text:
Talk:1978 South Lebanon conflict

Background
The background was rather sparse, missing many of the most famous attacks on Israel by Palestians from Lebanon, though it did seem to cover the most famous attacks by Israel on Palestinian or Lebanese targets. I've put in the major incidents in chronological order, incorporating all the existing material, as follows: Jayjg 20:13, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * On 26 December 1968 two Palestinian gunmen travelled from Beirut to Athens, and attacked an El Al jet there killing 1 person. In response, on 28 December 1968 Israeli Defense Force (IDF) troops destroyed 13 civilian aircraft in Beirut International Airport.
 * On 8 May 1970 three Palestinian gunmen crossed the Lebanese border into the agricultural community of Avivim and ambushed the local schoolbus, killing nine children and three adults, and crippling 19 other children.
 * Three PLO figures were assassinated in Beirut on 10 April 1973.
 * On 11 April 1974 three members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine infiltrated Kiryat Shmona from Lebanon, killing eighteen residents of an apartment building, including nine children; the terrorists were eventually killed in an exchange of fire with IDF forces.
 * On 15 May 1974 members of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) who had infiltrated the Israeli border town of Ma'alot from Lebanon, killing five adults and taking grade 11 children in a local school hostage. They eventually shot 21 of the children, before being killed by IDF soldiers.
 * On 5 March 1975 eight PLO gunmen travelled from Lebanon to Tel Aviv by sea in a rubber dinghy, entered the Savoy Hotel and took dozens of hostages. During the rescue mission three IDF soldiers were killed and eight hostages wounded; the PLO gunmen retreated to a room and attempted to blow themselves up, killing eight hostages and wounding 11, as well as killing seven of the POLO gunmen.
 * On 11 March, 1978, 9 Fatah gunmen killed several tourists and hijacked a bus near Haifa. The bus was stormed by the IDF soldiers. The gunmen and all 37 Israelis were killed.

 * Not good enough. None of your additions have sources, not even the usual partisan websites. If you don't have sources, we can't take the word of somebody who has repeatedly made false claims (such as that the IRC only counted 320 bodies at Sabra and Shatila).

 * And please refrain from abusing admin rollback. You're hurting Wikipedia. --style 11:49, 2004 Oct 24 (UTC)

 * Wait a minute, are you denying that these events occured? See List of terrorist incidents  The 320 number for the IRC rep was sourced; it actually comes from an exhibit submitted to the Kahan Commission. As for unsourced and false claims, it was actually the claim that the ICRC counted over 2,000; where is that document? Jayjg 19:40, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Partisan websites such as Jewish virtual library and Palestine facts are not credible sources. You need to find a credible source, like I have provided.

 * And, again, this page is about Operation Litani, not about patterns you imagine you see in PLO's behaviour. If you want to start an article about PLO's bloodthirsy child killing patterns, feel free to take a fling at it, and include the material there.  As it is, it is a theory about the PLO, not information about Operation Litani.  Please stop intersting extraneous political agenda information in this article. (Sound familiar?) --style 23:31, 2004 Oct 24 (UTC)

 * The multiple websites provided are more credible than anything you've provided; if you doubt the veracity of any of the incidents listed please explain which one and why. The background section about Operation Litani is about the background to Operation Litani, which is a series of incidents between Palestinian groups in Lebanon and Israel.  The section itself already listed a number of incidents between Palestinian groups in Lebanon and Israel, going back for many years.  I filled in the other major incidents.  What would you suggest instead?  As for your "analogy", weak as always; this is an article about an on-going conflict, not a biography of an individual. Jayjg 23:58, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Do you seriously believe that those blatantly partisan websites are more credible than Robert Fisk, an internationally claimed war reporter? I cannot understand that position. I cannot accept your version, you have not put your cites in the article itself, and, worse, you removed one of my cites again, for reasons I cannot gather. --style 10:51, 2004 Oct 25 (UTC)

 * Fisk is well known for his highly political views; he is anything but impartial. In any event, I've provided sources, if you have sources which contradict them, feel free to provide them as well. Jayjg 16:13, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, and I've put your cite it; I'm glad to see you're willing to modify the previous false statement you had entered. Jayjg 16:24, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Well can't see why it is POV while an important discussions was made in the talk section.

If one part of the discussion quits due to huge pressions against him, and beacuase he knew that he can't "fight" alone the disinformation made by a well-established zionist "mafia" in wikeipedia, that doesn't mean that the article is disputed.

And why just revert the article? You can delete the npov, and keep the other info. The other info are more trustful then the list of incidents you (or others) "create" and put without any trustful link provided.

The backgroung section is known for any person who can think, that is is made like that to justify the invasion (and justify the kill of lebanese civilians).. If you want to put a background, put an exact background.. Like why paestinians act from lebanon (and not from jordany), and why they attack Israel (you didn't say they were kicked from their land in 1948)... You didn't say about the israeli attacks against lebanon before the invasion and etc....

lots of things you should put you didn't.. and when people try to put them, you just revert them//

Not very NPOV for me... Addoula 10:23, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * It's not my responsibility (or any other editor's) to NPOV someone else's edits; rather, it is their responsibility to edit in a NPOV way to begin with. If there is other relevant information that should be entered, and is entered in a NPOV way, then I'm all for it. And please review the No personal attacks policy. Jayjg  |  (Talk)  17:06, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Those attacks are REAL and happened... don't just delete them saying "give sources".. Tell me how can i found an internet link, from an English website that talk about that? In 1978, there were no online newspapers, there was no internet at all...

 * And about the attacks against israel, can you provide a source? (not an israeli or zionist source, just an independant source) can you? i think not...  And i am NOT attacking you... just look at NPOV and NPOV_dispute, you may understand better what is NPOV... Addoula 17:40, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Your claims are very specific; they state casualty numbers, and that the casualties were all "civilians". Please provide sources for these claims; a quick internet check was not able to turn up any of them.  If you can't provide any references, I will be forced to delete them again as unsubstantiated. Jayjg  |  (Talk)  17:52, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * My dear friend... the people killed were all civilians, they were not palestinians, neither policemen, and not from the lebanese army. Hezbollah didn't exist at that time... If you want some links, here is some :  [allaahuakbar.net/jew/israeli_massacres.htm]  ... And don't say they are the lebanese or arab point of view... Generally those "small" massacres and attacks are not  published in american websites, they only publishe massacre with more then 50 people killed, like the qana massacre, or they publish more recent attacks (since internet is widely used)... Addoula 10:05, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Addoula's and Style's comments are quite comical. These terrorist attacks are all well documented, and the only sources who dispute them are the same websites that say the halocaust was a Zionist lie and Jews run the world, and even they admit most happened they just say they were justified because Jews are fair game and evil.  It is hard to believe that someone claiming to be neutral would point the finger at a "Zionist Mafia" then expect people to take his word that he is unbiased.  Then again I am sure websites called "DeathMasters" or "Allahakbar" would be completely neutral, oh wait Addoula said not to say they are Arab point of view so I guess they can't be.  I am putting Jayg comments back on the article.- Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg

Text from History of Lebanon Article
I think some or all of this may find a proper home here. Kaisershatner 16:03, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

In August, Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin was re-elected, and in September, Begin and his defense minister Ariel Sharon began to lay plans for a second invasion of Lebanon for the purpose of driving out the PLO. Sharon's intention was to "destroy the PLO military infrastructure and, if possible, the PLO leadership itself; this would mean attacking West Beirut, where the PLO headquarters and command bunkers were located" (Smith, op. cit., p. 377). Sharon also wanted to "ensure the presidency of Bashir Gemayel, to be elected under Israeli auspices....As a payment for Israeli assistance, Sharon expected Gemayel, once installed as president, to sign a peace treaty with Israel, presumably stabilizing forever Israel's northern border" (Ibid.). Begin brought Sharon's plan before the Knesset in December 1981; however, after strong objections were raised, Begin felt compelled to set the plan aside. But Sharon continued to press the issue. In January 1982, Sharon met with Gemayel on an Israeli vessel off the coast of Lebanon and discussed a plan "that would bring Israeli forces as far north as the edge of Beirut International Airport" (Time, February 15, 1982, cited in Chomsky, op. cit., 195). In February, with Begin's input, Yehoshua Seguy, the chief of military intelligence, was sent to Washington to discuss the issue of Lebanon with Secretary of State Alexander Haig. In the meeting, Haig "stressed that there could be no assault without a major provocation from Lebanon" (Smith, op. cit., p. 378).

Thus far, there had not been such a provocation; in fact, during the entire effective period of the cease-fire, August 1981 to May 1982, there was a total of one PLO rocket attack from Lebanese territory, in May. The attack was a retaliation for Israel's May 9 bombing of PLO positions in Lebanon, which was itself a retaliation for the PLO bombing of a Jerusalem bus. (Chomsky, op. cit., p. 196-7.) This particular exchange points up a central problem with the cease-fire from the Israeli perspective: it applied only to the border with Lebanon, meaning that PLO attacks from other locations, such as Jordan and the West Bank, could (and did) continue unabated, while an Israeli response directed against the PLO in Lebanon would technically be a violation of the cease-fire. Arafat, for his part, refused to condemn attacks occuring outside of Lebanon, on the grounds that the cease-fire was only relevant to the Lebanese theater. (Smith, op. cit., p. 376). Arafat's interpretation underscored the fact that the cease-fire agreement did nothing to address ongoing violence between the PLO and Israel in other theaters. Israel thus continued to weather PLO attacks throughout the cease-fire period; at the same time, it violated the terms of the cease-fire by committing "2125 violations of Lebanese airspace and 652 violations of Lebanese territorial waters" from August 1981 to May 1982, including the abovementioned May 9 bombing and the April 21 bombing of coastal PLO targets south of Beirut (Chomsky, op. cit., p. 195; the figures on territorial violations are cited by Alexander Cockburn & James Ridgeway, Village Voice, June 22, 1982, quoting UN records).

 * Not here; I suggest this belongs to the 1982 (Big/Little Pines) invasion of Lebanon, not 1978 (Operation Litani) invasion. Joffan 19:43, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

Reverting
Yuber and Guy, please discuss your differences here on talk without continually reverting to previous versions. SlimVirgin (talk) 00:26, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

I tried to put in some compromise wording. In particular, as I am not sure that everyone here is a native speaker of English, I would like to emphasize that "attack" is significantly stronger and pejorative compared to "invasion." So this back and forth makes no sense at all, as it is opposite to Guy'a and Yuber's apparent POVs. Otherwise I tried to keep all the disputed material in here, whether or not I thought it was relevant or correct, and tried to meld Guy's and Yuber's wording where I thought it would help. I think it is a good thing that people fight about things they care about here, but I think the process should converge, however slowly, and people should argue about specific texts one by one. After all, what's the point of writing something that is completely impermanent, never getting to a text which might not be your preferred one, but is an acceptable compromise?--John Z 14:46, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Yuber, if you revert one more time cited information that is relevent, this page will be locked. Syrian withdrawal is relevent because it relates to UN SC Resolution 425. Read the article first.

Guy Montag 02:50, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This article is about the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. What does Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon have to do with it?Yuber(talk) 03:50, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I must be dealing with a blind man. It says:"The twenty nine year Syrian military occupation of Lebanon has led to UN Security Council Resolution 1559 demanding the remaining 14,000 (of 50,000 originally) Syrian troop withdrawal and the dismantling of Hezbollah and Palestinian militias."

Can you read that Yuber? I bolded it just for you since you have a tendency to not read and erase what you don't like. That Withdrawal directly relates to that passage; that is why it is directly beneath what I bolded. I am not dealing with your nonsense anymore.

Guy Montag 01:06, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Regarding the request for page protection, isn't it possible for you both to reach an agreement instead? Yuber, it would be best to find a source other than Fisk for precise figures because he has a tendency to exaggerate. Guy, I don't see the need for a separate section on Syrian withdrawal. I'd probably just tack it onto the end of the last paragraph, like this:

"The 29-year Syrian military occupation of Lebanon led to UN Security Council Resolution 1559 demanding that the remaining 14,000 (of 50,000 originally) Syrian troops withdraw, and that the Hezbollah and Palestinian militias be dismantled. Following the passage of this resolution, and in the aftermath of the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, the last Syrian troops left Lebanon on April 26,2005. SlimVirgin (talk) 04:11, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)"

Resolution 425 has nothing to do with Syria, it is only about Israel.Yuber(talk) 04:16, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Guy and Yuber - none of the disputed sections were "mine" and I don't vouch for their accuracy or relevance, so please don't call them mine. As I didn't want to censor anyone, I just put together a version that contained all the disputed edits, which I thought "belonged" to one of you.--John Z 12:27, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Israeli occupation
We cannot call Syria's presence an occupation and Israel's not an occupation. It's either they both are, or they both aren't.

Here's a source showing that Israel withdrew its own forces: After consultations throughout the weekend, the Security Council this afternoon endorsed the work done by the United Nations as mandated by the Security Council, including the Secretary-General’s conclusion that, as of 16 June, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with Security Council resolution 425 (1978). Yuber(talk) 00:45, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I made a new article where this can be discussed: Israeli occupation of Lebanon. Yuber(talk) 01:02, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

Yuber, WP:POINT is a terrible reason for creating an article. Please stop doing it. Jayjg (talk) 01:39, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Weren't you the one who made this earlier edit ? I thought there was an agreement that either both are presences or both are occupations. Yuber(talk) 01:42, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Yuber, I'm talking about the article you created for WP:POINT, please don't try to re-direct. Jayjg (talk) 15:58, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

Yuber stated: "We cannot call Syria's presence an occupation and Israel's not an occupation. It's either they both are, or they both aren't." I understand your point, however after the inital Israeli invasion of lebanon they really only controlled south lebanon through the SLA, while Syria continued to station it's own troops in Lebanon. So in my opinion, presence is an accurate word, as long as it is used to only refer to the time period after the initial invasion.- Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg | Talk 02:26, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * No offense, but that is just POV-pushing and you are just trying to make your POV seem neutral. Israel had military forces in its "security-zone" for 18 years and the UN and the international community verified this.  When Israel withdrew its forces, the SLA was overrun by Hezbollah and the Lebanese government. Yuber(talk) 02:29, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

Wow Yuber, that is amazing that you can just read my mind like that, are you pyschic? Give me a break, how could you be so pretentious as to presume you know my motives? 1. Israel definitely occupied Lebanon for a substantial period of time. 2. After the war became increasingly unpopular back home they withdrew to the 20 mile strip in south lebanon, to avoid taking casualties they left the defence of this area up to the SLA which they supplied and supported. 3. Since Israel actually had very few soldiers in south lebanon it is better described as a presence instead of a military occupation. I am not saying that in this situation it was any better but it is still what it was. - Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg | Talk 07:40, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

If there's a controversy about the name (occupation or presence), it's not for you to decide. If there's in the world different views you should include them in the article after stating which party support it. The only thing you should discuss is the title which is luckily totally NPOV. As for your method, they're wrong and misleading. First, no one is putting evidence or references, he's just stating his own point, which would be called original research. And why this discussion has turned into a political battle to proove who's right? Wikipedia is not a place for this. I recommend you to take example from the introduction of the Hezbollah article, which may be the only Lebanese controversial article that is NPOV. All views are stated and by which parties. In addition it's written that Hezbollah has an army, but also that he runs hospitals. A perfectly NPOV intro. And if the military presence of Syria in Lebanon is used as an argument, it shouldn't because this very name is still POV and under discussion in Syrian occupation of Lebanon. Finally, I'll state my point of view: The Syrian presence wasn't an occupation in the usual meaning of the word. There wasn't a Syrian invasion, it was invited. It could be compared to the Soviet Union pressure on its satellit countries, which aren't called as an occupation in Wikipedia. Anyway, it isn't the place to discuss this, go instead to Talk:Syrian occupation of Lebanon. I'm also opposing to the fact that Israeli-users aren't taking the UN POV as a reference, Which I find it very NPOV. A similar thing happened on the article Qana where the word massacre was ommited even if it was recognised as this by the UN. One last thing, Yuber and Guy Montag, your revert wars are really annoying the community. Please before doing any edits discuss it. It's ok if the article remains POV a little time as long as a consensus is reached. CG 07:20, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

You are suggesting that we have to accept the UN's viewpoint or else we are being POV? That is so ridiculous as to be comical. I reverted Yuber's edit once, that is hardly a revert war. Did you join this argument just to act superior to other editors? If so I think it would make sense to at least pretend you are unbiased.- Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg | Talk 10:12, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Don't take me wrong. I'm not here to act superiority or to threat anyone, but it's my right to criticise some editors' methods. About the UN's neglected viewpoint, but also about some editors trying to express therir own viewpoint. We don't care about these POVs but about each party opinion involved in any article, with good references. What is sometimes done is to find a compromise instead of embracing all opinions. CG 11:51, 19 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I've found a compromise by removing the contentious bit of text altogether. It didn't add anything to the article, and the UN Resolution it referred to didn't mention occupation. Jayjg (talk) 19:42, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Introduction
The introduction misleads the reader on the UN Security Council decisions. Resolution 425 calls on an immediate withdrawal of the Israeli army from Lebanon before deciding on creating an interim force. The resolution is more important than the force itself and if any of them to be mentioned in the introduction, it is the resolution. Cheers--A rihani 09:57, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The suggested introduction is as follows, please comment. --A rihani 10:01, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Operation Litani was the official name of the Israel Defense Forces 1978 invasion of Lebanon up to the Litani river. It was a military success, as PLO forces were pushed north of the river. The Lebanese claims led the United Nations Security Council to adopt Resolution 425, which called on Israel for an immediate withdrawal and created the interim peacekeeping force, UNIFIL. Following Reolution 425, Israel carried out a partial withdrawal which was followed by another invasion four years later.
 * The above intro will replace the current one in 24 hours if no comments were posted. Cheers--A rihani 10:25, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think anyone cares for your blackmailing attempts: "say something or else". You've already inserted that into several times. Please remember that the intro is meant to summarize the article, not to repeat it, and the current intro does a fairly decent job at summarizing. Pecher Talk 11:56, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Come on, blackmail is something I will never consider doing. I am sorry that you took it that way. Apologies for all. Anyways, the introduction is better now. However, I do not think it does its job in summarizing the article because a major consequence of the invasion is Resolution 425 which calls on immediate withdrawal and decides on sending peacekeeping forces. I would appreciate if you better explain your point of view against mentioning that resolution. Cheers--A rihani 13:01, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Why "Partial withdrawl"?
According to all I know, Israel withrew completely from Lebanon by June 1978. Do you have any sources to the contrary?85.250.252.140 16:03, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

NPOV

 * "The background was rather sparse, missing many of the most famous attacks on Israel by Palestians from Lebanon, though it did seem to cover the most famous attacks by Israel on Palestinian or Lebanese targets."

Well, now Wikipedia has done the opposite - this article overwhelmingly focuses on attacks by Palestinians from Lebanon on Israel, but downplays attacks on Lebanese and Palestinians targets by Israel. The article should let us know the number of Israelis killed by Palestinians from 1969 to 1978 and the number of Palestinians and Lebanese killed by Israel from 1969 to 1978. Even worse, the article only gives one sentence to the number of Lebanese civilians killed by Operation Litani.

Talking about the background to Operation Litani, it's also worth noting that,with the exception of the Coastal Road Massacre, virtually all the attacks Jayig mentions occured in 1975 or before. As Benny Morris writes, "By 1975-6 the IDF had managed substantially to seal the northern border and the Meditteranean coastline against PLO incurisions. The main means were the electronically monitored barbed-wire fence, flanked by minefields, which stretched from the slopes of Mount Hermon to the Meditteranean; ambushes and patrols, many of them inside Lebanese territory; and land, air and sea radar and other surveillance systems" (Benny Morris, Righteous Victims, p.499).

This article takes as its starting point that Operation Litani was to protect Israeli civilians, and doesn't even entertain the Palestinian viewpoint that the Coastal Road Massacre was a pretext, and that the real purpose of Operation Litanti being to weaken or destroy the PLO as a political force. Let me quote Noam Chomsky (if Jayig can quote the Jewish Virtual Library, I can quote Chomsky):

"From the early 1970s, Lebanon was drawn into the conflict as a result of cross-border PLO terror and far more destructive Israeli attacks on Lebanon, sometimes retaliatory, often not. Thus in February 1973, Israeli forces attacked north of Beirut, killing many civilians, in a raid justified as preemptive. In December 1975, Israeli bombing killed over 50 Lebanese in an attack Israel described as "preventive, not punitive"; it appears to have been a reaction to the UN Security Council meeting debating the diplomatic settlement that Israel opposed and Washington vetoed. There are many other examples. " (Israel, Lebanon, and the "Peace Process", Noam Chomsky, Z Magazine, April 23, 1996)

Similarly, this is what the Egyptian Daily Al-Ahram (March 17, 1978) wrote at the time of Operation Litani:

"[The Israeli occupation of South Lebanon] indicates that Israeli intends to add new cards to the hands she hopes to use for exerting pressure and bargaining in future negotiations, cards that will be taken from the Arab hand."

And the Jordanian Daily Al-Dustur (March 16, 1978) wrote that: "The slogan of vengeance was used as a cover for other motives. These motives were essentially political....Washington and Tel Aviv, and some Arab Capitals, all want to see a different 'Palestinian legitimacy' from the present one, and as the Arabs concerned have been unable to effect this change, it was decided that Israel could pave the way for it by striking at the basic material of the present legitimacy - the fighting Palestinian."

The Palestinian viewpoint may be wrong, but it violates the mission of Wikipedia to leave it out of the article. --Peter FH 15:45, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

New standard name
Name changed in acccordance to the guidelines. Operation Litani was Israeli-POV -- TheFE ARgod (Ч) 14:16, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

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BetacommandBot (talk) 05:08, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Preamble
I've added some history relating to this conflict at Maroun al-Ras. It details events starting March 1, 1978, two weeks prior to the invasion. __meco (talk) 10:11, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I still believe this article is amiss for not including mention of that. __meco (talk) 07:06, 1 April 2012 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/22f431edb91c6f548525678a0051be1d/bb095796d02d589785256b910058cc00!OpenDocument
 * In History of Lebanon on 2011-03-29 15:05:24, 404 Not Found
 * In 1978 South Lebanon conflict on 2011-05-25 04:48:43, 404 Not Found
 * In 1978 South Lebanon conflict on 2011-06-07 00:35:20, 404 Not Found

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Infobox "Result"
Please note that Template:Infobox military conflict states against "result" that "this parameter may use one of two standard terms: "X victory" or "Inconclusive"." The infobox has been amended to reflect this. Please read the template "result" guidance in full before amending or reverting. It would probably be best to discuss any proposed change here first to seek consensus. Thanks. Gog the Mild (talk) 17:50, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

10,000 killed
10,000 Lebanese and PalestiniNs were killed according to Robert Fisk. Intro is biased and not sourced Lebanesebebe123 (talk) 16:53, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:1978 South Lebanon conflict


text:
Greatest Hits (Thin Lizzy album)

Greatest Hits is a double-CD compilation of Thin Lizzy songs released in 2004.

Track listing
All tracks written by Phil Lynott unless stated.

Disc 1

 * 1) "The Boys Are Back in Town" from Jailbreak
 * 2) "Jailbreak" from Jailbreak
 * 3) "Don't Believe a Word" from Johnny the Fox
 * 4) "Dancing in the Moonlight (It's Caught Me in Its Spotlight)" from Bad Reputation
 * 5) "Rosalie" [Live] (Bob Seger) from Live and Dangerous
 * 6) "Waiting for an Alibi" from Black Rose: A Rock Legend
 * 7) "Do Anything You Want To" from Black Rose: A Rock Legend
 * 8) "Sarah" (Lynott, Gary Moore) from Black Rose: A Rock Legend
 * 9) "Chinatown" (Brian Downey, Scott Gorham, Lynott, Snowy White) from Chinatown
 * 10) "Killer on the Loose" from Chinatown
 * 11) "Trouble Boys" (Billy Bremner) Non-album single
 * 12) "Hollywood (Down on Your Luck)" [Live] (Gorham, Lynott) from Renegade
 * 13) "Cold Sweat" (Lynott, John Sykes) from Thunder and Lightning
 * 14) "Thunder and Lightning" (Downey, Lynott) from Thunder and Lightning
 * 15) "The Sun Goes Down" (Lynott, Darren Wharton) from Thunder and Lightning
 * 16) "Dedication" from Dedication: The Very Best of Thin Lizzy
 * 17) "Still in Love with You" from Nightlife
 * 18) "She Knows" (Gorham, Lynott) from Nightlife
 * 19) "Yellow Pearl" (Lynott, Midge Ure) from Solo in Soho *

Disc 2

 * 1) "Whiskey in the Jar" (Trad., arr. Eric Bell, Downey, Lynott) Non-album single
 * 2) "Out in the Fields" (Moore) from Run for Cover †
 * 3) "Parisienne Walkways" (Lynott, Moore) from Back on the Streets ‡
 * 4) "Emerald" [Live] (Downey, Gorham, Lynott, Brian Robertson) from Live and Dangerous
 * 5) "Bad Reputation" (Downey, Gorham, Lynott) from Bad Reputation
 * 6) "Wild One" from Fighting
 * 7) "Fighting My Way Back" from Fighting
 * 8) "Showdown" from Nightlife
 * 9) "Black Rose" (Lynott, Moore) from Black Rose: A Rock Legend
 * 10) "Dear Miss Lonely Hearts" (Jimmy Bain, Lynott) from Solo in Soho *
 * 11) "The Rocker" (Bell, Downey, Lynott) from Vagabonds of the Western World
 * 12) "Are You Ready" [Live] (Downey, Gorham, Lynott, Robertson) from Life
 * 13) "Renegade" (Lynott, White) from Renegade
 * 14) "King's Call" from Solo in Soho *
 * 15) "Angel of Death" (Lynott, Wharton) from Renegade
 * 16) "Cowboy Song" [Live At The Sydney Opera House 1979] (Lynott, Downey) Previously unreleased
 * 17) "The Boys Are Back in Town" [Live At The Sydney Opera House 1979] Previously unreleased

DVD

 * 1) "The Boys Are Back In Town"
 * 2) "Don’t Believe A Word" (Live)
 * 3) "Dancing In The Moonlight" (Live)
 * 4) "Rosalie" (Live)
 * 5) "Waiting For An Alibi"
 * 6) "Do Anything You Want To"
 * 7) "Sarah"
 * 8) "Chinatown"
 * 9) "Killer On The Loose"
 * 10) "Thunder And Lightning" (Live)
 * 11) "Bad Reputation" (Live)
 * 12) "King’s Call" by Phil Lynott
 * 13) "The Rocker"
 * 14) "With Love"
 * 15) "Dear Miss Lonely Hearts" by Phil Lynott
 * 16) "That Woman" (Live)
 * 17) "Johnny The Fox"
 * 18) "Wild One"
 * 19) "Whiskey In The Jar" (TOTP 1.2.73)

* Phil Lynott
 * All tracks by Thin Lizzy except:

† Gary Moore and Phil Lynott

‡ Gary Moore

Personnel

 * Phil Lynott – bass guitar, vocals
 * Brian Downey – drums, percussion
 * Eric Bell – guitar on disc 2: tracks 1 & 11
 * Scott Gorham – guitar on disc 1: tracks 1–7, 9–18; disc 2: tracks 4–10, 12, 13, 15–17
 * Brian Robertson – guitar on disc 1: tracks 1–3, 5, 17 & 18; disc 2: tracks 4, 6–8, 12, 16 & 17
 * Gary Moore – guitar on disc 1: tracks 6–8; disc 2: tracks 2, 3 & 9; vocals on disc 2: track 2
 * Snowy White – guitar on disc 1: tracks 9–12; disc 2: tracks 10, 13 & 15
 * John Sykes – guitar on disc 1: tracks 13–15
 * Mark Knopfler – guitar on disc 2: track 14
 * Darren Wharton – keyboards on disc 1: tracks 9–15; disc 2: tracks 13 & 15
 * Midge Ure – keyboards on disc 1: track 19
 * Mark Nauseef – drums on disc 2: tracks 16 & 17

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Greatest Hits (Thin Lizzy album)


text:
Coldbackie

Coldbackie (Callbacaidh) is a crofting township in Sutherland and is in the Scottish council area of Highland Scotland.

Geography
Coldbackie lies at the mouth of the Kyle of Tongue, 2 mi north east of Tongue. It sits under Cnoc an Fhreiceadain (the Watch Hill), looking north across Tongue Bay to the Rabbit Islands. It is one of a series of townships, running from Tongue along the A836 to Blandy. The township of Scullomie is 1 mi to the north.

Etymology
The name Coldbackie could have old Norse or Gaelic roots. The place name Coldbackie is not unique to the Kyle of Tongue, with there being two Coldbacks in Shetland (in Unst and Delting) and one in north west Iceland, both areas where Norse roots would be more likely. Omand, in The Sutherland book, translates Coldbackie as kula-bakki, bank with the bump, whilst Stewart, in Place names of Shetland says that Coldbacks is Cold Hill.

title: Coldbackie


text:
Owen Chadwick

William Owen Chadwick (20 May 1916 – 17 July 2015) was a British Anglican priest, academic, rugby international, writer and prominent historian of Christianity. As a leading academic, Chadwick became Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History in 1958, serving until 1968, and from 1968 to 1983 was Regius Professor of History. Chadwick was elected master of Selwyn College, Cambridge, and served from 1956 to 1983.

In his obituaries, Chadwick was described as "one of the great religious historians of our time" by The Independent, and as "one of the most remarkable men of letters of the 20th century" by The Guardian.

Early life and education
Chadwick was born in Bromley, Kent, in 1916, the third of six children of John Chadwick, a barrister, and his wife Edith (née Horrocks). His father died in 1925. He was an elder brother of the Very Reverend Henry Chadwick, also a distinguished professor and historian of the early Church, and a younger brother of Sir John Chadwick KCMG, a diplomat whose senior posting was as British Ambassador to Romania.

His eldest brother was sent to Eton College, but Chadwick was educated at Tonbridge School from 1929 to 1935. He was school captain and captain of the rugby team. He then studied classics at St John's College, Cambridge. He received three Blues in rugby playing as hooker for Cambridge University R.U.F.C. in the annual Varsity Match against Oxford University in 1936, 1937 and 1938 (as captain). In 1936, during his first year at Cambridge, he was selected to tour with a British Lions team in their third trip to Argentina. Although no caps were awarded on this tour, Chadwick did play in the one match against the full Argentina side, playing in his favoured position of hooker in a 23–0 victory. The British team won all ten of its matches. During the 1937/38 season, Chadwick played for invitational touring side, the Barbarians.

Chadwick graduated with a First in History in 1938. Having been influenced by Martin Charlesworth and Martin Niemöller in 1938, he took a First in theology at Cambridge in 1939. He then attended Cuddesdon Theological College and was ordained to the diaconate and priesthood of the Church of England in 1940 and 1941, respectively.

He served as a curate at St John's Church in Huddersfield for two years and was then chaplain of Wellington College in Berkshire until the end of the Second World War.

He also played rugby during the war, for Blackheath, and for an England team that played against New Zealand.

Cambridge career
After the war, he was made chaplain and Fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in 1947, and then Dean of Chapel. He became a university theology lecturer in 1949 and published his first book on the 5th-century monk John Cassian in 1950.

In 1958 he was named Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Cambridge University. He then became an honorary fellow at St John's College, Cambridge, in 1964. A few years later, in 1968, he was elected to the position of Regius Professor of Modern History, an ancient chair, which he held until 1982, and was President of the British Academy during the early 1980s. As vice-chancellor from 1969 to 1971, he guided Cambridge through turbulent times in the late 1960s, including the Garden House riot in 1970. He was also elected president of Cambridge University RFC in 1973.

In the 1960s and 1970s, he was suggested as a potential Archbishop of Canterbury, but is thought to have declined the offer of a bishop's mitre more than once. He chaired the Archbishops' Commission on Church and State (1966–1970), known as the Chadwick Commission, which recommended that Parliament should pass the regulation of the church to a General Synod rather than disestablishment.

He was Hensley Henson Lecturer in Theology at Oxford University in 1975–76, and Ford Lecturer in English History at Oxford in 1980–81. He retired as Regius Professor and master of Selwyn College, Cambridge, in 1983. He had become a fellow of the British Academy in 1962, and was its president from 1981 to 1985. He was also a trustee of the National Portrait Gallery from 1978 to 1994, and was chancellor of the University of East Anglia from 1984 to 1994.

Owen Chadwick served as a member of the Historical Manuscripts Commission for a period prior to 1992.

Selwyn College, Cambridge
Chadwick was elected master of Selwyn College, Cambridge, in 1955. Installed in 1956, Chadwick was the longest-serving Master of Selwyn by the time he retired after 27 years, in 1983. During his time as master, Selwyn became a full college of Cambridge University, in 1958 (though it had been founded back in 1882), and it ceased to require its students to be communicant members of the Church of England. As Master of Selwyn, Chadwick completed several major building projects, including the new Cripps Court (not to be confused with the similarly named Cripps at Queens' College, Cambridge). Selwyn College was not the first Oxbridge college to admit women students alongside men, but it adopted the practice relatively early on in 1976. Under Chadwick's years as master, the numbers of fellows and postgraduates at Selwyn were doubled, greatly increasing the research output of the college. Chadwick took a keen interest in college sports and was elected to membership of the Hermes Club.

Books
Chadwick wrote about such issues as the formation of the papacy in the modern world; about Lord Acton; about the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century; about the Church of England in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, and about the secularisation of Europe in thought and culture. He participated in the debate about the role of Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust during World War II.

With his brother, Henry, Chadwick edited the Oxford History of the Christian Church (1981–2010), to which he contributed three of its twelve volumes: "The Popes and European Revolution" (1980); "A History of the Popes 1830–1914" (1998); and "The Early Reformation on the Continent" (2003). Chadwick was awarded the Wolfson History Prize in 1981.

Owen Chadwick was also General Editor of the Penguin (formerly Pelican) History of the Church, to which he contributed the third volume (The Reformation), the seventh (The Christian Church in the Cold War, 1992) and the last two chapters of the sixth ("A History of Christian Missions", second edition 1986). His brother Henry wrote the first volume in the series (The Early Church, 1967).

Among Chadwick's other books are:
 * John Cassian: A Study in Primitive Monasticism (1950)
 * The Founding of Cuddesdon (1954)
 * From Bossuet to Newman (1957)
 * The Sayings of the Fathers (1958)
 * Mackenzie’s Grave (1959) (on a bishop sent to the Zambesi in the 19th century)
 * Victorian Miniature (1960) (based on parallel diaries of the squire and parson at Ketteringham in Norfolk covering several decades of the early 19th century)
 * The Victorian Church (in two volumes, 1966 and 1970)
 * The Secularization of the European Mind in the 19th Century (1975) (based on his Gifford Lectures in 1973–74)
 * Newman (in the OUP's "Past Masters" series; 1983)
 * Hensley Henson: A study in the Friction between Church and State (1983)
 * A History of Christianity (1995)
 * The Early Reformation on the Continent (2001)

Honours
Chadwick was appointed Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1982 New Year Honours. As a priest he did not receive the accolade and so remained styled as "The Revd Owen Chadwick" rather than "Sir Owen Chadwick". He was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM) on 11 November 1983. A memorial to him and his brother was unveiled at Westminster Abbey on 2 February 2018.

Personal life
Chadwick married Ruth Hallward in 1949; she died before him, in January 2015. He was survived by two sons and two daughters. Chadwick died at the age of 99 on 17 July 2015.

After retiring, Chadwick lived with his wife in Newnham, in Cambridge, but also spent time in Cley next the Sea in Norfolk, where he was priest in charge.

title: Owen Chadwick


text: Category:Tourism in India

title: Category:Tourism in India


text:
User talk:Andrew J.

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia.

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title: User talk:Andrew J.


text:
Goa People's Congress

Goa People's Congress (GPC) was a splinter group of the Indian National Congress in Goa. GPC broke away from INC in 2000 under the leadership of Francisco Sardinha.

GPC formed a coalition government in the state together with Bharatiya Janata Party with Sardinha as Chief Minister. That government lasted nine months. After having broken relations to GPC, BJP continued to govern with support form other Congress dissidents. After the fall of the Sardinha cabinet two GPC members of the legislative assembly, led by Dayanand Narvekar, broke away and formed a parallel GPC.

Sardinha's GPC merged with Indian National Congress on April 5, 2001. Narvekar's GPC merged with INC August 27 the same year.

List of Chief Minister

 * Francisco Sardinha
 * First term: 24 November 1999 to 23 October 2000

title: Goa People's Congress


text:
Redcliff, Alberta

Redcliff is a town in southern Alberta, Canada. Adjacent to the City of Medicine Hat to the east and Cypress County to the west and north, the town is bisected by Highway 1 (Trans-Canada Highway) and is located on the north bank of the South Saskatchewan River.

Situated at a high elevation relative to the surrounding landscape, the Town of Redcliff offers views of the South Saskatchewan River valley, the City of Medicine Hat, and Cypress Hills. The cliffs that overlook the river valley resemble badland formations.

History
Redcliff's history began in the 1880s with the discovery of abundant coal and natural gas reserves. Access to this inexpensive resource led to Redcliff being promoted as the "Smokeless manufacturing centre of the West". This drew industries that manufactured diverse products such as shoes, gloves, cigars, trucks, bricks, glass, and flour among others. On June 25, 1915, a violent F4 tornado (at the time called a cyclone) ravaged several of these businesses, thus starting a decline in Redcliff's economy. World War I and a flu epidemic ended the economic prosperity. The community experienced a resurgence in growth following World War II.

Name
The name of the town originated from the elevated red shale banks of the South Saskatchewan River. Currently, Redcliff is spelled as one word without an 'E', however historically it has been spelled Redcliffe, Red Cliff, and Red-Cliff.

Originally, the town was slated to be named Stonerville, after the town's doctor.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Redcliff had a population of 5,581 living in 2,186 of its 2,276 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 5,600. With a land area of 16.15 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Redcliff recorded a population of 5,600 living in 2,159 of its 2,232 total private dwellings, a NaN% change from its 2011 population of 5,588. With a land area of 16.25 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

In 2022 Redcliff had a total population of 6,104 a year over year increase of 3.83%.

Economy

The primary industries that support the local economy relate to oil and gas and the climate of southern Alberta. Numerous businesses in Redcliff and area provide drilling and pipeline services to support the oil and gas industry. The area's sunny climate and abundance of affordable natural gas reserves has contributed to the establishment of a sizable greenhouse industry. Greenhouse products include vegetables (sweet bell peppers, beefsteak tomatoes, tomatoes on the vine, and long English cucumbers), a variety of flowering plants, and some trees.

In the past, Redcliff was known for the production of glass, brick and pottery products. Some of these factories have since moved to Medicine Hat, such as the IXL brick plant, while others are no longer in existence.

Redcliff is a member of the Economic Development Alliance of Southeast Alberta.

Culture

 * Redcliff Museum
 * Redcliff Public Library

Attractions

Redcliff has the following attractions:
 * an aquatic centre featuring a heated 25 m outdoor pool with varying depths and a heated children's pool with a water play structure;
 * the Redcliff Rectangle, a multi-purpose ice hockey facility;
 * a curling rink featuring three sheets of ice;
 * six parks including the 3 acre River Valley Park adjacent to the South Saskatchewan River that features a kitchen, washrooms, firepit, and walking trails;
 * the 18-hole Riverview Golf Course adjacent to the Riverview residential subdivision and the cliffs of the South Saskatchewan River valley;
 * the Redcliff Campground that has capacity for 48 units;
 * four softball/baseball diamonds of various sizes; and
 * a BMX track.
 * a skate park.
 * A free to the public outdoor splash park (Located at Lions Park)
 * Seniors drop in centre.
 * Redcliff Days (typically occurs in June of each year)
 * Redcliff also has a vast network of bicycle and walking trails.

Education
The Prairie Rose School Division No. 8 operates the following four schools in Redcliff that provide programming for children from kindergarten through grade 12.

 * Isabel F. Cox Elementary School (K–3)
 * Margaret Wooding Elementary School (4–6)
 * Parkside Junior High School (7–9)
 * Redcliff Mennonite Alternative Program Outreach School (K-12), was previously located in Redcliff, and is now located in the City of Medicine Hat.

High school students attend Eagle Butte High School in Dunmore, or enter the Medicine Hat School District No. 76 or Medicine Hat Catholic Separate Regional Division No. 20 for grades 10 through 12.

title: Redcliff, Alberta


text:
Hiawatha (train)

The Hiawathas were a fleet of named passenger trains operated by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (also known as the Milwaukee Road) between Chicago and various destinations in the Midwest and Western United States. The most notable of these trains was the original Twin Cities Hiawatha, which served the Twin Cities in Minnesota. The train was named for the epic poem The Song of Hiawatha by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

History
The first Hiawatha trains ran in 1935. By 1948, five routes carried the Hiawatha name:

 * The Twin Cities Hiawatha — the main line route from Chicago through Milwaukee to St. Paul and Minneapolis, in Morning and Afternoon editions
 * The North Woods Hiawatha — a spur route off the Chicago-Minnesota main line leading from New Lisbon to Minocqua, Wisconsin
 * The Chippewa-Hiawatha — connected Chicago to Ontonagon in Michigan's Upper Peninsula via Milwaukee and Green Bay, Wisconsin
 * The Midwest Hiawatha — used the Milwaukee Road's mainline across Illinois and Iowa to Sioux Falls, South Dakota and Omaha, Nebraska (the train split into two parts in Manilla, Iowa)
 * The Olympian Hiawatha — which traversed the Milwaukee mainline from Chicago-Twin Cities-Seattle/Tacoma.

Twin Cities Hiawatha
The Twin Cities Hiawatha was the original Hiawatha, beginning service between Chicago and the Twin Cities on May 29, 1935. The Hiawatha used styled streamlined Class A 4-4-2 steam locomotives built by the American Locomotive Company and was intended to compete directly with the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad's (Burlington Route) Twin Cities Zephyrs and Chicago and North Western Railway's Twin Cities 400.

The Milwaukee Road added a second train to the route on January 21, 1939, and the two trains were known as the Morning Hiawatha and Afternoon Hiawatha, although the brand Twin Cities Hiawatha was often employed. In 1947–1948, the Milwaukee Road again re-equipped its major passenger routes with new lightweight equipment. The Morning Hiawatha (trains 5 and 6) and Afternoon Hiawatha (trains 3 and 2) continued to operate between Chicago and Minneapolis until the latter train was discontinued on January 23, 1970. The last runs of the Morning Hiawatha were on April 30, 1971, immediately prior to the introduction of Amtrak.

Midwest Hiawatha
With the delivery of the 1938 trainsets, the original 1935 Hiawatha equipment was reassigned to the Chicago to Omaha/Sioux City route where it ran as the Midwest Hiawatha. The service began on December 11, 1940. The final trip for the Midwest Hiawatha from all terminals occurred on October 29, 1955. On the next day, October 30, 1955, the Milwaukee Road assumed operation of Union Pacific Railroad's City of San Francisco, City of Los Angeles, City of Denver, City of Portland and Challenger trains. The Midwest Hiawatha became two Sioux Falls-Chicago coaches that combined with the Challenger in Manilla. The Milwaukee Road dropped the name altogether in April 1956.

North Woods Hiawatha
The North Woods Hiawatha began in June 1936, branching off from the main Hiawatha route in New Lisbon, Wisconsin to serve Minocqua, Wisconsin. The Milwaukee Road dropped the Hiawatha moniker in 1956 and discontinued the service altogether in 1970.

Olympian Hiawatha
A new long-distance Hiawatha, the Olympian Hiawatha from Chicago to the Pacific Northwest, was inaugurated in 1947. The sleeper cars and Skytop sleepers were not delivered until late 1948 and early 1949, so the train ran with Pullman heavyweights on the rear end, until delivery of the new cars. The train was designed by the famous designer Brooks Stevens of Milwaukee. Six Creek-series 8-bedroom Skytop lounge-sleepers were created, which had more windows and a more bulbous rear end than their Rapids-series parlor Skytop counterparts on the Morning Hiawatha and Afternoon Hiawatha. This train ceased operations on May 22, 1961, and the surplus equipment was sold to Canadian National Railways. One car, #15 Coffee Creek from the Olympian Hiawatha, is undergoing restoration.

Chippewa-Hiawatha
The Chippewa began in May 1937, running north through Milwaukee and Green Bay to Channing, Michigan (later extended to Ontonagon). It carried the Hiawatha moniker between 1948-1957 and was discontinued in 1960.

Amtrak
Under Amtrak, which assumed control of most intercity passenger rail service in the United States on May 1, 1971, the Hiawatha name survived in two forms. The first was a Chicago–Milwaukee–Minneapolis service, known simply as the Hiawatha. This would be renamed the Twin Cities Hiawatha, then extended to Seattle and renamed the North Coast Hiawatha. This service ended in 1979.

The second was a Chicago–Milwaukee corridor known as the Hiawatha Service (as opposed to Hiawatha). Although Amtrak had retained Chicago–Milwaukee service during the transition, it did not name these trains until October 29, 1972. At this time both Hiawatha and Hiawatha Service could be found on the same timetable. Amtrak used a variety of names for this service between 1976–1989 before returning to the Hiawatha Service brand, which remains today and continues to use the Milwaukee Road's (now Canadian Pacific and in-name-only subsidiary Soo Line Railroad) route between Chicago and Milwaukee.

Legacy
The All Aboard! 20th Century American Trains series of postage stamps from the United States Postal Service commemorated a Hiawatha train pulled by an F7 locomotive.

title: Hiawatha (train)


text:
User talk:Quasar writer

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title: User talk:Quasar writer


text:
East Danes

East Dane is an Anglo-Saxon ethnonym which was used in the epic Beowulf as a kenning for the Geats, the people of Götaland without Scania in southern Sweden.

It was also used in an Anglo-Saxon runic poem describing the first appearance of the god Frey (called Ing, see Yngvi):

 * Ing wæs ærest mid Eástdenum
 * gesewen secgum, oð he síððan eást
 * ofer wæg gewát. wæn æfter ran.
 * þus Heardingas þone hæle nemdon.

 * Ing was first amidst the East Danes
 * so seen, until he went eastward
 * over the sea. His wagon ran after.
 * Thus the Heardings named that hero.

In Scandinavian mythology (Ynglinga saga and Gesta Danorum), the first appearance of Frey was localised to Sweden and Old Uppsala, where he founded the Temple at Uppsala:

The Ynglinga saga:
 * Frey built a great temple at Upsal, made it his chief seat, and gave it all his taxes, his land, and goods. Then began the Upsal domains, which have remained ever since.

Gesta Danorum:
 * Also Frey, the regent of the gods, took his abode not far from Upsala, where he exchanged for a ghastly and infamous sin-offering the old custom of prayer by sacrifice, which had been used by so many ages and generations. For he paid to the gods abominable offerings, by beginning to slaughter human victims.

Since Dane was used as a generic expression for Scandinavian, it can be hypothesized that the name East Dane of the runic poem refers to Scandinavians living east of the Danes proper (i.e. Swedes and Geats).

title: East Danes


text:
Bakka-Phoenix

Bakka-Phoenix Science Fiction & Fantasy Bookstore is an independent bookstore in Toronto, Ontario, which specializes in science fiction and fantasy literature.

It was started on Toronto's then-bohemian Queen Street West in May 1972 as a combined science-fiction and comic book store called Bakka, a name taken by founding owner Charles McKee (born 1 December 1947) from a Fremen legend in Frank Herbert's novel Dune; Bakka was "the weeper who mourns for all mankind." The comic-book business split off early on, becoming The Silver Snail, still extant and until recently located on the opposite side of Queen Street West.

Bakka published Bakka Magazine from 1975-77.

Bakka originally had a substantial stock of used, as well as new, books, but when the store moved to its 1998 location (see below), the reduced floorspace meant that emphasis shifted almost entirely to new books; with the November 2010 move, it is back to having a significant used-book section although the emphasis is still very much on new books. Unlike many other SF specialty stores, Bakka has remained almost exclusively a bookstore; it does not sell toys, games, comics, memorabilia, or collectibles.

The store moved in March 1998 to 598 Yonge Street in Toronto, the same building as the LGBT bookstore Glad Day, and relocated in March 2005 to 697 Queen Street West in Toronto. Robert J. Sawyer's 1998 novel Factoring Humanity, set early in the 21st century, "predicted" this move: Kyle continued on until he came to Bakka. The store had started on Queen West in 1972, had moved away a quarter-century later, and now was back, not far from its original location.

In November 2010, the store moved again, this time to larger quarters at 84 Harbord Street, just west of Spadina Avenue and adjacent to the main campus of the University of Toronto, in the Harbord Village neighbourhood. The new building has a ground floor devoted to new books; a downstairs devoted to media tie-ins, related nonfiction, and used books; and an upstairs function room available for book-club meetings and the like. Although the previous locations were rental sites, the store owns the Harbord Street building.

At the original location, the store styled its name as "Bakka: A Science Fiction Book Shoppe." The signage out front in later years there was a space mural by Toronto artist Kevin Davies. At the 697 Queen Street location, the store styled itself as "BakkaPhoenix Science Fiction & Fantasy Bookstore," with signage graphics by John Rose, owner of the store. The signage at the 84 Harbord location, also with graphics by Rose, adds a hyphen and some redundancy to the name, styling it as "Bakka-Phoenix Books: Science Fiction & Fantasy Bookstore."

Its third owner, Ben Freiman, bought the store in 2003 from Rose; he appended "Phoenix" to the store's name to mark the new ownership, although the clientele still mostly refer to the store as just "Bakka." Freiman made no changes to the staff; Christine Szego was manager until 2018. After retiring, she was replaced with Scott Dagostino, who left shortly into 2020. The current manager is Becca Lovatt.

Several noted Canadian science fiction and fantasy authors, starting with Robert J. Sawyer in 1982 and continuing with Tanya Huff, Cory Doctorow, and Nalo Hopkinson, have been employed by the store. In honor of the store's 30th anniversary, The Bakka Anthology, containing new stories by all of these writers with an introduction by Spider Robinson, was published in 2002. The anthology was edited by Kristen Pederson Chew, and was the final volume released under the "Bakka Books" imprint, established by then-owner John Rose.

title: Bakka-Phoenix


text:
The Internationale (album)

The Internationale is a 1990 album by Billy Bragg. Originally released on Bragg's short-lived record label, Utility Records, it is a deliberately political album, consisting mainly of cover versions and rewrites of left-wing protest songs. Although Bragg is known for his association with left-wing causes, this release is unusual; most of Bragg's recordings balance overtly political songs with social observation and love songs.

The album peaked at number 34 on the UK Albums Chart in May 1990.

Versions
The album was originally released as a seven-track EP in 1990.

In 2006, as part of a planned series of reissues of albums in his back catalogue, The Internationale was remastered and reissued along with the seven tracks from 1988's Live & Dubious EP and five bonus tracks. Also included is a bonus DVD titled Here and There containing live concerts from East Berlin, Nicaragua and the Soviet Union.

Track listing
Original album
 * 1) "The Internationale" (Pierre De Geyter, Billy Bragg) – 3:45
 * 2) "I Dreamed I Saw Phil Ochs Last Night" (Earl Robinson, Bragg) – 1:27
 * 3) "The Marching Song of the Covert Battalions" (Bragg) – 3:59
 * 4) "Blake's Jerusalem" (William Blake, Hubert Parry) – 2:30
 * 5) "Nicaragua Nicaraguita" (Carlos Mejía Godoy) – 1:06
 * 6) "The Red Flag" (Jim Connell, traditional) – 3:12
 * 7) "My Youngest Son Came Home Today" (Eric Bogle) – 3:04

2006 reissue bonus tracks
Live and Dubious EP
 * 1) "Introduction" (live) – 0:57
 * 2) "Help Save the Youth of America" (live) (Bragg) – 2:36
 * 3) "Think Again" (live) (Dick Gaughan) – 4:21
 * 4) "Chile Your Waters Run Red Through Soweto" (live) (Bernice Johnson Reagon) – 3:09
 * 5) "Days Like These" (DC remix) (Bragg) – 2:40
 * 6) "To Have and to Have Not" (live) (Bragg) – 2:47
 * 7) "There Is Power in a Union" (with The Pattersons) (Bragg, George F. Root, traditional) – 3:27

Bonus tracks
 * 1) "Joe Hill" (Phil Ochs) (from Don't Mourn – Organize! Songs of Labor Songwriter Joe Hill, 1990) – 8:23
 * 2) "This Land Is Your Land" (with Heathens All) (Woody Guthrie) (from The Disagreement of the People, 1995) – 4:35
 * 3) "Never Cross a Picket Line" (Bragg) (from Rock the Dock, 1998) – 3:38
 * 4) "A Change Is Gonna Come" (Sam Cooke) (previously unreleased) – 3:58
 * 5) "A Miner's Life" (traditional) (previously unreleased) – 3:01

 * Notes
 * Tracks 8-14 recorded and compiled at Pavillion Studios, London.
 * Tracks 15, 18 and 19 recorded during The Internationale sessions.
 * Track 17 produced at Cathouse Studios.

Bonus DVD – Here and There
East Berlin DDR – February 1986
 * 1) "There Is Power in a Union" (live) (Bragg, Root, traditional) – 2:35
 * 2) "Between the Wars" (live) (Bragg) – 2:31

Nicaragua – July 1987
 * 1) "Nicaragua Nicaraguita" (live) (Godoy) – 1:07

Lithuania USSR – May 1988
 * 1) "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" (live) (Norman Whitfield, Barrett Strong) – 2:07
 * 2) "To Have and to Have Not" (live) (Bragg) – 2:21
 * 3) "The Milkman of Human Kindness" (live) (Bragg) – 2:29
 * 4) "Island of No Return" (live) (Bragg) – 3:24
 * 5) "Introduction to Between the Wars" (live) – 3:15
 * 6) "Between the Wars" (live) (Bragg) – 2:21
 * 7) "The World Turned Upside Down" (live) (Leon Rosselson) – 3:02
 * 8) "Levi Stubbs' Tears" (live) (Bragg) – 3:15
 * 9) "Help Save the Youth of America" (live) (Bragg) – 2:36
 * 10) "A New England" (Bragg) – 2:04
 * 11) "Wishing the Days Away" (Bragg) – 4:15
 * 12) "People Get Ready" (Curtis Mayfield) / "Tupelo Honey" (Van Morrison) – 3:02
 * 13) "Star" (David Bowie) – 1:56
 * 14) "A13, Trunk Road to The Sea" (Bobby Troup) – 2:17

Musicians

 * Billy Bragg – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, vocals
 * Cara Tivey – piano, vocals, shakuhachi
 * Lorraine Bowen – clarinet, soprano recorder, piano, accordion, organ
 * The Christie Tyler Cory Band – brass
 * Côr Cochion Caerdydd – vocals
 * Marc Duff – whistles
 * Jim Sutherland – bodhran, percussion
 * Dick Gaughan – vocals
 * Wiggy – bass guitar, vocals
 * Charlie Llewellin – drum, cymbal
 * Grant Showbiz – vocals
 * David Bedford – arrangement and conducting

Production

 * Grant Showbiz – producer (1–7, 17), reissue producer, reissue compilation
 * Wiggy – producer (1–7), DVD compilation
 * Charlie Llewellin – engineer
 * Derek Bolland – engineer (1–7)
 * Peter Haigh – engineer (1–7)
 * Step Parikian – engineer (1–7)
 * Committee – design
 * Kenny Jones – producer, engineer, compilation (8–14)
 * Tim Young – remastering (tracks 1–14)
 * Duncan Cowell – remastering (tracks 15–19)

title: The Internationale (album)


text: File:Thin Lizzy Greatest Hits.png

title: File:Thin Lizzy Greatest Hits.png


text:
Talk:Hiawatha Service

Since the page had so much information on the Milwaukee Road's Hiawathas, Hiawatha (passenger train) seemed to make more sense than Hiawatha (Amtrak).

ROW?
Which ROW does this AMTRAK service use through the City of Chicago? J. Crocker 18:38, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * has that (under Metra's "Chicago Union - Glenview - Lake Forest - Rondout - Prairie Crossing - Grayslake - Fox Lake, IL" service) - eventually the article will have details. This is a former Soo Line route. --SPUI (talk) 19:42, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

That doesn't seem to make sense, the route you described is called the MD-N line. It goes northwest from Chicago. The UP-N line goes directly north and seems to be a better route for going from Milwaukee to Chicago. J. Crocker 18:22, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

Metra UP-N trains run into the Ogilvie Transportation Center, while Amtrak serves Union Station. There may be no connection. There may also be better track conditions or dealings with the owners of the MD-N than the UP-N. --SPUI (talk) 18:49, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

The MD-N does go north until Rondout, where it turns west, but Amtrak continues north. --SPUI (talk) 00:55, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Proposed move
The article as named is a misleading conflation of two different services. In the 1970s Amtrak operated a Hiawatha on the Chicago-Minneapolis route. This was a direct successor to the old Milwaukee Road brand. Separate from this is the Hiawatha Service, an umbrella term for a number of trains on the Chicago-Milwaukee corridor (which have at times had their own names). I would suggest treating the newer Chicago-Milwaukee Hiawatha Service (Amtrak) as its own concept in its own article, with links back to this article discussing the old Hiawatha, which really died off with the North Star. Note that Amtrak refers to the current service as "Hiawatha Service" on its website:. Mackensen (talk) 12:23, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

Train name, misnomer
The problem is that the train name itself is a huge misnomer or deception. Given that the original Hiawatha trains were several in number to and back from Minneapolis, it is deceptive to name Milwaukee run, a small fraction of the run, Hiawatha.Dogru144 (talk) 00:14, 27 January 2013 (UTC)
 * When I made that comment the article was at Hiawatha (Amtrak), which was all kinds of bad. I moved it to Hiawatha Service a few days after making that comment. It's not completely deceptive--Amtrak does use the ex-Milwaukee Road, and if Wisconsin and Minnesota ever get their act together we might see a Hiawatha or two extended north. Mackensen (talk) 23:55, 27 January 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hiawatha Service


text:
Talk:Galerius

Untitled
Galerius was born near Serdica or near Sardica ? i know there was a Sardis in N-W Asia Minor. wasn't Serdica/Sardica the capital of Dacia Aureliana ?

dates
This just occurred to me after getting the email with this and the Gregorian calendar: how do we deal with dates in different calendars? The persecuting christians edict was issused 24 Feb in whose calendar? Their current or our modern one?

Serdica (modern Sofia) is meant here.

Dates in ancient history are usually given as what they were referred to by the sources, without any regard to possible alterations by later calendar reforms. So February 24 is the day the ancient sources name (Roman calendar), whatever the adjusted date in whatever calendar may have been. Varana 21:08, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

booty?
However, in 297, advancing through the mountains of Armenia, he gained a decisive victory over Narses, with an enormous amount of booty that included Narses' harem. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.84.212.137 (talk) 17:12, 28 January 2007 (UTC).

"Identified with Dacians?"
The bit about his being a Dacian avenging angel sounds like pretty boilerplate political hyperbole, questioning his credibility as a Roman, imputing traitorous intentions towards the Empire, etc. Should it perhaps be contextualized here? If it is credible, than by all means, say so, but as is it's just "Person Y said X" without a whole lot of info for newcomers to this person and his numerous political enemies. 142.167.170.59 02:30, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * yes, I would like to have the Lactantius' text about Galerius' avenging his dacian ancestors contextualized in the article. I find that side of Galerius biography interesting. But i am not sure i can formulate it in the best way. So i will just report "Lactantius about Galerius: etc". Criztu (talk) 19:24, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

Bibliographic note
I have used similar talk spaces to suggest bibliographic resources for revision and expansion. It appears that David Woods plans to publish an article in a forthcoming Studia Patristica on Galerius' deathbed conversion. "The Deathbed Conversion of Galerius Maximianus to Religious Tolerance: Fact or Fraud?" As stated on his page at UCC. Geuiwogbil (Talk) 23:36, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

"Anti-Roman" etc
Oatley2112 hs undone one of my edits with the astounding edit summary "Undid revision 523207852 by Paul Barlow (talk) This section refects the view of Lactantius, a Christian writer, whose view of Galerius was extremely prejudiced. Galerius was not "anti Roman!". Perhaps Oatley2112 should actually read the section before making such utterances. This is the entire content of the section (none of it written by me. I just retitled it):

 * According to Lactantius, Galerius affirmed his Dacian identity and avowed himself the enemy of the Roman name once made emperor, even proposing that the empire should be called, not the Roman, but the Dacian Empire, much to the horror of the patricians and senators. He exhibited anti-Roman attitude as soon as he had attained the highest power, treating the Roman citizens with ruthless cruelty, like the conquerors treated the conquered, all in the name of the same treatment that the victorious Trajan had applied to the conquered Dacians, forefathers of Galerius, two centuries before.

In other words, the section is clearly about anti-Roman attitudes. But of course "Galerius was not 'anti Roman!'" - how absurd!, you imply. He was Roman emperor! This merely shows you haven't even read what it says. The whole point is that Lactantius claims he wanted to treat the city of Rome as part of his empire like any other, with no special status, or even that he wanted to somehow avenge his defeated Dacian ancestors. The section says nothing whatever about "Christian" attitudes. The fact that Lactantius was a Christian is on the face of it utterly irrelevant, since his comments have nothing to do with Christianity. The word "Christian" is not even once mentioned in the section! Of course one can claim that Lactantius's view is linked to his Christianity, but that has to be argued in the content and placed in context. Even then it is just his view, not "Christian views", since no one else is quoted, nor is any evidence presented that he represents Christians in general. If you have problems with the content, alter that, but the title has to reflect the content of the section. Paul B (talk) 15:56, 17 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Sigh... it’s good to see you are passionate about such things Paul. Passion is good. Sneering comments about how a fellow editor did not read the section... not so cool.

 * Leaving aside for the moment that Lactantius is a primary source, and should be used with caution, like most primary sources, this whole section deals with Lactantius’ view of Galerius, which borders on caricature. It is not an unbiased modern historical appraisal of Galerius’ reign, but a propagandist, invective filled diatribe where Galerius is painted as an “unRoman” monster, who had an satiable blood lust which he took out on the Christians. No modern historian takes seriously, for instance, Lactantius’ claim that Galerius wanted to rename the Roman Empire as the Dacian Empire. It is fiction, dressed up as history, and it’s only purpose here in this article is to demonstrate the effect the Diocletianic Persecutions had on the Christian communities, and their view of Galerius as represented by the writings of Lactantius.

 * In short, Lactantius’ writings had a profound impact upon the traditional Christian view of Galerius, who was one of the key architects of the last great Roman persecution of Christians. Because he was a Christian, and he was writing on behalf of the Christians who had suffered under Galerius, his writings were given great weight by the Christians (and the Christian states) which followed him, and it is still the accepted version of history that the Christian churches subscribe to. However, modern historians take a less emotional view of Galerius’ reign, and they discount much of the fantasy which Lactantius speaks about. See Elizabeth DePalma Digeser, The Making of a Christian Empire: Lactantius & Rome (2000) for an excellent modern account of Lactantius’ version of history and the political points he was seeking to make with his revisionist account of Galerius’ reign.

 * However, in order to reach a quick consensus, we could rename this section as either “Lactantius’ view of Galerius” or “Anti-Roman accusations”, which is essentially what Lactantius accused  Galerius of. Are one of these acceptable to you? Oatley2112 (talk) 00:35, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Sigh... what you call 'sneering' is merely a statement of fact. It derives from the fact that you quite clearly did not check the section before reverting, or you would not have written the edit sumnmary you did. You made a "knee jerk" reversion on the basis of what seemed superficially "obvious" to you. Your charge also displays double-standards, since the 'sneering' originated with your own edit summary, so your reproof about "Sneering comments" about "a fellow editor" boomerangs. Not so cool. The rest of your homily is largely irrelevant to the issue at hand, since at no point have I claimed that Lactantius was unbiassed or even accurate. If you wish to expand on these points in the section you may, of course do so. I have already suggested that. "If you have problems with the content, alter that, but the title has to reflect the content of the section." I am of course happy with either of the alternatives you suggest, both of which had occured to me too. I think the latter option is better, because it describes the essential content of the claims. Paul B (talk) 13:28, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Option 2 it is. Have a good day. Oatley2112 (talk) 00:43, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

Paraphrasing & Plagiarizing in Section 3, Rule as Augustus from Gibbon's Decline & Fall, Vol.01 Chapter 14
Section 3 of this article is merely creatively plagiarized from Gibbon's Decline & Fall, Vol.01 Chapter 14. The author merely omits large sections and changes a few adjectives to make the sentences unique. Gibbon's work is in the public domain, but he should be quoted, not paraphrased. Personally, I don't have a problem with it (as I love Edward Gibbon), but is certainly against Wikipedia's guidelines. I am quite sure this paraphrasing happens with Gibbon often on Wikipedia, because I've noticed it before. I will cite only one example, and you will find it quite striking.

 * The importance of the occasion called for the presence and abilities of Galerius. At the head of a powerful army collected from Illyricum and the East, he entered Italy, resolved to revenge the death of Severus, and to chastise the rebellious Romans; or, as he expressed his intentions, in the furious language of a barbarian, to extirpate the senate, and to destroy the people by the sword. But the skill of Maximian had concerted a prudent system of defence. The invader found every place hostile, fortified, and inaccessible; and though he forced his way as far as Narni, within sixty miles of Rome, his dominion in Italy was confined to the narrow limits of his camp.

Gibbon, Edward, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol.1, p.411, Penguin Classics, ISBN 978-0140433937

 * The importance of the occasion needed the presence and abilities of Galerius. At the head of a powerful army collected from Illyricum and the East, he entered Italy, determined to avenge Severus and to punish the rebellious Romans. But due to the skill of Maximian, Galerius found every place hostile, fortified, and inaccessible; and though he forced his way as far as Narni, within sixty miles of Rome, his control in Italy was confined to the narrow limits of his camp.

"Galerius." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 16 Feb. 2017 18:57. Web. 20 Apr. 2017.

I did not extend my investigations to any other sections of this article, or other Wikipedia articles. Mousebelt (talk) 18:02, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

Arch of Galerius

The picture seems displaying Dacians (Carps) based on their Phrygian cap (see Dacian statue) rather than Sassanians. Is it attested that Sassanians used Phrygian caps? -- Saturnian (talk)

title: Talk:Galerius


text: User talk:24.189.27.72

title: User talk:24.189.27.72


text:
User talk:24.151.174.154

"Pokemon miniseries" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Pokemon miniseries. Since you had some involvement with the Pokemon miniseries redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Steel1943 (talk) 20:48, 2 December 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.151.174.154


text:
Goa Rajiv Congress Party

Goa Rajiv Congress Party (GRCP), was a splinter group of Indian National Congress in Goa. It was founded in 1998 by Wilfred de Souza. It formed a coalition state government with Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party, with de Souza as Chief Minister. In the split from INC de Souza took with him several local branches of the Congress party and the entire Youth Congress and National Students Union of India (Congress student wing) branches in the state.

Ahead of the Goa assembly elections 1999 GRCP launched 14 candidates, out of whom two were elected (Wilfred de Souza and Francis D'Souza). In total the party received 36 570 votes. Shortly after the elections GRCP merged with Nationalist Congress Party.

Francis de Souza left NCP to rejoin the INC November 5 same year. He later joined BJP.

title: Goa Rajiv Congress Party