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Marine reserve

A marine reserve is a type of marine protected area (MPA). An MPA is a section of the ocean where a government has placed limits on human activity. A marine reserve is a marine protected area in which removing or destroying natural or cultural resources is prohibited, marine reserves may also be "no-take MPAs,” which strictly forbid all extractive activities, such as fishing and kelp harvesting. As of 2007 less than 1% of the world's oceans had been set aside in marine reserves. Benefits include increases in the diversity, density, biomass, body size and reproductive potential of fishery and other species within their boundaries.

As of 2010, scientists had studied more than 150 marine reserves in at least 61 countries and monitored biological changes inside the reserves. The number of species in each study ranged from 1 to 250 and the reserves ranged in size from 0.006 to 800 square kilometers (0.002 to 310 square miles). In 2014, the World Parks Association adopted a target of establishing no-take zones for 30% of each habitat globally.

Design
A review of studies of 34 families (210 species) of coral reef fishes demonstrates that the design of a marine reserve has important implications for its ability to protect habitat and focal species.

Size and shape
Effective reserves included habitats that support the life history of focal species (e.g. home ranges, nursery grounds, migration corridors and spawning aggregations), and were located to accommodate movement patterns among them.

Movement patterns (home ranges, ontogenetic shifts and spawning migrations) vary among and within species, and are influenced by factors such as size, sex, behaviour, density, habitat characteristics, season, tide and time of day. For example, damselfishes, butterflyfishes and angelfishes travel <0.1–0.5 km, while some sharks and tuna migrate over thousands of kilometres. Larval dispersal distances tend to be <5–15 km, and self-recruitment to new habitat is common.

The review indicated that effective marine reserves are more than twice the size of the home range of focal/target species (in all directions). The presence of effective marine management outside the reserve may allow smaller reserves. Reserve size recommendations apply to the specific habitats of focal species, not the overall size. For example, coral reef species require coral reef habitats rather than open ocean or seagrass beds.

Marine reserve whose boundaries are extensively fished benefit from compact shapes (e.g., squares or circles rather than elongated rectangles). Including whole ecological units (e.g., an offshore reef) can reduce exports where that is desired.

Habitats
Minimum sustainable population sizes have not been determined for most marine populations. Instead, fisheries ecologists use the fraction of unfished stock levels as a proxy. Meta-analyses suggest that maintaining populations above ~37% of those levels generally ensures stable populations, although variations in fishing pressure allow fractions as small as 10% or as large as 40% (to protect species such as sharks and some grouper that have lower reproductive output or slower maturation). Higher fractions of habitat protection may protect areas vulnerable to disturbances such as typhoons or climate change. 20–30% protection can achieve fisheries objectives in areas with controlled fishing pressure and is the minimum level of habitat protection recommended by IUCN-WCPA.

Special areas
Many fish species congregate to facilitate spawning. Such congregations are spatially and temporally predictable and increase the species' vulnerability to overfishing. Species such as groupers and rabbitfishes travel long distances to congregate for days or weeks. Such gatherings are their only opportunities to reproduce and are crucial to population maintenance. Species such as snappers and parrotfishes congregate in feeding or resting areas. Juveniles may congregate in nursery areas without adults. Such special areas may require only seasonal protections if at other times no vital activities are taking place. Such reserves must be spaced to allow focal species to journey among them. If the location of such special areas is unknown, or is too large to include in a reserve, management approaches such as seasonal capture and sales restrictions may provide some protection. Sea turtle nesting areas, dugong feeding areas, cetacean migratory corridors and calving grounds are examples of other special areas that can be protected seasonally. Other types of special areas include isolated habitats that have unique assemblages and populations, habitats that are important for endemic species and highly diverse areas.

Isolated populations
Isolated populations (e.g. those on remote atolls) have high conservation value where they harbor endemic species and/or unique assemblages. A location or population 20–30 km from its nearest neighbor generally qualifies as isolated in the absence of a persistent linking current. Their isolation (low connectivity) requires such areas to be largely self-replenishing. This leaves them less resilient to disturbance. Sustaining their marine species requires a higher fraction of living areas to be protected.

Recovery
Coral reef fish species recovery rates (from e.g., overfishing) depend on their life history and factors such as ecological characteristics, fishing intensity and population size. In the Coral Triangle, species at lower trophic levels that have smaller maximum sizes, faster growth and maturation rates and shorter life spans tend to recover more quickly than species having the opposite characteristics. For example, in the Philippines, populations of planktivores (e.g., fusiliers) and some herbivores (e.g., parrotfishes) recovered in <5–10 years in marine reserves, while predators (e.g., groupers) took 20–40 years. Increased fishing pressure adversely affects recovery rates (e.g., Great Barrier Reef and Papua New Guinea).

Long-term protection allows species with slower recovery rates to achieve and maintain ecosystem health and associated fishery benefits. Permanent protection protects these species over the long-term. Short-term protections do not allow slow-recovering species to reach or maintain stable populations.

In some Coral Triangle countries (e.g., Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands), short term protections are the most common form of traditional marine resource management. These protections can help address problems at lower trophic levels (e.g., herbivores) or allow spawning to succeed. Other reasons for adopting short-term protections include allowing communities to stockpile resources for feasts or close areas for cultural reasons. Short-term/periodic reserves also may function as partial insurance by enhancing overall ecosystem resilience against catastrophes. Reopened reserves can be protected by management controls that limit the harvest to less than the increase achieved during closure, although at greatly reduced recovery rates.

Resilience
Some habitats and species are better prepared environmental changes or extremes. These include coral communities that handle high sea surface temperature (SST); areas with variable SSTs and carbonate chemistry and areas adjacent to undeveloped low-lying inland areas that coastal habitats can expand into as sea levels rise. Such areas constitute climate change refugia and can potentially better protect biodiversity than more fragile areas. They may also provide fishery benefits, since habitat loss from climate change is a major fishery threat.

Local practices
Local practices such as overfishing, blast fishing, trawling, coastal development and pollution threaten many marine habitats. These threats decrease ecosystem health and productivity and adversely affect focal and other species. Such practices can also decrease resilience. Some practices that originate beyond reserve boundaries (e.g., runoff) can be mitigated by considering their impacts within broader management frameworks. Areas that are not threatened by such practices and that are adjacent to other unthreatening areas may be better choices for reserves.

Networks
Networks of marine reserves can support both fisheries management and biodiversity conservation. The size, spacing and location of reserves within a network must respect larval dispersal and movement patterns of species that are targeted for protection.

Design
Existing ecological guidelines for designing networks independently focus on achieving either fisheries, biodiversity or climate change objectives or combinations of fisheries and biodiversity or biodiversity and climate change. These three goals have different implications for network design. The most important are reserve size and protection duration (permanent, long term, short term, or periodic closures).

Diversity
Maintaining diversity involves protecting all species. Generally this involves protecting adequate examples of each major habitat (e.g., each type of coral reef, mangrove and seagrass community). Resiliency to threats improves when multiple examples of each habitat are protected.

To address biodiversity or climate change, reserves 4–20 km across are recommended, because they protect larger populations of more species.

Climate change
Protecting areas that have already proven resilient to ecological changes and/or are relatively well-protected by other protocols are likely to better survive climate change as well.

Fisheries
Reserves 0.5–1 km across export more adults and larvae to fished areas, potentially increasing recruitment and stock replenishment there. Such small reserves are common in the Coral Triangle, where they benefited some fisheries.

Connectivity
Connectivity is the linking of local populations through the (voluntary) dispersal of individuals. Connected reserves are close enough to each other that larvae, juveniles or adults can cross from one to another as their behavior patterns dictate. Connectivity is a key factor in network design, since it allows a disturbed reserve to recover by recruiting individuals from other, potentially overpopulated, reserves. Effective networks spaced reserves at distances of <15 km from each other, with smaller reserves spaced more closely.

Most coastal fish species have a bipartite life cycle where larvae are pelagic before settling out of the plankton to live on a reef. While these fish travel varying distances during their life history, their larvae have the potential to move tens to hundreds of km, more than the more sedentary adults and juveniles, which have home ranges of <1 m to a few km. Adults and juveniles of some species travel tens to hundreds of kilometers as they mature to reach appropriate habitats (e.g., such as coral reef, mangrove and seagrass habitats) or to migrate to spawning areas. When adults and juveniles leave a marine reserve, they become vulnerable to fishing. However, larvae can generally leave a reserve without elevated risk because of their small size and limited fishery exposure. Effective networks account for the movement patterns of target species at each life cycle stage.

Given a strong, consistent current, siting marine reserves upstream increases downstream populations.

Other protected marine categories
Marine reserves are distinct from marine parks, and marine sanctuaries, but there is some overlap in usage.

Open ocean reserves
As of April 2008 no high seas marine reserves had been established. Greenpeace is campaigning for the "doughnut holes" of the western pacific to be declared as marine reserves and for 40 percent of the world's oceans to be so protected.

title: Marine reserve


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Narbonic

Narbonic is a webcomic written and drawn by Shaenon K. Garrity. The storylines center on the misadventures of the staff of the fictional Narbonic Labs, which is the domain of mad scientist Helen Narbon. The strip started on July 31, 2000, and finished on December 31, 2006. On January 1, 2007, Garrity launched the "Director's Cut", an "annotated replay" of Narbonic. Narbonic was part of the subscription-based Modern Tales website for several years but moved to Webcomics Nation in July 2006, where it resumed being free-to-read. The comic is also a member of The Nice comics collective.

About the strip
Narbonic is drawn entirely by hand and presented in the style of the traditional American four-panel newspaper strip. It centers upon the adventures of computer programmer Dave Davenport, superintelligent gerbil RT-5478 (or "Artie"), evil intern Mell W. Kelly, and mad geneticist Helen Beta Narbon. While the strip is essentially an ensemble piece, with storylines focusing on major and minor characters alike, Dave occupies the role of protagonist more often than any other character.

As one of the few characters with a semblance of normality, the blandly cynical Dave Davenport has traditionally provided a convenient source of identification and emotional connection for the audience. In this strip's world, however, such a person is a natural target for misfortune. As a result, Dave suffers more calamity than any of the other characters, having been killed, sent to Hell, shot to the Moon, transported helplessly through time, sent on a road trip with dozens of identical android fugitives, and experimented upon without his consent (repeatedly).

The strip uses the Mad Scientist trope as its premise, hearkening back to Sappo by Elzie Segar and the inventions of Rube Goldberg in theme. "Mad scientist" is a job description, and henchmen are unionized. The insane, pseudoscientific inventions and experiments of Helen Narbon and her nemesis and romantic crush, Professor Lupin Madblood, become the springboards for plotlines as the Narbonics Labs staff tries to deal with their consequences. These range from a revolution fomented by insane gerbils to Helen's mother murdering Dave with one of Helen's own death rays to a battle with the legions of Hell during a sleepover.

Allusions
Narbonic contains many allusions to an eclectic array of literary and film works, ranging from cult movie classics to Victorian Era science fiction. The reference may be as short as a single strip, or the basis for an entire story-arc, but recognition is never a prerequisite for understanding the strip.

Narbonic makes few references to other webcomics, even though this is a fairly common activity within the community. For example, in the story arc "The End", Helen starts making up excuses to leave Dave. The four she gave were that her father killed himself in front of her, her college fiancé tried to rape her, she had Alzheimer's disease, and she suffered "a tragic miscarriage"; references to, respectively, Faye in Questionable Content, Ki in General Protection Fault, Davan's father in Something Positive and Lilah in Ctrl+Alt+Del. Two of the rare occasions on which other webcomics make an appearance are as follows. First, at the end of the initial story arc, a news report implies that most of Helen's escaped giant ur-gerbils were slaughtered by Bun-Bun of Sluggy Freelance (with news reaction by Melonpool's Sammy the Hammy). Second, at the end of the Doppelganger Gambit arc, Garrity draws, in the background of a bar scene, the cast of the webcomic 1/0 in the human forms they received at that strip's end.

Helen B. Narbon, a.k.a. "Beta"
The mad scientist who runs Narbonic Labs, Helen is cheerful, optimistic, and, definitionally, quite insane. Her favorite attire is a labcoat worn over jean shorts and a T-shirt reading "evil", with the "i" dotted by a pink heart. Though Helen's gerbil fixation is prominently featured in the strip, her well-justified fear that she will someday become identical to her mother, of whom she is a clone, may more deeply motivate her actions. It is, perhaps, this fear that feeds her second major scientific fascination: the biological underpinnings of mad genius.

Eventually, it is revealed that Helen has embarked on an ambitious research project to study just this question. Published under a pseudonym and known to the general mad science community only as the Tinasky Study (a probable allusion to Wanda Tinasky), Helen's project is a detailed, covert study of a "pre-mad" mad genius, who happens to be none other than her faithful technician, Dave Davenport.

Mell Kelly
Helen's evil intern Melody Wildflower Kelly has long, dark hair and glasses, and usually wears an off-the-shoulder top, a skirt, and tights. While she begins her employment with few evil skills, save a flair for treachery and a rather terrifying passion for weaponry, she eventually learns the value of foresight and planning. By shifting her focus to the subtler fields of evil, such as law and politics, she soon grows into an effective villainess in her own right. Despite a generally upbeat personality, Mell is actually an extremely dangerous person, and she is shown to have only one shoulder angel (whereas Helen and Dave each have several). All it does is quietly chant "Kill... kill... kill..." in her ear.

Dave Davenport
Helen's computer technician, who is recruited directly from Vassar College's graduation ceremony to fix a malfunctioning doomsday machine. Bespectacled, beflanneled, and bearded, and 6'1" when he isn't slouching, Dave Davenport is an unrepentant geek who generally expects the worst. Working at Narbonic Labs does little to correct this pessimism.

For much of the strip's run, Dave is a chain-smoker, but his attempts to change his past, present and future when one of Helen's experiments make him "come unstuck in time" result in his never having begun to smoke. This excursion to the past also offers Dave an opportunity to grapple with his own shortcomings, and thus gain the confidence he needs to approach Helen romantically. The romantic tension between Helen and Dave, and the conflict that results from Helen's attempts to experiment upon him unawares, provide a continuous story arc over most of the strip's run.

Dave is eventually revealed to be a latent mad genius. Helen in fact suspected this during their first meeting when he fixed her doomsday device within minutes. She became sure of his potential when he successfully "repaired" a broken "death ray" that was in fact the console from a rusted mail-sorting machine. She then spent the next several years studying the development of his abilities by subjecting him to various experiments and continuous on-the-job testing (giving him plenty of junk to repair and telling him it's broken super-science gear). The final two story arcs revolve around the consequences of his mind finally snapping.

Artie, a.k.a. RT-5478
A superintelligent gerbil, created by Helen to do her taxes (although the author says that is merely an excuse and the real reason is that it would be cute), with the I.Q. of 1.17 Stephen Hawkings. Artie tends to be the outsider of the group, whether by virtue of being the lone voice of sanity among a crew of obsessives, the lone good soul among a crew of the wicked, or just the lone gerbil among a crew of humans. An ordained Unitarian Universalist minister and a Green Party member, Artie is a vocal proponent of nonviolence. An episode in which Helen transmogrifies him into human form destabilized his phenotype, and as a result, he now shifts between his original gerbil form and the form of a very tall, attractive, young gay black man with the voice of Ted Koppel. He has a (presumably unrequited) crush on forensic linguist Antonio Smith (see below).

Hidden Story: Octavius Winter
Octavius Winter was the Narbon family's Evil Attorney during Helen Beta's college years. The storyline in which he appears is told within the filenames of the image files Monday through Saturday. The filenames consist of the date (in mmddyy format) and a few words of the story. Garrity's practice of adding additional words at the end of daily strips begins with the strip for August 17, 2002, near the end of the "Dave Vs. Dave" storyline; the story itself begins with the November 12th strip, during "Class Reunion."

The Astonishing Excursions of Helen Narbon & Co.
A long-running secondary storyline exists, featuring the Victorian Helen Narbon and her friends (and enemies) engaged in various steampunk exploits. Shaenon (who here identifies herself as "S. K. Garrity") credits influence from "the kind suggestions of Mr. Mark Schumann." It is drawn in rotation with the regular strip and the various other Narbonic creations (listed farther down).

Unlike the regular strip, Excursions is presented in brownscale sepia to add to the antique flavor. It is probable that the cast of this storyline are all the progenitors of the regular strip's cast: while dead, Dave meets the ghosts of an earlier Helen and Mell, who are physically identical (except for their ghost tails) to, and dress the same as, the cast of Excursions. Another suggestion that it is the forerunner of Narbonic is that in one episode, Helen finds "the old family artificial gravity formula" - something that does indeed appear in Excursions.

Garrity had planned on doing another storyline with Silver Age superhero versions of the characters (note the superhero costumes among the paper-doll outfits), but Excursions ended up lasting until the end of Narbonic's run.

Outside the plot line
Narbonic's Sundays are dedicated to features other than whatever the characters are up to in the present plot arc. Other features (some regular, others sporadic) make up a large component of Narbonic history and some even have direct bearing on the storyline. These include:

 * Reader art
 * Mailbag
 * Contests
 * Haiku
 * Create a caption for a cartoon
 * Narbonic T-shirt
 * Give Dave a last name
 * Give MIT student Dave Barker (an enemy of the strip) a new title (following graduation)
 * The Narbonic Coloring Book, featuring
 * Connect the dots (of Mell's gun)
 * Paint by numbers (Helen and some living pink goo)
 * Draw lines between two lists of animals (the second list is entirely " GERBIL ")
 * Crossword
 * Fan fiction
 * Down with the artist - a series of protests by the characters against the management of Shaenon.

Reception
Shaenon Garrity was nominated for "Best New Talent" in the 2001 Friends of Lulu awards. In 2005 she won their "Lulu of the Year." Garrity also won the 2005 Web Cartoonist Choice Award for "Outstanding Writer." Scott McCloud listed her as one of his 20 favorite web cartoonists in July 2004, saying, "Garrity is emerging as one of our best online humor writers."

Li'l Mell and Sergio
Li'l Mell and Sergio is a prequel of sorts to Narbonic, featuring the grade school exploits of a hyperactive and violent young girl named Melody Kelly, or "Mell", and her friend and classmate Sergio, a brilliant young boy with low self-esteem. It is published on the anthology site Girlamatic, and written by Garrity and drawn by a succession of artists, including Vera Brosgol, Bill Mudron, Andrew Farago, Neil Babra and Garrity herself. There is no evidence or mention of Sergio in Narbonic continuity, despite previous comics of her mentioned, including the comic that Dave and Mel both first appeared in. (Helen's comic is also linked on her site.) However, Artie makes a cameo in human form. https://web.archive.org/web/20091205035512/http://girlamatic.com/mell/2000/01/01/page-seven/ This is explained further in Narbonic: Volume Six's bonus story.

Sergio did later appear in Garrity's subsequent comic, Skin Horse, which is set in the same mad science world as Narbonic.

External links and other information

 * Complete series
 * Rerun of series
 * Rerun series with commentary from Shaenon Garrity and fen
 * Former Narbonic web site at Modern Tales

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Narbonic


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Operation Matador

Operation Matador may refer to:

 * Operation Matador (1941), a proposed plan to counter any Imperial Japanese perceived threat to British Malaya
 * Operation Matador (1945), a Burma campaign operation during World War II
 * Operation Matador (1966), a United States Army campaign of the Vietnam War
 * Operation Matador (1975), a plan by the Central Intelligence Agency
 * Operation Matador (Iraq) or Battle of Al Qaim, a 2005 Iraq operation
 * Operation Matador (2011), a judicialized wiretap program which the United States currently operates in conjunction with Panama's police and security services

title: Operation Matador


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Talk:Ancient warfare/to do

 * Find images
 * Specify Native American warfare

title: Talk:Ancient warfare/to do


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Italian Hall disaster

The Italian Hall disaster (sometimes referred to as the 1913 Massacre) was a tragedy that occurred on Wednesday, December 24, 1913, in Calumet, Michigan, United States. Seventy-three people – mostly striking mine workers and their families – were crushed to death in a stampede when someone falsely shouted "fire" at a crowded Christmas party.

Background
The Calumet and Hecla Mining Company (C&H) was the single largest copper mining company in the copper country of northwest Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula. One of the longest strikes in the copper country occurred in 1913 and included all the C&H mines. The Western Federation of Miners (WFM) first established a local in the area in 1908. Still, the WFM did not have a large enough membership to strike effectively until 1913.

At the time, there were perhaps 15,000 men working in the mines, of which the WFM claimed 9,000 as members. The membership voted in favor of demanding union recognition from management and asking "for a conference with the employers to adjust wages, hours, and working conditions in the copper district of Michigan". The membership also voted to "declare a strike" if management refused to "grant a conference or concessions". After the vote was held, the WFM sent letters to the mines demanding the conference; the mine managers refused the request, and the strike was called on July 23, 1913. The strike would not end until April 1914; the miners and the mines were still at a standoff at Christmas 1913, in a strike that was then five months old.

Disaster
On Christmas Eve, many of the striking miners and their families had gathered for a holiday party sponsored by the WFM's Ladies Auxiliary. The party was held on the second floor of Calumet's Italian Hall. A steep stairway was the only way to the second floor. However, there was a poorly-marked fire escape on one side of the building and ladders down the back of the building, which could be reached only by climbing through the windows. The incident began when over four hundred people were in the room, and someone yelled, "Fire!" although there was none.

However, attendees panicked and rushed for the stairs. In the ensuing stampede, 73 people (including 59 children) were killed. The dead comprised 50 Finnish Americans, 13 Croats, seven Slovenes and three Italians. To date, there has been much debate about who cried "fire" and why. It is conjectured by some historians and the singer-songwriter Woody Guthrie that an anti-union ally of mine management called out "fire" to disrupt the party.

There were several investigations into the disaster. In the coroner's inquest, witnesses who did not speak English were forced to answer questions in English. Most witnesses were not asked follow-up questions. It appears that many persons called to testify had not seen what happened. After three days, the coroner issued a ruling that did not give a cause of death.

Early in 1914, a subcommittee of the U.S. House of Representatives came to the copper country to investigate the strike and took sworn testimony from witnesses for a full day on March 7, 1914. Twenty witnesses testified under oath and were offered interpreters. Eight witnesses swore that the man who first raised the cry of "fire" was wearing a button on his coat for Citizens' Alliance, an organization that opposed trade unions and strikes.

A common story regarding the tragedy states that the doors at the bottom of the Italian Hall's stairs opened inward. According to the story, when the fleeing partygoers reached the bottom of the stairs, they pressed up against the doors, preventing them from opening and causing many people to be crushed. However, all photos of the doors suggest a double set of doors with both sets opening outward. Steve Lehto's book Death's Door: The Truth Behind Michigan's Largest Mass Murder pointed out that the doors were not mentioned as a contributing factor at the December 1913 coroner's inquest, the 1914 subcommittee hearing, or in any of the newspaper stories of the time. That book also included blueprints of the Italian Hall drawn by an architect, showing the locations and configurations of the doors, the staircase, and the landings.

In her book Mine Towns, Alison K. Hoagland alleges there were two sets of doors opening onto a vestibule, and that the outer doors opened outward; and there may have been a set of inner bifold doors. In support of this, Hoagland notes that a "newspaper article at the time of its dedication mentioned safety features such as 'the ample main stairway', two fire escapes, and 'All doors open outward.'" She notes that the club had previously been cited—for the predecessor building—for having doors that opened inward. Further, she opines that the foreshortened stereopticon photo was "impossible" and misleading; and further notes that, according to the "pro-company" Daily Mining Gazette, they opened out.

Aftermath

After the initial wave of grief had passed following the incident, while there was bitterness against C&H, it was considerably greater against the Citizens' Alliance (the "Alliance"), which opposed the union and the strike. It was widely believed that the man who had yelled "fire" was wearing an Alliance badge, and WFM president Charles Moyer—who publicized the accusation—refused to retract it.

A relief committee made up of Alliance members collected $25,000 to aid the families affected by the disaster. The bereaved families would not accept the committee's money, saying that the WFM had promised them aid. The New York Times reported that Alliance members who served on the relief committee learned that Moyer had forbidden them from taking the funds. The committee members visited Moyer at his hotel in nearby Hancock, shot and kidnapped him, then placed him on a train with instructions to leave Michigan and never return. After getting medical attention in Chicago, Moyer held a press conference where he displayed his gunshot wound and promised to return to Michigan to continue the work of the WFM.

The Italian Hall was demolished in October 1984 and only the archway remains, although a state historical marker was erected in 1987. The site is a park maintained by the Keweenaw National Historical Park. The marker incorrectly stated at first that the tragedy was partially caused by inward-opening doors; this error was later removed.

Ella Reeve Bloor was present at the disaster and wrote her version in her autobiography. Her telling is problematic. She claims she was near the stage when the panic occurred, but no witnesses ever testified to her presence. Some critics claim Bloor's version of events in Calumet in 1913 is untrustworthy. Bloor claimed that Big Annie Clemenc led the funeral procession for the victims carrying a "red flag", although all other accounts say that it was an American flag.

The event was memorialized by Woody Guthrie in the song "1913 Massacre", which claims the doors were held shut on the outside by "the copper boss' thug men".

The disaster generated a fair amount of scholarly debate. Historian Arthur Thurner's Rebels on the Range: The Michigan Copper Miners' Strike of 1913–1914 raises the possibility that there actually might have been a fire in another part of the hall, perhaps in the chimney of the building. Perhaps the strongest argument against an actual fire is that none of the investigations found any witnesses who would claim there was a fire. The fire log of the Red Jacket Fire Department (the local fire department that responded to the fire call) also specifically states "no fire".

Death's Door: The Truth Behind Michigan's Largest Mass Murder, by Steve Lehto, first published in 2006, concludes that the culprit was most likely an ally of mine management. Lehto did not identify in the first edition of the book the specific person who yelled "fire", but he did exhaustively examine news reports, transcripts of interviews with survivors, the coroner's reports, and other documentation in an attempt to answer the question of whether this was a deliberate act by the mine management or a tragic error. In the second edition of Death's Door, published in 2013, Lehto identifies the man he believes cried "fire", going so far as to give the man's name and occupation, as well as evidence to support the claim.

title: Italian Hall disaster


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2003 MLS supplemental draft

Before the 2003 season, Major League Soccer held supplemental drafts, in which players who had signed with the league after the 2003 MLS SuperDraft were made available for selection.

title: 2003 MLS supplemental draft


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Kitaro Nishida

Kitarō Nishida (西田 幾多郎) was a Japanese moral philosopher, philosopher of mathematics and science, and religious scholar. He was the founder of what has been called the Kyoto School of philosophy. He graduated from the University of Tokyo during the Meiji period in 1894 with a degree in philosophy. He was named professor of the Fourth Higher School in Ishikawa Prefecture in 1899 and later became professor of philosophy at Kyoto University. Nishida retired in 1927. In 1940, he was awarded the Order of Culture (文化勲章, bunka kunshō). He participated in establishing the Chiba Institute of Technology (千葉工業大学) from 1940.

Nishida Kitarō died at the age of 75 of a renal infection. His cremated remains were divided in three and buried at different locations. Part of his remains were buried in the Nishida family grave in his birthplace Unoke, Ishikawa. A second grave can be found at Tōkei-ji Temple in Kamakura, where his friend D. T. Suzuki organized Nishida's funeral and was later also buried in the adjacent plot. Nishida's third grave is at Reiun'in (霊雲院, Reiun'in), a temple in the Myōshin-ji compound in Kyoto.

Philosophy
Being born in the third year of the Meiji period, Nishida was presented with a new, unique opportunity to contemplate Eastern philosophical issues in the fresh light that Western philosophy shone on them. Nishida's original and creative philosophy, incorporating ideas of Zen and Western philosophy, was aimed at bringing the East and West closer. Throughout his lifetime, Nishida published a number of books and essays including An Inquiry into the Good and The Logic of the Place of Nothingness and the Religious Worldview. Taken as a whole, Nishida's life work was the foundation for the Kyoto School of philosophy and the inspiration for the original thinking of his disciples.

One of the most famous concepts in Nishida's philosophy is the logic of basho (Japanese: 場所; usually translated as "place" or "topos"), a non-dualistic concrete logic, meant to overcome the inadequacy of the subject-object distinction essential to the subject logic of Aristotle and the predicate logic of Immanuel Kant, through the affirmation of what he calls the "absolutely contradictory self-identity", a dynamic tension of opposites that, unlike the dialectical logic of G.W.F. Hegel, does not resolve in a synthesis. Rather, it defines its proper subject by maintaining the tension between affirmation and negation as opposite poles or perspectives.

In David A. Dilworth's survey of Nishida's works, he did not mention the debut book, An Inquiry into the Good. There, Nishida writes about experience, reality, good and religion. He argues that the most profound form of experience is the pure experience. Nishida analyzes the thought, the will, the intellectual intuition, and the pure experience among them. According to Nishida's vision as well as to the essence of Asian wisdom, one craves harmony in experience, for unity.

Legacy

According to Masao Abe, "During World War II right-wing thinkers attacked him as antinationalistic for his appreciation of Western philosophy and logic. But after the war left-wing thinkers criticized his philosophy as nationalistic because of his emphasis on the traditional notion of nothingness. He recognized a kind of universality in Western philosophy and logic but did not accept that it was the only universality."

Nishida considered God “indispensable and decisive”.

List of works
Collected Works [西田幾多郎全集], 2nd ed. (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 2003-20), 25 vols. [hereafter NKZ]

Selected Philosophical Essays [西田幾多郎哲学論集], (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1987-89), 3 vols. [hereafter SPE]
 * An Inquiry into the Good [善の研究] (Kōdōkan [弘道館], January 1911), reprinted in NKZ1.
 * Thoughts and Experiences, Vol. 1 [思索と体験] (Senshōkan [千章館], March 1915), reprinted in NKZ1.
 * ‘On the Claims of Pure Logicists in Epistemology’ [認識論における純論理派の主張について] (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 2, No. 8 and No. 9, August-September 1911).
 * ‘Laws’ [法則] (Tetsugaku Zasshi [哲学雑誌], No. 300, February 1912).
 * ‘Logical Understanding and Mathematical Understanding’ [論理の理解と数理の理解] (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 3, No. 9, September 1912).
 * ‘Natural Sciences and the Study of History” [自然科学と歴史学] (Tetsugaku Zasshi [哲学雑誌], No. 319, September 1913).
 * ‘Response to Takahashi Satomi’s Criticisms of My An Inquiry into the Good’ [高橋文学士の拙著『善の研究』に対する批評に答う] (Tetsugaku Zasshi [哲学雑誌], No. 308, September 1912).
 * ‘Bergson’s Philosophical Method’ [ベルグソンの哲学的方法論] (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 1, No. 8, August 1910).
 * ‘Bergson’s Pure Duration’ [ベルグソンの純粋持続](Kyōiku Gakujutsu Kai [教育学術界], Vo. 24, No. 2, November 1911).
 * ‘Contemporary Philosophy’ [現代の哲学] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 1, April 1916).
 * Added in the 2nd edition of 1922.
 * ‘Cohen’s Pure Knowledge’ [コーヘンの純粋意識] (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 7, No. 8, August 1916).
 * Added in the 2nd edition of 1922.
 * ‘Lotze’s Metaphysics’ [ロッツェの形而上学] (Lotze, Hōbunkan [宝文館], May 1917).
 * Added in the 2nd edition of 1922.
 * ‘Poincaré as Epistemologist’ [認識論者としてのアンリ・ポアンカレ] (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 3, No. 10, October 1912).
 * Removed in the 2nd edition of 1922 but restored in the 3rd edition of 1937.
 * ‘On Tolstoy’ [トルストイについて] (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 2, No. 1, January 1911).
 * ‘Gutoku Shinran’ [愚禿親鸞] (Shūsokan [宗祖観], April 1911).
 * ‘Preface to Tanabe Ryuji, Koizumi Yakumo’ [『小泉八雲伝』の序] (Waseda Daigaku Shuppanbu [早稲田大学出版部], April 1914).
 * ‘Preface to Fujioka Sakutarō, Lectures on the History of Japanese Literature’ [『国文学史講話』の序] (Kaiseikan [開成館], March 1908).
 * ‘Preface to Henri Bergson, Matter and Memory’ [『物質と記憶』の序文] (trans. Takahashi Satomi, Seibunkan [星文館], February 1914).
 * Removed in the 2nd edition of 1922.

 * Modern Idealist Philosophy [現代における理想主義の哲学] (Kōdōkan [弘道館], May 1917), reprinted in NKZ12.
 * ‘Subjectivism’ [主観主義].
 * ‘Objectivism’ [客観主義].
 * ‘A Historical Overview of Idealist Philosophy’ [理想主義哲学の史的概観].
 * ‘The School of Neo-Kantianism’ [新カント学派].
 * ‘The School of Brentano’ [ブレンタノ学派].
 * ‘Philosophy of Pure Experience [純粋経験の哲学].

 * Intuition and Reflection in Self-Consciousness [自覚における直観と反省] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], October 1917), reprinted in NKZ2.
 * Originally published as a serial in Geibun [芸文] (September 1913 to March 1916) which was continued in Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究] (October 1916 to May 1917).
 * §§1-3 (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 4, No. 9, September 1913).
 * §§4-6 (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 4, No. 11, November 1913).
 * §§7-8 (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 5, No. 3, March 1914).
 * §§9-10 (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 5, No. 8, August 1914).
 * §§11-13 (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 5, No. 11, November 1914).
 * §§14-15 (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 6, No. 1, January 1915).
 * §§16-17 (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 6, No. 3, March 1915).
 * §§18-20 (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 6, No. 6, June 1915).
 * §§21-23 (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 6, No. 12, December 1915).
 * §§24-26 (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 7, No. 1, January 1916).
 * §§27-29 (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 7, No. 3, March 1916).
 * §§30-32 (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 7, October 1916).
 * §§33-36 (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 8, November 1916).
 * §§37-38 (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 9, December 1916).
 * §39 (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 10, January 1917).
 * §§40-41 (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 11, February 1917).
 * §42 (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 13, April 1917).
 * §§43-44 (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 14, May 1917).

 * Problems of Consciousness [意識の問題] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], January 1920), reprinted in NKZ2.
 * ‘What Consciousness Means’ [意識とは何を意味するか] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 22, January 1918).
 * ‘Sensation’ [感覚] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 27, June 1918).
 * ‘Feeling’ [感情] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 28, July 1918).
 * ‘The True Meaning of Symbols’ [象徴の真意義] (Shichō [思潮], March 1918).
 * ‘Will’ [意志] (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 9, No. 9, September 1918).
 * ‘The Various Continuities of the Content of Experience’ [経験内容の種々なる連続] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 35 and No. 36, February-March 1919).
 * ‘The Place of the Realisation of the Will’ [意志実現の場所] (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1919).
 * ‘The Content of the Will’ [意志の内容] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 38 and No. 39, May-June 1919).
 * ‘On Relations’ [関係について] (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 9, No. 6, June 1919).
 * ‘On the Degrees of Consciousness’ [意識の明暗について] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 42, September 1919).
 * ‘The Concept of the Individual’ [個体概念] (Shirin [史林], Vol. 4, No. 1, January 1919).
 * ‘Leibniz’s Ontological Proof’ [ライプニッツの本体論的証明] (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 9, No. 1, January 1918).

 * Art and Morality [芸術と道徳] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], July 1923), reprinted in NKZ3.
 * ‘The Essence of Beauty’ [美の本質] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 48 and No. 49, March-April 1920).
 * ‘Max Klinger’s Painting and Drawing’ [マックス・クリンゲルの『絵画と線画』の中から] (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 11, No. 10, October 1920).
 * ‘The Content of Feeling and the Content of the Will’ [感情の内容と意志の内容] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 61, April 1921).
 * ‘The World of Objects of Reflective Judgement’ [反省的判断の対象界] (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 12, No. 11, November 1921).
 * ‘The Intersection of the True, the Good and the Beautiful’ [真善美の合一点] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 66, September 1921).
 * ‘Society and the Individual’ [社会と個人] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 73, April 1922).
 * ‘Consciousness of Acts’ [作用の意識] (Geibun [芸文], Vol. 13, No. 9 and No. 10, September to October 1922).
 * ‘The Acting Subject’ [行為的主観] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 78, September 1923).
 * ‘The Will and Syllogism’ [意志と推論式] (Shisō [思想], No. 12, September 1922).
 * ‘The Beautiful and the Good’ [美と善] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 78, September 1922).
 * ‘Law and Morality’ [法と道徳] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 83, February 1923).
 * ‘The True and the Beautiful’ [真と美] (Kaizō [改造], February 1923).
 * ‘The True and the Good’ [真と善] (Shisō [思想], No. 18, March 1923).

 * From the Actor to the Seer [働くものから見るものへ] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], October 1927), reprinted in NKZ3.
 * ‘The Immediately Given’ [直接に与えられるもの] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 90, September 1923), reprinted in SPE1:37-66.
 * ‘Intuition and Will’ [直観と意志] (Kōza [講座], November 1923).
 * ‘What Lies Behind Physical Phenomena’ [物理現象の背後にあるもの] (Shisō [思想], No. 27, January 1924).
 * ‘On Internal Perception’ [内部知覚について] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 96, No. 102 and No. 103, March-October 1924).
 * ‘Acts of Expression’ [表現作用] (Shisō [思想], No. 41, March 1925).
 * ‘The Actor’ [働くもの] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 115, October 1925).
 * ‘Place’ [場所] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 123, June 1926), reprinted in SPE1:67-151.
 * ‘Response to Dr. Sōda Ki’ichirō’ [左右田博士に答う] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 133, April 1927), reprinted in SPE1:153-187.
 * In response to Sōda’s ‘On the Method of Nishida’s Philosophy: A Request to Professor Nishida for Clarification’ [西田哲学の方法について——西田博士の教を乞う] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 127, October 1926).
 * ‘The Knower’ [知るもの] (Shisō [思想], No. 70 and No. 71, August-September 1927).

 * The System of Universals according to Self-Consciousness [一般者の自覚的体系] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], January 1930), reprinted in NKZ4.
 * ‘The Logical Structure of the So-Called World of Objects of Knowledge’ [いわゆる認識対象界の論理的構造] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 145, April 1928).
 * Nishida is referring to »die Welt der Erkenntnisgegenstände«.
 * ‘Logicism of the Predicate’ [述語的論理主義] (Shisō [思想], No. 78, April 1928).
 * ‘The Place of That Which Sees Itself and the Place of Consciousness’ [自己自身を見るもののおいてある場所と意識の場所] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 148, July 1928).
 * ‘The Intelligible World’ [叡智的世界] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 151, October 1928), reprinted in SPE1:189-253.
 * ‘Intuitive Knowledge’ [直観的知識] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 154, January 1929).
 * ‘The Relationship between Being and What Lies Behind Being in the Self-Conscious Universal’ [自覚的一般者においてあるもの及びそれとその背後にあるものとの関係] (Shisō [思想], No. 83, No. 84 and No. 85, April-June 1929).
 * ‘The Self-Determination of the Universal’ [一般者の自己限定] (Shisō [思想], No. 88 and No. 89, September-October 1929).

 * The Determination of the Nothing by Self-Consciousness [無の自覚的限定] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], December 1932), reprinted in NKZ5.
 * ‘The Self-Determination of the Expressive Self’ [表現的自己の自己限定] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 172 and No. 173, July-August 1930).
 * ‘Acts of Consciousness as the Self-Determination of Place’ [場所の自己限定としての意識作用] (Shisō [思想], No. 100, September 1930).
 * ‘What I Call the Self-Conscious Determination of the Absolute Nothing’ [私の絶対無の自覚的限定というもの] (Shisō [思想], No. 105 and No. 106, February-March 1931).
 * ‘The Self-Determination of the Eternal Now’ [永遠の今の自己限定] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 184, July 1931).
 * ‘The Temporal and the Atemporal’ [時間的なるもの及び非時間的なるもの] (Shisō [思想], No. 112, September 1931).
 * ‘Love of the Self, Love of the Other and the Dialectic’ [自愛と他愛及び弁証法] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 191 and No. 192, February-March 1932).
 * ‘Free Will’ [自由意志] (Shisō [思想], No. 120, May 1932).
 * ‘I and Thou’ [私と汝] (Iwanami Kōza: Tetsugaku [岩波講座 哲学], July 1932 and September 1932), reprinted in SPE1:265-355.
 * ‘On the Philosophy of Life’ [生の哲学について] (Risō [理想], October 1932).

 * Fundamental Problems of Philosophy, Vol. 1: The World of Action [哲学の根本問題——行為の世界] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], December 1933), reprinted in NKZ6.
 * ‘Prolegomena to Metaphysics’ [形而上学序論] (Iwanami Kōza: Tetsugaku [岩波講座 哲学], February 1933).
 * ‘I and the World’ [私と世界] (previously unpublished, begun in April 1933).

 * Fundamental Problems of Philosophy, Vol. 2: The Dialectical World [哲学の根本問題 続編——弁証法的世界] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], October 1934), reprinted in NKZ6.
 * ‘The Logical Structure of the Real World’ [現実の世界の論理的構造] (Shisō [思想], No. 140, No. 141 and No. 142, January-March 1934).
 * ‘The World as a Dialectical Universal’ [弁証法的一般者としての世界] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 219, No. 220 and No. 221, June-August 1935), reprinted in SPE2:37-172.
 * ‘Cultural Forms of the Ancient East and West as Viewed from the Standpoint of Metaphysics’ [形而上学的立場から見た東西古代の文化形態] (previously unpublished)

 * Philosophical Essays, Vol. 1: Plans for a System of Philosophy [哲学論文集 第1——哲学体系への企図] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], November 1935), reprinted in NKZ7.
 * ‘The World’s Self-Identity and Continuity’ [世界の自己同一と連続] (Shisō [思想], No. 152, No. 153 and No. 154, January-March 1935).
 * ‘The Standpoint of Active Intuition’ [行為的直観の立場] (Shisō [思想], No. 158, No. 159 and No. 160, July-September 1935).

 * Thoughts and Experiences, Vol. 2 [続 思索と体験] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], May 1937), reprinted in NKZ7.
 * ‘Remaining Problems of Consciousness’ [取残されたる意識の問題] (in Festschrift for Tokunō Bun [得能博士還暦記念哲学論文集], Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], July 1926).
 * ‘Anthropology’ [人間学] (in Festschrift for Tomonaga Sanjūrō [朝永博士還暦記念哲学論文集], Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], August 1930).
 * ‘History’ [歴史] (Iwanami Kōza: Tetsugaku [岩波講座 哲学], November 1931).
 * ‘Hegel’s Dialectic as Seen from My Standpoint’ [私の立場から見たヘーゲルの弁証法] (in Hegel and Hegelianism [ヘーゲルとヘーゲル主義], Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], February 1931).
 * ‘On Pedagogy’ [教育学について] (previously unpublished, finished in February 1933).
 * ‘‘Being’ in Greek Philosophy’ [ギリシャ哲学においての「有るもの」] (Iwanami Kōza: Sekai Shichō [岩波講座 世界思潮], Vol. 3, April 1928).
 * ‘Self-Consciousness in Augustine’ [アウグスチヌスの自覚] (Iwanami Kōza: Sekai Shichō [岩波講座 世界思潮], Vol. 7, July 1928).
 * ‘The Essence of Platonic Ideas’ [プラトンのイデヤの本質] (Girisha-Raten Kōza [ギリシャ・ラテン講座], July 1931).
 * ‘My Thoughts on French Philosophy’ [フランス哲学についての感想] (Shisō [思想], No. 176, January 1937).
 * ‘Bolzano’s Autobiography’ [ボルツァーノの自伝] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 80, November 1922).
 * ‘Abel the Mathematician’ [数学者アーベル] (Asahi Shimbun, September 1933).
 * ‘Goethe’s Background’ [ゲーテの背景] (Goethe-Jahrbuch [ゲーテ年鑑], Vol. 1, May 1932).
 * ‘The Beauty of Writing’ [書の美] (previously unpublished, finished in May 1930).
 * ‘The Flexibility of National Language’ [国語の自在性] (Kokugo [国語], January 1936).
 * ‘The Objectivity of Knowledge’ [知識の客観性] (Kaizō [改造], February 1933).
 * ‘Reminiscences of the Fourth Higher School’ [四高の思出] (Shikō Dōsōkaihō, April 1927).
 * ‘The Retirement Speech of a Certain Professor’ [ある教授の退職の辞] (Shisō [思想], No. 83, April 1929).
 * ‘A Poem on Kamakura’ [鎌倉雑詠] (Shisō [思想], No. 84, May 1929).
 * ‘Two Translated Poems’ [訳詩] (The Muse, August 1928 and September 1929).
 * The poems translated by Nishida here are Goethe’s ‘Mignon’ and Browning’s ‘Home Thoughts from the Sea’.
 * ‘A Fireside Chat’ [暖炉の側から] (The Muse, February 1931).
 * ‘My Copy of the Song Era Erya’ [書影宋本爾雅後] (previously unpublished, finished in May 1933).
 * ‘Songs and Poems’ [歌并詩] (previously unpublished, composed between 1920 and 1935).

 * Philosophical Essays, Vol. 2 [哲学論文集 第2] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], November 1937), reprinted in NKZ8.
 * ‘Logic and Life’ [論理と生命] (Shisō [思想], No. 170, No. 171 and No. 172, July-September 1936), reprinted in SPE2:173-300.
 * ‘Praxis and the Knowledge of Objects: The Place of Knowledge in the Historical World’ [実践と対象認識——歴史的世界においての認識の立場] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 252, No. 253 and No. 254, March-May 1937).
 * ‘Problems of Species Formation and Development’ [種の生成発展の問題] (Shisō [思想], No. 182, July 1937).
 * ‘Active Intuition’ [行為的直観] (Shisō [思想], No. 183, August 1937), reprinted in SPE2:301-331.

 * Philosophical Essays, Vol. 3 [哲学論文集 第3] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], November 1939), reprinted in NKZ8.
 * ‘Human Existence’ [人間的存在] (Shisō [思想], No. 190, March 1938), reprinted in SPE2:333-400.
 * ‘The Standpoint of the Individual in the Historical World’ [歴史的世界においての個物の立場] (Shisō [思想], No. 195 and No. 196, August-September 1938).
 * ‘Absolutely Contradictory Self-Identity’ [絶対矛盾的自己同一] (Shisō [思想], No. 202, March 1939), reprinted in SPE3:7-84.
 * ‘The Science of Experience’ [経験科学] (Shisō [思想], No. 207 August 1939).

 * Problems of Japanese Culture [日本文化の問題] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], March 1940), reprinted in NKZ9.
 * Philosophical Essays, Vol. 4 [哲学論文集 第4] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], November 1941), reprinted in NKZ9.
 * ‘Prolegomena to Practical Philosophy’ [実践哲学序論] (Iwanami Kōza: Rinrigaku [岩波講座 倫理学], Vol. 2, August 1940).
 * ‘Poiēsis and Praxis: An Appendix to the Prolegomena to Practical Philosophy’ [ポイエシスとプラクシス——実践哲学序論補説] (Shisō [思想], No. 223, December 1940).
 * ‘Artistic Creation as Historical Acts of Formation’ [歴史的形成作用としての芸術的創作] (Shisō [思想], No. 228 and No. 229, May-June 1941), reprinted in SPE3:85-176.
 * ‘The Problem of Raison d’état’ [国家理由の問題] (Iwanami Kōza: Rinrigaku [岩波講座 倫理学], Vol. 8, September 1941).

 * Philosophical Essays, Vol. 5 [哲学論文集 第5] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], August 1944), reprinted in NKZ9.
 * ‘On the Objectivity or Knowledge: A New Foundation for Epistemology’ [知識の客観性について——新たなる知識論の基盤] (Shisō [思想], No. 248 and No. 249, January-February 1943).
 * ‘On Self-Consciousness: Laying the Foundation for the Preceding Essay’ [自覚について——前論文の基礎付け] (Shisō [思想], No. 252 and No. 253, May-June 1943), reprinted in SPE3:177-267.

 * Philosophical Essays, Vol. 6 [哲学論文集 第6] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], December 1945), reprinted in NKZ10.
 * ‘The World of Physics’ [物理の世界] (Shisō [思想], No. 260, January 1944).
 * ‘Logic and Mathematics’ [論理と数理] (Shisō [思想], No. 262, March 1944).
 * ‘Towards a Philosophy of Religion, Using Pre-Established Harmony as a Guide’ [予定調和を手引きとして宗教哲学へ] (Shisō [思想], No. 264, May/June 1944).
 * ‘On Cartesian Philosophy’ [デカルト哲学について] (Shisō [思想], No. 265, July 1944), reprinted in SPE3:269-298.
 * ‘Tradition’ [伝統] (Shisō [思想], No. 256, September 1943).
 * ‘Space’ [空間] (previously unpublished, finished in July 1944).
 * ‘Laying the Philosophical Foundations of Mathematics’ [数学の哲学的基礎付け] (previously unpublished, composed between December 1944 and January 1945).

 * Philosophical Essays, Vol. 7 [哲学論文集 第7] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], February 1946), reprinted in NKZ10.
 * ‘Life’ [生命] (Shisō [思想], No. 267 and No. 268, October 1944-August 1945).
 * ‘The Logic of Place and the Religious Worldview’ [場所的論理と宗教的世界観] (previously unpublished, composed between February and April 1945), reprinted in SPE3:299-397.

 * Thoughts and Experiences, Vol. 3 [『続 思索と体験』以後] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], March 1948), reprinted in NKZ10.

 * Shorter Writings, reprinted in NKZ11
 * ‘An Outline of Green’s Ethics’ [グリーン氏倫理哲学の大意] (Kyōiku Jiron, Nos. 362-4, May 1895), reprinted in NKZ11:3-22.
 * Nishida’s first published work.
 * ‘Hume’s Law of Causation’ [ヒュームの因果法].
 * ‘Debating the Existence of Innate Knowledge’ [先天智識の有無を論ず].
 * ‘My Thoughts on Yamamoto Yasunosuke’s Essay ‘Religion and Reason’’ [山本安之助君の「宗教と理性」という論文を読みて所感を述ぶ].
 * ‘An Explication of the Beautiful’ [美の説明].
 * ‘Benedictus Spinoza’ [ベネヂクトス、スピノーザ].
 * ‘Kantianism in Ethics’ [カント倫理学主義].
 * ‘On Contemporary Religion’ [現今の宗教について].
 * ‘The School of Self-Consciousness’ [自覚主義].
 * ‘My Contribution to Recommended Books for Edification’ [『静修書目答問』への回答].
 * ‘The Essence of Religion’ [宗教の本質].
 * ‘Jakob Boehme’ [ヤコッブ、ベーメ].
 * ‘The Inside and the Outside of the Soul’ [心の中と外].
 * ‘Miscellaneous Thoughts’ [雑感].
 * ‘An Apology for Philosophy’ [哲学のアポロジー].
 * ‘Reading’ [読書].
 * ‘On the So-Called Japaneseness’ [日本的ということについて].
 * ‘On Reading Tanaka Ōdō’s Review’ [田中王堂君の批評を読みて].
 * ‘Augustine’s Theory of Trinity’ [アウグスチヌスの三位一体論].
 * ‘The World of Objects of Art’ [芸術の対象界].
 * ‘On Contemporary Idealism’ [現今の理想主義について].
 * ‘Russell as a Scholar’ [学者としてのラッスル].
 * ‘The Meaning of My Voluntarism’ [私の主意主義の意味].
 * ‘Explanation of Philosophical Terms’ [哲学用語解説].
 * ‘After the Great Earthquake’ [大震災の後に].

 * Lectures
 * ‘Modern Idealist Philosophy’ [現代における理想主義の哲学], reprinted in NKZ12.
 * ‘Fichte’s Philosophy’ [フイヒテの哲学], reprinted in NKZ12.
 * ‘Cohen’s Philosophy’ [コーヘンの哲学], reprinted in NKZ12.
 * ‘Plato’s Philosophy’ [プラトンの哲学], reprinted in NKZ12.
 * ‘The Concept of Personality as the Ground of Reality’ [実在の根柢としての人格概念], reprinted in NKZ12.
 * ‘The World of Action’ [行為の世界], reprinted in NKZ12.
 * ‘The Logical Structure of the Real World’ [現実の世界の論理的構造], reprinted in NKZ12.
 * ‘The Body as Historical’ [歴史的身体], reprinted in NKZ12.
 * ‘Problems of Japanese Culture’ [日本文化の問題], reprinted in NKZ13.
 * ‘The Reciprocal Relationship and Communication between Pure Experiences’ [純粋経験相互の関係および連絡について], reprinted in NKZ13.
 * ‘Anti-Natural-Scientific Thought’ [反自然科学的思想], reprinted in NKZ13.
 * ‘Contemporary Spiritualism’ [現今の唯心論], reprinted in NKZ13.
 * ‘The Concept of Scientific Truth in Contemporary Philosophy’ [現代哲学における科学的真理の概念], reprinted in NKZ13.
 * ‘Contemporary Idealism’ [現今の理想主義], reprinted in NKZ13.
 * ‘Coincidentia oppositorum and Love’ [Coincidentia oppositorumと愛], reprinted in NKZ13.
 * ‘The Standpoint of Religion’ [宗教の立場], reprinted in NKZ13.
 * ‘Eckhart’s Mysticism and the Life at Ittōen’ [エックハルトの神秘説と一燈園生活], reprinted in NKZ13.
 * ‘What I Call the Universal of Judgement’ [私の判断的一般者というもの], reprinted in NKZ13.
 * ‘Life, Reality and Logic’ [生と実在と論理], reprinted in NKZ13.
 * ‘On Time and Personality’ [時と人格], reprinted in NKZ13.
 * ‘On Personality’ [人格について], reprinted in NKZ13.
 * ‘The Logical Structure of the Real World’ [現実の世界の論理的構造], reprinted in NKZ13.
 * ‘My Philosophical Position and Method’ [私の哲学の立場と方法], reprinted in NKZ13.
 * ‘On Traditionalism’ [伝統主義について], reprinted in NKZ13.

 * Lecture Notes
 * ‘The Study of Religion’ [宗教学] (1914-15), reprinted in NKZ14.
 * Nishida’s sources for these lectures include Leuba, The Psychological Study of Religion (1912); Starbuck, The Psychology of Religion (1899); Edward Scribner Ames, The Psychology of Religious Experience (1910); James, The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902); Tiele, Grundzüge der Religionswissenschaft (1904); Hermann Siebeck, Lehrbuch der Religionsphilosophie (1893); and Höffding, Religionsphilosophie (1901).
 * ‘An Outline of Philosophy’ [哲学概論], reprinted in NKZ14.
 * Nishida gave these introductory lectures annually while at Kyoto Imperial University. This version is based on notes from the Taishō and Shōwa era.
 * ‘Aristotle’s Metaphysics’ [アリストテレスの形而上学] (1924-25), reprinted in NKZ14.
 * ‘Plotinus’ Philosophy’ [プロチノスの哲学] (1924-25), reprinted in NKZ14.
 * ‘A History of Ethics in Britain’ [英国倫理学史] (ca. 1904), reprinted in NKZ14.
 * Nishida breaks this history into four periods: [1] The Beginning (Hobbes); [2] The First Phase (Cudworth, Cumberland, Locke); [3] The Second Phase (Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Butler, Hume, Smith, Hartley); and [4] The Third Phase (Intuition School: Price, Reid; Utilitarianism: Paley, Bentham, Mill; Evolutional Ethics: Spencer).
 * ‘Lectures on Psychology’ [心理学講義] (1904-05), reprinted in NKZ14.
 * Nishida’s sources for these lectures include Wundt, Grundriss der Psychologie (1896); Ziehen, Psychophysiologische Erkenntnistheorie (1898); and Külpe, Grundriss der Psychologie auf experimenteller Grundlage dargestellt (1893).
 * ‘A Draft of Ethics’ [倫理学草案] (1904-05), reprinted in NKZ14.
 * Nishida’s sources include Sidgwick, Outlines of the History of Ethics for English Readers (1886); Martineau, Types of Ethical Theory (1885); and James Mackintosh, Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy: Chiefly During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (1836)
 * ‘An Outline of Philosophy’ [哲学概論], reprinted in NKZ15.
 * This version is based on notes from the late Meiji era, so the early incarnations of these introductory lectures.
 * ‘Vorlesung 1926’, reprinted in NKZ15.
 * ‘Ethics Lecture Notes’ [倫理学講義ノート], reprinted in NKZ25.
 * ‘The Study of Religion Lecture Notes’ [宗教学講義ノート], reprinted in NKZ25.

 * Fragments and Notes, reprinted in NKZ16.

 * Diaries
 * Diary entries from 1897 to 1912, reprinted in NKZ17.
 * Diary entries from 1913 to 1945, reprinted in NKZ18.

 * Correspondence
 * Letters from 1887 to 1920, reprinted in NKZ19.
 * Letters from 1921 to 1930, reprinted in NKZ20.
 * Letters from 1931 to 1936, reprinted in NKZ21.
 * Letters from 1937 to 1941, reprinted in NKZ22.
 * Letters from 1942 to 1945, reprinted in NKZ23.

 * Other
 * ‘On Reality’ [実在について] (Tetsugaku Zasshi [哲学雑誌], No. 241, March 1907), revised and reprinted in An Inquiry into the Good.
 * ‘A Theory of Ethics’ [倫理学説] (Tōa no Hikari [東亜の光], Vol. 3, No. 3 and No. 4, March-April 1908), revised and reprinted in An Inquiry into the Good.
 * ‘Pure Experience, Thought, Will and Intellectual Intuition’ [純粋経験と思惟、意志、および知的直観] (Tetsugaku Zasshi [哲学雑誌], No. 258, August 1908), revised and reprinted in An Inquiry into the Good.
 * ‘Levels of Social Good’ [社会的善の階級] (Seikyō Shinpō [正教新報], No. 666, September 1908).
 * ‘The Reciprocal Relationship and Communication between Pure Experiences’ [純粋経験相互の関係および連絡について] (Tetsugaku Zasshi [哲学雑誌], No. 276, February 1910), revised and reprinted in An Inquiry into the Good.
 * ‘The Self-Determination of the Universal and Self-Consciousness’ [一般者の自己限定と自覚] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 163, October 1929).
 * ‘Philosophy and Education’ [哲学と教育] (Iwanami Kōza: Kyōiku Kagaku [岩波講座 教育科学], Vol. 18, March 1933).

English

 * An Inquiry into the Good, trans. Masao Abe and Christopher Ives. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.
 * "An Explanation of Beauty," trans. Steve Odin. Monumenta Nipponica vol. 42 no. 2 (1987): 211–217.
 * Intuition and Reflection in Self-Consciousness, trans. Valdo H. Viglielmo, Takeuchi Yoshinori and Joseph S. O'Leary. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987.
 * Last Writings: Nothingness and the Religious Worldview, trans. David Dilworth. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993.
 * "Logic of the Place of Nothingness and the Religious Worldview"
 * "Concerning My Logic"
 * Place and Dialectic: Two Essays by Nishida Kitaro, trans. John W. M. Krummel and Shigenori Nagatomo. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
 * Ontology of Production: Three Essays, trans. William Haver. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012.
 * The Unsolved Issue of Consciousness, trans. John W. M. Krummell, in Philosophy East and West 62, no 1 (2012): 44–59.

French

 * L’Éveil à soi, trans. Jacynthe Tremblay. Paris: CNRS Éditions, 2003, 298 p.
 * De ce qui agit à ce qui voit, trans. Jacynthe Tremblay. Montréal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 2015, 364 p.
 * Autoéveil. Le Système des universels, trans. Jacynthe Tremblay. Nagoya: Chisokudō Publications, 2017.

English

 * Carter, Robert E. The Nothingness beyond God: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Nishida Kitaro Paragon House, 1989. ISBN 1-55778-761-1)
 * Christopher Ives. Imperial-Way Zen: Ishikawa Hakugen's Critique and Lingering Questions for Buddhist Ethics. University of Hawaii Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8248-3331-2
 * Heisig, James W. Philosophers of Nothingness University of Hawaii Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8248-2481-4
 * Mayeda, Graham. Japanese Philosophers on Society and Culture: Nishida Kitarō, Watsuji Tetsurō, and Kuki Shūzō. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2020. ISBN 978-1-4985-7208-8
 * Nishitani Keiji. Nishida Kitaro University of California Press, 1991. ISBN 0-520-07364-9
 * Wargo, Robert J. J. The Logic Of Nothingness: A Study Of Nishida Kitaro. University of Hawaii Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8248-2969-7
 * Yusa Michiko. Zen & Philosophy: An Intellectual Biography of Nishida Kitaro. University of Hawaii Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8248-2459-8

French

 * Tremblay Jacynthe, Nishida Kitarō. Le Jeu de l’individuel et de l’universel, Paris, CNRS Éditions, 2000, 334 p.
 * Tremblay Jacynthe, Introduction à la philosophie de Nishida, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2007, 141 p.
 * Tremblay Jacynthe, Auto-éveil et temporalité. Les Défis posés par la philosophie de Nishida, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2007, 229 p.
 * Tremblay Jacynthe, L’Être-soi et l’être-ensemble. L’Auto-éveil comme méthode philosophique chez Nishida, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2007, 194 p.
 * Tremblay Jacynthe, Je suis un lieu, Montréal, Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 2016, 316 p.
 * Tremblay Jacynthe (ed.), Laval Théologique et Philosophique. Philosophie japonaise du XXe siècle, 64 (June 2008, no. 2) 233-573.
 * Tremblay Jacynthe (ed.), Philosophes japonais contemporains, Montréal, Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 2010, 492 p.
 * Tremblay Jacynthe (ed.), Théologiques. Les philosophes de l’École de Kyōto et la théologie 12 (2012, no. 1-2) 3-383.
 * Tremblay Jacynthe (ed.), Milieux modernes et reflets japonais. Chemins philosophiques, Québec, Presses de l’Université Laval, 2015, 286 p. (with Marie-Hélène Parizeau).

Articles

 * Botz-Bornstein, Thorsten. "Nishida and Wittgenstein: from pure experience to Lebensform or new perspectives for a philosophy of intercultural communication," Asian Philosophy 13,1 (2003): 53–70.
 * Botz-Bornstein, Thorsten. "The I and the Thou: A Dialogue between Nishida Kitarō and Mikhail Bakhtin,” Japan Review 16 (2004): 259–284.
 * Heisig, James W. and Rein Raud, eds. "Nishida’s Deodorized Basho and the Scent of Zeami’s Flower." Classical Japanese Philosophy (Nagoya: Nanzan Institute for Religion & Culture, 2010): 247–73.
 * Heisig, James W. “Nishida’s Medieval Bent,” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 31/1 (2004): 55–72.
 * _____. “Non-I and Thou: Nishida, Buber, and the Moral Consequences of Self-Actualization,” Philosophy *East and West 50: 2 (2000): 179–207.
 * _____. “Philosophy as Spirituality: The Way of the Kyoto School,” Takeuchi Yoshinori et al., ed., Buddhist Spirituality. Volume 2: Later China, Korea, Japan, and the Modern World, (New York: Crossroad, 1999), 367–88.
 * _____. “Nothing and Nowhere East and West: Nishida Kitarō and Hints of a Common Ground.” Angelaki 17/3 (2012): 17 –30. Angelaki 17/3 (2012): 17–30.
 * Loughnane, Adam. “Nishida and Merleau-Ponty: Art, ‘Depth,’ and ‘Seeing without a Seer,’” European Journal of Japanese Philosophy 1 (2016): 47–74.
 * Raud, Rein. and 'being-time': spatiotemporal concepts in the thought of Nishida Kitarō and Dōgen Kigen." Philosophy East and West, 54 No 1 (2004): 29-51.
 * Rigsby, Curtis A. "Nishida on God, Barth and Christianity," Asian Philosophy 19, no. 2 (2009): 119-157.

title: Kitaro Nishida


text:
User talk:Jlencion

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Kurt Elling
I appreciate your help on this article. Are you a fan? If so, it looks like there are two of us... --Viriditas 03:39, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually I am sorta a fan. I just saw him perform in Minnesota this last month and so it got me thinking about him. I actually go to school at Gustavus and I always thought it was wonderful that Elling was a Gustavus graduate, so I thought that his wikipedia article should include a little about that. But Elling is really amazing. He has such a wonderful talent. --Jlencion 03:16, Oct 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. It's too bad you didn't take a photo at the show!  We could use  one of him on the page.  Unfortunately, his album covers don't do him justice.  I'm sure he would allow us to use a publicity photo if we asked. He's got some good ones on his personal site.  --Viriditas 07:26, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I should've taken a photo at the show--I was in the front row! I actually just sent him an email asking for a photo. Hopefully he'll respond soon. --Jlencion 16:28, Oct 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Nice job on the photo! However, I'm not sure if it's accurately tagged as GFDL.  Is he aware of that status?  It seems like it would be better labeled as CopyrightedFreeUse or , but I could be wrong. --Viriditas  | Talk 01:54, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks. And good call on the license thingy. I changed that. --Jlencion 05:48, Dec 31, 2004 (UTC)

Toothpaste for Dinner
How are the Toothpaste for Dinner images GFDL? --Tagishsimon (talk)
 * I emailed Drew and asked this:
 * I was wondering if i could use a comic or two for the article. i am writing to obtain permission from you to release a comic or two under the GNU free documentation license.
 * and he responded:
 * sure, pick out a couple of drawings and put em up
 * do you think they should not be? what should they be? I'm new to this, so I'm still getting the hang of it all.--Jlencion 14:38, Nov 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * That sounds fine; it would be worth putting a note on the image pages though, since as they stand, it looks like you;ve stolen a cuple of imaghes and stuck GFDL licences on them without there being any obvious connection between you and the originator of the artwork. --Tagishsimon (talk)

Haha awesome choice for the main article image. That one was memorable for me, as well. I don't know why... Mrtea (talk) 04:37, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

Return of the Untagged Image project
You were kind enough to contribute to the Untagged images project; I beg to draw your attention to part 2 of the project - there are about 12,000 more images in need of tagging. Any assistance you could provide would be most welcome. thanks --Tagishsimon (talk)

Minnesota meetup
A meetup of Wikipedians in Minnesota is proposed: please stop by the discussion page if interested. Jonathunder 02:06, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Reminder: Meetup October 29, one o'clock, Mall of America. Jonathunder 20:00, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Sufjan
Sufjan Stevens playing banjo.jpg is a fantastic shot! I was wondering - do you have a higher resolution version that you could upload? On Featured pictures, there is currently a push to get more pictures of people nominated - an area that is severely lacking. I'd like to nominate it, but a Featured Picture needs to be more than 1000 px on at least one side. Please let me know if you can upload it. Thanks. tiZom(2¢) 07:43, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the compliments on the photo. I'll upload a larger version hopefully later today when I get home--I would love to have it get featured! --Jlencion 15:19, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I just uploaded the new file. --Jlencion 23:44, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for uploading that. I went ahead and put this up for Picture peer review, which is a pre-cursor to Featured picture candidates. I don't know if you're familiar with the Featured Picture process, but they are particularly harsh when it comes to a photograph's shortcomings (narrow depth of focus, size, jpeg artifacts, blown highlights - just to name a few), so instead of nominating this right to Featured Picture, I put it first on Picture peer review. This way, we can get some input, and possibly have some of the imperfections fixed, or at least improved. Take a look at the actual nomination at Picture peer review/Sufjan Stevens playing banjo and if you have any additional input, just put a comment below my nomination. Thanks for your help, and thanks again for the outstanding photo! tiZom(2¢) 07:16, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for all of the information, your comments, and your compliments. :) I'm looking forward to seeing what others have to say. --Jlencion 02:26, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Image:Al Franken.jpg
A tag has been placed on Image:Al Franken.jpg, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason:

CSD I3; see source itself, licensed under a CC-BY-SA-NC

Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not meet very basic Wikipedia criteria may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as an appropriate article, and if you can indicate why the subject of this article is appropriate, you may contest the tagging. To do this, add  on the top of the page and leave a note on  explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm its subject's notability under the guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. feydey 10:40, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah, the source may be licensed under a CC-BY-SA-NC, but I took the image, own it, and uploaded it to Wikipedia with the other license. And now you've gone and deleted it. --Jlencion 21:40, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Nishida kitaro.jpg
Hi Jlencion! I wanted to use Nishida's photo for the german wikipedia, but folks there are very carefull on what depends copyright. Could you add some more detailled information about the author and why the work is now public domain? That would be nice. Thanks in advance & greetings from Berlin, Germany, --Tischbeinahe —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.177.183.125 (talk) 11:43, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Minnesota Meetup
 Minnesota Meetup Sunday, 2007-10-07, 1:00 p.m. (13:00) Pracna on Main 117 Main SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota Map Please pass this on! RSVP here.  Spam delivered by Jonathunder 16:52, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Is it christmas yet.jpg)
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Minnesota Meetup
 2009 Proposed date: Saturday, October 10. Details under discussion. Please share this with anyone who may be interested.  Delivered by Jonathunder (talk) 22:30, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

NowCommons: File:Kurt-elling.jpg
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Articles for deletion nomination of Drew (artist)
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Jlencion


text:
H&K

H&K can refer to:

 * Heckler & Koch, a German weapons manufacturing company
 * Hughes & Kettner, a German brand of guitar and bass amplifiers, cabinets and effects processors
 * Harold & Kumar, a series of stoner comedies and its titular characters
 * Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle, a 2004 film
 * Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay, its sequel
 * Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, American mass murder duo
 * Hampstead and Kilburn, a UK parliament constituency
 * The Calcium H and K lines, a pair of violet spectral lines
 * "H-K (Hunter-Killer)", song by Fear Factory from the album Demanufacture, 1995

title: H&K


text:
Gas centrifuge

A gas centrifuge is a device that performs isotope separation of gases. A centrifuge relies on the principles of centrifugal force accelerating molecules so that particles of different masses are physically separated in a gradient along the radius of a rotating container. A prominent use of gas centrifuges is for the separation of uranium-235 (235U) from uranium-238 (238U). The gas centrifuge was developed to replace the gaseous diffusion method of 235U extraction. High degrees of separation of these isotopes relies on using many individual centrifuges arranged in series that achieve successively higher concentrations. This process yields higher concentrations of 235U while using significantly less energy compared to the gaseous diffusion process.

History
Suggested in 1919, the centrifugal process was first successfully performed in 1934. American scientist Jesse Beams and his team at the University of Virginia developed the process by separating two chlorine isotopes through a vacuum ultracentrifuge. It was one of the initial isotopic separation means pursued during the Manhattan Project, more particularly by Harold Urey and Karl P. Cohen, but research was discontinued in 1944 as it was felt that the method would not produce results by the end of the war, and that other means of uranium enrichment (gaseous diffusion and electromagnetic separation) had a better chance of success in the short term. This method was successfully used in the Soviet nuclear program, making the Soviet Union the most effective supplier of enriched uranium. Franz Simon, Rudolf Peierls, Klaus Fuchs and Nicholas Kurti made important contributions to the centrifugal process.

Paul Dirac made important theoretical contributions to the centrifugal process during World War II; Dirac developed the fundamental theory of separation processes that underlies the design and analysis of modern uranium enrichment plants. In the long term, especially with the development of the Zippe-type centrifuge, the gas centrifuge has become a very economical mode of separation, using considerably less energy than other methods and having numerous other advantages.

Research in the physical performance of centrifuges was carried out by the Pakistani scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan in the 1970s–80s, using vacuum methods for advancing the role of centrifuges in the development of nuclear fuel for Pakistan's atomic bomb. Many of the theorists working with Khan were unsure that either gaseous and enriched uranium would be feasible on time. One scientist recalled: "No one in the world has used the [gas] centrifuge method to produce military-grade uranium.... This was not going to work. He was simply wasting time." In spite of skepticism, the program was quickly proven to be feasible. Enrichment via centrifuge has been used in experimental physics, and the method was smuggled to at least three different countries by the end of the 20th century.

Centrifugal process
The centrifuge relies on the force resulting from centrifugal acceleration to separate molecules according to their mass and can be applied to most fluids. The dense (heavier) molecules move towards the wall, and the lighter ones remain close to the center. The centrifuge consists of a rigid body rotor rotating at full period at high speed. Concentric gas tubes located on the axis of the rotor are used to introduce feed gas into the rotor and extract the heavier and lighter separated streams. For 235U production, the heavier stream is the waste stream and the lighter stream is the product stream. Modern Zippe-type centrifuges are tall cylinders spinning on a vertical axis. A vertical temperature gradient can be applied to create a convective circulation rising in the center and descending at the periphery of the centrifuge. Such a countercurrent flow can also be stimulated mechanically by the scoops that take out the enriched and depleted fractions. Diffusion between these opposing flows increases the separation by the principle of countercurrent multiplication.

In practice, since there are limits to how tall a single centrifuge can be made, several such centrifuges are connected in series. Each centrifuge receives one input line and produces two output lines, corresponding to light and heavy fractions. The input of each centrifuge is the product stream of the previous centrifuge. This produces an almost pure light fraction from the product stream of the last centrifuge and an almost pure heavy fraction from the waste stream of the first centrifuge.

Gas centrifugation process
The gas centrifugation process uses a unique design that allows gas to constantly flow in and out of the centrifuge. Unlike most centrifuges which rely on batch processing, the gas centrifuge uses continuous processing, allowing cascading in which multiple identical processes occur in succession. The gas centrifuge consists of a cylindrical rotor, a casing, an electric motor, and three lines for material to travel. The gas centrifuge is designed with a casing that completely encloses the centrifuge. The cylindrical rotor is located inside the casing, which is evacuated of all air to produce a near frictionless rotation when operating. The motor spins the rotor, creating the centrifugal force on the components as they enter the cylindrical rotor. This force acts to separate the molecules of the gas, with heavier molecules moving towards the wall of the rotor and the lighter molecules towards the central axis. There are two output lines, one for the fraction enriched in the desired isotope (in uranium separation, this is 235U), and one depleted of that isotope. The output lines take these separations to other centrifuges to continue the centrifugation process. The process begins when the rotor is balanced in three stages. Most of the technical details on gas centrifuges are difficult to obtain because they are shrouded in "nuclear secrecy".

The early gas centrifuges used in the UK used an alloy body wrapped in epoxy-impregnated glass fibre. Dynamic balancing of the assembly was accomplished by adding small traces of epoxy at the locations indicated by the balancing test unit. The motor was usually a pancake type located at the bottom of the cylinder. The early units were typically around 2 metres long, but subsequent developments gradually increased the length. The present generation are over 4 metres in length. The bearings are gas-based devices, as mechanical bearings would not survive at the normal operating speeds of these centrifuges.

A section of centrifuges would be fed with variable-frequency alternating current from an electronic (bulk) inverter, which would slowly ramp them up to the required speed, generally in excess of 50,000 rpm. One precaution was to quickly get past frequencies at which the cylinder was known to suffer resonance problems. The inverter is a high-frequency unit capable of operating at frequencies around 1 kilohertz. The whole process is normally silent; if a noise is heard coming from a centrifuge, it is a warning of failure (which normally occurs very quickly). The design of the cascade normally allows for the failure of at least one centrifuge unit without compromising the operation of the cascade. The units are normally very reliable, with early models having operated continuously for over 30 years.

Later models have steadily increased the rotation speed of the centrifuges, as it is the velocity of the centrifuge wall that has the most effect on the separation efficiency. A feature of the cascade system of centrifuges is that it is possible to increase plant throughput incrementally, by adding cascade "blocks" to the existing installation at suitable locations, rather than having to install a completely new line of centrifuges.

Concurrent and countercurrent centrifuges
The simplest gas centrifuge is the concurrent centrifuge, where separative effect is produced by the centrifugal effects of the rotor's rotation. In these centrifuges, the heavy fraction is collected at the periphery of the rotor and the light fraction from nearer the axis of rotation.

Inducing a countercurrent flow uses countercurrent multiplication to enhance the separative effect. A vertical circulating current is set up, with the gas flowing axially along the rotor walls in one direction and a return flow closer to the center of the rotor. The centrifugal separation continues as before (heavier molecules preferentially moving outwards), which means that the heavier molecules are collected by the wall flow, and the lighter fraction collects at the other end. In a centrifuge with downward wall flow, the heavier molecules collect at the bottom. The outlet scoops are then placed at the ends of the rotor cavity, with the feed mixture injected along the axis of the cavity (ideally, the injection point is at the point where the mixture in the rotor is equal to the feed ).

This countercurrent flow can be induced mechanically or thermally, or a combination. In mechanically induced countercurrent flow, the arrangement of the (stationary) scoops and internal rotor structures are used to generate the flow. A scoop interacts with the gas by slowing it, which tends to draw it into the centre of the rotor. The scoops at each end induce opposing currents, so one scoop is protected from the flow by a "baffle": a perforated disc within the rotor which rotates along with the gas—at this end of the rotor, the flow will be outwards, towards the rotor wall. Thus, in a centrifuge with a baffled top scoop, the wall flow is downwards, and heavier molecules are collected at the bottom. Thermally induced convection currents can be created by heating the bottom of the centrifuge and/or cooling the top end.

Separative work units
The separative work unit (SWU) is a measure of the amount of work done by the centrifuge and has units of mass (typically kilogram separative work unit). The work $$W_\mathrm{SWU}$$ necessary to separate a mass $$F$$ of feed of assay $$x_{f}$$ into a mass $$P$$ of product assay $$x_{p}$$, and tails of mass $$T$$ and assay $$x_{t}$$ is expressed in terms of the number of separative work units needed, given by the expression

 * $$W_\mathrm{SWU} = P \cdot V\left(x_{p}\right)+T \cdot V(x_{t})-F \cdot V(x_{f})$$
 * where $$V\left(x\right)$$ is the value function, defined as
 * $$V(x) = (1 - 2x) \cdot \ln\left(\frac{1 - x}{x}\right)$$

Separation of uranium-235 from uranium-238
The separation of uranium requires the material in a gaseous form; uranium hexafluoride (UF6) is used for uranium enrichment. Upon entering the centrifuge cylinder, the UF6 gas is rotated at a high speed. The rotation creates a strong centrifugal force that draws more of the heavier gas molecules (containing the 238U) toward the wall of the cylinder, while the lighter gas molecules (containing the 235U) tend to collect closer to the center. The stream that is slightly enriched in 235U is withdrawn and fed into the next higher stage, while the slightly depleted stream is recycled back into the next lower stage.

Separation of zinc isotopes
For some uses in nuclear technology, the content of zinc-64 in zinc metal has to be lowered in order to prevent formation of radioisotopes by its neutron activation. Diethyl zinc is used as the gaseous feed medium for the centrifuge cascade. An example of a resulting material is depleted zinc oxide, used as a corrosion inhibitor.

title: Gas centrifuge


text:
Humphreys Peak

Humphreys Peak (, Dookʼoʼoosłííd "its summit never melts" ) is the highest natural point and the second most prominent peak after Mount Graham in the U.S. state of Arizona, with an elevation of 12633 ft and is located within the Kachina Peaks Wilderness in the Coconino National Forest, about 11 mi north of Flagstaff, Arizona. Humphreys Peak is the highest of a group of dormant volcanic peaks known as the San Francisco Peaks.

Humphreys Peak was named in about 1870 for General Andrew A. Humphreys, a U.S. Army officer who was a Union general during the American Civil War, and who later became Chief of Engineers of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. However, a United States General Land Office map from 1903 showed the name San Francisco Peak applied to this feature (apparently borrowed from San Francisco Mountain on which the peak stands). Thus the United States Board on Geographic Names approved the variant name in 1911. In 1933, the application of the names was rectified.

Climate
The climate at the top of the mountain belongs to the dry-summer subarctic climate (Köppen: Dsc), close to the tundra climate (Köppen: ET), and the climate a little further down the mountainside is Hemiboreal climate (Köppen: Dsb) or warm dry-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csb). Six months of the year average temperatures below 32 F, and only July averages temperatures above 50 F. No month has a dew point higher than 32 F.

title: Humphreys Peak


text:
Talk:Saratoga, California

2004 unnamed discussion
The article starts with "Saratoga is a town...", but technically it's a city. How is the distinction made in this context? -- Scott Burley 01:08, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * According to California law, there is no difference between towns and cities.  Blank Verse  22:17, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Men make no money?
I was surprised to read this from the article:
 * Males have a median income of $0 versus $66,240 for females

Is this correct? Am I just reading it wrong? — Frecklefoot | Talk 20:23, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * That's definitely wrong. Anyone know where to look up the right data? -- Scott eiπ  03:33, Mar 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've been sending emails to the city government, but they haven't gotten back to me yet. DaveTheRed 21:18, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Skyline needs a correct caption
I know I am not the first to notice this, but the image "Skyline of Saratoga, CA" is not a skyline at all, but a photo of a single house. While fine, it needs a better, more descriptive caption. Something like "Typical colonial style houses can be found peppered around Saratogo." But, speaking form experience, the house pictured is not a typical Saratoga house. Most house are multi-million dollar Goliaths, not slightly run-down with chipping paint like the one shown. — Frecklefoot | Talk 18:23, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Saratoga doesn't have a "skyline". It's a residential community consisting mostly of one- and two-story buildings hidden among trees. —QuicksilverT @ 17:46, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

I didn't say Saratoga had a skyline. I just think the article needs a better picture of the area. Even if it is a house hidden behind a bunch of trees. A city park comes to mind. — Frecklefoot | Talk 18:25, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Telephone history
Does anyone, besides the editor who originally added it, care at all about the city's telephone history? I mean, really, even an extensive history of the area wouldn't likely cover this type of stuff. I think the only one who would care about it is the telephone company. If no one objects, I'll delete it in the next few days. — Frecklefoot | Talk 23:21, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Just as there are train spotters and road geeks, there must also be telephone buffs who find this sort of detail fascinating. You should should check the Saratoga, California article's history to see who added the telephone history, because I think that I remember someone deleting similar information from another Wikipedia article for a nearby city.  Blank Verse  09:57, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with Frecklefoot: data on telephone histories of cities should be very brief at most. otherwise we risk a serious unbalance. more importantly we are opening the door to volumes of clutter...why not have a detailed history of sewer manhole cover design or park bench design or history of police department retirement pay for each city? if the telephone buffs are serious they should write a more regional article such as Telephone history of Northern California.  Thank you Frecklefoot for opening this dialog.  I ve noticed a number of cities where this telephone clutter is present. cheers. Anlace 14:17, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Images
I made number of images in Saratoga based on Historic walking tour. They are available in commons:Category:Saratoga, California. I also suggest to replace Image:Saratoga California USA1.jpg with Image:USA-Saratoga-Erwin T. King House.jpg because of unclear license status. --EugeneZelenko 18:46, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Employers
I have to question the recent addition. Surely there must be employers of larger numbers than listed on this page. Lets start with the city itself, the West Valley College, Saratoga High School and/or the school districts, major industries like the Odd Fellows home. Surely they are employing more than 18 people. Trackinfo (talk) 17:40, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Saratoga, California
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Saratoga, California's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Gudde": From Sonoma County, California:  From Castro Valley, California: Gudde, Erwin Gustav. "California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names" University of California Press 2004. 495 pp. From Russian River (California):

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 06:50, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

Images from 1906
Hello, there are images from the Bulgarian State Archive in the Commons category. All their names begin with "BASA". Perhaps someone who has written this article could recognise some of them and add some descriptions. --Lord Bumbury (talk) 13:51, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

The black and white (sepia) photos on this page are of Saratoga Springs, NY - Not Saratoga, CA. 38.91.126.243 (talk) 02:58, 19 August 2021 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Saratoga City Council
Not a notable subject on its own. - MrX 03:49, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

Blue Hills Hiking Trails
The article says, there are hiking trails in the Blue Hills neighborhood. That is complete news to make and seems like nonsense (Blue Hills is a dense residential neighborhood). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:647:5680:3A60:0:0:0:2 (talk) 02:34, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

Some proposed changes
Greg Henderson (talk) 21:24, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Under the History section, after the setence: "Saratoga became agricultural, as did much of the rest of the valley; a few vineyards and orchards from this period remain today."
 * Add the setence to provide an example: The Miller-Melone Ranch is the last remaining prune ranch home in Sarartoga and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 1, 1993.

title: Talk:Saratoga, California