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Carlos Franqui

Carlos Franqui (December 4, 1921 – April 16, 2010) was a Cuban writer, poet, journalist, art critic, and political activist. After the Fulgencio Batista coup in 1952, he became involved with the 26th of July Movement which was headed by Fidel Castro. Upon the success of the Cuban Revolution in 1959, he was placed in charge of the rebellion's newspaper Revolución, which became an official government publication. When he came to have political differences with the regime, he left Cuba with his family. In 1968 he broke with the Cuban government when he signed a letter condemning the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. He became a vocal critic of the Castro government, writing frequently until his death on April 16, 2010.

Early years
Born in a cane field, he entered a vocational school, where he joined the Communist Party of Cuba. He gave up the opportunity to enter the University of Havana to become a professional organizer for the party at the age of 20. After successfully organizing the party in several small towns, he left the organization and became an unaffiliated leftist.

He turned to journalism to make a living and became involved in several literary and artistic movements. He developed friendships with Cuban artists, including writer Guillermo Cabrera Infante and painter Wifredo Lam.

Role in the Cuban revolution
After the Fulgencio Batista coup in 1952, he became involved with the 26th of July Movement headed by Fidel Castro. He co-edited the underground newspaper Revolución in Havana, taking responsibility for public information. One article in particular reported the landing of the Granma and confirmed that Castro was safe in the Sierra Maestra. For this he was jailed and tortured by the police. Upon his release, he went into exile first in Mexico and then in Florida, but was soon drafted by Castro into the Sierra Maestra to continue work on Revolución and also on Radio Rebelde, the guerilla movement's clandestine radio station.

Upon the success of the Cuban Revolution in 1959, he was placed in charge of Revolución, which became an official organ of the government. During his tenure as editor, he maintained a degree of independence from the official line and emphasized the arts and literature, launching the literary supplement Lunes de Revolución, which was directed by Guillermo Cabrera Infante and featured high quality work by Cuban and international authors. His position allowed him to travel extensively outside of Cuba. During his European travels, he met artists and intellectuals, including Pablo Picasso, Miró, Calder, Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, and Julio Cortázar. A significant number of these artists traveled to Cuba. One of the most memorable visits was that of Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir.

Franqui had frequent disagreements with the government, which eventually led to his resignation from "Revolución" in 1963. The paper was closed a few months later. After his resignation, Franqui dedicated himself to art projects. In 1967 he organized the Salón de Mayo exhibit in Havana, where many of the world's leading artists were represented.

Exile from Cuba
He continued to have problems with the Cuban government. He was allowed to leave Cuba with his family–an émigré rather than an exile–and settled in Italy where he worked as an unpaid cultural representative of Cuba. In 1968, he officially broke with the Cuban government when he signed a letter condemning the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. Many Cuban exiles shunned Franqui because of the active role he had played in the Cuban revolution.

Now definitively an exile, his literary production increased. Franqui authored several accounts of the Cuban Revolution, including, El Libro de los Doce (The Book about the Twelve) and Diario de la Revolución Cubana (The Diary of the Cuban Revolution). He collaborated with Joan Miró, Antoni Tàpies, Alexander Calder, and others on graphic arts publications as well as other works about contemporary art, some of which he edited in Italian under pen names. He wrote several books of poetry as well.

He continued to campaign against repression in Cuba and other countries. He was officially branded a traitor by the Cuban government, which accused him of having ties to the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. After breaking relations with Cuba the Cuban government began airbrushing Franqui's image from photographs that documented the revolution's early years. Franqui responded with a poem: I discover my photographic death. Do I exist? I am a little black, I am a little white, I am a little shit, On Fidel's vest.

In the early 1990s, he moved to Puerto Rico, where he lived in semi-retirement with his art collection from his years in Cuba and Europe. His artwork collection included works from Pablo Picasso, Joan Miro, Andy Warhol, and Frida Kahlo among others. In 1996, he founded Carta de Cuba, a quarterly journal featuring work produced in Cuba by independent journalists and writers. He edited the publication until his death on April 16, 2010, in Puerto Rico.

title: Carlos Franqui


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ASCI Red

ASCI Red (also known as ASCI Option Red or TFLOPS) was the first computer built under the Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI), the supercomputing initiative of the United States government created to help the maintenance of the United States nuclear arsenal after the 1992 moratorium on nuclear testing.

ASCI Red was built by Intel and installed at Sandia National Laboratories in late 1996. The design was based on the Intel Paragon computer. The original goals to deliver a true teraflop machine by the end of 1996 that would be capable of running an ASCI application using all memory and nodes by September 1997 were met. It was used by the US government from the years of 1997 to 2005 and was the world's fastest supercomputer until late 2000. It was the first ASCI machine that the Department of Energy acquired, and also the first supercomputer to score above one teraflops on the LINPACK benchmark, a test that measures a computer's calculation speed. Later upgrades to ASCI Red allowed it to perform above two teraflops.

ASCI Red earned a reputation for reliability that some veterans say has never been beaten. Sandia director Bill Camp said that ASCI Red had the best reliability of any supercomputer ever built, and “was supercomputing’s high-water mark in longevity, price, and performance.”

ASCI Red was decommissioned in 2006.

System structure
The ASCI Red supercomputer was a distributed memory MIMD (Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data) message-passing computer. The design provided high degrees of scalability for I/O, memory, compute nodes, storage capacity, and communications; standard parallel interfaces also made it possible to port parallel applications to the machine. The machine was structured into four partitions: Compute, Service, I/O, and System. Parallel applications executed in the Compute Partition which contained nodes optimized for floating point performance. The compute nodes had only the features required for efficient computation – they were not purposed for general interactive services. The Service Partition provided an integrated, scalable host that supported interactive users (log-in sessions), application development, and system administration. The I/O Partition supported disk I/O, a scalable parallel file system and network services. The System Partition supported initial booting and system Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability (RAS) capabilities.

The Service partition helps integrate all of the different parts of ASCI Red together. It provides a scalable host for users, and it is used for general system administration. The I/O Partition provides a file system and network services, and the Service partition is made up of the log-in screens, tools for application development, and utilities for network connections. The Compute partition contains nodes that are designed for floating point performance. This is where the actual computing takes place. Every one of the compute nodes accommodated two 200 MHz Pentium Pro processors, each with a 16 KB level-1 cache and a 256 KB level-2 cache, which were upgraded later to two 333 MHz Pentium II OverDrive processors, each with a 32 KB level-1 cache and a 512 KB level-2 cache. According to Intel, the ASCI Red Computer is also the first large scale supercomputer to be built entirely of common commercially available components.

All of ASCI Red's partitions are interconnected to form one supercomputer, however at the same time none of the nodes support global shared memory. Each of the nodes works in its own memory, and each shares data with the others through "explicit message-passing".

Technical specifications
The computer itself took up almost 1600 sqft of space, and was made up of 104 "cabinets". Of those cabinets, 76 are computers (processors), 8 are switches, and 20 are disks. It had a total of 1212 GB of RAM, and 9298 separate processors. The original machine used Intel Pentium Pro processors each clocked at 200 MHz. These were later upgraded to specially packaged Pentium II Xeon processors, each clocked at 333 MHz. Overall, it required 850 kW of power (not including air conditioning). What sets ASCI Option Red aside from all of its predecessors in supercomputing is its high I/O bandwidth. Previous supercomputers had multi-GFLOPS performance, yet their slow I/O speeds would slow down, or bottleneck the systems. Intel's TFLOPS PFS is an extremely efficient "Parallel File System" that can sustain transfer speeds of up to 1 GB/s, eliminating bottlenecks.

First to TFLOPS
In December, 1996, three quarters of ASCI Red was measured at a world record 1.06 TFLOPS on MP LINPACK and held the record for fastest supercomputer in the world for several consecutive years, maxing out at 2.38 TFLOPS after a processor and memory upgrade in 1999. The system used Pentium Pro processors when initially constructed and when it recorded performance above one TFLOPS. In that configuration, when fully built it recorded 1.6 TFLOPS of performance. Upgrades later in 1999, to specially packaged Pentium II Xeon processors, pushed performance to 3.1 TFLOPS.

Operating system
The different partitions of ASCI Red run on different operating systems. For example, users of the computer work in an environment called "Teraflops OS", an operating system (once called Paragon OS) that was originally developed for the Intel Paragon XP/S Supercomputer. ASCI Red's Compute partition runs on an operating system named Cougar. Cougar is a Sandia Labs and University of New Mexico collaboration; it is a lightweight OS based on PUMA and SUNMOS, two systems that were also designed for use on the Paragon supercomputer. It consists of a light weight kernel, the Process Control Thread, and other utilities and libraries. The Linux 2.4 kernel was ported to the system and a custom CNIC driver was written, but the heavy weight OS did not perform as well as the Cougar lightweight kernel on many benchmarks.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: ASCI Red


text:
User:TimGrin

Hello

My name is Tim Wiel. I grew up and still reside in the South Island of New Zealand.

You can contact me by using: User talk:TimGrin

title: User:TimGrin


text:
Shenyang BA-5

The Shenyang BA-5 was a target drone developed in the People's Republic of China, from Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15bis fighters withdrawn from manned use at the end of their service life.

Guidance and control equipment was installed in the cockpit in lieu of the ejection seat, with the BA-5 being used for the training of fighter pilots and surface-to-air missile crews.

Operators

 * People's Liberation Army Air Force
 * People's Liberation Army Air Force

title: Shenyang BA-5


text:
Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma, previously known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the most aggressive and most common type of cancer that originates in the brain, and has a very poor prognosis for survival. Initial signs and symptoms of glioblastoma are nonspecific. They may include headaches, personality changes, nausea, and symptoms similar to those of a stroke. Symptoms often worsen rapidly and may progress to unconsciousness.

The cause of most cases of glioblastoma is not known. Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis and Li–Fraumeni syndrome, and previous radiation therapy. Glioblastomas represent 15% of all brain tumors. They are thought to arise from astrocytes. The diagnosis typically is made by a combination of a CT scan, MRI scan, and tissue biopsy.

There is no known method of preventing the cancer. Treatment usually involves surgery, after which chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used. The medication temozolomide is frequently used as part of chemotherapy. High-dose steroids may be used to help reduce swelling and decrease symptoms. Surgical removal (decompression) of the tumor is linked to increased survival, but only by some months.

Despite maximum treatment, the cancer almost always recurs. The typical duration of survival following diagnosis is 10–13 months, with fewer than 5–10% of people surviving longer than five years. Without treatment, survival is typically three months. It is the most common cancer that begins within the brain and the second-most common brain tumor, after meningioma, which is benign in most cases. About 3 in 100,000 people develop the disease per year. The average age at diagnosis is 64, and the disease occurs more commonly in males than females.

Tumors of the central nervous system are the 10th leading cause of death worldwide, with up to 90% being brain tumors. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is derived from astrocytes and accounts for 49% of all malignant central nervous system tumors, making it the most common form of central nervous system cancer. Despite countless efforts to develop new therapies for GBM over the years, the median survival rate of GBM patients worldwide is a dismal 8 months, with radiation and chemotherapy standard-of-care treatment beginning shortly after diagnosis only improving median survival length to around 14 months and a five-year survival rate of 5-10%. Similarly, the five-year survival rate for individuals with any form of primary malignant brain tumor is only 20%. The challenges associated with successfully treating brain cancers are numerous. In the simplest terms, brain tumors often occur in areas too difficult or dangerous to surgically resect, and most drug therapeutics are incapable of crossing the blood-brain barrier in sufficient quantities to stop tumor growth. Furthermore, while stereotactic radiosurgery-based approaches have proved to be effective for ablating a variety of brain tumors visible to MRI and other neuroimaging, metastatic brain cancers maintain high recurrence rates, with GBM recurrence seemingly inevitable.

Signs and symptoms
Common symptoms include seizures, headaches, nausea and vomiting, memory loss, changes to personality, mood or concentration, and localized neurological problems. The kinds of symptoms produced depend more on the location of the tumor than on its pathological properties. The tumor can start producing symptoms quickly, but occasionally is an asymptomatic condition until it reaches an enormous size.

Risk factors
The cause of most cases is unclear. The best known risk factor is exposure to ionizing radiation, and CT scan radiation is an important cause. About 5% develop from certain hereditary syndromes.

Genetics
Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis, Li–Fraumeni syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, or Turcot syndrome. Previous radiation therapy is also a risk. For unknown reasons, it occurs more commonly in males.

Environmental
Other associations include exposure to smoking, pesticides, and working in petroleum refining or rubber manufacturing.

Glioblastoma has been associated with the viruses SV40, HHV-6, and cytomegalovirus. Infection with an oncogenic CMV may even be necessary for the development of glioblastoma.

Other
Research has been done to see if consumption of cured meat is a risk factor. No risk had been confirmed as of 2003. Similarly, exposure to formaldehyde, and residential electromagnetic fields, such as from cell phones and electrical wiring within homes, have been studied as risk factors. As of 2015, they had not been shown to cause GBM.

Pathogenesis
The cellular origin of glioblastoma is unknown. Because of the similarities in immunostaining of glial cells and glioblastoma, gliomas such as glioblastoma have long been assumed to originate from glial-type stem cells found in the subventricular zone. More recent studies suggest that astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and neural stem cells could all serve as the cell of origin.

GBMs usually form in the cerebral white matter, grow quickly, and can become very large before producing symptoms. The tumor may extend into the meninges or ventricular wall, leading to high protein content in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (> 100 mg/dl), as well as an occasional pleocytosis of 10 to 100 cells, mostly lymphocytes. Malignant cells carried in the CSF may spread (rarely) to the spinal cord or cause meningeal gliomatosis. However, metastasis of GBM beyond the central nervous system is extremely unusual. About 50% of GBMs occupy more than one lobe of a hemisphere or are bilateral. Tumors of this type usually arise from the cerebrum and may exhibit the classic infiltration across the corpus callosum, producing a butterfly (bilateral) glioma.

Glioblastoma classification
Brain tumor classification has been traditionally based on histopathology at macroscopic level, measured in hematoxylin-eosin sections. The World Health Organization published the first standard classification in 1979 and has been doing so since. The 2007 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System was the last classification mainly based on microscopy features. The new 2016 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System was a paradigm shift: some of the tumors were defined also by their genetic composition as well as their cell morphology.

In 2021, the fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System was released. This update eliminated the classification of secondary glioblastoma and reclassified those tumors as Astrocytoma, IDH mutant, grade 4. Only tumors that are IDH wild type are now classified as glioblastoma.

Molecular alterations
There are currently three molecular subtypes of glioblastoma that were identified based on gene expression:
 * Classical: Around 97% of tumors in this subtype carry extra copies of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, and most have higher than normal expression of EGFR, whereas the gene TP53 (p53), which is often mutated in glioblastoma, is rarely mutated in this subtype. Loss of heterozygosity in chromosome 10 is also frequently seen in the classical subtype alongside chromosome 7 amplification.
 * The proneural subtype often has high rates of alterations in TP53 (p53), and in PDGFRA the gene encoding a-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor.
 * The mesenchymal subtype is characterized by high rates of mutations or other alterations in NF1, the gene encoding neurofibromin 1 and fewer alterations in the EGFR gene and less expression of EGFR than other types.

Initial analyses of gene expression had revealed a fourth neural subtype. However, further analyses revealed that this subtype is non-tumor specific and is potential contamination caused by the normal cells.

Many other genetic alterations have been described in glioblastoma, and the majority of them are clustered in two pathways, the RB and the PI3K/AKT. 68–78% and 88% of Glioblastomas have alterations in these pathways, respectively.

Another important alteration is methylation of MGMT, a "suicide" DNA repair enzyme. Methylation impairs DNA transcription and expression of the MGMT gene. Since the MGMT enzyme can repair only one DNA alkylation due to its suicide repair mechanism, reserve capacity is low and methylation of the MGMT gene promoter greatly affects DNA-repair capacity. MGMT methylation is associated with an improved response to treatment with DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics, such as temozolomide.

Studies using genome-wide profiling have revealed glioblastomas to have a remarkable genetic variety.

At least three distinct paths in the development of Glioblastomas have been identified with the aid of molecular investigations.

 * The first pathway involves the amplification and mutational activation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) genes, leading to the dysregulation of growth factor signaling. Epithelial growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are all recognized by transmembrane proteins called RTKs. Additionally, they can function as receptors for hormones, cytokines, and other signaling pathways.
 * The second method involves activating the intracellular signaling system known as phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR, which is crucial for controlling cell survival.
 * The third pathway is defined by p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor pathway inactivation.

Cancer stem cells
Glioblastoma cells with properties similar to progenitor cells (glioblastoma cancer stem cells) have been found in glioblastomas. Their presence, coupled with the glioblastoma's diffuse nature results in difficulty in removing them completely by surgery, and is therefore believed to be the possible cause behind resistance to conventional treatments, and the high recurrence rate. Glioblastoma cancer stem cells share some resemblance with neural progenitor cells, both expressing the surface receptor CD133. CD44 can also be used as a cancer stem cell marker in a subset of glioblastoma tumour cells. Glioblastoma cancer stem cells appear to exhibit enhanced resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy mediated, at least in part, by up-regulation of the DNA damage response.

Metabolism
The IDH1 gene encodes for the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and is not mutated in glioblastoma. As such, these tumors behave more aggressively compared to IDH1-mutated astrocytomas.

Ion channels
Furthermore, GBM exhibits numerous alterations in genes that encode for ion channels, including upregulation of gBK potassium channels and ClC-3 chloride channels. By upregulating these ion channels, glioblastoma tumor cells are hypothesized to facilitate increased ion movement over the cell membrane, thereby increasing H2O movement through osmosis, which aids glioblastoma cells in changing cellular volume very rapidly. This is helpful in their extremely aggressive invasive behavior because quick adaptations in cellular volume can facilitate movement through the sinuous extracellular matrix of the brain.

MicroRNA
As of 2012, RNA interference, usually microRNA, was under investigation in tissue culture, pathology specimens, and preclinical animal models of glioblastoma. Additionally, experimental observations suggest that microRNA-451 is a key regulator of LKB1/AMPK signaling in cultured glioma cells and that miRNA clustering controls epigenetic pathways in the disease.

Tumor vasculature
GBM is characterized by abnormal vessels that present disrupted morphology and functionality. The high permeability and poor perfusion of the vasculature result in a disorganized blood flow within the tumor and can lead to increased hypoxia, which in turn facilitates cancer progression by promoting processes such as immunosuppression.

Diagnosis
When viewed with MRI, glioblastomas often appear as ring-enhancing lesions. The appearance is not specific, however, as other lesions such as abscess, metastasis, tumefactive multiple sclerosis, and other entities may have a similar appearance. Definitive diagnosis of a suspected GBM on CT or MRI requires a stereotactic biopsy or a craniotomy with tumor resection and pathologic confirmation. Because the tumor grade is based upon the most malignant portion of the tumor, biopsy or subtotal tumor resection can result in undergrading of the lesion. Imaging of tumor blood flow using perfusion MRI and measuring tumor metabolite concentration with MR spectroscopy may add diagnostic value to standard MRI in select cases by showing increased relative cerebral blood volume and increased choline peak, respectively, but pathology remains the gold standard for diagnosis and molecular characterization.

Distinguishing glioblastoma from high-grade astrocytoma is important. These tumors occur spontaneously (de novo) and have not progressed from a lower-grade glioma, as in high-grade astrocytomas Glioblastomas have a worse prognosis and different tumor biology, and may have a different response to therapy, which makes this a critical evaluation to determine patient prognosis and therapy. Astrocytomas carry a mutation in IDH1 or IDH2, whereas this mutation is not present in glioblastoma. Thus, IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are a useful tool to distinguish glioblastomas from astrocytomas, since histopathologically they are similar and the distinction without molecular biomarkers is unreliable. IDH-wildtype glioblastomas usually have lower OLIG2 expression compared with IDH-mutant lower grade astrocytomas. In patients aged over 55 years with a histologically typical glioblastoma, without a pre-existing lower grade glioma, with a non-midline tumor location and with retained nuclear ATRX expression, immunohistochemical negativity for IDH1 R132H suffices for the classification as IDH-wild-type glioblastoma. In all other instances of diffuse gliomas, a lack of IDH1 R132H immunopositivity should be followed by IDH1 and IDH2 DNA sequencing to detect or exclude the presence of non-canonical mutations. IDH-wild-type diffuse astrocytic gliomas without microvascular proliferation or necrosis should be tested for EGFR amplification, TERT promoter mutation and a +7/–10 cytogenetic signature as molecular characteristics of IDH-wild-type glioblastomas.

Prevention
There are no known methods to prevent glioblastoma. It is the case for most gliomas, unlike for some other forms of cancer, that they happen without previous warning and there are no known ways to prevent them.

Treatment
Treating glioblastoma is difficult due to several complicating factors:
 * The tumor cells are resistant to conventional therapies.
 * The brain is susceptible to damage from conventional therapy.
 * The brain has a limited capacity to repair itself.
 * Many drugs cannot cross the blood–brain barrier to act on the tumor.

Treatment of primary brain tumors consists of palliative (symptomatic) care and therapies intended to improve survival.

Symptomatic therapy
Supportive treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and improving the patient's neurologic function. The primary supportive agents are anticonvulsants and corticosteroids.
 * Historically, around 90% of patients with glioblastoma underwent anticonvulsant treatment, although only an estimated 40% of patients required this treatment. Neurosurgeons have recommended that anticonvulsants not be administered prophylactically, and should wait until a seizure occurs before prescribing this medication. Those receiving phenytoin concurrent with radiation may have serious skin reactions such as erythema multiforme and Stevens–Johnson syndrome.
 * Corticosteroids, usually dexamethasone, can reduce peritumoral edema (through rearrangement of the blood–brain barrier), diminishing mass effect and lowering intracranial pressure, with a decrease in headache or drowsiness.

Surgery
Surgery is the first stage of treatment of glioblastoma. An average GBM tumor contains 1011 cells, which is on average reduced to 109 cells after surgery (a reduction of 99%). Benefits of surgery include resection for a pathological diagnosis, alleviation of symptoms related to mass effect, and potentially removing disease before secondary resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy occurs.

The greater the extent of tumor removal, the better. In retrospective analyses, removal of 98% or more of the tumor has been associated with a significantly longer healthier time than if less than 98% of the tumor is removed. The chances of near-complete initial removal of the tumor may be increased if the surgery is guided by a fluorescent dye known as 5-aminolevulinic acid. GBM cells are widely infiltrative through the brain at diagnosis, and despite a "total resection" of all obvious tumor, most people with GBM later develop recurrent tumors either near the original site or at more distant locations within the brain. Other modalities, typically radiation and chemotherapy, are used after surgery in an effort to suppress and slow recurrent disease through damaging the DNA of rapidly proliferative GBM cells.

Between 60-85% of glioblastoma patients report cancer-related cognitive impairments following surgery, which refers to problems with executive functioning, verbal fluency, attention, speed of processing. These symptoms may be managed with cognitive behavioral therapy, physical exercise, yoga and meditation.

Radiotherapy
Subsequent to surgery, radiotherapy becomes the mainstay of treatment for people with glioblastoma. It is typically performed along with giving temozolomide. A pivotal clinical trial carried out in the early 1970s showed that among 303 GBM patients randomized to radiation or best medical therapy, those who received radiation had a median survival more than double those who did not. Subsequent clinical research has attempted to build on the backbone of surgery followed by radiation. Whole-brain radiotherapy does not improve when compared to the more precise and targeted three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. A total radiation dose of 60–65 Gy has been found to be optimal for treatment.

GBM tumors are well known to contain zones of tissue exhibiting hypoxia, which are highly resistant to radiotherapy. Various approaches to chemotherapy radiosensitizers have been pursued, with limited success. , newer research approaches included preclinical and clinical investigations into the use of an oxygen diffusion-enhancing compound such as trans sodium crocetinate as radiosensitizers, and a clinical trial was underway. Boron neutron capture therapy has been tested as an alternative treatment for glioblastoma, but is not in common use.

Chemotherapy
Most studies show no benefit from the addition of chemotherapy. However, a large clinical trial of 575 participants randomized to standard radiation versus radiation plus temozolomide chemotherapy showed that the group receiving temozolomide survived a median of 14.6 months as opposed to 12.1 months for the group receiving radiation alone. This treatment regimen is now standard for most cases of glioblastoma where the person is not enrolled in a clinical trial. Temozolomide seems to work by sensitizing the tumor cells to radiation, and appears more effective for tumors with MGMT promoter methylation. High doses of temozolomide in high-grade gliomas yield low toxicity, but the results are comparable to the standard doses. Antiangiogenic therapy with medications such as bevacizumab control symptoms, but do not appear to affect overall survival in those with glioblastoma. The overall benefit of anti-angiogenic therapies as of 2019 is unclear. In elderly people with newly diagnosed glioblastoma who are reasonably fit, concurrent and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy gives the best overall survival but is associated with a greater risk of haematological adverse events than radiotherapy alone.

Immunotherapy
Phase 3 clinical trials of immunotherapy treatments for glioblastoma have largely failed.

Other procedures
Alternating electric field therapy is an FDA-approved therapy for newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma. In 2015, initial results from a phase-III randomized clinical trial of alternating electric field therapy plus temozolomide in newly diagnosed glioblastoma reported a three-month improvement in progression-free survival, and a five-month improvement in overall survival compared to temozolomide therapy alone, representing the first large trial in a decade to show a survival improvement in this setting. Despite these results, the efficacy of this approach remains controversial among medical experts. However, increasing understanding of the mechanistic basis through which alternating electric field therapy exerts anti-cancer effects and results from ongoing phase-III clinical trials in extracranial cancers may help facilitate increased clinical acceptance to treat glioblastoma in the future.

Prognosis
The most common length of survival following diagnosis is 10 to 13 months (although recent research points to a median survival rate of 15 months), with fewer than 1–3% of people surviving longer than five years. In the United States between 2012 and 2016 five-year survival was 6.8%. Without treatment, survival is typically three months. Complete cures are extremely rare, but have been reported.

Increasing age (> 60 years) carries a worse prognostic risk. Death is usually due to widespread tumor infiltration with cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure.

A good initial Karnofsky performance score (KPS) and MGMT methylation are associated with longer survival. A DNA test can be conducted on glioblastomas to determine whether or not the promoter of the MGMT gene is methylated. Patients with a methylated MGMT promoter have longer survival than those with an unmethylated MGMT promoter, due in part to increased sensitivity to temozolomide.

Long-term benefits have also been associated with those patients who receive surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide chemotherapy. However, much remains unknown about why some patients survive longer with glioblastoma. Age under 50 is linked to longer survival in GBM, as is 98%+ resection and use of temozolomide chemotherapy and better KPSs. A recent study confirms that younger age is associated with a much better prognosis, with a small fraction of patients under 40 years of age achieving a population-based cure. Cure is thought to occur when a person's risk of death returns to that of the normal population, and in GBM, this is thought to occur after 10 years.

UCLA Neuro-oncology publishes real-time survival data for patients with this diagnosis.

According to a 2003 study, GBM prognosis can be divided into three subgroups dependent on KPS, the age of the patient, and treatment.

Epidemiology
About three per 100,000 people develop the disease a year, although regional frequency may be much higher. The frequency in England doubled between 1995 and 2015.

It is the second-most common central nervous system tumor after meningioma. It occurs more commonly in males than females. Although the median age at diagnosis is 64, in 2014, the broad category of brain cancers was second only to leukemia in people in the United States under 20 years of age.

History
The term glioblastoma multiforme was introduced in 1926 by Percival Bailey and Harvey Cushing, based on the idea that the tumor originates from primitive precursors of glial cells (glioblasts), and the highly variable appearance due to the presence of necrosis, hemorrhage, and cysts (multiform).

Gene therapy
Gene therapy has been explored as a method to treat glioblastoma, and while animal models and early-phase clinical trials have been successful, as of 2017, all gene-therapy drugs that had been tested in phase-III clinical trials for glioblastoma had failed. Scientists have developed the core–shell nanostructured LPLNP-PPT (long persistent luminescence nanoparticles. PPT refers to polyetherimide, PEG and trans-activator of transcription, and TRAIL is the human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-induced ligand ) for effective gene delivery and tracking, with positive results. This is a TRAIL ligand that has been encoded to induce apoptosis of cancer cells, more specifically glioblastomas. Although this study was still in clinical trials in 2017, it has shown diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities, and will open great interest for clinical applications in stem-cell-based therapy.

Other gene therapy approaches has also been explored in the context of glioblastoma, including suicide gene therapy. Suicide gene therapy is a two step approach which includes the delivery of a foreign enzyme-gene to the cancer cells followed by activation with an pro-drug causing toxicities in the cancer-cells which induces cell death. This approach have had success in animal models and small clinical studied but could not show survival benefit in larger clinical studies. Using new more efficient delivery vectors and suicide gene-prodrug systems could improve the clinical benefit from these types of therapies.

Oncolytic virotherapy
Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging novel treatment that is under investigation both at preclinical and clinical stages. Several viruses including herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, poliovirus, and reovirus are currently being tested in phases I and II of clinical trials for glioblastoma therapy and have shown to improve overall survival.

Intranasal drug delivery
Direct nose-to-brain drug delivery is being explored as a means to achieve higher, and hopefully more effective, drug concentrations in the brain. A clinical phase-I/II study with glioblastoma patients in Brazil investigated the natural compound perillyl alcohol for intranasal delivery as an aerosol. The results were encouraging and, as of 2016, a similar trial has been initiated in the United States.

title: Glioblastoma


text: Category:Suzuki vehicles

title: Category:Suzuki vehicles


text:
Talk:Yixuan, Prince Chun

"Prince of the First Rank Chun"
1st Prince Chun doesn't receive many google hits, so there appears no set standard in naming the Prince Chuns. "Prince Chun" often refers to the 2nd Prince Chun. In the interests of following the wikipedia standard style of spelling things out in completion on the first line, we should start with "Prince of the First Rank Chun Xian" since that is his official designation in Chinese. We can add "commonly known in English as the 1st Prince Chun" right afterwards. --Jiang 00:44, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Right. A long answer is needed I guess.

 * 1- There is no such thing as an "official designation" in Chinese. Tradionally, such as in Puyi's autobiography, these princes are known according to their formal titles and posthumous names: 醇賢親王 for the 1st prince Chun, and 醇親王 for the second prince Chun. Recently however, it appears many people in China are not aware of these subtilities, and they often appear as "Yixuan, Prince Chun" (醇親王奕譞) for the 1st prince, and "Zaifeng, Prince Chun" (醇親王載灃) for the 2nd prince. Both Chinese designations (traditional and modern) return as many hit in Google. In the article I chose the traditional designation when I translated in Chinese, because I thought it more in tone with the historical context.

 * 2- Now, for the English version of the name, "1st prince Chun" and "2nd prince Chun" are the names adopted in English and French historical books about China (the two western languages with the most scholars specialized in Chinese history), so I think we should follow that pattern of naming. Maybe there are not much hit in Google, but this is not a criteria. These scholarly works would typically not appear online, and these two princes are not very well known outside of China, so it is no surprise there are no hits on Google. This is also the naming pattern that was used in the translation of Puyi's autobiography. Just check any translation of this book in your local bookstore. You can also check this official Chinese website article: . Last but not least, this naming pattern follows the naming pattern of aristocrats in the Western world, such as 1st duke of Buckingham, 2nd duke of Buckingham, etc., so it will be immediately accessible to people not familiar with Chinese history and culture. "Prince of the first rank Chun Xian" and "Prince of the first rank Chun" is just cumbersome, and completely obscure for people not familiar with China. Also, don't forget Xian is more a title ("the Sage") than actually a name.

 * 3- a- Now to completely finish with this subject: when I created the articles, one choice was to name one "Yixuan, prince Chun" or "Yixuan, 1st prince Chun" and the other "Zaifeng, prince Chun" or "Zaifeng, 2nd prince Chun". This would follow even more the pattern of naming aristocrats on Wikipedia, but there's a problem here... Yixuan and Zaifeng are probably not the birth names ("milk names") of these two princes, but the names given to them later and used with people outside the family (大名). I was unable to find their "milk names". Don't forget they may also have zi (字) and hao (号) (in fact I found yesterday that the 2nd prince Chun had a hao, and I will add that now in the article). So in the end I think it is better to leave just "1st prince Chun" and "2nd prince Chun".

 * b- Your idea of a "wikipedia standard style of spelling things out in completion on the first line" just can't apply to Chinese historical figures, who had so many different names all along their life. It is better to put in bold in the beginning of the text the name under which they are the most known among scholars and the general public in the west, and then explain the rest of the names more in detail inside the article. This is exactly why the Sun Yat-sen article starts with Sun Yat-sen, the name most familiar in English, instead of starting with Sun Dixiang Deming Wen Rixian Yixian Zaizhi Zhongshan.
 * Hardouin 17:19, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I removed the Chinese on the first line to avoid implying that 1st Prince Chun is what "醇賢親王" means in chinese. Perhaps we should use a box as is used for Sun Yat-sen and other Chinese people with a bunch of names. --Jiang 03:16, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I reverted the Chinese name of the prince (it is important information for people able to read Chinese), but I added the mention "Chinese title", which should avoid thinking that it is a litteral translation of "1st prince Chun". I "unbolded" Seventh Prince and Pu'an. Courtesy names are not bolded on Wikipedia, and Seventh Prince is really an historical name not well known today, not even in China. It confuses people to bold everything. For the sake of clarity, we should bold only the essential names, that is Yixuan, and 1st prince Chun. Hardouin 11:36, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

All names are bolded in articles, per convention to the best of my knowledge. Where does it say we shouldn't do this?

In articles like Sun Yat-sen, we do not put Chinese on the first line. "Chinese title" doesn't make it clear enough. And what about the fact that people are calling him 醇親王奕譞? --Jiang 20:52, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I suggest simply naming this article Yixuan, as this gets the most results on Google, and is the naming convention on Chinese encyclopedias such as the Cihai. --Colipon+(T) 01:04, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * That's counter to convention to refer to royals by their personal names. We could try the modern convention Yixuan, Prince Chun (to parallel what we've done for British nobility), but not Yixuan by itself. --Jiang 06:47, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I want to yet again raise the point that the Chinese Cihai uses the naming convention Yixuan and Zaifeng for the two Princes Chun. I believe this is a simplistic naming strategy and names (like mentioned before in discussion) can be further explained in the intro section. We need to understand that many Chinese people have a score of titles and ranks, especially the nobility, therefore an internet encyclopedia should take a simple and time-saving approach. Colipon+(T) 19:56, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Here at the English Wikipedia we use the names that are most common in English, not the names that are most common in Chinese. In Western historical circles, he is known as "the 1st Prince Chun", he is not known as "Yixuan", so we should stick to what's the common name in English. That's why for instance we have an article about "Sun Yat-sen", although Chinese people actually call that historical figure "Sun Zhongshan". Hardouin 13:01, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Improvements in progress
Seeing this was among the oldest articles in the Copy Editors queue I have started working on it.

I see that his name changed with time to reflect his status so in the first part "Birth and early life" I opted to go with "Yixuan". The very first mention is spelled out "Yi Xuan (奕譞)" so people with little or no knowledge of Chinese language can connect the name with it's associated spelling. He will be named "Prince Chun" later so that next name is already where it belongs. I won't worry about whether he had a childhood name because the historical record doesn't appear to place any importance in whether one existed or it's spelling and pronunciation. If somebody gets lucky and finds one, by all means put it in before you forget it too. :)

Having no information on his childhood other than his birth I had to settle for cleaning up the description of his mother's status because it is all that can establish his position in the court as a child. I don't expect there will be much to add unless a family member happens to stop by and contribute something directly because nobody else is likely to have anything but official records of him after he was given his first real job.

I see a need for further editing for grammmar and fluency so I'll concentrate on that as I go through to the bottom but may find other ways to clean things up as I proceed. If you see any way to improve the article please discuss it here as you work or I might get confused and stumble over your work, accidentally making a mess of it. Aaron Walkhouse (talk) 16:29, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

Rename
I understand that the intent of this article's naming convention was to reflect the pedantic wishes of British editors obsessing over the article names of their beloved peers. I do not think this convention should apply here. The cardinal number (1st, 2nd, etc.) is used in neither English nor Chinese literature. I would suggest renaming this Yixuan, Prince Chun, and his son Zaifeng, Prince Chun. If there are no objections I will ask an admin to do this in the next few days. Colipon+ (Talk) 21:10, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

Is he actually "Yihuan"?
Weird! Reliable sources claim that his name is actually "I-huan" (WG), "Ihuan" (Pinyin): Hummel Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period Vol 1 pp. 384-387; Rhoads, Manchus and Han pp. 22, 55, 79, 131, 298; Library of Congress Portraits of I-huan, Prince Ch'un, and views of his palace at Peking, which also gives "Yixuan."

The references for this article are a little weak, and I don't have the 清史稿 here at home. The Chinese Wikipedia article has 奕譞 (Ixuan) but "i Huan" (sic), in romanization with no characters.

Does anyone know what's up? ch (talk) 23:45, 10 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yixuan, Prince Chun


text:
Daniel Negreanu

Daniel Negreanu (born July 26, 1974) is a Canadian professional poker player who has won seven World Series of Poker (WSOP) bracelets and two World Poker Tour (WPT) championship titles. In 2014, independent poker ranking service Global Poker Index recognized Negreanu as the best poker player of the previous decade.

As of 2024, he is the seventh-biggest live tournament poker winner of all time. He was named the WSOP Player of the Year in 2004 and 2013, making him the only player to receive the accolade more than once. He was also the 2004–2005 WPT Player of the Year. He is the first player to make a final table at each of the three WSOP bracelet-awarding locations (Las Vegas, Europe, and Asia-Pacific), and the first to win a bracelet at each. In 2014, he was inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame.

Early life
Negreanu was born in Toronto, Ontario, in 1974, seven years after his parents, Annie and Constantin, emigrated from Romania. He can speak Romanian fluently. The Negreanus had hoped to start a new life in the United States but ended up settling in Toronto where Constantin worked as an electrician and sold confectionery. Daniel is five years younger than his brother Mike. At an early age, Negreanu was ambitious, stating in a 2009 interview "From the age of four, I thought I'd be rich. I told my mom I'd build a house out of Popsicle sticks and move to California."

He attended Pineway Public School in North York, where the principal complained to his mother about Daniel's "poor manners or behavior" and threatened to expel him for "ignoring the school rules." While nursing dreams of a career as a professional snooker player, the then 15-year-old learned to play poker. At the age of 16, he was spending time in pool halls, hustling, betting on sports, and playing cards.

When he was several credits short of graduation, he dropped out of high school and began his life as a rounder playing at local charity casinos, usually at Casino Country and Fundtime Games and looking for illegal games around the city. While in Toronto, he met and began dating Evelyn Ng, who would also become a well-known professional poker player. After building a bankroll, he left for Las Vegas at the age of 22 to pursue his dream of becoming a professional poker player. However, "The Strip" got the better of him and he was forced to move back home to Toronto to rebuild his bankroll.

Poker career
Negreanu is an accomplished tournament and cash game player. He has seven World Series of Poker (WSOP) bracelets and two World Poker Tour (WPT) championships. He has also reached multiple WSOP and WPT final tables and won various other tournament titles. Negreanu was named the 2004 Card Player Player of the Year and the WSOP Player of the Year. He was also named the 2004-05 WPT Player of the Year. In 2006, Negreanu was named "Favorite Poker Player" at Card Player Magazine's Player of the Year Awards Gala. In 2013, he captured two WSOP bracelets and another WSOP Player of the Year award, becoming the only player to win the award twice. In November 2014, Negreanu was inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame in Las Vegas.

Negreanu has regularly played the "Big Game" in Bobby's Room, in the Bellagio casino, Las Vegas, where the limits are $400–$800 or greater and the games are mixed. He is a self-professed action junkie who claims to always seek new challenges and set high goals for himself. Unlike many players, he is outspoken about his results and regularly posts updates in the Full Contact Poker forums. Some of Negreanu's success is attributed to his ability to read opponents. When asked about this, Negreanu explained that the most important skill he employs is observing what hands his opponents play and how capable they are of playing them.

World Series of Poker
Negreanu's first cash at the WSOP was also his first WSOP bracelet. Negreanu won $169,460 in the $2,000 Pot Limit Hold'em event in the 1998 World Series of Poker, becoming the youngest WSOP bracelet winner in history — a record he held until 2004 (Scott Fischman). Negreanu has since captured another six bracelets, including the $50,000 Poker Players Championship in 2024. He has 36 career WSOP final table appearances, including two apiece at the WSOP Europe and at the WSOP Asia-Pacific, and 103 money finishes.

An "A" following a year denotes bracelet(s) won at the World Series of Poker Asia-Pacific An "E" following a year denotes bracelet(s) won at the World Series of Poker Europe

In addition to his 7 bracelets, he also won a WSOP Circuit ring in 2006. After winning the tournament, he explained his strategy and provided some insights into his play: "I had a strategy designed for each individual player and pretty much followed it at the final table. The key to winning for me is that I stayed out of marginal situations. I don't want to get into a race with 6-6 against A-K and hope to stay alive. I think what I am best at is playing after the flop, and I wanted to get as many situations as I could where I was up against (an opponent) and could take them on after the flop. My goal is to see the most flops I can. I like to set traps. I let (opponents) get involved, and then trap them. If I get them drawing dead (which happened twice at the final table in big pots) - that's always the plan."

Other notable tournaments
Negreanu's first major successes on the tournament poker scene came in 1997 with three tournament wins, including two events at the World Poker Finals at Foxwoods Resort Casino, earning $55,064.

In November 2008, Negreanu won the fourth-annual British Columbia Poker Championships main event, topping a field of 690 players (a personal high for Daniel), and earning $371,910 CAD (US$299,951).

In 2014, he was the runner-up in The Big One for One Drop which paid him $8,288,001. The runner-up finish marked the highest live cash for Negreanu. The event was held at the WSOP but was not eligible for a WSOP bracelet.

Negreanu won $1 million as the winner of the 2016 Shark Cage tournament organized by PokerStars.net.

As of 2024, his total live tournament winnings exceed $52,400,000. His 252 cashes at the WSOP account for over $22,100,000 of those winnings.

In October 2022, he won $3,312,000 in the $300,000 buy-in Super High Roller Bowl VII.

Cash games
In addition to Negreanu's regular appearances in the big game at Bobby's Room, he played in all seven seasons of the television show High Stakes Poker. He also played in two seasons of PokerStars Big Game.

Online poker and sponsorship
In December 2005, Negreanu became the professional spokesperson for an online poker site called Poker Mountain. He played at this cardroom under the screen name "KidPoker". In June 2005 he announced his decision to terminate that relationship due to software issues that were problematic enough to cause a shutdown of the site. In 2006, he used Full Contact Poker to launch a competition to select a protégé, whom Daniel would attempt to mold into a world-class live tournament poker player. He agreed to pay the protégé's entry fee into four $10,000 buy-in events. Daniel's first protégé was Brian Fidler. In 2007, Daniel ran a second protégé promotion, which was won by Anthony Mak.

In June 2007, Negreanu signed with PokerStars, joining Chris Moneymaker and many other professional poker players as a member of Team PokerStars. His Full Contact Poker site has since returned to being a forum and informational site. After "Black Friday" (the 2011 US government crackdown on online poker), Negreanu moved back to Canada in order to continue playing online poker on PokerStars. On May 23, 2019, after nearly 12 years as a member of Team PokerStars, Negreanu announced he and PokerStars were parting ways.

Negreanu is a brand ambassador and spokesperson for GGPoker since 2019.

Heads-up challenge
On July 29, 2020, after a years-long feud with fellow poker pro Doug Polk, Negreanu publicly accepted a challenge to a high-stakes grudge match. They played 25,000 hands of No-Limit Texas Hold'em at $200/$400 stakes. The duel ended on 4 February 2021 with Polk winning approximately $1,200,000 over 25,000 hands.

High Stakes Duel
In 2021, Daniel Negreanu challenged Phil Hellmuth to a heads up match after Phil Hellmuth was critical of Daniel's plays in his heads up match against Doug Polk. The two played three rounds in the High Stakes Duel 2 by PokerGO, with the buy-in doubling from the initial $50,000 to $200,000 by the third round. Phil Hellmuth beat Negreanu in all three rounds, winning a total of $350,000. As per the rules, he was allowed to cash out his winnings after winning three rounds, although Negreanu wanted to continue playing.

In 2023, it was announced that Negreanu would take on Eric Persson in High Stakes Duel 4 in May. Negreanu defeated Persson in Round 1 to win the $100,000 prize pool. Round 2 was scheduled for August with Negreanu facing Doug Polk. Negreanu defeated Polk and took home the championship belt and $200,000.

Poker Masters
In September 2021, Daniel Negreanu had some success in PokerGo's Poker Masters tournaments. He placed 3rd in Poker Masters 2, a $10,000 buy-in event, and won $103,200. He placed 1st in Poker Masters 5, another $10,000 buy-in event, winning $178,200. In the tenth event, a $25,000 buy-in tournament, he placed 3rd for $152,000.

Other poker activities
Upon opening, the Wynn Las Vegas resort recruited him as their "Poker Ambassador" to play for any stake in their poker room. The arrangement lasted until October 2005, when he opted out because it was restricting his ability to play for high stakes outside the Wynn.

Negreanu has played poker on various TV shows such as Late Night Poker, Poker After Dark, and High Stakes Poker, as well as serving as a commentator and stand-in host on Ultimate Poker Challenge. He also appeared in the third season of Poker Superstars Invitational Tournament. In January 2007, Negreanu appeared in the Fox Reality original series Rob and Amber: Against the Odds, in which he mentored reality television personality Rob Mariano in his bid to become a professional poker player.

In May 2008, Negreanu's book Power Hold'em Strategy was released. The book resembles the Doyle Brunson book Super/System in that it has contributions from several other poker players, including Evelyn Ng, Erick Lindgren, Paul Wasicka, Todd Brunson, and David Williams. Negreanu's section presents and explains the strategy of small ball poker. Negreanu is also featured in the 2006 poker video game Stacked with Daniel Negreanu, providing tips and hints as to how to play effectively. He has written over 100 articles for CardPlayer Magazine and contributed to Doyle Brunson's revised book, Super System II. He has tutored on the web as part of Poker School Online and also personally given lessons to celebrities such as Tobey Maguire and Shannon Elizabeth. In addition to his poker books, Negreanu has created a 38-section Master Class teaching poker theory and play through video.

Other ventures
Negreanu made a cameo appearance as a poker player playing against the mutant Gambit in the film X-Men Origins: Wolverine. He also played a poker player in The Grand, and he appeared as himself in the film Lucky You. On season two of Sports Science, he tried to fool a lie detector. He also appeared in Katy Perry's music video for "Waking Up in Vegas" as a poker player. In 2013, he appeared on an episode of the CBC Television program Mr. D, again playing himself. He also appeared in a TV series dedicated to poker called Tilt in 2005. Daniel was a major advocate of the move to bring the National Hockey League to Las Vegas, along with Malaysian billionaire and fellow poker player Richard Yong.

Negreanu is also a fan of Hearthstone. After picking up the game in 2015, he began streaming it alongside poker on Twitch and was invited to a showmatch during the Hearthstone World Championship at BlizzCon 2015 in Anaheim, California, against former StarCraft: Brood War pro and fellow WSOP and WPT champion Bertrand "ElkY" Grospellier, which he won 3–1.

In September 2015, Negreanu posed for a PETA vegan campaign. In January 2021 Chess.com announced that he would play in the third edition of the PogChamps chess tournament. In 2018, Negreanu was promoted and credited as an associate producer for a documentary about veganism in sports, The Game Changers.

Personal life
In August 2005, Negreanu married Lori Lin Weber. They separated in November 2007 and later divorced. In May 2019, he married Amanda Leatherman.

Negreanu has a blog at Full Contact Poker where he posts his thoughts and feelings about life, politics and poker. He became a vegetarian in 2000 and has been vegan since 2006, claiming it makes him a better player. After many years living in the United States, he received his green card on July 15, 2009.

On October 1, 2020, Negreanu was one of 12 individuals named in a $330 million defamation lawsuit brought by poker professional Mike Postle. Others named in the suit include Phil Galfond, ESPN and Negreanu's heads-up challenge opponent Doug Polk. In April 2021, the lawsuit was dropped.

title: Daniel Negreanu


text:
Brian O'Dea

Brian O'Dea (born September 1, 1948) is a Canadian businessman, author, television personality, and former drug smuggler. He is best-known for a large marijuana smuggling enterprise he masterminded in the mid-1980s. Set up to move marijuana in bulk from Southeast Asia to the Pacific Northwest and California, between 1986 and 1988, O'Dea's organization successfully smuggled 76 tons of marijuana worth about $300 million into Washington, transported it to California, and distributed it throughout the United States.

After suffering a cocaine-induced heart attack in 1988, O'Dea quit smuggling and using illegal drugs and became a substance abuse counselor. A long U.S. federal investigation of his marijuana smuggling operation resulted in O'Dea's arrest in 1990.

O'Dea pleaded guilty in 1991 and received a ten year sentence. After beginning his prison term in California, in 1992 he was transferred to a prison in Canada. Released on parole in 1993, O'Dea later built a career as a television commentator, narrator, and producer, in addition to authoring a memoir.

Early life
O'Dea was born in St. John's, Newfoundland on 1 September 1948, one of five children born to John R. O'Dea and Madeleine "Maddy" Connolly. His family was prominent in Newfoundland business and politics; his uncle Fabian O'Dea served as lieutenant governor of Newfoundland in the 1960s. O'Dea's father was president of Newfoundland Brewery and founded Atlantic Brewing Company. He also served in Newfoundland's provincial assembly and as president of the St. John's metro board.

O'Dea attended the parochial schools of St. John's including Winterton School and Saint Bonaventure's College. According to his memoir, as an eleven year old at Saint Bonaventure's he was sexually molested by a member of the Christian Brothers who was serving on the faculty. In the fall of 1965, O'Dea began attendance at Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John's. While in college, O'Dea worked as the host of a CJON (now CJYQ) radio call in show that dealt with current events, and sold advertising for the college radio station and newspaper, CHMR and The Muse. In addition, O'Dea also began dealing in marijuana, traveling to Toronto to buy the drug from suppliers, then returning to St. John's to resell it at a profit. His drug business expanded to include the sale and production of MDA, a precursor to MDMA (ecstasy).

Drug dealer
After leaving the university without graduating, O'Dea continued to deal drugs and became an importer of marijuana to Canada from the United Kingdom. In 1972, he was arrested for possession of hashish, marijuana, and cocaine with intent to distribute. He was convicted and sentenced to nineteen months in prison. He served twelve months before being released.

After leaving prison, O'Dea traveled to Colombia to re-establish a connection with an acquaintance he had met in Montreal before going to prison. He used this relationship to establish himself as a cocaine smuggler, and developed a regular routine of picking up shipments in Colombia and carrying them into Canada, where he broke down the packages into smaller amounts for individual resale.

Following the success of his smuggling trips, O'Dea renewed the acquaintance of several individuals living in Toronto whom he had known in Newfoundland. The group agreed to have O'Dea establish a presence in Jamaica, where he could use his Colombian contacts to bring in cocaine. Other members of the organization would be responsible for transporting the cocaine from Jamaica to Canada and selling it. The relationship soon soured, and O'Dea developed new Jamaican contacts that enabled him to continue smuggling.

In 1975, O'Dea and a Chicago-based partner agreed to smuggle marijuana from Colombia by boat to the United States. When this venture proved unsuccessful, O'Dea and his partner in Chicago made an arrangement with smugglers based in Florida and Georgia to move the marijuana from Colombia by air and purchased a Douglas DC-6 transport plane for the purpose. This venture failed when mechanical failure caused O'Dea and the pilot to ditch the plane, resulting in the loss of both plane and cargo.

Move to California
Having lost most of his money in the unsuccessful attempt to smuggle marijuana by airplane, in 1976, O'Dea re-established contact with a Los Angeles-based attorney he had met in Jamaica. He moved to California, where he became a courier for a group of individuals who moved money for wealthy clients. O'Dea's function was to circulate among the banks of Los Angeles exchanging cash for cashier's checks made payable to overseas companies. He would then return the checks to his employers, who would deposit them in foreign banks. He also re-established himself as a cocaine smuggler, using a small network of couriers to carry the drugs from Colombia to one of the Caribbean islands, including Saint Martin, Guadeloupe, and Martinique. O'Dea would then repackage the shipments for transport to Los Angeles and resale.

In the late 1970s, O'Dea met Bill and Chris Shaffer, wealthy brothers who had interests in both legal and illegal businesses. O'Dea began to work for Bill Shaffer, including distributing marijuana. In addition, O'Dea operated for Shaffer a crew of couriers who helped move money to overseas banks using the same method of exchanging cash for cashier's checks that O'Dea had used when working as a courier.

Entrepreneur
O'Dea was periodically involved in legitimate business ventures, several of which proved successful. While living in California in the late 1970s and early 1980s, his wife and he had an antique store. His wife was a hairdresser, and O'Dea recognized the potential of Tri, the brand of haircare products she used when she cut his hair. He established a business relationship with Tri's sales manager, John Paul DeJoria, which led to O'Dea becoming the product's Canadian distributor. When DeJoria was fired, O'Dea loaned him $15,000 to help start the Paul Mitchell hair products line.

O'Dea declined DeJoria's offer to join him in the Paul Mitchell venture because he felt obligated to honor his agreement with the makers of Tri. He successfully retailed Tri in Vancouver, and planned to expand into more cities, but abandoned the venture when Canadian authorities who suspected him of involvement in illegal drugs accused him of avoiding customs duties. To avoid a prison term, he pleaded guilty and paid a $25,000 fine, and his business was closed.

O'Dea developed a cocaine addiction and spent time in a rehabilitation clinic. After his release, he resolved to stay sober and leave the drug business. With two acquaintances, he developed a plan to market as jewelry agatized dinosaur bones found in Utah. The Shaffers agreed to finance the enterprise, and it was this business O'Dea was promoting when he became involved in the large-scale marijuana smuggling venture for which he is best known.

Southeast Asia connection
In 1986, a Canadian involved in selling illegal drugs who was also acquainted with O'Dea told O'Dea about the opportunity to import tons of marijuana from Southeast Asia. Lured by the possibility of large profits, the Shaffers agreed to finance the operation, and O'Dea agreed to manage it. Using a commercial vessel, they transported shiploads of marijuana from Vietnam and Thailand to the coast of Alaska. Crews working for O'Dea transferred the marijuana to their commercial fishing boats and repackaged it in fish boxes. They then sailed to their home port in Anacortes, Washington, where the fish boxes containing marijuana were moved to trucks owned by a company O'Dea controlled. The trucks transported the cargo to California for distribution and sale throughout the United States.

Between 1986 and 1988, O'Dea's Pacific Northwest enterprise successfully smuggled 76 tons of marijuana worth about $300 million. The individual who brought O'Dea into the arrangement drew attention to himself through ostentatious behavior including cocaine-fueled parties, so O'Dea removed him from the operation while promising to pay him after the marijuana was sold. This individual became an informant, and during their final shipment, O'Dea's crew succeeded in transporting the marijuana despite being under surveillance by the Drug Enforcement Administration.

Arrest and imprisonment
O'Dea had relapsed into occasional drug use following his first attempt at rehabilitation. After the transport of the Pacific Northwest venture's last marijuana shipment, he fell into constant cocaine use. Following a heart attack brought on by a cocaine overdose, in 1988 he quit drugs and became a volunteer drug and alcohol addiction counselor.

While volunteering as a counselor, O'Dea became friendly with psychologist Dave Richo and made use of his entrepreneurial skills to sell Richo's book Letting the Light Through by making calls on bookstores throughout Southern California. Later, he began to record and sell copies of lectures Richo presented to adult learning students at Santa Barbara City College.

The DEA had continued investigating O'Dea's Pacific Northwest operation, and in 1990 he was arrested. He pleaded guilty in 1991 and was sentenced to ten years in prison. He served a year at Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island, and in 1992 was transferred to the Springhill Penitentiary in Canada.

Later career
In 1993, O'Dea was paroled and he became a venture capitalist in Toronto. He attracted media attention in 2001 when he published an advertisement in the National Post through which he attempted to obtain employment by highlighting aspects of his drug smuggling endeavors, including his personnel and logistics management skills. He also began to appear on television as a commentator for U.S. and Canadian news programs, frequently providing his views on marijuana legalization, prison reform, and other topics.

As he attempted to establish himself in a post-prison career, O'Dea also began volunteering to give speeches about his life in the drug business. He appeared at schools and parent groups throughout Canada to deliver a presentation called "The Consequences of Choice" in which he used his experiences to dissuade others from following the same path. His efforts resulted in public recognition for his community service from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

O'Dea went on to become a television and film producer. His credits include the show Creepy Canada, which aired on the OLN and Destination America networks. In 2003, O'Dea's drug smuggling enterprise was featured on the television series Masterminds in an episode titled "A Smuggler Supreme".

In 2006, O'Dea published a memoir, HIGH: Confessions of a Pot Smuggler. HIGH was well-received, and was the winner of the 2007 Arthur Ellis Award for Best True Crime Book.

O'Dea narrated the 2009 documentary Hangman's Graveyard. In 2012, he appeared as Kevin O'Leary's advisor on the CBC Television Reality TV Show Redemption Inc. O'Dea told his story of smuggling drugs, getting caught, and changing his life in the September 27, 2012 "Trust Me" segment of the Snap Judgment radio show.

With U.S. states and Canadian provinces legalizing recreational marijuana beginning in 2012, in recent years celebrities and business people desiring to market marijuana under their brand names, including Ghostface Killah and Kurupt have turned to O'Dea to broker arrangements between them, suppliers, and retailers. In 2018, O'Dea was reported to be living in Montecito, California, where he continued to work as a broker for legal marijuana entrepreneurs and his neighbors included Oprah Winfrey and Jeff Bridges. In January 2018, O'Dea and his family narrowly escaped a mudslide that inundated his hometown. His house was spared, but those of several neighbors sustained significant damage.

In July 2021, O'Dea was a guest on the Crime & Entertainment podcast, during which he discussed his smuggling career and subsequent efforts to promote prison reform and reform of drug laws. In March 2022, he was a guest on the Black & White podcast hosted by author and diversity consultant Stephen Dorsey. During their discussion, O'Dea continued his advocacy of criminal justice reform and marijuana legalization. In the summer of 2022, O'Dea obtained financing for a film about the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and traveled to Ukraine with photographer and videographer Frank Vilaca to document events in the war zone.

Family
In 1972, O'Dea married Eleanor "Ellie" O'Dea. They divorced in 1973, during his first prison term. While living in California in 1977, he married Suzi Foreman, with whom he had two children, daughter Cherokee and son Cheyenne. They divorced in 1988, and in 1993 O'Dea married Susannah Lewis, whom he met while living in California. They are the parents of a son, Rufus.

title: Brian O'Dea


text:
Jack Ketch

John Ketch (died November 1686), generally known as Jack Ketch, was an infamous English executioner employed by King Charles II. He became famous through the way he performed his duties during the tumults of the 1680s, when he was often mentioned in broadsheet accounts that circulated throughout the Kingdom of England. He is thought to have been appointed in 1663.

He executed the death sentences against William Russell, Lord Russell, in Lincoln's Inn Fields on 21 July 1683, and James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, on 15 July 1685, after the Monmouth Rebellion. Ketch's notoriety stems from "barbarity at the execution of Lord Russell, the Duke of Monmouth, and other political offenders".

Because of his botched executions, the name "Jack Ketch" is used as a proverbial name for death, Satan and executioners.

Appointment
Ketch took office in 1663, succeeding the late Edward Dun, to whom he had been apprenticed. He is first mentioned in the Proceedings of the Old Bailey for 14 January 1676, although no printed notice of the new hangman occurred until 2 December 1678, when a broadside appeared called The Plotters Ballad, being Jack Ketch's incomparable Receipt for the Cure of Traytorous Recusants and Wholesome Physick for a Popish Contagion.

In 1679, there appears from another pamphlet purporting to be written by Ketch himself, and entitled The Man of Destiny's Hard Fortune, that the hangman was confined for a time in the Marshalsea prison, "whereby his hopeful harvest was like to have been blasted."

A short entry in the autobiography of Anthony à Wood for 31 August 1681 describes how Stephen College was hanged in the Castle Yard, Oxford, "and when he had hanged about half an hour, was cut down by Catch or Ketch, and quartered under the gallows, his entrails were burnt in a fire made by the gallows".

Lord Russell's execution
On that occasion, Ketch wielded the instrument of death either with such sadistically nuanced skill or with such lack of simple dexterity – nobody could tell which – that the victim suffered horrifically under blow after blow, each excruciating but not in itself lethal. Even among the bloodthirsty throngs that habitually attended English beheadings, the gory and agonizing display had created such outrage that Ketch felt moved to write and publish a pamphlet titled Apologie, in which he excused his performance with the claim that Lord Russell had failed to "dispose himself as was most suitable" and that he was therefore distracted while taking aim on his neck.

James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth's execution
"He [the duke] would not make use of a cap or other circumstance, but lying down, bid the fellow to do his office better than to the late Lord Russell, and gave him gold; but the wretch made five chops before he had his head off; which so incensed the people, that had he not been guarded and got away, they would have torn him to pieces."

Later life and death
In January 1686, Ketch was committed to Bridewell Prison for "affronting" a sheriff. His assistant, Paskah Rose, formerly a butcher, took his place, but on 28 May, following his conviction for robbery, Rose himself was hanged at Tyburn and Ketch reinstated. Ketch died in November 1686.

Fiction
In 1836, a fictitious autobiography of Ketch, with illustrations from designs by Meadows entitled The autobiography of Jack Ketch, was published. Another book entitled Life of Jack Ketch with Cuts of his own Execution was furnished by Tom Hood for the Duke of Devonshire's library at Chatsworth.

Jack Ketch is one of the characters in Giovanni Piccini (d. 1835) The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Punch and Judy as dictated to John Payne Collier, in 1828. He is mentioned in the Charles Dickens novels Oliver Twist, Dombey and Son, The Pickwick Papers and David Copperfield and in the C. M. Kornbluth science fiction story "The Marching Morons" (1951). More recently, Jack Ketch plays a role in Neal Stephenson's 2003 and 2004 volumes Quicksilver and The System of the World, the first and last volumes, respectively, in his The Baroque Cycle series (though the last volume is set in 1714, well after the death of the historical Jack Ketch.) Ketch makes a brief appearance in issue #10 of Bill Willingham's comic book series Fables and in the first book of Ben Aaronovitch Rivers of London series.

He is mentioned briefly in the 1951 movie of A Christmas Carol with Alistair Sim, when Mr. Jorkin warns the directors of the Amalgamated Mercantile Society to watch out for Scrooge and Marley, as "They'd skin Jack Ketch alive and he'd never know they'd done it."

The long-running radio program Suspense aired an episode titled "Jack Ketch" starring British actor Charles Laughton on September 22, 1952.

title: Jack Ketch


text:
Gary Lockwood

Gary Lockwood (born John Gary Yurosek; February 21, 1937) is an American actor. Lockwood is best known for his roles as astronaut Frank Poole in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), and as Lieutenant Commander Gary Mitchell in the Star Trek second pilot episode "Where No Man Has Gone Before" (1966). He starred in the only American film by French New Wave director Jacques Demy, Model Shop. He played numerous guest television roles from the early 1960s into the mid 1990s, and played the title role in The Lieutenant (1963–1964).

Early life
Lockwood was born in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California as John Gary Yurosek of partial Polish descent. His uncle, Mike Yurosek, is credited with creating baby-cut carrots. He was a one-year letterman for legendary Coach Red Sanders in 1956 and is listed as Gary Yurosek in official UCLA Athletics records.

Career
Lockwood was a film stuntman, and a stand-in for Anthony Perkins prior to his acting début in 1959 in an uncredited bit role in Warlock.

Lockwood's two series came early in his career, and each lasted only a single season. ABC's Hawaii-set Follow the Sun (1961–62) cast him in support of Brett Halsey and Barry Coe, who played adventurous magazine writers based in Honolulu. Lockwood was Eric Jason, who did the legwork for their articles. He appeared in a supporting role in the film Splendor in the Grass (1961) and in ABC's TV series Bus Stop (1961). The 26-week series, which starred Marilyn Maxwell as the owner of a diner in fictitious Sunrise, Colorado, aired a half-hour after Follow the Sun.

He would star again with Weld in his film debut, Wild in the Country (1961), with Elvis Presley. Thereafter, Lockwood starred with Jeff Bridges in the acclaimed "My Daddy Can Beat Your Daddy" episode of The Lloyd Bridges Show. In 1959, he had an uncredited role as a police officer in the Perry Mason episode "The Case of the Romantic Rogue". In 1962, Lockwood again appeared on Perry Mason in the lead role in "The Case of the Playboy Pugilist". In 1963, Lockwood co-starred with Elvis Presley in the musical-comedy film It Happened at the World's Fair.

In 1963–64, Lockwood starred as a young U.S. Marine second lieutenant named William T. ("Bill") Rice in the NBC series The Lieutenant. This drama, about the peacetime Marines, was produced by the creators of Star Trek (Gene Roddenberry) and The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (Norman Felton). The series co-starred Robert Vaughn as Lieutenant Rice's immediate superior, Captain Raymond Rambridge. Despite moderately good reviews, The Lieutenant Saturday night time slot, opposite CBS' popular Jackie Gleason's American Scene Magazine, hastened its cancellation after 29 episodes.

In 1964, Lockwood guest-starred as Major Gus Denver in the first season of 12 O'Clock High, in episode 9, "Appointment at Liege", and again in 1965 in episode 29, "V For Vendetta". He also guest-starred as Lt. Josh McGraw in season 2, episode 4, "The Idolator" of 12 O'Clock High. Shortly afterward, Lockwood starred in another NBC television series The Kraft Mystery Theater (also known as Crisis) in an episode titled "Connery's Hands". He was cast opposite Sally Kellerman, with whom he would soon appear again as Helmsman Gary Mitchell in the second Star Trek pilot "Where No Man Has Gone Before" (1965) in which their characters developed malign super powers.

In 1966 he starred as murderous bank robbing cowboy “Jim Stark” in a rare two part episode of Gunsmoke called “The Raid” (S11E19) along with actors John Anderson, Michael Conrad, Jim Davis & Richard Jaeckel.

He may be best known on the big screen for his co-starring role in Stanley Kubrick's iconic 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) as Dr. Frank Poole. Lockwood was the lead in Model Shop (1969), the American debut by French writer-director Jacques Demy. He starred with Elke Sommer in the crime drama They Came to Rob Las Vegas (1968) and with Jacqueline Bisset in the pro - women's lib comedy Stand Up and Be Counted (1972).

Lockwood co-starred with Stefanie Powers (then his wife) in an episode of ABC's Love, American Style as a newlywed who gets his mouth stuck around a doorknob. In 1983, he guest-starred in the series Hart to Hart ("Emily by Hart") with Robert Wagner and Powers, by then his ex-wife. Between 1959 and 2004, Lockwood gained roles in some forty theatrical features and made-for-TV movies and eighty TV guest appearances, including the CBS 1975 family drama Three for the Road and Barnaby Jones starring Buddy Ebsen, in which he appeared many times as a villain.

Personal life
Lockwood has been married twice. His first marriage was in 1966 to actress Stefanie Powers. The couple divorced in 1972. In 1982, Lockwood married actress and businesswoman Denise DuBarry. with whom he has a daughter Samantha DuBarry-Lockwood, who is an International Yoga teacher, actress, model, and business woman.

TV and filmography

 * Onionhead (1958) as Sergeant Seated at Bar (uncredited)
 * Bronco (1959, TV Series) as Johnny Evans (credited as Gary Yurosek)
 * Warlock (1959) as Gang Member (uncredited)
 * Perry Mason (1959-1962, TV Series) as Davey Carroll / Young Policeman
 * Tall Story (1960) as Russian Basketball Player (uncredited)
 * Wild in the Country (1961) as Cliff Macy
 * Splendor in the Grass (1961) as Allen 'Toots' Tuttle
 * Follow the Sun (1961-1962) as Eric Jason
 * The Magic Sword (1962) as Sir George
 * It Happened at the World's Fair (1963) as Danny Burke
 * The Lieutenant (1963-1964, TV Series) as Lieutenant Rice
 * Combat! (1964, TV Series) as Sgt. Meider
 * Kitten with a Whip (1964) as Minor Role (uncredited)
 * 12 O'Clock High (1964-1965, TV Series) as Maj. Gus Denver / Lt. Josh McGraw
 * Gunsmoke (1966, TV Series) as “Jim Stark”
 * Star Trek: The Original Series (1966) as Lt. Cmdr. Gary Mitchell in S1:E3, "Where No Man Has Gone Before"
 * Firecreek (1968) as Earl
 * 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) as Dr. Frank Poole
 * They Came to Rob Las Vegas (1968) as Tony Ferris
 * Model Shop (1969) as George Matthews
 * R. P. M. (1970) as Rossiter
 * Earth II (TV pilot) (1971, TV Movie) as David Seville
 * Stand Up and Be Counted (1972) as Eliot Travis
 * Barnaby Jones (1973–79) 6 episodes throughout series
 * Night Gallery (1973, TV Series) as Jim Figg
 * Mission Impossible (1973, TV Series) as Nicholas Varsi
 * Banacek (1973, TV Series) as Owen Russell
 * The Six Million Dollar Man "Eyewitness to Murder" (1974-1975, TV Series) as Hopper / John Hopper
 * Cannon (1975) "Coffin Corner" as Richard Halsey
 * Project Kill (1976) as Frank Lassiter
 * The Quest (1976, TV Series, a short-lived NBC western) as Walter Lucas
 * Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color in 2-part episode, "Kit Carson and the Mountain Men" (1977, TV Series) as Bret Haskell
 * Bad Georgia Road (1977) as Leroy Hastings
 * The Bionic Woman (1977) as Lyle Cannon
 * Police Story (1977, TV Series) "End of the Line" as J.A. "Red" Avery
 * Starsky & Hutch (1978, TV Series) as Jimmy Spenser
 * The Ghost of Flight 401 (1978, TV Movie) as Jordan Evanhower
 * The Incredible Journey of Doctor Meg Laurel (1979, TV Movie) as Harley Moon
 * Top of the Hill (1980, TV Movie) as Dave Cully
 * Vega$ (1980, TV Series) as District Attorney Edward St. John
 * Hawaii Five-O (1980) as Kelsey in S12:E12, "School for Assassins"
 * Hart to Hart (1983, TV Series) as Alex Carmen
 * Emergency Room (1983, TV Movie) as Dr. David Becker
 * Survival Zone (1983) as Ben Faber
 * Simon and Simon (1984-1986) as Dr. Maynard Ellis / Exec. Prod. Ron Redding / Daniel C. Thacker / Eddie Blair / Air Force Col. Christopher J. Ahern
 * Murder, She Wrote (1985-1994) as Sam Mercer / Sheriff Deloy Hays / Tom Carpenter / Harris Talmadge
 * The Wild Pair (1987) as Captain Kramer
 * MacGyver (1988, TV Series) as Grant
 * Terror in Paradise (1990) as Major Douglas
 * Night of the Scarecrow (1995) as Mayor William Goodman
 * A Bedfull of Foreigners (1998) as Dieter Dieterman

title: Gary Lockwood


text:
Talk:Historical novel

Untitled

 * Barry Lyndon, Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, The Last Days of Pompeii, Gone with the Wind, Forever Amber, The Agony and the Ecstasy, The Scarlet Pimpernel, Johnny Tremaine, Men of Iron, Captain Horatio Hornblower, Mutiny on the Bounty, Master and Commander and the whole of the Aubrey–Maturin series, now reckoned among the very best historical novels, for depth, chatacterization and accuracy, ever written : mention the outstanding examples, then deal with the industry that churns this stuff out.
 * Bodice-ripper is a well-defined sub-genre, which sets steamy soft-core in a historical setting. Compare Romance to Novel. Georgette Heyer.
 * Historical Drama by dramatists like Friedrich Schiller underlies most of Romantic opera. Modern historical drama includes Cyrano de Bergerac, The Devil's Advocate, A Man for All Seasons, The Lion in Winter, Amadeus.
 * that'll start y'all off... Wetman 00:50, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Why not put this in the article? After italicizing the titles, of course. Ortolan88 00:56, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Why are there examples of "living historical novelists" included in the article in the first place? There is already a link for that (List of historical novelists or List of historical novels); it seems like a list of favourites to me. That info can be moved to the list page but shouldn't be included on the main page. Stoa 18:55, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Why only living novelists? What ever happened to Rosemary Sutcliff? or Cynthia Harnett? m.e. (talk) 06:38, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

All historical fiction is in novel-form?
It seems to me that this page is a bit confused, it would perhaps be better to distinguish between a historical novel on one hand, such as War and Peace, from the wider historical fiction genre - such as Braveheart. In usage, 'Novel' is exclusively reserved for books, while 'historical fiction' could be a film or a play or whatever. Zeth

Historical fiction redirects here to historical novel. Is that accurate? Can the term "historical fiction" only be applied to novels? I really don't think do. -Captain Crawdad 06:33, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I had the same problem. Someone linked the film 300 to historical fiction and the redirect came out here.  It seems kind of strange for the medium on which the story is told to supersede the genre that it falls under.  Since I'm not the only one that this has happened to I may attempt to fill it out if I can come up with some material. Hewinsj 05:04, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Patrick O'Brien's comments

 * Patrick O'Brien — I think it was him, or someone writing an introduction to one of his Aubrey-Maturin stories — made some good comments about historical novels. i do not have them in front of me, but they did as I recollect include:
 * The Iliad is actually set several hundred years before Homer's time, yet noone refers to it as an historical novel.
 * The Iliad is not a novel. WCCasey (talk) 06:33, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

m.e. (talk) 06:33, 8 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Bad historical novels drag in famous historical figures and manipulate them like puppets.

What about Hilary Mantel? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.205.238.227 (talk) 14:01, 18 November 2012 (UTC)

Duplication with Historical fiction
Please see the thread at Talk:Historical fiction.  Will Beback   talk    08:45, 25 April 2010 (UTC) eg, things fall apart, historical fiction — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.55.111.50 (talk) 07:07, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

Georg Lukács
I'm new here, but should this link be in the "See Also" section? I'm not comfortable with deleting it which is why I'm asking, but it seems like if he is linked, a lot of other people should be as well. BookBard (talk) 00:32, 12 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I removed it. Anytime there are more then one links to the same page, you can remove the link from the article, Sadads (talk) 03:27, 12 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Thank you for removing it and explaining it :) BookBard (talk) 20:21, 12 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Your welcome! For small things like links, etc. Don't be afraid to Be bold. There is so much work to be done on Wikipedia, that as long as you have the best interests of the community in mind, we will gladly take any small improvements no questions asked (and if the improvement isn't optimal, it doesn't matter, because we can always fix it later, remember we are a WP:Work in progress). The best way to use talk pages is if there is a significant content problem that you aren't sure how to fix. However, even then, most articles don't have many people following them, so don't be alarmed if you don't get any response. In that case, the advice still holds: as long as you have the best interests of the community in mind, make the change; if it isn't optimal we can improve it later :) Also, if you ever have any questions feel free to contact individual users that you have worked with in the past. Those of us who have been around the community for a while have a pretty good sense of what is optimal vs what isn't! Sadads (talk) 17:23, 13 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Thank you so much for your help and encouragement! I know it is easy to say, but it really does mean a lot :)  This is all so different from anything I've ever done before, but I am learning more every time I do something and hopefully will keep gaining confidence in what I'm doing. BookBard (talk) 21:15, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

WorldCat Genres
Maximilianklein (talk) 23:31, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

Lists
A List of historical novels already exists, so I suggest that the lists here are redundant and should be incorporated there and deleted.

title: Talk:Historical novel


text:
Naila

Naila is a town in the Hof district of Bavaria, Germany. It lies in the Franconian Forest. Naila is 18 km from the larger city of Hof, on both banks of the Selbitz river.

History
The earliest documentation of Naila dates at 9 January 1343. The first settlements in the area around Naila probably happened between the 12th and 14th century. The name Naila first appeared as "Neulins" (and variations thereof), has its origins most likely in the meaning "Small new settlement". In 1454, Naila was awarded a coat of arms by its overlord, Margrave John.

After a brief episode under Prussian reign (1792–1810), Naila was included into the newly-established Kingdom of Bavaria. In 1818, it was awarded town privileges and in 1886, a railroad station was opened in Naila. After World War II, the Iron Curtain, just 8 km north of Naila, cut off a large part of the market for the local industries.

The town was the seat of the then district of Naila until this was merged into Hof district in 1972, and had to give up their number-plate code NAI in favour of HO. The villages of Marxgrün, Lippertsgrün and Marlesreuth were incorporated to Naila in 1978.

In 1979, Naila was the landing site of the Strelzyk and Wetzel families' famous homemade hot-air balloon escape from East Germany.

Mayors

 * 1906–1919: Wilhelm Hagen
 * 1919–1926: Heinrich Kanzler
 * 1926–1933: Julius Borger
 * 1933-1933: Ludwig Wunner
 * 1933–1945: Karl Jakob Schmidt
 * 1945–1945: Georg Fugmann
 * 1945–1948: Heinrich Lang senior
 * 1948–1952: Christian Schlicht
 * 1952–1953: Georg Fugmann
 * 1953–1956: Karl Otto Zander
 * 1956–1959: Hilmar Jahn
 * 1960–1964: Fritz Jahn
 * 1964–1968: Hans Künzel
 * 1968–1972: Albin Bischoff
 * 1972–1996: Robert Strobel
 * 1996–2001: Hannsjürgen Lommer
 * 2001- : Frank Stumpf

Population development
The numbers are with the incorporated districts.

Personalities

 * Emre Dönmez (born 1996), screenwriter, photographer and movie critic
 * Hans-Peter Friedrich (born 1957), jurist, CSU politician, Member of Bundestag since 1998, Federal Ministry of the Interior 2011-2013

title: Naila


text:
Talk:Jackson Roykirk

1) This article is more about Nomad, so most of the text should be in a separate article, i.e. Nomad (Star Trek).

2) I always thought it was Roykirk, NOT Roy Kirk.

Lee M 00:55, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Official Star Trek site confirms Roykirk.
 * Page moved to comply with correct spelling

Votes for deletion
This page was recently nominated for deletion, and the consensus decision was to keep it. The deletion debate is archived here. ugen 64 21:50, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jackson Roykirk


text: Category:Autocannon

title: Category:Autocannon


text:
'Tis the Fifteenth Season

"Tis the Fifteenth Season" is the seventh episode of the fifteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the seventh Christmas-themed episode overall. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 14, 2003.

This episode is notable as being the first to make reference to Lisa's Buddhism since she converted in an earlier Christmas episode, "She of Little Faith".

Plot
At the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, the employees of Sector 7G have a Secret Santa. Homer receives a DVD player and the first series of Magnum P.I. from Carl, but Homer himself, at the very last moment, gets Lenny a wrap of Certs from the vending machine, much to everybody's chagrin. Instead of a Christmas bonus, Mr. Burns gives Homer a Joe DiMaggio baseball card. He sells it to Comic Book Guy and earns a small fortune, then takes the family Christmas shopping at upmarket shops. Homer promises to buy a large Christmas tree, but instead spends the majority of the money on a talking astrolabe for himself, meaning that the only Christmas tree Homer can buy with the leftover money is a cheap, dry, twig-like tree that catches fire if rubbed; after hearing the astrolabe talk, the family are disappointed by his selfish behavior. That night, after being made to sleep on the couch by Marge, Homer watches Mr. McGrew's Christmas Carol and after imagining seeing his name in the show, realizes that he must change his ways.

Now more charitable, Homer apologizes for his mistakes, donates his old clothes to the homeless shelter, gives Marge the last porkchop at dinner, and builds a public skating rink in his backyard, as well as giving Lenny a decent Christmas present to make up for the Secret Santa: a cube made of photographs of Lenny and his friends. At church, Ned Flanders becomes jealous of Homer's position as the new nicest person in town, and sets out to buy gifts for everyone to regain the title. Meanwhile, Lisa tells Homer about her Buddhist beliefs that people would be happier without material goods. For his next 'good deed', on Christmas Eve night, Homer sneaks into the citizens' houses and steals their presents. In the morning, an angry mob confronts Homer and Flanders. Flanders calms them by reciting a Bible verse, while Homer shows a Christmas star (in reality, a distress flare fired by Hans Moleman), before he and Ned give everyone back their presents and everybody sings "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing". The episode ends with Snake stealing Homer's astrolabe and running away.

Production
The episode was written by Michael Price, who has cited "Homer's summation of what Christmas means" as his favorite contribution to the show. He has said that the speech "pretty much stayed that way through all drafts of the episode."

Cultural references

 * Mr. McGrew's Christmas Carol is a parody of Mr. Magoo's Christmas Carol.
 * Christmas with the California Prunes is a clear takeoff of The California Raisins, as well as the A Claymation Christmas Celebration that featured them.
 * The other versions of A Christmas Carol that are seen in TV are parodies of Family Matters and Star Trek.
 * The montage in which Homer takes all the presents from Springfield strongly references the How the Grinch Stole Christmas! TV special. In fact, a parody of the song "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch" (sung by Dan Castallaneta) can be heard during the montage.
 * The Year Santa Got Lost, which Homer briefly sees on TV, is a parody of the Rankin/Bass stop-motion Christmas specials. The character of Mr. Mailman (voiced by Jimmy Stewart) is based on S. D. Kluger from Santa Claus is Comin' to Town, and several of the Misfit Toys from Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (Charlie-in-the-Box, Dolly, Spotted Elephant, Train with Square Wheels, Jelly Pistol, and the plane that can't fly) make cameo appearances.
 * Towards the end of the episode Ned Flanders begins to recite from the Gospel of Luke, (chapter 2 verse 8), similarly to Linus in A Charlie Brown Christmas.
 * Moe's face is featured on Rembrandt's The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp.
 * The store shown as Abercrombie & Rich is a parody of the popular American brand Abercrombie & Fitch.
 * Homer mentions Tuesdays with Morrie, a book and later a television film starring Hank Azaria, who voices many of the supporting characters in The Simpsons.
 * Marge shops at a store named "Victor's Secret", which is a reference to Victoria's Secret, the popular lingerie store.
 * Homer believes Jesus sang "Stairway to Heaven", instead of Led Zeppelin.

Reception
On November 2, 2004, the episode was released in the United States on a DVD collection titled The Simpsons Christmas 2, along with the season twelve episodes "Homer vs. Dignity" and "Skinner's Sense of Snow" and the season fourteen episode "Dude, Where's My Ranch?".

While reviewing the DVD, Brian James of PopMatters wrote that Tis the Fifteenth Season" is "hardly a masterpiece, but it does feature a talking astrolabe and the phrase 'double-bacon genius-burger,' two elements that deserve a spot in Simpson Valhalla. It's a shame that such entries don't come as fast and furious as they did a decade ago, but that The Simpsons does offer a few belly laughs now and then, rather than being a complete embarrassment this late in the game is a bigger accomplishment than anyone gives it credit for. It's still just a cartoon, and still a pretty good one."

Kyle Ryan of The A.V. Club praised the episode for "strik[ing] a nice balance between sharp satire and real heart."

title: 'Tis the Fifteenth Season