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Heber C. Kimball

Heber Chase Kimball (June 14, 1801 – June 22, 1868) was a leader in the early Latter Day Saint movement. He served as one of the original twelve apostles in the early Church of the Latter Day Saints, and as first counselor to Brigham Young in the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) for more than two decades, from 1847 until his death.

Agreeing to take on plural marriage, then practiced by the church, Kimball eventually married 43 women, but some relationships were for caretaking. He had a total of 66 children by 17 of his wives.

Early life
Heber Chase Kimball was born in Sheldon, Franklin County, Vermont, on June 14, 1801. He was a descendant of the Kimball immigrants to Massachusetts from England in 1634. He was named after judge Heber Chase, who had helped the family in their efforts to settle in the area. His father, Solomon F. Kimball, worked as a blacksmith and maintained a farm. Due to the embargo on trade with Britain preceding the War of 1812, his father lost his investments and the family moved to western New York. They settled in West Bloomfield, New York, Ontario County, around 1811.

Education and training
Kimball left school at age 14, trained as a blacksmith and potter, and moved with his brother in about 1820 to Mendon, Monroe County, New York. There, he married his first wife, Vilate Murray, in November 1822.

After purchasing his brother's pottery business, for the next 10 years he carried out his trades. He acquired five and a half acres (22,000 m²) of land, built a house and a barn, and planted an orchard.

Masonry
In 1823, Kimball received the three craft degrees of Freemasonry in the lodge at Victor Flats, Ontario County, New York. In 1824, he sent a petition to the chapter at Canandaigua, New York, to receive the York Rite degrees of Royal Arch Masonry. His petition was accepted, although, as he reported, Anti-Masons had burned down the chapter building in Canandaigua. Many years later, Kimball reminisced of his New York masonic experiences and stated: "I wish that all men were masons and would live up to their profession, then the world would be in a much better state than it is now."

When the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints established itself in Nauvoo, Illinois, Kimball was one of the original petitioners to establish a Freemasonry lodge there. He served as Nauvoo Lodge U.D.'s first Junior Deacon. He remained active in Freemasonry throughout his stay in Nauvoo, but was not active once he moved to Utah Territory. There was no lodge in Utah in his lifetime that would admit Mormons.

Early family life
Several of Kimball's close family members died of tuberculosis within a few years: his mother in February 1824, his father in the spring of 1826, followed by his brother Charles C. and his brother's wife shortly thereafter.

His son William Henry was born in Mendon, April 10, 1826; he was Kimball's first child to survive infancy. His daughter Helen Mar was born August 22, 1828. She was the only daughter to survive.

Signs in the heavens
Kimball claims to have witnessed a miraculous event on September 22, 1827. According to his autobiography, he subsequently learned that it "took place the same evening that Joseph Smith received the records of the Book of Mormon from the Angel Moroni." He had seen "a white smoke" arising on the horizon, growing "clear and transparent of a bluish cast" to reveal an army on the move "in platoons":

"We could see distinctly the muskets, bayonets, and knapsacks of the men, who wore caps and feathers like those used by the American soldiers in the last war with Britain; also their officers with their swords and equipage, and heard the clashing and jingling of their instruments of war and could discover the form and features of the men. The most profound order existed throughout the entire army, when the foremost man stepped, every man stepped at the same time: I could hear the step. When the front rank reached the Western horizon a battle ensued, as we could distinctly hear the report of the arms and the rush. No man could judge of my feelings when I beheld that army of men, as plainly as I ever saw armies of men in the flesh it seemed as though every hair of my head was alive. This scenery was gazed upon for hours, until it began to disappear."

Joining the Latter Day Saint movement
While in New York, Kimball joined the local Baptist Church and was eventually baptized. Three weeks later, three elders from the Church of Christ, the original name of the Latter Day Saint church founded by Joseph Smith, visited the house of his friend, Phineas Young. Kimball visited the house at this time and was impressed with church teachings. He also witnessed the speaking of tongues and the interpretation of tongues during this visit. He claims to have been visited by the power of God.

During this time, Kimball said that he and several of the Young family saw a vision opened of the "gathering of the Saints to Zion." He was inspired to travel to Pennsylvania where he could visit at length with the elders, and was accompanied by some of the Youngs. They stayed six days with the elders and witnessed more miracles, such as speaking in tongues and the interpretation of tongues.

On April 16, 1832, Kimball was baptized by Alpheus Gifford. in Mendon. Vilate Kimball followed him two weeks later. After the confirmation, the elder offered to ordain Kimball to the priesthood, but Kimball refused it as he felt he was unready. 30 more people were baptized in Mendon and formed a branch of the church there.

Church service
Shortly after his baptism, Kimball was ordained an elder by Joseph Young. He began proselyting in the neighboring areas with Joseph and Brigham Young. This part of New York became known as the "burnt over district" because of the numerous religious sects that sprang up during the 19th century. The Youngs baptized many people and built up branches of the church. Kimball said that one day Ezra Landon baptized some 20 people but wanted him to confirm them. He did so, and immediately they began speaking in tongues and interpreting them.

In the fall of 1833, Kimball relocated his family to church headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio. He marched with Zion's Camp in 1834; however, after contracting cholera, he returned to Kirtland before the rest of the crew. He then attended the School of the Prophets and witnessed the completion of the Kirtland Temple. From 1832 until 1840, Kimball served eight missions for the church, requiring him to be apart from his family for months at a time.

Quorum of the Twelve
On February 14, 1835, Kimball was ordained a member of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles of the Church of the Latter Day Saints (renamed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1838). He was one of the original twelve members of the Quorum, being 4th in seniority.

Joseph Smith called Kimball to lead a group of missionaries to England in 1837. The mission began work in Preston, Lancashire, England. This was the church's first proselyting effort in England. After the initial baptisms in Preston, the missionaries expanded their efforts to the Ribble Valley. By the time Kimball departed for the United States in 1838, about 1,500 people had been baptized.

Kimball returned with a small party to make travel arrangements for the groups and discovered the Latter Day Saints were undergoing considerable strife and pressure in the state of Missouri.

While Smith was imprisoned in the Liberty Jail, Brigham Young (now ranking leader of the Quorum) and Kimball organized the removal of approximately 12,000 Latter Day Saint refugees across the border into Illinois. There the church founded the city of Nauvoo and built a temple. Kimball served on the Nauvoo City Council.

In September 1839, Kimball left Nauvoo for another mission to England. He did not reach Indiana until October. He made stops at Kirtland to encourage the remaining Saints there to move to Nauvoo and other places and had a long layover in New York City. He sailed from New York on December 19, reaching Liverpool on April 6. Kimball spent 1840 and some of 1841 in England, initially in the area in and around Preston, and later working as a missionary in London. The missionaries began organizing groups of British converts to travel to the United States, beginning in 1840, and to join the main body of the church.

After Smith was killed in 1844, succession to the leadership of the church was a divisive issue. Young led the majority of church members across the state line into Iowa and eventually to the Salt Lake Valley. In July 1847, Kimball was one of the first Mormon pioneers to reach the valley. Kimball stood next in leadership in the Quorum to Young.

First Presidency
Kimball became a member of the new First Presidency in 1847. Kimball led one of three large companies to the Salt Lake Valley in the summer of 1848. He established his families in Utah Territory (he had three wives) and supported them by farming, ranching, milling at the Heber C. Kimball Gristmill, and freighting, in addition to church responsibilities. While in the First Presidency, Kimball received special assignments to supervise the ongoing British Mission and to conduct temple ordinances. He also worked to encourage economic independence for Utah. At speaking in a meeting in the Salt Lake Tabernacle, Kimball promised his audience that "in less than six months, clothing and other goods would be sold in the streets of Salt Lake City cheaper than they could be purchased in New York City." The ensuing California Gold Rush then made this promise possible.

He used one slave, Green Flake, who was given to the church for tithing, as his personal driver.

Government service
When the provisional government of the State of Deseret was organized in spring 1849, Kimball was appointed the chief justice and lieutenant governor of the proposed state.

Kimball served in the Utah Territorial Legislature in the upper house (the Territorial Council) from 1851 until 1858. He was president of the Council during the session beginning in March 1851, but later served as a regular member of the Council.

Death
A personal friend of Kimball wrote, one night at family prayers, Kimball said that "the angel Moroni had visited him the night before and informed him that his work on this earth was finished, and he would soon be taken!" Kimball died the following day on June 22, 1868, at age 67, in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, from the effects of a fall. He was buried in the Kimball-Whitney Cemetery (40.772949, -111.889755), located on the south slope of what's now known as Capitol Hill, an area then called "Heber's Bench" after him.

Family
Kimball received private instruction from Joseph Smith on plural marriage (polygamy). Initially reluctant, Kimball accepted the responsibility and married a second wife, Sarah Noon. His first wife, Vilate Murray Kimball, accepted plural marriage and welcomed the additional wives as sisters. Heber and Vilate agreed to give their 14-year-old daughter Helen Mar as a plural wife of Joseph Smith. Kimball considered the marrying of multiple wives an expression of his faith in and obedience to God: "I have noticed that a man who has but one wife, and is inclined to that doctrine, soon begins to wither and dry up, while a man who goes into plurality [of wives] looks fresh, young, and sprightly. Why is this? Because God loves that man, and because he honors His work and word."

Wives and children

Kimball eventually married a total of forty-three women, although it is stated that many of these marriages were merely caretaking arrangements lacking physical intimacy. Kimball had sixty-six children by seventeen of his wives.

 * Vilate Murray (1 June 1806 Florida, New York– 22 October 1867 Salt Lake City). Married on 7 November 1822 in Mendon. They had 10 children;
 * Judith Marvin Kimball (29 July 1823 – 20 May 1824)
 * William Henry Kimball (10 April 1825 – 29 December 1907)
 * Helen Mar Kimball (20 August 1828 – 13 November 1896)
 * Roswell Heber Kimball (10 January 1831 – 15 June 1831)
 * Heber Parley Kimball (1 January 1835 – 8 February 1885)
 * David Patten Kimball (23 August 1839 – 21 November 1883)
 * Charles Spaulding Kimball (2 January 1843 – 2 December 1925)
 * Brigham Willard Kimball (29 June 1845 – 23 July 1867)
 * Solomon Farnham Kimball (2 February 1847 – 7 February 1920)
 * Murray Gould Kimball (20 January 1850 – 27 June 1852)
 * Sarah (Peak) Noon (3 May 1811 Staffordshire, England– 3 December 1873). They married in 1842, she was his first plural wife, and had four children;
 * Adelbert Kimball (1842–1843)
 * Henry Kimball (1844- c.1868)
 * Sarah Helen Kimball (1 July 1845 – 1 December 1860)
 * Heber Kimball (1849–1850)
 * Ann Alice Gheen (20 December 1827 Pennsylvania-12 October 1879 Salt Lake City), married on 10 September 1844.
 * Samuel Heber Kimball (9 December 1851 – 18 April 1943)
 * Daniel Heber Kimball (8 February 1856 – 26 April 1936)
 * Andrew Kimball (6 September 1858 – 31 August 1924), twin of Alice
 * Alice Ann Kimball (6 September 1858 – 19 December 1946), twin of Andrew
 * Sarah Gheen Kimball (31 May 1861 – 8 February 1913)
 * Mary Ellen Harris Abel (5 October 1818 New York-28 October 1902 Salt Lake City), married on 1 October 1844.
 * Peter Kimball (19 December 1855 – 27 September 1860)
 * Martha McBride Knight (17 March 1805 New York-20 November 1901 Ogden, Utah), married on 12 October 1844.
 * Infant Son (born and died in 1845)
 * Ellen Sanders, born Aagaat Ysteinsdatter, (11 April 1823 Norway-22 November 1871 Salt Lake City), married on 5 November 1844.
 * Samuel Chase Kimball (13 February 1848-July 1848)
 * Joseph Smith Kimball (2 June 1850 – 29 November 1864), twin of Augusta
 * Augusta Kimball (2 June 1850 – 5 October 1861), twin of Joseph
 * Rosalia Kimball (25 November 1853 – 22 February 1950)
 * Jedediah Heber Kimball (10 March 1855 – 24 June 1927)
 * Frances Jessie Swan (born June 1822 in Scotland), married 1845, divorced 7 December 1851, died 30 May 1894 in San Francisco, CA).
 * Margaret Jane Kimball (9 April 1846 – 10 August 1846); died at Winter Quarters
 * Clarisa Cutler (23 December 1824 New York-1852 Kansas), married on 28 February 1845 and separated in 1848.
 * Abraham Alonzo Kimball (16 April 1846 – 25 September 1889)
 * Lucy Walker (Smith) (30 April 1826 – 1910), married on 8 February 1845.
 * Rachel Sylvia Kimball (28 January 1846 – 12 December 1847)
 * John Heber Kimball (12 December 1850 – 28 November 1918)
 * Willard Heber Kimball (25 January 1853 – 5 December 1854)
 * Lydia Holmes Kimball (18 January 1855 – 15 April 1928)
 * Ann Spaulding Kimball (18 March 1857 – 27 November 1932)
 * Eliza Kimball (14 May 1859 - 18 May 1906)
 * Washington Kimball (22 March 1861 - 26 September 1914)
 * Joshua Heber Kimball (22 October 1862 – 1863)
 * Franklin Heber Kimball (born 28 August 1864 – 1865)
 * Sarah Ann Whitney (1825–1873). They married on 17 March 1845 and had 7 children;
 * David Kimball (8 March 1846 – 1847)
 * David Orson Kimball (26 August 1848 – 16 April 1849)
 * David Heber Kimball (born 26 February 1850)
 * Newel Whitney Kimball (born 19 May 1852)
 * Horace Heber Kimball (born 3 September 1853)
 * Sarah Maria Kimball (4 May 1857 - 12 August 1901)
 * Joshua Heber Kimball (23 February 1861 - 6 April 1925)
 * Harriet Sanders, born Helga Ysteinsdatter Bakka, (7 December 1824 Norway-5 September 1896 Utah), married 26 January 1846.
 * Harriet Kimball (born & died 8 May 1852)
 * Hyrum Heber Kimball (6 July 1855 – 4 June 1943)
 * Eugene Kimball (born 15 January 1863)
 * Emily Trask Cutler (23 February 1828 New York-1852 Kansas), married on 2 February 1846, separated in 1848.
 * Isaac A. Kimball (13 October 1846 – 24 February 1914)
 * Amanda Trimble Gheen (18 January 1830 Pennsylvania-4 November 1904 Salt Lake City), younger sister of Anne, married on 2 February 1846.
 * William Gheen Kimball (3 March 1851 – 24 March 1924)
 * Albert Heber Kimball (13 September 1854 – 2 March 1944)
 * Jeremiah Heber Kimball (15 August 1857 – 25 May 1887)
 * Moroni Heber Kimball (23 May 1861 – 21 January 1924)
 * Ruth Amelia Reese (10 May 1817 Pennsylvania-26 November 1902 Salt Lake City), married on 3 February 1846.
 * Susannah R. Kimball (born & died 7 July 1851)
 * Jacob Reese Kimball (15 April 1853 – 30 May 1875)
 * Enoch Heber Kimball (29 September 1855 – 20 August 1877)
 * Christine Golden (12 September 1823 Hopewell, New Jersey-30 January 1896 Salt Lake City). They were married on 3 February 1846 in Nauvoo, Illinois.
 * Cornelia Christine Kimball (7 June 1850-23 Dec 1853))
 * Jonathan Golden Kimball (June 9, 1853 – September 2, 1938)
 * Mary Margaret Kimball (30 April 1861 – 28 September 1937)
 * Prescinda Lathrop Huntington (Buell, Smith) (7 September 1810 New York–1 February 1892 Salt Lake City), married on 4 February 1846 and had 2 children;
 * Prescinda Celestia Kimball (9 January 1849 Salt Lake City-8 May 1850); drowned in City Creek at age 16 months
 * Joseph Smith Kimball (22 December 1851 - 29 March 1936)
 * Mary Smithies (7 October 1837 – 1880), married 25 January 1857.
 * Mary Melvina Kimball (29 August 1858 – 8 May 1933)
 * James Heber Kimball (1860-2 June 1866)
 * Wilford Alfonzo Kimball (6 October 1863 – 15 November 1928)
 * Lorenzo Heber Kimball (6 February 1866 – 2 July 1929)
 * Abbie Sarah Kimball (15 Jan 1868 England-23 February 1943)); first child born in England to Mormon parents

Kimball was also married to, but did not have children with;
 * Mary Fielding Smith (21 July 1801 England-21 September 1852 Salt Lake City), married on 14 September 1844.
 * Charlotte Chase (11 May 1825 Vermont- 15 December 1904 Idaho), married on 10 October 1844 (separated 1849).
 * Nancy Maria Winchester (19 August 1828 Pennsylvania-17 March 1876). Married on 10 October 1844. Separated in 1865.
 * Sarah Lawrence (born 13 May 1826 Canada). Married on 12 October 1844 and divorce on 18 June 1851.
 * Ruth Wellington (born 11 March 1809 Massachusetts), separated 1846
 * Abigail Pitkin (17 July 1797 New York-15 May 1847 Winter Quarters). Married 7 January 1846.
 * Margaret McMinn (born 7 April 1829 in Philadelphia). Married in February 1846.
 * Ruth Pierce (11 February 1818-after 1861), whom he married on 3 February 1846. They did not have children. They were separated in 1853.
 * Hulda Barnes (1 October 1806 Massachusetts-2 September 1898 Utah). Married on 3 February 1846.
 * Sophronia Melinda Harmon (5 April 1824 Pennsylvania-26 January 1847 Winter Quarters). Married on 3 February 1846.
 * Mary Houston (11 September 1818 Ohio-24 December 1896 Salt Lake City). Married on 3 February 1846.
 * Laura Pitkin (10 September 1790 Connecticut-16 November 1866 Salt Lake City). Married on 3 February 1846.
 * Theresa Arathusa Morley (18 July 1826 Kirtland, Ohio-7 October 1855 Salt Lake City). Married on 3 February 1846 and Separated in March 1852.
 * Abigail Buchannan (born 9 January 1802 in Massachusetts). Married on 7 February 1846. Separated in 1846.
 * Elizabeth Hereford (born July 1789 in Herefordshire, England). Married on 7 February 1846 and divorced on 18 April 1852.
 * Elizabeth Doty/Cravath (29 April 1808 New York-21 January 1889 Utah), married on 11 April 1846.
 * Mary Dull (born 23 November 1807 Pennsylvania), married on 21 May 1848.
 * Mary Ann Shefflin (separated in 1850)
 * Dorothy Moon (born 9 February 1804 in Lancashire, England). Married on 14 March 1856.
 * Hannah Moon (born 29 May 1802 in Lancashire, England). Married on 14 March 1856.
 * Adelia Almira Wilcox (29 March 1828 New York-19 October 1896 Utah). Married on 9 October 1856.
 * Rebecca Swain (born 3 Aug 1798 [Penn.]). Married on 7 Feb 1846.
 * Sara Schuler

Descendants
Kimball has a number of noteworthy descendants, including:
 * Spencer W. Kimball, Grandson
 * Orson F. Whitney, Grandson
 * Natacha Rambova, Great-granddaughter
 * Nick Udall, Great-grandson
 * Edward L. Kimball, Great-grandson
 * Quentin L. Cook, Great-great-grandson
 * Miles Kimball, Great-great-grandson
 * J. Golden Kimball, Son
 * Elias S. Kimball, son
 * Richard Ian Kimball

title: Heber C. Kimball


text: Category:Swordsmiths

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title: Category:Swordsmiths


text:
Talk:Adrián Annus

Correction
molestations of mass media workers - Huh? RickK 07:35, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, maybe my hunglish language is not too great, but it has a lot of alliterations, hasn't it? :-)))
 * He (A.A) have complained the reporters, newsmen, cameramen, journalists etc. etc. 're disturbing him too much, I think you can imagine the situation after a "doping scandal": everyone in the world wanted to interview him in every hour of his life. Please correct it if you can. Thx: Gubbubu 16:51, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Oh. To this English speaker, this meant that he sexually assaulted mass media workers. RickK 05:47, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

Yes, but my dictiorary haven't given a better synonym. Thx for correcting, I will continue and complete it one day (about in January, I suppose). Gubbubu 19:01, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

1992 Atlanta Games?
Someone needs to fix that to either '92 Barcelona or 96 Atlanta

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Lynda Scott

Lynda Marie Scott is a former New Zealand politician of the National Party.

Early life
Scott trained as a nurse in Wellington and then became a doctor in Auckland. She worked as a geriatrician. For a time, she also served as a director of Blenheim radio company Marlborough Media, which owned Sounds FM and Easy FM.

Member of Parliament
Scott was first elected to Parliament in the 1999 election, winning the South Island seat of Kaikoura. She replaced Doug Kidd, a long-serving National MP who had opted to become a list MP. In 2002, she became National's spokesperson for health. On 21 July 2004, however, she announced that she would retire from politics at the next election, returning to her "first love", medicine.

title: Lynda Scott


text: File:Warren Zevon - Wanted Dead or Alive.jpg


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Orson Hyde

Orson Hyde (January 8, 1805 – November 28, 1878) was a leader in the early Latter Day Saint movement and a member of the first Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. He was the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1847 to 1875 and was a missionary of the LDS Church in the United States, Europe, and the Ottoman Empire.

Early life
Hyde was born on January 8, 1805, to Nathan Hyde and Sally Thorpe in Oxford, Connecticut. His father served in the War of 1812. His mother died when he was seven years old, and Hyde and his eleven siblings were "scattered among several foster parents." In 1812, he moved to Derby, Connecticut, where he was raised under the care of Nathan Wheeler. When he was 14 years old, Hyde walked from Derby, Connecticut to Kirtland, Ohio, where he settled with Wheeler. He was employed as a retail clerk in Kirtland. Hyde joined the local Methodist church in 1827, and then later affiliated with the Reformed Baptist Society (later Disciples of Christ or Campbellites). He was a Campbellite pastor in Mentor, Ohio, in 1830.

Church membership and service
When Oliver Cowdery and other Latter Day Saint missionaries preached in Kirtland in late 1830, Hyde spoke publicly against the Book of Mormon. However, when his former minister, Sidney Rigdon, joined the Church of Christ, Hyde investigated the claims of the missionaries and was baptized by Rigdon in October 1831. Rigdon and Joseph Smith ordained him as an elder later that month, and Oliver Cowdery ordained him as a high priest on the 26th of October. Hyde was called and appointed to serve on a succession of missions for the church, serving alongside Hyrum Smith, Samuel H. Smith, and John Gould. His first mission call was extended in November 1831 to preach the gospel in Orange, Ohio then he was again called in January 1832 to go with Samuel H. Smith to "take their journey into the eastern countries and proclaim" the gospel to the inhabitants there. His mission proved successful as he baptized many during his time in the eastern states, which included Connecticut, Maine, and Massachusetts. During one mission trip, Hyde traveled about 2,000 miles on foot between New York, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Maine. He discussed his new faith with his old Campbellite acquaintances during these missions.

Hyde was present for the founding of the School of the Prophets in 1833. He then marched with Zion's Camp in 1834 and became one of the members of the first presiding high council in Kirtland, Ohio. He was ordained an apostle of the church on February 15, 1835, as one of the original Quorum of the Twelve, being fifth in seniority. David Whitmer, Oliver Cowdery, and Martin Harris performed Hyde's ordination. After becoming an apostle, Hyde served additional missions to Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, and Canada. He also embarked on a mission with Heber C. Kimball to Great Britain in 1837, returning home in 1838. Their efforts were successful in bringing approximately 1,500 converts to the faith.

Upon returning from Britain, Hyde found the church in a period of persecution and internal dissension. He wrote that he felt God was no longer with the church. He left the church on October 19, 1838, with Thomas B. Marsh, the presiding member of the Twelve. Marsh explained the reasons for their dissent in an affidavit which he and Hyde signed on October 24, 1838, in Richmond, Missouri. The reasons they provided included their contention that the Mormons had organized into a company known as the Danites, "who have taken an oath to support the heads of the church in all things that they say or do, whether right or wrong" and that Mormon and Danite vigilantes had burned and looted non-Mormon settlements in Daviess County. Marsh and Hyde also claimed that Joseph Smith planned "to take the State, & he professes to his people to intend taking the U.S. & ultimately the whole world."

The testimony of Marsh and Hyde added to the panic in northwestern Missouri and contributed to the subsequent 1838 Mormon War. Because a Mormon attack was believed to be imminent, a unit of the state militia from Ray County was dispatched to patrol the border between Ray and Caldwell County, where the Mormons resided. On October 25, 1838, reports reached Mormons in Far West that this state militia unit was a "mob" and had kidnapped several Mormons. The Mormons formed an armed rescue party and attacked the militia in what became known as the Battle of Crooked River. Although only one non-Mormon was killed on the Missourian side, initial reports held that half the unit had been wiped out. The Mormons suffered more casualties. This attack on the state militia, coupled with the earlier expulsion of non-Mormons from Daviess County led Missouri's governor to respond with force. On October 27, he called out 2,500 state militia to put down what he perceived as a Mormon rebellion and signed Missouri Executive Order 44, which became known as the "Extermination Order".

Because he had signed the Richmond affidavit with Marsh, Hyde was disfellowshipped (disciplined, but not removed from membership) in 1838. On May 4, 1839, he was removed from the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. The leadership of the church invited Hyde and William Smith to explain their actions. On June 27, Hyde returned to the church and publicly explained himself, recanting his affidavit and asking to be restored. He was readmitted into the Quorum on June 27, 1839, in Nauvoo, Illinois.

Mission to Jerusalem
Orson Hyde's mission to Jerusalem began as early as 1832, when Hyde, a newly baptized member of the Church eager to know the will of the Lord, sought direction from the Prophet. In a blessing Hyde received in 1832 at the hands of the prophet Joseph Smith, Hyde was told, “Thou shalt go to Jerusalem. . . and be a watchman unto the house of Israel; and by thy hands shall the Most High do a good work, which shall prepare the way, and greatly facilitate the gathering together of that people.”

Eight years after receiving this blessing, Orson Hyde had a vision in March 1840 in which the Spirit told him he was to visit the cities of London, Amsterdam, Constantinople, and Jerusalem, and that in Jerusalem he was to declare to those of Judah that they must "gather together," "assemble yourselves," and "go into the defenced cities." One month after this vision, on April 6, 1840, Orson Hyde spoke at a general conference for the Church in Nauvoo, Illinois. In his address, Hyde said that “it had been prophesied, some years ago [referring to his 1832 blessing], that he had a great work to perform among the Jews; and that he had recently been moved upon by the Spirit of the Lord to visit that people.” When Hyde concluded speaking, Joseph Smith motioned to those in attendance at the conference and resolved that Hyde should proceed on a mission to Jerusalem. This Hyde did with a prayer on October 24, 1841, in which he dedicated the Holy Land for the return of the Jews.

According to the minutes from the April 6, 1840 general conference, at which Hyde was dispatched, "Elder John E. Page then rose, and spoke with much force on the subject of Elder Hyde’s mission," and on the last day of the conference, Joseph Smith “stated that since Elder Hyde had been appointed to visit the Jews, he had felt an impression that it would be well for Elder John E. Page to accompany him on his mission.” The two elders, Hyde and Page, left Nauvoo and embarked on their mission on 15 April 1840. For the following months, Hyde and Page traveled as circumstances allowed, sometimes together and at other times apart. In the end, however, Page "failed to accompany him" all the way to Jerusalem. They parted ways when Hyde waited for Page in New York City for several months, but Page never arrived, so Hyde set out for Jerusalem alone, as he had foreseen in his vision.

His letter of introduction claimed that "The Jewish nations have been scattered abroad among the Gentiles for a long period; and in our estimation, the time of the commencement of their return to the Holy Land has already arrived." He left the United States and traveled through Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and Egypt before arriving in Jerusalem. He stayed in Bavaria for a while to learn the German language.

Hyde was only in Jerusalem for a few days. He arrived there on Thursday, October 21, 1841, and stayed until Monday, October 25, 1841. He recorded that before dawn on October 24, 1841, he climbed up the Mount of Olives overlooking the city, then both wrote and recited a prayer, part of which reads:"Now, O Lord! Thy servant has been obedient to the heavenly vision which Thou gavest him in his native land; and under the shadow of Thine outstretched arm, he has safely arrived in this place to dedicate and consecrate this land unto Thee, for the gathering together of Judah's scattered remnants, according to the predictions of the holy Prophets -- for the building up of Jerusalem again after it has been trodden down by the Gentiles so long, and for rearing a Temple in honor of Thy name. Everlasting thanks be ascribed unto Thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that Thou hast preserved Thy servant from the dangers of the seas, and from the plague and pestilence which have caused the land to mourn. The violence of man has also been restrained, and Thy providential care by night and by day has been exercised over Thine unworthy servant. Accept, therefore, O Lord, the tribute of a grateful heart for all past favors, and be pleased to continue Thy kindness and mercy towards a needy worm of the dust." Having dedicated Jerusalem for the gathering of the Jews, Hyde departed the mountain after building a small altar with stones. Nearly a year later, Orson Hyde returned to America. He traveled back by way of Regensburg, Germany where he spent a number of months working on a Church publication in German. He finally arrived home to his wife and two daughters in Nauvoo on December 7, 1842, having been gone for a few months shy of three years.

Since Orson Hyde's dedicatory mission, the Holy Land has been "formally dedicated for the return of Judah and the house of Israel in at least ten other dedicatory prayers."

The Orson Hyde Memorial Garden on the Mount of Olives was dedicated in 1979. The park was funded by donations to the Orson Hyde Foundation through the Jerusalem Foundation. The sign at the front of the Orson Hyde Memorial Garden (see image to the right) was created by the Israeli government; however, it contains several mistakes that are common misconceptions about Hyde's mission to Jerusalem: 1) Unlike most other missions, Hyde was not called to preach the gospel in Jerusalem but to dedicate the land for the gathering of Judah, and 2) Hyde was only in Jerusalem for several days, although it is true that he was traveling to and from Jerusalem during the years 1841–1842.

Family life
Hyde married Marinda Nancy Johnson, in Kirtland, Ohio, on September 4, 1834. Joseph Smith was sealed to Marinda as a plural wife either in April 1842, or in May 1843. Marinda signed an affidavit saying that her sealing to Joseph Smith occurred in May 1843. However, one of Smith's scribes, Thomas Bullock, later wrote a list of plural marriage dates in the back of one of Smith's journals and noted a sealing date of April 1842. It is not clear when or if Hyde learned about his wife's sealing to Smith, however, John D. Lee, in his book Mormonism Unveiled, reported that Hyde may have given his consent. Three months after his return from his mission, Hyde learned about plural marriage and married two additional wives. He ultimately took eight wives and fathered 32 children. He and Johnson divorced in 1870.

Later life
After Joseph Smith's death in 1844, the majority of the Latter Day Saints left Nauvoo for Iowa Territory. Hyde, however, remained behind to oversee the completion of the Nauvoo Temple, which was dedicated in 1846. He served on the Nauvoo City Council from 1843 to 1845 and joined the Council of Fifty on March 13, 1844. He then returned to England, presiding over the British mission from 1846 to 1847. During this trip, he also served as editor of the Millennial Star, the Latter-day Saint publication in England. Upon his return to the United States, he became President of the Quorum of the Twelve in 1847. Hyde was placed in charge of the church in the Midwest, remaining in Council Bluffs, Iowa, until 1852. He published the Frontier Guardian in Council Bluffs. He then moved to Utah Territory in 1852.

Hyde represented Utah as an associate judge for the U.S. Supreme Court beginning in 1852. During the settlement of Utah Territory, Brigham Young called Hyde to lead settlement groups to Carson Valley, Nevada, and the Sanpete–Sevier District in Utah. He also led an expedition to the Green River in 1853. Hyde was a member of the Manti Temple Building Committee and the Utah Territorial Assembly until he was sent to settle Spring City, Utah.

When dealing with the question of seniority in the council in 1875, long after the death of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young ruled that, if a council member had been disciplined and removed from the council, his seniority was based on the date of readmission. By this ruling, in June 1875, both Hyde and Apostle Orson Pratt were moved down in quorum seniority. So, when Hyde repented in 1839, he effectively joined the quorum as a new member. As a result of this ruling, John Taylor replaced Hyde as President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1875.

Death and legacy
Hyde died in Spring City on November 28, 1878, one day after suffering a severe stroke. He was 72 years old. He was succeeded by Moses Thatcher in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. He is buried at Spring City. Hyde is mentioned by name in six sections of the Doctrine and Covenants: sections 68, 75, 100, 102, 103, and 124. In his Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, Andrew Jenson describes Hyde as "a man of great natural ability, and by industrious application had acquired a good education, which, with his great and varied experience and extended travels, rendered him a powerful instrument in the hands of God for the defense and dissemination of the gospel and the building up of the Latter-day Work."

title: Orson Hyde


text:
User talk:Nyctopterus

Lake Burley Griffin Panorama
Hey when you get that image uploaded, drop me a line on my talk page telling me the name of the file. Martyman 07:41, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * What software did you use? The stitch lines are very noticable, I may give it a go at work (PS-CS) on Monday. Anyway it is up as is at the Lake Burley Griffin paeg for now. Now I have to expand teh page to properly fit all the images. Martyman 08:45, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I used Photoshop CS. Nyctopterus

 * I thought Photoshop Cs was better than that.. Oh well I will have a play anyway. Martyman 11:51, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Canberra Locality Map
Howdy, what do you think of the latest version of my Canberra locality map? As seen on Parliament House, Canberra.

Any suggestions, as I am still not very happy with it? I think that the full ACT view is fine for identifying the location of places in the ACT but that my cropped in veiw of Canberra only is more appropriate for showing suburb locations ie. Acton, Australian Capital Territory Martyman 02:14, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Looks good to me, I don't se what's wrong with it. And agreed about thr cropped map. --Nycto 06:25, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

Deck plans
Hey, interested in getting some help tracing out the deck plans? I've done some myself too and I'm actually cuite interested in doing that, as I am a modelship builder and all plans interest me quite alot. --Ningyou 09:50, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Actually, here is picture I've made of Titanic, it's still WIP (it was more like a test, that is why it isn't such a goodlooking one) Titanic_wip.png. --Ningyou 12:04, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

I know its kinda hard to ask you of this; but do you think you can send me the deck plans for the Normandie? (in electronic format, of course) I have been looking for them for who knows how long. If you could send them to me, that would be great. Mg rotc2487 14:44, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

I am also interested in deck plans. I've had a goal of getting them online but in a different approach. I want to scan them in and make interactive tours where you can move around the plan and see highlights where I can find photos or drawings (both my own and links to others on the net).

I liked your drawings of the Normandie quite a bit. Echriscopal (talk) 23:22, 28 October 2009 (UTC)Echriscopal

File source problem with File:SS-Normandie side01 NYC.jpg
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File permission problem with File:SS-Normandie side01 NYC.jpg
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title: User talk:Nyctopterus


text:
Ciolek

Ciolek or Ciołek may refer to:

People

 * Erazm Ciołek (disambiguation), multiple people with the name
 * Gerald Ciolek (born 1986), German cyclist
 * Gerard Antoni Ciołek (1909-1966), Polish architect

 * Włodzimierz Ciołek (born 1956), Polish footballer

Other

 * Ciołek coat of arms
 * Ciołek, Łódź Voivodeship, village in central Poland

title: Ciolek


text:
New South Wales Government Railways

The New South Wales Government Railways (NSWGR) was the agency of the Government of New South Wales that administered rail transport in New South Wales, Australia, between 1855 and 1932.

History
The NSWGR built its entire route network in normal gauge. Its first line, also the first railway of New South Wales, was the railway line from Sydney to Parramatta (today: Granville railway station) in 1855.

The agency was managed by a range of different commission structures between 1857 and 1932, which reported to either the Minister for Public Works or the Minister for Transport.

The inaugural Chief Commissioner was Ben Martindale and, following the enactment of the he became Commissioner of Railways. John Rae succeeded Martindale in 1861, and in 1877 Charles Goodchap was appointed Commissioner. The set up a corporate body of three railway commissioners to manage the railways and remove them from political influence, resulting in the resignation of Goodchap.

This Board of Railway Commissioners of New South Wales was in place from 22 October 1888 to 4 April 1907, and was replaced by a sole Chief Commissioner of Railways and Tramways until 22 March 1932, when a panel arrangement was restored for a period of nine months, with the Transport Commissioners of New South Wales. On 29 December 1932, the Department of Railways New South Wales was established and Thomas Joseph Hartigan was appointed Commissioner for Railways replacing the functions of the Chief Transport Commissioner. The Department of Railways New South Wales become the official name of the railway and was used on most documentation (drawings & other paperwork), the NSWGR title was still used periodically on public documentation such as advertising and timetables. This continued until the creation of the Public Transport Commission on 20 October 1972. The last Commissioner for Railways was Neil McCusker.

Legacy
The agency was succeeded by the Department of Railways on 1 January 1915; and then following the enactment of the, the Public Transport Commission was formed; later to become the State Rail Authority on 1 July 1980. Further restructures in 1996, 2001 and 2003 resulted in the establishment of the RailCorp, the agency currently responsible for the Sydney suburban and interurban rail network and rural passenger services, and for providing government and commercial freight operators with access to the rails of the Sydney metropolitan area. On 1 July 2013, the operational responsibilities of RailCorp were transferred to NSW TrainLink and Sydney Trains.

Infrastructure
The agency built all of their track to the and ran its first official passenger train on 26 September 1855, between the Sydney terminal (just south of the current S) and Parramatta junction (just past Granville) railway stations.

The agency was also a significant electricity generator. It operated several power stations, notably at Ultimo, White Bay, Lithgow, and Zaara Street, Newcastle, until its generation and transmission assets were taken over by the Electricity Commission of New South Wales, on 1 January 1953.

Rolling stock
In 1936, the company owned 1187 locomotives, 457 railcars, 1445 coaches, 172 brake vans and 22,068 goods wagons.

title: New South Wales Government Railways


text:
Dryja coat of arms

Dryja is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Blazon
Gules, on a bend sinister raguled of the same, three jewels or.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
 * Przedpełko Kropidłowski (15th century)
 * Dezydery Chłapowski Baron (1788—1879)
 * Przybysław Dyjamentowski (1694—1774)
 * The Lisiewski family became well known as a family of portrait painters in Germany.

title: Dryja coat of arms


text:
2004 California Proposition 60

Proposition 60 was an amendment of the Constitution of California, enacted in 2004, guaranteeing the right of a party participating in a primary election to also participate in the general election that follows. It was proposed by the California Legislature and approved by the voters in referendum held as part of the November 2004 election, by a majority of 67%.

Provisions
Proposition 60 related to partisan primary elections for statewide offices, as well as races for the state legislature, and the State Board of Equalization. It added to the state constitution Article II, Section 5 (b), stating that

The official summary of the proposition stated

It was declared by the Legislative Analyst to have "no fiscal effect".

Process of enactment
In 2004 the state legislature proposed a constitutional amendment called Senate Constitutional Amendment 18. This contained provisions relating to both primary elections and funds from the sale of government property. This was to be put to voters as a single measure called Proposition 60. However Californians for an Open Primary challenged the measure as a violation of the rule that ballot propositions must deal with only a single subject. The group wished to have Proposition 60 removed from the ballot. Instead, in Californians for an Open Primary v. Shelley, the Third District Court of Appeals ordered that the proposition be split, so that the provisions relating to government property would become a separate measure, called Proposition 60A.

Proposition 60 (including the provisions later excised) was approved by the California State Senate by a vote of 28-3 and by the State Assembly by a by 55–21. On November 2, 2004, it was approved by voters by a majority of 5,806,708 (67.3%) "Yes" votes, to 2,829,284 (32.7%) "No" votes. Proposition 60A was also approved by voters.

title: 2004 California Proposition 60


text:
Silmarils (company)

Silmarils was a French computer game software company founded in 1987 by Louis-Marie and André Rocques. It produced games for PC, Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Macintosh, Atari ST and Atari Falcon.

The company is most closely associated with its Ishar series. Crystals of Arborea was one of the first games to offer real-time 3D environment and a large world with very few limits on movement. The company went bankrupt in 2003, and in 2004 the Rocques brothers and another former Silmarils member, Pascal Einsweiler, founded a new studio called Eversim, specializing in political strategy games.

It was named after J. R. R. Tolkien's Silmarils.

Games

 * 1987
 * Manhattan Dealers
 * 1988
 * Mad Show
 * 1989
 * Le Fetiche Maya
 * Targhan (planned for Sega Genesis)
 * Windsurf Willy
 * 1990
 * Colorado (planned for Sega Genesis)
 * Crystals of Arborea
 * Star Blade (planned for Sega Genesis)
 * 1991
 * Boston Bomb Club
 * Metal Mutant
 * Storm Master
 * Xyphoes Fantasy
 * 1992
 * Bunny Bricks
 * Ishar I: Legend of the Fortress
 * 1993
 * Ishar II: Messengers of Doom
 * Transarctica
 * 1994
 * Robinson's Requiem
 * Ishar 3: The Seven Gates of Infinity
 * 1996
 * Deus
 * 1997
 * Time Warriors
 * 1998
 * Asghan: The Dragon Slayer
 * 2001
 * Arabian Nights
 * Les Visiteurs: La Relique de Sainte Rolande
 * 2003
 * Inspector Gadget: Mad Robots Invasion
 * unknown
 * Asghan 2

title: Silmarils (company)


text:
Kopacz

Kopacz may refer to:

 * Kopacz, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, a village in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, south-west Poland
 * Kopacz (surname)
 * the Kopacz coat of arms

title: Kopacz


text:
Korczak

Korczak may refer to:

People

 * Janusz Korczak, a pseudonym of Henryk Goldszmit, Polish pediatrician, children's writer and pedagogist
 * Korczak (film), a 1990 film on Janusz Korczak
 * Korczak Ziółkowski (1908–1982), American designer and sculptor of Crazy Horse Memorial
 * Rozka Korczak, a resistance fighter in Vilnius ghetto and later a partisan
 * Zbigniew Korczak-Ziolkowski (died 1553), Roman Catholic priest, Canon of Cracow

Places

 * Korczak, Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)

Other

 * 2163 Korczak, main-belt asteroid

title: Korczak


text:
File:Waylandsvi1.jpg

a little picture of me, made by me, belonging to me.

title: File:Waylandsvi1.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Markovian detection

Markovian detection
Advert. SWAdair | Talk 07:43, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete --French Tourist 11:52, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: An astrology cut and paste, it seems like. Then again, I'm an Aries, so I tend to be bull headed (but generous and giving and intelligent and stingy and needy and stupid).  Geogre 14:07, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I've marked the copyvio as such. --jpgordon {gab} 17:25, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Spam and patent nonsense. Delete. - Mike Rosoft 19:08, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
User:Pugg Fuggly

Hi. I'm Pugg Fuggly.

title: User:Pugg Fuggly


text:
Wanted Dead or Alive (Warren Zevon album)

Wanted Dead or Alive is the debut studio album by singer-songwriter Warren Zevon. The album released by Liberty Records in 1970 under the moniker "Zevon".

Production
Kim Fowley began the project as producer, but left after disagreements with Zevon and did not take credit for production duties. Fowley later remembered:

"[Warren] wanted to play all the instruments himself. He wouldn't listen to anybody. I wasn't trying to produce him because you really couldn't produce Warren, at least not in those days, but I was trying to help him make a record that might sell more than ten copies, all purchased by his friends. But, he didn't listen to anyone about anything, and one day I just walked in thinking I'd had enough."

Zevon chalked up his disagreement with Fowley to a "sudden attack of taste".

Reception
"Wanted Dead or Alive" was a commercial and critical failure. The album was released "to the sound of one hand clapping", as Zevon later remarked. Sales were poor, and critics ignored the album. Jackson Browne later commented, "I don't remember thinking [the album] was as good as he really was." Attempts to record a follow-up album, called Leaf in the Wind, were abandoned, and Zevon found work as band leader and musical coordinator for The Everly Brothers. His next album, the critically acclaimed classic Warren Zevon, was not released until 1976. Once Zevon reached stardom, Wanted Dead or Alive ended up as an all-but-forgotten relic of his early career.

Re-release
Wanted Dead or Alive was initially released on CD by One Way Records in 1996. Following the announcement that Zevon had terminal lung cancer, Capitol Records put out a remastered version of the album in early 2003, which was initially intended to have the entirety of Leaf in the Wind, but those plans were scrapped at the last minute for unknown reasons.

Legacy
The track "She Quit Me" was featured in the 1969 film Midnight Cowboy (performed by Lesley Miller) as "He Quit Me". "Tule's Blues" was written about Zevon's lover, Marilyn "Tule" Livingston, mother of his son Jordan. It was covered in 1972 as a single by the group Sugarblu on Warner Bros. Records.

Track listing
All tracks composed and arranged by Warren Zevon; except where indicated

Personnel

 * Warren Zevon – bass guitar, guitar, piano, percussion, harmonica, vocals
 * Skip Battin – bass guitar
 * Drachen Theaker – drums
 * Jon Corneal – drums on "Hitchhikin' Woman" and "Tule's Blues"; percussion on "Fiery Emblems"
 * Toxey French – drums on "A Bullet for Ramona"
 * Brent Seawell – bass on "A Bullet for Ramona"
 * Sweet Trifles – background vocals on "Iko-Iko"
 * Shutter Ed Caraeff – maracas on "Hitch Hikin' Woman"
 * Technical
 * Johnny Golden - engineer
 * Richard Edlund – photography, artwork


text:
Category:Swedish tennis players

This category lists tennis players with Wikipedia articles who have notably represented Sweden. Note that articles are sub-categorized by whether a player has done so in male or female competition, and also by particular notable competitions.

title: Category:Swedish tennis players


text: Category:Olympic tennis players for Sweden


text:
Hyrum M. Smith

Hyrum Mack Smith (March 21, 1872 – January 23, 1918) was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

Smith was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the eldest son of church apostle and future church president Joseph F. Smith and Edna Lambson. Smith was named after his paternal grandfather Hyrum Smith, who was the elder brother of LDS Church founder Joseph Smith and a prominent leader of the early church.

Smith attended Latter-day Saint College, from which he graduated in 1894. On November 15, 1895, he married Ida Elizabeth Bowman and the next day left her behind in Utah to serve a mission in Great Britain. From October 1896 until February 1898, Smith presided over the Newcastle Conference.

After returning from his mission, Smith worked at ZCMI while also serving as a part-time missionary in Salt Lake City.

Smith was ordained an apostle of the church on October 24, 1901, at the age of 29, by his father, who was president of the church. In 1909 Smith was assigned as one of the original two priesthood advisors to the Church wide Primary Association.

In 1913, Smith was called as the president of the European Mission of the church. He served in this capacity until 1916, when the activities of the mission were suspended due to World War I.

Smith and his wife had five children, one of whom was Joseph Fielding Smith, who became presiding patriarch of the church. Another of Smith's children was Geraldine Smith, the mother of M. Russell Ballard, an apostle of the LDS Church.

Smith wrote a commentary on the Doctrine and Covenants with Janne M. Sjödahl.

Smith died in Salt Lake City from a ruptured appendix at the age of 45. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery. His wife Ida was pregnant with their fifth child, Hyrum, and died from complications with childbirth in September 1918. The deaths of Hyrum Mack and Ida were among the contributing factors that led to the revelation of Church President (and Hyrum's father) Joseph F. Smith in October 1918 on the spirits of the dead, which became section 138 of the Doctrine and Covenants.

title: Hyrum M. Smith


text:
Boomslang

The boomslang ( or ; Dispholidus typus) is a highly venomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to Sub-Saharan Africa.

Taxonomy and etymology
Its common name means "tree snake" in Dutch and Afrikaans – boom meaning "tree", and slang meaning "snake". In Afrikaans, the name is pronounced. The boomslang is thought to be closely related to members of the genera Thelotornis, Thrasops, Rhamnophis, and Xyelodontophis, with which it forms the taxonomic tribe Dispholidini.

Subspecies
Two subspecies are recognised, including the nominotypical subspecies.

 * D. t. kivuensis Laurent, 1955
 * D. t. typus (A. Smith, 1828)

The trinomial authority in parentheses for D. t. typus indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Dispholidus.

Description

The average adult boomslang is 100 – in total length (including tail). Some exceed 183 cm. The eyes are exceptionally large, and the head has a characteristic egg-like shape. Colouration is highly variable. Males are light green with black or blue scale edges, but adult females may be brown demonstrating sexual dimorphism.

Weight varies from 175 to 510 g, with an average weight of 299.4 g.

In this species, the head is distinct from the neck and the canthus rostralis is distinct. The pupil of the very large eye is round. The boomslang has excellent eyesight and often moves its head from side to side to get a better view of objects directly in front. The maxillary teeth are small anteriorly, seven or eight in number, followed by three very large, grooved fangs situated below each eye. The mandibular teeth are subequal. The body is slightly compressed. The dorsal scales, which are arranged in 19 or 21 rows, are very narrow, oblique, strongly keeled, with apical pits. The tail is long, and the subcaudal scales are paired. Ventral scales are 164–201; the anal plate is divided; and the subcaudals are 91–131.

Geographic range
The boomslang is endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa, from The Gambia, Guinea, Senegal and most of Western Africa (including Benin, Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria, Togo) through Central and Eastern Africa (Democratic Republic of the Congo, western Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda). It is found across much of Southern Africa, in a wide array of habitats, with some of the species' densest populations being in Angola, Botswana, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Habitat
The boomslang is an excellent climber and is highly arboreal, living mainly in forested areas. D. typus lives in karoo shrubs, savannahs, lowland forests, and in grasslands. The boomslang is not restricted to trees and can often be found on the ground hunting, feeding, or taking shelter. It will occasionally hide underground when the weather is harsh.

Reproduction
The boomslang is oviparous, and an adult female can produce up to 30 eggs, which are deposited in a hollow tree trunk or rotting log. The eggs have a relatively long (3 months on average) incubation period. Male hatchlings are grey with blue speckles, and female hatchlings are pale brown. They attain their adult colouration after several years. Hatchlings are about 20 cm in length and pose no threat to humans, but are dangerously venomous by the time they reach a length around 45 cm and a girth as thick as an adult's smallest finger.

Behaviour and diet

D. typus is diurnal and almost exclusively arboreal. It is reclusive, and moves from branch to branch when pursued by anything too large to eat. Its diet includes chameleons and other arboreal lizards, frogs, and occasionally small mammals, birds, and eggs from nesting birds and reptiles, all of which it swallows whole. The boomslang will also feed on other snakes, including cannibalising members of its own species. During cool weather, the boomslang brumates for short periods, often curling up inside the enclosed nest of a weaverbird.

Venom
Many venomous species of the Colubridae are harmless to humans—unless one has a known rare allergy—largely because of small venom glands and inefficient teeth that are situated at the back of the mouth. These species, including the boomslang, are collectively known as "rear-fanged" (or opisthoglyphous) snakes, as their venom-injecting teeth are situated farther back in the mouth than elapids or vipers, and thus require the snake to bite, hold-on, and "chew" the venom into its victim.

However, many opisthoglyphous snakes, including the boomslang, actually possess a highly potent and deadly venom, regardless of their teeth being placed further back in the mouth; the boomslang is able to open its jaws up to 170° when biting, enabling sufficient envenomation. The venom of the boomslang is primarily a hemotoxin; it works via a process in which many small clots form in the blood, causing the victim’s circulatory system to improperly coagulate, resulting in excessive bleeding and death. The venom has been observed to cause haemorrhaging in tissues such as muscle and the brain (among other organs), while, at the same time, clogging capillaries with tiny blood clots. Other signs and symptoms include headache, nausea, sleepiness, and confusion, leading to cardiac arrest and unconsciousness.

Because boomslang venom is slow-acting, symptoms may not become apparent until many hours after a bite. Although the absence of symptoms provides sufficient time for procuring antivenom, it can also provide victims with false reassurances, leading to underestimation of the seriousness of the bite. Snakes of any species may sometimes fail to inject venom when they bite (a so-called "dry bite" or "bluff strike", enacted in-defense), wherein, after a few hours without any noticeable effects, victims of boomslang bites may falsely believe that their attack was simply a dry or bluff strike. The pathophysiological mechanisms of the venom are different with every snake, resulting in different clinical manifestations with every patient.

An adult boomslang has 1.6 to 8 mg of venom. Its median lethal dose (LD50) in mice is 0.1 mg/kg (intravenously). 0.071 mg/kg (IV) has also been reported. 12.5 mg/kg (subcutaneously) and 1.3–1.8 mg/kg (intraperitoneal). Based on the very low venom quantities produced by D. typus, and the very serious effects found in a good part of the reported cases in humans, it has been suggested that the venom's LD50 is lower in humans than in mice, with only 2 to 3 mg being enough to potentially kill a healthy adult.

In 1957, herpetologist Karl Schmidt died after being bitten by a juvenile boomslang, which he had doubted could produce a fatal dose. He made notes on the symptoms he experienced almost to the end. D. S. Chapman reported eight serious envenomations by boomslangs between 1919 and 1962, two of which were lethal.

Boomslang monovalent antivenom was developed during the 1940s. The South African Vaccine Producers manufactures a monovalent antivenom for use in boomslang envenomations. Treatment of bites may also require complete blood transfusions, especially if over 24-48 hours have passed without antivenom.

The boomslang is a timid snake, and bites generally occur only when people attempt to handle, catch, or pursue or kill the animal. When confronted and cornered, it inflates its neck and assumes an S-shaped striking pose, a key indicator of any snake species feeling threatened.

title: Boomslang


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Category:German tennis players

This category lists tennis players with Wikipedia articles who have notably represented unified Germany (from the 19th century until 1949 and again since 1990). There are separate subcategories for players who represented East Germany and West Germany, from 1949 to 1990. Note that articles are sub-categorized by whether a player has done so in male or female competition, and also by particular notable competitions.

title: Category:German tennis players


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Cammi Granato

Catherine Michelle Granato (born March 25, 1971) is an American former ice hockey player and one of the first women to be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in November 2010. She currently works as an assistant general manager for the Vancouver Canucks organization. Granato was the captain of the U.S. women's hockey team that won a gold medal in the 1998 Winter Olympics. She is the younger sister of former NHL player Tony Granato and former Buffalo Sabres head coach Don Granato, and a graduate of Providence College. Granato played hockey for Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Granato has been a recipient of the Lester Patrick Award (2007), and she has been inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame (2008), the US Hockey Hall of Fame (2008), the Hockey Hall of Fame (2010) and the Rhode Island Hockey Hall of Fame in 2018.

USA Hockey
Granato played in every world championship for the United States from the inaugural event in 1990 to 2005. She was named USA Women's Player of the Year in 1996. Granato was the captain of the U.S. women's hockey team that won a gold medal in the 1998 Winter Olympics. On February 8, 1998, she scored the first ever Olympic goal for the U.S women's hockey team. In 205 career games for the national team, Granato had 186 goals, 157 assists, and 343 points. She is the team's all-time leading scorer.

Granato was cut from the US National team unexpectedly before the 2006 Olympics in Turin, Italy bringing controversy to the decision after being a part of the program since its inaugural season and all-time leading point scorer. The US team subsequently lost its Olympic semifinal match to Sweden, its first-ever international loss to a team other than Canada, and brought home the bronze medal.

Other teams
Granato played hockey for Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In June 1997, New York Islanders general manager Mike Milbury extended an invitation to Granato to attend Islanders training camp. Granato eventually declined.

Granato played for the Vancouver Griffins (2001–02 and 2002–03), a professional women's ice hockey team in the National Women's Hockey League (NWHL).

Later career
Granato is also a rinkside reporter for NBC's NHL coverage, and served as a color commentator for NBC's coverage of women's ice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, B.C., Canada. In 1998, Granato served as the color commentator for Los Angeles Kings radio broadcasts.

She currently hosts the On the Bus With Cammi & AJ podcast with former teammate A. J. Mleczko.

Awards and honors

 * 1995 Concordia University Female Athlete of the Year (Sally Kemp Award)
 * 1996 Bob Allen Women's Player of the Year Award
 * 1998 Winter Olympics – gold medal
 * 2002 Winter Olympics – silver medal
 * On September 18, 2007, Granato was announced one of the four recipients of the 2007 Lester Patrick Trophy. She is a partner in BelaHockey, a company that creates hockey accessories for girls.
 * In May 2008, Granato was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame with two other women's hockey players (Geraldine Heaney and Angela James) - the first women to be given such an honor.
 * On August 12, 2008, it was announced that Granato would be inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame, the first woman to be in the Hall. The induction ceremony took place on October 10, 2008, at the University of Denver.
 * On November 8, 2010 Granato was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. Granato and Angela James were the first female inductees.
 * On September 20, 2018, Granato was inducted into the Rhode Island Hockey Hall of Fame.

Personal life
Granato married former NHL star, Ray Ferraro, in 2004 and lives in Vancouver, British Columbia. They have two sons: Riley (born December 2006) and Reese (born December 2009). She is stepmother to Ferraro's sons from his first marriage, Matt and Landon, an NHL draft pick of the Detroit Red Wings. She has four brothers (including Don and Tony) and one sister.

Career statistics
Career statistics are from Eliteprospects.com, or The Internet Hockey Database, or USA Hockey.

title: Cammi Granato


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Poraj

Poraj may refer to:
 * Poraj coat of arms
 * Poraj, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
 * Poraj, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Poraj, Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
 * Poraj, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
 * Poraj, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Poraj, Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland)
 * Poraj, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)

title: Poraj


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LIS

LIS or LiS may refer to:

Computing

 * LIS (programming language)
 * Lis (linear algebra library), library of iterative solvers for linear systems
 * Laboratory information system, databases oriented towards medical laboratories
 * Land information system, land mapping and cadastre GIS used by local governments
 * Language-independent specification, a programming language specification
 * Legume Information System, online resources and exploratory tools for legume researchers and breeders
 * Linear Integrated Systems, American manufacturer of semiconductors
 * Local information systems, collect, store, and disseminate information about small geographic areas
 * Location information server, provides location information
 * Longest increasing subsequence, algorithm to find the longest increasing subsequence in an array of numbers

Science

 * Laser Isotope Separation, a means of producing enriched uranium from uranium ore
 * Lateral internal sphincterotomy, an operation for the treatment of chronic anal fissure
 * Lightning Imaging Sensor, an instrument on the TRMM satellite and on the International Space Station
 * Liquid-impregnated surface
 * Locked-in syndrome, a type of paralysis
 * Library and information science

Other

 * Lis (given name)
 * Lis (surname)
 * Lis River, a river in Portugal
 * Lis coat of arms, of Polish Clan Lis
 * Lis, Albania, in the Mat municipality of Dibër County
 * Italian Sign Language (Lingua dei Segni Italiana)
 * Lughat al-Ishāra al-Sūriyya, the Modern Standard Arabic name for Syrian Levantine Sign
 * League and Self-Defense, a 2007 Polish political coalition
 * Life Is Strange (series), a series of episodic graphic adventure games.
 * Life Is Strange (2015 video game)
 * Lithium-sulphur battery (Li-S)
 * Locate in Scotland (1981–2001), replaced by Scottish Development International
 * London Interdisciplinary School, alternative university in England
 * Lisbon Airport, Portugal, IATA code

title: LIS


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Nowina

Nowina may refer to:
 * the Nowina coat of arms
 * Nowina, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
 * Nowina, Czarnków-Trzcianka County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Nowina, Piła County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Nowina, Szamotuły County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Nowina, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
 * Nowina, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)

title: Nowina


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Category:Olympic tennis players for Germany

This category concerns German tennis players competing for unified Germany, at the Summer Olympics in 1896, 1900, 1904, 1908, 1912, 1924, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, and 2008.

Note: West Germany competed in tennis in 1968 (demonstration), 1984 (demonstration), and 1988 - see Category:Olympic tennis players for West Germany. East Germany never competed in the Olympic tennis tournament while United Team of Germany did not compete either because tennis was not part of the Olympic Games in 1956, 1960 and 1964.


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Oksza

Oksza may refer to:
 * Oksza coat of arms
 * Oksza, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)

title: Oksza


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Pomian

Pomian may refer to:
 * Pomian coat of arms
 * Pomian, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Krzysztof Pomian (born 1934), a Polish philosopher, historian and essayist

title: Pomian


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Sulima

Sulima may refer to:

 * Sulima, Sierra Leone, a city in West Africa
 * Sulima Chiefdom, a Sierra Leone Chiefdom
 * Sulima coat of arms, used in Poland
 * Sulima (surname)
 * Sulima (simulator): a full-system MIPS simulator

title: Sulima


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Rola

Rola may refer to:
 * Rola (name)
 * Rola coat of arms, a Polish coat of arms
 * RoLa, an abbreviation of Rollende Landstrasse (English Rolling highway – a form of transport in which freight trains carry road trucks)
 * Rola Cola, a carbonated soft drink created by Carlo Dini in 1979
 * Rola (model), Japanese fashion model

title: Rola


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Topor

Topor may refer to:

Places

 * Topor (Barclayville), a village in Barclayville township, Grand Kru County, Liberia
 * Topór, a nature reserve in Łuków Forest, Poland
 * Topór, Mińsk County, a village in Gmina Mrozy, Mińsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland
 * Topór, Węgrów County, a village in Gmina Stoczek, Węgrów County, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland

Films

 * Topor and Me, a short film directed by Dutch actress Sylvia Kristel (1952–2012)
 * Topor père et fils, a 1993 documentary by Belgian director Henri Xhonneux (1945–1995)

Other

 * Topor (headgear), Bengali Hindu wedding headwear
 * Topor (surname), including a list of people with that name
 * Topór coat of arms, a Polish coat of arms
 * TopoR, an automated topological router for printed circuit boards

title: Topor


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Traby

Traby is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bielawy, within Łowicz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.

title: Traby


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Zadora

Zadora may refer to:
 * Zadora coat of arms, a Polish coat of arms
 * Pia Zadora (born 1954), American actress and singer
 * Stanisław Zadora (born 1949), Polish politician

title: Zadora


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Waz

Waz or WAZ may refer to:
 * Waz, Iran (disambiguation), places in Iran
 * WAZ-Mediengruppe, German newspaper and magazine publisher
 * Wąż, a Polish coat of arms
 * WΔZ, a 2007 crime/horror film starring Stellan Skarsgård, Melissa George, Ashley Walters, and Selma Blair
 * Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, a German newspaper
 * Worked All Zones, an amateur radio operating award
 * Warwick Airport (Queensland), IATA airport code "WAZ"

title: Waz


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Zaremba

Zaremba is a surname of Polish-language origin. Derived from the verb zarąbać ("to chop"), it may be an occupational name for a woodcutter or a habitational name from places such as Zaręby. It may refer to:

 * Coat of arms of Zaremba
 * Andrzej Zaremba (died 1317 or 1318), Bishop of Poznań, 14th century
 * John Zaremba (1908–1986), American actor
 * Mateusz Zaremba (born 1984), Polish handballer
 * Nikolai Zaremba (1821–1879), Russian composer and teacher
 * Ota Zaremba (born 1957), Czech weightlifter
 * Peter Zaremba (1908–1994), American hammer thrower
 * Peter Zaremba, member of The Fleshtones
 * Stanisław Zaremba (1863–1942), Polish mathematician
 * Thomas II Zaremba Bishop of Wrocław, 13th century

title: Zaremba


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Ostrogski family

The House of Ostrogski (Ostrogscy; Ostrogiškiai; ) was one of the more prominent families in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The family spanned from the 14th century Ruthenian noble Daniil Ostrogski to the 17th century Polish members. After the death of Janusz Ostrogski, the last male heir, most of the family's possessions passed to the Zasławski family.

History
The Ostrogski family was most likely of Rurikid stock and descended from Sviatopolk II of Kiev. Some scholars however claim that their descent is from the Galicia-Volhynia line of the Rurikid dynasty. Vasilko Romanovich (c.1256-1282), Prince of Slonim, may have been the grandfather of Prince Daniel Ostrogski. The probable progenitor of this family was Prince Danylo Dmytrovych (or Danylo Wasilijewicz), who received Ostroh from Liubartas, King of Galicia-Volhynia and son of Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas. His son, Prince Feodor Danilovich Ostrogski, was a supporter of King Jagiello, who in 1386 confirmed him in possession of the Ostroh Castle and appointed governor of Volhynia in 1387. In addition to Ostrog Feodor Danilovich Ostrogski became owner of Korets, Zaslav (Izyaslav, in present Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Ukraine), and other towns. In some chronicles Feodor is called Dux Fethko de Ostrog. Their dominions in Volynia, Galicia, and Podolia included 24 towns, 10 townlets, and more than 100 villages. The most notable among Feodor's descendants was Grand Hetman of Lithuania, Prince Konstanty Ostrogski, who defeated Muscovy in the Battle of Orsha (1514) and his son Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski (or Konstantin Konstantinovich Ostrozhski). Unlike other Ruthenian magnates, the Ostrogskis refused to give up Eastern Orthodoxy for Roman Catholicism despite the cultural pressure that led to Polonization of Ruthenian nobility. For several generations the Ostrogskis supported the religion of their forefathers, by opening schools, printing books in Ruthenian language with Cyrillic such as "Ostrog Bible" (written by Ivan Fedorov) and making a generous charitable contributions to the construction of the Orthodox churches in the region.

The last male member of the family was Janusz Ostrogski (d. 1620); the last female was Anna Alojza Ostrogska (1600–54), married to Grand Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz. When a junior line of the family (princes Zasławski or Zasławski-Ostrogowski) which inherited the Ostrogoski fortune became extinct in 1682 (with the death of Aleksander Janusz Zasławski), their huge possessions passed to the Lubomirski family (due to their marriage with Aleksander sister, Teofilia Ludwika Zasławska) and other families of Polish szlachta. A complicated litigation concerning the Ostrogski inheritance continued until the Russian Empire annexed Poland during the Partitions.

Notable family members

 * Daniil Ostrogski (? - after 1366), ancestor of the Ostrogski house.
 * Feodor Ostrogski (1360–1446), governor of Volhynia.
 * Konstanty Ostrogski (1460–1530) - Hetman of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
 * Ilia Ostrogski (1510–1539), Braclaw starost
 * Elizaveta Ostrogska (1539–1582)
 * Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski (1526–1608), marshal of Volhynia and voivode of the Kiev Voivodeship.
 * Janusz Ostrogski (1554–1620), Voivode of Volhynian Voivodship and castellan of Kraków.
 * Aleksander Ostrogski (1571–1603), Voivode of the Volhynian Voivodship.
 * Aleksander Janusz Zasławski-Ostrogski (c.1650 - 1682), Last of Dukes Ostrogski-Zasławski.
 * Władysław Dominik Zasławski-Ostrogski (c.1616-1656), Voivode of Sandomierz Voivodship.
 * Zofia Ostrogska (1595–1662), married Stanisław Lubomirski.
 * Anna Alojza Ostrogska (1600–1654), married Jan Karol Chodkiewicz.
 * Katarzyna Ostrogska (1602–1642), married Tomasz Zamoyski.
 * Teofilia Ludwika Zasławska (1650–1709), married Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki, then Józef Karol Lubomirski
 * Katarzyna Ostrogska (1560–1579), married Krzysztof Mikołaj "the Thunderbolt" Radziwiłł

title: Ostrogski family


text:
Talk:Ostrogski family

Iconic figures for modern UA nationalists?

 * aticle says: "This made them iconic figures for modern Ukrainian nationalists."

Ostrogsky's were highly praised by, say, Kostomarov. "modern Ukrainian nationalists" needs to be rephrased. -Irpen 02:11, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * If we are talking about plural family name, shouldn't it be 'Ostrogscy'? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 03:26, 27 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe we should keep the names in singular form. After all someone might want to seek info on the family of, say, Konstanty Ostrogski and he/she will have no clue that the proper Polish plural form ends with -scy and not with, let's say, -s. Also, I believe that in English surnames are rarely pluralized. Thus we have Ostrogski family rather than Ostrogskis family, as it would be according to Polisg grammar. Halibutt 10:40, 27 October 2005 (UTC)
 * There are always redirects. But I admit I don't care if we chose singular or plurar, as long as the redirects are there. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 16:31, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Unreferenced?
Please explain at talk what in particular is doubted by "underefenced" tag? Entire article? Something particular? Thanks! --Irpen 23:38, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Since there was no response, I will remove the unref tag. Please provide n explanation if restoring it. --Irpen 03:47, 25 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I have replied on your talk page. External links are not references, see Cite sources.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 15:47, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * OTOH, is there a reason behind listing the same internet sources both as external links and as references? Halibutt 15:59, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Seconded. We are aware about the need of references without wanton throwing of tags here and there. But on Piotr's request, I'll add the tags to Warsaw and Krakow later today. --Ghirlandajo 16:27, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Cite sources clearly states that external links are webpages whose content was NOT used in the article. So there is an important difference between external links and references, which most of our editors seem to be unaware of. If what is now marked as external links was used as references, that it is a simple matter of changing the headings and adding 'last accessed on...'. But since I was not a contributor to this article, I cannot do this without checking the external links myself (assuming they are in language I can understand). And sure, I can do this in this article, and many others, but it will take my time, which I'd prefer to use on something else (like adding new content) - while the contributor to this article, already knowing the external links (which he has added), and notified by my edit that the question of references vs. external links has arisen, can do this much quicker. See my point?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 02:05, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

Last members
Last male member of the Ostogski: Janusz Ostrogski (d.1620). Last female: Anna Alojza Ostrogska (d.1654). Zasławcy (who inherited much from Janusz in 1620) died out with the Aleksander Janusz Zasławski (d.1682); he had no children. Lubomirscy took much of the wealth due to the marriage with Teofilia Ludwika Zasławska (sister of Aleksander).--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 19:48, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ostrogski family


text:
SIPRNet

The Secret Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNet) is "a system of interconnected computer networks used by the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Department of State to transmit classified information (up to and including information classified SECRET) by packet switching over the 'completely secure' environment". It also provides services such as hypertext document access and electronic mail. As such, SIPRNet is the DoD's classified version of the civilian Internet.

SIPRNet is the secret component of the Defense Information Systems Network. Other components handle communications with other security needs, such as the NIPRNet, which is used for nonsecure communications, and the Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS), which is used for Top Secret communications.

Access
According to the U.S. Department of State Web Development Handbook, domain structure and naming conventions are the same as for the open internet, except for the addition of a second-level domain, like, e.g., "sgov" between state and gov: openforum.state.sgov.gov. Files originating from SIPRNet are marked by a header tag "SIPDIS" (SIPrnet DIStribution). A corresponding second-level domain smil.mil exists for DoD users.

Access is also available to a "...small pool of trusted allies, including Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and New Zealand...". This group (including the US) is known as the Five Eyes.

SIPRNet was one of the networks accessed by Chelsea Manning, convicted of leaking the video used in WikiLeaks' "Collateral Murder" release as well as the source of the US diplomatic cables published by WikiLeaks in November 2010.

Alternate names
SIPRNet and NIPRNet are referred to colloquially as SIPPERnet and NIPPERnet (or simply sipper and nipper), respectively.

title: SIPRNet