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Bush flying

Bush flying refers to aircraft operations carried out in the bush. Bush flying involves operations in rough terrain where there are often no prepared landing strips or runways, frequently necessitating that bush planes be equipped with abnormally large tires, floats, skis or any other equipment necessary for unpaved runway operation. It is the only viable way of delivering people and supplies into more difficult to reach, remote locations.

Etymology
This term bush has been used since the 19th century to describe remote wilderness area beyond clearings and settlements hence bush flying denotes flight operations carried out in such remote regions. In Australia, in particular, bush refers to areas that might be called forest or wilderness in other countries.

Purpose
Bush flying is the primary and sometimes the only method of access across Northern Canada, Western Canada, Alaska, the Australian Outback and many other parts of the world.

History
In Canada, the first real use of bush flying was for exploration and development, while in Alaska, transportation was the main purpose. Later, bush flying became important during rescue operations. Bush pilots are needed in rescue operations and are important for many different reasons.

Canada
After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, Ellwood Wilson, a Canadian forester employed by the Laurentide Company in Quebec, realized that airplanes could be used to spot forest fires and to map forested areas. In early 1919, after Wilson discovered that the U.S. Navy was giving Canada several war-surplus Curtiss HS-2L flying boats, he asked to borrow two. He then hired Captain Stuart Graham to fly the planes. Graham and his engineer, Walter Kahre, then flew the first HS-2L to Lac-à-la-Tortue on 4 June 1919, arriving on 8 June 1919. The flight had covered 645 miles, the longest cross-country flight executed in Canada at the time. He then delivered the other HS-2L to Lac-à-la-Tortue.

Equipped with the aircraft, the first bush flights occurred when fire patrol and aerial photography began in the summer of 1919 in the St. Maurice River valley. Graham and Kahre continued this service for two more seasons, but it became so expensive that the Laurentide Company underwrote the operation. In response, it was split into a separate company called Laurentide Air Services Ltd. with Wilson as president and former Royal Naval Air Service instructor and barnstormer William Roy Maxwell as vice president. These were the first bush flights in Eastern Canada.

In Western Canada, after Wilfrid May was discharged from the Royal Naval Air Service and moved to Edmonton, a Montreal businessman offered the city of Edmonton a Curtiss JN-4 after he found success in the city's real estate. Mayor Joe Clarke and city council accepted the gift, prompting May to ask to rent the plane. City council and May agreed to a price of CA$25. May and his brother Court May completed the necessary paperwork and raised the required capital to form May Airplanes Ltd. George Gorman, a pilot, and Peter Derbyshire, a mechanic, joined the first commercial bush operations in Canada.

May then asked the publisher of the Edmonton Journal to fly copies of the paper to Wetaskiwin, 70 km south of Edmonton. He accepted and the next day, Gorman and Derbyshire flew the newspapers along with 2 sacks of advertising circulars, following the rail line to the city, announcing the service to communities along the way.

Bush flying in Canada is commemorated by the Canadian Bushplane Heritage Centre in Sault Ste Marie, Ontario as well as two National Film Board of Canada documentary films, Bush Pilot: Reflections on a Canadian Myth (1980) and Bush Pilot - Into the Wild Blue Yonder (2000).

Alaska
Alaska's first bush pilot was Carl Ben Eielson, a North Dakota farm boy of Scandinavian descent who flew during World War I. After the war, he moved to Alaska as a mathematics and science teacher in Fairbanks. However, he soon persuaded several citizens to help him acquire a Curtiss JN-4, flying passengers to nearby settlements. He then asked the postal operator for an airmail contract. The post office accepted the proposal and in 1924, Eielson received a de Havilland 4 that would be used to make eight mail runs to McGrath, 280 mi away, before his contract was terminated after the third accident.

Noel Wien made the first successful bush flight to Livengood, Alaska on 19 Aug. 1924. This flight demonstrated that the trip in support of mining operations could be made in under an hour, when the dog sled trail would take several days in winter. Wien made 34 flights that first summer in support of the approximately 250 men located at the camp, providing supplies and services.

A woman by the name of Celia M. Hunter became one of the first to serve as a flight attendant for flights to both Nome, and Kotzebue in the year 1947. These were the first tourist trips to be accomplished by flying in the Alaskan bush.

Aircraft used
Bush flying involves operations in rough terrain, necessitating bush planes to be equipped with tundra tires, floats, or skis. A bush plane should have good short take-off and landing capabilities. A typical bush plane will usually have high mounted wings on top of its fuselage to ensure adequate ground clearance from obstacles. They will normally have conventional "tail-dragger" landing gear as they offer lower drag and weight than tricycle landing gear, and is more suited to rough surfaces. The greater upward angle of the taildragger configuration gives the propeller more ground clearance allowing it to avoid striking the ground, which would cause damage. Most types can be equipped with wheels, skis or floats, to operate from dry ground, snow, ice and protected waterways. Some commonly seen bushplanes include:

 * The Grumman G-21 Goose amphibian, whose combination of both a flying boat hull and wheeled undercarriage endowed it with considerable versatility.

 * The De Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver designed and built in Canada in 1946 is widely used throughout Canada and Alaska.

 * The De Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter (also from Canada) was widely used throughout the Canadian and Alaskan bush. The aircraft which began its service in 1952 was supplemented by a later twin engine version, the Twin Otter that remains in widespread service.

 * The Cessna 185 Skywagon is a popular light aircraft widely used in the bush.

 * The Piper PA-18 Super Cub is a two-seat airplane developed in 1949 and is fitted with a variety of engines of different sizes. The aircraft is capable of carrying a single passenger.
 * The Quest Kodiak is a high-wing, unpressurized, single-engined turboprop with fixed tricycle landing gear. Developed in 1999, passenger seats are track-mounted and removable, it has access doors for the pilots and the aft clamshell door, with automatic steps, allows cargo loading or eight passengers boarding. and is suitable for STOL operations from unimproved airfields.

Notable bush pilots
• Jimmie Angel

• Russ Baker

• Arthur Massey Berry

• Rusty Blakey

• Ernest Joseph Boffa

• Wilfred Leigh Brintnell

• Pearl Laska Chamberlain

• Earl Frederick Crabb

• Punch Dickins

• Carl Ben Eielson

• John Emilius Fauquier

• Martin Hartwell

• Tom Lamb

• Nate Jacobsen

• Hugh Lamprey

• Beryl Markham

• Wop May

• Grant McConachie

• Russel Merrill

• Welland Phipps

• F.E.Potts

• Bob Reeve

• Donald Sheldon

• Max Ward

• Noel Wien

Related articles

 * Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia
 * Ontario Provincial Air Service

title: Bush flying


text: File:Little Feat - Let It Roll.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Little Feat - Let It Roll.jpg


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Strasbourg Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art

The Musée d'Art Moderne et Contemporain de Strasbourg (MAMCS, Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art) is an art museum in Strasbourg, France, which was founded in 1973 and opened in its own building in November 1998.

One of the largest of its kind in France, the museum houses extensive collections of paintings, sculpture, graphic arts, multimedia and design from the period between 1870 (Impressionism) and today, as well as a wide range of pieces in its photographic library. It owns a total of 18,400 works. Numerous exhibitions are organized annually, showing either the works of a particular artist or a retrospective of an artistic genre. The art library of the municipal museums (Bibliothèque d'art des musées municipaux), the art book shop of the municipal museums (Librairie d'art des musées municipaux) and a multi-purpose auditorium for conferences, films and concerts are also found in the same building. The spacious roof terrace accommodates a museum cafe.

Building
The municipal collection of modern and contemporary art of the city of Strasbourg has been constantly enlarged and enriched since 1871 and the founding of the Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine. There had already been plans to erect an independent museum since the 1960s.

The building was constructed on the left bank of the river Ill from 1995 until 1998. It was designed by the Parisian architect Adrien Fainsilber, who had already designed the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie in the French capital. The exhibition and usable floor space open out on both sides of a central glass covered walk, which is conceived in cathedral-like dimensions, with an interior length of 104 meters and an interior height of 22 meters. A horse sculpture (4 meters high), Hortus conclusus, by the Italian artist Mimmo Paladino is placed on the museum's roof. The building is located at the edge of the old quarter of the city (Petite France), in front of the administrative center of the department (École nationale d'administration) and near the architecturally important baroque weir Barrage Vauban and the medieval tower bridge Ponts couverts. It is also served by its own tramway stop on the Strasbourg tramway ("Musée d'Art moderne", line B).

Collections
As of 31 May 2024, the museum's collections comprised 18,390 works in total, among which 1,799 paintings, 5,527 drawings, 906 sculptures, 4,219 prints and 3,674 photographs. Among famous artists, it comprises 434 works by Gustave Doré, 161 works by Max Klinger, 60 works by Jean Arp, 38 works by Victor Brauner, 29 works by Sophie Taeuber-Arp, 22 by Vassily Kandinsky, 10 by César Domela, 7 by Theo van Doesburg and several by Käthe Kollwitz, Max Ernst, František Kupka; besides works by slightly less celebrated artists like Lou Albert-Lasard (2,004 works), François-Rupert Carabin (775 works), Marcelle Cahn (368 works), Lothar von Seebach (321 works), Jean-Désiré Ringel d'Illzach (250 works), etc. A further accent is set by contemporary German painters (Markus Lüpertz, Eugen Schönebeck, Georg Baselitz, Jörg Immendorff, A. R. Penck, Albert Oehlen, Daniel Richter, Jonathan Meese, Thomas Scheibitz, Wolf Vostell etc.), who give a representative glimpse of an art genre which is otherwise rarely seen in France, especially on this scale.

The Musée d’Art Moderne et Contemporain de Strasbourg also owns the first cubist painting ever purchased by a public French collection, "Still Life" (1911) by Georges Braque, acquired in 1923, as well as the first painting by Dante Gabriel Rossetti purchased by a public French collection, "Joan of Arc Kissing the Sword of Deliverance" (1863), acquired in 1996 (now displayed in the Musée des Beaux-Arts).

Further important exhibited works of fine artists are (selected):

 * Carla Accardi
 * Camille Pissarro
 * Claude Monet
 * Auguste Rodin
 * Max Liebermann
 * Edward Burne-Jones
 * Auguste Rodin
 * Francis Picabia
 * Pablo Picasso
 * Alexander Archipenko
 * Wassily Kandinsky
 * Ossip Zadkine
 * Paul Klee
 * Max Ernst
 * Theo van Doesburg
 * Sophie Taeuber-Arp
 * Auguste Herbin
 * Alberto Magnelli
 * Jean Hélion
 * Asger Jorn
 * Arman
 * Gilles Aillaud
 * Malcolm Morley

The collection of Alsatian artists is also important, in terms of their number and at least their regional value, representing such genres as Art Nouveau, Expressionism and New Realism: Charles Spindler, René Beeh, Jean-Désiré Ringel d'Illzach, Henri Beecke, Luc Hueber, Martin Hubrecht and Camille Claus.

The photographic library of the museum has several thousand photographs, from the origin of photography up until today, including works of Nadar, Eugène Atget, Eadweard Muybridge, Étienne-Jules Marey, August Sander, Willy Maywald, Josef Sudek, Robert Mapplethorpe, Duane Michals and Jan Saudek. Regional photography is also acknowledged.

The artistic video collection has works of Bill Viola, Nam June Paik, Woody Vasulka, Olaf Breuning and many others.

Looted art and restitution
In 1999 a French court ordered that the museum restitute to a Jewish family a work by Gustav Klimt (Die Erfülling) looted by the Nazis during World War II. Museum officials argued that they knew nothing about its wartime past. The Klimt had been owned by Karl Grunwald, an Austrian art dealer and was confiscated in 1940 when the Nazis invaded France and sold at public auction in 1943. The non-profit Friends of Strasbourg Museums bought the painting in 1959 for a low price and donated it to the museum. The family sued the city of Strasbourg, and the case that took 13 years to resolve. It was formally restituted in 2000.

Literature

 * Les collections du Musée d'art moderne et contemporain de la ville de Strasbourg, Éditions des musées de la ville de Strasbourg, February 2008, ISBN 978-2-901833-82-6 in French
 * Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Éditions des musées de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 2021, ISBN 9782351251775


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Mainit

Mainit, officially the Municipality of Mainit (Surigaonon: Lungsod nan Mainit; Lungsod sa Mainit; Bayan ng Mainit), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Surigao del Norte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 28,019 people.

It is situated on the north shore of Lake Mainit in the north-eastern part of Mindanao. The word "mainit" literally means "hot". The other local term for "mainit" is "mapaso." Mainit is home to a hot spring, the Mapaso Wellness Resort frequented by locals and visitors from nearby towns and provinces. It is regarded that Mainit got its name from this hot sulfuric spring.

History
The first inhabitants of Mainit settled near Lake Mainit in what is now barangay San Isidro (formerly called "Daang Lungsod" or "Old Town"). It was believed that the constant harassment of pirates forced the original settlers to move to the present town site.

Mainit was established as a Barrio in 1904 under the Municipality of Placer. In 1906, it was transferred under the jurisdiction and reclassified as a Municipality of the Province of Agusan del Norte (owing to its proximity to the border of Surigao del Norte and Agusan del Norte). However, after six months, Mainit was returned to the Province of Surigao del Norte and its status was reverted to being a barangay of Placer. Mainit was finally reclassified into a separate municipality in Jan. 1, 1931 by virtue of Executive Order 290 dated December 27, 1930, signed by Governor-General Dwight F. Davis.

Two of Mainit's barangays were made into full-fledged municipalities: Tubod in 1958 and Alegria in 1968. Mainit currently has 21 Barangays.

Mainit got its name from the hot sulfuric spring which flows to the river the “Mapaso Hot Spring”. Mapaso literally is “hot”.

Barangays
Mainit is politically subdivided into 21 Barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

In 1956, the sitios of Magpayang and Siana were elevated into full-fledged Barangays.

 * Binga
 * Bobona-on
 * Cantugas
 * Dayano
 * Mabini
 * Magpayang
 * Magsaysay (Poblacion)
 * Mansayao
 * Marayag
 * Matin-ao
 * Paco
 * Quezon (Poblacion)
 * Roxas
 * San Francisco
 * San Isidro
 * San Jose
 * Siana
 * Silop
 * Tagbuyawan
 * Tapi-an
 * Tolingon

Demographics
The Surigaonon language is the common local language, while Cebuano, Filipino, and English are also spoken.

Notable people

 * Petra Macliing, anti-Chico dam activist

title: Mainit


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Let It Roll (Little Feat album)

Let It Roll is the eighth studio album by the American rock band Little Feat, released in 1988. Eight of the ten songs on the album were co-written by new band member Craig Fuller, the founding member of Pure Prairie League. Fuller also takes most lead vocals. The album attained RIAA certified gold status on February 14, 1989. It is the first Little Feat studio album without Lowell George, after his death in 1979 and is one of their most successful albums, sparking a comeback by the band. The first single, "Hate to Lose Your Lovin'", earned the band their first #1 hit on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.

Reception
Reviewing the album for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine, said: What's surprising about Let It Roll is not just that it works, but that it works smashingly. It sounds as if the group picked up after The Last Record Album, deciding to return to the sound of Feats Don't Fail Me Now. True, the songwriting might not have the idiosyncratic genius of George, but it's strong, catchy and memorable, from the fine singles "Hate to Lose Your Lovin'" and "Let it Roll" to album tracks. More importantly, the band sounds lively and playful - Little Feat hasn't sounded this good in the studio since Feats, so it's easy to see why the members wanted to regroup. Yes, George is missed - it's hard not to miss such a gifted songwriter and musician - but Let It Roll isn't disrespectful of his memory, it keeps his music alive, which is the greatest compliment it can be paid.

Personnel
Source:

Band members

 * Paul Barrère – guitar, vocals
 * Sam Clayton – percussion, vocals
 * Craig Fuller – vocals, button accordion and sometimes guitar (first album with group)
 * Kenny Gradney – bass guitar
 * Richie Hayward – drums, vocals
 * Bill Payne – keyboards, vocals
 * Fred Tackett – guitar, mandolin, trumpet (first album as group member)

Additional personnel

 * Renée Armand – vocals
 * Marilyn Martin – vocals
 * Shaun Murphy – vocals (joined band 1993)
 * Bonnie Raitt – vocals
 * Linda Ronstadt – vocals
 * Bob Seger – vocals

Production

 * George Massenburg and Bill Payne – Producers
 * George Massenburg – Recording and Mix Engineer
 * Sharon Rice and Kenny Fowler – Assistant Engineers
 * Ivy Skoff – Production Coordinator
 * Edd Kolakowski – Piano Technician

Album cover design
Neon Park

title: Let It Roll (Little Feat album)


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Poseidonia

Poseidonia (Ποσειδωνία, named after Poseidon) is a village and a former municipality on the island of Syros, in the Cyclades, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Syros-Ermoupoli, of which it is a municipal unit. The population was 4,114 inhabitants at the 2021 census, and the land area is 23.705 km². The municipal unit shares the island of Syros with the municipal units of Ano Syros and Ermoupoli. It is also known as Dellagrazia (name taken from a small church of Maria della Grazia).

title: Poseidonia


text:
MYU

MYU, Myu or Myū can refer to:

 * Myū Azama
 * Doctor Myū, a character in Dragon Ball GT
 * Miyagi University
 * Myu - A singer and composer, member of Kukui (band)
 * The Greek letter mu (Μ or μ)
 * MYU - A current member of LinQ

title: MYU


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ACBA Midour

The ACBA Midour, Midour 2 and Midour 3 are a series of glider tugs manufactured by the Aéro Club du Bas Armagnac in France, and named after the Midou River.

Design and development
The Midour is a double-seat, low-wing monoplane of conventional configuration, fitted with a fixed, tricycle undercarriage. Developed in the workshop of the ACBA using the wings of a Robin DR400, the Midour first flew in the early 1970s and four additional examples to the original design have been built, along with two modified versions.

Although the Midour is sometimes equipped with only a single seat, a passenger can be carried behind the pilot, to assist in the release of gliders being towed.

Variants

 * ACBA-7 Midour
 * Original version with 180 hp Lycoming O-360 engine; five built.

 * ACBA-8 Midour 2
 * Improved version with entirely new wing design. One built.

 * ACBA Midour 3
 * Optimised, quieted version of Midour 2 with new fuselage and canopy, designed to be especially quiet due to noise pollution concerns. One built.

title: ACBA Midour


text:
George Shannon (explorer)

George Shannon (c. 1785–1836), the youngest member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (not counting the infant Jean Baptiste Charbonneau), was born in Pennsylvania of Irish ancestry. He joined the Corps of Discovery in August 1803, as one of the three men (and Seaman) from Pittsburgh recruited by Lewis as he was waiting for the completion of the voyage's vessels in the city.

On August 26, 1804, he was sent to retrieve two pack horses; he was separated from the party for sixteen days and nearly starved, as he went without food for twelve days except for some grapes and rabbits. At first he thought he was behind the expedition, so he sped up thinking he could catch up. Then, getting hungry, he went downstream to look for a trading party he could stay with.

Shannon got lost again August 6, 1805, when the expedition was at the Three Forks. He was dispatched up a fork the party had named Wisdom (the middle fork was named Jefferson and the placid fork, Philanthropy). He rejoined the party after three days by backtracking to the forks and following the trail of the others.

In 1807 he was with a party led by Nathaniel Pryor that was attempting to return the Mandan chief Sheheke to his people. He was wounded in an encounter with the Arikaras and lost a leg; he would eventually receive a government pension.

In 1810 he assisted in Nicholas Biddle's history of the expedition. Later, Clark asked him to join a fur trading enterprise, but Shannon chose to study law instead. By 1818 he had a law practice in Lexington, Kentucky with Thomas T. Barr, a former Transylvania University trustee and Kentucky state legislator. That year, his assets included $700, one cow, and two enslaved people. By 1822, he owned his home, one horse, three cows, $2480, and six enslaved people.

Later, ran for senator from Missouri. He was buried in Palmyra, Missouri.

His brothers were Congressman Thomas Shannon (Ohio politician) and Ohio/Kansas Governor[s]Wilson Shannon

Legacy
George Shannon is the namesake of Shannon County, Missouri.

In 2001, a number of northeastern Nebraska communities formed Shannon Trail Promoters, with the goal of increasing tourism in the forthcoming bicentennial year of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The organization commissioned thirteen wooden chainsaw sculptures of Shannon, which were placed in participating communities along a 240 mi Shannon Trail. Sixteen wayside markers recounting aspects of Shannon's career were also placed along the trail, which runs through the region in which Shannon is thought to have wandered during his 1804 separation from the expedition. In keeping with Shannon's claim to fame, a scavenger hunt was held, with tourists urged to "Find Private Shannon" by visiting all sixteen markers. The organization continues to stage Shannon-themed events.

In 2007, when a new bridge was under construction to carry U.S. Highway 81 across the Missouri River from Cedar County, Nebraska to Yankton, South Dakota, one of the names proposed for it was the Private Shannon Bridge. In an online poll, the name was selected by a plurality of those responding, garnering 26% of the votes. However, the Yankton-based committee responsible for naming the bridge elected to call it the Yankton Discovery Bridge, a choice that did not sit well with Nebraskans. The "Yankton" was eventually dropped from the name, and the bridge is now known as the Discovery Bridge.

Shannon is the subject of the poet Campbell McGrath's 2009 work Shannon: A Poem of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Shannon has been featured elsewhere in literature, film and television including Ken Burn's Lewis and Clark where he was voiced by Tim Clark, Leon Martell's Bea[u]tiful in the Extreme where he was portrayed by Andrew David James. He is also the central character in the historical fiction book ''My Travels with Capts. Lewis & Clark, by George Shannon'' written by Kate McMullan. McMullan, a descendant of Shannon's, based the work on his actual journals.

George Shannon was one of the "9 men from Kentucky". He was lost for 16 days.

title: George Shannon (explorer)


text: Category:French special-purpose aircraft


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Talk:Lymphocyte

NK cells
"The NK cells are a part of the cell-mediated immunity. They can attack the host's cells that express a foreign peptide on their MHC class I surface protein"

all nucleated cells express MHC class I - this make is sounds like they attack them if there is an interaction. i believe these cells go around checking all the mhc class I to see what is foreign and what is native. it then kills the cells that present foreign protein bits on mhc I. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.125.47.125 (talk • contribs) 16:04, 1 October 2006

Changed header 'NK cells' to 'Natural Killer Cells' as using such a simple abbreviation in a header is kinda lazy. Apologies for my rectitude. Jaffro (talk) 11:01, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

I'd put this in a new section but I don't know how to do that sorry! The table with the ratios of cells is very misleading - the reference is to a paper that is based upon infants. in the first couple of years of life the ratios of cells in the immune system dramatically changes and so these ratios are incorrect for adults. Im a medical student at oxford and our lecturer quoted NKs as 10% of peripheral blood lymphocytes with B cells making up about a third less than this. I'm not sure where this information came from (we had no reference for that) so not sure if it is correct, but the numbers in this article certainly aren't correct for adults — Preceding unsigned comment added by Emma.pope4 (talk • contribs) 11:04, 19 April 2013 (UTC)

Question
my son had blood work done with an elevated lymph differential what does this mean —Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.163.100.9 (talk • contribs) 22:17, 5 October 2004

 * Please direct future questions to the Reference Desk.
 * It depends primarily on the initial symptoms and the age of the patient. In young people, it is often a sign of viral infection, while in the elderly it has other potential causes. JFW | T@lk  08:20, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I got medical records sent back to me and it says under result, 3.6 and under flag, A. What does that mean? Can you add stuff like that to the main page so people can read their medical charts? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 154.20.216.21 (talk • contribs) 22:10, 20 April 2007

 * I kindly direct you to our Medical disclaimer, Cheers--DO11.10 02:25, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Does the fact that Wikipedia does not give and is not the place for medical advice mean that the article for medical charts could not have a section devoted to how to read your medical chart?  UnderEducatedGeezer (talk) 07:27, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

Nucleus Size
" the coarse, dense nucleus of a lymphocyte is approximately the same size as a red blood cell (about 7 micrometres in diameter)."

Do you mean immature red blood cells because to my knowledge mature red blood cells eject their nuclei to be able to hold and deliver more oxygen to the body.

To back up my statement here is a composite quote from the wikipedia page on Red blood cells:

"Red blood cells are also known as RBCs or erythrocytes"

"Erythrocytes in mammals are anucleate when mature, meaning that they lose their cell nucleus and thus their DNA."

Diploid 03:00, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * No, the lymphocyte consists almost completely of its nucleus. It is about the same size as a mature red cell, and the size of red cells is actually compared to that of lymphocytes to identify micro- and macrocytosis (small or large red blood cells). JFW | T@lk  01:22, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Errors ID'd by Nature, to correct
The results of what exactly Nature suggested should be corrected is out... italicize each bullet point once you make the correction. -- user:zanimum

 * Lymphocytes are larger than red blood cells and plasma cells have a large cytoplasm to nucleus ratio, not vice versa.
 * The first part seems to be a misreading on the part of the reviewer: the article has always said that the nucleus of a lymphocyte is similar in size to an RBC (which it is: "A useful internal reference for determining RBC size is to evaluate the nucleus of a small, normal lymphocyte in comparison to the erythrocytes. ... Normal erythrocytes should be about the same size as the nucleus in a small lymphocyte.") . The second part seems to have been moved to plasma cell, where I've corrected it. - Nunh-huh 01:21, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The function of T cells is omitted and there is no mention of cytokine secretion.

Confounding!
From my memory of what I have read, the NK cells do not really detect the presence of foreign antigens on the host cells, but select thier targets by making out differences in level of elaboration of the MHC (class I, I mean, because here we are discussing self-altered cells) molecules (irrespective of whether they are tagged by the antigens or not). --KC Panchal 22:33, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Lymphocytes and disease section needs expanding
I added a "section needs expanding" banner to the Lymphocytes and disease section in the article because there are many disorders that can cause a low count. The article as written makes it seem the HIV virus is the primary cause. See this search on Google for low lymphocytes. 5Q5 (talk) 22:23, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Dendritic and null lymphocytes
In creating a class about the immune system, I came across dendritic cells on the web that are not mentioned in any of my textbooks. I am wondering if these should be mentioned in this article and linked to the wiki article ?

I also came across null lymphocytes but could find no good summary of what they are. Perhaps these can be included in this article as well?

Thanks! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Catha2008 (talk • contribs) 19:21, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

Link is missing
Information and a link to cell adhesion (VCAM-1) is missing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.99.197.15 (talk)

Revisions
Part of the introduction to the article previously stated "lymphocytes can be divided into large granular lymphocytes and small lymphocytes." Lymphocytes are agranular, not granular. I edited the introduction very slightly to clarify that lymphocytes are agranular. Was I correcting a typo or is there a reason that some lymphocytes should be referred to as granular? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Soccrazy (talk • contribs) 18:49, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Not all lymphocytes are agranular. Natural killer cells are definitely granular and are lymphocytes. I fixed this in the lead. The Haz talk 01:13, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I apologize for not giving a better explanation. I should add that some older definitions will list lymphocytes as nongranular or agranular because they are not including natural killer cells. I was taught (and have read) that this was simply because for a time after their discovery they were deemed to be just artifacts, then realized to be actual components of the immune system once again. Therefore, it's completely understandable why anyone would be unsure. To be exact, there are three groupings of lymphocytes: T-cells, B-cells, and null, the latter including natural killer cells. However, it should be noted that a Wikipedia article should not state that lymphocytes are agranular and then only a part of the way down speak of "granular lymphocytes." The Haz talk 01:42, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

Unhelpful detail in introduction section
In the introductory sentence of the "T cells and B cells" section there is the comment: (the lymphocytes B was discovered by Girolamo Fabrici D'acquapendente in birds and where they develop B cells).

This is not well written, and confusing in that sentence. It's also not really relevant, as he had nothing to do with B or T cells themselves. He researched a related organ in birds (hundreds of years ago). I am inclined to delete it, but don't feel confident enough to do it myself. Nialljc (talk) 16:19, 30 September 2011 (UTC)

NKT cells
NKT cells are non mentioned in the article. Aren't they a type of lymphocyte? They are not the same as NK cells.--Miguelferig (talk) 17:44, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

Agranulocyte vs granulocytes
In the intro section, all three types of cells are described as agranulocytes, yet on the page for NK cells (and in every textbook i've seen) NK cells are described as granulocytes. Should be corrected.192.108.242.82 (talk) 18:49, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

Immunity
Would a blood transfusion from younger cleaner blood be helpful to my immune system? Lemonking (talk) 05:59, 15 February 2016 (UTC)

This article should rank very high on quality scale
This is probably the best technical article I have ever read on Wikipedia. It explains things clearly for a lay reader like myself. Oftentimes, I find that technical articles immediately start using jargon--even in the introduction--and the lay reader is lost right from the get-go.

I hope this article gets a very high score for readability and clarity, if and when it is rated on the quality scale. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Star-lists (talk • contribs) 17:59, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lymphocyte


text:
File:Little Feat - Representing the Mambo.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Little Feat album Representing the Mambo.


text:
Representing the Mambo

Representing the Mambo is the ninth studio album by the American rock band Little Feat, released in 1990. It peaked at No. 45 on the Billboard 200 and was supported by a North American tour. "Texas Twister" and "Rad Gumbo" were released as singles.

Production
The majority of the album was recorded at Skywalker Ranch, following a week's worth of work in Los Angeles. The album cover art is by Neon Park. Craig Fuller, Bill Payne, and Paul Barrère sing on Representing the Mambo.

"Those Feat'll Steer Ya Wrong Sometimes" is about a band member failing to get out of a speeding ticket. "Teenage Warrior" is about gang warfare in Los Angeles.

Critical reception
The Calgary Herald wrote that "one or two tunes sound interesting (the album has a Steely Dan-like studio polish to it), but nothing holds up to even cursory scrutiny." The Sun-Sentinel opined that "though the band still packs a tremendous one-two punch with its rich mix of country rock and blues, the crackle that marked Let it Roll, as well as previous releases, is nowhere to be found." The Chicago Sun-Times praised "the evocative, cinematic title cut."

The Ottawa Citizen noted that "there are hints of the post-psychedelic country-rock of Little Feat's infancy, which usually rings stale." The St. Petersburg Times determined that "some of the new album treads closely to standard rock-radio fare." The Times deemed Representing the Mambo "a more full-tilt slice of Southern rock-a-boogie funk."

Track listing

 * 1) "Texas Twister" (Barrère, Kibbee, Payne, Tackett) – 4:45
 * 2) "Daily Grind" (Barrère, Fuller, Payne) – 5:06
 * 3) "Representing the Mambo" (Barrère, Park, Payne, Tackett) – 5:54
 * 4) "Woman in Love" (Barrère, Payne, Tackett) – 3:49
 * 5) "Rad Gumbo" (Barrère, Clayton, Gradney, Kibbee, Park, Payne) – 3:29
 * 6) "Teenage Warrior" (Barrère, Fuller, Payne, Tackett) – 4:53
 * 7) "That's Her, She's Mine" (Barrère, Clayton, Payne) – 4:09
 * 8) "Feelin's All Gone" (Fuller) – 4:59
 * 9) "Those Feat'll Steer Ya Wrong Sometimes" (Barrère, Fuller, Hayward, Payne, Tackett) – 5:01
 * 10) "The Ingenue" (Barrère, Fuller, Payne, Tackett) – 4:22
 * 11) "Silver Screen" (Barrère, Payne, Tackett) – 4:22

Personnel

 * Paul Barrère – guitar, vocals
 * Sam Clayton – percussion, vocals
 * Craig Fuller – vocals, guitar
 * Kenny Gradney – bass
 * Richie Hayward – drums, vocals
 * Bill Payne – keyboards, synthesizer, vocals
 * Fred Tackett – guitar, trumpet
 * Renee Armand – backing vocals ("Those Feat'll Steer Ya Wrong Sometimes")
 * Peter Asher – dialogue ("Representing the Mambo")
 * Michael Brecker – saxophone ("The Ingenue")
 * Sharon Celani – backing vocals and dialogue ("Representing the Mambo")
 * Marilyn Martin – backing vocals ("Representing the Mambo" and "Silver Screen"), dialogue ("Representing the Mambo")
 * Neon Park – dialogue ("Representing the Mambo")
 * Shaun Murphy - backing vocals ("That's Her She's Mine")

title: Representing the Mambo


text:
Flood control (communications)

In communications, flood control is a feature of many communication protocols designed to prevent overwhelming of a destination receiver. Such controls can be implemented either in software or in hardware, and will often request that the message be resent after the receiver has finished processing.

Internet forums often use a flood control mechanism to prevent too many messages from being posted at once, either to prevent spamming or denial-of-service attacks. Internet Relay Chat servers will often quit users performing IRC floods with an "Excess Flood" message.

title: Flood control (communications)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/HotBasic (0th nomination)

HotBasic
Advertisement for software project being run from someone's angelfire page. —Stormie 04:25, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Changing my vote to abstain for the moment - while I'm still dubious about the notability of HotBasic I'm not going to call for its deletion while there are still articles on so many other BASIC implementations of similarly dubious notability - see BASIC programming language, especially such as Bxbasm, Gambas, Gnome Basic, HBasic.. —Stormie 09:13, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * This seems to be inconsistent with what you said below. Precedence doesn't work all the time.  In this case, after looking at the ones you mentioned, solely from their articles alone, I'm inclined to say that Bxbasm should be deleted (I just started a VfD on it, in fact), Gnome Basic and HBasic are on the line, and Gambas definitely should stay.  Google numbers tend to agree (66 hits for bxbasm, several hundred thousand for gambas).  CryptoDerk 18:13, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. So what difference does this make from the rest of the BASIC variants listed here? BASIC_programming_language Gabs 04:30, Oct. 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The other versions listed there (in the early years section) like Quick BASIC, Tiny BASIC, Altair BASIC, etc. are all notable because of their influence and popularity.  Even the list of a few dozen at the bottom I'm mostly familiar with.  Google turns up 191 pages, of which there are only 50 unique websites, and most of those are message boards.  CryptoDerk 04:57, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * So does this mean HotBasic does not qualify because it has not yet reached its influence the same as all the others? Several entries in the BASIC_programming_language page are no more popular than HotBasic. Besides, HotBasic was meant as an alternative to RapidQ, whose development has already stopped and was sold to REALbasic, which by the way, is a more commercial product than HotBasic is. So does this also mean it has to have familiarity with you in order to gain acceptance in Wikipedia? Gabs 05:07, Oct. 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Obviously I wouldn't vote to delete solely based on whether or not I was familiar with it unless it was in my area of expertise. Of course, I've taught programming at a college level and I've written a book on C programming, so...  However, all that aside, are you serious?  REALbasic turns up nearly 800,000 hits.  You're trying to compare 800,000 to 50?  Google isn't a do-or-die litmus test, but according to the HotBasic website it's been out for over a year, and only 50 websites, of which most are message boards?  This reeks of non-notability. CryptoDerk 05:20, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * So CryptoDerk, does this mean entries to Wikipedia should only be based on how popular they turn out from a Google search? The point here is that since the article on BASIC programming language has a listing of variants to the BASIC language, it is but acceptable to include new entries into the field such as HotBasic. Besides, the manner of entry I've posted there is no more introductory than how the other BASIC variants were listed.
 * I believe I was very clear when I just stated that I DON'T believe that Google is a do-or-die litmus test. You questioned whether or not me having familiarity with it should influence my vote.  I stated that since this falls under the field I'm familiar with, it could.  You keep comparing HotBasic to other variants that ARE well known and on top of that DO have numbers to back them up.  Your argument continues just because "HotBasic ... has not yet reached its influence" we should keep it?  Your prediction of future notability isn't a valid argument for keeping this.  CryptoDerk 05:41, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * So does this mean entries to Wikipedia should first be popular to be accepted for entry? I think that's a very limiting viewpoint on how Wiki, as the online encyclopedia that it is, should be used, or managed. Whether HotBasic has future notability outside of Wikipedia is not the issue. That said, HotBasic as the BASIC variant that it is deserves a point to be included in Wiki under the BASIC programming language, no less than those other variants listed under it. Gabs 06:00, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia contains articles about notable things, just like any encyclopedia. Would you expect to find an article on something non-notable in an encyclopedia?  No -- that's the whole idea.  That's one reason why we have VFD -- to come up with a consensus as to what's notable and what's not notable.  Just as there have been hundreds, if not thousands, of BASIC variants created, not all of them are listed.  You have not shown that HotBasic is notable, and even infer that it isn't, but it could be one day.  Show some evidence that it's notable, that it has been used in many major software projects, that it had a major influence on the industry, and I'd be more than happy to change my vote.  CryptoDerk 06:01, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmmm...SAM Basic programming language has no entry in Wiki and is not so different in popularity in Google as HotBasic is, with most of the Google entries coming from Wiki itself, AREV or Revelation Basic also has about as many entries in Google as HB has, so is there any point in accentuating several more such as these as more notable than HotBasic? Besides, in case you missed it, the first sentence in my entry was "HotBasic is a new BASIC compiler". Gabs 06:16, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * I get 13,200 results for a search on AREV BASIC, not the same as HotBasic which gets 50-200. And you still haven't provided any evidence of the notability of HotBasic.  The fact that it's a new compiler doesn't help your case that this article should stay!  CryptoDerk 06:54, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * You may think that this is a "very limiting viewpoint" on how Wikipedia should be used or managed, but a line in the sand has to be drawn somewhere and this is where discussions are held as to which side of the line an article falls. I'm sure you'd agree, for instance, that Albert Einstein should be in here, and (glancing around the room) list of business cards piled up on Stormie's desk should not. If so, we have common ground, and can discuss whether or not your compiler is notable enough to be in an encyclopedia. A good benchmark is: what would happen if every piece of free software that was as widely used as HotBasic had an encyclopedia article? Would the rest of the encyclopedia be swamped by these software listings? Bear in mind that there are currently 34,768 projects on Freshmeat . This is why we use such things as "the Google test" to determine notability. —Stormie 06:49, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Point taken. Well, it was worth the try. Maybe someday HotBasic will be notable enough to be included in your dictionary. Gabs 06:55, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Needs a bit of work so it isn't just advertising copy, but could be interesting. Needs info on the licence for the compiler. I gather that its free but not open source, but the website doesn't say this clearly.-gadfium 05:22, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * gadfium, noted your message. I will tone it down some more if it needs to. Thanks for your vote to keep. Gabs 05:27, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Just a note, gabs/pinoygabs is the user who created the HotBasic article (prior to signing up for an account

*Delete and remove from list of dialects in BASIC programming language. Changed my mind when I noticed Gabs's argument that the article HotBasic should be included because "Several entries in the BASIC programming language page are no more popular than HotBasic." If mentioning a language on the BASIC programming language is considered to mean that we must accept a full article on the language, then we cannot allow non-notable languages even to be mentioned. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 20:38, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete; not notable. See also Vanity page. - Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 05:46, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable hobbyist variant of an obsolete programming language. jni 06:31, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Might be someday, but not now. --Improv 16:29, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to BASIC programming language — siro  χ  o  22:42, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Most of the 185 google hits are just lists of programming languages, and the only programs I can find written in it are some small utilities (clock, number-base conversion, displaying ASCII character set, etc.) by the author of HotBasic itself, distributed from his homepage. Oh, and a "99 bottles of beer" program somewhere. Article says it's a "new variant compiler... introduced in 2003": it's young, and hasn't yet established any notability. Pnot 02:44, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Concur with — siro  χ  o 's suggestion of a redirect to BASIC programming language, where it is already included in the list of dialects. Change its appearance in that list from a Wikillink to an external link; I'm not opposed to that much promotion, even though Wikipedia is not a Web directory or a yellow pages. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 20:27, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment Changed my mind back. My vote to delete was made in a moment of pique. I hate the suggestion that the inclusion of an article on something non-notable forces us to accept other non-notable articles. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 20:44, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, no redirect: vanity, promotion, nonnotable. Wikipedia is not Freshmeat. Wile E. Heresiarch 22:42, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
User:RaffiKojian

Some reading material for those who argue there was no Armenian Genocide:
 * International Center for Transitional Justice report on whether it was a genocide (report commissioned by panel including prominent Turks - answer is yes)
 * Intn'l Assoc. of Genocide Scholars open letter saying Armenian Genocide is fact, no need to discuss it.

Website:
 * http://www.armeniapedia.org

Photos
Approx 10,000 of my own plant photos uploaded to wikimedia commons
 * http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Images_from_Gardenology.org

Most of my own personal photos on Armeniapedia.org can be used here under the Creative Commons/Attribution license. I also have uploaded thousands of creative commons photos here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/122878035@N05/

I have tens of thousands more, but going through them and uploading them is a project that I have not gotten to yet.

title: User:RaffiKojian


text: File:Little Feat - Shake Me Up.jpg

title: File:Little Feat - Shake Me Up.jpg


text:
Shake Me Up

Shake Me Up is the tenth studio album by the American rock band Little Feat, released in 1991 (see 1991 in music). It was the last album they recorded with frontman Craig Fuller. It is also their only album to feature no lead vocals from keyboardist Bill Payne.

Among the album's contributors were Bonnie Bramlett (now Sheridan) who had last featured with the group on Dixie Chicken in 1973 and Valerie Carter who had worked closely with the group's founder Lowell George in his latter years. Another backing vocalist, Shaun Murphy, got to sing lead on a line of Spider's Blues (Might Need It Sometime). Murphy would join the group in Craig Fuller's place after he left in 1993.

The album cover art is by Neon Park - the last cover that he provided the group before his death from ALS in 1993.

Personnel
Little Feat
 * Paul Barrère – vocals, guitar, slide guitar
 * Sam Clayton – percussion, backing vocals
 * Craig Fuller – vocals, guitar
 * Kenny Gradney – bass
 * Richie Hayward – drums, backing vocals
 * Bill Payne – keyboards, backing vocals
 * Fred Tackett – guitar, acoustic guitar, trumpet

Additional musicians
 * Valerie Carter – backing vocals on tracks 4, 5 and 9
 * Shaun Murphy – backing vocals on tracks 1, 2, 3, 8 and 10 (joined band 1993)
 * Bonnie Sheridan – backing vocals on tracks 3 and 10
 * The Memphis Horns – brass on track 3

Production
 * George Massenburg - mixing
 * Nathaniel Kunkel – assistant engineer
 * Doug Sax – mastering engineer
 * Alan Yoshida – mastering engineer
 * Ivy Skoff – production coordination

Imagery
 * Neon Park – cover art
 * Kosh – design and art direction
 * Melodie Gimpel – photos

title: Shake Me Up


text:
Lytton, British Columbia

Lytton is a village of about 250 residents in southern British Columbia, Canada, on the east side of the Fraser River and primarily the south side of the Thompson River, where it flows southwesterly into the Fraser. The community includes the Village of Lytton and the surrounding community of the Lytton First Nation, whose name for the place is Camchin, also spelled Kumsheen ("river meeting").

During heat waves, Lytton is often the hottest spot in Canada despite its location north of 50°N in latitude. In three consecutive days of June 2021, it broke the all-time record for Canada's highest temperature, ending at 49.6 C on June 29. This is the highest temperature ever recorded north of 45°N and higher than the all-time records for Europe and South America. The next day (June 30), a wildfire swept through the valley, destroying the majority of the town.

The Lytton area has been inhabited by the First Nations people for over 10,000 years. It was one of the earliest locations settled by immigrants in the Southern Interior of British Columbia. The town was founded during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush of 1858–59, when it was known as "The Forks."

History
The people of the Nlakaʼpamux First Nation lived on the site before the town of Lytton was founded. Lytton was on the route of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush in 1858. The same year, it was named after Edward Bulwer-Lytton, the British Colonial Secretary and a novelist. For many years, Lytton was a stop on major transportation routes, namely, the River Trail beginning in 1858, Cariboo Wagon Road in 1862, the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s, the Cariboo Highway in the 1920s, and the Trans Canada Highway in the 1950s. The town is much less important since the construction of the Coquihalla Highway in 1987, which uses a more direct route to the BC Interior.

In 2015, Lytton was featured on the CBC television show Still Standing with host Jonny Harris.

2021 wildfire and destruction
On June 30, 2021, the day after Lytton set a Canadian all-time high temperature record of 49.6 C, a wildfire swept through the community, destroying most structures. All villagers were ordered to evacuate. Local MP Brad Vis said 90% of the village burned down. Two people died.

In the year since the fire, only a quarter of the properties were cleared of ash and debris. There was incessant wrangling between local residents who wanted to restore buildings and power immediately, and the local council who wanted fire-prevention standards in place. Coupled with inadequate insurance payouts and local record-breaking floods, residents were running out of time to restore the village. They were further hampered when another wildfire took out six residences across the river in July 2022.

Name origin
Novelist Edward Bulwer-Lytton was a friend and contemporary of Charles Dickens and was one of the pioneers of the historical novel, exemplified by his most popular work, The Last Days of Pompeii. He is best remembered today for the opening line to the novel Paul Clifford, which begins "It was a dark and stormy night..." and is considered by some to be the worst opening sentence in the English language. Bulwer-Lytton is also responsible for sayings such as "The pen is mightier than the sword" from his play Richelieu. Though he was a popular author in the 19th century, fewer people today are aware of his prodigious body of literature, which spans many genres. In the 21st century, he may be better known as the namesake for the Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest (BLFC), sponsored annually by the English Department at San Jose State University, which challenges entrants "to compose the opening sentence to the worst of all possible novels."

In 1858, Governor James Douglas named the town after Bulwer-Lytton "as a merited compliment and mark of respect." Bulwer-Lytton served as Colonial Secretary. As governor of the then-colony, Douglas would have reported to him.

Lord Lytton literary debate
On August 30, 2008, the Village of Lytton invited Henry Lytton Cobbold, the great-great-great grandson of Edward Bulwer-Lytton, to defend the great man's honour by debating Professor Scott Rice, the sponsor of the BLFC, on the literary and political legacies of his great ancestor. The debate received wide media coverage including The Globe and Mail, The New York Times, The Guardian, CBC's As It Happens, and many local and regional media outlets. The debate was moderated by Mike McArdell of Global TV. Lytton Cobbold provided a spirited and crowd-inspiring defence of his ancestor, and despite a factual and well-researched presentation by Rice, Lytton Cobbold emerged as the crowd favourite by a wide margin. In the end, Rice begrudgingly admitted to an admiration of Bulwer-Lytton. This event was held as part of the Village of Lytton's BC150 celebrations, which marked the 150th anniversary of the date that the community received its name, in addition to the province-wide celebration of the establishment of the original Colony of British Columbia on August 2, 1858.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lytton had a population of 210 living in 104 of its 118 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 249. With a land area of 6.73 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Another 1,700 people in the immediate area live in rural areas and on reserves of the neighbouring six Nlaka'pamux communities.

802 members out of 1,970 registered members of the Lytton First Nation live on reserves immediately adjacent to the municipality.

Climate
Lytton experiences an inland warm-summer mediterranean climate (Csb), using the -3°C isotherm, or a dry-summer continental climate (Dsb), using the 0°C isotherm. During summer heat waves, Lytton is often the hottest spot in Canada, despite its location north of 50°N in latitude. Because of the dry summer air and a relatively low elevation of 195 m, summer afternoon shade temperatures frequently reach 35 C and occasionally top 40 C. Lytton holds the record for the highest temperature ever recorded in Canada with a record high of 49.6 C on June 29 of the 2021 Western North America heat wave. This occurred after having already broken records multiple times during the previous days of that heat wave. This is the world's highest temperature ever recorded north of the 50th parallel, the highest temperature ever in the United States or Canada recorded outside of the Southwestern United States, and higher than the record-high temperatures ever recorded for Europe or South America.

Before the 2021 heat wave occurred, Lytton, along with the nearby community of Lillooet, shared the second-highest temperature ever recorded in Canada. On July 16 and 17, 1941, the temperature reached a then-record 44.4 C on both days in both communities. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Lytton was -31.7 C on January 18, 1950. While reporting on the new records in 2021, Global News noted that the official Environment Canada weather station is located in the shade and is about 1 C-change cooler than the rest of the village. Hot summer temperatures are made more tolerable by low humidity. The heat can be intense under usually clear skies and sunlight, or by the valley's radiant slopes. Forest fires are not uncommon during the summer.

Lytton's climate is also characterised by relatively short and mild winters (although average monthly temperatures in December and January are just below freezing), with Pacific maritime influence during the winter ensuring thick cloud cover much of the time. Cold snaps originating from arctic outflow occur from time to time, but tend to be short-lived, and mountains to the north usually block extreme cold from penetrating the Fraser Canyon.

Lytton receives 430.6 mm of annual precipitation on average, making it much drier than communities to the south but certainly wetter than some of the driest spots in the BC interior, such as Ashcroft, Kamloops, Spences Bridge, and Osoyoos. It has the driest summers in the interior of British Columbia and one of the driest summers of all places in Canada. Maximum precipitation occurs in the cooler months, with late autumn and early winter constituting the wettest time of the year.

Vegetation
Open coniferous forests of Douglas fir and ponderosa pine dominate the slopes around Lytton. Some black cottonwood is scattered among the conifers. Bunchgrass dominates the forest floor. Non-native trees cultivated in Lytton include black locust and Manitoba Maple.

Transportation
Lytton lies on the Trans-Canada Highway as well as both the Canadian Pacific and Canadian National Railways. The Canadian National Railway crosses both the Fraser and Thompson Rivers on two large steel bridges at Lytton. Via the Trans-Canada, Lytton is approximately 265 km from the city of Vancouver, 111 km north of Hope, and 84 km south of Cache Creek and Ashcroft.

Highway 12 runs north from Lytton 62 km to Lillooet, connecting there to Highway 99, which leads southwest to Pemberton and Whistler and beyond to Vancouver, and northeast to its terminus at Lower Hat Creek (Carquile) at a junction with Highway 97 just north of Cache Creek.

The Lytton Ferry, a free reaction ferry, crosses the Fraser River at Lytton. On the river's west side are Indian reserve communities of the Lytton First Nation and the Stein Valley Nlaka'pamux Heritage Park via trails from the confluence of the Stein River with the Fraser. From the ferry, a route known as the West Side Road leads through the Nesikep and Texas Creek areas to Lillooet and BC Highway 99; the route south from the ferry is much more difficult but leads to North Bend-Boston Bar. When the ferry is out of service because of ice or low water levels on the Fraser River, pedestrian access is available via a walkway on the Canadian National Railway bridge crossing the river.

Via Rail's Canadian and the Rocky Mountaineer pass through Lytton but do not make any stops. Via Rail's closest stops are Ashcroft, 80 km to the north, and North Bend/Boston Bar, 44 km to the south.

Municipal
The mayor of Lytton is Denise O'Connor, who was first elected in the 2022 municipal election.

Lytton is a corporate entity created under the Community Charter. Elections for Village Council are held every four years. The current Council comprises the following members:

 * Mayor Denise O'Connor
 * Councillor Nonie McCann
 * Councillor Jessoa Lightfoot
 * Councillor Melissa Michell
 * Councillor Jen Thoss

Provincial
Originally part of the Lillooet provincial riding, then part of Yale-Lillooet, Lytton is now in the provincial riding of Fraser-Nicola, represented by Jackie Tegart of BC United, who first won in the 2013 election.

Federal
Federally, the town is in the riding of Mission—Matsqui—Fraser Canyon and is currently represented by Brad Vis of the Conservative Party of Canada, who was first elected in the 2019 elections.

Economy
The single main employer in the village produced forestry products and was forced to close because of market uncertainties in 2007.

Lytton is the self-proclaimed "River Rafting Capital of Canada" with Kumsheen Rafting Resort now the largest employer in the area. A provincial campsite, Skihist Provincial Park, adjacent to the Trans-Canada Highway six kilometres north of the village, has space for tenting as well as RVs and enjoys one of the few views available of Skihist Mountain, the highest summit of the Lillooet Ranges, across the Fraser to the west of Lytton. The privately run Jade Springs Restaurant, also east of the village on the Trans-Canada, burned down in the fire of June 2021.

Education
School District 74 operated Lytton Elementary School which was lost in 2021 Lytton Creek Wildfire. and Kumsheen Secondary School (Kumsheen ShchEma-meet School).

Stein Valley Nlakapamux School is a registered member with the B.C. First Nations Schools Association. The School is mandated to provide instruction and courses approved by the B.C. Ministry of Education and BC Independent Schools.

Notable residents

 * Ilona Verley, Canadian-American drag queen

title: Lytton, British Columbia


text:
Category talk:Mammals

Is anyone supposed to find anything here?
Seriously, you can not navigate to anything in this categories without having studied biology. This is useless. 78.43.206.125 (talk) 23:42, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Mammals


text:
Category talk:Birds

Untitled
I have been putting major cat articles of birds in both their taxo cat and cat:birds to make them easier to find. I have also linked common name subcats to main cat:birds to enable easy finding. This is not perfect and I am open for suggestions/criticism. --DanielCD 17:33, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps a special category like Cat:Scientific clasiffication cats? --DanielCD 17:36, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Bird is a group in therapod!
Please add the category of "therapod" and "dinosaur".222.225.110.213 08:55, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Birds are not dinosaurs and should not be categorized under them. βcommand 19:32, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I second this view. We seem to have had stealth editors sneak in this categorization without any support of consensus.John Pack Lambert (talk) 17:47, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

These are English words, which have meanings government by common usage, not claudistic analysis. In common English usage dinosaur refers to a class of animals that all went extint millions of years before the first humans came to be. THis is how my Physical anthopology professor used the term in arguing that dionsaurs and humans never coexisted. Here states dinosaurs died out 65 million years before the first humans existed. Here is another firm no to dinosaurs and humans ever coexisting. I could cite lots and lots and lots and lots more sources.John Pack Lambert (talk) 18:00, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
 * We even have articles with titles like this which clearly treat bird as a group distinct from dinosaur even in a source that heavily discusses their relationship.John Pack Lambert (talk) 18:03, 22 February 2021 (UTC).
 * None of the three sources mentioned are useful: #1 is an example of the USGS being drawn into a theological argument, #2 the headline of the article in Discovery Magazine is belied in the first paragraph, #3 the headline in the article from Smithsonian Magazine is belied in the second paragraph. Reading at least two paragraphs from any source should be a requirement; headlines are never reliable sources. — Neonorange (Phil) 21:18, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
 * CFD consensus
 * The discussion at Categories_for_discussion/Log/2021_March_6 ended with a consensus that category:Birds should not be directly a member of Category:Dinosaurs since that bypasses the existing proper categorisation via Category:Paravians. Moreover, categories for birds in popular culture (etc) should not be sub-cats of those for dinosaurs. – Fayenatic  L ondon 08:45, 5 April 2021 (UTC)

Living dinosaurs
I added Category:Living dinosaurs and was good faith reverted by who pointed out a discussion in which 'Dinosaurs' was removed as a category and thus category Birds is buried nine (9) categories down from 'Dinosaur' (buried deeper than the deepest non-avian dinosaur fossils) even though they constitute well over 10,000 living species. But if anything is normal in this topsy-turvy world of dinosaurs literally surrounding us in air and tree it is that category 'Birds' should be listed in Category:Living dinosaurs, as they are the only living dinosaurs. So rather then digging nine categories deep to find them, here is an almost unarguable category that they should belong in. They are dinosaurs, and they are living. If they don't belong here then the name of that category should be changed. Those seem to be the only options here. Maybe 'Dinosaurs in pseudoscience', or 'Living dinosaurs excluding birds', or another choice to politely hide the birds from that category too (another way to say "Nine categories down", need a Oceans 11 hole-digger to find them). Thanks. Randy Kryn (talk) 16:33, 17 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi, should I add Category:Living dinosaurs back? With that name the category seems best and most accurately represented by Category:Birds, aside from someone writing a category descriptor which limits it. Randy Kryn (talk) 04:48, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Have added back category:Living dinosaurs, per category name and talk page silent consensus. Birds are dinosaurs, and they are alive. Randy Kryn (talk) 00:31, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Birds


text:
Medullary cavity

The medullary cavity (medulla, innermost part) is the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored; hence, the medullary cavity is also known as the marrow cavity.

Located in the main shaft of a long bone (diaphysis) (consisting mostly of compact bone), the medullary cavity has walls composed of spongy bone (cancellous bone) and is lined with a thin, vascular membrane (endosteum).

This area is involved in the formation of red blood cells and white blood cells, and the calcium supply for bird eggshells. The area has been detected in fossil bones despite the fossilization process.

Intramedullary is a medical term meaning the inside of a bone. Examples include intramedullary rods used to treat bone fractures in orthopedic surgery and intramedullary tumors occurring in some forms of cancer or benign tumors such as an enchondroma.

title: Medullary cavity


text:
Canton of Baden

The Canton of Baden (Kanton Baden) was a canton of the Helvetic Republic (a Napoleonic-era precursor of modern-day Switzerland). Its capital was the town of Baden.

Formation
The canton was created in 1798 from the merger of the County of Baden with the Freie Ämter (free bailiwicks) and Kelleramt, all of which had until then been condominiums (gemeine Herrschaften) of the Old Swiss Confederation.

The canton was divided into five districts — Baden, Bremgarten, Muri, Sarmenstorf and Zurzach. The canton, like the others of the Helvetic Republic, was administered by a governor (Statthalter) and an administrative chamber (Verwaltungskammer), a vice-governor (Unterstatthalter) in each district, as well as agents in the municipalities. In 1799, there were 45,982 residents, though the Jewish population was not counted in the census.

Dissolution
Since the majority of Roman Catholic, conservative population were indifferent to the new state, officials and politicians had to be imported from neighboring cantons. The canton was divided and some municipalities sought affiliations with other cantons: the Lutheran congregations in the Limmattal wanted to affiliate with Zürich, the Amt of Hitzkirch with Lucerne, and the upper Freiamt with Zug or Schwyz.

The canton was not politically viable, notably due to its lack of an economic base; in both 1801 (Constitution of Malmaison) and 1802 (Second Helvetic Constitution), it was decided to merge the canton into Aargau, but the move was not completed. Napoleon Bonaparte signed the Act of Mediation on 19 February 1803 and, in the process, the canton of Baden was dissolved and united with the cantons of Aargau and Fricktal, forming the contemporary canton of Aargau.

Some parts of the canton of Baden at this point were transferred to other cantons: the Amt of Hitzkirch to Lucerne, whilst Hüttikon, Oetwil an der Limmat, Dietikon and Schlieren went to Zürich. In return, Lucerne's Amt of Merenschwand was transferred to Aargau (district of Muri).

Contemporary districts
The former canton can still be identified with the contemporary Aargau districts of Zurzach, Baden, Bremgarten and Muri (albeit with the gains and losses in 1803 as detailed above).

title: Canton of Baden


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The revolution

The revolution was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

I'm a little confused about this article, as I have no idea what StarCraft BroodWar (or whatever) is, but this seems highly deletable to me. I guess it's a "film" (dollars to donuts its actually a "video") by a 13 year old? Whatever. Delete. -R. fiend 04:34, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The revolution will be deleted. tregoweth 05:11, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to revolution. -- [[User:Bobdoe| Bob Doe ]] 05:59, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. StarCraft Brood War is a video game which I always lose at. Garrett Albright 06:00, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Is this that "spawn more overlords" game my hallmates played all the time in college? Man, I hated that thing. -R. fiend 07:54, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. The current contents are "(NEW POST UP SOON!!!)", inserted by the originator of this garbage article, thus valid speedy per item 4 in WP:CSP. jni 06:18, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. utcursch 11:33, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Improv 16:30, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * De-1337. Non-notable home movie, blanked by author.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:02, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: There is one revolution, and this isn't it. Don't go calling your article The Revolution unless you mean it.  Otherwise, you just get all our pinko hopes up. Geogre 00:45, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No redirects, please. Lots of games have revolutions. Gamaliel 21:21, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete BrokenSegue 03:15, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Companies of Serbia

title: Category:Companies of Serbia


text: Category:Companies of Yugoslavia

title: Category:Companies of Yugoslavia


text:
Old Plank Road

The Old Plank Road is a plank road in Imperial County, California, that was built in 1915 as an east–west route over the Algodones Dunes. It effectively connected the extreme lower section of Southern California to Arizona and provided the last link in a commercial route between San Diego and Yuma.

History
Following Los Angeles' winning the right to be the western terminus of the transcontinental railroad, San Diego's civic leaders proposed the Plank Road to ensure their city became the hub of Southern California's road network rather than Los Angeles.

Among those promoters was businessman and road builder "Colonel" Ed Fletcher who accepted a challenge from the Los Angeles Examiner to run a road race in October 1912 to determine the best route between Southern California and Phoenix. A reporter with the paper was given a 24-hour head start in Los Angeles; Fletcher would proceed from San Diego. Fletcher elected to traverse the constantly shifting sand dunes using a team of horses to pull his automobile through the sand, and won the race in a seemingly impossible 19.5 hours.

Buoyed by the success of the race and with the backing of local newspapers, Fletcher raised the money to pay for 13,000 planks shipped from San Diego to Holtville, California. The first planks were laid on February 14, 1915, with the help of both volunteers and paid labor. The roadbed consisted of two parallel plank tracks, each 25 inches/63.5 cm wide, spiked to wooden crosspieces laid underneath. The total length of the Plank Road was 6.5 miles/10.4 km. Work ended nearly two months later on April 4.

Though traffic and maintenance crews who cleared the wooden road with mule-drawn scrapers soon took its toll on the planking, the road was considered a success. In June 1915, the California State Highway Commission assumed responsibility for the Plank Road as part of the road system linking Southern California with Arizona.

A second, more sophisticated Plank Road was commissioned in 1916. The new roadway consisted of prefabricated wooden sections laid to a width of 8 feet/2.4 m with double-width turnouts every 1000 feet/305 m. The sections were shipped to the work site via horse-drawn wagon from their assembly point in nearby Ogilby, and then lowered into place using a crane.

For the next ten years, work crews struggled against the elements to keep the Plank Road open. The cost and difficulty of the maintenance coupled with improved road technology — not to mention the incredibly rough ride the planks created and the fact that the road was only wide enough for a single vehicle — meant that the days of the Plank Road were numbered.

A new, 20-foot/6-meter-wide road with an asphaltic concrete surface constructed on top of a built-up sand embankment replaced the Old Plank Road upon its opening on August 12, 1926. The same roadway later became displaced by U.S. Route 80, itself since displaced by Interstate 8.

Today, only fragments of the Plank Road remain. They are protected under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management as an Area of Critical Environmental Concern. The fragments are both a California Historical Landmark and eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. Remnants of the Plank Road may be seen at the west end of Grays Well Road, a frontage road south of I-8. A monument to the Plank Road and interpretive display lie approximately three miles/5.4 km west of the Sand Hills interchange. The monument's largest feature is a 1500-foot/457-meter-long replica of the road created in the early 1970s out of existing fragments.

California Historical Landmark
California Historical Landmark number 845 reads:

 * NO. 845 PLANK ROAD - This unique plank road, seven miles long, was the only means early motorists had of crossing the treacherous Imperial sand dunes. The 8-by-12-foot sections were moved with a team of horses whenever the shifting sands covered portions of the road. Double sections were placed at intervals to permit vehicles to pass

title: Old Plank Road


text:
Mary Travers

Mary Allin Travers (November 9, 1936 – September 16, 2009) was an American singer-songwriter who found fame as a member of the 1960s folk trio Peter, Paul and Mary, along with Peter Yarrow and Paul Stookey. Travers grew up amid the burgeoning folk scene in New York City's Greenwich Village, and she released five solo albums. She sang in the contralto range.

Early life and education
Mary Travers was born in 1936 in Louisville, Kentucky, to Robert Travers and Virginia Coigney, journalists and active organizers of The Newspaper Guild, a trade union. In 1938, the family moved to Greenwich Village in New York City.

Mary attended the progressive Little Red School House, where she met musical icons like Pete Seeger and Paul Robeson. Robeson sang her lullabies. Travers left school in the 11th grade to become a member of the Song Swappers folk group.

Singing career
The Song Swappers sang backup for Pete Seeger on four reissue albums in 1955, when Folkways Records reissued a collection of Seeger's pro-union folk songs, Talking Union. Travers regarded her singing as a hobby (she worked full-time as a dental technician) and was shy about it, but was encouraged by fellow musicians. She also was in the cast of the Broadway show The Next President.

The group Peter, Paul and Mary was formed in 1961, and was an immediate success. They shared a manager, Albert Grossman, with Bob Dylan. Their success with Dylan's "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" helped propel Dylan's Freewheelin' album into the U.S. Top 30 four months after its release.

Peter, Paul and Mary broke up in 1970, shortly after having their biggest UK hit, singer-songwriter John Denver's ballad "Leaving on a Jet Plane" (originally titled "Babe I Hate To Go") (UK No. 2, February 1970). The song, which reached the top of both the U.S. Billboard and Cash Box charts in December 1969, was the group's only number one hit.

Travers subsequently pursued a solo career and recorded five albums: Mary (1971), Morning Glory (1972), All My Choices (1973), Circles (1974) and It's in Everyone of Us (1978). The group reunited for one night in June, 1972 to take part in a special fundraising concert at Madison Square Garden for presidential candidate Sen. George McGovern.

Peter, Paul and Mary re-formed in 1978, toured extensively, and issued many new albums until Travers' death. The group was inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999.

Personal life
Travers was married four times. Her first brief union, to John Filler, produced her older daughter, Erika, in 1960. In 1963, she married Barry Feinstein, a prominent freelance photographer of musicians and celebrities. Her younger daughter, Alicia, was born in 1966, and the couple divorced the following year. In the 1970s, she was married to Gerald Taylor, publisher of National Lampoon. After the end of her marriage to Taylor, Travers had a relationship with lawyer Richard Ben-Veniste for several years while raising her daughters in New York. In 1991 she married restaurateur Ethan Robbins and lived with him in the small town of Redding, Connecticut for the remainder of her life.

Illness and death
In 2004, Travers was diagnosed with leukemia. A bone marrow transplant in 2005 induced a temporary remission, but she died on September 16, 2009, at Danbury Hospital in Connecticut, from complications related to the marrow transplant and other treatments.

Legacy
A memorial service for Travers was held on November 9, 2009, at Riverside Church In New York City. The four-hour service, on what would have been her 73rd birthday, was attended by a capacity crowd. Two of the many reflections shared at the service speak to the impact of Mary Travers's work and the significance of her legacy. Feminist Gloria Steinem commented that with her poise and conviction as a performer, Ms. Travers "seemed to us to be a free woman, and that helped us to be free." Folk singer and co-founder of the Newport Folk Festival, Theodore Bikel, mused on her roles as political activist and glamorous pop-music touchstone:

Solo discography

 * Mary, Warner Bros., 1971
 * Morning Glory, Warner Bros., 1972
 * All My Choices, Warner Bros., 1973
 * Circles, Warner Bros., 1974
 * It's in Everyone of Us, Chrysalis, 1978

title: Mary Travers


text: Category talk:Primates

title: Category talk:Primates


text:
Shinji Kanki

Shinji Kanki is a Japanese composer. He has composed music for dolphins according to conventions found in dolphin music or found to please dolphins in his Music for Dolphins (Ultrasonic Improvisational Composition) for underwater ultrasonic loudspeakers (2001).

Other of his pieces include PCM 0355+53 for the Helsinki Computer Orchestra.

title: Shinji Kanki


text:
Talk:Wendell Willkie

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Visiting Scholar Wehwalt has worked on it.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:50, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Comparison to Donald Trump?
Shouldn't it be noted in the legacy section that during the 2016 election Willkie was frequently compared to Donald Trump, because they have several things in common? Both are/were wealthy businessmen, who never held political office or high military rank and both are considered charismatic and good speakers who attract large crowds?--217.110.69.30 (talk) 09:08, 4 July 2016 (UTC)
 * I think we should wait to see if such comparisons become commonplace. The only president to win it in his first election without being a general was Hoover.--Wehwalt (talk) 10:30, 4 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Hoover nevertheless held political office. Trump and Willkie are the only nominees without political or military experience. --217.110.69.30 (talk) 11:10, 5 July 2016 (UTC)
 * True. While Hoover was the first president not to have held elected office or military office, he nonetheless had previously had tenures in appointed-office. SecretName101 (talk) 06:13, 4 March 2017 (UTC)

Discussion about lead picture at Donald Trump
Interested editors are invited to participate in an ongoing talk-page discussion about the lead picture at Donald Trump. --Dervorguilla (talk) 06:11, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

There is an issue with the info box
It currently reads "Democratic (until 1939) Republican (after 1939) nominee for President of the United States" SecretName101 (talk) 06:11, 4 March 2017 (UTC)

Allegations against father
Theodore Bilbo made the following statement in his 1947 defense of ‘scientific’ racism, “Take Your Choice“:

“The late Wendell Wilkie, author of One World, was another of the nation-wide figures who advocated full racial equality. This position of Mr. Wilkie is especially interesting in view of the fact that he was born and reared in Elmwood, Indiana, the town from which his father helped drive away every Negro, and which had signs reading "No Negroes Admitted Here" on every road leading into the city limits”

Is it so? 207.177.225.141 (talk) 05:18, 2 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Biographies of Wendell Willkie I've read describe his father as liberal. However, in the 1890s, this might not translate into support for racial equality, look at William Jennings Bryan for example. I do not know for sure, but the Willkie bios I read did not mention what Bilbo did.--Wehwalt (talk) 10:22, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

Spelling of name
Unusually for such a prominent, recent figure, Willkie seems to have been the victim of frequent misspelling. This Talk page, for example, includes a quoted passage that repeatedly uses the surprising common spelling "Wilkie". I have seen this in archival newspaper articles and scholarly books. Was Willkie consistent about the spelling of his own name? (There are many historical examples of this, though the examples I know all are either much older, or they involve transliteration.) Is there any merit to mentioning this issue on his main page? Brw12 (talk) 04:17, 28 October 2019 (UTC)
 * As far as I know, yes. We would have to have a secondary source discussing the matter to include in his article.--Wehwalt (talk) 04:38, 28 October 2019 (UTC)
 * In Richardson's To Make Men Free his family name is consistently spelled "Willke". Furti (talk) 15:08, 29 October 2019 (UTC).

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:06, 19 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Сталин и Уилки.jpg

title: Talk:Wendell Willkie


text: Category talk:Cetaceans

title: Category talk:Cetaceans


text:
EF Eridani

EF Eridani (abbreviated EF Eri, sometimes incorrectly referred to as EF Eridanus) is a variable star of the type known as polars, AM Herculis stars, or magnetic cataclysmic variable stars. Historically it has varied between apparent magnitudes 14.5 and 17.3, although since 1995 it has generally remained at the lower limit. The star system consists of a white dwarf with a substellar-mass former star in orbit.

EF Eridani B
The substellar mass in orbit around the white dwarf is a star that lost all of its gas to the white dwarf. What remains is an object with a mass of 0.05 solar masses, or about 53 Jupiter masses , which is too small to continue fusion, and does not have the composition of a super-planet, brown dwarf, or white dwarf. There is no category for such a stellar remnant.

It is theorized that 500 million years ago, the white dwarf started to cannibalize its partner, when they were separated by 7 million km. As it lost mass, the regular star spiraled inward. Today, they are separated by a mere 700,000 km for an orbital period of $81 min$. The orbit is expected to continue to shrink due to gravitational radiation.

title: EF Eridani


text: User talk:202.7.223.2

title: User talk:202.7.223.2


text:
Annabeth Gish

Anne Elizabeth "Annabeth" Gish (born March 13, 1971) is an American actress. She has played roles in films Shag, Hiding Out, Mystic Pizza, SLC Punk!, The Last Supper and Double Jeopardy. On television, she played Special Agent Monica Reyes on The X-Files, Elizabeth Bartlet Westin on The West Wing, Diane Gould on Halt and Catch Fire, Eileen Caffee on Brotherhood, Charlotte Millwright on The Bridge and Sheriff Althea Jarry on the seventh and final season of Sons of Anarchy.

Early life and education
Gish was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the daughter of Judy and Robert Gish. When she was two, her family moved to Cedar Falls, Iowa, where she grew up with her brother, Tim, and her sister, Robin. Her father was an English professor at the University of Northern Iowa; her mother was an elementary school teacher.

Gish went to Northern University High School in Cedar Falls, where she graduated in 1989. She attended Duke University, where she was a member of the Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority and focused her energies on the drama program, film studies and women's studies. She graduated in 1993, earning a B.A. in English.

Career
Gish's first starring role was in the 1986 teen film Desert Bloom. In 1987, she starred in the film Hiding Out with Jon Cryer. She played Kat, the sister of Julia Roberts' character, in 1988's Mystic Pizza. In 1989, Gish's first major TV film role was in When He's Not a Stranger as rape victim Lyn McKenna. Gish portrayed Anne Hampton, the doomed second wife of Rhett Butler, in 1994 in the TV mini series Scarlett. She starred in the 1989 comedy Shag, starring Bridget Fonda, Phoebe Cates, Page Hannah, Jeff Yagher and Scott Coffey.

In 1994's Wyatt Earp, starring Kevin Costner, she played Urilla Sutherland, Wyatt's childhood sweetheart and eventual wife. The next year, she appeared in Oliver Stone's Nixon as Julie Nixon. In 1996, Gish played the girlfriend Tracey in Beautiful Girls. In 1997, Gish received her first starring role in a movie, portraying Susan Sparks opposite Shaquille O'Neal in the movie adaptation of DC Comics superhero Steel. In 1997, she starred in the TV movie True Women as Euphemia Ashby alongside Dana Delany and Angelina Jolie. In 1998, Gish starred in SLC Punk! as a head shop owner named Trish.

In 2001, Gish joined the cast of The X-Files as Special Agent Monica Reyes after series star David Duchovny announced his intention to leave the show. During the eighth and ninth seasons, Gish and fellow newcomer Robert Patrick became the show's principal characters and it was presumed that the two could carry on the show even after Gillian Anderson left. While it is generally agreed their performances were good, ratings continued to drop with the departure of Duchovny and his dynamic partnership with Anderson; the ninth season of The X-Files became the show's last until 2016.

She guest-starred on The West Wing playing Elizabeth Bartlet Westin, eldest daughter of President Josiah Bartlet (Martin Sheen), first appearing in 2003. In 2006, Gish played the role of Julia in the independent movie The Celestine Prophecy and co-starred in Candles on Bay Street alongside Eion Bailey and Alicia Silverstone. The same year she landed a lead role in the Showtime drama Brotherhood as Eileen Caffee, and appeared in 29 of the 33 episodes in the series' three-season run.

Gish played Jo Noonan in the A&E TV miniseries Stephen King's Bag of Bones in 2011. Also in 2011, she played the role of Anne Sullivan, a mysterious therapist in Pretty Little Liars. In 2012, she made a guest appearance in twelfth season of the CBS crime drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. The same year she co-starred on the ABC drama pilot Americana as the mother of Ashley Greene's character. However, the pilot was not picked up.

From 2013 to 2014, Gish was part of the main cast in the FX series The Bridge, in which she played Charlotte Millwright, a widow who discovers that her recently deceased husband had secrets on both sides of the US–Mexican border. She had a guest-starring role on Sons of Anarchy as Lt. Althea Jarry of the San Joaquin County Sheriff's Department, in 2014. The following summer, it was announced Gish would return as Monica Reyes in the upcoming The X-Files revival, appearing in episode 6 of season 10, and reprising her role in the eleventh season. She co-starred with Kate Bosworth, Thomas Jane and Dash Mihok in the 2016 thriller film Before I Wake.

Gish appeared as drug lord Alice Sands in three episodes of the TNT series Rizzoli & Isles, in 2016. Two years later she had a recurring role as the caretaker Mrs. Dudley in the Netflix series The Haunting of Hill House, based loosely off of Shirley Jackson's novel of the same name. In 2021 she again teamed up with Mike Flanagan in the Netflix horror series, Midnight Mass.

Humanitarian efforts
Gish is a supporter of CARE International and, more recently, of Students Rebuild and One Million Bones. On behalf of these organizations, she filmed a short public service announcement video in April 2012. She is on the board of non-profit organization The Unusual Suspects Theatre Company.

Personal life
Despite persistent reports, Gish is not related to the early silent film actress sisters Lillian and Dorothy Gish. When Gish first became interested in acting, she wrote a letter to Lillian Gish, who replied by encouraging Annabeth to stay away from the business. Lillian wrote, "There's too much talent and not enough work in the movies!"

Gish started dating The X-Files stunt man Wade Allen in December 2001. They married in October 2003 and have two children.

title: Annabeth Gish


text:
Talk:EF Eridani

Star types

 * I suggest it be called a red subdwarf or a brown superdwarf :) 132.205.15.4 04:45, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Split
I suggest that the substellar object be split into a separate article, as a notable unusual planetary mass object.

70.24.246.151 (talk) 04:46, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on EF Eridani. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20041012120611/http://www.cnn.com:80/2004/TECH/space/10/05/space.star.reut/index.html to http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/10/05/space.star.reut/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20030512095207/http://www.aavso.org:80/cgi-bin/searchcharts3.pl?name=EF+ERI to http://www.aavso.org/cgi-bin/searchcharts3.pl?name=EF+ERI

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 13:31, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:EF Eridani