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Battle of Fidonisi

The naval Battle of Fidonisi took place on 14 July 1788 (NS) between the fleets of the Russian Empire under Marko Voinovich's lead and the Ottoman Empire under Cezayirli Hasan Pasha during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) in the area of Snake Island, which in Greek was called Fidonisi (Φιδονήσι). It was a Russian victory.

Events
On 10 July, the Turkish fleet under Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral) Hasan Pasha was seen to the NW by the Russian fleet, which had left Sevastopol under Rear-Admiral Count Voinovich (Voynovich), on 29 June, and had reached Tendra on 10 July. After three days of manoeuvering or lying becalmed in sight of one another, the fleets found themselves near the island of Fidonisi, about 100 miles south of Kinburn.

Voynovich formed a line on the port tack NE and then SE as the wind veered. The Turks bore up and attacked from windward just after 3 pm. The leading Russian ships, the frigates Berislav and Stryela, forced the leading Turks out of line, but were in danger of being cut off until the Russian second-in-command Fyodor Ushakov aboard ''Sv. Pavel'' closed the gap.

Hasan Pasha then attacked the leading Russian ships, while his Vice- and Rear-Admirals attacked Voynovich, but his ship damaged, Hasan himself had to leave the line and just before 5 pm the Turks withdrew.

The battle of Fidosini demonstrated Ushakov's high tactical abilities. The Ottoman fleet, using the advantage of speed, moved south. They had lost 1 xebec, which was sunk.

Between 15 and 17 July, the Russian and Turkish fleets manoeuvered to the west of the Crimea; on 18 July, the Turks had disappeared. They sailed back to Ochakov but made no attack.

Russia (Count Voinovich)

 * Preobrazhenie Gospodne 66 (Преображение Господне 66)
 * Sv. Pavel 66 (Св. Павел 66)
 * Sv. Andrei 50
 * Sv. Georgii 50
 * Legkii 44
 * Perun 44
 * Pobyeda 44
 * Stryela 44
 * Berislav 40
 * Fanagoria 40
 * Kinburn 40
 * Taganrog 34
 * 24 small craft

Turkey (Hassan el Ghazi)

 * 5 80-gun battleships
 * 12 other battleships
 * 8 frigates
 * 21 xebecs – 1 sunk
 * 3 bombs
 * Some small craft

In popular culture
The battle was depicted in the movie "Admiral Ushakov" by Mikhail Romm.

title: Battle of Fidonisi


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Lai People's Party

Lai People's Party, a political party in the Indian state of Mizoram. LPP is active in the Chhimutuipui East district. LPP holds one (of 27) seat in the Lai Autonomous District Council.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lai People's Party


text: Category:Chinese historians

title: Category:Chinese historians


text:
Division of Grayndler

The Division of Grayndler is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. It is currently represented by Prime Minister of Australia and Leader of the Australian Labor Party, Anthony Albanese.

Grayndler covers most of Sydney's newly formed Inner West Council. The electorate includes the suburbs of Balmain, Birchgrove, Rozelle, Leichhardt, Lilyfield, Petersham, Lewisham, Enmore, Haberfield, Summer Hill and parts of Newtown, Ashfield, Dulwich Hill and Marrickville.

The current MP is Anthony Albanese, the Prime Minister of Australia and the Leader of the Australian Labor Party.

History
The division was created in 1949 and is named for Ted Grayndler (1867–1943), a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1921 to 1934 and 1936 to 1943, and General Secretary of the Australian Workers' Union from 1912 to 1941. The division was originally a solidly working-class area, although migration and gentrification have since radically changed its demography. Despite the demographic changes, it has been held by the Australian Labor Party for its entire existence; the Liberals have only once received 40 percent of the two-party vote. Grayndler also has a very high percentage of Australian Greens voters with 23 percent of the primary vote at the 2013 election. At the 2010 election, the two-party-preferred vote was between Labor and the Greens, one of only 3 in Australia (the others being Batman and the Greens held Melbourne).

Its most prominent members have been Fred Daly, who was a minister in the Whitlam government, Leo McLeay, who was Speaker of the House 1989–93, and Anthony Albanese, the present member for the seat. Albanese was a minister in the Rudd and Gillard governments, Deputy Prime Minister for three months in 2013, and is currently the leader of the Labor Party (since 2019) and Prime Minister of Australia (since 2022).

Daly was succeeded by Tony Whitlam at the 1975 election, the election that Whitlam's father and Labor Party leader Gough Whitlam had lost. The younger Whitlam served only one term before losing preselection to Frank Stewart, who transferred from the abolished neighbouring Division of Lang. Stewart died in office in 1979 and the seat was won by McLeay in the subsequent by-election.

When Transport Minister Graham Richardson was briefly forced out of cabinet due to the Marshall Islands affair before the 1993 election, Albanese, who was a left-wing power-broker in the party, arranged for fellow left-winger Jeannette McHugh to be promoted to the ministry. McHugh's seat of Phillip was due to be abolished in the election. Being a minister allowed her to be entitled to a seat, so she transferred to Grayndler. This forced McLeay to transfer from Grayndler to Watson. McHugh retired in 1996 and handed the seat to Albanese, who still holds it today.

Boundaries
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

At 32 km2, it is Australia's smallest electorate, located in the inner-southern Sydney metropolitan area, including parts of the inner-west. The electorate includes the suburbs of Balmain, Balmain East, Birchgrove, Dobroyd Point, Enmore, Haberfield, Leichhardt, Lewisham, Lilyfield, Petersham, Rodd Island, Rozelle, and Sydenham; as well as parts of Annandale, Ashfield, Camperdown, Canterbury, Cockatoo Island, Drummoyne, Dulwich Hill, Hurlstone Park, Macdonaldtown, Marrickville, Newtown, Spectacle Island, St Peters, Stanmore and Summer Hill.

title: Division of Grayndler


text: User talk:83.169.136.72

title: User talk:83.169.136.72


text:
Point Pleasant, Ohio

Point Pleasant is a small unincorporated community in southern Monroe Township, Clermont County, Ohio, United States. It is located on the Ohio River, around 25 mi southeast of Cincinnati. U.S. Route 52 passes through Point Pleasant, where it intersects State Route 232.

History
Point Pleasant was platted in 1813. A post office called Point Pleasant that was established in 1826 remained in operation until 1983. By 1833, Point Pleasant had about 130 inhabitants. The Ohio River flood of 1937 inundated the community.

Point Pleasant is the birthplace of U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant. The one-story cottage where he was born was taken by barge on a tour across the country, then by rail to Columbus, Ohio, where it was displayed at the Ohio State Fairgrounds. It was returned to Point Pleasant in 1936, where it has been restored with period furniture and opened to tours.

title: Point Pleasant, Ohio


text:
Mizo People's Conference (Progressive)

Mizo People's Conference (Progressive) was a political party in the Indian state of Mizoram. MPC(P) was formed on 19 December 2003 as a split from the Mizoram People's Conference. The party was led by member of the Mizoram assembly F. Lalthanzuala.

On 16 April 2004 MPC(P) merged with Mizo National Front.

title: Mizo People's Conference (Progressive)


text:
Category:New Zealand biographers

See also The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography

title: Category:New Zealand biographers


text: Category:Biographers by nationality

title: Category:Biographers by nationality


text:
HMWK

HMWK may refer to:

 * High-molecular-weight keratin
 * High-molecular-weight kininogen

title: HMWK


text:
Jaime Fuster

Jaime Benito Fuster Berlingeri (January 12, 1941 – December 3, 2007) was a politician who served as an Associate Justice to the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico. Justice Fuster, along with Justice Liana Fiol Matta, was considered the leading liberal voice in the Puerto Rico Supreme Court.

Education
He obtained his Bachelor's Degree from the University of Notre Dame in 1962 and his Law Degree form the University of Puerto Rico School of Law in 1965. He later obtained a Master's Degree in Law from Columbia Law School in 1966. He then received a fellowship in law and humanities at Harvard University. In 1985, he received a Doctorate, Honoris Causa, from Temple University.

Political career
In 1979, Fuster was named Deputy Assistant Attorney General of the United States. He held that position until 1981. In 1984, he was elected Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico to the United States Congress. During his tenure (1985–1992), he served a term as Chair of Congressional Hispanic Caucus. In both terms, he served on the Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs, and on the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. In Congress, he was a strong advocate for educational and youth programs. He supported numerous laws and bills to give state and local governments assistance for youth service projects and programs aimed at preventing substance use. He also supported the establishment of a Children, Youth, and Families Administration, as well as the establishment of a federal child care program. He sponsored legislation to increase social security funds for families with blind, aged, and disabled dependents.

In 1992, Governor Rafael Hernández Colón appointed him to the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico. Fuster resigned from his Resident Commissioner position on March 4, 1992 to take an appointment as associate justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico. He took the oath of office on March 4, 1992 after confirmation by the Senate, serving on the Court until his death.

Fuster was affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico and the Democratic Party of the United States.

Death
Fuster died during the early hours of December 3, 2007 from cardiac arrest. He was buried at Buxeda Memorial Park Cemetery in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico. His death left the Supreme Court in an unprecedented position with two seats vacant.

title: Jaime Fuster


text:
Battle of Kerch Strait (1790)

The naval Battle of (the) Kerch Strait (also known as Battle of Yenikale, by the old Turkish name of the strait near Kerch) took place on 19 July 1790 near Kerch, Crimea, was a victory for Imperial Russia over the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792.

Battle
The Russian fleet, under Ushakov, sailed from Sevastopol on 13 July 1790 for the southern Crimea, after hearing a report that the Ottoman fleet had been sighted there. On 19 July it anchored at the mouth of the Kerch Strait and sent privateers out in search of the Ottomans. At 10 am they reported a sighting and 30 minutes later the Ottoman fleet came into view from the east. With the wind from the ENE, Ushakov formed a line on the port tack (i.e. south-east). The Ottomans turned from their group formation and formed a parallel line to the east of the Russian line. Seeing that the Ottoman battle-line contained just their battleships, Ushakov sent 6 frigates to form a second line to leeward of the main line, and between about 12pm and 3pm, 3 hours of indecisive longish-range fighting followed, but then the wind changed direction to NNE and the Russians luffed, turning toward the Ottoman line. The Ottomans reversed course, 2 of their ships colliding as they did so, because some ships turned left and others turned right. As the Russians steered toward the tail-end of the Ottomans line, and with the wind from the north, the Ottoman admiral steered away, to the SW. At about 7pm firing ceased. The Russians followed all night, but by morning, the faster ships of the Ottomans were out of sight. Russian casualties were 29 killed and 68 wounded, with very little damage to ships. The Russian victory prevented the Ottoman Empire from achieving its goal in landing an army in Crimea.

Russia
Rozhdestvo Christovo 84 (flag of Rear-Admiral Fyodor Ushakov )

Maria Magdalina 66

Slava Ekateriny 66

''Sv. Pavel'' 66

''Sv. Vladimir'' 66

''Sv. Aleksandr Nevskii'' 50

''Sv. Andrei Pervozvannyi'' 50

''Sv. Georgii Pobyedonosets'' 50

Ioann Bogoslov 46

''Sv. Petr Apostol'' 46

Fanagoria 40

Kinburn 40

Legkii 40

Perun 40

Stryela 40

Taganrog 40

''Sv. Ieronim'' (bomb)

2 fireships

13 privateers

Polotsk

Ottoman Empire
Mukaddeme-i Nusret 74 (flag of Kapudane Said Bey)

Bahr-i Zafer 72 (flag of Kapudan Pasha Giritli Hüseyin)

Melik-i Bahri 72 (flag of Patrona Bey)

Anka-i Bahri 72

Fethü'l Fettah 66

Nüvid-i Fütuh 66

Peleng-i Bahri 66

Tevfikullah 66

Feyz-i Hüda 66 (flag of Riyale Bey)

Mesudiye 58

Inayet-i Hakk 58

Burc-ı Zafer 52

Şehbaz-ı Bahri 52

Ukâb-ı Bahri 52

Polâd-ı Bahri 44

Mazhar-ı Saadet 38

Mebdâ-i Nusret 32

Raad-ı Bahri 20 (bomb frigate)

Berk-i Bahri 20 (bomb frigate)

Berk-i Hafız 20 (bomb frigate)

Şihab-ı Sakıb 20 (bomb frigate)

Cedid Bomba 20 (bomb frigate)

23 small craft (kırlangıç, pergende (brigantine) and şehtiye (xebec) type ships)

title: Battle of Kerch Strait (1790)


text: Category:American literary critics

title: Category:American literary critics


text:
Richard Rolle

Richard Rolle (c. 1300 – 30 September 1349) was an English hermit, mystic, and religious writer. He is also known as Richard Rolle of Hampole or de Hampole, since at the end of his life he lived near a Cistercian nunnery in Hampole, now in South Yorkshire. In the words of Nicholas Watson, scholarly research has shown that "[d]uring the fifteenth century he was one of the most widely read of English writers, whose works survive in nearly four hundred English ... and at least seventy Continental manuscripts, almost all written between 1390 and 1500." In many ways, he can be considered the first English author, insofar as his vernacular works were widely considered to have considerable religious authority and influence (both locally and internationally) soon after his death, and for centuries afterwards.

Early life
In his works, Rolle provides little explicit evidence about his early life and education. Most, if not all, of our information about him comes from the Office of Lessons and Antiphons that was composed in the 1380s in preparation for his canonisation, although this never came about.

Born into a small farming family and brought up at Thornton-le-Dale near Pickering, he studied at the University of Oxford where he was sponsored by Thomas de Neville, the Archdeacon of Durham. While there, he is said to have been more interested in theology and biblical studies than philosophy and secular studies. He is also described as possessing a fiery temperament. Richard left Oxford at age eighteen or nineteen—dropping out before he received his MA—to become a hermit.

At first Richard chose to live as a recluse in a forest at Thornton but he soon left, fearing his family would restrain his life of solitude. Leaving the family home, he went to Pickering and housed with a squire, John Dalton, for perhaps three years. John had known Richard in Oxford when the two were students. During this time Richard's sister met with him in the woods, and gave him two of her own gowns which he fashioned into a hermit's robe and mantle. She then fled, the legend claims, crying that her brother had gone insane.

Mystical Experiences
It was probably while still living with Dalton, two years and eight months after becoming a hermit, Rolle had his first mystical experience. Around a year later, he felt similarly after listening to a choir, and he began to take less interest in all things temporal.

Dalton himself was arrested and his lands confiscated in 1322; the lack of mention of this fact in accounts of Rolle's life makes it likely that he was no longer living with Dalton by this point.

It is unclear where Rolle lived from 1321/2 until his death in 1349. One theory is that Rolle spent the early 1320s at the renowned Sorbonne, becoming well-trained in theology, and perhaps being ordained there. This theory is based on the entries in three seventeenth-century manuscripts at the Sorbonne, assumed to be copies of medieval originals, which record a Ricardus de Hampole as being admitted to the Sorbonne in 1320, entering the prior's register in 1326, and noting that he died in 1349 among the sisters of Hampole near Doncaster in Yorkshire. Scholars, however, are divided on the authenticity of this material. Whether or not Rolle studied in Paris, it is probable that most if not all of this time was spent in Richmondshire, either living with his family at Yafforth, or, given the uncertain political conditions in the region at the time, wandering from patron to patron.

Rolle's Disciples
Around 1348, Rolle knew the Yorkshire anchoress Margaret Kirkby, who was his principal disciple and the recipient of much of his writings and would be important in establishing his later reputation.

Death
Rolle died in Michaelmas 1349 at the Cistercian nunnery at Hampole. Because of his time spent there, he is sometimes known as Richard Rolle of Hampole, or de Hampole. It is not known what his role there was. However he wrote The Form of Living and his English Psalter for a nun there, Margaret Kirkby (who later took up a similar life to Rolle, as an anchoress), and Ego Dormio for a nun at Yedingham. It is possible that he died of the Black Death, but there is no direct evidence for this. He was buried first in the nuns' cemetery at Hampole. Later records of people making offerings of candles at his shrine show that he was moved first to the chancel and then to his own chapel.

Works
Rolle probably began writing in the early 1330s, and continued until his death – but there is no certain chronology of his various works. He wrote in both Latin and English, with his English works apparently all dating from after c. 1340.

The precise dating of Rolle's works is a matter of much modern dispute. The dates set out by Hope Emily Allen in 1927 have been widely used by later writers, but in 1991 Nicholas Watson set out a rather different vision of the chronology of Rolle's writing.

In one of his best-known works, Incendium Amoris (The Fire of Love), Rolle provides an account of his mystical experiences, which he describes as being of three kinds: a physical warmth in his body, a sense of wonderful sweetness, and a heavenly music that accompanied him as he chanted the Psalms. The book was widely read in the Middle Ages, and described the four purgative stages that one had to go through to become closer to God: described as open door, heat, song, and sweetness. This was part of an important movement in medieval Christianity, in which the feeling of God's presence became central to devotional practice; Rolle is a key figure in the development of affective mysticism. Similarly, as Andrew Kraebel has demonstrated, Rolle claims that his extensive commentary on scripture (in both Latin and the vernacular) is divinely inspired, giving his works an authority beyond that of the purely interpretive and academic (even as he drew on a wide range of Biblical scholarship).

His last work was probably the English The Form of Living, written in autumn 1348 at the earliest. It is addressed to Margaret Kirkby, who entered her enclosure as a recluse on 12 December 1348, and is a vernacular guide for her life as an anchorite.

His works are often classified into commentaries, treatises and epistles. As such, the commentaries are:
 * Commentary on the Readings in the Office of the Dead taken from Job. This commentary on nine readings from the Book of Job which form part of the readings for the office of the dead was used extensively by York clergy in the fifteenth century. Surviving in forty-two manuscripts, it was the first of Rolle's works to be printed, in Oxford in 1483. A critical edition by Andrew Kraebel is forthcoming.
 * Commentary on the Canticles, a commentary on the first two and a half verses of the Song of Songs. It survives in thirty manuscripts.
 * Two Commentaries on the Psalter. One is in Latin, and may belong to the very early period after Rolle left Oxford. The second is an English commentary with translation of the Latin Psalms into English, which was designed to help Margaret Kirkby to understand the doctrines behind the Psalms she was to chant in her anchorage. For nearly 200 years after the Constitutions of Arundel this commentary and translation remained the only authorised vernacular rendering of a portion of the Bible into English; it did not need diocesan permission for its use. It exists in about 20 manuscripts.
 * Treatise on Psalm 20, in Latin
 * Super Threnos, a commentary on the Lamentations of Jeremiah
 * Commentary on the Apocalypse, on the first six chapters of the Book of Revelation
 * Other commentaries on the Lord's Prayer, the Magnificat and the Apostles' Creed
 * An English explication of the Ten Commandments
 * Super Mulierem Fortem, a comment on Proverbs 31:10

Other works include:
 * Two English Meditations on the Passion
 * Judica me Deus, probably his first work, written around 1330. This survives in four versions, and is an apologia for his hermit lifestyle, making use of the pastoral manual of a fellow Yorkshireman, William of Pagula.
 * Contra Amatores Mundi (Against the Lovers of the World), which survives in 42 manuscripts.
 * Incendium Amoris (The Fire of Love), written before 1343 (the date of Rolle's marginal note), which survives in 44 manuscripts (15 from the Continent) and one Middle English translation.
 * Melos Amoris (or Melum Contemplativorum) (The Melody of Love), which survives in 10 manuscripts.
 * The Form of Living, his last work, which survives in 30 manuscripts. It contains 12 chapters and was written at Hampole for Margaret Kirkby when she was living in a cell in Richmondshire.

Three letters survive. All are addressed to single recipients, and contain much similar material:
 * Emendatio Vitae (Emending of Life). This was the most popular work of Rolle, with 110 manuscripts (17 from the Continent), and seven independent Middle English translations.
 * Ego Dormio, a Middle English prosimetrum, one of two letters written for nuns. (the title comes from the incipit of the work, and is from Song of Songs 5.2)
 * The Commandment, one of two letters written for nuns.

Works once thought to be Rolle's:
 * While the most popular poem in Middle English, The Pricke of Conscience, was once attributed to him, it is now known to have been written by an anonymous Yorkshire author in the 14th century.
 * It is now thought that De Dei Misericordia, a comment on Psalm 88:2, was written by John Waldeby in the later fourteenth century.

Later reputation and veneration
Richard Rolle inspired a flourishing cult, especially in the north of England, which was still active at the time of the English Reformation. Part of this may have been due to the efforts of Margaret Kirkby, who moved to the priory, probably between 1381 and 1383, to be near the body of her master, Rolle. Margaret may have spent the last 10 years of her life here, and between 1381 and 1383 a liturgical office for Rolle, including a great deal of biographical information about him, was written; it likely includes stories about him remembered by older members of the community.

Rolle's works were widely read in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, more so even than Chaucer. Works of his survive in about 470 manuscripts written between 1390 and 1500, and in 10 sixteenth- and early-seventeenth-century printed editions (including the sixteenth-century edition by Wynkyn de Worde). In some manuscripts, Rolle's Commentary on the Psalter is interpolated with Lollard teaching, providing indications of one group who read his work. Rolle's work was not uncontroversial. He was criticised by Walter Hilton and the author of The Cloud of Unknowing; a defence of Rolle's work was written by the hermit Thomas Basset in the late fourteenth century against the attack of an unnamed Carthusian. He was defended by various religious figures, however (one of whom compared his accounts of mystical experience to those of the German Henry Suso), and the Incendium Amoris or Fire of Love is mentioned as one of the books Margery Kempe had a priest read aloud to her to increase her devotion.

The shrine and priory at his burial place of Hampole was dissolved on 19 November 1539. The remains can be seen in an old schoolhouse in Hampole.

Rolle is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 20 January and in the Episcopal Church (USA) together with Walter Hilton and Margery Kempe on 9 November. He is also venerated as a blessed by the Catholic Church on 29 September, however his cult is little known outside England.

Modern editions and translations

 * Andrew Albin, Richard Rolle's Melody of Love: A Study and Translation, with Manuscript and Musical Contexts, (Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2018): contains an alliterative English translation of the Melos amoris, plus a spurious chapter, manuscript marginalia, and associated music; see also the companion website
 * Frances Comper, The Life of Richard Rolle, (J. M. Dent, 1928) [Contains an English translation of the Office for Rolle on pp. 301–11. The original Latin text of the Office is in Reginald M. Wooley, The Officium et Miracula of Richard Rolle of Hampole (SPCK, 1919).]
 * English Writings of Richard Rolle Hermit of Hampole, ed. Hope Emily Allen (1931)
 * The Contra amatores mundi of Richard Rolle of Hampole, introduced and trans. Paul F. Theiner, (University of California Press, 1968) [translation into English, alongside Latin text, of Liber de amore Dei contra amatores mundi]
 * Le Chant d'Amour (Melos Amoris), ed. Francois Vandenbroucke, (Cerf, 1971) [This uses the Latin text of the edition of E. J. F. Arnould (1957), alongside a parallel French translation.]
 * The Fire of Love, trans. Clifton Wolters, (Penguin, 1972)
 * Biblical commentaries: Short exposition of Psalm 20, Treatise on the Twentieth Psalm, Comment on the first verses of the Canticle of Canticles, Commentary on the Apocalypse, trans. Robert Boenig, (Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, Universität Salzburg, 1984)
 * Richard Rolle, the English writings, trans., ed., and introduced by Rosamund Allen. Classics of Western Spirituality, (Paulist Press / SPCK, 1988) [includes modern translations of The English Psalter and Commentary, The Ten Commandments, Meditations on the Passion, Ghostly Gladness, The Bee and the Stork, Desire and Delight, Ego Dormio, The Commandment, and The Form of Living]
 * Richard Rolle: Prose and Verse, ed. S.J. Ogilvie-Thomson, Early English Text Society 293, (Oxford: OUP, 1988) [This is the standard modern edition of many of Rolle's Middle English works, with the important exception of the English Psalter.]
 * Malcolm Robert Moyses, Richard Rolle's Expositio super novem lectiones mortuorum, 2 vols, (Salzburg, 1988)
 * The tractatus super psalmum vicesimum of Richard Rolle of Hampole, ed. and trans. James C. Dolan, (Edwin Mellen Press, 1991)
 * Richard Rolle: Emendatio Vitae. Orationes ad honorem nominis Ihesu, ed. Nicholas Watson, (PIMS, 1995) [the Latin text of Emendatio Vitae]
 * Richard Rolle: Uncollected Prose and Verse with related Northern text, ed. by Ralph Hanna for the Early English Text Society, (Oxford University Press, 2008)
 * Richard Rolle: Unprinted Latin Writings, ed. Ralph Hanna (Liverpool University Press, 2020)
 * Spahl, Rüdiger, ed., De emendatione vitae. Eine kritische Ausgabe des lateinischen Textes von Richard Rolle mit einer Übersetzung ins Deutsche und Untersuchungen zu den lateinischen und englischen Handschriften (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009). [critical edition of the Emendatio Vitae]
 * Hudson, Anne, ed., Two Revised Versions of Rolle's English Psalter Commentary and the related Canticles, vols. 1–3, ISBN 9780199669202. Early English Text Society, o.s. 341-3 (Oxford University Press, 2012–4)
 * Van Dussen, Michael, ed. Richard Rolle: On Lamentations. A Critical Edition with Translation and Commentary. Exeter Medieval Texts and Studies (Liverpool University Press, 2020)

title: Richard Rolle


text:
File:Rage Hard singles.jpg

Fair use in Rage Hard
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Rage Hard singles.jpg


text:
Kisan Vikas Party

Kisan Vikas Party (Peasant Development Party) is a small political party in the Indian state of Bihar. It is probably a splinter group from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). It was founded in 1996 by Om Singh Tomar. It aimed to establish a separate state of West Uttar Pradesh. It disbanded after the 1998 election. It is classified as a Registered Unrecognized Political Party (RUPP).

title: Kisan Vikas Party


text:
Mohamed Bacar

Colonel Mohamed Bacar (born May 5, 1962 in Barakani, Anjouan, then a French colony) is a Comorian former politician who was President of Anjouan, one of the three autonomous islands that make up the Union of the Comoros, from 2001 to 2008. He is a former chief of police on Anjouan and has studied extensively in France and the United States. He was part of a military coup on Anjouan in August 2001 and soon became President. It is alleged he rigged the elections to become the first president of Anjouan in March 2002, in part due to his leading role in the separatist movement. He was ousted by the combined forces of the Government of the Union of Comoros and the African Union in the March 2008 invasion of Anjouan.

Presidency disputed
On April 26, 2007, the country's Federal Constitutional Court proclaimed the Presidency of Anjouan vacant, declaring Bacar's period in office after his first term ended on April 14 to be illegal. Two days later, Comorian President Ahmed Abdallah Sambi, with the support of the African Union (AU), appointed M. Dhoihirou Halidi as interim President of Anjouan. However, he was never allowed to take office and Bacar, in defiance of both the Union of Comoros government and the AU, independently organised a presidential election. The Union government withheld election material from Anjouan to try and prevent the poll from taking place, but Bacar printed his own ballot papers, went ahead with the vote on 10 June and claimed a landslide victory of 90 percent. He was inaugurated for a second term as the President of Anjouan on 14 June.

Both the AU and the Union government said if an election were held on Anjouan it would be declared "illegal". Bacar's inauguration ceremony deepened the electoral crisis, making it highly unlikely that the official Anjouan poll, postponed to 17 June, would be held.

In his inauguration speech, Bacar declared himself "the president of all Anjouan" and appealed to the Union government "not to throw oil onto the fire".

France, the country's former colonial power, expressed its support for the Union government and the AU stance against Bacar in a statement released on 15 June, and noted that the 10 June election was only the first round in the presidential elections, with the second round scheduled for 24 June.

The statement urged Bacar to respect the 17 June date for holding Anjouan's official election, and allow it to be supervised by AU troops and monitored by international observers.

Since this time the situation had deteriorated markedly and the government of Comoros determined that talks had failed and a military solution was required. During February and March 2008 troops from the Comoros with support from the African Union began massing for an amphibious assault of the island of Anjouan and the termination of the presidency of Mohamed Bacar. Agence France-Presse reported that 'the first batch' of African Union troops arrived in the Comoros Islands on March 20, 2008, while the BBC reported that the first African Union troops arrived on March 11, 2008.

In an interview with Agence France-Presse on March 12, 2008, Bacar said that he had "always been open to dialogue" and that there should be a round table to discuss Comoran problems. He said that holding a new election in Anjouan would be acceptable if a round table was in favor of it. According to Bacar, some of the countries backing military intervention are undemocratic themselves, and it was hypocritical for them to try to "give [Anjouan] lessons in democracy"; he said that an invasion would ultimately solve nothing and that he was ready to fight and die if necessary.

Removal from office
A tense period punctuated by several incidents of military incursions on Anjouan continued from the beginning of March with notable events including an abortive Comoron raid on Domoni in the south of the island, the seizure of two Anjouan soldiers on the coast close to Sima and the crash of a French military helicopter also near Sima. The end came when, in the early hours of March 25, the island was invaded by a combined Comoros and African Union force. The island's capital, airport, seaport and second city were all overrun by dawn to scenes of jubilation from the local population. Early reports indicated that the government of Mohamed Bacar had fled to the interior of the island and were in hiding; however, later reports from the Comoros government on March 25 stated that Bacar had fled the island incognito seeking exile in Mayotte:

"Colonel Mohamed Bacar has been spotted in the village of Sadanpoini where he is heading without doubt for a place to flee on board a kwassa (small canoe) towards Mayotte island, it seems, according to various sources, that he is dressed as a woman." - Abdourahim Said Bacar, Comoran government spokesman.

Soon afterwards, the French government confirmed that Bacar had fled to Mayotte. He requested that France grant him political asylum, and the French government said that it was considering the request. The Comoran government asked France to hand him over so that it could put him on trial; it had issued an international arrest warrant for Bacar. Subsequently, the French moved Bacar to the nearby island of Réunion on the night of March 27–28, along with 23 of his supporters who accompanied him when he fled to Mayotte. It was thought that he would be charged on Réunion with weapons possession and illegal entry due to his arrival on Mayotte by speedboat. Comoran President Ahmed Abdallah Sambi said that if the French objected to extraditing Bacar to Comoros, where the death penalty is allowed, then it could send him to the International Criminal Court in The Hague for trial. Thousands of Comorans participated in a protest on March 28 to demand that Bacar be extradited; it was widely believed in the Comoros that France secretly worked to protect him. In its extradition request, the Comoran government accused Bacar of "embezzlement of public funds, homicide, rape, torture and other abuses against the people of Anjouan".

The case against Bacar and his 23 supporters, based on illegal entry and weapons possession, was dismissed by a court in Saint-Denis, Réunion on March 29. However, they were ordered to be placed in administrative detention; they were kept at air base 181. An order (reconduite à la frontière) to expel Bacar and his men back to the Comoros was issued on March 28, but it was subsequently revoked. On March 31, Bacar and his men requested political asylum. Bacar's lawyers also requested a temporary residence permit for them, but this was rejected by the court in Saint-Denis. On April 1, a new order was signed for the expulsion of Bacar and his men. At a court hearing on April 2, Bacar said that he had "confidence in French justice"; his lawyers said that they would appeal the order for his expulsion.

On April 2, the Assembly of the Union of the Comoros accused France of taking Bacar from Anjouan to Mayotte. Replying to this allegation, French Foreign Ministry spokesman Pascale Andréani said on April 3 that Bacar had managed to flee Anjouan "under unclear circumstances". Andréani said that Bacar was under house arrest on Réunion and that his request for asylum was being reviewed. On April 5, he and his men were detained at the request of the Saint-Denis public prosecutor. Bacar was moved to a different cell on April 7 due to threats he had received from other inmates.

Bacar appealed his detention, and on April 18 the Saint-Denis  Court of Appeal ordered that he and his men be released, although they were to be kept under house arrest at air base 181. The Comoran government was given "until May 4 to send a file documenting its extradition request". Reports on May 15 said France rejected Bacar's request for asylum. Nevertheless, the French refugee office ruled that he could not be extradited to Comoros because of the risk of persecution. France's State Secretary for Overseas, Yves Jégo, said France would support the Comoran government's efforts. "We will continue to act in consultation with the Comoros so that the law can be applied and Col Bacar can be tried."

In his trial for weapons possession and illegal entry at the Saint-Denis Court of Appeal, Bacar's lawyers argued that Bacar and his men had needed the weapons for self-defense when they travelled from Anjouan to Mayotte and that they had surrendered the weapons to the police on Mayotte upon arrival. On June 5, 2008, Bacar was acquitted on the charge of illegal entry but was given a suspended sentence of three months imprisonment for entering the country with weapons.

On June 24, 2008, the Saint-Denis Court of Appeal ruled against extraditing Bacar to the Comoros. With all his appeals exhausted, Bacar, his brother, and two of his men were expelled from Réunion on the morning of July 19. They were taken to Cotonou, Benin, on a French government flight; the Beninese government had agreed to allow Bacar to stay in Benin. Bacar said that on this occasion that he intended to stay there for as long as his presence was allowed, and he expressed a desire to "reflect on our past errors". Comoran government spokesman Abdourahim Said Bakar said that the government was "disappointed" by the expulsion of Bacar to Benin, reiterating the government's position that he should face trial in the Comoros or before an international court.

Embargo
With the decree (EG) Nr. 243/2008 from 17. March 2008 the European Commission introduced restrictive measures against Bacar's former government. All financial and commercial resources of Mohamed Bacar, Jaffar Salim, Mhamed Abdou Madi, Ali Mchindra, Houmadi Souf, Rehema Boinali, Dhoihirou Halidi and Abdou Bacar are frozen. This also affects all companies, corporations, foundations and so on of these persons. Every payment or financial or commercial help to these people has to be approved. A person who gives money or other resources to these people may be prosecuted in Germany as a criminal according to § 34 Abs. 4 Nr. 2 German foreign trade law. Other European countries have different laws on this purpose.

title: Mohamed Bacar


text:
User talk:Txmil69

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Talk:Running on Empty

Untitled
Just added a note about the generic term, "Running on Empty" (ie, he was "Running on Empty"). ::::

Since when does this album contain any studio tracks?? It's all recorded on the road, either in concert or in buses or hotel rooms or backstage. None of those are studios. I'm rewording this. -- jls 23 Mar 2005

title: Talk:Running on Empty


text: Category:Ancient Greek rhetoricians

title: Category:Ancient Greek rhetoricians


text:
William Preston Lane Jr.

William Preston Lane Jr. (May 12, 1892 – February 7, 1967) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 52nd Governor of Maryland from 1947 to 1951.

Early life and education
Lane was born in Hagerstown, Maryland, on May 12, 1892, to William Preston Lane and Virginia Cartwright Lane. He attended public school in Hagerstown before graduating from the University of Virginia in 1915 with a law degree. He subsequently joined the law firm Lane, Bushong, and Byron in his hometown, where he also served on the vestry of Saint John's Church. Lane served during the Mexican Border Campaign (1916) as a captain in the Maryland National Guard.

Military service
When the United States entered World War I in 1917, Lane joined the 115th Infantry Regiment as a captain and served in France during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. He was awarded the Silver Star for his actions at Bois-des-Consevoye, where he assisted in the evacuation of wounded after a bridge was destroyed by enemy fire. He continued service in the military after the war as Assistant Division Adjutant of the 29th Division at the rank of major.

Career
Upon his return from service, Lane resumed the practice of law and began testing a career in politics. He ran for but lost the seat of Washington County State's Attorney in 1919. After his defeat, he served as the president of a small newspaper company, as president of a tannery, and as a railroad executive. He married Dorothy Byron on January 17, 1922, and had two daughters, Dorothy and Jean.

Attorney General of Maryland
In 1928, Lane returned to politics when he was elected to the school board of Washington County. In 1930, the Democratic candidate for Attorney General of Maryland died unexpectedly and a replacement had to be found. Since Lane had formed a friendship with Albert Ritchie, the Governor of Maryland, he was placed on the ticket and won the seat by a large margin over his Republican opponent.

The highlight of Lane's career as Attorney General was his pursuit of a lynching prosecution on the Eastern Shore of Maryland in 1933. Two years earlier on the Shore, a notorious lynching had occurred in Salisbury (the lynching of Matthew Williams), the response to which by Attorney-General Lane and Governor Ritchie was heavily criticized. Subsequently, another black man, George Armwood, was arrested and charged with raping a white woman in the adjoining Somerset County and was being held prisoner by police in Princess Anne. However, a mob overran the police and kidnapped Armwood, badly beating, stabbing and mutilating him before the hanging, then burning his body in front of the nearby courthouse. Local police did not pursue prosecution of the lynch mob, but Lane took charge of the investigation. The Maryland State Police and militia were called out by Governor Ritchie to assist, which resulted in further mob violence and arrests on the Eastern Shore, which damaged Lane's reputation.

As Attorney General, Lane also pleaded two cases before the United States Supreme Court involving the assessment of submerged lands and the state's right to tax condemned federal lands. Lane chose not to seek re-election in 1934.

After his tenure as Attorney General, Lane remained very active in state and national politics. From 1940 to 1950, he served as a member of the Democratic National Committee from Maryland, and he was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention from 1928 to 1948. In 1944, Lane managed Franklin Roosevelt's Maryland campaign for re-election as President of the United States. Lane also remained active in business, serving as president of an aircraft corporation and a bridge company. He also kept active in law as a member of the firm Lane and Mish.

Governor of Maryland
In 1946, Lane decided to run for governor. In the Democratic primary election, he defeated challengers J. Millard Tawes and H. Streett Baldwin, and then defeated Republican Theodore R. McKeldin in the general election 55%-45%. As governor, Lane and his administration worked towards improving the public education, mental health, and highway systems of the state. A newspaper report published in 1949 exposed serious flaws in the treatment of the mentally ill in the state, which resulted in the creation of the Department of Mental Hygiene and turned Maryland's mental hospitals by the end of the Lane administration into some of the best in the nation. Major highway improvements which had been deferred by World War II were also put in motion by Lane, which were funded by the enactment in 1947 of Maryland's first state sales tax. The Chesapeake Bay Bridge, which now carries his name, was completed in 1952 under this plan. Several historic state facilities were also renovated during Lane's tenure, including the Maryland State House which had not been adequately preserved since its construction in 1772.

Lane faced George P. Mahoney, a perennial candidate, in the 1950 Democratic primary election held on September 18, 1950. The primary was close and bruising, and left the Lane campaign weakened for the general election against Theodore McKeldin, his opponent in the 1946 election. Additionally, his unpopular sales tax to fund road improvements had caused significant dissent in the state and was used by McKeldin to pull votes away from Lane. On November 7, 1950, Lane was defeated in the general election by 94,000 votes, 57%-43%. At that point, it was the largest margin of defeat in Maryland history. Lane's term as governor ended on January 10, 1951.

After his term as governor, Lane remained active in the Democratic party and engaged in business pursuits. He died of a heart attack in 1967, and is buried in Rose Hill Cemetery in Hagerstown.

Legacy

 * William Preston Lane Jr. Memorial Bridge (more commonly known as the Chesapeake Bay Bridge).
 * Lane Building (demolished in 2006) on the campus of Springfield State Hospital Center, Sykesville, Maryland.

title: William Preston Lane Jr.


text:
Category:Ancient Greek writers

Writers from ancient Greece.

title: Category:Ancient Greek writers


text:
Category:Rhetoricians

Category of Rhetoricians/Orators

title: Category:Rhetoricians


text: User talk:68.92.60.147

title: User talk:68.92.60.147


text:
User talk:Atlasvan

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Likely Lads (band)
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Speedy deletion nomination of Lowri Turner
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Unreferenced BLPs
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Atlasvan


text:
Talk:Wheel arrangement

When I first added material to the “EMD E6” page, I included 90 words about the A1A-A1A wheel arrangement. This was all right for one page, but I wanted to add the same wheel arrangement material to all the EMD E-unit pages, a total of nine pages. Text would be needlessly duplicated. So I moved the A1A-A1A wheel arrangement material to a new page, “AAR wheel arrangment”, and added material for several other wheel arrangements. That way, myself or anyone can internally link to the section within “AAR wheel arrangement” that corresponds to the desired wheel arrangement, and eliminate some text duplication. Rmeier 16:35, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Steam Locomotive Wheel Arrangement
I don't see a point of adding a chapter for "Steam Locomotive Wheel Arrangement" since it is already covered in articles for Whyte notation and UIC Classification. Removed. Z220info 14:38, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Amended whole article
I found the initial article very confusing to read, especially given that to understand anything of the differences between the three main notation systems (AAR, UIC, Whyte) one had to click on each link in turn. So I set to work rephrasing several words and passages, and reordering the run of sentences etc. There were also some inconsistencies in the article - three bullet points at the end of the article contradicted statements in previous paras, causing reader confusion about whether or not Whyte notation is used in the US. So I checked all thoroughly while reworking the whole, so as to give a proper "overview" of the subject. Lastly I tried to find any decent sources - there are loads on the web describing the various steam wheel arrangements, but almost nil about the overall nature of wheel arrangements as a subject, ie. why and how they matter. Finally found one source that defined it reputably as "the distribution of wheels under (etc)", and referenced it accordingly. The article's still not great, but at least it's now a whole lot better to read / easier to understand. Hopefully others will agree. Pete Hobbs (talk) 01:52, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

One Omission that I found, is the 4-2-4 which is a C.P. Huntington. Russ The Rail Guy 21:23, 22 December 2019 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Railguyruss (talk • contribs)

Reason behind there being different wheel arrangements?
It's nice to know how different notations work and all, but what are the dis-/advantages of different arrangements of leading/driving/trailing wheels to begin with? An ember of hope is sparked in the introduction – quote "Especially in steam days, wheel arrangement was an important attribute …" – but it then fails to explain why it was so important – speed, efficiency, safety? Any or all (or none) of them? What role do more/fewer/taller/smaller/… individual axles and wheels play? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:A62:19B4:D801:DA66:E804:CDFA:63B2 (talk) 09:01, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The first factor to consider is the overall weight of the locomotive compared to the maximum permitted axle load for the routes that it is intended for. The more axles there are, the more that the weight is spread, and the loco's axle load will be lower and the route availability will be greater. If the anticipated weight of the loco is eighty-one tons, and the route has a max axle load of 18 tons, 80/18=4.5 and so the loco must have at least five axles to get an ideal axle load of 16.2 tons.
 * Next is the number of coupled axles. When starting a heavy train, a high axle load on the driving axle (high adhesion weight) reduces the likelihood of slipping, but as noted above, a route may impose a maximum axle load; coupled wheels allow the adhesion weight to be spread over two or more axles, keeping the individiual axle loads down. Assume that our five-axle loco has its weight evenly distributed. If it has two axles coupled, it has 32.4 tons adhesive weight; for three axles coupled, it has 48.6 tons adhesive weight; and for four axles coupled, it has 64.8 tons. Of these three, clearly the latter is more appropriate for hauling a heavy train such as a freight. But where there are many coupled axles, the coupled wheelbase will be long; coupled wheels typically have little side-play, so tight curves will be a problem unless traversed at low speed. So locos intended for passenger trains, which run at higher speeds than freight trains, will have fewer coupled axles. Whilst this means a lower adhesive weight, this is less of a problem because passenger trains are typically lighter than freight trains.
 * Non-driven (carrying) axles almost always have some degree of side-play, particularly if mounted in a bogie or pony truck, and can follow curves more easily than coupled axles. They add nothing to the adhesive weight, but do spread the total waight over more axles. So we have:
 * 0-10-0 for slow heavy freight
 * 2-8-0 for freight
 * 4-6-0 or 2-6-2 for fast freight or heavy passenger
 * 4-4-2 for express passenger
 * Similar choices apply to larger locomotives (more powerful but heavier) and smaller locomotives (lighter but less powerful). -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 20:42, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Then there is the boiler. If the loco designer wishes to incorporate a wide firebox, one that is wider than the space between two wheels on the same axle, the boiler either needs to overhang at the rear - which would be unstable due to both pitching and yawing - or be placed above a wheel; and to avoid too great a height, that wheel should be small. It is possible for this to be a coupled wheel, but a small coupled wheel would be used fo high power at low speed: a freight locomotive in other words, and this was done with the BR Standard Class 9F 2-10-0 (see this photo). When the coupled wheels are large, as with a passenger loco, a wide firebox needs to be placed over a small-diameter carrying wheel - such as with several LNER classes, like A1, A3, A4, C1, P1, P2, V2, V4 and W1. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 14:57, 2 May 2023 (UTC)

Table
So what happened to the quite useful and enjoyable table of all the different wheel arrangements that used to be featured on the bottom of like most or all locomotive-related pages? We just like ditched that? And this article is what we have left?

To whoever made this article, there are actual images available graphically illustrating every wheel arrangement. You don't need to do the whole "ooOOOo" thing for every single entry.

I can't believe a subject as popular as rail and this is the best we have after ten or fifteen years. Idumea47b (talk) 18:45, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Do you mean Template:Whyte types? -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 15:14, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wheel arrangement


text:
WebMethods

webMethods was an enterprise software company focused on application integration, business process integration and B2B partner integration. Founded in 1996, the company sold systems for organizations to use web services to connect software applications over the Internet. In 2000, the company stock shares rose over 500% the first day it was publicly traded. In 2007 webMethods was acquired by Software AG for $546 million and was made a subsidiary. By 2010 the webMethods division accounted for almost half of the parent company's revenues. Software AG retained the webMethods name, and uses it as a brand to identify a software suite encompassing process improvement, service-oriented architecture (SOA), IT modernization and business and partner integration.

History
The company was founded in 1996 by married couple Phillip Merrick (who was chief executive) and Caren Merrick (who was vice president for marketing using the name Caren DeWitt at the time) to use Web standards such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and (later) XML to allow software applications to communicate with one another in real time. This type of technology would later be referred to as "web services". The company's first product, called the Web Automation Server was released in August 1996; this was later superseded by the webMethods B2B Server also called as webMethods Integration Server, which was the company's first product to see significant commercial use.

Initially, the founders used their savings and credit cards to keep the company operating in their house in Fairfax, Virginia. By 1999 the company had clients such as DHL Express, Dell, Dun & Bradstreet and Hewlett-Packard, and had completed several rounds of venture capital investment. Mayfield Fund and FBR Technology Venture Partners (an arm of Friedman Billings Ramsey) were among investors. In March 1999 the company entered into a partnership with SAP AG to create an SAP-focused integration product called the SAP Business Connector. The company's revenue went from around $500,000 in 1997 to $14 million in 1999 and $202 million in 2001.

In February 2000, webMethods had its initial public offering (IPO) on the NASDAQ exchange. Just before the offering, the share price rose from its planned $13 to $35, and in its first day of trading, closed over $212 per share. The company raised only $175 million, while being valued at almost $7 billion. Although the term "unicorn" was not yet used, one analyst said "The market is kind of foaming at the mouth on three-letter buzzwords, like B2B and XML". The quick rise of its share price is given as an example of the excess of the dot-com bubble.

The IPO allowed webMethods to acquire Active Software for an estimated $1.3 billion in stock shares in August 2000. Active Software, a public company based in Santa Clara, California and founded in 1994, had acquired Alier Inc., TransLink Software Inc. and Premier Software Technologies Inc in April 2000. In January, 2001, webMethods acquired IntelliFrame Corporation, which had been part of Computer Network Technology Corporation, for about $31 million. While revenues grew, the company posted continuing operating losses due to the early 2000s recession following the bursting of the dot-com bubble through 2002. Although its share price declined sharply from its peak, company executives, directors and investors still made large profits on their shares.

In October, 2003, the company announced it acquired three smaller companies in the integration market, for a combined estimated value of $32 million. The Mind Electric developed a technology called Glue, and its founder Graham Glass became the webMethods chief technical officer. The Dante Group developed software for business activity monitoring (BAM). The former DataChannel assets from Netegrity were used in a portal.

Deloitte estimated webMethods was the fourth fastest growing technology company in North America in 2003, on the Deloitte Fast 500. By October, 2004, after revenues declined and losses rose, Phillip Merrick was replaced as CEO by David Mitchell. In August, 2006, webMethods acquired Cerebra, a privately held company that developed metadata management software. In September, 2006, webMethods acquired Infravio (which developed a software registry) for $38 million.

The company was an early developer and promoter of standards for web service technologies, having worked on XML-RPC, a precursor to SOAP, and developed Web Interface Definition Language, a precursor to the Web Services Description Language standard.

As part of a larger trend of consolidation, Software AG (based in Darmstadt, Germany) bid to acquire webMethods in April 2007 for an estimated $546 million in cash. The offer price was more than 25% over the market price of its shares, and came one day after activist shareholders Augustus Oliver and Clifford Press disclosed a 6% stake and claimed the company was under-valued. Although speculation persisted that a competitor might make a higher bid, the deal closed in June, 2007. The brand webMethods was retained, effectively making webMethods its flagship product line, immediately doubling Software AG revenues in North America. WebMethods version 8.0 was released in 2009, supplemented with other Software AG products such as Centrasite, Tamino and EntireX. In 2010, the webMethods division of Software AG, known as business processes excellence (BPE) recorded $668 million (499 million Euros) in revenues and was a major contributor to company net income.

In 2011, Caren Merrick ran as a Republican for the Virginia state senate, saying her history with webMethods made her a "jobs creator", but was defeated by Barbara Favola.

In 2023, IBM acquired webMethods along with streamsets from Software AG. The acquistion was completed on 1st July 2024.

title: WebMethods


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Bradford protein assay

The Bradford protein assay (also known as the Coomassie protein assay) was developed by Marion M. Bradford in 1976. It is a quick and accurate spectroscopic analytical procedure used to measure the concentration of protein in a solution. The reaction is dependent on the amino acid composition of the measured proteins.

Principle
The Bradford assay, a colorimetric protein assay, is based on an absorbance shift of the dye Coomassie brilliant blue G-250. The Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 dye exists in three forms: anionic (blue), neutral (green), and cationic (red). Under acidic conditions, the red form of the dye is converted into its blue form, binding to the protein being assayed. If there's no protein to bind, then the solution will remain brown. The dye forms a strong, noncovalent complex with the protein's carboxyl group by van der Waals force and amino group through electrostatic interactions. During the formation of this complex, the red form of Coomassie dye first donates its free electron to the ionizable groups on the protein, which causes a disruption of the protein's native state, consequently exposing its hydrophobic pockets. These pockets in the protein's tertiary structure bind non-covalently to the non-polar region of the dye via the first bond interaction (van der Waals forces) which position the positive amine groups in proximity with the negative charge of the dye. The bond is further strengthened by the second bond interaction between the two, the ionic interaction. When the dye binds to the protein, it causes a shift from 465 nm to 595 nm, which is why the absorbance readings are taken at 595 nm.

The cationic (unbound) form is green / red and has an absorption spectrum maximum historically held to be at 465 nm. The anionic bound form of the dye which is held together by hydrophobic and ionic interactions, has an absorption spectrum maximum historically held to be at 595 nm. The increase of absorbance at 595 nm is proportional to the amount of bound dye, and thus to the amount (concentration) of protein present in the sample.

Unlike other protein assays, the Bradford protein assay is less susceptible to interference by various chemical compounds such as sodium, potassium or even carbohydrates like sucrose, that may be present in protein samples. An exception of note is elevated concentrations of detergent. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a common detergent, may be found in protein extracts because it is used to lyse cells by disrupting the membrane lipid bilayer and to denature proteins for SDS-PAGE. While other detergents interfere with the assay at high concentration, the interference caused by SDS is of two different modes, and each occurs at a different concentration. When SDS concentrations are below critical micelle concentration (known as CMC, 0.00333%W/V to 0.0667%) in a Coomassie dye solution, the detergent tends to bind strongly with the protein, inhibiting the protein binding sites for the dye reagent. This can cause underestimations of protein concentration in solution. When SDS concentrations are above CMC, the detergent associates strongly with the green form of the Coomassie dye, causing the equilibrium to shift, thereby producing more of the blue form. This causes an increase in the absorbance at 595 nm independent of protein presence.

Other interference may come from the buffer used when preparing the protein sample. A high concentration of buffer will cause an overestimated protein concentration due to depletion of free protons from the solution by conjugate base from the buffer. This will not be a problem if a low concentration of protein (subsequently the buffer) is used.

In order to measure the absorbance of a colorless compound a Bradford assay must be performed. Some colorless compounds such as proteins can be quantified at an Optical Density of 280 nm due to the presence of aromatic rings such as Tryptophan, Tyrosine and Phenylalanine but if none of these amino acids are present then the absorption cannot be measured at 280 nm.

Advantages
Many protein-containing solutions have the highest absorption at 280 nm in the spectrophotometer, the UV range. This requires spectrophotometers capable of measuring in the UV range, which many cannot. Additionally, the absorption maxima at 280 nm requires that proteins contain aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine (Y), phenylalanine (F) and/or tryptophan (W). Not all proteins contain these amino acids, a fact which will skew the concentration measurements. If nucleic acids are present in the sample, they would also absorb light at 280 nm, skewing the results further. By using the Bradford protein assay, one can avoid all of these complications by simply mixing the protein samples with the Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 dye (Bradford reagent) and measuring their absorbances at 595 nm, which is in the visible range and may be accurately measured by the use of a mobile smartphone camera.

The procedure for Bradford protein assay is very easy and simple to follow. It is done in one step where the Bradford reagent is added to a test tube along with the sample. After mixing well, the mixture almost immediately changes to a blue color. When the dye binds to the proteins through a process that takes about 2 minutes, a change in the absorption maximum of the dye from 465 nm to 595 nm in acidic solutions occurs. Additionally, protein binding triggers a metachromatic reaction, evidenced by the emergence of a species that absorbs light around 595 nm, indicative of the unprotonated form This dye creates strong noncovalent bonds with the proteins, via electrostatic interactions with the amino and carboxyl groups, as well as Van Der Waals interactions. Only the molecules that bind to the proteins in solution exhibit this change in absorption, which eliminates the concern that unbound molecules of the dye might contribute to the experimentally obtained absorption reading. This process is more beneficial since it is less pricey than other methods, easy to use, and has high sensitivity of the dye for protein.

After 5 minutes of incubation, the absorbance can be read at 595 nm using a spectrophotometer or a mobile smartphone camera (RGBradford method).

This assay is one of the fastest assays performed on proteins. The total time it takes to set up and complete the assay is under 30 minutes. The entire experiment is done at room temperature.

The Bradford protein assay can measure protein quantities as little as 1 to 20 μg. It is an extremely sensitive technique.

The dye reagent is a stable ready to use product prepared in phosphoric acid. It can remain at room temperature for up to 2 weeks before it starts to degrade.

Protein samples usually contain salts, solvents, buffers, preservatives, reducing agents and metal chelating agents. These molecules are frequently used for solubilizing and stabilizing proteins. Other protein assay like BCA and Lowry are ineffective because molecules like reducing agents interfere with the assay. Using Bradford can be advantageous against these molecules because they are compatible to each other and will not interfere.

The linear graph acquired from the assay (absorbance versus protein concentration in μg/mL) can be easily extrapolated to determine the concentration of proteins by using the slope of the line.

It is a sensitive technique. It is also very simple: measuring the OD at 595 nm after 5 minutes of incubation. This method can also make use of a Vis spectrophotometer or a mobile smartphone camera (RGBradford method).

Disadvantages
The Bradford assay is linear over a short range, typically from 0 μg/mL to 2000 μg/mL, often making dilutions of a sample necessary before analysis. In making these dilutions, error in one dilution is compounded in further dilutions resulting in a linear relationship that may not always be accurate.

Basic conditions and detergents, such as SDS, can interfere with the dye's ability to bind to the protein through its side chains.

The reagents in this method tend to stain the test tubes. Same test tubes cannot be used since the stain would affect the absorbance reading. This method is also time sensitive. When more than one solution is tested, it is important to make sure every sample is incubated for the same amount of time for accurate comparison.

A limiting factor in using Coomassie-based protein determination dyes stems from the significant variation in color yield observed across different proteins This limiting factor is notably evident in collagen-rich protein samples, like pancreatic extracts, where both the Lowry and Bradford methods tend to underestimate protein content.

It is also inhibited by the presence of detergents, although this problem can be alleviated by the addition of cyclodextrins to the assay mixture.

Much of the non-linearity stems from the equilibrium between two different forms of the dye which is perturbed by adding the protein. The Bradford assay linearizes by measuring the ratio of the absorbances, 595 over 450 nm. This modified Bradford assay is approximately 10 times more sensitive than the conventional one.

The Coomassie Blue G250 dye used to bind to the proteins in the original Bradford method readily binds to arginine and lysine groups of proteins. This is a disadvantage because the preference of the dye to bind to these amino acids can result in a varied response of the assay between different proteins. Changes to the original method, such as increasing the pH by adding NaOH or adding more dye have been made to correct this variation. Although these modifications result in a less sensitive assay, a modified method becomes sensitive to detergents that can interfere with sample.

Future of Bradford Protein Assay
New modifications for an improved Bradford Protein Assay have been underway that specifically focuses on enhancing detection accuracy for collagen proteins. One notable modification involves incorporating small amounts, approximately .0035%, of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). This inclusion of SDS has been shown to result in a fourfold increase in color response for three key collagen proteins—Collagen types I, III, and IV—while simultaneously decreasing the absorbance of non-collagen proteins.

This simple modification in the preparation of the reagent resulted in Bradford Assays to produce similar response curves for both collagen and non-collagen proteins, expanding the use of Bradford Assays in samples containing high collagen proteins.

Materials

 * Lyophilized bovine plasma gamma globulin
 * Coomassie brilliant blue 1
 * 0.15 M NaCl
 * Spectrophotometer and cuvettes or a mobile smartphone camera (RGBradford method).
 * Micropipettes

Procedure (Standard Assay, 20-150 μg protein; 200-1500 μg/mL)

 * 1) Prepare a series of standards diluted with 0.15 M NaCl to final concentrations of 0 (blank = No protein), 250, 500, 750 and 1500 μg/mL. Also prepare serial dilutions of the unknown sample to be measured.
 * 2) Add 100 μL of each of the above to a separate test tube (or spectrophotometer tube if using a Spectronic 20).
 * 3) Add 5.0 mL of Coomassie Blue to each tube and mix by vortex, or inversion.
 * 4) Adjust the spectrophotometer to a wavelength of 595 nm, using the tube which contains no protein (blank).
 * 5) Wait 5 minutes and read each of the standards and each of the samples at 595 nm wavelength.
 * 6) Plot the absorbance of the standards vs. their concentration. Compute the extinction coefficient and calculate the concentrations of the unknown samples.

Procedure (Micro Assay, 1-10 μg protein/mL)

 * 1) Prepare standard concentrations of protein of 1, 5, 7.5 and 10 μg/mL. Prepare a blank of NaCl only. Prepare a series of sample dilutions.
 * 2) Add 100 μL of each of the above to separate tubes (use microcentrifuge tubes) and add 1.0 mL of Coomassie Blue to each tube.
 * 3) Turn on and adjust a spectrophotometer to a wavelength of 595 nm, and blank the spectrophotometer using 1.5 mL cuvettes or use a mobile smartphone camera (RGBradford method).
 * 4) Wait 2 minutes and read the absorbance of each standard and sample at 595 nm.
 * 5) Plot the absorbance of the standards vs. their concentration. Compute the extinction coefficient and calculate the concentrations of the unknown samples.

Using data obtained to find concentration of unknown
In summary, in order to find a standard curve, one must use varying concentrations of BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) in order to create a standard curve with concentration plotted on the x-axis and absorbance plotted on the y-axis. Only a narrow concentration of BSA is used (2-10 ug/mL) in order to create an accurate standard curve. Using a broad range of protein concentration will make it harder to determine the concentration of the unknown protein. This standard curve is then used to determine the concentration of the unknown protein. The following elaborates on how one goes from the standard curve to the concentration of the unknown.

First, add a line of best fit, or Linear regression and display the equation on the chart. Ideally, the R2 value will be as close to 1 as possible. R represents the sum of the square values of the fit subtracted from each data point. Therefore, if R2 is much less than one, consider redoing the experiment to get one with more reliable data.

The equation displayed on the chart gives a means for calculating the absorbance and therefore concentration of the unknown samples. In Graph 1, x is concentration and y is absorbance, so one must rearrange the equation to solve for x and enter the absorbance of the measured unknown. It is likely that the unknown will have absorbance numbers outside the range of the standard. These should not be included calculations, as the equation given cannot apply to numbers outside of its limitations. In a large scale, one must compute the extinction coefficient using the Beer-Lambert Law A=εLC in which A is the measured absorbance, ε is the slope of the standard curve, L is the length of the cuvette, and C is the concentration being determined. In a micro scale, a cuvette may not be used and therefore one only has to rearrange to solve for x. In order to attain a concentration that makes sense with the data, the dilutions, concentrations, and units of the unknown must be normalized (Table 1). To do this, one must divide concentration by volume of protein in order to normalize concentration and multiply by amount diluted to correct for any dilution made in the protein before performing the assay.

Alternative assays
Alternative protein assays include:
 * Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
 * RGBradford
 * Biuret protein assay
 * Lowry protein assay
 * BCA protein assay
 * Amido black protein assay
 * Colloidal gold protein assay

title: Bradford protein assay


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Baltasar Corrada del Río

Baltasar Corrada del Río (April 10, 1935 – March 11, 2018) was a Puerto Rican politician. He held various high political offices in the island, including President of the Puerto Rico Civil Rights Commission, Resident Commissioner (1977–1985), Mayor of the capital city of San Juan (1985–1989), Puerto Rico's 15th Secretary of State (1993–1995) and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (1995–2005). He was also the unsuccessful NPP candidate for Governor in the elections of 1988.

Education
Corrada del Río obtained his high school diploma from Colegio Ponceño de Varones in 1952, and both his bachelor's degree in Social Studies in 1956 and his law degree from the University of Puerto Rico in 1959. He was admitted to the Puerto Rico Bar that year and practiced as a private lawyer from 1969 to 1975.

Political career
In 1976, after initially expressing an interest in becoming Mayor of San Juan and running in an unofficial internal primary within the NPP, Corrada del Río was elected Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico.

During his tenure (1977–1985), he advocated for the admission of Puerto Rico into the Union and co-founded the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute. Corrada served as Mayor of San Juan, Puerto Rico, from 1985 to 1989 (having won the 1984 mayoral election).

In the elections of 1988, Corrada made an unsuccessful bid to become Governor of Puerto Rico. He was defeated by incumbent Governor Rafael Hernández Colón.

In January 1993, Pedro Rosselló became Governor and appointed Corrada as Puerto Rico's 15th Secretary of State. Later, in 1995, Rosselló appointed Corrada as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico. He took the oath of office on July 15, 1995, after unanimous confirmation in the Senate of Puerto Rico. During his tenure as Associate Justice, Corrada was among the moderate/conservative voices in the Court, usually adhering to strict interpretations of the Constitution while practicing a firm type of judicial restraint.

The Constitution of Puerto Rico mandates an obligatory retirement for the Justices of the Supreme Court at age 70. Corrada arrived at this age in April, 2005, and was forced to retire. Prior to his retirement, Corrada publicly asked for an amendment to the Constitution that would repeal the obligatory retirement age for the justices, arguing that by obligating people to retire the constitution is discriminating by reason of age. At the time of its enactment in 1952, the average life expectancy in Puerto Rico was 61 years, 9 less than the mandatory retirement age. In 2013, the mandatory retirement age was 9 years less than the average life expectancy of 79.

The Court seat left vacant by Corrada remained vacant until 2009. Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá did not nominate anyone for the position after then-Senate President Kenneth McClintock made it clear in his inaugural speech as Senate president in 2005 that only a well-qualified statehooder would muster the votes for Senate confirmation to Court seats previously held by statehooders in order to assure "balance" on the bench. He was eventually succeeded in 2009 by Rafael Martinez-Torres, appointed by a Corrada protege, governor Luis Fortuño.

Upon his retirement from the Puerto Rico Supreme Court, he announced that he would abstain from political activity for one year, and, on 14 March 2006, he announced that within a month would begin attending New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico meetings, as former party president, to provide discrete advice. He also publicly disagreed with then-party president Pedro Rossello by objecting to the expulsion of then-Senate President Kenneth McClintock and then-Vice President Orlando Parga from the party for refusing to turn over the Senate presidency to Rossello. The expulsion was later revoked by the Supreme Court.

Personal life
He was the brother of Álvaro Corrada del Rio, Roman Catholic Bishop of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico and of a Roman Catholic nun. Another of his sisters was the Puerto Rico Independence Party candidate for mayor of San Juan in 1988, when he was elected to the post. He was married to Beatriz Betances, who served as First Lady of San Juan during his term as mayor, and had one daughter, Ana Isabel, three sons: Juan Carlos, Jose and Francisco; as well as several grandchildren: James Gregg, Michael Gregg, Alexis Marie, and Mayra. In 2013 his wife died he was too ill to travel for the funeral services held in Morovis, Puerto Rico.

Death
Baltasar Corrada del Río died on Sunday March 11, 2018, in Fort Myers, Florida at 82 years of age. By the time of his death he suffered from Alzheimer's disease. His ashes were interred at the farm where he was born in Morovis, Puerto Rico on March 24, 2018.

Honors and recognitions
The Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute (CHCI) issued a medal honoring Corrada and three other founding members.

In 2010, former Puerto Rico Secretary of State McClintock designated the department's summer internship program as the Baltasar Corrada del Río State Department Internship Program. Distinguished students such as Josue Rivera, former National President of the Puerto Rico Statehood Students Association, participated in the First Class of interns.

On November 24, 2010, a ceremony was held at the Puerto Rico Department of State to announce the publication of Baltasar Corrada Del Río-Sus opiniones 1995-2005 a book containing excerpts from 61 of his Supreme Court opinions edited by Pontifical Catholic University Law School dean Angel González Román, at which Acting Governor Kenneth McClintock and Chief Justice Federico Hernandez Denton were the keynote speakers.

title: Baltasar Corrada del Río