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Talk:Bulgarian Muslims

[Untitled]
Please try not to edit this article any more. It was created to mainly serve the Slavic peoples page and especially the list of Slavic peoples (Slavic > South Slavic > Bulgarian > Muslim). Its current version fits that purpose best. It is all about Bulgarians of Islamic faith and nothing else so if you have any concerns about some other ethnic identities, please share them elsewhere. Thank you all! As soon as I get in contact with the National Statistic Institute I'll add census data. Ogneslav 09:17, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ogneslav, I expect YOU to deal with the future Greek and Turkish editors of this article (which I wrote initially as a matter of fact), becuase they'll come - sooner or later. VMORO

To better clarify, I advice to rename the title as Muslim Bulgarians, like others such as Muslim Armenians etc Anton.aldemir (talk) 22:15, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Umm, you did great job - it's a nice article. Между другото намерих една карта на българите мюсюлмани и веднага щом успея да я сканирам, ще я публикувам тук, за да видиш къде точно са торбешите в България. Трябваше да се хванем на бас, щото пари не са ми излишни, но нищо - другия път като ме обвиниш, че говоря глупости... Шегувам се, поздрав! :) Ogneslav 21:54, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Ami az imam edna veche-:))... (Za karta na pomacite govorq) A ti ne mi se varzvaj mnogo-mnogo, ponqkoga malko se pouvli4am. A s "pomaci" sam sviknal ot anglo-saksonskite etnografski naimenovaniq, te prosto tozi termin si polzvat... VMORO

Census data
This is from the last national census in Bulgaria (year 2001) performed by the National Statistic Institute.

Following are regions where most of Muslim Bulgarians live:

Region Blagoevgrad Muslims - 62,431; Turks - 31,857; Turkish as mother tongue - 19,819;

Region Kurjali Muslims - 114,217; Turks - 101,116; Turkish as mother tongue - 101,548;

Region Lovech Muslims - 10,501; Turks - 8,476; Turkish as mother tongue - 6,994;

Region Pazarjik Muslims - 46,338; Turks - 20,448; Turkish as mother tongue - 21,902;

Region Smolyan Muslims - 58,758; Turks - 6,212; Turkish as mother tongue - 5,782;

Summary of those regions: Muslims - 292,245; Turks - 168,109; Turkish as mother tongue - 156,045; Roma Muslims - 12,454; Bulgarian Muslims - 111,682; "Turks" with Bulgarian mother tongue - 12,604;

What we get as a result is that Muslims with Bulgarian mother tongue are 124,286. 12,604 (10,1%) of them considered themselves Turks and 111,682 (89,9%) - Bulgarians. Ogneslav 10:06, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Ami te vsa6tnost sa pone dvojno poveche (govorq za pomacite kato grupa s ob6v proizhod)>>> kam tqh spadat ok. 50,000 neobqvili religiozna prinadlezhnost balgari ot Smolyanski i Kardzhalijski okrag, vsi4kite okolo 50,000 "turci" ot Pazardzhishki i Blagoevgradski okrag i pone okolo 20,000 hristiqni ot Smolqnsko i Kardzhalijsko. Kam tozi broj mogat da se pribavqt pone okolo 20,000 du6i zagubeni tuk-tam i polu4avame ok. 250,000-260,000 du6i, koeto se varzva s iz4isleniqta ot MVR za 1989 (280,000). Ina4e dobre manipulira6 dannite, haha-:))) (Ako iska6 iztrij tozi pasazh) VMORO

Dali da ne dobavya za opitite za suzdavane na pomashka 'republika" sled Osvobojdenieto? --Vladko 11:27, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Unverified Information
I have removed the following paragraph as there is no citation and no information to back up what it states, it is a fact there was persecution by the Bulgarian government and that many Bulgarian Muslims fled but so far there is no information regarding people converting on a superficial level to avoid persecution, please find a link or some information which backs up your claims then re add to the article, thank you.

"Those living in the eastern and central parts of the Rhodopes (the provinces of Smolyan and Kardzhali) tend to be nominal muslims. A number of them, especially those living in the municipalities of Zlatograd, Nedelino, Krumovgrad, and Kirkovo, converted to Christianity in the 1990s, largely because of the persecution of Bulgaria's Muslim community carried out by the former Communist Bulgarian government." —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Taz Manchester (talk • contribs) 14:05, 7 June 2006.

Page moved
I have moved this article to Bulgarian Muslims as a Google test proves that it by far more common than "Muslim Bulgarians", and it is more in line with Macedonian Muslims, Greek Muslims (and one could even say Bosnian Muslims although it is not very politically correct). I figure this'll be pretty uncontroversial, so a poll would be a waste of time. If I'm wrong however, the redirect is still intact, so I can be reverted. --Tēlex 19:00, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Dear Telex, you are not a native English speaker and probably for that reason you don't seem to understand that Muslim Bulgarians means people who profess themselves to be Bulgarians of the Muslim denomination (what the articly is actually about), whereas Bulgarian Muslims relate to all Muslims who live in Bulgaria regardless of the ethnicity they profess (Bulgarian, Turkish, Roma, etc.). A simple Google test, as you call it, cannot explain that, so, please, refrain from changing names of articles because of Google tests. It is quite natural that you find more hits with "Bulgarian Muslims" - this name comprises all Muslims in Bulgaria - who are united in one denomination regardless of ethnicity and are represented by the Grand Mufty of the country. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 85.91.139.111 (talk • contribs) 16:56, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Dear anon. Your copypaste move has made restoring the article impossible without admin assistance - you should have discussed on the talk page first. Additionally, I find your claim that there is some difference between "Bulgarian Muslims" and "Muslim Bulgarians" rather dubious, as they are synonyms (or you have not demonstrated a difference - there are sources using either term to refer to the Pomaks). Furthermore, the Islamic community of Bulgaria is dealt with at Islam in Bulgaria. Anyway, the issue here is that I have moved the article without following proper procedure - we should get an admin to move it back, and investigate the possibilities of merging it with Pomaks, as we have two articles dealing with the same topic. Do not make copypaste moves though - the page histories are lost and it violates the GFDL. We'll need admin assistance to move the pages back. --Tēlex 21:06, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, pages should not be moved via a cut and paste operation, as it destroys the editing history.  I left a message on your talk page, anon. Kevin_b_er 21:10, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Anon is absolutely right, this is about the usage of english language and not about bulgarian naming of the group. In english Bulgarian Musilms does mean "the Bulgarians of Islamic faith" but when Bulgarians is meant as citizens of the coutry. This does not coincide with pomatzi, poturnatzi as is claimed in the brackets. It includes for example the Bulgarian Turks and the Muslim Gypsies. If you want to lay claim in english on the bulgarian ethnicity of those muslims you should use "Muslim Bulgarians" instead. This presumably will cover all pomaks even those living outside the present boundaries. I think you should put a dash in "Bulgarian-Mohammedans" as well.

Anyway, when are you going to merge this article to the Pomaks one? It is a smart way to evade the POV war but it doesnt help the reader, and sooner or later it will be discovered. Have a look at my overly long comment on the Pomaks talk-page, please. Koliokolio 01:58, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

PS: "Bulgarian Muslims" should redirect to Islam in Bulgaria.

Unwarranted self-importance
Along the same level of importance we should also have Tall Muslims, Red head Muslims and any other random sub-group with the word Muslim attached. Donkdonk (talk) 18:10, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Pomaks
Hello dear users who are developing this article,

I just want to ask, what is the difference between this page and Pomaks and the difference between two ethno-religious groups that are presented in these pages? Bests, Ali-al-Bakuvi (talk) 11:19, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

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Bulgarian Muslims
Bulgarian Muslims in Turkey, are the people who convert in 1913 in east thrace to can stay there. This thrace Bulgarian muslims in turkey not pomaks. Marillesa (talk) 14:48, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bulgarian Muslims


text:
Easton, Dorset

Easton is a village on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. The village is situated at Tophill, within the centre of the island. As with the rest of Portland's villages and settlements, Easton, including the settlements Reforne and Straits, has been designated as a conservation area, as it is a place of special architectural and historic interest. Easton, Wakeham and Reforne were designated pre-1974.

The village has a small square with many shops and shopping arcade, three churches, a small park, and other amenities, including various pubs, as well as the nearby Secondary school Royal Manor Arts College, (which has now been closed down, with the only secondary school on the island being Atlantic Academy Portland). Along with Fortuneswell, Easton is the main hub of the Isle of Portland's activities. St George's Centre and The George Inn lies within the Reforne area of Easton, and provides facilities for many local events.

History
Easton was established around a natural watercourse and various springs, of which there are indications of medieval inhabitants. The village pond was situated at Easton Square, and a well head and pump were later installed in 1775. Easton largely developed through Tophill's prime industry of agriculture. By 1782, Easton was the island's second largest settlement. The island's first school, Maister's School, opened in Straits during 1720. St. George's Church was built as the island's parish church within Reforne, between 1754 and 1766, replacing St Andrew's.

The village saw an infamous event during 1803, known as the Easton Massacre, which saw British armed forces shoot and kill three citizens, when trying to press males of Portland into service. The press gang arrived at Easton Square where they were met by a group of citizens who had gathered to stop them. When one man was taken and the crowd attempted a rescue, the captain fired on them. The marines under his command also opened fire. There were three people killed, and another two wounded, one of whom, Mary Way, later died of her wounds. From the 1840s onwards Portland saw a large increase in its population, leading to Easton expanding, and becoming more urbanised. Both Reforne and Wakeham were separate hamlets until this time, when they merged into Easton.

During the 19th-century, the Easton & Church Hope Railway put forward plans to extend the Weymouth and Portland Railway Line to Easton. On 1 October 1900 Easton station was opened to goods trains, and to the public on 1 September 1902. The line closed to passengers in 1952 and goods trains in 1965. The station site was demolished in 1970, and is now the site of a residential home. In 1904, Easton Square, which had long been barren land, was transformed into Easton Gardens. All Saints Church was built at Straits between 1914 and 1917, and became the new parish church for Tophill. Easton remains one of Portland's main hubs of activity to date.

Features
The area of Easton is surrounded by quarries, both working and non-working. To the south of the village, and near Weston, are the two Portland Windmills. The disused and historic stone towers date from as early as 1608. Both windmills have been separate Grade II Listed monuments since September 1978, and are the only historic windmill remains to survive in Dorset. In early 2011, a Tesco, Portland's first major supermarket was opened in Easton.

The Portland Museum is located near to Easton, in Wakeham, close to Church Ope Cove. The museum was founded by Marie Stopes and opened in 1930. The castellated building at Easton Lane is the Drill Hall of 1868. It was once the home of the Portland Volunteers.

Grade Listed Features
Easton has a wide array of architecture and buildings, a number of which are Grade Listed.

4 Easton Square, 30 Easton Square, 31 Easton Square, a fish house to the north of No. 31 Easton Street, 28 Easton Street, 32 Easton Street, 42 and 44 Easton Street, 41 Easton Street, as well as 23 Delhi Lane and its railings, are all Grade II Listed. Easton Methodist Church, along with its former manse and boundary walls, has been Grade II* Listed since May 1993. The church dates from 1906 and opened in September 1907. The church hall of the church was formerly a Wesleyan school, dated 1878 on porch. It was also designated Grade II. The church is still active today, alongside Underhill Methodist Church, as part of the Portland Methodist Circuit. Within Straits, the area of Easton linking to the hamlet of Wakeham, is the 20th-century Anglican church All Saints Church. It is Grade II Listed.

At Easton Gardens, the prominent Clock Tower, completed in 1907, is Grade II Listed. At Easton Lane is one of various lime kilns remaining on Portland. At the time of becoming Grade II Listed in November 1984, it was abandoned, and in poor condition. It lay in ruin for decades, but by 2002 was turned into a residence and craft workshop. Opposite this lime kiln is another which is larger and more complete, but not Grade Listed.

Within Reforne there are various notable buildings. The Sugar Loaf Cafe, 26 Reforne, 30 Reforne, 107 and 109 Reforne, 135 Reforne, Apsley House (54 Reforne), 111 and 113 Reforne, and 28 Reforne, are all Grade II Listed. St George's Church is found at the far end of Reforne - a Church of England church. The church was designated as a Grade I listed building in January 1951, and is one of three buildings on Portland to be Grade I. Its graveyard wall also became Grade II Listed in September 1978, and in May 1993 the church's lych gate entrance became Grade II Listed too. The George Inn is a public house at Reforne. It is one of the oldest inhabited buildings on the island, and has been Grade II Listed since May 1993. St George's Centre, also in Reforne, was a former school opened in 1857, and now a community information and activity centre. It is Grade II Listed. The centre's community hall and boundary walls to the south are also Grade II listed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Easton, Dorset


text:
Szreniawa

Szreniawa may refer to:
 * Szreniawa coat of arms
 * Szreniawa, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Szreniawa, Miechów County in Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland)
 * Szreniawa, Proszowice County in Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland)
 * Szreniawa, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)

title: Szreniawa


text: File:Kult title.png

title: File:Kult title.png


text:
Mummy Mountain (Nevada)

Mummy Mountain is the second highest peak of the Spring Mountains in Clark County, Nevada, United States. It is the twentieth highest mountain in the state. The mountain is located within the Mount Charleston Wilderness and the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest. It takes its name from its vague resemblance to a mummy, or perhaps more accurately an Egyptian sarcophagus seen in profile, with the "head" to the north formed by outcropping above Lee Canyon, the gently rounded main summit forming the "body", and a southern rise and cliffs forming the "feet", called "Mummy's Toe". This appearance is especially prominent from U.S. Route 95, which passes by the mountain to the east.

The most common route to the summit is from the North Loop Trail or Trail Canyon to Mount Charleston, starting from where it reaches close to the top of the ridge between Mummy Mountain and Mount Charleston. After the first two switchbacks, a steep scramble up a scree slope reaches the top of the ridge, where a faint climber's trail leads east to the base of the summit cliffs. The route then jogs north to a class 3 chute leading to the broad and flat summit plateau.

title: Mummy Mountain (Nevada)


text:
Talk:Antiques Roadshow

International versions
I'm going to add templates to some of the entries. Why? Because we aren't interested in listing merely shows with similar content - we're listing international versions of Antiques Roadshow specifically as opposed to "shows generally about appraising old stuff". In other words, unless a show can be shown to be in some relation to the subject of this article, it should get off the page. Cheers, CapnZapp (talk) 06:32, 4 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Logically: good point. Extremely sexy (talk) 16:02, 14 January 2019 (UTC)

International versions (again)
I added a template to the entire "International versions" section.

Do note: I'm not calling for sources that merely verify the existence of each show. I'm specifically calling for sources that verify the link to the subject of this article: BBC's Antiques Roadshow.

In other words, let's avoid turning the section into a linkfarm for any old show where people evaluate their stuff. Inclusion in the section means we claim "NN is an international version of AR". I now call for sources that verify this connection. Regards CapnZapp (talk) 10:24, 14 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Understood. Extremely sexy (talk) 16:04, 14 January 2019 (UTC)

Antiques experts and appraisers -> Programme experts for 2019
Just creating this talk section for discussing such a major change. CapnZapp (talk) 10:14, 12 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Referring to the 17:34, 11 April 2019 edit by AR Viewer, that is. I myself tagged the section with the following edit summary: Antiques experts and appraisers: is this list trying to be complete (e.g. "all experts during 2000-2018"), or is it trying to denote notability ("Among the best known..."). It can't do both - in that case the list should attempt completeness, and text should be used to introduce the "main" ones.
 * In other words, thank you User:AR Viewer. Your edit satisfies the tag (=now the list has a clear criteria) and I would argue it can be removed. Question remains: should we also add a historic overview "every appraiser on the show"? Such a list might have encyclopedic value even if we can't claim completeness. incomplete list or dynamic list templates exist for a reason. What say you? CapnZapp (talk) 10:21, 12 April 2019 (UTC)

Programme experts for 2019
I was intrigued why someone like Mould wasn't included - maybe he quit or was let go or something. So I googled "philip mould site:bbc.co.uk" and sure enough, he's still there - there is an AR presentation page for him as well:

It's just not linked to from that "meet the team" page.

He IS however, that page tells me, on a page called "the experts", a very similar-looking index which stretches to two pages (Mould is on page 2):

Now the question remains: which of these sources can be used to establish they're on the team right now which is what we are claiming with our current section title? None of them mention a year or season, as far as I can tell.

And forestalling one possible suggestion: no, we can't just drop the "for 2019" bit, because then we're right back into "here's a random group of experts with no good selection criteria" territory - the only reason some are in and others aren't is because BBC selected them, or just goofed up. Which I don't think makes for good encyclopedic value.

Remember, we should either strive for completeness "every face that has appeared even once during forty years" or we need to tell our readers what our inclusion criteria is ("Some guys except maybe not those BBC forgot about" wouldn't be my top choice :-)

CapnZapp (talk) 10:43, 19 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Full marks for your message over here, but I mailed them on Monday, as you probably know, and although they did not reply (yet), a bit of a change happened on the "team" page, while the "profile" page is lost when they decided to have "all of them" (NOT!) on one page (just in order to avoid taking more space I guess?), resulting in the complete "Pictures and Prints" as well as "Silver" sections being lost, since only the new faces were deleted in the main list and just a few painting experts readmitted apparently, so the amount of experts wasn't altered in any way at all! Extremely sexy (talk) 15:00, 19 April 2019 (UTC)
 * What conclusions if any do you draw from this? CapnZapp (talk) 09:51, 21 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Well: that they themselves don't mind about this at all, regrettably so, since almost nothing has been changed on this particular page (so far at least that is)! Extremely sexy (talk) 13:46, 21 April 2019 (UTC)
 * User:Bart Versieck's latest edit alerted me to the fact that BBC has apparently updated their page, now including everyone. Great - now my remaining query is if we can find a permanent archive of the link, before BBC changes the page again! CapnZapp (talk) 11:43, 17 May 2019 (UTC)
 * So my "complaining" to them (whomever it may have been) did help in the end, but regrettably it took them several weeks anyway to get someone to fix this (although two of the miscellaneous experts are still "in limbo"), and it's also logical to put all those specialist experts separate from the general ones, as they have now done too apparently! Extremely sexy (talk) 13:24, 17 May 2019 (UTC)

Crystal centerpiece
My parents have passed and I have inherited a number of pieces to include. Crystal pedestal bowl w hanging crystals and wondering if this has any value 2600:1702:32C0:6DF0:404F:67DC:5828:A6E3 (talk) 12:34, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

Elvis Frontenac Blanc D'Oro White Wine with the Colnel's Poem and seal in tact
What is a bottle like this circa 1978 worth 2600:6C5E:597F:CBFF:76:C5F7:5128:F5E0 (talk) 02:06, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antiques Roadshow


text:
User talk:Voidref

Alan, I appreciate that you work for YT, but they HAVE caused skepticism in the BeOS community and they have never proved they have the source, hence what you removed isn't untrue or opinion. I'm going to revert it, although I'll re-add the ICO link

Oh, and welcome to the Wikipedia

Kiand 22:48, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, and if you think what was on the BeOS article is bad, you'd best pretend that yellowTAB and yellowTAB Zeta aren't there :-)

Kiand 22:50, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Voidref


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sunidp patel

Sunidp patel
There are no Google hits for "Sundip Dipender Patel". There are several Google hits for "Sundip Patel", can't determine if any of them is this guy, but the top ones just seem to be some high school kid. Vanity. Delete. RickK 22:48, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This guy is supposedly getting lots of press attention but there are no hits. It looks like a lame practical joke to me. --LeeHunter 01:18, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Lame joke. Reform the speedy delete criteria now. Geogre 04:11, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:66.234.32.18

title: User talk:66.234.32.18


text:
Amestris

Amestris (Άμηστρις, Amēstris, perhaps the same as Άμαστρις, Amāstris, from Old Persian Amāstrī-, "strong woman") was an Achaemenid queen, wife of king Xerxes I and mother of king Artaxerxes I. She was poorly regarded by ancient Greek historians.

Life
Amestris was the daughter of Otanes, one of the seven noblemen reputed to have killed the magus who was impersonating King Bardiya in 522 BC. After this, Darius I the Great of Persia assumed the throne. According to Herodotus, Otanes was honoured with royal marriages. Darius I married Otanes' daughter Phaedymia while Otanes married a sister of Darius, who gave birth to Amestris.

When Darius died in 486 BC, Amestris was married to the crown prince, Xerxes. Herodotus describes Amestris as a cruel despot:

"I am informed that Amestris, the wife of Xerxes, when she had grown old, made return for her own life to the god who is said to be beneath the earth by burying twice seven children of Persians who were men of renown."

- Herodotus, Histories 7.114

The origin of this story is unclear, since known records and accounts indicate that human sacrifices were not permitted within the Persian religion. Also since most accounts of the time are from Greek sources, and due to the involvement of Greece as an opponent of Persia, it is possible that not all accounts are accurate.

Circa 478 BC, her son Crown Prince Darius was married to his cousin Artaynte at Sardis. She was the daughter of Xerxes' brother Masistes. At the behest of Xerxes, Artaynte committed adultery with him (Xerxes). When Amestris found out, she did not seek revenge against Artaynte, but against her mother, Masistes' wife, as Amestris thought that it was her connivance. On Xerxes' birthday, Amestris sent for his guards and mutilated Masistes' wife by cutting off her breasts and threw them to dogs, and her nose and ears and lips also, and cutting out her tongue as well. On seeing this, Masistes fled to Bactria to start a revolt, but was intercepted by Xerxes' army who killed him and his sons.

Popular depictions
Amestris is a character in the opera Serse by George Frideric Handel (italianized as "Amastre"). In the opera, Amestris is about to marry Xerxes (Serse), yet he falls in love with another woman and wants to marry her instead. Amestris disguises herself as a man in order to be near him. At the end of the opera, Xerxes is sorry for the things he did and asks Amestris once more to be his wife.

title: Amestris


text:
Talk:Mogi das Cruzes

Copied from Talk:Moji das Cruzes

 * Shouldn't this be merged to Mogi das Cruzes?

To quote: "The city is mostly called MOGI by authorities (the Railroad Company, for instance), by the City Hall and its dwellers". See also the official website.

I'd have thought, in the absence of a commonly used English version (as in the case of some major cities like Munich, Naples, etc.), we should go with the version preferred by the actual inhabitants.--Spondoolicks 10:23, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

The move to Mogi das Cruzes has been completed. This talk page wasn't moved because there was already one there. HYC 03:29, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

[end copied material]

title: Talk:Mogi das Cruzes


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Trouser chilli

Trouser chilli
Maybe a redirect, or, with some cleaning up, move to Wiktionary. Bill 22:50, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)— Bill 22:50, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Nonsense. Delete.  RickK 22:53, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If not nonsense, then unnotable slang of the kind churned out by Viz. Note that the "contributor" also blanked Sarah_McLachlan (reverted). --Ianb 23:03, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * D, google test gives 15 results, a number of which have the same wording as the WP page. Joe D 01:57, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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User:Joshr

This is the wikipedia page for Josh Rabinowitz, founder of cfwiki.org, skatetalk.com, and The Skateboard Directory.

Josh Rabinowitz

title: User:Joshr


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Charlestown, Dorset

Charlestown is a suburb of Weymouth in Dorset, England, situated in the west of the town beside The Fleet, although it is in Chickerell parish (population 5,282 in 2001).

title: Charlestown, Dorset


text: User talk:70.18.31.140

title: User talk:70.18.31.140


text: User talk:216.254.126.166

title: User talk:216.254.126.166


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Wittenberge

Wittenberge is a town of eighteen thousand people on the middle Elbe in the district of Prignitz, Brandenburg, Germany.

Geography
Wittenberge is situated at the right (north-eastern) bank of the middle Elbe at its confluence with the Stepenitz and Karthane in the German district of Prignitz. Within the same district, the town borders the Ämter Lenzen-Elbtalaue and Bad Wilsnack/Weisen as well as the district capital Perleberg. The Verbandsgemeinde Seehausen (Altmark) in the district of Stendal, Saxony-Anhalt, lies on the opposite side of the Elbe.

History
The site was marked out in 1239 at Wendischwalde and in 1300 the Saxon king, Otto I, established the settlement. The exact date when Wittenberge attained municipal status is unknown. The oldest document in which Wittenberge is mentioned as a "town" dates from 22 July 1300. Wittenberge grew slowly but steadily. The town castle (1669) survives as the town museum but it suffered fires in 1686 and 1757, and floods from the Elbe in 1709 and 1761. Nevertheless, because of its position, it prospered from the opening of the Berlin–Hamburg steamship traffic. By 1823 milling, processing and refining of foodstuffs were important industries. In 1846 the railway came and a silk factory was built, followed by a chemical factory in 1849. The Reichsbahn railway workshops were established in 1875 and the world-famous Singer Sewing Machine Company opened in 1903 its German manufacturing site Singer Nähmaschinenfabrik Wittenberge. By 1914 the Rathaus was built.

From 15 August 1942 until 17 February 1945 a concentration camp was established near Wittenberge. The camp was a subcamp to the Neuengamme concentration camp. During WW II Wittenberge suffered severe destruction by five air raids and 216 civilians died.

Between the wars much architecture characteristic of the period was built in the form of workers' housing for the rapidly increased population. Only the railway workshops remain as significant employers of the old industries but the large, skilled workforce remains for the newer industries of precision engineering and applied chemistry.

Sights
The oldest building in Wittenberge is Steintor (stone Gate) dating from 1450, an ancient gate of the medieval city wall. Only a small part of Wittenberge's old town centre with half-timbered houses is left as many old houses were torn down before 1989. The railway station was built in a classicist style in 1846 and rebuilt after considerable bomb damage in World War II. The Town Hall (Rathaus) with its tower measuring 51 metres was inaugurated in 1914. It represents the style of Gründerzeit.

The Kultur- und Festspielhaus, a cultural centre, was built in 1959 in a typical style of Socialist realism. After the German reunification it was renovated in reinaugurated in 1999. It is situated at Paul-Lincke-Platz, a place which is named after the composer Paul Lincke who lived in Wittenberge from 1881 to 1884. In Bahnstraße, Wittenberge's main street, several residential buildings representing Stalinist architecture on a provincial level can be seen close to the Cultural Centre. They were renovated after the German reunification.

A factory for producing sewing-machines was founded in Wittenberge in 1903. Its clock tower measuring 49 metres which was built in 1928 is one of the symbols of Wittenberge.

Mayor

 * 1993–2008: Klaus Petry (SPD)
 * since 2008: Oliver Hermann (independent)

Oliver Hermann was reelected in 2016 with 94,8% of the vote.

Twin towns – Sister cities
Wittenberge is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Châlons-en-Champagne, France
 * 🇩🇪 Elmshorn, Germany
 * 🇧🇬 Razgrad, Bulgaria

Notable people

 * Friedrich Burmeister (1888–1968), politician of the GDR (Minister of mail and telecommunications)
 * Klaus Havenstein (1922–1998), German actor and cabaret artist
 * Emanuel Hirsch (1888–1972), Protestant theologian
 * Norbert Klaar (born 1954), sports shooter, Olympic champion 1976 (fast fire pistol)
 * Richard Kruspe (born 1967), musician, guitarist of the band Rammstein
 * Carl Lindenberg (1850–1928), jurist and philatelist
 * Ulrich Makosch (1933–2008), journalist (television of the GDR)
 * Uwe Potteck (born 1955), sportsman, Olympic champion 1976 (free pistol)
 * Friedrich Schorlemmer (born 1944), theologian
 * Herman C. Schultz (born 1860), politician
 * Otto Telschow (1876–1945), politician of the NSDAP, Gauleiter, member of the Reichstag
 * Stefanie Thurmann (born 1982), sports shooter
 * Ulrich Woronowicz (1928–2011), Protestant pastor, theologian and social activist

title: Wittenberge


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Talk:Earl of Huntingdon

Difference
I've looked at Leigh Rayment's page, and it conflicts very badly with what we've got here. Any comments? Mackensen 22:53, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Future succession
The present Earl and his brother don't have heirs but I believe there is a junior branch of the family but I don't knwo the names.Alci12 17:47, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Here is the Earldom of Huntingdon's succession list according to Burke's : 1. Simon Aubrey Robin Hood Hastings-Bass (b. 2 May 1950), brother of the 17th Earl 2. John Peter Robin Hood Hastings-Bass (b. 5 Jun. 1954), brother of the 17th Earl 3. Warren Francis Hastings (b. 30 Apr. 1938), great-grandnephew of the 13th Earl by the first of his three brothers 4. Adam Francis Hastings (b.1977), son of Warren Francis 5. David Walter Theophilus (b. 4 May 1947), great-grandnephew of the 13th Earl by the third of his three brothers 6. Ian David (b.1975), son of David Walter Theophilus

It's not looking too healthy, is it? Are Ian David and Adam Francis married? Proteus (Talk) 17:52, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Henry of Scotland
It seems well documented that Henry of Scotland (1114-1152), 3rd Earl of Huntingdon, got that title after taking an oath for king Stephen in 1136 (in place of his father David I of Scotland) as part of the first treaty of Durham. So this mean 1) his mother Maud was probably dead at that time and that there is a break between 1130 and 1136; OR 2) he already held that title which was confirmed in 1136. see: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16760/16760-8.txt

Article brief
The start of the article is far too long, it needs to be shortened but I do not know the template, can someone put it on there, thanks.Wikisaver62 (talk) 15:52, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Introduction
"chiefly associated"?

I’d have thought this title would be chiefly associated with the throne of Scotland. I've added a piece about the 1065 creation to bring this out. Swanny18 (talk) 18:13, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Move Baron Hastings
There was detail here about the 1461 Hastings barony that was more or less the same as the Baron Hastings page, so I've merged it. I hope that's OK with everyone. Swanny18 (talk) 08:48, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

Regarding the dormancy and restoration
I've downloaded and started reading this book, which is a detailed account of the restoration of the Huntingdon Earldom after it fell dormant for 30 years. Essentially, when the 10th Earl died, the title went dormant until the man who was confirmed as the 12th Earl, a distant relative, came forward with a comprehensive and persuasive proof that he was the leigimate claimant.

The book is meticulous in detail, but somewhat tedious in part, as it consists of long recitations of the documentation required to prove that all the other potential claimants were deceased. I was surprised to find that we don't even have an entry on the 12th Earl.

I'm interested in input as to what other sources I might look for in writing that entry from scratch.--Jimbo Wales (talk) 16:36, 8 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Bell is unquestionably the best source on the claim to the peerage, and apparently has "curious stories" about the family. He was Hastings' friend and took up the case in 1817; Hastings, a naval lieutenant and storekeeper, could not afford to pursue it.
 * Complete Peerage has the usual paragraph on the peer, largely his naval career; it also explains the peerage claim in a few sentences. (For his reluctance to go to the West Indies, which led to shore duty, see DNB.)
 * The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography has an article, which includes Hastings' arrest by the local authorities while in charge of a press gang; his distant cousin Lord Moira posted bail. After his peerage, he was promoted to command of a ship, and was appointed Governor of Dominica in 1822; resigned 1824.
 * The 19th-century DNB article is here; it contains much of the substance of ODNB, but not all.
 * There is an obituary in the United Services Magazine, and an article in Gentleman's Magazine of 1847.
 * Sources on his governorship should be findable by searching: Google Scholar has several; the article by Boromé notes that he asked to be transferred "anywhere in the world" rather than deal with the Dominican assembly. (This is the small island near Guadaloupe, not the Dominican Republic.)
 * Google Books provides links to several minor administrative reforms.
 * There are books by Patrick L. Baker and Lennox Honychurch on the history of the island. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 16:37, 9 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I've started an article here, but haven't added anything on the claim to the earldom yet. Opera hat (talk) 13:50, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

Huntington or Huntingdon?
I'm confused, I've seen both been referred but which one is correct? --Vaati the Wind Demon (talk) 01:46, 23 August 2015 (UTC)

Tosti and Siward
Weren't both Tosti and Siward earls of Huntingdon in pre-conquest England? Greenshed (talk) 23:10, 4 August 2018 (UTC)

First established
The earldom was first established by Canute for his nephew Beorn Ulfsson/Estrithsson. After Beorns death it was given to earl Siward of Northumbria. It was felt his eldest son Osbjorn would acquire Norhumbria with his youngest son Waltheof being the third earl of Huntingdon in the first ascension. Lowell C Armstrong (talk) 11:48, 24 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Earl of Huntingdon


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Markus Mattsson

Markus Rainer Mattsson (born July 30, 1957) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey goaltender. He was one of the first goaltenders in the National Hockey League from Finland. He is also the goalie who ended Wayne Gretzky's 51-game point streak in 1983–84.

Markus has a son, Niklas, who played ice hockey for Ilves and Suomi-sarja-team HC Montreal Tampere.

title: Markus Mattsson


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Mummy Mountain (Colorado)

Mummy Mountain is a high mountain summit in the Mummy Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 13430 ft thirteener is located in the Rocky Mountain National Park, 13.7 km northwest by north (bearing 323°) of the Town of Estes Park in Larimer County, Colorado, United States.

title: Mummy Mountain (Colorado)


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Seth Neddermeyer

Seth Henry Neddermeyer (September 16, 1907 – January 29, 1988) was an American physicist who co-discovered the muon, and later championed the implosion-type nuclear weapon while working on the Manhattan Project at the Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II.

Early life
Seth Henry Neddermeyer was born in Richmond, Michigan, on September 16, 1907. He attended Olivet College, a small college that his mother, older sister, and uncle had also attended, for two years before his family moved to California. He transferred to Stanford University, from which received his Bachelor of Arts (AB) degree in 1929. His interest in physics was inspired by the work of Robert A. Millikan, and he enrolled in graduate school at California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where he wrote his 1935 PhD thesis on "The absorption of high energy electrons", under the supervision of Carl D. Anderson. He confirmed the theory espoused by Niels Bohr for this process. He also noted large radiative energy losses of electrons in lead, in agreement with the theory propounded by Hans Bethe and Walter Heitler.

Neddermeyer contributed to the research which led to the 1932 discovery of the positron, for which Anderson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936. That year, Neddermeyer and Anderson discovered the muon, using cloud chamber measurements of cosmic rays. Their discovery predated Hideki Yukawa's 1935 theory of mesons that postulated the particle as mediating the nuclear force. Anderson and Neddermeyer collaborated with Millikan in high altitude studies of cosmic rays, which confirmed Robert Oppenheimer's theory that the air showers produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays contained electrons. They also obtained the first evidence that gamma rays can generate positrons.

Manhattan Project work
In early 1941, with World War II raging in Europe but the United States not yet a belligerent, Neddermeyer joined a team led by Charles C. Lauritsen and William A. Fowler at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and then at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C., that worked on the photoelectric proximity fuze. After this work was completed, Neddermeyer was recruited by Oppenheimer to work at the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory. Neddermeyer was an early advocate for the development of an implosion technique for assembling a critical mass in an atomic bomb. Although implosion was suggested by Richard Tolman as early as 1942 and discussed in the introductory lectures given to Los Alamos scientists by Robert Serber, Neddermeyer was one of the first to urge its full development. Unable to find much initial enthusiasm for the concept among his fellow Los Alamos scientists, Neddermeyer presented the first substantial technical analysis of implosion in late April 1943. Oppenheimer considered this to be the beginning of implosion research at Los Alamos.

Though many remained unimpressed, Oppenheimer appointed Neddermeyer the head of a new group to test implosion. His group became the E-5 (Implosion) Group, which was part of Captain William S. Parsons' E Division. A gun-type nuclear weapon was the preferred method, but implosion research constituted a backup. Neddermeyer embarked on an intensive series of experiments testing cylindrical implosions. The result was a series of distorted shapes. Progress was made; Neddermeyer and a member of his team, Hugh Bradner, along with James L. Tuck from the British Mission, conceived the idea of explosive lenses, in which shaped charges are used to focus the force of an explosion. Nevertheless, seemingly unsolvable problems with shock wave uniformity brought progress on implosion to a crawl.

By September 1943, Neddermeyer's team had grown from five people to fifty. That month, John von Neumann came to Los Alamos at Oppenheimer's request. Von Neumann was impressed by the implosion concept and, working with Edward Teller, an old friend, made a series of suggestions. Von Neumann was able to create a sound mathematical model of implosion, enabling Neddermeyer to present a proposal for a greatly expanded research program. Edwin McMillan and Isidor Isaac Rabi recommended that George Kistiakowsky, who had a specialized knowledge in the precision use of explosives, be brought in to help the program. In February 1944, Kistiakowsky became Parsons' deputy for implosion.

In April 1944, tests on the first sample of plutonium that had been produced with neutrons in a nuclear reactor revealed that reactor-bred plutonium contained five times more plutonium-240 than that hitherto produced in cyclotrons. This unwanted isotope that spontaneously decayed and produced neutrons promised to cause a predetonation without sufficiently quick critical mass assembly. It now became apparent that only implosion would work for practical plutonium bombs; a powerful enough gun could not be constructed small enough to be carried in an aircraft, and plutonium-240 was even more difficult to separate from plutonium-239 than the isotopes of uranium that were giving the rest of the Manhattan Project such difficulties. Plutonium was unusable unless implosion worked, but only plutonium could be produced in quantities that would allow regular production of atomic bombs. Thus, the implosion technique now suddenly stood as the key to production of nuclear weapons.

In mid-June 1944, a report from Kistiakowsky to Oppenheimer detailing dysfunctionality within the implosion team led to the ousting of Neddermeyer. He was replaced as the head of the E-5 Group by Kistiakowsky on June 15, 1944, but remained a technical adviser to the implosion program, with group leader status. Neddermeyer was said to have been much embittered by this episode. In Oppenheimer's August 1944 reorganization of the Los Alamos Laboratory, Neddermeyer's group was renamed X-1, with Norris Bradbury as group leader. The implosion method championed by Neddermeyer was used in the first atom bomb exploded (in the Trinity test), the Fat Man bomb dropped on Nagasaki, and almost all modern nuclear weapons. Kistiakowsky later insisted that "the real invention should be given full credit to [Seth] Neddermeyer" (sic).

Later years
In 1946, after World War II ended, Neddermeyer left Los Alamos to become an associate professor at the University of Washington, where he would spend the rest of his career. In due course he became a full professor. He resumed his studies of cosmic rays using a cloud chamber and a new device that he invented to measure the speed of charged particles known as a "chronotron". He was particularly interested in the properties of the muon, and conducted experiments with muons at SLAC. He participated in the DUMAND Project, for which he helped design large-scale underwater neutrino detectors. Neddermeyer became interested in parapsychology, insisting, in spite of the skepticism of many colleagues, that it warranted proper scientific investigation. He retired in 1973, becoming a professor emeritus, but he continued his research activities for as long as his health permitted. He was afflicted with Parkinson's disease.

In 1982, he was presented with the Department of Energy's Enrico Fermi award. His citation read:"For participating in the discovery of the positron, for his share in the discovery of the muon, the first of the subatomic particles; for his invention of the implosion technique for assembling nuclear explosives; and for his ingenuity, foresight, and perseverance in finding solutions for what at first seemed to be unsolvable engineering difficulties."

In later life, Neddermeyer was sometimes troubled by the nuclear weapons he had helped to invent. He told an interviewer in 1983:"I get so overwhelmed by a feeling of terrible guilt when I think about the history of the bomb. I'm terribly worried now about the current world situation. What the hell can we do about it?"

Neddermeyer died in Seattle on January 29, 1988,  from complications of Parkinson's disease.

In popular culture
Neddermeyer is portrayed by Colin Bennett in the 1980 BBC series Oppenheimer, by Joe D'Angerio in Fat Man and Little Boy, and by Devon Bostick in the Christopher Nolan-directed film Oppenheimer (2023).

title: Seth Neddermeyer


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Halstock

Halstock is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England, situated approximately 5 mi south of Yeovil in Somerset. It lies on the route of the ancient Harrow Way. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 546.

Halstock formerly constituted a liberty, containing only the parish itself. It was the site of the martyrdom of Saint Juthwara (Juthware), and a Romano-British Villa excavated between 1967 and 1985.

The village formerly had two inns, "The New Inn" (New Inn Farm), which closed in the late 1950s, and the unusually named "The Quiet Woman" (usually taken as a reference to St Juthware)

In July 2012, Halstock's Parish church of St Mary was rededicated by the Bishop of Sherborne to become "St Juthware and St Mary", in recognition of the local tradition. Much of the church was rebuilt in 1770, with only the 15th-century west tower not being affected. The nave and chancel were rebuilt again on separate dates in the 19th century.

Halstock lies within an electoral ward of the same name, which also contains several nearby parishes including Corscombe, Evershot and Hilfield. The population of this ward at the 2011 census was 1,848. This ward is one of 32 that comprise the West Dorset parliamentary constituency, which is currently represented in the UK national parliament by the Conservative Chris Loder, who succeeded Oliver Letwin in 2019.

title: Halstock


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Dedekind-infinite set

In mathematics, a set A is Dedekind-infinite (named after the German mathematician Richard Dedekind) if some proper subset B of A is equinumerous to A. Explicitly, this means that there exists a bijective function from A onto some proper subset B of A. A set is Dedekind-finite if it is not Dedekind-infinite (i.e., no such bijection exists). Proposed by Dedekind in 1888, Dedekind-infiniteness was the first definition of "infinite" that did not rely on the definition of the natural numbers.

A simple example is $$\mathbb{N}$$, the set of natural numbers. From Galileo's paradox, there exists a bijection that maps every natural number n to its square n2. Since the set of squares is a proper subset of $$\mathbb{N}$$, $$\mathbb{N}$$ is Dedekind-infinite.

Until the foundational crisis of mathematics showed the need for a more careful treatment of set theory, most mathematicians assumed that a set is infinite if and only if it is Dedekind-infinite. In the early twentieth century, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, today the most commonly used form of axiomatic set theory, was proposed as an axiomatic system to formulate a theory of sets free of paradoxes such as Russell's paradox. Using the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the originally highly controversial axiom of choice included (ZFC) one can show that a set is Dedekind-finite if and only if it is finite in the usual sense. However, there exists a model of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory without the axiom of choice (ZF) in which there exists an infinite, Dedekind-finite set, showing that the axioms of ZF are not strong enough to prove that every set that is Dedekind-finite is finite. There are definitions of finiteness and infiniteness of sets besides the one given by Dedekind that do not depend on the axiom of choice.

A vaguely related notion is that of a Dedekind-finite ring.

Comparison with the usual definition of infinite set
This definition of "infinite set" should be compared with the usual definition: a set A is infinite when it cannot be put in bijection with a finite ordinal, namely a set of the form {0, 1, 2, ..., n−1} for some natural number n – an infinite set is one that is literally "not finite", in the sense of bijection.

During the latter half of the 19th century, most mathematicians simply assumed that a set is infinite if and only if it is Dedekind-infinite. However, this equivalence cannot be proved with the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory without the axiom of choice (AC) (usually denoted "ZF"). The full strength of AC is not needed to prove the equivalence; in fact, the equivalence of the two definitions is strictly weaker than the axiom of countable choice (CC). (See the references below.)

Dedekind-infinite sets in ZF
A set A is Dedekind-infinite if it satisfies any, and then all, of the following equivalent (over ZF) conditions: it is dually Dedekind-infinite if: it is weakly Dedekind-infinite if it satisfies any, and then all, of the following equivalent (over ZF) conditions: and it is infinite if:
 * it has a countably infinite subset;
 * there exists an injective map from a countably infinite set to A;
 * there is a function f : A → A that is injective but not surjective;
 * there is an injective function f : N → A, where N denotes the set of all natural numbers;
 * there is a function f : A → A that is surjective but not injective;
 * there exists a surjective map from A onto a countably infinite set;
 * the powerset of A is Dedekind-infinite;
 * for any natural number n, there is no bijection from {0, 1, 2, ..., n−1} to A.

Then, ZF proves the following implications: Dedekind-infinite ⇒ dually Dedekind-infinite ⇒ weakly Dedekind-infinite ⇒ infinite.

There exist models of ZF having an infinite Dedekind-finite set. Let A be such a set, and let B be the set of finite injective sequences from A. Since A is infinite, the function "drop the last element" from B to itself is surjective but not injective, so B is dually Dedekind-infinite. However, since A is Dedekind-finite, then so is B (if B had a countably infinite subset, then using the fact that the elements of B are injective sequences, one could exhibit a countably infinite subset of A).

When sets have additional structures, both kinds of infiniteness can sometimes be proved equivalent over ZF. For instance, ZF proves that a well-ordered set is Dedekind-infinite if and only if it is infinite.

History
The term is named after the German mathematician Richard Dedekind, who first explicitly introduced the definition. It is notable that this definition was the first definition of "infinite" that did not rely on the definition of the natural numbers (unless one follows Poincaré and regards the notion of number as prior to even the notion of set). Although such a definition was known to Bernard Bolzano, he was prevented from publishing his work in any but the most obscure journals by the terms of his political exile from the University of Prague in 1819. Moreover, Bolzano's definition was more accurately a relation that held between two infinite sets, rather than a definition of an infinite set per se.

For a long time, many mathematicians did not even entertain the thought that there might be a distinction between the notions of infinite set and Dedekind-infinite set. In fact, the distinction was not really realised until after Ernst Zermelo formulated the AC explicitly. The existence of infinite, Dedekind-finite sets was studied by Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead in 1912; these sets were at first called mediate cardinals or Dedekind cardinals.

With the general acceptance of the axiom of choice among the mathematical community, these issues relating to infinite and Dedekind-infinite sets have become less central to most mathematicians. However, the study of Dedekind-infinite sets played an important role in the attempt to clarify the boundary between the finite and the infinite, and also an important role in the history of the AC.

Relation to the axiom of choice
Since every infinite well-ordered set is Dedekind-infinite, and since the AC is equivalent to the well-ordering theorem stating that every set can be well-ordered, clearly the general AC implies that every infinite set is Dedekind-infinite. However, the equivalence of the two definitions is much weaker than the full strength of AC.

In particular, there exists a model of ZF in which there exists an infinite set with no countably infinite subset. Hence, in this model, there exists an infinite, Dedekind-finite set. By the above, such a set cannot be well-ordered in this model.

If we assume the axiom CC (i. e., ACω), then it follows that every infinite set is Dedekind-infinite. However, the equivalence of these two definitions is in fact strictly weaker than even the CC. Explicitly, there exists a model of ZF in which every infinite set is Dedekind-infinite, yet the CC fails (assuming consistency of ZF).

Proof of equivalence to infinity, assuming axiom of countable choice
That every Dedekind-infinite set is infinite can be easily proven in ZF: every finite set has by definition a bijection with some finite ordinal n, and one can prove by induction on n that this is not Dedekind-infinite.

By using the axiom of countable choice (denotation: axiom CC) one can prove the converse, namely that every infinite set X is Dedekind-infinite, as follows:

First, define a function over the natural numbers (that is, over the finite ordinals) f : N → Power(Power(X)), so that for every natural number n, f(n) is the set of finite subsets of X of size n (i.e. that have a bijection with the finite ordinal n). f(n) is never empty, or otherwise X would be finite (as can be proven by induction on n).

The image of f is the countable set {f(n) whose members are themselves infinite (and possibly uncountable) sets. By using the axiom of countable choice we may choose one member from each of these sets, and this member is itself a finite subset of X. More precisely, according to the axiom of countable choice, a (countable) set exists, n ∈ N}, so that for every natural number n, g(n) is a member of f(n) and is therefore a finite subset of X of size n.

Now, we define U as the union of the members of G. U is an infinite countable subset of X, and a bijection from the natural numbers to U, h : N → U, can be easily defined. We may now define a bijection B : X → X \ h(0) that takes every member not in U to itself, and takes h(n) for every natural number to h(n + 1). Hence, X is Dedekind-infinite, and we are done.

Generalizations
Expressed in category-theoretical terms, a set A is Dedekind-finite if in the category of sets, every monomorphism f : A → A is an isomorphism. A von Neumann regular ring R has the analogous property in the category of (left or right) R-modules if and only if in R, xy = 1 implies yx = 1. More generally, a Dedekind-finite ring is any ring that satisfies the latter condition. Beware that a ring may be Dedekind-finite even if its underlying set is Dedekind-infinite, e.g. the integers.

title: Dedekind-infinite set


text:
Talk:Slit-scan photography

Translation
(moved from Translation into English)
 * Article: fr:Slit-scan
 * Corresponding English-language article: Slit-Scan photography
 * Worth doing because: French article is more extensive information worth incorporating into the English stub
 * Originally Requested by: Gobeirne 04:49, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Status: finished by Frenchgeek 21:17, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Other notes:

Scope
I came here expecting an article on slit-scanning as traditionally used to produce stills (photo-finish pictures, panoramic images) as described here.

I can write a first stab at this, but should it all go in this article, or should there be a "slit scanning cinematography" article with the current article, "slit scanning photography" containing info about stills, and a disambiguation page? Ukslim 10:37, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Scope II
In the paragraph "Description" it is only described how to gain the Stargate-Effect, but Slit-scan is able to give a much wider variety of effects than mentioned. --84.185.23.3 (talk) 18:22, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Flatbed scanner
It's possible to create effects like this, with hand, face, or objects, on a flat-bed scanner. Scan your hand, and as the lit scanner-bar moves downward, move your hand occasionally. You get the same effect, explained by the scanner taking a series of 1-d slices of the picture at a time.

This is not in itself a useful technique, but I was reminded of this when I read the article. As an experiment for the reader to try, it might help get the point across.

92.40.254.224 (talk) 19:26, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Slit-scan photography


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Ivan Sag

Ivan Andrew Sag (November 9, 1949 – September 10, 2013) was an American linguist and cognitive scientist. He did research in areas of syntax and semantics as well as work in computational linguistics.

Personal life
Born in Alliance, Ohio on November 9, 1949, Sag attended the Mercersburg Academy but was expelled shortly before graduation. He received a BA from the University of Rochester, an MA from the University of Pennsylvania—where he studied comparative Indo-European languages, Sanskrit, and sociolinguistics—and a PhD from MIT in 1976, writing his dissertation (advised by Noam Chomsky) on ellipsis.

Sag received a Mellon Fellowship at Stanford University in 1978–79, and remained in California from that point on. He was appointed a position in Linguistics at Stanford, and earned tenure there. He died of cancer in 2013. He was married to sociolinguist Penelope Eckert.

Academic work
Sag made notable contributions to the fields of syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and language processing. His early work was as a member of the research teams that invented and developed head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG) as well as generalized phrase structure grammar, HPSG's immediate intellectual predecessor. Later, he worked on Sign-Based Construction Grammar, which blended HPSG with ideas from Berkeley Construction Grammar.

He was the author or co-author of 10 books and over 100 articles. In general, his research late in life primarily concerned constraint-based, lexicalist models of grammar, and their relation to theories of language processing.

Sag was the Sadie Dernham Patek Professor in Humanities, Professor of Linguistics, and Director of the Symbolic Systems Program at Stanford University. A fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Linguistic Society of America, in 2005 he received the LSA's Fromkin Prize for distinguished contributions to the field of linguistics.

He was honored by a volume of studies published in 2013 in his honor, The Core and the Periphery: Data-Driven Perspectives on Syntax Inspired by Ivan A. Sag, edited by Philip Hofmeister and Elisabeth Norcliffe.

Selected publications

 * Sag, Ivan A. 1980. Deletion and Logical Form. New York:Garland Press.
 * Gazdar, Gerald, Ewan Klein, Geoffrey K. Pullum, and Ivan A. Sag. 1985. Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press and Oxford: Basil Blackwell's.
 * Sag, Ivan A., Gerald Gazdar, Thomas Wasow and Steven Weisler. 1985. "Coordination and How to Distinguish Categories." Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 3:117–171
 * Pollard, Carl, and Ivan A. Sag. 1987. Information-Based Syntax and Semantics; Volume One - Fundamentals. CSLI Lecture Notes Series No. 13. Stanford: CSLI Publications. Distributed by University of Chicago Press.
 * Nunberg, Geoffrey, Ivan A. Sag, and Thomas Wasow. 1994. "Idioms." Language 70:491– 538.
 * Pollard, Carl, and Ivan A. Sag. 1992. "Anaphors in English and the Scope of Binding Theory." Linguistic Inquiry 23.2:261–303.
 * Pollard, Carl, and Ivan A. Sag. 1994. Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Stanford: CSLI Publications.
 * Miller, Philip, and Ivan A. Sag. 1997. "French Clitic Movement Without Clitics or Movement." Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 15:573–639.
 * Sag, Ivan A. 1997. "English Relative Clause Constructions." Journal of Linguistics 33.2:431–484.
 * Jonathan Ginzburg and Ivan A. Sag. 2000. Interrogative Investigations: the form, meaning, and use of English Interrogatives. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
 * Bouma, Gosse, Robert Malouf, and Ivan A. Sag. 2001. "Satisfying Constraints on Extraction and Adjunction." Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 19.1:1–65.
 * Kim, Jong-Bok, and Ivan A. Sag. 2002. "French and English Negation without Head-Movement." Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 20.2:339-412.
 * Sag, Ivan A., Thomas Wasow, and Emily Bender. 2003. Syntactic Theory: A formal introduction. Second edition. Stanford: CSLI Publications.

title: Ivan Sag


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USS Haddock (SS-231)

USS Haddock (SS-231), a Gato-class submarine, was the second submarine of the United States Navy to be named for the haddock, a small edible Atlantic fish related to the cod. A previous submarine had been named Haddock (SS-32), but was renamed K-1 prior to her launching, so Haddock (SS-231) was the first to actually bear the name.

Construction and commissioning
Haddock (SS-231) was laid down at the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine, on 31 March 1941. She was launched on 20 October 1941, sponsored by Mrs. William H. Allen, and commissioned on 14 March 1942, Lieutenant Commander Arthur H. Taylor (United States Naval Academy Class of 1927) in command.

First war patrol, July – September 1942
After shakedown and training cruises off New England, Haddock sailed for the Pacific on 19 June 1942 and arrived Pearl Harbor 16 July. She departed on her first war patrol on 28 July, the first submarine to do so with the new SJ radar. This equipment added greatly to her power in seeking out and destroying enemy ships in darkness or reduced visibility.

Penetrating into the Bonin Islands–East China Sea area, Haddock attacked a freighter on the surface on 22 August, sinking troop transport Tatsuho Maru (6334 tons). Tatsuho Maru had suffered engine trouble and had fallen back; being left behind by her convoy making her easy prey for the new boat and crew. Haddock put a torpedo into her port side #4 hold where 10,000 gallons of aviation gasoline was stored. This caught fire and exploded. The ensuing damage took Tatsuho Maru down by the stern in five minutes, taking 26 passengers and 12 crewmen with her. In the Formosa Straits on 26 August Haddock fired four stern shots at Teinshum Maru (formally Vichy French Tai Seun Hong) but missed; the submarine swung around to bring her bow tubes to bear and sent the 2251 ton cargo ship to the bottom. Haddock patrolled off Okinawa before returning to Midway 19 September 1942.

Second, third, and fourth war patrols, October 1942 – April 1943
Haddock's second war patrol, commencing 11 October from Midway, was carried out in the Yellow Sea. After two attacks without hits, the submarine torpedoed Tekkai Maru (1925 tons) amidships on 3 November, breaking her in two. She was forced to break off another attack on 6 November after damaging the IJA converted troop transport French Maru (5828 tons) because of destroyers and search aircraft, but during the night of 11–12 November blew off the stern of cargo ship Venice Maru (6571 tons) east of the island of Honshū. Haddock damaged another ship on Friday 13 November, only to be prevented from finishing her off by escort craft, and she expended her last torpedo on Nichinan Maru (6503 tons) on 16 November. After a brief gunfire duel with her victim, (the merchantman sunk later that day.) the submarine headed for Pearl Harbor, arriving on 4 December.

Haddock departed Pearl Harbor on 28 December on her third war patrol, this time to the oceans south of Japan. She was attacked by two destroyers raining depth charges, and when she finally surfaced to clear the area, Haddock found herself surrounded by Japanese patrol craft. The submarine sped out of the trap just in time to avoid destruction.

A few days later, 17 January 1943, she sank an unidentified/uncredited freighter of 4,000 tons, and on 19 January Haddock detected six cargo vessels steaming in double column. Gaining attack position on the last ship, she scored two hits and sent her to the bottom. Aerial attack and depth charges kept her from bagging the other members of the convoy and bad weather forced Haddock to return to Midway on 17 February.

Haddock cleared Midway on 11 March for her fourth war patrol, and saw her first action on 3 April off Palau, when she encountered the converted fleet oiler Arima Maru (7, 389 tons) fully loaded with 7, 880 tons of heavy oil, protected by a corvette (postwar analysis identified the escort as the destroyer JAPANESE DESTROYER Yūzuki.) The submarine launched one torpedo at the corvette, but the torpedo apparently ran under without exploding. Haddock then turned her attention to the tanker and succeeded in sinking her with a spread of three torpedoes. Following the torpedo tracks, the corvette dropped 24 depth charges, many directly over Haddock, causing her to lose buoyancy and she descended to 415 ft. The attack also damaged her conning tower and radar system. The following day she was ordered to terminate her patrol early due to the severity of the damage, and she returned to Pearl Harbor on 19 April 1943.

Fifth, sixth, and seventh war patrols, June – November 1943
Setting out from Pearl Harbor again on 30 June, Haddock set course for the Caroline Islands on her fifth war patrol. Detecting a group of four escorted transports north of Palau on 21 July, she maneuvered into position and sank Saipan Maru (5532 tons). The depth charge attacks of the accompanying ships were ineffective. That same day Haddock came upon two unescorted tankers. Her first attack failed to sink the two ships, but she followed the ships and made two more attacks before finally breaking off the action for lack of torpedoes. Haddock arrived at Midway on 6 August and at Pearl Harbor four days later.

Haddock's sixth war patrol was conducted in waters off Truk, the vital Japanese base in the Carolines. Departing Pearl Harbor on 2 September, she torpedoed the collier; Samsei Maru (641tons) on 15 September but failed to sink her, and the victim turned to ram the submarine. Haddock damaged the auxiliary tanker JAPANESE SEAPLANE TENDER Notoro (14,050 tons) on 20 September forcing the tanker to return to Truk at reduced speed along with her 8000 tons of oil originally destined for Japan herself. The next day she torpedoed and damaged the Japanese collier Shinyubari Maru (5354 tons) and then spent a harrowing day eluding the attacks of Japanese escort vessels alerted by the explosions. She returned to Midway on 28 September with all torpedoes expended.

The veteran submarine departed on her seventh war patrol on 20 October 1943 and headed again for the waters off Truk. Late on 1 November, Haddock attacked the Japanese cable-layer Tateishi and trawler Kitagami Maru without success, barely surviving the attacks of a hunter-killer group a few hours later. She made one additional attack on 6 November heavily damaging fleet tanker Hoyo Maru (8691 tons) with a torpedo into the stern temporarily forcing her abandonment, before returning to Pearl Harbor on 15 November 1943.

Eighth and ninth war patrols, December 1943 – May 1944
For her eighth war patrol Haddock joined a coordinated attack group with USS Tullibee (SS-284) and USS Halibut (SS-232). She departed Pearl Harbor on 14 December and rendezvoused on 17 December. Encountering a group of warships on 19 January, Haddock attacked escort carrier JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Un'yō (17830 tons) and damaged her severely with at least two hits before being driven off by the carrier's screening vessels. The submarine returned to Pearl Harbor on 5 February 1944.

Haddock departed for her ninth war patrol 10 March. Under the USN's relentless attack, spearheaded by the submarines, Japan's sea lifelines had shrunk to a trickle and targets were scarce, but Haddock succeeded in sinking auxiliary minesweeper Noshiro Maru No.2 (126 tons) on 17 April, before returning to Pearl Harbor on 10 May 1944.

Tenth and eleventh war patrols, October 1944 – March 1945
Her tenth war patrol was eventful as the Pacific war drew close to its climax. With Commander Roach in Haddock commanding, she formed an attack group with USS Halibut (SS-232) and USS Tuna (SS-203), departing Pearl Harbor on 8 October. Moving to support the invasion of the Philippines, the submarines were present during the battle off Cape Engaño, part of the epochal Battle for Leyte Gulf, on 25 October and unsuccessfully pursued some of the retiring Japanese units. Bothered by a malfunctioning periscope, Haddock scored no hits on the rest of her patrol and returned to Pearl Harbor on 10 December.

Fitted out with extra deck guns for her eleventh war patrol, Haddock sailed in company with submarines USS Sennet (SS-408) and USS Lagarto (SS-371) for the seas east of Japan. The boats made a diversionary sweep designed to pull early warning craft away from the intended track of a carrier group en route for air strikes against Tokyo. Gaining their objective with complete success, the submarines attacked the picket boats with gunfire, allowed them to send contact reports, and then sank several, diverting Japanese efforts away from the undetected carrier group. Haddock returned to Guam on 14 March 1945.

Last war patrols, April – August 1945
Haddock spent her twelfth and thirteenth war patrols on lifeguard station near Tokyo, standing by to rescue downed airmen after raids on Japanese cities. This duty occupied her from April until her return to Pearl Harbor on 22 August.

Haddock departed for the East Coast of the United States on 7 September and after transiting the Panama Canal and visiting various ports on the East Coast, arrived at New London, Conn., on 29 March 1946, nearly four years after she had sailed from the North Atlantic to victory. She was placed in reserve in commission on 20 April and decommissioned on 12 February 1947. In August 1948 Haddock was assigned duty as a reserve training ship for 6th Naval District, and served in that capacity until being again placed out of service at New London in May 1952. She was again assigned to reserve training, this time at Portsmouth, N.H., June 1956, and finally was struck from the Naval Vessel Register and sold for scrap to Jacob Checkoway on 23 August 1960. Checkoway used the large stock of oil onboard the vessel to start Checkoway Oil Company, and two of her four Fairbanks-Morse diesel engines are in service at the University of Notre Dame as backup generators.

Haddock received 11 battle stars for her service in World War II. All of her war patrols except the twelfth were designated successful and she received the Presidential Unit Citation for her outstanding performance on the second, fifth, sixth, and seventh war patrols.

title: USS Haddock (SS-231)


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Kilij

A kilij (from Turkish kılıç, literally "sword") is a type of one-handed, single-edged and curved scimitar used by the Seljuk Empire, Timurid Empire, Mamluk Empire, Ottoman Empire, and other Turkic khanates of Eurasian steppes and Turkestan. These blades developed from earlier Turko-Mongol sabers that were in use in lands controlled or influenced by the Turkic peoples.

Etymology
Most of Turkologists and linguists including Bican Ercilasun and Sevan Nişanyan think that it is derived from the Turkic root kıl- which means "to forge" or "to smith", with the diminutive suffix -ıç which creates kıl-ıç (roughly "ironwork", i.e. "sword"). Also one of the earliest mentions of the word was also recorded as kılıç (altun kurugsakımın kılıçın kesipen, an Old Turkic phrase from the Orkhon Inscriptions which was erected in 735 AD) in the age of Turkic Khaganate, instead of the other suggested Old Turkic reconstructed form of kırınç. However, according to Turkish Language Association, the Turkish root verb kır- which means "to kill" with the suffix -inç makes kır-ınç (instrument for killing) becomes kılınç, then kılıç, which is apparently not based on the earliest attested forms of the word.

The kilij became the symbol of power and kingdom. For example, Seljuk rulers carried the name Kilij Arslan (kılıç-arslan) means "sword-lion".

Origins
The Central Asian Turks and their offshoots began using curved cavalry swords beginning from the late Xiongnu period. The earliest examples of curved, single edged Turkish swords can be found associated with the late Xiongnu and Kök-Turk empires. These swords were made of pattern welded high carbon crucible steel, generally with long slightly curved blades with one sharp edge. A sharp back edge on the distal third of the blade known as or  was introduced during this period.

In the Early Middle Ages, the Turkic people of Central Asia came into contact with Middle Eastern civilizations through their shared Islamic faith. Turkic Ghilman slave-soldiers serving under the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates introduced kilij-type sabers to all of the other Middle Eastern cultures. Previously, Arabs and Persians used straight-bladed swords such as the earlier types of the Arab saif, takoba and kaskara.

During Islamizaton of the Turks, the kilij became more and more popular in the Islamic armies. When the Seljuk Empire invaded Persia and became the first Turkic Muslim political power in Western Asia, kilij became the dominant sword form. The Iranian (Persian) shamshir was created during the Turkic Seljuk Empire period of Iran/Persia.

Evolution of the Ottoman kilij
The kilij as a specific type of sabre associated with the Ottoman Turks starts to appear historically from primarily the mid 15th century. One of the oldest known examples is attributed to Özbeg Khan, khaghan of the Golden Horde, from the early 14th century, and is currently on display in the Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg. The oldest surviving examples sport a long blade curving slightly from the hilt and more strongly in the distal half. The width of the blade stays narrow (with a slight taper) up until the last 30% of its length, at which point it flares out and becomes wider. This distinctive flaring tip is called a "false edge", and it greatly adds to the cutting power of the sword. Ottoman sabres of the next couple of centuries were often of the Seljuk variety, though the native kilij form was also found; Iranian blades (that did not have the ) were fitted with Ottoman hilts. These hilts normally had slightly longer quillons to the guard, which was usually of brass or silver, and sported a rounded termination to the grips, usually made of horn, unlike that seen on Iranian swords (Iranian swords usually had iron guards and the grip terminated in a hook-shape often with a metal pommel sheathing). The finest mechanical Damascus and wootz steel were often used in making of these swords. In the classical period of the Ottoman Empire, Bursa, Damascus and the Derbent regions became the most famous swordsmithing centers of the empire. Turkish blades became a major export item to Europe and Asia.

In the late 18th century, though shamshirs continued to be used, the kilij underwent an evolution: the blade was shortened, became much more acutely curved, and was wider with an even deeper. In addition to the flared tip, these blades have a distinct "T-shaped" cross section to the back of the blade. This allowed greater blade stiffness without an increase in weight. Because of the shape of the tip of the blade and the nature of its curvature the kilij could be used to perform the thrust; in this it had an advantage over the shamshir whose extreme curvature did not allow the thrust. Some of these shorter kilij are also referred to as pala, but there does not seem to be a clear-cut distinction in nomenclature.

After the Auspicious Incident, the Turkish army was modernized in the European fashion and kilijs were abandoned for western-type cavalry sabers and smallswords. This change, and the introduction of industrialized European steels to Ottoman market, created a great decline in traditional swordsmithing. Civilians in the provinces and county militia (zeybeks in Western Anatolia, bashi-bazouks in the Balkan provinces), continued to carry hand-made kilijs as a part of their traditional dress. In the late 19th century, Sultan Abdul Hamid II's palace guards, the Ertuğrul Brigade, which was composed of nomadic Turks of Anatolia, carried traditional kilijs as a romantic-nationalistic revival of the earlier Ottoman Turkoman cavalry raiders. This sentiment continued after dethronement of the sultan by the nationalist Young Turks. High-ranking officer non-regulation dress saber of early 20th century was a modern composite of traditional kilij, "mameluke" and European cavalry saber.

Adoption by Western armed forces
Sabres were known and used in eastern, and to a lesser extent central Europe from the time of the Magyar invasions, beginning in the 9th century (see the so-called Sabre of Charlemagne). Following the Ottoman invasion of Balkans, however, European armies were introduced to the kilij itself. The kilij first became popular with the Balkan nations and the Hungarian hussar cavalry after 15th century. Around 1670, the karabela (from Turkish word karabela: black bane) evolved, based on Janissary kilij sabres; it became the most popular sword-form in the Polish army. During 17th and 18th centuries, curved sabers that evolved from Turkish kilij were widespread throughout Europe.

The Ottomans' historical dominance of the region ensured the use of the sword by other nations, notably the Mamluks in Egypt. During the Napoleonic Wars, the French conquest of Egypt brought these swords to the attention of the Europeans. This type of sabre became very popular for light cavalry officers, in both France and Britain, and became a fashionable sword for senior officers to wear. In 1831 the "Mameluke", as the sword was now called, became a regulation pattern for British general officers (the 1831 Pattern, still in use today). The American victory over the rebellious forces in the citadel of Tripoli in 1805 during the First Barbary War, led to the presentation of bejewelled examples of these swords to the senior officers of the US Marines. Officers of the US Marine Corps still use a mameluke pattern dress sword. Although some genuine Turkish kilij sabres were used by Westerners, most "mameluke sabres" were manufactured in Europe; their hilts were very similar in form to the Ottoman prototype, but their blades, even when an expanded was incorporated, tended to be longer, narrower and less curved than those of the true kilij.

Terminology
The Turkish language has numerous terminology describing swords, swordsmithing, parts and types of blades. Below is listed some of the terminology about names of the main parts of a kilij and scabbard in order of the term, literal translation of the Turkish word, and its equivalent in English terminology of swords.

title: Kilij