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British Rail Classes 101 and 102

The British Rail Classes 101 and 102 diesel-mechanical multiple units were built by Metro-Cammell at Washwood Heath in Birmingham, England, from 1956 to 1959, following construction of a series of prototype units. These classes proved to be some of the most successful and longest-lived of BR's First Generation DMUs, second in longevity only to the Class 121, with the final five units being withdrawn on 24 December 2003. The oldest set was, by then, just over 47 years old.

Background
In 1955, British Rail published a Modernisation Plan to streamline the railway network, bringing it up to date in comparison to European standards. Steam power would be phased out in favour of diesel powered railcars and locomotives, and projects were put out to tender. BR hoped that by replacing steam with DMUs, costs would be reduced sufficiently to make rural lines viable.

Since there was no time for BR to issue a standard specification, train builders were invited to submit plans on the understanding that the units could be built and put into service quickly. Having gained experience with early lightweight DMUs, Metro Cammell won a contract and put the Class 101 into production. The type featured a steel chassis with an aluminium body to reduce weight. Five orders for batches were placed for the type.

Metro-Cammell advertised their new train highlighting the wide availability and modern features the 101 offered. Demand was so high that at one point four cars per week were rolling off the Washwood Heath production lines. The trains underwent testing on the Sutton Park line near the works from 1956, before the sets were released to BR.

The 101s came in two, three or four car units, with two driving carriages one or two of which were powered by 11.3 litre BUT six cylinder diesel engines with epicyclic gearboxes. Being a first generation DMU, they were a prime example of a slam door train. They had a top speed of 70 mph.

Operations
The 101 DMU fleet was vast with 527 101s and 106 of the related Class 102s being built. The two types were distinguished by the type of engine fitted, but were eventually classified together as Class 101s only. In all, 760 individual vehicles were built in total, 465 were for the Eastern Region and North Eastern Region, 159 for the Scottish Region and 139 for the London Midland Region.

In the mid-1970s, the type was chosen for a refurbishment to extend their service life. The interior of vehicles were improved with the fitting of fluorescent lighting, new upholstery and carpeting, and fitting of extra heating equipment. They also had uprated engines fitted. The work was carried out by BR Doncaster.

The Class 111 was a variant of the 101, having more powerful Rolls-Royce engines. They were built to serve Greater Manchester and West Yorkshire PTE. The 111 lasted in service until 1989, fourteen years earlier than the 101.

The 101 fleet was used across much of the British Rail network (with the notable exception of the Southern Region - apart from some inter-regional workings). Notable concentration of services included:

Scotland
Class 101s operated various routes in Scotland starting in July 1958. Edinburgh - Dundee was a regular working, with units stabled at Dundee depot. Upon ScotRail's formation, the units continued in use and were in service up to Privatisation in 1997, with some painted in orange and black Strathclyde PTE livery.

In January 1984, a fire at Ayr depot destroyed six 101s and as a result an equivalent number of Class 104 were drafted in to fill the gap.

Upon Privatisation in 1997, ScotRail retained eleven units in service, running the Glasgow to Barrhead, East Kilbride, Paisley Canal and Whifflet as well as the Motherwell to Cumbernauld services. Although Class 101s were a common sight in Scotland up to the late 90s, they started to disappear from high level with the introduction of the Class 156. Newer Class 170s started a stock cascade and the type's withdrawal began. Upon the 101s final withdrawal from Scotland in November 1999, the remaining sets were returned to Manchester.

Wales
The type was seen in South Wales working commuter routed around the Valleys and West Wales Line until the early 1990s, and on rural Welsh lines until the early 2000s. In the 1970s, a diagram from Birmingham to Aberystwyth via the Cambrian Line was a regular route for the 101s. From 1982, they were used on the Central Wales Line between Shrewsbury and Swansea. The 101s were scheduled along with a mixture of other first generation DMUs and Sprinters to work the Crewe - Holyhead services from the early 1980s.

West Midlands
Starting on 14 April 1958, the region received a batch of two and three car units. Class 101s were extensively used for commuter services on the Cross-City Line and Chase Line in Birmingham and services to Worcester before being put to work in outlying areas.

Operating from Tyseley depot, the type was used all over the West Midlands well into the 1980s. Just as with the Class 116 which was also heavily used on the same routes, the 101s were withdrawn from WMPTE service on 12 July 1993 when the Cross-City Line was fully electrified. In all, the 101 served the West Midlands for over 35 years.

Teesside
Arriving in 1957 at the newly opened Darlington depot, the 101s were initially used on runs between Darlington and Saltburn on the Tees Valley Line. Most of the first batch of 101s ordered were allocated to Darlington. The class continued to serve the line well into the 1980s. The type was withdrawn 21 September 1989 in favour of Pacers.

Tyneside
The initial order of 339 vehicles were allocated to the Tyneside area. The 101s first went into service on 24 October 1956 when seven 4-car and 10 2-car units were delivered. A route from Newcastle to Middlesbrough followed. From February 1957, they began operating a stopping service between Newcastle and Carlisle. A longer diagram between Newcastle and Leeds offered a buffet service. The 101s routes were expanded to the whole Tyneside area, replacing the local steam-hauled services. This included the Alston line between Haltwhistle and Alston where the class operated until the line closed in 1976.

Later services were run by Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive and stabled at South Gosforth depot. They remained in service in the region until 30 May 1981 when they were superseded by the Tyne and Wear Metro. At which point, the class was withdrawn and the sets sent to Neville Hill depot in Leeds to be re-deployed.

West and South Yorkshire
An initial batch of 10 units went into service in Bradford in December 1956. Operating out of Neville Hill depot in Leeds, the 101s were used extensively for short commuter services. Because of the relatively underpowered engines, the more powerful Class 111 was paired up with some 101 units, while others were moved to other depots. Occasional services between York - Manchester and beyond were worked via the Calder Valley. Regular services were run between Leeds, Bradford, York and Sheffield but the units could also be seen in places such as Scarborough and Whitby.

Western Region
From 1967, several 101 sets were transferred to serve the South West. Services from Reading to Gatwick Airport and Oxford to Paddington were common. Diagrams expanded as more 101s arrived in the region with regular runs in the Bristol area. They were stabled at Reading and Plymouth Laira depots, with the units serving until 1987 when they were largely replaced by Class 108s. Several 101s received Network Southeast branding and by the early 1990s had been scaled back to running local services between Didcot, Oxford and Bicester. However, some 101 units were still working in the Plymouth area as late as May 1993 with the final withdrawal coming in 1996.

Thanks to the withdrawal of other units and types, 101s were paired up with different carriages. From the early 1980s it was not uncommon for example for a 101 trailer to be paired to another first generation DMU driving car on various routes and different regions.

East Anglia
First introduced in the region in January 1970, the 101 units were allocated to Norwich depot and used on rural lines, notably Norwich to Sheringham and on the Fen line, as well as regular services to Ipswich amongst others. In later years, additional units were based at Cambridge. The Cambridge-based trains primarily ran shuttle services from Cambridge to Royston and from Hitchin to Huntingdon. However, with the electrification of the region and introduction of newer rolling stock, by the early 1990s they had fallen out of favour and were re-allocated to other parts of the rail network. The remaining 101 unit was finally withdrawn from Norwich in August 1996.

Greater Manchester
When the Pacers serving Manchester to Blackpool shortly after their introduction proved unreliable in the mid-1980s, the 101 filled the gap at short notice despite not being common in the region. The 101s were then rolled out across the Greater Manchester area.

Despite the intention to phase out the type and other Heritage DMUs in favour of newer stock, the 101 proved to be a dependable workhorse. Thirty five units were removed from service by 1992 and received a further refurbishment. At this point, they were repainted in Regional Railways livery, and had the class number applied concurrently with several Sprinter and Pacer sets. The work was once again undertaken at Doncaster. Along with other first generation types, corrosion of the body panels and asbestos used during construction was seen as major concerns and were leading causes for their eventual retirement.

Once the units from Scotland had returned, they were put into use working the rural lines around Greater Manchester, especially the Buxton and Hope Valley Lines on services into Manchester Picadilly. It was intended to phase the 101s out of service in favour of the Class 142 in the late 1990s, but the Privatisation of British Rail delayed those plans.

Post privatisation
Following privatisation the remaining 101 sets in mainline service fell under the ownership of Angel Trains and operated by the First North Western franchise once the units from Scotland had been returned to Manchester. FNW declined to repaint the trains again, and they retained their former liveries. A total of 18 sets were in service initially. Ongoing problems with the Pacer units and the Sprinters' use on other lines meant that the 101s were called on to continue in service. The 101s outlasted the Class 141 Pacer in service, a type which had been intended to replace the older unit.

The 101 was seen regularly running on the North Wales Coast Line service between Crewe and Holyhead alongside loco hauled trains as late as 1999. The type was unsuited to the route, and was replaced with the British Rail Class 175 from 2000. It fell to the 101s to run the stopping service from Manchester to Stoke-on-Trent, along with other rural routes in the north west.

Beginning in late 2000, the age of the units was starting to tell and the remaining 101s were gradually retired. They were used exclusively on the Hope Valley services until the end of their career. The very last scheduled service for the type anywhere was run on 24 December 2003 between Rose Hill and Manchester Piccadilly at which point the final five units were decommissioned from service, and sent to Shoeburyness for storage.

Farewell
Because of the type's popularity and longevity in service, a final farewell tour for the 101s was run in late 2003 which was a railtour of northwest England.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 10 August 1961, Class 45 D105 running light to Neville Hill over-ran signals and collided with a Leeds - Scarborough Class 101 almost opposite Leeds East Signal Box. Leaking diesel caught fire and the leading two DMU vehicles (51440 & 59533) overturned, but were returned to traffic after repair. One person was killed, and two injured. The driver of the locomotive mistakenly accepted the signal that had been cleared for the DMU.
 * On 15 June 1965, an empty stock train passed a colour light signal and two ground subsidiary signals at danger before colliding at slow speed with the leading coach of the approaching 15.57 Scarborough - Leeds Class 101. Both drivers and twelve passengers were injured.
 * On 11 July 1967, A 101 working on the 10.11 Chester to Manchester Exchange service collided at a speed of approx. 20 mph with the rear of the 02.00 Margam to Carlisle Class 5 freight train which was standing at the Winwick Junction Down Fast Home signal. There were no injuries.
 * On 16 February 1977, an express passenger train hauled by Class 55 locomotive 55 008 collided with a Class 101 diesel multiple unit operating an empty stock train after failing to stop at Darlington. One of the vehicles of the DMU overturned. The guard of the express was slightly injured. The cause of the accident was that the brakes on the carriages of the express had become isolated whilst the train was moving in a freak event. The train had struck an object on the track, which had caused a traction motor cover to come loose. This struck the handle of the brake isolating cock, closing it and thus separating the brakes between the locomotive and train.
 * On 28 March 1983, the 20.58 Falkirk Grahamston to Glasgow Queen St. service collided with a van that was allowed to roll away and drop 40 feet into the cutting near Eastfield shed.

Original TOPS classes
When TOPS was originally introduced only the Driving Motor Brake Second (DMBS) and the Driving Motor Composite (with Lavatory) (DMCL) were classified as Class 101 (AEC engines) or Class 102 (Leyland engines). The Driving Trailer Composite (with Lavatory) (DTCL) were either Class 144 or Class 147. The Trailer Seconds (with Lavatory) (TSL) were Class 162, the Trailer Brake Second (with Lavatory) (TBSL) were Class 168 and the Trailer Composite (with Lavatory) (TCL) were Class 171. Later all the cars were reclassified, becoming Class 101.

Preservation
The Class 101 was one of the largest classes of first-generation DMUs and, partly thanks to their relatively late withdrawal from revenue-earning service, numerous vehicles have been preserved on heritage railways, including the Great Central Railway and the North Yorkshire Moors Railway. There are only three centre cars preserved: at the Ecclesbourne Valley Railway, North Yorkshire Moors Railway and Mid-Norfolk Railway. No Trailer Brake Seconds were preserved.

Model railways
Hornby Railways first produced a version of the BR Class 101 in OO gauge in 1958 which was last produced in 1977. Lima also produced a Class 101 for a number of years, in Green, Blue/Grey, Regional Railways and Network Southeast liveries. The tooling was used by Hornby following purchase of their assets. Bachmann Industries launched their BR Class 101 in OO gauge in 2014 and this has also been produced in a variety of liveries

In fiction
The Class 101 DMUs were the basis for the character Daisy the Diesel Railcar in The Railway Series books written by the Rev. W. Awdry, and the adapted television series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends, although Daisy is a single car. 101685 on the North Yorkshire Moors Railway is named after her.

title: British Rail Classes 101 and 102


text:
St Armand

St-Armand, St. Armand, Saint Armand, or variation, may refer to:

People

 * Saint Herman (disambiguation), aka Saint Armand
 * Barton Levi St. Armand, professor of literature

Places

 * Saint-Armand, Quebec, Canada
 * St. Armand, New York, USA
 * St. Armand's Key in Florida, USA

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: St Armand


text:
Southern Railway (U.S.)

The Southern Railway (also known as Southern Railway Company; ) was a class 1 railroad based in the Southern United States between 1894 and 1982, when it merged with the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W) to form the Norfolk Southern Railway. The railroad was the product of nearly 150 predecessor lines that were combined, reorganized and recombined beginning in the 1830s, formally becoming the Southern Railway in 1894.

At the end of 1971, the Southern operated 6026 mi of railroad, not including its Class I subsidiaries Alabama Great Southern (528 miles or 528 mi); Central of Georgia (1729 miles); Savannah & Atlanta (167 miles); Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway (415 miles); Georgia Southern & Florida (454 miles); and twelve Class II subsidiaries. That year, the Southern itself reported 26,111 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 110 million passenger-miles. Alabama Great Southern reported 3,854 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 11 million passenger-miles; Central of Georgia 3,595 and 17; Savannah & Atlanta 140 and 0; Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway 4906 and 0.3; and Georgia Southern & Florida 1,431 and 0.3.

The railroad joined forces with the Norfolk and Western Railway in 1980 to form the Norfolk Southern Corporation. The Norfolk Southern Corporation was created in response to the creation of the rival CSX Corporation by a number of railroads in the eastern United States (adopting the name CSX Transportation for its rail system in 1986). Southern and N&W continued as operating companies of Norfolk Southern until in 1982, when Norfolk Southern merged nearly all of N&W's operations into Southern to form the Norfolk Southern Railway. The railroad has used that name since.

Official predecessors

 * Richmond, York River and Chesapeake Railroad (1894)
 * Richmond and Danville Railroad (1894)
 * Memphis and Charleston Railroad (1894)
 * East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railway (1894)
 * Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway (1894)

Creation and independent status
The pioneering South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company, Southern's earliest predecessor line and one of the first railroads in the United States, was chartered on December 19, 1827, and ran the nation's first regularly scheduled steam-powered passenger train – the wood-burning Best Friend of Charleston – over a six-mile section out of Charleston, South Carolina, on December 25, 1830. By October 1833, its 136-mile line to Hamburg, South Carolina, was the longest in the world. The company leased enslaved African Americans from plantation owners when free white people refused to work in the swamps. The company eventually purchased 89 people to work as slaves.

As railroad fever struck other Southern states, networks gradually spread across the South and even across the Appalachian Mountains. By 1857, the Memphis and Charleston Railroad was completed to link both Charleston, South Carolina, and Memphis, Tennessee. The Western North Carolina Railroad was halted because voters were angry about that law allowed purchasers of private bonds to have the train tracks veer to their towns. The provision of the laws that allowed this was not repealed until Reconstruction.

Rail expansion in the South was also halted with the start of the Civil War. The Battle of Shiloh, the Siege of Corinth and the Second Battle of Corinth in 1862 were motivated by the importance of the Memphis and Charleston line, the only east–west rail link across the Confederacy. The Chickamauga Campaign for Chattanooga, Tennessee, was also motivated by the importance of its rail connections to the Memphis and Charleston and other lines. Also, in 1862, the Richmond and York River Railroad, which operated from the Pamunkey River at West Point, Virginia, to Richmond, Virginia, was a major focus of George McClellan's Peninsular Campaign, which culminated in the Seven Days Battles and devastated the tiny rail link. Late in the war, the Richmond and Danville Railroad was the Confederacy's last link to Richmond, and transported Jefferson Davis and his cabinet to Danville, Virginia, just before the fall of Richmond in April 1865.

Known as the "First Railroad War", the Civil War left the South's railroads and economy devastated. Most of the railroads, however, were repaired, reorganized and operated again. Convict lease was a near continuation of slavery as charges were often only applied to people of African descent. Five-hundred African Americans were assigned to provide back breaking labor on the Western North Carolina Railroad. Men were shipped to and from the worksite in iron shackles and around twenty were drowned in the Tuckasegee River weighted down by their shackles. In the area along the Ohio River and Mississippi River, construction of new railroads continued throughout Reconstruction. The Richmond and Danville System expanded throughout the South during this period, but was overextended, and came upon financial troubles in 1893, when control was lost to financier J. P. Morgan, who reorganized it into the Southern Railway System.

Southern Railway came into existence in 1894 through the combination of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, the Richmond and Danville system and the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad. The company owned two-thirds of the 4,400 miles of line it operated, and the rest was held through leases, operating agreements and stock ownership. Southern also controlled the Alabama Great Southern and the Georgia Southern and Florida, which operated separately, and it had an interest in the Central of Georgia. Additionally, the Southern Railway also agreed to lease the North Carolina Railroad Company, providing a critical connection from Virginia to the rest of the southeast via the Carolinas.

Southern's first president, Samuel Spencer, brought more lines into Southern's organized system. During his 12-year term, the railway built new shops at Spencer, North Carolina, Knoxville, Tennessee, and Atlanta, Georgia, upgraded tracks, and purchased more equipment. He moved the company's service away from an agricultural dependence on tobacco and cotton and centered its efforts on diversifying traffic and industrial development. On November 29, 1906, Spencer was killed in a train wreck.

After the line from Meridian, Mississippi, to New Orleans, Louisiana, was acquired in 1916 under Southern's president Fairfax Harrison, the railroad had assembled the 8,000-mile, 13-state system that lasted for almost half a century. Additionally, Southern have operated 6,791 miles of road at the end of 1925, but its flock of subsidiaries added 1000+ more.

In 1912, the Southern Railway leased most of its Bluemont, Virginia, branch to the newly formed Washington and Old Dominion Railway. In 1945, the Southern sold most of the remnant of the branch to the Washington and Old Dominion Railroad, the successor to the Washington and Old Dominion Railway.

The Central of Georgia became part of the system in 1963, and the former Norfolk Southern Railway was acquired in 1974. Despite these small acquisitions, the Southern disdained the merger trend when it swept the railroad industry in the 1960s, choosing to remain a regional carrier. In 1978 President L. Stanley Crane said the refusal to add routes through merger was a mistake, especially the decision not to add a connecting route to Chicago.

The Southern tried to gain access to Chicago by targeting the Monon Railroad and the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad but both those railroads went to Southern's competitor, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. A decade later Crane tried to rectify the situation by merging with the Illinois Central Railroad. When that failed, he petitioned the Interstate Commerce Commission to give Southern the old Monon routes and the old Atlantic Coast Line route from Jacksonville to Tampa by way of Orlando among other properties as a condition of the I.C.C.'s approval of the Seaboard Coast Line – Chessie System merger in 1979. While the request was supported by the I.C.C.'s Enforcement Bureau, it was ultimately unsuccessful.

Becoming part of the Norfolk Southern Corporation
In response to the creation of the CSX Corporation in November 1980, the Southern Railway joined forces with the Norfolk and Western Railway and formed the Norfolk Southern Corporation in 1980 which began operations in 1982, further consolidating railroads in the eastern half of the United States.

The Southern Railway was renamed Norfolk Southern Railway as the Norfolk and Western Railway became a subsidiary to its system on June 1, 1982. The railroad then acquired more than half of Conrail on June 1, 1999.

Notable features
Southern and its predecessors were responsible for many firsts in the industry. Starting in 1833, its predecessor, the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road, was the first to carry passengers, U.S. troops and mail on steam-powered trains and experimented with railroad lighting. They had a pine log fire on a flatcar, covered in sand, to provide light at night before inexpensive kerosene was invented for lamps.

The Southern operated some of the largest heavy repair shops of any US southeastern railroad. The oldest shops were located in Knoxville, Tennessee, first built in 1855. In 1890 they were relocated to the northwest side of the city and renamed Coster. The 1850s-era Atlanta, Georgia shops were moved to the south side of the city in 1883. These were originally called South Shops but later renamed to Pegram. In 1907 a new terminal with medium repair capabilities was added to the north side of Atlanta. The modern and complete Spencer Shops, located 2.5 miles north of Salisbury, North Carolina, were opened in 1896. Another new shop site was established on the north side of Birmingham, Alabama near the Findley Yard in 1924, taking the place of two obsolete facilities. The Princeton, Indiana shops were built in 1890. After the railroad switched to diesel power, the primary repair shops were consolidated to Spencer and Pegram.

The Southern Railway began dieselization in 1941, and was the largest all-diesel railroad when it retired its last steam locomotive in 1953. The Southern Railway was active in mechanization, used helper engines, is widely credited with inventing unit trains for coal and new freight cars, and understood the power of marketing using the promotional phrase "Southern Gives a Green Light to Innovation".

In 1966, a popular steam locomotive excursion program was instituted under the presidency of W. Graham Claytor Jr., and included Southern veteran locomotives No. 630, No. 722, No. 4501, and Savannah & Atlanta No. 750 along with non-Southern locomotives such as Texas & Pacific No. 610, Canadian Pacific No. 2839, and Chesapeake & Ohio No. 2716. The steam program continued after the 1982 merger with the Norfolk and Western to form the Norfolk Southern, through increased operating costs and concerns ended the program in 1994. Norfolk Southern reinstated the steam program on a limited basis from 2011 to 2015, as the 21st Century Steam program.

In the early 2000s, a 22 mi loop of former Southern Railway right-of-way encircling central Atlanta neighborhoods was acquired and is now the BeltLine trail.

Passenger trains
Along with its famed Crescent and Southerner, the Southern's other named passenger trains included:
 * Aiken-Augusta Special
 * Airline Belle
 * Asheville Special
 * Birmingham Special
 * Carolina Special
 * Fast Mail "Old 97"
 * Florida Sunbeam
 * Goldenrod
 * Kansas City–Florida Special
 * Land of the Sky Special
 * Memphis Special
 * New Yorker
 * Peach Queen
 * Pelican
 * Piedmont Limited
 * Ponce de Leon
 * Queen and Crescent Limited
 * Royal Palm
 * Skyland Special
 * Sunnyland
 * Tennessean

The Southern Railway also handled ticket sales and operations for subsidiary railroads, such as:
 * The Nancy Hanks (operated by Central of Georgia Railway)
 * The Man O' War (operated by Central of Georgia Railway)

The Southern Railway also participated in the operation of the City of Miami, which was operated by the Southern Railway over the Central of Georgia trackage from Birmingham, Alabama, to Albany, Georgia, where it traded off with the Seaboard Coast Line until its discontinuation in 1971.

When Amtrak took over most intercity rail service in 1971, Southern initially opted out of turning over its passenger routes to the new organization. However, it shared operation of its flagship train, the New Orleans–New York Southern Crescent, with Amtrak. Under a longstanding haulage agreement inherited from Penn Central and the Pennsylvania Railroad, Amtrak carried the train north of Washington. By the late 1970s, growing revenue losses and equipment-replacement expenses convinced Southern it could not continue in the passenger business. It handed full control of its passenger routes to Amtrak in 1979.

Roads owned by the Southern Railway

 * Alabama Great Southern Railway (AGS)
 * Albany and Northern Railway (A&N)
 * Atlantic & Eastern Carolina Railway (A&EC)
 * Birmingham Terminal Company
 * Camp Lejeune Railroad Company
 * Carolina and Northwestern Railway (C&NW)
 * Central of Georgia Railway (CofG)(CG)
 * Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway (CNO&TP)
 * Chattanooga Station Company
 * Chattanooga Traction Company (CTC)
 * Georgia and Florida Railroad (G&F)
 * Georgia Ashburn Sylvester and Camilla Railway (GAS&C)
 * Georgia Northern Railway (GANO) – acquired in 1967
 * Georgia Southern and Florida Railway (GS&F)
 * Interstate Railroad (INT)
 * Kentucky and Indiana Terminal Railroad (K&IT)
 * Sievern and Knoxville Railroad
 * Live Oak Perry and Gulf Railway (LOP&G)
 * Louisiana Southern Railway (LS)
 * New Orleans and North Eastern Railway (NO&NE)
 * New Orleans Terminal Company (NOTCO)
 * Norfolk Southern Railway (NS)
 * Savannah & Atlanta Railway (SA)
 * Saint John's River Terminal Company (SJRT)
 * State University Railroad Company (54%)
 * South Carolina and Georgia Railroad (SC&G)
 * South Georgia Railway (SG)
 * Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railway (TA&G)
 * Tennessee Railway (TENN)

Major railroad yards

 * Chattanooga, Tennessee – DeButts Yard (formerly Citico Yard)
 * Atlanta, Georgia – Inman Yard
 * Spencer, North Carolina – Spencer Yard
 * Birmingham, Alabama – Norris Yard
 * Knoxville, Tennessee – Sevier Yard
 * Macon, Georgia – Brosnan Yard
 * Sheffield, Alabama – Sheffield Yard
 * Alexandria, Virginia – Cameron Yard

Company officers
Presidents of the Southern Railway:
 * Samuel Spencer (1894–1906)
 * William Finley (1906–1913)
 * Fairfax Harrison (1913–1937)
 * Ernest E. Norris (1937–1951)
 * Harry A. DeButts (1951–1962)
 * D. William Brosnan (1962–1967)
 * W. Graham Claytor Jr. (1967–1977)
 * L. Stanley Crane (1977–1980)
 * Harold H. Hall (1980–1982)

Heritage unit
To mark its 30th anniversary, Norfolk Southern painted 20 new locomotives with the paint schemes of predecessor railroads. GE ES44AC #8099 was painted in Southern Railway's green and white livery. As of May of 2023, the engine was released from the Juniata Engine shops in Altoona, Pennsylvania, after having been repaired from a derailment in December 2021.

title: Southern Railway (U.S.)


text:
Amiel

Amiel is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname:
 * Barbara Amiel (born 1940), writer and wife of Conrad Black
 * Gausbert Amiel (fl. 13th century), troubadour
 * Henri-Frédéric Amiel (1821–1881), Swiss philosopher, poet and critic
 * Jack Amiel (fl. 20th–21st century), American screenwriter
 * Jon Amiel (born 1948), British director
 * Stephanie Amiel (born 1954), British physician and academic
 * Thierry Amiel (born 1982), French singer

Given name:
 * Amiel Daemion (born 1979), American-Australian pop singer

title: Amiel


text: Category:Propellants

title: Category:Propellants


text:
Talk:Fort Defiance

Untitled
There is a redirect at Fort Defiance. As there was a Fort Defiance in Ohio--where Defiance, Ohio and Defiance County, Ohio are today--I would like to make "Fort Defiance" a disambiguation page. Any comments? PedanticallySpeaking 15:21, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

WP:DISAMBIGUATION
Please read and understand the purpose of disambiguation pages. It is only ment to get people to the correct article out of all the articles that would have the same title. Only one item should be linked per line, as the reader should be able to get to links for other topics from within the article. It is not a general advertising area for articles related to a topic that needs a disambiguation page. Only information to get the reader to the correct topic, no piped linking, and only one link per item. The community came up with this, with a consensus. So if anyone disagrees, bring it up here and get the guideline changed. Otherwise please abide by the guideline. Aboutmovies 01:01, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Before you get too self-righteous, you might want to re-read it yourself a little more carefully. The guideline recommends Each bulleted entry should, in almost every case, have exactly one navigable (blue) link; including more than one link can confuse the reader. Not only one link period, but one blue link (and with a caveat for exceptional cases). It is long-standing practice of disambiguation pages to help direct readers to relevant information. If no article exists yet, the next best option is to direct them to a page with the most closely related information available. That is, of courses, assuming that the item needs to be included on the disambiguation page at all. older ≠ wiser 01:46, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
 * My bad, I only saw the links re-added in the changed area which doesn't show red/blue. I'm just used to people linking everything on disambigious pages (as shown before I cleaned-up the page). Aboutmovies 02:20, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fort Defiance


text:
User talk:JohnJHamburger

Hi John, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are a few helpful links to start you off: Avoiding common mistakes, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, Policies and guidelines, Help, Merging pages.

If you need help or are curious about something, feel free to ask on my talk page or the village pump. You can sign your name and a date stamp on comments using four tildes ( ~ ). If you have any further questions, feel free to ask, and I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian!

Andre ( talk )A| 15:21, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

Koji Kondo image
What's the copyright status for Image:Kondo-koji.jpg? Is it fair use or is it your own picture, and where did you get it? Andre ( talk ) 21:08, May 15, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Iwata-satoru.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Iwata-satoru.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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Orphaned non-free media (Image:Mizuguchi-tetsuya.jpg)
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title: User talk:JohnJHamburger


text:
St Florian

St Florian can refer to:

People

 * Saint Florian (died c. 304), patron saint of Linz, Austria; chimney sweeps; soapmakers; and firefighters
 * Florinus of Remüs (died 856), also known as Florian of Chur

Places

 * St. Florian, Alabama, United States
 * Sankt Florian, Austria

title: St Florian


text:
Talk:The Last Boy Scout

Untitled
I'm pretty sure the Last Boy Scout doesn't hold the "fuck" record any more... anybody care to count the number of times it is used in Boondock Saints? Marcika 15:23, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Overtones of misogyny?
I'm removing this; it has nothing to do with the movie and smells ranting.

Trivia
I moved the trivia section here as it is unsourced and a list basically copied directly from the Internet Movie Database. Once this info can be cited correctly, it should be placed back in the article.--J.D. (talk) 13:47, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Shane Black became the first screenwriter to sell a spec script for $1 million.
 * The movie that Joe’s daughter Darian is watching on TV is Lethal Weapon, which was also written by Shane Black.
 * In the original script, the entire third act was set on water. Hallenbeck’s grudge with senator Baynard was completely different from the movie. Hallenbeck was working security for the Baynard family when Louis Baynard, Senator Baynard’s son, kills a mother and her child in a drunken car accident. When Hallenbeck refuses to cover for the senator’s son, they plant half a kilo of crack cocaine in his house. Louis Baynard was also a villain in the script, and in the end both he (and his father) dies.

 * Pure rumor (like drunken rants at conventions and such) has also stated that this point is also the sequel script. Whether or not that's true is beyond me. I've never come across anything written myself. I'm also not going to break into the WB script vault and troll through microfilm looking for either the original script nor the supposed sequel. Easiest way to confirm? Talk to Shane Black! Coffee4binky (talk) 17:38, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Quentin Tarantino has declared himself a fan of The Last Boy Scout.
 * Bill Medley sings “Friday Night Is a Great Night for Football” on the opening and closing credits parodying Hank Williams Jr's Monday Night Football intro.
 * This was comic Eddie Griffin’s film debut.
 * Martial Artist and creator of Tae-Bo, Billy Blanks, appears as Billy Cole in the opening sequence.
 * Composer Michael Kamen hated the film when he first saw it. He only scored the film out of his personal friendships to Bruce Willis and Joel Silver.
 * Bruce Willis's personal motto in the film is Be Prepared, which is the same as the Boy Scouts Of America.

Headlines

 * Film Studios' Bidding War Creating $1-Million Scripts
 * Flashes: July 26, 1991
 * I Really Won the Lottery This Time: Hollywod Screenwriters
 * to use with this article--J.D. (talk) 18:31, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

Why the title?
Well? The article doesn't tell me. Be nice if it did. I'll bet I'm not the only one curious. Anyone know? HiLo48 (talk) 08:02, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

Continuity Point
Would not a mention of a fairly major continuity problem be added? In the scene near the end as the lead hero pair are in discussion with the leading protagonist in his office, he gets up from behind his desk to go to a mini fridge to remove a bottle of water which he subsequently has, does not have, then has again in the following cuts in the scene. This possibly would belong in "Trivia" since there has not been any recommendation for a continuity heading for film page format. Quisizyx (talk) 04:08, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Last Boy Scout


text: Talk:Culture of Argentina

title: Talk:Culture of Argentina


text:
Alexander Hume

Alexander Hume (1558 – 4 December 1609) was a Scottish poet who served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in the early 17th century.

Life
He was born in 1558 the son of Patrick Hume (d.1599).

The brother of Patrick Hume of Polwarth, he was educated at the University of St. Andrews graduating in 1574 then studied Civil Law in Paris. He returned to Scotland in 1578 serving in the Court of Justice, but (ironically) found it too corrupt for his tastes and decided instead to devote himself to the service of the church, and became minister of Logie Kirk in Stirlingshire in 1597. This appears to have been at least partly supported by Alexander Home of North Berwick, Provost of Edinburgh. His stipend (or at least the bulk of it) appears to have been paid by his own father rather than by the church.

His manse stood to the west of the church in the grounds of Airthrey Castle and dated from 1590.

He served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland "several times": thought to be 1602, 1604 and 1607 (possibly also 1599).

On 6 May 1608 he was attacked by a parishioner (possibly his brother in-law), James Duncanson, with a heavy staff and never recovered. Duncanson is probably the same James Duncanson mentioned in parish records of April 1595 for having "carnal deal together" with Agnes Forester of Stirling, where the church forced them to marry.

Hume grew ill in May 1609 and died on 4 December of that year.

In his will he left a considerable number of books plus several musical instruments. To his best friend John Scherar a baillie in Stirling he left a gold ring to remember his "special love". He left his "love and Christian affection" to Dame Marie Stewart, Countess of Mar, the poet Lady Elizabeth Melvil, Lady Comrie, John Gillespie minister of Alva, Ninian Drummond minister of Dunblane, William Stirling minister of Port of Menteith, John Alison minister of Kincardine, William Nairn minister of Kippen and James Caldwell minister of Bothkennar.

His position at Logie Kirk was filled by Rev James Saittone or Seytoun of Denny before the end of the year.

Works
He published in 1599 Hymnes, or Sacred Songs, including "The Day Estival" descriptive of a summer day. Other works included the following:
 * Thanks for the Deliverance of the Sicke
 * Ane Epistle to Maister Gilbert Montcrief

Family
His sister Janet Hume married Lord David Hume of Law.

He was married to Marion Duncanson, daughter of John Duncanson (1501–1601) Principal of St Leonard's College in St Andrews, and later Dean of the Chapel Royal in Stirling. They had two daughters, Dinah and Naomi, and one son Caleb Hume, and they lived together in Logie manse. The family were asked to leave the manse in June 1610 to accommodate the new minister but were compensated £60.

His great nephew was Patrick Hume, 1st Earl of Marchmont.

title: Alexander Hume


text:
Châtelet

Châtelet or Chatelet may refer to:

 * Châtelet, a type of large gatehouse, a fortified entry point of a castle

Belgium

 * Châtelet, Belgium, a municipality in the province of Hainaut

France

 * Grand Châtelet, a former stronghold with courts, police, and prisons on the site of the Place du Châtelet
 * Place du Châtelet, a public square in Paris, on the right bank of the Seine on the border of the 1st and 4th arrondissements
 * Théâtre du Châtelet, a theatre in Paris, on the Place du Châtelet
 * Châtelet (Paris Métro), a Metro station in Paris, located near the Place du Châtelet
 * Châtelet–Les Halles (Paris RER), the central commuter train station in Paris, attached to both the Châtelet and Les Halles metro stations
 * Le Châtelet-sur-Meuse, a commune in Haute-Marne that is near the source of the Meuse

Switzerland

 * Le Châtelet (mountain), in Switzerland

Other uses

 * Châtelet surface, a surface in algebraic geometry

People with the surname

 * Albert Châtelet (1883–1960), French mathematician and politician
 * Émilie du Châtelet (1706−1749), French mathematician, physicist, and author
 * François Châtelet (1925−1985), French historian of political philosophy
 * François Châtelet (mathematician) (1912–1987), French mathematician
 * Gilles Châtelet (1944–1999), French philosopher and mathematician

title: Châtelet


text:
User talk:Leonardy~enwiki

Hi Leonardy, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are a few helpful links to start you off: Avoiding common mistakes, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, Policies and guidelines, Help, Merging pages.

If you need help or are curious about something, feel free to ask on my talk page or the village pump. You can sign your name and a date stamp on comments using four tildes ( ~ ). If you have any further questions, feel free to ask, and I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian!

Andre ( talk )A| 15:25, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Goomba Group Strategy.png)
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Leonardy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Leonardy~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:19, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:23, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Leonardy~enwiki


text:
William Hunnis

William Hunnis (died 6 June 1597) was an English Protestant poet, dramatist, and composer.

Biography
Hunnis was as early as 1549 in the service of William Herbert, later Earl of Pembroke. His friend Thomas Newton, in a poem prefixed to The Hive of Hunnye (1578), says: "In prime of youth thy pleasant Penne depaincted Sonets sweete", and mentions his interludes, gallant lays, rondelets and songs, explaining that it was in the winter of his age that he turned to sacred lore and high philosophy.

In 1550 he published Certayne Psalms ... in Englishe metre, and shortly afterward was made a gentleman of the Chapel Royal to Edward VI. At Mary I's accession he retained his appointment, but in 1555 he is said to have been one of a party of twelve conspirators who had determined to take Mary's life.

Although nothing came of the first plot, shortly afterward he was party to the Dudley conspiracy to dethrone Mary in favour of her sister Elizabeth. Hunnis, having some knowledge of alchemy, was to go abroad to coin the necessary gold, but this doubtful mission was exchanged for the task of making false keys to the treasury in London, which he was able to do because of his friendship with Nicholas Brigham, the receiver of the exchequer. The conspirators were betrayed by one of their number, Thomas Whyte. Some were executed, and Hunnis was imprisoned.

The death of Mary made him a free man, and in 1559 he married Margaret, Brigham's widow, but she died within the year, and Hunnis married in 1560 the widow of a grocer. He himself became a grocer and freeman of the City of London, and supervisor of the Queen's Gardens at Greenwich. In 1566 he was made Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal. No complete piece of his is extant, perhaps because of the rule that the plays acted by the Children should not have been previously printed.

In his later years he purchased land at Barking, Essex. If the lines above his signature on a 1557 edition of Sir Thomas More's works are genuine, he remained a poor man, for he refuses to make a will on the ground that "the good that I shall leave, will not pay all I owe". In British Library Harley MS 6403 is a story that one of his sons, in the capacity of page, drank the remainder of the poisoned cup supposed to have been provided by Leicester for Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex, but escaped with no injury beyond the loss of his hair.

Works
Hunnis's extant works include:
 * Certayne Psalms (1549),
 * A Hive full of Hunnye (1578),
 * Seven Sobbes of a sorrowful Soule for Sinne (1583),
 * Hunnies Recreations (1588),
 * sixteen poems in the Paradise of Dainty Devices (1576),
 * and two in England's Helicon (1600).

His most famous musical compositions are found in a compilation, Seven Sobs of a Sorrowfull Soule for Sinne, which includes A Handful of Honisuckles. Those parts of the compilation which are musical are in a devotional style, and all his music in that collection consists of single-line tunes. Some of his work is for solo voice and viols, for example a setting of his own poem "In terrors trapp'd".

title: William Hunnis


text:
Lucy Hutchinson

Lucy Hutchinson (Apsley; 29 January 1620 – October 1681) was an English translator, poet, and biographer, and the first person to translate the complete text of Lucretius's De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things) into English verse, during the years of the Interregnum (1649–1660).

Biography
Lucy Apsley was born on 29 January 1620 in the Tower of London, where her father, Sir Allen Apsley, was Lieutenant. She was named after her mother, Lady Lucy St John, and was the second of ten children.

Lucy was married on 3 July 1638 in St. Andrew Holborn to Colonel John Hutchinson (1615–1664). She claimed that he was in part attracted to her intellectual and poetic accomplishments. In 1649, John Hutchinson was one of the signatories of King Charles's death-warrant, but he later protested against the assumption of supreme power by Oliver Cromwell.

After the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, her husband was arrested for his part in the regicide and imprisoned in Sandown Castle, Kent. However, he was not tried. Lucy went before the House of Lords to gain his release, but to no avail. In 1664, John Hutchinson died in prison. His death deeply affected her and her writing, as attested by her "Elegies" series of poems.

Lucy was an ardent Puritan, and she held fast to her Calvinist convictions. She died at Owthorpe in October 1681, and was buried in her husband's tomb.

Literary works
Lucy Hutchinson has a place in literary history for her biography of her husband, Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson, in addition to her works in poetry and translation.

Biography
Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson throws light upon the characteristics and conditions of the life of Puritans during the English Civil War. Intended for her family only, it was printed by a descendant in 1806, and became a popular and influential account of that period. In the book, she records that John Hutchinson had many notable victories in the Civil War, including at Shelford Manor on 27 October 1645. In this battle he defeated his kin, Colonel Philip Stanhope, the fifth son of the 1st Earl of Chesterfield. Lucy may have even seen the battle, as their estate of Owthorpe in Nottinghamshire was only a few miles away.

Translation
Lucy Hutchinson is the first named translator of the full text of Lucretius's De Rerum Natura into English verse. She is likely to have begun her translation during the 1650s. In 1675 she dedicated a manuscript copy of the translation to acquaintance and literary patron Arthur Annesley, earl of Anglesey, repudiating the work and declaring it to be in conflict with her Puritan values. This manuscript was sold to the British Library by his heirs in 1853; however, it did not at first attract much attention. Her title as first English translator of the De Rerum Natura is challenged by an anonymous manuscript prose translation, likely of the same decade, now preserved at Oxford (Bodleian MS Rawl. D.314). Hutchinson's translation was published for the first time in 1996 under the editorship of Hugh de Quehen. It was republished in a comprehensive edition by Oxford University Press in 2018.

Poetry
A series of original poems by Hutchinson was re-discovered in a manuscript in the Nottinghamshire Archives (DD/Hu 2) by David Norbrook. This work is likely contemporaneous in composition with the Memoirs. This manuscript, referred to as the "Elegies", contains 23 numbered poems. Throughout her poems, Hutchinson lamented her husband's death, honoured his life, and moved toward an acceptance of his death, while commenting on the English political structure following the Restoration. These poems were unpublished in her lifetime and the manuscript, which is not in her hand, has no dedication.

Hutchinson's other works included Order and Disorder, arguably the first epic poem written by a woman in the English language. The work is a verse paraphrase of the Book of Genesis, offering parallels to John Milton's Paradise Lost. Only five cantos of the work were published during her lifetime, in 1679. The work was posthumously published in 1817. In 2001 the critic David Norbrook published the work in full, which he figures to have been written after the translation of De rerum natura and roughly parallel to when Milton is thought to have written Paradise Lost (1660–1664). Hutchinson also wrote On the Principles of the Christian Religion, an articulation of the Puritan beliefs of herself and her husband. It was dedicated to her daughter Barbara and likely intended as a work of religious instruction.

Other works
Amongst her other religious writings is a translation of Congregationalist divine John Owen's work Theologoumena pantodoupa.

Family
John and Lucy Hutchinson had nine children. Their son John Hutchinson was born in 1650 in Owthorpe, Nottinghamshire. Of their daughters most is known of Barbara, who married Andrew Orgill.

title: Lucy Hutchinson


text:
Catherine Austin Fitts

Catherine Austin Fitts (born December 24, 1950) is an American investment banker and former public official who served as managing director of Dillon, Read & Co. and, during the Presidency of George H.W. Bush, as United States Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development for Housing. She has widely written and commented on the subject of public spending and has alleged several large-scale instances of government fraud.

Early life and education
Catherine Austin Fitts was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She earned an AA degree from Bennett College in 1970 and a BA degree in history from the University of Pennsylvania in 1974. After graduating, she briefly worked as a bartender until one of her customers, who was director of admissions at the Wharton School, encouraged her to pursue graduate studies. She received her MBA from Wharton in 1978.

Dillon, Read & Co.
After graduate school, Fitts went to work at Dillon, Read & Co. While there, in 1982, she organized a novel municipal bond sale to raise several billion dollars to revitalize the New York Subway System, marking the first time that a public agency had sold bonds backed by rider fares. In 1986, Fitts became the first woman promoted to managing director of Dillon, Read & Co. in the investment bank's then 156 year history. During her time as managing director, Businessweek described Fitts as "Wall Street's foremost champion" of public utilities bonds.

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
During the 1988 United States presidential election, Fitts worked on the campaign of George H. W. Bush and was appointed as Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development for Housing in the Bush administration, where she was charged with repairing the department's reputation in the aftermath of the savings and loan crisis. Among her initial observations upon taking office was that the department had a $300 billion portfolio of mortgage insurance but only employed one certified actuary. The reforms she announced included a plan to sell government-foreclosed homes at a 50-percent discount to non-profit organizations to operate as rentals. Previously, the government had sought to sell residential properties at the highest possible value, which resulted in a glut of real estate in its portfolio that had to be managed at great expense, as well as in shortages of housing stock in some high-density markets.

She resigned her post in 1990, following a report that her relationship with Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Jack Kemp had soured, a report Kemp denied. Fitts' departure prompted criticism of Kemp; she had been – according to Neal Peirce – "widely regarded as the best manager he brought in".

According to Fitts, she was offered an appointment to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors after her departure from HUD but declined, preferring to return to the private sector instead.

Hamilton Securities and Solari
After leaving government, Fitts founded Hamilton Securities, an employee-owned brokerage house, which she ran until 1998. In 1993, Hamilton Securities won a contract with HUD to manage its $500 billion investment portfolio. While managing HUD's portfolio, Fitts devised a location-based mortgage debt resale software program that may have resulted in an increase in department revenue of several hundreds of millions of dollars.

In 1997, HUD canceled the Hamilton contract over what it claimed were accounting errors involving the program; an investigation into Hamilton Securities was launched by the HUD Inspector-General, the FBI, and the Securities and Exchange Commission. According to Fitts, the investigation was undertaken as retribution against her; she claimed that Community Wizard data revealed that some federally-guaranteed mortgage securities may have been fraudulently issued. One outside complainant, a government contractor, charged insider dealing and bid rigging in its contention that Hamilton Securities had obtained its HUD business due to favoritism. In 2002 the investigation was closed, and investigators stated they had found no evidence of wrongdoing by Fitts or Hamilton Securities.

Fitts was a member of the Global Business Network's "Worldview" from 1996-1997, and served on the advisory board for The Arlington Institute from June 1998 to June 2000.

Writing and commentary
Fitts has researched and commented on government spending. In a 2004 study published in World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, she purported to find "evidence that a very large proportion of the nation's wealth is being illegally diverted since several decades into secret, unaccountable channels and programmes with unspecified purposes, including covert operations and subversions abroad and clandestine military R&D at home. Public institutions have been infiltrated and taken over by shadowy groups in the service of powerful private and vested interests, often at the expense of the common good."

In 2017 Fitts co-authored a report, with Michigan State University economist Mark Skidmore, that claimed to find $21 trillion in "unauthorized spending" by the U.S. Department of Defense and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development over a 17-year period.

Fitts has claimed that HUD's mission of spurring economic growth is secondary to what she contends is its use as a fundraising mechanism for military and intelligence agencies involving a complex securities scheme using HUD-backed Ginnie Mae investments. According to Fitts, HUD overpays to rehabilitate public housing and funnels the difference into unaudited black budget programs at the behest of national security agencies.

During the United States presidential election, 2016, Fitts supported the campaign of Donald Trump. On December 8, 2020, Trump retweeted one of Fitts' tweets which linked to an article on Breitbart. She has donated to political campaigns of Democrats Cynthia McKinney and Marcy Kaptur, and Republicans Rand Paul and Thomas Massie.

She has given interviews in alternate media, such as kla.tv, alleging fraud in the US central banking system and US government ("21 trillion dollars have been stolen") and "massive fraud" in the 2020 election and Electoral fraud in US elections for many years before 2020.

title: Catherine Austin Fitts


text:
Elizabeth Inchbald

Elizabeth Inchbald (née Simpson, 15 October 1753 – 1 August 1821) was an English novelist, actress, dramatist, and translator. Her two novels, A Simple Story and Nature and Art, have received particular critical attention.

Life
Born on 15 October 1753 at Stanningfield, near Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, Elizabeth was the eighth of the nine children of Mary Simpson (née Rushbrook) and her husband John Simpson (died 1761), a farmer. The family, like several others in the neighbourhood, was Roman Catholic. Her brother was sent to school, but Elizabeth and her sisters were educated at home.

Inchbald had a speech impediment. Focused on acting from a young age, she worked hard to manage her stammer, but her family discouraged an attempt in early 1770 to gain a position at the Norwich Theatre. That same year her brother George became an actor. Still determined, Inchbald went to London to become an actress in April 1772 at the age of 18.

It was a difficult beginning: some observers thought her stammer affected her performance and the audience's reaction. Furthermore, young and alone, she later described having to defend herself from the sexual advances of stage manager James Dodd and theatre manager John Taylor. Two months after her arrival in London, in June, she agreed to marry a fellow Catholic, actor Joseph Inchbald (1735–1779), possibly at least in part for protection. Joseph at that time was not well-known, was twice Elizabeth's age, and had two illegitimate sons. The couple did not have children together and the marriage is believed to have had difficulties. The Inchbalds appeared on the stage together for the first time on 4 September 1772 in Shakespeare's King Lear. In October 1772, the couple began a demanding tour in Scotland with West Digges's theatre company that continued for almost four years. In 1776, they moved to France in order for Joseph to learn to paint and Elizabeth to study French. However, they were penniless within a month. They returned to Britain and moved to Liverpool where Inchbald, after joining Joseph Younger's company, met actors Sarah Siddons and her brother John Philip Kemble, both of whom became important friends. The Inchbalds later moved to Canterbury and Yorkshire and in 1777 were hired by Tate Wilkinson's company.

After Joseph Inchbald's sudden death in June 1779, Inchbald continued to act for several years, in Dublin, London, and elsewhere. Her acting career, only moderately successful, spanned seventeen years. She appeared in many classical roles and in new plays such as Hannah Cowley's The Belle's Stratagem.

She died on 1 August 1821 in Kensington and is buried in the churchyard of St Mary Abbots. Her gravestone calls her one "whose writings will be cherished while truth, simplicity, and feelings, command public admiration." In 1833, a two-volume Memoirs of Mrs. Inchbald by James Boaden was published by Richard Bentley.

Written work
While relatively unknown as an actress, after her husband's death Inchbald went on to become a celebrated playwright and author. Her success as a writer meant she did not need a spouse's financial support, and she did not remarry. Her literary career began with pieces in The Artist and the Edinburgh Review. Between 1784 and 1805, nineteen of her comedies, sentimental dramas, and farces, many of them translations from French or German originals, were performed in London theatres. Her first play to be produced was A Mogul Tale, with her in the lead female role of Selina. In 1780, she joined the Covent Garden Company and played the breeches role of Bellario in Philaster. Her plays were also produced at the Haymarket Theatre. She wrote between twenty-one and twenty-three plays — the exact number is disputed — and eighteen were published.

She is probably best known in the twenty-first century for her two novels, A Simple Story (1791) and Nature and Art (1796). A political radical and friend of William Godwin and Thomas Holcroft, her beliefs are clearer in her novels than in her plays, due to constrictions on the patent theatres of Georgian London, though even there she took risks. "Inchbald's life was marked by tensions between, on the one hand, political radicalism, a passionate nature evidently attractive to a number of her admirers, and a love of independence, and on the other hand, a desire for social respectability and a strong sense of the emotional attraction of authority figures." One critic describes the complexity of her writing as "richly textured with strands of resistance, boldness, and libidinal thrills". An example of this contradictory impulse may be seen in her biography when, despite their shared political beliefs, she quarrelled publicly with Mary Wollstonecraft in 1797, when Wollstonecraft's marriage to William Godwin made it clear that she had not been married to Gilbert Imlay, the father of her elder daughter Fanny. This incident was deeply resented by Godwin.

She also did considerable editorial and critical work. A four-volume autobiography was destroyed before her death on the advice of her confessor, but she left some of her diaries. The latter are held at the Folger Shakespeare Library and an edition was published in 2007.

Reception and reputation
Many of the plays she translated were farces, and they were popular with audiences. Over a period of twenty years, she translated one or two pieces a year, one notable example being Lovers' Vows, a translation of a play by August von Kotzebues. Lovers' Vows ran for forty-two nights when first performed in 1798: a highly successful run. Lovers' Vows (1798) was subsequently featured as a focus of moral controversy by Jane Austen in her novel Mansfield Park (1814).

Inchbald's novels, in particular A Simple Story, were well reviewed. However, her theatrical reviews were sometimes received poorly by other critics.

While in the 1920s she was described by one critic as "a charming woman" who was sadly ignorant of Shakespeare, in recent decades Inchbald has aroused considerable critical interest, particularly among scholars of women's writing. Her two novels have been frequently reprinted and American critic Terry Castle called her A Simple Story "the most elegant English fiction of the eighteenth century".

Works
• Plays

• Mogul Tale; or, The Descent of the Balloon, 1784

• Appearance Is Against Them, 1785

• I'll Tell You What, 1785

• The Widow's Vow, 1786

• The Midnight Hour, 1787

• Such Things Are, 1787

• All on a Summer's Day, 1787

• Animal Magnetism, 1788

• The Child of Nature, 1788

• The Married Man, 1789

• Next Door Neighbours, 1791

• Cross Partners, 1792

• Everyone Has His Fault, 1793

• The Wedding Day, 1794

• Wives as They Were and Maids as They Are, 1797

• Lovers' Vows, 1798

• The Wise Man of the East, 1799

• To Marry or Not to Marry, 1805

• The Massacre, 1792, not performed

• A Case of Conscience, published 1833

• The Ancient Law, not performed

• The Hue and Cry, unpublished

• Young Men and Old Women (Lovers No Conjurers), adaptation of Le Méchant; unpublished

• Novels

• A Simple Story, 1791

• Nature and Art, 1796

• Critical/editorial work

• The British Theatre. 25 vols., 1806–1809

• Collection of Farces and Afterpieces. 7 vols., 1809

• The Modern Theatre. 10 vols., 1811

Etexts

 * Elizabeth Inchbald at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
 * Lovers' Vows . Eds Thomas C. Crochunis and Michael Eberle-Sinatra, with an introduction by Jonathan Wordsworth [15 January 2000].
 * Lovers' Vows at Project Gutenberg
 * The Massacre . Eds. Thomas C. Crochunis and Michael Eberle-Sinatra, with an Introduction by Danny O'Quinn. British Women Playwrights Around 1800 . 15 April 1999.
 * Nature and Art at Project Gutenberg
 * Such Things Are . Eds. Gioia Angeletti and Thomas C. Crochunis, with an introduction by Gioia Angeletti. British Women Playwrights Around 1800 . 15 May 2003.
 * The Wedding Day . Eds. Thomas C. Crochunis and Susan Hyon. British Women Playwrights Around 1800 . 15 June 2003.
 * Wives as They Were and Maids as They Are . Gioia Angeletti and Thomas C. Crochunis. British Women Playwrights Around 1800 . 15 May 2003.
 * Wives as They Were and Maids as They Are . Gioia Angeletti and Thomas C. Crochunis. British Women Playwrights Around 1800 . 15 May 2003.

Adaptations

 * 'The Massacre' (part of the 'Restoring The Repertoire' series from the Theatre Royal, Bury St Edmunds, UK)
 * 'Wives as they Were, and Maids as they Are' (part of the 'Restoring The Repertoire' series from the Theatre Royal, Bury St Edmunds, UK)

Sites

 * British Women Playwrights Around 1800
 * Contents of The British Theatre
 * Corvey Women Writers on the Web Author's Page
 * Elizabeth Inchbald, Beatrice S. Scott's site
 * Elizabeth Inchbald. XII. The Georgian Drama. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes. Volume XI. The Period of the French Revolution (1907–21).
 * Corvey Women Writers on the Web Author's Page
 * Elizabeth Inchbald, Beatrice S. Scott's site
 * Elizabeth Inchbald. XII. The Georgian Drama. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes. Volume XI. The Period of the French Revolution (1907–21).

Images

 * Portraits of Elizabeth Inchbald (1753–1821), Actress and writer, National Portrait Gallery
 * I'll Tell You What!: satiric print of Elizabeth Inchbald

title: Elizabeth Inchbald


text:
Talk:Triumvirate

two?
What is the word to describe two kings/leaders ruling together? If Triumvirate is worthy of an article, surely this would also be. The example that springs to my mind is Thyestes and Atreus, Kings of Mycenae, from Greek mythology. Mat334 15:31, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I also believe Agamemnon and Menelaus may qualify. Mat334 17:31, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I see it has been added. Thanks. Mat334 01:16, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * So what was the word? Oligarchy? Ancient Sparta also had a government system with two kings. Chaozu42 (talk) 17:17, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

three-man presidency
Could the three-man presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina be regarded as a modern-day triumvirate? I've always thought of it as such, but I don't ever remember seeing the word used in the context, even though it would seem logical according to my understanding of it. — Trilobite (Talk) 14:59, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Powers of a triumvirate
This article is should discuss the special powers individuals possess in a triumvirate. For instance, the Octavian/Antonius/Lepidus triumvirate was legally constituted and granted each triumvir certain priveleges.

Nudas veritas 23:20, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Anon edit in favor of New York state government
I noticed that an anon pointed out that there is an effective triumvirate in the government of the State of New York, which is interesting. The "three men in a room" head the executive branch, senate, and lower house, and two are currently Republicans and one is a Democrat. They constitute a triumvirate because of the effective command that legislative leaders wield over their bodies. It is currently elections seasons, apparently a fine time for brinkmanship between two of the three triumvirs, who have been butting heads with one another over various items, including Moynihan Station. — Rickyrab | Talk 17:41, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

I just wanted to ask
I just wanted to ask what the term for ONE would technicly be.New Babylon

 * Your question is easily enough answered. The word "triumvirate" comes from the Latin - "three men," just as the article says.  The word for "one" man would be simply "vir."  Essentially, you would simply be saying, "I am a vir," or "I am a man."  If you are asking what the name is for one of the members of a triumvirate, that is "triumvir."  "I am a triumvir," means that you are one of the members of a triumvirate.  Hope this helps.  --TheTriumvir 20:35, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Bavarian triumvirate
Article could mention the triumvirate formed by the three vons: Gustav Ritter von Kahr, Hans von Seisser and Otto von Lossow. These were the men who ruled in Bavaria in 1923, when Hitler tried his coup in that beer hall in Munich.--Ukas (talk) 23:18, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

structural problems
This article seems oddly put together. First of all, it purports to be a general article on "triumvirates", but all the architectural bells and whistles pertain to ancient Rome — and yet the section on ancient Rome was quite poor in content. It was not really very clear about the legal difference between the so-called "First Triumvirate" (which if I'm not mistaken is only a triumvirate in the minds of modern scholars, who were vaguely spoken of without any references) and the ostensibly legally constituted triumvirate of Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus. But more than that, the section seemed unaware that legally appointed triumviri (as three-man commissions) pre-dated either of these by a couple of centuries, and were a regular feature of Roman bureaucracy. I tried to improve some of that.

I was about to recklessly start an article "Triumvirate (ancient Rome)", moving the SPQR and Rome navigational template to that page, and condensing the Roman discussion in this article (with a "Main article" suggestion under the subhead) till I realized how many articles link to this one and decided I didn't want to spend days on it. But this does strike me as a jumble of stuff. Any thoughts? Cynwolfe (talk) 19:59, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

MAYHEM
this page is literally mayhem, I am saying this because I intend to fix it soon but only can do so with two willing associates, who is in the game?? Horatio Snickers (talk) 01:27, 9 May 2014 (UTC)

Three Coequal Branches of Government
Does the United States' form of government with Executive, Judicial, and Legislative branches of government which are coequal not form a more abstract triumvirate, and if not then why? 31173x (talk) 13:46, 14 March 2020 (UTC)

Ancient Argos
The ancient greek city state Argos, Peloponnese was ruled by three kings according to the article.

''After the original 17 kings of Argos, there were three kings ruling Argos at the same time, one descended from Bias, one from Melampus, and one from Anaxagoras. Melampus was succeeded by his son Mantius, then Oicles, and Amphiaraus, and his house of Melampus lasted down to the brothers Alcmaeon and Amphilochus.'' 31.21.58.243 (talk) 09:54, 13 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Triumvirate


text:
Chien Français Blanc et Noir

The Chien Français Blanc et Noir (translated into English as the French White and Black dog) is a breed of dog of the scenthound type, originating in France. The breed is used for hunting in packs and descends from the old Hound of Saintonge type of large hunting dog.

Appearance
The breed is a typical hunting pack hound, with a lean and muscular body, long legs, slightly domed head, long drop ears, and slightly square flews that just overlap the lower lip. Size is 65 to 72 cm (25.6 to 28.3 ins) at the withers, females slightly smaller.

The colour of the coat is white and black, with a black mantle, sometimes speckled or ticked with black or blue. Pale tan dots are above each eye as well as tan on the cheeks, below the eyes and ears, and below the tail. Sometimes a tan marking is found on the base of the upper thigh, which is called the 'roe buck mark'. Faults are listed as deviations in appearance that have an effect on the health and working ability of the dog, as well as indication of crossing with Foxhounds or being off-colour, indicating that a dog with such faults should not be bred.

The breed is noted for its perseverance on the hunt as well as a good nose and voice. Unusual for pack dogs, it is friendly and easy for humans to manage.

History
The breed's ancestry was in the old Hound of Saintonge, which almost disappeared during the French Revolution, through the Gascon Saintongeois breed created by Count Joseph de Carayon-Latour in the mid-19th century. The Gascon Saintongeois hounds were crossbred with the Poitevin in the late 19th century to produce the Chien Français Blanc et Noir. The dogs were officially recognised as a breed in 1957. In 2009, there were approximately 2000 of the breed registered through the Fédération Cynologique Internationale.

The Chien Français Blanc et Noir are pack hunting dogs, which means that groups hunt together in packs, always directed by a human, not running about hunting by themselves. The Chien Français Blanc et Noir packs are especially valued in the hunting of red deer or roe deer.

title: Chien Français Blanc et Noir


text:
Marzabotto

Marzabotto (Medial Mountain Bolognese: Marzabòt) is a small town and comune in Italian region Emilia-Romagna, part of the Metropolitan City of Bologna. It is located 27 km south-southwest of Bologna by rail, and lies in the valley of the Reno. The area includes the site of an ancient Etruscan city and also the place of a modern massacre that took place there during World War II.

Etruscan city
In and below the grounds of the Villa Aria, close to the city, are the remains of an Etruscan town of the 5th century BC, Kainua, protected on the west by the mountains, on the south-east by the river, which by a change of course has destroyed about half of it. The acropolis was just below the villa: here remains of temples were found.

The town lay below the modern high-road and was laid out on a rectangular plan divided by main streets into eight quarters, and these in turn into blocks or insulae. Necropoleis were found on the east and north of the site. The place was partially inhabited later by the Gauls, but was not occupied by the Romans.

World War II massacre
On September 29, 1944, during the World War II German occupation of Italy, the town was the site of the worst massacre of civilians committed by the Waffen SS in Italy. In reprisal of the local support given to the partisans and the resistance movement, soldiers of the SS-Panzer-Aufklärungsabteilung 16, killed systematically hundreds of civilians in Marzabotto, and in the adjacent Grizzana Morandi and Monzuno. The town was awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour for this episode. Sculptor Nicola Zamboni created a large monument in the city in 1975 in front of the town hall.

title: Marzabotto


text:
Hashlife

Hashlife is a memoized algorithm for computing the long-term fate of a given starting configuration in Conway's Game of Life and related cellular automata, much more quickly than would be possible using alternative algorithms that simulate each time step of each cell of the automaton. The algorithm was first described by Bill Gosper in the early 1980s while he was engaged in research at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. Hashlife was originally implemented on Symbolics Lisp machines with the aid of the Flavors extension.

Hashlife
Hashlife is designed to exploit large amounts of spatial and temporal redundancy in most Life rules. For example, in Conway's Life, many seemingly random patterns end up as collections of simple still lifes and oscillators. Hashlife does however not depend on patterns remaining in the same position; it is more about exploiting that large patterns tend to have subpatterns that appear in several places, possibly at different times.

Representation
The field is typically treated as a theoretically infinite grid, with the pattern in question centered near the origin. A quadtree (with sharing of nodes) is used to represent the field. A node at the kth level of the tree represents a square of 22k cells, 2k on a side, by referencing the four k–1 level nodes that represent the four $$2^{k-1} \times 2^{k-1}$$ quadrants of that level k square. For example, a level 3 node represents an 8×8 square, which decomposes into four 4×4 squares. Explicit cell contents are only stored at level 0. The root node has to be at a high enough level that all live cells are found within the square it represents.

While a quadtree naively seems to require far more overhead than simpler representations (such as using a matrix of bits), it allows for various optimizations. Since each cell is either live or dead, there are only two possibilities for a node at level 0, so if nodes are allowed to be shared between parents, there is never a need for having more than 2 level 0 nodes in total. Likewise the 4 cells of a 2×2 square can only exhibit $$ 2^4 = 16 $$ different combinations, so no more than that many level 1 nodes are needed either. Going to higher levels, the number of possible kth level squares grows as $$ 2^{2^k \cdot 2^k} = 2^{2^{2k}} $$, but the number of distinct kth level squares occurring in any particular run is much lower, and very often the same square contents appears in several places. For maximal sharing of nodes in the quadtree (which is not so much a tree as a directed acyclic graph), we only want to use one node to represent all squares with the same content.

Hashing
A hash table, or more generally any kind of associative array, may be used to map square contents to an already existing node representing those contents, so that one through the technique of hash consing may avoid creating a duplicate node representing those contents. If this is applied consistently then it is sufficient to hash the four pointers to component nodes, as a bottom–up hashing of the square contents would always find those four nodes at the level below. It turns out several operations on higher level nodes can be carried out without explicitly producing the contents of those nodes, instead it suffices to work with pointers to nodes a fixed number of levels down.

Caching and superspeed
The quadtree can be augmented to in a node also cache the result of an update on the contents of that node. There is not enough information in a $$ 2^k \times 2^k $$ square to determine the next timestep contents on the whole of that square, but the contents of a $$ 2^{k+1} \times 2^{k+1} $$ square centered at the same point determine the next timestep contents of the $$ 2^k \times 2^k $$ square. This level k node for that next timestep is offset by $$2^{k-1}$$ cells in both the horizontal and vertical directions, so even in the case of still life it would likely not be among the level k nodes that combine into the $$ 2^{k+1} \times 2^{k+1} $$ square, but at level k–1 the squares are again in the same positions and will be shared if unchanged.

Practically, computing the next timestep contents is a recursive operation that bottom–up populates the cache field of each level k node with a level k–1 node representing the contents of the updated center $$ 2^{k-1} \times 2^{k-1} $$ square. Sharing of nodes can bring a significant speed-up to this operation, since the work required is proportional to the number of nodes, not to the number of cells as in a simpler representation. If nodes are being shared between quadtrees representing different timesteps, then only those nodes which were newly created during the previous timestep will need to have a cached value computed at all.

Superspeed goes further, using the observation that the contents of a $$ 2^{k+1} \times 2^{k+1} $$ square actually determine the contents of its central $$ 2^k \times 2^k $$ square for the next $$ 2^{k-1} $$ timesteps. Instead of having a level k node cache a level k–1 node for the contents 1 step ahead, we can have it cache one for the contents $$2^{k-2}$$ steps ahead. Because updates at level k are computed from updates at level k–1, and since at level k–1 there are cached results for advancing $$2^{k-3}$$ timesteps, a mere two rounds of advancing at level k–1 suffice for advancing by $$2^{k-2}$$ steps at level k.

In the worst case 2 rounds at level k–1 may have to do 4 full rounds at level k–2, in turn calling for 8 full rounds at level k–3, etc., but in practice many subpatterns in the tree are identical to each other and most branches of the recursion are short. For example the pattern being studied may contain many copies of the same spaceship, and often large swathes of empty space. Each instance of these subpatterns will hash to the same quadtree node, and thus only need to be stored once. In addition, these subpatterns only need to be evaluated once, not once per copy as in other Life algorithms.

For sparse or repetitive patterns such as the classical glider gun, this can result in tremendous speedups, allowing one to compute bigger patterns at higher generations faster, sometimes exponentially. A generation of the various breeders and spacefillers, which grow at polynomial speeds, can be evaluated in Hashlife using logarithmic space and time.

Since subpatterns of different sizes are effectively run at different speeds, some implementations, like Gosper's own hlife program, do not have an interactive display; they simply advance the starting pattern a given number of steps, and are usually run from the command line. More recent programs such as Golly, however, have a graphical interface that can drive a Hashlife-based engine.

The typical behavior of a Hashlife program on a conducive pattern is as follows: first the algorithm runs slower compared to other algorithms because of the constant overhead associated with hashing and building the tree; but later, enough data will be gathered and its speed will increase tremendously – the rapid increase in speed is often described as "exploding".

Drawbacks
Like many memoized codes, Hashlife can consume significantly more memory than other algorithms, especially on moderate-sized patterns with a lot of entropy, or which contain subpatterns poorly aligned to the bounds of the quadtree nodes (i.e. power-of-two sizes); the cache is a vulnerable component. It can also consume more time than other algorithms on these patterns. Golly, among other Life simulators, has options for toggling between Hashlife and conventional algorithms.

Hashlife is also significantly more complex to implement. For example, it needs a dedicated garbage collector to remove unused nodes from the cache.

Due to being designed for processing generally predictable patterns, chaotic and explosive rules generally operate much more poorly under Hashlife than they would under other implementations.

title: Hashlife


text:
Tina Barrett

Tina Ann Barrett (born 16 September 1976) is an English singer and actress. Her major breakthrough came in 1999 when she became a member of the pop group S Club. She has been a member of spin-off group S Club Allstars (previously "S Club 3") since 2014. She is also a former member of the girl group Mis-Teeq, though she never appeared on any of their recordings.

Early life
Tina Barrett was born in Hammersmith, London, England to an English father and a Guyanese mother. She was at London's Arts Educational School for a period of eight years. Her first job was dancing in a pantomime with Lionel Blair, and was also a dancer in videos and TV performances for different music artists, most notably Pulp as a showgirl in their video for "This Is Hardcore", and as an extra in the video for "You're the One I Love" by Shola Ama. She was originally going to be in the group Face2Face, which later went on to become Mis-Teeq. She assisted with the group's choreography during her time there.

1996–1998: Mis-Teeq
In 1996, Barrett, Alesha Dixon and Sabrina Washington became friends in a dance studio in Fulham. The trio, named Face2Face, performed singing and dancing. The group had started work on their debut album when Barrett left to join S Club 7 after a successful audition for Simon Fuller. After her departure, the group changed their name to Mis-Teeq and replaced her with two new members, Su-Elise Nash and Zena McNally.

1999–2003: S Club and hiatus
Barrett became a member of S Club after a series of auditions, along with members Paul Cattermole, Jon Lee, Bradley McIntosh, Jo O'Meara, Hannah Spearritt and Rachel Stevens in 1999. During five years they released four number one singles and one number one album. They also had a series of TV shows, which were: Miami 7, L.A. 7, Hollywood 7 and Viva S Club, and they also starred in a film, Seeing Double. Barrett led some of the tracks on the groups' albums, such as "I'll Be There" and "Stronger", which was set to be a single, but was canceled when Paul Cattermole left the group. The song, along with the remixes, was eventually only released as a promotional single. Barrett co-wrote two other songs that she also led: "Discotek" (the B-side to the single "Alive") and "Secret Love", a song from the group's final album Seeing Double. The six remaining members stayed together as "S Club" until 2003, when they split after releasing their greatest hits album.

When the group announced they were to break up, Barrett expressed interest in working on a solo career, but she was unsuccessful to sign with a label or an entrepreneur. She took a nine-year hiatus from her career, appearing only on red carpets and social events.

2012–present: Music releases, S Club Allstars and S Club 7 reunion
In May 2012, a teaser video for Barrett's debut solo single "Fire" was released on YouTube and a short clip of the still unfinished video was shown during an interview on LIVE!. The final version of the music video was released on 27 September 2012. Barrett announced that her debut album would be released in the end of 2013 and that she intends to tour with the album, but the album has not yet materialised. Barrett has also appeared in other music videos which include Russell Grant's version of "The Clapping Song" and as the main dancer in Asian artist Navin Kundra's song "Shudaayi". Barrett is also heard in a song called "Boom" by Old Boy which also features rapper Nasty Jack; an accompanying music video has been shot but has not yet been released. In 2014 Barrett joined with O'Meara, McIntosh and Cattermole in the S Club 3, which became S Club Party.

In November 2014, Barrett reunited with the full group for a medley of S Club 7's greatest hits on BBC Children in Need. Later, the group announced a sold out arena reunion tour, titled Bring It All Back 2015, which toured the UK in May 2015. Following the reunion tour, Barrett continued to perform with O'Meara and McIntosh as S Club 3. In November 2016, Barrett released the single "All Fired Up". In January 2020, Barrett released "Mwah Mwah", along with the music video filmed in Canada during the S Club 3 tour in the summer of 2019. When O'Meara left in 2020, she was replaced the following year by S Club 8 original member Stacey Franks, and the group was renamed "S Club Allstars".

S Club 7 announced another reunion in February 2023, marking their 25th anniversary.

Personal life
In March 2016, Barrett announced she was pregnant with her first child. Three months later, she gave birth to a boy.

title: Tina Barrett


text:
Foxy

Foxy or Foxxy may refer to:

People

 * Foxy Brown (rapper) (born 1978), American rapper
 * Foxy Brown (singer), Jamaican reggae singer
 * Foxy Flumere (1912–1990), American football, basketball, and baseball coach
 * Graeme Fowler (born 1957), English cricketer
 * Adam Fox (born 1998), American hockey player
 * Neil Fox (broadcaster) (born 1961), British music personality
 * John Fox (born 1979), part of British radio duo Foxy and Tom

Fictional characters

 * Foxy (King of Fighters), from the King of Fighters video game series
 * Foxy (Merrie Melodies), a Warner Bros. character
 * Foxy (One Piece), from Eiichirō Oda's manga One Piece
 * Foxxy Cleopatra, a character in the movie Austin Powers in Goldmember
 * Foxxy Love, a character in the animated series Drawn Together
 * Foxy The Pirate, a character from the Five Nights at Freddy's series
 * Foxy Brown, the title character of the 1974 blaxploitation film, Foxy Brown

Music

 * Foxy (band), an American Latin disco group
 * Foxy (album), by Sparkle Division (2023)

Other uses in arts and entertainment

 * Foxy (musical), a 1964 Broadway musical
 * Foxy (Pillow Pal), a toy made by Ty, Inc.

Other uses

 * 5-Methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine, a psychedelic drug
 * Foxy (P2P), a peer-to-peer file sharing application for Microsoft Windows
 * Foxy, a term used by wine connoisseurs to describe the aroma of grapes from Vitis labrusca

title: Foxy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ringside Recording Studios

Ringside Recording Studios was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP—no consensus to delete. 4 votes to keep, 3 votes to delete. 1 vote was disregarded because it was unsigned. Postdlf 02:21, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Ringside Recording Studios
I'm a bit unsure about this one. It could be notable, but recording studios are a dime a dozen. Every sizeable city has several, and nothing really establishes this as notable. Seems it was created by a fan of a minor band that recorded there. It got some google hits, but the first one was our little stub. Seems its not too much different than a local independent record store or other small business in any given city. Certainly some studios are worthy of inclusion (eg Abbey Road and Sun), but I'm thinking this one isn't. -R. fiend 15:35, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I think this is part of the Tooth Fuzz suite of articles.  Tooth Fuzz lost VfD and has been deleted.  Even if, however, it is not, the article does not really establish notability or a reason why this studio stands out from all others.  Was/is there a particular sound found there (as there was in the Muscle Shoals studios, that famous one in Berlin, etc.), or not?  Is it supposed to be notable because of the people who've used it, when those people have not demonstrated success?  Geogre 17:11, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. To be encyclopedic, both the topic and the article must be notable. --Improv 17:50, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Erm? No. That's just not true. The Recycling Troll 18:10, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

o 13:32, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: no evidence of notability. Wile E. Heresiarch 23:14, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - no evidence that notability is important. The Recycling Troll 18:10, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. A real recording studio. Mark Richards 18:13, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep this - it's a real place. Trollminator 23:57, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, Its recorded Blueprint 76, seems enough evidence of notability to guarantee the possibility of becoming encyclopdic. — siro  χ
 * Keep Royce Nunley who owns, produces at and runs "Ringside Recording Studio" spent 9 years in the Hollywood Records band "The Suicide Machines" and is now having great sucess with his new band "Blueprint 76". Recording studios ARE a dime a dozen but not one engineered and owned by "Royce Nunley" of "The Suicide Machines" / "Blueprint 76" both on wikki ALSO "The Insyderz" latest album was recorded and produced there, and they are also on wikki. Do a google for "Royce Nunley" and you'll come up with more then enough hits, he's featured on MTV.com, Rollingstone.com as well as in countless magazines.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.