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Big Jim (toy line)

Big Jim was a line of action figure toys produced from 1972 through 1986 by Mattel for the North American and European markets. He was renamed Kid Acero in Latin America and, for a short period of time, Mark Strong in Europe. Originally inspired by G.I. Joe, the Big Jim line was smaller in size (closer to 10 inches in height compared to Joe's 12) and each figure included a push button in the back that made the character execute a karate chop action. The action figure's arms were made of a soft plastic/vinyl material and contained a mechanism that simulated the bulge of a biceps when the elbow was bent. Big Jim was less military-oriented than the G.I. Joe line, having more of a secret agent motif, but also had a large variety of outfits and situations available including sports, space exploration, martial arts, hunting, western, camping, fishing, and photography.

Basic characters
Characters are sorted in the year in which they made their first appearance. Note that most of them were produced for several years after their initial release.

Original Mark Strong the Man from Mattel (1972)

 * Mark Strong – Big Jim's conceptual source – The basic figure was dressed in orange shorts with white stripes and came with a karate board, dumbbell and test of strength belt. He was only released in Europe.

Original Big Jim Basic series (1972)

 * Big Jim – the basic good guy leader of the P.A.C.K. He was an average Caucasian male with few distinguishable characteristics, except having a permanent good attitude and joy for life.
 * Big Jack – One of the first African American characters with friendly attitude that made it into toys without racial stereotypes.
 * Big Josh – Effectively Big Jim with a beard. He is one of Jim's best friends, and was positioned as the tough guy among the group.
 * Big Jeff – Big Jim's third buddy. An Australian blond, who was also Jim's opponent in the Olympic boxing match set, even though both Jim and Jeff are on the American team.
 * Dr. Steel – He came with a steel right hand and an iron pipe, and a large dragon tattoo on his chest. Originally a villain, he later appeared as a member of the P.A.C.K. However, in some countries he remained a villain.
 * Chief Tankua – Jim's Native American friend. He came with bow and arrow, and was the first character to wear the wolf tattoo which became the P.A.C.K. logo.

P.A.C.K. series (1976)

 * Warpath – Exactly the same figure as Tankua, but with a different name.
 * The Whip – A master of all weapons. He came with boomerangs, bo staff, bola and whip, from which he takes his codename. The Whip is one of the few Big Jim characters known by an alias instead of his real name.
 * Torpedo Fist – Probably the strangest of all members of the P.A.C.K., he was the only one who had superpowers. While all other members of the group were normal humans, Torpedo has a telescopic cybernetic arm.
 * Zorak – A scientist who performed several genetic experiments on his own body, until he became a menace. He was the villain in the P.A.C.K. series.

Spy series (1982)

 * Agent 004 – Big Jim, with a new secret identity.
 * Joe – A professional alpinist who helps agent 004.
 * Professor O.B.B. – An Asian gentlemen with refined moods and a dangerous profession. His character was partially based on James Bond's Doctor No.
 * Boris – He was inspired by Oddjob from Goldfinger. He has a steel cap on his skull and a fist which could extend from his wrist with a cable.

Global Command series (1985)

 * Commander Jim – Big Jim, this time as the leader of an adventure team, similar to the original P.A.C.K., but oriented to spy and space adventures.
 * Astros – Described as a loyal friend of Jim. He was initially dressed as an astronaut.
 * Dr. Alec – A member of Global Command specializing in jungle and desert missions.
 * Baron Fangg – A longtime enemy and rival of Doctor Alec. He was equipped with a "mimetic armor" which allowed him to mimic the area around him like a chameleon.
 * Vektor – A cosmonaut specializing in supersonic aircraft, he was intended to be Astros's rival.

The Original Edition
First Editions – Originally, Big Jim action figures came out in a small blue box with red and white stripes. The 1972 toy line was split into three sub lines: the Basic Line, the Adventure Line and the Sports Line. Simultaneously, Mattel released an almost identical figure named Mark Strong, The Man from Mattel© in Europe. The Mark Strong figure was nearly identical to Big Jim and came with the same accessories. The crotch piece of the Mark Strong figure was thinner and more fragile than that of Big Jim.

The basic line was composed mostly of figures which came almost naked, with minimal clothes or accessories. The original basic Big Jim came dressed in orange shorts with white stripes and included a karate board, a dumbbell and test of strength belt. Jack was an identical, figure, with only a different head. He was one of the first toys produced in the United States to represent a minority character in a respectful way.

The Basic line also included the first incarnations of Josh and Jeff. Jeff is an Aussie type figure dressed with shorts and brown hat that came with a chopping knife, a chest belt and a bamboo stand. Josh is a bearded woodsman figure fully dressed in denim vest and shorts with brown boots. He was the only one which came with vest and shoes.

All four basic figures had a mechanism that simulated the bulge of a biceps when the arm was bent.

The adventure series was composed mostly of camping and explorer vehicles, and these were the first playsets in the toyline. Three animals were released with this first wave: a gorilla, a rhino and a crocodile.

The sports line was composed of different versions of Big Jim. He was a baseball player, a hockey player, a pugilist, and an eagle ranger. The eagle which came with this set was also included with several later versions of Big Jim.

The first wave of Big Jim also included a figure dressed as a nuclear plant worker, which had no relation to any other figures in the line.

P.A.C.K. Series
In 1975, Mattel decided to create an extension of the main toy line making Big Jim the leader of a Mission Impossible-like group of heroes for hire. This series is easy to identify because all related products have a howling wolf as its principal image and character art by Jack Kirby. The members of the spy group were named P.A.C.K., which is an acronym derived from "Professional Agents – Crime Killers".

On its initial release, the series presented Jim as "Commander", this time as the leader of a counter intelligence strike team. He and two of his most loyal friends joins forces to against a hooded villain known as "Zorak, the ruler of the Underworld".

The first Zorak action figure was named Double Trouble Zorak, because he had a face-changing feature where his normal-looking head could be turned into a monstrous green visage.

Two Big Jim action figures were relaunched to join forces against Zorak. One of them was Warpath (a Native American archer) who was previously released as Tankua. Seems like the main reason for the name change was the difficulty in pronouncing "Tankua" properly, and the need for a more dynamic name. Dr. Steel returned too, but this time as a hero and member of the P.A.C.K. A new character was added to the group, The Whip, a weapons specialist armed with a bullwhip. One year later, a new character named Torpedo Fist, (a former sailor with an artificial hand and forearm) was added to the team. In Latin America several parts of this figure in particular were split to create new Big Jim characters not released in the United States, as part of the region's version of P.A.C.K., named LOBO Squadron.

 * Big Jim Commander / with wolfpack tattoo on left hand / dressed in white pants – blue sweater with white wolfpack logo – shoulderholster and silver gun – brown boots – wolfpack belt – silver arm communicator for right arm.
 * Big Jim Gold Commander / with wolfpack tattoo on left hand / dressed in yellow pants – black sweater with gold wolfpack logo – shoulderholster with silver gun – black boots – wolfpack belt – silver arm communicator for right arm.
 * Double Trouble Big Jim / With wolf pack tattoo on left hand/ He had solid hair which looked more like a helmet– his face would change much like the Double Trouble Zorak– But Big Jim would change from a normal face to an angry face.
 * Torpedo Fist / with wolfpack tattoo on left hand / dressed in blue pants – red + black striped shirt – blue hat – brown boots – wolfpack belt / came with expanding right arm, torpedo fist action.
 * The Whip / with wolfpack tattoo on left hand /figure with Black hair and beard / dressed in black pants – black vest – black commando hat – black boots – wolfpack belt / bandolero – whip – 3 boomerangs with brown chest belt – black chop stick – boomerang throwing device on right arm . Much in the same way that the earlier "Big Josh" figure used the same head sculpt as Big Jim, The Whip used the same head as Big Jeff, only with Black hair (Big Jeff was blond) and (not unlike Big Josh) a painted on beard.
 * Warpath / with wolfpack tattoo on left hand / Indian Figure / dressed in denim pants – leather vest – black top hat – brown boots – wolfpack belt / silver bow with wolfpack logo and 3 silver arrows with the wolfpack logo on top / brown chest belt for the arrows
 * Zorak the ruler of the Underworld / 2 faces which can be changed from normal into a hulk like villain / dressed in black pants and red cloak with gold chains – black boots

Pirate Series
In 1978, Mattel launched a pirate themed series exclusively in Europe. The series initially consisted of repaints and retooled figures, but eventually included some figures exclusive to the region.

 * Captain Drake – An evil hooded pirate. He had a face-changing feature like Zorak and could change his face to a skull.
 * Captain Hook
 * Captain Flint/Sandokan

Space Series

 * Big Jim Space Leader
 * Big Jim Laser Gunner
 * Captain Laser - The figure was similar to the Captain Lazer made by Mattel in the Major Matt Mason line.
 * Dr. Bushido – A villain who wields a glow-in-the-dark katana. Was exactly the same doll as Professor Obb.

Spy Series
In 1979 and 1980, Mattel released a series of spy themed Big Jim figures.
 * Big Jim 004
 * Big Jim Secret Agent
 * Big Jim Talking
 * Commando Jeff
 * Alpinist Joe
 * Boris, the devious chauffeur – An evil chauffeur with a steel cap on his skull and a fist which could extend from his wrist with a cable.
 * Professor Obb – A bearded mad scientist.
 * Iron Jaw – A villain for the Italian spy series: with a metal lower jaw and a prosthetic arm ending in a hook which could be changed with other extensions that were stored in his green briefcase. This figure was never released, but appeared in catalogues and ads only.

Global Command vs. Condor Force
The last Big Jim sci-fi themed series appeared in the 1980s and was only distributed in Europe. There were eight characters, four "good" and four "evil", divided into two opposing camps: "Global Command" and "Condor Force", respectively. The leaders of both groups were redesigned: new heads were sculpted for the Big Jim and Professor Obb figures.
 * Global Command
 * Big Jim Commander
 * Astros
 * Dr. Alek
 * Colonel Kirk
 * Condor Force
 * Professor Obb
 * Vektor
 * Kobra
 * Baron Fangg

Big Jim's Vehicles & Bikes

 * BIG JIM RESCUE CHOPPER – A big yellow chopper designed for rescue in high and low places, this chopper was equipped with stretcher which can be used to transport a figure during a rescue mission, also this chopper was equipped with a real working search light below the chopper, the chopper can hold one figure in the chopper and another one in the rescue stretcher outside the chopper, Mattel released some other variations of this chopper in Big Jim lines
 * RESCUE RIG – This was a large mobile unit similar to a fire truck, but with an interior, featuring an extending crane on the top, and it included various rescue gear, like a fire axe and a hook pole.
 * SAFARI TRUCK – It was a green safari truck that could sit two figures in the front. It came with a rhinoceros and a net that could either be used to make a cage in the truck bed or as a capture net to snag the rhino. The truck also came with two removable red gasoline jerrycans housed in the rear sides as well as a winch in the front and a boom for the winch. other accessories included a shovel, pic-axe, a single-barreled pump-action shotgun, and a long handled hatchet.
 * DEVIL RIVER TRIP – This was an adventure set featuring a yellow one-man swamp fan-boat, and a mechanical alligator with a gear and pulley articulation which allowed it to "undulate " as you slid it along the floor or strapped it into a special geared niche in the boat (the boat had wheels to make it "glide" along the floor and it didn't actually float).
 *  The HOWLER /HONDA DIRT BIKE – It was grey and the wheels were made of a rubber compound. The "Howler" version of the motorcycle had a wolf's head cowling on the front of the bike which could be removed for off-road riding. A helmet was included.
 * SPORTS CAMPER – Large brown plastic wheeled camper, which came with camping gear and sporting accessories. This vehicle used the same moldings as the Barbie's Country Camper, but with different color plastic and printed vinyl patterns.
 * THE BAJA BEAST CAMPER – Same model as the Safari truck except for the removable top on this truck, so it can be changed from a truck into a camper just by removing the top, this version could hold the Honda dirt bike in front of the truck, the truck colours where white with the Big Jim Allstar logo attached on the sides, interior was orange and it also featured some truck accessories like jerrycans etc.
 * THE LAZERVETTE – A Corvette for Big Jim's P.A.C.K. that had laser cannons that flipped out of the hood.
 * THE SKY COMMANDER – A jet airplane, that folded into its own carry case. Opened it was 4'5.5" long, 1'10" tall. It had a single seat cockpit area, and two main compartments. The forward compartment was the main operations center with equipment and radios. The rearward compartment included a fold-up bunk for Jim.
 * BOAT AND BUGGY SET – A blue two seat dune buggy that came with a 15" boat (the same boat that came with the sports camper, only in blue), and a white boat trailer. The trailer also had two wheel slots to carry the motorcycle.

Kid Acero
Most Big Jim toys from the early 1970s from the adventure and sport series were sold as "Kid Acero" (Kid Steel) in Latin America. All toys are exactly the same as in the American versions and were produced by a local Mattel subsidiary with only the name being changed. The Kid Acero toy line also included several figures which were exclusively created for the Mexican market, such as The Invisible Man, The Bionic Man, Garfio, and Nocton' and retooled and repainted versions of several Big Jim toys not available in the United States or Europe.

Karl May's Winnetou and Old Shatterhand
A series based on the Wild West characters of the popular German writer Karl May (1842–1912) and especially the 1960s series of Karl May movies was available in the late 1970s, including Old Shatterhand and Winnetou, Chief of the Apache. In addition to May's creations Old Firehand and Old Surehand, the character of Bloody Fox was invented for the toyline. With Nscho-Tschi, Winnetou's sister, a unique female character was introduced to the series. Mattel released six dolls in the Karl May line; they came in large green display boxes with the Karl May logo on the box. The lineup was as follows:

 * Winnetou : Indian figure with real hair / Snake bandana – Suede-like pants with purple addings on the side – silver rifle
 * Old Shatterhand : Winnetou's sidekick / Fully dressed in suede-like trapper outfit with westernboots – gunbelt with two guns – peace pipe – rifle – hat
 * Old Firehand : Bearded Trapper figure / bearskin-like hat – peace pipe – gunbelt with two guns – rifle
 * Bloody Fox : Villain-like Indian figure with scar on face – rifle – chestbelt – gunbelt with two guns
 * Old Surehand : Buffalo Bill-type figure also with real hair / hat – leather cowboy outfit – western boots – white tie – rifle – gunbelt with two guns
 * Nscho-Tschi : Indian Squaw Doll / The only Barbie-type doll in the Big Jim / Karl May series / Squaw outfit with two carrying buckets

In other countries this series was renamed and distributed as part of the official Big Jim line. In Italy it appeared as Gli amici del West di Big Jim ("Big Jim's Friends of the West"), and in Spain it was made by Congost as Oeste ("West"). Most of the characters were also renamed for these releases.
 * Winnetou was renamed Geronimo in both countries
 * Old Shatterhand was renamed Dakota Joe
 * Old Surehand became Buffalo Bill in Italy only
 * Old Firehand became Old Kentuck in Italy and Kid Buffalo in Spain
 * Bloody Fox became Bisonte Nero in Italy and Bisonte Negro in Spain
 * Nscho-Tschi became Fresca Rugiada in Italy and India Apache in Spain

Furthermore, the Warpath character, known as Chief Tankua, was added to the West series in Italy.

James Bond, Agent 007
Most of the Big Jim toys from the early 1980s were sold as "James Bond" toys in Latin America. The American Spy and Space series were renamed "James Bond, secret agent 007". All toys are exactly the same as in the American and European versions and were produced by a local Mattel subsidiary. Only the brand on the packages is different.

Other media

 * Big Jim makes several cameo appearances on the toyline Max Steel as "Jim McGrath" the TV series episode 12 "Scions" is entirely dedicated to his memory.
 * Big Jim was parodied in the 3rd season Robot Chicken episode "Endless Breadsticks" with Big Jim voiced by Patrick Warburton and Zorak voiced by Donald Faison.
 * In Dog Man, a resident in Cat Jail is named after Big Jim.

Film
A live-action film adaptation produced by Mattel Films and directed by Dan Mazer was announced in January 2022.

title: Big Jim (toy line)


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Elihu Club

Elihu Club or Elihu is the fourth oldest senior society at Yale University, New Haven, CT. It was founded in 1903 and takes its name from Elihu Yale.

History
The Elihu Club was founded by eleven students in 1903 as an "open senior society", rather than a secret society. At the time, this was considered in "variance with accepted traditions" at Yale and "an interesting democratic innovation". its name from Elihu Yale who was the primary benefactor of Yale College. Its purpose is: "To foster among its members, by earnest work and good fellowship a stronger affection for Yale; a broader view of undergraduate life and its aims; a deeper and more helpful friendship for one another; and to give its members, after graduation, an additional tie to bind them to Yale and each other."

The Elihu Club of New Haven incorporated with the State of Connecticut in June 1903. The first delegation of tapped members was from the class of 1904 and included:

• Arthur Williams Allen

• Edwin Clapp

• Edward Chappel Ely

• Thomas Robert Gaines

• Chauncey Shafer Goodrich

• Harry Thomas Hamilton

• Charles Simonton McCain

• Carleton Shaw

• Henry Hamlin Stebbins Jr.

• George Frederick Victor Jr.

• Paul Bessal Welles

In October 1903, Elihu Club added six additional members from the class of 1904, including seniors Coleman Curtis, Everett Dominick, Harry L. Foote, Joseph H. Holmes, Lawrence Mason, and Robert L. Smitley. For the 1904 to 1905 academic year, the club rented the home of Mrs. Francis G. Beach on Wall Street.

In 1911, the club purchased a colonial-era house which looks out on the New Haven Green. It is considered a landed society because it owns a building on campus. Like the other societies, the organization's building is typically closed to non-members.

While similar to Skull and Bones, Scroll and Key and Wolf's Head societies in charter and function, Elihu favors privacy over secrecy and is considered a "left-wing" society. Because it allows all members of the junior class to interview for membership, the Yale Daily News notes that, "Elihu is considered to be less prestigious." However, in May 1912, three men turned down invitations to secret societies in favor of Elihu Club, including baseball player Harold Carhart, football player Elmer McDevitt, and Edward Stevens. In the spring of 1913, the sophomore class at Yale held a protest against secret societies; Elihu denied suspicions that it started the student protest.

Elihu's normal meetings are held each Thursday and Sunday of the academic year. Its activities are similar to that of the other landed senior secret societies: personal histories or biographies and perspectives are shared among the current delegates. Its programs also include topical essays on pertinent issues, personal bonding time, and group reflection activities.

By 1982, Elihu gained a reputation for admitting racial minorities. In May 1982, the fifteen members of Elihu refused to tap any new members because of a dispute with the alumni who wanted to start charging new members $350. Elihu Club began admitting women in 1971.

Starting in 2002, the club hosts the annual Elihu Yale Lecture which features notable speakers. Architect, planner, and Elihu members Alexander Garvin presented the first lecture in 2002. The 2005 lecture was delivered by actor Sam Waterston, also an Elihu member.

Symbols
Members of Elihu Club received a pin.

Club house
Elihu Club is housed in a three-story white clapboard house built between 1762 and 1776 at 175 Elm Street. This house is the oldest of all of Yale's secret society buildings, and purportedly one of the oldest original structures in the United States still in regular use. Its brick basement is older still, constructed in the early 17th century, and later frequented by colonists sympathetic to the English cause when it became known as the Tory Tavern, a central locale of the Revolutionary War. In 1781, the town of New Haven confiscated the building from its Loyalist owner, Nicholas Callahan, for his activities.

The club expanded the Federal style building to the rear several times and now includes 12,726 sqft. The building is among the largest of the societies, belying the modest clapboard facade. It contains two single guest rooms in addition to beds for all the current undergraduate members, as well as a large formal meeting room, a library, a formal dining room, and an informal 'tap room' in the basement. The club also has a section of the old Yale Fence in its basement, a relic from the famous structure removed in 1888.

The building has windows, though they are blinded.

Membership
Originally, Elihu had no limit on the number of members that could be tapped in a given year; its only rule was that these men not be a member of the other secret societies: Scroll and Key, Skull and Bones, and Wolf's Head. As a result, Elihu waited to invite its new members after Tap Day for the other societies. However, its founders estimated that between ten and twenty students would be tapped each year, along with worthy Yale graduates from the past twenty or thirty years. In May 1920, the club changed its recruitment policy and participated in Tap Day with the secret societies.

Starting as an all-male organization, Elihu now also has female members. Annually, sixteen rising seniors are elected into the membership of Elihu during the spring tap process. Selection is performed behind closed doors, in keeping with the other major societies. The society invites all members of the junior class to participate in its interview process. However, consideration for membership in Elihu is given to those juniors in the college who are nominated by undergraduate and alumni members.

From its earliest days, the Elihu Club has favored members who leaned toward literary pursuits, acting, teaching, and the law. Elihu Society's taps among the Yale class of 1914, for instance, included Rufus King, president of the Yale Dramatic Association, and Newbold Noyes Jr., chairman of the Yale Literary Magazine.

For some, Elihu was appealing because it was different from Yale's secret societies. Joseph Lieberman was courted by Skull and Bones, even though he wrote editorials critical of the society in the Yale Daily News. Lieberman wrote, "Heresy of all heresies, it would be wonderful if, as a symbolic gesture, the societies someday put windows in their buildings. No other institution seems to separate the haves from the have-nots so forcefully in the eyes of students." Lieberman rejected Bones in favor of Elihu, whose building had windows. Jacob Weisberg, was offered membership in Skull and Bones by Senator John Kerry. Weisberg declined, citing Bones' exclusion of women. Weisberg was persuaded by Robert G. Kaiser to join Elihu instead.

Notable members

 * Henry Roe Cloud (1910) – educator, college administrator, and U.S. federal government official
 * Lloyd Cutler (1936) - White House Counsel
 * Alexander Garvin (1962) – urban planner
 * James Goodale (1955) – vice president and general counsel for The New York Times
 * Rowland Hazard III (1903) – businessman and politician
 * Loyd Kaufman (1968) – film director
 * Robert G. Kaiser (1964) – journalist and author
 * Rufus King (1914) – novelist
 * Arthur Bliss Lane (1916) – diplomat
 * Jacques Leslie (1968) – author and journalist
 * Joseph Lieberman (1964) – United States Senator
 * Elmer McDevitt (1912) – football player and coach
 * Paul Monette (1967) – poet, author, and gay rights activist
 * Edward Lyman Munson (1892) – U.S. Army Medical Corps General
 * Newbold Noyes Jr. (1914) – journalist, newspaper editor, and publisher of the Washington Evening Star
 * Judith Schiff (Honorary) – archivist
 * David Shire (1959) – songwriter
 * Stuart Symington (1923) – United States Senator
 * John Templeton (1934) – investor, banker, fund manager, and philanthropist
 * Sam Waterston (1962) – actor
 * Jacob Weisberg (1986) – journalist and editor
 * Maury Yeston (1967) – composer, lyricist, and music theorist

Popular culture

 * The sharing of personal stories became a plot device in a movie directed by Elihu member Alan Hruska (1955), who jettisoned a career as a trial lawyer to become a film director. Hruska's 2009 film Reunion explored a mythical reunion of fellow society members some 23 years after graduation, and was loosely inspired by a gathering of his Elihu delegation.
 * Campus tradition maintains that Elihu has the original papers of the author James Fenimore Cooper, even drafts of his epic novel The Last of the Mohicans. Cooper's great-grandson James Fenimore Cooper Jr. (1892–1918) was a member of Elihu's 1913 delegation.
 * In a March 2000 essay on Yale's societies, Jacques Leslie recalled learning he would be tapped for Skull and Bones. "I was leaning towards Elihu, the sole above-ground society that was headquartered in an actual frame house with windows." When the Bonesmen arrived to tap Leslie, he shouted "Reject!" The surprised expression on the Bonesman's face was printed on the following day's second front page of The New York Times with the caption "Skull was first but he chose Elihu."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Elihu Club


text: Category:Olympic swimmers for Australia

title: Category:Olympic swimmers for Australia


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Vitali–Hahn–Saks theorem

In mathematics, the Vitali–Hahn–Saks theorem, introduced by, , and , proves that under some conditions a sequence of measures converging point-wise does so uniformly and the limit is also a measure.

Statement of the theorem
If $$(S,\mathcal{B},m)$$ is a measure space with $$m(S)<\infty,$$ and a sequence $$\lambda_n$$ of complex measures. Assuming that each $$\lambda_n$$ is absolutely continuous with respect to $$m,$$ and that a for all $$B\in\mathcal{B}$$ the finite limits exist $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\lambda_n(B)=\lambda(B).$$ Then the absolute continuity of the $$\lambda_n$$ with respect to $$m$$ is uniform in $$n,$$ that is, $$\lim_B m(B)=0$$ implies that $$\lim_{B}\lambda_n(B)=0$$ uniformly in $$n.$$ Also $$\lambda$$ is countably additive on $$\mathcal{B}.$$

Preliminaries
Given a measure space $$(S,\mathcal{B},m),$$ a distance can be constructed on $$\mathcal{B}_0,$$ the set of measurable sets $$B\in\mathcal{B}$$ with $$m(B) < \infty.$$ This is done by defining
 * $$d(B_1,B_2) = m(B_1\Delta B_2),$$ where $$B_1\Delta B_2 = (B_1\setminus B_2) \cup (B_2\setminus B_1)$$ is the symmetric difference of the sets $$B_1,B_2\in\mathcal{B}_0.$$

This gives rise to a metric space $$\tilde{\mathcal{B}_0}$$ by identifying two sets $$B_1,B_2\in \mathcal{B}_0$$ when $$m(B_1\Delta B_2)=0.$$ Thus a point $$\overline{B}\in\tilde{\mathcal{B}_0}$$ with representative $$B\in\mathcal{B}_0$$ is the set of all $$B_1\in\mathcal{B}_0$$ such that $$m(B\Delta B_1) = 0.$$

Proposition: $$\tilde{\mathcal{B}_0}$$ with the metric defined above is a complete metric space.

Proof: Let $$\chi_B(x)=\begin{cases}1,&x\in B\\0,&x\notin B\end{cases}$$ Then $$d(B_1,B_2)=\int_S|\chi_{B_1}(s)-\chi_{B_2}(x)|dm$$ This means that the metric space $$\tilde{\mathcal{B}_0}$$ can be identified with a subset of the Banach space $$L^1(S,\mathcal{B},m)$$.

Let $$B_n\in\mathcal{B}_0$$, with $$\lim_{n,k\to\infty}d(B_n,B_k)=\lim_{n,k\to\infty}\int_S|\chi_{B_n}(x)-\chi_{B_k}(x)|dm=0$$ Then we can choose a sub-sequence $$\chi_{B_{n'}}$$ such that $$\lim_{n'\to\infty}\chi_{B_{n'}}(x)=\chi(x)$$ exists almost everywhere and $$\lim_{n'\to\infty}\int_S|\chi(x)-\chi_{B_{n'}(x)}|dm=0$$. It follows that $$\chi=\chi_{B_{\infty}}$$ for some $$B_{\infty}\in\mathcal{B}_0$$ (furthermore $$\chi (x) = 1$$ if and only if $$\chi_{B_{n'}} (x) = 1$$ for $$n'$$ large enough, then we have that $$B_{\infty} = \liminf_{n'\to\infty}B_{n'} = {\bigcup_{n'=1}^\infty}\left({\bigcap_{m=n'}^\infty}B_m\right) $$ the limit inferior of the sequence) and hence $$\lim_{n\to\infty}d(B_\infty,B_n)=0.$$ Therefore, $$\tilde{\mathcal{B}_0}$$ is complete.

Proof of Vitali-Hahn-Saks theorem
Each $$\lambda_n$$ defines a function $$\overline{\lambda}_n(\overline{B})$$ on $$\tilde{\mathcal{B}}$$ by taking $$\overline{\lambda}_n(\overline{B})=\lambda_n(B)$$. This function is well defined, this is it is independent on the representative $$B$$ of the class $$\overline{B}$$ due to the absolute continuity of $$\lambda_n$$ with respect to $$m$$. Moreover $$\overline{\lambda}_n$$ is continuous.

For every $$\epsilon>0$$ the set $$F_{k,\epsilon}=\{\overline{B}\in\tilde{\mathcal{B}}:\ \sup_{n\geq1}|\overline{\lambda}_k(\overline{B})-\overline{\lambda}_{k+n}(\overline{B})|\leq\epsilon\}$$ is closed in $$\tilde{\mathcal{B}}$$, and by the hypothesis $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\lambda_n(B)=\lambda(B)$$ we have that $$\tilde{\mathcal{B}}=\bigcup_{k=1}^{\infty}F_{k,\epsilon}$$ By Baire category theorem at least one $$F_{k_0,\epsilon}$$ must contain a non-empty open set of $$\tilde{\mathcal{B}}$$. This means that there is $$\overline{B_0}\in\tilde{\mathcal{B}}$$ and a $$\delta>0$$ such that $$d(B,B_0)<\delta$$ implies $$\sup_{n\geq1}|\overline{\lambda}_{k_0}(\overline{B})-\overline{\lambda}_{k_0+n}(\overline{B})|\leq\epsilon$$ On the other hand, any $$B\in\mathcal{B}$$ with $$m(B)\leq\delta$$ can be represented as $$B=B_1\setminus B_2$$ with $$d(B_1,B_0)\leq\delta$$ and $$d(B_2,B_0)\leq \delta$$. This can be done, for example by taking $$B_1=B\cup B_0$$ and $$B_2=B_0\setminus(B\cap B_0)$$. Thus, if $$m(B)\leq\delta$$ and $$k\geq k_0$$ then $$\begin{align}|\lambda_k(B)|&\leq|\lambda_{k_0}(B)|+|\lambda_{k_0}(B)-\lambda_k(B)|\\&\leq|\lambda_{k_0}(B)|+|\lambda_{k_0}(B_1)-\lambda_k(B_1)|+|\lambda_{k_0}(B_2)-\lambda_k(B_2)|\\&\leq|\lambda_{k_0}(B)|+2\epsilon\end{align}$$ Therefore, by the absolute continuity of $$\lambda_{k_0}$$ with respect to $$m$$, and since $$\epsilon$$ is arbitrary, we get that $$m(B)\to0$$ implies $$\lambda_n(B) \to 0$$ uniformly in $$n.$$ In particular, $$m(B) \to 0$$ implies $$\lambda(B) \to 0.$$

By the additivity of the limit it follows that $$\lambda$$ is finitely-additive. Then, since $$\lim_{m(B) \to 0}\lambda(B) = 0$$ it follows that $$\lambda$$ is actually countably additive.

title: Vitali–Hahn–Saks theorem


text:
Category:Troy Haymakers players

Players for the Troy Haymakers during their two seasons in the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players ("National Association" baseball league), 1871 and 1872.

Troy Haymakers is a nickname for teams fielded by the Union club of Lansingburgh, New York beginning sometime in the late 1860s, including at least one professional season before 1871.

These players are commonly considered "major leaguers" although MLB does not count the NA as a major league.

title: Category:Troy Haymakers players


text:
Category:Washington Olympics players

Players for the Washington Olympics during their two seasons in the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players ("National Association" baseball league), 1871 and 1872.

The Olympic club also fielded professional teams before 1871.

These players are commonly considered "major leaguers" although MLB does not count the NA as a major league.

title: Category:Washington Olympics players


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Entex Adventure Vision

Entex Adventure Vision was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to keep. Cool Hand Luke  06:56, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

next to no content... needs to either be drastically overhauled or deleted Alkivar 04:04, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - Limited content should not equate to delete. Articles have to start somewhere. See Adventure Vision for lots of information. It is listed as a stub. It seems like that is the appropriate action until more contributions can be made. Hobie 05:10, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)
 * I understand the way you feel since you wrote it... but come on, its not notable enough to deserve a dedicated page. I think this would probably be better merged into the Video game console listing. Alkivar 01:59, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Unresolved/lost VfD. Keep. Article will hopefully be improved. Cool Hand Luke  03:00, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * weak Delete. 4 games released? Pretty obscure. --Improv 20:01, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The page has been sitting there since September 12, why do we think anything more will be done to improve it? Delete.  RickK 00:40, Oct 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: no evidence of notability in sight. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:49, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, seems like there is potential to become encyclopedic, wikipedia ain't paper. — siro  χ  o  08:49, Oct 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * How long do we keep nonsense on the pretext that in some future date it will become useable? RickK 20:16, Nov 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * As long as it takes for them to be full articles, but I think you knew that. Google has plenty of hits. The system has some unique and interesting features: for example it used one vertical strip of 40 red LEDs and a spinning mirror to produce a screen with a 150 X 40 resolution. So article is a baby (2 months) - meh. It will improve just like all the other articles, but there is no reason to toss it out so early. FYI ht1848 = Hobie Ht1848 05:21, 2004 Nov 2 (UTC)

 * Keep. I used to own one of these. Still do, I think. Fantastic little system, though "hand-held" is pushing it. Ate batteries like no tomorrow and sometimes caused them to leak, which is why I think it didn't last longer. Hm, maybe I should fix this. Inky 02:53, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - so little content it doesn't even contain a complete sentence. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:06, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I've filled it out a little bit and revised some of the information for better clarity. Inky 22:17, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Better. Mild keep, article now has some actual content. It also appears that the Adventure Vision is some sort of freakishly rare collector's item. -- Cyrius|✎ 23:55, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * agreed definately better, however, i still dont feel its noteable enough for its own page considering it only had 4 games. for the same reason i feel the Nintendo Virtual Boy does not deserve its own article either, however these both appear notable for a unique feature (namely spinning mirrors using LED's to project the image), therefore should still be merged with Video game console per my post above. Alkivar 03:26, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:81.157.177.17

title: User talk:81.157.177.17


text:
Colin Camerer

Colin Farrell Camerer (born December 4, 1959) is an American behavioral economist, and Robert Kirby Professor of Behavioral Finance and Economics at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).

Background
A former child prodigy, Camerer received a B.A. in quantitative studies from Johns Hopkins University in 1977 (at age 17), followed by an M.B.A. in finance from the University of Chicago in 1979 and a Ph.D. in behavioral decision theory from that same institution in 1981 (at age 21) for thesis titled The Validity and Utility of Expert Judgment under the supervision of Hillel Einhorn and Robin Hogarth. Camerer worked at Kellogg, Wharton, and the University of Chicago Booth School of Business before moving to Caltech in 1994.

Camerer's research is on the interface between cognitive psychology and economics. This work seeks a better understanding of the psychological and neurobiological basis of decision-making in order to determine the validity of models of human economic behavior. His research uses mostly economics experiments—and occasionally field studies—to understand how people behave when making decisions (e.g., risky gambles for money), in games, and in markets (e.g., speculative price bubbles).

He spoke at the Econometric Society World Congress in London on August 20, 2005 and at the Nobel Centennial Symposium in 2001 on Behavioral and Experimental Economics.

He is the author of "Behavioral Game Theory" published by Princeton University Press in 2003.

During the late 1990s and until mid-2008, Camerer began instructing college courses in fields such as Cognitive Psychology, Microeconomic Theory, Behavioral Economics, and Organizational Design. These courses were held at a variety of different universities, including the aforementioned California Institute of Technology and additionally New York University.

In September 2013, Camerer was named a MacArthur fellow.

Fever Records
In 1983, Camerer started a record label called "Fever Records" as "an economics experiment". Bands that he signed to the label include the Dead Milkmen, Big Black and Get Smart!. The label was part of the Enigma Records group of labels.

Another Fever Records was founded in the 1980s in New York City to distribute rap records, and has no connection.

title: Colin Camerer


text:
John Silva Meehan

John Silva Meehan (February 6, 1790 – April 24, 1863) was an American publisher, printer, and newspaper editor who served as the fourth Librarian of Congress from 1829 to 1861. Born in New York City, Meehan served as a printer in his youth. After this, he saw a brief period of service in the United States Navy during the last few months of the War of 1812. Returning without seeing combat, he began work as a publisher in Philadelphia alongside fellow printer Robert Anderson, publishing a Baptist religious journal. After the firm moved to Washington, D.C., in early 1822, Meehan begun editing and publishing the Baptist weekly newspaper The Columbian Star. Leaving the Star in late 1825, Meehan nominally purchased the City of Washington Gazette on direction from Andrew Jackson's presidential campaign, renaming the paper the United States' Telegraph. An immensely partisan paper, Meehan was considered unable to properly support the campaign by Jackson supporters. Control over the paper gradually shifted towards editor and publisher Duff Green, with Meehan officially leaving the paper in October 1826.

Following a large purge of incumbent officials in the aftermath of Jackson's 1828 election, Meehan was appointed as Librarian of Congress via the spoils system, replacing the staunch Anti-Jacksonian George Watterston. Meehan's tenure as Librarian saw the steady growth of the Library of Congress, although reforms such as an overhaul of the library's archaic catalogue system remained unimplemented. Meehan collaborated with longstanding Joint Committee on the Library chair James Pearce for most of his tenure. A large fire in December 1851 saw the destruction of 35,000 of the library's 55,000 books. Meehan and Pearce oversaw the reconstruction of the library after the disaster, purchasing large volumes of books and rebuilding the main hall. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 prompted Meehan's removal in 1861 in favor of Indiana physician John Gould Stephenson. Largely unbothered by this, he retired gracefully and died suddenly in 1863. Both Stephenson and later historians were generally critical of Meehan's tenure, noting that he rarely shifted library policy and failed to make any progress in transforming the institution into a true national library.

Early life
John Silva Meehan was born in New York City on February 6, 1790. Little is recorded of his early life. He attended school in New York, and later entered work as a printer. In 1811 or 1812, he moved to Burlington, New Jersey to work as a printer for Richard S. Coxe's New Critical Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language. He met Margaret Jones Monington, from Burlington, and married her in 1814.

In January 1815, he returned to New York to enlist in the Navy. He served as a midshipman on the USS Firefly during the War of 1812, assigned as the flagship of a small group of commerce raiders in the West Indies. Shortly afterwards, the ratification of the Treaty of Ghent concluded the war. The Firefly did not see action, to the disappointment of Meehan and the rest of the crew. Leaving service in April 1815, he moved to Philadelphia and declined an offered commission within the Marine Corps in order to focus on his printing career. His first daughter, Susan, was born the same month.

Publishing career
In Philadelphia, he partnered with fellow printer Robert Anderson to create the Anderson & Meehan firm. They began publishing the Latter Day Luminary in 1818, a Baptist religious journal sponsored by the Baptist General Conference. The firm moved to Washington, D.C., in early 1822, and the Luminary was shifted to a monthly publication. In February 1822, soon after moving to Washington, Anderson & Meehan also began publishing The Columbian Star, self-described as an apolitical Baptist weekly newspaper. The two also served as the chief editors of the paper for about a year, before editorship was transferred to Rev. James D. Knowles. Alongside the two regular publications, the firm would occasionally publish other items, such as pamphlets. Anderson left the Star in early 1823 and the Luminary by the end of that year, leaving Meehan as the sole publisher. Knowles left the Star in July 1825, placing Meehan into editorship of the paper. He would leave the paper himself six months later, seeking to separate the Star from his entry into political writing. He transferred publication and editorship of the Star to Baron Stow and discontinued the Luminary.

United States' Telegraph
Following his narrow loss in a House contingent election after the 1824 presidential election, Tennessee senator Andrew Jackson and his former running mate John C. Calhoun sought a supportive newspaper in Washington D.C. Through allies William B. Lewis and John Eaton, the Jackson campaign indirectly purchased Jonathan Elliot's City of Washington Gazette. Although Meehan ostensibly purchased the paper, the purchase was likely directed by Eaton using notes endorsed by John Peter Van Ness. Meehan served as the first publisher and chief editor of the Telegraph, with the newspaper entering publication on February 6, 1826. The Telegraph was published in weekly, thrice-weekly, and daily editions, available by subscription. From the outset, the paper was immensely partisan, strongly opposed to the election of President John Quincy Adams and the appointment of Secretary of State Henry Clay. It declared that these violated "the most sacred principles of the Constitution," adopting the motto "Power is always stealing from the many to the few."

As editor, Meehan heavily criticized the system of executive patronage (also known as the spoils system). He attacked the appointment of an Anti-Jacksonian postmaster in Jackson's hometown of Nashville, claiming the appointment was solely made to "mortify" Jackson. Meehan also placed an emphasis on defending Jackson's reputation, describing him as the "abused citizen" and claiming that he was above the political games and corruption that he attributed to the Adams administration. National Republican-aligned newspapers began to oppose the Telegraph, with The National Intelligencer and National Journal claiming Meehan held an "indiscriminate opposition".

Soon after his acquisition of the paper, Jacksonians began to worry that Meehan lacked the ferocity and boldness needed to support the campaign. Although Meehan was recognized for his strong anti-Adams advocacy through the Telegraph, the ownership of the paper grew uncomfortable with his perceived inability to mount an effective response against the administration. The lack of transparency around the formation of the Telegraph invited allegations of conspiracy. The Richmond Whig described the paper as "edited by nobody knows whom, supported, nobody knows how."

Missouri editor and politician Duff Green was summoned to Washington by prominent Jacksonians to take over the Telegraph. He published several editorials in the paper and offered to purchase it after strong rebuttals from the National Journal. Green borrowed large amounts of money from Jacksonian politicians, including Eaton, to finance this purchase. An official deal between Meehan and Green was reached on June 5, 1826, purchasing the paper and its printing office. Meehan was additionally hired as Green's assistant for a three year term; however, Green soon left to travel the country, and Meehan continued serving as the de facto chief editor of the paper for several months. During this period, Meehan clashed with pro-administration presses on a number of issues, including Adams' alleged purchase of a billiards table and the military significance of Jackson's victory in the Battle of New Orleans.

The last issue of the Telegraph featuring Meehan's name was published on October 17, 1826, although he continued to serve as Green's editor until 1829. No official statement was made regarding the change of ownership. While working as Green's publisher, Meehan additionally served as the Secretary of the Board of Trustees of the Baptist Columbian College.

Appointment
Upon Jackson's election in 1828, the incoming administration began a mass shift of government positions in favor of supportive Democrats via the spoils system. George Watterston, the Librarian of Congress since 1815, had strong connections to many of Jackson's opponents, including Henry Clay. Watterston was later described as having been a "librarian of one side of the aisle". Jackson originally intended to replace Watterston with Charles P. Tutt, but Tutt declined in favor of a position as U.S. Navy Agent at Pensacola.

Green wrote to Andrew Jackson in April 23, 1829, recommending Meehan as Watterston's replacement for Librarian of Congress. Green, in increasing amounts of debt, wished to hire an assistant editor at a significant lower rate than what he had agreed for Meehan. Biographer Christian Nappo described the letter as significantly embellishing Meehan's scholarly capabilities, and his appointment itself as "purely an act of political patronage."

Meehan was officially appointed as Librarian on May 28, 1829. Clay, angered by the appointment, compared Watterston's removal to the burning of the Library of Alexandria. Anti-Jacksonian press outlets and politicians raised questions of Meehan's suitability for the role on the grounds that he was a monolingual English speaker. The New-England Palladium condemned Watterston's removal, but conceded that Meehan was ultimately "an amiable and respectable man" and preferable to other possible Jacksonian candidates. The strongly anti-Jacksonian National Journal and Meehan's former United States' Telegraph extensively covered Meehan's appointment, debating the legality of the move. Jacksonian press attacked Watterston's character, describing him as pompous and impractical.

Debates over the appointment also reflected broader attitudes towards the future of the library. Watterston sought to transform the Library of Congress into a national library, which Jacksonians feared would represent increased federal power. However, Jackson may have been unaware of Watterston's plans when initially appointing Meehan.

Watterston himself was indignant at his replacement, describing Meehan as "very ordinary" and unfitting for the Library of Congress. He repeatedly and unsuccessfully attempted to reclaim the position for the rest of his life, through "cajolery, threats, and flattery". Despite his past as a partisan editor, Meehan remained a relatively apolitical librarian, and he retained his position through multiple Whig presidencies.

Tenure
When Meehan took office, the library was situated within the western portion of the United States Capitol, containing about 16,000 books. He wrote in irritation at the conditions within the library, describing various maintenance taken to restore damaged books, clean shelves, and remove bookworms. In July 1832, Congress approved expansions to the Law Library of Congress, designating a nearby room to hold the slightly over 2,000 law books held in the collections. Around this time, he appointed his son C. H. Warton Meehan, previously employed as his assistant, to head the Law Library.

From the outset, Meehan collaborated with the Congressional Joint Committee on the Library, often deferring to its advice regardless of partisan lines. He worked closely with the Democratic-Republican Edward Everett during the early 1830s. Maryland Senator James Pearce was appointed chairman of the Joint Committee in 1845, beginning a long-running period of close collaboration between him and Meehan. Historian Carl Ostrowski described Meehan as having "never made a move without first consulting Pearce". Ostrowski characterized the Joint Committee during this period as negligent to the library, often not meeting or failing to achieve quorum.

Joint Committee was generally on the forefront of management during the 1830s and 1840s. National Intelligencer coverage in the mid-1830s attributed the Library's holdings to various members of the committee, briefly praising Meehan for his "civility and attention" to visitors. In contrast to Watterston's prominent role in discussion of American libraries, he is not mentioned within 1830s periodicals on American libraries.

Cataloguing and acquisitions
A steady appropriation of US$5,000 a year for the purchase of books, plus an additional US$1,000–US$2,000 for law books, was allocated to Meehan throughout his career with occasional exception. Meehan steadily acquired books, although was criticized for prioritizing the acquisition of popular books over scholarly concerns. Journalist Anne Royall rebuked his purchasing habits, claiming he had failed to "anticipate the research needs of legislators or scholars", and criticizing the acquisition of a number of books intended for Sunday school students. Two major opportunities were presented to purchase expansive collections, but were both denied by Congress, with Meehan doing little to advocate for the prospect. An 1836 offer to purchase Russian nobleman Dmitry Buturlin's multilingual collection of 25,000 books was denied by a 17–16 vote. An offer in 1844 to acquire the Durazzo family library, containing over 10,000 volumes, was rejected for largely containing non-English literature.

Classification systems in the library were archaic, with shelves placed in accordance to a modified version of Thomas Jefferson's original classification schema, itself based off Baconian conceptualization of knowledge. Books were generally categorized by subject, and within subjects by "size, or form". Library catalogues divided books by subject, with books within each subject listed alphabetically. Many years passed between different general catalogs of the library, requiring the consultation of additional supplementary listings. A new catalog was produced in 1839, the first since 1830. The total number of volumes in the library had increased to around 30,000, encompassing 10,746 titles. Over time, the time-intensive task of cataloging new entries was delegated to Meehan's assistant, E. B. Stelle. The limited space and resources available to the library strongly limited the number of books which could be received. In 1849, Meehan wrote to the library's book agent Obadiah Rich, noting that the "rooms for the accommodation of our Library are now so thoroughly filled, that we find it very difficult to take in any more books."

In 1840, French ventriloquist and actor Alexandre Vattemare received federal support for his proposed government document exchange system between the United States and France. Meehan provided Vattemare with 700 volumes of congressional documents, an amount "said to be twice as large as any in Washington." However, widespread American enthusiasm for the program led to a massive quantity of documents, which Vattemare was unable to manage effectively. Meehan grew increasingly upset with the poor condition of shipments received through the program, describing the documents as poor quality and incomplete. At least two French diplomatic officials contacted Meehan and asked him not to pursue exchanges through Vattemare. Congress terminated the program in June 1853. However, Vattemare continued sporadic and unwanted shipments of books to the Library of Congress. The final shipment was sent in 1858, leading to a frustrated response from Meehan and the return of Vattemare's shipment, unopened.

Fire of 1851 and aftermath
Slightly before 8:00 am on December 24, 1851, a large fire broke out in the main room of the Library of Congress. Meehan was quickly summoned to the scene. Freezing temperatures impaired fire hoses, slowing efforts to put out the fire. While the main room was essentially unsalvageable, books in adjacent rooms were quickly moved to safety. A number of fire engine crews, alongside a group of nearby Marines, were able to extinguish the blaze by around 11:00 am. About 35,000 of the library's 55,000 books were destroyed, alongside a number of paintings and statues. An inquiry was launched over the coming days to investigate the cause of the fire: after testimony from Meehan, Thomas U. Walter, the Architect of the Capitol, determined that the fire was sparked by the timbers of library alcoves extending into a chimney-flue. Any potential censures or charges were dismissed. Pearce comforted Meehan in the aftermath of the 1851 fire, leading him to describe Pearce as "so eminent a gentleman, and so discriminating a friend". Together with Walter, they worked steadily on rebuilding efforts over the course of 1852. Congress authorized various appropriations to finance the reconstruction of the library and the repurchase of lost books. By March 1852, temporary facilities for the library had been finished. However, the construction process of the main library faced numerous delays, irritating Meehan. While Walter had promised in March that the work would be completed in three months, the reconstruction of the main room was not finished until the spring of 1853. Despite these delays, Meehan was extremely pleased with the library room, calling it "truly beautiful."Meehan commissioned Rich Brothers, a London-based book dealing firm, to restock the library. His purchasing efforts were criticized by an anonymous two-part National Intelligencer article (sometimes attributed to Smithsonian librarian Charles Coffin Jewett), stating that an agent should have been sent overseas to purchase books, and that the Library of Congress should have attempted to become "a systematic collection of books chosen with competent bibliographic learning for a specific and well-defined purpose." Meehan rebuked criticism, writing that such efforts would place "Congress in a position which admits that they cannot select the books they need."

Meehan diligently produced various "want lists" based on earlier catalogs. Although control over what books the library was to purchase had been shifted from the Joint Committee to the Librarian of Congress, Meehan reassured Pearce that the prior system was still in affect, and that he did not intend to expand his control over book acquisition. Congressman and educational reformer Horace Mann submitted a resolution to the committee shortly before his congressional retirement in March 1853, calling for the library to accept any of the lost books if offered at a cheaper price than other sellers. This was strongly opposed by Pearce and Meehan, who preferred the ease of purchases through the Rich Brothers. In response, they simply waited out Mann's retirement and the beginning of the 33rd United States Congress, and continued the previous path. The library's collections were restored by early 1856, following the purchase of 36,000 at a "cost very far below the prices given for the lost books" through Rich Brothers. Increased annual funding for the library, on top of various special appropriations, enabled the rapid growth of the library over the following years. An attempt by Jewett and the Smithsonian Institution to re-catalog the library ended after criticism from Meehan. Rumors that the newly-elected Franklin Pierce had appointed a new Librarian of Congress troubled Meehan. After consultation with Pearce, he met with Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, who reassured him that the rumors were unfounded. Secretary of State Lewis Cass of the succeeding Buchanan administration also reaffirmed Meehan's position as librarian.

Removal
Following the election of Abraham Lincoln and the ensuing secession of the southern states in late 1860 and early 1861, Meehan's position became increasingly unstable. Ainsworth Spofford described him as a "very ancient fossil", and rumors began to circulate of pro-Southern sympathies. Pearce wrote to Lincoln in March 1861, asking that Meehan be allowed to continue his role as librarian. However, following extensive lobbying and support from various Midwestern Republicans, Indiana physician and Lincoln campaign delegate John Gould Stephenson was able to convince Lincoln to choose him for the position. Stephenson officially accepted his appointment on May 23, 1861, and Meehan calmly left his duties at the end of the month.

Legacy
Stephenson, Meehan's successor, complained that the library had fallen into disrepair and neglect. A December 1861 report commissioned by Stephenson (possibly written by Spofford) noted large numbers of uncleaned, miscataloged, and misplaced books. The cataloguing and purchasing systems were also noted to be deficient. Stephenson considered much of Meehan's library staff incompetent, and initiated a mass change of staff; Meehan's son, Law Library head C. H. Warton Meehan, became the sole retained assistant. Later historians called into question Meehan's abilities as Librarian, criticizing his inability to transform the Library of Congress into a national library during his tenure. In his 1904 History of the Library of Congress, historian William Dawson Johnston described Meehan as having the "second qualification of a successful administrator, that is, business ability." Later historian Carl Ostrowski was critical of Meehan's contributions to the library, noting that he chose to exercise little influence over any area of library policy.

Personal life and death
Meehan and his wife Margaret had seven children. Margaret died during childbirth in July 1826, followed by her infant later the same day. Meehan remarried in October 1827 to Rachel T. Monington, his wife's sister, and the two would go on to have two more children together. Only three of Meehan's children outlived him.

A year after leaving office, Meehan sought a position as a Treasury clerk due to financial concerns. Pearce and William P. Fessenden wrote to Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase on Meehan's behalf to advocate for his employment. In the afternoon of April 24, 1863, Meehan died suddenly from apoplexy at his residence in Capitol Hill, Washington. An obituary described him as "[leaving] to his family that best inheritance, an unsullied name." C. H. Warton Meehan continued in his role as custodian of the Law Library until his own death in July 1872.

title: John Silva Meehan


text: Category:Freemasonry

title: Category:Freemasonry


text: Category:Union County, South Dakota

title: Category:Union County, South Dakota


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Category:Gay icons (2004)

Note: This category was first listed on August 12, 2004, and was subsequently listed as unresolved. It was relisted on October 17, 2004, and under new policies at Categorization of people, there was a consensus to keep, with four votes to keep and one neutral. -[[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 23:09, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Category:Gay icons
Stereotyping is not encyclopedic. - UtherSRG 21:30, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is a good illustration of why categories need to be managed according to strict criteria.  First, the name is confusing, because while the content is supposed cultural icons of gay people, it could easily be read instead as "icons that are gay."  Second, the status of being a gay icon is not something that can really be verified (however little argument the inclusion of Judy Garland and Madonna would get).  Third, being a gay icon is not necessarily anything inherent about the subjects of these articles—it is about how others have possibly perceived them rather than something integral to the subjects themselves.  There is valid information on this subject, but it should be included in an article's text as "Some consider _____ a "gay icon", because..."  This is an inappropriate use of the unannotated classifications that are categories.  Postdlf 21:43, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, for all of Postdlf's reasons. --Gary D 22:03, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Ditto. - UtherSRG 22:30, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I was going to oppose, as I think it's quite an important aspect of "gay culture" who we idolise and who we don't, but the arguments above are relatively persuasive, so I can be convinced… — OwenBlacker 11:30, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Ok. Here's more. *grins* Not all gay people idolize "gay icons". Not all gay people are in "gay culture". Not all people in the gay community (where gay culture is more relevant vice outside of the community) subscribe to all aspects of gay culture, including idolizing "gay icons". The category is inherently POV - it doesn't give recognition to these facts, which aids in stereotyping all gay people as idolizing these people. It would be more apprpriate to make note of each person's impact on gay culture in the individual articles. Some are seen more as icons for their political work, some for being associated with Judy Garland, etc. - UtherSRG 11:45, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I can see your point completely (pticly as a non-scene, alternative culture kinda guy), but just because I myself don't idolise Judy Garland doesn't mean she's not a gay idol. There's shitloads of gay culture to which I don't subscribe (the hellhole that is G-A-Y being but one part of it), but that doesn't mean that that culture doesn't not exist. Just because some readers don't understand the nature of subcultures and stereotypes doesn't mean articles and categories can't be accurate and NPOV. I'm still minded to vote keep, I think. — OwenBlacker 23:52, Aug 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Convert. It's useful to have in one place a list of all things which some people consider to be gay icons. But given the controversial nature of the issue, perhaps a unifying article would be better than a category structure.  -- Beland 02:53, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Convert/merge into a list and delete. -Sean Curtin 06:56, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gay icon article accomplishes what this Cat wants to do. Davodd 21:05, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)

Category:Gay icons
This is a re-post of an unresolved category deletion question. As per our new policy, controversial questions that cannot be resolved on CFD get cross-posted to VFD in order to get wider attention.

Categorization_of_people was finalized after the initial vote, so I'm starting the poll anew.

After noting Categorization_of_people; the existence of the article Gay icon, which includes an annotated list of "gay icons"; and the inclusion policy at the top of Category:Gay icons, do you vote to delete and merge into the list, or keep the category? Would the inclusion policy need to be improved to satisfy you, is there a different categorization scheme you think is more appropriate, etc.?

"Keep" will be declared in 7 days unless there is a consensus to delete. --Beland 04:17, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete and merge ; the article provides the opportunity for annotation, which the category does not. Any articles about gay icons should link to the gay icon article from the text anyway; otherwise, they shouldn't be included. -- Beland 04:17, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Changing to Neutral; after some thought, I would actually be OK with keeping this if the inclusion criteria was that each article have a paragraph or at least a sentence explaining why, to what extent, and by whom the person was considered a gay icon. I think that satisfactorily addresses the issue of arguing over whether or not inclusion would be inaccurate, offensive, etc.  It's merely a matter of whether the annotations are in one place or many different but quickly accessible places. -- Beland 06:00, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Note that current "categorisation of people" guideline does implore people to check whether a categorisation is consistent with the article (content), while otherwise it is only normal that the categorisation is removed. I don't think "gay icons" need to deviate from that, neither in abandoning this particular recommendation, neither in adding another similar one. --Francis Schonken 21:43, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep --- Not sure I grasp why this is proposed for deletion from the prior discussion. I suspect it's a documentable fact that certain celebrities have a gay fanbase to a noticeable extent.  If drawing this audience is a complicated, chance-ridden, contingent, and historically complex process, this fact underlines the need for a Baedeker.  I might propose moving it to something like Category:Camp icons if the word "gay" is a stumbling block, but that strikes me as less accurate or not necessarily co-extensive. Smerdis of Tlön 05:23, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I had to look this up: Baedeker is a travel guide. -- Beland 06:02, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Once upon a time, Baedeker was the travel guide. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:58, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep The Gay icon article probably needs to be expanded a bit, both the explantory text and the list of gay icons, and the Category:Gay icons probably needs to be populated a bit more, but both are useful and informative. gK 20:59, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - Seems pretty OK to me. Wouldn't make it too large, while then a lot of second order problems would maybe start emerging (e.g. people starting to ask to "split" it; or someone reposting on CfD while in a 100 names one is doubtful - which has happened before, remember...) I'm still not sure whether the category definition should make it impossible to include icons that are not people, e.g. the rainbow flag is a more or less internationally recognised gay icon. But that's not for this CfD discussion. --Francis Schonken 21:43, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - the explanation on the category page could be a bit stronger, but definitely a keeper. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 15:13, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I just noticed this stupid category.
 * DELETE

Quote: certain celebrities have a gay fanbase /// (additon) Actually gay people are fans of icons which campaign for it ,   no reason why do have this category. Absolutley unnecessary, so I'm for delete!--ThomasK 19:23, Nov 19, 2004 (UTC)

April 29, 2005 discussion

 * DELETE - as gay man and long-time gay rights activist (just to make that clear), I really object to this stupid, frivolous category, which serves only to trivialise and demean gay people. There are no objective criteria for who or what a "gay icon" is, and it is really just a list of current pop stars and actors, plus a few old Hollywood and Broadway relics who nobody actually remembers but who always get listed because it is traditional to do so (eg Joan Crawford). Many gay people do not idolize pop singers and soap stars, and even those that do are only doing do as part of the wider pop-trash culture. Why don't we have Housewife icons or Teenage girl icons or Retirement home icons? This whole category is offensive garbage and should be deleted. Adam 08:42, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * FUN * I think taking life not-so-seriously is more fun and think the horse's behind who wrote the above should be politely smacked.


text: Category:Olympic swimmers for Poland

title: Category:Olympic swimmers for Poland


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Talk:Spelt

Spelling
Spelt is also sometimes used in the English lanuage to denote the 'past tense' of spell (vis: He spelt it wrong.)
 * I agree. Just my opinion, I don't think that takes more than your mention here.
 * It's an incorrect usage. It should be mentioned in the article.Methulah 06:47, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
 * "It's an incorrect usage"- Wrong. American English is not the only way of spelling words (even if your spell-checker assumes otherwise). Spelled is American, spelt is British, simple as that. And I don't believe it needs mention in the article, since there is an article on English spelling variants anyway.99.251.230.51 (talk) 18:59, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
 * This spelt (wheat) is often called speltz or spelts in English. I think that redirect entries should be entered for them.  If someone agrees, maybe they could be added.  Or if you disagree, discuss it. Gene Nygaard 12:38, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Congratulations - Spelt was featured in the 2006, January 11 edition of the Minneapolis/Saint Paul Star Tribune, in a what is spelt? link.
 * Thanks for this! Glad the page supports the FDA view.Mark Nesbitt 20:54, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

type
Hi - I removed the reference to blood-types and wheat as (a) a paragraph on this alternative therapy is not appropriate to this page (could go to Blood type diet no problem]] and (b) there is no scientific evidence for the dietary specifics. See: for blood-types and  for why spelt is absolutely not suitable for coeliac sufferers. If you'd like to return to this topic, I propose we discuss it here on the talk page first. Mark Nesbitt 21:34, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Spelt is one of the few grains substituted for wheat by some people with wheat intollerance, so at least some of the removed content certainly seems relevant for this article. Although spelt is not a suitable substitute for those with a true wheat allergy or celiac disease, it is tollerated by some people with wheat intollerance. I will try to find a reference for that claim, but in the meantime, I suggest the following content as NPOV:
 * Spelt is closely related to common wheat, and is not a suitable substitute for people with coeliac disease and wheat allergy. However, spelt is sometimes promoted as a alternative grain for sufferers from mild wheat intollerance.
 * Also, Peter D'Adamo is not considered mainstream, so views should only be represented as a minority POV. However, since the spelt article is not excessively long, and since one of the main reasons for promoting spelt is the wheat intollerance recommendations, a sourced explanation of his spelt recommendation seems appropriate in this article, e.g.:
 * Since spelt does not contain the dietary lectin wheat germ agglutinin found in common wheat, Peter D'Adamo controversially recommends spelt as an alternative to wheat as part of his Blood type diet. Observing that WGA binds with antigen receptors particularly strongly on red blood cells of blood type O, D'Adamo claims that the immune system aglutinates and eliminates those bound red blood cells. He thus advocates that persons with Type O blood consume spelt and rice products instead of common wheat.

 * Any suggestions on how better to note that the mainstream disagrees with D'Adamo? The Rod 07:26, 7 February 2006 (UTC) While D'adamo's work is indeed tangential to this article I think you will find that his claims are in fact backed up by the most recent scientific findings. That is if you go to his work rather than the various secondhand versions of it on the net. He does use standard accepted referencing for the sources of his claims.
 * Hi - thanks for this. The first para looks fine.

 * Regarding D'Adamo's work, if spelt is absolutely central to his system, then it probably would be worth adding a paragraph. If spelt is not central, then D'Adamo's work doesn't rate a mention otherwise a similar paragraph would be needed for every Wiki entry for foods that he mentions. Why single out spelt? Spelt has been around for 5000 years and has a fascinating history - in that context, D'Adamo's work seems very tangential. Although the entry is short, that's partly because it's quite new, and it's partly because many core aspects of wheat are covered in other pages.

 * All this is in the context of Wiki's aim to be authoritative rather than a compendium. D'Adamo's work is not grounded in scientific research and can't be supported by scientific references. The blood type diet entry makes that clear. A huge amount of nonsense (ideas not supported by scientific research) is published on the web about spelt, especially in relation to wheat allergies. It's all the more imore important to be authoritative in this article. Don Kasarda's work at USA [wheat.pw.usda.gov/ggpages/topics/] is transparently based on scientific literature and represents the mainstream medical and wheat science view. Mark Mark Nesbitt 08:26, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Marknesbitt said "a similar paragraph would be needed for every Wiki entry for foods that he mentions"
 * I think that's a great idea, perhaps even start a D'Adamo Typebase template apers0n 09:14, 6 May 2006 (UTC)
 * But Wikipedia is an encyclopaedia, not a guide to fringe diets or a cook book. The place for more info on the D'Adamo diet is surely the D'Adamo wikipedia page. That helps each page keep a focus, rather than being a compendium. Mark Nesbitt 10:12, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

spelt
To use the the word 'spelt' in the following sentence is NOT proper usage in the English language: He spelt it wrong. --Brokenbones 03:36, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It's considered acceptable in BrE I'm afraid. Liam Markham (talk) 02:17, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

 * It's not only considered acceptable, but in most — if not all — versions of English outside the US it is considered the preferable past participle of the word 'spell'. The first comment in this thread just shows an ignorance to other variants of English outside the US. --124.180.168.76 (talk) 06:00, 11 September 2013 (UTC)

Removing unsourced material
The following italicised edit was removed from the Nutrition section as it was added without stating sources:

"As it contains a moderate amount of gluten, it is suitable for baking bread with yeast, although, as it has less gluten than wheat, it gives a less successful rise to the loaf. The gluten in spelt is also more fragile than in wheat, which means that the dough may collapse if kneaded for too long." --apers0n 20:43, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

spelt products
I added the bit about Spelt pasta, it is becoming popular in specialty stores. Joezasada 01:29, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Can you give some evidence for the statement "is almost always of high quality (probably due to the limited production)"? --apers0n 09:25, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

--nope. I changed it to be less of an opinion statement. Joezasada 19:13, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Spelt origins
The "Evolution" section says that spelt is the ancestor to bread wheat. The "Early history" says that spelt is a hybrid of bread wheat and emmer wheat. One of those two must be wrong. Bhudson 02:13, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Have had a go at making the story clearer. Spelt must have been an ancestor of bread wheat, but bread wheat could (and likely was) an ancestor of the European form of spelt several thousand years later.Mark Nesbitt 19:43, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Products
The Products section states:

"The raw grain when chewed releases trace amounts of gluten giving the mass a slight resilience, not unlike gum (whereas wheat becomes a sticky glutinous mass, similar to thick jam)."

I have chewed both wheat and spelt and they turn into a chewing gum that last as long as you want to chew it; it is like regular chewing gum but not quite as sticky. Spelt is softer than wheat but both are hard and may need a little soaking in the mouth or in water to facilitate chewing. At first it is a little mealy but it gradually turns into chewing gum. What kind of citation do you want? Try it and see for yourself or you can cite me.

Dab295, 22 July 2008

 * See Reliable sources. --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 17:13, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Roman and Chinese
Before removing this should be discussed - spelt was widely used in ancient China in amongst other things traditonal medicine. The practice of putting grain on the road to de husk is common still in my part of Southern China and in Vietnam. A television resource is acceptable as source material on Wikipedia - therefore this information shoud not be removed unless you have source material to negate it. Kunchan (talk) 08:53, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi - a TV programme that no-one else can see, and your opinion, are not verifiable sources for a subject on which there are scholarly publications available, according to Wikipedia's policy []. To quote "Articles should rely on reliable, third-party, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. This means that we only publish the opinions of reliable authors, and not the opinions of Wikipedians who have read and interpreted primary source material for themselves."
 * Verifiable sources regarding cereals cultivated in ancient/modern China: The standard work (in english) on agriculture in China does not mention spelt as cultivated there (Science and Civilisation in China: Agriculture by Joseph Needham, Francesca Bray - 1984). It is also absent from Food in China By Frederick J. Simoons (1991) - a standard work.
 * Verifiable sources regarding fire, Romans and spelt: there is a scholarly debate concerning the use of parching (ie. heating in an oven), but this would need to be far more precisely stated with reference to works such as Ancient Food Technology by Robert I. Curtis (2001) and (debunking parching) Meurers-Balke, J. and J. Lüning. 1992. Some aspects and experiments concerning the processing of glume wheats. Pp. 341-362 in Préhistoire de l'agriculture (P.C. Anderson,

ed.). Monographie du Centre de Recherches Archéologiques 6. Éditions du CNRS, Paris.

 * If you can rework your text so that it is based on verifiable sources, then I look forward to reviewing it. It would be a valuable contribution to have the Chinese medicinal literature reviewed on this subject.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Marknesbitt (talk • contribs) 21:30, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Moved this text to Talk pending verification "It is notoriously difficult to remove the husk from the grain. The ancient Romans would set the Spelt on fire, and the Chinese would lay it on the road and drive iron wheeled carts over it, in order to separate the grain from the husk. "Mark Nesbitt (talk) 17:56, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Wheat allergy
There is currently no evidence that those with wheat allergy can eat spelt. Moreover, there is poor evidence that a pathological wheat allergy, other than coeliac disease, exists other than extremely rare circumstances. Coeliac disease sufferers should not eat spelt. Newspaper articles and unrelated evidence should not be cited as truth. 86.136.48.90 (talk) 16:40, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

Suitability of illustrations
We often have the situation where there is no really appropriate illustration on Commons. Here, the illustration of a spelt loaf is definitely not appropriate for the kind of spelt loaves sold in England. It is obviously a much heavier and (looks like) malt-laden type of spelt, called Essene bread, made in Germany. I have dithered a bit between alternatives and , Neither is quite right for an English spelt loaf, but at any rate better than Essen bread. Macdonald-ross (talk) 09:29, 7 May 2015 (UTC)

Yeah? well what does this stuff look like ? I've heard it grows really tall and can't be harvested with a combine. Is that true ? What does it look like in the field ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Erryphi (talk • contribs) 19:28, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

Elaboration on revert and lost popularity
, please explain this revert. Also, in the future immediate support of allegations of error on the talk page would be appreciated, as these types of actions without a clear basis harms our growth by damaging people's experience with Wikipedia. Disclosure: I helped a newbie make this as their first edit. Happy to swap it in for a different source if you have information which contradicts Don Stinchcomb. This is not the type of information we would expect to be documented in a scientific article, but perhaps in a trade magazine. II | (t - c) 04:28, 15 April 2019 (UTC)
 * The edit didn't add improved information, but rather provided questionably sourced information compared to the previous version. WholeFoods is not a good WP:SECONDARY source because WF is selling a product and doesn't provide the specific source for a given comment -- better to research and use the WF article sources, rather than the article itself. Further, the edit was incorrectly written ("...lost popularity in part it has..." missing "because") and introduced an uncommon vague term - "free threshing" - which was confusing and unconstructive for the general user. Having an edit reverted should mean a better edit - content with solid source - is needed. --Zefr (talk) 13:47, 15 April 2019 (UTC)

Health food
It's fairly common knowledge spelt has a reputation as a health food and this is indeed mentioned twice in the article, however, I can find nothing about why it is a health food and if there is any scientific basis for this claim. Based on this (see reference) article it seems the claims are mostly not true, only since it's, so far, less popular than normal wheat it has been less cultivated and because of that it contains more protein compared to normal modern wheat. Does anyone have an English sourced reliable article as reference? NicoLaan (talk) 12:46, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

Plants of the World Online disagrees
POWO is a definitive source for plant names. They say it is Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta. That name must be included if WP is not to appear out of date. DCDuring (talk) 17:19, 18 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spelt