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History of the administrative division of Russia

The modern administrative-territorial structure of Russia is a system of territorial organization which is a product of a centuries-long evolution and reforms.

Early history
The Kievan Rus' as it formed in the 10th century remained a more or less unified realm under the rule of Yaroslav the Wise (d. 1054), but in the later part of the 11th century, it disintegrated into a number of de facto independent and rivaling principalities, the most important of which were Galicia–Volhynia, the Novgorod Republic, and Vladimir-Suzdal.

Following the advance of the Mongols and the establishment of the Golden Horde in 1240, many parts of the former Kievan Rus' came under the direct administration of Sarai, while others became its dependencies. The Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and later gradually and completely coming under the direct administration of the Crown of Poland. The Novgorod Republic was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The grand duchies of Lithuania and Moscow practically divided the former territories of Kievan Rus' between each other, both struggling to gain the seat of the Metropolitan of Kiev.

From the 13th century, the Russian principalities used an administrative subdivision into uyezds, with each such uyezd being subdivided into several volosts, some areas used division of pyatina. Voivodes were the officials appointed to administer and defend the uyezds.

By the 15th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow was recognized as a direct successor of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. It gradually incorporated all left out adjacent smaller duchies such as the Principality of Yaroslavl, Principality of Rostov and successfully conquered the Principality of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal, the Principality of Tver as well as the Novgorod Republic. Near the end of the 15th century the Golden Horde fell apart into several smaller khanates and Muscovy for the first time became a sovereign state.

At the start of the 16th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow managed to annex the Pskov Republic and conquer the Grand Duchy of Ryazan as well as secure number of territories that belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania such as the Upper Oka Principalities and Sloboda Ukraine, thus extending its territory far south. In 1708, the Oka principalities and Sloboda Ukraine were incorporated into the first Kiev Governorate. During the second half of the 16th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow managed to conquer number of West-Siberian and Volga duchies and khanates such as Kazan Khanate, Siberia Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, Great Nogai Horde and many others. Some of the territorial acquisitions, however, were lost during the Time of Troubles.

Soon after the Time of Troubles (Treaty of Polyanovka), the Grand Duchy of Moscow was able to recover the Duchy of Smolensk (Smolensk Voivodeship) and later annex territory of Left-bank Ukraine (Truce of Andrusovo).

Prior to the 18th century, the Tsardom of Russia was divided into a system of territorial units called razryads (literally order of units) as part of military reform of 1680.
 * Moscow Razryad
 * Sevsk Razryad
 * Vladimir Razryad
 * Novgorod Razryad
 * Kazan Razryad
 * Smolensk Razryad
 * Ryazan Razryad
 * Belgorod Razryad, chartered in 1658 out of the Kiev Voivodeship
 * Tambov Razryad
 * Tula Razryad
 * Tobol Razryad, chartered no later than 1587 (first known Voivodeship)
 * Tom Razryad
 * Yenisei Razryad

During the 1680s, the Tsardom of Russia acquired a substantial expansion in Transbaikal after signing the Treaty of Nerchinsk with China (Qing dynasty). By this time (at the end of the 17th century), an extensive territory from Yenisei to the Sea of Okhotsk was secured through colonization. The discovery of the Bering Strait in 1728 confirmed the eastern borders of modern Russia. The eastward advance through Siberia extended the Tobol Razryad transforming it into overstretched territory that was initially in 1708 included into Siberia Governorate.

Administrative reforms by Peter the Great
Technically, the territorial-administrative reform started out in the Tsardom of Russia before the Imperial period. On, 1708, in order to improve the manageability of the vast territory of the state, Tsar Peter the Great issued an ukase (edict) dividing Russia into eight administrative divisions, called governorates (guberniyas), which replaced the 166 uyezds and razryads which existed before the reform:
 * Archangelgorod Governorate
 * Azov Governorate
 * Ingermanland Governorate
 * Kazan Governorate
 * Kiev Governorate
 * Moscow Governorate
 * Siberia Governorate
 * Smolensk Governorate

The reform of 1708 established neither the borders of the governorates nor their internal divisions. The governorates were defined as the sets of cities and the lands adjacent to those cities. Some older subdivision types also continued to be used. Between 1710 and 1713, all governorates were subdivided into lots (доли), each governed by a landrat (ландрат). Every governorate was administered by an appointed governor, who also headed a board of landrats. The lots' primary purpose was fiscal, and each one was supposed to cover 5,536 homesteads.

In 1719, Peter enacted another administrative reform to fix the deficiencies of the original system, as the governorates were too big and unmanageable. This reform abolished the system of lots, dividing most of the governorates into provinces (провинции), which were further divided into districts (дистрикты).

During this time, territories were frequently reshuffled between the governorates, and new governorates were added to accommodate population growth and territorial expansion.

in 1721 the Russian Empire possessed a multinational population of about 17.5 million population in all administrative districts. Out of the 13.5 million Russians, 5.5 million men were liable to the poll tax; 3 percent of them were townsmen and 97 percent peasants. Of the peasants, 25 percent cultivated church lands, 19 percent state lands, and the remainder worked the estates of some 100,000 families of secular landowners. Russia’s territory of about 4,633,200 square miles (12,000,000 square km) included some recent and valuable acquisitions.

Subsequent reforms
In 1727, soon after Peter the Great's death, Catherine I enacted another reform, which rolled back many of the previous reform's developments. The system of districts was abolished, and the old system of uyezds was restored. A total of 166 uyezds was re-established; together with the newly created uyezds, the Russian Empire had approximately 250.

The reform also reshuffled some territories. Narva Province was transferred from Saint Petersburg Governorate to Revel Governorate; Solikamsk and Vyatka Provinces were transferred from Siberia Governorate to Kazan Governorate; and Uglich and Yaroslavl Provinces were transferred from Saint Petersburg Governorate to Moscow Governorate. In addition, Belgorod, Oryol, and Sevsk Provinces of Kiev Governorate were reconstituted as Belgorod Governorate; and Belozersk, Novgorod, Pskov, Tver, and Velikiye Luki Provinces of Saint Petersburg Governorate were reconstituted as Novgorod Governorate.

The following years saw few changes. In 1728, Ufa Province was transferred from Kazan Governorate to Siberia Governorate, and in 1737, Simbirsk Province was created within Kazan Governorate.

Administrative reforms by Catherine the Great
By 1775, the existing system of administrative divisions proved inefficient, which was further underlined by Pugachev's Rebellion, and Catherine the Great issued a document known as Decree on the Governorates (Учреждение о губерниях). The second part of the same decree was issued in 1780, which, however, contained very few significant changes with respect to the first part.

A major administrative territorial restructuring of the Russian Empire after vast land acquisition from the Ottoman Empire and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 18th century. The reform saw introduction of the office of viceroy (gosudarev namestnik) which later were transformed into a general governor. Gosudarev namestnik literally means an imperial representative to the land. During the reform several already existing governments (guberniya) were combined under the office of the Russian viceroy and were called namestnichestvo. Those namestnichestvo were introduced onto the expanded territory as well, the only exclusion were the governments of Moscow and Saint Petersburg. In 1796 all namestnichetvo were officially renamed into general governments. General governments exercised a small degree of autonomy as certain laws varied from general government to another.

Reforms in the 19th century
After the abolition of Russian serfdom in 1861, volosts became a unit of peasant's local self-rule. A number of mirs were united into a typical volost, which had an assembly consisting of elected delegates from the mirs. The self-government of the mirs and volosts was tempered by the authority of the police commissaries (stanovoy) and by the power of general oversight given to the nominated "district committees for the affairs of the peasants".

Reforms in the 20th century
By the 1910s, 104 administrative governorate units existed.

Soviet Russia
The Russian SFSR comprised 16 autonomous republics, 5 autonomous oblasts, 10 autonomous okrugs, 6 krais, and 40 oblasts.

Uyezds and volosts were abolished by the Soviet administrative reform of 1923–1929. Raions may be roughly called a modern equivalent of the uyezds, and selsoviets may be considered a modern equivalent of the volosts.

Russian Federation
The subdivision type of Federal District was created in May 2000 by Vladimir Putin as a part of a wider program designed to reassert federal authority. The original division was into seven federal districts, but in 2010 the North Caucasian Federal District was split off from the Southern Federal District, bringing the number to eight. In 2014, the annexation of Crimea resulted in the creation of a new Crimean Federal District, bringing the number to nine, but it was later merged into the Southern Federal District. Amidst the invasion of Ukraine, four southern Ukrainian regions of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia would later be annexed into Russia in 2022 but were not integrated into the Southern Federal District. All of the six regions that are under Russian occupation are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine.


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File:SNES Star Fox.png

Summary
Screenshot from the SNES game Star Fox by me. (Tyan23)

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Rationale for the fair use of this image in the article Super FX

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Rationale for the fair use of this image in the article Star Fox (series)

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Category:Submariners

officers and crew of naval submarines.

title: Category:Submariners


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Talk:Trieste

Untitled
back to Italy? when did belong to italy?

Never before the 1918, but the Italian propaganda pre-World War I dislike the history (as usual in every pre-war times) -- Unknown

Oh, and when did Trieste belong to yugoslavia or to slovenia? Trieste was always a Romance town. G. Waeber —Preceding unsigned comment added by87.8.125.200 (talk) 11:30, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree with this, this article's history text should be deleted and rewritten with NPOV in mind. --DustWolf 22:45, 21 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. Additionally, the statement "capital of literature and music" seems very contestable in its present form. This is POV. --64.252.20.52 05:02, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

As far as I know the local slovenians also speak a dialect although I don't know it's name, and it might be used much more in the surrounding villages & localities around Trieste.

Last time I checked Trieste is in Italy. This article is so biased towards Slovenes and Slavs that it's not even funny. It's insult to all Italians and a slap in the face after they took all of Istria. Next they are going to demand Venice too. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.158.91.240 (talk) 04:21, 19 October 2018 (UTC)

Demographics
* 94.9% Italian * 1.8% Serbian * 0.8% Croatian * 0.3% Albanian * 0.2% Slovenian

Smaller groups are Chinese, Bosnian, Romanian, German, and Senegalese

It's not clear what these data represent. What is the area being concerned? Is this the city of Trieste, the commune of Trieste, the province of Trieste or something else? What is the criterion of classification? It seems to be citizenship. What is the source of these data? Until these questions are answered, I think we can't include these data in the article, as we don't know what they mean. Boraczek 10:42, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Venice
Very iffy on the "ruled by Venice" bit - for 3 years? Occupied, surely? Can I change this?

origin of the name
I would ask the editors to add, as possible origins of the name TERGESTUM, the fact that Romans had to fight three times against the Venetic pre-roman population of Histri, living in the villages in the surroundings of Trieste. From the latin "Gerere Bellum"= "fight a battle", or "gestum"=fought and "Ter"= three times, the word "ter-gestum bellum", meaning "three times battle" would also be a possible origin for the ancient name of the city, TERGESTUM.

In greek, TERGESTE (the first E is "epsilon", the last E is an "eta") is still used, and does not seem to have a slavic origin, since the epsilon needs to be pronounced as open E.

However, the slavic origin is also possible, as suggested so far.

Massimiliano Perez — Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.105.64.203 (talk) 13:23, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Funny, I was about to add the Greek name to the article because, as you say, it preserves the ancient form. I'm not sure about Slavic vs. non-Slavic origins you discuss, but it's an interesting point.Nojamus (talk) 14:39, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

In Etruscan was called Tarcste. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.182.101.132 (talk) 07:54, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

slovenian name
Isn't the proper slovenian name for Trieste identical to the croatian, that is Trst? And I think Triest is german. I've also heard that the name Trieste actualy originates from the slovenian Trst. Can anyone confirm this? I've looked it up in a dictionary and it says:

trst, trstje - reed, reeds pl; piščal iz ~a reed pipe; postelja iz ~a reedy bed; sladkorni ~ sugarcane; opirati se na zlomljen ~ (figuratively) to rely on (or to lean upon) a broken reed

btw, I've also heard that a part of Trieste was designed by a slovenian architect pleznik or something.

The name Trieste and its german and slovenian/croatian counterparts derive from the Latin Tergeste, name used since the II century B.C. Some people say it comes from ter gestae, meaning it had to be built thrice, but most probably it has a celtic or protoitalic origin.

 * Yes, in Croatia you say Trst, that is slavic, originaly Slovenian name for that city. --83.131.49.31 23:42, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

At school they taught TERGESTUM (old name for Trieste) comes from the fact that the Romans needed to fight three battles (Bellum Ter Gestum) to conquer the village from the Venetic Histri, Pre-romanic inhabitants. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.105.64.203 (talk) 13:07, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

TRST is Slovenian name for the city. Some of the buildings were designed by Jože Plečnik (Jozhe Plechnik). Terg(este) would mean market (city) which is again Slavic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.149.23.15 (talk) 02:49, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Illyrian Name
At school they taught TERGESTUM (old name for Trieste) comes from the fact that the Romans needed to fight three battles (Bellum Ter Gestum, or Ter Gestum bellum) to conquer the village from the Venetic Histri, Pre-romanic inhabitants.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.105.64.203 (talk) 13:06, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

There were neither slaves nor Illyrians in the region before the arrival of the Romans, but Venetic populations... See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetic, so please stop it with your ridiculous panslavism... Trieste, fortunately, was and remains a Romance town. Thank you! --- G. Waeber —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.56.59.119 (talk) 09:03, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

The most probable origin of the name Trieste (older Tergeste) is a putative Illyrian/Daco-Misian word with trans-balkanic cognates: *terg, meaning 'market' (cf. Albanian treg, 'market', Slovenian and Croatian trg, 'square, market'), plus a root *(v)est(e) which might mean 'town', thus making 'market town', a remarkably fitting name for Trieste since ancient times. It is also interesting to note that there are many localities in Romania and Bulgaria called tergoveste, tergovisti. - By the way I am thinking about adding some of this info to the article, and would like to hear from you on this suggestion. Stephanos1ko 23:17, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

I think this is completely wrong, the slavic noun trg cannot refer to Trieste or other western european locations as the slavic immigration in the area began many centuries after these places were built and received their names. It would be like saying that the name Vindibona (Wien) is of german origin. The similiarity of two sounds should not lead to gross historical errors.

You have misundestood the above reference to the word 'trg'. What I meant by that is a well known fact: the noun 'trg' isn't Slavic at all, but rather an Illyrian loanword into Southern Slavic languages (note that it is absent in all other Slavic branches). The presence of this word in Albanian 'treg' is also evidence for an Illyrian connection. So the word was indeed present in the region thousands of years ago and long before Slavic languages were brought southwards. But it is important to quote the loanwords into modern languages so that we can better understand the original meaning of the term. In this case, Both Albanian and South Slavic languages agree on a general meaning of 'market' for this loanword, which is probably what it meant in Illyrian, too. E.Cogoy (Formerly Stephanos1ko) 17:30, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Thank You for Your kind reply. And thank you for this explanation. I misunderstood You, but You shall pardon me as I found this theory in several essays and they all reported the word trg as slavic, thus indicating many town names as of slavic origin, even in areas where this large european group never inhabited, check it out in "Les Slaves" by Francis Conte. Instead I agree with You as there must have been a common language that was used by indoeuropeans or preindoeuropeans people and whose word to indicate villages traded into many town names in the italian north east (e.g. Trieste, Tarvisio, Treviso) and other parts of Europe. This has been proved with many other toponyms (cfr. sor - river). mabastet-wiki@yahoo.com

"Trg" is a Proto-Slavic word which is now present in all (or almost all) Slavic languages, including Polish and Russian. "Tergeste" looks like a Slavic name, but probably is not one, because there are no traces of the presence of Slavs in the area of Trieste before the 6th century AD. Boraczek 09:42, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

I suppose you refer to words like Polish targ and Czech trh... well, yes, it is true that there is an apparent Slavic cognate, in which case I should reword the above statement. However, this does not explain at all the whole ancient root *terg-este, and not only due to a gap in time. As I said, there is evidence for a substrate (probably Old Venetian or 'Illyrian') accounting for both *terg- 'market', (granted, possibly remotely related to Slavic, yet from a different source) and *(v)este 'town'. see, for instance, this, or this discussion , or this E.Cogoy 10:30, 10 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Dear E.Cogoy,
 * I'm sorry but I have to disagree with you on the linguistic ground.
 * The Proto-Slavic root was *trg and the Proto-Slovic suffix -ist'e is quite common. So the Proto-Slavic word would be *trgist'e. Confer the Slovenian tržišče < *trgist'e. The Proto-Slavic syllabic r would be given in Latin as a vowel + r and the shift i > e would not surprise us. So linguistically, Tergeste does look like a Slavic name. There are other arguments which make us think that the origin was different than Slavic, but the linguistic argument is not among them. Boraczek 13:52, 10 May 2006 (UTC)
 * To be sure: I don't argue that your etimology of "Tergeste" is wrong. I just explain some things related to the Slavic languages. Kind regards. Boraczek 14:52, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

I changed the venetian "ruled it" to "occupied it" for 3 years. We never surrendered! :)

well, why T(E)RG-este could not be sloven(d)ian name? Sloven(d)ans have been living here for over 40.000 years.

 * They haven't. The Slovenian language stems from the Proto-Slavic language. And Slavs arrived in the region of Trieste in the 6th century AD. Boraczek 21:29, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Let's not confuse languages with peoples. Recent genetic research has demonstrated that most of European populations have remained quite stable, probably for the last 10.000-15.000 years (not so much before that, though, and the Balkans appear to be an exception, with later neolithic migrations). The fact that small migrating groups have imposed their languages on a majority of natives is unsurprising, and in fact quite common throughout history. So it is pretty much possible that most of today's inhabitants of the region descend from people who were already there for a long time. But they obviously spoke other languages. There is no such thing as "Slavs wiping out Illyrians, expelling Italians [in ancient times], the true natives", etc. At most you could say that "Slavs 'slavicized' Illyrians and Italians back then, the natives remain there, have merely shifted their language, and we shouldn't be arguing over this in the first place!!"... E.Cogoy 21:53, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Tergeste is clearly a Latin adaptation of a Slavic name, which comes from the root terg (market) and the suffix '-ište', and means the same as 'tržište' (marketplace) in Croat and 'tržišče' in Slovene. The people of Trieste are to this day called Tržačani (market people) in Slovene, while the region is called Tržaško (market region). Similarly the neighbouring city Monfalcone is also called Tržič (small market) in Slovene. The name is similar also to Romanian Târgovişte and Bulgarian Targovishte (Търговище), as well as Croatian Veliko Trgovišće (big marketplace), Serbian Trgovište (Трговиште), Slovene Trgovišče and so on and so on. These names are all Slavic, no reason to claim anything else for Tergeste. 201.51.122.168 11:43, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Another possibility is *Terg-istro as it is a market town of the Histri or of the land of Istria. The Istrian peninsula is home to the remaining Istro-Romanian speakers. In modern Romanian it might sound like Targu Istru which is somewhat similar to the old name of Tergeste. Gabrieli (talk) 06:08, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Pictures
Canciand 08:08, 15 May 2006 (UTC) 9.03 Monday May 15 2006 (UTC) I have some more pictures from Trieste but I don't exactly know how to fix them in. Is there any way you can help (also to choose them)? I have a nice one of the gulf with TS far at the end; it was taken from the aqueduct of S. Croce. I also have some more on the Fortress of Monrupino although I still have to find them! I'm not coming often so please post your answer and I'll come back in the next 10 days. Thanks!!!

 * Just upload them and send me the names (i.e. Trieste_Gulf.jpg). I will create a "gallery" at the bottom of the page. This way we can add as many pictures as we like. Thanks, --Asterion talk to me 18:30, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

(Canciand 17:22, 28 May 2006 (UTC)) ok Asterion! I will do it tomorrow if I'm not working. In the mean time I have read a very interesting article about Wikipedia on Opendemocracy.com. I think everyone editing should read it. This is the link: http://www.opendemocracy.net/media-edemocracy/wikipedia_3584.jsp# Take care!

--132.229.223.9 (talk) 13:50, 19 August 2008 (UTC) What's the relevance of the mirror cafe image?

Carni and Carso
I note the authors indicated that the Carni, a people that in old days come to the area, gave the Carso its name. This is not so, maybe they gave a region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, Carnia, its name. Carso comes from slovenian kras.

203.0.25.65 05:01, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Caves
(canciand1 17:59, 28 May 2006 (UTC))It would be nice to add a little paragraph about the massive ammount of caves that are present on the Carso. Also mention the Grotta Gigante, which is the biggest turistic cave in the world. I know there is already an article about it, therefore it won't be a long one. I will try to write few lines. Comments are always welcomed!

Yugoslavia and New Zealand
This is an important part of the city's history. Had the New Zealand Division not arrived, the city would have been part of Yugoslavia, and effectly in the Eastern bloc. Wallie 06:07, 8 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Not exactly, Yugoslavia wasn't what you'd call an Eastern Bloc country. The government was nominally communist but was in fact non-allined, thus not a member of the Warsaw Pact, and in time they also withdrew from COMECON. There was no Soviet presence anywhere in the former Yugoslavia, by contrast to Romania, Bulgaria and the like. Yugoslav citizens were issued passports in 1963 and were able to move freely in both the EEC/EFTA territories as well as the Eastern Bloc. But yes, the difference between being under Belgrade or Rome did make some kind of social difference, that is clear. --Evlekis 13:47, 31 July 2006 (UTC) Blocked sock:Evlekis.

Yugoslav troops had to leave the city on June 12 under pressure from the New Zealanders.

In fact, the Yugoslav troops had to leave the city because of the diplomatic pressure of the US and the Great Britain, which was not counterbalanced by the Soviet Union. New Zealanders had absolutely NOTHING to do with that. Boraczek 08:24, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

It does not matter, Trieste belonged To Yugoslavia and it should be apart of Slovenia right now for obvious reasons. Sloveniaiscool 22:28, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Well, it really is sad. Italy, part of the Axis powers, lost the war and still gained lots of Slovenia territory. But what's done is done.

OK, the article says that five Italians (at least) were killed by Partisans during a pro-Italian demonstration. But the Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War says that nobody was killed (see http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-2Ita-c12-2.html) "They swiftly dispersed an unarmed mob of Italians who attempted to stage a counter-demonstration. The Italians ‘came marching along the waterfront carrying a New Zealand flag, an American flag and numbers of Italian flags. As they marched they chanted over and over “Italia” “Italia” and finally halted in front of Bde HQ where they began singing a patriotic song…. Partisans appeared everywhere and began firing automatics from the hip over the heads of the crowd. No one was hurt in the immediate vicinity…. The crowd panicked and a large proportion fled to the Albergo Citta overwhelming our two sentries on the door.’" (attributed to B. C. H. Moss, a commander of the New Zealand 9th Brigade) So I've asked for a citation.Steve3742 09:36, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

I've just added a citation. Boraczek 08:57, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

This music video on youtube shows pictures and film of the period when Trieste returned to Italy, at the end (from 4:55 to 4:58) there is also a picture with a plaque commemorating the 6 Italians murdered, who named. - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ecU43V6XOBg

Hey buddy, you're freakin lucky we don't all Istria back, damn slavs. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.14.97.59 (talk) 03:22, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

OZAC
The statement "he Germans, however, annexed it to an Adriatic Littoral Operation Zone, which included also Gorizia and Ljubljana and was led by Austrian Friedrich Rainer" seems to be in conflict with the Wikipedia article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zone_of_Adriatic_Coastal_Region.

This article states that the zone was called the "Operation Zone of Adriatic Coastal Region" and that it was lead by "Higher SS and Police Leader (in German, Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer, HSSPF) Odilo Globocnik".

 * The OZAC was part of Reichsgau of Carinthia, led by Rainer.

Image for article
The uploader of this image uploaded it twice, the other copy was added to this page at that time. Not sure if it would be helpful or not. ~ Bigr  Tex  16:42, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Imperial Free City
The page says it was the "Imperial Free City of Trieste" (Reichsunmittelbare Stadt Triest); however, the German title of the page for "Imperial Free City" is "Freie Reichsstadt", with "Reichsunmittelbar" pointing to a different page (Reichsunmittelbarkeit). Can anyone more knowledgeable on the matter clarify, and fix the inconsistency as appropriate? 74.132.200.129 23:37, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Maybe the Habsburg Empire's terminology is different from the Holy Roman Empire one (which had Reichsunmittelbar). Trieste became an Imperial Free City way into the Austrian period. 189.6.166.7 01:00, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Friulian
Our cousins from the north (I mean the Friulani) are having fun with this page. Friulian is not spoken in Trieste at all, there are more people who speak chinese, romanian, serbo-croat or any other number of languages. Thats why I cut it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

A websearch on friulian trieste says otherwise, O southern cousin. See, e.g., http://www.omniglot.com/writing/friulian.htm among quite a number of others. And the section has apparently been put back--not by me. (See also below, "German grammar?") GeorgeTSLC (talk) 20:27, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

German grammar??
I've straightened out most of the effects of apparently not quite knowing English (as well as adding links and clarifying meaning) to give the following sentence: "The particular Friulian dialect, called Tergestino, spoken until the beginning of the 20th century, was gradually overcome by the Triestine dialect of Italian (a local variant partially similar to Venetian) and other languages, including German grammar, and standard Slovene and Italian languages."

But the reference to German grammar puzzles me. Should it read "... the Triestine dialect of Italian (a local variant partially similar to Venetian and other languages, including German grammar) and standard Slovene and Italian languages" with the closing parenthesis shifted? The Triestine dialect article does mention (unsurprisingly) German influence from the Habsburg period.

Or is it talking about German being used currently, so that "grammar" should just be deleted?

Or some different thing I can't even guess? GeorgeTSLC (talk) 20:27, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Friuli-Venezia Giulia-Stemma.png
Image:Friuli-Venezia Giulia-Stemma.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:36, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Coat of arms of Italian cities, dating back centuries ago, are free from all kinds of copyrights. I also think that this useless burocratic paranoia is a severe damage for wikipedia and its users. We don't need to give a eason to use them, you should give a reason to erase them.

--Conte di Cavour (talk) 19:30, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

 * ohhhhhhhh get rekt Victory to the UAW (talk) 13:15, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

The location is wrong
The location on the map seems to be wrong. Trieste is not placed in Crotia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.143.235.226 (talk) 18:17, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Yeah. You were right. I've adjusted it, so it's more or less in the right location now Repner1 (talk) 05:54, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

As of today - 19th June 2014 - the location is still wrong. The red dot representing Trieste is placed in Slovenia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.209.95.152 (talk) 06:34, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

 * The location is correct. The red dot obscures the panhandle because of the map scale. Doremo (talk) 07:53, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

Peripheral and un-charme city
I have edited the above phrase to say merely "peripheral city". "Un-charme" has no meaning at all in English. What was originally meant by the phrase? --NellieBly (talk) 04:14, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

I wouldn't say was a peripheral city, especially in history as it was an important spot in the cold war struggle between Eastern and Western Block. Please rephrase it --Robyvecchio (talk) 13:19, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

This article has obvious pro-fascist sympathies. It's also very anti-Yugoslav and anti-socialist. It's a shame that this is allowed in wikipedia. The author is alledging that fascist rule only strengthened the city's culture and did very little or no harm at all. Really, somebody should look thru all this garbage and edit it! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.209.84.18 (talk) 10:12, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

I made some changes on the discussed subject. I edited to: "Enjoyed an economic revival during the 1930s and throughout the Cold War, Trieste was an important spot in the struggle between the Eastern and Western Block. Today, the city is in one of the richest regions of Italy, and has been a great center for shipping, through its port (Port of Trieste), Shipbuilding and financial services." It's up to anyone who wants to improve. GustoBLSJP (talk) 23:23, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

Map
Why does the map say "Trst" and "location of Trst in Italy"? The name of the article is Trieste, so shouldn't that be the label. Additionally, Trst is difficult, if not impossible, to pronounce in English.76.246.49.58 (talk) 06:24, 22 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Somebody vandalized the page. See bottom paragraph. I changed what I could, but reverting vandalism should be more appropriate. I do not know how to do it on Wikipedia -- I need some help to fix it.--MarcelloPapirio (talk) 19:51, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

Venetian/Triestine name of city
I imagine the name of the city should be shown in the regional language as well. The Venetian Wikipedia says that the local name is Trièst ("per tergestin Trièst"), so I've added that. saɪm duʃan Talk|Contribs 04:40, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

English name
There is a long list of the names of Trieste in various languages, but it doesn't include the English name for it - which is of course spelt the same as the Italian name, but pronounced "Triest" without the final E. Shouldn't this be included? 109.152.244.83 (talk) 09:48, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

 * If you haven't noticed this article is in English, on English Wikipedia, with a name in English (pronunciation included) at the very beginning of the first sentence. Shokatz (talk) 11:57, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

Oh yes - but it's easy not to notice - I keep hearing English people saying it with the final E out loud — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.157.154.96 (talk) 09:23, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

Timeline of Trieste
What is missing from the recently created city timeline article? Please add relevant content! Contributions welcome. Thank you. -- M2545 (talk) 07:53, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

Name
Italian, Slovene and German yes; Hungarian and Croatian ok; Serbian, Greek, Polish and Czech no. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.13.159.50 (talk) 16:08, 4 April 2020 (UTC)
 * If you are going to post on Talk Pages, please be coherent - the above rambling dementia makes no sense whatsoever. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 104.169.21.247 (talk) 02:24, 15 October 2020 (UTC)

Corrected obvious Slovenian vandalism
So, I mistakenly browsed this page in English instead of Italian, and it turns out somebody vandalized the page. The first paragraphs, as well as the Italian "comune" box, had been changed in order to reflect the idea Trieste is a Slovenian city. E.g.: All occurrences of "Trieste" in the first two paragraphs had been swapped with the Slovenian toponyme "Trst". A "native" and "original" name had been added to the box. Region had been changed from obvious Friuli Venezia Giulia to the Slovenian name of the riviera. The obvious Province of Trieste had been swapped with the non-existent Province of Trst. If you read changes before 02/07/2020, the first paragraph claims it is a Slovenian city next to Italy: it happens to be the opposite (since the Paris Peace Conference of 1919). The website of the Italian comune was changed with a Slovenian website. Now, I know very well the vicissitudes of the city, which was transferred from polity to polity over the ages. This is the intrinsic nature of the city. Moreover, it is true that the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia has its official language -- namely, Furlan or Friulian language. I am also aware that Trieste was at the centre of a huge squabble between the Kingdom of Italy and Austria-Hungary, which eventually got settled after the First World War. Notwithstanding this, it is clear Furlan, the widespread native language, is not the same as Slovenian. Moreover, it is not even clear whether "Trst" appears in the local variant of Furlan spoken specifically in Trieste. So, of course, you find "Trst" next to "Trieste" on the road signs leading to the city, but that is mostly because Furlan and Slovenian are official languages there, together with Italian. It does not mean "Trst" is the original one or the authentic native version thereof. It does not mean the foundations of the city are Slovenian in any sense (no more than they are Italian, I reckon: but the city has been part of Italy for more than 100 years now and in Italy it is widely known as "Trieste", not "Trst"). Finally But I am not here to debate the use of "Trst". I am here to point out somebody vandalized the page by changing items in the box and in the first paragraphs in order to make it look like Trieste still belongs to Slovenia. Nice prank but it was bound to be reverted. Please help me catch the culprit.--MarcelloPapirio (talk) 19:48, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks for flagging, . This was a straightforward case of disruptive editing. This person has been editing the pages for other cities outside Slovenia to claim they are in Slovenia. Wikiacc (¶) 23:12, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

Readability
The article doesnt really flow... it needs minor corrections in punctuation and fluency. These will be minor and if dont improve the article please revert them

"Liberation" by Yugoslav Partisan
Current title of the section does not reflect the factual happenings. It was just another occupation, the article itself states FM Alexander's opinion and historiography consistently describes the events as occupation (e.g. https://www.cairn.info/revue-les-cahiers-sirice-2019-1-page-117.htm). The Comune di Trieste celebrates the end of the Yugoslav occupation (https://www.comune.trieste.it/it/celebrata-la-giornata-della-liberazione-della-citta-di-trieste-dalloccupazione-jugoslava-nella-ricorrenza-del-12-giugno-36298).

I am also in possession of first hand testimonies from old timers about the crimes (well documented already) committed by the Yugoslav occupiers (heist at Banca d'Italia, forced disappearances)

I therefore move for the paragraph header to be changed to "Occupation by Yugoslav Partisans", as it would more closely reflect what happened and it would better represent how these events were described at the time. Nīk-1895 (talk) 10:43, 27 November 2022 (UTC)

 * I will wait until the 5th of December. If no point is raised against this, I will procede with operations to make that section of the voice more neutral. Nīk-1895 (talk) 09:52, 30 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Please do that make it more neutral Victory to the UAW (talk) 12:30, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

Harold Alexander quote
STOP ADDING THAT HITLER QUOTE IT ADDS NOTHING AND IS BIASED — Preceding unsigned comment added by Victory to the UAW (talk • contribs) 18:21, 5 December 2022 (UTC)
 * It is attributed to the person who said it - I don't see why the question of bias is relevant. It seems like a relevant detail to include, and the cited sources look quite solid. Girth Summit  (blether)  19:19, 5 December 2022 (UTC) The question here is not relevant at all it is only calling tito hitler in addition calling the internment camps Concentration camps is a complete denial of facts
 * Frankily its offensive and boloney Victory to the UAW (talk) 12:31, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * get rid of it Victory to the UAW (talk) 12:33, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

i did again it is clearly biased and because you know you will lose the argument here the whole "occupation" thing is contrary to the facts of what occured it was a liberation if we did this qould we also refer to it as the american occupation of dacau death camp this quote contributes nothing and is incredibly biased and the whole thing reaks of italian facist talking points concentration camps? Please give me a break this is NOT TRUE please REFER THIS TO A MODERATOR ABOVE YOURSELF — Preceding unsigned comment added by Victory to the UAW (talk • contribs) 12:39, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

 * We are not calling Tito Hitler. Have you read the sources that are cited in the article? Do you have any scholarly sources that present a different perspective? I don't understand the distinction you are drawing between concentration camps and internment camps - I have always thought the two phrases were synonymous. Girth Summit  (blether)  13:44, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * understandable mistake internemt camps are more like temporary prisions while concentration camps are made in order to concentrate enemy and kill them or isolate them while i understand why the quote is included i still think it would be best to perhaps add a counter point to it like insted of occpation do Occpation/liberation as the title Victory to the UAW (talk) 14:00, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * i am more concerned about this bit hundreds of local Italians and anti-Communist Slovenes were arrested by the Yugoslav authorities, and many of them were never seen again
 * mostly the many GIVE A NUMBER PLEASE Victory to the UAW (talk) 14:02, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * in additon the bit about being murder on the platou is only supported by one source the same source and this source preaents little to no evidence rather it just says things Victory to the UAW (talk) 14:04, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * seieng as this man worked for the Italian gov i dont think his work is credable as it would have motivation to lie Victory to the UAW (talk) 14:09, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Please stop SHOUTING. Please also take a moment to read WP:THREAD and WP:INDENT. Now, our article Internment treats the terms 'internment camp' and 'concentration camp' as being equivalent, and says that historians debate the matter of which term is more appropriate - why are you so confident in your definition, where does it come from?
 * The sources used in this paragraph appear to be of a pretty high standard - they're scholarly works, published by respectable university presses. Do you know of other sources of similar quality that treat these events differently?
 * By the way, what is the UAW, in the context of your username? Girth Summit  (blether)  14:13, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * United Auto Workers Victory to the UAW (talk) 14:26, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Ah - OK, that was what came up when I searched UAW - wondered if it had any other meanings. Girth Summit  (blether)  14:39, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * My definition of internment comes from the diffrence of them to concentration camps by definition are designed to concentrate undesriables which was not the purposeof these Victory to the UAW (talk) 14:43, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * When I asked where your definition came from, I meant whether it is coming from a published, academic source. As I said, our article on the subject seems to indicate that historians differ on which is the correct term to use; you seem very certain about your definition, I'm wondering whether that is supported by sources, or if it is simply your personal understanding. (As you will discover if you stay here for any time, we always return to the sources to see what language they are using.) Girth Summit  (blether)  20:24, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

Major Plagiarism
The section on Wilhelm Oberdank is plagiarised word for word from the Mahler Foundation website. I was trying to find a source to fulfil the "citation needed" label, and when I searched for the text, it became apparent that it was plagiarised from this https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/locations/italy/trieste/city-of-trieste/.

Shameful, shameful to the maximum extent. Measures should be taken. I will set out to rephrase the paragraph. Nīk-1895 (talk) 13:41, 5 May 2023 (UTC)

On the Education section
Slovene, being a recognised minority language in the province, is taught at slovene schools just as italian is taught in italian schools. English, not having been recognised as a protected language, is taught in international schools. I see this information as worth having on the page while to the contrary I see listing slovene schools as relevant as listing italian schools would be. Nīk-1895 (talk) 15:58, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

My apologies
Hello all,

I want to apologise for the small mess I made in using the "Re-Use" citation option. I was not aware that it changed all citations using that format to the most recent edit, so the page numbers got messed up. I think I have fixed all of them. If you find any more, please reply here and I'll fix the numbers.

Again, my sincerest apologies also for the mess made in the view history section, as these fixes will disrupt ease of fruition. I have named every single edit "fixed citation" to make it clear.

Sorry guys, lesson learned Nīk-1895 (talk) 13:33, 26 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trieste


text:
Speaker recognition

Speaker recognition is the identification of a person from characteristics of voices. It is used to answer the question "Who is speaking?" The term voice recognition    can refer to speaker recognition or speech recognition. Speaker verification (also called speaker authentication) contrasts with identification, and speaker recognition differs from speaker diarisation (recognizing when the same speaker is speaking).

Recognizing the speaker can simplify the task of translating speech in systems that have been trained on specific voices or it can be used to authenticate or verify the identity of a speaker as part of a security process. Speaker recognition has a history dating back some four decades as of 2019 and uses the acoustic features of speech that have been found to differ between individuals. These acoustic patterns reflect both anatomy and learned behavioral patterns.

Verification versus identification
There are two major applications of speaker recognition technologies and methodologies. If the speaker claims to be of a certain identity and the voice is used to verify this claim, this is called verification or authentication. On the other hand, identification is the task of determining an unknown speaker's identity. In a sense, speaker verification is a 1:1 match where one speaker's voice is matched to a particular template whereas speaker identification is a 1:N match where the voice is compared against multiple templates.

From a security perspective, identification is different from verification. Speaker verification is usually employed as a "gatekeeper" in order to provide access to a secure system. These systems operate with the users' knowledge and typically require their cooperation. Speaker identification systems can also be implemented covertly without the user's knowledge to identify talkers in a discussion, alert automated systems of speaker changes, check if a user is already enrolled in a system, etc.

In forensic applications, it is common to first perform a speaker identification process to create a list of "best matches" and then perform a series of verification processes to determine a conclusive match. Working to match the samples from the speaker to the list of best matches helps figure out if they are the same person based on the amount of similarities or differences. The prosecution and defense use this as evidence to determine if the suspect is actually the offender.

Training
One of the earliest training technologies to commercialize was implemented in Worlds of Wonder's 1987 Julie doll. At that point, speaker independence was an intended breakthrough, and systems required a training period. A 1987 ad for the doll carried the tagline "Finally, the doll that understands you." - despite the fact that it was described as a product "which children could train to respond to their voice." The term voice recognition, even a decade later, referred to speaker independence.

Variants of speaker recognition
Each speaker recognition system has two phases: enrollment and verification. During enrollment, the speaker's voice is recorded and typically a number of features are extracted to form a voice print, template, or model. In the verification phase, a speech sample or "utterance" is compared against a previously created voice print. For identification systems, the utterance is compared against multiple voice prints in order to determine the best match(es) while verification systems compare an utterance against a single voice print. Because of the process involved, verification is faster than identification.

Speaker recognition systems fall into two categories: text-dependent and text-independent. Text-dependent recognition requires the text to be the same for both enrollment and verification. In a text-dependent system, prompts can either be common across all speakers (e.g. a common pass phrase) or unique. In addition, the use of shared-secrets (e.g.: passwords and PINs) or knowledge-based information can be employed in order to create a multi-factor authentication scenario. Conversely, text-independent systems do not require the use of a specific text. They are most often used for speaker identification as they require very little if any cooperation by the speaker. In this case the text during enrollment and test is different. In fact, the enrollment may happen without the user's knowledge, as in the case for many forensic applications. As text-independent technologies do not compare what was said at enrollment and verification, verification applications tend to also employ speech recognition to determine what the user is saying at the point of authentication. In text independent systems both acoustics and speech analysis techniques are used.

Technology
Speaker recognition is a pattern recognition problem. The various technologies used to process and store voice prints include frequency estimation, hidden Markov models, Gaussian mixture models, pattern matching algorithms, neural networks, matrix representation, vector quantization and decision trees. For comparing utterances against voice prints, more basic methods like cosine similarity are traditionally used for their simplicity and performance. Some systems also use "anti-speaker" techniques such as cohort models and world models. Spectral features are predominantly used in representing speaker characteristics. Linear predictive coding (LPC) is a speech coding method used in speaker recognition and speech verification.

Ambient noise levels can impede both collections of the initial and subsequent voice samples. Noise reduction algorithms can be employed to improve accuracy, but incorrect application can have the opposite effect. Performance degradation can result from changes in behavioural attributes of the voice and from enrollment using one telephone and verification on another telephone. Integration with two-factor authentication products is expected to increase. Voice changes due to ageing may impact system performance over time. Some systems adapt the speaker models after each successful verification to capture such long-term changes in the voice, though there is debate regarding the overall security impact imposed by automated adaptation

Legal implications
Due to the introduction of legislation like the General Data Protection Regulation in the European Union and the California Consumer Privacy Act in the United States, there has been much discussion about the use of speaker recognition in the work place. In September 2019 Irish speech recognition developer Soapbox Labs warned about the legal implications that may be involved.

Applications
The first international patent was filed in 1983, coming from the telecommunication research in CSELT (Italy) by Michele Cavazza and Alberto Ciaramella as a basis for both future telco services to final customers and to improve the noise-reduction techniques across the network.

Between 1996 and 1998, speaker recognition technology was used at the Scobey–Coronach Border Crossing to enable enrolled local residents with nothing to declare to cross the Canada–United States border when the inspection stations were closed for the night. The system was developed for the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service by Voice Strategies of Warren, Michigan.

In 2013 Barclays Wealth, the private banking division of Barclays, became the first financial services firm to deploy voice biometrics as the primary means of identifying customers to their call centers. The system used passive speaker recognition to verify the identity of telephone customers within 30 seconds of normal conversation. It was developed by voice recognition company Nuance (that in 2011 acquired the company Loquendo, the spin-off from CSELT itself for speech technology), the company behind Apple's Siri technology. 93% of customers gave the system at "9 out of 10" for speed, ease of use and security.

Speaker recognition may also be used in criminal investigations, such as those of the 2014 executions of, amongst others, James Foley and Steven Sotloff.

In February 2016 UK high-street bank HSBC and its internet-based retail bank First Direct announced that it would offer 15 million customers its biometric banking software to access online and phone accounts using their fingerprint or voice.

In 2023 Vice News and The Guardian separately demonstrated they could defeat standard financial speaker-authentication systems using AI-generated voices generated from about five minutes of the target's voice samples.

Software

 * bob.bio.spear
 * ALIZE

title: Speaker recognition


text:
Administrative divisions of Russia in 1710–1713

Major events

 * , 1710—Ingermanland Governorate was renamed St. Petersburg Governorate after the city of St. Petersburg.
 * , 1710—all governorates were divided into lots (доли) —a new level of grouping above dvors (courts of knyazes). A "lot" was defined as a unit grouping 5,536 dvors. The process of introducing lots lasted until 1713. As a result, all governorates were subdivided into a total of 146.7 lots.

Subdivisions (as of 1712)

 * Archangelgorod Governorate (Архангелогородская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 18.5 lots.
 * Azov Governorate (Азовская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 7.5 lots.
 * Kazan Governorate (Казанская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 21 lots.
 * Kiev Governorate (Киевская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 5 lots.
 * Moscow Governorate (Московская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 44.5 lots.
 * St. Petersburg Governorate (Санкт-Петербургская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 32.2 lots.
 * Siberia Governorate (Сибирская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 9 lots.
 * Smolensk Governorate (Смоленская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 9 lots.


text:
Nobleman's Republic

The term Nobleman's Republic can refer to:
 * History of Poland (1569–1795)
 * Golden Liberty, the political system of that time in Poland

title: Nobleman's Republic


text:
User:RON01

I strongly disagree with G4techTV's (Comcast) actions regarding the cable show Call For Help. Call For Help was and still is (in canada) a show that helps people who dont know alot about computers. Call For Help was a show that aired exclusively on TechTV (now G4techTV), a television channel which focused on technology. It premiered on May 11, 1998 with Leo Laporte as the host. Chris Pirillo became host for a time; as well as producer Becky Worley (before Chris). In 2003, Laporte returned as host (then, though no longer, the host of The Screen Savers, also on TechTV). Call for Help was not carried over in the G4/TechTV merger and was canceled in 2004. Call for Help 2.0 debuted August 16, 2004 on G4techTV Canada. Call for Help also featured Catherine Schwartz, Roger Chang, and others.

Contact Comcast (to ask that G4techTV put 'Call For Help' back on their cable channel in the USA - by filling out the entire Investor Relations Form listed in the link below)

 * Comcast IR

Computer Simulation Games Links
For those that share my intrest in Computer Simulation Games

Sim City 4:
 * Sim City 4 Rush Hour Official Site
 * simtropolis.com
 * simcitycentral.net

Train Simulator:
 * MS Train Simulator Official Site
 * 3DTrainStuff.com - MSTS Add-Ons
 * WebDotTrainSim.Com
 * www.railserve.com - MSTS Add-Ons
 * Train-Sim.Com
 * TrainArtisan.com
 * Dekosoft Trains for MSTS

title: User:RON01


text:
Mozart and the Whale

Mozart and the Whale (released as Crazy in Love in some parts of Europe ) is a 2005 romantic comedy-drama film directed by Petter Næss and starring Josh Hartnett and Radha Mitchell. The film is loosely based on the lives of Jerry and Mary Newport.

Plot
Donald Morton (Josh Hartnett) is a taxi driver with Asperger's Syndrome and drives two Japanese passengers and his pet cockatiel around Spokane, Washington. Distracted, he bumps into the back of a florist's van, damaging his stock. Unfazed, Donald and his budgie take their groceries and leave, abandoning his taxicab and passengers. He takes his groceries to the self-help group for autistic adults. Before they head to the park to meet another autistic group, he tells one member, Gracie (Rusty Schwimmer), to gather the women and he will gather the guys to practice telling personal stories, but keeps getting distracted by performing mathematical sums of the microwaves' depleting numbers. He notices that Isabelle Sorenson (Radha Mitchell), who also has Asperger's, a new name, has signed up and tells Gracie to let her go first.

At the park, Isabelle tells the women of a childhood memory: she saw that her parents were happy an Olympian had broken a record, so in order to please her parents, and taking what she heard literally, she broke their music records. Donald tells his story to the men about his ability to do complex sums, but couldn't make friends. Isabelle goes on to tell of when she was raped when she went hitch-hiking. This causes Gracie to laugh manically. Heard by Donald, he tries to calm down an angry Isabelle and they find that they have much in common and take a liking to each other.

After Isabelle talks to Gregory (John Carroll Lynch), a man also in the group who is taking notes on a notepad, he calls Donald over to ask Isabelle if she may escort him to a Halloween party on his behalf. However, before Donald has the chance, Isabelle asks Donald out for lunch. They go to the zoo the following day where Isabelle asks Donald to escort her instead of Gregory. They agree to meet in-costume Halloween night. Donald dresses as a whale but decides against attending, ultimately leaving Isabelle, dressed as Mozart, waiting. She goes to his apartment and they decide to take a walk about town and talk until the final bus is due when they share their first kiss.

Unsure when to call, Donald leaves multiple messages on her phone; she finally answers and they go to the amusement park. During a ring toss, the clanging of the metal rings hitting the bottles and the ringing of a bell cause Isabelle to scream and collapse on the floor. Donald takes her back to his filthy apartment and they agree to sleep together. The following day at the self-help group, Gregory accuses Donald of exploiting his position for sexual favors. Meanwhile, Isabelle occupies herself by waiting with Bronwin (Erica Leerhsen), one of the younger members of the group who recently learned that her father has blood cancer, until her parents pick her up.

Isabelle takes the liberty of cleaning Donald's apartment while he goes shopping. When he returns, he is horrified to see that everything is different; the piles of newspaper are stacked neatly, rotting food from the fridge is thrown away and has a new shower curtain and a toilet lid cover. He becomes angry at Isabelle for changing everything, by saying "you stole my life" before leaving again, although Isabelle thought that he would like it. He later leaves a number of apologetic messages on Isabelle's phone. The next day, he goes to the hair salon where Isabelle works as a hair stylist to apologize in person, and Isabelle forgives him, while introducing him as her boyfriend to the staff and her co-workers.

Isabelle shows Donald an abandoned rooftop, calling this a place where people who don't know where they belong can belong. She suggests that they can buy a house together and her therapist has arranged a job interview for a statistic analyst post at a university. He gets the job and they move into their new house, making it their own.

Donald tells Isabelle that he wants everything to be nice for when his boss, Wallace (Gary Cole) comes for dinner. Believing that he thinks that she doesn't keep the house nice, Isabelle spites Donald by keeping the pets uncaged, much to Donald's shock when he returns, and she maintains extroverted behavior and tells of her off-the-wall plans for the house. Donald explodes, asking how they're going to afford all that, which leads to the two of them arguing over it but when Isabelle says that they are both crazy, he retaliates by telling her that she is crazier, which leads to her throwing him out of the house. He stays with Gregory in his house, and after listening to a tearful answer message that Isabelle's rabbit, Bongo, has died, he runs to comfort her. Isabelle suggests that they should just be friends.

Donald invites Isabelle to a restaurant, where he proposes to her, much to Isabelle's dismay. She leaves abruptly back home and overdoses on an over the counter drug. Donald returns just in time to take her to the hospital, where Isabelle's psychiatrist advises him to leave her alone, testing his willpower to refrain from calling her.

Donald sees Isabelle leaving the university and follows her to the abandoned rooftop, where he says the only nice thing he had left to give her was not to call, to find that Isabelle was waiting for his call and she missed him. They express their true love with an embrace and kiss. The movie ends with the happy couple, now married, in their home, enjoying Thanksgiving dinner with the self-help group members.

Cast

 * Josh Hartnett as Donald Morton
 * Sharif Shawkat as Young Donald Morton
 * Radha Mitchell as Isabelle "Izzy" Sorenson
 * Mercedee Smith as Young Isabelle "Izzy" Sorenson
 * Rusty Schwimmer as Gracie
 * Erica Leerhsen as Bronwin
 * Gary Cole as Wallace
 * Allen Evangelista as Skeets
 * Nate Mooney as Roger
 * Sheila Kelley as Janice
 * John Carroll Lynch as Gregory
 * Christa Campbell as Therapist

Production
The screenplay was written by Ron Bass, who also wrote Rain Man (1988), a film about an individual with autism. The script was based on the real-life story of Jerry and Mary Newport.

Distribution
The film struggled to find a theatrical distributor in the United States. The studio tried to distribute it in the United States in April 2004, but it did not go farther than a month in Spokane, Washington, where the film was made. The film is available on DVD in a number of countries. The film became available on DVD in the United States in late 2006.

Reception
According to a review in Variety by Todd McCarthy, "Material that easily could have been turned into cringe-inducing TV movie sap has been handled with reasonable intelligence and authenticity" and "This low-budget love story between two emotionally stunted young people with Asperger's Syndrome doesn't have the production sheen or star power of screenwriter Ron Bass' "Rain Man," but it's less cloying and contrived." In a review for the Spokesman Review, Dan Webster writes, "Especially poignant are the scenes in which Donald attempts to overcome his nature in an effort to hold on to the love he's so long been denied."

The film was also criticized for perpetuating the media stereotype that people on the autism spectrum typically have savant skills.

title: Mozart and the Whale


text: Talk:UNESCO nomenclature

title: Talk:UNESCO nomenclature


text:
Talk:4-digit UNESCO Nomenclature

5205
Number 5205, Mortality. I am doing the Disambiguation for Mortality. Is there a better link for this, like Death, or even Demise, or the like? - Zvar 15:34, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:4-digit UNESCO Nomenclature


text:
User talk:RON01

This is an encyclopedia. Do you think a campaign for the return of a TV show is appropriate content for an encyclopedia? And I'm still waiting for an answer on what the relevance of SimCity is... Evercat 18:21, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:RON01


text: Talk:6-digit UNESCO nomenclature

title: Talk:6-digit UNESCO nomenclature


text:
Paraguay River

The Paraguay River (Ysyry Paraguái in Guarani, Rio Paraguai in Portuguese, Río Paraguay in Spanish) is a major river in south-central South America, running through Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina. It flows about 2695 km from its headwaters in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso to its confluence with the Paraná River north of Corrientes and Resistencia.

Course
The Paraguay's source is south of Diamantino in the Mato Grosso state of Brazil. It follows a generally southwesterly course, passing through the Brazilian city of Cáceres. It then turns in a generally southward direction, flowing through the Pantanal wetlands, the city of Corumbá, then running close to the Brazil-Bolivia border for a short distance in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul.

From the city of Puerto Bahia Negra, Paraguay, the river forms the border between Paraguay and Brazil, flowing almost due south before the confluence with the Apa River. The Paraguay makes a long, gentle curve to the south-southeast before resuming a more south-southwesterly course, dividing the country of Paraguay into two distinct halves: the Gran Chaco region to the west, a largely uninhabited semi-arid region; and the eastern forested departments of the country, accounting for some 98% of the country's inhabitants. As such the river is considered perhaps the key geographical feature of the country with which it shares its name.

Some 400 km after flowing through the middle of Paraguay, at the confluence with the Pilcomayo River and passing the Paraguayan capital city, Asunción, the river forms the border with Argentina, flowing generally south-southwesterly for another 275 km before it reaches its end, joining with the Paraná River.

Uses
The Paraguay River is the second major river of the Rio de la Plata Basin, after the Paraná River. The Paraguay's drainage basin, about 1095000 km2, covers a vast area that includes major portions of Argentina, southern Brazil, parts of Bolivia, and most of the country of Paraguay. Unlike many of the other great rivers of the Rio de la Plata Basin, the Paraguay has not been dammed for hydroelectric power generation; for this reason it is navigable for a considerable distance, second only to the Amazon River in terms of navigable length on the continent. This makes it an important shipping and trade corridor, providing a much-needed link to the Atlantic Ocean for the otherwise landlocked nations of Paraguay and Bolivia. It serves such important cities as Asunción and Concepción in Paraguay and Formosa in Argentina.

The river is also a source of commerce in the form of fishing, and provides irrigation for agriculture along its route. As such it provides a way of life for a number of poor fishermen who live along its banks and make the majority of their income selling fish in local markets, as well as supplying a major source of sustenance for their families. This has created issues in large cities such as Asunción, where poverty-stricken farmers from the country's interior have populated the river's banks in search of an easier lifestyle. Seasonal flooding of the river's banks sometimes forces many thousands of displaced residents to seek temporary shelter until the waters recede from their homes. The Paraguayan military has been forced to dedicate land on one of its reserves in the capital to emergency housing for these displaced citizens. The river is a tourist attraction for its beauty.

History
The original inhabitants of the upper Paraguay River were the Guarani peoples.

The Paraguay River was explored in the 16th century by Sebastian Cabot, who at that time became the first recorded European to discover both the Paraná and Paraguay rivers. For hundreds of years, this river has served as the main route of Paraguay to the outside world.

Since that time, the river has had its vitality and importance, but is used today for a convoy of barges.

Wetland controversy
The Paraguay River is the primary waterway of the 147629 km2 Pantanal wetlands of southern Brazil, northern Paraguay and parts of Bolivia. The Pantanal is the world's largest tropical wetland and is largely dependent upon waters provided by the Paraguay River.

Owing to its importance as a navigable waterway serving Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay, the river has been the focus of commercial and industrial development. In 1997, the governments of the nations of the La Plata Basin proposed a plan under the Hidrovia Inter-Governmental Commission agency to develop the rivers into an industrial waterway system to help reduce the costs of exporting goods from the area, in particular the soybean crop that the area has embraced. The plan entailed constructing more hydroelectric dams along some of the waterways, along with a massive effort to restructure the navigable waterways—most notably the Paraguay River—through dredging of the waterway, rock removal and channel restructuring.

Studies indicated that the proposed river engineering of the Paraguay would have a devastating impact on the Pantanal wetlands. An effort by the Rios Vivos coalition to educate people on the effects of the project was successful in delaying the project, and the nations involved agreed to reformulate their plan. The final plan is still uncertain, along with the effect it will have on the Pantanal and the ecology of the entire Río de la Plata basin. The controversy over whether or not the project will have a disastrous effect on the local ecology, as well as the potential economic gains, continues to this day.

Water characteristics
The Paraguay River basin includes several distinctive habitats, ranging from very clear waters such as Rio da Prata (pt) near Bonito in the upper part to the sediment-rich Bermejo River in the lower part. The suspended load of the Paraguay River is about 100 mg/L before the inflow of Bermejo, but rises to about 600 mg/L after. Directly after the inflow of Bermejo River, the pH of the Paraguay River may reach up to 8.2. The typical pH of the Paraguay River is 5.8—7.4 in the upper part (defined as the section before the inflow of the first non-Pantanal tributary, the Apa River) and 6.3—7.9 in the lower part.

The peak of the flood season in the Paraguay River (measured at Corumbá) is delayed 4–6 months compared to the peak of the rainy season due to the slow passage of water through the Pantanal wetlands. There are significant temperature variations depending on the season. During the low-water season, the water of the Paraguay River is relatively warm (typically above 27 C) and clouded (Secchi depth typically less than 32 cm), but in the flood season it is colder (typically 18 - 26.3 C) and clearer (Secchi depth typically 26 - 130 cm). The upper part of the Paraguay River is warmer than the lower and generally its temperature does not fall below 22.5 C, although some upper Paraguay tributaries may fall below this.

Fauna
The Paraguay River ecoregion has high species richness with about 350 fish species, including more than 80 endemics. About 80% of the fish species in the river are characiforms (tetras and allies) and siluriforms (catfish). Several of these migrate up the Paraguay River to spawn, including Prochilodus lineatus and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans. Unsurprisingly many species in the river are essentially of Paraná River Basin origin, but the fauna also has a connection with two Amazonian rivers, the Guaporé and Mamoré. While flowing in different directions, the Paraguay, Guaporé and Mamoré all have their source in the same region in central South America. Among the species shared between these are the black phantom tetra, an important fish in the aquarium industry, and the golden dorado, which is important in the fishing industry.

title: Paraguay River


text:
Lord Chief Justice (disambiguation)

Lord chief justice may refer to:

 * Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales
 * Lord Chief Justice of Ireland
 * Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland
 * Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
 * Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench for Ireland

title: Lord Chief Justice (disambiguation)


text:
Saint Arnold

Saint Arnold may refer to:

People

 * Arnold Janssen
 * Arnold of Arnoldsweiler, also known as Arnoldus, the confessor, and erroneously as Arnold(us), the Greek
 * Arnold of Soissons

Other uses

 * Saint Arnold Brewing Company

title: Saint Arnold


text:
At the Abyss

At the Abyss: An Insider's History of the Cold War (ISBN 0-89141-821-0) is a 2004 autobiographical book about Thomas C. Reed's experience at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory through his time as an advisor to President Ronald Reagan. It reveals new details about the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Farewell Dossier, and other facets of the Cold War.

Trans-Siberian gas pipeline sabotage allegation
In the book, Reed stated the United States added a Trojan horse to gas pipeline control software that the Soviet Union obtained from a company in Canada. According to Reed, when the components were deployed on a Trans-Siberian gas pipeline, the Trojan horse led to a huge explosion. He wrote: "The pipeline software that was to run the pumps, turbines and valves was programmed to go haywire, to reset pump speeds and valve settings to produce pressures far beyond those acceptable to the pipeline joints and welds. The result was the most monumental non-nuclear explosion and fire ever seen from space."

A report in the Moscow Times quoted KGB veteran Vasily Pchelintsev as saying that there was a natural gas pipeline explosion in 1982, but it was near Tobolsk on a pipeline connecting the Urengoy gas field to the city of Chelyabinsk, and it was caused by poor construction rather than sabotage; according to Pchelintsev's account, no one was killed in the explosion and the damage was repaired within one day. Reed's account has also not been corroborated by intelligence agencies in the United States, although in 1996 the CIA did publish that "flawed turbines were installed on a gas pipe line" in their historical recounting of the Farewell Dossier.

Another point of criticism of the sabotage allegations is that, according to Prof. V. D. Zakhmatov, an explosion safety expert who has overseen the safety measures on many of the Soviet oil and gas pipelines built in the 1980s, at the described timeframe Soviet Union simply didn't practice digital control of its pipeline system. Most of the control was manual, and whatever automation was used utilized the analog control systems, most of which worked through pneumatics.

Critical reception
According to a review in Publishers Weekly: "The writing is sometimes discursive if seldom dull, and some areas have already been adequately covered by others. But the book deserves quite high marks for how much it pulls together, as well as offering a viewpoint on the Cold War not nearly sufficiently well-represented in the public literature: that neither the U.S. nor Soviet sciences were dominated by stereotypical, bomb-happy maniacs."

title: At the Abyss


text:
Howard Kester

Howard Kester (1904–1977) was an American preacher, organizer, and activist based in the South. He is noted for his work organizing the Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU) beginning in 1934. His work was inspired by a radical version of Christianity called the Social Gospel, influenced by Reinhold Niebuhr among others, as well as a Marxist critique of the Southern economy. A white Southerner, he believed that it was important to end racial strife by uniting poor black and whites around a common cause.

His views on race had been influenced as a college student by a tour of Poland with the YMCA. After visiting a Jewish ghetto, he began to see a parallel between Europe's treatment of Jews and America's treatment of blacks. Kester worked with numerous organizations throughout his life that sought racial justice in the United States: the NAACP, Fellowship of Reconciliation, Fellowship of Southern Churchmen, and the Committee on Economic and Racial Justice. He investigated the Claude Neal case.

In 1936, he published Revolt Among the Sharecroppers, a short work on behalf of the STFU. It was reprinted by Arno in 1969, and issued in a new edition in 1997 by the University of Tennessee Press.

Biography
Howard "Buck" Kester was born in 1904 and spent the first twelve years of his life living in the outskirts of Martinsville, Virginia. His father, a tailor, moved the family to Beckley, West Virginia; a coal mining town. Industrial growth in Beckley intensified the gap between the working and middle class, which benefited more by industry. African Americans were drawn to the area in search of work. In the early 20th century, the Ku Klux Klan had a revival, representing itself as a fraternal organization, and Kester's own father joined. This environment gave Kester firsthand knowledge of class and race inequality.

During the 1920s, Kester worked as a Christian activist for the YMCA and the Fellowship of Reconciliation. In the late 1920s, Kester enrolled in the divinity school of Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Under the partnership and influence of Alva Taylor, Kester and other Christian socialists, developed what historian Anthony Dunbar calls a "radical gospel" that sought to improve economic conditions in the South.

As the Great Depression took effect, they wanted to help the South's dispossessed sharecroppers, textile and mine workers, and unemployed among both blacks and whites. In 1936 Kester published Revolt Among the Sharecroppers, a short work prepared on behalf of the Southern Tenant Farmers Union. It was republished in 1969 and 1997.

In October 1934, Kester represented the NAACP in investigating the murder of Lola Cannady in Marianna, Florida, for which Claude Neal, a young African-American man, had been arrested. Neal was brutally lynched in a terrorist spectacle a few days after the murder, before any trial could take place. Afterward the aroused mob attacked up to 200 blacks on the streets and in their businesses, rioting, looting and burning in the black part of town. The governor had to call in the National Guard to restore order in Jackson County.

Howard Kester worked as the secretary for the Fellowship of Southern Churchmen from 1934 until 1944, and again from 1952 to 1957.

title: Howard Kester


text:
John Eisenhower

John Sheldon Doud Eisenhower (August 3, 1922 – December 21, 2013) was a United States Army officer, diplomat, and military historian. He was the second son of President Dwight D. Eisenhower and First Lady Mamie Eisenhower. His military career spanned from before, during, and after his father's presidency, and he left active duty in 1963 and then retired in 1974. From 1969 to 1971, Eisenhower served as United States Ambassador to Belgium during the administration of President Richard Nixon, who was previously his father's vice president and also father to Eisenhower's daughter-in-law.

Early life and education
John Sheldon Doud Eisenhower was born on August 3, 1922, at Denver General Hospital in Denver, Colorado, to future U.S. President and United States Army General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower and his wife, Mamie; he was their second child. Their elder son, Doud, known affectionately as "Icky", died in 1921, at age three, after contracting scarlet fever. Eisenhower, like his father, attended the United States Military Academy, graduating on June 6, 1944, the day of the Normandy landings, which his father was commanding. He later earned an M.A. degree in English and comparative literature from Columbia University in 1950, and taught in the English Department at West Point from 1948 to 1951. Eisenhower graduated from the Army Command and General Staff College in 1955.

Military career
Eisenhower served in the U.S. Army during World War II and the Korean War, remaining on active duty until 1963; then serving in the U.S. Army Reserve until retirement in 1975 – attaining the rank of brigadier general. A decorated soldier, Eisenhower found his World War II military career thwarted by fears for his safety and concern from the top brass that his death or capture would be a distraction to his father, the Supreme Allied Commander. During World War II, he was assigned to intelligence and administrative duties. This issue arose again in 1952 when Major Eisenhower was assigned to fight in a combat unit in Korea while his father ran for president. But unlike World War II, John was able to see combat in Korea. After seeing combat with an infantry battalion, he was reassigned to the 3rd Division headquarters.

Government career
During his father's presidency, Eisenhower served as Assistant Staff Secretary in the White House, on the Army's General Staff, and in the White House as assistant to General Andrew Goodpaster.

In the administration of President Richard Nixon, who had been his father's vice president, he served as U.S. Ambassador to Belgium from 1969 to 1971. In 1972, President Nixon appointed Eisenhower chairman of the Interagency Classification Review Committee. In 1975, he served President Gerald Ford as chairman of the President's Advisory Committee on Refugees.

Later life and writing
As a military historian, Eisenhower wrote several books, including The Bitter Woods, a study of the Battle of the Bulge, and So Far from God, a history of the Mexican–American War. In a New York Times review of the latter, historian Stephen W. Sears remarked that Eisenhower "writes briskly and authoritatively, and his judgments are worth reading." Eisenhower wrote Zachary Taylor: The American Presidents Series: The 12th President, 1849–1850 (2008). He also wrote the forewords to Borrowed Soldiers, by Mitchell Yockelson of the U.S. National Archives, and to Kenneth W. Rendell's Politics, War and Personality: 50 Iconic Documents of World War II.

In later years, he had been an opponent of Frank Gehry's proposed design for the National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial, which he said was "too extravagant" and "attempts to do too much."

Presidential elections
A lifelong Republican, Eisenhower voted for Democrat John Kerry in the 2004 Presidential election, citing dissatisfaction with Republican incumbent George W. Bush's management of U.S. foreign policy.

During the 2008 presidential election, in which presidential candidate John McCain and vice presidential candidates Sarah Palin and Joe Biden all had children serving in the armed forces, Eisenhower wrote about his wartime experience as the son of a sitting president in a cautionary opinion piece in The New York Times entitled "Presidential Children Don't Belong in Battle".

Death
Eisenhower died at Trappe, Maryland, on December 21, 2013. From the death of Elizabeth Ann Blaesing in 2005 until his own death, Eisenhower was the oldest living presidential child; on his death that distinction passed to Lynda Bird Johnson, who still holds it as of 2023. His burial was at West Point Cemetery on the grounds of the United States Military Academy.

Marriage and children
Eisenhower married Barbara Jean Thompson on June 10, 1947, only a few days before her twenty-first birthday. Barbara was born on June 15, 1926, in Fort Knox, Kentucky, into an Army family. She was the daughter of Col. Percy Walter Thompson (1898–1974) and his wife Beatrice (née Birchfield). Col. Thompson was commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces. The Eisenhowers had four children:
 * Dwight David Eisenhower II (b. 1948, West Point, New York), who married Julie Nixon, herself a presidential daughter;
 * Barbara Anne Eisenhower (1949–2022, born in West Point, New York);
 * Susan Elaine Eisenhower (b. 1951, Fort Knox, Kentucky);
 * Mary Jean Eisenhower (b. 1955, Washington, D.C.).

All of his daughters were presented as debutantes to high society at the prestigious International Debutante Ball at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City.

John and Barbara divorced in 1986 after thirty-nine years of marriage. In 1988, Barbara married widower Edwin J. Foltz, a former vice president at the Campbell Soup Company. She died on September 19, 2014, in Gladwyne, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania.

In 1988, Eisenhower married Joanne Thompson. He lived in Trappe, Maryland, after moving there from Kimberton, Pennsylvania.

Other honors
The city of Marshfield, Missouri, chose Eisenhower as a 2008 honoree of the Edwin P. Hubble Medal of Initiative. His grandson, Merrill Eisenhower Atwater, spoke on his behalf at Marshfield's annual Cherry Blossom Festival. The medal recognizes individuals who demonstrate great initiative in their chosen field.

title: John Eisenhower


text:
Administrative divisions of Russia in 1713–1714

This is a summary of the administrative divisions of Russia in the years 1713 and 1714.

Major events

 * May 19 (May 8 in the Julian calendar), 1713 — the capital of Russia was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg.
 * July 28 (17), 1713 — Riga Governorate was formed on the recently acquired lands in the north-west of Russia.
 * July 28 (17), 1713 — Smolensk Governorate was abolished; its territory was divided between Moscow and Riga Governorates.

Subdivisions (as of 1713)
As of 1713, Russia was subdivided into nine governorates:
 * Archangelgorod Governorate (Архангелогородская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 18.5 lots (доли).
 * Azov Governorate (Азовская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 7.5 lots.
 * Kazan Governorate (Казанская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 21 lots.
 * Kiev Governorate (Киевская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 5 lots.
 * Moscow Governorate (Московская губерния)
 * Subdivided into lots.
 * Riga Governorate (Рижская губерния)
 * Subdivided into lots.
 * St. Petersburg Governorate (Санкт-Петербургская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 32.2 lots.
 * Siberia Governorate (Сибирская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 9 lots.


text:
Platter

Platter may refer to:
 * Platter (album), by Jock Cheese
 * Platter (dinner), a meal of several components served together on a platter or in a basket
 * Platter (dishware), large dish used for serving food
 * Platter (horse), American Champion racehorse
 * Platter, Oklahoma, U.S.
 * Hard disk drive platter, part of a computer hard drive
 * A platter lift, a mechanized system for pulling skiers and snowboarders uphill
 * The Platters, an American vocal group

People with the surname

 * Bruno Platter (1944–), Grand master of the Teutonic Order
 * Luanne Platter, fictional character in the animated series King of the Hill
 * Thomas Platter (1499–1582), humanist scholar and writer
 * Thomas Platter the Younger (c.1574 – 1628), Swiss-born physician, traveller and diarist

title: Platter


text:
Southern soul

Southern soul is a type of soul music that emerged from the Southern United States. The music originated from a combination of styles, including blues (both 12 bar and jump), country, early R&B, and a strong gospel influence that emanated from the sounds of Southern black churches. Bass guitar, drums, horn section, and gospel roots vocal are important to soul groove. This rhythmic force made it a strong influence in the rise of funk music. The terms "deep soul", "country soul", "downhome soul" and "hard soul" have been used synonymously with "Southern soul". p. 18

1960s–1980s
Some soul musicians were from southern states such as Georgia natives Otis Redding and James Brown, Rufus Thomas and Bobby "Blue" Bland (from Tennessee), Eddie Floyd (from Alabama), Lee Dorsey (from Louisiana). Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music.

Southern soul was at its peak late 1960s, when Memphis soul was popular. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along with two subsidiary labels, Paula and Ronn. Jewel and Ronn Records were among the leaders for R&B, blues, soul and gospel tunes. Lewis signed artists such as John Lee Hooker, Charles Brown, Bobby Rush, Sam "T-Bird" Jensen, Buster Benton, Toissaint McCall, Lightnin’ Hopkins, Ted Taylor and Little Johnny Taylor. In 1966, the Shreveport-based Murco Records released "Losin' Boy" by Eddy Giles, which registered for five weeks on Cashbox magazine's Hot 100. Murco Records had soul chart success with its other artist included Reuben Bell and the Belltones.

The other significant contributors were Stax Records and their house band Booker T. & the MGs. The Stax label's most successful artist of the 1960s, Otis Redding, was influenced by fellow Georgia native Little Richard and the more cosmopolitan sounds of Mississippi-born Sam Cooke. Other Stax artists of note included Carla Thomas, Eddie Floyd, Johnnie Taylor, the Staple Singers, the Dramatics (from Detroit) and Isaac Hayes. Atlantic Records artists Sam & Dave's records were released on the Stax label and featured the MGs. Wilson Pickett launched his solo career through his collaboration with the Stax team.

After Sam & Dave moved from Stax to Atlantic Records, Stax producer David Porter and his songwriting and production partner Isaac Hayes decided to put together a new vocal group of two men and two women. They recruited J. Blackfoot, together with Norman West, Anita Louis, and Shelbra Bennett, to form The Soul Children. Between 1968 and 1978, The Soul Children had 15 hits on the R&B chart, including three that crossed over to the Billboard Hot 100, and recorded seven albums.

Another Memphis label, Goldwax Records, featured O.V. Wright, James Carr, and Spencer Wiggins, while Al Green, Don Bryant, and Ann Peebles recorded for Memphis's Hi Records, where they were produced by Willie Mitchell. Also influential was the "Muscle Shoals Sound", originating from Muscle Shoals, Alabama. The Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section played on hits by many Stax artists during the late 1960s through the mid-1970s, and Atlantic Records artists Wilson Pickett, Percy Sledge, Joe Tex and Aretha Franklin. In 1983, former Soul Children singer J. Blackfoot saw success on soul chart with his single "Taxi". In 1987, Marvin Sease had an R&B hit with "Candy Licker".

1990s–present
After 1990, southern soul music was still recorded and performed by singers such as Sharon Jones, Charles Bradley, Peggy Scott-Adams, Trudy Lynn, Roy C, Sir Charles Jones, Barbara Carr, Willie Clayton, Bobby Rush, Denise LaSalle, Gwen McCrae, Johnnie Taylor, Omar Cunningham, and William Bell.

title: Southern soul