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Valley of the Queens

The Valley of the Queens (Arabic: وادي الملكات Wādī al-Malekāt) is a site in Egypt, in which queens, princes, princesses, and other high ranking officials were buried. Pharaohs themselves were buried in the Valley of the Kings. The Valley of the Queens was known anciently as Ta-Set-Neferu, which has a double meaning of "The Place of Beauty" and/or "the Place of the Royal Children". Excavation of the tombs at the Valley of the Queens was pioneered by Ernesto Schiaparelli and Francesco Ballerini in the early 1900s.

The Valley of the Queens consists of the main wadi, which contains most of the tombs, along with the Valley of Prince Ahmose, the Valley of the Rope, the Valley of the Three Pits, and the Valley of the Dolmen. The main wadi contains 91 tombs and the subsidiary valleys add another 19 tombs. The burials in the subsidiary valleys all date to the 18th Dynasty.

The reason for choosing the Valley of the Queens as a burial site is not known. The close proximity to the workers' village of Deir el-Medina and the Valley of the Kings may have been a factor. Another consideration could have been the existence of a sacred grotto dedicated to Hathor at the entrance of the Valley. This grotto may have been associated with rejuvenation of the dead.

Along with the Valley of the Kings and nearby Thebes, the Valley of the Queens was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979.

Geology
The Valley of the Queens is on a geological array of limestones, marls, clays, chalks, and shale. The clays in the valley have undergone expansion and shrinkage due to recurrent flash-flooding throughout the valley. This shrinkage has been one cause of unstable tomb construction and later tomb damage in the valley. Rockslides resulting from shrunk clay deposits and tectonic events have damaged not only the tombs of the valley but also the wall paintings within them.

The current landscape of the Valley of the Queens was built through faulting and subsequent slumping during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. Thus, the original horizontal stratigraphy of the area has been subject to tilting. This tilting has revealed deposits of minerals like anhydrite, gypsum, and halite. Salt from halite in the ground is also damaging to the paintings within tombs. Seeping groundwater has permeated the tombs and is the cause of the dissolved and recrystallized salt.

Gypsum, along with clay, is most often believed to be the plasters used in ancient Egypt. Due to the lack of data, however, it is hard to determine what exactly composes the ancient plasters. Such beliefs are contested because of variations of plaster color, hardness, and amount used in a particular tomb.

Eighteenth Dynasty
One of the first tombs constructed in the Valley of the Queens is the tomb of Princess Ahmose, a daughter of Seqenenre Tao and Queen Sitdjehuti. This tomb likely dates to the reign of Thutmose I. The tombs from this period also include several members of the nobility, including a head of the stables and a vizier.

The tombs from the Valley of the Three Pits mostly date to the Thutmosid period. The tombs are labeled with letters A - L. This valley also contains three shaft tombs, which are the origin of the valley's name. The modern labels for these three tombs are QV 89, QV 90, and QV 91.

The Valley of the Dolmen contains an old trail used by the workmen traveling from Deir el-Medina to the Valley of the Queens. Along this path is a small rock-cut temple dedicated to Ptah and Meretseger.

The tombs from this time period are generally simple in form and consist of a chamber and a shaft for burial. Some of the tombs were extended in size to accommodate more than one burial. The tombs include those of several royal princes and princesses, as well as some nobles.

A tomb of the Princesses was located in the Valley, dating to the time of Amenhotep III. Finds from the tomb are in museums and include fragments of burial equipment for several members of the royal family. The items include a canopic jar fragment of the King's Wife Henut. She is thought to have lived mid-18th Dynasty. Her name was enclosed in a cartouche. Canopic jar fragments mentioning Prince Menkheperre, a son of Tuthmosis III and Merytre Hatshepsut, were found. A King's Great Wife Nebetnehat from the mid-18th Dynasty is attested because her name was enclosed in a cartouche on canopic fragments. Canopic jar fragments with the name of the King's Daughter Ti from the mid-18th Dynasty were found as well.

Nineteenth Dynasty
During the 19th Dynasty the use of the Valley became more selective. The tombs from this period belong exclusively to royal women. Many of the high-ranking wives of Ramesses I, Seti I and Ramesses II were buried in the Valley. One of the most well-known examples is the resting place carved out of the rock for Queen Nefertari (1290–1224 BCE). The polychrome reliefs in her tomb are still intact. Other members of the royal family continued to be buried in the Valley of the Kings. Tomb KV5, the tomb of the sons of Ramesses II, is an example of this practice.

The tomb of Queen Satre (QV 38) was likely the first tomb prepared during this dynasty. It was probably started during the reign of Ramesses I and finished during the reign of Seti I. Several tombs were prepared without an owner in mind, and the names were included upon the death of the royal female.

Twentieth Dynasty
During the beginning of the 20th Dynasty the Valley was still used extensively. Tombs for the wives of Ramesses III were prepared, and in a departure from the conventions of the previous dynasty, several tombs were prepared for royal sons as well. The construction of tombs continued at least until the reign of Ramesses VI. The Turin Papyrus mentions the creation of six tombs during the reign of Ramesses VI. It is not known which tombs are referred to in that papyrus.

There is evidence of economic turmoil during the 20th Dynasty. Records show that the workers went on strike during the reign of Ramesses III, and towards the end of the dynasty there are reports of tomb robberies.

Third Intermediate Period and later
The Valley was no longer a royal burial site after the close of the 20th Dynasty. Many of the tombs were extensively reused. Several tombs were modified so that they could hold multiple burials. In some cases this involved digging burial pits in the existing tombs. Not much is known about the use of the Valley of the Queens during the Ptolemaic Period but during the Roman Period there was a renewed, extensive use of the Valley as a burial site. During the Coptic Period some Hermit shelters were erected. Tombs QV60 (Nebettawy) and QV73 (Henuttawy) show signs of Coptic occupation. Wall scenes were covered with plaster and decorated with Christian symbols. The Christian presence lasted until the 7th century CE.

Threats to Conservation
Conservation efforts in the Valley of the Queens happen in multiple ways. Some large concerns for the site include protection against mass tourism and a concoction of other natural risks.

Mass Tourism
With the rise of the tourism industry, affects humans have on archaeological sites is becoming a topic of interest for preservation teams. The relatively small size and delicate ecosystem of many of the Valley of the Queens tombs are threatened by human interaction. An off balance of humidity and CO2 from humans contributes to the continued degradation of tombs and the art within them. Other factors that lead to tomb deterioration are graffiti, touching, and head bumping due to small spaces.

Light fixtures installed in some of the tombs for better viewing are also a threat to conservation efforts in the area. Large amounts of lint from visitors' clothes stays in the air and settles on tomb floors and other fixtures, creating an increased fire hazard. As lint settles on the modern light fixtures, the likeliness of combustion increases.

Steps taken to combat and limit effects on Valley of the Queens tombs from tourism consist of building walled paths that control tourist traffic, constructing shelters at some of the more popular tombs such as QV 66 - Nefertari's tomb. Other methods used to preserve Nefertari's tomb are a viewing time limited to 15 minutes, separate ticket purchase, and the addition of an air-circulation system to the tomb. As for other tombs, plexiglass shields and wooden floors have been installed to protect the entombed and their resting places.

Animal Populations
Commonly located in open tombs in the Valley of the Queens is small to large bat colonies. Although beneficial for the natural ecosystem, bats are detrimental to the tombs, the wall paintings, and the health of tourists in the valley. Urine and feces from bats damages the rocks, plasters, and paints used for tomb construction and decoration. Also stemming from bat excrement is the increased possibility of visitors getting histoplasmosis. Contact with bat populations also increases the possibility of bat bites and rabies transmission.

In an attempt to limit bat occupation of certain tombs, instillation of doors and has been proposed. Bat populations must be removed from the tombs before any preventative measures can be taken. Due to ecological importance, some tombs have been selected to remain open to bat colonies. Tombs selected are as follows: QV 15, QV 48, AND QV 78.

title: Valley of the Queens


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User talk:Jajalim

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title: User talk:Jajalim


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Talk:Democracy/Archive 2

This is an archive of 2002, 2003 discussion

Origin of democratic system
Is there any documental proof that could be referred to to determine the origin of the democratic system? There is proof about the use of a democratic system in Athens. Zingarello

Confusing paragraphs

 * Democracies can be divided into different types, based on a number of different distinctions. The most important distinction is between direct democracy and representative democracy. Limited democracy is far more common that direct democracy.

 * Direct democracy (sometimes also called "pure democracy") is a system in which all people are allowed to influence policy making by means of a direct vote on any particular issue. This regime, as defined in Athenian democracy, has the meaning of election for decisions, NOT election for persons that are about to decide.

 * Republic or Representative democracy (or indirect democracy, parliamentary democracy), is a system in which the people (or citizens) democratically elect government officials who then make decisions on behalf of the citizens. Of course this political regime has nothing to do with Athenian democracy. Ancien Athenians will consider "representative dmocracy" as a time limited oligarchy.

 * Essentially, a representative democracy is a form of time-limited oligarchy in which the democratic process is followed to choose leaders, while the leaders may act with or against the majority opinion during their term of office. Representative democracies (also called republics in the 18th century) are usually organized so that the people elect a number of leaders, who then make decisions based on another democratic process. In the United States and the Roman Republic, for example, laws are made by a majority vote of Senators who were in turn chosen by a majority vote of the electorate.

 * There is no such a thing as "tyranny of the majority" in a pure (direct) democracy. for example no member can be punished to death because this will result the loss of his vote.

These paragraphs confuse and intermingle two distinct concepts: 1) whether decisions are taken directly or through elected representatives, and 2) whether "majority rules" or there exists a supreme law (such as a constitution) restricting what the majority may do to any minority by means of the government. These need to be kept distinct. I'm not going to rewrite it myself because this article seems to be controversial and I'm a newbie.

 * I'd encourage you to try, anyway. But review the other democracy articles first, to ensure you end up with this in the right place. EofT, August 1, 2003

146.124.102.84's POV edits
146.124.102.84 made several edits which are extremely POV, essentially saying that democracy = pure democracy and indirect democracy = republic. Example: Ancien Athenians will consider "representative dmocracy" as a time limited oligarchy. The main difference here is that the loss of vote can be voted, as Hitler did and kill all his oponents. The Republic is a regime that, in the worst case, can lead society to Fascism and Rasism. Therefore I'm reverting to version before 146's edits.

146, why don't you take a look at NPOV before editing? Arvindn 09:57 Jan 23, 2003 (UTC)

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Constitution
Majority and Average rule defines a contitution. And this constitution may define if representatives are allowed. Constitution is not something stable, it may change from times to times. Only the voting rights of the citizens are respected, and this is the only thing that cannot change in a real democracy. Average rule is this: there is a force that wants to go norht, and another that wants to go west, so the result is north-west. Majority rule apples only in cases the average rule does not apply.

Anon's announcement
Ok guys, I stop posting because Mavercick the Fascist is going to bann my IP address. I know that wiki rubish is not democracy, but wikipedia is not wiki also, as long as Maverick the Fascist exist and banns IP addreses.

I am waiting for an excuse and an argument of why do you believe that in a real democracy, altering people's votes (killing) is allowed, and why the "daimonocracy" that alters people's votes (killing) can still be named Democracy. --146.124.141.250, Jan 23, 2003

 * First and foremost we are an encyclopedia. We are also very serious about our NPOV policy. You were violating that policy and insisting on filling this article with your own POV. That is not acceptable. It is also disruptive to others trying to get good work done - thus it slows down the progress of the project. Wiki is a means to an end here, it ain't the main show. There are plenty of pure wiki communities out there - but even they ban persisant trolls. --mav

 * So you name your fascism, neutral point of view? who are you to decide whats the neutral point of view? You are intentionally killing the name of Democracy here, I dont know for what reason. I invite you to an open and fair discussion, in www.ingenuitas.org. Maverick, I am warning you, you are not going anywhere with this attitude. Come to yourself now! --146.124.141.250, Jan 23, 2003

 * If you think NPOV is fascism then you need to play somewhere else. --mav

 * If you think that lies, like calling Athenian Democracy a representative Democracy is a neutral point of view, then you do not deserve to be an operator that ban IP addreses.

 * Then why is everybody reverting your changes then? --mav

 * Not everybody! YOU are reverting my changes! Lets put my changes into a vote if you dare! --146.124.141.250, March 20, 2003

- What about include information about democracy and civilizations ( i.e. arabic culture and democracy).

Added a Failures of democracy section. Needs feed-back and sistematization.

Weird edit
Somehow, all the links were eliminated by this edit.

I guess the edit was not mal-intended, but some passages seem to be deleted, too, which makes me concerned a bit (though not all the deletions look unreasonable). And anyway, the overall 'flow' improved quite a bit, I think. I'm hoping someone can work on this to include ome of the useful info. from the past versions. Thanks. (and sorry not volunteering for doing it!) Tomos 09:05 Apr 5, 2003 (UTC)

Statement removed
The following statement is removed:
 * In some countries, their Constitution intentionally designs a representative rather than a direct democracy in part to avoid the danger of the tyranny of the majority.

It would be interesting if it wasn't so vague. /Johan

Moved paragraph
I've moved this paragraph, which seem to be more like advocacy than description to me:
 * Liquid Democracy (see external links) is a combination of Representive and Direct Democracy in which every person can vote directly for the laws, but they can also, if they wish, transfer their vote to a proxy who may make the decisions of specific issues for them. No government yet uses this method.

-- Ruhrjung 06:49 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * If you don't like the paragraph of liquid democracy, edit it, but don't delete it. There must be a description of what liquid democracy is.

 * Why must there? -- Ruhrjung 15:20 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Why not? Democracy must link the entries of all kinds of democracy, like liquid democracy or participatory democracy.

 * The point is that this "Liquid Democracy" (capitalized as proper name) is advocated only by a small group of people,and it has a specific definition coming only from those people, and thus to advertise that view may well be to skew our overall view of democracy away from the neutral standard we espouse. EofT, August 1, 2003

 * Personally, I think it is a form of semi-direct democracy but I leave that up to the advocates to decide. EofT, August 1, 2003

Sortition
So where can I sneak in a link to sortition? Going by the definitions here it is neither direct nor indirect democracy, but it is a form of democracy almost by definition, since it was a major aspect of the original Athenian democracy. It could go under "alternative models" but since it was there at the start is it right to call it "alternative"? -- pm67nz

 * Good point. Is it semi-direct democracy?  participatory democracy?  consensus democracy?  anticipatory democracy?  deliberative democracy?  Or just plain old grassroots democracy?  You have plenty of choices.  I am sure you can explain it somewhere. EofT

 * Well it has been called Statistical Democracy. But not very often.  After a couple of months I think I have it figured - the definition of direct democracy given here isn't ideal.  There is nothing in the definition of "direct" that says all citizens have to be involved.  It just means that there are no intermediaries, that citizens vote on issues rather than officers, so I claim that any democractic system that isn't indirect is direct. -- Pm67nz 07:47, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)

who needs democracy when masonics rule?

Unencyclopedical quotes?
I reckon the quotes are unencyclopediacal (sp?!), and the GWB one is only marginally on topic, but I won't rush in to deleting them. Once you start adding quotes like that where do you stop - I know a few more that aren't on this page but I don't want to start a quote war. Comments? -- Pm67nz 07:47, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * The GWB quote should go, it adds nothing to the article. Winston Churchill's quote is useful, IMO, because it does pithily some up why, despite its failings, democracy remains popular. --Robert Merkel 04:46, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Democracy/Archive 2


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Brugg (disambiguation)

Brugg or Brügg may refer to the following places:

Switzerland

 * Brugg, Aargau
 * FC Brugg, a football club
 * Brugg District
 * Brugg AG railway station
 * Brügg, Bern
 * Brügg BE railway station

Germany

 * Brugg, Meckenbeuren, Baden-Württemberg
 * Brugg, Gestratz, Bavaria

title: Brugg (disambiguation)


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Semigroup action

In algebra and theoretical computer science, an action or act of a semigroup on a set is a rule which associates to each element of the semigroup a transformation of the set in such a way that the product of two elements of the semigroup (using the semigroup operation) is associated with the composite of the two corresponding transformations. The terminology conveys the idea that the elements of the semigroup are acting as transformations of the set. From an algebraic perspective, a semigroup action is a generalization of the notion of a group action in group theory. From the computer science point of view, semigroup actions are closely related to automata: the set models the state of the automaton and the action models transformations of that state in response to inputs.

An important special case is a monoid action or act, in which the semigroup is a monoid and the identity element of the monoid acts as the identity transformation of a set. From a category theoretic point of view, a monoid is a category with one object, and an act is a functor from that category to the category of sets. This immediately provides a generalization to monoid acts on objects in categories other than the category of sets.

Another important special case is a transformation semigroup. This is a semigroup of transformations of a set, and hence it has a tautological action on that set. This concept is linked to the more general notion of a semigroup by an analogue of Cayley's theorem.

(A note on terminology: the terminology used in this area varies, sometimes significantly, from one author to another. See the article for details.)

Formal definitions
Let S be a semigroup. Then a (left) semigroup action (or act) of S is a set X together with an operation • : S × X → X which is compatible with the semigroup operation ∗ as follows: This is the analogue in semigroup theory of a (left) group action, and is equivalent to a semigroup homomorphism into the set of functions on X. Right semigroup actions are defined in a similar way using an operation • : X × S → X satisfying (x • a) • b = x • (a ∗ b).
 * for all s, t in S and x in X, s • (t • x) = (s ∗ t) • x.

If M is a monoid, then a (left) monoid action (or act) of M is a (left) semigroup action of M with the additional property that where e is the identity element of M. This correspondingly gives a monoid homomorphism. Right monoid actions are defined in a similar way. A monoid M with an action on a set is also called an operator monoid.
 * for all x in X: e • x = x

A semigroup action of S on X can be made into monoid act by adjoining an identity to the semigroup and requiring that it acts as the identity transformation on X.

Terminology and notation
If S is a semigroup or monoid, then a set X on which S acts as above (on the left, say) is also known as a (left) S-act, S-set, S-action, S-operand, or left act over S. Some authors do not distinguish between semigroup and monoid actions, by regarding the identity axiom (e • x = x) as empty when there is no identity element, or by using the term unitary S-act for an S-act with an identity.

The defining property of an act is analogous to the associativity of the semigroup operation, and means that all parentheses can be omitted. It is common practice, especially in computer science, to omit the operations as well so that both the semigroup operation and the action are indicated by juxtaposition. In this way strings of letters from S act on X, as in the expression stx for s, t in S and x in X.

It is also quite common to work with right acts rather than left acts. However, every right S-act can be interpreted as a left act over the opposite semigroup, which has the same elements as S, but where multiplication is defined by reversing the factors, s • t = t • s, so the two notions are essentially equivalent. Here we primarily adopt the point of view of left acts.

Acts and transformations
It is often convenient (for instance if there is more than one act under consideration) to use a letter, such as $$T$$, to denote the function
 * $$ T\colon S\times X \to X$$

defining the $$S$$-action and hence write $$T(s, x)$$ in place of $$s\cdot x$$. Then for any $$s$$ in $$S$$, we denote by
 * $$ T_s\colon X \to X$$

the transformation of $$X$$ defined by
 * $$ T_s(x) = T(s,x).$$

By the defining property of an $$S$$-act, $$T$$ satisfies
 * $$ T_{s*t} = T_s\circ T_t.$$

Further, consider a function $$s\mapsto T_s$$. It is the same as $$\operatorname{curry}(T):S\to(X\to X)$$ (see Currying). Because $$\operatorname{curry}$$ is a bijection, semigroup actions can be defined as functions $$S\to(X\to X)$$ which satisfy
 * $$ \operatorname{curry}(T)(s*t) = \operatorname{curry}(T)(s)\circ \operatorname{curry}(T)(t).$$

That is, $$T$$ is a semigroup action of $$S$$ on $$X$$ if and only if $$\operatorname{curry}(T)$$ is a semigroup homomorphism from $$S$$ to the full transformation monoid of $$X$$.

S-homomorphisms
Let X and X′ be S-acts. Then an S-homomorphism from X to X′ is a map
 * $$F\colon X\to X'$$

such that
 * $$F(sx) =s F(x)$$ for all $$s\in S$$ and $$x\in X$$.

The set of all such S-homomorphisms is commonly written as $$\mathrm{Hom}_S(X,X')$$.

M-homomorphisms of M-acts, for M a monoid, are defined in exactly the same way.

S-Act and M-Act
For a fixed semigroup S, the left S-acts are the objects of a category, denoted S-Act, whose morphisms are the S-homomorphisms. The corresponding category of right S-acts is sometimes denoted by Act-S. (This is analogous to the categories R-Mod and Mod-R of left and right modules over a ring.)

For a monoid M, the categories M-Act and Act-M are defined in the same way.

Examples

 * Any semigroup $$(S, *)$$ has an action on $$S$$, where $$\cdot = *$$. The action property holds due to the associativity of $$*$$.
 * More generally, for any semigroup homomorphism $$F\colon (S, *) \rightarrow (T, \oplus)$$, the semigroup $$(S, *)$$ has an action on $$T$$ given by $$s \cdot t = F(s) \oplus t$$.
 * For any set $$X$$, let $$X^*$$ be the set of sequences of elements of $$X$$. The semigroup $$(\mathbb{N}, \times)$$ has an action on $$X^*$$ given by $$n \cdot s = s^n$$ (where $$s^n$$ denotes $$s$$ repeated $$n$$ times).
 * The semigroup $$(\mathbb{N}, \times)$$ has a right action $$(\mathbb{N}, \cdot)$$, given by $$x \cdot y = x^y$$.

Transformation semigroups
A correspondence between transformation semigroups and semigroup actions is described below. If we restrict it to faithful semigroup actions, it has nice properties.

Any transformation semigroup can be turned into a semigroup action by the following construction. For any transformation semigroup $$S$$ of $$X$$, define a semigroup action $$T$$ of $$S$$ on $$X$$ as $$T(s, x) = s(x)$$ for $$ s\in S, x\in X$$. This action is faithful, which is equivalent to $$curry(T)$$ being injective.

Conversely, for any semigroup action $$T$$ of $$S$$ on $$X$$, define a transformation semigroup $$S' = \{T_s \mid s \in S\}$$. In this construction we "forget" the set $$S$$. $$S'$$ is equal to the image of $$curry(T)$$. Let us denote $$curry(T)$$ as $$f$$ for brevity. If $$f$$ is injective, then it is a semigroup isomorphism from $$S$$ to $$S'$$. In other words, if $$T$$ is faithful, then we forget nothing important. This claim is made precise by the following observation: if we turn $$S'$$ back into a semigroup action $$T'$$ of $$S'$$ on $$X$$, then $$T'(f(s), x) = T(s, x)$$ for all $$s \in S, x \in X$$. $$T$$ and $$T'$$ are "isomorphic" via $$f$$, i.e., we essentially recovered $$T$$. Thus, some authors see no distinction between faithful semigroup actions and transformation semigroups.

Semiautomata
Transformation semigroups are of essential importance for the structure theory of finite state machines in automata theory. In particular, a semiautomaton is a triple (Σ,X,T), where Σ is a non-empty set called the input alphabet, X is a non-empty set called the set of states and T is a function
 * $$T\colon \Sigma\times X \to X$$

called the transition function. Semiautomata arise from deterministic automata by ignoring the initial state and the set of accept states.

Given a semiautomaton, let Ta: X → X, for a ∈ Σ, denote the transformation of X defined by Ta(x) = T(a,x). Then the semigroup of transformations of X generated by {Ta : a ∈ Σ} is called the characteristic semigroup or transition system of (Σ,X,T). This semigroup is a monoid, so this monoid is called the characteristic or transition monoid. It is also sometimes viewed as a Σ∗-act on X, where Σ∗ is the free monoid of strings generated by the alphabet Σ, and the action of strings extends the action of Σ via the property
 * $$T_{vw} = T_w \circ T_v.$$

Krohn–Rhodes theory
Krohn–Rhodes theory, sometimes also called algebraic automata theory, gives powerful decomposition results for finite transformation semigroups by cascading simpler components.

title: Semigroup action


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Venceremos (political organization)

Venceremos (Spanish for "We will be victorious") was an American far-left and primarily Chicano political group active in the Palo Alto, California area from 1969 to 1973.

History
The organization was founded in 1966 by Aaron Manganiello (a former Brown Beret ) as a largely Latino left-wing group; it evolved to an increasingly Maoist/Communist brigade. Katerina Del Valle was its chairperson. In 1971 they were joined by a faction of the Maoist organization Revolutionary Union (RU), led by H. Bruce Franklin, a Stanford University English professor. More whites joined the organization through this period. Franklin was fired in 1972 on charges of violating his commitment to the university by "inciting to riot" in 1971.

Venceremos and Franklin favored a militant strategy based on protracted urban guerrilla warfare. According to Franklin, "... these collectives had been heavily involved in youth organizing within white proletarian communities, in factory organizing and in anti-imperialist struggles on the campuses. [...] The new combined organization was multi-national, extremely diversified in its activities and base, and quite militant."

Venceremos publicly advocated armed self-defense by the citizenry, community control of the police, and reform of the prison system. To these ends, the group's members engaged in a number of legal activities, such as working to educate prisoners and defend Vietnam War protesters. The organization's ultimate stated goal was the overthrow of the government. In 1970, Venceremos opened its own community college in a Redwood City storefront; it operated for two years until running out of money. The House Committee on Internal Security considered Venceremos a serious political threat, as described in its 202-page report America's Maoists: the Revolutionary Union, the Venceremos Organization (1972).

Venceremos members often participated in City Council and School Board meetings in Palo Alto with a verbal aggressiveness rarely seen before in the city's politics. Member Jeffrey Youdelman was known for offensive shouting down of council members and presenting petitions for radical left causes. Venceremos members ran for local office in Palo Alto, including Jean Hobson and Youdelman who unsuccessfully ran for City Council in 1971 and 1973, respectively. Doug Garrett ran for the School Board.

During this period, Venceremos held weekly rallies at Lytton Plaza in Palo Alto, which they dubbed "The People's Plaza." In May 1971, Venceremos's Easter Division drifted away from the center and began organizing through the United Farm Workers union.

A small group of Venceremos members attempted to free a federal prisoner on October 6, 1972; several members were involved in the murder, which hit the headlines. Member Jean Hobson had been romantically linked to federal prison inmate Ronald Beaty, who was incarcerated at Chino Prison. She and other Venceremos members made a plan to gain Beaty's escape. According to police and Beaty, who became the prosecution's star witness, two unarmed prison guards were taking Beaty to a court appearance in San Bernardino when their vehicle was ambushed near Chino. Beaty was freed when Venceremos member, 23-year-old Robert Seabok, shot both guards at point blank range, killing Jesus Sanchez and wounding his partner George Fitzgerald.

After the police captured Beaty and Hobson nearly a month later, Beaty named Venceremos members Hobson, Seabok, Andrea Holman Burt, and Benton Burt as the perpetrators of the fatal assault on the prison guards. Former professor H. Bruce Franklin, four Venceremos members, and three Arizona residents were arrested in this case in late December 1972. A total of fourteen people were arrested; twelve were charged either with murder or, as was Franklin, with harboring Beaty, classified as a federal fugitive.

While charges were dropped against some, the chief perpetrators were tried. Jean Hobson, 19 year-old Andrea Holman Burt, and her husband 31-year-old Douglas Burt were all convicted of second-degree murder in 1973 and 1974. Seabok was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. Beaty had become a prosecution witness; he pleaded guilty for being part of Sanchez's death and was sentenced to life as well. By September 1973 Venceremos had officially disbanded. Some members went on to other leftist groups, such as Joe Remiro, who joined the small Symbionese Liberation Army in its early days.

Aftermath
Venceremos disintegrated under the duress of legal troubles, recriminations over the Beaty incident, and general factionalism. By September 1973 it had ceased to function as an organization. Robert Seabok was convicted of first degree murder; while Jean Hobson, Andrea Holman Burt, and Benton Burt were convicted of second degree murder.

In March 1973, Donald DeFreeze, a prison inmate who was on somewhat familiar terms with Bay Area radicals through visits from the UC Berkeley Prison Outreach Project, escaped from Soledad Prison and made his way to Oakland. He found shelter with members or associates of Venceremos at the Peking House commune, but commune members were concerned about police surveillance. They moved DeFreeze to a lower-profile location east of the hills in Concord. Calling himself General Field Marshal Cinque, he co-founded the Symbionese Liberation Army with Patricia Soltysik, a white woman, and a few mostly white associates he met as a prisoner and member of the Black Cultural Association at Vacaville Prison, including former Venceremos members Joe Remiro and Willie Wolfe.

The Communist Party USA (Provisional) also traces its origins to the 1973 split within Venceremos.

title: Venceremos (political organization)


text:
Cornelius (musician)

Keigo Oyamada (小山田 圭吾), also known by his moniker Cornelius (CORNELIUS（コーネリアス), is a Japanese musician and producer who co-founded Flipper's Guitar, an influential Shibuya-kei band, and subsequently embarked on a solo career. In 1997, he released the album Fantasma, which landed him praise from American music critics, who called him a "modern-day Brian Wilson" or the "Japanese Beck". In 2007, Rolling Stone Japan named two of Oyamada's albums amongst the "100 Greatest Japanese Rock Albums of All Time", with Fantasma ranking in 10th place and Camera Talk by Flipper's Guitar ranking in 35th place.

Life and career
Oyamada was born in Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan. His first claim to fame was as a member of the pop duo Flipper's Guitar, one of the key groups of the Tokyo Shibuya-kei scene. Following the disbandment of Flipper's Guitar in 1991, Oyamada donned the "Cornelius" moniker and embarked on a successful solo career. He chose his pseudonym in tribute to the character of the same name from the film Planet of the Apes. He commissioned a song, about himself, on Momus' 1999 album Stars Forever.

In 2005, the Spinto Band referenced him in their song "Japan Is an Island" on their album Nice and Nicely Done.

As of September 2006, he was no longer signed to Matador Records.

In 2006 and 2007 respectively, the song "The Micro Disneycal World Tour" from the Fantasma album, was used for Nick Park's Creature Comforts and Sky television's "Surf, Speak, See" advertisements in the UK. It had also been used several years earlier in an ironic NFL television commercial in the US, which juxtaposed the song's relaxing qualities with video clips showing rapid, aggressive football playmaking.

In 2010, he contributed the song "Katayanagi Twins vs. Sex Bob-Omb" to the film soundtrack of Scott Pilgrim vs. the World.

In 2013, he participated with Taku Satoh and Yugo Nakamura directing the music for the exhibition Design Ah! at 21_21 Design Sight in Tokyo.

Musical style
Cornelius was a pioneer of the Shibuya-kei style of music in Japan. The music of Cornelius could be described as experimental and exploratory, and often incorporates dissonant elements alongside more familiar harmonically "pleasing" sounds. This tension, plus his practice of bringing in sounds and samples from mass culture, pure electronic tones, and sounds from nature (such as on his Point album), lead him to being sometimes characterized as an "acquired taste". American music journalists often describe Cornelius' musical style as being similar to Beck's, whom he acknowledges as an influence along with the Beach Boys, the Jesus and Mary Chain, Primal Scream and the Brazilian band Kassin + 2, among others.

Personal life
Oyamada married musician and collaborator Takako Minekawa in 2000 and they have one child, Milo, named after the son of Cornelius in Planet of the Apes. They divorced in 2012. Since 2020, he has been in a long term relationship with Minami Yamaguchi, the owner of a fashion shop in Setagaya, Tokyo. He is a second cousin of Joi Ito and Miki Berenyi, the latter who appears on the song "The Spell of a Vanishing Loveliness" from Mellow Waves.

Bullying controversy
In interviews in 1994 and 1995, Oyamada said that he had bullied and assaulted several students with disabilities in school. In one interview, Oyamada dismissed the incidents with a laugh. In a 1995 interview for , Oyamada said he was involved with a group of bullies who had locked a disabled student in a vaulting box, wrapped another student in gymnastics mattresses and kicked them, forced a student to eat their excrement, taped a cardboard box around a student's head and poured chalk inside, made fun of a disabled student running a long-distance race, and forced a student to masturbate in front of other students. A dialogue between Oyamada and the victims was planned by the magazine Rockin'On Japan, but all of the victims refused to meet him. One of the victims' mothers picked up the phone and told the interviewer that her son had considered suicide.

On July 14, 2021, the Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (TOCOG) announced that Oyamada would be a composer of the 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, with the concept being "the ability to celebrate differences, to empathise, and to live side by side with compassion for one another". The announcement caused a social media backlash due to Oyamada's personal history. Two days later, Oyamada tweeted an apology, but also said articles had contained exaggerations or mistakes that he had not corrected. On the same day, the TOCOG issued a statement stating they were unaware of the interviews and that while Oyamada's actions were "very inappropriate", they had not dismissed him from the ceremony. Toshirō Mutō, the chief executive of the Organising Committee and ex-chairman of Kaisei Academy, said he wanted Oyamada to remain. On July 19, four days before the ceremony, Oyamada decided to leave the creative team for the Tokyo Olympics on his own terms.

In September 2021, Oyamada appeared in a two-hour interview with Shūkan Bunshun addressing why he took so many years to address his past actions. He made an additional statement which stated how a blog post that circulated online edited information from past interviews to describe Oyamada as the perpetrator, even though the original Quick Japan interview stated that he did not commit the acts in question. There is a statement on Oyamada's official Cornelius website, from the artist himself, that addresses these matters in depth.

Discography
The discography of Cornelius consists of eight studio albums, three soundtracks, eight remix albums, three extended plays, fourteen singles and seven video albums.

Soundtracks

 * Ghost in the Shell: Arise (Warner Music Japan; January 23, 2013) – JP #33
 * The Cat That Lived a Million Times (Warner Music Japan; October 31, 2013) (EP)
 * Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie O.S.T. (Flying Dog; June 15, 2015) – JP #62

Extended plays

 * Holidays in the Sun (September 10, 1993) JP #12
 * Cornelius Works 1999 (1999), rare CD-R promo from 3-D Corporation Ltd. (Japan)
 * Gum EP (2008)

Video

 * Promotions! (1994), music videos
 * Love Heavy Metal Style Music Vision (1994) – live performances
 * EUS (2000) – live performances
 * Five Point One (2003) – a DVD package of music videos and PM
 * From Nakameguro to Everywhere Tour '02–'04 (2008) – live performances
 * Sensurround (2008) – a DVD version of Sensuous with accompanying videos and 5.1 surround sound
 * Sensuous Synchronized Show (2009) – live performances

Compilation appearances

 * Tribute Spirits (May 1, 1999)
 * The Powerpuff Girls: Heroes & Villains (Music Inspired by the Powerpuff Girls) (July 18, 2000)
 * DJ-Kicks: Erlend Øye (April 19, 2004)
 * Matador at Fifteen (October 12, 2004)
 * The Wired CD: Rip. Sample. Mash. Share. (April 22, 2009)

Other works

 * Coloris (2006) – a Nintendo bit Generations game for Game Boy Advance
 * Cornelius appeared on the TV show Yo Gabba Gabba! performing a version of his song "Count Five or Six" as a way to teach kids how to count (at least up to six). This can be seen on the episode titled "Share".
 * "Count Five or Six" appears on the soundtrack to the TV series Spaced.
 * Composed music played by the Katayanagi Twins characters in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World.
 * Produced Salyu's S(o)un(d)beams (2011)
 * Composed the soundtrack to the anime series Ghost in the Shell: Arise (2013)

title: Cornelius (musician)


text:
Talk:US-A

RTGs
The article on Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (rtgs) mentions that 2 rorsats had problems that caused their reactor to deorbit. One is obviously Cosmos 954, but what's the other one? Anyone know? Whe should find this out and add it here, and some of the content on the RTG page should be migrated here. -Lommer 18:51, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The RTGs article was incorrect because RORSATS did not use RTGs. I have corrected the article and expanded this one. Bobbis 23:23, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Other concerns
Reference is made to 'BUK' reactors. What are they? LorenzoB 18:42, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Bouk were a reactor type manufactured by Krasnaya Zvezda for space operations, along with Topaz mentioned elsewhere in the article. I do not know whether or where they flew. 79.65.134.227 (talk) 22:24, 22 June 2016 (UTC)

 * What is the total number of RORSATs deployed? LorenzoB 18:44, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed, the article does not seem to say, and would be improved if it had this detail known and sourced? I wonder if the Russian government has ever released this info from this Soviet program?  or if the US CIA or USAF programs that track satellites ever publically released such numbers?  N2e (talk) 12:31, 6 December 2014 (UTC)

Article name
If the satellites are named Upravlyaemy Sputnik Aktivnyj, why is the Wikipedia article named with an esoteric acronym "US-A"?

Seems that, per WP:COMMONNAME, the article ought not to be named the unrecognizable "US-A", and just be named Upravlyaemy Sputnik Aktivnyj or whatever name it is referred to in English in ordinary human use. N2e (talk) 12:56, 6 December 2014 (UTC)

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text: User talk:81.178.198.193

title: User talk:81.178.198.193


text:
User talk:Kwigell

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Whosyourjudas (talk) 18:54, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Cherry Springs State Park
I saw that you edited Cherry Springs State Park. Thanks and I am looking forward to any input you can provide. Dincher (talk) 00:34, 20 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Me too, thanks for your edits, Ruhrfisch ><> ° ° 01:50, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kwigell


text:
Namibia, Land of the Brave

"Namibia, Land of the Brave" is the national anthem of Namibia, adopted in December 1991. It was composed by Axali Doëseb, who was the director of a traditional music group from the Kalahari desert. Doëseb was chosen to compose it after winning a contest held after Namibia became independent in 1990.

History
Namibia's first national anthem, albeit unofficial, was "Das Südwesterlied" while under German colonization as German South-West Africa. After it became South-West Africa as a League of Nations mandate under the Union of South Africa, the national anthem was changed to "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" to match South Africa's. Following independence, "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" was provisionally adopted as a temporary national anthem pending the formal adoption of an official national anthem. It was later decided that Namibia needed a unique anthem, and a national competition was held to compose a new national anthem. The competition was won by Axali Doeseb with "Namibia, Land of the Brave". The anthem was first played in public in a ceremony on the first anniversary of Namibia's independence from South Africa in 1991. The similarity of the lyric's first-line phrase "Land of the Brave" to the end of "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem of the United States, has been noted by commentators.

The composition of the Namibian national anthem was supervised by Hidipo Hamutenya, then chairman of the National Symbols subcommittee. In 2006, Hamutenya claimed that he authored the lyrics himself, "on the plane to Cuba". Doëseb denied this claim. In 2023, politicians Andrew Matjila and Ben Amadhila supported Hamutenya's claim.

Legislation
The Parliament of Namibia passed the National Anthem of the Republic of Namibia Act, 1991. This confirmed "Namibia, Land of the Brave" as the national anthem of Namibia; made it an offense to insult it, with punishment upon conviction of up to five years imprisonment or up to a 20,000-rand fine or both; and allowed the President of Namibia to create regulations relating to it.

title: Namibia, Land of the Brave


text:
List of bank mergers in the United States

This is a partial list of major banking company mergers in the United States.

Mergers chart

This 2012 chart shows some of the mergers noted above. Solid arrows point from the acquiring bank to the acquired one. The lines are labeled with the year of the deal and color-coded from blue (older) to red (newer). Dotted arrows point to the final merged entity.


text: User talk:80.43.173.56

title: User talk:80.43.173.56


text:
Talk:Calcareous grassland

Untitled
Brittanica has a reference to the machair being on Calcareous sand - does this fit into this article? dave souza 18:58, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't think so. Calcareous grassland as I'm familiar with it refers only to grassland on limestone (and chalk etc) hills, not coastal plains, but I'm not an ecologist.  Asking on Peer review might get a more authoritative answer.. --Joe D 19:29, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * This sounds convincing. It came up when I was doing work on Calgary, Mull and there's a link to Calcareous there in the hopes that someone with more knowledge will clarify it.. thanks, dave souza 22:32, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, machair is calcareous grassland. It is calcium-rich due to shell sand (pulverised sea shells). To be calcareous grassland, the soil just has to be rich in calcium, whatever the source of the calcium, nor does it have to be at any particular altitude - MPF 23:15, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Calgary, Mull

Calgary is a hamlet on the northwest coast of the Isle of Mull, in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, United Kingdom. The hamlet is within the parish of Kilninian and Kilmore. It was the origin of the name of Fort Calgary in Canada, which became the city of Calgary, Alberta.

Geography
Calgary is situated on the B8073 about 5 mi west of Dervaig, and 12 mi from the island's capital Tobermory. The settlement is a small community of houses scattered near a hotel and the Calgary Farmhouse.

The hamlet is at the eastern end of Calgary Bay and is framed by low hills, partly wooded. A broad area of machair (a grassy meadow growing on calcareous sand) lies between the land and the beach. As the tide falls a river meanders across the sands. The beach is served by a small car parking area and public toilets. It is not an official campsite but there is a designated area for short-stay wild camping in tents. Calgary Castle overlooks the bay.

History
The name comes from the Gaelic, Cala ghearraidh, meaning Beach of the meadow (pasture). "Cala" is the word specifically used for a hard, sandy beach suitable for landing a boat, which relates plausibly to the location. However, the museum on the Isle of Mull explains that kald and gart are similar Old Norse words, meaning "cold" and "garden", that were likely used when named by the Vikings who inhabited the Inner Hebrides. A small stone pier, originally built to allow "Clyde puffers" (small steam-driven cargo boats) to deliver coal to the Mornish Estate, was also used to take sheep to and from grazing on the Treshnish Isles and gives a further possible reason for the name of the bay.

Just up the hill from the pier the deserted village of Inivea remains as roofless stone ruins, an atmospheric relic of the Highland clearances. David Tennant (the former Tenth Doctor on Doctor Who) traced his family back to here in the BBC programme, Who Do You Think You Are? Around 24 buildings of the township can be seen, several of them still standing to wall head level. These included houses and barns, with enclosures probably forming kailyards. A flattish area to the north, higher than the houses, shows signs of rig and furrow cultivation and a drying kiln. A rocky knoll above the houses still has the remains of a dun, though many of its stones were taken to build the houses. On the East side of the bay Calgary House, now called Calgary Castle, was built in 1817 extending an earlier Calgary Estate laird's house. Colonel James Macleod, Commissioner of the North-West Mounted Police, was a summer guest here. In 1876, shortly after returning to Canada, he suggested its name for Fort Calgary which gave rise to the city of Calgary, Alberta, a metropolis of 1,400,000 residents and the Greater Calgary Region, which has a population of 1.5 million.

Literature
The second verse of Sorley Maclean's poem Tràighean (from Dàin do Eimhir) opens with a powerful invocation of the natural beauty of Calgary bay as symbolic of spending eternity with a loved one:

Agus nan robh sinn cuideachd air tràigh Chalgaraidh am Muile, eadar Alba is Tiriodh, eadar an saoghal 's a'bhiothbhuan, dh'fhuirichinn an siud gu luan a' tomhas gainmhich bruan air bhruan.

And if we were together on Calgary shore in Mull, between Scotland and Tiree, between the world and eternity, I would stay there till doom, measuring sand, grain by grain.

title: Calgary, Mull


text:
People's Party (United States, 1971)

The People's Party was a political party in the United States, founded in 1971 by various individuals and state and local political parties, including the Peace and Freedom Party, Commongood People's Party, Country People's Caucus, Human Rights Party, Liberty Union, New American Party, New Party (Arizona), and No Party. The party's goal was to present a united anti-war platform for the coming election.

The People's Party fielded candidates for the presidency two times: First in the 1972 US presidential election with Dr. Benjamin Spock (an American pediatrician and author of parenting books) as their candidate; then the party contested the 1976 US presidential election, with Margaret Wright as their candidate. Dr. Spock was the Party's candidate for vice president in 1976

After the election, the party moved to become a loose coalition, but was soon defunct, with most of its founding parties also dissolved.

The party's papers are now in the Western Historical Manuscript Collection of the University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, having been where the party had held its conventions.

After dissolution, many members joined the Citizens Party.

1972 election
The People's Party ran Dr. Benjamin Spock for president and Julius Hobson for vice president in the 1972 U.S. presidential election. The party platform included free medical care, legalized abortion, legalized marijuana, a guaranteed minimum wage, the withdrawal of American troops from all foreign countries, a guaranteed maximum wage, and promoting toleration of homosexuality. Dr. Spock and the People's Party received 78,759 votes (0.10%).

In 1976, Spock was the party's vice presidential candidate.

Greer v. Spock
In 1972, Spock, Hobson, Linda Jenness (Socialist Workers Party presidential candidate), and Socialist Workers Party vice presidential candidate Andrew Pulley wrote to Major General Bert A. David, commanding officer of Fort Dix, asking for permission to distribute campaign literature and to hold an election-related campaign meeting. On the basis of Fort Dix regulations 210-26 and 210-27, General David refused the request. Spock, Hobson, Jenness, Pulley, and others then filed a case that ultimately made its way to the United States Supreme Court (424 U.S. 828—Greer, Commander, Fort Dix Military Reservation, et al., v. Spock et al.), which ruled against the plaintiffs. Greer v. Spock was, according to Professor Joshua E. Kastenberg, part of the Burger Court's jurisprudence of insulating the military from non-mainstream political influences. As Spock and his contemporaries had been outspoken against the United States involvement in the Vietnam War, there was a fear that he would influence soldiers to refuse to comply with orders to deploy into combat.

1976 election
In 1976 the People's Party ran Margaret Wright as president and Spock this time as vice president after Maggie Kuhn declined the spot. The People's Party received 49,016 votes (0.06%).

title: People's Party (United States, 1971)


text:
John Sweeney (Canadian politician)

John Roland Sweeney (June 20, 1931 – July 7, 2001) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1975 to 1990. He was a cabinet minister in the government of David Peterson.

Background
Sweeney moved to Ontario in his youth, and was educated at the University of Toronto, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree and a Master's Degree in Education.

Politics
A devout Roman Catholic, Sweeney served as the Waterloo Catholic District School Board's first director of education from 1969 until 1975.

In 1975, he ran as a Liberal candidate in the 1975 election for the riding of Kitchener—Wilmot. Sweeney defeated Progressive Conservative Morley Rosenberg by 1,745 votes. He was re-elected with increased majorities in the elections of 1977 and 1981. He sat on the opposition benches until the Liberals formed government under David Peterson following the 1985 election.

He was a candidate in the 1982 Liberal leadership convention, but was eliminated on the first ballot, finishing last in a field of five candidates with only 122 votes.

In 1985, Sweeney was easily re-elected in his own riding. He was appointed Minister of Community and Social Services on June 26, 1985. He was retained in this position following the 1987 election, and was named Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing on August 2, 1989.

In 1989, Sweeney extended the Special Services at Home (SSAH) program to adults with developmental disabilities.

Sweeney was strongly anti-abortion, and was vocal about his views on the subject. He did not support the Peterson government's liberalization of access to abortion in the late 1980s.

Sweeney did not run in the 1990 election, although he worked as a lobbyist at Queen's Park in the 1990s.

Later life
Out of politics, he became chair of the Canadian branch of Habitat for Humanity, and served as Chancellor of St. Jerome's University from 1992. He was hired to examine Ontario's education system in the 1990s, and recommended cutting the number of school boards. In 1999, Sweeney joined with Alan Redway and Marion Dewar to release "Where's Home?", a comprehensive study of housing in Ontario.

He died in 2001, aged 70, from a heart attack, having survived several such attacks in the past. He left his wife, Kay, and their 10 children. There is a John Sweeney Catholic Elementary School in Kitchener, Ontario named after him.

title: John Sweeney (Canadian politician)


text:
Talk:Dilbertian

from VfD:

Finding 671 Google hits for the term, I've added it to the Dilbert article. Even if we accept it as a notable neologism, though, it's dicdef and adequately covered by the mention in Dilbert. Delete. JamesMLane 19:04, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, dicdef Gazpacho 19:06, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Never heard of this as a DNRC member... - RedWordSmith 19:18, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: If the content is now in the Dilbert article, there is no need for its continuance in another form. Geogre 22:18, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Make a Deletian, it's just a standard English formation from Dilbert. We don't need an article on Gilbertian for W. S. Gilbert or Albertian for Prince Albert or Robertian for Robert either. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 00:28, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. --Improv 03:32, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * If the info is in Dilbert, redirect there. — siro  χ  o  08:26, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * A redirect to Dilbert would be harmless. [[User:Livajo|力伟|т]] 16:00, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I think it's common enough in speech to deserve a redirect. -- Jmabel|Talk 22:56, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Dilbert and make sure it's mentioned there.-PlasmaDragon 16:27, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end mvoed discussion

title: Talk:Dilbertian


text:
What's Bred in the Bone

What's Bred in the Bone is the second novel in the Canadian writer Robertson Davies' Cornish Trilogy. It is the life story of Francis or Frank Cornish, whose death and will were the starting point for the first novel, The Rebel Angels.

Plot
After a brief framing scene among characters from The Rebel Angels, the novel turns to a conversation between the Recording Angel and the daimon in charge of Cornish's life. The main part of the book is that life as narrated by the Recording Angel, interspersed with comments in which the daimon explains how he worked to make Cornish a great man.

We follow Cornish's life from his two Canadian grandparents – part of "what's bred in the bone" – through his childhood as a wealthy and precocious misfit in a small Ontario town, his education in Toronto and Oxford, his unusual apprenticeship as a restorer and painter in Nazi Germany, his wartime experiences in England, his postwar work with a group resembling the Monuments Men, and his collecting and patronage of the arts in Toronto. A repeated theme in his mature years is art forgery.

Cornish's daimon believes that people develop through adversity and provides Cornish with plenty, most obviously at the hands of his childhood classmates and his artistic master in Germany, but also in two love affairs and in a friendship with a young man who in some ways is Cornish's apprentice. Another form of adversity is Cornish's situation as a talented artist whose interests and skills are out of fashion.

First published by Macmillan of Canada in 1985, What's Bred in the Bone was on the shortlist for the 1986 Booker Prize.

What's Bred in the Bone is the second novel of the Cornish Trilogy. It was followed by The Lyre of Orpheus. It is also connected to earlier novels; when Cornish is at school in Toronto, one of his teachers is Dunstan Ramsay from the Deptford Trilogy. There are many parallels to be found in W. Somerset Maugham's Of Human Bondage.

title: What's Bred in the Bone


text:
The Needles Batteries

The Needles Batteries are two military batteries built above the Needles stacks to guard the West end of the Solent. The field of fire was from approximately West South West clockwise to Northeast and they were designed to defend against enemy ships.

Old Battery
The Old Battery was constructed between 1861 and 1863. It was equipped with six 7-inch Armstrong rifled breechloading guns. These were replaced by four 7-inch and two 9-inch rifled muzzle loaders in 1872, and six 9-inch rifled muzzle loaders in 1893. The 9 inch guns took a team of 9 men to load and fire. These guns fired projectiles weighing 256 lb. The 9-inch guns remained in place until 1903 when they were discarded by throwing them over the side of the cliff. These were later recovered and two are now on display at the Old Battery.

A deep ditch with a retractable bridge was dug into the chalk to protect the facility from ground attack from the island side. In 1885 a tunnel was dug towards the cliff face from the parade grounds. An elevator down to the beach was completed in 1887. Early searchlight experiments were conducted at the site between 1889 and 1892. The present observation post housing a searchlight was built in 1899. Just to the east of the Old Battery, at Hatherwood Point are the remains of Hatherwood Battery, built to defend the area alongside the Needles Battery. The Old Battery is a Grade II Listed Building.

A tunnel leads to a searchlight emplacement with good views towards the Needles lighthouse.

New Battery
There were subsidence problems and concerns that the concussion from firing the guns was causing the cliffs to crumble. This was solved by building the New Battery higher up the cliff, at a height of 120 metres above sea level. The New Battery was completed in 1895. Three 9.2-inch Mk IX breech-loading guns were installed at the New Battery: two in 1900 and a third in 1903. A crew of 11 was required to fire one of these guns. Each shell weighed 380 lb. The New Battery guns remained in place until 1954, when they were scrapped.

The Old and New Batteries were manned during the World Wars. German U-boats sank two ships off The Needles during World War I. This facility was also the site of early trials of anti-aircraft guns. In World War II, anti-aircraft guns defended the Isle of Wight against air attacks but repeated German air attacks necessitated improvements in the fortifications at the site. Troops trained for the D-Day landing on the neighbouring cliffs. After the war, the Ministry of Defence deactivated the batteries.

In the 1950s, test stands near the battery were used for testing the Blue Streak missile, as well as the Black Knight and Black Arrow satellite launch vehicles. Like the Old Battery, the New Battery has also been listed at Grade II. The surviving parts of the rocket testing facilities are a scheduled monument.

National Trust opening
When the site came into the possession of the National Trust, it was decided to restore the Old Battery so that it could be opened to the general public. The National Trust Youth Group comprising local schoolchildren and teachers assisted in preparing the site for its official opening in 1982. The site is still managed by the National Trust and is open daily from mid-March to the end of October. It gives visitors an insight into how a Victorian battery would work and giving a glimpse into the life of a soldier based at the Battery during the Second World War. Along with a series of exhibition rooms and the tunnel there are a number of visitor facilities including a tearoom. The New Battery was opened to the public in 2004 and has a display on the history of the British rocket development between the 1950s and 1970s.

Publications

 * Anthony Cantwell, "The Needles Battery", Fort, 1985 (Fortress Study Group), (13), pp69–89
 * Anthony Cantwell, "The Needles Battery", Fort, 1985 (Fortress Study Group), (13), pp69–89

title: The Needles Batteries


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Megan clay

Megan clay
Megan clay was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was a consensus to delete the article.

More vanity. I believe Megan has been here before. --jpgordon {gab} 19:05, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * `She has been promised in marriage to...'? I hope she had a say in the matter. In any case, non-notable, vanity, delete. Pnot 20:16, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Really should be a user page MarkS 20:17, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Should have been speedied. Deb 20:58, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. See my plug above: "Early Delete" can't come soon enough. Go vote for it!  — Bill 21:42, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Unless and until something of colourable significance is alleged in this article, I vote to delete; it's not now, just saying she's a college student and is engaged. --Daniel C. Boyer 19:08, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Police city

Police city
Police city was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was a consensus to delete the article.

Neologism -Vina 19:05, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete: Neologism. Geogre 04:53, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Good old Glogger, bless his soul.... func(talk) 03:54, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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User:Wittkowsky

Wilfried Wittkowsky from Germany. On computer since 1989, on Internet since 1994. Fan of movies (especially after novels by German Karl May) and genuine filmmusic (that is music composed for a movie and not one of these so-called "inspired-by" soundtracks and commercial pop-samplers), especially from German composer Martin Boettcher.

 * Contributions to English Wikipedia

 * Persons
 * Martin Boettcher
 * Pierre Brice

 * Fictional characters

 * Captain Flint
 * Hadschi Halef Omar
 * Paul Temple

 * movie related
 * Karl May movies

and many enhancements...

de:Benutzer:Wittkowsky

title: User:Wittkowsky


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Richard Lander

Richard Lemon Lander (8 February 1804 – 6 February 1834) was a British explorer of western Africa. He and his brother John were the first Europeans to follow the course of the River Niger, and discover that it led to the Atlantic.

Biography
Lander was the son of John Lander, a Truro innkeeper and noted wrestler, and was born in the Fighting Cocks Inn (later the Dolphin Inn). Educated at "Old Pascoe's" in Coombs Lane, Truro, until 1817 when, aged 13, he accompanied a merchant to the West Indies, where he suffered an attack of yellow fever in San Domingo. Returning home in 1818, he gained employment as a servant to several wealthy London families with whom he travelled in Europe.

Lander's explorations began as a servant to the Scottish explorer Hugh Clapperton with whom he went in 1823 to the Cape Colony, and then on to an expedition to Western Africa in 1825. Clapperton died on 13 April 1827 near Sokoto, in present-day Nigeria, leaving Lander as the only surviving European member of the expedition. He proceeded southeast to Kano and from there decided to travel south to Funda on the Benue River which led him to becoming the first European to visit the important town of Zangon Katab whose people, the Atyap he described in his notes before returning through the Yoruba region to the coast and thence Britain in July 1828.

Commissioned by the British Government, Lander returned to West Africa in 1830, accompanied by his brother John. They landed at Badagri on 22 March 1830 and followed the lower River Niger from Bussa to the sea. After exploring about 160 kilometres of the River Niger upstream, they returned to explore by canoe the River Benue and Niger Delta. In the delta they were kidnapped by the locals at Aboh, and a large ransom was demanded by the local king Obi Ossai of Aboh kingdom, which was paid. The Lander Brothers were ransomed by Kingboy Amain, the heir to his father King Forday Kulo of Nembe Brass Kingdom, a Kingdom involved deeply in the oil palm trade and slave trade between the hinterland and critical to British interests, in present day Bayelsa State.

Kingboy Amain took them to Nembe and they arrived on Monday, 15 November 1830.

A few days later, on the 17th, Richard was taken to Akassa at the Nun estuary of the Niger River to persuade an English merchant Captain Luke, to repay the ransom along with other gifts paid by Kingboy Amain while John remained in Nembe between 17 and 23 November. John joined his brother Richard at the Nun estuary of the Niger at Akassa and subsequently sailed back to Britain.

The Lander Brothers admitted that the ransom was never paid back yet they were granted safe passage back to a British ship in their Journal despite the displeasure of Kingboy Amain in the Captain not repaying his money. He was instrumental in their safety and return.

Despite this setback, they were successful in determining the great river's course and termination. They travelled back to Britain from Fernando Po via Rio de Janeiro in 1831.

In 1832, Lander returned to Africa for a third and final time, as leader of an expedition organised by Macgregor Laird and other Liverpudlian merchants, with the intention of founding a trading settlement at the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers, using two armed paddle steamers, the Quorra and the Alburkah. However, the expedition encountered difficulties, many personnel died from fever, and it failed to reach Bussa. While journeying upstream in a canoe, Lander was attacked by natives and wounded by a musket ball in his thigh. He managed to return to the coast but, the bullet being too deep to remove, gangrene set in, and he died. He was buried in the Clarence cemetery in Fernando Po. He was survived by his wife and daughter. According to a document in the John Holt papers in the Bodleian library (mss air s 1525 Box 11 folder3 p 8) the musket ball is in the Rotunda museum of artillery at Woolwich (Object Class XXX No 172 presented by Col Nichols RM, at whose house Lander died).

Legacy
In Truro, Lander's Monument by English sculptor Neville Northey Burnard stands at the top of Lemon Street, and Richard Lander School is named in his honour, as is housing estate Trelander which in Cornish means home or town of Lander.The building of the column commenced in 1835. In 1832 he became the first winner of the Royal Geographical Society Founder's Medal, "for important services in determining the course and termination of the Niger".

To mark the 200th anniversary of the birth of Richard Lander and celebrate the Lander brothers' achievements an "Expedition of Goodwill" was sent in November 2004 to retrace their river journey.

Publications

 * 1829:
 * 1832:

title: Richard Lander


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Category:Television executives

This category is to encompass television executives who cannot be classed as producers, directors, or writers.

title: Category:Television executives


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Robert Henderson (writer)

Robert Henderson (born 1947) is an English writer who has caused public controversy with his views on racial issues and his letters to the former British Prime Minister Tony Blair. He lives in Central London.

Henderson spent his early childhood in Cheshire before moving to Hertfordshire, where he was educated at St Albans School, later graduating from Keele University. Before retiring due to ill health, he worked for the Inland Revenue, while also retaining a strong personal interest in cricket.

Cricket
In 1995 he became the subject of attention from the British media after Wisden Cricket Monthly published his essay "Is It In The Blood?", which used language such as "negro" and implied that foreign-born, black and Asian players would be less committed to the team. A legal action taken against Wisden by black England cricketers Devon Malcolm and Phillip DeFreitas was settled out of court.

Tony Blair
Henderson claimed media bias against him together with censorship of his views and wrote a number of letters to his constituency Labour MP, Frank Dobson, and later to Tony Blair (then the opposition leader) and also to Blair's wife Cherie. In March 1997 Blair is said to have contacted the police asking for a means to stop this "pestering"; on 25 March 1997, a story accusing Henderson explicitly of "pestering" the Blairs appeared on the front page of the Daily Mirror. Henderson has frequently claimed that Special Branch and the security services have, on Blair's instructions, interfered with his mail and tapped his telephone.

Sir Richard Body, a Conservative MP, put forward an Early day motion in support of Henderson.

Writings
Henderson has written most frequently in recent years for the political magazine Right Now! and the English nationalist/cultural magazine Steadfast. Right Now, which ceased publication in 2006, could be described as of the Old Right, while Steadfast, which also appears to have ceased publication, had wider political appeal (and was becoming increasingly "green"). He has not written for Wisden since the 1995 controversy. With the demise of his domestic outlets Henderson began submitting his writings to the American white supremacist publication American Renaissance. He also writes an internet blog entitled "England Calling", where he espouses English supremacist viewpoints and gives indications of his close dealings with the BNP.

title: Robert Henderson (writer)


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Albert King

Albert Nelson (April 25, 1923 – December 21, 1992), known by his stage name Albert King, was an American guitarist and singer who is often regarded as one of the greatest and most influential blues guitarists of all time. He is perhaps best known for his popular and influential album Born Under a Bad Sign (1967) and its title track. He, B.B. King, and Freddie King, all unrelated, were known as the "Kings of the Blues". The left-handed Albert King was known for his "deep, dramatic sound that was widely imitated by both blues and rock guitarists".

He was once nicknamed "The Velvet Bulldozer" because of his smooth singing and large size – he stood taller than average, with sources reporting 6 ft or 6 ft, and weighed 250 lb – and also because he drove a bulldozer in one of his day jobs early in his career.

King was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1983. He was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2013. In 2023, he was ranked number 22 on Rolling Stone's 250 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.

Early life
Albert King was born on a cotton plantation in Indianola, Mississippi. During childhood he sang at a church with a family gospel group, in which his father played the guitar. One of 13 children, he grew up picking cotton on plantations near Forrest City, Arkansas, where the family moved when he was eight years old.

King's identity was a longtime source of confusion. He stated in interviews that he was born in Indianola on April 25, 1923 (or 1924), and was a half-brother of B.B. King (whose hometown was Indianola), but documentation suggests otherwise. King stated that whenever he performed at Club Ebony in Indianola, the event was celebrated as a homecoming, and he cited the fact that B.B.'s father was named Albert King. However, when he applied for a Social Security card in 1942, he gave his birthplace as "Aboden" (most likely Aberdeen, Mississippi) and signed his name as Albert Nelson, listing his father as Will Nelson. Musicians also knew him as Albert Nelson in the 1940s and early 1950s.

He started using the name Albert King in 1953 as an attempt to be associated with B.B King; he was billed as "B.B. King's brother". He also used the same nickname as B.B King, "Blues Boy", and he named his guitar "Lucy" (B.B. King's guitar was named "Lucille"). B.B. King later said: "He called his guitar 'Lucy,' and for a while he went around saying he was my brother. That bothered me until I got to know him and realized he was right; he wasn't my brother in blood, but he sure was my brother in the blues."

According to King, his father left the family when Albert was five, and when he was eight he moved with his mother, Mary Blevins, and two sisters to an area near Forrest City, Arkansas. He said his family had also lived in Arcola, Mississippi, for a time. He made his first guitar out of a cigar box, a piece of a bush, and a strand of broom wire. He later bought a real guitar for $1.25. As a left-hander learning guitar on his own, he turned his guitar upside down. He picked cotton, drove a bulldozer, worked in construction, and held other jobs until he was able to support himself as a musician.

Career
King began his professional work as a musician with a group called the Groove Boys in Osceola, Arkansas. During this time he was exposed to the work of many Delta blues artists, including Elmore James and Robert Nighthawk.

In 1953, he moved north to Gary, Indiana where he briefly played drums in Jimmy Reed's band and on several of Reed's early recordings. In Gary, he recorded his first single ("Bad Luck Blues" backed with "Be On Your Merry Way"), for Parrot Records. The record sold a few copies, but made no significant impact and Parrot did not request any follow-up records or sign King to a long-term contract. In 1954, he returned to Osceola and re-joined the Groove Boys for two years.

In 1956, he moved to Brooklyn, Illinois, just across the river from St. Louis, and formed a new band. He became a popular attraction around the St. Louis nightclub scene alongside Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm and Chuck Berry. He signed to Little Milton's Bobbin label in 1959, releasing a few singles, but none of them charted. However, he caught the attention of King Records which released the single "Don't Throw Your Love on Me So Strong" in November 1961. The recording features musician Ike Turner on piano and became King's first hit; peaking at number 14 on the Billboard R&B chart. The song was included on his first album The Big Blues in 1962. King left Bobbin in late 1962 and recorded one session for King Records. In 1963, He signed with jazz artist Leo Gooden's Coun-Tree label and cut two records for them, but these failed to chart.

With no apparent career prospects other than touring the club circuit in the South and Midwest, King moved to Memphis, where he signed with the Stax record label. Produced by Al Jackson Jr., King with Booker T. & the MGs recorded dozens of influential sides, such as "Crosscut Saw" and "As the Years Go Passing By". In 1967, Stax released the album Born Under a Bad Sign, a collection of the singles King recorded at Stax. The title track of that album (written by Booker T. Jones and William Bell) became King's best-known song and has been covered by several artists (including Cream, Paul Rodgers, Homer Simpson, and Jimi Hendrix). The production of the songs was sparse and clean and maintained a traditional blues sound while also sounding fresh and thoroughly contemporary. The key to King's success at Stax was giving his songs an upbeat, slick R&B feel that made the songs more appealing and radio-friendly than the slow, maudlin traditional blues sound. In 1968, King was performing at Ike Turner's Manhattan Club in East St. Louis when promoter Bill Graham offered him $1,600 to play three nights at The Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco. He released the albums Live Wire/Blues Power, Wednesday Night in San Francisco and Thursday Night in San Francisco from the concerts.

In 1969, King performed live with the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra. That same year, he released the album Years Gone By. In 1970, he released an Elvis Presley tribute album, Albert King Does the King's Things. It was a collection of Presley's 1950s hits reworked and re-imagined in King's musical style, although critics felt the results were mixed.

On June 6, 1970, King joined the Doors on stage at the Pacific Coliseum in Vancouver, Canada. Recordings of this performance were released in 2010 by Rhino Records as Live in Vancouver 1970. In 1971, he released the album Lovejoy which notably includes a cover of the Rolling Stones' hit "Honky Tonk Women". To retain his popular appeal, King eagerly embraced the new sound of funk. In 1972, he recorded "I'll Play the Blues for You", which featured accompaniment from the Bar-Kays, the Memphis Horns, and the Movement (Isaac Hayes's backing group). He recorded another album with the Bar-Kays, I Wanna Get Funky (1974). He also made a cameo on an Albert Brooks' comedy album, A Star Is Bought (1975).

In 1975, King's career took a turn downward when Stax Records filed for bankruptcy, after which he moved to the small Utopia label. His next two albums, Albert and Truckload of Lovin' (1976), devolved into generic 1970s pop music. His third album for Utopia, King Albert (1977), while somewhat more subdued, still lacked any standout material, and King's guitar took a backseat to the background instruments. Clara McDaniel teamed up with King at Ned Love's Club. This led to her touring with King in the Deep South in the 1970s. When McDaniel returned home she managed King's fleet of taxicabs. The last recording King made for Utopia was Live Blues in 1977, from his performance at the Montreux Jazz Festival. The track "As the Years Go Passing By" is noteworthy for his duet with the Irish guitarist Rory Gallagher.

In 1978, King moved to a new label, Tomato Records, for which he recorded the album New Orleans Heat. The label paired him with the R&B producer Allen Toussaint, who had been responsible for scores of hits in that genre in the 1960s and 1970s but was a novice at working with blues artists. The album was a mix of new songs (including Toussaint's own "Get Out of My Life, Woman") and re-recordings of old material, such as "Born Under a Bad Sign".

King took a four-year break from recording after the disappointing sales of his albums in the late 1970s. During this period, he re-embraced his roots as a blues artist and abandoned any arrangements except straight 12-bar guitar, bass, drums, and piano. In 1983, he released a live album for Fantasy Records, San Francisco '83, which was nominated for a Grammy Award. The same year he recorded a studio television session, more than an hour long, for CHCH Television in Canada, featuring the up-and-coming blues sensation Stevie Ray Vaughan; it was subsequently released as an audio album and later as an audio album plus DVD titled In Session.

In 1984, King released the album, I'm in a Phone Booth, Baby, which was nominated for a Grammy Award. The album included a redo of "Truckload of Lovin'" and two old songs by Elmore James, "Dust My Broom" and "The Sky Is Crying".

King's health problems led him to consider retirement in the 1980s, but he continued regular tours and appearances at blues festivals, using a customized Greyhound tour bus with "I'll Play The Blues For You" painted on the side. His final album, Red House (named after the Jimi Hendrix song) was released in 1991.

At the time of his death, he was planning a tour with B.B. King and Bobby "Blue" Bland. Bland told the Associated Press, "there was never any type of jealousy when we three worked together on a package. One just pushed the others."

Death
King died of a heart attack on December 21, 1992, in his Memphis home. His final concert had been in Los Angeles two days earlier. He was given a funeral procession with the Memphis Horns playing "When the Saints Go Marching In" and was buried in Paradise Gardens Cemetery in Edmondson, Arkansas, near his childhood home.

King was survived by his wife, Glendle; two daughters, Evelyn Smith and Gloria Randolph; a son, Donald Randolph; a sister, Elvie Wells; eight grandchildren, and ten great-grandchildren.

Instruments

King's first instrument was a diddley bow. Next, he built himself a cigar box guitar, and eventually he bought a Guild acoustic guitar. The instrument he is usually associated with is a 1958 Gibson Flying V. In 1974 he began using a Flying V built by Dan Erlewine, and after 1980 he also played one built by Bradley Prokopow. After 1987, Albert played a custom Archtop Flying V, built by Tom Holmes upon commission from Billy Gibbons, it was given to King for his 65th birthday. Around 2017, this guitar was sold by Gruhn Guitars to an unknown collector.

King was left-handed, but usually played right-handed guitars flipped over upside-down. He used a dropped open tuning, possibly more than one, as reports vary: (C#-G#-B-E-G#-C#) or open E-minor (C-B-E-G-B-E) or open F (C-F-C-F-A-D). Steve Cropper (who played rhythm guitar on many of King's Stax sessions), told Guitar Player magazine that King tuned his guitar to C-B-E-F#-B-E (low to high). The luthier Dan Erlewine said King tuned to C-F-C-F-A-D with light-gauge strings (0.050", 0.038", 0.028", 0.024" wound, 0.012", 0.009"). The lighter-gauge strings, and lower string tension of the dropped tuning, were factors in King's string-bending technique.

For amplification, King used a solid-state Acoustic amplifier, with a speaker cabinet containing two 15-inch speakers and a horn ("which may or may not have been operative"). From the 1980s onwards King was also known to use a Roland JC-120. Later in his career he also used an MXR Phase 90.

Influence
King influenced other guitarists, including Jimi Hendrix, Mick Taylor, Derek Trucks, Duane Allman, Eric Clapton, Warren Haynes, Mike Bloomfield and Joe Walsh (the James Gang guitarist spoke at King's funeral). He also influenced his contemporaries Albert Collins and Otis Rush. He was often cited by Stevie Ray Vaughan as having been his greatest influence. Eric Clapton has said that his work on the 1967 Cream hit "Strange Brew" and throughout the album Disraeli Gears was inspired by King.

Accolades
Over the course of his career, King was nominated for two Grammy awards. In 1983, he was nominated for Best Traditional Blues album for San Francisco  '83 and the next year he was also nominated for I'm In A Phone Booth, Baby.

In 1983, King was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame. He received a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame in 1993. In 2011, King was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in his hometown Indianola. He was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2013.

King was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2013. At the induction ceremony, Gary Clark Jr. performed King's "Oh, Pretty Woman" and was then joined by John Mayer and Booker T. Jones to perform King's "Born Under a Bad Sign".

Studio albums

 * The Big Blues, also known as Travelin' to California (1962)
 * Born Under a Bad Sign (1967)
 * Years Gone By (1969)
 * Blues for Elvis – King Does the King's Things (1970)
 * Lovejoy (1971)
 * I'll Play the Blues for You (1972)
 * I Wanna Get Funky (1974)
 * Albert (1976)
 * Truckload of Lovin' (1976)
 * King Albert (1977)
 * The Pinch, also known as The Blues Don't Change (1977)
 * New Orleans Heat (1978)
 * San Francisco '83, also known as Crosscut Saw: Albert King in San Francisco (1983)
 * I'm in a Phone Booth, Baby (1984)
 * The Lost Session (1971, released 1986)

Videography

 * Maintenance Shop Blues (VHS), PBS (1981)
 * Godfather of the Blues: His Last European Tour (DVD), P-Vine Records (2001)
 * Live in Sweden, Image Entertainment (2004)
 * In Session... Albert King with Stevie Ray Vaughan, Stax, Concord Music Group (2010)

title: Albert King