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Ana Pauker

Ana Pauker (born Hannah Rabinsohn; 13 February 1893 – 3 June 1960) was a Romanian communist leader and served as the country's foreign minister in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Ana Pauker became the world's first female foreign minister when entering office in December 1947. She was also the unofficial leader of the Romanian Communist Party immediately after World War II.

Early life and political career
Pauker was born on 13 February 1893 into a poor, religious Orthodox Jewish family in Codăești, Vaslui County (in central Moldavia), the daughter of Sarah and (Tsvi-)Hersh Kaufman Rabinsohn. Her father was a traditional slaughterer and synagogue functionary, her mother a small-time food seller. They had four surviving children; two more died in infancy. As a young woman, she became a teacher in a Jewish elementary school in Bucharest. While her younger brother was a Zionist and remained religious, she opted for Socialism, joining the Social Democratic Party of Romania in 1915 and then its successor, the Socialist Party of Romania, in 1918. She was active in the pro-Bolshevik faction of the group, the one that took control after the Party's Congress of 8–12 May 1921 and joined the Comintern under the name of Socialist-Communist Party (future Communist Party of Romania). She and her husband, Marcel Pauker, became leading members. They were both arrested in 1923 and 1924 for their political activities and went into exile in Berlin, Paris, and Vienna in 1926 and 1927. In 1928, Ana Pauker moved to Moscow to enter the Comintern's International Lenin School, which trained the top functionaries of the Communist movement. There, she became closely associated with Dmitry Manuilsky, the Kremlin's foremost representative at the Comintern in the 1930s.

Communist leadership position
Ana Pauker went to France, where she became an instructor for the Comintern being also involved in the communist movement elsewhere in the Balkans. Upon returning to Romania in 1935, she was arrested and shot in both legs when she tried to flee. Ana Pauker was the chief defendant in a widely publicized trial with other leading communists and was sentenced to ten years in prison. In May 1941, the Romanian government sent her into exile to the Soviet Union in exchange for Ion Codreanu, a former member of Sfatul Țării (the parliament of Bessarabia that voted for union with Romania on 27 March 1918), who was detained by the Soviets after their occupation of Bessarabia in 1940. In the meantime, her husband had fallen victim to the Soviet Great Purge in 1938. Rumors abounded that she herself had denounced him as a Trotskyist traitor; Comintern archival documents reveal, however, that she repeatedly refused to do so.

In Moscow, she became the leader of the Romanian communist exiles who later on became known as the "Muscovite faction". She returned to Romania in 1944 when the Red Army entered the country, becoming a member of the post-war government, which came to be dominated by the communists. In November 1947, the non-communist foreign minister Gheorghe Tătărescu was ousted and replaced by Pauker, making her the first woman in the modern world to hold such a post.

But it was her position in the Communist Party leadership that was paramount. Although she declined to become the General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party because she was a woman, and an intellectual, and had proposed the Romanian worker Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej for the job instead, Pauker formally held the number-two position in the Party leadership and was a member of the four-person Secretariat of the Central Committee. "Arguably the Jewish woman who achieved the most political power in the 20th century," Ana Pauker was widely believed to have been the actual leader of the Romanian communists in all but name during the immediate post-war period. In 1948 Time magazine featured her portrait on its cover and described her as "the most powerful woman alive" at that time. Infamous as the "Iron Lady" of Romanian Communist politics, she was universally seen as unreservedly Stalinist and as Moscow's primary agent in Romania.

Unquestionably, Ana Pauker played a pivotal role in the imposition of communism on Romania. At the same time, however, she emerged as a force for moderation within the Romanian communist leadership during the early postwar period. Pauker was certainly complicit in the extensive purges and arrests in 1945 of tens of thousands of Romanians who were linked to the fascist Ion Antonescu regime. Yet, by August 1945 Pauker and interior minister Teohari Georgescu released all but two to three thousand of those arrested, offering amnesty to any member of the fascist Iron Guard who had not committed serious crimes and who would turn in his weapons. In late 1944 or early 1945, she pushed for creating a more broad-based coalition with the National Peasants' Party and the National Liberal Party, but was overruled by Joseph Stalin; hence, the Communist-led government created in March 1945 comprised a more restrictive coalition with a faction of the National Liberals led by Gheorghe Tătărescu.

During this same period, Pauker also pursued what she later described as "a type of Social Democratic policy" of mass recruitment of as many as 500,000 new Communist Party members without strict verification, including many former members of the Iron Guard. This policy would later be the subject of an attack on Pauker during her purge, and it was quickly overturned. Many of those who entered the party during Pauker's mass recruitment campaign would be purged between 1948 and 1950, and mass arrests would return with a vengeance in 1947 (including members of the National Peasants' Party and the National Liberal Party, as well as the amnestied members of the Iron Guard). Although she acceded to Soviet orders to arrest the leaders of the non-communist opposition, Pauker reportedly opposed the arrests of prominent National Peasants' Party officials Corneliu Coposu and Ghiță Pop and appealed to the presiding judge of the trial of National Peasants' Party leader Iuliu Maniu for leniency in his sentencing.

Reviewing her record during the early postwar years, the historian Norman Naimark observed that Pauker's "policies in the period 1945–1948 are remarkably similar to those of the Polish leader Władysław Gomułka. She encouraged coalitions with the 'historical' parties, urged compromises with 'bourgeois' politicians, and sought to deflect the persecution of social democrats and liberals."

These contradictions would intensify as the regime became more Stalinist under Cold War pressures from 1947 on. Ana Pauker was a steeled and tested Stalinist who was "fanatically loyal to Stalin and the Soviet Union", who once admitted that "[i]f a Soviet official told me something, it was the gospel for me... If they had told me that the USSR needed it, I would have done it... [I]f they had told me to throw myself into the fire, I would have done it". Nevertheless, Pauker paradoxically promoted a number of policies counter to those of the Kremlin during the Cominform period of "high Stalinism", when the Soviet Union imposed a single, hegemonic line on all its satellites. In 1948 she opposed the verification and purge of the large number of members who entered the Communist Party during the mass recruitment campaign, even though the Cominform had ordered such a verification in every Bloc country. In 1949 she opposed the construction of the Danube-Black Sea Canal, even though, according to her own testimony, Stalin had personally proposed the project. In 1949–52 she opposed the purging of the Romanian veterans of the Spanish Civil War and French Resistance as part of Moscow's bloc-wide campaign against Josip Broz Tito or - at the very least - took no part in their repression, as they were not purged en masse in Romania until a few months after Pauker's downfall. And she was reported by colleagues and associates to have resisted Stalin's plans to have Justice Minister Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu put on trial, and was accused by the Securitate's chief Soviet adviser of having "sabotaged and postponed investigations" in the Pătrășcanu case. (This remains a subject of debate among historians, for there is a dearth of evidence in the Romanian archives on Pauker's position on Pătrășcanu, because all transcripts of Politburo discussions on the Pătrășcanu inquiry were summarily destroyed on the orders of General Secretary Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. )

In addition, Pauker supported, and helped facilitate, the emigration of roughly 100,000 Jews to Israel from the spring of 1950 to the spring of 1952, when all other Soviet satellites had shut their gates to Jewish emigration, and as Stalin's policies regarding population control and strict restrictions on emigration and travel were increasingly tightened. Moreover, she firmly opposed forced collectivization that was carried out on Moscow's orders in the summer of 1950, while she was in a Kremlin hospital undergoing treatment for breast cancer. Angrily condemning such coercion as "absolutely opposed to the line of our party and absolutely opposed to any serious Communist thought", she allowed peasants forced into collective farms to return to private farming and effectively halted additional collectivization throughout 1951. This, as well as her support beginning in 1947 for higher prices for agricultural products in defiance of her Soviet "advisers", along with her favoring the integration of kulaks into the emerging socialist order, led Stalin to charge that Pauker had fatefully deviated into "peasantist, non-Marxist policies".

Pauker's "Moscow faction" (so called because many of its members, like Pauker, had spent years in exile in Moscow) was opposed by the "prison faction" (most of whom had spent the Fascist period in Romanian prisons, particularly in the Doftana Prison). Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, the de facto leader of the "prison faction", had supported intensified agricultural collectivization, pushed for Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu's trial and execution, and was a rigid Stalinist; however, he resented some strains of Soviet influence (which would become clear at the time of de-Stalinization when, as leader of Communist Romania, he was a determined opponent of Nikita Khrushchev).

Downfall and scapegoating
Gheorghiu-Dej profited from the anti-Semitism in Stalinist policy closely linked to Joseph Stalin's increasing paranoia, actively lobbying Stalin to take action against the Pauker faction. Gheorghiu-Dej travelled to Moscow in August 1951 to seek Stalin's approval for purging Pauker and her allies in the Secretariat (Vasile Luca and Teohari Georgescu). But archival evidence has led Vladimir Tismăneanu to conclude that "Ana Pauker's downfall did not occur merely, or even primarily, because of Gheorghiu-Dej's skillful maneuvering—as some Romanian novels published in the 1980s would have us believe—but foremost because of Stalin's decision to initiate a major political purge in Romania." Pauker, Luca, and Georgescu were purged in May 1952, consolidating Gheorghiu-Dej's own grip over country and Party.

The charges against Ana Pauker increasingly focused on her positions on Zionism and Israel. She was accused of supporting "the subversive and espionage activities of the Israeli Legation and of the Zionists in the country", of making secret commitments to Israeli diplomats, of displaying a "nationalist attitude on the emigration of Jews to Israel", and of divulging secrets to "the enemy" (the United States) through its principal agent, "international Zionism."

Pauker was arrested on 18 February 1953 and subjected to tightened interrogations and a soft form of torture in preparation for a show trial, as had occurred with Rudolf Slánský and others in the Prague Trials. After Stalin's death in March 1953 she was freed from jail and put under house arrest instead—the result of the direct intervention of Vyacheslav Molotov, who reportedly acted on the insistence of his wife Polina Zhemchuzhina, a friend of Pauker's and herself freed from prison soon after Stalin's death. When another Party leader informed Pauker of Stalin's death, she burst into tears—prompting her colleague to quip: "Don't cry. If Stalin were still alive, you'd be dead."

Following the Twentieth Party Congress in Moscow there were fears that Khrushchev might force the Romanian Party to rehabilitate Pauker and possibly install her as Romania's new leader. Gheorghiu-Dej went on to accuse her, Vasile Luca, and Teohari Georgescu for their alleged Stalinist excesses in the late 1940s and early 1950. The period when all four were in power was marked by political persecution and the murder of opponents (such as the infamous brainwashing experiments conducted at Pitești prison in 1949–1952). Gheorghiu-Dej, who had as much to account for, used moments like these to ensure the survival of his policies in a post-Stalinist age.

Later life
In 1956, she was summoned for questioning by a high-level party commission, which insisted that she acknowledge her guilt. Again, she claimed she was innocent and demanded that she be reinstated as a party member, without success.

During her forced retirement, Pauker was allowed to work as a translator from French and German for the Editura Politică publishing house.

Death
In the spring of 1959, Pauker was diagnosed with a terminal recurrence of cancer. She died on 3 June 1960 of cardiac arrest, after the cancer had spread to her heart and lungs.

Analysis
Ana Pauker was recast by Romania's leaders in the official party history as having been a staunch ultra-orthodox Stalinist, even though she had opposed or had attempted to moderate a number of Stalinist policies while she was in a leadership position. As the historian Robert Levy concluded: "No other communist leader save Tito has been shown to have resisted the Soviet-imposed line [during the Cominform period of "high Stalinism"] as she did—whether on collectivisation, the fight against the kulaks and the urban bourgeoise, the prosecution of Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, the purge of the Spanish Civil War and French Resistance veterans, the dimensions of the Five-Year Plan, the staging of a show trial of Romanian Zionists, or the facilitation of mass Jewish emigration".

Legacy
Ana Pauker's legacy in Romania today is still tainted by the attempt of ruling party propagandists in the 1950s and 1960s to scapegoat her as the leader responsible for the crimes of the early Communist period. For instance, she is often referred to in Romania as "Stalin with a skirt" (Stalin cu fustă). Film director Radu Gabrea, who completed a feature-length documentary on Pauker in 2016, suggests that this demonising of Pauker is only possible because Pauker was a woman and of Jewish origin, and that it reflects the widespread antisemitism in Romania.

As historian Robert Levy put it: "Long the party's propagandists' scapegoat as the source of all the horrors of the Stalinist period, Ana Pauker continues to be vilified in post-communist Romania as the party leader most culpable for the post-war years' repression. But the truth is that this perpetually contradictory figure, though a Stalinist herself, and one who played a key role in imposing Communism on Romania, paradoxically presented an alternative to the rigid, harsh Stalinism that soon emblemised Romanian party life and left a hidden legacy as a persistent patron of Romania's peasantry within the communist hierarchy. The fall of Ana Pauker was a significant step in a process that precluded any reformist leadership from prevailing in Romania and fated its citizens to endure the extreme hardship that would culminate in the Ceaușescu regime."

Family
Marcel and Ana Pauker had three children:
 * Tanio (1921–1922);
 * Vlad (1926–2016);
 * Tatiana (1928–2011).

Though it was long alleged that she denounced the father of her three children as a Trotskyite, Comintern archival documents reveal, however, that she repeatedly refused to do so.

Ana Pauker had a fourth child, Masha (1932–2020), fathered by the Czech-Jewish Communist Eugen Fried; Masha (Maria), who was born in Moscow, was raised in France by her father. Pauker adopted a fifth child, Alexandru, in the late 1940s.

title: Ana Pauker


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A Wild-Eyed Christmas Night

A Wild-Eyed Christmas Night is the eleventh studio album by the southern rock band 38 Special, released in 2001.

Track listing

 * 1) "Jingle Bell Rock" (Joe Beal, Jim Boothe) – 2:20
 * 2) "Here Comes Santa Claus" (Gene Autry, Oakley Haldeman) – 2:17
 * 3) "The Little Drummer Boy" (Katherine Kennicott Davis, Henry Onorati, Harry Simeone) – 3:52
 * 4) "Hallelujah, It's Christmas!" (Don Barnes, Danny Chauncey, Donnie Van Zant) – 4:02
 * 5) "It's Christmas and I Miss You" (Barnes, Jim Peterik) – 4:03
 * 6) "A Wild-Eyed Christmas Night" (Peterik) – 4:04
 * 7) "That Old Rockin Chair" (Chauncey, Van Zant) – 4:01
 * 8) "Santa Claus Is Back in Town" (Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller) – 3:37
 * 9) "O Holy Night" (Traditional) – 5:28
 * 10) "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen" (Traditional) – 2:52

Personnel
.38 Special
 * Don Barnes – vocals, guitars, mandolin
 * Bobby Capps – keyboards, vocals
 * Danny Chauncey – keyboards, guitars
 * Larry Junstrom – bass guitar
 * Gary Moffatt – drums
 * Donnie Van Zant – vocals

Additional musicians
 * Scott Meeder – additional drums, programming

Production

 * Don Barnes – producer, additional engineer
 * Danny Chauncey – producer, engineer, mixing
 * Bobby Capps – additional engineer
 * Ben Fowler – additional mixing
 * Brian Foraker – mastering at Brian Foraker Mastering (Nashville, Tennessee)
 * Sonny King – cover artwork
 * Greenlight Designs – album packaging
 * Glen Rose – photography
 * Vector Management – management

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: A Wild-Eyed Christmas Night


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User talk:Ihcoyc/archive 2

Pronounciation guides
Why are you putting in those pronounciation guides? They are unworkable in the content of wikipedia. Such guides work where there is (i) recognition of what they mean, (ii) a broad experience of usage of them, (iii) relevant context. Most people writing international english for a non-academic audience run a mile from these things because they are not widely used in much of the world and so in many cultures completely incomprehensible, and because they pre-suppose a clear shared standard of english, which in Wikipedia's case cannot be guaranteed because while for some users it is a first language, for many it is a second or other language that they are not wholly fluent in. The sensible approach in a cultural context where there isn't the culture, comprehension or experience of these guides is to avoid unduly complex pronounciation formulae and explain the pronounciation in basic english of the sort all readers everywhere can follow. FearÉIREANN 19:28, 18 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Ruhrjung had requested that this be done on Pages needing attention. I volunteered to carry out his suggestion; it wasn't my idea.  His reason for doing so, if I may paraphrase, is that references to English orthography and English "phonetic" renderings are vague and misleading to non-native speakers, and that SAMPA renditions are much less ambiguous.  Each of the SAMPA renditions replaces an English "phonetic" spelling.  If you think it's a project not worth doing, you may want to take up the cudgel with him, there.  -- Smerdis of Tlön 19:39, 18 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for the explanation. I didn't want to remove them from the Irish pages without checking with you as you had done a lot of work on them. I asked some people visiting me here to review the pages (one is a professor) and all couldn't make head or tail of them. I think they are unwise in a wiki context. FearÉIREANN 19:52, 18 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Hello! Please! Do correct me! I know my english spelling is a nightmare and I want to improve! Cheers, Muriel Gottrop

Trolls appreciate your attempt to improve subject-object problem. However, you have obscured the simpler stuff by leaping to the more complex stuff. It's true that Hegel's dialectic etc. generalizes the subject-object problem and sees it everywhere, but linguists see it in such things as the Penan's "we". This is not a problem "primarily or only for Marxists," that's just nonsense. It's probably more basic to feminists and greens, all of whom have different issues with statements made, especially in economics, from "no body" perspectives.

Suggestion: put the simple language and literature stuff up front, and leave the question of how general the problem is to later. And read cognitive bias, and notation bias, to satisfy yourself that these are science problems as well. Anthropic bias has been vandalized again but it is somewhere in User:Cyan's space right now.

 * I admit that I found the article as I found it pretty unintelligible and assuming a POV, which is why I tried to supply some background for it that explained for whom this was a concern, what the roots of the concept was. This is why I put it on Cleanup.  After looking at a number of sources, I decided that what it needed was an explanation of where it was coming from, for whom it was a concern, and why.  I tried to supply that.

 * You might want to get a user name so that I can write you. I came across the article mostly because I've contributed to a number of linguistics and grammar articles, and thought this was one of them.  I have to admit I was pretty baffled at the outset by what was there.  We do need a better series of articles about the grammatical concept of person.  Many languages have dual numbers, and multiple levels of exclusiveness in person.  Most involve including or excluding the speaker or the addressee; and others involve excluding non-members of the clan.  There's one South American native language that includes non-members in the "food" noun class.  I'm not sure how the cause of universal equality is served by this, but there it stands.  };-)  -- Smerdis of Tlön 01:08, 2 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Hi, the article on pow-wow the folk magic system has been moved to Pow-wow (folk magic). Please see the Talk page there for the discussion. Thank you, Gentgeen 10:17, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Ihcoyc, always nice to run into you on Wikipedia: I think you and I have similar intentions and modus operandi here. I came across your medieval poetry page (I say "your" as you've invested almost all the time thus far), which I have to say is a very nice complement to the page I've been spending time working on (medieval literature): I had worried that I had given poetry short shrift in what I'd written at ML, so an MP page is wonderful to see. I say all this because I think Wikipedians should spend more time congratulating each other. Also, as a preface to one minor question: you list Dante as a Latin poet. I am not familiar with his minor works...is it only the Divine Comedy that is in Italian, or is all of his work in Italian? I was inclined to move him to a new Italian category, but realized I'm no great expert on Dante, and thought I'd see why you listed him as you did. You can let me know if you like...obviously it's not of huge importance. Best wishes and happy editing, Jwrosenzweig 23:29, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Dante's Latin verse is pretty derivative and insufferable stuff, like most humanistic Latin, but it's out there. He peppers De Monarchia with Latin verse, and wrote a number of Epistles entirely or partly in Latin verse.  I can look up some other titles if you are interested. -- Smerdis of Tlön 04:34, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Nominating you for admin
Ihcoyc, I just wanted you to know that, after leaving that note here, for some reason I asked myself if you were an admin. Discovering that you were not, I immediately nominated you here. I feel odd being the one to nominate you, as you've been here twice as long as me, with four times the contributions, and as you were one of the first experienced users to help me during my first month here, but someone has to, in my opinion. You do excellent work! I hope that you will accept, but will of course understand if you don't desire the post: in either case, as per Wikipedia policy I am informing you of the nomination and asking you to reply at the Requests for adminship page regarding your rejection or acceptance of the nomination. Jwrosenzweig 23:43, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks -- will look in and reply there. -- Smerdis of Tlön 04:34, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Too seldom does one stop to say how great someone's work is. Let this be the moment when I stop and say, that article on Alliterative verse is outstanding. Thank you for writing it! OlofE 00:03, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Glad it was enjoyed. That one was rather interesting to write, and describing drottkvætt intelligibly is a challenge I'm not sure I succeeded at. -- Smerdis of Tlön 04:34, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Not to worry, it is very adequate! I can't think of a way to improve it - I did try and could not find a need for improvement! OlofE 08:35, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Tell you what -- some time ago I self-nominated that article on Brilliant prose candidates. If you like it, I could use a second on that page. -- Smerdis of Tlön 15:11, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

You're now an administrator. -- Tim Starling 02:40, Nov 20, 2003 (UTC)

I just wanted to say I appreciated your very sensible article on Nonsense. Cheers, -- Infrogmation 15:48, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I am, of course, an authority on the subject. . . . Smerdis of Tlön 16:36, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, very fine indeed! -- Viajero 21:48, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Alliterative verse
Just read Alliterative verse and enjoyed it a lot, so I thought I'd drop by and say so. Bmills 16:48, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Poetess
Experiencing a Page cannot be displayed nightmare, so I missed your changes to the pare. Fine now, but I'd really like to remove the external link, which is, how shall I put it, unencyclopedic. Ms Rich is a pain, and we have her Irish camp follower, Eavan Boland, but this is not the forum for us to vent this kind of spleen.

By the way, why not join WikiProject poetry? You're badly needed. Bmills 15:17, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Aw c'mon! That came up fairly early when I Googled on "poetess" when I first made that article. I found it one of the more literate and amusing Web quizzes, so I couldn't resist. . .  but I did take it off the poetess article.  Will look into the project.  -- Smerdis of Tlön 16:11, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for joining up: Some really useful additional links on the poetry page. Bmills 09:19, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Nice work on Kircher additions especially the frontispiece to Oedipus, brilliant downloading work!Norwikian 07:13, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC) You say coffin, he say casket, coffin, casket, coffin, casket, let's call the whole thing off! AS for your describing yourself as more old-fashioned than Hawthorne, surely not, i never had any luck trying to find Hawthorne editing on the web, well thanks again anywayNorwikian 07:17, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Glad you enjoyed it. You might want also to see if you have anything to add to Voynich manuscript -- Smerdis of Tlön 16:37, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Thanks
Thank you for supporting my sysop application. Bmills 13:07, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * No problem -- Smerdis of Tlön 16:37, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

IHCOYC XPICTOC'S IMPERIVM ROMANVM SACRVM
Hello, thanks for voting for me at Requests for adminship. I saw your nickname (IHCOYC) and I remembered a website with great artistic pictures I had visited years ago, created by a person using this nickname. I wondered whether you are the same person, so I checked your website and I found again the IHCOYC XPICTOC'S IMPERIVM ROMANVM SACRVM! I am impressed! :) Your artistic skills are great. These heroines full of muscles are really very sexy. What program do you use and do you still draw similar pictures? by the way I was also a C64 user. happy to see you in wikipedia! best wishes and Peace Profound, Optim 03:40, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh, dear, my dark secret is out. . . . :) I still occasionally draw them, though it seems my time is more scattered anymore. FWIW, I use mostly Corel PhotoPaint to draw with.  - Smerdis of Tlön

 * btw, do u know greek? just wondering. Peace Profound Optim 05:15, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I read some Greek, though it's been a while, and I didn't get much farther than struggling through the Anabasis in college; my Latin is much stronger than my Greek, I'm afraid. I can't follow much of the modern stuff.  -- Smerdis of Tlön 05:44, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ihcoyc/archive 2


text:
Drivetrain (album)

Drivetrain is the twelfth studio album by the southern rock band 38 Special, released in 2004.

Eight of the album's 12 songs were co-written by long-time collaborator Jim Peterik.

Track listing

 * 1) "Something I Need" (Don Barnes, Jim Peterik) – 3:57
 * 2) "Hurts Like Love" (Barnes, Danny Chauncey, Peterik) – 4:40
 * 3) "Haley's Got a Harley" (Barnes, Peterik, Donnie Van Zant, Johnny Van Zant) – 4:02
 * 4) "Jam On" (Barnes, Chauncey, Peterik) – 4:56
 * 5) "Make Some Sense of It" (Barnes, Peterik) – 4:39
 * 6) "Quick Fix" (Peterik, D. Van Zant) – 3:55
 * 7) "The Squeeze" (Barnes, Jeff Carlisi, Chauncey, D. Van Zant, Robert White Johnson) – 5:03
 * 8) "The Play" (Barnes, Chauncey, Gary Moffatt) – 5:12
 * 9) "Bad Looks Good on You" (Barnes, Chauncey, Andrew Ramsey) – 5:01
 * 10) "Trooper with an Attitude" (Barnes) – 3:26
 * 11) "Hiding from Yourself" (Peterik, D. Van Zant) – 5:04
 * 12) "Sheriff's County Line" (Barnes, Peterik, D. Van Zant, J. Van Zant) – 5:07

Soundtracks
The album was used in the Broken Lizard movie Super Troopers with "Trooper with an Attitude" as an introduction for the movie.

Personnel

 * Don Barnes – co-lead & background guitars, lead and background vocals
 * Marke "Jellyroll" Burgstahler – slide guitar, additional guitar solos
 * Bobby Capps – keyboards, background vocals
 * Danny Chauncey – co-lead & background guitars, keyboards
 * Larry Junstrom – bass guitar
 * Gary Moffatt – drums
 * Greg Morrow – drums & percussion
 * Donnie Van Zant – lead and background vocals, rhythm and acoustic guitars

Production

 * Producers: Don Barnes, Danny Chauncey
 * Engineers: Danny Chauncey, Ben Strano, Alan Yates
 * Digital editing: Don Barnes, Bobby Capps, Danny Chauncey
 * Mixing: Joe Hardy
 * Mastering: Don Cobb
 * Design: Traci Goudie
 * Photography: Traci Goudie

title: Drivetrain (album)


text:
Talk:Drivetrain (album)

Automotive / Album
I'd like to rename this article to "Drivetrain (album)" if possible, and replace the current "Drivetrain" with the automotive definition (eg. transmission, driveshaft, differential (mechanics), axle). Hopefully this is relatively uncontroversial, because of the current backlinks to this article, 16 of them are actually already refering to the automotive definition despite the current page not being automotive, while only 4 refer to the album (I'll fix these backlinks if/once the rename goes through), and 1 is from a User: page. I emailed User:DCEdwards1966 about this as well, but it seems fairly clear-cut to me, so I'll go ahead with this in a couple days unless there are any objections. --Interiot 02:30, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Drivetrain (album)


text:
Josh Todd (musician)

Joshua Todd is an American singer. He is the frontman and last remaining original member of hard rock band Buckcherry.

Background
Josh Todd grew up in Anaheim Hills, California, and later moved to Lake Forest, California. When he was 10 years old, his father died by suicide. He attended high school at Trabuco Hills High School in Orange County, California, and graduated in 1989. Prior to his days in Buckcherry, Todd fronted the Hollywood glam rock band Slamhound. Slamhound was signed to Skydoor Records, an independent record company that was unsuccessful in releasing a Slamhound album even though the band recorded over a dozen songs with Todd as the lead singer. While in Slamhound, Todd honed his musical style, moving away from glam and more towards punk. In 1995, Todd met guitarist Keith Nelson through his tattoo artist. They soon formed the band Sparrow, which later changed its name to Buckcherry. He later married Jasmine Lawson, an American actress and model. He is currently married to actress/model Mitzi Martin. They have two children. Todd became a certified phlebotomist during the COVID pandemic.

Todd has been sober since 1995.

Career
Up to 1998, Josh was in a band, SLAMHOUND. In 1999, even before the debut Buckcherry album had ever been released, Todd was featured in one of Rolling Stone's last issues of 1999 as "What's Hot in the New Millennium," which included a center-fold photograph of him.

In 1999, Buckcherry released their debut self-titled album, featuring the hit "Lit Up". The album had a very commercial sound, far away from the glam punk music of his earlier bands.

In 2001, the band released their second album Time Bomb. Todd and Nelson went on to play a tribute to Ozzy Osbourne/Mötley Crüe drummer, Randy Castillo, alongside former Guns N' Roses members Slash, Duff McKagan, and Matt Sorum. The band, for that show, was named Cherry Roses. The band went on to record about ten songs under the name "The Project" before the others decided to replace Todd and Nelson with Scott Weiland and Dave Kushner, respectively. The band went on to become Velvet Revolver. One song, "Dirty Little Thing", was written during the time with Todd and Nelson and gives the latter co-writing credits.

The band Josh Todd
In 2003, Josh Todd released the album You Made Me under the band name Josh Todd The band consisted of Josh Todd (Vocals), Jesse Logan (Guitars), Mike Hewitt (Guitars), Mark Lettig (Bass) and Kent Ross (Drums). The bands guitar tech was Stevie D. The album was distributed in the US by DRT Entertainment in the US, and by JVCKenwood Victor Entertainment in Japan. After returning from Japan supporting the You Made Me album, which included dates with Aerosmith and the Who, Josh Todd decided to return to the band Buckcherry. The Josh Todd band was disbanded, and TODD Entertainment was dissolved.

In 2012, JVC/Victor Entertainment re-issued and re-released the You Made Me album in Japan.

In 2022, the album was released for the first time worldwide through music streaming services  and included the songs "Collide" and "Catastrophe".

Return to Buckcherry
In 2005, Todd reformed Buckcherry with Keith Nelson and new members Stevie D., Jimmy Ashhurst, and Xavier Muriel.

In 2006, he appeared as the character Hutch in the film The Still Life.

In 2008, Todd was one of the four backing vocalists for the hard rock band Mötley Crüe for the gang vocal version of "Saints of Los Angeles".

As of 2023, Todd has released ten albums with Buckcherry and one solo album. He also performed at the Canadian Live8 venue in Barrie, Ontario in 2005. He first joined Darryl McDaniels, Tom Hamilton and Joey Kramer of Aerosmith, and others on stage for a rendition of Aerosmith's "Walk This Way" and then later joined all other performers on stage for a version of Neil Young's "Rockin' in the Free World".

He has appeared in several films in both credited and uncredited roles including playing the part of "Rudy" in the 2002 teen comedy The New Guy and several small parts in XXX and The Salton Sea. He has also appeared in the 2008 thriller Eagle Eye.

In 2008 Todd appeared on Escape the Fate's album This War Is Ours in the songs 10 Miles Wide and "Harder Than You Know". He was featured in the music video for "10 Miles Wide" in 2009.

Todd has been ranked in the Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists by Hit Parader (#98).

Following Keith Nelson's departure from Buckcherry in 2017, Todd is now the only original member in the band.

Slamhound

 * Chaos Personified (1995)

Josh Todd

 * You Made Me (2003)

Spraygun War

 * Into the Blackness EP (2016)

Josh Todd and The Conflict

 * Year of the Tiger (2017)

Guest appearances

 * 2002 – The New Guy the movie. He played the character Rudy.
 * 2002 – The Shield series. Episode 1.6: "Cherrypoppers".
 * 2002 – The Banger Sisters Movie
 * 2003 – "Rain" – DJ Muggs – Dust
 * 2006 – "Watchtower" – DMC – Checks Thugs and Rock N Roll
 * 2007 – "Blow" – Atreyu – Lead Sails Paper Anchor
 * 2008 – "Saints of Los Angeles" – Mötley Crüe – Saints of Los Angeles
 * 2008 – "10 Miles Wide" – Escape the Fate – This War Is Ours
 * 2010 – Bones (TV series). Episode 5.19: "The Rocker in the Rinse Cycle"
 * 2019 – "Back From the Dead" – Mark Morton – Anesthetic

title: Josh Todd (musician)


text:
Radical of an algebraic group

The radical of an algebraic group is the identity component of its maximal normal solvable subgroup. For example, the radical of the general linear group $$\operatorname{GL}_n(K)$$ (for a field K) is the subgroup consisting of scalar matrices, i.e. matrices $$(a_{ij})$$ with $$a_{11} = \dots = a_{nn}$$ and $$a_{ij}=0$$ for $$i \ne j$$.

An algebraic group is called semisimple if its radical is trivial, i.e., consists of the identity element only. The group $$\operatorname{SL}_n(K)$$ is semi-simple, for example.

The subgroup of unipotent elements in the radical is called the unipotent radical, it serves to define reductive groups.

title: Radical of an algebraic group


text:
User talk:Supahunk

Supahunk is a member of the enormous community of Internet Web surfers. The nickname originated on February 27, 1999 when a then school-aged boy created it on the Yahoo! community and in Westwood Chat, the multiplayer-game host for Westwood Studios. His creation of the name directly stems from his interest in a certain Supachick he found while playing the immensely popular real time strategy game Red Alert.

Supahunk Heavy Industries
Late in 1999, Supahunk launched Supahunk Heavy Industries, a web-based design service. The company thrived until the end of the dot-com boom, which it narrowly managed to get in on. The company was revived in mid 2003 and has a steady customer base to this day.

CMoTech, Inc.
In 2004, to meet the demands of the emerging technologies industry, Supahunk launched CMoTech, Inc. Carrying his namesake, the company continues to provide on-demand service in emerging technology and design.

clarkmoody.com
Since the name, CMoTech, Inc. actually belongs to another company, Supahunk created the website carrying his name: clarkmoody.com. He provides Web design solutions.

title: User talk:Supahunk


text: Category:Wilco albums

title: Category:Wilco albums


text:
Kuklos Adelphon

{{Infobox fraternity }} Kuklos Adelphon (also known as Kappa Alpha or ΚΑ) was an American social fraternity founded at the University of North Carolina in 1812. It was also known as old Kappa Alpha, K.A., Circle of Brothers, and the Alpha Society. The organization expanded throughout the Southern United States, not only on college campuses but also in cities where alumni settled. The society began to decline during the 1850s and disappeared after the Civil War.
 * name        = Kuklos Adelphon
 * letters     = {{lang|grc|ΚΑ}}
 * coat of arms = Kuklos Adelphon Fraternity Pin.jpg
 * image_size  = 170px
 * caption     = Fraternity badge
 * founded     = {{start date and age|1812}}
 * birthplace  = University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 * former_affiliation = Independent
 * status      = Defunct
 * defunct_date = 1866
 * type        = Social
 * scope       = National (US)
 * motto       = {{lang|la|Nil ego contulerim sanus jucundo amico}} {Nothing can I prefer, when sane, to a companionable friend)
 * member badge = Kuklos Adelphon badge.jpg
 * nickname    = Old Kappa Alpha, K.A., Circle of Brothers, and Alpha Society
 * chapters    = 21
 * country     = United States
 * free_label  = Result
 * free        = Scattered

History
Kuklos Adelphon was established at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill in 1812. Its founders were four members of Phi Beta Kappa. As a result, its rituals, secrets, and constitution were similar to Phi Beta Kappa.

Kuklos Adelphon expanded throughout the Southern United States, not only on college campuses but also in cities where alumni settled. It did not have a centralized operation and allowed each chapter to amend its constitution and ritual as desired by its members.

In the spring of 1855, when secessionist politics caused a rift at the University of Alabama. The minority unionist faction of the chapter disclosed the secrets of the order which were published by another fraternity, leading to the chapter's dissolution.

The Alpha chapter of Kuklos Adelphon dissolved in 1855 but was revived in 1858 as Kappa Alpha.

In 1858, the chapter at the University of South Carolina led a reorganization of the order and it was reconstituted as Phi Mu Omicron (ΦΜΟ) but this order did not outlast the Civil War. The last Kappa Alpha chapter proper, that at the University of North Carolina, dissolved in 1866.

Symbols and traditions
The fraternity's name is derived from Ancient Greek Κύκλος Ἀδελφών, meaning "Circle of Brothers." Its motto was "Nil ego contulerim sanus jucundo amico" or "Nothing can I prefer, when sane, to a companionable friend", which is a quote from the poet Horace.

Its badge was a diamond with a circle in its center. There was a capital letter A inside the circle and the phrase Κύκλος Ἀδελφών around the outside of the circle. The initials of the fraternity's Latin motto, NECSJA, were on the right leg of the letter A, while an image of clasping hands was on the crossbar of the letter A. The badge was supposed to be worn suspended from a blue ribbon from the member's right lapel. The constitution specified that the badge was to be silver; however, examples in other metals are also found. Variations (pictured here) include the circle and letter A in black enamel on a white enamel background, or a diamond frame with a circle frame.

The fraternity's seal was an equilateral triangle, with the Greek letters ΚΑ below and an open eye above.

Chapters
Chapters of the society were called circles. If chapters were named in order of the Greek alphabet, there were 21 collegiate chapters established. However, the order in which the chapters were chartered is unknown. Following is a list of Kuklos Adelphon or Kappa Alpha chapters that were active in 1855.

Controversies
John Lester, a founder of the Ku Klux Klan, claimed that the Klan's initiation ritual was based on a popular collegiate fraternal order, and it has been speculated by Allen Trelease that "Kuklos Adelphon almost certainly provided the model" for the early Klan. In disagreement, Albert Stevens in his Cyclopaedia of Fraternities (1907), a more contemporary reference document to the date for the founding, declares the Klan took portions from the initiation ceremony of the Sons of Malta and leaves absent the name "Kuklos Adelphon."

Notable members

 * John C. Bush, mayor of Mobile, Alabama
 * Wiliam Wallace Duncan, Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South
 * Robert Kennon Hargrove, Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South
 * William M. Lowe, U.S. House of Representatives
 * John Mason Martin, U.S. House of Representatives
 * James K. Polk, President of the United States
 * Thomas R. Stockdale, justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi and U.S. House of Representatives
 * William H. Whitsitt, president of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary

title: Kuklos Adelphon


text:
Illiana

Illiana is the general area around the border between the U.S. states of Illinois and Indiana, containing the eastern edge of Illinois and the western edge of Indiana. The word is a portmanteau of the two states' names.

The name also applies specifically to Illiana, Illinois, which is the name given to that part of the Indiana town of State Line that protrudes west across the border into Illinois. Illiana is also the namesake of the Illiana Motor Speedway.

Cities
Major Illiana cities include the Chicago metropolitan area and Hammond, Indiana. Danville, Illinois is a significant community in Central Illiana, while the cities of Terre Haute and Evansville lie close to the line farther south.

Colleges and universities
The colleges listed below may not be directly on the Illiana line, but are significant to the communities along the border:

In Illinois:
 * Danville Area Community College (DACC), Danville
 * University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana-Champaign

In Indiana:
 * Indiana State University, Terre Haute
 * Purdue University, West Lafayette
 * Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute
 * Saint Mary of the Woods College, Saint Mary of the Woods
 * University of Evansville, Evansville
 * University of Southern Indiana, Evansville

Highways

 * Illiana Expressway (proposed and cancelled)

title: Illiana


text:
Motion in limine

In U.S. law, a motion in limine ("at the start", literally, "on the threshold") is a motion, discussed outside the presence of the jury, to request that certain testimony be excluded. A motion in limine can also be used to get a ruling to allow for the inclusion of evidence. The motion is decided by a judge in both civil and criminal proceedings. It is frequently used at pre-trial hearings or during trial, and it can be used at both the state and federal levels.

Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed. 2004) defines "motion in limine as "a pretrial request that certain inadmissible evidence not be referred to or offered at trial." They are made "preliminary", and are presented for consideration of the judge, arbitrator or hearing officer, to be decided without the merits being reached first.

The reasons for the motions are wide and varied, but probably the most frequent use of the motion in limine in a criminal trial is to shield the jury from information concerning the defendant that could possibly be unfairly prejudicial to the defendant if heard at trial. Other reasons arise under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for failure to comply with discovery.

Other proper subjects for motions in limine stem from the court's power to "Provide for the orderly conduct of proceedings before it" and to "[c]ontrol its process and orders so as to make them conform to law and justice". These procedural motions in limine may include motions to control the conduct of the prosecutor, motions for separate trials on counts, prior convictions, and/or enhancements, motions to control the courtroom environment, motions to control jury conduct, and other such motions.

A motion in limine is distinct from a motion for a protective order, which is a request to prevent the discovery of evidence, and a motion to suppress, which can be raised by the defense in American criminal trials to prevent the admission of evidence that was obtained unconstitutionally.

Governing laws
Most motions in limine in federal courts are governed by the Federal Rules of Evidence. Some others arise under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for failure to comply with discovery.

Example
Examples of motions in limine would be that the attorney for the defendant may ask the judge to refuse to admit into evidence any personal information, or medical, criminal or financial records, using the legal grounds that these records are irrelevant, immaterial, unreliable, or unduly prejudicial, and/or that their probative value is outweighed by the prejudicial result to the defendant, or that the admittance of such information or evidence would otherwise violate one of the court's rules of evidence. A party proffering certain evidence can also ask for the admission of certain information or evidence via a motion in limine.

If the motion in limine to exclude evidence is granted, then the excluded records are prohibited from being presented without specific approval from the judge at the time the party wants to offer the evidence. A reference to such "highly prejudicial" evidence contrary to the tribunal's order is a ground for a mistrial.

title: Motion in limine


text:
Talk:Hubal

Talk
I've added the reference to "Henryk Dobrzanski" which is usually known in Poland under his pseudonym, Hubal. I felt it should be not in see also, but before, so people searching for him would have easier time. However, i do not think he was important enough for making disambiguation page. Szopen 14:30, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

You keep adding the words "Moon God" after the name "Hubal" as if it's some kind of ritual. Why is that? All your sources came from anti-Islamic evangelical web site. I know there is an entry on Hubal in Encyclopedia of Islam (but I don't have access to it -- the original source ... not as quoted by anti-Islamic sites).

I have not been able to find a neutral (or Islamic) site on the internet that agrees that Hubal was a moon god. All sites were anti-Islamic evangelical sites. I am starting to doubt if it's established beyond doubt that Hubal was a moon god; (contrary to your ritual of adding the phrase "moon god" every time you mention Hubal). Have you checked the sources or are you only repeating them as you found them in these evangelical sites?

I would like to see the original article on Hubal in Encyclopedia of Islam (unfortunately the library here in Kansas doesn't have it). OneGuy 03:47, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, we would like you to see the article on Hubal in the Encyclopedia of Islam too. Read it first, then argue. We imagine the Encyclopedia of Islam will be a splendidly neutral source. Wetman 03:51, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Encyclopedia of Islam is a non-Islamic scholarly source, so of cource it's splendidly neutral source. I would let you know if I find out what it says about Hubal OneGuy 04:03, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

By the way, even the neutral/Islamic sources cited in this article show that Hubal was not a moon god. He was an idol in Kaaba, but certainly not a moon god. I don't think your ritual of adding the phrase "moon god" (is that some kind of ritual or what?) every time after the name Hubal is justified (especially as you did in the article on Uzza). OneGuy 04:21, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Is it NPOV to say that the Quraish were 'freed' from Hubal. That could be seen as an assertion of his existance (possibly offensive to followers of Islam), couldn't it?

 * Many historical facts are "offensive" to some cult or another. There is an Arabic Wikipedia for this kind of apologetic falsehood. --Wetman 19:43, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Of the many unsourced claims in this article for which the authoritative and extensive al-Kalbi offers no support, the most notable are:
 * that Hubal was a moon god (notably not in the Encyclopedia of Islam, as quoted by Christian evangelicals trying to prove this);
 * that the three goddesses were his daughters (the Qur'an indicates that they were believed to be Allah's daughters);
 * that the three goddesses were manifestions of the same goddess (a point contradicted, if anything, by al-Kalbi);
 * that Hubal was called Allah (specifically contradicted by the little anecdote about the battle of Uhud: (abu-Sufyan ibn-Harb said "Hubal, be thou exalted"; to which the Prophet replied: "Allah is more exalted and more majestic.") as well as by the Encyclopedia of Islam.

Care to provide sources, anybody? - Mustafaa 22:18, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The article was written by Wetman who apparently got all these claims (and he calls it "historical facts") from a Christian apologist site (see the external link section). The article claims positively that Hubal was a moon god. What's the source for that? Even if one source does say Hubal was moon god, this is still disputed and contradicted by other sources. The article also contradicts itself by claiming in one place that Hubal and Allah are the same, but yet the battle of Uhud incidence contradicts that  OneGuy 22:46, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I should also mention one instance of outright dishonesty: compare (scarcely a friendly witness!) with the quote given in the article.  Note anything fishy? - Mustafaa 22:55, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Corrected now... bu watch out! - Mustafaa 22:59, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * For the record: before correction, this said: "According to Hafiz Ghulam Sarwar, Muhammad The Holy Prophet (1969), "About four hundred years before the birth of Muhammad one Amr bin Lahyo bin Harath bin Amr ul-Qais bin Thalaba bin Azd bin Khalan bin Babalyun bin Saba, a descendant of Qahtan and king of Hijaz, [more usually called Amr ibn Luhayy] had put an idol called Hubal or a moon or crescent on the roof of the Kaaba. This was one of the chief deities of the Quraish before Islam and the God of Muhammed's father Abdullah or servant of Allah of the Kaaba." false quotes in italics. - Mustafaa 23:02, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * That was apparently added by an anon: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubal&diff=9894750&oldid=9894580 - Mustafaa 23:12, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

---

How can Hubal be related to Ba`al??
Ba`al has an Ayn consonant in the middle of its name, while Hubal (if the spelling used in this article is correct) doesn't. That just about destroys the plausibility of the Ba`al etymology (unless you posit a borrowing from Akkadian Bel!). Furthermore, this definite article thing would be a lot more plausible if there were a shadda over the ba. AnonMoos 05:38, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Removal
I have removed teh following bizarre claim:

 * One etymology of the Arabic word al-Lāh "God" identifies ilh as the term Jāhilī Arabs used for images used in ancestral worship. With the advent of Islam, Hubal was elevated from the status of ilāh "ancestral spirit image" to al-Ilāh, meaning "God". (Natural language change caused this to be eclipsed as al-Lāh. ) (F._E._Peters, Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, "The Gods and the Shrine".)

because Google Books has the alleged source and does not have any book containing the words "ancestral spirit image". The quote must therefore be fraudulent, or at best misunderstood. - Mustafaa 00:22, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Enuma elish?
Is it seriously suggested that the name "Hubal" is to be found in the Enuma Elish? If so, source please? - Mustafaa 00:29, 7 June 2006 (UTC) ---

Allah to the pre-islamic christians and jews
If find this following statement very interesting. But it would be more hulpful to cite the source: Arab Christians refered to God as Allah before the arrival of Islam. Thanks for understanding.Read3r 15:22, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Someone gave a source speaking on the use of Allah in pre-islamic arabic speaking. There were many links to click, and supposing i found finally the aimed link, i think the source is propagandic. Some words and then claiming it's proven. I don't think that is convincing. The fact that someone used a name such "Abdellah" does not mean that the allah was the identic word to "God". Because other people used also names as "Abdmanaf", nevertheless, Manaf is not identic to the word "god". therefore, i reverted the article. If someone else believe that was an objective citation. I would agree to remove the template "citation needed". Read3r 17:59, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Yes, I added the previous Islamic source. Anyway, I replaced it by two Christian sources supporting that fact. KMF

Can you provide the exact citation that "Allah" was used by the pre-islamic jews and christians. In fact, i'm quasi-convinced that such claim is unsourced. But i'm sure that my knowledge is Null, So, i will waint until you give the citation you meant. In case, you didn't provide a citation [Please no long articles, because we don't need to read all the pages or sites] i wil put that "citation needed" again. Best regards. Read3r 15:14, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Hubal and Allah
The first couple of sentence in this section were remarkably biased, giving the impression that the author thereof looked to put forth a particular argument of his/her own to refute the claim. It did not acknowlege a counter argument, and took the one given to be a conclusive piece of evidene rather than an infered opinion. I have since editted it to create neutrality

---

I removed "Cristian apologist" from the describtion of the american clergyman, as apologist is a deragotory term. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.109.61.253 (talk) 14:39, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Is it? I think you may be misunderstanding the word.  Apologist doesn't mean "one who makes excuses [for something wrong or evil]".  It means "a person who argues in defense or justification of something, such as a doctrine, policy, or institution" (American Heritage, 4E).  It's one who makes an apologia, not one who makes an apology in the modern sense.  :)  Elmo iscariot (talk) 12:55, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

Hubal and Kybele
There is no info in the article regarding the relationship of Hubal and Anatolian mother-goddess Kybele, who was also symbolized as the Moon, anyone has any references about this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.54.242.37 (talk) 15:13, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

Needs rewriting
This page is in serious need of a rewrite. Most of the text is based on spurious, unsourced and unlikely speculations formulated by Christian apologists such as Dunkin and, now, discarded theories from almost one hundred years before the present date that have been taken up by Christian Fundamentalists to try to fabricate evidence that the Arabs worshipped a "moon-deity" and that he is one and the same as "Al-ileh" or "Allah" (meaning "the god" and according to Arabic and Islamic mythology the creator deity), Sorry this article is a disgrace and doesn't conform to any of the standards Wikipedia claims and wishes to up hold.

This needs a rewrite using valid unbiased sources; especially works by actual, modern scholars of this subject. Sigurd Dragon Slayer (talk) 13:48, 7 May 2011 (UTC)

 * And now the tone has gone the other way, and the In modern culture section in particular, reads like an exercise in Islamic apologetics. Is an NPOV tone really too much to ask? In addition the word evangelical is being used here in the manner of the American popular press, who should read https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism#Usage for the diverse meanings of the appellation. For instance Evangelical simply means Protestants in general to most Europeans. Remember that the english wikipedia is international, and words that cater solely to a local bias should be avoided.  Philip72 (talk) 17:01, 13 March 2016 (UTC)

Irrationality
In a christian society, maybe the sheer irrationality of claiming "Allah is a moongod" is not visible? And even the most superficial reader will find verses against moon-worship, and verses that are similar to how the Bible decribes God. It is the same God. Allah is a shortened form of Al Ilah. Which means "The God", as we would use "The Lord" today. Anyone who knows idolatry knows it is about amoral values. The Quran is very moral, and very decent. And refutes idolatry. This indeed says more about the irrationality of these christians. In discussions with such christians I have made these verses clear to them, and they still go on claiming the same, without any interest in what the texts says, or rational thinking. Ofcourse the christians are just as irrational as the extreme sects they claim are muslims. Who are also behaving similary. Do note that arabic-speaking christians also use "Allah", and that El, (God) is used in the Bible aswell. Mika-El, using a suffix that means the same. The Arabic "Abd Allah" or "Abdullah", meaning "servant of God". What "Mika" means I am not going to claim for certain.

Peace Be With You.
 * Frankly, these are people that misunderstand the meaning and purpose of their own faith most of the time. The only interest they have in Islam is a negative one; to cherry-pick a verse here and a verse there so as to create a caricature of Islam and Muslims that suits their own ends. The less time you waste thinking of them, the better, just don't think them typical of any group, Christians, American, et cetera. Peace be with you, as well.--172.129.21.223 (talk) 08:04, 14 March 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Hubal. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120324053202/http://www12.georgetown.edu/sfs/docs/Jack_J_Shaheen_Arab_and_Muslim_Stereotyping_in_American_Popular_Culture_1997.pdf to http://www12.georgetown.edu/sfs/docs/Jack_J_Shaheen_Arab_and_Muslim_Stereotyping_in_American_Popular_Culture_1997.pdf

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Free fire
Free fire Link post TikTok 39.52.193.237 (talk) 15:56, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hubal


text:
Mrinal Sen

Mrinal Sen (14 May 1923 – 30 December 2018) was an Indian film director and screenwriter known for his work primarily in Bengali, and a few Hindi and Telugu language films. Regarded as one of the finest Indian filmmakers, along with his contemporaries Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, and Tapan Sinha, Sen played a major role in the New Wave cinema of eastern India.

Sen has received various national and international honors including eighteen Indian National Film Awards. The Government of India honored him with the Padma Bhushan, and the Government of France honored him with the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, while Russian Government honored him with the Order of Friendship. Sen was also awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, the highest award for filmmakers in India.

He was one of the few Indian filmmakers having won awards at the big three film festivals viz., Cannes, Venice and the Berlinale. Sen was a self described "private Marxist".

Influence
Mrinal Sen directed Bhuvan Shome (Mr. Shome, 1969) which initiated the "New Wave Cinema Movement" in India.

Film craft, Social context and its political influence
The films that he made next were essentially political, and earned him the reputation as a Marxist artist. This was also the time of large-scale political unrest throughout India. Particularly in and around Calcutta, this period underwent what is now known as the Naxalite movement. This phase was immediately followed by a series of films where he shifted his focus, and instead of looking for enemies outside, he looked for the enemy within his own middle class society. This was arguably his most creative phase.

Depiction of Kolkata
In many Mrinal Sen movies from Punascha (1961) to Mahaprithivi (1992), Kolkata features prominently. He has shown Kolkata as a character, and as an inspiration. He has beautifully woven the people, value system, class difference and the roads of the city into his movies and coming of age for Kolkata, his El-Dorado.

Recognition
In 1982 he was a member of the jury at the 32nd Berlin International Film Festival. In 1983 he was a member of the jury at the 13th Moscow International Film Festival. In 1997 Sen became the member of the jury at the 20th Moscow International Film Festival. On 24 July 2012, Sen was not invited to the function organised by West Bengal government to felicitate film personalities from the State. As per reports, his political views are believed to be the reason for his omission from the function.

Death
Sen had age-related ailments for many years. He died on 30 December 2018 at the age of 95 at his home in Bhawanipore, Kolkata. The cause was a heart attack.

National Film Awards
Best Feature Film
 * 1969: Bhuvan Shome
 * 1974: Chorus
 * 1976: Mrigayaa
 * 1980: Akaler Sandhane

Second Best Feature Film
 * 1972: Calcutta 71
 * 1980: Kharij

Best Direction
 * 1969: Bhuvan Shome
 * 1979: Ek Din Pratidin
 * 1980: Akaler Sandhane
 * 1984: Khandhar

Best Screenplay
 * 1974: Padatik
 * 1983: Akaler Sandhane
 * 1984: Kharij

Special Mention
 * 1978: Parashuram

Best Regional Film Awards
Best Feature Film in Bengali
 * 1961: Punascha
 * 1965: Akash Kusum
 * 1993: Antareen

Best Feature Film in Telugu
 * 1977: Oka Oori Katha

International awards

 * 4th International Film Festival of India - Jury Prize - Bhuvan Shome - 1969

 * Berlin International Film Festival

State and institutional honors

 * In 1979, he was awarded the Nehru Soviet Land Award by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for his contribution to world cinema.
 * In 1981, the Government of India awarded Sen with the Padma Bhushan.
 * In 1985, President François Mitterrand, the President of France, awarded him the Commandeur de Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters)
 * In 1993, he was awarded an honorary D.Litt. by the University of Burdwan.
 * In 1996, he was awarded an honorary D.Litt. by Jadavpur University.
 * In 1999, he was awarded an honorary D.Litt. by Rabindra Bharati University.
 * Between 1998 and 2003, he was made an Honorary Member of the Indian Parliament in the Rajya Sabha.
 * In 2000, President Vladimir Putin of the Russian Federation honored him with the Order of Friendship.
 * In 2005, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, the highest honor given to an Indian filmmaker, was awarded to him by the Government of India for the year 2003.
 * In 2009, he was awarded an List of University of Calcutta honorary degree recipients honorary D. Litt. by the University of Calcutta.
 * In 2017, he was inducted as a member of the Oscar Academy

Filmography

 * Raat Bhore (The Dawn) (1955)
 * Neel Akasher Neechey (Under the Blue Sky) (1959)
 * Baishe Sravana (Wedding Day) (1960)
 * Punascha (Over Again) (1961)
 * Abasheshe (And at Last) (1963)
 * Pratinidhi (The Representative) (1964)
 * Akash Kusum (Up in the Clouds) (1965)
 * Matira Manisha (Man of the Soil) (Odia film) (1966)
 * Bhuvan Shome (Mr. Bhuvan Shome) (1969)
 * Ichhapuran (1970)
 * Interview (1971)
 * Ek Adhuri Kahani (An Unfinished Story) (1971)
 * Calcutta 71 (1972)
 * Padatik (The Guerilla Fighter) (1973)
 * Chorus (1974)
 * Mrigaya (The Royal Hunt) (1976)
 * Oka Oori Katha (The Outsiders) (1977)
 * Parashuram (The Man with the Axe) (1978)
 * Ek Din Pratidin (And Quiet Rolls the Dawn) (1979)
 * Akaler Shandhaney (In Search of Famine) (1980)
 * Chalchitra (The Kaleidoscope) (1981)
 * Kharij (The Case Is Closed) (1982)
 * Khandhar (The Ruins) (1983)
 * Genesis (1986)
 * Kabhi Door Kabhi Paas (1986–87) (12 short films made for television broadcast)
 * Ek Din Achanak (Suddenly, One Day) (1989)
 * Mahaprithibi (World Within, World Without) (1991)
 * Antareen (The Confined) (1993)
 * Amar Bhuvan (This, My Land) (2002)

title: Mrinal Sen


text:
Twelve Girls Band

12 Girls Band (, sometimes abbreviated to 女樂 or 女乐) are an all female Chinese musical group that initially consisted of twelve members before the addition of a thirteenth. Twelve Girls Band use traditional Chinese instruments to play both traditional Chinese and Western music. Formed on June 18, 2001, the women were selected by audition from more than 4,000 contestants. Each woman is classically-trained, and the band members come from various conservatories in the People's Republic of China (PRC), including the China Academy of Music, the Chinese National Orchestra, and the Central Conservatory of Music.

History
Chinese numerology gave Wang Xiao-Jing the idea for the Twelve Girls Band. When Xiao-Jing decided he wanted to create a female ensemble, he knew it needed 12 members. Per Chinese mythology it is the twelve jinchai (12 hairpins) representing womanhood. For the new project, the women were inspired by the art of the Yue Fang, the ensembles who played in the Tang dynasty courts during the years A.D. 618 to 907.

The group debuted their modern compositions on ancient instruments in China and Japan during the Northern summer of 2003. In Japan their debut album topped the charts for 30 weeks. Their debut album, entitled "Eastern Energy," was released in North America in August 2004 with cover versions of Coldplay's "Clocks" and Enya's "Only Time" included, and a massive television advertising campaign announcing the group's arrival.

BEIJING, June 11 (Xinhuanet) -- Chinese mainland performers the 12 Girls Band have launched their new album "Shining Energy" in Hong Kong, reported CRIENGLISH.com.

Dressed in stunning red outfits, the girls performed a few tracks in front of the assembled media on Wednesday.

The band has been a big hit in Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore. At the beginning of 2017, they held a concert in Japan and tickets sold out in 8 minutes.

Among the instruments used by the women: erhu (Chinese fiddle), pipa (pear-shaped lute), guzheng (zither), yangqin (hammered dulcimer), dizi (transverse flute), and xiao (vertical flute). Occasionally, the duxianqin (single-stringed zither) and hulusi (three-piped gourd flute) are employed.

Performances
In July 2003, Beautiful Energy, their first album in Japan, reached the top of the J-pop chart. They won Japan Gold Disc Award in 2004.

The Twelve Girls Band toured in the United States in 2004 Miracles tour and again in 2005.

On July 7, 2007 the Twelve Girls Band performed at the Chinese leg of Live Earth in Shanghai, and were accompanied by the Mexican folk singer Lila Downs.

The Italian Soprano Giorgia Fumanti performed with the group in October and November 2007, on their North American tour. The tour traveled to the Midwest, and the East and West Coast areas of the USA and Canada.

In 2008, the yang qin player, Ma Jing Jing did concerts playing the yangqin and guzheng.

Members (by instrument)

 * Erhu (二胡; often referred as a "two-string fiddle")
 * 秦子婧(Qin Zijing)
 * 上官振楠(Shanggubjnj実(Yu Qiushi)
 * 金晶(Jin Jing)
 * 羅翩翩(Luo Pianpian)
 * Pipa (琵琶; a four-stringed instrument)
 * 石娟 (Shi Juan)
 * 仲宝 (Zhong Bao)
 * Zhongruan (中阮; a plucked string instrument, a.k.a. "Moon guitar")
 * 臧暁鵬(Zang Xiaopeng)
 * Dizi (笛子; a traverse flute)
 * 陳雪嬌 (Chen Xuejiao)
 * 廖彬曲 (Liao Binqu)
 * Yangqin (扬琴; a hammered dulcimer)
 * 孙莉莉 (Sun Lili)
 * 田超（Tian Chao）
 * 張静(Zhang Jing)
 * 馬亜晶 (Ma Ya Jing)
 * Guzheng (古箏; a plucked zither)
 * 于秋璇(Yu Qiuxuan)
 * Duxianqin (独弦琴/獨弦琴; a one-stringed pucked instrument)
 * 唐小媛(Tang Xiaoyuan)

Studio albums (original works)

 * Meili Yinyuehui 魅力音乐会 (CD, 2001 - limited Press) - Original Debut CD
 * Joshi Juni Gakubou - Beautiful Energy (CD and DVD, 2003) - first Japanese album
 * Kikou - Shining Energy - (CD and DVD, 2004) - second Japanese album
 * Eastern Energy (CD and DVD, 2004) - first USA album
 * Tonkou - Romantic Energy - (CD and DVD, 2005)
 * Romantic Energy (CD and DVD, 2005) - published in the US
 * Shanghai (2007)
 * Shinging Energy (2017
 * "Beautiful and Shining" - 15th Anniversary Album (CD 2016) - publish in Japan
 * "Perfect Best" (2010) (CD) - published in Japan (Last two song introduce Alive2. One of the spinoff groups formed by members of 12 Girls Band)

Studio albums (tributes and covers)

 * Red Hot Classics (CD, DVD and VCD, 2004)
 * Tribute to Wang Luobin (CD and DVD, 2004)
 * Merry Christmas To You (2005) - Christmas album published in Japan
 * The Best of Covers (2005) - Covers of mostly Japanese songs
 * White Christmas (CD and DVD, 2005)
 * Twelve Girls of Christmas (2005) - Christmas album published in the US

Studio albums (compilations)

 * Freedom (Greatest Hits) (2 CDs, 2004)( its origin is An Ottoman Classical Composition composed by Santuri Ethem Efendi. The name of the piece is şehnaz longa)
 * The Best of 12 Girls Band (2006) - Korean version available

Live albums

 * Kiseki/Miracle Live (CD, DVD and VCD, 2003)
 * Twelve Girls Band Live at Budokan Japan 2004 (DVD, 2004)
 * Journey to Silk Road (VCD, 2005)

Most of these CDs were released in different versions for in the USA, China, Hong Kong and Macau, Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Korea. Please see the official individual album page for information on how the tracklist differs.

title: Twelve Girls Band


text:
Sainte-Geneviève

Saint Genevieve or Sainte-Geneviève may refer to:
 * Saint Genevieve (419/422–512), the patron of Paris
 * Saint Geneviève de Loqueffret (10th century), a local saint from Loqueffret, Brittany

Buildings

 * Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, a library in the 5th arrondissement of Paris
 * Abbey of St Genevieve, a French monastery in Paris, suppressed at the time of the French Revolution
 * Panthéon, Paris, originally built as a church dedicated to Saint Geneviève

France

 * Montagne Sainte-Geneviève, a hill on the left bank of the Seine in Paris
 * Sainte-Geneviève, Aisne, in the Aisne department
 * Sainte-Geneviève, Manche, in the Manche department
 * Sainte-Geneviève, Meurthe-et-Moselle, in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department
 * Sainte-Geneviève, Oise, in the Oise department
 * Sainte-Geneviève, Seine-Maritime, in the Seine-Maritime department
 * Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, Loiret, in the Loiret department
 * Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, Essonne, in the Essonne department
 * Sainte-Geneviève-lès-Gasny, in the Eure department
 * Sainte-Geneviève-sur-Argence, in the Aveyron department

Canada

 * Sainte-Geneviève, Quebec, a borough of Montreal
 * Église Sainte-Geneviève, Montréal
 * Ste-Geneviève, a community of the Rural Municipality of Taché, Manitoba
 * Sainte-Geneviève-de-Batiscan, Quebec, in Les Chenaux Regional County Municipality
 * Sainte-Geneviève-de-Berthier, Quebec, in D'Autray Regional County Municipality

United States

 * Ste. Genevieve, Missouri
 * Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri

title: Sainte-Geneviève


text: File:Tom Waits-Alice.jpg

title: File:Tom Waits-Alice.jpg