text:
User talk:Ranveig

ClockworkTroll 19:57, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Re: Another thanks for welcoming
My pleasure, Ranveig! I'm glad I could be of assistance.

ClockworkTroll 05:02, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Barcelona fruit picture
Hello! Thank you - yes I did take that picture, and it is free for all. Cheers - Daderot

O'Bannon plaque pic
I got the picture, commons:Image:USS O'Bannon;PotatoPlaque.gif, from the website of the then-existing USS O'Bannon (DD-987) (I presume; it's been a while). That ship was decommissioned last summer and the website taken down. For now, Google still has it: http://images.google.com/images?q=O%27Bannon+Potato&hl=en&btnG=Search+Images But I can't find a copy on an existing Navy website. —wwoods 22:34, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Sverre Johannes
Do not place comments onto the article page itself. That's what the talk page is for. Enochlau 13:55, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

William-Adolphe Bouguereau gallery
You have in the past edited William-Adolphe Bouguereau. A related article, the William-Adolphe Bouguereau gallery has been nominated for deletion for violating WP:NOT (AfD here). A proposal to modify WP:NOT is here. Please join either or both conversations and comment as you see fit. Dsmdgold 16:53, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

MenoBot
Thank you for the note. --Meno25 (talk) 11:22, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Wikimania 2010 could be coming to Stockholm!
I'm leaving you a note as you may be interested in this opportunity.

People from all six Nordic Wiki-communities (sv, no, nn, fi, da and is) are coordinating a bid for Wikimania 2010 in Stockholm. I'm sending you a message to let you know that this is occurring, and over the next few months we're looking for community support to make sure this happens! See the bid page on meta and if you like such an idea, please sign the "supporters" list at the bottom. Tack (or takk), and have a wonderful day! Mike H. Fierce! 08:07, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Invitation to a research survey
Hello Ranveig, I am Qi Wu, a computer science MS student at the University of Minnesota - Twin Cities. Currently, we are working on a project studying the main article and sub article relationship in a purpose of better serving the Wikipedia article structure. It would be appreciated if you could take 4-5 minutes to finish the survey questions. Thanks in advance! We will not collect any of your personally information.

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Bielski Partisans members
Hi well Colby here to talk about the so called Bielski Partisans which was run by the Bielski Brothers during World War II, apparently some famous guys are needed to be told, Meyer Bronicki is one of them and was also a member to Tuvia Bielski's Partisans one of his men, Jack Kagan is also one of them, Pinchas Boldo is another member also, Mike Stoll is another one needed to be told, plus one guy in that unit who told the story is Peretz Shorshaty, he was famous for his artwork cartoons he did drawings of the Bielski partisans it's important Peretz Shorshaty gets put on this Wikipedia since he was famous who lived to tell the tale, although his character in the 2008 Defiance Film dies on screen right which is odd because in real life he lived, yeah it's important more to tell Peretz's tale, also Beryl Chafetz is also another man needed to be told,

Also David Bielski the father of the Bielski brothers who was murdered is needed to be told, Leah Johnson also is needed to be told of her story, Lea Friedberg also is another Jew with her story to be told, Sonya Oshman is also another to be told of her tale, Ruth Lapidus also needs to be told, another Bella Goldfischer is also another Jew with a tale when she was aboard a Death Train someone opened the doors, she also escaped to koin the partisans, Ann Monka I think was a sister of Bella and she survived as well, also Sol Lapidus also needs to be told he's also one of the most famous that will need to be told, so yeah what might have to be told is they're famous to the Bielski Partisans during World War II, Trooper201 (talk) 06:24, 23 June 2016 (UTC)

Thank you so much for participating in Translating Ibero-America!
--Anna Torres (WMAR) (talk) 20:29, 29 September 2016 (UTC)

Translating Ibero-America is back! Come and join us :)
Dear Ranveig , Hope this message finds you well! Again this year 2017 the Iberocoop network is launching the editing contest "Translating Ibero-American" aiming to position the Ibero-american culture outside our borders :) You can find the contest page here We hope you can join us! Hugs--Anna Torres (WMAR) (talk) 20:02, 1 June 2017 (UTC)

Fasti (poem)
Your wikilink was fine, but your addendum of stray text "The Rape of the Sabine Women" at the bottom was unencyclopedic. Surely not vandalism, just a mishap. Materialscientist (talk) 08:04, 25 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Indeed, I certainly missed that! Thanks for explaining. --Ranveig (talk) 09:00, 25 January 2019 (UTC)

Request translation Isabelle de Charrière
Hello Ranveig, Would you like to write / translate the article of Isabelle de Charrière (Q123386) for the NN Wikpedia? That would be appreciated. Boss-well63 (talk) 10:04, 27 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Sure, I'll put it on my to do-list and hopefully get around to it at some point! --Ranveig (talk) 10:06, 27 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks, hopefully before 2021. Boss-well63 (talk) 00:23, 6 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Hello Ranveig, Best wishes for 2021. Hopefully to see your article then. Boss-well63 (talk) 20:51, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

Hello Ranveig, How do you do in these times? Hopefully you are doing well, with enough energy to write the article soon. Boss-well63 (talk) 16:49, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I'm afraid I find your behaviour too pushy. --Ranveig (talk) 17:30, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Ranveig


text:
Talk:Hail to the Chief

Cultural References
Is there a point to this section? The song is so well known that I really doubt this adds anything of real import. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.39.159.36 (talk) 19:20, 10 August 2010 (UTC)
 * No, there really isn't. I'm removing it. If anyone wants to reincorporate some of the information in it, go ahead.--75.111.25.142 (talk) 23:42, 16 May 2011 (UTC)
 * It may surprise you, but not all of us are American. I've no idea what these remarks are about.  86.144.103.67 (talk) 20:58, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

Melody
(Next contrib reformated in 2009:) Tune right?? How close is this??
 * D-E-F#-G-F#-E-D-E-D-B-A-G
 * D-G-A-B-A-G-A-G-A-B-A
 * D-E-F#-G-F#-E-D-E-D-B-A-G
 * D-G-F#-E-G-F#-A-D-G-A-G

--66.245.64.202 19:58, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * "Tune right?" might sound like a question as to whether a tune in the article is accurate, but the then current revision had no image, and no mention of keys or notes. I construe it instead as volunteering info, based on OR in the form of the contributor "sounding out" the tune they have heard. --Jerzy•t 08:07, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

''The next contrib was originally place above the 2004 one in this section, in the lead section of this talk page. I have moved & reformatted it, in 2009, into proper WP talk order. On reflection, i have left it un-indented, and separated by a HR on the logic that it is not a comment on the 2004 contrib above, bcz its only plausible affinities to the other are:'' --Jerzy•t 08:07, 23 January 2009 (UTC) Wrong image The image of the sheet music is not correct as it displays an entirely different tune in D major (not F major as below).
 * 1) Both concern how the melody goes.
 * 2) The second essentially adopted the first's format for representing a melody.
 * 3) ''It makes reference to D major, which ...
 * 4) ... is most consistently construed as referring to the score in the image, which shows a key signature of precisely F# and C#, the characteristic that distinguishes D major from all other major keys and is a "tune in D major" which could be easily mistaken (see below) for one "entirely different" from the sequence of notes that immediately follow the reference, and
 * 5) ... in contrast, while the presumed logic by which the second refers to its own melody as being in [the key of] "F major" would, if applied to the first's melody, logically conclude that the first's melody was also in D major, it does not so describe it, and that hidden connection the closest, by a wide margin, that the second comes to referring to the first in any way.
 * F-G-A-Bb-A-G-F-G-F-D-C-Bb
 * F-Bb-C-D-C-Bb-C-B-C-D-C-(Bb-A-G-)
 * F-G-A-Bb-A-G-F-G-F-D-C-Bb
 * F-Bb-G-F-G-F-D-F-Bb-C-Bb

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.24.229.69 (talk) 00:07, 7 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm recaptioning the image, and will comment further here in the next 12 hours. --Jerzy•t 21:18, 21 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I thot this was going to be simple, but it's not.
 * 1) The notation "Bb" is a makeshift for "B♭", which (since my cruddy system displays it correctly) i'm confident virtually all users will be able to read.
 * 2) The single reference to the note "B" is surely a typo, meant to read "Bb" and meaning "B♭".
 * 3) It is unclear whether either of the above IP contributors intended to assert that the Marine Band uses the specific notes they enumerated and/or a specific key. In the absence of knowledge of the specific notes (or even to describe a piece via a different key, in spite of such knowledge, if the key is sufficiently esoteric to the reader), it would be quite appropriate to use specific notes as a stand-in for solfeggio, since they are likely to be accessible to more readers.
 * 4) The 2 IPs' opinions (along with any that i might be harboring) about what key the Marine Band plays "Hail to the Chief" in are not only unclear, but also (in light of the practice of transposition) neither reliable nor relevant.
 * 5) Every Western listener knows, somewhere in their gut, that the mode of HttC is major, so the image's explicit key signature of two sharps is almost airtight evidence that the score in the image specifies D major as the song's key. I presume this is the source of the 2nd IP's reference to tunes in D major.
 * 6) The claim that the "F-G-A-Bb..." series of pitch names is in the key of F major could reflect a confluence of two factors: an expectation for the melody to begin on do, and the pitch names that occur in the series being A, B♭, C, D, F, and G, a collection consistent with F major, whose notes are F, G, A, B♭, C, D, E. But first-note and consistency evidence is not sufficient to support that inference; at my own fairly harmony-illiterate level, the best evidence comes from construing the 1st, 3rd, and 4th of the 4 phrases the 2nd IP has ID'd as "resolving toward" the key's do as their respective last notes, while the 2nd phrase sustains melodic tension by ending on another note before the parenthesized ornament and a third after it. And that do candidate, B♭, would imply the other key consistent with that collection of pitch names, B♭ major, whose notes are  B♭, C, D, E♭, F, G, A, and equally consistent.
 * 7) In applying either of those candidate keys to test the 2nd IP's series of pitch names against the score in the image, the series should be transposed into the target key of D major, and the result will vary according to the assumption made about whether the transposition is from F to D or from B♭ to D; in each case, the tone name series is to be compared to that of the melody line of the score.
 * 8) There is, in the score, a stumbling block for that project, and  i confess to letting it trick me into hedging butchering the caption to reflect my initial acceptance of the 2nd IP's "entirely different tune" opinion. It is such a familiar convention for the lead vocalist's notes to be written on the top staff of a vocal score that i never squinted thru the smeared and bent label "Second Voice" to see that the lead, labeled "First Voice", is on the middle staff in the first system of three staves in the image. (I reflected this realization in my retraction of my different-tune-premised caption.)
 * 9) Cutting to the chase, focusing on the large notes in the "First Voice" staff, my transposition to D major of the first phrase, based on my deduction that the 2nd IP had presented a B♭ major sequence, matches exactly, as far as i looked, what is in the sheet music. If the 2nd IP never looked beyond the top staff of each system of three staves, that would be sufficient to explain the "entirely different" conclusion. (The remaining 3 phrases i leave for colleagues conscientious enuf to go the the trouble of "keeping me honest", or those with more skill, who can do the task less laboriously than i.)
 * --Jerzy•t 08:07, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Julia Tyler
"It was Julia Tyler, wife of Polk's predecessor, John Tyler, who suggested that the song be played when a president made an appearance." The revised, authoritative new statement sounds as if it's based on some remark, perhaps in a letter. Has this suggestion been made in print? --Wetman 03:43, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

"Hail America"
According to, the anthem was composed in 1917 and formerly called "Hail America", then renamed to "Hail to the Chief" by the Eisenhower Administration in 1952. Shouldn't this be mentioned in the article? --Ahellwig 20:56, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Reasoning for having a salute
I read once that the reason "Hail to the Chief" is played is because one of the Presidents was quite diminutive and was often unnoticed upon entering a room. Having a song played announcing his arrival then, he would always be noticed and the tradition stuck. Can anyone validate this story? Should it be included? 198.166.16.171 04:39, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I though I learned that in school, though it has been many years now. The way I remember it is that it was written for Tyler because he was so short that when he walked into a room, noone took notice.  So to rectify that, he commissioned the song to be written as an announcement of the President.  Did anyone else learn it this way?  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.110.63.20 (talk) 01:35, 14 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Today's installment of the NPR show Day to Day included this element, almost certainly re Tyler, but initiated by his wife bcz she perceived that he could enter unnoticed, and played rather than commissioned. The overall story in their version included many elements that are in our article. --Jerzy•t 19:17, 21 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Contrary to the preceding, which i retract as unhelpful, the apparently used but not (until i just added it) recently cited LoC source says
 * in memory of Washington (1815) to honor Jackson's presence (1829)  Martin Van Buren's inauguration (1837)  the wife of Tyler (Pres from 1841) requested it for his arrivals (without any hint she was unsuccessful), and   the wife of Polk (1845) pushed it, reflecting (William Seale's wording) "not an impressive figure" and "to avoid the embarrassment of his entering a crowded room unnoticed".
 * The confusing reversal of chronology presently in the article ranks low among the sins of that subtopic's treatment. --Jerzy•t 01:19, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Referring to the first two comments. The only reference I know is in the Bathroom Readers series of books.  While these books are often heavily researched, I doubt they meet the criteria for encyclopeadiatic inclusion. 68.149.186.57 (talk) 00:10, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Dead link
The link to "DOD instruction NO. 1005.1" is dead, and I was unable to locate a new page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.183.15.122 (talk) 22:45, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

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Anthem of the Vice President?
Is there an anthem of the Vice President of the United States? If so, you need to add mention, and a link to any article thereon.

This article seems relevant: "Hail, Columbia."

Jimlue (talk) 23:58, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

Date discrepancy?
The article says that verses from Scott's poem "were set to music around 1812", but then it says that around November 1810 "Scott received a letter from a friend and army officer who ended his note with a copy of the music of the Boat Song, 'Hail to the Chief'." If it's the same tune, one of these dates is wrong. If it's not the same tune, this should be somehow clarified. Bret Sterling (talk) 18:32, 22 March 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hail to the Chief


text:
File:Harry Chapin - Verities & Balderdash.jpg

Summary
Harry Chapin - Verities & Balderdash album cover


text:
Devil's Footprints

The Devil's Footprints was a phenomenon that occurred during February 1855 around the Exe Estuary in East and South Devon, England. After a heavy snowfall, trails of hoof-like marks appeared overnight in the snow covering a total distance of some 40 to 100 miles. The footprints were so called because some persons suggested that they were the tracks of Satan and made comparisons to a cloven hoof. Many theories have been made to explain the incident, and some aspects of its veracity have also been questioned.

Incident
On the night of 8–9 February 1855 and one or two later nights, after a heavy snowfall, a series of hoof-like marks appeared in the snow. These footprints, most of which measured about 4 in long, 3 in across, between 8 and 16 in apart and mostly in a single file, were reported from more than 30 locations across Devon and a couple in Dorset. It was estimated that the total distance of the tracks amounted to between 40 and 100 miles. Houses, rivers, haystacks and other obstacles were travelled straight over. Footprints appeared on the tops of snow-covered roofs and high walls which lay in the footprints' path, as well as leading up to and exiting drain pipes as small as 4 in in diameter. The 26 May 1855 issue of Bell's Life in Sydney published in its Miscellaneous Extracts column a "Weekly Dispatch" dated 18 February:

"It appears on Thursday last night, there was a very heavy snowfall in the neighbourhood of Exeter and the South of Devon. On the following morning the inhabitants of the above towns were surprised at discovering the footmarks of some strange and mysterious animal endowed with the power of ubiquity, as the footprints were to be seen in all kinds of unaccountable places – on the tops of houses and narrow walls, in gardens and court-yards, enclosed by high walls and pailings, as well in open fields."

"The superstitious go so far as to believe that they are the marks of Satan himself; and that great excitement has been produced among all classes may be judged from the fact that the subject has been descanted on from the pulpit."

"The impressions of the foot closely resembled that of a donkey's shoe, and measured from an inch and a half to (in some instances) two and a half inches across. Here and there it appeared as if cloven, but in the generality of the steps the shoe was continuous, and, from the snow in the centre remaining entire, merely showing the outer crest of the foot, it must have been concave."

The area in which the prints appeared extended from Exmouth, up to Topsham, and across the Exe Estuary to Dawlish and Teignmouth. R.H. Busk, in an article published in Notes and Queries during 1890, stated that footprints also appeared further afield, as far south as Totnes and Torquay, and that there were other reports of the prints as far away as Weymouth (Dorset) and even Lincolnshire.

Evidence
There is little direct evidence of the phenomenon. The only known documents were found after the publication during 1950 of an article in the Transactions of the Devonshire Association asking for further information about the event. This resulted in the discovery of a collection of papers belonging to Reverend H. T. Ellacombe, the vicar of Clyst St George during the 1850s. These papers included letters addressed to the vicar from his friends, among them the Reverend G. M. Musgrove, the vicar of Withycombe Raleigh, the draft of a letter to The Illustrated London News marked 'not for publication' and several apparent tracings of the footprints.

Mike Dash collated the available primary and secondary source material into a paper entitled The Devil's Hoofmarks: Source Material on the Great Devon Mystery of 1855 which was published in Fortean Studies during 1994.

Hypotheses
Many explanations have been made for the incident. Some investigators are sceptical that the tracks really extended for more than a hundred miles, arguing that no-one would have been able to follow their entire course in a single day. Another reason for scepticism, as Joe Nickell indicates, is that the eye-witness descriptions of the footprints varied from person to person.

In his Fortean Studies article, Mike Dash concluded that there was no one source for the "hoofmarks": some of the tracks were probably hoaxes, some were made by "common quadrupeds" such as donkeys and ponies, and some by wood mice (see below). He admitted, though, that these cannot explain all the reported marks and "the mystery remains".

Balloon
Author Geoffrey Household suggested that "an experimental balloon" released by mistake from Devonport Dockyard had left the mysterious tracks by trailing two shackles on the end of its mooring ropes. His source was a local man, Major Carter, whose grandfather had worked at Devonport at the time. Carter claimed that the incident had been hushed up because the balloon also wrecked a number of conservatories, greenhouses, and windows before finally descending to earth in Honiton.

While this could explain the shape of the prints, sceptics have questioned whether the balloon could have travelled such a random zigzag course without its trailing ropes and shackles becoming caught in a tree or similar obstruction.

Hopping mice
Mike Dash suggested that at least some of the prints, including some of those found on rooftops, could have been made by hopping rodents such as wood mice. The print left behind after a mouse leaps resembles that of a cloven-hoofed animal, due to the motions of its limbs when it jumps. Dash stated that the theory that the Devon prints were made by rodents was originally proposed as long ago as March 1855, in The Illustrated London News. In the paper's 10 March 1855 issue, Thomas Fox, a brewer and brick maker of Ballingdon, submitted illustrations of rodent tracks in varying snow depths as well as a diagram for how rodents' hind and forelimbs create the "hoof" shaped prints.

Kangaroo
In a letter to the Illustrated London News during 1855, Rev. G. M. Musgrave wrote: "In the course of a few days a report was circulated that a couple of kangaroos escaped from a private menagerie (Mr Fische's, I believe) at Sidmouth." It seems, though, that nobody ascertained whether the kangaroos had escaped, nor how they could have crossed the Exe estuary, and Musgrave himself said that he invented the story to distract his parishioners' concerns about a visit from the devil: "I found a very apt opportunity to mention the name of kangaroo, in allusion to the report then current. I certainly did not pin my faith to that version of the mystery ... but the state of the public mind of the villagers ... dreading to go out after sunset ... under the conviction that this was the Devil's work ... rendered it very desirable that a turn should be given to such a degraded and vitiated notion ... and I was thankful that a kangaroo ... [served] to disperse ideas so derogatory..."

Badgers
In a letter to the editor of the Illustrated London News published 3 March 1855, Richard Owen stated the theory that the footprints were from a badger, arguing the animal was "the only plantigrade quadruped we have in this island" and it "leaves a footprint larger than would be supposed from its size". The number of footprints, he suggested, was indicative of the activity of several animals because "it is improbable that one badger only should have been awake and hungry" and added that the animal was "a stealthy prowler and most active and enduring in search of food".

Similar incidents
Reports of similar anomalous, obstacle-unheeded footprints exist from other parts of the world, although none is of such a scale. This example was reported 15 years earlier in The Times:

"Among the high mountains of that elevated district where Glenorchy, Glenlyon and Glenochay are contiguous, there have been met with several times, during this and also the former winter, upon the snow, the tracks of an animal seemingly unknown at present in Scotland. The print of the foot in every respect is an exact resemblance of that of a foal of considerable size, with this small difference perhaps, that the sole seems a little longer or not so round; but, as no one has had the good fortune as yet to have obtained a glimpse of this creature, nothing more can be said of its shape or dimensions; only it has been remarked, from the depth to which the feet sunk in the snow, that it must be a beast of considerable size; it has been observed also, that its walk is not like that of the generality of quadrupeds, but that it is more like the bounding or limping of a hare when not scared or pursued. It is not in one locality only that its tracks have been met with, but through a range of at least twelve miles..."

In the Illustrated London News of 17 March 1855, a correspondent from Heidelberg wrote, "upon the authority of a Polish Doctor in Medicine", that on the Piaskowa-góra (Sand Hill), a small elevation on the border of Galicia, but in Congress Poland, such marks are to be seen in the snow every year, and sometimes in the sand of this hill, and "are attributed by the inhabitants to supernatural influences".

During 2013, trails were reported in Girvan, Scotland, possibly as part of an April Fool's hoax.

External links and further reading

 * Charles Fort, The Book of the Damned, Chapter 28.
 * Mysterious Britain & Ireland

title: Devil's Footprints


text:
Talk:Nacht und nebel

Do Not Use This Talk Page Further
Unless the purpose is to consolidate this talk page with the new talk page (at this writing, Talk:Nacht und Nebel, which title differs in the casing of the second N.) --Jerzy•t 20:57, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nacht und nebel


text:
Casa Calvet

Casa Calvet is a building, designed by Antoni Gaudí for a textile manufacturer which served as both a commercial property (in the basement and on the ground floor) and a residence. It is located at Carrer de Casp 48, Eixample district of Barcelona. It was built between 1898 and 1900.

Gaudí scholars agree that this building is the most conventional of his works, partly because it had to be squeezed in between older structures and partly because it was sited in one of the most elegant sections of Barcelona. Its symmetry, balance and orderly rhythm are unusual for Gaudí's works. However, the curves and double gable at the top, the projecting oriel at the entrance — almost baroque in its drama, and isolated witty details are modernista elements.

Bulging balconies alternate with smaller, shallower balconies. Mushrooms above the oriel at the center allude to the owner's favorite hobby.

Columns flanking the entrance are in the form of stacked bobbins — an allusion to the family business of textile manufacture. Lluís Permanyer claims that "the gallery at ground level is the façade's most outstanding feature, a daring combination of wrought iron and stone in which decorative historical elements such as a cypress, an olive tree, horns of plenty, and the Catalan coat of arms can be discerned".

Three sculpted heads at the top also allude to the owner: One is Sant Pere Màrtir Calvet i Carbonell (the owner's father) and two are patron saints of Vilassar, Andreu Calvet's home town.

Between 1899 and 1906, the Arts Building Annual Award (Concurso annual de edificios artísticos) awarded modernist pieces, like the Casa Calvet, the Casa Lleó Morera and the Casa Trinxet.

title: Casa Calvet


text:
User:Fmobus

About me
I came to WikiPedia when searching about Douglas Adams and The Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything and 42. Now I love the whole Wiki idea: collaborative writing, comprehension, freedom, simple syntax. In a near future I see Wiki-like things being widely used across the Web. Way to go!

Contributions

 * Hino Nacional Brasileiro - Some slight correction in portuguese version (which lead to corrections in english version)
 * Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Starting article. Source [] - translated
 * Churrasco - Starting Entire article. Source: []
 * Ficar - Expanding the article

Friends
Ekevu (college [furry-]classmate)

title: User:Fmobus


text: User talk:65.67.62.64

title: User talk:65.67.62.64


text:
Crown Street railway station

Crown Street railway station was the Liverpool terminus railway station of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in Liverpool, England, it opened on 15 September 1830. The station was one of the world's first on an inter-city passenger railway in which all services were operated by mechanical traction.

The station was only used for passengers for six years before being replaced by Liverpool Lime Street which was closer to Liverpool City centre.

The station was demolished as the site was converted into a coal and goods yard which remained in use until 1972. The location of the station is now a park with little trace of any railway facilities.

Opening
The station was opened to the public on 17 September 1830, it had had a ceremonial opening as part of the opening of the railway on 15 September 1830, and there had been a charter train to Manchester and back for the Society of Friends to and from their quarterly meeting on 16 September 1830.

The station was the Liverpool terminus of the world's first inter-city double-track mainline public railway on which all services were operated by mechanical traction, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. It was also one the first buildings to be expressly designed and purpose built as a railway "station". The station was only ever known as Liverpool during its working life, Crown Street was only used in explanatory text.

Access
The station was accessed by a 291 yd long 15 ft wide and 12 ft high single track tunnel which rises from the deep Edge Hill Cutting to the east.

Together with the adjacent 1.26 mi Wapping Tunnel, these were the first tunnels to be bored under a metropolis. The Wapping Tunnel runs under the Crown Street station site. The tunnels were gas-lit from opening. At the Edge Hill end of the tunnels there were three portals, the third (left-hand one looking from Edge Hill) was a dummy added for the sake of symmetry and only penetrated 80 ft. To get to the station trains would arrive at Edge Hill, have their locomotive removed and be attached to a rope which would be wound by stationary steam engines, located in the Edge Hill cutting, and pulled up to Crown Street, here the rope would be detached, attached to a small four-wheeled carriage called a pilot and returned to Edge Hill by horse-power ready for the next train. The train at Crown Street would then be man or horse powered around the station. Departures would be manoeuvred to the tunnel entrance and descended by gravity.

Passengers from Liverpool had to get to Crown Street before boarding the carriages, first class passengers had the option of taking a horse-drawn omnibus from the company's office in Dale Street, other classes had to find their own way. The omnibuses could carry sixty-eight first class passengers and their luggage and operated on a first-come first-served basis, the journey was timed to take twenty minutes and was often late.

Description
A plain two-storey building, classical in concept with Venetian windows giving on to a single platform covered by a long flat canopy on columns set close to the edge from which sprang wooden queen-post trusses carrying an overall roof to screen wall opposite. This was the first expression as a trainshed, as distinct from a dual-purpose goods shed. The station had all the features now associated with a railway passenger station, ticket office, waiting accommodation, a defined area for boarding the trains, despite there being no precedent to work from. A ladies waiting room with female attendant was provided in March 1831.

The station had three lines of rails, the centre one having the tunnel rope, they were connected by points at the tunnel end and wooden turnplates (turntables) at the other. Alongside the passenger station, but screened from it were the goods and coal yards as well as access to Millfield Works.

John Foster, the younger, with his partner John Stewart designed the station roof, and possibly the whole station. The roof may not have been in the original station design as Dawson (2020) notes that an order was placed for such a roof in November 1830.

The company directors soon realised that Crown Street station was too far from Liverpool city centre, and the use of expensive, time consuming buses to get passengers to and from the city centre was inefficient. They got permission from Parliament to provide a new terminus station in the city centre and in 1836 opened Liverpool Lime Street.

Operations
The station was staffed by one clerk until a second was added in March 1835, to be closely followed in April 1835 with an assistant boy, who happened to be the original clerk's son.

After a few weeks of settling in, a new timetable was issued effective from 4 October 1830, there were six trains in each direction, first-class trains leaving from both terminals at 0700, 1000, 1300 & 1630 and second-class trains at 0800 & 1400.

Goods station and coal yard
It was planned from inception that the station would have a coal yard, indeed Colonel George Legh of Newton had requested space for his coals in 1828. The coal trade was immediately successful and the facilities at Crown Street had to be expanded in 1831 and 1832 with more turntables provided. In 1832 Thomas Legh arranged for his own coal-yard to be laid out to the north of Crown Street, the railway allowed access provided it was only used as a coal-yard and they retained the right-of-way.

The station closed to passengers when Liverpool Lime Street opened on 15 August 1836. The buildings were demolished soon after closure, it is not known when, and the site was used to enlarge the goods yard and in particular the coal depot.

The railway carried livestock and Crown Street had pig pens installed, they needed enlarging in 1841 as the traffic increased. By this time the Grand Junction Railway was also using the station facilities and they had their own separate pens and loading ramps.

Additional powers were sought to improve access to the site in 1845. The dummy tunnel entrance at Edge Hill was used to form a full sized double-track 124 yd long tunnel on the south side of the Wapping tunnel, the tunnel came into service around 1846.

By 1864 a goods shed had been constructed to the east of Smithdown Lane and south of the mainline. By 1908 the section of the coal yard furthest north had become an agricultural depôt belonging to the London and North Western Railway who had taken over the line by this time.

The little that remained of the 1830 terminus was lost in a WW2 air raid, and the coal depot closed permanently when services through the two tunnels ended in 1972.

Millfield
Immediately to the south of Crown Street station was an area known as Millfield or Gray's yard where a wagon and carriage shop was established, there was also a large marshalling area and a stores depot. These works expanded to include a boiler shop and an iron foundry when the station closed to passengers.

Current use of the site
The area has been landscaped as a park with the original 1830 single track tunnel's western portal covered over. Student accommodation for the nearby University of Liverpool has been built on a part of the old coal yard site.

The Wapping Tunnel's ventilation tower and a plaque commemorate the station's place in history. There are also a small number of stone sleeper blocks close to the fence on Falkner Street.

Potential new station
The proposal for Paddington Village mentions that a station in the 2014 Liverpool City Region, (LCR) Long Term Rail Strategy would be of use, the station would be on the Wapping Tunnel.

However, the Paddington Village Spatial Regeneration Framework document of October 2016, page 36, specifically gives a map with a station on the old Crown Street station site, stating the locations as Crown Street/Myrtle Street.

title: Crown Street railway station


text:
Deniable encryption

In cryptography and steganography, plausibly deniable encryption describes encryption techniques where the existence of an encrypted file or message is deniable in the sense that an adversary cannot prove that the plaintext data exists.

The users may convincingly deny that a given piece of data is encrypted, or that they are able to decrypt a given piece of encrypted data, or that some specific encrypted data exists. Such denials may or may not be genuine. For example, it may be impossible to prove that the data is encrypted without the cooperation of the users. If the data is encrypted, the users genuinely may not be able to decrypt it. Deniable encryption serves to undermine an attacker's confidence either that data is encrypted, or that the person in possession of it can decrypt it and provide the associated plaintext.

In their pivotal 1996 paper, Ran Canetti, Cynthia Dwork, Moni Naor, and Rafail Ostrovsky introduced the concept of deniable encryption, a cryptographic breakthrough that ensures privacy even under coercion. This concept allows encrypted communication participants to plausibly deny the true content of their messages. Their work lays the foundational principles of deniable encryption, illustrating its critical role in protecting privacy against forced disclosures. This research has become a cornerstone for future advancements in cryptography, emphasizing the importance of deniable encryption in maintaining communication security. The notion of was used by Julian Assange and Ralf Weinmann in the Rubberhose filesystem.

Function
Deniable encryption makes it impossible to prove the origin or existence of the plaintext message without the proper decryption key. This may be done by allowing an encrypted message to be decrypted to different sensible plaintexts, depending on the key used. This allows the sender to have plausible deniability if compelled to give up their encryption key.

Scenario
In some jurisdictions, statutes assume that human operators have access to such things as encryption keys. An example is the United Kingdom's Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act, which makes it a crime not to surrender encryption keys on demand from a government official authorized by the act. According to the Home Office, the burden of proof that an accused person is in possession of a key rests on the prosecution; moreover, the act contains a defense for operators who have lost or forgotten a key, and they are not liable if they are judged to have done what they can to recover a key.

In cryptography, rubber-hose cryptanalysis is a euphemism for the extraction of cryptographic secrets (e.g. the password to an encrypted file) from a person by coercion or torture —such as beating that person with a rubber hose, hence the name—in contrast to a mathematical or technical cryptanalytic attack.

An early use of the term was on the sci.crypt newsgroup, in a message posted 16 October 1990 by Marcus J. Ranum, alluding to corporal punishment:"...the rubber-hose technique of cryptanalysis. (in which a rubber hose is applied forcefully and frequently to the soles of the feet until the key to the cryptosystem is discovered, a process that can take a surprisingly short time and is quite computationally inexpensive)."Deniable encryption allows the sender of an encrypted message to deny sending that message. This requires a trusted third party. A possible scenario works like this:

 * 1) Bob suspects his wife Alice is engaged in adultery. That being the case, Alice wants to communicate with her secret lover Carl. She creates two keys, one intended to be kept secret, the other intended to be sacrificed. She passes the secret key (or both) to Carl.
 * 2) Alice constructs an innocuous message M1 for Carl (intended to be revealed to Bob in case of discovery) and an incriminating love letter M2 to Carl. She constructs a cipher-text C out of both messages, M1 and M2, and emails it to Carl.
 * 3) Carl uses his key to decrypt M2 (and possibly M1, in order to read the fake message, too).
 * 4) Bob finds out about the email to Carl, becomes suspicious and forces Alice to decrypt the message.
 * 5) Alice uses the sacrificial key and reveals the innocuous message M1 to Bob. Since it is impossible for Bob to know for sure that there might be other messages contained in C, he might assume that there are no other messages.

Another scenario involves Alice sending the same ciphertext (some secret instructions) to Bob and Carl, to whom she has handed different keys. Bob and Carl are to receive different instructions and must not be able to read each other's instructions. Bob will receive the message first and then forward it to Carl.

 * 1) Alice constructs the ciphertext out of both messages, M1 and M2, and emails it to Bob.
 * 2) Bob uses his key to decrypt M1 and isn't able to read M2.
 * 3) Bob forwards the ciphertext to Carl.
 * 4) Carl uses his key to decrypt M2 and isn't able to read M1.

Forms of deniable encryption
Normally, ciphertexts decrypt to a single plaintext that is intended to be kept secret. However, one form of deniable encryption allows its users to decrypt the ciphertext to produce a different (innocuous but plausible) plaintext and plausibly claim that it is what they encrypted. The holder of the ciphertext will not be able to differentiate between the true plaintext, and the bogus-claim plaintext. In general, one ciphertext cannot be decrypted to all possible plaintexts unless the key is as large as the plaintext, so it is not practical in most cases for a ciphertext to reveal no information whatsoever about its plaintext. However, some schemes allow decryption to decoy plaintexts that are close to the original in some metric (such as edit distance).

Modern deniable encryption techniques exploit the fact that without the key, it is infeasible to distinguish between ciphertext from block ciphers and data generated by a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (the cipher's pseudorandom permutation properties).

This is used in combination with some decoy data that the user would plausibly want to keep confidential that will be revealed to the attacker, claiming that this is all there is. This is a form of steganography.

If the user does not supply the correct key for the truly secret data, decrypting it will result in apparently random data, indistinguishable from not having stored any particular data there.

Layers
One example of deniable encryption is a cryptographic filesystem that employs a concept of abstract "layers", where each layer can be decrypted with a different encryption key. Additionally, special "chaff layers" are filled with random data in order to have plausible deniability of the existence of real layers and their encryption keys. The user can store decoy files on one or more layers while denying the existence of others, claiming that the rest of space is taken up by chaff layers. Physically, these types of filesystems are typically stored in a single directory consisting of equal-length files with filenames that are either randomized (in case they belong to chaff layers), or cryptographic hashes of strings identifying the blocks. The timestamps of these files are always randomized. Examples of this approach include Rubberhose filesystem.

Rubberhose (also known by its development codename Marutukku) is a deniable encryption program which encrypts data on a storage device and hides the encrypted data. The existence of the encrypted data can only be verified using the appropriate cryptographic key. It was created by Julian Assange as a tool for human rights workers who needed to protect sensitive data in the field and was initially released in 1997.

The name Rubberhose is a joking reference to the cypherpunks term rubber-hose cryptanalysis, in which encryption keys are obtained by means of violence.

It was written for Linux kernel 2.2, NetBSD and FreeBSD in 1997–2000 by Julian Assange, Suelette Dreyfus, and Ralf Weinmann. The latest version available, still in alpha stage, is v0.8.3.

Container volumes
Another approach used by some conventional disk encryption software suites is creating a second encrypted volume within a container volume. The container volume is first formatted by filling it with encrypted random data, and then initializing a filesystem on it. The user then fills some of the filesystem with legitimate, but plausible-looking decoy files that the user would seem to have an incentive to hide. Next, a new encrypted volume (the hidden volume) is allocated within the free space of the container filesystem which will be used for data the user actually wants to hide. Since an adversary cannot differentiate between encrypted data and the random data used to initialize the outer volume, this inner volume is now undetectable. LibreCrypt and BestCrypt can have many hidden volumes in a container; TrueCrypt is limited to one hidden volume.

Other software

 * OpenPuff, freeware semi-open-source steganography for MS Windows.
 * LibreCrypt, opensource transparent disk encryption for MS Windows and PocketPC PDAs that provides both deniable encryption and plausible deniability. Offers an extensive range of encryption options, and doesn't need to be installed before use as long as the user has administrator rights.
 * Off-the-Record Messaging, a cryptographic technique providing true deniability for instant messaging.
 * StegFS, the current successor to the ideas embodied by the Rubberhose and PhoneBookFS filesystems.
 * VeraCrypt (a successor to a discontinued TrueCrypt), an on-the-fly disk encryption software for Windows, Mac and Linux providing limited deniable encryption and to some extent (due to limitations on the number of hidden volumes which can be created ) plausible deniability, without needing to be installed before use as long as the user has full administrator rights.
 * Vanish, a research prototype implementation of self-destructing data storage.

Detection
The existence of hidden encrypted data may be revealed by flaws in the implementation. It may also be revealed by a so-called watermarking attack if an inappropriate cipher mode is used. The existence of the data may be revealed by it 'leaking' into non-encrypted disk space where it can be detected by forensic tools.

Doubts have been raised about the level of plausible deniability in 'hidden volumes' – the contents of the "outer" container filesystem have to be 'frozen' in its initial state to prevent the user from corrupting the hidden volume (this can be detected from the access and modification timestamps), which could raise suspicion. This problem can be eliminated by instructing the system not to protect the hidden volume, although this could result in lost data.

Drawbacks
Possession of deniable encryption tools could lead attackers to continue torturing a user even after the user has revealed all their keys, because the attackers could not know whether the user had revealed their last key or not. However, knowledge of this fact can disincentivize users from revealing any keys to begin with, since they will never be able to prove to the attacker that they have revealed their last key.

Deniable authentication
Some in-transit encrypted messaging suites, such as Off-the-Record Messaging, offer deniable authentication which gives the participants plausible deniability of their conversations. While deniable authentication is not technically "deniable encryption" in that the encryption of the messages is not denied, its deniability refers to the inability of an adversary to prove that the participants had a conversation or said anything in particular.

This is achieved by the fact that all information necessary to forge messages is appended to the encrypted messages – if an adversary is able to create digitally authentic messages in a conversation (see hash-based message authentication code (HMAC)), they are also able to forge messages in the conversation. This is used in conjunction with perfect forward secrecy to assure that the compromise of encryption keys of individual messages does not compromise additional conversations or messages.

title: Deniable encryption


text:
Verities & Balderdash

Verities & Balderdash is the fourth studio album by the American singer/songwriter Harry Chapin, released in 1974. (see 1974 in music). "Cat's in the Cradle" was Chapin's highest-charting single, finishing at number 38 for the year on the 1974 Billboard year-end Hot 100 chart. The follow-up single, "I Wanna Learn a Love Song," charted on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart at number 44, and Billboard Adult Contemporary at number 7. A promotional single, "What Made America Famous?", was released to radio stations as a 45 rpm single. The album was certified Gold on December 17, 1974.

The album was advertised with the slogan: "As only Harry can tell it."

Track listing
All tracks written by Harry Chapin, except where noted.

Personnel
Band Production
 * Harry Chapin - guitar, lead vocals
 * John Tropea - acoustic guitar, sitar
 * Don Payne - bass
 * Allan Schwartzberg - drums
 * Don Grolnick - piano, electric piano, harpsichord
 * Ron Bacchiocchi - synthesizer
 * Irving Spice - concertmaster
 * George Simms - background vocals
 * Frank Simms - background vocals
 * Dave Kondziela - background vocals
 * Zizi Roberts - female vocals
 * Ron Bacchiocchi - recording engineer
 * Grant Ames - recording engineer
 * Paul Leka - mixing
 * Fred Kewley - mixing
 * Glen Christensen - art direction
 * Bill Hofman - illustration
 * Ruth Bernal - photography
 * Shiah Grumet - design

title: Verities & Balderdash


text:
Spy Games

Spy Games (released in some countries as History Is Made at Night) is a 1999 film directed by Ilkka Järvi-Laturi, and starring Bill Pullman, Irène Jacob, and Bruno Kirby. Written by Patrick Amos, the film is about a jaded CIA agent and a young and beautiful SVR agent fighting to save the world, their lives, and their secret love in post Cold War Helsinki. Filmed in Helsinki, Finland and New York City, the movie incorporates elements of romance, action, and thriller genres. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 10 September 1999.

Plot
Harry (Bill Pullman) is a seasoned CIA agent who is looking to forget his past and become his cover identity—a jazz club owner in Helsinki, Finland. Natasha (Irène Jacob) is a young, ambitious SVR (KGB) agent who is looking to secure a future for herself amidst the chaos of the new Russian Federation and her floundering intelligence agency. Originally assigned to spy on Harry, Natasha has fallen in love with the object of her spying, and her assignment has led to a torrid love affair between the two. Like all couples, they are keeping secrets from each other—but in their case, the secrets have international implications.

Harry's life with Natasha is disrupted when a young, over-zealous CIA agent, Dave (Glenn Plummer), comes to Helsinki to intercept a videotape encoded with state secrets en route from New York City. The videotape's hidden code is so sensitive that those who come in contact with the tape are soon killed. Dave is pursuing the unsuspecting courier, a manic ex-bond trader named Max (Bruno Kirby), who is unaware of what he is carrying. Max took the job by chance, following his recent prison term for stock market fraud. Natasha sees the videotape as a possible ticket out of the SVR and into the United States and the American Dream. In fact, everyone involved except Harry is planning to exploit the encoded videotape. Harry's only plan is to prevent Natasha from getting herself killed—or worse, from leaving him for the U.S.

Cast

 * Bill Pullman as Harry Howe / Ernie Halliday
 * Irène Jacob as Natasha Scriabina / Anna Belinka
 * Bruno Kirby as Max Fisher
 * Glenn Plummer as Dave Preston
 * Udo Kier as Ivan Bliniak
 * André Oumansky as Yuri
 * Féodor Atkine as Romanov
 * Janne Kinnunen as Pekka
 * Linda Zilliacus as Maija (as Linda Gyllenberg)
 * Jevgeni Haukka as Slava
 * Marcia Diamond as Lauren
 * Henry Saari as Porn Man
 * Louise Hodges as Porn Woman (as Louise Hodges)
 * Bob Sherman as CIA Elder
 * Kimmo Eloranta as Bodyguard
 * Kati Outinen as Shopkeeper's Wife
 * Kari Väänänen as Cabbie
 * Courtney Pine as Jazz Band Member

Production
Shooting locations included Helsinki and the Helsinki-Vantaa International Airport in Finland.

Release
The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 10 September 1999, and opened in Finland on 22 October 1999. Spy Games was released on DVD in the United States on 11 July 2000.

title: Spy Games


text:
Category:Communist newspapers

Newspapers supporting the ideology of communism. Communism is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state.

title: Category:Communist newspapers


text: User talk:193.251.135.125

title: User talk:193.251.135.125


text:
Talk:Medical torture

Proposal
We could add other doctors who have actually participated or been in charge of a government, prison camp, or insurgence which has tortured prisoners. On the other hand, GLF and sock puppet 66, it's kind of stupid to have a section like this:

Physicians who have participated in or defended governments that condone torture in prison camps
Zillions of physicians in all the countries of the world where this has occurred plus Phil Gingrey, U.S. Representative from Georgia, has publicly defended administration of the Guantanamo detention camp

So I took it out. Alteripse 20:11, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Please stop the edit war.
Please stick to the subject of medical torture, i.e. medical procedures performed deliberately as a form of torture.

To define torture: the infliction of severe physical or psychological pain as a means of cruelty, intimidation, punishment, for the extraction of a confession or information or simply for the entertainment of the perpetrator.

Examples:
 * Medical examination for the purposes of torture.
 * Invasive medical procedures for the purposes of torture.
 * Administering drugs for the purposes of torture.
 * Vivisection for the purposes of torture.

Examples would be Josef Mengele and Unit 731.

Medical staff assisting a cover-up and falsifying medical records IS NOT medical torture. It is unethical, yes, but it is not medical torture. Did the torture in Abu Ghraib include bona-fide medical procedures as a deliberate part of the torture?

Kyz 19:52, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"Sanction" does not mean "collude" or "cover up after the fact". It means to be an authority figure whose permission is needed, and to then explicitly permit. Kyz 20:00, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I agree entirely. Even more irrelevant is a physician congressman who "agrees" in general with the administration of a prison camp but has no authority over it or participation in it. However, to Amoll and his fellow sockpuppets, the entire purpose of this article seems to be to accuse Phil Gingrey of medical torture. This editor is dishonest and using wikipedia only for the purpose of posting provocative and exaggerated political POV. To date he has been unwilling to discuss, negotiate, or compromise on anything. A request for arbitration has been filed. The Phil Gingrey page has been protected and clearly this one needs to be also. This is not the only article incapacitated by his insertions. Please join the complaint. Alteripse 21:05, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

So things like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study don't qualify, because - unlike Mengele - the Doctors didn't intend to torture people. Got that. Lars T. 14:39, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Edits made 16-Oct-2004
I made sweeping rewrites to most of the material, to improve its coherence, spelling and factual accuracy. I have put a lot of effort into it. Please do not simply revert it.

The article is still POV, and is likely to remain so until there is factual evidence of medical torture for every person listed as "associated" with it, and all "examples" have bona-fide sources showing they are examples of actual medical torture.

The following 3 deletions were made, and here are my reasons for doing so.

 * 1. An Israeli medic was convicted of negligence for refusing to treat Palestinean detainee Mahmud Al-Masri for a burst ulcer 24 hours before his death on March 6, 1989 at Gaza Prison.
 * Joost R. Hiltermann. "Deaths in Israeli Prisons." Journal of Palestine Studies. Spring 1990. Vol. 19: Issue 3. pp. 101-110.

Medical negligence and refusing to treat the sick is a medical ethics issue. It is not medical torture, even if it occurs in a prison. This item is irrelevant to the article.

 * 2. Aubrey Levine, South African-Canadian military psychiatrist who tortured gay and lesbian military recruits using "aversion therapy", now working at the University of Calgary

I reinstated this upon reading the original, non-sensationalist sources, which includes testimony from medical staff present in SADF at the time. They disagree with Levine and state that the "treatment" was not voluntary.

 * 3. Phil Gingrey, conservative U.S. Representative

Please read the talk page on the Phil Gingrey article. It is not conclusive that Phil Gingrey is "associated" with medical torture. Making such a statement is POV.

 * 4. In the 1960s and 1970s British psychologists participated in the design of mentally disorienting interrogation techniques, including "white noise" to be used against prisoners captured in Northern Ireland. These techniques may have long term harmful consequences for the victims.

From this source and this source, not only was the action limited to 1970-1971, but the EU commission for human rights and the EU court of human rights have both declared it was not torture.

Why on earth add something that's not torture to a list of tortures?

Calling a dog a cat does not make it a cat.
Imagine you are a medical professional who has never tortured anybody. A torturer approaches you and says "I killed a guy during my torturing. Could you fake his death certificate?". You agree to hush up the torturer's activities.

Did you, the medical professional, torture anyone in this scenario? No. Are you, the medical professional, a torturer? No. Have you, the medical professional, committed medical torture? No. Are your actions a serious breach of medical ethics? Yes.

Torture breaches medical ethics, but not all medical ethics breaches are torture.

If Phil Gingrey did not personally authorise or commit torture, he is not a torturer. End of story. You can't revise the definition of torture to include all who conspire with torturers. You can't revise the definition of torture to include people who design torture methods. I can design a death-contraption on paper, does that make me a murderer?

If you want to label Phil Gingrey as a torturer in your private life, feel free to do so. Don't keep amending Wikipedia to label Phil Gingrey as a torturer unless you have evidence from credible sources.

Is this NPOV?
It seems to me that there's been precious little disagreement (or editing) recently, any edit wars seem to be over and the remaining incidents are undeniable, significant or appropriately laden with weasel terms. As such, I'm removing the NPOV notice. -- Kizor 15:58, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Dictator Allawi?
I think that defining Allawi a dictator apppointed by U.S. is obviously a POV, but it has been there for quite a while. Any ideas? -- Nova77 11:22, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * References to "Dictator Allawi" and Phil Gingrey as torturers are the POV additions of a user who repeatedly vandalises this page. He refuses to discuss any of these on the talk page anymore. See Requests_for_arbitration/66.20.28.01_and_other_accounts for more info. Kyz 16:40, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Compromise
In an attempt to stop futile and frustrating revert wars re-erupting, I have attempted to make a NPOV compromise edit incorporating all points of view. Please feel free to flame my talk page if you so desire. -- FirstPrinciples 01:34, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi FP. Sadly, the problem is that we have a single rogue editor with wide range of sockpuppet aliases. When he got kicked off the Phil Gingrey page for adding uncorroborated POV nonsense, he created the medical torture page and, surprise surprise, listed Phil Gingrey as a medical torturer. He created the "Representative Gingrey" page which was a POV version of the Phil Gingrey page. There is no reason to fill Wikipedia with unrepresentative POV inventions of a single editor, and there is no need to "compromise" with them. I have already wasted valuable time researching his claims and found no evidence to back them up, despite finding plenty of sources for some of the other assertions he made. Inserting these claims against Phil Gingrey, no matter how you word it, makes Wikipedia a less useful and reliable encyclopedia. You say More controversially, a small number of critics have claimed that Dr. Phil Gingrey ..., this "small number of critics" is a single person with a special interest in defaming Gingrey and no evidence to back up his claims. I could not find anyone else who interprets Gingrey's actions as medical torture or even a violation of medical ethics. It is extremely tenuous reasoning, and only one person is asserting it, and is currently under wikipedia arbitration for continuing to assert it.

 * I notice that you changed the "Examples of medical torture" section to "Asserted instances of medical torture". While this is fine for now, and allows in things which were shown not to be torture, I'm not sure of such a section's worth on this page. There must be thousands of cases of non-torture being claimed as torture by those with a specific interest in attacking or damaging the reputation of the alleged torturers. Do we really want them on this page?

 * Also, you say There have been numerous claims that... and Some claim that such actions.... What are these specific claims, and who are these people that claim these acts are medical torture? Please add specific examples and name the people making these assertions. Kyz 15:30, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I appreciate your position. I was simply trying to find a neutral and accurate middle ground that everyone could agree to. Admittedly the claims about Phil Gingrey are pretty insane. I will work on finding more concrete evidence, examples etc. -- FirstPrinciples 03:03, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

anti-apologetics
Using "alleged instances" or any other similarly crabbed and crippled language to describe actual cases of medical torture is a form of apology, a defence that in itself "countenances" medical torture. This Representative Gingrey person is clearly implicated in medical torture by any normal reading of the words of the definition. (unsigned, by ShepsleH)

 * As your arbcom ruling says 66.20.28.21 (under any account or IP) may be temporarily banned (one day for inital offenses, up to one week for repeated offenses) if he places original research or reinserts it after it has been removed into the disputed articles without establishing and citing an independent, relible source for the information. The blocking administrator may use his/her discretion in determining what an independent, reliable source is.
 * Those independent, reliable sources in full, please. 81.178.65.55 09:11, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * ShepsleH, Your misuse of the term "apologetics" in the heading is wonderfully ironic! -- FirstPrinciples 09:46, Jan 31, 2005 (UTC)

removing Karadzic
Though Radovan Karadzic technically can be called a doctor, he is a qualified psychiatrist, there is no proof nor sustainable evidence or him being involved in mediacal torture.

Nor was he ever head of state of Serbia, he was president of the Serb constituency of Bosian Republic in the Yugoslav Federal Republic.

MK-ULTRA
I think it would be very good (informative) to introduce at least a link to the MK-ULTRA project in the article. It was a medical torture project carried out in the post-WW2 world in a country considered to be most civilised.

 * A more general section could be on the medical supervision of the administration of "Truth drugs", which appear to have been part of the MK-ULTRA research. === Vernon White (talk)  20:26, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Misuse of Medicine
How is medical torture different than the misuse of psychiatry and other forms of medicine? Examples of this would be Soviet era attempts to 'cure' political dissidents, or the many psychiatric abuses carried out GLBT people or the practice, widely known about in my childhood, of 'putting people away' - committing inconvenient and powerless members of one's family to a psychiatric facility.

Similarly, there are documented cases of persons who received lobotomies because they were hated by their guardian, or who received electroshock therapy because they reported that they had been raped by medical staff.

So what makes torture 'medical'? Is it because a doctor is involved? Is it because the torture is covered by by wrapping it in the trope of medicine? Is it because the torture was a consequence of the power imbalance in much of medicine, especially psychiatry? Is it because the method of torture used paraphernalia and methods associated with medicine (and in that sense is execution by lethal injection 'medical' in a way that the noose is not?). - anniepoo

As defined in this article, medical torture is torture for political purposes using the medical establishement or medical personnel. From most perspectives it is clearly distinguishable from abusive treatment of patients by medical personnel for dishonorable motives, or treatment that is carried out for honorable motives but perceived as abusive by the patient. The Soviet use of forced psychiatric treatment of political dissidents fits this definition and article, while forced psychiatric treatment of deviant sexual behavior does not because it was intended for the benefit of the patient, no mater how unjustifiable or barbaric the methods and understanding seem to us now. alteripse 05:11, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

HRW Report
I have only browsed through the report, but I don't see any specific allegations of medical torture; on the contrary, it seems like all the doctors involved are working with HRW. If there is a specific allegation, can someone highlight it? And if not, let's cut. 00:16, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Totalitarianism and democracy
Interested that the documented instances all took place in Nazi or Communist countries - or dictatorships like Saddam's Iraq. And the "allegations" are all against democratic countries.

One would think that with the press freedom and ease of private communication in democractic societies it would be much easier to find evidence of complicity, if it's really taking place. I sense a one-sided attempt to push moral equivalence here. --Uncle Ed 01:34, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Torture is a means of ruling people by fear. And so it of course is badly against justice and so also against the rational arranging of the society to best benefit the nation. In other words: if one looks at the whole, one notices that the effect of torture is harmful to the country since its fear prevents the free competition of all the different alternatives. Supporting just good strategies of life and dropping the poor strategies away is the basic principle by which market economies succeed, evolution works and science finds its answers. Torture prevents a large part of that competition and guiding toward better. InsectIntelligence (talk) 17:13, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

Outdated?

 * However, the American Psychological Association has not recognized that psychologists were involved in the Bush Administration’s torture policy. Some criticize the APA for failing to respond to allegations of “collusion between APA officials and the national security apparatus in providing ethical cover for psychologists’ participation in detainee abuse."

Didn't they finally recognize it after the Senate torture report was released? Viriditas (talk) 08:33, 20 December 2014 (UTC)

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Is psychiatric coercion medicalized terrorism, and thereby medical torture?
Perhaps the ideas of psychiatrist Thomas Szasz should be included here. Is psychiatric coercion, force, and confinement not a form of medical torture? Are you aware of the psychiatric survivor movement? According to psychiatrist Thomas Szasz, "Psychiatric coercion is medicalized terrorism.". Perhaps something about non-consensual psychiatric can be included here. Michael Ten (talk) 05:07, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

Allegations and rumors
I believe that there should be a distinct line drawn between verified medical torture and inhumane experimentation, such as that conducted by Axis states during World War II, and allegations that remain without solid evidence and are unverified. Furthermore, I would like to state that this accusation against Israel should be removed:

"In 2016, a group consisting of 71 British medical doctors urged that Israel's membership in the World Medical Association should be revoked because Israeli doctors allegedly perform state-endorsed "medical torture" on Palestinians."

Although it could be theoretically included in the article, the lack of evidence to support the claim of the British doctors that prisoners were force-fed in question should be given due consideration when it is put into the same category as proven and factually verified instances of fascist human experimentation and medical torture on the lines of Nazi, Imperial Japanese, and Apartheid-regime offenses. If it is included, it should be made more clear that the accusation lacks evidence (with none provided by the source, only a report of the instance occurring), and in response I link the following articles:

https://www.timesofisrael.com/world-medical-body-rejects-claims-israel-should-be-expelled/ https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/world-medical-body-rejects-claims-israelis-should-be-expelled-1.5397622

This article dictates that the authority in charge of investigating and judging Israel on this account has ultimately concluded that the charges raised against it were false. I personally believe this to be grounds for removal from the list of "Asserted instances" where it is alongside verified incidents. Not only were they cleared of charges, but the next year, an Israeli doctor would come to lead the organization entirely.

From the same source as the original comment quoted above:

http://www.jpost.com/HEALTH-SCIENCE/Israeli-doctor-elected-head-of-World-Medical-Association-507585

In my admittedly brief research, the only source I could find particularly accusing Israel of medical torture was Electronic Intifada, which did not seem to cite any sources of its own. I'd imagine propaganda outlets would be likely sources as well, but these would for obvious reasons be unreliable. I am not certain on Wikipedia's official stance on Electronic Intifada, as the page on it is very lacking in critical views, but it is my belief that it should not be used as the main source for most particular things due to a generally acknowledged strong bias and seeming lack of particular regulation of its content. Furthermore, it has been associated with organizations and movements that were deemed discriminatory on several occasions: February of 2015 in the United States (BDS), from April to December of 2015 the states of Tennessee, Illinois, South Carolina, California, and Florida all passed laws with this in mind (BDS), in 2015 and 2016 the state of Indiana doubly reinforced the stance that BDS was discriminatory and a type of hate, in 2016 the state of New York banned corporate participation and cooperation with BDS-affiliated groups, in 2016 the state of Alabama denounced the BDS movement with consideration to Jewish (not necessarily Israeli) citizens and cemented it as an antisemitic organization, in 2016 Colorado likewise restricted government entities from affiliation with BDS, Indiana attempted to push through a similar bill but has not yet seen success in finalizing...

There is an extensive list of anti-BDS measures that near universally declare the movement discriminatory in nature, ranging from Washington to Georgia, from California to Alabama, from New York to Texas, all in agreement with the federal government. This is grounds, I believe, to consider BDS a controversial and biased movement and, in turn, to consider Electronic Intifada as a very strong proponent to be a necessarily biased and unreliable source when brought to contention with the ruling of the World Medical Association.

With this all in mind, I would like to summarize my point: the accusation raised against Israel seems to have been sufficiently cleared by the authority in power whose task was to sort the details and draw a conclusion. The only resource I can find which continues to dispute this should not be considered an effective main/primary source of information without corroboration. For this reason, the continued lingering of the statement present is unwarranted, and its remaining presence or readdition (I have not paid particular attention to the editing history) may be simply due to political reasons on the part of the editor responsible. I cannot confirm this, and it is mere speculation, for at the very least the specific text indicates that it was an allegation rather than a fact, and it may have been a good-faith attempt at providing more modern examples. Upon the very brief review of editing history I have seen so far, though, I hope my concern is understood given the seeming issue regarding the status of withholding treatment.

Thank you for your consideration.

173.62.185.200 (talk) 05:11, 15 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Medical torture


text:
Lawrence Academy (Groton, Massachusetts)

Lawrence Academy at Groton is a private, nonsectarian, co-educational college-preparatory boarding school located in Groton, Massachusetts. Founded in 1792 as Groton Academy and chartered in 1793 by Governor John Hancock, Lawrence is the tenth-oldest boarding school in the United States and the third-oldest in Massachusetts, following The Governor's Academy (1763) and Phillips Academy at Andover (1778).

Notable alumni include Harvard University president James Walker, America Online CEO Tim Armstrong, federal judge Robert H. Terrell, and the founders of the University of Kansas, Gallaudet University, and Lawrence University.

Early center of learning
On April 27, 1792, fifty residents of the towns of Groton and Pepperell formed an association to raise funds for a "Publick School ... in Groton, for the education of youth, of both sexes—in which School are taught the English, Latin and Greek Languages, Writing, Arithmetic, Geography, the Art of Speaking and Writing, with Practical Geometry, and Logic." The founders of the new Groton Academy included prominent citizens Oliver Prescott, Zabdiel Adams, Samuel Dana, and Timothy Bigelow. Samuel Lawrence also contributed funds, thus beginning the school's longstanding relationship with the Lawrence family.

The academy is the third-oldest boarding school in Massachusetts. It received its corporate charter in 1793 and a state-funded endowment (11,520 acres of land in Maine) in 1797. Its primary purpose was to educate students from the surrounding region; at the time, Groton was the second-largest town in Middlesex County and the center of the local economy. Although some students came from as far away as North Carolina, the school remained committed to its local base. From 1793 to 1848, thirteen families supplied one out of every six students.

In the days before compulsory education, enrollment was unstable and only a small portion of students attended college. Schoolmasters rarely stayed for longer than two years; the first (Samuel Holyoke) stayed for less than a year. Even so, Groton Academy developed a strong reputation. Between 1801 and 1870, it sent approximately fifty students to Harvard College, making it one of Harvard's top twelve feeder schools. Turnover at the top meant that several notable individuals taught at Groton Academy after graduating from college, including Asahel Stearns, the co-founder of Harvard Law School, and William Merchant Richardson, the future chief justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court.

Alumni in the early years included James Walker, president of Harvard University; John Prescott Bigelow, mayor of Boston; James Gordon Carter, a pioneer in tax-funded public schools; and Nehemiah Cutter, a co-founder of the American Psychiatric Association. In addition, in 1879, when the academy was already a mature institution, Lawrence Academy admitted its first black graduate, Robert H. Terrell. Terrell would later become the third black graduate of Harvard, the first black honors graduate of Harvard, and the first black federal judge.

Lawrence family patronage
On February 28, 1846, the Massachusetts legislature granted the Groton Academy board's request to rename the institution to Lawrence Academy at Groton in recognition of the generosity of the children of Samuel Lawrence, all eight of whom had attended the academy.

In 1838, brothers Amos and William Lawrence—by now wealthy Boston merchants and investors—began their lengthy patronage of the academy, when Amos contributed a gift of "books and philosophical apparatus," followed in 1839 by "a telescope and Bowditch's translation of Mécanique Céleste by Laplace," and $2,000 for enlarging the schoolhouse in 1842. In 1844, William donated $10,000 to the endowment "for the advancement of education for all coming time." By 1850, Amos had donated an entire library's worth of books to the academy (2,400 of its 2,650 books). Over the course of their lives, Amos and William Lawrence donated nearly $65,000 in cash, scholarships, and property to the school (around $2.6 million in 2024 dollars). In addition, their brothers Luther and Samuel (the younger) both served as president of the board of trustees.

The Lawrences' funds also helped the academy establish close ties with prominent liberal arts schools, including Williams College, which historically catered to New England's "older provincial elite." The gifts of the Lawrence brothers established twelve scholarships for Lawrence Academy graduates to attend Williams, Bowdoin College in Maine, and Wabash College in Indiana (four each). Franklin Carter, president of Williams College, was the guest speaker at the academy's 90th anniversary celebration in 1883.

Modernization
In the middle of the nineteenth century, Lawrence Academy's future was jeopardized by religious disputes. Groton's population was divided between trinitarian Congregationalists (often Evangelicals) and Unitarians, and the Unitarians outnumbered the trinitarians. At the time, Lawrence Academy's board of trustees was heavily Evangelical, and board members suspected that Unitarians in town were trying to deter local students from attending the academy. (Despite the academy's reliance on local students, its charter required "a majority of trustees [to] be non-residents of Groton." ) In the 1850s and 1880s, the town of Groton sought to make Lawrence Academy a public high school under town control, but the trustees rejected both proposals. In 1860, the town opened Groton High School, providing the first secular alternative to Lawrence Academy. In addition, in 1884, the now-Episcopalian Lawrence family helped establish Groton School, an Episcopal boarding school, which periodically attempted to convert its neighbor to Anglicanism. Enrollment bottomed out at 26 students in 1889.

In 1899, Lawrence Academy reinvented itself as a traditional college-preparatory boarding school. It raised tuition to $430 (it was $200 fifteen years earlier ) and revised the curriculum to focus on college entrance examinations. It stopped admitting girls, and it prioritized boarding students over day students. The school remained formally nonsectarian, but the new principal was the son of an Episcopal priest. Anglicisms such as "Third Form" (freshmen) and "headmaster" (principal) were briefly imported, though later discarded.

During this period, the academy endured a long stretch of financial difficulties and shut down twice. The academy first closed from 1869 to 1871 after its schoolhouse burned down during a Fourth of July celebration; it cost $24,000 to replace (nearly $600,000 in 2024). It closed again from 1898 to 1899 while it converted into an all-male high school, at the expense of its first female principal, Kate Mann, hired just one year earlier. Although the academy returned to financial health in the 1940s, the campus burned down again in 1956.

The academy resumed co-education in 1971. Improved fundraising in the 1980s and 1990s, including an $8 million capital campaign, significantly improved the academy's financial health.

Today, Lawrence Academy's student body is both heavily local and heavily international. 58% of students are day students. A quarter of the boarding students (12%) come from abroad. The academy enrolled 424 students in the 2021-22 school year, of whom 306 (72.2%) were white, 49 (11.6%) were Asian, 26 (6.1%) were black, 16 (3.8%) were Hispanic, 1 (0.2%) was Native American, 1 (0.2%) was Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and 25 (6.0%) were multiracial; the national survey in question required each student to choose only one category.

Athletics
Lawrence Academy's athletic teams compete in the Independent School League. The academy has educated many notable athletes.

Ice hockey

 * Laurie Baker, 1998 Olympic gold medalist; 1992 silver medalist
 * Jim Campbell
 * Greg Crozier, two-time NCAA champion
 * Doug Friedman
 * Steve Heinze, played on the 1992 U.S. Olympic team
 * Vic Heyliger, head coach at the University of Michigan; six-time NCAA champion in 1948, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956 (most all-time); U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame inductee
 * David Jensen, played on the 1984 U.S. Olympic team
 * Rand Pecknold, head coach at Quinnipiac University; NCAA champion in 2023
 * Jeff Serowik

Basketball

 * Shabazz Napier, two-time NCAA champion
 * Richard Roby
 * Antoine Wright

Other

 * Jonah Bayliss (baseball)
 * Tyler Beede (baseball)
 * Guillermo Cantú (soccer)
 * A. J. Dillon (football)
 * Cynthia Ryder (rowing)

Notable alumni

 * Tim Armstrong, class of 1989, chairman and CEO of AOL
 * William Bancroft, 1st President of the Boston Elevated Railway, member of Massachusetts House of Representatives and mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * Charles Beecher, minister, composer of hymns, and author.
 * Henry Adams Bullard, U.S. Representative from Louisiana 1831-1834 and 1850-1851
 * Richard Burgin, author, editor of Boulevard
 * Karyn Bryant, television personality; MTV VJ, CNN anchor
 * Bruce Crane, president and chairman of Crane & Co.; member of the Massachusetts Governor's Council
 * James Dana, 5th mayor of Charlestown, Massachusetts
 * Eric Gaskins, fashion designer based in New York City
 * Samuel Abbott Green, physician, librarian, historian, and 28th Mayor of Boston
 * Donald L. Harlow, Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force
 * Edward D. Hayden, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts
 * Frederick "Moose" Heyliger, World War II paratrooper featured in Band of Brothers
 * Chase Hoyt, film, television, and stage actor
 * Amos Kendall, 8th Postmaster General and founder of Gallaudet College for the deaf
 * Abbott Lawrence, Member of Congress; Minister to Great Britain; founder of Harvard University's Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences
 * Amos Adams Lawrence, abolitionist; politician; founder of the University of Kansas and Lawrence University
 * Amos Lawrence, industrialist; philanthropist
 * Charles H. Mansur, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Missouri
 * Cat Marnell, writer
 * Julie Mason, newspaper and radio journalist
 * Page McConnell, Phish musician
 * Audrey A. McNiff, managing director at Goldman Sachs
 * Albert E. Pillsbury, President of the Massachusetts State Senate and Massachusetts Attorney General
 * William Adams Richardson, 29th Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of the United States Court of Claims
 * Maria Rodale, publisher; Chairman and CEO of Rodale, Inc.
 * Ether Shepley, politician; Senator from Maine from 1833-1835, Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court 1848-1855
 * Jim Sokolove, television attorney
 * Huntley N. Spaulding, philanthropist; Governor of New Hampshire from 1927 to 1929
 * Charles Warren Stone, politician; Congressman and Lieutenant Governor from Pennsylvania
 * Frank Bigelow Tarbell, historian, archeologist and professor at University of Chicago
 * George Makepeace Towle, lawyer, politician, and author
 * Dr. James Walker, Unitarian minister and 21st president of Harvard University
 * William B. Washburn, Governor of Massachusetts from 1872-1874, U.S. Representative from 1863-1871, U.S. Senator from 1874-1875
 * William Channing Whitney, architect

Notable faculty

 * Samuel Adams Holyoke, first headmaster
 * Robert V. Bruce, 1988 winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History
 * Brian Feigenbaum, founder of Food Not Bombs
 * Paul Zukauskas, former Boston College football and Cleveland Browns player who coached at Lawrence Academy, leading the team to four consecutive ISL and two additional NEPSAC championships


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sweetheart

Sweetheart was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP

Dunc_Harris|☺ 20:32, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I suggest moving girlfriend here and reworded to talk about this kind of person regardless of sex. Boyfriend, which looks like a dictionary definition, should be merged and re-directed. Note that the article for the company will remain at Sweetheart (company), and we can still have a link to it at the top of the merged article. 66.245.64.202 20:17, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Completely inappropriate VfD listing IMO. I have reservations about the idea too, but the main point is, there's no need to delete anything to do this anyway. Andrewa 20:29, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * reject not vfd material. To anon, please log in. This is not a case for vfd; discuss it on the article's talk page.  The current procedure for requesting merges should go to duplicate articles or to the village pump. Dunc_Harris|☺ 20:32, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I also put it in the Duplicate article section, but I am putting Sweetheart itself on Vfd because I think it should be deleted to prepare for a page move. Any better way to do this that doesn't involve deleting this page?? 66.245.64.202 20:34, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Short answer is yes. Long answer doesn't belong on VfD. Please see your talk page. Andrewa 20:42, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * But now see mainly talk:boyfriend. Andrewa 01:32, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Reject. As stated, not VfD -- can this be removed from VfD, actually? --Aponar Kestrel (talk) 00:47, 2004 Oct 12 (UTC)
 * Keep. Boyfriend, Girlfriend, Significant other, Romantic love, Courtship, and now [{Sweetheart]].  I think all these articles reflect very subtle nuances in our cultural practices and should all be separate articles.  Someone should coordinate them better, methinks. <-- this is Fishal (func(talk) 03:48, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC))

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire may refer to:

 * Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772–1844), French naturalist
 * Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1805–1861), French zoologist who coined the term ethology, son of Étienne Saint-Hilaire
 * Albert Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1835–1919), French zoologist, coined the binomial nomenclature name for the Chinese monal pheasant, son of Isidore Saint-Hilaire

title: Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire