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User:לערי ריינהארט/templates

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authors: לערי ריינהארט

title: User:לערי ריינהארט/templates


text:
Talk:Deep-throating

Materials removed
Removed quationable statements from the article:

It feels so damn good too! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.157.90.114 (talk) 17:58, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

 * ''It also helps -- as the erect penis head is swallowed -- to contract different throat and mouth muscle groups to massage for more pleasure. This can be tricky, but as long as you don't completely barf, he will enjoy!

Cite please?

 * ''It may help with the swallowing of semen, but the quantity of semen may, at times, triple in volume.

Cite please?

-- The Anome 01:43, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I removed the statement
 * Because most women do not have the ability to take large penises into their throats...

I find this statement very questionable and require medical verification if it is to be kept. "Many women have difficulty learning" would be acceptable to me (though I have no verification even of that) but it is a skill that I find most women can learn. --Interesdom 07:39, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Training the Gag reflex is alot easier than avoiding it, I have done this and know it to be true. First a few things you need to understand,the fear of gagging, the fear of not being able to breath, its a panic feeling and your natural instincts are to get away immediatly.

Dont fear this, its all in your mind. to start training your gag reflex as the penis or dildo starts to make you gag STOP! do not go any further down or back out, wait for the feeling to end, then slowly try to proceed. repeat as necessary. (similar to when a person first uses contact lenses, after awhile you stop blinking when trying to put it in) CynicalAngel

Statement removed
Removed statement that It is usually helpful to have a willing ... partner — perhaps "legal" would have been a better word than "helpful". Vashti 16:49, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

eh
The 'examples' appears to be collection of semi-related porn. Seems like it should be deleted IMO.

I agree, it's not really informational, but more pornographic prose.

Again, this last site does not link to examples! It links to an adulot porn site, and this site changes daily. I'm all for oral action, but this is not the correct "example".

STILL NOT A LINK TO 'EXAMPLES'!!!!!! Link to a porn site. Grow up people....oy

——————

"Removed 'in pornography' link, which, though it did go to a deepthroat pornography site, it is prudent to remove this link, as the site is degrading and buggy.)"

I just removed the "In pornography link". I would like to further add and note the degrading manner in treatment and attitude towards women of the aforementioned offsite 'examples'. Stuff like - "bitches sucking it all the way dooowwn" and, this is a direct qoute - "By the time we were done with her, she had a nut mustache and was taking cumshots in her eyes!!!".

I hope I'm not overdoing this, but short and sweet, it was a link to a pornography paysite, and I'm sure with the already available description, we don't need that link there. RatherBeBiking 00:27, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Update - It seems that an unregistered user has reverted the change I made to the article because the material was found to be "relevant", despite my arguement on the talk page. I will not touch the article agian because I think it is safe to assume that this unregistered user serves only the purpose of keeping that link there, considering that it the single edit that user has made (64.32.94.105). There seems to be a general consensus here on the talk page to keep the 'examples' link out of the article, but maybe we should bring this to the next level? Anyone? RatherBeBiking 07:07, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

COPYRIGHT
The greater majority of this article is copied word for word from this site : http://www.deepthroatexpert.com/ Such content is copyright protected.

Agreed, 98% of it is just a copy and paste job that needs to be removed.

I agree too. That material is below rather than in the article. Why doesn't somebody take the following text as a starting point? Techniques Since an average erect penis is longer than an average mouth depth, deep throating requires suppressing the gag reflex in order to partially swallow the end of the penis. In order to perform this form of fellatio, the sexual partner performing deep throat controls all the muscles at the back of the throat and flattens the tongue, while gradually inserting the erect penis completely.

In one variation of the technique, the fellatee will take an "upright" position, in which the fellator kneels in front of or otherwise faces the front of the partner to be fellated.

In another variation of the technique, the fellator lies face up on a bed, with his or her head hanging over the edge. For some fellators, this ensures that the throat and mouth line up, aiding penetration, and can also give the fellatee additional control over the act, which may be desirable if the couple is experimenting with domination and submission play.

Because mouth and throat structure (as well as penis shape) vary from person to person, different persons will prefer different techniques and positions, and some experimentation may be necessary.

Advantages Deep throating may facilitate swallowing of the semen, as the ejaculate may bypass most of the tongue and tastebuds, depending on the depth of penetration at the time of release. If the penis is held completely inside the mouth and throat as the man ejaculates, the semen may be released into the esophagus without the fellator having to swallow.

Additionally, many men enjoy the sensations and psychological effects associated with the act. Similarly, many women and men enjoy incorporating it into their sexual repertoires, particularly as a variation on other forms of fellatio. It may be difficult for some persons to learn, however, due to the requirement of suppressing the natural gag reflex.
 * I noticed this as well, but I more or less just stumbled across the article. No one has as yet undertaken the task of at the very least rewording the article, so if no one has removed the plagarised sections in a few days I will try and make the time to rewrite it. --CokeBear 14:27, 23 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I noticed this as well, but I more or less just stumbled across the article. No one has as yet undertaken the task of at the very least rewording the article, so if no one has removed the plagarised sections in a few days I will try and make the time to rewrite it. --CokeBear 14:27, 23 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I noticed this as well, but I more or less just stumbled across the article. No one has as yet undertaken the task of at the very least rewording the article, so if no one has removed the plagarised sections in a few days I will try and make the time to rewrite it. --CokeBear 14:27, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Are you sure that it is not the Wikipedia article that has been copied? http://www.whois.net/whois_new.cgi?d=deepthroatexpert&tld=com seems to show that the domain has only existed since april 2006, does the wikipedia text outdate this? --Paulhurst 14:13, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * also seems to be a copy of http://www2.freedomacres.com/library/deepthroathow2.html so maybe  the site has collated information --[[User:Paulhurst|Paulhurst] 14:13, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

purportedly?
Cynthia Heimel can claim that the film was done by mirrors. But since the film there is plenty of other video evidence and individual experience to show the act is real and practised. Have removed the word "Purportedly" accordingly. Publicgirluk 06:39, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

image
The image could be better, and it suggests, but does not show anything specific. We should get feedback from many people, not just have one person decide. In the mean time, let's look for a better image. Atom 03:49, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

What do you think of one of these?

Atom 03:53, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * First, none of those images show the act described, and I can assure you from editing previous sex-related articles that this image is not useful and will be removed. I'll go get some other editors if you want. Jokestress 03:59, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I edit "numerous" sex-related articles, and yet have the opinion I do that mediocre image is better than none. As for your comment, it seems to me that the two in the right are clearly deep throat.  Just because it is not the "ideal" picture, doesn't mean that it does not show visually what the article discusses.  As I say below I am always willing to give in to consensus, but it seems it has been your one opinion against two others, so far.  Regards, Atom 04:06, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

user:Jokestress You seem to feel quite strongly about it. You are a more experienced editor than myself, and your opinion is important to me. However, I am frustrated that you have reverted several times without trying to work out a solution instead. I've suggested several other possibilities. To me, a lead image is important to give a visual idea of what is going on for visually inclined people. Even an image like the one we are currently talking about is better than no image. I've offered three other possibilities, of which the middle one comes the closest to being a good "fit". At the moment, it would seem that it is you against, and two people (the person who put the image in originally)and myself for. Let me know what you think, and more importantly, lets get feedback from a few others. I'm always willing to bend to consensus, or a more experienced wikipedian. Atom 04:06, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Just left a comment on your talk page. Let me know how you'd like to proceed. I can get a buncha folks over to weigh in if you wish. The problem with the image is that the recipient could be doing anything in the image you propose. If you can find a non-copyright image of someone deep throating, we can discuss the merits of that image, but sexually explicit images typically get removed unless they are considered critical to understanding the article. Jokestress 04:12, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

I think the second image shown above is probably as good as we are likely to get. I prefer an illustration over a photo when it comes to explicit acts. I'm fine with waiting to find a better image if that one is not acceptable to others.

In general I like all articles to have some visual to set the tone, to spark understanding without many words. If, as you say, there are unwritten policies, or policies in the works regarding explicit images, then we might as well wait. I can post to the administrators' noticeboard asking for a clear policy. I have been editing based on the policy that wikipedia does not censor. If there really is some form of censorship, then a policy defining that more clearly would be helpful. My guess is that the wikipedia lawyer does not want to give "official" policy to leave options open later. Also, my guess is that wikipedia may not want any censorship, but also recognizes the prudent necessity to not damage the future of wikipedia by inciting some kind of negative reaction and response externally. Anyway, more clear guidelines would be nice. Atom 04:46, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I tend to agree, yes. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 09:41, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Section on Risks
I think a section on risks involved in this technique should also be given. From my experience as a CSW, I know that only a very skilled person can suppress the gag reflex and perform this technique. Inexperienced persons are likely to hurt both parties involved. I am posting this considering the average age of wikipedia editors. Most of the senior administrators and bureaucrats belong to the vulnerable age group. I know that wikipedia is not legally responsible, but I feel we would definitely be morally responsible. I definitely don’t want to see newspaper articles blaming wikipedia for any kind of accidents. We can even think of a warning template; like the spoiler warning template.  Dakshayani  തമ്പുരാട്ടി   04:55, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, seriously, should we just put a disclaimer on every page? To be honest, this seems to be a ridiculous statement. Any "risks" involved would be fairly obvious, and putting a warning here would be like putting a warning on a curling iron saying "Do not insert in any bodily orifice" or putting "External Use Only" on a softball. It also does not take "only a very skilled person" to perform the act, and in fact to learn to perform it you have to do it. Practice makes perfect. And which kind of CSW are you referring to, a social worker or... something else? If it is something else, it starts to sound like an Electrician telling you that you should always call an Electrician to change a lightbulb "for your own protection". And what exactly is the "vulnerable age group"? Wow. "Suspected sock puppet" or no, this is just a weird statement all around.--CokeBear 14:23, 23 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm guessing his point was that this is a typical case of "start low, go slow" or pre-lawsuit-age Common Sense(tm), and that some people have dysfunctional self-preservation mechanisms (whether they never had any, or merely became reliant on ubiquitous warning labels). Your comment brings to mind a particular circular saw whose warning label was "do not attempt to stop the circular saw with hands or genitalia". While there are medical conditions that can make DT a risky proposal (STDs, nasal constrictions, jaw joint issues, epiglottis abnormalities, etc.), any specific information should be put in a seperate section.
 * As you said, for a healthy person, body control and training/desensitization, while being careful, is all that is needed. And I really don't think there are any "naturally skilled" people in this regard. Just for fun, I tried inserting a similarly sized/shaped object just now, and while it was mildly uncomfortable, that's all. Of course, I have an aversion to vomiting, and the supression of that over the years may confer some additional benefits with regards to gag reflex control, so YMMV. There really wasn't any triggering of it, though, except when in pressing on the uvula or epiglottis.
 * The epiglottis is generally not pressed on by deep throating, so the real trigger is probably a combination of the psychological component (which may be remediated with set&setting, agreed-upon non-verbal communication, arousal, etc.) and contact with the uvula. Most practicioners I've talked to have expressed that they learn to supress the gag reflex, although some have stated that the uvula becomes desensitized. Zuiram 19:15, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Based on extensive original research, I would guess that a major risk might be the irritation of the throat (resulting in a sore throat afterwards), which could increase the risk of infection. If that is an issue, it should be easily found in the literature and referenced here. Peter Chastain   [¡hablá!]  23:53, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

CSW == C... Sex Worker? Or something? To know the editor's specific field of expertise would be useful  Smokey TheCat  14:23, 25 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I think CSW stands for clinical social worker. Peter Chastain   [¡hablá!]  23:53, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

I think a section on risks would be most appropriate, independent of wikipedia's editors age or lack of liability - that's why I came to this page in the first place! Ludicr0us0sity (talk) 05:19, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

gay deepthroat
the article doesnt seem to mention that men can deepthroat men too== Exclusion of a gay perspective on deep throating would be denying this entry a whole other and necessary facet... I have tried doing this, using more "theirs" "his or hers" "she or hes" "receptive partner" "performer" "fellator" and "deepthroater" not done yetCholgatalK! 05:53, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree, it needs a rewrite to more gender-neutral language WilyD 16:25, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. In general, more gender neutrality would help, including in relation to the images. At the moment the overall tone (images and text) make for an unbalanced and unencyclopedic article.--  TyrS  chatties  08:28, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

I agree, and am attempting to change the introductory paragraph to reflect this Ludicr0us0sity (talk) 05:11, 14 August 2013 (UTC)ludicr0us0sity
 * To this end, what makes female porn stars who can perform this act more notable than male porn stars who can? Quite frankly it is generally uncommon for a gay pornographic film to NOT have the male actors deep throat one another. CouplandForever (talk) 09:59, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

Removal of image
I removed the image in accordance with the guideline Profanity. In particular:

 * "Words and images that would be considered offensive, profane, or obscene by typical Wikipedia readers should be used if and only if their omission would cause the article to be less informative, relevant, or accurate..."

The article seemed just as "informative, relevant and accurate" without it, so I judged the image suitable for removal. It's likely to be deleted shortly for uncertain copyright status anyway. --Rrburke(talk) 19:37, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Pornography
It says right up in the title that this is an article about a sexual act, yet the bulk of the article seems to focus on its use in pornographic film. is there a reason for this? -MBlume 03:42, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Article
I've moved the majority of the material in this article to Deep throat in pornographic film, a new article. This is because I noticed that this material did not seem to be about deep throat as practiced by individuals concerned only with their own pleasure (as the article title implies) but as practiced by performers in pornographic films. If anyone thinks I was wrong to make this move, I would be glad to discuss the matter. -MBlume (talk) 08:25, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

external images
the over the edge of the bed image is very useful and informativeChuletadechancho (talk) 07:56, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Artist?
the use of the word 'artists' multiple times in this article made me chuckle... it's not exactly like you go to see pictures of deepthroating in galleries. 67.86.126.40 (talk) 22:29, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

gagging
gagging should be added, given an extra section. the differnece is that a woman which is deepthroating HAS the ability to take it in completely, while a woman that gags, or, as in most cases, is gagged, has still her full reflex, you know, i think there is even a whole part of porn films concentrating on this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.196.243.245 (talk) 18:57, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Image
Image cropped for encyclopedic tone. Gender of person performing act is an irrelevant, distracting detail that sacrifices objective, neutral presentation of the material. (Remember, this is an encyclopedia.)--  TyrS  chatties  04:44, 13 January 2011 (UTC)
 * How does it distract the reader, sacrifice the objective, and not neutral? Changing it to fit you preference is not neutral. The original should be the one present. Valknuter (talk) 04:48, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Valknuter, re. | your edit summary: "...If you get rid of important details while removing unnecessary..." please specify what you mean by "important details".  TyrS  chatties  07:57, 13 January 2011 (UTC)
 * See also section 8 above, where article's imbalances were also pointed out by others.--  TyrS  chatties  08:36, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

Extensive how-to advice in article
In accordance with WP:NOTHOW AND WP:NOTADVOCATE, the extensive material on "Technique" needs to be removed.  TyrS  chatties  22:21, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

I'm moving the following here for now, since perhaps someone might want to move it to Wikibooks or Wikiversity, where it might more properly belong. (p.s. please also note that the frequent repetition of "female partner" is irrelevant and unnecessary to the topic, and should be removed, unless the article is titled "heterosexual deep-throating").  TyrS  chatties  22:26, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

Technique
The technique of deep-throating involves taking a deep breath and slowly sliding the penis into the mouth, moving it along the tongue. Breathing, or remembering to breathe, as opposed to gagging, is important for deep-throating. When the receiving partner feels the urge to gag, she pauses and holds the penis as long as possible, and then repeats the process. With practice, she can take the penis deeper into the mouth. When the glans penis begins to enter the throat, the tongue is used to overcome resistance and to pull the penis deeper into the mouth. When the receiving partner feels the urge to gag, she pauses for a while, then extends her tongue outwards; then she pull her tongue back into her mouth. When the tongue is pulled back into mouth, the penis is also pulled deep into the mouth along with the tongue.

Those who have mastery over deep-throating also perform "throat massage" by making swallowing motions when the penis is in the throat.

The pleasure of the recipient of deep-throating can be intensified by licking his scrotum while performing deep throat. The male partner can also ejaculate with his penis deep inside the mouth of the female partner. In this process, the female partner cannot taste the ejaculate because the glans remains behind the taste buds.

Suppressing gag reflex
It is required to learn the techniques of suppressing the pharyngeal reflex or gag reflex, a reflex contraction of the back of the throat, evoked by touching the soft palate. There are two techniques to reduce or eliminate the gag reflex: short-term desensitization, and oral sex lubricant.

A quick way to suppress the gag reflex is the use of sprays that numb the back of the throat such as the "Comfortably Numb Deep Throat Spray" which is available in different flavors. Gag reflex can be reduced by using an edible personal lubricant. An erect penis, if well-lubricated, slides along the tongue and into the throat much easier than a non-lubricated penis. Since some of the lubricant may be swallowed, it is important that the lubricant should be safe to swallow. Water-based lubricants available in multiple flavors are safe to swallow and can be used for deep-throating. Silicon-based lubricants and "stimulating" lubricants are not safe for oral sex.

Sex positions
Positioning is very important for performing deep throat. For deep-throating, the angle of the mouth and throat should be widened in a straight line. For this reason, "over-the-edge" is the most common position for deep-throating. It this position, the female partner lies on her back with the head hanging off the edge of the bed and the male partner stands or kneels in front of the female partner, with his penis at the female partner's mouth level. Another position used for deep-throating involves the female partner sitting on the male partner's chest, with his feet or shaft in front of her. The 69 position can also be opted for deep-throating.

Misconception
There is a popular misconception that it is important to relax the muscles of the throat for this oral sex. Victoria Zdrok in her book The Anatomy of Pleasure said, instead of relaxing the throat muscles, it is important to forcing the back of the tongue down for the purpose of creating a larger opening for the penis to enter deep into mouth.

____

Who's the giving partner and who's the receiving partner?
It's a bit confusing who's who when using these terms (the mind automatically connects the "giving" to the person with the penis - or at least *my* mind does). It would be good if we could find alternative ways to refer to the person giving the deepthroat, and the person receiving it.

 * I agree: see, below. Peter Chastain   [¡hablá!]  17:55, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Bruno? Eloise?
"Bruno's sexual partner (Eloise)" What the hell is that supposed to mean? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.114.143.36 (talk) 18:08, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

Giving/receiving
It appears as giving vs receiving is defined in the article, but later sections seem to reverse the definitions. Someone should edit it for consistency. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.7.202.192 (talk) 23:25, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Ditto. This aspect is very confusing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.94.105.14 (talk) 02:37, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

 * In my current edit, I have attempted to fix this by reversing the definitions back to receptive and insertive, while also eliminating a lot of the redundant references to partner, using unambiguous anatomical references instead. Peter Chastain   [¡hablá!]  17:55, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I have just noticed the Fellatio article and the fact that it also uses the giving/receiving terminology, as it was here before my edits. Unless the two articles are merged, as suggested in, below, we should make the terminology consistent. Peter Chastain   [¡hablá!]  23:53, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Taboo and health risks
Because this is a taboo topic, it is difficult to find sources for. I added a section called safety because it is an extreme act and people should be aware of the risks of its use. Feel free to contribute on this topic. My source of experience is personal, although I can not reference myself or my partner without risking our well being in public. AKA TABOO. (Babakazooy (talk) 04:26, 1 June 2014 (UTC))

 * , I reverted you mainly because of the Identifying reliable sources (medicine) (WP:MEDRS) guideline. Another valid reason for having reverted you is that Wikipedia article content should not be based on the personal experience of its editors; this is per the WP:Verifiability policy (which also covers the WP:Reliable sources guideline). If something can hardly be reliably sourced or can't be reliably sourced at all, then there is hardly any point of adding a Template:Citation needed tag for it. In the case of something that can't be reliably sourced at all, the Template:Citation needed tag is not needed at all, since there is no reliable source that can support the text. As for there not being any reliable sources to support the health risks of deep-throating because deep-throating is taboo, there are a lot of taboo sexual acts, including fisting, that are able to have their health risks reliably sourced. I suggest you look on Google Books and Google Scholar for reliable sources supporting the health risks of deep-throating.

 * On a side note: I moved your section to the bottom because, per Talk page guidelines, new discussions go at the bottom of the talk page. I also altered the heading of this section with "and health risks" so that it is clearer as to what this section is about; it will also help identifying the section once it is archived. Flyer22 (talk) 06:06, 1 June 2014 (UTC)

Thank you for the input, I am new. I will consider what you have said in the future. Thank you for responding in a straight forward manner. (Babakazooy (talk) 23:09, 1 June 2014 (UTC))

"A normal person"
Vranak, regarding this wording, I think that the previous wording is better and more accurate. Your wording implies that people who can deep-throat are abnormal. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 20:39, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Yeah I hear ya honey but that's exactly what the original writer was trying to convey. Basically they are telling the audience "If you can't deepthroat, don't feel bad, because a lot of people have trouble with their gag reflex." My edit was simply trying to make that point more front-and-center rather than subtly implied. But if you prefer it how it originally was, that's fine with me. Either way. Vranak (talk) 08:35, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Nah, I don't think that the original writer was talking about who is or is not a normal person. This edit you made is better. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 21:10, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * But re-adding "most people" would be clearer. My point regarding "a normal person" is that there are many things people can do that most people cannot, but this does not make the minority abnormal people. An ability to do something may be considered atypical or abnormal, but it does not mean that the person with the ability is abnormal. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 21:16, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * As you may have noticed from the edit log, I gave it some thought and realized that yeah, that word 'normal' should just be cut out altogether, and we don't even need any adjectives, just 'person' will do nicely. Cheers Flyer, I really like having productive discussions with people I recognize from before, people whose work I admire. It's good stuff. Take it easy. Vranak (talk) 10:11, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Reason for separate article?
This has probably been discussed before, but why is this a separate article and not just part of the fellatio article? Trivialist (talk) 02:16, 30 May 2018 (UTC)

 * I would favor merging the two articles (by creating a deep-throating section there), or at least making the giving/receiving terminology consistent between the two. Peter Chastain   [¡hablá!]  23:53, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Merger proposal
(Discussion will be at Talk:Fellatio, not here.)

An article that you have been involved in editing—Deep-throating—has been proposed for merging with the article Fellatio. If you are interested, please participate in the merger discussion. Thank you. Peter Chastain  [¡hablá!]  02:51, 28 November 2018 (UTC)

Result of merger proposal seen here. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 00:14, 27 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deep-throating


text: User:לערי ריינהארט/templates/accounts

authors: לערי ריינהארט

title: User:לערי ריינהארט/templates/accounts


text: Category:Geography of Tanzania

title: Category:Geography of Tanzania


text:
Capacitation

Capacitation is the penultimate step in the maturation of mammalian spermatozoa and is required to render them competent to fertilize an oocyte. This step is a biochemical event; the sperm move normally and look mature prior to capacitation. In vivo, capacitation occurs after ejaculation, when the spermatozoa leave the vagina and enter the upper female reproductive tract. The uterus aids in the steps of capacitation by secreting sterol-binding albumin, lipoproteins, and proteolytic and glycosidasic enzymes such as heparin.

For purposes of in vitro fertilization, capacitation occurs by incubating spermatozoa that have either undergone ejaculation or have been extracted from the epididymis and incubated in a defined medium for several hours. There are different techniques to perform the capacitation step: simple washing, migration (swim-up), density gradients, and filter. The objective is to isolate as many motile spermatozoa as possible and to eliminate non-motile or dead spermatozoa. After either in vivo or in vitro capacitation the sperm must undergo the final maturation step, activation, involving the acrosome reaction.

Non-mammalian spermatozoa do not require this capacitation step and are ready to fertilize an oocyte immediately after release from the male.

Function and mechanism
Capacitation has two effects: destabilisation of the acrosomal sperm head membrane which allows it to penetrate the outer layer of the egg, and chemical changes in the tail that allow a greater mobility in the sperm. The changes are facilitated by the removal of sterols (e.g. cholesterol) and non-covalently bound epididymal/seminal glycoproteins. The result is a more fluid membrane with an increased permeability to Ca2+ ion.

An influx of Ca2+ produces increased intracellular cAMP levels and thus, an increase in motility. Hyperactivation coincides with the onset of capacitation and is the result of the increased Ca2+ levels. It has a synergistic stimulatory effect with adenosine that increases adenylyl cyclase activity in the sperm.

The tripeptide fertilization promoting peptide (FPP) is essential for controlling capacitation. FPP is produced in the prostate gland as a component of the seminal fluid. FPP comes into contact with the spermatozoa during ejaculation, as the sperm and seminal fluid mix. High levels of active FPP prevent capacitation. After ejaculation, the concentration of FPP drops in the female reproductive tract.

Induction
Because assisted reproductive technologies, or ARTs, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intrauterine insemination (IUI) require the induction of sperm cell capacitation outside of normal biological parameters, numerous methods have been developed to induce this process in mammalian sperm cells. Sperm cells are harvested through ejaculation or harvested from the caudal epididymis and allowed to liquefy at room temperature. Capacitation can then be induced by adding media designed to mimic the electrolytic composition of the fallopian tubes, where fertilization occurs. These media vary between species, but are saline-based and contain energy substrates such as lactate, pyruvate, and possibly glucose. A cholesterol acceptor is required to facilitate the removal of cholesterol from the sperm cell membrane, which is always albumin. Bovine serum albumin is typically used for in vitro animal studies, and human serum albumin (HSA) is used in human sperm capacitation induction.

Bicarbonate is a vital component of capacitation-inducing media, as it is co-transported into the cytosol where it activates soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) as well as acts as a pH buffer necessary to prevent decreasing the pH in the culture, a necessary addition when incubating cells at 5% CO2 as is generally used although not required. Calcium chloride is added to facilitated the influx via of calcium cations. In animal models, Tyrode's albumin lactate pyruvate (TALP) medium is typically used as a base, which contains each of these components. In humans, human tubal fluid (HTF) is used.

These media can be supplemented with other chemicals to induce hyperactivated sperm motility and/or the acrosome reaction. For animal in vitro fertilization, caffeine at 5 mM concentration is a strong inducer of sperm capacitation in vitro. Calcium ionophores are also ideal to induce capacitation. Adding heparin to capacitation inducing medium mimics the secretion of heparin-like gycosaminoglycans (GAGs) near the oocyte and initiates the acrosome reaction. This effect is magnified when adding lysophosphatidylcholine (LC) in conjunction with heparin. Catecholamines such as norepinephrine at low concentrations have been shown to assist in acrosome reaction induction.

In vitro capacitation techniques
The traditional methods to perform in vitro capacitation are:

 * Simple wash: this method only eliminates seminal plasma, it does not select the best spermatozoa. The sample is centrifuged and then, the supernatant is eliminated. It is used in severe oligozoospermia, cryptozoospermia or testis biopsy samples. It is performed before other capacitation techniques too.

 * Migration (swim-up). Firstly, centrifugation takes place and seminal plasma is eliminated. Then, 0.5 -1 ml of culture medium is added at the top and after the incubation period at 37°C, the best motile spermatozoa will have ascend from the bottom to the top of the tube (healthy spermatozoa go to the culture medium). In order to obtain the fraction rich in spermatozoa, the top layer is collected. It is still widely used and useful in normozoospermia. It allows to obtain fractions with more than 90% of PR spermatozoa.

 * Density gradients. In this technique, a tube is filled with layers of liquids of different densities and semen is placed on the top layer. Then, The tube goes through a centrifugation to filter cell debris and non motile cells. After the centrifugation, healthy sperm are on the very bottom layer of the liquid in the tube, while debris and non-motile spermatozoa are in upper layers. This procedure takes approximately 60 minutes and it is specially indicated in oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia and abundant debris samples. At the end, all the cells will arrive to the bottom, but those with more motility will arrive sooner. This procedure is often called just the "Percoll method", since Percoll was frequently used as the density medium, but other density mediums are now used.

However, nowadays there are new techniques which surpass these ones. For instance, we have PICSI, MACS or microfluidic chips.
 * Filtration. It consist in a filter that does not allow every sperm to pass. It is less used nowadays and only spermatozoa with better motility will pass through the filter.

Measurement
Numerous methods have been developed to assess the degree to which sperm cells are undergoing capacitation in vitro. Computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) was developed in the 1980s for measuring sperm kinematics. CASA uses phase-contrast microscopy combined with sperm tracking software to analyze sperm motility parameters. Certain parameters such as curvilinear velocity (VCL), straightline velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), and the amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) have been shown to be positively correlated with the acquisition of fertilization competency and are thus used to identify hyperactive sperm cell motility.

While motility measurements are critical for identifying the presence of hyperactive motility, additional methods have been developed to identify the occurrence of the acrosome reaction. A simple method uses Coomassie brilliant blue G250 to stain cells, providing visual evidence of intact or reacted acrosomes. More advanced techniques employ fluorescent or electron microscopy methods. Fluorescein-conjugated Peanut agglutinin (FITC-PNA) or Pisum sativum agglutinin (FITC-PSA) can be used to fluorescently tag the acrosome of sperm cells, which can be then used to assess the status of the acrosome using a fluorescent microscope.

Discovery
The discovery of this process was independently reported in 1951 by both Min Chueh Chang and Colin Russell Austin.

title: Capacitation


text:
User talk:Montrealais/Talk archive 6

 * Talk archive 1
 * Talk archive 2
 * Talk archive 3
 * Talk archive 4
 * Talk archive 5

Note: I will respond to you here.

Montrealais: The Canadian Red Ensign "Thing"
I shall be direct,

You clearly have a sound knowledge of Vexillology (study of Flags), and can understand that linking a Flag to "group" can be unjustified. You value the Quebec Flag,... you would not want to have it "dragged through the mud" unfairly. I request a similiar "consideration" for the Canadian Red Ensign (flown 1867-1964 AD). We are not children here,... I would not want to see this get "out-of-hand".

Sincerely, and respectfully,

ArmChairVexillogistDon

(Remainder of talk moved to Talk:Red Ensign. Montréalais 07:53, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC))

your organ photo
FYI I used your amazing photo of the organ at Notre-Dame Basilica for the Casavant Frères article (if you do not mind). I wish there was another shot available of a Casavant organ, since your Notre-Dame photo has already been used a couple of times. If I find another I will substitute it.Paradiso 09:48, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Washington Metro
Hi, I'm not a logged-in member here, but I do a lot of contributions. One downside is I can't upload pictures. As such, I was wondering if you could redo the maps on Washington Metro to reflect new station openings and names. The maps for the Yellow, Green, Red, and Blue Lines, as well as the overall system map on the main page need updating:

Yellow & Green Lines
 * Archives-Navy Mem'l ---> Archives-Navy Mem'l-Penn Quarter

Red Line
 * Rhode Island Ave ---> Rhode Island Ave-Brentwood
 * New York Ave ---> New York Ave-Florida Ave-Gallaudet U
 * Also, it's opening in 9 days (Nov. 20), so the maps need to show by then that it's a current, not future, station.

Blue Line
 * The Morgan Boulevard & Largo Town Center stations are opening in mid-December, so the maps have to show them as current stations by Dec. 18.

Main map on Washington Metro
 * Obviously, all the changes made to the other maps have to be reflected in the main system map.

Thank you very much! :-) In Pride, --68.100.252.229 11:56, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Medici
You should keep an eye on the main Medici page. Adraeus has started working on it, and he's impossible for me to work with - has his own idiosyncratic ideas (including not following common usage), insists on having things his own way, gets into edit wars if he doesn't get it, and is generally a hassle. So to keep sane, I've stopped watching it (there's plenty of other things for me to do), but someone should (he makes all sorts of mistakes and doesn't catch them). Noel 18:01, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not entirely sure what expertise I can bring to this discussion, in other words how to tell what he's mucking up. - Montréalais 15:35, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * See my talk page for Noel's exaggerations. Adraeus 01:21, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Toledo
Hi! I've taken the liberty of correcting the heavy lean of Toledo Cathedral in Cathedral architecture. Hope you don't mind. If you have the slightest objection then just ask me to revert to your original - Adrian Pingstone 17:41, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Canawikipedian coffeeklatsch
Just discovered there's a Canadian wikipedians' notice board. Spread the word. Bearcat 03:07, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Montréal as region

 *  and of the which it constitutes a administrative region encompassing it .

Granted, but will you remember changing it back on 1-1-2006? :-) --Valmi[[User_talk:Valmi| ✒]] 00:32, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes. We'll have to change the whole rest of the damn thing, won't we. - Montréalais 15:47, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Genital modification and mutilation
Hi. I'm becoming embroiled in a dispute on the Genital modification and mutilation page with a new user (User:Jakew) who is now accusing me of vandalism. He has just reverted a large number of edits. Could you take a look at the page and at Jakew's user contributions? I think it may be time to protect the article for a short while; I'd do it myself but as I'm involved in the dispute I'd rather not. Thanks. (I've left a similar note on Theresa Knott's page also, just in case). Exploding Boy 20:31, Nov 3, 2004 (UTC)

Larch
Nice pic at Larch, thanks! I've put a taxobox round it now - MPF 15:20, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Inuktitut language

 * Dear Montrealais, I have seen, that you moved Inuktitut language. Now this article would generate "multiple redirects". Could you please fix it and strike it from Multiple Redirects? Thanks! Regards Gangleri 15:39, 2004 Nov 10 (UTC)

 * I didn't move Inuktitut to Inuit language. I think it should have stayed at Inuktitut. We should wait for the situation to sort itself out before we repair all the links. - Montréalais 18:53, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your answer. Please think about a suitable deadline. I would be happy if you would then do somthing about it. Thanks! Please take a look at Multiple Redirects and Wikipedia Talk:Multiple Redirects and comment if you like. Regards Gangleri 23:50, 2004 Nov 10 (UTC)

Location map
I noticed you made the location maps for the Canadian provinces. Is the blank version around somewhere? I would like to add it to the list in the Map Locators section at Wikipedia:WikiProject Protected Areas. Rmhermen 00:08, Nov 14, 2004 (UTC)

Image tagging
Hi Montrealais! I've been a longtime admirer of your work and your pictures. Please keep it coming!

Just wanted to drop a line; I'm working on the image-tagging project and ran across Image:Movingsidewalk.JPG. I'd guess from your comments at User:Montrealais/Images-List that you want it under the GFDL, but since this one isn't on that list, I wanted to be courteous and ask. (If you definitely want to release everything you've ever uploaded, perhaps you could add a note to that effect at the top of that page.) Could you please tag it with , or reply so I can do it myself? Thanks! [[User:CatherineMunro|Catherine\talk]] 01:17, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your kind words!
 * I've added the appropriate tag to this image. In principle, the stuff I've contributed should be GFDL, but I'd prefer to tag my own stuff, so if you come across something, please let me know. Montréalais 04:27, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * So this is just to let you know :-) that all the images about Canadian territories, like Image:Provmap-nu.png, lack a license tag. I found them because someone had downloaded and re-uploaded at least one of them on the Italian wiki, and I was searching for the original license. Cheers, Alfio 23:13, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hi, could you please state a license for Image:Barcelonasagradafamilia.jpg so that I can add it at de:Bild:Sagradafamilia-overview.jpg if the license fits? --80.143.248.143 16:04, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Just to make sure: That means that you are the photographer of the image as well? If the answer is yes it would be fine if you can add something like "Source: took the photo myself" --80.143.227.22 17:15, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started the Free the Rambot Articles Project which has the goals of getting users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to... using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) version 1.0 and 2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to the GFDL (which every contribution made to Wikipedia is licensed under), but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles (See the Multi-licensing Guide for more information). Since you are among the top 1000 most active Wikipedians, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles.
 * 1) ...all U.S. state, county, and city articles...
 * 2) ...all articles...

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the   template (or    for public domain) into their user page, but there are other templates for other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace   with   . If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know at my talk page what you think. -- Ram-Man 20:20, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)

Hey
Any good places to ski/snowboard in Montreal? Mir 18:28, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Mont Tremblant in the Laurentians is a major resort; I've also skied at Bromont, and there are a number of other places.

thanks

could you please tell me why you reverted my changes to ¨queer¨?

 * Because they were redundant. The first sentence explains the meaning of "queer;" we didn't need a bunch of poetry for usage notes. This isn't the OED. - Montréalais

--Handel 22:37, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Canadian election wikiproject?
Hi there. I know that you are a regular contributor to Canadian election topics, and I was wondering if you thought it would be a good idea to create a Wikiproject to standardize some of these articles? --timc | Talk 02:51, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it could happen. - Montréalais 04:13, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Metromap Paris
Hallo Montrealais, I'm a User from the German Wikipedia and I want to ask you, can you make a metromap from the Paris Metro (like the map from the Madid Metro). All wikis want this map. Grettings from Berlin --212.144.9.192 23:29, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC) (on German WP Jcornelius)

 * ** dies** - Montréalais 00:57, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

SDMB
Hi Matt; I finally started Teeming Millions. If you know any other users common between the two, please add them. --Ben Brockert 01:00, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

Don's spam
Montrealis, just for the record, if you check your talk page's history you'll see I haven't posted anything on your talk page (until now). Don saw fit to cut and paste the exchange from the red ensign talk page onto your talk page for reasons known only to him. AndyL 07:57, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Gah. - Montréalais

SSM in Canada
Hey there

I've started playing with Members of the 38th Parliament and same-sex marriage, which I can see being a useful place to collate information gathered by everyone in advance of next year's vote in Parliament. Thus far, layout is all that's really in place... the actual information is terribly spotty on account of a lot of copy-and-pasting on my part.

Anyway, it seemed like it would be down your alley, and so I was wondering if you or anyone you know would be interested in contributing.

The Tom 02:27, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It's an intriguing idea. However, I've seen one or two attempts at speculative articles in advance of votes be shot down. I'm not sure what we could do to make this more encyclopedic, besides restricting the predictions only to those who:

-Montréalais 15:02, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) are in a whipped vote,
 * 2) have indicated their position in the past.

 * A fair point. I suppose the plan would be to at least initially assume unchanged positions from the 2002 motion, and then modify based on comments in the published press that interested Wikipedians would be well-suited to gather from around the country.  (I've found a fix on MP-by-MP positions can be best done through local media). I'm somewhat inspired by how effective Wikipedia was at compiling a comprehensive list of potential candidates riding by riding before the last federal election.  Canadians for Equal Marriage did a pretty thorough survey of candidates prior to the last election which may also prove to be a useful source, although I'll agree that its encyclopedicity is fringey.
 * -The Tom 18:30, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Canary Islands map
You made Image:Ccaa-canary.png, with help from a site or software or some sort, and I was wondering, what are those blue dots in Portugal? Large lakes, or should they be removed from the map? --Golbez 17:47, Dec 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * At this late date, I really couldn't say. If you feel like removing them, feel free. - Montréalais 17:58, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Current Event's edit
I can understand its removal considering the rather hypocritical final vote to delete the Ceciliantas page (running out of paper perhaps?), where then would you have it? BTW, questionable use of ipso facto considering that By Itself the 35 page milestone IS news.

Superslash 2:55, 01-02-2005

Funicular
I'm not familiar with the device you omitted from the Funicular article. Is it on rails? Does it run at an angle less than 90 degrees? Does it consist of two counterbalanced cars on a common cable? Is so, it probably is a funicular, albeit an odd one. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 09:15, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

List of famous Drag queens
I hope that you will admit that the list needed pruning. I may have gone too far (perhaps), but one criteria I used was that if they weren't famous enough to have their own article (e.g. Joan Jett Blakk), they got zapped. gK ¿? 22:21, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * "Does not yet have own article" is a bad criterion. The whole reason for leaving red links is to give someone the chance to write that article. I think I'll also be adding back Mado Lamotte and Miss Shangay Lily, the arch-drag-queens of Montreal and Madrid, respectively, both of whom are also published authors. - Montréalais 05:06, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Cheers
Hi — It's been a long time and you probably won't really remember me, but I was half-involved with the "Save the Daily Coalition" a few years ago. Just wanted to say hello. --bleh fu talk fu  07:18, Jan 21, 2005 (UTC)

Gay Template
Please vote your opinion of template:gay. You seem to have done a lot of work on Wiki. And I'd really value any input coming from you with your experience. Thanks. Apollomelos 19:34, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Hello
I love reading a lot of the Canadian artciles on Wikipedia, and when I read most of them, you are heavily involved. Great work, I really for one appreciate it.Habsfannova 00:15, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Image recreation requests
Greetings. I just started the Image recreation requests project, and I thought you might be interested. Your help would be greatly appreciated. (I got your name from the list at Wikipedians/Graphic Artists.) Best regards, – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 03:13, Jan 30, 2005 (UTC)

Naming of Canada
Re Spanish cartographers. Normally cartographers do not explore countries as is now implied by the wording. Explorers or missionaries reported back their observations to the cartographers in the homeland. French cartographer Jacques-Nicolas Bellin never left France, one of the many criticisms levelled at his maps of North America and other places in the French empire. Perhaps this could be reworded.--BrentS 05:15, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Images
Hi!

I started to upload your images to Wikimedia Common. It makes it easier to include in translated article.

For exemple, Montreal-metro.jpg got uploaded as Montreal-metro.jpg  on Wikimedia Common and it was automaticaly imported in the French article

Same thing for Cbc-bldg.jpg that got imported in Radio-Canada  as Cbc-bldg.jpg

I wanted to know if it would bother you to upload any future image to Wikimedia Common instead of Wikipedia itself. It would make sharing easier... - Sepper

Quebec Wikipedians notice board
You are hereby cordially invited to join the Quebec Wikipedians notice board.

Vous êtes cordialement invité à collaborer au Quebec Wikipedians notice board. Circeus 19:21, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)

NDP candidate in 2000
I was reading on your website you ran in the election, I just want to say, I love hearing about people running for office. It should be on your user page, but I guess you are too humble. Earl Andrew 08:26, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Personal space
I took the liberty of correcting the link to kale on your images page. I hope this has not offended you.

Regards, Pekinensis 19:44, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Casa Batlló photo
I hope you won't mind that I've removed your photo Image:Illadeladiscordia.jpg from Casa Batlló, as I felt the newer image there better reflected the same view of the building. Image:Illadeladiscordia.jpg remains at Eixample, where I think it does a super job of showing the Batlló section of Passeig de Gràcia. -- 20:24, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The pelican-photograph
Hi Montrealais!

I just wanted to inform you, that your photograph has just been incorporated into the german article on pelicans. You'll find the page here:. Greez Cartaphilus 16:16, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

O > U
Ugh. Thanks. Hope my Latin teacher from a quarter-century ago wasn't watching. –Hajor 16:27, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hey Montrealais
I decided that with all of your pictures and contributions, etc. to Wikipedia, to post a special barnstar here for you. Dbraceyrules 21:52, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Montrealais/Talk archive 6


text:
User talk:Ctrl build/Archive1

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Lst27 00:07, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science
Hi mate,

I realise that you've spent time on this — and that's good. However, I don't think that lists of departments and courses are appropriate for an encyclopedia. This information should be on their homepage, and I can't see how it would be kept up-to-date. Simply saying "the school offers a range of courses in engineering" would suffice — prospective students can go to the website and see for themselves. The table at the bottom is a mess (I'm running at 1024 and it overlaps the edge of the screen). A photograph would be nice if you have a camera.

I'm trying to help, not bite. Dunc_Harris|☺ 22:48, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Columbia timelines
Where did you get these? Do you mind if they're edited down? Cool Hand Luke 19:57, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I think I have two concerns about these timelines. First, about whether we can use the text. There appears to be much much more content here then could be justified under fair use, do you have permission? Second, without formatting they don't appear encyclopedic and thus are VfD-bait. Both of these problems could be solved by editing them down and wikifying, but that would take a lot of work. Cool Hand Luke 20:09, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * What's with this stuff? That just doesn't exist around here! Have you noticed what it says right under the edit box? It says:

 * All contributions to Wikipedia are released under the GNU Free Documentation License (see Copyrights for details). If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, do not submit it.

 * By submitting your work you promise you wrote it yourself, or copied it from public domain resources — this does not include most web pages. DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!

 * In other words: either it is your own text, and by uploading it, you re-license it under the GFDL, or you do have permission to re-license the text under the GFDL. If you do not know what the status of a text is, then you cannot re-license it under the GFDL, and hence it will be removed for suspected copyright infringement. You must clear up potential copyright problems before uploading text.

 * In fact, I see that you've taken this from a Columbia University Press book. Hence your uploading this text to Wikipedia does violate their copyright. Lupo 20:48, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Columbia University Timeline Previous to 1725
 * Columbia University Timeline 1726-1750
 * Columbia University Timeline 1751-1775
 * Columbia University Timeline 1776-1800
 * Columbia University Timeline 1801-1825
 * Columbia University Timeline 1826-1850
 * Columbia University Timeline 1851-1875
 * Columbia University Timeline 1876-1900
 * Columbia University Timeline 1901-1925
 * Columbia University Timeline 1926-1950
 * Columbia University Timeline 1951-1960
 * Columbia University Timeline 1961-1965
 * Columbia University Timeline 1966-1970
 * Columbia University Timeline 1971-1975
 * Columbia University Timeline 1976-1980
 * Columbia University Timeline 1981-1990
 * Columbia University Timeline 1991-2000
 * Columbia University Timeline 2001-2010
 * Columbia University Timeline 2011-2020

title: User talk:Ctrl build/Archive1


text:
Mr. Mike's Mondo Video

Mr. Mike's Mondo Video is a 1979 American Mondo-Mockumentary film conceived and directed by Saturday Night Live writer/featured player Michael O'Donoghue. It is a spoof of the controversial 1962 documentary Mondo Cane, showing people doing weird stunts (the logo for Mr. Mike's Mondo Video copies the original Mondo Cane logo).

Many cast members of Saturday Night Live, including Dan Aykroyd, Jane Curtin, Laraine Newman, Bill Murray, Don Novello and Gilda Radner, appear in Mr. Mike's Mondo Video. People who had previously hosted SNL, or would go on to host (such as Carrie Fisher, Margot Kidder and Teri Garr) make cameo appearances in the film.

Others who appear in the film include musicians Sid Vicious, Paul Shaffer, Debbie Harry, Root Boy Slim, and Klaus Nomi; artist Robert Delford Brown; and model Patty Oja.

History
Mr. Mike's Mondo Video was originally produced on videotape as an NBC television special that would have aired in place of Saturday Night Live during one of its live breaks. Because of the special's vulgar and tasteless content, NBC declared that it did not meet the network's programming standards and shelved it. Shortly thereafter, O'Donoghue met former NBC programming head Paul Klein at a party where the project was discussed; Klein was inspired to make a deal with NBC to pay the network the $300,000 it cost to produce the show in exchange for the rights to release it to movie theaters. The show was transferred from videotape to 35mm film for the release.

To pad the program to feature length, filmmaker Walter Williams created a special Mr. Bill Show episode, combining footage from his past Mr. Bill shorts from SNL with new wraparound scenes, to present at the head of the film as a short subject. Co-writer Mitchell Glazer states in the DVD's audio commentary that many other scenes were added to pad the film's runtime to the required 90 minutes for theatrical releases. However, some theaters showed a straight transfer of the master tape of the special, which included slots calling for the insertion of commercials.

The film would eventually be seen on television, albeit on pay cable and syndication, with several cuts, such as the non–sequitur "Dream Sequences".

Mr. Mike's Mondo Video was released on home video in the early 1980s through Mike Nesmith's Pacific Arts label. In January 2009, The film was released on DVD by Shout! Factory. The DVD and video tape releases mute the infamous "My Way" segment (see below), and removes Mr. Mike's lead-in to the "Church of the Jack Lord" segment due to the inability of Shout! Factory to get the rights to use the Hawaii Five-O theme song.

Plot
The film is largely plotless; a series of vignettes linked together by interstitial pieces featuring Mr. Mike discussing how upsetting and odd the sequences are. He introduces some of the pieces via voiceover, and some open with no introduction.

Sequences include:
 * Aykroyd displaying his webbed toes which he prodded with a screwdriver to prove they were not make-up.
 * A church that worships Jack Lord as the one true god (also featuring Dan Aykroyd).
 * A French restaurant that prides itself on how poorly it treats American patrons.
 * A sequence where the movie's "guide" takes viewers on a tour of an Amsterdam-based school that teaches cats how to swim, so they won't drown in the city's many canals.
 * Several of the regular SNL female cast members at the time, including Jane Curtin and Gilda Radner, listing a wide variety of disgusting things men can do that would turn them on, including having "a full, firm colostomy bag".
 * "Dream Sequence" — a series of surreal film pieces bracketed by large light-up signs reading "Dream Sequence" and "End Dream Sequence" that track towards and away from the camera. One of these is merely performance footage of Klaus Nomi, while another features home movie footage shot by Emily Prager intercut with stop-motion animation.
 * Jo Jo, The Human Hot Plate — a quick cutaway to performance artist Robert Delford Brown, smiling, undulating and dressed only in a pair of briefs while holding canned spaghetti in his cupped hands.
 * The presentation of a classified government weapons project, "Laserbra 2000". This piece is the last of a triptych of sequences that chronicle attempts to obtain the classified footage. In the first, the film (secreted in a violin case) is in fact someone's home movies; in the second, the violin case contains a violin. National Lampoon writer Brian McConnachie appears in the footage as a scientist.
 * Short films made by other directors:
 * "Cleavage" by Mitchell Kriegman — closeup of a hand working its way out from (what is implied to be) between a large pair of breasts, feeling around gently, realizing where it was, and working its way back in.
 * "Crowd Scene Take One", by Andy Aaron and Ernie Fosselius — purports to be a director guiding background actors for a disaster movie scene.
 * "Uncle Si and the Sirens" — anonymously-directed silent-era "nudie-cutie" short found by SNL alumnus Tom Schiller.

Music
Mondo Cane features the hit song "More" (which was initially an instrumental song with words added later), sung by crooner Julius La Rosa. In Mr. Mike's Mondo Video, O'Donoghue and writer Emily Prager (who also act in the film) take the instrumental song "Telstar" by Joe Meek and add lyrics to it, creating "The Haunting Theme Song", also sung by La Rosa. The song is sung in English during the opening credits, and in nonsense Italian over the closing credits.

Sid Vicious appearance
Mondo Video features Sid Vicious performing the classic song "My Way" from The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle, which had not yet been released in America at the time. On the initial Pacific Arts home video release, the audio is muted before Vicious begins singing. A crawl appears onscreen explaining that the owners of the song's copyright would not permit audio of the performance to be included on the tape: "It wasn't a case of money", the crawl explains, "they wouldn't even discuss it." The sound returns when the performance switches to a heavy punk rock guitar riff, and Sid pulling out a gun, firing (presumably blanks) into the audience, flipping them the bird, and walking off.

The muted audio and explanatory crawl are carried over on the 2009 Shout! Factory release, despite the fact that the Sid Vicious version of the song can be seen and heard, in its entirety, in the DVD release of The Great Rock'n'Roll Swindle, also released by Shout! Factory.

Reception
The film received reviews ranging from nearly-mixed to scathing.

Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that the "most depressing thing" about the film "is that there are beginnings of funny sketches all over the place but they've been abandoned before anything was done with them." Variety wrote that the film "pretty much confines itself to the sicker, more offensive end of the 'Saturday Night Live' spectrum, though with far less humorous payoff than the latter regularly delivers." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film one star out of four and called the humor "sick and stupid," declaring that it was "one case in which the television network is right, and the embattled performer is wrong. Truly wrong." Linda Gross wrote that the film "feeds off television and mocks all that is middle-aged and middle-American. Its own methods are sophomoric and tacky. Rated R, it's full of bad taste, but it doesn't deliver its promised raunchiness." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote, "If you think that censors are always wrong, this show could change your mind. O'Donoghue doesn't give offense by being obscenely funny. He gives offense by being obscenely pointless, tasteless and mean."

Bruce Blackadar of the Toronto Star said that "the truth is that not only is Mondo Video a prime candidate for worst movie of the year, it’s also bad television and it deserved to be censored because it’s stupid beyond redemption, joylessly repugnant, a rip-off of the first magnitude. It’s also the most boring unstructured and unintelligently produced effort ever by the Saturday Night group. But the worst crime of all is that Mondo Video has only enough truly funny moments to fill up the time it takes to sell a second-rate detergent in a television commercial." Michael Clark of the Detroit Free Press wrote that the film "hit town just one day after the merciful departure of Sammy Stops the World, another theatrically exhibited non-movie whose box-office performance will no doubt have theater owners all over the country pillaging their children's college funds to come up with this month's mortgage payment. Mike may do marginally better than Sammy, but most viewers will probably agree with the NBC censors who took one look at this slapdash collection of jokes about Gig Young's groceries, Cheryl Tiegs' crotch, and a Cedar Rapids religious cult that worships Jack Lord as a living god and said, 'NO.'" Mitch Darden of The Indianapolis News said "it's billed as disgusting, disturbing, horrible, raunchy, gross, tasteless and if your children are falling asleep, wake them up to catch this show. That's how the movie is billed, but don't wake up the children to see this movie, it's rated 'R' for restricted—restricted to the few adults who like absurd comedy in its strangest form."

Bill Cosford of The Miami Herald wrote that "yes, it’s good stuff, this Mondo. And it’s sick. And it’s a good thing it isn’t on TV, where some unwary soul could stumble on it in the wee hours only to be traumatized. At least moviegoers will know what to expect when they walk in. You are warned." Robert Alan Rose of the St. Petersburg Times wrote that "two disappointments quickly emerge in Mr. Mike'i Mondo Video, now in local theaters: Mr. Mike—alias Michael O'Donoghue—had nothing to do with writing or filming the animated antics of the clay sculpture, Mr. Bill. And—sadder to say—the rest of Mr. Mike's 90-minute offering doesn't come close to its opening segment." Greg Tozian of The Tampa Tribune said that "in Mondo Video, a 90-minute grab bag of barf-styled humor that NBC first requested be filmed and finally refused to air (deciding it was "offensive") O'Donohue seems to miss the mark much of the time." Bob Curtright of The Wichita Beacon said simply that "the censor was right about this tasteless, offensive, sleazily-made hodge-podge." Walter V. Addiego of the San Francisco Examiner called it "a collection of outrageous skits and jokes that are long on attempted offensiveness and sadly short on humor." Ernest Leogrande of the New York Daily News said that the film "evinces a kind of smugness, a suggestion that there are clods on the earth who need to have their conventional minds jolted by ideas that the 'Mondo Video' crowd are able to take in stride."

Roger Catlin of the Omaha World-Herald said it was "not unlike a very good episode of Saturday Night Live, which may make you feel funny about dishing out money to see it. Without shampoo commercials and other interruptions, it’s almost worth it." Robert C. Trussell of The Kansas City Star wrote that it "gets two stars, not for its humor—of which there is little—but because its bizarre quality makes it an Interesting novelty piece." Jacqi Tully of The Arizona Daily Star wrote: The TV boys proved right for once. "Mr. Mike's Mondo Video," shuffled out for national film distribution, is supposed to resemble a sophisticated, wittily satirical "Saturday Night Live." But "Mondo Video" looms upon us, on the big movie screen, as an often satirical, but generally off-the-mark, comedy show.

The ads pump it up, all with the help of friends Chevy Chase ("Simply too funny for television") and Marvin Kitman ("The best comedy show of the century"), but once the show starts, it's all downhill.

Even cameo appearances by Dan [Aykroyd], Gilda [Radner] and [Laraine] Newman can't get this slapdash, schizophrenic laugher off the ground.

Why isn't it funny? I'm not sure, although seeing Buster Keaton's "Steamboat Bill, Jr." the night before "Mondo Video" made me realize comedy requires a lucidity and crystalline vision. Keaton had it. O'Donoghue does not have it here.

"Steamboat Bill, Jr." is one of the funniest movies ever made because it so beautifully communicates basic human emotions greed, loneliness, unrequited love and selflessness.

"Mondo Video," as satire, should make fun of our failings or of the failings of society. Keaton creates humor by letting us in on those private feelings and less-than-ideal attitudes we can all share at times.

O'Donoghue creates humor by whacking us over the head with an idea. The laughs don't come because we're not sharing anything or learning anything.

title: Mr. Mike's Mondo Video


text:
The Box

The Box may refer to:

Films

 * The Box (1967 film), a 1967 Oscar-winning short animation by Fred Wolf
 * The Box (1975 film), an Australian film based on the TV series of the same name
 * The Box (2003 film), starring James Russo
 * The Box (2007 film), starring Gabrielle Union
 * The Box (2009 film), directed by Richard Kelly, starring Cameron Diaz
 * The Box (2021 South Korean film), a South Korean film starring Park Chanyeol
 * The Box (2021 Venezuelan film), directed by Lorenzo Vigas, starring Hernán Mendoza, released in Mexico

Literature

 * The Box (Grass book), autobiography of Günter Grass
 * The Box (Levinson book), nonfiction book by Marc Levinson
 * The Box, a graphic novel by Joshua Starnes and Raymond Estrada

Music

 * The Box (band), a new wave group from Montreal, Canada

Albums

 * The Box (Chicago album), a box set by Chicago
 * The Box (Van der Graaf Generator album), a box set by Van der Graaf Generator

Songs

 * "The Box" (King Missile song), 1988
 * "The Box" (Orbital song), 1996
 * "The Box" (Randy Travis song), 1995
 * "The Box" (Roddy Ricch song), 2019
 * "The Box", a song from Johnny Flynn's 2008 album, A Larum
 * "The Box", the opening track from Annihilator's 1994 studio album King of the Kill
 * "The Box", a song by Fad Gadget, 1979
 * "The Box", a song by Snot from the album Get Some, 1997

Channels

 * The Box (Dutch TV channel), a defunct Dutch music channel that aired between 1995 and 2006
 * The Box Comedy, a temporary Dutch comedy television channel for the transition of The Box (Dutch TV channel) to Comedy Central (Dutch TV channel)
 * The Box (British TV channel), a music video channel formerly known as Video Jukebox Network
 * The Box (U.S. TV channel), a defunct U.S. music video channel
 * The BOX (New Zealand), a television channel in New Zealand

Series

 * The Box (game show), a 2015 British cookery game show
 * The Box (Irish TV series), an Irish quiz show presented by Keith Duffy
 * The Box (Australian TV series), a 1970s Australian soap opera

Episodes

 * "The Box" (Brooklyn Nine-Nine), a critically acclaimed season 5 episode of Brooklyn Nine-Nine
 * "The Box" (Fringe), a 2010 episode of the television series Fringe
 * "The Box" (Rugrats episode), a 1993 episode of Rugrats
 * "The Box" (The Amazing World of Gumball), a 2017 episode of The Amazing World of Gumball
 * "The Box" (Star Wars: The Clone Wars)
 * "The Box", an episode of Recess

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * The Box (radio program), a weekly talk-radio program
 * The Box, a custom-built steel guitar played by Paul Franklin
 * The box or squawk box, British and American slang, respectively, for a television set

Places

 * The Box, Plymouth, a museum and art gallery
 * The Box, a nickname for Area 51
 * The Box, a narrow, high-walled part of the North Kaibab Trail in the Grand Canyon
 * El Cajon, city in the state of California, United States
 * The Box Soho, an X-rated club in Soho, London, and sister club to the Manhattan club

title: The Box


text:
Talk:Irregularities and exceptions in Interlingua

If i is unstressed before a vowel, it is pronounced like in "onion" or "phobia" (instead of like in "machine").

I can't work this out at all. Someone needs to go through the pronunciation section and rewrite it using the IPA so it actually makes sense.

— Trilobite (Talk) 01:58, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I agree IPA would be useful. The i in onion is consonental, a completely different pronunciation to the i in phobia - this must be wrong. Also I think we need to examine the basis on which we classify things as irregularities, I do not have any detailed knowledge of Interlingua but classification seems to be on the basis of a dissimilarity to specific source languages but some usages can be accounted for in other source languages or latin. It may be that these usages or inconsistent with the broader structure of Interlingua in which case they should appear here and this comment is not valid. Orizon 06:58, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Optional short forms: According to Gode´s grammer, §101, the forms va, ha, es are not optional, whereas e.g. son is. KCX 14:17, 10 Jan 2007

Move?
If nobody objects, in one or two week's time, I'm going to move this article to just "Exceptions in Interlingua." One, it's straight from the Department of Redundance Dept.; second, exceptions include irregularities, but irregularities do not include exceptions. Almafeta 23:07, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I now feel that my creation of this page is a mistake. It's infeasible to document anything close to everything about a naturalistic language that might possibly be constructed as an exception or an irregularity, let alone beyond debate. The best thing to do now is to simply delete this page and salvage what's on it to the main Interlingua article. -- Dissident (Talk) 03:27, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I recommend keeping this page for now. I'm working with some others on editing the main Interlingua page, and we may want to move some material from there over to here in order to streamline the presentation. For example, there are some irregular verbs that no one really uses (like somos 'we are'). We don't want to clutter up the presentation with them, but we may want to document them somewhere.

 * It seems to me we have to cater to two kinds of people: the general public who just want an overview, and serious users plus conlang aficianados who want all the nuts and bolts and trivia. Ultimately, we may need several sub-pages to satisfy the latter group. -- CJGB 20:40, 18 Nov 2005


text:
Haiducii

Paula Monica Mitrache (born 14 June 1971), known by the stage name Haiducii, is a Romanian singer and model. Her first single, "Dragostea din tei", was released in 2004, which is a cover of O-Zone's homonymous single of the previous year; commercially, it reached widespread success, reaching no. 1 in Austria, Italy, Portugal and Sweden, as well as the top ten in eight other countries, and it was also certified Gold and Platinum in several other territories.

In late 2004, Haiducii released another song, "Mne s Toboy Horosho", cover of the homonymous 2003 single of the Russian band Ruki Vverh, and in late 2005 another one, "More 'N' More (I Love You)": these two songs managed to hit the chart, reaching no. 5 and 8 in Italy, respectively. In 2008 followed Paula Mitrache in Haiducii, the singer's debut album, which includes these first songs that evolved into hits.

Official Haiducii Videos

 * Haiducii – Dragostea din tei (Original version)
 * Haiducii – Dragostea din tei (Gabry Ponte Remix)
 * Haiducii – I need a boyfriend
 * Haiducii – Mne S toboy horosho (Gabry Ponte Remix)
 * Haiducii – More 'n' More (I love you)

Haiducii Live Videos

 * Haiducii – Dragostea din tei (CD Live, Italy)
 * Haiducii – Dragostea din tei (Competition, France)
 * Haiducii – Dragostea din tei (France)
 * Haiducii – More 'n' More (I love you) (Italy)
 * Haiducii – Dragostea din tei (Italy)
 * Haiducii – Maria Maria (Germany)

title: Haiducii


text:
Metamorphosis (Star Trek: The Original Series)

"Metamorphosis" is the ninth episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. Written by Gene L. Coon and directed by Ralph Senensky, it was first broadcast on November 10, 1967.

In the episode, a shuttle crew from the USS Enterprise encounters a man out of history and his mysterious alien companion. It is the franchise's first mention, and first appearance, of Zefram Cochrane.

Plot
Assistant Federation Commissioner Nancy Hedford is being ferried by shuttlecraft to the USS Enterprise to be treated for Sukaro's disease - a potentially fatal condition - before resuming a peacemaking mission. A glowing energy field appears in the shuttlecraft's path, and pulls it down to a nearby planetoid with an Earth-type atmosphere. All communications are blocked, and the shuttlecraft is totally inoperable.

Soon afterward, a young man calling himself Cochrane appears. He tells the party that he has been marooned on the planet for years and that a damping field is preventing their systems from working. Cochrane takes them to a shelter built from material salvaged from his crashed ship. In the course of their visit, Kirk and Spock and Dr. McCoy notice a glowing mass resembling the phenomenon that brought them to the planetoid. Cochrane calls this entity "the Companion", and explains that as an old man, he took one last flight, intending to die in space, but his crippled ship was intercepted and rescued by the entity, which restored him to youth and has been keeping him alive since. The Starfleet officers are stunned to discover that he is Zefram Cochrane, the inventor of warp drive. Cochrane then reveals why they were brought to the planetoid: he had told the Companion that he would die without the company of his own kind, believing it would release him. Instead, the Companion hijacked the shuttle.

When the Companion attacks Spock as he works on the shuttle, Spock deduces that the entity is largely composed of electrical energy. Kirk and Spock attempt to disable the Companion with an improvised electrical disruptor, but the Companion retaliates violently, and only Cochrane's intervention saves Kirk and Spock from being killed.

With Hedford's condition rapidly deteriorating, Spock modifies the shuttle's universal translator to communicate with the energy force. Kirk discovers it has a female personality and is in love with Cochrane. The Companion declares that it has stopped all of them from aging, and will keep them there forever as company for Cochrane. Cochrane, for his part, is disgusted by the idea of an intimate relationship with an alien, rejecting the idea of the Companion's love and affection for him. The dying Hedford, on the other hand, expresses her yearning to love and be loved before dying.

Cochrane summons the Companion again, and Kirk explains that it and Cochrane are too different for true love. The Companion hypothesizes about being human and disappears. Moments later, Hedford appears outside the shelter, completely restored to health, and they realize that the Companion has merged with Hedford within Hedford's body, which would otherwise have died within moments. In this way both Hedford and the Companion can experience love. Cochrane excitedly talks about his plans for traveling the galaxy, but the Companion/Hedford reveals that its life-force is bound to the planetoid; it cannot leave for more than a few days, so Cochrane chooses to remain with her out of love for her and gratitude, declaring that they will “have many years“ together. Cochrane then requests that Kirk and his crew refrain from informing anyone about his presence on the asteroid so that he and the Companion/Hedford can be left in peace. When McCoy asks who will complete Nancy Hedford's mission, Kirk shrugs and says, "I'm sure the Federation can find another woman, somewhere, who'll stop that war."

Production notes and reception
"Metamorphosis" was the Star Trek debut of Zefram Cochrane (created by writer Gene L. Coon), one of the key figures in the fictional history of the Star Trek 'universe'. In this episode, Cochrane is credited as "the discoverer of the space warp" — i.e., "warp drive" technology — which enabled Earth to achieve interstellar travel with faster-than-light starships. This led to Earth's first encounters with alien civilizations and the formation of the United Federation of Planets. In the series timeline (as it had evolved by 1967) Cochrane, "of Alpha Centauri," had vanished 150 years earlier at age 87 and was presumed dead. Commissioner Hedford, who embodies "the Companion," was portrayed by Elinor Donahue who was known for the 1950s sitcom Father Knows Best, on which she played Jane Wyatt's eldest daughter. On the next broadcast Star Trek episode, Jane Wyatt guest-starred, portraying Spock's mother Amanda.

Guest star Donahue recalls that a number of scenes had to be reshot after flaws were discovered in the film stock during post-production. The reshoots involved calling back actors and rebuilding sets which had been struck.

Director Ralph Senensky was dissatisfied with the initial reading of the Companion's lines by Elizabeth Rogers and had them re-recorded by Lisabeth Hush.

Cochrane reappears as the focal character of the movie Star Trek: First Contact (1996), in which he is played by James Cromwell.

This episode was the first time in the original series that Kirk does not appear on board the Enterprise at any point.

In 2009, the A.V. Club rated this episode as a "B".


text:
Frederic Thesiger

Frederic Thesiger may refer to:

 * Frederick Thesiger (naval officer) (1758–1805), British and Russian naval officer
 * Frederic Thesiger, 1st Baron Chelmsford, (1794–1878), Lord Chancellor of England
 * Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford, (1827–1905), British general
 * Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford, (1868–1933), Viceroy of India

title: Frederic Thesiger


text:
Orlen

Orlen S.A. (formerly Polski Koncern Naftowy Orlen Spółka Akcyjna, PKN Orlen SA.), commonly known as Orlen, is a Polish multinational oil refiner, petrol retailer and natural gas trader headquartered in Płock, Poland. The company's subsidiaries include the main oil and gas companies of the Czech Republic and Lithuania, Unipetrol and Orlen Lietuva respectively.

The corporation is a significant European publicly traded firm with operations in Poland as well as Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Pakistan, and Slovakia. As of July 2024, the largest shareholder of the company is the Polish state (via the State Treasury) with 49.9% of the shares ahead of Nationale-Nederlanden OFE with 5.2% of the shares.

The company is listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange and, as of 2022, its reported revenue constituted over PLN 278 billion (ca. US$62 billion). It employs over 64,000 people, owns more than 3,400 service stations in seven countries and markets its advanced products to over 100 countries worldwide.

Orlen is the largest company in Central and Eastern Europe and is listed in global rankings such as Fortune Global 500, Platts TOP250 and Thomson Reuters TOP100.

Foundation (1999–2002)
PKN Orlen was created in 1999 after the Council of Ministers of Poland in the previous year decided to partially privatise and merge two state-run petrochemical firms: Centrala Produktów Naftowych, Communist Poland's petroleum retail monopoly, and Petrochemia Płock, the state firm in charge of the oil refineries in Płock, the largest complex of its kind in Poland. After said merger, the company was renamed as Polski Koncern Naftowy (PKN), with Orlen added several months later as the consortium's brand name. The new name is derived from Orl- for "orzeł" (Polish: eagle) and its adjective "orli", and -en for "energia" (Polish: energy).

Orlengate
Orlengate is the biggest corruption scandal in the modern political history of Poland. The scandal started with the arrest on 7 February 2002 by the UOP (Office for State Protection) of Andrzej Modrzejewski, then CEO of PKN Orlen. He was accused of insider trading and disclosure of confidential information. Zbigniew Wrobel directly succeeded as CEO and proposed in December 2002 $160 million for the purchase of 295 German gas stations from the British BP PLC. It was the first step in Wrobel's strategy of expanding west. At this time PKN Orlen was Poland's largest company, with sales of $7.2 billion.

International expansions (2003–2014)
After losses in 2000 and 2001 the fund returned 25% in 2002. Until July 2003, it grew by nearly one-third since March and in total the fund was up by about 60% since the start of 1994.

In 2003, PKN Orlen acquired 500 filling stations in Northern Germany from BP under premise of a competition law when BP took over Aral AG. As of 2007 Orlen has 581 filling stations in Germany (484 under the Star brand, 58 under the Orlen brand and 29 under a supermarket brand).

In January 2003, PKN Orlen and MOL signed a Memorandum of Understanding whereby they agreed intention to initiate co-operation in the Central and Eastern European oil sector. They hoped that the collaboration would allow them both to benefit from the synergies and to compete more effectively in the global competition. In July 2003, the Croatian INA refinery was sold for $505 million to PKN Orlen's competitor, the Hungarian oil company MOL. This strengthen MOL's position in the battle for control of Central Europeans and Balkan fuel markets.

Furthermore, PKN Orlen was involved in merger talks with the MOL Group in 2005. If merged, the two firms would have created a regional giant, and controlled much of Central Europe's oil industry. However, the planned merger failed due to high politicization. Following the dropped merger plans, PKN Orlen bought a majority stake in Czech Unipetrol. During May 2006, the company announced its largest investment ever when it took over a majority share of 84.3% of the largest company of Lithuania, Mažeikių Nafta. It was partly bought from Yukos (53.7%) and partly from the Lithuanian government (30.6%) in December. Earlier on 12 October a fire damaged the Mažeikių refinery, which caused a loss about $75 million. With the completion of the takeover, PKN Orlen became Central Europe's largest company.

In May 2007, after Lithuania sold its refinery to PKN Orlen, the Russian government approved the construction of a new $2 billion pipeline, that passes Belarus and Lithuania.

In 2007, the unit of Polish oil group PKN Orlen PKNA.WA and Dwory Chemicals bought a synthetic rubber company Kaucuk from Czech oil group Unipetrol UNPEsp.PR. The sale was part of a drive by Unipetrol to divest non-core assets and to focus on petrochemical, oil refinery and fuel retailing business.

In 2010, PKN Orlen had a reported revenue of $28.8 billion. Next year it was the largest fuel retailer in Poland with over 2000 locations. The company ran the most advanced and the second largest complex for terephthalic acid production in Europe. PKN Orlen also sponsors the Orlen Arena in Płock since its opening in 2010.

In 2013, PKN Orlen and Klaipedos Nafta oil terminal negotiated the co-operation on a new pipeline supported by the Lithuanian government. In order to establish the company in Canada and to become an oil producer Orlen bought the oil and gas company TriOil Resources Ltd for $169 million in September 2013. After its first foreign expansion the company acquired Birchill Exploration Ltd due to double its production in May 2014.

PKN Orlen, under a joint venture with the Dutch-American firm LyondellBasell, also owns Poland's largest plastics company called [https://www.basellorlen.pl Basell Orlen Polyolefins Sp. z o.o].

Diversification (2015–present)
In 2019, PKN Orlen opened its first petrol station in Slovakia through its Czech subsidiary Unipetrol under the Benzina brand. At the end of 2020, 20 Orlen stations were operating in Slovakia.

At the end of 2019, PKN Orlen and PZU established the "Sigma Bis" media agency.

PKN Orlen has been implementing a development strategy since 2018, which involves transforming the company into a multi-energy and commercial group. In April 2020, Orlen acquired 80% of Energa shares, and on 14 July 2020 announced that it obtained permission the European Commission's for the takeover of Grupa Lotos, first announced in 2018. On 1 August 2022, Orlen finalised the merger with Lotos.

In November 2020, PKN Orlen purchased 65% of the shares of the financially troubled newsagents chain Ruch SA. On 7 December 2020 Orlen signed an agreement to acquire 100% of shares in the media and press company "Polska Press sp. z o.o."  and the transaction was carried out on 1 March 2021. This decision was met with criticism from Polish Ombudsman, Adam Bodnar, who expressed his concern about the risk to freedom of speech that this takeover poses as PKN Orlen is a state-owned company and the constitutional right to press freedom excludes the possibility of political influence on the press, even an indirect one.

In December 2020, PKN Orlen bought an agricultural biogas plant Bioenergy Project, which it will transform into a biomethane plant. To secure supplies, the company Biozec, responsible for the sale and distribution of thermal energy supplied by the biogas plant, was also acquired. In 2021, Orlen bought 4 wind farms: in February, the Kanin farm with a capacity of 20 MW, and in March, another three with a total capacity of 89.4 MW.

On 14 July 2020, PKN Orlen announced its intention to take over PGNiG, and on 10 May 2021, it submitted a takeover application to the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection. In October 2022, shareholders of PGNiG approved the company's takeover by PKN Orlen, this came after PKN Orlen Shareholders had done the same.

In 2020, the company announced its plans to become emission-neutral by 2050 becoming the first oil company from Central Europe to do so. In order to achieve this goal, by 2030, Orlen aims to reduce emissions from its current refining and petrochemical assets by 20% and emissions from power generation by 33% /MWh.

In June 2021, PKN Orlen opened its first Orlen w ruchu standalone convenience store in Warsaw, competing in this segment with Carrefour Express, Circle K and Żabka. In September 2021, the company entered the parcel locker sector with the launch of Orlen Paczka in co-operation with Poczta Polska.

In December 2022, PKN Orlen entered the Hungarian market with the takeover of 143 petrol stations from Hungary's MOL in a deal related to the acquisition of 410 petrol stations in Poland by MOL under an agreement between Orlen and Grupa Lotos. The sale was the result of the European Commission requiring PKN Orlen to divest its assets in order to approve the company's acquisition of Grupa Lotos in accordance with EU competition law.

In March 2023, PKN Orlen began to sponsor the Stadion im. Kazimierza Górskiego, located opposite the Orlen Arena in Płock. In the same month, Ukrainian oil company Ukrnafta signed a contract with PKN Orlen to allow the latter to export petrochemical products to Ukraine.

On 3 July 2023, the company changed its name from PKN Orlen to Orlen S.A., to reflect its diversification from fossil fuels. In September 2023, the European Commission approved the takeover by Orlen Group of the consumer retail division of the Austrian oil trading company Doppler-Gruppe, which operates 266 filling stations in Austria under the Turmöl discount brand.

In August 2023, the company's Supervisory Board conditionally approved an investment in an off-shore wind farm located on the Baltic Sea. The joint project between Orlen and Northland Power is aimed at achieving the company’s goal of generating 9 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030. The Baltic Power farm, located about 23 km off the coast, will consist of 76 wind turbines with a capacity of 15 MW each, providing energy to over 1.5 million households upon completion in 2026.

In December 2023, the Polish government approved the construction of 24 new small modular reactor (SMR) units in six sites across the country. Orlen Synthos Green Energy (OSGE), a joint venture between Orlen and chemicals company Synthos, plans to deploy Poland's first small reactors by 2030.

Sponsorship
PKN Orlen has sponsored the Polish Athletic Association, the Polish Volleyball Association, the Polish Olympic and Paralympic Committees, and various Polish motorsport competitors such as Bartosz Zmarzlik, Jakub Przygoński, Bartek Marszałek, Grupa Żelazny and Wojtek Bógdał.

In 2019, PKN Orlen sponsored Williams Racing and driver Robert Kubica in Formula One with €10 million. After Kubica's move to Alfa Romeo Racing in a reserve driver role in 2020, the Polish petrol retailer became the co-title sponsor of the team as Alfa Romeo Racing Orlen in 2020 and 2021 and as Alfa Romeo F1 Team Orlen in 2022. In January 2023, PKN Orlen signed a multi-year agreement with Scuderia AlphaTauri as a principal partner. In November 2023, the company became an official sponsor of the ski jumping hill in Oberstdorf, Germany, presently known as ORLEN Arena Oberstdorf.

Brands of Orlen

 * Orlen (Polish, Czech and Slovak market petrol station brand)
 * CPN (Polish revived Communist-era petrol station monopoly brand, active in one location in Warsaw )
 * Petrochemia Płock (Polish revived petrol station brand, active in one location in Bodzanów near Płock )
 * Star (German market petrol station brand)
 * Unipetrol (Czech national petrol firm)
 * Orlen Lietuva (Lithuanian market petrol station brand)
 * Benzina (Czech and Slovak market petrol station brand)
 * Turmöl (Austrian market petrol station brand)

List of CEOs

 * Andrzej Modrzejewski – 16 April 1999 – 8 February 2002
 * Zbigniew Wróbel – 8 February 2002 – 28 July 2004
 * Jacek Walczykowski – 28 July 2004 – 16 August 2004
 * Igor Chalupec – 21 September 2004 – 18 January 2007
 * Piotr Kownacki – 18 January 2007 – 28 February 2008
 * Wojciech Heydel – 30 April 2008 – 18 September 2008
 * Dariusz Krawiec – 18 September 2008 – 16 December 2015
 * Wojciech Jasiński – 16 December 2015 – 5 February 2018
 * Daniel Obajtek – 5 February 2018 – 5 February 2024
 * Witold Literacki (acting) – 6 February 2024 – 11 April 2024
 * Ireneusz Fąfara – 11 April 2024 – present

title: Orlen