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Sarah Kernochan

Sarah Marshall Kernochan (born December 30, 1947) is an American documentarian, film director, screenwriter and novelist. She is the recipient of several prestigious awards, including two Academy Awards (Documentary Feature for Marjoe in 1973 and Documentary Short Subject for Thoth in 2002)

Early life
Kernochan was born in New York City, the daughter of Adelaide (Chatfield-Taylor), a UNESCO consultant, and John Marshall Kernochan, a Columbia Law School professor. Her maternal grandfather was Wayne Chatfield-Taylor, Under Secretary of Commerce and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Her maternal great-grandparents included writers Hobart Chatfield-Taylor and Anna De Koven. Her great-great-grandfather was Illinois Senator and XIT Ranch owner Charles B. Farwell. Her paternal grandfather was composer Marshall Kernochan.

She graduated from Rosemary Hall (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in 1965, where Kernochan was classmates with Glenn Close, and attended Sarah Lawrence College in 1966.

Career
After Sarah Lawrence, she worked as a ghostwriter for The Village Voice for about a year. After quitting that job, she became interested in documentary film-making and soon gained national prominence in the United States as co-director and co-producer with Howard Smith of the film Marjoe (1972) (about evangelist Marjoe Gortner), which won an Academy Award for Documentary Feature.

Kernochan's first screen credit as a screenwriter came with the film 9½ Weeks (1986). She followed that film with the script for Dancers (1987), starring Mikhail Baryshnikov and directed by Herbert Ross, which chronicled the backstage drama of a ballet company (played by American Ballet Theatre dancers) and their director during the staging of the ballet Giselle.

By the time she was brought in to work on the film Sommersby (1993), she had become known for a particular style of writing in Hollywood. She commented in an interview with Salon.com:
 * I think people know that there's no point in calling me in if you want the other kind of women characters: a featureless "help me" character, or the saint, the whore — you know, any of the archetypes. I don't think all women are powerful, intelligent, any of those things. I just require that female characters be very real, that they have all the dimensions that the male characters do.

Since then, she has been primarily a screenwriter for such films as Dancers (1987); Impromptu (1991), the debut film directed by her husband James Lapine with a script she characterized as "maybe the best thing that I will ever do"; Sommersby (1993); wrote and directed The Hairy Bird (1998); co-wrote the story for What Lies Beneath (2000); and directed Thoth (2002) and wrote Learning to Drive (2014).

Her second documentary, Thoth, also won an Academy Award in 2002, this time for Best Documentary Short Subject. She has taught screenwriting at Emerson College.

In August 2014, her feature script Learning to Drive, based on a New Yorker story by Katha Pollitt, went before cameras. Starring Ben Kingsley and Patricia Clarkson, the film was released in the United States on August 21, 2015.

Currently, Kernochan is developing the musical Nancy Drew and the Mystery at Spotlight Manor as librettist, along with composer Alan Menken, lyricist Nell Benjamin, and director James Lapine.

Novels
In 1977, Kernochan's novel Dry Hustle (ISBN 0-688-03149-8 in hard cover, ISBN 0-425-03661-8 in paperback) was published. It was reprinted as an ebook in 2011. In June 2011, Kernochan released her first novel in over 35 years entitled Jane Was Here (ISBN 0980037727). A mysterious young woman, calling herself Jane, arrives in the small rundown community of Graynier, Massachusetts. She can point out the house where she grew up, though she has never been to Graynier in her life. Jane carries with her the fragmentary memory of her former life, and refuses to adjust to her new identity. Thus begins Jane's mission, to retrieve the puzzle pieces of a former life, groping her way through the past and the present simultaneously.

Music career
Sarah is also a singer, lyricist and composer. During the next two years after the release of Marjoe, she released two albums on RCA Records as a singer-songwriter, House of Pain and Beat Around the Bush.

Kernochan released her third album as a singer-songwriter, Decades of Demos, in 2013. She also wrote the musical Sleeparound Town, which was a show about puberty and featured five adolescents.

Personal life
Kernochan is married to American stage director James Lapine, a Pulitzer Prize and three-time Tony Award winner. The couple's daughter is food and health writer Phoebe Lapine.

title: Sarah Kernochan


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Conserved current

In physics a conserved current is a current, $$j^\mu$$, that satisfies the continuity equation $$\partial_\mu j^\mu=0$$. The continuity equation represents a conservation law, hence the name.

Indeed, integrating the continuity equation over a volume $$V$$, large enough to have no net currents through its surface, leads to the conservation law $$ \frac{\partial}{\partial t}Q = 0\;,$$ where $Q = \int_V j^0 dV$ is the conserved quantity.

In gauge theories the gauge fields couple to conserved currents. For example, the electromagnetic field couples to the conserved electric current.

Conserved quantities and symmetries
Conserved current is the flow of the canonical conjugate of a quantity possessing a continuous translational symmetry. The continuity equation for the conserved current is a statement of a conservation law. Examples of canonical conjugate quantities are:
 * Time and energy - the continuous translational symmetry of time implies the conservation of energy
 * Space and momentum - the continuous translational symmetry of space implies the conservation of momentum
 * Space and angular momentum - the continuous rotational symmetry of space implies the conservation of angular momentum
 * Wave function phase and electric charge - the continuous phase angle symmetry of the wave function implies the conservation of electric charge

Conserved currents play an extremely important role in theoretical physics, because Noether's theorem connects the existence of a conserved current to the existence of a symmetry of some quantity in the system under study. In practical terms, all conserved currents are the Noether currents, as the existence of a conserved current implies the existence of a symmetry. Conserved currents play an important role in the theory of partial differential equations, as the existence of a conserved current points to the existence of constants of motion, which are required to define a foliation and thus an integrable system. The conservation law is expressed as the vanishing of a 4-divergence, where the Noether charge forms the zeroth component of the 4-current.

Electromagnetism
The conservation of charge, for example, in the notation of Maxwell's equations, $$\frac{\partial \rho} {\partial t} + \nabla \cdot \mathbf{J} = 0$$

where
 * ρ is the free electric charge density (in units of C/m3)
 * J is the current density $$ \mathbf J = \rho \mathbf v $$ with v as the velocity of the charges.

The equation would apply equally to masses (or other conserved quantities), where the word mass is substituted for the words electric charge above.

Complex scalar field
The Lagrangian density $$ \mathcal{L}=\partial_\mu\phi^*\,\partial^\mu\phi +V(\phi^*\,\phi)$$ of a complex scalar field is invariant under the symmetry transformation $$ \phi\mapsto\phi'=\phi\,e^{i\alpha}\,. $$ Defining we find the Noether current $$ j^\mu:=\frac{d\mathcal{L}}{d(\partial_\mu)\phi}\,\frac{d(\delta\phi)}{d\alpha}\bigg|_{\alpha=0}+\frac{d\mathcal{L}}{d(\partial_\mu)\phi^*}\,\frac{d(\delta\phi^*)}{d\alpha}\bigg|_{\alpha=0}= i\,\phi\,(\partial^\mu\phi^*)-i\,\phi^*\,(\partial^\mu\phi)$$ which satisfies the continuity equation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Conserved current


text:
Talk:Nero Claudius Drusus

Information in this article
This article seriously needs to be re-worked. It is based almost completely on the speculation that Drusus is/is not Augustus' son, which is discredited by a number of historians, and backs it up with an alleged rare disease which cannot be proven, nor does it back it up with any references. Even so, the idea itself should not dominate the whole article; the theory about his father is not the most important factor in his life. I think this article needs to delete and re-write a lot of the stuff in this and re-work it. --82.34.129.154 22:49, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

On this issue: the final sentence of this article reads "Augustus didn't know Livia at the time that Drusus would have been conceived, meaning he couldn't have fathered a child by her." Aside from the fact that, like the rest of the article, this needs to be sourced, it needs far greater explanation given the fact that it would appear to debunk the previous two paragraphs in their entirety. Obviously this issue is worthy of mention, but at the moment it isn't really coherent. Unfortunately I am not an expert in this area and cannot make the changes myself. Rje (talk) 02:56, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

"As it is a rare disease, it is unlikely that Germanicus inherited it from his normal-type mother."

The subsection concerning modern genetics contributing to the study of Roman political figures makes for some interesting reading. But I am afraid is far from airtight proof. If this "rare disease" is inherited from the child through either of the parents then Antonia Minor was as likely a carrier as her husband.

Notice that she is a daughter of Octavia who shared both parents with Caesar Augustus. If Augustus inherited the disease from his own parents then Octavia and her descedants aren't very likely to be "normal-type" either. User: Dimadick

Comment from new user: If Claudius had Wilson's Disease, as some of the symptoms suggest, then Drusus would still have to be the link. Otherwise Claudius (and Germanicus) had parents that were not closely related, and thus were unlikely to both be carriers. If Drusus were Augustus' son, then he and Antonia Minor were first cousins. Claudius's diagnosis would be the real key here, not Caligula's.

 * I don't think Drusus was Augustus son. All of the theory biology aside, the fact that Augustus and Livia had no other children, that Drusus was never give any real special treatment, that Augustus had fatherly affections only for his daughter Julia, that he only adopted her sons... I think the birth cetificate writes itself.

 * If there was a chance that he was Augustus' son, he would have played in in more political roles rather then just letting him be a general. He only ever acknowleged Julia as his child and favoured her above all of the children despite the fact she was a daughter. If Drusus were his son he wouldn't have needed Julia once he was born. Putting his affections for his daughter aside, his original intention by keeping Julia was so she could have grandsons who Augustus could adopt. He favoured Marcellus and married him to Julia. He favoured Agrippa and married him to Julia. Once Julia's sons by Agrippa died, he made Tiberius adopt Germanicus because he was married to Agrippina (Julia's daughter) and he was Octavia's grandson, not because he was Drusus' son. --Camblunt100 16:55, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Then why not publicly declare him his son? Why not adopt him or declare him his heir? Why not get rid of Julia (he wouldn't need her)? Augustus didn't accept Drusus and sent him to his father. He relied solely on Julia to provide the heirs. He loved his daughter, not his stepsons. Why favour people like Marcellus? Logically, I think we can fairly say that Augustus didn’t think Drusus was his son… I think he knew that Drusus wasn’t his son because I honestly couldn’t see Livia, the virtuous woman who should have been a vestal virgin, going loose while still married to another man. --82.34.129.26 20:33, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * There is no way anyone can prove that the Julio-Claudians carried this sickness. The ideas that Drusus was Augustus' son, I believe are simular to the myths that Brutus (and many others) were Caesar's children. I admit that it's more possible that Augustus could have fathered Drusus then the above but I think that the whole rumour was based purely on nasty Roman gossip. The births of Julia and Drusus were a scandal... and Augustus gave Drusus away and kept Julia. --82.34.129.62 15:55, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

To user: Sorry, but you haven't backed any of the "rare disease" theory with modern historians or ancient sources that alleges symptoms for this, or a modern reference that references them. You can't just base this article on speculation.

I have huge issues with the lack of neutrality of this article regarding Drusus' paternity. There are repeated statements arguing against it. While I am neither a proponent or antoganist to the theory, I should point out, Augustus' claim that the Julia gens and he personally being a member is a very virtuous, family orientated gens would be rubbished if it was revealed he fathered a son from a married woman; and it would destroy Livia's reputation. Also during the pact of Misenum; Livia and Augustus were both in Sicily, I believe.

It would not be surprising if they met; Augustus was only 5 years her senior (compared to her husband's over 20 year seniority); seduction would not have been impossible. Might I suggest instead that we remove the section of paternity and state only that it was speculated at the time; Drusus was Augustus' biological son. I am the Blood 06:46, 2 January 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Blood3 (talk • contribs)

I am confused about Drusus' name. Since he was adopted by Augustus along with his brother Tiberius into the Julian familly how come his name didn't become Nero Julius Caesar? 82.137.8.124 (talk) 11:19, 3 August 2015 (UTC)user

Date of Birth
Date of birth - cf. Ehrenberg and Jones, Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius [Oxford 1955] p.45 (date of Antony's birth), in combination with Suetonius, Life of Claudius c. 11. (Antony and Drusus were both born on 14 January)

28.4.2006 81.190.70.164

Circumstances of Drusus' birth
Here are most of the key texts concerning Livia's marriage to Octavian (17 January 38 BC),

Velleius Paterculus 2.79:

Hac classi Caesar, cum prius despondente ei Nerone, cui ante nupta fuerat Liviam, auspicatis rei publicae ominibus duxisset eam uxorem, Pompeio Siciliaeque bellum intulit.

Velleius [94] Hoc tractu temporum Ti. Claudius Nero, quo trimo, ut praediximus, Livia, Drusi Claudiani filia, despondente Ti. Nerone, cui ante nupta fuerat, Caesari nupserat,

Velleius [95] Reversum inde Neronem Caesar haud mediocris belli mole experiri statuit, adiutore operis dato fratre ipsius Druso Claudio, quem intra Caesaris penates enixa erat Livia.

Suet. Aug. 62:

He divorced her [Scribonia] also, "unable to put up with her shrewish disposition," as he himself writes, and at once (ac statim) took Livia Drusilla from her husband Tiberius Nero, although she was with child at the time; and he loved and esteemed her to the end without a rival.

Dio 48.34.3:

...he was already beginning to be enamoured of Livia..., and for this reason divorced Scribonia the very day she bore him a daughter.

Since the dates of Drusus’ birthday (January 14) and the wedding to Octavian are established, the events can be reconstructed as follows:

1. Simultaneous birth of Julia, and Octavian’s divorce of Scribonia (October 39)

2. Now Tiberius Claudius Nero surrenders Livia (six months pregnant) to Octavian, and there is a betrothal where Nero is actively involved („prius despondente ei Nerone” - Velleius 2.79). Livia now lives with Octavian (Velleius 95, "[Drusum] quem intra Caesaris penates enixa erat Livia")

3. Birth of Drusus (Jan.14). Octavian surrenders the child to Tiberius Claudius Nero.

4. Marriage of Livia and Octavian (Jan 17)

Seen in the context of the above, the passage in Suetonius (V.Claudii 1) is nonsense:

The father of Claudius Caesar, Drusus, who at first had the forename Decimus and later that of Nero, was born of Livia within three months after her marriage to Augustus (for she was with child at the time) and there was a suspicion that he was begotten by his stepfather in adulterous intercourse.

It seems that the „marriage” has been confused with the betrothal, and that the two events were separated by three months.

Dio (48.44.), while giving valuable details, also confuses the betrothal to Octavian, and the marriage (passage underlined):

Besides these occurrences at that time, Caesar married Livia. 44 She was the daughter of Livius Drusus, who had been among those proscribed on the tablet and had committed suicide after the defeat in Macedonia, and the wife of Nero, whom she had accompanied in his flight, as has been related. And it seems that she was in the sixth month with child by him. 2 At any rate, when Caesar was in doubt and enquired of the pontifices whether it was permissible to wed her while pregnant, they answered that it there was any doubt whether conception had taken place the marriage should be put off, but if this was admitted, there was nothing to prevent its taking place immediately. Perhaps they really found this among the ordinances of the forefathers, but certainly they would have said so, even had they not found it. 3 Her husband himself gave the woman in marriage just as a father would; and the following incident occurred at the marriage feast. One of the prattling boys, such as the women keep about them for their amusement, naked as a rule, on seeing Livia reclining in one place with Caesar, and Nero in another with a man, went up to her and said: "What are you doing here, mistress? For your husband," pointing him out, "is reclining over there." 4 So much then, for this. Later, when the woman was now living with Caesar, she gave birth to Claudius Drusus Nero. Caesar both acknowledged him and sent him to his real father, making his entry in his memoranda: "Caesar returned to its father Nero the child borne by Livia, his wife." 5 Nero died not long afterward and left Caesar himself as guardian to the boy and to Tiberius.

28 04 2006

81.190.70.164

More Citations Needed
This article cites almost no references for its content. I am not an expert in the area, otherwise I would make the changes myself. I know that ancient sources are reliable to widely varying degrees, and some discussion of that may be in order. Magic1million (talk) 05:43, 20 February 2011 (UTC)

supposed critical letter read aloud by Tiberius to Augustus and Livia
according to the article:

"Interestingly, soon before his death he wrote a letter to Tiberius complaining about the style in which Augustus ruled. This letter was delivered to Tiberius as he was with Augustus and Livia and when asked if he could read it was told he must read it out loud. He tried to avoid bad parts but Livia saw through his attempt and after reading ordered Drusus back to Rome."

there is no citation for it. it is depicted in I, Claudius. Augustus is not upset with the arguments Drusus makes against the extraordinary powers of Augustus and the obsequiousness of the senatorial order, but Livia clearly takes it as a direct attack on her influencing events from behind the throne as it were. I'm not sure if it's fictional or not, but as there is no source cited it may well be. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.168.167.231 (talk) 07:19, 1 June 2011 (UTC)
 * This is a scene from "I, Claudius" by Graves, and is fiction.204.116.19.90 (talk) 17:17, 9 July 2018 (UTC)

How did Drusus die?
The article says Drusus died after falling off a horse. I, Claudius says that, but who else does? Not Suetonius. Yopienso (talk) 05:14, 19 October 2012 (UTC)
 * See John Hazel's Who's Who In The Roman World, pgs. 99-100. Stated that he died one month after falling from a horse. Oatley2112 (talk) 05:25, 19 October 2012 (UTC)
 * See also Barbara Levick's Claudius, pg. 11 Oatley2112 (talk) 05:29, 19 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Oatley. Do you know on which classical sources they base that? Yopienso (talk) 05:42, 19 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Livy's Periochae Book 142 states that his horse fell on his leg, causing his death. Oatley2112 (talk) 06:07, 19 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much. I've found Smith's dictionary that admits, "Of the numerous writers who mention the death of Drusus, no one besides [Livy] alludes to the broken leg." Smith says Suetonius says Augustus poisoned Drusus, but I can't find that in Suetonius.
 * Would you care to look at a disagreement about Augustus' adoptive name here? Yopienso (talk) 06:45, 19 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Hi Yopienso, the poisoning of Drusus by Augustus is mentioned by Suetonius in the Life of Claudius, 1:5, but only in passing as a story that Suetonius reports but does not believe. It would be most unlikely that Augustus would have done this. With regards to Augustus' adoptive name, I made a comment in the talk page early on that his name post adoption should include Octavianus, as this is what others (Cicero, Antony) referred to him as, certainly in the first few years until he had established a power base. Oatley2112 (talk) 09:35, 19 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Oh, thanks--I'd meanwhile found the story in Suetonius. And, how could I forget you were participating at Talk: Augustus? I appreciate your kind help! Yopienso (talk) 00:47, 20 October 2012 (UTC)

Age at death
Please provide a reference for your assertion that he died at age 41. YoPienso (talk) 19:01, 6 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Suetonius says he died at age 30.
 * Barbara Levick says he died at age 29.
 * Either of these will do; I'm going with Levick. Please don't put in any other date. Thanks, YoPienso (talk) 19:12, 6 May 2018 (UTC)

Commemorations
In the course of some recent edits, the following sentences were removed, perhaps by accident: His family was granted the hereditary honorific title "Germanicus", which was given to his eldest son before passing to his youngest. Augustus later wrote a biography of him which does not survive. By Augustus' decree, festivals were held in Mogontiacum at Drusus' death day and probably also on his birthday. Unless there's a reason why these shouldn't be restored, I'll do so in the next little while. Q·L·1968 ☿ 19:43, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

Blyndblitz (talk) 19:31, 26 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi, I didn't see this message previously. I'd moved the info about his title and Augustus' biography to the next paragraph, so the info is still there. I've deleted the repeated note.

"Drusus Claudius Nero II" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Drusus Claudius Nero II. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 September 11 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. ★Trekker (talk) 14:17, 11 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nero Claudius Drusus


text: Category:Spanish basketball players

title: Category:Spanish basketball players


text:
User:Gdr/Gallery

Diagrams and maps

title: User:Gdr/Gallery


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Heng Samrin

Heng Samrin (ហេង សំរិន; born 25 May 1934) is a Cambodian politician who served as the President of the National Assembly of Cambodia (2006–2023). Between 1979 and 1992, he was the de facto leader of the Hanoi-backed People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989) and State of Cambodia (1989–1992) and General Secretary of the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party (1981–1991). He has been a member of Parliament since 14 June 1993. He is the oldest member of parliament, and the longest-serving president of the National Assembly in history. His honorary title is "Samdech Akka Moha Ponhea Chakrei Heng Samrin" (សម្តេចអគ្គមហាពញាចក្រី ហេង សំរិន).

Life and career
Heng Samrin was born in Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia, in 1934. He joined the Khmer Rouge communist movement led by Pol Pot, and became a political commissar and army division commander when the Khmer Rouge, backed by China, took over the government in 1975. In 1978, after a series of violent purges within the Khmer Rouge leadership in which many prominent cadre members whom Pol Pot felt might be rivals were executed, he fled to Vietnam.

In Vietnam, he was one of the founding members of the Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation (FUNSK). Later that year, Heng returned to Cambodia and organized a resistance movement with the backing and support of Vietnam and the Soviet Union.

After a Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia overthrew the regime of Khmer Rouge in 1979, Vietnamese occupation authorities established the People's Republic of Kampuchea, installing Heng and other pro-Vietnamese Communist politicians as leaders of the new government. He became chairman of the People's Revolutionary Council of the PRK in 1979. In 1981, he became chairman of the Council of State and secretary-general of the People's Revolutionary Party. Though at first he was the effective leader of the government, he lost much of his political power when Hun Sen became Prime Minister of Cambodia in 1985.

As Vietnamese influence declined, Samrin gradually lost his posts, including the post of secretary-general in 1991 and chairman of the council of state in 1992. When King Norodom Sihanouk was restored in 1993, Samrin was given the honorary title of Sâmdech, senior advisor of the King, and was made honorary chairman of Hun Sen's Cambodian People's Party. He was vice chairman of the National Assembly of Cambodia (1998–2006). Since 2006, he has acted as Chairman of the Solidarity Front for Development of the Cambodian Motherland.

The Cambodian People's Party recently released a book about Samrin called A Man of the People, dedicated to him as a hero. According to that book, among supporters of the ruling CPP Heng Samrin is a "much loved and respected figure", even though his recent duties are often largely ceremonial. His full title is Samdach Akeak Moha Ponhea Chakrei Heng Samrin, Protean Radhsaphea ney Preah Reacheanachak Kampuchea (Khmer: សម្តេចអគ្គមហាពញាចក្រី ហេង សំរិន ប្រធានរដ្ឋសភា នៃព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា).

title: Heng Samrin


text:
Talk:Motorola 68HC11

6809
By way of the 6809 ??? - it's got no obvious relationship to the 6809, not until the 6812 does anything 6809 related appear. If the idea is to say the 6809 was released before then so were lots of other of their products, and it implies the 68HC11 is related to the 09 which isn't the case 82.70.14.226 (talk) 18:53, 20 October 2017 (UTC)

CISC?
In the lead it says this chip is a CISC, not true. the 6800 family are not CISCs, they execute one instruction per clock cycle, there's no microcode. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:8001:D300:A631:0:0:0:10D0 (talk) 21:20, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Motorola 68HC11


text:
K-8 (missile)

The Kaliningrad K-8 (R-8) (NATO reporting name AA-3 'Anab') was a medium-range air-to-air missile developed by the Soviet Union for interceptor aircraft use.

The K-8 was developed by OKB-339/NII-339 (currently Phazotron NIIR). The infrared seeker was developed by TsKB-589 GKOT (currently TsKB Geofizika), who also developed the seeker for 9M31 missile of 9K31 Strela-1.

History
The K-8's development began in 1955, known as R-8 in service. Like most Soviet air-to-air missiles, it was made with a choice of semi-active radar homing or infrared seeker heads. The original missile was compatible with the Uragan-5B radar used on the Sukhoi Su-11 and several developmental aircraft from Mikoyan-Gurevich.

It was upgraded to R-8M (better known as R-98) standard in 1961, giving the SARH weapon the capability for head-on intercepts. In 1963 it was further upgraded to the R-8M1, making it compatible with the RP-11 Oryol-D radar of the Sukhoi Su-15 and Yakovlev Yak-28P.

Subsequent development led in 1965 to R-8M2, more commonly called R-98, with longer range and improved seekers, compatible with the upgraded RP-11 Oryol-M ("Eagle") radar. The final variant, introduced from 1973, was the R-98M1 (NATO 'Advanced Anab') with better countermeasures resistance and longer range, matched to the Taifun-M radar of the Su-15TM and Yak-28PM interceptors.

The R-98M1 remained in service through the 1980s, being withdrawn with the last Su-15 'Flagon' interceptors.

A variant using the seeker heads of the K-13, giving better dogfight capability, was developed in 1960 as the K-88, but it did not enter service.

An inert training version was also developed, designated UR-8M.

The R-98 brought down Korean Air Lines Flight 007 on September 1, 1983.

Operators

 * Soviet Air Defence Forces

Specifications (R-98MT / R-98MR)

 * Length: (R-98MT) 4 m (13 ft 1 in); (R-98MR) 4.27 m (14 ft)
 * Wingspan: 1300 mm (4 ft 3 in)
 * Diameter: 280 mm (11 in)
 * Launch weight: (R-98MT) 272 kg (600 lb); (R-98MR) 292 kg (642 lb)
 * Speed: Mach 2
 * Range: 23 km (14.4 mi)
 * Guidance: (R-98MT) infrared homing; (R-98MR) semi-active radar homing
 * Warhead: 40 kg (88 lb) blast fragmentation

title: K-8 (missile)


text:
Kathleen O'Toole

Kathleen M. O'Toole ( Horton; born May 9, 1954) is an American law enforcement officer who served as Chief of the Seattle Police Department (SPD) from June 23, 2014, to January 4, 2018. She was previously the first female commissioner of the Boston Police Department, when appointed by Mayor of Boston Thomas M. Menino in February 2004.

On May 9, 2006, her 52nd birthday, O'Toole officially announced that she was leaving the Boston Police Department to move to Ireland. She was the first Chief Inspector of the Garda Inspectorate, established to ensure that Garda Síochána operates effectively and efficiently. The Inspectorate reports directly to Ireland's Minister for Justice and Equality. She then returned to the U.S. and took her position in Seattle. O'Toole also sits on the bipartisan advisory board of States United Democracy Center.

Early life and education
O'Toole was born in 1954 in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and moved to Marblehead at age 13 and to Boston, Massachusetts, at age 18. She resided in Boston from that time until she took a position in Ireland in 2006. O'Toole earned a Bachelor of Arts from Boston College in 1976, a Juris Doctor from New England School of Law in 1982, and a PhD from the Business School of Trinity College Dublin in 2018.

Career
O’Toole began her career in 1979 as a Boston police officer. In 1986, she joined the Metropolitan District Commission Police, at the time led by William Bratton. In 1990, she succeeded Bratton as head, but she left this position in 1991 in order to become a security executive for the Digital Equipment Corporation. O'Toole then served as Lieutenant Colonel of Massachusetts State Police from 1992 to 1994. While maintaining her sworn State Police rank, she served from 1994 to 1998 as Massachusetts Secretary of Public Safety in the cabinet of Governor William Weld. She was then appointed to the Patten Commission headed by Lord Patten of Barnes which reformed policing in Northern Ireland and led to the formation of the Police Service of Northern Ireland. In May 2014, she was nominated by Mayor Ed Murray to become Seattle's first female chief of police.

Shooting of Victoria Snelgrove
While serving as Commissioner of the Boston Police, O'Toole was a central figure in the controversy surrounding the fatal shooting of Victoria Snelgrove during celebrations following the Boston Red Sox victory over the New York Yankees at Yankee Stadium in Game 7 the 2004 American League Championship Series. During attempts to control the crowd that had gathered near Fenway Park, Boston police fired a "less lethal" FN 303 round, which missed its intended target and struck Snelgrove in the eye, resulting in her death approximately 12 hours later.

While Commissioner O'Toole demoted Superintendent James Claiborne, who was not in the vicinity of the shooting, and suspended two officers involved in the incident, no prosecution or dismissal was brought against any officer in the case. Investigations led by former U.S. Attorney Donald K. Stern and Suffolk County District Attorney Daniel F. Conley concluded that criminal charges would not be appropriate.

Garda Inspectorate
The three-member Garda Inspectorate examines operational, investigative, managerial and policing strategies to ensure that these meet best practice. O'Toole's role within the Garda was to clean up the then-current scandalous conditions in the Gardaí. The Morris Tribunal pronounced that it was "staggered" by the level of indiscipline and insubordination in the force and the Irish Government responded with a revised code of discipline. O'Toole served her full term of office and was asked to stay on until the new Chief Inspector could take up his position in July 2012.

Personal life
She is married to Daniel O'Toole, now a retired Boston police detective. They have one daughter, Meghan, who received her undergraduate degree from Boston College and her master's degree from National University of Ireland, Galway.

title: Kathleen O'Toole


text: Category:Puerto Rican basketball players


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Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (father of Nero)

Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (c. 2 BC – January AD 41) was a member of the imperial Julio-Claudian dynasty of Ancient Rome. Domitius was the son of Antonia Major (daughter of emperor Augustus' sister Octavia Minor and her second husband Mark Antony). He married Agrippina the Younger and became the father of the emperor Nero.

Early life
Domitius' birthdate is uncertain; some interpretations are that he was born around 17 BC while other sources argue he was born a generation later in 2 BC. Domitius was the son of Antonia Major, the niece of emperor Augustus, and her husband Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. He had at least two sisters Domitia and Domitia Lepida, and possibly an older brother named Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, whom ancient sources confuse his early career and birthdate with.

Career
Describing him as "a man loathsome in every respect", Suetonius says that as a young man, Domitius was serving on the staff of his second cousin Gaius Caesar in the east, in AD 2. Domitius killed his freedman for refusing to drink as much as he was told. The reported reason was that the freedman did not get as drunk as Domitius did. On the Appian Way, Domitius was reported to have deliberately run over a child who was playing with his doll. At the Roman Forum, Domitius reportedly pulled out an eye of an equestrian because the equestrian openly criticized him. Although some historians such as Ronald Syme have argued that the Domitius who served with Gaius Caesar may have been an older brother of his and not Nero's father. Gaius Stern claims that the Eastern expedition is actually that of Germanicus in AD 17–19, if one assumes his birth to be in 2 BC and still interpret the violent actions to belong to Nero's father.

Domitius cheated on bankers for purchases he made. When he was praetor, Domitius would swindle the prize money of victorious charioteers. Managers would complain, but Domitius decreed that future prizes would be paid on the spot. Domitius was also considered a serious womanizer. The emperor Tiberius charged him with treason, adultery and incest with his sister and also with adultery with another noblewoman, but the ascension of Caligula saved him.

Domitius married his first cousin once removed Agrippina the Younger, Caligula's sister, after her thirteenth birthday in AD 28. He was far older than her at the time. Tiberius arranged and ordered the marriage, which was celebrated in Rome. Domitius was wealthy, but apparently he and Agrippina chose to live between Antium and Rome.

Domitius was consul in AD 32 and appointed by Tiberius as a commissioner in early AD 37. His son Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, later emperor Nero, was born on 15 December AD 37 in Antium. According to Suetonius, when Domitius was congratulated by his friends for the birth of his son he replied that any child born to him and Agrippina would have a detestable nature and become a public danger, a fact that became true during the second part of Nero's reign. When Nero castrated a boy named Sporus and married him as a wife, Suetonius quoted one Roman who lived around this time who remarked that the world would have been better off if Nero's father had married someone more like the castrated boy.

He died of edema at Pyrgi (an ancient Etruscan city) in January AD 41. In Domitius' will, Nero inherited one third of his estate, but Caligula, who was also mentioned in the will, took Nero's inheritance for himself. When Claudius became emperor, Nero's inheritance was restored.

Legacy
During his lifetime, Domitius did not enjoy a good reputation. He was accused of being the accomplice of Albucilla in the crimes of adultery and murder, and also of incest with his sister Domitia Lepida, and narrowly escaped execution only because of the death of Tiberius.

His widow Agrippina later married her widowed uncle Claudius. Her son Lucius was adopted by the elderly Claudius and renamed Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus. When Claudius died on 13 October AD 54, Nero succeeded him as Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Nero exalted Domitius' memory, and the Roman Senate arranged for the construction of his statue in AD 55.


text:
User talk:Druid816

Hmmmm?

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Druid816


text:
USS Colorado (1856)

The first USS Colorado, a 3400 LT, three-masted steam screw frigate, was launched on 19 June 1856, by the Norfolk Navy Yard. Named after the Colorado River, she was sponsored by Ms. N. S. Dornin, and commissioned on 13 March 1858, with Captain W. H. Gardner, in command. She was the fifth of the Franklin-class frigates, which were all named after US rivers, except for USS Franklin (1864).

Pre-Civil War
Putting to sea from Boston on 12 May 1858, Colorado cruised in Cuban waters deterring the practice of search by British cruisers until 6 August, when she returned to Boston and was placed in ordinary until 1861.

Civil War
Colorado was recommissioned on 3 June 1861, and sailed from Boston on 18 June, to join the Union Navy's Gulf Blockading Squadron. She was under the task force commander, Commodore William Marvine, acting as his flagship for the Blockade. On 14 September, an expedition under Lieutenant J. H. Russell, from Colorado, cut out the schooner Judah, believed to be preparing for service as a privateer and spiked one gun of a battery at the Pensacola Navy Yard, losing three men in the raid. On 11 December, another expedition was sent to Pilot Town, and succeeded in capturing a small schooner and two men. Colorado assisted in the capture of the steamer Calhoun (or Cuba) on 23 January 1862, off South West Pass, at the mouth of the Mississippi River, and a week later engaged four Confederate steamers.

In April 1862, Colorado, built for fighting at sea, was prevented from participating in the Battle of New Orleans because her draft was too deep to cross the bar. Nineteen guns and one howitzer were removed and distributed across the fleet. She returned to Boston, on 21 June, and was decommissioned from 28 June-10 November.

Colorado sailed from Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on 9 December, to rejoin the blockading force off Mobile, Alabama, on 13 March 1863. She shared in the capture of the schooner Hunter on 17 May. Returning to Portsmouth Navy Yard, on 4 February 1864, she was again placed out of commission from 18 February-1 September.

Clearing Portsmouth, on 6 October, she joined the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron and cruised off the coast of North Carolina, until 26 January 1865. Colorado participated in the bombardment and capture of Fort Fisher from 13 to 15 January. She was struck six times by enemy fire which killed one man and wounded two.

By late 1864, Wilmington, North Carolina, was the only port left to the Confederacy. Its access to the sea was protected by Fort Fisher, at the mouth of the Cape Fear River.

A joint Army-Navy attack in December failed (the First Battle of Fort Fisher, 7–27 December 1864).[4]

A second attack came in January (the Second Battle of Fort Fisher, 13–15 January 1865). Colorado was engaged, and George Dewey played a key role in her success.

Colorado, being a wooden ship, was placed in the line outside the monitors and other armored vessels, but got a full share of conflict. Toward the end of the second engagement Admiral Porter signaled Commodore Thatcher to close in and silence a certain part of the works. As Colorado had already received considerable damage, her officers remonstrated. But Dewey, who had now acquired marked tactical ability, was quick to see the advantage to be gained by the move and the work was taken in fifteen minutes. The New York Times, commenting upon this part of the action, spoke of it as "the most beautiful duel of the war". When Admiral Porter came to congratulate Commodore Thatcher the latter said generously: "You must thank Lieutenant Dewey, sir. It was his move." Nevertheless, Thatcher was promoted to rear admiral. He tried to take Dewey with him as his fleet captain when he went to supersede Farragut at Mobile Bay. This was not permitted, but Dewey was promoted to lieutenant-commander.[4]

European Squadron
From 3 February – 25 May 1865, Colorado was again out of commission at New York Navy Yard. Ordered to the European Squadron as flagship, she sailed on 11 June, and cruised off England, Portugal, and Spain, and in the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas until she departed Cherbourg, on 23 July 1867, for New York, where she was placed in ordinary from 7 September 1867 – 15 February 1870. During this period LCDR Dewey's next tour of duty was in 1867 and 1868, as executive officer on board Colorado.

Asiatic Squadron
Colorado was flagship of the Asiatic Squadron. America had emerged from the Civil War and its foreign policy at the time was to rival the European powers (France, Russia and Britain) in their efforts to establish trade and spheres of influence in China, Japan, and Korea.

Colorado cruised on the Asiatic Station from 9 April 1870 – 15 March 1873. As flagship for Rear Admiral John Rodgers' squadron, she carried the U.S. Minister (to China and Korea) on a diplomatic mission in April 1871.

On 1 June 1871, an unprovoked attack was made on two ships of the squadron by shore batteries from two Korean forts on the Salee River. When no explanation was offered, a punitive expedition known as the Sinmiyangyo was mounted that destroyed the forts and inflicted heavy casualties on the Koreans.

Clearing Hong Kong, on 21 November 1872, Colorado sailed, by way of Singapore and Cape Town, for New York, arriving on 11 March 1873.

North Atlantic Squadron
Colorado sailed from New York, on 12 December, to cruise the North Atlantic Station, and became flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron on 27 August 1874.

Decommissioned
Returning to New York, on 30 May 1876, Colorado was placed out of commission on 8 June. From 1876 to 1884, she was used as a receiving ship at New York Navy Yard. She was sold on 14 February 1885, to a private company; and broken up for salvage material and burned for her copper fastenings.

While the ship was being broken up off of Plum Beach, near Port Washington, Long Island, a fire broke out on the forward decks, which was where boards were being burnt for iron spikes. The fire spread to several other nearby, former navy ships, which were also due to be broken up for salvage, these were USS Minnesota (1855), USS Susquehanna (1850), USS South Carolina (1860), Iowa, and USS Congress (1868). Along with Colorado, these other ships went down after they were burnt. The company that had been breaking the ships up, Stannard & Co., claimed at the time that the fire may have caused a loss of more than $100,000.

title: USS Colorado (1856)


text:
User:Druid816

About Druid816
Young(ish). Geeky(ish). Bored. (No -ish).

title: User:Druid816


text:
Arnold Henry Savage Landor

Arnold Henry Savage Landor (2 June 1865 – 26 December 1924) was an English painter, explorer, writer, and anthropologist.

Life and career
Arnold H. S. Landor was born to Charles Savage Landor in Florence, Italy, where he spent his childhood. The writer Walter Savage Landor was his grandfather.

He left for Paris at age fifteen to study at the Académie Julian directed by Gustave Boulanger and Jules Lefebvre. He then traveled the world, including America, Japan, and Korea, painting many landscapes and portraits. His 1895 travel memoirs from Korea included accounts of appointments to portray two Princes of the ruling Min clan, each of whom received him more graciously than they had the British consul. The gifts from one of his sitters included a white leopard skin and a set of screens that were of especial rarity. Upon his return to England, he was invited to Balmoral by Queen Victoria to recount his adventures and show his drawings. He later traveled to Nepal and Tibet, telling of his experiences in two books: In the Forbidden Land (1898) and Tibet and Nepal (1905).

When he learned about the Boxer Rebellion in China he went to Peking (now spelled Beijing) to join the victory parade, afterward writing China and the Allies (1901). In 1901 he traveled from Russia to India, riding on horseback through Persia, publishing the account of that journey in the book Across Coveted Lands (1902). A journey to the Philippine Islands resulted in another book: The Gems of the East (1904).

During the 1900s he visited Abyssinia and painted a portrait of the king Menelik II. Landor's book Across Widest Africa was published in 1906. During 1911 and 1912 he made an eventful expedition to the Mato Grosso in Brazil and in 1913 published Across Unknown South America.

He had an active role in World War I, designing tanks and airships. Eventually, he retired to write his autobiography in Florence, where he died in 1924. He is buried in the English Cemetery, Florence.

Works

 * Alone with the Hairy Ainu (1893).
 * Corea or Cho-sen (1895)
 * In the Forbidden Land (1898).
 * China and the Allies (1901).
 * Across Coveted Lands (1902). VOL I. VOL II.
 * The Gems of the East (1904).
 * Tibet and Nepal (1905).
 * The Living Races of Mankind (1905).
 * Across Widest Africa (1907).
 * An Explorer's Adventures in Tibet (1910).
 * Across Unknown South America (1913).
 * Everywhere, the Memoirs of an Explorer (1924).

title: Arnold Henry Savage Landor


text:
City of Willoughby

The City of Willoughby is a local government area on the Lower North Shore of Northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 6 km north of the Sydney central business district. It was first proclaimed in October 1865 as the Municipality of North Willoughby.

The main commercial centre of the City of Willoughby is Chatswood, home to one of Sydney's suburban skyscraper clusters. Other commercial centres are the suburbs of Willoughby, St Leonards and Artarmon. Willoughby is situated on an elevated plateau, and all of Sydney's television stations broadcast from towers in the area. Within the City of Willoughby is the Royal North Shore Hospital, located at St Leonards, one of Sydney's major hospitals.

The Council comprises an area of 23 km2, and as at the 2021 census had an estimated population of 75,613.

Suburbs in the local government area
Suburbs and Localities in the City of Willoughby are: • Artarmon

• Artarmon Industrial Area

• Castle Cove

• Castlecrag

• Chatswood

• Chatswood West (shared with City of Ryde)

• Gore Hill (shared with Municipality of Lane Cove)

• Middle Cove

• Lane Cove North (shared with Municipality of Lane Cove)

• Naremburn

• North Willoughby

• Northbridge

• Roseville (shared with Ku-ring-gai Council)

• St Leonards (shared with Municipality of Lane Cove and North Sydney Council)

• Willoughby

• Willoughby East

Heritage listings
The City of Willoughby has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Artarmon, 559 Pacific Highway: Chatswood Reservoirs No. 1 and No. 2
 * Castle Cove, 14 Cherry Place: Innisfallen Castle and grounds
 * Castlecrag, 375 Edinburgh Road: Buhrich House II
 * Castlecrag, 8 The Barbette: Duncan House (Castlecrag)
 * Castlecrag, 80 The Bulwark: The Glass House (Castlecrag)
 * Castlecrag, 15 The Citadel: Fishwick House
 * Chatswood, 258-260 Mowbray Road: Windsor Gardens (Chatswood)
 * Chatswood, 313-315 Mowbray Road: Hilton (Chatswood)
 * Gore Hill, Pacific Highway: Gore Hill Memorial Cemetery
 * Willoughby, 85-87 Penshurst Street: Laurelbank
 * Willoughby, 2 Small Street: Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator, Willoughby

Demographics
At the 2016 census, there were 74,302 people in the Willoughby local government area, of these 48.0% were male and 52.0% were female. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0.2% of the population. The median age of people in the City of Willoughby was 37 years. Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 19.4% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 13.6% of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 54.6% were married and 8.2% were either divorced or separated.

Population growth in the City of Willoughby between the 2006 Census and the 2011 Census was 5.9%; and in the subsequent five years to the 2016 Census, population growth was 10.3%. When compared with total population growth of Australia for the same periods, being 8.3% and 8.8% respectively, population growth in Willoughby local government area has accelerated faster than the national average.

At the 2016 Census, the proportion of residents in Willoughby local government area who stated their ancestry as Chinese was in excess of four times the state and national averages; and the proportion of households where an Asian language was spoken at home was approximately five times higher than the national average.

Current composition and election method
Willoughby City Council is composed of thirteen councillors, including the mayor, for a fixed four-year term of office. The Mayor is directly elected while the twelve other councillors are elected proportionally as four separate wards, each electing three councillors. The most recent Council election was held on 21 December 2021.

The current Council is:

Aboriginal culture
As of January 2022, Willoughby Council has announced that Talus Street Reserve, on Gammeraygal land in the suburb of Naremburn would be handed back to the Local Aboriginal Land Council (LALC). The precinct includes a creek, bushland, walking tracks, picnic tables and parking areas. Nathan Moran, CEO of the Metropolitan LALC told NITV News that the hand back represents the realisation of Aboriginal Land Rights. "Returning crown land is recompense for loss of all freehold, leasehold and or state-owned and used land as well for not getting royalties for mining," he said.

Willoughby Mayor, Tanya Taylor, described the reserve as "beautiful land" and emphasised the council's resounding support for the decision. "Council acknowledges the rich Indigenous history of the Gammeraygal people in the area. The transfer will embed this significant indigenous heritage, drive cultural and social outcomes as it affirms Aboriginal Land Rights and supports reconciliation", Mayor Taylor said.

European settlement
In May 1865, 67 residents of the rural District of Willoughby sent a petition to the Governor Sir John Young, requesting the incorporation of the Municipality of North Willoughby. This resulted in the Municipality of North Willoughby being formally proclaimed on 23 October 1865. The council first met to elect six Councillors and two Auditors on 16 December 1865, in the house of James Harris French and the first chairman, James William Bligh, was elected on 1 January 1866.

There were no wards until 1876 when the council was divided into three wards: Chatsworth Ward to the north, Middle Harbour Ward to the east and Lane Cove Ward to the west. Lane Cove Ward became the separate Municipality of Lane Cove on 11 February 1895 and Middle Harbour Ward was divided into Middle Harbour and Naremburn wards. With the passing of the Municipalities Act, 1867, the name was changed to be the Borough of North Willoughby, which then changed to Borough of Willoughby in the Borough of Willoughby Naming Act 1890. In June 1900, a petition to expand the number of wards from three to four, each electing three aldermen, was proclaimed dividing Chatsworth Ward into Chatswood East and West wards in addition to Middle Harbour and Naremburn wards. From 28 December 1906, with the passing of the Local Government Act, 1906, the council area was renamed the Municipality of Willoughby. In August 1941, the Minister for Local Government, James McGirr, approved a proposal to split Middle Harbour Ward, adding Northbridge Ward as the fifth ward electing three aldermen.

The first council meetings were held in a hut located behind the main residence of major landholder and timer merchant, James Harris French, on the corner of Penshurst and Penkivil Streets. Municipal offices were afterwards established in Penshurst Street near Forsyth Street corner. These were in turn followed by the Council Chambers in the old School of Arts building in Mowbray Road from 1877, which then became part of the Mowbray House School. These chambers were replaced in 1903 by the first Town Hall building in Victoria Avenue, designed by Byera Hadley and officially opened by the Premier, Sir John See, on 2 September 1903. The first town hall was demolished in 1969 and replaced by the second Willoughby Town Hall with the adjacent Council Administration Centre as the "Willoughby Civic Centre". The council was granted city status and was proclaimed as the City of Willoughby on 17 November 1989.

A 2015 review of local government boundaries by the NSW Government Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal recommended that the City of Willoughby merge with adjoining councils. The government considered two proposals. The first proposed a merger of the North Sydney and Willoughby Councils to form a new council with an area of 33 km2 and support a population of approximately 145,000. The alternative, proposed by Warringah Council on 23 February 2016, was for an amalgamation of the Pittwater, Manly and Warringah councils. As a consequence of Warringah's proposal, the New South Wales Minister for Local Government Paul Toole proposed that the North Sydney, Willoughby and Mosman Councils merge. In July 2017, the Berejiklian government decided to abandon the forced merger of the North Sydney, Willoughby and Mosman local government areas, along with several other proposed forced mergers.

Council seal
The Council seal first appeared in records on 7 May 1867, containing only the words "Municipality of North Willoughby Common Seal". In 1890 the floral emblem was used in the middle of the seal for the first time with "Borough of Willoughby". Willoughby became a City on 17 November 1989 and the city crest was altered accordingly, with the wording "The Council of the City of Willoughby" replacing the previous title and a mural crown added to symbolise city status. It was this latest seal that was incorporated into the Willoughby City Flag, designed by John Vaughan and first flown on 12 May 1990.

The present council seal, formally adopted in August 1990, contains an emblem of various native flowers:
 * Waratah – Telopea speciosissima
 * Christmas Bell – Blandfordia grandiflora
 * Sydney Red Gum – Angophora costata
 * Flannel Flower – Actinotus helianthi
 * Native Rose – Boronia serrulata

Two of the main pioneering industries of the area are also symbolised in the seal: the tanning industry represented by the leather belt and the brick-making industry represented in the mural crown. In July 1999, council adopted a corporate logo, taking the form of a stylised Waratah, with the phrase "City of Diversity".

title: City of Willoughby


text:
Talk:Item

Definition
Items dont have to have a good benefit. An item can just be some object in the game that you can pick up, but is not particularly useful. I would define an item as a usable item in comptuer and video games. Power-ups are items that have are beneficial and have an instant effect. Items generally have to be activated at the request of the player. --larsinio ( poke )( prod ) 14:59, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I've expanded it a little bit. Wrote a small bit about how items aren't always good.--Drat (Talk) 16:20, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree that some games do have negative items, which is worth mentioning. But I don't know about "generally having to be activated" from the sources I've seen though. As you say, power-ups ARE items. I think this article should cover the most general usage. That said, I do think items have to have some use or effect in order to be items. I could be wrong on that point, but if you've ever played old fashioned computer adventure games, you can generally pick up anything that's not nailed down -- rocks, car keys, breath mints, anything. Often you can pick up stuff that's completely useless, in order to add to challenge of figuring out what you can use and how to use it. I'm not sure I've ever really "item" to describe that sort of stuff, but again, I might be wrong. -- Lee Bailey(talk) 23:53, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Searching through my own memory I dont realyl recall using item for a "useless" object. As long as the object can be used for somethign, whether it is good bad or neutral, it is an item IMO. We need more input on whether it has to be activiated or is an instant. Are power-ups types of items or completely mutally exclusive? --larsinio ( poke )( prod ) 13:29, 22 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Not an easy answer. To give powerups as an example: In Quake II single player, powerups like Quad Damage and Invulnerability can be picked up and used later (unlike in Quake where they are instant). In multiplayer however (from memory), the default is that powerups are instant. Would that make Quad Damage an item in one mode and not in another? I think Item and Powerup may need to be merged. The difference isn't so black and white.--Drat (Talk) 13:44, 22 June 2006 (UTC)
 * If we're in need of more opinions, we can discuss or poll on the computer and video games Wikiproject. But in the end we should probably defer to what's most commonly used in the most reliable print sources: game magazines, instruction books, hint guides, and games themselves. My opinion is officially, "item" is most commonly used as a general term for all useable game objects, and that it makes the most sense to have an article on the general term. -- Lee Bailey(talk) 17:12, 22 June 2006 (UTC)
 * How would classify power-up, an item that has some charactersitics like working as an isntant. also, is power-up both a noun and an adjective when it's used in terms of items? --larsinio ( poke )( prod ) 17:30, 22 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, this article should really discuss types of items, so when instant effect items are mentioned, it would probably be worth saying these are sometimes called power-ups... but I've also noticed some game manuals which use power-up and item interchangably, so it should probably also be considered an alterate term for 'item' in the most general sense.  -- Lee Bailey(talk) 12:16, 23 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Should this even be in Wikipedia? It doesn't have any reliable sources and would probably be better off in Wikitionary. Garth of NEaB 19:30, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Modeling?
What is "between" items? Till now, I used "element". My GUI model consist of "item"s. When I put a GUI model item into another item (button into a panel, or so), there is the possibility of direct insertion, but there is also the possibility of additional _optional_ "constraint"(s?) (Layout position ... Java). So, till now I used "element" (being an item ... derived class), consisting of the (sub-)item and the additional Layout position constraint, when I wanted to "constrain" the insertion. But sadly, now I need to have a super-class for "model", *model-item", and other ("model-action", maybe more later) for which I used "element" in other modeling modules (Model, 3D Model). As "Object" is already defined in Java, I would very much like to not use "GUIModelObject". Anyone a good (design? pattern?) idea; or else maybe know, where else I could become an answer, if not here? (You could also tell me, I'm completely wrong with "item" - design-wise (if you have any bether solution) .) --Alien4 05:06, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Computer/video game item split
This section does not seem appropriate for a dab page and I think it should be split off into a separate article. —Eeky 04:57, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Item


text:
John Voight

John Voight may refer to:

 * Jon Voight (born 1938), American actor
 * John Voight (athlete) (1926–1993), American sprinter
 * Wolfgang Zilzer (1901–1991), German-American actor who used the stage name "John Voight"

title: John Voight


text:
Compartmentalization

Compartmentalization or compartmentalisation may refer to:

 * Compartmentalization (biology)
 * Compartmentalization (engineering)
 * Compartmentalization (fire protection)
 * Compartmentalization (information security)
 * Compartmentalization (psychology)
 * Compartmentalization of decay in trees

title: Compartmentalization


text:
Alexandros Giotopoulos

Alexandros Giotopoulos (Αλέξανδρος Γιωτόπουλος; born 1944) is a Greek convicted terrorist, currently serving seventeen life sentences plus 25 years imprisonment. He was found guilty in 2003 of leading the Marxist-Leninist Greek urban guerrilla group Revolutionary Organization 17 November (17N).

Biography
Giotopoulos was born in Paris in 1944, the son of Dimitris Giotopoulos. He was raised in Chalandri and in 1962 he returned to Paris where he studied mathematics and economics. Several decades later, from inside the prison, he continued his studies with a Master in Theoretical Mathematics and later he earned a PhD degree from the University of Paris.

He was part of the United Democratic Left, and later, an opponent of the Greek military junta of 1967-1974. On 29th of August 1972 he participated in the bombing of the US embassy in Greece.

Revolutionary Organization 17 November
17N was responsible for a series of armed robberies, bombings, and assassinations of prominent Greek and foreign politicians, journalists, diplomats, and businessmen that left twenty-three people dead. Giotopoulos was identified as its leader after the arrest and confession of Savvas Xiros, another member of 17N, following a failed bombing attempt on a hydrofoil shipping company in Piraeus.

Giotopoulos appealed his conviction, and described himself as the victim of "an Anglo-American conspiracy". At the start of his appeal, in 2005, he received support from left-wing organisations and personalities in France, where he was born, including Alain Krivine and Pierre Vidal-Naquet. However, on May 3, 2007, his conviction and those of his 17N accomplices were sustained by the court of appeals.

title: Alexandros Giotopoulos


text:
Simon Upton

Simon David Upton (born 7 February 1958) is a former New Zealand politician and member of Parliament from 1981 to 2001, representing the National Party, and the current Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment.

Early life
Upton was educated at Southwell School, St Paul's Collegiate School and the University of Auckland, where he gained degrees in English literature, music and law, and Wolfson College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar.

Member of Parliament
Having joined the National Party in 1976, he served as Chairman of the New Zealand Young Nationals among other positions and became the then-youngest MP for Waikato in the 1981 election. In the 1984 election, he was elected MP for Raglan, which he held until the 1996 election, when he chose to become a list MP.

Cabinet minister
Upton became one of New Zealand's youngest ever Ministers in the Cabinet in 1990, when he became Minister of Health, Minister for the Environment, and Minister of Research, Science and Technology. As Environment minister, Upton promoted the enactment of the Resource Management Act 1991. He was responsible for establishing the Crown Research Institutes. One of Upton's most controversial actions whilst holding the health portfolio was introducing public hospital outpatient charges of $50 per night, this was later abandoned as the 1993 election approached. He also has an interest in sustainable development, and chaired the OECD's Round Table on Sustainable Development and is a founding member of the Board of the Holcim Foundation for Sustainable Construction.

Upton was sworn to the Privy Council in 1999.

After National was defeated at the 1999 election Upton was appointed Spokesperson for Foreign Affairs, Superannuation and Culture and Heritage by leader Jenny Shipley.

Life after politics
He resigned from Parliament in 2001, and moved to France. He took up a full-time post at the OECD as the chair of the Round Table on Sustainable Development which he held until 2005. He was also a part-time consultant at PriceWaterhouseCoopers for several years. In April 2010 he was appointed as the head of the OECD Environment Directorate, in Paris, France.

In April 2017, he was appointed by Parliament to be the next Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. He replaced the previous commissioner, Dr Jan Wright, when her second five-year term ended in October 2017.

Personal life
He has two adult children.

title: Simon Upton


text:
Siddique Salik

Brigadier Siddique Salik (6 September 1935 – 17 August 1988), SI(M), was an officer in the Pakistan Army. He was a combat artist, humorist, novelist, and a memoirist who served as 8th Director-General of the Inter-Services Public Relations from 1985 until his death in 1988 in the plane crash in Bahawalpur with then President.

In addition, he also authored two eyewitnessed books on the Bangladesh Liberation War which took place in erstwhile East-Pakistan, giving accounts of politics and the barbaric strategies used by the military.

Early life
Siddique Salik was born in Manglia, a village, located in Kharian Tehsil of Gujrat District, Punjab, British India on 6 September 1935.

He hailed from a Jat clan of Punjab and his family was traditionally Peasant who worked in a local farm.

Education and military service
He was educated in Lahore, having attended the Islamia College in the Civil Lines in Lahore in 1955.

He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature and later obtained master's degrees' in English literature and international relations from Islamia College in 1960.

After college graduation, he taught British literature in various colleges in Lahore as visiting professor while working as an associate editor for the Associated Press.

In 1964, he joined the Pakistan Army when he gained commissioned as a captain in the Guides Cavalry of the Frontier Force. and joined the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) as a War correspondent. In 1969, he was promoted as major while serving as military journalist in the ISPR.

Personal life
Brig. Salik was married and had three daughters and a son. His son, Sarmad Salik, is a political journalist who has worked for PTV News, for ARY News as director of current affairs, Head of Strategy & Planning at TRT World, Senior Analyst of a Show called Public Opinion on Public News TV and was the Managing Director at Indus News, the first international news channel in English from Pakistan.

War Appointment and military service in East Pakistan
In 1970, Major Salik was posted in Dacca, and became the public relations officer in the ISPR East Pakistan of Eastern Command. Major Salik served as a military media correspondent but soon realized that the separate section of army had begun a successful mutiny and advised for the formation of truth and reconciliation commission to end the bloodshed, though his advises were not heeded.

He joined the senior military staff at the GHQ Dacca as a Public Relations Officer, working to release official statements made by the Eastern Command that was led by its Commander East, Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan, and later A.A.K. Niazi. On 20 December 1971, he was taken as POW by the Indian Army when Commander Eastern Command Gen Niazi signed to concede the defeat and was flown to Calcutta to be imprisoned in the military barracks along with Niazi and Admiral Sharif. While imprisoned, he was described by the Indian Army's officials as "intelligent, indefatigable, and admirable who was ignored by Niazi and others."

About the war prisoners, Major Salik reportedly maintained that the most of the war prisoners were given thought that in mere two-to-three months, they will be repatriated back to Pakistan via trains to Wagha checkpoint and ships Karachi port. However, these hopes were dashed when the prisoners had to wait years to be repatriated to Pakistan.

Witness to Surrender and Inter-Services Public Relations
Under the population transfer agreement signed between India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, Major Salik returned to Pakistan when he was repatriated by Indian Army to the Pakistan Army in 1973. Major Salik testified against AAK Niazi during the interviewing process of the War Enquiry Commission. Major Salik continued his military service and remained associate with the Inter-Services Public Relations, working on the public relations. During this time, he began working towards writing the memoirs and book that would recounts the events that led to the Surrender of Pakistan, which he titled as "Witness to Surrender."

In 1977, Major Salik was promoted as Lieutenant-Colonel and published his book despite reservation within the military in 1979. The book has its significance and considered an eyewitness report on the committed genocide committed under the responsibility of Pakistani military and the Mukti Bahini (lit. Freedom Army), since the War Report was never declassified.

Lieutenant-Colonel Salik also published the Urdu version of the book, title as: ميں نے ڈھاكه ڈوبتے ديكھا (lit. Witness to Surrender) in 1986, which was a translation of his English text. In his book, Salik presented a view of soldiers and sailors serving in the army and navy in a crucial period of insurgency and the politics that revolved around the Yahya administration, which eventually led to the independence of Bangladesh.

In 1979, Salik joined the army staff at the Army GHQ as public relations officer, and began working as speechwriter for President Zia-ul-Haq. In 1981, he was promoted to colonel in the army, and during this time, he remained in charge of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, though he was not appointed minister. In 1982, Salik was permanently appointed as Press secretary for President Zia at the Army GHQ. In 1985, he was promoted as brigadier, and was appointed Director-General of Inter-Services Public Relations when his appointment was approved by then-vice army chief General K.M. Arif.

During his tenure at Inter-Services Public Relations, he became widely known in the public circles in country when he acted as the principal source of information on Pakistani military deployment in response to the Indian Army's massive military exercise.

On 17 August 1988, Brig Salik was among those who died in a mysterious plane crash while he was traveling with President Zia and American ambassador Arnold Lewis Raphel; he was buried in his local village with full military honors.

Authorship, memoirs, and family
During his lifetime, Brig. Salik authored 9 books on military and politics; of which, six were written in Urdu and three were written in English. In 1974, he wrote and published his first memoir, "Hamah Yārān̲ Dozak̲h̲", that recorded his life spent as war prisoner under the Indian Army. His book and novels also included:

 * Hamah Yārān̲ Dozak̲h̲ (1974)
 * Witness to Surrender (ISBN 81-7062-108-9, 1977)
 * Ta damay tehreer (1981)
 * Main ne Dhakah dubte dekha (1986)
 * Pressure Cooker (1984)
 * Wounded pride: the reminiscences of a Pakistani prisoner (1984)
 * Emergency (1985)
 * Salute: An autobiography (1986)
 * State and Politics: A Case Study of Pakistan (1987)

His novel, Ta damay tehreer, is a contemporary satire which provides humor while discussing the political events in his country.

title: Siddique Salik


text:
Belinda Vernon

Belinda Jane Vernon (born 1958) is a former New Zealand politician. She was an MP from 1996 to 2002, representing the National Party.

Early life
Vernon attended Remuera Intermediate School (1970–71) and Diocesan School for Girls (1972–76). She gained a BComm from the University of Auckland. She commenced her professional life as an accountant for a London shipping company. Back in New Zealand, she became financial controller, and then company secretary, for a trans-Tasman shipping company.

Member of Parliament
The voters of the Auckland seat of Maungakiekie elected Vernon as their electorate Member of Parliament in the 1996 election, but she lost the seat to Labour's Mark Gosche in the 1999 election, returning to Parliament as a list MP. In the 2002 election she failed to re-take Maungakiekie, and owing to the collapse of National's vote that year, was not high enough on the party list to return to Parliament.

From 2001, Vernon served as National's spokesperson for Transport and for Arts, Culture and Heritage.

After politics
Vernon was a trustee of the Motutapu Restoration Trust from 2002 to 2012. On 1 July 2011 she was appointed as a director at GNS Science. On 27 February 2013 she was appointed to the board of Maritime New Zealand.

title: Belinda Vernon


text:
USS Pogy

Two submarines of the United States Navy have been named USS Pogy, after the pogy (or menhaden), a widely harvested but little-known fish:

 * USS Pogy (SS-266), a Gato-class submarine, commissioned in 1943 and scrapped in 1959.
 * USS Pogy (SSN-647), a Sturgeon-class submarine, commissioned in 1971 and scrapped in 2000.

title: USS Pogy


text:
Germán Rieckehoff

Germán Rieckehoff Sampayo (February 5, 1915 – September 2, 1997) was a Puerto Rican nationalist of German descent, who served as president of the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee.

Early years
Germán Rieckehoff Sampayo was born on February 5, 1915, in Vieques, Puerto Rico to Puerto Rican parents of German descent, who were poor farmers (jíbaros) who provided him with his basic needs and a good education. He was raised in a homestead owned by his parents. Their relative, Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff, was an important leader of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and he followed the cause of independence himself.

Rieckehoff had an athletic youth and when young he was an expert swimmer. In 1947, Rieckehoff founded an association of Viequenses to fight the presence of the United States Navy in his home-island of Vieques. He enrolled at the University of Puerto Rico School of Law where he earned his law degree and also earned a bachelor's degree in commercial administration from the University of Minnesota. It was during his university years that he became involved with the Puerto Rican Olympic Committee, eventually becoming the president of the committee. He was a member of the 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games organizing committee.

Puerto Rican Olympic Committee
In 1980, the United States boycotted the Olympic Games in Moscow, Soviet Union, protesting the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. Rieckehoff was against the boycott because he believed that politics should not get involved with sporting events. He was, therefore, denied economic support from the local government. Rieckehoff did however, manage to send one athlete to represent Puerto Rico. Alberto Mercado, became the only United States citizen to participate in the 1980 Olympics in the boxing event.

The Barceló incident
In 1982, the Government of Puerto Rico, headed by then governor Carlos Romero Barceló, withheld economic support from the athletic delegation headed to Cuba, where the Central American and Caribbean Games were going to be held. The Puerto Rican Olympic Committee, under the leadership of Rieckehoff, had to appeal directly to the people for donations and were able to send the delegation.

The Albergue Olimpico (Olympic Hostel)
Rieckehoff oversaw the construction of the "Olympic Village" in Carolina for the VIII Pan American Games, held in Puerto Rico in 1979 and he also oversaw the construction of the Albergue Olímpico (Olympic Hostel) in Salinas. He donated the land for the establishment of the "Regional Development Center".

Later years
In the late 1980s, Rieckehoff traveled to Lausanne, Switzerland, and at the International Olympic Committee headquarters, he requested that the 2004 Olympic Games be held in San Juan, Puerto Rico. He pointed out that the success of the Pan American Games held in the island had proved that Puerto Rico had the facilities capable of holding an event such as the Olympics. The committee took his request into consideration but, after some years of studying the situation, decided for Athens, Greece to hold the games instead.

Rieckehoff indicated in a speech that he feared that sports professionals were gaining more control than the partisans of the Olympics. He also believed that the salaried professionals and administrators automatically thought that they knew what was best for the Olympics, when in reality the partisans were the ones with the proper knowledge.

On September 2, 1997, Germán Rieckehoff was in Lausanne, Switzerland when he fell ill. He was rushed on an ambulance plane with his wife, Irma Gonzalez, a sports leader in her own right, and son Germán, but died on the flight. His remains were returned to Puerto Rico, where he received a hero's funeral. He was survived by his wife, Irma, who died on May 3, 2006, their children, Angelita, Germán and Juan Adolfo Rieckehoff.

Honors and recognitions
In his honor, the Albergue Olympico (Salinas, Puerto Rico) was renamed and is now known as the "Germán Rieckehoff Albergue Olympico", which also houses his gravesite, where his remains lie along with those of his wife. There is also a Germán Rieckehoff High School in Vieques and one in Virginia. On August 16, 2003, the Puerto Rican Legislature passed Law # 182 which established the "Germán Rieckehoff Sampayo Medal" of the Puerto Rican Legislative Assembly for excellence in sports. The medal is to be presented annually the sportsperson whose local or international accomplishments have helped keep the image of Puerto Rican sports among the best. Author Raul Mayo Santana wrote Rieckehoff's biography in a book titled El Juguete Sagrado: Germán Rieckehoff Sampayo Vida y leyenda.

title: Germán Rieckehoff


text:
K-13 (missile)

The Vympel K-13 (NATO reporting name: AA-2 "Atoll") is a short-range, infrared homing air-to-air missile developed by the Soviet Union. It is similar in appearance and function to the American AIM-9B Sidewinder from which it was reverse-engineered. Although it since has been replaced by more modern missiles in frontline service, it saw widespread service in many nations.

Background - the Sidewinder missile
During the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1958, Taiwan's F-86 Sabres faced the much higher performance mainland Chinese PLAAF MiG-17s. The MiG-17s had speed, maneuverability, and altitude advantages over the Sabres, allowing them to engage only when they desired, normally at advantageous times. In response, the US Navy rushed to modify 100 ROCAF Sabres to carry the newly introduced AIM-9 Sidewinder missile. These were introduced into combat on 24 September 1958, when a group of MiG-17s cruised past a flight of Sabres, only to find themselves under attack by missile fire. This was the first instance of guided missiles being used in air-to-air combat.

On 28 September 1958, a similar engagement resulted in one of the missiles becoming lodged in a MiG-17 without exploding, allowing it to be removed after landing. The Soviets later became aware that the Chinese had at least one Sidewinder, and after some wrangling, were able to persuade the Chinese to send them one of the captured missiles. Gennadiy Sokolovskiy, later chief engineer at the Vympel team, said that "the Sidewinder missile was to us a university offering a course in missile construction technology which has upgraded our engineering education and updated our approach to production of future missiles."

A subsequent claim was made by Ron Westrum in his book Sidewinder that the Soviets obtained the plans for the Sidewinder from Swedish Colonel and convicted spy Stig Wennerström, and rushed their version into service by 1961 copying it so closely that even the part numbers were duplicated. Although Wennerström did leak information of the Sidewinder after negotiating its purchase for Sweden, none of the known Soviet sources mention this, while all explicitly mention the Chinese example.

Development and early use
The Sidewinder was quickly reverse engineered as the K-13 (also called R-3 or Object 300) and entered limited service only two years later in 1960. This was followed by the improved K-13A (R-3S, Object 310), which entered service in 1962. The R-3S was the first version to enter widespread production, in spite of a very long seeker settling time on the order of 22 seconds, as opposed to 11 seconds for the original version.

The R-3S was seen by the West in 1961 and given the NATO reporting name AA-2A 'Atoll'. Minimum engagement range for the R-3S is about one kilometre. All K-13 variants are physically similar to Sidewinder, sharing the 5 inch (127 mm) diameter. Subsequent examination of AA-2 missiles captured by NATO forces showed that parts from an AIM-9 could be interchanged with parts from an AA-2 and either combination would still work.

In 1962, work started on a semi-active radar homing (SARH) version for high-altitude use, the K-13R (R-3R or Object 320) with 8 km range, similar to the little-used US Navy AIM-9C Sidewinder (carried by the F-8 Crusader). This took longer to develop, and while its first launches were in 1963, it did not enter service until 1967, alongside the radar required for it, the RP-22S, on the MiG-21S, produced from 1965. This missile was available on all subsequent MiG-21 variants. This version was designated AA-2B by NATO.

Three training versions were also developed. The R-3U ("uchebnaya", training) was an empty missile body with a homing set, allowing pilots to get used to the aiming of the system. The R-3P ("prakticheskaya", practice) was a complete missile without an explosive warhead. The RM-3V ("raketa-mishen", target-missile) served as an aerial target.

Later versions
The Vympel team started working on a more ambitious upgrade in the late 1960s, emerging as the K-13M (R-13M, Object 380) for the IRH and K-13R (R-3R) for the SARH variant, were developed in the late 1960s. These were dubbed Advanced Atoll (AA-2C and AA-2D, respectively) in the west. The R-13M was roughly equivalent to the improved USN AIM-9G Sidewinder, with a new proximity fuse, more propellant for longer range, better maneuverability, and a more sensitive nitrogen-cooled seeker head. None were all-aspect missiles. The same electronics upgrades were also applied to the Kaliningrad K-5 (AA-1) to arm fighters that did not carry the K-13.

The K-13 in different versions was widely exported to the Warsaw Pact and other air forces, and remains in service with a few smaller nations. A license-built version called A-91 was built in Romania, and the People's Republic of China copied the K-13 as the PL-2. Updated Chinese versions were the PL-3 and PL-5. Soviet Union provided China K-13 missile technology as a part of MiG-21 fighter jet deal in 1962. In 1967, China successfully completed locally produced K-13 (PL-2) missile tests, and started to deploy this missile to combat units. It was first used to intercept USAF UAVs flown from Vietnam and other south east Asian countries to mainland China.

Former operators

 * – Passed on to Germany, retired shortly after.
 * 🇩🇪 – Retired after the German reunification.
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * 🇱🇾 Libya
 * 🇲🇱 Mali
 * 🇳🇬 Nigeria
 * North Yemen
 * 🇵🇪 – On the Sukhoi Su-22 and the Dassault Mirage 5
 * South Yemen
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan
 * 🇩🇪 – Retired after the German reunification.
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * 🇱🇾 Libya
 * 🇲🇱 Mali
 * 🇳🇬 Nigeria
 * North Yemen
 * 🇵🇪 – On the Sukhoi Su-22 and the Dassault Mirage 5
 * South Yemen
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan
 * 🇵🇪 – On the Sukhoi Su-22 and the Dassault Mirage 5
 * South Yemen
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan
 * South Yemen
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan
 * South Yemen
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan

Operational history
The K-13 missile was used by North Vietnamese MiG-21 pilots. Due to the NVAF's very limited number of MiG-21s, their common tactic was to approach an American formation at maximum reasonable speed, fire their missiles in volleys, and exit the area at maximum speed to avoid engagement.

Some of these missiles were seized by Israel during the Six-Day War in the Sinai Peninsula. They were used during the War of Attrition, by Squadron 101 (Mirage IIICJ) and probably also by 117 and 119 squadrons, all Mirage squadrons of the Israeli Air Force. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Israelis shot down dozens of MiGs – but there had been no success in using this missile, as Israeli pilots preferred to use cannons or indigenous missiles such as Shafrir 1 and Shafrir 2.

K-3 or K-13 missiles were also used during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 by the Indian Air Force; they were integrated on MiG-21FLs and used to shoot down at least two to four Pakistani F-104 Starfighters. They were used during the Yom Kippur War by the Arab Air Forces in 1973, and during the Iran–Iraq War by the Iraqi Air Force between 1980 and 1988.

On 19 August 1981, during the 1981 Gulf of Sidra incident, a Libyan Air Force Su-22 fired a K-13 missile head on at approaching US Navy F-14As; the missile was evaded.

Specifications (R-3S / R-3R)

 * Length: (R-3S) 2,830 mm (9 ft 3.4 in); (R-3R) 3,420 mm (11 ft 5 in)
 * Wingspan: 530 mm (21 in)
 * Diameter: 127 mm (5 in)
 * Launch weight: (R-3S) 75 kg (166 lb); (R-3R) 93 kg (205 lb)
 * Speed: Mach 2.5
 * Range: 0.9 to 7 km max, 2 km effective
 * Guidance: (R-3S) infrared homing; (R-3R) SARH
 * Warhead: SB03 11.3 kg (24.9 lb) blast-fragmentation
 * Explosive content: 5.3 kg of TGAF-5 (40% TNT, 40% RDX, 20% Aluminium powder)
 * Fuze: type 428 proximity fuze and I-107 Contact fuze (R-3R)

title: K-13 (missile)