom and registered an amendment proposal for such on 19 March 2017. The Election Commission removed the portion of the party statute that advocated for a Hindu state and monarchy on 17 March 2017 and asked the party to remove the provisions again on 22 January 2022 claiming that it was against Article 260 of the Constitution of Nepal.

The party supports a ceremenional monarch, a directly elected prime minister and a fully proportional parliament. The party also calls for the scrapping of the provincial governments claiming that it is an expensive experiment. The party wants to instead strengthen the local governments and create a two-tier federal structure.

Chairpersons

 * Surya Bahadur Thapa (1990–2002, 2013–2014)
 * Pashupati SJB Rana (2002–2013, 2014–2016, 2020–2021)
 * Kamal Thapa (2016–2021)
 * Prakash Chandra Lohani (2020–2021)
 * Rajendra Lingden (2021–present)

Sister Organizations

 * National Democratic Student Organization
 * National Democratic Youth Front
 * National Democratic Women's Union

title: Rastriya Prajatantra Party


text:
Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud

The Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud is a luxury automobile produced by Rolls-Royce Limited from April 1955 to March 1966. It was the core model of the Rolls-Royce range during that period. The Silver Cloud replaced the Silver Dawn and was, in turn, replaced by the Silver Shadow. The John P. Blatchley design was a major change from the pre-war models and the highly derivative Silver Dawn. As part of a range rationalisation, the Bentley S1 was made essentially identical, apart from its radiator grille and badging.

Silver Cloud
Construction is body-on-frame, which permitted special bodied versions, though the overwhelming majority were built with the standard Pressed Steel Company manufactured steel body shell. A light-weight aluminium alloy was used for doors, bonnet/hood and boot/trunk lid. The chassis is a simple steel box section, welded together and very rigid. The car is 5.38 m long, 1.90 m wide, and weighs 1.95 tonnes. The engine is a 155 hp / 4000 rpm 4.9 L six-cylinder unit with inlet over exhaust valves: twin SU carburettors were added in September 1957. The standard transmission was a four-speed automatic, the General Motors designed Hydramatic transmission. The turning circle was 41 ft.

Brakes are hydraulic and assisted by the Rolls-Royce mechanical servo with 11 in drums and suspension was independent coils at the front and semi-elliptic springs at the rear. Twin brake master cylinders were incorporated from April 1956.

Power steering and air conditioning became available as options in 1956.

A long-wheelbase version lengthened by 4 in was also made available in September 1957, outwardly very similar to the existing car but offering improved leg space for rear-seat passengers.

The British Motor magazine tested a standard-wheelbase factory-bodied Series I in 1956 recording a top speed of 102.9 mph and acceleration from 0-60 mph in 13.5 seconds and a fuel consumption of 14.5 mpgimp. The test car cost £5078 including taxes.

The coachbuilder Harold Radford offered conversions of the 4-door saloon into an estate car. One of these conversions, chassis no. LSMH65, sold in March 2017 for $583,000 (inclusive of applicable buyer's fee) at RM Sotheby's Amelia Island auction.

Silver Cloud II
The Silver Cloud II was introduced in 1959. It was little changed externally, but was given a new Rolls-Royce developed 6.2 L V8 engine, which pushed the weight to 2.11 tonnes. Performance was greatly improved and top speed was raised to 183 km/h, but the main improvements were in acceleration and torque. Power steering became standard. Electrically operated windows were now available as an option.

Although the improved performance of the new car was welcomed, commentators of the time noted that the V8-engined Silver Cloud II was neither as quiet nor as smooth as the straight-six-cylinder-engined Silver Cloud I, despite the new engine's hydraulic tappet operation. The new wet-linered V8 was also a little cramped in an engine bay intended originally for a narrower unit: in order to change the spark plugs it was necessary to remove the front wheel on the car's right side. There seems to have been a problem with crankshaft breakages in the earlier V8s: this was blamed on lack of lubrication to the bearings.

The basic architecture of the Silver Cloud II did not change between 1959 and 1963, but there were numerous minor changes implemented, notable among them a succession of improvements to the ventilation system. Interior changes in 1961 included the adoption of blue instrument lighting, the introduction of a combined indicator / headlamp flasher switch and of a handbrake warning light. A remodelled rear light assembly was introduced in May 1962 and a change to single sealed-beam headlamps was made in August 1962.

The Motor magazine tested a Series II in 1960. They recorded a top speed of 104.7 mph, acceleration from 0-60 mph in 10.9 seconds and a fuel consumption of 13 mpgimp. The test car cost £6092 including taxes.

Silver Cloud III
The Silver Cloud III was first displayed to the public at the Paris salon at the beginning of October 1962 but along with the Bentley S3 the cars were displayed on a specialist coachwork stand as if the modifications were to the special order of a particular customer. External dimensions were slightly altered, the interior remodelled, the weight reduced by a little over 100 kg and improvements made to the engine which included fitting 2 in SU carburettors in place of the $1 3/4$ inch units used on the Series II Silver Cloud.

The compression ratio was increased to 9:1, reflecting the higher octane levels of premium fuel in major markets, although the option of a lower 8:1 compression ratio was still offered in markets where non-availability of higher octane fuels might be an issue. Rolls-Royce, as before, refused to disclose overall engine power output, but indicated that there had been an improvement of "perhaps 7%". Increased power and weight reduction boosted speed and performance slightly. The engine now included a nitride hardened crankshaft to reflect the extra power being generated and in response to reports of broken crankshafts in the earlier V8 Silver Clouds. The transmission was a GM Hydramatic which Rolls-Royce used under licence.

The headlights were grouped in a four-headlamp layout subsequently continued in the later Silver Shadow. Other external changes included a slightly increased slope of the bonnet to correspond with a 1+1/2 in reduction in radiator grille height.

Between 1963 and 1966 there were no major changes. Stainless steel wheel trims replaced chrome-plated ones in April 1963, and an improved rear window demister was introduced in November of the same year. Wider front seats were fitted in January 1964, and five months later a revised headlamp surround now incorporated a very small RR monogram. A chrome badge reading "Silver Cloud III" in an italic font can be seen on the right bottom side of the boot of most UK and European delivered examples, whilst US versions were delivered without this badge.

As with earlier models, Rolls-Royce continued to make the Silver Cloud chassis available to traditional coachbuilders. A notable version is the Fixed Head and Drop Head Coupe styled by Mulliner Park Ward, having unusual slanted headlights, also found on contemporary Italian designed or Italian-influenced high performance cars from Lancia, Triumph, Lagonda and Gordon-Keeble. It was derived from the earlier Park Ward design for the Bentley S1 and S2 Continentals, made also available for the S3. Some 100 of the 328 coach-built Silver Cloud IIIs were of this style.

Production

 * Silver Cloud: 2,238
 * Silver Cloud Long Wheelbase: 85
 * Silver Cloud special coachbuilder styles (convertibles, coupes etc.): 121
 * Silver Cloud II: 2,417
 * Silver Cloud II Long Wheelbase: 258
 * Silver Cloud II coachbuilder styles (convertibles, coupes etc.): 107
 * Silver Cloud III: 2,044
 * Silver Cloud III Long Wheelbase: 206
 * Silver Cloud III coachbuilder styles (convertibles, coupes etc.): 328

Popular culture
A silver 1962 Silver Cloud II appeared prominently in every episode of Aaron Spelling's Burke's Law (1963 TV series) and Burke's Law (1994 TV series), as the personal transport of millionaire detective Amos Burke. The unusual car, for a working police detective, featured in many show storylines, which included efforts by Burke to seduce females tangential to the weekly murder.

A black 1965 Silver Cloud III 'Chinese eye' Mulliner Park Ward drophead coupé previously owned by Jimmy Savile was prominently featured in the 1966 Michelangelo Antonioni film Blowup.

A silver 1963 Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud III 'Chinese eye' Mulliner Park Ward Fixed Head Coupé appeared frequently in the 1975 film Shampoo.

A white 1965 Silver Cloud III featured prominently in The Avengers episode "Mission: Highly Improbable" broadcast November 1967.

A black Silver Cloud III was given away as the grand prize in a sweepstakes in the 1985's The Wrestling Classic.

Donald Trump owns a 1956 Silver Cloud

title: Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud


text:
Talk:21 Singles

Untitled
''This page was listed on Votes for deletion. The result of the debate was to keep. See Votes for deletion/21 Singles for a record of the votes and discussion.''

Fair use rationale for Image:21 singles.jpg
Image:21 singles.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 23:00, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

"from " details added
I added details to the tracklisting, stating which songs are from which albums in this singles collection, using the information I could find on other wikipedia pages. I stuck to the original formatting, though in hindsight it might be better presented as a table. I'll leave that decision to others. --Pipedreambomb (talk) 21:53, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:21 Singles


text:
Silverstream

Silverstream is a suburb of Upper Hutt in New Zealand, just under 7 km south-west of the Upper Hutt CBD. It is in the lower (southern) part of the North Island of New Zealand at the southern end of Upper Hutt, close to the Taitā Gorge, which separates Upper Hutt from Lower Hutt. The area is sited at the mouth of a small valley formed by the Wellington Region's tectonic activity and, in part, by Hull's Creek, which discharges into the Hutt River.

Demographics
Silverstream statistical area covers 2.64 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Silverstream had a population of 3,531 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 267 people (8.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 210 people (6.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,266 households, comprising 1,743 males and 1,791 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female. The median age was 42.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 693 people (19.6%) aged under 15 years, 573 (16.2%) aged 15 to 29, 1,674 (47.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 594 (16.8%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 88.9% European/Pākehā, 8.2% Māori, 3.6% Pasifika, 6.3% Asian, and 2.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 20.4, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 44.9% had no religion, 46.4% were Christian, 0.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.9% were Hindu, 0.3% were Muslim, 0.3% were Buddhist and 1.8% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 909 (32.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 315 (11.1%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $44,100, compared with $31,800 nationally. 861 people (30.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,530 (53.9%) people were employed full-time, 396 (14.0%) were part-time, and 99 (3.5%) were unemployed.

Transport
Silverstream is on the Hutt Valley section of the Wairarapa railway line, operated by Metlink. The area has a station on this line; the Silverstream Railway Station. A deviation of the Wairarapa line was opened in 1954 original Wairarapa Line in Silverstream over the Hutt River. The original section of the line is now owned by the Silver Stream Railway.

Silverstream School
Silverstream School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 6 students, with a roll of  as of.

The school has 22 classes, with three separate school syndicates: Ako Iti (Years 1 and 2), Ako Whanake (Years 3 and 4) and Ako Nui (Years 5 and 6). It takes part in ICAS mathematics and English competitions and the Otago Problem Solving challenge, and has its own small choir and orchestra.

Between 2007 and 2010, the school underwent extensive renovations.

The school grounds are sometimes used for events, such as running races and meetings.

Private schools
St. Patrick's College is a private Catholic secondary school for Year 9 to 13 boys, with a roll of  as of.

Silverstream Christian School is a co-educational private Christian school for Year 1 to 13 students, with a roll of as of.

Other education
Silverstream is zoned for Fergusson Intermediate and Upper Hutt College.

It also has a kindergarten for children aged 3 to 4.

Notable people

 * Beverly Morrison, known as "Beaver", a jazz singer educated at Silverstream School

title: Silverstream


text:
AAA proteins

AAA ( A TPases  A ssociated with diverse cellular  A ctivities) proteins (speak: tripple-A ATPases) are a large group of protein family sharing a common conserved module of approximately 230 amino acid residues. This is a large, functionally diverse protein family belonging to the AAA+ protein superfamily of ring-shaped P-loop NTPases, which exert their activity through the energy-dependent remodeling or translocation of macromolecules.

AAA proteins couple chemical energy provided by ATP hydrolysis to conformational changes which are transduced into mechanical force exerted on a macromolecular substrate.

AAA proteins are functionally and organizationally diverse, and vary in activity, stability, and mechanism. Members of the AAA family are found in all organisms and they are essential for many cellular functions. They are involved in processes such as DNA replication, protein degradation, membrane fusion, microtubule severing, peroxisome biogenesis, signal transduction and the regulation of gene expression.

Structure
The AAA proteins contain two domains, an N-terminal alpha/beta domain that binds and hydrolyzes nucleotides (a Rossmann fold) and a C-terminal alpha-helical domain. The N-terminal domain is 200-250 amino acids long and contains Walker A and Walker B motifs, and is shared in common with other P-loop NTPases, the superfamily which includes the AAA family. Most AAA proteins have additional domains that are used for oligomerization, substrate binding and/or regulation. These domains can lie N- or C-terminal to the AAA module.

Classification
Some classes of AAA proteins have an N-terminal non-ATPase domain which is followed by either one or two AAA domains (D1 and D2). In some proteins with two AAA domains, both are evolutionarily well conserved (like in Cdc48/p97). In others, either the D2 domain (like in Pex1p and Pex6p) or the D1 domain (in Sec18p/NSF) is better conserved in evolution.

While the classical AAA family was based on motifs, the family has been expanded using structural information and is now termed the AAA family.

Evolutionary relationships
AAA proteins are divided into seven basic clades, based on secondary structure elements included within or near the core AAA fold: clamp loader, initiator, classic, superfamily III helicase, HCLR, H2-insert, and PS-II insert.

Quaternary structure
AAA ATPases assemble into oligomeric assemblies (often homo-hexamers) that form a ring-shaped structure with a central pore. These proteins produce a molecular motor that couples ATP binding and hydrolysis to changes in conformational states that can be propagated through the assembly in order to act upon a target substrate, either translocating or remodelling the substrate.

The central pore may be involved in substrate processing. In the hexameric configuration, the ATP-binding site is positioned at the interface between the subunits. Upon ATP binding and hydrolysis, AAA enzymes undergo conformational changes in the AAA-domains as well as in the N-domains. These motions can be transmitted to substrate protein.

Molecular mechanism
ATP hydrolysis by AAA ATPases is proposed to involve nucleophilic attack on the ATP gamma-phosphate by an activated water molecule, leading to movement of the N-terminal and C-terminal AAA subdomains relative to each other. This movement allows the exertion of mechanical force, amplified by other ATPase domains within the same oligomeric structure. The additional domains in the protein allow for regulation or direction of the force towards different goals.

Prokaryotic AAAs
AAA proteins are not restricted to eukaryotes. Prokaryotes have AAA which combine chaperone with proteolytic activity, for example in ClpAPS complex, which mediates protein degradation and recognition in E. coli. The basic recognition of proteins by AAAs is thought to occur through unfolded protein domains in the substrate protein. In HslU, a bacterial ClpX/ClpY homologue of the HSP100 family of AAA proteins, the N- and C-terminal subdomains move towards each other when nucleotides are bound and hydrolysed. The terminal domains are most distant in the nucleotide-free state and closest in the ADP-bound state. Thereby the opening of the central cavity is affected.

Functions
AAA proteins are involved in protein degradation, membrane fusion, DNA replication, microtubule dynamics, intracellular transport, transcriptional activation, protein refolding, disassembly of protein complexes and protein aggregates.

Molecular motion
Dyneins, one of the three major classes of motor protein, are AAA proteins which couple their ATPase activity to molecular motion along microtubules.

The AAA-type ATPase Cdc48p/p97 is perhaps the best-studied AAA protein. Misfolded secretory proteins are exported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and degraded by the ER-associated degradation pathway (ERAD). Nonfunctional membrane and luminal proteins are extracted from the ER and degraded in the cytosol by proteasomes. Substrate retrotranslocation and extraction is assisted by the Cdc48p(Ufd1p/Npl4p) complex on the cytosolic side of the membrane. On the cytosolic side, the substrate is ubiquitinated by ER-based E2 and E3 enzymes before degradation by the 26S proteasome.

Targeting to multivesicular bodies
Multivesicular bodies are endosomal compartments that sort ubiquitinated membrane proteins by incorporating them into vesicles. This process involves the sequential action of three multiprotein complexes, ESCRT I to III (ESCRT standing for 'endosomal sorting complexes required for transport'). Vps4p is a AAA-type ATPase involved in this MVB sorting pathway. It had originally been identified as a ”class E” vps (vacuolar protein sorting) mutant and was subsequently shown to catalyse the dissociation of ESCRT complexes. Vps4p is anchored via Vps46p to the endosomal membrane. Vps4p assembly is assisted by the conserved Vta1p protein, which regulates its oligomerization status and ATPase activity.

Other functions
AAA proteases use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to translocate a protein inside the proteasome for degradation.

AAA ATPase family (HGNC)
AFG3L2;   ATAD1;     ATAD2;     ATAD2B;    ATAD3A;    ATAD3B; ATAD3C; ATAD5;   BCS1L;     CHTF18; CLBP; CLPP; CLPX;    FIGN;      FIGNL1; FIGNL2; IQCA1;     KATNA1;    KATNAL1;   KATNAL2;   LONP1;     LONP2;     MDN1; NSF;       NVL; ORC1; ORC4;    PEX1;      PEX6;      PSMC1;     PSMC2 (Nbla10058);     PSMC3;     PSMC4; PSMC5;    PSMC6;     RFC1;      RFC2;  RFC3;    RFC4;      RFC5;      RUVBL1;    RUVBL2; SPAST;  SPATA5 (SPAF);   SPATA5L1;  SPG7; TRIP13;    VCP;       VPS4A;     VPS4B; WRNIP1;   YME1L1 (FTSH);

Torsins
TOR1A; TOR1B; TOR2A; TOR3A;  TOR4A;

Other
AK6 (CINAP); CDC6;

Pseudogenes
AFG3L1P;

title: AAA proteins


text:
Bill Henderson (Canadian singer)

William Allen Henderson (born November 6, 1944) is a Canadian singer, songwriter, and music producer. Henderson is best known for his work as lead singer and guitarist with the group Chilliwack in the 1970s and 1980s,

Career
As a young man, Henderson performed as a guitarist in the Panorama Trio at the Vancouver Hilton Hotel's Panorama Roof restaurant. He then helped form the psychedelic rock group The Collectors.

After The Collectors disbanded, Henderson and other former Collectors formed the band Chilliwack. The group played together for more than 30 years, and produced the hits "Lonesome Mary", "California Girl", and "My Girl (Gone, Gone, Gone)". He is also part of the folk music supergroup UHF.

As well as performing, Henderson has produced many recordings; he won the 1983 Juno Award for "Producer of the Year", with Brian MacLeod, for Chilliwack's Opus X album. He also won a Genie Award for best original song in a movie ("When I Sing", from Bye Bye Blues), and was musical director for the Canadian edition of Sesame Street from 1989 to 1995. Henderson was a founding inductee to the BC Entertainment Hall of Fame in 1994.

Henderson has served as director of the Canadian Association of Recording Arts and Sciences (CARAS) and as president of the Songwriters Association of Canada. In 2014 he was awarded the Special Achievement Award by SOCAN at the 2014 SOCAN Awards in Toronto.

Henderson was named a Member of the Order of Canada in 2015.

In 2016, Henderson continues to tour Canada as a solo musician and to perform with Chilliwack.

Personal
Henderson's daughter Camille Henderson is a singer; she was a member in the early 1990s of the pop trio West End Girls, and has appeared as a guest vocalist on albums by Sarah McLachlan and Delerium. Another daughter, Saffron Henderson is a singer and voice actress.

The Collectors

 * 1967 – The Collectors
 * 1968 – Grass & Wild Strawberries

Chilliwack

 * 1970 – Chilliwack
 * 1971 – Chilliwack
 * 1972 – All Over You
 * 1974 – Riding High
 * 1975 – Rockerbox
 * 1977 – Dreams, Dreams, Dreams
 * 1978 – Lights from the Valley
 * 1980 – Breakdown in Paradise
 * 1981 – Wanna Be a Star
 * 1982 – Opus X
 * 1983 – Segue (compilation)
 * 1984 – Look In Look Out
 * 1994 – Greatest Hits (compilation)
 * 2003 – There and Back - Live

UHF

 * 1990 – UHF
 * 1994 – UHF II

title: Bill Henderson (Canadian singer)


text: Category:Genesee County, New York

title: Category:Genesee County, New York


text:
Wikipedia:Preliminary Deletion

 * Based on Managed Deletion and this mailing list post.

Introduction
The purpose of this page is to propose a third category of deletion candidates, beyond the speedy delete and yet not to the level of votes for deletion. These will be Preliminary Deletions, to be organised on a page tentatively titled Purgatory (thanks to Jens Ropers ).

The Case for Change
A number of alarming new developments have emphasized a need for a change in speedy delete and VfD categories.

A) Cause: "You mean this isn't a speedy delete?"
 * Inevitably, VfD gets hit with articles that are obvious deletes. They rack up ten to fifteen "delete" votes with no "keep" votes but that of the author, and someone will say, "This is really a speedy delete candidate."  In some cases, that person is correct.  In most cases, that person is not correct because the article is an obvious delete but not a speedy delete.

B) Cause: VfD is too long
 * Every few days, someone on the Village Pump will argue that VfD is too long. VfD reaches over 40kb routinely, even when there is not a contentious debate on it. Indeed, it is so long that some people do not list articles there, and many more do not go to vote there.  This proposal will not reduce the lengthy debates.  Nor will this proposal eliminate the vital deliberative nature of VfD, but it is designed to cut down on the clutter and make it a truly deliberative page.

C) Cause: VfD is overwhelmed
 * On December 21, 2004, there were seventy-one (yes, 71) new nominations to VfD for the single day. Of these seventy-one, approximately forty-five received nearly unanimous "delete" or "redirect" votes. Another dozen were speedy deleted before the conclusion of voting. At best, only a dozen articles had a lack of consensus or consensus to keep. The nominators to VfD were acting appropriately, and yet it was extremely difficult for voters to consider all of the candidates; about a dozen articles had less than five votes. The sheer volume of nominations can make it virtually impossible to reason together and consider articles carefully, case by case, which is what VfD is for. More statistics can be found at User:Johnleemk/VfD statistics.

4) Cause: Inappropriate Speedy Deletion tags
 * Things languish on Candidates for Speedy Deletion because administrators look at the articles and see that the tagged item is undesirable, but, simply put, not fitting the narrow definitions of a speedy delete.

5) Cause: VFD can't be centralised forever
 * VFD has been overburdened with pages for a very long time. Some proposals such as Categorized Deletion would make voting much simpler; inclusionists who think all schools should be kept would merely leap to the separate page assigned to schools. However, the fact still remains that many pages are simply obvious deletes, and thus, would quickly add up, creating a bottleneck on certain pages (i.e., the Categorized Deletion page for biographies).

Core proposal
Proposed: That there be a new category of deletion entitled Preliminary Deletion. Articles listed on the Purgatory page will remain there for 72 hours.

Note: Part of this procedure was originally under a different optional section, but as this proved to be the most popular in the first round of voting, it was merged with the proposal directly.

Procedure:
 * 1) Article is nominated for Preliminary Deletion by adding a preliminary deletion template to the top of the article's page and by recording the nomination on the preliminary deletion candidate page (page to be developed). Or in other words, it's just like VfD, except on a different page. Anyone may make this nomination.
 * 2) Voting will go on following the procedures of VFD.
 * 3) If an article receives two or more "keep" votes, making up at least 10% of the total vote, it will be referred to VFD where deliberation will proceed under current regulations. If it receives fewer than three "delete" votes, it will also be referred to VFD. The creator of a listed page may not vote, but is permitted to comment.
 * 4) If the article fails the threshold above, it will be deleted, and the discussion archived as per standard VFD policy.
 * 5) Articles referred to VfD will be organised under a separate section for articles formerly listed on purgatory. Articles formerly from purgatory may be removed from VFD after two days instead of the customary five.
 * 6) An article which survives Preliminary Deletion shall never be relisted here. It may still be relisted on VFD, if the rules of VFD allow that.

If you didn't bother reading all that, what it means is that this will be just like VFD, except the discussion is over after three days, and the moment a single article gets two or more keep votes not from its creator, which are at least 10% of the total vote, it goes to VFD. Yes, this proposal can be boiled down to one sentence!

Alternative 1
Jens Ropers has suggested that instead of VFD-style voting, the only permissible vote be keep; if nobody votes to keep, the article is deleted, thus not necessitating delete votes. A possible caveat would be not being able to judge how many people actually support deletion, a foundation of current deletion policy.

Alternative 2
Anthony di Pierro has proposed that once an article has undergone a major rewrite, all votes be nullified should the article's listing move on to VFD. This is to avoid a mass number of delete votes overwhelming the keep votes for an article that has greatly changed.

Criteria
Preliminary deletion will be appropriate for any article which fits the following:
 * 1) Clear advertising with no amelioration or mitigation.
 * 2) Obvious vanity articles and homages to private enthusiasms.
 * 3) Articles which innately cannot be NPOV.An example of this would be "list of John Kerry flip-flops", which lasted seven days on VfD.
 * 4) Jokes that are clearly such and where no valid content could be put in instead.
 * 5) Anything else that falls under what Wikipedia is not and could never conceivably be rewritten to be of encyclopedic value.

Preliminary deletion is explicitly not for any pages in the user namespace (userpages, talkpages, or user subpages).

Note: Purgatory is strictly NOT a replacement for VFD, and should never be the default place for requesting deletion of an article; if unsure, list the article on VFD. You see, if you doubt whether the article falls under any of the above criteria, it probably doesn't. Therefore, people are summarily allowed to move requests that they feel don't meet the above criteria for listing to VFD.

Answers to common objections/questions
1) Why not expand speedy deletions instead?
 * Managed Deletion failed for a reason. There's a reason why nobody's drafted a proposal for expanding speedy deletion crtieria — nobody but a few deletionists (or centrists leaning towards the deletionist side) want it.

 * The largest complaint about Managed Deletion was that it placed too much power in admins' hands. A good part of the community distrusts three admins to handle a deletion, so our alternative is to let one admin decide? That makes even less sense.

 * There's another compelling reason not to expand speedy deletion criteria. It's one thing to delete "ioshgohgoaghoeg". It's another to delete a paragraph or two of readable text; these are borderline cases which some admins delete, but some admins don't. Why do we have VFD? VFD is a place where borderline articles are placed when people don't know what to do with them.

 * For example, take a poorly written article on some rather obscure subject, say, a 1920s Bulgarian actor well known within his home country only, for pioneering filmmaking there. Google probably won't yield too many results on him. It may look like vanity. So following our current system, an editor places it on VFD, which basically advertises to Wikipedia: "Hello, I'm an article which is so confusing, nobody knows what I'm about or whether I should even be here. Can somebody help sort me out?" Anyone who knows the actor can easily describe how he is encyclopedic and should be kept. Speedying full-fledged prose destroys this process, and as such, is probably not too feasible.

 * Being stubborn for the sake of your principles is not very pragmatic. Let's face it — speedy deletion criteria aren't going to be expanded sufficiently to stem the tide of obvious deletes any time soon. Are we going to let VFD wallow in its slothfulness while we waste our time trying to persuade people who won't ever accept this in the first place?

2) This proposal is too complex and too bureaucratic / contains instruction creep!
 * Well, see, there's this thing called a tradeoff. You can't have your cake and eat it at the same time. Either you give people/admins free rein in deletion, (in other words, Managed Deletion or expanding speedy deletion criteria), or you have to control them somehow. To control them, well, you need some sort of complication. But is this complicated? The whole premise can be fitted into one sentence.. If you read nothing but the pertinent sentence describing this proposal, you know enough about it already to understand how it works. Try doing the same for Managed Deletion. This proposal is really quite simple, in the end. So it's your choice, because there are few, if any other, options: Either expand speedy deletion or expand the bureaucracy.

3) We have too many avenues for solving problems already.
 * How many pages do we have for dispute resolution? RFC, RFM, RFAr: three. How many do we have for creating new policies? The policy thinktank, current surveys, RFC: three, at least, in all likelihood, more. How many do we have for plain discussion? Seven; six pump subpages, and the main page itself. How many do we have for improving articles? Cleanup, Peer review, Pages needing attention: Three, again. Now, which of these gets the most usage? The village pump. Yet, even RFC and RFAr have both implemented subpage systems. The listings on Cleanup, Peer Review and Pages Needing Attention are far less verbose than discussion. Yet we have only two pages dealing with article deletion, which is used as much as the pump. Yes, we have subpages. But they're all crowded into one page, and they are merely listings, not lists which can be read separately like the pump subpages. How long can we last? How long before dial-up users can no longer vote on VFD? If anything, the avenues for deletion are way below the mark for the demand they get.

4) Why not centralise deletion on one page?
 * Simply because it won't scale. The average dial-up user won't be able to use VFD much longer at the rate we're expanding; more articles are being listed all the time. We can't expect VFD to handle this forever. For more, you can also see the answer to question three.

5) But isn't having different types of deletions confusing?
 * New pages can be defined into three categories: Obvious tests; pages with topics that are not encyclopedic or simply unacceptable (such as Vanity pages); and pages covering encyclopedic/acceptable topics. VFD handles the latter; speedy deletion handles the first. But the second is lumped into the third. which is quite confusing. It's annoying to have obvious deletes wasting time on VFD for a full five days when another entry could be using that space instead.

6) This problem's not that bad, is it?
 * Take it from someone who got burned out from tackling WP:VFD/Old. VFD's been overloaded for quite a while. Try loading it; at the rate we're expanding, it won't be long before the page goes into the hundreds of kilobytes (including templates). Are you suggesting this problem is non-existent?

7) Why allow only two options?
 * Preliminary Deletion is for handling a specific category of pages. If it's determined that a page listed doesn't fall under the category Preliminary Deletion tackles, then the listing should no longer fall under Preliminary Deletion. It's as simple as that.

8) This won't scale.
 * This is hopefully meant to be done in tandem with other operations to reduce VFD's size such as Categorized Deletion. Hopefully nobody thinks this is the solution to VFD's problems, because if they are, they'll be heartily disappointed. Individual solutions by themselves will alleviate VFD's load slightly, but the whole is greater than their sum. Besides, VFD isn't scaling either. Preliminary Deletion will reduce VFD's load by perhaps 10% to 30%.

9) Why not replace speedy deletion with this?
 * See the answer to question 5. There's a difference between obvious tests and prose that has meaning.

Round 1
Voting closed at 00:00 UTC November 5 12 2004.

The first question posed was: "Should Preliminary Deletion become official Wikipedia policy?"

The possible choices were:
 * Yes
 * Yes, but only permit keep votes (see #Alternative)
 * Yes, but add precautions to prevent exploitation of the process (see #A corollary for handling a possible caveat)
 * Yes, but only permit keep votes (see #Alternative) and add precautions to prevent exploitation of the process (see #A corollary for handling a possible caveat)
 * No

If consensus was not reached, votes for choices 2 until 4 would be added to the total for the first choice.

The second question to be posed was: "Should a month-long trial of the policy outlined at Preliminary Deletion be held before a permanent implementation?"

''Note: The trial's implementation would be based on the outcome of the first question; if pure "yes" or "no" wins a consensus, then the implementation will default to the pure policy without the alternatives; otherwise, the implementation will be based on the choice which wins consensus. Should a trial be held, a second poll will be held at the end of the trial run to judge whether the implementation shall be permanent.''

The possible choices were:
 * Yes, a trial would convince me of this policy's workability
 * No, it works fine/No, it's so useless, a trial wouldn't prove anything else

Round 2
Voting opened at /Vote2 from 00:01 9 December UTC and close at 11:59 23 December UTC.

The vote failed in almost all senses of the word.

The first question posed was: "Should Preliminary Deletion become official Wikipedia policy?"

The possible choices were:
 * Yes
 * Yes, but only permit keep votes (see #Alternative)
 * Yes, but add an incentive to rewrite articles (see #Incentive_for_improvement)
 * Yes, but only permit keep votes (see #Alternative) and add an incentive to rewrite articles (see #Incentive_for_improvement)
 * No

If a minimum voting tally was not reached, the votes for choices two until four would be added to the tally for the first choice.

The second question to be posed was: "Should a two-week trial of the policy outlined at Preliminary Deletion be held before a permanent implementation?"

''Note: The trial's implementation would be based on the outcome of the first question; if pure "yes" or "no" wins a consensus, then the implementation will default to the pure policy without the alternatives; otherwise, the implementation will be based on the choice which wins consensus. Should a trial be held, a second poll will be held at the end of the trial run to judge whether the implementation shall be permanent.''

The possible choices were:
 * Yes
 * Yes, but only if the first question passes
 * No

Round 3
Round 3 is likely to be held some time in late 2005 or later, but will definitely not be held any earlier than June 2005 without some sort of extraordinary circumstance.

The proposed structure of voting will be something akin to the following:

"Which parts of Preliminary Deletion should become official Wikipedia policy?"

Possible choices:
 * 1) Core proposal
 * 2) Core proposal + Alternative 1
 * 3) Core proposal + Alternative 2
 * 4) Core proposal + Alternative 1 + Alternative 2
 * 5) None of them

Voters will be permitted to vote more than once.

title: Wikipedia:Preliminary Deletion


text:
Hukuntsi

Hukuntsi is a village in Kgalagadi District (Kalahari) in Botswana.

Hukuntsi, meaning "many corners", is named for its status as one of the four major villages in its region of the Kgalagadi Desert. It's located 114 kilometres away from the village of Kang, off of the Gaborone-Ghanzi highway. It had a population of 4,654 in the 2011 census. The majority of Hukuntsi's population are Bangologa people, a Tswana clan (List of Sotho-Tswana clans).

Hukuntsi is the headquarters for the Kgalagadi North Sub-District thus it is home to the Rural Administration Centre for government offices. Also located in Hukuntsi are a hospital and a clinic, 3 elementary school and 1 community junior secondary school. Amenities available in Hukuntsi include guest houses, several take away restaurants, an independently owned supermarkets, two wholesalers, butcheries and variety shops. The village is served by Hukuntsi Airport.

Weather in Hukuntsi varies dramatically- very cold nights in the winter and very hot days in the summer. Beware of August winds.

Lokgwabe
Lokgwabe is a village in Kgalagadi District of Botswana. It is located in the Kalahari Desert and the village has a primary school. The population was 1,304 in 2001 census.

In Hukuntsi there is Entabeni Hotel which has up to 20 rooms. The other is Shi Hotel with also up to 20 rooms. There is a bed and breakfast named CM apartments.

title: Hukuntsi


text: User talk:193.134.170.35

title: User talk:193.134.170.35


text: Category:Greene County, New York

title: Category:Greene County, New York


text:
2004 OFC Nations Cup

The 2004 OFC Nations Cup was the edition of the tournament for the OFC Nations Cup and doubled as the qualification tournament to the 2006 FIFA World Cup, except the two-legged final. A separate playoff between Australia and Solomon Islands was held in September 2005, for World Cup Qualifying purposes.

The competition was divided in two Group stages (the first is the Qualifying Stage), with Australia and New Zealand seeded into the second stage (Final Stage). The Oceania champion (Australia) qualified for the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup.

Qualification
The 10 teams in the first round were divided into two sections of five teams each. Each team played every other team once. The top two teams from each group then progressed to the second group stage, where they were joined by the two seeded teams.

Squads

 * See 2004 OFC Nations Cup squads

Final tournament
The four surviving members (first and second place teams from each group in stage one) of the first stage joined the two seeded teams (Australia and New Zealand) and took part in a tournament where each team played every other once in a tournament held in Adelaide, Australia.

As this doubled as the 2004 Oceania Nations Cup, the top two teams from the second group stage progressed to a two-legged final to determine the winner of the OFC Nations Cup. These two games on home-and-away basis was separate from World Cup qualifying.

The top two teams from this stage also progressed to the final stage of the 2006 Oceania World Cup qualifying tournament.

Final
The final of the 2004 Oceania Nations Cup was a two-legged home and away final between the top two teams from the second group stage.

Australia won 11–1 on aggregate and became the 2004 Oceania Nations Cup Champions. They also qualified for the 2005 Confederations Cup.

Although the second round of 2004 OFC Nations Cup doubled the second round of 2006 FIFA World Cup Oceanian qualification, the final play-off for the World Cup was held separately. Australia defeated Solomon Islands again, winning 9–1 on aggregate, and advanced to a play-off against the CONMEBOL (South American) nation Uruguay.

title: 2004 OFC Nations Cup


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Keysport

Keysport was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. 5 votes to keep. Postdlf 14:55, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Keysport
I can't find any mention of this sport on the web. Suspect it's vanity. --LeeHunter 13:21, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I can, under "deporte de la llave", and at least one more under "deporte" "de la llave" This looks like an Asturian thing being played in Argentina, I remember that our Googling standards should be lower for less-computerized places. Keep. — Bill 13:29, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * keep --Pgreenfinch 14:48, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstain. This is in dire need of a rewrite. Radman1 17:05, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Perfectly valid article. Refer to Cleanup. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 21:24, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and clean it up ( — siro χ  o  00:26, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Too much time is being spent here instead of writing articles. I think VFD should occur once a week/month. --ShaunMacPherson 18:51, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.