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DSM (company)

Koninklijke DSM N.V. (Royal DSM, commonly known as DSM, which is the acronym for Dutch State Mines), was a Dutch multinational corporation active in the fields of health, nutrition and materials. Headquartered in Heerlen, at the end of 2017 DSM employed 21,054 people in approximately 50 countries and posted net sales of €8.632 billion in 2018 and €9.204 billion in 2021. In May 2023 it merged with the Swiss company Firmenich to form a new entity named dsm-firmenich.

History
DSM was formed by the Dutch state in 1902 to mine coal reserves in southern Limburg and although the company had diversified into commodity chemicals and petrochemicals by 1973, when the last mine closed, DSM retains a link to its origins by continuing to use the initials, originally an abbreviation for Dutch State Mines, to this day.

During World War II researchers worked on penicillin. The code name Bacinol was used to keep the research secret from the Germans. The research was done at the company Nederlandsche Gist- en Spiritusfabriek, Dutch Yeast and Spirits Factory, later becoming DSM Sinochem Pharmaceuticals, in Delft.

In 1989, the government floated 70% of its shares in the company on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange (now Euronext Amsterdam) with the remaining 30% floated in 1996, thereby completing DSM's privatization. The 21st century has seen DSM follow successive five-year strategic periods of portfolio transformation and internationalization involving acquisitions, divestments and partnerships. In 2001, 48% of DSM's workforce was based in the Netherlands; in 2017, this was 18%.

In 2022, DSM and Swiss privately owned group Firmenich announced their intention to form a "merger of equals" to form a new group named "dsm-firmenich".

Acquisitions

 * 1998: Gist-brocades (food ingredients, pharmaceuticals, yeast- and enzyme-based production process technology).
 * 2000: Catalytica Pharmaceuticals (pharmaceutical intermediates).
 * 2003: Roche's vitamin division.
 * 2005: NeoResins (water-based coating resins).
 * 2011: Martek (nutritional products derived from microalgae and fermentation technology).
 * 2011: Vitatene (natural carotenoids derived from fermentation of Blakeslea trispora fungus).
 * 2012: Verenium's food enzymes and oilseed processing business.
 * 2012: Kensey Nash (biomedical regenerative medicine).
 * 2012: Ocean Nutrition Canada (fish-oil derived nutritional products).
 * 2012: Cargill's cultures and enzymes business.
 * 2012: Fortitech (customized nutrient premixes).
 * 2013: Unitech (micronutrient premixes and macronutrient blends).
 * 2013: Andre Pectin (food hydrocolloids).
 * 2013: Tortuga (nutritional supplements for pasture raised cattle).
 * 2015: Åland (vitamin C).
 * 2015: Cubic Tech (high-performance, ultra-lightweight, flexible laminates and fabrics).
 * 2020: Erber Group – Biomin and Romer Labs (mycotoxin and allergen tests in food).
 * 2020: Glycom (human milk oligosaccharides, infant formula supplement).
 * 2021: Amyris Flavor & Fragrance business.

Divestments

 * 2002: Petrochemicals (hydrocarbons, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyolefins).
 * 2001: Quinine and Cinchona Alcaloids to Buchler GmbH.
 * 2010: Ammonia, fertilizer and melamine.
 * 2010: Thermoplastic elastomers.
 * 2010: EP(D)M rubber.
 * 2010: Toluene oxidation.
 * 2017: Patheon, a pharmaceutical contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) joint venture with JLL Partners, to Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
 * 2021: Resins & Functional Materials business to Covestro AG.
 * 2022: Protective Materials business to Avient Corporation
 * 2022: Engineering Materials business to Advent International and LANXESS

Partnerships
DSM has stated that these partnerships have been created with a view to the company's ultimate exit from the businesses concerned. DSM has applied IFRS 11 to its associates and joint ventures since 2013.
 * 2009: DSM and NCPC sign contracts to establish nutrition and anti-infectives joint ventures in China
 * 2011: DSM Sinochem Pharmaceuticals, joint venture (DSM 50%) with the Sinochem Group. DSM Sinochem Pharmaceuticals is a manufacturer of generic anti-infective molecules.
 * 2015: ChemicaInvest, joint venture (DSM 35%) with CVC Capital Partners. ChemicaInvest consists of three business units; Aliancys (composite resins), AnQore (acrylonitrile) and Fibrant (caprolactam).

Organization
DSM's five business groups are clustered according to product and market combinations, with the business group directors reporting directly to the Managing Board. Since 2015, DSM's activities have been grouped into three clusters: Nutrition, Materials and Innovation Center.

Nutrition
The Nutrition cluster is made up of DSM Nutritional Products and DSM Food Specialties. DSM Nutritional Products produces essential nutrients such as synthetic vitamins, carotenoids, human milk oligosaccharides, nutritional lipids and other ingredients for the feed, food, pharmaceutical and personal care industries. DSM Food Specialties manufactures food enzymes, cultures, yeast extracts, savory flavors, hydrocolloids and other specialty ingredients for the dairy, baking, beverage and savory segments. DSM also manufacturers a novel cattle feed additive (Bovaer) to reduce methane production from dairy production. In 2021, DSM was ranked 6th on FoodTalks' list of Top 30 Global Probiotic Food Ingredient Companies.

Materials
The Materials cluster is made up of DSM Engineering Materials, DSM Protective Materials and DSM Resins & Functional Materials. DSM Engineering Materials’ specialty plastics are used in components for the electrical and electronics, automotive, flexible food packaging and consumer goods industries. DSM Protective Materials is the inventor, manufacturer and marketer of Dyneema. DSM Resins & Functional Materials manufacture resins solutions for paints, inks, stereolithography, and industrial and optical fiber coatings.

Innovation Center
In addition to the role of supporting innovation in the businesses and DSM's venturing activities, the Innovation Center is responsible for the company's ‘Emerging Business Areas’; DSM Biomedical (biomaterials and regenerative medical devices), DSM Bio-based Products & Services (biomass-conversion technology) and DSM Advanced Solar (AR-coatings and Photovoltaic-films for solar modules).

Financial targets
In November 2015, DSM announced that up to 2018 it was targeting a high single-digit annual percentage increase in EBITDA and a high double-digit annual basis point increase in Return on capital employed (ROCE). It will focus on organic sales growth, reducing costs and strict capital allocation and does not expect to engage in large acquisitions in the near future.

Environmental targets
Within its corporate strategy the company also defines long-term sustainability aspirations, which include targets to improve the eco-efficiency of its operations. In November 2015, DSM set the following environmental reduction targets: Since 2010, the Short - and Long-Term incentive elements of the remuneration of DSM's Managing Board and executive bonuses relate to the company's financial and environmental performance in equal measure. Since 2004, DSM has been either the Materials industry group leader, (7 years) or among the leaders in the annual Dow Jones Sustainability Index.

Shares
DSM is listed on Euronext Amsterdam and is a constituent of the AEX index. Options on DSM shares are traded on the European Option Exchange in Amsterdam. In the US, a sponsored unlisted American Depositary Receipts (ADR) programme is provided by Deutsche Bank Trust Co. Americas. These ADR's are listed on the OTCQX International Premier Marketplace.

title: DSM (company)


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AVC

AVC may refer to:

Organizations

 * Asian Volleyball Confederation, the continental governing body for the sport of volleyball in Asia
 * Advanced Video Communications, owner of Stickam
 * ¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo!, a defunct left-wing group in Ecuador
 * American Viscose Corporation, a former maker of rayon and other synthetic fibers
 * Antelope Valley College, a community college in Lancaster, California
 * Association of Vineyard Churches, a Protestant Christian denomination based in North America
 * Atlantic Veterinary College, on Prince Edward Island, Canada
 * Bureau of Arms Control, Verification, and Compliance, a bureau within the U.S. Department of State

Technology

 * Advanced Video Coding (a.k.a. H.264), a digital video compression format
 * Access vector cache, in implementations of Security-Enhanced Linux
 * Aluminum vehicle carrier, a type of autorack, a railroad freight car
 * Automated vehicle classification
 * Automatic volume control, a way of compensating for fading of radio signals
 * A US Navy hull classification symbol: Seaplane catapult, light (AVC)

Other uses

 * Ab urbe condita or Anno urbis conditae, Latin for "from the founding of the city" (of Rome), used for dates
 * Assurance of voluntary compliance, a legal device
 * Atrioventricular canal
 * Average variable cost, a metric used in economics

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: AVC


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Talk:Pocket Full of Kryptonite

Fair use rationale for Image:Spindocs pocket kryptonite.JPG
Image:Spindocs pocket kryptonite.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 08:12, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Songwriting credit corrections
All tracks written by Spin Doctors except for track 6 by Eric Schenkman/Graham Clark/John Fitting/Simon Lambert; track 8 by Spin Doctors/John Bell; track 10 (Hard to Exist) by Spin Doctors/John Popper/Aaron Comess. This information is from the liner notes, but the individual names are from lyric sites since the notes list the writers as A. Comess (e.g.). I am unfamiliar with how to create a citation link, so instead I will ask someone who DOES know to a) determine the usability of this information and b) add it.

http://www.metrolyrics.com/more-than-she-knows-lyrics-spin-doctors.html http://www.metrolyrics.com/off-my-line-lyrics-spin-doctors.html http://www.lyricsbay.com/doctors_spin_hard_to_exist_lyrics-spin_doctors.html

Please be aware that these are lyric sites and there may be pop-ups/unders. I am not associated with these sites and have found them via Google searches. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bwanderson (talk • contribs) 23:31, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pocket Full of Kryptonite


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Blue-fronted Amazon

Blue-fronted Amazon was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to keep as improved. Cool Hand Luke  08:50, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

One line substub created by anonymous user.

NOTE: As the content has changed significantly since this was originally proposed for deletion, I did not feel that the consensus to delete was actually targeted at the present version, and so at a minimum the discussion should continue. I have accordingly relisted it. Postdlf 00:52, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - UtherSRG 15:31, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect, or somthin' It's a kind of parrot.  Terrapin 17:28, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not much point of redirecting, I reckon, but I must say that I was disappointed that this wasn't about Pict women who went into battle topless. Geogre 18:55, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - move content to Amazon parrot, and change Amazon parrot to include this content under the species list. Ben@liddicott.com 21:48, 2004 Oct 18 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unless there's significant information to be written about it, merge with Amazon parrot. Nadavspi 00:29, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --*drew 00:32, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - I just NPOVed and expanded it to an acceptible stub. D AVODD  [[User_talk:Davodd|« TALK »]] 18:20, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Worthy stub now. Postdlf 00:52, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: Far, far, far better now, and perfectly acceptable. Geogre 01:48, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep in present form. Nice work. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 02:15, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Nicely done Davodd and Postdlf. - Eisnel 05:35, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nice work and nice content, but the subject is still not notable, and should be merged with Amazon Parrot. Ben@liddicott.com 08:19, 2004 Oct 26 (UTC)
 * I, and expect most others here, would disagree with any statement that a species of bird isn't notable enough for an encyclopedia. k. Joe D (t) 22:08, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * There are well over 9,000 recognised species of bird. Of course they all need mentioning in any good encyclopedia. This is what I suggest: Moving the content to Parrot. But they are not all notable enough for an article of their own.
 * In my opinion, (and it looks like I am outvoted anyway), a better way would be to build up sentences of content in sections within the parent article. If any species are notable, they will attract content, and an article for that species can be created when they reach a couple of paragraphs. When there is only a sentence or two of information for the species, the reader is better served by being able to make convenient side-by-side comparisions of the information.
 * Creating separate articles for every species in the absence of useful and distinct content serves no purpose.
 * Ben@liddicott.com 14:32, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - common household pet.Capitalistroadster 08:21, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think it is safe to now remove the VfD listing.  Radman1 17:13, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Following the rewrite, the article is useful now. Keep - Mike Rosoft 21:09, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Mescalero

Mescalero or Mescalero Apache (Naa'dahéńdé) is an Apache tribe of Southern Athabaskan–speaking Native Americans. The tribe is federally recognized as the Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Apache Reservation, located in south-central New Mexico.

In the 19th century, the Mescalero opened their reservation to other Apache tribes, such as the Mimbreno (Chíhéńde, Warm Springs Apaches) and the Chiricahua (Shá’i’áńde or Chidikáágu). Some Lipan Apache (Tú’édįnéńde and Túntsańde) also joined the reservation. Their descendants are enrolled in the Mescalero Apache Tribe.

Reservation

Originally established on May 27, 1873, by executive order of President Ulysses S. Grant, the reservation was first located near Fort Stanton (Zhúuníidu). The present reservation was established in 1883. It has a land area of 1,862.463 km2 (719.101 sq mi), almost entirely in Otero County. The 463,000-acre reservation lies on the eastern flank of the Sacramento Mountains and borders the Lincoln National Forest. A small, unpopulated section is in Lincoln County just southwest of Ruidoso (Tsé tághe' si'â-yá). U.S. Route 70 is the major highway through the reservation.

Given that the Mescalero Tribal lands in the Lincoln National Forest are ranked as one of the most beautiful scenic locations in the world, much of the tribal economy is in hospitality and tourism. The trades and ranching also contribute to their growing economy. With a growing technology sector their Native Innovation Centers and multi state University Consortiums will soon provide a robust research and development sector to their economy.

The Mescalero Department of Resource Management and Land Development celebrated 60 years of success in 2022 on the 20th anniversary of their two premier tourist destination resorts. The Mescalero designed, developed and own the Inn of the Mountain Gods (IMG) Casino and Golf Resort within the Lincoln National Forest. The Mescalero designed, developed, own and operate Ski Apache Resort in the Sierra Blanca Mountains. This is the southern most large ski resort in North America. The Mescalero ownership and management of these facilities including all of the Alpine Sports including equestrian center and zip lines requires effective resource management. They reflect the entrepreneurial vision and resilience of the Mescalero Tribe. These resorts are premier destination tourism spots according to New Mexico, US, North American and global travel guides. Native American heritage combined with one-of-a kind resorts that features hand made cultural accessories to high tech operations. The mountains and foothills are forested with pines; resource and commercial development are managed carefully by the Mescalero Apache Tribal Council. The Mescalero Apache developed a cultural center near the tribal headquarters on U.S. Route 70 in the reservation's largest community of Mescalero. On display are tribal artifacts and important historical information. The tribe also operates another, larger museum on the western flank of the Sacramento Mountains in Dog Canyon, south of Alamogordo (T'iis ntsaadz-í 'úú'á). New museums and exhibits are being planned to fully capture the Mescalero Space Innovation integration capabilities through partnerships with the New Mexico Space Consortium, Spaceport America, NASA, other commercial space companies, the Intl Institute for Homeland Security Defense and US military partners (Air Force-AFRL and Space Force) the Mescalero Apache Space Innovation and Integration Centers.

The ski area is situated adjacent to the massive peak of Sierra Blanca (Dziãgais'â-ní = "sacred mountain") a 12003 ft mountain. It is the southernmost alpine peak in the continental United States, and is part of the Sacramento Mountains. Using the EPA's Level III Ecoregion System, derived from Omernik, this mountain is included in the Arizona/New Mexico Mountains, which are south of the Southern Rocky Mountains of northern New Mexico. Sierra Blanca Peak, located on the reservation, is sacred ground for the Mescalero Apache Tribe. They do not allow access without a permit.

Tribal government
The Mescalero Apache Tribe holds elections for the office of president every two years. The eight tribal council members also are elected for two years. Strong woman leadership is welcomed and encouraged in the Mescalero Apache Tribal Council. Election for the council is held every year, when one half of the members are up for re-election. The Apache nation of over 64,000 coordinate with each other through tribal meetings. The tribe comprised over 12,468 with 8,652 according to the United States Census.

In 1959, the tribe elected Virginia Klinekole as its first woman president. She later was elected to the tribal council, serving on it until 1986. The tribe repeatedly re-elected Wendell Chino as president; he served a total of 43 years, until his death on November 4, 1998.

Soon after Chino's death, the late Sara Misquez was elected as president. Chino's son, Mark Chino, also has been elected and served as president.

In 2022, Mr. Eddie Martinez was sworn in as the new president of the Mescalero Apache tribe. Leadership from Holloman Airforce Base attended the tribal council ceremony for the newly elected president, officers, and Tribal Council. Mr. Kelton Starr, retired Army veteran and Tribal Defense Liaison maintained coordination with the Defense Research Labs and US military bases in New Mexico. The new leadership was focused on building on past successes and accelerating economic development projects with a new focus on Native Innovation and the “Made-in-Native-America” campaign. Mr. Martinez was appointed chair of the Native American Regional Commission (comprising all 34 states with Federally recognized tribes) to accelerate economic security, development, and defense projects that benefit the Mescalero Apache Tribe and all Native American and other Indigenous peoples.

In 2024, Thora Walsh Padilla serves as Tribe's president along side Vice President Duane Duffy.

Culture and language
The Mescalero language is a Southern Athabaskan language which is a subfamily of the Athabaskan and Dené–Yeniseian families. Mescalero is part of the southwestern branch of this subfamily; it is very closely related to Chiricahua, and more distantly related to Western Apache. These are considered the three dialects of Apachean. Although Navajo is a related Southern Athabaskan language, its language and culture are considered distinct from those of the Apache.

The Mescalero Apache were primarily a nomadic mountain people. They were innovative warriors, stealth, fierce, precise and tactical. Their capabilities are forever recognized as superior military tactics. Modern defense industrial base utilizes this irregular warfare precision and “brand” in naming the most superior military aircraft i.e. the Boeing Manufactured Apache helicopter, the Sikorsky Blackhawk etc. after the Native Americans. They traveled east on the arid plains to hunt the buffalo and south into the desert for gathering Mescal Agave. Spanish colonists associated them with this plant and named them Mescalero Apache. The Mescalero Apache, along with the other Apache groups, lived by traditional hunting and gathering. The Mescalero Apache culture protected the ecology and were able to utilize their resources very effectively.

The Mescalero Apache relied on hunting and gathering for subsistence. Men led the hunting parties for buffalo, antelope, and deer. Women accompanied men and dressed the meat and skins and would also participate in the hunting of small game such as rabbits. Women would gather Mescal Agave in groups of 4–10 people, mainly consisting of female friends and family members and usually several men. Men would also take an active role in the processing of mescal.

Family descent was matrilineal, but men's heritage would be remembered especially if there was a famous warrior in his lineage. Extended families consisted of grandparents, unmarried children, and their remarried daughters' nuclear families. The Mescalero also practiced matrilocal residence patterns. When a woman married, the couple would move into a new tipi or wickiup close to her parents' home.

Origin of name
The Mescalero's autonym, or name for themselves, is Shis-Inday ("People of the Mountain Forests") or  Mashgaléńde / Mashgaléneí ("People close to the mountains" or "Mescalero Apache People"). The Navajo (in Mescalero: ’Indaa’bixúńde / ’Indabixúńde, modern name: Chusht’a ’íízhańde), another Athabascan-speaking tribe, call the Mescalero Naashgalí Dineʼé. Like other Apache peoples they often identify simply as Ndé / Nndéí / Ndéne / Ndéńde ("The People", "Apaches"). Neighboring Apache bands called the Mescalero Nadahéndé ("People of the Mescal"), because the mescal agave (Agave parryi) (Apache: naa’da / ’inaa’da / na’da) was a staple food source for them. In times of need and hunger, they depended on stored mescal for survival. They adopted and identify today also as Naa'dahéńdé / Naa’dańde ("The People of the Mescal"). Since 1550 Spanish colonists referred to them as the Mescalero.

Mescalero Apache bands were often referred to by European colonists and settlers by different names, some related to their geographic territory. They were recorded in documents by a wide number of names: Apaches de Cuartelejo, Apaches del Río Grande, Apachi, Faraones, Mezcaleros, Natage (more correctly, one of the Lipan Apache subdivisions, along with the Nahizan), Natahene, Querechos, Teyas, Tularosa Apaches, and Vaqueros. They were also distinguished as Sierra Blanca Apaches, Sacramento Mountains Apaches, Guadalupe Mountains Apaches, Limpia Mountains Apaches. according to their homelands in northern or southern Mescalero territory.

Tribal territory
Originally the different Mescalero bands and local groups ranged in an area between the Rio Grande (Tú 'ichii-dí – "the water that is the color of red ocher") in the west and the eastern and southern edge of the Llano Estacado and the southern Texas Panhandle in Texas in the east; from present-day Santa Fe (Yuutu') in the northwest and the Texas Panhandle in the northeast, down to the Big Bend of Texas and what became the Mexican provinces of Chihuahua and Coahuila to the south. The diverse landscape of this area has high mountains up to 12,000 feet, as well as watered and sheltered valleys, surrounded by arid semi-deserts and deserts, deep canyons and open plains. The Mescalero Apache Reservation is located at geographical coordinates 33.17833°N, -105.61222°W. Mescalero identity is filled with legends of the past. For instance, four mountains represent the direction of everyday life for the Mescalero Apache people: those being (1) Sierra Blanca Peak (White Peak), (2) El Capitan within the Guadalupe Mountains, (3) Three Sisters Mountain (Las Tres Hermanas) and (4) Oscura Mountain Peak (sometimes the Salinas Peak within the San Andres Mountains is listed as the fourth sacred mountain instead of the Oscuru Mountain Peak). Moreover, their forefathers spoke of a creator giving them life on White Mountain. It was there that White Painted Woman gave birth to two sons, Child of Water and Killer of Enemies

Since each band of Mescalero had the right to use the resources of deer and plants of the neighboring groups, the different bands felt at home in any area of their wide tribal territory. The Mescalero or Mashgalé-õde bands often ranged widely for hunting, gathering, warring and raiding. They called their home Indeislun Nakah ("people, forming a group, when they are there," "place where people get together") or today Mashgalé-ne bikéyaa ("Mescalero Apache Country"; "Mescalero Apache Homelands"). When many Mescalero bands were displaced by the enemy Comanche ( 'Indaa tse'-éõde or Indassene; modern name: Gumáõchí-í) from the Southern Plains in northern and central Texas between 1700 and 1750, they took refuge in the mountains of New Mexico, western Texas, and Coahuila and Chihuahua in Mexico. Some southern Mescalero bands, together with Lipan, lived in the Bolsón de Mapimí, moving between the Nazas River, the Conchos River and the Rio Grande to the north.

Bands
The Mescalero were divided into some regional bands, which were known to the Spanish/Mexican ('indantûhé-õde) and later Americans ('indaa łiga-ńne bindáa-í datł'ij-í – "white [enemy] people with blue eyes" or 'indáá-ńne – "white people"; "[white] enemies"; modern name: nndé bindáa datł'ijé-ńne – "white people"; lit. "blue-eyed people") by different names (most were transliterations or renderings of the bands Apache name).

 * Naa’dańde / Naa’dahéńdé ("Mescal People", "People of the Mescal") or Natagés (Spanish rendering and transliteration, pronounced Na-ta-hay); really a Lipan group, they lived between Rio Grande and Pecos River (also known as Rio Salado or Rio del Natagee) in central New Mexico, with several local groups traveling on the southern and western edge of the Llano Estacado onto the southern Texas Panhandle, original Apachean group who would become the Mescalero and Salinero Apaches ("Salt producing People").)
 * Gułgahéńde / Gułgańde ("People of the Plains", "The People of Open Spaces") or Cuelcajenne, later Llañeros ("Plains People"; really a Jicarilla group, they lived east of the mountains and the Pecos River, on the High Plains from the Texas Panhandle to the Pecos Valley, between Amarillo (Bighą́ą́’ gułga-yá / Bighą́ą́’ gułtsúú-yá), Tucumcari, Lubbock and the Llano Estacado, along the Sandia and Tijeras Mountains westward to Santa Fe, from Nogal Canyon to the north to Las Vegas, from the Organ Mountains (Tsé daadeezhá-yá; Tsé deezhá-yá – "The place where rocks are jagged") eastwards to El Paso (Tsé táhúú'á-yá) in Texas (Ch'a nteeã-õde bikéé'yaa'). In Oklahoma (Indian Territory) they developed kinship ties by marriage with the Comanche.)
 * Dził-í naańde / Dził-í naahńde ("Mountain Ridge Band People", "The People of the Mountainside", "The People who Live on the Edge of the Mountains") or Chilpaines (lived in the mountains west and south of the Pecos River, extending in northern Chihuahua and Coahuila of present-day Mexico.)
 * Ch’ilaańde / Jilaa’éńde ("Antelope Band People", "The People of Antelope") (lived west of the Pecos west to the Rio Grande in the mountains of central and south New Mexico and the Tularosa Basin (Tséts’ųųsí yaneeł’ą́’-ee tú nk’ų́jí siką́-yá).
 * Nii’t’ahéńde / Niit’ahéńde ("The People of the Side of the Land", "The People at the Side of the Earth", "The People at the Edge of the Earth", "People Who Live Against the Mountains", "Earth Crevine (Deer) People") or Sierra Blanca (White Mountains) Mescaleros, sometimes Sacramento Mountains Mescaleros (so named because their 19th century dominant local groups lived in the Sacramento Mountains and in the Sierra Blanca (White Mountains) (Dził Gais ’ą́ní) in New Mexico with other local groups living east in the Guadalupe Mountains of western Texas.)
 * Tséichíńde ("People of Hook Nose", "The People of Red Rock", "The People of the Guadalupe Mountains") or Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros (several bands, who lived in the Tséichí ("red rock", i.e. Guadalupe Mountains), the adjacent Plains of Texas and in northern Coahuila and Chihuahua of Mexico.)
 * Tsébikįnéńde ("Rock House People", "Stone House People", "The People of Rock Houses"), Aguas Nuevas Apaches or Norteños ("The Northerners"), later Limpia Mescaleros (have been based around the Nuevo Casas Grandes in Chihuahua, migrating north toward the Sacramento Mountains and south to Agua Nueva 60 miles north of Chihuahua City (Ją́’é łą́yá- "the place where (there are) many donkeys"), also on both sides of the Rio Grande between El Paso and Ojinaga, Chihuahua; some local groups lived in the Guadalupe and Limpia mountains)
 * Tahuundé / Tá'huú'ndé ("Mountains Extending into the River People") (lived on both sides of the Pecos River in southern New Mexico and into southwestern Texas)
 * Chisos Apaches / Chishéńde / Chishhéńde ("Forest People"), Chinati Apaches ("People at the mountain pass") or Rio Grande Apaches (one mighty band with several local groups living in the Chihuahuan Desert and arid mountains ranging on both sides of the Rio Grande from the Trans-Pecos south down into the Sierra Madre Oriental of North Mexico, with strongholds in the mountain ranges of the Davis Mountains (former Limpia Mountains), Chisos Mountains and Chinati Mountains (from Apache name ch'íná'itíh – "gate" or "mountain pass") of West Texas and in the adjoining Sierra del Burro (Serranias del Burro), Sierra (Maderas) del Carmen of Coahuila and Sierra Alamos of Chihuahua north of the Bolsón de Mapimí, today's Big Bend National Park in Texas and the Cañón de Santa Elena Protected Area and Maderas del Carmen Protected Area are part of their former band territory.)
 * Túntsańde / Tú ntsaa-ńde ("Big Water People") (once the Tú sis Ndé band of the Lipan Apache, who lived in south central Texas and in northern Coahuila, camping together with several bands of the Mescalero on the Plains for hunting and raiding; they merged with the Mescalero, forming a Mescalero band)
 * Tú’édįnéńde ("No Water People", "Tough People of the Desert") (once the Tú é diné Ndé band of the Lipan Apache, who had territory in northern Coahuila and Chihuahua; they eventually merged with some southern Mescalero bands)

The Naa’dahéńdé had had a considerable influence on the decision-making of some bands of the Western Lipan in the 18th century, especially on the Tindi Ndé, Tcha shka-ózhäye, Tú’édįnéńde and Tú sis Ndé. To fight their common enemy, the Comanche, and to protect the northeastern and eastern border of the Apacheria against the Comancheria, the Mescalero (Naa’dahéńdé and Gułgahéńde) on the Plains joined forces with their Lipan kin (Cuelcahen Ndé, Te'l kóndahä, Ndáwe qóhä and Shá’i’áńde) to the east and south of them.

In August 1912, by an act of the U.S. Congress, the surviving members of the Chiricahua tribe were released from their prisoner-of-war status. They were given the choice to remain at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, where they had been imprisoned since 1894, or to relocate to the Mescalero Apache reservation. One hundred and eighty-three elected to go to New Mexico, while seventy-eight remained in Oklahoma. Their descendants still reside in both places.

Historical chiefs and headmen

Northern Mescalero Southern Mescalero Eastern Mescalero / Plains Mescalero
 * Barranquito (also known as Palanquito): most influential chief of the Nii’t’ahéńde (Sierra Blanca Mescalero) band, which ranged between the Sierra Blanca east toward the Pecos River, probably the most important Mescalero chief in the early 1800s, when he died in 1857, his three sons and/or nephews Santana, Cadete and Roman succeeded him.
 * Santana (also known as Santa Ana, ca. 1810 / 1815 – †1876): son and successor of Barranquito, since about 1830' had been a local group leader of great authority of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band, since the death of Barranquito Santana seem to have had the most influence within the northern Mescalero bands, but avoided the spotlight and was hardly known by the whites, in his later years he became the most steadfast friend of the whites, until his death of pneumonia or smallpox.
 * Cadete (also known as Cadette – "Volunteer", in Apache: Gian-na-tah – "Always Ready", also known as Zhee-es-not-son, Zhee Ah Nat Tsa): a son and successor of Barranquito, after Santana he was the most prominent and powerful chief of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band, was more diplomatic than Santana and was a spokesman for the northern Mescalero bands. After the outbreak from Bosque Redondo on November 3, 1863, he had fled with his band toward the Staked Plains, trading stolen cattle and horses from Mexico directly or via the Comanchero to Comanche. He was murdered in 1872 while on a peace mission and returning from Tularosa.
 * Roman Grande: a son and successor of Barranquito, serving as chief of a local group of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band. Less important than Santana and Cadete, he followed the lead of his brother Santana; died during an epidemic in 1885.
 * Josecito (also known as José Cito): after Barranquito and Santana, the most prominent leader of some local groups of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band. In April 1852 he signed a treaty with Calhoun representing the US, together with the minor leader of another group of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero and Chacon, leader of the Jicarilla Apache.
 * San Juan: chief of the Nii’t’ahéńde (Sacramento Mountains Mescaleros) band, his band ranged along the Rio Bonito, Rio Hondo and in the Capitan Mountains with the Sacramento Mountains—the area where Fort Stanton was built—had alliances with eastern Mescalero bands, Lipan Apache bands as well as some Comanche bands; after Santana and Cadete were gone, chief San Juan and Nautzili took over the leadership of the Mescaleros on the reservation, but, unlike Nautzili, San Juan left the reservation in spring 1880, after Caballero's outbreak, during "Victorio's war"; his son Peso would become the last Mescalero chief.
 * Caballero (Ca-bal-le-so, eventually to be identified with Kutbhalla or Kutu-hala): war chief and later principal chief of the Nii’t’ahéńde (Sacramento Mountains Mescaleros) local groups of the Sacramento Mountains during the decades 1860s and 1870s, likely married to a daughter of the Chihenne Chief Mangas Coloradas, close ally and long-time friend of the great Mimbreño chief Victorio (and likely his brother-in-law as Mangas Coloradas' son-in-law); in March 1880 he left Tularosa and joined Victorio, fighting along with him in their last battles, but, according to some reports, he was killed in a trouble between the chiefs before the Tres Castillos massacre on oct. 14 1880.
 * Peso: ca. *1849 – †1929, was born in the Guadalupe Mountains near present-day Carlsbad as son of chief San Juan and his wife Nagoo-nah-go, his Nii’t’ahéńde or maybe Tséichíńde (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros) band joined Nautzili's band of Guhlkahéndé on the Southern Plains, from time to time he also joined the Tu'sis Nde band of Lipan Apaches of southeastern Texas and northeastern Mexico under Chief Magoosh, he was an expert tracker and served as Apache Scout in the campaigns against Geronimo, in the late 1800s he, together with his brother Sin Miedo (Sans Peur, Without Fear) and Magoosh were the three primary leaders on the reservation—Magoosh for the Lipans at Elk Springs, Sin Miedo at Tule Canyon and Peso representing the Rinconada and the Three Rivers.
 * Sin Miedo ("Without Fear" = "Sans Peur"): brother of chief Peso and son of chief San Juan, his Nii’t’ahéńde or maybe Tséichíńde (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros) band were close allies of the eastern Mescalero band named Gułgahéńde on the Southern Plains and of the Túsis Nde band of Lipan Apaches of southeastern Texas and northeastern Mexico; together with his brothers Peso, Crook Neck, and leaders as Shanta Boy and Big Mouth he served as Apache Scout in the campaign against Geronimo, the war leader and shaman of the Bedonkohe band of the Ndendhe Apaches; he, together with his brother Peso and Magoosh were the three primary leaders on the reservation—Magoosh for the Lipans at Elk Springs, Peso representing the Rinconada and the Three Rivers, and Sin Miedo at Tule Canyon.
 * Muchacho Negro ("Black Boy", born ca. 1860, died 1930): important local group leader and war chief, joined the Chihenne Chief Victorio, because of taking part in Victorio's War he was transferred to Fort Union (where he was to be imprisoned), but he escaped early in August 1882. Muchacho Negro was considered a renegade who would return to his people and continue to cause trouble. He was captured in June 1883 and imprisoned at Fort Sill, Indian Territory.
 * Gorgonio: medicine-man, aide to old Barranquito and, later, to Santana.
 * Carnoviste: chief of Tsehitcihéndé (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros) or maybe Tsebekinéndé (Aguas Nuevas Apaches or Limpia Mescaleros), his band lived in the Big Bend Country, ranged on both sides of the Rio Grande from the Guadalupe Mountains towards east of the Limpia Mountains also known as Davis Mountains onto the edge of the Southern Plains, was reported to have committed frequent "depredations" on the San Antonio road and to have kidnapped Hermann—soon adopted in the tribe—and Willie Lehmann near Fort Mason in May 1870; in 1874 he promoted a council of Mescalero, Mimbreño and Lipan Apache chiefs, and Victorio succeeded in persuading the council to send peace messengers to the Comanches and Kiowas; he was killed by a medicine man of his band in the spring 1876.
 * Gómez (also known as Chief Gómez or Juan Gómez or by the Apache Negoyani, "Old Man of Wisdom"): chief of the 1840s–1860s who led a large Tsebekinéndé (Aguas Nuevas Apaches or Limpia Mescaleros) band of five local groups with about 400 warriors. His band lived in the Big Bend Country and the Trans-Pecos on both sides of the Rio Grande; his stronghold was in the Limpia Mountains, later named Davis Mountains. When the governor of Chihuahua Ángel Trías Álvarez offered 1000 pesos for his scalp, Gómez offered an equal amount for any Mexican or American scalp. The Glanton Gang's quest to capture Gómez on behalf of Gov. Trías was dramatized by Cormac McCarthy in his 1985 novel Blood Meridian. Gómez's lieutenants (segundos) were Cigarito, Chinonero or Chino Huero, Simón Porode, and Simón Manuel.
 * Cigarito: leader of a local group in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and in the lowlands of the Trans-Pecos; segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero Chief Gómez, 1840s–1860s
 * Chinonero: leader of a local group in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and in the lowlands of the Trans-Pecos; segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez, 1840s–1860s
 * Simón Porode: leader of a local group in West Texas; segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez. In 1850 he and Simón Manuel contacted the garrison at San Elizario to sue for peace, but were likely overruled by Gómez, 1840s–1860s.
 * Simón Manuel: leader of a local group in West Texas; segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez. In 1850 he and Simón Porode contacted the garrison at San Elizario to sue for peace, but were likely overruled by Gómez, 1840s–1860s)
 * Marco (also known as Marcus): chief of about 600 Tsehitcihéndé (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros) or maybe Niit'a-héõde, including about 200 warriors. They lived in the Big Bend Country, ranged on both sides of the Rio Grande from the Guadalupe Mountains (Tsé'íchîî') toward east of the Limpia Mountains also known as Davis Mountains onto the edge of the Southern Plains. He was reported to have led frequent raids and attacks of parties on the San Antonio road and in the settlement near El Paso. He wished to join the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band, but their request was refused, because they were considered a Texas Mescalero band; active in the 1840s–1860s.
 * Espejo ("looking-glass"): chief of a large band of Tsebekinéndé (Aguas Nuevas Apaches or Limpia Mescaleros) with several local groups under his segundos (or war chiefs) Nicolás and Antonio. They ranged between Limpia Canyon, Horsehead Crossing on the Pecos and east of the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains onto the surrounding desert lowlands of the Trans-Pecos in West Texas, from the 1840s to the late 1860s.
 * Nicolás: leader of a local group of the Tsebekinéndé band in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and east onto the edge of the Southern Plains, segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Espejo, 1840s–1860s.
 * Antonio: leader of a local group of the Tsebekinéndé band in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and east onto the edge of the Southern Plains, segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Espejo, 1840s–1860s.
 * Mateo: leader of a local group of the Tsebekinéndé (often called by Spanish and Americans Aguas Nuevas or Norteños), stayed together with Verancia in the vicinity of Dog Canyon in the Sacramento Mountains and presumably followed the old ways of hunt and raid, since they were considered "troublesome.", 1840s–1860s.
 * Verancia: said to be a son of Gomez, leader of a local group of the Tsebekinéndé, stayed together with Mateo in the vicinity of Dog Canyon in the Sacramento Mountains and presumably followed the old ways of hunt and raid, since they were considered "troublesome.", 1840s–1860s.
 * Alsate (also known as Arzate, Arzatti, also known as Pedro Muzquiz, ca. *1820 – †1881/1882): last chief of the Chisos Apaches (also Chinati or Rio Grande Apaches), this band ranged in the Limpia Mountains (or Davis Mountains), Chisos Mountains and Chinati Mountains in the Big Bend area, the Sierra del Carmen of Coahuila and Sierra Alamos in Chihuahua north of the Bolsón de Mapimí, born to a Mescalero woman and a member by blood of the influential Muzquiz family, captured with his band in 1878 at San Carlos de Chihuahua and deported to Mexico City to be jailed in "la Acordada", succeeded in escaping with his people in December 1879 and came back to the Big Bend; was caught again at San Carlos de Chihuahua in 1880 and executed together with his segundos (or war chiefs) Colorado and Zorillo at Ojinaga, opposite Presidio del Norte, Texas, his people were sold into slavery in Mexico, ca. 1860 – 1882.
 * Colorado ("Red", likely "Avispa Colorada" "Red Wasp"): leader of a local group of Chisos, or maybe Lipan, Apaches in the border region of Coahuila, Chihuahua and West Texas, segundo and war chief of the Chisos Mescalero chief Alsate, was caught and executed together with Alsate and Zorillo at Ojinaga, opposite Presidio del Norte, Texas, late 1860s – 1882.
 * Zorillo (likely "Zorrillo" "Little Fox"): leader of a local group of Chisos Apaches in the border region of Coahuila, Chihuahua and West Texas, segundo and war chief of the Chisos Mescalero chief Alsate, was caught and executed together with Alsate and Colorado at Ojinaga, opposite Presidio del Norte, Texas, late 1860s – 1882.
 * Nautzili (also known as Natzili, Nautzile, Nodzilla, Nalt'zilli or Nut Cilli – "buffalo"): chief of the Guhlkahéndé (Llañeros) band and southern Lipan splinter groups living in northern Mexico, moved to reservation in 1876. In 1879 he had assumed leadership of most of the Mescalero reservation bands (including the Lipan) and persuaded many warriors not to join the Tchihende chief Victorio in Victorio's War.

Other notable Mescalero

 * Gouyen (ca. 1857 – 1903), female warrior
 * Wendell Chino, former tribal president of the Mescalero Apache Tribe for 43 years
 * Virginia Klinekole, first female tribal president
 * Sara Misquez, former tribal president
 * Dr. Felicia Fontenot, DDS, the first Mescalero Apache Dentist
 * George Aguilar, actor

Education
Mescalero Apache Schools is the tribal school.

title: Mescalero


text:
Talk:Mescalero

Untitled
Shouldn't the language information be moved to a new page, Mescalero language? That would make sense to me.
 * – Benjamin 18:09, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * ok: Mescalero language. peace – ishwar  (speak)  19:20, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Isn't there a more neutral word than "hostile" to describe native Americans resisting the taking of their land?
Isn't there a more neutral word than "hostile" to describe native Americans actively resisting the violent infringement of their tribal territory or the coerced taking of their land? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ocdcntx (talk • contribs) 23:45, 28 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Changes to culture section
I am working on updating the culture section of this page to add more information on men's and women's roles in hunting and gathering. -Dan4735 (talk) 22:12, 24 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I have updated the page with information about men's and women's division of labor, as well as kinship patterns. Dan4735 (talk) 00:16, 1 July 2019 (UTC)

Ethnic group / Tribe today
If someone has a wealth of time and energy, this article should probably be split into articles about the historic Mescalero Apache band and the Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation. Yuchitown (talk) 03:58, 8 January 2024 (UTC)Yuchitown

title: Talk:Mescalero


text:
File:Spin Doctors - Homebelly Groove...Live.jpg

Summary
Cover for the album "Homebelly Groove...Live" by Spin Doctors


text:
Pinoy

Pinoy is a common informal self-reference used by Filipinos to refer to citizens of the Philippines and their culture as well as to overseas Filipinos in the Filipino diaspora. A Pinoy who has any non-Filipino foreign ancestry is often informally called Tisoy.

Many Filipinos refer to themselves as Pinoy, sometimes the feminine Pinay, instead of the standard term Filipino. Filipino is the widespread formal word used to call a citizen of the Philippines. Pinoy is formed by taking the last four letters of Filipino and adding the diminutive suffix -y in the Tagalog language (the suffix is commonly used in Filipino nicknames: e.g. "Noynoy" or "Kokoy" or "Toytoy"). Pinoy was used for self-identification by the first wave of Filipinos going to the continental United States before World War II and has been used both in a pejorative sense and as a term of endearment.

Pinoy was created to differentiate the experiences of those immigrating to the United States, but is now a slang term used to refer to all people of Filipino descent. "Pinoy music" impacted the socio-political climate of the 1970s and was employed by both Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos and the People Power Revolution that overthrew his regime. Recent mainstream usages tend to center on entertainment (Pinoy Big Brother) that can be watched on Pinoy Tambayan and music (Pinoy Idol), which have played a significant role in developing national and cultural identity.

Etymology
The term Pinoy was coined by expatriate Filipino Americans during the 1920s and was later adopted by Filipinos in the Philippines. According to historian Dawn Mabalon, the historical use has been to refer to Filipinos born or living in the United States and has been in constant use since the 1920s. She adds that it was reclaimed and politicized by "Filipino American activists and artists in the FilAm movements of the 1960s/1970s".

Earliest usages
The earliest known usages of Pinoy/Pinay in magazines and newspapers date to the 1920s include taking on social issues facing Pinoy, casual mentions of Pinoys at events, while some are advertisements from Hawaii from Filipinos themselves. The following are the more notable earliest usages:

United States
In the United States, the earliest published usage known is in a Republic article written in January 1924 by Dr. J. Juliano, a member of the faculty of the Schurz school in Chicago – "Why does a Pinoy take it as an insult to be taken for a Shintoist or a Confucian?" and "What should a Pinoy do if he is addressed as a Chinese or a Jap?"

According to the late Filipino-American historian Dawn Bohulano Mabalon, another early attestation of the terms "Pinoy" and "Pinay" was in a 1926 issue of the Filipino Student Bulletin. The article that featured the terms is titled "Filipino Women in U.S. Excel in Their Courses: Invade Business, Politics."

Philippines
In the Philippines, the earliest published usage known is from December 1926, in History of the Philippine Press, which briefly mentions a weekly Spanish-Visayan-English publication called Pinoy based in Capiz and published by the Pinoy Publishing Company. In 1930, the Manila-based magazine Khaki and Red: The Official Organ of the Constabulary and Police printed an article about street gangs stating "another is the 'Kapatiran' gang of Intramuros, composed of patrons of pools rooms who banded together to 'protect pinoys' from the abusive American soldados."

Motivations
The desire to self-identify can likely be attributed to the diverse and independent history of the archipelagic country – comprising 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean – which trace back 30,000 years before being colonized by Spain in the 16th century and later occupied by the United States, which led to the outbreak of the Philippine–American War (1899–1902). The Commonwealth of the Philippines was established in 1935 with the country gaining its independence in 1946 after hostilities in the Pacific Theatre of the Second World War had ended. The Philippines have over 170 languages indigenous to the area, most of which belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. In 1939, then-president Manuel L. Quezon renamed the Tagalog language as the Wikang Pambansa ("national language"). The language was further renamed in 1959 as Filipino by Secretary of Education Jose Romero. The 1973 constitution declared the Filipino language to be co-official, along with English, and mandated the development of a national language to be known as Filipino. Since then, the two official languages are Filipino and English.

As of 2003 there are more than eleven million overseas Filipinos worldwide, equivalent to about 11% of the total population of the Philippines.

Notable literature
Pinoy is first used by Filipino poet Carlos Bulosan, in his 1946 semi-autobiography, America Is in the Heart – "The Pinoys work every day in the fields but when the season is over their money is in the Chinese vaults." The book describes his childhood in the Philippines, his voyage to America, and his years as an itinerant laborer following the harvest trail in the rural West. It has been used in American ethnic studies courses to illustrate the racism experienced by thousands of Filipino laborers during the 1930s and 40s in the United States.

Pinoy music
In the early 1970s, Pinoy music or "Pinoy pop" emerged, often sung in Tagalog – it was a mix of rock, folk and ballads – marking a political use of music similar to early hip hop but transcending class. The music was a "conscious attempt to create a Filipino national and popular culture" and it often reflected social realities and problems. As early as 1973, the Juan de la Cruz Band was performing "Ang Himig Natin" ("Our Music"), which is widely regarded as the first example of Pinoy rock. "Pinoy" gained popular currency in the late 1970s in the Philippines when a surge in patriotism made a hit song of Filipino folk singer Heber Bartolome's "Tayo'y mga Pinoy" ("We are Pinoys"). This trend was followed by Filipino rapper Francis Magalona's "Mga Kababayan Ko" ("My Countrymen") in the 1990s and Filipino rock band Bamboo's "Noypi" ("Pinoy" in reversed syllables) in the 2000s. Nowadays, Pinoy is used as an adjective to some terms highlighting their relationship to the Philippines or Filipinos. Pinoy rock was soon followed by Pinoy folk and later, Pinoy jazz. Although the music was often used to express opposition to then Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos and his use of martial law and the creating of the Batasang Bayan, many of the songs were more subversive and some just instilled national pride. Perhaps because of the cultural affirming nature and many of the songs seemingly being non-threatening, the Marcos administration ordered radio stations to play at least one – and later, three – Pinoy songs each hour. Pinoy music was greatly employed both by Marcos and political forces who sought to overthrow him.

title: Pinoy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zanis Tamsons

Zanis Tamsons
Another obscure Latvian from Robert D. Morritt's collection. Still looking for others in the maze (this is not obvious, their initiator is not very good at making internal links). --French Tourist 15:43, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Not notable: let's give them the delete stamp for their collection. Geogre 18:56, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * - Re: Geogre (who cannot even spell his name as George) leave the Latvians alone until you are considered noteable)(R.Morritt) [part of 209.239.9's third edit of the debate, at 01:11, 2004 Oct 20; relocated in WP style to its logical location, by Jerzy(t) 18:29, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC)]
 * Delete. *sigh* Nadavspi 00:30, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * - Re: Nadavaspi not surprised he wants to PASS on this will NOT elaborate(figure it out) (R.Morritt)  [part of 209.239.9's third edit, at 01:11, 2004 Oct 20; relocated in WP style to its logical location, by Jerzy(t) 18:29, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC)]
 * Information - This page was vandalized 19 Oct evening by 209.239.1.129 - see how the debate was rewritten by him at  --French Tourist 23:06, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * FT's link is the version after 209.239.9's first two edits of the debate, but it doesn't show what was changed to what. Note that, whether naive or not, the "vandalism" removed personal attacks by 198.96.180, and forged the wording above each WP-standard sig to make a favorable or less critical comment on 198.96.180 (more precisely, on the author; it is 198.96.180's claim that he is that author). --Jerzy(t) 18:29, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 21:26, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * [Comment:] The reason these Latvians are noteable is there were very few (scarcer than Hen,s Teeth)Latvians that flew in WW2. These guys are directly related to the Liepaja-Grobina training area,very obscure information only recently outlined by one who was there(Alex Vanags-Baginskis)
 * Request re-instament of these poor so called ùnnotable`Latvians..."Sighs"
 * [Regarding the word 'Sighs' and its double quotes, see the last bracketed note under this bulleted point.]
 * Robert Morritt
 * [This bulleted point, including the portion just below, is 198.96.180's edit of 15:31, 2004 Oct 19, as restored by FT after covert rewriting by 209.239.9, and after reformatting & relocation by Jerzy(t) 18:29, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC).]
 * (not a Latvian)
 * [The history of the single line
 * (not a Latvian)
 * and the double-quoted word
 * "Sighs"
 * is the same as that (already stated) of the rest of this bullet point, except that after FT's restoration, they were redeleted as part of 209.239.9's third edit (see the additions of that edit, each labeled "Robert Morritt", 2 of them above and one below), at 01:11, 2004 Oct 20; and restored by Jerzy(t) 18:29, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC).]

 * C'mon re-instate the poor Latvian Pilots GEE!!!!!(R.Morritt)
 * [Part of 209.239.9's third edit.]
 * O.K. Enough is enough!! Either Delete the page or don't. This was my FIRST EXPERIENCE of contributing to Wikipedia (Wicca??) certainly it is more than frustrating as you already all know.
 * I guess I just wasted my time trying to contribute!! My feeling is you have too many  like-minded pessismistic souls editing your pages, I feel some may 'delight' in deleting people,the kind of personality that as a child would pull wings off Butterflies.
 * (Maybe that is a bit strong, but I suspect I am close to the truth here)
 * I like French Tourist least he is a gentleman!!!!
 * Sincerely...R.M.

 * [198.96.180.245 at 17:36, 2004 Oct 20. Probably chronological, but need to recheck later.]]

Proposal
How about we talk to Robert Morritt about making a single article about this Lativan air unit, and perhaps listing the people who served? Its probably quite encyclopedic as a whole. — siro χ  o  10:09, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Provided we don't see pages for each person, and don't see pages for each air unit in the whole war, I think it'd be a good thing to see something about this air unit.--Improv 15:43, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * POSTSCRIPT....
 * Thankyou for your suggestions I have abandoned the individual pages on the Latvian Airman and combined them into one page as LUFTWAFFEN LEGION-ESTLAND.I appreciate the kindness and ideas put forward by both Pgunn and Siroxo. This hopefully solves this problem.It as you can see was my baptism into the world of Wikipedia and being a novice do apologize for any inconvenience to you all.I took off the hyperlinks within the text on the Airmen so now it should tudy it all up.
 * Once again thanks for the positive suggestions.
 * Robert Morritt
 * Thank you Pgunn & Siroxo and Improv.
 * If I am allowed..would you suggest I group them the 'Airmen' together as say Latvian Airmen or Liepeja_Grobiana Latvian Air Training Group??
 * I personally appreciate your suggestion.
 * Robert Morritt
 * [Version of 209.239.9 at 00:03, 2004 Oct 22, as reformated and relocated by Jerzy(t) 18:29, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC).]

 * RM may be reflecting, in labeling his comments as a postscript, a supposition that he has achieved agreement that his propsed combined article will not be deleted. I doubt that is what those he thanks intend, and they may in any case be less accommodating when they consider the evidence that the author is also the forger who executed what FT described as "vandalism".  I for one am at a loss for a plausible account that doesn't imply you are a liar and a cheat, and you should expect close scrutiny of your work: even tho it is the text and not the author that is judged on VfD, the verifiability of the content will not, at least in my case, receive the usual presumption of the author's good intention. --Jerzy(t) 18:29, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC)


text:
Earth's mantle

Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. It has a mass of 4.01e24 kg and makes up 67% of the mass of Earth. It has a thickness of 2900 km making up about 46% of Earth's radius and 84% of Earth's volume. It is predominantly solid but, on geologic time scales, it behaves as a viscous fluid, sometimes described as having the consistency of caramel. Partial melting of the mantle at mid-ocean ridges produces oceanic crust, and partial melting of the mantle at subduction zones produces continental crust.

Rheology
Earth's upper mantle is divided into two major rheological layers: the rigid lithosphere comprising the uppermost mantle (the lithospheric mantle), and the more ductile asthenosphere, separated by the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. Lithosphere underlying ocean crust has a thickness of around 100 km, whereas lithosphere underlying continental crust generally has a thickness of 150 - 200 km. The lithosphere and overlying crust make up tectonic plates, which move over the asthenosphere. Below the asthenosphere, the mantle is again relatively rigid.

The Earth's mantle is divided into three major layers defined by sudden changes in seismic velocity:

 * the upper mantle (starting at the Moho, or base of the crust around 7 to 35 km downward to 410 km)
 * the transition zone (approximately 410 –), in which wadsleyite (≈ 410 –) and ringwoodite (≈ 525 –) are stable
 * the lower mantle (approximately 660 –), in which bridgmanite (≈ 660 –) and post-perovskite (≈ 2685 –) are stable

The lower ~200 km of the lower mantle constitutes the D" (D-double-prime) layer, a region with anomalous seismic properties. This region also contains large low-shear-velocity provinces and ultra low velocity zones.

Mineralogical structure
The top of the mantle is defined by a sudden increase in seismic velocity, which was first noted by Andrija Mohorovičić in 1909; this boundary is now referred to as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or "Moho".

The upper mantle is dominantly peridotite, composed primarily of variable proportions of the minerals olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and an aluminous phase. The aluminous phase is plagioclase in the uppermost mantle, then spinel, and then garnet below ~100 km. Gradually through the upper mantle, pyroxenes become less stable and transform into majoritic garnet.

At the top of the transition zone, olivine undergoes isochemical phase transitions to wadsleyite and ringwoodite. Unlike nominally anhydrous olivine, these high-pressure olivine polymorphs have a large capacity to store water in their crystal structure. This has led to the hypothesis that the transition zone may host a large quantity of water. At the base of the transition zone, ringwoodite decomposes into bridgmanite (formerly called magnesium silicate perovskite), and ferropericlase. Garnet also becomes unstable at or slightly below the base of the transition zone.

The lower mantle is composed primarily of bridgmanite and ferropericlase, with minor amounts of calcium perovskite, calcium-ferrite structured oxide, and stishovite. In the lowermost ~200 km of the mantle, bridgmanite isochemically transforms into post-perovskite.

Possible remnants of Theia collision
Seismic images of Earth’s interior have revealed in the lowermost mantle two continent-sized anomalies with low seismic velocities. These zones are denser and likely compositionally different from the surrounding mantle. These anomalies may represent buried relics of Theia mantle material remaining after the Moon-forming giant impact.

Composition
The chemical composition of the mantle is difficult to determine with a high degree of certainty because it is largely inaccessible. Rare exposures of mantle rocks occur in ophiolites, where sections of oceanic lithosphere have been obducted onto a continent. Mantle rocks are also sampled as xenoliths within basalts or kimberlites. Most estimates of the mantle composition are based on rocks that sample only the uppermost mantle. There is debate as to whether the rest of the mantle, especially the lower mantle, has the same bulk composition. The mantle's composition has changed through the Earth's history due to the extraction of magma that solidified to form oceanic crust and continental crust.

It has also been proposed in a 2018 study that an exotic form of water known as ice VII can form from supercritical water in the mantle when diamonds containing pressurized water bubbles move upward, cooling the water to the conditions needed for ice VII to form.

Temperature and pressure
In the mantle, temperatures range from approximately 500 K (230 °C; 440 °F) at the upper boundary with the crust to approximately 4,200 K (3,900 °C; 7,100 °F) at the core-mantle boundary. The temperature of the mantle increases rapidly in the thermal boundary layers at the top and bottom of the mantle, and increases gradually through the interior of the mantle. Although the higher temperatures far exceed the melting points of the mantle rocks at the surface (about 1,500 K (1,200 °C; 2,200 °F) for representative peridotite), the mantle is almost exclusively solid. The enormous lithostatic pressure exerted on the mantle prevents melting, because the temperature at which melting begins (the solidus) increases with pressure.

The pressure in the mantle increases from a few hundred megapascals at the Moho to 139 GPa at the core-mantle boundary.

Movement

Because of the temperature difference between the Earth's surface and outer core and the ability of the crystalline rocks at high pressure and temperature to undergo slow, creeping, viscous-like deformation over millions of years, there is a convective material circulation in the mantle. Hot material rises (in a mantle plume) while cooler (and heavier) material sinks downward. Downward motion of material occurs at convergent plate boundaries called subduction zones. Locations on the surface that lie over plumes are predicted to have high elevation (because of the buoyancy of the hotter, less-dense plume beneath) and to exhibit hot spot volcanism. The volcanism often attributed to deep mantle plumes is alternatively explained by passive extension of the crust, permitting magma to leak to the surface: the plate hypothesis.

The convection of the Earth's mantle is a chaotic process (in the sense of fluid dynamics), which is thought to be an integral part of the motion of plates. Plate motion should not be confused with continental drift which applies purely to the movement of the crustal components of the continents. The movements of the lithosphere and the underlying mantle are coupled since descending lithosphere is an essential component of convection in the mantle. The observed continental drift is a complicated relationship between the forces causing oceanic lithosphere to sink and the movements within Earth's mantle.

Although there is a tendency to larger viscosity at greater depth, this relation is far from linear and shows layers with dramatically decreased viscosity, in particular in the upper mantle and at the boundary with the core. The mantle within about 200 km above the core–mantle boundary appears to have distinctly different seismic properties than the mantle at slightly shallower depths; this unusual mantle region just above the core is called D ("D double-prime"), a nomenclature introduced over 50 years ago by the geophysicist Keith Bullen. D may consist of material from subducted slabs that descended and came to rest at the core–mantle boundary or from a new mineral polymorph discovered in perovskite called post-perovskite.

Earthquakes at shallow depths are a result of faulting; however, below about 50 km the hot, high pressure conditions ought to inhibit further seismicity. The mantle is considered to be viscous and incapable of brittle faulting. However, in subduction zones, earthquakes are observed down to 670 km. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, including dehydration, thermal runaway, and phase change. The geothermal gradient can be lowered where cool material from the surface sinks downward, increasing the strength of the surrounding mantle, and allowing earthquakes to occur down to a depth of between 400 km and 670 km.

The pressure at the bottom of the mantle is ~136 GPa. Pressure increases as depth increases, since the material beneath has to support the weight of all the material above it. The entire mantle, however, is thought to deform like a fluid on long timescales, with permanent plastic deformation accommodated by the movement of point, line, and/or planar defects through the solid crystals composing the mantle. Estimates for the viscosity of the upper mantle range between $$ and $$ Pa·s, depending on depth, temperature, composition, state of stress, and numerous other factors. Thus, the upper mantle can only flow very slowly. However, when large forces are applied to the uppermost mantle it can become weaker, and this effect is thought to be important in allowing the formation of tectonic plate boundaries.

Exploration
Exploration of the mantle is generally conducted at the seabed rather than on land because of the relative thinness of the oceanic crust as compared to the significantly thicker continental crust.

The first attempt at mantle exploration, known as Project Mohole, was abandoned in 1966 after repeated failures and cost over-runs. The deepest penetration was approximately 180 m. In 2005 an oceanic borehole reached 1416 m below the sea floor from the ocean drilling vessel JOIDES Resolution.

More successful was the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) that operated from 1968 to 1983. Coordinated by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, DSDP provided crucial data to support the seafloor spreading hypothesis and helped to prove the theory of plate tectonics. Glomar Challenger conducted the drilling operations. DSDP was the first of three international scientific ocean drilling programs that have operated over more than 40 years. Scientific planning was conducted under the auspices of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES), whose advisory group consisted of 250 distinguished scientists from academic institutions, government agencies, and private industry from all over the world. The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) continued exploration from 1985 to 2003 when it was replaced by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP).

On 5 March 2007, a team of scientists on board the RRS James Cook embarked on a voyage to an area of the Atlantic seafloor where the mantle lies exposed without any crust covering, midway between the Cape Verde Islands and the Caribbean Sea. The exposed site lies approximately three kilometres beneath the ocean surface and covers thousands of square kilometres. A relatively difficult attempt to retrieve samples from the Earth's mantle was scheduled for later in 2007. The Chikyu Hakken mission attempted to use the Japanese vessel Chikyū to drill up to 7000 m below the seabed. This is nearly three times as deep as preceding oceanic drillings.

A novel method of exploring the uppermost few hundred kilometres of the Earth was proposed in 2005, consisting of a small, dense, heat-generating probe which melts its way down through the crust and mantle while its position and progress are tracked by acoustic signals generated in the rocks. The probe consists of an outer sphere of tungsten about one metre in diameter with a cobalt-60 interior acting as a radioactive heat source. It was calculated that such a probe will reach the oceanic Moho in less than 6 months and attain minimum depths of well over 100 km in a few decades beneath both oceanic and continental lithosphere.

Exploration can also be aided through computer simulations of the evolution of the mantle. In 2009, a supercomputer application provided new insight into the distribution of mineral deposits, especially isotopes of iron, from when the mantle developed 4.5 billion years ago.

In 2023, JOIDES Resolution recovered cores of what appeared to be rock from the upper mantle after drilling only a few hundred meters into the Atlantis Massif. The borehole reached a maximum depth of 1,268 meters and recovered 886 meters of rock samples consisting of primarily peridotite. There is debate over the extent to which the samples represent the upper mantle with some arguing the effects of seawater on the samples situates them as examples of deep lower crust. However, the samples offer a much closer analogue to mantle rock than magmatic xenoliths as the sampled rock never melted into magma or recrystallized.

title: Earth's mantle


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Pinay (disambiguation)

Pinay is a colloquial term for Filipina, the feminine form of Pinoy.

It may also refer to:
 * Antoine Pinay, a French politician
 * Pinay, Loire, a French commune in the Loire département

title: Pinay (disambiguation)


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F. W. Harvey

Frederick William Harvey DCM (26 March 1888 – 13 February 1957), often known as Will Harvey, was an English poet, broadcaster and solicitor. His poetry became widely popular during and after World War I.

Early life
Harvey was born in 1888 in Hartpury, Gloucestershire, and grew up in Minsterworth. He was educated at the King's School, Gloucester, where he formed a close friendship with Ivor Gurney, and then at Rossall School. Gurney and Herbert Howells, another local composer, later set a number of his poems to music.

He started on a legal career, which would always be somewhat tentative; and began to consider conversion to Roman Catholicism.

World War I
On 8 August 1914, four days after the United Kingdom had declared war on Germany, Harvey joined the 5th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment as a private. Shortly afterwards, in November, he became a Roman Catholic. He was an adherent of the distributism movement, described as a "third way", in opposition to both socialism and capitalism; and he was influenced by the work of G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc.

His battalion was posted to France in March 1915, where he was promoted to lance corporal and awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal. His citation for the DCM reads: "2371 Lance-Corpl. F. W. Harvey, 1/5th Gloucestershire R[egiment]. (T.F.)

For conspicuous gallantry on the night of Aug. 3–4, 1915, near Hebuterne, when, with a patrol, he and another non-commissioned officer went out to reconnoitre in the direction of a suspected listening-post. In advancing they encountered the hostile post, evidently covering a working party in the rear. Corporal Knight at once shot one of the enemy, and, with Lance-Corporal Harvey, rushed the post, shooting two others, and, assistance arriving, the enemy fled. Lance-Corporal Harvey pursued, felling one of the retreating Germans with a bludgeon. He seized him, but, finding his revolver empty and the enemy having opened fire, he was called back by Corporal Knight, and the prisoner escaped. Three Germans were killed, and their rifles and a Mauser pistol were brought in. The patrol had no loss."

Harvey returned to England for officer training, but after being commissioned and returning to France he was captured on 17 August 1916 in the German front-line trench while carrying out a reconnaissance patrol. He spent the rest of the war in prisoner-of-war camps, including those at Gütersloh, Crefeld, Schwarmstedt, Holzminden, Bad Colberg, and Stralsund.

Writing
Soon after his arrival in France, Harvey began to contribute to a trench newspaper, the Fifth Gloucester Gazette. His first volume of poems, A Gloucestershire Lad at Home and Abroad, was published in September 1916, shortly after his capture. He began to write more intensively in captivity, and poems were sent back to England for publication: his second collection, Gloucestershire Friends, appeared in 1917. His time in the camps is held to be his most productive period of writing. On returning from a spell of solitary confinement at Holzminden after a failed escape attempt, he saw that a fellow prisoner had drawn a picture over his bed in chalk of ducks in a pool of water. This inspired his most celebrated poem (and the title poem of his third collection, published in 1919), "Ducks".

Post-war life
Harvey returned home in 1919, married in 1921, and returned to legal practice. He became a respected and loved figure in the Forest of Dean. He worked largely as a defence solicitor (his own captivity convincing him that incarceration was destructive and pointless), and became known as the "poor man's solicitor". His work was not financially successful, and in the 1930s he sold off his practice.

In 1920 he published a memoir of his prison-camp experiences, Comrades in Captivity; and in 1921 Farewell, an acknowledgement of his intention to remove himself from the literary world. He had a brief creative union with his great friend and collaborator, Ivor Gurney. Gurney had written "After-Glow" and "To His Love" for Harvey, on hearing of his supposed death in 1916; and "Ypres-Minsterworth" as a gesture of solidarity with him in his captivity. Their reunion was cut sadly short by Gurney's mental breakdown in 1922.

Harvey's gift for oration and his versatile voice and scripting led him to become a popular broadcaster at the BBC, Bristol, where he used his popularity to promote the Forest of Dean, its people and traditions. He furthered local choirs, musicians and young authors such as Leonard Clark. He was friends with Rutland Boughton and the local MP, Morgan Philips Price, who worked with him to promote the arts and the interests of Foresters.

Later years
In later life Harvey craved the comradeship he had found in the trenches and was saddened that the new social order he had expected never appeared. His later poetry of remembrance captured those feelings, but retained the essential humour of his early work and included verse in local dialect.

He died in 1957 and was buried at Minsterworth.

Personal life
In 1921 Harvey married Anne Kane, an Irish nurse. They had two children, Eileen Anne (born 1922) and Patrick (born 1925). He led a Bohemian lifestyle, rejecting material values, and often recklessly gave away his professional services and income.

Reputation and legacy
Harvey's poems published during and immediately after World War I were acclaimed, and his status was acknowledged when a collection was published in 1926 in the Augustan Books of Modern Poetry series, edited by Edward Thompson.

The lyricism of his poetry led to it being set to music by his friends Ivor Gurney, Herbert Howells and Sir Herbert Brewer, and others, including post-war composers such as Johnny Coppin. His work is noted particularly for its appreciation of the natural world and the landscape and traditions of West Gloucestershire.

Harvey was commemorated in 1980 by a slate memorial tablet in the south transept of Gloucester Cathedral. "Ducks", Harvey's best known verse, was voted one of the nation's 100 favourite poems in 1996 in a nationwide poll conducted by the BBC.

title: F. W. Harvey


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Rygel

Rygel may refer to:

 * Daniel Rygel the son of Zdeněk Rygel
 * Dominar Rygel XVI a character from Farscape

title: Rygel


text:
User:Marnen

About me
My name is Marnen Laibow-Koser; I'm a composer/violinist/pianist/flutist/...ist/computer geek living in Albany, New York. I mostly play classical, folk, and gamelan music, with forays into just about any other style imaginable. If you're in the Society for Creative Anachronism, you might know me as Ze'ev ben 'Arye, or perhaps you've met my alter ego Marcellus Wolfhurst (who's been spotted doing morris dances while playing fiddle). I'm also a nudist, and I've been known to be active in proselytizing the barefoot lifestyle.

Some ensembles I play with: The Flying Romanos, Gamelan Son of Lion (on leave), Gamelan Kusuma Laras, Blackmore's Night (former).

So what does all that make me? The phrase "Gen-X post-hippie arts geek" springs to mind, but it's not exactly catchy. Better ideas, anyone?

I'll write a full bio soon, I hope. Meanwhile, see my website or my LiveJournal for more about me.

Pickypedia
I've just read Jason Scott's article The Great Failure of Wikipedia, and it got me thinking. While I don't agree with much of Scott's criticism, I think some of his points are valid enough that I am proposing an experiment to test them, tentatively called Pickypedia. I'd love feedback from anyone who cares to comment. 12:48, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Update: I've just come back from a few months' wikivacation while I try to sort out whether Wikipedia is still worth editing. While I feel like I'm making valuable contributions in certain places, I can't ignore people like Grace Note and RickK. I am still considering how to get Pickypedia off the ground. I suppose what I'm getting at with all this is that I am no longer sure that a sufficiently large wiki can remain self-correcting. Your comments on this are welcome, either on my talk page or in the Pickypedia discussion. (Early November 2005; I forgot to date-stamp at the time!)

Update again: The debate I had in editing Japanese language (which you can see some of on talk:Japanese language/archive001) has gone some way toward convincing me of what I had feared: that Wikipedia has a bias, possibly systemic, toward stultification and amateurism, and actively (as a system) appears to rebel against the addition of potentially useful information. I think this may be an outgrowth of Wikipedia's anti-elitism -- a useful attitude run amok, perhaps. I am no longer contributing to Wikipedia while I sort this out. --Marnen Laibow-Koser (talk) (desk) 18:31, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Ha ha! I was right. --Jscott 20:38, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

I'm not sure you were. Anyway, please confine comments and discussion to my talk page. Any further comments here will be deleted. --Marnen Laibow-Koser (talk) (desk) 05:57, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Major contributions
Articles on which I've done a significant amount of work.

 * Hexachord ([ history])
 * Vowel harmony ([ history])
 * U.S. Highway 9 ([ history])

Articles I've created
This section does not include redirect pages.

 * Barbara Benary ([ history])
 * Donald Erb ([ history])
 * Gamelan Son of Lion ([ history])

title: User:Marnen


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Vertregt (crater)

Vertregt is the ancient remnant of a large lunar impact crater. It is located on the far side of the Moon, to the north of the unusual walled plain Van de Graaff. The prominent crater Aitken lies across the northeast rim of Vertregt, and Zwicky is attached to the northwestern rim.

Vertregt has been heavily eroded and reshaped by subsequent events, leaving only a few segments of the outer rim still visible. The northwestern section of the rim is the most intact portion, although even this arcing ridge is marked by small craterlets.

The interior consists of rugged ridges and smaller impacts, most prominently the crater pair of Vertregt L and Vertregt K in the southeast. There is a wide rift leading from the southern end of the crater floor towards Van de Graaff.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Vertregt.

title: Vertregt (crater)


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Suriname national football team

The Suriname national football team (Surinaams voetbalelftal; Sranan Tongo: Sranankondre fubal pluga) represents Suriname in international football. The team is controlled by the Surinamese Football Association, which is a member of CONCACAF.

History
Although the former Dutch colony is located in South America, it competes in CONCACAF, together with Guyana and French Guiana. Suriname was one of the founding members of CONCACAF in 1961. Suriname won the CFU Championship in 1978, were runners-up in 1979 and have achieved three fourth-place finishes in the CFU Championship/Caribbean Cup. Suriname discourages dual citizenship and Surinamese-Dutch players who have picked up a Netherlands passport – which, crucially, offers legal work status in almost any European league – are barred from selection to the national team. Many Suriname-born players and Dutch-born players of Surinamese descent, like Gerald Vanenburg, Ruud Gullit, Frank Rijkaard, Edgar Davids, Clarence Seedorf, Patrick Kluivert, Michael Reiziger, Aron Winter, Georginio Wijnaldum, Virgil van Dijk and Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink have turned out to play for the Dutch national team. In 1999, Humphrey Mijnals, who played for both Suriname and the Netherlands, was elected Surinamese footballer of the century. Another famous player is André Kamperveen, who captained Suriname in the 1940s and was the first Surinamese to play professionally in the Netherlands.

Suriname has participated in the qualifying matches for the FIFA World Cup since 1962, but has never qualified for the finals. Suriname's strongest showing in World Cup qualification was the campaign for the 1978 finals, when the national team reached the final group stage.

Suriname also came second in CONCACAF qualifying for the 1964 Olympics, behind qualifiers Mexico and third in qualifying for the 1980 Olympics, behind qualifiers Costa Rica and United States. The US then boycotted the Moscow Olympics, and were replaced by Cuba in the football tournament, after Suriname opted to boycott the games as well.

In 2008 Suriname advanced to the group stage of CONCACAF World Cup qualifying despite using only local players. With their two-leg victory over neighbours Guyana, Suriname moved on to face Haiti, Costa Rica, and El Salvador in the third round.

Inspired by the success of teams with dual nationals, especially Algeria, SVB president John Krishnadath submitted a proposal to the national assembly to allow dual citizenship for athletes with the then-goal of reaching the 2018 FIFA World Cup finals. In order to support this project, a team with professional players of Surinamese origin was assembled and played an exhibition match on 26 December 2014 at the Andre Kamperveen Stadion. The project is managed by Nordin Wooter and David Endt, who have set up a presentation and sent invitations to 100 players of Surinamese origin, receiving 85 positive answers. Dean Gorré was named to coach this special selection. FIFA supported the project and granted insurance for the players and clubs despite the match being unofficial.

As of May 2015, Gorré was the national team coach who oversaw both the official and unofficial teams. The professional team consisted of players willing to commit to Suriname if the dual-citizenship bill was approved, and played two international matches. In 2016, Roberto Gödeken became the head coach once again. In qualification for the 2017 Caribbean Cup, Suriname secured a spot in the third round, but finished second behind Jamaica in their group. However, as one of the three best second-place finishers, Suriname advanced to face Trinidad and Tobago and Haiti in the 5th place play-off. Suriname won the match against Trinidad and Tobago, but lost against Haiti, hence once again a failed attempt to make an appearance in the Concacaf Gold Cup.

In 2018 Dean Gorré signed a new 2 year contract with the SVB to manage Natio once more. His first game ended in a draw against Dominica in Nations League qualifiers. Gorré became not only the head coach of the senior team, but also oversees the youth teams and also has a helping hand in the introduction of a professional league in the country. Gorré also managed to arrange trainingcamps for the national team in the Netherlands, where Natio have tested their strength against professional and amateur football clubs.

Suriname qualified for the CONCACAF Nations League B after wins against Saint Kitts and Nevis and British Virgin Islands, draw against Dominica and a loss against Jamaica. Suriname got to share a group with Nicaragua, SVG and Dominica. After a narrow away win against Dominica, Suriname got to bag a massive 6–0 win at home against Nicaragua.

In November 2019, it was announced that a so-called sports passport would allow Dutch professional footballers from the Surinamese diaspora to represent Suriname. On 19 November, Suriname qualified for the 2021 Gold Cup with 2–1 CONCACAF Nations League win over Nicaragua. It will be their debut in the CONCACAF Gold Cup and their first appearance in a CONCACAF tournament since 1985.

In the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup, Suriname played against Costa Rica, Jamaica and Guadeloupe in Group C. Suriname lost its first two matches against Jamaica and Costa Rica, but ended third in the group following a 2-1 win against Guadeloupe.

In late July, the Surinamese Football Association terminated the contract of Dean Gorré after failing to reach Natio's objectives. After the termination of Gorré, SVB announced that they have hired the services of Brian Tevreden's Tevreden Group. The Tevreden Group are involved in the search for a new national coach and the recruitment and selection of Surinamese-Dutch professionals who want to play for Natio.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Coaching history

 * Caretaker managers are listed in italics.

† Indicates that they managed in no official matches • 🇳🇱 S. Mobach (1936)

• 🇳🇱 Morris Wijngaarde (1946)

• 🇳🇱 Wim de Bois (1948)

• André Kamperveen (1958–1962)

• Humbert Boerleider (1973)

• 🇸🇷 Ollie Camps (1976)

• 🇸🇷 Walther Braithwaite (1976–1977)

• 🇳🇱 Rob Groener (1978–1979)

• 🇸🇷 Armand Sahadewsing (1980–1982)

• 🇸🇷 Walther Braithwaite (1985–1986)

• 🇸🇷 Paul Bhagwandas (1989–1993)

• 🇸🇷 Frits Purperhart (1996–1997)

• 🇸🇷 Ronald Kolf (2000–2001)

• 🇺🇾 Edgardo Baldi (2003–2004)

• 🇸🇷 Andy Atmodimedjo (2004)

• 🇸🇷 Wensley Bundel (2005)

• 🇳🇱 Leo Koswal (2006)

• 🇸🇷 Kenneth Jaliens (2006–2008)

• 🇸🇷 Wensley Bundel (2008–2010)

• 🇳🇱 Kees Zwamborn (2010)

• 🇸🇷 Ricardo Winter (2010–2011)

• 🇸🇷 Kenneth Jaliens (2011–2012)

• 🇸🇷 Ricardo Winter (2012)

• 🇸🇷 Roberto Gödeken (2013–2014)

• 🇸🇷 Dean Gorré (2015)

• 🇸🇷 Roberto Gödeken (2016–2017)

• 🇸🇷 Eugene Verwey (2018)

• 🇸🇷 Dean Gorré (2018–2021)

• Stanley Menzo (2022)

• Aron Winter (2022–2023)

• Stanley Menzo (2024–)

Current squad

 * The following players were called-up for the World Cup qualifiers against Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Anguilla on 5 & 8 June 2024.
 * Caps and goals correct as of 8 June 2024 after the match against Anguilla.

Recent call-ups
The following players have also been called up to the Suriname squad within the last twelve months.

INJ Withdrew due to injury PRE Preliminary/Standby squad RET Retired from the national team SUS Serving suspension WD Player withdrew from the squad due to non-injury issue.

Player records

 * Players in bold are still active with Suriname.

ABCS Tournament

 * *Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.

All-time record against other nations
As of 8 June 2024

Wins

 * Largest win :
 * 9–0 vs on 2 March 1947
 * Largest win at the CONCACAF Championship finals : none
 * Largest win at the CCCF Championship finals :
 * 2–0 vs 🇨🇺 Cuba on 18 February 1960, 1960 CCCF Championship
 * Largest win at the CFU Championship finals :
 * 4–0 vs 🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda on 22 October 1978, 1978 CFU Championship
 * Largest win at the Caribbean Cup finals :
 * 3–1 vs 🇯🇲 Jamaica on 28 May 1996, 1996 Caribbean Cup
 * Largest win at the Pan American Games :
 * 3–1 vs 🇨🇦 Canada on 6 August 1991, 1991 Pan American Games
 * Largest win at the CONCACAF Nations League:
 * 6–0 vs Nicaragua on 8 September 2019, 2019–20 CONCACAF Nations League
 * Largest win at the ABCS Tournament :
 * 8–0 vs Bonaire on 13 July 2012, ABCS Tournament 2012

Draws
1. Tournament follows a knock-out format, and matches cannot end on a draw.
 * Highest scoring draw :
 * 3–3 vs Aruba on 29 August 1953
 * 3–3 vs on 2 March 1998
 * 3–3 vs 🇨🇺 cuba on 12 November 2010
 * Highest scoring draw at the CONCACAF Championship finals :
 * 1–1 vs Honduras on 23 March 1985, 1985 CONCACAF Championship
 * Highest scoring draw at the CCCF Championship finals :
 * 1–1 vs Honduras on 15 February 1960, 1960 CCCF Championship
 * Highest scoring draw at the CFU Championship finals :
 * 2–2 vs Guadeloupe on 29 June 1985, 1985 CFU Championship
 * Highest scoring draw at the Caribbean Cup finals :
 * 1–1 vs 🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda on 16 June 1992, 1992 Caribbean Cup
 * 1–1 vs Saint Kitts and Nevis on 30 May 1996, 1996 Caribbean Cup
 * 1–1 vs Haiti on 18 May 2001, 2001 Caribbean Cup
 * Highest scoring draw at the Pan American Games :
 * 1–1 vs Honduras on 8 August 1991, 1991 Pan American Games
 * Highest scoring draw at the ABCS Tournament :
 * n/a1

Defeats

 * Largest defeat:
 * 9–2 vs Netherlands on 30 July 1958
 * 8–1 vs Aruba on 6 June 1946
 * 8–1 vs 🇲🇽 Mexico on 15 October 1977
 * Including unofficial games: 8–1 vs Feyenoord on 13 June 1946

 * Largest defeat at the CONCACAF Championship finals : 8–1 vs 🇲🇽 mexico on 15 October 1977, 1977 CONCACAF Championship
 * Largest defeat at the CCCF Championship finals :
 * 3–1 vs Costa Rica on 17 February 1960, 1960 CCCF Championship
 * Largest defeat at the CFU Championship finals :
 * 3–1 vs French Guiana on 21 June 1981, 1981 CFU Championship
 * Largest defeat at the Caribbean Cup finals :
 * 4–0 vs Saint Kitts and Nevis on 20 May 2001, 2001 Caribbean Cup
 * Largest defeat at the Pan American Games :
 * 1–0 vs 🇺🇸 United States on 4 August 1991, 1991 Pan American Games
 * Largest defeat at the ABCS Tournament :
 * 1–0 vs Aruba on 15 July 2012, ABCS Tournament 2012

Honours

 * This is a list of honours for the senior Surinamese national team

 * CONCACAF Championship / Gold Cup:
 * 6th place: 1977
 * CCCF Championship:
 * 4th place: 1960
 * CFU Championship / Caribbean Cup:
 * Winners: 1978
 * Runners-up: 1979
 * 4th place: 1994, 1996

Other tournaments

 * ABCS Tournament
 * Winners: 2010, 2013, 2015
 * Runners-up: 2012, 2022
 * Third place: 2011
 * Betty Brown Challenge Cup
 * Winners: 1943
 * Coupe Duvalier
 * Runners-up: 1966
 * Parbo Bier Cup
 * Runners-up: 2004

title: Suriname national football team


text:
Homebelly Groove...Live

Homebelly Groove...Live is the second live album, and third release overall, by American jam band Spin Doctors, released in 1992.

Tracks 4, 5, and 6 are from a free radio concert for WNEW-FM, recorded at Lonestar Roadhouse in New York City on June 12, 1992. The remaining tracks were recorded on September 27, 1990 at Wetlands, New York City; tracks 2, 9, and 10 originally appeared on the band's EP Up for Grabs...Live. An additional track from the Lonestar Roadhouse show, a performance of "What Time Is It?" featuring John Popper of Blues Traveler on harmonica, was released as the B-side of the single "Little Miss Can't Be Wrong."

Personnel

 * Chris Barron – lead vocals
 * Eric Schenkman – guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Off My Line"
 * Mark White – bass
 * Aaron Comess – drums
 * Roger Fox – flute on "Stepped on a Crack"

Production
 * Producers: Aaron Comess, Peter Denenberg, Frankie La Rocka, Eric Schenkman, Spin Doctors
 * Engineer: Peter Denenberg
 * Mixing: Frankie La Rocka
 * Mastering: Ted Jensen
 * Photography: Paul LaRaia
 * Art direction: Francesca Restrepo

Charts
Album

title: Homebelly Groove...Live