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Ḫattušili II

Ḫattušili II (Hittite: "[man] from Hattusa") was a possible Hittite great king during the 15th or 14th century BC, perhaps reigning c. 1440–c. 1425 BC.

Evidence
The existence of a king named Ḫattušili in this period of Hittite history is disputed among scholars, and considered unlikely by many. Identification of such a king relies primarily on the historical introduction to the treaty between the Hittite great king Muršili II and his nephew Talmi-Šarruma, the king of Aleppo. Following references to the Hittite kings Ḫattušili I defeating, and Muršili I and Tudḫaliya destroying Aleppo, and preceding a reference to the intervention of the Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I, the relevant passage reads:
 * The king of Aleppo committed an offense [against] the king of Ḫanigalbat, but he also committed an offense against Ḫattušili, [King] of Ḫatti.
 * The people of Aštata and the people of Nuḫašši requested [cities] and border districts of the land of Aleppo [from] the king of Mittanni.
 * And the king of Mittanni [came] and gave [these] cities and border districts [to the people] of Aštata and the people of Nuḫašši [as] a benefaction for the sake of friendly relations.
 * And he wrote tablets for them [these] cities and concerning these border districts, and he sealed them with his seal. The people of Aleppo thus committed an offense against Ḫattušili, [King] of Ḫatti.
 * [When the people of Aštata] and [the people of] Nuḫašši [came] to Ḫattušili, King of Ḫatti, they requested the cities [and] the border districts of the land of Aleppo, [and the king of Ḫatti] came, and he gave the cities and the border districts of the land of Aleppo [… to the people of Aštata] and the people of Nuḫašši as a benefaction. [He wrote tablets concerning these cities and border districts] and he sealed them [with] his seal. They still have them in their possession.

Additionally, Onofrio Carruba and Jacques Freu consider a Middle Hittite text fragment (KUB XXXVI 109), to be attributable to this Ḫattušili with certainty and believe it to relate the appointment of Ḫattušili as heir apparent (tuḫkanti). It reads, in part:
 * Now see: [Ḫattušili], who among the king’s sons was called to the kingship, may his brothers, his sisters, his [kinsmen], and all the population of Ḫattuša recognize him and, as king, show him respect. And if anyone among his brothers or sisters does not show him respect, let him veil his head from Ḫattušili. May he who is his enemy be banished!

Interpretation
Michael Astour, who devised an extreme compression of the generations of Hittite monarchs, dismissed Ḫattušili II as "the most phantomatic" "of all the dubious Hittite kings." Astour provides a useful overview of the various attempts at placing Ḫattušili II within the chronological and genealogical sequence of Hittite kings up to 1989, concluding that he "is an extraordinarily elusive character" and should be discarded. While many of Astour’s conclusions are not accepted, this, and his identification of Tudḫaliya I and Tudḫaliya II as a single king, have remained very influential in historiography.

Reading the historical introduction to the treaty between Muršili II and Talmi-Šarruma at face value, it would confirm the existence of a Ḫattušili II, reigning sometime between Tudḫaliya I and Šuppiluliuma I. However, it has been argued that the reference to the interactions between this Ḫattušili and Aleppo in the text is in a non-chronological position, and functions as a flashback to Ḫattušili I, who defeated Aleppo in the early 16th century BC. The demonstration that there are references to Ḫanigalbat, Aštata, and Nuḫḫaši sufficiently early to allow the geopolitical context described in the treaty to date to the time of Ḫattušili I, is offset by the apparent natural flow of the narrative and the incompatibility between the roles of the ostensibly two Ḫattušilis in it.

Possibly extraneous concerns have also influenced the acceptance or rejection of Ḫattušili II: his least problematic placement separates Tudḫaliya I from Tudḫaliya II, whom many scholars identify with each other, or, assuming a single Tudḫaliya I/II, it is difficult to find place for a Ḫattušili II after him, given the apparently immediate and uninterrupted succession of subsequent kings. The placement of Ḫattušili II, if he existed, has also been bedeviled by the debate of whether he should be identified as a great-grandfather (father of Šuppiluliuma I) or more distant ancestor in the genealogy of Ḫattušili III, or not at all. Astour cited the discovery of seal impressions naming Šuppiluliuma I as the son of Tudḫaliya III as final proof of the non-existence of Ḫattušili II, but this would only preclude the insertion of Ḫattušili II at this specific point in the chronological and genealogical sequence of monarchs. Moreover, recent studies indicate that Šuppiluliuma was actually the son-in-law and perhaps adopted son of Tudḫaliya III, although that does not necessarily have any bearing on the existence and placement of Ḫattušili II.

The seeming absence of Ḫattušili II from the surviving lists of offerings to Hittite royals, has been addressed by Carruba and Freu, who not only note the jumbled and non-comprehensive nature of the lists, but also the possibility that Ḫattušili II might appear in them under a Hurrian name, PU-Šarruma, as the son of a Tudḫaliya. The Middle Hittite character of the text apparently relating the appointment of a Ḫattušili as heir to the throne, is likewise considered suggestive for the existence of Ḫattušili II.

Possible reign
Assuming and defending the existence of Ḫattušili II, Freu places him as the son of Tudḫaliya I and father of Tudḫaliya II. Given the scarcity of evidence and the reference to Tudḫaliya II succeeding to his father’s throne at an early age, Freu posits a short reign, which he defines approximately as 1440–1425 BC. This reign corresponded to a recession in the Egyptian involvement in northern Syria, allowing for Ḫattušili II’s intervention in the affairs of Aleppo, Aštata, and Nuḫḫaši, and possibly amicable relations with Egypt.

In terms of family relations, Freu suggests that Ḫattušili II was the son of Tudḫaliya I by possibly Kattešḫapi, the husband of a queen named Ašmu-Ḫeba, and the father of Tudḫaliya II and his sister Ziplantawiya.

title: Ḫattušili II


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Mitsubishi Ki-46

The Mitsubishi Ki-46 was a twin-engine reconnaissance aircraft that was used by the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. Its Army Shiki designation was Type 100 Command Reconnaissance Aircraft (一〇〇式司令部偵察機); the Allied brevity code name was "Dinah".

Development and design
On 12 December 1937, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force issued a specification to Mitsubishi for a long-range strategic reconnaissance aircraft to replace the Mitsubishi Ki-15. The specification demanded an endurance of six hours and sufficient speed to evade interception by any fighter in existence or development, but otherwise did not constrain the design by a team led by Tomio Kubo and Jojo Hattori.

The resulting design was a twin-engined, low-winged monoplane with a retractable tailwheel undercarriage. It had a small diameter oval fuselage which accommodated a crew of two, with the pilot and observer situated in individual cockpits separated by a large fuel tank. Further fuel tanks were situated in the thin wings both inboard and outboard of the engines, giving a total fuel capacity of 1,490 L (328 imperial gallons). The engines, two Mitsubishi Ha-26s, were housed in close fitting cowlings developed by the Aeronautical Research Institute of the Tokyo Imperial University to reduce drag and improve pilot view.

The first prototype aircraft, with the designation Ki-46, flew in November 1939 from the Mitsubishi factory at Kakamigahara, Gifu, north of Nagoya. Tests showed that the Ki-46 was underpowered, and slower than required, only reaching 540 km/h rather than the specified 600 km/h. Otherwise, the aircraft tests were successful. As the type was still faster than the Army's latest fighter, the Nakajima Ki-43, as well as the Navy's new A6M2, an initial production batch was ordered as the Army Type 100 Command Reconnaissance Plane Model 1 (Ki-41-I).

To solve the performance problems, Mitsubishi fitted Ha-102 engines, which were Ha-26s fitted with a two-speed supercharger, while increasing fuel capacity and reducing empty weight. This version, designated Ki-46-II, first flew in March 1941. It met the speed requirements of the original specification, and was ordered into full-scale production, with deliveries starting in July.

Although at first the Ki-46 proved almost immune from interception, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force realised that improved Allied fighters such as the Supermarine Spitfire and P-38 Lightning could challenge this superiority, and in July 1942, it instructed Mitsubishi to produce a further improved version, the Ki-46-III. This had more powerful, fuel-injected Mitsubishi Ha-112 engines, and a redesigned nose, with a fuel tank ahead of the pilot and a new canopy, smoothly faired from the extreme nose of the aircraft, eliminating the "step" of the earlier versions. The single defensive machine gun of the earlier aircraft was omitted not long into the production run. The new version first flew in December 1942, demonstrating significantly higher speed 630 km/h at 6000 m. The performance of the Ki-46-III even proved superior to that of the aircraft intended to replace it (the Tachikawa Ki-70), which as a result did not enter production. During operational testing in March 1944, it was discovered that replacing the engines' single exhaust collector ring with individual pipes provided extra thrust and an increase in top speed to 642 km/h.

In an attempt to yet further improve the altitude performance of the Ki-46, two prototypes were fitted with exhaust driven turbosupercharged Ha-112-II-Ru engines. This version first flew in February 1944, but only two prototypes were built.

Mitsubishi factories made a total of 1,742 examples of all versions (34 units Ki-46-I, 1093 units Ki-46-II, 613 units Ki-46-III, 4 units Ki-46-IV) during 1941–44.

Operational history
This aircraft was first used by the Japanese Army in Manchukuo and China, where seven units were equipped with it, and also at times by the Japanese Imperial Navy in certain reconnaissance missions over the northern coasts of Australia and New Guinea.

The Japanese Army used this aircraft for the same type of missions (which were not authorized) over present-day Malaysia during the months before the Pacific War. Later, it was used for high altitude reconnaissance over Burma, Indochina, Thailand, and the Indian Ocean. The Ki-46 was regarded by the British RAF in Burma as a difficult aircraft to counter, only occasionally intercepting them successfully. On September 25, 1944, Flying Officer Wittridge shot down a Ki-46, using a personally modified Spitfire Mk VIII. Wittridge had removed two machine guns and the seat armour, and also polished the wing leading edges to gain extra speed. The leading American fighter pilot Richard Bong, flying a P-38 Lightning, managed to shoot down a Ki-46 over the coast of Papua New Guinea in late 1942.

In 1944–45, during the last days of the war, it was modified as a high-altitude interceptor, with two 20 mm cannons in the nose and one 37 mm (1.46 in) cannon in an "upwards-and-forwards" position – almost like the Luftwaffe's Schräge Musik night fighter cannon emplacements – for fighting USAAF B-29 Superfortresses over the metropolitan Japanese islands. It lacked stability for sustained shooting of the 37 mm (1.46 in) weapon, had only a thin layer of armour plating, lacked self-sealing fuel tanks, and was slow to climb.

The Ki-46 was also assigned to two whole Sentai (wings/groups), as well as individual Chutaicho (junior operational commanders) in the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service, during the Pacific War.

The Allies captured some examples during the conflict, which were then repaired and flown for evaluation purposes. The Ki-46 III was the only Japanese aircraft type sent to the NII VVS Soviet Air Force Test Institute, for evaluation during 1946–7.

Variants
(note:- The Shiki designations must be used in full, as written below, because the Type number only refers to the year of the designs inception.)
 * Army Type 100 Command Reconnaissance Plane: The Shiki designation for the Ki-46 Command Reconnaissance Plane
 * Army Type 100 Air Defence Fighter:The Shiki designation for the Ki-46 Interceptor Fighter
 * Army Type 100 Assault Plane:The Shiki designation for the Ki-46 Assault Plane
 * Ki-46: Prototype.
 * Ki-46 I: Reconnaissance version of the Ki-46.
 * Ki-46 II: The first operational model of the series.
 * Ki-46 II KAI: Three-seat training version of the Ki-46. Used for radio and navigation training, with a redesigned cabin, dorsal en echelon extension. Conversions of the Ki-46 II.
 * Ki-46 III: "Traditional" stepped windshield replaced with a smooth, curved, glazed panel extended over the pilot's seat giving a more aerodynamic nose profile. Engine power increased to 1,500 hp (Ha-112-II), extra fuel tank added in the nose.
 * Ki-46 III-KAI: Defense interceptor/night fighter version of the Ki-46. Equipped with two 20 mm cannon in the nose and one 37 mm (1.46 in) cannon in the "Schräge Musik"-style upwards-aimed dorsal frontal position.
 * Ki-46 III: Land strike version of the Ki-46, without 37 mm (1.46 in) cannon armament.
 * Ki-46 IIIb: Ground-attack version.
 * Ki-46 IIIc: Unbuilt design project.
 * Ki-46 IV: Prototype, equipped with two turbocharged 1,119 kW (1,500 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-112-IIru engines, and more fuel capacity.
 * Ki-46 IVa/b: Series models of reconnaissance/fighter aircraft, unbuilt design projects

Operators

 * French Air Force – Captured aircraft.
 * Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
 * Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
 * Chinese Communist Air Force Two captured Ki-46s in communist Chinese hands served as a ground-attack aircraft and a trainer respectively, and the last Ki-46 retired in the early 1950s.
 * Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
 * Chinese Communist Air Force Two captured Ki-46s in communist Chinese hands served as a ground-attack aircraft and a trainer respectively, and the last Ki-46 retired in the early 1950s.
 * Chinese Communist Air Force Two captured Ki-46s in communist Chinese hands served as a ground-attack aircraft and a trainer respectively, and the last Ki-46 retired in the early 1950s.

Surviving aircraft
The only known survivor is a Ki-46-III Army Type 100 example, that is part of the collection of the Royal Air Force Museum in the United Kingdom. Built around 1943, it was part of the 81st Sentai, 3rd Chutai IJAAF. This unit had detachments deployed across the South West Pacific.

In late 1945, Japanese Surrendered Personnel at Kuruan Airfield in British Malaya were ordered to restore two Ki-46's at the base to airworthy condition for the Allied Technical Air Intelligence Unit. They managed this with one aircraft, and it was flown to Seletar, Singapore by a Japanese pilot in early 1946. It made a number of flights with Japanese pilots and was selected for museum preservation. It was shipped to the United Kingdom in mid-1946.

It became part of the RAF St Athan collection of historic aircraft, before moving to the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford in 1989. Ownership was transferred from the Ministry of Defence to the RAF Museum in 1998 and the aircraft remained on display at Cosford until 2022, when it was moved to the RAF Museum Hendon.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mitsubishi Ki-46


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Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians

The Ashkali (Ашкалије), otherwise known as Hashkali (Хашкалије) and/or Balkan Egyptians (Балкански Египћани; Komuniteti i Egjiptianëve të Ballkanit; Ѓупци), are Albanian-speaking Muslim ethnic cultural minorities (recognized communities), which mainly inhabit Kosovo and southern Serbia, as well as Albania, Montenegro, and North Macedonia. Prior to the Kosovo War of 1999, the Balkan Egyptians or Ashkali people registered themselves as Albanians. While some Ashkali speak Romani, Egyptians usually do not. The two groups are not clearly delineated. On the other hand, they differ linguistically and culturally from the Roma, even though they have often been grouped together under the acronym RAE.

History of the Balkan Egyptians
The origins of the Balkan Egyptians are obscure, but some Balkan historians trace the origin of Balkan Egyptians to the Iron Age, citing vague references in Herodotus of the presence of Khener, an Ancient Egyptian dance group in the region. They also attribute archaeological structures in the area, notably in modern Ohrid and Bitola, as temples of the Goddess Isis, but the Mysteries of Isis was widespread in the Greco-Roman world. It is also possible that the Balkan Egyptians can be traced back to the Doms in Egypt; other versions are that after the Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani, Egyptian soldiers went to Albania. However, historians maintain that during the Ottoman era the Balkan Egyptians and other Balkan Roma were part of a single community that was called by the Ottomans Kıbti (literally 'Copts'), reflecting the same group encompassed by the English ethnonym for the Roma ("Gypsies"). They see the alternate origins as part of a larger phenomenon whereby groups such as the Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians, as part of an effort to achieve greater civil emancipation and to escape anti-Roma prejudice, made an effort to separate themselves from other Roma and constructed a novel history for their peoples.

A 14th-century reference to a placename (Агѹповы клѣти, Agupovy klěti) in the Rila Charter of Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria was thought by some authors, such as Konstantin Josef Jireček, to be related to the Balkan Egyptians, possible descendants of the Doms in Egypt.

In 1990, an Egyptian association was formed in Ohrid, from which sprung the Egyptian Liberal Party of North Macedonia, which was attended by representatives from different Balkan countries.

History of Ashkali
The origin of the Ashkali remains scientifically unexplained. The Ashkali community leaders have constructed a few narratives. According to the Persian narrative, the Ashkali people originated in Persia in the 4th century. According to the Italian narrative, which is based on folk etymology, they are colonists from ancient Rome. According to the Semitic narrative, they originated in Ashkelon (now Israel).

The Ashkali were aligned with Albanians before, during and after the Kosovo war. During the war, many were sent to refugee camps with the Romani people in Kosovo. After the war ended in 1999, some of them reaffirmed their identity as Ashkali to show their pro-Albanian stance and distinguish themselves from the Arlije and Gurbeti Roma, who had been mistakenly viewed as pro-Serbian. However, viewed by the majority population as pro-Serbian Roma, they were persecuted by Albanian nationalists in the presence of NATO forces. As the majority of Kosovo Roma, many of them settled in Serbia and Montenegro. Others moved to Albania, Serbia and Macedonia and the whole of Western Europe, such as Germany and France.

The first Ashkali party (Democratic Ashkali Party of Kosovo) was formed in 2000 under Sabit Rrahmani, who supported Kosovo's independence in the name of all Ashkali.

Demographics
Most Ashkali live in Kosovo, but they also reside in Serbia and Montenegro, while most Balkan Egyptians are thought to live in North Macedonia and Albania, rather than Kosovo. In the Macedonian census of 2002, 3,713 people identified as Egyptian, while in the Serbian census of 2002 (excluding Kosovo), 814 people identified as Egyptian. In the Montenegrin census, on the other hand, 225 people identified as Egyptian.

Ashkali are predominant in the central and eastern regions of Kosovo: Ferizaj, Fushë Kosova, and Lipjan. Kosovo's Egyptian community is mostly to be found in its western part, in Gjakova, Istog, Peja, and Deçan. The Ashkali as well as the Egyptian community of Kosovo had 98% unemployment in 2009.

In Albania, however, the Balkan Egyptian community is fully integrated into Albanian society and culture, having a high educational and employment rate as well, although a good percentage of the community do not identify as Balkan Egyptian due to cultural integration and also because of negative stereotypes about people of color. Despite the fact that most Balkan Egyptians in Albania tend to have typical Mediterranean features, fair skin and light features are not uncommon.

Culture

In Kosovo, Roma and Ashkali do not classify one another as gadje. Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians reject having any relation with the Roma. The Ashkali and Roma claim the Egyptians as their own; whereas the Ashkali and Egyptians dispute over each other's background. No television or radio channels are dedicated to Kosovo's Ashkali or Egyptian minority audiences. Circumcision celebrations of their sons are pompously organized by the Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians.

Cited works

 * Dragan Novaković, Potomci faraona u Srbiji, DT Magazin, 4. April 1998.

title: Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians


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Arnuwanda I

Arnuwanda I was a Hittite great king during the early 14th century BC, ruling in c. 1390–1380/1370 BC.

Origins
Arnuwanda's parents are unknown. Because both Arnuwanda and his wife, Queen Ašmu-Nikkal, are described on their respective seals as the children of Tudḫaliya II (sometimes called Tudḫaliya I or I/II), this was long interpreted as a marriage between siblings. This, however, was clearly forbidden by Hittite custom and law, and it is now generally agreed that while Ašmu-Nikkal was indeed the daughter of Tudḫaliya II, Arnuwanda was only his son-in-law and possibly adoptive son, as the daughter's antiyant husband, an acceptable heir in the absence of a son.

Association on the throne with Tudḫaliya II
Arnuwanda I began his reign in association with his father-in-law and predecessor, Tudḫaliya II, perhaps for as many as a dozen years or so. The simultaneous attestation of both men as great king indicates an association on the throne, something unusual in Hittite and Mesopotamian practice. Arnuwanda collaborated with his father-in-law in the Hittite campaigns against Arzawa in western Anatolia. The two kings defeated Kupanta-Kurunta of Arzawa on one or two occasions, the second time rescuing their recalcitrant vassal Madduwatta, who had attacked Arzawa on his own. The Hittites, led by the general Kišnapili, subsequently saved Madduwatta again, this time from an attack by Attaršiya of Aḫḫiya. Madduwatta subsequently betrayed Kišnapili’s movements to the enemy, causing the ambushing and destruction of the Hittite forces, but somehow avoided punishment.

Sole reign
When Tudḫaliya II died and Arnuwanda I became sole king, he continued to face the problems caused by the machinations of Madduwatta. The latter undertook hostile actions in the regions of Šallapa and Pittaša and made an alliance with his erstwhile enemy Kupanta-Kurunta of Arzawa, whom he offered his daughter as wife; nevertheless, Madduwatta portrayed this as a ploy against Kupanta-Kurunta, while protesting his loyalty to Arnuwanda. Madduwatta attacked the rebellious land of Ḫapalla, ostensibly on behalf of the Hittite monarch, but followed his own interests in annexing it, and in intervening farther afield to the south, in the Lukka lands and as far as Alašiya (Cyprus). The last conquest was possibly undertaken in cooperation with another old enemy, Attaršiya of Aḫḫiya, and again elicited protest from Arnuwanda. The Hittite monarch reclaimed Ḫapalla, but further developments with Madduwatta and Kupanta-Kurunta remain unclear. The latter’s possible successor Uḫḫa-zalma (or Ḫuḫḫa-zalma) concluded a treaty with Arnuwanda. Later, King Tarḫunt-aradu of Arzawa would expand at Hittite expense and correspond with the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III as a fellow great king.

Closer to home, on the northern frontier, Arnuwanda was faced with the incursions of the Kaška, who raided and plundered numerous towns and temples, including the important sanctuary of Nerik, which had to be abandoned to the enemy. In addition to police actions and the conclusion of treaties with Kaška leaders, Arnuwanda and his wife Ašmu-Nikkal offered up formal prayers to the gods, asking for their assistance in containing the threat. Given the gravity of the situation, Arnuwanda also exacted oaths of loyalty from military commanders near the frontiers, both in the north and south. When the Hittite vassal at Paḫḫuwa, Mita, married the daughter of a declared enemy of the Hittite monarch, Ušapa, Arnuwanda convened a public assembly, condemned Mita’s actions and demanded universal support in suppressing any disloyalty at Paḫḫuwa. The surviving sources do not preserve the resolution of the issue. Within the context of the tensions with Mita of Paḫḫuwa, there is reference to Arnuwanda’s military intervention in the area of Kummaḫa (probably modern Kemah). Preoccupied with issues in Anatolia, Arnuwanda does not appear to have pursued an active policy in Syria. Here, Artatama I, the king of Mittani, concluded an alliance with Thutmose IV of Egypt, sending pharaoh his daughter as wife and effectively agreeing to a division of the region between Egypt and Mittani, which would last until the victorious campaigns of Arnuwanda’s second successor, Šuppiluliuma I. For his part, Arnuwanda resettled warriors from Išmerik (perhaps Siverek in northern Mesopotamia) and their families in Hittite-held Kizzuwatna. A treaty bound the elders of Ura (at or near Silifke) on the Mediterranean coast with the Hittite monarch, ensuring his access to the sea.

Family
Arnuwanda I was married to Ašmu-Nikkal, the daughter of his co-ruler and predecessor Tudḫaliya II. The queen featured prominently throughout Arnuwanda’s reign and may have survived her husband. Among their several children, the future king Tudḫaliya III (sometimes called Tudḫaliya II), also known by the Hurrian name of Tašmi-Šarri, appears to have been the eldest son and was appointed his father’s designated successor (tuḫkanti). Another son, Kantuzzili, was appointed priest (and governor) of Kizzuwatna. Other sons included Ašmi-Šarruma, Mannini, Pariyawatra, and Tulpi-Teššub.

title: Arnuwanda I


text:
Tudhaliya II

Tudḫaliya II (sometimes identified with and designated Tudḫaliya I) was a Hittite great king in the late 15th/early 14th century BC, ruling in perhaps c. 1425–c. 1390 BC. He was the father-in-law and predecessor of Arnuwanda I.

Identity
The numbering of Hittite kings named Tudḫaliya varies between scholars because of debate over the identity (or not) between the first two bearers of the name. A Tudḫaliya, now attested as the son of a certain Kantuzzili, succeeded Muwatalli I, after the latter was murdered by the officials Ḫimuili and Kantuzzili (not necessarily identical to Tudḫaliya’s father). The same or a distinct Tudḫaliya, the king discussed in the present article, was the father-in-law and predecessor of Arnuwanda I. Because of uncertainty, scholars are divided in the interpretation of the evidence. Many scholars envision a single Tudḫaliya (I or I/II ), while others consider two separate kings, Tudḫaliya I and Tudḫaliya II.

The rationale for maintaining a distinction between the two is presented by Jacques Freu, who notes, inter alia, that Tudḫaliya I was the son of the non-reigning Kantuzzili, while Tudḫaliya II writes that he ascended the throne as a youth after his father’s death; similarly, Tudḫaliya II's sister Ziplantawiya was the daughter of a king. Additionally, Freu posits that the Šunaššura Treaty between the Hittite Kingdom and Kizzuwatna reflects successive equal and unequal treaty arrangements under two different sets of kings on both sides, discerns three Tudḫaliyas as ancestors of Muršili II on his “cruciform seal,” and argues that the Tudḫaliyas who engaged in repeated military action in Syria and in western Anatolia should be distinguished from each other to avoid an overly long reign.

The treatment below tentatively follows Freu's distinction of two 15th-century BC Hittite great kings named Tudḫaliya.

Family
Freu's reconstruction identifies Tudḫaliya I and Tudḫaliya II as grandfather and grandson, with the obscure and short-lived Ḫattušili II being the intervening generation. If this is correct, Tudḫaliya II would have been the son of Ḫattušili II, possibly by Ašmu-Ḫeba, and would have succeeded his father at an early age according to his own testimony. Tudḫaliya II had a sister named Ziplantawiya, who was titled queen, perhaps to fulfill the respective functions during her brother’s youth. At a later date, Ziplantawiya was suspected of witchcraft against her brother and sister-in-law, as indicated by the description of an anti-magical ritual undertaken to protect Tudḫaliya II, his wife Nikkal-mati, and their sons. The sons appear to have predeceased their parents, but a daughter, Ašmu-Nikkal, survived. Her husband, Arnuwanda, became Tudḫaliya’s chosen heir and was possibly adopted and apparently associated on the throne by his father-in-law.

Reign
Perhaps already in Tudḫaliya II's father's reign, the western Anatolian confederacy of Arzawa had begun to encroach on Hittite control in the peninsula. Tudḫaliya II marched against Arzawa, including the Seḫa River Land, Ḫapalla, and Wallarima, defeating them and sending captives and military equipment back home. A revolt in his rear forced him to turn to Aššuwa, which was successfully subdued; among the confederates of Aššuwa are listed Wilušiya and Taruiša, the likely Hittite renditions of Greek [W]ilios (Ilion) and Troia. The successful campaigns in the west resulted in a massive dislocation of captives and goods from the defeated countries to the Hittite core territory or other areas under Hittite rule. Since these included military personnel and equipment, this allowed for a captive prince, Kukkulli, to stir up a revolt among them. Tudḫaliya was able to suppress it.

While Tudḫailya II was busy in the west, the northern parts of his kingdom had come under Kaška attacks from the north. They were defeated in a two-year campaign, allowing Tudḫaliya a year's respite from war. Additionally, Tudḫaliya II's successor Arnuwanda I recalled in a later text Tudḫaliya's efforts against Mittani and Išuwa. Tudḫaliya defeated the Išuwans, some of whom sought refuge with their ally, Sauštatar of Mittani, who refused to extradite them, resulting in further Hittite military action without permanent gains. It was perhaps in this context that Tudḫaliya II concluded his unequal treaty with Šunaššura II of Kizzuwatna, recalling that country's earlier treaty (and submission to the Hittites?) under Tudḫaliya’s grandfather. Later, perhaps during the suspected association between Tudḫaliya II and Arnuwanda I on the throne, Kizzuwatna would be annexed by the Hittite Kingdom.

Towards the end of Tudḫaliya II's reign, he and his associate and successor Arnuwanda II returned to the western front in a victorious military campaign against Kupanta-Kurunta, the king of Arzawa. The context of this war includes the turbulent behavior of a western Anatolian prince, Madduwata, who had been "saved" from Attaršiya of Aḫḫiya (the names compare to Atreus and Achaeans) by Tudḫaliya II and given successive appanages in the mountainous areas of Ḫairyati and Zippašla by the Hittite monarch. Nevertheless, Madduwata broke his oaths to keep to his lands, and intervened far and wide in western Anatolia, including the Lukka Lands and even Alašiya (Cyprus). He provoked and lost a fight with the king of Arzawa, caused the ambush and death of two Hittite commanders in the Lukka Lands by betraying their plans to the enemy, and later became an ally of Arzawa. While the Hittite sources claimed success, any gains in the west proved fleeting.

If Tudḫaliya I and Tudḫaliya II are to be identified as the same individual, he would also be credited with an intervention in Syria, where the king punished the city of Aleppo for its desertion to Mittani by destroying it, according to the historical introduction to the later treaty between the Hittite great king Muršili II and his nephew, Talmi-Šarumma of Aleppo. See Tudḫaliya I.

title: Tudhaliya II


text:
List of Hittite kings

The dating and sequence of Hittite kings is compiled by scholars from fragmentary records, supplemented by the finds in Ḫattuša and other administrative centers of cuneiform tablets and more than 3,500 seal impressions providing the names, titles, and sometimes ancestry of Hittite kings and officials. Given the nature of the source evidence, reconstructions vary among scholars, and the dating or even existence, relationships and sequence of some kings is disputed at several point within Hittite history. The list below indicates instances of such debates, with references.

All dates in the list below should be considered approximate. Hittite Chronology is almost completely dependent on synchronisms with other ancient Near Eastern countries. Such synchronisms are few and usually open to interpretation. Muršili I is believed to have overthrown Samsu-ditāna, the last king of the Amorite dynasty of Babylon, but the dating of this event varies widely across chronological schemes based on interpretations of the records of observation of Venus during the reign of Samsu-ditāna's predecessor. These have resulted in several chronologies for Mesopotamia. In reference to the capture of Babylon by Muršili I, these are High (1651 BC), Middle (1595 BC), Low (1531 BC), and Ultra-Low (1499 BC), with additional variants such as the lower Middle Chronology (1587 BC). The distinction between these Mesopotamian chronological models disappears in the Late Bronze Age. Egyptian chronology is also subject to variant interpretations, resulting in three leading options, High (1304 BC), Middle (1290 BC), and Low (1279 BC), for the accession of Ramesses II, the contemporary of the Hittite kings Muwatalli II and Ḫattušili III. Assuming the preferred Low Chronology for Egypt, Ramesses II fought Muwatalli II at Kadesh in 1274 BC (Year 5), concluded a peace treaty with Ḫattušili III in 1259 BC (Year 21), and married the latter's daughter Maathorneferure in 1246 BC (Year 34).

On the Hittite side there are very few precise indicators. The "Apology" of Ḫattušili III indicates that his nephew and predecessor Muršili III reigned for 7 years. A text of Muršili II records an omen of the sun at the beginning of the campaign season against Azzi-Ḫayaša, in Year 9 or 10 of the reign. It is often considered to have been a solar eclipse, with current scholarly opinion divided between one on 24 June 1312 BC (which was visible from central Anatolia but seemingly late in the year, apparently adopted in the chronologies of Amélie Kuhrt and Trevor Bryce) and one on 13 April 1308 BC (which was earlier in the year but marginally visible, from eastern Anatolia, apparently adopted in the chronology of Jacques Freu).

The lists below use variations of the Mesopotamian Middle Chronology, the most generally accepted chronology of the Ancient Near East and the chronology that accords best with Hittite evidence. The variants represented below derive from three comprehensive reconstructions of the chronological sequence of rulers, by Amélie Kuhrt (1995), Trevor Bryce (2005), and Jacques Freu (2007). All regnal dates remain approximations.

title: List of Hittite kings


text: Template:Classical antiquity

title: Template:Classical antiquity


text:
Glenbrook

Glenbrook may refer to:

Australia

 * Glenbrook, New South Wales

Canada

 * Glenbrook, Calgary, a neighbourhood in Alberta

Ireland

 * Glenbrook, County Cork, a small area in County Cork on the southeast tip of Ireland

New Zealand

 * Glenbrook, New Zealand

United States

 * Glenbrook, California
 * Glenbrook, Lake County, California
 * Glenbrook, Nevada County, California
 * Glenbrook (Stamford), a section of Stamford, Connecticut
 * Glenbrook, Nevada, the oldest settlement on Lake Tahoe
 * Glenbrook, Oregon

Transportation

 * Glenbrook station (Metro-North), in Glenbrook, Connecticut, United States
 * Glenbrook railway station (Ireland), a former station in Cork, Ireland
 * Glenbrook railway station, New South Wales, in Glenbrook, New South Wales, Australia
 * The Glenbrook, an American narrow-gauge steam railway locomotive

title: Glenbrook


text:
Martin Gleeson (rugby league)

Martin Gleeson (born 25 May 1980) is the assistant coach at Featherstone Rovers. He is the former assistant coach at the rugby league club Salford Red Devils in the Super League, and an English former professional rugby league footballer. He represented both Great Britain and England internationally as a. His previous clubs include the Huddersfield Giants, St. Helens, the Warrington Wolves, the Wigan Warriors, Hull F.C. and the Salford City Reds. His honours include winning the Super League in 2002 and 2010 and the Challenge Cup in 2004.

Gleeson was banned for three years (with half being suspended) in 2011 for failing a drugs test. His ban expired on 12 November 2012.

Early life
Gleeson was born in Wigan. Much of his early rugby development took place in Australia, where he emigrated with his family at age 10 to live in Queensland, where he played his junior rugby league for the Slacks Creek Red Lions club based in Daisy Hill, Queensland. He also played alongside the future Australian and Queensland representative Brad Meyers at Brothers St. Paul, in Brisbane. In 2005, Gleeson revealed his desire to represent Queensland in State of Origin. He returned to England aged 17 and embarked on a professional career, signing for Huddersfield Giants in 1999.

Huddersfield Giants
After three seasons with the Giants, he left the club following its relegation from Super League in 2001 and signed for St Helens.

St Helens
Gleeson made his début for Great Britain against Australia in Sydney in July 2002, also participating in the test series against New Zealand at the end of the season.

At the end of his first season with St. Helens Gleeson played as a and scored a try in the 2002 Super League Grand Final victory against the Bradford Bulls. Having won Super League VI, St. Helens contested the 2003 World Club Challenge against the 2002 NRL Premiers, the Sydney Roosters, he played as a in Saints' 0-38 defeat.

An injury lay off disrupted him in 2003. Although he missed seven games between July and September, he came back at the end of the 2003's Super League VIII to win back his place in the Great Britain squad after a fine performance for England 'A' against the touring Australians.

He opened the 2004's Super League IX for St. Helens, and won the Challenge Cup against the Wigan Warriors at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff. He and teammate Sean Long were later involved in a betting scandal that saw both players fined and suspended for the last four months of the 2004 Super League IX.

Gleeson was selected in the Great Britain team to compete in the end of season 2004 Rugby League Tri-Nations tournament. In the final against Australia he played as a in the Great Britain's4 4-4 defeat.

Warrington Wolves
While serving his suspension, Gleeson was signed by the Warrington Wolves for a club record fee reported in the region of £200,000, and he made his début for the Warrington Wolves in the 2005's Super League X. He recorded a personal best scoring tally of 17 tries in 27 Super League appearances, and he was named as a in the Super League Dream Team 2005. He was also heavily involved in providing scores for his partner, the New Zealand international Henry Fa'afili.

In September 2008, he was named in the 2008 England training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup, and, in October 2008, he was named in the final 24-man England squad.

He was chosen for the England team to face Wales at the Keepmoat Stadium in Doncaster prior to England's departure for the World Cup.

In Group A's first match against Papua New Guinea, he played as a and scored a try in England's victory.

Gleeson signed a two-year extension until 2011 but, on 4 April 2009, he signed for local rivals, Wigan, on a 3½-year contract.

Wigan Warriors
Seven rounds into the 2009's Super League XIV, with both Warrington Wolves and Wigan Warriors at the time drifting outside of play-off positions, Gleeson was transferred to the Wigan Warriors on a 3½-year contract, with Richie Mathers moving in the other direction. Gleeson was an integral part of Wigan Warriors' 2010's Super League XV, scoring two tries as they won the 2010 Super League Grand Final against St. Helens at Old Trafford.

His start of 2011's Super League XVI was against St. Helens in the first regular round. He also played in the side's win at the Bradford Bulls but had to be taken off in the first-half because of a hamstring injury. He recovered in time for the 2011 World Club Challenge fixture against St George Illawarra Dragons, but was ineffective and again had to be withdrawn during the match because of the injury. Before the match, the Manchester Evening News reported that, in December 2010, Gleeson had contacted the police alleging he was the victim of blackmail but had decided to drop the charge. Amid growing speculation, the club released a statement saying that he had left his hometown club with immediate effect citing his injury, disciplinary problems and a "serious distraction in his personal life" as the reasons for the departure.

Hull F.C.
Gleeson signed for the Super League club Hull F.C. on 15 April 2011 on an 18-month contract, keeping him at the club until the end of the 2012 Super League XVII. He made a try scoring debut in the 36–18 defeat of city rivals Hull Kingston Rovers in the Good Friday derby at the KC Stadium. In June, it was announced that he was suffering a stress-related illness and he was granted leave by the club. His contract with the club was terminated in September. In December, it was announced that he had failed a drugs test on 13 May in a game against Salford in which he scored two tries. He was subsequently banned for three years (with half being suspended) from 12 June which was his final game for the club against Harlequins.

Salford City Reds
In November 2012, Salford City Reds announced they had signed Gleeson on a 2-year contract for the 2013–14 and 2014–15 seasons. He scored his first try for Salford in the Magic Weekend fixture against Widnes Vikings on 26 May 2013 at the Etihad Stadium, Manchester.

Gleeson announced his retirement in September 2014.

Personal life
Martin Gleeson is the older brother of the rugby league footballer, Mark Gleeson, and the cousin of the rugby league footballer, Sean Gleeson.

title: Martin Gleeson (rugby league)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adveq

Adveq
Delete--advert.-PlasmaDragon 16:23, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * D 930 Google hits. It doesn't look good.  PS - VfD has instructions for a reason ;-) Chris 01:43, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Send to Clean Up with a note to tag for VfD if it cannot be NPOV'd and bulked up. I'm not that keen on it, but, if this is accurate, then it's a substantial company. Geogre 13:57, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * "substantial" when they "advise" investors about around 100 funds? Even your average Independent Financial Advisor can top that. Chris 21:18, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I thought that their capitalization was pretty impressive. They may be playing games to get the figure of $1.2 billion, but that would be pretty heavy.  I would like to delete it if no more can be made of it, but I'm in no position to know that it's trivial, and there is enough of a claim made in the article to ask people to find out. Also, 930 hits seems ok for a fund manager, whereas it would be paltry for a magazine or politician. Geogre 02:59, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Not an ad. anthony (see warning) 16:54, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert. jni 08:12, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete SimonP 03:04, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adveq


text:
Theodore Dalrymple

Anthony Malcolm Daniels (born 11 October 1949), also known by the pen name Theodore Dalrymple, is a conservative English cultural critic, prison physician and psychiatrist. He worked in a number of Sub-Saharan African countries as well as in the East End of London. Before his retirement in 2005, he worked in City Hospital, Birmingham and Winson Green Prison in inner-city Birmingham, England.

Daniels is a contributing editor to City Journal, published by the Manhattan Institute, where he is the Dietrich Weismann Fellow. In addition to City Journal, his work has appeared in: The British Medical Journal, The Times, New Statesman, The Observer, The Daily Telegraph, The Spectator, The Salisbury Review, National Review, New English Review, The Wall Street Journal and Axess magasin. He is the author of a number of books, including: Life at the Bottom: The Worldview That Makes the Underclass (2001), Our Culture, What's Left of It (2005) and Spoilt Rotten: The Toxic Cult of Sentimentality (2010).

In his writing, Daniels frequently argues that the leftist views prevalent within Western intellectual circles minimise the responsibility of individuals for their own actions and undermine traditional mores, contributing to the formation within prosperous countries of an underclass afflicted by endemic violence, criminality, sexually transmitted diseases, welfare dependency, and drug abuse. Much of Dalrymple's writing is based on his experience of working with criminals and the mentally ill.

In 2011, Dalrymple was awarded the Prize for Liberty by the Flemish classical-liberal think-tank Libera!.

Life
Daniels was born in Kensington, London. His father was a Communist businessman of Russian Jewish descent, while his Jewish mother was born in Germany. She came to England as a refugee from the Nazi regime. His grandfather had served as a major in the German Army during WW1.

He studied medicine at the University of Birmingham, graduating with an MB ChB degree in 1974. He became a Member of the Royal College of Psychiatrists in 1980, and qualified as a specialist in psychiatry in 1997.

His work as a physician took him to: Southern Rhodesia (now, Zimbabwe), Tanzania, South Africa and the Gilbert Islands (now, Kiribati). He returned to the United Kingdom in 1990, where he worked in London and Birmingham.

In 1991, he made an extended appearance on British television under the name Theodore Dalrymple. On 23 February, he took part in an After Dark discussion, called "Prisons: No Way Out", alongside former gangster Tony Lambrianou, Greek journalist and writer Taki Theodoracopulos, and others.

In 2005, he retired early as a consultant psychiatrist. He has a house in Bridgnorth, Shropshire, and also a house in France.

Regarding his pseudonym "Theodore Dalrymple", he wrote that he "chose a name that sounded suitably dyspeptic, that of a gouty old man looking out of the window of his London club, port in hand, lamenting the degenerating state of the world".

He is an atheist, but has criticised anti-theism and says that "To regret religion is, in fact, to regret our civilization and its monuments, its achievements, and its legacy". Raised in a non-religious Jewish home, he began doubting the existence of a God at age nine. He became an atheist in response to a moment in a school assembly.

Daniels has also used other pen names. As "Edward Theberton", he has written articles for The Spectator from countries in Africa, including Mozambique. He used the name "Thursday Msigwa" when he wrote Filosofa's Republic, a satire of Tanzania under Julius Nyerere. He may also have used another pen name, in addition to his bona fide name.

Writing
Daniels began sending unsolicited articles to The Spectator in the early 1980s; his first published work, entitled A Bit of a Myth appeared in the magazine in August 1983 under the name A.M. Daniels. Charles Moore wrote in 2004 that "Theodore Dalrymple, then writing under a different pseudonym, is the only writer I have ever chosen to publish on the basis of unsolicited articles". Between 1984 and 1991 Daniels published articles in The Spectator under the pseudonym Edward Theberton.

Daniels has written extensively on culture, art, politics, education, and medicine – often drawing on his experiences as a doctor and psychiatrist in Africa and the United Kingdom. The historian Noel Malcolm has described Daniels's written accounts of his experiences working at a prison and a public hospital in Birmingham as "journalistic gold", and Moore observed that "it was only when he returned to Britain that he found what he considered to be true barbarism – the cheerless, self-pitying hedonism and brutality of the dependency culture. Now he is its unmatched chronicler." Daniel Hannan wrote in 2011 that Dalrymple "writes about Koestler's essays and Ethiopian religious art and Nietzschean eternal recurrence – subjects which, in Britain, are generally reserved for the reliably Left-of-Centre figures who appear on Start the Week and Newsnight Review. It is Theodore's misfortune to occupy a place beyond the mental co-ordinates of most commissioning editors."

Life at the Bottom: The Worldview That Makes the Underclass, a collection of essays was published in book form in 2001. The essays, which the Manhattan Institute had first begun publishing in City Journal in 1994, deal with themes such as personal responsibility, the mentality of society as a whole, and the troubles of the underclass. As part of his research for the book, Dalrymple interviewed over 10,000 people who had attempted suicide.

Our Culture, What's Left of It: The Mandarins and the Masses, published in 2005, is another collection of essays in which he contends that the middle class's abandonment of traditional cultural and behavioural aspirations has, by example, fostered routine incivility and militant ignorance among the poor. He examines diverse themes and figures in the book including Shakespeare, Marx, Virginia Woolf, food deserts and volitional underclass malnutrition, recreational vulgarity, and the legalisation of drugs. One of the essays in the book, "When Islam Breaks Down", was named one of the most important essays of 2004 by David Brooks in The New York Times.

In 2009, Dalrymple's British publisher Monday Books published two books of his. The first, Not With a Bang But A Whimper, appeared in August 2009. It is different from the United States book of the same name, though some of the author's essays appear in both books. In October 2009, Monday Books published Second Opinion, a further collection of Dalrymple essays, this time dealing exclusively with his work in a British hospital and prison.

With Gibson Square Dalrymple then published his most successful book Spoilt Rotten: The Toxic Cult of Sentimentality (2010), which analyses how sentimentality has become culturally entrenched in British society with seriously harmful effects. In 2011, he published Litter: What Remains of Our Culture, followed by The Pleasure of Thinking (2012), Threats of Pain and Ruin (2014), and others.

Dalrymple was a judge for the 2013 Hippocrates Prize for Poetry and Medicine.

In May 2023 he spoke at the National Conservatism Conference in London on the subject of "Historiography and the State of the Western Mind".

He currently writes a weekly commentary column for the online Taki's Magazine.

Themes
Daniels's writing has some recurring themes.
 * The cause of much contemporary misery in Western countries – criminality, domestic violence, drug addiction, aggressive youths, hooliganism, broken families – is the nihilistic, decadent and/or self-destructive behaviour of people who do not know how to live. Both the smoothing over of this behaviour, and the medicalisation of the problems that emerge as a corollary of this behaviour, are forms of indifference. Someone has to tell those people, patiently and with understanding for the particulars of the case, that they have to live differently.
 * Poverty does not explain aggressive, criminal and self-destructive behaviour. In an African slum you will find among the very poor, living in dreadful circumstances, dignity and decency in abundance, which are painfully lacking in an average English suburb, although its inhabitants are much wealthier.
 * An attitude characterised by gratefulness and having obligations towards others has been replaced – with awful consequences – by an awareness of "rights" and a sense of entitlement, without responsibilities. This leads to resentment as the rights become violated by parents, authorities, bureaucracies and others in general.
 * One of the things that make Islam attractive to young westernised Muslim men is the opportunity it gives them to dominate women.
 * Technocratic or bureaucratic solutions to the problems of mankind produce disasters in cases where the nature of man is the root cause of those problems.
 * It is a myth, when going "cold turkey" from an opiate such as heroin, that the withdrawal symptoms are virtually unbearable; they are in fact hardly worse than flu.
 * Criminality is much more often the cause of drug addiction than its consequence.
 * Sentimentality, which is becoming entrenched in British society, is "the progenitor, the godparent, the midwife of brutality".
 * High culture and refined aesthetic tastes are worth defending, and despite the protestations of non-judgmentalists who say all expression is equal, they are superior to popular culture.
 * The ideology of the Welfare State is used to diminish personal responsibility. Erosion of personal responsibility makes people dependent on institutions and favours the existence of a threatening and vulnerable underclass.
 * Moral relativism can easily be a trick of an egotistical mind to silence the voice of conscience.
 * Multiculturalism and cultural relativism are at odds with common sense.
 * The decline of civilised behaviour – self-restraint, modesty, zeal, humility, irony, detachment – ruins social and personal life.
 * The root cause of our contemporary cultural poverty is intellectual dishonesty. First, the intellectuals have destroyed the foundation of culture, and second, they refuse to acknowledge it by resorting to the caves of political correctness.

title: Theodore Dalrymple


text:
Mitsubishi Ki-67

The Mitsubishi Ki-67 Hiryū (飛龍, "Flying Dragon"; Allied reporting name "Peggy") was a twin-engine bomber produced by Mitsubishi Aircraft Company and used by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service in World War II. While its original official designation was "Army Type 4 Heavy Bomber" (四式重爆撃機), in all of its key parameters, the Ki-67 was similar to the contemporaneous medium bombers of other countries. Japanese Navy variants included the P2M and Q2M.

Design
The Ki-67 was the result of a 1941 Japanese army specification for a successor to the Nakajima Ki-49 "storm dragon". This new aircraft was specified to be a high-speed twin-engined heavy bomber suitable for possible conflicts with the Soviet Union over the Manchuria-Siberia border, and unlike many Japanese warplanes, was required to have good defensive armament and the ability to survive heavy battle damage. It was also required to be highly maneuverable allowing it to carry out dive-bombing attacks and escape at low level.

The Ki-67 was designed by a team led by Kyūnojō Ozawa, chief engineer at Mitsubishi, and was a mid-winged monoplane of all-metal construction, with a retractable tailwheel undercarriage. It was fitted with self-sealing fuel tanks and armor, features common in US fighters and bombers but frequently lacking in Japanese aircraft. With these features and its two 1,417 kW 18-cylinder air-cooled radial engines, the Ki-67 was perhaps one of the most sturdy and damage-resistant Japanese aircraft of World War II.

The Ki-67's bomb load of 1,070 kg (2,360 lb) carried in its internal bomb bay would classify it as a medium bomber for the US. The North American B-25 Mitchell could carry up to 2,722 kg (6,000 lb), the Martin B-26 Marauder up to 1,814 kg (4,000 lb), and the Douglas A-20 Havoc up to 907 kg (2,000 lb), for example, but they rarely carried a maximum load; when they did, their range was reduced significantly. Japanese aircraft almost invariably had greater range with their rated maximum load; this gave them a strategic capability unlike that of Allied twin-engine bombers, which were considered tactical bombers. The Ki-67's performance was remarkable compared to US medium bombers; the Ki-67 had a level-flight top speed of 537 km/h - against 443 km/h for the B-25, 462 km/h (287 mph) for the B-26, and 538 km/h (338 mph) for the A-20 -, good manoeuvrability in high-speed dives (up to 644 km/h/400 mph), excellent sustained rate of climb, and outstanding agility (excellent turn rate, small turn radius, and ability to turn at low speeds). The manoeuvrability of the Ki-67 was so good that the Japanese used the design as the basis for the Mitsubishi Ki-109 twin-engine fighter, originally designed as a night fighter, and later for use as a daylight heavy fighter. In the last stages of World War II, the Japanese Navy also used the design as the basis for the Mitsubishi Q2M1 "Taiyo" radar-equipped anti-submarine aircraft.

Armament of the Ki-67 included a dorsal turret with a 20 mm (.79 in) Ho-5 cannon, in addition to 12.7 mm (.50 in) Ho-103 machine guns in the tail, nose, and beam positions. Some aircraft were fitted with a 20 mm gun in the tail position, and early models used 7.7 mm (.303in) Type 89 machine guns in the beam positions.

Operations
The Ki-67 was used for level bombing and torpedo bombing (it could carry one torpedo attached under the fuselage). The Ki-67 was initially used by the Japanese Army and Navy Air Services against the US Third Fleet during its strikes against Formosa and the Ryukyu Islands. It was later used at Okinawa, in Mainland China, French Indochina, Karafuto and against B-29 airfields in Saipan and Tinian. One special ground-strike version used in the Giretsu missions was a Ki-67 I with three remote-control 20 mm cannons angled at 30° for firing toward the ground, a 20 mm cannon in the tail, 13.2 mm (.51 in) Type 3 machine guns in the lateral and upper positions, and more fuel capacity. Even with more fuel, the Giretsu missions were one-way only because of the long range. In the last stages of World War II, special attack versions of the Ki-67 (the I KAI and Sakura-dan models) were used in kamikaze missions. (References include information from Lt. Sgt. Seiji Moriyama, a crew member in Fugaku Special Attack Unit, who witnessed Ki-67's being converted into To-Gō suicide planes with two 800 kg/1,760 lb bombs during Okinawa operations.)

By the end of World War II, 767 Ki-67s had been produced. Other sources relate that 698 Ki-67's were manufactured, excluded the KAI and Sakura-dan conversions.

Variants

 * Ki-67-I: Prototypes. Diverse models with various types of weapons. 19 produced.
 * Ki-67-Ia "Hiryu" Army Type 4 Heavy Bomber Model 1: Main production model. The majority (420+) were modified in the factory as land-based torpedo bombers (after work-number 160). Produced by Mitsubishi: 587; by Kawasaki: 91; by 1° Army Arsenal of Tachikawa: 1.
 * Ki-67-Ib: Late production model. Reinforced the tail gun turret (2 × 20 mm).
 * Ki-67-I KAI: Experimental model equipped with Mitsubishi Ha-104 Ru engines. 3 produced.
 * Ki-67-I AEW variant: Equipment the early warning radar "Taki 1 Model II". 1 produced.
 * Ki-67 "To-Gō": Army special attack aircraft type 4: Improved version of the Ki-67 I for kamikaze, unarmed, without turrets, and with two 800 kg (1,760 lb) bombs in belly compartment.
 * Ki-67 "guided missile mother ship": Experimental type for carrying guided missiles.(Kawasaki Ki-147 I-Go Type 1-Ko, Mitsubishi Ki-148 I-Go Type 1-Otsu, I-Go Type 1-Hei, "Ke-Go" IR, "Ko-Go","Sa-Go") 1 produced.
 * Ki-67 long-range bomber variant: Equipped with widened wings and without turrets. Only a project.
 * Ki-67 ground attack variant: Version armed with three remote-control ground-firing 5 × 30° 20 mm cannons, 20 mm defensive cannon in the tail position, three 13.2 mm (.51 in) machine guns in lateral and upper positions, and more fuel capacity for long range. Specifically designed for land strikes against B-29 bases in the Marianas. Only a project.
 * Ki-67-II: Prototypes. Modified version of the Ki-67-I, with two Mitsubishi Ha-214 engines of 2150 hp-metric each. 2 produced.
 * Ki-67 glider tug: A standard Ki67-I was used to tow the "Manazuru" (Crane) transport glider in tests.
 * "Yasukuni": Naval torpedo bomber version of the Ki-67-I. Created from Ki-67-Is transferred from the IJAAF.
 * Ki-69: Heavily armed escort fighter model. Only a project.
 * Ki-97: Transport model. Only a project.
 * Ki-109: Night fighter prototypes. Ki-67-I modified for night fighting for operating in pairs, the Ki-109a with a radar/reflector (similar to the British Douglas Havoc II "Turbinlite" concept, only using radio beams rather than a powerful searchlight) for radar transmission and detection and the Ki-109b, armed with twin 37 mm Ho-203 cannon in an upward-firing Schrage Musik-style fixed dorsal mount (as the single Ho-203 autocannon in the Mitsubishi Ki-46-III KAI was) to destroy the objective. Only a project.
 * Ki-109: Day Fighter prototypes. Ki-67-I modified for daylight fighting. One fixed 75 mm Type 88 Heavy Cannon in the nose and one mobile 12.7 mm (0.5 in) Ho-103 Type 1 machine gun in the tail. Equipped with Mitsubishi Ha-104 engines of 1,417 kW (1,900 hp) each or turbocharged Ha-104 Ru with 1,417 kW (1,900 hp) each. 2 produced.
 * Ki-109 Army Heavy Fighter Interceptor: First non-prototype model of series. Lacking gun positions in upper and side positions and without bomb-bay compartments. Fixed 75 mm Type 88 Heavy Cannon in the nose retained from Day Fighter prototype. Had a revised version of tail gun. 22 constructed by Mitsubishi.
 * Ki-112: Bomber escort fighter made with a wooden construction. Armed with 8 x 12.7mm and 1 x 20mm. Only a project.
 * Ki-167 "Sakura-dan": "Special Attack" (kamikaze) version equipped with one shaped charge thermite bomb of 2,900 kg (6,400 lb) in the fuselage behind the crew cabin. The shape of the bomb conducted the blast forward, projecting a jet capable of reaching nearly a mile with a maximum blast radius of 300 m (980 ft). The bomb was designed to breach emplacements as well as to destroy massed formations of armor. 9 produced.
 * Q2M1 Taiyo: Navy variant of Ki-67-I, for anti-submarine warfare. Equipped with radar (Type3 Model 1 MAD (KMX), Type 3 Ku-6 Model 4 Radar, and ESM Antenna equipment). Had two Mitsubishi Kasei 25 Otsu engines of 1380 kW each with six-blade propellers. Carried torpedoes or depth charges. Project only.

Wartime

 * Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
 * Hamamatsu Instructing Flying Division
 * 7th Hikō Sentai
 * 14th Hikō Sentai
 * 60th Hikō Sentai
 * 61st Hikō Sentai
 * 62nd Hikō Sentai
 * 74th Hikō Sentai
 * 110th Hikō Sentai
 * 170th Bombardment Group (ex-60th Hikō Sentai and 110th Hikō Sentai)
 * Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
 * 11th Air Flotilla
 * 11th Air Flotilla

title: Mitsubishi Ki-67


text:
Germania (disambiguation)

Germania was the Roman term for the historical region in north-central Europe initially inhabited mainly by Germanic tribes.

Germania may also refer to:

Arts and culture

 * Germania (band), a project of the Slovenian group Laibach
 * Germania (book), a historical and ethnographic work by Tacitus. c. AD 98
 * a book on German culture by Simon Winder
 * Germania (guild), artisan guilds in the Kingdom of Valencia in Spain
 * Germania (opera), a 1902 opera by Alberto Franchetti
 * Germania (personification), a figure representing the German Nation or the Germans as whole
 * Germania (Philipp Veit), a painting created in 1834–1836
 * Germania (St. Paul's Church, Frankfurt am Main), a painting created in 1848
 * Germania (stamp), a definitive stamp design from 1900 to 1922 in Germany
 * "Germania" (Beethoven), patriotic song by Ludwig van Beethoven
 * Germania (German-American culture), aspects of German American culture

Antiquity

 * Germania Antiqua, an abandoned province of the Roman Empire in Europe
 * Germania Superior, a province of the Roman Empire in Europe
 * Germania Inferior, a province of the Roman Empire in Europe
 * Germania in Dacia, a Roman town, current-day Sapareva Banya, Bulgaria
 * Germania in Numidia, an ancient city and Roman bishopric, in current-day Algeria

United States

 * Germania, Michigan
 * Germania Township, Todd County, Minnesota
 * Germania, Missouri
 * Germania, New Jersey
 * Germania, Texas
 * Germania, Wisconsin
 * Germania, Iron County, Wisconsin
 * Germania, Marquette County, Wisconsin
 * Germania, Wyoming

Elsewhere

 * Germania (city), the projected renewal of Berlin, Germany during the Nazi period
 * Germania, Ontario, Canada
 * Germania District, Siquirres Canton, Costa Rica
 * Germania Land, Greenland
 * Germania, Djursholm, Sweden

German football clubs

 * BFC Germania 1888, from Berlin
 * Germania Bieber
 * Germania Bietigheim (disambiguation)
 * Germania Bochum, defunct
 * SC Germania 1899 Bremen, defunct
 * Germania Breslau, defunct
 * Germania Brötzingen
 * 1. FC Germania Egestorf/Langreder
 * VfL Germania 1894, from Frankfurt am Main
 * FC Germania Friedrichstal
 * VfB Germania Halberstadt
 * Germania Kattowitz, defunct
 * Mannheimer FG Germania 1897, defunct
 * FC Germania 1899 Mühlhausen, now SV 1899 Mühlhausen
 * 1. FC Germania 08 Ober-Roden
 * DFC Germania Prag, defunct
 * SV Germania Schöneiche
 * FC Germania 06 Schwanheim
 * Germania Teveren
 * SG Germania Wiesbaden
 * TSV Germania Windeck

Other uses in sports

 * FC Germania Helsinki, a sports club in Finland
 * SC Germânia, now Esporte Clube Pinheiros, in São Paulo, Brazil
 * SC Germania List, a German rugby union club
 * Germania F.V., a defunct Mexican football club
 * Germania Königshütte, a former German football club, now Polish club AKS Chorzów

Transportation

 * Germania (ship), 1869–1891
 * Germania (yacht), 1908–1930
 * SS Germania, a number of steamships with this name
 * FV Germania, a German trawler in service 1934–39 and as the vorpostenboot V 403 Germania and V 410 Germania 1939–44

 * Germania (airline), a defunct German airline
 * Germania Flug, now Chair Airlines, a Swiss airline

People

 * Germania Poleo (born 1994), Venezuelan journalist

Other uses

 * Germanía, the argot used by criminals or in jails in Spain during 15th and 16th centuries
 * Germania Flugzeugwerke, a German aircraft manufacturer during World War I
 * Germania C.I
 * Germania C.IV
 * Germanium dioxide or Germania, an inorganic compound
 * Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft (or Germaniawerft, 'Germania shipyard'), a former German shipbuilding company
 * 5th SS Panzer Division "Wiking", originally SS-Division Germania
 * 241 Germania, a main-belt asteroid

title: Germania (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Chevy Chase

Removed mention 1997 SNL Incident; most probably fake information
I have been scourging on the internet in the past two days, trying to find a direct source that claims that Chevy Chase slapped Cheri Oteri in 1997 in a rehearsal. It appears to be added on the SNL wiki on July 5, 2014. I would ask the uploader where he got that information, but he was deceased since 2022. To make matters worse, the media is constantly reporting on that factoid - either without a citation (Pens and Patron in 2017) or in the case of CheatSheet.net, citing the Fandom page in 2019. Other articles such as ScreenRant in 2022, Cracked.com in 2022, and Daily Star in 2023 reference it without ANY citations.

And in books about SNL, such as Live From New York, it mentions that he made an awful joke about AIDS to Terry Sweeney, but ZERO mentions of Cheri Oteri in 1997. Cheri Oteri NEVER mentions that incident in any of her interviews. In fact, when she was asked the question about a beloved host who was actually "an absolute asshole", she brought up her negative experiences with Kevin Spacey (Source: Radio Andy). In a more detailed interview with KPCS about her time on SNL, she never brought up Chevy Chase at all.

Thus, I believe that it was most likely a made-up event, and have thus removed it from the Wikipedia page.  Yoshiman6464 ♫🥚 22:00, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chevy Chase


text:
Fig roll

The fig roll or fig bar is a biscuit or cookie consisting of a rolled cake or pastry filled with fig paste.

History
Figs are a popular snack food in most of the world. Originating in northern Asia Minor, traded by the sailors and explorers of the region, they became popular in the Southern and hence hotter parts of the Mediterranean..

Figs were highly traded and fought over during the development of the great trade routes during the 15th to 17th centuries. Christopher Columbus devoted a complete page to what a wonderful time it would be when he would be able to gorge himself on figs in the orient, while Marco Polo described women in association with the beauty of figs. It was also during this period that figs reached America, when the Spanish reached the island of Hispaniola in 1520.

Mass production
In 1892 James Henry Mitchell, a Florida engineer and inventor, received a patent for a machine that could produce a hollow tube of cookie dough and simultaneously fill it with jam. The machine consisted of two funnels, one inside the other, with the outer funnel creating the dough tube and the inner funnel filling that tube with fig jam.

At the same time, Philadelphia baker and fig lover Charles Roser was developing a recipe for a pastry based on the homemade fig roll likely brought to the US by immigrants from Britain. Roser approached the Cambridgeport, Massachusetts based Kennedy Biscuit Company, who agreed to take on production and sales.

Kennedy Biscuit Company had recently become associated with the New York Biscuit Company, and after merger to form Nabisco, trademarked the product as the Fig Newton. The cookie was named after the Massachusetts town of Newton. It was one of the first commercially-produced baked goods in the United States.

title: Fig roll


text:
User:CXI

You have new Communism. ! You've reached my pointless userpage. You're pretty unlikely to find anything useful here, but it's worth a shot.

My name's Sam, I'm 18, and I live in Australia. I'm currently going to the University of New South Wales, and consequently am spending most of my time studying and working hard.

 Contact Me
 * Talk
 * IRC
 * AustNet
 * Freenode
 * WhatNet
 * EFNet
 * ETG
 * SlashNet
 * E-mail
 * ICQ

 Other neat stuff
 * Edit count
 * Modify today's greeting

Articles I've worked on to any significant degree (for varying definitions of significant - my current is somewhere between 2 and 4 paragraphs):

 * Bersirc, Glenbrook, New South Wales, Claro toolkit, OverClocked ReMix, Actor-network theory, Godwin's Law, The 10% Solution for a Healthy Life, Bash.org

 * Allision

To do:

 * Finish Glenbrook, New South Wales
 * Do the rest of the Blue Mountains
 * Learn something about Gallup and Straw polls in order to make those articles not suck
 * Fix more stubs

Best viewed with Mosaic 2.8 or above at 320x200.

title: User:CXI


text:
Muwatalli

Muwatalli or Mutawallis may refer to:

 * Muwatalli II (c. 1295–1272 BCE) Hittite emperor
 * Muwatalli I, 15th century Hittite ruler
 * Muwatalli (Kummuh), 8th century Neo-Hittite ruler
 * Muwatalli I (Gurgum), 10th century Neo-Hittite ruler
 * Muwatalli II (Gurgum), 9th century Neo-Hittite ruler
 * Muwatalli III (Gurgum), 8th century Neo-Hittite ruler

title: Muwatalli


text:
Thomas Walker

Thomas or Tom Walker may refer to:

Entertainment

 * Thomas Walker (actor) (1698–1744), English actor and dramatist
 * Thomas Walker (author) (1784–1836), English barrister, police magistrate and writer of a one-man periodical, The Original
 * Thomas Bond Walker (1861–1933), Irish painter
 * Tom Walker (singer) (born 1991), Scottish singer-songwriter
 * Tom Walker (Homeland), a character in the TV series Homeland
 * Tom Walker, British actor and comedian known for his character Jonathan Pie, a fictional British news reporter
 * Tom Walker (comedian), Australian comedian, mime and Twitch streamer

Law

 * Thomas Joseph Walker (1877–1945), Judge for the United States Customs Court
 * Thomas Glynn Walker (1899–1993), United States federal judge
 * Thomas Walker (attorney) (born 1964), U.S. attorney

Politics

 * Thomas Walker (died 1748) (1660s–1748), Member of Parliament for Plympton Erle, 1735–1741
 * Thomas Walker (merchant) (1749–1817), English political radical in Manchester
 * Thomas Eades Walker (1843–1899), British Member of Parliament for East Worcestershire, 1874–1880
 * Thomas Gordon Walker (1849–1917), British Indian civil servant
 * Thomas Walker (Australian politician) (1858–1932), member of two different state parliaments
 * Thomas Walker (Canadian politician) (died 1812), Canadian lawyer and politician
 * Thomas J. Walker (1927–1998), provincial MLA from Alberta, Canada
 * Thomas Walker (American politician) (1850–1935), Alabama state legislator

Sports

 * Tom Walker (cricketer) (1762–1831), English cricketer
 * Thomas Walker (Yorkshire cricketer) (1854–1925), English cricketer
 * Tom Walker (1900s pitcher) (1881–1944), baseball player
 * Tom Walker (1970s pitcher) (1948–2023), American baseball player
 * Tommy Walker (footballer, born 1915) (1915–1993), Scottish footballer and manager
 * Tom Walker (footballer) (born 1995), English footballer

Other

 * Thomas Walker (academic) (died 1665), English academic at Oxford University
 * Thomas Walker (explorer) (1715–1794), American explorer
 * Thomas Walker (slave trader) (1758–1797), British slave trader
 * Thomas Walker (died 1805), Irish publisher of Walker's Hibernian Magazine
 * Thomas Walker (philanthropist) (1804–1886), Australian politician and banker
 * Thomas Larkins Walker (c.1811–1860), Scottish architect
 * Thomas Walker (journalist) (1822–1898), English editor of The Daily News
 * Thomas A. Walker (1828–1889), English civil engineering contractor
 * T. B. Walker (1840–1928), Minneapolis businessman who founded the Walker Art Center
 * Thomas William Walker (1916–2010), soil scientist
 * Thomas Walker (naval officer) (1919–2003), United States Navy officer
 * Thomas B. Walker Jr. (1923–2016), American investment banker, corporate director and philanthropist
 * Tom Walker (priest) (1933–2016), Anglican priest and author
 * Thomas Walker (musicologist) (1936–1995), American professor of music at Princeton University
 * Thomas J. Walker, namesake of the Thomas J. Walker House in Knoxville, Tennessee
 * Thomas Walker & Son, manufacturers of nautical instruments, Birmingham, England

title: Thomas Walker


text:
Talk:Art Linkletter

Filmography
Appears that the television section is missing his most notable work?

The Linkletter Show? (1952-1969) Life with Linkletter? (1950-1970) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.67.12.40 (talk) 02:18, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

John Guedel
Some mention should be made of John Guedel (+2001), his long-time producer, whom Linkletter has credited as pivotal to his success.

Also, the reference to being abandoned by his parents is somewhat misleading. Linkletter has stated that he was the unwanted son of a prostitute, so his father was most likely unknown to him.76.247.165.208 (talk) 13:16, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

An embarrassingly inadequate article! Shame on wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.137.11.149 (talk) 23:33, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, feel free to improve it. - Realkyhick (Talk to me) 05:03, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

birth name?
Was his actual birth name Arthur Gordon Kelly or Gordon Arthur Kelly or something else? There is no source or footnote for it. Tinton5 02:25, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It's unclear. There is one ref I found that says born GAK, and changed to AG Linkletter when adopted. But unless his autobio says this I find it a not terribly well supported. All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 19:19, 10 September 2016 (UTC).

Unsourced claim of "5 prime time TV shows"
I removed from the main page the statement "He is the only person to have five network television shows running in prime time simultaneously." "People Are Funny" was prime time, but "House Party" was daytime. What shows, what years, are the basis for the claim of 5 prime time shows in the schedule the same season? I find this claim at IMDB, but it is not generally considered a reliable source for statements like this not backed up by film or program credits. He did a lot of guest starring, guest hosting, and panel shows. Maybe there was some week he was on his own show and four others, or on People are Funny and one of his shorter lived shows and some panel shows. But I can't find a year he had five different prime time shows of his own. Edison (talk) 03:22, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

Books
Was there not an Art Linkletter encyclopedia for boys and girls?Jamhaw (talk) 03:27, 7 December 2010 (UTC)jamhaw

Citizenship: Apparent Contradiction
"He became a naturalized US citizen in 1942."

"n 1943, Linkletter pleaded guilty to falsely claiming US citizenship;[4] he was fined $500 and permitted to apply for citizenship.[5]" Dynzmoar (talk) 12:53, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

Change in licensing for File:Alinkletter.jpg
As a result of some research, I found the copyrights for these images were not renewed. Full details can be found on the file. Because of this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Moonriddengirl#Need_advice.2C_please. conversation], am changing the licenses of the images in the NBC Parade of Stars portfolio to public domain-copyright not renewed. We hope (talk) 18:53, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

linkletter and his hold on t.v. performers
i can't believe linkletter's problem with julius larosa, for instance. this article is very one-sided. the guy was grueling to ppl who worked with him. www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TRhoE5Cf3k — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cobaahema (talk • contribs) 07:10, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Are you sure that you're not confusing him with Arthur Godfrey? 76.195.221.218 (talk) 00:24, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Monopoly money
Do we want to mention his smiling face on the largest denomination of Monopoly money, the only real person (as Arthur Linkletter, Esq.) among Hesperia Mint and Basil O. Cash etc.? J S Ayer (talk) 02:57, 8 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Actually that was Game of Life money, and it's already in the article. Herostratus (talk) 03:30, 8 November 2019 (UTC)

Oops! Thank you! J S Ayer (talk) 00:28, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

"Genius" Quotation
Removed the Cultural References section, which consisted solely of a supposed quotation by Linkletter, attributed to him by Hunter Thompson in the book "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas": "Genius' round the world stands hand in hand, and one shock of recognition runs the whole world 'round".

That is, in fact, a slightly paraphrased quotation by Herman Melville. Moreover, the actual quotation used in Thompson's book substitutes the word "wand" for "world".

To add to that, I can find no source indicating that Linkletter actually ever said anything of the sort. The only certain claim here is that Thompson did indeed cite Linkletter in the quotation (the "wand" version of it), and it's quite possible he didn't intend it to be taken literally. Perhaps, without more explanation, including this "cultural reference" is too confusing to be justified. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Convit (talk • contribs) 19:47, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

Radio Shack 50-in-1 kit
As a kid in the early 1970's, I distinctly recall my Radio Shack "50-in-1 Kit", with the disingenuous quote from Art Linkletter "I Heartily Endorse This Product" on the cover of the box. Obviously my kit went to the dump some 40+ years ago when I went off to college so I can't confirm myself.

I've done a fair amount of google searching, and I did find photos of the kit that I remember, selling at eBay and other such websites (full name "Science Fair, 50-in-1 #201"). Hah - the kid in the photo on the box and the book, is a total nerd, and looks a lot like I did back then! But I digress - I was unable to find a corroborating photo with this quote or a likeness of Art (I think there was a photo of him as well). — Preceding unsigned comment added by MikeLempriere (talk • contribs) 03:01, 14 December 2019 (UTC)

Royal Crown Cola?
I recall his being identified years ago as a major longtime investor in Royal Crown (RC) Cola. He's not mentioned in this article or the Royal Crown one. All I've found online is a photo of him as a celebrity endorser of the product, with a reference elsewhere (lost the reference) to that being in 1962 or 1963, and of his being on their Board of Directors. Any chance that someone can follow this up? Ajericn (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 08:51, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

name/formatting
feels incorrect to put the superseding semicolon after the name yet before the birth date, when the "sources differ" part is self-contained to the names. Open to other suggestions, but it's currently two semicolons. There's nothing inherently wrong with back-to-back semicolons, but I just thought I'd table this to see if anyone else has a better idea. Electricmaster (talk) 13:52, 5 September 2022 (UTC)

Nixon and the War on Drugs
This article fails to mention how Linkletter worked closely with Nixon to implement the War on Drugs. Viriditas (talk) 04:26, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Art Linkletter


text:
Pollok, Texas

Pollok is an unincorporated community in Angelina County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 300 in 2000. It is located within the Lufkin, Texas micropolitan area.

History
The area around Pollok was first settled in the 1880s and was established as a sawmill center when Richard Blair built one on the railroad about six miles northwest of Clawson. The station was known as Bodan and was named after Frenchman Francis D. Bodan, who was the manager of a store on the old smuggler's road some 20 mi north of Nacogdoches.

A post office was established in 1886. There were two general stores and a successful sawmill in 1888. A lumber company called the J.A. Young Lumber Company built a mill larger than the original one and was sold to the Bodan Lumber Company in 1899 for $25,000. This company leased land from a man named Henry Claybon for 200 lbs. of salt pork and 4 barrels of flour to be paid annually while the mill was in operation or for 99 years. That same year, mill employees and farmers worked together to build a 30 ft-by-20 ft church that was built with green boxing boards topped with pine shingles. This church building housed Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian congregations, which rotated every Sunday. It was also used as a voting place and a shelter used for the presentation of traveling shows. Bodan increased lumber production to 50,000 ft of board per day, causing Pollok to grow to have many tenant houses, a commissary, and several other businesses. The mill then burned down and was sold to two Bodan stockholders named A. Harris and L. Lipsitz. They then built a small mill, cut the remaining lumber, and shut it down.

Pollok continued to survive with only portable mills operating and the post office remaining in operation in 1986. Pollok had six businesses and 100 residents in the 1930s. It lost a business in 1964, but the population grew to 350. In 1982 and 1990, Pollok had a population of approximately 300 and three businesses. It still had 300 residents in 2000, but grew to have 48 businesses.

Although Pollok is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP Code of 75969.

The Light of Saratoga has been reported to be seen from Pollok on the Bodan.

The Texas Department of Transportation shows three cemeteries near Pollok on an Angelina County map.

During the tornado outbreak of April 13–15, 2019, two children aged 3 and 8 were killed in Pollok after a tree fell on and crushed the vehicle they were riding in.

Geography
Pollok is located on the St. Louis Southwestern Railway and Texas State Highway 7 near the intersection of U.S. Highway 69, 11 mi northwest of Lufkin and 17 mi southwest of Nacogdoches near the Angelina River in northwestern Angelina County.

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Pollok has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Education
A church built in the community in 1899 was also used as a school. The Central Independent School District serves area students.

Media
KLTV and KTRE maintain studios and radio transmitters in the community.

title: Pollok, Texas