text:
Talk:Great Year

Older
"If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page or at Wikipedia:Speedy deletions. Please do not remove this notice." That seems pretty straightforward to me, yet you deleted the notice yourself without so much as putting a note on the talk page to explain why. Not cricket, that. -- Antaeus Feldspar 05:29, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Couple of questions. Why is it called the Platonic great year. Wasn't precession discovered by Hipparchus after the time of Plato? Wouldn't Ptolemic year make more sense, considering Ptolemy worked on the issue of precession? Second, if the precession of the equinoxes is related to the rotation of the earth's axis around the ecliptic poles, then shouldn't the calculation of the cycle be non-linear: something more like a sine function? My understanding of the Earth's gyration indicates a period of something like 47,000 yeasr. And the gyrating motion would mean the precession would never complete the circle. Instead only six or seven of the zodiac signs would ever see the Sun pass through. I'm going to make some edits accordingly. --Cplot 16:33, 20 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I have no idea why Platonic, maybe he wrote about some philosophies about it. A job for a historian to find out.
 * Concerning your changes: I had to revert them because they were nonsense. Please read the article of the precession of the equinoxes. I think you were confused by the 2 cycles mentioned: the one of 26000 years and the other of 41000. The first one is the precession as such, which goes round and round along the whole ecliptic, passing time and again along all the zodiacal signs, always going on, never going back. The second cycle deals with the speed of the precession. This speed is variable. 50.3" per year now and increasing; but decreasing in 20000 year from now, increasing again in 40000 years and so forth. However the speed never drops below zero (which would mean stillstand and a precession going in the other direction), far from it. --Tauʻolunga 20:00, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I've been researching this topic quite a bit lately and I'm confident of the material I added. My questions were mostly rhetorical. I looked at the rest of the article as you suggest and it says "In reality, more elaborate calculations on the numerical model of solar system shows that the precessional constants have a period of about 41000 years, the same as the obliquity of the ecliptic," which is consistent with what I wrote. As the article elaborates, precession arises from the estimated 41,000 year cycle of the rotation of Earth's axis around the ecliptic pole. That means the it has a 41,000 year cycle. The next question is the nature of that cycle: is it linear or non-linear. You seem to know these trigonometric functions better than I do (from your work on the ecliptic coordinate system article), but if precession occurs because Earth's gyration currently moves with Earth's orbital path, then it should follow that as that gyration moves towards a point perpendicular to the orbital path, the sidereal year will match the tropical year. And therefore the equinoxes will cease their precession at that point. Then as Earth's gyration moves towards the other side of the circle so that its moving in a path opposite the direction of Earth's orbital path, the equinox will occur after the sidereal year (I guess postcession of the equinoxes). Is this original work or does this simply follow from the motion we're talking about here? I expect the cycle would match something like a sine function. This is also consistent with the changing rate of precession as I mentioned in my version. What are your thoughts? --Cplot 06:25, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
 * "In reality, more elaborate calculations on the numerical model of solar system shows that the precessional constants have a period…" Perhaps the wording of this sentence was not clear: the period of 41000 year refers to the constant B in the formula p = A + B * T. This one varies somewhat up and down in 410 centuries, (but always much smaller than A), so that p remains positive forever, and p increases with 360° every 26000 years.
 * Concerning the direction of the gyration while the Earth moves in its orbit around the Sun, and therefore as seen from the Sun, varies over a year. If that would cause the precession, yes it would be varying over a year. But that is not the case. It seems me that in this you make the same error as Abel did in Talk:Precession_of_the_equinoxes. --Tauʻolunga 08:31, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
 * No, I think you misunderstand my point. The function above is a linear function. But look at the motion we're talking about here it's based on the circular movement of Earth's axis. You know better than me that a motion like this cannot be fit to a linear function. The article itself says that the linear function doesn't fit for any significant length of time into the past or the future. That's what happens when one tries to fit a cyclical process to a linear rather than trigonometric function.
 * The article has been reworded to tell that the time dependent factors of p are periodic rather than linear or any polynomial. But the constant term of p will stay forever. --Tauʻolunga 20:10, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

Trigonometric Zodiac
To help visualize what I'm talking about, here's a graph I created to show how the circular motion of Earth's axis would translate into the precession of the equinoxes through the zodiac signs. Sure there would be a constant term to indicate the origin of the graph (relating time to a particular zodiac). However, you can see from the limitations of the functions referred to above, that this cannot fit a quadratic or cubic function: at least not from what we understand of the motion of Earth contributing to the phenomenon.
 * I know exactly what you mean, but your graph and theory do not in any way agree with centuries of measurements, and are therefore to be thrown out immediately without further discussion. You may come back when you have a theory with satisfies the observations. --Tauʻolunga 20:46, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Tauʻolunga, look at the graph. It does match the centuries of observations. It depicts the behavior precisely as the measurments over that short period of time indicated. The problem that this is a cycle that occurs over thousands of years, not hundreds (which is all we have measurments for). We know that it wasn't discovered until Hipparchus and later Ptolemy compared notes. However, the assumption is then made that no one compared notes before them. So there is no data before the equinox passed through Aries. It could be that astronomers were comparing notes for millenia before Ptolemy and Hipparchus, but as you can see from the graph, they would have witnessed very little precession (if anything measurable with their instruments). Also, the speed of precession is increasing: also consistent with my graph. So my graph is consistent with the measurments. I think if you took a little time to step back and consider my arguments and the logic I describe above, you would see how this makes sense. I can tell you know this stuff. --Cplot 21:12, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

I added an update to the garaph. You can see from the horizontal lines that the period over which we have any measurements is quite small. And although this is only an estimated depiction, just from this example you could see how, even if ancient astronomers carefully marked the position of the stars and compared notes, they would not 'discover' precession over a period of thousands of years (because the cycle was coming to a halt). Again, this is only an estimate of the cycle based on perhaps a 20,000 or 25,000 year cycle. If we use the number 41,000 for the periodicty, then the axes would need to be adjusted accordingly (say stretch out the x axis). What do you think?
 * Just take a course in elementary calculus first --Tauʻolunga 00:27, 22 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I've taken courses in calculus among other things. Anyway, I see I forgot to label the scale of my x-axis so maybe that's the block to our communication. I/ve since made some other improvements to the graph and uploaded it here. I think you need to understand the geometry I describe before we start differentiation of the function. We can get to that once we reach an agreement on the motion. Again, the graph is only intended to illustrate the motion of the equionxes through these zodiac signs so the estimates depicted in the graph are just meant to fit the data described in the precession of the equinoxes article. Also as a rough draft of a graph it shows a changing in the cycle over the period covered in the graph. This is more my error in drawing than anything I meant to depict.

 * Just to underscore what I tried to fit in the graph: first, the 41,000 year cycle of the rotation of Earth's axis about its ecliptic; second, the evidence that the rate of precession is increasing which puts Earth on the upward moving portion of the curve between Hipparchus' time and our own; third, I fit the turnaround of the precession just prior to the discovery of the precession. This last point suggests the discovery may have merely been the beginning of precession for our current cycle. Obviously, more precise measure of the precession combined with accurate measures of Earth's orbit and gyration could further narrow the estimates and make a precise mathematical estimate of whre we are in the cycle, but first we must come to terms with this cycle conceptually. --Cplot 03:50, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Wouldn't a wave like that wraped around an axis be something similar to FM?--207.14.129.217 (talk) 05:46, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

arcsecond units
I might suggest the addition of an explanation of the use of the symbol ". Thinking on it more, I'm expect it means arcseconds, though I'm not positive.  I'm sure it's meaningful to an astronomer or astrologer, but to the average public, it might be thought of as "inches".  I might suggest giving a definition of the symbol before using it extensively.  In addition, if it does mean a portion of an angle, giving that as a measure of speed is likely to be inaccurate.  Speed should be measured over a period of time.  Thanks.  --Sean 07:58, 13 Aug 2006

 * I added a footnote/endnote regarding the units of measure. I also changed the notation to arcseconds to make it less ambigous and more internationally recognized. The quotation mark that was there is a common way to indiccate a quotation, but is an incorrect way to designate an arcsecond. Thanks for pointing thiis out --Cplot 19:57, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Rise and Fall of Civilisations over approx. 26,000 years cycle
The following paragraph should be removed unless a reference is provided. Most of these ancient cultures believed that during the course of one Great Year civilization will rise for about 12,000 years, culminating in a Golden Age, then fall for 12,000 years, culminating in a Dark Age, before rising again. Thus a Great Year is thought to be a cyclical measurement of time with periods of waxing and waning light and darkness similar to the earth's daily and yearly periods of time Even if a reference is provided at a minimum it its beginning should be changed to: Some of these ancient cultures but to be preicise an example of one or more cultures should be provided.

I intend to remove this paragraph in due course unless some one has an objection Terry MacKinnell (talk) 05:25, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Should this topic be merges with Astrological Ages?
There does not appear to be any reason why this topic of the Great year should not be merged with Astrological Ages. Terry MacKinnell (talk) 07:22, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Inadequate References
I have added the inadequate references to this topic as there a numerous facts and details provided but only one reference Terry MacKinnell (talk) 07:06, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

Plato and the great year
Someone asked in 2006 how Plato is involved in all of this. The reason the "Great Year" is also called the "Platonic Year" is that Plato alludes to it in some of his dialogues, for example Republic 546b Timaeus 39d. Pollinosisss (talk) 14:04, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

Great Year, which according to Heraclitus is 10,800 years
Re: "This page is pure BALONEY The Precessional cycle has nothing to do with the Great Year, which according to Heraclitus is 10,800 years. Each time this is pointed out, it gets erased by the astrologists who are bent on imposing their definition of the Great Year on the world.".

There are a number of Great Years including Heraclitus and the Precessional cycle. Why not pre-discuss the appropriate edits to include the 'other' Great Years. Terry Macro (talk) 22:53, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

The Great Year

Heraclitus spoke also of a longer period, which is identified with the "Great Year," and is variously described as lasting 18,000 and 10,800 years. We have no definite statement, however, of what process Heraclitus supposed to take place in the Great Year. The period Of 36,000 years was Babylonian, and 18,000 years is just half that period, a fact which may be connected with Heraclitus's way of dividing all cycles into an "upward and downward path." The Stoics, or some of them, held that the Great Year was the period between one world-conflagration and the next. They were careful, however, to make it a good deal longer than Heraclitus did, and, in any case, we are not entitled without more ado to credit him with the theory of a general conflagration. We must try first to interpret the Great Year on the analogy of the shorter periods discussed already.

- John Burnet, "Early Greek Philosophy," (London, A&C Black, 1920) Terry Macro (talk) 05:20, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

Term 'Great Year'
Does anyone know the origin of the term Great Year? Josephus (Antiquities of the Jews, 1st century CE) writes of a μεγας νιαυτος πληρουτοι of 600 years. Excuse my lack of declension, this seems to translate as a 'Great Full Year'. Whiston and the Loeb translator both give this as 'Great Year' Is there anything earlier?

Despite the NASA definition I think it misleading to equate it with the Platonic Year, the concept may be related to and derived from a cycle specified by Plato but cannot be identical with.

I am afraid the opening is now a bit of a mess, but it's better to be an obvious mess than misleading. Sceptic1954 (talk) 19:41, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

Edits of 16th December
I completely fail to understand the reasoning behind Terry M's reversion. I changed the beginning to give a definition from what is surely a reliable source par excellence, with reference. It's been reverted on grounds I didn't give sufficient reference, to a beginning which has no reference. I find this utterly bizarre. Please can Terry M explain. Sceptic1954 (talk) 23:53, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

 * while NASA may seem like a reliable source, no website is a reliable source. The Great Year topic needs to address all versions of the Great Year.  Your former lede commenced with "The Great Year is the period of one complete cycle of axial precession of the equinoxes around the ecliptic, with a duration of around 25,800 years." - whereas this is only one version of the Great Year.  Terry Macro (talk) 23:20, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

 * This is the first time on Wikipedia I have ever heard anyone argue that 'no website is a reliable source'. The key point is 'reliability'.  I will always try to give a reliable online source as opposed to a paper source, because the former is more easily checked by the reader.  I certainly agree that the article should address all versions and that is what I have tried to do in the opening paragraph. I began with what is to my knowledge the principal contemporary meaning, from a highly reliable source before bringing in others.  It might be helpful that I did not select my user name to demonstrate any particular attitude towards astrology. Sceptic1954 (talk) 23:31, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I didn't see your reference to 'my former lead', I have already changed this. I nonetheless think it good to put the NASA definition first, I can't think of any source more 'reliable'. Sceptic1954 (talk) 23:35, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

 * a more concientious editor can certainly pick you up for the mistaken belief that a web reference is a reliable source. A web reference is about the least reliable source that exists to my knowledge (if it is granted any reliability at all).  The fact that an online source is more readily available to the reader is irrelevant to Wiki as a reliable source.  If you don't want another editor to revert your reference to NASA at sometime you should look for a reliable source to back up your statement. Terry Macro (talk) 01:59, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

 * you should read WP:RS and related topics on sources. Using a reference to a website is usually better in the 'See also' or 'External References' etc sections on any topic.

 * I have never seen a wiki editor quote guidelines that online sources are intrinsically less reliable than paper sources - I'd be very grateful if you could quote me where this is the case. To take an example - I've made significant edits to Archimedes which is a former featured article and has 71 references all of them online. I'm not always in agreement on decisions taken by arbitration of what constitutes a reliable 'reliable sources' but NASA must be at the top by any wiki criterion. I don't think there reference is that satisfactory as it brings in 'Platonic Year' without clarification - if you can find a better from a reputable online dictionary please offer it.Sceptic1954 (talk) 06:46, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

 * If you examine the lede to WP:RS it basically commences with the following:

"Definition of source The word "source" as used on Wikipedia has three related meanings: 1. the piece of work itself (the article, book), 2. the creator of the work (the writer, journalist), 3. and the publisher of the work (for example, Random House or Cambridge University Press). Any of the three can affect reliability. Reliable sources may be published materials with a reliable publication process, authors who are regarded as authoritative in relation to the subject, or both. These qualifications should be demonstrable to other people."

It is true that they do include a positive note about reliable websites, but only as an addendum to the main criteria.

Re: 'Platonic Year' without clarification - this is not within Wiki's guidelines. The reference to 'Platonic Year' is a reliable source - if it was from a website, it is harder to prove that it is a reliable source. You cannot disagree with an appropriate book just because you cannot source it online, (though you may readily find the reference in Google Books). You could set up a replica of Wiki online that exclusively uses online sources but that is not Wiki's approach. You should make contact with some other experienced Wiki editors and see what they say - I have set up a topic for discussiopn on this issue at the Talk page at WP:RS or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Identifying_reliable_sources - see "Are online sources from 'reliable' websites OK when nearly all the references are from these websites and no reference books with page numbers etc cited?" Terry Macro (talk) 02:19, 20 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Before I changed it ther article began with a definition which was unsourced. Sure we now have two definitions from contemporary sources, NASA and Nick Campion, how do we decide which comes first?  I would have thought that NASA comes before Dr Campion, regardless of accessibility, but we could ask a third party.  If an online source and a paper source are equally reliable, I'd put the online sources first as it's easier for readers to access.Sceptic1954 (talk) 09:08, 20 December 2012 (UTC)

 * its up to the editor(s) to decide the relative importance - the article as it stands seems OK to me as long as it covers the different interpretations of the Great Year but i know of one archeo-astronomer (from an American university I believe) that would violently disagree with the NASA definition and has worked on this topic previously. I have done some research, and I cannot find anywhere where Wiki promotes online sources over published reliable sources with author, name of publication and page references.  Where do you find support for your perspective that online sources are better?  I am not into edit wars, but I have experienced many, and somehow i think you will come across an editor(s) at some stage that takes a strong exception to your approach to references.Terry Macro (talk) 23:03, 20 December 2012 (UTC)

 * In case you did not see it, i got a response to my query as follows from the talk page at WP:RS:

"Do sources have to be free, online and/or conveniently available to me? No. Sources can be expensive, print-only, or available only in certain places. A source does not stop being reliable simply because you personally aren't able to obtain a copy. See Wikipedia:Reliable sources/cost. If you need help verifying that a source supports the material in the article, ask for help at Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange or a relevant WikiProject." I have learnt something new! Terry Macro (talk) 00:48, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Sorry not to reply yesterday, I was out celebrating the End of the World. In the present context question of accessibility is a a red herring.  A source has to be reliable period.  I can't think of any source more reliable according to wikipedia criteria than NASA whether it is online or not.  Everything being equal I'd choose a source which is available online over one which is not.  Have you a source which is not available online which you think it more reliable than the NSSA source. Before my recent edits there were no quoted sources for the definition of the Great Year now there are 3, 2 of which are online,, the remaining one not so.Sceptic1954 (talk) 09:55, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

 * I will get back to you ASAP on your request. Terry Macro (talk) 23:26, 22 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I couldn't find anything in my library. I will keep a look out. Terry Macro (talk) 01:02, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

Magnetic Poles
The long quotation from Finch as regards the true north and magnetic north poles should not be left without an explanation to the effect that he has not a clue what he is jabbering about for the magnetic north pole. The magnetic poles have zero bearing on the issue of precession, though I grant they *may* (or may not) have some contribution to the wobble of Earth. Yes, there are two poles involved in this matter, but they are the true poles of the terrestrial sphere in its rotation and the celestial pole of the ecliptic which has to do with Earth's orbit about the Sun and the tilt of the plane of our orbit. The magnetic poles do not enter into it, at all. Indeed the magnetic north moves independently of Earth's celestial mechanics and has more to do with the behaviour of liquid metal under pressure, the layering of elements in Earth's mantle, the composition of the core, the distribution of land and ocean on our crust (the Arctic as a sea surrounded by land, counterweighted by the Antarctic as a land mass weighed down by ice and surrounded by ocean) and other such matters. The magnetic poles have indeed drifted many hundreds of kilometres over the past two centuries, at a much faster pace than Earth's other poles. As our ice caps melt and shrink, the pace and direction of this drift may accelerate, but that is another topic.BeeTea (talk) 14:46, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I came to the talk page to mention the same thing. I'm no expert, though I believe the Egyptians weren't even aware of magnetic north.  Besides, as you mention, it contradicts the previous statements about the ecliptic north.  Looks like we saw this on the same day a great year apart. :) metric (talk) 12:43, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I have deleted the quote along with the rest of the additions by user jhpalmerjp in the same edit from July 2013. metric (talk) 13:35, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

Length of Great Year
Re the edit change to: The term Great Year has a variety of related meanings. It is defined by NASA as "The period of one complete cycle of the equinoxes around the ecliptic, about 25,800 years or precisely 25,772 years

 * My understanding is that it is not constant, and that the length of the Great Year is consistently decreasing as the Moon slowly increases its orbital distance from the Earth? So while it may be 25,772 years at this point of time, it will be different over the coming centuries? Terry Macro (talk) 01:30, 13 February 2019 (UTC)

Factual accuracy tag
I am now removing this tag as it has been in place since 2014 and the article is in a much better state with many reliable citations.Lumos3 (talk) 17:28, 19 February 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Great Year


text: Category:Art museums and galleries in Belgium


text: Category:Museums in Belgium

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text:
Index of Alberta-related articles

Articles related to the Canadian province of Alberta include:

0–9

 * .ab.ca – Internet second-level domain for the Province of Alberta.

A

 * Alberta Act 1905
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B

 * Barrington Griffiths Watch Company
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C

 * Charter schools in Alberta
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E

 * Edmonton Metropolitan Region
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F

 * First Nations in Alberta
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G

 * Geography of Alberta
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H

 * History of Alberta
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I

 * Inspiring Education: A Dialogue with Albertans
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L

 * Legislative Assembly of Alberta
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N

 * Northern Alberta

O

 * Old Strathcona

P

 * Palliser's Triangle
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R

 * Representative Party of Alberta
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S

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T

 * TUXIS Parliament of Alberta

U

 * United Farmers of Alberta
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V

 * Voice for Animals Humane Society

title: Index of Alberta-related articles


text:
User talk:Ether

Hello, "Ether" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

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Aaron Hill (writer)

Aaron Hill (10 February 1685 – 8 February 1750) was an English dramatist and miscellany writer.

Biography
The son of a country gentleman of Wiltshire, Hill was educated at Westminster School, and afterwards travelled in the East. He was the author of 17 plays, some of them, such as his versions of Voltaire's Zaire and Mérope, being adaptations. He also wrote poetry, which is of variable quality. Having written some satiric lines on Alexander Pope, he received in return a mention in The Dunciad, which led to a controversy between the two writers. Afterwards a reconciliation took place. He was a friend and correspondent of Samuel Richardson, whose Pamela he highly praised. In addition to his literary pursuits Hill was involved in many commercial schemes, usually unsuccessful.

Hill was the manager of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane when he was 24 years old, and before being summarily fired for reasons unknown, he staged the premier of George Frideric Handel's Rinaldo, the first Italian opera designed for a London audience. The composer was very involved in the production, and Hill collaborated on the libretto, although it is disputed what his actual contributions were.

In 1724 he founded the bi-weekly periodical The Plain Dealer. A posthumous collection of Hill's essays, letters and poems was published in 1753. His Dramatic Works were published in 1760. His biography was recorded in Lives of the Poets of Great Britain and Ireland, to the Time of Dean Swift, volume 5 (ostensibly by Theophilus Cibber but generally accepted to be of anonymous authorship).

Selected works

 * A Full and Just Account of the Present State of the Ottoman Empire (1709)
 * Elfrid (1710) play
 * The Walking Statue; Or, the Devil in the Wine Cellar (1710) a farce
 * Squire Brainless (1710) Farce
 * The Fatal Vision (1716) play
 * Fatal Extravagance (1721) play
 * King Henry the Fifth: Or, the Conquest of France, By the English. A Tragedy. (1723)
 * Athelwold (1731) a revision of Elfrid
 * The Plain Dealer (1724) essays with William Bond
 * The Progress of Wit, being a caveat for the use of an Eminent Writer (1730)
 * The Prompter (1735) essays
 * Zara (produced 1736) after Voltaire
 * Mérope (1749), after Voltaire
 * The Roman Revenge (1754), after Voltaire
 * The Insolvent, or Filial Piety (1758)
 * Daraxes (published 1760) a pastoral opera
 * Merlin in Love (published 1760) a pantomime opera
 * The Muses in Mourning (published 1760) an opera
 * Saul (published 1760) a tragedy
 * A Snake in the Grass (published 1760) a burlesque

title: Aaron Hill (writer)


text:
Vog

Vog is a form of air pollution that results when sulfur dioxide and other gases and particles emitted by an erupting volcano react with oxygen and moisture in the presence of sunlight. The word is a portmanteau of the words "volcanic" and "smog". The term is in common use in the Hawaiian Islands, where the Kīlauea volcano, on the Island of Hawaii (the "Big Island"), erupted continuously between 1983 and 2018. Based on June 2008 measurements, Kīlauea emits 2,000–4,000 tons of sulfur dioxide (SO2) every day.

Description
Vog is created when volcanic gases (primarily oxides of sulfur) react with sunlight, oxygen and moisture. The result includes sulfuric acid and other sulfates. Vog is made up of a mixture of gases and aerosols which makes it hard to study and potentially more dangerous than either on their own.

Vog, which originates from volcanic vents, differs from laze, created when lava enters the ocean.

Vog in Hawaii
In Hawaii, the gas plumes of Kīlauea rise up from three locations: Halemaʻumaʻu, Puʻu ʻŌʻō, and from along the coastline where lava flows from the East Rift zone enter the ocean. The plumes create a blanket of vog that can envelop the island. Vog mostly affects the Kona coast on the west side of the Island of Hawaii, where the prevailing trade winds blow the vog to the southwest and southern winds then blow it north up the Kohala coast.

Prolonged periods of southerly Kona winds, however, can cause vog to affect the eastern side of the Island on rare occasions, and affect islands across the entire state as well. By the time the vog reaches other islands, the sulfur dioxide has largely dissipated, leaving behind ash, smoke, sulfates, and ammonia.

During the 2016 volcanic events at Kīlauea, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, in collaboration with other agencies, published a vog dashboard so community members could track the vog.

Comparing vog and smog
Vog and smog are different. Vog is formed when sulfur oxides emitted by a volcano react with moisture to form an aerosol. The aerosol scatters light, thus making the vog visible. Smog is formed largely from the incomplete combustion of fuel, reacting with nitrogen oxides and ozone produced from carbon monoxide by reactions with sunlight. The result is also a visible aerosol.

When smog levels are high, the sky appears yellowish-grey because nitrogen oxides are yellow. In contrast, sulfur oxides are colorless and vog looks grey. Once the vog layer dissipates, grey spots of vog in the sky may, for a time, remain trapped in the inversion layer.

Several chemicals emitted from cars are not emitted from volcanoes. Similarly, some chemicals emitted from volcanoes, such as hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride, are not created by exhaust gas. Moreover, smog generated by factories has its own unique mix of contaminants.

Health hazards

Most studies of vog have been in areas where vog is naturally present and not in controlled conditions. Vog contains chemicals that can damage the environment and the health of plants, humans and other animals. Most of the aerosols are acidic and of a size where they can remain in the lungs to damage the lungs and impair function. Headaches, watery eyes, sore throat, breathing difficulties (including inducing asthma attacks), flu-like symptoms and general lethargy are commonly reported. These effects are especially pronounced in children and in people with respiratory conditions. Vog generally reduces visibility, creating a hazard for road, air and ocean traffic.

The long-term health effects of vog are unknown.

Recent events
Several studies are underway to measure the air quality near volcanoes more carefully. Sulfur dioxide emissions increased on March 12, 2008, when a new vent opened. The increased vog level has caused evacuations and damaged crops. In the summer of 2008 and in 2012, the County of Hawaii received a disaster designation due to the agricultural damage.

A recent multi-year computer-modeling feasibility study, known as VMAP, designed to predict the location and concentrations of vog from Kīlauea was conducted by the University of Hawaii.

title: Vog


text:
Krashovani

The Krashovani (Carașoveni, Krašovani) are a Croat community inhabiting Carașova and Lupac in the Caraș-Severin County within Romanian Banat. They are Catholic by faith and speak the Torlakian dialect.

Names
In Romanian, they are commonly known as Carașoveni; other variants include Carșoveni, Cârșoveni, Cotcoreți or Cocoși. In Croatian, they are commonly known as Krašovani; other variants include Karašovani, Krašovanje, Karaševci and Koroševci.

Settlements
Krashovani, declared as Croats, form a majority in two communes of Caraș-Severin County: Carașova and Lupac.

 * Carașova commune
 * Carașova (Karaševo)
 * Nermed (Neremić)
 * Iabalcea (Jabalče)
 * Lupac commune
 * Clocotici (Klokotič)
 * Rafnic (Ravnik)
 * Vodnic (Vodnik)
 * Lupac (Lupak)

Identity
The Krashovani are Croatian speakers adhering to the Catholic Church. Their dialect is regarded a sub-dialect of the Torlak dialect, a transitional dialect spoken in southeastern Serbia, westernmost Bulgaria and northeastern Macedonia.

According to the 2002 census in Romania, the population of the Carașova commune comprised 84.60% Croats, 4.96% others, 4.47% Roma, 4.41% Romanians and others. 93.12% of the population in that commune declared their mother tongue as Croatian. Only 207 persons declared Krashovani ethnicity in the 2002 census.

History
Their ancestors first settled Carașova in the 13th and 14th centuries from northwestern Bosnia. They formed a community in the northern plateau of the Caraș river, in seven villages, the oldest, Carașova, being mentioned in the 13th and 14th centuries while the rest are first mentioned in the 17th century.

Serbian ethnographer Jovan Cvijić concluded that the community was "very old settlers with origin in Crna Reka who were Catholicised"; Stanko Žuljić claims that their origin is in Turopolje, in Croatia.

The Carașoveni were considered Bulgarians by some Bulgarian scientists in the first half of the 20th century (such as G. Cibrus, M. Mladenov, K. Telbizov, and T. Balkanski), partially based on their view that Torlakian-speakers are ethnically Bulgarians.

According to the Austrian population census there were over 10,000 Carașoveni in Banat. In the 1847 census over 10,000 people declared as Carașoveni. In 1896 the Austro-Hungarian census around 7,500 Carașoveni were listed. The same was stated by the authorities of the Kingdom of Romania in 1940. Their number dropped to 2,775 in 1992.

The Union of Croats of Romania (Zajedništvo Hrvata u Rumunjskoj, ZHR; Uniunea Croaților din România, UCR) is an ethnic minority political party in Romania representing the Croatian community.

title: Krashovani


text:
Doug Williams (quarterback)

Douglas Lee Williams (born August 9, 1955) is an American football executive and former quarterback and coach. Williams is best known for his performance with the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XXII against the Denver Broncos, making him the first black quarterback to both start and win a Super Bowl. He was named Super Bowl MVP after breaking two Super Bowl passing records: 340 yards total, and being the first to throw four touchdowns in a single quarter.

Following his playing career, Williams began coaching, most notably serving as the head coach of the Grambling State Tigers. Following that, Williams has been a team executive for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Virginia Destroyers, and Washington Redskins.

College career
Williams played quarterback for the Grambling State Tigers from 1974 to 1977. In his first two seasons, he played on the same team as future NFL receiver Sammy White. Williams guided the Tigers to a 36–7 (.837 winning percentage) record as a four-year starter, and led the Tigers to three Southwestern Athletic Conference Championships. Williams was named Black College Player of the Year twice.

In 1977, Williams led the NCAA in several categories, including total yards from scrimmage (3,249), passing yards (3,286), touchdown passes (38), and yards per play (8.6). Williams finished fourth in the Heisman Trophy voting, behind Earl Campbell, Terry Miller, and Ken MacAfee. Williams graduated from Grambling with a bachelor's degree in education, and he began work on his master's degree before the 1978 NFL Draft.

Despite the success that he enjoyed on the field, Tampa Bay Buccaneers offensive coordinator Joe Gibbs was the only NFL coach who visited Williams to work him out and scout him. Gibbs spent two days with the 6 ft, 220 lb quarterback, reviewing play books, film, and going through passing drills. Impressed by his poise, work ethic, and studious nature, Gibbs rated Williams as the best quarterback in the draft, writing in his scouting report that Williams had “a big-time arm with perfect passing mechanics” and was “a natural leader...very academic and extremely prepared...football smart,” and recommended that the Buccaneers select Williams with their first-round draft choice.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Following the recommendation of Gibbs, Tampa Bay drafted Williams in the first round (17th overall) of the 1978 NFL Draft. Williams became the first African-American quarterback taken in the first round of an NFL draft. His first preseason pass, a 75-yard incompletion that sailed 10 yards past receiver Isaac Hagins, drew a standing ovation from the Tampa Stadium crowd. He was the first quarterback in Buccaneer history capable of throwing long passes downfield. In a 1979 game against the Chicago Bears, Williams and Bears quarterback Vince Evans made history by making it the first NFL game ever to have a black starting quarterback on both teams. Tampa Bay, which had won just two games in the first two years of the franchise, went to the playoffs three times in five seasons with Williams as starter and played in the 1979 NFC Championship game. During his time in Tampa Bay, Williams improved his completion percentage each season.

Williams was the only starting African-American quarterback in the NFL at that time, and dealt with racism from the fans, and even his own coaching staff. In his book Rise of the Black QB, author Jason Reid cited an incident in the 1978 Tampa Bay training camp, in which quarterbacks coach Bill Nelsen began berating Williams in what was described as going beyond coaching and becoming a personal attack. "I think Coach Gibbs knew that it wasn't a matter of being coached hard," recalled Williams. "I mean, I played for Eddie Robinson at Grambling, so he knew I could handle that. But he (Gibbs) immediately sensed that something else was going on." Just a position coach at the time, Gibbs, who was at the opposite end of the field, sprinted over to Nelsen and confronted him. Gibbs threw his clipboard down, pointed his finger in Nelsen's face and said, "Don't you ever talk to him like that again! Is that clear?" According to Williams, Nelsen never confronted Williams in that manner again.

During his tenure with the Buccaneers, Williams was paid $120,000 a year, the lowest salary for a starting quarterback in the league and less than the salary of 12 backups. After the 1982 season, Williams asked for a $600,000 contract. Bucs owner Hugh Culverhouse refused to budge from his initial offer of $400,000 despite protests from coach John McKay. Feeling that Culverhouse was not paying him what a starter should earn, Williams sat out the 1983 season. That year, the Bucs went 2–14, and did not make the playoffs again until the 1997 season 14 years later. Tampa Bay lost ten games in every season but one in that stretch, including 12 in a row from 1983 to 1984. Culverhouse's willingness to let Williams walk away over such a relatively small amount of money was seen as insensitive, especially as it came only months after Williams’ wife Janice died of an aneurysm.

Oklahoma / Arizona Outlaws
After a year away from football, Williams signed with the Oklahoma Outlaws of the upstart United States Football League. The Outlaws briefly called Hall of Fame coach and quarterback guru Sid Gillman out of retirement as director of football operations, and Williams was Gillman's highest-profile signing. Williams signed a $3 million contract with a $1 million signing bonus, making him easily one of the highest-paid players in all of football. Years later, he recalled that he was won over when Outlaws owners William Tatham Sr. and Bill Tatham Jr. "treated me as a human," rather than "a piece of cattle in a stockyard."

In 1984, Williams led the Outlaws of the USFL in passing, completing 261 out of 528 passes for 3,084 yards and 15 touchdowns. However, he threw 21 interceptions, ending up with a passer rating of 60.5 during a 6–12 season. In 1985, the team moved to Arizona and merged with the Arizona Wranglers to become the Arizona Outlaws. Williams showed some improvement, completing 271 out of 509 passes for 3,673 yards with 21 touchdowns and 17 interceptions.

Washington Redskins
After the USFL was shut down in 1986, Williams returned to the NFL, joining the Washington Redskins. He was reunited with his former offensive coordinator, Joe Gibbs, who was now the team's head coach. Initially, Williams served as the backup for starting quarterback Jay Schroeder, but after Schroeder became injured, Williams stepped in and led the Redskins to an opening-day victory against the Philadelphia Eagles in the 1987 season. Williams and Schroeder had a somewhat chilly relationship, stemming from Schroeder ordering Williams to get off the field when the Redskins thought Schroeder had been injured in the 1986 NFC title game and sent Williams in to substitute for him. It would be one of three times in 1987 that Williams substituted for Schroeder and led the team to victory (the other two were November 15 against Detroit and December 26 at Minnesota). Williams only started two games, September 20 at Atlanta and November 23 against the Rams. While both starts were losses, at the end of the season, when the Redskins had qualified for the playoffs, Williams, with his 94.0 passer rating, was chosen as the starter. He led the team to Super Bowl XXII in which they routed the Denver Broncos, becoming the first black quarterback to both play in and win a Super Bowl.

According to legend, Williams was asked this question on Media Day: “How long have you been a black quarterback?” He supposedly replied, “I’ve been a quarterback since high school, and I’ve been black all my life.” On February 1, 2013, Williams was interviewed on the Boomer and Carton show, and he was asked by the host Craig Carton if the question ever happened. He replied that it was true. Williams said he thought the reporter was a little nervous and the question may have come out the wrong way and that no ill will was meant towards him.

On the day before Super Bowl XXII, Williams had a six-hour root canal surgery performed to repair a dental bridge abscess. On January 31, 1988, he engineered a 42–10 rout over the Broncos, who were led by quarterback John Elway. Williams completed 18 of 29 passes for 340 yards with four touchdown passes. All four touchdowns were thrown in the second quarter, which set a Super Bowl record for most touchdowns thrown in a single half, let alone a quarter. He was named Super Bowl MVP for his efforts, making him the first African-American quarterback to both win a Super Bowl and be named its MVP. He broke the Super Bowl single-game record of 331 passing yards set in 1985 by Joe Montana, who broke Williams' record the following year with 357. Williams tied the Super Bowl single-game record for passing touchdowns set by Terry Bradshaw in 1979, which Montana surpassed with five in Super Bowl XXIV. Williams' 80-yard scoring pass to Ricky Sanders tied the Super Bowl record for the longest pass, set by Jim Plunkett's throw to Kenny King in 1981; it was broken in 1997 by Brett Favre's 81-yard pass to Antonio Freeman for the longest Super Bowl play from scrimmage.

Williams suffered from injuries the following season and was outplayed by Mark Rypien, who eventually won the starting job. Despite competing for the same starting job, Williams and Rypien were so supportive of each other that T-shirts were sold with the caption “United We Stand", depicting the two quarterbacks as cartoon characters with Williams saying “I'm for Mark” and Rypien saying “I'm for Doug”. Williams would play one final season in 1989, as Rypien's backup, during the latter's first Pro Bowl season.

Finances played a large part in Williams' departure from the Redskins, with Williams slated to make $1 million in 1990 as the team's backup quarterback. The Redskins were able to sign former New York Giants quarterback Jeff Rutledge for the backup role for substantially less money, making Williams expendable. Williams received scant attention from other teams following his waiver by the Redskins – a situation which he flatly attributed to racism. Williams retired with a 5–9 record as Redskins starter (8–9, counting playoffs) and a 38–42–1 record as a regular season starter (42–45–1, including 7 playoff starts). He had 100 passing touchdowns, and 15 rushing touchdowns, in 88 NFL games.

Coaching and executive career
Following his departure from the NFL, Williams worked on television in 1990 as a college football analyst for Black Entertainment Television (BET). Despite enjoying the change of pace, Williams longed to return to football and when a high school head coaching position opened up in 1991 at the new Pointe Coupee Central High School in the unincorporated Labarre area of Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, Williams applied for the job and was hired for the position. Williams led the 35-player team to a 5–5 record in the season, including an upset of the second-ranked school in the state.

In 1992, Williams was able to move on to coach at his former high school in Zachary, now renamed Northeast High. Playing its home games on a field bearing his name, Williams was able to lead the team to an undefeated regular season, finally falling in the state semi-finals. During the 1993 Louisiana HS playoffs, his team notably knocked out Isidore Newman High School, then led by senior quarterback Peyton Manning.

Williams moved to the collegiate coaching ranks in 1994, when he was hired as the running backs coach for the football team of the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. He worked as offensive coordinator for the Scottish Claymores of the World League of American Football early in 1995 and as a scout for the NFL's Jacksonville Jaguars during the 1995 NFL season.

Williams began his collegiate head coaching career at Morehouse College in 1997. He was named the head football coach at Grambling State University in 1998, succeeding the legendary Eddie Robinson. He led the Tigers to three consecutive Southwestern Athletic Conference titles from 2000 to 2002, before leaving to rejoin the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as a personnel executive.

At the conclusion of Super Bowl XLII, on the 20th anniversary of being named Super Bowl XXII MVP, Williams carried the Vince Lombardi trophy on to the field for presentation to the winning New York Giants. Williams was named the director of professional scouting for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in February 2009. He was relieved of this position on May 11, 2010.

Williams was subsequently hired as general manager of the Norfolk expansion franchise in the United Football League, now known as the Virginia Destroyers. On February 21, 2011, Williams resigned from the Destroyers to begin his second stint as the head football coach at Grambling State University. He was fired from this position on September 11, 2013.

In February 2014, Williams rejoined the Redskins as a personnel executive. The hiring marked Williams’ return to the Redskins. Williams was promoted to the position of Senior Vice President of Player Personnel in June 2017. In 2020, following a front office restructure after the hiring of Ron Rivera as head coach, Williams was named the team's senior vice president of player development. The following year he became a senior advisor to team president Jason Wright.

Personal life
Williams was born in Zachary, Louisiana, a town of about 8,000 people located near Baton Rouge. Williams and his third wife, Raunda, have eight children: Laura, Lee, Ashley, Adrian, Doug, Jr., Jasmine, Temessia, and Carmaleta. His sons Adrian and Doug Jr. (D.J.) are both accomplished collegiate athletes. Adrian played basketball for Brown University until graduating after the 2010–11 season while D.J. signed to play for his father at Grambling State University. His daughter Laura has committed to playing basketball at University of Southern California for the 2024-2025 season. Doug's nephew Johnny Huggins also played in the NFL.

In 2009, Williams and fellow Grambling State alumnus James Harris co-founded the Black College Football Hall of Fame. Each year, several notable football players from historically black colleges and universities are entered in its hall of fame at an induction ceremony in Atlanta. In July 2019, Grambling State honored Williams by naming a street in his honor on the college's campus.

Head coaching record

 * Williams was fired on September 11, 2013.

title: Doug Williams (quarterback)


text:
SS Conte di Savoia

SS Conte di Savoia ("Count of Savoy") was an Italian ocean liner built in 1932 at the Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico, Trieste.

Conte di Savoia was originally ordered for the Lloyd Sabaudo line; however, after a merger with the Navigazione Generale Italiana, the ship was completed for the newly formed Italia Flotte Riunite. The new Italia Line also controlled SS Rex, a similar though slightly larger ship completed just two months before Conte di Savoia. The Conte di Savoia was more modern in decoration and appearance than Rex and was the first major liner fitted with gyroscopic stabilisers.

History
In November 1932, she made her maiden voyage to New York. Unlike Rex, she never made a record transatlantic crossing, reaching a best speed of 27.5 kn in 1933.

Conte di Savoia had one unusual feature designed to increase passenger numbers. Three huge anti-rolling gyroscopes were fitted low down in a forward hold. These rotated at high revolutions and were designed to mitigate rolling - a persistent problem on the rough North Atlantic crossing that affected all shipping lines. In practice they reduced the rolling by slowing down the rolling period, but they also caused the vessel to "hang" annoyingly when the vessel was on the extreme limit of her rolls. For safety reasons the system was quickly abandoned on eastbound crossings where the prevailing weather produced following seas, although it was still used on westbound crossings. This was because with a following sea (and the deep slow rolls this generated) the vessel tended to 'hang' with the system turned on, and the inertia it generated made it harder for the vessel to right herself from heavy rolls. None of this affected the operation of the shipping line's advertising department and the benefits of a "smooth crossing" were heavily promoted during the life of the ship.

In 1931, Italian architect, Melchiorre Bega was selected to design the interior lay-out and furnishings of the Conte di Savoia. Bega, who was well-known for his innovative designs of stores, cafés and hotels, created a modernist interior.

Conte di Savoia was requisitioned for war service in 1940, and was sunk in 1943. The hulk was refloated in 1945 and later scrapped in 1950.

title: SS Conte di Savoia


text:
Dextropropoxyphene

Dextropropoxyphene is an analgesic in the opioid category, patented in 1955 and manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company. It is an optical isomer of levopropoxyphene. It is intended to treat mild pain and also has antitussive (cough suppressant) and local anaesthetic effects. The drug has been taken off the market in Europe and the US due to concerns of fatal overdoses and heart arrhythmias. It is still available in Australia, albeit with restrictions after an application by its manufacturer to review its proposed banning. Its onset of analgesia (pain relief) is said to be 20–30 minutes and peak effects are seen about 1.5–2.0 hours after oral administration.

Dextropropoxyphene is sometimes combined with acetaminophen. Trade names include Darvocet-N, Di-Gesic, and Darvon with APAP (for dextropropoxyphene and paracetamol). The British approved name (i.e. the generic name of the active ingredient) of the paracetamol/dextropropoxyphene preparation is co-proxamol (sold under a variety of brand names); however, it has been withdrawn since 2007, and is no longer available to new patients, with exceptions. The paracetamol combination(s) are known as Capadex or Di-Gesic in Australia, Lentogesic in South Africa, and Di-Antalvic in France (unlike co-proxamol, which is an approved name, these are all brand names).

Dextropropoxyphene is known under several synonyms, including:
 * Alpha-d-4-dimethylamino-3-methyl-1,2-diphenyl-2-butanol propionate
 * [(2S,3R)-4-(Dimethylamino)-3- methyl-1,2-diphenylbutan-2-yl] propanoate
 * (+)-1,2-Diphenyl-2-propionoxy- 3-methyl-4-di-methylaminobutane
 * Desoxypropiophen

Analgesia
Dextropropoxyphene is generally considered a weak analgesic, with several studies finding its efficacy is no better than acetaminophen. Like codeine, it is a weak opioid. However, dextropropoxyphene has one-third to one-half of the analgesic activity of codeine.

Restless legs syndrome
Dextropropoxyphene has been found to be helpful in relieving the symptoms of restless legs syndrome.

Contraindications
Dextropropoxyphene is contraindicated in patients allergic to paracetamol (acetaminophen) or dextropropoxyphene, and in alcoholics. It is not intended for use in patients who are prone to suicide, anxiety, panic, or addiction.

Side effects
Severe toxicity can occur with small increments above the therapeutic dose including cardiotoxicity, and fatal overdoses. This is especially true when the drug is combined with alcohol. Other side effects include:
 * Constipation
 * Itching
 * Drowsiness
 * Nausea
 * Sensorineural deafness

Pharmacology
Dextropropoxyphene acts as a mu-opioid receptor agonist. It also acts as a potent, noncompetitive α3β4 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, as well as a weak serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

Toxicity
Overdose is commonly broken into two categories - liver toxicity (from paracetamol poisoning) and dextropropoxyphene overdose.

An overdose of dextropropoxyphene may lead to various systemic effects. Excessive opioid receptor stimulation is responsible for the CNS depression, respiratory depression, aspiration pneumonia, miosis, and gastrointestinal effects seen in propoxyphene poisoning. It may also account for mood- or thought-altering effects. In the presence of amphetamine, propoxyphene overdose increases CNS stimulation and may cause fatal convulsive seizures.

In addition, both propoxyphene and its metabolite norpropoxyphene have local anesthetic effects at concentrations about 10 times those necessary for opioid effects. Norpropoxyphene is a more potent local anesthetic than propoxyphene, and they are both more potent than lidocaine. Local anesthetic activity appears to be responsible for the arrhythmias and cardiovascular depression seen in propoxyphene poisoning.

Both propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene are potent blockers of cardiac membrane sodium channels, and are more potent than lidocaine, quinidine, and procainamide in this respect. As a result, propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene appear to have the characteristics of a Vaughn-Williams Class Ic antiarrhythmic.

These direct cardiac effects include decreased heart rate (i.e. cardiovascular depression), decreased contractility, and decreased electrical conductivity (i.e., increased PR, AH, HV, and QRS intervals). These effects appear to be due to their local anesthetic activity and are not reversed by naloxone. Widening of the QRS complex appears to be a result of a quinidine-like effect of propoxyphene, and sodium bicarbonate therapy appears to have a positive direct effect on the QRS dysrhythmia.

Seizures may result from either opioid or local anesthetic effects. Pulmonary edema may result from direct pulmonary toxicity, neurogenic/anoxic effects, or cardiovascular depression.

Balance disorder is possible, with risk of falls from standing height.

Available forms
Propoxyphene was initially introduced as propoxyphene hydrochloride. Shortly before the patent on propoxyphene expired, propoxyphene napsylate form was introduced to the market. The napsylate salt (the salt of naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid) is claimed to be less prone to non-medical use, because it is almost insoluble in water, so cannot be used for injection. Napsylate also gives lower peak blood level. Because of different molar mass, a dose of 100 mg of propoxyphene napsylate is required to supply an amount of propoxyphene equivalent to that present in 65 mg of propoxyphene hydrochloride.

Before the FDA-directed recall, dextropropoxyphene HCl was available in the United States as a prescription formulation with paracetamol (acetaminophen) in ratio from 30 mg / 600 mg to 100 mg / 650 mg (or 100 mg / 325 mg in the case of Balacet), respectively. These are usually named Darvocet. Darvon is a pure propoxyphene preparation that does not contain paracetamol.

In Australia, dextropropoxyphene is available on prescription, both as a combined product (32.5 mg dextropropoxyphene per 325 mg paracetamol branded as Di-gesic, Capadex, or Paradex; it is also available in pure form (100 mg capsules) known as Doloxene, however its use has been restricted.

Drug testing
Detectable levels of propoxyphene/dextropropoxyphene may stay in a person's system for up to 9 days after last dose and can be tested for specifically in nonstandard urinalysis, but may remain in the body longer in minuscule amounts. Propoxyphene does not show up on standard opiate/opioid tests because it is not chemically related to opiates as part of the OPI or OPI 2000 panels, which detect morphine and related compounds. It is most closely related to methadone.

History
Dextropropoxyphene was successfully tested in 1954 as part of US Navy and CIA-funded research on nonaddictive substitutes for codeine.

Use in organic synthesis
Without the propionyl group on the oxygen, the non-esterified alcohol precursor of propoxyphene (both enantiomers, known as darvon alcohol and novrad alcohol) have been employed as stoichiometric chiral reagents for asymmetric carbonyl reduction reactions involving aluminium hydride reagents.

Usage controversy and regulation
Dextropropoxyphene is subject to some controversy; while many physicians prescribe it for a wide range of mildly to moderately painful symptoms, as well as for treatment of diarrhea, many others refuse to prescribe it, citing limited effectiveness. In addition, the therapeutic index of dextroproxyphene is relatively narrow.

Caution should be used when administering dextropropoxyphene, particularly with children and the elderly and with patients who may be pregnant or breastfeeding; other reported problems include kidney, liver, or respiratory disorders, and prolonged use. Attention should be paid to concomitant use with tranquillizers, antidepressants, or excess alcohol.

Darvon, a dextropropoxyphene formulation made by Eli Lilly, which had been on the market for 25 years, came under heavy fire in 1978 by consumer groups that said it was associated with suicide. Darvon was never withdrawn from the market, until recently, but Lilly has waged a sweeping, and largely successful, campaign among doctors, pharmacists, and Darvon users to defend the drug as safe when it is used in proper doses and not mixed with alcohol. After determining the risks outweigh the benefits, the USFDA requested physicians stop prescribing the drug. On November 19, 2010, the FDA announced that Xanodyne Pharmaceuticals agreed to withdraw Darvon and Darvocet in the United States, followed by manufacturers of dextropropoxyphene.

Australia
In Australia, both pure dextropropoxyphene capsules (as napsylate, 100 mg), marketed as Doloxene, and combination tablets and capsules (with paracetamol) all containing 32.5 mg dextropropoxyphene HCl with 325 mg paracetamol, which are currently available on prescription were supposed to be withdrawn from 1 March 2012, but Aspen Pharma sought a review in the Administrative Appeals Tribunal which ruled in 2013 that the drugs could be sold under strict conditions.

Canada
On December 1, 2010, Health Canada and Paladin Labs Inc. announced the voluntary recall and withdrawal of Darvon-N from the Canadian market and the discontinuation of sale of Darvon-N.

European Union
In November 2007, the European Commission requested the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to review the safety and effectiveness of dextropropoxyphene based medicines and on 25 June 2009 the EMA recommended a gradual withdrawal throughout the European Union. The EMA's conclusion was based on evidence that dextropropoxyphene-containing medicines were weak painkillers, the combination of dextropropoxyphene and paracetamol was no more effective than paracetamol on its own, and the difference between the dose needed for treatment and a harmful dose (the "therapeutic index") was too small.

New Zealand
In February 2010, Medsafe announced Paradex and Capadex (forms of dextropropoxyphene) were being withdrawn from the marketplace due to health issues, and withdrawal in other countries.

India
On June 12, 2013, the Indian government suspended the manufacture, sale, and distribution of the drug under Section 26A of the 1940 Drugs and Cosmetic Act.

Sweden
In Sweden, physicians had long been discouraged by the medical products agency to prescribe dextropropoxyphene due to the risk of respiratory depression and even death when taken with alcohol. Physicians had earlier been recommended to prescribe products with only dextropropoxyphene and not to patients with a history of substance use disorder, depression, or suicidal tendencies. Products with mixed active ingredients were taken off the market and only products with dextropropoxyphene were allowed to be sold. Dextropoxyphene was de facto narcotica labelled.

As of March 2011, all products containing the substance are withdrawn because of safety issues after a European Commission decision.

At the time, people who drank excessive amounts of alcohol and other substances and take combination dextropoxyphene / acetaminophen (paracetamol) were discussed as needing to take many combination tablets to reach euphoria, because the amount of dextropropoxyphene per tablet is relatively low (30–40 mg). The ingested paracetamol—the other component—may then reach liver toxic levels. In the case of alcoholics, who often already have damaged livers, even a relatively small overdose with paracetamol may produce hepatotoxicity, liver failure, and necrosis. This toxicity with the combination of overdosed dextroproxyphene (with its CNS/respiratory depression/vomit with risk for aspiration pneumonia, as well as cardiotoxicity) and paracetamol-induced liver damage can result in death.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, preparations containing only dextropropoxyphene were discontinued in 2004. In 2007, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency removed the licence for co-proxamol, also called distalgesic. From then on in the UK, co-proxamol is only available on a named patient basis, for long-term chronic pain and only to those who have already been prescribed this medicine. Its withdrawal from the UK market is a result of concerns relating to its toxicity in overdose (even small overdoses can be fatal), and dangerous reaction with alcohol. Recreational use in the UK is uncommon. Many patients have been prescribed alternative combinations of drugs as a replacement.

The motivation for the withdrawal of co-proxamol was the reduction in suicides and a key part of the agency's justification of its decision was based upon studies showing co-proxamol was no more effective than paracetamol alone in pain management.

The co-proxamol preparations available in the UK contained a subtherapeutic dose of paracetamol, 325 mg per tablet. Patients were warned not to take more than eight tablets in one day, a total dose of 2600 mg paracetamol per day. Despite this reduced level, patients were still at a high risk of overdose; coproxamol was second only to tricyclic antidepressants as the most common prescription drugs used in overdose. Following the reduction in prescribing in 2005–2007, prior to its complete withdrawal, the number of deaths associated with the drug dropped significantly. Additionally, patients have not substituted other drugs as a method of overdose.

The decision to withdraw co-proxamol has met with some controversy; it has been brought up in the House of Commons on two occasions, 13 July 2005 and on 17 January 2007. Patients have found alternatives to co-proxamol either too strong, too weak, or with intolerable side effects. During the House of Commons debates, it is quoted that originally some 1,700,000 patients in the UK were prescribed co-proxamol. Following the phased withdrawal, this has eventually been reduced to 70,000. However, this apparently is the residual pool of patients who cannot find alternate analgesia to co-proxamol.

The safety net of prescribing co-proxamol after license withdrawal from 31 December 2007, on a "named patient" basis where doctors agree a clinical need exists, has been rejected by most UK doctors because the wording that "responsibility will fall on the prescriber" is unacceptable to most doctors. Some patients intend to take the case to the European Court of Human Rights. However, the European Medicines Agency has recently backed the agency's decision, and recommended in June 2009 that propoxyphene preparations be withdrawn across the European Union.

On 28 March 2017, NHS Clinical Commissioners announced that co-proxamol will be no longer available under NHS England as part of £400m of spending cuts for prescriptions that are believed to have little or no clinical value.

United States
In January 2009, an FDA advisory committee voted 14 to 12 against the continued marketing of propoxyphene products, based on its weak pain-killing abilities, addictiveness, association with drug deaths and possible heart problems, including arrhythmia. A subsequent re-evaluation resulted in a July 2009 recommendation to strengthen the boxed warning for propoxyphene to reflect the risk of overdose. Dextropropoxyphene subsequently carried a black box warning in the U.S., stating:

"Propoxyphene should be used with extreme caution, if at all, in patients who have a history of substance/drug/alcohol abuse, depression with suicidal tendency, or who already take medications that cause drowsiness (e.g., antidepressants, muscle relaxants, pain relievers, sedatives, tranquilizers). Fatalities have occurred in such patients when propoxyphene was misused."

Because of potential for side effects, this drug is on the list for high-risk medications in the elderly.

On November 19, 2010, the FDA requested manufacturers withdraw propoxyphene from the US market, citing heart arrhythmia in patients who took the drug at typical doses. Tramadol, which lacks the cardiotoxicity, has been recommended instead of propoxyphene, as it is also indicated for mild to moderate pain, and is less likely to be misused or cause addiction than other opioids.

In Popular Culture
In the Stephen King short story collection Night Shift, the final story of the book, "The Woman in the Room", tells a tale in which the main character contemplates and then finally performs a mercy killing using a drug called "Darvon Complex."

Use by right-to-die societies
High toxicity and relatively easy availability made propoxyphene a drug of choice for right-to-die societies. It is listed in Dr. Philip Nitschke's The Peaceful Pill Handbook and Dr. Pieter Admiraal's Guide to a Humane Self-Chosen Death. "With the withdrawal of the barbiturate sleeping tablets from the medical prescribing list, propoxyphene has become the most common doctor-prescribed medication used by seriously ill people to end their lives."

title: Dextropropoxyphene


text: File:Ani DiFranco - Little Plastic Castle.jpg


text:
Doug Williams

Doug or Douglas Williams is the name of:

Sports

 * Doug Williams (quarterback) (born 1955), American football quarterback, coach, and executive; Super Bowl XXII MVP
 * Doug Williams (offensive lineman) (born 1962), American football offensive lineman
 * Doug Williams (Australian footballer) (1923–2014), Australian rules footballer
 * Douglas Williams (cricketer) (1919–?), Australian cricketer
 * Doug Williams (wrestler) (born 1972), English professional wrestler
 * Doug Williams, NASCAR Winston Cup Series crew chief from 1990–1997.

Other people

 * Doug Williams (bassist) (born 1969), American bassist for the bands Origin and Cephalic Carnage
 * Doug Williams (comedian), American comedian
 * Doug Williams (musician) (born 1956), American gospel musician
 * Doug Williams (polygraph critic) (1945–2021), American critic of polygraph tests
 * Doug Williams, an assembly line worker responsible for the Lockheed Martin shooting
 * Douglas Williams (sound engineer) (1917–1993), American sound engineer

Characters

 * Doug Williams (Days of Our Lives), on the soap opera Days of Our Lives, played by Bill Hayes

title: Doug Williams


text:
Little Plastic Castle

Little Plastic Castle is the eighth studio album by singer-songwriter Ani DiFranco, released in 1998. It is her highest charting album on the Billboard charts, reaching number 22 on the Top 200 list.

The song "Glass House" earned DiFranco a Grammy Award nomination for Rock Female Vocalist.

Track listing
All songs by Ani DiFranco.

 * 1) "Little Plastic Castle" – 4:32
 * 2) "Fuel" – 4:01
 * 3) "Gravel" – 3:32
 * 4) "As Is" – 4:06
 * 5) "Two Little Girls" – 4:57
 * 6) "Deep Dish" – 3:38
 * 7) "Loom" – 2:51
 * 8) "Pixie" – 4:25
 * 9) "Swan Dive" – 6:28
 * 10) "Glass House" – 5:18
 * 11) "Independence Day" – 3:44
 * 12) "Pulse" – 14:15

Personnel

 * Ani DiFranco – acoustic guitar, guitar, percussion, concertina, drums, electric guitar, keyboards, vocals, bass pedals
 * Jon Blondell – trombone
 * Andrew Gilchrist – pump organ
 * Jon Hassell – trumpet
 * Sara Lee – bass guitar
 * Jerry Marotta – drums
 * Jason Mercer – electric bass, upright bass, vocals
 * John Mills – baritone saxophone
 * Gary Slechta – trumpet
 * Andy Stochansky – drums, vocals, talking drum

Production

 * Ani DiFranco – record producer, mixing, artwork
 * Bob Doidge – engineer
 * Mark Hallman – engineer
 * Andrew Gilchrist – mixing, engineer
 * Chris Bellman – mastering
 * Marty Lester – digital editing
 * Adam Sloan – artwork
 * Asia Kepka – photography
 * Albert Sanchez – photography

title: Little Plastic Castle


text:
File:Ani DiFranco - Up Up Up Up Up Up.jpg

Cover for the album Up Up Up Up Up Up by Ani DiFranco


text:
Talk:Little Plastic Castle

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title: Talk:Little Plastic Castle


text:
Talk:Battle of Wakefield

Untitled
Is it accurate that Margaret moved north? I had thought that the Yorkists controlled the south at this point, and that Margaret would have been moving south to confront the Yorkists, who at this point controlled the King. john k 05:52, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The gate at Sandal Castle faced North East, and due to the orientation of the batle field, the gate faced directly towards the Lancastrian force located to 'the north' of Sandal Castle. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Philip266665 (talk • contribs) 22:16, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

Great article!!!
-but mildly MASSIVE!!! Does there need to be so much background? Good work though. Basket Feudalist 18:12, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:14, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Battle of Wakefield


text:
Astor Place

Astor Place is a one-block street in NoHo/East Village, in the lower part of the New York City borough of Manhattan. It runs from Broadway in the west (just below East 8th Street) to Lafayette Street. The street encompasses two plazas at the intersection with Cooper Square, Lafayette Street, Fourth Avenue, and Eighth Street – Alamo Plaza and Astor Place Station Plaza. "Astor Place" is also sometimes used for the neighborhood around the street. It was named for John Jacob Astor (at one time the richest person in the United States), soon after his death in 1848. A $21 million reconstruction to implement a redesign of Astor Place began in 2013 and was completed in 2016.

Geography
The American Guide Series describes the Astor Place district as running from Houston Street north to 14th Street, between Broadway and Third Avenue. The Encyclopedia of New York City defines the neighborhood as between 4th Street and 8th Street, from Broadway to Third Avenue.

History
Astor Place was originally a powwow point for the various Lenape tribes of Manhattan and was called Kintecoying or, “Crossroads of Three Nations".

Astor Place was once known as Art Street. From 1767 through 1859, Vauxhall Gardens, a country resort, was located on this street. The area belonged to John Jacob Astor, and Astor Place was renamed after him soon after his death, in 1848. In 1826, he carved out an upper-class neighborhood from the site with Lafayette Street bisecting eastern gardens from western homes. Wealthy New Yorkers, including Astor and other members of the family, built mansions along this central thoroughfare. Astor built the Astor Library in the eastern portion of the neighborhood as a donation to the city. Architect Seth Geer designed row houses called LaGrange Terrace for the development, and the area became a fashionable, upper-class residential district. This location made the gardens accessible to the people of both the Broadway and Bowery districts.

Astor Place was the site of the Astor Opera House, at the intersection of Astor Place, East 8th Street, and Lafayette Street. Built to be the fashionable theater in 1847, it was the site of the Astor Place Riot of May 10, 1849. Anti-British feelings were running so high among New York's Irish at the height of the Great Famine that they found an outlet in the rivalry between American actor Edwin Forrest and the English William Charles Macready, who were both presenting versions of Macbeth in nearby theatres. The protest in the streets against Macready became so violent that the police fired into the crowd. At least 18 died, and hundreds were injured. The theater itself never recovered from the association with the riot and was closed down shortly afterwards. The interior was demolished, and the building was turned over to the use of the New York Mercantile Library.

From 1852 until 1936, Astor Place was the location of Bible House, headquarters of the American Bible Society.

In the mid- to late-19th century, the area was home to many of the wealthiest New Yorkers, including members of the Astor, Vanderbilt, and Delano families. Editor and poet William Cullen Bryant, and inventor and entrepreneur Isaac Singer lived in the neighborhood in the 1880s. By the turn of the century, however, warehouses and manufacturing firms moved in, the elite moved to places such as Murray Hill, and the area fell into disrepair. The neighborhood was revitalized beginning in the late 1960s and 1970s.

The New York City Department of Transportation's "Reconstruction of Astor Place and Cooper Square" plan called for some changes to be made to Astor Place beginning in 2013. The street would end at Lafayette Street rather than continuing east to Third Avenue. This allowed the expansion of the "Alamo Plaza", where the Alamo Cube is located, south to the southern sidewalk of Astor Place between Lafayette Street and Cooper Square, and the creation of an expanded sidewalk north of the Cooper Union Foundation Building. The Astor Place subway entrance plaza was also redesigned, and Fourth Avenue south of East 9th Street and the western part of Cooper Square was converted to be used by buses only, with a new pedestrian plaza created on Cooper Square between East 5th and 6th Streets. The traffic pattern of the area changed significantly, with Astor Place from Lafayette Street to Third Avenue becoming East Eighth Street eastbound, and the formerly bidirectional Cooper Square bus lane becoming northbound-only. The $16 million project was first proposed in 2008, then abandoned and re-proposed in 2011. Construction started in September 2013, and the work was completed in November 2016.

Points of interest
The current 299-seat Off-Broadway Astor Place Theatre, has been located in the landmark Colonnade Row on Lafayette Street, half a block south, since 1969. It was known for premiering works by downtown playwrights like Sam Shepard, but since 1991 has been the home of Blue Man Group, which now owns the theatre. The Joseph Papp Public Theater (home to the New York Shakespeare Festival) is located across the street in the former Astor Library building.

The trapezium-shaped traffic island in the center of Astor Place is a popular meeting place and center of much skateboarding activity. The island is most notably home to Tony Rosenthal's sculpture "Alamo", known popularly as "The Cube", which consists of a large, black metal cube mounted on one corner. Installed in 1967 as part of the "Sculpture and the Environment" organized by the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs, the Alamo Cube has since become a popular meeting place in the East Village. The sculpture can be spun on its vertical axis by one person with some effort, and two or more people without trouble. In 2003, the cube was the subject of a prank played by the ATF squad (All Too Flat) in which it was turned into a giant Rubik's Cube. The members of the organization were careful with the prank, as they didn't want to be destructive. The cube stayed up for about 24 hours before city maintenance removed the painted cardboard panels from the sculpture. On March 10, 2005, the Parks Department removed the Cube for maintenance. The original artist and crew replaced a missing bolt, and made a few other minor repairs. A makeshift replica of PVC tubes named the Jello Cube in honor of Peter Cooper was placed in its stead. As of November 2005, the Cube returned with a fresh coat of black paint, still able to spin.

Other nearby points of interest include:
 * In 1860, Abraham Lincoln came to the attention of the fledgling Republican party with his Cooper Union Address. Given in The Cooper Union's Great Hall, the 'Right Makes Might' speech examined federal control of slavery and the thoughts of the signers of the Constitution. Cooper Union also housed one of the first free public libraries.
 * One of the original libraries making up the New York Public Library, the Astor Library was housed in the Astor Library Building. The building is home today to Joseph Papp Public Theater.
 * The Astor Place subway station is among the original 28 subway stations, and is on the List of Registered Historic Places in New York.  The tile mosaics on the station platform feature beavers, a tribute to John Jacob Astor, whose fortune was founded in beaver-pelt trading.
 * The Peter Cooper Memorial by Augustus Saint Gaudens is one block south on Cooper Square.
 * 21 Astor Place (also known as "Clinton Hall" and "13 Astor Place") stands on the site which was once the Astor Opera House. After the Astor Place riot, the building was turned over to the New York Mercantile Library, which used it until 1890, when they tore it down and built the current 11-story building. The Library left in 1932, and the building became the headquarters for a union. It has now been redeveloped into modern condominiums behind the original 19th century façade, an example of the technique of facadism.
 * The Cooper Station Post Office, built in the 1920s, is just three blocks north.
 * The last Kmart in Manhattan was located in Astor Place before its closure in July 2021, in the space first created as a Wanaker's department store. A Wegmans supermarket opened in the former Kmart space in October 2023.

title: Astor Place


text:
Up Up Up Up Up Up

Up Up Up Up Up Up is the ninth album by singer-songwriter Ani DiFranco, released in 1999 on Righteous Babe Records (see 1999 in music).

"Angry Anymore" was released to radio, but did not chart. Its promotional single featured a radio remix and an extended mix; the banjo intro to the track was sampled for a later DiFranco track, "The Arrivals Gate", released on To the Teeth.

"Jukebox" was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Female Rock Vocal Performance.

Track listing
All songs written by Ani DiFranco.

 * 1) "'Tis of Thee" – 4:42
 * 2) "Virtue" – 5:07
 * 3) "Come Away from It" – 8:22
 * 4) "Jukebox" – 4:27
 * 5) "Angel Food" – 5:45
 * 6) "Angry Anymore" – 3:27
 * 7) "Everest" – 5:15
 * 8) "Up Up Up Up Up Up" – 3:21
 * 9) "Know Now Then" – 4:38
 * 10) "Trickle Down" – 3:51
 * 11) "Hat Shaped Hat" – 12:55

Personnel

 * Ani DiFranco – acoustic guitar, piano, accordion, electric guitar, vocals, space phone
 * Goat – drum machine
 * Jason Mercer – banjo, bass, vocals, upright bass
 * Andy Stochansky – drums, vocals, pocket cajun
 * Julie Wolf – organ, piano, accordion, vocals, clavinet, Wurlitzer

Technical
 * Ani DiFranco – record producer
 * Andrew Gilchrist – engineer, mixing
 * Ethan Allen – assistant engineer
 * Scott Hull – mastering
 * Scot Fisher – photography

title: Up Up Up Up Up Up


text:
Bouvard et Pécuchet

Bouvard et Pécuchet is an unfinished satirical novel by Gustave Flaubert, published in 1881 after his death in 1880.

Background
Although it was conceived in 1863 as Les Deux Cloportes ("The Two Woodlice"), and partially inspired by a short story by Barthélemy Maurice (Les Deux Greffiers, "The Two Court Clerks", which appeared in La Revue des Tribunaux in 1841 and which he may have read in 1858), Flaubert did not begin the work in earnest until 1872, at a time when financial ruin threatened. Over time, the book obsessed him to the degree that he claimed to have read over 1500 books in preparation for writing it—he intended it to be his masterpiece, surpassing all of his other works. He only took one minor break during its composition, in order to write Three Tales in 1875–76. Left unfinished at Flaubert's death in 1880, Bouvard et Pécuchet was published the following year to lukewarm reviews: critics failed to appreciate both its message and its structural devices.

Plot summary
Bouvard et Pécuchet details the adventures of two Parisian copy-clerks, François Denys Bartholomée Bouvard and Juste Romain Cyrille Pécuchet, of the same age and nearly identical temperament. They meet one hot summer day in 1838 by the canal Saint-Martin and form an instant, symbiotic friendship. When Bouvard inherits a sizable fortune, the two decide to move to the countryside. They find a 94 acre property near the town of Chavignolles in Normandy, between Caen and Falaise, and 100 mi west of Rouen. Their search for intellectual stimulation leads them, over the course of years, to flounder through almost every branch of knowledge.

Flaubert uses their quest to expose the hidden weaknesses of the sciences and arts, as nearly every project Bouvard and Pécuchet set their minds on comes to grief. Their endeavours are interleaved with the story of their deteriorating relations with the local villagers; and the Revolution of 1848 is the occasion for much despondent discussion. The manuscript breaks off near the end of the novel. According to one set of Flaubert's notes, the townsfolk, enraged by Bouvard and Pécuchet's antics, try to force them out of the area, or have them committed. Disgusted with the world in general, Bouvard and Pécuchet ultimately decide to "return to copying as before" (copier comme autrefois), giving up their intellectual blundering. The work ends with their eager preparations to construct a two-seated desk on which to write.

This was originally intended to be followed by a large sample of what they copy out: possibly a sottisier (anthology of stupid quotations), the Dictionary of Received Ideas (encyclopedia of commonplace notions), or a combination of both.

Structure
The work resembles the earlier Sentimental Education in that the plot structure is episodic, giving it a picaresque quality. Because Bouvard and Pécuchet rarely persevere with any subject beyond their first disappointments, they are perpetually rank beginners: the lack of real achievement and the constant forward movement through time (as shown through the rapid political changes from 1848 to 1851) create a strong sense of tension in the work.
 * Chapter 1. Meeting; friendship; Bouvard's inheritance (1838–41)
 * Chapter 2. Agriculture; landscape gardening; food preservation (March 1841 – autumn 1842)
 * Chapter 3. Chemistry; anatomy; medicine; biology; geology
 * Chapter 4. Archeology; architecture; history (a study of the Duc d'Angoulême); mnemonics
 * Chapter 5. Literature; drama; grammar; aesthetics
 * Chapter 6. Politics (25 February 1848)
 * Chapter 7. Love
 * Chapter 8. Gymnastics, spiritualism, hypnotism, Swedenborgianism, magic; theology; philosophy; they consider suicide; Christmas
 * Chapter 9. Religion
 * Chapter 10. Education (Victor and Victorine); music; urban planning; arguments with everyone around them
 * Likely ending. Speeches at the Golden Cross Inn; futurism; they narrowly escape prison; the desk for two

Major themes
Nowhere does Flaubert's exploration of the relation of signs to the objects they signify receive a more thorough treatment than in this work. Bouvard and Pécuchet systematically confuse signs and symbols with reality, an assumption that causes them much suffering, as it does for Emma Bovary and Frédéric Moreau. Yet here, due to the explicit focus on books and knowledge, Flaubert's ideas reach a climax.

The relentless failure of Bouvard and Pécuchet to learn anything from their adventures raises the question of what is knowable. Whenever they achieve some small measure of success (a rare occurrence), it is the result of unknown external forces beyond their comprehension. In this sense, they strongly resemble Anthony in The Temptation of Saint Anthony, a work which addresses similar epistemological themes as they relate to classical literature. Lionel Trilling wrote that the novel expresses a belief in the alienation of human thought from human experience. The worldview that emerges from the work, one of human beings proceeding relentlessly forward without comprehending the results of their actions or the processes of the world around them, does not seem an optimistic one. But given that Bouvard and Pécuchet do gain some comprehension of humanity's ignorant state (as demonstrated by their composition of the Dictionary of Received Ideas), it could be argued that Flaubert allows for the possibility of relative enlightenment.

In Bouvard et Pécuchet, Gustave Flaubert made fun of 18th- and 19th-century attempts to catalogue, classify, list, and record all of scientific and historical knowledge. In October 1872, he wrote, the novel is "a kind of encyclopedia made into a farce... I am planning a thing in which I give vent to my anger... I shall vomit over my contemporaries the disgust they inspire in me... It will be big and violent." It is possible that the stress contributed to his death as he was drawing near to the close of the novel. Indeed, in 1874, he confessed to George Sand "[it] is leading me very quietly, or rather relentlessly, to the abode of the shades. It will be the death of me!"

Literary significance and criticism
Ezra Pound wrote "Flaubert having recorded provincial customs in Madame Bovary and city habits in the Sentimental Education, set out to complete his record of nineteenth century life by presenting all sorts of things that the average man of the period would have had in his head." Pound compared Bouvard et Pécuchet to Joyce's Ulysses.

Julian Barnes said that it "requires a stubborn reader, one willing to suspend normal expectations and able to confront both repetitious effects and a vomitorium of pre-digested book learning."

In his essay "A Defense on Bouvard et Pécuchet" Jorge Luis Borges writes that "Flaubert was the author who forged the realist novel was also the first to shatter it." He compares the novel with the satirical parables of Jonathan Swift and Voltaire and thinks that it anticipates Franz Kafka's absurdism.

English translations

 * Bouvard and Pécuchet, trans. T. W. Earp and G. W. Stonier (Jonathan Cape, 1936)
 * Bouvard and Pécuchet, trans. Alban J. Krailsheimer (Penguin, 1976)
 * Bouvard and Pécuchet, trans. Mark Polizzotti (Dalkey Archive, 2005)

Screen adaptations

 * Bouvard et Pécuchet (1971), directed by Robert Valey.
 * Byli jednou dva písaři (1972), Czechoslovak TV series directed by Ján Roháč with Jiří Sovák and Miroslav Horníček as Bouvard and Pécuchet respectively
 * Bouvard et Pécuchet (1990), directed by Jean-Daniel Verhaeghe.

title: Bouvard et Pécuchet


text: Talk:Up Up Up Up Up Up

title: Talk:Up Up Up Up Up Up


text:
Stoneage Romeos

Stoneage Romeos is the debut album by Australian rock group Hoodoo Gurus. Released in March 1984 by Big Time Records in Australia, the album's release saw them receive record sales to complement their already strong reputation for live performances. With radio and television support for their third single "My Girl" (1983), complete with a film clip about a greyhound of the same name, the band's following grew. The album's other singles were "Leilani", "Tojo" and "I Want You Back". The album peaked at number 29 on the Australian charts.

The band won "Best Debut Album" at the 1984 Countdown Awards.

A&M Records released the album in the United States on 7 September 1984.

Stoneage Romeos was re-released by Arcadia Records on 1 October 2002, with two additional tracks, "Hoodoo You Love" and "Be My Guru". EMI also re-released the album on 24 October 2005 with three bonus tracks, "Leilani Pt. 2", "Be My Guru" and "Hoodoo You Love", a fold-out poster and liner notes by Lindsay "The Doctor" McDougall of Frenzal Rhomb.

In October 2010, the album was listed in the top 30 in the book, 100 Best Australian Albums.

Release
The title Stoneage Romeos is taken from a Three Stooges short film. The Australian LP, designed by Yanni Stumbles, sported a cartoonish nod to the 1966 caveman flick One Million Years B.C., all menacing dinosaurs and Day-Glo colors, whilst in America, consumers got a stylized sleeve featuring arty renditions of the giant reptiles. On the change of covers, the band's frontman Dave Faulkner would later recall:

"Bad coffeetable art, very anonymous and boring. On the U.S. tour fans are bringing up the Australian copies for us to sign—they were all getting them on import! Yet at the end of the tour, A&M says to us, ‘Oh well, we don't really think the cover will affect sales at all.’ Like, when they’re right, they’re right, and when they’re wrong, they’re still right."

Personnel
Credited to:

 * James Baker – drums
 * Clyde Bramley – bass, vocals
 * Dave Faulkner – guitar, lead vocals, keyboards
 * Brad Shepherd – lead guitar, vocals, harmonica, percussion
 * Michael Farmer – additional percussion
 * Alan Thorne – producer and engineer
 * Bob Carbone – mastering
 * Frank DeLuna – mastering
 * Yanni Stumbles – artwork (cover concept and design)
 * Tom Takacs – photography
 * Stuart Thorne – other ("the boss")

title: Stoneage Romeos


text:
Vibrio harveyi

Vibrio harveyi is a Gram-negative, bioluminescent, marine bacterium in the genus Vibrio. V. harveyi is rod-shaped, motile (via polar flagella), facultatively anaerobic, halophilic, and competent for both fermentative and respiratory metabolism. It does not grow below 4 °C ( optimum growth: 30° to 35 °C). V. harveyi can be found free-swimming in tropical marine waters, commensally in the gut microflora of marine animals, and as both a primary and opportunistic pathogen of marine animals, including Gorgonian corals, oysters, prawns, lobsters, the common snook, barramundi, turbot, milkfish, and seahorses. It is responsible for luminous vibriosis, a disease that affects commercially farmed penaeid prawns. Additionally, based on samples taken by ocean-going ships, V. harveyi is thought to be the cause of the milky seas effect, in which, during the night, a uniform blue glow is emitted from the seawater. Some glows can cover nearly 6000 sqmi.

Quorum sensing
Groups of V. harveyi bacteria communicate by quorum sensing to coordinate the production of bioluminescence and virulence factors. Quorum sensing was first studied in V. fischeri (now Aliivibrio fischeri), a marine bacterium that uses a synthase (LuxI) to produce a species-specific autoinducer (AI) that binds a cognate receptor (LuxR) that regulates changes in expression. Coined "LuxI/R" quorum sensing, these systems have been identified in many other species of Gram-negative bacteria. Despite its relatedness to A. fischeri, V. harveyi lacks a LuxI/R quorum-sensing system, and instead employs a hybrid quorum-sensing circuit, detecting its AI through a membrane-bound histidine kinase and using a phosphorelay to convert information about the population size to changes in gene expression. Since their identification in V. harveyi, such hybrid systems have been identified in many other bacterial species. Qrr RNA molecules are responsible for controlling regulator translation, repressing and promoting factors dependent on cell density. V. harveyi uses a second AI, termed autoinducer-2 or AI-2, which is unusual because it is made and detected by a variety of different bacteria, both Gram-negative and Gram-positive. Thus, V. harveyi has been instrumental to the understanding and appreciation of interspecies bacterial communication.

title: Vibrio harveyi