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Viola Spolin

Viola Spolin (November 7, 1906 — November 22, 1994) was an American theatre academic, educator and acting coach. She is considered an important innovator in 20th century American theater for creating directorial techniques to help actors to be focused in the present moment and to find choices improvisationally, as if in real life. These acting exercises she later called Theater Games and formed the first body of work that enabled other directors and actors to create improvisational theater. Her book Improvisation for the Theater, which published these techniques, includes her philosophy and her teaching and coaching methods, and is considered the "bible of improvisational theater". Spolin's contributions were seminal to the improvisational theater movement in the U.S. She is considered to be the mother of Improvisational theater. Her work has influenced American theater, television and film by providing new tools and techniques that are now used by actors, directors and writers.

Spolin influenced the first generation of improvisational actors at the Second City in Chicago in the mid- to late 1950s, through her son, Paul Sills. He was the founding director of the Compass Players which led to the formation of the Second City. He used her techniques in the training and direction of the company, which enabled them to create satirical improvisational theater about current social & political issues. Spolin also taught workshops for Second City actors, as well as for the general public. Paul Sills and the success of the Second City were largely responsible for the popularization of improvisational theater, which became best known as a comedy form called "improv." Many actors, writers and directors grew out of that school of theater and had formative experiences performing and being trained at the Second City. Many notable theater, television and film professionals were influenced by Spolin and Sills.

Spolin developed acting exercises or "games" that unleashed creativity, adapting focused "play" to unlock the individual's capacity for creative self-expression. Viola Spolin's use of recreational games in theater came from her background with the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression where she studied with Neva Boyd starting in 1924. Spolin also taught classes at Jane Addams' Hull House in Chicago.

She authored a number of texts on improvisation. Her first and most famous was Improvisation for the Theater, published by Northwestern University Press. This book has become a classic resource for improvisational actors, directors and teachers. It has been published in three editions in 1963, 1983 and 1999.

Early work
Viola Spolin initially trained to be a settlement worker (from 1924 to 1927), studying at Neva Boyd's Group Work School in Chicago. Boyd's innovative teaching in the areas of group leadership, recreation, and social group work strongly influenced Spolin, as did the use of traditional game structures to affect social behavior in inner-city and immigrant children. While serving as drama supervisor for the Chicago branch of the Works Progress Administration's Recreational Project (1939–1941), Spolin perceived a need to create within the WPA drama program an easily grasped system of theater training that could cross the cultural and ethnic barriers of the immigrant children with whom she worked.

According to Spolin, Boyd's teachings provided "an extraordinary training in the use of games, story-telling, folk dance and dramatics as tools for stimulating creative expression in both children and adults, through self discovery and personal experiencing." Building upon the experience of Boyd's work, she responded by developing new games that focused on individual creativity, adapting and focusing the concept of play to unlock the individual's capacity for creative self-expression. These techniques were later to be formalized under the rubric "Theater Games".

Spolin acknowledged she was influenced by J.L. Moreno, originator of the therapeutic techniques known as psychodrama and sociodrama. Spolin's exercises had a therapeutic impact on players. She drew on Moreno's idea of using audience suggestions as the base of an improvisation, which became a hallmark of the Second City's brand of improv and is now universally employed in workshop and performance. She strongly emphasized the need for the individual to overcome what she called "The Approval/Disapproval Syndrome," which she described as the performer blocking their own natural creativity in an effort to please the audience, director, teacher, peers or anyone else.

Birth of American improv
In 1946, Spolin founded the Young Actors Company in Hollywood. Children six years of age and older were trained, through the medium of the still developing Theater Games system, to perform in productions. This company continued until 1955. Spolin returned to Chicago in 1955 to direct for the Playwright's Theater Club and, subsequently, to conduct games workshops with the Compass Players, the country's first professional improvisational acting company. The Compass Players made theater history in America. It began in the backroom of a bar near the University of Chicago campus in the summer of 1955 and out of this group was born a new form: improvisational theater. They are said to have created a radically new kind of comedy. "They did not plan to be funny or to change the course of comedy", writes Janet Coleman. "But that is what happened."

From 1960 to 1965, still in Chicago, she worked with her son Paul Sills as workshop director for the Second City Company and continued to teach and develop Theater Games theory and practice. As an outgrowth of this work, she published Improvisation for the Theater, consisting of approximately 220 games and exercises. It has become a classic reference text for teachers of acting, as well as for educators in other fields.

In the early-1960s Viola Spolin took on an assistant and protégé, Josephine Forsberg, to help with her workshops at the Second City, as well as with her children's theatre that performed there on weekends. Viola Spolin eventually handed both the children's show and the improv classes over to Forsberg, who continued teaching Spolin's work at the Second City from the mid-1960s on, leading to the creation of Forsberg's own improv school, Players Workshop in 1971, as well as the Improv Olympic and the Second City Training Center in the 1980s, all of which were based on Spolin's work.

In 1965, with Sills and others, Spolin co-founded the Game Theater in Chicago, and around the same time organized a small cooperative kindergarten and elementary school (called Playroom School and later Parents School) for with several other families in the Old Town/Lincoln Park area. The theater and the school's classes sought to have audiences participate directly in Theater Games, thus effectively eliminating the conventional separation between improvisational actors and audiences. The theater experiment achieved limited success, and it closed after only a few months, but the school continued to use the techniques, alongside a regular elementary curriculum, well into the 1970s.

Later years
In 1970 and 1971 Spolin served as special consultant for productions of Sills' Story Theater in Los Angeles, New York City and on television. On the West Coast, she conducted workshops for the casts of the television shows, Rhoda and Paul Sand in Friends and Lovers, and appeared on film as an actress in Paul Mazursky's Alex in Wonderland (1970). In November 1975, "The Theater Game File" was published. She designed it to make her unique approaches to teaching and learning more readily available to classroom teachers. In 1976, she established the Spolin Theater Game Center in Hollywood, to train professional Theater Games Coaches and served as its artistic director. In 1979 she was awarded an honorary doctorate by Eastern Michigan University, and until the 1990s she continued to teach at the Theater Game Center. In 1985 her new book, Theater Games for Rehearsal: A Director's Handbook, was published.

Spolin's games
Spolin's Theater Games transform the teaching of acting skills and techniques into exercises that are in game forms. Each Theater Game is structured to give the players a specific focus or technical problem to keep in mind during the game, like keeping your eye on the ball in a ball game. These simple, operational structures teach complicated theater conventions and techniques. By playing the game the players learn the skill, keeping their attention on the focus of the game, rather than falling into self-consciousness or trying to think up good ideas, from an intellectual source. The intention of giving the actor something on which to focus is to help them to be in the present moment, like a mantra in meditation. In this playful, active state the player gets flashes of intuitive, inspired choices that come spontaneously. The focus of the game keeps the mind busy in the moment of creating or playing, rather than being in the mind pre-planning, comparing or judging their choices in the improvisation. The exercises are, as one critic has written, "structures designed to almost fool spontaneity into being."

Spolin believed that every person can learn to act and express creatively. In the beginning of her book Improvisation for the Theater, she wrote: Everyone can act. Everyone can improvise. Anyone who wishes to can play in the theater and learn to become 'stage-worthy.'

We learn through experience and experiencing, and no one teaches anyone anything. This is as true for the infant moving from kicking and crawling to walking as it is for the scientist with his equations.

If the environment permits it, anyone can learn whatever he chooses to learn; and if the individual permits it, the environment will teach him everything it has to teach. 'Talent' or 'lack of talent' have little to do with it.

Spolin's work with children
Viola Spolin began working with children early in her career. Aside from her work with The Parent's School, Spolin used her Theatre Games as a way to help develop creative confidence in troubled kids as well as for child actors and kids who just wanted to have fun improvising. Spolin was associated for many years with Jane Addams Hull House as well as other locations where she and her assistant teachers taught improv workshops to children.

Spolin also directed numerous shows for children, including a production at Playwights in the mid-1950s. Soon after the Second City opened its doors in 1959, Spolin started putting up shows for children on the weekends. During Spolin children's shows the kids in the audience were invited up onto the stage to play Theatre Games with the cast. In the mid-1960s, Spolin handed the children's show (along with her improv classes) over to her protégé and assistant, Josephine Forsberg, who renamed it The Children's Theatre of the Second City and continued to produce and direct it until 1997, using Viola Spolin's audience participation improv games after every performance.

title: Viola Spolin


text:
Category:Los Angeles Dodgers managers

See also
 * Brooklyn Bridegrooms managers
 * Brooklyn Superbas managers
 * Brooklyn Robins managers
 * Brooklyn Dodgers managers

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Los Angeles Dodgers managers


text:
1974 in Ireland

Events in the year 1974 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President:
 * Erskine H. Childers (until 17 November 1974)
 * Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh (from 19 December 1974)
 * Taoiseach: Liam Cosgrave (FG)
 * Tánaiste: Brendan Corish (Lab)
 * Minister for Finance: Richie Ryan (FG)
 * Chief Justice:
 * William FitzGerald (until 17 October 1974)
 * Tom O'Higgins (from 17 October 1974)
 * Dáil: 20th
 * Seanad: 13th

Events

 * 2 January – The Northern Ireland Executive began its first day in office.
 * 15 February – A 600-pound bomb exploded in Dungannon in Northern Ireland.
 * 24 April – The Electricity Supply Board announced that Carnsore Point on the County Wexford coast would be the site of its planned nuclear power station (which, ultimately, was not built).
 * 26 April – Nineteen Old Master paintings from the Beit collection were stolen from Russborough House by a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) gang that included English heiress Rose Dugdale.
 * 8 May – The great hall of University College Dublin was to become a 900-seat concert hall and home of the RTÉ Symphony Orchestra.
 * 14 May – Northern Ireland ground to a halt as the Ulster Workers' Council called a strike following the defeat of an anti-Sunningdale Agreement motion.
 * 17 May – Dublin and Monaghan bombings: Thirty-three civilians were killed and almost 300 wounded in four car-bomb explosions in Dublin and Monaghan by the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), the highest number of casualties in any one day during The Troubles.
 * 21 May – The Ulster Workers' Council Strike in Northern Ireland came to an end.
 * 28 May – The five-month-old Northern Ireland Executive collapsed.
 * Late May – President Erskine Childers paid the first state visit by an Irish head of state to Europe when he visited Belgium with his wife, Rita. This followed the three-day state visit to Ireland by King Baudouin and Queen Fabiola of Belgium in May 1968.
 * 14 June – Anatoli Kaplin, the first Soviet Ambassador to Ireland, visited President Childers at Áras an Uachtaráin, the President's residence.
 * 17 July – The coalition government's Control of Importation, Sale and Manufacture of Contraceptives Bill 1974 was defeated in a vote in Dáil Éireann. The Taoiseach, Liam Cosgrave, was one of seven Fine Gael party TDs who voted against the government bill.
 * 18 July – Ladies' Gaelic Football Association founded in Thurles.
 * 20 July – About ten women, styled as the "Dublin City Women's Invasion Force", including journalist Nell McCafferty, politician and activist Nuala Fennell, and poet Mary D'Arcy, entered the Forty Foot bathing place in Sandycove in Dublin, historically a men-only nude bathing area. The women were claiming their right to swim there. From that time forward, women swam at the Forty Foot.
 * 1 September – Transition Year was introduced on a pilot basis in three schools.
 * 21 September – Leader of the Opposition Jack Lynch said that the Fianna Fáil party would not support any proposal to repeal Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution.
 * 4 November – Powerscourt House in Enniskerry, County Wicklow was destroyed by fire.
 * 17 November – President Erskine Childers died suddenly, aged 69, having served less than 17 months of his seven-year term.
 * 10 December – Seán MacBride was presented with the Nobel Prize for Peace.
 * 19 December – Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh was sworn in as the fifth President of Ireland.
 * The first Michelin Guide to cover Ireland was published. The first restaurants awarded stars were The Russell Hotel on St Stephen's Green in Dublin (which closed later in the year) and Arbutus Lodge in Cork.
 * December - The Guaranteed Irish symbol was introduced, beginning as a campaign run by the Irish Goods Council.

Arts and literature

 * 25 August – The first Kilkenny Arts Festival opened.
 * November – The O'Brien Press published its first book.
 * 19 December – Tom Murphy's adaptation of The Vicar of Wakefield opened at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin.
 * Jennifer Johnston's novel How Many Miles to Babylon? was published.

Births

 * 1 January – Eva Birthistle, actress.
 * 12 January – Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Offaly (died 1997).
 * 29 January – Niall Blaney, Teachta Dála (TD) representing Donegal North-East.
 * 31 March – Victoria Smurfit, actress.
 * 4 April – Kieran Collins, "The Golden Drifter", Gaelic footballer.
 * 23 May – Maria McCool, singer.
 * 17 May – Brídín Brennan, singer.
 * 17 May – Andrea Corr, lead vocalist with The Corrs.
 * 1 July
 * John Davy, cricketer.
 * Peter Davy, cricketer.
 * Olwyn Enright, Fine Gael TD representing Laois–Offaly.
 * 9 July – Gary Kelly, international association football player.
 * 10 July – Imelda May, musician.
 * 19 July – Malcolm O'Kelly, international rugby player.
 * 10 August – Gus Joyce, cricketer.
 * 11 September – Karl Gannon, association football player.
 * 16 September – John McAdorey, relay sprinter.
 * September – Liam Donoghue, Galway hurler.
 * 1 October – Keith Duffy, singer and actor.
 * 15 October – Barry McCrea, novelist.
 * 21 October – Tony Sheridan, association football player.
 * 5 November – Gráinne Seoige, television broadcaster.
 * 12 November – T. J. Ryan, Limerick hurler.
 * 18 November – Graham Coughlan, association football player.
 * 22 November – Finian Maynard, four-time speed windsurfing world champion, winner of a world speed record for sailing.
 * 24 November – Peter Barry, Kilkenny hurler.
 * 27 November – Roy O'Brien, association football player.
 * 3 December – Andrew Maxwell, comedian.
 * 4 December – Jason Molins, cricketer.
 * 7 December – Brendan Kennedy, association football player.
 * 8 December – Ian Malone, member of British Army's Irish Guards (shot dead in Iraq 2003).
 * 30 December – Camille O'Sullivan, singer (born in London).

 * Full date unknown
 * Alan Browne, Cork hurler.
 * Philly Larkin, Kilkenny hurler.
 * Fergal McCormack, Cork hurler.

Deaths

 * 1 January – Bob Fullam, association football player (born 1897; died in London).
 * 4 January – Phelim Calleary, Fianna Fáil TD (born 1895).
 * 24 January – Cornelius O'Callaghan, Fianna Fáil senator 1970–1974 (born 1922).
 * 15 February – Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander, cryptanalyst, chess player, and chess writer (born 1909).
 * 9 March – Daniel O'Neill, painter (born 1920).
 * 19 March – Austin Clarke, poet, playwright and writer (born 1896).
 * 10 April – Patricia Collinge, actress and writer (born 1892).
 * 28 May – Richard Belton, medical doctor, member of the 12th Seanad (born 1913).
 * 3 June – Michael Gaughan, Provisional Irish Republican Army hunger striker (born 1950; died in Parkhurst Prison).
 * 10 June – Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, member of the British royal family, last surviving knight of the Order of St Patrick (born 1900 in England).
 * 30 June – Frank McKelvey, painter (born 1895).
 * 5 July – James Young, comedian (born 1918).
 * 13 August – Kate O'Brien, novelist (born 1897).
 * 9 October – Padraic Fallon, poet (born 1905).
 * 17 November – Erskine Childers, Fianna Fáil TD, cabinet minister, and fourth Irish President (born 1905).
 * 23 November – Cornelius Ryan, journalist and author (born 1920).
 * 1 December – Dick Grace, Kilkenny hurler (born 1890).
 * 24 December – Michael F. Kitt, Fianna Fáil TD (born 1914).
 * 25 December – Harry Kernoff, painter (born 1900).
 * 27 December – Denis Farrelly, Fine Gael TD and senator (born 1912).

 * Full date unknown
 * Liam Deasy, Irish Republican Army officer in the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War (born 1898).

title: 1974 in Ireland


text:
West Sussex County Division

The West Sussex County Division was a formation of the British Army, raised in the Second World War and formed by the redesignation of Brocforce on 9 November 1940. On 18 February 1941, the headquarters was redesignated as the Essex County Division. It was commanded by four officers, Major-General Edwin Morris from formation until 16 December, Brigadier A. E. Lawrence until 29 December, Major-General Sir Oliver Leese until 30 January 1941 and then Brigadier H. J. Parham. It was an infantry only formation consisting of two Independent Infantry Brigades. Usually, combat support, artillery, engineers etc., would be provided by other local formations, exceptionally, for a county division, the 29th Brigade Group commanded additional units.

It was commanded by XII Corps until 15 January 1941 and then by IV Corps.

Order of Battle
Both brigades were part of the division from 9 November 1940 to 17 February 1941.

 * 29th Infantry Brigade Group
 * 1st Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers
 * 1st Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers
 * 2nd Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment
 * E Company 5th Battalion Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Machine guns)
 * 29th Independent Brigade Group Anti-Tank Company
 * 17th Field Regiment Royal Artillery
 * 204th Anti-Tank Battery
 * 236th Field Company Royal Engineers
 * 29th Independent Brigade Group Company R.A.S.C.
 * 154th Field Ambulance R.A.M.C.
 * 29th Independent Brigade Group Provost Section R.M.P

The brigade group transferred to IV Corps after leaving the division.

 * 201st Independent Infantry Brigade (Home)
 * 13th Battalion, Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)
 * 14th Battalion, Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)
 * 9th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment
 * 10th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment

The brigade transferred to the Yorkshire County Division after leaving the division.

title: West Sussex County Division


text:
Calgacus

According to Tacitus, Calgacus (sometimes Calgacos or Galgacus) was a chieftain of the Caledonian Confederacy who fought the Roman army of Gnaeus Julius Agricola at the Battle of Mons Graupius in northern Scotland in AD 83 or 84. His name can be interpreted as Brittonic *calg-ac-os, 'possessing a blade', and is seemingly related to the Gaelic calgach (meaning 'prickly' or 'fierce'). Whether the word is a name or a title is unknown.

Biography
He was the first Caledonian to be recorded in history. The only historical source that features him is Tacitus' Agricola, which describes him as "the most distinguished for birth and valour among the chieftains". Tacitus wrote a speech which he attributed to Calgacus, saying that Calgacus gave it in advance of the Battle of Mons Graupius. The speech describes the exploitation of Britain by Rome and rouses his troops to fight.

The following excerpt is from the speech attributed to Calgacus by the historian Tacitus in the Agricola, but most historians note that since Calgacus was fighting Tacitus' father-in-law (Gnaeus Julius Agricola) in this battle the reader should assume some bias:

"Whenever I consider the origin of this war and the necessities of our position, I have a sure confidence that this day, and this union of yours, will be the beginning of freedom to the whole of Britain. To all of us slavery is a thing unknown; there are no lands beyond us, and even the sea is not safe, menaced as we are by a Roman fleet. And thus in war and battle, in which the brave find glory, even the coward will find safety. Former contests, in which, with varying fortune, the Romans were resisted, still left in us a last hope of succour, inasmuch as being the most renowned nation of Britain, dwelling in the very heart of the country, and out of sight of the shores of the conquered, we could keep even our eyes unpolluted by the contagion of slavery. To us who dwell on the uttermost confines of the earth and of freedom, this remote sanctuary of Britain's glory has up to this time been a defence. Now, however, the furthest limits of Britain are thrown open, and the unknown always passes for the marvellous. But there are no tribes beyond us, nothing indeed but waves and rocks, and the yet more terrible Romans, from whose oppression escape is vainly sought by obedience and submission. Robbers of the world, having by their universal plunder exhausted the land, they rifle the deep. If the enemy be rich, they are rapacious; if he be poor, they lust for dominion; neither the east nor the west has been able to satisfy them. Alone among men they covet with equal eagerness poverty and riches. To robbery, slaughter, plunder, they give the lying name of empire; they make a solitude and call it peace."

Calgacus is not mentioned during or after the battle and he is not named as one of the hostages Agricola took with him after putting the Caledonians to flight. Both Calgacus and the speech may be figments of Tacitus's invention.

His speech is often quoted as "they make a desert and call it peace".

title: Calgacus


text:
1973 in Ireland

Events in the year 1973 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President:
 * Éamon de Valera (until 24 June 1973)
 * Erskine H. Childers (from 25 June 1973)
 * Taoiseach:
 * Jack Lynch (FF) (until 14 March 1973)
 * Liam Cosgrave (FG) (from 14 March 1973)
 * Tánaiste:
 * Erskine H. Childers (FF) (until 14 March 1973)
 * Brendan Corish (Lab) (from 14 March 1973)
 * Minister for Finance:
 * George Colley (FF) (until 14 March 1973)
 * Richie Ryan (FG) (from 14 March 1973)
 * Chief Justice:
 * Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh (until 22 September 1973)
 * William FitzGerald (from 25 September 1973)
 * Dáil:
 * 19th (until 5 February 1973)
 * 20th (from 14 March 1973)
 * Seanad:
 * 12th (until 30 March 1973)
 * 13th (from 1 June 1973)

Events

 * 1 January – Ireland joined the European Economic Community (EEC) along with the United Kingdom and Denmark.
 * 5 January – The Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was signed into law, removing the "special position" of the Roman Catholic Church and recognition of certain other named religions.
 * 6 January – Patrick Hillery was appointed Social Affairs Commissioner of the EEC.
 * 28 February – The National Coalition of the Fine Gael party and Labour Party won the general election, ending 16 years of Fianna Fáil party government.
 * 8 March
 * Northern Ireland sovereignty referendum (the "Border Poll"): 98.9percent of voters wanted Northern Ireland to remain within the United Kingdom. Turnout was 58.7percent overall, but fewer than one percent among Catholics.
 * Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) bombs exploded in Whitehall and the Old Bailey in London.
 * 14 March – The new Taoiseach (prime minister), Liam Cosgrave, received his seal of office from President Éamon de Valera at the President's residence, Áras an Uachtaráin.
 * 25 March – The first edition of the Sunday World newspaper, printed in Dublin, went on sale.
 * 2 April – The Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922 was replaced by the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act abolishing the death penalty for murder in Northern Ireland and establishing the Diplock courts.
 * 11 April – The funeral took place of the former Archbishop of Dublin, John Charles McQuaid.
 * 16 April – IRA chief Seán Mac Stíofáin was freed from jail.
 * 28 April – Six men, including Joe Cahill, were arrested by the Irish Naval Service off County Waterford on board a coaster carrying five tons of weapons destined for the IRA.
 * 30 May – In the 1973 presidential election, Fianna Fáil party candidate Erskine Childers beat Fine Gael party candidate Tom O'Higgins, and was inaugurated at Dublin Castle, on his father's birthday anniversary on June 25th, as Ireland's fourth president.
 * 6 June – Irish Continental Line (a joint venture between Irish Shipping Limited, Fearnley & Eger and Swedish company Lion Ferry) began operation with MS Saint Patrick on the Rosslare–Le Havre route.
 * 24 June – President Éamon de Valera retired from office aged 90. He travelled to Boland's Mill, where he was positioned during the Easter Rising. The motorcade then proceeded to Talbot Lodge nursing home in Blackrock where he spent his retirement.
 * 28 June – The Northern Ireland Assembly election took place.
 * 10 July – The funeral of General Seán Mac Eoin took place in Ballinalee, County Longford.
 * 18 July – The office of Governor of Northern Ireland, at this time held by The Lord Grey of Naunton, was abolished under Section 32 of the Northern Ireland Constitution Act. The Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, a UK cabinet office created in 1972, took over the functions of the Governor on 20 December 1973 under letters patent.
 * 27 July – The government lifted colour restrictions on RTÉ television transmissions.
 * 31 July – The Civil Service (Employment of Married Women) Act 1973 removed the prohibition on married women working in the civil service.
 * 31 July – The first sitting of the Northern Ireland Assembly took place.
 * 1 September
 * The deepest underwater rescue ever performed took place 150 miles southwest of County Cork when the submarine Pisces III got into difficulties while laying a transatlantic telephone cable on the seabed. The crew, Roger Mallinson and Roger Chapman, were rescued by an international group of vessels after three days, having sunk to a depth of 1,575 feet below sea level on 29 August.
 * The 27 Infantry Battalion of the Irish Army was formed, with headquarters at Aiken Barracks, Dundalk.
 * 10 October – The Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso, on his first visit to Ireland, went to Áras an Uachtaráin where he was welcomed by President Childers.
 * 31 October – Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape: Three IRA prisoners escaped from Mountjoy Prison in Dublin in a hijacked helicopter that landed in the prison yard.
 * 1 November – James Flanagan became the first Roman Catholic Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 * 9 December – The Sunningdale Agreement was signed by British Prime Minister Edward Heath, Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave, Brian Faulkner, Gerry Fitt and Oliver Napier.

Arts and literature

 * 7 August – Hugh Leonard's play Da was staged for the first time in the United States (the Irish première was on 8 October at the Olympia Theatre in Dublin).
 * February – Iris Murdoch's novel The Black Prince was published.
 * September – Horslips album The Táin was recorded and released.

International results
World Cup qualifiers

 * 13 May – Soviet Union 1–0 Ireland.

 * 19 May – France 1–1 Ireland.

Ireland did not qualify for the 1974 World Cup.

International friendly matches

 * 16 May – Poland 2–0 Ireland.

 * 6 June – Norway 1–1 Ireland.

 * 21 October – Ireland 1–0 Poland.

Single-handed sailing

 * Anglo-Irish sailor Bill King completed a three-year solo world circumnavigation at the third attempt in his junk-rigged schooner Galway Blazer II.

Births

 * 12 March – Mark Daly, Fianna Fáil Senator.
 * 17 March – Caroline Corr, drummer with The Corrs.
 * 23 March – Brian Corcoran, Cork Gaelic footballer and hurler.
 * 26 March – James Keddy, association football player.
 * 29 April – Mike Hogan, bass guitarist with The Cranberries.
 * 5 May – Kevin McBride, boxer.
 * 7 May – Rick O'Shea, radio disc jockey.
 * 10 May – Dara Calleary, Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for Mayo.
 * 14 May – Sinéad O'Carroll, singer and musician.
 * 25 May – Joe Dunne, association football player.
 * 28 May – Ryan Tubridy, television and radio presenter.
 * 12 June – Amanda Brunker, Miss Ireland and journalist.
 * 5 July – Róisín Murphy, singer, songwriter and producer.
 * 30 July – Dave Savage, association football player.
 * 2 August – Stephen McGuinness, association football player.
 * 21 August – Mickey Joe Harte, singer-songwriter.
 * 5 September – Robbie Brunton, association football player (died 2020).
 * 17 September – Mark Kenny, association football player.
 * 19 September – Nick Colgan, association football player.
 * 22 September – Trevor Brennan, international rugby player.
 * 30 October – Anthony Foley, international rugby player (died 2016).
 * 2 November – John Hayes, rugby player.
 * 5 November – Gráinne Seoige, journalist, television presenter.
 * 14 November – Andrew Strong, actor and singer.
 * 2 December – Graham Kavanagh, association football player.
 * 7 December – Damien Rice, singer songwriter.
 * 14 December – Pat Burke, basketball player.
 * 14 December – Amanda Byram, television presenter.
 * 24 December – Oisin Fagan, boxer.

 * Full date unknown
 * Claire Kilroy, novelist.
 * Oisín McGann, author and illustrator.
 * Seánie McMahon, Clare hurler.
 * Sarah O'Flaherty, television presenter.
 * Caitriona O'Reilly, poet and critic.

Deaths

 * 5 January – Gerald Boland, founder member of the Fianna Fáil party, government minister (born 1885).
 * 10 January – Denis Rolleston Gwynn, journalist, author, and professor of Modern Irish History (born 1893).
 * 12 January – Maurice Collis, colonial administrator and writer (born 1889).
 * 19 January – Max Adrian, actor (born 1903).
 * 31 January – Jack MacGowran, actor (born 1918).
 * January – Willie Clancy, uileann piper (born 1918).
 * 22 February – Elizabeth Bowen, novelist and short story writer (born 1899).
 * 13 March – Eddie Ingram, cricketer (born 1910).
 * 8 April – E. R. Dodds, classical scholar (born 1893).
 * 9 April – Warren Lewis, soldier and historian, brother of C. S. Lewis (born 1895).
 * 17 May – Lory Meagher, Kilkenny hurler (born 1899).
 * 18 May – Ronald Ossory Dunlop, painter and author (born 1894).
 * 21 May – Eugene O'Callaghan, Bishop of Clogher 1943–1969 (born 1888).
 * 24 May – Bryan Cusack, doctor, Sinn Féin party Member of Parliament (MP), member of the first Dáil (born 1882).
 * 7 April – John Charles McQuaid, Catholic Archbishop of Dublin and Primate of Ireland (born 1895).
 * 7 July – Seán MacEoin, major general, former Fine Gael TD and cabinet minister (born 1893).
 * 25 July – Michael Davern, Fianna Fáil TD for Tipperary South 1948–1965 (born 1900).
 * 18 August – Basil Brooke, 1st Viscount Brookeborough, Ulster Unionist Party MP, third Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (born 1888).
 * 21 August – Dinny Barry-Murphy, Cork hurler (born 1903).
 * 20 September – Patrick O'Keeffe, member of First Dáil representing North Cork.
 * 26 October – Tomás Bairéad, journalist and author (born 1893).
 * 31 October – Elizabeth Watkins, born in Ireland, died as the oldest person in the world (born 1863).
 * 4 December – Tom McEllistrim, Fianna Fáil TD (born 1894).

title: 1973 in Ireland


text: Category:Italian immunologists

title: Category:Italian immunologists


text:
Ryme Intrinseca

Ryme Intrinseca is a village and civil parish in northwest Dorset, England, 4 mi south of Yeovil and 1 mi west of Yetminster. It is sited on a low ridge of cornbrash limestone on the edge of the Blackmore Vale. The Intrinseca part of the name derives from the existence of the manors of Long Bredy and Langton Herring in the south of the county which also went by the name Ryme; that Ryme was known as Ryme Extrinsica but the name has long fallen out of use. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 115.

The church at Ryme Intrinseca, which dates back to the 13th century, is dedicated to St. Hippolytus and there are only two churches dedicated as such in England: cf. St Ippolyts, a village on the southern edge of Hitchin in Hertfordshire. The chancel and nave of the church are basically from the 13th century, but architecturally the most interesting features lie in the unusual 17th-century work which includes the east window and most of the windows in the nave, (including the little trefoil placed high to light the pulpit). Also from the early 17th century is the tower, with its intricate profile caused by the projecting stairway. There is an alms dish in the church which was lost in 1873 and found its way back to Dorset from Bideford in Devon in 1938.

Ryme once constituted a separate liberty, containing only the parish itself.

title: Ryme Intrinseca


text: Category:Immunologists by nationality

title: Category:Immunologists by nationality


text:
1972 in Ireland

Events in the year 1972 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Éamon de Valera
 * Taoiseach: Jack Lynch (FF)
 * Tánaiste: Erskine H. Childers (FF)
 * Minister for Finance: George Colley (FF)
 * Chief Justice: Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh
 * Dáil: 19th
 * Seanad: 12th

January

 * 1 January – The Central Bank of Ireland became the banker of the Government of Ireland in succession to the Bank of Ireland in accordance with the Central Bank Act 1971, completing its transition from a currency board to a fully operating central bank.

 * 22 January – Taoiseach, Jack Lynch, and Minister for Foreign Affairs, Patrick Hillery, signed the Treaty of Accession to the European Communities.

 * 29 January – The annual broadcasting Jacob's Awards took place in Dublin.

 * 30 January – Bloody Sunday: Thirteen unarmed civilians were shot dead in Derry when British soldiers shot at civil rights marchers.

 * 31 January – The Taoiseach announced a national day of mourning following the events in Derry the previous day.

February

 * 1 February – Rioting took place in Dublin. The British Embassy in Merrion Square was burned.
 * 9 February – A day of disruption took place in Northern Ireland as people took to the streets in protest.
 * 10 February – The Irish Republican Army (IRA) announced a ceasefire.
 * 12 February – William Craig launched the Ulster Vanguard movement in Lisburn.
 * 19 February – The National Anti-European Economic Community (EEC) Committee organised a march along O'Connell Street in Dublin.
 * 26 February – Crowds turned out to see the footballer Pelé and his Brazilian club, Santos FC, play at Dalymount Park in Dublin.

March

 * 30 March – UK Prime Minister Edward Heath dissolved the Parliament of Northern Ireland and imposed Direct Rule over Northern Ireland.

April

 * 2 April – The Irish-language radio channel RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta commenced broadcasting.

 * 17 April – The government launched its European Economic Community referendum campaign to persuade citizens to join the EEC.

May

 * 5 May – The Regional Technical College, Carlow became the first Regional Technical College to install a computer. It was to be used for business and engineering courses; it used the Fortran and RPG languages and cost IR£10,000.

 * 10 May – In the referendum on Ireland's membership of the EEC the poll was almost five-to-one in favour.

June

 * 13 June – The Garda Síochána (police force) celebrated its 50th anniversary.

July

 * July 5 – The Russian composer Dmitri Shostakovich, his third wife Irina Antonovna Supinskaya, and a Soviet security minder, Taval Filatov, began a four-day visit to Dublin by attending a concert in Saint Patrick's Cathedral. The New Irish Chamber Orchestra performed works by Antonio Vivaldi, Benjamin Britten, and by Shostakovich himself.

 * July 6 – Shostakovich accepted an honorary doctorate in Music at Trinity College Dublin.

 * July 7
 * Shostakovich and his party visited President Éamon de Valera at Áras an Uachtaráin.
 * A Provisional IRA delegation led by Seán Mac Stíofáin met secretly regarding The Troubles with members of the British government, led by Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw, in London, but without an outcome.

 * July 8 – Dmitri Shostakovich and his party visited the family home of Professor Brian Boydell at Bailey in Howth for conversation, fresh local fish, and croquet. Boydell, who first initiated Shostakovich's visit, was himself a composer and professor of music at Trinity College. The two-hour private conversation between the composers (the minder Filatov being distracted by Boydell's family) ranged from music itself to the position of composers under Soviet political conditions. The Russians presented parting gifts including an autographed score and recording of Shostakovich's Symphony no. 13.

 * 12 July – Over 2,000 refugees from Northern Ireland spent the marching season south of the Irish border.

 * 19 July – Muhammad Ali beat Alvin Lewis in a technical knockout during the 11th round of a boxing match at Croke Park in Dublin.

 * 21 July – Bloody Friday: Nine people died and over 100 were injured in a series of IRA explosions in Belfast city centre.

 * 31 July
 * Operation Motorman, 4 am: The British Army began to regain control of the "no-go areas" established by Irish republican paramilitaries in Belfast, Derry (so-called "Free Derry") and Newry.
 * Claudy bombing ("Bloody Monday"), 10 am: Three car bombs in Claudy, County Londonderry, killed nine people. It became public knowledge only in 2010 that a local Catholic priest was an IRA member believed to be involved in the bombings but his role was covered up by the authorities.

August

 * 20 August – Commemorations were held at Béal na Bláth, County Cork, to mark the 50th anniversary of the death of Michael Collins.

September

 * 25 September – The Darlington conference on the future of Northern Ireland opened.

November

 * 19 November – Seán Mac Stíofáin, chief of staff of the Provisional IRA, was arrested in Dublin after giving an interview on RTÉ's This Week radio programme. On 25 November he was sentenced to 6 months' imprisonment by the Republic's Special Criminal Court (during which he staged a hunger strike). Fianna Fáil Minister for Posts and Telegraphs Gerry Collins dismissed the entire RTÉ authority for permitting the broadcast.

December

 * 1 December – Two bombs planted near O'Connell Street in Dublin by Ulster loyalists killed two men, George Bradshaw (30), a bus driver and Thomas Duffy (23), a bus conductor. This intervention averted the threatened political overthrow that night of Liam Cosgrave as leader of the Fine Gael party.

 * 13 December – President de Valera signed documents covering Ireland's entry into the EEC.

 * 17 December – Police raided premises used by unlicensed station Radio Milinda in Dublin.

Arts and literature

 * Hubert Butler's Ten Thousand Saints: A Study in Irish and European Origins was published.
 * Seamus Deane's poetry Gradual Wars was published.
 * Robert Dudley Edwards' A New History of Ireland was published.
 * Poet Seamus Heaney moved from Belfast to work in Dublin and to live in County Wicklow; The Belfast Group of poets dissolved.
 * Tom MacIntyre's play Eye Winker-Tom Tinker premièred at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, directed by Lelia Doolan.
 * John Montague's long poem The Rough Field was published.
 * William Trevor's collection of stories The Ballroom of Romance was published.
 * Gilbert O'Sullivan's song "Alone Again (Naturally)" reached number one in the U.S. singles chart.
 * Horslips recorded and released their first album Happy to Meet – Sorry to Part.

Sports

 * Olympics (Munich): Competing in the pentathlon, Mary Peters from Belfast became the first Irish woman to win a gold medal at the Olympic Games.

Births

 * 15 January – Mark Carroll, runner.
 * 17 January – John Byrne, cricketer.
 * 21 January – Derek McGrath, association football player.
 * 27 January – Keith Wood, former international rugby player.
 * 28 January – Peter McDonald, actor.
 * 4 February
 * Paul Anthony McDermott, English-born lawyer and academic (d. 2019)
 * Dara Ó Briain, comedian and television presenter.
 * 17 February – Fergal Ryan, Cork hurler.
 * 21 February – Turtle Bunbury, historian and author.
 * 27 February – Jason Byrne, comedian.
 * 22 March – Robin Banks, television presenter and radio disc jockey.
 * 10 April – Ed Byrne, comedian.
 * 17 April – Brian Morrisroe, association football player.
 * 20 May – Sharon Foley, athlete.
 * 31 May – Karl Geary, actor.
 * 16 June – Simon Coveney, Fine Gael party Teachta Dála (TD) representing Cork South-Central and Member of the European Parliament.
 * 24 June – Brendan Courtney, comedian and television presenter.
 * 2 July – Darren Shan, author.
 * 11 July – Cormac Battle, radio disc jockey.
 * 4 August – Joe Delaney, snooker player.
 * 6 August – Jason O'Mara, actor.
 * 12 August – Mark Kinsella, association football player and coach.
 * 15 August – Mikey Graham, singer.
 * 18 August – Barry Egan, Cork hurler.
 * 4 September – Willie Burke, association football player.
 * 8 September – Phil Laak, professional poker player.
 * 25 September – Emma Hannigan, author (d. 2018)
 * 9 October – John Carthy, shot dead in controversial circumstances in 2000 by the Garda Síochána after a 25-hour siege at his home.
 * 12 October – Yvonne McGuinness, visual artist
 * 15 October – Gary Murphy, golfer.
 * 1 December – David Higgins, golfer.
 * 6 December – Seán Sherlock, Labour Party TD for Cork East.
 * 14 December – Jason Barry, actor.
 * 15 December – Stuart Townsend, actor.
 * 30 December – Paul Keegan, association football player.

 * Full date unknown
 * Duncan Campbell, video artist
 * John Carney, film and television writer and director.
 * Andy Comerford, Kilkenny hurler, manager.
 * Arlene Hunt, novelist.
 * Mark Landers, Cork hurler.
 * Kevin Murray, Cork hurler.
 * Jamesie O'Connor, Clare hurler.
 * Joe Quaid, Limerick hurler.

Deaths

 * 11 January – Padraic Colum, poet, novelist, and dramatist (born 1881).
 * 18 January – Harry Colley, Fianna Fáil TD, Seanad (Senate) member (born 1891).
 * 22 February – Eva McGown, Official Hostess of Fairbanks and Honorary Hostess of Alaska (born 1883).
 * 26 April – Mark Deering, Fine Gael TD (born 1900).
 * 22 May – Cecil Day-Lewis, poet and writer, British Poet Laureate from 1967 to 1972, (born 1904).
 * 31 May – Alexander McCabe, Sinn Féin party member of parliament, member of First Dáil, Cumann na nGaedheal party TD (born 1886).
 * c. June – Winifred Mary Letts, writer (born 1882 in England).
 * 19 June – John Blowick, co-founder St Columban's Foreign Mission Society (born 1888).
 * 1 September – Patricia Lynch, children's writer (born c.1894).
 * 29 September – Kathleen Clarke, widow of Republican leader Tom Clarke, Sinn Féin party member and later a Fianna Fáil TD, Seanad member, first female Lord Mayor of Dublin (born 1878).
 * 11 October – Wattie Dunphy, Kilkenny hurler (b. c1895).
 * 10 November – Charles Cuffe, cricketer (born 1914).

title: 1972 in Ireland


text:
Category:Immunologists

Immunologists study immunology, a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms.

title: Category:Immunologists


text: User talk:66.136.202.70

title: User talk:66.136.202.70


text:
Yorkshire County Division

The Yorkshire County Division was a formation of the British Army in the Second World War, its headquarters were formed on 24 February 1941, and became operation on 19 March. It was commanded by three officers, Major-General the Hon E. F. Lawson until 11 September, Brigadier G. H. Gotto until 23 September, Major-General E. C. Hayes until 20 November and then Gotto again. It was an infantry only formation consisting of three Independent Infantry Brigades (Home). Combat support, artillery, engineers etc., would be provided by other local formations. It was directly under Northern Command until 9 March and then came under I Corps. The Headquarters was redesignated the East Riding District on 1 December 1941.

Order of Battle
All brigades were part of the division from 19 March to 30 November 1941.

201st Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) Formed from No. 1 Infantry Training Group.
 * 13th Battalion, Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) (left 25 November 1941)
 * 14th Battalion, Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) (left 3 June 1941)
 * 9th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment
 * 10th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment (left 25 November 1941)

The brigade disbanded in mid December.

218th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home)
 * 8th Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry (left 6 November 1941)
 * 11th Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment
 * 10th Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment
 * 6th Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) (left 23 May 1941)

The brigade was redesignated the 218th Independent Infantry Brigade in late December.

221st Independent Infantry Brigade (Home)
 * 11th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment
 * 10th Battalion, Royal West Kent Regiment
 * 7th Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry (left 29 November 1941)

The brigade disbanded in late December.

title: Yorkshire County Division


text: Category:Newark Eagles players

title: Category:Newark Eagles players


text:
1971 in Ireland

Events in the year 1971 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Éamon de Valera
 * Taoiseach: Jack Lynch (FF)
 * Tánaiste: Erskine H. Childers (FF)
 * Minister for Finance: George Colley (FF)
 * Chief Justice: Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh
 * Dáil: 19th
 * Seanad: 12th

Events

 * 4 January – John McQuaid retired after thirty years as Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin. Dermot Ryan was appointed to succeed him on 29 December.
 * 15 February – Decimalisation: Ireland and the United Kingdom both switched to decimal currency.
 * 25 February – A partial eclipse of the sun (magnitude 0.708) darkened the sky across Ireland. In Dublin, the event lasted two hours and seven minutes. It began at 9.35am; the maximum was at 10.37am when 70.8% of the sun's disc was covered by the moon; and it ended at 11.42am.
 * 6 March
 * Crowds assembled at Dublin Airport to witness the first flight of a Boeing 747 aircraft in Ireland when Aer Lingus took delivery of its first Jumbo Jet, the Saint Columcille (registration number EI-ASI), which arrived from New York.
 * The rock group Led Zeppelin played their only concert in Ireland at the National Stadium in Dublin.
 * 17 March – The giant Jumbo Jet recently arrived in Ireland flew over the Saint Patrick's Day parade along O'Connell Street, Dublin, escorted by four smaller aircraft.
 * 20 March – Major James Chichester-Clark resigned as Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. He was succeeded on 23 March by Brian Faulkner.
 * 3 April – The Eurovision Song Contest was held in Dublin. Presented by Bernadette Ní Ghallchóir, it was the first colour television broadcast by RTÉ.
 * 11 April
 * Ten British Army soldiers were injured in rioting in Derry.
 * The Gaelic Athletic Association voted to lift its ban on members participating in "foreign games" such as association football, rugby and cricket.
 * 20 April – Two British Royal Navy survey launches moored off Baltimore, County Cork, were towed out to sea and bombed by a Provisional Irish Republican Army unit. One of them, the Stork, was wrecked.
 * 11 May – Seán Lemass, taoiseach from 1959 to 1966, died aged 71. He fought during the 1916 Easter Rising, the War of Independence and the Civil War.
 * 22 May – Members of the Irish Women's Liberation Movement returned to Dublin bringing contraceptives from Belfast on the so-called "Contraceptive Train" to protest against the law banning their importation.
 * 8 July – Two rioters were shot dead by British troops in Derry.
 * 16 July – The Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) announced that it was withdrawing from the Stormont parliament.
 * 9 August – Internment without trial was introduced in Northern Ireland. Over 300 republicans were arrested in pre-dawn raids by British security forces and interned in Long Kesh prison. Some Loyalists were later arrested. Twenty people died in riots that followed, including eleven in the Ballymurphy Massacre.
 * 12 August – British troops began clearing operations in Belfast following the worst rioting in years. Taoiseach Jack Lynch called for an end to the Stormont administration.
 * 7 September – The death toll in The Troubles reached 100 after three years of violence, with the death of 14-year-old Annette McGavigan, who was killed by a gunshot during crossfire between British soldiers and the IRA.
 * 25 September – A rally took place in Dublin in support of a campaign of civil disobedience in Northern Ireland.
 * 27 September – Prime ministers Edward Heath, Jack Lynch, and Brian Faulkner met at Chequers to discuss the Northern Ireland situation.
 * 13 October – The British Army began to destroy roads between Ireland and Northern Ireland as a security measure.
 * 23 October – Two women were shot dead by soldiers in Belfast when their car failed to stop at a checkpoint.
 * 31 October – The Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 reversed the main provision of the Standard Time Act 1968, returning Irish winter time to UTC+0 (Western European Time).
 * 10 November – The Government defeated a motion of no confidence in the Minister for Agriculture, Jim Gibbons.
 * 17 November – Neil Blaney and Paudge Brennan were expelled from the Fianna Fáil parliamentary party.
 * 4 December – The McGurk's Bar bombing, carried out by the Ulster Volunteer Force in Belfast, killed 15 people, the highest death toll from a single incident in the city during The Troubles.
 * Undated – Units 1 and 2 of Poolbeg Generating Station in Dublin were completed.

Arts and literature

 * 27 September – Satirical television series Hall's Pictorial Weekly was first broadcast on RTÉ.
 * Playwrights John Arden and Margaretta D'Arcy settled in County Galway.
 * John Banville's novel Nightspawn was published.
 * Thomas Kilroy's novel The Big Chapel was published.
 * Seán Ó Ríordáin's poetry collection Línte Liombó was published.
 * Francis Stuart's autobiographical novel Black List, Section H was published.

Sports
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship: Offaly 1–14 Galway 2–8

All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship: Tipperary 5–17 Kilkenny 5–14

Births

 * 19 January
 * Charlie Carter, Kilkenny hurler.
 * John Troy, Offaly hurler.
 * 20 January – Ger McDonnell, mountaineer and engineer (d. 2008).
 * 31 January – Mark Geary, folk singer-songwriter.
 * 3 March – Stephen J. Martin, comic fiction writer.
 * 4 March – Fergal Lawler, rock drummer with The Cranberries.
 * 12 March – Conrad Gallagher, chef.
 * 6 April – Derek Tracey, association football player.
 * 29 April – Adrian Maguire, jockey.
 * 30 April – John Boyne, novelist.
 * 18 June – Jason McAteer, international association football player.
 * 28 June – Kenny Cunningham, association football player.
 * 16 July – Joe McHugh, Fine Gael party Teachta Dála (TD) for Donegal North-East, senator.
 * 30 July – Hubert Rigney, Offaly hurler.
 * 2 August – Davy FitzGerald, Clare hurler.
 * 4 August – Paul McCarthy, association football player (died 2017).
 * 6 August – Conor McPherson, playwright and director.
 * 10 August – Roy Keane, Manchester United and Glasgow Celtic footballer and Sunderland manager.
 * 17 August – Anthony Kearns, tenor.
 * 18 August – Aphex Twin (Richard D. James), electronic music artist.
 * 31 August – Pádraig Harrington, golfer, winner of 2007 Open Championship.
 * August – Brian Whelahan, Offaly hurler.
 * 6 September – Dolores O'Riordan, rock singer-songwriter with The Cranberries (d. 2018).
 * 7 October – Johnny Dooley, Offaly hurler, manager.
 * 24 October – Dervla Kirwan, actress.
 * 30 October – Stephen Kenny, football player and manager
 * 3 November – Dylan Moran, comedian, actor, and writer.
 * 22 November – Kyran Bracken, rugby player
 * 26 November – James McGarry, Kilkenny hurling goalkeeper.
 * November – Brian Lohan, Clare hurler.
 * 25 December – Noel Hogan, guitarist and songwriter.

 * Full date unknown
 * Amanda Coogan, performance artist.
 * John Doyle, folk musician and songwriter with the band Usher's Island.
 * Róisín McAliskey, political activist.

Deaths

 * 2 January – J. T. O'Farrell, trade union official, served in the Seanad (Senate) from 1922 to 1936 and 1948–50.
 * 24 January – St John Ervine, playwright and novelist (born 1883).
 * 28 January – Edward O'Connell, Cork hurler.
 * 31 March – Michael Browne, Master General of the Dominicans, Cardinal (born 1887).
 * 1 April – Kathleen Lonsdale, X-ray crystallographer (born 1903).
 * May – Eamon Martin, a founder of Fianna Éireann and an Irish Volunteer fighting in the Easter Rising (born 1892).
 * 4 May – Seamus Elliott, road bicycle racer (born 1934).
 * 10 May – Archie Heron, trade union organiser.
 * 11 May
 * Seán Lemass, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet minister and taoiseach (born 1899).
 * Eamon Martin, one of founders of Fianna Éireann, and an Irish Volunteer who fought in the Easter Rising (born 1893).
 * 15 May – Tyrone Guthrie, theatrical director (born 1900).
 * 13 June – Máiréad Ní Ghráda, poet and playwright.
 * 14 June – Gerard Dillon, artist and painter (born 1916).
 * 14 August – Shane Leslie, diplomat and writer (born 1885).
 * 15 September – John Desmond Bernal, scientist (born 1901).
 * 26 September – Conor Maguire, Chief Justice of Ireland (born 1889).
 * 2 October – Paddy Ahern, Cork hurler (born 1900).
 * 3 October – Seán Ó Riada, composer and musician (born 1931).
 * 16 December – Richard Mulcahy, Chief of Staff, TD, Cabinet minister and former leader of the Fine Gael party (born 1886).

title: 1971 in Ireland


text:
User:HudsonMan32

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia. Just a reminder: Please do not create an article to promote yourself, a website, a product, or a business. See Avoiding common mistakes. —tregoweth 19:05, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

title: User:HudsonMan32


text: Category:British county divisions

title: Category:British county divisions