text:
Talk:Noel Gallagher

Equipment section
The equipment section in this article needs to be taken out. Not only are list-y sections such as this avoided in high-quality Wikipedia articles (because they are cumbersome, prone to trivia, and should be converted to prose), but it's based on an unreliable source (specifically, a page on a music store website that tells you what you need to buy to sound like Noel Gallagher). WesleyDodds (talk) 02:03, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I think the section is fine and should be left alone. Most guitar player articles have gear sections. For many readers it is the only thing they look for when they view an article about a guitar player. Leave as is. Wether B (talk) 02:05, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * We can't just leave it alone. It is based on an unreliable source. And no, most guitar player articles do not have gear sections, because these types of sections often focus on trivial information. Note that Featured Articles John Frusciante and John Mayer do not have gear sections, because any relevant information about their equipment can be worked into other parts of the article in a well-written fashion. Additionally, when this article was listed as a Good Article, there was no gear section. This article has gone quite downhill since then. WesleyDodds (talk) 02:12, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Let's not call it 'gear'. That's really crude. Call it what it is: "Musical equipment" "band equipment/band 98.123.126.45 (talk) 08:25, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * the equipment section on this page is just so innacurate. He used a space echo rack unit with a pedal from day 1. He used a valvestate marshall and a wem in unison as the definitely maybe rig. Just needs updating and citing that pedal show. 2A02:C7C:987B:DA00:E124:67B3:AE14:3951 (talk) 08:47, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

Not very good examples. Every notable guitarist on Wikipedia has an equipment section. Just because those two don't doesn't mean that it isn't a good thing. Clapton, Harrison, Richards, Page among the other hundreds of notables have these types of sections. I agree with the earlier post about that sort of information being the main thing many reader look for when they visit Wikipedia. If the only issue is the reference then simply find a better one. Lots of guitar magazines and books have all this information. The section could easily be expanded further. Peter Fleet (talk) 15:10, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * "Not very good examples"? Those are Featured Articles, meaning they have been judged by a consensus to be among Wikipedia's best articles. That means they are excellent examples to compare other such articles to. Additionally, what is the proof that "that sort of information being the main thing many reader look for when they visit Wikipedia"? WesleyDodds (talk) 22:28, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I reverted the section blanking which went against the growing consensus here to keep. I also tagged it for more references as mentioned earlier. Also did some minor wording and grammar fix. More is needed. Just to appease the one editor who wishes to remove the section entirely. When looking at several other notable guitarist articles I note that emphasis is placed on the artist's guitars and equally on the choice of amplifiers but not so much on their use of effects unless it is a specific effect that the guitarist is noted for using. (like Hendrix and his fuzz pedal or Frampton and his talk box) This section here is a lengthy list of pedals but has no real bearing on Gallagher as a guitarist. It could be removed if others agree and a consensus is reached to do so. Peter Fleet (talk) 02:58, 7 June 2009 (UTC)
 * All contested information based on unreliable sources must be removed, whether or not editors want to keep it. WesleyDodds (talk) 07:49, 7 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Don't make up the rules. If that were the case music articles would not mention genres anywhere and most political articles would be blank. I agree that the section should stay. And I support the suggestion to remove the effect list unless a specific use of an guitar effect was significant. An article in Guitar Player Magazine a few years ago said that during Oasis' mid-late 90s peak UK guitar sales would increase of whatever instrument he chose as his main concert guitar during that time. That, despite the fact that as a guitar player himself Gallagher is poor-to-mediocre at best, shows an extremely weighted influence. The section would be better served if it were prose. The Keith Richards article has a very good section on guitar use and it is written in standard prose with inline citations. That is how this section should be set up. It will also cut the overall length of the page down by quite a lot. Fair Deal (talk) 12:04, 7 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm not making up rules. Everyone needs to review Wikipedia policy on citing sources and verifying information in articles. WesleyDodds (talk) 02:06, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

Here is a reference for some of the equipment included in the section. The section does not mention the Princeton which Gallagher speaks about in the interview. The article, surprisingly enough, does not mention the Stratocaster which was a gift to Gallagher from Johnny Depp. The section should include that little bit perhaps with more detail about the instrument from another ref. The effects section can just have some hidden code added to it so that it is still there to edit but not viewable in the main page. The ref above does mention one effect in some prominence and could be fleshed out later. A guitarist article is enhanced greatly by a good gear section since that is part of the character of any guitarist in the first place. John Mayer playing a Strat is just good advertising for Fender but, in the end, means nothing. That the Frusciante article doesn't have a gear section is a glorious faux-pas which should be corrected. His choice of equipment is one of notable about him as a guitarist. His infobox doesn't even include an instrument field??? There is no sense in trying to edit it though. One of the regulars on that one has issues on it. This one can still be trimmed into a good gear section though. Gallaghers done dozens of interviews about his hardware. The Real Libs-speak politely 16:58, 8 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I have restored the section yet again after it was blanked against consensus to keep. I can recall the Guitar Player comment about the UK sales incease. I believe it was part of the opening section of a larger piece on Oasis. I cannot find the copy for now but when I do I will post the issue and page number here. I support removing the effects sectionas mentioned by previous editors. GripTheHusk (talk) 13:37, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I do not believe the ongoing blanking of the section to be 'vandalism' as it was labeled in the last edit summary. But it certainly is ignorant of the ongoing discussion. The is a clear consensus here to keep it. And the subject is an active one pertaining to the addition of references to support the section. Every good guitarist article should have an equipment section or it is ignoring a key part of the subject's character. Two examples have been pointed out showing featured guitarist pages that do not have this sort of section (although one of those pages is listed at the Musician Project's to-do list as needing one so obviously, featured or not, it is still wanted information) Where there are 2 examples that don't have this information. There are several dozen musician pages that are ranked as good articles that have their equipment use detailed.(insome cases its the largest section on the whole page. Noel Gallagher's selection of guitars is a lot more notable than any thing else. In the end the section should be cut down to show just the notable bits. And I agree that the section should be written in prose rather than a list. But as an ongoing work in progress further "vandalism" should be avoided until the section is finished to everyone's satisfaction. Peter Fleet (talk) 11:07, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

I hacked the section down to something more bearable. BTW the original information was based on this link (posting so it doesn't get lost in the shuffle. It is a very detailed piece of work and has images to back up everything that was in it. There was whining over the fact that it was a blog re-posted on a sales website and I support that references shouldn't come from this type of source. However, since the link does contain actual pictures.... and a picture cannot be disputed... the content contained therein is valid and so, if a better refer can be added to support, the priginal blog link can certainly be re-included... simply because the pics are all their and no one can argue with that... not even Wikipedia editors bent on removing encyclopedic content. The Real Libs-speak politely 14:13, 2 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Yet another reference from a sales vendor RockStarGuitars Apparently Mr. Gallagher has sold at least 6 instruments through this business. And for the non-guitarists who haven't a clue about this business... they are right up there with Gruhns and similar businesses which restore and sell vintage music hardware. Everything that comes through them has to have valid proff of pre-ownership, obviously, or no one would buy from them. This link can stand as a reliable source for anything specific on the pageso go ahead, fill you boots. The Real Libs-speak politely 14:26, 2 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I know it's been awhile since it's been discussed here, but I've recently revamped and updated the equipment section. I agree somewhat with the criticism of lists, but in this case I feel it's justified. The article isn't lacking biographical information, and the equipment section - which is anecdotal, to be sure - is near the bottom. It lets the guitar geeks, like myself, have their fix too.Alex MacPherson (talk) 16:57, 8 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, I don't have time to wade through the discussion on this topic, but for what it's worth, I came to the talk page in order to request that this very discussion be had, specifically about the amplification section. I believe it is too trivial to be in the article, let alone to have a section dedicated to it. I looked for policies to back me up, and came up with due weight.

Dedication to Richard Ashcroft
There was a lot of debate about what song from What's the story was actually dedicated to Richard, however i happen to have a new version (which i don't know wether is different to the original) of the album. It specificly says that Cast no shadow was dedicated to the genius. I have made all necassary changes and added a reference i uploading to image shack. Hope this helps Tukogbani (talk) 12:50, 18 July 2009 (GMT)

There has never been a debate about it> I brought the album at the time and it says on my sleevenotes that Cast No Shadow is dedicated to the genius of RA. 86.177.26.176 (talk) 17:38, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

"Peggy Gallagher acquired a legal notice of separation from her husband in 1976. Sixteen years later she finally left him, taking the three boys with her"

Family
By 1992 (1976+16) Paul would have been 26, and even Liam would have been 20. Why were they being taken away by their mother at that age? The Liam Gallagher says "When Liam was 10, Peggy took the boys and moved away from Tommy." which sounds more likely. Can someone with access to the John Harris "Britpop" book check the reference? Rojomoke (talk) 23:12, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

Well someone (an IP address with no other edits logged) changed the sixteen to a six, which makes more sense. Rojomoke (talk) 14:54, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Why are you checking someone's 'other' edits? Get a life, everyone. 98.123.126.45 (talk) 08:26, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

Quitting
Couple of things: Noel has quit Oasis before, as has Liam. I don't think this bears mentioning in the article just yet -- certainly not with unsourced conjecture, based on what Liam and Noel's row of the year 2000 was about. Hrhadam (talk) 08:58, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

 * But hey: hasn't it been stated more recently that Noel didn't actually quit? I don't really know if he wanted to take a break, but I heard it wasn't true he left. Can anyone confirm it?189.82.101.155 (talk) 00:44, 8 September 2009 (UTC)
 * He posted a statement saying he quit, but this has happened before. As of yesterday, Liam Gallagher said the band will go on, and said Noel and himself will be meeting on January.  It just doesn't sound like Noel is gone forever, at all.  They've both quit numerous times.  I suppose its fine for the article to reflect Noel's quitting, but its just so non-final, moreso than a Brett Favre retirement statement. Hrhadam (talk) 22:16, 8 September 2009 (UTC)
 * As i have been told before the most up to date information that can be reliably sourced goes in the article, no matter what might be predicted to happen in the future.(Monkeymanman (talk) 17:53, 9 May 2010 (UTC))

English/Irish
Gallagher was born in England of Irish parents; the source that was in the article states that he feels he has "Irish blood in him" - which having Irish parents is of course true. But the last thing that makes him is "British" - Ireland isn't part of Britain. *** Here we go again with wrong information. PART of Ireland is INDEED PART OF BRITAIN! The Northern part. Northern Ireland is still considered part of Britain. AND.. no surprise to me, after being on this earth over half a century, we discovered my uncle's DNA says we are 'a tiny, tiny bit Irish-- with origins in the British Isles'. That is how it read.** He's either English or English/Irish - the latter would need a source, and the fact he has Irish parentage is already mentioned. Black Kite (t) (c) 17:25, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Gallagher was born in England, which means he is of English nationality. I suppose he could identify secondarily as "British" because that would technically be true since England is a part of Britain, but the fact that he has Irish parents has no weight into making him British first and foremost. The source submitted by the IP address user is not reliable in the end.MauriceAgrippa (talk) 19:22, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

It is a matter for Noel/Liam to choose their nationality, as they are entitled to both Irish & British passports. Their bloodline and ancestory belong to Ireland, their place of birth is England. An example is that Shane MacGowan (Pogues)is an Irish singer born in England. An opposite example was the Duke of Wellington who was born in Dublin but considered himself British "Being born in a stable does not make one a horse". So it`s a matter of choice. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.23.248.130 (talk) 12:34, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

 * A commonly held, but false belief. Wellington never actually said that. Rather, it was actually Daniel O'Connell who said of Wellington - "To be sure he was born in Ireland, but being born in a stable does not make a man a horse". Wellingtons family was Norman, and likely in Ireland since the 12 century. Micielo (talk) 22:22, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

His nationality is British, and British people born and raised in England are English - this is an absolute fact. His ethnicity is Irish/British. We put nationality in the lede, not ethnicity. Whether it should be English or British isn't something I'm prepared to waste too much time over, but he isn't an Irish national.--Michig (talk) 12:13, 16 July 2011 (UTC)

Given that we're still suffering with edit warring over this, here's some sources stating that he's English:, , , , and here's Noel speaking about Oasis : "[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/music/news/article.cfm?c_id=264&objectid=115723 Well biggest English band in the world. We've done our bit for British music.]". --Michig (talk) 15:39, 16 July 2011 (UTC)

The children of Irish parents are Irish nationals from birth. It doesn't matter where they are born. As stated above the Gallagher's have dual citizenship from birth. What passport they have is up to them. They could have either a British one or an Irish one or both. Oasis are an English band since they were formed in Manchester, England. This makes them part of the British music scene. This doesn't mean that the members are exclusively English/British. The following hints at Noel seeing himself as being Irish over English. "I do follow England because they have some good players. But when push comes to shove, I'm in the Ireland end. I've always supported Ireland since I was a kid.":  — Preceding unsigned comment added by TTWSYFree (talk • contribs) 21:41, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

The last comments are complete and utter tosh. People do not have Irish nationality if they are born in the UK, even with Irish parents. If they were born in Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland, Historically part of the United Kindom of Great Britain & Ireland they would be allowed Dual citizenship. If going somewhere on holiday once every few years is a pre-requisit for nationality accreditation then most of us Brits are Spanish. Don't talk utter rubbish. It is important to remember one thing, He was speaking to Irish media. He was playing the make people happy game. Hes 100% English but likes to be controversial 86.177.26.176 (talk) 17:46, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

You might want to check your facts before accusing somebody of 'utter tosh'. You are an Irish citizen at birth if at least one of your parents was an Irish citizen who was born in Ireland. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_nationality_law#By_descent It's not that rare of a phenomenon. Several countries (including the UK) allow citizenship to be passed from parent to child, irrespective of the child's birthplace.TTWSYFree (talk) 02:30, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

 * YOU ARE CORRECT about the citizenship. It is also true of England, as I knew someone whose father was born in England, but relocated to America, where his children were born. His children, therefore, have dual (British) citizenship, which is NOT RECOGNIZED BY THE UNITED STATES, unfortunately. In other words, I would like to get my Slovak citizenship since my great grandparents were born there, but the United States would not recognize it, and Slovakia does not allow American citizens to live and work there (would need a job to live there, obviously). 98.123.126.45 (talk) 08:32, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

According to the nationality law of Ireland, he is automatically an Irish citizen from birth, seeing as he was born as the son of Irish-born Irish citizens. According to the nationality law of the UK, he is also a British citizen since birth. He therefore has dual Irish and British citizenship. It is very simple. Unfortuantely dual citizenship is something that many on Wikipedia find difficult to grasp. I could change the article to accurately reflect the fact that he has dual citizenship, but it will only be changed back straight away. Such is Wikipedia, where common opinion trumps facts. 82.171.253.241 (talk) 15:46, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

Noel quoted again as considering himself Irish again this week (this time around his ability to drink alcohol. 🙄): https://m.sundayworld.com/showbiz/oasis-star-noel-gallagher-claims-hes-irish-and-has-no-english-blood-in-him-41215088.html --DONAL HUNT (talk) 11:16, 9 January 2022 (UTC)

This is pretty funny...
"This is certainly controversial. Indeed, between 1997 and 2000, there appear to be no extant records of what Gallagher was playing through or even whether he was consistent in his choices, or in fact, whether Gallagher existed."

It's from the end of the first paragraph of the equipment section. Obviously, it should be removed, but I think it's a comment on the poorly-sourced nature of the whole section, and I think that should be taken account of also. 203.45.146.36 (talk) 11:28, 9 April 2011 (UTC)
 * done, perhaps you could help find sources then? Monkeymanman (talk) 16:27, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

Cleanup
This article needs a complete re haul. Reading it feels like you're jumping between an encyclopedia entry, a detailed biography, and a tabloid. I've attempted to clean up a few of the new sections, but the Oasis section needs to be drastically shortened. The article is about Noel, not Oasis. That's what their article is for. --A Chain of Flowers (talk) 03:58, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

 * First time to this article and the most notable improvement would be making the intro at least 1/3 shorter -- a "concise overview" per WP:Lead. I see several details which don't belong, like the whole second paragraph and much of the 3rd and 4th. -Anon98 98.92.187.139 (talk) 05:42, 11 November 2011 (UTC)

One thing I find very annoying is when we have the definite article, "the" spelled with a capital letter (T) in the middle of a sentence because someone has pasted it in without making the adjustment of changing it to a 't', e.g. ...'The Beatles' instead of 'the Beatles'. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.145.204.190 (talk) 10:49, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

Liam vs. Noel Gallagher
In the section on "Controversy > Liam Gallagher", I find it quite confusing to refer to "Gallagher", when that might actually be either of both brothers. Maybe in this section "Liam" and "Noel" should be consistently used, to refer to either brother respectively? I am not even sure I understand that whole section sufficiently well to do the clean-up myself... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 157.193.158.123 (talk) 12:28, 1 August 2013 (UTC)

MERGE Proposal - Terry Kirkbride
I'm proposing to merge Terry Kirkbride, who only appears notable as the drummer (and only other musician) of Gallagher's tours (see Guardian Article), as a line or two in this article. Comments? EBY (talk) 02:12, 27 October 2014 (UTC)
 * No, I don't think that works. You merge duplicate biographies about the same person, not biographies of two different people. Wbm1058 (talk) 23:39, 22 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Terrible idea. Take Kirkbride's article to AfD, but don't merge it into a separate BLP. Luke no 94  (tell Luke off here) 23:48, 22 November 2014 (UTC)

Personal Life/Religion
Under 'Marriages': The man cannot possibly be 'divorced Sept 2023', as it is now March 2023, and September hasn't arrived yet! Don't project ahead. People DO change their minds about 'divorcing'. Please remove the second marriage listing as ' - Sept. 2023' and you can write 'filed for divorce in January 2023' under the marriage section to the right of the wikipedia article.

The inclusion of Carry Us All in the list of songs that are mention God is technically correct by misleading with regard to the wider point being made. The point being made is that despite his statements saying that he does not believe in God that this lyrics suggest an sympathy for religious belief. The lyric of Carry Us All is "But faith in any god is gonna bury us all" which does not support this point. Carry Us All should be removed from this list or the section should be expanded to include Carry Us All as a counter pointer. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Benedictarf (talk • contribs) 10:55, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

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One of the most overrated?
There's been a lot of addition and removal of the following nugget:

Conversely, he has been named as one of the most overrated guitarists in popular music.

I looked at the Independent article that's linked to here. It doesn't say that he's considered one of most overrated guitarists, it says that he's considered the most overrated guitarist. But as the article was published in 1999, I'd write not "he has been named", but "in 1999 he was named".

Incidentally, I find the Independent article disappointingly vague. It would be good to cite the source that it hazily cites ("a survey for the industry magazine Guitar"). -- Hoary (talk) 09:05, 12 February 2017 (UTC)

Please add your reasoned opinions below. -- Hoary (talk) 09:05, 12 February 2017 (UTC)
 * The lede is a little too enthusiastic and needs some balance. We have the following praise:
 * "the band's final two albums, Don't Believe the Truth (2005) and Dig Out Your Soul (2008), were hailed as its best efforts in over a decade".
 * "he was often regarded as the spear-head of the Britpop movement".
 * "NME termed a number of Britpop bands (including Kula Shaker, Ocean Colour Scene and Cast) as "Noelrock", citing Gallagher's influence on their success".
 * "Many have praised Gallagher's songwriting, with George Martin claiming him to be 'the finest songwriter of his generation'".
 * "he was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life".

 * The overrated guitarist poll was not only covered by credible broadsheets, but acknowledged by Gallagher himself as the award he most enjoyed receiving. We've established that Noel is great, so is a little criticism for balance really that difficult to handle? SantinoBrandy (talk) 18:12, 12 February 2017 (UTC)

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Gallagher apparent edit...
I've removed the sweet quote apparently written by Gallagher himself on his own BLP from the article. No Swan So Fine (talk) 21:55, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

"He's afraid this is true. He's also afraid that he was very high during the 90s and drunk most of the time. He can only tell you that it was a fucking brilliant time in his life, and he was naming everything after everything. Naming cats after cigarettes, though ... One of his finer moments, he must say."

title: Talk:Noel Gallagher


text:
Mila D. Aguilar

Mila D. Aguilar (1949 – October 13, 2023) was a Filipina poet, novelist, essayist, activist, educator, website designer, and video documentarian. Writing under the nom de guerre Clarita Roja during the dangerous days of the Marcos dictatorship, she is best remembered for having been "the best known poet in the underground movement during the Marcos Regime." More broadly, she is also known for her leadership roles in the resistance against the authoritarian regime of Ferdinand Marcos, and for her continued social activism in the years after Marcos was deposed, including the last phase of her activism which was strongly influenced with her beliefs after her 1990 conversion to Born Again christianity.

As a writer she is best known for the poetry books Why Cage Pigeons?, A Comrade is as Precious as a Rice Seedling and Journey: An Autobiography in Verse (1964-1995), and the autobiographical novel "The Nine Deaths of M".

Early life and education
Mila D. Aguilar was born in Iloilo in 1949, the youngest daughter of Jose Vasquez Aguilar and Ramona Deysolong. Her father was well known as a founding figure in the Community School Movement in the Philippines, and had been recognized in 1952 as the first Filipino recipient of the Ramon Magsaysay Award, and also the first recipient of the award under the cagtegory of Government Service.

She studied English and Humanities at the University of the Philippines Diliman, writing poetry which was published in the Philippines Free Press, Sunday Times Magazine and the Philippines Graphic while studying, and finally earning her diploma in 1969.

Early career
Immediately after graduating, Aguilar began her career by teaching at the UP Diliman Department of English and Comparative Literature. She also wrote for Philippines Graphic from 1969 to 1971, working alongside Amadis Ma. Guerrero and Petronilo Daroy.

Life in the underground
In her poetry anthology "Journey: An Autobiography in Verse (1964-1995)," Aguilar described her writings from 1971 to 1984 as being part of her "red period," because it was a time when she was actively involved in the underground resistance against the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos.

Going underground
Aguilar She first became exposed to the National Democratic (ND) movement when she was assigned by the Graphic to cover the ND youth and student movement, which meant covering the various pickets and demonstrations, particularly the Diliman commune.

She finally joined the underground movement against Marcos in 1971 when Marcos used the Plaza Miranda bombing as a reason to suspend the writ of habeas corpus.

Over the course of the next 13 years, she started out as an ordinary member of the Communist Party of the Philippines assigned as a driver plying the route between Manila and Isabela, and then later found herself assuming several top positions in the organization, including head of the Regional United Front Commission of Mindanao, and then head of the National United Front.

Marriage and widowhood
She met fellow activist Magtanggol Roque early on in her involvement with the CPP, and the two were married through party rites in the mountains of Isabela on May 5, 1971, and then getting a court marriage in Pasay City not long after. She had a son with Roque, who was seven years older than her. And he rented an apartment in their name in BF homes in Parañaque. But she barely stayed in the house, focusing on her duties as a driver for the underground movement. She was deeply distressed that they had to leave their son with Aguilar's mother to keep him safe.

Roque was eventually killed in May 1981 when he was shot while trying to warn fellow activists that their safehouse was about to be raided.

Resignation from the CPP
Aguilar resigned from the Communist Party of the Philippines after the 1983 assassination of Ninoy Aquino. She had written a leaflet expressing sympathy for Aquino which the Central Committee rejected, and Aguilar resigned because of the disagreement.

By this time, Aguilar had become Assistant Director at St. Joseph's College, and she continued in that role until her arrest in 1984.

Imprisonment
Despite her resignation from the underground movement, Aguilar was arrested in August 1984. She was accosted by men in several vans which stopped the jeepney she was riding, and then threw her onto the backseat of a waiting car. Based on their actions, she said she realized they probably did not yet know that she had resigned from the CPP.

Aguilar was held in solitary confinement as a political detainee at Camp Crame, where she was subjected to psychological, mental, emotional, and sexual abuse.

During this time, however, Aguilar continued to write, and she later described her writings from her time in prison as being part of her "purple period," and labeled it as a period where "the questions start." University of the Philippines critic Mary Grace R. Concepcion notes that:

"'By this time, Aguilar had already severed ties with the party and was questioning the proletariat, the party dogma, Christian dogma, and even the petty-bourgeoisie. Aguilar said she felt that everyone was “exploiting” everyone else. Thus, unlike the poems from the “Red Period”, the fight was not an outward struggle against the bigger forces of imperialism and feudalism, nor an inward struggle of the self through an ideological remolding. Rather the struggle was towards an individuation of meanings, wherein one struggles to be an individual above any form of social and collective organization.'"

Some of her friends formed the Free Mila D. Aguilar Committee, and they published a collection of the works she had written in prison, titled "Why Cage Pigeons?" to help raise funds for her and lobby for her release.

Release, conversion, and continued activism
Aguilar's time as a political detainee ended in 1996 when Marcos was deposed by the People Power Revolution, and her release marked a period of discovery which led to her conversion to Born Again Christianity in 1990, which would be a defining influence on her as a writer, as an activist, and as a person moving forward.

Acknowledging that part of her life which began with her conversion marked a final chapter rather than a mere phase, she later labelled her literary works from this time as simply "period" in contrast to the previous "blue", "red", and "purple" periods. University of the Philippines academic reviewer Mary Grace R. Concepcion notes that Aguilar's periodization of her works in this way in the 1995 poetry collection "Journey: An Autobiography in Verse (1964-1995)" acknowledges that her "progression of self-awareness therefore ends with god and religion."

People Power Revolution and release from prison
Aguilar was released from Prison in 1986, after the People Power Revolution. After her release, returned to teaching at St Joseph's College.

During this time, she became a videographer, and produced, wrote, and directed almost 50 videos on subjects ranging from community organizations to regional cultures and good manners for government employees. She eventually also designed websites, describing herself as a "webweaver."

Conversion to Born Again Christianity
Aguilar became a Born Again Christian in 1990, significantly reframing both her literary work and her social activism for the rest of her life. She famously reinterpreted her pseudonym Clarita Roja, which means "clear red," to be a reference to the redeeming Blood of Christ. Her beliefs shaped her continued activism, as she denounced the injustices perpetuated by later government administrations.

Describing at a 2012 book launching how her writing and social engagement was affected by her conversion experience, and explaining her intention to write more essays and stories, Aguilar said:

"“College was not enough. Even 13 years underground and one and a half years in prison were not enough. I had to do video documentaries all over the Philippines for a few years, then take Philippine Studies formally and informally as well [...] I finally got it. Without a vision, the people perish! That vision is God’s for the people of God, led by the children of God. Poetry is emotion expressed in unified rhythm, imagery and tension. What I cannot express of this vision in poetry, I must express in essay and story. Then pray that God will accept my paeans to Him, my plaints for and in behalf of my people.”"

Later work
Aguilar returned to teaching at the UP Diliman Department of English and Comparative Literature from 2000 to 2006. In 2013, she published her autobiographical novel "The Nine Deaths of M." as an ebook on Kindle. In 2021, she co-wrote volume 2 of "A History of the University of the Philippines," covering the years 1943 to 1975, alongsise Rosario Cruz-Lucero, Ruth Pison, and Alexander Dacanay.

Death
On October 13, 2023, Aguilar passed away at the age of 74.

Works
As a poet, she has written about 400 poems in English, Filipino, and Ilonggo, about 125 of which are in Journey: An Autobiography in Verse (1964-1995), a collection published by the University of the Philippines Press in 1996. The poems in this collection were culled from six books printed in Manila, San Francisco, and New York City between the years 1974 and 1987 (including A Comrade is as Precious as a Rice Seedling), as well as from her writing in subsequent years up to 1995. Chronicle of a Life Foretold: 101 Poems (1995-2005) was published in 2012 by Popular Bookstore, and two more collections Poetry as Prophecy (2005-2013), and an untitled book, remain unpublished.

 * Dare to Struggle, Dare to Win! (Manila 1974) using nom de guerre Clarita Roja
 * The Mass Line (A Second Remoulding) (Manila 1977) using nom de guerre Clarita Roja
 * Why Cage Pigeons? (Manila 1984)
 * Pall Hanging over Manila (San Francisco 1984)
 * A Comrade is as Precious as a Rice Seedling (New York 1984, 1985 and 1987; also in Braille, Womyn's Series)
 * Journey: An Autobiography in Verse (1964-1995) (U of the Philippines Press 1996)
 * Chronicle of a Life Foretold: 110 Poems (1995-2004) (Popular Bookstore)
 * The Nine Deaths of M (Kindle 2013)

Additional reading

 * Josephine Bass Serrano, Trinidad Maño Ames, A Survey of Filipino Literature in English, Phoenix Publishing House, 1988
 * Philippine Studies, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2005
 * Zapanta-Manlapaz, Filipino Women Writers in English: Their Story, 1905-2002, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2003
 * Wall Tappings: An International Anthology of Women's Prison Writings, 200 to the Present. 2nd ed. Judith A. Scheffler, ed. New York: The Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 2002. (“Haikus in Solitary Confinement,” “Prison,” “As the Dust,” “Lizard in Bicutan,” “Pigeons for my Son,” “Freed Pigeon I Shall Be,” pp 22–27, with introduction to the poet.)
 * Cultural Center of the Philippines Encyclopedia of the Arts

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mila D. Aguilar


text:
Mentalist postulate

The mentalist postulate is the thesis that meaning in natural language is an information structure that is mentally encoded by human beings. It is a basic premise of some branches of cognitive semantics. Semantic theories implicitly or explicitly incorporating the mentalist postulate include force dynamics and conceptual semantics.

Two implications of the mentalist postulate are: first, that research on the nature of mental representations can serve to constrain or enrich semantic theories; and secondly, that results of semantic theories bear directly on the nature of human conceptualization.

title: Mentalist postulate


text:
Committee for Independence and Democracy in Laos

The Committee for Independence and Democracy in Laos is a political group, believed to consist of ex-army officers, some ethnic Hmong people, and others disaffected with the communist regime in Laos. They claimed responsibility for several attacks on the government in 2004.


text:
Language and the euro

Several linguistic issues have arisen in relation to the spelling of the words euro and cent in the many languages of the member states of the European Union, as well as in relation to grammar and the formation of plurals.

In official documents, the name "euro" must be used for the nominative singular in all languages, though different alphabets are taken into account and plural forms and declensions are accepted. In documents other than EU legal texts, including national legislation, other spellings are accepted according to the various grammatical rules of the respective language. For European Union legislation, the spelling of the words for the currency is prescribed for each language; in the English-language version of European Union legislation the forms "euro" and "cent" are used invariantly in the singular and plural, even though this departs from usual English practice for currencies.

Bulgarian
Bulgarian uses Cyrillic. The 1st series of euro banknotes had the word euro written in Latin and Greek alphabets. The Europa series introduced Cyrillic, adopting the spelling ЕВРО, as described below. When Bulgaria issues Euro coins, if the Greek model is followed, the alternative spelling will go on the national (obverse) side.

In popular Bulgarian usage the currency is referred to as евро and, less often,  (from Bulgarian Европа, meaning Europe); the plural varies in spoken language – евро, евра , еврота  – but the most widespread form is евро – without inflection in plural. The word for euro, though, has a normal form with the postpositive definite article – еврото (the euro).

The word for eurocent is евроцент and most probably that, or only цент, will be used in future when the European currency is accepted in Bulgaria. In contrast to euro, the word for "cent" has a full inflection both in the definite and the plural form: евроцент (basic form), евроцентът (full definite article – postpositive), евроцентове (plural), 2 евроцента (numerative form – after numerals). The word stotinki (стотинки), singular stotinka (стотинка), the name of the subunit of the current Bulgarian currency can be used in place of cent, as it has become a synonym of the word "coins" in colloquial Bulgarian; just like "cent" (from Latin centum), its etymology is from a word meaning hundred – "sto" (сто). Stotinki is used widely in the Bulgarian diaspora in Europe to refer to subunits of currencies other than the Bulgarian lev.

Initially, the ECB and the European Commission insisted that Bulgaria change the name it uses for the currency from ЕВРО to ЕУРО, claiming the currency should have an official and standard spelling across the EU. Bulgaria on the other hand stated that it wants to take into account the different alphabet and the principle of phonetic orthography in the Bulgarian language. The issue was decisively resolved in favour of Bulgaria at the 2007 EU Summit in Lisbon, allowing Bulgaria to use the Cyrillic spelling евро on all official EU documents. As of 13 December 2007, all EU institutions – including the ECB – use ЕВРО as the official Bulgarian transliteration of the single European currency. The Bulgarian spelling Evro ЕВРО is spelt with a v because it is derived from the name Европа/Evropa (Europe).

Of other national Slavic languages using the Cyrillic alphabet, Macedonian, Russian and Serbian also use the spelling евро. In Serbian, this is used alongside the Latin spelling euro as the language uses both alphabets. Bosnian and Montenegrin also use both alphabets and use еуро / euro like Croatian (which uses only Latin). Ukrainian uses євро and Belarusian uses еўра/эўра.

Croatian
In Croatian the euro and cent are called euro and cent (occasionally the word eurocent is used instead of cent to distinguish the euro denomination versus its foreign counterparts).

Plural forms are, like in many Slavic languages, somewhat complex. The general plural form of euro is euri, but the paucal or identically written (but not identically pronounced) genitive plural eura is used with all numbers, thus 27 eura. The numbers ending in 1 (e.g. 21 or 101) take the nominative singular, the exception being numbers ending in 11 (e.g. 11 or 111). The examples are: 21 euro, 101 euro, 11 eura, and 111 eura respectively.

The general plural form of cent is centi and it is used with most numbers. The numbers ending in 1, except for those ending in 11, take the nominative singular cent, while those ending in 2, 3 and 4 except 12, 13 or 14 take the paucal centa. The examples are: 1 cent, 4 centa, 7 centi, 10 centi, 11 centi, 12 centi, 22 centa, 27 centi, 31 cent, 101 cent, 102 centa, 111 centi.

Both euro and cent in Croatian are of masculine gender.

Pronunciation follows the rules of Croatian. Euro is pronounced, while cent is pronounced.

Czech
In Czech, the words euro and cent are spelt the same as in English and pronounced per Czech phonology,. Occasionally the word eurocent is used instead of cent to distinguish the euro denomination versus its foreign counterparts. The spelling differs from the Czech word for Europe (Evropa); however "euro-" has become a standard prefix for all things relating to the EU (Evropská unie).

The Czech declension uses different form of plural for various numerals: for 2, 3 and 4, it is plain nominative eura and centy, while for numbers above 5, genitive (a vestige of partitive) eur and centů is used.

For compound numerals, there are two variants: either genitive plural is used (21 eur, 22 eur) or the form is determined by the unit part of the numeral (21 euro, 22 eura). The partitive genitive is used only when the whole numeral phrase is in nominative or accusative phrases, otherwise the expected case is used: sedm eur (7 euros-genitive), but se sedmi eury (with seven-instrumental euro-instrumental). Moreover, these otherwise common declensions are often ignored and non-declined euro is used for every value (22 euro), even though this form is proscribed.

In Czech euro is of neuter gender and inflected as město, while cent is masculine and inflected as hrad.

Danish
The word euro is included in the 2002 version of Retskrivningsordbogen, the authoritative source for the Danish language (according to Danish law). Two plurals are given, euro when referring to an amount, and euroer when referring to coins. Both cent and eurocent are mentioned; the plural and singular forms are identical.

Danish words of Greek origin containing the sequence eu are traditionally pronounced with [œʊ̯], e.g. Zeus, terapeut, eutanasi, Europa. However, in the word Europa, a newer pronunciation with [eʊ̯] has gained ground in recent years, but this has not influenced the way euro is commonly pronounced.

Dutch
Plural: In Dutch, most abstract units of measurement are not pluralised, including the former Dutch guilder (gulden in Dutch) and Belgian franc (called frank in Dutch), and now the euro. An amount such as €5 is pronounced 5 euro. This coincides with EU legislation stating that euro and cent should be used as both singular and plural. In Dutch, the words are however pluralised as euro's and centen when referring to individual coins.

The euro is divided into 100 cent, as was the guilder. The Belgian franc was divided into 100 centiemen. The word eurocent is sometimes used to distinguish it from the cents of other currencies, such as the dollarcent, but originally mainly to differentiate it from what used to be 0.01 guilder, also called "cent".

Pronunciation: The word euro is phonemically. This can be pronounced the same phonetically, but commonly also as, , and others depending on the dialect and speaker (see Dutch phonology).

Slang terms: In the Netherlands, slang terms that were previously applied to guilder coinage and banknotes are sometimes applied to euro currency. Examples in the Netherlands include stuiver for 5 cents, dubbeltje for 10 cents. However, the word kwartje (quarter), previously used for a guilder coin worth ƒ0.25, did not survive the introduction of the euro, which lacks a coin worth €0.25. Another popular slang term is the plural form euri (or even the double plural euries ), a deliberate hypercorrect form referring to the plural of Dutch words of Latin or Italian origin.

In Belgium, some Flemings refer to the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins as koper, which is the Dutch word for copper, the metal these coins are made of (compare nickel). Another nickname is "ros" ("redhead") or "roskes" ("little redheads"), referring to the colour of the coins.

Syntax: In Dutch language print, the euro sign (€) is chiefly placed before the amount, from which it is often separated by a (thin) space. This was also the case with the florin sign (ƒ).

English
In the English-language version of European Union legislation, the unit euro, without an s, is used for both singular and plural. However, the plural euros is also in everyday use. Many style guides such as those from the Associated Press and The Economist specify the plural euros, and major dictionaries describe it as the most common form.

Official practice for English-language EU legislation (not necessarily in national legislation ) is to use the words euro and cent as both singular and plural. This practice originally arose out of legislation intended to ensure that the banknotes were uncluttered with a string of plurals. Because the s-less plurals had become "enshrined" in EU legislation, the Commission decided to retain those plurals in English in legislation even while allowing regular plurals in other languages. The Directorate-General for Translation's English Style Guide (a handbook for authors and translators working for the European Commission) previously recommended the use of regular plurals where appropriate, but as of May 2019, states that no s should be used. Prior to 2006, the inter-institutional style guide recommended use of euro and cent without the plural s, and the translation style guide recommended use of invariant plurals (without s) when amending or referring to original legislation but use of regular plurals in documents intended for the general public.

In Ireland
As the euro was being adopted in Ireland, the Department of Finance decided to use the word euro as both the singular and plural forms of the currency. Some media outlets, including the national broadcaster RTÉ, followed suit. However, euros is also acceptable. The print media still frequently uses "euro" for plural amounts,   although use of "euros" is also common.

Slang terms: As in the Netherlands, slang terms that were previously applied to punts have been carried over to the euro currency. For example, quid (same in singular and plural), which once referred to an Irish pound (and in the UK still refers to a British pound) is used as a synonym for euro. Also, fiver and tenner, which once referred to five and ten pounds respectively, now refer to five and ten euro – either in the sense of the specific €5 and €10 banknotes, or in the broader sense of an equivalent sum of money.

In English-speaking countries outside Europe
The term euro-cent is sometimes used in countries (such as Australia, Canada, and the United States) which also have "cent" as a currency subdivision, to distinguish them from their local coin. This usage, though unofficial, is mirrored on the coins themselves, which have the words EURO and CENT displayed on the common side.

Finnish
The Finnish pronunciation for "euro" is. In Finnish, the form sentti is used for the cent – the letter 'c' is generally not used in Finnish, and nativized Finnish words cannot end in consonant combinations like '-nt', therefore an extra vowel 'i' is added. euro and sentti are declined like many other existing words ending in -o and -i, and sentti displays consonant gradation (genitive euron, sentin). With numerals, the partitive singulars euroa and senttiä are used, e.g., 10 euroa. This is abbreviated 10 €, where the € symbol takes the role of the word euroa (never *€10 or *10€). The colon notation (€:a) must not be used with the partitive of euro when the number is in the nominative. In general, colon notation should be avoided and, for example, one should write euron or euroa instead of €:n or €:a.

Plurals (e.g., kymmenet eurot "tens of euros") exist, but they are not used with singular numbers (e.g., kymmenen euroa "ten euro").

Sentti is problematic in that its primary meaning in colloquial language is "centimeter". Thus, the officially recommended abbreviation of sentti is snt, although Finnish merchants generally use a decimal notation (for example 0,35 €).

Slang terms: In Helsinki slang, a common nickname for euro is ege. In Tampere slang Eero, a common male name, may be used for euro.

French
In French, the singular is un euro (masculine). The official plural is the same as the regular plural euros. The Académie française, which is regarded as an authority for the French language in France, stated this clearly, following French legislation in this regard.

In France, the word centime is far more common than cent and is recommended by the Académie française. Centime used to be a hundredth of the French franc which is now called centime de franc. The word cent (plural cents, both pronounced to avoid the confusion with cent (100) pronounced ) is the official term to be used in the French-language version of community legislation. Before its use in relation to the euro, the word "cent" (pronounced as in English, ) was best known to European Francophones as a hundredth of a dollar (U.S., Canadian, etc.)

French-speaking Belgians use cent more often than centime because centime coins for the Belgian franc (worth, on 1 January 1999 about three U.S. cents) rarely circulated (only a 50 centime coin was still being issued) and because of the influence of Dutch and English, which are more commonly used in Belgium than in France as a result of Belgium's language diversity.

German
Plural: In German, Euro and Euro are used as both singular and plural when following a numeral, as is the case with all units of measurement of masculine (e.g. Meter, Dollar) or neuter gender (e.g. Kilo[gramm], etc.). However, when talking about individual coins, the plurals Euros and Cents are used.

The only other marked case is the genitive singular, which is (des) Euros or, alternatively, des Euro.

Pronunciation: The beginning of the word Euro is pronounced in German with the diphthong, which sounds similar to , the 'oi' in the English word "oil".

The spelling of the word Cent is not well adapted to German spelling conventions because these strive to avoid ambiguous letter-sound correspondences. Initial letter C is often used in loanwords and corresponds to various pronunciations depending on the language of origin (e.g. [s] in Centime, in Cello,  in Celsius and [k] in Café). Most of these words are therefore eventually spelt phonetically (e.g. Kaffee, Tschechien (Czech Republic), Zentimeter).

Latin words beginning with "ce" such as centum (hundred) traditionally represent in German, and German words derived from these have therefore long been spelt with a Z, which represents  (as in Zentrum (centre), Zentimeter (centimetre), etc.). Equivalently, some German speakers pronounce the beginning of the word "Cent", but since they are familiar with the English pronunciation of the American unit cent, most people pronounce it [s].

As these are nouns, both Euro and Cent are capitalised in German.

Slang terms: In Austria and Germany, the euro has also been called Teuro, a play on the word teuer, meaning 'expensive'. The Deutsche Mark was worth half as much as the euro (a ratio of approximately 2:1) and some grocers and restaurants were accused of taking advantage of the smaller numbers to increase their actual prices with the changeover.

In youth and Internet culture the fake plural Euronen is sometimes used; this form's origin is unknown but it bears resemblance to Dublonen (doubloons) and has a retro ring to it. Also, "Öre" is occasionally used, the name of the Swedish currency. Unlike the previous currencies (Mark and Schilling) which had well established nicknames for individual coins and notes, there are few widely used nicknames for Euros, but the two Euro coin is sometimes called Zwickel like the old two Mark piece.

In German Usenet culture, the name Fragezeichen (question mark) was occasionally used in reference to initial problems with display of the euro sign, which was often rendered as a question mark. The term was most often written using the mock currency code FRZ. This technical trouble has diminished and so has the usage of this term.

Abbreviations: EUR. TEUR for thousand Euros and MEUR for a million Euros are often used in financial documents. Numbers are given with a comma as decimal separator.

Greek
In the Greek language the indeclinable word ευρώ is used as the currency's name. It was decided to use omega (ω) rather than omicron (ο) as the last letter of the word, partly because a noun ending with omicron would encourage mutability, and partly to stress the origin of the euro in the Greek word Ευρώπη (Eurōpē, Europe) which is also spelt with omega and it is actually written on the euro notes in Greek as ΕΥΡΩ. Also, the spelling ΕΥΡΟ (resulting in a plural ΕΥΡΑ) on the notes could have confused other Europeans, who might read it as a string of Latin letters: eypo. A plural form evra, as if from a regular declinable neuter noun in -o, is sometimes used in a jocular way.

For the cent, the terms used in Greece are λεπτό, plural λεπτά (leptó, plural leptá), a name used for small denominations of various ancient and modern Greek currencies, including the drachma (which the euro replaced). The word means 'minute' (literally "thin"), the same as the unit of measurement of time or of angle. The term ευρωλεπτό, plural ευρωλεπτά (evroleptó, plural evroleptá) is sometimes used when a speaker wants to be completely specific that they are referring to money and not time.

Some colloquial names for currency are also in use for the euro, carried over from the drachma. One and two euro coins are respectively called φράγκο (frango) and δίφραγκο (difrango) from the French franc. A 5 euro banknote is also colloquially called τάληρο (taliro) from the Germanic root thaler via the Italian talero. A 10 euro banknote is called δεκάρικο (dekariko), a 20 euro banknote is called εικοσάρικο (eikosariko) or εικοσάρι (eikosari), and a 50 euro banknote is called πενηντάρικο (penintariko), derivatives of the words for ten, twenty and fifty.

10 lepta of a drachma were called δεκάρα (dekara), but since lepta of the drachma were out of circulation long before the euro, this word is now considered too old-fashioned and only used in old expressions and thus it is not used for the 10 eurocent coin. Nevertheless, all Greeks understand the word to stand for 10 cents of any currency and thus use it for non-euro currencies like the dime of the US dollar. The same is true for the 5-cent coin which is not called πεντάρα (pentara) like its drachma equivalent. These words come from the words for five and ten respectively.

In Cyprus, however, the cent is officially called σεντ (sent) both in singular and plural. This is the name formerly used for $1/undefined$ of the Cypriot pound chosen for its neutrality to both official languages of the Republic (Greek and Turkish).

Hungarian
In Hungarian the currency is named euró and cent  without plural forms (as in Hungarian no plural is used after numerals), the former written with an accented ó, as decided by the Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The spelling is also in accordance with the word Európa ("Europe") in Hungarian.

Hungarian language does not use plural after numerals, as numerals already express plural; however, both euró and cent can take suffixes regarding to grammatical cases, just as:
 * Accusative case: eurót
 * Dative case: eurónak
 * Instrumental case: euróval ("with euro")
 * Causative case: euróért ("for euro")
 * etc.

On introduction of the euro, Hungary—along with Lithuania, Latvia, and Slovenia—struggled for the euro to be written in its official documents according to its own usage and spelling, in contrast with Community law, which provides for a single name throughout the Union (in the nominative singular and taking account of different alphabets).

The Treaty of Lisbon, signed in 2009, contains the following declaration from Hungary, Latvia and Malta:

58. Declaration by the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Hungary and the Republic of Malta on the spelling of the name of the single currency in the Treaties

Without prejudice to the unified spelling of the name of the single currency of the European Union referred to in the Treaties as displayed on the banknotes and on the coins, Latvia, Hungary and Malta declare that the spelling of the name of the single currency, including its derivatives as applied throughout the Latvian, Hungarian and Maltese text of the Treaties, has no effect on the existing rules of the Latvian, Hungarian or Maltese languages.

Irish
In Irish, the words euro and cent are used without change in spelling or pronunciation, and immune to the regular rules of Irish mutation after numbers; as such, they are ungendered, and the plural euronna is thus rarely encountered. The word ceint (plural ceinteanna ) has been in the lexicon since at least 1959 and is attested in printed literature, but is very rarely encountered.

Linguist Michael Everson in a 2001 paper proposed a new masculine noun eoró (plural eorónna ), or alternatively eora (plural eoraí), derived from Eoraip ('Europe'), as being a more grammatically acceptable Irish term. However, it was not widely adopted and is not in common use.

Irish also practices lenition after the numerals 2–6 (5 cheint) and eclipsis after numerals 7–10 (9 gceint, 8 n-eoró). However, as ceint is irregularly pronounced (no other Irish word has a soft c), lenition and eclipsis are usually not applied.

Italian
In Italian the word euro is used, as both singular and plural. Its standard pronunciation is, although in several northern accents it is pronounced as instead. The plural form euri is uncommon, but not considered incorrect.

The issue of whether the correct plural form would be euri or euro remained open for a long time, predating the actual introduction of the currency. The Accademia della Crusca assigned to Severina Parodi, lexicographer, and to Luca Serianni, language historian, the task to give a response. They deliberated in favour of euri in 1999 with the motivation that "euro is a masculine noun". But the issue was then re-examined many times. Finally, in 2001 the consensus of the Accademia coalesced in favour of invariability. The rationale was based on the fact that abbreviated words originating from a longer word (for example auto from automobile (car) or moto from motocicletta (motorbike)) do not have a plural form, as well as the fact that the word euro is considered an abbreviation of the word Eurovaluta (European currency). In 2002 an amendment to the financial act was proposed to adopt euri as the plural form for public official deeds, but was quickly rejected by the Parliament.

The word cent (pronounced ) is in practical use always replaced by the word centesimo, which simply means "hundredth" (also see centime in French); its plural form is centesimi. Cent only appears on documents such as electricity and telephone bills; it is perceived by native speakers as an abbreviation of "centesimo" (and in fact often followed by a period) rather than as an autonomous proper name. It should also be added that the word "cent", or "centesimo", is often omitted altogether in current usage, when it follows an amount expressed in higher values: a sum of € 1,50 is commonly referred to as "one Euro fifty" ("un Euro e cinquanta"), with no reference to the cent partition.

Latvian
In Latvian the commonly used term is eiro (which somewhat resembles the West European euro, but has also taken its sound from Eiropa, the Latvian word for Europe).

In 2004 it was proposed by Terminology Commission of the Latvian Academy of Sciences that standardized usage should be eira as eiro is undeclinable in Latvian. The commission argued that a potentially frequently used term needs to fit especially well in the structure of Latvian grammar. They suggested that eiro is especially inconvenient to use in dative and locative, which would necessitate addition of valūta ("currency") for clarification.

However, this decision resulted in public outcry, which resulted in the commission amending its original ruling to state that usage of euro is inappropriate for Latvian, and that eiro is acceptable as a parallel form, but its use should be limited and it should be dropped over time. The reasoning was explained, that while they still insist on the use of eira, they acknowledge that a half of users of the language are not content with such a form. They explained that the use of euro (and cent without nominative ending) is ill-suited to the language because an eu diphthong does not exist in Latvian, and orthographic rules discourage spellings that don't reflect pronunciation.

Lithuanian
In Lithuanian the euro and cent are called euras and centas  (in common language sometimes euro centas, to distinguish from the cents of the former Lithuanian currency, litas), while plural forms are eurai and centai (eurocentai). The Lithuanian language routinely adapts foreign words by re-spelling them according to Lithuanian phonetic rules and adding standardised endings, resulting in words like kompiuteris.

Maltese
In Maltese, the spelling is ewro, as announced in December 2005. The currency name ewro is spelt with w (not with a u) as derived from the Maltese word Ewropa (Europe), also written with w. Furthermore, the vowels e and u are not written next to each other in Maltese, except when they are pronounced as two syllables, which is not the case here. The plural of the word remains unchanged, as the singular. The cent is known as ċenteżmu, plural ċenteżmi, both abbreviated to ċ.

In Maltese, 'ewro' is written with a small letter e and is masculine singular – as in "L-ewro huwa..." (The euro is...) and "Il-munita tal-ewro hija" (The euro coin is...).

Polish
In Polish, euro is both singular and plural, and pronounced. This noun belongs to a small group of nouns of foreign origin in Polish that, as an exception, remain non-declinable in any of the seven cases (other examples being zoo, Waterloo and few others). It is however likely for the word euro to follow the pattern of other foreign words like kino, studio and radio and eventually become fully declinable in a similar manner as a result of a full linguistic absorption of the word into Polish. Cent is declinable, being eurocent or simply cent in singular nominative and eurocenty or centy  in plural nominative or eurocentów or centów  in plural genitive.

Portuguese
In Portuguese, euro has a Portuguese word-ending and thus is used in the singular, with euros the plural form. Cent, which does not conform to Portuguese word-forming rules, is commonly converted to cêntimo (singular) and cêntimos (plural).

The term cêntimo might have been adopted to distinguish it from the fractional value of the Portuguese escudo, which was called centavo.

Pronunciation of euro in Portuguese is still not standardized: either or. The latter has the regular final unstressed -o pronunciation, as, and is more widespread in the north of the country, while the former is more common in the south. Euro, cêntimo and centavo are masculine nouns in Portuguese, and as such, "the cents" are translated as os cêntimos and "those euros" as aqueles euros.

In Brazil the pronunciation is (generally  in Rio de Janeiro and further north, as in Portugal, and  in São Paulo and further south and west as well as the places where southern Brazilians settled) and fractional values are called centavos de euro (cents of euro) to differentiate them from Brazilian real "centavos".

Units up to 1000 are colloquially designated as paus: 50 euros is designated as 50 paus. This name carried over from the escudo.

Romanian
In Romanian the euro and cent are called euro and cent (plural cenți ). The official plural of euro is also euro, and this official form was readily adopted by speakers. The "eu" construct is not a diphthong, thus the pronunciation is.

When speaking in a familiar–vernacular setting, some speakers would make the informal plural "euroi", which is unofficial and more colloquial.

Slovak
In Slovak the euro and cent are called euro and cent, the plural forms for amounts between 2 and 4 are 2 eurá/centy, and the plural forms for larger amounts are 5 eur/centov. Euro is spelt with a u because it is derived from the word Európa (Europe). The c in cent represents.

Slang terms: common nicknames for euro in Slovak includes: euráče, evri, juráše, éčka (literally "e"-s or "letters ‘e’"). Cents are sometimes jokingly called šestáky (as a common term for coins with small value); meďáky or medenáky (literally "coppers" or "the copper ones") or haliere which is a reference to the small coins of the original Slovak currency.

Slovene
In Slovene the euro and cent are called evro and cent, the dual form is 2 evra/centa (, or ) and the plural forms are 3/4 evri/centi (,  or ), 5+ evrov/centov (,  or ), the same declension case being used for all higher numerals up to 100, then beginning again (101 evro/cent, 102 evra/centa, 103 evri/centi, 104 evri/centi, 105 evrov/centov etc.). Evro is spelt with v according to standard Slovene orthography, and matches the word Evropa (Europe).

In laws and regulations, though, the word ‘evro’ is replaced with the word ‘euro’ in all grammatical cases in accordance with an agreement between Slovenia and the European Union. In normative Slovene language usage ‘evro’ spelling should only be used, except as noted.

Spanish
In the Spanish language, the official plural is the same as its regular plural euros. For the cent, the word céntimo (plural céntimos) can be used. The fraction of the peseta was also called céntimo, but no céntimo coins had been issued since 1980, and had since been demonetised. The word "euro" is pronounced in Spanish, and "céntimo"  in Spain or  in Latin America.

Slang terms: the euro is often referred to as pavo, meaning turkey in English (the usual translation for buck in dubbed films).

Swedish
In Swedish writing, euro is spelt euro (and cent is spelt cent) both in singular and plural, or written EUR, or €. The € sign is common in Finland but rare in Sweden. The currency "the euro" is spelt euron following Swedish grammar rules. There are many Swedish laws mentioning amounts in euro, because of EU directives, using euro for the amounts and expression like "belopp i euro" (amount in euro), not the € sign.

In Sweden, the accepted pronunciations are (more common and similar to how eu is pronounced in modern Swedish in neuro-) or  (similar to how eu is pronounced in modern Swedish in Europa). However, many Swedes choose to pronounce it in a more English way (no s in plural). This pronunciation is rejected by official authorities, such as the Swedish Language Council, and not used in television news. In Sweden there are no widespread slang terms since the euro is a foreign currency.

In Finland, the euro is the official currency, and Swedish is an official language alongside Finnish. The same spelling as in Sweden is used (officially Swedish in Finland is spelt as in Sweden). The pronunciation, however, is, which has some similarities to Finnish pronunciation. The abbreviation is like 3,14 €, same as for Finnish. Among Swedish-speaking as well as Finnish-speaking people in Helsinki, a common slang term is "ege".

Albanian
In Albanian, the euro is referred to as "euro". This is the same for Albanian in Kosovo, North Macedonia and rest of the Balkans. Some Kosovo Albanian speakers however, pronounce euro like Germans; 'oiro'/'oi', due to heavily migration. It is derived from the Albanian word for Europe, "Europa", "Europë" and also "Evropa"/"Evropë". All variants are official in Albanian, however Albania uses Euro, Europa or Europe whilst other Albanian dialects such as in Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia often use Evrope or Evropa. However the currency euro is not ever pronounced as evro like their Slavic neighbours.

Note: depending on dialect, location, diaspora and ethnicity some Albanians vary their pronunciations based on standard Albanian, Italian, Greek, German or Slavic (such as those in North Macedonia or Serbia).

Arabic
In Arabic, the euro is usually referred to as يورو, which is an adaptation of the English pronunciation of the currency's name. Another naming is اورو, which is an approximation of the French pronunciation. In most cases this term is used both for the singular and the plural form, although the plurals يوروات and يوروهات  are sometimes encountered. The name for Europe in Arabic is أوروبا. Because loanwords are not of Arabic origin, they are pronounced in accordance with the spoken varieties of Arabic phonology. For example, أوروبا is pronounced by Egyptian Arabic speakers, while  by Levantine Arabic speakers.

Attempts to artificially arabize the pronunciation according to the standardized Arabic phonology would be more conforming to Arabic transliterations such as  which would be theoretically pronounced for يورو, اورو, أوروبا, respectively. See also Arabic diglossia to understand why the pronunciation differs from region to region.

Armenian
The Armenian word for euro is Եվրո, pronounced in exactly the same way as the Greek, with an added initial y sound. It is derived from the Armenian word for Europe, Եվրոպա, which is pronounced, as stress in Armenian usually falls on the final syllable. Cent in Armenian is pronounced (ցենտ).

The plural of euro, in accordance with the formation of plurals in Armenian, is Եվրոներ. The plural of cent, however, is ցենտի, pronounced.

Asturian
In Asturian, there has been a controversy about the spelling of the word. The official academic dictionary uses the spelling euru, respecting the Asturian tendency to write nouns with a final -u. However, considering that the international use is euro and that there is a tendency in Asturian to write some short forms with a final -o (like euro from Europa), other linguists, like Ramón d'Andrés, defend the spelling euro.

Azerbaijani
The Azerbaijani name for Europe is Avropa, similar to that of its sister language, Turkish, and the Azerbaijani word for euro, derived from that for Europe, is avro, identical to Turkish.

Catalan
In Catalan the official plural is the same as its regular plural euros. The standard pronunciation of "euro" is.

For the cent, the word cèntim (, plural cèntims) is used, since historically this term has been used as the hundredth part of a currency unit. The fraction of the peseta was also called cèntim, but it was withdrawn from circulation decades ago.

Chinese
In Chinese, the euro is known as 欧元 (simplified), 歐元 (traditional), ōuyuán (pinyin), this comes from the Chinese word for Europe; 欧洲 (Ōuzhōu), and the word 元 (yuán), meaning coin as in refers to a currency. This follows the same pattern as the word for the United States dollar, which is 美元 (měiyuán). For cent, the word 欧分 (ōufēn), is used, The character 分 (fēn) is simply mean cent in any currency, like 美分 means United States cent.

However, in Hong Kong it is often referred to as 歐羅. The Hong Kong Monetary Authority explained that 元 is used only if that currency is ended with "dollar" (such as United States dollar and Canadian dollar). Homophonic translation will be used if the unit is not "dollar", including the euro, pound sterling and Swiss franc.

Plurals do not exist in Chinese so the same character is used for singular and plural forms. As the character 元 in 欧元 is a counter word in Chinese, there is no need to put a measure word before the word. An example is: 五十欧元 (financial Chinese: 伍拾欧元) wǔshí ōuyuán for fifty euro.

Cornish
In the Cornish language, euro is written ewro (like Ewrop 'Europe'), a masculine noun with its plural ewros. For cent, cent is used, a masculine noun with the plural centys.

Esperanto
In Esperanto, the currency is called "eŭro", similar to the Esperanto word for the continent "Eŭropo." The o ending in euro conveniently accords with the standard -o noun ending in Esperanto, but rather than sound out e and u separately, Esperanto speakers use the diphthong eŭ, which matches its etymology. Plurals are formed in accordance with Esperanto rules, eŭroj and cendoj. The words are also declined as any Esperanto noun (eŭro/eŭroj in the nominative, eŭron/eŭrojn in the accusative). Since the inventor of the name "euro" Germain Pirlot is an Esperantist it is often assumed that he intentionally chose a word that fits well into the Esperanto grammar.

A cent is cendo, as is commonly used for subunits of all centimalized currency (cents, centimes, etc.). The alternatives are centimo from the French centime or a more technical centono, literally, "one-hundredth part". (Esperanto speakers are unlikely to call a cent cento, since cento means a group of 100, rather than a hundredth.)

Faroese
In Faroese the euro is called evra, a feminine noun derived from the Faroese name of Europe, Evropa; this makes Faroese (with Icelandic) one of only two European languages in which the word for the euro is feminine. The plural is formed regularly: evrur. The cents are often called sent which is a neuter word and has the same form in the nominative plural.

Friulian
In Friulian, the euro is called euro and the plural form is euros. E.g. un euro (one euro), doi euros (two euros), trê euros (three euros). Cent is centesim and the plural form is centesims.

Georgian
In Georgian, the euro is called ევრო (evro, pronounced ), derived from the Georgian word for Europe, ევროპა. Unlike in Greek and Armenian, the stress of the word evro falls on the first syllable, as is usual in Georgian. Cent is ცენტი, as nativized Georgian nouns cannot end in a consonant, so a nominative ending 'i' is added. The respective plurals of euro and cent are ევროები and ცენტები.

Hebrew
When euro coins and banknotes were introduced, the question of the spelling and pronunciation of the currency's name in Hebrew arose. The official name of the currency established by the Academy of the Hebrew Language and the Bank of Israel is, derived from   (Europe).

An unofficial spelling and pronunciation, derived from the English pronunciation of the currency's name, is also used.

Although in Hebrew currency names are usually declined for singular and plural, both forms of the Euro name are used for the singular and plural alike.

Hindi
In Hindi, the euro is spelt यूरो (yūro), while cent is written as सेंट (seṇṭ). Neither word is pluralised. Europe is known as यूरोप (Yūrop) in Hindi.

Icelandic
In Icelandic the euro is called evra, a feminine noun derived from the Icelandic name of Europe, Evrópa; this makes Icelandic (with Faroese) one of only two European languages in which the word for the euro is feminine. The plural is formed regularly: evrur. The cents are often called sent which is a neuter word and has the same form in the nominative plural. However, a more common usage is to write, say, 20 cents as 0,20 evrur.

Ido
In Ido, there is a rule that "every word pertaining to a national or local custom will get imported to the language without change or adaption, both the singular and the plural forms alike" (known as vorti stranjera – foreign words). This gets especially applied to "currencies, weights and measurements that don't belong to the metric system" (according to KGD, Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza – Ido's grammar book). Thus the best word for "euro" would be just euro, like dollar and pound, with the plural probably kept the same: euro, since most languages do that. In common speech, though, many Idists commonly refer to the currency as euro and euri as if it got fully adopted to the language because of the common use of the currency.

Similarly, "cent" is cent, with the plural imported from its source, English: cents.

For both words, there are two other possibilities for pluralization. The native plural -i could be added to the vorto stranjera with the dash to mark that it is a foreign word: cent-i and euro-i, or to add the plural definite article le: le cent and le euro, though that generally means "the cents" and "the euros".

Interslavic
In Interslavic, the diphthongs /au/ and /eu/ are generally written as av and ev, which is common in Slovene, Sorbian and (usually) the Slavic languages that use Cyrillic. Thus, the Interslavic word for "euro" is evro, which is an indeclinable neuter noun. It can both be pronounced or.

The word for "cent" is cent (pronounced ), which is declined like an inanimate masculine noun: gen.sg. centa, nom.pl. centy, gen.pl. centov, etc.

Japanese
In Japanese the euro is called "yūro" (ユーロ) based on the English pronunciation, using the katakana syllabary employed for foreign words. However, the word for Europe in Japanese is "yōroppa" (ヨーロッパ), probably borrowed from the Portuguese Europa or from the Dutch Europa (, not English. The cent uses the same word employed for all currencies using cents. This is rendered "sento" (or セント in the katakana script) and it is also based on the English pronunciation. In Japanese, like other East Asian languages, no plurals are used for units so both "yūro" and "sento" are used as the singular and plural.

Korean
In Korean of South Korea, the Euro is called "yuro" (유로) and Cent is called "senteu" (센트). The word for Europe in Korean is "Yureop" (유럽). They are all based on the English pronunciation.

Latin
Living Latin enthusiasts use euro, -onis (pl. eurones); sometimes also euronummus, -i (pl. euronummi), eurum, -i (pl. eura) or even euronus, -i (pl. euroni)., as well as declining euro in the fourth declension as if it was a Greek name like echo.

Leonese
In Leonese, a language spoken in the Spanish provinces of León and Zamora, the word for "euro" is "euru", the plural being "euros".

Luxembourgish
In Luxembourgish the Euro is officially called Euro, both in singular and plural forms, although the correct plural according to linguistic rules would normally be Euroën.

The Cent is called Cent, plural Cents. In popular parlance the term Zantimm is also used, a word derived from the French Centime.

Manx
The Manx word for "euro" is either oarey (plural: oaraghyn), based on Yn Oarpey ("Europe"), or euro, from English. Cent is either kent (plural: kentyn) or sent.

Mirandese
Mirandese (a regional language spoken in the northeastern Portuguese region of Miranda do Douro) uses the prefix ou already present in words like European (Ouropeu). The singular form is ouro and the plural form is ouros. Ouro is also the Mirandese word for 'gold', as in Portuguese.

Norwegian
In Norwegian there could be a problem concerning the spelling, since euro is masculine and would normally take a plural -er ending in Bokmål and -ar in Nynorsk. But since words for foreign currencies (like dollar and yen) normally do not have the endings -er or -ar in Norwegian the Norwegian Language Council reached a decision in 1996 that the proper declension of the word euro should be

in Bokmål:

 * en euro – euroen – euro – euroene

in Nynorsk:

 * ein euro – euroen – euro – euroane

The declensions are respectively: The two first in Singular, and the two last in Plural, while the first of each category are indefinite, the last of each category are definite nouns. The word cent is an old loan word in Norwegian – and it is declined the same way:

in Bokmål:

 * en cent – centen – cent – centene

in Nynorsk:

 * ein cent – centen – cent – centane

The pronunciation of the two words in Norwegian are and.

Romansh
In Romansh, the words are euro and cent; these are regular masculine nouns forming their plurals with -s, as euros and cents, respectively.

Russian
Russia currently borders four eurozone members: Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. They supply much of the euro inflow in Russia in trade exchange and tourism. In Russian, just like in Bulgarian, euro is spelt евро ("jevro", pronounced ) both in the singular and the plural, while cent is цент (sg.) and центы  (pl.), though there are many colloquial semi-ironic forms such as евры 'jevry' or еврики 'jevriki' (there's no plural form for euro in Russian), копейки for cents and others. Just as in Italian, although евро could have been declined as a regular neuter noun, it was made indeclinable like many neutral loanwords ending in a vowel: бюро bureau, office, writing-desk, пальто  overcoat, бордо  Bordeaux wine, claret etc.; the same form is used in the singular and the plural. Cents are sometimes transliterated as цент 'tsent' – singular, центы 'tsenty' – plural. Numerative form is цент for 1 cent (as well as amounts that end in 1 except for the ones ending in 11 – e.g. 51 цент but 11 центов), центa, the genitive singular, for 2 to 4 cents (as well as any other amounts ending in 2, 3 or 4, except for the ones ending in 12, 13, 14 – e.g. 54 центa but 12 центoв) and центoв, genitive plural, for the rest – 88 центoв. Sometimes eвроцент (also romanized as 'jevrocent' or 'evrotsent') is used to distinguish euro-cents from the American cents. (If евро had been treated as a regular neuter noun instead of being indeclinable, it would have the forms *евра (regular plural or genitive singular) and *евр (genitive plural), but this treatment would have been unusual for a loanword.)

Scottish Gaelic
Due to the lack of a governing body, there is no consistent usage regarding the terms for euro and cent in Scottish Gaelic. The various approaches include:

 * use of English spellings (including the English plural form and pronunciation), treating the nouns as indeclinable: an euro (genitive an euro; plural na euro(s)), an cent (genitive an cent, plural na cent(s))
 * use of English spellings and pronunciation for euro but with Gaelic case marking (both masculine and feminine as the gender of the word has not been determined to date)
 * as a masculine noun: an t-euro (genitive an euro, plural na h-euro(s))
 * as a feminine noun: an euro (genitive na h-euro, plural na h-euro(s))
 * fully gaelicized forms (based on the Gaelic word Eòrpa "Europe") such as: an t-eòra (genitive an eòra, plural na h-eòrathan), an seant (genitive an t-seant, plural na seantaichean)

Serbian
In Serbian the euro and cent are called evro (Cyrillic: евро) and cent (Cyrillic: цент). Evro is spelt with a v because it is derived from the name Европа/Evropa (Europe).

Both evro and cent are masculine nouns. They are inflected according to regular rules of the language:

 * When not accompanied by a number, plural quantities are in whatever grammatical case is appropriate to the context: the nominative plurals are evri (Cyrillic: еври) and centi (Cyrillic: центи).
 * When accompanied by a number ending with the digit 1 (except the combination 11) the singular form is used: 21 evro (Cyrillic: 21 евро), 101 cent (Cyrillic: 101 цент).
 * When accompanied by a "small number", i.e. one ending with the digit 2, 3 or 4 (except the combinations 12, 13, 14), the paucal form is used: 22 evra (Cyrillic: 22 евра), 102 centa (Cyrillic: 102 цента).
 * When accompanied by a "large number", i.e. one ending with a digit outside the 1–4 range (or one ending with any of the combination 11, 12, 13, 14) the genitive plural is used: 111 evra (Cyrillic: 111 евра), 25 centi (Cyrillic: 25 центи) or rarely 25 centa (Cyrillic: 25 цента).

The genitive plural centi is produced in an old-fashioned way that is today mostly reserved for measurement units. The alternative centa follows the vastly more common pattern of other masculine nouns but is very rarely heard in practice.

Turkish
Turkey and Northern Cyprus continue to use the Turkish lira as their official currency, but the euro is popularly used, particularly by individuals wanting to convert their savings into a more stable currency. Euro has been pronounced by a majority similar to the English fashion (phonetically transcribed in Turkish as yuro) since its inception, although it has been reported in 2004 that pronunciations based on French (phonetically transcribed in Turkish as öro) and to a lesser degree German (phonetically transcribed in Turkish as oyro) were also used by a minority.

In response to criticism of the widespread English pronunciation of euro, the Turkish Language Association officially introduced avro into Turkish ("av" being the first syllable of the Turkish word for Europe, Avrupa) in 1998. A concerted campaign by the Turkish Language Association has begun to blossom in recent years, with most sections of the Turkish media now using the new word. It has yet to enter widespread colloquial use, however. It has been reported in 2004 that the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey prefers the usage of euro over avro.

Ukrainian
The euro is becoming relatively widespread in Ukraine although the country did not border the eurozone until 1 January 2009. In standard literary Ukrainian the name is євро. The same form is used in singular and plural cases. Cents are translated as цент in the singular and центи  in the plural. In the Ukrainian language there is some variation in cases. Numerative form is цент for 1 cent (as well as amounts that end in 1 except for the ones ending in 11 – e.g. 51 цент but 11 центів), центи for 2 to 4 cents (as well as any other amounts ending in 2, 3 or 4, except for the ones ending in 12, 13, 14 – e.g. 54 центи but 12 центів) and центів for the rest – 88 центів. Sometimes євроцент is used to distinguish eurocents from American cents.

Welsh
In the Welsh language, the terms for "euro" and "cent" are ewro (plural: ewros )  and sent  (plural: sentiau )  respectively. Grammatical points to note about their usage include the fact that in Welsh, numerals are followed by singular nouns, for example, pum ewro "five euros", deg sent "ten cents", and that ewro is a masculine noun whereas sent is feminine, thus affecting the form of the numeral that precedes them, for example, tri ewro "three euros" but tair sent "three cents".

Informally, the more Anglicised pronunciation may be used, written either with the standard spelling or as iwro  or English euro. The word euro, however, is a separate word in Welsh meaning "to gild" (from aur "gold"). It should also be noted that the Welsh abbreviation c stands for ceiniog "penny, pence".

title: Language and the euro