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Junqueirópolis

Junqueirópolis is the name of a city and the surrounding municipality in the western region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population is 20,831 (2020 est.) in an area of 583 km2 (5 km2 of which is city). Its elevation is 421 m. Rio do Peixe (Fish River) and Rio Aguapeí (Aguapeí River) are major rivers of the region.

History
At the start of the 20th century this area was largely unexplored and undeveloped. It was not until 1941 that the Companhia Paulista de Estrada de Ferro (São Paulo Locomotive Company) ran railroad tracks through this remote hinterland.

Over the next few years Alvaro de Oliveira Junqueira, a wealthy inhabitant of the city of São Paulo, began buying up land here upon which he established coffee plantations. On 1 November 1944 the municipal division of Patrimônio de Junqueira (Junqueira's Patrimony) was established and land development proceeded as lots were sold to investors.

Horácio Cajado de Oliveira, Enrique Coutinho and Jose Amatruda were among those that settled here during this period. Another early settler was Torataro Takitami, a representative of the country's growing Japanese Brazilian population.

The municipality was created by state law in 1948. The place name has been formed by joining Junqueira's surname with the Greek language-derived suffix -polis meaning "city".

Geography
The municipality contains 16.5% of the 9044 ha Aguapeí State Park, created in 1998.

Agriculture
Outside the urban area, Junqueirópolis is a hilly, agricultural region that produces valuable crops that thrive in a subtropical climate. For this reason the municipality promotes itself as Cidade Verde, "Green City".

Among the fruits grown here, acerola is important enough to the local economy that Junqueirópolis has another nickname -- Capital da Acerola, the "Acerola Capital". In the 1998–1999 season Junqueirópolis produced 2,450 tons of this fruit. The predominant type of acerola produced here is the "Olivier", a variety that is packed with the Vitamin C (1.200 mg/100ml of juice and 1.400 mg/100g of pulp) for which this plant is primarily cultivated and can be cultivated with little pesticide.

Junqueirópolis is also known for its grapes. Among the most widely cultivated varieties of grape in Junqueirópolis are Itália, Benitaka, Brazil and Ruby. Grapes from this region are made into table wines of excellent quality.

Other major crops grown in Junqueirópolis are maize, cotton, and coffee. The importance of produce production to this region is demonstrated in the depiction of the municipal coat of arms shown above which has been illustrated with acerola, grapes, sugarcane, etc.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Penitentiary
The penitentiary in Junqueirópolis was the site of some of the violence of 2006 that swept the prisons of São Paulo state and involved deadly clashes between Primeiro Comando da Capital (a prison gang) and Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo (the state police).

Religion
Christianity is present in the city as follows:

Catholic Church
The Catholic church in the municipality is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Marília.

Protestant Church
The most diverse evangelical beliefs are present in the city, mainly Pentecostal, including the Assemblies of God in Brazil (the largest evangelical church in the country), Christian Congregation in Brazil, among others. These denominations are growing more and more throughout Brazil.

title: Junqueirópolis


text: Template:MTR

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:MTR


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Juquiá

Juquiá is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 18,718 (2020 est.) in an area of 813 km2. The elevation is 17 m.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1948.

Geography
The municipality contains part of the 488865 ha Serra do Mar Environmental Protection Area, created in 1984.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Juquiá


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Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon

Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon (יעקב בן מכיר ׳ן תיבון), of the Ibn Tibbon family, also known as Prophatius, was a Jewish astronomer; born, probably at Marseilles, about 1236; died at Montpellier about 1304. He was a grandson of Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon. His Provençal name was Don Profiat Tibbon; the Latin writers called him Profatius Judæus. Jacob occupies a considerable place in the history of astronomy in the Middle Ages. His works, translated into Latin, were quoted by Copernicus, Reinhold, and Clavius. He was also highly reputed as a physician, and, according to Jean Astruc ("Mémoires pour Servir à l'Histoire de la Faculté de Médecine de Montpellier," p. 168), Ibn Tibbon was regent of the faculty of medicine of Montpellier.

In the controversy between the Maimonists and the anti-Maimonists, Jacob defended science against the attacks of Abba Mari and his party; the energetic attitude of the community of Montpellier on that occasion was due to his influence.

Works
Jacob became known by a series of Hebrew translations of Arabic scientific and philosophical works, and above all by two original works on astronomy. His translations are:
 * the Elements of Euclid, divided into fifteen chapters
 * the treatise of Qusta ibn Luqa on the armillary sphere, in sixty-five chapters
 * Sefer ha-Mattanot, the Data of Euclid
 * Autolycus' On the Moving Sphere
 * Theodosius' Spherics
 * Menelaus' Spherics
 * Ma'amar bi-Tekunah, or Sefer 'al Tekunah, in forty-four chapters
 * a treatise on the use of the astrolabe
 * compendium of the Almagest of Ptolemy
 * Iggeret ha-Ma'aseh be-Luaḥ ha-Niḳra Sofiḥah
 * preface to Abraham bar Ḥiyya's astronomical work
 * an extract from the Almagest on the arc of a circle
 * "Ḳiẓẓur mi-Kol Meleket Higgayon," Averroes' compendium of the Organon (Riva di Trento, 1559)
 * Averroes' paraphrase of books xi–xix of Aristotle's history of animals
 * Mozene ha-'Iyyunim, falsely attributed to Ghazali, including also a large part deriving from the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity (Rasā’il Ikhwān al-Ṣafā’)

The two original works of Jacob are:
 * a description of the astronomical instrument called the quadrant (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, MS. No. 1054), in sixteen chapters, the last of which shows how to construct this instrument. This was translated several times into Latin (once by Armengaud Blaise)
 * astronomical tables, beginning with 1 March 1300 (Munich MS. No. 343, 26). These tables were translated into Latin and enjoyed great repute.

title: Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon


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Juquitiba

Juquitiba is a suburban municipality in the southeastern part of the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The population is 31,646 (2020 est.) in an area of 522.17 km². This name comes from the Tupi language. The southern part of the municipality is heavily forested with the Serra do Mar mountain range, the central and the northern parts are predominantly hilly.

The municipality contains part of the 488865 ha Serra do Mar Environmental Protection Area, created in 1984.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Tourism
Tourism is a strong point of Juquitiba. Just 70 km from the state capital, offers contact with the animals and plants of the Atlantic forest. It offers various adventure sports like river rafting Juquiá, for example, along with numerous trails and waterfalls. The county contains hostels, campsites and fishing to leisure and hospitality.

title: Juquitiba


text: User talk:68.38.48.31

title: User talk:68.38.48.31


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Category:Defunct companies of the United States

Note: Defunct company articles should be placed in a 'by location' sub-category and a 'by industry' sub-category.


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Flash powder

Flash powder is a pyrotechnic composition, a mixture of oxidizer and metallic fuel, which burns quickly (deflagrates) and produces a loud noise regardless of confinement. It is widely used in theatrical pyrotechnics and fireworks (namely salutes, e.g., cherry bombs, M-80s, firecrackers, and cap gun shots) and was once used for flashes in photography.

Different varieties of flash powder are made from different compositions; most common are potassium perchlorate and aluminium powder. Sometimes, sulfur is included in the mixture to increase the sensitivity. Early formulations used potassium chlorate instead of potassium perchlorate.

Flash powder compositions are also used in military pyrotechnics when production of large amount of noise, light, or infrared radiation is required, e.g., missile decoy flares and stun grenades.

History
Lycopodium powder is a yellow-tan dust-like powder historically used as a flash powder. Today, the principal use of the powder is to create flashes or flames that are large and impressive but relatively easy to manage safely in magic acts and for cinema and theatrical special effects.

Mixtures
Normally, flash powder mixtures are compounded to achieve a particular purpose. These mixtures range from extremely fast-burning mixtures designed to produce a maximum audio report, to mixtures designed to burn slowly and provide large amounts of illumination, to mixtures that were formerly used in photography.

Aluminium and chlorate
The combination of aluminium powder and potassium chlorate is unstable, and a poor choice for flash powder that is to be stored for more than a very short period. For that reason, it has been largely replaced by the potassium perchlorate mixtures. Chlorate mixes are still used when cost is the overriding concern because potassium chlorate is less expensive than perchlorate.

The simplest is a two-component chlorate mix, although this is rarely used.
 * KClO3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + KCl

The composition is approximately 70% KClO3 : 30% Al by weight for the reactants of the above stoichiometrically balanced equation.

It is considered critically important to exclude sulfur and any acidic components from these mixtures. Sulfur oxidises and absorbs moisture to produce sulfuric and thionic acids; any acid in the mixture makes it unstable. Sometimes a few percent of bicarbonate or carbonate buffer is added to the mixture to ensure the absence of acidic impurities.

Sulfur is deliberately added as a third component to this mixture in order to reduce the activation energy. However this gives the problem with acid production and instability and so these mixtures are generally considered too unstable to be stored and must be mixed immediately before use. Antimony trisulfide may be used as an alternative, and is more stable in storage.

Potassium nitrate, aluminium and sulfur
This composition, usually in a ratio of 5 parts potassium nitrate, to 3 parts aluminum powder, to 2 parts sulfur, is especially popular with hobbyists. It is not very quick-burning unless exceptionally fine ingredients are used. Although it incorporates sulfur, it is in fact fairly stable, sustaining multiple hits from a hammer onto a hard surface. Adding 2% of its weight with boric acid is reputed to significantly increase stability and shelf life, through resistance to dampening through ambient humidity. Other ratios such as 6 KNO3/3 Al/1 S and 5 KNO3/2 Al/3 S also exist and work. All ratios have similar burn times and strength, although 5 KNO3/3 Al/2 S seems to be dominant.

 * 2 KNO3 + 4 Al + S → K2S + N2 + 2 Al2O3

The composition is approximately 59% KNO3 : 31.6% Al : 9.4% S by weight for the reactants of the above stoichiometrically balanced equation.

For best results, "German Dark" aluminum should be used, with air float sulfur, and finely ball milled pure potassium nitrate. The finished mixture should never be ball milled together.

Aluminium and perchlorate
Aluminium powder and potassium perchlorate are the only two components of the pyrotechnic industry standard flash powder. It provides a great balance of stability and power, and is the composition used in most commercial exploding fireworks.

The balanced equation for the reaction is:

 * 3 KClO4 + 8 Al → 3 KCl + 4 Al2O3

The stoichiometric ratio is 34.2% aluminum and 65.8% perchlorate by mass. A ratio of seven parts potassium perchlorate to three parts dark pyro aluminium is the composition used by most pyrotechnicians.

For best results, the aluminium powder should be "Dark Pyro" grade, with a flake particle shape, and a particle size of fewer than 10 micrometres. The KClO4 should be in powder form, free from clumps. It can be sieved through a screen, if necessary, to remove any clumps prior to use. The particle size of the perchlorate is not as critical as that of the aluminium component, as much less energy is required to decompose the KClO4 than is needed to melt the aluminium into the liquid state required for the reaction.

Although this composition is fairly insensitive, it should be treated with care and respect. Hobbyist pyrotechnicians usually use a method called diapering, in which the materials are poured separately onto a large piece of paper, which is then alternately lifted at each corner to roll the composition over itself and mix the components. Some amateur pyrotechnicians choose to mix the composition by shaking in a closed paper container, as this is much quicker and more effective than diapering. One method of mixing flash is to put the components in the final device and handling the device will mix the flash powder. Paper/cardboard is chosen over other materials, such as plastic, as a result of its favorable triboelectric properties.

Large quantities should never be mixed in a single batch. Large quantities are not only more difficult to handle safely, but they place innocent bystanders within the area at risk. In the event of accidental ignition, debris from a multiple-pound flash powder explosion can be thrown hundreds of feet with sufficient force to kill or injure. (Note: 3 grams of mixture is enough to explode in open air without constraint other than air pressure.)

No matter the quantity, care must always be taken to prevent any electrostatic discharge or friction during mixing or handling, as these may cause accidental ignition.

Magnesium and nitrate
Another flash composition common among amateurs consists of magnesium powder and potassium nitrate. Other metal nitrates have been used, including barium and strontium nitrates. Compositions using nitrate and magnesium metal have been used as photographic flash powders almost since the invention of photography. Potassium nitrate/magnesium flash powder should be mixed and used immediately and not stored due to its tendency of self-ignition.

If magnesium isn't a very fine powder it can be passivated with linseed oil or potassium dichromate. The passivated magnesium flash powder is stable and safe to store.

 * 2 KNO3 + 5 Mg → K2O + N2 + 5 MgO

The composition is 62.5% KNO3 : 37.5% Mg by weight for the reactants of the above stoichiometrically balanced equation. Below is the same reaction but involving barium nitrate.

 * Ba(NO3)2 + 5 Mg → BaO + N2 + 5 MgO

Mixtures designed to make reports are substantially different from mixtures designed for illumination. A stoichiometric ratio of three parts KNO3 to two parts Mg is close to ideal and provides the most rapid burn. The magnesium powder should be smaller than 200 mesh, though up to 100 mesh will work. The potassium nitrate should be impalpable dust. This mixture is popular in amateur pyrotechnics because it is insensitive and relatively safe as such things go.

For photographic use, mixtures containing magnesium and nitrates are made much more fuel rich. The excess magnesium is volatilized by the reaction and burns in air providing additional light. In addition, the higher concentration of fuel results in a slower burn, providing more of a "poof" and less of a "bang" when ignited. A formula from 1917 specifies 5 parts of magnesium to 6 parts of barium nitrate for a stoichiometry of nine parts fuel to one part oxidizer. Modern recreations of photographic flash powders may avoid the use of barium salts because of their toxic nature. A mixture of five parts 80 mesh magnesium to one part of potassium nitrate provides a good white flash without being too violent. Fuel rich flash powders are also used in theatrical flash pots.

Magnesium based compositions degrade over long periods, meaning the metallic Mg will slowly react with atmospheric oxygen and moisture. In military pyrotechnics involving magnesium fuels, external oxygen can be excluded by using hermetically sealed canisters. Commercial photographic flash powders are sold as two-part mixtures, to be combined immediately before use.

Magnesium and PTFE
A flash composition designed specifically to generate flares that are exceptionally bright in the infrared portion of the spectrum use a mixture of pyro-grade magnesium and powdered polytetrafluoroethylene. These flares are used as decoys from aircraft that might be subject to heat-seeking missile fire.

 * 2n Mg + (C2F4))n → 2n MgF2 (s) + 2n C (s)

Antimony trisulfide and chlorate
This mixture, and similar mixtures sometimes containing pyro aluminium have been used since the early 1900s for small "Black Cat" style paper firecrackers. Its extremely low cost makes it popular among manufacturers of low-grade fireworks in China. Like all mixtures containing chlorates, it is extremely sensitive to friction, impact and electrostatic discharge, and is considered unsafe in pyrotechnic devices that contain more than a few tens of milligrams of the mixture.

 * 3 KClO3 + Sb2S3 → Sb2O3 + 3 SO2 + 3 KCl

This mixture is not highly energetic, and in at least some parts of the United States, firecrackers containing 50 mg or less of this mixture are legal as consumer fireworks.

Safety and handling
Flash powders even within intended usages often release explosive force of deadly capacity. Nearly all widely used flash powder mixtures are sensitive to shock, friction and electrostatic discharge. In certain mixtures, it is not uncommon for this sensitivity to spontaneously change over time, or due to change in the environment, or to other unknowable factors in either the original manufacturing or in real-world storage. Additionally, accidental contaminants such as strong acids or sulfur compounds can sensitise them even more. Because flash powder mixtures are so easy to initiate, there is potentially a high risk of accidental explosions which can inflict severe blast/fragmentation injuries, e.g. blindness, explosive amputation, permanent maiming, or disfigurement. Fatalities have occurred. The various flash powder compositions should therefore not be handled by anyone who is unfamiliar with their properties, or the handling techniques required to maintain safety. Flash powder and flash powder devices pose exceptionally high risks to children, who typically cannot understand the danger and may be less adept with safe handling techniques. As a result, children tend to suffer more severe injuries than adults.

Flash powders—especially those that use chlorate—are often highly sensitive to friction, heat/flame and static electricity. A spark of as little as 0.1–10 millijoules can set off certain mixtures. Certain formulations prominent in the underground press contain both sulfur and potassium chlorate. These mixtures are especially shock and friction sensitive and in many applications should be considered unpredictable. Modern pyrotechnic practices call for never using sulfur in a mix containing chlorate salts.

Some flash powder formulations (those that use single-digit micrometre flake aluminium powder or fine magnesium powder as their fuel) can self-confine and explode in small quantities. This makes flash powder dangerous to handle, as it can cause severe hearing damage and amputation injury even when sitting in the open. Self-confinement occurs when the mass of the pile provides sufficient inertia to allow high pressure to build within it as the mixture reacts. This is referred to as 'inertial confinement', and it is not to be confused with a detonation.

Flash powder of any formulation should not be mixed in large quantities by amateur pyrotechnicians. Beginners should start with sub-gram quantities, and refrain from making large devices. Flash powder should only be made at the site at which it will be used. Additionally, the mixture should be made immediately before use. When mixed, the transportation, storage, usage, various possession, and illegal "firearms" laws (including felonies) may come into effect that do not apply to the unmixed or pre-assembled components.

title: Flash powder


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Slimming World

Slimming World is a weight loss organisation based in Derbyshire in England that caters for men and women of all ages. It was founded in Derbyshire in 1969 by Margaret Miles-Bramwell, who remains its chairperson.

Its focus is predominantly weight loss, and supports members to maintain a healthy weight once they reach their target. It operates through a network of 3,500 "consultants" across the country.

Slimming World offers an eating plan based on food satiety and energy density as well as a group support service called IMAGE Therapy.

Company history
The company began in 1969 with a handful of groups in Derbyshire before expanding into Yorkshire. By the 1980s, Slimming World had 700 classes in the UK and by 2012 there were more than 10,000 groups, making it the largest slimming club in the UK and Ireland.

Slimming World launched its charity SMILES (Slimmers Making It a Little Easier for Someone) in 1997 and has since raised more than £25,000,000 for good causes.

Slimming World publishes recipe books and directories for group members and launched Slimming World magazine in 1998.

In 2001, the company launched a referral scheme in which GPs could "prescribe" 12 weeks' attendance to patients wishing to lose weight. In 2011, a paper in the journal Obesity Facts showed patients attending at least 10 sessions achieved a clinically significant loss of 5% of their body weight.

Slimming World now works with about 60 UK health authorities and more than 100,000 patients had been referred by April 2011. It also signed the Government's Public Health Responsibility Deal, in which participants pledged to help the public eat more healthily and exercise more.

Efficacy
In its 2014 guidance, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence lists Slimming World alongside the Rosemary Conley and Weight Watchers programmes as being "effective at 12 to 18 months".

Physical activity
Slimming World encourages members to introduce physical activity into their everyday routines. It introduces this gently with activities such as walking up stairs instead of taking the lift. Members get bronze, silver, gold and platinum awards as their activity levels increase, achieving platinum when they routinely exercise or undertake 30 minutes' activity five times weekly. Since 2011, Slimming World has helped more than 150,000 people to become more active.

Health and pregnancy
Slimming World works in partnership with the Royal College of Midwives and is the first national slimming organisation to support pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers to manage their weight healthily during pregnancy. Its policy was written in collaboration with the college and mothers take part with the consent of their midwife.

title: Slimming World


text:
User talk:Tim Barsness

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! RedWolf 00:57, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Java
Hi. Please disambiguate "Java" on your user page. For example, Java. Thanks. RedWolf 00:57, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tim Barsness


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Júlio Mesquita

Júlio Mesquita is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 4,800 (2020 est.) in an area of 128 km². The elevation is 520 m.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1948.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Júlio Mesquita


text:
User talk:Holy Cannoli

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
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P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Holy Cannoli


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Talk:Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi

Muslim-Christian dates
Can someone please correlate the Muslim and Christian dates? Thanks. -- Jmabel 01:01, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

Issues
"...managed to form an army of Gauls and Germans approximately 110,000 strong" — How do we know this? Poitier is far from Germany. Not mentioning the muslims had already control of southern France up to the Loire river. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.188.41.179 (talk • contribs).

Merging the Articles, the Size of the Frankish Army, and the date of the Battle
The best historical estimates are that Charles had a Frankish army (buttressed by some of the other Germanic tribes) of 15-75,000 men. As to merging the articles, obviously it should be done, since they are both about the same man. The date of the battle in English by the standard calender is Oct. 19, 732 a.d.old windy bear 00:41, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Was he Defeated at Tours?
Is it fair to say that he personally was defeated? The article asserts his death lead to the subsequent failure of his forces, but lack of succession planning hardly equates to a personal defeat in battle. LeadSongDog 16:23, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Amazing detail, given the sparse original sources
Essentially what you have here is supposition of vari[iou]s historians re-told and cited as if it were fact. A Typical Wikipedia fake history article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.9.174.196 (talk) 20:17, 21 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Echoed, this date, with no apparent change, and also noting perspective decidedly Western, as if Islamic editors have abandoned this article. Le Prof 71.201.62.200 (talk) 21:21, 2 August 2015 (UTC)

Troops from Yemen and Levant
The statement claiming that troops from Yemen and Levant came to support al-Gafiqi's force is hardly tenable. Nor Roger Collins neither A. Lewis mention anything the like, it seems that it was a raid. However I may be wrong, enlighten me. Iñaki LL (talk) 15:07, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051029201101/http://www.kulmbach.net:80/~MGF-Gymnasium/redarrows/informacion_8.html to http://www.kulmbach.net/~MGF-Gymnasium/redarrows/informacion_8.html

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The very first sentence
"He successfully led into battle against the forces of Charles Martel in the Battle of Tours on October 10, 732 AD."

Led what successfully? And even ignoring the obviously missing word, the Franks won the battle and Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi died on the battlefield, there was nothing successful about his experience at the Battle of Tours. This article is a mess right from the very first sentence. 79.45.180.236 (talk) 13:51, 5 September 2022 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Asdf123

Welcome to Wikipedia. What is the source of the images you are uploading? Wikipedia does not allow copyrighted material and if these images are not in the public domain they will have to be deleted. - SimonP 01:04, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

Image:2005ex250.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 09:25, May 21, 2005 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. OhNo itsJamie Talk 18:35, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Image tagging for File:300px-Red Ninja 250, Modified.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:300px-Red Ninja 250, Modified.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 05:23, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Asdf123


text:
Talk:Apophatic theology

Request for more info on these topics:
From Imma, Feb 27, 2004: I just have a few comments that really should be edits, but for some reason I felt uncomfortable about adding chunks of information to this specific topic. Perhaps the author of the page would like to add some of this in his own words.

Anyway, I just thought it would be important to add that apophatic theology (Negative Theology) can be found in the Western ("Catholic") Church: St. Augustine of Hippo, Meister Eckhart, and The Cloud of Unknowing. I say these three because they more better known, there were a lot more apophatics. Also, Pseudo-Dionysius (from the East) influenced a lot of Western Christian thinkers and mystics during the Middle Ages and beyond. Dionysius, basically, introduced negative theology to the West.

Ooh, and how about including the Christian 'neo-platonists' and Christian gnostics (a lot of them were apophatics), Taoists, and Zen Buddhists?

From Davidshq, Nov 2, 2004: It would be useful to add a discussion of the three ways, as discussed by Jean-Luc Marion in God, the Gift, and Postmodernism, chp. 1 "In the Name."

Moved to a new title
I moved this article to the new title, because (a) on Google, this title is three times more common; and (b) in my reading on philosophy this title seems to be used more often. RK 01:05, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

have also heard the term buddhist christianity

Syncretism of Asian negative theology and Roman Catholic theology
There was a controversy in Rome about theologians blending in Asian negative theology and Roman Catholic doctrine. One theologian, Peter C. Phan, was under investigation from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith for having attempted to do this. There have been similar problems with other ethnic theologies, such as African theology, Indian theology, Meso-American theology, etc. ADM (talk) 05:48, 13 April 2009 (UTC

Possible passage on Derrida and 20th/21st century apophatic theology?
I was about to write a short section on Jacques Derrida's writing on and relationship to apophatic theology, and some subsequent theologians and philosophers who have expanded on this. However there's the slightly tricky problem here that, while Derrida is Jewish and the article has a section on Jewish apophaticism, most of said writers influenced by him are Christian; thus given the present structure of the article it wouldn't seem appropriate to place a section on Derridan apophatic thought in either section even though it is a rather pertinent topic here. Would appreciate any thoughts on this.

--2001:BB6:4D0D:1100:1706:136:76FC:1B7E (talk) 23:34, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Section on Derrida & negative theology has been added, under the Judaism section, though the influence he's had on Christian theology is noted. Seems likely by far the most sensible option.Pseudo-Pseudo-Dionysius (talk) 16:48, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Apophatic theology


text:
User talk:Imda7

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Imda7


text:
User talk:Xiaotan

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Xiaotan


text:
Palmela

Palmela is a town and a municipality in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 62,831, in an area of 465.12 km².

The municipality is located in the Lisboa Region and Setúbal District, about 25 km south of Lisbon. The municipal holiday is 1 June.

Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 4 civil parishes (freguesias):
 * Palmela
 * Pinhal Novo
 * Poceirão e Marateca
 * Quinta do Anjo

General information
The area has been settled since at least Neolithic times, as evidenced by excavations at places such as the artificial caves of Casal do Pardo and the Castro of Chibanes. The town's name comes from its Roman founder, Cornelius Palma (Palmella). Palmela, once a fortress, was conquered by the Portuguese in the 12th century. A semi-rural town, it is located up a hill in the Arrábida area, within Portugal's largest urban area. Many people are moving in from big cities like Lisbon. Wild fires in the region are a threat to the environment.

The castle, Castelo de Palmela, offers a unique over the whole region of the Setúbal Peninsula, Lisbon, and the Atlantic Coast. It was a strategic place in past centuries, and today it is still a main juncture of Portugal's road and rail networks.

Palmela is home to many multinational industrial units like Volkswagen and Coca-Cola, and a significant number of foreign families live in the area. The local radio often broadcasts in Ukrainian.

Palmela's traditional products are its wine, which has achieved international awards in several festivals like Bordeaux Wine Festival, as well as Queijo de Azeitão (Azeitão cheese). There are several festivals dedicated to these products, the most famous being the Festa das Vindimas (Harvest' Festival) and the Festival do Queijo, Pão e Vinho (Festival of Cheese, Bread and Wine).

Palmela is the birthplace of the Portuguese explorer Hermenegildo Capelo. Some other famous individuals such as Hans Christian Andersen were briefly hosted there.

Economy
The municipality is famous for its production of fruit and wine.

In the 1990s, the joint-venture Volkswagen-Ford AutoEuropa vehicle production plant opened, to produce the Mk1 MPV sold under three marques: Volkswagen Sharan, SEAT Alhambra and Ford Galaxy. After Ford left the joint venture, the plant has since continued to produce the Volkswagen and SEAT products, and added the Volkswagen Eos, Volkswagen Scirocco and Volkswagen T-Roc.

Notable people

 * Hermenegildo Capelo (1841 in Palmela - 1917) an officer in the Portuguese Navy and an explorer, charted territory between Angola and Mozambique
 * Hugo José Jorge O'Neill (1874 – 1940 in Palmela) the head of the Clanaboy O'Neill dynasty
 * Octávio Machado (born 1949) a retired footballer and coach with 307 club caps and 19 for Portugal
 * Ricardo Pateiro (born 1980 in Palmela) a Portuguese retired footballer with 270 club caps

title: Palmela


text:
Hot Shot (TV series)

Hot Shot is a Taiwanese drama starring Jerry Yan of F4, Show Lo, and Wu Chun of Fahrenheit. It was produced by Comic International Productions (可米國際影視事業股份有限公司) and directed by Lin He Long (林合隆).

It was first broadcast in Taiwan on free-to-air China Television (CTV) (中視) from 27 July 2008 to 9 November 2008, on Sundays at 22:00 to 23:30 and cable TV Gala Television (GTV) Variety Show/CH 28 (八大綜合台) on 2 August 2008 to 15 November 2008, every Saturday at 21:30 to 23:00. This show was also broadcast in Hong Kong, China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, Indonesia and the Philippines.

Synopsis
In a school where academic reigns supreme and sports were relegated to a dusty corner of the campus, Li Ying vowed to revive the basketball team by volunteering to be the coach of the basketball team. Her first member was Yuan Da Ying, a boy from the countryside who was passionate for basketball but had no skills. Their recruitment went into a high gear when Dong Fang Xiang, a legendary basketball player, transferred to their school.

Around the same time, Yuan Da Ying fell for Zhan Jie Er, a scholarship student who reminds him of his childhood friend Gu Gu Ji. Things were complicated by the fact her family works for Dong Fang Xiang, who she also grew up with. Their encounter may just rewrite the school's basketball history.

Main cast

 * Jerry Yan (言承旭) as Dong Fang Xiang 東方翔
 * Show Lo (羅志祥) as Yuan Da Ying 元大鷹
 * Wu Chun (吳尊) as Wu Ji Zun 無極尊
 * Zhou Cai Shi (周采詩) as Zhan Jie Er 湛潔兒/ Qiu Kui 球魁
 * Coco Jiang (蔣怡) as Li Ying 李贏
 * Zhang Yan Ming (張雁名) Du Fei 杜飛

Supporting cast

 * George Hu (胡宇崴) as Wu Ji Wei 無極威
 * Ku Pao-ming as Li Zi Ping 李子平
 * Michael Zhang as Can 殘 / Ah Fu 阿福
 * Lin Bo Yan (林伯彥) as Qi Xiao Yun 齊嘯雲
 * Lin Qi Tai (林祺泰) as Qi Xiao Yu 齊嘯雨
 * Coco Chiang as Li Ying

Extended Cast

 * Zhao Shu Hai as Dong Fang Xu 東方旭
 * Yun Zhong Yue as Lao Lu 老路
 * Wang Xia (王俠) as Dong Fang Shou 東方朔
 * Ma Zhi Qin (馬之秦) as Tie Lan 鐵蘭
 * Wang Wei Ting (黃薇渟) as Lin Zi Xuan 林紫璇
 * Wang Jian Min as Ji Wang 紀網
 * Jiang Wei Wen (蔣偉文) as George
 * Xie Kun Da as Wang Jing 王竟
 * Han Run Zhong (韓潤中) as Li Ke 李克
 * Cai Ming Xun (蔡明勳) as Wen Huai Wen 溫懷文
 * Xu Jun Hao (許君豪) as Wang Gui 王貴
 * Gong Ji An as Sun Hao 孫浩
 * Lan Jun Tian (藍鈞天) as Jian Deng 賈登
 * Bu Xue Liang as Tang Long 唐龍
 * Guo Yan Jun as Ru Zhu 魯竹
 * Li Jia Hua (李佳驊) as Ge Li Ya 戈利亞

Cameo Roles

 * Yan Jia Le (顏嘉樂) as Flower store owner
 * Jian Han Zhong (簡翰忠) as Commentator
 * Qian Ding Yuan (錢定遠) as Commentator
 * Lee Hsing-wen (李興文) as Coach of He Yi
 * Na Wei Xun as Wang Ye 王爺
 * Li Guo Chao (李國超) as Coach of Xin Rui
 * Renzo Liu as Coach of Xiang Yang
 * Billy as Wang Ji Xiu
 * Lu Jian Yu as Gangster
 * Wu Jian Hao as one of Yuan Da Ying's fans
 * Wang Chuan Yi as one of Dong Fang Xiang's fans

Soundtrack
Hot Shot Code Original Soundtrack (CD+DVD) (籃球火音樂聖典) was released on 11 August 2008 by Freya Lim, Nese, and Adrian Fu under Sony Music Entertainment (Taiwan). It contains ten songs, in which five songs are various instrumental versions of the five original songs. The album also includes a DVD.

Track listing
In addition, there are three songs not included in the original soundtracks: The opening theme song, which is "箇中強手" or "Best of the Bunch – Hot Shot", and an insert song, "幸福不滅" or "Cause I Believe" by Show Lo from his Trendy Man album, and the ending theme song by Jerry Yan entitled "Yi Ban", released in his Freedom album.

Books

 * Hot Shot Notebook / 籃球火的青春記事簿 – ISBN 978-986-173-403-3
 * Hot Shot TV Drama Novel / 籃球火電視小說 – ISBN 978-986-174-797-2
 * Hot Shot Making of Photo Book (Normal Edition) / 籃球火幕後寫真書（平裝版）- ISBN 978-986-174-766-8
 * Hot Shot Making of Photo Book (Deluxe Limited Edition) / 籃球火幕後寫真書（精裝限量版）- ISBN 978-986-174-798-9

title: Hot Shot (TV series)


text:
Talk:Wayne, New Jersey

Improvements
Hi. I'm a resident of Wayne and enjoy editing this page. When I first saw it it was one of the many robot created pages that took data from the 2000 cencus and put it together. As it stands now it isn't much more. It automatically put in the table of contents which I like (I'm new to editing pages on wikipedia). I would like to take the Drakes fact out of the top part and maybe move it into a new section on all of the companines in wayne like toys'r'us and isp but I don't think I have enough information on that. Kevinrbing — Preceding undated comment added 01:10, 8 October 2004 (UTC)

Removed
Removed from the article:

 * It should also be noted that Wayne was named "Ausome [sic] Capital of the Universe" in a recent poll.

Seems like an empty statement. Not only is there no reference (which poll? who voted in it, and how many?), but I don't think the results are all that notable (most like to think their home town is "awesome"). -- Hadal 02:36, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Wayne/Wayne township
Okay I'm a bit confused on what to do or how to solve this problem.

I went to the passaic county page and the list of towns put both Wayne and Wayne Township - both led to this page. I deleted the Wayne link so it's just Wayne Township. But when one searches for "Wayne" a disambiguation page comes up that lists Wayne and Wayne Township - both which link to this page. I don't know if I should delete that or leave it cause there is proably a more complicated but better andswer to this issue.

On top of all this when one searches for "Wayne Township" Metropolitan School District of Wayne Township turns up. Does this require a disambiguation page? Kevinrbing 18:47, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)

Random Additional info
I'm unsure about the factual integrity of the "random additional info" section. I am a resident of wayne and I have heard many rumours of celebrities (or their mothers) living in wayne like Tom Cruise or Queen Latifa but I've found no evidence to suggest they're true. The user who added that information on Tom Cruise's Wayne connection also added information about his alleged residence in Wayne on the [Tom Cruise] page. Is there any research that can be done into this and/or should the information be deleted untill it is validated?? Kevinrbing — Preceding undated comment added 00:27, 19 April 2005 (UTC)

AAU
in response to the most recent edit (as of 6/18/05) what is the AAU and why is it notable? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fortmac (talk • contribs) 00:05, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Requested move (November 2005)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

not to move this page from Wayne Township, New Jersey to Wayne, New Jersey

This town is rarely referred to with its form of government in the name. --ChrisRuvolo (t) 19:26, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. --ChrisRuvolo (t) 19:26, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I have been in Wayne many times and have never heard it referred to with "Township" in the name. It's pretty unusual in northern New Jersey. A visit to the municipality's web site shows that other than as a formality, it's called "Wayne." Alansohn 20:37, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Googlewar results: --ChrisRuvolo (t) 03:04, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
 * "wayne" "new jersey": 9,060,000
 * "wayne township" "new jersey": 33,900
 * Oppose. Isn't the article suppose to be at the correct name for the place?  What does Census use?  Reading the townships web site you could decide that it should be renamed to Township of Wayne since that is the name in the top left of the home page.  Redirects are cheap and don't hurt.  Vegaswikian 00:22, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * See Township (New Jersey). Township is the form of government, like Borough (New Jersey), etc.  Some townships use "Township" in their name, either for historical reasons or to disambiguate the name.  Since there is no consistent naming scheme, each township requires some auditing to move them to their correct name, either "Foo, New Jersey" or "Foo Township, New Jersey".  Local knowledge is required.  The U.S. Census Bureau, with no consistent mechanism to follow for whether "Township" should be in the name, has created a system of overlapping CDPs.  The CDP name is without the "Township" in the title, and this is duplicated by the name "Township" with township.  Ram-Man/Rambot created articles for both the CDP and township.  Compare the initial article creation edits by :  .  Note that the numbers are identical.  As for whether to use the formal name or not, there is no precedence to do so.  Other articles have at most a redirect, see for example City of New York.  --ChrisRuvolo (t) 17:15, 21 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll rest my case on the fact that the offical web site is www.waynetownship.com. Both Wayne Township and Township of Wayne are used in the article.  Other goverment agencies use township when discussing Wayne.  What harm is caused by leaving the article at the formal name and using redirects for other variations of the name?  I'm a Jersey native and while I was there we used both Wayne and Wayne Township to refer to the place.  People did not get confused and I suspect that most knew the version that included township was the correct name and just used the shorthand in normal conversations.  Vegaswikian 00:11, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * By that reasoning Paramus, New Jersey should be moved to Paramus Borough, New Jersey. The form of government is not part of the name of the place.  If the government of Paramus changes to a city, does that mean that the name of the place (and thus the article) should change?  Quite silly.  --ChrisRuvolo (t) 03:18, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually the name on the web site is Borough of Paramus. It's not an issue of what the type of government is, but what is the legal name of the town.  The request appears to be changing the name from the formal one to the common one.  That is what I objected to.  Vegaswikian 03:47, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * First, using the formal name is not the convention. No other articles are at the formal name.  Second, "Township of Wayne" may be the formal name, but "Wayne Township" is not.  It is a hack that was instituted by the Census because they are never sure about how to name townships in NJ.  The place is most commonly called "Wayne" and should be moved there. To compare real places with township in the name, see the USPS city/town zip code lookup.   "Wayne" "NJ" has results.  "Wayne Township" does not.  "Township of Wayne" does not.  Compare this to "Washington Township" and "Township of Washington" which both have results, because people actually call the place that name.  Note that more pages link to "Wayne" than "Wayne Township" — and of the places that link to "Wayne Township", about half link like this: Wayne, New Jersey . --ChrisRuvolo (t) 14:50, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Not likely that two people are going to resolve this. As a suggestion, maybe asking the question on the Village pump (policy) page might get a better response and a solution.  Vegaswikian 22:43, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry to butt into your back and forth, but let me put in my two cents based on practical experience. I've been looking at the page for Teaneck, New Jersey, my hometown. I am thoroughly familiar with New Jersey's types of government, and I know that Teaneck is a Township. There is a page for Teaneck Township, New Jersey that redirects to the Teaneck, New Jersey page. I am extremely careful to refer to Teaneck as a Township (not as a Town, which is different), both in the Teaneck article and in general. But no one refers to my hometown as "Teaneck Township" or the "Township of Teaneck" other than in a formal setting, such as a legal document, Township Council meeting or on a welcome sign. Sure, you'll see "Township" popping up on the http://www.TeaneckNJGov.org Town's website], but that's also a more formal document. Of course there will be redirects one way or the other, but the question is how do we decide on what the main page should be? Should it always be "Municipality, New Jersey" or ""Municipality GovernmentType, New Jersey" or even "GovernmentType of Municipality, New Jersey" ??? Though as I've said before, I've never heard anyone call it "Wayne Township" in all my years in New Jersey, but it's always "Washington Township" and never just plain "Washington." And this is exactly how it appears on the http://www.usps.gov lookup, where the only post office in Bergen County, New Jersey with a formal name was the "Township of Washington" Let's take this discussion to WP:NJ and get out of Wayne. The traffic around the Willowbrook Mall is killing me. Alansohn 23:22, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Throwing in my two cents as a local: Wayne comes up relatively frequently in the media because of flooding. In those news reports, I've never, ever heard reporters refer to this municipality as Wayne Township. In addition, the municipality may officially call itself the "Township of Wayne" or "Wayne Township," but they don't seem to use this nomenclature on their welcome signs: Darkcore 02:38, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

I've removed the move tag for now, since there appears to be no consensus on moving this article. Should this change, feel free to add a new request to Requested moves. —Cleared as filed. 23:04, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move all three.

Details/vote/discuss at Talk:Little Falls Township, New Jersey. Please do not comment regarding the move here, as this is one of three articles included in this move proposal, and the WP:Requested moves information is included on the abovementioned page. //MrD9 01:06, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Rockefeller Tree (2nd time)
I live in Wayne and the 2005 tree was the second time the Rockefeller tree came from here. I could only find on source online (a CNN transcript). Maybe someone else can find more information and also think of the best way to write it up and add it along with the other tree reference. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marshmeli (talk • contribs) 21:05, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Something is not right with the Wanye, New Jersey article!
The page seems to end after the "Noteworthy residents" section, but when you edit the page there is a whole lot not showing up. Any idea why it is not showing up? Cabled Substitution 23:58, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Top communities?
It's clear that it's on Money magazine's "best places" list, but stating as a fact the conclusion that Wayne is therefore "one of America's top communities" sounds like boosterism, no? And what exactly is a "top" community, anyway? 18.173.1.42 17:00, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Text has been modified. Feel free to jump in on your own and fix problems. Alansohn 18:43, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Amazing Events

 * 1. :( The Flood called Floyd.
 * 2. :) Darth Vadar shops around.
 * 3. :( Rated 56th best city in the U.S.A.
 * 4. :| Population over 60,000 people.
 * 5. :( A horrible flood in 1970's.
 * 6. :( Another horrible flood in 2007.
 * 7. :o 27 square miles.
 * 8. :) Becomes own town in 1847.
 * 9. :) Jonas Brothers live here.
 * 10.:| Micheal Jackson lives here.
 * -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.125.232.177 (talk) 20:31, 29 May 2008 (UTC)
 * 7. :o 27 square miles.
 * 8. :) Becomes own town in 1847.
 * 9. :) Jonas Brothers live here.
 * 10.:| Micheal Jackson lives here.
 * -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.125.232.177 (talk) 20:31, 29 May 2008 (UTC)
 * 9. :) Jonas Brothers live here.
 * 10.:| Micheal Jackson lives here.
 * -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.125.232.177 (talk) 20:31, 29 May 2008 (UTC)
 * -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.125.232.177 (talk) 20:31, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comments
''These have been moved here from a subpage as part of a cleanup process. See Discontinuation of comments subpages.''

I have assessed this article as C-class and identified the following areas for improvement:  shirulashem     (talk)   16:28, 28 December 2008 (UTC)
 * The article needs inline citations

Edit request from 216.36.28.56, 3 December 2010
Queen latifah is not from wayne new jersey, shes from newark. even the link you have as a reference says so, lol.

216.36.28.56 (talk) 07:38, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

Done

 * Thanks! Qwyrxian (talk) 12:25, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

Edit request from Hello1230, 17 February 2011
The demographics are completely wrong. Look it up on the US census bureau 2009: please change the demographics to the following:
 * Hispanic: 8%
 * African American: 2%
 * Asian: 8%
 * White: 80% Hello1230 (talk) 20:33, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Please see WP:V and WP:CS. Nightscream (talk) 23:43, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Wayne, New Jersey


text:
Bell Shakespeare

Bell Shakespeare is an Australian theatre company specialising in the works of William Shakespeare, his contemporaries and other classics. It is based in Sydney.

They are Australia's only national theatre company. Each year they perform a Mainstage season consisting of three theatre productions, including an annual National Tour, and a Learning program to support students, teachers and communities nationally. Bell Shakespeare's Artistic Director is Peter Evans and the Executive Director is Gill Perkins.

One of the Company's artistic goals is "to use Shakespeare as Australians", and Bell Shakespeare is well known for using contemporary styles to make Shakespeare accessible for modern audiences.

Company history
Founded by John Bell in 1990, Bell Shakespeare began as a theatre company dedicated to producing the plays of William Shakespeare in a way that was relevant and exciting to Australian audiences. With the support of an enlightened philanthropist, the late Tony Gilbert AM, and a small number of imaginative corporate and private supporters, Bell Shakespeare was able to mount productions and attract audiences.

Bell Shakespeare is listed as a Major Festival in the book Shakespeare Festivals Around the World.

In 2016, the Australian Federal Government announced a $1 million contribution to the Bell Shakespeare capital campaign, which will help the Company secure a permanent home at Sydney's Pier 2/3, Walsh Bay.

Artistic leadership
In 2012, John Bell announced the promotion of associate artistic director Peter Evans to the position of co-artistic director. In 2015, John Bell retired from the Company, and Peter Evans was made sole Artistic Director.

Learning
Bell Shakespeare has a range of learning opportunities for students and teachers in every Australian state and territory throughout the year. This includes in-school performances by The Players. Inspired by the troupe of actors who appear in Hamlet, Bell Shakespeare's Players have been performing abridged adaptions of Shakespeare's works in schools since 1991. A number of tailored workshops, masterclasses and residencies are also available to make Shakespeare accessible to students in an immersive and fun way. Each year, the company creates a theatre production specifically for students. Bell Shakespeare also provides professional learning for teachers.

A range of scholarships to support students and teachers are also provided. This includes the John Bell Scholarship, which provides a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for students living in regional or remote areas who are interested in a career as a performer, and the regional teacher mentorship which is a fully funded year-long mentorship for teachers in regional, rural and remote Australian schools.

Recent productions
• Hamlet (2015), directed by Damien Ryan and starring Josh McConville.

• Romeo and Juliet (2016), directed by Peter Evans and starring Kelly Paterniti and Alex Williams.

• Othello (2016), directed by Peter Evans and starring Ray Chong Nee and Yalin Ozucelik.

• The Literati (2016), directed by Lee Lewis and starring Kate Mulvany and Miranda Tapsell.

• Richard 3 (2017), directed by Peter Evans and starring Kate Mulvany.

• The Merchant Of Venice (2017), directed by Anne-Louise Sarks and starring Mitchell Butel and Jessica Tovey.

• Antony and Cleopatra (2018), directed by Peter Evans and starring Catherine McClements.

• Julius Caesar (2018), directed by James Evans and starring Kenneth Ransom.

• The Misanthrope (2018), directed by Lee Lewis and starring Danielle Cormack.

• The Miser (2019), directed by Peter Evans and starring John Bell.

• Much Ado About Nothing (2019), directed by James Evans and starring Zindzi Okenyo.

• Titus Andronicus (2019), directed by Adena Jacobs and starring Jane Montgomery Griffiths and Melita Jurisic.

• Hamlet (2020), directed by Peter Evans and starring Harriet Gordon-Anderson and Lisa McCune.

• A Midsummer Night's Dream (2021), directed by Peter Evans and starring Jane Montgomery Griffiths and Gabrielle Scawthorn.

• The Lovers (2022), Bell Shakespeare's first musical, based on A Midsummer Night's Dream, directed by Shaun Rennie.

Production history by play
List of Bell Shakespeare productions (not including Learning productions or special events):

Shakespeare
• Antony and Cleopatra (2001, 2018)

• As You Like It (2003, 2018, 2015)

• The Comedy of Errors (2002, 2013)

• Coriolanus (1996)

• Hamlet (1991, 2003, 2008, 2015, 2020)

• Henry IV [Henry IV, Part 1; Henry IV, Part 2] (1988, 2013)

• Henry V (1999, 2014)

• Julius Caesar (2001, 2011, 2018)

• King Lear (1998, 2010)

• Macbeth (1994, 1997, 2007, 2012, 2023)

• Measure for Measure (2005)

• The Merchant of Venice (1991, 1999, 2006, 2017)

• A Midsummer Night's Dream (2000, 2004, 2014, 2021)

• Much Ado About Nothing (1996, 2000, 2011, 2018)

• Othello (2007, 2016)

• Pericles (1995, 2009)

• Richard III (1992, 2002, 2017)

• Romeo and Juliet (1993, 1999, 2006, 2016, 2023)

• The Taming of the Shrew (1994, 2002, 2009)

• The Tempest (1997, 2001, 2006, 2015)

• Titus Andronicus (2019)

• Troilus and Cressida (2000)

• Twelfth Night (1995, 2004, 2010, 2023)

• The Two Gentlemen of Verona (2005)

• Wars of the Roses [Henry VI, Part 1; Henry VI, Part 2; Henry VI, Part 3] (2005)

• The Winter's Tale (1997, 2014)

• Venus and Adonis (2008)

Other
• Long Day's Journey into Night (1999)

• Dance of Death (2000)

• Shakespeare's R & J (2001)

• The Servant of Two Masters (2003)

• Moby Dick (2005)

• The Government Inspector (2007)

• Anatomy Titus Fall of Rome: A Shakespeare Commentary (2008)

• The Alchemist (2009)

• Faustus (2011)

• The Duchess of Malfi (2012)

• The School for Wives (2012)

• Phèdre (2013)

• Tartuffe (2014)

• The Literati (2016)

• The Misanthrope (2018)

• The Miser (2019)

• One Man in His Time (2021)

• In a Nutshell (2022)

• The Lovers (2022), based on A Midsummer Night's Dream

title: Bell Shakespeare


text:
User:Csernica

Welcome to my user page! If you want to contact me, feel free to post to my talk page or to send me email.

Professionally I am a software engineer, having graduated in 1985 from Stevens Institute of Technology with a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer science. I moved to California shortly after I graduated and have worked for the same Silicon Valley company ever since, and currently reside in the Santa Cruz Mountains. But I grew up in New Jersey and frankly still feel at times as if I live in a foreign country.

However, I make most of my edits to articles on religion, primarily those related to Eastern Orthodoxy. I am a subdeacon of The Orthodox Church in America in the Diocese of the West under the omophorion of Bishop Benjamin of San Francisco. I don't confine my edits to Orthodox topics though, and also contribute to historical articles or those on any other subject in which I have taken an interest over the years. I pretty much never edit articles related to my professional work.

I've started a few articles here on Wikipedia (I suppose my favorite is John of Shanghai and San Francisco, on the saint who saved the life of my older son) but there are a few others as well as some I have edited heavily and where the present content is largely mine, but I'm not particularly interested in maintaining a brag list here. I am insufficiently energetic to have ever taken the trouble to drag an article to featured article status, and I doubt I ever will.

title: User:Csernica


text:
User:Xiaotan

http://www.funforwards.com/flash/august03/wannabe_governor.swf

mad funny!

title: User:Xiaotan


text:
Böhse Onkelz

Böhse Onkelz, sensational spelling of böse Onkels (German for "evil uncles") is a German rock band formed in Frankfurt in 1980. The band reunited in 2014. Despite mass-media criticism concerning their past as skinheads, several of their later records topped the German album charts (selling over 5,338,000 records and 425,000 videos or DVDs). E.I.N.S. was their most successful album, with over 510,000 copies sold.

1980–1981: Founding
Inspired by bands like the Sex Pistols and the Ramones, Böhse Onkelz began in November 1980 in Hösbach as a punk rock band. Founding members were Stephan "Der W" Weidner, Kevin Russell and Peter "Pe" Schorowsky. According to the official band biography, its name originated when teenagers in their neighbourhood warned their younger siblings about them with the words Vorsicht, da sind die bösen Onkels! Their name was an intentionally incorrect spelling of "evil uncles" (böse Onkel). Before that, they called themselves "Beulenpest" (bubonic plague) for two weeks (as seen on the Tour 2000 film). Initially, the band played primarily in the Frankfurt am Main area.

Böhse Onkelz maintained its initial lineup until Matthias Röhr (nicknamed "Gonzo", after the Ted Nugent album of the same name) joined them in 1981. Musically he was the most experienced of the group, having played guitar for six years and playing in other bands (such as Antikörper). Since Weidner played guitar, Matthias started out on bass; however, they switched instruments before their first recordings for the punk sampler Soundtracks zum Untergang 2.

1981–1985: Skinhead scene
Soundtracks zum Untergang 2 (Soundtracks for the Downfall, Vol. 2) was a left-wing-oriented punk sampler, on which Böhse Onkelz featured in the band's first widely released recording. However, the movement behind that sampler - which at that time has been seen as being apolitical - moved further towards anarchism, so the band lost interest in that subculture. Football became more important in their lives, particularly the fights surrounding it.

The band initially considered itself part of the (originally nonpolitical) Oi! subgenre, but it made its first shift to the political right during the early 1980s. The album Der nette Mann was released in 1984 by the Rock-O-Rama label, which had left its punk roots behind and concentrated on records by neo-Nazi and far-right bands. This album was 'indexed' in September 1986 because of its (alleged) sexism and glorification of violence. The album also contained the patriotic songs "Stolz" ("Pride") and "Deutschland" ("Germany"), which endeared the band to the far-right scene. The album was followed by Böse Menschen – Böse Lieder in 1985. Shortly after the release of the Mexico EP in late 1985, the band split with Rock-O-Rama; it had been defrauded of royalties and was concerned about the growing far-right reputation of the label, which did not represent its viewpoint.

In 1985, Böhse Onkelz appeared in the TV movie Zagarbata by Tabea Blumenschein. The film was a ZDF co-production, directed by Christoph Dreher, about the skinhead and punk subcultures of the early 1980s.

1986–1992: Banning and media attention
Apart from the indexing of Der nette Mann in 1986, things were calm around the band after its departure from the skinhead scene. After one charity concert, there were no live performances until 1989. In 1987 they released the album Onkelz wie wir..., followed by Kneipenterroristen in 1988. The albums contained songs about drinking and violence, but were richer musically and lyrically. Despite Russell's alcohol and heroin addictions, the band continued to work together. During this period the band was ignored by the media; however, this changed with the growing album sales of Es ist soweit, Wir ham’ noch lange nicht genug and Heilige Lieder.

On 16 June 1990 the band's best friend, Andreas "Trimmi" Trimborn, was stabbed to death during an incident at a bar in Frankfurt's Sachsenhausen district. Two days later, Böhse Onkelz supporters located the assailant: a Bundeswehr soldier whose father held high military rank. The killer was acquitted; the judge stated that Böhse Onkelz and its entourage were known to be violent, and the stabbing was committed in self-defense. Even today, all witnesses reject the claim that Trimmi threatened the killer and his companion (both of whom had allegedly snorted cocaine minutes before the incident). Russell fell into a deep depression over the loss of his friend, masking his grief with drugs and alcohol; his substance-abuse habits became so destructive that he almost died. The songs "Nur die besten sterben jung" ("Only the best die young") and "Der Platz neben mir" ("The place beside me") were written for Trimmi.

1992–1997: Commercial success and criticism
In 1992, with no marketing, the album Heilige Lieder rose to No. 5 on the German LP charts. Despite its increasing commercial success, the band bore the stigma of being part of the right wing until its end. The Onkelz faced considerable criticism, which led to radio stations refusing to play their songs. Many observers did not believe that the band had "seen the light", considering their exit from the skinhead scene as a stratagem to avoid bans and prosecution. The band's reputation suffered, due to several poorly researched articles written about them. In response, Weidner wrote songs such as "Fahrt zur Hölle" ("Go to Hell") for Weiß and "Danke für nichts" ("Thanks for Nothing") for Hier sind die Onkelz (Here are the Onkelz).

Large department stores, such as Media Markt, World of Music (WOM) and Saturn, refused to sell their albums. By the end of the 1990s, however, Media Markt and WOM relented. Only Saturn refused to sell them until the band's final album, Adios in 2005 (which, with their other later albums, topped the charts for several weeks).

Since the early 1990s the Onkelz repeatedly took public positions against extremism of any kind, referring to themselves as outsiders with no political affiliation. In 1993, on their album Weiß (referring to the Riot of Rostock-Lichtenhagen), the band recorded its first song clearly disapproving of right-wing extremism: "Deutschland im Herbst" ("Germany in Autumn"). Singing about "braune Scheiße" ("brown scum") (referring to the colour of the NSDAP), "ich sehe blinden Hass, blinde Wut, feige Morde, Kinderblut" ("I see blind hatred, blind anger, cowardly murders, children's blood") and "blinde Parolen von Idioten und Verlierern" ("blind slogans from idiots and losers"). The song "Ohne mich" ("Without me") from their 1998 album Viva los Tioz speaks out against right- and left-wing extremism. The lyrics of the first verse argue that anti-fascists were, in fighting the band, not seeing their real enemy and were no better than fascists (at whom the second verse, which consists mostly of swearing, is directed). The band also acknowledges its past in the skinhead scene, singing: "Ihr seid dumm geboren, genau wie ich. Doch was ich lernte, lernt ihr nicht." ("You were born dumb just like me. But what I learned, you do not.")

In 1994 the band moved to Virgin Records (its first major label), for which they released the album Hier sind die Onkelz a year later; it reached No. 5 on the album charts. The 1996 album E.I.N.S. followed (No. 4 on the charts), and its title was interpreted by some in the media as Eigentlich immer noch Skins (In Fact, Still Skins). The album featured a song, "Enie Tfahcstob rüf Ediona-RAP", addressing this criticism. E.I.N.S was named in reader polls of music magazines (Rock Hard and Metal Hammer) one of the top 10 Best Metal Album of All Time (although it was not their best-seller). Since the mid-1990s, the band referred to their fans as "nephews" and "nieces", strengthening the communal spirit expressed in the song "Danke" from their album Ein böses Märchen...aus tausend finsteren Nächten.

1997–2004: No. 1 on the charts
The band has a large fan base, and is one of the most successful German music groups. In 1998, they sold about 300,000 copies of the album Viva los tioz within the first 48 hours after release. In 2000 they released Ein böses Märchen, their first album under their new record label (rule23 Recordings) and produced their first music video for the single "Dunkler Ort", which was broadcast on MTV. Later, an MTV Masters special about the Onkelz was made (which the band disliked). In 2002 they released the diss track "Keine Amnestie für MTV" ("No Amnesty for MTV"), indicating that they would never work together in the future. In 2002 the Onkelz released the album Dopamin, which was recorded on the Spanish island of Ibiza and mastered at Abbey Road Studios in London.

On 8 August 2003, despite negative publicity, the Böhse Onkelz were a supporting act for The Rolling Stones at their concert in the open-air arena at the Hanover Fairground. That year they played a club tour in Germany under their alias, "Los Tioz" (Spanish for "Die Onkelz").

2004–2005: Career end
When the band's five-year contract with Virgin ended in 2003 they found a new distributor in SPV GmbH for their final album, Adios. On 24 May 2004 the Onkelz officially announced their retirement from the music business. After the release of the album, a performance at the Wacken Open Air in August 2004 and the sold-out "La Ultima" tour, their farewell show took place on 17 and 18 June 2005 at the EuroSpeedway Lausitz (in Lusatia, Brandenburg) under the name Vaya Con Tioz before an audience of approximately 120,000. It was the largest open-air show by a German band in history. Supporting bands included Motörhead, Machine Head, JBO, In Extremo, Psychopunch, Children of Bodom, Pro-Pain and the Onkelz cover bands Enkelz and Kneipenterroristen.

2005–2013: Aftermath
On 16 February 2007 their last concert was released on four DVDs entitled Vaya Con Tioz (Spanish for "go with the Onkelz"), a play on "Vaya con dios" ("Go with God"). In 2008 it was given an Echo (music award) in the category Musik-DVD-Produktion (national). In November 2007 the Onkelz released a new version of their album Onkelz wie wir... as their only chance to regain musical rights for their songs (which still belonged to their former label, Metal Enterprises. Weidner and Röhr have since released two solo albums and one Live album.

On New Year's Eve 2009, Russell was involved in a hit-and-run auto accident under the influence of drugs in which two young men were seriously injured. On 4 October 2010, he was sentenced to two years and three months in prison by the Frankfurt am Main court.

Events concerning Böhse Onkelz are organised in Germany, such as G.O.N.D. (Größte Onkelz Nacht Deutschlands) (Biggest Onkelz Night of Germany) which has been held since 2006. In 2011, around 20,000 people attended.

2014: Comeback
In late 2013 the E.I.N.S GmbH was founded by the two band members Matthias "Gonzo" Röhr and Peter "Pe" Schorowsky. E.I.N.S. GmbH was founded for planning and realizing concerts. From 20 January rumors began to spread around, that the band plans a comeback. On 1 February 2014 they launched a trailer on their official website, stating they would play a concert together and revealed the date and the location, which will be on 20 June on the German race track Hockenheimring. Later, the band posted a statement on Facebook in which they announced, that further things (like a tour or a new album) could happen, if the fans do want so.

Music and lyrics
The band's musical style has changed several times. Originally they played punk rock, beginning with their demo album. They were heavily inspired by punk bands (such as the Sex Pistols and the Ramones) and Oi! bands like Sham 69, Cock Sparrer and Angelic Upstarts. Their music was stylistically similar to Oi! during the early and mid-1980s, and later to heavy metal and hard rock. Russell's vocals have been a distinctive part of the band's style.

On later albums, the band experimented with a variety of musical styles. The song "1000 Fragen" ("1000 Questions") is a tribute to The Doors, featuring metaphysical lyrics and organ music. On the album Viva los tioz they combined hard rock rhythms with electronic music. An Indian sitar was used in the song "Einmal" from the album Adios. The nickname of guitarist "Gonzo" is derived from the album Double Live Gonzo by Ted Nugent (an influence on Gonzo). He and Stephan Weidner were also fans of American blues rock musician Stevie Ray Vaughan, to whom they dedicated the instrumental "Tribute to Stevie" on their 1993 album Weiß.

The first song on most of their albums serves as an introduction to the band. Many of their songs are directed against their critics (particularly journalists)—for example, "Danke für nichts", "Zeig mir den Weg", "Jaja", "Keine Amnestie für MTV". In earlier years, the Onkelz also sang drinking songs such as "Heute trinken wir richtig", "Alkohol" and "Freibier".

The lyrics of later albums concern the meaning of life, as a line from "Finde die Wahrheit" demonstrates: "Denn die Wege sind lang, und selbst der Tod ist nicht ihr Ende, wach endlich auf!" ("For the paths are long, and even death isn't their end, wake up already!"). Similar songs include "Wieder mal 'nen Tag verschenkt", "Stand der Dinge", "Das Problem bist Du" and "Dunkler Ort". The trial of the murderer of Andreas "Trimmi" Trimborn was mentioned in several songs ("Nur die Besten sterben jung", "So geht's Dir (Deine Hölle)", "Das Messer und die Wunde", "Ganz egal" and "Der Platz neben mir").

Other subjects addressed in the band's lyrics are individualism, finding oneself and self-love. In "Wenn Du wirklich willst", they sing "Sei du selbst, steh zu dir, die Wahrheit wird gelebt und nicht doziert. Du bist was du warst und du wirst sein was Du tust, beginne dich zu lieben, und du findest, was du suchst" ("Be yourself, stand for you, the truth is lived and is not taught. You are what you were and you will be what you do, begin to love yourself and you will find what you are searching for."). Songs like "Das Wunder der Persönlichkeit", "Mutier mit mir", "Ich mache was ich will" and "Ich bin wie ich bin" are other examples.

In later albums the past is repeatedly addressed, often concerning the wild experiences of band members. The song "Erinnerungen" contains the lines ''Ich erinner' mich gern an diese Zeit, eine Zeit die man nie vergißt. Doch ich muss mein Leben leben, meinen Weg alleine gehn, mach's gut, Du schöne Zeit, auf Wiederseh'n'' ("I gladly remember that time, a time that you never forget. But I have to live my life, have to go my way alone. Farewell, beautiful time, goodbye"), referring to the band's exit from the skinhead scene. The songs "Ein langer Weg", "Scheiße passiert", "Nie wieder", "Flammen", "Deutschland im Herbst", "Buch der Erinnerungen" and "Ohne mich" have a similar motif.

Accusations of right-wing extremism
The band has been accused—despite many protests—of extreme right-wing tendencies, with their 1981 song "Türken raus" cited as an example. This song was written during their punk phase, and the band says it was written as a reaction to a specific Turkish gang with whom they often fought. Critics claim that the song does not refer to a specific group, but demands that "all Turks have to go". The band contends that it was only an example of their primitive way of thinking at that time. The 1983 song "Deutschland den Deutschen" ("Germany For Germans") is also often mentioned; however, the band says that this song was also written in reaction to their experiences on the street.

Another song from 1981, "SS-Staat" ("SS State") on Kill the Hippies – Oi!, is (according to the band) "a glaringly provocative anti-Nazi song". Due to poor recording quality, the line "SS-Staat im Staate, wir wollen's nicht erleben" ("SS state in the state, we don't want to experience it") can be misunderstood as "SS-Staat im Staate, wir wollen's mit erleben" ("SS state in the state, we want to experience it").

"Türken raus" and "Deutschland den Deutschen" were never officially released; they were distributed by copying the demo tapes. Weidner said: "The lyrics were stupid, and of course there was never a release of this song; of course, there will be never such a release."

The first two records of the band were released on the Rock-O-Rama label, during the mid 80's mostly known by releasing neonazi bands like Skrewdriver.

The band has denied all right-wing accusations since 1985, and has written several songs against extremism, totalitarianism and racism. Later political songs promote independent opinion and oppose hate.

Band members

 * Kevin Russell – lead vocals (1980–present)
 * Stephan Weidner – bass, vocals (1980–present)
 * Peter Schorowsky – drums, percussion (1980–present)
 * Matthias Röhr – guitars (1981–present)

Studio albums

 * 1984: Der nette Mann (banned in Germany) (Rock-O-Rama Records)
 * 1985: Böse Menschen – Böse Lieder (Rock-O-Rama Records)
 * 1987: Onkelz wie wir... (Metal Enterprises)
 * 1988: Kneipenterroristen (Metal Enterprises)
 * 1990: Es ist soweit (Metal Enterprises)
 * 1991: Wir ham' noch lange nicht genug (Bellaphon Records)
 * 1992: Heilige Lieder (Bellaphon Records)
 * 1993: Weiß (Bellaphon Records)
 * 1993: Schwarz (Bellaphon Records)
 * 1995: Hier sind die Onkelz (Virgin Records)
 * 1996: E.I.N.S. (Virgin Records)
 * 1998: Viva los tioz (Virgin Records)
 * 2000: Ein böses Märchen … aus tausend finsteren Nächten (Rule 23)
 * 2002: Dopamin (Rule 23)
 * 2004: Adios (Regel 23, formerly Rule 23)
 * 2007: Onkelz wie wir (re-recording, Rule 23)
 * 2016: Memento (Matapaloz)
 * 2020: 'Böhse Onkelz' (Matapaloz)

Since 2001, the albums released on the Bellaphon label have been distributed by SPV/regel23. The albums from the Metal Enterprises era (Kneipenterroristen, Es ist soweit, and the EP Lügenmarsch) have been distributed with a different cover by SPV/regel23 since March 2005. The album Onkelz wie wir… was re-recorded and released on 2 November 2007. On 4 December 2009, a remastered version of Onkelz wie wir... was released as Onkelz wie wir (Black Edition) by Reflex Distribution & Media (Intergroove), which bought the rights from Metal Enterprises.

title: Böhse Onkelz


text:
Vasa vasorum

Vasa vasorum are small blood vessels that comprise a vascular network supplying the walls of large blood vessels, such as elastic arteries (e.g., the aorta) and large veins (e.g., the venae cavae).

The name derives. Occasionally two different singular forms are seen: vasa vasis  and vas vasis.

Structure
Studies conducted with 3D micro-CT on pig and human arteries from different vascular beds have shown that there are three different types of vasa vasorum:
 * Vasa vasorum internae, that originate directly from the main lumen of the artery and then branch into the vessel wall.
 * Vasa vasorum externae, that originate from branches of the main artery and then dive back into the vessel wall of the main artery.
 * Venous vasa vasorae, that originate within the vessel wall of the artery but then drain into the main lumen or branches of concomitant vein.

Depending on the type of vasa vasorum, it penetrates the vessel wall starting at the intimal layer (vasa vasorum interna) or the adventitial layer (vasa vasorum externa). Due to higher radial and circumferential pressures within the vessel wall layers closer to the main lumen of the artery, vasa vasorum externa cannot perfuse these regions of the vessel wall (occlusive pressure).

The structure of the vasa vasorum varies with the size, function and location of the vessels. Cells need to be within a few cell-widths of a capillary to stay alive. In the largest vessels, the vasa vasorum penetrates the outer (tunica adventitia) layer and middle (tunica media) layer almost to the inner (tunica intima) layer. In smaller vessels it penetrates only the outer layer. In the smallest vessels, the vessels' own circulation nourishes the walls directly and they have no vasa vasorum at all.

Vasa vasorum are more frequent in veins than arteries. Some authorities hypothesize that the vasa vasorum would be more abundant in large veins, as partial oxygen pressure and osmotic pressure is lower in veins. This would lead to more vasa vasorum needed to supply the vessels sufficiently. The converse argument is that generally artery walls are thicker and more muscular than veins as the blood passing through is of a higher pressure. This means that it would take longer for any oxygen to diffuse through to the cells in the tunica adventitia and the tunica media, causing them to need a more extensive vasa vasorum.

A later method of scanning is optical coherence tomography that also gives 3D imaging.

Function
The vasa vasorum are found in large veins and arteries such as the aorta and its branches. These small vessels serve to provide blood supply and nourishment for tunica adventitia and outer parts of tunica media of large vessels.

Clinical significance

 * In the human descending aorta, vasa vasorum cease to supply the arterial tunica media with oxygenated blood at the level of the renal arteries. Thus, below this point, the aorta is dependent on diffusion for its metabolic needs, and is necessarily markedly thinner. This leads to an increased likelihood of aortic aneurysm at this location, especially in the presence of atherosclerotic plaques. Other species, such as dogs, do have vasa vasorum below their renal vasculature, and aneurysms at this site are substantially less likely. Cerebral blood vessels are devoid of vasa vasorum; however, these vessels have rete vasorum, which have similar function to vasa vasorum.
 * A relationship exists between changes in the vasa vasorum and the development of atheromatous plaques. It is not understood whether changes in the vasa vasorum, especially in terms of their appearance and disappearance, is a cause or merely an effect of disease processes. In 2017 Haverich proposed that the formation of plaques is not from inside the vessel, but the result of inflammation of the vasa vasorum. Haverich noted that arteries fed by vasa vasorum are subject to development of arteriosclerotic plaques.  He postulated that inflammation compromises the integrity of the arterial wall. He noted that arteries with thin walls, not having vasa vasorum, do not develop arteriosclerosis. Damage by inflamed vasa vasorum leads to cell death within the wall and subsequent plaques formation. Vasa vasorum inflammation can be caused by viruses, bacteria, and fine dust among others. According to his view this concept conforms to observations that cardiac infarctions are more common when influenza has occurred or fine particles have been inhaled.
 * Small vessels like vasa vasorum and vasa nervorum are particularly susceptible to external mechanical compression, and thus are involved in pathogenesis of peripheral vascular and nerve diseases.
 * A tear in vasa vasorum situated in tunica media layer of aorta may start pathologic cascade of events leading to aortic dissection.
 * Presence of corkscrew collateral vessels in vasa vasorum is a hallmark of Buerger's disease and distinguishes it from Raynaud's phenomenon.
 * T cells found near vasa vasorum are implicated in pathogenic process of giant cell arteritis.
 * Inflammation and subsequent destruction of the vasa vasorum is the cause of syphilitic aortitis in tertiary syphilis. Obliterating endarteritis of the vasa vasorum results in ischemia and weakening of the aortic adventitia, which may lead to aneurysm formation in the thoracic aorta.

title: Vasa vasorum


text:
Ip Chun

Ip Chun (born Ip Hok-chun; 10 July 1924), also known as Yip Chun or Yip Jun, is a Chinese martial artist and actor in the style of Wing Chun. He is the elder of two sons. Chun's father, Ip Man, was the Wing Chun teacher of Bruce Lee.

Early life
He was born Ip Hok-chun in Foshan, Kwangtung (now Guangdong) on 10 July 1924 to police officer and martial artist Ip Man and his wife Cheung Wing-sing.

In 1949, after the Communists established the People's Republic of China on the Chinese mainland, Ip's father left for Hong Kong and Ip, then 24, remained in Foshan to continue his studies in university. However, due to the Cultural Revolution, Ip and his younger brother, Ip Ching, were forced to leave Foshan and move to Hong Kong to join their father.

Education
Ip studied Chinese history, philosophy, poetry, traditional music, and Buddhism. In 1950, Ip had completed his studies and he chose teaching as a profession. In addition to teaching Chinese history, music and science, Ip also helped the Chinese Foshan Entertainment Department organise opera plays. During that time, he was awarded "The Person with the Most Potential in Chinese Art" award for his research in music.

Professional career
In Hong Kong, Ip worked as an accountant and newspaper reporter in the day and practiced Wing Chun in the evening under his father's tutelage. In accordance with his father's wishes, in 1965, Ip participated in the affairs of the Ving Tsun Athletic Association and became one of its founding members when it was formally established in 1968. During the first three years in the association, Ip took on the role of treasurer and was later appointed as chairman.

Teaching accomplishments
In 1967, Ip began teaching Wing Chun in Hong Kong and some of his first students, such as Leung Chung-wai and Ho Kay, chairman of Wing Chun Ip Chun Academy and a student of Ip for three decades, still train with him at present. Ip's father died in December 1972 and entrusted the film footage of his Siu Nim Tao, Chum Kiu and Muk Yan Jong forms to his sons for posterity. In 2014 Ip Chun was selected as a nominee to represent Wing Chun as the inheritor of the legacy of Wing Chun-style kung fu. Ip Chun has taught and held seminars in many cities, including countries such as Australia, England and the United States.

In film
Ip Chun had a small role in the 1976 film Bruce Lee: The Man, The Myth as Bruce Lee's Wing Chun Sifu (Ip Man). Ip made a special appearance as Ip Man in the 1999 film What You Gonna Do, Sai Fung? (a.k.a. 1959 某日某). Ip served as a consultant for Ip Man, a 2008 Hong Kong film about the life of his father. He also made another special appearance as Leung Bik (son of Leung Jan) in another film, The Legend is Born – Ip Man. In 2013, he made a cameo appearance in another Ip Man film, Ip Man: The Final Fight.

Awards and achievements

 * Ip Chun received a Fellowship (FSMA) from the Society of Martial Arts (U.K.), the only professional and Educational Charity to introduce the first degree program in martial arts in the world, from its Founder and President Prof. Eugene de Silva PhD, FRSA in 2000.
 * Received "The Person with the Most Potential in Chinese Art" award for his research in music.
 * Winner of the China Movie Channel Media Awards for Best Male Supporting Role at Shanghai International Film Festival 2010.
 * Nominated at the China Movie Channel Media Awards for Best New Actor at Shanghai International Film Festival 2010.

title: Ip Chun


text:
User:Pdefer

Articles of Mine

 * I cleaned up the Theremin article quite a bit.
 * I started the Forma Urbis Romae article,

title: User:Pdefer


text:
Talk:WBGH

from VfD:

WBGH is a stubby article about WGBH, a fairly well-known Boston public television and radio station. Notice that the title is wrong (the letters G and B are transposed). WBGH provides only the address and phone number of the station (not even the television channel assignment or radio frequency), and a handsome-looking logo. We already have an OK article about WGBH. The rather handsome-looking "GBH" logo is either wrong or far out of date; it does not match the current logo which can be seen at http://www.wgbh.org. The article contains a link—to http://www.wbgh.org, the National Business Group on Health ("Creative health benefits solutions for today, strong policies for tomorrow"). I don't think anything on this page is worth merging into WGBH and I don't think WBGH is a common enough typo for it to be worth retaining as a redirect to WGBH. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:20, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

P. S. There is a station "WBGH/WIVT" which prefers to call itself "Newschannel 34" in Binghamton, New York. See Newschannel 34 website. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:25, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete unless the article can't be rewritten into info on the Binghamton station, in which case I'd vote to Keep. Mike H 03:26, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Typoed title.   — Gwalla | Talk 03:29, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep disambig.   — Gwalla | Talk 21:51, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete but with the qualification noted by Mike H. JamesMLane 04:40, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep the dab page that TB made. JamesMLane 03:55, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * If the article with this title isn't rewritten to the Binghamton station, delete . Fire Star 04:54, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * New DAB page should be kept. Fire Star 13:14, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * concurrance with Fire Star, delete. DragonGuyver 03:03, 8 Oct 2004 (EST)
 * Should be a disambiguation page for the WBGH-TV in Binghampton, WBGH-FM (89.7) in Boston, and WBGH.com the web site for the National Business Group on Health D AVODD  [[User_talk:Davodd|« TALK »]] 08:16, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * There is no WBGH-FM in Boston, that's WGBH-FM, affiliated with the often-transposed public television station. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:08, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * As far as I know, it's not often transposed. For what it's worth, GBH stands for Great Blue Hill in Milton, Massachusetts, a factoid I've now added to the WGBH article. At 635 feet Great Blue Hill may not seem all that majestic but it's the highest point in the Boston area, and boasts a ski slope (!) and an historically famous weather observatory. I suppose BGH could stand for Big Green Hill, but it doesn't. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:39, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I've updated the article, it's now a disabmig page along the lines suggested by User:Davodd. - TB 10:55, 2004 Oct 8 (UTC)
 * Keep as re-written --Goobergunch 17:20, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep in present form. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 15:41, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:WBGH


text:
Ashima

Ashima (Asima) is an ancient Semitic goddess.

Ancient Middle East
Ashima was a West Semitic goddess of fate related to the Akkadian goddess Shimti ("fate"), who was a goddess in her own right but also a title of other goddesses such as Damkina and Ishtar. Damkina, for example, was titled banat shimti, "creator of fate". The name Ashima could be translated as "the name, portion, or lot" depending on context. It is related to the same root as the Arabian qisma and the Turkish kismet. Asima was one of several deities worshipped in the individual cities of Samaria who are mentioned specifically by name in 2 Kings in the Hebrew Bible.

Julian Obermann suggests a close association with between the concept of "name" and "fate or purpose" from the West Semitic root "šm" and cites several examples in the Ugaritic text in which the naming of a person or object determines future function which is a familiar theme in many mythologies. Godfrey Rolles Driver translates "šmt" as "charge, duty, function" in his glossary of Ugaritic and links this with the Akkadian "shimtu" which he translates as "appointed lot". As a personification of fate, Ashima was cognate with the South Semitic goddess Manathu (or Manāt) whose name meant "the measurer, fate, or portion" who was worshiped by the Nabataean peoples of Jordan and other early South Semitic and Arabian peoples. Both names appear in alternate verses in Ugaritic texts. (In the same way, the name of the goddess Asherah appears in alternate verses with Elath to indicate that both names refer to the same goddess). Ashim-Yahu and Ashim-Beth-El are forms of her name and a variant of her name is also attested in the Hebrew temple in Elephantine in Egypt. The divine name or epithet Ashima-Yaho (haShema YHWH) which is attested in the papyri from the Yahweh temple of Elephantine in Egypt has been connected in both theme and structure with a title of Astarte which appears in the Ugaritic texts as Astarte Name-of-Baal (e.g., KTU ("Keilalphabetische Texte aus Ugarit") 1.16.vi.56).

According to the Talmud, the Ashima idol took the form of a "bald sheep" (possibly a goat or ram), while Rabbi Saadia Gaon explains that it was in the shape of a cat. Rabbi Elias Levita writes that Ashima was a monkey-shaped idol.

title: Ashima


text:
User talk:Veracromil

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

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title: User talk:Veracromil


text:
Gergovia

Gergovia was a Gaulish town in modern Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the upper part of the basin of the Allier, near present-day Clermont-Ferrand. It was the capital of the Averni. The city of Gergovia had strong walls and was located on a giant raised plateau surrounded by hills.

It was the chief town (oppidum) of the Arverni and the site of the Battle of Gergovia in 52 BC. The battle was fought between a Roman Republic army, led by proconsul Julius Caesar, and Gallic forces led by Vercingetorix. Caesar marched south with six legions to take the hill town of Gergovia. The Gauls won the battle, which led to increased cavalry support for Vercingetorix's campaign for future battles. This was a significant failure in Gallia for Caesar and the Roman army.

title: Gergovia