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Powered parachute

A powered parachute, often abbreviated PPC, and also called a motorized parachute or paraplane, is a type of aircraft that consists of a parafoil with a motor and wheels.

The FAA defines a powered parachute as ''a powered aircraft comprisedof [sic] a flexible or semi-rigid wing connected to a fuselage so that the wing is not in position for flight until the aircraft is in motion. The fuselage of a powered parachute contains the aircraft engine, a seat for each occupant and is attached to the aircraft's landing gear.''

While in flight, and due to the design of the parafoil, PPCs effectively travel at a fixed airspeed, typically about 25 –. PPCs operate safely at heights ranging from a few feet off the ground (e.g., skimming, fly-bys) to altitudes as high as 10,000+ ft (3+ km), but typical operating heights are between 500 and 1500 ft above ground level (AGL). Equipped with a 5-15 gallon fuel tank (depending on the engine and weight limitations), PPCs can typically be flown for about three hours before requiring refueling. They have very short take-off and landing rolls, sometimes less than 100 ft.

PPCs are among the least expensive aerial vehicles, and are considered a cost-effective way to become an aviator. A new single-seat PPC may cost as little as $10,000, while a two-seat PPC starts around $20,000. Top end two-seat PPCs may cost $35,000 or more, depending on options. The empty weight of a PPC can range from 200 – and payload can be upwards of 500 lb.

In the United States, many of the smallest single-seat PPCs are flown under 14 C.F.R. § 103 of the Federal Aviation Regulations and are classified as ultralight aircraft, which allows them to be flown without a license or flight instruction. Flight instruction is, however, highly recommended, and an average student can learn to fly a PPC safely with 5 to 10 hours of flight instruction. Two-seat PPCs are classified as light sport aircraft in the United States, which means the pilot must have at least a sport pilot certificate issued by the FAA to fly them. A minimum of 12 hours of flight instruction, including 2 hours of solo as a student pilot, are required to obtain this certificate. Powered parachuting is not to be confused with powered paragliding.

Confusion with powered paragliding
There is often confusion about the differences between powered parachutes (PPC) and powered paragliders (PPG), both terminologically and even sometimes visually. For example, from the ground, it can be difficult for the casual observer to distinguish between the two types of aircraft in instances where the PPG is using a rolling airframe (also called a cart, trike, or quad, depending on the configuration).

In simple terms, PPCs are always controlled using steering bars pushed on by the feet to operate the steering controls, and the airframe is an integral component of the aircraft (as established by-design in the FAA PPC Flying Handbook).

PPGs, on the other hand, almost exclusively steer using the hands to pull on the steering lines. When paragliding, an airframe is considered purely a higher end option; in fact, since a PPG wing is always to be attached to the harness, if the airframe used in a PPG failed in any way, the wing would continue to support the weight of the occupants and motor through the harness. In addition, because PPGs use smaller low-power engines to stay within 14 C.F.R. § 103 regulations, they frequently use a higher performance parafoil that visually appears thinner and more elliptical to compensate.

Any other distinctions are less clear. In the United States, all paragliding equipment must fall within 14 C.F.R. § 103, and pilot licensing (in the strict legal sense) is not applicable, which is not much different from ultralight PPCs. Other lines are blurred further. For example, some people previously argued that two-seat flying is only allowed using a PPC, but "tandem" (two-seat) paragliding is readily doable in many countries throughout the world, and limited types of tandem paragliding are legally authorized in the U.S. as a result of an FAA exemption for flight training only (since 2018, with subsequent extensions).

With advances in lightweight material design, another contributing reason for confusion nowadays comes from the fact that some aircraft and kit builders market ultralight-class rolling airframes that can be configured with either PPG-style hand steering or PPC-style foot steering (along with wider canopy attachment points), with the later sold as a 14 C.F.R. § 103 'powered parachute'. The net result is nearly identical aircraft, albeit with different steering systems and potentially different canopy types.

Safety
PPCs are considered by some to be safer than normal fixed-wing aircraft because of their inherent stability, limited response to control inputs, and stall resistance. There are two primary means to control a PPC: increasing or decreasing engine power (which controls the vertical rate of climb) and deflecting the right or left trailing edge of the parafoil—by moving the steering bars with the feet—which turns the aircraft right or left.

Flaring is generally used to make fine adjustments in altitude when flying close to the ground and, in particular, when landing. In a powered parachute, flaring refers to pushing on both of the steering bars simultaneously, which causes the left and right trailing edges of the canopy to be pulled downwards at the same time. The result of this is that the airframe moves forward of the wing (on the transverse axis), airspeed is reduced, the angle of attack increases, and the aircraft temporarily gains additional lift. Done properly, the primary benefit of this maneuver is that it softens a landing (and especially an engine-out landing) within the last few feet off the ground.

The power-off glide ratio of a PPC ranges from 3:1 to 6:1. Glide ratio varies depending on the chute size and shape. Engine-off landings are generally safe, provided that the aircraft is within glide range of a suitable landing zone and the pilot is properly trained in the use of proper flaring technique.

Although possible, it is difficult to cause the aircraft to get into a dangerous attitude, stall, or chute collapse by means of pilot control inputs. Chute collapse is considered by many pilots to be virtually impossible with square wings. The wing is more likely to collapse with the more maneuverable, but inherently less stable, elliptical wing, but such collapses are normally followed by an immediate reflation and often go unnoticed by the pilot. In the rare circumstances where an elliptical wing collapses, the collapse is caused either by some extreme adverse meteorological condition or by pilot error. The FAA reports that over 80 percent of all aviation accidents are due to pilot error. Inflatable ram-air elliptical wings can have upward of 30 individual cells whereas square wings typically have fewer than 13 cells.

The main hazards one faces while flying a PPC are associated with wind and obstacles. Flight should not be attempted in winds exceeding 10–15 mph or in gusty conditions. Wind hazards include terrain-induced air disturbances called rotors (it is advisable to stay upwind of trees, mountains, and other obstacles that disturb the flow of the wind). Wake turbulence created by the passage of other aircraft (referred to as "wingtip vortices"), especially aircraft that are heavy, aerodynamically "dirty", and slow, pose another significant hazard. Also, since the slow-moving PPC, like a helicopter, is particularly well equipped to fly safely near the ground, special care must be taken to avoid power lines, trees, and other low-level terrain obstacles.

Operations
PPC pilots typically enjoy flying low and slow, and the PPC is an excellent platform for sightseeing and photography. PPCs are also used in agriculture, and occasionally by law enforcement agencies and flight search organizations.

PPCs do not need an airport to take off and land. Many pilots choose and prefer to fly from back yard strips, small airports, and mowed hay fields.

In the United States, Part 103 ultralight PPCs (like other classes of ultralight aircraft) are not allowed to fly at night, and not over densely populated areas. However, the FAA implemented the sport pilot rule in 2004, which expanded the areas over and airspace in which light sport aircraft (LSA) PPCs can legally fly. In fact, a properly equipped PPC may even be flown at night or over metropolitan areas by a private pilot with a PPC rating.

Law enforcement
Powered parachutes have operated in an observation platform role by police departments, and have assisted with suspect captures, river rescues, critical infrastructure over-flights, crime scene photos, narcotics enforcement and crime suppression, at a small fraction of the cost of a police helicopter. In one case, this low-cost aviation asset was procured from the U.S. Department of Justice, Aviation Technology Program.

Emergency medical services
The I-Fly Maverick was a street-legal experimental certified aircraft designed to provide emergency medical services to the Huaorani indigenous people in the Amazon rainforest in Ecuador.

Hunting and scouting
It is generally illegal in the U.S. to actually hunt/shoot from any aircraft, except in very limited certain circumstances. However, a PPC is considered an ideal aircraft for initially scouting animal and herd locations in the days or weeks prior to a hunting season, due to its naturally slower flight characteristics. During hunting season, most U.S. states have strict rules about mandatory waiting periods between the time a hunter uses an aircraft and can actually hunt, and virtually all have restrictions and serious penalties for the use of any aircraft to hunt in real-time (e.g., air-to-ground collaboration/communications). With outright bans by many states disallowing UAV use in any situation related to hunting and wildlife harassment, PPCs are considered by some to be a more animal-friendly and cost-effective alternative.

History
In 1930, a cover article in Modern Mechanix, October issue, described the project of Buddy Bushmeyer for a powered parachute. the concept of a "powered parachute" was born, and is a contributing reason why the sport is called powered parachuting, despite the fact that it actually uses a parafoil.

After World War II, sport jumping became a recreational activity, and started with the round parachutes available at that time, ranging in size from 20 to 30 feet in diameter.

On October 1, 1964, Domina Jalbert applied for a patent for his new "Multi-Cell Wing" he named a "parafoil" (also known as a "ram-air" wing), which was a new parachute design. His ideas were registered as U.S. patent 3,285,546 on November 15, 1966.

The possibilities of Jalbert's design quickly became apparent: because the parafoil formed a wing shape upon inflation, increased glide ratios were possible and the distance traveled could likely be extended, assuming the person or payload suspended under the chute had some thrust added. With even more power, the angle of attack could be shifted, and the wing could fly level or even climb.

In 1968, Lowell Farrand attempted just this, and flew a motorized version called the “Irish Flyer I”, developed by Dr. John Nicolaides at Notre Dame University. It was a modified standard Benson gyrocopter, with the rotor removed and replaced by a 6-foot cross-member to which the parafoil was attached. The propeller was shrouded in order to avoid entanglement with the parafoil lines. Irish Flyer I was tested in the summer of 1968 by towing it aloft and releasing it for extended powered glides. Over the proceeding years, additional tow-based prototypes were developed and flown.

Unfortunately, heavy engines, as well as limitations in the availability of strong and light parafoil and frame materials, contributed to making the concept difficult to execute.

The later development of the first mass-produced powered parachute took approximately two and one-half years.

Aeronautical engineer Steve Snyder was implementing and perfecting the use of the square ram-air parafoils, and decided to pursue the idea and objective of creating a safe and simple aircraft that even amateurs could launch and fly easily.

The first powered parachute that could take off under its own power flew in 1981 when Steve Snyder, Dan Thompson, and Adrian Vandenburg combined their talents and inspiration. It was Snyder's idea to take skydiving's newest parafoil designs and add newer (and lighter) engines, while Vandenburg's skills as a machinist were critical to building the cockpit frame that was completed in March 1981. Daniel Thompson, an ultralight-aircraft designer and small-engine mechanic, was brought onto the project three months later to identify a power plant for the aircraft. He fitted the aircraft with two small Chrysler engines, resulting in the first prototype P-1 aircraft.

On the first day of test flight, attempts were made to simply get the PPC off the ground. Snyder, at 150 lbs., finally tried easing the power away from full throttle at take-off, and managed to fly the craft to a height of 40 to 50 feet. Snyder had a difficult time controlling the aircraft because of the torque produced by both engines' propellers spinning in the same direction. The total flight time was 30–35 seconds at a speed of 20 to 25 mph. The P-1 flew more than 10 times, once by a woman weighing 110 lbs., which allowed for better performance of the test flights. Many revisions were made during those test flights, including the addition of a vertical stabilizer, flaps, ailerons, and optimization of the parafoil trim.

Ram air parafoils of the day had a flat profile and offered limited control. As a result, a more anhedral (downward curve) design was applied and ribs were added to the parafoil, ultimately giving the aircraft more stability and pressurization and solving the control issue.

As the parafoil design and control solutions were being worked out, Thompson developed an improved airframe design, including Snyder's idea of folding landing gear for portability. The problem of torque was resolved by having the propellers counter-rotating, thus canceling out each other's torque effect. The P-2 aircraft was completed in January 1983.

Design and construction of the P-3 started on February 26, 1983. Three months later the prototype made its debut at the Sun & Fun Airshow in Florida. Response was overwhelming, and the ParaPlane Corporation was formed to produce the first commercially viable P-3 powered parachute. Since that time, many innovations and improvements have developed.

Model engineering
There are also radio-controlled models of powered parachutes.

People

 * Domina Jalbert
 * Francis Rogallo

title: Powered parachute


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Indigenous people of New Guinea

The indigenous peoples of Western New Guinea in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, commonly called Papuans, are Melanesians. There is genetic evidence for two major historical lineages in New Guinea and neighboring islands: a first wave from the Malay Archipelago perhaps 50,000 years ago when New Guinea and Australia were a single landmass called Sahul   and, much later, a wave of Austronesian people from the north who introduced Austronesian languages and pigs about 3,500 years ago. They also left a small but significant genetic trace in many coastal Papuan peoples.

Linguistically, Papuans speak languages from the many families of non-Austronesian languages that are found only on New Guinea and neighboring islands, as well as Austronesian languages along parts of the coast, and recently developed creoles such as Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu, Unserdeutsch, and Papuan Malay.

The term "Papuan" is used in a wider sense in linguistics and anthropology. In linguistics, "Papuan languages" is a cover term for the diverse, mutually unrelated, non-Austronesian language families spoken in Melanesia, the Torres Strait Islands, and parts of Wallacea. In anthropology, "Papuan" is often used to denote the highly diverse aboriginal populations of Melanesia and Wallacea prior to the arrival of Austronesian-speakers, and the dominant genetic traces of these populations in the current ethnic groups of these areas.

Languages

Ethnologue's 14th edition lists 826 languages of Papua New Guinea and 257 languages of Western New Guinea, a total of 1083 languages, with 12 languages overlapping. They can be divided into two groups, the Austronesian languages, and all the others, called Papuan languages for convenience. The term Papuan languages refers to an areal grouping, rather than a linguistic one. So-called Papuan languages comprise hundreds of different languages, most of which are not related.

Papuan ethnic groups
The following indigenous peoples live within the modern borders of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Austronesian-speaking (AN) groups are given in italics.

West Papua
Papuan ethnic groups / tribes in the Indonesian province of West Papua include Arfak, Borai, Doreri, Hatam, Irarutu, Koiwai, Kuri, Madewana, Mairasi, Maniwak, Mbaham, Matta, Meiah, Miere, Meyah, Moire, Moru, Moskona, Napiti, Oburauw, Roon, Roswar, Sebyar, Sougb, Soviar, Sumuri, Wamesa, Warumba, Waruri, Wondama.

Southwest Papua
Papuan ethnic groups / tribes in the Indonesian province of Southwest Papua include Abun, Ambel, Batanta, Biak (Betew, Kafdaron, Bikar, Usba, Wardo), Biga, Butlih, Domu, Fiawat, Imekko (Inanwatan-Bira, Matemani-Iwaro, Kais-Awe, Kokoda-Emeyode), Irires, Ma'ya (Kawe, Langanyan, Wawiyai), Matbat, Maybrat (Ayamaru, Mare, Karon Dori, Ayfat, Aytinyo), Meyah, Moi-Ma'ya, Moi, Mpur, Nerigo, Tehit, Tepin, Yahadian, Yaben-Konda.

Papua
Papuan ethnic groups/tribes in the Indonesian province of Papua include:

Highland Papua
Papuan ethnic groups/tribes in the Indonesian province of Highland Papua include:

Central Papua
Papuan ethnic groups/tribes in the Indonesian province of Central Papua include:

South Papua
Papuan ethnic groups/tribes in the Indonesian province of South Papua include:

Papua New Guinea

 * Abelam
 * Angu
 * Baruya
 * Biangai
 * Bilibil
 * Chambri
 * Duna
 * Etoro
 * Fore
 * Gadsup
 * Gogodala
 * Haroli
 * Hewa
 * Huli
 * Iatmul
 * Kaluli
 * Kwoma
 * Koteka
 * Maisin (AN with many non-AN elements)
 * Melpa
 * Mian
 * Morkai
 * Motu
 * Min
 * Mundugumor
 * Ogea
 * Orokaiva
 * Sambia
 * Swagap
 * Tairora
 * Tanga
 * Telefol
 * Tsembaga
 * Urapmin
 * Wiru
 * Wola
 * Wopkaimin
 * Yaifo
 * Zia

Bismarck Archipelago

 * Baining
 * Tolai
 * Trobriand

Origin and genetics
The origin of Papuans is generally associated with the first settlement of Australasia by a lineage dubbed 'Australasians' or 'Australo-Papuans' during the Initial Upper Paleolithic, which is "ascribed to a population movement with uniform genetic features and material culture" (Ancient East Eurasians), and sharing deep ancestry with modern East Asian peoples and other Asia-Pacific groups. It is estimated that people reached Sahul (the geological continent consisting of Australia and New Guinea) between 50,000 and 37,000 years ago. Rising sea levels separated New Guinea from Australia about 10,000 years ago. However, Aboriginal Australians and Papuans had diverged genetically much earlier, around 40,000 years BP. Papuans are more closely related to Melanesians than to Aboriginal Australians.

Haplogroups
The majority of Papuan Y-DNA Haplogroups belong to subclades of Haplogroup   MS, and Haplogroup    C1b2a. The frequency of each haplogroup varies along geographic clines.

Autosomal DNA
The genetic makeup of Papuans is primarily derived from Ancient East Eurasians, which relates them to other mainland Asian groups such as the "AASI", Andamanese, as well as East/Southeast Asians, although Papuans may have also received some gene flow from an earlier group (xOoA), around 2%, next to additional archaic Denisovan admixture in the Sahul region. Papuans may habor varying degrees of deep admixture from "a lineage basal to West and East-Eurasians which occurred sometimes between 45 and 38kya", although they are generally regarded "as a simple sister group of Tianyuan" ("Basal East Asians"). There is evidence that the ancestors of Papuans and related groups "underwent a strong bottleneck before the settlement of the region, and separated around 20,000–40,000 years ago".

Papuans display pronounced genetic diversity, explained through isolation and drift between different subgroups after the settlement of New Guinea. The most notable differentiation was found to be between Highlanders and Lowlanders. Papuan Highlanders fall into three clusters, but form a single clade compared against Lowlanders. The Highlanders underwent a population bottleneck around 10,000 years ago, associated with the adoption of Neolithic lifestyles. Papuan Lowlanders display increased diversity and can be broadly differentiated into a Southern Lowlander cluster and a Northern Lowlander cluster. The genetic differentiation among Papuans is suggested to date back at least 20kya, while the sub-structure among Highlanders dates back around 10kya, with higher diversity among western Highlanders than Eastern ones. The genetic diversity is paralleled by linguistic and cultural diversity.

Archaic introgression
Based on his genetic studies of the Denisova hominin, an ancient human species discovered in 2010, Svante Pääbo claims that ancient human ancestors of the Papuans interbred in Asia with these humans. He has found that people of New Guinea share 4%–7% of their genome with the Denisovans, indicating this exchange. Denisovan introgressions may have influenced the immune system of present-day Papuans and potentially favoured "variants to immune-related phenotypes" and "adaptation to the local environment".

ASPM gene
In a 2005 study of ASPM gene variants, Mekel-Bobrov et al. found that the Papuan people have among the highest rate of the newly evolved ASPM Haplogroup   D, at 59.4% occurrence of the approximately 6,000-year-old allele. While it is not yet known exactly what selective advantage is provided by this gene variant, the haplogroup   D allele is thought to be positively selected in populations and to confer some substantial advantage that has caused its frequency to rapidly increase.

Notable people

 * Abba Bina, Papua New Guinean businessman and politician
 * Archie Thompson, former Australian soccer player
 * Elie Aiboy, former Indonesian footballer
 * Marlina Flassy, Indonesian anthropologist and the first woman to be appointed Dean of Cenderawasih University
 * Frans Kaisiepo, 4th Governor of Papua and National Hero of Indonesia
 * Nitya Krishinda Maheswari, Indonesian badminton player and 2014 Asian Games women's doubles gold medalist
 * Nowela Auparay, professional singer and Indonesian Idol winner
 * Peter O'Neill, 7th Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
 * Freddy Numberi, Indonesian politician and former Minister of Transportation
 * Raema Lisa Rumbewas, Indonesian weightlifter and silver medallist at the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics
 * Boaz Solossa, Indonesian footballer
 * Titus Bonai, Indonesian footballer
 * Ricky Kambuaya, Indonesian footballer
 * Michael Somare, former Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
 * Heather Watson, English female tennis player
 * Benny Wenda, West Papuan independence leader.
 * Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan, King of Sekar and National Hero of Indonesia
 * Abdul Hakim Achmad Aituarauw, Member of People's Representative Council
 * Alwin Komolong
 * Kusuga Komolong
 * Saiful Islam Al-Payage, Indonesian Islamic preacher

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Hellyer

Henry Hellyer was an explorer in north west Tasmania during the 1820s.

Places in the region named after him include:
 * Hellyer Gorge
 * Hellyer College, college in Tasmania, Australia
 * Hellyer County Park
 * Hellyer Park Velodrome, a velodrome in Hellyer County Park
 * Hellyer River

Other notable people named Hellyer include:
 * Albert Hellyer (died 1945), Canadian politician
 * Arthur Hellyer (1902–1993), British horticulturist
 * Arthur Lawrence Hellyer Jr. (1923–2018), radio host
 * H. A. Hellyer, British academic and author on European affairs and relations with the Muslim world
 * Jill Hellyer (1925–2012), Australian poet and writer
 * Jonathan Hellyer (born 1967), English singer, theatre director and drag actor
 * Paul Hellyer (1923–2021), Canadian politician and Minister of National Defence
 * Thomas Hellyer (1840–1889), 19th-century Australian politician
 * Thomas Hellyer (architect) (1811–1894), 19th-century English architect
 * William Hellyer (died 1885), Australian politician

title: Hellyer


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Charles Klauder

Charles Zeller Klauder (February 9, 1872 – October 30, 1938) was an American architect best known for his work on university buildings and campus designs, especially his Cathedral of Learning at the University of Pittsburgh, the first educational skyscraper.

Biography
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Klauder was the son of Louis and Anna Koehler Klauder, who had immigrated to Philadelphia from Germany. He studied architecture at the School of Industrial Art at the Pennsylvania Museum. At age 15, he entered the office of Theophilus Parsons Chandler Jr. Beginning in 1893 he worked for prominent Philadelphia architectural firms, including Wilson Brothers & Company, Cope & Stewardson, and Horace Trumbauer. In 1900, Klauder became chief draughtsman for Frank Miles Day & Brother, which led to a 1911 partnership, and the firm's eventual renaming as Day & Klauder. Klauder continued the firm after Day's 1918 death.

Klauder teamed with the English-born Day to design some of the nation's most influential and distinguished campus buildings during the heyday of university expansion in the early 20th century. Along with Cope & Stewardson, Day & Klauder may be credited with the invention of the Collegiate Gothic idiom in American architecture. Their early work at Princeton and Cornell universities set the standard for dormitory and classroom designs in the Ivy League. Klauder extended the Gothic idiom during the 1920s to incorporate elements of Art Deco abstraction and modern building technology. He created campus plans for the University of Colorado (1917) in Boulder, St Paul's School in Concord, NH, Pennsylvania State University at University Park, and Concordia Seminary in St Louis, MO. His work at Princeton included dining halls (1913), Dickinson Hall (1929), dormitories (1921), the Holder group (1928), and the university's second library (1927).

Several of his landmark Neo-Gothic buildings at the University of Pittsburgh are the Cathedral of Learning, Heinz Memorial Chapel and the Stephen Foster Memorial. The Cathedral of Learning, upon its completion, was the tallest educational building in the world, and today it ranks behind only a tower at Moscow University. It is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Marks Scout Resource Center at 22nd and Winter Streets in Philadelphia was built in 1929. Klauder designed the building in the Beaux Arts style.

Klauder considered his greatest achievement to be the Commons Room of the Cathedral of Learning. The Commons Room is a fifteenth-century English perpendicular Gothic-style hall that covers half an acre (2,000 m2) and extends upwards four stories, reaching 52 ft tall.

For his lifelong architectural work, Klauder has received the gold medal, Architectural League, N.Y. 1921; Grand Prix Pan American Congress of Architects, 1927; Architectural Medal, Olympic Games, 1928. Klauder was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects. In 1938 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician.

Klauder died aged 66 on October 30, 1938. His remains are interred at West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

Brown University

 * Littlefield Hall, 1925
 * Hegeman Hall, 1926
 * Metcalf Research Laboratory, 1938

University of Colorado Boulder

 * Campus master plan, 1918. 15 buildings of the University of Colorado Boulder in the Tuscan Vernacular Revival style, characterized by rough, textured sandstone walls with sloping, multi-leveled red-tiled roofs and Indiana limestone trim, were designed by Klauder between 1921 and 1939. The oldest buildings of the CU-Boulder campus, such as Old Main (1876) and Macky Auditorium (1923), are in the Collegiate Gothic style of many East Coast schools.
 * Norlin Library, final building designed by Klauder on the CU Boulder campus, 1939

Concordia Seminary
14 buildings including:
 * Martin Luther Tower

Cornell University

 * Baker Hall and Baker Tower, 1913
 * Founders Hall
 * Lyon Hall, 1928
 * McFaddin Hall, 1928
 * War Memorial, 1928
 * Mennen Hall, 1931

Franklin and Marshall College

 * Dietz-Santee Dormitory, 1924
 * Franklin-Meyran Dormitory, 1924
 * Biesecker Gymnasium, 1924 - 1925
 * Hensel Hall, now the Barshinger Center for Musical Arts, 1925 - 1927
 * Fackenthal Laboratories, now the Harris Center for Business, Government, and Public Policy, 1928 - 1929
 * Central Heating Plant, 1925
 * Fackenthal Pool, 1930 - 1931
 * Franklin and Marshall College Master Plan, 1924 - 1925

University of Pennsylvania

 * Franklin Field 1922, 1925
 * Palestra
 * Hutchinson Gymnasium, 1926–1928
 * Coxe 1926 and Sharpe 1929 Wings of the University Museum
 * Alterations to Weightman Hall

University of Pittsburgh

 * Cathedral of Learning, 1926-1937
 * Heinz Memorial Chapel, 1933-1938
 * Stephen Foster Memorial, 1937

Princeton University
15 buildings including:
 * Walker Hall, 1930
 * Holder Hall, 1909, Day & Brother.
 * University Dining Halls, 1916, Day & Klauder.
 * Joline Hall, 1939

St. Paul's School

 * Central Heating Plant
 * Quadrangle Dorms

Pennsylvania State University

 * College Master Plan
 * Sackett Building
 * Buckhout and Borland Labs
 * Steidle Building
 * The Nittany Lion Inn
 * Additions to Pond Lab and Sparks Building
 * The Power Plant
 * Henderson Building
 * (New) Old Main
 * Rec Hall
 * Pattee Library
 * Burrowes Building
 * Electrical Engineering West
 * Osmond and Frear Labs
 * Ag Engineering
 * Ferguson Building
 * The Poultry Plant
 * Additions to Steidle and Sparks

University of Chicago

 * Eckhart Hall

Other academic buildings

 * Peabody Museum, Yale University, 1916–24.
 * Main Hall and Dormitory, Mercersburg Academy, 1927.
 * Pendleton Hall, Wellesley College, 1934.
 * Library, Albion College, 1937.

Non-academic buildings

 * Langhorne Town Hall, Langhorne, Pennsylvania, 1910.
 * First Presbyterian Church, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1926–30.
 * Marks Boy Scout Resource Center, Philadelphia, 1929–30.
 * Mary E. Switzer Memorial Building, Washington, D.C., with Louis A. Simon, 1939.

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User talk:Nrkn

don't post nonsense. RickK 06:10, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

Sorry, didn't check the facts. nrkn

 * Hi, I am wondering whether you are User:202.74.204.207 who leave a message on my talkpage about the revert of Mount Erebus. The comment seems to confuse me for a while. Nevertheless, cheers too. --*drew 02:49, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nrkn


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Adario Strange

Adario Strange is a New York–based writer, film director, and artist. He is best known for his documentary film The NYU Suicides detailing a year of strange deaths at the famed university. In recent years he was Editor-in-Chief of the weekly newspaper New York Press, and a technology writer for Wired, the SyFy channel, and PC Magazine.

Strange was born and raised in the East Village in New York City, NY, United States. Many in the entertainment industry also know him for his work as one of the original writers and second Editor-in-Chief of The Source hip hop magazine. He also became a well-known New York radio personality at New York's Hot 97 WQHT FM, WBAU FM, and WLIB AM, as well as a record producer for Tupac Shakur.

Strange also worked behind-the-scenes with Public Enemy's Bomb Squad production team with Hank Shocklee and Bill Stephney's Sound of Urban Listeners music label (aka S.O.U.L. Records) through MCA Records. In 1995, Strange published two issues of The Nü School, a Fort Greene, Brooklyn based magazine dedicated to poetry and jazz music. In 2001, Strange appeared in The New York Times as a leader of the digital music MP3 movement heading up FreeListen.com. Later in 2001, Strange released the book The Art of Secrets: Pirates, Robots, & Beats, a compilation of his early The Source technology columns.

Strange has appeared as a guest discussing youth culture and technology on ABC's World News Tonight, CBS News, and PBS, and in the pages of The New York Times, The New York Daily News, Crain's New York Business and Billboard Magazine.

Filmography

 * Hikikomori, Tokyo Plastic (2004)
 * The NYU Suicides (2005)
 * Bjork Vs. THX-1138 (Music Video) (2006)

Digital Underground

 * "Hip Hop Online" (1997) producer

Tupac Shakur

 * "Who Do You Luv?" (1994) producer

The Original Heads

 * "For The Record" (SWM Recordings 1992) featuring Bobbito Garcia and Sincere Thompson
 * "Counterfeit" (SWM Recordings 1992)
 * "Nuff Said" (SWM Recordings 1992) featuring Da Ghetto Communicator

title: Adario Strange


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Psychic vampire

Psychic vampire

 * Keep. This is a widely used concept in scholarly treatments of vampirism, refer to, for instance, The Vampire, his Kith and Kin by Montague Summers.
 * Keep. Valid term in vampire literature.  RickK 06:12, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I believe such term does exist after googling it. Nonetheless, more information is needed on the term. --*drew 07:21, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. There are large amounts of people that believe they are psychic vampires, and can even drain energy from light sources. Complete nonsense but it is notable. [[User:Xezbeth| Xezbeth ─┼─ ]] 07:31, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. User:RickK's text ascribes term to legitimate folklore linked to specific parts of the world, instead of manufactured pop culture, and is intentionally misleading. Where is the "vampire literature" that uses this term to describe a phenomenon? Comic books? Which ones? Is every foolish idea Wikipediable then? Where are the links and references that Googling has produced? Wetman 07:41, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I have no idea what you're talking about when you refer to my text. I didn't write this article.  But if you go to Google, you get 6,190 hits for "psychic vampire".  RickK 07:46, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I heard the term years ago in connection with the Church of Satan, so it's not a neologism. Gazpacho 08:10, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - I have come across this term several times in the past. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 11:09, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, obviously -- Netoholic @ 16:38, 2004 Oct 1 (UTC)
 * Keep - I know I've run across the concept in Aleister Crowley's memoirs; it seems notable enough. Myself, I'm a psychic Frankenstein. Smerdis of Tlön 16:43, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Valid topic. I don't know if the asian vampire myths can really be classed as "psychic vampires", but the concept does come up often in fiction.   — Gwalla | Talk 17:38, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep absolutely. This one needs to be expanded. Used car salesmen, politicians, you name it. Fire Star 20:01, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into vampire and redirect. -Sean Curtin 01:11, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - Aside from its obvious origins in occult literature, this term is popping up more and more in the mainstream [media] especially among those who are involved in psychiatry. --Demonslave 02:28, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

Since concensus seems clear, and not likely to shift, I propose removing this listing within 24 hours unless there are any objections. -- Netoholic @ 16:49, 2004 Oct 1 (UTC)

I object. There's no harm done in leaving it for the full 5 days. RickK 00:07, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * You're right, a pack of a 50 deletionists may decend on this vote in the next few days – what was I thinking. Meanwhile, the VfD page is still a 657kb download. -- Netoholic @ 00:45, 2004 Oct 2 (UTC)
 * You have no interest in trying to make the VfD page more manageable, and are only interested in doing your best to subvert the VfD process. Leave it alone.  RickK 18:45, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Hippeastrum

First post
The above heading added by Imc (talk) 18:21, 12 February 2009 (UTC) to make a ToC for clarity

To clarify my mangled edit summary: Amaryllis is a different genus, which is why calling a Hippeastrum an "amaryllis" would be erroneous (I know they're both lilies and very similar, but there are important differences noted at Talk:Amaryllis). I also removed Image:Flower.jpg (love the file name) because if it is indeed a belladonna lily (Amaryllis belladonna), it's not a Hippeastrum and shouldn't be included here. It's hard enough differentiating the two genera without conflicting illustrations. ;) -- Hadal 06:14, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for updating that. I'm now very confused. I was annoyed because I clicked on Amaryllis somewhere, which redirected me here. Now I see that there is not only an Amaryllis article, but I actually put the same photo there a couple of weeks ago, so there's no excuse for being sloppy here.  (Yeah, I was surprised to see the photo name--esp. surprised that there wasn't already an image with that name, too!)  If only I could remember where I was that brought me here after clicking amaryllis--which clearly had gone somewhere other than to the Amaryllis article. Argh.  Elf | Talk 18:16, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

All of my gardening books classify Hippeastrum to the family "Amaryllidaceae", not liliaceae, altough it is clear that it is not part of the genus "Amaryllis". Also there is a discrepancy between the articles Hippeastrum and Amaryllidaceae in this matter. Can somebody clarify? --Chino 09:59, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hippeastrum seed
I have several plants that appear to have viable seed. The section of the stem directly behind the flower has thickened on some and appears to have three distinct sections where as other flowers have just dropped off without any indication of a seed section being formed, even though they were on the same flower spike.

Q1	Does this mean the seeds are viable?

Q2 	What special treatment do I have to do from A)	the green seed stage to ready to plant? B)	how to plant using pots ? ie. What type of medium, how deep etc? C)	how long before a flower could be expected?

Q3 	Can someone point me to an article on the net that covers this?.

---

TRY searching on google under "amaryllis." or read starr ockenga's "amaryllis" which covers propagation in detail.

---

Question: My bulb started to produce 3 excessivley long leaves end of August. At this point, 1 leaf broke off, one is breaking and the other is fine. What is happening and what can I do to ensure my plant survives, grows correctly and blooms?

-

HEALTHY hippeastrums commonly produce leaves 36-40" in length. leaves break due to:  over-watering; under-watering; disease (look for reddish streaks on the leaves); and parasites.  anything that distresses the plant can affect the leaves negatively.

amaryllis aka Hippeastrum - nutrition
Is there a type of plant food it takes. Is orchid food any good?

No -- use regular houseplant food. or use a granulated fertilizer when inspecting or repotting the bulb in fall.

Lake Ontario
Is this a Hippeastrum? Grown outdoors. Hubert Derus 16:51, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

It's most likely a cultivar of Hemerocallis fulva. Cryptoid 05:38, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Hippeastra ???
Do we need this fake Latin plural of a word that was not an original Latin noun?

Latin plurals in English -

Imc (talk) 18:21, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Changed hippeastra to hippeastrum(s). Imc (talk) 13:38, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Petals or Tepals
the the 'General' section the author uses the terms tepal as seemingly being the larger term including sepals and petals. In the picture, the flower is described as having red and white petals. Are the sepals not visible? Or should it be tepals instead?--Richardson mcphillips (talk) 22:01, 10 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Tepals would be the safer word, since it includes the other two. Rivertorch (talk) 06:26, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Pests
Hypercompe indecisa,. I removed this reference to pests. This unverified statement has been widely copied from here. While plausible in that both occur in Brasil, Hippeastrum is not listed amongst food sources of this insect in scholarly Brazilian literature. Michael Goodyear (talk) 00:30, 22 November 2013 (UTC)

Gallery
Article still fails WP:Gallery. Gallery needs to go. If the images can be interspersed in the article, then they need to be, or else left in Commons where they can be quickly reached a click away. Galleries at Wikipedia have to make some kind of specific point that you just can't make by interspersing the images in the article. Just showing more examples of the article title is unfortunately not a reason that we can include a gallery. :) --Tom Hulse (talk) 16:06, 19 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I've moved the species images to the list of species, and made the cultivar images into a "combined" image which is useful to illustrate the diversity of cultivars available. I hope this meets your valid concern. Peter coxhead (talk) 17:05, 19 December 2013 (UTC)

Cultivation
This section violates WP:NOTHOW in my view. It needs to be re-written descriptively and not as a recipe. Modals like "should" are generally inappropriate as they usually constitute instructions. Peter coxhead (talk) 17:10, 19 December 2013 (UTC)

Nomination
This page has good article potential - the Spanish version has this rating. Michael Goodyear (talk) 00:31, 22 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I will try - and have started - to raise the standard to at least that of the Spanish page Michael Goodyear (talk) 22:29, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Now has similar scope to Spanish article as part of general upgrade --Michael Goodyear (talk) 12:33, 25 November 2013 (UTC)

Now candidate for Good Article --Michael Goodyear (talk) 00:06, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Duly nominated Michael Goodyear (talk) 04:08, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

Khazar2

 * Hey Michael, thanks for your work on this one. I'm not qualified enough in this area to give this a full GA review, but I can give you a few comments about this one after a quick glance over it. I think it looks good overall, but here are a few areas that a GA reviewer might ask for further work on.
 * All quotations need an inline citation per criterion 2b (full criteria at WP:GA?), so the quotations in "Etymology" will need sourcing
 * done --Michael Goodyear (talk) 15:15, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
 * This may still need a bit of copyediting. For example, " but in 1795 William Curtis in his Botanical Magazine that magazine, described" seems to have extra words ("that magazine"), and it's not clear where the quotation that begins "I have named" ends.
 * done --Michael Goodyear (talk) 13:09, 30 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Judgments like "The double flowers from Japan are particularly beautiful" should probably be attributed to a particular author intext for neutrality reasons. (criterion 4)
 * Use of numerous very short sections, as in "Propagation", is discouraged by WP:LAYOUT (criterion 1b)
 * done--Michael Goodyear (talk) 14:46, 4 December 2013 (UTC)
 * The lead should ideally provide a summary of the article's main aspects, touching on each section (WP:LEAD, criterion 1b)
 * done--Michael Goodyear (talk) 21:33, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
 * As a minor stylistic point unrelated to GA, there shouldn't be a space between a punctuation mark and an inline citation.
 * I don't mean any of this to sound negative, though; I really appreciate the work, and hope this becomes a GA very soon! -- Khazar2 (talk) 05:07, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

Thanks. I will take a look at those points --Michael Goodyear (talk) 12:49, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

Hulse

 * Nice article!! When you get to the real GA review, I expect they'll want it organized a little more in line with the WikiProject Plants/Template.

For instance, renaming the Morphology section "Description",
 * Done --Michael Goodyear (talk) 19:47, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

much of the current Reproduction section could be included in a recommended "Ecology" section.
 * Done --Michael Goodyear (talk) 20:01, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

Also the Flowering section could be easily separated & rolled into the recommended sections of Description & Cultivation (it would make more sense). The "Breeding & Prop" section & "Economic Importance" section should all be subsets of an overall "Cultivation" section.

The second paragraph under the current Economic Importance section is a perfect start for a new "Uses" section, as per the template's recommendations.
 * added Uses --Michael Goodyear (talk) 20:14, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

Sounds like a lot, but minor organizational changes really.
 * Also, the gallery has to go completely, or show some kind of logical progression that can't be mixed into the article, to bring it in line with WP:Gallery. Great work. :) --Tom Hulse (talk) 04:37, 9 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks --Michael Goodyear (talk) 19:47, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

Species
next step is to develop the species pages - again, English wiki lags well behind other languages --Michael Goodyear (talk) 12:51, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

Importance
Upgraded to high in view of the long standing taxonomic debate and economic importance --Michael Goodyear (talk) 22:05, 1 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Note: subsequently downgraded by another editor --Michael Goodyear (talk) 15:32, 19 December 2013 (UTC)

GA status log
GA status 1 January 2014 21 November 2016 --Michael Goodyear (talk) 03:14, 22 November 2016 (UTC)
 * edits checked

Pre-FA feedback

 * The Etymology section is more taxonomy really - I think some of the prose is split into too-small sections and would amalgamate some.
 * We have been round and round on this - the GA template places etymology as a subsection of taxonomy --Michael Goodyear (talk) 18:49, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I'd leave the Synonyms section/list for the taxobox and discuss significant ones in prose not a list.

 * More discussion on the relevance or lack thereof of subgenera. Section is too stubby as is.

 * Can we add somethning on relationships to other genera within the family?

 * I'd move the species list to a separate page. ✅--Michael Goodyear (talk) 14:49, 26 January 2014 (UTC)

Looking promising - more later. Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 15:11, 9 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Making a start - revamping citations first --Michael Goodyear (talk) 22:03, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

Image size
I reverted the Auto image box back to 940 from 700, because I had originally selected 940 to match the width of the text --Michael Goodyear (talk) 02:45, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

 * The width of the text viewed on what? On a tablet, like an iPad? On a 13 inch laptop? On a 15 inch monitor? On a 32 inch monitor? On a mobile phone? Wikipedia is viewed more and more on mobile devices. See WP:IMAGESIZE which suggests a maximum width of a mere 400 pixels. "In general, do not define the size of an image unless there is a good reason to do so: some users have small screens ... Where size forcing is appropriate, larger images should generally be a maximum of 500 pixels tall and 400 pixels wide, so that they can comfortably be displayed on the smallest displays in common use." 400 is a bit too small for multiple images, but your 940 is terrible viewed on an iPad, which is why I first reduced it.
 * I suggest putting the images in two rows and reducing the width. Peter coxhead (talk) 13:14, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

Use of images Comment
This is is a GA (Good Article) page, and choice of images should be carefully considered (see manual of Style). Images should illustrate a particular point in the text, and be placed relative to the relevant text, without distorting the overall page layout. --Michael Goodyear (talk) 16:50, 23 August 2014 (UTC)

Description
Dear, Michael Goodyear

 * I am not engaged in edit war, your main and right concern was, that the image is without description. Keeping in mind your concern, I had added description, unfortunately without looking at the image you reverted. The image shows, clearly male and female organs of the plant.
 * If you still don't like it you may remove it, I am Not going to add it again

Best wishes

Aftab Banoori (Talk) 03:00, 24 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Actually the image doesn't show the carpels. Hippeastrum has inferior ovaries so only the stamens, style and stigma are visible in the view shown. Peter coxhead (talk) 08:42, 24 August 2014 (UTC)
 * No, that was not my primary concern, although images should always be labelled. I am sure they are perfectly good images, but the purpose of images on Wikipedia is to illustrate the text, and I don't think anyone was convinced that the images you supplied added any new information to a page that already has many carefully selected and positioned images. If your images are in Wikipedia Commons, there is a prominent link there, and readers will see them. Thank you. --Michael Goodyear (talk) 12:49, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

Synonyms
A comment was added by Joseph Laferriere in revisions recently that the list of synonyms was 'flat wrong'. I traced the history of this section - it appears to have been imported from the Spanish GA article, which gives Amaryllidaceae.org as the source.Michael Goodyear (talk) 14:01, 9 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.kew.org/Glossary/declinate.htm?prefix=d
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.kew.org/Glossary/fimbriae.htm?prefix=f
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.kew.org/Glossary/funnel-shaped.htm?prefix=f
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.kew.org/Glossary/pluriovulate.htm

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natural vs. bred varieties
This article seems to leave many relevant aspects unclear. It seems that the original natural varieties did have at least somewhat large showy flowers. Why did these characteristics evolve in this group of plants? Then, since 1800, they have been extensively selectively bred/manipulated for their flowers. Most people who come to this article are probably more interested in the bred varieties. It seems like maybe the article should be more clearly divided between content about the natural varieties and the domesticated? To what extent if any have the human-modified versions escaped to the wild? Have they intermingled or affected the natural varieties in any way -- are the natural varieties threatened by the domesticated?-71.174.190.122 (talk) 17:53, 31 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130520110359/http://www.kew.org/plants/springbulbs/hippeastrum.html to http://www.kew.org/plants/springbulbs/hippeastrum.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140326002311/http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/listaBrasil/ConsultaPublicaUC/ConsultaPublicaUC.do to http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/listaBrasil/ConsultaPublicaUC/ConsultaPublicaUC.do

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Page Problems
Much of the information on this Wikipedia page of possible interest to garden hobbyists appears to be localized to temperate climate. I have grown a variety of Hippeastrum for well over 60 years in Southern California (Mediterranean climate). I received a second variety about three or four years ago.

My bulbs are outdoors in flower pots and usually stay in leaf year round. New leaves appear at the same time as the flower scape grows up from the bulb. If I keep them watered and do not force them to go dormant, they will flower two or three times in a year.

Normal winters here are cool and wet. Frosts are expected. Winter chill (hours of temperatures at or below 45F) average 320 hours. None of this results in my bulbs going dormant. Of course, if we have a severe winter (strong winds, frequent night-time frosts, and above-average hours of chill), one or more of my bulbs might go dormant. However, I have never lost a Hippeastrum bulb because of winter weather although they remain outdoors all year.

As I am an amateur hobby gardener and have no experience with climates other than what I experience in Southern California, I am reluctant to edit Hippeastrum. I am posting this comment in hopes that someone with broader experience will update that page.

Photos of my two varieties of Hippeastrum may be seen on my Web page at http://www.rossde.com/garden/garden_hippeastrum.html.

DERoss 20:30, 30 Apr 2019 (PDT)

 * I understand your point, but we can only add material to a Wikipedia article based on reliable sources, so your experiences (or mine) can't be used directly. If there's a source that discusses growing Hippeastrum cultivars in Mediterranean climates, then definitely this topic should be included. Peter coxhead (talk) 07:32, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

Help with the identification of a species
Good morning. Greetings to all the fellow editors!

I have several photographs of the Hippeastrum genus and I would like that my pictures could illustrate the articles that correspond to it's species. But since I’m not a botanist, I can’t identify it.

I have created a gallery in Commons to show the photos in question, so that some of you can help me easily: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_Hippeastrum_in_Venezuela

I thank you in advance for any support in this regard, and I hope that you are doing fine. --Sebastián Arena... 02:51, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hippeastrum


text: Category:Librarians

title: Category:Librarians


text:
Forensic medicine

Forensic medicine is a broad term used to describe a group of medical specialties which deal with the examination and diagnosis of individuals who have been injured by or who have died because of external or unnatural causes such as poisoning, assault, suicide and other forms of violence, and apply findings to law (i.e. court cases). Forensic medicine is a multi-disciplinary branch which includes the practice of forensic pathology, forensic psychiatry, forensic odontology, forensic radiology and forensic toxicology. There are two main categories of forensic medicine; Clinical forensic medicine; Pathological forensics medicine, with the differing factor being the condition of the patients. In clinical forensic medicine it is the investigation of trauma to living patients, whereas pathological forensic medicine involves the examination of traumas to the deceased to find the cause of death.

History
The term clinical forensic medicine, coined by Thomas Stuart, dates back to the 19th century, referring to the connection between the usage of medical evidence for judiciary purposes. Although this form of forensics medicine has been used before this term was conceived. However, clinical forensics could not be considered a thing until both legal and medical systems were well developed. But, there has been evidence of some form of forensics as far back as 220B.C.E., in the Qin Dynasty, where evidence of linking medical and legal systems were written out. Forensic medicine emerged as a discipline in France in the late 18th century.

Pathological forensic medicine was not considered as its own subfield until 1819, when Joan Lobstein was appointed the position of Professorship of Pathology at the University of Strassburg. However, forensic pathology has been used throughout history to determine cause all factors of a death (e.g. mechanism, etc.) by examining the body of the deceased. Autopsies of animals were conducted as early as 400 B.C.E. Until the 13th century the body of the deceased were considered holy and could not be operated on. However, around 1231 C.E. the first law that allowed for the dissection and observation of a human body. This led to further easing on the concept of human autopsies, as more and more occurred. This development led to many advancements in pathology as the human body was properly mapped for its structure and function, and studied for the causes of diseases. This led to the overall increase in health as ancient technique were rid of, and new scientific medical practices were implemented.

title: Forensic medicine


text:
Talk:Network externality

Removed stub tag as network effects covers the topic more than adequately. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Psychobabble (talk • contribs) 06:22, 1 October 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Network externality


text: Category:1600 births

title: Category:1600 births


text:
User talk:Stuartjames

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Stuartjames