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Thioredoxin reductase

Thioredoxin reductases (TR, TrxR) are enzymes that reduce thioredoxin (Trx). Two classes of thioredoxin reductase have been identified: one class in bacteria and some eukaryotes and one in animals. In bacteria TrxR also catalyzes the reduction of glutaredoxin like proteins known as NrdH. Both classes are flavoproteins which function as homodimers. Each monomer contains a FAD prosthetic group, a NADPH binding domain, and an active site containing a redox-active disulfide bond.

Cellular role
Thioredoxin reductases are enzymes that catalyze the reduction of thioredoxin and hence they are a central component in the thioredoxin system. Together with thioredoxin (Trx) and NADPH this system's most general description is as a system for reducing disulfide bonds in cells. Electrons are taken from NADPH via TrxR and are transferred to the active site of Trx, which goes on to reduce protein disulfides or other substrates. The Trx system exists in all living cells and has an evolutionary history tied to DNA as a genetic material, defense against oxidative damage due to oxygen metabolism, and redox signaling using molecules like hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide.

Diversity
Two classes of thioredoxin reductase have evolved independently: These two classes of TrxR have only ~20% sequence identity in the section of primary sequence where they can be reliably aligned. The net reaction of both classes of TrxR is identical but the mechanism of action of each is distinct.
 * A high molecular weight (MW = ~55,000) type containing a selenocysteine residue in its active site has been identified in higher eukaryotes including humans. This TxR is related to glutathione reductase, trypanothione reductase, mercuric reductase and lipoamide dehydrogenase.
 * A low molecular weight (MW = ~ 35,000) type has been identified in archaea, bacteria and other eukarya.

Humans express three thioredoxin reductase isozymes: thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1, cytosolic), thioredoxin reductase 2 (TrxR2, mitochondrial), thioredoxin reductase 3 (TrxR3, testis specific). Each isozyme is encoded by a separate gene:

E. coli
In E. coli ThxR there are two binding domains, one for FAD and another for NADPH. The connection between these two domains is a two-stranded anti-parallel β-sheet. Each domain individually is very similar to the analogous domains in glutathione reductase, and lipoamide dehydrogenase but they relative orientation of these domains in ThxR is rotated by 66 degrees. This becomes significant in the enzyme mechanism of action which is described below. ThxR homo-dimerizes with the interface between the two monomers formed by three alpha-helices and two loops. Each monomer can separately bind a molecule of thioredoxin.

Mammalian
Mammalian TrxR structure is similar to E. coli. It contains a FAD and NADPH binding domain, and an interface between two monomer subunits. In mammalian ThxR there is an insertion in the FAD binding domain between two alpha helices which forms a small pair of beta strands. The active disulfide in the enzyme is located on one of these helices and thus the active disulfide bond is located in the FAD domain and not the NADPH domain as in E. coli and other prokaryotes.

E. coli
In E. coli ThxR the spatial orientation of the FAD and NADPH domains are such that the redox-active rings of FAD and NADPH are not in close proximity to each other. When the FAD domain of E. coli is rotated 66 degrees with the NADPH domain remaining fixed the two prosthetic groups move into close contact allowing electrons to pass from NADPH to FAD and then to the active site disulfide bond. The conserved active site residues in E. coli are -Cys-Ala-Thr-Cys-.

Mammalian
Mammalian TrxRs have a much higher sequence homology with glutathione reductase than E. coli. The active-site Cys residues in the FAD domain and bound NADPH domain are in close proximity removing the necessity for a 66 degree rotation for electron transfer found in E. coli. An additional feature of the mammalian mechanism is the presence of a selenocysteine residue at the C-terminal end of the protein which is required for catalytic activity. The conserved residues in mammalian active site are -Cys-Val-Asn-Val-Gly-Cys-.

Detection methods
Thioredoxin reductase can be quantified by various methods such as the DTNB assay using Ellman's reagent. The disulfide-based TRFS series of fluorescent probes have shown selective detection of TrxR. Mafireyi synthesized the first diselenide probe that was applied in the detection of TrxR. Other detection methods include immunological techniques and the selenocystine-thioredoxin reductase assay (SC-TR assay).

Cancer treatment
Since the activity of this enzyme is essential for cell growth and survival, it is a good target for anti-tumor therapy. Furthermore, the enzyme is upregulated in several types of cancer, including malignant mesothelioma. For example, motexafin gadolinium (MGd) is a new chemotherapeutic agent that selectively targets tumor cells, leading to cell death and apoptosis via inhibition of thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase.

Cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common diagnosis in cases of congestive heart failure. Thioredoxin reductases are essential proteins for regulating cellular redox balance and mitigating the damage caused by reactive oxygen species generated via oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. Inactivation of mitochondrial TrxR2 in mice results in thinning of the ventricular heart walls and neonatal death. Furthermore two mutations in the TrxR2 gene are found in patients diagnosed with DCM and not in a control population. It is hypothesized that the pathological impact of these mutations is an impaired ability to control oxidative damage in cardiac myocytes.

Antibiotic
There has recently been some research to show that low molecular weight thioredoxin reductase could be a target for novel antibiotics (such as auranofin or Ebselen. ) This is especially true for Mycobacterium Haemophilum, and could be used for antibiotic resistant bacteria.

title: Thioredoxin reductase


text:
Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake

Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake (also called Lake Roosevelt) is the reservoir created in 1941 by the impoundment of the Columbia River by the Grand Coulee Dam in Washington state. It is named for Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was president during the construction of the dam. Covering 125 mi2, it stretches about 150 mi from the Canada–US border to Grand Coulee Dam, with over 600 mi of shoreline; by surface area it is the largest lake and reservoir in Washington. It is the home of the Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area.

The reservoir lies in parts of five counties in northeastern Washington; roughly in descending order of lake acreage they are Ferry, Stevens, Lincoln, Okanogan, and Grant counties.

Etymology
Originally, the Bureau of Reclamation referred to the impoundment formed behind Grand Coulee Dam as the Columbia Reservoir. It was unofficially referred to as "Columbia Lake" and "Empire Lake" by local newspapers, including the Colville Examiner in Stevens County; the latter name was chosen in a 1941 contest organized by the Spokane Daily Chronicle and forwarded to the Department of the Interior as a suggestion. "Empire Lake" was suggested by 113 entries and was among the most popular of the suggestions, which also included "Grand Coulee" (later used for a separate reservoir), "Sunset", "Spokane", and "Roosevelt"; entries with the name "Columbia" were not considered due to its previous rejection by federal officials as an official name.

On April 17, 1945, five days after the death of President Roosevelt, Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes renamed the reservoir Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake. Secretary Ickes stated this token honor recognized how President Roosevelt championed the dam and advocated the legislation to create it. The accompanying Coulee Dam National Recreation Area was renamed for Roosevelt in 1996 to match the lake.

Administration
The lake and lands are managed under the Lake Roosevelt Cooperative Management Agreement dated April 5, 1990, succeeding an original 1946 agreement. Per the agreement, the management and regulations of Lake Roosevelt Management Area set out in the agreement are not intended to nor shall they interfere with or be inconsistent with the purposes for which the Columbia Basin Project was established, is operated and maintained; those purposes being primarily flood control, improved navigation, streamflow regulation, providing for storage and for the delivery of stored waters thereof for the reclamation of public and private lands and Indian reservations, for the generation of electrical power and for other beneficial uses, nor it is in intended to modify or alter any obligations or authority of the parties.

The National Park Service manages Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area. The NPS maintains visitor centers, boat-in campsites, shoreline camping, and conducts marine patrols for compliance with United States Coast Guard marine safety rules.

The Bureau of Reclamation has two management zones. One is directly behind the dam. It follows the log boom line from the west bank of the river to about mid-channel. Then at the Grant and Okanogan county line (in the middle of the lake) the boundary goes uplake for a short distance until it cuts across to the east shoreline. The other zone is located on the east side of the lake at China Bar, 48.82306°N, -117.9325°W. Reclamation operates a log collection facility. Reclamation captures logs and other large debris before it enters Lake Roosevelt.

Bureau of Indian Affairs indirectly manages parts of the lake that are along the Colville Indian Reservation and Spokane Reservation.

Although some Washington Department of Natural Resources lands abut against Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area, the state's Discover Pass does not cover use of NPS boat launches or tribal lands and waters.

Pollution litigation

The lake is downstream from the Canadian province of British Columbia's Trail Smelter, and has been the subject of litigation over environmental concerns.

Cominco's smelter deposited slag from its plant into the Columbia River, which then flowed into Lake Roosevelt. Environmental concerns were raised when these deposits were found to include mercury, lead and zinc. This discovery led the nearby indigenous group, the Colville Confederated Tribes, to take action against Cominco and hold them responsible for degrading the water quality of the lake. The pollution raised health concerns for tribe members, who used the beaches and campsites along the river and ate fish from the river "for subsistence, cultural and spiritual reasons". The lawsuit, launched in 2004, was unique in that it demanded Cominco comply with a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) order to provide funding for pollution studies of the Trail operation. In a media statement released in 2003, Cominco agreed to invest $13-million for studies of the health and ecology of Lake Roosevelt, as well as fund the cleanup required to rid the lake of metal contamination associated with the company's smelting practices; although the company's agreement to fund the studies was well-intentioned, the Colville Confederated Tribes countered that Cominco's offer was inadequate because it "did not meet the quality of studies and cleanup guarantees that would be required under EPA rules".

The lawsuit between Cominco and the Colville Confederated Tribes sparked more tensions between Canada and the U.S. over transborder environmental laws. As a Canadian company, Cominco felt that their operation was being unfairly targeted because the lawsuit was ordering them to follow an American governing body's orders to clean up Lake Roosevelt. Cominco also objected to the implication in the lawsuit that it was the only company responsible for the pollution of Lake Roosevelt.

In 1994, Cominco stopped depositing smelting byproducts into the Columbia River and in 2004 reportedly spent about $1 billion modernizing the Trail plant and reducing its emissions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake


text:
User talk:Sketch

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

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Sam [Spade] 16:09, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Found the Doctor Impersonator
I've answered the question you posted at the Reference desk. It's a guy by the name of Ferdinand Waldo Demara.

title: User talk:Sketch


text:
List of Utah State Parks

Map of State Parks of Utah ''Hold cursor over locations to display park name; click to go to park article.''

Utah State Parks is the common name for the Utah Division of State Parks; a division of the Utah Department of Natural Resources. This is the state agency that manages the state park system of the state of Utah in the United States.

Utah's state park system began with four heritage parks in 1957: Sugar House Park (which was later removed from the system), Utah Territorial Statehouse in Fillmore, This Is the Place Monument in Salt Lake City, and Camp Floyd outside of Fairfield. Today, there are 46 Utah State Parks and several undeveloped areas totaling over 95000 acre of land and more than one million surface acres of water. Utah's state parks are scattered throughout Utah; from Bear Lake State Park at the Utah/Idaho border to Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum deep in the Four Corners region, and everywhere in between.

The Division of State Parks also administers the Utah off highway vehicle, boating, and trails programs. In this capacity, they work to provide access to waterways and trails, and promote education, safety, and resource protection.

The division's mission statement is "To enhance the quality of life by preserving and providing natural, cultural, and recreational resources for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations."

title: List of Utah State Parks


text:
Crust (baking)

In baking, a crust is the outer, hard skin of bread or the shell of a pie. Generally, it is made up of at least shortening or another fat, water, flour, and salt. It may also include milk, sugar, or other ingredients that contribute to the taste or texture. An egg or milk wash can be used to decorate the outside, as well as coarse sugar. A crust contributes to a pastry.

The ratio of ingredients and mixing method determines the texture of the crust. If the flour is not well mixed with the shortening, then water can bind to the available flour causing the gluten protein matrix to become over developed. This would result in a tough crust, as opposed to a flaky crust, which is more desirable.

Depending on the type of pastry, the crust can be baked before it is filled, or in baked (baked together with the filling). In pies, two different types of crust exist: one-crust pie and two-crust pie. A two-crust pie can have either a complete upper crust, a lattice top, or any of a variety of other decorative tops.

Types
In baking there are many types of crusts and doughs for these crusts depending on what you are trying to achieve. In pastries there are five different types of dough you can use as the crust; flaky, shortcrust, puff, choux and filo.
 * Flaky: Flaky crust is a delicate crust but very easy to make. Flaky crust can be used for sweet and savory treats. An example of a flaky crust is it can be used as the crust for a quiche.
 * Shortcrust: Shortcrust is a thicker crust. It is good for thicker treats like cookies.
 * Puff: Puff pastry crust is similar to flaky crust but is slightly lighter and may possibly be layered. Puff pastry is good for bakers and is what makes things like a chocolate croissant.
 * Choux: Choux is kind of like a shell when finished. It is also known for being paired with cream. Choux is good for things like eclairs or cannolis.
 * Filo: Filo is very delicate and similar to puff. Filo is used in a lot of savory greek foods like spanokopita.

Pies also use different types of crust depending on the flavor and idea a person is going for. There are eight main types of pie crust; Flaky, Tender, Hot Water, Sweet crust, Crostata, Creamcheese, Cornmeal, graham cracker or other cookie type, and Rough puff. Any of these crusts could work for any pie but the tastes are slightly different. When making a pie, a crust should be chosen which one will taste the best and hold in the filling.

title: Crust (baking)


text:
User talk:Him!

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
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 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 16:10, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Him!


text:
Amstrad NC100

The Amstrad NC100 Notepad was an A4-size, portable Z80-based notebook computer, released by Amstrad in July 1992. It featured 64 KB of RAM, the Protext word processor, various organiser-like facilities (diary, address book and time manager), a simple calculator, and a version of the BBC BASIC interpreter.

The computer's design, evocative of the TRS-80 Model 100, features a screen was 80 character columns by eight rows, and not backlit, but this let the NC100 run for up to 20 hours on four standard AA cell batteries. There was an RS-232 serial port, a parallel port for connecting a printer, and a PC card socket, by means of which the computer's memory could be expanded up to 1 MB.

Design
The NC100 was designed to be a portable computer which was simple to use. That was the brief given by Sir Alan Sugar (then chairman of Amstrad) to his design staff. The NC100 project was internally referred to as Alan's "Baby" and Alan Sugar himself tested the machine for usability during the design phase. The specifications for the computer were not considered important - as long as it could serve its purpose.

The user-friendly features of the NC100 come from the software which is included in the firmware. Protext and the other applications were designed with a computer novice in mind - although experienced users can find and use a large array of more complicated features.

Alan Sugar actually wrote the first chapter of the NC100's user manual in order to show that even he could use it.

The design also included terminal emulation and XMODEM file transfer software which enabled the NC100 to communicate through dial-up analogue modems. UK tech journalist Sue Schofield used one to upload a review of the NC100 directly into the online filing computer of the Independent newspaper in 1993. The review was written on the machine, and transferred from it over a battery-powered 300 baud modem.

Upgrades
An upgraded variant, the NC200 Notebook, appeared in late 1993. This came in a clamshell-type form factor with a flip-up screen featuring a backlit 80 x 16 character text screen and double the vertical pixel resolution as the NC100. The NC200 had a 720 KB 3.5" floppy disk drive able to read/write MS-DOS-formatted disks, 128 KB RAM, and some extra software - notably three Tetris-like games and a capable spreadsheet with rudimentary database capability. However, these changes required much greater power use, requiring 5 C cell batteries. The disk drive could only be used at near full-charge, which meant that it could only be used a few hours after putting in new batteries. The laptop could function for considerably longer without using the disk drive. The backlight can be manually toggled off to save power by pressing the Control and Caps Lock keys at the same time.

An intermediate version, the NC150 Notepad, was also produced, but was available only in Italy and France; its case had the same design as the NC100, but it included the games later seen on the NC200.

Variants
Both the NC100 and NC200 were licensed to a company called NTS Computer Systems in British Columbia and marketed as the Dreamwriter 100 and Dreamwriter 200, respectively. These were the same computers apart from having only Protext and Personal information manager apps installed (no BBC Basic, no games, and no spreadsheet). The Dreamwriter 200 had a 1.44 MB floppy disk drive, an upgrade from the NC200's 720 KB drive. Its user guide cautions against using the low-density floppy disks.

The cases were off-white in color with blue and green stripes separating the screen from the keyboard. There were blue and green colored keys also. The Dreamwriters were retailed by Radio Shack in the U.S. for a short time in the mid-1990s.

title: Amstrad NC100


text:
User talk:Editor B

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
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 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
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 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 16:13, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

May 2016
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Disambiguation link notification for May 17
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Montana Green Party
Just a quick note There was a recent AfD decision at - Articles for deletion/Montana Green Party to merge this article into List of state Green Parties in the United States. Just an FYI. :-) Me-123567-Me (talk) 20:20, 20 January 2017 (UTC)

New Wikiproject!
Hello, Editor B! I saw you recently edited a page related to the Green party and green politics. There is a new WikiProject that has been formed - WikiProject Green Politics and I thought this might be something you'd be interested in joining! So please head on over to the project page and take a look! Thanks for your time. Me-123567-Me (talk) 18:32, 22 January 2017 (UTC)

Welcome to The Wikipedia Adventure!

 * Hi !  We're so happy you wanted to play to learn, as a friendly and fun way to get into our community and mission.  I think these links might be helpful to you as you get started.
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Welcome to The Wikipedia Adventure!

 * Hi Editor B! We're so happy you wanted to play to learn, as a friendly and fun way to get into our community and mission.  I think these links might be helpful to you as you get started.
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Speedy deletion nomination of Center for Contemplative Mind in Society

A tag has been placed on Center for Contemplative Mind in Society requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a company, corporation or organization, but it does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the.  DGG ( talk ) 06:05, 19 December 2017 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Center for Contemplative Mind in Society (January 4)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by SeraphWiki was:

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Proposed deletion of Insight Timer

The article Insight Timer has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Non- Notable. The only sources for this topic are two, non-notable mentions and a self published article on Medium.com"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.  — Keithbob • Talk  • 20:08, 12 April 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Insight Timer for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Insight Timer is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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title: User talk:Editor B


text:
Baywood, Louisiana

Baywood is an unincorporated community located in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, United States, approximately 30 mi northeast of Baton Rouge. Baywood's elevation is 105 ft above sea level.

title: Baywood, Louisiana


text:
Risto Jarva

Risto Antero Jarva (15 July 1934 – 16 December 1977) was a Finnish filmmaker.

Jarva usually approached his long films and short documentary films from some social problem and from one or more possible ways to solve it. Such problems included the widespread use of cars, the position of women, city planning, pollution, the role of gossip magazines' journalists, and the Finnish society's remaining ideological divides.

His 1967 film The Diary of a Worker was entered into the 5th Moscow International Film Festival.

He was a seven time Jussi Awards winner.

Jarva worked as an artistic professor of the film from 1970 to 1975 and as the Helsinki Applied Arts and Industry College's senior teacher from 1975 to 1977. His last film was Jäniksen vuosi ("The Year of the Hare"). He died in a car accident on his way back from a private showing of the film, and the subsequent party.

title: Risto Jarva


text:
File talk:Cyclone tracy aerial view darwin.jpg

the poor woman is going to be swamped with spam if her email address stays on this page

 * Fixed, whoever you are. - Ta bu shi da yu 15:38, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Are no-third-party copyrights allowed on Wikipedia? Doesn't that interfere with FDL?

 * No idea where you get this from. Besides, the copyright tag states the copyright well, and it's part of the category Category:Images used with permission. Not great, but also necessary in this instance as it is a history Australian image. We can't get any other type of image for this article. Incidently, it's polite to sign so I know who's asking the question (going to the history is a pain in discussion pages) - Ta bu shi da yu 12:41, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Blue Gulch Reservoir Dam

The Blue Gulch Reservoir Dam is a dam in Kettle Falls, Washington. It is owned by Richard Hurst, who also owns the Blue Gulch Reservoir.

The dam is located at 48.59°N, -118.09944°W in Stevens County, Washington. The dam was completed in 1926.

title: Blue Gulch Reservoir Dam


text: Template:Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Western


text:
Geraldine Jewsbury

Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury (22 August 1812 – 23 September 1880) was an English novelist, book reviewer and literary figure in London, best known for popular novels such as Zoe: the History of Two Lives and reviews for the literary periodical the Athenaeum. Jewsbury never married, but enjoyed intimate friendships, notably with Jane Carlyle, wife of the essayist Thomas Carlyle. Jewsbury's romantic feelings for her and the complexity of their relations appear in Jewsbury's writings. She tried unsuccessfully to encourage her close friend Walter Mantell to start a new life as an author after his disagreement with the New Zealand government over Maori land rights.

Family and education
Jewsbury was born at Measham, Derbyshire (since 1897 Leicestershire), the daughter of Thomas Jewsbury (died 1840), a cotton manufacturer and merchant, and his wife Maria, née Smith, (died 1819). Her paternal grandfather, Thomas Jewsbury Sr (died 1799), had been a surveyor of roads, an engineer of canals and a philosophy student. In his will, he left the family four cottages, a warehouse, some land in Measham, and a large cash bequest.

Thomas Jr and Maria had six children: Maria Jane (1800), Thomas (1802), Henry (1803), Geraldine (1812), Arthur (1815) and Frank (1819). Maria Jane had literary interests and wrote for the Manchester Gazette. After their mother's early death, she helped to bring up the family until she married, but she herself died young of cholera. Geraldine then took care of her father until he died, and also of Frank until he married.

Her father's cotton business suffered from the War of 1812, and he became an insurance agent based in Manchester. Geraldine was educated at a boarding school kept by the Misses Darbys at Alder Mills near Tamworth, Staffordshire, and continued her studies in French, Italian and drawing in London in 1830–1831. Soon after returning to her family home, she began to suffer from depression, question her fate and express religious doubts. This change was reflected in her first novel, Zoe: the History of Two Lives.

Relationship with Jane Carlyle
About 1840, Jewsbury wrote to the eminent Scottish author Thomas Carlyle for advice about a literary career. Invited to his home in Chelsea, London, she immediately began a warm friendship and correspondence with his wife Jane that would become the deepest relationship of her life.

Jewsbury destroyed the letters she received from Jane, as Jane had agreed to destroy Jewsbury's, which her sudden death prevented her from doing. Early on, Jewsbury developed passionate feelings for Jane, as surviving letters reveal. On the other hand, early accounts of Jane reveal ambivalence towards Jewsbury. When Carlyle proposed that Jewsbury visit them at 5 Cheyne Row in 1843, Jane hesitated, finally admitting to Carlyle: "'Why I am afraid that having her beside me from morning till night would be dreadfully wearing'!" She complained of how Jewsbury was "always in a state of emotion! dropping hot tears on my hands, and watching me and fussing me".

Jane and Jewsbury weathered many disagreements, especially over the role of women, as Jane was a famously dutiful wife, who never considered a career of her own. However, the friendship lasted over 25 years; Jane attempted (unsuccessfully) to find suitors for Jewsbury, and Jewsbury nursed Jane through periods of illness.

Their relationship was studied by literary scholars, including Virginia Woolf in her article on Jewsbury’s letters to Jane. It also contributed to Jewsbury's appearance in print that Jane helped to edit her first two books.

Novels
Jewsbury was primarily a novelist of ideas and moral dilemmas, who sharply questioned the standard, idealised roles of wife and mother and promoted the spiritual value of work in a woman's life. She often made her female characters wiser and more capable than the male ones.

Her first novel, Zoe: the History of Two Lives (1845), tells of a girl who falls in love with a Catholic priest, causing him to lapse from his faith. The story carries a strong theme of doubt, not only about religious belief, but about marriage as a woman's prime destiny. It was initially rejected by the publisher, but later accepted after an intervention by Thomas Carlyle. It was an immediate success, and praised by the Manchester Examiner as "striking" and "clever", although other reviews were mixed. As a novel of scepticism, it can be classed with the work of Charlotte Mary Yonge and Mrs Humphry Ward, while the linking of sexual feelings with spiritual anguish brought comparisons with George Sand.

Jewsbury's next novel, The Half Sisters (1848), also questions the role of wife and mother, which are seen as unsatisfying and limiting. The life of the conventional woman, Alice, compares unfavourably with that of her half-sister Bianca, who works as an actress to support an insane mother. The character of Alice carries touches of Jane Carlyle, while Bianca is based clearly on another of Jewsbury's close friends, Charlotte Cushman. This was the author's own favourite among her novels.

Her third novel, Marian Withers (1851), explores the same theme of women's fulfilment, this time in an industrial setting, drawing on first-hand experience of the Manchester business world. It introduced the themes of education, creative invention, status in the workplace, and public philanthropy. The novel tells a number of different stories, connected by analogy, and some critics disliked such a fragmentary structure.

Three further novels (Constance Herbert, 1855; The Sorrows of Gentility, 1856; and Right or Wrong, 1859) attracted less interest. Jewsbury also wrote two novels for children: The History of an Adopted Child (1852) and Angelo, or, The Pine Forest in the Alps (1855).

Short stories
Dickens commissioned 17 stories from Jewsbury between 1850 and 1859, for his periodical Household Words. He once wrote to her, "Dear Miss Jewsbury, – I make no apology for addressing you thus, for I am a reader of yours, and I hope that I have that knowledge of you which may justify a frank approach.... If I could induce you to write any papers or short stories for [Household Words] I should, I sincerely assure you, set great store by your help, and be much gratified in having it."

Reviewing
Jewsbury is believed to have reviewed over 2000 books between 1846 and 1880, including novels, children's books, memoirs, biographies, histories, cookbooks and household management books, mainly for the weekly Athenaeum. As most reviews were anonymous at that time, the exact total is unknown. Anonymity also set up an atmosphere of suspicion between authors and critics. Many of Jewsbury’s reviews were wrongly attributed to the novelist and non-fiction writer John Cordy Jeaffreson. When Rhoda Broughton discovered that an unfavourable review of her novel had been written by Jewsbury, she included an unflattering caricature of her in one of her later books, The Beginner, although this appeared after Jewsbury's death.

Jewsbury was very much a moral critic. Her chief criterion was the ability of the characters to distinguish right from wrong, and this weighed with her more than the plot. For example, she disapproved of stories about an older man pining for a younger woman. She also disliked love scenes and domestic novels in general. Popular authors she reviewed included Anthony Trollope, George Eliot, George Meredith and Wilkie Collins.

Jewsbury also worked as a publisher's reader for Hurst and Blackett and for Bentley, recommending, for example, that the latter publish Ellen Wood's best-selling East Lynne (1861), although turning down such later successful authors as M. E. Braddon and Ouida. She often used her place with Bentley to boost the careers of other female writers, including friends like Margaret Oliphant and Frances Power Cobbe.

Friends and romances
Jewsbury was highly sociable, with many friends and literary partnerships, and able to find common ground with people of any class. Her growing prominence and unconventional personality, smoking and wearing men's clothes like George Sand, soon brought her a high profile in literary society. Her friends included the Huxley, Kingsley, Rossetti, and Browning families, W. E. Forster (with whom she visited revolutionary Paris in 1848), John Bright, John Ruskin and G. H. Lewes.

She never married, but had close personal relationships with men and women, some carnal, some platonic, the most significant being with Jane Carlyle. Another was with the actress Charlotte Cushman, a powerful, notably mannish figure, whom she admired for her wide experience of life, which contrasted with Jane's dutiful domesticity (Jane Carlyle became jealous and upset about the relationship). Cushman was the model for Bianca in The Half Sisters.

Sydney Owenson, also known as Lady Morgan, had helped Jewsbury when she first arrived in London, and Jewsbury provided much unconditional friendship, eventually helping her to write her memoirs in old age.

Of her male companions, the most significant was a government official in New Zealand, Walter Mantell, eight years her junior, who felt uneasy about his task of pressuring the Maoris to sell their land cheaply to the British, and returned to live in England. She made great efforts to promote him in the literary world, and even proposed marriage, but it seems that he began to sicken of her attentions and they drifted apart.

Death
Jewsbury moved to Sevenoaks, Kent, after the death of Jane Carlyle in 1866. She herself contracted cancer in 1879, died in a private London hospital in 1880, and was buried in Brompton Cemetery. She was writing until the end of her life, her last report for Bentley being dated 9 September 1880. She left all her papers to the businessman and feminist John Stores Smith, with whom she had had a strong relationship.

title: Geraldine Jewsbury


text:
Talk:Telewest

"Rival"?
I realise journalists all over the place frequently described NTL and Telewest as "rivals" but this always seemed, and seems now, completely inappropriate considering their networks never overlapped and they cooperated on marketing campaigns and customer retention long before the merger.

I'd suggest replacing "larger rival NTL" with "the UK's other large cable network NTL". 86.131.33.172 22:45, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

 * They were rivals in acquiring the smaller companies, and in other fringe areas. Rich Farmbrough, 06:35, 17 December 2010 (UTC).

Change 05/01/07
The Article stated that the service is trialling Bandwidth shaping in the North West. Short time later I in the North East were bandwidth shaped (its more noticed when downloading from binary newsgroups) I included this information in the article stating that it is "Spereading", as the 'trial' will most likely spread until it affects everyone around Februrary of this year (2007)

You can use SSL encryption to use your newsgroup connection fine, Giganews (and others) offer it.

Or, you could just jump ship and move to ADSL (although, its a rat infested rotten network...)

Neutrality
This artcile requires a significant clean-up, it has obviously been written by a fanboy of some sort. Doesn't fit with the NPOV, not enough background information. Seems to be one large sales pages.. I wonder if Telewest staff come here often??! 88.109.96.19 22:04, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Older comments
Just wondering why, as a cable company. Telewest are listed as: "Wireless Communications". — Unsigned comment by User:Haggis

Just wondering why telewest have conned  me by overcharging me for over a year and continue to do so -full of lies, deciept and deception, scandalous  treatment  of a long standing customer — Unsigned comment by 82.36.40.46

Let me asure you that Telewest as a business do not operate on a "conning" basis we ensure high quality. "Over charging you say ? " please by all means go to your alternative service providers, whom as we all know do charge "MORE" than you may or ( May not ) be paying gracefully.

This entry seems a long way from being NPOV - it appears to be a lengthy advert, complete with pricing!

Merger
Why are the shareholders of the (finally) profit making Telewest letting it be merged with the larger loss-making NTL, bearing in mind the increased debt load being taken on. Staggering. Rich  Farmbrough. 23:06, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Revert the page to its original state
I believe we should revert the page, instead of redirecting it to the NTL page. It was a company. Arbiteroftruth
 * Well it looks like that has been done. I re-added the infobox, cable TV providers template, external links and the categories. Some of them I'm not too sure about as Telewest isn't strictly a media company on it's own. Why does everyone else think? -- Antz UK 19:37, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

"Poor customer service"?
"Telewest had gone through a lot of trouble recently due to its reputation for poor customer service..."

This text has been on the article for a while. When was 'recently'? Also, where is the evidence for poor customer service since I find articles that contradict this: http://mediacentre.telewest.co.uk/phoenix.zhtml?c=76808&p=irol-newsArticle&t=Regular&id=587612& http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/allnews/tm_objectid=14226239&method=full&siteid=50143&headline=complaint-calls-are-cause-for-complaint-name_page.html --82.45.4.239 22:28, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Major edit, July 2006.
I've done some work on the article. It might not be upto full Wikipedia standards, but I'd like it if you can let me know. Saying as I work for the company, I thought i'd put my knowledge to some use. —Preceding unsigned comment added by FurbleFox (talk • contribs)
 * Yeah, by adding copyrighted material. That isn't "upto full Wikipedia standards". Mark83 23:08, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Sentence rewording
I've updated 1.1 so it doesn't include "in the next fortnight". Statements like this go out of date very quickly, for obvious reasons. Shamess 01:21, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

History
This article says: Telewest was founded in Croydon in 1984 under the name of Croydon Cable.

NTL article used to say: TCI and US West founded Telewest in 1992 as a joint venture named Telewest Communications

So which is it? Pit-yacker 14:36, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

 * According to the NTL-Telewest history at http://www.ntltelewestbusiness.co.uk/about_us/corporate_info/company_history.aspx 1984 is correct Tafkam 22:46, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Croydon Cable was eventually merged into TCI, who launched the Telewest brand in 1992.

Redirect to Virgin Media Inc.
Should the [Telewest] information not redirect to [Virgin Media Inc]? The [Virgin.net] & [NTL] pages are already redirecting to [Virgin Media], which is not the new company which consisted of [ntl], [Telewest] & [Virgin.Net] —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Salem874 (talk • contribs) 12:22, 1 March 2007 (UTC).

I agree that Telewest and NTL should be re-directing to Virgin Media- I keep trying to do it- but someone keeps changing ti back..

--Jodie kennedy 19:05, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

 * NO, it should NOT redirect to Virgin Media. Just because the companies have merged it does not mean that they were not notable in their own right. ie just becayse Tibet is now part of china, does not mean that it does not deserve it's own article. This has been discussed on Talk:Virgin Media Inc 82.46.233.8 11:56, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Telewest.gif
Image:Telewest.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 08:16, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Fixed - X201 (talk) 09:35, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Microsoft
At some point in the 2000s Micorsoft acquired a significant stake in Telewest for some billions of $/£ which they eventually sold for a (small) fraction of the cost. (The purchase was triggered by another major shareholder being acquired by Bell - and needing to dispose of shares to avoid triggering some %age clause, the sale by the fact that the company was by then more or less valueless. Bill Gates also had some modest number of shares in his own name.) This should be here. Rich Farmbrough, 06:39, 17 December 2010 (UTC).

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Telewest


text:
Sal Soghoian

Sal Soghoian is a user automation expert, software developer, author and musician. He joined Apple Inc. in January 1997 to serve as the Product Manager of Automation Technologies. These technologies include AppleScript, Services, the Terminal, Apple Configurator and Automator, among others. He left Apple in 2016 when his position was eliminated.

Soghoian has advanced Apple's incorporation of automation into its products by writing the scripting dictionaries for iWork, iPhoto, Aperture, and Photos, and the Mastered for iTunes automation tools. He designed and wrote the automation tools in the Apple Configurator application, which uses macOS automation to manage iOS device deployment. Apple Configurator consists of a central AppleScriptObj-C library and a set of Automator actions. Apple Configurator automation tools enable iOS devices to be prepared, managed and refreshed automatically upon their connection to a hosting macOS computer.

Soghoian's current projects include a collection of hundreds of voice-triggered dictation commands for controlling aspects of macOS, including the Keynote, Pages, Numbers, Photos, and the Finder applications. He created, hosts and manages a group of user automation resources at.

In late 2002, Soghoian joined an ad hoc team of engineers developing an application for creating and running automation workflows. After a year and a half of difficult but steady development, Soghoian showed the application to Steve Jobs. It was just one week before Apple's 2004 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC). Jobs was impressed with the new tool and asked Soghoian to appear at the WWDC keynote to demonstrate Automator for the first time to attendees. This innovative integrated workflow feature was introduced as part of Mac OS X v10.4 Tiger. Soghoian holds related U.S. patent #7428535.

During Soghoian's tenure, Apple's native automation scripting language, AppleScript, was revived and upgraded to be PowerPC native in Mac OS 8.5. It was also successfully transitioned to Apple's UNIX-based operating system, Mac OS X, becoming integrated with the native IDE, which included Project Builder and Interface Builder (the precursors to Xcode).

In the evolving releases of OS X from Lion to Mavericks, AppleScript added library support and direct access to the Cocoa frameworks through AppleScriptObj-C, a powerful fusion of AppleScript and the Objective-C programming language. OS X Yosemite introduced JavaScript for Automation (JXA), a peer to AppleScript providing access to Apple Events and Cocoa through an enhanced version of JavaScript Core.

Soghoian was an advocate for AppleScript years before being employed by Apple. As a consultant, he created automation solutions for the publishing industry in the 1990s. Soghoian also authored a popular script collection called Sal's AppleScript Snippets, the ShadowCaster Quark XTension, two books, including AppleScript 1-2-3, and numerous magazine articles about automation. He was a special guest at one Leopard Tech Talk. He was a featured presenter for Quark, Thunder Lizard Productions, Apple, Seybold, and the Macworld conferences.

Personal life
Sal Soghoian was born into an Armenian-American military family, and spent his childhood growing up on Marine and Naval bases, including Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, from which he was evacuated during the Cuban Missile Crisis. In his college years, he attended the University of Virginia in 1969 for a short time, but later moved to Boston where he earned a degree in music from the Berklee College of Music. In the late 1980s he returned to Charlottesville, Virginia, where he worked at the digital printshop "Pixels." Although he is known for his work at Apple, he is also an avid jazz musician. During his time in Charlottesville, he played guitar in a band called "Blue Indigo". The band is notable because it was composed of Carter Beauford (drummer), LeRoi Moore (Saxophone), George Melvin (Hammond B3 organ), and Soghoian (guitar). Beauford and Moore would go on to later musical fame as founding members of the Dave Matthews Band. Jeff Decker and Phil Riddle joined, following their departure.

He is the uncle of noted privacy researcher & activist, Christopher Soghoian.

Discography

 * Blue Indigo, Catwalk
 * Sal Soghoian, To Be with You

title: Sal Soghoian


text:
Ottoia

Ottoia is a stem-group archaeopriapulid worm known from Cambrian fossils. Although priapulid-like worms from various Cambrian deposits are often referred to Ottoia on spurious grounds, the only clear Ottoia macrofossils come from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia, which was deposited. Microfossils extend the record of Ottoia throughout the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, from the mid- to late- Cambrian. A few fossil finds are also known from China.

Morphology
Ottoia specimens are on average 8 centimeters in length. Both length and width show variation with contraction; shorter specimens often being wider than longer ones. The characteristic proboscis of priapulids is present at the anterior, attached to the trunk of the animal, proceeded by the "bursa" at the posterior. The organism's body is bilaterally symmetrical, however, its anterior displays external radial symmetry. Like some other modern invertebrates, a cuticle restricts the size of and protects the animal.

The trunk hosts the internal organs of the organism, divided into seventy to a hundred annulations of varying spacing, depending on curvature and contraction. The posterior displays a series of hooks, which likely acted as anchors during burrowing. Muscles support the animal and retract the bursa and proboscis. A gut leading from the anus in the bursa to the mouth in the proboscis runs through the trunk's spacious body cavity, and a concentration of gut muscles serve the function of a gizzard. A nerve chord runs down the organism's length. In addition to the other organs, it is possible Ottoia contained urogenital organs in its trunk. There is no evidence of a respiratory organ, though the bursa may have served this purpose.

The everted proboscis of Ottoia bears an armature of teeth and hooks. The detailed morphology of these elements distinguishes the two described species, O. tricuspida and O. prolifica. At the base of the pharynx, separated from the teeth by an unarmed region, sits a ring of spines. Behind this, at the front of the trunk, lies a series of hooks and spines, arranged in a quincunx pattern like the five dots on a domino or dice.

Ecology

Ottoia was a burrower that hunted prey with its eversible proboscis. It also appears to have scavenged on dead organisms such as the arthropod Sidneyia.

The spines on the proboscis of Ottoia have been interpreted as teeth used to capture prey. Its mode of life is uncertain, but it is thought to have been an active burrower, moving through the sediment after prey, and is believed to have lived within a U-shaped burrow that it constructed in the substrate. From that place of relative safety, it could extend its proboscis in search of prey. Gut contents show that this worm was a predator, often feasting on the hyolithid Haplophrentis (a shelled animal similar to mollusks), generally swallowed them head-first. They also show evidence of cannibalism, which is common in priapulids today.

Preservation
Because of its bottom-living habit and the location of the Burgess Shale site at the foot of a high limestone reef, one may presume the relative immobility of Ottoia placed it in danger of being carried away and/or buried by any underwater mud avalanche from the cliff top. This may explain why it remains one of the more abundant specimens of the Burgess Shale fauna.

Distribution
At least 1000 Burgess Shale specimens are known in the UNSM collections alone, in addition to the ROM collections and hundreds of specimens elsewhere. 677 specimens of Ottoia are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprise 1.29% of the community.

Ottoia has also been reported from Middle Cambrian deposits in Utah and Spain, Nevada, and various other localities. Nevertheless, these reports are insecure, and the only verifiable Ottoia macrofossils herald from the Burgess Shale itself.

Microfossils corresponding to Ottoia teeth, however, have a much broader distribution, and are found throughout the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Indeed, putative candidates (initially described under the ICBN as Goniomorpha) may extend the range of Ottoia, or at least similar priapulans, into the Ordovician. One poorly preserved specimen that probably belongs to Ottoia, was discovered in the Lower Ordovician Madaoyu Formation in Hunan, China.

title: Ottoia


text: Category:Test cards

title: Category:Test cards


text:
Template talk:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Comments
IMO, this should be removed from nation articles. Though its scope is technically different, it drastically overlaps with Template:Southeast Asia. Redundant series boxes are baaad. --Twinxor 16:29, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * My suggestion is to move the Southeast Asia template to the geography articles of each country and use the ASEAN template for the countries. =) --Andylkl 18:27, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I say keep. EU and Europe also overlap but they are different in nature. __earth 20:49, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep! It is notable. Squash 01:21, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Nightstallion 08:24, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I have removed the template from all the main country articles and moved them to "Politics of " articles. For the main countries themselves I created a new category and placed in the articles. Squash 02:01, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

List of Nations
I removed Papua New Guinea as the nation is not a formal member of the organization. Exec8 18:43, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Technical note
The *.svg file won't show up if the (size ≤ 50px). Hence, I've made it 55px. __earth (Talk) 05:57, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Burma???
Why is this template using Burma instead of Myanmar? Myanmar is its official name, isn't it? Vinhtantran (talk) 15:30, 16 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I edited it. Myanmar is the Official and Legal name of the Nation and State.  Until the day the Country is changed back to Burma, we have to refer to it as Myanmar. --- Laibcoms (talk | Contribs) 10:10, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

East Timor
I also changed the reference to East Timor to Timor-Leste, which is the Official and Legal name of the State and Nation. --- Laibcoms (talk | Contribs) 10:16, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Bangladesh?
Why is Bangladesh in the template list for "Enlargement"? It is of a different status than Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste. Papua New Guinea has been an observer for a long time and has been trying to get full membership status (more especially recently they're bidding for it again). Timor-Leste is also an observer and bidding for full membership status. These have supporters within ASEAN to get full membership.

However, Bangladesh doesn't even have an observer status and the only ASEAN State that gave it support to get such a status was Laos. They have a long way to go. Not to mention, they are more close to their own region of "South Asia" than to ASEAN, and will probably not fit with us. And if I remember correctly, the ASEAN Charter clearly states only South-East Asian Nations are allowed (with the exception of Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste).

Bangladesh shouldn't be part of "Enlargement", even if they are granted Observer status, until we hear a lot of ASEAN States supporting them and that there is a possibility for them to be accepted as a full member down the road. --- Laibcoms (talk | Contribs) 14:41, 6 August 2012 (UTC)


text:
La Citoyenne

La Citoyenne (The Citizeness) was a French feminist newspaper published in Paris from 1881 through 1891 by Hubertine Auclert. It was first published on February 13, 1881, and appeared bi-monthly. The newspaper was a forceful and unrelenting advocate for women's enfranchisement, demanding changes to the Napoleonic Code that relegated women to a vastly inferior status. The newspaper demanded that women be given the right to run for public office, claiming that the unfair laws would never have been passed had the views of female legislators been heard. Notable feminists such as Marie Bashkirtseff wrote articles for the paper.

During the newspaper's existence, the League for the Rights of Women was founded by Léon Richer in 1882, and in 1888 Le Conseil International des Femmes (CIF) was organized, creating the first international feminist organisation. In 1891, Hubertine Auclert ran out of money and her newspaper closed. That same year, activist Maria Martin (1839–1910) launched Le Journal des femmes and on December 9, 1897, high-profile actress and journalist Marguerite Durand (1864-1936) continued the cause and opened another feminist newspaper called La Fronde.

title: La Citoyenne


text:
Category:BBC test cards

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:BBC test cards


text:
Schwerer Gustav

Schwerer Gustav (English: Heavy Gustav) was a German 80 cm railway gun. It was developed in the late 1930s by Krupp in Rügenwalde as siege artillery for the explicit purpose of destroying the main forts of the French Maginot Line, the strongest fortifications in existence at the time. The fully assembled gun weighed nearly 1350 t and could fire shells weighing 7 t to a range of 47 km.

The gun was designed in preparation for the Battle of France but was not ready for action when that battle began, and the Wehrmacht offensive through Belgium rapidly outflanked and isolated the Maginot Line, which were then besieged with more conventional heavy guns until French capitulation. Gustav was later deployed in the Soviet Union during the Battle of Sevastopol, part of Operation Barbarossa, where, among other things, it destroyed a munitions depot located roughly 30 m below sea level. The gun was moved to Leningrad, and may have been intended to be used in the Warsaw Uprising like other German heavy siege pieces, but the uprising was crushed before it could be prepared to fire. Gustav was destroyed by the Germans near the end of the war in 1945 to avoid capture by the Soviet Red Army.

Schwerer Gustav was the largest-calibre rifled weapon ever used in combat, and in terms of weight, the heaviest mobile artillery piece ever built. It fired the heaviest shells of any artillery piece. It was surpassed in calibre only by the British Mallet's Mortar and the American Little David bomb-testing mortar—both at 36 in—but was the only one of the three to go into action.

Development
In 1934, the German Army High Command (Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH)) commissioned Krupp of Essen to design a gun to destroy the forts of the French Maginot Line that were nearing completion. The gun's shells had to punch through seven metres of reinforced concrete or one full metre of steel armour plate, from beyond the range of French artillery. Krupp engineer Erich Müller calculated that the task would require a weapon with a calibre of around 80 cm, firing a projectile weighing 7 t from a barrel 30 m long. The weapon would have a weight of over 1000 t. The size and weight meant that to be at all movable it would need to be supported on twin sets of railway tracks. The railway tracks were specifically engineered to accommodate the immense weight and size of Schwerer Gustav. Constructed with reinforced steel, these tracks provided a stable foundation for the weapon's movement. Specialized locomotives and cranes were employed to transport and position the gun with precision.

In common with smaller railway guns, the only barrel movement on the mount itself would be elevation, traverse being managed by moving the weapon along a curved section of railway line. Krupp prepared plans for calibres of 70 cm, 80 cm, 85 cm, and 1 m.

Nothing further happened until March 1936 when, during a visit to Essen, Adolf Hitler inquired as to the giant guns' feasibility. No definite commitment was given by Hitler, but design work began on an 80 cm model. The resulting plans were completed in early 1937 and approved. Fabrication of the first gun started in mid-1937. Technical complications in the forging of such massive pieces of steel made it apparent that the original completion date of early 1940 could not be met.

Krupp built a test model in late 1939 and sent it to the Hillersleben proving ground for testing. Penetration was tested on this occasion. Firing at high elevation, the 7100 kg shell was able to penetrate the specified seven metres of concrete and the one metre armour plate. When the tests were completed in mid-1940 the complex carriage was further developed. Alfried Krupp, after whose father the gun was named, personally hosted Hitler at the Rügenwalde Proving Ground during the formal acceptance trials of the Gustav Gun in early 1941.

Two guns were ordered. The first round was test-fired from the commissioned gun barrel on 10 September 1941 from a makeshift gun carriage at Hillersleben. In November 1941, the barrel was taken to, now Darłowo, Poland, where eight further firing tests were carried out using the 7,100 kilogram armour-piercing (AP) shell out to a range of 37,210 m.

In combat, the gun was mounted on a specially designed chassis, supported by eight bogies on two parallel railway tracks. Each of the bogies had five axles, giving a total of 40 axles (80 wheels). Krupp named the gun Schwerer Gustav (Heavy Gustav) after the senior director of the firm, Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach.

The gun could fire a heavy concrete-piercing shell and a lighter high-explosive shell. An extremely-long-range rocket projectile was also planned with a range of 150 km, that would require the barrel being extended to 84 m.

In keeping with the tradition of the Krupp company, no payment was asked for the first gun. They charged seven million Reichsmark (approximately 24 million USD in 2015) for the second gun, Dora, named after the senior engineer's wife.

Schwerer Gustav
In February 1942, Heavy Artillery Unit (E) 672 reorganised and went on the march, and Schwerer Gustav began its long ride to Crimea. The train carrying the gun was of 25 cars, a total length of 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi). The gun reached the Perekop Isthmus in early March 1942, where it was held until early April. The Germans built a special railway spur line to the Simferopol-Sevastopol railway 16 km north of the target. At the end of the spur, they built four semi-circular tracks especially for the Gustav to traverse. Outer tracks were required for the cranes that assembled Gustav.

The siege of Sevastopol was the gun's first combat test. 4,000 men and five weeks were needed to get the gun into firing position; 500 men were needed to fire it. Installation began in early May, and by 5 June the gun was ready to fire. The following targets were engaged:
 * 5 June
 * Coastal guns at a range of 25,000 m. Eight shells fired.
 * Fort Stalin. Six shells fired.
 * 6 June
 * Fort Molotov. Seven shells fired.
 * "White Cliff" also known as "Ammunition Mountain": an undersea ammunition magazine in Severnaya ("Northern") Bay. The magazine was sited 30 metres under the sea with at least 10 metres of concrete protection. After nine shells were fired, the magazine was ruined and one of the boats in the bay sunk.
 * 7 June
 * Firing in support of an infantry attack on Südwestspitze, an outlying fortification. Seven shells fired.
 * 11 June
 * Fort Siberia knocked out of action. Five shells fired.
 * 17 June
 * Maxim Gorky Fortresses bombarded. Five shells fired.

By the end of the siege on 4 July the city of Sevastopol lay in ruins, and 30,000 tons of artillery ammunition had been fired. Gustav had fired 47 rounds and worn out its original barrel, which had already fired around 250 rounds during testing and development. The gun was fitted with the spare barrel and the original was sent back to Krupp's factory in Essen for relining.

The gun was then dismantled and moved to the northern part of the eastern front, where an attack was planned on Leningrad. The gun was placed 30 km (18.6 mi) from the city near the railway station of Taytsy. The gun was fully operational when the attack was cancelled. The gun then spent the winter of 1942/43 near Leningrad.

Dora
Dora was the second gun produced. It was deployed briefly during the Battle of Stalingrad, where the gun arrived at its emplacement 15 km west of the city towards the end of August 1942. It was ready to fire on 13 September. It was withdrawn when Soviet forces threatened to encircle the German forces. When the Germans began their long retreat, they took Dora with them.

Langer Gustav
The Langer Gustav was a long cannon with 52 centimetre (20.5 in) calibre and a 43-metre barrel. It was intended to fire super-long-range rocket projectiles weighing 680 kilograms to a range of 190 kilometres (118 mi). This gave it the range to hit London from Calais, France. It was never completed after being damaged during construction by one of the many RAF bombing raids on Essen.

Landkreuzer P. 1500 Monster Project
The Monster was to be a 1,500 tonne mobile, self-propelled platform for an 80-cm K (E) gun, along with two 15 cm sFH 18 heavy howitzers, and multiple MG 151 autocannons normally used on combat aircraft. It was deemed impractical, and in 1943 was cancelled by Albert Speer. It never left the drawing board and no progress was made. It would have surpassed the Panzer VIII Maus (the heaviest tank ever built) and the Landkreuzer P. 1000 Ratte (never built) in weight and size.

Postwar whereabouts
On 14 April 1945, one day before the arrival of US troops, Schwerer Gustav was destroyed to prevent its capture. On 22 April 1945, its ruins were discovered in a forest 15 km north of Auerbach and about 50 km southwest of Chemnitz. In summer 1945 Schwerer Gustav was studied by Soviet specialists and in autumn of the same year was transferred to Merseburg, where the Soviets were gathering German material.

In March 1945, Dora was transferred to Grafenwöhr and was destroyed on 19 April 1945. The debris was discovered by American troops sometime after the discovery of Schwerer Gustav's ruins. The debris was scrapped in the 1950s.

Part of the third (52 centimetre) gun was found after the war in the Krupp production facilities in Essen.

The world's largest "Dora ensemble" is located in the Military History Museum of the Bundeswehr in Dresden.

title: Schwerer Gustav


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Church of South India

The Church of South India (CSI) is a united Protestant Church in India. It is the result of union of a number of Protestant denominations in South India that occurred after the independence of India.

The Church of South India is the successor of a number of Protestant denominations in India, including the four southern dioceses of the Church of India, Burma and Ceylon (Anglican), the South India United Church (Congregationalist, Presbyterian and Continental Reformed), and the southern district of the Methodist Church.

The Church of South India is a member of the Anglican Communion, World Methodist Council and World Communion of Reformed Churches. It is one of four united Protestant churches in the Anglican Communion, World Methodist Council and World Communion of Reformed Churches, with the others being the Church of North India, the Church of Pakistan, and the Church of Bangladesh.

Being a United Protestant denomination, the inspiration for the Church of South India came from ecumenism and the words of Jesus as recorded in the Gospel of John (17.21); as such "That they all may be one" is the motto of the Church of South India.

With a membership of nearly four million, it is the second-largest Christian church based on the number of members in India.

Origins
Four different church traditions were brought together in the CSI: Anglican, Congregational, Presbyterian, and Methodist. All these churches had been established in India through the missionary work of churches in Europe, America, and Australia, which had started their work in India at different periods from the beginning of the 18th century.

The Church of South India Scheme was the first practical attempt of its kind toward a union, on the basis of the following points enunciated in the Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral:
 * The Holy Scripture of the Old and the New Testaments as containing all things necessary to salvation and as being the rule and ultimate standard of faith.
 * The Apostles' Creed as the Baptismal Symbol and the Nicene Creed as sufficient statement of the Christian faith.
 * The two sacraments, ordained by Christ Himself — Baptism and the Supper of the Lord — ministered with the unfailing use of Christ's words of Institution and elements ordained by Him.
 * The Historic Episcopate, locally adapted in the methods of its administration to the varying need of the nations and people called of God into the union of His Church.

The first three points could be accepted without any controversial question. But the fourth became contentious, as the Anglican Church maintained episcopal polity within the historical episcopate and believed that all its bishops and priests could trace an unbroken line of succession from St. Peter; whereas the rest of the churches in the negotiations conformed to other ecclesiastical polities and did not subscribe to the Anglican views on apostolic succession. After extensive dialogues, an agreement was reached that all who were already ordained in any of the uniting churches would be received as ministers in the united Church; provided all new ordinations after the union, would be conferred by episcopally ordained bishops of the united Church, with the imposition of hands. The intention was to introduce an episcopate in historic succession (from Anglicanism) into the new united Church and to ensure its maintenance in the future, by keeping all subsequent ordinations episcopal.

The Church of South India as it exists today came into being with the perseverance and committed efforts of Rev. Vedam Santiago, who for a long period of time took leadership of the SIUC, the South Indian United Churches, which later, with the joint efforts of Rev. V Santiago and Bishop Azariah became the Church of South India.

Formation
The Church of South India union ceremony happened at St George's Cathedral in Madras on 27 September 1947, a month after India achieved its independence from the United Kingdom. It was formed from the union of the SIUC, (South India United Church itself a union of churches from the Congregational Presbyterian and Reformed traditions); the southern provinces of the (Anglican) Church of India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon; and the Methodist Church of South India. The inaugural service was presided by Bishop Rt. Rev. C. K. Jacob, of the Anglican diocese of Travancore and Cochin. As part of it, nine new bishops, drawn from all the traditions, were consecrated to serve with five Anglican bishops already in the office. Each new bishop was ordained with the imposition of hands by the presiding bishop, along with two more Anglican bishops (Rt. Rev. A. M. Hollis and Rt. Rev. G. T. Selwynthe) and six presbyters from the uniting Churches, also laying hands. This reconciliation of the Anglican views with those of the other uniting denominations, on the doctrine of apostolic succession, realized in the formation of the Church of South India, is often cited as a landmark in the ecumenical movement.

Logo
The logo of the Church of South India consists of a Cross superimposed on a stylized Lotus flower in a white backdrop; around which the motto and name of the Church, is embossed. It was designed by J. Vasanthan of the American College, Madurai.

The imposing central position of the Cross denotes the foundation of the Church and its faith, while its four arms of the same length promulgates equality. The Lotus flower, called Pankaj meaning "mud-born" in Sanskrit, has been of great spiritual and symbolic significance in India, since ancient times. Its placement in the Logo, proclaims the indigenous nature of the Church of South India and its dependence on the grace of God, just as a Lotus that blooms at sunrise and closes at sunset, depends on the Sun. The stylized rendering, makes the Lotus petals simultaneously depict the fiery split tongues of the Holy Spirit. The motto of the CSI embossed on the logo, which is an excerpt of Jesus's prayer in John 17:21, is used as an inclusive affirmation of the need for the unity of all people.

Beliefs and practices
The Church of South India is a Trinitarian Church that draws from the traditions and heritage of its constituent denominations. The Church accepts the Chalcedonian Christological Definition, as well as the Apostles' Creed and the Nicene Creed. Both creeds are included in the Church liturgy as the profession of faith. The Church practices infant baptism for children born in Christian homes and adult or believer's baptism for others. Baptized children are members of the church and share in the privileges and obligations of membership so far as they are capable of doing so.

The Church of South India practices the rite of Confirmation, by which the confirmands (those being confirmed) upon profession of their Christian faith, obtain confirmation of their baptisms and thereafter, get to partake fully in the privileges and obligations associated with Church membership. Secondarily, this is also a coming of age ceremony. Confirmation is almost always administered by a Bishop with the imposition of hands and occasionally by a Presbyter who is authorized to confirm.

Capital punishment
The Church of South India opposes the death penalty.

Women's Ordination
In 2013, the CSI consecrated its first female bishop, Eggoni Pushpalalitha. The Church of South India, since 1984, has allowed women's ordination. Additionally, "it has taken up issues of gender, dalits and landlessness."

LGBTQ issues
In 2008, CSI supported the faction of the Anglican Church—Global Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans (GAFCON)— which opposed allowing gay priests inside church. “The Bible does not recognise gay marriages or gay priests,” said Reverend Benny Thomas of CSI, Mumbai. Indian bishops sided with traditionalists on the issue of homosexuality. The church does not ordain clergy who are active in same-sex relationships.

The National Council of Churches in India, of which the CSI is a member, supported the legalization of consensual same-sex relationships in India. In 2015, St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore hosted an event, co-led by the Rev. Vincent Rajkumar, aimed at denouncing homophobia. CSI clergy, working with the National Council of Churches in India also co-led a consultation speaking out against homophobia. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) listed the Church of South India as being among the Anglican provinces open to blessing same-sex couples.

In 2016, a seminary affiliated with the CSI offered a seminar on LGBT issues. "The Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary in Madurai held a two-hour seminar on gender and sexuality..." However, in 2023 the Communion of Churches in India, of which the CSI is a part, filed an application before the Supreme Court opposing petitions for same-sex marriage, writing that marriage is a divine institution uniting two persons of the opposite sex, and also writing to the President of India on the subject.

Some dioceses of the church have confirmed that transgender persons may be ordained as clergy. On transgender issues, the Diocese of Madras has a ministry specifically for transgender people. In 2012, the denomination invited a transgender pastor to preach.

Liturgy
The CSI Synod Liturgical Congress has developed several new orders for worship for different occasions. The order for the Communion service, known as the CSI Liturgy, has been internationally acclaimed as an important model for new liturgies. The committee has also produced three different cycles of lectionaries for daily Bible readings and "propers", and collects for Communion services. In addition, the committee has also brought out a supplement to the Book of Common Worship. Cherishing the reformation principle of worship in the native language, the CSI liturgy and church services are completely in the vernacular, in all the different South Indian states and Northern Sri Lanka, which comprise its ecclesiastical province.

Observances and festivals
The important observances and festivals include Lent (including its first day, Ash Wednesday), Passion Week, Palm Sunday, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, Easter, Ascension Thursday, Pentecost, Lammas and Christmas.

Constitution
The Constitution of the CSI is the key document that governs the administration and management of the church. It comprises 14 chapters detailing rules for the functioning of the Church at every level, from local congregations to the pastorate, dioceses and the Synod. The most important part of the CSI Constitution is "The Governing Principles of the Church" which sets out 21 governing principles on which the other chapters of the Constitution and the rules contained therein rest. While amending any part of the Constitution can be approved by a two-thirds majority of the Synod, amending the Governing Principles requires a three-fourths majority.

Ecumenism
As a united Protestant Church, the Church of South Indian is a member of the World Methodist Council, as well as the World Communion of Reformed Churches; as a constituent member of the Anglican Communion its bishops participate in the Lambeth Conferences. It also has representation in the Anglican Consultative Council. Consequently, the CSI is in full communion with the Old Catholic Churches of the Union of Utrecht and the Philippine Independent Catholic Church. It is a member of the World Council of Churches, the World Alliance of Reformed Churches, Christian Conference of Asia and the National Council of Churches in India. Through the Communion of Churches in India, it is also in partnership and full communion with the Church of North India and the Mar Thoma Syrian Church.

The Church of South India maintains close partnerships with the Church of Scotland, Episcopal Church of the United States, Methodist Church of Great Britain, Presbyterian Church in Korea, Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea, Presbyterian Church of India, Presbyterian Church (USA), Reformed Church in America, United Church of Christ and the Uniting Church in Australia.

Administration
The church accepts the Lambeth Quadrilateral as its basis and recognises the historical episcopate in its constitutional form. Like Anglican and most other episcopal Churches, the ministry of the Church of South India is structured with three holy orders of Bishops, Priests and Deacons.

Synod
The church is governed by a synod based in Chennai and headed by a presiding bishop bearing the title of Moderator, who is elected every three years. Due to the Madras High Court's ruling, which invalidated the recent elections and identified procedural discrepancies at the Synod meeting held in Hubli in January 2023. The Moderator and the Deputy Moderator position along with the position of General Secretary and Hon. Treasurer is currently vacant and awaiting election. The officers were elected for a three-year term at the Synod meeting. The church is presently under the administration of court-appointed administrators, Justice R. Balasubramanian and Justice V. Bharathidasan, pending new elections for these key leadership roles.

The church runs 2,300 schools, 150 colleges and 104 hospitals in South India. In the 1960s the church became conscious of its social responsibility and started organising rural development projects. There are 50 such projects all over India, 50 training centres for young people and 600 residential hostels for a total of 50,000 children.

Dioceses
The church is further divided into twenty-four dioceses, each under the supervision of a bishop, including one diocese encompassing Jaffna, Sri Lanka. The dioceses are governed by diocesan councils composed of all clergy in the diocese as well as lay people elected from the local congregations. Each church will have representation in diocesan council based on their membership. The diocese is headed by the Bishop, who is a presbyter elected through the Diocesan Council. He is considered as the head of the diocese and all the institutions belonging to the diocese. Other than the Bishop, the following are the important administrative posts of each diocese: The Diocesan Council also consists of Diocesan Executive Committee, Diocesan Standing Committee, and Pastorate Committee.
 * Clergy Secretary: Manages all the activities of the pastoral & evangelical workers in the diocese
 * Lay Secretary: Manages all the lay workers' activities in the diocese
 * Educational Secretary: Manages all educational institutions and the workers of those institutions
 * Diocesan Treasurer: Manages all the income and expenditures of the diocese.

Theological education
The church recognizes theological degrees granted by institutions affiliated with the Board of Theological Education of the Senate of Serampore College. These include:

 * Kerala United Theological Seminary (KUTS), Trivandrum, Kerala
 * Mennonite Brethren Centenary Bible College (MBCBC), Shamshabad, Telangana
 * Andhra Christian Theological College (ACTC), Hyderabad, Telangana
 * Bethel Bible College (BBC), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
 * Gurukul Lutheran Theological College & Research Institute (GLTCRI), Chennai, Tamil Nadu
 * Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary (TTS), Madurai, Tamil Nadu
 * Union Biblical Seminary (UBS), Pune, Maharashtra
 * United Theological College, Bangalore (UTC), Karnataka
 * South Asia Theological Research Institute (SATHRI), Bangalore, Karnataka
 * Karnataka Theological College (KTC), Mangalore, Karnataka
 * Bishops College (BC), Calcutta, West Bengal
 * Serampore College (SC), Serampore, West Bengal

title: Church of South India