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Spin quantum number

In physics and chemistry, the spin quantum number is a quantum number (designated $s$) that describes the intrinsic angular momentum (or spin angular momentum, or simply spin) of an electron or other particle. It has the same value for all particles of the same type, such as $s$ = $1⁄2$ for all electrons. It is an integer for all bosons, such as photons, and a half-odd-integer for all fermions, such as electrons and protons.

The component of the spin along a specified axis is given by the spin magnetic quantum number, conventionally written $m$$s$. The value of $m$$s$ is the component of spin angular momentum, in units of the reduced Planck constant $ħ$, parallel to a given direction (conventionally labelled the $z$–axis). It can take values ranging from +$s$ to −$s$ in integer increments. For an electron, $m$$s$ can be either $+ 1⁄2$ or $− 1⁄2$.

Nomenclature
The phrase spin quantum number refers to quantized spin angular momentum. The symbol $s$ is used for the spin quantum number, and $ms$ is described as the spin magnetic quantum number or as the $z$-component of spin $sz$.

Both the total spin and the z-component of spin are quantized, leading to two quantum numbers spin and spin magnet quantum numbers. The (total) spin quantum number has only one value for every elementary particle. Some introductory chemistry textbooks describe $ms$ as the spin quantum number, and $s$ is not mentioned since its value $1⁄2$ is a fixed property of the electron; some even use the variable $s$ in place of $ms$.

The two spin quantum numbers $$s$$ and $$m_s$$ are the spin angular momentum analogs of the two orbital angular momentum quantum numbers $$l$$ and $$m_l$$.

Spin quantum numbers apply also to systems of coupled spins, such as atoms that may contain more than one electron. Capitalized symbols are used: $S$ for the total electronic spin, and $m$$S$ or $M$$S$ for the $z$-axis component. A pair of electrons in a spin singlet state has $S$ = 0, and a pair in the triplet state has $S$ = 1, with $m$$S$ = −1, 0, or +1. Nuclear-spin quantum numbers are conventionally written $I$ for spin, and $m$$I$ or $M$$I$ for the $z$-axis component.

The name "spin" comes from a geometrical spinning of the electron about an axis, as proposed by Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit. However, this simplistic picture was quickly realized to be physically unrealistic, because it would require the electrons to rotate faster than the speed of light. It was therefore replaced by a more abstract quantum-mechanical description.

History
During the period between 1916 and 1925, much progress was being made concerning the arrangement of electrons in the periodic table. In order to explain the Zeeman effect in the Bohr atom, Sommerfeld proposed that electrons would be based on three 'quantum numbers', n, k, and m, that described the size of the orbit, the shape of the orbit, and the direction in which the orbit was pointing. Irving Langmuir had explained in his 1919 paper regarding electrons in their shells, "Rydberg has pointed out that these numbers are obtained from the series $$N = 2(1 + 2^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + 3^2 + 4^2)$$. The factor two suggests a fundamental two-fold symmetry for all stable atoms." This $$2n^2$$ configuration was adopted by Edmund Stoner, in October 1924 in his paper 'The Distribution of Electrons Among Atomic Levels' published in the Philosophical Magazine.

The qualitative success of the Sommerfeld quantum number scheme failed to explain the Zeeman effect in weak magnetic field strengths, the anomalous Zeeman effect. In December 1924, Wolfgang Pauli showed that the core electron angular momentum was not related to the effect as had previously been assumed. Rather he proposed that only the outer "light" electrons determined the angular momentum and he hypothesized that this required a fourth quantum number with a two-valuedness. This fourth quantum number became the spin magnetic quantum number.

Electron spin
A spin-$1⁄2$ particle is characterized by an angular momentum quantum number for spin $s$ = $1⁄2$. In solutions of the Schrödinger-Pauli equation, angular momentum is quantized according to this number, so that magnitude of the spin angular momentum is

$$ \| \bold{S} \| = \hbar\sqrt{s(s+1)} = \tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\ \hbar ~.$$

The hydrogen spectrum fine structure is observed as a doublet corresponding to two possibilities for the z-component of the angular momentum, where for any given direction $z$: $$ s_z = \pm \tfrac{1}{2}\hbar ~.$$

whose solution has only two possible $z$-components for the electron. In the electron, the two different spin orientations are sometimes called "spin-up" or "spin-down".

The spin property of an electron would give rise to magnetic moment, which was a requisite for the fourth quantum number.

The magnetic moment vector of an electron spin is given by:

$$\ \boldsymbol{\mu}_\text{s} = -\frac{e}{\ 2m\ }\ g_\text{s}\ \bold{S}\ $$

where $$-e$$ is the electron charge, $$m$$ is the electron mass, and $$g_\text{s}$$ is the electron spin g-factor, which is approximately 2.0023. Its z-axis projection is given by the spin magnetic quantum number $$m_\text{s}$$ according to:

$$\mu_z = -m_\text{s}\ g_\text{s}\ \mu_\mathsf{B} = \pm \tfrac{1}{2}\ g_\text{s}\ \mu_\mathsf{B}\ $$

where $$\ \mu_\mathsf{B}\ $$ is the Bohr magneton.

When atoms have even numbers of electrons the spin of each electron in each orbital has opposing orientation to that of its immediate neighbor(s). However, many atoms have an odd number of electrons or an arrangement of electrons in which there is an unequal number of "spin-up" and "spin-down" orientations. These atoms or electrons are said to have unpaired spins that are detected in electron spin resonance.

Nuclear spin
Atomic nuclei also have spins. The nuclear spin $I$ is a fixed property of each nucleus and may be either an integer or a half-integer. The component $m$$I$ of nuclear spin parallel to the $z$–axis can have (2$I$ + 1) values $I$, $I$–1, ..., $–I$. For example, a $14$N nucleus has $I$ = 1, so that there are 3 possible orientations relative to the $z$–axis, corresponding to states $m$$I$ = +1, 0 and −1.

The spins $I$ of different nuclei are interpreted using the nuclear shell model. Even-even nuclei with even numbers of both protons and neutrons, such as $12$C and $16$O, have spin zero. Odd mass number nuclei have half-integer spins, such as $3⁄2$ for $7$Li, $1⁄2$ for $13$C and $5⁄2$ for $17$O, usually corresponding to the angular momentum of the last nucleon added. Odd-odd nuclei with odd numbers of both protons and neutrons have integer spins, such as 3 for $10$B, and 1 for $14$N. Values of nuclear spin for a given isotope are found in the lists of isotopes for each element. (See isotopes of oxygen, isotopes of aluminium, etc. etc.)

Detection of spin
When lines of the hydrogen spectrum are examined at very high resolution, they are found to be closely spaced doublets. This splitting is called fine structure, and was one of the first experimental evidences for electron spin. The direct observation of the electron's intrinsic angular momentum was achieved in the Stern–Gerlach experiment.

Stern–Gerlach experiment
The theory of spatial quantization of the spin moment of the momentum of electrons of atoms situated in the magnetic field needed to be proved experimentally. In 1922 (two years before the theoretical description of the spin was created) Otto Stern and Walter Gerlach observed it in the experiment they conducted.

Silver atoms were evaporated using an electric furnace in a vacuum. Using thin slits, the atoms were guided into a flat beam and the beam sent through an in-homogeneous magnetic field before colliding with a metallic plate. The laws of classical physics predict that the collection of condensed silver atoms on the plate should form a thin solid line in the same shape as the original beam. However, the in-homogeneous magnetic field caused the beam to split in two separate directions, creating two lines on the metallic plate.

The phenomenon can be explained with the spatial quantization of the spin moment of momentum. In atoms the electrons are paired such that one spins upward and one downward, neutralizing the effect of their spin on the action of the atom as a whole. But in the valence shell of silver atoms, there is a single electron whose spin remains unbalanced.

The unbalanced spin creates spin magnetic moment, making the electron act like a very small magnet. As the atoms pass through the in-homogeneous magnetic field, the force moment in the magnetic field influences the electron's dipole until its position matches the direction of the stronger field. The atom would then be pulled toward or away from the stronger magnetic field a specific amount, depending on the value of the valence electron's spin. When the spin of the electron is $+ 1⁄2$ the atom moves away from the stronger field, and when the spin is $− 1⁄2$ the atom moves toward it. Thus the beam of silver atoms is split while traveling through the in-homogeneous magnetic field, according to the spin of each atom's valence electron.

In 1927 Phipps and Taylor conducted a similar experiment, using atoms of hydrogen with similar results. Later scientists conducted experiments using other atoms that have only one electron in their valence shell: (copper, gold, sodium, potassium). Every time there were two lines formed on the metallic plate.

The atomic nucleus also may have spin, but protons and neutrons are much heavier than electrons (about 1836 times), and the magnetic dipole moment is inversely proportional to the mass. So the nuclear magnetic dipole momentum is much smaller than that of the whole atom. This small magnetic dipole was later measured by Stern, Frisch and Easterman.

Electron paramagnetic resonance
For atoms or molecules with an unpaired electron, transitions in a magnetic field can also be observed in which only the spin quantum number changes, without change in the electron orbital or the other quantum numbers. This is the method of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR), used to study free radicals. Since only the magnetic interaction of the spin changes, the energy change is much smaller than for transitions between orbitals, and the spectra are observed in the microwave region.

Relation to spin vectors
For a solution of either the nonrelativistic Pauli equation or the relativistic Dirac equation, the quantized angular momentum (see angular momentum quantum number) can be written as: $$ \Vert \mathbf{s} \Vert = \sqrt{s \, (s+1)\,} \, \hbar$$ where
 * $$\mathbf{s}$$ is the quantized spin vector or spinor
 * $$\Vert \mathbf{s}\Vert$$ is the norm of the spin vector
 * $s$ is the spin quantum number associated with the spin angular momentum
 * $$\hbar$$ is the reduced Planck constant.

Given an arbitrary direction $z$ (usually determined by an external magnetic field) the spin $z$-projection is given by
 * $$s_z = m_s \, \hbar$$

where $ms$ is the magnetic spin quantum number, ranging from −$s$ to +$s$ in steps of one. This generates $2 s + 1$ different values of $ms$.

The allowed values for $s$ are non-negative integers or half-integers. Fermions have half-integer values, including the electron, proton and neutron which all have $s$ = $+ 1⁄2$. Bosons such as the photon and all mesons) have integer spin values.

Algebra
The algebraic theory of spin is a carbon copy of the angular momentum in quantum mechanics theory. First of all, spin satisfies the fundamental commutation relation: $$\ [S_i, S_j ] = i\ \hbar\ \epsilon_{ijk}\ S_k\ ,$$ $$\ \left[S_i, S^2 \right] = 0\ $$ where $$\ \epsilon_{ijk}\ $$ is the (antisymmetric) Levi-Civita symbol. This means that it is impossible to know two coordinates of the spin at the same time because of the restriction of the uncertainty principle.

Next, the eigenvectors of $$\ S^2\ $$ and $$\ S_z\ $$ satisfy: $$\ S^2\ | s, m_s \rangle= {\hbar}^2\ s(s+1)\ | s, m_s \rangle\ $$ $$\ S_z\ | s, m_s \rangle = \hbar\ m_s\ | s, m_s \rangle\ $$ $$\ S_\pm\ | s, m_s \rangle = \hbar\ \sqrt{s(s+1) - m_s(m_s \pm 1)\ }\; | s, m_s \pm 1 \rangle\ $$ where $$\ S_\pm = S_x \pm i S_y\ $$ are the ladder (or "raising" and "lowering") operators.

Energy levels from the Dirac equation
In 1928, Paul Dirac developed a relativistic wave equation, now termed the Dirac equation, which predicted the spin magnetic moment correctly, and at the same time treated the electron as a point-like particle. Solving the Dirac equation for the energy levels of an electron in the hydrogen atom, all four quantum numbers including $s$ occurred naturally and agreed well with experiment.

Total spin of an atom or molecule
For some atoms the spins of several unpaired electrons ($s$$1$, $s$$2$, ...) are coupled to form a total spin quantum number $S$. This occurs especially in light atoms (or in molecules formed only of light atoms) when spin–orbit coupling is weak compared to the coupling between spins or the coupling between orbital angular momenta, a situation known as $L S$ coupling because $L$ and $S$ are constants of motion. Here $L$ is the total orbital angular momentum quantum number.

For atoms with a well-defined $S$, the multiplicity of a state is defined as 2$S$ + 1. This is equal to the number of different possible values of the total (orbital plus spin) angular momentum $J$ for a given ($L$, $S$) combination, provided that $S$ ≤ $L$ (the typical case). For example, if $S$ = 1, there are three states which form a triplet. The eigenvalues of $Sz$ for these three states are $+1ħ, 0,$ and $−1ħ$. The term symbol of an atomic state indicates its values of $L$, $S$, and $J$.

As examples, the ground states of both the oxygen atom and the dioxygen molecule have two unpaired electrons and are therefore triplet states. The atomic state is described by the term symbol $3$P, and the molecular state by the term symbol $3$Σ$− g$.

title: Spin quantum number


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Talk:Charlie Whiting

Notability
I know the guy is important within F1, but I'm iffy on his notability for Wikipedia. He's like middle management compared to Max Mosley and Bernie Eccelstone. Guroadrunner 05:31, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I take your point, but I suspect there are many Wikipedia articles about people who aren't especially well known outside their own particular field. Here are some (admittedly not overwhelming) arguments in favour of Charlie Whiting having his own Wikipedia article:
 * he was a central figure in the controversy surrounding the 2005 United States Grand Prix, which received considerable mainstream press coverage
 * Googling "charlie whiting" "formula 1" returns about 15200 hits (I recognise that the number of Google hits isn't an especially good gauge of notability)
 * he's considered notable enough to have his own article at www.grandprix.com (I acknowledge that this is "within his own particular field")
 * DH85868993 09:44, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * ABBA wrote a song about his wife Alice Whiting, if this helps.92.158.42.91 (talk) 09:14, 9 February 2020 (UTC)

Senna death black boxes incident
Whiting appears to have been involved in the handling of the black bozes from Senna's car after the crash. This appears notable. http://www.ayrton-senna.com/s-files/newsfle5.html 124.171.199.35 (talk) 12:22, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Reported dead
Andrew Benson [BBC F1] reports Whiting died of a pulmonary embolism.

https://twitter.com/andrewbensonf1/status/1105995646165606400

David Crayford ☎  01:01, 14 March 2019 (UTC)

Obituaries
Autosport, Formul1.com, primalinformation.com, Seattle Times - haven't time to add from these sources atm, so leaving here in the hope that other editors will be able to. Mjroots (talk) 07:59, 14 March 2019 (UTC)

Starter
Please also see articles such as this one, this book, this article, etc. A search of FIA "official starter" confirms that this is the sanctioned term.--Phil Holmes (talk) 11:33, 17 June 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Charlie Whiting


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1931 in Ireland

Events from the year 1931 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * Governor-General: James McNeill
 * President of the Executive Council: W. T. Cosgrave (CnaG)
 * Vice-President of the Executive Council: Ernest Blythe (CnaG)
 * Minister for Finance: Ernest Blythe (CnaG)
 * Chief Justice: Hugh Kennedy
 * Dáil: 6th

Events

 * 9 January – Ulster Canal abandoned.
 * 12 February – sixteen members of the Ennis Dalcassian Gaelic Athletic Association club are expelled for attending the Ennis-Nenagh rugby match.
 * 17 March – first St. Patrick's Day parade held in the Irish Free State, reviewed by Desmond FitzGerald, Minister of Defense.
 * 3 April – persistent rainfall causes the banks of the River Lee to burst. Half the houses in Cork are flooded.
 * 7 May – the Irish Youth Hostel Service, An Óige, is established.
 * 17 May – Muintir na Tíre, the rural organisation, is founded by Canon John Hayes.
 * 9 July – Dublin-born racing driver Kaye Don breaks the world water speed record at Lake Garda, Italy.
 * 13 August – law books return to the rebuilt Four Courts where High Court business resumes after its destruction during the Civil War.
 * 5 September – the first issue of The Irish Press, the newspaper of Fianna Fáil, goes on sale for 1d.
 * 27 September – Saor Éire's first National Congress takes place in the Iona Hall in Dublin.
 * 4 December – the derelict aerodrome at Collinstown in north County Dublin is considered as the site for a new civil airport.

Arts and literature

 * 13 October – Orson Welles makes his first professional stage debut, age 16, at the Gate Theatre, Dublin, with a leading rôle in an adaptation of Jew Süss.
 * 25 October – Ireland's first all-concrete Art Deco church, the Church of Christ the King, is opened at Turners Cross, Cork, designed by Chicago architect Barry Byrne with sculptor John Storrs.
 * 'Æ' (George William Russell) publishes Vale, and Other Poems.
 * Samuel Beckett's Proust is published.
 * Cecil Day-Lewis's poetry From Feathers To Iron is published.
 * Lord Dunsany's The Travel Tales of Mr. Joseph Jorkens is published.
 * Kate O'Brien's first novel, Without My Cloak, is published.
 * Frank O'Connor's first short story collection, Guests of the Nation, is published.
 * Francis Stuart's first novel, Women and God, is published.

Football

 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: Shelbourne
 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: Shamrock Rovers 1–1, 1–0 Dundalk

Golf

 * Irish Open is won by Bob Kenyon (England).

Births

 * 1 January – Jimmy Smyth, Clare hurler (died 2013).
 * 7 February – Cyril Haran, priest and Gaelic football manager (Sligo) (died 2014).
 * 2 March – Paddy Cooney, solicitor, Fine Gael TD, Cabinet Minister and MEP.
 * 9 March – Jackie Healy-Rae, Fianna Fáil. TD for Kerry South (died 2014).
 * 9 April – Patrick Walsh, Bishop of Down and Connor (1991–2008) (died 2023).
 * 30 May – John O'Brien, Catholic priest and musician (died 2008).
 * 5 June – Laurence Forristal, Bishop of Ossory (1981–2007) (died 2018).
 * 8 July – Thomas Flynn, Bishop of Achonry (1976–2007) (died 2015).
 * 26 July – Paddy Harte, Fine Gael TD and Minister of State (died 2018).
 * 29 July – Tom Mitchell, IRA activist and politician (died 2020).
 * 1 August – Seán Ó Riada, composer and musician (died 1971).
 * 11 August – Thomas Meaney, Fianna Fáil TD and Minister of State (died 2022).
 * 8 September – Desmond Guinness, architectural conservationist (died 2020).
 * 20 September – Malachy McCourt, actor, writer and politician.
 * 13 October – Jimmy O'Neill, soccer player (died 2007).
 * 27 October – Seán Calleary, Fianna Fáil TD and Minister of State (died 2018).
 * 28 November – Dervla Murphy, travel writer (died 2022).
 * 10 December
 * Gustavus Hamilton-Russell, 10th Viscount Boyne, Irish peer, soldier and banker (died 1995).
 * Tom MacIntyre, poet and playwright (died 2019).
 * 28 December – Mervyn Taylor, Labour Party TD and cabinet minister (died 2021).
 * Full date unknown
 * Mick Cashman, Cork hurler (died 1988).
 * Seán Kinsella, chef and restaurateur (died 2013).

Deaths

 * 6 January – Harry Clarke, stained glass artist and book illustrator (born 1889).
 * 19 January – Mary Elizabeth Byrne, literary scholar (born 1880).
 * 7 March – Hamilton Lyster Reed, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1899 at the Battle of Colenso, South Africa (born 1869).
 * 26 March – Timothy Michael Healy, Nationalist politician, journalist, author, barrister and first Governor-General of the Irish Free State (born 1855).
 * 22 March – James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy, lawyer, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, first Chairman of Seanad Éireann (born 1851).
 * 2 April – Katharine Tynan, novelist and poet (born 1861).
 * 13 April – William Dowler Morris, mayor of Ottawa (born 1857).
 * 22 April – Patrick Kenny, Independent member of the Seanad for 12 years from 1922. Leas Ceann Comhairle 1928.
 * 25 June – Con Lucid, Major League Baseball player (born 1874).
 * 17 August – Pretty Polly, racehorse (born 1901).
 * 27 August – Frank Harris, author, editor, journalist and publisher (born 1856).
 * 29 September – William Orpen, painter (born 1878).
 * 18 October – Reginald Clare Hart, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1879 in the Bazar Valley, Afghanistan (born 1848).
 * 23 October – Peter de Loughry, member of 1922 Seanad, TD representing Carlow–Kilkenny from 1927 to 1931.
 * 28 October – Paddy Glynn, Attorney General of Australia and Minister for External Affairs (born 1855).
 * 27 December – Alfred Perceval Graves, writer (born 1846).

title: 1931 in Ireland


text:
Patrick Smith

Patrick Smith may refer to:

Writers

 * Patrick Smith (journalist) (1952–2023), Australian sports journalist who wrote for The Australian
 * Patrick Smith (columnist), American author and pilot
 * Patrick D. Smith (1927–2014), Florida author who wrote A Land Remembered
 * Patrick Sean Smith, American television show creator, writer, and producer
 * Patrick Smith, editor of Africa Confidential newsletter

Others

 * Patrick Smith, vicar of Great Paxton
 * Patrick Smith (fighter) (born 1963), boxer, kickboxer and mixed martial artist
 * Patrick Smith (politician) (1901–1982), Irish politician who served in Dáil Éireann
 * Patrick Smith (artist) (born 1972), American artist and animator
 * Patrick Henry Smith (1827–1884), Wisconsin merchant and legislator
 * Patrick "J. Que" Smith (born 1975), American record producer and songwriter
 * Patrick Smith (skateboarder), American skateboarder and skate company owner

title: Patrick Smith


text:
1930 in Ireland

Events from the year 1930 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * Governor-General: James McNeill
 * President of the Executive Council: W. T. Cosgrave (CnaG)
 * Vice-President of the Executive Council: Ernest Blythe (CnaG)
 * Minister for Finance: Ernest Blythe (CnaG)
 * Chief Justice: Hugh Kennedy
 * Dáil: 6th

Events

 * John Dulanty begins a 20-year spell as Ireland's High Commissioner (later, Ambassador) to London.
 * 31 December – Mayo County Council is dissolved by ministerial order for refusing to appoint Miss Letitia Dunbar-Harrison to the position of county librarian on the grounds that she is a Protestant.

Arts and literature

 * 1 July – George Shiels' play The New Gossoon is premiered at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin.
 * 28 August – a painting by the Dutch artist Rembrandt, found in an Irish cottage, is authenticated.
 * 17 November – W. B. Yeats' 1-act play The Words Upon The Window Pane is premiered at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin.
 * Samuel Beckett's first separately issued work, the poem Whoroscope, is published by Nancy Cunard's Hours Press in France.
 * George Moore publishes Aphrodite in Aulis and A Flood.
 * 'Æ' (George William Russell) publishes Enchantment, and Other Poems.

Football

 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: Bohemians
 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: Shamrock Rovers 1 – 0 Brideville

Golf

 * Irish Open is won by Charles Whitcombe (England).

Motor racing

 * Irish International Grand Prix is won by Rudolf Caracciola (Mercedes-Benz SSK)

Births

 * 4 January – Tras Honan, Fianna Fáil politician, twice Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann
 * 7 January – Justin Keating, senior Irish Labour Party politician, Teachta Dála, Cabinet Minister, Member of the European Parliament and member of Seanad Éireann (died 2009)
 * 12 January – Jennifer Johnston, novelist and playwright
 * 18 January – Breandán Ó hEithir, journalist and broadcaster working in Irish and English languages (died 1990)
 * 22 February – David Cremin, Bishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney
 * 30 March – Fergus O'Brien, Fine Gael TD and Minister of State
 * 13 March – Don Cockburn, television newsreader (died 2017)
 * 1 April – Frank Cluskey, leader of the Irish Labour Party (died 1989)
 * 12 April – Patrick Pery, 6th Earl of Limerick, peer and public servant (died 2003)
 * 26 April – Jack Fitzsimons, architect, member of Seanad Éireann and campaigner (died 2014)
 * 10 May – William McDermott, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Huancavélica, Peru
 * 13 June – Billy Ringrose, equestrian (died 2020)
 * 27 June – Enda McDonagh, priest (died 2021)
 * 28 June – William C. Campbell, parasitologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * 13 August – Frank Durkan, lawyer in the United States (died 2006)
 * 19 August – Frank McCourt, teacher and writer (died 2009)
 * 29 August – Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh, Gaelic games commentator for Radio Telifís Éireann
 * 30 August – Kieran Crotty, Fine Gael TD
 * 9 September – Des Hanafin, Fianna Fáil politician, member of Seanad Éireann (died 2017)
 * 26 September – Joe Sherlock, Labour Party TD (died 2007)
 * 1 October – Richard Harris, actor (died 2002)
 * 5 October – Sean Potts, tin whistle player with The Chieftains (died 2014)
 * 11 October – Joan O'Hara, actress (died 2007)
 * 22 October – Philomena Lynott, entrepreneur and memoirist (died 2019)
 * 23 October – Thomas Flanagan, Auxiliary Bishop of the Diocese of San Antonio (died 2019)
 * 4 November – Gerry Duffy, cricketer
 * 17 November – Brian Lenihan, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister, senator and presidential candidate (died 1995)
 * 15 December – Edna O'Brien, novelist and short story writer
 * Full date unknown
 * Edward Delaney, sculptor
 * George Eogan, archaeologist, member of Seanad Éireann (died 2021)
 * Maeve Kelly, writer
 * Seán Ó Coisdealbha, poet, playwright and actor (died 2006)
 * Bertie Troy, priest, hurler and All-Ireland winning manager with Cork (died 2007)

Deaths

 * 26 September – Dick Fitzgerald, Kerry Gaelic footballer (born 1882)
 * 29 September – Bryan Mahon, British Army general, Commander-in-Chief, Ireland and Senator (born 1862)
 * 1 October – James Whiteside McCay, Lieutenant General in the Australian Army, member of the Victorian and Australian Parliaments (born 1864)
 * 31 October – Pierce Charles de Lacy O'Mahony, Nationalist politician, barrister and philanthropist (born 1850)
 * 30 November – Mary Harris "Mother" Jones, labor and community organizer, member of the Industrial Workers of the World, and socialist in the United States (born 1830)

title: 1930 in Ireland


text:
Spetisbury

Spetisbury is a village and civil parish in north Dorset, England, situated on the River Stour and the A350, 4 mi southeast of Blandford Forum.

According to the Domesday Book of 1086, the village had 30 households. According to the 2011 census the parish had 224 households and a population of 555. According to the 2021 census, the parish had 250 households and a population of 590.

Spetisbury is a linear settlement, adjacent to the A350 road, which was included in Dorset County Council's response to the Major Roads Network (MRN) consultation, leading to some anticipation of a bypass of Spetisbury and neighbouring Charlton Marshall. A large solar farm was commissioned near Spetisbury in 2023 to provide energy for the City of London Corporation.

Spetisbury is twinned with Le Vast, a village in the Manche department of Normandy, France. The Manche department is itself is twinned with Dorset.

Etymology
Spetisbury takes its name from the Old English words speoht (woodpecker) and byrig (a fort). Woodpeckers are commonly found in the village, and there is an Iron Age fort.

Spetisbury Rings
Spetisbury is home to the Iron Age fortifications known as Spetisbury Rings (previously known as Crawford Castle). Spetisbury Rings is the third in a series of Iron Age earthworks, after Hambledon Hill and Hod Hill, before Buzbury Rings, Badbury Rings, Dudsbury Camp and the port at Hengistbury Head. In the 1850s, during the construction of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, two mass graves were found contained over 80 skeletons. At least two of these had been killed violently. Alongside skeletons, a large number of items, including seaxes and spearheads, were discovered. The hillfort is a scheduled monument.

St John the Baptist
The parish church of St John the Baptist lies on the west side of the A350. The north arcade dates from the late 12th or early 13th century and the tower (with a ring of six heavy bells) from the late 15th or early 16th century. Most of the church was built in 1858, before Thomas Henry Wyatt restored the building in 1895. The church was built with a mixture of building stones, chiefly knapped flint. The early-17th-century pulpit has ornate panelled sides, including cherub heads. The font was made of Purbeck marble, and is likely the same age as the tower. In the north wall, there is an early 17th-century monument to John Bowyer, who died in 1599. In the churchyard, close to the porch, is the three-sided pyramid gravestone of Thomas Rackett, rector of the village and Charlton Marshall for 60 years. The church is a Grade 1 listed building and the Rackett monument and octagonal memorial to the fallen of WWI and WWII are both Grade 2 listed.

Crawford Bridge
The B3075 crosses the River Stour at Crawford Bridge. The bridge was built in the medieval period and widened in 1819. It has nine semicircular arches and is a Grade 1 listed building.

St Monica's Priory
In 1800, an 18th-century country house in the village was acquired by some Augustinian nuns (of the Congregation of Windesheim). The priory was then occupied by various religious groups including Brigittines (Syon nuns), Canons Regular of the Lateran and Ursulines. Although most of the original building was destroyed, some still remains and forms part of the village hall. There had previously been a house of Benedictine monks in the village.

Spetisbury Station
The village has a disused railway station on the former Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway. The station opened in 1860, but was one of four stations on the Dorset section of the line closed as an economy measure in 1956 before the whole railway closed for passengers in 1966 as part of the Beeching Axe. The route is now a footpath.

Spetisbury School
Dr Charles Sloper, rector of the parish, bequeathed £500 in his will to found a school in Spetisbury. Sloper also funded the construction of the village's rectory. Sloper's bequest complemented money given by John Hall to buy bibles. In 1733, a Christian school was founded in the village. This was before the introduction of compulsory state education. In 1862, it moved to its current building, next to the parish church. It is now called Spetisbury CofE Primary School, formerly Spetisbury (Hall and Sloper) School. During the Second World War, the school building was used as a radar base by the Royal Air Force.

The Woodpecker
There have been at least five pubs in the village, but all are now closed. The last was called "The Woodpecker", before it ceased trading in early 2019.

title: Spetisbury


text:
1929 in Ireland

Events from the year 1929 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * Governor-General: James McNeill
 * President of the Executive Council: W. T. Cosgrave (CnaG)
 * Vice-President of the Executive Council: Ernest Blythe (CnaG)
 * Minister for Finance: Ernest Blythe (CnaG)
 * Chief Justice: Hugh Kennedy
 * Dáil: 6th

Events

 * 17 January – all cats from abroad, except Great Britain, are to be kept in quarantine for a period of six months to avoid rabies.
 * 8 February – a Belfast court sentences Fianna Fáil leader, Éamon de Valera, to one month in jail for illegally entering County Armagh.
 * 20 February – Major-General Seán Mac Eoin, the Blacksmith of Ballinalee, is appointed Chief of Staff of the army.
 * 12 May
 * After his resignation from the army Major-General Seán Mac Eoin receives the Cumann na nGaedheal nomination in the Sligo-Leitrim by-election.
 * Maud Gonne MacBride is arrested and charged with seditious libel against the State.
 * 22 May – Northern Ireland general election for the Parliament of Northern Ireland, the first held following abolition of proportional representation and the redrawing of electoral boundaries to create single-seat territorial constituencies. The Ulster Unionist Party retains a substantial majority.
 * 23 June – 300,000 people attend the Pontifical High Mass at the Phoenix Park to mark the end of the Catholic Emancipation centenary celebrations.
 * 11 July – the restored General Post Office, Dublin, is officially opened by President W. T. Cosgrave.
 * 22 July – the Shannon hydro-electric scheme at Ardnacrusha, County Clare is opened.
 * August – Censorship of Publications Act sets up the Censorship of Publications Board.
 * 21 October – the Shannon Hydro-Electric Scheme is handed over to the ESB (Electricity Supply Board), bringing electricity to Galway and Dublin.
 * 24 October – start of Wall Street Crash; Ireland's economy suffers.
 * Six banks in Northern Ireland begin to issue banknotes in sterling.
 * Primary Certificate introduced, but optional, at end of primary education.
 * Fordson tractor production is moved to Cork from the United States.
 * Inishtrahull is depopulated (other than lighthouse keepers).

Arts and literature

 * 22 April – the first talking film, The Singing Fool starring Al Jolson, opens in the Capitol Theatre, Dublin.
 * 3 July – Denis Johnston's The Old Lady Says "No!" is premièred by the Gate Theatre in Dublin, directed by Hilton Edwards.
 * 29 November – Savoy Cinema opens in Dublin with the American colour talkie On with the Show.
 * Elizabeth Bowen publishes her novel The Last September, set during the Irish War of Independence.
 * Cecil Day-Lewis publishes Transitional Poem.
 * Louis MacNeice publishes his poetry Blind Fireworks.
 * Tomás Ó Criomhthain's autobiographical An t-Oileánach is published.
 * Peadar O'Donnell publishes his novel Adrigool.
 * George Bernard Shaw's political satire The Apple Cart is first performed (in Warsaw and Malvern).
 * W. B. Yeats publishes his poetry A Packet for Ezra Pound and The Winding Stair.

Football

 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: Shelbourne
 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: Shamrock Rovers 0–0, 3–0 Bohemians
 * St Patrick's Athletic F.C. is founded

Gaelic Games

 * The All-Ireland Champions are Cork (hurling) and Kerry (football).

Golf

 * Irish Open is won by Abe Mitchell (England).

Motor racing

 * Irish International Grand Prix is won by Boris Ivanowski (Alfa Romeo 6C)

Births

 * 9 January – Brian Farrell, author, journalist, academic and broadcaster (died 2014).
 * 7 February
 * Norman Rodway, actor (died 2001).
 * Constance Smith, actress (died 2003).
 * 10 February – Liam Ó Murchú, television broadcaster (died 2015).
 * 14 February – Noel Lemass, Fianna Fáil TD (died 1976).
 * 27 February – Richie Ryan, Fine Gael TD, Cabinet Minister and MEP (died 2019).
 * 11 March – Erskine Barton Childers, writer and broadcaster (died 1996).
 * 15 March – Paddy Buggy, Kilkenny hurler, President of the Gaelic Athletic Association (died 2013).
 * 1 April – Michael O'Herlihy, television director (died 1997).
 * 9 April – James McLoughlin, Roman Catholic Bishop of Galway (died 2005).
 * 14 May – Brendan O'Reilly, broadcaster and actor (died 2001).
 * 9 June – Shay Gibbons, international soccer player (died 2006).
 * 11 July – David Kelly, actor (died 2012).
 * 20 August – Kevin Heffernan, Gaelic footballer and manager (died 2013).
 * 7 September – T. P. McKenna, character actor (died 2011).
 * 9 September – Mervyn Jaffey, cricketer.
 * 17 September – David Craig, Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom).
 * 9 October – Michael Dargan, cricketer (died 2023).
 * 16 October – James Kelly, Irish Army officer cleared of attempting to import arms for the IRA in the 1970 Arms Trial (died 2003).
 * 28 October – Paddy Keaveney, Independent Fianna Fáil TD (died 1995).
 * 14 November – Jimmy Gray, GAA sportsman (died 2023).
 * 20 November – Ned Power, Waterford hurler (died 2007).
 * 21 November – Niall Toibin, comedian and actor (died 2019).
 * 23 December – Ouida Ramón-Moliner, anaesthetist (died 2020).
 * Full date unknown
 * Camille Souter, English-born painter.
 * Tim Sweeney, hurler (died 2018).

Deaths

 * February – Jim Connell, political activist, writer of The Red Flag (born 1852).
 * 6 March – Thomas Taggart, politician in the United States (born 1856; died in U.S.)
 * 23 March – William Sears, newspaper proprietor, member of 1st Dáil representing South Mayo (Pro Treaty).
 * 27 April – Austin Stack, Sinn Féin MP and TD, member of 1st Dáil (born 1879).
 * 28 April – Alice Stopford Green, historian and nationalist, Independent member of the Seanad in 1922, 1925 and 1928 (born 1847).
 * 29 April – Otto Jaffe, twice elected as Irish Unionist Party Lord Mayor of Belfast (born 1846).
 * 1 May – Henry Jones Thaddeus, painter (born 1859; died on Isle of Wight).
 * 28 May – Alice Stopford Green, nationalist, historian and journalist (born 1847).
 * 5 July – Ted Sullivan, Major League Baseball player and manager (born 1851; died in U.S.)
 * 12 July – Sir Nugent Everard, 1st Baronet soldier, Seanad member (born 1849).
 * 11 August – Jer Doheny, Kilkenny hurler (born 1874).
 * 10 October – Rose Mary Barton, watercolourist (born 1856).
 * 19 October – Feardorcha Ó Conaill, Gaelic scholar (born 1876; died in traffic accident)
 * 18 November – T. P. O'Connor, journalist and member of parliament (born 1848).
 * Full date unknown – Grace Rhys, novelist (born 1865; died in U.S.)

title: 1929 in Ireland


text:
Collegeville, Minnesota

Collegeville is an unincorporated community in St. Wendel Township, Stearns County, Minnesota, United States, near St. Joseph. The community is located near the junction of Collegeville Road and Old Collegeville Road. Nearby is Saint John's Abbey, a large Benedictine monastery.

History
The community was named for Saint John's University.

St. John's Indian Industrial School was a Native American residential school that operated in Collegeville from 1885 to 1896 that was run by Saint John's University. In 1888, Native residential school students made up 47 percent of the student population of Saint John's.

Geography
Collegeville is located within section 32 of St. Wendel Township. Collegeville Township lies to the southwest.

title: Collegeville, Minnesota


text:
Talk:Williams Grand Prix Engineering

Creation Date
Willians wasn't created in 1977, Jacques Lafitte was second in the German GP on a Williams as early as 1974. Previously the team was named from his sponsors : Polytoys and Iso-Malboro. Ericd 13:22, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Well its a bit confusing. Technically, Williams Grand Prix Engineering (as they were known at the time) were established in 1977. However, in 1969, Frank Williams bought an ex-works Brabham for some selected F1 races. He continued racing on and off in F1 using other people's cars until 1972 when Polytoys approached him to produce a car for them. They were then called Iso-Marlboro until 1975, when they ran as "Williams" for the first time. In '76 he joined up with Walter Wolf, but ran Hesketh chassis (not designed by Williams) in races. Finally in '77 Williams as we know it today was made. This could be a bit of a contentious issue, but I think they were only a fully fledged F1 constructor (in terms of building and using their own chassis/parts in-house) from 1977... before that they were just participating when they could get their head in - building cars for other companies, buying cars from chassis makers and running them occasionally. It could be argued either way, but I think the wording of the article as it stands ("Frank Williams founded the team as it currently stands in 1977 after two unsuccessful attempts at managing Formula One teams of the same name.") is accurate, but an entire section could be written about his attempts before cracking it as a fully independent team... (See this - very good info from GrandPrix.com. AlbinoMonkey (Talk) 12:52, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

BMW.Williams or BMW Williams?
You can find the version "BMW.WilliamsF1 Team" at some sources, including their Official Team Logo. However, the Team does not use it in regular written texts neither does the FIA or the Official Formula 1 Website, they use "BMW WilliamsF1 Team".

Shouldent it be "BMW WilliamsF1 Team" here also then?
 * BMW is just there because it is the name of their engine supplier and main sponsor. When this changes (most likely next year) we don't want to have to change where the page is... I've made a redirect from BMW WilliamsF1 Team, but the article is about WilliamsF1 over all time, not just since they have had BMW engines... AlbinoMonkey (Talk) 30 June 2005 00:02 (UTC)

Yes I know, I was just talking about the full name in the box to the right, it says "BMW.WilliamsF1 Team", but it should be "BMW WilliamsF1 Team"

 * I think the version with the "." is correct. They could have had a space, or a dash, but they chose period/full-stop. JamesHoadley 06:58, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Call me old-fashioned, but I'll never yield to BMW./-Williams. It's chassis first, engine 2d: Williams-BMW. Tough Luck to BMW. Trekphiler 06:32, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Hill and Villeneuve
Any justification for the line about these two not being regarded as great world champions? Hill helped bring the team back from its worst point(then) in 1994 and has won grand prix with more than one team. Also plenty of drivers have had the best car to drive but not managed a world championship (Raikkonen, Coulthard). Some revision please.

By any standard Hill & Villeneuve are not in the top flight of GP world champions. The greats are usually listed as Fangio, Clark, Stewart, Prost, Senna and Schumacher. Everybody else is deemed not quite there.

The main problem is that you only compare drivers of the same era. Hill and Villeneuve will be compared to Schumacher, as drivers they were not of the same standard.

All in all it's fair to list Hill and Villneuve as they currently are.

Reason for changing HP to "Invent" on rear wing?
The article doesn't say so, and I can't remeber. I think the reason was simply "It looked shit", and Hewlett Packard was too long, so Invent it was. JamesHoadley 06:56, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Fireball Roberts School of Interviewing
Asked why drivers didn't like the new car, Patrick Head demo he'd been there, replying, "Not quick enough." Trekphiler 06:35, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Frank Williams Racing Cars
I can see you're hard at work, Skully! I'd be included to cut the lengthy section on FWRC, though. AlbinoMonkey gave a very good explanation up above as to why the two should be considered as seperate bodies - there's no real connection between them other than Frank Williams (and Patrick Head?). I agree with his position that this article should restrict itself to a brief mention of Frank's earlier activities and a link to FWRC. Cheers. 4u1e 18:44, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Typographical errors
Final sentence of Introduction has the word "won" omitted.

"Williams have won 113 races out of 524 races they've completed."

Do you mean completed or competed?

Piers Courage
Piers Courage died at the 1970 Dutch Grand Prix in a De Tomaso, not in the 1969 version in a Brabham.

Images Used
With regard to the fair use picture of Mansell's FW11 in 1986 used in the article, is there a reason why it couldn't be replaced by this 1985 image (of the FW10?) which is Creative Commons? I don't want to replace it if there is a reason for the FW11 to be used. Alexj2002 10:24, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Removal of 1976 material
I started copyediting, but ran into trouble almost immediately with trying to keep things consistent. Turned out the problem was the 1976 and 1977 seasons. There's a nasty little trap lurking in the statistics.

Although it is true that both 'Wolf Williams' and 'Williams' are listed in the 1976 results as constructors, this does not mean that Williams Grand Prix Engineering competed that year. Confused? I was! The list of 'teams' given for 1976 is actually the list of constructors. In 2006 'team' and 'constructor' are the same thing because team's must own the copyright to the design of their cars and so in effect almost always build them themselves and different teams cannot use the same car. This has only been the case since the early 1980s however.

Before then there was nothing to stop teams using cars from other constructors - however constructors score points, not teams, so it was the overall performance of all a constructors cars, not just their 'works' team that determined their position in the table.

Going back to Williams and Wolf in 1976. Frank sold 60% of his team to Walter Wolf in 1976. (See Walter Wolf Racing). The team ran Hesketh 308s that Wolf bought from the defunct Hesketh team, but these were renamed Wolf-Williams FW05s. The team also ran the previous year's car in a couple of races - the Williams FW04 (not Wolf-Williams, because it was built by the previous incarnation of the team). In some tables of results there are therefore two 'Williams' constructors listed - 'Williams' and 'Wolf-Williams', but these only represent one actual team (Wolf Williams). Frank did not leave until early 1977, which is when he set up WGPE. Further adding to the confusion, in 1977 the team used March 761 chassis, so 'Williams' doesn't appear in the constructors table, because the cars were constructed by March.

I have therefore deleted the 1976 paragraph, as this was actually describing the results achieved by the Williams FW04 run by Wolf Williams. Williams Grand Prix Engineering's history starts in 1977. Apologies for the length of the explanation!

See also, , --4u1e 22:35, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I have also rewritten the 1977 paragraph - the 77 season was a consolidation season in which WGPE was not a constructor, using March Engineering customer cars instead. Patrick Nève was the only driver. --4u1e 23:12, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

GA Nom comments
I've dropped by to review the article and am fairly satisified with the quality of work done here. I'd like to see at least one inline reference for each year, however. The object is so that the reader can find more information about an idea, event, concept, etc. without have to google around for it. The inline references you already have done this nicely. We just need more of them. I'll put the article on hold to give you all time to work on it. --CTS Wyneken (talk) 13:04, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

GA Failed
The hold has expired and the article denied promotion. Please take a look at the issue listed above. When you've had a chance to address it, please renom the article. --CTS Wyneken (talk) 15:48, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

The Adelaide '94 incident
Although I might as well just copy and paste the neutral paragraph from the Damon Hill article, I thought it would be better if we had re-write for the incident for this article. Of course the incident has many people split, but personally: I believe that Schumacher did cause the incident (thus the late apex), but whether it was intentional is another matter altogether. Anyway, I'd like to hear others toughts.--Skully Collins 14:39, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * "By the penultimate round in Japan, Hill was 5 points behind Schumacher and if he didn't finish ahead of him, it would be very unlikely that he'd take the title in the final round in Adelaide; however, Hill did win, by three seconds to Schumacher who finished second and so to the final round in Adelaide, where Schumacher lead Hill by one point. Despite Mansell being in pole for Williams, Schumacher would be in the lead followed by Hill from the first lap until mid-way through the race, where a controversial collision would decide the championship. Schumacher clipped the wall coming into the fifth corner and went wide. Schumacher managed to get back on track and ahead of Hill but had lost some momentum. Hill saw that Schumacher was going slow and took his chances cutting to the inside on the next corner. Schuamcher turned for the corner and stayed on his own racing line. With both drivers refusing to budge from their decisions, the collision then occurred. The collision ended both Schumacher and Hill's race, and the double retirement that resulted meant Schuamcher was the champion."

This is close. I'm not really all that sure, though. Schuamcher had the lead, although he was going significantly slower than hill, he did not actually turn into Hill. He remained on his normal racing line. It's hills cutting across Schuamchers racing line in hopes of passing him that caused the incident, though I doubt schuamcher or hill would fault each other for what they did. That's racing, and it was just a racing incident. We have a dozen or so every year. This one just happened to decide the championship, which is why it gets more attention. Ernham 15:03, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, but the question still remains: Would Schumacher still have continued the race if the title wasn't at stake or if it was a mid-season race?. I seriously doubt that he would've continued if it was a different scenario, which is what really angers me, along with the fact that it was blatenly obvious Schumacher was at fault IMO. Anyway, that paragraph was written partly by me...if you check the history, I think you'll find that I wrote an NPOV paragraph to that part of the article.--Skully Collins 15:18, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not 100% sure we can have a discussion on this issue that you believe that Schuamcher was at fault for this incident. Neither driver was really at fault. Schuamcher had the lead, and he stayed on his line. He had no idea if any damage had been done to his vehicle yet because ghe just got it back on the track. Hill came around the corner and saw a slow Schumacher... Later on Hill said that he thought Schumacher had a engine problems(Hill never saw the schuamcher go off the road, which is why he was actually going so slow). So Hill thinks schuamcher's race is over, but Schuamcher did not know if his vehicle was fine or not. Take a look at what hill himself said(about 4 minutes into this video): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuirVZMI-Zc

 * Note how Hill says "he must have known that". Schumacher had no idea yet if he was fine or not.Ernham 15:36, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * additionally, If this is what Hill truly thought at the time, we did he not just wait to pass him on the next straight which was right after that corner? He could have blew schuamcher away. Instead he went right for the inside. Watch his cockpit cam and see just inside the track he cut before the collision. Like i said, I don't blame Hill, but blaming schuamcher is beyond ridiculous given all the evidence and "testimony". Ernham 15:43, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

If '94 was an isolated incident then I think the above argument would be warranted. But throughout his tenure MS has made the decision that gives him the best chance of winning. MS lost the championship and all his points for trying the same move on Villeneuve. Do we need to list it all again?

The incident with Hill was more blatant MS went off the circuit, hit the wall, came back on and at a dramatically slower pace re-joined the racing line. Hill went for the pass and Schumacher then turned in http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5H0w-pEe90

Hill has repeatedly faulted MS for the accident. Hill has also said that it was not an innocent accident but he has stopped short of saying it was a deliberate action on the part of MS. Other drivers have not been so diplomatic.

This accident will always be contentious. But to try and paint it as just a racing accident that should be ignored is not a correct depiction.

If we saw the telemetry then wee would know if Schumi turned in or not. It does look like he turns in on Hill but then, Hill could have waited until the big straight or something. I still think it was delibrate on Schumi's part.

 * Guys, just a quick reminder to sign talk page messages with 4 tildes (~) at end, it's getting quite hard to follow this discussion and work out which bits were said by the same person. Alexj2002 22:32, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Photos used in the article
Would anyone object to me removing the picture of the BMW and putting a picture of the Renault Laguna BTCC car in instead? As you may know the BMW V12 is being used under a (slightly dodgy) claim of fair use because (as yet) no freely licenced alternative is available. I might have found a freely licenced image of the Laguna BTCC car, which would be preferred for use in a free content encylopedia but I appreciate I'm not replacing like with like. So would anyone mind using the Laguna instead of the BMW? Alexj2002 18:30, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, replace it. We have enough BMW powered Williams cars on the page anyway.-- S kully Collins Edits 18:40, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Done. Feel free to revert if you don't like it or disagree with the removal of the BMW V12. Alexj2002 20:08, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Right I'm going to take this opportunity to have a look at all photos used in the article. First up the image of Alan Jones is going to have to go. It's actually under copyright in the USA (whose laws apply on Wikipedia) so we'd need to claim fair use which isn't usually possible for a living person. Any freely licenced alternative would be much appreciated. Second there isn't a single picture of a Ford-engined Williams (with TAG/Fly Saudi liveries). If one can be found it'd be nice. The FW10 image looks good, the FW16 image looks pretty bad but it's an important car so it'll have to do. Perhaps having both the FW17 and FW18 is overkill and I think a Winfield Williams would make a nice variation to show a different livery (again provided a freely licenced image can be found). I think the Walrus-nose hp Williams should stay and one of the other two more conventional ones. I say we lose the blurrier London-demo one. Again a Compaq sponsered livery would make a good replacement to have variation in the images and to spread them through the article better. The 2006 photos can be reviewed after that section of the article has been cut down a bit. The non-F1 photos I think are OK now - 2 is plenty for section of that length, and both licences are OK. Your opinions, as always, are appreciated. Alexj2002 21:50, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I've got some pictures of every Williams F1 car (including the 6 wheeler) that were on display at their factory in Didcot when I was privileged to visit it in 1996 - would one of these photos be suitable until an action shot can be found? I'll add a link to my Flickr gallery once they are uploaded and if you like them I can release some under a suitable licence. KevS 12:50, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * That'd be fantastic, look forward to seeing them. Alexj2002 13:53, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry for the delay in posting the link, the uploader crashed on me and I then forgot. Now online at my Flickr page, any that you think are appropriate I can upload to Wikipedia, allowing appropriate licence use.  I think all the model numbers are correct, but as they were taken over 10 years ago there might be some out of synch.  KevS 21:42, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Added the FW07 to the main article, and a couple of Alex's other suggestions (see User talk:KevS for more info) - a bit stuck on how to handle the last two of his suggestions though - if anyone has any comments (Williams FW16 car 2 destined for the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix page, and Damons' FW16) I'd much appreciate it - thanks!

 * Well, you can handle the images - You seem to be more "on the ball" when it comes to this ;-). I'll do the "mass text" work, ie. Research, References, etc. I was just thinking about the following:

 * "Origins" section - Should this be included? Sure, the article has nothing to do with FWRC (see above), then fair enough. But I think it at least is worth a mention and it would make more sense for the reader's sake.
 * Expansion of several seasons, namely the "Judd".
 * Get the 1994 section sorted out
 * Cutting down of BMW and Cosworth Section
 * Toyota section needs copyediting. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Skully Collins (talk • contribs) 22:14, 6 December 2006 (UTC).

With regard to the Hill/Schumacher 1994 collision perhaps this needs to be sorted out once and for all on the WikiProject F1 talkpage as it's affecting quite a few articles. We need to agree on what we can say that is NPOV and backed up by reputable source. Alexj2002 23:22, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Senna "S"
Where exactly on the car is the Senna "S" located? I can't seem to find it anywhere. The Senna "S" may not even exist. Bubby the Tour G 21:48, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I know how you feel. I tried to find a reference to it a while ago...I couldn't find anything so I deleted the statement. Apparently, it's on the front wing, on the pieces of metal connecting the actual wing to the nose. Hope that helps ;-).-- S kully Collins Edits 08:21, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeh it's on the inside of the front wing uprights. I have a photo, but it may take a while to access (it's not on any computer i have easy access to) – AlbinoMonkey (Talk) 11:42, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah... whenever you can, please upload the photo? Bubby the Tour G 20:24, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Well it turns out I was thinking of a different photo, taken with a film camera, so I've had to scan it in. The colours are a bit messed up due to the scanner, but here it is. – AlbinoMonkey (Talk) 22:04, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It's ok. It looks great. Think it can be used in the article? Bubby the Tour G 23:36, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Team Results
To the anonymous editor who is currently adding the team results - brave work! As I've noted on your talk page, the results you are currently working on actually refer to Frank Williams Racing Cars and should be in that article if anywhere. I suggest that it would be best if they were moved there - I note that you have footnoted them, but they shouldn't really be in this article at all. Cheers. 4u1e 08:16, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

FW16 Image
Currently we are using the image shown on the right for this model. I'm not a big fan of this image, the shot seems too low, not quite straight and too busy in the background. KevS has made the second photo available to us. It's not great quality at full size, but the shot composition is much better I think. When shrunk to thumbnail size, the quality becomes much less of an issue. I think we should use Kev's one instead. Which one do others prefer? Alexj2002 16:52, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Can someone update 2006?
I've just trawled through this page – the 2006 paragraph is now out of date and needs altering in light of 2007 events. I'm not qualified to do so, as I don't know enough about the sport!

cheers Jlhughes 20:25, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Recent results
Can someone add the last five or so F1 results to this article? and the others in the sub article can be linked to. Christopher Connor 21:22, 19 July 2007 (UTC)
 * The best location for the last five years' results is currently under discussion at the WP:F1 discussion page. DH85868993 06:08, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

WilliamsF1 debut season and stats
I changed the statistics a bit, because according to all statistics the WilliamsF1 team debuted in 1975 and has by now taken part in 511 Grand Prix'. Just take a look yourselves

http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/teams/4/

http://www.statsf1.com/cars/fiche.asp?IdConstructeur=102&LG=2 —Preceding unsigned comment added by SchumiChamp (talk • contribs) 18:50, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Frank Williams Racing Cars debuted in 1975. Williams Grand Prix Engineering (renamed WilliamsF1) debuted in 1977. This article only deals with the latter team. AlexJ 22:20, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, I've noticed it is considered as two different teams. But I thought it needed mentioning, because statistically it's all the same team. Could be mentioned somewhere in the article as well... —Preceding unsigned comment added by SchumiChamp (talk • contribs) 15:37, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

The relationship between them is mentioned under Origins. Statistically it's a different team because FWRC became Walter Wolf Racing, while WGPE was formed separately (just happened to be by the same owner). AlexJ 16:10, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The article really needs two infoboxes, one for "WGPE/WilliamsF1 the team" (which would include the races in 1977 with the March) and one for "WGPE/WilliamsF1 the constructor", in the same way that Team Lotus has. I'm cool with us making a distinction between FWRC Williamses and WGPE/WilliamsF1 Williamses, but we probably need to add footnotes to explain what we do and don't include in the stats, to explain the discrepancies compared to sites such as the ones mentioned above. For the moment, I've reverted the debut and number of races to match List of Formula One records and FORIX, until we agree the best solution. DH85868993 03:06, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

I'm still not happy with the situation. All statistics refer to these teams as one. Most websites seem to refer to 1975 as Williams' debut season, and currently already having taken part in over 500 Grand Prix'. SchumiChamp 16:02, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * That's all fine until you try and go into detail. When you look at the details of constructors (remember that Williams goes back to the last era when you could buy cars from other teams), teams and entrants, it all gets very complicated. Most of the sites you refer to lump all possible variations of Williams together, including cars built by Hesketh, Brabham, De Tomaso and March Engineering in the total. Having FWRC and Williams F1 (né WGPE) articles helps us deal with this. 4u1e 18:32, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

WilliamsF1 and FWRC
Just like the headline says. WilliamsF1 and Frank Williams Racing Cars articles should me merged into one. Why, you might ask? Well, it seems to be the logical thing to do. Even the official Formula One website clearly refers to the Williams team debuting in 1975, taking 6 points (including a podium) and 9th place in the Constructors' Championship. Nearly every website with F1 statistics refers to Williams' debut season as 1975 and also have the two extra seasons counted into WilliamsF1's number of GP entries.

Just a thought. —Preceding unsigned comment added by SchumiChamp (talk • contribs) 09:31, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I think the arguments expressed in the preceding discussion are still valid. DH85868993 (talk) 16:34, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Article name
A discussion is in progress at WP:F1 regarding the most appropriate name for this article. Please contribute any thoughts you have on the matter there. DH85868993 (talk) 22:33, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

Grammar / language / idiom
This entire article needs to be 100% rewritten, as the language / grammar is not idiomatic English. This appears to have been written by a European who is not a native speaker of English, and while it can be followed, it is very hard to read.

This is not a criticism of the language skills of those not native to an English-speaking culture /country; clearly, they may well be excellent writers in their native language - but this article is in English, and as such should better reflect the "voice" of a native English speaker. This article does not.

JohnWRClinton (talk) 19:31, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

"The Big Four"
Between the dates referenced in the article there were *five* winners of the constructors' championship - Maclaren, Williams, Ferrari, Renault and Benneton.

PDR — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.206.49.163 (talk) 22:49, 25 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Fixed. DH85868993 (talk) 08:46, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

Claire Williams
Needs a mention, no? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.27.227.231 (talk) 13:40, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

Williams F1's Debut
Williams Grand Prix Engineering's debut race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix albeit being with a March chassis it still counts as the teams debut race, If its referring to the teams first race as a constructor then yes it's the 1978 Argentine Grand Prix, It should be separated like how the Tyrrell article is, were it shows the teams results separated from the constructors results. Speedy Question Mark (talk) 23:01, 12 February 2014 (UTC)
 * As an initial step, I've changed the "Debut" in the infobox to 1977 Spanish Grand Prix to match the "Races competed" value of 611. I've considered adding an extra infobox in the past and the main reason I haven't done so is that unlike Tyrrell (and Team Lotus which also has 2 infoboxes), for Williams, apart from "Debut" and "Races competed", most of the other fields in the two infoboxes (wins, poles, fastest laps, etc) would be exactly the same, and that felt like unnecessary duplication to me. An alternative approach would be to have one infobox with both "team" and "constructor" values in the "Debut" and "Races competed" fields, as shown at right. Thoughts? DH85868993 (talk) 00:52, 13 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I think your proposal is alright but its not consistent with the other articles like Tyrrell or Team Lotus, we should just compare the two options then get some other user to help find a conclusion. Speedy Question Mark (talk) 14:36, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

Article title
Now that the team name isn't anomore Williams F1 Team, Williams F1 seems outdated as the article title. The official team name is Williams Martini Racing but sponsors aren't included in article names. Their Twitter name is @WilliamsRacing and the company name is Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited. So what's the best option for the article title, Williams F1, Williams Racing, Williams Grand Grix Engineering, or something else? --August90 (talk) 13:12, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I would say Williams Racing but that's just my opinion lets just wait until we will be able to reach a consensus with other user's before we change anything. Speedy Question Mark (talk) 16:46, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

Requested move 08 March 2014

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 21:59, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

Williams F1 → Williams Grand Prix Engineering – This article deals with the entire company, not just with the Formula One team. Additionally the lead needs to be adapted as Williams Martini Racing only relates to the Formula One team Tvx1 (talk) 14:35, 8 March 2014 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Support, Williams Grand Prix Engineering has always been the company name plus the article covers more than the F1 operations. --August90 (talk) 19:58, 9 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Support per nom and August90. DH85868993 (talk) 03:51, 10 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Support - As I've stated elsewhere, this is a blanket article on all of the WGPE-related companies, and as such, it should be named "Williams Grand Prix Engineering". A comparison can be made to the setup of McLaren Group and its substituent components. Luke no 94  (tell Luke off here) 16:59, 10 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Support - As I've stated elsewhere, this is a blanket article on all of the WGPE-related companies, and as such, it should be named "Williams Grand Prix Engineering". A comparison can be made to the setup of McLaren Group and its substituent components. Luke no 94  (tell Luke off here) 16:59, 10 March 2014 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:
 * There is a parallel discussion in progress at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Formula_One DH85868993 (talk) 06:23, 9 March 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 4 one external links on Williams Grand Prix Engineering. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110707100129/http://www.attwilliams.com:80/news/view/1859 to http://www.attwilliams.com/news/view/1859
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20111203214900/http://www.attwilliams.com:80/news/view/2028 to http://www.attwilliams.com/news/view/2028
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120103215105/http://www.williamsf1.com/news/view/2035 to http://www.williamsf1.com/news/view/2035
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090106122432/http://www.formulatwo.com/f2carthef2car.aspx to http://www.formulatwo.com/f2carthef2car.aspx

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Williams Grand Prix Engineering. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160101213916/http://www.castrol.com/castrol/managedlistingsection.do?categoryId=8262008&contentId=7014635 to http://www.castrol.com/castrol/managedlistingsection.do?categoryId=8262008&contentId=7014635

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 15:43, 27 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Archive URL doesn't work, so I have replaced it with a working one. DH85868993 (talk) 04:13, 20 March 2016 (UTC)

copyedit January 2017
I've started copyedit on the article. I hope this doesn't interrupt any end-of-year updates. I expect to finish in a couple days, at which time I'll post my notes here. - Reidgreg (talk) 23:15, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

Okay, I finished copyedit. There was a little bit of grammar and tenses, some overlinking, and a little bit of style and MOS minutiae. I don't mind if you want to change anything back, but you should probably discuss for a consensus decision. Here are my (lengthy) notes: I'll give the article another read-through tomorrow, and will keep it on my watchlist for a few weeks. If you have any questions or comments, please feel free to post them here. Thanks! – Reidgreg (talk) 23:43, 2 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Tenses: There was a bit of an issue with passages like "x would win" as if describing an unfolding story.  I understand that can be more engaging for the reader, but it doesn't set a very encyclopedic tone.  As we're reporting real-world events that have already happened, past tense tends to be preferred.
 * Possessives: I found 6 cases of Williams's and 12 cases of Williams'.  I went with the s' for consistency, though either way is fine.  If there is disagreement based on pronunciation or use in sources, they can be changed to s's.  Alternatively, if it's felt to be awkward, passages could be rephrased to avoid the possessive.
 * Overall, the article was not using serial commas so I removed them unless there was a clarity issue.
 * There were a few places I had to pluralize Grand Prix as Grands Prix. If anyone's curious about the plural, here's a lovely explanation from the reference desk archives.
 * Nationalities: there were a few cases where writers had tried to break-up repetition by referring to drivers by their nationalities – the Australian, the South African, the Frenchman, the Brit, etc – but I thought this was difficult to follow if you didn't know everyone's biographies. I referred to them by surnames unless nationality seemed relevant (eg: BMW wanting a German driver, a Brit winning the British Grand Prix when this was stressed).
 * Flagicons: these are discouraged for professional sports, giving undue prominence to nationality (see MOS:FLAG).  I removed them from the infobox per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG but left them in the table at the back, as I know it's common practice.  It might be worth discussion at the F1 WikiProject.
 * I was a bit confused with Frentzen moved to Jordan where Jordan was linked to Jordan Grand Prix, which sounded to me like a Grand Prix race taking place in Jordan. I changed that to "the Jordan team" on first occurrence to clarify that it wasn't a country or a race.
 * For the BMW partnership, I moved some material that covered the 2000–2005 period to the top, under the main section header, from 2000 season and 2005 season. I felt it's better-organized that way under the summary style.  This includes the initial BMW deal and the sponsorship changes.  For the 2004-05 fallout with BMW, I left that under the 2005 season as I felt the results of the seasons help explain the frustrations on both sides.
 * 2005 season doesn't directly describe the team's performance that season, though the fallout with BMW suggests that it isn't very good. (It may not be necessary to go into detail, I just thought I'd mention it.)  Similarly with the 2009 season.
 * Overlinking: It's probably better to have too much linking than too little; I pared it down and fixed the redirects that I noticed.  Piping might be more of an issue; I'm still not sure whether "Interlagos" is better than "Brazilian Grand Prix". I'll leave that to the experts here.
 * WP:LENGTH recommends 10,000 words as the maximum article length based on average attention spans and reading comprehension. This article is about 10% over that.  It's organized nicely, so I don't feel it's a problem.  Just keep an eye that future additions don't go into too much detail or you might have to consider splitting-off half the content into another article (like Racing History of WGPE or somesuch).
 * The lead is a paragraph longer than recommended, but it feels alright for the length of the article.

Add Development Driver
It’s definitely notable that Jamie Chadwick (female W-Series phenom) was hired as development driver. It’s shocking to see no mention of this. Alexvanburen69 (talk) 04:45, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Well, you have noticed. If you can find a reliable source for that it can go in. Britmax (talk) 15:37, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

rename of 2022 williams f1 team
Williams Racing Duracell F1 Team 180.195.204.66 (talk) 15:17, 15 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Do you have a reliable source for that? Britmax (talk) 15:36, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Williams Grand Prix Engineering


text:
The Heat (Toni Braxton album)

The Heat is the third studio album by American singer Toni Braxton, released on April 25, 2000, by LaFace Records. The album marked Braxton's departure from her ballads in favor of a more urban sound. Most of the songs (including the nearly instrumental "The Art of Love") were written and produced by Braxton and her husband Keri Lewis (a former member of Mint Condition); two ballads were penned by Diane Warren, and collaborations featured rappers Dr. Dre and Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes.

The Heat opened at number two on the Billboard 200 with 199,000 copies sold in its first week. It was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on October 13, 2000, with sales of over two million copies in the United States. Additionally, the album was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 2001 Grammy Awards, while lead single "He Wasn't Man Enough" won Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and was nominated for Best R&B Song.

Background and production
After the success of her second studio album, Secrets (1996), which spawned Braxton's signature song and biggest commercial success of her career, "Un-Break My Heart", and sold over 15 million copies worldwide, Braxton filed a suit to be released from her contract with Arista and LaFace Records in Los Angeles Superior Court, citing a law that states employers may not enforce labor or service after seven years. After a year of legal issues, Braxton settled her lawsuit with LaFace Records, with plans to release a new album in May 1999.

In February 1999, Babyface told MTV News, "We're getting ready head back in the studio with Braxton and we've got everything worked out, and we're really excited about getting back into the studio, getting back to the music." However, only in January 2000, during an interview with CNN, Braxton revealed that the album was going to be released in March 2000, while stating, "Some of the producers on the album are, of course Babyface, R. Kelly, David Foster, Keith Crouch and Keri Lewis of Mint Condition, just to name a few", while also revealing collaborations with Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes from TLC and Dr. Dre.

Music and lyrics
"The Heat" is built on solid ballads and smoldering, mid-tempo dance numbers, as noted by AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine. Colin Ross of PopMatters noted that, "By taking a more active role in the writing and production of the set, Toni's material begins to be constructed around her voice rather than the latest producer's sound."

The album's first single and opening track, "He Wasn't Man Enough", was written and produced by Rodney Jerkins. The R&B song, with synth-funk bassline and Jerkins' taut beats and harp, has Braxton warning a female friend not to marry a man the singer knows all too well and that came back begging for forgiveness. On the title track, "The Heat", co-written by Keri Lewis, was described as "an infectious mid-tempo groove." Lyrically, the song talks about wanting to "get it on" and enjoying coed skinny-dipping. Third track, "Spanish Guitar" ,was written by Diane Warren (who wrote "Un-Break My Heart") and was considered a "latin ballad", inspired by "Un-Break My Heart". Lyrically, the song has the singer inviting an alluring stranger to play her "through the night" like a "Spanish Guitar." The fourth track "Just Be a Man About It" is a telephone breakup song, with Braxton once again questioning the status of a partner's manhood and Dr. Dre playing the wayward lover breaking the news to her, while the fifth track, "Gimme Some", features Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes and was named "an R&B/summer 'jerky funker' track", with Braxton demanding intercourse and oral sex from a man.

"I'm Still Breathing" is another song written by Diane Warren and talks about a woman stung by a painful breakup who summons strength, while "Fairy Tale", co-written and produced by Babyface, is an "acoustic piece" where the singer implies that being "just friends" may be healthier than a "love affair." Pillow talk and ecstatic moaning characterize "The Art of Love", a track that features no discernible lyrics, Braxton's sighs and moans over undulating rhythms". On "Speaking in Tongues", a "sensual affair" with warm harmonies, spiritual expressions are co-opted and woven amid passionate propositions including, "Talk dirty to me." The tenth track "Maybe" has rapid-fire lyrics, informed by hip-hop vocal rhythms and lyrically discuss the singer debating —in rapturous detail— whether or not to have drinks and sex again with her boyfriend ("Should I give him some/Will he make me hot/Will he hit the spot I love a lot", she sings). The eleventh track "You've Been Wrong" was considered "plodding", while the twelfth and final track, "Never Just For a Ring", finds Braxton questioning her lovers lack of fidelity the song features the embittered choral hook "Why?, when?, where?, how?, who?, what?", made you go off and do this crazy thing.

Singles
The album's lead single, "He Wasn't Man Enough", was released on March 17, 2000, to critical acclaim, and won a Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. It was also a success on the charts, where it peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. Elsewhere, it topped the Canadian Singles Chart, while reaching the top 10 in Australia, New Zealand, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The album's second single in the US was the song "Just Be a Man About It". It reached number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number six on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks.

Outside of the US, "Spanish Guitar" was released as the album's second single on September 11, 2000. Initially, LaFace Records did not release it as a single due to the promotion of "Just Be a Man About It". It achieved moderate success on the charts around the world, reaching the top 40 in Austria, Belgium, Netherlands and Switzerland. In the US, when it was released as the album's third single, "Spanish Guitar" only managed to reach number 98 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 20 on the Adult Contemporary and topped the Dance Music/Club Play Singles. The album's final single, "Maybe", achieved minor success on the R&B and dance charts, due to the cancelled racy video.

Critical reception
The Heat received a positive reception from most music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic wrote that the album "is a confident, assured, sexy effort that reaffirms Braxton's status as one of the finest contemporary mainstream soul singers." While praising the singles "He Wasn't Man Enough", "Spanish Guitar" and "Just Be a Man About It", he wrote that "The Heat slightly runs out of momentum toward the end, but there aren't many dull spots on the record -- it's all stylish, sultry, seductive, appealing urban contemporary soul that confirms Braxton's prodigious talents."

Jim Farber wrote a positive review for Entertainment Weekly, stating that the album is "tasteful, well-performed, and – best of all – consistent stuff, throwing the lovelorn a reliable lifeline." Collin Ross wrote for PopMatters that the album has "a mixed bag", but "despite being largely formulaic, The Heat offers some moments of quality." He also hoped that "Keri Lewis/Braxton collaborative will play a more substantial role on her next album." Barry Walters wrote a favorable review for Rolling Stone, saying that the album "updates and diversifies her stylistic surroundings while delivering the expected boudoir soundtrack." He also wrote that "Braxton radiates sublimely sensual romance" on the album.

Accolades
At the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards, the album's lead single, "He Wasn't Man Enough", was nominated for Best R&B Song and eventually won a Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, while the album itself was nominated for Best R&B Album. Braxton was also nominated for Best R&B/Soul Album, Female at the 2001 Soul Train Music Awards, but lost to Who Is Jill Scott?: Words and Sounds Vol. 1 by Jill Scott. Braxton won two American Music Awards for Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist and Favorite Soul/R&B Album (The Heat).

Commercial performance
The Heat debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 199,000 copies in its first week. It debuted at number one on the magazine's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, while the album's lead single, "He Wasn't Man Enough", held onto the top spot of the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for the second week in a row. In its third week, the album fell to number seven with 101,000 copies sold. The Heat was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and as of April 2011, it had sold 2,093,000 copies in the US, according to Nielsen Soundscan.

The album topped the Canadian Albums Chart, while it reached number three on the UK Albums Chart, staying 19 weeks on the latter. The album also reached the top 10 in many countries, such as Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. As of December 2002, the album had sold four million copies worldwide.

Sample credits

 * "You've Been Wrong" contains re-sung elements from "Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart)" written by Thom Bell and Linda Creed.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Heat.

Musicians

 * Toni Braxton – lead vocals (tracks 1–7, 9–12); background vocals (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7–12); arrangement (tracks 2, 8–10); vocal arrangements (tracks 4, 10, 11); keyboards (track 9)
 * Rodney Jerkins – arrangement, background vocals, all instruments (track 1)
 * Fred Jerkins III – arrangement (track 1)
 * LaShawn Daniels – arrangement (track 1)
 * Nora Payne – background vocals (track 1)
 * Sharlotte Gibson – background vocals (track 1)
 * Keri – arrangement, all instruments (tracks 2, 8, 9)
 * David Foster – arrangement, keyboards (tracks 3, 6)
 * Simon Franglen – Synclavier programming (track 3)
 * Dean Parks – guitars (track 3); acoustic guitars (track 6)
 * Andrés de Léon – background vocals (track 3)
 * Sue Carwell – background vocals (tracks 3, 6)
 * Felipe Elgueta – Spanish lyrics adaptation (track 3); synth programming (track 6)
 * Teddy Bishop – drum programming, keyboards, vocal arrangements (tracks 4, 11); all instruments (track 4); all other instruments (track 11)
 * Debra Killings – background vocals (track 4)
 * Sara Martin – background vocals (track 4)
 * Dr. Dre – additional vocals (track 4)
 * Johntá Austin – vocal arrangements (track 4)
 * Babyface – keyboards (tracks 5, 7); guitar, vocoder (track 5); drum programming, acoustic guitar, background vocals (track 7)
 * Jazze Pha – drum programming (track 5)
 * Nathan East – bass (tracks 5, 7)
 * Greg Phillinganes – piano (tracks 5, 7)
 * Sherree Ford-Payne – background vocals (tracks 5, 10)
 * Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes – rap (track 5)
 * Chris Jennings – drum programming (track 6)
 * Michael Thompson – electric guitars (track 6)
 * Keith Crouch – arrangement, vocal arrangements, all other instruments (track 10)
 * John Smith – guitar (track 10)
 * Benjamin Wright – string arrangements, string conducting (track 10)
 * Charles Veal Jr. – concertmaster (track 10)
 * South Central Chamber Orchestra – strings (track 10)
 * Kevin Hicks – guitar (track 11)
 * Tamar Braxton – background vocals (track 11)
 * Trina Braxton – background vocals (tracks 11, 12)
 * Towanda Braxton – background vocals (tracks 11, 12)
 * Brian Casey – vocal arrangements (track 11)
 * Brandon Casey – vocal arrangements (track 11)
 * Ray Edwards – keyboards (track 12)
 * Dorian "Soul Dog" Daniels – keyboards, bass (track 12)
 * Daryl Simmons – keyboards, background vocals (track 12)
 * Tony Williams – drum programming (track 12)
 * Pamela Cork – additional (bridge) background vocals (track 12)
 * Tamecia Simpson – additional (bridge) background vocals (track 12)

Technical

 * Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins – production, mixing (track 1)
 * Harvey Mason Jr. – recording, Pro Tools (track 1)
 * Steve Baughman – recording assistance (track 1)
 * Dexter Simmons – mixing (track 1)
 * Tyson Leeper – mixing assistance (track 1)
 * Roger Lopez – mixing assistance (track 1)
 * LaShawn "Big Shiz" Daniels – vocal production (track 1)
 * Keri – production, mixing (tracks 2, 8, 9); recording (tracks 8, 9)
 * Toni Braxton – production (tracks 2, 8, 9); co-production (tracks 4, 5, 10); album production
 * Claude Achille – recording (track 2)
 * Xavier "X-Man" Smith – recording assistance (tracks 2, 8); mixing assistance (tracks 2, 8, 9)
 * Michael Zainer – recording assistance (track 2)
 * Steve Hodge – mixing (tracks 2, 8, 9)
 * Brad Yost – mixing assistance (tracks 2, 9)
 * David Foster – production (tracks 3, 6)
 * Felipe Elgueta – recording (tracks 3, 6)
 * Mick Guzauski – mixing (tracks 3, 6)
 * Tom Bender – mixing assistance (tracks 3, 6)
 * Teddy Bishop – production (tracks 4, 11)
 * Bryan-Michael Cox – co-production (track 4)
 * Arnold "AJ" Wolfe – recording (tracks 4, 11)
 * Manny Marroquin – mixing (tracks 4, 5, 11, 12)
 * Dylan Vaughan – mixing assistance (tracks 4, 11)
 * Jazze Pha – production (track 5)
 * Babyface – production (tracks 5, 7); album production
 * Paul Boutin – recording (tracks 5, 7)
 * Victor McCoy – mixing assistance (track 5)
 * Ivy Skoff – production coordinator (tracks 5, 7)
 * Jon Gass – mixing (track 7)
 * E'lyk – mixing assistance (track 7)
 * Keith Crouch – production, recording (track 10)
 * Reggie Dozier – string recording (track 10)
 * Brent Riley – string recording assistance (track 10)
 * Booker T. Jones III – mixing (track 10)
 * Joe Brown – mixing assistance (track 10)
 * Kevin Hicks – co-production (track 11)
 * Daryl Simmons – production (track 12)
 * Thom "TK" Kidd – recording (track 12)
 * Kevin Lively – mixing assistance (track 12)
 * Stephanie Vonarx – mixing assistance (track 12)
 * Herb Powers Jr. – mastering
 * L.A. Reid – album production

Artwork

 * Jeffrey Schulz – design
 * Daniela Federici – photography

title: The Heat (Toni Braxton album)


text:
St Leonards, Dorset

St Leonards is a village in south east Dorset, England, situated on the A31 road approximately 2.5 mi south-west of Ringwood, Hampshire, 8 mi north of Bournemouth and 3 mi north-east of Ferndown. With adjacent St Ives and Ashley Heath, it forms the civil parish of St Leonards and St Ives, which had a population of 6,859 in 2011. The village is part of the historic county of Hampshire (it was transferred to Dorset for administrative purposes following the Local Government Act 1972).

The village has a youth club for ages 10–18 on a Monday and Wednesday, situated in Braeside Park near the village hall and by the scout hut.

title: St Leonards, Dorset


text:
User:Plbosman

Ok

My first goal will be to get some more info on Mattertal and more particularly Grächen, a small village in Switzerland where I have enjoyed many pleasant holiday moments.

title: User:Plbosman


text:
1928 in Ireland

Events from the year 1928 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * Governor-General:
 * Tim Healy (until 31 January 1928)
 * James McNeill (from 31 January 1928)
 * President of the Executive Council: W. T. Cosgrave (CnaG)
 * Vice-President of the Executive Council: Ernest Blythe (CnaG)
 * Minister for Finance: Ernest Blythe (CnaG)
 * Chief Justice: Hugh Kennedy
 * Dáil: 6th

Events

 * 29 January – in Belfast, members of the nationalist opposition protest at the Ulster Unionist Party government's plan to abolish Proportional representation.
 * 31 January – the outgoing Governor-General, T. M. Healy leaves the Vice-Regal Lodge. His successor is James McNeill.
 * 25 February – William O'Brien, former activist in the Home Rule and land campaigns, dies in London aged 75.
 * 12 April – the first east–west transatlantic flight by aeroplane leaves Baldonnel Aerodrome in Dublin. Commandant James Fitzmaurice is on board the Bremen.
 * 30 April – cheering crowds in New York greet the crew of the Bremen after it has made its transatlantic flight.
 * 19 May – the foundation stone of the new Northern Ireland Parliament Building is laid at Stormont.
 * 29 May – it is suggested that the old Irish flag – that of a gold harp with a blue background – should be carried at the Olympic Games in Amsterdam. However, the Irish tricolour has already been registered as the national flag.
 * 14 June – amendments to the Court of Justice bill state that certain judges cannot be appointed if they do not have a competent knowledge of the Irish language.
 * 30 July – the Irish Tricolour is raised for the first time at the Olympic Games when Dr. Pat O'Callaghan wins a gold medal for hammer throwing.
 * 11–22 August – The Tailteann Games take place in Dublin.
 * 27 August – fifteen countries, including Ireland, sign the Kellog Peace Pact in Paris. The Irish Tricolour flies at the Quai d'Orsay amongst the flags of 50 other nations.
 * 30 August – the United States Secretary of State, Frank Kellogg, visits Dublin on his return journey from the Paris Peace Convention. He is granted the freedom of Dublin.
 * 10 September – the Saorstát Pound ('Free State Pound') becomes a reality as the Currency Commission places into circulation the first (Series A) Irish banknotes issued for over a century.
 * 10 December – the Belfast-built RMS Celtic (1901), the first ship to exceed 20,000 tons, runs aground off Cobh and is declared a total loss.
 * 12 December – the first Irish coinage is circulated in the state making complete the introduction of banknotes and coinage of the Irish Free State.
 * Irish becomes a compulsory subject for the Intermediate Certificate.
 * Albanian missionary sister Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, later known as Mother Teresa, joins the Sisters of Loreto at Loreto Abbey, Rathfarnham, to learn English in order to teach schoolchildren in India.

Arts and literature

 * 27 August – Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe in Galway is founded as the national Irish language theatre, opening with Micheál Mac Liammóir's version of Dhiarmada agus Ghráinne.
 * 14 October – The Gate Theatre in Dublin is founded by English actors and lovers Micheál Mac Liammóir and Hilton Edwards, initially using the Abbey Theatre's Peacock studio theatre space to stage works by European and American dramatists.
 * Sir John Lavery paints Portrait of Lady Lavery as Kathleen Ni Houlihan, with his American-born wife Hazel Lavery posing for the figure on the new banknotes of the Republic of Ireland.
 * The tenor John McCormack is appointed a Papal Count for his services to music.
 * Tomás Ó Criomhthain's Allagar na h-Inise ("Island Cross-Talk") is published.
 * Peadar O'Donnell's novel Islanders is published.
 * W. B. Yeats' poetry collection The Tower is published.

Football

 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: Bohemians
 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: Bohemians 2–1 Drumcondra

Gaelic Games

 * The All-Ireland Champions are Cork (hurling) and Kildare (football).

Golf

 * Irish Open is won by Ernest Whitcombe (England).

Olympics

 * The first Irish team attends the Olympic Games.

Births

 * 23 January – Jackie Fahey, Fianna Fáil TD (died 2019).
 * 2 February – Liam Burke, Fine Gael TD (died 2005).
 * 2 March – Pearse Wyse, Fianna Fáil and Progressive Democrats politician (died 2009).
 * 4 May – Thomas Kinsella, poet, translator, editor and publisher (died 2021).
 * 24 May – William Trevor, novelist and playwright (died 2016).
 * May – Brian O'Doherty aka Patrick Ireland, art critic in the United States.
 * 4 June - Arthur Murphy, broadcaster and singer (died 2019)
 * 17 July – Chris Giles, footballer (died 2006)
 * 21 July – John B. Keane, playwright, novelist and essayist (died 2002).
 * 23 July – Denis Mahony, Gaelic footballer (died 2017)
 * 10 August – Peter Barry, Fine Gael TD, Tánaiste and Cabinet Minister (died 2016).
 * 17 August
 * Ernest Bodell, cricketer (died 2003).
 * Pat Saward, soccer player (died 2002).
 * 6 September – Maura Murphy, writer (died 2005).
 * 6 October – Maeve Kyle, Olympian runner and hockey player and coach.
 * 11 October – Robin Roe, clergyman and rugby player (died 2010).
 * 12 October - Ulick O'Connor, writer, historian and critic (died 2019).
 * 22 October – Dominic Behan, songwriter, novelist and playwright (died 1989).
 * 19 November – Paddy Power, Fianna Fáil TD for Kildare and Cabinet Minister (died 2013).
 * 1 December - Denis Donoghue, literary critic (died 2021).
 * 17 December – Seán Purcell, Galway Gaelic footballer (died 2005).
 * Full date unknown
 * Paddy Barry, Cork hurler (died 2000).
 * Seán South, IRA leader (fatally wounded during attack on Royal Ulster Constabulary barracks in Brookeborough 1957).

Deaths

 * 20 January – John de Robeck, admiral in the British Navy (born 1862).
 * 25 February – William O'Brien, nationalist, journalist, agrarian agitator, social revolutionary, politician, party leader, newspaper publisher and author (born 1852).
 * 17 March – Lawrence Bulger, international rugby union player (born 1875).
 * 4 April – Alan Joseph Adamson, politician in Canada (born 1857).
 * 18 May – Standish James O'Grady, author, journalist, historian (born 1846).
 * 22 July – Lawrence E. McGann, Democrat U.S. Representative from Illinois (born 1852).
 * 6 August – W. H. Grattan Flood, musicologist and historian (born 1857).
 * 29 September – John Devoy, Fenian organiser, exiled to America (born 1842).
 * 6 October – Pádraic Ó Conaire, journalist and writer (born 1882).
 * 26 October – Michael McCarthy, nationalist anticlerical lawyer (died 1928 in Ireland).
 * 25 November – J. J. Clancy, Member of Parliament, barrister and journalist (born 1847).
 * Full date unknown
 * F. Elrington Ball, author and legal historian (born 1863).

title: 1928 in Ireland


text:
Stanton St Gabriel

Stanton St Gabriel is a civil parish in west Dorset, England. It lies approximately midway between the towns of Lyme Regis and Bridport on the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site, and includes within its boundary the highest cliff on the south coast of England, Golden Cap. In 2013 the estimated population of the parish was 110. The population in 1921 was 54.

In 1086 Stanton St Gabriel was described in the Domesday Book as "Stantone", a derivation from Old English meaning "farm on stoney ground". The old settlement had become virtually deserted by the 18th century; the inhabitants had moved either a short distance inland, where the new Dorchester to Exeter turnpike road had been rerouted, or to Bridport, where work was available in its ropewalks.

In 1856 the philanthropist and anti-catholic Charlotte Julia Weale of Whitchurch Canonicorum donated £200 to the parish church so that it could build be restored and have an extension. She was buried in the churchyard here in 1918 leaving money to build an Anglican church for the poor in Whitchurch.

Writing in 1906, Sir Frederick Treves described Stanton St Gabriel as "a village which was lost and forgotten centuries ago." He stated that all that remained of the settlement was "an ancient farmhouse, in a state of musty decay, and a cottage. Close to the farm and encumbered with its litter are the ruins of the village church."

title: Stanton St Gabriel