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Virginia Abernethy

Virginia Deane Abernethy (born 1934) is an American anthropologist, far-right activist, white nationalist, and self-described "ethnic separatist." She is professor emerita of psychiatry at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. She has published research on population demography and immigration. She ran for Vice President of the United States in 2012 alongside Merlin Miller for the American Third Position, a party that promotes white nationalism.

Early life
Virginia Deane Abernethy was born in 1934 in Cuba to American parents. She was raised in Argentina and New York City, being educated at New York's Riverdale Country School. She received a B.A. from Wellesley College, an M.B.A. from Vanderbilt University, and Ph.D. from the Social Relations Department at Harvard University in 1970.

Career and opinions
Abernethy was a post-doctoral researcher and faculty member at Harvard Medical School in the early 1970s. She left Harvard when she was offered a position at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee and described the experience of leaving Massachusetts in her 2023 book, Born Abroad: A Patriot’s Tale of Choice and Chance “The exuberance with which I drove out of Massachusetts (gun-controlled Taxachusetts) toward Tennessee in my little Ford can hardly be imagined.”

She remained at Vanderbilt for 20 years, working in the Department of Psychiatry of the Vanderbilt School of Medicine from 1975 to 1999. She was appointed as Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, promoted to Associate Professor in 1976 and Professor in 1980. She retired in 1999, and still retains an office on campus as Professor Emerita. She is an anthropology fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

An outspoken opponent of immigration, she has called for a complete moratorium on immigration into the United States. She claims that immigrants devalue the workforce, deplete scarce resources, adversely impact carrying capacity, and that Third World immigration has led to a rise in dangerous diseases within the United States. She has countered claims of racism against her by pointing to her friendship with Jesse Lee Peterson.

In a letter to The Washington Times published on September 30, 2004, she rejected their reporting of her as a "self-described 'racial separatist, preferring "ethnic separatist." The Anti-Defamation League in 2012 described her as being a "white supremacist."

On June 29, 2011, the American Third Position (now the American Freedom Party), a whites-only party, announced that she had joined their board of directors. She was later nominated as their vice presidential nominee. Abernethy ran in election for vice president of the United States in 2012 as the running mate of Merlin Miller, who ran for president, in the 2012 U.S. presidential election, gaining a total of 12,900 votes nationally.

Fertility-opportunity hypothesis
Her research has focused on the issues of population and culture. Her best known work discounts the demographic transition theory, which holds that fertility drops as women become more educated and contraceptives become more available. In its place, she has developed a ″fertility-opportunity hypothesis", which states that fertility follows perceived economic opportunity. A corollary to the hypothesis is that food aid to developing nations only exacerbates overpopulation. She has advocated in favor of microloans to women in the place of international aid because she believes that they allow improvement in the lives of families without leading to higher fertility.

She has opposed programs that would spur economic development in less developed countries on the grounds that they are self-defeating. For the December 1994 issue of The Atlantic Monthly, she wrote an article entitled "Optimism and Overpopulation" in which she argued that "efforts to alleviate poverty often spur population growth, as does leaving open the door to immigration. Subsidies, windfalls, and the prospect of economic opportunity remove the immediacy of needing to conserve. The mantras of democracy, redistribution, and economic development raise expectations and fertility rates, fostering population growth and thereby steepening a downward environmental and economic spiral."

Positions held and publications
From 1989 to 1999, she served as the editor of the academic journal Population and Environment. She also served on the editorial board of The Citizen Informer, the newsletter of the Council of Conservative Citizens (CofCC), a neo-Confederate organization. She has also appeared as a guest on the CofCC-affiliated radio show, The Political Cesspool hosted by James Edwards. Abernethy regularly addresses meetings of the CofCC. In 2004, she was listed as a member of the editorial advisory board of The Occidental Quarterly, a white nationalist journal, on which she remained in 2013. She serves on the board of directors of the Carrying Capacity Network, an immigration-reduction and sustainability organization, and also on the Board of Population-Environment BALANCE, which advocates an immigration moratorium in order to balance population size with resources and the environment's capacity to cope with pollution. However, Population-Environment BALANCE has characterized an organization that promotes a right-wing, nativist agenda under the guise of environmentalist activism.

Abernethy has written or edited several books, including: Population Politics: The Choices that Shape our Future (1993) and Population Pressure and Cultural Adjustment (1979). Abernethy has written articles that have appeared in Chronicles, The Social Contract Press, The Atlantic Monthly, and numerous academic journals. She has also made occasional contributions to the weblog VDARE, which have been republished by the Center for Immigration Studies (CIS), an organisation which the SPLC describes as being a hate group. In a blog post circulated by CIS in 2012, she said, responding to Karl Rove, the George W. Bush administration strategist, "those who advocate continued mass immigration choose the path of national suicide."

At a shared conference of the American Freedom Party and the Council of Conservative Citizens in June 2018 at the Montgomery Bell State Park in Tennessee, Abernethy was a speaker along with Kevin MacDonald, also a leading member of the AFP, and David Duke who was the principal speaker.

In 2012, the Anti-Defamation League referred to Abernathy as an "unabashed white supremacist", and the Southern Poverty Law Center called her a "full-fledged professor of hate," adding her to a list of 30 new activists heading the radical right. Abernethy denied that she was a "white supremacist," preferring to describe herself as an "ethnic separatist."

Protect Arizona Now
She was involved in Arizona's Proposition 200 campaign. She was Chair of the National Advisory Board of the Protect Arizona Now (PAN) committee which promoted Proposition 200 in that state's 2004 election. Proposition 200, which passed, limited undocumented immigrants access to government benefits and to require proof of citizenship for registering to vote.

During the campaign, she replied to a journalist's question about her views by stating how she distinguished between being a separatist, rather than a supremacist: "Groups tend to self-segregate. I know that I'm not a supremacist. I know that ethnic groups are more comfortable with their own kind."

title: Virginia Abernethy


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Johnny Estrada

Johnny Pulado Estrada III (born June 27, 1976) is an American former professional baseball catcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies, Atlanta Braves, Arizona Diamondbacks, Milwaukee Brewers, and Washington Nationals.

Estrada was selected in the 17th round of the 1997 Major League Baseball draft by the Philadelphia Phillies. His major league career started in with the Phillies after an injury to the regular starting catcher, Mike Lieberthal. In, he became a part-time player. Estrada was acquired by the Atlanta Braves from the Phillies on December 20, 2002, for Kevin Millwood in a move that was said to be financially motivated, since the Braves could not pay Millwood's salary. During the season, Estrada spent most of the year on Atlanta's Triple-A team, the Richmond Braves. After Javy López left due to free agency, Estrada became Atlanta's starting catcher in. He hit .314 with 9 home runs and 76 RBI. Estrada also made the All-Star team and helped Atlanta win their 13th division title in a row. After a slightly disappointing season, Estrada was traded by the Braves to the Arizona Diamondbacks for pitchers Lance Cormier and Óscar Villarreal on December 7, 2005.

The season saw Estrada return to his All-Star form. He hit .302 with 11 home runs and 71 RBI in 115 games. After the 2006 season, Estrada was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers along with pitchers Claudio Vargas and Greg Aquino for pitchers Doug Davis and Dana Eveland and outfielder Dave Krynzel.

On November 20,, Estrada was traded from the Brewers to the New York Mets for pitcher Guillermo Mota. Estrada was not offered a new contract by the Mets and became a free agent on December 12, 2007. On January 31,, Estrada signed a one-year contract with the Washington Nationals worth approximately $1.25 million. On July 24, Estrada was designated for assignment, and released on July 31.

Estrada holds the major league record for most career hits without a triple (576).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Johnny Estrada


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User talk:GRider

Ninja Strike Force
I see from your user page that you don't much care for VfD. But, given the changes you've made to Ninja Strike Force, it would be a shame for that article to go away. --Myles Long 16:16, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * In response to your comments, I completely agree. I am just now becoming acquainted with VfD, and I find it to be a biased process, as you have pointed out.  Your Schoolwatch programme is pretty interesting; I'll definitely have to keep it on my radar.  I completely agree that most schools deserve an article...I see that what "WP:NOT" is often cited in the VfD debates.  These people seem pretty sure about what Wikipedia is not, but they often seem to forget what Wikipedia is:  a community project.  Also, those who cite it seem to forget the first point on that page, "WP:NOT paper".  Since it's not paper, it can afford to be (and should definitely be) more inclusionary than a paper encyclopedia.  Sorry this reply is disjointed.

 * In the interest of this project, we should organically expand and invest, not suppress. Where do we go next? I completely agree. We should expand articles.  If we find a sub-par article that could have merit, why delete it?  Why not add to it?  Or at least request that it be added to by a more knowledgeable person?

 * With regard to Ninja Strike Force, could you please vote to keep it? There's a lack of a consensus at this point, but "delete" seems to have a plurality.  Is that enough to make it be deleted?  Who knows?  What constitutes a "win" in VfD seems to be debatable.  --Myles Long 18:41, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Just so you know, GRider is prohibited to edit VfD pages and just returned from 2-week ban for violating that. Sad, but true. I accidentally had this page on watchlist and noticed that little discussion. Well, at least NSF has one more keep vote :) Grue 19:10, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Ahh, I didn't know that. Thanks for the info.  It seems unfair to keep someone from participating in VfD just because s/he doesn't like it and/or always votes "Keep," but whatever, there's probably more to it than that.  None of my business.  --Myles Long 20:21, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * There is exist a small group of people with small penis syndrome that get theirkicks from voting delete on most everything that moves onto VfD. You just have to get used to it. The most important thing is make sure the first vote is a keep, because alot of this is herd mentality kind of thing. They see one person in their circle of trust vote delete, and they vote delete as well. C'est la vie. I might add that alot of these people have a real hard-on for GRider since before the ArbCom proceding he liked to show the absurdity of VfD, in a Dadaist manner. Klonimus 08:00, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

High Schools
This Newsweek article on The 100 Best High Schools in America is certainly food for thought in the frequent debates over the notability of high schools... certainly every one on that list should have its own article! -- BD 24 12 thi m k 01:07, 2005 May 9 (UTC)
 * P.S. - the article actually ranks over 1040 schools (although the numbers only go up to 1036, because of a many-way tie at the end). -- BD 24 12 thi m k 01:18, 2005 May 9 (UTC)

Actres Stacy Armstrong
Hi, I'm writing because I saw that you had voted to keep an article on indpendent film actress Diane Mela. A similar article about actress Stacy Armstrong was voted on back in Feb. 2005. Well, the whole deletion is in question because the vote should have been judged no concensus. But it was deleted anyway!

So it is now being rejudged and thought you might be interested in voting on it Stacy Armstrong debate

Just thought you might like to know! Plank 18:06, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
Since you help school articles and you are involved in Schoolwatch, I thought you might want to see this comment I left on an article talk page. There has been a lot of vandalism done to a school's article and I don't know what to do. Any help you can give is excellent! Thanks. — M ATHWIZ 20 20  T ALK 23:18, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Bob Fisher
I've added the "prod" template to the article Bob Fisher, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at Talk:Bob Fisher. You may remove the deletion notice, and the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Diez2 18:56, 29 November 2006 (UTC).

Category:Tom Green
Hi there. I noticed you had created a Category page for Tom Green, in addition to his article. I didn't think categories were supposed to be used in this way, especially when the article on Green is so detailed. I've placed a tag asking whether this should be deleted. What do you think? Thanks, Shawn in Montreal 21:42, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Chili finger.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Chili finger.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

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Non-free use disputed for Image:Supagroup.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:48, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Anna_Ayala.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Anna_Ayala.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. ShakespeareFan00 21:39, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Vergennes Union High School
An article that you have been involved in editing, Vergennes Union High School, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Vergennes Union High School. Thank you. --BJBot (talk) 01:59, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Charles in Charge title screen.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Charles in Charge title screen.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Project FMF (talk) 00:03, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of DJ Icey

A tag has been placed on DJ Icey requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article, which appears to be about a real person, individual animal(s), an organization (band, club, company, etc.), or web content, does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable. If this is the first page that you have created, then you should read the guide to writing your first article.

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For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Panoptical (talk) 05:02, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Ninja Strike Force 1988 screenshot.jpg
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Williamsville North High School
If you are still around, please watch this one, too. Bearian (talk) 20:30, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

Your contributed article, List of Star Wars planets

Hello, I noticed that you recently created a new page, List of Star Wars planets. First, thank you for your contribution; Wikipedia relies solely on the efforts of volunteers such as you. Unfortunately, the page you created covers a topic on which we already have a page – List of Star Wars planets (A–B). Because of the duplication, your article has been tagged for speedy deletion. Please note that this is not a comment on you personally and we hope you will continue helping to improve Wikipedia. If the topic of the article you created is one that interests you, then perhaps you would like to help out at List of Star Wars planets (A–B) – you might like to discuss new information at the article's talk page.

If you think the article you created should remain separate, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Additionally if you would like to have someone review articles you create before they go live so they are not nominated for deletion shortly after you post them, allow me to suggest the article creation process and using our search feature to find related information we already have in the encyclopedia. Try not to be discouraged. Wikipedia looks forward to your future contributions. Nathan121212 (talk) 16:48, 15 September 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:GRider


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Skepticism (band)

Skepticism is a Finnish funeral doom metal band. Formed in 1991, they are regarded as one of the pioneers of the genre.

History
Starting out with a death metal sound on their first 7", Skepticism soon began to evolve into a more distinctive style, a combination of slow doom metal and death metal with prolific use of keyboards, especially using an organ sound. The keyboards intend to create a depressive sound, rather than the gothic sound that many metal bands using keyboards tend to focus on. This style was first heard on the Aeothe Kaear demo (1994), which was still up-tempo compared to the material that was to follow. The debut full-length Stormcrowfleet (1995) took that style a step further, consisting of six long and slow tracks with an average length of nearly ten minutes each.

After this, the band released its first 'pair', an EP and album which are thematically connected: Ethere (1997) and Lead and Aether (1998). In 1999, Aes was released, a one-track EP lasting almost 28 minutes, and another departure into different stylistic territory from the band. A variety of musical themes are explored before the song turns back upon itself and returns to the opening theme.

The band's latest releases were contained in the second 'pair', The Process of Farmakon (2002) and Farmakon (2003). These releases involve another slight departure from earlier releases, by introducing more elements of dissonance and experimentation. Their 2008 release is called Alloy. In 2015, Skepticism released Ordeal, which was recorded live in front of an audience.

In 2021, the band announced their upcoming sixth album, Companion, and a music video for the song "Calla".

Band members

 * Matti Tilaeus - vocals (1991-)
 * Jani Kekarainen - guitar (1991-)
 * Eero Pöyry - keyboards (1991-)
 * Lasse Pelkonen - drums (1991-)

Live musicians
 * Timo Sitomaniemi – guitars (2015-)

Former members
 * Tobias Kellgren - vocals (1991-1993)

Studio albums

 * Stormcrowfleet (1995, Red Stream)
 * Lead and Aether (1997, Red Stream)
 * Farmakon (2003, Red Stream)
 * Alloy (2008, Red Stream)
 * Ordeal (2015, Svart Records)
 * Companion (2021, Svart Records)

Demos, singles and EPs

 * "Towards My End" (7" Single, 1992)
 * Aeothe Kaear (Demo, 1994)
 * Ethere (EP, 1997, Red Stream)
 * Aes (EP, 1998, Red Stream)
 * The Process of Farmakon (EP, 2002, Red Stream)

title: Skepticism (band)


text:
Marcus Giles

Marcus William Giles (born May 18, 1978) is a former Major League Baseball player. He was a second baseman and batted right-handed. His older brother, Brian Giles, was an outfielder who also played in the Major Leagues. Marcus and Brian played together on the 2007 San Diego Padres.

Career
Giles was selected by the Atlanta Braves in the 53rd round of the 1996 Major League Baseball draft and made his major league debut in. He hit a grand slam for his first career home run off Mike Hampton of the Colorado Rockies. He became the first Braves player in 24 years to have his first MLB home run be a grand slam. Despite usually having success during his opportunities in majors, he spent the next two years shuttling between Atlanta and their Triple-A affiliate in Richmond. In, his year was marred by a severe ankle sprain in May, and the death of his premature daughter, Lundyn Mae. Giles lost his second base starting job to the injury and, shortly after returning, was demoted to Richmond. He did not play in Atlanta again until August.

In, Giles was given the starting job for good, and proceeded to put up such impressive numbers that he was selected to play in the 2003 All-Star Game. Unfortunately, he suffered a concussion the week prior to the game when Chicago Cubs pitcher Mark Prior collided with him on the basepaths. After missing about a week with the injury, Giles returned to the lineup in top form. He finished the 2003 season with 49 doubles, breaking the Braves record for doubles in a season. Giles had the best range factor among NL second baseman and was third among all NL position players in wins above replacement (as calculated by Baseball Reference).

In, Giles was poised to wage a campaign similar to 2003 but, on May 15, 2004, against the Milwaukee Brewers, while drifting way back into center field to catch a pop fly, he collided with center fielder Andruw Jones. Giles suffered a broken collarbone, a concussion, and a bruised right wrist and did not play again until July 15, 2004, missing 52 games.

Giles avoided fluke injuries in and was able to again be a consistent contributor for the Braves. He doubled 45 times (second most in the National League), scored a career high 104 runs, and was 16 for 19 in stolen base attempts.

With the departure of shortstop Rafael Furcal in late 2005, the Braves moved Giles to the lead-off position in the lineup for the season. By the end of the season, Giles had become vocal in his objections over batting leadoff. His .262 average was his lowest since becoming a starter.

Giles was hospitalized in Philadelphia on September 2, 2006, after experiencing pain in his chest and abdomen. On September 3, he was sent back to Atlanta to undergo a cardiovascular test. Giles told the Atlanta Journal-Constitution that he may have a damaged heart valve. On September 4, however, it was determined that his heart was perfectly healthy, and he was instead diagnosed with acid reflux, which is not as serious. He rejoined the team in New York City that evening.

In a cost-cutting measure, and due to a decline of production, the Braves non-tendered Giles on December 12, making him a free agent.

He signed a one-year deal with the Padres before the season, but did not live up to expectations and was waived on October 26, 2007.

Due to a poor performance in 2007, Giles could not get a major league contract and settled for a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies. However, the Rockies released him before the start of the season. Giles then agreed to terms with the Los Angeles Dodgers on a minor league contract, but had a change of heart on his way to report to the Dodgers' Triple-A affiliate in Las Vegas and turned down the deal.

On January 6, 2009, he signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies. He did not make the team, and was released on March 30.

In 792 games over seven seasons, Giles compiled a .277 batting average (813-for-2934) with 468 runs, 187 doubles, 16 triples, 76 home runs, 333 RBI, 70 stolen bases, 318 bases on balls, .353 on-base percentage and .429 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .981 fielding percentage. In 25 postseason games, he hit .217 (20-for-92) with 15 runs, 3 doubles, 2 home runs, 6 RBI and 7 walks.

Personal life
Giles and his ex-wife, Tracy, have 3 daughters.

title: Marcus Giles


text:
University of Asia and the Pacific

The University of Asia and the Pacific (UA&P; Pamantasan ng Asya at Pasipiko) is a private university in the Philippines. It traces its beginnings to the Center for Research and Communication (CRC), which was established on August 15, 1967, as a private think-tank that conducted economic and social research and offered graduate courses in economics.

The spiritual and doctrinal formation given in the university is entrusted to Opus Dei, a Personal prelature of the Catholic Church.

History
On August 15, 1967, a non-profit private research center was formally established by economists Dr. Bernardo M. Villegas and Dr. Jesus P. Estanislao, who would later be appointed Finance Secretary during the presidency of Corazon Aquino. It served as a think-tank for private sector businesses and a provider of economics training programs.

After this formal establishment, CRC set up its offices in a rented facility along Jorge Bocobo Street in Malate, Manila. Prior to this, the CRC's first office was at the offices of the United Coconut Authority of the Philippines, a private organization of coconut producers, then headed by Ambassador Jose V. Romero Jr., who served as its executive director.

The expansion of CRC into a university was inspired by a private meeting in Mexico between the founder of Opus Dei, Msgr. Josemaría Escrivá (now Saint), and the founders of CRC in 1970. The meeting encouraged Estanislao and Villegas to expand the institution's horizons internationally, which resulted to its first graduate program, the Masters in Industrial Economics.

CRC then moved to its current campus in Ortigas Center, Pasig, with established formal and informal programs in 1982. A year later, the Center for Food and Agribusiness was established. Then in 1987, CRC was reminded by Bishop Álvaro del Portillo to establish a university. This resulted to the Institute of Development Education, the foundation for the School of Education.

In 1995, the CRC's bid to become a university was approved by the Philippines' Commission on Higher Education, and the new university was named the University of Asia and the Pacific (UA&P). The CRC did not cease to exist, however; it continued to take on consultancy projects under its old name, as the Center for Research and Communication Foundation, Inc.

On March 19, 1989, the UA&P College of Arts and Sciences was established and admitted its first batch of 158 college students. The center finally gained its university status on June 26, 1995, with Dr. Estanislao as its first University President and Fr. Ramon Lopez, the regional Vicar of Opus Dei for Asia, as its Vice Grand Chancellor.

Timeline
1982
 * The Center for Research and Communication (CRC) transferred to its present campus in Ortigas Center.

1989
 * CRC's College of Arts and Science accepted its first batch of 158 undergraduate students.

1991
 * The first Equatorial Rites were held.

1992
 * The Sancta Maria Stella Orientis Oratory was inaugurated.

1993
 * The first batch of CRC-CAS students graduated.
 * The School of Economics, School of Education, and Center for Management were established.

1995
 * The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) approved CRC’s conversion into the University of Asia and the Pacific (UA&P).
 * The CRC continues to take on consultancy projects under its original name, as the Center for Research and Communication Foundation, Inc. (CRC)
 * UA&P put up a straight five-year master’s program (combined undergraduate and graduate program).
 * Dr. Jesus P. Estanislao was installed as UA&P’s first President.

1996
 * The School of Management was established.

1997
 * Mr. Mario D. Camacho was installed as the second University President.

1998
 * The University’s Honorary Grand Chancellor, Bishop Javier Echevarria, visited UA&P.

2000
 * Dr. Jose Maria Mariano was installed as the third University President.

2005
 * The Marketing Communication Effectiveness Awards (now the Asia Pacific Tambuli Awards ) was launched.
 * The first Eucharistic Procession was held.

2006
 * The School of Communication was established.

2008
 * Bishop Javier Echevarria visited UA&P for the second time.
 * The School of Education was renamed the School of Education and Human Development in line with its three interrelated areas of faculty concentration: education, psychology, and human capital development.

2009
 * The School of Sciences and Engineering was established.

2013
 * The School of Law and Governance was established.
 * The School of Education and Human Development established the Child Development and Education (CDE) Center as a preschool, teaching laboratory, and research center in early childhood education.
 * UA&P became the first university in the Philippines to publish a sustainability report following the reporting framework of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI).

2014
 * The Parking and Sports Building (PSB) was completed.

2015
 * Dr. Winston Conrad B. Padojinog was installed as the fourth President of the University.

2016
 * UA&P put up a six-year integrated university program (combined junior college/senior high school, undergraduate, and graduate program).
 * CHED designated the Teacher Education Program of UA&P as a Center of Development.
 * The Institute for Marriage and Family Development was established under the Center for Research and Communication.

2017
 * CHED officially granted Autonomous Status to UA&P.
 * The Institute of Law was established under the School of Law and Governance.
 * The University celebrated its Golden Jubilee.

2018
 * The PhD in Business Economics program, jointly offered by the School of Economics and the School of Management, was launched.

2019
 * The ALB Library expansion project was completed.

2021
 * The Dr. Placido L. Mapa, Jr. Scholarship Endowment was created.

2022
 * The School of Law and Governance was renamed the School of Sciences, Law, and Governance to recognize the valuable and indispensable role of the social sciences in the profound understanding and effective practice of law and governance.

2023
 * The University’s Honorary Grand Chancellor, Msgr. Fernando Ocáriz, visited UA&P.
 * The School of Communication was renamed the School of Media and Marketing to better reflect the school’s core offerings and clarify its scope.

Administration and organization
The university is made up of a college offering liberal arts courses as core curriculum and six schools of varied specializations.

A Board of Trustees, chaired by Ambassador Jose L. Cuisia, Jr., takes care of the UA&P Foundation, Inc. Under it is the Management Committee, presided by University President Dr. Winston Conrad Padojinog, which is the university's governing body. It was formed to steer the university in the path set out for it. It makes sure that all plans, activities, and projects undertaken advance the mission, goals, and values of the university.

Ortigas Campus
The Ortigas Campus has five buildings: Administration & Library Building (ALB), College of Arts and Sciences (CAS), Development Communications Building (DCB), APEC Communications Building (ACB), and Parking and Sports Building (PSB).

Academic programs
The University offers 19 undergraduate degrees and 13 stand-alone graduate degrees. It also offers two fast-track master’s programs: 5-Year Program (5YP), which is offered to incoming college freshmen that allows them to earn a bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree in just five years; and a 6-Year Integrated University Program (6YP), which is offered to incoming junior college (JC) students (senior high school) that allows them to earn their JC diploma, a bachelor’s degree, and a master’s degree in just six years. Another program, Lex Honors, offers graduates of Grade 12 an undergraduate degree and a Juris Doctor degree in seven years.

UA&P's academic programs operate on a semester calendar beginning in early August and ending in mid-May. Since 1998, students are graded in increments of 0.25, from 3.50(failing grade) to 1.00. Undergraduate students and students under the fast-track Master's program may graduate with Latin honors depending on their graduating GWA. For students of standalone graduate programs, they may graduate with High Distinction or with Distinction.

Student Mentoring Program
An intrinsic part of the liberal education that UA&P offers—and part of the commitment of the University to the holistic development of its students—is the Student Mentoring Program, through which the University’s interdisciplinary offering of knowledge, skills, and values is reinforced on a one-to-one personal level.

The Student Mentoring Program provides students with the opportunity to avail of personal advising and assistance in different areas and at various stages of their student life. It will help them to reflect upon, assess, evaluate, and integrate their learning skills and experiences—under the guidance of their mentor—in a way that benefits the acquisition and strengthening of their intellectual skills and moral criteria. This is aimed toward the holistic formation of the students’ personal, professional, and social life.

Student Development Programs
There are three sub-programs that handle a more specific range of activities to ensure learning and development even on activities that involve personal interest. These are Organizations and Leadership (which focuses on the development of the student organizations and student leaders through assemblies, leadership workshops, and facilitating students’ participation in external opportunities), Kultura (which seeks to preserve and promote culture and the arts and its significant role in liberal education), and Civics (which focuses on socio-civic initiatives, and guides student organizations in the execution of their outreach projects).

Sports Development Programs
At UA&P, participation in sports is seen not only as a mechanism for the development of students’ physical competence and fitness, but more importantly for their character formation. With each training session or competition, with each victory or loss—students imbibe the values of teamwork, self-mastery, discipline, and the practice of sportsmanship at all times.

The University competes in the Men's National Collegiate Athletics Association (MNCAA) and the Women's National Collegiate Athletics Association (WNCAA) and supports teams in basketball, futsal, volleyball, handball, tennis, badminton, swimming, arnis, taekwondo, aikido, karate, table tennis, and athletics.

In December 2008, the men's futsal team won the championship cup in the MNCAA.

In October 2009, the women's basketball and volleyball teams won the championship titles in the WNCAA.

In February 2012, the UA&P Firestarters, the university's all-female cheerdance varsity, grabbed the WNCAA cheerdance competition gold.

Student Organizations
Student interest groups are available for writers, theater artists, dancers and dance enthusiasts, and musicians and music producers. There are associations for students interested in environmental conservation, multi-cultural understanding, outreaches and advocacies, entrepreneurship, case competitions, or student representations. A host of other student groups and volunteer opportunities are also available. The UA&P Chorale represents the University in external competitions. In addition, each school, college, institute, or academic program also has its own academic association.

The Office of Student Affairs' Civics Desk holds the annual youth conference Civitas Asia and the BIGGKAS project which extends tutorial sessions to local public schools. The desk also supports student organizations with socio-civic aims and activities.

Virtus is the UA&P Competition League, an association of the University's academic competing teams. It consists of FORUM: The UA&P Debate Society, Aureum: The UA&P Case Competition Pool, Odyssey: The UA&P Junior College Competition Pool, Citadel: The UA&P Investment Society, Minerva: The UA&P Public Policy Delegation, Trivium: The UA&P English Olympiad, Icarus: The UA&P STEAM Team, and the UA&P Model United Nations.

Virtus has led numerous student achievements including making UA&P the first Philippine university to win the Asian Business Case Competition @ Nanyang, Citibank APAC Treasury and Trade Solutions Case Competition, and 2022 Asian English Olympics, among other local and international events.

Student Government
All students are highly encouraged to participate in student government by voting in student government elections, and by supporting the various projects of the elected officers of the University Student Government (USG), the highest governing body of the student population. Students may also take a more active role by volunteering for the different committees under each USG officer, by joining a political party, by running for office (whether under a political party or as an independent candidate), or by volunteering for the UA&P Commission on Elections.

Center for Research and Communication
Since the CHED's approval of the creation of University of Asia and the Pacific in 1995, a separate unit taking on the name of the Center for Research and Communication has taken on consultancy work in close association with the new university and focusing on the areas of business, economics, international relations, and education,  as well as more recently food and agribusiness, energy, data science, analytics, and transportation and logistics.

Aside from its regular business consultancy work, CRC's linkages with UA&P over the years have allowed it to partner with corporations and foundations to fund Professorial Chairs in the areas of Policy Research, Social Economics, Migration and Overseas Filipino Work, Family and Youth Education to establish institutional research work.

CRC made research on social economics a major part of its agenda beginning in 2013, with the agenda defined as "how economics and business can–without losing their predominant concerns on getting the maximum material benefits from relatively scarce resources." Much of CRC's work in this area has focused on cooperatives, with one major initiative being the gathering of stakeholder inputs for the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Philippines' Cooperative Development Authority Charter of 2019 (Republic Act 11364).

In 2014, CRC also established a research chair specifically focused on Migration and Overseas Filipino Work, initially in partnership with the BPI Foundation. Its notable research in the area concerns the support system needs of OFWs, on their reintegratrion experiences upon returning to the Philippines, and an influential 2022 study on OFWs physical and mental health needs which was later awarded the inaugural APEC Healthy Women, Healthy Economies Research Prize by the APEC Forum on Women and the Economy in 2019.

Notable alumni

 * David T. Leechiu - CEO of Leechiu Property Consultants, Inc.
 * Kevin L. Tan - CEO of Alliance Global Group, parent company of Megaworld, Emperador, Newport World Resorts, and McDo PH
 * John Eric T. Francia - President and CEO of ACEN Corporation; Senior Managing Director of Ayala Corporation
 * Justin C. Ongsue - VP Sales and Marketing of Boysen Paints, and Chairman of Hi-Precision Diagnostics
 * Anthony T. Huang - President of SSI Group, Inc.
 * Ferdinand V. Estrella - Mayor of Baliuag, Bulacan
 * Anthony Mark O. Ng - Founder and CEO of Northstar Meat Merchants Inc.
 * Joseph Augustin L. Tanco - President and CEO of PhilCare HMO
 * Ralph G. Recto - Secretary of Finance of the Philippines (Strategic Business Economics Program Certificate Program)
 * Bongbong Marcos - 17th President of the Philippines (Strategic Business Economics Program Certificate Program)
 * Jose Rene Almendras - President of AC Infrastructure Holdings; Senior Managing Director of Ayala Corporation; Former Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines (Strategic Business Economics Program Certificate Program)

 * Jose Enrique S. Garcia - Governor of Bataan
 * Karen Olivia V. Jimeno - Director and Chief Legal Counsel, SofCap Partners
 * Alberto Curnelius T. Trinidad V - Chief Marketing Officer of GCash
 * Gladys Jane C. Co-Chan - Head of Marketing, Regional Southeast Asia of VISA
 * Martin Jose I. Gonzalez - Google Leadership & Organizational Development Principal, Stanford University lecturer, Thinkers50 Radar '24, and Esquire's 2024 Startup Trailblazers
 * Vanessa R. Valdez - Creative Director at ABS-CBN Film Productions Inc. (Star Cinema)
 * Christian R. Vallez - Multiple Palanca Awardee, Head of Knowledge Management at Ayala Corporation
 * Vincent Patrick Tobias - Head of Innovation at Ayala Corporation
 * Clemente C. Domingo III - CEO at ideasxmachina
 * Ines Mercedes Maria Antonia L. Santiago - Triathlete, IronMan Philippines winner 2023
 * Emilio S. Neri Jr. - Lead Economist (Senior Vice President) at Bank of the Philippine Islands
 * Nicholas T. Mapa - Senior Economist at ING, Best Economist (FMAP), and ranked 4th Best economist Pan Asia category (The Asset)
 * Yroen Guaya B. Melgar - CEO and Co-founder at Mochi and Esquire's 2024 Startup Trailblazers
 * David Paulo T. Dela Paz - Co-founder of Netbank and Esquire's 2024 Startup Trailblazers
 * Christian V. Dychangco - Athlete, Philippine Bowling Team
 * Josef Maximillan R. Valdez - Captain, Philippine Beach Handball Team 2022
 * Roshan A. Budhrani-Valiram - Asia's Most Stylish (Malaysia) by Tatler Asia; Director for Food & Beverages at Valiram Group
 * Joeben A. Tai - General Manager, National Housing Authority
 * Ramoncito S. Fernandez - President and CEO, Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (Strategic Business Economics Program Certificate Program)
 * Mel V. Velarde - Chairman & CEO, NOW Corporation (Strategic Business Economics Program Certificate Program)
 * Ronilo M. Balbieran - Vice President at Research, Education, and Institutional Development (REID) Foundation
 * Abra (rapper) - Filipino Rapper

title: University of Asia and the Pacific


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Eli Marrero

Elieser Marrero (born November 17, 1973), is a Cuban former Major League Baseball player. Marrero started his career as a catcher, but spent time at first base, third base and in the outfield.

Playing career
Marrero was selected in the third round of the June 1993 MLB draft by the St. Louis Cardinals. He missed much of the 2000 season due to thyroid cancer. During that time, he lost his job as the starting catcher for the Cardinals, so when he returned he started logging time in the outfield and at first, in addition to occasional duty behind the plate. While with the Cardinals, Marrero caught Bud Smith's no-hitter on September 3, 2001.

The Cardinals traded Marrero to the Atlanta Braves in December 2003 as part of a package for pitchers Jason Marquis and rookie prospect Adam Wainwright, where he hit .415 against left-handed pitchers as a platoon outfielder. Following the 2004 season, the Braves dealt him to the Kansas City Royals, who were in need of a power-hitting corner outfielder, in exchange for minor-league pitcher Jorge Vasquez. He saw action at all three outfield positions and first base, but hit only .159 in 32 games. The Royals designated him for assignment on May 31, 2005, giving them 10 days to trade or release him. On June 8, the Royals traded him to the Baltimore Orioles for minor-league infielder Peter Maestrales.

On June 9, 2006, while playing for the AAA affiliate of the Colorado Rockies, Marrero was traded to the New York Mets for infielder Kaz Matsui. On July 2, 2006, Marrero saw his first Major League action at third base, playing two innings there for the Mets. On August 8, 2006, he was designated for assignment. On November 28, 2006, Marrero was signed to a minor league deal by the St. Louis Cardinals. On May 21, 2007, Marrero was released by the Memphis Redbirds, the Cardinals' Triple-A affiliate, after just one game.

Post-playing career
In July 2011, Marrero was named the batting coach of the Billings Mustangs. Marrero was the manager of the Arizona League Reds for the 2013 season. On December 1, 2014, Marrero was named manager of the Reds Class A-Advanced affiliate, the Daytona Tortugas. Marrero was with the Tortugas until late in the 2017 season.

Personal life
Marrero is the uncle of professional baseball players Chris Marrero and Deven Marrero.

Marrero's son Elih was a 29th round pick by the Cincinnati Reds in the 2015 MLB draft, but he elected to play college baseball at Mississippi State. Elih later transferred to St. Thomas University in Florida, and was selected by the Boston Red Sox in the eighth round of the 2018 MLB draft.

title: Eli Marrero


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Perm (hairstyle)

A permanent wave, commonly called a perm or permanent (sometimes called a "curly perm" to distinguish it from a "straight perm"), is a hairstyle consisting of waves or curls set into the hair. The curls may last a number of months, hence the name.

Perms may be applied using thermal or chemical means. In the latter method, chemicals are applied to the hair, which is then wrapped around forms to produce waves and curls. The same process is used for chemical straightening or relaxing, with the hair being flattened instead of curled during the chemical reaction.

History
The first person to produce a practical thermal method was Marcel Grateau in 1872. He devised a pair of specially manufactured tongs, in which one of the arms had a circular cross-section and the other a concave one, so that one fitted inside the other when the tongs were closed. The tongs were generally heated over a gas or alcohol flame and the correct temperature was achieved by testing the tongs on a newspaper; if the paper browned slightly it was about right. The waving itself was safe if care was taken to keep the tongs away from the scalp. The procedure was to comb a lock of hair towards the operator, moving the comb slowly with one hand to maintain some tension, while applying the tongs to the hair successively down the lock of hair towards the point. Each time the tongs were applied, they were moved slightly in a direction normal to the lock of hair, thus producing a continuous flat or two-dimensional wave. Skill using the wrist could produce slight variations of the wave. Thus, Marcel waving produced a two-dimensional wave, by thermal means only and the change was produced by plastic flow of the hair, rather than by any chemical means. Because of the high temperature used, the process tended to degrade the hair. However, in spite of its drawbacks, forms of Marcel waving have persisted until today, when speedy results and low cost are important.

In the Western world, long hair was standard for women until the 1920s, when flappers cut their hair short (into a "bob") as a form of rebellion against tradition. As the demand for self-determination grew among women, hair was shortened so that it did not pass the lower end of the neck. This was not only a political gesture but a practical one, as women began to take over men's work due to the great shortage of labour during the First World War. At the same time, electricity, which had been introduced mainly for lighting and industrial use, began to be used for heating and the application of the electric motor at the small business and domestic level. As shorter hair was improved in appearance by waving even more than long hair, it was only a matter of time before an improved form of waving appeared.

Nessler
An early alternative method for curling hair that was suitable for use on people was invented in 1905 by German hairdresser Karl Nessler. He used a mixture of cow urine and water. The first public demonstration took place on 8 October 1905, but Nessler had been working on the idea since 1896. Previously, wigs had been set with caustic chemicals to form curls, but these recipes were too harsh to use next to human skin. His method, called the spiral heat method, was only useful for long hair. The hair was wrapped in a spiral around rods connected to a machine with an electric heating device. Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) was applied and the hair was heated to 212 F or more for an extended period of time. The process used about twelve 2 lb brass rollers and took six hours to complete. These hot rollers were kept from touching the scalp by a complex system of countering weights which were suspended from an overhead chandelier and mounted on a stand. Nessler conducted his first experiments on his wife, Katharina Laible. The first two attempts resulted in completely burning her hair off and some scalp burns, but the method was improved and his electric permanent wave machine was used in London in 1909 on the long hair of the time.

Nessler had moved to London in 1901, and during World War I, the British jailed Nessler because he was German and forced him to surrender his assets. He escaped to New York City in 1915, buying passage on a steamship under an assumed name. In New York, he found that hundreds of copies of his machine were in use, but most did not work well and were unreliable. Nessler opened a shop on East 49th Street, and soon had salons in Chicago, Detroit, Palm Beach, Florida and Philadelphia. Nessler also developed a machine for home use that was sold for fifteen dollars. However, his machine made little impression in Europe and his first attempts were not even mentioned in the professional press, perhaps because they were too long-winded, cumbersome and dangerous.

Eugene Suter and Isidoro Calvete
Eugene Suter was a Swiss immigrant who set up a fashionable ladies' salon in London's West End. He claimed to have come from Paris, which in those days was the center of fashion and style. He became aware of the possibilities of electrical permanent waving particularly when shorter hair allowed the design of smaller equipment. The system had two parts; one was the electric heater and the other was the system of winding and holding the hair on a form which was inserted into a heater. Suter tried to design a heater, but was unsuccessful.

Isidoro Calvete was a Spanish immigrant who set up a workshop for the repair and manufacture of electrical equipment in the same area of London in 1917. This equipment was just coming into use for the hairdressing and medical professions. Suter consulted him on the heater and Calvete designed a practical model consisting of two windings inserted into an aluminium tube. This ensured that when inserted over a root winding, the thicker hair nearer to the root became hotter than the thinner hair at the end. Suter patented the design in his own name and for the next 12 years ordered all his hairdressing equipment from Calvete but marketed under his commercial name, Eugene Ltd, which became synonymous with permanent waving throughout the world. At the same time, Calvete developed his own products which he manufactured under the name Icall, Ltd. The simultaneous manufacture of two competing lines would inevitably result in conflict.

Eugene company had a factory in Edgware Road, London. Its products included colour rinses, lustre-lending shampoos, setting lotions and patented steaming sachets as well as its curlers and electric dryer. At least two dozen of the steaming sachets were used for each perm. The company published its own magazine, The Eugène Waver, which was sent to hairdressers across the country. It covered advice on using Eugène products, styling techniques and hairdressing trends. Readers were referred to as ‘Eugène wavers’. The National Art Library at the V&A Museum holds volumes of the magazine covering the period 1928 to 1947. During the war, the company made millions of screws and rivets for airplanes and tanks in its factory. The company’s name was so well known that a 1945 page advertisement in Good Housekeeping magazine consisted of a blank page with just the handwritten words: ‘What would you like for Christmas?'

'Oh, a Eugène wave, please!’ From the onset, Eugene had realised the importance of the United States market and made great inroads, challenging Nessler who had started up there. The former also sued the latter for infringing the patent which he had taken out based on Calvete's design, and won his case. Nessler was to retaliate some years later suing Eugene in the United Kingdom, over some curlers designed by Calvete which were similar to the Nessler ones.

Development of the heaters
The first heaters as described above were tubular, and were inserted over the hair which had been previously wound on to a form or curler. To facilitate this, after a preliminary preparation of the hair, such as washing, cutting or tapering, the hair was combed into up to about 22 sections or locks, a process known a sectioning or squaring off. Each lock of hair was then wound onto the curler (which was basically a rod standing perpendicular to the head), starting at the bottom using the hair nearest the scalp and proceeding spirally up the curler for the length of the lock. For this reason, the process was colloquially referred to as root winding. Considerable ingenuity was exercised in designing the curler to minimize the time, effort and difficulties entailed in winding. In early models, the heaters had a tendency to flop downward on to the head, but with improved designs, they tended to point outwards (see illustration).

A second type of curler was invented later, allegedly in 1924 by a Czech hairdresser called Josef Mayer. In this method, the hair was fed through a small clamp which, after winding, would hold the two ends of a roller. The ends of the hair were held on the roller which was wound around a point until it reached the clamp into which it was inserted. For obvious reasons, this was called point-winding. Mayer attempted to claim a patent on this method of winding, which was challenged in a Federal lawsuit by the National Hairdressers' and Cosmetologists' Association.

Calvete designed a new type of heater for this called a croquignole heater which fitted over the winding, rather like a bulldog clip. The trend was to replace some of the tubular heaters on the sides of the head with croquignole ones, to allow greater scope of styling.

Development of the units
Apart from portable models which became available later, some system of support was necessary for the curlers. At first these were fixed to the ceiling, but these were soon replaced by a machine that was universally adopted. A vertical metal pipe held a circular unit, called a "chandelier" from which the heaters were suspended. The bottom of the pipe was mounted on a base with wheels which enabled the device to be moved easily between clients or to one side of the salon. By providing a structure from which to distribute the electricity to the heaters, as well as to keep all of them in the correct position and orientation, the chandelier helped minimize the weight of the entire system while also keeping things tidy.

Because of expense, the early models only had a few tubular heaters, and permanent-waving process took place in more than one stage. As the process became more popular and competitive, a whole head of hair could be processed in one sitting, using up to 22 heaters, some of which might be croquignole.

Development of the "reagents"
Although heat was required for perming, it was soon realized that if an improvement had to be made over the Marcel method, other means were necessary to avoid overheating and to speed up the waving process. The use of water on its own was an obvious choice, particularly as the hair was already wet from washing, for no other reason than that it prevented overheating, and that steam seemed to improve the process (hence the expression "steaming time"). It was not long before experiments were carried out on the use of additives, and it was soon apparent that alkaline additives improved the results.

Thus the profession started using what was called a "reagent", perhaps concocted by the hairdresser himself or sold commercially by the manufacturers of the machine. Two common ingredients were borax and ammonia, which are mildly alkaline (having a high pH) but are relatively harmless.

J. Bari-Woollss
Until about 1930, most progress was empirical, that is, each hairdresser tended to use a method which he had found to be useful. By then, although some academic work had been done on the subject of hair, Calvete felt that more research should be done on the chemistry of hair, and engaged a chemist by the name of Bari-Woollss, who specialized in the subject. He carried out controlled experiments on known factors such as the effect of heat, water/steam and alkalinity and experimented on variations of the winding process, such as the type of hair, the tension or tightness of winding, the flatness of winding, the overlap and pitch. His practical lectures on the subject proved highly popular among hairdressing professionals, and he wrote a book on the subject.

Certain basic factors he pointed out are still relevant today. A point winding is almost two dimensional, rather like the spring of a watch spiral. A root winding is three-dimensional much like a spiral staircase or, more properly, a helix. Thus point winding tends to produce more of a curl, but both produce waved hair when pulled slightly. Point produces a thicker winding and so heat takes longer to penetrate the core of the winding. Root winding is heated over a greater length and the thickness of the winding will depend on the overlap between turns.

Bari-Woollss was probably instrumental in introducing a new factor-redox reduction. In chemistry, this is the opposite of oxidation and can mean the removal of oxygen or, in this case, the addition of hydrogen, which by breaking the bonds of the keratin in the hair, allowed waving to take place more easily. This resulted in addition of a sulfite, bisulfite or metabisulfite to Icall reagents, sulfur dioxide, a reducing agent, being evolved on heating. The only alternative to sulfites at the time would have been mercaptans which are unpleasant to use. However, later alternatives were found which led to the development of cold-waving. Bari-Woollss left Icall in about 1934 to take over the editorship of an encyclopedic volume on women's hairdressing.

Developments after 1930

By 1930, the process of permanent-waving was well established and its importance can be gauged if one considers that the majority of middle-class women, at a rough estimate, had their hair set once a week and permed perhaps once every three months as new hair replaced the waved hair. Meanwhile, hairdressers sought to improve the process and reduce the work involved; this meant savings at the lower end of the market and yet more women getting their hair permed. This was also stimulated by pictures of the rich and famous, particularly film stars, who all had their hair permed.

This resulted in many copies of the original equipment being made by reputable firms in some cases with innovations of their own:

 * Nestlé. Nessler re-entered the British market under this name, introducing the "Radione" system in which the hair was wound dry and inserted into hollow cellophane tubes sealed at both ends, but contained moistened paper. Also introduced the "oleum" system in which water was replaced by oil.
 * MacDonald. A revolutionary system, as it did not use direct electrical heating. Steam was generated in a separate kettle, or later in small individual kettles, the steam being led by tubes to each "heater". Arrangements had to be made to remove the condensed water, but there was no risk of overheating nor of electric shock, but scalding was a risk.
 * Gallia originated by J. Metelski, is credited with first moistening the hair with a reagent. which gave better results but made winding more difficult. It was said to be a very fast system.
 * Superma originated by Sartory, was a machineless system that relied on the chemical reaction of the contents of a cotton pad, with water. Temperature control was rather more difficult but the method was popular in the United States perhaps because electricity was not used.
 * Wella-Rapide was a German system that used croquignole heaters exclusively. A chandelier was not used and for safety worked at a reduced voltage.
 * Frigidine was one of the few, apart from Icall, to use a timing mechanism and Bakelite heaters.
 * Vapeur Marcel was a French machine based on the same principles as the MacDonald.

The manner in which reagents worked when applied to the hair and heated, was not only due to the chemicals they contained, but also the effect of the water. Water not only played a part in "steaming" the hair, but there was better heat control, because while there was water, the temperature hardly passed 100 °C. However, this evaporated the water, and it was found that by wrapping the windings with aluminium foil, the hair stayed moist for longer, and also kept the windings upright, facilitating the addition of the heaters.

A further advance was the use of so-called "sachets", a misnomer, because they were small absorbent pads containing certain chemicals, attached to foil or other waterproof material, such as vegetable parchment. The sachets were placed in water and then wound rapidly round the curlers. These were popular with hairdressers as a labour-saving device, and with manufacturers, as they were only used once and some 20 would be used for a head of hair.

There were also changes in the equipment. Icall pioneered the use of plastics in hairdressing equipment, specifically a thermosetting plastic, (Bakelite) which was used not only because of its electrical properties in the windings of motors and heaters, but in the outer coverings of the heaters. They were less affected by corrosion and were less likely to burn the fingers of the hairdresser. Icall also used Bakelite for the outer casings of hand-held hair-dryers and also for the large linings of pedestal hair-dryers.

It can be imagined that at a time when electrical installations were not to today's standards and at one time were not even grounded, the application of electrical windings to wet hair resulted in enough accidents to worry women. Icall developed what was called the "wireless" system, in which the electric lead to the heater was replaced by a cord that took the weight of the heater, and the heater was heated by plugging into a socket in the chandelier. Outwardly, the machine looked similar to the earlier model, but at no time was there an electric potential near the head.

Also during this time, in the United States a machine-less method that applied preheated clamps over the wrapped rods was invented, In 1931, at the Midwest Beauty Show in Chicago, Ralph L. Evans and Everett G. McDonough showed a heatless system for the first time. Their method used bi-sulfide solution and was often applied at the salon, left on while the client went home and removed the next day, leading it to be called the overnight wave.

With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, all production of such equipment stopped in Europe and hardly recovered afterwards, being replaced either by home heater kits or cold-waving methods.

Cold wave

In 1938, Arnold F. Willatt invented the cold wave, the precursor to the modern perm. It used no machines and no heat. The hair was wrapped on rods and a reduction lotion containing ammonium thioglycolate was applied. This chemical breaks open the disulfide linkages between the polypeptide bonds in the keratin; the protein structure in the hair. The disulfide bonds give hair its elasticity, and can be reformed with chemicals. Next, an oxidation lotion—hydrogen peroxide—was applied to close the disulfide bridges again, and the hair was reformed to the shape of the rod. The entire process took 6–8 hours at room temperature.

In the 1970s, acid perms were invented. These ammonia-free acid perms, sometimes called buffered waves, use glyceryl monothioglycolate in the place of ammonia. Acid perms, or buffered wavers, are slower but gentler to the hair. Heat is usually added by placing the client under a dryer, after covering the wrapped head with a plastic cap. The reaction is endothermic and the additional heat causes the pH to rise from 6.9 to 7.2.

Perms today use this method with sodium thioglycolate instead of ammonium thioglycolate, at a pH of 8 to 9.5. Perming hair with the sodium thioglycolate method takes only 15–30 minutes of exposure to the sodium thioglycolate solution before a neutralizer solution is applied to bring the pH back to normal and re-bond the hair.

The permanent relaxer straightens the hair instead of curling it. The same chemical methods can be used for this, but the hair is not wrapped around rods.

Other modern perms

Other types of modern perms include exothermic perms, which are self timing and self heating; and neutral, or low pH, thioglycolate free perms.

Digital perms were introduced in the 21st century and in use especially in modern Asian cultures. The process was patented and invented by a Japanese company, Paimore Ltd.

Technical considerations
There are two parts to a perm: the physical action of wrapping the hair, and the chemical phase. Both of these can affect the result. Important physical variables involved are what type of rod is used, how the hair is wrapped and how end papers are used. The two most common types of rods are straight and concave; each giving a different curl effect. The wrapping method is either spiral or croquinole, and various types and the positioning of end papers can be used with any combination of the above. Generally, smaller rods will produce smaller, tighter curls and increase the appearance of shortening the hair.

The chemical solution used in the perming process is determined by the client's hair type and the pH of the solution. Classic alkaline perms are used for stronger, coarser hair. They work at room temperature and usually contain ammonium thioglycolate in the pH range of 9-10. Acid perms are used on more delicate or thinner hair. They require outside heat application and usually contain glyceryl monothioglycolate (GMT) in the pH range of 6.5-8.2. Glyceryl monothioglycolate is considered a recent innovation in perming technology due to its high curling power near the pH of hair. This allows hair cuticles to remain closed during the perming process, minimizing damage to the hair structure.

Home perms
A number of brands of home permanent kits were available since the invention of the 'cold wave' in the 1940s, but their numbers have decreased as permanent waves are not as popular as they were in the 1980s. The first popular home permanent was the TONI brand produced by the Toni Home Permanent Company (founded by brothers Neison and Irving Harris) at its facility in Forest Lake, Minnesota. The Toni company used a set of twins to advertise their products; one with a salon perm and one with the home perm. They introduced a number of types and brands over the next four decades (Silkwave, UnCurly, Tonette, Silver Curl, Prom, Scatter Perm, Lightwaves, Epic Waves) and a formula to remove curl: Curl-Free. The other popular brand was LILT by soap manufacturer Procter & Gamble which included a foam perm in a can called "Push Button" Lilt and a 'Milk Wave' that used fresh milk as part of the lotion as well as a children's perm. Other types of perms included no-lotion perms that used specially treated end papers to produce the wave (PACE, SELF) and self-neutralizing perms that needed no neutralizer but had to set by drying the hair on the perm rods after rinsing out the wave solution. No-mix liquid neutralizers were introduced as many perms were air-neutralized or used a powder that was mixed with water or a powder/liquid combination. Other brands included Richard Hudnut, Ogilvie, Revlon and Nutri-Tonic. At the peak of the second wave of popularity in the 1970s and 1980s, a number of new brands and types of perms were introduced including no-ammonia perms and "soft" perms (Rave) which guaranteed no-frizz results even on bleached or tinted hair, as well as temporary perms that lasted only a few weeks before washing away, leaving hair in virtually the same condition as before. Other types included customized versions that let consumers adjust the curl level before making it permanent and spot perms that let certain parts of the hair be curled (bangs, crown, ends), leaving the rest of the hair untouched. Another brand that was a household name in Britain in the late 1960s and 1970s was Twink (home perm).

General and cited references

 * Calvete, I.B., Personal Diaries held by Louis Calvete, 1921 to 1965
 * Calvete, I.B., British Patent Specification 422,439 "Improvements in Electric Heaters for Waving and Curling the Hair"., 11 January 1935.
 * Calvete, L.G., Permanent Waving: The Golden Years, Publish and be damned, Toronto, 2007 | ISBN 1-897312-34-2
 * Cox, C., Good Hair Days: A History of British Styling, Quartet Books, 1999.
 * Franbourg A., Hallegot P., Baltenneck F., Toutain C. and Leroy F., "Current research on ethnic hair", Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, June 2003, pp 8115–8119. 16 references. (Available on internet).
 * The Hairdressers' Weekly Journal, published weekly for "Hairdressers, Wigmakers and Perfumers" since 1881, covering all aspects of contemporary hairdressing and is therefore an invaluable and authoritative source. An almost complete set to the present day is held by the London College of Fashion, 20 John Prince's Street, London.
 * Liu, Christine, Le Gala Hair Group: Introducing the digital perm, Boston's Weekly Dig, Wednesday, January 31, 2007, Issue 9.5.
 * Martin K., "4. Infrared and Raman Studies of Skin and Hair: A review of cosmetic spectroscopy", The Internet Journal of Vibrational Spectroscopy Vol. 3 Ed 2 2004, 45 references.
 * Nessler, Charles of C. Nestle Company, Self-published, "Hair types and how to curl hair using the circuline process", 1926
 * Martin K., "4. Infrared and Raman Studies of Skin and Hair: A review of cosmetic spectroscopy", The Internet Journal of Vibrational Spectroscopy Vol. 3 Ed 2 2004, 45 references.
 * Nessler, Charles of C. Nestle Company, Self-published, "Hair types and how to curl hair using the circuline process", 1926

title: Perm (hairstyle)


text:
User:MattBowen

Welcome to my homepage. I'm Matt Bowen and I'm a pretty big fan of Wiki. I participate sporadically at CommunityWik and sometimes at MeatBallWiki. I also founded [http://www.writehere.net/moin.cgi? WriteHere.net], a Wiki for Creative Writing, and The Society of Lies and Stolen Ideas, a Wiki devoted to LiteraryTheory.

I have some knowledge of Liteary Theory, Economics, and something about Semantics. I'm hoping to soon flesh out the Wikipedia entry on NarrativeTheory, but it'll probably be a little while.

Talk to Matt
Comments? Questions?

title: User:MattBowen


text:
Kinuko Y. Craft

Kinuko Yamabe Craft (born January 3, 1940) is a Japanese-born American painter, illustrator and fantasy artist.

Biography
Kinuko Yamabe Craft was born in Kanazawa, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan on January 3, 1940. She graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1964 from the Kanazawa College of Art. After graduating, she came to the United States in 1964 to study at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago where she continued her studies in design and illustration. A majority of her earlier work was for the editorial and advertising market.

Craft illustrated the cover art of the older editions of Shakespeare's work for the Folger Library. She has a passionate love of European fine art and draws on a deep knowledge of European art history in creating her work. She is most inspired by the works of Leonardo da Vinci, the Pre-Raphaelites, and Symbolist painters. Her work is done with a combination of artist oils and watercolor on clayboard gesso panels.

Craft has illustrated eight picture books (fairy tale and classic mythology) designed for children and young readers. Since the mid-1990s, she has concentrated her efforts on art for fantasy book jackets. Her art has included paintings for the book covers of many well-known fantasy authors such as Patricia A. McKillip, Juliet Marillier, and Tanith Lee. She has also designed opera posters, fairy tale books and painted cover art for many national magazines such as Time, Newsweek, and National Geographic.

She has collaborated with many authors and worked with her husband Mahlon F. Craft and her daughter Marie Charlotte Craft. Her original paintings, drawings, and limited-edition prints are represented by Borsini-Burr Gallery in Montara, California, and other galleries.

Her art has been licensed on calendars, posters, greeting cards, and other consumer goods. Her fairy tale books are currently distributed in the USA, other English-speaking countries, Europe, Greece, China, and Korea. She has received numerous awards for her work, including several gold and silver medals from the Society of Illustrators, New York, NY. Ms. Craft’s work can be found in the collections of National Portrait Gallery (United States), the Museum of American Illustration in New York City, the National Geographic Society, and other corporate collections.

She has been nominated five times since 2001 as a Best Artist for the World Fantasy Awards and won the World Fantasy Award for Best Artist in 2011.

Craft has also lectured and given workshops at numerous art schools, universities, and organizations, including Art Center College of Art and Design, San Jose State University, Rhode Island School of Design, Philadelphia College of the Arts (2012), and more.

In 2022, a 294 page collection featuring over 300 of Craft's drawings and paintings entitled Visions of Beauty was published by Borsini-Burr. The book is nominated for a Locus Award for Best Illustration and Art Book, and Craft is nominated for Best Artist for 2023.

Awards and honors

 * Best Illustrated and Art Book Nominee, Kinuko Craft: Visions of Beauty, Locus Awards, 2023
 * Best Artist Nominee, Kinuko Craft, Locus Awards, 2023
 * Hall of Fame Inductee, Society of Illustrators, 2008
 * Hamilton King Award, Society of Illustrators, 1987

Collections

 * Kinuko Craft Drawings and Paintings: V. 1 (Imaginosis, 2007)
 * Kinuko Craft: Visions of Beauty (Borsini-Burr, 2022)

Children's picture book illustration

 * Rumpelstiltskin: A German Folk Tale from the Brothers Grimm, translated by Lucy Crane (Scott, Foresman, 1970)
 * Gingerbread Children (Poems), by Ilo Orleans (Follett, 1973)
 * Bear, Wolf and Mouse, by Jan Wahl (Follett, 1975)
 * Come Play with Me, by Margaret Hillert (Modern Curriculum Press, 1975)
 * Mother Goose ABC (Platt & Munk, 1977)
 * What Is It?, by Margaret Hillert (Modern Curriculum Press, 1977; Perfection Learnin, 1989)
 * Classics: A Child's Introduction to Treasure Island, Black Beauty, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and Robin Hood (Platt & Munk, 1977)
 * The Tower of Geburah by John White (IVP, 1978 edition only)
 * The Cookie House, by Margaret Hillert (Modern Curriculum Press, 1978)
 * The Black Swan, by Paula Z. Hogan (Heinemann, 1979; Steck-Vaughn, 1987)
 * The Elephant, by Paula Z. Hogan (Heinemann, 1980)
 * Treasure Island, by Robert Louis Stevenson (Steck-Vaughn, 1980)
 * Tales of the Ugly Ogres, by Corinne Denan (Troll Communications, 1980)
 * The Twelve Dancing Princesses, by Marianna Mayer (Morrow Junior Books, 1989)
 * Baba Yaga and Vasilisa the Brave, by Marianna Mayer (HarperCollins, 1994)
 * Cupid and Psyche by M. Charlotte Craft (HarperCollins, 1996)
 * Pegasus, by Marianna Mayer (HarperCollins, 1998)
 * King Midas and the Golden Touch, by M. Charlotte Craft (HarperCollins, 1999)
 * Cinderella, by Charles Perrault (SeaStar Books, 2000)
 * The Adventures of Tom Thumb, by Marianna Mayer (Chronicle Books, 2001)
 * Sleeping Beauty, by the Brothers Grimm (Wilhelm Grimm and Jacob Grimm) and Mahlon F. Craft (SeaStar Books] 2002; leather bound edition by Easton Press, 2006)
 * Beauty & the Beast, by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont and Mahlon F. Craft (Harper, 2016)

Museum exhibitions

 * The Cornish Colony Museum, Windsor VT "Heroines in Literature" (Winter 2006/2007)
 * The 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art Kanazawa, Kanazawa Japan "A Spring Night's Dream" Spring 2006

title: Kinuko Y. Craft


text: User talk:24.161.179.86

title: User talk:24.161.179.86


text:
David W. Mack

David W. Mack is an American comic book artist and writer, known for his creator-owned series Kabuki and for co-creating with Joe Quesada the Marvel Comics superhero Echo.

Early life
Mack graduated from Ludlow High School in 1990, where he had written and acted in many of the school theatre productions. He gave the commencement address there in 2003. Mack did not attend a specialized art school, but earned scholarships to Northern Kentucky University for five years, a four-year scholarship based on his portfolio of art works, and in his fifth year the Dean's Scholarship for academics. He graduated in 1995 with a BFA in graphic design.

Career
Mack began publishing Kabuki in 1994 with Caliber Press, and later moved the series to Image Comics. It is now released through Marvel Comics' imprint Icon Comics. He completed the first book, Kabuki: Circle of Blood, while still in college. Mack has also worked on such Marvel Comics publications as Daredevil, Alias, New Avengers, and White Tiger.

He was nominated for the 2020 Eisner Award in the categories of Best Painter/Digital Artist, and Best Cover Artist.

Awards and honors

 * Best Short Story Nominee, "Silent All These Years" from Tori Amos: Little Earthquakes, The Graphic Album, Z2 Comics, Eisner Awards 2023
 * Best Anthology, Group Nomination, Tori Amos: Little Earthquakes, The Graphic Album, Z2 Comics, Eisner Awards 2023
 * Best Adaptation from Another Medium, Group Nomination, Tori Amos: Little Earthquakes, The Graphic Album, Z2 Comics, Eisner Awards 2023

Interior artwork

 * Daredevil, Vol. 2, #16–19, #50 (with writer Brian Bendis, 2000, 2003), #51–55
 * Daredevil: End of Days #3, #6, #8
 * Kabuki: Fear The Reaper – 1994
 * Kabuki: Circle of Blood (vol 1) #1–6
 * Kabuki: Dreams (vol 2) #1–4
 * Kabuki: Masks of the Noh (vol 3) #1–4
 * Kabuki: Skin Deep (vol 4) #1–4
 * Kabuki: Metamorphosis (vol 5) #1–9
 * Kabuki: The Alchemy (vol 7) #1–9 Marvel Comics
 * New Avengers #39 (with writer Brian Bendis, 2008)
 * Grendel: Black, White & Red (Dark Horse Comics)
 * Reflections #1–15 (Image Comics & Marvel Comics)
 * Dream Logic #1–4 (Marvel Comics)
 * Young Dracula #1–3 (Caliber Comics)

Covers

 * Jessica Jones #1–18 (2016–2018)
 * Alias (2001–2004)
 * Daredevil, Vol. 2, #9–25 (1999–2001)
 * Green Arrow, Vol. 3, #8 (2011)
 * Justice League of America, Vol. 2, #44–45, 51–53 (2010–2011)
 * Miss Marvel, Vol. 2, #6–8 (2007)
 * Swamp Thing, Vol. 3, #13–15 (2001)
 * Ultimate Marvel Team Up #15–16 (2002)
 * White Tiger #1–6 (2006)
 * The Realm, Vol. 2, #7 (1994)
 * American Gods, (2017–present)
 * Shadows
 * My Ainsel
 * Stranger Things: Six #1 variant (2019)
 * Fight Club 3: #2 (2019)
 * Fight Club 3 Dark Horse Signing at Golden Apple Comics with Chuck Palahniuk
 * Vampire: The Masquerade (2020–present)

Writer

 * Daredevil, Vol. 2, #9–11, #13–15 (with artist Joe Quesada, David Ross, 1999–2000)
 * Daredevil Vol. 2 #51–55 (2003–2004)
 * Daredevil End of Days #1–8 (with Brian Michael Bendis, 2012–2013)
 * Philip K. Dick's: Electric Ant #1–5 (with artist Pascil Alixe, 2010)
 * ''SE7EN
 * Kabuki: Fear The Reaper – 1994
 * Kabuki: Circle of Blood (vol 1) #1–6
 * Kabuki: Dreams (vol 2) #1–4
 * Kabuki: Masks of the Noh (vol 3) #1–4
 * Kabuki: Skin Deep (vol 4) #1–4
 * Kabuki: Metamorphosis (vol 5) #1–9
 * Kabuki: Scarab (vol 6) #1–8
 * Kabuki: The Alchemy (vol 7) #1–9 (Marvel Comics)

Writer/artist

 * Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) Main titles
 * Daredevil, Vol. 2, #51–55 (2003–2004)
 * Excerpted as "Vision Quest: Echo" in Moonshot: The Indigenous Comics Collective vol. 1, pp. 12–21 (Alternate History Comics, 2015)
 * Dream Logic #1–4 (2010)
 * Kabuki #1–9 (1997)

Children's books

 * The Shy Creatures Feiwel & Friends (2007)

Interviews

 * David Mack Interview at Pop Syndicate
 * Things You Didn't Know About...David Mack at Pop-topia

title: David W. Mack


text: User talk:68.6.200.127

title: User talk:68.6.200.127


text: Category:Elections in Saudi Arabia

title: Category:Elections in Saudi Arabia