text:
Talk:Rio Tinto (corporation)

Key remaining points to tackle

 * key shareholders (doesn't seem to be any, largest instututional shareholder in 1999 held less than 4% of stock).
 * environmental issues.
 * labor relations.
 * political issues.

--Robert Merkel 03:05, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Spotted an error in the article
The are more than dual listed, they are also on the NZX (New Zealand Exchange) under "RIO" code, —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.54.3.3 (talk) 01:08, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Comalco actually only has 2 aluminium smelters in Australia, the third is on Tiwai Point on the southern tip of New Zealand. This New Zealand smelter produces some of the purist aluminium in the world.

I'm new to the whole wiki thing so thought I'd just post a comment to point this out. Hope someone who knows what they're doing can add this to the page.

Cheers.

RTP
Isnt Rio Tinto also listed on the NYSE under RTP?

RTP = Rio Tinto Procurement. This is a purchasing & contracts division of Rio. -Bernard S. Jansen 00:24, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * RTP in this context stands for Rio Tinto plc, the British company, and these initials are used to distinguish the company from RTL, Rio Tinto Limited, which is the Australian arm.Mlb409 22:44, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Citation
"Another has been Rio Tinto's involvement in Papua New Guinea which triggered the Bougainville separatist crisis." ... is this from the company profile under 'external links'.? Citation please. Fred 16:39, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

deletions etc.
I have left the last the last editor a message and an opportunity to respond, before I revert. - Fred 12:46, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your message. I have started two new topics to allow discussion of my main deletions.  Mlb409 21:35, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Deletion of Reference to Ascendant Copper Corp.
A press release describing the agreement between Ascendant Copper and Rio Tinto is available at the time of writing at http://www.ascendantcopper.com/pdf/06-14%20RTZ%20Joint%20Venture.pdf. A careful reading of this document indicates that the agreement relates to the purchase for $50,000 by Ascendant Copper of the right for five years to examine geological and other data collected by Rio Tinto between 1990 and 1997. The agreement does not commit Rio Tinto to any further expenditure in Ecuador nor does it commit Rio Tinto to make investments in any property identified by Ascendant Copper as being worthy of further investigation or development. Consequently the description which I removed (“Rio Tinto and Ascendant Copper announced a joint exploration program for exploring copper in western Ecuador”) is inaccurate. I make no comment on the ethics or otherwise of Ascendant Copper but I would have thought that such comments should be placed on a page relating to that company. Mlb409 22:19, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

The press release has now been moved to http://www.ascendantcopper.com/ReleaseDetail.php?ID=32 Mlb409 21:36, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

The press release has now been moved to http://www.coppermesacorp.com/_resources/news/06-14RTZJointVenture.pdf Mlb409 (talk) 00:19, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

Deletion of Reference to Franco’s Purchase of German Bombers
The alleged shipments of copper to Germany in 1937-38 are discussed in David Avery’s book “Not on Queen Victoria’s Birthday: the Story of the Rio Tinto Mines” (Collins, London, 1974, p.378) He reports that investigations by the Burgos government and subsequently by a subcommittee of the Rio Tinto board indicated that no such shipments had taken place. It is certainly true that large tonnages of pyrites were requisitioned by the Nationalists and were shipped to Germany “despite the protests of the company”. In case you view that history as suspect (being commissioned by Rio Tinto), another source is Charles Harvey’s excellent book “The Rio Tinto Company” (Alison Hodge, Penzance, 1981) where more detailed data on the requisitions, together with the manner in which they were carried out, can be found. A reading of this material indicates that the situation was quite complex. The text I deleted gave a misleading (by being overly simplistic) description of actual events, as well as being inaccurate (pyrites were shipped to Germany, not copper). Mlb409 21:37, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Franco
A recent edit has attempted to add the word "dictatorial" in describing Franco. There are two issues with this. First, a dictator is not the same thing as dictatorial. But the main issue is that the sentence is based on a reference. Unless the reference says that Franco was dictatorial, it is not an appropriate addition, but becomes POV by the editor. Given the context in this article, is it even necessary? hamiltonstone (talk) 12:07, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I tried to add the word "dictatorial". I thought of the reference problem when I added the word but guessed that, since it's not a quote, it would not pervert the reference spirit.

 * Anyway, I do feel it's necessary adding a reference to the dictatorial, autocratic policy that Franco's regime applied during those years; eventually, those policies led the Rio Tinto Group to leave its Spanish operations. TeoRuiz (talk) 15:04, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi, thanks for responding. Prompted by your point, I went and actually read the relevant chapter of the reference that is cited (most of the pages are available at Google Books). Far from attributing Rio's declining fortunes in Spain to Franco's dictatorial policy, it attributes the decline to a couple of things: a history of under-investment by Rio, only partly relating to (and pre-dating) the Franco regime; and tight foreign exchange dealing controls, including illegal steps taken by Rio to circumvent these. The book refers to the government's desire to "pursue more vigorously the economic modernisation of Spain" (p. 293) and that the policies that at times (but not always) adversely affected Rio were intended "to strengthen Spanish capitalism" (p.292). In these circumstances, and with a change in focus within Rio at board level, I think even the current text may be overstating Franco's role, and the nature of the government as dictatorial, which I do not dispute as a matter of general fact, appears not relevant to the discussion. Of course, if there are other reliable studies that point to other conclusions, they too should be included - but the Charles Harvey study is extremely detailed and looks like the 'gold standard' to me. cheers. hamiltonstone (talk) 01:58, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

Rio Tinto espionage case
The Rio Tinto espionage case article is very outdated and has insufficient information for an article of that complexity. Likewise, the Stern Hu article has too much information not related to the biography of Stern Hu, but directly related to the Rio Tinto espionage case. Both articles are extremely outdated. I would appreciate any help in improving those 2 articles. Capital Markets (talk) 12:36, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

The obsolecence has been getting worse! This article doesn't even mention that the "state secrets" charge has been dropped. Trial is about to start, so this would be a good time to straighten it out. --Christofurio (talk) 15:07, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

Another possibly useful source
I ran across this while working on Corta Atalaya, might be useful here: Riotinto, la Colonia de la Vergüenza, El Mundo Magazine, Issue 101, 2001-09-02. - Jmabel | Talk 01:19, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

Involvement in the 1888 massacre
I red across the article and did not find any mention to this sad event. The wikipedia in Spanish contains enough info about it, maybe it could be a starting point to add some facts about the killing of tens of workers during a strike. --79.147.18.156 (talk) 20:00, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

Environmental concerns
Article here:  Gandydancer (talk) 22:38, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Edit request
There are some key areas on the Rio Tinto Group page requiring an update with more recent data and information. Requesting that the Wikipedia community look at these updates, noting the COI guidelines. Please discuss here or on my talk page.

Update table: Subsidiaries | Principal subsidiaries (at 31 December 2015) listed on page 159 of the 2015 Annual report

Update table: Summary of 2008 Production | 2015 data available on pages 213-216 of the 2015 Annual report

Update section: Operations | Current organisational structure outlined on pages 32-39 of the 2015 Annual report, including overview of four main product groups - Aluminium, Copper & Coal, Diamonds & Minerals, Iron Ore.

Edward at Rio Tinto (talk) 02:57, 19 April 2016 (UTC)

Incorrect Placemap
The current map, accompanying the article describing the activities of Rio Tinto, shows the position of (Southern) Rhodesia, whereas Rio Tinto's first activities were in Northern Rhodesia (Zambia). The map should be corrected accordingly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Klipdok (talk • contribs) 16:21, 9 June 2016 (UTC)

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Some proposed changes
I work for Rio Tinto, and have noticed there are some key points on the Rio Tinto Group page that are out of date or incorrect. Appreciate it if the Wikipedia community could please consider these edit requests. Thanks

Updates to the “Rio Tinto Group” and “Corporate status” sections (multiple references): Sources:
 * Remove references to coal, following Rio Tinto’s sale of its coal assets

https://otp.tools.investis.com/clients/uk/rio_tinto1/rns/regulatory-story.aspx?cid=507&newsid=1131451

http://www.riotinto.com/documents/180801_Rio_Tinto_completes_sale_of_remaining_coal_assets.pdf

Updates to the “Management” section: Source: http://www.riotinto.com/aboutus/contacts-3561.aspx
 * Change the Melbourne office address to 360 Collins Street, Melbourne

Updates to the “Board of Directors” section Source: http://www.riotinto.com/aboutus/simon-thompson-10171.aspx
 * Change reference to the chairman from an executive director to a non-executive director. Rio Tinto’s chairman Simon Thompson is an independent, non-executive director.

Sources: https://otp.tools.investis.com/clients/uk/rio_tinto1/rns/regulatory-story.aspx?cid=507&newsid=1052632
 * Change the chief financial officer from Christopher Lynch to Jakob Stausholm. Jakob Stausholm was appointed Rio Tinto’s chief financial officer on 3 September 2018

http://www.riotinto.com/aboutus/jakob-stausholm-26077.aspx

Sources:
 * Add Moya Greene as a non-executive director on Rio Tinto’s board. Moya Greene joined the board in September 2018.

https://quoteapi.com/resources/13e5b55c7ed21634/announcements/rio.asx/3A491925/RIO_Rio_Tinto_board_update.pdf

http://www.riotinto.com/aboutus/moya-greene-26116.aspx

Updates to “Operations” section: Sources:
 * Update business structure/headings under this section to reflect Rio Tinto’s business structure, which includes four product groups (Iron Ore, Aluminium, Copper & Diamonds and Energy & Minerals), as well as the Growth & Innovation and Commercial groups. This update would ensure consistency throughout the Wikipedia entry – the product group structure currently listed under “Corporate status” is correct.

p.2, 2017 Annual report, http://www.riotinto.com/documents/RT_2017_Annual_Report.pdf

Sources:
 * Remove reference to coal, following Rio Tinto’s sale of its coal assets

https://otp.tools.investis.com/clients/uk/rio_tinto1/rns/regulatory-story.aspx?cid=507&newsid=1131451

http://www.riotinto.com/documents/180801_Rio_Tinto_completes_sale_of_remaining_coal_assets.pdf

 * Production figures are a decade old. More recent annual production figures are available from Rio Tinto’s 2017 Full Year results announcement or its 2017 Annual report.

Sources:

http://www.riotinto.com/documents/180207_2017_full_year_results.pdf

http://www.riotinto.com/documents/RT_2017_Annual_Report.pdf

Updates to “Copper and byproducts: Rio Tinto Copper” section:
 * Remove reference to Northparkes. Rio Tinto sold Northparkes in 2013.

Source: http://www.riotinto.com/media/media-releases-237_8942.aspx

Updates to “Aluminium and related products: Rio Tinto Alcan” section":

 * Change references to Rio Tinto’s Aluminium product group from “Rio Tinto Alcan”, to simply “Aluminium”. This would ensure consistency within the Wikipedia entry regarding the business structure. The structure listed under “Corporate status” is correct.

Sources: p.40 Rio Tinto Annual report 2017, http://www.riotinto.com/documents/RT_2017_Annual_Report.pdf

 * The main areas in Aluminium listed are out of date. Rio Tinto’s Aluminium operations are divided into three main areas – bauxite, alumina and primary metal.

Source: p.40, Rio Tinto Annual report 2017, http://www.riotinto.com/documents/RT_2017_Annual_Report.pdf

 * Suggest adding mention of major aluminium industry announcement - Rio Tinto and Alcoa announced the world’s first carbon-free aluminium smelting process.

Source: http://www.riotinto.com/media/media-releases-237_25362.aspx

Sources:
 * Suggest adding mention of major aluminium industry announcement - Rio Tinto first to receive Aluminium Stewardship Initiative certification

https://aluminium-stewardship.org/aluminium-stewardship-initiative-issues-inaugural-chain-of-custody-certification-worlds-first-asi-aluminium-now-available/

http://www.riotinto.com/media/media-releases-237_25171.aspx

Updates to “Coal and Uranium: Rio Tinto Energy” section:

Sources:
 * Remove and/or update references to coal. Rio Tinto has completed the sale of its coal assets

https://otp.tools.investis.com/clients/uk/rio_tinto1/rns/regulatory-story.aspx?cid=507&newsid=1131451

http://www.riotinto.com/documents/180801_Rio_Tinto_completes_sale_of_remaining_coal_assets.pdf

 * Rio Tinto Energy is now called Energy & Minerals. Suggest updating to ensure consistency throughout Wikipedia entry.

Source: pp.2 & 3 2017 Annual report, http://www.riotinto.com/documents/RT_2017_Annual_Report.pdf

Updates to “Diamonds: Rio Tinto Diamonds” section:

 * Remove reference to Murowa Diamonds. Rio Tinto has sold its interests in Murowa Diamonds and Sengwa Colliery. It now operates two diamond mines: the Argyle Diamond Mine in Western Australia (100% ownership), the Diavik Diamond Mine in the Northwest Territories of Canada (60% ownership)

Source: http://www.riotinto.com/media/media-releases-237_15358.aspx

 * Remove or update reference to the Bunder project. Rio Tinto gifted the Bunder diamond project in India to the Government of Madhya Pradesh.

Source: http://www.riotinto.com/media/media-releases-237_21110.aspx

Updates to the “Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium” section:
 * This section has confused Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium (RTIT) with Rio Tinto’s Iron Ore business. These are separate, and are part of two different product groups. Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium (RTIT) produces high-grade titanium dioxide feedstocks, and is part of the Energy & Minerals product group. Rio Tinto’s Iron Ore product group supplies iron ore.

Source: pp.2 & 45, 2017 Annual Report, http://www.riotinto.com/documents/RT_2017_Annual_Report.pdf

 * Update where the company’s major iron ore operations are located. Rio Tinto’s major iron ore mines and development projects are located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia

Sources:

http://www.riotinto.com/iron-ore-158.aspx#australia

p.38, 2017 Annual Report, http://www.riotinto.com/documents/RT_2017_Annual_Report.pdf

 * The Iron Ore Company of Canada (IOC) is part of Rio Tinto’s Energy & Minerals product group. IOC produces iron ore concentrate and iron ore pellets.

Sources:

http://www.riotinto.com/energy-and-minerals-162.aspx

p.45 of the 2017 Annual report, http://www.riotinto.com/documents/RT_2017_Annual_Report.pdf

 * Remove reference to HIsmelt. HIsmelt is no longer part of Rio Tinto.

Source: https://www.metalbulletin.com/Article/2879253/Rio-Tinto-sells-HIsmelt-plant-to-Jindal-Steel.html

 * Move information about titanium dioxide to the Energy & Minerals section. Titanium dioxide is part of Rio Tinto’s Energy & Minerals product group, not the Iron Ore product group.

Source: http://www.riotinto.com/energy-and-minerals-162.aspx

 * Update 2013 reference about plans to establish a fully automated railroad system. In July 2018 Rio Tinto achieved the first delivery of iron ore by an autonomous train in the Pilbara, Western Australia.

Source: http://www.riotinto.com/media/media-releases-237_25824.aspx

Updates to “Environment” section (under “Criticisms”):
 * Clarification regarding Rio Tinto’s ownership/involvement in Grasberg. Rio Tinto currently has a right to 40 per cent of production above a pre agreed level and 40 per cent of all production after 2022 (it does not own a 40% stake in the Grasberg mine).

Source: See notes to editors in this media release, http://www.riotinto.com/media/media-releases-237_26148.aspx

 * In October 2018, Rio Tinto announced it had signed a binding agreement to sell its entire interest in the Grasberg mine to Indonesia’s state mining company, PT Indonesia Asahan Aluminium (Persaro) (Inalum).

Source: http://www.riotinto.com/media/media-releases-237_26148.aspx

Michelle at Rio Tinto (talk) 02:10, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

Reply 26-OCT-2018
Your edit request could not be reviewed because the request is not formatted correctly. In the collapsed section below titled Request edit examples, I have illustrated two: The first shows how the edit request was submitted; the second shows how requests should be submitted in the future.
 * 1) The citation note numbers are not placed within the requested text indicating which portions of the text the source is referencing. (See WP:INTEGRITY.)
 * 2) The citation style predominantly used by the Rio Tinto Group article appears to be Citation Style 1. The citation style used in the edit request consists of bare URL's. Any requested edit of yours which may be implemented will need to resemble the current style already in use in the article – in this case, CS1. (See WP:CITEVAR.)
 * 3) The items that the COI editor wishes to add to the article have not been listed verbatim.
 * 4) The items that the COI editor wishes to delete from the article have not been listed verbatim.

Incorrectly formatted request: The items listed under the Sun and the Moon's information are incorrect. For example, the Sun's diameter is incorrect, as is the Moon's. This needs to be changed to their correct figures. Please see the references below for information on the updated figures.

In the example above there are three URL's provided along with vague assertions on what is to be changed. The implication is that the COI editor provides the directions and the references, while the reviewer consults the references and makes the decision on what should be said. This is generally not how edit requests work. The COI editor is to provide a verbatim description of the changes to be made, while the reviewer consults the references to determine the validity of the requested changes. Furthermore, the changes need to include the references used inserted according to the citation style used by the article. In the above example, the URL's have not been placed using Citation Style 1, which is the style predominantly used by the Rio Tinto Group article. Additionally, the references have not been placed within the text at the exact positions where the information they reference resides. Using the correct citation style and the correct positioning of the ref notes along with a verbatim description of the text would have a properly formatted request resembling the following:

Correctly formatted request: Please add the following sentence to the first paragraph of the article's "Sun and Moon" section: The Sun's diameter is 864,337.3 miles, while the Moon's diameter is 2,159 miles. The Sun's temperature is 5,778 degrees Kelvin. Which displays as: Please add the following sentence to the first paragraph of the article's "Sun and Moon" section:
 * The Sun's diameter is 864,337.3 miles,[1] while the Moon's diameter is 2,159 miles.[2] The Sun's temperature is 5,778 degrees Kelvin.[3]

References

^ Sjöblad, Tristan. . Academic Press, 2018, p. 1. ^ Duvalier, Gabrielle. , Scientific American, 51(78):46. ^ Uemura, Shū. . Academic Press, 2018, p. 2.</li> </ol>

In the example above the references have been formatted according to Citation Style 1, which shows the author, the source's name, date, etc. Also, the reference notes are placed in the exact location where the text which they reference resides. Thirdly, the verbatim text for how it should appear in the article is listed by the COI editor. As Wikipedia is a volunteer project, edit requests such yours are generally expected to have this formatting done before the request is submitted for review.

Kindly rewrite your edit request so that it aligns more with the second example shown in the collapsed section above, and feel free to re-submit that edit request at your earliest convenience. If you have any questions about this formatting please don't hesitate to ask myself or another editor. Regards,  Spintendo   06:54, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

Updated edit request
<<Connected contributor template>>

Some proposed changes

 * (Some of the changes have been incorporated and have been marked with a strike-through ) – Þjarkur (talk) 14:28, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

Thanks for your feedback on my previous edit request. Here are some suggested changes below, that have been reformatted based on the request edit example provided. Can you please consider these. Please note, I've used Rio Tinto's 2017 Annual Report as a source. Since it was published, the Group completed the sale of its coal assets. Thanks, Michelle

Updates to the “Rio Tinto Group” section (multiple references):
 * Please remove “coal” from the 3rd sentence under "Rio Tinto Group", so it would read:

Since then, the company has grown through a long series of mergers and acquisitions to place itself among the world leaders in the production of many commodities, including aluminium, iron ore, copper, uranium, diamonds.[5]

Updates to "Corporate status" section: Energy & Minerals – uranium interests, industrial minerals such as borates, salt and titanium dioxide;
 * Please replace the existing "Energy & Minerals" product list with the following (with coal removed):

Updates to the “Management” section: Updates to the “Board of Directors” section
 * Please replace the photograph caption with: Rio Tinto's Australian headquarters are located in the 360 Collins Street building in Melbourne, Australia.
 * Please replace the existing list under “Board of directors” with this list (Note chairman Simon Thompson is a non-executive director, not an executive director as currently listed on the Wikipedia page):

Board of Directors Simon Thompson, chairman[58]

Executive Directors Jean-Sébastien Jacques, chief executive officer Jakob Stausholm, chief financial officer

Non-Executive Directors David Constable [59] Megan Clark AC [60] Ann Godbehere [61] Moya Greene Simon Henry [62] Sam Laidlaw [63] Michael L'Estrange AO[64]

Updates to the "Operations" section: Rio Tinto's main business is the production of raw materials including copper, iron ore, bauxite, diamonds, uranium, and industrial minerals including titanium dioxide, salt, gypsum, and borates.
 * Please replace the first sentence in the paragraph with the following (removing coal):

Updates to the “Copper and byproducts: Rio Tinto Copper” section:

Copper & Diamonds
 * Please change the name of the section heading "Copper and byproducts: Rio Tinto Copper" to the following:

Rio Tinto has four copper assets in production: Rio Tinto Kennecott in the United States, Oyu Tolgoi in Mongolia, Escondida in Chile and Grasberg in Indonesia. Updates to the “Aluminium and related products” section:
 * Please replace the third sentence which lists the locations of Rio Tinto's main active mining assets with:

“Aluminium”
 * Please replace the section title “Aluminium and related products: Rio Tinto Alcan” with:

The Rio Tinto Group has consolidated its aluminium-related businesses in its Aluminium product group, formed in late 2007, when Rio Tinto purchased the Canadian company Alcan for $38.1 billion.
 * Please replace the first sentence in the first paragraph with the following:

Rio Tinto divides its Aluminium operations into three main areas – bauxite, alumina and primary metal.
 * Please replace the first sentence in the second paragraph with:

The bauxite operations provide 25 per cent of the world’s bauxite needs from mines in Australia, Brazil, and Africa.
 * Please replace the second sentence in the second paragraph with:

The alumina operations then refines the bauxite into alumina at refineries located in Australia, Brazil and Canada.
 * Please replace the fourth sentence in the second paragraph with:

Finally, the Engineered Products unit processes aluminium into derivative products for speciality uses ranging from beverage containers to aerospace applications.[72]
 * Please delete the last sentence in the second paragraph, which refers to the “Engineered Products” unit:

Updates to “Coal and Uranium: Rio Tinto Energy” section Energy & Minerals
 * Please replace the section title “Coal and Uranium: Rio Tinto Energy” with:

Rio Tinto’s Energy & Minerals product group comprises mining, refining and marketing operations in 14 countries, across six sectors: borates, iron ore concentrate and pellets, salt, titanium dioxide and uranium. The Energy & Minerals group also includes the Jadar lithium-borate project in Serbia and the Simandou iron ore project in Guinea.
 * Please replace the first sentence in the paragraph with (note Rio Tinto completed the sale of its coal assets in August 2018)

Rio Tinto completed the sale of its coal assets in August 2018.
 * Please delete the entire second paragraph and replace with:

 * Please move the two paragraphs of existing text from under the “Industrial minerals: Rio Tinto Minerals” section to under the newly created “Energy and Minerals” section

Rio Tinto Minerals is a diverse business group with mining and processing interest in borates, salt, and gypsum.
 * Please delete the first sentence relating to “Rio Tinto Minerals”, as this has now been covered in the new first sentence provided above.Suggested deletion:

 * Please move the third paragraph from the “Iron products and titanium: Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium” section on the Wikipedia page to under the newly created “Energy & Minerals” section:

Titanium dioxide is mined at three locations in Canada, South Africa, and Madagascar, and refined at QIT-Fer et Titane's Canadian facilities.[82] Major subsidiaries include Richards Bay Minerals of South Africa and QIT Madagascar Minerals.[83] In 2008, Rio Tinto produced 1.524 million tonnes of titanium dioxide,[5] or approximately 27% of the estimated global production of 5.6 million tonnes.[84]

Suggested edits to the “Diamonds: Rio Tinto Diamonds” section:

 * Please move the “Rio Tinto Diamonds” section to under the newly created “Copper & Diamonds” section

Rio Tinto Diamonds operates two diamond mines: the Argyle Diamond Mine in Western Australia (100% ownership), the Diavik Diamond Mine in the Northwest Territories of Canada (60% ownership)
 * Please replace the first sentence in the first paragraph under “Rio Tinto Diamonds” with:

Together, these two mines produce 20% of the world's annual production of rough diamonds,[77] making Rio Tinto the world's third-largest producer of mined diamonds.[68]
 * Please update the second sentence in the first paragraph under “Rio Tinto Diamonds” to refer to two mines, not three:

In 2017, Rio Tinto gifted the Bunder diamond project in India to the Government of Madhya Pradesh.
 * Please replace the second paragraph under “Rio Tinto Diamonds” with the following:

Suggested edits to the “Iron products and titanium: Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium” section:

Iron ore
 * Please change the title of the section from “Iron products and titanium: Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium” to:

Suggest the following sentence is deleted, based on the above and referenced sources:
 * Please delete the first paragraph in the section – this sentence has confused Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium (RTIT) with Rio Tinto’s Iron Ore business. These are separate, and are part of two different product groups..

Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium (RTIT) oversees the company's iron and titanium production. RTIT generated a large portion of the company's revenues and earnings in 2008, accounting for 27% and 52%, respectively, of company-wide operating results.[7]

 * Please replace the second sentence in the first paragraph with: The company's major iron ore mines and development projects are located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.

 * Please delete the third sentence in the first paragraph as it’s not correct. RTIT is separate to Rio Tinto’s Iron Ore business. The Iron Ore Company of Canada is part of Rio Tinto’s Energy & Minerals product group and produces iron ore concentrate and iron ore pellets

 * Please replace the 4th sentence in the second paragraph with this (removes reference to HIsmelt) :

The company also runs smelting facilities for the production of iron and steel—limited in size in comparison to the massive amount of iron ore produced—at QIT-Fer et Titane in Canada [82].

In July 2018, Rio Tinto delivered its first iron ore by an autonomous train in the Pilbara, Western Australia.
 * Please add this sentence to the third paragraph:

Updates to Environment section:

Please add the following sentence: In September 2018, Rio Tinto announced it had signed a binding agreement to sell its entire interest in the Grasberg mine to Indonesia’s state mining company, PT Indonesia Asahan Aluminium (Persaro) (Inalum).

Michelle at Rio Tinto (talk) 01:15, 2 November 2018 (UTC)

Hi Michelle. Thank you very much for improving the way the proposal was worded. I appreciate the effort. Unfortunately, there still remains three areas of the formatting which needs to be rectified. If you could reformat the remaining areas I've just mentioned I assure you that your request will be expedited. Thank you!  Spintendo   04:12, 2 November 2018 (UTC)
 * 1) The citation style predominantly used by the Rio Tinto Group article appears to be Citation Style 1. However, the citation style used in your edit request consists of bare URL's. Any requested edit of yours which may be implemented will need to resemble the current style already in use in the article – in this case, CS1. Please format the references using that style. Please remember that duplicate citations ought to be reduced to one singular entry in the references.
 * 2) Many of the reference notes in your proposal appear out of place. For example, ref notes 10, 12 and 19 are placed in section headers, where they shouldn't be. Ref notes 24, 32, 15, and 16 also appear to be misplaced. Ref notes 20, 26, 27 and 32 appear to have been placed within directions, rather than proposed text.
 * 3) For reference documents encompassing multiple pages please include page number. You may do so by using the ' template. Enter the individual pages after each entry. For example, if you have page #123 that needs to be added, enter the template as '

Hi Spintendo, I've updated the first edit in the list above with new source formatting. Can you please confirm this formatting is correct before I continue with the remaining edits? I've used a CS1 template. I note it doesn't appear in the reference list. Appreciate any tips. Thanks, Michelle

Michelle at Rio Tinto (talk) 06:39, 6 November 2018 (UTC)

 * @Michelle at Rio Tinto – I have incorporated some of the proposed changes (but not all since I just didn't have time) and have done a strike-through to the ones I've made. The edit request had been marked as finished before your answer, but I have now reopened it. You can also see the many subdivisions that have their own article here, you might want to create an edit request so that those articles also get updated (and that their title gets updated). – Þjarkur (talk) 14:28, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
 * The article uses CS1 but I only see plain links here. Also the use of is not evident. I thank Þjarkur for their assistance, and I'll reiterate that I'd be happy to review the request if it were placed in the correct citation style with the page numbers delineated. I'm not prepared to carry out extensive rewrites of the article's citation style myself—including inserting that style along with the correct page numbers for each and every ref tag which appears in the article — a process which would take at least an hour. The COI editor — who is paid to edit the article — needs to perform this work themselves and then present it here so that it may be reviewed and placed into the article by a reviewer. Michelle has been informed of this requirement twice since October, now makes it three times. As I said earlier, when ready to proceed with the requested changes, kindly open a new edit request at your earliest convenience. Thank you.    Spintendo   22:07, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

Rio Tinto blasts 46,000-year-old Aboriginal site to expand iron ore mine

 * https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/may/26/rio-tinto-blasts-46000-year-old-aboriginal-site-to-expand-iron-ore-mine
 * https://www.smh.com.au/national/blast-destroys-one-of-country-s-oldest-known-aboriginal-heritage-sites-20200526-p54wmt.html
 * https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-26/rio-tinto-blast-destroys-area-with-ancient-aboriginal-heritage/12286652

John Cummings (talk) 20:35, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
 * According to the Australian Archaeological Association (AAA), which deplored the destruction, the company was within its legal rights. The AAA noted that the significant finds were made subsequent to the ruling that allowed for the destruction. There was no re-consideration. https://australianarchaeologicalassociation.com.au/news/loss-of-juukan-gorge-rockshelters-pilbara-region-western-australia/?platform=hootsuite&fbclid=IwAR2aGvyHOXXsJD66yP-2sOmvknN1MXrOa2hc_S-B2NhrUOFyosBaFnM857E Kdammers (talk) 10:12, 28 May 2020 (UTC)

question.
Rio Tinto Group is an Anglo-Australian multinational and the world's second largest metals and mining corporations

Isn't it a corporation? Not corporations? Canberranone (talk) 07:57, 28 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Thanks. Dormskirk (talk) 08:16, 28 May 2020 (UTC)

THIS needs to be in the Wiki article
Mining giant Rio Tinto has apologised for blowing up 46,000-year-old Aboriginal caves in Western Australia dating back to the last Ice Age.

The Juukan Gorge caves, in the Pilbara region, were destroyed last Sunday as Rio Tinto expanded an iron ore project agreed with the authorities.

Many prehistoric artefacts have been found at the remote heritage site.

"We are sorry for the distress we have caused," said Chris Salisbury, the firm's iron ore chief executive. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-52869502 Peter K Burian (talk) 13:03, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Agree that it should be included. Dormskirk (talk) 13:17, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

 * It is already covered in the article so no need for repetition. Dormskirk (talk) 18:15, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Didn't the CEO just resign over this? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 09:54, 11 September 2020 (UTC)

Juukan Gorge main coverage
I and others have been adding bits to this article, the section on Juukan Gorge in the Hammersley Ranges (the redirect target at the moment), and at Australian Aboriginal sacred site. As this incident and its ramifications are likely to continue for a while, I'm thinking that maybe it needs its own article where one main source of the detail can be maintained, with just a brief summary paragraph from each of the other articles. What do people think? Laterthanyouthink (talk) 01:18, 12 September 2020 (UTC)
 * p.s. I've posted the same thing on all three talk pages, but am suggesting that discussion is probably best kept in one place - here, as there are other discussions with links there that could be useful. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 01:25, 12 September 2020 (UTC)
 * There is already quite a bit of material both here and at Hamersley Range. Is it not possible to build on the existing material in either or both these articles? The scandal has had a major impact on Rio Tinto and I would have concerns if the Juukan Gorge section in the Rio Tinto article was reduced to a small summary. That said I would not have a difficulty with a new article if it focuses on the geography and history of Juukan Gorge (which I agree could do with expansion). Best wishes. Dormskirk (talk) 09:04, 12 September 2020 (UTC)

Guardian: A year on from the Juukan Gorge destruction, Aboriginal sacred sites remain unprotected
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/may/24/a-year-on-from-the-juukan-gorge-destruction-aboriginal-sacred-sites-remain-unprotected John Cummings (talk) 00:22, 24 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes - I suggest adding something to Australian Aboriginal sacred site from this article. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 02:05, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

Driven by EV demand
Most of the lucrative mining projects are no longer in hydrocarbon extraction, as the world demands "clean" technologies, and thus lithium, nickel, cobalt, rare earths, but also copper extraction is soaring. The definition of "green" is to be discussed, and the same discussion is going on in seminars and corporate meetings. We can't have everything, on the one hand, we dislike Serbia's affiliation with Russia and the "bad guys", on the other, we crave their lithium....This mine would not be built if Europe or America didn't demand it, call the faked protesters back, the media hype...Osterluzei (talk) 03:45, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

Does Every Corporation Article on Wikipedia Have to be a Diatribe on The Evils of Capitalism?
Roughly 3400 words of this 8300 page article are criticism, including half the intro. Like other corporation articles on Wikipedia, it reads like a biography of Hillary Clinton written by Rush Limbaugh. The criticisms include meaningless remarks such as "Some academics have expressed concern...." (surely with 100,000 academics worldwide, this is a given. Is it notable?) and "Rio Tinto has been criticized by environmental groups..." (is there any natural resources company that hasn't been?) and ridiculously petty criticisms such as "Its has been widely reported that more can be done to improve the mental health of fly-in fly-out workers in the mining industry...".

Contrast this article with that on North Korea, widely considered to have one of the most oppressive governments in the world. This 13800 word article contains about 1500 words of criticism, the vast majority of which is caveated with phrases like "it has been alleged that..." and extensive quotes from people defending the government. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:9000:9100:1503:B1EE:1811:BEFC:A783 (talk) 14:56, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:53, 30 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Dampier Salt.jpg

title: Talk:Rio Tinto (corporation)


text:
Communication Moon Relay

The Communication Moon Relay project (also known as simply Moon Relay, or, alternatively, Operation Moon Bounce) was a telecommunication project carried out by the United States Navy. Its objective was to develop a secure and reliable method of wireless communication by using the Moon as a natural communications satellite — a technique known as Earth–Moon–Earth communication (EME). Most of the project's work took place during the 1950s at the United States Naval Research Laboratory. Operation Moon Relay was spun off from a classified military espionage program known as Passive Moon Relay (PAMOR), which sought to eavesdrop on Soviet military radar signals reflected from the Moon.

Background
Communication Moon Relay grew out of many ideas and concepts in radio espionage. Some impetus for the project was provided by post-World War II efforts to develop methods of tracking radio signals, particularly those originating in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Other sources included earlier proposals to use the Moon as a radio wave reflector, which date back to 1928. The first proof of this concept was the Project Diana program of the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1946, which detected radar waves bounced off the Moon. This attracted the attention of Donald Menzel. Menzell was a staff member of the Harvard College Observatory and a former United States Navy Reserve commander, who proposed that the Navy undertake a program to use the Moon as a secure communications satellite.

Prior to the Moon Relay project, long distance wireless communication around the curve of the Earth was conducted by skywave ("skip") transmission, in which radio waves are refracted by the Earth's ionosphere, which was sometimes disrupted by solar flares and geomagnetic storms. Before artificial satellites, the Moon provided the only reliable celestial object from which to reflect radio waves to communicate between points on opposite sides of the Earth.

The developments in Moon circuit communications eventually came to the attention of James Trexler, a radio engineer at the Naval Research Laboratory. His interest was piqued by a paper published by researchers at an ITT laboratory. Trexler developed plans for a system designed to intercept Soviet radar signals by detecting the transmissions that bounced off the Moon. This program, codenamed "Joe," began making regular observations in August 1949. Within a year, "Joe" was made an official Navy intelligence program, the Passive Moon Relay (PAMOR).

In September 1950, a new parabolic antenna for the PAMOR project was completed at Stump Neck, Maryland. The first tests of this antenna were impressive; the returning signal was of much higher fidelity than expected. This presented the possibility of using a Moon circuit as a communications circuit. Unfortunately for PAMOR, collecting Soviet radar signals would require a larger antenna. Efforts began to have such an antenna constructed at Sugar Grove, West Virginia.

Development
With the PAMOR project requiring a larger antenna, the Stump Neck antenna was pushed into service for testing whether communication via the Moon was possible. This marked the emergence of the Moon Relay as a separate project. Test transmissions between Stump Neck and Washington, D.C. were carried out; the first satellite transmission of voice occurred on July 24, 1954. These were followed by the first transcontinental test of the system on November 20, 1955; the receiving site was the U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory in San Diego, California. After corrections to reduce signal loss, the transmissions were extended to Wahiawa, Hawaii.

The Navy received the new system favorably. A Navy contract for the project soon followed the successful tests, and, among other things, it was recommended that American submarines use Moon-reflection paths for communications to shore.

Expansion
The Moon Relay project was soon transferred to the Communications Section of the Radar Division of the Naval Research Laboratory. Under this department, the system was upgraded to use the ultra high frequency (UHF) band. The experimental system was transformed into a fully operational lunar relay system linking Hawaii with Washington, DC, which became functional in 1959. The new system was officially inaugurated in January 1960, when Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Arleigh Burke sent a message to Commander, Pacific Fleet Felix Stump using the system.

The finished system used two sets of transmitters at Annapolis, Maryland and the Opana Radar Site in Hawaii and two sets of receivers at Cheltenham, Maryland and Wahiawa, Hawaii. It was later expanded to accommodate ship-to-shore transmissions to and from the USS Oxford (AGTR-1) and USS Liberty (AGTR-5).

Results
The Moon Relay system became obsolete in the later 1960s as the Navy implemented its artificial satellite communication system. However, the information gleaned from the project in fact made the later artificial system possible. Additionally, the equipment used in the Communications Moon Relay project was of much use to U.S. Navy astronomers, as they used it to examine the Moon when the Moon was not in a position conducive to radio transmission. Although relatively short-lived, the Moon Relay served as a bridge to modern American military satellite systems.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Communication Moon Relay


text:
Captain Ahab (disambiguation)

Captain Ahab was the captain of the Pequod in Herman Melville's 1851 novel Moby-Dick.

Captain Ahab may also refer to:

 * Captain Ahab (band), a Los Angeles–based pop/electronic band
 * Capitaine Achab, (English title: Captain Ahab), a French film directed by Philippe Ramos
 * Captain Ahab: The Story of Dave Stieb, a baseball documentary produced by Secret Base

title: Captain Ahab (disambiguation)


text:
Bradley Denton

Bradley Clayton Denton (born 1958) is an American science fiction author. He has also written other types of fiction, such as the black comedy of his novel Blackburn, about a sympathetic serial killer.

He was born in Towanda, Kansas, and attended the University of Kansas at Lawrence and graduated with degrees in astronomy (B.A.) and English (M.A.). His first published work was the short story "The Music of the Spheres", published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction in March 1984. His collection The Calvin Coolidge Home for Dead Comedians and A Conflagration Artist won the 1995 World Fantasy Award for Best Collection.

He and his wife Barbara moved from Kansas to Austin, Texas in 1988.

Books

 * Sergeant Chip & Other Novellas (collection, 2014)
 * Laughin' Boy (novel, 2005)
 * One Day Closer to Death: Eight Stabs at Immortality (collection, 1998); all but one of the stories in here appeared in either The Calvin Coolidge Home for Dead Comedians or A Conflagration Artist
 * Lunatics (novel, 1996)
 * Blackburn (novel, 1993, was nominated for the 1993 Bram Stoker Award)
 * The Calvin Coolidge Home for Dead Comedians (collection, 1993, won the 1995 World Fantasy Award for Best Collection)
 * A Conflagration Artist (collection, 1993, won the 1995 World Fantasy Award for Best Collection)
 * Buddy Holly Is Alive and Well on Ganymede (novel, 1991, won the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for 1992)
 * Wrack & Roll (novel, 1986, a nominee for the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel)

Selected short stories

 * "Blood Moccasins" (2013, Impossible Monsters, edited by Kasey Lansdale, Subterranean Press)
 * “The Adakian Eagle” (2011, Down These Strange Streets, edited by George R. R. Martin and Gardner Dozois, Edgar Award nominee)
 * "Blackburn and the Blade" (2006, Joe R. Lansdale's Lords of the Razor, edited by Bill Sheehan and William Schafer, Subterranean Press; 2007 International Horror Guild Award nominee)
 * "Sergeant Chip" (September 2004, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, 2005 Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award winner)
 * "Timmy and Tommy's Thanksgiving Secret" (2003, in the collection Witpunk)
 * "Bloody Bunnies" (April 2000, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction)
 * "We Love Lydia Love" (November 1994, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction)
 * "The Territory" (July 1992 The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, a 1993 nominee for both the Hugo Award for Best Novella and Nebula Award for Best Novella)
 * "The Sin-Eater of the Kaw" (June 1989, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction)
 * "The Calvin Coolidge Home for Dead Comedians" (June 1988, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction)
 * "In the Fullness of Time" (May 1986, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction)
 * "The Summer We Saw Diana" (August 1985, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction)
 * "Top of the Charts" (March 1985, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction)
 * "The Music of the Spheres" (March 1984, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction)

title: Bradley Denton


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Lord Valentine's Castle

Lord Valentine's Castle is a novel by Robert Silverberg published in 1980.

Plot summary
Lord Valentine liberates the planet of Majipoor from tyrannical rule and helps establish a new legitimate government.

Reception
Lord Valentine's Castle won the Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel in 1981, and was a Hugo Award nominee in 1981.

Greg Costikyan reviewed Lord Valentine's Castle in Ares Magazine #4 and commented that "despite the detail, despite the novel's dreamy pace, Silverberg never loses his reader, is never boring. To the contrary, Lord Valentine's Castle is, in the demeaning argot of Madison Avenue, a page-turner."

Kirkus Reviews states "In terms of sf underpinnings, Majipoor is an inexcusably flimsy construct; and a large cast of promising characters is left rattling around the lengthy and plodding narrative in such a meagerly developed state as to resembled blighted peas in a pod. Disappointing."

Douglas Cohen for Tor.com said that "The story isn’t a puzzle, challenging readers to figure out whether this tale is science fiction or fantasy. It is science fantasy.  It is a successful melding of both genres, as it  borrows, tweaks, merges, and in some cases entirely reinvents.  Books like Lord Valentine’s Castle seek to take the best of both genres and merge them into a seamless tale.  Containing scientific and fantastical elements is both acceptable and expected."

Reviews

 * Review by Algis Budrys (1980) in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, May 1980
 * Review by Melissa Mia Hall (1980) in Fantasy Newsletter, No. 25 June 1980
 * Review by Baird Searles (1980) in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, July 1980
 * Review by Tom Staicar (1980) in Amazing Stories, August 1980
 * Review by Joseph Nicholas (1980) in Vector 99
 * Review by Doug Fratz (1980) in Thrust, #15, Summer 1980

title: Lord Valentine's Castle


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User:Catherineburr

http://www.geocities.com/catherineburr

title: User:Catherineburr


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Moon bounce

Moon bounce may mean:
 * Earth-Moon-Earth communication
 * Communication Moon Relay, a 1950s US Navy project
 * Inflatable castle, children's recreational structure

title: Moon bounce


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Norma Precision

Norma Precision AB, commonly referred to simply as Norma, is a Swedish manufacturer of firearm ammunition based in Åmotfors, Värmland.

History
Norma was started in 1902 by three Norwegian brothers from Nordre Land, Lars Enger (1850-1917), Johan Enger (1852-1925) and Ivar Enger (1863-1942), whose company L.A.Enger & Co acquired an ammunition factory in Raufoss and later moved to Kristiania (modern day Oslo) as Norma Projektilfabrik A/S (Norma projectile factory stock company) a few years earlier in 1895. The name "Norma" has often been confused as a shorthand for Normandy or "Norge" (Norway in Nordic), however the name was actually chosen because Lars, the eldest of the three brothers, was very fond of the Italian opera Norma by Vincenzo Bellini.

The Swedish shooting movement needed a supplier and Norma Projektilfabrik A/S was asked to establish a local presence in Sweden. At this time, Sweden and Norway were in a union. The youngest of three Enger brothers, Ivar (father of polar explorer Lillemor Rachlew), took a train to Sweden and simply got off at the first stop on the other side of the border, Charlottenberg, and made inquiries about a suitable factory building. However he found the town council took no interest in their plans and the only available site had already been taken by a tobacco factory, so he decided to try his luck farther into Sweden. The next train stop was Åmotfors, where the Enger brothers were better welcomed and decided to establish their company.

Just before 1900, the father of the Enger brothers, Asmund Enger, obtained a handful of the secretive French Balle D projectiles through a friend during a shooting competition in Paris, and with the help of their foreman and ballistic engineer Karl Wang (1881-1951), the Enger brothers developed a process whereby a boat tail could be applied to a spitzer bullet in a very consistent manner, giving Norma an edge. From the start until the middle of the century, production was dominated by military ammunition standards. After some time, however, the company perceived a market for hunting ammunition. Norma was also beginning to make international connections which, combined with military interest, forced more modern thinking and necessitated new products.

Nils Kvale and Roy Weatherby were invaluable for Norma's success in the latter half of the 20th century. Kvale was a product developer for the company in the 1960s and introduced a number of new calibers such as the .308 Norma Magnum and .358 Norma Magnum to the market.

Today, Norma has a yearly production of 100 million rounds in 110 calibers.

title: Norma Precision


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User:Carpetrocks

Hi, im carpetrocks, and i rock.

title: User:Carpetrocks


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Camporee

A camporee is a local or regional gathering of Scouting units for a period of camping and common activities. Similar to a camporee, a jamboree occurs less often and draws units from the entire nation or world. It should not be confused with the Australian term "jamborette".

Boy Scouts of America
In the Boy Scouts of America, districts or councils may hold a camporee once or twice a year. Typically, the camporee involves patrol-based competitions, with events such as: hiking preparedness, fire building, knot tying, first aid, emergency preparedness, pioneering, citizenship,  patrol mystery event (team building), outdoor cooking, camping or orienteering. Some camporees also integrate work on merit badges. The camporee may be centered on a central theme such as living history, horsemanship, aquatics, shooting sports, a historical trail, a service project, and most recently Geocaching. Camporees often have a campfire program with awards and presentations, skits and songs. Camporees also may have a service project that helps the hosting facility. Typical service projects could be pruning trees, spreading mulch, clearing brush,  trail repair, tree planting or trash pick up.

The scouts usually camp, compete and cook by patrol. The patrol will have a patrol name, patrol flag, patrol cheer or yell and a patrol leader. Patrols are usually made of six to eight scouts, a patrol duty roster is made and posted so patrol responsibilities are rotated, like: head cook, assistant cook, cleanup, KP, fire builder, and  water duty.

Councils sometime use the term camporall or scoutoree for a council level camporee, or they may use a unique name. A Scoutorama is a show of Scouting activities, when combined with a camporee; it may be called a camporama. In some southern councils Scoutorama is replaced by "Scout Show". $2 Tickets or $10 discount card are sold by units to promote Scout Show to the public, and to help raise money for individual units.

The Order of the Arrow is the national honor society of the Boy Scouts of the America, which is a recognized group of scouts that have displayed high enthusiasm and performed at high skill throughout their scouting careers. The Order of the Arrow often helps hold the event or will be leaders for part of the event, like the campfire or hike in. In doing so this gives older boy scouts new leader opportunities.

Girl Scouts of the USA
It is common for Girl Scouts to have camporees as well. Sometimes Girl Scout camporees are hosted by council or individual troop leaders, but camporees are frequently hosted by older Girl Scouts.

The campers attending a camporee are usually between the ages of six and ten when they are old enough to be away from their home and family for a weekend, but too young to go camping on their own. Activities at a Girl Scout camporee are oriented towards building character and leadership while having fun and helping the community at the same time. They might include: earning a patch or badge verifying that they improved skills in a certain area, playing a variety of games, having a traditional bonfire with skits and snacks, and doing a community service project.

Pathfinders
Pathfinder camporees are sponsored by the Seventh-day Adventist Church. They are organized around large camps, often in parks or land granted by the town hall or host of the event. At these camporees, the Pathfinders camp out and participate in activities such as: competitions for music and Bible knowledge, parades (similar to military parades), and sometimes socio-environmental activities involving the entire local community. The camporee usually ends with an award ceremony based on each of the clubs performance. The main goal of the camporee is for the Adventist youth to have a closer relationship with God.

The Pathfinder Club also promotes large camps called "camporees". These camporees are divided into five levels: Area, Conference, Union, Division and International (previously held in Oshkosh, Wisconsin every five years, now in Gillette, Wyoming). The camporees are the biggest events of interaction between Pathfinder clubs around the world.

The younger sibling to the Pathfinder Club known as the Adventurers Club also conducts periodic camporees.

title: Camporee


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File:Eva Cassidy - Eva by Heart.jpg

Cover for the album Eva by Heart by Eva Cassidy

title: File:Eva Cassidy - Eva by Heart.jpg


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Edith Ellis

Edith Mary Oldham Ellis (née Lees; 9 March 1861 – 14 September 1916) was an English writer and women's rights activist. She was married to the early sexologist Havelock Ellis.

Biography

Ellis was born on 9 March 1861 in Newton, Lancashire. She was the only child of Samuel Oldham Lees, a landowner, and his wife Mary Laetitia, née Bancroft. She was born prematurely after her mother sustained a head injury during pregnancy and she died when Ellis was an infant. In December 1868, her father married Margaret Ann (Minnie) Faulkner and in time she had a younger half-brother. She did not get on well with her father or his new wife. She was educated at a convent school in 1873 until her father realised that she was taking a strong interest in the Catholic faith. She was removed from the school and sent to another.

She joined the Fellowship of the New Life and she briefly worked with Ramsay MacDonald when they both served as secretaries to the Fellowship. She met Havelock Ellis at a meeting in 1887. The couple married in November 1891.

From the beginning, their marriage was unconventional; she was openly lesbian and at the end of the honeymoon Ellis went back to his bachelor rooms. She had several affairs with women, which her husband was aware of. Their open marriage was the central subject in Havelock Ellis's autobiography, My Life (1939).

Her first novel, Seaweed: A Cornish Idyll, was published in 1898. Around this time Edith began a relationship with Lily Kirkpatrick, an Irish artist based in St Ives; Kirkpatrick died in June 1903. Ellis had a nervous breakdown in March 1916 and died of diabetes that September. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium. James Hinton: a Sketch, her biography of surgeon James Hinton, was published posthumously in 1918.

Works

 * My Cornish Neighbours (1906)
 * Kit's Woman (U.S. title: Steve's Woman) (1907)
 * The Subjection of Kezia (1908)
 * Attainment (1909)
 * Three Modern Seers (1910)
 * The Imperishable Wing (1911)
 * The Lover's Calendar: An Anthology (ed) (1912)
 * Love-Acre (1914)
 * Love in Danger (1915)
 * The Mothers (1915)
 * The New Horizon in Love and Life (1921)
 * The New Horizon in Love and Life (1921)
 * The New Horizon in Love and Life (1921)

title: Edith Ellis


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Qinling

The Qinling or Qin Mountains, formerly known as the Nanshan ("Southern Mountains"), are a major east–west mountain range in southern Shaanxi Province, China. The mountains mark the divide between the drainage basins of the Yangtze and Yellow River systems, providing a natural boundary between North and South China and support a huge variety of plant and wildlife, some of which is found nowhere else on earth.

To the north is the densely populated Wei River valley, an ancient center of Chinese civilization. To the south is the Han River valley. To the west is the line of mountains along the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. To the east are the lower Funiu and Dabie Mountains, which rise out of the coastal plain.

The northern side of the range is prone to hot weather, the rain shadow cast by the physical barrier of the mountains dictating that the land to the north has a semi-arid climate, and is consequently somewhat impoverished in regard to fertility and species diversity. Furthermore, the mountains have also acted in the past as a natural defense against nomadic invasions from the north, as only four passes cross the mountains. In the late 1990s a railway tunnel and a spiral were completed, thereby easing travel across the range.

The highest mountain in the range is Mount Taibai at 3767 m, which is about 100 km west of the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an. Three culturally significant peaks in the range are Mount Hua (2155 m), Mount Li (1302 m), and Mount Maiji (1742 m).

Environment, flora and fauna

The environment of the Qin Mountains is a deciduous forest ecoregion.

The Qin Mountains form the watershed of the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins; historically, the former was home to deciduous broadleaf forests, while the latter has milder winters with more rainfall, and was generally covered in warmer, temperate, evergreen broadleaf forests. Thus, the Qin Mountains are commonly used as the demarcation line between northern and southern China.

The low-elevation forests of the Qin foothills are dominated by temperate deciduous trees, like oaks (Quercus acutissima, Q. variabilis), elm (Ulmus spp.), common walnut (Juglans regia), maple (Acer spp.), ash (Fraxinus spp.) and Celtis spp. Evergreen species of these low-elevation forests include broadleaf chinquapins (Castanopsis sclerophylla), ring-cupped oaks (Quercus glauca), and conifers, like Pinus massoniana.

At the middle elevations, conifers, like Pinus armandii, are mixed with broadleaf birch (Betula spp.), oaks (Quercus spp.), and hornbeams (Carpinus spp.); from about 2600 to 3,000 m, these mid-elevation forests give way to a subalpine forest of firs (Abies fargesii, A. chensiensis), Cunninghamia, and birch (Betula spp.), with rhododendrons (Rhododendron fastigiatum) abundant in the understory.

The region is home to a large number of rare plants, of which around 3,000 have been documented. Plant and tree species native to the region include ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba—thought to be one of the oldest species of tree in the world), as well as Huashan or Armand pine (Pinus armandii), Huashan shen (Physochlaina infundibularis), Acer miaotaiense and Chinese fir. Timber harvesting reached a peak in the 18th century in the Qinling Mountains.

The region is home to the endemic Qinling panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis), a brown-and-white subspecies of the giant panda (A. melanoleuca), which is protected with the help of the Changqing and Foping nature reserves. An estimated 250 to 280 pandas live in the region, which is thought to represent around one-fifth of the entire wild giant panda population. The Qinling Mountains are also home to many other species of wildlife, including numerous birds, like the crested ibis, Temminck's tragopan, golden eagle, black throat and golden pheasants, as well as mammals like the Asiatic golden cat, Asiatic black bear, clouded leopard, golden takin, golden snub-nosed monkey, yellow-throated marten, and leopard.

The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), at 1.8 m, is one of the largest amphibians in the world, and is critically endangered; it is locally pursued for food, and for use of its body parts in traditional Chinese medicine. An environmental education program is being undertaken to encourage sustainable management of wild populations in the Qin Mountains, and captive-breeding programs have also been set up.

Weapons of mass destruction
According to the Nuclear Information Project, China "keeps most of its nuclear warheads at a central storage facility in the Qinling mountain range, though some are kept at smaller regional storage facilities."

title: Qinling


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Freiberg Germany Temple

The Freiberg Germany Temple (formerly the Freiberg GDR Temple) is a temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), located in Freiberg, Saxony, Germany. The church announced the temple in October 1982, ground was broken for construction on April 23, 1983, and the temple was dedicated on June 29 and June 30, 1985.

Background
Built in what was then the German Democratic Republic, the Freiberg Germany Temple was the first LDS temple in a communist state. After the Bern Switzerland Temple was dedicated in 1955, Latter-day Saints throughout Europe visited it for the Endowment and other temple rites. After 1957, East German governmental restrictions on foreign travel prevented the country's Latter-day Saints—about 5,000 in 1970—from easily obtaining visas to travel to the temple. Church members repeatedly applied for visas, were rejected, then applied again. An attempt in the early 1970s by Henry Burkhardt, the de jure head of the church in East Germany, to present the government with a list of 300 church members interested in visiting the temple almost led to his arrest.

The LDS Church appointed Burkhardt as president of the Germany Dresden Mission in 1969 to comply with a new law requiring churches to be led by East Germans. In the 1970s his role gave Burkhardt access to visas to travel to LDS general conferences in Salt Lake City, Utah. Obtaining the visas required him to meet often with East German government officials, whom church leaders encouraged Burkhardt to build relationships with despite his reluctance. In 1973 and/or 1978, H. Burke Peterson of the Presiding Bishopric, suggested to Burkhardt that the church build an endowment house in East Germany as an alternative to a temple.

Design
In 1978, the East German government unexpectedly suggested building an LDS temple within the country. Doing so would reduce visa requests, and was part of a new government policy to cooperate with churches in hopes of obtaining hard currency through construction. The church emphasized temples' unantastbar ("sanctity") nature to the government, but initially planned for a chapel and an endowment house in one building, so that the latter could be used with the chapel if desecrated. The church intended to locate the building in Karl-Marx-Stadt, a longtime center of Communist ideology, as its LDS congregation needed a new chapel. In 1980 the local government rejected a new chapel within the city despite the national government's support, and instead assigned the building to Freiberg, about 20 mi away.

The choice of the small town instead of a larger city like Leipzig or Dresden surprised members. Although disappointed at first, Burkhardt and church leaders in Utah came to see the Freiberg location as superior. By April 1981, city officials' welcoming of the project ahead of the forthcoming 800th anniversary of Freiberg's founding in 1986 encouraged the church to plan for a separate chapel and temple. In 1982 the government also permitted the church to acquire a 1 acre hillside site instead of the normal long-term lease. The church announced the forthcoming Freiberg Germany Temple in October 1982, and Thomas S. Monson, of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, presided over the groundbreaking on 23 April 1983. The plans did not include an angel Moroni and no request to the government for one was made, although it would likely have permitted a statue if asked.

Construction
The government aided in speeding up paperwork and construction for the temple, in part to help commemorate the anniversary of Freiberg's founding; by contrast, although the Frankfurt Germany Temple was announced 1½ years before Freiberg, it was not finished until two years after Freiberg. The church also received approval to tap the new Trans-Siberian Pipeline, which passed near the temple, to heat the buildings with natural gas instead of brown coal, which would have required a large, dirty coal plant on the site. The construction used triple glazing and other advanced methods unusual for East Germany, and despite restrictions on imported materials, architects were able to obtain three high-quality Czech crystal chandeliers for the Celestial and sealing rooms at the Leipzig Trade Fair. Because the church was unsure of how long the temple's sacredness would remain intact, however, the bulk of the temple's materials were of "average" or "mediocre" quality, and steps were not taken to ease future expansion. Unlike the contemporaneous Stockholm and Frankfurt temples, for example, the Freiberg temple did not include an air conditioning system despite its availability in East Germany, causing hundreds to faint during temple rites.

Dedication
The temple was open to the public for tours June 3-15, 1985. Those who attended the tours of the 7840 sqft temple were able to see the exterior and its German-influenced design with gothic style arches, as well as the interior with its one ordinance room and two sealing rooms. About 90,000 people waited up to seven hours to tour the temple during the open house, despite 21 Stasi agents monitoring and photographing all visitors. The temple was dedicated in seven sessions on June 29-30, 1985, by Gordon B. Hinckley of the First Presidency, and Burkhardt became its first president.

East German government
During its existence the German Democratic Republic spied on every LDS congregation's meetings, and Burkhardt had at least three Stasi agents monitoring him at all times. The Stasi and other East German government institutions viewed the church as connected to "the right wing of American conservatism...ruling circles within the American government...and the American secret service." Hinckley expressed the fear during the dedication that the temple might soon become a museum, and during its first few weeks of operation church members who had not visited a temple before received priority in appointments.

As East Germany sought in the 1980s to improve its image abroad, however, the Latter-day Saints' alleged ties to the United States government and other Western powers worked in the church's favor. The Stasi's close monitoring of East German members over the years gave the church credibility, as the government came to see Latter-day Saints as citizens of good character who, in keeping with the 12th Article of Faith, did not conspire against the nation. Accordingly, it agreed that no one without a recommend would enter the temple after the dedication, and fears of electronic surveillance proved groundless.

Expansion and renovation
After the temple's dedication, the grounds—nicknamed "Temple Square"—became a popular site for local non-LDS newlyweds' wedding photos. Latter-day Saints popularly attribute a hastened fall of the communist regime, and the Freiberg area's prosperity in relatively poor eastern Germany, to the temple's presence and influence on the country. After the reunification of Germany on October 3, 1990, the Freiberg and Frankfurt temples made it the second country, after Canada, outside of the United States to have more than one.

The temple received badly needed air conditioning in 1994. Renovations began in 2001 which nearly doubled the square footage to 14125 sqft and added 12 oxen to support the baptismal font, a waiting room for those not able to enter the temple, a matron and brides room, as well as an office for the temple president. On December 20, 2001 an angel Moroni statue was placed on top of the temple. A second open house was held August 17-31, 2002. After renovations, Gordon B. Hinckley rededicated the temple on September 7, 2002. Although when dedicated the temple was originally open only to East German church members, it now also serves those in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary, and, before the Kyiv Ukraine Temple's 2010 dedication, Russia and Ukraine.

Beginning February 9, 2015, the temple closed for renovations that were originally anticipated to take approximately 15 months. On January 21, 2016, the church announced that a public open house would be held from Friday, August 12, 2016 through Saturday, August 27, 2016, excluding Sundays. The temple was rededicated on Sunday, September 4, 2016 by Dieter F. Uchtdorf.

title: Freiberg Germany Temple


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Wei River

The Wei River is a major river in west-central China's Gansu and Shaanxi provinces. It is the largest tributary of the Yellow River and very important in the early development of Chinese civilization. In ancient times, such as in the Records of the Grand Historian, the river was called Wei Shui.

The total length of the Wei River is 818 km, covering a drainage area of 135000 km2. Some of the major tributaries include the Luo River, Jing River, Niutou River, Feng River and the Chishui River. In a direct line, it travels due east for 700 km before draining into the Yellow River at Tongguan County near the tri-provincial boundary between Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan provinces, with a series of major cities along its course including Tianshui, Baoji, Xianyang, Xi'an and Weinan.

Course
The source of the Wei River starts in the mountainous region in southern Weiyuan County (literally meaning "Wei's source"), Gansu province, with the westernmost headwater of its mainstem Qingyuan River (清源河) less than 1.6 km away from a headwater of Manba River, a main tributary of the Tao River, which is the second-largest tributary of the Yellow River (behind the Wei River itself). The head of the Wei River proper — formed by confluence of the Qingyuan River with two small tributaries to its northwest — is less than 110 km from the Yellow River at Lanzhou, but due to the sharp north turn the Yellow River takes in Lanzhou to form the Ordos Loop, the Wei and the Yellow River do not meet for more than 2000 km further along the Yellow River's course.

After being joined by numerous other tributaries just east of the Weiyuan County town center, the Wei River turns slightly southeast until it reaches Wushan County, continuing east for 20 km before turning slightly southeast again at Gangu County and curves north of Tianshui, the second-largest city of Gansu. After picking up the Ji River (耤河, the urban river of Tianshui) east of the city, the Wei River enters the Mount Long and emerges to become the principal river in the Guanzhong Basin. It drains into the Yellow River south of the boundary between Dali County and Tongguan County, just as the Yellow River bends sharply east to enter the North China Plain.

Climate
The Wei River valley has a continental climate, with hot summers and cool, dry winters. It sits between the arid steppes and deserts to the north and the forests of the Qingling mountains. Its natural vegetation would be a steppe-forest, but it has been transformed by human activity and is mostly agricultural.

History

In Chinese mythology, the giant Kua Fu drained the Yellow River and the Wei River to quench his burning thirst as he pursued the Sun. The valley of the Wei was one of the early cradles of Chinese civilization, along which the capitals of the Zhou, Qin, Han, and Tang dynasties were situated. The area of Dingxi around its headwaters in Gansu has numerous Stone Age sites from various early cultures. The Wei Valley is likely the earliest center of Chinese civilization, and also the location of China's first major irrigation works. Some Chinese historians now believe the Wei is the ancient Jiang River that gave its name to the families of Shennong and the Yan emperor, two Chinese legendary heroes credited with the early development of agriculture there.

As "China's natural gateway" to the west, the headwaters of the Wei River are also notable in the development of the Northern Silk Road. The Chinese segment of the Northern Silk Road connected Chang'an (then the capital of China) to the west via Baoji, Tianshui at the Wei's headwaters, Lanzhou, Dunhuang, and the Wushao Ling Mountain, before looping north of the Taklamakan on its way to Kashgar and the routes into Parthia.

The Wei River Bridge (Weihe Qiao 渭河桥) featured in the design of the 5000-yuan note of the first series of the renminbi, dated 1953, and shows a train passing over the bridge.

Construction of the Sanmenxia Dam in 1960 caused extensive sedimentation problems in the lower reaches of the Wei river. The construction of the Baojixia diversion works in 1972 and the creation of the Baojixia Irrigation District, with 128000 ha of cropland under irrigation have resulted in reduced flows.

In September 2003 extensive rainfall led to flooding that caused over 30 fatalities, and temporarily displaced over 300,000 people. Ecological aspects of the Wei River have been examined with respect to flow rates in the Wei River.

title: Wei River