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User talk:Semolina Pilchard

 SEMOLINA PILCHARD'S TALK PAGE    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Manifesto
I'm on a life mission to help the world spin more efficiently.

Guiding Lights
≥ Accuracy  ≤ ≥ Precision  ≤ ≥ Accessibility  ≤ ≥ Good grammar, for God's sake  ≤

 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +  Complaints, Compliments and Arguments Are Welcome

Welcome
Hi, welcome, glad you got a login id. Have fun at Wikipedia. RickK 20:20, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)

compliments
compliments on your choice of user names. cheers, Kingturtle 05:07, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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File permission problem with File:Movement 2003.jpg
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Copyright problem removed
Prior content in your userpage duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/aug/01/thebeatles.freedomofinformation. Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. GentlemanGhost (talk) 19:56, 20 January 2011 (UTC)
 * (Content was placed there by User:Jameschilvers1. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 20:20, 20 January 2011 (UTC))

Um... "Semolina may also refer to seedless and usually high quality marijuana."
Did you perhaps mean sin semilla? See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation#Flowering_phase

title: User talk:Semolina Pilchard


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Sukiyaki (song)

"Ue o Muite Arukō" (上を向いて歩こう), alternatively titled "Sukiyaki", is a song by Japanese crooner Kyu Sakamoto, first released in Japan in 1961. The song topped the charts in a number of countries, including the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1963. The song grew to become one of the world's best-selling singles of all time, selling over 13 million copies worldwide.

Composition
"Ue o Muite Arukō" was written by lyricist Rokusuke Ei and composer Hachidai Nakamura. The lyrics tell the story of a man who looks up and whistles while he is walking so that his tears will not fall, with the verses describing his memories and feelings. Ei wrote the lyrics while walking home from participating in the 1960 Anpo protests against the U.S.–Japan Security Treaty, expressing his frustration and dejection at the failed efforts to stop the treaty. However, the lyrics were purposefully generic so that they might refer to any lost love.

The English-language lyrics of the version recorded by A Taste of Honey are not a translation of the original Japanese lyrics, but instead a completely different set of lyrics arranged to the same basic melody.

Cultural significance
The song spent three weeks at the top of the American Billboard charts in June 1963. It has been described as a metaphor for the emerging post-World War II global expansion of Japan onto the world scene.

English title
In Anglophone countries, the song is best known under the alternative title "Sukiyaki", the name of a Japanese hot-pot dish with cooked beef. The word sukiyaki does not appear in the song's lyrics, nor does it have any connection to them; it was used only because it was short, catchy, recognizably Japanese, and more familiar to English speakers. A Newsweek columnist compared this re-titling to issuing "Moon River" in Japan under the title "Beef Stew".

Well-known English-language cover versions with altogether different lyrics often go by the alternative name or something completely different, including "My First Lonely Night" by Jewel Akens in 1966, and "Sukiyaki" by A Taste of Honey in 1980 (see below). The song has also been recorded in other languages.

Commercial performance
In Japan, "Ue o Muite Arukō" topped the Popular Music Selling Record chart in the Japanese magazine Music Life for three months, and was ranked as the number one song of 1961 in Japan.

In the US, "Sukiyaki" topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1963, one of the few non-English songs to have done so, and the first in a non-European language. It was the only single by an Asian artist to top the Hot 100 until the 2020 release of "Dynamite" by the South Korean band BTS. "Sukiyaki" also peaked at number eighteen on the Billboard R&B chart, and spent five weeks at number one on the Middle of the Road chart.

Sakamoto's follow-up to "Sukiyaki", "China Nights (Shina no Yoru)", charted in 1963 at number 58. That was the last song by an artist from Japan to reach the US pop chart for 16 years, until the female duo Pink Lady had a top-40 hit in 1979 with its English-language song "Kiss in the Dark".

Internationally, the song is one of the best-selling singles of all time, having sold over 13 million copies worldwide.

Legacy
An instrumental version of the song was played by NASA over the radio for the Gemini VII astronauts as mood music, thereby becoming one of the first pieces of music sent to humans in space.

On 16 March 1999, Japan Post issued a stamp that commemorated the song. The stamp is listed in the Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue as Japan number 2666 with a face value of 50 yen.

In the wake of 11 March, 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the Suntory beverage company released several commercials that included this song (as well as "Miagete goran yoru no hoshi o"), with 71 actors and singers singing parts of the song, followed by the title caption "ue wo muite arukou", roughly translated as "let's walk with our heads up", as a way to motivate Japanese people to "keep moving forward towards tomorrow", giving a message of hope. This song was also heard in the Studio Ghibli film From Up on Poppy Hill of the same year.

On 15 October 2020, Google honored the song and singer Kyu Sakamoto with a Google Doodle on the 59th anniversary of his first album.

In the summer of 2021, the song was performed in remix during the closing ceremony of the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo (which had been postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic).

Background
A Taste of Honey vocalist Janice-Marie Johnson would recall how at age nine she had heard Kyu Sakamoto's "Sukiyaki" on the radio in the summer of 1963 and said: "Mom! Buy me this record!", as despite not understanding the lyrics she was deeply moved by the song. Constantly playing the single, Johnson phonetically learned its lyrics and taught them to her sister, with the pair participating in neighborhood talent shows singing "Sukiyaki" while performing their approximation of an Oriental dance number. Years later, after A Taste of Honey had scored their 1978 number-one hit "Boogie Oogie Oogie", Johnson heard the Linda Ronstadt hit remake of Smokey Robinson and the Miracles' "Ooo Baby Baby" on her car radio causing Johnson to realize that remaking a 1960s hit could be a good career move for A Taste of Honey, with Johnson's obvious choice for the remake being her beloved "Sukiyaki". Johnson contacted the song's Japanese lyricist Rokusuke Ei who provided her with a literal translation of what he had written. As this translation did not yield complete sentences in English, Johnson endeavored to write a new set of lyrics she felt would capture the spirit of the song. To Johnson, it seemed the song's original lyrics had 3 possible interpretations: as the mindset of a man facing execution; as someone trying to be optimistic despite life's trials; or as the story of an ended love affair. Johnson decided: "me being the hopeless romantic that I am, I decided to write about a love gone bad."

According to Johnson, when Cecil Hale, vice-president of Capitol Records, heard her sing the lyrics she had written for "Sukiyaki" in the slow balladic style she envisioned for the track, "he said, 'absolutely not! Black people don't want to hear Japanese music.' I was stunned [having been] so sure he would like it. I looked at him and I said 'Last time I looked in a mirror I was black and I want to hear it. Producer George Duke, who was assigned to produce the upcoming A Taste of Honey album Twice as Sweet, shared Hale's lack of enthusiasm. Duke recalled: Man, what am I going to do with "Sukiyaki"?' I thought [Johnson] was crazy, but I said 'If that's what she wants to do, I'll do it. Johnson would recall Duke, "thought we could do a kind of uptempo version [but] I [saw] it as a love ballad, which is how it was done. [Duke] did a fantastic arrangement." Duke replied, "we did the song and had Clare Fischer do the string arrangement and brought June [Kuramoto] in to give it a Japanese flavor" – Kuramoto being a koto player whom Duke knew from the jazz band Hiroshima – "We added an R&B section, and that was it. It was a simple tune I never thought would become a hit. To this day, I can't believe it was as big a record as it was."

Cecil Hale remained resistant to the track: as late as the master for Twice as Sweet being placed on the disc cutter "Sukiyaki" was omitted, the track only being added to Twice as Sweet before the album's August 1980 release after some eleventh hour negotiations between Johnson and Capitol Records, most essentially that Johnson be disallowed credit or royalties for her new lyrics (Capitol Records held the copyright of the Kyu Sakamoto original). After the album's uptempo advance single "Rescue Me" fell short of the R&B chart Top Ten and failed to cross over to the Billboard Hot 100, Johnson urged for "Sukiyaki" to be the next single only for Capitol to issue another uptempo track: "I'm Talkin' 'Bout You", which would stall at number 64 on the R&B chart. Capitol did finally afford single release to "Sukiyaki" in January 1981, the track being both serviced to radio and shipped to retail the first week of the year and being re-serviced to radio two weeks later in a promotional package that included a folding fan: in February 1981 – as "Sukiyaki" moved up the R&B chart Top 40 and began charting on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 – Capitol reinforced the single's radio profile by sending out 6,000 custom-cut fan-shaped promo copies of "Sukiyaki" to pop- and R&B-oriented radio stations. The "Sukiyaki" single was packaged in a picture sleeve showing Johnson and her A Taste of Honey partner, Hazel Payne, wearing kimono, and the duo were similarly dressed in their television performances to promote the single. These performances featured a traditional Japanese fan dance by Johnson, while Payne (who was not featured on the recording of "Sukiyaki") played (or in mimed performances appeared to play) June Kuramoto's koto part. A number-one hit on both the R&B and A/C chart, "Sukiyaki" crossed over to number three on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1981.

Charts
Weekly charts

Year-end charts

4 P.M. version
American R&B group 4 P.M. released a version of "Sukiyaki" in 1994 as their debut single. This version reached number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100. The group remade the song—utilizing the English-language lyrics of the A Taste of Honey version—at the suggestion of Next Plateau Records president Eddie O'Loughlin. The 4 P.M. version was also a top-10 hit in Australia, New Zealand, and Canada, where it topped The Record's sales chart.

Charts
Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

G. H. Hat versions
G. H. Hat released 4 original versions of Sukiyaki and 8 remixed versions of these original tracks in April and July 2018, including remixes by Ralphi Rosario and Dinaire+Bissen. All versions are in the Dance Genre and charted on Billboard's Dance Club Songs Top 50 for 10 weeks with a peak position of number 19. The April versions featured US Singer Alina Renae and used the English Language lyrics written by Janice Marie Johnson. The July versions featured Japanese Super Star Eriko Tamura and used the original Japanese lyrics.

Other versions
In 1963, the British record label Pye Records released an instrumental cover version of the song by Kenny Ball and his Jazzmen. They were concerned that English-speaking audiences might find the original title too difficult to remember/pronounce, so they gave it the new title of "Sukiyaki". This title was retained when Capitol Records in the United States, and His Master's Voice (HMV) in the UK, released Kyu Sakamoto's original version a few months later.

Electronic artist Soichi Terada sampled the 4 P.M. cover of the song for the track "Sukiyaki Dohyo Chanko" on his 1996 album Sumo Jungle Grandeur.

Many other artists have recorded cover versions of the song, while others have written and/or performed songs based on the melody.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sukiyaki (song)


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Seven Seas

"The Seven Seas" is a figurative term for all the seas of the known world. The phrase is used in reference to sailors and pirates in the arts and popular culture and can be associated with the Mediterranean Sea, the Arabian Seven Seas east of Africa and India (as told with Sinbad's seven journeys, and Captain Kidd), or is sometimes applied to the Caribbean Sea and seas around the Americas (with pirates such as Blackbeard).

The terminology of a "seven seas" with varying definitions was part of the vernacular of several people (as in the prior mentioned seas of Arabic literature), long before the oceans of the world became known (to those peoples). The term can now also be taken to refer to these seven oceanic bodies of water:

 * the Arctic Ocean
 * the North Atlantic Ocean
 * the South Atlantic Ocean
 * the Indian Ocean
 * the North Pacific Ocean
 * the South Pacific Ocean
 * the Southern (or Antarctic) Ocean

The World Ocean is also known as just "the sea", the expanse emanating from any marginal sea. The International Hydrographic Organization lists over 23 distinct bodies of water called seas.

Arabs
The Arabs and their near neighbours considered the Seven Seas (البحار السبعة) to be the seas that they encountered in their voyages to The East. They were trading routes in ancient times and since the time of Muhammad, they are the places where Islam spread and is widely practised.

In the 9th century AD, author Ya'qubi wrote:

Whoever wants to go to China must cross seven seas, each one with its own color and wind and fish and breeze, completely unlike the sea that lies beside it. The first of them is the Sea of Fars, which men sail setting out from Siraf. It ends at Ra’s al-Jumha; it is a strait where pearls are fished. The second sea begins at Ra’s al-Jumha and is called Larwi. It is a big sea, and in it is the Island of Waqwaq and others that belong to the Zanj. These islands have kings. One can only sail this sea by the stars. It contains huge fish, and in it are many wonders and things that pass description. The third sea is called Harkand, and in it lies the Island of Sarandib, in which are precious stones and rubies. Here are islands with kings, but there is one king over them. In the islands of this sea grow bamboo and rattan. The fourth sea is called Kalah and is shallow and filled with huge serpents. Sometimes they ride the wind and smash ships. Here are islands where the camphor tree grows. The fifth sea is called Salahit and is very large and filled with wonders. The sixth sea is called Kardanj; it is very rainy. The seventh sea is called the sea of Sanji, also known as Kanjli. It is the sea of China; one is driven by the south wind until one reaches a freshwater bay, along which are fortified places and cities, until one reaches Khanfu.

This passage demonstrates the Seven Seas as referenced in Medieval Arabian literature:

 * The Persian Gulf ("Sea of Fars")
 * The Arabian Sea ("Sea of Larwi")
 * The Bay of Bengal ("Sea of Harkand")
 * The Strait of Malacca ("Sea of Kalah")
 * The Singapore Strait ("Sea of Salahit")
 * The Gulf of Thailand ("Sea of Kadranj")
 * The South China Sea ("Sea of Sanji")

Arab seafarers may have also considered other important seas nearby which they navigated regularly, including the Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Adriatic Sea.

East Indies
In British Colonial times the Clipper Ship Tea Route from China to England was the longest trade route in the world. It took sailors through seven seas near the Dutch East Indies: the Banda Sea, the Celebes Sea, the Flores Sea, the Java Sea, the South China Sea, the Sulu Sea, and the Timor Sea. The Seven Seas referred to those seas, and if someone had sailed the Seven Seas it meant he had sailed to, and returned from, the other side of the world.

Greeks
The term in modern usage originated from Greece, where the seven seas were considered as:

 * The Adriatic Sea
 * The Arabian Sea
 * The Black Sea
 * The Caspian Sea
 * The Mediterranean Sea
 * The Persian Sea
 * The Red Sea

Romans
The meaning of septem maria (Latin) in Ancient Rome is different than the phrase "seven seas" in the modern era. The navigable network in the mouths of the Po river discharges into saltmarshes on the Adriatic shore and was colloquially called the "Seven Seas" in ancient Roman times. Pliny the Elder, a Roman author and fleet commander, wrote about these lagoons, separated from the open sea by sandbanks:

All those rivers and trenches were first made by the Etruscans, thus discharging the flow of the river across the marshes of the Atriani called the Seven Seas, with the famous harbor of the Etruscan town of Atria which formerly gave the name of Atriatic to the sea now called the Adriatic.

A history of Venice states:

The expression "to sail the seven seas" was a classical flourish signifying nautical skill. It was applied to the Venetians long before they sailed the oceans.

Persians
The Persians used the term "the Seven Seas" to refer to the streams forming the Oxus River.

Talmudists
The Babylonian Talmud mentions seven seas and four rivers that surround the land of Israel. In Tractate ''Bava Batra, fol. 74b'', it reads:

When R. Dimi came he said R. Yohanan said: "What is the meaning of the verse, 'For he hath founded it upon the seas and established it upon the floods.' (Ps. 24:2)? This refers to the seven seas and four rivers that surround the land of Israel. And what are the seven seas? The sea of Tiberias, the Sea of Sodom, the Sea of Helath, the Sea of Hiltha, the Sea of Sibkay, the Sea of Aspamia and the Great Sea. And what are the four rivers? The Jordan, the Yarmuk, the Keramyhon and Pigah."

According to this and other passages, the Talmudic Seven Seas include:

 * Sea of Tiberias (Lake Tiberias or The Sea of Galilee)
 * Sea of Sodom (The Dead Sea)
 * Sea of Helath (The Red Sea)
 * Sea of Hiltha (Birkat Ram)
 * Sea of Sibkay (Lake Hula)
 * Sea of Aspamia (A lake said to be north of Apamia on the Asi River, possibly the formerly flooded Al-Ghab Plain)
 * The Great Sea (The Mediterranean Sea)

Various transliterations for the sea names from Hebrew exist. For Helath: Chelath and Shelyith. For Hiltha: Chiltha and Chultha. For Sibkay: Sibchi and Somcho. And for Aspamia: Apamia.

The 17th century churchman and scholar John Lightfoot mentions this set of seas in his Commentary on the New Testament. A chapter titled The Seven Seas according to the Talmudists, and the four Rivers compassing the Land includes the "Great Sea" (now called the Mediterranean Sea), the "Sea of Tiberias" (Sea of Galilee), the "Sea of Sodom" (Dead Sea), the "Lake of Samocho" (probably the (mostly) dried-up Hula Lake, called Semechonitis by Josephus and lake Sumchi in the Talmud), also called the "Sibbichaean". Lightfoot does not comment on the remaining three seas.

Early modern

After the discovery of the Americas during the Age of Discovery, the "seven seas" were reckoned by some as:
 * the Pacific Ocean
 * the Atlantic Ocean
 * the Indian Ocean
 * the Arctic Ocean
 * the Mediterranean Sea
 * the Caribbean Sea
 * the Gulf of Mexico

The last two of these are now reckoned to be part of the Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean either part of the Atlantic or omitted. Splitting the Atlantic and Pacific into north and south and adding the Southern Ocean returns the list to seven.

Detailed reckonings of the divisions of the world ocean into oceans and seas is not limited to lists of seven. For example, the International Hydrographic Organization recognizes many marginal seas; some saltwater lakes and the freshwater Sea of Galilee also have "sea" in their names.

title: Seven Seas


text: Category:1150s births

title: Category:1150s births


text: Category:1150s deaths

title: Category:1150s deaths


text: User talk:81.156.181.83

title: User talk:81.156.181.83


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Kakitsu

Kakitsu (嘉吉) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Eikyō and before Bun'an. This period spanned the years from February 1441 through February 1444. The reigning emperor was Go-Hanazono-tennō (後花園天皇).

Change of era

 * 1451 Kakitsu gannen (嘉吉元年,): The era name was changed to mark an event or a number of events. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Eikyō 13.

Events of the Kakitsu era

 * July 12, 1441 (Kakitsu 1, 24th day of the 6th month): Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshinori is murdered at age 48 by Akamatsu Mitsusuke who was upset that Akamatsu Sadaura was made leader of the Akamatsu clan. Shortly thereafter, Yoshinori's 8-year-old son, Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, was proclaimed as the new shōgun.
 * July 12–28, 1441: A number of prominent nobles were also killed defending Shōgun Yoshinori directly through the fighting including Kyōgoku Takakazu, the Shugo of Yamashiro Province and Ōuchi Mochiyo (1394–1441), the head of the Ōuchi clan.
 * 1441 (Kakitsu 1, 9th month): The murderers of Yoshinori kill themselves.
 * 1443 (Kakitsu 3): A Japanese-Korean diplomatic agreement (sometimes called the "Kakitsu treaty") regularized an initial plan for mitigating the damage caused by pirates (wakō). The bilateral agreement assigned the responsibility for monitoring ships from Japan en route to Korea. The Sō clan of Tsushima han (Tsushima Island) were given the right to license ships sailing west beyond Tsushima; and this also encompassed the opportunity to profit from whatever fees the Sō might charge.
 * August 16, 1443 (Kakitsu 3, 21st day of the 7th month): Shōgun Yoshikatsu died at the age of 10. He liked riding horses very much; but he was gravely injured in a fall from a horse. This was the cause of his death. He had been shōgun for only three years. His 8-year-old brother, Ashikaga Yoshinari, was then named shōgun.
 * October 16, 1443 (Kakitsu 3, 23rd day of the 9th month): An armed group of rebels penetrated the palace defenses. A fire was started and one of the men sought to kill Go-Hanazono, but the emperor escaped. However, the intruders managed to steal the Three Sacred Treasures – the mirror, the sword and the jewel. Later, a guard found the mirror and a priest found the sword, but the location of jewel was not known until the 8th month of Bunnan gannen.

title: Kakitsu


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Shackerley Marmion

Shackerley Marmion (January 1603 – 1639), also Shakerley, Shakerly, Schackerley, Marmyon, Marmyun, or Mermion, was an early 17th-century dramatist, often classed among the Sons of Ben, the followers of Ben Jonson who continued his style of comedy. He was also a friend and perhaps a protégé of Thomas Heywood.

Background
The playwright's father, Shackerley Marmion (son of a London lawyer and member of a junior line of the Marmion Barons of Tamworth), held the manor at Aynho in Northamptonshire but was habitually in debt; in time he would pass his debts on to his son. Shakerley Jnr was baptised on 21 Jan 1603 in Aynho church.

After Lord Williams's School at Thame in Oxfordshire, Marmion graduated from Wadham College, Oxford, with an M.A. in July 1624. (During his years at Oxford, his father Shackerley Marmion was forced to sell his estate an Aynho to pay his debts.) Details of his life after university are unclear, though there are intimations of legal troubles, disorderly affairs, dodging creditors. He fought in the Low Countries during this period, apparently under Sir Sigismund Alexander according to Anthony à Wood, and in 1629 was indicted for assaulting one Edward Moore with his sword and wounding the man's head. He was arrested and released on bail, but did not surrender at the next session; further records of the incident have not been found.

Plays
Marmion's first known play was Holland's Leaguer, produced in 1631 at the Salisbury Court theatre and acted six days in succession, "one of the longest known [runs] in the Elizabethan, Jacobean, or Caroline theatre," though perhaps due more to the meagreness of the repertory of Prince Charles's Men than to the play's unusual popularity. Marmion's second play, A Fine Companion, was staged in 1632 or 1633 and published in the latter year, after being performed by the Prince Charles's Men at Salisbury Court Theatre. The Antiquary (c. 1634–36), his third and last play, was acted by Queen Henrietta's Men at the Cockpit Theatre, and published in 1641.

All comedies, Marmion's plays show the influence of Ben Jonson. Marmion adapted Jonsonian comedy to his own preoccupation with Platonic love. And while he is often classified by critics as a limited talent and a figure of at best secondary importance, his knack with satire has frequently been praised.

Other works
Besides his comedies, Marmion wrote a 2000-line verse epic, Cupid and Psyche (1637), a translation and expansion of the Cupid and Psyche story in Apuleius's The Golden Ass in heroic couplets. He also wrote various minor poems, including an elegy on Jonson, published in 1638, titled "A Funeral Sacrifice, to the Sacred Memory of his Thrice-Honored Father, Ben Jonson." Commendatory verses that he wrote for others, or that others wrote for him, associate Marmion with Heywood, Thomas Nabbes, Richard Brome, and the actor Joseph Taylor.

Last years
In 1638 Marmion joined Sir John Suckling's privately organized military incursion against the Scottish Covenanters; but he fell out along the route due to illness and returned in London, where he died the following year.

title: Shackerley Marmion


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Reghin

Reghin (Szászrégen,  or Régen; (Sächsisch) Regen or Sächsisch-Reen; Transylvanian Saxon: Reen) is a city in Mureș County, Transylvania, central Romania, on the Mureș River. As of 2021, it had a population of 29,742, making it the second biggest city of the Mureș county, just behind the capital Târgu Mureș and ahead of Sighișoara.

Location
Reghin lies 32 km north-northeast of Târgu Mureș, extending on both shores of the river Mureș, at the confluence with the Gurghiu River. It was created by the 1926 union of the German-inhabited (formerly Szászrégen) and the Hungarian-inhabited (formerly Magyarrégen) city, and later joined with the two smaller communities of Apalina (Hungarian: Abafája; German: Bendorf) and Iernuțeni (Hungarian: Radnótfája; German: Etschdorf), added in 1956. Formally, the latter two are separate villages administered by the city.

The city is on the Târgu Mureș–Deda–Gheorgheni Romanian Railways line 405.

History

Reghin was first mentioned in 1228 in a charter of Hungarian King Andrew II as Regun – however, evidence of its strategic location and defence system suggests that the town might have been considerably older, possibly founded by Ladislaus I.

Despite the devastations of the city during the Mongol invasion (1241) and during the Tatar and Cuman incursions (1285), the town developed rapidly: already in the second half of the 13th century the city was the residence and power centre of the families Tomaj and Kacsik, to whom the nearby lands were awarded by the Hungarian Crown. Reghin became a minor ecclesiastical centre in 1330, with the building of the Gothic church (Roman Catholic at the time, it now serves the Protestant community) in the German part of the city; it is still the largest church in the area, and hosts the oldest Medieval Latin inscription of any church in Transylvania. The Hungarian part of the city has an even older church, initially built in the Romanesque style.

At the beginning of the 15th century the settlement gained city rights, and, from 1427, the right to hold fairs. In the 16th and 17th century Reghin was devastated by Habsburg and Ottoman troops on several occasions. It burned to the ground in 1848. In 1850 the town had 4,227 inhabitants, of which 2,964 were Germans, 644 Romanians, 556 Hungarians, 40 Jews, and 3 Roma. In 1910, the population of the city included 7,310 inhabitants, of which 2,994 were Germans, 2,947 Hungarians, and 1,311 Romanians.

After the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I and the declaration of the Union of Transylvania with Romania, the Romanian Army took control of the area in December 1918, during the Hungarian–Romanian War. The city officially became part of the Kingdom of Romania in June 1920 under the terms of the Treaty of Trianon, under which Hungary relinquished all of Transylvania. In August 1940, the Second Vienna Award, arbitrated by Germany and Italy, reassigned the territory of Northern Transylvania (which included Reghin) from Romania to Hungary. Almost 30% of the inhabitants were Jews at that time. In May 1944, the Jews were gathered in the Reghin ghetto and on 4 June 1944 were deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Towards the end of World War II, Romanian and Soviet armies entered the city in October 1944. The territory of Northern Transylvania remained under Soviet military administration until March 9, 1945, after the appointment of Petru Groza as Prime Minister, when the city again became part of Romania.

After the war, Reghin lost some of its former Transylvanian Saxon character — as many Germans left for West Germany during the later stages of Communist Romania — and ethnic Romanians and Hungarians were settled in their place. The data of the 1992 census showed a population of 24,601 Romanians, 12,471 Hungarian, 1,790 Romani, and 346 Germans. In 1994, Reghin was declared a city.

Jewish history of Reghin
Jews began to settle in Reghin at the close of the 18th century, an organized community was established only during the middle of the 19th century, probably in 1849. The majority of the Jews came from Bukovina and Galicia. As a result of the battles during the Revolution of 1848 against Austria and the riots in Transylvania, Reghin and its Jewish population suffered severely. The first Jewish settlers, who arrived mainly from Bukovina and Galicia, were Orthodox, and the community remained Orthodox throughout its existence. Hasidic influence was also felt. Besides the synagogue, there were two kloyzn (houses of prayer) where the Hasidim used to pray and had their own rabbis. A prominent figure in the community during its early years was the Orthodox rabbi Hillel Pollak, who was spiritually close to the extreme Orthodox rabbi Hillel Lichtenstein.

A Jewish elementary school was founded in 1874. (Later it ceased its activities but was reestablished in 1910 and functioned until 1940.) The language of instruction in the school was Hungarian until 1918, after which it was Romanian. In 1885 the community became the administrative center for all the Jews of the district. The community numbered 282 in 1866, about 40 families in 1889, and 394 persons (about 7% of the total population) in 1891. Jews engaged in commerce, industry, and crafts. Their trade and industry were mainly connected with timber and some of them owned sawmills; there were also unskilled Jewish workers employed in the timber industry. The institutions of the community assisted the poor. Some of the Ḥadarim established by the community translated the Pentateuch into German instead of Yiddish in order to facilitate study of this language by the children. From 1919 there was considerable Zionist activity in Reghin, and many members of the youth organizations emigrated to Israel. The community numbered 1,587 (about 16% of the total population) in 1930, and 1,653 (about 10% of the total) in 1941.

Between the two world wars, the Jews suffered from the nationalist and antisemitic activities of members of the Iron Guard, and from the official antisemitic policies of most of the Romanian governments. The change of rule in 1940 (from Romanian to Hungarian) did not bring with it any improvement, as was hoped by the Jews, who remembered their legal emancipation in 1867 by the Austro-Hungarian authorities.

Holocaust and aftermath
In the summer of 1944 the local Jews were concentrated into a ghetto set up in a brick factory. Jews from the surrounding area were also brought there. From this ghetto about 6,000 Jews were deported to Auschwitz by the Hungarian authorities, at the request of the Nazi occupiers.

After World War II, in 1947 a community numbering about 820 was formed mostly by survivors of the death camps and other Jews who had arrived in Reghin from places in different parts of Romania. The community gradually declined as a result of emigration to Israel and elsewhere. In 1971 there were still some 20 to 25 Jewish families living in Reghin and even fewer in the early 21st century.

Architecture
Reghin possesses some of the architectural elements that are unique in Transylvania. The stylistic details and the wrought iron balconies in the centre of the town are examples that prove the artistry of the local craftsmen. One passes everyday by the apparently modest, yet defining signs of an ancient civilization. They personalize almost each and every building from the center of the town, making the visitor feel the fragrance of times gone by.

The Evangelical church also known as the "Saxon church" has a tower that measures more than 47m high. The four smaller towers are proofs of the town's "Right to the sword". The construction of the church began at the end of the 13th century. Over the years, the architecture was modified because the church underwent many dramatic events. It was set on fire in 1400, 1630, and 1778. The documents reveal the use of several styles of early and transition Gothic style. The church was consolidated in 1501 and since 1551, when the Transylvanian Saxons adopted the Lutheran Reformation, on the main wall are written the words: "Redemption cometh not from war, it is for peace that we all pray.". Inside the church there is an organ with 20 registers that dates from 1784.

The Huszar Castle, formerly Bornemisza, situated in Apalina dates from the 13th–14th centuries and was restored in the 19th century. In the old mansion of the castle lived between 1584 and 1592 Gyulai Pál of Apalina (1559–1592). He was a royal diplomat, historian, chronicler, doctor, and classical poet. The castle was built in the Renaissance style with baroque elements. In 1953 the castle was taken over and used by different educational institutions for disabled persons. It has recently been returned to its owners according to the new laws of property.

Culture
The "Petru Maior" municipal library has more than 130,000 books, one of which dating from the 16th century. Another important book is Petru Maior's "History of the Romanians' Origins in Dacia".

The Ethnographic Museum has a rich patrimony, grouped in 49 collections of ethnography, folk art, artistry, records. The edifice is a monument of architecture built in 1892. The items exhibited concern trades, national costumes, and tradition specific to the upper course of the Mureș River, the Gurghiu valley, and part of the Transylvanian Plain.

The "Eugen Nicoară" community centre was built between 1938 and 1939 when Dr. Eugen Nicoară was the president of the Reghin department of Astra Foundation. Representations of theatre, folk music, dances, chamber music, etc. are held on the stage of this building.

The building in which the "Alexandru Ceușianu" secondary school functions was constructed in 1870 and housed the local law court. Lately in the post-war period, there was the Hungarian pedagogical school. Close by was the house of the writer and magistrate Alexandru Ceușianu.

Economy
The industry of Reghin is closely related to the traditions of the medieval trades and of the modern cooperative associations. Starting with the resources in the close vicinity, rich in wood and farm produces, the goods of the private producers from Reghin are in the market all over Romania and abroad. The wood processing industry is represented by companies such as Larix, Gralemn, Remex, Bucin-Mob, Prolemn, and Amis. Reghin is well known for the industry of the musical instruments, especially of violins. There are many companies that produce instruments using the famous resonance wood from the Călimani and Gurghiu forests. The violins made in Reghin are used abroad. The "Hora" Company is the first to manufacture instruments. In time, other companies were set up among which "Gliga Instrumente Muzicale". Yehudi Menuhin used a violin made by "Gliga" company.

Sport
Reghin is represented by Avântul Reghin in association football. Avântul played in Liga I in the 1955 season. The team played in Liga III during the 2015–16 season.

Demographics
In 1850, the population of the town was 4,227, of which 2,964 were Germans, 644 Romanians, 556 Hungarians, and 63 others. In 1910, Reghin had 7,310 inhabitants, and the ethnic composition was made of 2,994 Germans, 2,947 Hungarians, 1,311 Romanians, and 58 others.

Ethnic groups (according to the 2011 Romanian census):
 * Romanians: 21,153 (66.81%)
 * Hungarians: 8,240 (26.02%)
 * Romani people: 2,002 (6.32%)
 * Germans (more specifically Transylvanian Saxons): 182 (0.57%)
 * Others

Landmarks
Traditional German architectural heritage:
 * The Protestant (Lutheran) church, built in 1330 in honour of Saint Mary. Burnt down in 1708 and in 1848, after which it had been rebuilt.
 * The Roman Catholic Church, which was consecrated in 1781.

Traditional Hungarian architectural heritage:
 * The Protestant (Calvinist) church, 13th century, in 1910 completely rebuilt.
 * A Calvinist church built in 1890.

Traditional Romanian architectural heritage:
 * The Wooden Church, built in 1744, both Greek-Catholic and Romanian Orthodox during its history.
 * The Greek-Catholic church, built between 1811 and 1813, nowadays Romanian Orthodox.

New landmarks:
 * The Romanian Orthodox Cathedral was built in the city in the 1990s.
 * The renowned zoological and folklore collections.

Natives

 * Réka Albert (born 1972), physicist, biologist
 * Magda Kun (1912–1945), actress
 * Augustin Maior (1882–1963), physicist, educator, and inventor
 * Georg Maurer (1907–1971), writer
 * Hugó Meltzl (1846–1908), rector of Franz Joseph University
 * Rudolf Wagner-Régeny (1903–1969), composer

Twin towns – sister cities
Reghin is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Bourg-la-Reine, France
 * 🇭🇺 Érd, Hungary
 * 🇵🇱 Lubaczów, Poland
 * 🇭🇺 Nagykőrös, Hungary
 * 🇮🇹 Salle, Italy
 * 🇲🇩 Ungheni, Moldova

title: Reghin


text:
Eikyō

Eikyō (永享) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Shōchō and before Kakitsu. This period spanned the years from September 1429 through February 1441. The reigning emperor was Go-Hanazono-tennō (後花園天皇).

Change of era

 * 1429 Eikyō gannen (永享元年): The era name was changed to mark the beginning of the reign of Emperor Go-Hanazono. The previous era ended and a new era commenced in Shōchō 1, on the 29th day of the 7th month, when the new emperor was proclaimed.

Events of the Eikyō era

 * April 14, 1429 (Eikyō 1, 9th day of the 3rd month): Ashikaga Yoshinobu is honored in court; and thereafter, he is known as Yoshinori.
 * 1429: Yoshinori appointed shōgun.
 * 1430: Southern army surrenders.
 * 1432: Akamatsu Mitsusuke flees; Yoshinori receives rescript from China.
 * 1433 (Eikyō 5, 6th month): The Emperor of China addressed a letter to shōgun Yoshinori in which, as a conventional aspect of the foreign relations of Imperial China, the Chinese assume that the head of the Ashikaga shogunate is effectively the "king of Japan".
 * 1433: Ōtomo rebels; Hieizan monks rebel.
 * 1434: Tosenbugyo established to regulate foreign affairs.
 * 1436: Yasaka Pagoda at Hokanji in Kyoto destroyed by fire.
 * 1438: Kantō Kanrei (Kantō administrator) Ashikaga Mochiuji rebels against Muromachi shogunate, also known as Eikyō Rebellion (永享の乱).
 * 1439: Mochiuji is defeated, and he commits suicide; dissatisfaction with Yoshinori grows.
 * 1440: Yasaka Pagoda at Hokanji in Kyoto re-constructed by Yoshinori.
 * 1441: Yoshinori grants Shimazu suzerainty over Ryukyu Islands; Akamatsu murders Yoshinori—Kakitsu Incident; Yamana kills Akamatsu.

title: Eikyō


text: User talk:24.119.184.85

title: User talk:24.119.184.85


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Category:Ancient Greek historians

Historians who wrote in Ancient and Koine Greek.

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Theodore Martin

Sir Theodore Martin (16 September 1816 – 18 August 1909) was a Scottish poet, biographer, and translator.

Biography
Martin was born in Edinburgh, the only son of Mary, the daughter of James Reid, a shipowner from Fraserburgh and James Martin, a solicitor. He was educated at the Royal High School and attended the University of Edinburgh from 1830-1833. He practised as a solicitor in Edinburgh 1840–45, after which he went to London and became head of the firm of Martin and Leslie, parliamentary agents.

His first contribution to literature was the humorous Bon Gaultier Ballads, written along with W.E. Aytoun, which remained popular for a long time; originally contributed to a magazine, they appeared in book form in 1845.

Martin's translations include Dante's Vita Nuova, Oehlenschläger's Correggio and Aladdin, Heinrich Heine's Poems and Ballads, Friedrich Schiller's Wilhelm Tell, and Hertz's King René's Daughter. He also published a complete translation of Horace with a Life, and one of Catullus.

He is probably best known for his Life of the Prince Consort (1874–80), the writing of which was entrusted to him by Queen Victoria, a work which won him her lifelong friendship. He also wrote Lives of Professor Aytoun and Lord Lyndhurst.In 1851 he married Helena Faucit, a well-known actress, and author of studies on Shakespeare's Female Characters, whose Life he published in 1901. The couple lived for some time at Bryntysilio (The Hill of St. Tyssilio) which he bought in 1861, near Llangollen, where in 1889 they were visited by the queen during her progress in Wales.

Martin kept up his intellectual activity into old age, published in 1905 a translation of Leopardi's poems, and Monographs (1906). He was Lord Rector of the University of St Andrews in 1881, received an LLD from the University of Edinburgh in 1875, and Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1880.

He died in 1909 and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London.

title: Theodore Martin


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Shōchō

Shōchō (正長) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Ōei and before Eikyō, from April 1428 until September 1429. The reigning emperors were Shōkō-tennō (称光天皇) and Go-Hanazono-tennō (後花園天皇).

Change of era

 * 1428 Shōchō gannen (正長元年): The era name was changed to mark an event or a number of events. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Ōei 35.

Events of the Shōchō era

 * February 3, 1428 (Shōchō 1, 18th day of the 1st month): Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimochi, having taken power again after the death of his son, dies himself at the age of 43.
 * August, 1428 (Shōchō 1, 7th month): Shocho Uprising begins.
 * August 30, 1428 (Shōchō 1, 20th day of the 7th month): Emperor Shōkō died at the age of 27. Nihon Ōdai Ichiran suggests a cause of death by explaining: "Ce prince, s'occupait de magie et du culte de démons, mena une vie pure, et observa rigoureusement l'abstinence et le jeûne." [This prince, who occupied himself with magic and the cult of demons, led a pure life, and rigorously observed abstinence and fasting.]
 * September 7, 1428 (Shōchō 1, 29th day of the 7th month): Emperor Go-Hanazono accedes to the throne at age 10.

title: Shōchō


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Sámuel Teleki (explorer)

Count Sámuel Teleki de Szék (1 November 1845 – 10 March 1916) was a Hungarian explorer who led the first expedition to Northern Kenya. He was the first European to see Lake Turkana.

Early life
Teleki was born in 1845 in Sáromberke, a village in Transylvania, then in the Kingdom of Hungary and today in Romania. He was a member of the Teleki family, a prominent Hungarian family active in both politics and culture. His great-grandfather Sámuel Teleki (1739–1822), a chancellor of Transylvania, had founded the Teleki library in Marosvásárhely (today Târgu Mureș, Romania), one of the first Hungarian public libraries, which opened in 1802 and holds today more than 200,000 volumes.

For some 40 years, Count Sámuel Teleki von Szék, "a jovial Hungarian aristocrat of immense wealth," managed his property and assets and started a political career by becoming a member of the Hungarian Upper House of Parliament in 1881. A keen hunter, he was fascinated by the early African explorers. In 1886, he accepted a suggestion by his friend and benefactor, Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria, son of the Austro-Hungarian Emperor-King Franz Joseph I, to turn the East African safari he was planning into a journey of exploration of the territories north of Lake Baringo. He was to explore the lands beyond where Scottish explorer Joseph Thomson had set foot, in order to find the desert lake previous travellers had heard rumours about, based on local legends about a sea that lay beyond the desert, surrounded by tribes of giants and islands inhabited by monsters and ghosts.

His first expedition
Count Teleki and his companion, Lieutenant Ludwig von Höhnel, an Austrian naval officer, left Pangani (Tanzania) in February 1887 with around 400 porters, following the Ruvu River. They were the first to survey a great part of the East African Rift. Teleki was the first to reach the snow-line on Mount Kilimanjaro at 5300 m, and the first explorer to set foot on Mount Kenya, climbing up to around 4300 m. He later headed on northwards, following the interior river system, to see on 5 March 1888 the last of the African Great Lakes, referred to as the Jade Sea by Count Teleki, who named the lake after his friend, Prince Rudolf. The lake was renamed Turkana in 1975 after the people that live to the west of its shores. Teleki's and von Höhnel's journey in southern Ethiopia also unveiled a smaller lake, Stefanie (named after Princess Stéphanie of Belgium, the prince's wife), now called Lake Chew Bahir. Though it is commonly stated that he discovered the body of water now referred to as Lake Turkana, the African people living around the lake certainly were aware of it. Even if the meaning of the word "discovery" is taken so as to put that aside, the existence of the lake was known in Europe decades prior to Teleki's expedition. As far back as 1849, Dr. Ludwig Krapf wrote about the Samburu people and his intentions of visiting their lands. A far more direct reference to the lake is found in an 1869 article in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. Here, the author, who himself relied on descriptions from African long distance traders, described a large water body. The article included a detailed map and here, the position, general shape and orientation are a perfect match for Lake Turkana.

His collection
Teleki and Höhnel made many observations on the climate, flora and fauna of the territories visited. One of the giant Lobelia plants found in the Afro-alpine belt of Mount Kenya is named Lobelia telekii, after Count Samuel Teleki. They also collected more than 400 ethnographical objects, most of them from Maasai and Kikuyu people and brought home a valuable collection of plants and animals.

Teleki's volcano
During the return to the East African coast, which they reached at Mombasa in October 1888, along the dry riverbed of the Turkwel, Teleki discovered an active volcano (Teleki’s Volcano) in South Kenya. On their way back, they stopped at Aden whence Teleki apparently intended to explore at a later date the Ethiopian highlands and the great lakes region from the north. In 1895 Teleki was back in Kenya in another unsuccessful effort to climb the Kilimanjaro.

East African diaries
Teleki wrote "East African diaries", in Hungarian, 1886-95 with English translations. Von Höhnel wrote a report of the expedition entitled The discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie.

After the expedition, Teleki returned to his aristocratic life in Hungary, dying in Budapest after a long illness.

title: Sámuel Teleki (explorer)


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Talk:William Edmonstone Aytoun

Merge into William Edmonstoune Aytoun. Charles Matthews 14:06, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Edmonstone Aytoun


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User talk:68.20.19.107

Regarding your message on my talk page: I assume you saw the "you have new messages" notice and thought that my warning was for you. You have probably fallen victim to a software bug which causes random users to be notified that they have new messages, even though they are totally different people. The contributions from your IP show only your message on my talk page, and this user talk page (where I would have left a vandalism warning) did not exist until I created it just now, so I was probably warning a different person with a different IP address. Incidentally, it's quite rare that a large number of users use the same IP address, except in the case of AOL, which has been a thorn in Wikipedia's side for years since it makes it difficult to block vandals without blocking lots of other users too. Rdsmith4— Dan | Talk 14:06, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.20.19.107


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Thomas James Mathias

Thomas James Mathias, FRS (c.1754 – August 1835) was a British satirist and scholar.

Life
Mathias was educated in Kingston upon Thames and Trinity College, Cambridge. He held some minor appointments in the royal household (sub-treasurer, 1782 and treasurer). His first publication was Runic Odes, imitated from the Norse Tongue, in the manner of Thomas Gray, London, 4to, 1781. In 1783 he published, An Essay on the Evidence, external and internal, relating to the Poems attributed to Thomas Rowley. In 1794 appeared the first part of an anonymous poem, entitled, The Pursuits of Literature, which, when completed in four parts, attracted universal attention, chiefly on account of the notes, which abound in deep and discriminating criticism on public men and opinions. Besides several minor pieces of his own, he published the Works of Thomas Gray, with his Life, and Additions, Cambridge, 1814, 2 vols., 4to. In 1817 he settled in Italy and took up his residence at Naples, where he died in 1835. He was a member of the Academy of Arcadia under the name of Larisio Salaminio.

Mathias became a vegetarian after reading Mandeville's The Fable of the Bees. He gave up all meat and lived on a diet of milk and vegetables.

Works
He was an accomplished Italian scholar, and translated various English works into Italian, such as Canzoni e prose toscane, and vice versa. He also produced a fine edition of the work of Thomas Gray, on which he lost heavily. His chief work was The Pursuits of Literature (1794), an undiscriminating satire on his literary contemporaries that went through 16 editions, but is now almost forgotten. More so was his uncompromising criticism of the times. An example:

 * Here is another little capriccio of a man of no common sagacity, the late Adam Smith. He says seriously, by way of illustration; “No body ever saw a dog make a fair and deliberate exchange of one bone for another with another dog." Smith's Wealth of Nations, Vol. 1, p. 20. Ed. 8vo.  This philosophy is nearly of the same date as Adam's ancestor in Eden, and I can only say in reply, "Who ever expected to see a dog do so?"—We have all heard and read of that snarling sect the Cynics, and if we could convert dogs into philosophers, or what is harder still, philosophical propositions into meat and bones, (which I fear is more than most Scotch Professors can do) I should apply metaphorically the following lines from a celebrated Poet, a great observer of human nature:

 * “So when two dogs are fighting in the streets,
 * With a third dog one of the two dogs meets;
 * With angry tooth he bites him to the bone,
 * And this dog smarts for what that dog has done.”

Selected publications

 * The Pursuits of Literature (1798 edition)

title: Thomas James Mathias


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Junior Durkin

Trent "Junior" Durkin (July 2, 1915 – May 4, 1935) was an American stage and film actor.

Career
Trent Bernard Durkin was born in New York City in 1915. He began his acting career in theater as a child. Durkin first appeared in films in 1930, playing the role of Huckleberry Finn in Tom Sawyer (1930) and in Huckleberry Finn (1931), both times with Jackie Coogan playing Tom Sawyer. Under contract to RKO Radio Pictures, he was cast in a series of "B" films in comedy roles that capitalized on his gangly appearance. He co-starred in Hell's House (1932) with then newcomer Bette Davis.

RKO began grooming him for more adult roles. In his final film, Chasing Yesterday (1935) starring Anne Shirley, he was billed as Trent Durkin.

Death
In 1935, Durkin was returning from a hunting trip in Mexico with Jackie Coogan and three others: Coogan's father John Henry Coogan Jr., Charles Jones (manager of the Coogan Ranch) and writer Robert Horner. Coogan's father had to swerve to avoid colliding with a car coming straight at him, and his car left the road, rolling repeatedly until it landed in a creek bed. The accident occurred about 50 miles (80 km) from San Diego, California. Jackie Coogan was the only survivor.

At the time, Durkin was living with agent Henry Willson, and they were rumored to be lovers. In a 2013 interview, former child star Diana Serra Cary (known as Baby Peggy), a close friend of Durkin, said, "It would not surprise me to know that Trent was gay. However, in the early thirties it would have been suicidal for such a promising young actor to come out of the closet. Especially without the protection of a strong producer, or already under contract to MGM, with studio head Louis B. Mayer seriously invested in his future success as a leading man."

Durkin was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.

title: Junior Durkin


text: Category:Byzantine philosophers

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File:WTTP - single.jpg

Fair use in Welcome to the Pleasuredome (single)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

title: File:WTTP - single.jpg


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Jasper Mayne

Jasper Mayne (1604 – 6 December 1672) was an English clergyman, translator, and a minor poet and dramatist.

Mayne was baptized at Hatherleigh, Devon, on 23 November 1604, and educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. He then entered the Church, was given two college livings in Oxfordshire (the vicarages of Cassington near Woodstock, and Pyrton near Watlington), and in 1646 was made a Doctor of Divinity (D.D.). These livings ended under the Commonwealth (1649–1660), when he was turned out of office to become chaplain to the Duke of Devonshire. After the Restoration, he was made canon of Christ Church (1660–1672), Archdeacon of Chichester (1660–1672), and chaplain in ordinary to King Charles II. Burke records that Dr. Mayne gave £500 towards the rebuilding of St. Paul's Cathedral after the Great Fire of London in 1666.

Mayne wrote two plays before giving up poetry as unbefitting his station: The City Match (1639), a domestic farce acted at Whitehall by the command of King Charles I; and The Amorous War (1648), a tragicomedy. His other works include a number of poems and sermons; translations of Lucian of Samosata (1638, 1664), and John Donne's Latin Epigrams; and the preface to the 1647 Beaumont and Fletcher first folio.

In an amusing anecdote recounted in Blackwood's Magazine, Dr. Mayne is said to have bequeathed a trunk to an old servant, noting that it contained something that would make him drink. When opened, it was found to contain a red herring.

Shakespeare scholar Sidney Lee proposed Jasper Mayne as a possible identity of the "I. M." who wrote the fourth commendatory verse in the First Folio of Shakespeare's plays (1623). Yet since Mayne was only nineteen years old at the time the Folio was published, scholars have tended to favor James Mabbe.

Mayne died on 6 December 1672 at Oxford, and was interred on the north side of the choir at Christchurch.

title: Jasper Mayne


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USS Salem (CL-3)

USS Salem (CS-3/CL-3), Scout Cruiser No. 3, was a Chester-class cruiser scout cruiser of the United States Navy. She was the first Navy ship named for the city of Salem, Massachusetts.

Salem was laid down on 28 August 1905, by the Fore River Shipyard; launched on 27 July 1907, sponsored by Mrs. Lorna Pinnock; and commissioned on 1 August 1908.

Pre-World War I
As one of the Navy's first turbine-engined warships, Salem departed Boston on 17 October 1908 to carry out extensive trials along the Atlantic coast. Joining her sister ships, USS Birmingham (CL-2) and USS Chester (CL-1), in the Scout Cruiser Division in June 1909, Salem cruised in the Atlantic, making one voyage to Funchal, Madeira. Assigned to the 5th Division, Atlantic Fleet, in, 1910, Salem briefly deployed to Haitian waters during August 1911, returning to the New York Navy Yard on 11 September. Subsequently placed in reserve at the Boston Navy Yard on 20 April 1912, Salem relieved USS Wabash (1855) as receiving ship there on that date and served until 7 October. Then reassigned to the Reserve Force, Atlantic Fleet, Salem subsequently made a cruise to Gibraltar and returned to the United States in late March 1913. Arriving at Hampton Roads on 25 March, she shifted to Philadelphia on 30 March.

Salem remained at Philadelphia, in reduced commission, into 1914. On 23 April, Salem was placed in full commission and assigned to the Special Service Squadron for duty in Mexican waters. She cruised off the Mexican port of Veracruz supporting US operations ashore until assigned to the Cruiser Squadron, Atlantic Fleet, on 2 September. Departing Veracruz on 19 September, Salem arrived at Boston on 1 October for service with the Atlantic Fleet but was detached from the Cruiser Squadron on 25 November, and was again placed in reserve on 1 December. She relieved Brooklyn as a receiving ship at the Boston Navy Yard on 12 March 1915 and served there until assigned to the Caribbean on 21 May 1916. Cruising off Mexican and Dominican ports, Salem transported Marine detachments, assisted in radio communication links, and protected United States interests until returning to the Philadelphia Navy Yard to be placed out of commission on 2 December 1916.

World War I
Following US entry into World War I, Salem was recommissioned on 21 April 1917 for duty as a receiving ship at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Two days later, however, she was decommissioned and towed to the Boston Navy Yard to have her original Curtis turbines replaced by General Electric turbines.

Recommissioned on 25 July, while still undergoing overhaul, Salem stood out of Boston harbor on 12 March 1918 for New London, Connecticut, to join a force gathering to convoy submarine chasers across the Atlantic. On 21 March 1918 she damaged the Barge "William C. Moore" in a collision, the Barge later sank at dock in New London, Connecticut. From 31 March-15 June, she served as flagship for two convoys of submarine chasers, leaving both at Ponta Delgada, Azores, and returning westward. On 18 June, she became a flagship of a flotilla of 12 submarine chasers assigned to Key West to operate against German submarines. Arriving at Key West on the 22nd, Salem's force carried out antisubmarine patrols off Florida and as far south as the Yucatán Peninsula through the remainder of World War I.

On 27 November, the force was disbanded; and, after an overhaul at the Boston Navy Yard, Salem steamed to the west coast. Designated CL-3 on 17 July 1920, she was decommissioned at Mare Island on 16 August 1921; struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 13 November 1929; and, with cruisers Albany and New Orleans, sold on 11 February 1930 to D. G. Seagraves of San Francisco, California, for scrapping.

title: USS Salem (CL-3)


text:
Talk:Duma

Old talk
Is there a Wikipage for the Russian upper house ? Can't find it ..... :-(
 * See Federation Council of Russia. Samnikal 06:01, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

how did the Duma contribute to the russian revolution?

thanks for the picture wikipedia! It helped me make a model of the court, which I had 2 do for school.

Boyar Duma
See Talk:Boyar Duma.

Duma vs State Duma
Wiki has two different articles for one subject matter: this article and the one called State_Duma. I don't see a reason to keep these two articles. What do you think about removing State Duma article? Tarabarsky 17:59, 13 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Since the two articles basically cover the same topic, I would suggest a merger, or a new main article Duma (history) about the history of the duma. Camptown 07:36, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Why is this merge proposal being discussed on two separate pages? See Talk:State Duma. -- Petri Krohn 06:50, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Oppose merge with Duma. -- Petri Krohn 06:47, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Can someone edit the State Duma in the Russian Federation bit? the last sentence is about the shooting of the tsar...totally unrelated....Diabulos (talk) 05:26, 9 April 2009 (UTC) thats wrong — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.189.250.187 (talk) 18:35, 17 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Duma


text:
John Mayne

John Mayne (1759–1836) was a Scottish printer, journalist and poet born in Dumfries. In 1780, his poem The Siller Gun appeared in its original form in Ruddiman's Magazine, published by Walter Ruddiman in Edinburgh. It is a humorous work on an ancient custom in Dumfries of shooting for the "Siller Gun." He also wrote a poem on Hallowe'en in 1780 which influenced Robert Burns's 1785 poem Halloween. Mayne also wrote a version of the ballad Helen of Kirkconnel. His verses were admired by Walter Scott.

Life
He was born at Dumfries on 26 March 1759. Educated at the local grammar school, he became a printer in the office of the Dumfries Journal. In 1782 he went with his family to Glasgow, where he worked for five years in the publishing house of the brothers Foulis. In 1787 he settled in London, first as a printer, and then as proprietor and joint editor of The Star, an evening paper, in which he placed his poems. He died at Lisson Grove, London, 14 March 1836.

Works
Mayne wrote poetry in Dumfries, and after 1777 he contributed poems to Ruddiman's Weekly Magazine, Edinburgh. Between 1807 and 1817 several of his lyrics appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine.

Mayne's Siller Gun was based on a Dumfries wapinschaw: the competitors were members of the corporations, and the prize a silver cannon-shaped tube presented by James VI. It consisted of twelve stanzas when it appeared in 1777. Enlarged to two cantos in 1779, and to three and four in 1780 and 1808 respectively, it took final shape in five cantos with notes in 1836. It was conceived in the spirit of Peblis to the Play.

Hallowe'en, published in Ruddiman's Weekly Magazine in November 1780, may have stimulated Burns's brilliant treatment of the same theme, according to Chambers, Life and Work of Burns (i. 154, ed. 1851). Logan Braes, which appeared in the Star, 23 May 1789, had two lines plagiarised by Burns in a Logan Braes of his own. Glasgow, published in the Glasgow Magazine in December 1783, was enlarged and issued in 1803. In the same year Mayne published a patriotic address English, Scots, and Irishmen.

title: John Mayne


text: Category:Syrian historians

title: Category:Syrian historians


text: Category:1095 births

title: Category:1095 births


text: Category:1095 deaths

title: Category:1095 deaths


text:
James Melville

James Melville or Melvill may refer to:

 * James Melville (Scottish minister) (1556–1614), Scottish divine and reformer
 * James Melville of Halhill (1535–1617), Scottish diplomat and memoir writer
 * James Melville (politician) (1885–1931), British Labour Party Member of Parliament for Gateshead 1929–1931
 * James Melville (author) (1931–2014), pseudonym of British author Roy Peter Martin
 * James Melville (cricketer, born 1909) (1909–1961), English cricketer for Warwickshire
 * James Melville (cricketer, born 1936) (1936–2016), English cricketer for Kent
 * James Cosmo Melvill (1792–1861), British administrator of the East India Company
 * James Cosmo Melvill (naturalist) (1845–1929), British botanist and malacologist
 * James D. Melville Jr. (born 1957), American statesman

title: James Melville


text: Category:1090s deaths

title: Category:1090s deaths


text: Category:1090s births

title: Category:1090s births


text: Category:1188 deaths

title: Category:1188 deaths


text:
James Melville (Scottish minister)

James Melville (26 July 1556 – 1614) was a Scottish divine and reformer, son of the laird of Baldovie, in Forfarshire.

Education
James was educated at Montrose and St Leonard's College, St Andrews and in 1574 proceeded to the University of Glasgow. There his uncle, Andrew Melville, the reformer and scholar, was principal. Within a year James became one of the regents.

Teaching role
When, in 1580, Andrew became Principal of St Mary's College, St Andrews (then called New College), James accompanied him, and acted as Professor of Hebrew and Oriental Languages. For three and a half years he lectured in the university, chiefly on Hebrew, but he had to flee to Berwick in May 1584 (a few months after his uncle's exile) to escape the attacks of his ecclesiastical enemy, Bishop Patrick Adamson. After a short stay there and at Newcastle-on-Tyne, and again at Berwick, he proceeded to London, where he joined some of the leaders of the Scottish Presbyterian party.

The taking of Stirling Castle in 1585 having changed the political and ecclesiastical positions in the north, he returned to Scotland in November of that year, and was restored to his office at St Andrews. From 1586 to his death he took an active part in Church controversy.

Other roles
In 1589 James was moderator of the General Assembly and on several occasions represented his party in conferences with the court. Despite his antagonism to James VI's episcopal schemes, he appears to have won the king's respect. He answered, with his uncle, a royal summons to London in 1606 for the discussion of Church policy.

The uncompromising attitude of the kinsmen, though it was made the excuse for sending the elder to the Tower, brought no further punishment to James than easy detention within ten miles of Newcastle-on-Tyne. During his residence there it was made clear to him by the king's agents that he would receive high reward if he supported the royal plans. In 1613 negotiations were begun for his return to Scotland, but his health was broken, and he died at Berwick in January 1614.

Source materials
Melville has left ample materials for the history of his time from the Presbyterian standpoint, in (a) correspondence with his uncle Andrew Melville (MS. in the library of the university of Edinburgh), and (b) a diary (MS. in the Advocates Library, Edinburgh). The latter is written in a vigorous, fresh style, and is especially direct in its descriptions of contemporaries. His sketch of John Knox at St Andrews is one of his best passages. It is an original authority for the period, written with much naïveté, and revealing an attractive personality.

Verse
As a writer of verse he compares unfavourably with his uncle. All his pieces, with the exception of a libellus supplex to James VI, are written in Scots. He translated a portion of the Zodiacus vitae of Palingenius, and adapted some passages from Scaliger under the title of Description of the Spainyarts naturall. His Spiritual Propine of a Pastour to his People (1598), The Black Bastill, a lamentation for the kirk (1611), Thrie may keip Counsell, give Twa be away, The Beliefe of the Singing Soul, Davids Tragique Fall, and a number of sonnets show no originality and indifferent technical ability.

The Diary was printed by the Bannatyne Club in 1829, and by the Wodrow Society in 1842. Large portions of it are incorporated in David Calderwood's (1575-1650) History of the Kirk of Scotland (first printed in 1678). For the life and times, see Thomas M'Crie's Life of Andrew Melville.

title: James Melville (Scottish minister)


text: Category:1188 births

title: Category:1188 births


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Janin Villa Abrille Lim

Janin Villa Abrille Lim
was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was

Could not find a single link about her on google. No info about her CD's or performances. Delete unless notable. -- Chris 73 Talk 14:19, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * I'm sure she's a sweet 18 year old lady, but she is not yet notable. Delete. Geogre 16:59, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Zero Google hits. No information to establish verifiability or notability. Delete. --Slowking Man 06:00, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence of notability or existence. Nadavspi | talk 17:24, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable. Jayjg 21:39, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable, possibly vanity, definitely non-neutral. Inky 02:58, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Juggalo Rap

Juggalo Rap
was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was

Not notable fancruft. ICP is undoubtedly notable and have an article, but "juggalo rap" is not a real term I've ever heard of. The others mentioned are also notable (especially Esham, who really needs an article), but are not described as "juggalo rap". They are horrorcore, most typically. Tuf-Kat 14:19, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Backdoor advertising. Not notable or in-use. Geogre 16:57, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I've run into the term before. See http://www.hallsofillusions.com/mainsite/dark_carnival (though I'm certainly no expert) Zetawoof 19:07, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I've run into the term "juggalo" before, but that's the thing: I've always been given to understand that "juggalo" is the term for a fan of the Insane Clown Posse.  This is the first I've heard it suggested that the term applies to any other band rather than that specific one -- and Tuf-Kat disputes that it does.  If ICP is the only band who's using this term, there's no reason to give it a separate article.  -- Antaeus Feldspar 17:42, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete rapcruft. Fire Star 01:27, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete fancruft, or combine it with Insane Clown Posse. It's not able to stand on its own. Inky 02:39, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Oh dear. Fancruft. Ashibaka ✎ 21:31, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * From article: "pls help reutrn key is borken". Still, Keep. Incidently, have copied this completely to Wikinerds. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:55, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Surely "non-notable" should not just be a synonym for "I haven't heard of it"? It looks as though there's a whole minimovement of juggalo rap artists and fans.Dr Zen 04:01, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fancruft. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:08, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)


text:
Conor McPherson

Conor McPherson (born 6 August 1971) is an Irish playwright, screenwriter and director of stage and film. In recognition of his contribution to world theatre, McPherson was awarded an honorary doctorate of literature in June 2013 by University College Dublin.

Early life
McPherson was born in Dublin. He was educated at University College Dublin and began writing his first plays there as a member of UCD Dramsoc, the college's dramatic society, and went on to found Fly by Night Theatre Company which produced several of his plays. He is considered one of the best contemporary Irish playwrights; his plays have attracted good reviews, and have been performed internationally (notably in the West End and on Broadway).

Career
The Weir opened at the Royal Court before transferring to the West End and Broadway. It won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play for 1999.

In the same year he was one of the recipients of the V Europe Prize Theatrical Realities awarded to the Royal Court Theatre (with Sarah Kane, Mark Ravenhill, Jez Butterworth, Martin McDonagh).

His 2001 play, Port Authority tells of three interwoven lives. The play was first produced by the Gate Theatre of Dublin but premiered at the New Ambassadors Theatre in London in February 2001, before moving to the Gate Theatre in April of that year. The production was directed by McPherson himself. New York's Atlantic Theater Company staged a production of the play in spring of 2008, starring Brian d'Arcy James, and Tony Award winners John Gallagher Jr. and Jim Norton. The New York Times critic Ben Brantley said, "I found myself holding on to what these actors had to say as if I were a five-year-old at bedtime being introduced to The Arabian Nights."

McPherson also directed his play, Dublin Carol, at the Atlantic Theater Company, New York, in 2003.

His 2004 play Shining City opened at the Royal Court and prompted The Daily Telegraph to describe him as "the finest dramatist of his generation". A meditation on regret, guilt and confusion, the play is set entirely within the Dublin offices of a psychiatrist who himself has psychological secrets. Whilst much of the play takes the form of monologues delivered by a patient, the everyday stories and subtle poignancy and humour make it a riveting experience. It subsequently opened on Broadway in 2006 and was nominated for two Tony Awards, including Best Play.

In September 2006, to great critical acclaim, McPherson made his National Theatre debut as both author and director with The Seafarer at the Cottesloe auditorium, starring Karl Johnson and Jim Norton, with Ron Cook as their poker-playing, Mephistophelean guest. Norton won an Olivier Award for his performance while McPherson was nominated for both the Olivier and Evening Standard Awards for Best Play. In October 2007 The Seafarer opened on Broadway, keeping with it most of its creative team, including McPherson as director and both Jim Norton and Conleth Hill in their respective roles, with David Morse taking over as Sharky, and Ciarán Hinds portraying Mr. Lockhart. The production on Broadway received some positive reviews including such statements as "McPherson is quite possibly the finest playwright of his generation" from Ben Brantley at The New York Times and "Succinct, startling and eerie, and the funniest McPherson play to date" from The Observer. Norton's performance as Richard Harkin in The Seafarer at the National Theatre won the 2007 Best Supporting Actor Laurence Olivier Award, and he won a Tony Award in 2008 for Best Featured Actor in a play.

McPherson wrote and directed a stage adaptation of Daphne du Maurier's story The Birds, which opened in September 2009 at the Gate Theatre in Dublin.

In 2011 the National Theatre London premiered his play The Veil at the Lyttleton. Described by The Times as "a cracking fireside tale of haunting and decay" it is set in 1822 and marked McPherson's first foray into period drama. This vein continued with a striking new translation of August Strindberg's The Dance of Death premiered at the Trafalgar Studios in London at the end of 2012. His version was described as "a profoundly seminal work" by The Guardian which also managed, The Times said, to be "Shockingly funny".

The Donmar Warehouse mounted a season of McPherson's work in 2013 with a revival of The Weir and the world premiere of The Night Alive. The Weir was hailed once again as "A modern classic" by The Daily Telegraph and "A contemporary classic" by The Guardian while The Night Alive was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Play and described as "Another triumph" by The Independent on Sunday and "A masterstroke" by Time Out. The Financial Times said "sees the Irish playwright at his compassionate best."

The Night Alive transferred to the Atlantic Theatre New York, where it was awarded the New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Play 2014, and also received Best Play nominations from the Drama Desk and Lucille Lortell Awards

McPherson's play Girl from the North Country, where the dramatic action is broken up by 20 songs by Bob Dylan, opened at London's The Old Vic on 26 July 2017. The play is set in a boarding house in 1934 in Duluth, Minnesota, the birthplace of Dylan. The project began when Dylan's office approached McPherson and suggested creating a play using Dylan songs. The drama received favorable reviews.

Screenplays
The film of his first screenplay, I Went Down, was critically acclaimed and a great commercial success. His first feature film as a director, Saltwater, won the CICAE award for Best Film at the Berlin Film Festival. His second feature film was The Actors, which he wrote and directed.

He is the director and co-writer of The Eclipse, a film which had its world premiere at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival. It was picked up for distribution by Magnolia Pictures and was released in US cinemas in spring 2010. The film subsequently won the Melies D'Argent Award for Best European Film at Sitges in Spain – the world's premier horror and fantasy genre festival. At The 2010 Irish Film and television Awards The Eclipse won the awards for Best Film and Best Screenplay. Ciarán Hinds won the Best Actor Award at the Tribeca Film Festival for his portrayal of Michael Farr.

In 2013, he wrote the last episode of Quirke. In 2020, he co-wrote the feature film adaptation of the Artemis Fowl books by Eoin Colfer. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was released digitally worldwide on Disney+ on June 12, 2020.

Influences
McPherson has cited James Joyce and Stanley Kubrick as two of his "heroes".

Theatre awards
Theatre-related awards won by McPherson include:

 * Europe Prize Theatrical Realities (with the Royal Court Theatre)
 * Stewart Parker Award The Good Thief
 * Meyer Whitworth Award This Lime Tree Bower
 * Guinness/Royal National Theatre Ingenuity Award This Lime Tree Bower
 * Pearson TV Writer in Residence Award This Lime Tree Bower
 * Evening Standard Award The Weir
 * George Devine Award The Weir
 * Critics Circle Award The Weir
 * Laurence Olivier Award The Weir

 * Tony Award nomination for Best Play Shining City
 * Tony Award nominations for Best Play and Best Director The Seafarer
 * Laurence Olivier and Evening Standard nominations for Best Play The Seafarer
 * Manchester Evening News Award Best Touring Production The Seafarer
 * Laurence Olivier Award nomination Best Play "The Night Alive"
 * New York Drama Critics Circle Award Best Play "The Night Alive"
 * Lucille Lortel Award Best Play nomination "The Night Alive"
 * Drama Desk Award Best Play nomination "The Night Alive"
 * Laurence Olivier Award nomination Best Musical "Girl from the North Country (musical)"
 * Tony Award nomination for Best Direction of a Musical and Best Book of a Musical Girl from the North Country

Plays

 * Rum and Vodka (1992)
 * The Good Thief (1994)
 * This Lime Tree Bower (1995)
 * St. Nicholas (1997)
 * The Weir (1997)
 * Dublin Carol (2000)
 * Port Authority (2001)
 * Come on Over (2001)
 * Shining City (2004)

 * Poor Beast in the Rain (director only) (2005)
 * The Seafarer (2006)
 * The Birds (adaptation) (2009)
 * The Veil (2011)
 * The Dance of Death (adaptation) (2012)
 * The Night Alive (2013)
 * The Nest (adaptation) (2016).
 * Girl from the North Country (2017)
 * Uncle Vanya (adaptation) (2020)

title: Conor McPherson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Toxic Rock

Toxic Rock
was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was

Genres that only apply to one band are inherently not notable, I think -- such a thing defeats the purpose of a genre, which is supposed to group together like performers. Gets about 1300 google hits, many or most of which are not referring to a genre. Tuf-Kat 14:20, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete: Asbestos is a toxic rock. This is a method of advertising. Geogre 16:58, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable genre made up by a non-notable band? Nadavspi | talk 17:22, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ad. Jayjg 21:34, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Baleeted. Fishal 05:43, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Ōei

Ōei (応永) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Meitoku and before Shōchō. This period spanned the years from July 1394 through April 1428. Reigning emperors were Go-Komatsu-tennō (後小松天皇,) and Shōkō-tennō (称光天皇).

Change of era

 * 1394 Ōei gannen (応永元年): The new era name was created because of plague. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Meitoku 5, the 5th day of the 7th month.

Events of the Ōei era

 * 1394 (Ōei 1): Yoshimitsu officially cedes his position to his son;
 * 1396 (Ōei 3): Imagawa Sadayo dismissed.
 * 1397 (Ōei 4): Uprising in Kyūshū suppressed.
 * May 13, 1397 (Ōei 4, 16th day of the 4th month): Construction begun on Kinkaku-ji.
 * 1397 (Ōei 4, 8th month): an Imperial ambassador is dispatched from Emperor Go-Komatsu to the court of the Hongwu Emperor of China.
 * September 1398 (Ōei 5, 8th month): In the early autumn in the 6th year of the reign of King Taejong of Joseon, a diplomatic mission was sent to Japan. Pak Ton-ji and his retinue arrived in Kyoto.  Shōgun Yoshimochi presented the envoy with a formal diplomatic letter; and presents were given for the envoy to convey to the Joseon court.
 * 1398 (Ōei 5) Muromachi administration organized.
 * November 18, 1399 (Ōei 6, 28th day of the 10th month): Ōei no ran (応永の乱) begins. Ōuchi Yoshihiro raises an army against shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu; and the Ashikaga forces prevail against this opposition.
 * 1399 (Ōei 6): Ōuchi Yoshihiro and Ashikaga Mitsukane rebel—Ōei War.
 * 1401 (Ōei 8, 2nd month): The Imperial Palace was burned.
 * 1401 (Ōei 8): Yoshimitsu sends a diplomatic mission to the court of the Jianwen Emperor of China as a tentative first step in re-initiating trade between Japan and Ming China. The letter conveyed to the Emperor of China was accompanied by a gift of 1000 ounces of gold and diverse objects.
 * 1402 (Ōei 9): A letter from the Jianwen Emperor of China was received by Yoshimitsu; and this formal communication mistakenly accords the title "king of Japan" to the Japanese shōgun.
 * 1402 (Ōei 9): Uprising in Mutsu suppressed.
 * 1404 (Ōei 11): Yoshimitsu appointed Nippon Koku-Ō (King of Japan) by Chinese emperor.
 * 1408 (Ōei 15): Yoshimitsu dies.
 * 1408 (Ōei 15): Yoshimochi comes into his own as a shōgun.
 * 1409 (Ōei 16, 3rd month): An ambassador from the Joseon court was received in Kyoto.
 * 1409 (Ōei 16): Ashikaga Mochiuji becomes Kantō kubō.
 * 1411 (Ōei 18): Yoshimochi breaks off relations with China.
 * 1412 (Ōei 19): Emperor Shōkō was made the new sovereign upon the abdication of his father, Emperor Go-Komatsu. His actual coronation date was two years later. Shōkō was only 12 years old when he began living in the daïri; but Go-Komatsu, as a Cloistered Emperor still retained direction of the court and the shōgun was charged with the general superintendence of affairs until his death at age 57 in 1433.
 * 1413 (Ōei 20): Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimochi fell ill, and so he sent an ambassador to the Ise Shrine to pray for the return of his health.
 * 1413 (Ōei 20): Emperor Go-Komatsu abdicates; Emperor Shōkō ascends throne in repudiation of agreement; renewed hostility between shogunate and supporters of Southern Court.
 * January 29, 1415 (Ōei 21, on the 19th day of the 12th month): Enthronement of Emperor Shōkō.
 * 1415 (Ōei 22): Dissension between Mochiuji, the Kantō Kubō at Kamakura, and Uesugi Zenshū (Kanrei).
 * 1416 (Ōei 23): Uesugi rebels.
 * 1417 (Ōei 24): Uesugi's rebellion quelled by Mochiuji.
 * 1418 (Ōei 25): Rebuilding of Asama Shrine at the base of Mount Fuji in Suruga Province is ordered by Ashikaga Yoshimochi.
 * July 18, 1419 (Ōei 26, 26th day of the 6th month): Ōei Invasion (応永の外寇) was a Joseon military action in Tsushima Province (Tsushima Island). The Joseon military forces were focused on the pirates (wakō) which had established bases from which to raid the  coastline of the Korean peninsula.  More than 200 ships and 17,000 fighting men took part in this military expedition.
 * 1420 (Ōei 27): Serious famine with great loss of life.
 * 1422 (Ōei 29): Resuragence of southern supporters.
 * 1423 (Ōei 30, 2nd month): Shōgun Yoshimochi retires in favor of his son, Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, who is 17 years old.
 * 1424 (Ōei 31): Go-Kameyama dies.
 * March 17, 1425 (Ōei 32, 27th day of the 2nd month): Shōgun Yoshikatsu died at the age of 19 years, having administered the empire for only three years.
 * 1425 (Ōei 32): After Yoshikazu dies, Yoshimochi resumes the responsibilities of office.
 * 1428 (Ōei 35): Yoshimochi dies; Shōkō dies; Go-Hanazono ascends throne in second repudiation of agreement.

title: Ōei


text:
William Meston

William Meston (1688? – 1745) was a Scottish poet.

The son of a blacksmith, he was educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen, took part in the Jacobite rebellion of 1715, and had to go into hiding. His Knight of the Kirk (1723) is an imitation of Hudibras.

His "Mob Contra Mob" or "The Rabblers Rabbled" was printed in Edinburgh in 1738 and reprinted by Peter Williamson also in Edinburgh c.1770.

title: William Meston


text: Category:1985 singles

title: Category:1985 singles


text:
Thomas Goldwell

Thomas Goldwell (1501 – 3 April 1585) was an English Catholic clergyman, Bishop of Saint Asaph, the last of those Catholic bishops who had refused to accept the English Reformation.

Life
Thomas Goldwell was the son of William Goldwell of Great Chart, Kent. He is thought to have studied at Canterbury College, Oxford; in January 1532 a student surnamed Goldwell was questioned concerning books in his possession which supported Catherine of Aragon, and Goldwell later referred to Richard Thornden, who was warden of that College from 1524 to 1534, as his "old friend and master". He graduated BA in 1528, MA on 17 July 1531, and BTh on 20 March 1534. While at Oxford he attained more eminence in mathematics, astronomy, and kindred sciences, than in divinity or the humanities.

He became chaplain to Reginald Pole and lived with him at Rome, where he was appointed camerarius of the English Hospital of the Holy Trinity. Goldwell was attainted in 1539.

In 1547 he became a novice in the Theatine House of St. Paul, at Naples. On the death of Paul III, Pole brought him to Rome as his personal attendant at the conclave of 1549-50 that elected of Pope Julius III. Goldwell then returned to Naples, and made his profession as a Theatine. In 1553, while Edward VI was still reigning an Act of General Pardon was passed, from which Goldwell had the signal honour of being specially excepted by name, along with Pole and some others.

On Mary's accession, Pole was named papal legate, and Goldwell returned with him to England. In 1555 Goldwell became bishop of St Asaph, a diocese largely within Wales. While still only bishop-designate, he was sent to Rome on 2 July 1555 to report on the state of religion in England to Paul IV, and probably received his episcopal consecration at that time. He returned to England and assisted at the consecration of Pole as Archbishop of Canterbury.

Mary planned to make him Bishop of Oxford and ambassador to Rome in November 1558, and the documents were drawn up, but were not enacted due to her death. When Elizabeth came to the throne, Goldwell attended Pole's funeral by the new Queen's permission and then returned to St Asaph's. He complained of not being invited to her first parliament as a bishop. It was alleged that, by his nomination to Oxford, he was no longer Bishop of St. Asaph; but that, as he had not done homage to the queen for Oxford, he was not yet bishop of that see. Not allowed to perform a bishop's office, say Mass, or administer the sacraments, as long as he remained in the country, by June 1559 he decided to leave England. Although the ports were being watched for him, he succeeded in making his escape.

In 1561 Goldwell became superior of the Theatines at San Silvestro, their house in Rome. He served as Custos of the English Hospice in Rome (now called the Venerable English College, Rome) where he went to serve as the only English bishop at the last stages of the council of Trent, (Richard Pate, Bishop of Worcester, and Reginald Pole being at the earlier stages in the 1540s) and in 1562 was again attainted. In the following year he was appointed vicar-general to Carlo Borromeo, archbishop of Milan. Later, he returned to Rome, where he is known to have ordained the famous Spanish composer Tomás Luis de Victoria as a priest. In 1580, in spite of his advanced age, he set out for England at the head of the mission which included Campion and Persons, but he was taken ill at Reims and obliged to return to Rome.

At Pentecost in 1584 he ordained to the priesthood Camillus de Lellis, the founder of the Camillans or Order of Clerks Regular, Ministers of the Sick. St Camillus is the Catholic patron Saint of the Sick, hospitals, nurses and physicians.

Goldwell died in Rome in 1585, the last surviving pre-Reformation bishop of Catholic England.

Episcopal succession
While bishop, Goldwell served as the principal consecrator of: • Giovan Battista Serbelloni, Bishop of Cassano all'Jonio (1567);

• Donat O'Gallagher, Bishop of Killala (1570);

• Laurentius Bernardini, Titular Bishop of Coronea (1572);

• Marco Pedacca, Bishop of Lacedonia (1584);

• Basilio Gradi, Bishop of Ston (1584);

and was the principal co-consecrator of: • Reginald Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury (1556);

• Ascanio Marchesini Titular Bishop of Maioren (1567);

• Maurice MacGibbon, Archbishop of Cashel (1567);

• Giovanni Agostino Campanile, Bishop of Minori (1567);

• Paolo Burali d'Arezzo, Bishop of Piacenza (1568);

• Organtino Scaroli, Bishop of San Marco (1569);

• Gregorio Cruz, Bishop of Martirano (1569);

• Cesare Ferrante, Bishop of Termoli (1569);

• Ludovico Madruzzo, Bishop of Trento (1570);

• Malachy O'Moloney, Bishop of Killaloe (1571);

• Guarnero Trotti, Bishop of Alessandria (1571);

• Gregorio Forbicini, Bishop of Strongoli (1572);

• Giovanni Battista Bracelli (bishop), Bishop of Luni e Sarzana (1572);

• Antonio Vialardi, Archbishop of Bourges (1572);

• Ottavio Mirto Frangipani, Bishop of Caiazzo (1572);

• Miguel Thomàs de Taxaquet, Bishop of Lérida (1577);

• Girolamo Bentivoglio, Bishop of Corneto (Tarquinia) e Montefiascone (1580); and

• Giulio Monaco, Bishop of Lucera (1580).

title: Thomas Goldwell


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William Julius Mickle

William Julius Mickle (29 September 1734 – 28 October 1788) was a Scottish poet.

Biography
Born in Langholm on 29 September 1738 to a minister, he was for some time a brewer in Edinburgh, but failed. He moved to England where he worked as a corrector for the Clarendon Press at Oxford. In 1771–75 Mickle lodged at the manor house in Forest Hill, Oxfordshire. Mickle had various literary failures and minor successes until, while at Forest Hill, he produced his translation of the Lusiad, from the Portuguese of Luís de Camões. This was a success that brought him both fame and money.

In 1777, he went to Portugal, where he was received with distinction. In 1784, he published the ballad of Cumnor Hall, which suggested to Walter Scott the writing of Kenilworth. He is perhaps best remembered, however, by the beautiful lyric, "There's nae luck aboot the Hoose", which, although claimed by others, is almost certainly his.

In 1781 Mickle married Mary Tomkins, the daughter of his former landlord in Forest Hill, and settled in Wheatley. He died in 1788 while on a visit to his in-laws in Forest Hill, London, and is buried in Forest Hill churchyard.

His namesake and great-grandson, William Julius Mickle, became a distinguished medical doctor.

title: William Julius Mickle