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Lund

Lund is a city in the southern Swedish province of Scania, across the Öresund strait from Copenhagen, Denmark. The town had 91,940 inhabitants out of a municipal total of 121,510. It is the seat of Lund Municipality, Scania County. The Öresund Region, which includes Lund, is home to more than 4.1 million people.

Archeologists date the foundation of Lund to around 990, when Scania was part of Denmark. From 1103 it was the seat of the Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Lund, and the towering Lund Cathedral, built c. 1090–1145, still stands at the centre of the town. Denmark ceded the city to Sweden in the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, and its status as part of Sweden was again confirmed in following peace treaties.

Lund University, established in 1666, is one of Scandinavia's oldest and largest institutions for education and research. The university and its buildings dominate much of the centre of the city, and have led to Lund becoming a regional centre for high tech industry.

History
Lund is sometimes mentioned as the oldest town or city in present-day Sweden, although it has only been formally established as such for 300 years of its at least thousand-year history. It is old enough that its origins are unclear, but is presumed to have existed by the end of the Viking Age. Until the 1980s, the town was thought to have been founded around 1020 by either Sweyn I Forkbeard or his son Canute the Great of Denmark. The area was then part of the kingdom of Denmark. But, recent archaeological discoveries suggest that the first settlement dated to c. 990, possibly the relocation of settlers at Uppåkra. The Uppåkra settlement dates back to the first century B.C. and its remains are at the present site of the village of Uppåkra. King Sweyn I Forkbeard moved Lund to its present location, a distance of some 5 km. The new location of Lund, on a hill and across a ford, gave the new site considerable defensive advantages in comparison with Uppåkra, situated on the highest point of a large plain.

The organisation of the Danish church begun under the rule of Canute the Great. Lund became the see of one of seven dioceses in 1048. In 1104 it became an archbishopric. Lund's ecclesiastical province comprised Scandinavia and even Garðar on Greenland. The diocese of nearby Dalby was absorbed in 1066. Lund Cathedral was similarly founded in or shortly after 1103. In 1152, the Norwegian archdiocese of Nidaros was founded as a separate province of the church, independent of Lund. In 1164 Sweden also acquired an archbishop of its own, although he was nominally subordinate to the archbishop of Lund. It is still, as the diocese of Lund, a diocese in the Church of Sweden.

Lund Cathedral School (Katedralskolan) was founded in 1085 by the Danish king Canute the Saint. This is the oldest school in Scandinavia and one of the oldest in Northern Europe. Many prominent people were educated there, among them the actor Max von Sydow and several high-ranking politicians.

Lund was ceded to Sweden in 1658 as part of the terms of the Treaty of Roskilde. It was recaptured by Denmark in 1676 during the early phases of the Scanian War. The exceptionally bloody Battle of Lund was fought just north of the city in 1676, and ended in a decisive Swedish victory; Swedish control of Scania was confirmed in the Peace of Lund later that year. Sweden's control over Scania, and hence Lund, was again confirmed by another treaty in 1720.

Scandinavia's first University, the Academy of Lund was founded in the 1400s. It was suppressed during the Danish Reformation in 1537. The present Lund University was established in 1666.

In 1943, during the Second World War, Lund was accidentally bombed by a British aircraft. No deaths were reported, though some people were injured by glass fragments.

Over the second half of the 20th century the population of Lund more than doubled, driven in large part by the growth of the university and high tech industries. For example, Tetra Pak, the food packaging and processing company, was founded in Lund in 1952. Suburbs were added to the outer edges of the city: Klostergården, Norra Fäladen and Linero in the 1960s, Norra Nöbbelöv in the 1970s, Gunnesbo in the 1980s and Värpinge in the 1990s.

Geography
Lund is located in Sweden's largest agricultural district, in the south-west of Scania, less than 10 km from the sandy shore of the Öresund Strait. Its location on the south-facing slope of the Romeleåsen horst leads to the city rising from the low-lying Höje River in the south to 86 m above mean sea level in the north. From the top of the Sankt Hans Hill it is possible to see Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. The nearest large Swedish city, Malmö, is about 15 km to the south-west. Other Swedish cities are more distant: Gothenburg is 250 km away, the capital Stockholm is 600 km distant, and Umeå lies 1200 km to the north.

The central part of Lund largely retains its medieval street layout. A few buildings from the Middle Ages remain, including Lund Cathedral, Liberiet, St. Peter's Priory, the restaurant Stäket and Krognoshuset. Many of today's buildings in the centre were constructed in the late 1800s, including Katedralskolan, the Grand Hotel and the main building and library of Lund University.

City squares
Lund city contains four main city squares that are connected by a number of roads and passages that represent the main city centre containing numerous restaurants, shops and bars. Clemenstorget is a tree-covered city square located alongside the railway and associated station, hosts a small market and is the central terminus of the city's tramway. Bantorget is a green park-square close to the central station and Lund's Grand Hotel is placed there. The city hall is located on the main city square - Stortorget which often features concerts and various cultural and political events. Mårtenstorget hosts the Lund Market Hall, has many restaurants, food trucks and bars around it and serves as a market square during the daytime. In earlier times the square was used as a cattle market and was known as "Oxtorget". Smaller city squares in Lund include Domkyrkoplatsen, Petriplatsen, Västra stationstorget, Sockertorget and Knut den Stores Torg.

Parks and nature
Lund's most central park is Lundagård, which, along with the adjoining University square, forms the centre of the University. The park is dominated by historic buildings including Lund Cathedral, Lund University Main Building, and Kungshuset. The trees of the park are home to a large colony of rooks.

The much larger main city park (Stadsparken) is located in the south-west corner of the city center. The site was used for the Lund Exhibition in 1907 and subsequently developed into a public park between 1909 and 1911. The park contains planted gardens, a small lake, a children's playground and bandstands, as well as the public swimming center Högevallsbadet and the former buildings of Lund Observatory. It also has a menagerie that houses different varieties of birds.

Other significant areas of greenery in the city include the Botanical Garden (Botaniska trädgården) and Sankt Hans Hill in the north of the city. The nature preserve Rinnebäck Gorge (Rinnebäcksravinen), The Källby dams (Källby dammar) and the community park Folkparken are located in the western part of the city. The nature preserve Nöbbelövs Marshland (Nöbbelövs mosse) is located in the northwest of the city.

Popular places for swimming close to the city are the beaches in neighboring Lomma, Bjärred and Malmö and lakes such as the nature preserve Billebjer and the Dalby quarry (Dalby stenbrott) in the eastern countryside of the city.

Climate
Lund, like the rest of far southern Sweden, has an oceanic climate. The climate is relatively mild compared to other locations at similar latitudes, or even somewhat further south, mainly because of its proximity to the sea. Because of Lund's northerly latitude, daylight lasts as long as 17 hours at midsummer, and only around 7 hours in mid-winter.

Summers are warm and pleasant with average high temperatures of 23 °C and lows of around 14 °C, but temperatures often exceed 25 °C and heat waves are common during the summer. Winters are quite chilly, with temperatures steady between -1 and 3 C. Lund has arguably the mildest climate of the country in average highs. In terms of yearly means and average lows Falsterbo is marginally milder.

Rainfall is light to moderate throughout the year with an average of 169 wet days. Snowfall occurs sparingly, mainly from December to March, but snow cover does not typically remain for a long time, and some winters are virtually free of snow.

Demographics
The population of the city has increased steadily over the last century. Of the inhabitants of the municipality, 18.8% were reported to have been born outside of Sweden in 2014. Lund University students make up a significant part of the city's population.

Governance

Lund is governed by Lund Municipality. The municipality is responsible for the city of Lund, nearby settlements including Dalby, Södra Sandby and Veberöd, and the surrounding countryside. It reached its current form in 1974 following the absorption of a number of nearby municipalities. In 2014 the city itself was officially divided into 14 administrative divisions.

The municipality is governed by a municipal assembly (kommunfullmäktige) of 65 members, who elect a municipal executive committee (kommunstyrelse) of 13 members. the mayor and chairman of the executive committee (kommunstyrelsens ordförande) has been Philip Sandberg of the Liberals.

Lund University
The university dominates much of the centre of Lund. It was founded in 1666 following the transfer of Scania to Sweden under the Treaty of Roskilde and is the second-oldest university in Sweden after Uppsala University. Its traditional centre is in Lundagård park but stretches out towards the north east of the city where the large engineering faculty is located. Today, Lund University is one of northern Europe's largest, with eight faculties, 41,000 students and over 2,000 separate courses. It is and has consistently ranked in the world top 100 universities and is a member of the League of European Research Universities as well as the global Universitas 21 network.

Other educational institutions
Katedralskolan, the cathedral school, founded in 1085, is the oldest school in Scandinavia. Today it is a high gymnasium with about 1,400 students studying in five different programmes.

Östervångskolan is a specialskola (special school) for D/deaf and hard of hearing students, providing education in Swedish and Swedish Sign Language. It accepts students from Skåne and surrounding areas. The school was founded in 1871 as Skånes Anstalt för Döfstumma i Lund (Skåne Institute for the Dead and Dumb) and had its premises on Östervångsvägen until 2016 when it relocated to Tunaskolan. The International School of Lund Katedralskolan (ISLK) later moved to the Östervångsvägen site.

The Royal Swedish Physiographic Society is a learned society based in Lund.

Culture
The culture in Lund is characterised by the university education and research, and the large student population and student traditions, such as a student theatre group since 1886. A substantial part of the student night-life is located at student fraternities called 'Nations'.

Lund Cathedral, the former Catholic and the now Lutheran cathedral in Lund, is the seat of the bishop of Lund of the Church of Sweden. Lund also has a city theatre (though without a professional local ensemble of its own) and a number of other places for concerts and theatres.

Literature, theatre and cinema
Numerous prominent figures from the literary world lived and worked in Lund, often in association with the university and theatre. Prominent examples include Esias Tegnér, writer, poet and bishop, and August Strindberg, playwright, novelist and poet. A longer list is given below with other notable natives. The Lund novel is a genre in its own right, a bildungsroman in which a young student experiences life in Lund, Copenhagen and sometimes Österlen whilst maturing as an individual. The Lund novel is exemplified by the work of Fritiof Nilsson Piraten and Frank Heller.

The spex are a form of student theatre particular to Nordic universities, with a strong tradition in Lund. They are parodistic musical plays, often setting well-known music to new lyrics and mixing up the historical and the present in unconventional intrigues. Comedians Hans Alfredson and Anders Jansson started their careers in the Lund spex.

The concluding scenes in Ingmar Bergman's classic film Wild Strawberries are set in Lund.

The Lund International Architecture Film Festival is held annually in the autumn.

Museums
Lund hosts the largest open-air museum of Scania, Kulturen. Kulturen is the second oldest dedicated open-air museum in the world. Founded in 1892 by Georg Karlin, it consists of more than 30 buildings, as well as collections exhibiting Scanian art, crafts, local archaeology and history.

Several museums are attached to the university. The Lund University Historical Museum is based in the Lundagård park. Its exhibitions were updated in 2018 and cover the history, archeology and zoology of Scania. There is a separate Lund Cathedral museum. The Museum of Sketches for Public Art is a unique museum that documents the development of public artworks. The Vattenhallen Science Center, connected to the university's engineering faculty, has an interactive presentation of science and research.

Lundakarnevalen
The Lund carnival has been held every four years since the mid-nineteenth century: traditional accounts say it originated at a wedding in 1849 (the four-year intervals place the party in 2002, 2006, 2010, etc.). Arranged by the students of the university, from the 1950s onwards the event has grown in size and intensity (with some 5,500 volunteers 2010), but it remains an amateur event. Midway between a music and stage fair, a city festival, and an outpouring of satire, parody and general madness. Some students dress up in costumes, often relating to and poking fun at current issues, and parade in wagons. Others perform humorous skits in the evenings. The carnival revues and other stage entertainments have launched a number of well-known entertainers and actors over the years.

Music
Lund has long been a regional centre for classical and church music. In particular, Lund is renowned for its vibrant amateur choir scene, with choirs such as Carolinae damkör, Domkyrkokören, Katedralkören, Lunds akademiska kör, Lund Chamber Choir (Swedish: Lunds Kammarkör), Lunds Studentsångförening, Lunds vokalensemble, and the Svanholm Singers. Since 2006, Lund has been the host of the biannual Lund International Choral Festival. Classical orchestras based in the city include the Lund City Orchestra, the Academic Orchestra and Lund New Chamber Orchestra.

In more recent decades, Lund has also developed a lively pop and jazz scene. The cultural venue Mejeriet opened in 1987 in a former dairy building just outside the city park. It has hosted concerts by both well-known and emerging bands. The pop singer and television presenter Måns Zelmerlöw was born and grew up in Lund. Artists associated with Lund include DJ and record producer Axwell, rock musician Kal P. Dal, rapper Timbuktu, indie pop group The Radio Dept., and singer and songwriter Amanda Jenssen. The music venue Olympen, hosted many famous artists from 1971 to 2009.

Sports
Lund's handball team, LUGI HF plays in both the men's and women's top leagues. Lund hosted matches from the 2011 Handball World Championship in the Sparbanken Skåne Arena. Lund has a chess team, Lunds ASK, that for decades has been among the top teams in Sweden. Lund has two Division 1 football clubs, Torns IF and Lunds BK. It is also the birthplace of the online football manager game Hattrick. Lugi Rugbyklubb, based in Lund, is one of Sweden's few rugby clubs. Lund has a boxing association called Lunds Boxningssällskap.

Railways
Lund is a railway junction and is well served by rail traffic. The main railway station, Lund Central, is Sweden's third busiest railway station, with around 37 000 passengers per day. Another, smaller station serves the suburb of Gunnesbo in the north-west of the city. Lund has been on the Southern Main Line, which connects Malmö and Stockholm, since it opened in 1856. The West Coast Line to Gothenburg branches off the Southern Main Line just north of Lund Central station. Thus there are direct services to all of Sweden's three largest cities, as well as to Copenhagen and Helsingør via the Öresund Bridge. Rail services to Denmark, and within Scania and neighbouring counties, are mainly provided by the Øresundståg. These trains are operated jointly by Skånetrafiken in Scania and the Danish State Railways in Denmark. Longer distance services, notably to Stockholm, are provided by SJ. Local traffic is served by the Pågatåg electric multiple units, which provide stopping services within Scania.

Cycling
Lund has been praised for its cycling infrastructure. There are 4,800 bike parking spaces in the town, including a multi-storey facility at the railway station, over 260 km of cyclepaths and cycle lanes, and 43% of journeys within the city take place by bicycle. There has been no increase in car usage for the past 10 years.

Buses
Since 2019, the bus network in Lund has been licensed to the company Vy Buss, overseen by Skånetrafiken. They operate green-coloured buses which are electric. The busses run on a total of seven bus lines. A survey carried out on behalf of Region Skåne in 2015 found that 11% of Lund residents used the bus network regularly.

Tramway
Plans to initiate a nearly 6 km (3.7 mi) tram network to achieve faster and higher-capacity public transport between Lund Central Station and many of the largest work-places in the city were approved in 2015. The entire construction now stands finished and the tram line is slated to thrown open to the public on December 13, 2020. The 15-minute tram ride connects Lund Central Station with the hospital, Lund University (LTH), Ideon Science Park, the new upcoming district of Brunnshög, the MAX IV synchrotron light source, and, the European Spallation Source. Long-term plans to extend this network to the suburban towns of Bjärred (via Öresundsvägen), Dalby, Staffanstorp and Södra Sandby have been shelved.

Major roads
Lund has been connected to the motorway network since 1953 when the E22 was opened between Lund and Malmö. The E22 was the first motorway in Sweden, and was originally built around the edge of the town; however following the expansion of the suburbs out to the east in the latter half of the 20th century it now passes through the city. The E22 forms the main north-south trunk route through Lund. The largest east-west road is the multi-lane northern ring road which also passes through the city limits. There are also other connections to most major roads in the area, for example the E6 via Riksväg 16, and the Länsväg 108 which connects to the E65.

Airports
Lund is served by Copenhagen Airport, the largest airport in the Nordic countries, which can be reached by frequent direct trains in about 35 minutes. The second airport in the area, Malmö Airport, is located about 26 kilometres (16 miles) away and is mainly used for domestic flights. There also used to be a very small airstrip, Hasslanda Flygfält, to the south of Lund, mainly used for private and charter flights. The airstrip closed in 2008.

Economy
Lund is a regional centre for high tech companies, several of which are based in the north-east of the city. Companies with offices in Lund include Sony Mobile Communications, Ericsson, Arm Holdings, and Microsoft. The Swedish telecommunications company Doro has its head office in Lund. Gambro, one of the key companies in the development of the artificial kidney, was founded in Lund in 1964 and retains a significant presence in the city. Alfa Laval, the international manufacturer of heat exchangers and separators, have a factory in Lund, and Tetra Pak have their headquarters and part of production in town. Network video camera maker Axis Communications was founded in Lund in 1984 and maintains its headquarters in the city as an independently operated subsidiary of Canon. Other important industries include pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and publishing and library services.

Skåne University Hospital and Lund University are major employers, with extensive research facilities. In particular, the Lund Institute of Technology has connections with the high tech industry in the city. A science park, Ideon Science Park, was founded in 1983 as a collaboration between Lund University, Lund Municipality and Wihlborgs Fastigheter AB. it hosts about 350 companies, employing 2,700 people. Many of these are high tech companies that have ties to the university.

The 2010s have seen the development of two major research facilities in Lund, both in collaboration with the university. MAX IV is the world's most brilliant synchrotron light source and a Swedish national facility. It was inaugurated on 21 June 2016. The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a pulsed neutron source under construction on a site just north of MAX IV. ESS is expected to directly employ about 450 people when it is completed in around 2023.

Tetra Pak was founded in Lund in 1951 by Ruben Rausing. Their principal product is packages and equipment for aseptic packaging of food, principally using plastic-coated cardboard. As of January 2015 Tetra Pak employed around 3,500 staff at their headquarters in Lund. The pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca used to have a large presence in Lund but their offices closed in 2010. The site was re-developed as a research park named Medicon Village. over 1,200 people worked in more than 100 organisations based at Medicon Village.

Notable residents
• Axwell, professional DJ

• Rolf-Göran Bengtsson, Olympic equestrian

• Martin Dahlin, footballer

• Timbuktu (Jason Diakité), hip-hop and reggae artist

• Kim Ekdahl du Rietz, handball player

• Joel Ekstrand, footballer

• Olle Hagnell, psychiatrist and professor

• Mikael Håfström, film writer and director

• Anders Jansson, comedian

• Amanda Jenssen, singer

• Joachim Johansson, tennis player

• Helena Josefsson, singer

• Niklas Krog, novelist (young adult books)

• Nils Grandelius, chess grandmaster

• Isabelle Haak, volleyball player

• Indrek Martinson, Estonian-born physicist

• Albert Levan, botanist and geneticist

• Cecilia Lindqvist, Sinologist

• Roger Ljung, footballer

• Jan Malmsjö, actor

• Beata Mårtensson-Brummer (1889–1956), painter, ceramist

• Lukas Moodysson, film writer, director

• Johann Christoph Muhrbeck (1733–1805), philosopher

• Andreas Palicka, handball player

• Gösta Pettersson, biochemist

• Ivo Pekalski, footballer

• The Radio Dept., band

• Ola Svensson, pop singer

• Max von Sydow, actor

• Linus Thörnblad, Olympic high jumper

• Johan Wester, comedian

• Elin Wägner, feminist writer

• Rolf Edling, Olympic fencer

• Måns Zelmerlöw, pop singer and winner of Eurovision Song Contest 2015.

Literary residents
• Brita Egardt (1916–1990), ethnologist, folklorist

• Vilhelm Ekelund, poet

• Hjalmar Gullberg, writer, poet and translator

• Britt G. Hallqvist, writer, poet and translator

• Ola Hansson, writer, poet and critic

• Albert Kivikas, Estonian-born writer and journalist

• Bengt Lidforss, natural scientist and writer

• Carl Linnaeus, scientist and author

• Vladimir Oravsky author and film director

• Anders Österling, writer, poet, translator and critic

• Lars Norén, poet and playwright

• Göran Sonnevi, poet and translator

• August Strindberg, playwright

• Esaias Tegnér, writer and bishop

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Muriqui (disambiguation)

Muriqui or woolly spider monkeys, are monkeys of the genus Brachyteles.

Muriqui may also refer to:

 * Muriqui, Mangaratiba, a neighborhood in the Brazilian city Mangaratiba-RJ
 * Muriqui (footballer), nickname of Luiz Guilherme da Conceição Silva, Brazilian footballer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Lomma

Lomma is a locality and the seat of Lomma Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden. In 2020 it had 13,772 inhabitants.

History
Lomma was mentioned in a deed of Cnut the Great under the name Lumaby in the year 1085. Skåne's cultural centre at the time was the plains surrounding Lund and Dalby known as Lundaslätten. Lomma was a natural port for customs, shipping and trade, owing to its location at the mouth of the river Höje å, which was the main transport link via to Uppåkra, Lund, Heddinge (now named Kyrkheddinge) and Dalby. Lomma had city status at this time, though it subsequently lost it in favour of Malmö. Until the construction of a bridge across the Höje å in 1682, there was a ferry across the river.

By 1682 there was already a brickworks in Lomma, but the settlement grew after Frans Henrik Kockum founded a brickworks -- at that time one of Sweden's largest -- in Lomma in 1854. It produced over 2.5 million bricks which led to the expansion of the harbour, since the sea was the natural means for onward transport.

The soil round Lomma, in addition to being suitable for brick-making, could also be used for cement production. Skånska Cement AB was founded in 1871 and, beginning the following year, manufactured Portland cement in Lomma. The lime, a key ingredient in cement, was sourced in part from Saltholm. Brick and mortar production were seasonal work and at most 350 people worked at the cement factory during the summer season. There was additionally an asbestos cement factory, known as Lomma Eternit, which closed in 1977 after workers became ill following exposure to asbestos.

Geography
Lomma lies on. It is located to the west of Lund and north of Malmö.

Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Lomma:

 * GIF Nike
 * Lobas
 * Lomma FBC

Notable people

 * Hanna Bennison (born 2002), footballer for the Sweden national team and Everton

 * Filip Jörgensen (born 2002), Swedish born Danish professional footballer for Villarreal CF

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Kävlinge

Kävlinge is a locality and the seat of Kävlinge Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 32,341 inhabitants in 2021.

In 1996, a train containing large amounts of ammonia derailed and around 9,000 people had to be evacuated from the area. This was the biggest evacuation operation in Swedish history.

Near Kävlinge is the site of the Hög passage grave, a Bronze Age barrow covering a neolithic burial chamber. Hög means mound from the Old Norse word haugr for hill. The finds from the excavations are in the Lund University Historic Museum.

Battle of Lund
Kävlinge is located north of Lund and has a river passing through called Kävlingeån (translated Kävlinge River). The river played an important role at the events leading up to the Battle of Lund, which was a battle in the Scanian War.

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Klippan

Klippan may refer to:
 * Klippan, Scania, a town within the Klippan Municipality in Skåne County, Sweden,
 * Klippan Municipality, a municipality in Skåne County, Sweden
 * Klippan (Gothenburg), a district of Gothenburg, Sweden
 * Klippan (sofa), a popular sofa manufactured and sold by IKEA

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Höör

Höör (formerly spelled Hör, ) is a locality and the seat of Höör Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 7,865 inhabitants in 2010.

Name
The town was previously known as Hørg (in the 12th century), Hørgh (in the 15th century), and later Hør and Hör. The present, unusual spelling with double "ö" was implemented by the Swedish postal service at the beginning of the 20th century. At that time, it was a common practice in Sweden to write här (for here) in the address of letters to be delivered within the same town. In order to avoid confusion between letters to be delivered locally and those intended for Hör, the postal service changed the town's name to Höör.

Transport
Höör railway station is located on the northern side of the town and a five-minute walk into the central square. It is on the line between Kristianstad and Malmö, where there are frequent commuter trains running beyond Sweden to Copenhagen in Denmark.

The following services call at this station (incomplete):

 * Regional train (Øresundståg Regional): Karlskrona – Kristianstad – Hässleholm – Höör – Lund – Malmö – Copenhagen Airport (København Lufthavn/Kastrup) – Copenhagen Central (København H) – Østerport – Helsingør
 * Regional train (Skånetrafiken Express): Alvesta – Hässleholm – Höör – Eslöv – Lund – Malmö
 * Regional train (Skånetrafiken Regional): Höör – Eslöv – Lund – Malmö – Ystad – Simrishamn

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Hörby

Hörby is a locality and the seat of Hörby Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 15 631 inhabitants in 2019.

6 km (3.7 mi) south-east of the center of Hörby is at least since 1959 the location of a radio and TV transmitter. Short wave antennas have been dismantled there in 2011.

Climate
Hörby has a transitional maritime-continental climate with moderate seasonal swings by Nordic inland standards. The weather station was opened in 1995 and thus cold records are limited, but nearby Stehag recorded -23 C in February 1979. With a January mean just below freezing, Hörby is as of 2021, the southernmost station in Sweden to average a meteorological winter under Nordic definitions of 0 C means. Its inland and somewhat elevated location means higher levels of precipitation than in many surrounding areas, common to southern Sweden. As such, heavy snowfall sometimes occur during winter and the more frequent cloud cover in summer renders Hörby quite a bit milder than lower areas around Öresund and Österlen during the warm season.

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Höganäs

Höganäs is a locality and the seat of Höganäs Municipality, Scania County, Sweden. Its population was 14,107 in 2010.

Höganäs is nationally known for its ceramics industry, Höganäs Keramik. Höganäs Keramik is part of Iittala Group.

Höganäs has the main office of Höganäs AB, one of the world's biggest iron powder manufacturers with subsidiaries around the world. The Höganäs AB company was founded by Count Eric Ruuth in 1797, which makes it one of Sweden's oldest companies.

History
Höganäs began as a small fishing village in the parish of Väsby, documented in 1488 in the written form Høyenæss. In the middle of the 17th century it had 17 homes. Coal was found in the area, and mining started in 1797. In 1798 a railway with wooden rails was built. It was the first of its kind in Sweden and was used to transport coal from the mine to the harbour. The population started to grow and new dwellings were built for the miners. During the 19th century more industries were built using clay for making ceramic products. Höganäs is well known still today for ceramics. The coal mines, however, were closed in the 1960s. In 1936, when Höganäs got the title of a city it had 6,915 inhabitants. Since 1971 it is the seat of Höganäs Municipality, encompassing the Kullaberg peninsula with totally around 24,000 inhabitants.

In 2009, the city began accepting the euro in its shops, restaurants, banks, and other businesses. More than 30 shops accept euros in cash as a part of a PR attempt.

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Hässleholm

Hässleholm is a locality and the seat of Hässleholm Municipality, Scania County, Sweden with 18,500 inhabitants in 2010.

Overview
Hässleholm was gradually developed from 1860 in connection with the construction of the main Stockholm-to-Malmö railway line. There was no settlement on the spot before the arrival of the railway. The station got its name from a manor situated in the vicinity of a planned railway junction. It gained the city title in 1914 and was then classified as one of Sweden's smallest cities. During the 20th century, it developed into a military hub. After the end of the Cold War, most of the military establishments were disbanded or moved to other locations.

In 2000, Hässleholm's Cultural Center ("kulturhus") was opened. It features theatres, a library, a visitors center, and restaurants. East of the town center is the hometown park ("hembygdspark") with a statue called "Snapphanen", by the sculptor Axel Ebbe. The statue reminds of the area's history as a center for Scanian insurgents during the 17th-century struggles between Sweden and Denmark.

Some of the town's most distinctive architecture is located along First Avenue ("Första avenyn"). The Central Train Station is at the west end of the street, in the very heart of the town. Hässleholm's church (built in 1914) lies at the east end of the street. Hotell Statt, the main and oldest hotel, is located on the north side, and on the south side is the town's oldest building, which now holds stores, offices, and apartments.

The Swedish representative for the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest, Robin Stjernberg, was born in Hässleholm in 1991.

In 2023, Hässleholm businessman Oddvar Lönnerkrantz told news site Frilagt that Sweden Democrat mayor, Hanna Nilsson had tried to hire him to force a local resident to drop his appeal of the city council's purchase of a building for an elderly care home. As a result of these accusations, the Moderate Party and Christian Democrats pulled out of Hässleholm's coalition government, and called on Nilsson to resign.

Sports
The local sports clubs are:
 * Hässleholms IF
 * IFK Hässleholm

title: Hässleholm


text:
Helsingborg

Helsingborg, is a city and the seat of Helsingborg Municipality, Scania (Skåne), Sweden. It is the second-largest city in Scania (after Malmö) and ninth-largest in Sweden, with a population of 113,816 (2020). Helsingborg is the central urban area of northwestern Scania and Sweden's closest point to Denmark: the Danish city Helsingør is clearly visible about 4 km to the west on the other side of the Øresund.

Historic Helsingborg, with its many old buildings, is a scenic coastal city. The buildings are a blend of old-style stone-built churches and a 600-year-old medieval fortress (Kärnan) in the city centre, and more modern commercial buildings. The streets vary from wide avenues to small alley-ways. Kullagatan, the main pedestrian shopping street in the city, was the first pedestrian shopping street in Sweden.

History
Helsingborg is one of the oldest cities of what is now Sweden. It has been the site of permanent settlement officially since 21 May 1085. Helsingborg's geographical position at the narrowest part of Øresund made it very important for Denmark, at that time controlling both sides of that strait. From 1429 Eric of Pomerania introduced the Sound Dues, a levy on all trading vessels passing through the sound between Helsingør and Helsingborg. This was one of the main sources of income for the Danish Crown. Crossing traffic, like fishermen, were not subject to the tax, which was initially directed against the Hanseatic League.Following the Dano-Swedish War (1657–1658) and the Treaty of Roskilde Denmark had to give up all territory on the southern Scandinavian peninsula, and Helsingborg became part of Sweden. King Charles X Gustav of Sweden landed here on 5 March 1658 to take personal possession of the Scanian lands and was met by a delegation led by the bishop of the Diocese of Lund, Peder Winstrup. At that time the town had a population of barely 1,000 people.

Its situation on a conflict-ridden border caused problems for Helsingborg. Denmark recaptured Scania twice, but could not hold it. The last Danish attempt to regain Scania was in 1710, when 14,000 men landed on the shores near Helsingborg. The Battle of Helsingborg was fought on 10 March just outside the city, which was badly affected. It took a long time to recover; even in 1770 the city had only 1,321 inhabitants and was still growing slowly.

On 20 October 1811, Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Marshal of France and crown prince-elect of Sweden (later King Charles XIV John) took his first step on Swedish soil in Helsingborg on his journey from Paris to Stockholm.

From the middle of the 19th century onwards, Helsingborg was one of the fastest-growing cities of Sweden, increasing its population from 4,000 in 1850 to 20,000 in 1890 and 56,000 in 1930 due to industrialization. From 1892, a train ferry was put in service, connecting Helsingborg with its Danish sister city Helsingør. A tramway network was inaugurated in 1903 and closed down in 1967.

Following the Swedish orthography reform of 1906, the spelling of many place names in Sweden was modernized. In 1912, it was decided to use the form Hälsingborg. In preparation for the local government reform in 1971, Hälsingborg city council proposed that the new, enlarged municipality should be spelled Helsingborg; this form was adopted by the government of Sweden from 1 January 1971.

In World War II, Helsingborg was among the most important drop-off points for the rescue of Denmark's Jewish population during the Holocaust. Adolf Hitler had ordered that all Danish Jews were to be arrested and deported to the concentration camps on Rosh HaShanah, the Jewish New Year which fell on 2 October 1943. When Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz, a German maritime attaché received word of the order on 28 September 1943, he shared it with political and Jewish community leaders. Using the name Elsinore Sewing Club (Danish: Helsingør Syklub) as a cover for messages, the Danish population formed an Underground Railroad of sorts, moving Jews away from the closely watched Copenhagen docks to spots farther away, especially Helsingør, just two miles across the Øresund from Helsingborg. Hundreds of civilians hid their fellow Danish citizens—Jews—in their houses, farm lofts and churches until they could board them onto Danish fishing boats, personal pleasure boats and ferry boats. In the span of three nights, Danes had smuggled over 7200 Jews and 680 non-Jews (gentile family members of Jews or political activists) across the Øresund, to safety in Sweden, with one of the main destinations at Helsingborg.

Climate
Helsingborg has an oceanic climate (Cfb) typical of southern Sweden, although its winters are very mild for a location at such a high latitude. Although the temperature differences between seasons are significant, Helsingborg often lacks a meteorological winter with both January and February averaging just above the freezing point in terms of mean temperatures. Summers are warm and comparatively long by Swedish standards, with summer arriving earlier and fall later than virtually all areas of Sweden, aside from other parts of Skåne. Helsingborg & nearby surroundings also have a history with being hit by tornadoes. On 8 August 1947, a High-end F1/T3 Tornado hit the Ramlösa district of Helsingborg, causing moderate damage to a farm. Greenhouses were damaged or destroyed, a stall sustained deroofing, a shed were blown away & a tree were snapped. On 16 August 2007, downtown Helsingborg were impacted by an F1 Tornado, damaging a school & snapping trees. On 22 June 2014, a Waterspout was observed outside Helsingborg. On 27 August 2018, the Eskilsminne district of Helsingborg were hit by an F0 Tornado. Some roofs sustained minor damage.

Demographics
113,816 live in the city of Helsingborg as of 2020, up from 104,250 inhabitants in 2015. 149,280 live in the municipality, with the city being by far the most populated one. Helsingborg is the second-largest city in Scania (after Malmö) and ninth-largest in Sweden.

Subdivisions
The City of Helsingborg is subdivided into 31 districts.

Industry
Helsingborg is a major regional centre of trade, transport and business. In 2001 Campus Helsingborg, a branch of University of Lund, opened in the former Tretorn rubber factory buildings, founded by Henry Dunker. Three ferry companies take people and cargo to and from Denmark around the clock. The route is popular with day-trippers going to Helsingør or Copenhagen, or simply enjoying the views from the ferries. IKEA, the retailer of furniture and home interiors, has its international corporate headquarters in Helsingborg. Nicorette, the nicotine chewing gum, has a manufacturing plant there. Ramlösa is a mineral water from Ramlösa Brunn, a southern suburb of the city. Mobile phone developer Spectronic is also situated in Helsingborg. The online custom clothing retailer Tailor Store Sweden AB has its offices in Helsingborg. Zoégas, a major coffee company, has been located here since the 1800s.

Cuisine
The beverage espresso and tonic first appeared on a menu in the city, at the coffeehouse Koppi Roasters in 2007.

Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Helsingborg:

• Stattena IF

• Helsingborgs IF

• FC Helsingborg

• Helsingborgs HC

• Hittarps IK

• Högaborgs BK

• Ramlösa Södra FF

• HRC Gripen

• Helsingborg MCK

• FC Drottninghög

• Eskilsminne IF

• Helsingborgs FRK

• Kullavägens BK

• Helsingborg BBK

The Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) and World Bowling Tour (WBT) have jointly hosted a ten-pin bowling event in Sweden since 2017 called the Lucky Larsen Masters. Olympia Bowling in Helsingborg hosted the event in 2019, and is scheduled to host again in September 2023.

Notable people
• Hasse Alfredson, comedian

• Louise Hansson, World champion swimmer

• Marianne Bernadotte, former fashion model and actress

• Boel Berner, sociologist, historian, and editor

• Nick Bostrom, philosopher

• Kalle Brink, professional golfer

• Fabian Brunnström, ice hockey player

• Dieterich Buxtehude, composer and organist

• Elsa Collin, actress

• Covenant, synth band

• Darkane, metal band

• Elegant Machinery, synth band

• Pontus Farnerud, football player

• Linn Grant, professional golfer

• Louise Friberg, professional golfer

• Maja Ivarsson, lead singer of rock band The Sounds

• Joseph B. Johnson, Governor of the U.S. State of Vermont

• Alexander Kačaniklić, football player

• Karl Kruszelnicki, scientist (Dr Karl)

• Henrik Larsson, football player

• Ann Linde, former Swedish foreign minister

• Hampus Lindholm, ice hockey player

• Johan Liiva, musician

• Andreas Lilja, ice hockey player

• Mikael Lundberg, golfer

• Mats Magnusson, football player

• Gunnar Nilsson, formula one driver

• Roland Nilsson, football player

• Tina Nordström, chef

• Thomas Öberg, lead singer of bob hund

• Oscar Olsson, educationalist

• Anette Olzon, singer

• Lina Perned, actress

• Peps Persson, musician

• Nils Poppe, comedian

• Ruben Rausing, founder of Tetra Pak

• Eva Rydberg, comedian

• Eric Saade, musician, presenter

• Marcus Schossow, electronic DJ

• Caroline Seger, football player

• Jay Smith, singer

• Soilwork, metal band

• Kalle Svensson, football player

• Terror 2000, metal band

• Tobias Tornkvist (born 1994), ice hockey player

• Tove Lo, singer-songwriter

• Velvet, singer

• Östen Warnerbring, musician

• The Wasted Penguinz, Pontus Bergman & Jon Brandt-Cederhäll

• Johan Wissman, athlete

title: Helsingborg


text:
Eslöv

Eslöv is a town and the seat of Eslöv Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 19,598 inhabitants as of 2018.

Eslöv is part of the Öresund Region, and the Malmö Metropolitan Area.

History
According to a map from 1717, Eslöv village was originally located in the current crossing Västergatan-Remmarlövsvägen.

When the Southern Main Line, already passing through cities such as Stockholm and Malmö, was built through Eslöv the town's growth took off. On 4 October 1858 the first trains rolled on the southern main line through Eslöv. On 1 July 1865 the railway from Eslöv to Landskrona and Helsingborg (see Rååbanan) was taken into use and on 1 May 1866 the railway opened to Ystad. Eslöv had become a significant railroad link, and trade to and from the resort increased significantly. In 1897, Eslöv-Hörby railway opened, which was later extended to Kristianstad. In 1898, the railway Eslöv-Röstånga was taken into use, which was later extended to Klippan.

Healthcare
In 1865, Eslöv gets its first doctor, Walter Ström. In 1870, Eslöv's first pharmacy opens. In 1942, a dental clinic and a provisional child care center are established. In 1969, the Tåbelund emergency medical center, "The triple doctor station", opens and in 1985, the health center Kärråkra is established.

Water, gas and electricity
In 1884, the first telephone lines were planted in Eslöv and at the end of the year, there were 30 subscribers. In 1905, the water tower at Kvarngatan, the waterworks at Villavägen and the gas plant at Gasverksgatan were ready for use. The gas plant was discontinued in the late 1950s and the buildings were demolished in 1962. In 1968, the new water tower on Fäladen was taken into operation and thus replaced the old water tower.

AB Sydvatten was founded in 1966 by the cities of Malmö, Helsingborg, Lund, Landskrona and Eslöv. Subsequently, the municipalities of Burlöv, Höganäs, Kävlinge, Lomma, Staffanstorp, Svalöv, Svedala and Vellinge have also joined. The Bolmen tunnel began being built in 1975 for it to be put into use in October 1987. The water runs from Lake Bolmen in Småland via an 8 mile long tunnel to Perstorp and then into a 2.5 mile long raw water pipeline to Ringsjöverket in Stehag where it is cleaned.

In 1909, a treatment plant was built on the peat bog in the south, the current Edelbergsparken. The same year, the City Council appointed a committee with the task of looking more closely at the electricity issue and in 1911 the first transformer station was ready. In the 1920s, the gas lamps in Eslöv were changed to electric lighting. A new treatment plant was ready in Ellinge in 1937 and a new main transformer station was commissioned in 1952.

In 1920, the first fire engine was purchased for Eslöv. In 1925, the fire brigade was replaced by Eslöv's first professional fire service. In 1985, district heating was built in Eslöv.

Administrative belongings
Eslöv was a village in the Sallerup's parish which, after the municipal reform in 1862, belonged to Sallerup's country municipality.

In 1875, part of the county municipality was broken out and Eslöv's "köping" (market town) was formed, where most of the town's buildings were included. On 17 August 1894 Västra Sallerup's municipal community was established in the county municipality for settlement outside the köping area. Eslöv's purchase accounted for 56.36 hectares and was roughly limited by Repslagaregatan, Trulsagatan (current Västerlånggatan), Trehäradsvägen, Köpingskolan (current eastern school) and Köpingsparken (current Badhusparken) In 1909, Eslöv grew by incorporating the area Västra Sallerup's municipal community with Eslöv's köping. On January 1, 1811, Eslöv received city rights. In 1912 Eslöv's city was expanded again by incorporating Ellinge Sjöhus, belonging to Borlunda parish. In 1940, the built-up parts, 150 hectares, were incorporated by western Sallerups county municipality. In 1952, the city's area grew from 7 to 30 km2 when the remaining parts, 1,960 hectares, were incorporated from Västra Sallerup's county municipality, as well as 193 hectares from Trollenäs land municipality / Socken and 226.5 hectares from Borlunda county municipality after which. In 1967 and 1969, further extensions were made before the municipality of Eslöv in 1971 became a seat.

Eslöv belonged to Västra Sallerups congregation, which in 1952 was converted to the Eslöv parish.

The town belonged to Harjager's district court until 1874, thereafter it belonged to in Rönneberg's, Onsjö and Harjager's district court until 1916 then, until 1948, it belonged to Eslöv's district court in Frosta and Eslöv's court case. From 1948 to 1971, the town of Frosta and Eslöv's court of law was incorporated, which in 1971 was converted to Eslöv's court case, which in 2002 went up in Lund's court case.

Eslöv Airport (ESME), a local airstrip, was originally used for mail transport, but was also used for military training during World War II. Now it is mostly used by private pilots and parachutists.

Banking
In 1866, Eslöv's Savings Bank was founded mainly thanks to Dr Walter Ström and post-exporter Carl Håkansson. The bank's first working day was 27 October that year. Onsjö Härads Sparbank was founded on 18 July 1861 at Trollenäs Castle where activities existed for 25 years. The branch office was opened after a few years in Marieholm, where the head office moved in 1890. A branch office was opened in Eslöv in 1902. Eslöv's Savings Bank and Onsjö Härads Sparbank merged under the name Eslöv Onsjö Sparbank which was later merged with Lundabygdens Sparbank and formed Sparbanken Finn.

Businesses

 * Dr Pers Food AB
 * Orkla Foods Sweden (formerly AB Felix)
 * Saint-Gobain Sekurit AB (formerly Trempex)
 * Smurfit Kappa Sverige AB (formerly AB Skånewell and then Förenade Well AB)
 * Cygrids Communications AB (Formerly Cybercom & YT AB)

Industrial history
Grain trading took place early at the station, which was popularly known as Eslöv's börs (stock exchange). In the 1870s, there were, among other things, two breweries, a horse slaughterhouse, six bread bakeries and several bookbinders, lathes, thin-binders and stonemasons in Eslöv. However, only four industrial companies were officially registered in the town; Rencks Yllefabrik, Ljungberg's foundry, A. J. Wahlgren's tannery and Ättiksfabriken. Together, they employed some forty employees.

Grain and wood products
In 1865 Carl Engström started a company, named after himself, that grew into one of southern Sweden's largest in cereals, seeds, fodder and agricultural machinery. In 1913, the company was converted into a limited liability company.

In 1868, a logger, Nils Johnson, founded the movement that later became AB Nils Johnson & Co. In the beginning, flour and feed products dominated, but later came also a joinery factory, a garden, planing, glassworks and more. When Nils Johnson died in 1907, his son Johannes Johnson took over the company and developed it into one of the more important in the wood products industry. In 1929, the company became a limited company. The company became Moberg & Co and is today known as Optimera.

Textile Industry
Klädesfabriken, mentioned in the health care protocol for 1878, is Renck's wool factory, Eslöv's first real industry, which was started in 1869 by the two German immigrants Ferdinand Renck (1821–1886) and Johan Renck (1845–1895; father of Lorentz Renck). There was a charity, spinning mill and a clothing factory where, among other things, Eslöv's felt plaids were manufactured. The factory, which was completely destroyed in a fire in 1898, was located at Joel Sallius park in front of Medborgarhuset. In 1879 Carl Peter Sahlin started a coloring movement in Eslöv. In 1880 he bought the old dairy premises opposite the plantation Trekanten. The movement was expanded with the addition of spinning and weaving. The son Albert Sahlin (1868-1936) then founded Sahlins Konfektion AB, which was especially known for the manufacturing of children's clothing. Sahlin's clothing, which was located at Malmgatan between Västerlånggatan and Kanalgatan (current HN Furniture), was closed in 1973.

In 1905, Eslövs Yllefabrik was founded by Carl Herrman. In 1898 Herrman, together with his colleague Jöns Hansson from Malmö Yllefabriks AB, founded Marieholms Yllefabriks AB. Eslöv's Yllefabrik, which was located on Gasverksgatan opposite the present East School's gymnasium, was for a long time the only textile factory in Sweden that had machines for printing colors on the fabric. In 1929, the company was converted into a limited liability company. In 1935, the factory received the country's first ring spinning machine. In 1955, the company was taken over by Manufaktur AB in Malmö with the subsidiary Malmö Yllefabriks AB. The factory in Eslöv was closed at year-end 1958/1959. In 1939 Erik Wedberg founded the company, La Reine, with manufacturing in various places in the city. In 1963 a factory was built at Trehäradsvägen just east of the railway. Manufacturing consisted of, among other things, coats and nylon rainwear.

Metal
The foundry mentioned in the health care protocol for 1878 is Ljungbergska Foundry. In 1872 Nils Håkansson started a forging workshop in Eslöv which he sold in 1878 to manufacturer J Ljungberg and the name changed to Ljungbergska Gjuteriet. In 1889, Lars Åkerman, who was previously a co-owner of Hvilans Mekaniska Verkstad in Kristianstad, bought the company and named it Åkermans Gjuteri and Mekaniska Verkstad. Åkerman died in 1897 and the following year the company was converted to Aktiebolaget Åkermans Gjuteri and Mekaniska Verkstad. During the 1920s, road rollers and graders were manufactured. In 1938, Åkermans moved from central Eslöv, where Medborgarhuset is today, to premises on Bruksgatan in eastern Eslöv. From 1939, Åkermans began producing excavators, the product that made the company internationally known. The first excavator, an Åkerman 300, was delivered to Sjöbo Cementgjuteri. In December 1965 Åkermans was introduced to the stock exchange. On 1 December 1998, Volvo Excavator (formerly Åkermans) announced that it was planning to shut down its production of excavators in Eslöv and thus a successful epoch of Eslöv's industrial history in the grave.

Notability
Sweden's tallest wooden house, Lagerhuset, is located in the city. In 2007, a large-scale renovation of the building took place and it was converted into an apartment complex. The building was originally built as a grain silo for cereal during World War I.

The medicine Salubrin was invented in Eslöv. Several other big companies also have their main offices in the town.

The Swedish comedian Johan Glans was born and raised in Eslöv.

Swedish professional golfer Ludvig Åberg was born and raised in Eslöv.

Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Eslöv:
 * Eslövs AI – has won national championships in table tennis and wrestling.
 * Eslövs BK

The Eslövs Motorstadion existed from 1948 to 1961. It was built by Motorklubben Gnistan and mainly used for motorcycle speedway. It staged a qualifying round of the Speedway World Championship in 1953.

title: Eslöv


text:
Båstad

Båstad is a locality and the seat of Båstad Municipality, Scania County, Sweden, with approximately 5,000 permanent residents. It is however one of Sweden's most typical summer resorts. The population is presumably more than twice as large between April and September, and even larger during July. Its municipality follows a similar pattern: some 15,000 permanent residents, but more than 30,000 during July. Some villages within the municipality are almost empty during the winter, but have more than 2,000 "summer guests" during July. Torekov is a good example of this.

Within Sweden, Båstad is well known for tennis. The largest centre court in Sweden is located in the town's centre, and can take more than 5,000 attendants. Several top national players, such as Björn Borg, Mats Wilander and Stefan Edberg, have played tennis in Båstad.

Geography
The town of Båstad is located in a sheltered bay with the Hallandian ridge stretching behind it. The town borders the shore, whereafter the terrain raises until the dense vegetation of the ridge takes over.

History
The first city privileges were granted in the 14th or 15th century, when the area belonged to Denmark. The first certain date is 1513 when it was re-granted. At the time, the name in print was Botstœdœ, which would translate to "Boat (landing) place".

In 1658, the area was conquered by Sweden, and Båstad was given new "special" privileges in 1664, because it was of too insignificant size to receive the full royal charter as one of Sweden's cities. The minor privilege allowed the town to be used for commerce, handicraft and hostelry. The minor privilege was in effect until 1858 when it got proper rights as a merchant town, or köping. It has been the seat of Båstad Municipality since 1971.

Båstad is known for its tennis tournament Swedish Open on the ATP Tour, held each summer since 1948. The tournament boasts the largest number of courts in the country, and has fostered many internationally successful tennis players, such as Magnus Larsson. It attracts some 20,000 visitors and puts the town in a festive mood for a few weeks. Since 2009, the women's WTA tournament, previously held in Stockholm, also is played in Båstad as part of the Swedish Open.

The city is also home of the Troentorp Clog, formerly known as Båstad Clogs. Troentorp Clogs have been handcrafted in Båstad since 1907 and continue to be produced with the original wooden design.

The botanist Carl Adolph Agardh was born in Båstad in 1785.

Sights
The Church of Båstad or Saint Mary's Church is located in central Båstad. It was constructed in the 15th century. It is a Romanesque church, and contains several wall paintings from various centuries; a madonna image; and a Danish altarpiece, among other things.

A few kilometers outside of Båstad there is a large garden called Norrviken Gardens, which was founded by Rudolf Abelin in the 1900. It once had been chosen as the most beautiful park in Sweden, and the second most beautiful in Europe in 2006.

Notable people

 * Carl Adolph Agardh (1785–1859), botanist, born in Båstad
 * Arne Bjerhammar (1917–2011), geodesist notable for independently describing Moore–Penrose inverse in 1951, born in Båstad
 * Erik Paulsson, billionaire businessman
 * Yvonne Maria Werner, historian and professor

title: Båstad


text:
Ballincollig

Ballincollig is a suburban town within the administrative area of Cork city in Ireland. It is located on the western side of Cork city, beside the River Lee on the R608 regional road. In 2016 it was the largest town in County Cork, at which time the Ballincollig Electoral Division had a population of 18,621 people. It is located beyond the green belt from the suburbs of Bishopstown and Wilton. Historically home to the Ballincollig Royal Gunpowder Mills which is now a Regional Park, the town has seen much growth in recent years as a satellite of Cork City. Ballincollig is within the Cork North-West Dáil constituency.

History
Originally known as Maghmakeer as early as the 14th century, the town eventually came to be known after the Coll (or Cole) family who built Ballincollig Castle during the reign of Edward III, before selling it to the Barrett family in either 1468 or 1469. The castle was taken from Andrew Barrett by rebels in 1641, but they were expelled by English Parliamentary forces under Murrough O'Brien, Earl Inchiquinn, in 1645. It was garrisoned for James II in 1689, during the Williamite war in Ireland, then remained unoccupied after his defeat, and fell into decay.

The Ballincollig Royal Gunpowder Mills were opened in 1794 by Charles Henry Leslie, a prominent Cork businessman. Eleven years later, the mills were bought by the British, who were preparing for war with Napoleon, and the barracks were built to protect the supply of gunpowder. It was one of the largest gunpowder mills in the British Isles. In 1837, the mill employed several hundred workers, and by 1880, Ballincollig was one of the largest industrial establishments in Cork, with the mill employing many men and boys from the area.

With the closure of the Gunpowder Mills in the early 1900s, Ballincollig became little more than a small village on the road from Cork city to the larger market town of Macroom. The 3rd Royal Munster Fusiliers (Reserve) Battalion were stationed there during the Great War. Other Regiments stationed in the Barracks before it was decommissioned were 1st Field Artillery Regiment and 8th Field Artillery Regiment (FCÁ). The recently decommissioned Murphy Barracks was a major source of employment. In the 1970s, Ballincollig developed as much more of a satellite town, with many housing developments constructed around the old village, and housing people who worked in Cork city or its suburbs. This expansion continued through the late 80s and 90s. Consequently, the town's population has risen dramatically, particularly with the westward expansion of the town and Ballincollig grew to be largest town in the county.

In 2019, as part of the boundary expansion of Cork City, Ballincollig was brought within the administrative area of Cork City Council.

Religion
Two Catholic churches are located in the town. The modern 'Church of Christ Our Light' (designed by a local architectural firm) is located on the west side of the town, while the old 'Church of St Mary and St John' is located near the centre of the town, on Station Road.

The Bible Baptist Church meets in the Westgate Foundation on the west end of town. The church is associated with the Cork Bible Institute and other Gospel ministries.

Other religious groups including Hindus, Sikhs, and Greek Orthodox also have services at various locations in Ballincollig.

Demographics
As of the 2011 census, Ballincollig was 87% Catholic, 7% other religions, 5% no religion, with 1% not stated. Ethnically, the town is 83% white Irish, 10% other white, 3% black, 2% Asian, 1% other, and 1% not stated.

Amenities
The amenities located in Ballincollig include a library, a multiplex cinema, playgrounds, shopping centres and the Ballincollig Regional Park.

The recreational park, Ballincollig Regional Park, includes the former gunpowder mill and measures approximately 135 acres, with 52 structures in varying stages of decay surviving from the gunpowder manufacturing process. The site is approximately 2.4 kilometres in length and the River Lee runs the northern length of the site. The site contains a system of canals used during the manufacturing process connecting all the process areas in a single flat system without locks. The canals are fed from the River Lee at the western end of the site. The park contains soccer pitches, a rugby pitch, walkways, a skateboard facility, and free-to-use outdoor fitness equipment - the latter installed on the park's western end in November 2011. As a result of a 2012 development plan, which outlined the future of the Regional Park by the Recreation & Amenity section of the local authority, planning was approved for multi-use games areas and a children's playground. This work started December 2014 and is now completed. An eighty plot allotment scheme was also identified within the development plan, and was opened in November 2013 at the Innishmore entrance to the Regional Park. A series of marked trails were laid-out in 2014, and consist of four looped walks, colour-coded according to length. The Military Trail begins at the Shopping Centre Square and continues to the Regional Park by a westerly route. Three other trails of varying lengths begin and end at the western end of the park at Inniscarra Bridge.

There is also another playground near the Lidl on the western side of the town.

Ballincollig is home to several crèches, five primary schools, and two secondary schools. The two secondary schools in Ballincollig are Coláiste Choilm and Ballincollig Community School. Ballincollig Community School is located in West Ballincollig and is next to the 'Church of Christ Our Light'. Coláiste Choilm is located in East Ballincollig and is near a doctor's practice and the town centre of Ballincollig. Two of the primary schools, Scoil Eoin and Scoil Mhuire, are located in the town centre near St Mary's and St John's church. Three of the primary schools, Scoil Barra, Gaelscoil Uí Ríordáin and Gaelscoil an Chaisleáin are located outside the centre. Several of the area's schools are Gaelscoileanna (Irish-speaking schools), providing for a large number of pupils who learn through the Irish language in the area.

In 2018 and 2023, the town won the "Large Urban Centre" category at the annual Tidy Towns awards.

Places of interest
The Ballincollig Royal Gunpowder Mills is located on the north side of the town next to the River Lee. Some buildings in the Gunpowder Mills are now in disrepair but the area is still open to walkers in the Regional Park. The park is popular with locals and features a playground, skate-park, fairy-walk and many walking trails. The park has been extended westward in recent years to the River Lee Walk at the Fionn Laoi housing estate.

The grave of Rory Gallagher is located at St Oliver's Cemetery just outside Ballincollig. His headstone is a replica of an award he received in 1972 for International Guitarist of The Year.

The Coolroe Lime Kiln is an example of the historic quarrying in the Coolroe area of the town.

History
The Cork to Macroom rail line served Station House (at the south end of Station Road).

Ballincollig railway station was opened on 12 May 1866, closed to passenger traffic on 1 July 1935, closed to goods traffic on 10 March 1947 and finally closed altogether on 1 December 1953.

Public transport
Ballincollig is served by a number of Bus Éireann bus routes. These include route 220 (to Carrigaline, via UCC, Cork City Centre, and Douglas), route 220X, (similar route via the Lee Fields rather than Bishopstown), and route 233 (Cork City Centre to Macroom via Ballincollig).

A number of proposals, such as the 'Project Ireland 2040' transport plan, include a potential feasibility study into a possible suburban light rail project in the area connecting Ballincollig to Mahon point via UCC and Cork City Centre.

Road
Ballincollig was situated on the N22 from Cork to Tralee. A bypass around the town was opened in September 2004, which resulted in reduced journey times from Cork to Killarney on the N22 and reduced traffic volumes through the town centre. The N40 starts on the eastern side of the town that continues as the Cork southern bypass. The N40 and N22 both share exit 1.

The former alignment of the N22 is now the R608 regional road which goes through the town centre.

Air
The nearest airport is Cork Airport which is about 14 km away.

Clubs and sport
Notable sports clubs in the town include: Ballincollig GAA Club and Ballincollig RFC. Mycro Sportsgear, which manufactures equipment for hurling, is based in Ballincollig.

Notable people

 * Samantha Barry, journalist, editor-in-chief of Glamour magazine
 * Horace de Vere Cole, prankster and organiser of the 1910 Dreadnought hoax
 * James Cronin, rugby player for Munster and Ireland
 * Colin Healy, association footballer and manager
 * Paddy Healy, All-Ireland winning hurler
 * Paddy Kelly, All-Ireland winning Gaelic footballer
 * Mick Mannock, recipient of the Victoria Cross has connections to Ballincollig
 * John Miskella, All-Ireland winning Gaelic footballer
 * Sanita Pušpure, world rowing champion

title: Ballincollig


text:
Brava, Cape Verde

Brava (Portuguese for "wild" or "brave") is an island in Cape Verde, and is part of the Sotavento group, in the central Atlantic Ocean. At 62.5 km2, it is the smallest inhabited island of the Cape Verde archipelago, but at the same time the greenest. First settled in the early 16th century, its population grew after Mount Fogo on neighbouring Fogo erupted in 1680. For more than a century, its main industry was whaling, but the island economy is now primarily agricultural.

History
Brava was discovered in 1462 by the Portuguese explorer Diogo Afonso. There is no evidence of human presence on the Cape Verde islands before the arrival of the Portuguese. Around 1620 the population of Brava started with the arrival of settlers from Madeira and the Azores. Settlement of Brava took a rise in 1680 when it received many refugees from the nearby larger island of Fogo after its volcano erupted and covered the island with ash. Frequent pirate attacks forced the population towards the interior of the island, where the town Nova Sintra was founded around 1700.

Around 1720, the fungus Roccella tinctoria was discovered, which was traded as a textile dye. From the end of the 18th century, whaling ships from North America started hunting whales around the Azores and the Cape Verde Islands. They used the harbours of Brava (Fajã de Água and Furna) to stock up on supplies and drinking water. They hired men from Brava as sailors, and several of these men from Brava settled around the Massachusetts whaling port of New Bedford.

Geography
The island of Brava is 10.5 km long (north to south) and its width is 9.3 km. Its area is 62.51 km2. Practically the whole island is a stratovolcano. It lies in the lee of the enormous Fogo volcano. Volcanic activity on the island has been mainly located along three lines, which all intersect at the crest of ground that forms the highest part of the island. Brava has no documented historical eruptions, but its youthful volcanic morphology and the fact that earthquake swarms still occur indicate the potential for future eruptions; its last eruption was during the Holocene era. 13% of the island area is forested.

North of Brava are several uninhabited islets; the largest ones are Ilhéu de Cima and Ilhéu Grande. Monte Fontainhas is the highest point on the island, reaching 976 metres elevation.

Climate
Being highly mountainous this island has a quite diverse climate. Brava island has moderate arid climate (BWh according to Köppen–Geiger climate classification system) along the coast and semi-arid mild tropical climate BSh with very balanced temperatures year round in the interior. The average annual temperature on the coast is about 23 - 25 C, decreasing to some 17 - 20 C in the mountains. There can be remarkably cool weather with warmer wet season starting in June and ending in November with colder dry season starting in December and ending in May.

Municipality
Administratively, the island of Brava is covered by one municipality, Concelho da Brava. This municipality consists of two freguesias (civil parishes): São João Baptista and Nossa Senhora do Monte. The municipal seat is the city Nova Sintra.

Politics
Since 2012, the Movement for Democracy (MpD) is the ruling party of the municipality, and its president is Orlando da Luz Vieira Balla. The results of the latest elections, in 2016:

Population
The island's main town is Nova Sintra. The island's two parishes São João Baptista and Nossa Senhora do Monte are subdivided into 16 population zones for statistical purposes:

São João Baptista
 * Cachaço
 * Cova Rodela
 * Furna
 * João da Noly
 * Lem
 * Mato Grande
 * Nova Sintra (city)
 * Santa Bárbara
 * Vinagre

Nossa Senhora do Monte
 * Campo Baixo
 * Cova Joana
 * Fajã de Água
 * Mato
 * Nossa Senhora do Monte (town)
 * Tantum
 * Tomé Barraz

Demographics
In the 1830s, the population was estimated at 8,000.

Economy
The economy of the island is mainly based on (irrigated) agriculture and fishing. Main agricultural goods include coffee, potatoes including sweet potatoes, corn (maize), banana and sugar cane.

Attractions

 * Nova Sintra, a town with a museum, traditional Portuguese architecture, several churches and shops.
 * Fajã de Agua, a small harbour on the West coast with a natural swimming pool.
 * Nossa Senhora do Monte, a village in the mountains with a pilgrimage church.
 * Cova Rodela, a village in the mountains with a dragon tree in its main street.

Sports
There are several football clubs on Boa Vista, organised in the Brava Regional Football Association.

Infrastructure
The Esperadinha Airport, inaugurated in 1992, was closed in 2004 because of persisting strong winds. The village of Furna has a commercial port, the other port is Fajã de Água which is only used for fishing. Ferries to the islands of Fogo and Santiago depart from Furna. On Brava the villages may be reached by "Aluguer" bus. There is no fixed schedule, as the aluguers travel only when there are sufficient passengers. A few taxis are available as well.

Notable residents

 * Eugénio Tavares, musician; he used the traditional morna and wrote in Cape Verdean Creole. A statue dedicated to Eugénio Tavares is in the main square of Vila Nova Sintra, surrounded by a garden with trees, sunflowers, flowers, grass and other types of plants.
 * Vinny deMacedo – Massachusetts State Representative & State Senator was born in Brava.
 * David Soares – District Attorney, Albany County, New York, USA

title: Brava, Cape Verde


text:
Bjuv

Bjuv is a locality and the seat of Bjuv Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 6,832 inhabitants in 2010.

title: Bjuv


text:
The Motorcycle Diaries (book)

The Motorcycle Diaries (Diarios de motocicleta) is a posthumously published memoir of the Marxist revolutionary Ernesto "Che" Guevara. It traces his early travels, as a 23-year-old medical student, with his friend Alberto Granado, a 29-year-old biochemist. Leaving Buenos Aires, Argentina, in January 1952 on the back of a sputtering single cylinder 1939 Norton 500cc dubbed La Poderosa ("The Mighty One"), they desired to explore the South America they only knew from books. During the formative odyssey Guevara is transformed by witnessing the social injustices of exploited mine workers, persecuted communists, ostracized lepers, and the tattered descendants of a once-great Inca civilization. By journey's end, they had travelled for a "symbolic nine months" by motorcycle, steamship, raft, horse, bus, and hitchhiking, covering more than 8000 km across places such as the Andes, the Atacama Desert, and the Amazon River Basin.

The book has been described as a classic coming-of-age story: a voyage of adventure and self-discovery that is both political and personal. Originally marketed by Verso as "Das Kapital meets Easy Rider", The Motorcycle Diaries has been a New York Times bestseller several times.

Pre-expedition

Ernesto Guevara spent long periods traveling around Latin America during his studies of medicine, beginning in 1948, at the University of Buenos Aires. In January 1950, Guevara attempted his first voyage. He traversed 4500 km through the northern provinces of Argentina on a bicycle on which he had installed a small engine. He arrived at San Francisco del Chañar, near Córdoba, where his friend Alberto Granado ran the dispensary of the leper-centre. This experience allowed Guevara to have long conversations with the patients about their disease.

This pre-expedition gave Guevara a taste of what would be experienced in his more extensive South American travels. The journey broke new ground for him in activities that would become central to his life: travelling and writing a diary. His own father said that it was preparation for his subsequent long journeys across South America.

Guevara relied upon the hospitality of strangers that he encountered, as he and Granado would throughout their later travels. For example, following a puncture, he flagged down a lorry to take him to his next destination. In another instance, in Loreto, he asked for hospitality from a local police officer when he had nowhere to stay. The trip encouraged Guevara's style of traveling that would be seen in the Motorcycle Diaries. By the time he reached Jujuy, he had decided that the best way to get to know and to understand a country was by visiting hospitals and meeting the patients that they housed. He was not interested in the sites for tourists, and preferred meeting the people in custody of the police or the strangers that he met en route with whom he struck up a conversation. Guevara had seen the parallel existence of the poverty and deprivation faced by the native populations. Guevara also noted 'turbulence' in the region under the Río Grande, but having not actually crossed this river, Guevara, historian John Lee Anderson argues, used it as a symbol of the United States, and this was an early glimmer of the notion of neocolonial exploitation that would obsess him in later life. For the young Guevara, the trip had been an education.

It was the success of his Argentinian "raid", as he put it, that awakened in him a desire to explore the world and prompted the commencing of new travel plans.

Upon completion of his bicycle journey, El Gráfico, a sports magazine in Argentina, published a picture of Guevara on his bike. The company that manufactured the engine Ernesto had adapted to his bicycle tried to use it for advertising, claiming it was very strong since Guevara had gone on such a long tour using its power.

While he continued studying, he also worked as a nurse on trading and petroleum ships of the Argentine national shipping-company. This allowed Guevara to travel from the south of Argentina to Brazil, Venezuela and Trinidad.

Expedition

"This isn't a tale of derring-do, nor is it merely some kind of 'cynical account'; it isn't meant to be, at least. It's a chunk of two lives running parallel for a while, with common aspirations and similar dreams. In nine months a man can think a lot of thoughts, from the height of philosophical conjecture to the most abject longing for a bowl of soup – in perfect harmony with the state of his stomach. And if, at the same time, he's a bit of an adventurer, he could have experiences which might interest other people and his random account would read something like this diary."

In January 1952, Guevara's older friend, Alberto Granado, a biochemist, and Guevara, decided to take a year off from their medical studies to embark on a trip they had spoken of making for years: traversing South America on a motorcycle, which has metaphorically been compared to carbureted version of Don Quixote's Rocinante. Guevara and the 29-year-old Granado soon set off from Buenos Aires, Argentina, astride a 1939 Norton 500 cc motorcycle they named La Poderosa II ("The Mighty II") with the idea of eventually spending a few weeks volunteering at the San Pablo Leper colony in Peru on the banks of the Amazon River. In total, the journey took Guevara through Argentina, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, and to Miami, before returning home to Buenos Aires.

The trip was carried out in the face of some opposition by Guevara's parents, who knew that their son was both a severe asthmatic and a medical student close to completing his studies. However, Granado, himself a doctor, assuaged their concerns by guaranteeing that Guevara would return to finish his degree (which he ultimately did).

The first stop: Miramar, Argentina, a small resort where Guevara's girlfriend, Chichina, was spending the summer with her upper-class family. Two days stretched into eight, and upon leaving, Chichina gave Guevara a gold bracelet. The two men crossed into Chile on February 14. At one point they introduced themselves as internationally renowned leprosy experts to a local newspaper, which wrote a glowing story about them. The travelers later used the press clipping as a way to score meals and other favors with locals along the way.

"We are looking for the bottom part of the town. We talk to many beggars. Our noses inhale attentively the misery."

In reference to his experience in Chile, Guevara also writes: "The most important effort that needs to be done is to get rid of the uncomfortable 'Yankee-friend'. It is especially at this moment an immense task, because of the great amount of dollars they have invested here and the convenience of using economical pressure whenever they believe their interests are being threatened."

Unable to get a boat to Easter Island as they intended, they headed north, where Guevara's political consciousness began to stir as he and Granado moved into mining country. They visited Chuquicamata copper mine, the world's largest open-pit mine and the primary source of Chile's wealth. While getting a tour of the mine he asked how many men died in its creation. At the time it was run by U.S. mining monopolies of Anaconda and Kennecott and thus was viewed by many as a symbol of "imperialist gringo domination". A meeting with a homeless communist couple in search of mining work made a particularly strong impression on Guevara, who wrote: "By the light of the single candle ... the contracted features of the worker gave off a mysterious and tragic air ... the couple, frozen stiff in the desert night, hugging one another, were a live representation of the proletariat of any part of the world."

In reference to the oppression against the Communist party in Chile, which at the time was outlawed, Guevara said: "It's a great pity, that they repress people like this. Apart from whether collectivism, the 'communist vermin', is a danger to decent life, the communism gnawing at his entrails was no more than a natural longing for something better, a protest against persistent hunger transformed into a love for this strange doctrine, whose essence he could never grasp but whose translation, 'bread for the poor', was something he understood and, more importantly, that filled him with hope. Needless to say, workers at Chuquicamata were in a living Hell."

"The trip would not have been as useful and beneficial as it was, as a personal experience, if the motorcycle had held out. This gave us a chance to become familiar with the people. We worked, took on jobs to make money and continue traveling. We hauled merchandise, carried sacks, worked as sailors, cops and doctors."

In Peru, Guevara was impressed by the old Inca civilization, forced to ride in trucks with Indians and animals after The Mighty One broke down. As a result, he began to develop a fraternity with the indigenous campesinos. In March 1952 they both arrived at the Peruvian Tacna. After a discussion about the poverty in the region, Guevara referred in his notes to the words of Cuban poet José Marti: "I want to link my destiny to that of the poor of this world". In May they arrived in Lima, Peru and during this time Guevara met doctor Hugo Pesce, a Peruvian scientist, director of the national leprosy program, and an important local Marxist. They discussed several nights until the early morning and years later Che identified these conversations as being very important for his evolution in attitude towards life and society.

In May, Guevara and Granado left for the leper colony of San Pablo in the Peruvian Amazon Rainforest, arriving there in June. During his stay Guevara complained about the miserable way the people and sick of that region had to live. Guevara also swam once from the side of the Amazon River where the doctors stayed, to the other side of the river where the leper patients lived, a considerable distance of 4 km. He describes how there were no clothes, almost no food, and no medication. However, Guevara was moved by his time with the lepers, remarking that

"All the love and caring just consist on coming to them without gloves and medical attire, shaking their hands as any other neighbor and sitting together for a chat about anything or playing football with them."

After giving consultations and treating patients for a few weeks, Guevara and Granado left aboard the Mambo-Tango raft (shown) for Leticia, Colombia, via the Amazon River.

On July 6, 1952, while visiting Bogotá, Colombia, he wrote a letter to his mother. In the letter he described the conditions under the right-wing government of Conservative Laureano Gómez as the following: "There is more repression of individual freedom here than in any country we've been to, the police patrol the streets carrying rifles and demand your papers every few minutes". He also goes on to describe the atmosphere as "tense" and "suffocating", even hypothesizing that "a revolution may be brewing". Guevara was correct in his prognostication, as a military coup in 1953 would take place, bringing General Gustavo Rojas to power. However, the civil war the country was experiencing never went away; rather, tensions were brewing and were leading to an escalation in various regions in Colombia which led to the Colombian civil war, known as La Violencia.

Later that month, Guevara arrived in Caracas, Venezuela, and from there decided to return to Buenos Aires to finish his studies in medical science. However, prior to his return, he travelled by cargo plane to Miami, where the airplane's technical problems delayed him one month. To survive, he worked as a waiter and washed dishes in a Miami bar.

Although he admitted throughout that as a vagabond traveler he could only see things at surface level, he did attempt to delve beneath the sheen of the places he visited. On one occasion, he went to see a woman dying of tuberculosis, leaving appalled by the failings of the public health system. This experience led him to ruminate the following reflection: "How long this present order, based on the absurd idea of caste, will last is not within my means to answer, but it's time that those who govern spent less time publicizing their own virtues and more money, much more money, funding socially useful works."

"It is at times like this, when a doctor is conscious of his complete powerlessness, that he longs for change: a change to prevent the injustice of a system in which only a month ago this poor woman was still earning her living as a waitress, wheezing and panting but facing life with dignity. In circumstances like this, individuals in poor families who can’t pay their way become surrounded by an atmosphere of barely disguised acrimony; they stop being father, mother, sister or brother and become a purely negative factor in the struggle for life and, consequently, a source of bitterness for the healthy members of the community who resent their illness as if it were a personal insult to those who have to support them."

Witnessing the widespread endemic poverty, oppression and disenfranchisement throughout Latin America, and influenced by his readings of Marxist literature, Guevara later decided that the only solution for the region's structural inequalities was armed revolution. His travels and readings throughout this journey also led him to view Latin America not as a group of separate nations, but as a single entity requiring a continent-wide strategy for liberation from what he viewed as imperialist and neo-colonial domination. His conception of a borderless, united, Hispanic-America, sharing a common mestizo bond, was a theme that would prominently recur during his later activities and transformation from Ernesto the traveler into Che Guevara the iconic revolutionary.

Transformation

Although it is considered to have been formative, scholars have largely ignored this period of Guevara's life. However, historians and biographers now agree that the experience had a profound impact on Guevara, who later became one of the most famous guerrilla leaders in history. "His political and social awakening has very much to do with this face-to-face contact with poverty, exploitation, illness, and suffering", said Carlos M. Vilas, a history professor at the Universidad Nacional de Lanús in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

In May 2005, Alberto Granado described their journey to the BBC, stating: "The most important thing was to realise that we had a common sensibility for the things that were wrong and unjust." According to Granado, their time at the leper colony of San Pablo in the Amazon also proved pivotal. Recalling that they shared everything with the sick people and describing Guevara's wave on departure as follows: "I got the impression that Che was saying goodbye to institutional medicine and becoming a doctor of the people". Granado later observed that by the end of their journey, "We were just a pair of vagabonds with knapsacks on our backs, the dust of the road covering us, mere shadows of our old aristocratic egos."

According to his daughter Aleida Guevara in a 2004 article, throughout the book, we can see how Guevara became aware that what poor people needed was not his scientific knowledge as a doctor, but his strength and persistence to bring social change.

Guevara's experience of the South American continent also helped to shape his revolutionary sensibilities. When discussing the plight of the downtrodden Indians of Peru, Granado discussed the formation of an Indian political party to begin a Túpac Amaru Indian Revolution. Guevara allegedly replied, "Revolution without firing a shot? You're crazy?". The journey was also formative in his political beliefs; for example, historian Paulo Drinot notes that the journey stimulated his sentiments of Pan-Americanism that would later shape his revolutionary behaviors.

Scholar Lucía Álvarez De Toledo argues that it was on these motorcycle travels that he "disregarded his social class and his white European racial ancestry" and retained the view of himself as an Argentine, as a member of the United America he had encountered during his travels. Having said this, with the exception of Guatemala, Toledo believed that Guevara showed little concern with the policies of the countries he encountered. In total however, Guevara's travels in the 1950s played an important role in determining his view on the world "and his later revolutionary trajectory."

Editions
The book was first published in 1993 as Notas de viaje by Casa Editora Abril in Havana, Cuba. The first English edition was brought out by Verso Books in 1995.

A 2003 edition published by Ocean Press and the Che Guevara Studies Center, Havana, included a preface by Guevara's daughter Aleida Guevara March and an introduction by Cintio Vitier. There had been rumors of a conspiracy to prohibit its publication in Cuba, but the director of Ocean Press denied this, saying that the book had been legally published in Cuba and pointing out that the Union of Young Communists brought out an edition, with another to be published by the Che Guevara Studies Center. Furthermore, he has given an assurance that its publication has the support of many people, including Fidel Castro.

In 2004, Aleida Guevara explained that her father had not intended his diary to be published, and that it consisted of "a sheaf of typewritten pages". But already in the 1980s, his family worked on his unpublished manuscripts.

Review
"Guevara's youthful Motorcycle Diaries is rebellious in ways that are not immediately obvious. This travelogue shows Ernesto the Medical Student developing a sense of Pan-Latin Americanism that fuses the interests of indigenous Andean peasants with traditional adversaries like upper-middle-class Argentine intellectuals (i.e. Guevara). The book ventures a unified regional opposition to U.S. hegemony and global capitalism's sometimes ravaging effects on Latin America."

Film

 * Chasing Che, 2007, developed by National Geographic Adventure, A ten-week series featured on V-me.
 * Che, 2008, directed by Steven Soderbergh & starring Benicio del Toro as Che (268 min).
 * The Motorcycle Diaries, 2004, directed by Walter Salles, Focus Features, theatrical release (126 min).
 * Travelling with Che Guevara, 2004, directed by Gianni Mina, Documentary (110 min).

title: The Motorcycle Diaries (book)


text:
Cuthill–McKee algorithm

In numerical linear algebra, the Cuthill–McKee algorithm (CM), named after Elizabeth Cuthill and James McKee, is an algorithm to permute a sparse matrix that has a symmetric sparsity pattern into a  band matrix form with a small bandwidth. The reverse Cuthill–McKee algorithm (RCM)  due to Alan George and Joseph Liu is the same algorithm but with the resulting index numbers reversed. In practice this generally results in less fill-in than the CM ordering when Gaussian elimination is applied.

The Cuthill McKee algorithm is a variant of the standard breadth-first search algorithm used in graph algorithms. It starts with a peripheral node and then generates levels $$R_i$$ for $$i=1, 2,..$$ until all nodes are exhausted. The set $$ R_{i+1} $$ is created from set $$ R_i$$ by listing all vertices adjacent to all nodes in $$ R_i $$. These nodes are ordered according to predecessors and degree.

Algorithm
Given a symmetric $$n\times n$$ matrix we visualize the matrix as the adjacency matrix of a graph. The Cuthill–McKee algorithm is then a relabeling of the vertices of the graph to reduce the bandwidth of the adjacency matrix.

The algorithm produces an ordered n-tuple $$R$$ of vertices which is the new order of the vertices.

First we choose a peripheral vertex (the vertex with the lowest degree) $$x$$ and set $$R := ( \{ x \})$$.

Then for $$i = 1,2,\dots$$ we iterate the following steps while $$|R| < n$$

 * Construct the adjacency set $$A_i$$ of $$R_i$$ (with $$R_i$$ the i-th component of $$R$$) and exclude the vertices we already have in $$R$$
 * $$A_i := \operatorname{Adj}(R_i) \setminus R$$

 * Sort $$A_i$$ ascending by minimum predecessor (the already-visited neighbor with the earliest position in R), and as a tiebreak ascending by vertex degree.
 * Append $$A_i$$ to the Result set $$R$$.

In other words, number the vertices according to a particular level structure (computed by breadth-first search) where the vertices in each level are visited in order of their predecessor's numbering from lowest to highest. Where the predecessors are the same, vertices are distinguished by degree (again ordered from lowest to highest).

title: Cuthill–McKee algorithm