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Mortal Kombat Trilogy

Mortal Kombat Trilogy is a fighting game released by Midway in 1996 as the second and final update to Mortal Kombat 3 (the first being Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3) for the PlayStation, Nintendo 64, Sega Saturn and PCs. Further versions were also released for the Game.com and R-Zone. It features a similar basic gameplay system and the same story as Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3, but adds characters and stages restored from Mortal Kombat and Mortal Kombat II. New additions to the game included the "Aggressor" bar. The Brutality mechanic was introduced with this installment. The game was met with positive to mixed reviews upon release.

Gameplay

Mortal Kombat Trilogy introduces the "Aggressor" bar, which fills as the combatants fight (twice as much if the opponent is blocking). Once the bar is filled, it grants the character fast movement and greater attack damage for a short period of time.

Many characters gained additional special moves. Some were simple edits of existing moves (such as Stryker throwing two grenades instead of one), while others were unused animations never implemented in their intended previous games. These special moves included MK1 Kano's Knife Spin move, MKII Kung Lao's Air Torpedo, Goro's Spinning Punch move, Raiden's Lightning that shoots from behind the opponent, and Baraka's Blade Spin move. Additionally, Shao Kahn gained a throw and grab-and-punch move, and Motaro gained a proper throw move. Sub-Zero's famous "Spine Rip" Fatality reappears in the game but is completely censored, as the screen blacks out with only the "Fatality" text visible. This was due to avoid having to re-animate the fatality for this game.

Trilogy introduces the "Brutality" finishing move, which consists of repeatedly attacking the opponent until they explode. It was incorporated into the Mega Drive/Genesis and SNES ports of Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3, which were released the same month as Trilogy. All of the arenas that featured a Stage Fatality are featured in this game, except for the one in the Pit II, for similar reasons to the "Spine Rip" Fatality.

All of the battle arenas that were featured in MKII, MK3, and UMK3 are available in MKT, but only four backgrounds from the original Mortal Kombat are featured (Courtyard, Goro's Lair, the Pit, and the Pit Bottom). The PC, PlayStation, and Sega Saturn versions lack The Hidden Portal and Noob's Dorfen stages from MK3, while the Nintendo 64 version lacks Kahn's Arena and the Bank from MKII and MK3, respectively.

Characters

Along with the Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 roster, including those who were originally hidden and specific console exclusives in previous iterations, Trilogy adds Raiden and Baraka exactly as they appeared in Mortal Kombat II, with added running animations especially created for Mortal Kombat Trilogy. The actors of both characters were Carlos Pesina as Raiden (except for one sprite, which was portrayed by Sal Divita, who portrayed Sektor, Cyrax, Cyborg Smoke and Nightwolf), and Richard Divizio as Baraka (which also portrayed Kano and Kabal, including Noob Saibot only in MK3), respectively. Johnny Cage was also added to the roster, this time portrayed by Chris Alexander (replacing Daniel Pesina, Carlos' brother, who was legally at odds with Midway), making him the only character exclusive to this version of the game. He kept his moves from MKII except for the Split Punch, which was excluded since none of the characters from MK3/UMK3 had graphics for getting hit in the groin. Bosses Goro, Kintaro, Motaro and Shao Kahn are also playable characters from the start (except for the Nintendo 64 version, where only Motaro and Shao Kahn are included and must be unlocked via a cheat menu). The PC, PlayStation and Saturn versions also contain alternate versions of Jax, Kung Lao, Kano and Raiden as they appeared in the first two titles. Contrarily to MKII Raiden, Jax and Baraka, these versions of the characters did not get proper running animations and just feature a sped-up version of their walk animation when they try to run.

Two new secret characters appear as well, depending on the version of the game. Most versions have Chameleon, a semi-transparent ninja who rapidly switches between all the other male ninjas (Classic Sub-Zero, Scorpion, Noob Saibot, Human Smoke, Rain, Reptile, and Ermac) during combat, portrayed by John Turk (who also portrayed unmasked Sub-Zero and Shang Tsung). This character is playable by performing a special button combination. The Nintendo 64 version replaced him with a female character named Khameleon, who switches between the female ninjas instead (Kitana, Mileena, and Jade), portrayed by Becky Gable.

Development
Actors Ho Sung Pak (Liu Kang), Philip Ahn (Shang Tsung), Elizabeth Malecki (Sonya Blade), Katalin Zamiar (Kitana/Mileena/Jade) and Dan Pesina (Johnny Cage and Scorpion/Sub-Zero/Reptile/Smoke) all left Midway prior to the production of the game due to royalty disputes, and so their respective roles were played by new actors. Initially publisher Williams Entertainment stated that Johnny Cage would not be included in the game at all due to the dispute with Pesina. Carlos Pesina's original sprites were used for Raiden's gameplay, but Sal Divita's image was used for his versus screen picture.

Most of the background music tracks from MKII and MK3 remained intact, especially for the CD-ROM versions of the game. In all versions of the game, many of the tracks do not match their respective arenas when compared to their original arcade counterparts. In all versions of MKT, none of the music from the original Mortal Kombat game is used. All of the CD-ROM games read the background music directly from the CD, providing high-quality CD sound, but all of the music loops are used when "Finish Him/Her" appears. All of the music taken from MK3 on the CD-ROM MKT games is noticeably slowed down in both speed and pitch. When these particular songs were converted to MKT' Red Book CD-DA quality, they were downsampled without resampling them to maintain the original tempo and pitch in the PC, PlayStation, and Saturn versions.

PlayStation
This version was developed by Avalanche Software. There are at least three public revisions of this game for the PlayStation; the final version is the North American Greatest Hits and European Platinum edition. With each revision, aspects of the gameplay were refined, producing gameplay closer to that of Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 for the arcade. Many of the infinite combos and bugs found in the game only existed in earlier revisions. Shang Tsung never appears anywhere within the "Choose Your Destiny" towers, probably because of the loading delays when morphing in the PlayStation version (there are options to completely turn off morphs and let the system load two additional characters into memory when playing as Shang Tsung, eliminating the long loading delays when morphing in MK3); the only time the CPU ever controls Tsung is during the attract mode.

After beating the PlayStation version of the game, the final message in the credits says "MK4 coming in 1997". The PlayStation version of the game exhibits a number of bugs when played on a PlayStation 2 or PlayStation 3 console which causes the game to freeze at certain points.

Nintendo 64
The Nintendo 64 port is based on the Windows PC and PlayStation versions of Mortal Kombat 3 and the Sega Saturn version of Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3. This edition includes 3-on-3 simultaneous battles as an exclusive feature. In this version, like in the arcade, the player begins the game with four credits, but after playing a two-player match, the player earns an extra credit, while in the CD-ROM versions anyone can play for free. Free Play must be unlocked on the N64 version, which also has a more cohesive "Supreme Demonstration" feature (which shows every Fatality, Babality, Friendship, Animality, and Brutality for every character) than the PS or Saturn versions (as the latter versions needed to load the Fatalities and thus cannot show every one in the allotted time). This version only uses music from MK3 and is of considerably lower quality than the CD versions. However, all ending tunes and music loops used during the "Finish Him/Her" sequences are intact, unlike in the CD-ROM versions. For some MK3/UMK3 backgrounds, the incorrect background track is used compared to one used for arcade UMK3.

Due to cartridge limitations, only 30 characters are included, instead of the 37 featured in the other console versions. The N64 port lacks Goro and Kintaro; the classic versions of Jax, Kung Lao, Kano, and Raiden; as well as the unmasked Sub-Zero (however, the masked Sub-Zero can perform both Sub-Zeros' special moves). Chameleon is replaced with the secret character Khameleon, a grey female ninja that randomly switches between Kitana, Mileena and Jade. The N64 version of the game, like MK3 and UMK3, provides the player with an "Ultimate Kombat Kode" screen after a single-player game is over, where a 6-digit code can be entered to unlock Human Smoke and Khameleon for normal play.

Like the Saturn version, the font of the lifebars for the male and female ninjas is of a different font (Revue) versus the other characters (italicized Arial). Further, the "new" characters: Noob Saibot, Rain, Baraka, Rayden, Johnny Cage, and Khameleon use italicized Arial, but with greater spacing than the original MK3 characters. Also, the announcer does not speak the character's name once Shang Tsung morphs into them, unlike arcade UMK3.

The N64 game also includes a new stage, the Star Bridge, made of the Pit II's background with a star-filled sky. Some older backgrounds are also enhanced with extra graphics and added animation. For example, the Pit I features two different sky backgrounds (a pitch-black, star-filled sky in the N64 version, and the same sky background as the Pit II in the CD-ROM versions); Kahn's Kave has animated clouds and a glowing floor added to it; and the Lost Bridge has Hornbuckle and Blaze appear at random in the background. In the N64 version, the Graveyard stage has more names on the gravestones near the front: besides those of the original Midway design team for MK3, names of the team at Williams Entertainment were added, and the date of death on the stones was changed to the creators' birthdates.

In development for the N64 game, both The Bank and Kahn's Arena backgrounds were included, seeming to be building on the UMK3 version made for the Saturn previously. In Kahn's Arena, both Raiden and Baraka (where Kano and Sonya in MK2, respectively) were held captive by Kahn if not actively participating in the fight. The captured animations are made of different frames of the respective character's winning pose. Kahn's Arena recycled The Bridge background music. Since this was only seen in beta versions and not in the final game, the reason for their capture is unknown as well as any impact on the story. Additionally, at the conclusion of the battle, Kahn rises from his seat, something rumored to have been considered for inclusion in MK2 (either after defeating Kintaro or at the end of the match) but ultimately was not.

In this version, there are two secret menus, because not all the playable characters are unlocked from the start. Motaro and Shao Kahn can each perform a Fatality exclusive to this port. They also have an aggressor meter, unlike in other versions. In the Subway's stage fatality, new animations were added for the characters. Nightwolf has a very different Friendship move exclusive to this version, which he pulls out 3 hatchets and begins to juggle, as opposed to turning into Raiden since this character became playable in this game (although in the other versions, Nightwolf retains his original MK3 Friendship move). In addition, many frames of animation were cut from each character.

Sega Saturn
The Sega Saturn version, converted by Point of View and released almost a year after the PlayStation and Nintendo 64 versions, is a straight conversion of the PlayStation version without any substantial changes in content. Due to hardware differences and inadequate code adapting, the porting process from the PlayStation had some technical changes, which included the replacement of almost all transparency effects with mesh patterns and the loss of certain voice samples, like most fighters' running yells and some alternative phrases used by characters like Raiden and Scorpion in their attacks.

MS-DOS and Windows
The MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows versions are direct ports from the PlayStation by Point of View and released almost at the same time as the Saturn port. These versions have faster load times than the PlayStation. There are at least two public revisions of the game, the latest of them characterized by the word "final" next to the version number in the about dialog box, and featuring gameplay identical to the Greatest Hits release on PlayStation.

The game was re-released digitally on GOG.com on 15 August 2022.

Game.com
The game was a launch release for the Game.com handheld console. The game includes a multiplayer mode, accessible only with the compete.com game link cable (to link two Game.com consoles together). Only 13 characters (Cyrax, Ermac, Jade, Mileena, Sektor, Kitana, Motaro, Nightwolf, Noob Saibot, Raiden, Rain, Reptile and Shao Kahn) and 10 Kombat Zones remain in this version (screenshots of early releases showed a different assortment of characters). In addition, each character only has two special moves and four finishing moves: one Fatality, Babality, Friendship, and Brutality. In this version, each finishing move has the same command for every character.

Reception
The game's critical reception has varied considerably, depending on the platform and publication. Brazilian magazine SuperGamePower gave the Nintendo 64 version 4.8 out of 5, and regarded it as the best Mortal Kombat game. French magazine Super Power gave the N64 game 91%, favoring it over the PlayStation version. The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly all gave the Nintendo 64 version their recommendation, citing the impressive amount of content and absence of load times, though Dan Hsu and Crispin Boyer found the graphics disappointing given the capabilities of the console. Both Boyer and Shawn Smith said the game had converted them to the Mortal Kombat fandom. GamePro's Major Mike likewise praised the amount of content, as well as the accurate recreation of the arcade games' graphics, the addition of the Aggressor meter, and the application of new mechanics to characters from older games in the series. He complained that the game suffers from some slowdown and muted music, but concluded it "delivers with all the fighters, secrets, and carnage that made the series the phenomenon it is today." Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot contradicted Major Mike, saying that the music is normal for a non-CD game and it is the sound effects (which Major Mike described as "arcade-perfect") that sound muffled. And while he complimented the Nintendo 64 version's large selection of play modes, he said it is conspicuously missing frames of animation from the arcade games, and that the characters left out of this version are "favorites". Peer Schneider of IGN contended that all of the audio aspects sound muffled. He said the Nintendo 64 version is a faithful conversion of the arcade games, though he compared it unfavorably to the PlayStation version. However, he held that the arcade games themselves are too aged to merit an appearance on the Nintendo 64, referring to them as five years old (in actuality, Mortal Kombat 3 was barely a year old at the time, and even the oldest in the series was four years old). Mortal Kombat Trilogy was said to be a "particularly horrible game" among the Nintendo 64 library by Forbes, but was honored in Nintendo Power Awards '96, coming second in the category "Best Tournament Fighting Game".

Reviewing the PlayStation version, Major Mike criticized the overly difficult opponent AI and the unbalanced nature of the playable boss characters, and said the music tracks "sound like a 45 record played at 33 RPM." He nonetheless concluded it to be "a must for any fighting gamer's library", due to the responsive controls and large amount of content. Though Electronic Gaming Monthly never reviewed the PlayStation version of Mortal Kombat Trilogy, they ran a four-page feature comparing it to the Nintendo 64 version. Shawn Smith picked the Nintendo 64 version as the one to buy, saying that the major bugs in the PlayStation version outweigh the Nintendo 64 version's various shortcomings. The other three members of the review team all voted for the PlayStation version, particularly citing the additional characters and the lower price ($49.99 as compared to $69.99 for the Nintendo 64 version). They later named both versions runner-up for Fighting Game of the Year, behind Tekken 2.

The Saturn version arrived nearly a year (over a year in some countries) after the PlayStation and Nintendo 64 versions and received comparatively little attention. Sega Saturn Magazine said the long wait for the conversion was baffling, since the game's 2D visuals fall within the Saturn's specialty and no new content had been created for the Saturn version, and damaging, since superior 2D Saturn fighters had since come out and home versions of Mortal Kombat 4 were on the horizon, making Mortal Kombat Trilogy both graphically and stylistically outdated. Sega Saturn Magazine, Game Informer, and GamePro all concluded it to be a must-have for Mortal Kombat fans due to its comprehensive content and features, but advised non-fans to look to other fighting games on the Saturn, and described it as virtually identical to the PlayStation version. GamePro printed a warning to "think twice before purchasing this version of MK Trilogy" in a reader response section after they learned that Midway had deliberately omitted the animations for some fatalities in order to ship the game on time.

Released at a time when the Nintendo 64's popularity was burgeoning and there were few competing games for the system, the Nintendo 64 version of Mortal Kombat Trilogy saw impressive sales figures. According to a later IGN retrospective, Mortal Kombat Trilogy "offered something no fan could ignore: It brought every character from the series into the fold, along with most of the levels, making for one massive game that had enough to please everyone. Sure, some of the balance went out the window with the massive cast, but it was a small price to pay to make the Mortal Kombat family whole again, and it gave fans the closure they needed for Midway to move on to Mortal Kombat 4."

title: Mortal Kombat Trilogy


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User:Conget~enwiki

hi All
My name is Conget Ngan. I will not write a lot information about me here in this user page. Cause I already did it in Dutch version of Wikipedia. I come from there. It is a pity i had to register a account again! Pity....

My work
See in dutch version of wikipedia! I will help return the correct page!

List of elements by melting point
Hello,

I added a comment on the talk page of your list of elements by melting point. Could you perhaps add the source where you got your data from?

I have a few problems with this list. Donar Reiskoffer 09:25, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * The first is that you can not define the melting point of a single atom, nor a single molecule. The melting point depends on the on the chemical and crystalline structure: Carbon exists as Graphite and as Diamond, which can have a different metling point . So one should at least give for which structure the metling point is valid.
 * Secondly the melting point depends heavily on the pressure, if the figures are measured at atmospheric pressure, this should be mentioned.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Conget~enwiki


text: User talk:68.7.19.83

title: User talk:68.7.19.83


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Grain whisky

Grain whisky normally refers to any whisky made, at least in part, from grains other than malted barley. Frequently used grains include maize, wheat, and rye. Grain whiskies usually contain some malted barley to provide enzymes needed for mashing and are required to include it if they are produced in Ireland or Scotland. Whisky made only from malted barley is generally called "malt whisky" rather than grain whisky. Most American and Canadian whiskies are grain whiskies.

Definition
Under the regulations governing the production of both Irish and Scotch whisky, malt whisky must be produced from a mash of 100% malted barley and must be distilled in a pot still. In Scotland, a whisky that uses other malted or unmalted cereals in the mash in addition to malted barley is termed a grain whisky. In Ireland, where regulations define "pot still whiskey" as one distilled from a specific mixed mash of at least 30% malted barley, at least 30% unmalted barley, and other unmalted cereals in a pot still, grain whisky refers to whisky produced from a mixed mash of no more than 30% malted barley in a column still.

In both countries, grain whisky is typically distilled in a continuous column still in a manner that results in a higher percentage of alcohol by volume (ABV) but a less flavourful spirit than that derived from a pot still. As a result, grain whisky is seldom bottled by itself in either country but is instead used primarily for blending with malt or pot still whisky to create blended whiskies, which now account for more than 90% of both countries' whisky sales. The comparative lightness of the clearer, more-neutral-flavoured grain whisky is used in blends to smooth out the often harsher characteristics of single malts and single pot still whiskeys. Occasionally well-aged grain whiskies are released as single grain whisky if made at one distillery or blended grain whisky if combining spirits from multiple distilleries.

Outside Ireland and Scotland, the use of continuous column stills and the use of a non-barley mash are not so closely associated with the production of "light" whisky (whisky with little flavour due to distillation at a very high ABV). For example, nearly all American whiskey is produced using column stills, and all American whiskey that is labelled as "straight whiskey" (including straight Bourbon and straight rye) is required to use a distillation level not exceeding 80% ABV. In the United States, whiskey produced at greater than 80% ABV is formally classified as "light whiskey" and cannot be labelled with the name of a grain or called malt, bourbon or straight.

title: Grain whisky


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Technopark, Trivandrum

Technopark is a technology park in Thiruvananthapuram in the state of Kerala, India. Established on 28 July 1990 by the Government of Kerala, under chief minister E K Nayanar, However, the government was unable to commence building. The next council of ministers, led by Mr. K Karunakaran, took the initiative to begin construction and inaugurated the first building. The largest information technology (IT) park in Asia in terms of developed area. Technopark is the first greenest IT Park of India.

Technopark has 12.72 e6sqft of built-up area, and is home to over 490 companies, employing more than 75,000 professionals.

The policy of economic liberalisation initiated by the government of India in 1991, and the rapid growth of the global software industry during the 1990s, substantially contributed to this growth. During the global financial crisis of 2007–2010, the park saw a period of reduced growth in 2009–10, when exports were only 2.8% more than the previous year. During the 2016-17 financial year, the park recorded IT exports of Rs. 5,000 crores.

Technopark is owned and administered by the Government of Kerala and is headed by a chief executive officer. In addition to this, it has a governing council and a Project Implementation Board, both of which include top officials of the government. Administrative offices, including that of the CEO, are housed in the Park Centre building. Technopark also hosts a Technology Business Incubation Cell under Kerala Startup Mission.

Technopark houses domestic firms, joint ventures, and subsidiaries of foreign companies engaged in a wide variety of activities, which include embedded software development, smart card technology, enterprise resource planning (ERP), process control software design, engineering and computer-aided design software development, IT Enabled Services (ITES), process re-engineering, animation, and e-business.

History and mission
Then Chief Minister of Kerala, E. K. Nayanar visited the Apple facility in the United States in 1989. This led to forming of Technopark, India's first IT park and still remains the largest in India. Nayanar laid the foundation stone on 1990 after it was registered under the Travancore Cochin Scientific and Charitable Societies Act. As of 2020, the IT park employs 70,000 people and provides indirect employment to lakhs. In March 1990, the Government of Kerala conceptualised Technopark as a facility to foster the development of high-technology industries in the state. Technopark was set up under the auspices of Electronics Technology Park, Kerala—an autonomous body under the Department of Information Technology of the government of Kerala.

Technopark's aim was to create infrastructure to support the development of high-technology companies. On 31 March 1991, the foundation stone for Technopark was laid by E K Nayanar, Chief Minister of Kerala, at a ceremony presided over by K R Gowri Amma, Minister for Industries. Technopark was formally dedicated to the nation by the then prime minister, P.V. Narasimha Rao, in November, 1995.

Since then, Technopark has been growing steadily both in size and employee strength. Park Centre, Pamba, and Periyar were the only buildings constructed in the beginning, by 1995. Since then, Technopark has periodically added new buildings, such as Nila (1997), Gayathri, and Bhavani. With the inauguration of the 850000 sqft "Thejaswini", on 22 February 2007, Technopark became the largest IT Park in India. After that, Leela Group has built a facility, "Leela Infopark", that hosts MNCs like Allianz, Oracle Corporation, D+H, RM Education, and Zafin.

Socio-economic impact
Technopark has become the single largest source of employment in Kerala, with over seventy thousand people directly working in the facility.

Workforce
Technopark hosts about 470 companies, and a workforce that numbers more than 70,000 personnel, in the IT and ITES sectors: companies such as Allianz–Cornhill, Ernst & Young, Speridian Technologies, Infosys, Guidehouse India, Oracle Corporation, Quest Global, SunTec Business Solutions, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Tata Elxsi, Toonz Media Group, and UST Global, as well as Finastra, H&R Block, IBS Software Services, Nissan Digital, RM Education, Envestnet, Tech Mahindra and RR Donnelly.

Institutions

Technopark hosts two educational and research institutes. The Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala, (IIITM–K) is an institution of higher education and research and development in applied Information Technology and Management. Portals for computational chemistry and agricultural information dissemination are among its areas of focus. IIITM–K is located at present in Park Centre.

The Asian School of Business (ASB) used to have its flagship post-graduate management programme in Technopark, before moving it to its own 16 Acre LEED-certified campus in 2011. The Asian School of Business is managed by a board of governors, which includes Tata Consultancy Services CEO S. Ramadorai and Infosys CEO Kris Gopalakrishnan.

Infrastructure
Technopark aims to provide the infrastructure and support facilities needed for IT/ITES and electronics companies to function. In addition to office space, it provides utilities and connectivity, which is done either directly or through private partners. Besides, Technopark provides business incubation facilities for start-up firms as well as some social infrastructure for the personnel working in the park.

Buildings

There are currently about a dozen buildings on the Technopark campus intended for software development. Seven of the buildings are named after rivers in Kerala—the Pamba, the Periyar, the Nila, the Chandragiri, the Gayathri, Bhavani, and the Thejaswini, the seventh building, which was commissioned in February 2007, with over 600000 sqft and 60000 m2 of carpet area. There are also independent buildings of private enterprises inside the Phase I campus: Amstor House, Padmanabham, and M-squared. These buildings have an aggregate floor area of about 3500000 sqft.

Other facilities in the campus include:
 * Technopark Club – Includes a gym, swimming pool, restaurant, and sporting facilities.
 * Technomall – a shopping complex
 * Technopark guesthouse
 * Private IT parks of individual companies
 * Special Economic Zones (SEZ)
 * Technology Business Incubator
 * WiFi Solutions IT Rentals Infrastructure Service Provider

Utilities and support facilities
Technopark infrastructure facilities include power backup, uninterrupted water supply, and ambient air conditioning; for all buildings. 100% of electric power is available from the Kerala State Electricity Board Limited (KSEBL) and the diesel generators operate with less than 5% annual downtime (with at least 95% uptime, generating electricity). Technopark has its own 110kV electric transformer substation and a 25 mega volt-ampere dedicated internal power distribution system with built-in redundancies at all levels. The water supply is maintained through a dedicated water distribution system.

Technopark has other support facilities such as a satellite earth station, a 200-seater convention centre, a club, a guest house, a shopping complex (Techno-Mall), banks, ATMs, restaurants and conference rooms on campus. Furthermore, setting up of new units is accelerated by exemption from state-level clearances as well as through ready-to-use incubation facilities.

Transport facility
Technopark Express service is a public transport system for Technopark employees. It was inaugurated on 17 April 2017 by Hrishikesh R Nair, the then CEO of Technopark, Infopark, and Cyberpark.

Connectivity
Technopark offers multiple Internet Service Providers, including Reliance Infocomm, STPI, BSNL, Bhari, and VSNL. Leased-line fiber connectivity is available to all buildings on the campus, guaranteeing that connection breaks are a thing of the past.

FLAG Telecom—a subsidiary of Reliance Infocomm—has its FALCON global cable system at Thiruvananthapuram, providing direct connectivity to the Maldives and Sri Lanka. Technopark is connected through fibre link, with a self-healing redundant ring architecture, to Reliance Internet's data center and gateway at Mumbai, directly connecting to FLAG, the undersea cable system backbone that connects 134 countries including the U.S., U.K., and other countries, in North America, Europe, the Middle East, South East Asia, and Asia Pacific.

Technopark Business Incubation Centre (T-BIC)
The Kerala Startup Mission, formerly known as the Technopark Business Incubation Centre (T-BIC), aims to provide economical plug-and-play facilities to start-ups in the IT/ITES fields. This facility has given rise to over 47 successful ventures, many of whom have expanded by taking up space elsewhere in Technopark. T-BIC currently has 8000 sqft. (800 sq m.) at Park Centre, and this is being expanded with another 10000 sqft. (1000 sq m.) in the newest Technopark building, Thejaswini. One of the latest companies started at T-BIC is Entiresoft Technologies Private Limited.

Phase II

Technopark has acquired 86 acre of land, for its Phase II expansion.
 * Out of this, 50 acre has been earmarked for Infosys and 36 acre for UST Global.
 * Infosys is planning to create up to 2500000 sqft of space to eventually accommodate up to 15,000 professionals. It plans to set up 600000 sqft in the first phase.
 * UST Global was to set up a 32000000 sqft campus to be completed by 2015. 800000 sqft of space was to be completed by January 2012. Work on the campus was started on 24 October 2007.
 * Tata Consultancy Services has been allotted 25 acre within the campus for their software development centre. This is in addition to the 14 acre of land allotted to them for setting up their new training centre—Peepul Park.
 * IBS Software Services is constructing a 450000 sqft office on 5 acre of land. The first phase of the campus was inaugurated on 23 October 2007.
 * Tata Elxsi Limited, which is the product design arm of the US$68 billion Tata Group, has taken 3.5 acre on which to build its design and development centre. The first phase of the campus was commissioned on 7 September 2007.
 * The NeST group has also been allocated land to build a development centre, on which work has almost been completed.
 * OXOMO Systems International is one of the fastest-growing IT company in the area, concentrating on software development, Digital Marketing, and IT outsourcing sectors.

Technopark Phase III

Technopark has completed acquisition of 100 acre of land for Phase III expansion. Firms like Larsen & Toubro and the Rahejas are planning major developments within and around Technopark as well. L&T has already announced its plans to set up a 35 acre hybrid IT-and-residential park as part of Technopark Phase III. iGate (formerly Patni Computer Systems) has already announced that it will set up a Rs 150 crore ($US 32 million) development centre in Phase III.

The second and third phases of expansion of Technopark along with the ramping up of operations of the existing IT units are expected to see an investment of around Rs. 3000–4000 crore (US$0.75 billion) and an additional creation of 80,000–100,000 jobs.

Taurus Investment Holdings, along with its partners Embassy Group and Asset Homes, is building a mixed-use project that is to build 5500000 sqft of floor space on 20 acre of land, as a part of Phase 3.

Phase IV expansion – Technocity
The fourth phase of Technopark is also referred to as the "Technocity" project. It involves a mixed use—IT, biotechnology, nanotechnology, commercial and residential development—spread over 500 acre of land, about 5 km from the present campus. It will be a self-contained IT township with the potential to employ 100,000 people. The expected investment in the project is around Rs 60 billion (over US$1.5 billion), according to 2007 estimates.

Once Technocity's land acquisition is complete, Technopark will have an extent of close to 850 acre, making it one of India's largest IT satellite townships in terms of geographic area, comparable to that of projects like Mahindra World City in Chennai.

The government of Kerala has decided to partner with multiple private developers for Technocity and has formed a special company – Kerala State Information Technology Infrastructure Limited (KSITIL) – to take up the work. 204 acre of the project area has already been acquired. A Request for Qualification was issued on 1 June 2008, and nine major developers, including international majors Emaar and Forest City Enterprises, have applied for qualification.

Special Economic Zones in Technopark
There are three Special Economic Zones (SEZs) inside Technopark. Each economic zone encompasses one of Phases I, II, or III. Phase IV will also become an SEZ once land acquisition is completed and will provide a range of economic benefits to the companies operating within Technopark.

Technopark Club
A sports and recreation club on the campus of Phase I provides diverse facilities for professionals to unwind. These include a gym; a swimming pool; and courts for basketball, badminton, table tennis, and beach volleyball. The club supports tour operators in organising recreational travel of employees and their families; it also has a massage parlour, Vaisakha, and a multi-cuisine restaurant.

Technopark Adventure Club

The Technopark Adventure Club provides adventure activities to employees of Technopark and their families. It organises activities such as parasailing, rock climbing, rappelling, trekking and camping, paragliding. It administers a camp at Munnar, as well as corporate training camps.

Tech-A-Break
Tech-A-Break is Technopark's annual cultural extravaganza. Typically held over the course of a week, it kicks off with a Carnival parade and ends with performance by professional bands, dance groups, and musicians.

In popular culture
The climactic scenes of the 1997 Malayalam film Superman were filmed in Technopark's Travancore Hall.

The 2009 Malayalam film Ritu was extensively shot on the Technopark campus.

title: Technopark, Trivandrum


text:
Talk:Earlestown railway station

Categories
+	Category:Merseyside ???????? HOME RULE FOR LANCASHIRE !!!!!!!!

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Lmno (talk • contribs) 04:00, October 8, 2004

Stuff
Earlestown
 * Earlestown is a station roughly half-way between Liverpool and Manchester on the LMRExplain 'Liverpool & Manchester Railway (LMR)' main line whose original name was Newton. It became a junction with the building of the Warrington and Newton RailwayExplain 'Warrington & Newton Railway', and a triangle junction when the west curve was laid, giving access to Liverpool from Warrington. When the Grand JunctionExplain 'Grand Junction Railway (GJR)' line was completed in 1837 Newton became part of the route from Birmingham both to Liverpool and, via the east curve, to the north; the building of Runcorn bridge and the Winwick cut-off later provided more direct routes from Crewe to Liverpool and the north respectively. The name Earlestown came in 1853 when the LNWR wagon works were established there, under the supervision of a veteran LNWR director, Sir Hardman Earle, but the station name was changed to Earlestown Junction only in 1861 (after a spell as Warrington Junction).

http://www.sthelens.gov.uk/yourcommunity/nlwcih.nsf/0/0e4f1977ba024e6680256ae90036e5f4?OpenDocument

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Lmno (talk • contribs) 10:00, October 14, 2004

Early history
Is there any evidence that the original station building dates to 1835? Dawson dates it to 1844/5 in his recent book on the Liverpool & Manchester Railway. CastWider (talk) 22:06, 30 January 2018 (UTC)
 * One of the problems with describing the infrastructure of the early L&MR is that, apart from Crown Street, Liverpool Road and one or two others, several of the "stations" weren't stations in the modern sense - there were no raised platforms or permanent buildings. They were just convenient places to stop close to a road crossing, and appeared in (or disappeared from) the published schedules according to traffic demand. Some of them appeared under different names in different sources, some names were reused for stations at locations different from the original use of that name. It is possible that Stephenson, on planning the railway, did not wish to incur the expense of permanent buildings at locations which might fail to generate traffic. So Earlestown may have started as a temporary structure, acquiring more permanent buildings once the traffic had become established. The choice of location for the station was simple - it was the triangular junction at the northern end of the GJR. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 00:26, 31 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Agreed. However, the article asserts that surviving buildings date to 1835 and that they are the oldest railway buildings in continuous passenger use. It would be useful to clarify the situation with respect to Edge Hill, for example, which dates in part to 1836. Did Edge Hill temporarily withdraw from passenger use? If not, then it would seem to have a better claim unless I'm mssing something. CastWider (talk) 18:43, 31 January 2018 (UTC)

Richard Evans Collieries? Early 1830's?
Check when Richard Evans started in the north of England mining business before including the name in text about the early 1830's. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.25.94.142 (talk) 21:26, 4 September 2018 (UTC)

Historical station names
Currently the infobox lists these as the historical station names:
 * 15 September 1830 Opened as Newton Junction
 * July 1852 Renamed Warrington Junction
 * November 1861 Renamed Earlestown Junction
 * 5 June 1950 Renamed Earlestown

However, it doesn't seem like this is entirely correct. For example, see below for a timetable in 1832 which lists the station as "Warrington Junction":

FozzieHey (talk) 17:57, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Earlestown railway station


text:
Vina

Vina may refer to:

People

 * Émilie Vina (born 1982), French cross-country skier
 * Ionuț Vînă (born 1995), Romanian footballer
 * Vina Bovy (1900–1983), Belgian operatic soprano
 * Vina Mazumdar (1927–2013), Indian academic and feminist
 * Vina Morales (born 1975), Filipina singer and actress
 * Vina Jie-Min Prasad, Singaporean science fiction and fantasy writer
 * Vina Fay Wray (1907–2004), Canadian/American actress
 * Vina (footballer), Brazilian footballer Vinícius Goes Barbosa de Souza (born 1991)
 * Vina Bovy, Belgian operatic soprano Malvina Bovi Van Overberghe (1900–1983)
 * Vina Panduwinata, stage name of Indonesian singer and songwriter Vina Dewi Sastaviyana (born 1959)
 * Marcos Vinicius (fighter) (born 1979), Brazilian mixed martial artist; nicknamed Vina
 * Victor Vina, French film actor Victor Emanuel Jules Vinatieri (1885–1961)

Africa

 * Vina (Africa), once a city and diocese of Roman Africa, now a Latin Catholic titular bishopric
 * Vina (department), a department of the Adamawa province in Cameroon
 * Vina River, Cameroon

Europe

 * Vina, Croatia, a village near Vrgorac
 * Vina (Knjaževac), Serbia, a village

United States

 * Vina, Alabama, a town
 * Vina, California, a census-designated place in Tehama County
 * La Vina, California, a census-designated place in Madera County

Other uses

 * Veena, also spelled vina, an Indian stringed musical instrument
 * Vina (Star Trek), a character in the Star Trek franchise
 * Vina: Before 7 Days, a 2024 Indonesian drama horror film
 * Vina, a walnut cultivar

title: Vina


text:
Music of Assam

The music of Assam consists various genres of folk and modern music, drawing its artistic basis from the history of Assam, from Assamese culture and its ancient traditions. In recent times, starting from the late eighties, popular artistes have modernized the music catering to local popular demand.

A basic characteristic of the indigenous ethnic music of Assam is its descending scale similar to East Asian music which distinguishes it from the Mode-based or folk music (Raaga-based) forms from the rest of India.

The tunes are structured in a pyramid and are always in pentatonic scale similar to other traditional music of Asia like China, Mongolia etc and dissimilar from the seven-scaled Indian music, (in contrast to the music of rest of India which is Meend based), such as the Bihu songs, (common in South-East Asia and East Asia) besides languorous music of other forms.

The legend of Princess Usha of Sonitpur and her cohort Chitralekha also enlighten us on the musical expertise of the Assamese women. The connoisseurs however, have divided the classical Assamese music into two parts – Borgeet and Ojapali. The composers of Borgeets, Sankardev and his disciple Madhavdev added versatility to Assamese music.

Devotional

 * Vivek
 * Dihanaam
 * Harinaam
 * Hiranaam

Indigenous Traditional Folk

 * Bihu
 * Bhawaiya

Popular

 * Goalpariya Lokogeet
 * Kamrupi Lokgeet
 * Ojapali
 * Tokari Geet

Musical instruments

 * Banhi
 * Sifung
 * Bihu or Uja Dhul
 * Tokari
 * Dotara
 * Gogona
 * Khol
 * Mridongo
 * Nagara
 * Pepa
 * Taal
 * Xutuli
 * Doba
 * Xinga
 * Bor Tal
 * Bin
 * Paat
 * Toka
 * Kham
 * Kham
 * Muri
 * Pati Dhul
 * Joi Dhul
 * Bor Dhul
 * Dhepa Dhul
 * Kahlia
 * Toka
 * Xinga
 * Bortaal
 * Huluxi
 * Hutuli

Early contributors to Assamese music

 * Ambikagiri Raichoudhury
 * Anima Choudhury
 * Bishnuprasad Rabha
 * Bhupen Hazarika
 * Dipali Barthakur
 * Jayanta Hazarika
 * Jyoti Prasad Agarwala
 * Khagen Mahanta
 * Madhavdeva
 * Parvati Prasad Baruva
 * Pratima Baruah
 * Rameshwar Pathak
 * Sankardev
 * Moghai Oja
 * Tarulota Bori Mili

Other notable composers, musicians and singers
Ayaan Anisur
 * Angaraag Mahanta
 * Anurag Saikia
 * Axl Hazarika
 * Beauty Sharma Barua
 * Dhrubajyoti Phukan
 * Dipak Sarma
 * Jim Ankan Deka
 * Jitul Sonowal
 * Joi Barua
 * Kalpana Patowary
 * Mayukh Hazarika
 * Nirmalendu Choudhury
 * Queen Hazarika
 * Rameshwar Pathak
 * Rudra Baruah
 * Tarali Sarma
 * Ayaan Anisur
 * Zubeen Garg

title: Music of Assam


text:
Vinco

Vinco may refer to:

 * Vinco, Pennsylvania, a community in Jackson Township, Cambria County, Pennsylvania, USA
 * Vinco Corporation, a Detroit, Michigan-based manufacturer
 * Ivo Vinco (1927–2014), Italian opera singer

title: Vinco


text:
Coonoor

Coonoor, is a taluk and a town of the Nilgiris district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. As of 2011, the town had a population of 45,494.

Demographics
According to 2011 census, Coonoor had a population of 45,494 with a sex-ratio of 1,058 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 3,768 were under the age of six, constituting 1,871 males and 1,897 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 27.92% and 23% of the population, respectively. The average literacy of the city was 84.79%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The city had a total of 12384 households. There were a total of 17,421 workers, comprising 50 cultivators, 152 main agricultural labourers, 266 in household industries, 15,790 other workers, 1,163 marginal workers, 6 marginal cultivators, 66 marginal agricultural labourers, 31 marginal workers in household industries and 1,060 other marginal workers.

Coonoor has 61.81% Hindus, 23.99% Christians, 13.01% Muslims, 0.04% Sikhs, 0.06% Buddhists, 0.95% Jains and 0.08% Others. 0.05% of the respondents follow no religion or did not state their religion.

Tourism
Spread over an area of 12 hectares, Sim's Park has a collection of over 1,000 plant species. The botanical garden is partly developed in the Japanese style and derived its name from J. D. Sim, the secretary of the Madras Club in 1874. The key attraction of the park is the annual fruit show held in May. Dolphin's Nose Viewpoint is 10 km from Coonoor.Tourists can trek from Lady Canning's Seat to Dolphin's Nose. Lamb's Rock, about 5½ km from Coonoor, is another vantage point. Droog Fort is located a distance of 13 km from Coonoor and was once used by Tipu Sultan in the 18th century. Law's Falls is a waterfall located 5 km from Coonoor, on the way to Mettupalayam.

Administration and politics
Coonoor is a taluk headquarters, responsible for six Panchayat villages, namely, Bandishola, Bearhatty, Burliar, Hubbathalai, Melur and Yedapalli. The Coonoor block contains the revenue villages of Adigaratty, Burliar, Coonoor Town, Yedapalli, Hubbathalai, Hullickal, Ketti, Melur. Coonoor assembly constituency is part of Nilgiris (Lok Sabha constituency).

Geography
Coonoor is located at 11.345°N, 76.795°W. It has an average elevation of 1,650 metres (5413 feet) above sea level. It features a sub-tropical highland climate (Koppen;Cfb) due to high altitude.

2021 Indian Air Force Mil Mi-17 crash
On 8 December 2021, a Mil Mi-17V-5 transport helicopter operated by the Indian Air Force (IAF) crashed between Coimbatore and Wellington in Tamil Nadu, after departing from Sulur Air Force Station. The helicopter was carrying Chief of Defence Staff General Bipin Rawat and 13 others, including his wife and staff. Thirteen people on board were killed in the immediate aftermath, and Group Captain Varun Singh died from his injuries at a hospital seven days later.

title: Coonoor


text: Category:World War II national military histories


text:
Washlet

Washlet (ウォシュレット) is a Japanese line of cleansing toilet seats manufactured and sold by the company Toto. The electronic bidet features a water spray element for genital and anal cleansing. and commonly appears on toilets all over Japan. The device was released in June 1980 and as of January 2022, Toto has sold more than 60 million units.

History
In the 1960s, Japanese plumbing company Toto's goal was to import American "wash air seats" for domestic sales, mainly for sale to hospitals and nursing homes. Toto began domestic production in 1969, but wash air seats were expensive and sometimes caused scalding injuries due to poor regulation of water temperature.

In 1980, Toto began to sell its improved Washlets in Japan after surveying employees to determine appropriate spray positions, since there were no biometric statistics available.

In the 1980s, the term "Washlet" originated by the company Toto. Recognized for its pioneering role in 2012, the original Washlet G model was certified as item 55 of Mechanical Engineering Heritage.

Design
In 1996, Toto also released Washlets designed for Japanese-style squat toilets, but they proved difficult to use due to accuracy issues. Japanese-style toilets were replaced with their Western-style counterparts, and the model was discontinued around 2003.

In October 2005, Toto released other improvements, incorporating sleep mode for energy conservation, a remote control, and a Washlet that could play MP3 audio files. Upon her visit to Japan in 2005, pop singer Madonna commented that she had "missed Japan’s warm toilet seats."

Functions
The cleansing features include buttons labeled Oshiri ("Rear") and Bidet ("Front") with translations in English speaking regions. Most current models have a sensor preventing water from spraying while a person is not sitting on the toilet.

For antibacterial and disinfectant purposes, the nozzle is designed at such an angle that the water does not splash back on the inside of the toilet (43º for anuses, 53º for vulvas), and the nozzle itself is washed with warm water when stowed away and before use. Anal and genital cleansing functions operate on different nozzles. Some models feature deodorizers and dryers for the user's convenience.

title: Washlet


text:
Place cell

A place cell is a kind of pyramidal neuron in the hippocampus that becomes active when an animal enters a particular place in its environment, which is known as the place field. Place cells are thought to act collectively as a cognitive representation of a specific location in space, known as a cognitive map. Place cells work with other types of neurons in the hippocampus and surrounding regions to perform this kind of spatial processing. They have been found in a variety of animals, including rodents, bats, monkeys and humans.

Place-cell firing patterns are often determined by stimuli in the environment such as visual landmarks, and olfactory and vestibular stimuli. Place cells have the ability to suddenly change their firing pattern from one pattern to another, a phenomenon known as remapping. This remapping may occur in either some of the place cells or in all place cells at once. It may be caused by a number of changes, such as in the odor of the environment.

Place cells are thought to play an important role in episodic memory. They contain information about the spatial context a memory took place in. And they seem to perform consolidation by exhibiting replay – the reactivation of the place cells involved in a certain experience at a much faster timescale. Place cells show alterations with age and disease, such as Alzheimer's disease, which may be involved in a decrease of memory function.

The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to John O'Keefe for the discovery of place cells, and to Edvard and May-Britt Moser for the discovery of grid cells.

Background
Place cells were first discovered by John O'Keefe and Jonathan Dostrovsky in 1971 in rats' hippocampuses. They noticed that rats with impairments in their hippocampus performed poorly in spatial tasks, and thus hypothesised that this area must hold some kind of spatial representation of the environment. To test this hypothesis, they developed chronic electrode implants, with which they could record the activity of individual cells extracellularly in the hippocampus. They noted that some of the cells showed activity when a rat was "situated in a particular part of the testing platform facing in a particular direction". These cells would later be called place cells. In 1976, O'Keefe performed a follow-up study, demonstrating the presence of what they called place units. These units were cells that fired in a particular place in the environment, the place field. They are described as having a low resting firing rate (<1 Hz) when a rat is not in its place field, but a particularly high firing rate, which can be over 100 Hz in some cases, within the place field. Additionally, O'Keefe described six special cells, which he called misplace units, which also fire only in a particular place, but only when the rat performed an additional behaviour, such as sniffing, which was often correlated with the presence of a novel stimulus, or the absence of an expected stimulus. The findings ultimately supported the cognitive map theory, the idea that the hippocampus hold a spatial representation, a cognitive map of the environment.

There has been much debate as to whether hippocampal place cells function depends on landmarks in the environment, on environmental boundaries, or on an interaction between the two. Additionally, not all place cells rely on the same external cues. One important distinction in cues is local and distal, where local cues appear in the immediate vicinity of a subject, whereas distal cues are far away, and act more like landmarks. Individual place cells have been shown to follow either or rely on both. Additionally, the cues on which the place cells rely may depend on previous experience of the subject and the saliency of the cue.

There has also been much debate as to whether hippocampal pyramidal cells truly encode non-spatial information as well as spatial information. According to the cognitive map theory, the hippocampus's primary role is to store spatial information through place cells and the hippocampus was biologically designed to provide a subject with spatial information. Recent findings, such as a study showing that place cells respond to non-spatial dimensions, such as sound frequency, disagree with the cognitive map theory. Instead, they support a new theory saying that the hippocampus has a more general function encoding continuous variables, and location just happens to be one of those variables. This fits in with the idea that the hippocampus has a predictive function.

Relationship to grid cells
It has been proposed that place cells are derivatives of grid cells, pyramidal cells in the entorhinal cortex. This theory suggests that the place fields of the place cells are a combination of several grid cells, which have hexagonal grid-like patterns of activity. The theory has been supported by computational models. The relation may arise through Hebbian learning. But grid cells may perform a more supporting role in the formation of place fields, such as path integration input. Another non-spatial explanation of hippocampal function suggests that the hippocampus performs clustering of inputs to produce representations of the current context – spatial or non-spatial.

Place fields
Place cells fire in a specific region of an environment, known as a place field. Place fields are roughly analogous to the receptive fields of sensory neurons, in that the firing region corresponds to a region of sensory information in the environment. However, unlike receptive fields, place cells show no topography, meaning that two neighboring cells do not necessarily have neighboring place fields. Place cells fire spikes in bursts at a high frequency inside the place field, but outside of the place field they remain relatively inactive. Place fields are allocentric, meaning that they are defined with respect to the outside world rather than the body. By orienting based on the environment rather than the individual, place fields can work effectively as neural maps of the environment. A typical place cell will have only one or a few place fields in a small laboratory environment. However, in larger environments, place cells have been shown to contain multiple place fields which are usually irregular. Place cells may also show directionality, meaning they will only fire in a certain location when travelling in a particular direction.

Remapping
Remapping refers to the change in the place field characteristics that occurs when a subject experiences a new environment, or the same environment in a new context. This phenomenon was first reported in 1987, and is thought to play a role in the memory function of the hippocampus. There are broadly two types of remapping: global remapping and partial remapping. When global remapping occurs, most or all of the place cells remap, meaning they lose or gain a place field, or their place field changes its location. Partial remapping means that most place fields are unchanged and only a small portion of the place cells remap. Some of the changes to the environment that have been shown to induce remapping include changing the shape or size of the environment, the color of the walls, the smell in the environment, or the relevance of a location to the task at hand.

Phase precession
The firing of place cells is timed in relation to local theta waves, a process termed phase precession. Upon entering a place field, place cells will fire in bursts at a particular point in the phase of the underlying theta waves. However, as an animal progresses through the place field, the firing will happen progressively earlier in the phase. It is thought that this phenomenon increases the accuracy of the place coding, and aids in plasticity, which is required for learning.

Directionality
In some cases place cells show directionality, meaning they will only fire in a location when the subject is travelling in a particular direction. However, they may also be omnidirectional, meaning they fire regardless of the direction the subject. The lack of directionality in some place cells might occur particularly in impoverished environments, whereas in more complicated environments directionality is enhanced. The radial arm maze is one such environment where directionality does occur. In this environment, cells may even have multiple place fields, of which one is strongly directional, while the others are not. In virtual reality corridors, the degree of directionality in the population of place cells is particularly high. The directionality of place cells has been shown to emerge as a result of the animal's behaviour. For example, the receptive fields become skewed when rats travel a linear track in a single direction. Recent theoretical studies suggest that place cells encode a successor representation which maps the current state to the predicted successor states, and that directionality emerges from this formalism. This computational framework also provides an account for the distortion of place fields around obstacles.

Sensory input
Place cells were initially believed to fire in direct relation to simple sensory inputs, but studies have suggested that this may not be the case. Place fields are usually unaffected by large sensory changes, like removing a landmark from an environment, but respond to subtle changes, like a change in color or shape of an object. This suggests that place cells respond to complex stimuli rather than simple individual sensory cues. According to the functional differentation model, sensory information is processed in various cortical structures upstream of the hippocampus before actually reaching the structure, so that the information received by place cells is a compilation, a functional derivative, of different stimuli. Sensory information received by place cells can be categorized as either metric or contextual information, where metric information corresponds to where place cells should fire and contextual input corresponds to whether or not a place field should fire in a certain environment. Metric sensory information is any kind of spatial input that might indicate a distance between two points. For example, the edges of an environment might signal the size of the overall place field or the distance between two points within a place field. Metric signals can be either linear or directional. Directional inputs provide information about the orientation of a place field, whereas linear inputs essentially form a representational grid. Contextual cues allow established place fields to adapt to minor changes in the environment, such as a change in object color or shape. Metric and contextual inputs are processed together in the entorhinal cortex before reaching the hippocampal place cells. Visuospatial and olfactory inputs are examples of sensory inputs that are utilized by place cells. These types of sensory cues can include both metric and contextual information.

Visuospatial inputs
Spatial cues such as geometric boundaries or orienting landmarks are important examples of metric input. An example is the walls of an environment, which provides information about relative distance and location. Place cells generally rely on set distal cues rather than cues in the immediate proximal environment, though local cues can have a profound impact on local place fields. Visual sensory inputs can also supply important contextual information. A change in color of a specific object or the walls of the environment can affect whether or not a place cell fires in a particular field. Thus, visuospatial sensory information is critical to the formation and recollection of place field.

Olfactory inputs
Although place cells primarily rely on visuospatial input, some studies suggest that olfactory input may also affect the formation and stability of place fields. Olfaction may compensate for a loss of visual information, or even be responsible for the formation of stable place fields in the same way visuospatial cues are. This has been confirmed by a study in a virtual environment that was composed of odor gradients. Change in the olfactory stimulus in an environment may also cause the remapping of place cells.

Vestibular inputs
Stimuli from the vestibular system, such as rotations, can cause changes in place cells firing. After receiving vestibular input some place cells may remap to align with this input, though not all cells will remap and are more reliant on visual cues. Bilateral lesions of the vestibular system in patients may cause abnormal firing of hippocampal place cells as evidenced, in part, by difficulties with spatial tasks such as the radial arm maze and the Morris water navigation task.

Movement inputs

Movement can also be an important spatial cue. Mice use their self-motion information to determine how far and in which direction they have travelled, a process called path integration. This is especially the case in the absence of continuous sensory inputs. For example, in an environment with a lack of visuospatial inputs, an animal might search for the environment edge using touch, and discern location based on the distance of its movement from that edge. Path integration is largely aided by grid cells, which are a type of neuron in the entorhinal cortex that relay information to place cells in the hippocampus. Grid cells establish a grid representation of a location, so that during movement place cells can fire according to their new location while orienting according to the reference grid of their external environment.

Episodic memory
Place cells play an important role in episodic memory. One important aspect of episodic memory is the spatial context in which the event occurred. Hippocampal place cells have stable firing patterns even when cues from a location are removed and specific place fields begin firing when exposed to signals or a subset of signals from a previous location. This suggests that place cells provide the spatial context for a memory by recalling the neural representation of the environment in which the memory occurred. By establishing spatial context, place cells play a role in completing memory patterns. Furthermore, place cells are able to maintain a spatial representation of one location while recalling the neural map of a separate location, effectively differentiating between present experience and past memory. Place cells are therefore considered to demonstrate both pattern completion and pattern separation qualities.

Pattern completion
Pattern completion is the ability to recall an entire memory from a partial or degraded sensory cue. Place cells are able to maintain a stable firing field even after significant signals are removed from a location, suggesting that they can recall a pattern based on only part of the original input. Furthermore, the pattern completion exhibited by place cells is symmetric, because an entire memory can be retrieved from any part of it. For example, in an object-place association memory, spatial context can be used to recall an object and the object can be used to recall the spatial context.

Pattern separation
Pattern separation is the ability to differentiate one memory from other stored memories. Pattern separation begins in the dentate gyrus, a section of the hippocampus involved in memory formation and retrieval. Granule cells in the dentate gyrus process sensory information using competitive learning, and relay a preliminary representation to form place fields. Place fields are extremely specific, as they are capable of remapping and adjusting firing rates in response to subtle sensory signal changes. This specificity is critical for pattern separation, as it distinguishes memories from one another.

Reactivation, replay, and preplay
Place cells often exhibit reactivation outside their place fields. This reactivation has a much faster time scale than the actual experience, and it occurs mostly in the same order in which it was originally experienced, or, more rarely, in reverse. Replay is believed to have a functional role in memory retrieval and memory consolidation. However, when replay is disturbed, it does not necessarily affect place coding, which means it is not essentially for consolidation in all circumstances. The same sequence of activity may occur before the actual experience. This phenomenon, termed preplay, may have a role in prediction and learning.

Model animals
Place cells were first discovered in rats, but place cells and place-like cells have since been found in a number of different animals, including rodents, bats and primates. Additionally, evidence for place cells in humans was found in 2003.

Rodents
Both rats and mice are often used as model animals for place cells research. Rats became especially popular after the development of multiarray electrodes, which allows for the simultaneous recording of a large number of cells. However, mice have the advantage that a larger range of genetic variants are available. Additionally mice can be headfixed, allowing for the use of microscopy techniques to look directly into the brain. Though rats and mice have similar place cells dynamics, mice have smaller place cells, and on the same size track have an increase in number of place fields per cell. Additionally, their replay is weaker compared to the replay in rats.

In addition to rats and mice, place cells have also been found in chinchillas.

Rats furthermore have social place cells, cells which encode the position of other rats. This finding was published in Science at the same time as the report of social place cells in bats.

Bats
Place cells were reported in Egyptian fruit bats for the first time in 2007 by Nachum Ulanovsky and his lab. The place cells in bats have a place field in 3D, which is probably due to the bat flying in three dimensions. The place cells in bats can be based on either vision or echolocation, which remapping taking place when bats switch between the two. Bats also have social place cells; this finding was published in Science at the same time as the report of social place cells in rats.

Primates
Place-related responses have been found in cells of the Japanese macaque and common marmoset, however, whether these are true place cells or spatial view cells is still debated. Spatial view cells respond to locations that are visually explored by eye movement, or the "view of a space", rather than the location of the monkey's body. In the macaque, cells were recorded while the monkey was driving a motorised cab around the experimental room. Additionally, place-related responses have been found macaques while they navigated in a virtual reality. More recently, place cells may have been identified in the hippocampus of freely moving macaques and marmosets.

Effects of alcohol
Place cell firing rate decreases dramatically after ethanol exposure, causing reduced spatial sensitivity, which has been hypothesised to be the cause of impairments in spatial procession after alcohol exposure.

Alzheimer's disease
Problems with spatial memory and navigation are thought to be one of the early indications of Alzheimer's disease. Place cells have been shown to degenerate in Alzheimer's mouse models, which causes such problems with spatial memory in these mice. Furthermore, the place cells in these models have unstable representations of space, and cannot learn stable representations for new environments as well as place cells in healthy mice. The hippocampal theta waves, as well as the gamma waves, that influence place cell firing, for example through phase precession, are also affected.

Aging
Place field properties, including the rate of firing and spike characteristics such as width and amplitude of the spikes, are largely similar between young and aged rats in the CA1 hippocampal region. However, while the size of place fields in the hippocampal CA3 region remains the same between young and aged rats, average firing rate in this region is higher in aged rats. Young rats exhibit place field plasticity: when they are moving along a straight path, place fields are activated one after another. When young rats repeatedly traverse the same straight path, connection between place fields are strengthened due to plasticity, causing subsequent place fields to fire more quickly and causing place field expansion, possibly aiding young rats in spatial memory and learning. However, this observed place field expansion and plasticity is decreased in aged rat subjects, possibly reducing their capacity for spatial learning and memory.

This plasticity can be rescued in aged rats by giving them memantine, an antagonist that blocks the NMDA receptors which is known to improve spatial memory, and was therefore used in an attempt to restore place field plasticity in aged subjects. NMDA receptors, which are glutamate receptors, exhibit decreased activity in aged subjects. The application of memantine leads to in increase in place field plasticity in aged rat subjects. Although memantine aids in the encoding process of spatial information in aged rat subjects, it does not help with the retrieval of this information later in time.

Aged rats further show a high instability in their place cells in the CA1 region. When introduced to the same environment several times, the hippocampal map of the environment changed about 30% of the time, suggesting that the place cells are remapping in response to the exact same environment. Contrarily, the CA3 place cells are show increased plasticity in aged subjects. The same place fields in the CA3 region to activate in similar environments, whereas different place fields in young rats would fire in similar environments because they would pick up on subtle differences in these environments. One possible cause of these changes in plasticity may be increased reliance on self-motion cues.

title: Place cell


text:
Talk:Simon Jones (actor)

No image for Jones?
The actor who played Arthur Dent in the 12-part radio adaptation, the 6-part LP audio adaptation, and the 6-part television adaptation of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" needs a portrait/picture. I don't know how to do it. Perhaps someone can help? 97.113.146.165 (talk) 20:14, 27 July 2020 (UTC)

Untitled
This should be moved to Simon Jones because there is no disambiguation needed, as far as I know. I'd do it myself, but the redirect's in the way. - Furrykef 10:06, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Of course the above no longer applies. - furrykef (Talk at me) 06:00, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Categories
The Categories English actors and English comedians, in which this article belongs, are subcategories of the categories British actors and British comedians, in which this article does not directly belong. Tim Ivorson 5 July 2005 08:26 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Blackadder II - Potato.jpg
Image:Blackadder II - Potato.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 02:16, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Confused. What would that rationale be? Why is this not fair use? A definition/explanation would be meaningful and educational to know before getting into all that. 97.113.146.165 (talk) 20:06, 27 July 2020 (UTC)

accident
I added information about Simon Jones' Oct.8th car accident but I don't know if I did it right.

Please check it.Ed (talk) 11:54, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140820102457/http://www.playbill.com/features/article/164189-Daniel-Craig-Meets-a-Long-Lost-Cousin-Simon-Jones to http://www.playbill.com/features/article/164189-Daniel-Craig-Meets-a-Long-Lost-Cousin-Simon-Jones
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091204131847/http://www.playbill.com/playblog/?p=2998 to http://www.playbill.com/playblog/?p=2998

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title: Talk:Simon Jones (actor)


text:
User talk:Conget~enwiki

User:212.178.7.57
User:212.178.7.57 claims to be you. Can you confirm this is your IP address?

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Conget. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Conget~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:12, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:43, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Conget~enwiki


text:
User:Bijoux

The name says it all. :)

title: User:Bijoux


text:
User:Dpen2000

Hi. My name is David Pendray. Mainly I'm adding more wikilinks between articles but I'm trying to write some stuff too.

User:Dpen2000/JiWa Mockup

Education in Botswana - Must remmember to do this article.

Scanner Access Now Easy

BeautifyMyUserPage

title: User:Dpen2000


text:
Talk:Service-level objective

From VfD
from VfD:

Valid topic, invalid article (and almost certainly copyvio, as well). SLO's vary widely from company to company. This article does not discuss the topic, but lists the SLO's for a single company (Rabobank). 'Looks like it came straight from company literature. SWAdair | Talk 10:09, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Not encyclopedian. Needs a complete rewrite. Unless someone is willing to do that, delete. jni 11:59, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Objective one:Delete --Improv 18:43, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Remove copyvios and inaccuracies and keep as a substub.--Tomheaton 19:14, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep in principle, although if it has copyvios it has to be deleted and rewritten independantly of copyrighted material. — siro  χ  o  22:56, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * List on the Copyvio page, where it will be deleted if it doesn't get cleared. No "oh, but the topic is wonderful" stuff.  We're not judging topics, just articles.  If Tomheaton thinks the topic is great but the copyvio bad, then he can repair it himself, and then we'll all vote keep. Geogre 18:09, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I've done just that.--Tomheaton 19:44, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 18:11, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Regardless of copyvio, delete. Nothing to say that isn't already better said in other articles about business contracts.  Rossami 02:30, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Rewritten. Copyvios and inaccuracies removed.  Perfectly valid topic.  Now a perfectly valid stub.  If someone that happens knows more about the subject happens upon the entry then they can expand it.--Tomheaton 19:44, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * As rewritten, it seems to be a valid topic. Needs a lot of work, but borderline Keep. --Improv 20:14, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

 * Proposing to rename page to Service Level Objective (and then link to from Service Level Agreement) Duncanrshannon 21:43, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Service-level objective


text:
User:Sj/license

Wherever circumstances allow, I hereby release my contributions into the Public Domain, free for any reuse. Otherwise my contributions are relased under the most permissive license possible.

Because most other contributors do not release their contributions under such a licence, "wherever circumstances allow" covers

a) new articles or media by me

b) elements of articles or media added by me that are not themselves derivative of non-PD work

c) revisions of an article such that all contributions prior to that revision are made by users who have also made their work PD

title: User:Sj/license


text:
Closed bolt

A semi or full-automatic firearm which is said to fire from a closed bolt or closed breech is one where, when ready to fire, a round is in the chamber and the bolt and working parts are forward in battery. When the trigger is pulled, the firing pin or striker fires the round; the action is cycled by the energy of the shot, sending the bolt to the rear, which extracts and ejects the empty cartridge case; and the bolt goes forward, feeding a fresh round from the magazine into the chamber, ready for the next shot.

World War I aircraft
When World War I era machine guns were being tried for use on aircraft, the Lewis gun was found not to be usable with a gun synchronizer for forward firing through the propeller, due to its firing cycle starting with an open bolt. Maxim style arms fired with a cycle starting with a closed bolt, and since the bullet firing from the gun started the firing cycle, it was much easier to set the synchronizer to trigger the gun only when the propeller's blade was not directly in front of the gun's muzzle. These included:

 * Vickers machine gun
 * Both the rectangular-receiver lMG 08 and lightened-receiver LMG 08/15 Spandau gun, and Parabellum LMG 14 gun
 * Improvements introduced by Swedish armaments designer Carl Gustave Swebilius to the American M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun for aircraft use, creating the M1917 and M1918 Marlin-Rockwell machine guns for the USAAS

Comparison with open bolt design
A closed bolt design has both advantages and disadvantages when compared to an open bolt design:

Advantages

 * More accurate for the first round and for semi-automatic fire:
 * No movement of heavy working parts prior to firing to potentially inhibit accuracy.
 * Round sits consistently in the chamber.
 * Potentially shorter delay between operator pulling the trigger and round being fired (also known as lock time).
 * Cleaner operation – less potential for dust and other foreign debris to enter the gun, since the action remains closed unless the weapon is firing.
 * Action can be locked forward to further reduce noise in a suppressed weapon.
 * Can carry an additional round in the chamber, increasing ammunition capacity by one round beyond the magazine's maximum limit.

Disadvantages

 * More complicated and expensive to manufacture.
 * Less heat dissipation from closed chamber (increased danger of cooking off)
 * The extra round in the chamber can be a safety hazard, as even when the magazine is removed, the round in the chamber will still be ready to fire, and must be manually ejected.

Uses
Closed-bolt designs are often used in rifles. The improved accuracy of closed-bolt weapons is more desirable, while the poorer heat dissipation is less of an issue for slower-firing weapons. In contrast, open-bolt designs are more often used in automatic weapons, such as machine guns. For fast-firing automatic weapons, heat will rapidly build up from sustained firing, but accuracy is of less importance. Thus, the improved heat dissipation of open-bolt designs is generally more desirable in automatic weapons.

Closed-bolt firearms
Examples of closed-bolt firearms include:

 * AR-15 style rifle
 * Armalite AR-10
 * Armalite AR-16
 * Armalite AR-18
 * FAMAE SAF
 * FN F2000
 * Heckler & Koch MP5
 * Heckler & Koch UMP
 * Heckler & Koch G3
 * Heckler & Koch G36
 * Heckler & Koch HK21
 * Kalashnikov rifle
 * Maxim gun
 * Mendoza HM-3
 * MG 08
 * MG 13
 * MG 17 machine gun
 * MG 131 machine gun
 * M2 Browning machine gun
 * M16 rifle
 * M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun
 * Parabellum MG14
 * SIG 550
 * Spectre M4
 * Steyr AUG
 * Vickers Machine Gun

Mixed mode firearms
Examples of mixed mode firearms (capable of operating from either an open bolt or closed bolt) include:
 * ArmaLite AR-100 - AR-101 and AR-102
 * CETME Model A
 * FG 42
 * FN SCAR - Heat Adaptive Modular Rifle
 * LWRC Infantry Automatic Rifle - M6A4
 * M1941 Johnson machine gun

title: Closed bolt


text:
Old Nick

Old Nick can mean:

 * A nickname for the devil in Christian tradition
 * Niccolò Machiavelli
 * Old Nick (beer), from Young's Brewery
 * Old Nick Company, a student theatre company at the University of Tasmania, Australia
 * A nickname for the Swansea Devil, a wood carving of the Devil in Swansea, Wales

title: Old Nick


text:
Vine Hill

Vine Hill may refer to:

(by state)
 * in the United States
 * Vine Hill, California
 * Vine Hill (Centerville, North Carolina), listed on the NRHP in North Carolina
 * Vine Hill (Cross Bridge, Tennessee), listed on the NRHP in Tennessee

title: Vine Hill


text:
Johnny Albino

Johnny Albino (December 9, 1919 – May 7, 2011 ) was a Puerto Rican bolero singer, born in Yauco, Puerto Rico but lived most of his life in Guayama, Puerto Rico.

He played and sang through his youth years. It was not until years later, however, that he would get a chance to sing as part of an organized act. Albino joined the United States Army during World War II, where he formed a quartet and was allowed to sing for his fellow soldiers.

In 1946, Albino performed in a trio for the first time. Later on, he would become a member and lead voice of the Trio San Juan, which went on to become an internationally acclaimed group.

Trio San Juan was rivaled at the time by the Trio Los Panchos for popularity. Albino later on left Trio San Juan and joined Los Panchos, as the leading voice, replacing another legendary trio singer, Julito Rodríguez.

Albino joined Los Panchos in 1958 and he remained there until 1968. The group became famous across the world, and Albino toured the United States, Europe and Japan. With Los Panchos, he recorded Japanese albums, and he also performed alongside well known performers such as Johnny Carson, Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis Jr. Steve Lawrence and others.

Albino left Los Panchos and went on to form, or become a member of many famous Puerto Rican trios. Notably, Miguel Poventud whose participation in the album Los Panchos by Special Request are a compilation of love songs recorded in English for CBS. Also, Grandes Exitos de Johnny Albino con Los Panchos DHIT 2093.2 21 June 2005 is his main performance with Miguel Poventud on "requinto" (guitar) and voice accompaniment.

His career spanned over 300 albums and CDs. At 93, he died on May 7, 2011, in Long Island, New York.

title: Johnny Albino


text:
Vining

Vining is the name of several places in the United States. It may refer to:

 * Vining, Iowa
 * Vining, Kansas
 * Vining, Minnesota

title: Vining


text:
Vinita

Vinita may refer to:

People

 * Vinita Bali (born 1955), Indian businesswoman, Managing Director of Britannia Industries
 * Vinita Gupta (born 1969), Indian-born American businesswoman, founder of Digital Link Corporation
 * Vinita Joshi, Indian television actress
 * Vinita Nair (born 1981), American television journalist
 * Vinita Vasu (born 1975), Indian artist

Places

 * Ayodhya, also known as Vinita, an Indian city in Uttar Pradesh
 * Vinita, Oklahoma, an American city in Craig County
 * Vinita Formation, a geological formation in Coquimbo, Chile
 * Vinita Park, Missouri, an American city in St. Louis County
 * Vinita Terrace, Missouri, an American village in St. Louis County

title: Vinita


text:
Talk:Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor

POV?
This all a bit POV isn't it? I thought the man was a de facto Nazi. Can someone rewrite this article? m.e. 10:23, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I researched his wife which led to learning a good deal of him. I ended up disliking both of them immensely, more her than him but I dislike him too, but that said he was not a "de facto Nazi." He was certainly a racist and a bigot, but not violently so. I think for him racial minorities were amusing feeble-minded people who existed to serve him, which was a not too uncommon view for an aristocrat of his era. He also favored appeasement when the government did and bought in the "stabbed in the back" legend some. However he didn't advocate Nazism or Fascism according to anything I read and I read some pretty critical stuff. At worst he just thought, before the war, that Nazism was okay for Germany as long as it didn't cause them to bother other nations. Once the war started he was solidly opposed to the Nazis and even wanted to do war-work for Britain, but was too old and ill for that. He got some token job instead. He was a rich racist snob who had an unrealistic view of Nazism in the 1930s, but he wasn't any kind of Diana Mitford type.--T. Anthony 10:30, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I added more criticism though.--T. Anthony 10:55, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Removed the NPOV notice. - If someone wishes to ADD something that is fine but it is not POV. JillandJack 18:22, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * whatever, it needs work. I've marked it for bias this time. If you can think of a better template then go for it, but don't whitewash the man. m.e. 08:41, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Needs somewhat more objectivity when it comes to appeasement and the Cliveden set.Homey 21:26, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

I agree with the POV that the NAZI involvement has been omited or glossed over in enough places controlled by mainstream media and some of the gritty history needs be kept tied to these people.

 * Don't get excited, people. Waldorf Astor was not regarded as virulently antisemitic in his day -- just "ordinary" antisemitic, like most of the aristocracy at the time. You're forgetting what a scandal the Prince of Wales created by his casual friendship with the Rothschilds. Moreover, racism was endemic in Britain as musch as in the U.S. at the turn of the 20th century. You can't transfer 21st-century opinions to the past and assume they were (or ought to have been) the standard. That's bad history.

 * But what I came here to say, is that I believe Waldorf's full name was "William Waldorf Astor Jr."; he went by his middle name to avoid confusion. That needs to be reflected somewhere on the page. -- Michael K Smith Talk 16:32, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

His children
Nancy Astor's page lists the five children she had by Waldorf Astor. Why are they not shown on Waldorf's page? Valetude (talk) 19:08, 1 December 2013 (UTC)

His Racing Interests
The one sentence on his racing interests is hardly true (yes he did have a horse that won the St Leger) but mainly wrong. He most certainly did not take over his father's stable. I'll try to find time to add to this section as he was one of the most important thoroughbred owner-breeders of the 1915-1950 era. (Victor Middlesex (talk) 01:26, 9 November 2015 (UTC))

title: Talk:Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor


text:
Kilburn, North Yorkshire

Kilburn is a village in the civil parish of Kilburn High and Low, in the Hambleton District in the county of North Yorkshire, England. It lies on the edge of the North York Moors National Park, and 6.2 mi north of Easingwold.

History
The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as "Chileburne" in the Yalestre hundred. At the time of the Norman invasion, the lord of the manor was Arnketil, but was subsequently granted to Hugh, son of Baldric. During the reign of Henry I the manor was passed to Rouen Cathedral in Normandy and subsequently to Roger de Mowbray who passed the lands to the Colvilles. In return for receiving these lands, Thomas de Colville had to swear allegiance to Roger de Mowbray. The Colvilles held the manor until 1405 when the eighth Thomas Colville was murdered outside York and died without male heirs. The lands were held by the Archbishop of York after the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century.

Kilburn was historically a township and parish in the wapentake of Birdforth in the North Riding of Yorkshire. After 1837 it was part of the Thirsk and Helmsley Poor Law Unions. The parish, which covered 5900 acre acres, comprised Kilburn, Oldstead, Thorpe-le-Willows, and Wass, of which Kilburn had the largest population. The etymology of the name comes from two Old English words, ciele & burna, meaning "cool stream".

Robert de Alneto, a monk from Whitby Abbey, lived in a hermitage at Hood Grange, 2 mi from the village. In 1138 Robert de Mowbray converted it into a Cistercian abbey, which later moved to Old Byland and subsequently moved again to Byland.

Governance
The village lies within the Thirsk and Malton UK Parliament constituency. It also lies within the Stillington, North Yorkshire electoral division of North Yorkshire County Council and the White Horse ward of Hambleton District Council. The local Parish Council has five members.

Geography
The village consists of High Kilburn, situated on a hillside, and Low Kilburn in the valley on the banks of a stream. It lies about 7 mi east from Thirsk. The nearest settlements are Wass 2.6 mi to the east; Coxwold 2 mi to the south-east; Carlton Husthwaite 1.9 mi to the south-west and Thirkleby 2.3 mi to the west. There was a sandstone-quarry at Hood Hill.

The 1881 UK Census recorded the population as 387. The 2001 UK Census recorded the population as 180, of which 162 were over sixteen years old and 84 of those were in employment. There were 105 dwellings of which 73 were detached. There are a total of 18 Grade II listed buildings in the area.

The village is known for the White Horse. The White Horse is a figure cut into the hillside to the north of the village, and visible for many miles around on a clear day.

Religion
There is a church in the village dedicated to St Mary. The Grade II* listed building was erected in the early 12th century and underwent restoration in 1869.

A Wesleyan chapel was built in the village in 1838.

Notable people

 * Robert Thompson, whose trade-name was "the Mouseman", lived in the village. He manufactured furniture in English oak mainly for church use. His work is distinguished by a carving of a mouse somewhere on the piece. Examples can be seen on the wooden candlesticks in Westminster Abbey. These pieces were commissioned directly by the widow of the captain of HMS Barham as a memorial to the lost ship and her crew.

 * John Harte (mayor)

title: Kilburn, North Yorkshire