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Talk:List of political parties in Pakistan

Untitled
Importing lists from List of political parties in Pakistan and Politics of Pakistan

Minor

 * Awami National Party
 * Baluchistan National Party
 * Communist Mazdoor Kissan Party
 * Communist Party of Pakistan
 * Federal National Movement
 * Jamhoori Wattan Party
 * Muhajir Qaumi Movement (MQM Haqiqi)
 * Millat Party
 * Pakistan Awami Tehrik
 * Pakistan Democratic Party
 * Pakistan Muslim League (F)
 * Pakistan Muslim League (J)
 * Pakistan Muslim League (Z)
 * Pakistan People's Party (S)
 * Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
 * Sindh Democratic Alliance

Parties are listed alphabetically, and for factions, only the first has a link to an article:

 * Awami National Party or ANP [ Wali KHAN ]
 * Balochistan National Movement/Hayee Group or BNM/H [Dr. HAYEE Baluch]
 * Balochistan National Movement/Mengal Group or BNM/M [Sardar Akhtar MENGAL]
 * Baluch National Party or BNP [leader NA]
 * Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP [Akbar Khan BUGTI]
 * Jamiat-e-Ahle Hadith or JAH [leader NA]
 * Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Fazlur Rehman faction or JUI/F
 * Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Niazi faction or JUP/NI [leader NA]
 * Millat Part [ Farooq LEGHARI ]
 * Milli Yakjheti Council or MYC is an umbrella organization which includes
 * Jamaat-e-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain AHMED]
 * Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Sami-ul-Haq faction or JUI/S [ Maulana Samiul Haque ]
 * Tehrik-e-Jafria Pakistan or TJP [Allama Sajid NAQVI]
 * and Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan, Noorani faction or JUP/NO

 * Muttahida Qaumi Movement, or MQM/A [Altaf HUSSAIN]
 * National People's Party or NPP [Ghulam Mustapha JATOI]
 * Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party or PKMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI]
 * Pakhtun Quami Party or PKQP [Mohammed AFZAL Khan]
 * Pakistan Awami Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]
 * Pakistan Muslim League, Functional Group or PML/F [Pir PAGARO]
 * Pakistan Muslim League, Junejo faction or PML/J [Hamid Nasir CHATTHA]
 * Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction or PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF]
 * Pakistan National Party or PNP [leader NA]
 * Pakistan People's Party or PPP [ Benazir BHUTTO ]
 * Pakistan People's Party/Shaheed Bhutto or PPP/SB [Ghinva BHUTTO]
 * Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf or PTI Imran Khan

Here is some information that I deleted from the main page:

there are so many other political parties also. 1. AWAMI TAHREEK a sindhi nationalist party lead by MR:RASOOL BUX PALIJO, a reknown intelectual and a marxist .This party has participated in MRD movement during GENERAL ZIA regime in 80s.Hundereds of the workers of this party were senteced and tortued by the military.Party has also lead the so many struggles i .e NEELAM BAND KARYO TAHREEK, (STOP THE SALE OF AGRICULTURE LAND OF SIND) ,ANTI ONE UNIT MOVEMENT , MRD MOVEMENT , ANTI KALA BAGH DAM MOVEMENT ,

--Sesel 18:55, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Green Party Pakistan
I've added this party to the list since they recently participated in the formation of the Asia-Pacific Green Network but I'm not sure what their actual name is. I've seen it in English variously as Green Party Pakistan, Pakistan Greens, Green Party of Pakistan. I'm also not sure how big a group they are or whether they have legal recognition within Pakistan. Deirdre 22:14, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Please find out some more information. Electionworld 06:44, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Righto. I'll add more detail as I can. The variation in the English name may be due to slight differences in translation. Deirdre 17:01, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

I found nothing about Labor Party Pakistan Wikipedia. It is fastest growing and most active left wing political party in Pakistan. please visit its website: http://www.laborpakistan.org

Pakistan Social Democratic Platform
Could somebody else then Jamilahmadgondal confirm the existence of the PSDP as a political party in Pakistan. I visited its website and couldn't find an indication that it is a political party. Electionworld 11:01, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pakistan Social Democratic Platform seeks Pakistani Members around the World. Strive for Social Reforms and Social Justice in Pakistan. For more information please visit the website [] Please don't remove it from any list, its members are practical and virtual. Its branches will spread around the globe as it seeks members. Pakistan Social Democratic Platform was formed in August 11, 2003 as group. There are many Political groups and parties in Pakistan, those could not participate in any Election for many reasons. Pakistan Social Democratic Platform is under a process, as it seeks members. As the numbers will raise, it will be ready to do so. Please don't pass any personal comments, let it works. Strive for Social Reforms and Social Justice in Pakistan.

 * I asume this text was from Jamilahnadgonda. He really convinced me that it is not (yet) a party. I deleted it, and if this will reverted by him again, I will ask to block him and protect the page. Electionworld 06:42, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pakistan Social Democratic Platform as Pakistan Socialist Democratic Party
Pakistan Social Democratic Platform is now converted into a Political Party named as Pakistan Socialist Democratic Party Its members raised over sixty at Yahoo! and MSN together. Could it be possible to add its name in the List of political parties in Pakistan? From: jamilahmadgondal
 * As far as I am concerned, no. It is still not more than a virtual organisation (only Yahoo! and MSN). Electionworld 12:24, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC), although is part of the PTI.

Pakistan Socialist Democratic Party members are its branches, those spread around the globe. Wikipedia Administrator will add this party in the List of Political Parties in Pakistan.
 * Which administrator? Please first convince people. I am not convinced. Electionworld 15:29, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The PPP is technically distinct from the PPPP
People often confuse the PPP and the PPPP, because the latter was created by the former. Benazir Bhutto is the chairperson of the PPP, but not of the PPPP. The PPP has no seats in parliament, the PPPP does.

The MQM is a major party
The MQM should be considered a major party because, firstly, it has twenty seats in Parliament (14 in the NA + 6 in the Senate) and, secondly, its stronghold is urban Sindh, with a virtual lock on the megapolis of Karachi, which is Pakistan's largest city and accounts for nearly a quarter of the country's GDP, being its financial and industrial capital. Stanwatch 00:17, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Pervez Musharraf
The Comments under the Major Parties section calls President Musharraf a "Dictator". This is clearly a matter of opinion, and should be removed. More importantly, it states that he rigged an election, this certainly needs removed if there is no citation included to prove this statement. It is common in Pakistan for any party in opposition to call the ruling coalitions leader a "dictator" and claim that elections were rigged and gov't power and funds abused. This should not be included in this page unless citations can be included; and certainly not in a matter-of-fact manner.

Addition of Sindh Dost Democratic Party as major party
A major party is a party with large parliament presence. Sindh Dost Democratic Party is very far from that, so don't add it as a major party. Fact is, there isn't even an article about this party. --Muhandes (talk) 10:39, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121105184004/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-10-2002_pg7_15 to http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-10-2002_pg7_15

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on List of political parties in Pakistan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130302160419/http://insaf.pk/AboutUs/Constitution/tabid/135/Default.aspx to http://www.insaf.pk/AboutUs/Constitution/tabid/135/Default.aspx//
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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:51, 21 February 2019 (UTC)
 * CpvUOQtWYAAN0tR.jpg

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:21, 4 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Tahir-ul-Qadri at Peace for Humanity Conference 2011.jpg

Why is Gilgit Baltistan even listed under the brief history
Just create a seperate section for the history of the ruling parties in all the provinces DrWineBerry (talk) 11:52, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree with this, If you want you can make this change. Titan2456 (talk) 00:55, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I took your change into account and have now added each province’s section Titan2456 (talk) 02:33, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

Missing Parties
There are a lot of missing political parties, here is the official list:

https://ecp.gov.pk/storage/files/2/PF%20wing/(166%20)%20Enlisted%20Political%20Parties%20with%20ECP%201-2-2024.pdf Titan2456 (talk) 20:53, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

N/A or zero in the assembly?
Should we have a dash with the source code N/A when a party doesn’t have a seat and doesn’t contest or should we put the assembly as usual but put a zero out of -? If no one opposes this change I will make it, as this page is the only one that uses N/A instead of saying the party has zero seats. Titan2456 (talk) 03:55, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:List of political parties in Abkhazia which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 16:25, 29 March 2024 (UTC)


text:
Talk:RFD

RfD on Wikipedia
info was removed from article page

 * On the English Wikipedia, RfD can stand for Redirects for deletion

Self-Referencing
see Talk:VFD

and I put it back because newbies have no clue.

come-on! be nice to newbies!

 * If newbies have no clue that they want "WP:RFD" rather than "RFD", then are they really going to have a clue that redirects for deletion even exists, and there is an abreviation to link to it? Joe D (t) 19:20, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:RFD


text:
Talk:CFD

CfD on Wikipedia
info was removed from article page

 * On the English Wikipedia, CfD can stand for Categories for deletion

Self-referencing
see Talk:VFD

Why a self-reference is appropriate here
Self-references do not belong in most places in Wikipedia, but they are quite helpful in the context of a disambiguation like this. Please see Template talk:Selfref.--Pharos 07:28, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:CFD


text:
Regan

The family name Regan, along with its cognates O'Regan, O Regan, Reagan, and O'Reagan, is an Anglicized form of the Irish surname Ó Riagáin or Ó Ríogáin, from Ua Riagáin. The meaning is likely to have originated in ancient Gaelic ri "sovereign, king" and the diminutive suffix -in; thus "the king's child" or "big king". The name was borne by two distinct families: one seated in Meath, the other in Thomond.

The O'Regans of Meath were a branch of the southern Ui Neill and one of the four Tribes of Tara. Before the Anglo-Norman invasion, they were lords of south Breagh and the north of present-day County Dublin. They took a leading part in the wars against the Danes. In the year 1029, Mathghamhain Ó Riagáin, king of Breagh, captured the king of Dublin, Amhlaoibh son of Sitric, releasing him only upon payment of an enormous ransom, which included the celebrated Sword of Carlus. The O'Regans were dispossessed soon after the invasion and dispersed through Ireland.

The O'Regans of Thomond are a Dalcassian family said to be descended from Riagán, son of Donncuan, a brother of Brian Boru.

The unisex forename Regan is likely to have derived sometime later from the Latin Regina "queen", the feminine form of Rex (stem reg-) "king", which is also the source of the name Reginald.

Persons with the surname

 * Ash Regan (born 1974), Scottish politician
 * Bill Regan (disambiguation), several people
 * Bob Regan (born 1947), American country music songwriter
 * Brian Regan (disambiguation), several people
 * Bridget Regan (born 1982), American actress
 * Charles Tate Regan (1878–1943), British ichthyologist
 * Charlotte Regan, British director of 2023 film Scrapper
 * Daithí Regan (born 1968), Irish hurler
 * David M. Regan (born 1935), Canadian psychologist
 * Donald Regan (1918–2003), U.S. Treasury Secretary and Chief of Staff to President Ronald Reagan
 * Edward Regan (1930–2014), American politician and government bureaucrat
 * Erin Regan (born 1980), retired American soccer player
 * Eugene Regan (born 1952), Irish barrister and politician
 * Fionn Regan (born 1981), Irish folk musician
 * Frank S. Regan (1862–1944), American politician and businessman
 * Geoff Regan (born 1959), Canadian politician and federal cabinet minister, son of Gerald Regan
 * Gerald Regan (1928–2019), 19th premier of Nova Scotia, father of Geoff, Laura and Nancy Regan
 * Jack Regan (1912–1988), Australian rules footballer
 * James Regan (disambiguation), several people
 * Jayne Regan (1909–2000), American actress
 * Jessica Regan (born 1982), Irish actress
 * Joan Regan (1928–2013), English singer
 * John Regan (disambiguation), several people
 * Judith Regan (born 1953), book publisher
 * Julianne Regan (born 1962), English singer, songwriter and musician, lead singer of the band All About Eve
 * Kelly Regan (born 1961), Canadian politician, wife of Geoff Regan
 * Kenneth M. Regan (1891–1959), American politician
 * Larry Regan (1930–2009), Canadian National Hockey League player, coach, manager and executive
 * Laura Regan (born 1977), Canadian actress, daughter of Gerald Regan
 * Linda Regan (born 1949), English actress who appeared in the British TV show Hi-de-Hi!
 * Mark Regan (born 1972), English rugby union player
 * Mike Regan (disambiguation), several people
 * Nancy Regan (born 1966), Canadian news anchor, journalist and TV personality, daughter of Gerald Regan
 * Natasha Regan (born 1971), English chess player
 * Patrick Regan (disambiguation), several people
 * Phil Regan (actor) (1906–1996)
 * Phil Regan (baseball) (born 1937), American Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Robert P. Regan (1936–1995), American businessman and politician
 * Seamus O'Regan (born 1971), Canadian politician and former television personality
 * Terry Regan (born 1958), Australian former rugby league footballer
 * Tim O'Regan, American musician
 * Tom Regan (1938–2017), American philosopher, animal rights activist and academic
 * Tony Óg Regan (born 1983), Irish hurler
 * Trish Regan (born 1972), American broadcast journalist and author
 * Vincent Regan (born 1965), British actor

Persons with the given name

 * Regan Hagar, American rock drummer
 * Regan Harrison (born 1977), Australian retired swimmer
 * Regan King (born 1980), New Zealand rugby union footballer
 * Regan Lamble (born 1991), Australian racewalker
 * Regan Lauscher (born 1980), Canadian luger
 * Regan Mizrahi (born 2000), American child actor
 * Regan Poole (born 1998), Welsh footballer
 * Regan Russell (1955–2020), Canadian animal rights activist
 * Regan Smith (born 1983), American stock car racing driver
 * Regan Upshaw (born 1975), American retired National Football League player[

Fictional characters

 * Regan, a daughter of King Lear in Shakespeare's play King Lear
 * Regan Abbott, character in the movie A Quiet Place
 * Regan Hamleigh, character in The Pillars of the Earth novel and miniseries
 * Regan MacNeil, the central character of the novel The Exorcist
 * Regan O'Neill, the narrator and viewpoint character of the novel Luna by Julie Anne Peters
 * Regan Wyngarde, also known as Lady Mastermind, a Marvel Comics villain
 * Jack Regan, protagonist of the British television police drama The Sweeney
 * Rory Regan in the DC Universe
 * Rusty Regan, a character in the Raymond Chandler novel The Big Sleep

title: Regan


text:
Australian Industrial Relations Commission

The Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC), known from 1956 to 1973 as the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission and from 1973 to 1988 as the Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Commission, was a tribunal with powers under the Workplace Relations Act 1996 (and equivalent earlier legislation) that existed from 1956 until 2010. It was the central institution of Australian labour law. The AIRC replaced a previous system of industrial courts, which broadly speaking, was engaged in the same functions, but with superior independence and powers.

Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration and the Boilermakers' decision
The Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration, a court created in 1904 to hear and arbitrate industrial disputes, and to make awards, was abolished in 1956 following the decision of the High Court in the Boilermakers' case. The High Court held that the Court of Conciliation and Arbitration, as a tribunal exercising the non-judicial power of arbitration, could not also exercise judicial power as a Chapter III Court. The decision became an important demonstration of the separation of powers in Australia.

Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission
Following the decision, two new bodies were created to emulate the function of the defunct court; the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission was created to carry out the non-judicial functions, and the Commonwealth Industrial Court (which would later be subsumed into the Federal Court of Australia) was created to exercise judicial powers.

Throughout its time the Commission created Awards which covered a whole raft of industries. These Awards with Awards made by Industrial Relations Commissions of the respective six states of Australia acted as the unique system of minimum wage setting in Australia. The Commission also registered a large number of trade unions to assist in the Award formation process.

The Commission is famous for its cases on equal work and equal pay, as well as decisions on unfair dismissal, and redundancy pay.

One issue which dogged the Commission was that of what "pertained to the relationship between employer and employee". This had been a question of importance, since the Constitution required the Commission settle industrial disputes. These disputes were later categorised as a "dispute about matters which pertained to the relationship between employer and employee." The question continued to surface and in 2004 the High Court of Australia in the case of Electrolux v AWU applied the question (which had historically been applied to Awards) to Enterprise Bargaining Agreements. This led to around 6 months of industrial confusion until the Australian Industrial Relations Commission handed down the landmark decision of the Schefenacker, the Murray Bridge and the La Trobe University certified agreements ('the three certified agreements case'). It was seen by many as fitting that the last significant decision made by the Australian Industrial Relations Commission was to conclusively determine which matter did or did not pertain.

Role
From 1956 to 2006 the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (under its various names) made awards which set the minimum terms and conditions of employment for workers who worked for certain employers or within certain industries. A standard award would have approximately 20–30 conditions and would be around 40 pages in length. The Awards were reviewed periodically.

The AIRC would also certify enterprise bargaining agreements. These agreements were negotiated collective contracts commonly between a union (as representative of the employees on a site) and an employer of the site.

The AIRC also registered trade unions and dealt with demarcation disputes between unions.

Finally, the AIRC dealt with unfair dismissal applications.

WorkChoices and abolition
In 2006, under the WorkChoices laws effected at the end of 2005, the role of the AIRC was redefined. Its wage-setting powers were largely transferred to the Australian Fair Pay Commission. The AIRC's primary role instead became that of award "modernisation", with limited dispute-settling powers, and hearing of unfair dismissal applications.

Under the Rudd Labor Government the AIRC was abolished. Its functions were transferred in January 2010 to a division within Fair Work Australia (now the Fair Work Commission).


text:
Clarence Earl Gideon

Clarence Earl Gideon (August 30, 1910 – January 18, 1972) was a poor drifter accused in a Florida state court of felony breaking and entering. While in prison, he appealed his case to the U.S. Supreme Court, resulting in the landmark 1963 decision Gideon v. Wainwright holding that a criminal defendant who cannot afford to hire a lawyer must be provided one at no cost.

At Gideon's first trial in August 1961, he was denied legal counsel and was forced to represent himself, and was convicted. After the Supreme Court ruled in Gideon v. Wainwright that the state had to provide defense counsel in criminal cases at no cost to the indigent, Florida retried Gideon. At his second trial, which took place in August 1963, with a court-appointed lawyer representing him and bringing out for the jury the weaknesses in the prosecution's case, Gideon was acquitted.

Early life
Clarence Earl Gideon was born in Hannibal, Missouri. His father, Charles Roscoe Gideon, died when he was three. His mother, Virginia Gregory Gideon, married Marrion Anderson shortly after. Gideon, after years of defiant behavior and chronic truancy, quit school after eighth grade, aged 14, and ran away from home, becoming a homeless drifter. By the time he was sixteen, Gideon had begun compiling a petty crime profile.

He was arrested in Missouri and charged with robbery, burglary, and larceny. Gideon was sentenced to 10 years but released after three, in 1932, as the Great Depression was beginning.

Gideon spent most of the next three decades in poverty. He served additional prison terms at Leavenworth, Kansas, for stealing government property; in Missouri for stealing, larceny, and escape; and in Texas three times for theft.

Between his prison terms, Gideon was married four times. The first three marriages ended quickly, but the fourth to Ruth Ada Babineaux in October 1955 endured. They settled in Orange, Texas, in the mid-1950s. Gideon found irregular work as a tugboat laborer and bartender until he was bedridden by tuberculosis for three years.

In addition to the three children that Ruth already had, Gideon and Ruth had three others, born in 1956, 1957, and 1959: the first two in Orange, the third after the family had moved to Panama City, Florida. The six children were later removed by welfare authorities. Gideon worked as an electrician in Florida but began gambling for money. He did not serve more time in jail until 1961.

Arrest
On June 3, 1961, $5 (~$50 in 2023 based on inflation ) in change and a few bottles of beer and Coca-Cola were stolen from the Pool Room, a pool hall and beer bar that belonged to Ira Strickland Jr. Strickland also alleged that $50 was taken from the jukebox ($437 in 2022 terms). Henry Cook, a 22-year-old resident who lived nearby, told the police that he had seen Gideon walk out of the bar with a bottle of wine and his pockets filled with coins, and then get into a cab. Gideon was later arrested at a tavern.

First trial
Too poor to afford counsel, Gideon was forced to defend himself at his trial after being denied a lawyer by the trial judge, Robert McCrary Jr. At the time, Florida law only gave indigent defendants no-cost legal counsel in death penalty cases. On August 4, 1961, Gideon was convicted of breaking with intent to commit petty larceny, and on August 25, Judge McCrary gave Gideon the maximum sentence, five years in state prison.

Gideon v. Wainwright
While incarcerated, Gideon studied the American legal system. He concluded that Judge McCrary had violated his constitutional right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, applicable to Florida through the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. He then wrote to an FBI office in Florida and then to the Florida Supreme Court, but was denied assistance. In January 1962, he mailed a five-page petition for writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court of the United States, asking the nine justices to consider his case. The Supreme Court agreed to hear his appeal. The case was originally called Gideon v. Cochran and was argued on January 15, 1963. Gideon v. Cochran was changed to Gideon v. Wainwright after Louie L. Wainwright replaced H. G. Cochran as the director of the Florida Department of Corrections.

Abe Fortas (later a Supreme Court justice himself) was assigned to represent Gideon. Florida Assistant Attorney General Bruce Jacob was assigned to argue against Gideon. Fortas argued that a common man with no training in law could not go up against a trained lawyer and win, and that "you cannot have a fair trial without counsel." Jacob argued that the issue at hand was a state issue, not federal; the practice of only appointing counsel under "special circumstances" in non-capital cases sufficed; that thousands of convictions would have to be thrown out if it were changed; and that Florida had followed for 21 years "in good faith" the 1942 Supreme Court ruling in Betts v. Brady.

The Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Gideon's favor in a landmark decision on March 18, 1963.

Second trial
About 2,000 convicted persons in Florida alone were freed as a result of the Gideon decision; however, Gideon himself was to receive a retrial.

After the decision, Abe Fortas wrote to Gideon suggesting that a Florida lawyer represent him for his retrial in a Florida court. Fortas arranged for a lawyer from Miami who worked with the Florida Civil Liberties Union, and this lawyer also recruited a second Miami lawyer who was an experienced criminal lawyer.

However, in the court of Judge Robert McCrary in Panama City, Gideon said he did not want the Miami lawyers. Asked who he wanted, he said he wanted local lawyer Fred Turner. Turner agreed, and the judge scheduled the retrial for one month later on August 5, 1963 (this would be five months after the Supreme Court decision). Judge McCrary also offered to release him on $1,000 bail, but Gideon could not raise the money.

During the trial, Turner brought out that eyewitness Henry Cook had lied in the first trial about not having a criminal conviction. Turner also asked, "Why did they put you off two blocks from your home when they'd driven you sixty miles?" And in his closing statement, Turner suggested that Cook had likely been the lookout for a group of young men who had stolen the beer and coins from the Bay Harbor Pool Room. (Turner had in fact been Cook's lawyer in previous cases. )

Police Detective Duell Pitts referred to his notes and stated that the following had been stolen from the Bay Harbor Poolroom: 4 fifths of wine, 12 bottles of Coca-Cola, 12 cans of beer, approximately $5 from the cigarette machine, and approximately $60 from the juke box. All of the money was in coins. Detective Pitts stated that Gideon had approximately $25 of coins on him when arrested.

Turner also received a statement from the cab driver who transported Gideon from the phone booth outside Henderson's Grocery & Market to a bar in Panama City, stating that Gideon was carrying neither wine, beer, nor Coca-Cola when he picked him up, even though Cook testified that he watched Gideon walk from the pool hall to the phone, then wait for a cab. However, the driver did testify that Gideon paid for the ride with six quarters.

The Prosecution brought out that Gideon had said to the cab driver, "If anyone asks where you left me off, you don't know, you haven't seen me." The Defense brought out that Gideon had said the same thing on other occasions, with the cab driver stating, "I understand it was his wife — he had trouble with his wife." This second part had not been brought out in the first trial.

The jury acquitted Gideon after an hour of deliberation.

Anthony Lewis wrote, "Gideon's insistence on having a local lawyer — Fred Turner — may well have won the case for him. It is doubtful that the Civil Liberties Union lawyers from Miami could have been so effective with a Panama City jury.

Gideon's Children
Abe Fortas asked Gideon to send him an autobiographical letter. In response, Gideon wrote a 22-page, hand-printed letter on prison stationary, with a major concern expressed in the letter being for the well-being and custody of his children.

In the letter, Gideon wrote that although the Florida state welfare agency temporarily provided a lesser amount, they did not provide the regular, ongoing amount of child welfare because both he and his wife had criminal records. A local church provided some additional help. And while Gideon and his wife were separated, he had an arrangement with a Florida welfare agency for him to provide $45 a week, which was then transferred to his family.

Gideon concluded his letter by writing, "Thank you for reading all of this. Please try to believe that all I want now from life is the chance for the love of my children the only real love I have ever had."

Gideon's half-brother, who was a sergeant in the U.S. Air Force, moving back home from Japan, adopted the children.

Legacy
In 1963, Robert F. Kennedy remarked about the case: "If an obscure Florida convict named Clarence Earl Gideon had not sat down in prison with a pencil and paper to write a letter to the Supreme Court; and if the Supreme Court had not taken the trouble to look at the merits in that one crude petition among all the bundles of mail it must receive every day, the vast machinery of American law would have gone on functioning undisturbed. But Gideon did write that letter; the court did look into his case; he was re-tried with the help of competent defense counsel; found not guilty and released from prison after two years of punishment for a crime he did not commit. And the whole course of legal history has been changed."

Later life
After his acquittal, Gideon resumed his previous way of life and later married for the fifth time. He died of cancer in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on January 18, 1972, at age 61. Gideon's family had him buried in an unmarked grave in Hannibal. The local chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union later added a granite headstone.

Portrayal on film
Gideon was portrayed by Henry Fonda in the 1980 made-for-television film Gideon's Trumpet, based on Anthony Lewis' book of the same name. The film was the first telecast as part of the Hallmark Hall of Fame anthology series, and co-starred Jose Ferrer as Abe Fortas, the attorney who pleaded Gideon's right to have a lawyer in the US Supreme Court. Fonda was nominated for an Emmy Award for his portrayal of Gideon.

title: Clarence Earl Gideon


text:
Talk:George McFly

McFly's favourite show
Do we really know that McFly's favorite show is MST3K? How? —Preceding unsigned comment added by User:24.4.217.200 (talk • contribs) 22:48, 29 September 2004
 * You must be mistaken. George in 1955 says that his favorite show is Science Fiction Theater. He was going to forgo the dance just so he wouldn't miss it; obviously, "Darth Vader" helped him to change his mind. --Dynamite Eleven 03:00, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Timelines
The timeline stuff is sure to be confusing to someone who does not know about the movies. Perhaps there should be an explaination about the time travel in or near the intro? --OGoncho 10:57, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

George's biography
Can the sections for the three films be reinstated? It keeps the page consistent with the other character pages, plus breaking it up into the three films makes easier reading and reference in my opinion. Also, replacing the three sections with "Biography" was not really discussed in the talk page.

At the very least we should have a discussion about it?

HillValleyTelegraph 18:01, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm hoping to rewrite the other pages to follow this format. The division into three movies was unnecessary IMO. Aside from Marty and Doc, no character has a major role in all three movies, so the three-movie division invariably ends up with one or more sections containing practically no text. This very page is a good example of it: previously, the Part II section was very short (and included information unrelated to the events in Part II, such as Grover's contract negociation), while the Part III section contained only one sentence about Part III and a second one about the Animate Series. -- Ritchy 22:24, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

for Image:George 2015.JPG
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for Image:George 1985.JPG
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for Image:George 1955.JPG
Image:George 1955.JPG is being used on this article...

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Are George and Lorraine cousins
For Lorraine Baines to look so much like Maggie Mcfly, they are probably related by blood. This means that it is very likely that either: Without a source this is of course speculation, but was such a thing discussed somewhere citeable?
 * 1) One of Lorraine's grandparents was one of Maggie's children, making George McFly and Lorraine second cousins.
 * 2) One of Lorraine's great-grandparents was one of Maggie's siblings, making George and Lorraine third cousins.
 * 3) One of Lorraine's great-great-grandparents was one of Maggie's parents, making George and Lorraine fourth cousins.

I also posted this at Talk:Lorraine Baines McFly, and any responses are probably more appropriate there. —MJBurrage(T•C) 18:32, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Biography vs. movie plot
"The shorter biography and "in another timeline" is not at all clear to anyone who didn't see the movie" Yes, I agree with that, but this isn't about the movie, it's about a character in the movie. If people want to know something specific about the movie, they need to read the movie article. We don't want to waste the time of the reader with little details (such as the entire paragraph that starts with "When Marty travels back in time to 1955...") instead of giving them what they are here for: Learn about George McFly. -- Lyverbe (talk) 15:14, 4 July 2008 (UTC)
 * George McFly is a character in the movie. You can't exactly talk about him without talking about the events portrayed in the movie. If the reader wants to learn about George McFly, it's safe to assume he wants to know what happened to George McFly in the movie. Things like, for example, the movie events described in the paragraph starting with "When Marty travels back in time to 1955..." are crucial to the development of the character.
 * Secondly, unlike characters in a regular movie, George McFly doesn't have a chronologically linear character development. That's to be expected given that the movie involves rewriting the past and changing the future. Trying to somehow merge all of George McFly's character development into a single text by cutting out all but a passing mention of time-travel, as was done in the last edit I reverted, is extremely confusing. -- Ritchy (talk) 04:26, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I understand, but still don't fully agree. I still believe there's too much detail on the article which makes it longer to get to the point.  The "When Marty travels back in time to 1955..." paragraph takes forever to say something as simple as "George eventually builds the confidence to fight Biff and win Lorraine's trust and love".  If the reader wants to know how, they need to see the movie or read the article. -- Lyverbe (talk) 13:01, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:George McFly


text:
User talk:Antonxie

www.chinesesquabble.com

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title: User talk:Antonxie


text:
Florida Parishes

The Florida Parishes (Parroquias de Florida, Paroisses de Floride), on the east side of the Mississippi River—an area also known as the Northshore or Northlake region—are eight parishes in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Louisiana.

The Florida Parishes were part of what was known as West Florida in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Unlike most of the state, this region was not part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, which applied to territory west of the Mississippi River. First settled by the French, it was ceded to Great Britain in 1763 after France's defeat in the Seven Years' War. The British exchanged it with Spain following the American Revolutionary War for territory outside North America. This area was acquired by the U.S. in 1812 and combined with the new state of Louisiana.

History
In terms of historical European influence, the area that became the Florida Parishes was first claimed by French colonists as part of Louisiane or French Louisiana. The French settled New Orleans, Mobile (now within Alabama), and founded numerous other settlements.

Following the French defeat in the French and Indian War, as the North American front of the Seven Years' War was known, France withdrew from North America, ceding the eastern half of French Louisiana — the land from the Mississippi River to the Appalachian Mountains, excluding New Orleans — to Great Britain in the 1763 Treaty of Paris. (France had previously transferred New Orleans and its lands west of the Mississippi to Spain in the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau, although Spain did not fully take control until after the Louisiana Rebellion of 1768. ) Spain also ceded Florida to Britain under the treaty.

To administer the new territory along the Gulf of Mexico, Britain divided it at the Apalachicola River into two new colonial provinces, East and West Florida. However, following the American Revolutionary War, Britain ceded its Florida territories back to Spain, but uncertainty around the territories' borders sparked the West Florida Controversy, a territorial dispute with the newly formed United States. Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 settled the initial dispute, but the sale of Louisiana by France in 1803 raised new questions about West Florida. The Third Treaty of San Ildefonso and the subsequent Treaty of Aranjuez that restored French control over Louisiana did not include Spanish West Florida, leaving the territory outside of the land acquired by the U.S. in the Louisiana Purchase.

Aggrieved by the provincial Spanish government, American and British settlers in the part of West Florida west of the Pearl River declared an independent Republic of West Florida in 1810 and elected their leader, Fulwar Skipwith, as governor. None of this short-lived Republic of West Florida lay within the boundaries of the modern U.S. state of Florida.

The flag of the Republic of West Florida, which was later identified with the Confederates' Bonnie Blue Flag of the Civil War era, continues to be flown on many public buildings in the Florida Parishes. In 2006, the state legislature designated it the "official flag of the Republic of West Florida Historic Region."

The republic was quickly and forcibly annexed by the United States, and the present-day Florida Parishes were incorporated into the Territory of Orleans, which joined the Union as the U.S. state of Louisiana in 1812. In 1810, four parishes were established in the region: East Baton Rouge, Feliciana, St. Helena, and St. Tammany.

Later in the 19th century, five additional parishes were created as follows, with Feliciana Parish ceasing to exist: Washington Parish, 1819, from part of St. Tammany Parish; East Feliciana and West Feliciana parishes, 1824, by dividing Feliciana Parish; Livingston Parish, 1832, from part of St. Helena Parish; and Tangipahoa Parish, 1869 during the Reconstruction era, from parts of Livingston, St. Helena, St. Tammany, and Washington parishes.

In 1990, Louisiana's legislature formally designated this part of the state as "the Republic of West Florida Historic Region, or the Florida Parishes." Since 1993, Interstate 12, which runs east and west through the Northshore region, has been officially designated as the Republic of West Florida Parkway.

Geography
The Florida Parishes of Louisiana stretch from the Mississippi state line on its eastern and northern borders to the Mississippi River on its western border, and Lake Pontchartrain on its southern border. The most populated urban area is the Baton Rouge metropolitan statistical area. St. Tammany Parish is part of the New Orleans metropolitan area. The parishes have a land area of 4,685.184 sqmi, or 10.755% of the state's total land area.

Parishes

 * East Baton Rouge Parish
 * East Feliciana Parish
 * Livingston Parish
 * St. Helena Parish
 * St. Tammany Parish
 * Tangipahoa Parish
 * Washington Parish
 * West Feliciana Parish

Climate
The Florida Parishes (in common with Greater New Orleans and Acadiana) has a humid subtropical climate, prone to hurricanes. Many parts of the Florida Parishes and parts of Acadiana flooded during the 2016 floods. During Hurricane Katrina, both regions were used as evacuation areas for residents of Greater New Orleans.

Demographics
The population of the Florida Parishes at the 2010 census was 1,019,357 residents, or 22.49% of the state's population at that time. Its largest communities are, in descending order of population (2010 U.S. census), Baton Rouge, Slidell, Central, Hammond, Shenandoah (CDP), Zachary, Baker, Bogalusa, Mandeville, Gardere (CDP), Merrydale (CDP), Denham Springs, Covington, Lacombe (CDP), and Oak Hills Place (CDP). Tabulating the 2019 census estimates, the Florida Parishes had a population of 1,067,634, making it the third largest region by population following Acadiana (1,490,449) and Greater New Orleans (1,507,017); in 2020, the tabulated population of the Florida Parishes was 1,088,014.

Race and ethnicity
Common among South Louisiana and in contrast with the U.S. Census Bureau's publications, a substantial portion of the region's population, spanning a range of racial groups, identify ethnically and/or culturally as Cajun or Louisiana Creole. Nearby Acadiana and Greater New Orleans, however, have more Cajuns and Louisiana Creoles as those regions are epicenters of Acadian and multiracial Louisiana heritage.

Religion
While Greater New Orleans and Acadiana are historically and predominantly Roman Catholic,   the Florida Parishes are greatly influenced by Protestantism through British colonialism and missionary efforts, in addition to American settlement. In contrast with North and Central Louisiana, however, the Florida Parishes region is still dominated by the Roman Catholic Church as its single-largest Christian denomination. The second-largest overall denominational tradition in the region (especially Greater Baton Rouge) are Baptists. Baptists form the largest overall Protestant majority within Louisiana according to the Pew Research Center's 2014 study, spread among the Southern Baptist Convention—established in separation from the Northern Baptists (today the American Baptist Churches USA) over Southern white clergy and laymen's justifications of slavery—and the National Baptist Convention, USA which formed out of many black Baptist bodies leaving the Southern Baptists and white supervision.

title: Florida Parishes


text:
Devil's Playground (2002 film)

Devil's Playground is a 2002 American documentary film directed by Lucy Walker about the experiences of several Amish youths who decide whether to remain in or leave their community and faith during the period known as rumspringa ("running around" in Pennsylvania Dutch). The film follows a few Amish teenagers in LaGrange County, Indiana who enter the "English" (non-Amish) world and experience partying, drinking, illegal drugs, and pre-marital sex. Some teens in the film profess that they will eventually become baptized as adults in the Amish community. If they are baptized, then leave the church, they will be shunned by family and friends; one girl recounts her experience of this.

Synopsis
According to Devil's Playground, at the age of 16, Amish youth are allowed to depart from many of the Amish rules. The young people sample life outside of the Amish community. Many drive cars, wear modern clothes and cut and style their hair in more fashionable styles, get jobs, have romantic and sexual relationships, and some experiment with drugs.

One Amish youth whom the film follows, Faron—a preacher's son—turns to drug dealing to satisfy his habit. Faron is eventually apprehended by the authorities; he aids them in arresting another dealer. Each of the film's subjects faces a variety of challenges and pressures from both the "English World" and the "Amish World" of their families. Some make the commitment to return to their communities, others do not. One girl is baptized but later leaves the Amish church, resulting in her family shunning her.

According to the documentary, "over 90%" of Amish youth decide to join the church, returning to their communities and families.

Reception
The film won the 2001 Sony/AFI DVCam Fest Documentary Category and overall Grand Prize, the 2001 Sarasota Film Festival Audience Award for Best Documentary, and a Jury's Special Mention in the Documentary Category in the 2002 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival (Czech Republic). The film was nominated by jury for Best Documentary for the 2003 IFP's Independent Spirit Awards. After being aired on Cinemax as part of the series Cinemax Reel Life, it was also nominated for three 2002 News and Documentary Emmy Swards: Best Documentary, Outstanding Individual Achievement in a Craft: Direction, and Outstanding Individual Achievement in a Craft: Editing.

Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 56% of nine surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 6.4/10. Dennis Harvey of Variety stated, "To filmmaker Lucy Walker's credit, results transcend their sensational first impression, thanks to empathetic focus on a few select kids going through enormous changes", and summed it up as "engrossing." Los Angeles Times critic Kenneth Turan called it "one of the best documentaries in the (Sundance) festival". He wrote that the film deals in a poignant way with rumspringa. "This examination of the life-changing question one teen calls 'to be or not to be Amish' is haunting, provocative and unexpected." Film Threat's Anthony Miele found the film "interesting and informative", but it "alludes to 'document' an entire sub-culture of a particular society, but [...] simply follows one troubled youth, Faron."

title: Devil's Playground (2002 film)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cyberllama

Cyberllama
Non-notable. Only google 147 hits (97 English). The rest is google ghosts. Mikkalai 03:54, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete essentially just a link to a website Wolfman 06:40, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a web guide.   — Gwalla | Talk 21:05, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Another useless substub. No[[User_talk:norm|rm]] 13:42, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
List of assets owned by Bertelsmann

This is a list of assets owned by German conglomerate Bertelsmann.

Arvato

 * Mohn Media Gruppe
 * Prinovis - joint-venture with Axel Springer and Gruner + Jahr
 * Sonopress in Germany, North America, Latin America, South Africa, Australia
 * Arvato Services
 * Arvato Systems
 * Arvato Mobile
 * Arvato Finances
 * Empolis

Bertelsmann Printing Group

 * AZ Direct
 * Berryville Graphics
 * Campaign
 * Coral Graphics
 * DeutschlandCard
 * GGP Media
 * MBS Nürnberg
 * Mohn Media
 * Offset Paperback Manufacturers (OPM)
 * Prinovis
 * rtv media group
 * Sonopress
 * Vogel Druck

Direct Group

 * Bertelsmann BookClub (China)
 * Bertrand (Portugal)
 * BMG Music Service
 * BOL China
 * BOL Great Britain
 * BCA Great Britain
 * BDMI
 * Bookspan (United States) (50%)
 * Architects & Designers Book Service
 * Behavioral Science Book Club
 * Black Expressions
 * Book-of-the-Month Club
 * Children's Book-of-the-Month Club
 * Computer Books Direct
 * Country Homes & Gardens
 * Crafter's Choice
 * Discovery Channel Book Club
 * Doubleday Book Club
 * Doubleday Large Print
 * Early Childhood Teachers Club
 * Equestrian
 * The Good Cook
 * History Book Club
 * Intermediate & Middle Grades Book Club
 * The Library of Speech-Language Pathology
 * The Literary Guild
 * The Military Book Club
 * Mystery Guild
 * One Spirit
 * Outdoorsman's Edge
 * Nurse's Book Society
 * Primary Teachers' Book Club
 * Reader's Subscription
 * Rhapsody
 * Scientific American Book Club
 * Science Fiction Book Club
 * Circulo de Lectores (Spain)
 * Círculo de Leitores (Portugal)
 * Der Club (Germany)
 * Donauland (Austria)
 * ECI (Netherlands)
 * France Loisirs (France)
 * Quebec Loisirs (Canada)
 * The BookClub (Korea)
 * CDnow

RTL Group (75.1%)

 * Internet
 * Atresplayer
 * Flooxer
 * M6
 * RTL.de
 * RTL.nl
 * Videoland.nl
 * sport.de
 * turbo.fr
 * Programming and Distribution
 * Fremantle
 * Original Productions
 * Amygdala Music
 * Random House Studio (transferred from Penguin Random House in 2016)
 * Random House Films
 * Random House Television
 * Buzzr
 * Naked Television (United Kingdom)
 * Naked West
 * Talkback (United Kingdom)
 * Thames (United Kingdom)
 * Castlefield (United Kingdom)
 * Moskito Television (Finland)
 * Rakett (Norway)
 * Wild Blue Media (United Kingdom)
 * One Big Happy Family (Norway)
 * Baluba (Sweden)
 * Monster Media AS (Norway)
 * Dr Pluto Films (United Kingdom)
 * Blu A/S (Denmark)
 * No Pictures Please (Netherlands)
 * Label1 (United Kingdom)
 * Strong Productions (Denmark)
 * Production House (Finland)
 * Novemberfilm (Norway)
 * Wildside (Italy)
 * Eureka Productions (Australia)
 * The Apartment Pictures (Italy)
 * Blue Circle (Netherlands)
 * Full Fat TV (United Kingdom)
 * Kwaï (France)
 * Miso Film (Denmark)
 * UFA Film & TV Productions (Germany)
 * UFA Fiction
 * UFA Serial Drama
 * UFA Show & Factual
 * UFA Documentary
 * Abot Hameiri Communication Ltd. (Israel)
 * Easy Tiger (Australia)
 * Wavy (Italy)
 * Fremantle Australia
 * Dancing Ledge Productions (United Kingdom)
 * Man Alive Entertainment (United Kingdom)
 * Grillifilms (Finland)
 * Playroom (Norway)
 * Strix Television (Sweden/Norway/Netherlands/Belgium)
 * The Immigrant (United States/Spain/Latin America)
 * Euston Films (United Kingdom)
 * Fiction Valley (Netherlands)
 * Element Pictures (Republic of Ireland)
 * Light House Cinema (Dublin)
 * Road House Cinema
 * Pálás Cinema (Galway)
 * Volta (Irish film VOD service)
 * Element Pictures Distribution
 * Radio
 * 104.6 RTL (Berlin)
 * Antenne Bayern (Germany)
 * Antenne Mecklenburg (Germany)
 * Antenne Thueringen (Germany)
 * Bel RTL (Belgium)
 * Radio Contact (Belgium)
 * RTL Radio Letzebuerg (Luxembourg)
 * Eldoradio (Luxembourg)
 * Europa FM (Spain)
 * Fun Radio (France)
 * Hit-Radio Antenne (Germany)
 * Melodia FM (Spain)
 * Oldie 95 (Hamburg)
 * Onda Cero (Spain)
 * Radio Hamburg (Hamburg)
 * Radio NRW (Germany)
 * Radio Ton (Germany)
 * RTL (France)
 * RTL 2 (France)
 * RTL Radio - Deutschlands Hit-Radio (Germany, Belgium, northern France)
 * Television
 * Atresmedia (Spain)
 * Antena 3
 * Atreseries
 * LaSexta
 * Neox
 * Nova
 * Mega
 * Atresmedia Cine
 * Atresmedia Studios
 * Groupe M6 (France)
 * M6
 * W9
 * 6ter
 * Paris Première
 * Téva
 * M6 Music
 * Gulli
 * Canal J
 * Tiji
 * FC Girondins de Bordeaux
 * Série Club
 * M6 Films
 * Groupe MCM
 * MCM
 * MCM Top
 * RFM TV
 * Mediengruppe RTL Deutschland (Germany)
 * n-tv
 * RTL Television
 * RTLplus
 * RTL Crime (German TV channel)
 * RTL Living
 * RTL Passion
 * RTL Zwei
 * Super RTL
 * Toggo Plus
 * GEO Television
 * Nitro
 * VOX
 * RTL Magyarország (Hungary)
 * Cool TV
 * Film+
 * Muzsika TV
 * RTL Gold
 * RTL II
 * RTL Klub
 * RTL+
 * Sorozat+
 * RTL Nederland (The Netherlands)
 * RTL 4
 * RTL 5
 * RTL 7
 * RTL 8
 * RTL Z
 * RTL Telekids
 * RTL Crime
 * RTL Lounge
 * RTL XL
 * RTL Televizija (Croatia)
 * RTL 2
 * RTL Kockica
 * RTL Croatia World
 * RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg
 * RTL Zwee

Gruner + Jahr

 * Magazines
 * Europe
 * Claudia (Poland)
 * Focus (Italy) (50%)
 * Mia (Spain)
 * Muy Interesante (Spain)
 * Naj (Poland)
 * National Geographic (Poland)
 * News (Austria)(56.03%)
 * Tele-Loisirs (France)
 * Top Girl (Italy)
 * TV Times (Austria) (56.03%)
 * Germany
 * art
 * Brigitte
 * Capital
 * Eltern
 * Essen & Trinken
 * P.M.
 * Schöner Wohnen
 * Stern
 * Newspapers
 * Sächsische Zeitung (60%)

Penguin Random House

 * Dorling Kindersley Limited
 * Alpha Books
 * DK Eyewitness Travel
 * Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
 * Alfred A. Knopf
 * Anchor Books
 * Black Swan
 * Corgi
 * Doubleday
 * Everyman's Library
 * Nan A. Talese
 * Pantheon
 * Schocken
 * Vintage Books
 * Vintage Crime/Black Lizard
 * Vintage Español
 * Penguin Publishing Group
 * Avery Publishing
 * Berkley Books
 * Ace Books
 * Jove Books
 * New American Library
 * Plume
 * Obsidian
 * Onyx
 * Roc Books
 * Signet Books
 * Signet Classics
 * Signet Fiction
 * Topaz
 * DAW
 * Dutton
 * Family Tree Books
 * G. P. Putnam's Sons
 * Amy Enborne
 * Marian Wood
 * Coward-McCann
 * Krause Publications
 * Impact Books
 * Interweave
 * North Light Books
 * Pelican Books
 * Penguin Books
 * Awa Press
 * Michael Joseph
 * Penguin General
 * Fig Tree Books
 * Hamish Hamilton
 * Penguin Life
 * Penguin Business
 * Sandycove Books
 * Viking Books UK
 * Penguin Press
 * Allen Lane Books
 * Particular Books
 * Pelican Books
 * Penguin Classics
 * Pamela Dorman Books
 * Popular Woodworking Books
 * Portfolio
 * Riverhead Books
 * Sentinel
 * Square Peg
 * TarcherPerigee
 * Transworld Publishers
 * Viking Press
 * Vintage Classics
 * Vintage Paperback
 * Writer's Digest Books
 * Yellow Jersey
 * Penguin Random House Digital Publishing Group
 * Books on Tape
 * Listening Library
 * Living Language
 * Penguin Random House Audio Publishing
 * Penguin Random House Puzzles & Games
 * Penguin Audio
 * Random House Audio
 * Random House Large Print
 * Random House Reference
 * Sasquatch Books
 * Little Bigfoot
 * Spruce Books
 * Penguin Random House International
 * Zahar
 * Penguin Random House Australia
 * Penguin Books Australia
 * Penguin Random House Canada
 * Anchor Canada
 * Appetite by Random House
 * Bond Street Books
 * Doubleday Canada
 * Hamish Hamilton Canada
 * Knopf Canada
 * McClelland & Stewart
 * Douglas Gibson Books
 * Emblem Books
 * New Canadian Library
 * Tundra Books
 * Penguin Canada
 * Penguin Teen
 * Puffin Canada
 * Random House Canada
 * Signal
 * Strange Light
 * Viking Canada
 * Vintage Canada
 * Penguin Random House Group (UK)
 * Cornerstone Publishing
 * Arrow
 * Young Arrow
 * Century
 * Del Rey UK
 * Hutchinson
 * Random House UK
 * William Heinemann
 * #Merky Books
 * Random House Business
 * Windmill
 * Ebury Publishing
 * BBC Books
 * Ebury Press
 * Ebury Edge
 * Pop Press
 * Rider
 * Vermilion
 * Virgin Books (90%)
 * WH Allen
 * Witness Books
 * Penguin Random House Audio (UK)
 * BBC Audio
 * The Penguin Podcast
 * Vintage Publishing UK
 * The Bodley Head
 * Chatto & Windus
 * Harvill Secker
 * Hogarth Press
 * Jonathan Cape
 * Square Peg
 * Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial (Spain/Portugal/Latin America)
 * Aguliar
 * Alfaguara
 * Ediciones B
 * B de Bloke
 * B de Books
 * B de Bolsillo
 * B Comic
 * Ediciones Cliper
 * Cliper+
 * Ediciones Salamandra
 * Companhia das Letras (70%)
 * Editorial Bruguera
 * Editorial Molino
 * Editorial Sudamericana
 * Editorial Grijabo
 * Grupo Santillana
 * Lumen
 * Objetiva
 * Penguin Clasicos
 * Plaza & Janés
 * Random Cómics
 * Suma de Letras
 * Taurus
 * Penguin Random House India
 * Duckbill Books
 * Penguin Random House New Zealand
 * Penguin Random House Struik (South Africa)
 * Transworld Ireland
 * Verlasgsgruppe Penguin Random House (Germany)
 * Anaconda Verlag
 * Ariston
 * Arkana Verlag
 * Bassermann
 * Blanvalet
 * Blessing Verlag
 * Btb Verlag
 * carl's books
 * C. Bertelsmann Verlag
 * Der Audio Verlag
 * der Hörverlag
 * Deutsche Verlag-Anstalt
 * Diana Verlag
 * Diederichs
 * Goldmann
 * Gütersloher Verlagshaus
 * Heyne Publishing
 * Heyne Hardcore
 * Heyne fliegt
 * Luchterhand Literaturverlag
 * Manesse Verlag
 * Pantheon Verlag
 * Penguin JUNIOR
 * Penguin Verlag
 * Penhaligon
 * Prestel Publishing
 * Random House Audio (Germany)
 * Reimann Verlag
 * Siedler Verlag
 * Südwest-Verlag
 * Wunderraum
 * Yuna Publishing
 * Penguin Young Readers Group
 * Dial Books for Young Readers
 * Dutton Children's Books
 * Firebird Books
 * Frederick Warne & Co.
 * G. P. Putnam's Sons Books for Young Readers
 * Grosset & Dunlap
 * Charter Books (Ace Charter)
 * Bedtime Stories
 * Junior Library
 * Platt & Mutt
 * Kathy Dawson Books
 * Koklia
 * Ladybird Books
 * Nancy Paulsen Books
 * Penguin Workshop
 * Philomel Books
 * Price Stern Sloan
 * Puffin Books
 * Razorbill
 * Viking Children's Books
 * Random House
 * Crown Publishing Group
 * Amphoto Books
 * Broadway Books
 * Clarkson Potter
 * Convergent Books
 * Crown
 * Crown Archetype
 * Crown Forum
 * Currency
 * Harmony Books
 * Hogarth Press
 * Image Catholic Books
 * Multnomah
 * Random House Books USA
 * Rodale Books
 * Ten Speed Press
 * Lorena Jones Books
 * Watson-Guptill
 * Three Rivers Press
 * Tim Duggan Books
 * WaterBrook
 * Multnomah
 * Random House Publishing Group
 * Ballantine Books
 * Del Rey Books
 * LucasBooks
 * Bantam Books
 * Bantam Press
 * Spectra
 * Dell Publishing
 * Dial Press
 * Loveswept & Flirt
 * Modern Library
 * One World
 * Spiegel & Grau
 * SPJ For Horgath
 * Random House Children's Books
 * Alfred A. Knopf Books for Young Readers
 * Anne Schwartz Books
 * Skylark
 * Bluefire
 * Crown Books for Young Readers
 * Doubleday Children's Books
 * Delacorte Press
 * Dragonfly Books
 * Ember
 * Golden Books
 * Laurel-Leaf Books
 * Lee Wade
 * Little Tiger Press
 * The Princeton Review
 * Random House Books for Young Readers
 * Sylvan Learning
 * Wendy Lamb Books
 * Yearling Books

Music publishers

 * Bug Music
 * Crosstown Songs
 * Cherry Lane Music Publishing
 * Chrysalis Music Group
 * Stage Three Music
 * Evergreen Copyrights
 * Famous Music UK
 * R2M
 * Sony/ATV Music Publishing (Select songwriters)
 * Virgin Music

Labels

 * 50/50 Global Muzik Inc and 50/50 Global EDM
 * Albert Music
 * Broken Bow Records
 * Disques Dreyfus
 * Double U Records (Founded by Jacob Whitesides)
 * Dutchess Music (Founded by Fergie)
 * The Echo Label
 * The End Records
 * Hal David
 * Infectious Records
 * Mute Records
 * Noise Records
 * Neon Nation Corporation
 * Paracadute (Founded by OK GO)
 * RAM Records
 * Rise Records
 * Rhythm Nation (Founded by Janet Jackson)
 * S-Curve Records
 * Sanctuary Records
 * Sedona Recording Company
 * Skint Records
 * Strictly Rhythm
 * Vagrant Records
 * Victory Records
 * Verse Music Group
 * ZTT Records

Divested

 * Boundless - merged with Naked in 2020
 * BMG Interactive - sold to Take-Two Interactive in 2000
 * Channel 5 Broadcasting Limited - sold to Northern & Shell in 2010
 * FremantleMedia Kids & Family – sold to Boat Rocker Media in 2018
 * Hare and Tortoise
 * Ludia - sold to Jam City in 2021
 * REN TV
 * RTL 7 - sold to TVN Group in 2002
 * RTL-TVI
 * Club RTL
 * Plug RTL
 * Universum Film GmbH - sold to Leonine Holding in 2019

Dormant or shuttered

 * Blue Rider Press
 * EVA Entertainment
 * Fontaram Productions (France)
 * Newman Street (United Kingdom)
 * Razorbill - folded into Putnum Children's Books

title: List of assets owned by Bertelsmann


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Gorilla Grodd

Gorilla Grodd is a supervillain character appearing in American comic books and other media published by DC Comics, primarily as an enemy of The Flash (Barry Allen). The character was created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino, and first appeared in The Flash #106 (May 1959). He is an evil, super-intelligent gorilla who gained mental powers after being exposed to a strange meteorite's radiation.

Grodd has appeared in several forms of DC-related media, such as the Super Friends franchise (voiced by Stanley Ralph Ross), the DC Animated Universe (voiced by Powers Boothe), and the Arrowverse television series The Flash (voiced by David Sobolov).

Fictional character biography
Gorilla Grodd is a hyper-intelligent telepathic gorilla able to control the minds of others. He was an average ape until an alien spacecraft (retconned from a radioactive meteor which also empowered Hector Hammond) crashed in Grodd's African home. Grodd and his tribe of gorillas were imbued with super-intelligence by the ship's pilot. Grodd and fellow gorilla Solovar also developed telepathic and telekinetic powers. Led by the alien, the gorillas constructed the super-advanced Gorilla City. The gorillas lived in peace until their home was discovered by explorers. Grodd forced one of the explorers to kill the alien and took over Gorilla City, planning to conquer the world next. Solovar telepathically contacted Barry Allen to warn of the evil gorilla's plans, and Grodd was defeated. The villain manages to return again and again to plague the Flash and the hero's allies.

In his first Pre-Crisis appearance, he met the Flash while searching for Solovar (who had been imprisoned) during a trip to the human world. Grodd probed Solovar's mind to find the secret of mind control so he could control Gorilla City, using its inhabitants to take over the world. Solovar breaks out of the cage and tells the Flash. The Flash defeats Grodd and temporarily removes his telepathy. When his power returns, he escapes and builds a machine to strip his fellow gorillas of their intelligence. The Flash finds out from Solovar where Grodd has escaped to and destroys the machine. Grodd is again imprisoned, but uses a burrowing machine he built earlier to escape. Assuming human form, he creates a drug to strengthen his abilities. After easily stopping the Flash, Grodd experiences a side effect that removes his new powers. The Flash arrests Grodd and takes him back to Gorilla City. Grodd fakes his death by transferring his mind into a man in Central City, but is caught and arrested. Later, he instigates the Flash's Rogues Gallery, breaking them out of jail to distract the Flash after transferring his mind to that of Freddy, a gorilla in a zoo. Thanks to Solovar, the Flash learns of Grodd's escape. Ironically, Grodd, despite using radiation to negate the Flash's speed, is defeated by the gorilla's mate when she hears him mention another gorilla. He and Freddy are restored to their normal bodies.

Grodd is recruited along with several other villains as one of the original members of the Secret Society of Super Villains. In this series, Grodd defeats Kalibak, the son of Darkseid, in a hand-to-hand grudge brawl, but is later defeated by Captain Comet who is able to repel Grodd's mental energy. During the hunt for a sorcerer's treasures, Grodd is able to fend off Wally West and escape him using the mentally-commanded Quadro-Mobile, then later knocks Captain Comet unconscious, and is shown to be able to hypnotize the new Star Sapphire, as well as protect others from mental probing.

In a confrontation with Wally West, Grodd increases the brainpower of most of the animals in Central City. He hopes to endanger all the humans' lives, but this plan backfires because some of the pets are too loyal to their humans. Grodd's plans are defeated by the Flash, assisted by the Pied Piper, Vixen and Rex the Wonder Dog.

Immortal villain Vandal Savage kidnaps Titans member Omen to form the perfect team of adversaries for the Teen Titans. Savage approaches Grodd, offering him membership in this new anti-Titans group known as Tartarus and promises of power and immortality. Grodd joins Tartarus on their mission to synthesize the immortal blood of the H.I.V.E. Mistress Addie Kane as Savage seeks to create a serum that will grant immortality. Their schemes are thwarted when the Titans intervene. Tempest later leads a rescue mission to save Omen from Savage. During the rescue attempt, Tartarus collapses upon itself due to each member having a different agenda, because Omen had purposely chosen members who would not work well together. When Siren switches alliances during the battle and aids Tempest in escaping, the Tartarus members go their separate ways.

Grodd has made no fewer than eighteen attempts to eliminate all traces of humanity from the face of the Earth. In Son of Ambush Bug #5 (November 1986), he travels to the Late Cretaceous "to wipe out all traces of human evolution from the time stream" (despite the fact that the ancestors of humanity would be his own ancestors as well). His plans are shattered by the sudden appearance of Titano and Ambush Bug waking from a nightmare. Whether or not Grodd's plan is a failure is disputable.

In the final issue of Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew, Grodd travels to Earth-C in an attempt to conquer, but is defeated by the efforts of the Zoo Crew (plus Changeling of the Teen Titans).

Grodd later does another attempt to conquer Gorilla City by controlling the minds of Congo Bill, Congorilla, Djuba, Gorilla Boss, Monsieur Mallah, and Sam Simeon. For some unknown reason, Grodd also gained control of Swamp Thing's mind. In an attempt to expand his mind-control, Grodd suffered some brain damage enough to free everyone from his mind-control.

In the 1991 Angel and the Ape limited series, Grodd is revealed as the grandfather of Sam Simeon (Angel's partner). This is in conflict with Martian Manhunter (vol. 2) Annual #2 (1999), which states that Simeon is Grodd's brother.

During the Final Night, Grodd attempted to use a mystical talisman called the Heart of Darkness (normally effective only in eclipses) that brought out the 'inner beast' of humans, turning the population of the town of Leesburg into feral monsters, including Supergirl. However, Supergirl was eventually able to fight off Grodd's influence, allowing her to oppose Grodd until the sun was restored. Grodd is assumed killed when an icicle fell into him.

One of Grodd's widest-ranging schemes was to arrange Solovar's assassination and manipulate Gorilla City into war against humanity, with the aid of a "shadow cabinet" of prominent gorillas called Simian Scarlet. In the course of this, Grodd absorbs too much neural energy from his fellow apes, leaving him with the intelligence of a normal gorilla. He has since recovered, and a failed attempt to set up a base in Florida leads to his capture and incarceration in Iron Heights.

Grodd had been trapped inside the human body of an overweight street bum. He was attacked by a gang known as the Vultures. One of them commented on how their member Iggo had the strength of a gorilla, which reminded Grodd of his true form. Suddenly changing back to his original shape and size, he quickly defeated the gang, making them believe that they are burning in molten lava by using his telepathic abilities. Reading the minds of the crooks, he saw that one of the former members of their gang was a friend of the Flash, and a plan began to form in his mind.

Grodd found another space rock, identical to the one that had given him his powers, and contacted Hector Hammond, a human who had also gained similar powers. Grodd was able to take control of Gorilla City after increasing his evolutionary abilities but was defeated once more.

Grodd is also seen in the Superman/Batman arc "Public Enemies" controlling numerous villains and heroes to take down Superman and Batman for the prize of one billion dollars offered by then U.S. President Lex Luthor. Despite his use of foes such as Mongul, Solomon Grundy, Lady Shiva, and Nightshade, Batman is able to deduce the mind behind the attacks and they quickly dispose of Grodd.

Grodd is responsible for Hunter Zolomon's crippling, resulting in the man's transformation into the villainous Zoom after trying to change the event to never have happened. Zolomon would often think about how Grodd used him as a plaything in that fight while talking this over with the Flash.

In Birds of Prey, Grodd makes a deal with Grimm to get Blockbuster an ape heart.

In the JLA Classified story arc, Grodd and his forces attack the Ultramarine Corps. Grodd has most of the citizens they are protecting killed. He personally eats some of the humans. During the course of this incident, Beryl informs the team that Grodd ranks number three on the latest "Global Most Wanted".

In the Justice League of America Wedding Special, Gorilla Grodd is among the villains seen as members of the Injustice League Unlimited.

In the Salvation Run mini-series, Grodd teams up with the Joker to gather their own faction of the exiled supervillains. He kills Monsieur Mallah and Brain and was knocked off a cliff by the Joker. Grodd is seen alive and attempting to deliver payback to the Joker.

In Justice League of America, Grodd is shown among the members of Libra's new Secret Society and placed in the Inner Circle. In the Final Crisis storyline, Gorilla Grodd was among the high ranked superheroes and supervillains that were turned into Justifiers. He is sent to apprehend Snapper Carr and Cheetah, but fails.

The New 52
In 2011, "The New 52" rebooted the DC universe. Before Flash makes earthfall into the super ape's midst, Grodd II was the crown prince of Gorilla City speaking with his father King Grodd I about how the light that touched their fair city was destiny. Destiny which had once again tilted its hand and brought their culture to being, but Grodd rebuffs these claims stating their destiny was their own to command, and that they were destined for dominance. The Flash (Barry Allen) first encounters Gorilla Grodd after a trip through the Speed Force which strands him in their hidden community, all of which just shortly after Grodd has been newly crowned as gorilla king after killing his father and consuming his mind.

The Flash is hailed as a messenger spoken of in gorilla prophecy by all but Grodd who sees the interloper as a threat to his ascension and designs for world conquest. When told of the treachery planned by the Ape Elders from his most trusted general, Grodd led a personal execution detail in an attempt to kill Barry and assume the mantle of the Light Bringer. But The Flash foils Grodd's attempts by outmaneuvering him until King Grodd causes the caves containing Gorilla Cities history to collapse upon himself, knocking him unconscious, allowing the Flash to escape.

After having been unearthed by General Silverback while still buried beneath the rubble of the ruined cave, Grodd eventually recuperated after his previous battle with Flash. He found that he still had some followers among the ape army and would eventually slaughter most of the elders, saving one needed for his invasion plans. Grodd returns and attacks Central City with an army of gorilla soldiers searching for payback against The Messenger. After a while of waiting out the battle, Gorilla Grodd would make his way to one of Dr. Darwin Elias's labs which contain canisters of Flash's excess speed energy, consuming these batteries temporarily supercharges Grodd's own Speed Force evolved physiology enabling him enough speed and power to overwhelm the flash nearly killing him.

During the "Forever Evil" storyline, Gorilla Grodd returns to Central City during a ceremony commemorating Flash between the humans and gorillas at the time when Ultraman had caused an eclipse. Gorilla Grodd, brandishing several new powers courtesy of The Light, proceeds to take control of Central City as its king and renames it Grodd City. Eventually growing bored with this, Grodd uses his heightened abilities to take off, the rest of his apes following him to parts unknown.

DC Rebirth
In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth" which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". Grodd is the one who founded the terrorist organization called the Black Hole and he is using technology that could contain the power of the Speed Force. In addition, he also mind-controlled Meena Dhawan into operating as the Negative Flash.

Since he is defeated by the Flash with his plans of controlling the Speed Force foiled, he has been recruited by Lex Luthor who promised him incredible power to paralyze people's movements called "The Still Force" which was released due to the shattering of the Source Wall. It also enabled him to act as a guardian of Turtle.

Powers and abilities
Grodd's psionic abilities allow him to place other beings under his mental control and transfer his consciousness into other bodies. Grodd also has (on occasion) vast telekinetic abilities ranging from force beams, telekinetic transmutation of matter and lifting thousands of tons mentally. In recent issues he has shown the ability to absorb intelligence through the consumption of human brains. He possesses great superhuman strength far exceeding that of an ordinary gorilla. He is a scientific genius who has mastered Gorilla City's advanced technology and who has created many incredible inventions of his own. He also uses large laser guns. His thought process still operates at a relatively human speed; the Flashes have shown some degree of immunity to his telepathic illusions by moving so fast that their thoughts process Grodd's illusions in slow motion. In one story, Grodd either gains or strengthens his already vast psychokinetic abilities via ingesting a pill he develops after evolving himself into a human, enabling him to control the forces of nature. But after he turns back, he loses this power as his brain is not evolved enough; in later stories, however, Grodd has been seen using both his psionic attributes openly without the need of accelerated evolution.

In the New 52 reboot of DC continuity, Grodd, like all the super apes of Gorilla City, gained their powers from The Light; the gorillas' identifying term for Flash's Speed Force, the very embodiment of which represents relative space and time. Being of noble blood King Grodd is tougher, stronger, quicker and far more physically and mentally dynamic than other members of his evolved species. He boasts enhanced gorilla strength, enough to easily rend flesh from bone, pick up and/or smash cars and injure Flash through his speed aura, being durable enough to resist supersonic punches from the Flash, rip his way out of barbed wire unharmed and even survive impacts from a charging mammoth affected by the speed force. He has sharp enough reflexes to keep up with even the most nimble meta-humans with relative ease as he was able to grasp at Flash more than once while he was running, having intercepted many of his high-speed attacks more than once. Another facet to his physiology is that he, along with other apes like him, can assimilate both the knowledge and powers of enemies who they kill by devouring their brains, a process dubbed by their forefathers as "Cerecorbis". This process increases Grodd's intelligence, bestowing him with a super genius IQ on top of whatever memories his vanquished enemies had as well as any abilities they might have possessed. Via direct ingestion of The Light's energies, he gains enhanced speed and further augmented dynamism, enabling him to not just effortlessly keep up with, but outright overpower Flash in a straightforward fight, although this augmentation was short-lived as the speed force batteries he drained to get his jump were a finite source, causing him to shrivel and weaken over time. Thanks to his time trapped within the force dimension, however, Grodd gained an even greater acceleration of his development; not only retaining his previous abilities of bolstered strength and super speed, but also accelerating his developmental process, granting him telepathy much like what his species' elders grow into with age, as well as telekinesis which is unique to him.

For a brief time, Grodd's connection to the light had dimmed due to an infraction of clashing timelines, but he would again regain his abilities after having siphoned the lion's share of Barry Allen's speed force abilities after contracting a fatal illness. Establishing his connection to the Speed Force and strengthening his formidable psionic abilities once again. After joining Luthor's Legion of Doom, Grodd would come into all new powers thanks to acting as the guardian of The Turtle's latest life incarnation. Now acting as a crucible to channel the infant Turtle's Still Force powers, Grodd can now use that same hidden energy to further bolster his telepathy as well as sap energy from other Speed Force conduits. Inhibiting their ability of rapid motion to an unknown extent on top of grinding universal expansion to a standstill using its power over entropy.

Other versions

 * An alternate universe incarnation of Gorilla Grodd from the antimatter universe who became a member of the Justice Underground appears in JLA Secret Files.
 * An alternate universe incarnation of Gorilla Grodd appears in Flashpoint. This version successfully conquered Africa, but became bored with the lack of challenge he faced afterwards.

Live-action

 * Gorilla Grodd appears in series set in the Arrowverse, voiced by David Sobolov. This version gained his psychic powers from Wade Eiling's experiments under S.T.A.R. Labs' supervision and speaks in an illeism.
 * Primarily appearing in and throughout The Flash, he mounts several failed attempts at subjugating humanity through various means, such as Gorilla City's army and a telepathy crown, only to be defeated by the eponymous character several times and King Shark on one occasion. Following the Crisis, Grodd reforms and leaves for Gorilla City, only to learn that its inhabitants were reverted to regular gorillas due to the Crisis and join the Red Death's Rogues until the Flash agrees to help him restore Gorilla City.
 * A time-displaced version of Grodd appears in the third season of Legends of Tomorrow, motion-captured by an uncredited Daniel Cudmore.
 * Gorilla Grodd makes a cameo appearance in the Legacies episode "Hope Is Not the Goal".

Animation

 * Gorilla Grodd appears in Challenge of the Superfriends, voiced by Stanley Ralph Ross. This version is a member of Lex Luthor's Legion of Doom who developed a means of time travel for their use.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears in Super Friends, voiced again by Stanley Ralph Ross.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears in series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU), voiced by Powers Boothe.
 * First appearing in Justice League, this version is Giganta's creator and a fugitive from Gorilla City, which he initially attempts to take revenge on before focusing his efforts on defeating the Justice League. In pursuit of this, he and Giganta recruit Killer Frost, Sinestro, Parasite, Shade, and Clayface to form the Secret Society, only to be defeated by the League and incarcerated. Additionally, Grodd initially derives his psychic powers from a helmet, but becomes able to use them without it after the Flash rewires the helmet to electrocute him.
 * Grodd appears in the final season of Justice League Unlimited. After breaking out of prison, he formed an expanded version of the Secret Society and reworked it to function as a supervillain cooperative against the similarly expanded Justice League and manipulate the Society members into facilitating his plan to turn all humans into apes. After the League foil his plans, Lex Luthor usurps Grodd as the Society's leader with no apparent resistance from the other Society members and holds him prisoner in hopes that Grodd will help resurrect Brainiac. While the Society travels into space to recover Brainiac's remains, Tala frees Grodd to start a mutiny. As the Society members enter a civil war between those loyal to Luthor and those with Grodd, Luthor and Grodd fight individually until the former turns the latter's powers on him and forces him out of the airlock.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by John DiMaggio. In his most notable appearance in the episode "Gorillas in our Midst!", he joins forces with Monsieur Mallah and Gorilla Boss to form G.A.S.P. (Gorillas and Apes Seizing Power) and replace Gotham City's human inhabitants with gorillas, only to be foiled by Batman, Detective Chimp, B'wana Beast, and Vixen.
 * Additionally, an unnamed, heroic, alternate reality, albino version of Grodd appears in the episode "Deep Cover for Batman!".
 * Gorilla Grodd appears in Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise, voiced by Clancy Brown. This version is a member of the Legion of Doom and friends with Lena Luthor.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears in Justice League Action, voiced again by David Sobolov.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears in Harley Quinn, voiced by Diedrich Bader. This version is a member of the Legion of Doom.

Film

 * Gorilla Grodd makes a cameo appearance in Justice League: The New Frontier.
 * Gorilla Grodd makes a cameo appearance in Superman/Batman: Public Enemies, voiced by Brian George.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears in DC Super Friends: The Joker's Playhouse, voiced by Phil LaMarr.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears in JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time, voiced by Travis Willingham. This version is a member of the Legion of Doom who later takes over leadership after Lex Luthor is imprisoned.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears in DC Super Hero Girls: Hero of the Year, voiced again by John DiMaggio.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League: Attack of the Legion of Doom, voiced again by Kevin Michael Richardson. This version is a member of the Legion of Doom.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears in Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Brain Drain, voiced again by John DiMaggio.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears in Batman Ninja, voiced by Takehito Koyasu in the Japanese version and Fred Tatasciore in the English dub.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears in Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Super-Villain High, voiced again by John DiMaggio.

Video games

 * Gorilla Grodd appears in Justice League Heroes, voiced by Neil Kaplan.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears as the first boss of Justice League Heroes: The Flash.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold – The Videogame, voiced again by John DiMaggio.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears as a boss in DC Universe Online, voiced by Jens Anderson.
 * Gorilla Grodd makes a cameo appearance in Injustice: Gods Among Us via the Stryker's Island stage in the console and PC versions and as a support card in the mobile version.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears as a playable character in DC Unchained.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears as a playable character in Injustice 2, voiced by Charles Halford. This version is the ruler of Gorilla City. Seeking to fill the power vacuum left by Superman's Regime, he forms the "Society" to conquer Earth and subdue mankind and allies with Brainiac, intending to eventually betray and kill him. While attempting to steal power from the Rock of Eternity, Grodd is defeated by Black Adam and Aquaman and killed by the latter.

Lego

 * Gorilla Grodd appears as a downloadable character in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes, voiced by Travis Willingham.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Ike Amadi.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced again by David Sobolov. This version is a reluctant member of the Legion of Doom.

Miscellaneous

 * Gorilla Grodd appears in issues #18 and #19 of the Young Justice tie-in comic book. This version was experimented on by the Brain and Ultra-Humanite, who enhanced his strength and intelligence using Kobra venom.
 * The Injustice incarnation of Gorilla Grodd makes a cameo appearance in the Injustice: Gods Among Us prequel comic.
 * Gorilla Grodd appears in DC Super Hero Girls, voiced again by John DiMaggio. This version is the vice-principal of Super Hero High.

Reception
Gorilla Grodd was ranked 35th in IGN's list of 100 Greatest Comic Book Villains.

title: Gorilla Grodd


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User talk:TaIk

Stop making silly edits and vandalizing or you can be blocked from editing. -- 03:59, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:TaIk


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Commercial fishing

Commercial fishing is the activity of catching fish and other seafood for commercial profit, mostly from wild fisheries. It provides a large quantity of food to many countries around the world, but those who practice it as an industry must often pursue fish far into the ocean under adverse conditions. Large-scale commercial fishing is called industrial fishing.

The major fishing industries are not only owned by major corporations but by small families as well. In order to adapt to declining fish populations and increased demand, many commercial fishing operations have reduced the sustainability of their harvest by fishing further down the food chain. This raises concern for fishery managers and researchers, who highlight how further they say that for those reasons, the sustainability of the marine ecosystems could be in danger of collapsing.

Commercial fishermen harvest a wide variety of animals. However, a very small number of species support the majority of the world's fisheries; these include herring, cod, anchovy, tuna, flounder, mullet, squid, shrimp, salmon, crab, lobster, oyster and scallops. All except these last four provided a worldwide catch of well over a million tonnes in 1999, with herring and sardines together providing a catch of over 22 million metric tons in 1999. Many other species are fished in smaller numbers.

In 2016, of the 171 million tonnes of fish caught, about 88 percent or over 151 million tonnes were utilized for direct human consumption. This share has increased significantly in recent decades, as it was 67 percent in the 1960s. In 2016, the greatest part of the 12 percent used for non-food purposes (about 20 million tonnes) was reduced to fishmeal and fish oil (74 percent or 15 million tonnes), while the rest (5 million tonnes) was largely utilized as material for direct feeding in aquaculture and raising of livestock and fur animals, in culture (e.g. fry, fingerlings or small adults for ongrowing), as bait, in pharmaceutical uses and for ornamental purposes.

Economics
The industry, in 2006, also managed to generate over 185 billion dollars in sales and also provide over two million jobs in the United States, according to an economic report released by NOAA's Fisheries Service. Commercial fishing may offer an abundance of jobs, but the pay varies from boat to boat, season to season. Crab fisherman Cade Smith was quoted in an article by Business Week as saying, "There was always a top boat where the crew members raked in $50,000 during the three- to five-day king crab season—or $100,000 for the longer snow crab season". That may be true, but there are also the boats who do not do well; Smith said later in the same article that his worst season left him with a loss of 500 dollars.

The industry has had to adapt through the years in order to keep earning a profit. A study taken on some small family-owned commercial fishing companies showed that they adapted to continue to earn a living but not necessarily make a large profit.

Many people working in commercial fishing are self-employed, with some or all of their pay dependent on the proceeds from the sale of the fish caught. In the UK, the technical term for this is share fisherman, which refers to anyone working without an employment contract, on a boat crewed by more than one person, and relying for their livelihood at least partly on a share of the profits or gross sales of the fishing boat's catch.

Methods and gear

Commercial fishing uses many different methods to effectively catch a large variety of species including the use of pole and line, trolling with multiple lines, trawling with large nets such as seine-netting, and traps or pots. Sustainability of fisheries is improved by using specific equipment that eliminates or minimizes catching non-targeted species.

Fishing methods vary according to the region, the species being fished for, and the technology available to the fishermen. A commercial fishing enterprise may vary from one man with a small boat with hand-casting nets or a few pot traps, to a huge fleet of trawlers processing tons of fish every day.

Commercial fishing gears in use today include surrounding nets (e.g. purse seine), seine nets (e.g. beach seine), trawls (e.g. bottom trawl), dredges, hooks and lines (e.g. long line and troll line), lift nets, gillnets, entangling nets, Pole and Line, and traps

Commercial fishing gear is specifically designed and updated to avoid catching certain species of animal that is unwanted or endangered. Billions of dollars are spent each year in researching/developing new techniques to reduce the injury and even death of unwanted marine animals caught by the fishermen. In fact, there was a study taken in 2000 on different deterrents and how effective they are at deterring the target species. The study showed that most auditory deterrents helped prevent whales from being caught while more physical barriers helped prevent birds from getting tangled within the net.

Occupational health and safety

During 2010–2014, 188 commercial fishing fatalities occurred in the United States, with fatality rates in different fishing fleets ranging from 21 to 147 deaths per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers (FTEs), which is many times higher than the fatality rate for all U.S. workers. During 1919 and 2005, 4111 fishermen died in fishing related accidents in the United Kingdom industry alone. These deaths are generally a result of a combination of severe weather conditions, extreme fatigue because any one fisherman usually puts in a 21-hour shift, and dangerous equipment. Commercial fishing has been identified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues.

Hazards and hazard controls
Common causes of fishing-related deaths include vessel disasters, falls overboard, and onboard injuries.

Between 2000 and 2010, most vessel disasters often were initiated by flooding, vessel instability, and large waves, and that severe weather conditions contributed to a majority of fatal vessel disasters.

The most frequent cause of death is falls overboard. Falling overboard specifically killed 182 fishermen in the period between 2000 and 2010. This fatality rate is 3 times that of the next most dangerous job in the U.S. and more than 25 times that of the national average across all workers. Most falls overboard went unwitnessed, and in none of the cases documented was the victim wearing a personal flotation device (PFD). Several institutions have tried to change the culture surrounding safety on commercial fishing boats, especially around wearing personal flotation devices. The Alaska Scallop Association mandates that every fisherman must wear a PFD while on deck of the boat, and other organizations have purchased more wearable PFDs. Onboard injuries often result when a crew member is caught in a line and pulled into a winch on deck. The installation of a readily accessible emergency stop switch on the winch can potentially prevent these kinds of injuries. Injury data collection systems have begun tracking fishing-related injuries (fatal and non-fatal), using publicly available reports such as news media.

Regulation
The U.S. Coast Guard has primary jurisdiction over the safety of the U.S. commercial fishing fleet, enforcing regulations of the U.S. Commercial Fishing Industry Vessel Safety Act of 1988 (CFIVSA). CFIVSA regulations focus primarily on saving lives after the loss of a vessel and not on preventing vessels from capsizing or sinking, falls overboard, or injuries on deck. CFIVSA regulations require that commercial fishing vessels carry various equipment (e.g., life rafts, radio beacons, and immersion suits) depending on the size of the vessel and the area in which it operates. Not all commercial fishermen follow safety regulations and advice. One study of Maine fishermen found that less than 25% of the fishermen interviewed had recent training in first aid or CPR, only 75% of the boats had survival suits and only 36% had a survival craft. Even the ships that did have the necessary equipment did not consistently have a captain that fully understood how to use the safety equipment.

Environmental risk
The oceans cover nearly two thirds of the Earth's surface, and are continuously threatened by human behaviors and practices. By taking so many fish from the seas, humans have managed to remove entire links from the marine food chain. This causes a chain effect, leading to an overall upset of the delicate ecological balance.

Sharks are one of the ocean's most threatened groups (see list of threatened sharks) because they are mistakenly caught by vessels searching for fish, and end up getting tossed back into the ocean dead or dying Some Asian cuisines value shark fin as a delicacy, incentivizing excessive catching of sharks and even finning practice among unregulated fishermen. This disappearance of sharks has enabled prey animals like rays to multiply, which alters the food chain dynamics.

Bycatch is the industry term for what they consider "unwanted or economically-worthless aquatic animals who are unintentionally caught using destructively indiscriminate fishing methods like longlines and driftnets, which generally target marketable marine creatures such as tuna and swordfish" There are also billions of other animals that are killed in this manner every year such as: sea turtles, marine mammals, and sea birds. Between 1990 and 2008, it was estimated that 8.5 million sea turtles were fatally caught in nets or on longlines as bycatch.

Coral reefs are biodiversity-rich ecosystems which provide habitat for millions of aquatic species such as sponges, star fish, jellyfish, sea turtles, etc. Reef ecosystems are highly sensitive to chemical, temperature, and population changes. There has been an increasing disappearance of large predators such as barracuda, Nassau groupers, and sharks This makes the reefs more vulnerable to invasion by non-native species.

Fish farming is the raising of fish for food in underwater enclosures, otherwise known as aquaculture. There are environmental hazards such as waste, damage to ecosystems, and negative effects on humans. Because they are so densely packed together, the fecal matter that accumulates can create algal blooms, or deadly parasites and viruses that thrive on the filthy environment. These can infect wild fish that swim near the enclosure, or whole colonies of fish if an infected farm fish escapes the enclosure.

Overfishing occurs because fish are captured at a faster rate than they can reproduce. Both advanced fishing technologies and increased demand for fish have resulted in overfishing. The Food and Agricultural Organization has reported that "about 25 percent of the world's captured fish end up thrown overboard because they are caught unintentionally, are illegal market species, or are of inferior quality and size" It should not go unnoticed that overfishing has caused more ecological extinction than any other human influence on coastal ecosystems.

The global environmental problem of oceanic microplastics is largely caused by plastic-made fishing gear that is wearing down by use, lost or thrown away.

title: Commercial fishing