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Cromwell Gorge

The Cromwell Gorge is a steep gorge cut by the former Clutha River (Māori: Mata-Au) in the Central Otago region of New Zealand's South Island. It winds 19 km between the Dunstan and Cairnmuir Mountains, linking the townships of Cromwell and Clyde. It is one of three substantial river gorges in Central Otago, the others being the Kawarau Gorge to the west of Cromwell, and the Roxburgh Gorge south of Alexandra.

Long-associated with gold mining, orchards and the production of stone fruit, the gorge (including part of old Cromwell) was flooded in the early 1990s to form Lake Dunstan behind the hydroelectric Clyde Dam. The former Otago Central Railway which traced the river through the gorge from Clyde was removed, while State Highway 8 was realigned above the newly-formed lake.

The Dunstan Trail, a major new cycle route, was opened on the lake's right bank in 2021.

Geography
The Cromwell Gorge formed in response to the uplift of the Dunstan and Cairnmuir Mountains and simultaneous antecedent incision by the Clutha River. At the northern (upstream) entrance to the gorge lies the township of Cromwell, while the township of Clyde lies to the south. To the east, the gorge is bound by the Dunstan Mountains and to the west, the Cairnmuir Mountains. The overall relief from the highest point of the gorge (Leaning Rock, 1647 m) and the floor of the gorge (Lake Dunstan, 194 m) is 1453 m.

The Cromwell Gorge is the entrance to the Upper Clutha Valley and was historically an important thoroughfare for early Māori moa hunters, and later pastoralists and gold miners in the late nineteenth century. It remains an important access route into Central Otago's interior via State Highway 8 (SH8).

Geology
The Cromwell Gorge is dominated by the characteristic rocky tors and craggy outcrops of the Haast Schist Group; grey quartzofeldspathic metagreywacke interlayered with micaceous meta-argillite and greenschist formed during the Rangitata Orogeny. The schist in Central Otago has a well-defined pervasive schistosity, with shallow dips defining the broad regional-scale warps in schistosity caused during Miocene deformation (the Kaikoura orogeny). The warped geometries are antiformal over mountain ranges and synformal under the intervening basins. Associated reverse faulting (the Otago fault system) along the south-eastern flanks of many Central Otago mountain ranges  (i.e. Taieri Ridge, Lammermoor Range, Rock and Pillar Range, Rough Ridge, Raggedy Range, Dunstan Mountains, Pisa Range) gives rise to the basin and range topography of parallel ridges and basins with steep south-eastern limbs and gently-dipping north-western flanks.

The Cromwell Gorge exits the Dunstan and Cairnmuir Mountains immediately to the north of Clyde. Both mountain ranges are controlled to the south-east by large reverse faults; the Dunstan Fault and Earnscleugh Fault, respectively. Investigations have found that geologically-recent deformation associated with the Dunstan Fault has extended south-west towards Clyde, rather than being translated along the southern margin of the Cairnmuir Mountains. This is important as it suggests that there is no recent activity on the transfer zone between the Dunstan and Earnscleugh Faults. This transfer zone is controlled by the well-documented River Channel Fault, a steeply dipping fault mapped as running down the centre of the gorge and directly beneath the Clyde Dam. The former Clutha River followed several of these faults as it coursed through the Cromwell Gorge.

Vegetation
Vegetation in the Cromwell Gorge has seen considerable change, as has the wider Central Otago region, since at least the Holocene (10,000 years until present). The arrival of humans in Central Otago resulted in particularly extensive changes in vegetation as Māori hunter-gatherers used clearance fires improvidently. Early Māori firing of woody cover from about the thirteenth century resulted in a vastly different vegetation in the Cromwell Gorge. Initial woody cover included totara (Podocarpus hallii) and beech forest (Nothofagus menziesii) over what is now a treeless Central Otago.

Grassland and scrub now cover most of Central Otago. On the former valley floor of the Cromwell Gorge, low tussock grassland of several varieties dominated, while manuka, kānuka and matagouri scrub patched the lower slopes. Uncontrolled burn-offs, over-grazing, and the introduction of the rabbit in the mid-1800s, have heavily modified the vegetation cover since European settlement. This is further worsened by Central Otago being the driest region in New Zealand. Those areas of the gorge which are the driest are dominated by cushions of scabweed, sweet briar rosehip, and thyme, all of which flourish. The introduction of thyme to Central Otago is most-often attributed to Jean Desire Feraud, a French goldminer and orchardist who was part of the Otago gold rush.

There is evidence of native plant regeneration (such as kōwhai) in areas where conservation has been put in place, though its reestablishment in the Cromwell Gorge is not nearly as extensive as the nearby Roxburgh Gorge. Forests of kōwhai (Sophora microphylla) have recently been postulated to have also been present in the Cromwell Gorge, upon which moa grazed.

Today in spring and summer the gorge blossoms with wild flowers: the purple of thyme, the blue of Vipers bugloss, the red of Spur valerian, and the yellows of Californian poppy and stone crop.

Māori
The first settlers in the region were the Māori as they travelled through Central Otago en route to the West Coast on pounamu expeditions, as well as in search of seasonal food resources. Although the Lindis Pass was the usual route for early Māori to access their summer camps at Lake Hāwea and Lake Wānaka, there is sufficient evidence the Cromwell Gorge was used as an important thoroughfare. Early Māori archaeological sites are concentrated through the gorge, particularly on the true left of the former Clutha River, and include small Moa hunter camps with associated Moa bones. Four sites have been identified at Rockfall I and II, Italian Creek, Muttontown Gully and Clyde West.

Evidence for Māori occupation of specific sites in the Cromwell Gorge was well-documented during the Clutha Valley Archaeological Project resulting from the decision to build the Clyde Dam. Despite the limited number of samples available, rock shelters and adjacent sites showed the following finds to be culturally significant:

Italian Creek

 * (-45.1175°N, 169.3146°W)
 * Eel net (purangi) which may have been abandoned in transit, or left with the expectation of returning for it
 * Cooked remains of a Kākā
 * Moa bone and egg shell fragments

Rockfall I & II

 * (-45.0797°N, 169.2365°W)
 * Two prehistoric occupations
 * Oven-charcoal identifications
 * Tuatara bone fragments
 * Moa bone and egg shell fragments

Muttontown Gully

 * (-45.14827°N, 169.31279°W)
 * A slab of flint from which about one dozen flakes lying beside it had been chipped

It has been suggested that the numerous overhangs within the craggy rock formations of the Central Otago river gorges may have been favoured moa nesting locations. Such locations abound in the Cromwell Gorge and eggshell fragments found in many shelters confirm their usage. If early Māori hunters recognised such a regularity in moa ecology, it seems likely that they would undertake seasonal or regular raids on nesting areas.

European settlement
The first European to set eyes on the Cromwell Gorge was Nathanael Chalmers who first traversed the valley in 1853,  accompanied by two Māori guides: Reko, a Ngāi Tahu chief from Tuturau, and Kaikōura, a man who had run away from the Kaikōura ranges.

Chalmers made his trip into Central Otago's interior when no roads or tracks existed, hoping to retrace the steps that his guide, Reko, had made from the Waitaki some twenty years earlier. The trek from the Mataura River in Southland to Waitaki was some 400 km distance, climbing mountain passes in excess of 1000 m – something Chalmers was blissfully ignorant of ahead of his expedition. Unfortunately for Chalmers, he contracted a bout of chronic diarrhoea early into his trip and suffered with it for many weeks. Having eventually made it as far as Lakes Wakatipu, Hāwea and Wānaka, his illness got the better of him and he realised he would not be able to make it to Waitaki.

In a letter to historian Herries Beattie, Chalmers recorded his account of the journey (some fifty seven years after the fact) stating that the shortest way back to Southland would be to build a flax fibre mokihi or raft and ride it all the way down the Clutha River. As they set off from Lake Hāwea and entered the Clutha Rive, Chalmers wrote that they:

"... paddled down the river so rapidly that I could hardly credit our speed"

Within half a day, they came to the Clutha's junction with the Kawarau River, leading Chalmers to write:

"The water flow almost doubled and was suddenly confined in the great Cromwell Gorge ... I shall never forget the 'race' through the gorge ... my heart was literally in my mouth, but those two old men seemed to care nothing for the current."

When they emerged from the gorge at the site of the present-day Clyde Dam, he wrote "then our troubles were over".

Chalmers' early foray into Central Otago was closely followed in the mid 1850s by early pastoralists and runholders searching for sheep grazing land in the vast, trackless interior. It was only after surveyor John Turnbull Thomson and Alexander Garvie lead a reconnaissance survey of the region in 1857-58, that pastoralists moved into the area in earnest; within a year of Turnbull's survey some 4 e6acre had been applied for.

Gold
The Cromwell Gorge was the site of Central Otago's first gold rush into the region's interior and followed soon after the discovery of gold at Gabriel's Gully near Lawrence. The initial rush to the gorge, referred to as the Dunstan goldfield, began on 16 August 1862 following an announcement in the Otago Daily Times that two men, Hartley and Reilly, had discovered 87 lb (1044 t oz) of gold.

The winter of 1862 was exceptionally severe and resulted in unseasonably low-levels of the Clutha River. Horatio Hartley and Christopher Reilly worked the sides of the Cromwell Gorge for three months until they were forced to take the huge hoard of gold they had secretly amassed to the Chief Gold Receiver in Dunedin in August 1862. Hartley and Reilly's discovery caused great excitement as they deposited some 87 lb of gold, sparking a gold rush to what would become known as Hartley's Beach. Hartley and Reilly, in divulging the location of their rich finds (approximately one mile downstream of the Clutha River's confluence with the Kawarau River), were rewarded with £2000 from the Otago Provincial Government. On 23 September 1862 the Dunstan goldfield was proclaimed, the selection of this name in preference to Hartley's being largely in deference to Reilly, who was 'jealous of the pre-eminence' accorded Hartley as the discoverer.

Within days of the announcement of Hartley and Reilly's discovery, 2000 miners had descended on the Dunstan goldfield with the first gold export to leave the goldfield on 6 October 1862 carrying some 6030 t oz (187.5 kg) of gold. Between 1 September 1862 and 1 April 1863, 120,886 t oz (3760 kg) of gold were recovered from Otago, with most of this coming from the Dunstan goldfield. By the end of 1864 the easily won gold had been mined and many had moved off to other more lucrative fields.

Dredges

At the turn of the twentieth century, the gorge would once again see a feverish gold rush, but this time on a more industrial scale as large mechanical dredges made large returns. In 1900 there were 187 dredges being operated on the Clutha River, but like the earlier gold rush, the times of the dredges drew to a close only several years later.

Chinese miners
In 1865, the Otago Provincial Council invited Chinese miners working on the Victorian goldfields in Australia, to rework the Otago goldfields. European miners had departed in their droves for more lucrative goldfields in Marlborough and the West Coast, opening the door for Chinese mining immigrants to come directly from China, particularly Guangdong province.

Many mined in the gorge where they lived a hard life in harsh conditions, often in rock shelters. The first camp established was near Gibraltar Rock (-45.0773°N, 169.2329°W) in the Cromwell Gorge, although a far more substantial settlement in the 1870s formed Cromwell's Chinatown. Deserted by the turn of the century, the wooden stores and businesses were demolished in 1930.

Chinese were not always popular or welcome, and often blamed for things they did not do. This was made more problematic due to the manner by which they were initially invited to New Zealand; the Chinese regarded themselves as temporary visitors seeking gold. As such they tended to have little interaction with Europeans, and the importance of their place in Central Otago's history has often been overlooked.

Railway
A railway to Cromwell had been proposed at least as early as 1877, although it was intended to link the Lakes District (Kingston/Queenstown) via the Kawerau Gorge and not the Cromwell Gorge at the time. Reference to a railway, presumably through the Cromwell Gorge, linking to the Taieri Railway was also made in 1877, but nothing would come of this for another thirty years.

The railway finally made it as far as Clyde in 1907, with the station's official opening on 2 April 1907 by the prime minister, William Hall-Jones. The Cromwell Railway and Progress League, having been formed in 1906 to influence the extension of the railway through the gorge to Cromwell, set about lobbying the Government with increasing frequency. However, work on the railway line stopped at Clyde until 1914. The lobby group stressed the high cost of transport between Cromwell and Clyde, the impact on the region's farmers and also pointed to the inadequacies of the road: "The road through the gorge is a narrow one, with some very sharp bends, and at the best of times it is dangerous with a considerable amount of horse traffic, and an accident at any point of the gorge means sudden death."

"Irrigation first", was the Government's reply, reflecting their desire to harness the economic benefits of the Country's nascent agricultural potential. The Government's response was nothing new, having espoused this priority since at least 1899. This would not stop the representations, however.

An announcement to restart the railway extension was made on March 1914, and works were established in the following months with new surveys taking place. The railway started in earnest in September and by the end of 1916 some 8.5 mi of rail had been laid. The line to Cromwell was not completed until July 1921 – significantly overrunning the predicted two to three years it would take. An E class (Double Fairlie locomotive), Josephine, which pulled all the trains in the gorge during the construction era, is now a museum piece in the Otago Settlers Museum.

Cromwell was the terminus of the Otago Central Railway and consisted of a railway station building, five staff houses, a 6000 gallon locomotive watering tank, stockyards, an engine-shed, turntable coal facilities and the station sidings were able to accommodate nearly 100 wagons. At the time, it was by far the most economic way to get the region's produce to Dunedin and was a boon for the runholders of Waenga Station and the orchardists in the gorge.

With the coming of the Clyde dam, the Cromwell-Clyde railway was closed in 1980. When the dam itself was completed, the line to Clyde had little other traffic and the section from Middlemarch to Clyde was closed on 30 April 1990. The line beyond Middlemarch was lifted during 1991, and the track-bed as far as Clyde was handed over to the Department of Conservation in 1993, becoming the Otago Central Rail Trail.

Orchards
Orchardists moved to the gorge because of its frost-free springs. Orchards, grown on both sides of the Clutha River, primarily produced stone fruits (particularly apricots, cherries, nectarines, peaches, plums) as well as a number of varieties of apples and pears. The Cromwell Gorge had a microclimate that meant that orchardists would not need to burn smoke pots to save the fruit from spring frosts and importantly, the crop ripened ahead of the apricots grown in orchards in (e.g.) Earnscleugh or Cromwell. This made the Cromwell Gorge unique in the region and subsequently it produced some of New Zealand's best fruit.

The Annan's were one of the first families to establish an orchard at the southern end of the gorge on what would become Fruitgrowers Road. In 1901 William Annan cleared his piece of land, built a cob shelter, and planted his fruit trees. Imported from Australia, the first trees Annan planted were a diverse mix to test what would be most suitable for the challenging Central Otago climate and included citrus, almond, walnut, cherry, apricot, apple, pear, peach, nectarine, quince and grape. By 1914 he had a healthy orchard and was mentioned in the Evening Star as part of an exhibition of fruit from Central Otago.

The last orchardist to leave the Cromwell Gorge ahead of inundation by Lake Dunstan, was Kevin Jackson, who had run an orchard in the gorge from 1969–1989. Jackson and many others whose livelihoods would be irrevocably damaged by the filling of the dam challenged the Government, but to no avail. Only a few trees from what was Jackson's orchard (45.0852°N, 169.2637°W) still remain at the edge the lake.

The reservoir behind the Clyde dam flooded a total of 2300 ha of productive land, including twelve large orchards on the river terraces along both sides of the Cromwell Gorge, five orchards at Lowburn, and fertile farmlands on both sides of the Clutha River in the Lowburn area.

Clyde Dam project
Initial thoughts on harnessing the Clutha River for hydroelectric power occurred at least as early as 1904, but it was not until the 1940s that it began to be a more serious option for power in Otago. An examination of the Clutha River's potential in 1944 culminated in the selection and construction of the Roxburgh Dam with first power being produced in 1956. By 1968, the Government felt that the Clutha River was under-utilised, especially in comparison to the Waitaki River which by this time had the Waitaki Dam, Benmore Dam and Aviemore Dam. The same year, a committee was setup to investigate additional hydroelectric options on the Clutha River and by 1971 had come up with six potential options (Schemes A through F). These would later (1973) be added to by several additional schemes, in particular Scheme H which called for a low dam at Clyde that would minimise the size of the reservoir. The Labour Government in 1975 selected Scheme H but a change in government to Robert Muldoon's National Party in 1976 reversed this decision, opting instead for Scheme F, a high dam to be built at Clyde which would impact the Cromwell Gorge, Cromwell, the Kawerau Arm and Lowburn. The impact on existing activities from any scheme was recognised from the outset:

"Any further Clutha Valley development poses a very complex problem as there are considerable areas of better lands, orchards, allied industries, communication routes, closer settlement, and whole townships or effects on townships and local bodies to be taken into account."

Protests that the dam would flood established orchards, the railway, State Highway 8 as well as parts of Cromwell were all ignored with the high dam becoming part of the National Government's Think Big policy.

Clyde Dam
Construction of the Clyde Dam was started in 1977 and first required the excavation of a diversion channel for the Clutha River. The diversion channel was cut down 22 m into the gravel and bedrock on the true right bank of the river. At 50 m wide and 700 m long, it facilitated the safe construction of the remainder of the dam. The river was diverted in 1982, at which point temporary coffer dams had been conducted to enable building of the dam's concrete superstructure. A cable crane attached to pylons delivered the majority of the 1.2 e6m3 of concrete required to build the dam and its associated powerhouse. At its peak between 1986 and 1987, approximately 1000 dam workers were on site. The dam was completed in 1990, however it was not commissioned until 1992 at a total cost of $955M NZD (September 1987). The cost of the dam was made up of Ministry of Works and Development civil works for Clyde: $591 million; Electricorp works, Clyde: $175 million; road realignment works: $100 million; property compensation: $24 million; Cromwell Township: $65 million. The roadworks figures would later significantly inflate due to costs incurred during landslide stabilisation in the gorge.

Work during the dam's early construction phase in 1982 identified numerous faults and shear zones beneath the dam – in particular, the River Channel Fault. Despite considerable amounts of concrete being pumped into tunnels across the fault to act as shear pins, the faults posed a significant risk and forced a redesign of the dam leading to the incorporation of a controversial slip joint. The slip joint is designed to accommodate up to 2 m of lateral fault movement and 1 m of vertical movement. Geologists at the time considered there was a low to very-low possibility of movement along the Dunstan Fault upstream of the dam in the event of a major earthquake; such a movement could lead to up to 200 mm of relative movement on the River Channel Fault at the dam site.

Cultural and archaeological losses
The filling of the Clyde Dam resulted in the loss of significant sites of cultural interest in the Cromwell Gorge and other areas inundated by Lake Dunstan. Knowing this would be the case, the Ministry of Works commissioned archaeological surveys of the gorge and surrounding areas that would be impacted by the filling of Lake Dunstan. The initial studies in 1976–1977 revealed that more than 150 sites would be affected by the filling of the proposed dam(s) in the Cromwell Gorge. Given the large number of sites affected, a project archaeologist was employed for an initial period of five years, which was later increased to ten years due to the sheer enormity of excavating and cataloguing the sites which would be impacted by the damming of the Clutha River.

Unlike the Roxburgh Gorge, where no archaeological survey was ever undertaken before the Roxburgh Dam was built, the Cromwell Gorge would reveal a rich wealth of mining era (1862-1890) and some pre-European sites. In all, 44 rock shelters were recorded in the Cromwell Gorge.

Over the duration of the project, approximately 2000 sites were added to the national site recording scheme with almost every farm in the Upper Clutha being systematically surveyed.

Perhaps the greatest site of interest of the entire ten-year project was the excavation of Cromwell's Chinatown at the confluence of the Clutha and Kawarau Rivers. The site had been abandoned since the 1920s when it was excavated over a 10-week period in 1980, many of the artifacts going on display in the Cromwell Museum.

Ritchie (1989) presented a compilation of 617 sites of archaeological significance, 85 of which were submerged in the Cromwell Gorge due to the filling of Lake Dunstan. A total of 250 sites were lost in the greater Lake Dunstan area due to the filling of the lake.

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Landslides

Large-scale landslides are a common feature in the Cromwell Gorge and represent a significant geological hazard following the impoundment of the Clutha River behind the Clyde Dam. Seventeen large schist landslides have been mapped along the length of the gorge. These landslides underwent extensive geo-engineering in the early 1990s to mitigate their movement, and all now have extremely-low movement rates as a result. Engineering works included extensive drainage to draw down the groundwater level, toe buttresses and in the case of the Cairnmuir Landslide, a drainage blanket. Thirteen large-diameter tunnels extend into the toes of several landslides in order to drain groundwater which otherwise lubricates the basal shear zone. Combined with smaller drainage tunnels (49 in total), the total extent of the tunnels is 18.5 km. In addition to the mitigation measures, some 6500 instruments have been installed to measure and monitor slide movement.

On 13 July 2020 a new slip near Cromwell occurred above Deadman's Point Bridge on the true left of Lake Dunstan. The difficulty in accessing the slip resulted in a rather novel remediation technique; helicopters with monsoon buckets were used to sluice loose material and dislodge unstable rock by dropping large quantities of water directly onto the slip. With the establishment of a safe bench to work from, excavators and an abseiling team cleared the remaining loose material over the following days.

Controversy
The Clyde Dam has rarely been without controversy since its inception. The dam has forever changed the landscape and the lives of people impacted by the filling of Lake Dunstan.

One of the Clyde Dam's most vocal critics was Gerald Lensen, a geologist and the former head of Earth Deformation at the DSIR. Lensen had argued on numerous occasions that the Clyde Dam was unsafe, having been built on an active fault zone.

The National Party's Think Big economic policy was heavily criticised and debated during the early stages of the dam construction, and the dam was protested extensively by all those affected by it. Workers unions during the construction of the dam held many strikes.

As the landslide stabilisation of the Cairnmuir Slide neared completion, a protest slogan was painted on the lower portion of the drainage apron which read Hands Off Beaumont referring to the potential of a further dam being built near Beaumont, downstream on the Clutha River. The remnants of this graffiti are still visible.

Wider impacts with the filling of Lake Dustan have continued to impact communities with the spread of lagarosiphon (lake weed), and the continued sedimentation and silting-up of the Kawerau Arm of Lake Dunstan.

Access
The Cromwell Gorge is accessed primarily by two routes. On the true left bank of Lake Dunstan runs State Highway 8, a single carriageway linking Clyde to Cromwell via Deadman's Point Bridge. On the true right bank of Lake Dunstan is the Dunstan Cycle Trail, a purpose built cycle path which extends the existing Otago Central Rail Trail.

Lake Dunstan itself is navigable from the Clyde Dam through the gorge to Cromwell and beyond.

State Highway 8
Lake Dunstan floods the site of the old State Highway 8 (SH8) and former rail line from Clyde to Cromwell. Rail services to Cromwell had ceased by 1980 and therefore a new line to Cromwell was not required ahead of Lake Dunstan being filled. The realignment of SH8 was necessary and was constructed above the shore line of the true left of the gorge (above the former SH8 on the floor of the gorge).

Road realignment
The Clyde power project roading construction took a total of ten years and involved 50 km of roading and several bridges and culverts. Twenty major contracts were involved and at least 20 e6m3 of rock and gravel moved. New bridges were constructed at Cromwell (Deadman's Point Bridge), Bannockburn and Lowburn. New road sections were required on both sides of Lake Dunstan out of Cromwell to the north:

 * 4 km were realigned from Cromwell to Lowburn, and a further 4 km after Lowburn toward Wānaka
 * 13 km were realigned between Cromwell and Tarras on the true left of Lake Dunstan
 * 22 km were realigned through the Cromwell Gorge – the most challenging road section due to the stabilisation required for numerous slips

The final section of road through the Cromwell Gorge was opened in 1988.

The realignment of SH8 directly affected twenty nine sites of archaeological significance. The majority of the sites were associated with heritage gold mining activities (stone walled buildings, stone walls, dams, water races, stone stacks), although six sites were pre-historic rock shelters.

Moa finds continued during roadworks; the remains of at least five moas were successfully recovered when a wary bulldozer operator noticed moa bone fragments at the top of his blade while realigning the road section above the old Cromwell Railway site.

Lake Dunstan Trail
In May 2021 the Lake Dustan Trail was opened through the Cromwell Gorge. Although it does not form part of the existing Otago Central Rail Trail, it is a purpose-built extension on the opposite true right side of the gorge, running along the foot of the Cairnmuir Mountains. The Lake Dustan Trail links Clyde and Cromwell, offering cyclists and walkers a Grade 2–3 (easy–intermediate) route across bridges, switchbacks, cantilevered boardwalks pinned to sheer bluffs suspended above Lake Dunstan, or the gentle rolling vineyards of Bannockburn.

The trail through the gorge from Clyde to Cromwell's Historical Precinct is 41.2 km, although the trail currently extends a further 16.4 km north of Cromwell along the western shore of Lake Dunstan.

Gorge guardian sculpture
On 21 October 2023 the Historic Clyde Incorporated Charitable Society unveiled a steel sculpture of a Kārearea (New Zealand falcon), erected overlooking the Clyde dam at the entrance to the gorge. The 5 m sculpture by artist Dan Kelly is fashioned from recycled steel, and will stand as guardian to the gorge and the township of Clyde below.

title: Cromwell Gorge


text:
David Wagenfuhr

David Wagenfuhr (born June 22, 1982) is an American former soccer player, who retired at the age of 26, due to injury.

Wagenfuhr played four years of college soccer for Creighton University, where he was a standout player, being named first team All-Missouri Valley Conference three times. He also played in the USL Premier Development League for Boulder Rapids Reserve.

Wagenfuhr was drafted 31st overall in the 2004 MLS SuperDraft by the Dallas Burn. Wagenfuhr saw no league playing time in his first year with the team. He became a starter in 2005. He scored his first career goal on July 8, 2006, against New York Red Bulls.

He retired from soccer in December 2008.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: David Wagenfuhr


text: User talk:80.58.20.44

title: User talk:80.58.20.44


text:
Kelvingrove Park

Kelvingrove Park is a public park located on the River Kelvin in the West End of the city of Glasgow, Scotland, containing the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum.

History
Kelvingrove Park was originally created as the West End Park in 1852, and was partly designed by Sir Joseph Paxton, Head Gardener at Chatsworth House, whose other works included The Crystal Palace in London, Glasgow Botanic Gardens, and the gardens at Lismore Castle in County Waterford; however, the park was mostly designed by architect Charles Wilson and surveyor Thomas Kyle. The Town Council had purchased the land, which formerly represented parts of the Kelvingrove and Woodlands estates, that year for the sum of £99,569, around £10.9 million as of 2021. The park was intended to provide for the continued expansion of the city to the west, providing relaxation and recreation opportunities for the new middle class to the west, and an escape from the rapid slumming around Glasgow Green.

Exhibitions
The park has been the site of three exhibitions: the 1888 International Exhibition, the 1901 International Exhibition and the 1911 Scottish Exhibition. Large, impressive buildings were constructed in the park for the International Exhibitions, including a large Indian pavilion where the Art Gallery now stands, and a Russian restaurant building. These, however, have since been demolished. The Doulton Fountain was originally situated in the park for the 1888 Exhibition but was later relocated to Glasgow Green, as was the Saracen Fountain for the 1901 Exhibition which is now in Alexandra Park.

Location and features
The park is 34 hectares (85 acres) in size, and located in the West End of Glasgow. It straddles the River Kelvin shortly before the river's confluence with the Clyde, and as such is an urban haven for wildlife. Birds found in the area include the grey heron, cormorant, kingfisher, mallard and goosander, and other animals include the red fox, brown rat and otters. The park is flanked to the west by Gilmorehill and the University of Glasgow, to the south by Finnieston, Kelvingrove and Yorkhill, to the east by Charing Cross and to the north by Hillhead and Woodlands. This central location makes it a popular route for pedestrians and cyclists commuting to the city centre, leading quickly from the West End to Charing Cross whilst avoiding traffic. The park is also popular with dog-walkers and students from the university.

Kelvingrove sits around the contours of a large hill, on which is sited the Park District in Glasgow. This was formerly a highly desirable residential area before falling out of fashion and being taken over mostly for office space and student accommodation. However, recent high-class developments there have led to much of the neighbourhood returning to residential use. The area is also home to 22 Park Circus, the city's former registry office, and to the Glasgow branch of the Goethe-Institut, a German culture institution.

There are three Glasgow subway stations in the vicinity of the park, Kelvinbridge to the north being the closest via the Kelvin Walkway, with Hillhead to the northwest and Kelvinhall to the west also within walking distance, as are Exhibition Centre and Charing Cross railway stations to the south and south-east respectively. There are frequent buses on various routes using Argyle Street, Sauchiehall Street and Great Western Road which flank the park to the north and south.

Monuments
Kelvingrove contains a bandstand, skatepark, bowling and croquet greens, and various statues and monuments. The largest monument is the Stewart Memorial Fountain, built to commemorate Lord Provost Robert Stewart (1851–1854) and his achievement of providing the city with fresh water from Loch Katrine. The fountain was built in 1872 to a design by James Sellars, who later designed the nearby St. Luke's Orthodox Cathedral and Kelvinside Academy. It is built of granite, sandstone, marble and bronze, features imagery of the Trossachs, and is topped by a figure of Sir Walter Scott's Lady of the Lake. The fountain is currently undergoing a half-million pound refurbishment supported by the City Council, Glasgow City Heritage Trust, the Heritage Lottery Fund and Scottish Water.

The park also contains statues of physicist Lord Kelvin, writer Thomas Carlyle, Field Marshal Lord Roberts and chemist Lord Lister, as well as the Cameronians War Memorial and a memorial to the Highland Light Infantry. The park is popular with dog-walkers and joggers, and is convenient for tourists, being adjacent to Kelvin Hall Sports Arena, on the opposite side of Argyle Street. The park also contains the renowned Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum.

Bandstand
The bandstand within the park was built in 1924 and designed by James Miller. It was a popular location for outdoor music until it became neglected and vandalised around 1995. It played host to thousands of events from military bands to old-time Music Hall acts, Glasgow's first-ever Steel Band Festival to the Radio Clyde Rock Concerts. It was also used for charity fundraising concerts such as the 'Woodlands Fun Days for Children' with Yorkhill Hospital's Radio Lollipop between 1993 and 98. Scottish bands and musicians such as Belle & Sebastian, Teenage Fanclub, Franz Ferdinand, Eddi Reader, Carol Laula and Horse have all expressed support for the restoration of Kelvingrove Park's Bandstand. MSP Pauline McNeill also presented a motion to the Scottish Parliament about the bandstand restoration.

In April 2012, the Scottish Parliament provided a £245,000 building repair grant for the restoration of the bandstand. On 7 May 2014, after several months and £2 million of restoration work, it was announced that the Bandstand would host a summer music festival over two weekends in August 2014. Acts announced for the Magners Summer Nights Festival were Steve Earle, The Waterboys, Alison Moyet, Capercaillie, Teenage Fanclub and Squeeze.

Flora
On 20 April 1918 suffrage organisations planted a sessile oak in the park, now known as the Suffrage Oak, to commemorate women being granted the right to vote earlier that year. In 2015 the tree was named Scottish Tree of the Year by the Woodland Trust after being nominated by Glasgow Women's Library. It was then a nominee for the 2016 European Tree of the Year. The tree was subsequently damaged in 2017, and so Glasgow City Council had to reduce its height.

In culture

 * Scottish football club Rangers was formed by the four founder members who met at West End Park (today Kelvingrove Park) in March 1872.
 * The Kelvingrove Lawn Bowls Centre was the venue for the Lawn bowls event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games.
 * The poet, Lyle, wrote a song about the park, entitled Kelvin Grove.
 * Much of Alasdair Gray's novel Poor Things takes place in and around the park.
 * English music hall singer Mark Sheridan shot himself here in 1918.
 * The Brisbane suburb of Kelvin Grove was named after the park.
 * The park and Kelvin Way appear in Louise Welsh's novel, The Cutting Room.
 * OUTrun, a 5 mile race, hosted by Glasgow FrontRunners takes place in the park every August.
 * The park features prominently in the Bill Forsyth film That Sinking Feeling.
 * The Bathers, a Scottish band, published their album Kelvingrove Baby in 1997.

title: Kelvingrove Park


text:
Talk:Matthew Smith (games programmer)

"While many games at the time were quite basic and amateur"
Surely this is a matter of Opinon..There were other games around of equal quality and gameplay. For Example Lunar Jetman, Atic Atac 82.36.215.64 (talk) 07:31, 22 August 2008 (UTC) E Evans 82.36.215.64 (talk) 07:31, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I removed the POV tag. It says "many games", not "all games", so that's no contradiction to the existence of other quality games. I agree that the formulation is rather vague, if you can come up with something better, replace it, but there's no point in tagging the whole article for an insignificant passage.—Graf Bobby (talk) 04:55, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Videogame Nation interview
I'm beginning to upload my vidcap of Matthew Smith's interview at the Videogame Nation exhibition at the Manchester Urbis, here. Suggested citation fields: Subtituting the url for a link to an appropriate video segement. Marasmusine (talk) 15:09, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Matthew Smith (games programmer)


text:
Seth Stammler

Seth Stammler (born September 29, 1981, in Columbus, Ohio) is an American former professional soccer player who spent his entire playing career with the New York Red Bulls in Major League Soccer.

College
Stammler attended Gahanna Middle School East and Gahanna Lincoln High School, and played four years of college soccer at the University of Maryland, captaining the team in his sophomore, junior, and senior seasons. He appeared in 87 matches for Maryland scoring 8 goals.

Professional
Stammler was selected 18th overall in the 2004 MLS SuperDraft by the MetroStars. However, during preseason, Stammler suffered an ankle injury that kept him out for much of the season. Joining the squad late in the year, Stammler registered only a minute of playing time as a rookie. He saw more playing time in his second season, and played effectively in left midfield in the playoffs.

The 2006 season saw Stammler establish himself as the club's starting left side midfielder. His versatility and overall solid play saw him appear in 29 matches (27 starts) in which he registered three goals and five assists. Stammler scored his first MLS goal May 20, 2006 with a long-range shot against Chivas USA. He added a header for his second goal in the same game in a 5-4 Red Bull win.

In 2007 Stammler began the season as the team's starting defensive midfielder. His tenacious play helped guide the club to an impressive start. Later in the season Stammler was shifted to defense due to his ability to play the ball out of the back. He concluded the campaign appearing in 29 matches (28 starts), registering two assists. In 2008 Stammler continued his solid play appearing in 26 matches and scoring one goal. He also served as the club's vice-captain, a role he continued to serve during the 2009 season in which he appeared in 26 league matches. In 2008 Stammler scored against Barcelona in a 6–2 loss.

During the 2010 campaign coach Hans Backe decided to take advantage of Stammler's versatility utilizing him as a left sided midfielder as well as in his familiar role of a holding midfielder. On June 5, 2010, Stammler helped New York to a 1–0 victory over Chivas USA scoring on a long-range shot reminiscent of the goal he scored against Chivas in 2006 which was his first MLS goal.

In September 2010, Stammler announced that he would be retiring at the close of the 2010 season to attend The University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Seth Stammler is now employed by Morgan Stanley and works on the municipal bond desk.

International
During his days as a college player Stammler played with the U.S. Under-23 in Portugal as a defender. In 2008 in an interview Stammler said former USA national team captain Claudio Reyna mentioned his name to Bob Bradley but a call up never came.

Personal
Stammler is involved with a non-profit organization named The Sporting Chance Foundation. The foundation aims to help Haitian children gain access to education, and provides clean water through building community water wells.

Club
New York Red Bulls
 * MLS Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 2008
 * MLS Eastern Conference
 * Winners (Regular Season) (1): 2010
 * MLS Western Conference
 * Winners (Playoff) (1): 2008
 * Minor Trophies
 * Atlantic Cup (2): 2003, 2010
 * La Manga Cup (1): 2004
 * Walt Disney World Pro Soccer Classic (1): 2010

Individual

 * MLS Humanitarian of the Year: 2010

title: Seth Stammler


text:
Joe Hawke

Joseph Parata Hohepa Hawke (1940 – 22 May 2022) was a New Zealand politician and Māori land rights activist.

He is renowned for his leadership of the 1977–1978 Bastion Point occupation. He also supported respected leader and close friend Dame Whina Cooper on the 1975 Māori Land March. In 1977, Hawke became the very first claimant to be heard by the Waitangi tribunal. His claim, Wai 1, concerned fishing rights and regulations on the Waitematā.

Joe was a member of Parliament for the Labour Party from 1996 to 2002.

Early life and career
Hawke was born in 1940 and raised in Ōrākei, living initially in a simple corrugated iron hut. His father was a waterfront worker and his family experienced the 1951 waterfront dispute firsthand. Local housing authorities encouraged the families in his community to exchange the land they lived on for more modern houses elsewhere with electricity. However, Hawke's grandmother stressed the importance of land. To prove her point she sat him down on one occasion and put a lump of soil in one hand and six pennies in his other asking him think to about which of the two would last longer.

Inspired by his grandmother's point he formed the Ōrākei Māori Action Committee in 1976, to take action to halt a land subdivision on the Auckland waterfront. The Ngāti Whātua iwi claimed the land had been taken unjustly from them by the crown and the subdivision plan (for a private housing development) would have left Ngāti Whātua with less than a hectare of remaining land. Hawke led the occupation of Takaparawhau / Bastion Point in 1977, defying then prime minister Robert Muldoon to protest the development. The Muldoon government offered in February 1978 to return some land and houses to the iwi provided they pay $200,000 in development costs. They refused the offer. During the occupation there was fire in a tent on 26 September 1977 which caused the death of Hawke's niece Joanne. He and the protesters stayed on the land for a total of 506 days before the police and army evicted and arrested them on 25 May 1978.

Seven years later, after a law change extended the Waitangi Tribunal's jurisdiction back to 1840, Ngāti Whātua's claim in Ōrākei was the first historical claim to be heard. A 1987 report by the tribunal recommended the land be returned to Ngāti Whātua. In 1988 the government agreed.

Before entering Parliament, he worked as a consultant and a company director. He was involved with a number of Māori organisations and the Mai FM radio station. He was a lay preacher for the Open Brethren.

Member of Parliament
He was first elected to Parliament in the 1996 election as a list MP, having unsuccessfully contested the Te Tai Tokerau seat against incumbent Tau Henare of New Zealand First. In the 1999 election, he remained a list MP, opting not to stand in an electorate.

In 1997 Hawke collapsed from an angina attack while attending the tangi (funeral) of Matiu Rata. After corrective surgery he gave up eating mutton birds and pork bones and promoted the importance of healthy eating. He also pushed for smoke-free marae (having previously given up smoking himself several years earlier), and called for a nationwide hepatitis B screening programme as the disease particularly affected Māori and Pacific Island people.

Hawke announced he would retire as an MP at the 2002 election, stating he would return to his previous involvement in various iwi businesses as well as tourism and development ventures.

Post-political career
In the 2008 Queen's Birthday Honours, Hawke was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to Māori and the community.

In December 2021, Hawke was bestowed with an honorary Doctor of Law (LLD) degree from Auckland University - Waipapa Taumata Rau.

He died on 22 May 2022, aged 82 and was buried at Takaparawhau, the land he fought to return to his iwi.

title: Joe Hawke


text:
List of Interstate Highways in Alaska

The Interstate Highways in Alaska are all owned and maintained by the US state of Alaska. The Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities (DOT&PF) is responsible for the maintenance and operations of the Interstate Highways. The Interstate Highway System in Alaska comprises four highways that cover 1082.22 mi. The longest of these is Interstate A-1 (A-1), at 408.23 mi long, while the shortest route is A-3, at 148.12 mi long. All Interstates in Alaska are unsigned and are not generally referred to by their highway numbers.

Interstates in Alaska follow the numbering system Interstate A-n, where n represents the number of the Interstate. This follows the similar numbering systems for Hawaii and Puerto Rico. The Interstate Highway System was expanded to Alaska in 1976, by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1976, which defined the system for Interstates in Alaska and Puerto Rico under.

Most of the lengths of the Interstates in Alaska are not constructed to Interstate Highway standards but are small, rural, two-lane undivided highways. Title 23 provides that "Highways on the Interstate System in Alaska and Puerto Rico shall be designed in accordance with such geometric and construction standards as are adequate for current and probable future traffic demands and the needs of the locality of the highway." Some portions of these highways are built to Interstate standards, though. The Seward Highway, part of A-3, is built to freeway standards in Anchorage. The Glenn Highway, which is part of A-1, is built to freeway standards from Anchorage to Wasilla. A very small portion of the George Parks Highway, A-4, is constructed to freeway standards in Wasilla. In and around Fairbanks, the Richardson Highway, part of A-2, is constructed to freeway standards. In addition to these highways, the Johansen Expressway, in Fairbanks, and the Minnesota Drive Expressway, in Anchorage, are constructed to expressway standards.

title: List of Interstate Highways in Alaska


text:
Waikouaiti River

The Waikouaiti River is found to the north of Dunedin in Otago, New Zealand. It flows to the Pacific Ocean at Karitane, close to the town of Waikouaiti.

The Waikouaiti River is the largest in East Otago.

title: Waikouaiti River


text:
Charles Hawtrey

Charles Hawtrey may refer to:

*Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1858) (1858–1923), British stage (and early silent film) actor, producer and theatre manager
 * Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1914) (1914–1988), British film and television actor, born George Hartree, best known for the Carry On films

title: Charles Hawtrey


text:
Vissel Kobe

Vissel Kobe (ヴィッセル神戸) is a Japanese professional football club based in Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture. The club plays in the J1 League, which is the top tier of football in the country. They are currently the J1 League champions. The club's home stadium is Noevir Stadium Kobe, in Hyōgo-ku, though some home matches are played at Kobe Universiade Memorial Stadium in Suma-ku.

Beginnings in Chugoku
The club was founded in 1966 as the semi-professional Kawasaki Steel Soccer Club in Kurashiki, Okayama Prefecture. It was first promoted to the Japan Soccer League Division 2 in 1986, and stayed there until the JSL folded in 1992. As their performance in the old second tier had been in the bottom nine clubs, they were put into the Japan Football League Division 2 (new third tier overall in the Japanese football league system) and stayed there until the tiers were reunited into a single second tier for 1994.

Move to Kansai and professionalism
In 1995, the city of Kobe reached an agreement with Kawasaki Steel, the parent company, to move the club to Kobe and compete for a spot in the professional J.League as Vissel Kobe. Vissel is a combination of the words "victory" and "vessel", in recognition of Kobe's history as a port city. (Owing to its importance to the city of Kobe, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, parent company of former team patron Kawasaki Steel, remains a Vissel Kobe sponsor. Kawasaki Steel was eventually sold off to become part of JFE Holdings.)

Vissel Kobe began play in 1994 in the Japan Football League, a league below J.League, and the supermarket chain Daiei was slated as the club's primary investor. However, the economic downturn following the Great Hanshin earthquake forced Daiei to pull out and the city of Kobe became responsible for operating the club.

Despite finishing 2nd in the JFL in 1996, Vissel was promoted to the J.League (the champions, Honda FC, refused to abandon their corporate ownership and become a professional club) and began play in the top division of Japanese football in 1997. However, due to mismanagement, including the inability to secure investors and sponsors, Vissel was unable to contend for the league title. In December, 2003, mounting financial losses forced the club to file for bankruptcy protection.

Crimson Group years (2004–2014)
In January 2004, Vissel was sold to Crimson Group, parent company of online merchant Rakuten, whose president is Kobe native Hiroshi Mikitani. Vissel's first signing under the Mikitani regime, İlhan Mansız, who was acquired partly to capitalize on his popularity during the 2002 FIFA World Cup hosted in Korea and Japan, was a massive failure – the Turkish forward played just three matches before leaving the team because of a knee injury. Mikitani also alienated supporters by changing the team uniform colours from black and white stripes to crimson, after his Crimson Group and the colour of his alma mater, Harvard Business School. The Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles, a baseball team also owned by Rakuten but based in Sendai and Rakuten Monkeys, a baseball team in Taoyuan, Taiwan, wear the same colours.

Vissel finished 11th in the league in 2004, the same position as the previous year, and finished 18th and last place in 2005, resulting in automatic relegation from J.League Division 1, or J1, to J2. During the two-year span, Vissel had five different head coaches. 2006 was Vissel's first season in J2 after nine years in the top division of soccer in Japan. They finished 3rd in the 2006 season and were promoted to J1 after beating Avispa Fukuoka in the promotion/relegation play-offs.

During the period of 2007 to 2011 Vissel finished in the bottom half of the table each year. In 2012 they finished 16th, third from last, and were again relegated to J2. In 2013, Vissel finished in second place, 4 points behind Gamba Osaka, which secured their return to J1 for the 2014 season.

On 6 December 2014, Rakuten Inc. bought the team from the Crimson Group.

Rakuten years and first successes (2015–present)
In 2017, Vissel signed 2014 FIFA World Cup winner Lukas Podolski. He was the first international prominent player Vissel was able to sign since Michael Laudrup in 1996. Shortly after in May 2018, Vissel signed another 2010 FIFA World Cup winner Andrés Iniesta from FC Barcelona. In December 2018 Vissel Kobe managed to sign also David Villa from New York City. The Spanish striker scored 13 goals in 28 games. Alongside Sergi Samper and Andrés Iniesta, Villa was the third Spaniard in the team in that season in which they guided Vissel Kobe to win the 2019 Emperor's Cup.

On 1 January 2020, first time finalist Vissel beat Kashima Antlers in the 2019 Emperor's Cup final at the recently opened New National Stadium to win the first title in the club history. The furthest Kobe had been in the Emperor's Cup was the semi-finals of 2000 and 2017. This was also Spanish striker David Villa's last professional match. Vissel also qualified for the 2020 AFC Champions League for the first time. On 8 February 2020, Vissel beat Yokohama F. Marinos in which the scoreline was 3–3 which was furthered all the way until the penalties shootout in which Vissel Kobe won 2–3 on penalties to win their first Japanese Super Cup title and respectively their second national title ever. On 12 February 2020, Vissel played their first AFC Champions League match against Malaysian league champions, Johor Darul Ta'zim at home winning them 5–1 in which Keijiro Ogawa scored a hat-trick in the match. The club than managed to have a good run in the competition all the way until the semi-finals facing against eventual winners Korean Ulsan Hyundai however, Vissel was knocked out by the Korean club losing 2–1 in extra time in which the club conceded a reckless penalty.

In 2021, Vissel achieved an historic third place in the table, thus qualifying for the 2022 AFC Champions League yet again in which the club had another good run in the campaign before losing to Korean Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors 3–1 in the quarter-finals.

On 3 September 2023, Vissel signed World Class midfielder, Juan Mata as a replacement for Andrés Iniesta who had decided to leave the club after 6 years. On 25 November 2023, Vissel Kobe was confirmed as J1 League champions for the first time in history, following a 2–1 win over Nagoya Grampus in the second last week of the season. Kobe thus became the first Japanese football champions to be promoted to the top tier after the J.League era started, as well as the first to play third division football (the old Japan Football League Division 2) before winning the title. On 17 February 2024, Vissel played their second Japanese Super Cup appearance against 2023 Emperor's Cup winner, Kawasaki Frontale but lost 1–0.

Affiliated clubs
On 19 October 2023, English Premier League club, Aston Villa is delighted to announce a new collaborative partnership with Vissel Kobe, further strengthening the international network and player development pipeline in which as part of this exciting step forward for both clubs, Villa and Vissel Kobe will work to create a bilateral development framework for players and staff which will enhance youth development, alongside the cooperative sharing of ideas, techniques and best practice. The partnership will look to further open up pathways for talented Japanese players to play in Europe and, ultimately, at Aston Villa. This synergy between the clubs will also extend to first team level, with the exchange of technical knowledge and coaching methodology together with collaboration in the areas of performance, scouting & recruitment, data analysis and overall squad management.
 * 🏴 Aston Villa

Stadium
Since 2003, the home stadium is Noevir Stadium Kobe. The stadium has a capacity of 30,132.

Vissel Kobe U-18
The main U-18 team of Vissel Kobe currently plays in the Prince Takamado U-18 Premier League, the top-flight league for U-18 clubs in the country. Only the registered players for the competition will be displayed.

League history

 * Chugoku Soccer League: 1978–85 (as Kawasaki Steel Mizushima)
 * Division 2 (Japan Soccer League Div. 2): 1986–91 (Kawasaki Steel Mizushima until 1987; Kawasaki Steel afterwards)
 * Division 3 (Old JFL Div. 2): 1992–93 (as Kawasaki Steel)
 * Division 2 (Old JFL): 1994–96 (Kawasaki Steel 1994; Vissel Kobe since 1995)
 * Division 1 (J.League): 1997–2005
 * Division 2 (J.League Division 2): 2006
 * Division 1 (J.League Division 1): 2007–12
 * Division 2 (J.League Division 2): 2013
 * Division 1 (J1 League): 2014–present

Total (as of 2024): 26 seasons in the top tier, 11 seasons in the second tier, 2 seasons in the third tier and 8 seasons in the Regional Leagues.

Record as J.League member

 * Key
 * Pos. = Position in league; P = Games played; W = Games won; D = Games drawn; L = Games lost; F = Goals scored; A = Goals conceded; GD = Goals difference; Pts = Points gained
 * OTW / PKW = Overtime wins / penalty kicks wins 1997 and 1998 seasons – 1999, 2000, 2001 & 2002 overtime wins only
 * OTL / PKL = Overtime losses / penalty kicks losses 1997 and 1998 seasons – 1999, 2000 & 2001 overtime losses only
 * Attendance/G = Average home league attendance
 * † 2020 & 2021 seasons attendances reduced by COVID-19 worldwide pandemic
 * Source: J.League Data Site

title: Vissel Kobe


text:
Růžena Jesenská

Růžena Jesenská (b. 1863 Prague, d. 1940 Prague), was a decadent writer, a follower of Julius Zeyer. She was a member of the Czech Academy of Sciences (elected 1929), sister of Marie Jesenská and aunt of writer Milena Jesenská. Jesenská wrote novels, plays, short stories, children's books, and over 50 collections of poetry. Although few works by Czech women writers have been translated into English, writers, such as Jesenská, were widely published and read.

Biography
Růžena Jesenská was born into a family of many children and was the oldest daughter of an official who later became a businessman. She began training as a teacher in 1878 at St. Thomas Girls’ school in Prague, the same school she attended as a girl, and later taught at various schools in Prague. At the Fin de siècle in 1907, she was forced to retire from teaching and entered a career in journalism.

Jesenská traveled extensively through the Baltic countries, France, Italy, and Russia and published under the pseudonyms, Eva Z Hluboké and Martin Věžník. Her first novella was published in the journal, Světozor, under the male pseudonym, Martin Věžník. She first wrote didactic literature for girls and young women before writing poems, drama, and novels, including 3 biographical novels. Her writing largely excludes the sentimentalism found in other Czech women's writing of the 1880s, and instead, she incorporates symbolism through "truncated images and syntax." Critic Jan Opolsky describes her writing as "against the current," and Max Brod critiqued "her chauvinistic Czech attitudes and philistine outlook."

Rudé západy (Crimson Sunsets, 1904)
At her own expensive, Jesenská published this collection of poems which constitute "a sensualist hymn to sexual passion." There is suspicion among critics that these poems describe her secret relationship with painter and photographer, Alfons Mucha.

Mladi (1926)

Jesenská accounts for "moral confrontations and animosities that affected advancement in her career" in this autobiographical collection of poems.

Jarmila (1894) and its sequel, Jarní píseň (Song of Spring, 1902)
These novels provide manuals of etiquette for bourgeois young women.

Román dítěte (Romance of a Child, 1905)
In this psychological study of girl entering prostitution, Jesenská explores love as "an inspiration for vitality" and the power of rejected love to mentally and physically destroy.

Mimo svět (A World Apart, 1909)
Jesenská's volume of 14 stories with narration that is often wooden and melodramatic. Many center around topics of incest, oppressive lesbian love, and present the woman as a victim. Decadent themes and motifs presented include "the outsider, ‘abnormal’ sexuality, and the association of sex and death." This volume inspired the title of Kathleen Hayes' anthology, A world apart and other stories: Czech women writers at the Fin de siècle.

Tanecnice (The Dancer, 1912)
Jesenská paints a psychologically-detailed portrait of the first-person-narrator heroine.

Estera (published and performed 1909)
Estera is a symbolist tragedy set in Renaissance Bohemia and composed in iambic pentameters.

Attila (published and performed 1919)

Attila is a Neo-Romantic play that concerns the battle between passion (Germanic) and love (Slav).

Other Literary Contributions
Jesenská published in newspapers for women, including Ženské listy, Ženský obzor, and Časopis učitelek. She was briefly a theater critic for Ženský svět (Women's World) in 1921. Founded prior to World War I, these periodicals covering "the woman question" moved discussions of women and gender into the cultural sphere.

Jesenská was a regular contributor to the Czech literary magazine, Zlata, Praha, and edited the children's periodical, Dětské Besedy Máje (Children's Maytime chat).

title: Růžena Jesenská


text:
Talk:Ramadan

Can someone fix the vandalism on this page?
"Allah Kabir met Prophet Moohamd and showed him Jannat. And there is no evidence of fasting giving spiritual benefits in the scripture of any religion.[66]"

The Prophet's name is Muhammad (peace be upon him) and the citation doesn't support the claim that fasting provides no spiritual benefits

Ramadan
It's important because your sins can be forgiven in this month 92.8.229.78 (talk) 19:48, 25 February 2023 (UTC)

Hi there, the date needs to be changed
The date of start of Ramadan needs to be changed, from 22nd March to 23rd March. Thank you if someone changes it. 114.29.226.43 (talk) 10:52, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

 * The period technically starts at sunset the day before the first full-day of fasting, I believe. Iskandar323 (talk) 11:25, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 24 March 2023
Please add the “رمضان“ under “Kashmiri” language. I see there are many languages but Kashmiri is missing. Kashmiri people who observe Ramadhan are all around the globle. Thank you. 2405:201:5503:C108:F552:86B4:8F6C:7E61 (talk) 00:37, 24 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. M.Bitton (talk) 00:47, 24 March 2023 (UTC)

"Puasa" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puasa&redirect=no Puasa] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at until a consensus is reached. ✠ SunDawn ✠   (contact)   11:44, 24 March 2023 (UTC)

Pah
Get ur rutytytt 196.223.148.63 (talk) 13:53, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

Can i use some paragraphs of this wikipedia entry for one of my journals
Salam Alaikom

Can i use some paragraphs of this wikipedia entry for one of my journals?

Thank you 143.93.42.189 (talk) 15:31, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

 * 143.93.42.189 2404:1C40:D3:94BD:6465:16FF:FED4:3AD7 (talk) 00:57, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

Redundancies and long-winded writing (part 1)
"Exemptions from fasting include those traveling, menstruating, severely ill, pregnant, or breastfeeding. However, Muslims in these categories may still choose to fast in order to satisfy their spiritual needs, even though it is not recommended by hadith." --- I suggest writing "Exemptions from fasting may include those traveling, menstruating, severely ill..." and then cutting the second sentence. Then it would be obvious that anyone who wants to fast can always do so. The business about spiritual needs is not for us to decide (many religious actions are not motivated by "spiritual needs") and should be deleted in any case. --Melchior2006 (talk) 14:36, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Carried out. Thanks. -- Melchior2006 (talk) 14:57, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

Redundancies and long-winded writing (part 2)
"In addition to abstaining from eating and drinking during this time, Muslims abstain from sexual relations and sinful speech and behaviour during Ramadan fasting or month." Since we had "during this time" in the first part of the sentence, it is redundant to state "during Ramadan" at the end of the sentence. I suggest cutting the long-winded repetition. -- Melchior2006 (talk) 14:40, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Carried out. Thanks. -- Melchior2006 (talk) 14:57, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

Redundancies and long-winded writing (part 3)
"Muslims believe that Ramadan teaches them ... sacrifice, and empathy for those who are less fortunate" -- then we have at the end of the sentence: "fasting helps instill compassion for the food-insecure poor." Since "less fortunate" was at the beginning, "food-insecure poor" at the end is redundant. I suggest cutting the long-winded repetition. -- Melchior2006 (talk) 14:43, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Carried out. Thanks. -- Melchior2006 (talk) 14:57, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ramadan


text:
Gavan Herlihy

Gavan Herlihy (born 16 January 1947) is a New Zealand former politician. He was educated at St. Kevin's College and University of Canterbury. He was a member of Parliament for the National Party from 1996 to 2002.

Before entering politics, Herlihy was a farmer.

Member of Parliament
Herlihy was first elected to Parliament in the 1996 election as MP for Otago, and was re-elected in the 1999 election. In the 2002 election, he lost narrowly to David Parker of the Labour Party.

This loss was surprising to many commentators, as the Otago region has traditionally regarded as a safely in National hands. Herlihy narrowly missed out on becoming a list MP, being two places below the cut-off line.

After parliament
On 1 July 2011 Herlihy was appointed to the board of Landcare Research.

Herlihy is involved in rural support trusts.

title: Gavan Herlihy


text:
Scott Buete

Scott Buete (born July 23, 1980, in Bowie, Maryland) is a retired American soccer player and soccer coach who last played for the Baltimore Blast. He is currently the assistant coach of the Maryland Terrapins men's soccer program.

College
Buete played five years for the University of Maryland from 1999 to 2003, starting in 89 games. He finished his career scoring 11 goals, and assisting on 24 more. Buete was named a first team NSCAA All-American his senior year.

Professional
After graduating from Maryland, Buete was drafted 9th overall by the Chicago Fire in the 2004 MLS SuperDraft. Buete played a supporting role his first year, playing 702 minutes over 13 games, while filling in when needed for Chris Armas and Jesse Marsch. After seeing even less time in 2005 due to a bad midseason injury, he was released during the 2006 preseason.

He then signed with the Atlanta Silverbacks of the USL First Division. The Baltimore Blast selected Buete in the fourth round of the 2006 Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL) Dispersal Draft. He played his first game with the Blast on October 9, 2007, winning the 2007–2008 MISL championship with the Blast. This led to Buete joining the Silverbacks after the 2008 season began as the MISL championship series ran into the USL season. MISL collapsed after the 2007–2008 season and the Blast moved to the newly created National Indoor Soccer League. Buete returned to the Blast for the 2008–2009 NISL season as well as the 2009–10 and 2010-11 MISL seasons, as the team NISL obtained rights to the Major League Indoor Soccer moniker.

In January 2009, the Atlanta Silverbacks announced they had withdrawn from USL-1 for the 2009 season and Buete signed with the Charleston Battery on April 3, 2009.

Buete signed with new USSF Division 2 franchise FC Tampa Bay in January 2010. He was released by the club on February 22, 2011.

Coaching career
In May 2014, Buete joined Sasho Cirovski's coaching staff at the University of Maryland. He has been an assistant coach with the program since then.

title: Scott Buete


text:
Jan Jesenský Jr.

Jan Jesenský Jr. (1904–1942) was a scientist and collaborator of Professor Jan Jesenský at Prague Stomatologic Clinic, assistant professor at Prague University.

Jesenský was born in Prague. After the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Hitler, he became a member of a secret military resistance organisation. In 1942 he was arrested by the Gestapo and tortured to death in the Mauthausen concentration camp, Austria.

Jesenský was a cousin of Milena Jesenská.

title: Jan Jesenský Jr.


text: Category:Abbey Theatre

title: Category:Abbey Theatre


text:
Sumed Ibrahim

Sumed Ibrahim (born December 30, 1980, in Tamale, Ghana) is a Ghanaian soccer player.

Career
Ibrahim played five years of college soccer at the University of Maryland, playing in a total of 86 games while registering 25 goals and 28 assists. He was twice named an NSCAA first team All-American, and was a leading candidate for the Hermann Award his senior season.

After graduating from Maryland, Ibrahim was drafted 20th overall in the 2004 MLS SuperDraft by the Chicago Fire. He did not make much of an impact with the team his rookie season, playing only 82 minutes and garnering just a single start. The Fire released him after the season, and he signed with Harrisburg.

Ibrahim played two seasons with the City Islanders and also featured for the indoor Baltimore Blast during the 2005–06 winter season.

title: Sumed Ibrahim


text:
Beer bottle

A beer bottle is a bottle designed as a container for beer. Such designs vary greatly in size and shape, but the glass commonly is brown or green to reduce spoilage from light, especially ultraviolet.

The most widely established alternatives to glass containers for beer in retail sales are beverage cans and aluminium bottles; for larger volumes kegs are in common use.

Bottling lines
Bottling lines are production lines that fill beer into bottles on a large scale.

The process is typically as follows: Many smaller breweries send their bulk beer to large facilities for contract bottling—though some will bottle by hand.
 * 1) Filling a bottle in a filling machine (filler) typically involves drawing beer from a holding tank
 * 2) Capping the bottle, labeling it
 * 3) Packing the bottles into cases or cartons

The first step in bottling beer is depalletising, where the empty bottles are removed from the original packaging delivered from the manufacturer, so that individual bottles may be handled. The bottles may then be rinsed with filtered water or air, and may have carbon dioxide injected into them in attempt to reduce the level of oxygen within the bottle. The bottle then enters a "filler" which fills the bottle with beer and may also inject a small amount of inert gas (CO2 or nitrogen) on top of the beer to disperse oxygen, as O2 can ruin the quality of the product by oxidation.

Next the bottle enters a labelling machine ("labeller") where a label is applied. The product is then packed into boxes and warehoused, ready for sale.

Depending on the magnitude of the bottling endeavour, there are many different types of bottling machinery available. Liquid level machines fill bottles so they appear to be filled to the same line on every bottle, while volumetric filling machines fill each bottle with exactly the same amount of liquid. Overflow pressure fillers are the most popular machines with beverage makers, while gravity filling machines are the most cost-effective. In terms of automation, inline filling machines are most popular, but rotary machines are much faster albeit much more expensive.

Stubby and steinie
A short glass bottle used for beer is generally called a stubby, or originally a steinie. Shorter and flatter than standard bottles, stubbies pack into a smaller space for transporting. The steinie was introduced in the 1930s by Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company and derived their name from their similarity to the shape of a beer stein, which was emphasized in marketing. The bottles are sometimes made with thick glass so that the bottle can be cleaned and reused before being recycled. The capacity of a stubby is generally somewhere between 330 and 375 mL; the Canadian stubby bottle is traditionally 341 mL, while the U.S. longneck was 355 mL. Some of the expected advantages of stubby bottles are: ease of handling; less breakage; lighter in weight; less storage space; and lower center of gravity.

After the end of Prohibition in the U.S. in 1933, many breweries began marketing beer in steel cans. The glass industry responded by devising short bottles with little necks, nicknamed stubbies, and types with short necks were called steinies. Capacities varied, with 12oz being the most common size used for soft drinks. The steinie dominated in the U.S. by 1950, and the neck became longer, such as seen with the familiar Budweiser bottle. Stubbies were popular in Canada until the 1980s. Today, standard SP Lager from Papua New Guinea and Victoria Bitter in Australia, are some of the few beers still sold in 12oz neckless stubbies. The U.S. steinie shape now dominates for small beer bottles the world over, in sizes from half-pint to the European 500ml. The word stubbie is now only in common use in Australia and Canada. In Australia it is generally referred to as a 'stubby'.

Stubbies are used extensively in Europe, and were used almost exclusively in Canada from 1962 to 1986 as part of a standardization effort intended to reduce breakage, and the cost of sorting bottles when they were returned by customers. Due to their nostalgic value, stubbies were reintroduced by a number of Canadian craft brewers in the early 2000s. In the U.S., stubbies have generally fallen out of favour, with only a few brands still using them such as the Session Lager by the Full Sail Brewing Company, Switchback Brewing Co in Burlington, Vermont, US and Red Stripe, a Jamaican brand import. Coors Brewing Company uses the stubby form for nostalgic packaging of Coors Banquet.

Belgium
Belgian beer is usually packaged in 330 mL bottles in four or six packs, or in 750 mL bottles similar to those used for Champagne. Some beers, usually lambics and fruit lambics are also bottled in 375 mL servings.

Britain
Through the latter part of the 20th century, most British brewers used a standard design of bottle, known as the London Brewers' Standard. This was in brown glass, with a conical medium neck in the pint and with a rounded shoulder in the half-pint and nip sizes. Pints, defined as 568 mL, and half-pints, or 284 mL were the most common, but some brewers also bottled in nip (1/3-pint) and quart (2-pint) sizes. It was for example mostly barley wines that were bottled in nips, and Midlands breweries such as Shipstone of Nottingham that bottled in quarts. This standardisation simplified the automation of bottling and made it easier for customers to recycle bottles as they were interchangeable. They carried a deposit charge, which in the 1980s rose to seven pence for a pint and five pence for a half-pint. Some brewers however used individual bottle designs: among these were Samuel Smith Old Brewery, which used an embossed clear bottle, and Scottish and Newcastle, which used a clear bottle for their Newcastle Brown Ale (both designs survive in the 500 mL size today). Other brewers such as Timothy Taylor had used their own embossed bottles and rare examples continued to be reused into the 1980s. During the 1980s the industry turned away from refillable bottles and UK beer bottles are now all one-trip, and most are 500 mL (16.9 U.S. fl oz; 17.6 imp fl oz) or 330 mL in volume. The compulsory high recycled-content of these bottles makes them very dark and the lack of temper makes them chip easily when being opened.

Netherlands (pijpje)
Most beer producers in the Netherlands sell their beers in a brown 300 mL bottle. Its official name is Bruin Nederlands Retour CBK-fles (Brown Dutch Return CBK Bottle), with CBK standing for Centraal Brouwerij Kantoor, the former name of the Dutch trade association of larger breweries, Nederlandse Brouwers. The name is abbreviated as BNR-fles, but the bottle is more commonly known as pijpje (little pipe).

The total length of the bottle is 207 mm, with a conical neck of about one-third of that length. The bottles carry a 10-cent deposit. The breweries share a pool of re-usable bottles of the same type.

Germany
In Germany, approximately 99% of beer bottles are reusable deposit bottles and are either 330 or. At any given time, an estimated 2 billion beer bottles are in circulation in Germany, each of which sees an average of 36 reuses. The deposit for beer bottles sealed with crown corks is €0.08; for bottles with flip-top closures, the deposit is €0.15.

The Euro bottle was the main shape in use until the 1980s, when many breweries began to switch over to NRW and Longneck bottles, both of which are available as 330ml and 500ml bottles. The market leader is the NRW bottle with a market share of 39%, followed by Longneck at 33%. Many smaller, traditional breweries have retained the Euro bottle as part of their corporate identity, particularly Augustiner, Tegernseer, and Schlenkerla.

Longneck, Industry Standard Bottle (ISB) or North American longneck
A North American longneck is a type of beer bottle with a long neck. It is known as the standard longneck bottle or industry standard bottle (ISB). The ISB longnecks have a uniform capacity, height, weight and diameter and can be reused on average 16 times. The U.S. ISB longneck is 355 mL. In Canada, in 1992, the large breweries all agreed to use a 341 mL longneck bottle of standard design (named AT2), thus replacing the traditional stubby bottle and an assortment of brewery-specific long-necks which had come into use in the mid-1980s.

Large bottles
In the United States and Canada, large bottles are 22 U.S.floz, or one-sixth of a US gallon (colloquially called a "bomber," a "deuce deuce," or "double deuce"). Some breweries also choose to use 500 mL bottles, often for smaller batches of beer.

The European and Australian standard large bottle is 750 mL and is also used occasionally in Canada. In South Africa they are referred to as a "quart"; in Australia they are known colloquially as a "longneck","king brown", "tallie", "largie" or simply a "bottle". A liter and 1.25 L are also in use.

Forty
A "forty" is American slang for a 40 U.S.floz bottle commonly used for cheaper varieties of beer and of malt liquor, though some 32 U.S.floz bottles are erroneously called forties.

Growler
A growler is a glass, ceramic, or stainless steel jug used to transport draught beer in the United States, Canada, Australia, Brazil and other countries. They are commonly sold at breweries and brewpubs as a means to sell take-out craft beer.

In the United States, a growler is 1/2 USgal. Less commonly can be found "growlerettes" or "howlers", which are half-growlers, or 32 U.S. fl oz.

Small bottles
There are also smaller bottles, called nips, ponies (United States), cuartitos (Mexico, "small fourth", in reference to the larger 355 mL media "half"), throwdowns or grenades (Australia), among other names.

In the United States, the size of these bottles is usually 7 U.S.floz, and are similar to the size of original Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola bottles. The term pony dates to the 19th century, and is due to the diminutive size, being used earlier for a pony glass, and similarly for a pony keg. The best-known brands of ponies are Rolling Rock (pony introduced 1939)and Miller High Life (pony introduced 1972), and the 7 oz size of Rolling Rock likely contributed to the standardization on this size. Other major brands, such as Budweiser and Coors, are also regionally available in 7 oz bottles; these were introduced in the early 1970s, following the introduction of the size for Miller High Life.

The popularity of Rolling Rock ponies has led to the folk etymology that "pony" is from the Rolling Rock horse logo. This is incorrect: the term "pony of beer" in the United States predates Rolling Rock (introduced 1939) by over 50 years, and advertising for Rolling Rock from the 1950s uses the term "pony bottle" generically, stating "... Rolling Rock is the Largest Selling 7 oz. Pony Bottle of premium beer in Pennsylvania".

Among Mexican beers, Corona sells 7 U.S.floz ponies and 7.1 U.S.floz cuartitos, branded as Coronita, from the Spanish diminutive -ita. The American-market 7 oz. ponies come in 6-packs and the Mexican market 210 mL cuartitos come in boxes of 12.

In Australia, a limited range of beers are available in a 250 mL bottle, nicknamed a throwdown or grenade.

Pony bottles are most popular for the on-premises market, where they are sold by the bucketful. The motivation in the 1970s was to target lighter drinkers, and to ensure that the lager beer stayed cold until finished. The market for beer in small bottles is smaller than that in regular size bottles, which cause added difficulties and expense: the bottles themselves are harder to source, and require either a separate bottling line or retooling the bottling line between runs. As a result, US craft breweries only rarely bottle in small bottles; temporary examples include Flying Dog Brewery (2007–2009) and Rogue Ales (2009–2011, using extra bottles from Flying Dog).

"Darwin Stubby"
A Darwin Stubby refers to several particularly large beer bottle sizes in Australia. It was first introduced in April 1958 with an 80 impfloz capacity. The 2 L Darwin Stubby is available by NT Draught in the Northern Territory. The 2.25 L Darwin Stubby has an iconic, if kitsch, status in Australian folklore.

"Caguama" and "Ballena" bottles
In Mexico, caguama and ballena are popular names for a 940 mL beer bottle. The beer brands that are sold in these bottles include Tecate, Carta Blanca, Sol, Indio, Victoria, Corona Familiar and Pacífico. The name "caguama" refers to the Loggerhead sea turtle, which is called "caguama" in Spanish, and is used mostly in central and eastern Mexico. There are larger sizes of beer bottle called a súper caguama or a caguamón. The name ballena is Spanish for whale, and is mostly used along the northern Pacific coast.

Closure
Bottled beer is sold with several types of bottle cap, but most often with crown caps, also known as crown seals. Some beers (for example Grolsch) are sold in "beugel" style bottles, known as "flip-top" or "swing top" in some English speaking countries. A number of beers are sold finished with a cork and muselet (or cage), similar to champagne closures. These closures were largely superseded by the crown cap at the end of the 19th century, but survive in some styles, typically Lambic ales. Many larger beers, including most forties and some growlers, use screw caps due to their resealing design.

Bottle fermentation
Some beers undergo a fermentation in the bottle, giving natural carbonation. These beers are usually referred to as bottle-conditioned. They are bottled with a viable yeast population in suspension and to start what may be a second or third fermentation. If there is no residual fermentable sugar left, sugar and or wort may be added in a process known as priming. The resulting fermentation generates CO2 that is trapped in the bottle, remaining in solution and providing natural carbonation. Bottle-conditioned beers may be either filled unfiltered direct from the fermentation or conditioning tank, or filtered and then reseeded with yeast.

Use as weapons
Beer bottles are sometimes used as makeshift clubs, for instance in bar fights. As with pint glasses, the use of glass bottles as weapons is known as glassing. Pathologists determined in 2009 that beer bottles are strong enough to crack human skulls, which requires an impact energy of between 14 and 70 joules, depending on the location. Empty beer bottles shatter at 40 joules, while full bottles shatter at only 30 joules because of the pressure of the carbonated beer inside the bottle. A test performed by the television show MythBusters suggested that full bottles are significantly more dangerous than empty bottles. They concluded that full bottles inflict more damage in terms of concussion and skull fracture. However, they found that both full and empty bottles do the same amount of scalp damage.

As with pint glasses, the main solution to glassing with bottles is not to dispense glass bottles where there is risk of fights or accidents, most simply either using plastic glasses or plastic bottles (or aluminium cans).

Lightstruck beer
Lightstruck, or "skunked" or "skunky", beer has been exposed to ultraviolet and visible light. The light causes riboflavin to react with and break down isohumulones, chemicals that contribute to the bitterness of the beer and are derived from the hops. A molecule resulting from a subsequent chain of reactions, prenylthiol, is very similar chemically and in odour to the musk-borne mercaptans that are a skunk's natural defences. It has also been identified as the primary odorant in cannabis that contributes to its skunk-like aroma.

In some cases, such as Miller High Life, a hops extract that does not have isohumulones is used to bitter the beer so it cannot be "lightstruck". A dark brown glass bottle gives some protection to the beer, but green and clear glass bottles offer virtually no protection at all.

There are also other solutions available to prevent beer bottled in clear and green glass from becoming skunked or light-struck, such as taller walls on 6-pack carriers, which is common with craft beers and highlighted in Samuel Adams marketing.

title: Beer bottle


text:
British Airways ethnic liveries

In 1997 British Airways (BA) adopted a new livery. One part of this was a newly stylised version of the British Airways "Speedbird" logo, the "Speedmarque", but the major change was the introduction of tail-fin art. Also known as the Utopia, World Tails and world image tailfins, they used art and designs from international artists and other sources to represent communities in countries served by BA's route network. The signature of the artist was carried near the design on the tail.

The new corporate logo was created by the London-based design agency Newell & Sorrell, who also oversaw the implementation of the tailfin designs.

The German designs refer to the BA subsidiary Deutsche BA, the French designs refer to the BA subsidiary Air Liberté, and the Australian designs refer to BA's alliance with Qantas.

Launch and reception
The adoption of this aircraft livery was seen as a move away from the traditional British image of the carrier. BA claimed that the previous Landor Associates scheme carried an air of arrogance and detachment, and insisted that the new tailfins were popular with international travelers. In addition to the new tail art, the crest and motto "To Fly. To Serve." were dropped from the livery to make the airline appear more "global and caring." In his speech at the launch, Chief Executive Robert Ayling declared that BA needed "a corporate identity that will enable [it] to become not just a UK carrier, but a global airline that is based in Britain" and the airline should better reflect the international image of the UK as "friendly, diverse and open to other cultures." The total cost of the rebranding was estimated at GB£60 million, of which GB£2m was paid to artists and the Newell and Sorrell design firm.

The initial rollout consisted of 15 distinct tail art designs. Quentin Newark later called the initiative "incredibly brave" and praised the work of Newell and Sorrell as "expressive [and] gleeful".

However, they were unpopular with many traditionalists in the UK, despite nine of the designs being inspired by either England, Scotland or Wales. Flight crews derided the new designs as "Air Zulu." Jonathan Glancey criticized the Utopia project as "muddle-headed and messy - ethnic designs turned into the equivalent of doll's-house wallpaper, things applied but not belonging", failing to give the airline a cohesive identity. Glancey added the ethnic designs "had the net effect of trivializing art and design from around the world", comparing their display to the patronizing attitude of the colonial era British Empire. Former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher showed her displeasure at the designs by covering one of the new tailfins (Animals and Trees) on a model 747 with tissue paper. She declared, "We fly the British flag, not these awful things" in 1997. Thatcher also indicated with these fins the airline would lose its identity. Amongst BA passengers, the highest rate of disapproval for the new designs was registered by business travelers between North America and Great Britain.

Virgin Atlantic took advantage of the controversy by applying a Union flag scheme to the front end of its aircraft. In their own 1999 relaunch, the flag was also applied to the vertical winglets of Virgin Atlantic's aircraft.

Review of use
While the majority of the designs were applied to a variety of aircraft models, one scheme (the stylised version of the Chatham Dockyard Union Flag) was used on Concorde only. By 1999, BA had repainted around half its fleet (170 aircraft) in its new colours but then Chief Executive, Robert Ayling, announced a review of this process. The aircraft already repainted would keep the new designs, but the remainder of the fleet (still showing the Landor design) would receive a variant of Concorde's Union Flag design. The announcement was timed to divert some attention from Virgin's relaunch. Chris Holt, the head of design management at BA who led the Utopia Project, resigned in October 1999.

A single 747-400 leased from British Airways to Qantas in 2000, registered as VH-NLH whilst operating in Australia (formerly G-BNLH), wore a hybrid livery complete with the Denmark Wings tail design. Under service with Qantas, the British Airways titles were removed and replaced with Qantas' own, but the remainder of the livery was left unchanged.

In May 2001 the new Chief Executive, Rod Eddington, announced the entire fleet would receive the new Union flag livery. The ethnic images would also be removed from baggage tags, menus, signage boarding passes and all company materials. Eddington argued that while an attempt to increase the airline's appeal was not a bad thing, the exercise had hurt the image of the carrier among its core customers – those that are attracted by the British identity. Eddington's opinions were echoed by Adam Hill, founder and partner of the advertising agency Designate, who stated that "name and logo are just small parts of the puzzle: to customers, the pride and heritage of this very British brand is what appeals, and swapping that out in order to appear modern and multicultural resulted in the very essence of the brand being diluted."

The final aircraft with a "Utopia" tail (Whale Rider) was retired in 2006, an Airbus A320-200 registered G-MEDA. Two Bombardier Dash 8 aircraft continued to operate with "Utopia" tails (G-BRYU, Benyhone Tartan; G-BRYV, Colum) for regional service until 2006, when both aircraft entered service for other airlines.

World tail liveries

 * Notes

Boeing 747
Reference:

Others
Reference:

title: British Airways ethnic liveries


text:
Peaks of Otter

The Peaks of Otter are three mountain peaks in the Blue Ridge Mountains, overlooking the town of Bedford, Virginia, which lies nine miles (14 km) to the southeast along State Route 43. These peaks are Sharp Top, Flat Top, and Harkening Hill.

The manmade Abbott Lake lies in the valley surrounded by the three peaks, behind the Peaks of Otter Lodge and restaurant. The National Park Service preserves the peaks and lake as part of the Blue Ridge Parkway.

Thomas Jefferson once wrote that "the mountains of the Blue Ridge, and of these the Peaks of Otter, are thought to be of a greater height, measured from their base, than any others in our country, and perhaps in North America." Of course this later turned out not to be the case, but not before Virginia had sent stones from the peaks to be its part of the Washington Monument.

History
At milepost marker 86 of the Blue Ridge Parkway stands the Peaks of Otter. Archaeological evidence under Abbott Lake indicates that Native Americans have been visiting the Peaks of Otter for at least 8,000 years for hunting, travel, and rest. European settlers started establishing the area in the mid-1700s. In 1766, Thomas Wood and his family from Pennsylvania settled a homestead on the area; National Park Service documents indicate other early residents included brothers Charles and Robert Ewing, who are asserted by some to have named the Peaks after the Ewing surname as it is pronounced in Scottish Gaelic – Clann Eóghain na h-Oitrich, or "Clan Ewing of Otter." This view may be given credence by similarly Otter-themed place names in Scotland, and the resemblance of Flat Top to Beinn Dorain in the ancestral Ewing area of Argyll and Bute. Other theories for the naming of the Peaks of Otter include the anglicizing of the Cherokee word "Otari" meaning "high places", or the naming of the mountains after the Otter River, which starts nearby and presumably got named for otters downstream.

In 1834, the first local inn was created by Polly Wood, a widow who opened an "Ordinary" in her log cabin where settlers could stay the night and get a warm meal. By the 1870s, Benjamin Wilkes had opened the famous Mons Hotel, and the Peaks of Otter was home to over 20 families, a school, a church, and the hotel. One of the families included the Johnson family, which lived for three generations until the 1930s on the now-preserved Johnson farmstead. By the early 1900s, the Peaks of Otter became a popular local tourist spot and became especially noticed by the National Park Service. Abbott Lake, the lake at the base of the peaks, was man made and created in 1964 along with the official Peaks of Otter Lodge, which still stands today.

Activities
The primary activity at Peaks of Otter is hiking. There are three main peaks: Flat Top, Sharp Top, and Harkening Hill in order from highest peak altitude to lowest peak altitude. Flat Top is the tallest, and Harkening Hill is the smallest. Sharp Top is the most famous hike with its spectacular 360° view at the top. There is also a separate cliff formation on the other side of Sharp Top called Buzzard's Roost, which also has good views. For those who cannot hike 1.5 mile and 1,300 ft elevation gain trail up to the top of Sharp Top, there is a shuttle service that people up to within a 15-minute walk from the top. Combined within the three peaks is a little over 12 miles of hiking and extra attractions along the way. There is a flat, one-mile paved trail around Abbott Lake along with a 1.6-mile-loop trail to a waterfall roughly 2 miles north on the Blue Ridge Parkway. Johnson Farm is a historically restored site along one of the side trails towards Harkening Hill. The house and outbuildings are preserved in their 1930s form along with gardens and a small orchard. Visitors can take free tours of the farmhouse from June–September. From June–October the National Park Service provides various Ranger programs. There is also a small visitor center run by the National Park Service.

Lodging includes the Peaks of Otter Lodge and the Peaks of Otter campground. There is also a large picnic area with outdoor grills.

From atop the peaks, the nearbytown of Bedford can be seen. On the summit of the far side of Sharp Top is the site where a B-25 bomber crashed into the mountain during a training exercise during World War II. The wreckage was never removed, as it was too heavy and the side of the mountain was too steep to retrieve it. There is a small memorial on a rock at the top of the site, but the majority of the plane can still be found along the mountain. A bigger, more recent D-Day Memorial is located in Bedford. You can also visit orchards and vineyards of the descendants of the Johnson and Gross families, who have been living in the area since the late 1800s.

title: Peaks of Otter


text:
Jan Jesenský

Jan Jesenský (1870 Prague – 1947 Prague), professor (1911) of stomatology at Prague University.

He was the founder and head of the Prague Stomatology Clinic until the German occupation in 1939, a member of the Bohemian Academy, a member of International Association for Dental Research (IADR), which he became Honorary Vice-President from 1933–1935, and co-founder of its Prague Section in 1932.

title: Jan Jesenský