text:
Andrew Heintzman

Andrew Heintzman is a Canadian author and venture capitalist.

He is president of Investeco Capital, an environmental investment company, and the author of The New Entrepreneurs: Building a Green Economy for the Future.

He was one of the founders of Shift in 1992, and was a member of the editorial board for the new Canadian magazine The Walrus.

He is co-editor along with Evan Solomon of a series of anthologies published by House of Anansi press, that are part of the Ingenuity Project. The first was Fueling the Future (ISBN 9780887847240), published in 2003, and the second was Feeding the Future (ISBN 9780887847448), published in 2005.

title: Andrew Heintzman


text:
Talk:Back Bay, Boston

Untitled
A 1903 guidebook claims an alternation of trisyllabic and bisyllabic names: Arlington, Berkeley, Clarendon, Dartmouth, Exeter, Fairfield, Gloucester, and Hereford. Does this mean that "Gloucester" was pronounced as three syllables, rather than as "Glosster," as it is today? Dpbsmith (talk)]] 00:12, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

It was pronounced "Glossester"

Can the street names be continued into the West Fenway area: Ipswitch, Jersey, Kilmarnock, Landsdonwe, Monmouth, Overland, Peterborough, Queensberry? I believe there was also a Norfolk St, which may have been eliminated during the construction of the Mass Pike. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.60.10.125 (talk) 31 Oct 2006

Fill history
It would be interesting to have more material in the article about the motivation for and economics of filling the Back Bay. The existing references seem to indicate that there were health concerns; they don't say much about how much it cost, who did it, and whether or not it was profitable. I also wonder how demographic shifts at the time played a role. There were a lot of immigrants - according to History of Boston, Massachusetts, the city quadruplued its population from 1840 to 1890. -- Beland 00:55, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

Is the Christian Science area/Mapparium near Mass. Ave considered as "Back Bay" too???
Question are the whole Christian Science headquarters area and the Mapparium along Mass. Ave. considered a part of Back Bay???? I'm thinking it is kind of border-line... But it strikes me more-so as being part of the Symphony neighborhood I would think however I don't know if anyone would consider the Symphony neighborhood as having anything to do with Back Bay? CaribDigita 13:12, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The Christian Science headquarters are not in either the historic district nor the neighborhood as defined by the Neighborhood Association of the Back Bay. EdJohnston 13:47, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Filling in the bay
there needs to be a reference to the rail line that brought in gravel from Needham. I believe it was one of the first rail lines in the country. I'll see if I can find an online reference. MarkinBoston 18:43, 18 August 2007 (UTC)
 * There is a new printed book: Click on the title to see some extracts that are available through Google Books. EdJohnston 20:52, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

New Lead Picture
I have a great picture of the Back Bay skyline I took from work... I took it on a bright, sunny day, the whole skyline is included, and several boats are in the river. It's a great pic.

Unfortunately, I can't upload it because I'm not authorized. Could I maybe send it to someone who is authorized?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by PlatypusQuest (talk • contribs) 19:54, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

Transit Building
It seems that the Transit Building might be worth mentioning as one of the more visible buildings at the Mass. Ave. end of Newbury. 121a0012 (talk) 05:32, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

Separate Architecture article
I wonder if the list of buildings & landmarks, which though incomplete already dominites the article, shouldn't be moved to a separate article -- I'm not skilled at Wikipedia article naming, but something like Architecture of Back Bay (Boston)? In addition to broader discussion of important buildings and landmarks (especially those without their own articles) there could be increased coverage of general architectural history, foreign influences in planning, deed restrictions, Back Bay Architectural Commission (which is notable enough to have its own article, but would fit nicely in a  B. B. Architecture article) etc. Much could be drawn from Bunting. Thoughts? EEng (talk) 19:30, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

Block west of Charlesgate sometimes included?
I've deleted this claim because it's been unsourced for so long. EEng (talk) 20:07, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

St. Botolph
[These comments expanded and revised since I originally posted them.] Characterizing St. Botolph as part of Back Bay conflicts both with the NABB definition and with various City of Boston documents:. Contrary to the St. Botolph section's implication, parking-permit zones have little to do with it -- parking boundaries are set based on traffic patterns and administrative convenience and, like zip codes, cannot be taken as reflecting some hierarchical system of place names and boundaries. A further illustration: the City "My Neightborhood" site describes St. Botoph St. as "in Fenway/Kenmore," which is startling until one realizes that it reflects boundaries used by the Mayor's Office of Neighborhood Services for its internal division of labor; like the parking-permit zones, they reflect the adminstrative needs of particular agency, not conformance to some master plan of consistent and hierarchical place names and boundaries. That's why we need to use, as best we can find them, reliable sources which explicitly state definitions of "Back Bay", taking into account the purpose for which that particular definition was intended, and any biases of the source. For example, the BB Architecture District's boundaries are somewhat smaller than the NABB boundaries -- but the District's boundaries were set up that way for a variety of reasons not reflecting on what properly called "Back Bay" e.g. it was the intention to omit from the District the mostly 20th-century buildings in Back Bay but south of Boylston Street, such as around the Hancock Tower. Thus the "real" Back Bay is certainly larger than the Architectural District. On the other hand, realtors' ads often stretch the bounds of Back Bay beyond all reasonable limits, for obvious reason of self-interest. These too must be discounted. I realize this can be a touchy subject, but I suggest that the St. Botolph material be moved to a new article specifically on that neighborhood. We might add a paragraph (to this article) explaining that certain border areas (St. Botolph, parts of the South End, Symphony, etc.) are often loosely referred to as being in Back Bay -- but need a secondary cite for this. (As an amusing sidelight, which I'm not sure how to express in the article, is that the cachet of Back Bay is so strong that even Northeastern University describes itself as being "located in Boston’s Back Bay, along Huntington Avenue, between Symphony Hall and the Museum of Fine Arts." )  Opinions? EEng (talk) 23:55, 20 January 2011 (UTC) P.S. I'm still looking for comment re the idea splitting out a separate article on Buildings and Architecture of Back Bay (or something like that) -- see earlier section on this Talk.

 * I thought any area up to the Fens would be included in the Back Bay. The Museum is close, Northeastern just out of the boundary. St. Botolph's has an older history than the Back Bay I believe, and I like the idea of creating an article for it, but think it deserves a mention here as well. Truthkeeper88 (talk) 00:27, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

Your or my personal experiences are of litlte use. Please read the sources I linked above (adding sources of your own if you know of any authoritative ones) and then respond. For the record, the St. Botolph area was developed later than Back Bay and under a difference scheme. EEng (talk) 04:45, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

No objection or counterreasoning being forthcoming, I'm moving the St. Botolph material into the South End article. EEng (talk) 20:31, 10 February 2011 (UTC) ... but not right now, must run!

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title: Talk:Back Bay, Boston


text:
Cell (music)

The 1957 Encyclopédie Larousse defines a cell in music as a "small rhythmic and melodic design that can be isolated, or can make up one part of a thematic context". The cell may be distinguished from the figure or motif: the 1958 Encyclopédie Fasquelle defines a cell as "the smallest indivisible unit", unlike the motif, which may be divisible into more than one cell. "A cell can be developed, independent of its context, as a melodic fragment, it can be used as a developmental motif. It can be the source for the whole structure of the work; in that case it is called a generative cell."

A rhythmic cell is a cell without melodic connotations. It may be entirely percussive or applied to different melodic segments.

History
The term "cell" (German: Keim) derives from organic music theorists of the nineteenth century. Arnold Schering adopted the term, along with "melodic kernels" (Melodiekerne) in his analysis of 14th-century madrigal, one of the first uses of Gestalt psychology in music theory.

title: Cell (music)


text:
Oamaru stone

Oamaru stone, sometimes called whitestone, is a hard, compact limestone, quarried at Weston, near Oamaru in Otago, New Zealand.

Oamaru stone was used on many of the grand public buildings in the towns and cities of the southern South Island, especially after the financial boom caused by the Central Otago goldrush of the 1860s. Initially used primarily in Oamaru itself, it became popular in Dunedin in around 1866, with the University of Otago's Registry Building being the first major structure in the city to make use of it.

The city of Dunedin and town of Oamaru both have many fine examples of Oamaru stone edifices, such as St Patrick's Basilica. The stone was used widely on buildings in many parts of New Zealand, including in the construction of both the Town Hall and the Chief Post Office in Auckland.

The stone has been prominently used in combination with the more hard-wearing bluestone basalt found in many parts of the southern South Island, creating a distinctive style of dark grey basalt walls with lighter Oamaru stone facings. Notable buildings to use this combination include the Dunedin Railway Station, Otago University Registry Building, Dunedin Law Courts, and Christchurch Arts Centre. In Oamaru itself the stone is most commonly found as the primary construction material, with many of the town's more notable buildings (such as the Waitaki District Council building) showing its distinctive creamy colour.

Its ease of working also appeals to sculptors and examples of Oamaru stone sculpture can be found throughout New Zealand.

Chemistry
The source of the stone is a 40-metre thick deposit inland from Oamaru consisting of bryozoan limestone. Oamaru stone is limestone with a uniform granular creamy white consistency and colour. Predominantly (90%) calcium carbonate, trace chemicals within it include alumina (1.5%), iron oxide (0.5%) and silica (0.5%). Its chemistry makes it similar to the Ketton stone oolite of southern England and France's Caen stone, though it is considerably lighter in weight at 1.68 tonnes per cubic metre when freshly quarried, and 1.47 tonnes per cubic metre when completely dry.

The stone is porous, making it susceptible to weathering in damp conditions, but sturdy in a moderate to dry climate. It is soft when first quarried, hardening on exposure to air. This, along with its uniform texture, makes it excellent for sculptural and ornamental purposes. The finished stonework has a creamy, sandy colour. It is not strongly resistant to pollution, and can be prone to surface crumbling, but is excellent as a material for internal architectural ornamentation. It is also greatly used for free-standing carvings and sculptures.

title: Oamaru stone


text:
Bewbush

Bewbush is one of 14 neighbourhoods in Crawley in West Sussex, England. Bewbush is located in south west Crawley and is bordered by Broadfield to the south, Ifield to the north, Kilnwood Vale to the west and Gossops Green to the north east. The neighbourhood has a population of approximately 9,000.

History
A park was recorded at Bewbush as early as 1295. It was a manor which later became known as the Holmbush Estate. The manor belonged for most of the twentieth century to the Clifton Brown family. In 1973, some 300 acre were purchased by Crawley Borough Council.

The manor house was first mentioned in the early 14th century, although this no longer remains. A building with some 17th-century elements remains, although it was clad in brick in the 19th century. The building now stands amid modern developments in the neighbourhood.

The borough council began development of the new neighbourhood of Bewbush in 1974, with a leisure centre opening in 1984, and a shopping parade the following year. Additional land was brought into the borough of Crawley from Lower Beeding in 1983 to see the extension of the neighbourhood to reach its capacity population of 9000. Development of the neighbourhood continued into the 1990s.

Governance
Bewbush neighbourhood is a co-terminus with the local government ward of Bewbush in the Borough of Crawley. It is also a ward of the upper-tier authority of West Sussex County Council. The neighbourhood forms part of the parliamentary constituency of Crawley.

Demography
As at the 2001 census, the ward had a population of 9081. The neighbourhood has a younger population than the national average, with some 77% of residents being aged under 45, compared to 60% nationally. This is also reflected in the average age of the residents at 29, compared to 37 nationally.

Around 90% of the properties in the neighbourhood are terraced properties or flats. The vast majority of the properties were originally council-owned, with over one-third remaining owned by the local authority of other social landlords.

There is an ethnically diverse population in the neighbourhood, with a large proportion (17.3%) of black and ethnic minority groups represented. This is reflected in the area's large Hindu and Muslim populations which are both well above the national averages at 9% and 5% respectively.

In terms of social classification, the neighbourhood is made up of approximately 45% in the ABC1 grouping, compared to the national figures of around 51%.

Education
Bewbush is served by two primary schools. The first school to open in the neighbourhood was Bewbush First School in 1978. This was shortly followed by Bewbush Middle School in 1982, with Waterfield First School opening officially in 1985. Bewbush first and middle schools were closed in 2004 when the three-tier education model was amended, and a new school - Bewbush Community Primary School, though it is currently called The Bewbush Academy Primary School, opened in the middle school buildings in September of that year. At the same time, Waterfield First School was extended to become Waterfield Primary School.

Other Facilities
There is a Church of England church named for Saint Mary Magdalene in the west of the neighbourhood. At the neighbourhood centre, alongside the primary school is a Sure Start Children and Family Centre and a doctor's surgery. However, in March 2007, the local authority announced its intention to redevelop the area of central Bewbush. In 2009 the closure and demolition of the Bewbush Leisure Centre and The Dorsten public house took place, with the creation of a smaller pavilion style community building next to where the leisure centre had been. The new pavilion opened for use on 14 May the same year. A new park opened on 27 July 2009 on land that was previously part of Bewbush Primary School, which serves as a replacement for the old Bewbush Leisure Park. It holds various new playground equipment and England's first training area for Parkour Public transport is provided by the Metrobus bus routes, which include the 24-hour Crawley Fastway guided bus route to the Crawley Town centre and Gatwick Airport.

title: Bewbush


text:
Talk:Mediant

Diatonic and chromatic
The article uses the term "diatonic" without adequate explanation, and perhaps too restrictively. This term, along with chromatic, is the cause of serious uncertainties at several Wikipedia articles, and in the broader literature. Some of us thought that both terms needed special coverage, so we started up a new article: Diatonic and chromatic. Why not have a look, and join the discussion? Be ready to have comfortable assumptions challenged! –  Noetica ♬♩ Talk 06:15, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Requested audio
I have added an audio example to the article. Hyacinth (talk) 21:07, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Clarification
The following statement, while accurate, las lead to confusion: "Similarly, the submediant is halfway between the tonic and subdominant[4]"  Anecdotally, I have had three students ask me for clarification. Going from tonic to the subdominant, the halfway point would be the supertonic, if the tonic is used as the starting point. For neophytes uninitiated in music theory - and I am sure the general public who is trying to understand the rudiments in their appreciation of music theory (thinking specifically Classical Music). One possible way to clarify with minimal editing is just to change the wording, i.e. Similarly, the submediant is halfway between the subdominant (a half-step above the mediant) and the tonic an octave above." The example would work well here for additional clarification.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Autodidactman (talk • contribs) 14:18, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

First sound file doesn't match image
I think the first audio example "Tonic and mediant (dominant parallel or tonic counter parallel) in C major: CM and Em chords" is wrong. The image shows the first note lower than the second. The audio file attached seems to have the order of the notes reversed.

Archangle0 (talk) 10:38, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

Proposal to unify the layout of scale-degree pages
WikiProject Music Theory is spearheading a proposal to unify the layout of the scale-degree pages. The discussion can be found here. Since these pages not only include discussion of the scale-degrees, but also occasionally discuss triads and seventh chords built on these scale-degrees, it is important to systemize these pages. This will also curtail the creation of pages for each individual triad and seventh chord, some which may not necessarily contain enough content to be expanded beyond a stub. I invite you to comment on the proposal with thoughts, criticisms, or suggestions. Thanks! — Devin.chaloux (chat) 19:02, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

i love you — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.15.238.145 (talk) 13:41, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mediant


text:
User:Cokalerie

Name : Valerie Location : Montreal, Canada Status : Student at Cégep André-Grasset Field : Social sciences Age : 18 Languages spoken : French, English, Spanish, learning German and Italian Fave drink : Coca-Cola & sex

title: User:Cokalerie


text:
Talk:Speakers' Corner

(London) - No rule about the Royal family ?
The article doesn't mention anything about, what I was under the impression of, - that criticism about the Royal Family (incl. its members) was strictly prohibited. People I asked (as late as mid-March 2017) told me the same, any subject allowed but the Royalties. Am I, and those I asked, wrong ? Boeing720 (talk) 03:19, 15 May 2017 (UTC)

Also
I think Speecher's Corner close to Marble Arch is internationally famous. Far more than the other here mentioned locations. Hence do I make the (minor) proposal to split this article into one about Speaker's Corner, London solely (as a famous location and what goes on there) and an other one about the other mentioned places. Boeing720 (talk) 03:25, 15 May 2017 (UTC)

I agree with Boeing720. To add: the section about Canada and Regina goes completely off-piste by discussing lamp posts in London, UK! Surely the text relating to London should be cut/pasted into the relevant section? anon poster

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Taking note of

 * Hatun Tash

 Bookku, 'Encyclopedias are for expanding information and knowledge' (talk) 09:05, 29 July 2021 (UTC)

University of Wisconsin-Madison
It's been a while, I but I seem to recall there being a free-speech platform (much like the Auckland, NZ, one pictured in the article) on the main campus of UW-Madison. I wasn't able to turn up any info about it with a quick web search, but I thought somebody else might know enough about it to add it to the list of speakers corners contained in the article. gavindow (talk) 16:36, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

spicar 2A02:C7C:F80D:8F00:E1F0:16E7:69D6:915 (talk) 19:41, 15 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Speakers' Corner


text:
Middle of Nowhere (album)

Middle of Nowhere is the debut studio album by American pop rock group Hanson, and the first to be released on a major label, which was Polygram Records and Mercury Records. Released in 1997, it features slicker studio production compared to their previous indie efforts Boomerang and MMMBop. The band members were between the ages of 11 and 16 when it was released. "Yearbook", one of the album's more dramatic songs, was not performed live until the recording of Middle of Nowhere Acoustic on May 5, 2007.

Middle of Nowhere yielded five singles: "MMMBop", "Where's the Love", "I Will Come to You", "Weird", and "Thinking of You". "MMMBop" became a major hit, reaching number one in the United States and at least eleven other countries.

Reception
Middle of Nowhere reached number two on the Billboard 200, being kept out of the top spot by the Spice Girls' Spice. The album also reached number one in the UK, Australia, Germany, and Taiwan.

Total sales worldwide are 10 million copies. The album sold just under 4 million in the US (4 times platinum) and over 400,000 copies in UK.

The album was well received by critics. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly said of the trio: "... lack of guile is Hanson's most endearing quality."

Track listing
All songs written by Isaac Hanson, Taylor Hanson and Zachary Hanson, with additional writers noted in parentheses.
 * 1) "Thinking of You" – 3:13
 * 2) "MMMBop" – 4:28
 * 3) "Weird" – 4:02 (Desmond Child)
 * 4) "Speechless" – 4:20 (Stephen Lironi)
 * 5) "Where's the Love" – 4:13 (Mark Hudson, Sander Selover)
 * 6) "Yearbook" – 5:29 (Ellen Shipley)
 * 7) "Look at You" – 4:28 (Stephen Lironi)
 * 8) "Lucy" – 3:35 (Mark Hudson)
 * 9) "I Will Come to You" – 4:11 (Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil)
 * 10) "A Minute Without You" – 3:55 (Mark Hudson)
 * 11) "Madeline" – 4:13 (Clif Magness)
 * 12) "With You in Your Dreams" – 3:56
 * 13) "Man from Milwaukee" [CD-only hidden track] – 3:38

Note
 * "Man from Milwaukee" is actually track #21, as there are eight tracks of silence after "With You in Your Dreams". In Japan the song is track 14 because a remix of "MMMBop" serves as song 13. "Man from Milwaukee" was omitted from all cassettes and vinyl pressings of Middle of Nowhere. Some later reissues of the album in some locales including the remastered version and the digital download pressings omitted the tracks of silence and make "Man from Milwaukee" a true track 13.

Personnel
Hanson
 * Zachary Hanson – drums, vocals
 * Taylor Hanson – keyboards, piano, vocals
 * Isaac Hanson – guitar, vocals

Session musicians
 * Stephen Lironi – bass, guitar, percussion, programming, producer, keyboards
 * Peter Kent – violin
 * Michael Fischer – percussion
 * Carole Mukogawa – viola
 * John Wittenberg – violin
 * Mike Shawcross – percussion
 * Michito Sanchez – percussion
 * Larry Corbett – cello
 * Steve Richards – cello
 * Ged Lynch – drums, percussion
 * Nick Vincent – drums
 * Endre Granat – violin
 * Abe Laboriel Jr. – drums
 * David Campbell – conductor, string arrangements
 * Abraham Laboriel – bass
 * Neil Stubenhaus – bass
 * B.J. Cole – pedal steel
 * Sandy Stein – keyboards
 * Mark Hudson – harmonica
 * Murray Adler – violin

Other
 * Roger Love – vocal director
 * Margery Greenspan – art direction
 * Steve Greenberg – executive producer
 * Barry Mann – vocal director
 * Marina Chavez – photography
 * Ted Jensen – mastering
 * The Dust Brothers – programming, producer
 * Mark Hudson – vocal director

title: Middle of Nowhere (album)


text: Category:Naples

title: Category:Naples


text:
Frobenius normal form

In linear algebra, the Frobenius normal form or rational canonical form of a square matrix A with entries in a field F is a canonical form for matrices obtained by conjugation by invertible matrices over F. The form reflects a minimal decomposition of the vector space into subspaces that are cyclic for A (i.e., spanned by some vector and its repeated images under A). Since only one normal form can be reached from a given matrix (whence the "canonical"), a matrix B is similar to A if and only if it has the same rational canonical form as A. Since this form can be found without any operations that might change when extending the field F (whence the "rational"), notably without factoring polynomials, this shows that whether two matrices are similar does not change upon field extensions. The form is named after German mathematician Ferdinand Georg Frobenius.

Some authors use the term rational canonical form for a somewhat different form that is more properly called the primary rational canonical form. Instead of decomposing into a minimum number of cyclic subspaces, the primary form decomposes into a maximum number of cyclic subspaces. It is also defined over F, but has somewhat different properties: finding the form requires factorization of polynomials, and as a consequence the primary rational canonical form may change when the same matrix is considered over an extension field of F. This article mainly deals with the form that does not require factorization, and explicitly mentions "primary" when the form using factorization is meant.

Motivation
When trying to find out whether two square matrices A and B are similar, one approach is to try, for each of them, to decompose the vector space as far as possible into a direct sum of stable subspaces, and compare the respective actions on these subspaces. For instance if both are diagonalizable, then one can take the decomposition into eigenspaces (for which the action is as simple as it can get, namely by a scalar), and then similarity can be decided by comparing eigenvalues and their multiplicities. While in practice this is often a quite insightful approach, there are various drawbacks this has as a general method. First, it requires finding all eigenvalues, say as roots of the characteristic polynomial, but it may not be possible to give an explicit expression for them. Second, a complete set of eigenvalues might exist only in an extension of the field one is working over, and then one does not get a proof of similarity over the original field. Finally A and B might not be diagonalizable even over this larger field, in which case one must instead use a decomposition into generalized eigenspaces, and possibly into Jordan blocks.

But obtaining such a fine decomposition is not necessary to just decide whether two matrices are similar. The rational canonical form is based on instead using a direct sum decomposition into stable subspaces that are as large as possible, while still allowing a very simple description of the action on each of them. These subspaces must be generated by a single nonzero vector v and all its images by repeated application of the linear operator associated to the matrix; such subspaces are called cyclic subspaces (by analogy with cyclic subgroups) and they are clearly stable under the linear operator. A basis of such a subspace is obtained by taking v and its successive images as long as they are linearly independent. The matrix of the linear operator with respect to such a basis is the companion matrix of a monic polynomial; this polynomial (the minimal polynomial of the operator restricted to the subspace, which notion is analogous to that of the order of a cyclic subgroup) determines the action of the operator on the cyclic subspace up to isomorphism, and is independent of the choice of the vector v generating the subspace.

A direct sum decomposition into cyclic subspaces always exists, and finding one does not require factoring polynomials. However it is possible that cyclic subspaces do allow a decomposition as direct sum of smaller cyclic subspaces (essentially by the Chinese remainder theorem). Therefore, just having for both matrices some decomposition of the space into cyclic subspaces, and knowing the corresponding minimal polynomials, is not in itself sufficient to decide their similarity. An additional condition is imposed to ensure that for similar matrices one gets decompositions into cyclic subspaces that exactly match: in the list of associated minimal polynomials each one must divide the next (and the constant polynomial 1 is forbidden to exclude trivial cyclic subspaces of dimension 0). The resulting list of polynomials are called the invariant factors of (the K[X]-module defined by) the matrix, and two matrices are similar if and only if they have identical lists of invariant factors. The rational canonical form of a matrix A is obtained by expressing it on a basis adapted to a decomposition into cyclic subspaces whose associated minimal polynomials are the invariant factors of A; two matrices are similar if and only if they have the same rational canonical form.

Example
Consider the following matrix A, over Q:

 * $$\scriptstyle A=\begin{pmatrix}

-1& 3&-1& 0&-2& 0& 0&-2 \\    -1&-1& 1& 1&-2&-1& 0&-1 \\     -2&-6& 4& 3&-8&-4&-2& 1 \\     -1& 8&-3&-1& 5& 2& 3&-3 \\      0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1 \\      0& 0& 0& 0&-1& 0& 0& 0 \\      1& 0& 0& 0& 2& 0& 0& 0 \\      0& 0& 0& 0& 4& 0& 1& 0 \end{pmatrix}.$$

A has minimal polynomial $$\mu=X^6-4X^4-2X^3+4X^2+4X+1$$, so that the dimension of a subspace generated by the repeated images of a single vector is at most 6. The characteristic polynomial is $$\chi=X^8-X^7-5X^6+2X^5+10X^4+2X^3-7X^2-5X-1$$, which is a multiple of the minimal polynomial by a factor $$X^2-X-1$$. There always exist vectors such that the cyclic subspace that they generate has the same minimal polynomial as the operator has on the whole space; indeed most vectors will have this property, and in this case the first standard basis vector $$e_1$$ does so: the vectors $$A^k(e_1)$$ for $$k=0,1,\ldots,5$$ are linearly independent and span a cyclic subspace with minimal polynomial $$\mu$$. There exist complementary stable subspaces (of dimension 2) to this cyclic subspace, and the space generated by vectors $$v=(3,4,8,0,-1,0,2,-1)^\top$$ and $$w=(5,4,5,9,-1,1,1,-2)^\top$$ is an example. In fact one has $$A\cdot v=w$$, so the complementary subspace is a cyclic subspace generated by $$v$$; it has minimal polynomial $$X^2-X-1$$. Since $$\mu$$ is the minimal polynomial of the whole space, it is clear that $$X^2-X-1$$ must divide $$\mu$$ (and it is easily checked that it does), and we have found the invariant factors $$X^2-X-1$$ and $$\mu=X^6-4X^4-2X^3+4X^2+4X+1$$ of A. Then the rational canonical form of A is the block diagonal matrix with the corresponding companion matrices as diagonal blocks, namely
 * $$\scriptstyle C=\begin{pmatrix}

0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0 \\     1& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0 \\      0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0&-1 \\      0& 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0&-4 \\      0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0& 0&-4 \\      0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0& 2 \\      0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 4 \\      0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0 \end{pmatrix}.$$ A basis on which this form is attained is formed by the vectors $$v,w$$ above, followed by $$A^k(e_1)$$ for $$k=0,1,\ldots,5$$; explicitly this means that for
 * $$\scriptstyle P=\begin{pmatrix}

3& 5& 1&-1& 0& 0& -4& 0\\     4& 4& 0&-1&-1&-2& -3&-5\\      8& 5& 0&-2&-5&-2&-11&-6\\      0& 9& 0&-1& 3&-2&  0& 0\\     -1&-1& 0& 0& 0& 1& -1& 4\\      0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0& -1& 1\\      2& 1& 0& 1&-1& 0&  2&-6\\     -1&-2& 0& 0& 1&-1&  4&-2 \end{pmatrix}$$,

one has $$A=PCP^{-1}.$$

General case and theory
Fix a base field F and a finite-dimensional vector space V over F. Given a polynomial P ∈ F[X], there is associated to it a companion matrix CP whose characteristic polynomial and minimal polynomial are both equal to P.

Theorem: Let V be a finite-dimensional vector space over a field F, and A a square matrix over F. Then V (viewed as an F[X]-module with the action of X given by A) admits a F[X]-module isomorphism

 * V ≅ F[X]/f1 ⊕ … ⊕ F[X]/fk

where the fi ∈ F[X] may be taken to be monic polynomials of positive degree (so they are non-units in F[X]) that satisfy the relations

 * f1 | f2 | … | fk

where "a | b" is notation for "a divides b"; with these conditions the list of polynomials fi is unique.

Sketch of Proof: Apply the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain to V, viewing it as an F[X]-module. The structure theorem provides a decomposition into cyclic factors, each of which is a quotient of F[X] by a proper ideal; the zero ideal cannot be present since the resulting free module would be infinite-dimensional as F vector space, while V is finite-dimensional. For the polynomials fi one then takes the unique monic generators of the respective ideals, and since the structure theorem ensures containment of every ideal in the preceding ideal, one obtains the divisibility conditions for the fi. See [DF] for details.

Given an arbitrary square matrix, the elementary divisors used in the construction of the Jordan normal form do not exist over F[X], so the invariant factors fi as given above must be used instead. The last of these factors fk is then the minimal polynomial, which all the invariant factors therefore divide, and the product of the invariant factors gives the characteristic polynomial. Note that this implies that the minimal polynomial divides the characteristic polynomial (which is essentially the Cayley-Hamilton theorem), and that every irreducible factor of the characteristic polynomial also divides the minimal polynomial (possibly with lower multiplicity).

For each invariant factor fi one takes its companion matrix Cf i, and the block diagonal matrix formed from these blocks yields the rational canonical form of A. When the minimal polynomial is identical to the characteristic polynomial (the case k = 1), the Frobenius normal form is the companion matrix of the characteristic polynomial. As the rational canonical form is uniquely determined by the unique invariant factors associated to A, and these invariant factors are independent of basis, it follows that two square matrices A and B are similar if and only if they have the same rational canonical form.

A rational normal form generalizing the Jordan normal form
The Frobenius normal form does not reflect any form of factorization of the characteristic polynomial, even if it does exist over the ground field F. This implies that it is invariant when F is replaced by a different field (as long as it contains the entries of the original matrix A). On the other hand, this makes the Frobenius normal form rather different from other normal forms that do depend on factoring the characteristic polynomial, notably the diagonal form (if A is diagonalizable) or more generally the Jordan normal form (if the characteristic polynomial splits into linear factors). For instance, the Frobenius normal form of a diagonal matrix with distinct diagonal entries is just the companion matrix of its characteristic polynomial.

There is another way to define a normal form, that, like the Frobenius normal form, is always defined over the same field F as A, but that does reflect a possible factorization of the characteristic polynomial (or equivalently the minimal polynomial) into irreducible factors over F, and which reduces to the Jordan normal form when this factorization only contains linear factors (corresponding to eigenvalues). This form is sometimes called the generalized Jordan normal form, or primary rational canonical form. It is based on the fact that the vector space can be canonically decomposed into a direct sum of stable subspaces corresponding to the distinct irreducible factors P of the characteristic polynomial (as stated by the ), where the characteristic polynomial of each summand is a power of the corresponding P. These summands can be further decomposed, non-canonically, as a direct sum of cyclic F[x]-modules (like is done for the Frobenius normal form above), where the characteristic polynomial of each summand is still a (generally smaller) power of P. The primary rational canonical form is a block diagonal matrix corresponding to such a decomposition into cyclic modules, with a particular form called generalized Jordan block in the diagonal blocks, corresponding to a particular choice of a basis for the cyclic modules. This generalized Jordan block is itself a block matrix of the form

 * $$\scriptstyle\begin{pmatrix}C&0&\cdots&0\\U&C&\cdots&0\\\vdots&\ddots&\ddots&\vdots\\0&\cdots&U&C\end{pmatrix}$$

where C is the companion matrix of the irreducible polynomial $P$, and $U$ is a matrix whose sole nonzero entry is a 1 in the upper right hand corner. For the case of a linear irreducible factor $P = x − λ$, these blocks are reduced to single entries $C = λ$ and $U = 1$ and, one finds a (transposed) Jordan block. In any generalized Jordan block, all entries immediately below the main diagonal are 1. A basis of the cyclic module giving rise to this form is obtained by choosing a generating vector $v$ (one that is not annihilated by $P^{k−1}(A)$ where the minimal polynomial of the cyclic module is $P^{k}$), and taking as basis
 * $$v,A(v),A^2(v),\ldots,A^{d-1}(v), ~

P(A)(v), A(P(A)(v)),\ldots,A^{d-1}(P(A)(v)), ~ P^2(A)(v),\ldots, ~ P^{k-1}(A)(v),\ldots,A^{d-1}(P^{k-1}(A)(v))$$ where $d = deg(P)$.

Algorithms

 * An O(n3) Algorithm for Frobenius Normal Form
 * An Algorithm for the Frobenius Normal Form (pdf)
 * A rational canonical form Algorithm (pdf)

title: Frobenius normal form


text: User talk:68.0.200.245

title: User talk:68.0.200.245


text:
Cake Like

Cake Like was an all-female indie rock band based in New York City. Its members were bassist and lead singer Kerri Kenney, drummer Jody Seifert, and vocalist and guitarist Nina Hellman. The band came together in 1993 when Kenney and Hellman met at New York University's Experimental Theater Wing, decided to form a band, and were joined by Hellman's roommate Seifert. The members had never played music before and so developed their own unique style. Their songs often play out like poetry set to erratic guitar-rock. They soon attracted the attention of John Zorn, who signed the band to his Avant Records label, which released their first LP. Ric Ocasek, formerly of The Cars, produced their follow-up EP. Subsequently, Neil Young signed the band to his Vapor Records label, which released their second and third LPs.

The band dissolved in 1999 when Kenney relocated to Los Angeles. However, on her appearance on "The JV Club" podcast, Kenney stated that the group still owes Vapor Records another album, saying "I like that it's out there, floating around that maybe some day we would."

Kenney, now known as Kerri Kenney-Silver, is an actress and comedian known for her work in such series as The State, The Ellen Show, and Reno 911! Nina Hellman is also an actress and works in the theatre in New York and appeared in the film Wet Hot American Summer, as well as providing voices for several episodes of The Venture Bros. Seifert works in the fashion industry.

Cake Like also appears in a deleted sketch for The State entitled "The Muskrats". The band is featured at the end, playing the school's "fighting song". The sketch was released on The State DVD box-set in 2009.

Discography

 * Delicious (1994)
 * Bruiser Queen (1997)
 * Goodbye, So What? (1999)

title: Cake Like


text:
Ajattara

Ajattara is a sextet black metal band from Helsinki, Finland led by Pasi Koskinen (ex Amorphis). They formed in 1996, split up in 2012, and reformed in 2016. They were signed to Spinefarm Records and have released eight albums, their most recent being Lupaus, which was released in May 2017.

History
Ajattara formed in 1996 as a side project of Amorphis singer Pasi Koskinen. Their first release was a demo tape entitled Helvetissä on syntisen taivas which was released in 1998. The band then signed to Spikefarm Records and went on to release three albums - Itse in 2001, Kuolema in 2003 and Tyhjyys in 2004. These albums were met with largely good reviews. Ajattara released the Christmas singles "Ilon juhla" in November 2004 and "Joulu" in November 2005. The band then went on to release another album in 2006, entitled Äpäre, which was met with similar reviews as their last three albums. The band continued with the Christmas single tradition of 2004 and 2005 by releasing a single entitled Sika in 2006.

The band entered the studio on 1 June 2007 to begin recording on the album Kalmanto which was released on 5 September 2007. However, this album was not met with such good reviews as Ajattara's other albums, as some critics said the album sounded chaotic and forced. In April 2009 Ajattara released their sixth album entitled Noitumaa, this time being an all-acoustic album, which received clearly better reviews than the previous release. In 2011 the band released their seventh studio album Murhat.

The band made an announcement on its Facebook page on 15 April 2012 that it had split up for reasons unknown.

On 23 March 2016 the band made an announcement on their Facebook page that they will be playing at the Norwegian Blastfest in February 2017. Shortly after, on 9 May 2016, Pasi Koskinen announced the reunion of the band, announcing further live dates including Nummirock 2016 in Finland and Satan's Convention 2017 in Germany. In May 2017 the band released Lupaus, their eighth studio album and first since their reformation.

Musical style
Ajattara combine elements of black metal to produce a style of black metal not dissimilar to Celtic Frost, and to a lesser extent Samael. The combined use of synthesisers and heavy guitar sounds give Ajattara a distinct sound. The lyrical themes of Ajattara usually deal with death, evil and paganism.

Current members

 * Ruoja ― lead vocals (1996-2012, 2016-present) rhythm guitar (1996—2009); studio keyboards (1996—2004)
 * Kalmos (Vesa Wahlroos) ― lead guitar, backing vocals (2006—2012, 2016—present)
 * Tohtori Kuolio ― bass guitar, backing vocals (2007—2012, 2016—present)
 * Raajat (Janne Immonen) ― keyboards, backing vocals (2007—2012, 2016—present)
 * Tartunta (Mynni Luukkainen) ― rhythm guitar (2009—2012, 2016—present)
 * Malakias 6,8 (Rainer Tuomikanto) ― drums (2011—2012, 2016—present)

Session member

 * Lempo (Iiro Illman) ― guitar (2018-)

Guitar

 * Ismonster (Ismo Liljelund) - ?
 * Samuel Lempo (Tomi Koivusaari) - (2005-2006)

Bass

 * Atoni (Toni Laroma) - (1996-2007)

Keyboards

 * Ikkala (Jarmo Ikala) - ?
 * Akir Kalmo (Aki Räty) - ?
 * Irstas (Kalle Sundström) - (2004-2007)

Drums

 * Orpo (Pekka Kasari) - ?
 * Malakias I (Pekka Sauvolainen) - (1996-2003)
 * Malakias II (Jan Rechberger) - (2003-2004)
 * Malakias III (Atte Sarkima) - (2004-2007)
 * Malakias IV (Tonmi Lillman) - (2007–2011) † (died in 2012 )

Discography
Studio albums
 * Itse (2001)
 * Kuolema (2003)
 * Tyhjyys (2004)
 * Äpäre (2006)
 * Kalmanto (2007)
 * Noitumaa (2009)
 * Murhat (2011)
 * Lupaus (2017)

Compilation albums
 * Joululevy (2009)

Demo albums
 * Helvetissä on syntisen taivas (1998)

Singles
 * "Ilon juhla" (2004)
 * "Joulu" (2005)
 * "Sika" (2006)
 * "Tulppaani" (2007)

title: Ajattara


text:
Talk:Lloydminster

Laws
Does anyone know what the liquor laws are since the city is in 2 different provinces? In Alberta the drinking age is 18 and all the liquor stores are privatly run while in Saskatchewan it's 19 and retail liquor sales are a provincial monopoly. User:alphaboi867

 * The liquor laws in the city of Lloydminster are respective to whatever side of the border you happen to be on. In terms of consuming alcohol, you must be 19 to drink in an establishment on the Saskatchewan side, whereas you need only be 18 to drink on the Alberta side. In terms of sales of liquor, on the Alberta side of the city there are many privately owned liquor stores, and on the Saskatchewan side of the border there is a Saskatchewan Liquor Board franchisee, much like those found in small rural towns in Saskatchewan. -mj 08:07, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Interesting, I know that for many things where there is a conflict between provinces (e.g time zone) the default is Alberta. kc4 - the Server Monkey Enforcer 06:10, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, not everything is split like the liquor laws. For instance, the Saskatchewan side do use Alberta services like power so they don't have to pay PST.  Mr. C.C. 06:22, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Title format
I'm adding this note because the article is listed at Articles with slashes in title. The situation is that this is a single city, with a single municipal administration, and not just two neighbouring towns which are separate but happen to share the same name. The city is more commonly referred to as either Lloydminster, Alberta or Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, depending which side of the border is applicable, but the article itself can't be easily split in two. If anybody can offer a good alternative to the slash, it might be worth moving the article to a non-slashed title. Lloydminster does currently redirect here, but I wouldn't be comfortable making that the main title in the absence of evidence that there aren't other Lloydminsters out there to disambiguate this one from. Bearcat 1 July 2005 16:52 (UTC)

 * Concerning the title of this article containing a slash, perhaps the article could be changed to something like "Lloydminster (City)". -mj 08:29, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The title has to stay within Wikipedia's normal naming conventions. Appending (city) in brackets after the name doesn't conform to that. Bearcat 08:02, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * According to the dab page, the only other things named Lloydminster are electoral districts that take their name from the city. I don't see any problems with moving this to "Lloydminster". Kirjtc2 05:07, 14 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Nothing else has presented itself since last summer (and I just tried a Google search for Lloydminster -Alberta -Saskatchewan and still got almost entirely references to this Lloydminster), so I'm gonna go ahead and implement the move. If it turns out that there are other Lloydminsters, then tough crap for them, they get disambiguated titles. Bearcat 10:07, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

How about just a hyphen? Lloydminster, Alberta-Saskatchewan or Lloydminister, Saskatchewan-Alberta? Nik42 18:04, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Neutrality of article
I have called the neutrality of this article into question due to the repeated mentioning of a "Utopian" settlement. This seems to me to be the incorrect term for describing the "temperate colonies" that the Barr Colonists set out to found.-mj 08:07, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

 * If you don't like it, just change the damned wording. One lousy word hardly constitutes a genuine POV dispute. Bearcat 08:00, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lloydminster


text:
Category:Matrix normal forms

A matrix normal form or matrix canonical form describes the transformation of a matrix to another with special properties.

title: Category:Matrix normal forms


text:
Yale University Press

Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University. It was founded in 1908 by George Parmly Day and Clarence Day, grandsons of Benjamin Day, and became a department of Yale University in 1961, but it remains financially and operationally autonomous.

, Yale University Press publishes approximately 300 new hardcover and 150 new paperback books annually and has a backlist of about 5,000 books in print. Its books have won five National Book Awards, two National Book Critics Circle Awards and eight Pulitzer Prizes.

The press maintains offices in New Haven, Connecticut and London, England. Yale is the only American university press with a full-scale publishing operation in Europe. It was a co-founder of the distributor TriLiteral LLC with MIT Press and Harvard University Press. TriLiteral was sold to LSC Communications in 2018.

Yale Series of Younger Poets
Since its inception in 1919, the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition has published the first collection of poetry by new poets. The first winner was Howard Buck; the 2011 winner was Katherine Larson.

Yale Drama Series
Yale University Press and Yale Repertory Theatre jointly sponsor the Yale Drama Series, a playwriting competition. The winner of the annual competition is awarded the David C. Horn Prize of $10,000, publication of his/her manuscript by Yale University Press, and a staged reading at Yale Rep. The Yale Drama Series and David C. Horn Prize are funded by the David Charles Horn Foundation.

Anchor Yale Bible Series
In 2007, Yale University Press acquired the Anchor Bible Series, a collection of more than 115 volumes of biblical scholarship, from the Doubleday Publishing Group. New and backlist titles are now published under the Anchor Yale Bible Series name.

Future of American Democracy Series
Yale University Press is publishing the Future of American Democracy Series, which "aims to examine, sustain, and renew the historic vision of American democracy in a series of books by some of America's foremost thinkers", in partnership with the Future of American Democracy Foundation.

The Lamar Series in Western History
The Lamar Series in Western History (formerly the Yale Western Americana series) was established in 1962 to publish works that enhance the understanding of human affairs in the American West and contribute to a wider understanding of why the West matters in the political, social, and cultural life of America.

Terry Lectures Series
The Dwight H. Terry Lectureship was established in 1905 to encourage the consideration of religion in the context of modern science, psychology, and philosophy. Many of the lectures, which are hosted by Yale University, have been edited into book form by the Yale University Press.

Yale Nota Bene
On September 22, 2000, Yale University Press announced a new Yale Nota Bene imprint that would "feature reprints of best-selling and classic Yale Press titles encompassing works of history, religion, science, current affairs, reference and biography, in addition to fiction, poetry and drama."

Mises' Human Action
In 1963, the Press published a revised edition of Ludwig von Mises's Human Action. In the May 5, 1964 issue of National Review, Henry Hazlitt wrote the story "Mangling a Masterpiece", accusing Yale University Press of intentionally typesetting the new edition in an amateurish fashion, due to the Press's differing ideological beliefs.

Muhammad cartoons
In August 2009, officials at the Press ignited a controversy when they decided to expunge reproductions of the cartoons involved in the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, along with all other images of Muhammad, from a scholarly book entitled The Cartoons that Shook the World, by professor Jytte Klausen.

title: Yale University Press


text:
Broadfield

Broadfield or Broadfields may refer to:

England

 * Broadfield, Greater Manchester, a United Kingdom location
 * Broadfield railway station, 1869–1970
 * Broadfield, Hertfordshire
 * Broadfield, Leyland, Lancashire, a United Kingdom location
 * Broadfield, Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire, a United Kingdom location
 * Broadfield, West Sussex, a neighborhood within the town of Crawley
 * Broadfield (electoral division), a West Sussex County Council constituency
 * Broadfield Stadium
 * Broadfields Estate, London

Other places

 * Broadfield, Inverclyde, Scotland, a United Kingdom location
 * Broadfield, Pembrokeshire, Wales
 * Broadfield, New Zealand, New Zealand

title: Broadfield


text:
User:Mr. Hobbz

Hi Everyone I am pleased to announce that I, Joanthan Hobbz, am a member of Wikipedia. I am a 15-year-old college student at Baldwin-Wallace University in Berea, Ohio. I must Apologize for any rude edits I may have made in the past. My roomate is not so enthused to have a kid in his room. I would catorgorize him as a 'PRICK'. I do not put it past him to write things that are not contributing to this site. I am majoring in pure mathematics, and I have an interest in the political sciences.

title: User:Mr. Hobbz


text:
User:Nickj/sandbox

'''Bold one

bold two'''

[[open link

close ]] link

open table, never close: {|

title: User:Nickj/sandbox


text: Category:University of Nottingham

title: Category:University of Nottingham


text:
Razali Ismail

Razali bin Ismail (born 14 April 1939) is a Malaysian diplomat. He is formerly the Chairman of the Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM) from 2016 to 2019. He was also the 51st President of the United Nations General Assembly from 1996 until 1997.

Early life and education
He received his education at the Sultan Abdul Hamid College and completed his studies in 1956. Then he continued his education at the Malay College Kuala Kangsar (MCKK) for 2 years. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree with Honors in literature and the humanities from Universiti Malaya and an Honorary Doctorate from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Career and post
Razali Ismail first joined the Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1962 and went on to become the Ministry's Deputy Secretary-General in 1985. Before he was appointed to the post, he served as the Malaysia's Assistant High Commissioner in Madras from 1963 to 1964, Second Secretary of Malaysia's Embassy in Paris in between 1966 and 1968, the Counsellor in the Malaysian High Commission in London from 1970 until 1972 and the Chargé d'affaires in Vientiane from 1974 until 1976. He was later the Malaysian Ambassador to Poland from 1978 to 1982 and to India between 1982 and 1985.

After his tenure as Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs' Deputy Secretary-General, he became increasingly involved with the United Nations. In 1989 and 1990, he headed the Malaysian delegation to the United Nations. At the same time, he was the chairman of United Nations Security Council. From 1996 to 1997, he became the President of the United Nations General Assembly.

In the past, he usually headed Malaysian diplomatic delegation to various regional and international bodies such as ASEAN and the Non-Aligned Movement. Until a few years ago, he had been Malaysia's Permanent Representative to the United Nations.

Up until 2005, he was United Nations Secretary-General's Special Envoy to Myanmar and played a pivotal role in releasing Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest in May 2002. However, his impartiality as a UN Special Envoy was questioned by American officials in an embassy cable that was released via Wikileaks, alleging his business ties with the Burmese military regime. Later however, Myanmar military junta repeatedly denied him entry to Myanmar, contributing to his decision to quit the special envoy status in December 2005.

Honours of Malaysia

 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia :
 * Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia - PSM.svg Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (1991)
 * Kedah :
 * [[File:MY-KED Order of Loyalty to the Royal House of Kedah - Knight Companion (DSDK).svg|50px]] Knight Companion of the Order of Loyalty to the Royal House of Kedah (DSDK) – Dato' (1985)

Honorary degrees

 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia:
 * Honorary Doctorate degree from National University of Malaysia

title: Razali Ismail


text:
Jackson Browne (album)

Jackson Browne (also known, mistakenly, as Saturate Before Using) is the debut album of American singer Jackson Browne, released in 1972. It peaked on the Billboard 200 chart at number 53. Two singles were released with "Doctor, My Eyes", which peaked at number 8 on the Pop Singles chart, and "Rock Me on the Water", which reached number 48.

History
Browne had found minor success as a songwriter but had not yet obtained his own recording contract. After he sent a demo of "Jamaica Say You Will" to David Geffen in early 1970, Geffen began looking for a record deal for Browne. Geffen ended up founding his own label, Asylum Records, and signed Browne.

The album was certified as a Gold record in 1976 and Platinum in 1997 by the RIAA.

Title confusion
The album is often mistakenly called Saturate Before Using, because the words appear on the album cover, which was designed to look like a water bag that would require saturation in water in order to cool its contents by evaporation. For this very reason, Asylum Records executives suggested to no avail that the words be removed from the album cover and nearly rejected the cover art outright. However, the initial pressings not only included the text, but the cover carried a burlap-like feel to further the water bag theme.

The confusion over the title returned when the album was converted to CD format, when the words appeared on the spine of the jewel case as the album title.

Browne told the story of the cover's creation and spoke of the title's confusion in an interview with the album designer Gary Burden for his 2002 DVD Under The Covers: "I remember being on the phone with Gary... talking about what the album cover should be, and I happened to be in a room that had a water bag on the wall. It was just one of the things that I collected driving around on trips and stuff. And I was looking at this bag as he was saying 'what do you think it ought to be?' I was thinking, 'well, it could be a water bag.' ... it said 'saturate before using' on the front ... 'You know, Gary, on mine, it says this on the back.' And you said, well, so?' And 'if you put it on the front, people are going to think that's the title.' And you said, 'don't be ridiculous. Who would think that was the title?' I said, 'Yeah, you're right.' So, not only does everyone think that's the title of that album, but my record company thinks that's the title of the album."

Reception
Jackson Browne received positive reviews from most critics. In his review for Allmusic William Ruhlmann praised the album as "An auspicious debut that doesn't sound like a debut" and "the album has long since come to seem a timeless collection of reflective ballads touching on still-difficult subjects...and all with an amazingly eloquent sense of language. Jackson Browne's greater triumph is that, having perfectly expressed its times, it transcended them as well." Rolling Stone rated the album 6 of 10 stars and stated "Browne's debut lays the groundwork for future heart-and-soul excavations. 'Doctor My Eyes,' an early hit single, communicates the subdued, subtle power of his half-spoken melodies, while 'Rock Me on the Water' and 'Song for Adam' foreshadow the free-ranging contemplation to come."

The original 1972 review in Rolling Stone stated "Jackson Browne's sensibility is romantic in the best sense of the term: his songs are capable of generating a highly charged, compelling atmosphere throughout, and--just as important--of sustaining that pitch in the listener's mind long after they've ended." Ed Kelleher wrote in Circus in 1972: "Though others have done him justice, Browne is his own best interpreter. He just eases back and lets the song come. He has the soul of a poet and the stance of a troubadour. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he has not fallen victim to the trap of over-production--the record has been crafted with care and purity."

Music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a B grade, however, and was ambivalent about the whole album, writing, "The voice is pleasant, present, and unpretentious, and when I listen assiduously I perceive lyrics crafted with as much intelligence and human decency as any reasonable person could expect. Unfortunately, only critical responsibility induces me to listen assiduously. It's not just the blandness of the music, but of the ideas as well, each reinforcing the other."

Track listing
All tracks are written by Jackson Browne.

Side One

 * 1) "Jamaica Say You Will" – 3:23
 * 2) "A Child in These Hills" – 3:57
 * 3) "Song for Adam" – 5:22
 * 4) "Doctor, My Eyes" – 3:11
 * 5) "From Silver Lake" – 3:49

Side Two

 * 1) "Something Fine" – 3:47
 * 2) "Under the Falling Sky" – 4:08
 * 3) "Looking into You" – 4:20
 * 4) "Rock Me on the Water" – 4:13
 * 5) "My Opening Farewell" – 4:45

Personnel
Production notes:
 * Jackson Browne – acoustic guitar, piano, vocals
 * Leland Sklar – bass guitar
 * Russ Kunkel – drums; congas on "Doctor My Eyes" and "Under the Falling Sky"
 * David Crosby – harmony vocals
 * Craig Doerge – piano on "From Silver Lake", "Rock Me on the Water" and "My Opening Farewell"
 * Albert Lee – electric guitar on "A Child in These Hills" and "Under the Falling Sky"
 * Jimmie Fadden – harmonica on "From Silver Lake"
 * David Campbell – viola on "Song For Adam"
 * Jesse Ed Davis – electric guitar on "Doctor My Eyes"
 * Clarence White – acoustic guitar on "Jamaica Say You Will"
 * Sneaky Pete Kleinow – pedal steel guitar on "Looking into You"
 * James Beck Gordon – organ on "Under the Falling Sky"
 * David Jackson – piano on "Looking into You"
 * Graham Nash – harmony vocals on "Doctor My Eyes"
 * Leah Kunkel – counter-melody vocals on "From Silver Lake"
 * Richard Sanford Orshoff – producer, engineer
 * Greg Ladanyi – mastering at Atlantic Studios (New York, NY).
 * Gary Burden – art direction
 * Henry Diltz – photography

Charts
Album – Billboard (United States)

Singles – Billboard (United States)

title: Jackson Browne (album)


text:
Eating Raoul

Eating Raoul is a 1982 American black comedy film written, directed by and starring Paul Bartel with Mary Woronov, Robert Beltran, Ed Begley Jr., Buck Henry, and Susan Saiger. It is about a prudish married couple (Bartel and Woronov) who resort to killing and robbing affluent swingers to earn money for their dream restaurant.

The writers commissioned a single-issue comic book based on the film for promotion; it was created by underground comix creator Kim Deitch.

Plot
Paul Bland is a wine snob who works at a cheap wine shop. His attractive wife Mary is a nurse who is routinely groped by hospital patients. When Paul is fired, they are left with barely enough money to survive and fear that they will never realize their dream of opening a restaurant. Paul and Mary sleep in separate twin beds, since they are prudes who disapprove of sex. They live in an apartment building which regularly hosts swingers parties, which they despise.

When a drunk swinger wanders into their apartment and tries to rape Mary, Paul hits him on the head with a cast-iron frying pan, unintentionally killing him. Thinking that no one will miss him, they take his money and put his body in the trash compactor. After they kill another swinger the same way, they realize they can make money by killing "rich perverts".

Doris the Dominatrix, a regular at the swingers parties, advises Paul and Mary to place an ad in the Hollywood Press, which caters to men seeking kinky sex scenes. Mary lures men to the apartment by promising to satisfy their sexual fetishes; when they try to have sex with her, Paul grows alarmed enough to kill them with the frying pan. The Blands are surprised at how lucrative their scheme is.

The Blands have new locks installed in their apartment to protect Paul's wine collection. The locksmith is Raoul Mendoza, whose service is a ruse which allows him to rob his customers' homes. He sneaks into the Blands' apartment the next night and stumbles across the corpse of their latest victim. Paul confronts Raoul and both men realize they are in a compromising position. They strike a deal: neither will report the other to the police, Paul and Mary will pocket their victims' cash, and Raoul will keep their other possessions — splitting any proceeds with them — and dispose of the bodies.

When a client of Mary's fails to show one night, Paul leaves to buy groceries and a new frying pan, since Mary is squeamish about cooking in the one they use to kill people. While Mary is alone, the client arrives late and tries to rape her. Raoul drops by and strangles the client to death. He offers Mary a joint and they have sex. After Paul grows suspicious, he follows Raoul and discovers he has been selling the victims' bodies to a dog food company, selling their expensive cars, and secretly keeping the money.

Raoul tries to persuade Mary to run away with him after they have sex again. He nearly runs down Paul with a car, so Paul hires Doris the Dominatrix to use her costuming and role-playing skills to get rid of him. She poses as an immigration agent threatening Raoul, a Mexican immigrant, with deportation. She pretends to be a public health worker who diagnoses him with venereal disease. The pills she promises will cure him are actually saltpeter tablets which render him impotent. These schemes fail to deter Raoul's interest in Mary.

The Blands fear they will lose the property they wish to buy for the restaurant to another buyer. To quickly earn more cash, they attend a swingers party in search of victims. Mr. Leech, a bank lender who earlier refused to loan Mary money after she rejected his sexual advances, sees her at the party and propositions her. Mary kills him with a rattail comb and throws his body from a window. While Paul and Mary try to retrieve Mr. Leech's possessions, the party's host demands they join the nude guests in the hot tub or leave. Paul loses his temper and hurls an electric space heater into the hot tub, killing all of the partygoers and enabling him and Mary to take their money and sell their cars.

A drunken Raoul breaks into the Blands' apartment and threatens to kill Paul for not sharing the money earned from the swingers' cars. He announces that he intends to wed Mary and tells her to kill Paul with the frying pan. Instead, Mary lures Raoul into the kitchen and murders him.

Mary confesses her affair with Raoul to Paul, who tells her that he already knows. The Blands suddenly remember that James, the real estate agent who is helping them buy the property for the restaurant, will arrive for dinner soon. With no meat in the house and no time to go grocery shopping, they cook Raoul and serve him for dinner, describing the dish as "Spanish". The Blands buy the building for their new restaurant, Paul and Mary's Country Kitchen.

Critical reception
Roger Ebert gave Eating Raoul two stars, explaining: "The movie's got some really funny stuff in it, and I liked a lot of it, and I wouldn't exactly advise not seeing it, but it doesn't quite go that last mile. It doesn't reach for the truly unacceptable excesses, the transcendent breaches of taste, that might have made it inspired instead of merely clever."

Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote: "One mustn't blunt its pleasures by calling it a laff riot. It is full of smiles, punctuated here and there by marvelously unseemly guffaws, but most of the time it works its little wonders quietly. The comic style is purposely flat, plain and ordinary, like a piece of Pop art."

Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 86%, with an average rating of 6.8 out of 10, based on 21 reviews. The website's critics consensus for the film reads: "Eating Raoul serves up its spectacularly lurid tale with a healthy heaping of pitch-black humor and anarchic vigor."

Home media
On April 13, 2004, the long out-of-print film was released on DVD by Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment.

On September 25, 2012, The Criterion Collection re-released the film on DVD and Blu-ray.

Legacy
Woronov and Bartel later appeared together as Mary and Paul Bland in a cameo in the film Chopping Mall (1986). Woronov and Beltran appeared again in Night of the Comet (1984), but not as their Eating Raoul characters; the two also starred together in Bartel's feature Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills in 1989.

Musical
Eating Raoul, a stage musical adaptation, was presented off-Broadway in 1992, and also played at the Bridewell Theatre in London in 2000.

Planned sequel
A sequel, titled Bland Ambition, was planned. The script was written by Paul Bartel and Richard Blackburn. As described by Bartel:

"[The film] starts with Paul and Mary Bland happily ensconced in their Country Kitchen, where they're doing a land-office business. The arrogant young Governor of California stops off to have lunch and is furious he is not recognized and permitted to jump the line. In retaliation, he sends a health inspector to close down the Country Kitchen, and Paul and Mary are encouraged by the media to retaliate in kind and run against him for Governor of California."

Bland Ambition was about 10 days from the start of filming in April 1989 when Vestron withdrew its financial backing.

title: Eating Raoul