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Living Room Suite

Living Room Suite is the eighth studio album by the American singer-songwriter Harry Chapin, released in 1978.

The album peaked at No. 133 on the Billboard 200.

Production
The album was produced by Chuck Plotkin. Chapin and his label were unhappy with the album, with Chapin going back to the studio to rerecord a few of the songs after the album had been released.

Critical reception
Record Collector wrote that "musically, Harry occasionally steps out of his folk-friendly comfort zone, serving up some delicious blue-eyed soul on 'It Seems You Only Love Me When It Rains'."

Personnel

 * Harry Chapin – guitar, vocals
 * George Bohanon – trombone
 * David Burgen – harmonica
 * Stephen Chapin – keyboards
 * Tom Chapin – banjo, guitar
 * The Cowsills – vocals
 * Bob Cowsill – guitar
 * Dixie Hummingbirds – vocals
 * Howie Fields – drums, percussion
 * Chuck Findley – trumpet
 * Steve Forman – percussion
 * Dennis Frick – bassoon
 * Richard Hyde – trombone
 * Neil Jason – bass
 * Jackie Kelso – baritone saxophone
 * Jim Keltner – drums
 * Steve Madaio – trumpet
 * Andy Newmark – drums
 * Bill Payne – organ
 * Herbert Rhoad – vocals
 * Joe Russell – vocals
 * Kim Scholes – cello
 * Lou Volpe – guitar
 * Doug Walker – guitar
 * John Wallace – bass, vocals
 * Ernie Watts – clarinet, flute, oboe, saxophone
 * Sarah Jessica Parker – vocals (uncredited), "Flowers are Red"

title: Living Room Suite


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Stern (magazine)

Stern (, German for "Star", stylized in all lowercase) is an illustrated, broadly left-liberal, weekly current affairs magazine published in Hamburg, Germany, by Gruner + Jahr, a subsidiary of Bertelsmann. Under the editorship (1948–1980) of its founder Henri Nannen, it attained a circulation of between 1.5 and 1.8 million, the largest in Europe's for a magazine of its kind.

Unusually for a popular magazine in post-war West Germany, and most notably in the contributions to 1975 of Sebastian Haffner, Stern investigated the origin and nature of the preceding tragedies of German history. In 1983, however, its credibility was seriously damaged by its purchase and syndication of the forged Hitler Diaries. A sharp drop in sales anticipated the general fall in newsprint readership in the new century. By 2019, circulation had fallen under half a million.

Journalistic style
Henri Nannen produced the first 16-page issue (with the actress Hildegard Knef on the cover) on 1 Aug 1948. He had been able to obtain the licence from the British military government in Hannover despite his wartime service in SS-Standarte Kurt Eggers, a military propaganda unit in Italy. He moved the magazine to Hamburg where, in 1965, he founded Gruner + Jahr, now one of the largest publishing houses in Europe.

Under Nannen's direction, Stern sought to present itself as an exemplar of what in Germany is called nutzwertiger Journalismus ('useful journalism'). The emphasis is on providing sufficient background on topic to allow readers opportunity to arrive at their own judgements rather than have these decided for them editorially or (as was commonly the case in the tabloid output of rival publisher Axel Springer) in the headlines. As a result articles tended to be longer and more investigative, while distinguished from those of the similarly directed Der Spiegel by the wider range of social and life-style issues covered, and by a greater reliance of illustration and graphic design.

Breaks with the Adenauer consensus
Stern was open to the questioning, from a liberal and left perspective, of the post-war political and social order in West Germany identified with the long Chancellorship (1949–1963) of Konrad Adenauer.

In the 1962 Spiegel affair, Stern denounced as violations of constitutional norms and press freedom, the effective closure by the government of the magazine's publishing rival. In a contest seen a key turning point in the culture of the Federal Republic away from the deference demanded by the old Obrigkeitsstaat ('authoritarian state'), Stern (together with Springer Press and Die Zeit) offered Der Spiegel presses, teletypes and office space so it could continue publishing while being investigated for national security disclosures.

Stern found nothing to extenuate in the later violence of the Red Army Faction (the "Baader Meinhof Gang"), but in the 1960s it had not been completely hostile to the student protest movement from which the "urban guerillas" first emerged. In June 1967, it permitted Sebastian Haffner to denounce the police response to a demonstration in West Berlin in which student protester Benno Ohnesorg was killed, as "a systematic, cold-blooded, planned pogrom". In contrast the Springer's Bild Zeitung responded: "Students threaten: We shoot back".

Like the student left, Stern was willing to break the relative post-war silence on the recent National-Socialist past. In serialisations Haffner developed his thesis that Hitler's war was a tragedy foretold in the circumstances of German unification in the nineteenth century. It was a position consistent with editorial support for the Ostpolitik of the new Social-Democratic Chancellor Willi Brandt. As interpreted by many conservatives this amounted to an acceptance of Germany's postwar division, and territorial losses in the east, as permanent.

Stern (No. 50, 1970) published Sven Simon's (Axel Springer Jr.) iconic picture of Brandt kneeling before the memorial to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising on 20 Dezember 1970 on a double spread. It was accompanied by an interview with Brandt's Polish host, premier Józef Cyrankiewicz, with whom he had that day signed the Treaty of Warsaw. At the same time, Stern sought to discredit the rival conservative weekly Quick, which in opposition to the Treaty had published material from its secret protocols. It accused the magazine's editor Hans van Nouhuys of having been a double agent, at one time in the employ of the East German Stasi. Stern successfully withstood the charge of defamation.

Encounters with second-wave feminism
In a further challenge to settled post-war conventions, on June 6, 1971 Stern appeared with the headline "We've had abortions!" (Issue 24/1971). In an action initiated by Alice Schwarzer, 374 women confessed to having had pregnancies terminated. They were protesting Paragraph 218 of West Germany's penal code, the Strafgesetzbuch under which abortion was illegal. The taboo-breaking publicity was viewed by many as a milestone in the feminist revival of the 1970s. However, Stern, itself became the target of the new feminism when, in 1978, Schwarzer and nine other women sued Gruner + Jahr, and Nannen, on the grounds that the magazine's frequent "cover girls" denied the human dignity of women by presenting them "as a mere sexual object". The immediate occasion was a picture of the model Grace Jones, described by Schwarzer in her monthly Emma (7/1978) as "a black woman, naked, in her hand a phallic microphone and around the shackles – heavy chains". (It later occurred to Schwarzer that they might also have complained of the image's racism).

Nannen protested that the magazine's nudes should be seen in the same light as Francisco Goya's "The Unclothed Maja" (1797) and that the freedom of the press was at issue. The complainants proved unable in law to indict soft-pornographic practices that were rife in the popular press, but Nannen allowed that the case had "made us think".

There was no obvious shift in the editorial culture of the magazine. The uncovered "cover-girl" tradition, sometimes in the form of celebrity shoots ("With Madonna alone at home", 10 January 1992), continued. Feminists also had occasion to object to article content. In 1990, Stern published the title story "I am a masochist" in which author Sina-Aline Geißler discussed her literary coming-out as a member of the BDSM scene. This caused an intense public debate, and women later occupied the magazine's editorial offices alarmed at what they believed was a glamorisation of misogynist abuse.

Scandal of the Hitler Diaries
For Stern very much more damaging publicity followed its serialisation, beginning in April 1983, of the so-called Hitler Diaries. Scientific examination soon proved that the "diaries", for which the magazine had paid 9.3 million Deutsche Mark, were forgeries. The resulting fiasco led to the resignation of the magazine's editors, a sit-in by staff to protest the "management's bypassing traditional editorial channels and safeguards", and a major press scandal that is still regarded as a low point in German journalism.

A publication "once known for its investigative reporting" became a byword for the folly and hazards of "sensation-seeking check book journalism". Stern's credibility was severely damaged and it took the magazine many years to regain its pre-scandal status and reputation.

Trump: Sein Kampf
In its 24 August 2017 edition Stern demonstrated its continued ability and willingness to generate cover-page controversy (and, for the purpose, to discard the restraints of nutzwertiger Journalismus). A photo-shopped image depicted then United States President, Donald Trump, draped in the American flag while giving a stiff-armed Nazi salute. "Sein Kampf", read the headline, or "his struggle" – a reference to Adolf Hitler's autobiographical manifesto, Mein Kampf. The sub-headline reads: "Neo Nazis, Ku Klux Klan, racism: How Donald Trump fuelled hatred in America".

The Los Angeles-based Simon Wiesenthal Center, while critical of President Trump's failure, in his remarks following the 13 May "Unite the Right" rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, to "make a distinction between Nazis and KKK protesters and those who opposed them", described "the depiction of the president as a latter-day Hitler by a major German publication" as "untrue and beyond the pale". "Germans", they suggest, "must surely know that by misappropriating [...] Nazi symbols and terms associated with Adolf Hitler, they belittle and becloud the crimes of the past." Jewish leaders in Germany similarly argued that the depiction of Trump as the new Hitler diminished (verharmlost) Nazi genocide.

Stern responded: "The right-wing protesters in Charlottesville raised their arms in the Nazi salute and the American president has not distanced himself from this gesture or from the mindset of the people. On the contrary, Donald Trump had seen in some of them 'fine people.' With this attitude, he identifies with the protesters and greets them in a transcendent sense – that is exactly what the Stern cover visualises. It is, of course, far from us to want to minimise the atrocities of the National Socialists".

Trump made several other Stern covers. For the 19 January 2017 edition he was seated on the Lincoln Memorial throne: "The Emperor, how Donald Trump is changing the world and why he is so dangerous for us". For the 10 September 2020 edition he was in close up: "American Psycho, how Donald Trump is systematically destroying democracy".

Diminishing sales and circulation
Thanks in part, perhaps, to the 1992 closure of Quick, at the turn of the century Stern was still selling well over one million copies. Its print circulation fell to 896,000 copies in 2010 and to 390,000 in 2020, 50,000 above the illustrated, more-celebrity-oriented weekly, Bunte, but falling for the first time below that of Der Spiegel. By October 2023 at 313,200 sales had fallen below both rivals: Der Spiegel at 690,600 and Bunte at 327,043.

Stern has had an on-line presence since 1995. The e-paper circulation of has almost tripled since 2015: from almost 8,500 copies in the second quarter of 2015 to around 26,800 in the fourth quarter of 2020. The significant decrease in the total circulation remains. Actual readership, however, is several times higher than copies sold or subscribed to online.

The fall in advertising sales has been commensurate with the fall in circulation: an advertising revenue of 218 million euros in 2003 had fallen to 107.3 million euros by 2020. It is a measure of the general decline of newsprint that in 2020 Stern still took first place in the ranking of the popular magazines with the highest advertising sales.

It is notable that a 2013 reformatting of the printed edition mimics on-line features and conventions. There is a greater use of sidebars and infographics. The language is less formal, and there is even greater emphasis on arresting large-print photography.

Editors-in-chief

 * 1948–1980: Henri Nannen
 * 1980–1983: Rolf Gillhausen, Peter Koch and Felix Schmidt
 * 1983–1984: Rolf Gillhausen with Peter Scholl-Latour
 * 1984–1986: Rolf Winter
 * 1986–1989: Heiner Bremer, Michael Jürgs and Klaus Liedtke
 * 1989–1990: Michael Jürgs with Herbert Riehl-Heyse
 * 1990–1994: Rolf Schmidt-Holtz
 * 1994–1998: Werner Funk
 * 1999–1999: Michael Maier
 * 1999–2013: Thomas Osterkorn and Andreas Petzold
 * 2013–2014: Dominik Wichmann
 * 2014–2018: Christian Krug
 * 2019–2022: Florian Gless and Anna-Beeke Gretemeier
 * since 2022: Gregor Peter Schmitz and Anna-Beeke Gretemeier

Well-known contributors

 * Niklas Frank, culture editor, son of the National Socialist war criminal Hans Frank
 * Sebastian Haffner, anti-Nazi exile, historian, columnist
 * Gerd Heidemann, reporter who in 1983 acquired the forged Hitler diaries for the magazine.
 * Volker Hinz, photojournalist.
 * Erich Kuby, publicist and journalist.
 * Robert Lebeck, photojournalist
 * Niklaus Meienberg, Swiss writer and journalist.
 * Reimar Oltmanns, author and journalist.
 * Michael Ruetz, photojournalist.
 * Günther Schwarberg, writer, journalist, long-serving editor.

Logos
From August 1948, there are three different logos for this magazine. The first logo was in use from 1948 to 1970, the second logo was in use from 1970 to 2013, and the third and current logo was in use from 2013.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stern (magazine)


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Bay Area Rapid Transit Police Department

The BART Police (BARTPD), officially the Bay Area Rapid Transit Police Department, is the transit police agency of the BART rail system in the U.S. state of California. The department has approximately three hundred police personnel, including over two hundred sworn peace officers. The chief, Kevin Franklin commands the agency's law enforcement, parking, and community relations services. BART Police participates in a mutual aid agreement with other Bay Area law enforcement agencies. In 2011 and 2012 the department came under national scrutiny due to several officers involved in fatalities of the rail system's patrons.

When terrorism began to be treated as a more active threat after the September 11 attacks, BART increased its emphasis on infrastructure protection. The police department hosts drills and participates in counter-terrorism working groups. The agency has an officer assigned full-time to the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force. Furthermore, a command officer is designated as a mutual-aid, counter-terrorism, and homeland-security liaison. BART's police dogs are certified in explosives detection.

The stated goal of the BART Police Department is to build a more community-oriented police force that is tough on crime and strong on customer service. Zone commanders and their personnel form working partnerships with BART riders, employees, community groups, educational institutions, and businesses. The goal is to ensure that personal safety, quality of life, and protection of property remain among BART's top priorities for the stakeholders in its community.

History
In 1969, three years before BART opened for revenue service, the transit district's board of directors recommended that local police and sheriff's departments patrol the stations, trains, rights-of-way, and other BART-owned properties that were within their respective jurisdictions. The police chiefs and sheriffs, forecasting that BART's proposal would create jurisdictional disputes and inconsistent levels of police service, rejected the board's proposal. As a result, legislation was passed to form an autonomous law enforcement agency, the BART Police Department.

During BART's first 13 years of revenue service, police officers reported to the transit district's headquarters in Oakland. In 1985, a team of officers was assigned to report to the Concord transportation facility, where a police field office was established. By not having to travel the 20 miles between Oakland and Concord, the officers were able to patrol their beats longer and become more familiar with the community. BART riders, station agents, and train operators benefited from having more police presence and interaction with the same officers. This led to three additional field offices within six months.

In July 1993, then-police chief Harold Taylor recommended a comprehensive plan to decentralize the department into four geographical police zones, each with its own headquarters and field offices. Zone commanders would be given personnel, equipment, and resources to manage their respective police operations. A peer-review panel, which included four police chiefs and the safety-audit administrator from the American Public Transportation Association, gave Chief Taylor's plan its endorsement, along with other recommendations on how the BART police could work more closely with other transit employees, communities, businesses, and schools that the transit district serves.

Police command-level officers provide input to planners for BART's future extensions to Warm Springs and Santa Clara County.

BART Police formerly had an eagle-top shield type badge, but in April 2011 switched to the 7-point star style traditional to Bay Area law enforcement. Uniforms are dark blue, similar to SFPD.

Officers are usually armed with either a SIG Sauer P320 or a Glock pistol for the sidearm.

Bruce Edward Seward
In 2001, a mentally ill man named Bruce Edward Seward was shot by an officer at the Hayward Station. Reportedly the sleeping passenger awoke and grabbed the officer's nightstick causing the officer to reflexively shoot him; resulting in death.

Oscar Grant
In 2009, officer Johannes Mehserle fatally shot Oscar Grant III on the Fruitvale station.

Eyewitnesses gathered direct evidence of the shooting with cellular video cameras which were later submitted to social networks such as YouTube in addition to media outlets. The videos were watched hundreds of thousands of times online. In the days following the shooting, peaceful and violent demonstrations occurred.

After an investigation and public uproar, Mehserle was arrested and charged with second-degree murder, to which he pleaded not guilty. He was convicted of involuntary manslaughter in 2010 and was sentenced to two years. Mehserle served his sentence at the Los Angeles County Jail and was released in 2011 on parole.

Subsequent to the criminal trial Oakland civil rights attorney John Burris filed a US$25 million wrongful death civil lawsuit against BART on behalf of Grant's daughter and girlfriend.

In response to the Grant shooting, BART created a civilian oversight committee to monitor police-related incidents. The civilian oversight of the BART Police Department is directly attributable to the leadership of Assemblyman Sandre Swanson who authored the legislation, BART director Carole Ward Allen who lobbied members of the California state legislature to create an oversight committee with an Independent Auditor position, and Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger who signed the bill into law.

Charles Hill
In 2011, a mentally ill homeless man, Charles Blair Hill, assaulted two officers with weapons at the Civic Center / UN Plaza station in San Francisco. As a result, he was shot by BART police. The department reported that Hill was drunk and armed with two knives and a broken bottle. Approximately twenty-three seconds after arriving on scene, the officers fired three rounds, striking Hill in the chest and killing him. BART Police chief Kenton Rainey stated lethal force was appropriate.

The shooting of Charles Hill led to a non-violent but disruptive demonstration by approximately seventy-five protesters inside the Civic Center and 16th Street Stations on July 11. Demonstrators departing the 16th St Mission station returned downtown on Mission St, blocking traffic and engaging in acts of vandalism en route. One citizen was arrested for intoxication.

Sahleem Tindle
Officer Joseph Mateu shot and killed Sahleem Tindle in January 2018. Officer Mateu had heard shots, and ran to the scene where two men were fighting over a gun. He intervened, firing into Tindle's back three times. The shooting resulted in a civil rights lawsuit against BART. Prosecutors wound up declining to file any charges.

Cell phone network shutdown
On August 11, 2011, BART officials successfully prevented another evening-commute anti-police demonstration by shutting down the public cell phone network serving their jurisdiction in and between the downtown San Francisco stations. The police had received information that the protest was to be coordinated live via internet and text messages. This was the first documented instance of any government agency in the United States shutting down public communications to disrupt a protest. The American Civil Liberties Union called the decision "in effect an effort by a governmental entity to silence its critics."

Operations
The BART police have various positions in their ranks. including peace officers, community service officers, dispatchers, revenue protection guards, and administrative staff. Most officers are assigned to patrol, and others are assigned to special operations teams. The department's decentralized patrol bureau is divided into six police zones. Each has its own headquarters and field office(s). The police department has: criminal investigation, personnel and training, record, warrant, crime analysis, traffic administration, property and evidence, and revenue protection divisions. There is also the office of the chief which is composed of an internal affairs and a budget coordination office.

Further specialties for the police department include: field training officer, K9, SWAT, background investigator, crime analyst, administrative traffic officer, FBI Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) investigator, special-enforcement teams, recruiting and personnel, and crisis intervention teams.

The agency has police facilities in: Castro Valley, Daly City, Concord, El Cerrito, Hayward, Oakland, Pittsburg, Pleasanton, San Bruno, San Francisco, San Leandro, Fremont, San Jose, and Walnut Creek.

Fallen officer
One BART police officer has died in the line of duty.


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Walter Giffard

Walter Giffard (c. 1225 – April 1279) was Lord Chancellor of England and Archbishop of York.

Family
Giffard was a son of Hugh Giffard of Boyton in Wiltshire, a royal justice, by Sibyl, a daughter and co-heiress of Walter de Cormeilles. He was born about 1225, and may have been the oldest son. Hugh and Sybil were entrusted with the care of the young Prince Edward in 1239. In 1256 Giffard and his mother received the king's licence to live in Boyton Castle. Giffard's brother was Bishop Godfrey Giffard, who was Bishop of Worcester and also Lord Chancellor of England; his sister Mabel was the Abbess of Shaftesbury Abbey. Walter was also a kinsman of William of Bitton I, who was Walter's predecessor at Bath. The family was also related to Walter de Gray, who was Archbishop of York from 1215 to 1255.

Career
Giffard studied at Cambridge University and took his Master of Arts at Oxford University. While at university Adam Marsh wrote to another scholar praising Giffard's scholarly skills. Giffard took holy orders and became a canon and archdeacon of Wells and a papal chaplain. On 22 May 1264 he was elected Bishop of Bath and Wells and received the temporalities on 1 September 1264. As the Archbishop of Canterbury, Boniface of Savoy was in France, Giffard travelled to Paris to be consecrated at Notre-Dame on 4 January 1265. The service was performed by Peter d'Acquablanca, the Bishop of Hereford, Giffard having first sworn that he would not take part against King Henry III. However, the barons were angered that he had ventured abroad against their will and ravaged nearly all his manors. Archbishop Boniface ordered him to excommunicate Simon de Montfort the Earl of Leicester and his party on Giffard's return to England. Following the Battle of Evesham, on 10 August 1265 King Henry made Giffard Chancellor and awarded him a stipend of five hundred marks a year. In August of the following year he was appointed one of the arbitrators for drawing up the Dictum of Kenilworth which provided the disinherited lords a means of recovering their estates.

On 15 October 1266 Giffard was appointed by Pope Clement IV to the Archbishopric of York. As part of this elevation he resigned the chancellorship and was enthroned on 1 November 1266, receiving his temporalities on Boxing Day. Soon after his enthronement he became involved in a dispute with Archbishop Boniface of Canterbury about the right to carry his cross erect in the southern province, and ended up making an appeal to Rome.

Although Giffard had family wealth and much money associated with his office, he could not keep clear of debt. In the years after his appointment he paid 1600 marks to Italian money-lenders, 550 marks to certain merchants of Paris, and in 1270 sent 200 marks to his agents at Rome to expedite his affairs, hoping, "...for the present to keep out of the whirlpool of usury." Despite his own financial problems he seems to have been kind to his relatives, paying for his nephew's education and giving his brother Godfrey the Archdeaconry of York. His register contains many gifts to the poor, and he helped support schoolmasters at Beverley. He also supported the scholarly careers of two of his successors at York, John le Romeyn and William Greenfield.

On 13 October 1269 Giffard officiated at the translation of Edward the Confessor's relics. When leaving England, Prince Edward (who was then heir to the throne) appointed him by will in 1270 as one of the tutors of his sons. He also assisted Edward in bringing John de Warenne the Earl of Surrey to justice for the murder of Alan la Zouche at Westminster. Upon the death of Henry III on 20 November 1272 the Great Seal was delivered to the Archbishop as first Lord of the Council in order for him, Roger Mortimer and Robert Burnell to be appointed to govern the Kingdom until the return of the new king, now Edward I, to the country in August 1274. Giffard again acted in this capacity during the king's absence in 1275.

Death
Giffard died at York on or about 22 April 1279, and he was buried in York Minster, probably in the choir. Archbishop Thoresby later removed his body to a tomb which he had erected in the presbytery. Contemporary reports state that Giffard was a handsome, happy and genial man who was fond of luxury; as a result of this in later life he grew fat which affected both his health and his temper. He was noted at the time as being a man of high character who was able and industrious.

title: Walter Giffard


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VEB Deutsche Schallplatten

The VEB Deutsche Schallplatten was the monopolistic music publisher in the German Democratic Republic from the 1950s until the 1980s.

On August 12, 1946, the German singer and actor Ernst Busch got permission by Soviet military administration to institute a publishing house for music.

On February 3, 1947, Busch started the company Lied Der Zeit GmbH with the music labels Amiga, Eterna and Lied Der Zeit.

On April 1, 1953, the private GmbH-company had to change to a state-controlled VEB (Volkseigener Betrieb, "People-owned enterprise").

On March 18, 1955, the VEB Lied Der Zeit was renamed to VEB Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin.

In 1990, it became Deutsche Schallplatten GmbH Berlin (DSB).

Labels of VEB Deutsche Schallplatten:
 * Amiga for contemporary pop, rock music and jazz
 * Eterna for classical music, operas, operettas
 * Litera for radio plays, poetry readings
 * Nova for contemporary art music
 * Aurora for workers' songs and productions by Ernst Busch
 * Schola for educational material

After 1990, some of these labels were sold to other music companies.

title: VEB Deutsche Schallplatten


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Latter Days

Latter Days is a 2003 American romantic comedy-drama film about a gay relationship between a closeted Mormon missionary and his openly gay neighbor. The film was written and directed by C. Jay Cox and stars Steve Sandvoss as the missionary, Aaron, and Wes Ramsey as the neighbor, Christian. Joseph Gordon-Levitt appears as Elder Ryder, and Rebekah Johnson as Julie Taylor. Mary Kay Place, Khary Payton, Erik Palladino, Amber Benson, and Jacqueline Bisset have supporting roles.

Latter Days premiered at the Philadelphia International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival on July 10, 2003, and was released in various states of USA over the next 12 months. Later the film was released in a few other countries and shown at several gay film festivals. It was the first film to portray openly the clash between the principles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and homosexuality, and its exhibition in some U.S. states was controversial. Various religious groups demanded that the film be withdrawn from theaters and video stores under boycott threats.

The film was met with mixed reactions from film critics, but was popular with most film festival attendees. At the North American box office however, Latter Days only made $834,685, barely covering the production's costs with an estimated budget of $850,000. In 2004, freelance writer T. Fabris made Latter Days into a novel, which was published by Alyson Publications.

Plot
Elder Aaron Davis, a young Mormon from Pocatello, Idaho, is sent to Los Angeles with three other missionaries to spread the faith. They move into an apartment next to openly gay party boy Christian Markelli and his roommate Julie, an aspiring singer. Christian and Julie work as servers at Lila's, a trendy restaurant owned by retired actress Lila Montagne.

Christian makes a bet with his co-workers that he can seduce one of the Mormons, and soon comes to believe that Aaron, the least experienced missionary, is a closeted homosexual. Aaron and Christian become acquainted through several encounters in the apartment complex. When Christian accidentally injures himself, Aaron helps him indoors and cleans his wound. Christian attempts to seduce Aaron, but the hesitant Mormon becomes upset by Christian's remark that sex "doesn't have to mean anything". Aaron accuses him of being shallow and walks out. Worried that Aaron is correct, Christian joins a charity, delivering meals to people with AIDS. He gains new insights through a friendship with one of the beneficiaries. Aaron meets and befriends Lila, whose life partner has died, unaware of her connection to Christian.

Aaron's fellow missionary, Paul Ryder, has a cycling accident. Returning to his apartment, a distraught Aaron encounters Christian, who tries to comfort him with a hug. Both men are overwhelmed by their feelings and end up kissing, failing to notice the return of Aaron's roommates. Aaron is sent home in disgrace, leading Christian to confront Ryder, who is angry that Christian corrupted Aaron for no reason. Christian admits that he initially just wanted to win a bet, but says "it's not about that" anymore. Seeing Christian's distress, Ryder tells him that Aaron's flight has a five-hour layover in Salt Lake City.

Christian finds Aaron standing outside the airport terminal. Christian confesses his love, and despite his misgivings, Aaron admits his own feelings of love. With all flights canceled due to a snowstorm, Christian and Aaron spend an intimate night in a motel. When Christian awakes, he finds Aaron gone. Aaron's pocket watch, a family heirloom, has been left behind. Christian returns to Los Angeles. In Idaho, Aaron is excommunicated by the church elders, led by his father, who is the stake president. Aaron is rejected by his father and scolded by his mother, who tells him that he must pray for forgiveness. When Aaron suggests that he might be gay, his mother slaps him. Overwhelmed by despair, Aaron attempts suicide. His parents send him to a treatment facility in an attempt to change his sexual orientation via conversion therapy.

Christian locates Aaron's home address and phone number. Aaron's mother informs him that, "Thanks to you, my son took a razor to his wrists; thanks to you I have lost my son." Believing Aaron is dead, Christian spends the next few days thinking continually about Aaron. Christian travels to the Davis home in Idaho, where he tearfully returns Aaron's watch to his mother. After looking at the watch's inscription, which mentions charity, she tries to go after Christian, but he has already left.

Julie writes a song based on Christian's journal entry about the ordeal. Julie shows Christian her video for the song, and he is upset that Julie used his writings without his consent. Julie tells Christian that she hoped something good would come from it. In the treatment facility, Aaron hears Julie's song when her video airs on television. The video prompts Aaron to return to Los Angeles in search of Christian. When a stranger answers the door to Christian's apartment, Aaron is heartbroken, thinking that Christian has returned to his party boy ways and moved on. Having nowhere else to go, Aaron makes his way to Lila's restaurant and begins to recount his journey to her. Christian walks into the dining room, and is overjoyed to see Aaron alive. They reconcile and later celebrate Thanksgiving with Christian's co-workers. Lila tells everyone that, no matter what, they will always have, "a place at my table, and a place in my heart".

Cast

 * Steve Sandvoss as Elder Aaron Davis, a young Latter-day Saint from Pocatello, Idaho, who falls in love with Christian and must choose between his sexuality and his church. The producers auditioned a large number of people before casting Sandvoss, saying he "blew us away."
 * Wes Ramsey as Christian William Markelli, an LA party boy aspiring to be an actor, Christian has his ideas of happiness and the meaning of life challenged when he falls for the simple but kind-hearted Aaron. Ramsey said on the DVD Special featurette, "The character of Christian was on so many levels intriguing to me. I was just so excited and feel very blessed to have the opportunity to tell that story through his eyes."
 * Rebekah Johnson as Julie Taylor, Christian's roommate who tries to break out into the music world and on the way stop Christian from falling apart.
 * Jacqueline Bisset as Lila Montagne, the owner of Lila's, a restaurant where Christian, Traci, Julie, and Andrew work. Her lover is terminally ill in hospital, but she still finds time to support Christian and Aaron with her witty and sarcastic advice. Bisset herself said, "I like humor, so I just, I really enjoyed doing all the cracks."
 * Amber Benson as Traci Levine; Traci has moved from New York to LA to become an actress and works at Lila's to support herself. Traci does not like living in LA, but later admits she did not like New York much either.
 * Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Elder Paul Ryder, a prickly, judgmental young missionary assigned as Aaron's partner, Ryder is not enthusiastic about being in LA and even less so about living next door to a homosexual. Gordon-Levitt originally auditioned to play Aaron, but his aggressive attitude toward the script but good sense of humor made the producers decide he was a perfect Ryder.
 * Khary Payton as Andrew, an aspiring actor, but one who spends more time at Lila's gossiping and telling racy anecdotes. Andrew has been HIV positive for quite some time, but remains in good health.
 * Rob McElhenney as Elder Harmon, the oldest of the L.D.S. missionaries who has been assigned as their leader.
 * Dave Power as Elder Gilford, Harmon's missionary partner.
 * Erik Palladino as Keith Griffin, a gay man dying of AIDS, drowning in his own bitterness and despair until befriended by Christian. Cox said that Palladino's performance was not how he originally envisioned it, but he could not now imagine a different person playing Keith.
 * Mary Kay Place as Sister Gladys Davis, Aaron's deeply religious mother, who, despite showing unconditional love and affection toward Aaron before he leaves for Los Angeles, cannot accept the fact that her son is gay.
 * Jim Ortlieb as Elder Farron Davis, Aaron's father, who serves as a Latter-day Saint Stake President in Pocatello, excommunicates Aaron from the church upon learning that he is gay. Farron is portrayed as a distant, evasive individual.
 * Linda Pine as Susan Davis, the only Davis who accepts her brother's homosexuality. In a deleted scene, she tells Aaron that his homosexuality has changed nothing between them. She also discovers Aaron's suicide attempt, and in a panic, is able to save him just in time.

Themes
Cox has stated that the film is primarily about a love story between two characters. There is also an exploration of religious attitudes towards homosexuality, and the dilemma of religious homosexuals, torn between who they are and what they believe. A non-fiction film with similar themes that has been contrasted with Latter Days is Trembling Before G-d.

Cox has also said that there is a massive irony, both in the film and in real life, that a religion so focused on the family and its importance is ripping families apart through its teaching on homosexuality. In fact, Cox believes one cannot be Mormon and gay. Nevertheless, a major theme of Latter Days is that there is an underlying spirituality in the world that goes beyond the rituals and dogmas of religion.

Production
Latter Days was written and directed by C. Jay Cox after the success of his previous screenplay, Sweet Home Alabama, gave him the financial resources and critical credit to write a more personal love story. Cox based both characters – Christian and Aaron – on himself. He was raised as a Mormon and served a mission before coming out as gay, and had wondered what the two halves of himself would have said to each other if they had ever met. Latter Days was filmed in several locations in Los Angeles in 24 days on an estimated $850,000 budget. After Cox had financed the search for initial backing, funding was acquired from private investors who wanted to see the film made. However producer Kirkland Tibbels still faced several bottlenecks, as financing the whole film remained difficult. It was distributed through TLA Releasing, an independent film distributor, who picked it up through its partnership with production company Funny Boy Films, which specializes in gay-themed media.

Despite coming from a Mormon background, Cox had to research details of the excommunication tribunal, which is held after Aaron is sent back to Idaho. Former Mormons told him about their experiences and provided Cox with "a pretty accurate representation, right down to the folding tables." According to Cox experienced actress Jacqueline Bisset also added valuable suggestions for improvements to the story.

Casting for the two main characters did not focus on their sexuality, but their ability "to show vulnerability". In a behind-the-scenes commentary, Steve Sandvoss explains that he did not want to play his character as a gay character, and Wes Ramsey emphasizes that the love story aspect of the film to him was detached from the character's gender. Due to several nude and kissing scenes, Latter Days was released unrated.

Release
Latter Days premiered at the Philadelphia International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival on July 10, 2003. The audience enjoyed the film so much that they gave it a standing ovation. When the cast came on stage, they received another standing ovation. The film had a similar reception both at OutFest a week later, and at the Palm Springs International Film Festival. The film also screened at the Seattle and Washington film festivals before being released across the United States over the following 12 months. Later the film was released in several other countries and shown at numerous gay film festivals, namely in Barcelona and Madrid (where it was also a popular pick) and Mexico City. Since its initial release it had received nine best film awards, as Cox mentioned in 2005 on a featurette included on the UK DVD.

The film was banned by Madstone Theaters, an arthouse cinema chain with nine theaters across the country, which claimed it was "not up to [our] artistic quality." The company was pressured with threatened boycotts and protests by conservative groups to withdraw their planned release. At the North American box office, Latter Days made $834,685 from a maximum of 19 theaters. As of January 2011, the film is the top-grossing film from its distributor TLA Releasing.

Critical response
Critics' reviews have been mixed; on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 46% of 48 critics' reviews are positive, with an average score of 5.4/10. Frank Scheck, reviewer for The Hollywood Reporter, wrote: "Cox's screenplay, while occasionally lapsing into the sort of clichés endemic to so many gay-themed films, generally treats its unusual subject matter with dignity and complexity." Film critic Roger Ebert gave it two and a half stars out of four, declaring that the script was peopled from the "Stock Characters Store" and "the movie could have been (a) a gay love story, or (b) an attack on the Mormon Church, but is an awkward fit by trying to be (c) both at the same time". Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune commented "this movie is often as kitschy and artificial as ... 'Sweet Home Alabama'", another film written by Cox.

Other reviewers were more favourable, such as Toronto Sun critic Liz Braun, who said Latter Days was "the most important gay male movie of the past few years." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times commented: "At once romantic, earthy and socially critical, Latter Days is a dynamic film filled with humor and pathos." Gary Booher, an editor for the LGBT Mormon organization Affirmation, said "It was so realistic that it was scary. I felt exposed as the particulars of my experience and of others I know was brazenly spread across the big screen for all to behold."

Soundtrack
Eric Allaman scored the soundtrack to the film after shooting wrapped, and composed much of the score himself. Several scenes featuring the rapid passing of time, such as Christian's desperate search for Aaron at Salt Lake City Airport, were scored with techno style beats, and scenes with emotional content were given a more "ambient 'tronica feel". A total of three songs were written by C. Jay Cox for Rebekah Johnson to sing: "More", "Another Beautiful Day", and "Tuesday 3:00 a.m.". Allaman was very impressed with Cox's musical ability, and both men composed more songs as background music.

The official soundtrack album was released on October 26, 2004. Due to contractual reasons, Johnson did not appear on the album, and her character's songs were performed by Nita Whitaker instead.

Novelization and other releases
In 2004, the Latter Days screenplay was adapted into a novel by freelance writer T. Fabris, which was published by Alyson Publications. The book was faithful to the film, but added several extra scenes that explained confusing aspects of the film and gave more about the characters' backgrounds. For example, the reason Ryder tells Christian where to find Aaron is his own broken heart over a girl he fell in love with while on his mission training. The novel also added dialogue that had been cut out of the film: finishing, for example Christian's cry – in the film – of "That's the hand I use to..." with "masturbate with."

In France, Latter Days has been titled La Tentation d'Aaron ("The Temptation of Aaron"), and the DVD given a cover showing Aaron in a nude and suggestive pose. A new trailer was also released, which is considerably more sexual than the original. In Italy, Latter Days is distributed by Fourlab. The film was re-titled Inguaribili Romantici ("Hopeless Romantics"), shown on pay-TV on Sky Show in December 2006, and then released on DVD by Fourlab's gay-themed label "OutLoud!". The film is also available in an Italian-language-dubbed version.

title: Latter Days


text:
Trikont-Verlag

The leftist publishing house Trikont was founded in 1967 in Munich by Gisela Erler and others. The record label has its origins in the protest and alternative movements of the 1970s and derived its name from geographical concept 'Trikont', which refers to the three continents Asia, Africa and South-America. On July 20, 2010, Christine Dombrowsky died at the age of only 59. Shortly before her death, she handed over the archive to the "Archive of the Munich Workers' Movement".

title: Trikont-Verlag


text:
User:Goodoldpolonius

The best contributor to the Wikipedia. Winner of three nobel prizes.

title: User:Goodoldpolonius


text:
West Bengal Socialist Party

West Bengal Socialist Party (WBSP) was a political party in the Indian state of West Bengal. WBSP was formed when the Bengali socialists in the then Janata Party split in the beginning of the 1980s (the other faction became the Democratic Socialist Party). WBSP was a part of Left Front. The party leader, Kiranmoy Nanda, was the Fisheries Minister in the West Bengal government.

The party upheld the ideals of Jayaprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia and Narendra Dev.

In 1990s, the party merged with the Samajwadi Party of Mulayam Singh Yadav. Kiranmoy Nanda became one of the national secretaries of SP. But due to the differences between SP and the Communists in April, 1999 over supporting Congress in forming a government after the defeat of the Vajpayee government in the trust vote, WBSP was resurrected once again.

In the state assembly elections 2001 WBSP launched four candidates, supported by Left Front. All four got elected. In total the party received 246 407 votes. In 2005 municipal polls in Kolkata, WBSP contested 2 seats (ward no. 55 and 63) as a part of LF. It lost in both seats.

In the 2006 West Bengal state assembly election, WBSP retained its four seats. Senor leaders of the party included Moni Pal and Jonmejay Ojha. The party has influences in parts of East Midnapore, Malda, Nadia and Murshidabad.

In 2008 Panchayat Elections, it has secured a zilla parishad seat in Malda. It won 2 municipality seats in the Krishnagar municipality in 2008.

In April 2010, WBSP merged with the Samajwadi Party of Mulayam Singh Yadav. Kiranmoy Nanda again became a general secretary of SP.

title: West Bengal Socialist Party


text:
Talk:Shipston-on-Stour

Well this keeps moving into Worcestershire for some reason, when Google says it's in Warwickshire. See User talk:G-Man Dunc_Harris|☺ 21:34, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Map shows that it is in the traditional county of Worcestershire. Article also states that it is administratively in Warwickshire. The article look a lot less stubbish with the map, too. I don't see anything disputable. 80.255 21:44, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Looking at Naming conventions (places), the acceptable wording would seem to be something along the lines of "Shipston-on-Stour is a town in Warwickshire, and is within the traditional borders of Worcestershire". Proteus (Talk) 21:54, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * "traditional borders" and "traditional county" mean exactly the same thing, only the latter is slightly more precise, and can be linked to the appropriate article, as is the case here. Thus the wording is indeed acceptable. Administrative use of the word "county" is not in parentheses. You will notice that the last example of unacceptable practice is implying that a county, which explicitly continued to exist following 1888, was abolished. And Shipston-on-Stour could only cease to be Worcestershire if this had been the case. Thus stating that it is not in this traditional county is unacceptable according to policy. 80.255 22:25, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

'Yawn, weve been through this before many times. Policy states clearly

''We should use the current, administrative, county. E.g. Eton is in Berkshire, not Buckinghamshire.''

End of story

Your fixation with traditional counties is obsessional to the point of being disturbing. G-Man 22:33, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * We are using the administrative county; the article (naming conventions) means that this article is not named Shipston-on_stour, Worcestershire. The one line that you quote doesn't really give much practical advice on the policy in question. It is far more enlightening to examine the acceptable and unacceptable examples given.
 * Policy clearly states that
 * Middlesex was a county of England
 * is unacceptable. Thus is it unacceptable to state that middlesex is no longer a county. Yet this county is certainly not an administrative unit. Neither is the Worcestershire that contains Shipston-on-Stour. Thus it is equally unacceptable to refer to this traditional county in the past tense, or otherwise imply that it has ceased to exist.
 * Let's look at what is acceptable:
 * Middlesex is a traditional county of England
 * Thus is is equally acceptable and within policy to state that Worcestershire is a traditional county of England - and it would be obviously absurd to accept this yet insist that nothing lies with the traditional county of Worcestershire! One such place that lies within it is Shipston-on-Stour.
 * It would be unacceptable if I were to put the incidences of the word "county" in reference to administrative Warwickshire in "scare-quotes" - but I am not. Since the policy itself refers to administrative counties as the entities article-naming should involve, it is right that the term administrative county be used when reference is made to them.
 * This article states that
 * 1) the town is in Warwickshire (administratively)
 * 2) it is in the traditional county of Worcestershire
 * Thus, policy is followed!
 * Rather than throwing about silly exclamations of 'obsessionalism', stop trying to eradicate all references to traditional counties in a manner that is exemplified as being unacceptable and follow the policy! 80.255 23:04, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Please stop selectively mis-quoting and distorting the policy page, this is not what people voted for and you know that perfectly well. Your version of the Shipston page is not acceptable end-of-story. G-Man 23:11, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * It is you who are distorting policy to meet your own opinion, and you know it very well yourself. Saying "X isn't acceptable" is not an acceptable dialogue, particularly when I have explained logically how it is, using clear exmaples from what policy says is acceptable to support my position. Either logically counter my argument stop changing. It is against policy to continually revert whilst refusing to discuss and defend your changes in a logical way in talk. I have offered detailed argument for my changes, and shown that they are perfectly in line with policy. You have done no such thing. Either argue your reverts in a logical and consistent way by countering my argument point by point, or stop reverting my changes! To continue blindly reverting and refusing to discuss and argue your changes is a far more serious breach of policy than anything you accuse me of. 80.255 23:23, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * There is a very clear policy which your edits are contravening. To quote from it: We should mention historic counties in articles about places and in references to places in a historic context, but only as an afternote.  If you wish to dispute the policy, then you should do so at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (places), not by editing individual articles so that they do not comply with it.  Saying "X isn't acceptable" is perfectly reasonable in this case, where X clearly contravenes policy. Warofdreams 13:36, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * There is a very clear policy that mentioning of historic counties is acceptable and claiming that they were abolished is unacceptable.
 * Examples of acceptable things:
 * ''Middlesex is a traditional county of England
 * Examples of unacceptable things:
 * ''Middlesex was a county of England. It was abolished in 1965
 * Thus it is completely within policy to say XYZ is in the traditional county of Middlesex. Similarly, it is completely acceptable to say XYZ is in the traditional county of Worcestershire.
 * The convention is largely concerned with how articles are named, and it states the administrative counties should be used as qualifiers in article names - thus XYZ, Middlesex would would not be acceptable under this policy. This is not a dispute about naming. This is not a dispute about replacing administrative information with traditional counties. Reference to the administrative county appears first in the article. In an article of this size, the concept of what consitutes an "after note" (however you define that) has little meaning. Saying that Shipston-on_stour lies within the traditional county of Worcestershire is totally within this policy and it is clearly not contravening it in any way. The examples of unacceptable things given by the policy also makes it clear that reference to "former counties" or use of the past tense to describe traditional counties is unacceptable (and indeed completel illogical, since traditional county is a term used to describe entities that exist). G-Man is attempting to do this in direct contravention to the example above given as part of the policy to describe unacceptable usage. 80.255 15:45, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I was just going by what's further down that page:
 * Examples of acceptable things:
 * Coventry is in the West Midlands, and within the traditional borders of Warwickshire
 * Proteus (Talk) 23:01, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Map used
Can I just point out that the map used on this page, although from a 19th century Encyclopedia is a John Cary published in 1787? I can tell because of the style used. Compare this Cary map of Bucks dated the same year. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 15:38, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The style is completely different, and the map looks nothing like any of Cary's. Have a look at the whole map and compare to as many examples of cary's work as you like. This map was published in 1888. You will note, if you compare to to a Cary map of Worcestershire, that the county lacks the exclave of Iccomb (locally in gloucestershire), a large enclave of warwickshire and a smaller enclave of Herefordshire, all administratively affected in 1844. The style of the map is completely different, and rather more precise than Cary, too. It may have a long-evolved basis in a Cary work, but it shows the situation in 1888, not 1787. I can only suggest you look at a lot more Cary maps and get more of a feel for them; I've looked at dozens. 80.255 15:54, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Plus, it's got railway lines on it: has to be the second half of the 19th century to have that sort of extensive network, I'd have thought. [[User:Noisy|Noisy | Talk]] 18:27, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Sports
I thought i would add something about sports in the town. TomBelton —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 217.61.83.76 (talk) 13:43, 17 April 2007 (UTC).

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title: Talk:Shipston-on-Stour


text:
Talk:VEB Deutsche Schallplatte

VEB Deutsche Schallplatte // german record VEB Deutsche Schallplatten // german records ... both names exists, even on LP covers

title: Talk:VEB Deutsche Schallplatte


text:
Talk:Tricorn

I did this rewrite from Googling. Never been to Portsmouth. Any chance someone from Pompey could fix the facts up?

---

The Tricorn Centre in Portsmouth isn't the most common use of the word Tricorn; it shouldn't really be a redirect there, should it?

If there was another page for the word Tricorn then no; but currently there isn't one for Tricorn (hat), is there?

Kiand 00:16, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tricorn


text:
Category talk:Socialists

Problematic
This category seems potentially highly problematic. Was Stalin a socialist? Is Tony Blair? Unless we are to be POV, and judge what a "real" Socialist is, I think we'd have to include both. Which would make the category so vague as to be practically useless. john k 21:37, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Not necessarily. Tony Blair would fit comfortably in a category "social democrats", while Stalin would fit in a category: "communist head of states". The category "socialists" should only be used for these people who do self-identify and/or ar seen as socialists, but which you can't fit into a more specific category. --Martin Wisse 22:00, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Communist or Socialist?
Should all those entries in the Communists category also be included in Socialists category? If not then Lenin should be removed. Communism is a form of Socialism, but if we include Communists in the Socialist category, then doesn't the Communist category become redundant? Iron Ghost 18:35, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Socialists


text:
Deep fryer

A deep fryer (also referred to as a deep fat fryer) is a kitchen appliance used for deep frying. Deep frying is a method of cooking by submerging food into oil at high heat, typically between temperatures of 350 to 375 F.

While commonly used in commercial kitchens, household models are available and have become increasingly prevalent.

Deep frying has become well known in the United States, from frying sticks of butter to Twinkies, but the method can be traced back to Roman times.

Features
Deep fryers generally have a basket to lower the food into the oil tank and raise it when the food has finished cooking. Fryer baskets purchased separately are not standardized and when selected, need to fit into the deep fryer. There are timers and alarms, automatic devices to raise and lower the basket into and out of the oil, ventilation systems to exhaust frying odors from the kitchen, an oil filtration system or chemical treatment to improve the re-usability of the same amount of oil, and mechanical or electronic temperature controls that save energy and prevent fires by continuously sensing and adjusting the temperature of the oil.

Construction
The modern commercial fryer has improved energy efficiency, resulting from better heat transfer systems. Commercial fryers with infrared heating or convection heating are efficient, but often expensive. Infrared heating uses a radiant heat transfer process and convection heating operates through air circulating, while standard fryers utilize hot combustion gases. Most standard fryers are very hot which you would need to be careful while in use. The most common fryer models are electric and gas fryers.

Electric restaurant fryers are popular in counter top models, because of their mobility and easy installation. They lose less heat than gas fryers, because their heating elements are immersed in the oil and have a faster temperature recovery time between frying cycles. Gas fryers heat up more quickly and to a higher cooking temperature than electric fryers. They can be powered by either natural gas or propane, both of which are generally less expensive energy sources than electricity. This makes gas power especially popular in floor model fryers. Commercial fryers are generally available in mild steel or stainless steel. Stainless steel is less likely to corrode or stain than mild steel. Mild steel also expands under heat, which may damage the welds over time. Because of this, stainless steel fryers often come with a much longer warranty than mild steel fryers.

Some commercial fryers have a "cold zone" at the bottom of the fry pot. This is where food particles, such as breading, batter or broken off pieces of food, sink to, while the lower temperature keeps them from burning and tainting the oil. A tube-style fry pot has a large cold zone because the tubes are slightly above the bottom of the vat, leaving generous space for cooler oil and crumbs. This is particularly useful for cooking heavily breaded foods (such as a blooming onion). A tube-style fry pot is more difficult to clean than an open fry pot, but the tubes allow easy access to the heat source. Tube fryers are often less expensive than their open fry pot counterparts.

Open fry pots have an external heat source, which makes them easier to clean and affords better access to the oil, but they generally offer a smaller cold zone, so food particles could pollute the flavor of the oil. However, these fryers work very well for lightly breaded foods. Flat-bottomed restaurant fryers (another type of open fry pot fryer) can also be difficult to clean and have no cold zone, but they are highly effective for frying dough. Flat-bottom fryer pots may also be used with a batter trapping insert that keeps loose batter from quickly scorching on the bottom where the heat is applied normally. A batter trap can also help keep loose batter from being stirred up in the oil and adhering to subsequent batches of food in order to make foods taste better and extend the cooking oil's usability.

Some domestic fryers incorporate an angled motorized rotary basket that circulates its contents through the hot oil. This design reduces the amount of oil required to roughly half compared to a more traditionally designed fryer. Domestic fryers are generally much smaller than their commercial counterparts and typically have a capacity of two to four liters.

Temperature controls
Temperature controls for deep fryers can be implemented, but are uncommon. Without them the deep fryer needs to be watched consistently to ensure safety. There sometimes are "computerized temperature controls" in fryers on the market today, especially in commercial fryers. In fact, some modern fryers have an automatic shutoff control, just in case the temperature gets too high, which adds another level of sophistication and safety. It is a good idea to use a separate or external thermometer, even if the unit has temperature controls, in case there is a malfunction and to ensure that the internal temperature of the food meets government regulations.

Oil filtration
An oil filtration system, chemical treatment, or absorbent powder (diatomaceous earth or synthetic magnesium silicates) all help remove tiny food particles that are not always visible. Using these systems doubles the life of the oil. Oil filtration systems can sometimes be purchased as an enclosed part of the fryer to avoid involving employees in the somewhat dangerous process of filtering the oil with an exterior system. Many restaurants use a portable oil filtration system to transport waste oil to a disposal area. However, even old oil is not completely useless. There are ways (involving other chemicals and machinery) to "recycle" old oil as biodiesel that can power diesel vehicles. Bio-diesel increases energy security resulting in many environmental benefits and even helping decrease greenhouse emissions. Pouring used oil, such as fats and grease, down the drain should be avoided, as this can cause food build up and clogged pipes, restricting the flow of liquids. This often results in costly restoration and cleaning.

Accessories
Deep fryer accessories are products that are designed to improve the process of frying. A typical accessory of a deep fryer is the frying basket, which holds items to be fried and lets users take the food out of the fryer without using other tools. A skimmer is a screen (either coarse, medium, or fine) attached to a handle and used to remove food from the fryer. A thermometer is an essential accessory of a deep fryer because the temperature is critical to get the best-tasting food and ensure that the food is cooked to an appropriate temperature. To make sure the fryer itself stays in good condition, a cleaning solution is required, while a pump and filter can help to keep the oil clean. Cleaning brushes help to scrape away burnt bits of food from the sides and bottom of the fryer without damaging it.

Automated deep fryers
The automated deep fryer has a different system that incorporates a single basket unit or double basket unit, which could be useful in loading, cooking, and serving food. The refrigerated storage compartment has a portion controller and dispenser, a separate cooking chamber having a frying vessel. Most automated deep fryers include an air filtration system which gets rid of the greasy smell of fried foods. The system additionally incorporates a microprocessor controller. Some automated deep fryer have an automated feature to ensure that the food is cooked consistently at the correct temperature and for the correct amount of time.

Fire risks and personal safety
Since cooking foods at high temperatures in order to kill bacteria and pathogens is required, cautionary measures need to be taken into consideration. One of these precautions is the use of water and other solutions around deep fryers because water or ice that meets hot oils is likely to gurgle, splash, and bubble onto nearby surfaces or objects. In fact, the use of water or ice with hot oil can cause the water to evaporate at that high temperature leading to severe bodily injury or heated explosions. This is commonly referred to as the flash point and should always be avoided. It is always best to use a chemical agent like a fire extinguisher or cover the oil with a non-porous object like a metal lid or platter instead of liquids like water. Another precaution to consider when using a deep fat fryer to make sure that the oil does not overflow when food items are placed into the fryer and that the food item can be completely submerged to ensure even cooking, especially for large objects like a turkey. If the oil meets flames, from stove top burners and other sources, the results can be life-threatening like heated or gaseous oils that can explode nearby workstations while causing wall and ceiling fires. Another factor that can cause oil fires is the environment surrounding the deep fryer such as keeping the work area clear of objects and placing hot oil containers/fryers on smooth surfaces so that they do not spill. Furthermore, carbon monoxide can be created from deep-frying and little ventilation/air flow can cause people in the area to be poisoned, which is especially dangerous, so carbon monoxide detectors should be maintained in working order.

title: Deep fryer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Not Many

Not Many was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Just song lyrics. From anon occasional vandal error-prone user . Niteowlneils 21:39, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just lyrics. --Sparky the Seventh Chaos 22:09, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Lyrics.  I've got some punctuation I can sell them, cheap. Geogre 01:19, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:12, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - well-known song in New Zealand by rapper Scribe but covered in his article and the article on the Crusader album - Capitalistroadster 09:20, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Not Many - Remix

Not Many - Remix was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Just song lyrics. Not Many - Remix only gets 426 hits. From anon occasional vandal error-prone user. Niteowlneils 21:39, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Song lyrics again. This is so you can compare the two versions, I guess.  $0.10 per period.  $0.02 per comma.  $0.75 per semicolon.  $180.00 per exclamation point.  Reasonable rates.  Buy now. Geogre 01:21, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * LOL--love your pricing structure--the ones that should be used liberally nice and cheap, and the ones that should be used sparingly nice and pricy. Niteowlneils 02:03, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I've got to admit that I cracked my own self up with that one. Probably my best joke on Wikipedia ever. Geogre 15:13, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:12, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - covered by Scribe and Crusader album articles. Capitalistroadster 09:24, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, or at least replace with Geogre's finely crafted joke, above, for posterity. --Feedle 21:31, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Significant other

Comments
Studying what people have been writing at Talk:Boyfriend and Votes for deletion/Sweetheart, I've been wondering if this is a good article for boyfriend and/or girlfriend to re-direct to. Any opinions?? 66.245.64.202 21:41, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Content from significant others, now redirected here. Charles Matthews 07:40, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

"Significant other" refers to one's partner in a romantic relationship. It is a gender/sex neutral term, and often thought of as PC for boyfriend or girlfriend,but can also be applied to legally recognized married spouses(husbands or wives). The "significance" is an indicator of importance in the partner's life, but also signifies the romantic or sexual bond, while explicitly failing to indicate the sexual orientation. With the development of homosexuality and non-traditional sexuality and relationships and the heated political and ethical issues surrounding them, the community of liberal or left-of-center have begun to refer to their romances using this neutral terminology in order to be sensitive to the concerns of discrimination against non-traditional relationships. This term fails to differentiate the variety of human romantic relations, thus reflecting the position that each of these variations is equally legitamite and fundamentally the same.

Just wanted to clarify that homosexuality was never "developed" since it occurs naturally. Exclusive homosexuality? Perhaps. But the same thing can be said about exclusive heterosexuality in the context of societal pressure due to religious influence 06:20, 24 December 2011 (UTC)

Origin of the term "significant other"
In this article, Harry Stack Sullivan is credited with coining the term significant other in 1953. However, he died in 1949. Gilliamjf 08:10, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It's in a posthumously published work, as the article clearly states. — Graf Bobby 16:30, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but this is completely irrelevant. The "posthumously published work" is correct, but it wasn't by Sullivan. The phrase was coined (or at least popularised) by George Herbert Mead, who died in 1931, in his posthumous book "Mind, Self and Society" from 1934. I always felt that "significant other" in the meaning described in the article was initially (and maybe still is) as a tongue-in-cheek reference to that. The fact that some people use it without any sense of irony doesn't speak against it. Jimmy Fleischer (talk) 20:22, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

 * What exactly does the statement The phrase was first noted to have been coined by John Sullivan mean? First noted to have been coined? This seems to be a tortured locution to suggest that Sullivan coined the term without actually saying so, since it appears Sullivan did not coin the term if other cited references are to be trusted. And who did this first noting? This reference (added on 2009/05/05) to a television situation comedy writer offers no cited reference to support the claim presented, so deletion should be considered. 2009/05/14. 70.59.21.191 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 16:28, 14 May 2009 (UTC).

Edit notice debate
The edit notice for this page is currently subject to a deletion debate. The edit notice is the message that appears just over the edit box whenever the page itself is in edit mode. If you love this notice, hate it, or just would like to comment on it's existance, please come and join in the debate. - TexasAndroid (talk) 13:51, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The above comment from "13:51, 17 November 2008 (UTC)" might have some risk of causing confusion or otherwise being unclear ... partly because (it seems) it was not posted until "13:51, 17 November 2008 (UTC)" even though, (as explained in more detail in the next two sentences ... the sentences about the DIFF listing), the material it is talking about [being "subject to a deletion debate"] [QUOTE:"The edit notice for this page"] had ALREADY BEEN DELETED weeks earlier (on 23 October 2008). The DIFF listing -- (the DIFF for the edit resulting in the "Revision as of 11:10, 23 October 2008") seems to indicate that the "edit notice" mentioned above (and recited in a "blockquote") WAS DELETED at 11:10 on "23 October 2008". That DIFF listing -- (the DIFF for the edit resulting in the "Revision as of 11:10, 23 October 2008") -- can be seen using the URL https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Significant_other&type=revision&diff=247217344&oldid=245565755 easily. "Case closed" ... (one might say). --Mike Schwartz (talk) 18:22, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

NMPOSO?
This article currently has a section on the alternate term 'NMPOSO', which apparently stands for 'Non-Married Presumed Obligate Significant Other'. Does anyone have any sources for this term, or is it a neologism? Robofish (talk) 00:41, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I did some digging. All references that Google knows about trace back to either this article or Cohabitation; in both cases, the references were added by the same anon editor on March 22nd 2009.  This in and of itself doesn't mean anything, but judging by his other contributions I wouldn't say he seems to have much interest in sociology or feminism as a whole.  If someone can find a dead tree source for NMPOSO then I'd be happy to have it here (and in fact, would be curious to read more) but on the web at least there doesn't seem to be much.  So I've removed it (and will shortly do the same on Cohabitation [nevermind -- already been done by someone else]).  Eniagrom (talk) 22:31, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

External link section
I find there is two type of links based on

 * Contents focusing on "Significant other" (including its original and colloquial meanings)
 * en:Significant other
 * ko:중요타인
 * pl:Znaczący inny
 * ru:Значимый другой
 * zh:重要他人

 * Contents focusing on "Lover", "partner" or something like that
 * da:Kæreste
 * de:Lebensgemeinschaft
 * no:Kjæreste
 * ja:恋人
 * nl:Partner (relatie)
 * sh:Partner (bliski odnosi)

I think it would be needed to be sorted out on each page. For example, keep only 중요타인 Znaczący inny Значимый другой 重要他人 on pages like en:Significant other, while Kæreste Kjæreste Lebensgemeinschaft Partner (relatie) Partner (bliski odnosi)

on pages like [[:ja:恋人].

-- TX55   TALK  17:15, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

Spouse
Why not just stick with spouse as a neutral term?

I am sick of these "politically correct" jerks in recent years that try to push this "Significant Other" crap.

Bolegash (talk) 05:37, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

Not all people that are deemed as a 'Significant Other' are actually a spouse. It's kind of like 'why not call all Avians Chicken' then blaming those pesky Taxidermists ("DAMN YOU BIOLOGY!"). From what I've read of the article it seems more akin to a Psychologist's term that's been co-opted by general public than anything PC.

on Another Note, is the 'Only Fools and Horses' point keeping in line with Neutrality, I thought it was unclear ~Maus — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.173.217.228 (talk) 18:07, 8 February 2013 (UTC)

Split article? (WINAD)
At this point the popular construct of SO and scientific construct of SO merit separate articles. Recall WP:WINAD--"things are grouped into articles based on what they are, not what they are called by." Each article should x-ref the other for context but they're not remotely the same construct any longer. -PhilipR (talk) 19:23, 14 October 2017 (UTC)

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overreach
I didn't get past the lede before reading that
 * Synonyms with similar properties include sweetheart, better half, other half, spouse, domestic partner, lover, soulmate, or life partner.

Firstly, "similar" is a weasel, and weasels (like roaches) usually appear in multiples, so the page likely needs closer attention. At the very least, every bit of the subsequent nonsense NEEDS to be explicitly supported, and probably NOT merely swiping from some dictionary — present some credible scholar.

As to the case at hand, an illustration: if I have a new "boyfriend" (in itself often a weaselly euphemism for sex partner) every month, each might be my lover and sweetheart and maybe even briefly cohabitating domestic partner (three nights in a row counts, right…?), but the rest of the "synonyms" fall away. (People really need to read up on terms like Synonym before they invoke them.) And how is it that "occasional f@ck buddy" is equal to "spouse"?

Besides, if soulmate "means the same thing" in any sane manner, then this article is clearly redundant with Soulmate and should be deleted — please, at least have the decency to choose ONE cogent argument and then stick with it. Weeb Dingle (talk) 15:23, 1 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Significant other