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Talk:John D. Rockefeller

awards
+++I'm interested to know of any awards John D. Rockefeller Sr. received, either during his life or posthumously. Please include on this page if you know of any. If you can provide a link to further related content. Thanks.

Semi-protected edit request on 5 April 2023
At the top section on the second paragraph near the end it says," which was almost 3% of the US GDP of $39.1 billion that year."

I propose that GDP should have (Gross Domestic Product) put next to it and that GDP be made into a link explaining it. 47.226.43.211 (talk) 01:17, 5 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I've added the link but not the expansion of the abbreviation, as it interrupts the flow of the lead and it is unlikely that someone will understand what GDP means from the full name if they don't already. Tollens (talk) 04:18, 5 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Inflation since 1913 to today (March 2024) has accumulated to an over 3000% in devaluation of the dollar. Consequentially a  $900 million peak wealth in 1913 would translate to the figure much larger than what is included in the article here. MarkRJeffery (talk) 18:32, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

Biased source
The author of the source "Myth of the Robber Barons" has a very explicit anti-regulatory bias in their work and it reflects in several of the chosen quotes, for example: "The government subsidised the price of oil, causing it to increase from $.5 to $13.5", the reasoning of which is not obvious. I suggest these be neutralised somewhat to include less controversial reasonings. 90.247.213.117 (talk) 22:06, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 14 November 2023
He was a flordian not a new yorker 107.1.193.178 (talk) 14:48, 14 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Cannolis (talk) 16:05, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

"con artist"?? Seems extreme
The language used to describe William Rockefeller in the "early life" section seems slanted and inflammatory. Can a more neutral reporting be employed instead? 2600:1700:F070:AB10:B872:E3E6:F0A0:F344 (talk) 17:43, 28 December 2023 (UTC)
 * On the contrary, William did con others, and we shouldn't sugarcoat that. There's nothing wrong let alone "extreme" with using "con artist" for him as it's quite accurate, not "slanted and inflammatory" at all. SNUGGUMS (talk / edits) 19:17, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 December 2023
John D. Rockefeller also donated to Mount Holyoke College in 1897, and in his honor a dormitory hall was named for him. https://mtholyoke.com/dalbino/rocky1.html

The dormitory had a fire in 1922, and his son John D. Rockefeller Jr. contributed funds to have it rebuilt:https://www.mtholyoke.edu/news/news-stories/fire-fuels-philanthropy 107.15.132.181 (talk) 12:25, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Rehsarb (talk) 17:42, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 4 March 2024
Citation 8 uses the wrong decimal place…should be $28 billion rather than $2.8 billion. 70.54.29.187 (talk) 10:51, 4 March 2024 (UTC) — Urro[ talk ] [ edits ] ⋮ 13:51, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 1 June 2024
Change the picture description for the picture of Rockefeller shortly after starting standard oil. The description is irrelevant and inappropriate. Pellimisse (talk) 22:44, 1 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting question.svg Question: what makes it irrelevant and inappropriate? M.Bitton (talk) 00:14, 2 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: no valid explanation given for the proposed deletion. M.Bitton (talk) 23:10, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:John D. Rockefeller


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Sutton Waldron

Sutton Waldron is a village and civil parish in north Dorset, England, situated on the A350 road between Iwerne Minster and Fontmell Magna, in the Blackmore Vale under the scarp of Cranborne Chase, 8 mi north of Blandford Forum and 5 mi south of Shaftesbury. In the 2011 census the parish had 93 dwellings, 87 households and a population of 200.

The parish covers about 1300 acre in a strip of land that, from west to east, is composed of Kimmeridge clay, Lower Greensand, Gault Clay, Upper Greensand and chalk.

In 1086 in the Domesday Book, Sutton Waldron was recorded as Sudtone; it had 24 households, one mill, six ploughlands, 6 acre of meadow and 40 acre of woodland. It was in the hundred of Gillingham and the lord and tenant-in-chief was Waleran the hunter.

The parish church dates from 1847 and is constructed in the Decorated Gothic style.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sutton Waldron


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Talk:Hungarian Grand Prix

External links modified
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title: Talk:Hungarian Grand Prix


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Ittijah

Ittijah or "Union of Arab Community-Based Associations" is a network for Palestinian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) founded in 1995 in Israel. The organization's stated goals are promoting the Palestinian Arab civil society and advocating political, economic and social change for Palestinians who are denied access to infrastructure and services "due to discriminatory practices and policies of the (Israeli) State". Based in Haifa, the focus is on coordinating the activities and strategies of member organisations while promoting advocacy, capacity building and networking.

Ittijah's advocacy focuses on raising awareness about the social, political and economic needs of Palestinian Arabs at the (inter-Palestinian), region (Arab) and international levels. Advocacy is directed at governments, civil society groups, donor agencies, other indigenous peoples and human rights agencies, unions, and Palestinian solidarity groups. Ittijah hosts regular Ambassadorial study days and solidarity delegations, produces fact sheet publications, and arranges conferences and meetings.

Ittijah's capacity building efforts are aimed at enhancing the human, technical, financial and educational resources of its member organizations. Ittijah places international volunteers with local organizations and provides translation assistance with English language correspondence.

Ittijah's networking efforts are engaged at the grassroots through international levels extending from field-based networking with women's and youth groups at the local level through regional inter-Arab and international levels. Particular attention is paid to developing a network of specialists engaged in building civil society infrastructure, communication and cooperation. Ittijah's helped create the "Youth Network," a collaboration between ten Community associations that participated in a one-year project with participating young Palestinians from different regions.

Conferences
In 2000, Ittijah arranged a regional conference in Cyprus for Palestinian civil society groups from all parts of historical Palestine and Lebanon. Three Palestinian networks attended; Ittijah: Union of Arab Community-Based Associations; PNGO (The Palestinian NGO Network in the West Bank and Gaza Strip), and The Collective Forum for Palestinian NGOs in Lebanon. The conference noted the indivisible nature of the Palestinian people, warned against accepting divisions imposed upon them by others, and defined the role of the three networks in working towards a unified Palestinian civil society, including Palestinians living in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the large Palestinian refugee communities in Lebanon.

Ittijah also attended the Durban World Conference against Racism in 2001. Ittijah facilitated communication between Palestinian NGOs on the issue of racism, particularly what it believes is Israeli-state racism against Palestinian citizens, and discriminatory practices in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

Ittijah sponsored a 2002 conference "An End to Borders: Arab Civil Society Takes up the Challenge" in partnership with the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies. The conference created important links between Palestinian civil society organizations inside Israel with partners in the wider Arab world.

Ameer Makhoul Arrest
In May, 2010, Ittijah's director, Ameer Makhoul was arrested by the Israeli Shin Bet and accused of meeting with a Hezbollah spy who recruited him to engage in espionage against Israel. An Israeli court sealed his arrest under gag order at the request of the security services. Neither his name nor his detention could be reported in the Israeli media. Nevertheless, an Israeli online news outlet and foreign blog did break the gag and report his identity. Jaja reportedly helped Ittijah purchase the building housing its offices.

Makhoul later admitted to spying for Hezbollah, as part of a plea bargain. The Haifa District Court sentenced Makhoul in January 2011 to "nine years in prison and another year suspended sentence for charges of spying and contact with a foreign agent from the Lebanon-based Hezbollah militant organization."

Other activities
In 2003, Ittijah issued a petition protesting the attempted murder of Arab Knesset Member Issam Makhoul. On Friday, 24 October 2003, a bomb was placed under MK Makhoul's car. Ittijah argued that the anonymous attack was the result of public incitement against the Arab leaders by the Israeli government. Ittijah asked the government to step back from its attacks that create an uncontrollable atmosphere of violence. Thirty-four Arab, non-governmental organizations in Israel were initial signatories to the petition calling for defense of the democratic right of Arab Israelis to take part in Israel's public and political life.

In August 2004, Ittijah achieved Special Consultative status from the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, the first Palestinian NGO within Israel to gain consultative status with a United Nations council.

title: Ittijah


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Swyre

Swyre is a small village and civil parish in southwest Dorset, England, situated in a valley beside Chesil Beach 6 mi southeast of Bridport. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 102.

The village church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity and was largely rebuilt in 1843, though the west tower and chancel arch date from about 1400. The church contains a memorial to members of the local gentry, namely the families of Napier, Squibb, Gollop and Russell. The Napiers, originally from Scotland, included Sir Robert Napier, Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer (died 1615) whose descendants became the Napier Baronets of Middlemarsh.

In the 1881 Census, the rector of the church was Orlando Spencer Smith. He lived with his wife, Theodosia, and their two children, along with 4 servants.

title: Swyre


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Daniel Petrie Jr.

Daniel Mannix Petrie Jr. (born November 30, 1951) is a Canadian-American producer, writer, and director of film and television. He is best known for pioneering the sub-genres of action comedy and buddy cop films through films like Beverly Hills Cop and Turner & Hooch. He served as President of the Writers Guild of America, West between 1997 and 1999, and then again between 2004 and 2005. He currently serves as the President of the Board of Directors at the Writers Guild Foundation.

Life and career
Petrie was born in Canada to Daniel Petrie Sr., a film director, and Dorothea, a producer, novelist, and actress. He attended Northfield Mount Hermon School and the University of Redlands, earning degrees in psychology and creative writing. Originally a literary agent, he followed in his father's footsteps and joined the film industry as a screenwriter. His debut screenplay, Beverly Hills Cop, was the result of numerous rewrites and several radically different iterations over the course of a decade.

At one point, the film was a serious action film starring Sylvester Stallone, a project that Stallone later took with him and developed into Cobra. Despite the troubled production history, the film was a massive critical and financial success, grossing over $300 million worldwide from a $15 million budget and earning rave reviews from critics like Janet Maslin and Richard Schickel. In spite of much of the film's comedy having been improvised by the actors, Petrie's contributions earned him accolades in the form of Academy Award and Edgar Award nominations.

Petrie wrote a number of well-known and well-received films throughout the 1980s and 1990s, including the off-beat crime thriller The Big Easy starring Dennis Quaid and Ellen Barkin. He wrote two films for director Roger Spottiswoode, the 1988 thriller film Shoot to Kill and the Tom Hanks comedy Turner & Hooch, and produced a third, The 6th Day. Much of his work falls under the umbrella of crime fiction. He made his directorial debut with Toy Soldiers, a 1991 action film revolving around a group of teenagers fighting terrorists that have taken over their prep school. He served as the creator and executive producer of Combat Hospital, a television war drama series produced in his native Canada.

In addition to his creative pursuits, Petrie has been active in various entertainment industry organizations. He served as Vice President, and later President, of the Writers Guild of America, West, and currently sits on its Board of Trustees. He also served as a member of the Board of Trustees for the American Film Institute; a member of the Board of Governors for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences; and as a member of the Board of Advisers of the Austin Film Festival and Screenwriting Conference. He is co-founder of Enderby Entertainment, an independent film finance and production company.

Film
Executive producer only
 * Kangaroo Court (1994) (Short film)
 * The 6th Day (2000)
 * No Tell Motel (2013)
 * A Haunting at Silver Falls (2013)
 * Blood Shed (2013)
 * Blackway (2015)
 * An Ordinary Man (2017)
 * Intrigo: Death of an Author (2018)
 * A Haunting at Silver Falls 2 (2019)
 * Intrigo: Dear Agnes (2019)
 * Intrigo: Samaria (2019)
 * Zero Contact (TBA)
 * Fire Watch (TBA)

Acting credits

Television
TV movies

Personal life
Petrie's father Daniel Petrie was also a film director, and his brother Donald is an actor and director. His family was awarded an AFI Lifetime Achievement Award in 2001. He currently resides in Los Angeles, California, and holds dual US-Canadian citizenship. He is a member of the Writers Guild of America, Directors Guild of America, SAG-AFTRA, Writers Guild of Canada, Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television, and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Awards and nominations
1984 Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay: Beverly Hills Cop (nomination) - with Danilo Bach

1984 Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture: Beverly Hills Cop (nomination)

1988 Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture: Shoot to Kill (nomination)

2008 Humanitas Prize in 90 Minute Category: Pictures of Hollis Woods (nomination) - with Ann Peacock and Camille Thomasson

2013 WGA Morgan Cox Award (won)

title: Daniel Petrie Jr.


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Talk:Italian Grand Prix

No grand prix in 1930?
Wasn't there a grand prix in 1930? I read here in a scientific article about magnesium in automotive applications: Maserati used for their winning racing cars (in the "Monza grand prix" 1930) a great number of magnesium parts such as (...). SietskeEN 11:11, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I've searched for it a little bit more. The above seems to be confirmed by the article September 7th 1930: Maserati’s day of glory on maseraticorse.com.

 * I'm sure that the writers of this article have more sense for this grand prix than I do (I'm really not into racing), so I'm wondering what the reason is that it is not included here. Regards, SietskeEN 11:27, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Team Lotus
Should Lotus (Team Lotus) be bold in the multi-winners table? The Lotus Racing is a different team?--The Three Headed Knight (talk) 13:47, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

Infobox
In the information box, it is mentioned for:

1) Race information:

- Most wins constructor = I think it is Scuderia Ferrari and not Ferrari

2) Last race (2013):

- Second team = I think it is Scuderia Ferrari and not Ferrari

Thank you for your opinions. Trackteur (talk) 14:41, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

 * In Formula One all the Grand Prix cars were built by Scuderia Ferrari. Any link in a Formula One article should point towards the racing team Scuderia Ferrari. It is however the formalised practice in Formula One to refer to Scuderia Ferrari by the shortened name, Ferrari. So links should say Ferrari, but link to Scuderia Ferrari is practically all cases unless specifically refering to the road car manufacturer, which you would for example when refering to some older race engines.
 * A secondary reason for this is accuracy of link. Scuderia Ferrari contains the details of Ferrari as a motor racing team, while Ferrari article has a relatively small component of motor racing.
 * So the link should look like [Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]. --Falcadore (talk) 02:15, 23 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Also note that even though the parameter is called "Second_team", the consensus of the Formula One WikiProject is to populate these fields with the (short) constructor name, therefore Ferrari, rather than Scuderia Ferrari in this case. Consider that in Australian Grand Prix, "Winning_team" is populated with Mercedes, not Mercedes AMG Petronas Formula One Team.

Thank you for your answers, it is now clear to me (I do not know the conventions accepted by consensus). Good day to you. Trackteur (talk) 07:37, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

Alex Filippovski
Hi, I removed Alex Filippovski from the multiple winners table. Apparently he won it in 2015 and 2016 ! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.155.12.156 (talk) 19:05, 7 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Good work. --Falcadore (talk) 22:00, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

Alpha Tauri / Torro Rosso Multiple Time Winners
Given that Alpha Tauri and Torro Rosso are essentially the same team (same ownership, home base and staff after rebrand) should they not be included as multiple time winners. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tommy773 (talk • contribs) 11:27, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

 * No, because they aren't the same constructor. Therefore, Toro Rosso have one win, and AlphaTauri have one win. SSSB (talk) 11:47, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Italian Grand Prix


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Bloomington–Normal

Bloomington–Normal, officially known as the Bloomington, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area, is a metropolitan statistical area in Central Illinois anchored by the twin municipalities of Bloomington and Normal. At the 2010 census, the municipalities had a combined urban population of 132,600, while the metropolitan area had a population of 169,572.

Prior to 2013, the metropolitan area consisted of only McLean County. In 2013, the Office of Management and Budget revised the delineations of the metropolitan area to include all of DeWitt and McLean counties. Additionally, the Bloomington–Pontiac Combined Statistical Area was created to combine the Bloomington MSA with the Pontiac, Illinois micropolitan statistical area. The CSA includes McLean and Livingston counties.

title: Bloomington–Normal


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User:Npc/List

This page is cancelled. Please use User talk:Npc. Thanks. Npc 07:54, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Npc/List


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Sydling St Nicholas

Sydling St Nicholas is a village and civil parish in Dorset within southwest England. The parish is 5 to 9 mi northwest of the county town Dorchester and covers most of the valley of the small Sydling Water in the chalk hills of the Dorset Downs. The parish has an area of 2075 ha and includes the hamlet of Up Sydling in the north.

Sydling St Nicholas village was recorded in the 11th-century Domesday Book, though evidence of much earlier human occupation has been found in the surrounding area. Over the last thousand years the village has been owned by Milton Abbey, Sir Francis Walsingham and Winchester College.

The whole of Sydling St Nicholas parish lies within the Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. In addition, parts of the parish lie within the Hog Cliff National Nature Reserve and the Cerne and Sydling Downs Special Area of Conservation.

In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 414.

Toponymy
'Sydling' derives from the Old English sīd and hlinc, which mean 'broad ridge' and refer to the hills around the village. In the 10th century the village was recorded as Sidelyng and in the Domesday Book of 1086 it was Sidelince. The second part of the name comes from the dedicated saint of the parish church.

History
People have lived in the area for nearly 5,000 years, though in pre-Roman times human habitation was confined to the hilltops. Early artefacts found in the vicinity include Neolithic hand-axes and Bronze and Iron Age pottery. Evidence of an early village settlement exists at Shearplace Hill, about 0.75 miles (1.25 km) to the south-east of the current village. Remains of Celtic field systems have been found in the north and west of the parish. Saxon settlers arrived in the valley in the 7th or 8th century; evidence of their strip lynchets can still be seen on the surrounding hillsides. In 933 AD land was given to the monks at Milton Abbey, who provided the village with a priest.

The abbey was the lord of the village at the time of the Domesday Book in 1086, which recorded 54 households with a value to the abbey of £25. In subsequent centuries the village has been owned by Sir Francis Walsingham, Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth, and by Winchester College.

Sir John Smith, 1st Baronet, lived in Sydling St Nicholas and the Smith family remained a leading local family through the 18th and 19th centuries, with a number of memorials in the parish church.

Sydling St Nicholas once constituted a liberty, containing only the parish itself.

Geography
Sydling St Nicholas is sited in the valley of Sydling Water, a tributary of the River Frome. The valley is one of several roughly parallel valleys which cut into the dip slope of the Dorset Downs, a line of chalk hills that span the centre of the county. The village lies at an altitude of 110 m and the surrounding chalk hills rise to 265 m at Gore Hill to the north. The hills and all of the civil parish lie within the Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). In the south of the parish and within the Cerne and Sydling Downs Special Area of Conservation are two parts of the three-part Hog Cliff National Nature Reserve (the third part lies within the neighbouring parish of Maiden Newton).

Measured directly, Sydling St Nicholas village is 6.5 mi NW of Dorchester, 11 mi ENE of Bridport and 11.5 mi SSE of Yeovil. The A37 Dorchester-Yeovil main road runs along the top of the hills about 1 mi to the west of the village.

Sydling Water
Sydling Water is a chalk stream that rises just to the north of Sydling St Nicholas in the hamlet of Up Sydling. The stream divides upon entering the village, and many cottages are reached across small bridges. The stream used to flow along the High Street in an open course, resulting in occasional floods; after a thunderstorm in June 1889 one local man, Tom Churchill, drowned after having been swept away, and his body was found about a mile downstream. Today Sydling Water is known for its watercress farms.

Notable buildings
Within the parish are more than fifty structures listed by Historic England for their architectural or historic interest. In 1905 Sir Frederick Treves described the village as "the most charming in the district".

The 15th-century parish church of St Nicholas, which is built on slightly higher ground than most of the houses in the village, replaces at least two other buildings previously built on the site. It possesses a Norman font and a fine tower. The tower clock has no face and dates from 1593, making it one of the oldest in England. The south aisle has settled since construction, so the south wall is buttressed and has only a small door. In 1905 Treves described the church as being "quite famous for its numerous and amazing gargoyles", although seventy-five years later Dorset-based writer Roland Gant noted it instead for being "Light, open, airy, free of restorers' excesses", and for possessing a "noble wagon-roof" in the nave. The church is a Grade I listed building.

Next to the church are Court House and Court Farm. Court House is the village manor house and was the venue for meetings of the local Court leet. Court Farm has a large Elizabethan tithe barn which overlooks the churchyard; it was built in 1590 and constructed from flint, with stone buttresses and oak roof beams. In his 18th-century History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset, John Hutchins stated that one of the beams in the barn was inscribed with 'L.V.W. 1590', the initials being those of Lady Ursula Walsingham, though searches by subsequent writers have failed to find them, and the beam may have been removed when the roof thatch was removed in the 20th century.

The Old Vicarage is based on an early Tudor building which was expanded and altered in 1640. Adjoining it is the mullioned old bakery, dating from 1733 upon a 17th-century core.

In literature and film
Thomas Hardy names the village as Sidlinch or Broad Sidlinch in his story 'The Grave by the Handpost' (1897) published in The Changed Man and Other Tales (1913). These names are reminiscent of previous forms of the village's name, such as 'Broadsidlynch' in 1333 and 'Brodesedelyng', in a legal record, in Latin, dated 1440, where John Tidde was a clerk.

The parish church was used as a location in the 1967 film adaptation of Hardy's Far From the Madding Crowd, in a scene that involved water pouring from one of the church's gargoyles onto the grave of Fanny Robin.

The Sydling valley is used as a location within Geoffrey Household's 1939 novel Rogue Male.

Demography
In the 2011 census Sydling St Nicholas parish had a population of 414 in 206 dwellings, with 89.8% of households having at least one usual resident. The average age of the population was 46.6, compared to 39.3 for England as a whole; 26.1% of residents were 65 years old or older, compared to 16.4% for England as a whole.

The historic population of Sydling St Nicholas parish from the censuses between 1921 and 2001 is shown in the table below.

title: Sydling St Nicholas


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Talk:ZAZ Zaporozhets

Nickname
The Zaporozhets cars of second generation were nicknamed Natasha-Prinz in Poland.

--Jidu Boite (talk) 09:21, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

Putin?
Given current circumstances, should there really be a picture of Putin in an article about vintage cars? These are beloved in Ukraine and other Eastern European countries that are under threat from Russian expansion right now. Not what you want to see when you just wanted to think about machines. 107.126.24.108 (talk) 23:20, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:ZAZ Zaporozhets


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Talk:National Religious Party

Leom and Race
MathKnight hi. The leom clause has the possibilities "Jew", "Arab", "Bedouine" and "Drouze". There is no word in English I know of for these distinctions other than race. When an Israeli sees Leom he understands that this is a euphemism for Geza, but for English readers this is far from obvious. Hence either translate it as "race", or explain in greater length what is meant. Writing "nationality" is meaningless since for all Israelis, the nationality is "Israeli". Gadykozma 20:56, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, "Leom" is not race since "Arab", "Druze" and "Bedouine" are from the same race. I'll try to explain what "Leom" means: take Belgium for instance, though the nationality is Belgian - there are two nation, two peoples, two leoms - in there: the Walloons and the Flemings. Belgium is a bi-national state. Israeli is a state with serveral national minorities - and therefore has the "Leom" clause in the ID card. Merely translating "Leom" as race (גזע Geza, in Hebrew) is misleading since "Race" has entirely different comotations.
 * Saying that, I think we should find some sort of translation that will be accepted by both of us, for the meanwhile I suggest writeing "Leom clause" where the "Leom" will be WikiLink into this section. MathKnight 21:05, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The term is "nationality"; race is an outdated concept, and different Arab groups are not different races. "Nationality is how it is typically translated into English; see Jayjg 21:27, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Jayjg, if you say this is clear for an English speaking reader, I'll take your word for it. Gadykozma 21:58, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Mafdal/NRP
Which is more common in English? Mafdal's homepage refers to the party as NRP. How does this relate to Naming conventions (use English)? Should the page be renamed National Religious Party (this is now a redirect)? Gady 17:24, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I prefer the Hebrew name Mafdal as the name, since a "National Religious Party" can relate to other parties in other countries. But since there is a redirect is not much of an accutic problem. MathKnight 17:30, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * IIRC you are an Israeli, like me, right? Let's give the natural speakers their say about this point. Gady 18:12, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * The English name is National Religious Party, often abbreviated as NRP. Only Hebrew speakers refer to it as Mafdal. I'm not aware of any other political parties worldwide which are referred to as the "National Religious Party". Jayjg 18:26, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Biased???
It might be just the wording, not the message, of whoever wrote these passages, but it should be IMHO reworded for subjective/biased and in any case, non-objective language:

Supporters
"Mafdal supporters are comprised mainly of religious Zionists, who are ideologically religious Jews, which obey all the laws and commandment (Mitzvah) of Judaism. They are considered as highly-motivated and disciplined soldiers and have excellent reputation of contributing to the Israeli state and the Israeli society. However, they are idealist and very stubborn concerning ideology issues. Many of them are living in West Bank settlements." MUST be re-worded. Reputation? Whose? Many? How many? "idealist" and "stubborn" is highly subjective and doesn't follow Wiki's guidelines. Considered? By whom? (as a side note, I must say that the image of the "settler with the Uzi" is actually one of the images that is being used by Israel's opponents and critics, and does not necessarily compliment Israel as written before. In other words, controversial at best). And - Whose quote is that?
 * It is based on general atmosphere of public, as manifests on small-talks, TV magazines and newspapers articles and "color stories". The military reputation of the religious Zionist (RZ) soldiers is attributed to serveral stories in the Israeli press which point out the how the RZ filling up the petty officer and field command ranks, and are given complements by senior officers.
 * As for "idealist" and "stubborn", if you can find better words for young people keen to their beliefes and idealogy, please tell me.
 * The "settler with the Uzi" is not directly related to Mafdal and RZ, as not all of its supporters are settlers and not all settlers are religious. MathKnight 10:02, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

"Wherever you look, you see them. Members of the national religious community, with the knitted kippot on their heads. In academia, in economic life, in the educational system, in hi-tech, medicine, the courts, the I.D.F., even in the media. Each one of them doing their bit of kiddush Hashem in daily endeavors." All quotes must be attributed to a source in Wikipedia.
 * I think it pretty obvious it is attributed to Mafdal's wrbsite. MathKnight 10:02, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The religious Zionists can be recognized by their colorful hand knitted yarmulkah (skull-cap, כיפה ) and therefore their nickname is  הכיפות הסרוגות  ("Ha-Kippot Ha-Srugot", lit. "The Knitted Yarmulkhas"). Are all religious Zionists members, or supporters, of the Mafdal? Since it is an article about Mafdal, not about religious zionism, or HaMizrahi, there is no place here for such a paragraph. Not all Kipot Srugot support Mafdal. Above, also, there is no diffrentiation between State-sponsored religious education and that mobilized by the Mafdal.
 * Not all RZ support Mafdal, though it is identified as the leader of the RZ public. As for education system: the religious-state-sponsered elementry and high school are operated by the State of Israel but almost were supervised by Mafdal Knesset member in the ministry of Education. Higher religious education is funded by state, but operated and supervised by Mafdal or senior RZ rabbis. MathKnight 10:02, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Note: The article was substantially re-edited on November 30, 2005. IZAK 09:06, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

criticism
"There is a lot of critism that the Mafdal is focused too much on the Israeli settlements in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and neglects other issues such as education, social responsibility and Ahavat Israel. [...] Despite all the criticism, Mafdal has a reputation of honesty and dedication to its parliamentary duties. None of its Knesset members has been blamed in corruption." (Is it a paid ad by the Mafdal?).
 * Be more specific. The main criticism of Mafdal is regarding the settlements issue. In the last few Knesset none of Mafdal Knesset members was involved in corruption scandal AFAIR. MathKnight 10:04, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Placing a cleanup message...One reason and one reason only: Grammar. The article works fine, but the grammar feels...off. --67.82.177.37 05:39, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Note: The article was substantially re-edited on November 30, 2005. IZAK 09:06, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Contradiction
The article says that the NRP does not want a Halachic state. But the Halachic state article says that it does. Please resolve. --62.25.109.195 (talk) 09:00, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Gesher – Zionist Religious Centre into National Religious Party
This Gesher faction lasted only 2 weeks. Broke away from the NRP and returned to the NRP. It belongs in the history of the NRP. gidonb (talk) 06:00, 23 October 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 14:42, 11 December 2022 (UTC)

Few citations and references
This article contains few citations or references. This should be remedied with in-line citations to support statements. Toomuchcuriosity (talk) 08:45, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:National Religious Party


text:
User:Naryathegreat/European Theater of World War II

This is the page on which I plan to rewrite the article European Theater of World War II. I'd love help and support, if you'd like to give it! I am first going to organize the basic structure of the article.

Structure

 * An introduction would be nice, and include a way to insert the title.
 * Talk about the enormity of the war
 * Wide-ranging scope and effects
 * etc.
 * Prelude, preceding events, etc.
 * First moves, i.e., Poland
 * Section on tanks, strategy (i.e. Blitzkrieg)
 * Phony War
 * Norway, Denmark
 * Low Countries, France
 * Battle of Britain
 * Section on air power during world war ii (in europe, of course)
 * Operation Barbarossa
 * American entrance (Pearl Harbor)
 * Section on the home fronts
 * Tide turns, invasions of North Africa, Italy, Stalingrad
 * Normandy
 * The end of Mussolini, Italy
 * The fall of the Third Reich

Introduction
The European Theater of World War II occured in Europe from September 1, 1939 until May 7, 1945. The main participants were the Axis of Germany and Italy and the Allies of France, Britain, the USSR, and the United States. The events of World War II involved millions of Europeans. In addition to the tens of millions dead, many millions more were displaced, lost their homes, or had their lives utterly destroyed. The causes of World War II are extremely complex. No one explanation is correct. In dealing with a war on such a scale however, it is amazing how much of the pain and suffering can be traced to one man: Adolf Hitler.

Preceding events
Main Article: Events preceding World War II in Europe

Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, through a combination of political manipulation and popular support. By then, most of the Eastern European nations had fallen victim to dictatorships. Italy had been under the control of the fascist Benito Mussolini since 1922. Germans, on the eve of Hitler's ascension to power, were not overwhelmingly behind the leader. This soon changed. The first step was consolidation of his power. By the passing of the Enabling Act, after a suspicious fire burned down the Reichstag (German parliament building) and allowed him to ban the Communist Party, Hitler became the actual dictator of Germany.

Because of the hated Treaty of Versailles which ended World War I and treated Germany very harshly, Hitler's militant programs attracted popular support from the German people at large. His first act was to begin rebuilding the German armed forces. While this was still in motion, Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland on March 7, 1936, in direct violation of the Versailles Treaty. However, Britain and France wanted to avoid war, and let the Germans slide. In the same year, Hitler signed an Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan, which Italy also joined in 1937. On March 12, 1938, Hitler gained his first conquest: Austria. Known as the Anshluss, it was an important gain for Hitler. Hitler's next turned upon Czechoslovakia, specifically the ethnic Germans in the Sudetenland. Desperate to avoid war over the country, Britain's Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain organized a conference in Munich, where the Munich Agreement was signed in 1938, giving Hitler exactly what he wanted, while no Czech representative was even at the conference. After having stated that he wanted no more territory, Hitler went back on his word on March 15, 1939, occupying the rest of the Czech country, and establishing an independent puppet state in Slovakia. On May 22, Germany and Italy signed the so-called Pact of Steel, forming an alliance in the event of war. By now, it was obvious that Poland was next on Hitler's list.

Germany ignites World War II
By the fall of 1939, Adolf Hitler had not only already planned the conquest of Poland (codenamed Fall Weiss), but did not believe the Western Allies would intervene when he did invade, even though Britain and France had issued assurances of territorial integrity to Poland after the events in Czechoslovakia.


text:
1922 in Ireland

Events from the year 1922 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * Governor-General: Tim Healy (from 6 December 1922)
 * Chairman of the Provisional Government:
 * Michael Collins (from 16 January 1922 until 22 August 1922)
 * W. T. Cosgrave (from 22 August 1922 until 6 December 1922)
 * President of the Executive Council: W. T. Cosgrave (from 6 December 1922)
 * Vice-President of the Executive Council: Kevin O'Higgins (CnaG) (from 6 December 1922)
 * Minister for Finance:
 * Michael Collins (CnaG) (until 22 August 1922)
 * W. T. Cosgrave (CnaG) (from 22 August 1922)
 * Dáil:
 * 2nd (until 8 June 1922)
 * 3rd (from 9 September 1922)

January–February

 * 2 January – the first edition of the newspaper Poblacht na hÉireann is published. It is established by Irish republican opponents to the Anglo-Irish Treaty who declare their fealty to the Irish Republic.
 * 6 January – the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty are published. Éamon de Valera offers his resignation as president.
 * 7 January – Dáil Éireann votes on the Treaty following Arthur Griffith's motion for approval. The result is 64 in favour and 57 against.
 * 9 January – Éamon de Valera fails to be re-elected as President of the Irish Republic.
 * 10 January – Arthur Griffith is elected President of the Provisional Government. Michael Collins becomes Minister for Finance. De Valera and 56 of his supporters walk out of Dáil Éireann.
 * 12 January – the Government of the United Kingdom releases remaining Irish prisoners captured in the War of Independence.
 * 16 January
 * The Provisional Government of Ireland first meets; a transitional entity to ensure the establishment of the Irish Free State by the end of 1922.
 * Dublin Castle handed over to the Irish Republican Army (IRA).
 * The 2nd Southern Division of the Irish Republican Army, led by Ernie O'Malley, repudiates the authority of its GHQ.
 * 30 January – the first meeting of the committee to draft a constitution for the Irish Free State takes place under the chairmanship of Michael Collins.
 * 31 January
 * The first unit of the new National Army, a former IRA unit of the Dublin Guard, takes possession of Beggars Bush Barracks, the first British military transfer to the new State (formal handover 1 February).
 * The first edition of Iris Oifigiúil is published: it is the newspaper of record of the state and replaces The Dublin Gazette (7 November 1705–27 January 1922).
 * 7 February – at the opening of the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Westminster, King George V of the United Kingdom says that the world is anxiously awaiting the final establishment of the Irish Free State.
 * 10 February – the Irish Free State (Agreement) Act 1922 is introduced in the British House of Commons. It provides for the dissolution of the Parliament of Southern Ireland and the election of a parliament to which the Provisional Government will be responsible.
 * 11 February – Clones Affray (County Monaghan): gun battle at Clones railway station between IRA volunteers and members of the Ulster Special Constabulary travelling to Belfast; five killed.
 * 12 February – at the launch of the Republican Party, Éamon de Valera says that the Treaty denies the sovereignty of the Irish people.
 * 17 February – existing British postage stamps issued with overprint Rialtas Sealadach na hÉireann 1922.
 * 18 February – Liam Forde, Officer Commanding the Irish Republican Army Mid-Limerick Brigade, proclaims that it no longer recognises Collins's authority.
 * February – the Civic Guard – predecessor of the Garda Síochána – is established as a police force to replace the Royal Irish Constabulary in areas outside Dublin and Ulster.

March–April

 * 22 March – senior officer Rory O'Connor declares that the Irish Republican Army will no longer obey Dáil Éireann.
 * 1 April
 * The British Government orders the release of all Irish prisoners in British prisons convicted of sedition.
 * The Irish Post Office takes over responsibility for its own operations.
 * 26–28 April – Dunmanway killings: Thirteen Protestant men, suspected of involvement as or with informants to the British Army, are killed in and around Dunmanway, County Cork.
 * 14 April – Rory O'Connor, with 200 other anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army men under his command, occupies the Four Courts building in the centre of Dublin in defiance of the Provisional Government.
 * 26 April – the Irish Catholic Church hierarchy implores the people of Ireland to accept the Treaty and to make the best of the freedom which it brings.

May–June

 * 4 May – a conference at the Mansion House, Dublin, between both sections of the Irish Republican Army secures a three-day truce.
 * 15 May – the Civic Guard Mutiny begins in Kildare.
 * 16 May – the final group of British troops leave the Curragh Camp.
 * 19 May – the Irish Republican Army, with Collins's covert support, attempts to launch a "Northern Offensive" in Ulster.
 * 20 May – a "pact" between de Valera and Collins provides that Sinn Féin contest election as a single party
 * 22 May – two hundred men, all Catholics, are arrested and interned under the Special Powers Act after a period of public disorder and the murder of a member of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, mostly on HMS Argenta prison ship moored in Belfast Lough. They include national spokesman Sean Nethercott and national leader Cahir Healy.
 * June – the first aircraft of the Air Corps arrives at Baldonnel Aerodrome.
 * 1 June – official founding of the Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 * 12 June – at Windsor Castle in England, King George V receives the colours of the six Irish regiments that are to be disbanded – the Royal Irish Regiment, the Connaught Rangers, the South Irish Horse, the Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment, the Royal Munster Fusiliers and the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.
 * 16 June – pro-treaty candidates receive 75 percent of the vote in the general election.
 * 22 June – IRA agents assassinate British field marshal Sir Henry Wilson in London (they are sentenced to death on 18 July).
 * 28 June – the Irish Civil War and Battle of Dublin begin when the National Army, using artillery loaned by the British, begins to bombard the anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army forces occupying the Four Courts.
 * 29 June – the National Army storms the Four Courts, taking 33 prisoners with the loss of three of their men.
 * 30 June – there is a major explosion in the Four Courts. On orders from Oscar Traynor, Ernie O'Malley surrenders the garrison to Brigadier General Paddy Daly of the Free State's Dublin Guard. Three republicans have died in the siege.

July–August

 * 4 July – the anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army captures Skibbereen and Listowel, effectively clearing pro-Treaty troops from County Cork and establishing the "Munster Republic".
 * 5 July – end of the Battle of Dublin. Cathal Brugha refuses to surrender himself and is badly wounded as he tries to leave his garrison in the Hamman Hotel, dying two days later.
 * 8 July – the National Army takes Blessington.
 * 13 July – the Free State government appoints a War Council, comprising Michael Collins, Richard Mulcahy and Eoin O'Duffy, to direct military operations against the Irregulars.
 * 16 July – three hundred IRA members are captured in Dundalk, County Louth, by the National Army. Seventy more surrender in County Sligo and their last stronghold in County Donegal is captured.
 * 19 July – the National Army secures Limerick.
 * 20 July – IRA surrender Waterford.
 * 24 July – a National Army force lands near Westport, County Mayo, and the IRA abandons the town.
 * 27 July – 105 IRA prisoners escape from Dundalk Gaol.
 * 30 July – the Dublin Guard take Bruree.
 * 31 July – Éamon de Valera's Private Secretary, Harry Boland, is seriously wounded while resisting arrest in a hotel room in Dublin.
 * 2 August – the Dublin Guard lands from a ship at Fenit and begins to drive the IRA out of County Kerry.
 * 3 August
 * National Army troops driving south cross the River Shannon at Kilrush.
 * IRA detachment led by Dan Breen lose Carrick-on-Suir to a National Army column.
 * 5 August – the National Army enters Kilmallock.
 * 7–8 August – National Army forces commanded by Emmet Dalton, embarked on ships in Dublin, land at Youghal, Union Hall and Passage West to retake County Cork from the "Munster Republic".
 * 8 August – IRA blows up rail and road viaducts at Ballyvoile in County Waterford.
 * 10 August – the National Army secures the city of Cork; end of the "Munster Republic".
 * 11 August – Fermoy is abandoned to the National Army.
 * 12 August – Arthur Griffith dies suddenly in Dublin. He founded Sinn Féin, was a supporter of national self-reliance and led the Treaty negotiations in 1921.
 * 16 August – the funeral of Arthur Griffith takes place at Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin. W. T. Cosgrave delivers the graveside oration.
 * 17 August – Dublin Castle is formally handed over to the National Army as the last British Army troops leave.
 * 19 August – remaining units of the Irish Republican Army are ordered to adopt guerrilla tactics.
 * 22 August – Michael Collins is killed in an ambush at Béal na Bláth, County Cork. In his 32 years of life he fought during the Easter Rising in 1916, was a member of the delegation that negotiated the Treaty in 1921 and at the time of his death was Commander-in-Chief of the government forces.
 * 28 August – all businesses close for the day as a mark of respect for the funeral of Michael Collins which takes place today. Richard Mulcahy delivers the graveside oration.

September–October

 * 9 September – the first meeting of the Provisional Parliament, or the Third Dáil, takes place at Leinster House. W. T. Cosgrave is elected President of Dáil Éireann and Chairman of the Provisional Government.
 * 17 September – W. T. Cosgrave introduces the Constitution of Saorstát Éireann Bill to enable the implementation of the Treaty between Great Britain and Ireland.
 * 16 October – two men, James Ambrose and Daniel King, are killed by shots fired into a car traveling from Newcastle West to Ballyquirk, Limerick.
 * 26 October – the standing committee of Sinn Féin last meets before the party de facto dissolves.

November–December

 * 17 November – four IRA prisoners are executed by firing squad at Kilmainham Gaol after conviction by an Irish military court for the unlawful possession of guns.
 * 24 November – Erskine Childers is executed by firing squad at Beggars Bush Barracks after conviction by an Irish military court for the unlawful possession of a gun, a weapon presented to him by Michael Collins in 1920 as a gift.
 * 5 December – the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacts the Irish Free State Constitution Act, by which it legally sanctions the new Constitution of the Irish Free State.
 * 6 December
 * Twelve months after the signing of the Treaty the Irish Free State officially comes into existence.
 * First domestically designed 2d postage stamp issued depicting a map of Ireland and inscribed Éire.
 * The office of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland is abolished and replaced by the offices of Governor-General of the Irish Free State (held by Timothy Michael Healy) and Governor of Northern Ireland (held by the Duke of Abercorn).
 * 7 December – the Parliament of Northern Ireland votes to remain part of the United Kingdom.
 * 8 December - Northern Ireland rejoins the United Kingdom.
 * 10 December - anti-Treaty IRA men set fire to the home of Seán McGarry. His seven-year-old son, Emmet, is badly burned and dies.
 * 11 December
 * Seanad Éireann first meets.
 * Existing British postage stamps issued with overprint Saorstát Éireann 1922 (an overprint of "Rialtas Sealadach na hÉireann 1922" had been used since 17 February).
 * Pope Pius XI sends a message to the government of the Irish Free State praying for a "happy era of peace and prosperity".
 * 12 December – The Duke of Abercorn becomes first Governor of Northern Ireland, a post he holds until 1945.
 * 13 December – the Oireachtas meets for the first time, at Leinster House in Dublin. The Governor-General, Tim Healy, delivers the first address to both houses. A message from King George V is also read out.
 * Undated – the names of King's County and Queen's County are informally changed to Offaly and Laois respectively.

See also Timeline of the Irish Civil War

Arts and literature

 * 2 February – James Joyce's novel Ulysses is first published complete in book form by Sylvia Beach in Paris on his 40th birthday.
 * John Lavery paints Michael Collins (Love of Ireland).

Football

 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: St James's Gate (first ever competition)
 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: St James's Gate 1–1, 1–0 Shamrock Rovers (first ever competition, played at Dalymount Park, Dublin, 17 March; replay at same venue 8 April)

Gaelic Games

 * The All-Ireland Champions are Kilkenny (hurling) and Dublin (Gaelic football)

Births

 * 9 January – Patrick Denis O'Donnell, military historian, writer and Commandant of the Irish Defence Forces (died 2005).
 * 10 January – Terence Kilmartin, member of the British Special Operations Executive, journalist and translator (died 1991).
 * 26 January – Seán Flanagan, captain of winning Mayo All Ireland football teams in the 1950s, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister and MEP (died 1993).
 * 22 February – Joe Carr, amateur golfer (died 2004).
 * 7 March – Paddy Clancy, folk singer (died 1998).
 * 4 April – Máire Mhac an tSaoi, Irish language scholar and academic.
 * 25 April – Tommy Maher, Kilkenny hurler and coach (died 2015).
 * 28 April – Proinsias Ó Maonaigh, fiddle player (died 2006).
 * 4 June – Terry de Valera, youngest son of Éamon de Valera and Sinéad de Valera, solicitor, Taxing Master of Supreme Court until 1992 (died 2007).
 * 14 June – Kevin Roche, architect (died 2019 in the United States).
 * 12 July – Reginald Lyons, cricketer (died 1976).
 * 14 July – Bríd Mahon, folklorist (died 2008).
 * 15 July – Cathal Ó Sándair, writer (born in England; died 1996).
 * 30 July – James Dooge, Fine Gael TD and Cabinet Minister (died 2010).
 * 8 September – Kathleen Ryan, actress (died 1985).
 * 11 September – Freddie Anderson, playwright and socialist (died 2001).
 * 17 September – Thomas Finlay, judge, politician and barrister (died 2017)
 * 27 September – James Wilson, composer (died 2005).
 * 1 October – Neil Blaney, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister and MEP (died 1995).
 * 25 October – Brendan Cauldwell, actor (died 2006).
 * 28 October – Con Murphy, Cork hurler and President of the Gaelic Athletic Association (died 2007).
 * 23 November – Denis Gallagher, Fianna Fáil TD and Cabinet Minister (died 2001).
 * 24 November – Richard Leech, actor (died 2004).
 * 3 December – Kit Lawlor, soccer player (died 2004).
 * 19 December – Eamonn Andrews, broadcaster (died 1987).

Deaths

 * 5 January – Ernest Shackleton, explorer, remembered for his Antarctic expedition of 1914–1916 in the ship Endurance (born 1874).
 * 11 January – Thomas Lough, Liberal politician in Britain, Lord Lieutenant of Cavan (born 1850).
 * 1 February
 * Harry Hammon Lyster, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1858 at Calpee, India (born 1830).
 * William Desmond Taylor, film director in the United States, murdered (born 1872).
 * 3 February – John Butler Yeats, artist and father of W. B. Yeats and Jack Butler Yeats (born 1839).
 * 16 April – Frank Lawless, Sinn Féin TD, member of the 1st Dáil and the 2nd Dáil (born 1870).
 * 29 April – Richard Croker, politician in the United States and a leader of New York City's Tammany Hall (born 1843).
 * 22 May – William J. Twaddell, Ulster Unionist Party MP, assassinated by Irish Republican Army (born 1884).
 * 31 May – Joseph McGuinness, Sinn Féin MP and TD, member of the 1st Dáil (born 1875).
 * 22 June – Sir Henry Wilson, British Field Marshal and Conservative Party politician, killed by the IRA (born 1864).
 * 7 July – Cathal Brugha, active in Easter Rising, Irish War of Independence, and Irish Civil War and first Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann, shot by Free State troops (born 1874).
 * 26 July – John Clark, boxer (born 1849).
 * 2 August – Harry Boland, Irish Volunteer in Easter Rising, Sinn Féin MP, shot by members of the Free State National Army (born 1887).
 * 12 August – Arthur Griffith, founder and third leader of Sinn Féin, served as President of Dáil Éireann (born 1872).
 * 22 August – Michael Collins, Revolutionary and Commander-in-Chief of the Irish Free State Army, Cabinet Minister, shot and killed (born 1890).
 * 21 September – Frederick Thomas Trouton, physicist responsible for Trouton's Rule (born 1863).
 * 24 November – Erskine Childers, writer, nationalist, executed by Free State firing squad (born 1870).
 * 28 November – Anna Haslam, women's rights activist, suffragist (born 1829).
 * 8 December – executed in Mountjoy Jail during the Irish Civil War
 * Richard Barrett, Irish Republican Army member (born 1889).
 * Joe McKelvey, Irish Republican Army officer (born 1898).
 * Liam Mellows, Sinn Féin politician, member of 1st Dáil (born 1895).
 * Rory O'Connor, Irish republican activist, captured at the fall of the Four Courts (born 1883).
 * 20 December – Séamus Dwyer, Sinn Féin politician, shot (born 1886).
 * 25 December – Joseph MacDonagh, anti-Treaty Sinn Féin member of 1st Dáil representing Tipperary North, insurance broker (born 1883).

title: 1922 in Ireland


text:
Addis

Addis may refer to:

Places

 * Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia
 * Addis Ababa University
 * Addis Ketema, a city district
 * Addis, Louisiana, a town in West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, US

People

 * Addis (name)
 * Raptile (born 1976), stage name Addis, German-American singer and rapper

Businesses

 * The Addis Company, a defunct New York department store which merged with Dey Brothers
 * Addis Housewares, a British household products company
 * Addis Fortune, a newspaper
 * Addis Standard, a news magazine

title: Addis


text:
Talk:Peter Anthony Inge, Baron Inge

The information in this article is duplicated in Peter Inge, Baron Inge, which has many more articles referring to it, therefore this article is being redirected. -- Arwel 20:57, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peter Anthony Inge, Baron Inge


text:
Symondsbury

Symondsbury is a village and civil parish in southwest Dorset, England, 1.5 mi west of Bridport and 16 mi west of Dorchester. The village is located just to the north of the A35 trunk road, which runs between Southampton and Honiton. The village has a pub (the Ilchester Arms), a pottery and a primary school. The village is the head of Symondsbury Parish which extends from Eype and West Cliff (West Bay) in the south, to the Marshwood Vale in the north. The village is set in the Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 1,059.

Toponymy
The name Symondsbury derives from Old English and means the hill or barrow (beorg) belonging to a man named Sigemund. It was listed in the Domesday Book as Simondesberge.

History and economy
Symondsbury is recorded in the Domesday Book as having 31 households, with the lord of the manor being Cerne Abbey, which was also the lord at the time of the Norman Conquest.

In historical times the main economy of the village was the production of flax and hemp for Bridport's rope and net manufacturing trade.

More recently the main business has been milk, beef, sheep, pigs and arable production and, since the decline of agriculture in the late 20th century, the village has hosted two colleges, many small workshops and several large self-catering holiday lets. The village still has several orchards, two cider presses, one apple juice business, an orchard conservation company, artists, potters, an outdoor toddler group and a primary school. Many of the inhabitants still work in the village on the two business parks and other converted agricultural buildings.

The small River Simene passes through the parish. A tributary stream also wanders through the village itself, coming from a spring that is believed still to have healing properties. In the medieval age, people from miles around came to bathe their eyes, that were then allegedly healed. There is an old road from the sea through the village, that used to take pilgrims to the shrine of St Wite at Whitchurch Canonicorum.

In 2004/5 The Symondsbury Apple Project undertook research into Dorset's Orchard and cider history discovering that in Symondsbury parish there were over 100 acres of orchard in 1839.

Colmer's Hill

The main landmark in the village is the distinctive Colmer's Hill, a near-conical sandstone eminence topped by pine trees. It is highly visible from the main street in Bridport, and its significance extends back to around the 11th century. The hill takes its name from the "Colmer Tenement". The family were tenants of the Dukes of Somerset and Earls of Ilchester in the 17th and 18th centuries and the Rev. John Colmer was the rector from 1805–06.

During World War I 12 Scots Pine trees were planted on the summit by Major W P Colfox MC in memory of 12 local men who were killed in battle, and the hill now forms an iconic subject for artists and photographers.

Church
The parish church of St John the Baptist is in Early English style and cruciform shape, it has a nave, transepts, south porch and square tower with six small bells and a clock. The registers date from 1558. Records show that the first rector arrived in 1325. In the north and south transept there are spyholes, known as squints, through which the congregation could see the priest at the altar.

The stained glass in a memorial window in the church was designed around 1884 by William Lethaby, who later became Professor of Ornament & Design at the Royal College of Art.

Principal houses
The principal houses in the village are Symondsbury Manor, Shutes Farmhouse and the Old Rectory (now known as Oakhayes).

Like many so-called manor houses, this one has not formed the administrative centre of the manorial landholding. It was not until the 20th century when the then owners, the Colfox family, had collected together much of the previously manorial land that the house acquired this title. In 1975 the house was separated from the land and sold to Peter Hitchin. Originally a medieval farmhouse, it was heavily remodelled by Crickmay in the late 19th century for the Symonds Udall family to whom Thomas Hardy and William Barnes were regular visitors.

Shutes Farmhouse, originally a medieval hall house, was built from trees felled in 1449. Symondsbury was held by the Abbey of Cerne until dissolution, whence it passed to the Dukes of Somerset and this was the administrative centre of their manorial landholding. In 1672 the Duchess of Somerset, to clear the debts of the late Duke, sold much of Symondsbury in nearly two dozen lots to various tenants, but retained Shutes Farmhouse (the Colmer tenement) as the centre of the residual manorial holding which along with the Lordship were sold shortly afterwards to the Earl of Ilchester whose heir still holds the title, but no land.

Oakhayes was built in two phases at the beginning and end of the 18th century. It was such a rich living that the rector at the time even boasted his own pack of hounds and the kennels can still be seen. An engraving of the house dated 1799 was published in the History of Dorset by John Hutchins.

Demography
In the 2011 census the parish had 581 dwellings, 486 households and a population of 1,059.

Transport
The village is about half a mile (800 metres) from the A35 Folkestone-Honiton trunk road. It has no bus service but the No. X51 (formerly X31) Dorchester to Axminster bus and the X53 Poole to Exeter bus stop on West Road for Symondsbury at Sprakes Corner, half a mile (800 metres) away. The village is about 1.5 mi from the town of Bridport. Symondsbury has several footpaths into the surrounding area.

title: Symondsbury


text:
Talk:DA

It seems to me that we have gotten off track in terms of this being a disambiguation page. Our definition of a disambiguation page currently states:

"Do not disambiguate, or add a link to a disambiguation page, if there is no risk of confusion. Ask yourself: When a reader enters this term and pushes "Go", would they expect to view any of the articles listed on the disambiguation page? Disambiguation pages are not search indices -- do not add links that merely contain part of the page title where there is no significant risk of confusion."

In this regard, it seems that "dumbass" (just removed)-- and likewise, perhaps also: Dorothy Ann, Daniel Amos, and Dumbledor’s Army might not be appropriate entries here. I'd like to hear other thoughts on the subject. Is anyone who is actually looking for "dumbass" likely to first encounter "DA", the way that someone looking for "District Attorney" would? Or are we simply listing any two-word names or expressions that could theoretically be represented by the two letters "D.A."? That seems unreasonable to me, given the actual purpose of a disambiguation page. "D.A." for "Doctor of Arts" and "D.A." for "District Attorney" are reasonable entries for disambiguation, as they are expressions that are frequently represented by the acronym "D.A." Asta2500 20:57, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Da means Dad too, at least in Ireland. Maybe pop a link in to father? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.100.38.132 (talk) 23:31, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

Da: name of abook written by Seyedeh Zahra Hoseini — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.57.98.67 (talk) 08:52, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:DA


text:
1921 in Ireland

Events from the year 1921 in Ireland.

Events

 * 1 February
 * Captain Con Murphy from near Millstreet, County Cork is executed by British authorities, the first man to be executed in front of a firing squad since the 1916 Rising.
 * The Irish White Cross is established to distribute funds raised by the American Committee for Relief in Ireland.
 * 4 February – Irish War of Independence: Irish Republican Army sets fire to Summerhill House in County Meath, destroying it.
 * 5 February – in Brighton, England, the widow of Charles Stewart Parnell, Katherine Parnell, dies aged 76.
 * 5 March – Irish War of Independence: Clonbanin Ambush: Irish Republican Army kills Brigadier General Cumming.
 * 16–17 March – Irish War of Independence: Irish Republican Army kills two Royal Irish Constabulary constables in Clifden; Black and Tans, called in, kill one civilian, seriously injure another, burn 14 houses and damage several others.
 * 19 March – Irish War of Independence: Crossbarry Ambush: British troops fail to encircle an outnumbered column of Irish Republican Army volunteers in County Cork, with at least ten British and three IRA deaths.
 * 21 March – Irish War of Independence: Headford Ambush: Irish Republican Army kills at least nine British troops.
 * 27 April – Viscount FitzAlan of Derwent is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the first Roman Catholic granted the office since 1685.
 * 3 May – the state of Northern Ireland is created within the United Kingdom under terms of the Government of Ireland Act 1920.
 * 13 May – Irish elections, under terms of the Government of Ireland Act 1920: At close of nomination for elections to the new Parliament of Southern Ireland, all 128 candidates are returned unopposed and deemed elected. All 124 Sinn Féin candidates regard themselves as elected to the Second Dáil.
 * 24 May – Irish elections, under terms of the Government of Ireland Act 1920: In the Northern Ireland general election for the new Parliament of Northern Ireland (held by single transferable vote), it is apparent by 29 May that the Unionists have a substantial majority (40 out of 52 seats).
 * 25 May – Irish War of Independence: The Irish Republican Army occupies and burns The Custom House in Dublin, the centre of local government in Ireland. Five IRA men are killed and over eighty captured by the British Army which surrounds the building.
 * 7 June – the forty elected Unionist Members of Parliament gather in Belfast City Hall. James Craig is elected as the first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland.
 * 20 June – Irish War of Independence: British Major-General Lambert dies at Athlone of a gunshot wound sustained in an IRA ambush; early on 2 July six farmhouses in the area are burned apparently in retaliation and the following day the IRA, in turn, burn down Moydrum Castle.
 * 22 June – new Parliament of Northern Ireland meets at Belfast City Hall and is opened by George V of the United Kingdom, making a speech (drafted by Jan Smuts) calling for reconciliation in Ireland.
 * 28 June – new Parliament of Southern Ireland meets at the Royal College of Science for Ireland in Merrion Street, Dublin and is opened by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Viscount FitzAlan. In addition to the appointed Senate, only the four Unionist MPs representing Dublin University attend the House of Commons. Having elected Gerald Fitzgibbon to be Speaker, the House adjourns sine die. This is its only formal meeting and it never enacts any legislation.
 * 4 July – James Craig refuses to attend a peace conference in Dublin because the invitation by President Éamon de Valera was addressed to him personally instead of to the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland.
 * 8 July – at the Peace Conference in the Mansion House, Dublin, President de Valera accepts an invitation to meet the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Lloyd George, in London.
 * 10 July – Bloody Sunday: Clashes between Catholics and Protestants in Belfast result in 16 deaths (23 over the surrounding four-day period) and the destruction of over 200 (mostly Catholic) homes.
 * 11 July – under the terms of the truce (signed on 9 July) which becomes effective at noon, the British Army agrees that there will be no provocative display of forces or incoming troops. The Irish Republican Army agrees that attacks on Crown forces will cease.
 * 21 July - The Belfast Pogrom begins with the one day removal of thousands of Belfast shipyard, factory and mill workers from their jobs.
 * 16 August – following the uncontested election for the Parliament of Southern Ireland, 125 Sinn Féin Teachtaí Dála assemble as the Second Dáil at the Mansion House, Dublin. Six represent constituencies in Northern Ireland (five of them jointly with constituencies in the South).
 * 23 August – the Northern Cabinet agrees that Stormont Castle will be the permanent site of the Northern Houses of Parliament.
 * 7 September – David Lloyd George summons a meeting of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom at Inverness to discuss an independent Ireland's relationship with the British Empire.
 * 8 September – David Lloyd George's final offer is delivered to Éamon de Valera. Sinn Féin is invited to discuss the proposals which would grant limited sovereignty within the British Empire.
 * 14 September – Dáil Éireann selects five delegates to negotiate agreement with Lloyd George in London, including Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith.
 * 8 October – the Irish delegation leaves for London to discuss the Treaty.
 * 9 October – large crowds greet the Irish delegation at Euston Station in London. Griffith tells the crowd that de Valera will not travel to London.
 * 11 October – The Irish Treaty Conference opens in London.
 * 1 November – Frances Kyle and Averil Deverell are called to the Bar of Ireland, becoming the first female barristers in the British Isles.
 * 6 December – agreement is reached in the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations in London. The main points include the creation of an Irish Free State within the Commonwealth, an Oath of Allegiance to the Crown, and retention by the British naval services of the use of certain ports.
 * December – Éamon de Valera accuses the delegation to London of having ignored its instructions. Arthur Griffith accuses de Valera of knowing at the time that a Republic could not be achieved.
 * 16 December – the British House of Commons accepts the Articles of Agreement. The House of Lords also votes to accept the Treaty by a large majority.
 * Bethany Home established in Dublin as a home for Protestant unmarried mothers, reformed prostitutes and those convicted of petty offences.

Arts and literature

 * 6 January – George Shiels' play Bedmates is premiered at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin.
 * 24 February – Terence MacSwiney's play The Revolutionist (set and published in 1914) has its stage premiere posthumously at the Abbey Theatre. His writings Principles of Freedom are collected from Irish Freedom (1911–12) and published this year also.
 * Ina Boyle's pastoral for orchestra Colin Clout is premiered.
 * George Moore publishes the novel Heloise and Abelard.
 * L. A. G. Strong publishes the poetry Dublin Days (in Oxford).
 * W. B. Yeats publishes the poetry Michael Robartes and the Dancer and Four Plays for Dancers.

Football

 * The new Football Association of Ireland is formed in Dublin after a split from the Belfast-based Irish Football Association. Shelbourne FC and Bohemian FC are amongst the eight founder members of the new League of Ireland. (See: FAI – Split from the IFA).

Gaelic Games

 * The All-Ireland Champions are Limerick (hurling) and Dublin (football)

Births

 * 3 January – Eddie Gannon, soccer player (died 1989).
 * 24 January
 * Sybil Connolly, fashion designer (died 1998).
 * Patrick Scott, painter (died 2014).
 * 17 January – Donogh O'Malley, Fianna Fáil TD and Cabinet Minister (died 1968).
 * 22 February – Cecil King, painter (died 1986).
 * 8 March – James Comyn, Justice of the High Court of England (died 1997).
 * 10 March – Bernard Devlin, Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Gibraltar.
 * 21 March – Yaakov Herzog, Dublin-born Israeli diplomat (died 1972).
 * 25 March – John Joe McGirl, chief of staff of the Irish Republican Army (died 1988).
 * 14 April – Mona Tyndall, missionary sister and development worker (died 2000).
 * 31 May – Billy Walsh, soccer player and manager (died 2006).
 * 29 June – Desmond Leslie, pilot, filmmaker and writer (died 2001).
 * 23 July – Malachi Martin, Roman Catholic priest and author (died 1999).
 * 27 July – Tom Nolan, Fianna Fáil TD, Minister of State and MEP (died 1992).
 * 22 August – Michael Yeats, Fianna Fáil Seanad member and MEP (died 2007).
 * 8 September – Patrick Flynn, Liberal Party of Canada MP (died 1996).
 * 22 November – Brian Cleeve, writer and television broadcaster (died 2003).
 * 17 December – Alice Glenn, Fine Gael politician (died 2011).
 * 24 December – Gerard Victory, composer (died 1995).
 * Full date unknown
 * Éamonn Young, Cork Gaelic footballer (died 2007).

Deaths

 * 5 January – James Rankin, lighthouse keeper in America (born 1844).
 * 21 April – Rosa Mulholland, Lady Gilbert, novelist, short-story writer and poet (born 1841).
 * 28 April – Maurice Moore, Irish republican who fought in the Irish War of Independence, executed (born 1894).
 * 9 June – Sir Henry Bellingham, 4th Baronet, politician and barrister (born 1846).
 * 18 August – Samuel Cleland Davidson, inventor and engineer (born 1846).
 * 9 October – Egerton Bushe Coghill, painter (born 1853).
 * 10 December – George Ashlin, architect (born 1837).
 * Full date unknown
 * James Gogarty, took part in Easter Rising, first known I.R.B. casualty of the Irish War of Independence (born 1890).

title: 1921 in Ireland


text:
Theological University of the Caribbean

Theological University of the Caribbean (Universidad Teológica del Caribe) formerly known as Biblical and Pentecostal College of Puerto Rico (Colegio Biblico Pentecostal de Puerto Rico) (CBPPR) is a private, Christian, Evangelical, Pentecostal, and coeducational university in Trujillo Alto, Puerto Rico that offers undergraduate and graduate studies in pastoral studies, biblical interpretation, Christian education, and theology. The university is accredited by the Caribbean Evangelical Theological Association (CETA) and The Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE).

In 2008, its name changed from Colegio Biblico Pentecostal de Puerto Rico to Universidad Teológica del Caribe, with same contact address and phone number.

It is accredited by the Association for Biblical Higher Education Commission on Accreditation (ABHE).

title: Theological University of the Caribbean


text:
Blink (community)

Blink was one of the earliest and largest online communities in Norway, which operated from 2002 to 2011. Launched by the media lab of the national daily newspaper Dagbladet, at its peak, it had 300,000 users.

It was created by Fredrik Kristiansen and Morten Mitch Larød, and released on February 1, 2002. Over the following two years, the community became twice as popular as any other Norwegian community. Until 2006, the website was only available at the address blink.dagbladet.no, but then Dagbladet.no bought the web address blink.no.

The community was finally closed down at the end of 2011, due to a mass flight of users to competitors like Facebook. After this flight, the 4,000 active members were not enough for the community to remain viable and it was therefore closed down.

title: Blink (community)


text:
Paul J. Crutzen

Paul Jozef Crutzen (3 December 1933 – 28 January 2021) was a Dutch meteorologist and atmospheric chemist. He and Mario Molina and Frank Sherwood Rowland were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 for their work on atmospheric chemistry and specifically for his efforts in studying the formation and decomposition of atmospheric ozone. In addition to studying the ozone layer and climate change, he popularized the term Anthropocene to describe a proposed new epoch in the Quaternary period when human actions have a drastic effect on the Earth. He was also amongst the first few scientists to introduce the idea of a nuclear winter to describe the potential climatic effects stemming from large-scale atmospheric pollution including smoke from forest fires, industrial exhausts, and other sources like oil fires.

He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and an elected foreign member of the Royal Society in the United Kingdom.

Early life and education
Crutzen was born in Amsterdam, the son of Anna (Gurk) and Josef Crutzen. In September 1940, the same year Germany invaded The Netherlands, Crutzen entered his first year of elementary school. His classes moved around to different locations after the primary school was taken over by the Germans; during the last months of the war he experienced the 'winter of hunger' with several of his schoolmates dying of famine or disease. In 1946 with some special help he graduated from elementary school and moved onto Hogere Burgerschool (Higher Citizens School). There, with the help of his cosmopolitian parents he became fluent in French, English, and German. Along with languages he also focused on natural sciences in this school, graduating in 1951; however his exam results did not qualify him for university scholarships. Instead, he studied Civil Engineering at a Higher Professional Education school with lower costs, and took a job with the Bridge Construction Bureau in Amsterdam in 1954. After completing military service, in 1958 he married Terttu Soininen, a Finnish university student whom he had met a few years earlier and moved with her to Gävle, a tiny city 200 km north of Stockholm where he took a job at a construction bureau. After seeing an advertisement by the Department of Meteorology at Stockholm University for a computer programmer, he applied, was selected, and in July 1959 moved with his wife and new daughter Ilona to Stockholm.

Beginning of academic career
In the 1920's Norwegian meteorologists began using fluid mechanics in analyse weather, and by 1959 the Meteorology Institute of Stockholm University was at the forefront of meteorology research using numerical modeling. The theories were validated in 1960 by images from Tiros, the first weather satellite.

At that time, Stockholm University housed the fastest computers in the world with the BESK (Binary Electronic Sequence Calculator) and its successor, the Facit EDB. Crutzen was involved with the programming and application of some of those early numerical models for weather prediction, and also developed a tropical cyclone model himself.

Working as a programmer at the university, he was able to take other lectures and in 1963 applied for a PhD program with a thesis combining mathematics, statistics and meteorology.

Although intending to extend his cyclone model for his thesis, around 1965 he was asked to help US scientists with a numerical model for the distribution of oxygen allotropes (atomic oxygen, molecular oxygen and ozone) in the stratosphere, the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere. This involved studies of stratospheric chemistry and the photochemistry of ozone. His PhD awarded in 1968, Determination of parameters appearing in the "dry" and the "wet" photochemical theories for ozone in the stratosphere, suggested that nitrogen oxides (NOx) should be studied.

His thesis was well-received and led to a post-doctoral fellowship at the Clarendon Laboratory of the University of Oxford, on behalf of the European Space Research Organisation (ESRO), the precursor of ESA.

Research career
Crutzen conducted research primarily in atmospheric chemistry. He is best known for his research on ozone depletion. In 1970 he pointed out that emissions of nitrous oxide, a stable, long-lived gas produced by soil bacteria, from the Earth's surface could affect the amount of nitric oxide (NO) in the stratosphere. Crutzen showed that nitrous oxide lives long enough to reach the stratosphere, where it is converted into NO. Crutzen then noted that increasing use of fertilizers might have led to an increase in nitrous oxide emissions over the natural background, which would in turn result in an increase in the amount of NO in the stratosphere. Thus human activity could affect the stratospheric ozone layer. In the following year, Crutzen and (independently) Harold Johnston suggested that NO emissions from the fleet of, then proposed, supersonic transport (SST) airliners (a few hundred Boeing 2707s), which would fly in the lower stratosphere, could also deplete the ozone layer; however more recent analysis has disputed this as a large concern.

In 1974 Crutzen received a prepublication draft of a scientific paper by Frank S. Rowland, professor of Chemistry at University of California, Irvine, and Mario J. Molina, a postdoctoral fellow from Mexico. It concerned the possible destructive effects of chlorofluoromethanes on the ozone layer. Crutzen immediately developed a model of this effect, which predicted severe depletion of ozone if those chemicals continued to be used at that current rate.

Crutze has listed his main research interests as "Stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry, and their role in the biogeochemical cycles and climate". From 1980, he worked at the Department of Atmospheric Chemistry at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, in Mainz, Germany; the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego; and at Seoul National University, South Korea. He was also a long-time adjunct professor at Georgia Institute of Technology and research professor at the department of meteorology at Stockholm University, Sweden. From 1997 to 2002 he was professor of aeronomy at the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Utrecht University.

He co-signed a letter from over 70 Nobel laureate scientists to the Louisiana Legislature supporting the repeal of that U.S. state's creationism law, the Louisiana Science Education Act. In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.

, Crutzen had an h-index of 151 according to Google Scholar and of 110 according to Scopus. On his death, the president of the Max Planck Society, Martin Stratmann, said that Crutzen's work led to the ban on ozone-depleting chemicals, which was an unprecedented example of Nobel Prize basic research directly leading to a global political decision.

Anthropocene
One of Crutzen's research interests was the Anthropocene. In 2000, in IGBP Newsletter 41, Crutzen and Eugene F. Stoermer, to emphasize the central role of mankind in geology and ecology, proposed using the term anthropocene for the current geological epoch. In regard to its start, they said:

"To assign a more specific date to the onset of the 'anthropocene' seems somewhat arbitrary, but we propose the latter part of the 18th century, although we are aware that alternative proposals can be made (some may even want to include the entire holocene). However, we choose this date because, during the past two centuries, the global effects of human activities have become clearly noticeable. This is the period when data retrieved from glacial ice cores show the beginning of a growth in the atmospheric concentrations of several 'greenhouse gases', in particular CO2 and CH4. Such a starting date also coincides with James Watt's invention of the steam engine in 1784."

Geoengineering (Climate intervention)
Steve Connor, Science Editor of The Independent, wrote that Crutzen believes that political attempts to limit man-made greenhouse gases are so pitiful that a radical contingency plan is needed. In a polemical scientific essay that was published in the August 2006 issue of the journal Climatic Change, he says that an "escape route" is needed if global warming begins to run out of control.

Crutzen advocated for climate engineering solutions, including artificially cooling the global climate by releasing particles of sulphur in the upper atmosphere, along with other particles at lower atmospheric levels, which would reflect sunlight and heat back into space. If this artificial cooling method actually were to work, it would reduce some of the effects of the accumulation of green house gas emissions caused by human activity, potentially extending the planet's integrity and livability.

In January 2008, Crutzen published findings that the release of nitrous oxide emissions in the production of biofuels means that they contribute more to global warming than the fossil fuels they replace.

Nuclear winter
Crutzen was also a leader in promoting the theory of nuclear winter. Together with John W. Birks he wrote the first publication introducing the subject: The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon (1982). They theorized the potential climatic effects of the large amounts of sooty smoke from fires in the forests and in urban and industrial centers and oil storage facilities, which would reach the middle and higher troposphere. They concluded that absorption of sunlight by the black smoke could lead to darkness and strong cooling at the earth's surface, and a heating of the atmosphere at higher elevations, thus creating atypical meteorological and climatic conditions which would jeopardize agricultural production for a large part of the human population.

In a Baltimore Sun newspaper article printed in January 1991, along with his nuclear winter colleagues, Crutzen hypothesized that the climatic effects of the Kuwait oil fires would result in "significant" nuclear winter-like effects; continental-sized effects of sub-freezing temperatures.

Awards and honours
Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, and F. Sherwood Rowland were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone". Some of Crutzen's others honours include the below:

 * 1976: Outstanding Publication Award, Environmental Research Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
 * 1984: Rolex-Discover Scientist of the Year.
 * 1985: Recipient of the Leó Szilárd Award for "Physics in the Publics Interest" of the American Physical Society.
 * 1986: Elected as a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union.
 * 1989: Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement.
 * 1990: Corresponding Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * 1995: Recipient of the Global Ozone Award for "Outstanding Contribution for the Protection of the Ozone Layer" by United Nations Environment Programme.
 * 1999: Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
 * 2006: Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)
 * 2007: International Member of the American Philosophical Society
 * 2017: Honorary Member of the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society
 * 2019: Lomonosov Gold Medal

Personal life
In 1956 Crutzen met Terttu Soininen, whom he married a few years later in February 1958. In December of the same year, the couple had a daughter. In March 1964, the couple had another daughter.

Crutzen died aged 87 on 28 January 2021.

title: Paul J. Crutzen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Preest

Preest
Vanity/advertisement for non-notable website; "Preest industries" has zero Google hits and "preest" hits are mostly unrelated. --Yath 21:00, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I wonder if this is related to our Buddhala kid? Buddhist punk?  Nope, never heard of that one.  Not notable, possible joke. Geogre 02:47, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert. jni 07:54, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert, along with several other edits made by the user in question, including vanity  links and vandalism.  --Ds13 06:53, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ad. Jayjg 16:33, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Preest