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Toei Asakusa Line

The Toei Asakusa Line (都営地下鉄浅草線) is a subway line in Tokyo, Japan, operated by the municipal subway operator Toei Subway. The line runs between Nishi-magome in Ōta and Oshiage in Sumida. The line is named after the Asakusa district, a cultural center of Tokyo, under which it passes.

The Asakusa Line was the first subway line in Japan to offer through services with a private railway. Today, it has more through services to other lines than any other subway line in Tokyo. Keikyu operates through trains on the Keikyu Main Line to Misakiguchi and the Keikyu Airport Line to Haneda Airport Domestic Terminal. The Keisei Electric Railway operates through trains on the Keisei Oshiage Line to Inba-Nihon-Idai and the Keisei Main Line to Narita Airport Terminal 1, and the Shibayama Railway runs trains via the Keisei Main Line and the Shibayama Railway Line to Shibayama-Chiyoda. Via its through services with Keisei and Keikyu, the Asakusa line is the only train line that offers a direct connection between Tokyo's two main airports.

The Asakusa Line is often split into two routes: Oshiage–Sengakuji and Sengakuji–Nishi-magome; only some trains make all station stops on the line, as many trains travel on the Keikyu Main Line south of Sengakuji.

On maps and signboards, the line is shown in the color rose. Stations carry the letter "A" followed by a two-digit number inside a more reddish vermilion circle.

Services

 * Local (普通 futsū) trains operate between Nishi-Magome and Sengakuji approximately every ten minutes and are timed to connect to Keikyu through service trains at Sengakuji.
 * Rapid service (快速 kaisoku) trains operate between Nishi-Magome and Keisei Sakura Station approximately every twenty minutes. They make all station stops on the Asakusa Line.
 * Limited Express (快特 kaitoku) trains operate approximately every twenty minutes. They generally use Keikyu rolling stock and have a southern terminus at Misakiguchi Station or Keikyu Kurihama Station. They operate as Limited Express trains only on the Keikyu line, and provide local service on the Asakusa Line and Keisei Oshiage Line. Their northern terminus is generally either Aoto Station or Keisei Takasago Station, but select trains operate to Narita International Airport.
 * Limited Express (快特 kaitoku) trains operate approximately every twenty minutes and make all stops (local service) on the Asakusa Line, providing Limited Express service on the Keikyu line between Sengakuji and Haneda Airport Domestic Terminal. Their northern terminus is usually either Inzai-Makinohara Station or Inba-Nihon-Idai Station on the Hokuso Railway.
 * Airport Limited Express (エアポート快特 eapōto kaitoku) trains operate approximately every twenty minutes, and skip certain stations while operating on the Asakusa Line. Their northern terminus alternates between "Access Express" (アクセス特急 akusesu tokkyū) service to Narita International Airport and Limited Express service to either Aoto or Takasago. The total travel time from Haneda Airport to Narita Airport on this train is approximately one hour and 46 minutes.

Station list

 * All stations are located in Tokyo.
 * The Airport Limited Express/Access Express stops at stations marked "●", skips those marked "|". All other services stop at every station.

Rolling stock
A variety of rolling stock is in use due to the large number of through service operators on the line, all of which use standard gauge tracks and 1,500 V DC electrification via overhead lines. Currently, six operators run trains onto the Asakusa Line, the most of any Tokyo subway line, and the line is unique as the only subway line in Tokyo with through services onto standard gauge railways (all other through services are with narrow gauge lines).

Toei

 * Toei 5500 series

Keisei Electric Railway

 * Keisei 3000 series
 * Keisei 3050 series
 * Keisei 3100 series
 * Keisei 3400 series
 * Keisei 3600 series
 * Keisei 3700 series

Keikyu

 * Keikyu 600 series
 * Keikyu N1000 series
 * Keikyu 1500 series

Hokuso Railway

 * Hokuso 7300 series
 * Hokuso 7500 series

Chiba New Town Railway

 * Chiba New Town Railway 9100 series
 * Chiba New Town Railway 9200 series
 * Chiba New Town Railway 9800 series

Shibayama Railway

 * Shibayama 3600 series

Former rolling stock

 * Toei 5000 series
 * Toei 5200 series
 * Toei 5300 series
 * Keikyu 1000 series
 * Keisei 3000 series (original type)
 * Keisei 3050 series (original type)
 * Keisei 3100 series (original type)
 * Keisei 3150 series
 * Keisei 3200 series
 * Keisei 3300 series
 * Keisei 3500 series
 * Hokuso 7000 series
 * Hokuso 7050 series
 * Hokuso 7150 series
 * Hokuso 7250 series
 * Hokuso 7260 series
 * Chiba New Town Railway 9000 series

History
The Toei Asakusa Line was the first subway line constructed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. The line number is Line 1, because it was technically the first subway line in Tokyo to be planned in the 1920s as an underground route connecting the Keikyu and Keisei Electric Railway via Shinagawa, eventually allowing for through trains between these two railways. In its original plan form, the line would have actually bypassed Asakusa Station entirely. However, the plan was changed to take advantage of the existing Tobu Isesaki Line (section now named as the Tobu Skytree Line) and Tokyo Metro Ginza Line connections at Asakusa.

Construction of this line began on 27 August 1956 after years of delays, and the initial 3.2 km segment between Oshiage and Asakusabashi opened on 4 December 1960. The line then opened in stages from north to south:
 * May 1962: Asakusabashi to Higashi-Nihombashi
 * September 1962: Higashi-Nihombashi to Ningyōchō
 * February 1963: Ningyōchō to Higashi-Ginza
 * December 1963: Higashi-Ginza to Shimbashi
 * October 1964: Shimbashi to Daimon
 * June 1968: Daimon to Sengakuji (Through service with Keikyū begins)
 * 15 November 1968: Sengakuji to Nishi-Magome

The line was named Asakusa Line on 1 July 1978.

From 1998 to 2002, the Asakusa Line was used as part of a rail connection between Tokyo's two major airports, Haneda and Narita. While a few trains still run between the airports, the service has greatly diminished in frequency since 2002.

In 2005, a research group of government, metropolitan and railway company officials proposed that the Asakusa Line be connected to Tokyo Station via a spur to the north of Takarachō Station. This would provide Tokyo Station's first direct connection to the Toei subway network. It would also make it possible to reach Haneda Airport in 25 minutes (versus 35 minutes today) and Narita Airport in 40 minutes (versus 57 minutes today). This plan has yet to be finalized or formally adopted. Authorities are re-considering a similar plan as part of the infrastructure improvements for the 2020 Summer Olympics; the proposed line would cut travel time to Haneda from 30 minutes to 18 minutes, and to Narita from 55 minutes to 36 minutes, at a total cost of around 400 billion yen.

title: Toei Asakusa Line


text: User talk:130.39.109.148

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:130.39.109.148


text:
Cristina Scabbia

Cristina Adriana Chiara Scabbia (born 5 June 1972) is an Italian singer. She is one of the two vocalists of gothic metal band Lacuna Coil.

Scabbia used to write an advice column in the rock magazine Revolver, alongside musician Vinnie Paul. Scabbia is featured in a Megadeth song "À Tout le Monde (Set Me Free)". She also featured on The Theory of Everything, an album from Arjen Anthony Lucassen's Ayreon project, with which she is cast as the Mother. She is also the featured artist in the Apocalyptica song "S.O.S. (Anything But Love)" and another version of the Alter Bridge song "Watch Over You". Scabbia performed a duet with the Italian ex-singer of Linea 77 Emiliano Audisio on the track "Beautiful Lie" to be part of the soundtrack for the 2013 Italian film Passione sinistra.

Lacuna Coil

In 1991, Scabbia began singing professionally as a touring musician for other bands and providing backing vocals. Later that year, she met the male vocalist Andrea Ferro and bass player Marco Coti Zelati of Lacuna Coil in Milan's Midnight club and started dating Marco after. At the time, the band was named Ethereal, and Scabbia was asked to do vocals by Marco. She recorded vocals on the demo tapes and was then invited to be a permanent member.

After several changes in the band's line-up, the members were reduced to Ferro, Coti Zelati and Scabbia. The members recorded a two-track demo in May 1996, and were soon signed by the German branch of Century Media, eventually joining with the American branch of the label. Once signed, the band changed their name to Lacuna Coil after learning that a Greek band signed to Century Media had already claimed the name Ethereal. Adding new band members, Lacuna Coil released their first album in 1999.

Other work
Songs performed by Cristina Scabbia feature in the Dream of the Beast downloadable content (DLC) for the video game Metal: Hellsinger.

title: Cristina Scabbia


text:
Harmston

Harmston is a village and civil parish in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated just west off the A607, and 5 mi south from the city and county town of Lincoln. It sits on the Lincoln Cliff overlooking the River Witham valley.

History
The village is a documented settlement in the Domesday Book. The site of a toft, a settlement of small and relatively closely packed farms, lies towards the western end of Chapel Lane.

Harmston Hall was built as a manor house, totalling 20800 sqft, in 1710 for Sir Charles Thorold, and in 1719 was the home of Sir George Thorold, Lord Mayor of London. In 1930 it became part of a mental health hospital complex, and functioned as the headquarters for the Lincolnshire Joint Board for Mental Defectives. The hospital closed in 1989, the site being redeveloped as a private residence. Harmston remained a small village until the mid-1990s when the new owner of Harmston Hall, a local property developer, made plans for a housing development at the southern perimeter of the village on the former hospital site. The new housing estate, completed in 2006, brought in new people and has transformed Harmston from an agricultural to a mainly commuter village for workers in nearby Lincoln.

Community
Harmston Anglican parish church is dedicated to All Saints. The village public house, The Thorold Arms, is situated close to the church.

title: Harmston


text:
Selangor honours list

Selangor is one of the states in Malaysia that awards honours and titles.

2000

 * Abdullah Ahmad Badawi is sole recipient of Sri Paduka Mahkota Selangor (SPMS) award which carries the title Datuk Seri.
 * 2 recipients of Datuk Seri Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah (SSSA) which also carries the title Datuk Seri.
 * 20 recipients of Datuk Paduka Mahkota Selangor (DPMS) which carries the title Datuk.
 * 65 recipients of Datuk Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah (DSSA) which also carries the title Datuk.

2001

 * 2 recipients of Sri Paduka Mahkota Selangor (SPMS) award which carries the title Datuk Seri.
 * 2 recipients of Datuk Seri Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah (SSSA) which also carries the title Datuk Seri.
 * 20 recipients of Datuk Paduka Mahkota Selangor (DPMS) which carries the title Datuk.
 * 66 recipients of Datuk Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah (DSSA) which also carries the title Datuk.

2002

 * 2 recipients of Sri Paduka Mahkota Selangor (SPMS) award which carries the title Datuk Seri.
 * 2 recipients of Datuk Setia Sultan Sharaffudin Idris Shah (SSIS) award which carries the title Datuk Setia.
 * 18 recipients of Datuk Paduka Mahkota Selangor (DPMS) which carries the title Datuk.
 * 20 recipients of Datuk Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah (DSIS) which also carries the title Datuk.

2003

 * 2 recipients of Sri Paduka Mahkota Selangor (SPMS) award which carries the title Datuk Seri.
 * 2 recipients of Datuk Setia Sultan Sharaffudin Idris Shah (SSIS) award which carries the title Datuk Setia.
 * 18 recipients of Datuk Paduka Mahkota Selangor (DPMS) which carries the title Datuk.
 * 9 recipients of Datuk Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah (DSIS) which also carries the title Datuk.

2015
The 2015 Selangor State Honours and Awards ceremony was held on 12 December 2015 at Istana Alam Shah, Klang. Below are the list of recipients of the honours and titles:

Royal Family Order of Selangor

 * Syed Anwar Tuanku Syed Putra Jamalulail, the Tengku Syarif Panglima Perlis

Knight Grand Commander

 * Azmin Ali, the 15th Menteri Besar of Selangor

Knight Commander

 * Mohd Na'im Mokhtar, the Chief Judge of Selangor's Syariah Court
 * Nik Shuhaimi Nik Sulaiman, the Selangor state's legal advisor
 * Afifi Al-Akiti, Orang Besar Lapan Perak
 * Zainul Rashid Mohamad Razi, the Deputy Dean of Graduate and International Relations of Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
 * S. Balachandran, the director of Selangor's Health Department
 * Puasa Md Taib, President of Sepang Municipal Council
 * Mohd Zaki Ibrahim, director of Selangor's Town and Rural Planning Department
 * Nazir Razak, chairman of CIMB Group Holdings

Member

 * Tengku Ezrique Ezzuddean Tengku Ardy Esfandiari, member of Selangor royal family
 * Tuan Abdul Malik Soleh, a judge in Selangor's Syariah Judiciary Department
 * Major Khalid Yaacob, the administration staff officer 2 at the medical headquarter of Malaysian Armed Forces
 * Lieutenant Commander Azlina Ahmad Zaini, the staff officer 2 of women's affairs (A) and secretary of BAKAT (L) in Royal Malaysian Navy
 * Noor Asdiana Abdul Kadir, the corporate secretary in Selangor state government's secretariat office
 * Rahilah Rahmat, the chief assistant district officer of Klang Land and District Office
 * Idris Ramli, the chief assistant director of Jabatan Agama Islam Selangor (JAIS)
 * Abdul Karim Jabar, the vice director of education policy planning and research division in the Ministry of Education
 * Noor Huda Roslan, the chief registrar of Selangor's Syariah Judiciary Department
 * Mas Sakdah Kamaruzzaman, the chief assistant secretary of the Human Resource Management Division at the Selangor State Secretary's office
 * Mohd Shahrizal Mohd Salleh, the chief assistant financial officer of the Selangor State Treasury
 * Fatimah Sham, director of UiTM Shah Alam's University Community Transformation Center (UCTC)
 * Surya Wati Shawal, legal officer of Petaling Jaya Sessions/Magistrate Court
 * Mohamad Zin Masod, corporate director of Selayang Municipal Council
 * N. Jeeva, the general manager of internal audit of the Social Security Organization (SOCSO)

Knight Grand Companion

 * Tengku Azman Shah, member of Selangor Council of the Royal Court
 * Mohd Zawawi Salleh, judge of the Court of Appeal
 * Muhammed Khusrin Munawi, Selangor state secretary

Knight Companion

 * Raja Reza Raja Zaid Shah, Malaysia's Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations (UN) in New York
 * Ong Thiam Hock, the Deputy Fleet Commander of the Royal Malaysian Navy
 * Saadah Ismail, the Deputy Vice Chancellor of Industry, Community and Alumni Network of Universiti Teknologi MARA
 * Nooral Zeila Junid, a public health dental specialist in Planning Division of the Ministry of Health
 * Ang Nai Har, the director of the Selangor National Audit Department
 * Abdul Jalil Nordin, the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences of Universiti Putra Malaysia
 * Mohamad Nasir Ab Latif, the deputy chief executive officer (Investment) of Employees Provident Fund (KWSP)
 * Azmi Abdul Aziz, the group managing director of Prasarana Malaysia
 * Cheah See Yeong, director of MCT Konsortium
 * Tan Siok Choo, the recipient of the Honorary Doctoral Degree of Plantation Management in Universiti Putra Malaysia

Member

 * Lieutenant Colonel Mohd Safiee Mohd Yusof, the commanding officer of the Penang's Royal Malaysian Air Force Development and Management Center
 * Norliza Zulkifli, the senior federal counsel of the Selangor Legal Advisory Room
 * Mohd Faizal Abdul Raji, the chief assistant district officer of the Kuala Selangor Land and District Office
 * Zailani Panot, the Klang Municipal Council's town and country planning officer
 * Mohd Wazir Abdul Gani, the marketing manager of Selangor State Development Corporation (PKNS)
 * Mohd Basri Abdul Manaf, the chief assistant director general of Selangor Forestry Department
 * Mohd Azhar Sarid @ Mohd Sharif, Shah Alam City Council's administrative officer
 * Suhaimi Sabran, the school improvement specialist coaching officer at the Sabak Bernam District Education Office
 * Zainal Abidin Sulaiman, the religious administrative officer/senior registrar of JAIS
 * Azman Dahlan, the secretary of Hulu Selangor District Council
 * Anizan Ibrahim, the Hostel Manager of Yayasan Selangor Klang
 * Nurhani Salwa Jamaluddin, Selangor Islamic Religious Council's (MAIS) legal advisor
 * Zainuddin Tasiman, Raja Tun Uda Public Library's administrative officer
 * Mohamed Idris Haron, the assistant medical officer of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya Health Department
 * Mohd Asari Daud, the assistant medical officer of the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care at Tengku Ampuan Rahimah Hospital (HTAR)

Distinguished Service Star

 * Sub-inspector Md Punzan Yusof, Sub-inspector of welfare
 * S. Sivaraja, the head of Industrial Relations Branch of Peretak's National Youth Skills Institute (IKBN)
 * Faizah Mohd Shafawi, the assistant financial officer at the Selangor State Treasury
 * Mohammad Khair Mahidin, the education management supervisor of the Klang Islamic Religious Department
 * Mohd Azman Mohd Amin, the assistant auditor of the Internal Audit Division at the Selangor State Secretary's Office
 * Abd Rahim Jantan, the assistant land officer of Hulu Selangor District and Land Office
 * Saadah Mohd Sekak, the senior administrative assistant (retired) of Selangor State Secretary's Office Management Services Division

2019
The 2019 Selangor State Honours and Awards ceremony was held on 11 December 2019 at Istana Alam Shah, Klang. Below are the list of recipients of the honours and titles:

Knight Grand Commander

 * Amirudin Shari, the 16th Menteri Besar of Selangor

Knight Commander

 * Mohamad Adib Husain, Selangor Syariah Chief Judge
 * Nur Ashikin Mohd Taib, Malaysian Ambassador to Sweden
 * Vice Admiral Datuk Abdul Rahman Ayob, deputy chief of Royal Malaysian Navy
 * Major General Datuk Badrul Hisham Muhammad, Army Headquarters Assistant Chief of Staff
 * Datuk Ir Hashim Osman, Selangor Water Authority (LUAS) director
 * Datuk Yeoh Seok Hong, YTL Power International Berhad managing director
 * Zamani Ahmad Mansor, Selangor deputy State Secretary (Management)
 * Professor Dr Zulkifli Idrus, Universiti Putra Malaysia deputy vice-chancellor (Research and Innovation)
 * Zulkiflee Othman, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bursar

Companion

 * Captain Mahadzir Mokhtar, head of Operations and Construction Division of the Royal Malaysian Navy Headquarters
 * Colonel Idros Muhammad, Malaysian Army headquarters Royal Intelligence Corps director
 * Mohd Faizal Abdul Raji, Kuala Selangor Land and District Office district officer

Knight Grand Companion

 * Professor Datin Paduka Dr Aini Ideris, vice-chancellor of Universiti Putra Malaysia

Knight Companion

 * Syed Haizam Hishamuddin Putra Jamalullail Syed Anwar Jamalullail, Engku Panglima Setia Diraja Selangor
 * Raja Muzaffar Raja Redzwa, Engku Orang Kaya Maha Bijaya Hulu Selangor
 * First Admiral Shamsuddin Ludin, assistant Chief of Communications and Electronics Division of Malaysian Armed Forces headquarters
 * Rear Admiral Hanafiah Hassan, director-general of National Hydrographic Centre
 * Senior Assistant Commissioner Fadzil Ahmat, Selangor CID chief
 * Datuk Mohd Khay Ibrahim, Zikay Group Berhad Group managing director
 * Ahmad Fasal Zakaria, Selangor Sultan's Office protocol officer
 * Yap Chong Heong, Tanjung Balai Group director

Companion

 * Tengku Munazirah Tengku Abdul Samad Shah Alhaj, founder of Hope Factory Malaysia and the Sultan's niece
 * Commander Zailara Zainal, assistant Chief of Engineering Services, Western Naval Logistics Headquarters Royal Malaysian Navy
 * Zamri Abdul Rahman, Worldwide Holdings Berhad chief operating officer (environment)

title: Selangor honours list


text:
Talk:Toei Asakusa Line

Untitled
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title: Talk:Toei Asakusa Line


text:
Georges Abrial

Georges Abrial (1898 in Paris – 1970 in Vauville, Manche) was an early French aerodynamicist.

Life
After graduating from the St Cyr Aeronautical Institute he worked for Levasseur (Levasseur-Abrial A-1) and did some pioneering work into tailless aircraft. He designed several gliders during the 1920s before turning to lecturing the following decade, when he also became influential in the French soaring movement.

Abrial stopped designing new aircraft after 1932 when he abandoned his A-12 project. He was more attracted by instructorship and educational methods and played an important role in the development of soaring in France during the 1930s. After World War II, he was still active in promoting soaring in France and in French Africa.

In 1954 he came back to the design of tailless aircraft, with the A-13 "Buse" project. But this glider was never built.

Aircraft designs

 * Abrial A-2 Vautour (1925) Single-seat sailplane, 12.65 m wingspan
 * Abrial A-3 Oricou  (1927) Single-engine single-seat powered touring aircraft
 * Abrial A-12 Bagoas (1931) Single-seat tailless sailplane of extremely low aspect ratio.
 * Abrial A-13 Buse   (1954) Proposed single-seat sailplane. Not completed

title: Georges Abrial


text:
Halflife (EP)

Halflife is the second EP by Italian gothic metal band Lacuna Coil, released in 2000 by Century Media. The EP contains 5 tracks. A slightly altered version of the track Senzafine would later appear on international releases of their 2001 full-length album, Unleashed Memories, while the entire HALFLife EP was appended to the United States release of the album. A performance of Senzafine can also be found on the band's 2008 live album.

Band members

 * Cristina Scabbia - vocals
 * Andrea Ferro - vocals and grunts
 * Marco Biazzi - guitar
 * Cristiano Migliore - guitar
 * Marco Coti Zelati - bass, keyboards, programming, design, layout design
 * Cristiano Mozzati - percussion, drums, programming

Production

 * Waldemar Sorychta - producer, engineer, mixing
 * Dario Mollo - engineer
 * Carsten Drescher - layout design
 * Volker Beushausen - photography

title: Halflife (EP)


text: User talk:68.5.149.48

title: User talk:68.5.149.48


text:
Neobathiea

Neobathiea, abbreviated as Nbth in the horticultural trade, is a genus of orchids (family Orchidaceae), native to tropical moist broadleaf forests of  Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. The genus is named for the French botanist Henri Perrier de la Bâthie.

The species include small, monopodial epiphytes, with relatively large white, green, or green-and-white flowers with a long spur at the base of the lip.

Pollination
Pollination occurs through hawkmoths. The separation of species is upheld by flower constancy of pollinators.

Synonyms

 * Neobathiea filicornu Schltr is a synonym of Neobathiea grandidierana ( Rchb.f.) Garay
 * Neobathiea gracilis Schltr and Neobathiea sambiranoensis Schltr are synonyms of Aeranthes schlechteri Bosser.

title: Neobathiea


text:
Comalies

Comalies is the third studio album by Italian gothic metal band Lacuna Coil, released on 29 October 2002 through Century Media Records. According to lead singer Cristina Scabbia, "[During the album's recording], we had a sort of creative explosion. We were working in a coma, sort of like in a different dimension. First of all we just wanted to use the word 'coma' but there was something missing so we played with the two words coma and lies." Comalies peaked at #178 on the Billboard 200 and Peaked at #9 on the Top Heatseekers and Independent Albums charts. The outline of the shape from the cover of the band's previous album Unleashed Memories (2001) is faintly visible on top of the sunflower. The album has gone on to sell over 300,000 copies in the United States as of January 2012.

The song "Swamped" is available as a downloadable track for the music video game series Rock Band, and also appeared in the 2004 video game Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines.

In 2022 for the album's 20th anniversary, Lacuna Coil rerecorded Comalies in its entirety under the name Comalies XX. The album was released on October 14.

Reception
Upon release, Comalies received universal acclaim from both music critics and band fans. In 2005, the album was ranked 415th in Rock Hard magazine's book The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time. In 2016, it was ranked the 59th-greatest album of the 21st century by Metal Hammer.

Multimedia section

 * 1) The making of Comalies – 6:40

CD2 multimedia section

 * 1) Heaven's a Lie (video)
 * 2) Swamped (video)
 * 3) Desktop wallpapers

Personnel

 * Andrea Ferro – male vocals
 * Cristina Scabbia – female vocals
 * Marco "Maus" Biazzi – lead guitar
 * Cristiano "Pizza" Migliore – rhythm guitar
 * Marco Coti Zelati – bass, keyboards
 * Cristiano "Criz" Mozzati – drums, percussion

title: Comalies


text:
Talk:Left Front

Template:Indian general election results, 2014 and Template:Indian general elections, 2004.
The Banner talk 09:40, 27 November 2016 (UTC)
 * See the short debate above. Basically, no LF exist on national level. It is true that the term is sometimes used in national politics, but there isn't any such structure or alliance in Delhi. One could argue that there was a 4-party coordination around, but it was something completly different than the LFs of WB and Tripura. As per the templates, there is a larger problem to conceptualize Indian politics as a clash between alliances (NDA/UPA) whereas in reality alliances aren't made solely on national level. State-level alliances are often more important in national elections, and it is not possible to aggregate votes and % by alliance. --Soman (talk) 13:26, 29 November 2016 (UTC)
 * But whatever problems exist in other articles and templates should not block corrections of this article. Rather this article should be maintained as a dab page and the problems of incoming links be resolved gradually. --Soman (talk) 13:31, 29 November 2016 (UTC)
 * It is sad that your own POV is more interesting than the encyclopaedia. So far, you are the first editor I met who bluntly refuses to solve problems created by him/her. The Banner talk 14:22, 29 November 2016 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but this is not a POV issue. All wikipedia articles are connected to other Wikipedia articles, and to demand that all potential link issues be settled before making an edit would close down the whole encyclopedia. --Soman (talk) 15:39, 29 November 2016 (UTC)
 * The solution, rather than reverting edits in this article, is relatively straightforward, namely to edit the templates in question and remove the alliance column altogether. --Soman (talk) 15:42, 29 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Destruction instead of improving... The Banner talk 23:30, 29 November 2016 (UTC)
 * So what's your take on the functioning of political alliances in Indian politics? What is the relation between say UPA and UDF? How to explain that BJP and SHS are allies in NDA, but fight elections against each other in different states (including in national parliamentary elections)? How to relate that RSP participated in UDF in Kerala in 2014 but in LF in West Bengal? --Soman (talk) 23:43, 29 November 2016 (UTC)

 * If it is beneficial for seats and or power, every combination is possible. Even when they are in conflict with combinations on other political levels. I have seen the strangest combinations of political parties in their search for power. Please, stop removing sourced information. The Banner talk 00:03, 30 November 2016 (UTC)
 * You're missing the point. If a party is part of various different alliance in one and same election, how do you construct a table were parties are too be categorized by alliance?
 * As per the "sourced information" (which, btw, was written by myself), what it says is that the term 'Left Front' is used as an euphemism for CPI(M) and allies. But at no point will you find a good reference on the existence of a nation-wide organized coalition by this name. Believe me, I've looked for one for long time and come to the conclusion that best to remove all references to a nation-wide Left Front. In that way Wikipedia doesn't keep perpetuating misconceptions. --Soman (talk) 02:35, 30 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Did it ever come to your mind that such a coalition could exist only on paper for election purposes without being a real existing organisation? Just to lure voters? An Electoral alliance? The Banner talk 02:54, 30 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Well, on national level the imaginary "Left Front" fulfills neither of those criteria. It is an euphemism used by media to describe the parliamentary left, but it is not a coalition as such. Around 2004 there was some feasibility of using the term as 4 left parties negotiated jointly with the UPA, although I think the correct wording would be 'Left Coordination Committee' at the time. The UPA-Left Coordination Committee would be an ok article subject of its own. But today this 4-party constellation has been superseeded, as seen on the Bharat Bandh of Nov 28 amongst other instances. --Soman (talk) 15:42, 30 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Okay, I give up. You have really missed the point or you do not understand how politics work. The Banner talk 18:51, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Left Front (West Bengal) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 00:50, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Left Front


text:
User talk:Stend~enwiki

ClockworkTroll 05:32, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:13, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stend~enwiki


text:
User talk:Metnalboy

ClockworkTroll 05:32, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Metnalboy


text:
User talk:Lan56

ClockworkTroll 05:33, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Long Beach?
Where did you take the picture that you recently added to the Long Beach, California article? Blank Verse  ∅  07:55, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Your description makes it sound like you weren't anywhere near Long Beach when you took the picture. FYI: Baldwin Hills is north of LAX, but the Crenshaw exit off the 405 is in Torrance, south of LAX.

 * My guess from the large number of railroad tracks in the picture is that you might have been somewhere near Alameda St., which is on the border between Carson and Long Beach (but with much the railroad tracks are actually part of a sliver of the Port of Los Angeles (see the very bottom right corner of p.764 of your Thomas Guide if you have one)). I think that almost all of your picture is of the Dominguez area of Carson, so it should probably be removed from the Long Beach article.

 * Just a suggestion: I've never seen anything that suggests this, but by tradition all the posts to User Talk pages are usually bottom posted on the Wikipedia. Blank Verse   ∅   11:42, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Just my personal opinion, but I don't think that your picture (shot from the freeway) would add much to the Carson, California article. If I owned a digital camera and wanted to add something to that particular article, I'd get a nice picture of the Home Depot Center or the adjacent velodrome (both on the CSUDH campus), or maybe try to get a picture of the Goodyear blimp "Spirit of America" at the Goodyear Airship Operations Center. There is also the Dominguez Ranch Adobe. (What! No Goodyear blimp article? Someone needs to write one.) Blank Verse   ∅   07:05, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Julia Stiles
Salve, Lan56! Thanks for your comments on WP:PR re my article Julia Stiles. I've since nominated it for featured status and would welcome your vote of support at Featured article candidates/Julia Stiles. Ave! PedanticallySpeaking 21:18, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

Uh...those new photos are really ugly...
Hello:

I have posted my response to your photos on the Talk:Los Angeles page.

--Coolcaesar 23:56, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Maybe Katie
Salve, Lan56! You were kind enough to support my Julia Stiles article when I nominated it for featured status. My Katie Holmes article is now also a FAC here and I wonder if you would offer your comments. PedanticallySpeaking 15:26, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

BZFlag
Screenshots of software, even free software, are not public domain or GFDL-compatible. Please reupload them here and tag them as screenshot; fair use is not allowed on commons. Thanks though for the basketball diagram - it's now on my user page :) --SPUI (talk) 15:16, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Oops, sorry. Didn't realize GPL and LGPL was OK for images. I am retagging them all LGPL. --SPUI (talk) 15:24, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image:College Street and Broadway, Chinatown, LA.JPG
re:Image:College Street and Broadway, Chinatown, LA.JPG: Since this image doesn't show any details that would indicate that it was in Chinatown, it would probably be better to crop it so that most of the picture was the street sign (you also can see the Chinese writing much better that way). It's a shame you didn't photograph the street sign facing directly at it. Blank Verse  ∅  11:16, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Interested in an L.A.-area Wiki meetup?
It appears as though L.A. has never had a Wiki meetup. Would you be interested in attending such an event? If so, checkout User:Eric Shalov/Wikimeetup

Eric 19:28, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Tom Brinkman
You were kind enough to support my nomination of Julia Stiles as a featured article and I wonder if you would look at my newest FAC, Tom Brinkman. The voting page is at Featured article candidates/Tom Brinkman/archive1. PedanticallySpeaking 14:58, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

WP SoCal
Since you are in Southern California, I'll like to point out the fairly new Soutnern California WikiProject (as well as State-wide WikiProject. Please take a look and see if there is anything that interests you. Also, since you once said that you were interested in skyscrapers, I've found a list of the 327 tallest buildings in the LA area here. Blank Verse   ∅  12:30, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Back Again
Lan56, I don't think I thanked you for supporting my Tom Brinkman FAC nomination. I'm grateful and pleased to note it was successful. I've got another FAC now, the next congresswoman from Ohio, Jean Schmidt. The FAC page is here. I hope to get it featured by September 6, the day she will be sworn in. I'd appreciate your support. PedanticallySpeaking 17:22, August 23, 2005 (UTC) (P.S.  If you are worried about the "fair use" of her picture, when she's sworn, we'll be able to replace it with a nice U.S. government public domain photo.)

Thanks for your vote
Thanks very much for your vote of support on my Jean Schmidt article. I'm pleased to say it is today's featured article of the day. PedanticallySpeaking 16:54, September 6, 2005 (UTC)

I'm Blushing
Your kind words on featured articles are appreciated. I'm back at it again with my Bruce Johnson article. He's Ohio's lieutenant governor and already at Featured article candidates/Bruce Johnson are votes opposing. (When I don't go out and ask folks such as yourself for their votes, my FAC's invariably are defeated.) So I'd be grateful if you'd put your two cents worth in. Ave! PedanticallySpeaking 17:43, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Flags :(
What are those funny flags doing? :(--84.249.252.211 12:56, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Support for those countries for personal reasons. The United States flag has been added there just now because I forgot to add it previously (for my profile, I "set it and forget it"). I am a proud American. --Lan56 01:29, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Jag tänkar också att sverige är ett gott land! =) Nothing more!--84.249.252.211 10:56, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Please translate. Some of the greatest minds in the world never get famous because of a language barrier, lets put an end to it. --Lan56 20:15, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Katie Holmes
Greetings! You commented on the article Katie Holmes when it was on WP:FAC. I've redone the article and hope to renominate it on FAC soon. But in the meantime, I'd be grateful for your comments on WP:PR at Peer review/Katie Holmes/archive1. PedanticallySpeaking 21:07, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Katie Holmes
Thank you very much for your help with this article. I've nominated it as a FAC and would appreciate your comments at Featured article candidates/Katie Holmes. PedanticallySpeaking 16:12, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Bruce Johnson
Greetings, Lan! You voted on the previous FAC nomination of Bruce Johnson. I've resubmitted it and would appreciate your comments at Featured article candidates/Bruce Johnson. PedanticallySpeaking 21:26, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Bruce Johnson
I've posted this response at Featured article candidates/Bruce Johnson to the concern about photos: "The press office of the Ohio Department of Development, of which Johnson is director, informs me by e-mail 'We do not have copyright on the photos.'"  PedanticallySpeaking 14:42, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

BZFlag FAR
Hello. I've noticed in the page history and featured article candidate review page that you were a major contributor to the BZFlag article during its attainment of FA status. I've put it up for featured article review and have expressed my concerns here. ~ Hibana 22:34, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Los_Angeles_Basin_from_Mulholland_Pan.jpg
Can I get a much higher resolution version of this image? Need print quality. Contact me. We can pay one-time use rights if you can supply bigger image.

bettina fizz beth@escottassociates.com —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 72.67.231.74 (talk) 06:59, 28 February 2007 (UTC).

help
Hi, I'd like to know your real name... if it's possible.. I'm an art student in Canada. Just wanna know ur name 'cos i'm including "Our lady of Guadalupe" in my art history paper. And i just tough it'll be nice to put ur real name in my bibliography. Anyways... have a good day.

-Gabriela-

 * Ian Agar. --Lan56 07:10, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Taser, Taser controversy
Hi. After your recent edit to Taser, I realized that you were the editor who originally split off Electroshock weapon controversy. Currently, there is a discussion on whether to merge Taser controversy back into Taser. If you have any comments, please share them at Talk:Taser. Thanks. Flatscan (talk) 02:38, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

California photo requests now by County
I saw your name at Wikipedians/Photographers. I just spent the past few days moving all the California photo requests into County categories to make it easier for photographers to locate requests in the locations where they take photos. Please consider monitoring and adding your name to the list at Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in Los Angeles County, California. GregManninLB (talk) 21:26, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of San Antonio Winery
A tag has been placed on San Antonio Winery requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be a blatant copyright infringement. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words.

If the external website belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text — which means allowing other people to modify it — then you must include on the external site the statement "I, (name), am the author of this article, (article name), and I release its content under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 and later." You might want to look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for more details, or ask a question here.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Tlesher (talk) 16:50, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia Loves Art
First off, I apologize for the spam. You are receiving this message because you have indicated that you are in Southern California or interested in Southern California topics (either via category or WikiProject).

I would like to invite you to the Los Angeles edition of Wikipedia Loves Art, a photography scavenger hunt to be held at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) on Saturday, February 28, 2009, from 1:00 to 7:00 PM. All photos are intended for use in Wikipedia articles or on Wikimedia Commons. There will be a prize available for the person who gets the most photos on the list.

If you don't like art, why not come just to meet your fellow Wikipedians. Apparently, we haven't had a meetup in this area since June 2006!

If you are interested in attending, please add your name to Wikipedia Loves Art. Please make a note if you are traveling to the area (train or plane) and need transportation, which can probably be arranged via carpool, but we need time to coordinate. Lodging is as of right now out of scope, but we could discuss that if enough people are interested.

Thank you and I hope to see you there!  howcheng  {chat} 00:08, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:Oxnard City Logo.jpg)
Thanks for uploading File:Oxnard City Logo.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Nomination for deletion of Template:Cde-enr-hist
Template:Cde-enr-hist has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Frietjes (talk) 19:00, 30 March 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lan56


text:
User talk:Tellumo

ClockworkTroll 05:33, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tellumo


text:
User talk:Ultra megatron

Condoleezza Rice and em dashes
You were right about the misuse of the em dash in that hyphenated word. It is worth noting, however, that em dashes are also used in the library and information sciences to separate the section and subsection components of a category or index entry (e.g. "National security—America"). Kdau 01:41, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)

Homosexuality laws map

Is this version any better in regards to the colours? I changed all the greens to blues. If it's any better I'll change the image that's on the pages. --Ibagli 21:26, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Removal of templates and boxes
I've removed some of the templates and boxes on your user talk page as unnecessary drama unrelated to writing an encyclopedia. Please feel free to contact me with any questions. ObiterDicta ( pleadings • errata • appeals ) 22:32, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Sorry.

has smiled at you! Smiles promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Spread the WikiLove by smiling to someone else, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Happy editing! Smile at others by adding {{subst:Smile}} to their talk page with a friendly message.

Sorry about the argument. Please forgive me.

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Legend of Mana - town 2.png)
Thanks for uploading Image:Legend of Mana - town 2.png. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:10, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Legend of Mana - town 3.png)
Thanks for uploading Image:Legend of Mana - town 3.png. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:10, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Legend of Mana PSX-1.png)
Thanks for uploading Image:Legend of Mana PSX-1.png. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:13, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

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Non-Free rationale for File:Legend of Mana - battle 1.png
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ultra megatron


text:
User talk:Nile

Nuthin' to see, move along. <3.

title: User talk:Nile


text:
User talk:Phoebus

ClockworkTroll 05:34, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phoebus


text:
Santa Clara University School of Law

The Santa Clara University School of Law (Santa Clara Law) is the law school of Santa Clara University, a Jesuit university in Santa Clara, California, United States, in the Silicon Valley region. The School of Law was founded in 1911.

Santa Clara Law offers the Juris Doctor (J.D.) law degree, as well as several double-degree programs, including J.D./Master of Business Administration (J.D./M.B.A.) and J.D./Master of Science in Information Systems (MSIS) offered in conjunction with Santa Clara University's Leavey School of Business. In addition, the school offers Master of Laws (LL.M.) degrees in intellectual property law, in U.S. law for foreign lawyers, and in international and comparative law. Santa Clara Law also features specialized curricular programs in high tech and intellectual property law, international law, public interest, social justice law, and is one of few law schools to offer a certificate in privacy law.

History
Santa Clara University School of Law was founded in 1911. The school is part of Santa Clara University (founded 1851), the oldest operating institution of higher learning in California and the oldest Catholic university in the American West. It was approved by the American Bar Association in 1937. It joined the Association of American Law Schools in 1940.

Prior to the requirement that all California law graduates must take the state bar exam, Santa Clara Law was one of the five schools whose graduates were exempt from the examination, along with Boalt Hall, Hastings, Stanford, and USC.

Rankings
According to the required disclosures under ABA Section 509, not counting those employed where a JD degree was an advantage, employed in a professional position, and those enrolled in graduate studies, 55% of the Class of 2021 was employed in full-time, long-term positions that require bar admission within nine months of graduation.

Law school rankings of Santa Clara Law include:
 * Number 4 for Intellectual Property Law among law schools in the United States
 * Number 12 for diversity among law schools (tied for first in California with the USC Law School)
 * Number 133 overall of 196 ABA approved law schools in the United States as ranked by U.S. News & World Report
 * Princeton Review "Best 170 Law Schools" (2008) – number 22 overall among law schools for average starting salary
 * The Census Group Composition 2009 ranking, which scores law schools based on selectivity, salary, placement and yield, ranks Santa Clara Law at Number 64.
 * Hylton Rankings 2007, which scores programs based on their U.S. News & World Report peer assessment ratings provided by law professors and by the mean LSAT scores of each law school, ranked Santa Clara Law at Number 78 overall.
 * Listed Number 13 overall for 2011 mid-career median salary (at $188,000 a year) in Forbes' list of Best Law Schools for Getting Rich
 * Graded as "B−" in the January 2011 "Best Public Interest Law Schools" listing by The National Jurist: The Magazine for Law Students
 * Graded as "A" in the March 2011 "Diversity Honor Roll" by The National Jurist: The Magazine for Law Students
 * Its journal, Santa Clara Computer and High Technology Law Journal, is ranked #6 in 2012 nationally for intellectual property.

Bar passage rates
Based on a 2001–2007 six-year average, 73% of Santa Clara University Law graduates passed the California State Bar.

Post-graduation employment
According to Santa Clara's official 2013 ABA-required disclosures, 42.2% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation, excluding solo-practitioners. Santa Clara Law's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 34.5%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2013 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation.

Law School Transparency reports a 41.3% employment score for the Class of 2011.

According to the American Bar Association's "Official Guide to ABA-Approved Law Schools," 94.5 percent of Santa Clara students were employed nine months after graduation, with 77 percent of graduates employed in the private sector and 21 percent employed in the public sector.

According to the Princeton Review, the average private-sector starting salary for Santa Clara Law graduates in 2020 is $100,000. According to Forbes magazine, mid-career median salary is currently $188,000 a year.

According to a study done by online salary-information company PayScale, graduates of Santa Clara Law have the third highest midcareer median salary among all graduate programs in the United States. The report found that Santa Clara Law graduates typically make $76,900 the first year following graduation and attain a midcareer median salary of $197,700.

Costs
The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at Santa Clara for the 2021-2022 academic year was $89,444 for first-year law students. The Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years is $262,472.

Students
For the 2021 entering class, the top-five feeder schools into Santa Clara Law were UC Berkeley, UC Davis, UC San Diego, San Jose State University, and Santa Clara University.

The top-five feeder states in order are California, Texas, Nevada, Washington, and Arizona. For the 2021 entering class, 2,336 people applied to the School of Law and 205 full-time and 21 part-time students matriculated.

For the 2021 entering class, the LSAT scores for entering full-time students were 160 for the 75th percentile and 155 for the 25th percentile. The undergraduate GPA for full-time entering students was 3.62 for the 75th percentile and 3.21 for the 25th percentile.

Santa Clara Law has a chapter of the Order of the Coif, a national law school honorary society founded for the purposes of encouraging legal scholarship and advancing the ethical standards of the legal profession.

Campus
Over the last century, the Santa Clara University campus, located along El Camino Real in Santa Clara, has expanded to more than 104 acre. Amid its many Mission-style academic and residential buildings are the historic mission gardens, rose garden, and palm trees.

Until 1939, the law school inhabited present-day St. Joseph's Hall at the center of campus. Under the tenure of Dean Edwin Owens, Bergin Hall was constructed and became home to the school in 1939. The new building was built using monies collected through Santa Clara football's successful appearances in the Sugar Bowl and named after Thomas Bergin, Santa Clara's first graduate, a California legal pioneer, and an early donor to the School of Law.

The Edwin Heafey Law Library was constructed in 1963, and expanded in 1973 to include more space for library materials. Heafey was renovated and expanded again in 1988. The collection contains over 400,000 volumes in print and digital formats. Additionally, the library manages an institutional repository which currently contains over 4,000 digital items including a collection of papers related to the Congressional hearings regarding the Watergate Scandal donated by Congressman Don Edwards. Other digital collections include documents relating to litigation over the Patient Protection and Affordable Healthcare Act (also known as Obamacare) and the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. Also in 1973, Bannan Hall was built, including space for the Law School on the ground floor. In 2008 Dean Donald Polden announced the law school would have exclusive use of Bannan Hall, and the building was renovated and used exclusively by the law school shortly thereafter.

In 2018, the Law school moved into Charney Hall, a new $60-million building built specifically to house the Law school.

Notable faculty

 * Colleen V. Chien – senior advisor for intellectual property in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)
 * David D. Friedman – author of The Machinery of Freedom
 * Eric Goldman – Co-Director of the High Tech Law Institute, author of Technology and Marketing Law Blog
 * Ro Khanna – adjunct instructor, former Deputy Assistant Secretary in the United States Department of Commerce
 * Catherine Sandoval – Commissioner on the California Public Utilities Commission

Notable alumni

 * Mike Espy (1978) – former 25th United States Secretary of Agriculture, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
 * Ashley Gjøvik (2022) – former Apple Inc. employee; labor activist and whistleblower
 * Phyllis Jean Hamilton (1976) – Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California
 * Beth Kerttula (1981) – Minority Leader, Alaska House of Representatives
 * Robert J. Lagomarsino (1953) – U.S. Representative for California's 19th District
 * Zoe Lofgren (1975) – U.S. Representative for California's 16th congressional district
 * Douglas Moylan (1991) – Judge on the Supreme Court of Guam; first elected Attorney General of Guam
 * Edward A. Panelli (1956) – Justice of the Supreme Court of California
 * Jimmy Panetta (1996) – U.S. Representative for California's 20th congressional district; previously assistant district attorney in Monterey County, California
 * Leon Panetta (1963) – former Secretary of Defense; former Director of the Central Intelligence Agency; previously, White House Chief of Staff under Bill Clinton; U.S. House of Representatives (California)
 * Howard Wallace Pollock (1953) – U.S. Representative for Alaska
 * Curren Price (1976) – Senator, California State Senate
 * Albert J. Ruffo (1936) – 48th Mayor of San Jose
 * Mark Stone (1988) – Assemblymember for California's 29th State Assembly district

Law School deans
Timeline of historical events, including previous deans.
 * James Campbell – 1911 to 1918
 * Lawrence E. O'Keefe, SJ – 1919 to 1920
 * Clarence Coolidge – 1920 to 1933
 * Edwin J. Owens – 1933 to 1953
 * Byron J. Snow – 1953 to 1955
 * Warren P. McKenney – 1955 to 1959
 * Leo Huard – 1959 to 1969
 * George Strong (acting) – 1970
 * George Alexander – 1970 to 1985
 * Richard Rykoff (acting) – 1985 to 1986
 * Gerald Uelmen - 1986 to 1994
 * Mack Player – 1994 to 2003
 * Donald J. Polden – 2003 to 2013
 * Lisa Kloppenberg – 2013 to 2019
 * Anna Han (acting) – 2019 to 2021
 * Michael J. Kaufman – 2021 to present

title: Santa Clara University School of Law


text:
Saddam Hussein Nagar, Sri Lanka

Saddam Hussein Village (Sinhala:සදාම් හුසේන් නගරය Tamil: சதாம் உசேன் நகர்) also known as Saddam Hussein Nagar is the name of a village exclusively inhabited by local Muslims in Eravur in the Batticaloa district of Sri Lanka.

Etymology
The village was named Saddam Hussein Village derived after the ousted Iraqi politician who served as the fifth President of Iraq 1979 to 2003 Saddam Hussein in recognition of the assistance and Iraq-Sri Lanka Friendship Association.

History
It was when the 1978 Sri Lanka cyclone which was considered the strongest Super Cyclonic Storm to strike Sri Lanka's Eastern Province since modern records began. Then Speaker of the Parliament Marhoom Alhaj M. A. Bakeer Markar used his office to obtain assistance from the Government of Iraq for the affected people while Saddam Hussein Town was built at the entire cost of then Government of Iraq. M. A. Bakeer Markar was also the founder President of the Iraq-Sri Lanka Friendship Association.

The construction of the entire village was fully funded by the Iraqi government which consists around 100 Houses, a School and a mosque named Madina Mosque which was gifted by Saddam Hussein himself.

title: Saddam Hussein Nagar, Sri Lanka


text:
Talk:Spinal cord injury

To
To do: (meant for me, but if somebody gets really driven, I won't complain!) ClockworkTroll 05:41, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Add references for statistics and try to make same internationalized
 * Prognoses, treatments (maybe a thing about stem cells?

Comments by another user
www.spinalcord.uab.edu says that the population of USA SCI is ~250,000. Another effect of SCI is shortened lifespan.

Lots of useful information missing
--Cervical spinal cord injuries from motor vehicle crashes is down dramatically in the last fifteen years, owing to the broader enforcement of seatbelt/shoulder harness usage enforcement and widespread availability of airbag technology.

--The vast majority of spinal cord injury survivors are placed in some form of rehabilitation hospital after "medical stability" is reached and some form of paralysis remains to be managed.

--The substantial alteration of defecation, urination, and erectile functions is not mentioned. These are MAJOR matters in the life of a SCI person. (Many SCI persons have a neurogenic bladder, that is, the urinary bladder sphincter is shut permanently and and intermittent cateterization program must be performed about four times per day to remove urinary waste.) Defecation requires an analogous intervention on a regular basis. Loss of erectile function is often permanent and ejaculatory function is likely to be permanently absent as well. Autonomic erections are sometimes possible, and may allow for sexual function, albeit with dramatically reduced sensation. (These erections are neurologically identical to erections that all mammals experience with a full urinary bladder--that is, it occurs without sexual arousal. Normal mental sexual arousal is disconnected from normal erections by the SCI.)

--Sensory loss is a major problem in that most SCI persons spend an increased percentage of their lives in a seated position. The reduction of sensation in their legs and buttocks increases the likelihood of ischemic skin injury, that is, blood supply is compromised to the skin and surface muscles by sitting too long--pinching the blood vessels--thus denying nutrition and waste removal from the tissues. (These are known as bedsores when developed to a more advanced stage.) A person without SCI has the sensations and "weight shifts" to remove pressure. SCI persons must be constantly vigilant to remember to do weight shifts and to perform visual inspections to avoid skin breakdown.

Homebuilding 207.178.98.102 (talk) 03:46, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Scientists should weigh in with discussion of potential therapies
A major problem with commenting on recent high-profile research is many scientists are constrained in what they can say, as criticism can come back to bite you. Most publications and grants are peer-reviewed; speaking ones mind about the quality of work of other scientists might threaten ones own career.

Wikipedia allows anonymous posts, and could allow for frank discussion. Moderation, to avoid slander, is obviously important.

Who'd like to start!?

Could someone with the appropriate scientific credentials summarize the results of the just-publicized Anglo-Polish therapy that has managed to regenerate a Polish man's completely severed spinal cord using cells transplanted from his olfactory nerves? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.236.198.105 (talk) 22:00, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

I will- you hit the nail on the head
Buyer beware re: experimental treatments recently hyped in the media - many of us in the business are indeed reluctant to publicly speak our minds, as suggested above - privately we say "it's b.s.!!" and then, when interviewed, use terms like "premature" or "questionable" to describe our opinions. Anecdotal reports sensationalizing "improved sensation" and "sweating" without any associated visible change in movement (or wiggling a toe, and nothing else), and/or "standing for the first time" with braces are particularly suspect. Remember, those who've invested in surgery want to believe they got something for their trouble; and the media loves miracle comeback stories. Do your homework well before having the fundraiser.

Exercise
Exercise is proving to be a very effective interim therapy. Many people who were told that they would be in a wheelchair for the rest of their lives are now walking because of intensive exercise programs. Exercise is obviously not the cure for everyone but for many it can mean the difference between independence and dependence. TheSnowman 21:20, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed, and we should also comment on the importance of proper rehab and what the various rehab accreditations mean. (In the US, these include CARF and being deemed a model SCI Rehabilitation Center.) What is taught at rehab in terms of ADLs and exercise are important topics, that can lead in to the overall importance of exercise.Hananekosan (talk) 00:29, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Q: Can spinal cord injury cause itching?
Is itching a normal effect of spinal cord injury? The article didn't seem to have any information about it, but it's been my experience. -- Creidieki 4 July 2005 18:31 (UTC)

Spurious sensations of itching, soreness and heat all seem to be common.

In my experience, altered sensations are VERY common. Persons with complete injury, that is no nerve conduction, at all, have the least sensations, of course. Weird sensations are most common with those who have some muscle function return. As with any pain or unusual sensation, movement and exercise are likely to "distract" and provide substitute sensations.

We really need to have a PM&R (physical medicine and rehabiliation) doctor fill in a lot of missing details, here.

Homebuilding 207.178.98.102 (talk) 03:54, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, it absolutely can. These are common with neuropathic pain, which is very common after SCI, though it doesn't always manifest in the acute phase. Agree that expansion here is needed. Hananekosan (talk) 00:29, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

How to...
O.k. not that I'm going to try this or do it but would it be possible to break someones spine from the guillitine choke hold position like in the show prison break I only wanted to know if it is possible?

76.118.107.105 (talk) 01:57, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Hyphen
Why is the article title hyphenated when the hyphen is not used in the text of the article? I would lean toward no hyphen, but in any case, this should be consistent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.231.6.66 (talk) 15:58, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Moved (this is actually a reversal of a previous undiscussed (though uncontested-at-the-time) redirect). DMacks (talk) 06:25, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

Spinal-cord injury → Spinal cord injury — The use of a hyphen is unnecessary and does not match the text within the article. WWGB (talk) 13:22, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Support. The National Spinal Cord Injury Association uses the term without the hyphen, as do these online sources. The sources used in the article seem to use "spinal cord injury" as well. Jafeluv (talk) 20:11, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Methylprednisolone
We need to verify the information on methylprednisolone administration. I believe what's stated about administration beginning within 8 hours is recommended, but that there are therapeutic benefits that have been noted when initial administration has been delayed. Also, we should consider talking about the recommended dosage guidelines (initial bolus then every ?hour for a recommended period). I'm not current enough with this subject to have the information at the tip of my tongue but should brush up.Hananekosan (talk) 00:29, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Differentiate between acute and chronic
Should explain clinical difference between acute and chronic SCI.Hananekosan (talk) 00:29, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

List of institutions
It might be beneficial to compile a list of institutions that actively seek to repair spinal cord injuries. It´s an experimental practice and getting some overview over the major players would strengthen the research network. For those seeking aid this would be a great help and simplify initial information gathering. Svebo (talk) 10:43, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

SCIWORA
Someone needs to include talk about Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiological Abnormality (SCIWORA)

--Alin0Steglinski (talk) 04:25, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

Spinal stenosis should be included as a cause for spinal cord injury
This article, like many others, does not list spinal stenosis as a cause of spinal cord injury, though spinal stenosis can potentially result in permanent spinal cord and nerve damage or even paralysis.

I was diagnosed with severe spinal stenosis in both my lumbar and cervical spines and have since had multiple vertebrae fused in both areas. But due to lack of insurance, both surgeries were performed several years later than I needed them.

By the time I got cervical fusion surgery, my spinal cord had been severely compressed for months (maybe years), and I was in imminent danger of quadroplegia. The fusion was considered emergency surgery. I was experiencing extreme, full-body pain and had virtually lost the use of my arms and hands, which sometimes were as numb as wood from the elbows to fingertips. I suffered bowel and bladder incontinence and could barely raise my legs or coordinate them for walking. I could not drive a car, use a computer, operate hand tools, or lift anything heavier than a coffee cup, and this I frequently dropped.

By the time I underwent lumbar fusion surgery, I could only take a few steps at a time and my MRI showed compression so severe that my lumbar spinal canal looked like a series of sausage links. At L4, my spinal canal appeared virtually non-existent on the MRI.

Though I'm miraculously not paralyzed, I continue to have nerve-root pain, stiffness (spasticity), muscle spasms, occasional bladder incontinence, difficulty with hand-eye coordination, and many other problems.

Worse yet, I think I might be experiencing many of the symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia, but I haven't yet found a doctor who could diagnose this or rule it out. As yet, I've found no information related to autonomic dysreflexia occurring in non-paralyzed people, though I've been told this is possible. I would greatly appreciate it if somebody would post information here or elsewhere about autonomic dysreflexia in non-paralyzed people. I would also like somebody to add spinal stenosis to this article, as a cause for spinal cord injury. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rockfish552 (talk • contribs) 13:46, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

What about complications of SCI?
My background is that I'm a GP but used to work in a spinal unit when I was training in orthopaedics.

I wonder if there could be more detail on complications of SCI such as spasm, bladder and erectile dysfunction, autonomic dysreflexia etc. within the article. I see dysreflexia has it's own page, but perhaps some info on managing common problems might be helpful?

I'm not sure spinal stenosis should be included as at low lumbar levels (below the conus at L1/2) really it is a radiculopathy (damage to nerve roots) ratehr than damage to the cord itself. nerve troots are peripheral nerves and so can regenerate, they are not part of the central nervous sytem. Spinal stenosis rarely causes spinal cord syndromes and I couldn't find any cases of complete cord injury on a medline search. it really should be viewed as a seperate problem in its own right and not included here. MazzaDB (talk) 12:42, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

This is a very late reply but I agree with you re: spinal stenosis. I could see listing it as a cause of paralysis but not as a cause of spinal cord injury. Hananekosan (talk) 01:19, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

Reviews
We need to start with the best evidence and the rest will follow:

Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 00:16, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

Pre 1950s
Could there be a history section in the article? In this link it says that "until antibiotics became widely available in the 1950s, people with spinal chord injuries would often die of septicemia caused by simple urinary tract infections or bed sores." B i b (talk) 15:09, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

Questions

 * 1) I've been fiddling with the lead, but honestly I have some concerns about what I wrote. The statement that SCI implies trauma is from Taber's, but can anyone actually quote exactly what it says?  I'm not sure what I put in the lead is correct.

 * 2) Would it be reasonable to have a separate article on classification? Most of this article is drowning in this confusing system, and I'm not even sure it's that accurate, this summary here talks about a six-point scale and the ASIA Motor Score rating, neither of which is addressed in our current article.  That might be a useful source in general for the article.

 * 3) Would it make sense to focus more on recognizable symptoms, especially major events like paraplegia, which many readers will be familiar with, and compare and contrast that with the full spectrum of possible symptoms? The "top to bottom" review makes sense, but it is a bit of a mess at the moment, and reads like a diagnostic and classification guide rather than an encyclopedia article.

A proposed structure for the "signs and symptoms" section would be:

* Pain * Loss of sensation * Loss of voluntary motor control * Spasticity * Description of incomplete injuries and "everything down" * Tetraplegia * Respiratory issues * Paraplegia * Not sure what to put here? * Bowel and bladder function * Sexual dysfunction * (basically what the article has now)
 * General signs and symptoms
 * Cervical spine issues
 * Thoracic spine issues
 * Lumbar spine issues
 * Sacral spine issues
 * Other syndromes

I can see why this article was selected for collaboration, it's a mess. SDY (talk) 23:34, 11 March 2011 (UTC)
 * To your Tabers question, yes and no. Tabers says that is is an injury to the spine but I decided to spruce it up a bit and change injury to trauma as they are the same thing. To your next question, I had issues with this too and I just end up having a stalemate in my thinking and then forgetting about it. I agree with your plan except for lumbar spinal injuries. I can try to find some more information on it but I am writing this while sleep deprived.

Also, what about the management section? The first paragraph should be expanded while the rest of it is shortened into two or three paragraphs. Just some food for through. Peter.C •  talk  •  contribs  03:49, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I was trying to avoid words like "trauma" in the lead since the lead should be the most accessible section as far as technical language. Sure, most people generally know what it is, but if there's a more commonly used word, I'd like to use it.  As for the management section, one thing at a time...  SDY (talk) 12:25, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

Next section rewrite
The signs and symptoms section could still use some work, but honestly I'm no expert at this material and I'm just trying to rewrite things so that they make sense.

The next section that screams out for help is, of course, the management section, which currently reads like a how-to guide rather than an encyclopedia article. Here's a proposed framework:

Management:

 * Immediate care at time of injury (rewriting to de-"how to"/de-editorialize, but not much change in material)
 * Stabilizing patient
 * Mention/wikilink backboards as an example?
 * Indicate focus is preventing further injury

I'm going to get rid of mention of the TSCI acronym, it's confusing.

 * ER/ICU care (mostly just reorganizing current material)
 * Life-threatening injuries first
 * Surgical follow-up
 * Anti-inflammatory drugs: methylprednisone, brilliant blue G (need some WP:MEDRS for that)
 * m-p is used, but evidence of benefit is weak.
 * potential complications to anti-inflammatory therapy
 * -Anyone have a sense of if this is current practice? The article contradicts itself.
 * -I'm guessing NACSIS is a US study but could be UK. Is this global practice?
 * Unproven treatments: therapeutic hypothermia, maintaining blood pressure

 * Rehabilitation (focus is on "big picture" understanding, not the current "how to" guide)
 * Acute recovery
 * psych
 * physical therapy
 * prevention of pressure sores
 * Acute rehabilitation
 * physical therapy
 * use of special equipment
 * teaching skills for activities of daily living
 * Transfer and mobility
 * Bodily functions

*living environment modifications *continuing support
 * Community reintegration

I'd also like to keep the rehabilitation section more general. As it is now, it's really targeted towards paraplegia: serious but workable problems, and the article is about SCI in general. Useful advice, I guess, but Wikipedia isn't here to give professional advice.

Once that's done, I may try to condense the "causes" and "epidemiology" sections into a single thingy. The classification section I'm going to leave for now, as I mentioned above there's content that's missing and it's hard to organize things where further changes are expected.

Is there a WP:MED template for disease articles on how they're supposed to be ordered? I know there's one for medications. SDY (talk) 01:23, 13 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Just a heads up, I am NOT going to touch management at all, not even with a 50 foot pole. With regards to the causes/epidemiology section. They should NOT be placed together as they are two similar, but distinct topics. Peter.C  •  talk  •  contribs  02:36, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I found the disease "template" here. I'm not sure why "Causes" and "Epidemiology" are distant from each other in the "standard" format, but I guess that's my public health bias.  According to that, there are some sections missing from this article: Pathophysiology (fairly straightforward, I guess, but again I'm more of an editor than a writer given my lack of expertise), Prognosis (information currently spread throughout the article and lacks citations), History (there are some hints in the article, but again mostly missing), Society and Culture (ugh, what a minefield, but mentioning the Reeve case isn't ridiculous), Special Populations (maybe nothing to mention here?), In Other Animals (any veterinarians in the house?).  Just some ideas if anyone's looking to add new content.  SDY (talk) 14:31, 13 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Causes is the of MoI's that can cause a spinal cord injury while epidemiology is the statistics of the injury. I think we might be able to do a "special populations" to point out anatomical differences in various age groups. I think we should not really bother with "in other animals" as we have a lot of other stuff to work on already. Peter.C  •  talk  •  contribs  14:41, 13 March 2011 (UTC)
 * They're obviously distinct definitions and concepts, but for an encyclopedia article talking about causes and epidemiology together makes a lot of sense (i.e. which causes are "significant" is based almost entirely on epi). Anyway, I've taken a stab at what appeared to be the glaring problems with this article.  There's still a lot of work to be done, obviously, and I wouldn't consider what I've done to be stellar, but it's a start.  SDY (talk) 23:33, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

Why doesn't a spinal cord injury heal on its own?
After reading this article I still do not understand why damage to the spinal cord is permanent, whereas injuries to other nerves are not. Is there anyone who knows the answer to this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.152.113.210 (talk) 19:30, 20 June 2012 (UTC) <!--Autosigned by SineBot--

Proposed merger
A new article has been written at E-dura spinal cord implant which I believe should be merged into this article. That article reflects current advances in the development of spinal cord implants. Please offer your thoughts here. ~

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title: Talk:Spinal cord injury


text:
Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie

Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie (11 August 1873 – 2 October 1958) was a French botanist who specialized in the plants of Madagascar.

He is the nephew of Eugène Pierre Perrier de la Bâthie, (1825-1916), another botanist, who also collected plants with him.

He delineated the two chief floristic provinces of Madagascar (see Ecoregions of Madagascar). Some of his works include La végétation malgache (1921), Biogéographie de plantes de Madagascar (1936), and numerous volumes of the series Flore de Madagascar et des Comores (1946-1952).

Honours
The orchid genus Neobathiea (originally Bathiea) was named in his honor, as was the indriid lemur Perrier's sifaka (Propithecus perrieri). He has other plant genera named in his honour. Such as in 1905, botanist Lucien Désiré Joseph Courchet published Perriera, a genus of flowering plants from Madagascar, belonging to the family Simaroubaceae. Then in 1915, botanist Hochr. published Perrierophytum, a genus of flowering plants from Mozambique and Madagascar, belonging to the family Malvaceae. In 1924, A.Camus published Perrierbambus,a bamboo in the grass family. In 1951, Alberto Judice Leote Cavaco published Perrierodendron is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Sarcolaenaceae. Then finally in 1978, (A.Berger) H.Ohba published Perrierosedum, succulent plants of the family Crassulaceae.

Several species of Madagascar plants were also named for him, including Adenia perrieri, Adansonia perrieri (or Perrier's baobab), Erythrina perrieri, Ensete perrieri, Euphorbia perrieri, Gereaua perrieri, Jumelleanthus perrieri Hochr. , Melanophylla perrieri, Podocarpus perrieri, Takhtajania perrieri, (originally named Bubbia perrieri) and Xerosicyos perrieri.


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Supaplex

Supaplex is a video game created by Philip Jespersen and Michael Stopp, two Swiss students, and published by Digital Integration in 1991. It is an extended clone of Boulder Dash.

History
Aiming to develop a version of Boulder Dash that could fit onto a floppy disk, the designers had a hard time developing better graphics under said constraint. The original Amiga Supaplex version had to fit on a standard 880 kB floppy disk and needed to run on a standard 512 kB Amiga like the original A500 or A2000. In fact, the Amiga version could not be copied onto the hard drive due to copy protection and its custom disk format.

The game was released for Amiga and MS-DOS. (Two people from the London area started developing a full version for the Atari ST, but it was never released, because of the limited graphical support.) Unofficial ports have been made to other platforms, such as the ZX Spectrum.

Due to hardware-dependent programming, the PC version of Supaplex ran twice as fast as PCs became faster. Herman Perk disassembled the game, debugged it and re-assembled it again. The result became known as SpeedFix. Extra features have also been added without changing the game itself.

The developers of the game have declared the software to be freeware.

Level editors and a Win32 clone called "Megaplex" were created.

Gameplay

The game comes with 111 levels, though many unofficial level sets have been released that greatly increase that number. Although the levels must be played in order, the game allows up to three levels to be skipped at any given time. Also, it was very easy to skip additional levels by editing the file that contained the list of levels successfully completed. The game is very challenging, but unlike many Boulder Dash-related games, the difficulty comes from solving the puzzles in each level rather than from semi-responsive controls. Furthermore, Supaplex does not use time limits for solving the puzzles, unlike Boulder Dash.

Most objects are identical in behaviour to those in the original Boulder Dash, simply redrawn with a computer hardware theme. Murphy replaces Rockford, who collects objects called Infotrons, which are reminiscent of schematic representations of atoms, instead of diamonds. Instead of dirt, the levels are filled with printed circuit board simply called base in the game's manual, and not lined with brick walls, but with computer chips and other hardware, and filled with Zonks instead of rocks. The enemies are moving scissors, called Snik Snaks, and electrons, which resemble sparkling stars.

Supaplex introduces a number of new elements that were not present in Boulder Dash, including bugs, pieces of base that randomly cause life-threatening electrostatic discharges, Ports, which limit Murphy's movement to specific directions, and terminals, which set off yellow Utility Disks. Utility Disks are explosive floppy disks and come in three different colors: Orange Disks work like Zonks, but explode when hit or when falling. Yellow Disks do not fall, yet may be pushed in any direction, but not pulled (which allows creating Sokoban-like puzzles), and explode when the Terminal is used. Red Disks can be carried and dropped when convenient, exploding seconds after.

Supaplex is the first Boulder Dash-like game that is not fully grid-based: while the playing field is an obvious grid, the objects do not "snap" from one grid position to another, but can be halfway or "in between" grid positions while moving or falling. This behavior has led to a number of well-known bugs that can be turned to the player's advantage, many of which need to be exploited to complete fan-made levels. For instance, by turning around quickly, the player can cause an enemy or rock to "bounce" off Murphy.

The game also applies "gravity" on some levels, which means that Murphy will fall down empty spaces and will be unable to go back up, unless he climbs up by using bases. Gravity is not indicated visually – the player can only notice by trial and error.

Reception
Supaplex received mostly favorable reviews. Comparing it to Boulder Dash and Emerald Mine, CU Amiga lauded the variety of the puzzles and the longevity of the gameplay, only lamenting the lack of a multiplayer mode and the need to restart difficult levels if the player makes a mistake. Amiga Action thought that it improved considerably on the game inspiring it, but expressed dissatisfaction with its graphics, and also felt that it was priced high since several public-domain Boulder Dash clones already existed. Zero praised the puzzle-oriented gameplay as addictive, with minor criticism directed at its stagnant graphics.

Amiga Format also found the game to be addictive, but was more forgiving of the graphics, calling them "simplistic but effective". Amiga Computing considered Supaplex to be an average game. It described its gameplay as dated with new features "to give it some welly", criticised its presentation for not providing context as to what the game is about, and felt that it should have been released as a budget title. In its negative review, Amiga Power criticised the length and difficulty of the levels and the game's overall presentation, writing that there are superior Boulder Dash clones released to the public domain.

title: Supaplex