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Politics of the Empire of Brazil

Politics of the Empire of Brazil took place in a framework of a quasi-federal parliamentary representative democratic monarchy, whereby the Emperor of Brazil was the head of state and nominally head of government although the Prime Minister, called President of the Council of Ministers, was effectively the de facto head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power was exercised by the government. Legislative power was vested in both the government and the two chambers of the General Assembly (or Parliament). The Judiciary was independent of the Executive and the Legislative. There was also a fourth power, the Moderating power, exercised by the emperor. The Empire of Brazil was divided into 20 provinces and the Neutral Municipality, capital of the country.

Monarchy
Upon gaining independence from Portugal in 1822, the Brazilian nation as a whole was almost entirely in favor of a monarchical form of government. There were a variety of reasons for this political choice. There was fear among various social groups of the possibility that Brazil would fall into the same political, social, and economic chaos experienced by most of the former Spanish American colonies: territorial dismemberment, coups, dictatorships and the rise of caudillos. The perceived necessity was for a political structure that would allow the Brazilian people not merely to enjoy the advantages of liberty, but also that would guarantee the country's stability, in conformance with the liberalism of the time. Only a neutral entity, completely independent of parties, groups or opposing ideologies, could achieve this end. And there was "always a powerful ideological element remaining from independence as the result of a great national union over particular interests." The Brazilian monarchy was "a form of government that assured a Brazil that would include the whole of the old Portuguese dominion, in a climate of order, peace, and freedom." There was also another reason for adoption of the monarchy, or more precisely, its maintenance. The Europeans, as much as the Africans and the Native Americans, came from monarchical societies. To remain under this form of government was a way of maintaining the traditions and identity of the Brazilian people, a people descended from those three distinct ethnic groups. The choice of a member of the House of Braganza came not just from the historical moment, but also from the fact that Prince Pedro descended from the pure male line of the Portuguese kings. The House of Braganza originated with Afonso, 1st Duke of Braganza, an illegitimate son of John I of the House of Aviz who, in turn, was the son of Peter I of the House of Burgundy, which was founded 300 years earlier in 1143 by Afonso Henriques, the first king of Portugal. Thus, the strong popular appeal of the monarchy, and a tradition of more than three hundred years (or seven hundred if Portuguese history is considered), enabled Prince Pedro to take on the role of a symbol of national unity. The monarchical regime maintained on Brazilian soil "was a force of continuity and tradition".

A third element in the choice of monarchy was the necessity to comply with the powers of the era, all located in Europe. The possibility of European countries seeking to dominate the young nation, strengthened the desire to prevent the adoption of the republican form at all costs and to avoid any territorial dismemberment into small republics, weak and in constant rivalry with one another. Given that other Latin American countries and also Portugal were becoming easy prey to European (mainly British) greed, maintaining the monarchy with a monarch of European origin acted as a deterrent and allowed Brazil to ensure the predominance of its international interests. And in fact, "after the phase of the regency, turbulent but transitory by its very nature, the imperial order dominated from above, assuring internal peace and external prestige."

For the reasons cited above, Brazil chose a representative constitutional monarchical system. The imperial regime was based on the idea that sovereignty resided in the Nation, not the State, symbolically represented by the emperor. While the Nation wished to experience freedom and prosperity, the State, in turn, wanted "permanence, duration and existence." In this form, the Constitution expressed in its text that both the Emperor and the General Assembly were representatives of the Brazilian nation. The monarch represented the constant, general interests of the nation as a whole, while the Assembly represented particular, ephemeral, momentary interests. However, the Emperor was not sovereign of the country; the sovereign was the Brazilian Nation, who delegated this role to the Emperor, as they did to the General Assembly.

Parliamentary system
A major difference between parliamentarism and presidentialism is that in the first, the Head of State and of the Government are distinct individuals, while in the second, both roles reside in a single individual. Under the Brazilian monarchy, nonetheless, the emperor was head of both the State and the Government. This basic characteristic of presidential republicanism was transplanted by the Brazilian Constitutional Order. The Constitution of 1824 was rather less parliamentary than the draft prepared by the Constituent Assembly. In fact, it was for all purposes a peculiar and unique regime: a presidential monarchy. That did not mean, by any means, that the Brazilian monarch had prerogatives resembling those of a tyrant or dictator. The individual guarantees that guarantee human liberty and dignity were inserted into the articles of the Charter and were respected. The Emperor would not act in areas reserved to the legislative branch and the judiciary, such as to create laws or to judge and sentence. Still, the creation of the Moderating Power (Poder Moderador) and natural evolution of Brazilian representative system enabled a transition from presidential to the parliamentary model, which "would give the Empire a position of illustrious companion next to the British lion" [the United Kingdom]. It was unnecessary to modify the letter of the law in order to transmute one system of government into another: the Constitution itself in its elasticity (in terms of legal interpretation of the Charter) enabled this. The first step in the parliamentary institution occurred in 1824, with the award of the first Brazilian constitutional charter, allowing the General Assembly (Parliament) to take a leading role in policy guidance of the nation. The second step was in 1826 when a minority deputy Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcelos successfully demanded that the ministers of state had to present the government's financial accounts before the Chamber of Deputies. The third step, the most important, was taken in 1847 when Francisco de Paula Souza demanded the creation of the office of the President of the Council of Ministers (equivalent to the prime minister, and holding executive power). These steps resulted in the consolidation of Brazilian parliamentarism, in the same manner as the consolidation of British parliamentarism, as it would facilitate the distinction between Executive Power and Moderating Power.

The Brazilian Parliament became increasingly important, as all the great political decisions took place there, providing occasion for memorable debates. By 1881, it was already a custom of the Ministers of State to present government financial accounts to the Parliament, make annual reports on their activities and attend to answer criticism by the Deputies and Senators. These acts allowed great freedom for parliamentary interplay. This did not pass without observation by foreigners. Surprising, Brazil was criticized for its broad freedom of speech and its "exaggerated parliamentarism" as it was called by the French ambassador Amelot, Count of Chaillou. In the view of foreigners, Brazilian parliamentarism was not behind its European equivalents. The Empire was "from its outset a crowned democracy, in which the executive prevailed at first, and the legislative ended up predominating".

In the Imperial Parliament there were "solid and competitive parties, an active parliament, a free press, open debate", traditions that the Old Republic did not maintain. Both the emperor and the ministers of state always sought to act with attention to Parliament, making a sincere effort to improve the country's political system by adopting characteristics inherent in Parliamentarianism. For example: the definition of the cabinet's governmental program was drafted by the President of the Council of Ministers, and was, in turn, presented by the monarch every year at the opening of the Chamber of Deputies. Another example was the emergence of the possibility that Parliament, when deemed necessary, would submit a motion of no confidence against the cabinet of ministers. This provided a mode of defense (used at exceptional moments) of the parliamentary minority against the cabinet formed by the majority, were they to act inappropriately.

Federalism
The imperial Constitution of 1824 made Brazil a highly centralized country, aiming to facilitate control by the central government over the provinces and thereby prevent eventual territorial dismemberment. Nonetheless, the local governments had some degree of autonomy, because municipal assemblies elected by the population had their own prerogatives. This framework changed with the approval of the 1834 Additional Act, which created the Provincial Assemblies to legislate on issues related to local administration. The Act also created an "economic and local government" that made possible to cities to "neutralize in a certain way the absolute power exercised over the provinces by their presidents". A reversal occurred in this area due to the so-called Law of Interpretation of the Additional Act, approved in 1840, which restricted the autonomy gained by the 1834 Act. Historian Maria de Fatima Silva Gouvêa wrote of the view widely held among historians, regarding the non-existence of federalism in the Empire:

"Apart from some few studies published in recent years—in particular the work of Miriam Dohnikoff and Maria Fernanda Martins—very little has been produced on the subject, there remains a strong historiographical perception of the period as being marked by the existence of a monarchic State, centralized, instituted from the will and the dictates of a plantation and slaveocratic elite, over the will of the imperial Brazilian society as a whole."

Nonetheless, even after the revision of 1840, the Brazilian State retained certain characteristics of federalism, despite the fact that these were not foreseen in its founding in 1822. Because federalism was the main change proposed by the republicans and liberals in the 19th century, scholars of the subject give the impression that federalism did not exist under the monarchy. William H. Riker, one of the main theoreticians about federalism, considered that the Brazilian monarchy adopted a federalist model after the 1834 Additional Act. His view is that federalism would consist of a "division of competencies between the general government and the regional governments." The principal characteristic of federation is the mutual existence of two autonomous levels of government, in this case central and regional. This was reality during the monarchy, which would be considered a de facto federation were it not for the fact that the presidents of the provinces (equivalent to the current governors of states) were appointed by the Emperor and the Senators had a lifelong tenure. Prussian officer Max von Versen, who visited Brazil in 1867, wrote that the Emperor "shares the sovereignty with a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies [House of Representatives] that are assemblies elected by universal suffrage. In fact, the Crown does have only the ability to execute decisions of the Legislative. It is so great the administrative autonomy of the provinces, so predominant is the function of the Parliament as it is small the sphere of political attributions of the Emperor". Mirian Dohnikoff concluded that: The constitutional division of competencies between provincial governments and the central government, guaranteeing the autonomy of the former, which could not be unilaterally revoked by the central government; the capacity of the provincial governments to make decisions autonomously about matters relative to taxation, the police force, public works, jobs, etc.; the constant negotiation between provinces and the center in parliament to reduce tensions and confrontations between divergent interpretations about the sphere of the competence of each; the attribution of the central government to respond to national unity, provided the tools necessary for both; and its coexistence with autonomous provincial governments, which accounted for strategic regional issues, were federalist factors that prevailed in nineteenth century Brazil. The defeat in the negotiations of reforms in 1832, which resulted in the maintenance of the lifelong character (vitaliciedade) of membership in the Senate, and the fact of the president of the province being appointed by the central government prevented the full adoption of a federal model. On the other hand, as I have tried to demonstrate, the [centrally appointed] president had limited powers, of a type that did not constitute an obstacle to the exercise of provincial autonomy. The president did not have the power to present legislative projects, and the right to veto laws approved by the Assembly was only one of suspension. It could be exercised for a limited time, only ten days, and returned then to the same Assembly that approved the law, where it could be overruled by two-thirds of the legislators.

Thus, it remained to the monarchic government to abolish the lifelong character of membership in the Senate and to allow the choice of presidents of the provinces by popular vote, to achieve federalism. Such changes would occur in 1889, when the Viscount of Ouro Preto, President of the last Council of Ministers of the monarchy, presented his government proposals to the General Assembly. But, owing to the coup d'état that installed the republic, these plans never came to fruition.

Emperor's role
The role of the emperor of Brazil was to represent the nation. He represented that which the nation had "of oneness, of permanence, of stability. He represented the legal order, the unity of all Brazilians, as well as the variations of region, class, party, race, represented the nation in its totality." The monarch was in reality a type of "minister of a republic", in the philosophical sense of that last word, from res publica, and not a sovereign by divine right. His function as a representative of the nation, of its legitimacy, derived not from being elected, but acclaimed, as had traditionally happened for centuries after the death of the previous monarch in homage to his successor. Acclamation was a popular designation that legitimated the role of the monarchy as representative of the Brazilian people. This in fact occurred at three distinct historic moments during the monarchical era: in 1822, when Pedro I was acclaimed, in 1831 and finally in 1840, when it was the turn of Pedro II be acclaimed in all the provinces. Acclamation was, in a certain way, a type of symbolic vote, equivalent to an informal plebiscite. It was popular acceptance that granted the legitimacy to Brazilian monarchs as representatives of the Nation.

Following the standard dictated by liberalism of the nineteenth century, the Constitution of 1824 granted the monarchy protection under a representative system and protected by the most important, innovative and original item in the constitutional text: the Moderating Power (Poder Moderador). This fourth power was personal to the Emperor, acting as a "mechanism to absorb friction between the legislative and executive powers" and his role as the one who would maintain the balance between both powers would allow Pedro II throughout his reign the "worthy position that he exercised with so much pleasure and peace." Tobias Barreto has analyzed the Moderating Power and the parliamentary government, explained as the reason for its adoption both the fact that "institutions that are not the daughters of custom, but only the product of theories, do not hold themselves for much longer against reality and they will soon ruin themselves when faced by facts." It would not matter if there were laws that would follow the customs and traditions of other nations (other than the Brazilians) that would be admirable in theory, but in practice, would become counterproductive to the point of creating cracks that over time would collapse the edifice of the country's constitutional order. Thus, thanks to the Moderating Power, Brazil was able to "open a valve through which parliamentary anarchy could escape", in other words, it would minimize eventual damage caused by disputes between rival political factions.

According to João Camilo Torres the idea behind the Moderating Power was "that a monarch, by virtue of dynastic continuity, took no part in factions, classes, had no regional links, did not owe his power to economic groups, did not have to fulfill electoral promises, did not need to think of his own future — the future of his family was guaranteed by the preservation of peace and national greatness — he was not subject to the temptation of taking advantage of a brief passage through the government to grant benefits and advantages for himself only at the cost of the nation´s welfare and leaving the onus to his successors" as he knows that his "successor will be his own son, knowing that history, many times, charges grandchildren with the crimes of their grandparents".

Emperor's prerogatives
Article 99 of the Constitution of 1824 declared that the “person of the Emperor is inviolable and sacred; he is not subject to any responsibility”. This disposition was not characteristic only of the nineteenth century Brazilian constitutional regime. On the contrary, the lack of responsibility of the monarch continues to exist under present-day parliamentary monarchies. The powers reserved to the Moderating Power were to be exercised only after consulting the Council of State. Most of these powers (which were enumerated in Article 101) were identical to those reserved for monarchs today, such as: to summon the General Assembly (parliament) in the intervals between sessions; to sanction the decrees and resolutions of the General Assembly, for them to take on the force of law; extend or postpone the General Assembly and dissolve the Chamber of Deputies (Câmara de Deputados), convoking another immediately to replace the former;   freely appointing and firing ministers of state;    pardoning and modifying judicial sentences and granting amnesty. The dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies should not be confused with shutting down a National Congress (or Parliament). The first refers to a legal measure that exist under Parliamentarism, while the second is a dictatorial act. There was a great care on the part of Brazilian monarchs at the time to exercise their prerogative to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies. For example, in the case of Pedro I, he did not dissolve the Chamber of Deputies or postponed the Parliament during his reign. While Pedro II, not once in his 58 years as Emperor that such dissolution occurred by his own initiative; instead, it was always solicited by the President of the Council of Ministers. There were various dissolutions during the period of his reign, eleven in all, and of these, ten occurred only after the Council of State was consulted on the matter, something that was not obligatory. The power to veto laws was not absolute, merely partial: if two consecutive legislatures presented the same legislation without modifications, the Emperor's signature would not be needed to pass it.

Among the other prerogatives of the emperor were: to suspend magistrates for complaints against their persons, but only after carrying through hearings with them, taking all the important information available, and consulting the Council of State (those magistrates effectively lost their jobs only after due process of law that resulted in a condenatory sentence after all possible appeals); approve or suspend resolutions (laws) of provincial councils and name Senators according to a list of the three candidates who had gained the majority of popular vote. The power to approve or suspend resolutions of provincial councils was extraordinary, it was the competence of the General Assembly and could only occur if that body, for some reason, was unable to meet (This prerogative was annulled by the 1834 Additional Act and the subsequent creation of the Provincial Assemblies).

As to the power of nominating Senators, that was not a characteristic peculiar to the Brazilian legal order, but to something common in all countries of that era. In the United Kingdom, the House of Lords was composed of life members and hereditary members and reserved solely to the nobility; similarly, in France, Senators, also with life terms, were named rather than elected; in the United States, a presidential republic, Senators were chosen by the state legislatures (until this was modified by the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913). None of these three countries, considered at that time to be democracies alongside Brazil, there was any popular participation in the selection of Senators. In contrast, in Brazil Senators were supposed to be named from a list of three candidates who had received the most votes from the Brazilian people.

Paulo Bonavides wrote that the Moderating Power "can only be appreciated for its role on the consolidation of national unity and the stability of the political system of the Empire" on “a continent politically flagellated by civil hatreds and pulverized into weak and rival republics.” For Galvão Sousa, the Moderating Power under Pedro II, “created the space for the famous 'dictatorship of honesty.' It soon became the personal power of the monarch, always exercised with a high public spirit”. The term "dictatorship" (ditadura) used by the author does not have a pejorative connotation and merely exemplifies what he perceives as the force of morality and justice that Pedro II imposed in his role as constitutional monarch.

Executive branch
According article 102 of the Constitution of 1824, "the Emperor is the Head of Executive Power, and exercises it by his Ministers of State". However, in 1847 the Emperor Pedro II created the office of the President of the Council of Ministers to hold executive power, although the Emperor still possesses executive powers currently common to the Prime Minister of a monarchy. In practice, both exercised the executive function in different aspects. Through this reform, the Emperor would still be responsible for sanctioning or vetoing laws passed by the General Assembly, "convening the new Ordinary General Assembly," appointing bishops, and providing ecclesiastical benefits, appointing magistrates, and awarding titles and honors. On the other hand, the President of the Council of Ministers was in fact the head of government and responsible for appointing ministers of state and to exercise their function through them, to be responsible for diplomacy, to issue decrees, instructions and regulations and to take care of everything that concerns this, "to provide everything that concerns internal and external security, and to administer the public accounts together with the cabinet and parliament.

The president of the Council owed his position to both his party and to the Emperor, and these could sometimes come into conflict. 19th-century abolitionist leader and historian Joaquim Nabuco said that the "President of the Council in Brazil was no Russian Chancellor, Sovereign's creature, nor a British Prime Minister, made only by the trust of the [House of] Commons: the delegation of the Crown was to him as necessary and important as the delegation of the Chamber, and, to exert with safety his functions, he had to dominate the caprice, the oscillations and ambitions of the Parliament, as well as to preserve always unalterable the favor, the good will of the emperor."

Legislative branch

According to the Constitution, Legislative power is vested upon the General Assembly, a two-chamber legislature comprising the Imperial Senate and the Chamber of Deputies which in 1824 was composed of 50 senators and 102 general deputies, as the nation's representatives. The General Assembly alone could enact, revoke, interpret and suspend laws under Article 13 of the Constitution. The legislature also held the power of the purse and was required to annually authorize expenditures and taxes. It alone approved and exercised oversight of government loans and debts. Other responsibilities entrusted to the Assembly included setting the size of the military's forces, the creation of offices within the government, monitoring the national welfare and ensuring that the government was being run in conformity to the Constitution. This last provision allowed the legislature wide authority to examine and debate government policy and conduct.
 * 1) The Senate is composed of lifelong members organized in election. The most voted senators are chosen and appointed by the Emperor on a triple list. Each Province will give so many senators, as many as half of their respective deputies.
 * 2) The Chamber of Deputies is composed by elected members to serve four-year terms.

According to Article 16 of the Constitution of 1824, "each of the Chamber will have the Treatment of Augusts and Dignified Representatives of the Nation." Each legislature lasts four years and each annual session four months. The imperial opening session of the Assembly always takes place on May 3. Both the opening and closing ceremonies will happen with the presence of the Emperor in full imperial regalia in the form of the internal regiment and in the presence of all the members of both chambers. The appointment of the respective Presidents, Vice Presidents, and Secretaries of Chambers, verification of the powers of its members, oath, and its internal police, shall be carried out in the form of its Rules of Procedure. The Members of each of the chambers are inviolable for the opinions they give in the exercise of their functions and during their deputation, they can not be arrested by any authority, except by order of their respective chamber or in flagrant crime capital punishment. Senators and deputies may be appointed to the post of Minister of State, or Councilor of State, with the difference that the Senators continue to sit in the Senate, and the Deputy leaves vacant his place of the Chamber, and proceed to New election, in which he could be re-elected and accumulate both functions. They also accumulate the two functions, if they already exercised any of the mentioned positions, when they were elected. One can not be at the same time a Member of both Houses. The exercise of any Employment, with the exception of those of Counselor of State, the Minister of State, shall cease on an interim basis, while the duties of Deputy or Senator shall last.

A Constitutional balance of power existed between the General Assembly and the executive branch under the Emperor. The legislature could not operate alone and the monarch could not force his will upon the Assembly.

Judicial branch
The independent Judiciary, and will be composed of judges, and jurors, who will have to log in this way in the civil, as in the crime in the cases, and by the way, that the Codes determine. The jurors pronounce on the fact, and the Judges apply the Law. The Emperor may suspend them for complaints against them, preceding a hearing of the same Judges, necessary information, and hearing the Council of State. All judges and bailiffs are responsible for possible abuses of power, and such as other crimes and illegal practices, can move a popular action against them that may end up disqualifying them from exercising law.

The Article 163 of the Constitution of 1824 says:

"In the Capital of the Empire, in addition to the Relation, which must exist, as in the other Provinces, there will also be a Court with the name of Supreme Court of Justice, made up of Judges, drawn from Relations for their antiquities; And will be awarded the title of Council. In the first organization, the Ministers of those who are to be abolished may be employed in this Court."

- Art. 163, Imperial Constitution of 1824

The constitutional determination stated that this court should be called the "Supreme Court of Justice" and was regulated by the Imperial Letter of Law of September 18, 1828 and installed on January 9, 1829 in operation in the House of the Senate and later in the Palace of Relation. The Supreme Court of Justice was the national court acting in all instances. All of its members were directly appointed by the Emperor. Each province has also its own Tribunal of Relations to try cases in the lower court.

The judiciary is completely independent even from the Emperor. However, although it can not interfere directly, the Emperor can commute applied penalties, such as the death penalty, which was no longer executed in 1876 by successive commutations of Emperor Pedro II.

Provincial and local governments
When enacted in 1824, the Imperial Constitution created the Conselho Geral de Província (Provincial General Council), the legislature of the provinces. This council was composed of either 21 or 13 elected members, depending on the size of a province's population. All "resolutions" (laws) created by the councils required approval by the General Assembly, with no right of appeal. Provincial Councils also had no authority to raise revenues, and their budgets had to be debated and ratified by the General Assembly. Provinces had no autonomy and were entirely subordinate to the national government.

With the 1834 constitutional amendment known as the Additional Act, Provincial General Councils were supplanted by the Assembleias Legislativas Provinciais (Provincial Legislative Assemblies). The new Assemblies enjoyed much greater autonomy from the national government. A Provincial Assembly was composed of 36, 28 or 20 elected deputies, the number depending on the size of the province's population. The election of provincial deputies followed the same procedure as used to elect general deputies to the national Chamber of Deputies.

The responsibilities of the Provincial Assembly included defining provincial and municipal budgets and levying the taxes necessary to support them; providing primary and secondary schools (higher education was the responsibility of the national government); oversight and control of provincial and municipal expenditures; and providing for law enforcement and maintenance of police forces. The Assemblies also controlled the creation and abolishment of, and salaries for, positions within provincial and municipal civil services. The nomination, suspension and dismissal of civil servants was reserved for the president (governor) of the province, but how and under what circumstances he could exercise these prerogatives was delineated by the Assembly. The expropriation of private property (with due monetary compensation) for provincial or municipal interests was also a right of the Assembly. In effect, the Provincial Assembly could enact any kind of law—with no ratification by Parliament—so long as such local laws did not violate or encroach upon the Constitution. However, provinces were not permitted to legislate in the areas of criminal law, criminal procedure laws, civil rights and obligations, the armed forces, the national budget or matters concerning national interests, such as foreign relations.

The provincial presidents were appointed by the national government and were, in theory, charged with governing the province. In practice, however, their power was intangible, varying from province to province based upon each president's relative degree of personal influence and personal character. Since the national government wanted to ensure their loyalty, presidents were, in most cases, sent to a province in which they had no political, familial or other ties. In order to prevent them from developing any strong local interests or support, presidents would be limited to terms of only a few months in office. As the president usually spent a great deal of time away from the province, often traveling to their native province or the imperial capital, the de facto governor was the vice-president, who was chosen by the Provincial Assembly and was usually a local politician. With little power to undermine provincial autonomy, the president was an agent of the central government with little function beyond conveying its interests to the provincial political bosses. Presidents could be used by the national government to influence, or even rig, elections, although to be effective the president had to rely on provincial and local politicians who belonged to his own political party. This interdependency created a complex relationship which was based upon exchanges of favors, private interests, party goals, negotiations, and other political maneuvering.

The câmara municipal (town council) was the governing body in towns and cities and had existed in Brazil since the beginning of the colonial period in the 16th century. The Chamber was composed of vereadores (councilmen), the number of which depended on the size of the town. Unlike the Provincial General Council, the Constitution gave town councils great autonomy. However, when the Provincial Assembly replaced the Provincial General Council in 1834, many of the powers of town councils (including the setting of municipal budgets, oversight of expenditures, creation of jobs, and the nomination of civil servants) were transferred to the provincial government. Additionally, any laws enacted by the town council had to be ratified by the Provincial Assembly—but not by Parliament. While the 1834 Additional Act granted greater autonomy to the provinces from the central government, it transferred the towns' remaining autonomy to the provincial governments. There was no office of mayor, and towns were governed by a town council and its president (who was the councilman who won the most votes during elections)

Overview
According to the Constitution of 1824, one of the most liberal of its time, voting was obligatory and elections occurred in two steps: in first phase, voters chose Electors. The Electors then chose senators (members of the upper house), deputies (members of the lower house), provincial deputies (members of the Provincial Assemblies) and councilmen (members of the town's assembly). All the men 25 years of age or older could vote in the first phase with an income of at least Rs 100$000 per year or more, with some exceptions; married men 21 years of age or older could vote, as well. To be an Elector, it was necessary to have an income of at least Rs 200$000 per year. The income requirement was much higher in the United Kingdom even after the 1832 reform. The only countries at the time that did not require a certain income to vote were France and Switzerland, where universal suffrage was introduced only in 1848. It is probable that no European country at the time had such liberal legislation as Brazil. The income requirement was low enough that, effectively, any employed male citizen could vote. For comparison, in 1876 the civil employee with the lowest wage at the time, a janitor working in the public sector, earned Rs 600$000 annually.

Most voters in Brazil had a low income. In 1876, for example, in the town of Formiga, in the province of Minas Gerais, the poor were 70% of the electorate and in Irajá, in the province of Rio de Janeiro, they were 87%. Ex-slaves couldn't vote, but their children and grandchildren could, as could the illiterate (which few countries allowed). In 1872, 13% of the free Brazilian population voted. For comparison, in 1870 in the UK, electoral participation was 7% of the total population; in Italy, it was 2%; in Portugal, 9%; and in the Netherlands 2.5%. In 1832, the year of the British electoral reform, 3% of the British voted. Further reforms in 1867 and 1884 managed to expand electoral participation in the UK to 15%.

Although electoral fraud was common, it did not pass unobserved by Pedro II, or the politicians and experts of that time, who considered it a great problem to be resolved. Some measures, like the electoral reforms of 1855, 1875 and 1881, had been taken with intention to eliminate, or at least to diminish, fraud.

Electoral reforms
The Law of 19 September 1855 created the district vote and incompatibilities (also known as non-eligibility). The first one had as objective to make possible the representation of all the local factions, while the latter had the purpose of reducing the influence of the government (independent of what party was in power) in the result of the elections. Beyond these new features, it was forbidden that public officials campaign in their own districts, as a measure to prevent them from using public resources for their own political benefit. As a consequence, presidents of provinces, as well as provincial secretaries, military, judges and chiefs of police were prohibited from running in the district where they served, although they could still run in a different district. The positive results of the reform were already apparent in the immediate following elections, in 1856: prior to that time, such officials constituted the majority of new members of Parliament. The reduction in their numbers allowed the “real country"(the Brazilian people) to enter “directly into the Parliament"(that is, a true representative democracy), as was desired by Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão.

The next reform occurred in 1875, when a mechanism was introduced that would make possible the representation of minorities (eliminating once and for all the ignominious unanimous assemblies): the system of the third, where the voters chose only 2/3 of the list of voters of the province, and in turn, the voters voted in 2/3 of the number of provincial deputies (provincial members of the house of representatives), thus allowing that the remaining 1/3 was filled by the votes of the opposition. The last and the most important reform, known as "Saraiva Law" (in homage to the then Prime Minister, José Antônio Saraiva) brought significant changes, because it eliminated the election in two turns, introducing the direct and facultative vote and allowed the votes of ex-slaves, as well as of non-Catholics. Also, it extended the electoral incompatibilities (non-eligibility) of 1855, forbidding campaigning by entrepreneurs of public works and vicars and bishops in their own parishes, and established that elect public officials elected in other districts than their own could not exercise their public positions, receive wages or be promoted while their mandates lasted. The effects of the reform were felt immediately, because while in 1850 something like 48% of the members of the house of representatives were public officers, in the last legislature this percentage fell to only 8%. If, on one hand, the reform diminished corruption and electoral fraud, allowing the Brazilian parliamentary system to work better, it also had negative effects, as the illiterate were no longer allowed to vote. The people's participation in elections dropped from 13% of the total population to only 0.8% in 1886. However, in the first legislature after the reform, the conservative opposition had 39% of the seats. In the second, it had 44% while the republicans had 2%. In the third legislature, the liberals were opposition in that moment and had 18% of all seats.

In 1889 about 20% of the Brazilian population could read and write, so depriving the illiterate of the franchise does not explain the reason for the sudden fall of the electorate. Possibly, it occurred because voting was no longer obligatory, which, together with the lack of interest of the Brazilian people in exerting their rights of citizenship, may have resulted in the reduction in the number of voters (which would continue until the middle of the 1940s).

To many Brazilians at that time, the greatest issue about their elections was their belief that the illiterate didn't have capacity to vote, on the grounds that the illiterate were unaware of the notion of the meaning of a representative government, of the choice of somebody as its representative and were easily corruptible, usually selling their votes. To Pedro II, the best way to resolve the problem about the electoral fraud was not restricting the right to vote but, instead, improving education in the country. Even so, Brazil was capable of keeping uninterrupted elections from 1822 to 1889, strengthening the electoral process, as well the representative system, a record matched in the Americas only by the United States and Canada.

title: Politics of the Empire of Brazil


text:
Aghabullogue

Aghabullogue or Aghabulloge  is a village and parish in the barony of Muskerry East in County Cork, Ireland. It lies around 30 km west of Cork City, south of the Boggeragh Mountains and north of the River Lee.

The parish of Aghabullogue includes the villages of Aghabullogue, Coachford and Rylane. The civil parish consists of 31 townlands.

It has a public house and shop, a national school, community hall and a Roman Catholic church (Saint John's Catholic Church). Saint Olan (or Ólann) is the patron saint of the parish.

Aghabullogue Hurling Club won Cork's first All-Ireland in 1890.

Notable people

 * Dan Drew (1863–1923), All Ireland-winning hurler
 * Peter Herrmann, social philosopher

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aghabullogue


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User talk:Seidl~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions.

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If you have any questions, see help, leave a question at the help desk, or feel free to drop me a line on my talk page.

Thanks again and happy editing!

— Trilobite (Talk) 15:19, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Seidl~enwiki


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Stefan Drzewiecki

Stefan Drzewiecki ( Polish : ; Джеве́цкий Степа́н Ка́рлович (Казими́рович); 26 July 1844, Kunka (ru), Podolia, Russian Empire (today Ukraine) – 23 April 1938, Paris) was a Polish scientist, journalist, engineer, constructor and inventor, known for designing and constructing the world's first electric-powered submarine. He worked mainly in France and the Russian Empire.

He built the first submarine in the world with electric battery-powered propulsion in 1884. He also independently developed the blade element theory (BET), a mathematical process used to determine the behavior of propellers.

Early life
Drzewiecki was born into Polish aristocratic (szlachta) family of national patriots. His grandfather Józef Drzewiecki served under generals Kościuszko and Dąbrowski. His father Karol Drzewiecki took part in the November Uprising against Russia. Young Stefan was sent by him away from partitioned Poland to complete his education in France.

He graduated in mathematics from the École Centrale Paris and received his engineering diploma. At the age of 19, he returned to Poland to take part in the January Uprising (1863-1864) against Russia. A few years later, he came back to Paris to finish his study.

Career
In 1867, Drzewiecki made his first invention, a kilometre counter for horse-drawn carriages. After the fall of the Paris Commune in 1871, he left Paris for Vienna, where he settled at 2 Lindengasse and entirely focused on inventing. After the Vienna World's Fair in 1873, he travelled to St. Petersburg at the invitation of Grand Duke Konstantin, where he pursued a fruitful career as a mechanical engineer. His inventions from that period include an instrument which automatically drew on a map the route traveled by the ship at sea.

Drzewiecki distinguished himself mainly in aviation and ship building. Beginning in 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War, he developed several models of propeller-driven submarines that evolved from single-person vessels to a four-man model. He personally took part in the war for which he received the Order of St. George (4th Class).

In 1884, he converted 2 mechanical submarines, installed on each a 1 hp engine with the new, at the time, source of energy - batteries. On tests submarine went under the water against the flow of the Neva River, Russia at a rate of 4 knots. It was the first submarine in the world with electric battery-powered propulsion.

He developed the theory of gliding flight, developed a method for the manufacture of ship and plane propellers (1892), and presented a general theory for screw-propeller thrust (1920). He is known for developing several models of early submarines for the Russian Navy. In 1902, Drzewiecki designed the submarine Pocztowyj, which was powered by two combustion engines that operated both underwater and after surfacing. He also devised a torpedo-launching system for ships and submarines that bears his name, the Drzewiecki drop collar. He also made an instrument that drew the precise routes of ships onto a nautical chart.

His work Theorie générale de l'hélice (1920), was honored by the French Academy of Science as fundamental in the development of modern propellers. In it he presented a complete theory about the moving propeller based directly on the general laws of the resistance of fluids.

Remembrance
Streets named in honour of Drzewiecki are located in a number of Polish cities including Warsaw, Wrocław, Gdańsk, Poznań, Biała Podlaska, Mielec and Szczecin.

In 1973, Drzewiecki and his submarine were featured on a postage stamp issued by the Polish Post in the PLN 2.70 denomination.

In 1991, a monument commemorating Drzewiecki was unveiled in the Ukrainian port city of Odesa where the inventor stayed for a period of time and tested his submarine in 1878.

In 2020, Drzewiecki was featured in a promotional publication titled ''Polacy światu. Znani i nieznani'' (Poles to the World. Known and Unknown) published by the Department of Cooperation with the Polish Diaspora and Poles Abroad of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

title: Stefan Drzewiecki


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Soundwave

Soundwave or Sound Wave may refer to:

 * Sound, a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave
 * Acoustic wave, the wave which carries sound

Festivals

 * Soundwave (Australian music festival), an annual music festival 2007–2016
 * Soundwave Festival (San Francisco), a biennial sound, art and music festival in the US

Music

 * Sound Wave (album), by Stanley Huang, 2003
 * Sound Wave, a 2013 album by Makua Rothman
 * "Sound Wave", a song by Yusef Lateef from the 1966 album A Flat, G Flat and C

Other

 * Soundwave (Transformers), a fictional character
 * Soundwave (mobile application)
 * The Wave 96.4 FM, formerly 96.4 Sound Wave, a Welsh radio station
 * Sound Wave, a marching band formed by Seattle Sounders FC supporters

title: Soundwave


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Tuesday Night Music Club

Tuesday Night Music Club is the debut studio album from American singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow, released on August 3, 1993. The first two singles from the album were not particularly successful. However, the album gained attention after the success of the fourth single, "All I Wanna Do", based on the Wyn Cooper poem "Fun" and co-written by David Baerwald, Bill Bottrell, Sheryl Crow, and Kevin Gilbert. The single eventually reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100, propelling the album to number three on the US Billboard 200 albums chart. It has sold more than 4.5 million copies in the US as of January 2008. On the UK Albums Chart, Tuesday Night Music Club reached number eight and is certified 2× platinum.

History
The title of the album comes from the name for the ad hoc group of musicians including Crow, the "Tuesday Music Club", who came together on Tuesdays to work on the album. Many of them share songwriting credits with Crow.

The front cover of the album shows Crow wearing a denim shirt with "a sheepish smile". The back cover has a neon cafe sign of the "Jenny Rose Cafe", consisting of the heart-shaped neon light behind the sign "CAFE" and above the other sign "JENNY ROSE".

The group existed as a casual songwriting collective prior to its association with Crow, but rapidly developed into a vehicle for her debut album after her arrival. (At the time, she was dating Kevin Gilbert, who co-wrote most of the songs for this album along with Crow, David Baerwald, David Ricketts, Bill Bottrell, Dan Schwartz and Brian MacLeod.) Her relationship with Gilbert became acrimonious soon after the album release and there were disputes about songwriting credits. In interviews later, Crow claimed to have written them. Both Gilbert and Baerwald castigated Crow publicly in the fallout, although Baerwald later softened his position. A similar tension arose with Bottrell after her second album, on which he collaborated during the early stages.

In February 2008, Bottrell said, "The truth is hard to describe, but it lies between what all the people were shouting. It was all very vague and very complicated. She wrote the majority of the album. The guys and I contributed writing and lyrics, including some personal things. However, the sound was the sound that I developed". However, this was said while promoting their most current work together and contradicts most previous statements by him including those in Richard Buskin's highly detailed book about the situation. Bottrell in earlier times had said Crow was given the second-largest portion of the publishing splits on the album in order to motivate her to work hard, as she still had to pay the very large debt from her unreleasable real first record, publishing being the only way she was likely to earn any money from her new record.

Tuesday Night Music Club went on to sell some 7.6 million copies in the US and UK during the 1990s. The album also won Crow three Grammy Awards in 1995: Record of the Year, Best New Artist, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.

Travis Tritt's 2002 album Strong Enough features a song titled "Strong Enough to Be Your Man" and was written as a reply to Crow's original song.

Tuesday Night Music Club was expanded for a 2009 re-release. The 2009 deluxe edition features the original 1993 album, a second CD containing B-sides, rarities and outtakes and a bonus DVD featuring the album's six original videos plus a rare alternate version of "All I Wanna Do" directed by Roman Coppola. The DVD also includes a newly produced documentary composed of on-the-road, backstage, soundcheck and live footage from Crow's early 1990s tour in support of the set. Four of the previously unreleased recordings on the bonus CD—"Coffee Shop", "Killer Life", "Essential Trip of Hereness" and "You Want More"—were recorded in 1994 and intended for Crow's follow-up album. The cuts were mixed for this album by original Tuesday Night Music Club producer Bill Bottrell. The bonus CD also includes a trio of UK single B-sides—"Reach Around Jerk", an alternate version of "The Na-Na Song" titled "Volvo Cowgirl 99" and a cover of Eric Carmen's "All by Myself"—as well as a cover of Led Zeppelin's "D'yer Mak'er" and the song "On the Outside", which was released as part of an X-Files soundtrack album.

Critical reception
Reviewing the album for the Chicago Tribune, David Rothschild wrote that Tuesday Night Music Club "has a loosely-structured intimacy that perfectly compliments the straight-up, personal tone of Crow's rock 'n' roll story-telling and vocals." Voxs Patrick Humphries called it a "confident and assured" debut "bubbling over with heady music from all sources", while Qs Ian Cranna found the music "stylish, but not slick" and highlighted the mixture of "irony, imagination and observation" in Crow's "charged lyrics". Dennis Hunt of the Los Angeles Times commented that Crow "sings with the seductive quirkiness of Rickie Lee Jones", a comparison echoed by Jon Pareles in The New York Times, who added that Crow's best songs "are terse and well observed, and her voice makes even the lesser ones sound genuine."

In a retrospective appraisal, AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted Tuesday Night Music Club's "loose, ramshackle charm" and concluded that "even with the weaker moments, Crow manages to create an identity for herself – a classic rocker at heart but with enough smarts to stay contemporary." Terry Staunton lauded it as "a stone cold 90s classic" in Record Collector, opining that despite the album being collaboratively written, "it's Crow's distinctive vocals... that caught the ear and led to Grammy recognition." Tuesday Night Music Club was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, and was ranked at number 94 on a 2017 list by NPR of the 150 greatest female albums of all time.

Track listing
Recorded live on June 6, 1994, at the Shepherds Bush Empire by GLR/BBC.

Recorded live on April 15, 1994, at the 328 Club.

Recorded live on May 1, 1995.

Deluxe edition re-release
Disc 2: B-sides, rarities and outtakes
 * 1) "Coffee Shop" (Crow, Bottrell) (Previously unreleased) (4:24)
 * 2) "Killer Life" (Crow, Bottrell) (Previously unreleased) (4:57)
 * 3) "Essential Trip of Hereness" (Crow, MacLeod, Jennifer Condos, Scott Bryan, Bottrell) (Previously unreleased) (5:30)
 * 4) "Reach Around Jerk" (Crow, Bottrell, Schwartz) (From one of the B-sides of UK single "Run Baby Run", 1993) (4:01)
 * 5) "Volvo Cowgirl 99" (Crow, Baerwald, Gilbert, Bottrell, MacLeod, Schwartz) (From the B-side of the UK single "What I Can Do for You", 1994) (2:04)
 * 6) "You Want More" (Crow, Trott) (Previously unreleased) (6:00)
 * 7) "All by Myself" (Carmen, Rachmaninoff) (From one of the B-sides of UK single "Run Baby Run", 1993) (4:48)
 * 8) "On the Outside" (Crow, Bottrell) (From the Songs in the Key of X: Music from and Inspired by the X-Files soundtrack and the B-side of the UK CD single, "If It Makes You Happy", 1996) (4:37)
 * 9) "D'yer Mak'er" (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant, John Paul Jones, John Bonham) (From Encomium: A Tribute to Led Zeppelin and the B-side of the UK CD single "What I Can Do for You", 1995) (4:20)
 * 10) "I Shall Believe" (Crow, Bottrell) (New 2009 remix) (4:35)

Disc 3: Bonus DVD
 * 1) "Valuable Stuff": A documentary featuring on-the-road, backstage, soundcheck and live footage recorded during the Tuesday Night Music Club Tour, 1994–1995
 * 2) "Leaving Las Vegas" (Crow, Bottrell, Baerwald, Gilbert, Ricketts)
 * 3) "All I Wanna Do" (Cooper, Crow, Bottrell, Baerwald, Gilbert)
 * 4) "Strong Enough" (Crow, Bottrell, Baerwald, Gilbert, MacLeod, Ricketts)
 * 5) "Can't Cry Anymore" (Crow, Bottrell)
 * 6) "Run Baby Run" (Bottrell, Baerwald, Crow)
 * 7) "What I Can Do for You" (Baerwald, Crow)

Bonus video
 * 1) "All I Wanna Do" (Cooper, Crow, Bottrell, Baerwald, Gilbert) (Alternate version)

Personnel

 * Sheryl Crow – guitar, piano, vocals
 * David Baerwald – guitar
 * Bill Bottrell – guitar, pedal steel
 * Kevin Gilbert – keys, guitar, drums ("Run Baby Run", "All by Myself"), bass ("All I Wanna Do")
 * David Ricketts – bass guitar ("Leaving Las Vegas")
 * Dan Schwartz – bass, guitar
 * Brian MacLeod – drums
 * Technical
 * Bill Bottrell – producer
 * Dan Schwartz – assistant producer
 * Blair Lamb – engineer
 * Bernie Grundman – mastering
 * Richard Frankel – art direction
 * Jean Krikorian – design
 * Melodie McDaniel, Peggy Sirota, Scott Henriksen – photography
 * Sheryl Crow – liner notes

Awards
Grammy Awards

 * style="width:35px; text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|1995
 * rowspan="3"| "All I Wanna Do"|| Best Female Pop Vocal Performance || Won
 * Record of the Year ||Won
 * Song of the Year || Nominated
 * Sheryl Crow || Best New Artist || Won
 * Record of the Year ||Won
 * Song of the Year || Nominated
 * Sheryl Crow || Best New Artist || Won
 * Sheryl Crow || Best New Artist || Won
 * Sheryl Crow || Best New Artist || Won

title: Tuesday Night Music Club


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Dickeyville

Dickeyville may refer to a place in the United States:

 * Dickeyville, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Dickeyville, Wisconsin, a village in Wisconsin
 * Dickeyville Grotto, a shrine and grotto in Wisconsin
 * Dickeyville Historic District, a historic district in Baltimore, Maryland

title: Dickeyville


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Fogo, Cape Verde

Fogo (Portuguese for "fire") is an island in the Sotavento group of Cape Verde in the central Atlantic Ocean. Its population is 35,837 (2015), with an area of 476 km2. It reaches the highest altitude of all the islands in Cape Verde, rising to 2829 m above sea level at the summit of its active volcano, Pico do Fogo.

History
The eastern side of Fogo collapsed into the ocean 73,000 years ago, creating a tsunami 170 meters high which struck the nearby island of Santiago.

Fogo was discovered in 1460 by Genovese captain António de Noli on behalf of Henry the Navigator and the Portuguese Crown. It appeared in a 1598 map as I. de Fogo. Fogo was the second island of Cape Verde that was settled by the Portuguese, between 1470 and 1490, making São Filipe the second oldest town of Cape Verde after Cidade Velha.

The Fogo volcano erupted frequently, both from the summit and from flank fissures, notably in 1680, 1725, 1857, 1951, 1995, and 2014–15. The eruption of 1680 covered much of the island in ash, which forced many inhabitants to flee to the nearby island of Brava.

Fogo has been very susceptible to drought and famine. In years that the rains during the summer months were insufficient, many inhabitants were menaced by starvation. This occurred several times in the 18th and 19th century, and also between 1941 and 1943, when 31% of the island population perished.

Until January 1992 the island was one single municipality, subdivided into four parishes. The southwestern three parishes joined the new municipality of São Filipe and the northeastern parish Nossa Senhora da Ajuda became the municipality of Mosteiros. The parish of Santa Catarina do Fogo was separated from São Filipe in 2005, and became the Municipality of Santa Catarina do Fogo.

Geography
One of the southernmost islands in Cape Verde, Fogo is located between the islands of Santiago to the east and Brava to the west. It is 26.3 km long and 23.9 km wide; its area is 476 km2. Practically the whole island is a stratovolcano that has been periodically active: it last erupted in 2014. The largest volcanic feature is Bordeira, a 9 km caldera, which has walls 1 km high, and has a breach in its eastern rim. Two small villages, Portela and Bangaeira, exist in the floor of the caldera (Chã das Caldeiras); the residents were evacuated during eruptions.

The island's main city is São Filipe, near which are an airport and a port. Fogo is largely an agricultural, fertile island. The north-eastern part receives the most precipitation.

Flora and fauna
Key bird species of Fogo are Fea's petrel, Boyd's shearwater and Cape Verde swift. The endemic plants Echium vulcanorum (endangered) and Erysimum caboverdeanum (critically endangered) are only found on the outer crater rim of the volcano of Fogo.

Climate
Being very mountainous, Fogo has quite a number of climates. Along the coast Fogo has a moderate dry tropical climate according to the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system; higher on the slopes (~ 800 m A.S.L.) it has a semiarid mild tropical climate (Köppen–Geiger BSh with very balanced temperatures year round; above 1,000 m it has a cool highland subtropical steppe climate (Köppen–Geiger BSkL). The average annual temperature on the coast is about 23 - 25 C, decreasing to some 12 - 14 C on the highest ground.

There can be remarkably cool weather in the interior, with the warmer wet season starting in July and ending in November, with the colder dry season starting in December and ending in May. Drought, the major climate risk of Cape Verdean islands, is much less pronounced on Fogo, due to the mountain's ability to gain moisture from clouds. During the mid-nineteenth century, Fogo suffered from severe droughts. Death from starvation was common in the 1830s.

Population
In the 1830s, Fogo had an estimated human population of 10,000. In 2015, Fogo had 35,837 inhabitants, making it the fourth most populous island in the Cape Verde archipelago after Santiago, São Vicente and Santo Antão. Since 2015, there are three cities (São Filipe, Mosteiros and Cova Figueira) and two towns (Ponta Verde and Patim) in the island.

The official language of Fogo is Portuguese; yet mostly Fogo Creole is spoken.

Economy
The economy of the island is based on agriculture and fishing, with coffee and wine among the main products. In the 1830s, Fogo's wine was described as being "very superior." Due to its volcanic soil Fogo's coffee also has a good reputation. The island has experienced a substantial diaspora. Many households live off remittances from emigrants in the U.S. and in European countries (Portugal, France, the Netherlands, Italy). Fogo fosters strong connections to Rhode Island and to Massachusetts (U.S.), where many people with Cape Verdean origin live.

Tourism is steadily becoming popular. The volcano (allowed only accompanied by a local guide) is the island's major attraction but many visitors also come to see relatives. The historic city of São Filipe and Chã das Caldeiras in the volcanic crater receive the bulk of visitors. No great tourism facilities exist, but there are small hotels and bed-and-breakfasts and local guides offer hiking tours.

Administrative divisions
The island is divided in three municipalities, which are subdivided into civil parishes:
 * Mosteiros
 * Nossa Senhora da Ajuda
 * Santa Catarina do Fogo
 * Santa Catarina do Fogo
 * São Filipe
 * Nossa Senhora da Conceição
 * São Lourenço

Transportation
The island has a domestic airport, São Filipe Airport, located in the southwest of the island. There is a port at Vale de Cavaleiros near São Filipe, with ferry connections to the islands of Brava (Furna) and Santiago (Praia). There are two first class national roads on Fogo: the Fogo Circular Road (EN1-FG01) and the road linking São Filipe and the island's port (EN1-FG02).

Sports
The main football teams are Académica do Fogo, Botafogo, Cutelinho, Spartak d'Aguadinha and Vulcânicos.

Notable people

 * Pedro Cardoso, poet
 * Zé Luís, footballer
 * Pedro Pires, first Prime Minister and 3rd President of Cape Verde
 * Henrique Teixeira de Sousa, writer
 * Carlos de Vasconcelos, politician and journalist

title: Fogo, Cape Verde


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Allihies

Allihies is a townland in the civil parish of Kilnamanagh, in County Cork, Ireland. The townland of Allihies is located at the western tip of the Beara Peninsula.

History of copper mining
From the Bronze Age the area had been a site of copper-mining. In 1812 John Lavallin Puxley (1772–1856) established a company to operate the Berehaven copper mines at Allihies. During the following century, between 1812 and 1912, 297,000 tons of ore were recorded as passing through the smelter at Swansea in Wales from the mines at Allihies. Drilling during this period by the Berehaven company took place throughout the townland of Allihies, and the adjacent townlands of Cloan and Kealoge.

Three ruined Cornish engine houses are visible from Allihies. The most visually prominent is the Mountain Mine man engine house, located on the skyline above the village, and installed by the noted Cornish engineers Michael Loam and Son in 1862.

In the late nineteenth century, newly developed sources of copper ore were being worked in Africa, the Americas and Australia. A resulting fall in the worldwide price of copper led in 1884 to the closure of the mining operations at Allihies. The area saw large-scale emigration, with many of the miners finding their way to newly developing mining centres in the United States and Canada. Among these centres is Butte, Montana, where many families (Lowneys, Harringtons and others) trace their ancestry to Allihies and the Beara peninsula.

Can-Erin Mines during the 1950s and 1960s dewatered the Mountain Mine and conducted evaluation drilling, resulting in an assessment that a reopening was not economically viable, given projected operating costs and world copper prices. The company noted, however, that the Mountain Mine "has significant untested resource potential"

The Mountain Mine engine house has recently (2003) undergone conservation by the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland. The completed conservation project and some of the underground mine workings were the subject of the TV documentary programme "Townlands" on RTÉ One in 2005.

Daphne du Maurier’s novel Hungry Hill is a fictionalized saga of several generations of a mine-owning dynasty and based loosely on the history of the Puxley family.

Festivals
The annual Allihies Festival traditionally takes place on 15 August. It usually features horse racing - a practice probably dating from the time of more widespread use of horses and ponies in the copper mining industry. It takes place in a setting between the ocean and the surrounding mountains. The festivities now extend through the week and feature music, bale tossing and other events.

In 2008-9 the village also hosted the Michael Dwyer Festival of Traditional Irish music, which commemorates the life of a Beara musician and composer.

Presidential visits
In 2007 the parish was visited by the President of Ireland, Mary McAleese for the opening of the Allihies Copper Mine Museum, commemorating the area's mining heritage. The museum is housed in the chapel built by Cornish miners in 1845. The veins of copper at Allihies were discovered in 1812 and worked until 1884 and many Cornish mine captains, miners and craftsmen were employed alongside Irish people.

The village also attracted attention in June 1990 when it was chosen as one of the first places that Mary Robinson visited in her successful campaign for election as President of Ireland.

Children of Lir legend
The mythical story Children of Lir is well known in Ireland, with several areas claimed as the landing spot of the swans after their 900-year journey on the seas. One version of this oral tradition holds that the children of Lir were buried in Allihies. A site associated with this tradition is located near the village.

title: Allihies


text:
Melbu

Melbu is a village in Hadsel Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village is located on the island of Hadseløya on the northern shore of the Hadselfjorden. Melbu is one of two population centres on the island of Hadseløya, and it is called "The Pearl of Vesteraalen". The other being the town of Stokmarknes in the north. Melbu is host to the annual Sommer-Melbu festival. Its economy heavily relies on Fish

The 1.72 km2 village has a population (2018) of 2,202 which gives the village a population density of 1280 PD/km2.

Melbu Church is located in this village. Melbu is also a school centre in Vesterålen, and has a ferry connection to the village of Fiskebøl on the island of Austvågøya to the south via the Melbu-Fiskebøl Ferry. The nearest airport, Stokmarknes Airport, Skagen, is about 25 km to the north.

Economy
Melbu has one of the biggest fish processing facilities of Norway Seafoods/Aker Seafoods in Northern Norway. Several main factory trawler licenses are permanently related to the factory facilities in Melbu. There are also other industry facilities connected to fish processing, aquaculture, and other marine industry in Melbu. The Norwegian Fishing Industry Museum is located in the town's former Neptune Herring Oil Factory.

title: Melbu


text:
Ballaghaderreen

Ballaghaderreen is a town in County Roscommon, Ireland. It was part of County Mayo prior to 1898. It is in the north-west of the county, near the borders with counties Mayo and Sligo, just off the N5 road. The population was 1,808 in the 2016 census.

History
As of 1837, the town was recorded as having 1147 inhabitants in about 200 houses and as "rising in importance" as a post-town, being on the (then) new mail coach road from Ballina to Longford.

As of the mid-19th century, markets were held on Fridays, with seven fairs held throughout the year. A court-house, market house and an infantry barracks to accommodate 94 persons had all been established by that time.

In 1860, Ballaghaderreen Cathedral was dedicated as the cathedral for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Achonry.

In March 2017, Ballaghaderreen became an Emergency Reception and Orientation Centre (EROC) for hundreds of refugees from the Syrian Civil War. In April 2018, the community was honoured with a People of the Year Award for welcoming the refugees into the community.

Governance
Ballaghadereen is part of the Barony of Costello and in the parish of Kilcoleman.

Ballaghaderreen has been part of County Roscommon since 1898 when the town and parish of Ballaghaderreen and Edmondstown were transferred from County Mayo under the Local Government Act 1898. (This has led to some anomalies; for example, the local Gaelic Athletic Association team is affiliated with the Mayo GAA county board.)

Sports
The local Gaelic football club is Ballaghaderreen GAA. It is affiliated with the Mayo GAA county board.

Ballaghaderreen FC, the local association football (soccer) club, was founded in 1967.

Transport
Ballaghaderreen was previously located on the N5 national primary road linking Longford to Westport. However, the town was bypassed in September 2014 with the re-routing of the N5 to the north of the town.

The nearest railway stations are in Castlerea (21 km) and Boyle (26 km). Ballaghaderreen was previously served by the Ballaghaderreen branch line from Kilfree Junction, with Ballaghaderreen railway station having opened on 2 November 1874 and closed permanently on 4 February 1963. The station house remains standing, in a state of severe dereliction, just off Station Road.

Ballaghaderreen is on the main Dublin-Ballina bus route and there are several buses daily serving this route.

Knock Airport is 15 km to the west.

People

 * Anne Deane, nationalist, businesswoman and philanthropist
 * John Blake Dillon, writer, politician, and founding member of the Young Ireland movement
 * James Dillon, politician, leader of the opposition and leader of Fine Gael
 * Dermot Flanagan, Gaelic footballer
 * Thomas Flynn, Bishop of Achonry
 * Pearce Hanley, Australian Rules footballer
 * Garry Hynes, first female Tony Award winner for direction of a play
 * Matt Molloy, Irish flute player
 * Andy Moran, Gaelic footballer
 * Patsy McGarry Irish Times journalist
 * Máire McDonnell-Garvey, traditional Irish musician
 * John O'Gorman, piper
 * Brian O'Doherty, writer, artist, art critic and academic
 * William Partridge, trade unionist and revolutionary socialist

title: Ballaghaderreen


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Örkelljunga

Örkelljunga is a locality and the seat of Örkelljunga Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 10,300 inhabitants in 2020.

History
After the municipal reform of 1862, Örkelljunga was part of Örkelljunga Landskommun. In this, Örkelljunga municipal community was established for the town on 4 August 1911 and dissolved on 31 December 1952. Since 1971, the village has been part of Örkelljunga Municipality as a central town.

Between 1928 and 1939 Eiber and Suecia motorcycles were produced here.

title: Örkelljunga


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Åstorp

Åstorp is a bimunicipal locality and the seat of Åstorp Municipality in Scania County, Sweden with 9,488 inhabitants in 2010. It is also partly located in Ängelholm Municipality.

Overview
Åstorp is a railway junction located along the European route E4 close to Helsingborg. Åstorp Station is located 25 minutes by train from Helsingborg and 70 minutes from Kristianstad on the local line Helsingborg-Hässleholm-Kristianstad.

Åstorp grew in importance when the railway from Helsingborg to Hässleholm-Stockholm was completed in 1875. In 1886 a railway to Malmö was completed, and in 1888 Åstorp became a main junction when the Malmö-Gothenburg line was completed. These lines are still in use, although passenger traffic Malmö-Gothenburg is re-routed via Helsingborg-Ängelholm. The Ängelholm-Åstorp-Teckomatorp line is a main route for cargo trains to Malmö. Åstorp is connected to Helsingborg via two routes, one entering Helsingborg from the north and one from the south via Ramlösa.

Åstorp has also been connected with railroads to Landskrona, to Eslöv via Klippan, to Markaryd-Ljungby and to Höganäs-Mölle although traffic is discontinued and most of the tracks have been removed.

title: Åstorp


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Ängelholm

Ängelholm is a locality and the seat of Ängelholm Municipality in Skåne, Sweden with 42,131 inhabitants in 2017.

History
The old settlement Rynestad was mentioned around the year 1600.

The city was founded in 1516 as Engelholm by King Christian II of Denmark, who moved the settlement from Luntertun on the coast because it was difficult to defend. As a founder, King Christian II personally identified the boundaries of the new city, granting the city a charter in 1516. At Luntertun there is only a church garden left today.

The town remained small for centuries. Following the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, Ängelholm, together with the rest of Skåne, was assigned by Denmark to Sweden. The town began to grow in the 19th century due to industrialization. It was also a garrison town until 1883 and had a Swedish Air Force base between 1941 and 2009. The older spelling Engelholm was retained until 1912, when the city council decided to adopt a more modern spelling in line with the Swedish spelling reform of 1906. The high-performance car manufacturer Koenigsegg Automotive is based on the premises of the decommissioned Scania Wing (F 10).

Contemporary
Tourism is an important industry for the city. There is a 6-kilometer long sandy beach right outside the town. The winds in Skälder Bay make the beach a popular place for sailors, wave surfers and wind surfers.

There is also an ice cream manufacturer, Engelholms Glass which produces about 1.2 million litres of ice-cream every year.

A special sight of Ängelholm is the UFO-Memorial Ängelholm.

The city is known for its clay cuckoos — a special kind of ocarina. This is however a dying tradition as there is now only one producer of clay cuckoos, Sofia Nilsson. Ängelholm has the only orchestra of clay cuckoos in the whole world with which performed at the "Allsång på Skansen" in 2007.

Ängelholm is also the home of hockey team Rögle BK that competes in the SHL.

Notable people

 * Emma Andersson, singer, model, chef, and TV personality
 * Sebastian Andersson, Footballer
 * Sofie Andersson, golfer
 * Malik Bendjelloul, Academy Award winning filmmaker
 * Frans G. Bengtsson, author
 * Gösta Carlsson, road racing cyclist
 * Jörgen Elofsson, songwriter
 * Anna Fiske, illustrator and writer
 * Roger Hansson, ice hockey player
 * Jill Johnson, singer
 * Jörgen Jönsson, ice hockey player
 * Kenny Jönsson, ice hockey player
 * Christian von Koenigsegg, automotive mogul
 * Jarl Kulle, actor and director
 * Timothy Liljegren, ice hockey player
 * Christopher Liljewall, ice hockey player
 * Robert Mirosavic, footballer
 * Rikard Nilsson, chef
 * Gustav Olhaver, ice hockey player
 * Maria Rooth, ice hockey player
 * Sven Rydenfelt, economist
 * Anton Santesson (born 1994), ice hockey defenceman
 * Jenny Silver, singer
 * Peter Svensson, tennis player
 * Peter Wichers, musician

title: Ängelholm


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Ystad

Ystad is a town and the seat of Ystad Municipality, in Scania County, Sweden. Ystad had 18,350 inhabitants in 2010. The settlement dates from the 11th century and has become a busy ferryport, local administrative centre, and tourist attraction. The detective series Wallander, created by Henning Mankell, is set primarily in Ystad.

In 1285, the town's name was written Ystath. Its original meaning is not fully understood, but the y probably is related to an old word for the yew tree, while stad means town or place.

History
After the time of Absalon, Bishop of Roskilde and Archbishop of Lund, peace was brought to the area in the 11th century, fishing families settled at the mouth of the river Vassa as herring fishing became the main source of trade. Ystad was not mentioned in documents until 1244, in a record of King Eric's visit to the town with his brother, Abel. A Franciscan monastery, Gråbrödraklostret, was founded in 1267, and Ystad joined the Hanseatic League in the 14th century.

The charter of 1599 gave the town the right to export oxen. Ystad, together with all of Scania, was transferred from Denmark to Sweden following the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658.

By 1866 Ystad had a railway connection and it was established as a garrison town in the 1890s. After World War II, ferry services to Świnoujście Poland and to the Danish island of Bornholm were opened.

Demographics
In 1658, Ystad's population was about 1,600 and, by 1850 it had reached 5,000. The increased importance brought by the railway and the garrison in the 1890s drove the population above 10,000.

In culture
In his novel Inferno (1897), August Strindberg describes Ystad like so:

"The little town to which I now betook myself lies in the extreme south of Sweden, on the seacoast. It is an old pirates' and smugglers' haunt, in which exotic traces of all parts of the world have been left by various voyagers."

Ystad is the setting of the Swedish crime drama Wallander.

Economy
Some of the main industries of the town are trade, handicraft and tourism, derived from being one of the best-preserved medieval towns in the Scania province and its association with the Wallander detective novels.

Transport
The ferry port has services to the Danish island of Bornholm, to Sassnitz in Germany, and to Świnoujście in Poland, the latter forming part of the E65 road route south from Malmö.

Ystad connects the Ystad Line and Österlen Line railways. Passenger traffic runs between Malmö and Simrishamn (operated by Skåne Commuter Rail). Until December 2017, a direct train service linked Ystad to Copenhagen via the Øresund Bridge (operated by Danish State Railways ).

Sports
The most popular sport in Ystad is handball, with two big clubs. Ystads IF is in Elitserien (the highest Swedish men's national league, ) whilst IFK Ystad is situated in Division 1 (the second highest league, ). Several famous handball players have played for these clubs, including Per Carlén.

Media
The only newspaper published at present in Ystad is the Ystads Allehanda, which also covers the neighbouring municipalities of Skurup, Tomelilla, Simrishamn and Sjöbo. The newspaper was founded in 1873.

Places of interest
One of Sweden's best preserved medieval monasteries, the Greyfriars Abbey, lies in Ystad. The town also has an additional large medieval church, the Church of the Virgin Mary (Mariakyrkan). Both are highly influenced by Gothic Hansa architecture (which can also be seen in churches around the Baltic Sea, for instance in Helsingborg, Malmö, and Rostock) and are among the best examples in Sweden of Brick Gothic. In addition, there are areas of surviving medieval town architecture, like the Latin school (built c. 1500) and several townhouses. The city is also included in the European Route of Brick Gothic. From the steeple of the Church of the Virgin Mary the Tower Watchman (tornväktaren or lurblåsaren) sounds his horn every 15 minutes from 21:15 to 01:00 to let the people of Ystad know that the town is safe from fire and enemies. The Tower Watchman also says a special line when sounding his horn: "The clock strikes .... (for example twelve). All is quiet! From fire and thieves may God preserve the town!" The tradition has existed since the eighteenth century.

Notable residents

 * Richard Andersson (born 1972), musician and songwriter
 * Malik Bendjelloul (1977–2014), documentary filmmaker
 * Axel Fredrik Bjurström (1846–1890) newspaper publisher, businessman
 * Rolf Holmgren (born 1946), actor and scriptwriter
 * Ernst-Hugo Järegård (1928–1998), actor
 * Frans Jeppsson-Wall (born 1998), singer
 * Clara Lachmann (1864–1920), patron of the arts
 * Börje Langefors (1915–2009), computer scientist
 * Lykke Li (born 1986), singer-songwriter
 * Sara Li born Sara Linnea Larsson (born 1988), singer
 * Gunnar Malmquist (1893–1982), astronomer
 * Greta Molander (1908–2002), rally driver and writer
 * Anna Q. Nilsson (1888–1974), Swedish-born American actress
 * Elin Rubensson (born 1993), footballer
 * Michael Saxell (born 1956), songwriter, artist and producer
 * Jahn Teigen (1949–2020), Norwegian singer, musician and comedian
 * Markus Persson (born 1979), video game programmer and designer, creator of Minecraft

title: Ystad


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Vellinge

Vellinge is a locality and the seat of Vellinge Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 6,829 inhabitants in 2019.

It was ranked the second "best place to live" in Sweden - and the best in the south of Sweden - in Fokus magazine's 2009 survey.

title: Vellinge


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Tomelilla

Tomelilla is a locality and the seat of Tomelilla Municipality in Skåne County, Sweden with 6,444 inhabitants in 2010.

Climate
Tomelilla has an oceanic climate with very mild winters by Nordic standards due to its southerly latitude near the sea. The Bollerup station closed in 2021.

title: Tomelilla


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Svedala

Svedala (, outdatedly ; is a locality and the seat of Svedala Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 10,627 inhabitants in 2010.

title: Svedala


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Svalöv

Svalöv is a locality and the seat of Svalöv Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 3,633 inhabitants in 2010. It is around 35 km north of Malmö.

Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Svalöv:

 * Svalövs BK
 * Seiki Kai

title: Svalöv


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Staffanstorp

Staffanstorp is a locality and the seat of Staffanstorp Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 14,808 inhabitants in 2010. Staffanstorp is the largest Scanian settlement never to acquire town privileges before 1971, when they were abolished in Sweden.

Geography
The town is situated at the center of a large triangular fertile plain, reaching approximately 25 kilometres from the Øresund strait inwards in Scania. The base of the triangle follows the coast, approximately 25 kilometres starting in Malmö in the south.

History
As a village it is mentioned in 14th century sources, but it would remain fairly insignificant in the shadow of more important towns such as Lund, Dalby and Malmö. An inn and the local hundred-jail with two cells were located there in the 19th century.

Staffanstorp has been the site for Housing Trade Shows, the first in 1970 with 43 furnished homes and 100.000 paying visitors, and the most recent in 1997, with 25 exhibited homes. In the 1990s the town center was recreated with inspiration from New Urbanism. The unpopular buildings from the 1960s were literally covered by new roofs, façades and more stories built in a traditional Scanian pastiche architectural style, a couple of multi-storey buildings were added on a lot that had previously been the local stadium, and the road plan was further complicated in order to make drivers slow down and if possible avoid going through the center at all.

Schools
Staffanstorp has two högstadieskola schools (senior level of compulsory school), Baldersskolan and Hagalidskolan. At the moment there are approximately 3500 students in total on all of Staffanstorps schools.

Baldersskolan is located in the central part of Staffanstorp and in 2013, Baldersskolan changed its name from Centralskolan to Baldersskolan. The school houses students between the ages 6 to 15 or F-9th grade. Baldersskolan also has "matteprofilen"(in 7-9th grade) Where students can study matte 1c(high school level math) in 9th grade.

Hagalidskolan also has an MFF academy.

Internationella Engelska Skolan Staffanstorp opened its doors in August 2022. It is an independent school from F-Klass- Year 9. In 2022 there were 450 students enrolled

Notable people

 * Renate Cerljen Miss Universe Sweden 2009
 * Dick Harrison historian
 * Anders Johnsson (sport shooter)
 * Malin Strömberg swimmer in 1992 Summer Olympics
 * Anders Jansson
 * Jonas Ridderstråle business speaker and author

title: Staffanstorp


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Skurup

Skurup is a locality and the seat of Skurup Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 7,565 inhabitants in 2010.

title: Skurup


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Sjöbo

Sjöbo is a locality and the seat of Sjöbo Municipality in Skåne County, Sweden with 6,724 inhabitants in 2010.

Overview
Sjöbo started growing when it became a stop on the railway between Malmö (to the west) and Simrishamn (to the east) in the early 20th century. Today the town of Sjöbo cannot be reached by rail, but a road through central Scania crosses the municipality and town, while another large road from east to west also crosses it.

Sjöbo holds the Guinness World Record for the biggest "spettekaka" ever made. "Spettekaka" ("spit cake") is a cake made out of flour, sugar and eggs and baked on a type of rotisserie, or 'spit'.

The town is also associated with many cases of opposition to immigration (see Refugee controversy in Sjöbo). In the 2010 election, the anti-immigration Sweden Democrats received 16% of the vote, the highest of any municipality. and also the highest results in the new elections of 2014 with 30%, 40% in 2018, and 43% in 2022.

title: Sjöbo


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Simrishamn

Simrishamn is a locality and the seat of Simrishamn Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 6,527 inhabitants in 2010. Despite its small population, Simrishamn is, for historical reasons, usually still referred to as a city.

Simrishamn is a picturesque coastal town, built around the main street (Storgatan), that passes the market square, itself being the centre of the town. The climate of Simrishamn is mild, because it is warmed by the Gulf Stream and the Baltic Sea, and the hardiness zone of Simrishamn is 8a, comparable to Paris, France.

History
Simrishamn is first mentioned (as Symbrishafn) in 1161 and as a town in 1361. Simris has been interpreted as "at the mouth of the slow-flowing (river)" and hamn as "port or harbour", meaning present-day Tommarpsån. It has been speculated that the name has something to do with the Cimbri, a Germanic tribe, as the name also has been "Cimbrishavn". In 1658, when Scania under the Treaty of Roskilde was permanently transferred from Denmark to Sweden, the town had a population of about 200 people. The growth was relatively small until about 1810 when it reached 700 inhabitants, growing to 1,365 in 1850 and 1,966 in 1890. The local government reform of 1971 made Simrishamn the seat of Simrishamn Municipality with about 20,000 inhabitants.

Climate
The nearest station to Simrishamn is in Skillinge 10 km further down the coastline, also on the open sea. Skillinge has a maritime climate with a moderated coastline and a slightly warmer interior during summers. Österlen has a drier climate than elsewhere in Southern Sweden, although it has no active weather station measuring sunshine. Even so, the cool temperatures of the Baltic Sea keeps the immediate coastline on average a couple of degrees cooler during July days than in places further north in the country or the western part of Skåne. This is due to the dominance of water in the surroundings, whereas the Mälar valley around Stockholm is surrounded by more land.

Especially during summer, seasonal lag is strong on the local coastline. This means that August averages the warmest summer nights and that September is a lot warmer than May as the sea water gradually warms. During winter, this maritime proximity of Österlen reverses the climate patterns and leads to average highs above 3 C on the coastline and frosts usually being weak even while frequent. Records for Skillinge began in 1995 and as such do not contain likely historical extremes. Simrishamn had an active weather station from 1951 that closed in 1996.

title: Simrishamn


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Perstorp

Perstorp is a locality and the seat of Perstorp Municipality in Skåne County, Sweden with 6,054 inhabitants (2018).

Modernization of Sweden: 1860–1910
Prior to the municipal reforms of 1862, Perstorp was, just as all local governments, based on a church parish and was integrated with the church. Following the municipal reforms, it became a part of the rural municipality of Perstorp. On 23 May 1935, the municipal community of Perstorp was established.

Post-war Sweden
In 1947, the rural municipality and the municipal community merged into the Perstorps Köping. With the 1971 municipal reforms, it became a part of one of the 290 Swedish municipalities, the Municipality of Perstorp.

Until 1971, the village was part of the Norra Åsbo district court. From 1971 to 2001 it was part of the district court of Klippan, since 2001 it has been part of the district court of Helsingborg.

Demography
According to a 2015 statistic, there was a total population of 5 847	people, distributed over 576 hectares (5.76 km2) within the Perstorp municipality. This amounts to ca. 10,15 people per hectare, or about one person per square kilometre.

Sports
Perstorp is home to Perstorp Bälinge Sports Club (PBIK, Perstorp Bälinge Idrottsklubb), which was formed by a merger in 2012 of Perstorp Sports Club and Bälinge Boll och Idrottsklubb.

Notable athletes from the locality include former footballer Björn Andersson and volleyball player Isabelle Haak.

Twin towns
It is twinned with Newton Aycliffe, a town in the North-East of England.

title: Perstorp