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Talk:Allegiance

The original was offensive in its nationalism
The original assumed that states own those they declare as citizens, and assumed that an actual "duty" of some sort is "owed" to the state. I changed the wording in an attempt to achieve neutrality, but I think it is clumsy and welcome alternative suggestions. --Silverback 10:28, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I tried a new wording. Tom Haws 02:33, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

The issue is that this will depend on your individual belief. If you believe in natural law and agree with edward coke, allegiance is due to God by the law of nature, and there are then sovereigns under god to whom gentle folk owe allegiance, because they are not fit to fight for themselves. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:569:7A3C:9100:B810:19B6:64AC:5FFD (talk) 03:36, 11 March 2021 (UTC)

Link suggestions
An automated Wikipedia link suggester has some possible wiki link suggestions for the Allegiance article, and they have been placed on this page for your convenience. Tip: Some people find it helpful if these suggestions are shown on this talk page, rather than on another page. To do this, just add to this page. — LinkBot 10:33, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Removed "some think" from the first line
It might seem offensive or nationalistic to put it the way it was put, but as rephrased it appears to un-define the word altogether.

Perhaps a paragraph about international recognition of the right to emigrate, and to renounce allegiance would make more sense, somewhere in the body of the article?

Latin
The legal latin, whilst acceptable in the context, must be (at least) translated brackets. If the House of Lords can do this to latin legal maxims, Wikipedia can as well! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.152.106.119 (talk) 19:48, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

Disambiguous page
This page should really be a page to clarify exactly what the user wants to find. I came here looking for information about the Allegiance computer game...even though there is a link at the bottom of this page for the computer game I should not have seen this page at all. Flyerhell 09:36, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The disambiguation link, though, is at the top of the page... --badpazzword 15:12, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

The concept of Bay'at/Allegiance
This needs to be looked at more clearly, i do not think it is entirely correct as there are differing opinions on this amongst sunni muslims (cant speak for Shia/Sufi).

Some believe it is fine, while others believe swearing allegiance to anyone other then God and the Prohet is incorrect, please refer to the article on Bay%27ah

Also the translation provided is incorrect or does not provide the entire translation, Which translation is this done from?

Here are a few:

Yusuf Ali: "Verily those who plight their fealty to thee do no less than plight their fealty to Allah. the Hand of Allah is over their hands: then any one who violates his oath, does so to the harm of his own soul, and any one who fulfils what he has covenanted with Allah,- Allah will soon grant him a great Reward. "

Pikthal "Lo! those who swear allegiance unto thee (Muhammad), swear allegiance only unto Allah. The Hand of Allah is above their hands. So whosoever breaketh his oath, breaketh it only to his soul's hurt; while whosoever keepeth his covenant with Allah, on him will He bestow immense reward"

This needs to be looked at more clearly, however stating that it is sanctioned in the Quran generally is incorrect, it was sanctioned in the Quran for Muahmed (PBUH). The verse in question most likely refers to the practice of Shaada, i.e confirming your belief in God and the Prophet and does not condone anything else.

Also, i am wondering if this should even be here???? Can anyone provide clarity, as i have looked at several different translations of the particular verse some authors translate it as 'Allegiance' while others do not. The arabic word and meanings also need to be looked at, and i am wondering if the concept is the same as that set out in this article?

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.174.15.116 (talk) 22:46, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

Needs citations for EVERY assertion of fact
This article needs citations for EVERY assertion of fact, almost none of it is cited. Words also lack definitions, when used in a legal context, and the meaning is different from common usage, it needs to be expressly defined. 24.24.151.13 (talk) 19:53, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Allegiance


text:
Repatriation flight program

The Repatriation flight program, officially named "Interior Repatriation Program", was a United States and Mexico government program destined to fly back Mexican citizens who had illegally crossed the frontier between the United States and Mexico to their home country for free.

Arizona taxpayers funded the program. It ran from July 12 to September 30 of 2004. It was a pilot program; other American states planned to develop similar programs. The total number of Mexicans repatriated was over 14,000.

According to United States Border Patrol officials, the program was created to help save lives of those that crossed the desert. They were usually caught by border patrol police in southern Arizona towns or near the Sonora border, processed, and taken to Tucson International Airport for their flights back home.

Airplanes used in these operations were all Boeing 757 jets.

The program was ultimately stopped because of cost: tax-payers ended up paying US $15 million during the three-month trial period, amounting to US $1,000 for each passenger. According to the border patrol police, the program helped the number of immigrant deaths around the Tucson area drop by 28 percent, but statistics showed that Arizona had a record number of immigrant deaths in 2004, with 171 dead persons accounted for.

Immigrants caught and flown back to Mexico would usually be taken back to Guadalajara, Jalisco, or Benito Juarez International Airport in Mexico City. Despite the conditions of travelling by foot from Mexico to the United States and treatment by coyotes, a survey run at Mexico's largest international airport by a North American newspaper showed that 50 percent of those returned to Mexico by air would be willing to try to return to the United States illegally again.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Repatriation flight program


text:
Rufus Wainwright (album)

Rufus Wainwright is the debut studio album by Canadian-American singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright, released in the United States on May 19, 1998, through DreamWorks Records. The album was produced by Jon Brion, with the exception of "In My Arms", which was produced and mixed by Pierre Marchand, and "Millbrook" and "Baby", which were produced by Brion and Van Dyke Parks. Lenny Waronker was the album's executive producer.

Wainwright was signed to the DreamWorks label in 1996 after Waronker heard the demo tape he recorded with Marchand. Over the course of two years, Wainwright and Brion recorded 56 songs on 62 rolls of tape at a cost that exceeded $700,000. These were then narrowed down to twelve tracks for the album. No singles were released from Rufus Wainwright, though Sophie Muller directed the music video for "April Fools", which featured Wainwright in Los Angeles attempting to prevent the deaths of opera heroines. To support the album, Wainwright toured throughout the United States and Canada following its release.

Overall, reviews for the album were positive. Though it failed to chart in any country, Wainwright reached number 24 on Billboard Top Heatseekers chart (which highlights sales by new and developing musical recording artists) and Rolling Stone named Wainwright the Best New Artist of 1998. Rufus Wainwright also earned him recognition from the Gay & Lesbian American Music Awards, the GLAAD Media Awards, and the Juno Awards. The album was released in Japan with the bonus track "A Bit of You", and later in 2008 in LP form through the record label Plain Recordings.

Background

Wainwright, born into a musical family which included parents Loudon Wainwright III and Kate McGarrigle and sister Martha Wainwright, began touring in his early teens with his family throughout Canada, Europe, and the United States. At age fourteen, his song "I'm a Runnin, written for the 1988 Canadian film Tommy Tricker and the Stamp Traveller, earned him a Genie Award nomination for Best Achievement in Music – Original Song and a Juno Award nomination in 1990 for Most Promising Male Vocalist of the Year.

Wainwright attended McGill University in Montreal for a short time to study Classical music composition. With his mother's support, he began writing pop songs and learned how to play guitar. Wainwright started performing at the night club Sarajevo, and eventually recorded a demo tape with record producer Pierre Marchand, a family friend, who had worked with Kate and Anna and who later produced Wainwright's second studio album Poses. Songs were recorded at Marchand's studio in Morin-Heights, Quebec, and no edits were made to the simple live tunes. The tape impressed Wainwright's father, who passed the songs along to producer Van Dyke Parks, who in turn presented them to DreamWorks executive Lenny Waronker. Waronker had signed McGarrigle to Warner Bros. Records in the 1970s. Wainwright acknowledged that having musicians as parents gave him a "foot in the door", but attributed his success to hard work.

Development
Wainwright was signed to DreamWorks in 1996. Waronker paired the singer with producer Jon Brion, and together they spent "most of 1996 and 1997" recording 56 songs on 62 rolls of tape. Costs for the recording sessions reached between $700,000 and $1,000,000. Wainwright admitted that he and Brion took their time recording the album in Los Angeles, and considered the extended time a "blessing" and "luxury", claiming that "most people have two weeks to record their first album". According to Wainwright, Waronker "didn't care how long it took, as long as we were doing good work." Waronker was pleased with the final product, and he and Wainwright agreed on the twelve tracks that made up the album.

Songs on the album were produced by Brion, except "In My Arms" was produced and mixed by Marchand, and "Millbrook" and "Baby" were produced by Brion and Van Dyke Parks. Waronker served as the executive producer. Rufus Wainwright was recorded mostly in Los Angeles studios—Ocean Way studios 3 and 7, Sunset Sound Factory, Sunset Sound, Media Vortex, Hook Studios, Groove Masters, Red Zone, Sony, The Palindrome Recorder, and NRG Recording Services—although recording also took place in Marchand's Wild Sky in Morin-Heights, Quebec. Parks conducted his orchestrations at Studio B in the Capitol Studios complex.

Wainwright and Brion did not always get along, the latter admitting to The New York Times: "Rufus had all these beautiful songs but every time the vocals would kick in, he'd write some complicated keyboard part so you couldn't hear them. He wasn't interested in listening to ideas about simplifying arrangements." The duo, with Ethan Johns, also contributed the songs "Le Roi D'Ys" and "Banks of the Wabash" (both "contemporary" cover versions) to the 1997 soundtrack to the film The Myth of Fingerprints. Johns later considered "Le Roi D'Ys", recorded in around six hours, to be one of his favorite tracks by Wainwright.

Rufus Wainwright was released on May 19, 1998, through DreamWorks. Following the album's release, which earned him mostly positive reviews, Wainwright contributed to The McGarrigle Hour, a 1998 album by Kate & Anna McGarrigle featuring family members Loudon and Martha along with singers Emmylou Harris and Linda Ronstadt. In December 1998, Wainwright appeared in a Gap television advertisement in which he performed Frank Loesser's 1947 song "What Are You Doing New Year's Eve?" In 1999, he was one of several featured artists promoted by Best Buy as part of a campaign to promote young talent. The album was re-issued in 2008 in LP form through the record label Plain Recordings.

Songs

The "neo-operatic" opening track "Foolish Love", arranged by Van Dyke Parks, was described by AllMusic contributor Matthew Greenwald as a "lush, orchestral-soaked ballad, with incredible strings". He asserted that Wainwright's lyrics took the form of a letter to himself, defining his goals and "sense of purpose". The song "Danny Boy", with its "fabulous wordplay that stays literate and easy to understand at the time", contains "subtle" horn lines and sampled percussion. The song alludes to Wainwright's homosexuality, which Greenwald considered a "brave move". According to biographer Kirk Lake, "Danny Boy" is a companion piece to "Foolish Love" and together they represent the start and end of a relationship between a gay and a straight man. Danny, the straight "drug-addled" title figure with whom Wainwright had a three-year relationship, is the subject of both songs in addition to others on the album; he appears in the album's collage artwork. Wainwright sings of being so blinded by love that he fails to notice the "ship with eight sails" threatening to come around the bend, a reference to Bertolt Brecht's 1928 musical The Threepenny Opera.

The chorus in "April Fools" begins with an "unusually upbeat attitude" and was considered by Greenwald to be the most accessible track on the album. The song showcases Jim Keltner's drum performance as well as Wainwright's piano playing. Driven by Wainwright's guitar playing, "In My Arms" was described by Greenwald as a "forlorn", Spanish-influenced ballad that sounded as though it "could have been recorded in France in the 1920s". The song "Millbrook" is an ode to his boarding school compatriots. Wainwright has admitted to being "upset and drunk" when recording the final take. "Baby", which has been considered one of the most melancholic songs on the album, contains "oddly placed" and "slightly quirky" major seventh chords. Greenwald called the lyrics "a stream-of-consciousness pleasure, relating the confusing and intoxicating emotions of young love".

"Beauty Mark" is an ode to Wainwright's mother, the title referring to the beauty mark above her lip. The song is one of the few up-tempo tracks on the album and contains multiple keyboard overdubs by Brion. Chris Yurkiw of the Montreal Mirror considered the track to be the most moving love song on the album, with an "overt and open-hearted" reference to his homosexuality: "I may not be so manly, but still I know you love me." Wainwright's Summer Stage performance of "Beauty Mark" appears on his 2005 DVD All I Want. In "Barcelona", Wainwright recalls a love affair that took place in the city of the same name. The song is loosely about AIDS and contains the Italian language lyric "Fuggi, regal fantasima", taken from Giuseppe Verdi's opera Macbeth. According to Wainwright, the line appears in a scene when "Macbeth is going mad and sees the ghost, and in [Wainwright's] mind the ghost was AIDS." "Matinee Idol" is about the rise and fall of an entertainment figure, inspired by the death of actor River Phoenix. According to Greenwald, the musical song has a "1920s, cabaret musical feel".

"Damned Ladies" is a slow ballad about the "beloved yet doomed ladies of opera". Wainwright said the following of "Damned Ladies", which contains references to nine opera heroines: "In the song, I lament how these women are constantly dying brutal deaths, which I can see coming but cannot stop. It gets me every time." Greenwald described "Sally Ann" as a 1920s love ballad of "lost love and emotional regret". The melody in "Imaginary Love", the album's closing track, contains sixth and major seventh chords.

Promotion

Wainwright acknowledged that his debut album was "not a single driven album"; no singles were released from it. To promote the album, a music video was produced for the song "April Fools". Directed by Sophie Muller, the video features Wainwright in Los Angeles "amidst a clique of classic opera characters" such as Madame Butterfly, attempting to prevent each of them from committing suicide. However, in each instance he arrives too late. The video also contains cameo appearances by No Doubt's Gwen Stefani, a friend of Muller's, and Hole bassist Melissa Auf der Maur, a high school acquaintance and former roommate of Wainwright's. Part of the video was filmed in Stefani's house.

Wainwright performed "Beauty Mark" on Today, the American morning news and talk show. He also taped an episode of MTV's television program 120 Minutes to promote the album, which aired on March 28, 1999. An advertisement in Billboard promoting the album also referred to appearances on CBS News Sunday Morning, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Late Show with David Letterman, and Sessions at West 54th.

In the year prior to the album's release, Wainwright opened for artists such as Barenaked Ladies and Sean Lennon. On March 1, 1999, Wainwright began his first tour as a headlining act in Hoboken, New Jersey. During that month, Wainwright toured throughout New England and the mid-Atlantic states, Ontario (Ottawa and Toronto), Quebec (Montreal), the southern United States (Nashville, and Atlanta), and the midwestern United States (Cincinnati, Chicago, and Pontiac). Wainwright continued to tour throughout the month of April before heading to Europe. Stops were mostly along the West Coast, including four in California, Portland, Oregon, and Seattle. Three concerts were also held in western Canada, including Vancouver, Edmonton, and Calgary.

Critical reception
Reception of the album was positive. Speaking of second-generation artists emerging around the same time, AllMusic's Jason Ankeny wrote that Wainwright "deserves to be heard regardless of his family tree". Furthermore, Ankeny complimented the musician for his songwriting abilities and his "knack for elegantly rolling piano melodies and poignantly romantic lyrics". Music journalist Robert Christgau characterized Wainwright as a "mind-boggling original" whose talent is "too big to let pass". Los Angeles Times critic Marc Weingarten found that the "abiding, uncynical" view of love expressed in Wainwright's lyrics does not come off as "mawkish" due to his considerable skills as a songwriter and arranger. NME reviewer John Mulvey called the album "floridly impersonal" and "grandiosely arranged", but also criticized Wainwright for being "too overwrought and naff". Greenwald complimented Martha's backing vocals on the song "In My Arms", as well as Parks' "positively sterling" string arrangement on "Millbrook". Furthermore, he praised the vocal duet between Rufus and Martha on "Sally Ann", claiming that a similar sibling performance had not been heard since the Everly Brothers. The album's cabaret elements and 1970s singer-songwriter style drew comparisons to Cole Porter and Joni Mitchell. Josh Kun of Salon wrote that Wainwright poetically incorporated "foolish love and fantasy love, healing love and destructive love and love that makes you want to lose your sense of self just so you can find it again." Kun asserted that the songs were "built on a similar set of angled melodies and hairpin turns of phrase", and that each "succeeds as its own distinctly intimate portrait of emotion and desire."

Ann Powers, music critic for The New York Times, included the album at number five on her list of the Top 10 albums of 1998. The album was also included in The Village Voice 1998 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll, which combined ballots from 496 critics. Rufus Wainwright was nominated four times by the Gay & Lesbian American Music Awards, an organization that provided the foundation for the recognition of the excellence of LGBT artists. Wainwright received the award for Best New Artist, the album was nominated for Album of the Year, and "April Fools" was nominated for Video of the Year and Best Pop Recording. The GLAAD Media Awards, created by the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) to recognize and honor the mainstream media for their fair and accurate representations of the LGBT community, presented Wainwright with the award for Outstanding Music Album. At the Juno Awards of 1999, Rufus Wainwright earned Wainwright the Juno Award for Best Alternative Album.

Commercial reception
Album sales were limited—by March 1999 only 35,000 copies had been sold. In 2001, Michael Giltz of The Advocate wrote that Wainwright's biggest sales boost came from the Gap advertisement rather than radio play. Despite low sales, Wainwright reached number 24 on Billboard Top Heatseekers chart, and Rolling Stone named him 1998's Best New Artist. The January 19, 1999 CMJ New Music Report showed that Rufus Wainwright spent nine weeks on CMJ Radio 200 reaching a peak position of number 52, five weeks on CMJ Code Radio reaching a peak position of number 42, as well as nine weeks on CMJ Triple A reaching a peak position of number 9.

Track listing
All songs written by Wainwright. Track listing adapted from AllMusic.

 * 1) "Foolish Love" – 5:46
 * 2) "Danny Boy" – 6:12
 * 3) "April Fools" – 5:00
 * 4) "In My Arms" – 4:08
 * 5) "Millbrook" – 2:11
 * 6) "Baby" – 5:13
 * 7) "Beauty Mark" – 2:14
 * 8) "Barcelona" – 6:53
 * 9) "Matinee Idol" – 3:08
 * 10) "Damned Ladies" – 4:07
 * 11) "Sally Ann" – 5:01
 * 12) "Imaginary Love" – 3:28

 * Bonus track
 * "A Bit of You" – 5:00 (Japan)

In May 2023, a new remastered version was released for the album's 25th anniversary, with remasters of the original album, songs previously released on the 2011 box set House of Rufus, and three new tracks labeled as session outtakes. The track list consists of the original album plus the following tracks: 1. "Hankering" (2023 Remaster)

2. "Saint James Infirmary" (2023 Remaster)

3. "More Wine" (Session Outtake)

4. "Fame Into Love Into Death" (2023 Remaster)

5. "One More Chance" (2023 Remaster)

6. "A Bit of You" (2023 Remaster)

7. "Dreams and Daydreams" (2023 Remaster)

8. "Miss Otis Regrets" (2023 Remaster)

9. "So Fine" (Session Outtake)

10. "Come" (Session Outtake)

Personnel

 * Jon Brion – Chamberlin (1), accordion (1), marimba (1,9), vibes (1,10), bass guitar (2,9,12), baritone guitar (2,3,11), optigan (2), acoustic guitar (2,3,12), electric guitar (3), background vocals (3,12), percussion (3,8), timpani (7), crotales (7), celeste (7,10), temple blocks (7), assorted bells (7), tuned toms (8), mandolin (9), drums (9), tack piano (10)
 * Randy Brion – horn arrangement (2,11), conductor (2,11)
 * Yves Desrosiers – acoustic guitar (4), electric guitar (4), slide bass (4)
 * Marty Grebb – alto saxophone (9)
 * Glen Hollman – upright (1,7,12), mandolin bass (10)
 * Jim Keltner – drums (1-3,7,11,12)
 * Pierre Marchand – bass guitar (4), keyboards (4)
 * Van Dyke Parks – string arrangement (1,5,6), conductor (1,5,6)
 * Ash Sood – drums (4), percussion (4)
 * Benmont Tench – piano (3,11), Hammond organ (11)
 * Martha Wainwright – background vocals (3,4,11)
 * Rufus Wainwright – vocals (1-12), background vocals (3), piano (1,2,5-7,10,12), Chamberlin (1,8,9), tack piano (1,2,9), acoustic guitar (3,8,10,11), castanets (8), half-speed piano (1), humming (10)

Credits adapted from AllMusic and the album liner notes.

title: Rufus Wainwright (album)


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Talk:Carlinhos Brown

Older comments
I've created this page because Brown is an important figure in modern Brazilian music, but I personally am not keen on him. So anyone who is, is welcome to add loads more stuff. Redlentil 10:42, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi, I have a question about your Carlinhos Brown article. I've read that his surname Brown is in fact inspired by H. Rap Brown, a militant of the Black Panther movement, not by James Brown. Look here: Forum Barcelona 2004 - Carlinhos Brown Biography.

Also I wonder if it's ok to add a Carlinhos Brown discography to your page. Lykeion 13:11, 29 Sep 2005 (UTC)

I would like to point out the poor english of this article, and I also question its neutrality. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.96.203.23 (talk) 09:54, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Break out album descriptions?
I kind of think the biography section should be edited down, possibly splitting off the "on this album..." stuff into separate album articles, and leaving this article for a description of the artist. I can try this when I have some free time, but thought I'd throw that out for feedback/inspiration. :) - Dunc0029 (talk) 19:32, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carlinhos Brown


text:
Talk:Uraidla, South Australia

Town or city? Syd1435 10:43, 2004 Oct 2 (UTC)
 * Town. Definately town. --Anklepants 10:58, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Origin of name
I propose using the standardised Kaurna spelling Yurreidla, including Kaurna etymology of yurre + illa as the most likely explanation of the origin of Uraidla, based on both the Mt Lofty Dreaming story and Teichelmann & Schuermann (1840). Does anyone agree? Shiftaling 13:48, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

No discussion has been recorded since last entry so I'm going ahead Shiftaling 10:24, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Uraidla, South Australia


text:
Jenny Wilhelms

Jenny Wilhelms (born 1974) is a Finnish musician. She studied classical and folk music in many Nordic countries. She has been the lead singer of the innovative folk band Gjallarhorn from 1994. Later, according to her bio for her appearance at the 2011 Tampere vocal music festival, she "specialises in vocal physiology for non-classical singers and teaches privately, gives masterclasses and works with choirs and ensembles".

Wilhelms is focused on the vocal and fiddling tradition in Scandinavia and has studied various Nordic folk music styles.

Wilhelms studied at the Malungs Folkhögskola (Dalarna, Sweden), the Mellersta Österbottens Konservatorium, (Karleby, Finland), The Sibelius Academy, (Helsinki, Finland), The Grieg Academy (Bergen, Norway), the World Academy of Music and Dance, Ireland, and the Conservatory of Keski-Pohjanmaa, Finland. Wilhelms has arranged and composed folk music for choirs and vocal ensembles. Her four pieces, ordered for the 55th anniversary of the Flora Female Choir at the Åbo Academy, won the first prize in a Scandinavian Choir arranging competition in 1999.

Wilhelms has studied and taught the medieval ballads of Scandinavia, Finnish runo-chanting, Icelandic rímur chanting and Cow calling (kulning) from Sweden and Norway. All these elements can be found in Gjallarhorn's music.

title: Jenny Wilhelms


text:
Guido Calabresi

Guido Calabresi (born October 18, 1932) is an Italian-born American jurist who serves as a senior circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. He is a former Dean of Yale Law School, where he has been a professor since 1959. Calabresi is considered, along with Ronald Coase and Richard Posner, a founder of the field of law and economics.

Early life and education
Calabresi was born in 1932 in Milan, Italy. His father, Massimo Calabresi (1903–1988), was a cardiologist, and his mother, Bianca Maria Finzi-Contini Calabresi (1902–1982), was a scholar of European literature. Calabresi's parents were active in the resistance against Italian fascism and eventually fled Italy, immigrating to the United States in 1939. The family settled in New Haven, Connecticut, and became naturalized American citizens in 1948. Guido's older brother Paul Calabresi (1930–2003) was a prominent medical and pharmacological researcher of cancer and oncology. Calabresi's mother descends from an Italian-Jewish family. He describes himself as a "practicing Catholic" who believes in God.

Calabresi graduated from Yale College in 1953 with a Bachelor of Science, summa cum laude, in economics. He was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship and spent two years at Magdalen College, Oxford, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree with first-class honours in 1955 (later promoted per tradition to Master of Arts). He then attended Yale Law School, where he was a notes editor for the Yale Law Journal. He graduated in 1958 ranked first in his class with a Bachelor of Laws, magna cum laude.

Following graduation from law school, Calabresi served as a law clerk for United States Supreme Court Associate Justice Hugo Black from 1958 to 1959.

Legal career
Calabresi had been offered a full professorship at the University of Chicago Law School in 1960. However, he joined the faculty of the Yale Law School upon completion of his Supreme Court clerkship, becoming the youngest ever full professor at Yale Law, and was Dean from 1985 to 1994. He now is Sterling Professor Emeritus of Law and Professorial Lecturer in Law at Yale.

Calabresi is a member of the Connecticut Bar Association and from 1971 to 1975 served as town selectman for Woodbridge, Connecticut.

Calabresi is, along with Ronald Coase, a founder of law and economics. His pioneering contributions to the field include the application of economic reasoning to tort law, and a legal interpretation of the Coase theorem. Under Calabresi's intellectual and administrative leadership, Yale Law School became a leading center for legal scholarship imbued with economics and other social sciences. Calabresi has been awarded more than forty honorary degrees from universities across the world. He is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Calabresi's former students include Supreme Court Justices Samuel Alito, Clarence Thomas and Sonia Sotomayor, former United States Attorney General Michael Mukasey, feminist legal scholar and law professor at the Universities of Michigan and Chicago Catharine MacKinnon, former White House Counsel Gregory Craig, legal scholar Philip Bobbitt, former Senator John Danforth, Harvard Law School professor Richard H. Fallon Jr., civil and human rights legal scholar Kenji Yoshino, torts scholar Kenneth Abraham, feminist international attorney Ann Olivarius, and torts scholar Catherine Sharkey. Calabresi, alone among Yale Law School faculty members, supported Thomas's nomination to the Supreme Court.

Federal judicial service
On February 9, 1994, President Bill Clinton nominated Calabresi as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vacated by Judge Thomas Joseph Meskill. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 18, 1994. He received his commission on July 21, 1994 and entered duty on September 16, 1994. Calabresi assumed senior status on July 21, 2009.

President Clinton is a 1973 graduate of the Yale Law School, although he never had Calabresi as a professor.

Awards and honors
In 1985, Guido was awarded the Laetare Medal by the University of Notre Dame, the oldest and most prestigious award for American Catholics.

In 1992, Princeton University awarded him an honorary Doctorate of Laws.

In 2006, Yale created the Guido Calabresi Professorship of Law, with Kenji Yoshino serving as the inaugural professor of the endowed chair. Daniel Markovits is the current holder of the chair.

Calabresi is an Honorary Editor of the University of Bologna Law Review, a general student-edited law journal published by the Department of Legal Studies of the University of Bologna.

Calabresi is the author of four books and over 100 articles on law and related subjects.

Honors

 * Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1972
 * Honorary degree, University of Pavia, 1987
 * Elected to the American Philosophical Society, 1997
 * Honoris causa degree in Law, University of Brescia, 21 January 2013
 * Robert B. McKay Law Professor Award, American Bar Association Tort Trial and Insurance Practice Section, 2015

Major works

 * 1961, "Some Thoughts on Risk Distribution and the Law of Torts," Yale Law Journal.
 * 1970. The Costs of Accidents: A Legal and Economic Analysis. Yale University Press.
 * 1972 (with Douglas Melamed), "Property Rules, Liability Rules and Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral," Harvard Law Review. (Very often cited.)
 * 1982 "A Common Law For The Age of Statutes," (Harvard University Press).
 * 1978 (with Philip Bobbit)"Tragic Choices. The conflicts society confronts in the allocation of tragically scarce resources." (WW Norton and Company New York, NY)
 * 2016 "The Future of Law & Economics: Essays in Reform and Recollection" Tragic Choices. The conflicts society confronts in the allocation of tragically scarce resources." Yale University Press.

Notable decisions

 * Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 137 F.3d 109 (2nd Cir. 1998).
 * Arar v. Ashcroft (2nd Cir. 2009), dissenting.
 * United States v. Calvin Weaver, 18-1697 (2nd Cir. 2021). In a case regarding an unwarranted police search of a Black man walking by, Calabresi was one of three dissenters who argued that the search violated the 4th amendment. The other two dissenters were Rosemary Pooler and Denny Chin. Calabresi explained that "The majority begins its opinion by saying that this is an ordinary case of an ordinary police search. That,  unfortunately,  is  all  too  true.  But  though  ordinary,  and very common, the facts of this case, and the fact that a strong majority made up of thoughtful judges comes out as it does, demonstrates beyond peradventure why this area of the law is so disastrous."
 * Mujo v. Jani-King International, Inc., 20-111 (2nd Cir. 2021). Calabresi dissented from a ruling that permitted a corporation to require employees to sign a contract giving the corporation power to take part of their salary despite Connecticut's minimum wage laws.

Personal life
Calabresi married Anne Gordon Audubon Tyler, a social anthropologist, freelance writer, social activist, philanthropist and arts patron. Both received their primary education at the Foote School in New Haven, graduating in 1946 and 1948, respectively. Calabresi would continue on to receive his secondary education from Hopkins School, graduating in 1949.

They reside in Woodbridge, Connecticut, and have three children. Anne Gordon Audubon Calabresi (Anne Calabresi Oldshue), a psychiatrist, graduated cum laude from Yale, attended medical school at Case Western Reserve University and completed residency at Harvard. Massimo Franklin Tyler ("M.F.T.") Calabresi, a journalist with Time magazine, also graduated from Yale. Bianca Finzi-Contini Calabresi attended Yale as well, graduating summa cum laude, and has a Ph.D. in Renaissance literature from Columbia. Calabresi's nephew, Steven G. Calabresi, is a Constitutional Law professor at Northwestern University and a co-founder of the Federalist Society.

Calabresi and his wife own an olive grove in Florence, Italy, where they produce olive oil each year. He is a fan of Inter Milan and the New York Yankees.

title: Guido Calabresi


text:
Wicked (Barb Jungr and Michael Parker album)

Wicked is a 1986 album by Barb Jungr and Michael Parker.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Barb Jung and Michael Parker; except where noted
 * 1) "Bad Things Come in Threes"
 * 2) "Don't Sacrifice Me"
 * 3) "No News is Good News" (Michael Parker)
 * 4) "That Black Cat"
 * 5) "In Soho Late at Night"
 * 6) "Too Much for Me"
 * 7) "Just the Wisky Talking"
 * 8) "Perfect Pair"
 * 9) "The Begging Game"
 * 10) "Over a Low Flame"
 * 11) "You Can't Win Them All"
 * 12) "An Empty Bottle"

Band members

 * Musicians
 * Barb Jungr - vocals, harmonica
 * Michael Parker - guitar, harmonica
 * Paul Zetter - bass guitar
 * Other personnel
 * Lin Jammet - art
 * Honey Salvadori - photography


text:
Charles Manson Superstar

Charles Manson Superstar is a documentary film about Charles Manson, directed by Nikolas Schreck in 1989. Most of the documentary (the entire interview) was filmed inside San Quentin Prison. Nikolas and Zeena Schreck narrated the segments while images were shown, and music played in the background. There was brief footage of Spahn Ranch, and a short clip of James Nolan Mason being interviewed about the Universal Order, and Manson. Olivier Messiaen's "Death and Resurrection," Bobby Beausoleil's "Lucifer Rising," Krzysztof Penderecki's "Apocalypsis," Biff Rose's "Fill Your Heart" (Tiny Tim's version) and Anton LaVey's "The Satanic Mass," and Manson's own songs "Clang Bang Clang" and "Mechanical Man" from the album Lie: The Love and Terror Cult, were played during the film.

The artwork for the poster was done by painter Joe Coleman.

Transcript of raw footage of interview
Zeena Schreck's "Easter Monday Audience with the Underworld Pope: Charles Manson Interviewed and Decoded" is Zeena's introduction with her full transcript and annotations of the raw footage of this interview as printed in Nikolas Schreck's 2011 French and English editions of Le Dossier Manson: Mythe Et Réalité D’un Chaman Hors-La-Loi and The Manson File: Myth and Reality of an Outlaw Shaman for Camion Noir/World Operations.

title: Charles Manson Superstar


text:
Memepool

Memepool was a multiple-author weblog, active from 1998, that listed links to interesting, obscure, weird, or funny items on the web along with a bit of commentary. Items often included multiple links with contents that conflict or comment on each other, similar to the sarcastic stylings of Suck.com.

Overview
Memepool was founded in 1998 by Joshua Schachter and a number of the early contributors, making it one of the earliest weblogs. It was also one of the most popular early weblogs, with a reputation for strange and surprising links. It was maintained by Schachter and Jeff Smith. Schachter's links collected for Memepool were the predecessor of a project that later became del.icio.us.

Unlike many weblogs, Memepool had no significant element of self-revelation by its authors. The website did not have a commenting system, but many of its links came from emailed submissions from readers.

Shutdown
On March 26, 2012, Memepool had its first posting since April 21, 2008, marking the longest hiatus in the blog's history. The site has been unavailable since at least December 14, 2013.

title: Memepool


text:
Talk:MechAssault

Explanation
it laks in explainging what game is it!

 * How about info on the xbox-linux exploit this game is used at? added 26.4.2006

Sorry
I'm still working on it.

better on WikiBooks?
I think this type of article may be better suited to WikiBooks (e.g. at Video Game Walkthroughs: XBox) than WikiPedia... --Hooverbag 14:33, 2004 Nov 14 (UTC)

 * I trimmed out the "how to" and strategy recommendations. If someone wants to use the old content in WikiBooks, they can copy it from the history. --Mrwojo 01:12, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

To-do
Here are some recommendations for how to make this a better article: --Mrwojo 01:12, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Needs more context established in setting. What relation does this article have to MechWarrior, BattleTech, and all that?
 * The article has a lot of lists for weapons, 'Mechs, maps, and so on. Are they all necessary?
 * Anything else notable about this game? I guess it sold well, since there's a sequel.

If someone who knows the games well wants to address Mrwojo's first point above. This article will REALLY help in that endevor. You can use it as a reference for details and what not: --Naha|(talk) 17:48, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

I Like It
I really liked all the info about weapons and Mechs. But as Mrwojo said, it would be nice to have a little history as to the creation of the series like MechWarrior BattleTech.. etc.

A little work
This article is fine and all but it seems like something you would find in a stratagy book rather than an encyclopidia article on the game.

Instead of focusing on the aspect of multiplayer and Xbox Live Capabilites you should focus a little more on the game itself such as explaining the origigns such as battletech how the whole project came about that way this article dosent seem xbox live biased that way people looking for this article have a better understanding of the game rather the cool things you can download off xbox live only if you know what i mean--Pfc Ender 18:58, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

If you want more information on what i think would help this article get to me by my talk page and I will get back to you ASAP.--Pfc Ender 19:00, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Xbox 360 (In)Compatibility
Well, we couldn't get it to work on 360, and it's not on the compatibility list (Sorry, I don't have the link) so I think we need to add it, if someone else can verify it.

 * Hate to disappoint you, but it's been rumored that they're going to make this an XBOX Live Marketplace download, and NOT make previous versions of this game backwards compatible (more than likely because of the XBOX-Linux exploit on original discs - which, in the hands of people who realize their true value, they have no control over). CorinthMaxwell (talk) 15:08, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on MechAssault. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120216111259/http://uk.xbox.ign.com/articles/374/374984p1.html to http://uk.xbox.ign.com/articles/374/374984p1.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090429211500/http://interviews.teamxbox.com/xbox/846/Day-1-Studios-Jon-Kimmich-Interview/p2/ to http://interviews.teamxbox.com/xbox/846/Day-1-Studios-Jon-Kimmich-Interview/p2/

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:12, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:MechAssault


text:
I'm Afraid of Americans

"I'm Afraid of Americans" is a song by the English musician David Bowie, released as a single from his album Earthling on 14 October 1997 through Virgin Records. The song was co-written by Bowie and Brian Eno and originally recorded during the sessions for Bowie's 1995 album Outside; this version was released on the soundtrack of Showgirls (1995). The song was then remade during the sessions for Earthling, featuring rewritten lyrics, overdubs and transposed verses. An industrial and techno track, it presents a critique of America through the eyes of a stereotypical "Johnny" and is characterised by drum patterns, synthesisers, various loops and vocal distortions.

The maxi-single release contained six different remixes mostly created by Trent Reznor and his Nine Inch Nails band members; the V3 mix featured Ice Cube while the V5 mix was created by Photek. Reznor subsequently appeared in the music video, which reflected the song's theme of a frightened European in an American city. The single was Bowie's final single to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 until 2015, reaching number 66. Reznor's V1 mix has since appeared on several compilation albums.

The song has received positive responses from critics and biographers. Rolling Stone named it one of the 30 most essential songs of Bowie's catalogue in 2016. Some American commentators later acknowledged the significance of the lyrics in the late 2010s. Bowie performed "I'm Afraid of Americans" frequently on his concert tours, live performances from which have been released on live albums. Reznor has performed the song live with Nine Inch Nails as well.

Writing and recording
"I'm Afraid of Americans" was written by Bowie and Brian Eno and originally recorded during the sessions for Bowie's 1995 album Outside. According to biographer Chris O'Leary, recording took place in late 1994 at Mountain Studios in Montreux, Switzerland and the early weeks of 1995 at the Hit Factory in New York City. Titled "Dummy", it featured different lyrics, such as "I'm afraid of the animals" instead of "Americans". Eno recalled in 2016: "I remember [David] recording 'I'm Afraid of Americans' and saying, after one of the early takes, 'No, [the 'Dummy' character's] got to be more self-doubting than that.'" This version was intended for release on the soundtrack for the 1995 film Johnny Mnemonic but was instead released on the soundtrack for the 1995 film Showgirls.

During the sessions for Bowie's next album Earthling (1997), he decided to remake the song with his current band—guitarist Reeves Gabrels, pianist Mike Garson, bassist Gail Ann Dorsey and drummer Zack Alford. Bowie stated: "That was something that Eno and I put together, and I just didn't feel it fit Outside, so it didn't go on it. It just got left behind. So then we took just the embryo of it, and restructured it with this band." Recording for the remake took place between August and October 1996 at Looking Glass Studios in New York City with engineer Mark Plati, who had extensive experience there. Plati and Gabrels were credited as co-producers while Bowie himself mostly self-produced. Regarding the remake, Plati explained: "We pulled things off several different reels to make this new composite. It was quite a clean-up job, not the most enjoyable." Bowie revised the lyrics, changing "Dummy" to "Johnny", and transposed verses while the band provided additional overdubs. Gabrels stated that he added fuzz boxes "until I ran out".

Composition
In an interview with Mojo magazine in 1997, Bowie described the song as "one of those stereotypical 'Johnny' songs: Johnny does this, Johnny does that". The absurdist lyrics present a critique of America, in line with Bowie's 1975 track "Young Americans". Commentators have seen similarities between the song's titular Johnny and the Johnny of the Lodger track "Repetition" (1979); while the Johnny of the former craves objects of status through self-entitlement, the Johnny of the latter emotionally abuses his wife due to his lower status. The song concludes with the revelation that "God is an American", which biographer Marc Spitz considers an "ironic jingoism".

Musically, reviewers have categorised it as techno, with author James Perone writing that it mixes various industrial and techno styles of the 1980s and 1990s. The Guardian's Caroline Sullivan found the melody reminiscent of Bowie's "Ashes to Ashes" (1980), with a "perky jungle percussion loop", ultimately creating "a most singular fusion of rock and drum & bass". Characterised by drum patterns, synthesisers, various loops and vocal distortions, O'Leary writes that the remake retained the original's "'laughing' hook" and "synth hook pinging around an E♭ octave". Both the original and remake are also in the key of F major. Biographer Nicholas Pegg calls the remake "darker" and "funkier" compared to the original, while Spitz compares the track's "loud/quiet/loud anthem[ic]" quality to the Pixies. Perone considers it "richer" than other Earthling tracks.

Releases
The original version of "I'm Afraid of Americans" was released on the Showgirls soundtrack on 26 September 1995. Earthling was released on 3 February 1997 on CD and LP formats through RCA Records in the UK, Virgin Records in the US, and Arista Records and its parent distributor BMG elsewhere. "I'm Afraid of Americans" was the eighth and penultimate track, between "The Last Thing You Should Do" and "Law (Earthlings on Fire)".

Virgin issued "I'm Afraid of Americans" as a maxi-single in North America only on 14 October 1997, where it was backed by six remixes; the V3 mix featured guest vocals from rapper Ice Cube while the V5 mix was created by producer Photek. The project was instigated by Nine Inch Nails frontman Trent Reznor, continuing his and Bowie's association following the Outside Tour. Reznor, who stated that he "tried to make it a bit darker", stripped the production to its roots to create what biographer David Buckley calls "an eerie, psychotic track". The ending result is an almost 40-minute project that, in Bowie's words, was "not just a remix [but] almost...an album piece in itself. I was absolutely knocked out when I heard what [Reznor] had done. It was great." Commercially, the single reached number 66 on the Billboard Hot 100 and remained on the chart for 16 weeks, becoming Bowie's biggest hit in the country since "Day-In Day-Out" ten years earlier. It was the final Bowie single to chart on the Hot 100 until the release of "Blackstar" in 2015. It also stayed in the Canadian top 50 for six months.

Reznor also starred as the titular Johnny in the Dom and Nic-directed music video, which was shot in New York City in October 1997 during the American leg of the Earthling Tour. Bowie explained that he chose the duo because they were "making very interesting, quite hard-edged British videos at the moment. I felt it was important that it retained that outsider's perspective of America". The video depicts Bowie as a man who is chased around the streets of New York by a stalker portrayed by Reznor, reflecting the song's theme of a frightened European in an American city. Discussing his character, Reznor stated: "They wanted a kind of Taxi Driver feel to the whole thing. That's kind of what it's based on. That's why I'm in my Travis Bickle outfit!" According to Spitz, the video received heavy rotation on MTV, a first for Bowie in over a decade. It also earned Bowie a nomination for Best Male Video at the 1998 MTV Video Music Awards.

O'Leary states that while the track has no "definitive" version, Reznor's V1 mix is the most recognisable, which has appeared on the compilation albums Best of Bowie (2002), Nothing Has Changed (2014), and Bowie Legacy (2016). The Showgirls version, V1 mix and Plati's "Original Edit" were included on the bonus disc of the Earthling expanded edition in 2004.

Reception and legacy
Reviewing Earthling on release, Mojo's Andy Gill considered "I'm Afraid of Americans" the "most direct" track on the album. In another review for Rolling Stone, Mark Kemp considered the song "a stuttering rocker" that "seems detached from the other songs". Upon release of the single, Billboard writers Larry Flick and Shawnee Smith praised Reznor's remix as an improvement on the "already deeply moody and largely sharp" original. They further opined that the Ice Cube remix could provide a successful foray into a hardcore hip hop album. Reviewing the maxi-single for AllMusic, Christian Huey criticised it as "too derivative of Downward Spiral-era Nine Inch Nails" to please Bowie's fans. He argued that it acts better when viewed as a Reznor project rather than a Bowie one. He nevertheless praised Reznor's work on the remixes as well as Photek's contribution.

In later decades, Pegg describes the track as "terrific" while Spitz considered it Bowie's finest single since 1984's "Loving the Alien". Following Bowie's death in 2016, Rolling Stone named "I'm Afraid of Americans" one of the 30 most essential songs of Bowie's catalogue. That same year, Ultimate Classic Rock placed "I'm Afraid of Americans" at number 23 in a list ranking every Bowie single from worst to best, calling it the best song on Earthling and Bowie's best song in over a decade, further commenting: "It would be another decade and a half before he was this good again." A year later, Consequence of Sound placed "I'm Afraid of Americans" at number 66 on their list of Bowie's 70 best songs, writing:

"Many aging rock stars may have been sunk by toying with industrial electronic or having a song feature in the Showgirls soundtrack, but David Bowie excels in even the most theoretically ill-fitting suits, looking sleek and charming. He’s telling tales of humans in ruin, of futility and idealism, and while the original version that appeared in the schlocky midnight movie was afraid of 'the animals,' the eventual final take changed it to 'Americans,' an electro-crunchy slab of sardonic delight."

In 2017, Vice's Jill Krajewski commented on the song's relevance during the presidency of Donald Trump, stating: "'I'm Afraid of Americans' has a darker resonance today not through its chorus, but in a context that gives it unnerving prescience: a snapshot of the [era we live in today]." She argued that the "working-class everyman" (Johnny) were responsible in sharpening the political divide and widespread hate on the internet, presenting a sense of unease living in America as she concludes, "I am afraid of Americans". The same year, Lior Phillips of Consequence of Sound said "The title is a picture-perfect distillation of what it means to live in this world."

Live versions
Following its release, Bowie performed "I'm Afraid of Americans" frequently on concert tours and television appearances. He first performed the track ahead of Earthling's release on 9 January 1997 at his fiftieth birthday concert in New York City with the band Sonic Youth. The song then made regular appearances throughout the Earthling Tour later that year. Three separate live performances of the song were released on live albums included in the box set Brilliant Live Adventures (2020–2021): A July 1997 performance (released on Look at the Moon!), an October 1997 version recorded in New York (included on LiveAndWell.com (1999/2021)), and a version from the Hours Tour in November 1999 on David Bowie At The Kit Kat Klub (Live New York 99).

Bowie performed the song again at Howard Stern's forty-fourth birthday concert in 1998. Bowie's 25 June 2000 performance of the song at the Glastonbury Festival was released in 2018 on Glastonbury 2000. Another live version, recorded at the BBC Radio Theatre, London on 27 June 2000, was released on the bonus disc accompanying the first releases of Bowie at the Beeb in 2000. A performance from his 2003 A Reality Tour was included on the A Reality Tour DVD (2004), and later on the A Reality Tour album (2010). Reznor has performed the song live with Nine Inch Nails as well.

Track listing
All tracks are written by David Bowie and Brian Eno.

12" and CD: Virgin / 7243 8 38618 1/2 (US)

A-side:
 * 1) "I'm Afraid of Americans" (V1) – 5:31
 * 2) "I'm Afraid of Americans" (V2) – 5:51
 * 3) "I'm Afraid of Americans" (V3) (with Ice Cube) – 6:18
 * 4) "I'm Afraid of Americans" (V4) – 5:25

B-side:
 * 1) "I'm Afraid of Americans" (V5) – 5:38
 * 2) "I'm Afraid of Americans" (V6) – 11:18

 * V1, V2, V3, V4 and V6 remixed by Nine Inch Nails, V5 remixed by Photek.

Personnel
According to biographer Chris O'Leary:

Original version
 * David Bowie – lead and backing vocals, keyboards, loops, producer
 * Brian Eno – keyboards, synthesisers, loops, producer
 * Carlos Alomar – guitar
 * David Richards – engineer

'Earthling version
 * David Bowie – lead and backing vocals, keyboards, producer
 * Reeves Gabrels – guitar, producer
 * Mark Plati – keyboards, synthesisers, loops, producer, engineer
 * Mike Garson – electric piano
 * Gail Ann Dorsey – bass
 * Zack Alford – drums

V1 version
 * Trent Reznor
 * Danny Lohner
 * Charlie Clouser
 * Dave Ogilvie
 * Keith Hillebrandt

title: I'm Afraid of Americans


text:
Scotch pie

A Scotch pie is a small, double-crust meat pie, traditionally filled with minced mutton (whereby also called a mutton pie) but now generally beef, sometimes lamb. It may also be known as a shell pie to differentiate it from other varieties of savoury pie, such as the steak pie, steak and kidney pie, steak-and-tattie (potato) pie, and so forth.

The Scotch pie originated in Scotland, but can be found in other parts of the United Kingdom and abroad.

Consumption
Scotch pies are often sold alongside other types of hot food in football grounds, traditionally accompanied by a drink of Bovril, resulting in the occasional reference to football pies. They are also often served hot by take-away restaurants and bakeries and at outdoor events. The hard crust enables it to be eaten by hand with no wrapping.

Ingredients and design
The traditional filling of mutton is often highly spiced with black pepper and other ingredients and is placed inside a shell of hot water crust pastry. It is baked in a round, straight-sided tin, about 8 cm in diameter and 4 cm high, and the top "crust" (which is soft) is placed about 1 cm lower than the rim to make a space for adding accompaniments such as mashed potatoes, baked beans, brown sauce, gravy or an egg. Typically, there is a round hole of about 7.5mm in the centre of the top crust.

Competition
Every year, since 1999, Scottish Bakers, a trade association, hold the World Championship Scotch Pie Awards. The winner of the Scotch pie section of the competition is judged to be the World Champion.

title: Scotch pie


text:
Amos Biwott

Amos Biwott (born 8 September 1947) is a former Kenyan long-distance runner, winner of the 3000 m steeplechase at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

Biwott was the first of a long line of Kenyan runners who starred in the 3000 m steeplechase since Biwott's surprising win at the 1968 Olympics; he pioneered the black Africa's dominance at the long-distance running. Biwott had only three steeplechase races before the Olympics, and his technique was unorthodox. Instead of placing one foot on the barrier and springing off, he cleared the obstacle in one leap, and in this way reduced the clearance time by half. He was the only runner to finish with completely dry feet in both the Olympic qualifying heat and the final, which he won by 0.6 seconds ahead of compatriot Benjamin Kogo.

Biwott never won an international championship after the 1968 Olympics. He finished third at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games, was sixth at the 1972 Summer Olympics and completed his career with an eighth place at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games. He then worked for the Kenya Prisons Service until 1978, when he was prosecuted for theft. After that he worked as a watchman at a stadium.

Biwott is married to Cherono Maiyo, one of the first Kenyan women to compete at the Summer Olympics. They married in 1973 and have five children.

title: Amos Biwott


text:
Fethard-on-Sea

Fethard-on-Sea or Fethard is a village in southwest County Wexford in Ireland. It lies on the R734 road on the eastern side of the Hook peninsula, between Waterford Harbour and Bannow Bay.

The village had a population of 311 as of the 2016 census. It lies in the Fethard electoral district in the Wexford constituency. It is in the Templetown parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ferns. Its main industries are fishing and tourism.

Public transport
Two Bus Éireann routes serve Fethard-on-Sea: route 370 to Waterford via New Ross and a Tuesday-only route 373 to Wexford via Wellingtonbridge.

History
In the 12th century, Baginbun near Fethard was the site of Norman landings during the Norman invasion of Ireland. The remains of Norman-era earthworks and fortifications may be seen at Baginbun Bay, south of Ingard Point.

A 12th-century castle was built by Raymond le Gros, which passed to the Bishop of Ferns and was used as an episcopal residence. There is little evidence of the castle today.

Alexander Devereux, the 16th-century bishop of Ferns and Abbot of Dunbrody, is buried in St. Mogue's Church of Ireland church.

Fethard was granted a charter by James I, and became a municipal borough, with the parliamentary borough of Fethard sending two members to the Irish House of Commons until its dissolution in 1801. The seats were in the control of the Marquess of Ely. In 1798, a harbour, was built and this was a landing site for French troops during the Irish Rebellion of 1798.

Village name
Long known simply as "Fethard", the village became known as Fethard-on-Sea following events in 1914 when the lifeboat Helen Blake capsized. Nine of the lifeboat's fourteen-man crew were drowned during a service mission to the schooner Mexico off the Keeragh Islands. There was an outpouring of sympathy for the village and charitable donations were posted from around the world. To avoid this post from being misdirected to Fethard, County Tipperary, the name of the Fethard in County Wexford was reputedly changed to better distinguish the two.

Local businesses
There are three public houses in the village, a grocery shop and a number of cafes, B&B and a hotel that was refurbished and reopened in 2019. Local tourist attractions include Hook Head Lighthouse and Loftus Hall, further afield on the Hook Peninsula.

Fethard-on-Sea boycott
In May 1957, Roman Catholic villagers ("incited by the local curate") boycotted Protestant-owned local businesses in response to the actions of a Protestant woman, Sheila Cloney, who had left her Catholic husband and the village, to avoid being obliged to send her children to the local Catholic school. The boycott received national and international attention before it concluded. The family was reconciled, with the daughters being home-schooled.

A film was made about the Cloney family and boycott. Released in 1999, A Love Divided starred Orla Brady and Liam Cunningham. A review of the film by the American Catholic League organisation questioned the film's depiction of the Catholic Church in Ireland.

Notable people

 * Mervyn A. Ellison (1909–1963), Irish astronomer
 * Tom Neville (1939–2018), Wexford hurler

title: Fethard-on-Sea


text:
Talk:The Ultra-Complete Index to the Hitch Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Why is this page here?
Since someone already questioned me about the purpose of this page on Wikipedia, I'm reproducing my response here: That is why I felt that it would be both encyclopedic, and generally useful. JesseW 11:32, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The Index is not my website, nor is it created by me; it was created by Mathias Maul, who put it under the GFDL.
 * It is a very useful tool for fans of HHGttG, and quite relevant to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy page.
 * Having the Index on Wikipedia will allow it to be updated, it will allow editors to add new entries, and it will allow editors with different editions of the book to add information about their edition to the index.
 * It's useful, but Wikipedia is not the place for long original documents like this. This should be on Wikisource. --Twinxor 20:14, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I moved the text and the license to Wikisource. I changed this article to a stub. The license should be deleted, I think. --Dyss 00:53, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. • Benc • 03:48, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Merge or make an article about it. It is pointless to have just a few lines.. -- Zer0~Gravity (Roger - Out) 11:28, 3 January 2008 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Detritus (disambiguation)

perhaps this should be a disambiguation page and create Detritus_(Discworld) ??

Perhaps Detritus (biology) should be renamed Detritus with just a note at the top about Detritus (Discworld) - unless other "Detritus (...)" articles are likely to be created. Nurg 09:45, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Merge
I think this and detritivore should be merged as predator and prey were merged into predation, perhaps into detritivory. Richard001 06:29, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I can see that the merger worked well with predator and prey, and that it could eventually work well with detritivore and detritus, but I think there are some problems to be resolved first. The detritivore page is currently strictly terrestrial (and basically a stub) while the detritus page is largely aquatic, and was clearly written by someone who worked in aquatic systems. Additionally, detritus is consumed by both detritivores and decomposers, but I don't think it would make sense to merge all three. Not sure how to resolve that one. I am going to work on the decomposer and detritivore pages today, but since I only know about terrestrial systems, that probably won't help bridge the divide between the current detritus and detritivore pages. Cheers, Justinleif 19:58, 6 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I have added some helpful references at detritivore which are specific to benthic systems. Let me know if I can help with either article or the merging process.  Nimur (talk) 19:40, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Detritus (disambiguation)


text:
Nick McCarthy

Nicholas John McCarthy (born 13 December 1974) is an English-German musician. His main focus is on songwriting and song production. He is also a guitarist, singer and keyboard player.

McCarthy was the rhythm guitarist, backing/lead vocalist, and keyboardist of the Glasgow-based band Franz Ferdinand until 2016.

Life
McCarthy was born in Blackpool, England. He grew up in Vagen near Munich, Bavaria, Germany. The artist Anna McCarthy is his younger sister. As a teenager he stole a car with friends and since then has been nicknamed "McCarThief". He graduated from High School in Bad Aibling and was trained classically as a pianist and double bassist at the Munich Conservatory.

On 2 July 2005, McCarthy married his Austrian fiancée Manuela Gernedel in Bavaria, Germany. Franz Ferdinand turned down a Live 8 spot so that the pair could marry. They have two children.

Musical work
Before his breakthrough with Franz Ferdinand, Nick McCarthy was a member of the bands Kamerakino and the jazz band Scatter. He also played double bass, cello and Arabic lute in the band Embryo, whose music is described as a "fusion of jazz, rock and ethnic world music".

He is active in numerous bands and music projects and works as songwriter and producer at "Flokati Studios" in Munich as well as at "Sausage Studios" in Hackney Lane in London.

The Flokati Studios, founded in 2020, are where Nick McCarthy works with the musician Mario Schönhofer among others. He co-founded Sausage Studios with Sebastian Kellig in 2012.

Franz Ferdinand
In 2001 McCarthy moved to Glasgow. There he met vocalist and lead guitarist Alex Kapranos at a party. The two met up with Paul Thomson who had played drums with The Yummy Fur. With the addition of Bob Hardy, the band became Franz Ferdinand. Although McCarthy was classically trained on the piano and double bass, he initially tried his hand on drumming but then became the band's rhythm guitarist, keyboardist, backing vocalist and (co-)songwriter.

McCarthy left the band in 2016 to focus on family matters and other musical projects.

Nitsch
Together with actor Niklas Mitteregger and producer and mixer Emin Corrado McCarthy forms the band Nitsch.

It´s his latest band project. They have been signed to the German label Staatsakt since 2022.

Their debut single "Mutant Funk" was released in July 2022. Musically, the song is described by the label as "high-energy indie rock with Suicide's electro twist." The single "Is ok" followed in November 2022. They released their latest single "Ende der Welt" in Spring 2023. The debut album is planned for Fall 2023.

Ströme x Nick McCarthy
In 2022, Nick McCarthy collaborated with the band Ströme. Together they released the singles "Right Now", "Stadlberg" and "Das Modul" on Compost Records. In these songs they used the legendary modular synthesizer Moog IIIp, the same machine the Beatles used to record some of their greatest songs in the 1960s.

Das Lunsentrio
Together with Seb-I Kellig (among others dub producer for LaBrassBanda) and the berlin artist Hank Schmidt in der Beek, Nick McCarthy forms the band "Das Lunsentrio". Their first album "Der Lunsen-Ring" was self-published in 2011. In 2017 they released their second album "Aufstehn!" on the label Problembär Records. The album was recorded and produced at East London's Sausage Studios. It encompasses a musical palette "from sweaty post-NDW to lyrically surreal agitprop three-part and protest funk in the musical tradition of the band Ton Steine Scherben to alpenglowy rockers reggae."

Most recently, the album "69 Arten Den Pubrock Zu Spielen" was released in 2021 on Tapete Records.

The Nix
The Nix is a project by Seb Kellig and Nick McCarthy. Together with a variety of guest vocalists (including Laetitia Sadier from Stereolab, KT Tunstall and Vula Malinga from Basement Jaxx) they recorded their debut album "Sausage Studio Sessions" in 2020. It was released on the label Moshi Moshi Records and produced at their East London Sausage Studios. McCarthy says about "Sausage Studio Sessions" this is an album he always had in mind to record after leaving Franz Ferdinand. Something that felt at the same time like farewell and a new start party incorporating all the amazing musicians and people he met around the world. The songs, he said, were written collectively and very spontaneously with the artists who came by Sausage Studios, and the whole record was recorded with a backing band, Motown Style on party nights.

Manuela
Under the name "Manuela", McCarthy and his wife Manuela Gernedel released the eponymous indie pop album "Manuela" on Lost Map Records in 2017. It was created at the Sausage Studios in London. Gernedel is described as the creative main force behind "Manuela" in an interview by the cultural magazine The Skinny. While she wrote the lyrics for the songs, McCarthy composed the music for them.

Box Codax
In 2003, McCarthy and his long-time friend Alexander Ragnew formed the band Box Codax. They released their first two singles, "Boys and Girls" and "Naked Smile" on the label The Thin Man (previously known as Thin Man Records). The band's first album, "Only An Orchard Away" was released on 4 September 2006. McCarthy's wife makes several appearances on the album. The band released the album on the label Gomma Records. In a review the music is described as "a collection of weird, whimsical and nostalgic songs - sometimes rough, sometimes punky."

In May 2011, Box Codax released their second studio album called Hellabuster, which Nick McCarthy wrote and produced. The album is an eccentric take on the peculiar and young life of Hellabuster, with each song being accompanied by its own video. The music on Hellabuster moves between distorted disco, post-punk and glam-prog and includes contributions and appearances by Mike Fraser, Joseph Mount, Metronomy, Paul Thomson and many more. The videos for the songs, which were directed by British artists (including Turner Prize winner Martin Creed), contributed to the critical acclaim of the eccentric album. All video episodes of Hellabuster are freely available.

Collaborations

 * For the opera "The Sandman" by Anna Calvi and Robert Wilson which is based on the story by E.T.A. Hoffmann, McCarthy played Live-Music together with Philipp Plessmann, Theresa Stark and Lisa Wilhelm at the Thalia Theater in Hamburg in early 2023.
 * McCarthy co-composed songs with Polina Lapkovskaya and Federico Sanchez for the play "Ronia, the Robber's Daughter", which premiered at the Residence Theatre in Munich in 2019.
 * In 2018, McCarthy produced the album "WAX" by the Scottish singer-songwriter KT Tunstall. McCarthy co-wrote several songs on the album. He also appears as vocalist as well as musician on bass, keyboard and synthesizer.
 * Together with Seb Kellig, Nick McCarthy composed the music for the police series "Heiter bis tödlich - München 7" for over 20 episodes, including the fifth season of the series, which was broadcast in 2014.

Albums

 * 2001: Djaosch Macholi Orchester
 * 2003: Kamerakino: Paradiso
 * 2004: Franz Ferdinand: Franz Ferdinand
 * 2005: Franz Ferdinand: You Could Have It So Much Better
 * 2006: Box Codax: Only An Orchard Away
 * 2009: Franz Ferdinand: Tonight: Franz Ferdinand
 * 2011: Box Codax: Hellabuster
 * 2011: Das Lunsentrio: Der Lunsen-Ring
 * 2013: Franz Ferdinand: Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Actions
 * 2015: FFS (Franz Ferdinand and Sparks): FFS
 * 2016: Embryo: It Do
 * 2017: Das Lunsentrio: Aufstehn
 * 2017: Manuela: Manuela
 * 2020: The Nix: Sausage Studio Sessions
 * 2021: Das Lunsentrio: 69 Arten, den Pubrock zu spielen

Singles, productions and collaborations

 * 2009: Single Inaugural Trams (on the album Super Furry Animals - Dark Days/Light Years)
 * 2010: Killa Kela: Single Everyday (Nick McCarthy & Sugar Tons of Ferdinand Nightmare Remix)
 * 2016: Serienmusik für "Tinkershrimp & Dutch"
 * 2018: KT Tunstall: Album WAX
 * 2019: KT Tunstall: Single Extra Wax
 * 2019: Compositions for the play "Ronia, the Robber's Daughter" at Residence Theatre in Munich
 * 2022: Ströme x Nick McCarthy: Single Right Now
 * 2022: Ströme x Nick McCarthy: Single Stadlberg
 * 2022: Ströme x Nick McCarthy: Single Das Modul
 * 2022: Single The Pike (on the Single The Fernweh - Pas Devant Les Enfants)
 * 2022: Nitsch: Single Mutant Funk
 * 2022: Nitsch: Single Is ok
 * 2023: Nitsch: Single Ende der Welt

title: Nick McCarthy


text:
File:Syd barrett-opel.jpg

Summary
Cover of Syd Barrett's album Opel.

Licensing
Fair use rationale: This is an image of lower quality than the original and is believed to qualify as fair use as it is only used to illustrate the album in question.

title: File:Syd barrett-opel.jpg


text:
Talk:Behavioural economics

I've mostly finished this. Now I've gotta get to work on some of the sub-topics.

-Psychobabble

title: Talk:Behavioural economics


text:
User talk:Uralla

Welcome to Wikipedia. I'm sorry if I came across as heavy-handed, but the threat of legal action arising from breach of copyright is something that the Wikipedia community closely guard against. I hope you've read up on GNU FDL: anything that you write here may be ruthlessly hacked, and the licence allows the contents to be sold for profit (by other people) as long as the individual authors are acknowledged. Have fun!

There are many things to learn here: if you want a few pointers then come and visit me at User: Noisy, or leave a message on my talk page. Otherwise, the only tips I give are

 * that you sign your name with three tildas, and leave name and timestamp with four tildas.
 * around text will stop it being interpreted.
 * Play around with your 'preferences' to change the way that your screen is displayed.
 * And finally ... I recommend that you use the 'Show preview' button as a matter of habit before saving your edits. [[User:Noisy|Noisy | Talk]] 11:44, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Uralla


text:
Bray Lock

Bray Lock is a lock and weir on the River Thames in England near Bray and Dorney Reach, and is just above the M4 Bridge across the Thames. The lock is on the Buckinghamshire side of the river on the opposite bank from Bray itself and Maidenhead which are in Berkshire. Here, the county line stands roughly halfway between the lock and the opposite bank, following the course of the Thames itself. The pound lock was built by the Thames Navigation Commission relatively late, in 1845. The lock keeper's cottage is on an island (Parting Eyot) between the lock and the weir.

The weir is almost level with the lock and runs straight across to the opposite bank from the other side of the lock island.

History
There was a mill recorded on the site in the Domesday book and in 1328 there was a reference to "Richard atte Lock of Bray" occupying a weir called Braibrok. Fifty years later in 1377 there are records of travellers complaining of the excessive tolls at a flash lock on the site called Hameldon Lock. Both the lock and the weirs were removed in 1510 by order of the Commissioner of Sewers.

In 1622 a new flash lock was built by Thomas Manfield and presence of water pens is noted in 1632. Navigation may in earlier times have used York Stream which went on the other side of Bray to Maidenhead. A pound lock and weir were first proposed in 1833 for the "improvement of navigation two or three miles above". The fall between Maidenhead and Boveney was large, leading to shallows and a strong current. The towpath was on the Buckinghamshire bank, and navigation on the Berkshire side, so tow ropes had to pass across the island. The suggestion of a lock was made again in 1843 and a lock house built on Parting Eyot with an open-sided lock the following year. The miller contributed to the cost of the weir. The lock was often left open except when river levels were low and no tolls were collected. Sides were added before 1877 and the lock and weir were rebuilt in 1885. Prior to the rebuilding Charles Dickens had described Bray Lock as a "rotten and dangerous structure".

Incidents
On 2 August 2015, a privately owned cabin cruiser carrying four adults and four children suffered a catastrophic explosion of its propane canisters, caused by the ignition of fuel that had accidentally been poured down a waste pipe. Six of the eight people involved, including a three-year-old boy, were rushed to St. George's Hospital in London and John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxfordshire by Air Ambulance for treatment. Another man suffered minor injuries, but was treated at the scene. Members of the public, including the Lock keeper, assisted in the efforts, evacuating the injured from the destroyed boat onto a hire craft for triage.

Reach above the lock
Immediately above the lock is Headpile Eyot. Bray is on the Berkshire bank while the Buckinghamshire bank has open fields. Further along the reach is Brunel's Maidenhead Railway Bridge, known as the "Sounding Bridge" from the spectacular echo underneath it. The Maidenhead bank is lined with large Edwardian houses up to Maidenhead Bridge beside which is the Skindles Hotel once a notorious rendez-vous for illicit coupling.

Along the banks of the reach are multiple mansions and boathouses, many of which have been or are owned by high-profile British Celebrities such as Michael Parkinson and Rolf Harris.

Above the bridge are the islands of Bridge Eyot and Grass Eyot before Boulter's Lock with Taplow on the Buckinghamshire side.

Maidenhead Regatta takes place below the railway bridge in August, and is followed by the annual Thames Punting Championships. The Maidenhead Junior regatta is held in May.

Sports clubs

 * Maidenhead Rowing Club

Thames Path
The Thames Path follows the Bucks (Eastern) bank to Maidenhead Bridge, which it crosses, and then proceeds on the Berkshire side to Boulter's Lock.

title: Bray Lock