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South Sydney Rabbitohs

The South Sydney Rabbitohs are an Australian professional rugby league football club based in the Sydney suburb of Redfern that competes in the National Rugby League (NRL). They are often referred to as Souths or the Bunnies.

The club was formed in 1908, as one of the founding members of the New South Wales Rugby Football League, making it one of Australia's oldest rugby league teams. It is one of only two NSW foundation clubs still present in the NRL, the other being the Sydney Roosters.

The Rabbitohs' traditional heartland covers the once typically working-class suburbs of inner-south Sydney. The club is based in Redfern, where its administration and training facilities are located, however it has long held a wide supporter base spread all over New South Wales. The team's home ground is currently Stadium Australia in Sydney Olympic Park. South Sydney is the most successful professional team in the history of Australian rugby league with twenty-one first grade premierships.

Origins
The South Sydney District Rugby League Football Club was formed at a meeting on 17 January 1908 at Redfern Town Hall when administrator J. J. Giltinan, cricketer Victor Trumper and politician Henry Hoyle gathered together in front of a large crowd of supporters. The club played in the first round of the newly formed New South Wales Rugby League, defeating North Sydney 11–7 at Birchgrove Oval on 20 April 1908. The team went on to win the inaugural premiership then successfully defended its title in the 1909 season, winning the Grand Final by default. During these early years Arthur Hennessy was considered the "founding father" of the South Sydney rugby league club. A hooker and prop forward, Hennessy was Souths' first captain and coach. He was also New South Wales' first captain and Australia's first test captain in 1908. S. G. "George" Ball became Club Secretary in 1911 after Arthur Hennessy stood down from the position, and he remained in that capacity for over fifty years, only retiring a few years before his death in 1969.

NSWRFL & ARL (1908–1997)
After further premiership success in 1914 and 1918, South Sydney won seven of the eight premierships from 1925 to 1932, missing out only in 1930. The 1925 side went through the season undefeated for 12 games. and is only one of six Australian premiership sides in history to have achieved this feat. Such was Souths' dominance in the early years of the rugby league competition that the Rabbitohs were labelled "The Pride of the League".

South Sydney struggled between 1940–1948. South Sydney's longest losing streak of 22 games was during the period 1945–1947. In the 1945 season the club only managed to win one game while in 1946 it was unable to win a single game.

1950s golden era (1949–1957)
1949 would mark the beginning of almost a decade of great success for South Sydney, winning five of the six premierships from 1950 to 1955, and losing the 1949 Grand Final against St. George, and also the 1952 Grand Final against Western Suburbs in controversial circumstances. The 1951 side's point scoring feat in its 42–14 victory over Manly-Warringah remains the highest score by a team in a Grand Final and "the miracle of '55" involved South Sydney winning 11 straight sudden death matches to win the premiership. Players that were involved in these years included Denis Donoghue, Jack Rayner, Les "Chicka" Cowie, Johnny Graves, Ian Moir, Greg Hawick, Ernie Hammerton, Bernie Purcell and Clive Churchill. Churchill, nicknamed "the Little Master" for his brilliant attacking fullback play, is universally regarded as one of the greatest ever Australian rugby league players.

In the late 1950s Souths began a poor run of form failing to make the finals from 1958 to 1964, during this time receiving the 1962 wooden spoon.

More premiership success (1965–1971)
In 1965 a talented young side made the Grand Final against St. George who were aiming to secure its tenth straight premiership. The young Rabbitohs were not overawed by the Dragons' formidable experience and in front of a record crowd of 78,056 at the Sydney Cricket Ground, it went down narrowly 12–8. The nucleus of this side went on to feature in Australian representative teams for the next six years and ensured another golden period for South Sydney making five successive grand finals from 1967 to 1971, winning four. Bob McCarthy, John O'Neill, Eric Simms, Ron Coote, Mike Cleary and John Sattler from 1965 were later joined by Elwyn Walters, Ray Branighan, Paul Sait, Gary Stevens and coach Clive Churchill to form a fearsome combination before internal strife and poaching by other clubs from 1972 onwards unravelled the star studded pack. From this period comes part of South's and Australian Rugby League folklore when in the 1970 premiership decider against Manly, captain John Sattler inspired the side to victory playing out 70 minutes of the match with his jaw broken in three places after being king hit by Manly prop John Bucknall.

Financial trouble and exclusion (1972–1999)
Financial problems started to hit Souths in the early 1970s, forcing some players to go to other clubs. The licensed Leagues Club, traditionally such an important revenue provider to all first grade league sides, was closed in 1973 but a "Save Our Souths" campaign ensured the club survived. "Super Coach" Jack Gibson's arrival turned the club's form, winning the pre-season competition in 1978. The club captured victories in the mid-week Tooth Cup competition in 1981 and in the pre-season "Sevens" competition in 1988. The Rabbitohs made the finals on five occasions in the 1980s, including a dominant season to finish as minor premiers in 1989. The 1989 season proved to be the club's most successful in years, but was also the last time the club reached the finals until 2007. The following season the Rabbitohs finished as wooden spooners.

The club stayed afloat in the 1990s despite major financial problems. Souths' only success came in 1994 when it won the pre-season competition, defeating the Brisbane Broncos 27–26 in the final. The Super League War and the eventual formation of the National Rugby League affected the club greatly when it was determined in 1998 that the newly formed competition would be contracted to 14 teams for the 2000 season. Following a series of mergers by other teams, and a planned merger with Cronulla-Sutherland was met with staunch opposition from both clubs, South Sydney failed to meet the National Rugby League's selection criteria to compete in the competition and were subsequently excluded from the premiership at the end of the 1999 season.

Fight for readmission
In 2000 and 2001, South Sydney fought its way back into the competition following a string of high-profile legal battles against the National Rugby League and News Limited. A number of well attended public rallies took place during this time, as supporters from many different clubs got behind South Sydney's case. Upon appeal to the Federal Court in 2001, South Sydney won readmission into the premiership for the 2002 season.

National Rugby League (2002–present)
After being readmitted, South Sydney were initially unsuccessful in the premiership, finishing amongst the bottom three teams for five seasons straight including three wooden spoons. Following this, the club was taken over by actor Russell Crowe and businessman Peter Holmes à Court in 2006. In the 2007 season South Sydney played in its first finals campaign since 1989.

May 2008 saw the sudden resignation of the then current executive chairman and CEO, Peter Holmes à Court. He had been appointed to the role of CEO at the start of 2008. Reports suggested that Holmes à Court had been forced to stand down after his relationship with Russell Crowe had deteriorated beyond repair.

The South Sydney Rabbitohs celebrated its centenary year during the 2008 National Rugby League season. That year the club were named the National Trust's inaugural 'Community Icon', in recognition of the club's significant longstanding contribution to sport and sporting culture at both state and national levels.

Return to premiership success
The arrival of Sam Burgess and Greg Inglis to the club in the early 2010s saw South Sydney qualify for the finals. In April 2011, Souths announced Michael Maguire would replace retiring coach John Lang for the 2012 season, signing as head coach on a three-year deal. Following consecutive preliminary final exits in 2012 and 2013, it defeated the Sydney Roosters in the 2014 preliminary final to advance to its first grand final since the successful 1971 campaign.

Following a slim 6–0 lead in the first half of the 2014 grand final, Souths scored four second half tries to defeat Canterbury 30–6. This was South Sydney's first premiership win in 43 years. Sam Burgess received the Clive Churchill medal despite playing the entire match with a fractured cheekbone, suffered from a head clash during the first tackle of the match.

Following the premiership victory, South Sydney were presented with the Keys to the City of Randwick by Mayor Ted Seng at a presentation ceremony at Souths Juniors in Kingsford and later the same day awarded the Keys to the City of Sydney by Lord Mayor Clover Moore at a reception at Sydney Town Hall.

On 23 October 2014, Holmes à Court sold his 50% share of Blackcourt League Investments, and consequently his 37.5% stake in South Sydney, to James Packer's Consolidated Press Holdings.

After elimination early in the 2015 finals series, a nine-game winning streak in 2018 saw South Sydney return to premiership contention. This season marked the start of five consecutive preliminary finals appearances in the late 2010s and early 2020s. After losses in consecutive years to the Sydney Roosters, Canberra Raiders, and Penrith Panthers, South Sydney defeated Manly in 2021 to advance to the grand final against Penrith.

With the game poised at 8–8 in the second half, Cody Walker threw a pass that was intercepted by Panthers winger Stephen Crichton who scored untouched. Souths scored in the final five minutes of the match, but halfback Adam Reynolds missed the conversion from the sideline and a subsequent field-goal attempt, either of which would have seen the game tied. Penrith won the game 14–12. Penrith defeated South Sydney in the 2022 preliminary final, ending Souths' season for the third year in a row.

Prior to the 2022 season, Atlassian founder Mike Cannon-Brookes became a partial owner of the Rabbitohs by buying one third of the management firm alongside Crowe and Packer. Together, these three own 75% of the Rabbitohs; the remaining 25% of the club is owned by fans. South Sydney started the 2023 NRL season strongly with the club sitting second at the midway point of the year which included impressive victories over Brisbane, Melbourne and Penrith. However, the club would suffer a slump in the second half the season only winning four of the remaining 13 fixtures which saw them finish 9th on the table after losing against the Sydney Roosters and miss the finals for the first time since 2017.

South Sydney started the 2024 NRL season poorly winning only one game from their opening seven matches. On 30 April 2024, head coach Jason Demetriou was sacked by the club with Ben Hornby replacing him as interim head coach.

Emblem
The club mascot is the rabbitoh, a now-disused term that was commonly used in the early 20th century to describe hawkers who captured and skinned rabbits and then sold the meat at markets, so named because they would shout "rabbit-oh!" around the markets and suburbs to attract buyers. The club is also informally referred to as the Rabbits, Bunnies or Souths.

Exactly how South Sydney came to be known as the Rabbitohs is unknown. According to one version of events, dating from pre-schism days at the turn of the 20th century, some of the club's players earned some extra money on Saturday mornings as rabbit-oh men, staining their jerseys with rabbit blood in the process; when they played in those blood stained jumpers that afternoon, opponents from wealthier rugby clubs did not always appreciate the aroma and would mockingly repeat the "Rabbitoh!" cry. Another version was that the term was a disparaging reference by opposing teams to South's home ground being plagued with "rabbit 'oles"; in those early days Redfern Oval was then known as Nathan's Cow Paddock. A third version claims the Rabbitoh name was adopted from that of the touring Australian rugby union teams of the early 1900s who were nicknamed "Rabbits" prior to discarding the name in 1908 in favour of the moniker "Wallabies".

The "Rabbitoh" emblem, a running white rabbit, first appeared on the team's jersey in 1959. The Rabbitoh emblem has in various forms been carried as the club's crest on every player's jersey ever since. The original "Rabbitoh" emblem design that appeared on the team's jerseys throughout the 1960s and 1970s has now been incorporated on the current jersey.

The South Sydney Rabbitohs celebrated its centenary year during 2008. The club released a centenary emblem to commemorate the occasion. To also coincide with the centenary year, Souths opted to alter the logo by removing the red and green oval from the emblem for a solid white rabbit with the words South Sydney Rabbitohs set in uppercase type.

Colours
South Sydney has used cardinal red and myrtle green colours on its playing jerseys for the vast majority of the club's history. Prior to the establishment of the rugby league club in 1908, the South Sydney rugby union team originally wore a red and green hooped jersey. Some sources have suggested that this combination of colours was due to the local rugby union club being nicknamed the "Redfern Waratahs". The first British inhabitants had often called the waratah a "red fern" instead, hence giving the suburb its name, and ultimately the local rugby club its emblem. Red and green dominate the colours of the waratah and hence, possibly, the South Sydney Rugby League Football Club adopted these colours for its jerseys. However, the suburb of Redfern was named in honour of William Redfern, one of the first doctors of the colony, who treated convicts and poor settlers as well as the wealthy.

The club's jersey has been a hooped-styled one comprising alternating red and green, and has been used for the vast majority of the club's history. In 1945 and 1946 the club broke with this tradition and used a green design with a red "V" around the collar, before reverting to the original hoop style. From 1980 to 1984 the team played in a strip which saw the inclusion of white hoops within a predominately green design with a central red stripe and was affectionately known as the "Minties" jersey (so-called due to its apparent similarity to the wrapper design of the popular sweet). With the introduction of "away" jerseys towards the end of the 20th century, the club initially introduced a predominantly white jersey for away matches which was changed to a predominantly black one for the 2006 season.

Before the start of the 2007 season, the club announced that the away jersey would be styled identically to the traditional home jersey, with the exception of sponsorship and the rabbit emblem, which has been styled similarly to the one that initially featured on jerseys in the 1960s. For season 2009, the rabbit emblem is black for home matches whilst the emblem is the original white for away matches.

The playing shorts worn were historically black, though in the late 1970s the club adopted green shorts with a red vertical stripe. This was then superseded by the white shorts of the "Minties" outfit. When the club subsequently reverted to the traditional playing strip, the decision was made to wear black shorts once more. In 2008 the Rabbitohs wore white shorts to match the white stripe running down the side of the jersey.

Reggie the Rabbit
Reggie the Rabbit is the Rabbitohs' mascot. The mascot first appeared in lifesize form in 1968 after celebrity fan Don Lane brought back a suit from the US in time for the 1968 grand final against Manly Warringah Sea Eagles, won by the Rabbitohs 13–9. Perhaps the most notable of the early Reggies was the club's groundsman Reg Fridd. Standing just over four feet tall, the Rabbitohs lured the diminutive New Zealander from a touring production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarves, the same troupe that had yielded the second Reggie, Roscoe Bova, killed in a car accident in the early 1970s. Most teams in the National Rugby League maintain mascots. During 2000 and 2001, when Souths was excluded from the NRL, Anth Courtney was Reggie Rabbit appearing at the second Town Hall rally and at games at Redfern Oval as well as being active in travelling extensively around the state to attend fundraisers as Reggie Rabbit.

Geographic area
The South Sydney District Rugby League Football Club (precursor to the current corporate entity) was formed, under the original 1908 articles of association with the NSWRL competition, to represent the Sydney municipalities of Alexandria, Botany, Mascot, Waterloo, Redfern and Darlington and the southern parts of the City Of Sydney. It additionally represents southern parts of the eastern suburbs of Sydney, including the suburbs Coogee, Kensington, Kingsford, and Maroubra.

Souths have a proud history of Indigenous players from the local district clubs including La Perouse United, Redfern All Blacks and Indigenous recruits from Country NSW.

Stadium
During the early years of the New South Wales Rugby League premiership, "home games" were not assigned very often. However, South Sydney played most of its games at the Royal Agricultural Society Ground (Sydney Showground) from 1908 until the club's departure in 1920. From 1911 onwards, the Sydney Sports Ground was also used interchangeably with the Agricultural Ground over a decade for hosting matches. In 1947 the club played its final season at the Sports Ground, before relocating to Redfern Oval in 1948. It was here that team played in the heart of the club's territory and played the vast majority of its allocated home matches.

In 1988, the club began to play in the Sydney Football Stadium, just built upon the former Sydney Sports Ground and Sydney Cricket Ground No. 2 Oval. The side continued to play here up until 2005, with the exception of 2000 and 2001 when South Sydney was absent from the premiership. During 2004–2005, when the Rabbitoh's contract with Sydney Football Stadium was about to expire, new home grounds were investigated at Gosford, North Sydney Oval and Telstra Stadium. Eventually the decision was made to relocate to Telstra Stadium at Sydney Olympic Park. The move was generally not well received by the fans, but provided considerably more income for the club, which was several million dollars in the red at the end of 2005.

In 2006, the club relocated home games to Stadium Australia in Sydney's west (known as Telstra Stadium until the conclusion of 2007). In February 2008, the Rabbitohs renewed its partnership with Stadium Australia (which was then known as ANZ Stadium) to play NRL home games and home finals at the venue for the next 10 years, commencing season 2008.

During 2008, the City of Sydney Council completed a $19.5 million upgrade and renovation of Redfern Oval. From season 2009, the upgraded Redfern Oval provided the Rabbitohs with training facilities and a venue for hosting pre-season and exhibition matches.

In 2023, the Rabbitohs relocated its headquarters and first team training facilities from Redfern Oval to the Heffron Centre, a $58M community sporting complex in Maroubra owned by Randwick City Council. The South Sydney Rabbitohs’ $26M Community and High Performance Centre provides training facilities for the NRL, Women’s and NSW Cup teams, as well as facilities for the administrative, commercial and Souths Cares staff members.

Supporters
The South Sydney Rabbitohs continue to have a large supporter base in its traditional areas of South-eastern Sydney, despite having moved from Redfern Oval two decades ago, while also enjoying wide support throughout other rugby league playing centres around the country. The official South Sydney supporter group is known as "The Burrow".

South Sydney at one stage had the highest football club membership in the National Rugby League, with membership exceeding 35,000 as of June 23, 2015. That member number also included more than 11,000 ticketed members, the highest of the Sydney-based NRL clubs. Following the conclusion of the 2021 NRL season, new figures showed South Sydney to have the second highest membership of Sydney NRL clubs behind Parramatta.

It was announced during the 2010 Charity Shield game that both St. George Illawarra and Souths had exceeded the 10,000 milestone, making the 2010 season the first time two Sydney clubs had entered the season with 10,000 ticketed members each. The club had members from every state in Australia and international members in 22 countries. Football club membership peaked at some 22,000 when the club was re-admitted to the National Rugby League for season 2002.

"Group 14", a collection of club backers including businessmen, politicians, musicians and media personalities, was formed before the Rabbitohs' exclusion from the NRL in 1999. Members include Anthony Albanese, Laurie Brereton, Michael Cheika, Rodger Corser, Michael Daley, Andrew Denton, Cathy Freeman, Nick Greiner, Deirdre Grusovin, Ron Hoenig, Ray Martin, Mikey Robins, and Mike Whitney. They contributed to South Sydney's bid for reinstatement, following the club's exclusion from the competition at the end of the 1999 season. A sustained campaign of public support that year, unprecedented in Australian sporting history, saw 40,000 people attend a rally in the Sydney CBD in support of South Sydney's cause. In 2000 and 2001, public street marches took place in Sydney with in excess of 80,000 people rallying behind the Rabbitohs. The club also has a number of high-profile supporters as well, many of whom were dominant figures in Souths' battle to be readmitted into the premiership in 2000 and 2001. In 2007, supporters set a new club record for attendance with an average home crowd figure of 15,702 being the highest ever since the introduction of the home and away system in 1974.

In 2023, incumbent Prime Minister of Australia, Anthony Albanese, a lifelong South Sydney supporter, was named the club’s number one ticket-holder.

The Juniors
The Juniors aka Souths Juniors on Anzac Parade in Kingsford, New South Wales has been the club's leagues club since the old Souths Leagues closed in 2013. The club is owned by the South Sydney District Junior Rugby Football League.

Juniors at the Junction
Juniors @ The Junction (Since 2009) – The result of a merger with South Sydney Junior Rugby League Club (Kingsford) and the struggling Maroubra Returned and Services League (RSL) Club. The club is on the site of the former Maroubra RSL club on Anzac Parade and Haig Street.

The Juniors on Hawkesbury
The Juniors on Hawkesbury (Since 2008) – in the Hawkesbury River

South Sydney Leagues Club
The South Sydney Leagues Club, colloquially known as Souths Leagues, was the club's official leagues club. The club closed in 2013 after being placed into administration with large debts.

Culture and tradition
In 1999 Russell Crowe bought the foundation bell at the Red and Green Ball for the club.

Glory, Glory to South Sydney
The club's most well known song is played when the team runs out for home games and after victories at home. Originally recorded in 1967 by the Will Dower Sounds as "South's Victory Song" [sic], "Glory, Glory to South Sydney" is one of the best-known NRL team songs, prominently featuring in promotional materials, merchandise and even the #GGTSS hashtag.

The original version was written when there were 10 clubs in the NSWRFL premiership, and predates the admission of Penrith and Cronulla-Sutherland for the 1967 season, despite its release date.

The song is likely to have been inspired by Glory Glory (football chant), sharing Battle Hymn of the Republic's tune and coincided with the club's most recent "golden era". While the NSWRFL premiership had been won for 11 consecutive seasons by the St. George Dragons, the Rabbitohs had a strong team and won the 1967 NSWRFL premiership, going back-to-back in 1968 and winning all but one Grand Final between then and 1971.

The song was heavily played and featured in the club's "fightback" effort when Souths were excluded from the 14-team NRL seasons in 2000 and 2001. In 2004, Allan Caswell wrote an updated and modernised version, referencing the 15 teams in the NRL Telstra Premiership at the time, which was played at home games for several years before being replaced by the original.

Somewhat controversially, whilst sponsored by Real Insurance in 2005 and 2006, the club made its entrance to a version of The Real Thing as a tie-in. Upon the expiration of the deal, the club reverted to "Glory Glory", but this time a modernised pop version incorporating only the chorus and "South Sydney" chant sung by a female vocalist.

As of 2023, the original 1967 version is used officially by the club and featured at the club's 2014 and 2021 Grand Final appearances.

Victory song
The Rabbitohs' victory song (also known as the "player's song" ) appears to be of pre-WWII origin, but awareness has grown over the years and especially around the passing of club legend John Sattler, whose performances of the song around the club's 2014 and 2021 NRL Grand Final in various media have become somewhat iconic within the South Sydney community and were played after the club's win the week after his passing.

The lyrics have varied over the year in a form of Oral tradition - the current version sung by the players after a win only features the first verse/stanza, preceded recently (in 2023) by a player or special guest calling out "If You're Happy and You Know It", responded en masse with claps.

The tune of the song differs by segment - the main part as still sung, according to John Sattler's version, is based on the melody of The Stars and Stripes Forever.

Botany Road
The Burrow (supporters' group) began singing a chant to the tune of Take Me Home, Country Roads during the club's resurgence in the 2010s, generally reserving this chant for when victory was assured within 5 minutes of full time.

Flags, banners and scarves bearing Botany Road are found throughout South Sydney's supporters at games, referencing the eponymous road that runs through the heart of the South Sydney geographical area.

The song is now an iconic part of the Rabbitohs fan experience, especially during rivalry and Finals Series games. The early repetitions are normally sung at a slow and deliberate pace a capella, with the pace increasing closer to full time and supporters clapping along as the time runs down.

The Burrow chants
The Burrow have numerous Football chants, both in support of the club and its players as well as against rivals. Some of the most prominent songs and chants, as found in their songbooks, include "South Sydney 'Til I Die", "Rabbitohs", the aforementioned "Botany Road" and several player-based songs, including a version of Whole Again in appreciation of Damien Cook.

The Burrow also gather in their bay to sing their own version of Under the Southern Cross I Stand after Rabbitohs victories, adapted from the Australian national cricket team.

Fightback-era songs
During the club's exile, numerous supporters of the club contributed songs to raise awareness of their plight and to serve as a fundraiser through the sale of "The Glory of South Sydney" CD and VHS.

Allan Caswell and Mark Egan penned "Souths Can Stand Alone", which was performed at several fundraisers and protests. The song claims "if they dump South Sydney, they're dumping Rugby League" and thanks George Piggins for his efforts. A music video featuring a montage of South Sydney moments and heroes was included on the VHS version.

Caswell himself became a prominent figure in the campaign, creating several satirical or parody versions of well-known songs, including the club's own "Glory Glory", in protest of News Corp Australia and the National Rugby League's decision to exclude South Sydney from the 2000 and future seasons.

Other contributions included "Glory in their Eyes", a song by John Maclean that touches on the long period since Souths' last premiership and the struggle of long-time Souths supporters having to accept the loss of their club, "Rabbitohs" by Daniel Lissing which concludes with the line "South Sydney marches on" in defiance of the club's exclusion, as well as "Calling All Rabbits" which was constructed from commentary and news soundbytes relating to famous moments on-field, the fight to remain in and return to NRL competition and the like.

Other songs
One of the more famous South Sydney inspired songs in recent years is "The Day John Sattler Broke His Jaw" by Perry Keyes and later covered by The Whitlams and the Black Stump Band, referencing not only the famous heroics of John Sattler in the 1970 Grand Final, but also life in 1970s Australia and inner-city Sydney. The song's chorus incorporates Frank Hyde's famous "if it's high enough, if it's long enough, it's straight between the posts" commentary.

A Rabbitohs fan covered Eddie Vedder's song All the Way, adapting the original's references to the Chicago Cubs' century-long struggle to win its next World Series to South Sydney's exclusion and long premiership drought, and the ending of that drought in 2014. The Cubs would win its first World Series since 1908 (also the year Souths participated and won in the inaugural NSWRFL competition) in 2016.

Several supporters have written songs of their own, occasionally garnering some interest within the community.

Pre-game, Souths often have a hype package put together as well as team lineups presented to music. Previous choices for these have included Cochise, Kryptonite and Hail to the King, often interpolated with the "South Sydney" chant just prior to the entrance of the players.

Rivalries
A book, The Book of Feuds, chronicling the rivalries of the Rabbitohs with its NRL competitors was written by Mark Courtney at the instigation of Russell Crowe. It has been used as a motivational tool before Souths matches and was later released on sale to the public.

Main
Sydney Roosters – South Sydney and its fans have built up rivalries with other clubs, particularly the Sydney Roosters (Eastern Suburbs), the only other remaining foundation club.

While South Sydney were historically strongly working class, the Roosters were viewed by South’s supporters as ‘Silvertails’ - supported by upper class folk from Sydney’s Eastern suburbs.

South Sydney and the Roosters share inner-Sydney territory, resulting in a strong rivalry since 1908 when Souths beat Eastern Suburbs in the first grand final 14–12. Games between the neighbouring foundation clubs have since formed part of the oldest "local derby" in the competition. The rivalry increased after 1950 due to conflict between junior territories and since the 1970s escalated once more as both clubs drew key players away from each other (Souths lost internationals Ron Coote, Elwyn Walters and Jim Morgan to the Roosters from its last era of premiership winning teams, whilst more recently Souths lured key forwards Bryan Fletcher, Peter Cusack and centre Shannon Hegarty away from the Roosters 2002 premiership winning side) and later Michael Crocker. Other players to run out for both clubs include Ashley Harrison, Luke Keary, Angus Crichton, Daniel Suluka-Fifita and Latrell Mitchell. In round 1, 2010, South Sydney and Roosters became the first clubs to play 200 matches against each other. The Sydney Roosters 36–10 victory put the ledger at 105 games won by South Sydney, 90 by the Roosters (Eastern Suburbs) and 5 drawn. In 2014, Souths defeated the Sydney Roosters in the preliminary final to reach its first grand final in 43 years. In 2018, the Sydney Roosters defeated Souths 12–4 in the preliminary final at Allianz Stadium which was the last game to be played at the venue. The crowd of 44,380 was also a ground record. In 2019, the two clubs met in the qualifying final which was played at the Sydney Cricket Ground. South Sydney had beaten the Sydney Roosters only a week prior in the final game of the regular season but in the qualifying final, the Roosters won the match 30–6 in a dominant display.

In 2020, the Sydney Roosters managed to record a victory over South Sydney 28–12 in round 3. In the final round of the 2020 NRL season, Souths defeated the Sydney Roosters 60–8. This was the biggest win South Sydney had ever recorded over its rivals eclipsing the previous score set in 1952 when Souths defeated Eastern Suburbs 52–0.

Before round 25 of the 2022 NRL season where the two sides were to meet, Sydney Roosters CEO Nick Politis issued a warning to South Sydney stating that the new Sydney Football Stadium has always been the home ground and territory of the Eastern Suburbs club and not South Sydney. Souths had declared they wanted to leave Stadium Australia and make the new Sydney Football Stadium as their home ground. Politis said to Fox Sports “I’ve heard other people say they want to play there because it’s their home, The point is we’ve been there since 1928. We started with the old sports ground and then 30 years with the old Allianz Stadium, Nobody else has played there. For another club to say we want to go there because it’s our home, it’s not their home. The Roosters are the only people that belong there. It’s our true home and it’s very sacred".

Despite Politis claims, the South Sydney club had used the Sydney Sports Ground as a home ground before Eastern Suburbs and the two clubs often ground shared for the first 30 years of its existence at the venue. In the 2022 elimination final, seven players were sin binned which was the most in an NRL era game as South Sydney upset the Sydney Roosters 30-14 ending their season. In the last round of the 2023 NRL season, the Sydney Roosters defeated South Sydney 26–12 to end their season and deny them a finals spot. Before the match started both sides knew whoever lost the game would miss out on the finals. In round 3 of the 2024 NRL season, the Sydney Roosters recorded their second biggest win over South Sydney since 1908 beating them 48-6.

To celebrate the rivalry, South Sydney and the Sydney Roosters play for the Ron Coote Cup annually.

Major
St George Dragons and St George Illawarra Dragons – The long-standing rivalry against St. George results in the annual Charity Shield match, originally played against the original St. George Dragons and now (since the joint venture formed with Illawarra Steelers) played against the current team, St. George Illawarra.

South Sydney and St. George have met several times in grand finals prior to the joint-venture and being the north-eastern neighbours of St. George, had many fierce encounters. In 2001, South Sydney chairman and club legend George Piggins said there would be no chance of the Charity Shield being revived if Souths were to be included back into the NRL saying "The Dragons: They sold us out". This was in reference to St. George signing an affidavit at the time which included that it would be detrimental if Souths were returned to the competition.

In 2018, both sides met for the first time in a finals match since 1984. Souths won a close semi-final 13–12.

Balmain Tigers – From 1908–1999, South Sydney had a fierce rivalry with Balmain. The rivalry with Balmain began in 1909 when both teams agreed to boycott the final which was being held as curtain raiser to a Kangaroos v Wallabies match. As agreed, Balmain did not turn up. However, Souths did turn up and were officially awarded the Premiership when it kicked off to an empty half of the field.

South Sydney would later meet Balmain in the 1916 premiership final which Balmain won 5–3. In 1924, Balmain and Souths met in the grand final which is also the lowest scoring grand final in NSWRL/NRL History. Balmain ran out 3-0 winners with the match only seeing one try. In 1939, Balmain and Souths met once more in the grand final with Balmain winning 33–4. In the 1969 NSWRFL season enmity was again fueled between the clubs with Balmain's controversial victory against South Sydney in the grand final that year.

Minor
Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles – South Sydney first met Manly-Warringah in the 1951 NSWRFL season's Grand Final. South Sydney would win the match 42-14 which as of 2022 is the highest scoring grand final in NSWRL/NRL history. Souths would then meet in the 1968 and 1970 grand finals which South Sydney both won. In the 2013 preliminary final, Souths were looking to reach its first grand final since 1971 when it faced off against Manly. Souths lead the match 14-0 early on but were eventually defeated by Manly 30–20. In the 2021 NRL season, South Sydney and Manly once again met in the preliminary final but on this occasion South Sydney ran out comfortable winners to reach the 2021 NRL Grand Final.

Manly have, since 1970, purchased many of Souths' star players including John O'Neill, Ray Branighan, Ian Roberts, and more recently Dylan Walker.

Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs – A more recent feud that primarily developed in the years 2014 and 2015, following the 2014 NRL Grand Final and a controversial Good Friday match. Canterbury were also Grand Finalists in 1967 with South Sydney prevailing 12−10. Annually, South Sydney and Canterbury-Bankstown compete in the Good Friday game, competing for the Good Friday Cup.

The Magnificent XIII (2002)
In 2002 on the Rabbitohs' readmission to the competition, The Magnificent XIII, a team consisting of great South Sydney players over the years was selected by a panel of rugby league journalists and former Souths players and coaches. The team consists of 17 players (four being reserves) and a coach representing the South Sydney Rabbitohs Football Club from 1908 through to 2002.

Dream Team (2004)
The Rabbitohs announced the South Sydney Dream Team at a gala dinner held on 29 July 2004, at the Westin Hotel in Sydney. 17 players were selected in position as well as a coach to represent the South Sydney Football Club from 1908 through to 2004. The team was selected by a group of rugby league experts, historians and by Rabbitohs fans through a public vote.

Club Best & Fairest
The George Piggins Medal is the award given to the Rabbitohs player determined to have been the "best and fairest" throughout an NRL season. The inaugural winner of the award in 2003 was Bryan Fletcher. In 2013, John Sutton and Greg Inglis became the first joint winners of the award.

Clive Churchill Medal
The Clive Churchill medal is awarded annually to the player adjudged best on ground in the grand final.

 * Clive Churchill (1954)*
 * Jack Rayner (1955)*
 * Eric Simms (1968)*
 * Bob Grant (1970)*
 * Ron Coote (1971)*
 * Sam Burgess (2014)

* Retrospective medals

Dally M Award Winners
Latrell Mitchell (2024)

Dally M Medal
Awarded annually to the player of the year over the course of the first grade regular season.
 * Robert Laurie (1980)

Rookie of the Year

 * Jim Sedaris (1989)
 * Chris Sandow (2008)
 * Adam Reynolds (2012)
 * George Burgess (2013)

Coach of the Year

 * Anthony Seibold (2018)

Team of the Year

 * Robert Laurie (Five-eighth, 1980)
 * Nathan Gibbs (Second row, 1980)
 * Mick Pattison (Five-eighth, 1981)
 * Ian Roberts (Prop, 1987)
 * Phil Blake (Five-eighth, 1989)
 * Matt Parsons (Prop, 1999)
 * Greg Inglis (Fullback, 2013)
 * Sam Burgess (Lock, 2014)
 * Damien Cook (Hooker, 2018)
 * Cameron Murray (Lock, 2019)
 * Cody Walker (Five-eighth, 2021)
 * Alex Johnston (Wing, 2022)
 * Latrell Mitchell (Fullback 2024)

NRL Immortals

 * Clive Churchill (1981)

NRL Hall of Fame
The NRL Hall of Fame recognises the contribution to rugby league in Australia since 1908.
 * Clive Churchill (2002)
 * Harold Horder (2004)
 * Ron Coote (2005)
 * George Treweek (2006)
 * Harry Wells (2007)
 * Cec Blinkhorn (2018)
 * Billy Cann (2018)
 * Herb Gilbert (2018)
 * Howard Hallett (2018)
 * Brian Hambly (2018)
 * Bob McCarthy (2018)
 * John O'Neill (2018)
 * John Sattler (2018)
 * Benny Wearing (2018)

Other distinctions

 * Nathan Merritt (2006, Ken Irvine Medal)
 * Nathan Merritt (2011, Ken Irvine Medal)
 * Chris Sandow (2011, top point scorer)
 * Greg Inglis (2013, Provan-Summons Medal)
 * Damien Cook (2018, Provan-Summons Medal)
 * Adam Reynolds (2020, top point scorer)
 * Alex Johnston (2020, Ken Irvine Medal)
 * Alex Johnston (2021, Ken Irvine Medal)
 * Alex Johnston (2022, Ken Irvine Medal)

Statistics and records
South Sydney are the most successful club in terms of honours and individual player achievements in the history of NSW rugby league.

The club achievements include:
 * The Rabbitohs have won the most first grade premierships (21) during the history of elite rugby league competition in Australia, in addition to the most reserve grade premierships (21).
 * The club has the distinction of being the only team to win a premiership in its inaugural season (1908).
 * The club also has the distinction of scoring the most points (42), most tries (8) and most goals (9) in a grand final, all achieved against Manly in 1951.
 * South Sydney's 1925 first grade side is one of six New South Wales sides to ever go through a season undefeated. The club won the premiership in all three grades in 1925, a feat only repeated on three other occasions (Balmain Tigers in 1915 and 1916 and St George Dragons in 1963).
 * In 2008, the Rabbitohs equalled the second biggest comeback in Australian Rugby League history. After being down 28–4 after 53 minutes against the North Queensland Cowboys, the Rabbitohs won the match 29–28.

The club's players have also achieved some notable individual game and point scoring milestones:
 * John Sutton holds the record for the most first grade games for the club, having played 336 matches between 2004 and 2019.
 * Jack Rayner holds the individual record of the most grand final successes as a captain (5) and coach (5) achieved between 1950 and 1955.
 * Adam Reynolds holds the club record for the most points, tallying 1896 points between 2012 and 2021.
 * Eric Simms scored 265 points on his own for South Sydney in 1969 and this tally remains unsurpassed by any other player at the club.
 * Eric Simms still holds a club and competition record for the most goals (112 goals and 19 field goals) in a season, most career field goals (86) and most field goals in a game (5).
 * Johnny Graves' tally of 29 points in a match against Eastern Suburbs in 1952 remains the club record for the most individual points in a match. Had this feat been scored as it is today it would have stood at 32 points.
 * Alex Johnston is the only player to score 30 tries in a single season in the NRL era. He achieved the feat in both the 2021 and 2022 seasons, the only player in Australian rugby league history to complete the feat twice.
 * During his career Bob McCarthy scored 100 tries for the club, the most by a forward.
 * Alex Johnston equalled the South Sydney club record of 5 tries in a 2017 match against Penrith at ANZ Stadium in a 42–14 win, joining greats such as Nathan Merritt, Harold Horder, Johnny Graves and Ian Moir. Johnston went on to score another 5 tries against the Sydney Roosters in a 60–8 win in the final round of the 2020 season.
 * Alex Johnston passed Nathan Merritt's all-time try scoring record in Souths win 44–18 against Wests Tigers in round 12 of the 2022 season, with 166 tries as of the end of the 2022 season.

title: South Sydney Rabbitohs


text:
Signhildsberg

Signhildsberg (historically Fornsigtuna, where forn means ancient, Old Sigtuna, Sithun, Signesberg) is a manor that formerly was a royal estate (Uppsala öd), located in the parish of Håtuna approximately 4 km west of the modern town of Sigtuna, by Lake Mälaren in Sweden. Although the location is nearly forgotten, it has a central role in Norse mythology, according to which it was founded by the Norse god Odin.

Etymology
The name Sigtuna is contested. According to one theory, it is a compound name where the second element is -tuna and the first one is either of two closely related dialectal words, viz. sig meaning "seeping water" or "swamp" or sik meaning "swamp". As a basis for this intpretation, a brook south of Signhildsberg has been mentioned, or the fact that the estate was surrounded by marshy terrain.

Another theory considers the name to be an ancient prestigious "wander toponym", meaning "strong fortress", like the Celtic toponym Segodunum, from Proto-Germanic *sigatūna-, Old Norse Sigtún, cf. Proto-Germanic *segaz ~ *sigiz- "victory": Gothic sigis, Old Norse sigr, Old English sigor, Old Frisian sige, sīge, Old High German sigi, sigu.

In 1680, the name was changed to Signhildsberg after the Old Norse legend of Hagbard and Signy.

Heimskringla
In Chapter 5 of the Ynglinga saga section of his Heimskringla, Snorri Sturluson relates that Odin and the Æsir first arrived at Old Sigtuna when they came to Sweden:
 * Odin took up his residence at the Maelare lake, at the place now called Old Sigtun. There he erected a large temple, where there were sacrifices according to the customs of the Asaland people. He appropriated to himself the whole of that district, and called it Sigtun. To the temple priests he gave also domains. Njord dwelt in Noatun, Freyr in Upsala, Heimdal in the Himinbergs, Thor in Thrudvang, Balder in Breidablik; to all of them he gave good estates.

Later the pirate Sölve arrived at Old Sigtuna to claim the Swedish throne:
 * Solve came unexpectedly in the night on Eystein (Östen), surrounded the house in which the king was, and burned him and all his court. Then Solve went to Sigtun, and desired that the Swedes should receive him, and give him the title of king; but they collected an army, and tried to defend the country against him, on which there was a great battle, that lasted, according to report, eleven days. There King Solve was victorious, and was afterwards king of the Swedish dominions for a long time, until at last the Swedes betrayed him, and he was killed.

In the part called The Saga of St. Olaf, the Norwegian king Olaf Haraldsson makes shore at Old Sigtuna:
 * King Olaf steered thereafter eastwards to Svithjod, and into the Lag (the Mælar lake), and ravaged the land on both sides. He sailed all the way up to Sigtuna, and laid his ships close to the old Sigtuna. The Swedes say the stone-heaps are still to be seen which Olaf had laid under the ends of the gangways from the shore to the ships.

Skaldic poetry
In Orvar-Odd's saga, Hjalmar laments his dying:

The location is also mentioned in other poems by the 11th-century skalds Þjóðólfr Arnórsson Valgarðr á Velli and Arnórr Þórðarson.

Gesta Danorum
Saxo Grammaticus writes in Book 8 of Gesta Danorum that Sigmund, one of the warriors of the House of Yngling, came from what is chronologically Old Sigtuna to fight at the Battle of Bråvalla:
 * They likewise held the god Frey to be the founder of their race. Amongst these from the town of Sigtun also came Sigmund, a champion advocate, versed in making contracts of sale and purchase; besides him Frosti surnamed Bowl: allied with him was Alf the Lofty (Proud?) from the district of Upsala; this man was a swift spear-thrower, and used to go in the front of the battle.

Archaeology
There are two large ruins that had been two large three-aisled halls, a series of terraces just above the shore-line of the Germanic Iron Age, traces of a harbour, a large mound and a number of smaller grave fields. Excavations have dated the remains to the Vendel Age, part of the Germanic Iron Age, and the Viking Age, i.e., from the 6th century until the 11th century.

History
It was an Iron Age and mediaeval royal estate (see Uppsala öd) and it was located strategically at the waterway to Old Uppsala and the Temple at Uppsala. In the 10th century, the name was transferred to modern Sigtuna, which apparently assumed many of its functions.

 * It is mentioned in the 1170s when Pope Alexander III addresses king Knut Eriksson and Jarl Birger Brosa (Svenskt Diplomatarium I nr 852. Originalbrev). The pope demands that they return to the archbishop of Uppsala (until 1270 the name referred to Gamla Uppsala) the villages Strom (Ström in the parish of Norrsunda), Fornesitune and Guazbro (probably Vadsbro). The villages had earlier belonged to the bishop of Sigtuna, but they had been confiscated by the crown when the bishopric had been moved to Gamla Uppsala.
 * In 1299, Birger Magnusson, the son of Magnus Ladulås, spent some time in Old Sigtuna as one of his letters was written in Sightonia Antiqua (in Malmberg, Ernst: Svenska slott och herresäten) or apud antiquam Sightoniam  The difference seems to be a matter of presenting the name in the nominal case or preserving the case in which the name appeared in the original text.
 * In 1315, according to Svenskt Diplomatarium (SD) III nr 2032 (s.228), Erik Magnusson was bestowed a part of Old Sigtuna, which is called Siktonia vetus (vetus being Latin for "old"). Neighbouring properties are also named: Norgungi (Norränge in Håtuna) and Frötunum (Frötuna in Håbo-Tibble)
 * In 1541, according to Kammar-ark.: jordeböcker, Uppland 1541 nr 5, the location is named as one of Gustav I Vasa's estates and spelled Forsictuna, Foorsictuna and Fforssiiktwna (in Malmberg, Ernst: Svenska slott och herresäten).
 * In 1542, according to Gustav Vasas jordebok are mentioned Foorsictuna and Norringe (Norränge)
 * In 1551, according to Sven Nielssons jordebok för Stäkets län, it is mentioned as the royal estate of Forsictuna (Malmberg, Ernst: Svenska slott och herresäten and Friesen: Om staden Sigtunas ålder).
 * In 1567, it is mentioned as Foder Sictuna in the province of Uppland
 * In the 17th century, the name Försigtuna is used on a map (Lantmät.verk. Gävle).

Since the 17th century, the location has been a manor named Signhildsberg or Signesberg.

Other Sources
Nationalencyklopedin and A historical review of the name, from which the information about the name and dates is taken.

Related reading

 * Jonas Ros: Sigtuna och folklanden : den tidiga Sigtunamyntningen och den politiska (Fornvännen 2002(97):3, s. [161]-175)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Signhildsberg


text: Talk:Here Comes the Bride (album)

title: Talk:Here Comes the Bride (album)


text:
Hyperoliidae

The Hyperoliidae, or sedge frogs and bush frogs, are a large family of small to medium-sized, brightly colored frogs which contain more than 250 species in 19 genera. Seventeen genera are native to sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, the monotypic genus Tachycnemis occurs on the Seychelles Islands, and the genus Heterixalus (currently 10 species) is endemic to Madagascar.

Hyperoliids range from 1.5 to 8 cm in body length. Many species have smooth, brightly patterned skin that almost looks enameled.

Most hyperoliids are arboreal, but some are terrestrial, including several Kassina species that move by walking or running rather than hopping. Diets vary widely, with examples including Paracassina, which specializes in snails, and Afrixalus fornasini, the only terrestrial frog known to prey on eggs of other species of anurans.

Breeding in this family begins at the start of the rainy season, when hyperoliids congregate at breeding sites. Most hyperoliids lay their eggs in water, although foam nesting, tree-hole breeding, and laying eggs in vegetation above water are all known behaviors. Afrixalus builds leaf nests for its eggs, by folding and gluing the edges of the leaves. Tadpoles are pond type larvae with large dorsal fins on their tails.

No fossil hyperoliids are known.

Classification
As of mid-2022, there are 17 genera with 224 species, more than half of them in the very species-rich Hyperolius: The genera are divided between three subfamilies, with three genera unplaced.

 * Subfamily Acanthixalinae Dubois, Ohler & Pyron, 2021 (2 species)
 * Acanthixalus - African wart frogs (2 species)
 * Subfamily Hyperoliinae Laurent, 1943 (196 species)
 * Afrixalus - banana frogs (35 species)
 * Congolius - Congo frog (1 species)
 * Cryptothylax - wax frogs (2 species)
 * Heterixalus - Madagascan reed frogs (11 species)
 * Hyperolius - African reed frogs (143 species)
 * Kassinula - clicking frog (1 species)
 * Morerella - blue-eyed frog (1 species)
 * Opisthothylax - grey-eyed frog (1 species)
 * Tachycnemis - Seychelles Islands frog (1 species)
 * Subfamily Kassininae Laurent, 1972 (23 sp.)
 * Hylambates - African striped frogs (5 species; formerly ''Phlyctimantis)
 * Kassina - running frogs (15 species)
 * Paracassina - common striped frogs (2 species)
 * Semnodactylus - Weal's frog (1 species)
 * Subfamily incertae sedis
 * Arlequinus - Mebebque frog (1 species)
 * Callixalus - African painted frog (1 species)
 * Chrysobatrachus - Itombwe golden frog (1 species)

title: Hyperoliidae


text:
Metal Mickey

Metal Mickey is a fictional five-foot-tall robot, as well as the name of a spin-off television show starring the same character. The robot character was created, controlled and voiced (using a Vocoder) by Johnny Edward.

The character of Metal Mickey first appeared on British television in the ITV children's magazine show The Saturday Banana, produced by Southern Television in 1978. Humphrey Barclay saw Mickey on Jimmy Savile's Jim'll Fix It television show. Seeing the children chatting in the marketplace with the friendly robot led to the creation of the Metal Mickey television show. Within a month the pilot had been video-taped, and shortly after this the series went live with its first six episodes. 41 episodes were made in total, broadcast over three separate series between September 1980 and January 1983. The show attracted viewing figures of around 12 million at its peak. Micky Dolenz, formerly of The Monkees pop group, was brought in to produce and direct the series along with Nic Phillips and David Crossman.

In 2001, the show was voted number 58 in Channel 4’s 100 Greatest Kids TV Shows.

Metal Mickey television show
The television show was created under LWT's Humphrey Barclay who described Metal Mickey as a show "with the appeal of Star Wars, the Daleks and Mork and Mindy". It ran from 1980 to 1983.

The series was set in the home of an ordinary British family, whose youngest child was a science boffin, who had created Metal Mickey to help around the home. The family consisted of a mother and father, three children and a grandmother. The show was made by London Weekend Television and shown on the ITV network, with the entire run of 41 episodes being written by comedy writer Colin Bostock-Smith.

British comedy actress Irene Handl played the grandmother, whom Mickey affectionately called "my little fruitbat" (she in turn would call him "Fluff"). He also referred to his inventor as "Clever Clogs", his inventor's sister as "Stringbean" and their father as "Bootface". Handl was never at home with science fiction, either watching it or appearing in it. She famously told BBC presenter Noel Edmonds, when he asked her whether she cried over the death of E.T., "Why should I cry over a bleedin' Hoover attachment?"

Metal Mickey's catchphrase was "boogie, boogie", and his favourite treat were Atomic Thunderbusters (which had the appearance of lemon bonbons). At the height of the series' popularity, fizzbomb sweets were marketed in the UK under the name Metal Mickey's Atomic Thunderbusters.

Cast

 * Michael Stainton ... Father
 * Georgina Melville ... Mother
 * Ashley Knight ... Ken
 * Lucinda Bateson ... Haley
 * Lola Young ... Janey
 * Gary Shail ... Steve
 * Metal Mickey ... Metal Mickey
 * Irene Handl ... Granny

Production credits

 * Directors: Michael Dolenz, David Crossman, Nic Phillips
 * Producer: Michael Dolenz
 * Writer: Colin Bostock-Smith
 * Designers: Mike Oxley, Rae George, David Catley, James Dillion, Phil Coulter
 * Music: Phil Coulter

DVD releases
The first two series of Metal Mickey have been released on DVD. The third series was due to be released in mid-2009.

Discography
Metal Mickey was credited as artist on several record releases, some of them on his own label "Mickeypops":
 * "Lollipop"/"Eugene" (EMI, 1979)
 * "Metal Mickey Magic"/"Meet Metal Mickey" (Mickeypops, 1980)
 * "Sillycon Chip"/"Dubb Vahzun" (Mickeypops, 1981)
 * "Do The Funky Robot"/"Do The Funky Robot Again" (Mickeypops, 1982)
 * "Theme Tune From 'Metal Mickey'"/"Fruitbat Rap" (Hollywood, 1982)
 * "I Wanna Hold Your Hand"/"Eugene Machino" (Hollywood, 1983)

title: Metal Mickey


text:
Tarita Teriipaia

Tarita Teriipaia (born 29 December 1941) is a French retired actress of French Polynesian and Chinese descent who was the third wife of actor Marlon Brando; the couple divorced in 1972. For media and entertainment appearances and engagements, she has usually been billed as Tarita.

Biography
Born in Bora Bora, French Polynesia, she played Maimiti opposite Marlon Brando in the film Mutiny on the Bounty (1962), for which she received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actress. She became Brando's third wife in 1962. She is the mother of two of Brando's children, a son, Simon Teihotu (born in 1963) and a daughter, Tarita Cheyenne (1970-1995). They divorced in 1972. Only months after Marlon Brando's death in 2004, Tarita published her memoirs titled Marlon, My Love and My Torment. She is the only wife of Brando still alive, after Movita Castaneda and Anna Kashfi died on 12 February and 16 August 2015, respectively.

Filmography

 * Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) as Princess Maimiti

title: Tarita Teriipaia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dana Love

Dana Love was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 6 votes for deletion, 3 votes to keep. Postdlf 05:10, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Dana Love
Reads like a vanity/autobiography page. Horribly POV. Nothing of particular interest or note. - Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 16:48, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Changed my mind. I'd mistaken him for someone else.  This page http://www.danalove.com/whoswho.html clinches it. --   GWO
 * Delete. Vanity. Nadavspi 00:34, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. According to this he's the president of the company, and it's not just a one-man operation that incorporated (though I can't find information about number of employees or dollar volume of business).  Keep in the interest of improving our coverage of businesses. JamesMLane 04:45, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * We're not a business directory. Delete --Improv 13:57, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ambi 00:24, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. According to this his current company has significant regional importance, and some of his research mentioned here has international and multi-industry validity. Internaut 04:31 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep but cleanup — siro  χ  o  22:51, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: vanity/promo. Wile E. Heresiarch 22:31, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
WildCRU

The Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU) is part of the Department of Zoology at the University of Oxford in England. Its mission is to achieve practical solutions to conservation problems through original scientific research, training conservation scientists to conduct research, putting scientific knowledge into practice, and educating and involving the public to achieve lasting solutions.

The Unit was founded in 1986 by Professor David W. Macdonald. In 2022 Professor Amy Dickman took over from David W. Macdonald as Director. Members come from more than 30 countries and many have returned to hold influential roles in conservation. WildCRU research has been used to advise policy-makers worldwide. More than 300 scientific papers and 25 reports have been published, over a hundred fruitful collaborations have been fostered, and over 45 students have completed doctoral theses.

WildCRU projects use all four elements of their Conservation Quartet: research to understand the problem, education to explain it, community involvement to ensure participation and acceptance, and implementation of a solution. The approach is interdisciplinary, linking to public health, community development and animal welfare. In a new initiative concerning ‘biodiversity and business’, WildCRU is working directly to influence policy making processes in industry.

Current project areas include saving endangered species, resolving conflict, reconciling farming and wildlife, researching fundamental ecology, and managing wildlife diseases, pests and invasive species.

Specific projects include protecting the Ethiopian wolf, Grevy's zebra and endemic birds in the Galapagos Islands, finding solutions to bushmeat exploitation in West Africa, community conservation education in Africa, sustainable farming, badger ecology and behavior, and the impact of American mink on native wildlife in Britain, Belarus, and Argentina.

WildCRU is located in Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxfordshire.

title: WildCRU


text:
Ray Boone

Raymond Otis Boone (July 27, 1923 – October 17, 2004) was an American professional baseball infielder and scout who played in Major League Baseball (MLB). Primarily a third baseman and shortstop, he was a two-time American League All-Star ( and ), and led his league in runs batted in with 116 in. He batted and threw right-handed and was listed as 6 ft tall and 172 lb.

Boone was born in San Diego, California, and attended San Diego's Hoover High School. He served in the United States Navy during World War II. His son, Bob, and grandsons, Bret and Aaron, also played in MLB.

Baseball career
In a thirteen-year career, he hit .275 with 151 home runs and 737 runs batted in (RBIs) in 1,373 games for the Indians, Detroit Tigers, Chicago White Sox, Kansas City Athletics, Milwaukee Braves and Boston Red Sox. His 1,260 hits also included 162 doubles and 46 triples.

Early career
Ray Boone signed his first professional contract with the Cleveland Indians in 1942 at age 18. He received a $500 signing bonus and began playing for the Indian's Class C team in Wausau, Wisconsin. In 1942, Boone played in 89 games. He batted .306, had 41 RBIs, 13 doubles, eight triples, and four home runs.

After the 1942 season, Boone enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II, putting his baseball career on hold. During the next three years, Boone served at the San Diego Naval Training Center. The training center had a baseball team, which Boone played for on the weekends alongside Bob Lemon and George Vico, both future major leaguers.

Post-war
In 1946, Boone played 77 games for Wilkes-Barre in the Class A Eastern League. He batted .258, producing 31 RBIs, and four home runs.

During the 1947 season, the Indians transferred Boone to the Double-A Texas League in Oklahoma City. In 1947 he played in 130 games, serving as catcher for more than 100 of them. Boone batted .264, producing 48 RBIs and four home runs in 402 plate appearances. Toward the end of the 1947 season, Boone was asked to play shortstop, which he did for more than 20 games.

In 1948, Boone traveled to Tucson, Arizona for the Indians’ spring training. At this time, Boone was given the option by Lou Boudreau, of being a backup shortstop in the major leagues or the starting shortstop in the minors. Boone initially decided to play in the majors, but after sitting on the bench for three weeks, he made the transition back to the minors as a backup. In 87 games in the Texas League, Boone batted .353 over 318 at-bats, producing 48 RBIs, 16 doubles, nine triples, and three home runs.

Boone debuted in the major leagues on September 3, 1948, when he was called up by the Cleveland Indians. That year, he went on to play in his first World Series. In the eighth inning of game five, Boone was sent in to pinch hit. He struck out swinging against Warren Spahn. During the 1948 World Series, the Indians defeated the Boston Braves in six games.

In 1949, Boone played his first full rookie season. Playing in 86 games with a batting average of .252. During the 1950 season, Boone batted .301, producing 58 RBIs and seven home runs. Boone's batting average dropped to .233 in the 1951 season, with an increase in appearances. He produced 12 home runs and 51 RBIs over 151 games, with 544 plate appearances. During that year, Boone's home runs ranked second among league shortstops. His RBIs ranked third among league shortstops.

In 1952, Boone's batting average was .263. He sustained multiple injuries that year, including a torn ligament in the left knee. In August 1952, Boone committed six errors over four games. On August 24, during a game with the Washington Senators, Boone's two errors resulted in six unearned runs. The Senators won the game and the Indians dropped in league rankings to fall behind the New York Yankees.

Detroit Tigers
On June 14, 1953, Boone was traded to the Detroit Tigers from the Cleveland Indians along with Steve Gromek in a swap that saw Art Houtteman and Joe Ginsberg sent to the Indians. The Tigers switched Boone from shortstop (then occupied by the future Rookie of the Year Harvey Kuenn) to third base. Boone's first game with the Tigers was on June 16, 1953, in Fenway Park. The Tigers won 5–3 over the Red Sox. During the game, Boone fielded six times without error. He produced one go-ahead home run against pitcher Sid Hudson in the seventh inning, along with two walks, a double, and a single. The rest of the 1953 season, Boone hit four grand slams, tying the major league record at the time. That year, Boone produced 93 RBIs.

Ahead of the 1954 season, Boone signed a new contract with the Tigers for $25,000. That contract made him the highest paid player on the team. In 1954, Boone batted .295, and produced 85 RBIs and 20 home runs. He was voted into the 1954 MLB All-Star Game, in which he batted sixth and hit a home run.

Over 135 games and 500 plate appearances during the 1955 season, Boone batted .284, hit 20 home runs, and produced 116 runs. Boone hit a career high in RBIs, which tied him for first place in the American League with Jackie Jensen.

In 1956, Boone batted .306. He produced 81 RBIs and 25 home runs. Boone experienced worsening health problems, and had to make multiple trips to medical clinics to receive cortisone shots in his knees. Because of his knee problems, manager Jack Tighe moved Boone from third to first base. During the 1957 season, Boone batted .273, producing 65 RBIs and 12 home runs. He played four games at third and 117 at first.

During the first three months of the 1958 season, Boone batted .237.

Chicago White Sox
On June 15, 1958, Ray Boone was traded to the Chicago White Sox along with Bob Shaw in exchange for Bill Fischer and Tito Francona. During the remainder of the 1958 season, Boone batted .244, which brought his season average to .242. Combined figures from Boone's time with the Chicago White Sox and the Detroit Tigers in 1958 included 360 at-bats, 61 RBIs, and 13 home runs. Boone would go on to play through April 1959 for the White Sox.

Kansas City Athletics
On May 3, 1959, Boone was traded from the White Sox to the Kansas City Athletics in exchange for Harry “Suitcase” Simpson. He batted .273 over 61 games, and was put up for waivers on August 20, 1959.

Milwaukee Braves
On August 20, 1959, Boone was picked up on waivers by the Milwaukee Braves. He served as a backup, playing in 13 games and going 3-for-15 with a .200 batting average, two RBIs, and one home run. During the 1960 season, Boone sat on the bench with the Braves until mid-May.

Boston Red Sox
On May 17, 1960, Boone was traded to the Boston Red Sox. During that season, Boone batted .211 and produced one home run and 15 RBIs over 51 games (34 with the Red Sox, 17 with the Milwaukee Braves).

On August 24, 1960, Boone underwent back surgery. His career as a professional baseball player came to an end.

Scout
Near the end of the 1960 season, after having undergone back surgery and retiring from playing, Boone was invited to watch a game on TV with then-Red Sox owner Tom Yawkey. Yawkey hired Boone to become a scout for the Red Sox. He worked in the position until he retired on December 31, 1992.

Boone's scouting territory included all of Arizona and New Mexico, as well as California south of Laguna Beach. The scouting job involved studying players at high school and college games, as well as college development league games, minor league games, and Padres games.

Regarding his determination on whether to recommend a particular prospect to the Red Sox, Boone said, “I don’t worry if a kid gets four hits in a game. I want to see the basic tools--his arm, his swing and his fielding. I want to know if this kid can improve. A kid can’t go out there and be lackadaisical and flip the ball around and think somebody is going to be interested.”

Personal life
Ray Boone was married to Patsy Dorothy (Brown) Boone, who was born in San Diego on March 17, 1926, and died on May 11, 2008. She and Ray Boone had been high school sweethearts. Together, they had three children: Bob and Rod Boone, and Terry Strandemo. His son Rod played in the Houston Astros’ farm system. Terry competed in the 1968 Olympic trials as a swimmer. Boone was followed into the majors by son, Bob Boone, who was a catcher from 1972 to 1990 and grandsons Bret Boone, who played from 1992 to 2005, and Aaron Boone, who played 1997 to 2009. The Boone family was the first to send three generations of players to the All-Star Game. The Washington Nationals organization selected Ray's great-grandson, Jake (Bret's son) in the 2017 draft, and as of 2021 he was playing for the Low-A minor league team Fredericksburg Nationals.

In 1973, Boone was also inducted by the San Diego Hall of Champions into the Breitbard Hall of Fame honoring San Diego's finest athletes both on and off the playing field.

He was well known as the leader of the local San Diego National Lumberjack Association chapter.

Boone was a descendant of American pioneer Daniel Boone.

Death
Boone died from a heart attack at the age of 81 on October 17, 2004, in San Diego. He had been hospitalized for six months for complications due to intestinal surgery. Boone was survived by his wife, Patsy, his sons, Bob and Rod, his daughter, Terry, nine grandchildren, including former MLBer and Yankees manager Aaron Boone, and five great-grandchildren. Following Boone's death, the Red Sox held a moment of silence in his honor during Game four of a playoff series with the Yankees at Fenway Park. The memorial service for Ray Boone was held on October 24, 2004. Ray's grandchild, Bret Boone completed the eulogy. Bret said, “All the stories I saw referred to (Ray) as the patriarch of the Boone family. I looked up the word ‘patriarch’ to see exactly what that meant. It said a patriarch was the father and ruler of the family. That's what Gramps was.”

Boone is buried in El Camino Memorial Park in San Diego, California.

title: Ray Boone


text:
Talk:Al-Battani

References in Wikipedia

 * google &as_sitesearch=wikipedia.org&as_q=battani
 * google &as_sitesearch=wikipedia.org&as_q=batani

 * en: Links to Al Battani
 * de: Links to de:Muhammad Ibn Dschubair al-Battani
 * ms: Links to ms:Abu Abdullah Al-Battani

 * es: Links to Al-Batani

 * de: de:Jonathan Archer ... U.S.S. Al-Batani ... Regards Gangleri 16:54, 2004 Oct 18 (UTC)

title: Talk:Al-Battani


text: Template:Acura

title: Template:Acura


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Flaming Dr. Pepper (0th nomination)

Flaming Dr. Pepper was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to keep the article.

Flaming Dr. Pepper
I think this article is misplaced. It shouldn't be in wikipedia. I suggest to remove this article and:

1-Move all the article with the recipe to the sister Wikicookbook

2-redirect this article to a subitem in the article Cocktail, with just a reference to Faming dr.Pepper and a link to the cookbook

--Alexandre Van de Sande 16:43, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Allow me to cite  What Wikipedia is not: "when writing an article about fried rice, don't give "A simple recipe for fried rice."...Instead, write an article about what is commonly included in a fried rice recipe, the history of fried rice, types of fried rice, how the Chinese and Japanese versions differ, etc." I believe that the article deserves a place on Wikipedia...not only did it appear on the main page (which may not a reason in itself, but it shows that it's interesting and maybe a bit notable, too), but it also gives an example of where it has been used, and some interesting information (it contains no Dr. Pepper).  Besides, if we put this article in the cocktail article, it'll eventually become too bloated to be conrolled.  But maybe it does have a bit to little information- I would support sending it to RFE, and I might support labelling it a stub, since it doesn't have enough information about the drink itself. -[[User:Frazzydee|Frazzydee|✍]] 22:09, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * We have a Wikicookbook? Keep. -Litefantastic 00:24, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, we do indeed have a Wikicookbook! See http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook —Stormie 12:59, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * Wasn't this on Did you know? Why? At any rate, Keep if someone can explain why there's a period in "Dr. Pepper." Do the drinkers of it not realize Dr Pepper has been without a period for decades? Or is this the whole point (because it contains none)? In all seriousness, I do think this has enough facts to keep it in the wikipedia, although it's not a great article. Cool Hand Luke (Communicate!)  00:29, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep! RaD Man 04:43, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: WP is not a cookbook. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:52, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Lariano It was worth enough to be listed on the title page on Oct. 18th, which, I think, should qualify it as a somewhat worthy encyclopedia article.
 * Keep - not just a recipe; it actually describes something about the drink. Ian Pugh 05:12, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Gamaliel 05:23, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak keep People who suggest that things be transwikied need to be aware that Wikibooks may not want them. There is an active cookbook group there, and one of the things they are actively doing is deleting recipes that they don't feel are up to snuff. There have been some misunderstandings as a result. Be aware that sending something to Wikibooks is not just a passive refactoring of information. It is a submission to a different Wiki with different people, different standards, different customs, and different process from ours. If we want to keep something, we need to keep it. There have been unpleasant misunderstandings in which people have thought that letting a recipe be transwikied and linked was a simple refactoring and that the recipe would continue to be available, only to find that the link has gone dead. In borderline cases, this makes me lean toward keeping articles that contain recipes and keeping the recipes in the article. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 13:06, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * If it's not wanted in the project for the only place it might belong, then people can keep it on their own webpage. It certainly doesn't belong here. We shouldn't be accepting stuff outside of our scope merely because we're afraid it won't end up somewhere else. --Improv 15:25, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Just to clairify the situation, to my knowldge Wikibooks has deleted 1 recipe, and is currently discussing deleting another 1. The cookbook has over 200 recipes in the index, so less than 1% are being deleted because of unsuitability (a few are also possible copyvios, but they'd be deleted no matter which project they were on).  Additionally, the two that have been voted on at vfd over there were not transwikied to wikibooks from the 'pedia, but are/were original Wikibooks' contributions (yes, there are a few of those).  One was posted by a vandal that has recieved a 1 year ban for repeated vandalism, and the admin cleaning up after him speedied it, it was undeleted at wikibooks' VfU as an out of process deletion, and relisted at VfD and deleted.  The other was posted by a known "problem user" (aka "Troll"), but not a simple vandal. The recipe completely fails a google and yahoo test.  There is no systematic wholescale deletion of recipes that get transfered over to wikibooks. Having said that, several wikibookians are somewhat upset that pages get dumped into wikibooks without consideration of if they're suitable to our project, and possible additions to b:Wikibooks:What Wikibooks is not are being considered to cover content that is dumped there but doesn't really fit the project.  Oh, I have no opinion on this deletion debate. Gentgeen 00:06, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I've finally concluded that I've been a jerk about this. I apologize. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 12:50, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Recipe. JFW | T@lk  18:32, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete: Recipe: Wikibooks has a cookbook.  Wikipedia is encyclopedia space. Geogre 19:31, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki and delete. Notability-by-association-to-fancruft is too far a stretch.  -- WOT 19:51, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Intrigue 20:21, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Recipe. Delete.  RickK 21:13, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Delete RickK instead. GRider 21:24, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Personal attacks can get you banned from editing. RickK 05:18, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to wikibooks — siro  χ  o  23:29, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep
 * Keep at minimum add this information to the Dr Pepper article, notable because it has the same name as a very popular beverage, and notable because it contains no dr Pepper, and notable because it inspired a simpsons episode. (it's at least as notable as where Professor Jonathon Frink's name came from, IMO)  This was a 'did you know' a few days ago.  Where is the article?  I can't find it for some reason... is it already deleted? whoever deleted it left a few dead links around.  What about other cocktails like  Martini? or Depth charge (cocktail) HEY! Is someone drinking them?Pedant 23:30, 2004 Oct 20 (UTC)
 * I rolled it back to the article with content, I agree it's very inappropriate to delete before this vote is finished. Shane King 23:38, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article is not just a recipe, it contains at least two non recipe facts (it contains no Dr Pepper, and it inspired the "Flaming Moes" Simpsons episode). Shane King 23:38, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete after moving recipe. The facts, while amusing, aren't important and can go in the cookbook.  --cuiusquemodi 02:10, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Neutral. Some cookbook material also belongs in Wikipedia, though the criteria seem blurred in some minds. If there is social history, if there is context, if there is some cultural connection beyond the recipe itself, then it belongs in Wikipedia: barbecue, catsup etc. Martini cocktail clearly belongs. Here, I dunno. Especially since we can't mention its "blue collar" context. --Wetman 02:18, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Just on general inclusionist principles. crazyeddie 08:02, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not Webtender.   — Gwalla | Talk 19:48, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Recipe. infectbda Oct 21, 2004
 * Keep. Not only is it more than just a recipe (although it should probably be expanded), but it's given me some killer stories.--TheGrza 05:39, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. mcpusc 10:56, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to wiki-books or the wiki cookbook (if there is one)--[[User:Plato|Comrade Nick @  )---^-- ]] 10:24, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Recipes and/or food descriptions are not encyclopedic. Transwiki if useful. It would be very cool to have a literal wikicookbook/wikifood that would handle food-related things in their entirety. While I think they don't belong at all to wikipedia, and think that wikibooks is an unfortunate comprimise, keeping the resource around in some form would be nice. --Improv 15:55, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The 1911 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica is not too high and mighty to have articles on Brandy, Cognac, Liqueurs, Curacoa ("CURACOA, a liqueur, chiefly manufactured in Holland. It is relatively simple in composition, the predominating flavour being obtained from the dried peel of the Curacoa orange. The method of preparation is in principle as follows. The peel is first softened by maceration..."), Bun (700 words, "A small cake, usually sweet and round. In Scotland the word is used for a very rich spiced type of cake and in the north of Ireland for a round loaf of ordinary bread..."), Couscous, Pudding ("a dish consisting of boiled flour enclosing or containing meat, vegetables or fruit, or of batter, rice, sago or other farinaceous foods boiled or baked with milk and eggs. Properly a pudding should be one boiled in a cloth or bag. There are countless varieties, of which the most familiar are the Christmas plum-pudding, the Yorkshire pudding and the suet pudding...) Steak, and a 24,000-byte long article on "Cookery." [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 17:43, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Ronald A. Route

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A Short Film About Love

A Short Film About Love (Krótki film o miłości) is a 1988 Polish romantic drama film directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski, starring Grażyna Szapołowska and Olaf Lubaszenko. Written by Kieślowski and Krzysztof Piesiewicz, the film is about a young post office worker deeply in love with a promiscuous older woman who lives in an adjacent apartment building. The film is set in Warsaw, the Polish capital.

A Short Film About Love is an expanded film version of Dekalog: Six, part of Kieślowski's 1988 Polish language ten-part television series, Dekalog. The film was selected as the Polish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 61st Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

Plot
Nineteen-year-old Tomek (Olaf Lubaszenko) lives in an apartment complex in Warsaw with his godmother (Stefania Iwinska) - staying in her son's room while he is away. Raised in an orphanage, Tomek has few friends and works as a postal clerk. Tomek has been spying on a beautiful older woman, Magda (Grażyna Szapolowska), who lives in an adjacent apartment complex. Using a telescope, he watches her every night performing mundane tasks, working on her artwork, and entertaining men. To get closer to her, he slips fake postal notices in her mailbox for a nonexistent money order at his post office. He also calls her anonymously to hear her voice. Tomek's obsession is focused more on her everyday activities rather than her sex life; when he sees her becoming sexual with men, he throws the telescope away and does not watch.

Tomek learns there is a problem with the milk deliveries for Magda's apartment complex, so he takes the delivery job to be closer to her. One night he sees her return home after breaking up with her latest boyfriend, spilling a bottle of milk, and then weeping over another failed relationship. Later, Tomek asks his godmother, "Why do people cry?" After receiving another fake postal notice, Magda has a confrontation with the postmistress who accuses her of extortion. When Magda walks away upset, Tomek follows her and admits that he has been leaving the fake postal notices, that he saw her crying, and that he has been watching her. That night, Magda arranges her bed so that Tomek can see her with another boyfriend. When they're in bed, she tells him that they're being watched by someone across the way. The boyfriend rushes down to the street, calls out to Tomek who comes downstairs, and then punches him in the face for peeping.

The next day, while delivering milk to Magda, Tomek admits that he loves her and that he expects nothing in return. Overwhelmed by his feelings, Tomek rushes up to the roof of the building, and then returns to Magda's apartment and asks her for a date — and she accepts. Feeling elated, Tomek races through the courtyard with his milk cart. During their date at a café, Magda learns that Tomek has been watching her for a year and that he stole letters mailed to her by an old boyfriend. At first, she is upset, but then she dismisses it saying, "What does it matter." In response to his earlier declaration of love, she tells him that love doesn't exist — only sex. She shows him how to caress her hands the way lovers do.

Later that night at her apartment, after she showers and changes into a short bathrobe, he gives her a small gift, but she says she's not a good person and doesn't deserve gifts. Crouching in front of him, she guides his hands onto her thighs and he has an orgasm. Magda says, "Love ... that's all it is." After Tomek rushes out of her apartment embarrassed and upset, Magda feels guilty and tries to communicate with him through her window—gesturing for him to call her and holding up a sign that reads, "Come back. Sorry." But there is no response. Back in his apartment, Tomek cuts his wrists with a razor blade. Later, Magda comes to Tomek's apartment to return the coat he left behind and learns from his godmother that he tried to kill himself and was taken to the hospital. Magda tells her, "I think I hurt him." Tomek's godmother shows her his room and his telescope, then tells her, "He's fallen in love with you." When asked if he's "fallen for the wrong woman," Magda responds, "Yes."

In the coming days, Magda is unable to find Tomek—she is clearly worried and concerned about his wellbeing. One night, she receives a phone call, and thinking it is Tomek, she acknowledges that he was right about love (the call is actually from someone with phone trouble). After days of waiting and watching Tomek's window with her small binoculars, she finally sees he has returned. Magda goes to Tomek's apartment and his godmother shows her to his room where she sees Tomek sleeping, his wrists still bandaged. The godmother prevents her from getting too close to him—even preventing her from touching his bandaged wrist. Noticing the telescope, Magda looks through it toward her own apartment and imagines what Tomek must have seen that night, watching her come home, spilling the milk, and weeping over another failed relationship. Then she closes her eyes and imagines Tomek in her apartment with her, reaching out to comfort her—and she smiles.

Cast

 * Grażyna Szapołowska as Magda
 * Olaf Lubaszenko as Tomek
 * Stefania Iwinska as Godmother
 * Piotr Machalica as Roman
 * Hanna Chojnacka as Miroslawa
 * Artur Barcis as Young Man
 * Stanislaw Gawlik as Postman
 * Krzysztof Koperski as Gasman in Magda's Apartment

Script
The film is based on Kieślowski's Dekalog: Six, with minor changes and expansions. The most significant change is to the ending, which was rewritten at the suggestion of lead actress Grażyna Szapołowska, who wanted the film to have a "fairy tale ending". The original version ends with Tomek back at work, recovered from his attempted suicide, and telling Magda that he does not watch her anymore. The film ends with Magda's more developed concern for Tomek mirroring his earlier obsession with her. The film concludes in Tomek's room after his return from hospital. She looks through his telescope into her own apartment and Kieślowski replays an earlier scene of Magda crying in her kitchen, which had led Tomek to reveal his feelings to her, only this time she is joined and comforted by Tomek. Like Kieślowski's other Dekalog films, it features the mysterious angelic Man in White.

Filming locations

 * Warsaw, Poland

Critical response
A Short Film About Love received very positive critical reviews, with many of the critics noting that the film points to Kieslowski's later masterworks. In his review in The New York Times, Stephan Holden wrote that the film "which has rich, subtly shaded performances by Mr. Lubaszenko and Miss Szapolowska, has a bleak eloquence."

In his review in the San Francisco Chronicle, Edward Guthmann called the film "well-crafted and satisfying" and prefigured Kieślowski's film Three Colors: Red.

Also reviewing at the San Francisco Chronicle, Gary Kamiya wrote, "Kieslowski has crafted a compelling portrait of love, that weed that forces its strange way through life's hardest cement."

In his review on Cinema Sights, James Blake Ewing called the film, "a complex and perplexing examination of a simple rule" and praised the outcome: "It's this synthesis of emotionally powerful storytelling and cinematic overdrive that makes A Short Film About Love such an unforgettable and unrelenting experience on every level. By the end, you’ve been rocked about and blown away by the power of the piece. And yet, somehow, it’s with a grace. Kieslowski doesn’t bring you down with a sledgehammer blow, but by softly and slowly picking away until he breaks you down."

Critic James Berardinelli gave it 4 out of 4 stars and called it "nothing short of a masterpiece."

Awards and nominations

 * 1988 Polish Film Festival Award for Best Actress (Grazyna Szapolowska) Won
 * 1988 Polish Film Festival Award for Best Cinematography (Witold Adamek) Won
 * 1988 Polish Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actress (Stefania Iwinska) Won
 * 1988 Polish Film Festival Golden Lion Award (Krzysztof Kieślowski) Won
 * 1991 Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics - Grand Prix Won
 * 1988 San Sebastián International Film Festival OCIC Award (Krzysztof Kieślowski) Won
 * 1988 San Sebastián International Film Festival Special Prize of the Jury (Krzysztof Kieślowski) Won
 * 1989 São Paulo International Film Festival Audience Award for Best Feature (Krzysztof Kieślowski) Won
 * 1988 National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Award Nomination for Outstanding Achievement in Foreign Film Award
 * 1988 Venice Film Festival FIPRESCI Award Nomination
 * 1988 Chicago Film Critics Association Award Nomination for Best Foreign Language Film

Remakes
A Short Film About Love was remade in Hindi in the 2002 film Ek Chhotisi Love Story.

title: A Short Film About Love


text: User talk:62.103.222.236

title: User talk:62.103.222.236