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List of 7400-series integrated circuits

The following is a list of 7400-series digital logic integrated circuits. In the mid-1960s, the original 7400-series integrated circuits were introduced by Texas Instruments with the prefix "SN" to create the name SN74xx. Due to the popularity of these parts, other manufacturers released pin-to-pin compatible logic devices and kept the 7400 sequence number as an aid to identification of compatible parts. However, other manufacturers use different prefixes and suffixes on their part numbers.

Overview
Some TTL logic parts were made with an extended military-specification temperature range. These parts are prefixed with 54 instead of 74 in the part number.

A short-lived 64 prefix on Texas Instruments parts indicated an industrial temperature range; this prefix had been dropped from the TI literature by 1973. Most recent 7400-series parts are fabricated in CMOS or BiCMOS technology rather than TTL. Surface-mount parts with a single gate (often in a 5-pin or 6-pin package) are prefixed with 741G instead of 74.

Some manufacturers released some 4000-series equivalent CMOS circuits with a 74 prefix, for example, the 74HC4066 was a replacement for the 4066 with slightly different electrical characteristics (different power-supply voltage ratings, higher frequency capabilities, lower "on" resistances in analog switches, etc.). See List of 4000-series integrated circuits. Conversely, the 4000-series has "borrowed" from the 7400 series – such as the CD40193 and CD40161 being pin-for-pin functional replacements for 74C193 and 74C161.

Older TTL parts made by manufacturers such as Signetics, Motorola, Mullard and Siemens may have different numeric prefix and numbering series entirely, such as in the European FJ family FJH101 is an 8-input NAND gate like a 7430.

A few alphabetic characters to designate a specific logic subfamily may immediately follow the 74 or 54 in the part number, e.g., 74LS74 for low-power Schottky. Some CMOS parts such as 74HCT74 for high-speed CMOS with TTL-compatible input thresholds are functionally similar to the TTL part. Not all functions are available in all families. The generic descriptive feature of these alphabetic characters was diluted by various companies participating in the market at its peak and are not always consistent especially with more recent offerings. The National Semiconductor trademarks of the words FAST and FACT are usually cited in the descriptions from other companies when describing their own unique designations.

In a few instances, such as the 7478 and 74107, the same suffix in different families do not have completely equivalent logic functions.

Another extension to the series is the 7416xxx variant, representing mostly the 16-bit-wide counterpart of otherwise 8-bit-wide "base" chips with the same three ending digits. Thus e.g. a "7416373" would be the 16-bit-wide equivalent of a "74373". Some 7416xxx parts, however, do not have a direct counterpart from the standard 74xxx range but deliver new functionality instead, which needs making use of the 7416xxx series' higher pin count. For more details, refer primarily to the Texas Instruments documentation mentioned in the References section.

For CMOS (AC, HC, etc.) subfamilies, read "open drain" for "open collector" in the table below.

There are a few numeric suffixes that have multiple conflicting assignments, such as the 74453.

Logic gates

Since there are numerous 7400-series parts, the following groups related parts to make it easier to pick a useful part number. This section only includes combinational logic gates.

For part numbers in this section, "x" is the 7400-series logic family, such as LS, ALS, HCT, AHCT, HC, AHC, LVC, ...

 * Normal inputs / push–pull outputs
 * {| class="wikitable"

! Configuration !! Buffer !! Inverter
 * Hex 1-input || 74x34 || 74x04
 * }
 * {| class="wikitable"
 * {| class="wikitable"

! Configuration !! AND !! NAND !! OR !! NOR !! XOR !! XNOR
 * Quad 2-input || 74x08 || 74x00 || 74x32 || 74x02 || 74x86 || 74x7266
 * Triple 3-Input || 74x11 || 74x10 || 74x4075 || 74x27 || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a
 * Dual 4-input || 74x21 || 74x20 || 74x4072 || 74x29 || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a
 * Single 8-input || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || 74x30 || 74x4078 || 74x4078 || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a
 * }
 * Dual 4-input || 74x21 || 74x20 || 74x4072 || 74x29 || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a
 * Single 8-input || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || 74x30 || 74x4078 || 74x4078 || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a
 * }
 * }

 * Schmitt-trigger inputs / push–pull outputs
 * {| class="wikitable"

! Configuration !! Buffer !! Inverter
 * Hex 1-input || 74x7014 || 74x14
 * }
 * {| class="wikitable"
 * {| class="wikitable"

! Configuration !! AND !! NAND !! OR !! NOR
 * Quad 2-input || 74x7001 || 74x132 || 74x7032 || 74x7002
 * Dual 4-input || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || 74x13 || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a
 * }
 * Dual 4-input || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || 74x13 || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a
 * }

 * Normal inputs / open-collector outputs
 * {| class="wikitable"

! Configuration !! Buffer !! Inverter
 * Hex 1-input || 74x07 || 74x05
 * }
 * {| class="wikitable"
 * {| class="wikitable"

! Configuration !! AND !! NAND !! OR !! NOR !! XOR !! XNOR
 * Quad 2-input || 74x09 || 74x03 || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || 74x33 || 74x136 || 74x266
 * Triple 3-input || 74x15 || 74x12 || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a
 * Dual 4-input || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || 74x22 || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a
 * }
 * Dual 4-input || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || 74x22 || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a || style="background: grey; text-align: center;" | n/a
 * }
 * }

 * Schmitt-trigger inputs / three-state outputs
 * {| class="wikitable"

! Configuration !! Buffer !Inverter
 * Octal 1-input || 74x241 74x244
 * 74x240
 * }
 * }

 * AND-OR-invert (AOI) logic gates
 * NOTE: in past decades, a number of AND-OR-invert (AOI) parts were available in 7400 TTL families, but currently most are obsolete.

 * SN5450 = dual 2-2 AOI gate, one is expandable (SN54 is military version of SN74)
 * SN74LS51 = 2-2 AOI gate and 3-3 AOI gate
 * SN54LS54 = single 2-3-3-2 AOI gate

Larger footprints
Parts in this section have a pin count of 14 pins or more. The lower part numbers were established in the 1960s and 1970s, then higher part numbers were added incrementally over decades. IC manufacturers continue to make a core subset of this group, but many of these part numbers are considered obsolete and no longer manufactured. Older discontinued parts may be available from a limited number of sellers as new old stock (NOS), though some are much harder to find.

For the following table:
 * Part number column – the "x" is a place holder for the logic subfamily name. For example, 74x00 in "LS" logic family would be "74LS00".
 * Description column – simplified to make it easier to sort, thus isn't identical to datasheet title. The terms Schmitt trigger, open-collector/open-drain, three-state were moved to the input and output columns to make it easier to sort by those features.
 * Input column – a blank cell means a normal input for the logic family type.
 * Output column – a blank cell means a "totem pole" output, also known as a push–pull output, with the ability to drive ten standard inputs of the same logic subfamily (fan-out NO = 10). Outputs with higher output currents are often called drivers or buffers.
 * Pins column – number of pins for the dual in-line package (DIP) version; a number in parentheses (round brackets) indicates that there is no known dual in-line package version of this IC.

Smaller footprints
As board designs have migrated away from large amounts of logic chips, so has the need for many of the same gate in one package. Since about 1996, there has been an ongoing trend towards one / two / three logic gates per chip. Now logic can be placed where it is physically needed on a board, instead of running long signal traces to a full-size logic chip that has many of the same gate.

All chips in the following sections are available 5- to 10-pin surface-mount packages. The right digits, after the 1G/2G/3G, typically has the same functional features as older legacy chips, except for the multifunctional chips and 4-digit chip numbers, which are unique to these newer families. The "x" in the part number is a place holder for the logic family name. For example, 74x1G14 in "LVC" logic family would be "74LVC1G14". The previously stated prefixes of "SN-" and "MC-" are used to denote manufacturers, Texas Instruments and ON Semiconductor respectively.

Some of the manufacturers that make these smaller IC chips are: Diodes Incorporated, Nexperia (NXP Semiconductors), ON Semiconductor (Fairchild Semiconductor), Texas Instruments (National Semiconductor), Toshiba.

The logic families available in small footprints are: AHC, AHCT, AUC, AUP, AXP, HC, HCT, LVC, VHC, NC7S, NC7ST, NC7SU, NC7SV. The LVC family is very popular in small footprints because it supports the most common logic voltages of 1.8 V, 3.3 V, 5 V, its inputs are 5 V tolerant when the device is powered at a lower voltage, and an output drive of 24 mA. Gates that are commonly available across most small footprint families are 00, 02, 04, 08, 14, 32, 86, 125, 126.

One-gate chips
All chips in this section have one gate, noted by the "1G" in the part numbers.

Two-gate chips
All chips in this section have two gates, noted by the "2G" in the part numbers.

Three-gate chips
All chips in this section have three gates, noted by the "3G" in the part numbers.

Voltage translation
All chips in this section have two power-supply pins to translate unidirectional logic signals between two different logic voltages. The logic families that support dual-supply voltage translation are AVC, AVCH, AXC, AXCH, AXP, LVC, where the "H" in AVCH and AXCH means "bus hold" feature.

Chips in the above table support the following voltage ranges on either power supply pin:
 * AXC = 0.65 to 3.6 V. Only available from Texas Instruments.
 * AXP = 0.9 to 5.5 V. Only available from Nexperia.
 * LVC = 1.65 to 5.5 V. Available from Diodes Inc, Nexperia, Texas Instruments.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of 7400-series integrated circuits


text:
Attagis

Attagis  is a genus of seedsnipe, a South American family of small gregarious waders which have adapted to a vegetarian diet.

These birds look superficially like partridges in structure and bill shape. They have short legs and long wings. Their 2-3 eggs are laid in a shallow scrape on the ground.

The genus was erected by the French ornithologists Isidore Saint-Hilaire and René Lesson in 1831 with the rufous-bellied seedsnipe (Attagis gayi) as the type species. The name Attagis is the word used for a game bird in Ancient Greek texts. It probably referred to the black francolin (Francolinus francolinus).

Species
The genus contains two species:

These are the larger of the four seedsnipe species.

title: Attagis


text:
Ronny Rosenthal

Ronny Rosenthal (רוני רוזנטל; born 4 October 1963), nicknamed "Rocket Ronny", is an Israeli former footballer who played as a forward.

After starting his career in his birth city with Maccabi Haifa, Rosenthal went on to play in Belgium with Club Brugge and Standard Liège. He moved to Liverpool in 1990 for a fee of £1.1 million, becoming the first non-UK player to move to an English club for more than £1 million. After four years at Liverpool, Rosenthal finished his career with Tottenham Hotspur and Watford.

Between 1983 and 1997 he made 60 appearances for the Israel national team, scoring 11 goals.

Early and personal life
Rosenthal was born in Haifa, Israel. His father, who was born in Bucharest, Romania and is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, immigrated to Israel later on. His mother, born in Morocco to a Moroccan Jewish family, also immigrated to Israel. His brother Lior Rosenthal is also a former footballer who played for Maccabi Haifa the Israel national team.

Rosenthal married a Belgian, Nancy, who converted to Judaism. Their two sons, Dean Rosenthal—who was Bar Mitzvah in Israel—and Tom Rosenthal, were born in England. Dean is director of a sporting management company; while Tom, formerly on the books of Queens Park Rangers as a midfielder, formerly played for the Dutch team FC Dordrecht, and has been capped by Belgium at the under-18 and U19 levels—where he scored three goals—and has switched to Israel and was named to its U21 national team in 2018 for the Euro 2019 qualifiers against Germany and Norway.

Rosenthal now resides in London, and has worked as a football agent and consultant. His nephew is Israeli international footballer Denny Gropper.

On 11 May 2019, Rosenthal and his family were subjected to a "terrifying ordeal", when masked machetes-holding robbers, raided his home in Cricklewood, England.

Club career
He was left-footed, and began his playing career with Maccabi Haifa in the city in which he was born in his native Israel, winning two Israeli league titles. Rosenthal left his homeland to sign for Belgian side Club Brugge KV in 1988. He scored 15 goals in two seasons, and won the Belgian league title one season.

He then joined English side Liverpool on loan in March 1990, as manager Kenny Dalglish looked to increase his options for the forward positions during Liverpool's league title run-in. He scored seven goals in eight Football League First Division games, including a hat-trick against Charlton Athletic, which helped Liverpool secure their third league title in five seasons. His move to Anfield was then made permanent for a fee of £1 million - double the fee which had been quoted before the loan deal was agreed. At Anfield, he became a cult hero.

During the 1990–91 season, Rosenthal faced continued fierce competition for a place in the first team from Liverpool's established strikers Ian Rush and Peter Beardsley, and then from mid-season signing David Speedie. He played 16 times in the league, and scored five goals as Liverpool finished second in the league. In 1991–92, Rosenthal played 20 times in the league, but it was a frustrating league campaign for both player and club, as the Reds finished sixth in the league and Rosenthal only found the net three times. Liverpool did win the FA Cup that season, but Rosenthal was not selected for the final. Despite the pre-season departure of both Speedie and Beardsley, Rosenthal was now faced with competition for a place from new signing Dean Saunders. 1992–93 was slightly better, as Rosenthal played 27 games in the new Premier League, and scored six goals, but it was another frustrating season for Liverpool, who finished sixth in the league once again and spent most of the season occupying even lower positions. Saunders had been sold to Aston Villa early in the season, while new signing Paul Stewart proved to be a major disappointment. A memorable occasion during that first Premier League season came when Rosenthal hit the crossbar with a shot on an open goal in a league match against Aston Villa.

With the arrival of Nigel Clough in the summer of 1993, and the breakthrough of Robbie Fowler soon after, Rosenthal played just three league games for Liverpool in 1993–94 and was sold to Tottenham Hotspur in January 1994. Rosenthal scored on his debut in February 1994, in a home defeat to Sheffield Wednesday. He became a regular member of the first team at White Hart Lane, playing 15 league games and scoring twice before the season's end. Despite Teddy Sheringham overcoming injury problems, and the close season signing of Jürgen Klinsmann, Rosenthal still managed to appear in 20 Premier League games in 1994–95, though he failed to score. His best form came in the FA Cup, in which he scored five goals in Tottenham's run to the semi-final. This included a hat-trick in a 6–2 fifth round replay win at Southampton. Klinsmann was then sold to Bayern Munich and Spurs signed Chris Armstrong, but Rosenthal still played in all but five of Tottenham's 38 Premier League games in 1995–96, mostly as a substitute, but only scored one goal.

1996–97 brought a similar story for player and club. For the third consecutive season, Spurs fell short of a UEFA Cup place, while Rosenthal was on the scoresheet only once in the league, and this time was restricted to 20 league appearances. In more than three years in North London, Rosenthal had appeared in 88 league games (55 of them starts) but scored just four goals. He then dropped down two divisions to sign for Watford, and played 30 games over the next seasons and scored eight goals as Watford won back-to-back promotions to reach the FA Premier League. He then retired from playing at the age of 35.

International career
Rosenthal was also a regular member of the Israel national team for most of his career. He won his first senior cap in 1983, and by the time his international career drew to a close in 1997, he had been capped 60 times and scored 11 goals.

title: Ronny Rosenthal


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Category:Pokémon images

__NOGALLERY__ This is a category for images of Pokémon.

title: Category:Pokémon images


text:
The Best and the Brightest

The Best and the Brightest (1972) is an account by journalist David Halberstam of the origins of the Vietnam War published by Random House. The focus of the book is on the foreign policy crafted by academics and intellectuals who were in President John F. Kennedy's administration, and the consequences of those policies in Vietnam. The title referred to Kennedy's "whiz kids"—leaders of industry and academia brought into the administration—whom Halberstam characterized as insisting on "brilliant policies that defied common sense" in Vietnam, often against the advice of career U.S. Department of State employees.

Summary
Halberstam's book offers details on how decisions were made in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations that led to the war, focusing on the period from 1960 to 1965 but also covering earlier and later years up until publication.

Factors examined:

 * The Democratic Party was haunted by claims that it had "lost" China to the Communists, and it did not want to be accused of also losing Vietnam. Thus, the decision to intervene in Vietnam militarily was based on political expediency, the need to win a second term, and not on rationality.
 * The McCarthy era had rid the government of experts on Vietnam and surrounding countries.
 * Early studies called for close to one million U.S. troops to defeat the Viet Cong, but it would have been impossible to convince Congress or the U.S. public to deploy so many soldiers.
 * Declaration of war and excessive use of force, including bombing too close to China or too many U.S. troops, might have triggered the invasion of Chinese ground forces or greater Soviet involvement, which might repair the growing Sino-Soviet rift.
 * The American military and generals were not prepared for protracted guerrilla warfare.
 * Some war games implied that a gradual escalation by the United States could be matched by North Vietnam: every year, 200,000 North Vietnamese reached draft age and could be sent down the Ho Chi Minh Trail to replace losses against the U.S.: the U.S. would be "fighting the birthrate".
 * Use of bombing or ground forces would signal the U.S. commitment to defending South Vietnam and subsequently cause U.S. shame if they withdrew.
 * President Johnson believed that too much attention given to the war effort would jeopardize his Great Society domestic programs.
 * The effects of strategic bombing: Most people believed that North Vietnam prized its industrial base so highly it would not risk its destruction by U.S. air power and would negotiate peace after experiencing limited bombing. Others saw that, even during World War II, strategic bombing united the civilian population against the aggressor and did little to hinder industrial output.
 * After placing a few thousand Americans in harm's way, it became politically easier to send hundreds of thousands with the promise that, given sufficient numbers, they could protect themselves and that to abandon Vietnam would mean the earlier investment in money and blood would be lost.

The book shows that the gradual escalation allowed the Johnson Administration to avoid early negative publicity and criticism from Congress and to avoid a direct war against the Chinese, but it also reduced the likelihood of either victory or withdrawal.

Origin of the title
The title may have come from a line by Percy Bysshe Shelley in his work "To Jane: The Invitation" (1822):

"Best and brightest, come away!" Shelley's line may have originated from English bishop and hymn writer Reginald Heber in his 1811 work, "Hymns. Epiphany":

Brightest and best of the sons of the morning, Dawn on our darkness, and lend us thine aid.

A still earlier, and more pertinent, use of the phrase is in the letter of Junius published February 7, 1769, in the Public Advertiser. There Junius uses it mockingly and ironically in reference to King George III's ministers, whose capacities he had disparaged in his first letter the previous month. In response to Sir William Draper's letter defending one of Junius' targets and attacking their anonymous critics, Junius wrote:

"To have supported your assertion, you should have proved that the present ministry are unquestionably the best and brightest characters of the kingdom; and that, if the affections of the colonies have been alienated, if Corsica has been shamefully abandoned, if commerce languishes, if public credit is threatened with a new debt, and your own Manilla ransom most dishonourably given up, it has all been owing to the malice of political writers, who will not suffer the best and brightest characters (meaning still the present ministry) to take a single right step, for the honour or interest of the nation."

In the introduction to the 1992 edition, Halberstam stated that he had used the title earlier in an article for Harper's Magazine, and that Mary McCarthy criticized him in a book review for incorrectly referencing the line in the Shelley poem. Halberstam claimed he had no knowledge of the earlier use of the term in the Heber hymn. Halberstam also observed regarding the "best and the brightest" phrase, that "...hymn or no, it went into the language, although it is often misused, failing to carry the tone or irony that the original intended." In the book's introduction and a 2001 interview, Halberstam claims that the title came from a line in an article he had written about the Kennedy Administration.

Reception
The book was highly acclaimed upon release. Victor Saul Navasky, writing in The New York Times, said it was Halberstam's "most important and impressive book", citing its "compelling and persuasively presented thesis." Liaquat Ahamed called it a "great novel," praising Halberstam's "storyteller's talent for capturing people" and ability to write a "compelling narrative." Steve Mariotti called it his "favorite book."

In 2011, Time named it as one of the 100 best English non-fiction books written since 1923.

Legacy
The New York Times's Marc Tracy reported that Donald Trump's chief strategist Steve Bannon was reading the book in February 2017. Tracy drew a parallel between Robert McNamara's and Bannon's lack of experience in national security.

Online availability

 * Full text available of the condensed Newsweek 1973 edition the Internet Archive. ISBN 9780882250892.
 * Full text available of the Fawcett Publications 1973 edition at the Internet Archive. ISBN 9780394461632.
 * Full text available of the Penguin Books 1983 edition at the Internet Archive. ISBN 9780140069839.

title: The Best and the Brightest


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User talk:Nich148 9

Mayday episodes
Hi! In regards to this edit, many Mayday episodes have multiple English titles, depending on what country the episode is being aired in. WhisperToMe (talk) 02:16, 7 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for letting me know. Would it be advisable to list them all? Nick Heer 02:45, 7 September 2010 (UTC)
 * The first time, list all English titles. After that, I just use the Canadian titles. WhisperToMe (talk) 03:36, 7 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Good call. I thought I used the Canadian title, but I could be wrong. Thanks for letting me know. Nick Heer 20:42, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

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Mr. ZIP

Mr. ZIP, informally "Zippy", is a cartoon character used in the 1960s by the United States Post Office Department, and later by its successor, the United States Postal Service, to encourage the general public to include the ZIP Code in all mailings.

Origins
The USPS has described the origin of Mr. ZIP as follows: "Mr. ZIP was based on an original design by Howard Wilcox, son of a letter carrier and a member of the Cunningham and Walsh advertising agency, for use by a New York bank in a bank-by-mail campaign. Wilcox's design was a child-like sketch of a postman delivering a letter. The figure was used only a few times, then filed away. Later, AT&T acquired the design and made it available to the Post Office Department at no cost. ... Miami-based Post Office Department artist Joe Lawrence retained the face but sharpened the limbs and torso and added a mail bag. The new figure, who Lawrence had dubbed Mr. ZIP, was unveiled at a convention of postmasters in October 1962."

The character's original name had been Mr. P.O. Zone, but was changed to Mr. ZIP along with the new term "ZIP code."

Post Office use
The Post Office had little difficulty in getting mass mailers to use the ZIP Code as it could make its inclusion a condition for receiving preferential mailing rates and soon did. However, there was some resistance by the general public, members of whom would mail items without ZIP Code, almost invariably at the full rate for First Class Mail, which by regulation had to be delivered if at all possible and feasible. This was particularly true of older mailers. Mr. ZIP was the Post Office's answer to this, apparently intended to teach small children to always use the ZIP Code as they got older and also to encourage their parents and grandparents to do so.

Mr. ZIP is a caricature of a mail carrier, wide-eyed and drawn with his letter bag trailing him in such a way as to imply his travelling at extreme speed, and sometimes holding on to his hat with his free hand. His limbs were very thin, almost like those of a stick figure. He was particularly used on posters promoting ZIP Code use.

Mr. ZIP appeared on the selvage (non-postally valid areas) of stamp panes (more commonly called "sheets") for many stamp issues, beginning with the 5 cent Sam Houston stamp issued January 10, 1964, although the 5¢ Battle of the Wilderness stamp of May 5, 1964, is sometimes listed as the "first" because it appears earlier in most stamp catalogs due to its inclusion in a five-issue Civil War series. He also appeared on non-postally-valid labels inside, or on the cover of, stamp booklets. Stamp collectors sometimes collect the corner block of four stamps with the part of the selvage bearing Mr. ZIP; these are called "ZIP blocks". As the Post Office promoted the use of ZIP codes, Mr. ZIP was also displayed in post offices as a 4.5-foot tall plywood figure.

Mr. ZIP was featured prominently alongside the band the Swingin' Six in a televised Post Office-sponsored variety show. The songs included lyrics such as, "Meet the fellow called Mr. ZIP. What he can do for you will make you really flip. So if you have any further postal demands, we're gonna leave you in his hands."

A corresponding character named Mrs. ZIP was used in local parades and a Mrs. ZIP beauty pageant. The National Postal Museum does not have documentation about her origins.

The character was largely phased out by the late 1970s, but the Post Office retained rights to the copyrighted figure. Mr. ZIP appeared in the blank selvage of United States stamps until January 1986.

The Post Office re-introduced Mr. ZIP to stamps in 2013, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the ZIP Code system.

title: Mr. ZIP


text: Template:Five College Consortium

title: Template:Five College Consortium


text:
Miami, Ohio

Miami is the autonym for the Miami people once of Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan.

While there is no longer any place in the U.S. state of Ohio known simply as Miami, the term is a part of the name of several places in Ohio, as follows:

Geographical features

 * Great Miami River, a tributary of the Ohio River
 * Little Miami River, a tributary of the Ohio River

Populated places

 * Miami Villa, Ohio, an unincorporated community in Montgomery County
 * Miamisburg, Ohio, a city in Montgomery County
 * Miamitown, Ohio, an unincorporated community in Hamilton County
 * Miamiville, Ohio, an unincorporated community in Clermont county
 * New Miami, Ohio, a village in Butler County

County and county subdivisions

 * Miami County, Ohio
 * Miami Township, Clermont County, Ohio
 * Miami Township, Greene County, Ohio
 * Miami Township, Hamilton County, Ohio
 * Miami Township, Logan County, Ohio
 * Miami Township, Montgomery County, Ohio

Historical place names

 * Fort Miami (Ohio), a fort built on the Maumee River

Other uses

 * Miami Valley, a term for the Dayton metropolitan area
 * Miami University, in Oxford, Ohio—sometimes referred to as "Miami of Ohio"
 * Miami RedHawks, the intercollegiate sports program of Miami University
 * Miami and Erie Canal, canal in Ohio that used to run from Toledo to Cincinnati

title: Miami, Ohio


text:
Thury, Yonne

Thury is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France, in the natural region of Forterre. Its inhabitants are called Thurycois and Thurycoises.

Name

Thury's is attested as Tauriacus in the high medieval Gesta of the Bishops of Auxerre (see below); Thuraco in 1369 (Pouillé); Thoriaco of the fourteenth century (Pouillé). Tauriacus originally referred to a field or property of one Taurus, possibly Taruos in Gaulish. The Gallo-Roman suffix -acus or -acum is of Gaulish origin and indicates a person's property. This suffix (fr) often evolved into -y in many French place names, in Thury's region and far beyond. An alternative etymology would be from the appellative turra, of pre-Latin and possibly Gaulish origin and the root of many toponyms.

Thury's hamlets (hameaux) include Colangette, Gémigny, Grangette, La Forêt, Le Boichet, Les Grands Moulins, Moulery, and Panny.

Geography and geology
The altitude of the village of Thury is 225m. The higher localities on Thury's territory are: Les Grands Moulins, at 327.5m; La Justice, at 327m; Le Moulin Buteau, at 325m; Le Roichat, at 303.6m; Le Bois de Mont, at 301.2m; and Marchat, at 292m.

Beyond Thury's boundaries, the highest points in the surroundings are at Taingy, 338m; Perreuse, 373m; and the old mill of the Montagne des Alouettes on the territory of Sougères, 366.8m. A local belief that the latter's name is derived from the Roman Legio V Alaudae is no longer held true, and the name appears to stem from the locale's feudal history.

Chalk quarries near the settlement of Bois de Thury were exploited from 1850 to 1940.

History

Prehistoric traces of human presence in Thury, determined by finds of flint remains, go back to the Neanderthals about 40,000 years BCE. Neolithic objects (ca. 6000–3000 BCE in the region) discovered by Mr Creusard, including a polished stone pestle that was used to crush grain, are held in the small museum inside the church's tower. Burgundian palaeographer Maximilien Quantin reported the finding in 1862 of bronze objects (a ring, a hatchet and a key) from the Bronze Age (ca. 3000–1000 BCE) in Thury's hamlet of Gémigny.

Thury before the Hundred Years' War
The Roman road from Auxerre to Entrains-sur-Nohain forms part of the boundary between the respective territories of Sougères-en-Puisaye and Thury.

Local tradition holds that the parish was created in 432 CE by Germanus of Auxerre. At any rate, Thury appears to have been a significant parish of the Auxerrois region during the early Middle Ages: it is cited several times in a manuscript started in the late 9th century, the Gesta episcoporum autissiodorensium, as a station in the respective itineraries of Bishops Aunarius (Saint Aunaire, late 6th century), Tetricius (Saint Tétry, late 7th century), and Gerrannus (Saint Géran, early 10th century).

The land of Thury was part of the battlefield of the Battle of Fontenoy (841). Echoes of the battle survive in toponyms around the village to this day. For example, the name of the nearby hill and wood of Roichat refers to King Charles the Bald (le roi Charles), who had established his temporary base camp there.

After 1000 CE, lordship over the land of Thury alternated between the County of Auxerre, its Bishop (long a territorial lord as well), the Count of Champagne, the Count of Nevers, and occasionally the Duke of Burgundy. There is no trace of a specific lordship of Thury during that period though, and it is not clear how significant the village was if indeed it remained inhabited.

Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Era

In any event, Thury and the surrounding region suffered greatly during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages, including the Hundred Years' War. It was ravaged by roaming armies, especially in 1411 during an episode of the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War and in 1423 in the run-up to the Battle of Cravant. Security did not return until well after the Peace of Arras in 1435. Thury was (re-)populated by newcomers (known as horsains, "foreigners") from other parts of the Kingdom of France. The village castle was built around that time. The church was rebuilt in the late 15th century and completed in 1503, with the portal sculpted in 1521. In 1542, Francis I granted Thury by letters patent the right to hold a weekly market and three fairs a year (and also to erect fortifications around the village), which was reaffirmed by Henry III in 1576 and Louis XIV in 1669.

The region suffered from renewed insecurity during the French Wars of Religion, as it was on the way of the armies of John Casimir of the Palatinate-Simmern in 1576, of Count Fabian of Dohna in 1587, and of François de La Grange d'Arquian in 1617 during the aristocratic uprising against Concino Concini.

The hamlets of Grangette and Colangette, despite being geographically very close to Thury, where under separate jurisdiction as lands of the Abbey of Saint-Germain d'Auxerre and were only reunited with the rest of the village in 1710.

In 1764, a fire ravaged much of Thury, even though the village castle and church were spared.

Lordship of Thury after the Hundred Years' War
Thury appears to have been part of the lordship of Puisaye at the time it was appropriated by Antoine de Chabannes from the disgraced Jacques Coeur in the early 1450s. Upon his death in 1488, Antoine was succeeded as lord of Puisaye by his son Jean de Chabannes (1462–1503), whose coat of arms was sculpted (and is still extant) at the top of the tower of the church of Thury. As Jean had no surviving son, the lordship of Puisaye was inherited by his daughter Antoinette de Chabannes (1498–1529) and went as dowry to the family of Anjou-Mézières in 1515 when she married René d'Anjou (1483-ca. 1521). Their son Nicolas d'Anjou (1518-ca. 1569) sold Thury to Gaspard de Champs (?–1536), lord of nearby Pesselières, thus separating it from the other lands of Puisaye.

After that, Thury was mostly transmitted through the female line, as was often the case in the early modern period. It thus went to:
 * Marie de Champs (ca. 1528-?), daughter of Gaspard and Françoise de Corquilleroy, and Guillaume de Grossouvre (?–1584), married in 1537;
 * Marie de Grossouvre, daughter of Guillaume and Marie, and Jean de Meung la Ferté, married in 1583;
 * Madeleine de Meung la Ferté, daughter of Jean and Marie, and Pierre de Loynes, married around 1602;
 * Anne de Loynes (1603–1687), daughter of Pierre and Madeleine, and Jean de Richoufftz (1599–1655), a scion of the House of Richoufftz de Manin, married in 1631.

The lordship of Thury fragmented in the mid-17th century and was eventually acquired in 1667–1668 by Louis du Deffand (1624–?), a high-ranking military officer, Marquess of Lalande and lord of Sementron, Fontenoy, Saints, Lain, and other locales. (Le Deffand is a hamlet of Saints.) His son Jean-Baptiste du Deffand (1648–1728) completed the territorial consolidation in 1710 with the acquisition of Grangette, Colangette and Banny. Of his five children, one (Jean-Baptiste Jacques) was the husband of Madame du Deffand; another, Jeanne Antoinette Louise, in 1716 married Joseph François de Castellane de Lauris des Gérards de Vassadel who thus acquired the lordship of Thury. Their son Louis Joseph Marie André Gabriel de Castellane, born in 1738, was the last lord of Thury.

Since 1800
As part of the Waterloo campaign, Thury was occupied by Austrian Hussars from 29 July to 5 August 1815, and then briefly by the Bavarian Army.

In 1840, the municipal council under mayor Edme Rouger decided to relocate the cemetery from the village square to its current location in the outskirts. The new cemetery enclosure was completed in 1844. The town hall was built between 1844 and 1861.

There was unrest in Thury following the 1851 French coup d'état, as in neighboring places in Nivernais and Puisaye. The leaders of the uprising against the coup were pardoned in 1852.

World War I took a heavy toll like in most French villages. 38 local casualties are listed on Thury's war monument.

Electrification was conducted in the 1920s, and running water was installed in the late 1930s with the construction of four reservoirs around Thury.

Thury was again occupied by German invaders in June 1940 during World War II. Because it had been equipped with running water ahead of the surrounding villages, a German company camped there, in the park of the Angilbert property. The Kommandantur was established in the former post office. An Avro Lancaster Allied bomber on its way to targets in Germany was downed by a Focke-Wulf fighter aircraft above Taingy in the night of 25–26 July 1944, leaving no survivors. Another British plane was downed above the hamlet of Colangette.

The main organised resistance in Thury's surroundings was the Maquis 3, which started in March–April 1944 in a wood north of Saint-Sauveur. This maquis then had to move east and was established near Thury on the Montagne des Alouettes in late July 1944. About 250-strong, the group had weapons parachuted by Allied planes. The village was liberated in August 1944.

Sewage was completed between 1959 and 1962.

Thury had a resident doctor during most of the 19th and 20th centuries. The last village doctor retired in 2011.

Local government

The municipality of Thury was created in 1793. It has always been part of the département of Yonne. Initially it was the seat (chef-lieu) of its own canton, part of the arrondissement of Saint-Fargeau. In 1801, Thury became part of the canton of Saint-Sauveur-en-Puisaye and the arrondissement of Auxerre. Following a remodeling of the cantons, Thury has been part of the Canton of Vincelles since 2015.

Thury was part of the Pays de Puisaye-Forterre, created as one of the new pays under the Loi du 4 février 1995 d'orientation pour l'aménagement et le développement du territoire. This pays was dissolved on 31 December 2016 and replaced on 1 January 2017 by the Communauté de communes de Puisaye-Forterre, with seat in Saint-Fargeau.

List of mayors of Thury

 * ca.1793–1800: Joseph Jean Baptiste Desleau
 * 1800–1807: Louis Fron (1752–1813)
 * 1808–1814: Lazare Guillier (1765–1848)
 * 1815–1848: Edme-Alexandre Rouger (1782–1848)
 * 1848–1872: Jean-Baptiste-Alexandre Pascault (1800–1872)
 * 1872–1894: Laurent Eugène Gonneau (1823–1895)
 * 1894–1913: Casimir Félix Angilbert (1846–1931)
 * 1913–1919: Jules Boutron (1851–?)
 * 1919–1925: René Delestre (1864–1931)
 * 1925–1947: Gustave Boisseau (1868–1954)
 * 1947–1983: Robert Barba (1913–2003)
 * 1983–1989: Jack Allard (?–2018)
 * 1989–2014: André Grossier (born 1947)
 * since 2014: Claude Conte (born 1951)

Economy

The local economy is predominantly agricultural. Thury also has several shops and services (grocery, bakery, hairdresser, pharmacy, post office) and several companies established on its territory (electricity, roofing, sanitation, masonry, earthwork & public Works, maintenance of green spaces, industrial computing, pet grooming) as well as guest houses in the village and its hamlets of Grangette and Moulery. Thury retains a primary school.

Church of Saint-Julien
Thury's church is dedicated to Julian of Brioude and was built around 1500, possibly the third or fourth on this location. It was designated a Monument historique by order (décret) of 4 August 1970. It is representative of the late Gothic architecture of the region.

The original contract for the sculpture of the front portal is preserved in the Departmental Archives of Yonne in Auxerre. It was signed on 9 July 1521 between mason Antoine Cas and "ymageur" (sculptor) François Faulconnier at Auxerre. The wooden doors are from the 17th century and were restored in 1751. Three statues of St Peter, St Paul and Jesus Christ, by Parisian sculptor Jean-Georges Poutriquet, were added in 1975.

The relics of Saint Caradoc, known locally as Caradeuc or Caradeu, are attested since the early 17th century. They were locally believed to have been preserved in 1587 by inhabitants of Thury from the sacking of the church of Donzy, where they had been held since 1180; however, the veracity of this tradition has been questioned. Relics of the church patron Julian of Brioude were donated from Auxerre and Brioude in 1896.

The church's stained glass windows were created in the second half of the 19th century, some by Auguste Charlemagne of Toulouse in 1870 and others in the 1880s.

A small museum was opened in 2005 inside the church's tower. A major renovation of the church's tile roofing was conducted in 2015–2016.

The nearby clergy house (presbytère) was rebuilt several times, last in 1843.

Village castle
The village castle, or fortified mansion, was built around the mid-15th century as Thury was starting to recover from the Hundred Years' War. It remained the abode of the local lords of Thury until the 18th century, when absentee lords transformed it into a hostel. Jacques-Marie de Caritat de Condorcet, Bishop of Auxerre, stayed there in 1760 to signal his displeasure with the local priest, who was a Jansenist. In 1768 Louis Joseph Marie André Gabriel de Castellane, the last lord of Thury, took residence there again, but in 1786 moved permanently to his Parisian Hôtel particulier on Rue Portefoin. The property was sold in 1800 to the former lord of nearby Lainsecq. In 1849, the local Briot family purchased it from the family of former mayor Edme Rouger, and still owns and occupies it.

A separate property, on the road towards Saint-Sauveur, is also known locally as the Château de Thury. It was built in the late 19th century by Thury-born businessman Casimir Félix Angilbert, who was the village's mayor from 1893 to 1913. Angilbert also sponsored the creation in 1900 of a mall of chestnut trees (Allée des marronniers) on the other side of the road, leading to the house of his cousin Alix.

World War I Monument

The World War I monument stands in the middle of the village square. It was inaugurated in 1925 after six years of preparations. The statue of a resolute poilu is a cast of Charles-Henri Pourquet's sculpture, La Résistance, manufactured by the Foundry of Val d'Osne and also adopted by hundreds of other French villages for the same purpose.

Old lavoir
The village lavoir, on the road towards Saint-Sauveur, was built in the early 19th century and is well preserved.

Local activities

 * Every day of the summer of 2009 except Monday, opening the church access to and Lapidary Museum panorama tower 15 h 00-18 h 00.
 * Grain Fair in February, nearest 25.
 * Academy of Chamber Music of Thury: 1–13 August. Several concerts in the churches of the canton, with the closing concert 13 August in the church of Thury.
 * Feast of Saint Julien, the third Sunday in August.
 * Heritage Days, historical and architectural tour of the village (2 hours) and open multiple sites (press, forge, mayor, cadastre of 1825, church and bell tower, etc.)..
 * The Seniors Club, named Printemps malgré tout, participates in various events within the municipality and organizes cultural trips for its members.
 * Library with over 4000 volumes, contributes to the promotion of culture. Custodian of the county library, it provides access to over 150,000 books.
 * Le P'tit Thurycois, the village's local journal, has been published on a quarterly basis from spring 1983.

title: Thury, Yonne


text:
Imperial Fascist League

The Imperial Fascist League (IFL) was a British fascist political movement founded by Arnold Leese in 1929 after he broke away from the British Fascists. It included a blackshirted paramilitary arm called the Fascists Legion, modelled after the Italian Fascists. The group espoused antisemitism and the dominance of the 'Aryan race' in a 'Racial Fascist Corporate State', especially after Leese met Nazi Party propagandist Julius Streicher, the virulently racist publisher of Der Stürmer; the group later indirectly received funding from the Nazis. Although it had only between 150 and 500 members at maximum, its public profile was higher than its membership numbers would indicate.

After the IFL turned down a merger with the British Union of Fascists in 1932, due to policy differences, the BUF mounted a campaign against the IFL, physically breaking up its meetings and fabricating phony plans that showed the IFL planning to attack the BUF's headquarters, which were passed on to the British government.

The Imperial Fascist League went into a steep decline upon the outbreak of World War II, after Leese declared his allegiance to "King and country", to the displeasure of pro-German members. Nevertheless, Leese was interned under wartime security regulations, and the IFL was not reformed after the war.

Origins
Leese had originally been a member of the British Fascists and indeed had been one of only two members ever to hold elected office for them (as a councillor in Stamford). However, he split from the BF around 1927 and decamped to London, where in 1929, he established both the IFL and its organ The Fascist. The Fascists Legions, a blackshirted paramilitary arm, was soon added under the command of Leslie H. Sherrard. The group initially advocated such policies as corporatism, monetary reform and the removal of citizenship from Jews. It had no more than 500 members and may have had as few as 150. The group was initially led by Brigadier-General Erskine Tulloch although real power lay with Leese, who was confirmed as Director-General in 1932. Henry Hamilton Beamish, the head of The Britons, served as vice-president of the IFL and was a regular speaker at the movement's events.

Nazism
The IFL soon shifted away from Italian fascism (it originally used the fasces as its emblem) after Leese had met the Nazi Party propagandist Julius Streicher in Germany. Soon, anti-Semitism became the central theme of IFL policy and its new programme, the 'Racial Fascist Corporate State', stressed the supremacy of the 'Aryan race'. The IFL altered its flag so that it featured the Union Flag superimposed with the swastika. As a result of that conversion, the IFL enjoyed a higher profile than its membership might suggest, in large part due to the funding that it received from Nazi Germany paid through the English correspondent for the Völkischer Beobachter, Dr. Hans Wilhelm Thost. Indeed, by the mid-1930s the IFL had turned against the Italian model so much that it denounced Benito Mussolini as a "pro-Semite" and claimed that the Second Italo-Ethiopian War had been organised by Jews.

Arrival of the BUF
In 1932, Robert Forgan approached the IFL and suggested that it should merge into Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists, but the offer was declined. Leese rejected any overtures from Mosley because of the latter's initial reluctance to make anti-Semitism a central theme, leading to Leese dismissing Mosley as a "kosher fascist". He even dubbed the BUF the "British Jewnion of Fascists" over the issue. One of their biggest differences was that the IFL held a biological view of anti-Semitism, the belief that Jews were inherently inferior as a race, in contrast to the BUF, whose eventual adoption of anti-Semitism was framed in ideas about the Jews' supposed undue influence at the top echelons of society.

By 1933, the BUF decided to act against the renegade IFL, with Blackshirts attacking a number of meetings. The campaign culminated in an incident in Great Portland Street in which 50 Blackshirts disguised as communists invaded the stage to attack Leese before they caused considerable damage to the hall in an attempt to force a large repair bill onto the IFL. The BUF even passed fabricated evidence of an IFL plot to attack its headquarters to the Home Office. By 1939, with the IFL's influence diminished, the rivalry had cooled to the point that the BUF bookshop in Canterbury was prepared to stock IFL pamphlets.

Although rejecting a merger with the BUF, the IFL was linked to the Nordic League through Commander E. H. Cole, a staunch advocate of the Russian Czarist hoax The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, who served as chancellor of the League as well as being a leading IFL member. Before long, both Leese and P. J. Ridout also became members of the group, membership of which encompassed most shades of far-right activity.

Decline
The outbreak of the Second World War caused the small group to fall apart, as Leese declared loyalty to King and country and renamed the group the Angles Circle but that stance was rejected by some pro-German members such as Tony Gittens, Harold Lockwood and Bertie Mills. The matter proved to be academic, however, as in 1940, Leese was interned under Defence Regulation 18B. In 1946, Leese and six others were arrested for aiding two escaped Dutch prisoners of war who had been members of the Waffen-SS and were planning to flee to Argentina. One of those arrested, Anthony William Gittens, was also a former IFL member, and would join the National Front in the 1960s. All seven men were convicted and each sentenced to one year in prison for their roles in the attempted escape. Leese was released from prison in November 1947. Although Leese continued to be politically active after the war, the IFL was not reformed. His formation of the National Workers Movement in 1948 meant the end for the IFL.

title: Imperial Fascist League


text:
Temple Records (1978 UK label)

Temple Records is a record label founded in 1978 by Robin Morton, previously a member of The Boys of the Lough.

It is located in Temple, Midlothian. Although Morton is from Ulster, the label is devoted almost purely to acoustic Scottish traditional music.

Morton worked as a producer for Topic Records. This label was not interested in recording the clarsach player Alison Kinnaird, as they did not think the record would sell. He formed Temple Records to release her first LP, The Harp Key (1978), which became a best selling traditional music record. Morton later married Kinnaird.

One of the earliest signings was The Battlefield Band, who rapidly rose to international fame. Morton became their manager in 1980. All their albums are on the Temple label. The success of the Battlefield Band in America prompted Morton to set up Temple US Records in the mid-1980s. As well as recordings by current folk artists, the label has released historic recordings by James Scott Skinner.

The Scottish Gaelic "supergroup" Mac-Talla, formed in 1992 at Morton's suggestion, was composed wholly of the label's artists.

title: Temple Records (1978 UK label)


text:
Talk:List of U.S. beverage companies

Name?
This page is poorly named since companies list in at least 2 other categories than 2080 are beverage companies. Furthermore it excludes any non US beverage companies by using the US classification scheme. Bob Palin 16:48, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reference?
Does anyone have a reference to an authoritative list to add to this page? It looks out of date to me. --ScottDavis 15:19, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Why does "List of beverage companies" redirect here???"
US-centric much???????? --Joveblue 04:14, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

 * That was an earlier name of the article. When pages are moved, a redirect is automatically created from the old name. I have deleted the misleading redirect, moved this page to have two dots in "U.S.", and fixed the links. --Scott Davis Talk 12:30, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of U.S. beverage companies