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Talk:Axis & Allies

Anniversary Edition?
A third revision of the game comes out in a couple weeks, featuring a new board, Cruisers, Italy as the third axis player, and China as a fourth Allied country (but controlled by US) under the name "Axis & Allies: Anniversary Edition". I am surprised not to find anything mentioning this on the A&A page, though details are fairly scant at the moment...

From boardgamegeek.com:

"To celebrate the 50-year anniversary of Avalon Hill, Axis & Allies is launching its most expansive game ever. The Axis & Allies Anniversary Edition will feature the debut of Italy as the third Axis nation, the introduction of the cruiser unit to the naval lineup, and the largest Axis & Allies board to-date measuring 24x46 inches. With over 600 pieces, players will be able to recreate and decide the outcome of WWII like never before. The Axis & Allies Anniversary Edition is designed and developed by Larry Harris, the original designer of Axis & Allies, and will release on October 23, 2008."

The game will be released on 10/23/08 and will retail for $100, with a 2x4-foot board and all sorts of goodies, but as it will be a true third version of A&A it seems worth at least a mention here. From Kirottu82 (talk) 00:20, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

There should be a picture of the revised version
The revised version has been existing for 4 years. I think the focus should be more shifted to description of the revised version itself, rather than just compare the revised and the original. At least some pictures of the revised version should be presented. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 221.216.148.19 (talk) 14:10, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

You know what would be cool?
...if someone (like say Avalon Hill) had soft copies of the reference charts. I have the Milton Bradley version from like the early nineties and I lost the rule book and the reference charts. I found the rule book a couple of years ago (then on Hasbro's site) but I have yet to find reference charts to set up the pieces. Im really disappointed to not have found it on wikipedia :( 67.169.206.46 18:52, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Because that content is copyrighted. -- 70.57.74.73 (talk) 19:23, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Balanced towards the Allies?
I think not! I prefer to play the Axis powers...I like the hyper-aggressive strategy they need to adopt in order to win. I've been playing A&A for over ten years now, and I certainly don't view the Axis as being at a real disadvantage if an experienced player is at the helm.

--M.U.D.

 * You may be right, particularly in competition play with bids, but someone claiming to be the lead developer agrees with the comment right below here... The Land 23:13, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd say the lead developer has a vested interest in devaluing the classic edition. After all, he wants us to all go out and buy the new one.  I'm not trying to suggest that anyone is acting in bad faith, but it takes more than the lead developer's say-so to make a point...

I'm going to go as far as to say the Revised Edition is still an unfair fight for the axis. Germany gets torn apart unless it huddles around Western Europe which can only result in, if all the Allies work together, complete destruction when the full forces of Russia, Britain, and America turn to them. The Allies would be foolish to fight Germany and Japan seperate and if they put all there men into saving russia the axis are bound to lose. Axis and Allies: Revised Edition is alot easier for the Allies.

M.U.D. 03:01, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Hi there. I'm Mike Selinker, the Revised edition's lead developer. A couple of points on the comments below: The "unbalanced and repetitive" comment is accurate, and was the major reason for the revision. A game can simultaneously be great and broken. That paragraph makes a lot of sense to me.

Hasbro owned Milton Bradley for 15 years before acquiring Avalon Hill. A&A only transfered to Avalon Hill when Revised began development. Pacific and Europe were published under the AH label, but A&A didn't follow them over to that brand until the WIzards staff began revising the original game.

The Nova Games edition was quite different than the MB "big box." Nova became a partner with Larry Harris when he sold the rights to MB, and the Nova edition was taken out of print.

Hope that helps.

--Mike Selinker

Someone obviously feels strongly that we should not include the following paragraph:

"While the original edition was recognised as a classic, many experienced players felt the game quickly became unbalanced and repetitive."

This is a serious view of the original Axis and Allies and is voiced by a large section of the gaming community.

I am sure someone has a good reason for consistently editing it out - what is the reason?

 * I agree with the sentiment; not trying to push a POV. IIRC, I deleted that paragraph because it was without context and had some mistakes. The current version is better-developed and in an appropriate place. --Twinxor 16:44, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hmm... is something like 'A Gamer's Guide to Axis and Allies' really appropriate for an encyclopedia article? To a certain extent I don't mind it, but I think the tone is a bit off.

"When Hasbro acquired the Milton Bradley Company, they kept Axis and Allies in print as part of their Avalon Hill lineup..." Actually, I believe that A&A was in print with Hasbro owning MB for quite a while before Hasbro bought AH (which only happened in the late '90s). But I'm not sure of the timing of MB/Hasbro/Gamemaster, so I'd like someone else to take a crack at rewriting that.

Also, the original Nova Games edition should be mentioned somewhere, but I'm not sure where to slip that in.Rindis 23:36, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Whoever wrote this article lacks experience at serious international league level. For a start, it takes a bid of around 21 IPC to even out the game. With Russian Restriction option bids are about 5-6IPC. Whilst being a gamers guide, it makes no real hint of the different opening strategies, and common nicknames given to various strategies. The tactic insights hinted at are flawed too. A lot more research is required before lending these sorts of insights to the game. I've played it for almost 20 years, and I am still learning more depths and complexities within this game. Any suggestion that the game is 'repetitive' is in my opinion as similar as saying chess is repetitive. (thetommy)

 * Yes, I suspect none of the previous editos are international Axis and Allies players. However, I think that paragraph is a fair summary of vanilla A&A, which is an Allied walkover. However, a section in the article on improvements and competitive play rules would be very welcome... The Land 10:18, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

appropriateness?
The Strategy section seems to me to be in violation of the policy of no original research and verifiability, but I wouldn't mind hearing other opinions. Is wikipedia a suitable place for a game strategy guide? --Misterwindupbird 03:29, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Since there were no comments, I removed the section. After rereading the no original research and verifiability policies, I'm even more convinced it doesn't belong. --Misterwindupbird 1 July 2005 07:56 (UTC)

 * I didn't see the change until now. It would have been better to find a reference for preferred strategy (are there no websites with any of this advice?) rather than to delete wholesale. The no-original-research policy is really aimed at people trying to make WP a source of new facts; general commentary on game strategy may be original content, but is not original research. If I were to fiddle with it (I've never played A&A, so not familiar), it would be to delete the prescriptive bits ("you must do X"), find a source for the conventional parts of the strategy, and maybe prune some verbiage. Stan 1 July 2005 12:32 (UTC)
 * This sort of thing really is Wikibooks material, where you can go hog wild crazy writing the best strategy guide known to man (cooperatively, of course...) Even if, technically, a strategy guide that would be limited to what "general consensus" agrees with could be included in Wikipedia, it would be a big target for people to add stuff of their own to. Besides—if we need a reference for this, the reader is arguably better off with just a link to that reference, as Wikipedia could only include the "sanitized", non-original-research-y version, which is probably less useful (and difficult to maintain).
 * Also, putting the strategy smack-dab in the middle of the article decreases its value to the non-technically inclined readers, who don't want to get bogged down in paragraph after paragraph of strategy before getting to the game's further development. We should probably do this in a separate article for sake of organization, keeping perhaps only the "summary" section in the main article (rewritten to make it less of an informal lecture). On the whole, though, I still say put this in Wikibooks, and link to it from this article. The encyclopedia doesn't seem like a good place for it. 82.92.119.11 3 July 2005 22:02 (UTC)

Correct title
This page should really be moved to Axis & Allies as that's the real name of the game. I know there's currently a redirect from that title that brings you here to this page (called Axis and Allies). It should be the other way around. If there's no objections, I will fix this. Craw-daddy 11:53, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I have no objections, but wouldn't the title for this article need to be changed to "Axis & Allies" or something similar? WinterSpw 23:11, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The page should be at "Axis & Allies", not "Axis and Allies". —Lowellian (reply) 03:08, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

Requested speedy deletion of "Axis & Allies" page to perform the move. Craw-daddy 22:59, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

Please add this link
Dear friends Could you add a link to www.axisandallies.nl from your website? This will help put NAAF - Netherlands Axis & Allies Federation higher up on Google. I have also added your website to our links, which will hopefully help you and might attract Netherlands players to your Wiki. Many thanks in advance! Peter-Willem Schellen CEO - Chief Executive Officer NAAF - Netherlands Axis & Allies Federation peter-willem.schellen@axisandallies.nl ceo@axisandallies.nl —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.140.175.170 (talk • contribs)
 * How large is this Federation? And remember to always sign with four tildes: ~ WinterSpw 15:35, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

It would be nice to see a desciption & comparison of the board game and the PC game. I have never played A&A before, but I am downloading the PC "Iron Blitz" Version and wanted to know how it compared. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.238.166.230 (talk) 09:49, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It seems there are quite a few PC versions of Axis & Allies. Axis & Allies (2004 video game) is an RTS version of the game. WinterSpw 17:56, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Battle of Guadalcanal
Hi, they recently came out with a new version about the battle of Gudacanal. Could someone please add this in? I would but im terrible at writing stuff in. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.69.186.204 (talk) 19:59, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I've seen this game advertised too. I've added it. — Val42 (talk) 21:40, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

can somebody add the new anniversery edition confirmed to come out in October. its going to be the biggest axis and allies game to date. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.31.238.136 (talk) 07:46, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

No external links to discussion forums, please
I have removed external links to discussion forums as they are a violation of WP:EL. -- MakeChooChooGoNow (talk) 02:53, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

 * www.axisandallies.org is the authority regarding this game. It's short-sighted removing it with sweeping generalisations. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.54.165.243 (talk) 16:26, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

 * axisandallies.org is an online community. They do not own or publish the game. JohnnyPolo24 (talk) 17:29, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

Axis & Allies: 50th Anniverserary Edition
"To celebrate the 50-year anniversary of Avalon Hill, Axis & Allies is launching its most expansive game ever. The Axis & Allies Anniversary Edition will feature the debut of Italy as the third Axis nation, the introduction of the cruiser unit to the naval lineup, and the largest Axis & Allies board to-date measuring 24x46 inches. With over 600 pieces, players will be able to recreate and decide the outcome of WWII like never before. The Axis & Allies Anniversary Edition is designed and developed by Larry Harris, the original designer of Axis & Allies, and will release on November 18th, 2008." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.31.227.251 (talk) 05:57, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

Unit Comparison: The Three Editions
I like this table, but I'm not too sure how much longer it can remain readable, if it even is now. The table already doesn't account for the Europe and Pacific versions of the game, and there's also the recently announced 1940 games for Europe & Pacific, which will be linkable to form one, massive global game. Does anyone think it would be useful to rework the format of the table, get rid of it altogether, make it into its own article (something such as List of units in the Axis & Allies series), or just leave it alone for now? Is it even noteworthy to have its own article? JohnnyPolo24 (talk) 11:14, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

Nova Unit Statistics
I have tried and tried but somehow seem incapable of making the table accept the addition of a fourth set of unit statistics without screwing up somewhere.

I humbly request that someone do so in my place. But PREVIEW FIRST because I would have sworn my edits were perfect until I saw the table go screwy in Preview mode.

Add new section to each unit under the heading "Nova"

(Note: Of course, you should simply expand the existing fields where appropriate)

Infantry: 3; 1; 2; 1 (same as MB)

Artillery: n/a (MB)

Armor: 5; 3; 2; 3 (MB)

Fighter: 12; 3; 4; 4 (MB)

Bomber: 15; 4; 1; 6 (MB)

Submarine: 8; 0; 2; 2; Has a defensive "attack" before normal combat, NOT in normal combat; casualties do not fire.

Transport: 8; 0; 1; 2; Can carry up to two land units.

Destroyer: n/a (MB)

Cruiser: n/a (MB)

Battleship: 24; 4; 4; 2; (Note:  no mention in rules, I believe, of battleship shots in amphibious invasions)

Aircraft Carrier: 18; 1; 1; 2; Can carry up to two aircraft. Bombers on aircraft carriers have zero defense.

Anti-aircraft gun: 5; 0; 3; 1; Gets one defensive shot against enemy aircraft, regardless of number, before combat.

Industrial complex: 15; 0; 0; 0; Unlimited production capacity.

I may try again to add these myself; but if I haven't yet, please try yourselves. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.63.249.6 (talk) 02:30, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Research comparison
Is someone able to make a table of the research outcome descriptions and compare over the versions (similar to Unit comparison table)?

Edit request from, 16 November 2011
Can this request be added to the external links section please?

http://www.axisandalliesworldclub.net AAWC - Axis & Allies World Club (competitive ladder play for the 1998 Hasbro version)

97.83.97.94 (talk) 01:02, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Why? It doesn't look like an official site for anything. It looks more like a community site, which are links to be avoided according to WP:ELNO. ~Amatulić (talk) 04:07, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

TripleA Links vs. Axis & Allies .org
The "official" site for Axis & Allies is a terrible place to get news for the game. Supposed "fan sites" and blogs are doing a much better job of keeping up. Given how long Axis & Allies.org has been around (12 years), why is it still considered not appropriate for linking?

Next, TripleA is in no way officially associated with Axis & Allies so why is it listed here? Why isn't Gametableonline listed instead? That is the "official" online way to play the game.

What would it take to have the link added? Would officially licensing the Axis & Allies brand do it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Djensen47 (talk • contribs) 23:50, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Gametable Online is official, TripleA is not
IIRC, in order to avoid copyright issues TripleA does the best they can to distance themselves from being called "Axis & Allies." It is furthermore not an official version of Axis & Allies and the link to TripleA would likely be more appropriate elsewhere in wikipedia.

It deserves a mention in Open_source_games and should definitely be listed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open_source_games

Gametable Online, however, does have an officially licensed version of both A&A Revised and the newest, A&A 1942. There are links from Avalon Hill/WotC to this site and it is worthy of mention on this page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.210.128.94 (talk) 16:46, 25 January 2012 (UTC) This was me actually. --Djensen47 (talk) 16:57, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

Global is causing confusion
It turns out the references to Global are confusing people. They think they can purchase a copy of Axis & Allies Global 1940, which as we know is not possible.

For example, the following twitter conversation:

https://twitter.com/BanjoCatfish/status/549728337997103104

The person @BanjoCatfish thought Wikipedia lied to him.

It turns out this person missed the footnote.

Djensen47 (talk) 01:07, 30 December 2014 (UTC)

Would it make sense to remove the "release date" since this game was never "released"?

Djensen47 (talk) 01:18, 30 December 2014 (UTC)

Antiaircraft Artillery?
There are 4 mentions of Antiaricraft Artillery in the "Versions" table, yet they are not listed in the "Units" table. I did a bunch of research and it appears this is the same as the Antiaircraft gun from previous editions, but the rules have changed a little.

"An Antiaircraft artillery (AAA) unit can fire only at an air unit when that unit attacks the territory containing that AAA unit. AAA units fire only once, before the first round of combat. Each AAA unit in the territory may fire up to three times, but only once per attacking air unit"

See page 25 here:

The "Units" table needs to be updated to reflect this change in the "1940" and "1942" Editions. I will attempt to fix it. --Kharnellius (talk) 05:45, 6 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Which editions should the unit table reflect?
I noticed that the unit table's entry for tanks under the 1942 version says it costs 5 IPCs. This is true of Spring 1942, but not 1942 2nd Edition, where it costs 6. Seeing as how both 1942 and Global 1940 have multiple editions, it is worth asking generally: which edition of each version should the table reflect? If it's meant to document the most recent editions, I'll make the change relating to the tank cost. However, I'm unaware if discrepancies exist in other entries (1942-2e is the only version I own). Matthew V. Milone (talk) 15:52, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

That change to game development.
Okay I just saw this change that was made to Game Development. And first of all there seems to be no source of this. So, if these people did make Axis And Allies a source would be nice because this is hard to believe.

Additionally, the story just doesn't connect to the known early beginnings of Axis And Allies.

If Axis And Allies (Risk II) was invented in Michigan in 1979 and declined by Parker Brothers,

Then how was it copied by Larry Harris in Connecticut who had never worked with Parker Brothers, or any board game company as far as I can tell until 1981 so there would be no way of him knowing about Risk II.

And the board game company he joined in 1981 was Nova Game Design for the sole purpose to publish his game called Axis And Allies that year. (So apparently he somehow heard about the game states away and without ever working for Parker Brothers)

And there's no way to suggest that Nova Game Design copied Risk II as they were literally a self made company of five people in Connecticut in a basement. (Apparently the only people who would publish Larry's game)

Nova Game Design then sold Axis And Allies to Milton Bradley in 1984

Even more, if the rules to Risk II were almost exactly the same to Milton Bradley's Axis And Allies except for one rule about factories. Then what about the rules before Milton Bradley. The original rules had Atomic Bombs, Unique National Abilities, and Pro Neutrals that gave money to major powers just to name a few. It would be unlikely that final rule set that Milton Bradley ended on just happened to be a one on one copy of Risk II.

If Risk II does exist, I believe that it is just pure coincidence. There is no evidence, no person, no location, that connects these games other than the rules and even then it is know that the Axis And Allies rules changed greatly before Milton Bradley even released the game.

Larry Harris, the guy who suggested the game to Milton Bradley, had no connection to Parker Brothers and it is highly unlikely he heard about this game 700 miles away.

2600:8800:5E00:6DE:5D92:2E20:932E:BFAA (talk) 07:01, 23 March 2020 (UTC)

In Reference to That Change to Game Development
I can't answer to how the game ended up where it did, although I remember my father talking to the lawyer. We actually lived in RI, NH before MI, so I don't know where the lawyer was from. I do know we didn't have a lot of money, so I have no idea who he had as a lawyer. I'm just now going through the papers and finding the materials. If it was coincidence, it was really interesting in that the rules were so close, the dice scoring and the pieces. We even used the red and white chips back then. Granted could have been just a fact that those red and white colored pieces were all that was available at the time all over the US. But I do know, when we moved to NY and my new friends came over and learned about our game, they were shocked when Axis and Allies came out. Also, I didn't say Risk II is out there. I remember there was a trademark that was submitted. I remember the rejection from Parker Brothers. We continued to play on the Risk board and even made a board on an old pool table. We moved to NY and played there until the game was introduced and then we switched... funny thing was we didn't even read the rules. We just started playing, so for awhile we played our way... until we had some friends over who had actually read the rules and asked why we were putting more pieces in South Africa and China then allowed. That was one rule we didn't have... limits to what you could put down on a new industrial complex... (we called them HQs). In the end, as my father always said, "it's ok, we had a blast playing"... and to end up going to West Point and then playing there with great Americans. It's all good in the end. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Armygrunt1979 (talk • contribs) 02:46, 24 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Honesty, I do think it was just an odd coincidence,
 * The Axis And Allies rules in 1981 actually when through a lot of changes before Milton Bradley released the game in 1984. There were Atomic Bombs, Marines, SS Units, Pro Neutral Nations that gave money to nations, Transport movement points, and more that were all at one point in Axis And Allies that just happened to be removed by the final release.
 * Heck, the dice scoring wasn't even in the original prototype version. The dice scoring was invented by Larry's friends as they thought that his combat was too long and could use an entire rework.
 * Even if Risk II isn't out there, you should still teach me the rules sometime. Well, at least you have the cool story of basically a board game being made twice and I hope you have a fun time playing either Axis And Allies or Risk II.

 * 2600:8800:5E00:6DE:7858:571B:7C65:4B5F (talk) 03:54, 24 March 2020 (UTC)

If it was an odd coincidence the resemblance and the New England ties are just so interesting in the scheme of things. Especially the similarity in the points for the different pieces. As for Risk II, when A&A came out we just started buying those boards and pieces. My father did talk to a lawyer, but was advised that the game world makes it very expensive and very lengthy to litigate. So he decided best just to enjoy the game... made great father-son time, and I am currently playing with one of my sons on a larger printed map. I hope to post photos at some point when I can get through the files and the photos. There were Polaroids taken of the board and pieces that were presented to Parker Brothers in 1979. No idea what happened to the copies back then... remember no computers really. Two things my father and I have played in the past to change the game was allowing unlimited placement of pieces at any Industrial locations. We also will place 2 boards with South Poles facing each other and place a set number of pieces in Eastern US. Basically a mad scramble across the boards, that's alot of fun when playing with 4 people, no allies but you can make alliances. It's like a game of throwns, when will your alliance falter. I will say one difference is our game was 2 player... we only had gray/green pieces, and the risk countries caused a different layout. When A&A came along, it was great to have 3 more colors! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Armygrunt1979 (talk • contribs) 11:29, 24 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Hopefully I just found a way that might bring more clarity to this,
 * I have in front of me a copy of the original 1981 Axis And Allies rules (Oldest know version of the game that was released)
 * At the back it lists credit to everyone who worked on it,

 * Designer Lawrence Harris
 * Developer Joseph Angiolillo
 * Graphics supervisor James Rosinus
 * Play Testers Mike Vitale, Joseph Mike, Dave Sweet, Dan Strom, Bob Martin, Joseph Angiolito (again), Larry Harris (again), Al Leonardi, James Rosinus (again), Pieter Roos, Pat Flory, Dave Menard, Ron Palmer, Chuck Mullaney, Steven Naxon, James Tamargo, and Pat Whalen

 * It would probably take a long time, but we could look into these people to see if any of them have a relation to Parker Brothers
 * By this point, all the rules that would be in Milton Bradley's had already been developed and are in the rules, (really, the only thing Milton Bradley did was remove rules)
 * Also of note, https://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=2&ti=1,2&Search%5FArg=Risk%20II&Search%5FCode=TALL&CNT=25&PID=o4OnPyEuzxOn2Y9H_MbUi5IKKv-d&SEQ=20200324103345&SID=1
 * Here is the copyright for Risk II by Earle W. Hayford
 * Though the registration and creation date both are after Axis And Allies existed
 * If you can please find the rulebook that would greatly help I think.

 * Oh and I guess wikipedia wants people to type four "~" at the end of talk posts at it will immediately sign it like this --> 2600:8800:5E00:6DE:EC47:7FD3:A896:B6C0 (talk) 15:37, 24 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Opps, didn't know that link was timed,
 * Just go onto the Copyright Database and search Risk II, it's there
 * Also secondary name, Risk it : two-person realistic war confrontation
 * 2600:8800:5E00:6DE:EC47:7FD3:A896:B6C0 (talk) 15:51, 24 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Just did a bunch more research into seeing how likely a game with similar rules would be made and here's what I found,

 * The main coicidence between the games that seem odd would be the combat system which I shall refer to as 'Bucket Of Dice'.

 * Bucket Of Dice - Units have certain combat values and hit other units when that value or less is rolled

 * Now, at first glance it would seem that the only games that I know about that use this system would be Axis And Allies (and your Risk II). This would support them being connected.
 * But, on further research I discovered that there a multitude of different games that use similar rules.
 * Now not all of them are the same, for example there are somes in which all units have the same attack value but you roll more dice for certain units, but these rules due date back before either game.
 * I had difficultly finding exactly when this combat system was invented but the oldest game I could find was from 1975.

 * So sense the combat system is shown to have existed before hand, and since both Larry Harris and his friends placed a lot of wargames which these systems would most likely be used in. It would be very likely that the rules for combat were just inspired by the games that they had played.

 * Another similarity that seems to be odd is that the unit stats are very similar,

 * But personally, doesn't it make sense that the stats would be similar? You would have tanks at a higher stat then infantry when attacking because... they're better at attacking. You would have bombers at a low stat when defending because they're bad at defending. You wouldn't have anything at a 5 or 6 because everything still has a chance at missing. So when you limit yourself to 4 different possible values for measuring how good a unit is at attacking or defending then I wouldn't be surprised if two people came up with similar values.

 * The foundations for Risk II and Axis And Allies already existed in the world. For someone to make a game like risk but with this combat system is just very likely and probably just bound to happen. Two people making a similar game at a similar time is just the luck of how things happened.

 * Here is an article about games with Bucket Of Dice combat
 * http://wargaming-mechanics.blogspot.com/2017/02/buckets-of-dice.html

 * Here is a list of just some games with Bucket Of Dice combat
 * https://boardgamegeek.com/geeklist/39230/wargames-bucket-o-dice-combat-or-six-hit

 * 2600:8800:5E00:6DE:7858:571B:7C65:4B5F (talk) 20:07, 24 March 2020 (UTC)

Renegade Game Studios
The article needs updated with some recent news and article citations. Shortly before being bought out by Hasbro, back in 2017 Saban Brands signed a licence agreement with Renegade Game Studios to produce a board game for the Power Rangers franchise known as Heroes of the Grid on Kickstarter. Due to how successful that did through several Kickstarter and pre-order campaigns Hasbro extended the license with Renegade to include other franchises (GI JOE, Transformers and My Little Pony) as well as more game & hobby varieties (Puzzles, Deck-Building Card Games and Tabletop RPGS). Then due to the continued success those four IPs late last year Hasbro extended the license even further with Renegade Game Studios. This new license now includes new versions of Risk (themed after those previously mentioned franchise IPs) as well as reviving several of Hasbro's other board game titles, Axis & Allies included. Renegade Game Studios is now currently taking pre-orders on their website store for new editions and reprints of classic editions of Axis & Allies to be released later this year. 163.182.125.110 (talk) 20:09, 2 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Yeah I was brought to the Axis and Allies Wikipedia page to see all the versions that have been put out, because I used to collect everyone that came out. until it just got to where I didn't see anything new. But I did see this today to confirm what you're talking about. And oh my... It scared me. I saw the other titles you mentioned besides GI Joe and the Hasbro themed versions and I'm afraid to look. But I got this in the mail from my local game store and I really had to take a double take.
 * First off that it had nothing to do with Axis and/or Allies historically. And that they're fighting over the Arctic circle? I understand the various reasons that the Arctic circle would be important but I wouldn't choose it as the battleground that's smart I wonder what each territories ipcs are worth? I'm not going to explore it I just thought you would like reference to the GI Joe version if you don't already have one Cabe55 (talk) 22:05, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

Best-selling?
When we read in the article, "Axis & Allies was declared the best-selling physical wargame in August 1996, having eclipsed the 275,000 copies sold by PanzerBlitz, the second-highest seller in the genre," does this assume that games like Risk (game) and Battleship (game) (which surely sold far more boxes than A&A) are not in the genre of physical wargame? - Swiss Mister in NY (talk) 03:54, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Axis & Allies


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Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus

Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus (born between 47 BC and 35 BC) was an ancient Roman politician and the son of suffect consul Lucius Cornelius Cinna and Pompeia Magna. His sister was Magna.

His maternal grandparents were triumvir Pompey and Mucia Tertia, while his paternal grandparents were consul Lucius Cornelius Cinna and an unnamed Roman woman. Cinna is the only grandson of Pompey who has the name ‘Magnus’, or, indeed, any part of his name.

Cinna became a supporter to triumvir Mark Antony. He was promoted to a priesthood. In 16 BC, Cinna and Aemilia Lepida, the granddaughter of triumvir Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, were involved in a conspiracy against the Emperor Augustus. Cinna and Lepida were the first and last people pardoned by the emperor after having conspired against him. Indeed, this was famously the last documented conspiracy against Augustus. Cinna served as a consul in 5 AD and is said to have been a close friend and adviser to Augustus until his death.

Cinna is the main character of a tragedy called Cinna by the famous 17th-century French playwright Corneille.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus


text:
South polar skua

The south polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki) is a large seabird in the skua family, Stercorariidae. An older name for the bird is MacCormick's skua, after explorer and naval surgeon Robert McCormick, who first collected the type specimen. This species and the other large skuas, such as the great skua, are sometimes placed in a separate genus Catharacta.

Description
The south polar skua is a large bird (though small compared to other skuas sometimes placed in Catharacta) that measures around 53 cm in length. Adults are greyish brown above, and have a whitish (pale morph) or straw-brown (intermediate morph) head and underparts, and the contrast between head and body makes it easy to separate from similar species with good views. Juveniles and adult dark morphs are harder to distinguish from their relatives, and more subjective or difficult-to-observe criteria, such as the colder brown plumage and blue bill base, must be used.

Identification
Distinguishing this skua from the Northern Hemisphere Arctic, pomarine, and long-tailed skuas is relatively straightforward. The large size, massive barrel chest, and white wing flashes of this bird are distinctive even at a distance. The flight is direct and powerful. Identification of this skua is more complicated when it is necessary to distinguish it from the closely related great skua of the North Atlantic, and the other large Southern Hemisphere skuas. Identification problems make claims of any Southern Hemisphere skua in the eastern North Atlantic problematic, and few records of south polar skua have been accepted in Western Europe. Similar problems occur, of course, with extralimital claims of great skua.

Distribution and habitat
It breeds on Antarctic coasts, usually laying two eggs in November and December. It is a migrant, wintering at sea in the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans. In the eastern North Atlantic, it is replaced by the great skua. South polar skuas have been seen at the actual Geographic South Pole. Megalestris Hill, on Petermann Island in the Wilhelm Archipelago of Antarctica, is named after an obsolete generic name for the south polar skua.

Behavior
Like other skuas, it flies at the head of a human or other intruder approaching its nest.

Feeding
The south polar skua eats mainly fish, often obtained by robbing gulls, terns and even gannets of their catches. It also eats other birds, rabbits, and carrion. Like most other skua species, it continues this piratical behavior throughout the year, showing less agility and more brute force than the smaller skuas (jaegers) when it harasses its victims.

title: South polar skua


text:
Talk:South polar skua

Untitled
I'm not totaly sure I've got the right Saunders, but he seems the most likely. jimfbleak 10:41, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Actually it was Howard Saunders. I've started an article. Mwng 19:59, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Are the two pictures of the dark morph skuas certainly South Polar and not Brown? If so, it would be ironic, since the picture of the intermediate (I think) morph South Polar (identified as such in the filename) is also included in the Brown Skua article. Though my bird identification skills may be somewhat inadequate with species from the other side of the globe. The distinct streaking and powerful build would have me guessing at Brown. --Anshelm '77 (talk) 19:40, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I could be wrong but I would say the image in the Brown Skua taxobox is a South Polar. Aviceda   talk  03:01, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Caps
Any objection to South polar skua? That seems to be the norm in journals. ErikHaugen (talk | contribs) 21:06, 29 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't it actually be South Polar skua (with S and P capitalized as in South Pole)? I find this usage in Lande et al. (2002), "Estimating density dependence from population time series using demographic theory and life-history data", AmNat. Q·L·1968 ☿ 20:12, 26 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:South polar skua


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Tokaj (Slovakia)

Tokaj wine region (Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj ) is a wine-growing region located in south-eastern Slovakia and north-eastern Hungary. The two vine-growing areas were once part of the greater Tokaj wine region (also Tokaj-Hegyalja wine region or Tokaj-Hegyalja) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Following the Treaty of Trianon, a smaller part (3 villages and about 175 hectares of vineyards) became part of Czechoslovakia, and after 1993, Slovakia. The majority of the region (around 28 communities and some 5,500 hectares of vineyards) remained part of Hungary.

Nowadays, the Slovak part of the Tokaj wine region comprises 7 communities and approximately 908 hectares of vineyards. Under the current EU legislation, the vintners in the Slovak wine region of Tokaj may use the Tokaj label (or Tokajský/-á/-é which means “of Tokaj” in Slovak).

History

Vine growing in Tokaj wine region goes back to the Roman times, when the area belonged to the Roman province of Pannonia. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the vine growing tradition was continued by Slavs. It is believed that the name of the village and mountain Tokaj has a Slavic origin. It is derived from the word “Stokaj,” loosely referring to a confluence of two rivers, in this case the rivers Bodrog and Tisa.

Legend says that when Hungarians, led by Álmos and his son Árpád, reached this area, viticulture had already been flourishing. Árpád's valiant knight Turzol was first to climb the summit, and on return he reported to his master that the hillside was covered throughout with tranquil vineyards. Árpád then awarded Turzol not only with the hill, but also the entire area up to the intersection of the Bodrog and Tisza rivers. The village of Turzol was built here (today Tarcal). In 1241, the invasion of Tatars left the area plundered and its vineyards destroyed. King Béla IV of Hungary (1235-1270) decided to bring a new life to the region and colonized it by Latin people.

The settlers were probably Walloons from northern France, although some researchers claim that those were Italians. The Slovak village of Bara (Hungarian: Bári) was colonized by Italian settlers who brought with them new wine growing skills and traditions, as well as a base variety Furmint. After the Turkish wars which began in 1528, the region stayed under Turkish rule for 170 years. Most of Tokaj cellars date back to that period, when they were built as hideouts for people and property from the plundering soldiers.

Around 1620 the emperor imported a wallonian-French winefarmer Duvont, who later invented the later known "king of wines"-methode in the Tokaji-district. In honour of Mr. Duvonts exceptional skills, the emperor ennobled this farmer, and gave him one of his many villages (Kiralyfalva) now Königsdorf in Austria. The emperor then named the family Királyfalvy.

Tokaji wine became an increasingly important commodity for the region from the 17th century, its export being a major source of income for the ruling princes of Transylvania to which the Tokaj region belonged at the time. Indeed, revenues from the increasingly renowned Tokaji Aszú wine helped to pay for the wars of independence fought against Austrian Habsburg rule. The repute of Tokaji wine was enhanced when in 1703, Francis II Rákóczi, prince of Transylvania, gave King Louis XIV of France a gift of numerous bottles of wine from his Tokaj estate. Tokaji wine was then served at the Versailles Court, where it became known under the name of Tokay. Delighted with the precious beverage, Louis XIV declared it "Vinum Regum, Rex Vinorum" ("Wine of Kings, King of Wines").

In the 18th Century, Tokaj reached the height of its prosperity. Both Poland and Russia had become major export markets for its wine. Such was the importance of Tokaji in Russia, that the Russian emperors maintained a de facto colony in Tokaj in order to guarantee the supply of wine to the Imperial Court.

The partition of Poland in 1795 and subsequent imposition of customs duties dealt a severe blow to the exports of Tokaji wine and precipitated the economic decline of the region. However, this was only the first of three major crises for Tokaj. The second occurred when the phylloxera epidemic reached Tokaj in 1885 and destroyed the vast majority of the vineyards in a matter of years.

Division of Tokaj-Hegyalja
Following the signature of the peace Treaty of Trianon in June 1920, Hungary lost two-thirds of its territory, and the Tokaj wine region was divided between Hungary and the newly created Czechoslovakia. A state border has been set on the Ronyva creek and small suburb of Hungarian town Sátoraljaújhely (Kiskarlapuszta, Nagykarlapuszta, Állomás) was granted to Czechoslovakia (today Slovakia) and became a village called Slovenské Nové Mesto (English: Slovak New Town), (Hungarian: Újhely). Out of the historical Tokaj-Hegyalja wine region, Czechoslovakia gained an area of 175 hectares of vineyards and 3 villages: Malá Tŕňa (Hungarian: Kistoronya), Slovenské Nové Mesto (Hungarian: Újhely) and Viničky (Hungarian: Szőlőske). During the inter-war period, Slovakia's production of Tokaj wine was concentrated in Malá Tŕňa, which has always been the principal wine-growing locale in the area, and the local viticultural school was also located there (with instruction in Hungarian). In 1924, a viticultural research station was built there in order to improve the vinegrowing and winemaking techniques in the region. Following the First Vienna Award in 1938, Hungary gained once again the territory and held it until 1944.

Not much has changed since the partition of the wine region. The majority of local population has been using Hungarian as their first language and they have preserved winemaking as well as other traditions just like before the Treaty of Trianon. The winemakers continued producing Tokaj wines according to the old Hungarian legislation (law of former ministry of agriculture n° XLVII from 17.12.1908). In 1958, the research station in Malá Tŕňa prepared a proposal regarding the future development of the Tokaj wine region in Czechoslovakia. In 1959, the Czechoslovak government passed new legislation and expanded the region by adding 4 more neighboring villages: Veľká Tŕňa (Hungarian: Nagytoronya), Bara (Hungarian: Bári), Čerhov (Hungarian: Csörgő) and Černochov (Hungarian: Csarnahó). With addition of these new communities, the total surface of classified Tokaj vineyards became 703,10 ha. Another legislation has been passed in 1996, expanding the surface to 908,11 ha of classified Tokaj vineyards.

A detailed map of the Slovak part of the Tokaj wine region has been drawn in 2016 and is visible on multiple tourist information panels on the Slovak side of the appelation.

Characteristics of the wine region

Tokaj wine region is one of a handful in the world whose conditions are favourable for growing grapes for naturally sweet wines. With its 908 ha, Tokaj is the smallest of the six vine-growing regions of Slovakia. It comprises 7 villages in the Trebišov District: Bara, Čerhov, Černochov, Malá Tŕňa, Slovenské Nové Mesto, Veľká Tŕňa, and Viničky.

Some of the characteristics which make the Tokaj wine region unique are:

 * Soil and microclimate: The Tokaj terrain consists of clay or loess soil on volcanic subsoil. The microclimate is determined by the sunny, south-facing slopes and the proximity of the Tisza and Bodrog rivers, and is conducive to the proliferation of Botrytis Cinerea (noble rot) and the subsequent desiccation of the grapes.

 * Indigenous grape varieties: Furmint and Lipovina have been cultivated in the region for centuries and, together with Yellow Muscat and Zeta, are the only grape varieties officially permitted for use in the region.
 * Cellars: A vast system of cellars has been carved out of solid rock. They provide a constant temperature of around 12 °C and high humidity of around 95%, which are ideal for the aging of Tokaji wines.
 * Appellation system: A royal decree in 1757 established a closed production district in Tokaj, the world's first system of wine appellation. Vineyard classification began in 1730 and was completed by the national censuses of 1765 and 1772.

Winemakers and Wine Styles
Wine makers from the Slovak side of the border produce quality dessert as well as dry wines similar to those of the Hungarian wine region. The Tokaj wines (Tokajské víno) made exclusively from 3 base varieties Furmint, Lipovina and Yellow Muscat (Slovak: Muškát žltý) grapes, are:

 * Tokajský Furmint
 * Tokajská Lipovina
 * Tokajský Muškát žltý (Yellow Muscat)
 * Tokajské samorodné suché (samorodné derived from a Slovak word meaning "the way it was grown", suché means "dry"): Samorodné wine is set apart from ordinary wine in that it is made from bunches which contain a considerable proportion of botrytised grapes. Because of this, Samorodné is typically higher in extract than ordinary wine.
 * Tokajské samorodné sladké (sladké means "sweet")is set apart from ordinary wine in that it is made from bunches which contain a bigger proportion of botrytised grapes.
 * Tokajský výber (in Hungarian: aszú): This is the wine which made Tokaj world famous. It is a sweet dessert wine made by individually picking botrytised grapes and trampling them in huge vats to form a paste. Must is then poured on the paste and left to soak before the wine is transferred to wooden casks where fermentation in completed. The wines are graded from 3 to 6 putňa (puttony), representing the level of sugar and sugar-free extract in the mature wine.
 * Tokajská výberová esencia (the Hungarian version is called aszú-eszencia)
 * Tokajská esencia-nektár (meaning "essence-nectar")
 * Tokajský mášláš (derived from the Hungarian word máslás)
 * Tokajský fordítáš (derived from the Hungarian word fordítás)

The "Designation of origin" dispute
Tokaj wine is, by its unique character, a luxurious commodity with a strong appeal to the international market.

The dispute started in 1964 when, for the first time, the then Czechoslovakia exported its excessive production of Tokaj wine to Austria, the market that used to be solely supplied with this commodity by Hungary. The conflict of interests was settled in a bilateral agreement according to which Slovakia - at the expense of the Czech beer-related concession on Hungarian part - was only allowed to export its overproduction of Tokaj wine to Hungary (which consequently re-labeled and re-exported it). This agreement expired in 1990 after which date the dispute arose again. In November 2012, the European Court ruled against Hungary’s request to erase the Slovak entry “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” from “E-Bacchus”, an electronic database containing a register of designations of origin and geographical indications protected in the EU. Hungary lodged an appeal against the judgement of the General Court. In February 2013, the EU Court of Justice has turned down the Hungarian appeal against an earlier ruling concerning Slovakia's registration of “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” (Tokaj Wine Region), which contains the name of Hungary’s Tokaj region. In its ruling, the court said that Slovakia’s registering its “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” in the European database E-Bacchus did not constitute an actionable measure. As a result, under the current EU legislation the wine-growing region of Tokaj is located in both Hungary and Slovakia. Therefore, wine producers from both the Hungarian Tokaj region and the Slovak Tokaj region may use the Tokaj brand name.

authors: यूनिकॉर्न चार्ज करना

title: Tokaj (Slovakia)


text:
VH1 MegaHits

VH1 MegaHits was a Latin American pay television music channel. It was owned by ViacomCBS Networks Brazil, subsidiary of ViacomCBS Networks Americas and aired music videos throughout its entire day.

VH1 MegaHits featured four different blocks of programming: In Motion, Nothing But Classics, VH1 Shuffle and Moods. It was somewhat equivalent to MTV Hits in its programming style, though the latter also featured artists interviews and album/music video recording featurettes, whereas VH1 MegaHits was completely dependent on music videos.

The network launched as MTV Hits in Brazil on 22 June 2005, and was re-branded as VH1 MegaHits on 29 January 2010 after a local re-configuration of Viacom's domestic properties in Brazil.

In Brazil, by decision of Viacom, the channel was manually replaced by MTV Live HD on 31 July 2020 in most TV providers that didn't have the channel yet.

VH1 MegaHits had its signal switched off on 31 August 2020, one day after the broadcast of the 2020 MTV VMAs. As well as MTV Hits US, the channel was directly replaced by NickMusic on August 31, 2020. The last music video played on the channel was "Bulletproof" by La Roux.

VH1 MegaHits in the United States
VH1 MegaHits in the United States was a fully automated music video channel which played mostly top 40 adult contemporary videos from throughout VH1's history, from the '80s to the early years of the 21st century. It shared the same eight-hour automated loop schedule that VH1 Classic and VH1 Country also had at the time. As with its sister networks, it was exclusive to digital cable and never had any satellite service carriage.

Due to low viewership and cable carriage, the channel was discontinued at the end of June 2005. The satellite space was used by corporate parent MTV Networks to launch Logo, a subscription network targeted at the gay community. Logo TV previously aired two music video-based programs, NewNowNext Music and The Click List: Top 10 Videos.

title: VH1 MegaHits


text:
BET Soul

BET Soul is an American pay television network that is controlled by the BET Media Group division of Paramount Global, which owns the network. The channel showcases R&B, funk, soul, neo soul, hip hop, jazz and Motown music from various decades. The channel uses an automated "wheel" schedule that was introduced during the early years of MTV2 and is also used by sister channel BET Jams. The loop repeats three times a day, starting at 6 a.m. Eastern Time, and then resetting at 2 p.m. and 10 p.m.

Originating as VH1 Soul, a spinoff of VH1, the channel moved under the editorial control of BET on December 28, 2015 as part of Viacom's (now Paramount's) ongoing restructuring of their pay-TV operations.

Early years (1998-2006)
The channel, which was originally a commercial-free service, debuted on August 1, 1998 with VH1 Smooth as part of the "MTV Digital Suite" of digital cable channels, which was sold only to cable providers to give them an advantage over satellite services. The first video shown on the channel was "Boogie Wonderland" by Earth, Wind & Fire.

In its early years, VH1 Soul's main focus was on R&B and soul videos of the late 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, along with live performance clips from even earlier years. Janet Jackson, Prince, TLC, Usher, Tony Toni Tone, Marvin Gaye, Aretha Franklin, Patti LaBelle and Stevie Wonder were some of the channel's main staples. By 2003, the channel had stopped showing most of the pre-1990s videos, since these were often played on VH1 Classic's Soul Power program. The channel then gradually began to focus more on underground, alternative, and old skool hip-hop videos, while continuing to feature new R&B musicians.

Change of format (2006-2015)
On February 1, 2006, VH1 Soul revamped its programming and introduced different one-hour themed video blocks to its schedule, as opposed to the prior random rotation of videos. However, the basic 'wheel schedule' structure remained, and does so to this day.

In Spring 2007, VH1 Soul, alongside its sister networks MTV Jams and MTV Hits, were briefly dropped from Time Warner Cable's Southern California systems that were formerly operated by Adelphia and Comcast. However, all three channels returned to TWC within a few months, under a new, specialized service tier. To date, however, the three networks remain conspicuously absent from many of Time Warner Cable and Bright House Networks' systems, most notably in New York City. Even as the 'Digital Suite' concept was discontinued, the network has neither offered to DirecTV nor Dish Network until 2016.

The last edition of the Vibe Awards aired on the channel in November 2007, after a one-year hiatus due to the merger of The WB and UPN into The CW. By this time, as the channel's distribution increased, VH1 Soul began showing regular advertising. Commercials were removed in 2009, but were restored on January 1, 2011.

For a short time from 2008 until 2009 the network aired non-music video programming in some timeslots, including VH1's The Salt-n-Pepa Show, alongside the documentary Black to the Future as part of the network's February 2009 Black History Month programming, along with out-of-format programming such as Hip Hop Honors, VH1 Rock Docs, and other programming from its Celebreality strand of original programming. Viewer complaints that resulted from the programming substitutions soon overpowered VH1's management, alongside other complaints for sister network VH1 Classic straying from its own mission. Soon, VH1 moved away from out-of-format programming on both channels, and by late 2009, VH1 Soul resumed a 24/7 video format.

BET era (2015-present)
On December 28, 2015, the channel was given over to BET Networks as part of the continuing reorganization of Viacom's (now Paramount's) assets due to ratings and financial issues in 2015, an issue that had already resulted in BET Networks taking editorial control of the former MTV Jams two months before. The network was rebranded as BET Soul on that day.

BET Soul would change its image again on November 27, 2021, introducing a new logo more in line with BET's current re-imaging. This rebrand also saw the channel expand its blocks from one hour to two hours each, alongside the renaming of some blocks (such as "Soul School" to "Diggin' in the Crates") and the introduction of new blocks to the schedule (such as "Woke Wednesday"). Another alteration to the channel's programming was the return of non-music video programming to the network's schedule, via the weekly "Cuffing SZN" block. However, as of Spring 2022, the block seems to have been discontinued and returned to an all-music video format.

Presently, a selection of R&B hits from the past 10 years, as well as several 1980s and early 1990s hip-hop videos, can be seen on BET Soul. Several of the more R&B-influenced modern-day rappers and their newest videos can also be regularly seen in heavy rotation on the channel; for example: The Roots, De La Soul, Kanye West, Common, and Talib Kweli. However, the channel still occasionally airs older 1980s or early 1990s R&B/soul hits, such as Prince's "Kiss", Mariah Carey's "Vision Of Love", Stevie Wonder's "Superstition", or Chaka Khan's "I Feel For You".

Current

 * In Rotation (formerly "The Soul Player") – A random rotation of videos. The format is similar to how the channel was operated before February 1, 2006.
 * Chronicled (formerly "The Soul Story") – A block of videos by a single artist or group that are mostly shown in chronological order.
 * Diggin' In The Crates (formerly "Soul School") – This show features old school hip-hop and R&B music videos.
 * WORLDwide (formerly "One Planet, One Soul" and "Island Soul") – This show features music videos by Caribbean and international artists with diverse genres such as Afrobeat, dancehall and reggae.
 * The Calming (formerly "Soulphrodisiac") – A Quiet Storm formatted show. The show primarily plays love songs and slow jams, and is similar to BET After Dark or BET's Midnight Love.
 * Woke Wednesday - A weekly block showcasing politically-charged or "woke" music videos every Wednesday.
 * Hit List: Loading... - A countdown block featuring the Top 20 Soul and R&B videos of the week.
 * Ascending Soul - A block which features experimental soul videos.

Former

 * Soul Squared – A block of old and current videos by various artists which airs two videos from the same artist back-to-back, in a similar manner to VH1 Classic's Tuesday Twoplay program.
 * Speak Your Soul – A viewer-requested video block. Viewers made requests on the channel's official website. (Discontinued with rebrand to BET Soul)
 * Live Soul – This show featured live performance clips by soul artists. (Discontinued)
 * Top 10 Best in Soul – This show featured videos by the most popular artists in R&B and hip-hop music. The format is similar to MTV's Big 10.
 * Sub Soul – This show featured videos by Underground Soul artists.
 * Cuffing SZN - A short-lived weekly block of BET original programming such as American Soul and The Encore. Aired every Saturday night at 7:00pm EST.

title: BET Soul


text:
Bob Kiesel

Robert Allan "Bob" Kiesel (August 30, 1911 – August 6, 1993) was an American sprinter who won a gold medal in 4 × 100 m relay at the 1932 Summer Olympics. He worked for a paint manufacturing company until 1941, then served in the U.S. Army, then spent 23 years in the family real estate and investment business in Utah, and finally settled on his farm in Idaho.

title: Bob Kiesel


text:
Talk:Terence Hill

Comment
He lived in Dresden/Germany as a child. ... but anyhow, he's Italian I think. --212.51.10.21 10:43, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

He lives in Italy ... so he's definitely Italian! Eligius (talk) 01:06, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

IMD indicates that he did also direct although the article needs to have this edited into it. (Visitor MDW)

I searched Terence Hill in the English Wikipedia out of curiosity and noticed there's a whole lot of repetitive content stated both in the first part of the page and in the section "Career as an adult", you should review it and make your edits to see where you want the content to stay. (—Crongdyne from the Italian Wikipedia) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Crongdyne (talk • contribs) 21:25, 23 August 2016 (UTC)

Name
The name is completely made up, it is not taken from his wife's. Her real name was Lori Zwicklbauer before they married. Terence Hill stated in an interview that they claimed he took his wife's name because it would make him more popular during the rise of feminism. --Bernd Neuner
 * Hallo! Do you have some more information on that interview?--FlammingoHey 20:33, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

It says his stage name was "the product of a publicity stunt." That could use a little more explanation, if it is anything other than an odd choice of words... lots of other actors use stage names and it hardly qualifies as a publicity stunt for them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.213.20.170 (talk) 01:15, 29 May 2019 (UTC)

Henry Fonda
Why mention Once Upon a Time in the West and Sergio Leone ? -- Beardo 03:49, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Filmography
I don't know who had the clever idea of listing the movies in the filmography like this:

 * Viale della speranza, Il (1953)

while the movie looks much better like this:

 * Il viale della speranza (1953)

I propose to move the articles of several of the movies in front just like for the movie above.

ICE77 -- 84.223.77.209 14:33, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

He also did a movie with Bud Spencer in 1973 titled "All the way, boys". It was filmed in Columbia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.17.242.86 (talk) 05:35, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

English Film Titles
Can someone also include the English titles of the films Terence Hill acted in under Filmography? --And93hil (talk) 20:41, 21 May 2012 (UTC)

Private life
In 1995 he visited after German reunification, the first time in fifty years back, the places of his childhood in Lommatzsch / Saxony. Hills grandmother lived near Ortenburg / Bavaria. Up to the age of six Hill spoke only German and called German as his mother tongue. He still speaks the language fluently. Source: German Wikipedia http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Hill#Leben / http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Hill#Einzelnachweise and http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QzyQS9HJA9U (small german interview with Thomas Gottschalk / Wetten Dass..?) GHB6 (talk) 20:04, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

Content for extraction, to address missing citation issue:
The following is the content of the Sandra Brennan biographical sketch that appears in the NYT times reference, "ref name=NYT," in the article: ""Terence Hill

Alternate Name: Mario Girotti, Mario Girotti

Actor Gender: Male Born: March 29, 1939 Birthplace: Venice,, IT Nationality: Italy

Full Biography

From All Movie Guide: At the height of his considerable popularity, Terence Hill was one of Italy's highest-paid stars. A tall, handsome blonde of German-Italian heritage, Hill was born Mario Girotti (he used his birth name onscreen until 1968). Hill was born in Venice but spent the WWII years living in Dresden, Germany. When he was 12, Hill was '"discovered" during a swim meet by Italian filmmaker Dino Risi who cast him in Vacanze col Gangster (Holiday for Gangsters) (1951). Through the decade, Hill made occasional film appearances to pay for his education and his interest in motorcycles. He spent three years studying literature at the University of Rome before deciding to become a full-time actor working in films ranging from The Wonders of Aladdin (1961) -- the first Hill film to reach the U.S., albeit a decade after its European release -- and Luchino Viconti's Il Gattopardo (The Leopard) (1963). Afterwards, Hill made action films and Westerns in Germany until 1967 when he returned to Italy and appeared in Dio perdona... lo no! He changed his name from Mario Girotti to Terence Hill in 1969. He came up with his name by combining the name of the author of a Latin book, Terenzio, with the maiden name of his American wife, Lori. Hill gained popularity when he co-starred with Bud Spencer in the comic spaghetti Western They Call Me Trinity (1971) and its sequel, Trinity is STILL My Name (1972). Hill and Spencer would work together in some 19 films. Hill made two films in Hollywood, March or Die (1976), starring with Gene Hackman, and Mr. Billion (1976), his first undubbed English-speaking role, in which he starred opposite Valerie Perrine. He was not as successful in the U.S. as in Europe, but eventually he made it his permanent residence. Hill had a minor hit in 1981 with Super Fuzz. In 1983, he added directing to his repertoire. Later in the decade, he also started producing features. ~ Sandra Brennan""

Please begin to use this reliable source to being to correct this unverifiable text, and to add inline citations for facts that appear in this NYT piece. Note, there is a content discrepancy betwee this source, with regard to how he came to be called by his screen name. 71.239.87.100 (talk) 03:30, 12 May 2015 (UTC)

Personal Life
Some one tagged "Hill was married to Lori Hill" asking for clarification because "was" is past tense, and the infobox indicates they are still married. This is a perfect example where the Wikipedia dictum "be bold" applies. Just change it to "is" and do not tag it. "Was" is correct English for people who are still married, but it is confusing, particularly to people whose native language is not English. It is clearer as "is" so I changed it. Nick Beeson (talk) 15:44, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

A chemist by occupation?
Editor should clarify. In British this probably means pharmacist in American English. In American English a chemist is a scientist who works with chemicals (like having a degree in chemistry from a university), not a pharmacist. (PeacePeace (talk) 00:42, 12 June 2018 (UTC))

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:22, 21 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Terence Hill 2010.JPG

Legjobb színész!?
Véleményem szerint Mario Girotti a világon a legjobb színész! 85.67.133.251 (talk) 18:24, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Terence Hill


text:
Sa'dabad Complex

The Sa'dabad Complex is a 80 hectare complex built by the Qajar and Pahlavi monarchs, located in Shemiran, Greater Tehran, Iran.Today, the official residence of the President of Iran is located adjacent to the complex.

The complex includes natural forest, streets, qanats, galleries, mansions/palaces and museums.

History
The complex was initially built and inhabited by Qajar dynasty of monarchs in the 19th century. After extensive expansions, Reza Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty resided there in the 1920s. His son, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, moved there in the 1970s. In 1978, President Jimmy Carter stayed in the palace during a visit to Iran to guarantee U.S. support for the regime. After the 1979 Revolution, the complex became a public museum.

Present use
Large parts of the complex are museums, which are accessible to visitors. Other parts are currently used by the Office of the President of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The complex is operated by the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran.

Gates to the complex

 * Nezamie Gate, from which Reza Shah would enter the complex.
 * Zaferanie Gate, Currently used by the presidency organization.
 * Gate of Darband Street, from which the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi would enter the complex.
 * Gate of Darband Square
 * Ja'far Abad Gate (1st)
 * Ja'far Abad Gate (2nd)
 * River Gate
 * The White House Gate

Main buildings

 * Ahmad Shah Qajar Palace
 * (not to be confused with the Pavilion of Ahmad Shah Qajar in the Niavaran Complex)

 * The Green Palace
 * (also known as the Shahvand House)

 * The Mellat Museum

 * The White Palace, former official residence of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Empress Farah Diba.

 * Museum of Natural History

 * The Special Palace, currently used by the presidency organization.

 * Museum of Fine Arts

 * The Black Palace

 * Museum of Anthropology

 * Princess Shams Palace, named after Shams Pahlavi.

 * Museum of Glassware and Handicrafts

 * Princess Ashraf Palace, named after the sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

 * Building of the Amendment 36 (a governmental agency)

 * Prince Gholam Reza palace, named after Gholam Reza Pahlavi.

 * Palace of the King Mother
 * Currently used by the presidency organization.

 * Prince Ahmad Reza Palace, named after 2nd son of Reza Shah
 * Currently used by the presidency organization.

 * Administration of the complex

 * Prince Abdol Reza Palace, named after Abdul Reza Pahlavi, the son of Reza Shah.

 * The Training Center

 * Prince Bahman Palace, named after the son of Gholam Reza Pahlavi.

 * The Military Museum

 * Prince Shahram Palace, named after the son of Ashraf Pahlavi.

 * Museum of Artistic Creatures

 * Palace of Farideh Ghotbi, mother of Empress Farah Diba.

 * The Behzad Museum

 * 1st Palace of Reza Pahlavi, named after Reza Pahlavi II.

 * Museum of Treasure (The Dafine Museum)

 * 2nd Palace of Reza Pahlavi, currently used by the presidency organization.

 * Museum of Mir Emad Calligraphy

 * Palace of Princess Farahnaz and Prince Ali Reza, named after Farahnaz and Ali Reza, children of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

 * The Abkar Museum

 * Princess Leila Palace, named after Leila Pahlavi.

Palace of the King's mother
During the Pahlavi period, this palace was the place of the last years of Reza Shah's life before his exile to Mauritius. It was also the place of residence of the king's mother (Taj al-Muluk) until the time of the 1979 Revolution.

This palace is currently in the possession of the Presidential Institution of Iran and is reserved for special guests of the Government of Iran; and for this reason it is also famous as "The Republic Building". This palace is also currently inaccessible to the public.

The Green Palace
The Green Museum Palace has been called "the most beautiful palace in Iran". This palace is important due to its historical and architectural importance. It dates back to the Qajar period and has two styles of Iranian architecture. They called this palace "The Stone Palace" during the reign of Reza Khan and "The Shahvand palace" during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi; later, it was called "The Green Palace" because of its green façade.

The Mellat Museum
The Palace of the Nation Museum with an area of 7,000 square meters is the largest palace in Sa'dabad complex.

Until after the 1979 revolution and the transfer of the complex to the Cultural Heritage Organization, it was renamed "The Palace of the Nation Museum" (Mellat museum in Persian). The construction of the Palace, began in the late Pahlavi period.

title: Sa'dabad Complex


text:
Václav Vojta

Václav Vojta (12 July 1917 – 12 September 2000) was a renowned Czech medical doctor who specialized in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy and developmental disorders. He discovered the principle of reflex locomotion, which is used to treat various physical and neuromuscular disorders through the stimulation of the human sensomotoric system's reflex points. Originally used in the treatment of spastic children, the technique is now used on babies and adults.

Early life and education
Vojta began his studies in Prague in 1937, but due to the Nazi occupation, he was forced to postpone them, eventually earning his doctoral degree 10 years later, in 1947. He pursued training in pediatric neurology, working in the clinic at Charles University in Prague, and in 1956, he became head of the Department of Pediatric Neurology at the 4th Neurological Clinic of the Medical Faculty of Charles University in Prague. Dr. Vojta is most noted for his work in developmental kinesiology and his discovery of reflex locomotion therapy, which became broadly known as the Vojta Method.

Exile in Germany
In 1968, Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia, disrupting Vojta’s work and posing a threat to his professional future. Vojta, along with his wife and three small children, sought refuge in Germany. There, Vojta began work as a research fellow at the Orthopedic Clinic of the University of Cologne, pursuing his work in developmental kinesiological studies, and organizing courses in diagnostics and physical therapy. In 1975, Dr. Vojta relocated to Munich, taking a position at the Munich Children’s Centre, where he became head of the rehabilitation department.

In 1989, after the fall of the communist regime, Vojta returned to his native Czechoslovakia to receive tenure as Professor of Pediatric Neurology and Rehabilitation from Charles University in Prague, an honor denied him as a “politically unreliable person” under the Soviet regime. He was able to teach there once again, and continued to do so until his retirement in 1995. After his retirement, Vojta continued to lecture and teach around the world until his death in 2000.

The Vojta Method
Vojta’s research was focused on reflex locomotion therapy, particularly in the treatment of children exhibiting developmental delays. He discovered the basis of reflex locomotion while searching for treatment therapies for children with cerebral palsy and spastic paralysis. He discovered that muscle groups that the children could not activate themselves can be activated by applying pressure to specific zones on a patient’s body. Repeated activation resulted in improved gait, better posture and improved speech in children with cerebral palsy.

Professor Vojta recognized that many of the movement complexes he found could be traced to common subjective global patterns of movement that mark developmental milestones in healthy children. Although the emphasis of Vojta’s work was initially directed to pediatrics, he very soon recognized that the treatment could also be applied to neurological problems in adult patients. However, Vojta Therapy is most effective in patients under the age of six months, an age when early developmental changes are most profound.

Vojta therapists use a combination of 10 different zones on a patient's body, applying light pressure on a specific area and resistance to the current movement, causing the patient's body to involuntarily perform certain reflexive movement patterns. Repeated stimulation appears to make previously blocked neurological connections between the patient's spinal cord and brain. The patient is eventually able to perform similar movements without any external stimulation. Vojta Therapy has been used to treat cerebral palsy, peripheral paralysis of the arms and legs, hip dysplasia, and problems in breathing, swallowing and chewing.

In recent years, the principles underlying Vojta's method have been adapted to Dynamic Neuromuscular Stimulation or DNS, a modern iteration of Vojta therapy. DNS therapy has been successfully used to rehabilitate athletic injury and enhance performance, leading to a reduction in injury, decreased recovery time, and increased performance markers. When an adult athlete or patient is injured, they sometimes revert to an early pattern of locomotion similar to that of a young infant, before proper control was established. For example, a patient with a shoulder impingement may internally rotate and flex their arm in a way similar to a two-month-old child who has not yet developed external rotation and extension. In this case, DNS places an adult patient in a developmental position to re-teach proper control of the shoulder joint.

While Vojta Therapy has been recognized for decades as a viable treatment method throughout Europe and Asia, it has only recently made inroads in the United States, particularly among physical therapists. As research and practice of the Vojta method grow, Dr. Vojta’s contributions to the fields of physical therapy and physical performance will undoubtedly gain universal recognition.

Published works and training
Vojta published over 100 scientific works and two textbooks, Cerebral Movement Disturbances in Infancy and The Vojta Principle, written with Anne Peters. Both have appeared in several editions and been translated into several languages. His works have inspired further research and additional scientific works worldwide.

In 1984, Vojta and his German colleagues formed the Vojta Society, dedicated to promoting and disseminating the principles of reflex locomotion in diagnostics and therapy, with the goal of training physiotherapists and physicians in the Vojta method. In 1998, the organization was renamed the International Vojta Society, over which Professor Vojta presided until his death. The non-profit society, with its headquarters in Munich, runs annual qualification seminars in Germany for health care professionals. Training around 150 doctors and physiotherapists a year, the qualification seminars focus on treatment of new-born babies, children and adults. Before his death, Professor Vojta traveled extensively, conducting seminars and training sessions worldwide.

Awards and recognitions
Vojta received recognition in the form of awards and honors for his work throughout his career. In 1974 he was awarded the Heinrich Heine Prize, the highest award of the German Society for Orthopedics. In 1979 he received the "Growing with Each Other" Medal from the German association Aktion Sonnenschein for his work with disabled children. In 1983, he won the Ernst von Bergmann Prize for training in medicine from the German Medical Association. In 1990, Vojta was awarded the von Pfaundler Medal for training in pediatrics from the Professional Association of Pediatricians. In October 2000, Vojta was posthumously awarded the Czech Order of Merit by Vaclav Havel, the President of the Czech Republic.

title: Václav Vojta


text:
User:Yukimura~enwiki

I was born in Koga, Ibaraki.

I graduated from Fudooka high school in 1997, and then started to learn organic chemistry at Sophia university. After getting bachelor, I entered graduate school of science, university of Tokyo for additional research, Master 2003, Ph. D. 2007(work at Canon 2003-2004).

I joined bridgestone in 2007, and had worked as a material scientist for 6 years, and started new career at bridgestone research center in US from 2013.

title: User:Yukimura~enwiki


text:
User:Yammah

My name is Masaki Yamamura. I am a doctoral student in Japan. I study chemistry at the University of Tokyo. My research topics are organosilicon chemistry and organophosphorus chemistry.

title: User:Yammah


text:
Harry B. Smith

Harry Bache Smith (December 28, 1860 – January 1, 1936) was a writer, lyricist and composer. The most prolific of all American stage writers, he is said to have written over 300 librettos and more than 6000 lyrics. Some of his best-known works were librettos for the composers Victor Herbert and Reginald De Koven. He also wrote the book or lyrics for several versions of the Ziegfeld Follies.

Smith was born in Buffalo, New York to Josiah Bailey Smith (born 1837) and Elizabeth Bach (born 1838). According to his autobiography First Nights and First Editions (Boston: Little, Brown, 1931), Smith's actual name at birth was Henry Bach Smith. He married twice. His first wife was Lena Reed (born August 21, 1868), whom he married on October 12, 1887 in Chicago, Illinois. They had a son named Sydney Reed Smith (born July 15, 1892). Smith's second wife was the actress Irene Bentley (c. 1870 – June 3, 1940). They married on November 23, 1906 in Boston, Massachusetts, after she had been divorced on June 12, 1906 by her first husband James Thomas Sothoron, Jr. (1867–1913). Bentley retired from the stage in 1910 and died at Allenhurst, New Jersey. She is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, NY. While on a brief holiday in Atlantic City, New Jersey, on New Year's Day in 1936, Smith died of a heart attack in his room at the Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel.

Smith worked on many of the famous musical theatre productions of his time. His younger brother Robert Bache Smith (June 4, 1875 – November 6, 1951) was also a successful lyricist.

Harry Smith's archive is largely held at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin.

Selected productions
Unless otherwise specified below, Smith wrote the libretto (book and lyrics) for the work, and the date given is the date of the original production. In addition to the below, in 1980, some of Smith's songs were featured in the Broadway revue Tintypes.

• Fatinitza – operetta 1879

• The Begum – operetta 1887

• Robin Hood – operetta 1890

• The Fencing Master – operetta 1892

• Rob Roy – opera 1894

• The Wizard of the Nile – operetta 1895

• The Highwayman – operetta 1897

• The Serenade – operetta, book 1897

• The Fortune Teller – operetta 1898

• Whirl-i-gig – musical, lyrics 1899

• The Casino Girl – musical, book 1900

• The Belle of Bohemia – operetta 1900

• The Strollers – musical, book and lyrics 1901

• The Little Duchess – musical 1901

• The Liberty Belles – musical 1901

• The Wild Rose – operetta 1902

• The Billionaire – musical 1902

• Miss Dolly Dollars – musical 1905

• A Parisian Model – musical 1906

• The Silver Star – musical 1909

• Ziegfeld Follies – revues: 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910

• The Girl in the Train – musical, English libretto 1910

• The Spring Maid – musical 1910

• Ziegfeld Follies – revue, lyrics 1912

• The Girl from Montmartre – musical, 1913

• Sweethearts – operetta, book 1913

• The Lilac Domino – operetta, English adaptation 1914

• Watch Your Step – musical, 1914 (Irving Berlin's first musical)

• The Girl from Utah – musical, additional lyrics 1915

• Very Good Eddie – musical, additional lyrics 1915

• The Century Girl – musical, additional lyrics 1916

• Love O' Mike – musical, lyrics 1917

• Miss 1917 – revue, additional lyrics1912

• Ladies First – musical 1918

• The Canary – musical, book 1918

• The Miracle Man – musical, book 1919

• Florodora – 1920 revival (revised book)

• Caroline – operetta, lyrics 1923

• The Love Song – operetta, English lyrics 1925

• Princess Flavia – operetta, English adaptation 1925

• Countess Maritza – operetta, English lyrics 1926

• The Circus Princess – musical, lyrics 1927

• Three Little Girls – musical, lyrics 1930

title: Harry B. Smith


text: Category:Towns in Croatia

title: Category:Towns in Croatia


text:
User talk:Efriedman

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 10:48, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Efriedman


text:
Ludwig Bemelmans

Ludwig Bemelmans (April 27, 1898 – October 1, 1962 ) was an Austrian-American writer and illustrator of children's books and adult novels. He is known best for the Madeline picture books. Six were published, the first in 1939.

Early life
Bemelmans was born to the Belgian painter Lambert Bemelmans and the German Frances Fischer in Meran, Austria-Hungary (now Italy). His father owned a hotel. He grew up in Gmunden on the Traunsee in Upper Austria. His first language was French and his second German.

In 1904, his father left his wife and Ludwig's governess, both of whom were pregnant with his children, for another woman, after which his mother took Ludwig and his brother to her native city of Regensburg, Germany. Bemelmans had difficulty in school, as he hated the German style of discipline. He was apprenticed to his uncle Hans Bemelmans at a hotel in Austria. In a 1941 New York Times interview with Robert van Gelder, he related that while an apprentice, he was regularly beaten and whipped by the headwaiter. According to Bemelmans, he finally warned the headwaiter that if he was whipped again he would retaliate with a gun. The headwaiter ignored his warning, whipped him, and Bemelmans reportedly shot and seriously wounded him in retaliation. Given the choice between reform school and emigration to the United States, he chose the latter. It is likely this was one of Bemelman's famous yarns, since in John Bemelmans Marciano's biography of his grandfather, he relates a simpler story: recognizing that Ludwig was an incorrigible boy, his uncle offered him the choice of going to America (where his father now lived), or going to reform school.

In the United States
He spent the next several years working at hotels and restaurants in the US. In 1917, he joined the U.S. Army, but was not sent to Europe because of his German origins. He did become an officer, and was promoted to Second Lieutenant. He writes of his experiences in the Army in the book, My War With the United States. In 1918, he became a US citizen.

In the 1920s, Bemelmans tried to become an artist and painter while working at hotels, but had substantial difficulties. In 1926, he quit his job at the Ritz-Carlton in New York to become a full-time cartoonist. His cartoon series The Thrilling Adventures of the Count Bric a Brac was dropped from the New York World after six months. He associated with Ervine Metzl, a commercial artist and illustrator who is variously described as Bemelmans's friend, "agent", and "ghost artist".

Writing career
In the early 1930s Bemelmans met May Massee, the children's book editor at Viking Press, who became a sort of partner. He began to publish children's books, beginning with Hansi in 1934. He published the first Madeline book in 1939; after being rejected by Viking, it was published by Simon & Schuster. The book was a great success. Bemelmans did not write a second Madeline book until 1953, when he published Madeline’s Rescue. Four more books in the series were subsequently published while he was alive, and one more was published posthumously in 1999.

Up until the early 1950s, the artistic media he worked in were pen and ink, water color, and gouache. As he describes in his autobiographical My Life in Art, he had avoided oil painting because it did not permit him to produce artistic pieces quickly. But at this point in his life, he wanted to master the richness of oil painting. To this end, he set out to buy a property in Paris that would serve as a serious, full-blown art studio. In 1953, he fell in love with a small bistro in Paris, La Colombe (cabaret) in the Île de la Cité, and bought it, intending to convert it into a studio. He painted murals therein, but the project was a disaster owing to French bureaucracy, and after two years of frustration and disappointment, he unloaded it by selling it to Michel Valette, who converted it into a notable cabaret.

Bemelmans also wrote a number of adult books, including travel, humorous works, and novels, as well as movie scripts. The latter included Yolanda and the Thief. While spending time in Hollywood, he became a close friend of interior decorator Elsie de Wolfe, Lady Mendl.

A mural on the walls of the Carlyle Hotel's Bemelmans Bar in New York City, Central Park, is his only artwork on display to the public. He painted the children's dining room on Aristotle Onassis's yacht Christina (now the Christina O), for Christina Onassis, the young daughter of the magnate.

A collection of his short writings was published in 2004 as When you lunch with the Emperor mainly extracted from previous works which included My War with the United States (1937), Life Class (1938), Small Beer (1939), Hotel Splendide (1941), I Love You, I Love You, I Love You (1942), and “Bemelman’s Italian Holiday” (1961) a collection of travel essays that originally appeared in the magazine, Holiday (magazine), to which Bemelman had been a consistent contributor.

Madeline series
Each Madeline story begins: "In an old house in Paris, that was covered with vines, lived twelve little girls in two straight lines... the smallest one was Madeline." The girls are cared for by Miss Clavel.

Other characters include Pepito, son of the Spanish ambassador, who lives next door; Lord Cucuface, owner of the house; and Genevieve, a dog who rescues Madeline from drowning in the second book. Bemelmans published six Madeline stories in his lifetime, five as picture books and one in a magazine. A seventh was discovered after his death and published posthumously:

 * 1) Madeline, 1939: in which Madeline must have her appendix removed.
 * 2) Madeline's Rescue, 1953: in which Madeline is rescued from drowning by a dog (later named Genevieve). Winner of the Caldecott Medal for U.S. picture book illustration.
 * 3) Madeline and the Bad Hat, 1956: in which the "bad hat" is Pepito, the Spanish ambassador's son, whose cruel antics outrage Madeline.
 * 4) Madeline and the Gypsies, 1959: in which Madeline and Pepito have an adventure at a circus.
 * 5) Madeline in London, 1961: in which Pepito moves to London, and Madeline and the girls go to visit him.
 * 6) Madeline's Christmas, 1985: in which everyone in the house catches cold, except Madeline. (First published in McCall's in 1956).
 * 7) Madeline in America and Other Holiday Tales, 1999: in which Madeline inherits a fortune from her American great-grandfather. The book also reveals Madeline's full name, Madeline Fogg.

Adaptations

 * The first book, Madeline, was adapted as an Academy Award-nominated 1952 short animated cartoon directed by Robert Cannon for UPA and released by Columbia Pictures, also titled Madeline.
 * Between 1988 and 2002, an animated Madeline series was made for television (plus one direct-to-video film Madeline: Lost in Paris), with the narration in rhyming style read by Christopher Plummer.
 * A live-action Madeline film based on several of the books appeared in 1998, directed by Daisy von Scherler Mayer and starring Hatty Jones as Madeline, Frances McDormand as Miss Clavel, and Nigel Hawthorne as Lord Covington.
 * Bemelmans's first novel, Madeline, was briefly satirized on a February 2020 episode of Saturday Night Live by comedian and drag performer Ru Paul.

Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep
Bemelmans novel Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep (1943) was adapted by Elaine Ryan for the stage in 1949. The production was produced and directed by Hume Cronyn and combined professional actors with drama students at Stanford University. Performed at Stanford's Memorial Theatre during July 1949, the production starred Jessica Tandy and Akim Tamiroff, with Jeanne Bates, Feodor Chaliapin, Milton Parsons, and Roberta Haynes as the supporting professionals.

Cronyn sold the rights for his staging of the play to new producers Nancy Stern and George Nichols III, who after a tryout in Philadelphia, took it to Broadway. The production opened at the Broadhurst Theatre on March 2, 1950. It starred Fredric March as the General and his wife Florence Eldridge as Miss Graves, with Jacqueline Dalya, Milton Parsons, Henry Lascoe, Rick Jason, Booth Colman, Stefan Schnabel, Charles Chaplin Jr., and many others. Bemelmans was involved with the design of the production and present for the tryouts and Broadway performances.

As with many of the author's novels, Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep consists of a great many character sketches, location changes, and improbable events. Critic John Chapman identified this writing style as the ultimate problem with the stage production: If anybody is to be reprimanded in this dispatch, it probably should be Mr. Bemelmans for being such a loose and dizzy writer--- but this would be impolite, impertinent and ungrateful, for this gay, raffish author of Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep wrote a story which is a gem of impish, sophisticated and sardonic humor. When Miss Ryan set out to translate his verbal whimseys into the more solid statements of the stage, she handed herself a whale of a job. Reviewer Louis Scheaffer held the same opinion about the difficulty in adapting Bemelmans for the stage, recognizing that the author's characters are nothing like what theatregoers are used to, and the course of events won't fit neatly into the usual genres. But he also held a high opinion of Bemelmans writing: A curious, beguiling combination of innocence and sophistication, of sweet humor and shrewd, worldly insight, Bemelmans has a sunny tolerance for his fellow creature's private or personal failings that illuminates all of his writings and goes far beyond the little gray virtues generally suggested by the word "tolerance". Despite the appreciation for Bemelmans writing by New York critics, Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep lasted for only 44 performances, closing on April 8, 1950.

Personal life
Bemelmans is said to have met his future wife, Madeleine "Mimi" Freund, as a model in Metzl's studio. They had one daughter, Barbara, and three grandchildren, Paul Marciano, James Marciano, and John Bemelmans Marciano.

Bemelmans died in New York of pancreatic cancer, aged 64 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Books

 * 1934: Hansi
 * 1936: The Golden Basket
 * 1937: My War with the United States
 * 1937: The Castle Number Nine
 * 1938: Life Class – An autobiographical sketch.
 * 1938: Quito Express (travel book)
 * 1939: Madeline
 * 1939: Small Beer (humorous memoirs based on his experiences in Europe and Hollywood)
 * 1940: Fifi
 * 1941: At Your Service
 * 1941: Hotel Splendide
 * 1941: The Donkey Inside
 * 1942: Rosebud
 * 1942: I Love You, I Love You, I Love You
 * 1943: Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep
 * 1945: The Blue Danube
 * 1946: Hotel Bemelmans
 * 1947: A Tale of Two Glimps
 * 1947: Dirty Eddie
 * 1948: The Best of Times: An Account of Europe Revisited
 * 1949: The Eye of God
 * 1950: Sunshine: A Story about the City of New York
 * 1952: How to Travel Incognito
 * 1952: The Happy Place
 * 1953: Father, Dear Father
 * 1953: Madeline's Rescue
 * 1953: The Borrowed Christmas
 * 1954: The High World
 * 1955: Parsley
 * 1955: To the One I Love the Best – Bemelmans narrates his friendship with Elsie de Wolfe, Lady Mendl.
 * 1956: Madeline and the Bad Hat
 * 1957: The Woman of My Life
 * 1958: My Life in Art
 * 1959: Madeline and the Gypsies
 * 1960: Welcome Home!
 * 1960: Are You Hungry, Are You Cold
 * 1960: How to Travel To Europe All to Yourself
 * 1961: Italian Holiday
 * 1961: Madeline in London
 * 1962: Marina
 * 1962: On Board Noah's Ark
 * 1963: The Street Where the Heart Lies
 * 1964: La Bonne Table. Excerpts and essays involving food and drink, edited by Donald and Eleanor Friede
 * 1966: The Elephant Cutlet
 * 1985: Tell Them It Was Wonderful: Selected Writings (compilation of various autobiographical stories, published posthumously)
 * 1985: Madeline's Christmas (published 1956 in McCall's)
 * 1999: Madeline in America and Other Holiday Tales
 * 2004: Hotel Bemelmans (introduction by Anthony Bourdain), Overlook Press, New York
 * 2004: When You Lunch with the Emperor: The Adventures Of Ludwig Bemelmans (introduction by Andrew Goodfellow) Overlook Press, New York

title: Ludwig Bemelmans


text:
Lee Shau-kee

Lee Shau-kee GBM (born 7 March 1928) is a Hong Kong business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He is a real estate tycoon and majority owner of Henderson Land Development, a property conglomerate with interests in property, hotels, restaurants and internet services. In 2019, aged 91, Lee stepped down as chairman and managing director of the company, in favour of two of his sons, Peter and Martin Lee. He retains a role as an executive director.

His personal wealth is estimated to be US$27.8 billion as of July 2024, making him the second wealthiest man in Hong Kong (behind Li Ka-shing), and the 63rd richest in the world. Before the handover of Hong Kong in 1997, he was the fourth-richest person in world.

Since 2006, Lee has accrued profits from his holdings of Mainland-controlled stocks. He is also known as "Uncle Four", one of the very few fourth-born children in the world to have become a multi-billionaire.

Philanthropy
Lee is one of the main sponsors of the HKICC Lee Shau Kee School of Creativity, having donated more than HK$20 million through the Lee Shau Kee Foundation.

In 2007, he donated HK$500 million to the University of Hong Kong and HK$400 million to the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.

In 2015, Lee donated a site in Yuen Long to charity organisation Po Leung Kuk for it to develop Hong Kong's biggest youth hostel. Lee announced that the units would be leased to young people between the ages of 18 and 30 at half the market rate.

Other than public philanthropy, Lee has given his Henderson Land staff cash gifts to celebrate the birth of four of his grandchildren, in amounts totalling HK$60 million over a nine-year period.

In May 2018, Lee donated HK$100 million to Hang Seng Management College supporting its strategic development.

Current positions

 * Founder, ex-Chairman and managing director, of Henderson Land Development
 * ex-Chairman of Hong Kong and China Gas
 * ex-Chairman of Miramar Hotel and Investment
 * Vice-Chairman and independent non-executive director of Sun Hung Kai Properties
 * Member of board of directors of Hong Kong Ferry (Holdings) and the Bank of East Asia
 * Named as part of Peter Storrie's consortium to buy Portsmouth Football Club

Family
Lee has five children, including elder son Peter Lee Ka-kit and younger son Martin Lee Ka-shing, and eight grandchildren.

title: Lee Shau-kee