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Roy Oxley

Roy Oxley (9 March 1905 – 1980) was a production designer at BBC Television who became famous after the BBC chose him to model for a photograph to be shown during their adaptation of George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Oxley began working in set design in 1948, as an art decorator in the film London Belongs to Me. He also supervised the art decoration of the 1949 film, Passport to Pimlico.

Oxley had been working for some years as set decorator for BBC when he was chosen, as an in-house joke, to model for the character of "Big Brother" in Nineteen Eighty-Four. "Big Brother" was not actually a participating character in the programme; his face was only shown on various posters and billboards seen during the adaptation.

Oxley worked at several other productions as a production designer with the BBC, including seven episodes of the Douglas Wilmer version of Sherlock Holmes, various episodes of Z-Cars and an adaptation for television of Dylan Thomas's Under Milk Wood. In 1969, he won a BAFTA Award for Production Design for his work of the BBC play The Portrait of a Lady.

Personal life
He was married to Jean; they had two children.

title: Roy Oxley


text: Category:Asymptotic analysis

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Asymptotic analysis


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Category:Postal organizations

This is a list of post offices and postal organisations. See also: Category:Postal systems by country

title: Category:Postal organizations


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John Farquhar Munro

John Farquhar Munro (Gaelic: Iain Fearchar Rothach; 26 August 1934 – 26 January 2014) was a Scottish Liberal Democrat politician. He was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Ross, Skye and Inverness West from 1999 until his retirement in 2011.

Previously a crofter and a local councillor for 33 years, including 11 years as Convener of Skye and Lochalsh District Council, he was first elected to the Scottish Parliament at the 1999 election. Running against him for Labour was Donnie Munro, former member of the band Runrig, but Munro won by 1,539 votes. He was one of three Lib Dem MSPs to oppose his party's coalition with the Labour Party (along with Keith Raffan and Donald Gorrie) and deviated from the Executive on a number of issues (such as land reform, on which he believed they were not moving quickly enough).

He was prominent within the parliament in opposing the Skye Bridge tolls, to the extent of threatening to resign from the Lib Dems if they were not removed. The tolls were abolished in December 2004.

As befitted one of the few native Gaelic speakers in the Scottish Parliament, he co-sponsored (along with the Scottish National Party's Michael Russell) a bill to secure the language's status as being equal to English. He was angry when the Labour-Liberal Scottish Executive refused to back it.

He was re-elected to the Scottish Parliament at the 2003 election with an increased share of the vote.

After the 2007 election he was the oldest MSP in Holyrood. He stepped down as an MSP at the 2011 Scottish Parliament general election, at which time his constituency was abolished.

In a surprise move Munro expressed support for Alex Salmond in the 2011 Scottish Parliament elections.

He died at his home on 26 January 2014.

title: John Farquhar Munro


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User:Phosphatrane

Hello, I am a graduate course student in Tokyo, Japan. My major is organoheteroatom chemistry, which is a interdisciplinary region of chemistry between organic and inorganic chemistry. In our laboratory, we usually deal with heteroatomic elements (phoshorus, sulfur, silicon, and so on) as well as ordinary elements in organic chemistry (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen), and organometallic compounds are also our research targets. Thus, the subjects of my articles are largely within organic- and inorganic chemistry, especially heteroatom-containing compounds.

title: User:Phosphatrane


text:
Person having ordinary skill in the art

A person having ordinary skill in the art (abbreviated PHOSITA), a person of (ordinary) skill in the art (POSITA or PSITA), a person skilled in the art, a skilled addressee or simply a skilled person is a legal fiction found in many patent laws throughout the world. This hypothetical person is considered to have the normal skills and knowledge in a particular technical field (an "art"), without being a genius. This measure mainly serves as a reference for determining, or at least evaluating, whether an invention is non-obvious or not (in U.S. patent law), or involves an inventive step or not (in European patent laws). If it would have been obvious for this fictional person to come up with the invention while starting from the prior art, then the particular invention is considered not patentable.

In some patent laws, the person skilled in the art is also used as a reference in the context of other criteria, for instance in order to determine whether an invention is sufficiently disclosed in the description of the patent or patent application (sufficiency of disclosure is a fundamental requirement in most patent laws), or in order to determine whether two technical means are equivalents when evaluating infringement (see also doctrine of equivalents).

In practice, this legal fiction is a set of legal fictions which evolved over time and which may be differently construed for different purposes. This legal fiction basically translates the need for each invention to be considered in the context of the technical field it belongs to.

Canada
The Patent Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. P-4) makes explicit reference to a "person skilled in the art" in the s. 28.3 requirement that the subject matter of a patent be non-obvious.

The person skilled in the art is described in Beloit Canada Ltd. v. Valmet Oy: "the technician skilled in the art but having no scintilla of inventiveness or imagination; a paragon of deduction and dexterity, wholly devoid of intuition; a triumph of the left hemisphere over the right. The question to be asked is whether this mythical creature (the man in the Clapham omnibus of patent law) would, in the light of the state of the art and of common general knowledge as at the claimed date of invention, have come directly and without difficulty to the solution taught by the patent."

European Patent Convention
The European Patent Convention (EPC) refers to the skilled person in and provides for that "an invention shall be considered as involving an inventive step if, having regard to the state of the art, it is not obvious to a person skilled in the art".

The EPC also refers to the skilled person in, which requires that "[t]he European patent application must disclose the invention in a manner sufficiently clear and complete for it to be carried out by a person skilled in the art".

Still further, the Protocol on the Interpretation of refers to the skilled person. Article 1, 2nd sentence, states that "[n]or should it [Article 69 EPC] be taken to mean that the claims serve only as a guideline and that the actual protection conferred may extend to what, from a consideration of the description and the drawings by a "person skilled in the art", the patent proprietor has contemplated".

The European Patent Office provides guidelines that set forth some of the skilled person's capabilities.

A related concept is the "business person", who is also a notional person. It is used at the EPO when assessing inventive step of an invention involving both technical and non-technical elements. The business person "represents an abstraction or shorthand for a separation of business considerations from technical".

United States
A person having ordinary skill in the art is a legal fiction first codified in the Patent Act of 1952. The PHOSITA is a test of "obviousness" which is one of the largest gray areas in patent law.

"A patent may not be obtained though the invention ... if the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains. Patentability shall not be negated by the manner in which the invention was made."

The PHOSITA appears again in slightly different words in the provision requiring a proper disclosure: "The specification shall contain a written description of the invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make and use the same, and shall set forth the best mode contemplated by the inventor or joint inventor of carrying out the invention."

Comparison
Quite similar to the logic of "reasonable person" used in the common law of torts as a test of negligence, the PHOSITA is a hypothetical individual, neither a genius nor a layperson, created in the mind of a patent examiner or the jury to see if a claimed invention is too obvious to be patented.

Creation
During the examination of a patent application, the examiner tries to find out if that invention has already been invented by another person. If so, the patent application will be returned to the applicant to be narrowed or modified. If not, the examiner will bring out the PHOSITA test to check if that invention is so obvious that people in the trade will invent it with or without patent applicant's efforts. In the end, if the examiner can not discover a piece of prior art that may lead the PHOSITA to the invention, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is required by statute to award that applicant a patent.

It is well known that it may take a few months or a couple of years for a paper to be published in a peer reviewed academic journal. The date of a sanctioned prior art can be a little later than the patent's application date:

"Examiner properly relied upon prior art publication in rejecting claims for production of [certain antibodies] ... under [35 U.S.C. § 103], even though publication itself is not prior art against present claims, since publication establishes level of ordinary skill in art at and around time of present invention."

Capacity
The term "ordinary skill" is not rigidly defined.

 * Factors that may be considered in determining level of ordinary skill in the art include
 * the educational level of the inventor;
 * type of problems encountered in the art;
 * prior art solutions to those problems;
 * rapidity with which innovations are made;
 * sophistication of the technology; and
 * educational level of active workers in the field.

KSR v. Teleflex
The Supreme Court reversed a decision by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit based on how the lower court defined the capabilities of a PHOSITA. KSR v. Teleflex was decided by a unanimous Supreme Court on April 30, 2007.

Importantly, Justice Anthony Kennedy's opinion stated, "A person of ordinary skill is also a person of ordinary creativity, not an automaton." Although the Court's opinion acknowledged other Federal Circuit cases that described a PHOSITA as having "common sense" and who could find motivation "implicitly in the prior art," Kennedy emphasized that his opinion was directed at correcting the "errors of law made by the Court of Appeals in this case" and does not necessarily overturn all other Federal Circuit precedent.

Once the PHOSITA is properly defined, KSR v. Teleflex described how obviousness should be determined:

"In determining whether the subject matter of a patent claim is obvious, neither the particular motivation nor the avowed purpose of the patentee controls. What matters is the objective reach of the claim. If the claim extends to what is obvious, it is invalid under §103. One of the ways in which a patent's subject matter can be proved obvious is by noting that there existed at the time of invention a known problem for which there was an obvious solution encompassed by the patent's claims. This was applied to the facts before the Court with the following:

The proper question to have asked was whether a pedal designer of ordinary skill, facing the wide range of needs created by developments in the field of endeavor, would have seen a benefit to upgrading Asano with a sensor."

Elsewhere
Practically all patent legislations disallow the patentability of something obvious. Hence, it is no surprise that the laws of other countries have similar formulations.

For example, the German Patent Act (Patentgesetz) requires that the invention "cannot be derived by a Fachmann from the state of the art in an obvious manner". The word Fachmann (an ordinary German word meaning somebody who has professional knowledge in a field) is made specific by ständiger Rechtsprechung (usual court opinion) as a "specialist with average knowledge and talent whom one would ordinarily ask to seek a solution for the (objective) problem the invention deals with"

title: Person having ordinary skill in the art


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Spring bloom

The spring bloom is a strong increase in phytoplankton abundance (i.e. stock) that typically occurs in the early spring and lasts until late spring or early summer. This seasonal event is characteristic of temperate North Atlantic, sub-polar, and coastal waters. Phytoplankton blooms occur when growth exceeds losses, however there is no universally accepted definition of the magnitude of change or the threshold of abundance that constitutes a bloom. The magnitude, spatial extent and duration of a bloom depends on a variety of abiotic and biotic factors. Abiotic factors include light availability, nutrients, temperature, and physical processes that influence light availability,   and biotic factors include grazing, viral lysis, and phytoplankton physiology. The factors that lead to bloom initiation are still actively debated (see Critical depth).

Classical mechanism
In the spring, more light becomes available and stratification of the water column occurs as increasing temperatures warm the surface waters (referred to as thermal stratification). As a result, vertical mixing is inhibited and phytoplankton and nutrients are entrained in the euphotic zone. This creates a comparatively high nutrient and high light environment that allows rapid phytoplankton growth.

Along with thermal stratification, spring blooms can be triggered by salinity stratification due to freshwater input, from sources such as high river runoff. This type of stratification is normally limited to coastal areas and estuaries, including Chesapeake Bay. Freshwater influences primary productivity in two ways. First, because freshwater is less dense, it rests on top of seawater and creates a stratified water column. Second, freshwater often carries nutrients that phytoplankton need to carry out processes, including photosynthesis.

Rapid increases in phytoplankton growth, that typically occur during the spring bloom, arise because phytoplankton can reproduce rapidly under optimal growth conditions (i.e., high nutrient levels, ideal light and temperature, and minimal losses from grazing and vertical mixing). In terms of reproduction, many species of phytoplankton can double at least once per day, allowing for exponential increases in phytoplankton stock size. For example, the stock size of a population that doubles once per day will increase 1000-fold in just 10 days. In addition, there is a lag in the grazing response of herbivorous zooplankton at the start of blooms, which minimize phytoplankton losses. This lag occurs because there is low winter zooplankton abundance and many zooplankton, such as copepods, have longer generation times than phytoplankton.

Spring blooms typically last until late spring or early summer, at which time the bloom collapses due to nutrient depletion in the stratified water column and increased grazing pressure by zooplankton. The most limiting nutrient in the marine environment is typically nitrogen (N). This is because most organisms are unable to fix atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms (i.e. ammonium, nitrite, or nitrate). However, with the exception of coastal waters, it can be argued, that iron (Fe) is the most limiting nutrient because it is required to fix nitrogen, but is only available in small quantities in the marine environment, coming from dust storms and leaching from rocks. Phosphorus can also be limiting, particularly in freshwater environments and tropical coastal regions.

During winter, wind-driven turbulence and cooling water temperatures break down the stratified water column formed during the summer. This breakdown allows vertical mixing of the water column and replenishes nutrients from deep water to the surface waters and the rest of the euphotic zone. However, vertical mixing also causes high losses, as phytoplankton are carried below the euphotic zone (so their respiration exceeds primary production). In addition, reduced illumination (intensity and daily duration) during winter limits growth rates.

Alternative mechanisms
Historically, blooms have been explained by Sverdrup's critical depth hypothesis, which says blooms are caused by shoaling of the mixed layer. Similarly, Winder and Cloern (2010) described spring blooms as a response to increasing temperature and light availability. However, new explanations have been offered recently, including that blooms occur due to:
 * Coupling between phytoplankton growth and zooplankton grazing.
 * The onset of near surface stratification in the spring.
 * Mixing of the water column, rather than stratification
 * Low turbulence
 * Increasing light intensity (in shallow water environments).
 * Eddies (see ‘The role of eddies in the onset of the North Atlantic spring bloom’)

The role of eddies in the onset of the North Atlantic spring bloom
A 2012 study showed that the onset of the North Atlantic bloom is due to eddies. Eddies, or circular currents of water, are ubiquitous throughout the world’s ocean and play an important role in ocean mixing. In the North Atlantic, surface water is colder and denser farther north and warmer and lighter in the south. This sets up a horizontal density gradient. Earth’s rotation maintains this gradient by preventing the dense water from slipping underneath the light water. Eddies, however, can mix dense water underneath the lighter water, setting up a vertical stratification that limits the depth of vertical mixing (leading to a shallower mixed layer).

Mechanisms that limit the depth of vertical mixing can be referred to as ‘restratifying mechanisms’ (e.g. eddies, solar heating), which compete against mechanisms that increase vertical mixing (and deepen the mixed layer). This includes convection and down-front winds. Convection is strongest in the winter when surface cooling is strongest. Convection increases the depth of vertical mixing, which can move phytoplankton away from the light they need to grow.

When convection weakens and wind switches direction in the spring, the re-stratifying effect of eddies becomes dominant. Phytoplankton are trapped closer to the surface, increasing their exposure to light. This spurs phytoplankton growth, leading to the onset of the North Atlantic spring bloom 20-30 days earlier than would occur with thermal stratification alone.

Northward progression
At greater latitudes, spring blooms take place later in the year. This northward progression is because spring occurs later, delaying thermal stratification and increases in illumination that promote blooms. A study by Wolf and Woods (1988) showed evidence that spring blooms follow the northward migration of the 12 °C isotherm, suggesting that blooms may be controlled by temperature limitations, in addition to stratification.

At high latitudes, the shorter warm season commonly results in one mid-summer bloom. These blooms tend to be more intense than spring blooms of temperate areas because there is a longer duration of daylight for photosynthesis to take place. Also, grazing pressure tends to be lower because the generally cooler temperatures at higher latitudes slow zooplankton metabolism.

Species succession
The spring bloom often consists of a series of sequential blooms of different phytoplankton species. Succession occurs because different species have optimal nutrient uptake at different ambient concentrations and reach their growth peaks at different times. Shifts in the dominant phytoplankton species are likely caused by biological and physical (i.e. environmental) factors. For instance, diatom growth rate becomes limited when the supply of silicate is depleted. Since silicate is not required by other phytoplankton, such as dinoflagellates, their growth rates continue to increase.

For example, in oceanic environments, diatoms (cells diameter greater than 10 to 70 μm or larger) typically dominate first because they are capable of growing faster. Once silicate is depleted in the environment, diatoms are succeeded by smaller dinoflagellates. This scenario has been observed in Rhode Island,  as well as Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bay. By the end of a spring bloom, when most nutrients have been depleted, the majority of the total phytoplankton biomass is very small phytoplankton, known as ultraphytoplankton (cell diameter <5 to 10 μm). Ultraphytoplankton can sustain low, but constant stocks, in nutrient depleted environments because they have a larger surface area to volume ratio, which offers a much more effective rate of diffusion. The types of phytoplankton comprising a bloom can be determined by examination of the varying photosynthetic pigments found in chloroplasts of each species.

Variability and the influence of climate change
Variability in the patterns (e.g., timing of onset, duration, magnitude, position, and spatial extent) of annual spring bloom events has been well documented. These variations occur due to fluctuations in environmental conditions, such as wind intensity, temperature, freshwater input, and light. Consequently, spring bloom patterns are likely sensitive to global climate change.

Links have been found between temperature and spring bloom patterns. For example, several studies have reported a correlation between earlier spring bloom onset and temperature increases over time. Furthermore, in Long Island Sound and the Gulf of Maine, blooms begin later in the year, are more productive, and last longer during colder years, while years that are warmer exhibit earlier, shorter blooms of greater magnitude.

Temperature may also regulate bloom sizes. In Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, a study by Durbin et al. (1992) indicated that a 2 °C increase in water temperature resulted in a three-week shift in the maturation of the copepod, Acartia hudsonica, which could significantly increase zooplankton grazing intensity. Oviatt et al. (2002) noted a reduction in spring bloom intensity and duration in years when winter water temperatures were warmer. Oviatt et al. suggested that the reduction was due to increased grazing pressure, which could potentially become intense enough to prevent spring blooms from occurring altogether.

Miller and Harding (2007) suggested climate change (influencing winter weather patterns and freshwater influxes) was responsible for shifts in spring bloom patterns in the Chesapeake Bay. They found that during warm, wet years (as opposed to cool, dry years), the spatial extent of blooms was larger and was positioned more seaward. Also, during these same years, biomass was higher and peak biomass occurred later in the spring.

title: Spring bloom


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gina Huerta

Gina Huerta
Non-encyclopedic, vanity page for non-notable producer. Also, content is POV, bordering on original research ("She was also very hot and entertaining..."). --Viriditas 10:02, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, for all reasons given by Viriditas. jni 11:02, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - I'm a fan of both "hot" and "entertaining", but if she's not "notable", then she has no place on Wiki. ClockworkTroll 17:28, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.   — Gwalla | Talk 19:02, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Her IMDb entry has even less than this.  Non-notable.  RickK 19:53, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  SWAdair | Talk  04:00, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Obviously famous and notable. anthony (see warning) 22:20, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Obviously not worth keeping, because Anthony voted to keep :). Heh, just kidding about that rationale, but seriously, topic is not notable. --Improv 05:48, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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Larry Baldock

Larry David Baldock (born 1954) is a New Zealand politician. Before entering national politics, he was involved with Youth With A Mission and spent 15 years living in the Philippines. After returning to New Zealand in 1996, he joined Future New Zealand in 1999, standing as a candidate in the Tauranga electorate at that year's general election. In 2001, he was elected to the Tauranga City Council, and served as a list MP for United Future New Zealand from 2002 to 2005.

United Future MP
Baldock was elected to Parliament in the 2002 general election. Along with Murray Smith, Bernie Ogilvy, and Marc Alexander, Baldock failed to make it back to the 48th New Zealand Parliament in 2005, given United Future New Zealand's drop in electoral support to one-third the level at the previous general election. Like Smith, Ogilvy and Adams, Baldock is a Christian.

Anti-smacking referendum
When the Crimes (Substituted Section 59) Amendment Bill, which would remove parental correction as a defence for assault against children, began to raise debate nationally, Baldock began organising a petition to force a referendum on the question, "Should a smack, as part of good parental correction, be a criminal offence in New Zealand?" With his wife Barbara, Baldock travelled all over New Zealand for the next 18 months. With the help of many volunteers and support from organisations like 'Family First' they collected approximately 310,000 signatures from voters, surpassing the 285,000 signatures, or 10 per cent of total voters, required to force a referendum. When it was held from 31 July to 21 August 2009 voter turnout was 56.1%, with 87.4% of voters answered 'no'. In June 2009, then Prime Minister John Key said that the government would change the law if it was not working, but that he believed the current law was working well.

The Kiwi Party
On 16 May 2007, Baldock and his former colleague Gordon Copeland, then a United Future List MP, announced that they would be forming a new Future New Zealand party after expressing dissatisfaction with party leader Peter Dunne's support of the child-discipline bill.

After the announcement that Copeland and Baldock would co-lead the new party, they held an inaugural party meeting in Tauranga, Baldock's city of residence, and stated that forty-five former members of the pre-merger Future New Zealand had attended, although the party had between sixteen and twenty members at that time. Former United Future List MP Bernie Ogilvy also joined Future New Zealand, as party secretary.

On 17 July 2007, the Future New Zealand website's Copeland Chronicle (June 2007) edition announced that the Party had achieved its five hundred member goal required for registration under the New Zealand Electoral Act 1993 as a viable political party. The newsletter also stated that Copeland and Baldock would now work on establishing a Board of Management and Board of Reference for the party.

On 28 January 2008, Future New Zealand was renamed The Kiwi Party. Baldock became sole party leader, while Copeland concentrated primarily on parliamentary matters. Baldock successfully collected 390,000 signatures against the Child Discipline Act, which forced a referendum on the issue. Baldock has proposed giving parents the right to strike their children with implements stating, "I'm not opposed to the wooden spoon or ruler because you can control things with that better than you can with an open hand."

In the 2008 general election, Baldock stood for the Tauranga electorate, but came a distant fourth, with approximately five per cent of the vote. The Kiwi Party also performed poorly, receiving 0.54% of the party vote nationwide.

Undaunted by its poor performance, the Kiwi Party held a conference in Christchurch in March 2009, and announced its intention to contest the 2011 general election. As The Family Party and New Zealand Pacific Party had been dissolved, it would have been the only Christian based party in the contest.

Conservative Party involvement
It was announced on 14 October 2011 that Kiwi Party members would not be running candidates for the 2011 election, instead standing for the Conservative Party, of which Baldock was ranked at number 3 on the 2011 party list. Baldock also stood for the Conservatives in the Tauranga electorate in 2011 gaining just over 4% of the popular vote

In April 2013 the Electoral Commission announced it had referred Baldock to the police for filing a false expenses return and for exceeding the $25,000 cap on election expenses. Baldock maintained the error was made by others, and the police did not lay charges.

Larry Baldock declined to stand as the Conservative Party's candidate in Tauranga in August 2014 partly because he disagreed with the party's policy of abolishing the Maori seats and removing references to the Treaty of Waitangi from legislation and also over concerns about Party leader Colin Craig's behaviour and his autocratic decision making.

He was removed from the Conservative Party's board before the end of 2014, and had his party membership suspended while he faced disciplinary action. The suspension was not related to his earlier policy disagreement. The subsequent strange and erratic behaviour of Colin Craig certainly seemed to vindicate Baldock's concerns and actions.

Tauranga City Council
In October 2010 Baldock was successful in being elected back onto the Tauranga City Council. He was elected to the City Council again in 2016 and re-elected in 2019 and appointed deputy mayor of Tauranga by the newly elected Mayor Tenby Powell. He resigned as deputy mayor on 2 June 2020 after much internal fighting amongst the elected members. Ultimately all were replaced when the Minister of Local Government appointed Commissioners to run the city when Mayor Powell himself also resigned on November 20 later that year.

2023 general election
In early September 2023, Baldock announced he would be contesting the Tauranga electorate during the 2023 New Zealand general election as an independent candidate. He received 1039 votes, which was the sixth highest of ten candidates.

title: Larry Baldock


text:
Talk:Northern pike

Pike as Food.
Actually, pike, properly prepared is perfectly edible; I am going to remove the comments about its suitability as a food pro tem. The google for pike + cooking produced 85k + hits and any number of these were recipes. Historically, pike was frequently eaten although it is admittedly nowadays unfashionable and seldom seen. Sjc 10:10, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Pike is more than suitable as food, as it what we eat the most of at my place, here in Canada. The preferred method of cooking it is deepfrying, after it has been cleaned and the bones removed. (That last, no great feat!) Once deepfried,  the next thing on the agenda, is to cook french fries and this makes for a meal that blows even the English Style Fish and Chips out of the water! Take it from this author; I have had both, and used to prefer The English Style Fish and Chips: I now prefer and continue to prefer battered deepfried Pike and Chips (French Fries)!!! User:Michael_Reiter — Preceding undated comment added 20:38, 18 April 2005 (UTC)

 * Of course pike is edible in sense of "not poisonous". :-) I experience that where the fish was caught makes somewhat a difference. Pike that has lived its life in very muddy water has a distinct muddy water fish taste that also carries to perches and roaches but less because they don't live as old. Funny though a burbot from the same water tastes substantially less ill, so maybe it is all in my head. --87.100.232.159 (talk) 10:23, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Pike is pretty good to eat had an off taste on only once. Perch, Pikeperch and walleye taste a little better though, and are a bit easier on the bones. Here in the Netherlands the great numnber of other anglers makes it a bad idea to take the pike for a meal, because in the densely populated areas pikes tend to be caught several times, so you would spoil the fun of the other anglers, because pike will never grow to the interesting range for sports fishing above 85 centimeter.Viridiflavus (talk) 22:33, 19 January 2013 (UTC)

Pike is too smelly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zephyrshen (talk • contribs) 19:17, 22 November 2014 (UTC)

Other names
In reality the name Northern Pike sticks with many of the nick names mentioned. However, I do not believe I have ever heard of anyone referring to a Northern Pike as a Pickerel. A Pickerel as I know it, is the alternative name for Walleye or Northern Walleye. Pickerel is usually the Canadian version and Walleye the American. As far as the Northern Pike being a tasty dish? Absolutely! After removing the Y bones the Northern Pike is a tasty fish to eat. -- Michael Miller — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.109.226.166 (talk) 23:46, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I've been fishing for them for 30 years and the name is common in some parts of England, notably the fens and norfolk broads for small pike. CB 213.121.243.194 14:29, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Walleye are NOT pickerel nor do they even closely resemeble them in any way. Pickerel are very similar to Northern Pike, usually much smaller. Also, does "Pike are very slimy and are usually hard to filet. They are also are a stinky fish" really belong in this article?24.97.230.243 (talk) 14:21, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Pike versus Walleye
Please note that the fish known as pickerel are not walleye. The pickerel is a member of the pike family, or Esocidae. Walleye are often referred to as "Walleye Pike" but this is a misnomer. Walleye, Stizostedion, are members of the perch family. The difference in physical form between the perch family and the pike family is obvious.4.227.245.190 19:14, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Then, why are walleye referred to as yellow pickerel in Ontario, Canada? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.41.138.249 (talk • contribs) 21:51:06, November 19, 2007 (UTC)

 * Who knows? Why do we drive on the parkway and park in the driveway? Pickerel, by definition, means little pike. The name is most properly applied to two species, the American pickerel and the chain pickerel. Interestingly, both of these species also exist in Ontario. The American Fisheries Society maintains an official list of fish common names and recognises pickerel only as one of those two species. The official common name of the fish Sander vitreus is the walleye. — Dave (Talk | contribs) 22:24, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The American pickerel are actually two species - the Redfin pickerel and the Grass pickerel - both rarely get over 10 inches long and are found in small creeks and streams - they behave just like their ravenous larger cousins, though! But they prey on mosquito fish and so on.HammerFilmFan (talk) 13:49, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

Pike and Canada
Pike are not only rare in in BC. In fact, there are no pike in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick or Prince Edward Island. I am not sure about Newfoundland. I know Virginia is not in Canada but there a good pike population there too. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.106.10.215 (talk) 13:05, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Pike in England
Large pike are not rare at all in the british Isles. There have been numerous captures over 40lbs and a couple of fish this size are caught most seasons. CB 213.121.243.194 14:29, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The Pike Anglers Club has a page on its website featuring documented and witnessed pike over 40lbs caught in the British Isles click here — Preceding unsigned comment added by Esox (talk • contribs) 00:10, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I was thinking more of pikes over 50 lbs/25 kg. Those are still a long way from the lyrical 90 lbs pikes of Buller's books, and compared to record pikes from some other countries, they are fairly small. Luka 01:39, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Assessment
I have assessed this as B Class, although it needs many more in-line citations, and of mid importance, as I feel that it plays a strong role in Canada. Cheers, CP 04:44, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Pike and U.S.A
I know Virginia is not in Canada but there a good pike population there too. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Microterus salmoides (talk • contribs) 21:13, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Translation Progress
User:Demidov2007/Translations test page shows the Ukrainian translation, and User:SriMesh/Sandbox/Northern Pike the proposed merger between translation and this article. SriMesh | talk  21:09, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Importance to humans
The section "Importance to humans" states that "Although generally acknowledged as a "sporting" quarry, most anglers release pike they have caught because the flesh is considered bony, especially due to the substantial (epipleural) "Y-bones"." This seems to be based on the practice of anglers in some particular region of the world (the U.S.?). In many countires in Europe, the pike is considered a delicacy, and is most probably not released when caught. For example in Finland pike filléts are sold in supermakets. For many indigenous peoples of northern Russia, for example, the pike is one of most used fish. Maybe someone could fix this, and add a reference explaining where anglers do not prefer to catch pike. --213.139.161.102 (talk) 22:37, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I think this whole section could be incorporated into other sections of the article. Its information is redundant in places and the section title is awkwardly phrased. 68Kustom (talk) 11:31, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I think the reason that section is there is because this article generally follows the outline recommended in Axlq 16:35, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 02:55, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Cultural references
Ted Hughes wrote a very famous poem about Pike describing their fearsome predatory tendancies. Perhaps it could be mentioned in the habitat section, as in
 * ...Young pike have been found dead from choking on a pike of a similar size, an observation referred to by the renowned English poet Ted Hughes in his poem 'Pike'.

[|Here's] the link. I've no idea why it doesn't currently feature on Hughes' own WP entry, it's quite a well known poem. I'd add the edit myself but I'm a newbie who hasn't worked out how to properly edit references yet. Traveller palm (talk) 17:15, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

 * OK, well no objections so I've put it in, but the text in the 'habitat' section overlaps the picture a bit now. Perhaps a cleverer person able to shunt photos about could tidy that up? Traveller palm (talk) 16:42, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

 * The picture placement looks fine to me. =Axlq 03:07, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

The map is wrong
it shows south central alaska as being within the native habitat of the northern pike, however below the mountains was a no pike area until the 1950's when they were stocked by anglers. Being stocked does not make something native. --209.124.134.3 (talk) 08:55, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

Esox
I don't understand why this entry is not harmonized with the entry for Esox --Statprof (talk) 01:49, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

Not sure where to mention this but the article currently defines Esox lucius as meaning "pitiless water-wolf" and provides a website citation. Its wrong though. Esox probably just means "fish"(look up the separate article on the genus esox ). Lucius is related to lucifier or luz and means light or shiny (look up the article on lucius ). So as awesome as being a pitiless waterwolf might be, its actually just a shiny fish. I've never really edited wikipedia so I don't know how to go about it but I thought I would point it out here and one of you who know can fix it. -Riley R — Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.179.207.208 (talk) 14:33, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

Southern pike
New species. See. Bob the WikipediaN (talk • contribs) 04:00, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

Northern
This article should have more on the North American "Northern Pike," a widespread and numerous game fish in the northern U.S. and Canada. Sca (talk) 23:30, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

Behavioral Ecology
Hi, I am a student at Washington University in St. Louis and I added to this article behavioral details to the pike. While there were a few behavior notes dispersed throughout the wikipage, I took the liberty to add in more minute details and other such information that was not yet put into the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Liu.alexander (talk • contribs) 04:37, 25 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Good job! I think "aggressiveness" is too general for section title, and since most of the "aggressiveness" section is focused on cannibalism, cannibalism would be a good title for the section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hami910311 (talk • contribs) 21:57, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

Peer Reviews/New Edits
This is a great start to your article! I noticed initially that you did have a lot of grammatical mistakes, your article sounded more liked a compilation of notes, rather than an article. I made the word “pike” plural, and change around a lot of the sentences. In addition, you use the transition “as such” a lot, which does not really make much sense, so I deleted or changed it around to prevent confusion of the reader. I separated the aggressiveness section into three paragraphs, rather than one. I also made some words hyperlinks: sit-and-wait, breeding, offspring, spawning. One recommendation that I have are to really look at what the article already has before adding another section. There was already a reproduction section and habitat section, you may be could have just added to those rather than adding a whole new section under behavior. In addition, you should try to avoid long paragraphs. It is confusing for the reader to find needed information. I separated what I thought needed to be separated into paragraphs, but make sure there is not another paragraph that is too long. Gseehra123 (talk) 23:33, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

I proofread a good deal of your article for minor grammatical errors, as many of the concepts were concise and lucid. I think that providing a clarification on the relationship between aggression and the pike 2:1 sex ratio would be helpful. However, your description of the increase in aggression when food resources are scarce makes sense. As I proceed through you article, I made note of the fact that you cited your sources appropriately, and I never felt that you were making claimed that were not rooted by scholarly supported. In your “physical behavior traits section,” I was found your description of the pike’s “fast start” behavior fascinating. I think that it would be helpful to add other descriptions of physical behavioral trait; maybe you could tie the fast start behavior to activity that occurs after the rapid movement, during which the pike captures and consumes its prey. Besides making a few minor grammatical corrections in this section, I did not feel the need to make dramatic modifications of the material. Your careful addition of two distinct images enhances the readability of the article, displaying both the pike’s morphology and his habitual interaction. Perhaps, you could supplement the article with an image displaying the pike’s interaction with other species within its group in order to exemplify an aspect of the specie’s behavior. I found you article to nonetheless be detailed, yet comprehensible for reader’s of various backgrounds. --Gschalet (talk) 01:17, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

New Edit

 * Be careful with clarity and grammar. For example: “She (the majority of all pikes over 8 kg or 18 lb are females) was 147 cm (58 in) long and weighed 31 kg (68 lb).” It is unclear with “she”, you should rephrase this sentence.
 * The description sections is really great and detailed!
 * Again be clear and concise in the behavior section. A lot of sentences are too long and convoluted, really try to be straight to the point.
 * You can add more links like maybe “tree structure habitat” or “daphnia”. Also you have something hyperlinked, but it is red, meaning there is no page related to that topic (Pike Anglers Club)
 * Overall, great improvement from the last time!! I see a lot of changes and addition of sections. Since you have multiple reproduction and habitat sections (under different headings), make sure you are not repeating information. Gseehra123 (talk) 17:38, 22 November 2013 (UTC)

Record pike
... the IGFA recognizes a 25 kg (55 lb) pike caught by Lothar Louis in Lake of Grefeern, Germany, on October 16, 1986 as the all-tackle world record northern pike.
 * — Grefeern is not a usual German place-name formation, and I was unable to find any listing for such a town on English or German Wiki, or via Google Maps. There is a place on the Rhine in SW Germany (opposite France) called Greffern, but there doesn't appear to be a "Lake of Greffern" (in German, Greffernsee) nearby.
 * Perhaps this fish was caught in the Rhine at Greffern? (The German Wiki article about the northern pike doesn't mention it.) Sca (talk) 15:09, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Northern pike. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090303100318/http://www.fishontario.com:80/articles/FlyFishing/index.cfm?ID=87&FN=20081412125125_FlyFishing to http://www.fishontario.com/articles/FlyFishing/index.cfm?ID=87&FN=20081412125125_FlyFishing

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 04:34, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 01:32, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Doctor Velvet.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:25, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

To Breed or Not To Breed?
I know little or nothing about pike and not much more about fish in general but I noticed something that confused me on a logical level. This page states that hybrid Tiger Muskellunge females are often fertile, and even provides a source. However, two linked pages - for the Tiger Muskellunge and the True Muskellunge - state that Tiger Muskellunges are almost always or always sterile, one of the pages even stating that Tiger females might try to clear space for eggs in a futile gesture. The problem might be with the other pages so someone with more pescatory pedagogy than I might want to step in and settle the issue. RobotBoy66 (talk) 09:32, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

Known as "pike" in Eastern Europe?
Wiktionary says different. T 84.208.86.134 (talk) 21:31, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Northern pike


text:
Gordon Copeland

Gordon Frank Copeland (19 August 1943 – 24 November 2018) was a New Zealand politician who served as a Member of Parliament from 2002 to 2008. He entered the House of Representatives as a list MP for the United Future New Zealand Party from 2002 but he resigned from the party in 2007. In March 2009, Copeland became Party President of The Kiwi Party, which he had co-founded with another former United Future list MP, Larry Baldock, in May 2007. Copeland stood for the Conservative Party in the 2011 New Zealand general election. Prior to entering Parliament he held a number of corporate positions before working as the financial administrator for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wellington.

Early life and family
Of English and Irish ancestry, Copeland was born at Mahana, near Māpua, on 19 August 1943. He was married to Anne and they had five children. He graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce degree from Victoria University of Wellington and was qualified as a Chartered Accountant.

Pre-Parliamentary career
Prior to entering parliament, Copeland worked for fourteen years in the oil industry, becoming the chief financial officer of BP in New Zealand. Later, he worked as a self-employed business consultant with corporate and government clients. From 1984 to 2002 he served as the Financial Administrator of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wellington.

Copeland chaired the Inter-Church Working Party on Taxation (1987–2002) and became a member of the Working Party on Registration, Reporting and Monitoring of Charities that led to setting up the New Zealand Charities Commission.

He participated in a wide range of ecumenical activities, and in 2000 convened "Celebrate Jesus 2000", which saw 28,000 Christians come together at Wellington's Westpac Stadium to celebrate the presumed 2000th birthday of Jesus.

Member of Parliament
The United Future party ranked Copeland second on their party list for the 2002 general election and he won election to Parliament with seven other United Future candidates. In the 2005 general election, he was third on the party list and was one of three United Future MPs.

Opposition to same-sex marriage
Following his 2005 re-election, Copeland gained the support of other social conservatives for his socially conservative political views. In early December 2005, he introduced his colleague Larry Baldock's Marriage Amendment (Gender Clarification) Bill, which emulated Australian and US legislation that sought to define marriage in New Zealand as heterosexual. It failed to win support.

Opposition to abortion and to voluntary euthanasia
Subsequently, Copeland protested against the establishment of a hosted website for Australian euthanasia-activist Philip Nitschke's Exit International organisation, and approached the New Zealand Ministers of Immigration and Information Technology, as well as the New Zealand Police, seeking to frustrate Nitschke's attempts to resettle in that country.

Copeland wanted to introduce a private member's ballot bill designed to require women seeking abortion to undergo mandatory counselling covering both proceeding with the pregnancy and abortion prior to making a decision. This bill, the Contraception, Sterilisation and Abortion (Informed Consent) Bill, resembled Australian Capital Territory legislation repealed several years ago. Women do not have to consult optional counselling services under the Contraception, Sterilisation, and Abortion Act 1977. As a devout Catholic, Copeland espoused anti-abortion views in debates about reproductive freedom for women, and believed that women did not receive relevant information related to abortion procedures, hence the title to the Bill, which was never drawn from the ballot for private members bills.

Opposition to prohibiting parental corporal punishment
Copeland criticised Sue Bradford's private member's Child Discipline Bill (introduced in 2005), an amendment to New Zealand's Crimes Act 1961 which removed the legal defence of "reasonable force" for parents prosecuted for assault on their children, and had previously obtained a Queen's Counsel opinion confirming that legal position. Sue Bradford said that the fact that Copeland did not disclose that his Queen's Counsel, Peter McKenzie, had previously represented Christian organisations like Right to Life New Zealand and the Society for Promotion of Community Standards undermined the opinion.

Resignation from United Future
On 16 May 2007, Copeland resigned from the United Future party after its leader, Peter Dunne, had consistently voted for Bradford's Child Discipline Bill, which removed the defence of "reasonable force" related to parental corporal punishment of children. Copeland has since said that after the 2005 elections, which saw the United Future caucus reduce from eight to three, Dunne had wanted to return to his liberal roots and to see an end to the Christian influence in the party. Dunne also told Copeland that he regretted having voted against the legalisation of prostitution and the Civil Unions Act. In a televised interview on 3 July 2007, Dunne said that Copeland's decision to quit came after a failed leadership bid in January 2007. This is strongly denied by Copeland who says that he had never thought of, let alone made, such a bid.

After resigning, Copeland missed the vote against the Bill that he had quit his party over, when the debate ended well ahead of its scheduled two hours. He had his vote against the Bill recorded retrospectively by leave of the House. As an independent MP, Copeland gave a proxy vote to the Opposition National Party to cast on his behalf while absent from the House, for any matters apart from confidence and supply.

Future New Zealand Party / The Kiwi Party
Copeland announced that he would form a separate Future New Zealand party with ex-United Future List MP Larry Baldock. According to Copeland, Future New Zealand already had 16 to 20 members, and Baldock said that 45 former Future New Zealand party members had attended an inaugural meeting in Tauranga. Former United Future list MP Bernie Ogilvy became the party secretary of Future New Zealand, according to the website. In June 2007, Copeland announced in his monthly "Copeland's Chronicle" newsletter that Future New Zealand had attracted the necessary 500 members required for registration under the Electoral Act 1993. Baldock and Copeland were working on establishing a board of management and board of reference for their new party, still tentatively named "Future New Zealand". Copeland also asserted his right to continue sitting in New Zealand's Parliament as a list MP.

On 17 September 2007, Copeland publicly confirmed an intention to co-lead a new political party with Richard Lewis, after Bishop Brian Tamaki, founder of the Destiny New Zealand party, had announced it at a press conference without Copeland's knowledge. However, that announcement, coupled with Tamaki's statements that the Destiny New Zealand party would de-register and that he would not rule out a candidacy in the 2008 elections, gave the media the impression that the new party, which had no name, would be just a re-formed Destiny Party. Rank-and-file members of Future New Zealand immediately reacted negatively to that perception, so Copeland announced on 20 September 2007 that he "could not work" with Lewis, and would remain co-leader of Future New Zealand with Baldock. In October 2007 Copeland distanced himself from The Family Party, led by Lewis, which formed out of Destiny New Zealand, and said he would contest the 2008 election under the Future New Zealand banner.

On 28 January 2008, Future New Zealand changed its name to The Kiwi Party and Copeland relinquished his joint leadership to Larry Baldock, announcing that he would henceforth concentrate on parliamentary matters. In the 2008 general election Copeland stood for The Kiwi Party in the Rongotai electorate. He fared poorly, receiving only 515 electorate votes, and the Kiwi Party did not cross the 5% threshold to enter Parliament.

Post-Parliamentary career
In March 2009, the Kiwi Party elected Copeland as their president. In the 2011 general election Kiwi Party members stood for the Conservative Party of New Zealand, with Copeland unsuccessfully contesting the Hutt South electorate.

The New Zealand Electoral Commission de-registered the Kiwi Party in February 2012.

In November 2012 Copeland made headlines when he compared same-sex marriage to apartheid.

In August 2014 the Conservative Party listed Copeland as its candidate in the Hutt South electorate for the 2014 general election.

Copeland died in a Wellington hospice on 24 November 2018.

Social policy
As a Member of Parliament Copeland said he wanted to give a central focus to the role and importance of the family in building a strong nation. To that end he was a strong advocate for marriage preparation and marriage enrichment programmes and parenting programmes, at every level from pre-natal through to the teenage years.

Copeland wanted to develop policy giving greater encouragement to charities and not-for-profit organisations; and a taxation-system minimising distortions, ensuring that — through a mix of private savings and government support — New Zealanders had adequate retirement incomes.

Copeland introduced bills adding private-property rights to the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act and removing GST from rates. Both were defeated. He advocated for lower taxes for both individuals and companies.

Former political positions
Former policy positions as part of United Future New Zealand include:

 * a national control strategy for deer, chamois and pigs
 * walking access for recreational use
 * a review of the Prostitution Reform Act 2003
 * promoting investigating adopting either an Australian currency or combined ANZAC dollar.

Former political offices

 * Former Party Whip, United Future
 * Former United Future New Zealand Spokesman on:
 * Economics and Business: Finance; Revenue; Customs; Public Trust; Economic Development; Industry & Regional Development; Industry & Regional Development; Small Business; Commerce; State Owned Enterprise; Labour & Immigration;
 * Primary Industry: Agriculture; Forestry; Fisheries; Horticulture;
 * Infrastructure: Energy; Transport; Transport Safety; Land Information; Statistics; Communications;
 * Outdoors: Tourism; Conservation; Sport and Recreation
 * Member and deputy chair of the Finance and Expenditure Select Committee
 * Member and deputy chair of the Commerce Select Committee

title: Gordon Copeland


text:
Chikuwa

Chikuwa (竹輪) is a Japanese fishcake product made from fish surimi. After mixing them well, they are wrapped around a bamboo or metal stick and steamed or broiled. The word chikuwa ("bamboo ring") comes from the shape when it is sliced.

Variants of surimi products such as kamaboko and satsuma age are popular. In Tottori, the per-household consumption has been the highest of all prefectures for the past 30 years, since the first year such records were kept. As it is cheap and a relatively low-fat source of protein, chikuwa is popular as a snack.

Chikuwa should not be confused with chikuwabu, which is an altogether different food product.

Choice of fish
The white fish used to make surimi (Japanese: 擂り身, literally "ground meat") include:

 * Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)
 * Various shark species (Selachimorpha)
 * Various flying fish species (Exocoetidae)
 * Okhotsk atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus azonus)
 * Golden threadfin bream (Nemipterus virgatus)
 * Black bass
 * Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu)
 * Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
 * Florida black bass (Micropterus floridanus)

Use
Chikuwa can be eaten as-is. It is also often used as an ingredient for nimono like oden, chikuzenni, chirashizushi, udon, yakisoba, yasai-itame (Vegetable stir fry), and Japanese curry.

Regional variation
There are several regional varieties. In the east part of Tottori and part of Nagasaki, tofu chikuwa is produced that adds tofu to surimi. Often, firm tofu is the preferred selection.

In Yawatahama, Ehime, kawa-chikuwa (literally skin chikuwa) is produced: fish skin is wrapped around the skewers and broiled. This is a by-product of regular chikuwa, however, texture and taste are different. In Shikokuchūō, Ehime, there is ebi-chikuwa, which contains shrimp paste in surimi.

In Komatsushima, Tokushima, there is take chikuwa (literally bamboo chikuwa), which remains on the bamboo after it is broiled.

Australian sushi restaurants may stuff the hollow with cheese (processed or soft ones like Brie) and deep-fry them in tempura batter.

title: Chikuwa


text:
Bernie Ogilvy

Bernard James Ogilvy is a New Zealand educator and politician. He was a list member of Parliament (MP) for the United Future New Zealand party from 2002 to 2005. He left United Future with the breakaway Kiwi Party in 2007.

Early years
Before entering national politics, Ogilvy lectured at Auckland's Masters Institute, a fundamentalist Christian teachers college, as well as being involved with Youth With A Mission.

Member of Parliament
He was elected to the New Zealand Parliament as a list MP for the United Future party in the 2002 general election. Controversy arose when the media reported that he had been using the title "Doctor" on the basis of an honorary degree awarded by a Californian theological school for his volunteer work at the 1984 Olympic Games. Like his colleagues, Murray Smith, Paul Adams and Larry Baldock, Ogilvy was an evangelical or fundamentalist Christian. Like the above, and Marc Alexander, he lost his seat at the 2005 general election when the party's electoral support fell to one third its previous level.

Later years
Ogilvy reappeared as secretary of the new Kiwi Party in 2007, after Gordon Copeland seceded from United Future over Peter Dunne's support for Sue Bradford's child discipline bill, which sought to outlaw most forms of parental corporal punishment of children in New Zealand. Ogilvy made the application to register the Kiwi Party with the Electoral Commission.

title: Bernie Ogilvy


text:
Murray Smith (New Zealand politician)

Murray Smith is a former New Zealand politician. He was a member of the United Future New Zealand party caucus, having been elected to Parliament as a list MP in the 2002 election.

Political career
Before entering national politics, Smith was a lawyer.

He was a founding member of the Christian Democrats, which later became Future New Zealand. Future New Zealand then joined with United New Zealand to form the modern United Future New Zealand.

For the, the Christian Democrats formed a coalition with Christian Heritage New Zealand, and he was ranked 13th on the party list of the resulting Christian Coalition, but he did not contest an electorate.

Like his associates, Larry Baldock, Bernie Ogilvy, Paul Adams and Marc Alexander, Smith only served one term before he left Parliament at the 2005 New Zealand general election, given that his party polled only one-third of its previous electoral support.

In the 2008 election, Smith stood for United Future in the electorate of Hutt South.

title: Murray Smith (New Zealand politician)


text:
Judy Turner

Judith Anne Turner (born 2 August 1956) is a New Zealand politician who was the deputy leader of United Future New Zealand. She was a member of the New Zealand House of Representatives as a list MP from 2002 to 2008, and the mayor of Whakatāne from 2019 to 2022.

Member of Parliament
Turner was first elected as a United Future list MP at the 2002 election.

In December 2004 United Future party members chose her as their deputy leader. In September 2005, Turner and Gordon Copeland became the only two United Future List MPs re-elected alongside Peter Dunne (who won an electorate seat). Although Copeland left the party in 2007, Turner indicated that she would remain within the United Future caucus.

In the 2008 election, Turner stood as a United Future candidate for the East Coast electorate. However, she failed to win the electorate, and United Future did not poll sufficiently well for a second list MP during the 2008 New Zealand general election. As a consequence, Turner did not return to Parliament.

In June 2009, Turner stood as an electorate candidate for United Future in Auckland's Mount Albert, polling eighth at 89 votes. She was outpolled by the Bill and Ben Party co-leader Ben Boyce (158 votes), as well as the Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party's Dakta Green (92 votes) and The Kiwi Party's Simmone Dyer (91 votes).

Former parliamentary roles

 * Member, Business Committee
 * Member, Finance and Expenditure Committee
 * Member, Social Services Committee

UFNZ caucus roles

 * Deputy Leader
 * Member, Health select committee 27 August 2002 – 11 August 2005
 * Spokesperson, Drugs 2002–2005
 * Spokesperson, Family and Children 2002–2005
 * Spokesperson, Senior Citizens 2002–2005
 * Spokesperson, Social Services 2002–2005
 * Spokesperson, Women's Affairs 2002–2005
 * Spokesperson, Health 2005–2008
 * Spokesperson, Education and Research 2005–2008
 * Spokesperson, Family and Social Services 2005–2008
 * Spokesperson, Māori and Treaty Issues 2005–2008

Local political career
Turner was elected to Whakatāne District Council in the 2010 local elections and served three terms (i.e. until 2019) as deputy mayor. In the 2019 local elections, she won the mayoral election after the incumbent retired.

Personal details
Born 2 August 1956, Turner is married with three adult children. Before entering politics, she worked simultaneously as an art teacher and as a pastoral and community worker at a local New Life Church.

title: Judy Turner


text:
Tankard (band)

Tankard is a German thrash metal band from Frankfurt, founded in 1982. Alongside Kreator, Destruction and Sodom, Tankard is often considered one of the "Big Four" of Teutonic thrash metal. Stylistically, Tankard have consistently played thrash metal that thematically centres primarily on alcohol reverence, unlike the remaining "Big Teutonic Four" (Kreator, Destruction and Sodom), who are all known for covering such topics related to death, politics, violence and anti-fascism.

Formation and early years (1982–1985)
Tankard was formed in 1982 by three classmates, bassist Andreas "Gerre" Geremia, guitarist Axel Katzmann and vocalist Frank Thorwarth. Thorwarth and Gerre soon switched roles; at the same time the trio added drummer Oliver Werner and second guitarist Bernhard Rapprich. They chose their name from a dictionary upon seeing its definition as "beer mug". Their earliest written song was called "Ray Death", a song about nuclear war and their first gig was played in a local classroom in 1983. As drinking alcohol in the school was banned, they smuggled their beer in with milk cartons. Soon after, Bernhard Rapprich left the band as his conservative father did not want him "hanging around with a bunch of drunks" and he was replaced by Andy Bulgaropoulos.

With the lineup now stabilised, the band released their first demo, titled Heavy Metal Vanguard, in 1984. After this, the band toured with fellow German thrashers Sodom. SPV were interested in signing both bands, but allegedly SPV retracted a deal after seeing the band perform live. In 1985, they released a second demo, Alcoholic Metal, which cemented their thrash metal style and lyrical themes. Both of these demos were very popular in the underground, and on the strength of this demo they signed with Noise Records. The eight-track demo also features rough versions of four songs that would later appear on their debut album, Zombie Attack

The Noise years (1986–1995)
Zombie Attack was released in July 1986. In October 1987 their sophomore album, Chemical Invasion, was released, with the album art being the first of eight done for the band by artist Sebastian Krüger, followed a year later by The Morning After. Both of these albums were produced by Harris Johns, who would go on to produce all of the band's albums up to 2000. However, shortly after the release of compilation Hair of the Dog, original drummer Oliver Werner quit the band to be replaced by Arnulf Tunn, and the band released three albums with this lineup: The Meaning of Life, Stone Cold Sober and Two-Faced. They also recorded the live album Fat, Ugly and Live during this time. This lineup then folded when Tunn was replaced by Olaf Zissel, who remains in the band to this day, in May 1994 and the next year founding member Katzmann was forced to leave due to osteoarthritis in the wrist. That year the band released The Tankard, which is widely viewed as a very good album by fans and critics alike, and is their final album with Noise.

Later career (1995–present)
The band decided not to replace Katzmann and remain a one guitar band. Also, after the release of The Tankard, the band signed with Century Media Records. After the release of Disco Destroyer, longtime guitarist Andy Bulgaropoulos left the band to spend more time with his family. He was replaced by Andreas Gutjahr, forming the current lineup of the band. The first album released with Gutjahr was Kings of Beer, which was their second and final studio album with Century Media. The band signed with AFM Records and release five studio albums in a decade with the label, starting with B-Day and ending with Vol(l)ume 14. On 27 July 2012, the band announced their signing with Nuclear Blast and released their first album with the label, A Girl Called Cerveza, that day. Also that year, they released a four-way split with Sodom, Kreator and Destruction called The Big Teutonic 4. This release cemented them as a major force in German metal. They released another studio album, R.I.B. on 20 June 2014.

In 2015, Olaf Zissel was hospitalised with what was suspected to be a stroke. He was replaced temporarily by Gerd Lücking of Holy Moses. Their latest album achieved no. 41 on the German charts. While they have built a fan base, they continue to have day jobs.

Tankard's 17th studio album One Foot in the Grave, was released on 2 June 2017. The band released its 18th studio album, Pavlov's Dawgs, on 30 September 2022.

As part of the "Big Teutonic" four series, Tankard will perform together with Kreator, Sodom and Destruction for the first time on July 20, 2024 at the Klash of the Ruhrpott festival, which will take place at Amphitheater Gelsenkirchen in Gelsenkirchen, Germany.

Current members

 * Andreas "Gerre" Geremia – vocals (1982–present)
 * Frank Thorwarth – bass (1982–present)
 * Andreas Gutjahr – guitars (1999–present)
 * Gerd Lücking – drums (2024–present)

Former members

 * Oliver Werner – drums (1982–1989)
 * Axel Katzmann – guitars (1982–1995)
 * Andy Bulgaropulos – guitars (1983–1999)
 * Arnulf Tunn – drums (1989–1994)
 * Olaf Zissel – drums (1994–2024)

Other releases

 * Heavy Metal Vanguard (1984) – demo
 * Alcoholic Metal (1985) – demo
 * Alien (1989) – EP
 * Hair of the Dog (1989) – compilation
 * Open All Night (1990) – video
 * Fat, Ugly and Live (1991) – live album
 * Fat, Ugly and Still (A) Live (2005) – DVD
 * Best Case Scenario: 25 Years in Beers (2007) – re-recorded compilation album
 *  Schwarz-weiß wie Schnee (2017) – EP
 *  Hymns for the Drunk (2018) compilation
 * For a Thousand Beers (2022) Boxed set

title: Tankard (band)


text:
Murray Smith

Murray Smith may refer to:

 * Murray Smith (Alberta politician), Canadian lawyer and politician, member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, 1993–2004
 * Murray Smith (Canadian politician) (1930–2010), MP for Winnipeg North, 1958–1962
 * Murray Smith (New Zealand politician), United Future New Zealand Party politician & MP, 2002–2005
 * Murray Smith (writer) (1940–2003), British TV writer and producer
 * Murray Robert Smith (1941–2009), New Zealand Labour Party politician & MP
 * Robert Murray Smith (1831–1921), known as Murray Smith, politician in colonial Victoria, Australia
 * Murray Smith (philosopher and film theorist), British professor of film studies and philosopher at the University of Kent

title: Murray Smith


text:
Talk:Alexandria, Indiana

Untitled
Alexandria is known as "Small Town USA" and holds an annual festival to celebrate. There is one high school, Alexandria Monroe. High school teams use the nickname "Tigers", and are well known for both the girls and boys basketball teams. In addition to being home to the "Tigers", Alexandria is also home to Bill and Gloria Gaither,The Gaither Music Company, and their recording studios. Former teachers in the Alexandria school system, the Gaithers have won seven Grammys, and more than twenty Dove Awards for their music. They also have been named the first "Christian Songwriters of the Century" by ASCAP.

P. Butner--216.49.165.249 10:27, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Content added by conflit of interest user
The folowing content was added by a user I am almost certan has a conflict of interest here, they are not bad additions, they just need to be cleand up and be objective and cited. CombatWombat42 (talk) 17:39, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

History
− 		 − 	The city is located in rich farm country, which produces corn, soybeans, and tomatoes; and is in the Indiana natural gas region, to which fact it owed its growth as a manufacturing center. The natural gas boom started in 1887. Alexandria was one of the principal seats of the glass industry in Indiana – plate glass, lamp chimneys, and mirrors, were once manufactured here. Charles Corydon Hall, a New England engineer, arrived in Alexandria to help manage a steel mill just as its natural gas supply was exhausted around the turn of the 19th century. Hall stayed to invent the first successful mineral-fiber insulation and built a company to produce it. For some decades the banner of the local newspaper featured the verse "Alexandria, Indiana/Home of the Rock Wool/Not on the Nile/But just as worthwhile." Alexandria was founded in 1836 and was chartered as a city in 1893. − 	Although the natural gas boom ran it's course in the early 20th century, today the city is alive with new business and industry. Now in the area businesses include high-tech T-shirt printing company, gospel music recording studio, resin patio furniture company, ethanol fuel producer, and one of the largest tomato producers in the US. − 	Alexandria was nicknamed "Small Town USA" by the department of defense during WWII. Booklets were created to show the typical US town to the enemy as a way of propaganda .The city holds an annual festival to honor it's heritage. In 2012 they celebrated the 25th anniversary of this festival which took place at Beulah Park. Beulah Park is also the home to the Madison County 4H Fair every July. There are many other activities and events throughout the year too. There are the Strawberry Social (June), CARE Day (spring), Alexandria Grand Prix (August), Safe Halloween (October), and Annual Christmas Parade (December).}}

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title: Talk:Alexandria, Indiana


text:
Ross Finnie

James Ross Finnie (born 11 February 1947) is a Scottish Liberal Democrat politician and a former Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP). He is a former Minister for the Environment and Rural Development in the Scottish Executive, and Member of the Scottish Parliament for the West of Scotland region. He became an MSP in the first elections to the Scottish Parliament in 1999, and held the same ministerial portfolio until May 2007.

Background
Finnie was educated at Greenock Academy. Previously a self-employed chartered accountant and financial adviser, he was a councillor in Inverclyde from 1977 to 1999. He also previously chaired the Scottish Liberal Party, before chairing the Scottish Liberal Democrats. In the 1979 general election he was the Liberal candidate in Renfrewshire West, and four years later he contested Stirling.

Member of the Scottish Parliament
He stood for election to the Scottish Parliament at the first elections in 1999. He came second in the Greenock and Inverclyde constituency, but was elected as an additional member for the West of Scotland region. He was re-elected to the Scottish Parliament in 2003 and 2007.

Following the 1999 election, the Scottish Liberal Democrats entered into a coalition agreement with the Scottish Labour Party, gaining two seats in the Scottish Cabinet. Finnie was appointed Minister for Rural Development in the first Scottish cabinet by then First Minister, Donald Dewar Finnie retained his position in the Cabinet since 1999 until the Labour-Liberal Democrat government lost power in 2007, making him the longest-serving member of the Scottish cabinet, other than Jack McConnell who was First Minister.

One of the main events in Finnie's time as Minister for Environment and Rural Affairs was the outbreak of foot and mouth in the UK during 2001. Scotland was praised for its response and handling of the crisis.

In January 2004, Finnie took a three-month absence from office to undergo heart bypass surgery and returned in April, after deputy minister Allan Wilson had fulfilled Finnie's ministerial duties.

Finnie was unsuccessful in his bid to be re-elected in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, losing his seat after 12 years.

Leadership contest
On 7 July 2008, Ross Finnie announced his intention to stand in the election for leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats, following the resignation of Nicol Stephen MSP. On 26 August 2008, he was defeated by Tavish Scott.

Controversies
In September 2002, Finnie apologised to Digby Jones, the director general of the Confederation of British Industry, after branding him an "English prat" at a dinner following a controversial speech by Mr Jones.

Later that month, Finnie apologised for giving wrong information to the Scottish Parliament during a debate. He had told Parliament that sheep were no longer grazing on the banks of Loch Katrine, which provides Glasgow with its drinking water (a previous outbreak of the cryptosporidium bug in the Loch was believed to have been caused by livestock grazing at the Loch's shores). However, Scottish Water later contacted him to say that the sheep were still there and would not be removed until September 2007. Both the SNP and the Scottish Conservatives made calls for Finnie to be sacked, although the First Minister, Jack McConnell gave him his support.

In June 2006, Finnie cancelled a tender for a new fishery protection vessel for the Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency. The tender has been provisionally awarded to English firm Appledore, but Finnie claimed there was a "fatal flaw" in the tendering process which could have left the Executive liable for damages if the tender had proceeded. However, the Scotland on Sunday reported that a rival bidder, Port Glasgow based Ferguson's was both in Finnie's constituency, and that he was a lifelong friend of the chief executive.

Water Industry Commission for Scotland
In December 2011, it was announced that he would become a non-executive member of the Water Industry Commission for Scotland, taking up the position in July 2012.

Food Standards Scotland
In November 2014, his appointment as the chair of Food Standards Scotland was announced.

title: Ross Finnie


text: Category:Incendiary weapons

title: Category:Incendiary weapons