text:
Murder of Alison Parrott

Alison May Campbell Parrott (September 28, 1974 –July 25, 1986) was an 11-year-old girl who was lured out of her home by a male phone caller in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Her remains were found two days later in a densely wooded area of Kings Mill Park.

A decade later, a link analysis helped Toronto homicide detectives match the DNA evidence with a man who was charged with the crime. Francis Carl Roy was convicted of first-degree murder on April 13, 1999. Sentenced to life in prison, he has been eligible for parole since 2021.

Early life
Alison May Campbell Parrott was born on September 28, 1974, in Toronto. Her father, Peter Parrott, was a civil engineer; her mother Lesley was an advertising executive. At the time of her murder, Alison attended a French immersion elementary school and frequently used public transit. She was also an avid runner and a member of the Tom Longboat track club for youth aged 8 to 12. She had won her first race that summer and qualified to participate in an international track-and-field meet in New Jersey, scheduled for 1 August. Her name, along with those of other youth qualifying for the New Jersey event, had been published in the Toronto Star.

Disappearance
Shortly before 11 o'clock on the morning of July 25, 1986, Alison received a phone call at her Summerhill Avenue home in midtown Toronto. A male caller, claiming to be a photographer, asked her to meet him at the University of Toronto's Varsity Stadium where, he said, he would be taking publicity photos of her and her teammates. Alison had trained at the Varsity Stadium sports field the previous fall. No one else was at home when Alison received the call. Alison phoned her mother at work and received permission to attend the photo session. They discussed the route she would take and arranged that she would return home by 2:30 pm. Riders reported seeing her alone on her 20-minute subway route. When Alison failed to return on time, her parents waited until 5 pm to begin inquiring among their friends and neighbours as to her whereabouts. At 6 pm, they called police. Hundreds joined the search in the following days. Alison's body was found two days later by two boys walking in a densely wooded area of Kings Mill Park, on the Humber River just below the Old Mill subway station; she had been bound, raped, and strangled.

Alison's remains were cremated. Her gravesite is located in Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto. A green space south of David A. Balfour Park, dubbed "The Little Park", is dedicated to Alison.

Investigation
Police announced a $50,000 reward for information leading to the arrest of the murderer. The investigation initially interviewed 18,000 persons. According to police, the perpetrator had tracked Alison's movements in the weeks leading up to the murder. On 14 July, an unidentified male caller had phoned at the house asking to speak to her, but she was out at summer camp and the babysitter had taken a message. The caller had apparently phoned other families with the surname of Parrott in an effort to locate "the Alison Parrott who was going to the International Youth Track Championships in New Jersey". Police speculated that the murderer may have also gathered information about Alison's training patterns at her club.

For a time, police suspected the culprit was a man they sought and called the Scarborough Rapist. When he was identified as Paul Bernardo, the police knew they needed another man because DNA gathered from traces of semen found on Alison's clothes did not match.

Suspect
Francis Carl Roy (born September 18, 1957) was questioned by police during their first round of interviews, as he used the same training facility as Alison's track club, and also because he had a criminal record. Roy was a First Nations man from Manitoulin Island. He was an avid runner with a keen interest in photography. He had a criminal record dating back to 1976, including possession of stolen property, petty theft, fraud, assault, breaking and entering, and rape. At the time of Alison's murder, Roy had been on parole after serving only two and a half years of a consecutive 11-year sentence for the rapes of a 14-year-old girl and 19-year-old woman. He moved to Vancouver in 1988 and obtained a job with the city as a youth counselor, claiming to have a degree in psychology from the University of Toronto. He got the job without a background check. He left the city in 1991 after being involved in a bar fight and returned to Toronto.

Roy told investigators that he had gone running and then met a friend at a bar at the time of Alison's disappearance. Moreover, when Alison's body was found in July 27, Roy appeared at the police station to confess to assaulting a 20-year-old woman in his apartment two days earlier. In October he pled guilty to this assault and was fined $200, plus the five weeks he had spent in jail.

In 1989, suspicion again fell on Roy when a man arrested in Vancouver informed police that they should consider Roy a suspect in the murders of sex workers in that city earlier that year. Roy was never charged with those crimes, but the two Vancouver officers didn't forget the tip. In 1996, they gave their information to the Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (ViCLAS) link analysis database and detectives in Toronto's homicide division picked up the file as part of a cold cases review. Reading over the initial police interview and other reports from Roy's parole officer, they were struck by inconsistencies and deceptions in the suspect's story. The division put a tail on Roy, who had returned to Toronto in 1991. The officers collected Roy's DNA from used cigarette butts and a coffee cup in Toronto bars and made a positive match with the DNA found on semen in Alison's body. Roy was arrested on July 31, 1996, just over a decade after Alison's murder.

Trial
The trial judge chose not to make certain evidence known to the jury citing a 1988 Supreme Court of Canada decision, as he feared this knowledge would prejudice the jury against the defendant and preclude his right to a fair trial. The withheld evidence included Roy's previous two convictions for rape, the fact that both rapes were committed on teenagers, and that one of the victims had been "tricked, abducted and bound, much like Alison".

Defence
Three witnesses testified that they had seen Alison in the company of a white man on the morning of her disappearance.

The defence asserted that Roy was not intelligent enough to have committed the crime. Roy's only explanation for the DNA evidence – which matched his semen to that found in Alison's vagina – was that he had discovered Alison's naked body while looking for a place to urinate while on a run in the park. He claimed to have had a sudden urge to stick his finger inside her. Since he had masturbated earlier that day, he said, he still had semen on his fingers.

Verdict
After a month-long trial and six days of deliberation, on April 13, 1999, the jury returned a verdict of guilty of first-degree murder. Roy was sentenced to automatic life imprisonment without possibility of parole for 25 years.

In 2003, the Court of Appeal for Ontario rejected an appeal by Roy, who claimed that police at his interrogation had denied him his right to remain silent.

Stay Alert ... Stay Safe
In May 1987, Lesley Parrott, aided by colleagues at the advertising agency where she worked, launched the Canada-wide Stay Alert ... Stay Safe program. Aimed at children aged seven through ten, the program's main objective was to attune children's instincts to dangerous situations, whether at home or elsewhere.

Both Alison and her younger brother had attended an all-day "streetproofing" seminar the year before her murder, in which young children receive instruction on how to "avoid potential molesters and abductors".

Documentaries
The fourth episode of season 1 of Cold Case Files, titled "Answer in the Box; Maternal Instinct" (1999), follows the disappearance of Alison and subsequent investigation of the crime.

Killer in a Box (1999) was the second episode of season 3 of Exhibit A: Secrets of Forensic Science, a Canadian documentary television program, hosted by Graham Greene, that revisited criminal cases.

Parrott's murder was one of the cases examined in the 2007 documentary Forgiveness: Stories For Our Time.

title: Murder of Alison Parrott


text:
Talk:Organizational theory

Redirect
I am putting in a redirect to organizational studies, since none of this stuff is really organizational theory as it is currently studied. Instead, most of these links are to ways of organizing things. I am open to suggestions, however. --Goodoldpolonius 03:37, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I agree - This article lacks a current postmodern study of organizational theory --130.226.142.243 (talk) 14:46, 29 November 2012 (UTC)

 * * A postmodern study is definitely necessary here. Additionally, the section criticizing Weber's theory seems to be focused on refuting criticism rather than fairly stating arguments against his system. We have two ears and one mouth, so we should listen more than we say... By silence, I hear other men's imperfections and conceal my own... Better to trip with the feet than with the tongue. (talk) 21:35, 20 September 2014 (UTC)

Wow, none of these topics have links. You might want to define some of these things...

Needs rewriting
This article is full of useless verbiage - needlessly long-winded and repetitive. Additionally, it is riddled with grammatical disagreements in number. It reads as if it was written by a single writer who liked using many words when few will do, and who had trouble distinguishing singular and plural. I suspect that the writer was not a native speaker of English.

I'm about to make many scattered changes to fix this; I hope I don't accidentally change its meaning while doing so, or cause other damage.

Ooh, this is a good one: "the [...] context in which organizations arose [...] allowed [...] for the development of organizations". Well, I guess so... chuckle

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 14.202.224.109 (talk) 10:05, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

This is many years later but I agree with what was written on this page in 2015. The problem is more than poor writing or grammar. The problem is conceptualization. The first paragraph does not define organizational theory adequately. Even the section on Weber is faulty. When Weber writes about ideal types he is not writing about what should be or what ideally should be. Weber uses the term "ideal type" somewhat in the way psychologists use the term "construct." It is a way to conceptualize what is going on in organization. Weber knew well that organizations don't behave perfectly consistently with the "ideal types." The instantiation of ideal types is imperfect. Weber knew that. But he needed a language to describe organizations. He thus developed ideal types to develop a cogent theory. Iss246 (talk) 04:06, 2 July 2021 (UTC)

I rewrote the opening paragraph and a little of the second paragraph. I thought the opening was weak. I edited some of the material on Weber. I didn't do as thorough a job on Weber as I did on the opening paragraph. I don't think I am going to spend much time on organizational theory. My wish is that other WP editors pick up where I left off. I would like to see the entry improved. Iss246 (talk) 04:25, 2 July 2021 (UTC)

Article Evaluation
The article is in need of some work, that is for sure. The opening paragraph contains redundancies, incorrect grammar, almost no citations, and no links to external pages. The rest of the article follows this pattern.

The subcategories cover a variety of topics, however as others have pointed out, there is information missing (Postmodern Organizational Theory). Some of the subheadings also need to be corrected for grammar. The paragraph about the criticisms of Weber's theory contain almost no citations in the text, there are three cited sources for that sub heading, but there's no indicator as to where one piece of information came from where.

Overall, a rewrite of a lot of the information could be used, references are needed, citations are needed, grammar needs to be corrected, information needs to be added, and links to other relevant pages would be nice as well. Randzeo (talk) 20:09, 19 September 2015 (UTC)

Frank Dobbin's spurious "that"
Modernization theorist Frank Dobbin states "modern institutions are transparently purposive and that we are in the midst an evolutionary progression towards more efficient forms".

Tragic for Dobbin if this shouldn't actually be rendered:

Modernization theorist Frank Dobbin states "modern institutions are transparently purposive" and that "we are in the midst an evolutionary progression towards more efficient forms".

— MaxEnt 17:13, 8 September 2018 (UTC)

Wikipedia Ambassador Program course assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at University of Toronto supported by WikiProject Wikipedia and the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2012 Q1 term. Further details are available on the course page.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 15:54, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Organizational theory


text: Category:Towns in Essex

title: Category:Towns in Essex


text:
Take Care & Control

Take Care & Control is an album by Death In June, released in 1998. This album is a collaboration with Albin Julius (Der Blutharsch), with whom Douglas P. would return to collaborate on the Operation Hummingbird album. The tracks "Wolf Angel" and "Circo Massimo" were originally bonus tracks on the first press and Australian CD versions of the album, respectively. Both tracks have since been included in later reissues and on streaming.

Side 1

 * 1) "Smashed To Bits (In the Peace of the Night)" - 4:49
 * 2) "Little Blue Butterfly" - 4:05
 * 3) "The Bunker" - 3:08
 * 4) "Kameradschaft" - 4:22
 * 5) "Frost Flowers" - 3:11
 * 6) "A Slaughter of Roses" - 3:13

Side 2

 * 1) "The November Men" - 7:44
 * 2) "Power Has a Fragrance" - 3:47
 * 3) "Despair" - 2:23
 * 4) "The Odin Hour" - 4:00
 * 5) "The Bunker, Empty" - 2:56
 * 6) "Wolf Angel" - 3:02
 * 7) "Circo Massimo" - 6:16

"Kameradschaft"
This exclusive 4-track CD single was included with the vinyl version of the album.
 * 1) "Kameradschaft 1" - 4:01
 * 2) "Satan's Feast" - 4:35
 * 3) "Kameradschaft 2" - 4:02
 * 4) "To Drown a Rose" (featuring John Balance on lead vocals) - 4:21

title: Take Care & Control


text: Category:Towns in West Yorkshire

title: Category:Towns in West Yorkshire


text: Category:Towns in East Sussex

title: Category:Towns in East Sussex


text:
Talk:D-beat

d-beat...?
first: the tabs doesn't correspond with the samples! also, the tabs listed aren't d-beat!? this is d-beat: (i removed the extra spaces to make the example clear.) first              ||variation - with consecutive hits, i don't think hihat\crash\ride\toms differs the beat, its the way you hit it. C:|-x-x-x--x--x-x--:||-xxxxxxxxxxxxxx-| S:|--o---o---o---o-:||--o---o---o---o-| second - chorus goes here as well K:|-o-o-o--o--o-o--:||-o-o-o--o--o-o--|

second - verse and third is not.. H:|-xxxxxxxxxxx-:| S:|--o--o-o--o--:| K:|-o-oo-o-oo-o-:| seeing as there is no "breaks" between the kickdrum hits, it is a completely different beat, utlizied by a lot of punk bands, yes, but it's not natively "d-beat" is it? theres plenty bands who've been using this beat since the 60's and let d-beat coin because a lot of punk bands used it is hardly fair. i for one know it primarily as "rock beat" or metal beat.

you have to edit this to get the picture — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.215.173.114 (talk) 17:56, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

Drum beat added
yo i added a drum beat page that links to this page as well as to blast beats and some other crap. check it out and improve it if you like.

--Macho 2:10PM April 25, 2005

Typo fixed
hey y'all-- i fixed a typo (it's -> its), and i changed "subtley" (not a word) assuming you meant it to be "subtly". change it if i was wrong.

disclose page.
hey, i made a page about disclose! can be found at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disclose

-Marxxxx 16:49, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

C-beat
Hey all, im new to this. Macho, i was wondering if you knew anything on what c-beat is? I recently heard it through a thrash band George Harrison. They mentioned c-beat in their lyrics.

 * i know nothing of c-beat, sounds like a neologism someone made up to make themselves sound cool. also- i just removed the last sentence of the article, since it was clumsy and inepsy are now included in the list at the end of the article.

 * Macho Philipovich 21:21, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

C-beat is a faster type of d-beat, nearing proto blast beat, mainly utilized by swedish "rå punk" band (raw punk) like moderat likvidtion and mob 47 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.215.173.114 (talk) 16:55, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

Link fixed
i fixed a link, and cleaned the band section up.

-Marxxxx 16:49, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Beat
god, the beat sample there is just the basic rock beat since ancient history, at least the 60's. Bands like Ramones used it heavily in the 70's.

-Pete —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.153.242.34 (talk) 12:08, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

__I went and listened to some Discharge, and their rythm is not identical to neither the example given on the page or any of the stuff I was thinking of. It also has a different timing compared with Buzzcock's You Tear Me Up. Sorry.195.249.52.211 (talk) 17:51, 17 September 2013 (UTC)

Sections created
I made sections for the page. I also cleaned up the Brazil secion somewhat, but I think it needs more work. Will someone please do that? Also I standardized the punctuation on this page to "D-beat" (earlier there also times when it was punctuated "D-Beat" and "d-beat"). Is that an acceptable way to do it? The band list is getting long. Can we shorten it or sort it by style or region?

-Macho Philipovich 17:34, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * "D-beat" is the best way to standardize it, in my opinion Jowe27 03:53, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

temporary nonsense
Someone changed the first paragraph of this article to some nonsense about something else and posted a giant picture of a guy with a neck beard and a Burzum shirt. (?) I put it back to what it was before. I'm pretty new at this, so I don't know if there's some quick way to "revert" a page or report nonsense..

Reverted
Someone changed the start of the article to say that Discharge was a Punk Metal band instead of Hardcore Punk. To be honest, I don't think it was a useful change, since Hardcore Punk is a common term, yet I have been involved in this scene for years and never heard the term "Punk Metal". (Maybe "Crossover"). Besides, the Punk Metal article is apparantly slated for deletion. Dan Carkner 13:20, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

/* too many bands */
I think there are too many little-known bands listed on this article. It seems like every person who comes just looks at it and says "Why--they didn't mention Disclamber!" or whatever and adds one more unheard of band to the list. Dan Carkner 05:33, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Haha... Yeah, you're right, I haven't heard of half of the bands mentioned in the list. Maybe we should tone it down and just mention a few well-known D-beat groups. —Quirk 23:16, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems to me with other genres, that they have a separate page like "List of Screamo bands" or whatever. People can add to the list to their heart's content. I do think that it's somewhat pointless to list a little-known band that doesn't have a wikipedia article. Dan Carkner 00:40, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, I created a List of D-beat bands and deleted all red links from the band list on this page. The list on this page should perhaps be even more succinct, but I'm not sure which bands to leave and which to discard. —Quirk 23:21, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Heh heh, you were even more harsh than I was; I took out about half of them yesterday. Suits me fine.. Dan Carkner 02:08, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

i think its funny how at least half those bands have names like either dis[whatever] or [whatever]charge. i mean, i know thats one of the trade mark, but i think the band named DischargeD really took it over the line, imean changing it to past tense dosnt really mean you can use someone elses name.
 * Yeah, and they all try to rip-off Discharge's logo. I almost bought this patch thinking it was Discharge until I looked closer and saw it was some band called Disclose. It's kinda funny and pathetic.  Ungovernable Force  Got something to say? 21:58, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Disclose pwns Discharge anyway. Makes them sound like sissies. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.5.147.43 (talk) 01:27, 11 March 2007 (UTC).
 * Yeah, no offense, but I'm shocked that you are here talking about D-beat and you don't know who Disclose is. They are punk giants, and really are better than Discharge.  They and Totalitar are easily the best D-beat bands ever to exist. —The preceding Luke Sineath comment was added by Luke Sineath (talk • contribs) 01:29, 2 April 2007 (UTC).

Sample?
A sound sample of D-beat would be great. It is difficult to describe how a specific beat or sound "feels" like to listen to, so a sound sample from either a song or just the beat would be a very good addition here.

I concur--87.64.21.155 10:31, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

i dunno. it was just described to me as repetitive drum beats, with lots of hollow sounding drums, i know thats completly un-technical, but D-beat isnt a technical type of music really.

on the blast beat page there's what I believe is a MIDI sample of blast beats played at various speeds; It would indeed be a great idea to do something similar here, if for no other reason than it's a pain to try to explain what a d-beat sounds like to someone by slapping your hands on your knees. Anybody got a decent midi program?Jowe27 03:52, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

I believe that D-beat is wrongly tabbed on the page. Could somebody confirm if D-beat is the first beat of this Discharge song (Yes-or-No-question). Maybe I confused the beat, since it's differently named in my language.

--Kubanczyk 17:47, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Link doesn't work but I'm pretty sure that beat is correct (on the page). Diabolical 19:08, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Duh, it is really convincing... Link works, check again. Is there a chance your proxy is blocking mp3 files? --Kubanczyk 18:14, 21 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Working now. It's not the first beat, it's the beat that's playing during the verse. I think the tab is correct. Diabolical 19:52, 21 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Then you assured me that tabbing is wrong. But for further verification I made a two quick samples [[Image:D-beat_(candidate_1).ogg|]] and [[Image:D-beat_(candidate_2).ogg|]]. I believe one of them is D-beat and one is not. I have the sources available as *.it tracks, if you want to check precise notation. We can later put right ogg in article. --Kubanczyk 00:36, 23 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The first bit of the first sample is D-beat but the latter half is unnecessary and potentially confusing. Diabolical 02:11, 23 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Fixed. But now you got me confused! --Kubanczyk 07:12, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

The d-beat is wrongly tabbed. I can't play those .ogg files to make sure about that, but--typically when playing D-beat, you hit the ride or a crash rather than the hi-hat. The second issue is that you only hit the ride/crash when you hit the bass drum. so you don't hit it on all 4 beats, see? that's very important, because it gives the beat a different feel.Luke Sineath

 * Great, thanks for your opinion. This claims to be encyclopedic article and up to this point you are alone in your suggestion about cymbal usage. It would be great if you provide some evidence, that your way is the standard way. I play .ogg with winamp version 2.9. --Kubanczyk 08:59, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm surprised at your attitude. The proper tabulation should be clear to anyone who listens to this sort of music, especially since the drum beat never really changes.Discharge Realities of War  Here's some evidence for you.  And another . And another  An example from Dislose  Anti-Cimex live, where you can clearly see the drummer playing d-beat at around 3 minutes or so.  The last bit is on the drummer the whole time.  Here's a Disclose vid, not a lot of focus on the drummer, but enough that you can see that he's hitting a crash, not the hi-hat . Here  is an excellent video of Cluster Bomb Unit.  Nice practice video of Mob 47 .  Massakro .  This drummer is hitting the hi-hat, but still in the pattern which I described above. Given that someone else on this discussion page didn't know who Disclose was, it doesn't suprise me that no-one has disputed the tabulation.  Really there shouldn't be any dispute, and I've given you plenty of evidence on this point, which I don't think was necessary if you listen to this kind of music. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Luke Sineath (talk • contribs) 05:26, 5 April 2007 (UTC).

 * You're right about the timing. --Kubanczyk 08:28, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Luke Sineath is right. D-beat is played with crash or ride cymbal on bassdrum only. I have played in different d-beat bands for close to fifteen years and have never played it in another way. Neither have I ever heard anyone play it different.

In that case, person above me, you have never listened to Discharge's "hear nothing see nothing say nothing" LP of 1982 and i would implore your 15 years have been wasted. sorry to bring these news to you in this utterly brutal way. You can clearly hear that he is smashing the hihat at a more frequent rate than the bass\snare. However, i think going in to an argue of evidence over this matter is bollocks, cause its more of a matter of personal opinion and skills. Some bands use the tactic of hitting the ride only in correspondence with the bassdrum, which without doubt is a significantly easier way to play d-beat, or they use the more thorough technique, as used by i.e. Discharge on Hear nothing... and "Discharge", hitting the hihat in a single more bastant way. My point here being, either way they are both recognized techniques, and a more appropriate way to close this discussion would be to include the tabs\.oggs with hihat\ride recording as well. if thats not possible, just remove the right hand movement altogether (or left hand if you are lefthanded) -Scand-beatbasturdzyderwar

What a mess
This article really needs to be re-written and re-formatted, when i first came across it, it had zero wiki links and no proper formatting. I tried to fix some of the worst mistakes, but there's still a ton that needs to be re-worked to bring it up to wikipedia standards. Jesse K. 23:41, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm, it still looks much worse than it did before after several edits.. How is it an improvement to move the intro to the second paragraph and leave a weird tiny, blank title bar? I guess it's a work in progress, but.. Dan Carkner 14:49, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Where is the references?
I came from DISCHARGE page and I feel there were a tiny reference/source for d-beat (only the Buzzcocks song). Then I came here and seems that it was made by the same person. There should be a better research about this, 'cos I see that the first direct reference came from Iggy Pop song "I got a right" (TV Eye 1977 EP) which is a 2:20 minute fast-paced d-beat hell of a song. Also there is "The witch" from The Sonics, and if you dig it deep you'll get pieces from Animals singles, Beach Boys and even The Monkees! I could write it by myself but my english is not that good (but I can help on it). So I think this text deserves at least some paragraphs regarding the references and history of this nature of beat. thank you, Bruno. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 200.181.86.15 (talk) 20:06, 28 December 2006 (UTC).

Origins?
Can anyone justify the 'cultural origins' being north america? I'm not entirely sure how far back Wikipedia refer to by 'origins', but surely the most notable cultural origin would be discharge? And therefore UK.
 * I agree, UK and scandinavia. Dan Carkner 22:31, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh I get it, that is just a generic hardcorepunk box, it doesn't refer to this specific style.Dan Carkner 03:46, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

American bands??
Most of those bands mentioned had zero influence and did not bring "D-beat" to the US Punk scene. That whole sectin needs to be re-written. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.254.17.155 (talk) 00:40, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

American bands infludenced by Discharge and that were at least somewhat popular...
Crucifix, The Iconoclast, Battalion of Saints were early 80's discharge influenced bands. Also Bad Brains were playing so-called D-beat thrash since 1979 or 80, and the Misfits were discharge contemporaries who played thrash as well. The article mentions 1984 and the influence of some obscure band (who's name escapes me)?? by that time it had already peaked and was fading fast. Suicidal Tendencies played "D-beat" as did Bad Religion and the list of influential bands goes on... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.254.17.155 (talk) 00:52, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Bad Brains have no relationship to Discharge, and I don't think they play D-beats. Not sure if Misfits had any Discharge influence, but they're definitely not D-beat either. Bad Religion? Are you kidding me? Now Crucifix, that's right. Aryder779 (talk) 17:31, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Battalion of Saints were not D-beat. They were influenced by UK Punk, but the D-beat influence was never there or at least a major part of their sound until Battalion of Saints A.D. which did feature ex members of Discharge. The Misfits played Ramones' style stripped down rock 'n roll with a lot of 50s influences until Earth AD, which although may have influenced the thrash metal scene, was rooted in hardcore punk and not Discharge-Beat. Suicidal Tendencies' first album was hardcore punk, not of the D-beat variety and subsequent albums employed thrash metal, funk, and hardcore influences...They were an extreme case in "crossover"...Bad Religion never played D-beat. On Crucifix, I can hear an influence and I have never listened to The Iconoclast before...Now, if you're referring to the drumming style, not the genre, then you may have something, because I'm sure that every punk, hardcore, metal, etc. band has at least one song where a D-beat is utilized at least momentarily. I'm also sure that most wouldn't be able to tell.

-ZAch AtTacK- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.15.146.252 (talk) 18:47, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

 * This section has been controversial for a while now:
 * "Negative Approach was largely responsible for introducing Discharge's influence to American hardcore punk. However, the earliest documented pure D-beat bands in the United States were from California: Diatribe, from San Diego, and Against, from Los Angeles. Firmly entrenched in the US hardcore scene, Diatribe formed in 1984 and recorded the Aftermath EP in January 1985. The EP was characterized by a raw early Discharge musical style with lyrics focusing on the horrors of nuclear holocaust and war. Bands such as Crucifix (San Francisco) and Final Conflict (Long Beach) were also heavily influenced by Discharge."
 * I added the sentence about Negative Approach, and I'm beginning to reconsider. For one thing, the whole paragraph is original research. There's no question that Negative Approach was influenced by Discharge; much of their sound comes from melding street punk with American hardcore (they also covered a Blitz song). But they're definitely not a "D-beat" group in the sense that the Varukers or Anti-Cimex are. These groups Diatribe and Against are quite obscure, and I can't find any evidence made for the claims made in this paragraph.If you do research you will find Diatribe has a pretty good following among the political punks of the 80's and was also an influence to Final Conflict. Final Conflict I'm familiar with, and Crucifix are pretty well-known. They're already mentioned in the opening paragraph. I think this paragraph should be deleted, as per WP:NOR and WP:UNDUE. Aryder779 (talk) 14:02, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

Street punk merger
I've suggested that this article be merged with street punk. I find that Wikipedia articles tend to thrive when they amass a great deal of information, and not do very well when they split up into lots of tiny sub-pages. I think the page would make more sense, contextually, as part of the street punk article. Any thoughts? Aryder779 (talk) 14:12, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

 * What proof do you have that d-beat is related to Street punk? It's seems to me that it is has much mare in common whith hardcore and anarcho punk. 137.186.62.69 (talk) 23:14, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Read Ian Glasper's Burning Britain, along with The Day the Country Died; these are the two main sources on UK punk. Discharge and its immediate followers (the Varukers) very much emerged from the street punk scene, not from anarcho-punk (Crass) or hardcore punk. They're discussed in Burning Britain (on street punk), not in The Day the Country Died (on anarcho-punk). D-beat has become much more associated with anarcho-punk and crust over the past decade because of groups like His Hero Is Gone, but that's a development, not an origin. The same is true of Swedish groups like Anti-Cimex -- they're much closer to The Exploited and GBH than to Crass or Conflict. This is supported by the Swedish punk encyclopedia. Aryder779 (talk) 15:06, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

The "emergence" of something from something hardly is good enough for those things to be re-merged together. The novel emerged from the medieval romance, but I think we can handle these things being treated separately. Besides, street punk bands tend NOT to play a d-beat. That should be evidence enough. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.23.202.227 (talk) 04:17, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Strong no from me. D-Beat is more than notable on it's own, and while it grew out of the UK82 scene, it is not a form of street punk, at least not these days. Again, it's far closer to crust or anarcho than street punk, especially today. And again, it should just be on it's own.  Ungovernable Force  Poll: Which religious text should I read? 07:58, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

D-beat is hardly a genre of it's own. People are so used to only hearing one style of Hardcore that's mainly influenced by bands like Bad Brains in the US. You have to remember that all of Europe and Japan was strongly influenced by Discharge, hence alot of HC bands in the 80s coming from said Countries having that sound. Also, for some reason people seem to think there's a big difference between Hardcore bands that could be filed as "Crust" IE: Extreme Noise Terror, Doom, Anti-System and Hardcore bands that could be filed under D-Beat IE: Discard, Disclose and the like, when they basically have the same song structure, riffs and aswell alot of the same lyrical content. --70.19.225.232 (talk) 18:32, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

There is an immense difference between this "streetpunk" rubbish, of whom most bands are rich, snotty kids from the american suburbs and the term of UK82, which D-beat claims its roots from. To merge D-beat with streetpunk would be like chucking a nailbomb up yer arse and say it felt nice when it went off. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.90.5.10 (talk) 09:09, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Japanese D-beat?
"Japanese D-beat bands are usually notable for either faithful emulation of the European Discharge-influenced punk aesthetic (something at which bands like Disclose excel), or for their technically advanced playing, employing a D-beat in the context of a more transcendent and original whole. Bands such as Bastard and Deathside are notable for their strong sense of melody and their subtly metallic playing, although they are not true D-beat bands."

I just removed this section, because it's in particularly egregrious contradiction with WP:NOR and WP:NPOV. I'm intrigued by Japanese D-beat and I'm familiar with Disclose (still mentioned in the article, in the opening paragraph), but I've never heard of Bastard or Deathside and my research turned up nothing on them. It's particularly cryptic that this paragraph asserts that "they are not true D-beat bands". Without further elaboration, its not clear what true D-beat is or why these groups are discussed here. Aryder779 (talk) 19:25, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

D-beat is quite big Osaka, Japan. I don't know so much about it and it's nigh on impossible to find good sources, but if someone could do it it could be good to include Framtid, Disfear and Disturd (Tsyama). I've never heard of Bastard of Deathside either, but Disclose's guitarist Kawakami has a tribute gig each year in June/July to mark the anniversary of his death, with a 10+ band bill featuring mostly crustcore and d-beat bands. Shin from Punk and Destroy record store is the most slavish Discharge fan I've ever come across - he has what basically looks like a Discharge altar in his tiny little record store in America-mura.

It seems that there is two major pockets of activity for the d-beat scene in Japan: Amemura (America village), Osaka, and Koenji, Tokyo. D-beat's much bigger in Japan than this article would have you believe, but verifying it is proving, how-you-say, problematic. --E. Swann (talk) 00:04, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

D-beat (also known as Discore.... WRONG!!!!
This article opens with a fallacy, and a citation that confirms NOTHING. The Varukers were the original Discore band, the first and best of the hardcore punk acts to take the simple, yet devastatingly effective formula laid down by Discharge and play it as fast, hard, heavy as they could." Glasper 2004, p. 65.

DISCORE is a genre, D-BEAT is specifically a drum beat that is used in many styles of music, there can be discore music that has no d-beat, and there can be d-beat in music that is not discore.!!!!!!!!!!!!! they are certainly NOT SYNONYMS!!! 4.242.192.40 (talk) 12:09, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

 * D-beat is a term for both a beat and a style. As a style, the name is synonymous with Discore. See cited references. 170.140.180.111 (talk) 21:31, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Almost nobody uses the term Discore as a synonym for D-Beat. Käng and Crust(punk/core) as synonym for D-Beat are however widely used. Discore? Maybe a long time ago by a few people, but not a widely accepted synonym for D-Beat. I would like to see Discore removed or moved to a History section. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.136.50.45 (talk) 15:42, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

D-beat First Example.... WRONG!!!!
The first example of D-Beat is not even close to any D-Beat! The second example of D-Beat is a cheat D-Beat. The third and fourth D-Beat examples are used by most bands. I will remove the first example, and rename the second. So the list will be

First (like early Anti-Cimex and Discharge): C:|x--x-x--x--x-x--:|| S:|--o---o---o---o-:|| K:|o--o-o--o--o-o--:|| 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 &           S=snare K=kick  C=crash

Second - Verse & Chorus (like Skitsystem): H:|x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-:||     C:|x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-:|| S:|--o---o---o---o-:||     S:|--o---o---o---o-:|| K:|o--o-o--o--o-o--:||     K:|o--o-o--o--o-o--:|| 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 &            1 & 2 & 3 & 4 &        S=snare K=kick  H=hihat  C=crash

Third (cheat D-Beat) (listen to sample):

H:|x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-:|| S:|--o---o---o---o-:|| K:|oo--o--o-o--:|| 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 &           S=snare K=kick  H=hihat

Removed:

First (listen to sample): H:|x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-:|| S:|--o---o---o---o-:|| K:|o---oo--o---oo--:|| 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 &           S=snare K=kick  H=hihat — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.246.80.108 (talk) 09:51, 3 August 2009

Original research
Two sections, "Drum beat" and "Legacy" are tagged with the "Original research" template but reason is provided and no specific material is tagged. Why, what, where, and how do those sections have original research and need to be cleaned up? Hyacinth (talk) 22:40, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

Delete it
There is no such thing as "D-beat" - this is buzzword slang used by a very limited group of people. This beat has been used by countless thousands of bands beyond "the imitators of discharge" - There is no article naming the style of imitators of Ringo Star's drumming - this article should be deleted for lack of notoriety. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.175.31.7 (talk) 03:52, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
 * It's a long established term for the genre. It exists. There is "such a thing", it falls well within subculture monikers for notoriety by Wikipedia standards. 74.209.54.156 (talk) 07:34, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

running wizard
the intro to Running Wizard is a good example of d-beat. ;) 74.209.54.156 (talk) 07:32, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

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What exactly makes this a genre
Is it the repeated use of the drum beat? Because, the bands mentioned are just a lot of hardcore, crust and street punk bands that all use the same drum beat at times. Shouldn't this be the page for a drum beat and bands that use the drum beat, rather than describing a style? The Swedish Wikipedia has a page for Kängpunk and then also a page for the drum beat. Issan Sumisu (talk) 15:04, 1 August 2018 (UTC)

 * I have the same opinion, but the sources unfortunately say it’s a subgenre, so we can’t change that unfortunately. Having D-beat as a subgenre is like like having blast beat as a subgenre.  ~SML  •  TP  02:32, 4 August 2018 (UTC)

 * More accurately, one could call the genre "d-beat hardcore", to distinguish it from the drumbeat.

Agree. I’d propose splitting the article into D-beat (rhythm) and D-beat (music sub-genre). Morganfitzp (talk) 16:40, 25 September 2019 (UTC)

Agree. I’d propose splitting the article into D-beat (rhythm) and D-beat (music sub-genre). Morganfitzp (talk) 16:45, 25 September 2019 (UTC)

Buzzcocks
You tear me up track from buzzcocks another music in a different kitchen 1978 has a proto- dbeat, but there is a times up version of it with Howard devoto so the track must be pre his departure in 1977. Mswestbrom (talk) 16:12, 21 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:D-beat


text:
Vessem

Vessem is a village in the southern Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Eersel, North Brabant. Cultural attractions include the Jacobusmolen windmill and several galleries.

The village was first mentioned in 1245 as Veseme. The etymology is unclear. Vessem is a church village which developed on a sandy ridge along the Kleine Beerze.

Vessem was home to 581 people in 1840. It used to part of the municipality of Vessem, Wintelre en Knegsel until 1996 when it was merged into Eersel.

Sights

 * Old Town Hall from 1898 with a memorial stone commemorating the inauguration of Queen Wilhelmina in the same year. It is a symmetrical white building with a stepped gable.
 * The family-owned brewery 'De Leeuw' is redbrick factory building with a tall chimney dominating the central street. The brewery now produces Beerze beer. The premises burnt down in 1904 but was rebuilt in 1905. It was restored again in 2008, expanding to include a restaurant, hotel accommodation, meeting rooms, and a courtyard garden. It now regularly hosts weddings.
 * The Catholic St. Lambertus Church was a 15th century tower, and the church was added between 1882 and 1883.
 * The grist mill Jacobus was built in 1893. It was restored in 1969 and 1986. The wind mill is technically operational, however a large beech tree prevents the wheel from turning.

title: Vessem


text:
Monte Rosa tour

The Monte Rosa Tour is a circular hiking trail through the Swiss & Italian Alps around Monte Rosa (4634m). The tour also encircles the Dom (4,545 m) in the Mischabel range. Typical overnight stops are
 * Zermatt
 * Theodulpass (highest point: 3,301 m)
 * St-Jacques in the Ayas valley
 * Gressoney-La-Trinité
 * Alagna Valsesia
 * Macugnaga-Staffa
 * Saas-Fee
 * Grächen
 * Europahütte

The section from Saas-Fee to Grächen is sometimes known as the Balfrin Höhenweg, or "high path".

Grächen to Zermatt is along the Europaweg, and passes the Europa Hut.

title: Monte Rosa tour


text: Category:Towns in Dorset

title: Category:Towns in Dorset


text:
Talk:Whitney v. California

I removed
I removed the following text since it was simply a direct copy of much of the opinion. If people want to read the opinion, they can use the external links. The article is meant to be a summary (especially since most people cannot understand the opinions).

 * WHITNEY V. CALIFORNIA

Justice Brandeis, joined by Justice Holmes, concurring.

The felony which the statute created is a crime very unlike the old felony of conspiracy or the old misdemeanor of unlawful assembly. The mere act of assisting in forming a society for teaching syndicalism, of becoming a member of it, or of assembling with others for that purpose is given the dynamic quality of crime. There is guilt although the society may not contemplate immediate promulgation of the doctrine. Thus the accused is to be punished, not for contempt, incitement or conspiracy, but for a step in preparation, which, if it threatens the public order at all, does so only remotely. The novelty in the prohibition introduced is that the statute aims, not at the practice of criminal syndicalism, nor even directly at the preaching of it, but at association with those who propose to preach it.

Despite arguments to the contrary which had seemed to me persuasive, it is settled that the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applies to matters of substantive law as well as to matters of procedure. Thus all fundamental rights comprised within the term liberty are protected by the Federal Constitution from invasion by the States. The right of free speech, the right to teach and the right of assembly are, of course, fundamental rights. These may not be denied or abridged. But, although the rights of free speech and assembly are fundamental, they are not in their nature absolute. Their exercise is subject to restriction, if the particular restriction proposed is required in order to protect the State from destruction or from serious injury, political, economic or moral. That the necessity which is essential to a valid restriction does not exist unless speech would produce, or is intended to produce, a clear and imminent danger of some substantive evil which the State constitutionally may seek to prevent has been settled...

It is said to be the function of the legislature to determine whether at a particular time and under the particular circumstances the formation of, or assembly with, a society organized to advocate criminal syndicalism constitutes a clear and present danger of substantive evil; and that by enacting the law here in question the legislature of California determined that question in the affirmative...The legislature must obviously decide, in the first instance, whether a danger exists which calls for a particular protective measure. But where a statute is valid only in case certain conditions exist, the enactment of the statute cannot alone establish the facts which are essential to its validity. Prohibitory legislation has repeatedly been held invalid because unnecessary, where the denial of liberty involved was that of engaging in a particular business. The power of the courts to strike down an offending law is no less when the interests involved are not property rights, but the fundamental personal rights of free speech and assembly.

This Court has not yet fixed the standard by which to determine when a danger shall be deemed clear; how remote the danger may be and yet be deemed present; and what degree of evil shall be deemed sufficiently substantial to justify resort to abridgment of free speech and assembly as the means of protection. To reach sound conclusions on these matters, we must bear in mind why a State is, ordinarily, denied the power to prohibit dissemination of social, economic and political doctrine which a vast majority of its citizens believes to be false and fraught with evil consequence.

Those who won our independence believed that the final end of the State was to make men free to develop their faculties; and that in its government the deliberative forces should prevail over the arbitrary. They valued liberty both as an end and as a means. They believed liberty to be the secret of happiness and courage to be the secret of liberty. They believed that freedom to think as you will and to speak as you think are means indispensable to the discovery and spread of political truth; that without free speech and assembly discussion would be futile; that with them, discussion affords ordinarily adequate protection against the dissemination of noxious doctrine; that the greatest menace to freedom is an inert people; that public discussion is a political duty; and that this should be a fundamental principle of the American government. They recognized the risks to which all human institutions are subject. But they knew that order cannot be secured merely through fear of punishment for its infraction; that it is hazardous to discourage thought, hope and imagination; that fear breeds repression; that repression breeds hate; that hate menaces stable government; that the path of safety lies in the opportunity to discuss freely supposed grievances and proposed remedies; and that the fitting remedy for evil counsels is good ones. Believing in the power of reason as applied through public discussion, they eschewed silence coerced by law -- the argument of force in its worst form. Recognizing the occasional tyrannies of governing majorities, they amended the Constitution so that free speech and assembly should be guaranteed.

Fear of serious injury cannot alone justify suppression of free speech and assembly. Men feared witches and burned women. It is the function of speech to free men from the bondage of irrational fears. To justify suppression of free speech there must be reasonable ground to fear that serious evil will result if free speech is practiced. There must be reasonable ground to believe that the danger apprehended is imminent. There must be reasonable ground to believe that the evil to be prevented is a serious one. Every denunciation of existing law tends in some measure to increase the probability that there will be violation of it. Condonation of a breach enhances the probability. Expressions of approval add to the probability. Propagation of the criminal state of mind by teaching syndicalism increases it. Advocacy of lawbreaking heightens it still further. But even advocacy of violation, however reprehensible morally, is not a justification for denying free speech where the advocacy falls short of incitement and there is nothing to indicate that the advocacy would be immediately acted on. The wide difference between advocacy and incitement, between preparation and attempt, between assembling and conspiracy, must be borne in mind. In order to support a finding of clear and present danger it must be shown either that immediate serious violence was to be expected or was advocated, or that the past conduct furnished reason to believe that such advocacy was then contemplated.

Those who won our independence by revolution were not cowards. They did not fear political change. They did not exalt order at the cost of liberty. To courageous, self-reliant men, with confidence in the power of free and fearless reasoning applied through the processes of popular government, no danger flowing from speech can be deemed clear and present, unless the incidence of the evil apprehended is so imminent that it may befall before there is opportunity for full discussion. If there be time to expose through discussion the falsehood and fallacies, to avert the evil by the processes of education, the remedy to be applied is more speech, not enforced silence. Only an emergency can justify repression. Such must be the rule if authority is to be reconciled with freedom. Such, in my opinion, is the command of the Constitution. It is therefore always open to Americans to challenge a law abridging free speech and assembly by showing that there was no emergency justifying it.

Moreover, even imminent danger cannot justify resort to prohibition of these functions essential to effective democracy, unless the evil apprehended is relatively serious. Prohibition of free speech and assembly is a measure so stringent that it would be inappropriate as the means for averting a relatively trivial harm to society. A police measure may be unconstitutional merely because the remedy, although effective as a means of protection, is unduly harsh or oppressive. Thus, a State might, in the exercise of its police power, make any trespass upon the land of another a crime, regardless of the results or of the intent or purpose of the trespasser. It might, also, punish an attempt, a conspiracy, or an incitement to commit the trespass. But it is hardly conceivable that this Court would hold constitutional a statute which punished as a felony the mere voluntary assembly with a society formed to teach that pedestrians had the moral right to cross unenclosed, unposted, waste lands and to advocate their doing so, even if there was imminent danger that advocacy would lead to a trespass. The fact that speech is likely to result in some violence or in destruction of property is not enough to justify its suppression. There must be the probability of serious injury to the State. Among free men, the deterrents ordinarily to be applied to prevent crime are education and punishment for violations of the law, not abridgment of the rights of free speech and assembly.

[The California] legislative declaration satisfies the requirement of the constitution of the State concerning emergency legislation. [But] it does not preclude enquiry into the question whether, at the time and under the circumstances, the conditions existed which are essential to validity under the Federal Constitution. As a statute, even if not void on its face, may be challenged because invalid as applied, the result of such an inquiry may depend upon the specific facts of the particular case. Whenever the fundamental rights of free speech and assembly are alleged to have been invaded, it must remain open to a defendant to present the issue whether there actually did exist at the time a clear danger; whether the danger, if any, was imminent, and whether the evil apprehended was one so substantial as to justify the stringent restriction interposed by the legislature. The legislative declaration, like the fact that the statute was passed and was sustained by the highest court of the State, creates merely a rebuttable presumption that these conditions have been satisfied.

Whether in 1919, when Miss Whitney did the things complained of, there was in California such clear and present danger of serious evil, might have been made the important issue in the case. She might have required that the issue be determined either by the court or the jury. She claimed below that the statute as applied to her violated the Federal Constitution; but she did not claim that it was void because there was no clear and present danger of serious evil, nor did she request that the existence of these conditions of a valid measure thus restricting the rights of free speech and assembly be passed upon by the court or a jury. On the other hand, there was evidence on which the court or jury might have found that such danger existed. I am unable to assent to the suggestion in the opinion of the Court that assembling with a political party, formed to advocate the desirability of a proletarian revolution by mass action at some date necessarily far in the future, is not a right within the protection of the Fourteenth Amendment. In the present case, however, there was other testimony which tended to establish the existence of a conspiracy, on the part of members of the Industrial Workers of the World, to commit present serious crimes; and likewise to show that such a conspiracy would be furthered by the activity of the society of which Miss Whitney was a member. Under these circumstances the judgment of the state court cannot be disturbed.

Our power of review in this case...is limited not only to the question whether a right guaranteed by the Federal Constitution was denied, but to the particular claims duly made below, and denied. We lack here the power occasionally exercised on review of judgments of lower federal courts to correct in criminal cases vital errors, although the objection was not taken in the trial court. Because we may not enquire into the errors now alleged, I concur in affirming the judgment of the state court.

Source: 274 U.S. 357 (1927).

her pardon
The article says that the pardon was based (perhaps in part) on the Brandeis text. It would be so helpful to have a citation that demonstrates that. ( Martin | talk • contribs 13:01, 31 July 2013 (UTC))

Whitney v, California
I am trying to edit this entry because it is currently incorrect. My suggestions:

The opening sentence right now is: "Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357 (1927), was a United States Supreme Court decision upholding the conviction of an individual who had engaged in speech that raised a threat to society." This is incorrect. Whitney didn't engage in speech that raised a threat to society. I suggest changing it as follows:

"Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357 (1927), was a United States Supreme Court decision upholding the conviction of an individual accused of belonging to an organization that the state believed was a threat to society."

The Background currently reads: "Charlotte Anita Whitney, a member of a distinguished California family, was convicted under the 1919 California Criminal Syndicalism Act for allegedly helping to establish the Communist Labor Party of America, a group charged by the state with teaching the violent overthrow of government.

Whitney denied that it had been the intention of her or other organizers for the party to become an instrument of violence."

I suggest changing it to: "Charlotte Anita Whitney, a member of a distinguished California family, was convicted under the 1919 California Criminal Syndicalism Act for helping to establish the Communist Labor Party of America, a group charged by the state with teaching the violent overthrow of government. Whitney was in fact a pacifist who believed in working within the American political system and repeatedly ran for public office. The evidence presented at her trial focused on the platform and action of the Industrial Workers of the World, an organization to which she had contributed a small amount of money but of which she was not a member. She was in effect put on trial for her radical activities, which included fighting for gender and racial equality, and for advocating a more equitable political and economic system."

I have taken out the word "allegedly" because she never denied that she had helped to establish the Communist Labor Party. The other suggested changes reflect a careful reading of the trial transcript.

My source for all this is the trial transcript itself and my book, "Speaking Freely: Whitney v. California and American Speech Law" (University of Kansas Press, 2015) and other volumes such as Anthony Lewis, "Make No Law: The Sullivan case and the First Amendment" (Random House, 1991). Interestingly, both those references are already in the original article.

Thanks for your attention to this. I am new to Wikipedia and hope I have followed the correct procedure. Philippa Strum Philippa Strum (talk) 14:59, 25 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Pinging .  G M G  talk   15:05, 25 November 2017 (UTC)

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User talk:Swillden

Welcome!

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Category:Towns in North Yorkshire

Towns in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. Including towns in the unitary authorities of York, Redcar and Cleveland, Middlesbrough and Stockton-on-Tees (south of the River Tees).

There are also two cities in North Yorkshire. See Category:York and Category:Ripon.

title: Category:Towns in North Yorkshire


text: Category:Towns in Merseyside

title: Category:Towns in Merseyside


text:
Nipple piercing

A nipple piercing is a type of body piercing, centered usually at the base of the nipple. It can be pierced at any angle but is usually done horizontally or, less often, vertically. It is also possible to place multiple piercings on top of one another.

History
The perforation of the nipple to apply jewelry has been practiced by various people throughout history. Male nipple piercing was reported to be done by the Karankawa Native Americans, female nipple piercing is practiced by the Kabyle people in Algeria.

In the western world it potentially dates back to the 14th century. The anthropologist Hans Peter Duerr traces the earliest known practice of female nipple piercing as a fashion statement to the Court of Isabeau of Bavaria (1370 to 1435), queen consort of France, quoting Eduard Fuchs he describes that: "...fashion eventually led to the application of rouge to freely display nipples [...] placing diamond-studded rings or small caps on them, even piercing them and passing gold chains through them decorated with diamonds, possibly to demonstrate the youthful resilience of the bosom." However, these sources are difficult to verify.

There are also references to a fashion for nipple piercing among society women during the Victorian era around 1890. However, the historian Lesley Hall has commented that these can be traced to a few letters published in the magazine Society during 1899, and can be judged as erotic fantasies rather than descriptions of actual activity.

In the late 1970s, the practice was revived by Jim Ward and it was adopted by the BDSM and leather subcultures of the gay community. During the 1980s and early 1990s, the modern primitive movement embraced nipple piercings among other forms of body modification. With its roots in the West Coast of the United States, the modern primitive movement was intrigued by indigenous, so-called "primitive" cultures and adopted various forms of body modification. The mainstream popularity of nipple piercing is partly due to certain 1990s celebrities such as Tommy Lee, Corey Taylor and Lenny Kravitz who publicly displayed their piercings or said that they had them.

Nipple piercing has gained in popularity in the 21st century with a number of celebrities and fashion models having this type of piercing. In addition, many people are motivated to have nipple piercings for personal reasons including self-expression and a desire to feel unique. At least one study has shown that people spend, on average, 1–2 years making the decision to have a piercing.

Sensitivity
Sexual arousal created by areola and nipple stimulation is reported to be enhanced by piercing of the nipple. Most women claim an increase in sensitivity and arousal after having their nipples pierced. As a result of a surge of information claiming sexual enhancement with a pierced nipple, there has been a reported increase of men and women requesting this procedure.

Breastfeeding
A common question among women who consider nipple piercings is how it may affect breastfeeding. There is no evidence to suggest that proper nipple piercings can cause any complications with lactation. A letter in the Journal of the American Medical Association suggests improperly pierced nipples and scarring may result in blocked ducts.

It is recommended that good care be taken to prevent infection by using a piercing professional and good body piercing aftercare. Frequent re-piercings can also damage the nipple and cause complications. It is also recommended that the piercing be healed before breastfeeding. Most body piercing professionals will refuse to pierce a pregnant woman for this reason and because piercing causes stress on the body that could potentially complicate a pregnancy.

Several complications have been noted involving breastfeeding with a piercing present, so it is recommended to remove nipple jewelry before nursing. Several complications resulting from nursing with nipple jewelry inserted can include poor latch, slurping, gagging, and milk leaking from the baby's mouth.

It can also be a potential choking hazard for the baby. As the baby sucks, the ends on a barbell (if worn) may come loose and could possibly lodge in the baby's throat (a captive bead ring, properly inserted, would lessen the risk of anything becoming loose, falling out, and lodging in the throat). The baby's gums and tongue as well as the soft and hard palate could be injured by the jewelry.

Some lactation consultants say that nipple piercings should not affect the ability to breastfeed but no clinical studies have been carried out on the subject. The suggested risks include pain while breastfeeding, reduced or diverted milk flow, and the infection of blocked lactiferous ducts.

Inverted nipples
Inverted nipples are primarily a cosmetic problem but might interfere with breastfeeding. Nipples that are inverted can be pierced; in fact, it has been proposed as a corrective strategy to protract the nipple.

Potential complications
The nipple is fleshy enough to pierce securely behind plenty of skin to prevent rejection. However, if the jewelry gauge is too thin or the piercing is not deep enough to begin with, there is a risk of rejection. Metal allergies, infections, or excessive pulling/tugging can also cause the piercing to be rejected.

Death due to complications resulting from nipple piercings may have occurred, as have serious infections resulting in the removal of a breast after getting a nipple ring, but typically, a nipple piercing will take at least six months to a year for women or two to four months for men to heal fully.

There is an increased risk of nonpuerperal mastitis occurring in the months after nipple piercing.

Notable wearers
A nipple piercing gained considerable media attention after Super Bowl XXXVIII, during which Justin Timberlake accidentally exposed Janet Jackson's right breast on which she had a nipple shield applied to a piercing. This incident is called Nipplegate. Nicole Richie set off an alarm at the Reno-Tahoe International Airport as she passed a metal detector with her nipple piercing. Pink had her nipple pierced backstage after a concert she was giving in Germany in the presence of her mother. The whole scene was filmed and later published on her DVD Pink: Live in Europe. Christina Aguilera had all her piercings removed except for her right nipple piercing. Pop singer Rihanna had her nipple piercing exposed first in the same way and later in a Lui magazine pictorial.

title: Nipple piercing


text:
Talk:Cytoplasm

To do

 * Clean the first paragraph.
 * Diagram or some picture to serve as an illustration?
 * Goes into unnecessary detail like why make it confusing??  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.69.79.244 (talk) 20:42, 15 May 2023 (UTC)

This page needs to be cleaned up. Sentence structure, etc. I'll see what I can do. Edit: Maybe this is beyond repair. I'm not entirely versed in this subject, but, I know that the first paragraph needs help. -- kanzure (Aug. 13th 02005)

Agreed. That first paragraph leaves me scratching my head. It talks about components and how it relates to other things I don't understand. I think this needs a much more concise and plain-language explanation of what it is. 142.73.82.13 (talk) 18:04, 16 April 2014 (UTC)

image issue
Does anyone else think that we can eliminate one of the two pictures? Maybe the first one... even though neither are that great... Breakyunit 06:28, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Ya, I'm going to try to do that right now, maybe find a new picture... SuperMarioBrah (talk) 02:10, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

got a sience project on this any suggestions? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.179.170.111 (talk) 20:41, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

trolling removed
I just removed some awfully typed troll about chuck norris :/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nocashvalue (talk • contribs) 16:46, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

tweaked a bit...
I tweaked the "Differences between...." section because it originally said "people and dog" when it compared animal and plant.bullshit

There is nothing on this page that is acutally readable expect for Yuck CyThe result was do not merge. -- MarcoTolo 19:20, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

I am against merging. Cytoplasm and Cytoplast are two different thinks. In this case they mean nearly the same. When cytoplasm is widely known term in biology, cytoplast can be a self existing entity which we can found in the biotechnological labs.--Juan de Vojníkov 05:09, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Merging the two pages makes no sense - rather like suggesting that Missle and Mistletoe should be merged.... -- MarcoTolo 00:27, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Sorry for the lateness of my comment, but I was away from the computer for a while. Currently, cytoplast is a one-liner page with nothing more but a definition. According to the dictionary, a cytoplast is "the intact cytoplasm of a single cell" and therefore would overlap quite well with the topic of this page. I think it could be mentioned or a subsection here until it accumulates enough content to warrent its own page. - tameeria 19:43, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Editing Cytoplasm page
Hi All, There are 3 of us college students in Anatomy and Physiolgy that have the project of editing this page. We have never done this before and will do the best we can, but any help, advice or comments will surely be appreciated. Thanks, --Omurphy 04:56, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Man, just write and study from the best articles. See: Featured articles. Photos are also a good idea. Good luck.--Juan de Vojníkov 14:36, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Gelatinous?
Is it really gelatinous? If so, why is this? Gelatin is gelatinous because of interlocking protein chains, but such chains would be detrimental to the cell. Any ideas?RSido (talk) 04:26, 11 December 2007 (UTC) what are the meaning of cytoplasm why you did not write the meaning of it and where from it derived — Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.152.117.225 (talk) 08:53, 29 September 2011 (UTC)

Cytosol vs. Cytoplasm
This is a common misconception, and needs to be clarified. And this article uses these terms interchangeably. It needs to be made clear that cytoplasm includes all organelles except nucleus, whereas cytosol does not include organelles. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sergeymk (talk • contribs)
 * Go ahead! When the whole thing is based on volunteers, it ends up being a cobbled together connection of facts that aren't always the best or truest way to convey things.  If you've the expertise, I'd be very grateful!  'Cause I lack it.  WLU (talk) 02:10, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * As a layman, I am confused by the relationship between the terms "cytosol", "hyaloplasm" and "groundplasm". Can this relationship be clarified here as well as in the Cytosol and Groundplasm articles? If these terms are synonymous, please indicate that. If there are differences, please express them. I appreciate and thank you for all your work in sharing this fascinating information. Rickwrd (talk) 01:37, 31 March 2018 (UTC)

Lacking formality?
The entry paragraph is very odd in its formatting of a second defition. Anyone know the procedure for formatting this? talk Pro spider  19:57, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

"The cytosol is the gooey, semi-transparent fluid..." Gooey? When describing cellular contents, I wasn't aware that it is a normal procedure to explain texture. Would you call the golgi "spongey" or compare a nucleus to a ball bearing? I'll delete it, but feel free to put it back if my reasoning is off. Andykinosis (talk) 01:50, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Protoplasm
Could someone put in a phrase that explains the relationship between those two, please. The Protoplasm article is sort of hanging in a vacuum now, but reading the text there, should be linked by many other topics. If for no other reason than many kids learn the term in school and may later want to check up what it was and how it relates. Lisa4edit (talk) 20:56, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

cytoplasm?
what is cytplasm of course it is a cell what does it do???? none of these aricles really tALKs about it if you agree put an article up saying this same thing with any subject!!! my name is alske u. menrs thank you for suppose abley hepling me firgure out science and thank you for all those ppl that agree and but another page up i really accept you in my life. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.169.87.36 (talk) 01:28, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

I would also want to give this a very, very big importance, since it is one of the cell organelles and it would be senseless that only its parts were discussed. Yes, you did put its main function but are there anymore? - student_school09

Student school09 (talk) 14:04, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

organelles in the cytoplasm
in the cytoplasm are many organelles,including mitochdria,endoplasmic reticulum and more each of these organelles has specifics functions in the cell.when u leave the nucleolus you find your self in the cytoplasm.it is located between the cell membrance and the nucleolus.your ship in a clear ,thick,gel-like fluid.the fluid in the cytoplasm is constantly moving so your ship does not need to propel itself —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.237.8.191 (talk) 06:55, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Ten years on and we still have bad English like this:
 * The submicroscopic ground cell substance, or cytoplasmatic matrix which remains after exclusion the cell organelles and particles is groundplasm. It is the hyaloplasm of light microscopy, and high complex, polyphasic system in which all of resolvable cytoplasmic elements of are suspended, including the larger organelles such as the ribosomes, mitochondria, the plant plastids, lipid droplets, and vacuoles.
 * It's been like that for 13 days. Anyone? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.12.85.100 (talk) 09:09, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

Comment moved from article to here
Should say "on the inside of" the cell membrane, not between, which would incorrectly imply that cytoplasm is found between leaflets of the bilayer. It is more accurate to say it is on the inside of the cell membrane. moved this comment from an IP to this talk page. Calmer  Waters  05:01, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

Peroxisomes
This picture lacks Peroxisomes. ~College biology student. 71.51.37.60 (talk) 01:01, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 August 2020
In the sub-section "Physical nature/As a sol-gel" please ADD the following sentence (at the end of the paragraph):

The latest research on human cell lines indicates, that it is a length-scale that determines colloid-like (<100 nm) or gel-like (>100nm) properties of cytoplasm.

The reason of the proposed change is developing knowledge in the field. Romenel (talk) 10:33, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

 * ✅. ◢  Ganbaruby!   (Say hi!) 14:36, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cytoplasm


text:
Category:Towns in Nottinghamshire

Towns in the English county of Nottinghamshire.

title: Category:Towns in Nottinghamshire


text:
Nelson Monument, Edinburgh

The Nelson Monument is a commemorative tower in honour of Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson, located in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is situated on top of Calton Hill, and provides a dramatic termination to the vista along Princes Street from the west. The monument was built between 1807 and 1816 to commemorate Nelson's victory over the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, and his own death at the same battle. In 1852 a mechanized time ball was added, as a time signal to shipping in Leith harbour. The time ball is synchronized with the One O'Clock Gun firing from Edinburgh Castle. The monument was restored in 2009.

The Royal Navy's White Ensign and signal flags spelling out Nelson's famous message "England expects that every man will do his duty" are flown from the monument on Trafalgar Day each year.

History

The monument was constructed at the highest point of Calton Hill, at 171 m above sea-level, replacing an earlier mast used to send signals to shipping in the Forth. The monument was funded by public subscription and an initial design prepared by Alexander Nasmyth. His pagoda-like design was deemed too expensive, and an alternative design in the form of an upturned telescope—an object closely associated with Nelson—was obtained from the architect Robert Burn. Building began in 1807, and was almost complete when money ran out the following year. Burn died in 1815, and it was left to Thomas Bonnar to complete the pentagonal castellated building, which forms the base to the tower, between 1814 and 1816. The tower was intended as a signal mast, attended by sailors who would be accommodated within the ground floor rooms, although these were in use as a tea room by 1820. Public access was available from the start, for a small fee. The rooms were later used to house the monument's caretaker. In 2009, as part of the "Twelve Monuments Restoration Project", the tower was comprehensively restored, including repairs to stonework and metalwork. The monument is a category A listed building.

The monument is 32 m high, and has 143 steps leading to a public viewing gallery. The castellated design reflects the castellated prison buildings which stood on the south side of Calton Hill in the early 19th century.

A plaque above the entrance to the monument carries the following dedication:

To the memory of Vice-Admiral Horatio Lord Viscount Nelson, and of the great victory of Trafalgar, too dearly purchased with his blood, the grateful citizens of Edinburgh have erected this monument: not to express their unavailing sorrow for his death; nor yet to celebrate this matchless glories of his life; but, by his noble example, to teach their sons to emulate what they admire, and, like him, when duty requires it, to die for their country. AD MDCCCV

Above the plaque is a stone carving of the San Josef, a ship captured by Nelson at the Battle of Cape St Vincent in 1797.

Time ball

On top of the tower is a time ball, a large ball which is raised and lowered to mark the time. It was installed in 1853 and became operational in March 1854 to act as a time signal to the ships in Edinburgh's port of Leith, and to ships at the anchorage in the Firth of Forth known as Leith Roads, allowing the ships to set their chronometers. The time ball was the idea of Charles Piazzi Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, and was originally triggered by a clock in the adjacent City Observatory, to which it was connected by an underground wire. The mechanism was the work of Maudslay, Sons & Field of Lambeth, who had previously constructed the time ball mechanism for Greenwich Observatory. The installation was carried out by James Ritchie & Son who are still retained by City of Edinburgh Council to maintain and operate the time ball.

The ball, constructed of wood and covered in zinc, and originally weighing about 90 kg, is raised just before 1 pm, and at precisely 1 pm, is dropped from atop the mast. The commonly stated mass of 15 cwt (762 kg) is a myth stemming from an exaggeration by Piazzi Smyth in 1853. Later, in 1861, the One O'Clock Gun was established at Edinburgh Castle to provide an audible signal when fog obscured the time ball. The time ball was operated for over 150 years, until it was damaged by a storm in 2007. In 2009, as part of the restoration of the monument, the time ball was removed, and the mechanism repaired. The time ball was brought back into service on 24 September 2009. The mechanism is now operated manually, based on the firing of the One O'Clock Gun.

title: Nelson Monument, Edinburgh


text:
Talk:Plate number coil

Untitled
How does the plate number single found on some of the booklet panes fit into this article on Plate number coils?

Yes, good question... someone with knowledge should start a new topic on plate number singles and its collecting standard and in relation to booklet panes. Some booklet panes (like those ATM panes) of late have the numbers in the middle of the pane not on the margins, although some issues have the plate numbers on the stamp itself, e.g. the 34 cent Liberty issue - which is an exception.

title: Talk:Plate number coil


text:
The Potato Eaters

The Potato Eaters (De Aardappeleters) is an oil painting by Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh painted in April 1885 in Nuenen, Netherlands.

It is in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. The original oil sketch is at the Kröller-Müller Museum in Otterlo, and he made lithographs of the image, which are held in collections including the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. The painting is considered to be one of Van Gogh's masterpieces.

Composition
During March and the beginning of April 1885, Van Gogh sketched studies for the painting and corresponded with his brother Theo, who was not impressed with his current work nor the sketches Van Gogh sent him in Paris. He began working on The Potato Eaters while living with his parents in Nuenen, a rural town which was home to many farmers, labourers and weavers. He worked on the painting from 13 April until the beginning of May, when it was mostly done except for minor changes that he made with a small brush later the same year.

Van Gogh said he wanted to depict peasants as they really were. He deliberately chose coarse and ugly models, thinking that they would be natural and unspoiled in his finished work.

Writing to his sister Willemina two years later in Paris, Van Gogh still considered The Potato Eaters his most successful painting: "What I think about my own work is that the painting of the peasants eating potatoes that I did in Nuenen is after all the best thing I did". However, the work was criticized by his friend Anthon van Rappard soon after it was painted. This was a blow to Van Gogh's confidence as an emerging artist, and he wrote back to his friend, "you... had no right to condemn my work in the way you did" (July 1885), and later, "I am always doing what I can't do yet in order to learn how to do it." (August 1885).

Vincent Van Gogh is known to have admired the Belgian painter Charles de Groux and in particular his work The blessing before supper. De Groux's work is a solemn depiction of a peasant family saying grace before supper. The painting was closely linked to Christian representations of the Last Supper. Van Gogh's The Potato Eaters was inspired by this work of de Groux and similar religious connotations can be identified in Van Gogh's work.

Lithograph

Van Gogh made a lithograph of the composition The Potato Eaters before embarking on the painting proper. He sent impressions to his brother and, in a letter to a friend, wrote that he made the lithograph from memory in the space of a day.

Van Gogh had first experimented with lithography in The Hague in 1882. Though he appreciated small scale graphic work and was an enthusiastic collector of English engravings he worked relatively little in graphic mediums. In a letter dated around 3 December 1882 he remarks "I believe, though, that it would be a great mistake to imagine that such things as, for instance, the print The Grace (a family of woodcutters or peasants at table) were created at a stroke in their final form. No, in most cases the solidity and pith of the small is only obtained through much more serious study than is imagined by those who think lightly of the task of illustrating ...

Anyway, some paintings in their huge frames look very substantial, and later one is surprised when they actually leave behind such an empty and dissatisfied feeling. On the other hand, one overlooks many an unpretentious woodcut or lithograph or etching now and then, but comes back to it and becomes more and more attached to it with time, and senses something great in it."

Influence of the Hague School
Van Gogh is often associated in people's minds with the Post-Impressionist movement, but in fact his artistic roots lay much closer to home in the artists of the Hague School such as Anton Mauve and Jozef Israëls.

In a letter to his brother Theo written mid-June 1884, Vincent remarks:

"When I hear you talk about a lot of new names, it's not always possible for me to understand when I've seen absolutely nothing by them. And from what you said about 'Impressionism', I’ve grasped that it's something different from what I thought it was, but it's still not entirely clear to me what one should understand by it.

But for my part, I find so tremendously much in Israëls, for instance, that I'm not particularly curious about or eager for something different or newer."

Before Vincent painted The Potato Eaters, Israëls had already treated the same subject in his A Peasant Family at the Table and, judging from a comment in a letter to Theo 11 March 1882, Vincent had seen this (or at least a variation of it) and had been inspired to produce his own version of it. Compositionally, the two are very similar: in both paintings the composition of the painting is centered by a figure whose back is turned to the viewer.

As well as an interest gained by A Peasant Family at the Table, Vincent had an appreciation for a simpler lifestyle. Vincent was known to disregard the finer things, once writing in a letter to his brother Theo:

"When I receive money, even if I've fasted, isn't for food, but is even stronger for painting [...] meanwhile the lifeline I cling to is my breakfast with the people where I live, and a cup of coffee and bread in the cremerie in the evening..."

Van Gogh seemed to emotionally identify with the middle class, although he was from a family who were quite well-off. The subject was that of the harsh reality of life in the working class. He also simply admired the sustainability of the potato, or aardappel in Dutch. Aardappel literally translates to "earth apple," which paints an idea of a simpler, hearty lifestyle.

Theft
Thieves stole the early version of The Potato Eaters, the Weaver's Interior, and Dried Sunflowers from the Kröller-Müller Museum in December 1988. In April 1989, the thieves returned Weaver's Interior in an attempt to gain a $2.5 million ransom. The police recovered the other two on 14 July 1989; no ransom was paid.

On 14 April 1991, the Vincent van Gogh National Museum was robbed of twenty major paintings including the final version of The Potato Eaters. However, the getaway car suffered a blown tire, and the thieves were forced to flee, leaving the paintings behind. Thirty-five minutes after the robbery, the paintings were recovered.

title: The Potato Eaters


text:
FLEX (protocol)

FLEX is a communications protocol developed by Motorola and used in many pagers. FLEX provides one-way communication only (from the provider to the pager device), but a related protocol called ReFLEX provides two-way messaging.

Protocol
Transmission of message data occurs in one of four modes: 1600/2, 3200/2, 3200/4, or 6400/4. All modes use FSK modulation. At 1600/2 this is on a 2 level FSK signal transmitted at 1600 bits per second. At 3200/2, this is a 2 level FSK signal transmitted at 3200 bits per second. At 3200/4, this is a 4 level FSK signal transmitted at 1600 symbols per second. Each 4 level symbol represents two bits for a bit rate of 3200 bits per second. At 6400/4, this is a 4 level FSK signal transmitted at 3200 symbols per second or 6400 bits per second.

Data is transmitted in a set of 128 frames that takes 4 minutes to complete. Each frame contains a sync followed by 11 data blocks. The data blocks contain 256, 512 or 1024 bits for 1600, 3200 or 6400 bits per second respectively.

The standard has been designed to allow the pager's receiver to be turned off for a high percentage of the time and therefore save on battery usage.

Security
Transmitted data over FLEX is not encrypted. A BCH error correcting code is used to improve the integrity of the data, although this is not cryptographically secure.

There have been reported instances of individuals actively listening to pager traffic (private investigators, news organizations, etc.).

Usage
In The Netherlands the emergency services use the Flex-protocol in the nationwide P2000 network for pagers. The traffic on this network can be monitored online.

In South Australia the State's SAGRN network for the Emergency Services paging system (CFS, SES, MFS and SAAS) is run on the FLEX 1600 protocol, and can be monitored online.

title: FLEX (protocol)


text: Category:Towns in Worcestershire

title: Category:Towns in Worcestershire


text:
Police riot

A police riot is a riot carried out by the police; more specifically, it is a riot that police are responsible for instigating, escalating or sustaining as a violent confrontation. Police riots are often characterized by widespread police brutality, and they may be done for the purpose of political repression.

The term "police riot" was popularized after its use in the Walker Report, which investigated the events surrounding the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago to describe the "unrestrained and indiscriminate" violence that Chicago Police Department officers "inflicted upon persons who had broken no law, disobeyed no order, made no threat." During the 2020 George Floyd protests, columnist Jamelle Bouie wrote in The New York Times that a police riot is "an assertion of power and impunity" that "does more to inflame and agitate protesters than it does to calm the situation and bring order to the streets."

Haymarket Riot
During the early years of labor union organizing, police violence was frequently used in efforts to quell protesting workers. One notable incident took place in May 1886, when police killed four striking workers at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. in Chicago. The following day, a peaceful demonstration in Haymarket Square erupted in violence when a bomb was thrown, killing eight policemen. Other police then opened fire, before or after they were fired on by people in the crowd (accounts vary) killing at least four demonstrators and wounding an undetermined number, in an event known as the Haymarket Riot; the events have been referred to as a police riot.

Bloody Thursday
In July 1934, police in San Francisco were involved in several encounters with striking longshore workers. After two picketers were killed, the other area unions joined together and called a general strike of all workers (the "Big Strike"). Subsequent criticism of the police was probably the occasion for the coining of the term "police riot".

Vietnam War protests
During the Vietnam War, anti-war demonstrators frequently clashed with police, who were equipped with billy clubs and tear gas. The demonstrators claimed that the attacks were unprovoked; the authorities claimed the demonstrators were rioting. The most notorious of these assaults, which was shown on television and which included national television reporters in the chaos, took place during the August 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, which was the scene of significant anti-war street protests. The actions of the police were later described as a police riot by the Walker Report to the U.S. National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.

White Night Riots
On May 21, 1979, in response to early demonstrations and unrest at San Francisco City Hall following the sentencing of Dan White for the killings of San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk, members of the San Francisco Police Department descended on the Castro District. With tape over their numbers they destroyed a gay bar and indiscriminately attacked civilians. Many patrons were beaten by police in riot gear, some two dozen arrests were made, and a number of people later sued the SFPD for their actions.

Tompkins Square Park police riot
In August 1988, a riot erupted in Tompkins Square Park in the East Village of New York City when police, some mounted on horseback, attempted to enforce a newly passed curfew for the park. Bystanders, artists, residents, homeless people, reporters, and political activists were caught up in the police action that took place during the night of August 6–7. Videotape evidence, provided by onlookers and participants, showed seemingly unprovoked violent acts by the police, as well as a number of officers having covered up or removed their names and badge numbers from their uniforms. The footage was broadcast on local television, resulting in widespread public awareness. In an editorial The New York Times dubbed the incident a "police riot".

Castro Sweep
On October 6, 1989, about 200 members of the San Francisco Police Department initiated a police riot in the Castro District following a peaceful march held by ACT UP to protest the United States government's actions during the ongoing AIDS pandemic. The event was the first large-scale confrontation between the city's LGBT community and the police since the White Night riots a decade earlier and resulted in 53 arrests and 14 people injured.

1999 Seattle Protests
The term police riot has been applied by some to the 1999 Seattle WTO protests, where police clad in riot gear used clubs, tear gas and projectiles to disperse groups of protesters.

2014 Ferguson protests
During the Ferguson unrest, police clad in riot gear used clubs, tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse crowds of protesters in Ferguson. Long Range Acoustic Devices and armored vehicles were heavily utilized to subdue protesters, and police threatened journalists and human rights workers on the scene. Some sources and observers described the event as a police riot, though the police denied any wrongdoing or police riot.

George Floyd protests
Police were accused in multiple cities of instigating unprovoked violence with persons who protested the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Democratic Socialist Virginia State Rep. Lee J. Carter criticized police actions as a "police riot".

Videos from multiple cities showed police using tear gas, pepper spray, and rubber bullets on protesters. In Seattle, a line of police officers attacked a crowd of protesters when a protester would not relinquish her umbrella. In Richmond, Virginia, police ended four days of peaceful protest by attacking protesters with pepper spray; police later admitted it was an "unwarranted action" and mayor Levar Stoney apologized, saying "we violated your rights."

Battle of the Beanfield
During an attempt to enforce an exclusion zone around Stonehenge, Wiltshire, in 1985, the police entered the field where a group of travelers known as the Peace Convoy were being detained and began damaging their vehicles and beating the occupants. The travelers eventually sued the Wiltshire police force for wrongful arrest, assault and criminal damage.

title: Police riot


text: Category:Towns in the East Riding of Yorkshire


text:
User:Juicyboy 325

Hey, I'm juicyboy 325. I'm a high school student in the state of Wisconsin.

I've basically just become a member on Wikipedia, and I enjoy looking at some of those elaborate sites and adding my two cents worth.

I ain't much of a writer, but I do add useful bits here and there. I enjoy giving the stuff I know (which isn't much) to others.

I'm a guy who loves to surf the web, and I can't stand the vandalism and destruction of pages!

I'm somewhat of a cumputer game nerd, but I'm a nice guy (to a certain point ;-) heh heh)

If you got some cool or interesting sites for me to check out, then just tell me!

I hate to say it, but I've done some vandalizing myself. Now that I'm a member of Wikipedia, though, I won't do that bad stuff to your sites.

title: User:Juicyboy 325