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Stanley Graham

Eric Stanley George Graham (12 November 1900 – 21 October 1941) was a New Zealander who killed seven people.

Early life
Graham was born and raised in Kokatahi, New Zealand and, as a child, worked at the Longford Hotel, built in 1902, ten miles from Hokitika, whose proprietor was his father, John Graham. Graham met his wife, Dorothy McCoy, when she moved from Rakaia in the late 1920s to work at the hotel.

They married in Christchurch on 22 December 1930, living there for six months before moving to run a small dairy farm at Kowhitirangi on the West Coast. They were to have a son and a daughter.

Through the late 1930s, Graham maintained reasonably good relations with his neighbours, although he and his wife took little part in social life. By 1940, though, the Graham family was under severe financial pressure, having had cream condemned by the Westland Co-operative Dairy Company and incurred debt from a venture into cattle breeding. As income from his farm dropped, he fell into debt totalling more than £550 (approximately NZ$49,263 in 2015). His behaviour took a turn for the worse, and he began threatening and abusing passing neighbours. Graham and his wife practised target shooting from the back of their home in the middle of the night. Graham was an expert marksman and had an assortment of firearms.

In early 1941, Graham was in a dispute with the police, who wanted his .303 rifle for war use. This was finally handed over on 15 July, but Graham and his wife still held a shotgun and two Winchester rifles, a .22 and a .405.

On 11 September, at Ashby Bergh's department store at High Street in central Christchurch, Mrs. Graham purchased, on her husband's behalf, a 7mm Mauser rifle and ammunition. This was the weapon Graham used to shoot his victims.

Day of the rampage
On 4 October 1941, a neighbour of Graham's, Anker Madsen, complained to Constable Edward Best, stationed in nearby Kaniere, that Graham was accusing him of poisoning his cattle. Best decided not to respond in order to give Graham time to calm down.

On 8 October, Graham confronted Madsen with a rifle. Later that morning, Best attempted to discuss the matter with Graham but backed off after Graham pointed two rifles out of a window at him. Best retreated to Hokitika for back-up and returned to the farm with Sergeant William Cooper, 43, and Constables Frederick Jordan, 26, and Percy Tulloch, 35. After a short conversation inside his house, Graham shot and wounded Sergeant Cooper and Constable Best after Sergeant Cooper apparently reached to disarm Graham. He then fired at Constables Jordan and Tulloch as they ran into the house, killing them both instantly with the one bullet. When the badly wounded Cooper attempted to leave to obtain help, Graham shot him dead on the path in front of the house. Best was shot once more after allegedly attempting to plead with him, and died three days later. Graham also fatally wounded a field instructor for the Canterbury education board named George Ridley, who had entered Graham's property to assist any wounded along with an armed local, whom Graham threatened and disarmed.

Graham then fled his house, armed with both of his Winchester rifles, his 7mm Mauser Rifle, the .303 rifle taken from the local who had accompanied George Ridley into Graham's property, and a .32 ACP Colt Revolver stolen from Sergeant Cooper's body.

Manhunt and death
Returning the next evening to discover three members of the Home Guard in his house, Graham opened fire and killed home guardsmen Richard "Maxie" Coulson and Gregory Hutchison in a gunfight. During that engagement, he was wounded in the right shoulder.

The ensuing manhunt was the biggest in New Zealand history. It was overseen by Commissioner of Police Denis Cummings. More than 100 New Zealand Police and several hundred New Zealand Army and Home Guard personnel searched the area for Graham for 12 days, with orders to shoot on sight if they found Graham armed.

On 10 October, both of Graham's Winchester rifles and 800 rounds of ammunition were discovered. Blood was discovered on one of the rifles, suggesting he had been wounded.

In the next few days, Graham's blood-soaked shirt and the .303 rifle he had stolen earlier were recovered, and after 9 October, he was sighted numerous times by home guardsmen and civilians and, on at least three occasions, was fired upon whilst attempting to return to his home or simply walking in its vicinity. On at least two occasions, cattle on nearby farms were found slashed or shot, and on at least one occasion, a dead heifer was found with meat taken from it.

On 17 October, a farmhouse belonging to Henry Growcott, a childhood friend of Graham's, was broken into and food was taken.

On 20 October, parties of police were positioned around his home, expecting Graham to return to the Growcott farm. In the middle of the night, after being spotted by two police constables and a local civilian carrying his rifle and ammunition belts, an injured Graham was shot by Auckland Constable James D'Arcy Quirke with a .303 rifle from a distance of 25 metres as he crawled through a patch of scrub. After being shot, he was surrounded by almost a hundred police and army personnel, reportedly telling one of them that he "could have shot some more". He died the following morning at approximately 5:25 a.m. at Westland Hospital, Hokitika, the same hospital where Constable Best had died from his injuries. He was buried at Hokitika Cemetery. Constable Quirke reported that Graham told him he was intending to give up that night.

Later that month, the Graham property was burnt to the ground and Mrs Graham and her children left the area.

In popular culture
There have been several biographical accounts of his life and the murders published since the tragedies occurred.

In 1968 the Australian drama series Homicide based episode 180, "Dead or Alive", on the case, with the Graham character being played by Brian Wenzel. Unlike real life, the Graham character is captured alive, with the detectives wondering at the end of the episode whether he would be found insane or sentenced to death.

In 1974 Nightwood Films produced a 26-minute documentary concerning the manhunt. This film is the only audio-visual record of many of the participants' recollections. It was also the first time the large cache of photographs taken during the manhunt by Home Guardsman Dave Stevenson were made public.

A 1981 British-New Zealand film, Bad Blood, was made about Stanley Graham and his chain of killings, as well as the dimensions of historical context and social injustice involved. Australian actor Jack Thompson played Graham.

title: Stanley Graham


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Decamentathlon

The Decamentathlon is a multi disciplined games event that was created as part of the first Mind Sports Olympiad. It was founded to try to find the best games all-rounder in the world and hence possibly the best games player. It was given a prize fund of £10,000 for the inaugural competition, that equalled that of the highest funded event at the first MSO sponsored by Skandia. However, the other events were spread over multiple playing sessions whereas the Decamentathlon was held over just a single session. This event was initially hailed as the MSO flagship event. Although, the Mind Sports Olympiad's other new event the Pentamind has since become regarded as the more significant event despite not having a fixed format.

Format
The Mind Sports Olympiad was described as the Olympics of the mind. The Decamentathlon and Pentamind were an attempt to replicate the ideas of the decathlon and pentathlon from athletics. Unlike the Pentamind which has a free format allowing competitors to use different events to each other, the Decamentathlon has a fixed format. The Decamentathlon comprises a 4-hour test which is split into 10 events (see below). Each event was either a reduced version of the full event when played in competition or a written paper. Each event carries a maximum score of 100 points so the maximum possible score is 1000 points. The complexity of setting the event and marking it has meant that the only place to have held a Decamentathlon is the Mind Sports Olympiad where the annual world championship is held.

The Decamentathlon was originally divided into ten tests in the following events: bridge, chess, creative thinking, draughts 8x8 / checkers, go, intelligence, mastermind, memory skills, mental calculations, othello.

The memory section was initially run in a fixed format where competitors have to memorise a single deck of cards and a list of 48 random words (previously the second part was memorisation of a 96 digit number). From 2008 the Decamentathlon world championships was held using a backgammon test in the place of bridge.

For 2011 the memory section was switched again, the random words section being replaced by a random 50 digit number to be memorised. The othello and backgammon sections were also removed in favour of a Sudoku test and a Word puzzles test.

Controversy
There has been controversy over the claim that the event had an inherent English language bias. This was especially on the sections of creative thinking and intelligence. This view is reinforced by there only having been one non-native English speaker to have won the World Championships, Gert Schnider from Austria. Although, the fact that three of the winners of the Decamentathlon have won the Pentamind in years other than when they won the Decamentathlon implies that this bias might be small. There have also been issues of marking errors and the official answers not being accurate. This has resulted in medals being changed after they have been presented.

Champions
The World Championships have taken place as part of the MSO since 1997.
 * 1997: 🏴 A Dyson
 * 1998: 🏴 Paul Smith
 * 1999: 🏴 Paul Smith
 * 2000: 🇦🇹 Gert Schnider
 * 2001: 🏴 Ben Pridmore
 * 2002: 🏴 David M. Pearce
 * 2003: 🏴 Demis Hassabis
 * 2004: 🏴 Demis Hassabis
 * 2005: 🏴 Martyn Hamer
 * 2006: 🏴 Mathew J. Cordell
 * 2007: 🏴 Mathew J. Cordell
 * 2008: Alain Dekker
 * 2009: 🏴 Mathew J. Cordell
 * 2010: 🏴 Mathew J. Cordell
 * 2011: 🏴 Mathew J. Cordell
 * 2012: Alain Dekker
 * 2013: 🏴 Martyn Hamer
 * 2014: 🏴 Mathew J. Cordell
 * 2015: 🏴 Chris Bryant
 * 2016: 🏴 Matthew Hathrell
 * 2017: 🏴 Matthew Hathrell

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Decamentathlon


text: Category:Knight Ridder

title: Category:Knight Ridder


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Toyota M engine

Toyota Motor Corporation's M family of engines were a longitudinally mounted straight-6 engine design. They were used from the 1960s through the 1990s. All M family engines were OHC designs. While the M family was born with a chain-driven single camshaft it evolved into a belt-driven DOHC system after 1980. All M family engines used a cast-iron block with an aluminum cylinder head, and were built at the Toyota Kamigo plant in Toyota City, Japan.

The M-E variant, available only in the Japanese domestic market, was the first Toyota engine to be equipped with fuel injection (around the same time as the 4-cylinder 18R-E). The 4M-E was the first Toyota engine to be equipped with fuel injection for non-Japanese markets. The M family were Toyota's most prestigious engines (apart from the uncommon V family V8) for over 30 years. They were commonly found on the large Toyota Crown, Mark II, and Supra models.

M
The first M was a 1988 cc version produced from 1965 through 1988. It was a 2-valve SOHC engine. Cylinder bore and stroke was square at 75 mm. Output was 110 - 115 PS at 5,200 to 5600 rpm, depending on specifications and model year. Typical torque is 16 kgm at 3,800 rpm.

The "M-C" engine, for commercial vehicles such as the Crown Van produces 105 PS.

Twin sidedraft SU Carburettors pushed output for the M-B and M-D to 125 PS at 5,800 rpm.

Anti emissions versions, the M-U and M-EU, replaced the M and M-E on the Japanese market in mid 1976. The emissions system was called TTC (Toyota Total Clean), with a "-C" to denote the installation of a catalytic converter. For commercial vehicles, the emissions controlled carburetted version was called the M-J.

Applications (calendar years):
 * 1962–1967 Toyota Crown MS40 (second generation)
 * 1967–1971 Toyota Crown MS50 (third generation)
 * 1971–1974 Toyota Crown MS60/62/70 (fourth generation)
 * 1974–1979 Toyota Crown MS80/82/87/90/100/102/107 (fifth generation)
 * 1979–1983 Toyota Crown MS117V (seventh generation)
 * 1972–1979 Toyota Corona Mark II X10/20/30/40 (second generation)

M-P
An LPG version, the M-P and M-PU was produced from 1966 through 1989. The earliest models were simply called the M-LPG, with the emissions scrubbed M-PU replacing it in mid-1976.

 * 1983–1987 Toyota Crown MS120 (seventh generation)
 * 1987–1989 Toyota Crown MS130 (eighth generation)

M-E

The M-E fuel injected induction system appeared in the 1973–1976 Toyota Mark II (X10) "LG" sedan and hardtop as sold in Japan. It was not sold outside Japan.

The M-E was redesignated as the M-EU for the Japanese market in December 1976 when it received the TTC-C (Toyota Total Clean), catalytic converter to meet anti-emissions laws.

Applications (calendar years):
 * 1973–1980 Toyota Mark II (X10) L and LG sedan and hardtop
 * 1977-1980 Toyota Chaser (X30) SG Touring, SGS, GS sedan and hardtop

M-TEU
The turbocharged M-TEU appeared in 1980 with 145 bhp at 5,600 rpm and 21.5 kgm at 3,000 rpm. It used a Garret T-03 turbo.

In 1983, Toyota added an air/water intercooler to the M-TEU. Output was bumped to 160 bhp at 5,600 rpm and 23.5 kgm at 3,000 rpm.

Applications (calendar years):
 * 1980 Toyota Supra MA46
 * 1980 Toyota Soarer MZ10
 * 1980 Toyota Crown
 * 1980 Toyota Corona Mark II
 * 1982–1986 Toyota Celica XX (Japan)

2M
The 2-valve SOHC 2M was stroked to 85 mm for 2253 cc. It was produced from November 1966 to September 1974. Output was 109 - 115 bhp at 5,200 rpm and 16.2 - 17.5 kgm at 3,600 rpm.

Applications (calendar years):
 * Crown MS45/47 (November 1966 – August 1967)
 * Crown MS51/53/55/57 (September 1967 – January 1971)
 * Crown MS64/67 (February 1971 – September 1974)
 * Corona Mark II MX12/22/28 (1972–74)
 * 2000GT MF12

3M

Another 1988 cc naturally aspirated inline 6, with both squared bore and stroke of 75 mm and equipped with 3 Mikuni-Solex 40 PHH carburetors, the 2 valves per cylinder DOHC 3M, was produced from 1966 through 1971. This special engine shared the original M's block but featured an aluminum sump, a special Yamaha-designed aluminum head with wide 79° valves and a hemispherical shape. It powered the Yamaha/Toyota MF10 2000GT, which 'Import Tuner' magazine has described as "the first true original Japanese supercar". Output was 150 PS at 6,600 rpm and 17.8 kgm at 5,000 rpm and a Compression ratio of 8.4:1.

Applications (calendar years):
 * Toyota 2000GT MF10

4M

The engine was bored out to 80 mm to create the 2563 cc 2-valve SOHC 4M. Produced from 1972 through 1980, output was 108 - 123 bhp at 5,600 rpm and 18.5 – at 3,600 rpm.

The fuel-injected 4M-E was produced from 1978 through 1980. It was also a 2-valve SOHC engine. Output was 110 bhp at 4,800 rpm and 18.8 kgm at 2,400 rpm.

Applications (calendar years):
 * 1978–1980 Toyota Supra
 * 1974–1980 Corona Mark II/Cressida
 * 1971–1979 Toyota Crown

5M
The bore was up again to 83.1 mm in the 2759 cc 5M, produced from 1979 through 1988. Although 2-valve SOHC and carbureted versions were made, it is the fuel-injected DOHC 5M-GE that is the most common.

The original federalized version of the SOHC engine produced just 116 hp at 4,800 rpm and 20 kgm at 3,600 rpm.

In Australia the 5M-E (in 1985) had 140 PS at 4,800 rpm and 23 kgm at 3,600 rpm due to the particular emissions standards at the time. This engine was used in the Supra in Australia as well as Sweden and Switzerland, while Swiss buyers were also offered this engine in the Cressida and the Crown.

In Europe (aside from Sweden and Switzerland, who received the same spec engine as Australia) the 5M-E produced 145 PS in the Crown MS112 and the Celica Supra MA61.

Applications (calendar years):
 * 5M
 * Toyota Crown MS112, MS122, MS132
 * 5M-EU (Japan), 5M-E
 * 1979–1989 Toyota Crown MS112, MS122, MS133
 * 1980–1986 Toyota Celica Supra MA47, MA56, MA61
 * 1980–1984 Toyota Cressida MX62/63
 * 1984–1988 Toyota Cressida MX72/73
 * 1988–1993 Toyota Cressida MX82

5M-GE
The 12-valve (2 valves per cylinder) DOHC 5M-GE is familiar as the engine of the Toyota Supra and Toyota Cressida of the 1980s. It was quite different from any previous member of the M family, with Bosch L-Jetronic-derived electronic fuel-injection (using an AFM intake measuring scheme), wide-angle valves, and belt-driven dual camshafts. It used hydraulic valve lifters, a first for Toyota. The use of rocker arms and valve lash adjusters eliminated the need for valve clearance maintenance, a world first for any twin cam engine. This version of the M made its US debut in 1982's Toyota Celica Supra MK2. The 1982 version had a vacuum-advance distributor, whereas the 1983–1988 versions found in the Celica Supra and Cressida had full electronic control of the ignition system and distributor. The newer engine control system found in these later cars was named TCCS, or Toyota Computer Control System and, together with different intake runners, increased max power by 5 PS from August 1983.

Output ranged from 145 to 175 bhp, depending on exhaust system, emissions controls, compression ratio, intake runner shape (earlier models had round intake runners and later models had D-shaped intake runners), and ECU tuning.

There were aftermarket crank and piston kits offered for the 5M-GE that took the displacement up to 2.9 L for 230 bhp and 3.1 L for 250 bhp. Outfitted with kits like the Kuwahara 3100, these engines were often used quite successfully in powerboat racing in the mid 1980s.

Specifications:
 * Valvetrain: DOHC 2 valves per cylinder
 * Forced Induction: None
 * Displacement: 2759 cc
 * Bore x stroke: 83x85 mm
 * Compression Ratio: 8.1:1 to 9.2:1
 * Power: 145 - 175 hp
 * Torque: 19.4 - 23.5 kgm
 * Production: 1982–1988

Applications (calendar years):
 * 1981.07–1986 Toyota Celica XX/Supra MA61
 * 1982–1988 Toyota Cressida MX62, MX63, MX72, MX73
 * 1981.08–1984.08 Toyota Crown MS120
 * 1981.02–1983.08 Toyota Soarer MZ11

Differences between years on US model of the Celica Supra:
 * 1982 Supra 5M-GE had vacuum-advance distributors and 9-to-0 volt output AFMs.
 * 1982–1983 Supra 5M-GE had dual V-belt accessory drive, 65 amp alternator, square-tooth camshaft belts, 8.8:1 compression ratio, shallower oil pan, and round intake runners.
 * 1983–1985.5 Supra 5M-GE had 0- to 5-volt output AFM's and TCCS.
 * 1984–1985.5 Supra 5M-GE had 7-rib serpentine accessory drive belts, 60 amp alternator, round-tooth camshaft belts, 9.2:1 compression ratio, knock sensor, deeper oil pan, and D-shaped intake runners.

6M-GE
Toyota increased the 5M-GE's stroke to 91 mm to create the 2954 cc 6M-GE. This necessitated the fitment of larger diameter intake runners 37 mm versus 35 mm. Only produced in 12-valve (2 valves per cylinder) DOHC/fuel-injected versions, it was available as the 6M-GE and Japan-spec 6M-GEU from 1984 through 1987. The 6M engine used the same crank, machined to accept a different torsional damper, as the 1986–1989 7M-GE and 7M-GTE engines; this fact is witnessed by the designation "6M" stamped on the counterweight of the crank on the earlier 1986–1988 7M engines.

Output was 170 - 190 bhp at 5,600 rpm and 23.5 – at 4,400 rpm. The 6M-GEU is usually the lower powered variant of 6M engines, due to more restrictive exhaust and increased emissions-control hardware. Even though it was never offered in US-market vehicles, it is sometimes imported from countries where it was available and transplanted into US-market Celica Supras and MX63 and MX73 Cressidas, since it is externally identical to the 5M-GE.

Applications (calendar years):
 * Toyota Crown
 * Toyota Soarer (MZ12)

7M-GE
The Toyota 7M-GE introduced in the early months of 1986 is a 2954 cc 24-valve (4 valves per cylinder) DOHC/fuel-injected engine. The valves are spaced at a performance-oriented 50° angle. Cylinder bore and stroke is 83x91 mm.

The 7M-GE was produced from 1986 through 1992. Output was 190 - 204 bhp at 6,000 rpm and 25.5 – at 3,600 rpm.

Specifications:
 * Displacement: 2954 cc
 * Bore x stroke: 83x91 mm
 * Compression Ratio: 9.1:1
 * Weight: 199 kg

Applications (calendar years):
 * 1986–1992 Toyota Supra MkIII (MA70)
 * 1989–1992 Toyota Cressida Mark II (MX83)
 * Toyota Chaser
 * Toyota Crown
 * Toyota Cressida 3.0i Twincam/3.0GLS (MX75) South Africa only

7M-GTE
The turbocharged 7M-GTE was produced from 1986 to 1992. Output was 232 hp at 5,600 rpm and 35.1 kgm at 3,200 rpm for most 5 psi versions. It was Toyota's top performance engine until it was replaced by the JZ-series engines.

Toyota produced a variant of the existing Japanese-market 7M-GTEU which featured a modified CT26 high-flow turbocharger and large volume intercooler, pushed output to 267 hp at 5,600 rpm and 36.5 kgm at 4,400 rpm. This was used only in the racing homologation Toyota Supra Turbo A road and race cars. The Turbo A models also measured air based on manifold pressure rather than using an air flow meter, had a larger intercooler, larger throttle body, optimized CT-26 turbo, and various other differences. It was one of the fastest Japanese cars at the time. The homologation was for the Group A series. The Group A Supra with a 7M-GTE and CT26 turbo produced 580 bhp.

Specifications:

 * Displacement: 2954 cc
 * Bore x stroke: 83x91 mm
 * Compression Ratio: 8.4:1
 * Weight: 210 kg

Applications (calendar years):
 * 1986–1992 Toyota Supra (MA70)
 * 1986–1991 Toyota Soarer (MZ20/MZ21)

title: Toyota M engine


text:
Mojave phone booth

The Mojave phone booth was a lone telephone booth in what is now the Mojave National Preserve in California. It attracted online attention in 1997 for its unusual location – it was located at the intersection of two dirt roads in a remote part of the Mojave Desert, 12 mi from the nearest paved road (Interstate 15 to the northeast, Kelbaker Road to the southwest) and miles from any buildings.

History
The phone booth was originally set up in 1948 to provide telephone service to local volcanic cinder miners and others living in the area, at the request of Emerson Ray, who owned the Cima Cinder Mine nearby. It was assigned the name Cinder Peak Policy Station, part of a network of "policy stations" placed by mandate of the California government to serve residents of isolated parts of the state. The Mojave phone booth probably replaced an earlier booth 30 mi to the south. The original hand-cranked magneto phone was replaced with a payphone in the 1960s. The rotary phone was then replaced with a touch-tone model in the 1970s. The booth phone's original number was BAker-3-9969. After area codes were established in 1947, it shared the same area code as all of Southern California, 213. In 1951, the area code 714 was split off from 213, and 714 was the booth's area code until 1982 when parts of Riverside and San Bernardino counties were given the area code 619. The booth's area code for its final few years of existence was 760.

In 1997, a Los Angeles man spotted a telephone icon on a map of the Mojave Desert and decided to visit it. He wrote a letter about his adventure to an underground magazine and included the booth's telephone number. An Arizona man, Godfrey Daniels, read the letter and started a website devoted to the Mojave telephone booth. The booth became an Internet sensation after it was mentioned in a New York Times article. Soon other people began calling the booth, others made websites about it, and a few even took trips to the booth to answer, often camping out at the site. Several callers kept recordings of their conversations. Over time, the booth became covered in graffiti left by visitors.

Removal
The booth was removed by Pacific Bell on May 17, 2000, at the request of the National Park Service. Per Pacific Bell policy, the phone number was retired. Officially, the removal was because of visitors' environmental impact on the national preserve, and a letter by the Mojave National Preserve's superintendent mentions confronting Pacific Bell with some long-forgotten easement fees. A headstone-like plaque was later placed at the site, but it too was eventually removed by the National Park Service. Fans of the booth feared that Pacific Bell had destroyed the booth, which was confirmed by Pac-Bell spokesperson Steve Getzug.

The story inspired the creation of an independent short film, Dead Line, a short documentary, Mojave Mirage, and a full-length motion picture, Mojave Phone Booth. The booth was also an inspiration for the prologue of the Glenn Beck novel The Overton Window, and is the subject of a 99% Invisible podcast episode, "Mojave Phone Booth". In 2018, Adventures with the Mojave Phone Booth was published, a full-length book chronicling the booth's history, rise to fame, destruction, and aftermath.

Revival of the phone number
AT&T's PacBell no longer owns the Baker, California +1-760-733-9XXX block of one thousand numbers, having relinquished it to competitive local exchange carrier peerlessnetwork.com on March 28, 2013, as part of a number pooling scheme. The Mojave phone booth's number, 760-733-9969, was acquired from the CLEC by phone phreak Lucky225 on July 31, 2013, and would ring using voice over IP to a conference he and Teli Tuketu set up, as well as a text based IRC-like chat. Callers joined a conference where strangers could once again connect just like when the phone booth was active.

title: Mojave phone booth


text:
Talk:Delta-v budget

Taxing budget
What's a "Taxing budget"? -- Anon. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.168.228.51 (talk) 09:05, 11 October 2004 (UTC)

Other locations
Could Delta-V requirements for more locations (lagrange points, other planets, etc.) be given in the Delta-V chart. Linguofreak 03:30, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

The movement inside Earth Moon system Delta-v figures only work if a heat shield is being used when returning to LEO, similar to the ones used when returning to the Earth's surface. Aerobraking or aerocapture can slow the spacecraft down by 3.2 km/s. The heat shield will add about 15% to the vehicles mass, for a 7 ton space craft that is 1.05 tons. Some heat shield designs are reusable. Aerobraking can take months so may not be suitable for manned flights. If thrusters are being used instead of a heat shield than the Delta-v is the same as the LEO to x figure. Andrew Swallow 04:49, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Slingshot Maneuvers
It would be nice to add an example of the benefit of a slingshot maneuver (applying delta-v at a point of closest approach). E.g. add the delta-v needed to escape earth's gravity starting from apogee of a geostationary transfer orbit. Jrvz 14:52, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Delta-V diagram problems
The diagram shows 1.6 km/s from moon to low lunar orbit and then another .7 km/s to earth C3=0. That adds up to 2.3 km/s. Lunar escape velocity is 2.38 km/s. Doing a 2.3 km/s burn from the moon's surface would get you an apolune of about 28,000 km. A 0 x 28,000 km orbit would still be well within the Moon's Hill Sphere. HopDavid (talk) 14:59, 13 March 2019 (UTC)

What is "Earth C3"? Should tha be "Earth L3"? Second, I see that the delta-v directly from LEO to lunar orbit is 4.1 km/s, but only 3.9 km/s going on the path to GTO, "Earth C3", lunar orbit. Something doesn't add up. The second path should be larger than or equal to the first path. -- KarlHallowell 10:55, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * You are correct, however the numbers are obviously rounded to one decimal place; this explains the discrepancy.WolfKeeper 13:34, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Comparing with one of the numbers .7 should be 1.7, and C3 is L5 there. --Patrick 11:44, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Those numbers seem to be correct on the graph in fact- the Strout graph has been flipped and rotated on the diagram so as to fit the Mars-Earth path on the diagonal axis.WolfKeeper 13:34, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately the source for the Mars numbers seems to have gone away.WolfKeeper 13:34, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Oh, I see that the label, "Earth C3" is correct. This is a parabolic trajectory corresponding to the minimum velocity needed to escape from the Earth-Moon system. I suppose the other discrepacy could be also to the variation in LEO delta-v. I can't tell how standard it is. But round off error sounds likely. -- KarlHallowell 06:08, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

2.5 + 0.7 + 0.7 against 4.1 is not quite explained by rounding errors.--Patrick 09:36, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The numbers are taken with good faith from the 2 sources. You're engaging in OR by adding them up! (I could probably list about 5-10 reasons why you're lucky that's it's as close as it is, including orbital planes, LEO altitudes, transfer windows, Oberth effect, rounding etc. etc. etc.) There are *reasons* why it says 'all numbers are approximate' at the bottom of the image!WolfKeeper 10:41, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I understand, but inconsistency is somewhat confusing.--Patrick 11:48, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

There is an apparent problem with the two delta-V's adjacent to "Mars transfer". Based on a Hohmann transfer orbit from (1) Earth's orbit around the sun to (2) Mars' orbit around the sun (this assumes the vehicle has already achieved Earth escape velocity), I calculate a necessary delta-V of approximately 2.94 km/sec on the way out, or 2.65 km/sec on the way back. This is in poor agreement with the figures shown on the graph.--stclairc 15 August 2008.

 * I haven't done the calculation, but it's probably something to do with the Oberth effect- if you do the Mars insertion burn close to the Earth then you get much better efficiency than if you burn for escape, and once escaped, you then do the Mars insertion burn. In this case the graph goes from the C3 orbit to Mars transfer, and the optimum place for this burn is close to the Earth, where you would be doing about 7.8km/s. Right?- (User) WolfKeeper (Talk) 20:14, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

 * The latest version of the Delta-V diagram is very thin. A wider version, like the previous ones, would be better. Andrew Swallow (talk) 05:15, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

To-LEO figures
It looks like these to-LEO figures are actually to-Earth figures, or equivalently, figures for reaching LEO altitude. Going from a higher orbit to an actual LEO (which is, by the way, probably a rare manoeuvre) there is no atmosphere, so delta-v should be equal to the figures for the other way around.--Patrick 09:00, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

 * From LEO to the Earth's surface there is a Delta-V of 9.3 km/s, this is normally absorbed by a heat shield. Since the heat shield is not a motor the table ignores the Delta-V.

 * A spacecraft slowing by aerobraking (or skip reentry) drops down into the atmosphere and uses friction to slow down a bit, then momentum returns the spacecraft to a lower LEO height. This is repeated until the desired velocity and height are reached.

 * A large reusable spacecraft returning from the Moon, Mars or high orbit could use this manoeuvre to avoid landing on the Earth. Since a small shuttle craft uses a lot less fuel flying back up from the Earth to the large spacecraft in LEO this can save money and fuel.  Andrew Swallow 23:36, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I see, thanks. So these to-LEO figures from higher orbits refer to possible manoeuvres that have never been carried out yet?--Patrick 06:41, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Testing to see if the aerocapture theory works is likely to be worthwhile. A delta-v of 3.00 can require many tons of fuel, launching that can soon add up to millions of dollars.  If tested using small satellites the payback period could be a little as 4 or 5 trips to EML1 and ELM2.  LEO -> EML1 is 3.77; EML1 -> LEO is 0.77; 3.77 - 0.77 = 3.00 km/s  Andrew Swallow (talk) 01:03, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

To-NEO figures
Closest NEO Asteroids stating 0.8 - 2.0

However the table referenced lists 3.813 km/s http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/~lance/delta_v/delta_v.rendezvous.html

Just wondering how the 0.8- 2.0 number was derived. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Simultaneous (talk • contribs) 15:20, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

C3 issues...
Ooops. I just noticed that some of the C3s are different. If you go from LEO to GTO to C3 you end up at C3 with a perigee at LEO. If you go from GEO to C3, you end up with C3 with Perigee at GEO. If you then go on to say Mars transfer, the delta-v to get from C3(GEO) to Mars transfer is hugely more than to go from C3(LEO) (Oberth effect means you do much better to do the burn close to the Earth). I'm probably going to have to fix the arrow diagram, it shows an arrow going from LLO to C3, but I'm sure that's not the same C3...- (User) WolfKeeper (Talk) 22:12, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Shattertheearth's edit of November 2, 2012 shows that the Mars Transfer Orbit figures do not agree. He tried changing the 'Interplanetary' table to show LEO to TMI is not 4.3 km/s but 3.3 km/s.
 * Information

The 'Earth–Moon space — high thrust' table shows LEO to C3=0 is 3.2 km/s. 'Interplanetary' table shows C3=0 to Mars Transfer Orbit is 0.6 km/s. 3.2 + 0.6 = 3.8 km/s also The 'Delta-vs between Earth, Moon and Mars' diagrams shows LEO to GTO is 2.5 km/s, GTO to Earth C3 is 0.7 km/s and C3 to Mars Transfer is 0.6 km/s. 2.5 + 0.7 + 0.6 = 3.8 km/s The numbers should agree or an explanation needs adding. Andrew Swallow (talk) 23:20, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

 * I don't know exactly, but the paper referenced that the 4.3 km/s comes from talks about a 1 km/s perigee burn; sounds like they're doing something suboptimal; the Earth perigee burn would normally be 3.8km/s. I think maybe they're starting from L2, falling down to perigee and then doing a 1km/s burn or something.GliderMaven (talk) 00:45, 3 November 2012 (UTC)
 * That's probably what they're proposing (and it is actually a very good idea), but I'm not sure they're looking at a Hohmann transfer. Andrew is right that the numbers should add up unless they somehow use a different scheme of burns. Martijn Meijering (talk) 09:27, 3 November 2012 (UTC)

Electric propulsion Delta-V
Since spacecraft using electric propulsion cannot (or have difficulty) using the Oberth Effect the Delta-V tables do not apply to them. I have added the value for Mars C3=0 to Earth C3=0. The values for Earth orbits can usefully be added if anyone can find a source. Andrew Swallow (talk) 04:51, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

I understand that electric propulsion doesn't use the Oberth effect much, but I see just internet discussion ("guesses") that show values like 5.5km/s for the delta-v from Earth-escape to Mars-escape. Since this is just a guess, I'm going to mark that figure as disputed until some real analysis or scholarly literature shows something different. Robotbeat (talk) 18:15, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

Just removed this text: Electric propulsion vehicles going from Mars C3=0 to Earth C3=0 without using the Oberth Effect need to use a much larger deltaV of about 6km/s. The hohmann transfer from Earth C3=0 to Mars C3=0 without using the oberth effect is about 5.5km/s. Robotbeat (talk) 19:04, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

Earth orbit delta-v table
Where are the figures for going from Earth directly to the other orbits? Spacecraft don't normally make a stop in LEO before traveling to other orbits as this maneuver of circularizing to LEO then decircularizing to reach a higher orbit requires a higher delta-v than a direct trajectory. The difference between stopping over in "intermediate" orbits and direct trajectories is of crucial importance to delta-v budget planning that should be in the article and in the table. For example, spacecraft traveling to the most popular orbit, GEO, launch directly from earth to the Hohman transfer orbit, GTO (Geostationary transfer orbit, stage there, and then finally circularize to GEO. By the way, GTO as the most popular staging orbit should be added to this chart. Flegelpuss (talk) 02:58, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Good comments! Obviously this chart has a human spaceflight bias: as you point out "stopping over" in LEO is not common for robotic missions, but all human spaceflight missions beyond LEO to date have stopped over in LEO.  Your comment about GEO is good as well, but note only equatorial launches go direct to GTO; others must perform inclination change burns.  (Proton/Briz can do as many as five of them IIRC!)
 * IMHO the article really needs to enable readers to perform their own delta-v calculations, rather than rely on tables, especially for "simple" cases like Earth-orbit maneuvers. (sdsds - talk) 04:52, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

IANARS, so I'm having trouble reading the delta-v charts. Do you add each each stage to the previous ones to get the total cost? If so, in many other mathematical contexts (statistics) it is more common to show the combined sum of each step. This makes finding the "step" as cheap as a single subtraction, and finding the total trivial. The current system makes finding the step trivial, but finding the total quite expensive. Or I may be completely misreading the diagram.

Either way, we should explain how to interpret the table. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Riventree (talk • contribs) 21:43, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

Oh, and the charts themselves are unitless. They're probably km/s, and that should be put in the label somewhere. Riventree (talk) 21:46, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

Yet another nit: The transfer orbits should probably specify what they center on. As a non-rocket-scientist, I wouldn't know if a mars transfer orbit were around earth or the sun. I'd guess the sun, but we might as well specify.

Riventree (talk) 21:58, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

 * "Delta-v needed to move inside Earth–Moon system are given in km/s units" Right from the page. The table is clear enough: read it like a mileage table on a map. From GEO to L1, start at GEO on your left, read across til you find L1. I presume the Mars orbits, frex, are Earth-centric, as launched from here. (No launchers elsewhere yet...) I don't feature swinging by Sol, if that's what's implied by a Sun-centric orbit (also NARS ;p Just longtime space buff). On the inter-Martian orbit maneuvers, the dV will be additive. "The current system makes finding the step trivial, but finding the total quite expensive." True. However, it also illustrates the cost in-system, which may be of interest. The number of permutations in the inter-Martian system alone could create an enormous table.  TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  23:54, 23:57, & 00:01, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

So a Mars Transfer Orbit is earth-centered? I'd never have guessed that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Riventree (talk • contribs) 05:33, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I added units to the table. Readers shouldn't have to hunt for this.--agr (talk) 02:21, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Just reading through this, surely any planetary transfer orbit is sun centric by definition - the planets do orbit the sun after all. Lucien86 (talk) 11:24, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

Bad link
This is coming back bad for me... TREKphiler  any time you're ready, Uhura  06:24, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

EML-1 to HALO orbit around EML-1
A surprisingly high delta-v is needed to go from the point EML-1 to a HALO orbit around it. A spacestation will probably be in the orbit since staying at a single point that moves is difficult. This delta-v may need adding to the tables and a double check making to ensure that it is not already in the figures. Andrew Swallow (talk) 21:08, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Very interesting. How high is the added delta-V? Does it depend on the amplitude of the halo orbit? What about the delta-V requirements for transfers between an EML-1 Halo and other orbits, e.g. LEO, GEO, LLO and escape--are they higher or lower than for L1 proper? And of course, can you point to a source?--agr (talk) 12:10, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

Too technical
This article seems to be written from the point of view of the physicist, rather than the engineer. That's unfortunate, since the concept is widely used in human spaceflight. And no real-world examples are given; it would be nice to have the delta-v of the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft, Space Shuttle, etc. JustinTime55 (talk) 20:03, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

Original research
This paragraph is not well written:
 * "Current electric ion thrusters produce a very low thrust, so the Oberth effect cannot normally be used. This results in the journey having a higher delta-V and frequently a large increase in time. The high specific impulse of electrical thrusters may significantly reduce the cost of the flight but due to the extra time are not viable for humans (interplanetary flights are an exception). The delta-v is in km/s, normally accurate to 2 significant figures and will be the same in both directions unless, say a heat shield is used."

The statement about "not viable for humans", and then the exception for interplanetary flights, is unsupported and probably opinion, in the absence of a citation. JustinTime55 (talk) 22:22, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

Heat shield?
Also, the last sentence is unclear; how does a heat shield (what kind?) affect the directionality of the delta v? "Both directions" is unclear and also basically trivial (of course forces are symmetrical in free space). Also, the statement about kilometer-per-second units is unwarranted: magnitude is indeterminant; no law says one has to use that unit, and the accuracy statement is unfounded. JustinTime55 (talk) 20:03, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * A heat shield is required for aerobraking, this makes entering a low orbit cheaper in delta-v, although the heat shield may be impractically large for manned applications. Martijn Meijering (talk) 20:06, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

 * The effects of heat shields are described in the 'High Thrust' section, which is just above the 'Low Thrust' paragraph.

 * An alternative to the kilometer-per-second is miles-per-hour, in which case all the numbers would have been 2,237 times as big. NASA has gone metric so km/s are used on this page and in its source documents.  Andrew Swallow (talk) 21:47, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

I've tried to address the issues JustinTime55 has helpfully raised. I think some of it was unclear writing, e.g the units and accuracy sentence seems to have been intended to refer to the following table, not the subject in general. I've expanded the intro to be more introductory and I'll try to find real world examples; others are welcome to do so also, of course. --agr (talk) 23:05, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks. That's much better. JustinTime55 (talk) 21:39, 27 February 2012 (UTC)

delta-v as a velocity change
The problem is, in essentially no practical case is the delta-v actually the velocity change over the burn. For example if you launch from the Earth's surface into space, the delta-v is 10 km/s but the change in velocity is about 7.4km/s. Delta-v and velocity change is only actually the same if you have infinite acceleration.GliderMaven (talk) 14:19, 29 February 2012 (UTC)
 * This issues isn't so much infinite acceleration as it is infinitesimal duration, and many planned rocket burns on real spacecraft are short enough that the difference is quite small. "Change in velocity" is the ordinary engineering meaning of delta V and It may be better to explain the subtleties in the text rather than the fight over lede wording.--agr (talk) 16:35, 29 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The point is, if you don't know what delta-v is (and what the heck are you doing at this article anyway?), you can simply click on the link which takes you to where it's covered. What you don't want to do in this or any article is imply something that is not true; if we give the impression that it's change in velocity people will tend to assume that it's change in velocity over the whole mission, and get totally non sensical results or misunderstandings. If anything we should be pointing out that it's NOT change in velocity, rather that stating that it is. I mean why on Earth would you want to do that?GliderMaven (talk) 17:14, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Do not assume. Check!

 * As for the whole mission - when navigating a car if information is given between two specified points it means between those two points. The same applies in space.  Andrew Swallow (talk) 17:31, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Um what? Delta-v is 100% definitely not the actual change in velocity.GliderMaven (talk) 20:35, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Look delta-v is what you get out of the rocket equation. If a rocket stands on its tail for 5 minutes above the Earth, it's related to the propellant it's burnt, not the actual change in actual speed (which in that case would be ... zero!) In another case, the same rocket, with the same amount of propellant might have taken off from the Moon and gone into orbit. Delta-v : the same, same amount of propellant, same exhaust velocity, same rocket equation. But change in velocity, a couple of kilometers per second not at all the same!GliderMaven (talk) 20:35, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

 * That's how it's defined, with the rocket equation or the integral of thrust over mass.GliderMaven (talk) 20:35, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

 * When you hover you are not in the same location relative to the stars at the end of the hover that you were at the beginning. If you moved you had a velocity.  Andrew Swallow (talk) 21:11, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Do it either way, hover relative to the fixed stars, or the ground, delta-v is the same. It depends on the exhaust velocity, mass ratio and that's all. What it ISN'T is the change in velocity relative to anything. The change in velocity isn't particularly useful in astrogation, for example when you're in an elliptical orbit, the speed varies continuously, but you're not burning any propellant, and not expending any delta-v.GliderMaven (talk) 21:30, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

 * For example, if it worked the way you said, when you change from one elliptical orbit to another, the change in actual velocity would depend on the arbitrary point in the orbit where you said you started and the point you said you ended. It would be no use.

 * But with the way delta-v is defined, for any particular, actual sequence of burns, the delta-v is the same wherever you say you started or stopped, it depends only on the total of how long and how hard your burns were.GliderMaven (talk) 21:30, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Don't try this at home
The lead image contains a bit of potentially confusing information, and this sentence added to the caption is incomplete and incorrect:
 * "Note that for the last mission phase, trans-Earth injection, fuel requirements differ depending on whether the Service Module Propulsion System (SPS) or the Lunar Module's Descent Engine (DPS) is used, however the required delta-v is the same for either burn."

The first clause is incomplete; "whether the SPS or DPS is used" ... for what? The DPS was never used for trans-Earth injection; it was left on the Moon at the landing site, with next to no fuel left! The SPS/DPS choice applied to the Descent Orbit Insertion maneuver, which isn't even shown on this graph. Originally the DPS was used; which left more fuel in the Service Module; therefore a greater fuel requirement for TEI. The SPS was used on later missions, to conserve LM descent fuel. (Notice the effect on required LM delta-V and fuel burn isn't even shown on this graph.) This left a lighter Service Module, therefore a smaller fuel requirement for TEI. This is probably too much information to try to cram into the picture caption.

Also, delta-V budget is relative to a particular spacecraft, and the Apollo mission involved two separate spacecraft. Therefore, I don't think it doesn't make a lot of sense to put LM and CSM maneuvers on the same graph. Is the original source available to check what NASA had in mind from this 1966 (thus before-the-fact) graph? JustinTime55 (talk) 16:13, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

Suggestion: to include Hohmann transfer times to Venus and Jupiter
I needed to find out how long it takes to transfer from Earth to Venus and was surprised not to find it here. Why only Mars in the tables?

Venus is closer. Transfer time of 146 days instead of 245 days. See Fourth page here. And you can get to it more often as well by this method.

This page gets linked to from other parts of wikipedia not just the Mars section, e.g. from Interplanetary spaceflight. We have sent many more spacecraft to Mars than to Venus true, but we have also sent several to Venus. And for human spaceflight, then Colonization of Venus is a suggestion, cloud colonies in the upper atmosphere.

I suggest we include Venus in the tables. But as well as that - why not also have a complete list of Hohmann transfers to all the planets? It's true that we do gravity assist to go further than Venus or Mars in both directions. But you can also theoretically do a Hohmann transfer, and for instance, Mars isn't always in the right place for a gravity assist, some missions do Hohmann transfer direct to Jupiter. Voyager 2 for instance. So I think we should at least include Jupiter. And why not include them all? Robert Walker (talk) 11:20, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

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Budget / Launch to LEO
Besides the performance penalties for atmospheric and gravity drag, perhaps should we mention backpressure drag; i.e. suboptimal expansion of the exhaust gas jet ?? This is a major and unavoidable drag term for rockets going from the surface to orbit. Bell type exhaust nozzles cannot be optimized for perfect efficiency at all altitudes, though I understand that the "free expansion ramp", or so-called aerospike does just this. See Rocket nozzle, "Aerostatic back-pressure".Wikkileaker (talk) 13:32, 11 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Does backpressure belong in Delta-v budget or the page on rockets? Andrew Swallow (talk) 22:37, 11 October 2017 (UTC)
 * That's a design issue, nothing to do with delta-vee (except in an extremely broad sense).  TREKphiler  any time you're ready, Uhura  17:03, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

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Too low a figure?
The Low Earth orbit (LEO) to Lunar Gateway delta-v of 0.900+0.180+0.240 = 1.32 km/s feels too low to me. Should there be an extra term to cover say trans lunar injection? Andrew Swallow (talk) 14:59, 11 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is wrong and all generally misleading. I'm editing to fix it based on the included cite. 158.71.68.169 (talk) 19:26, 18 October 2019 (UTC)

Earth to GEO delta-V
An undergraduate paper from the University of Leicester shows the following delta-V costs:

 * Earth to LEO: $8.03 km/s$
 * Hohmann transfer to ISS: $0.12 km/s$
 * Hohmann transfer to GEO: $3.94 km/s$

Reference:

Praemonitus (talk) 22:42, 26 February 2021 (UTC)

Delta-v is related to speed not velocity?
"In astrodynamics and aerospace, a delta-v budget is an estimate of the total change in velocity (delta-v) required for a space mission." is the first line of the article. Surely, a change in speed, and not in velocity is what requires fuel consumption? The next paragraph starts, "Delta-v is a scalar quantity dependent only on the desired trajectory and not on the mass of the space vehicle." Speed is a scalar but velocity is vector. So again, surely, delta-v is not a change of velocity? Arctic Gazelle (talk) 18:43, 1 September 2021 (UTC)

 * In English, sometimes "velocity" and "speed" are taken to be synonymous. We all have to learn to live with that. In such cases, whether a scalar or a vector is meant, should be clear from the context. That is the case here. - DVdm (talk) 19:39, 1 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Velocity is actually the correct term here. Delta-v is actually the change in speed in a particular vector (It is after all delta v, what do you think the v stands for?).  If you try to change your speed in multiple vectors then the total amount of energy is higher and really the use of delta v is for determining how much energy is required to make a particular maneuver.  Therefore, it is critical that the change in velocity is for a particular vector hence the use of velocity.  You are trying to get all fancy with showing some deeper understanding of speed and velocity but, in this case, it is entirely appropriate and hence when the engineers who originally coined the term were looking at change in velocity they shortened it to delta-v. Jponline77 (talk) 18:49, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Delta-v budget


text:
User talk:Am naren

A.M.Narendran

Native: Madurai,TamilNadu,India

Major: Bachelor of Engineering (Hons.), Civil. College: Birla Institute of Technology & Science,Pilani, Rajasthan,India.

Intersted in: History,Current affairs,Cricket,Quiz,Politics.

Hobbies: Reading,Quizzing,Browsing.

Welcome
Hi Am naren, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are a few helpful links to start you off: Avoiding common mistakes, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, Policies and guidelines, Help, Merging pages.

If you need help or are curious about something, feel free to ask on my talk page or the village pump. You can sign your name and a date stamp on comments using four tildes ( ~ ). If you have any further questions, feel free to ask, and I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian!

– Andre ( talk ) 16:58, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Am naren


text:
Talk:Miami Herald

Number of graphic artists
The article says there are about 23 graphic artists as of 11/20/2007. I work in the art department, and there are 5 full-time staffers in that department. This does not include page designers and paginators, but they are a separate department altogether. I'm changing this number in the article to 5, and I will investigate the number of page designers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.28.148.44 (talk) 06:33, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Breaking News today 10/03/2006
The publisher stepped down today. I'm a newbie, so I'll leave it to someone else to edit this. I came to the Miami Herald website when I found out they heard about the Foley e-mails long ago but decided not to publish a story.
 * Hope you like it. Mariano (t/c) 08:03, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

poynter online
For a discriminating search about the paper, you can use this link: http://www.poynteronline.org/search/
 * Maurreen 09:05, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I had copied "nine news reporters" from the paper's web site. But I took it out because I doubt it; the number is too small. I work in a newspaper and have context. Maurreen 14:14, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Why ignore their own website?
That sounds very biased. So if the Miami Herald website says that they only have X number of reporters you are just going to unilaterally goose up their numbers because it makes you feel better?? Maybe you should contact the Herald directly and ask? I wonder why someone who is not even a regular editor or contributor or reader of the Miami Herald would be involved in editing information about it.

Update 4/30/06
The spelling bee has been discontinued for a few years because the paper could not afford $40K/yr for it; fortunately now it can afford film and street festivals. The Tropic sunday magazine was also killed several years ago to little grief. Should be corrected in article.

Needless to say, the number of reporters is much greater than nine, between fifty and one hundred, subject to adjustment for part timers. There is a remarkable number of former Herald reporters at national newspapers.

The parent company, Knight-Ridder, was recently sold to McClatchy Newspapers.

The Herald's latest endeavor is the gradual takeover of WLRN-FM, the barely managed local NPR station, via commercial filled rush hour news reports, interviews and now special programs. Curiously for a media company, there is no public information on the financial aspects of this relationship.

Frequently nicknamed "Monster by the Bay."

Fair use rationale for Image:MiamiHeraldlogo.JPG
Image:MiamiHeraldlogo.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 21:54, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:MiamiHeraldlogo.JPG
Image:MiamiHeraldlogo.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 05:14, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Request for article

 * Could someone create an article for the former Publisher David Lawrence Jr.? Thanks! Jccort (talk) 18:20, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Photos of headquarters

 * Does anyone have a photo of the Miami Herald headquarters that they'd like to put on the page. I think it'd be a great addition to the page. --Comayagua99 (talk) 16:26, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

Journalism Expert
Can someone review the controversies section to verify that it is current, balanced, and valid? It was deleted earlier today without justification and could probably do with careful review. Thanks! Jminthorne (talk) 02:47, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

Amazon Kindle
Just an update. The Miami Herald is available in ebook format for the Amazon Kindle. The link to it.

It should be written into the article since it pertains to the newspaper. -- Joel M.   Chat ✐  23:37, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

Digital Newspaper
Apart from having a Kindle version, Miami Herald also has a Digital Newspaper. -- Joel M.   Chat ✐  20:55, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

Removed an un-cited statement
I removed the line below because the source of the information has not been cited for almost two years, May of 2010.

 * On those years when a co-sponsor cannot be found for the spelling bees, the Miami Herald has declined to foot the entire bill, and thus the spelling bees have been cancelled.

-- Joel M.  Chat ✐  18:15, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Miami Herald. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070103151514/http://www.miami.com:80/mld/miamiherald/15466239.htm to http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/15466239.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 07:33, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

"The" in the title?
The masthead says "The Miami Herald", yet the title of the article (and the only bolded part of the subject name in the lead) is just Miami Herald. Should "The" be in the subject name, like with The New York Times? 76.188.137.52 (talk) 02:47, 22 March 2016 (UTC)
 * I concur. I don't understand what the basis is for not including "The" in the article title and subject name when the masthead clearly uses the word "The". Robert K S (talk) 03:01, 29 May 2016 (UTC)

2004 Florida recount
Is it true that Miami Herald did an unofficial recount in 2004 presidential election? Teerthaloke102 (talk) 06:59, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Miami Herald


text:
Genji era

Genji (元治) is a Japanese era name (年号) after Bunkyū and before Keiō. This period spanned only slightly more than a single year from March 27, 1864 until May 1, 1865. The reigning emperor was Kōmei-tennō (孝明天皇).

The new era name was derived from the I Ching.

Change of era

 * March 27, 1864 (Bunkyū 4/Genji 1, 20th day of the 2nd month) Genji gannen (元治元年): The new era name of Genji (meaning "original rule") was created to mark the beginning of a new 60-year cycle of the Chinese zodiac. The old era ended and a new one commenced in Bunkyū 4.

Events

 * July 8, 1864 (Genji 1, fifth day of the sixth month): The Ikedaya Jiken, also known as the Ikedaya Affair or Ikedaya Incident, developed at the Ikedaya ryokan in Kyoto.
 * August 12, 1864 (Genji 1, 11th day of the 7th month): Sakuma Shōzan is assassinated at age 53. He had traveled from Edo to Kyoto on orders of the shogunate.  He was in favor of steps which would lead to an opening of the country, but his voice was stilled by death at the hands of a sonno joi supporter.
 * September 5–6, 1864 (Genji 1, 5th–6th day of the eighth month): Bombardment of Shimonoseki

title: Genji era


text:
Talk:Venissa

Complete rewrite
I've rewritten the article completely. The previous version of this article was so far off being right it wasn't even wrong.

 * "Julia" as part of her name is not attested.

 * Not only is she not in the Historia Britonnum, the Historia Britonnum isn't Anglo-Saxon, it's Welsh Latin.

 * Caratacus wasn't Silurian, he was from Essex: he did join up with the Silures after the conquest, but that's not where he came from. And (this page) "Caratacus" isn't a Roman version of Caradog, Caradog is a modern Welsh version of Caratacus, and he was the son of a king, so "prince" is reasonable.

 * The bit about Boudicca and her descendants is completely made up. Boudicca does not appear anywhere in British legend, and the names of her daughters don't appear anywhere but in fiction.

--Nicknack009 18:25, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

This entry of legendary genealogy was misleading as originally presented, as if it were history. A little suggestion of its legendary nature keeps Wikipedia honest. Wetman 09:11, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Although I had never seen nor heard of your source, I don't doubt your statements. The link you made to Caratacus, however, is not the same person as my Caradoc. Since I have no other data on him, I'll let it stand. Thanks for your input. Pinkfud
 * The Historia Britonum is available in translation, maybe even as e-text on the Internet. The early sections are fantasies. Could there then have been more than one British "prince" Caradoc/Caratacus in the 1st century CE? "Caratacus" and "Caractacus" are merely Roman versions of "Caradoc."Wetman 18:46, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, and those names were very common at the time. The Caratacus of the link warred constantly against Rome until he was finally captured in 51 CE. He somehow managed to talk his way out of execution and was allowed to live in Rome. My Caradoc was not a "prince", he merely came from Siluria. Pinkfud 20:02, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Now the hard part - how to categorize? Legendary or real, or should/is there be a "doubtful existence" category? Stan 16:08, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Stan: I don't think there's any real doubt she existed. My info came from ancient church records, Burke's Peerage, etc. I've spent nearly two years tracking it down for a project of my own. I didn't know the 9th Century work existed, and that bothers me a bit because some of my data could well have originated from it via other sources. But I have the unbroken lineage to living persons today, and I believe it's accurate. Pinkfud 16:39, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I only added the article because I read the excellent article on Claudius and realized I had information that relates significantly to it. I could go on and on with early British and Scots history, but I'm not sure there would be any real interest. Pinkfud 16:54, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * What makes it suspicious is that reliable authorities like Tacitus and Suetonius wrote extensively on the activities of Claudius, down to and including palace gossip, and it's nearly inconceivable that a daughter could have been sent off to the ends of the earth without them saying anything about it. It's far more likely that a later scribe "cleaned up" garbled local legends by assuming they were connected to familiar names. While it's a fun game to try to connect modern genealogies to ancient Romans, the original sources are so garbled and internally inconsistent that it's hard to be sure of anything. For instance, we'll often hear of one early king succeeding another, but the source has no actual statement as to whether the successor was a blood relative, or some random guy elected by the thanes. If you don't know which is the case, you've lost your genealogy link. Stan 17:56, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The newly-arrived Tudor families that were the original market for these "genealogies" were impressed with their own newly discovered antiquity. Later and more historical generations have found them droll. There are no "ancient church records" mentioning Julia Venissa. None. Nowadays, with the collapse of a critical sense of history, they are credited, because they're "old." If Julia Venissa does appear as a genuine ancestor in a Burke's Peerage genealogy, the particular genealogy should be identified. Not the details of course, just which lines credit her as an ancestor. Her entirely paper reality rests in these traditional genealogies, which trace lineages to Noah's sons and princes of Troy too, remember! Wetman 18:46, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * None of my work claims anyone from Troy and certainly not from Noah's time. I'll dig through the stuff I researched and see if I can find the references. I only kept the results on hand because I never expected to have to prove anything. I'm beginning to regret having added the article! :) Pinkfud 20:02, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * It's great to have this article, because the name certainly shows up in a lot of genealogical tables, with not much explanation. In fact I think this article is now the net's leading source of information on Julia Venissa. Stan 21:24, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Sigh. It looks like you win, though. My original data was from the online Burke's Peerage entry for Sir Richard Thomas Williams-Bulkeley. Upon going back to that reference, I find that the former information has been replaced with "The descent formerly claimed for this family from the legendary figure Coel Hen (The Old) is not now regarded as tenable." As Coel Hen was critical in the line (two generations from Julia and Caradoc), that loss of data means I can't prove anything. So categorize the article as legendary if you wish. Pinkfud 21:55, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh no no no, I just want to see an accurate entry without hurt feelings. If we could work out how the genealogical legends were spread, and who they were meant to flatter, then we'd have history.  If you're willing, why not report who mentioned Julia Venissa and when? Get the quote from the Historia Britonum for a starting point and set it into the entry. Wetman 23:05, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * (Later) I've now checked through Historia Brittonum at (The Latin Library and there's no mention of this story. A thread at RootsWeb traces the Venissa story to Geoffrey of Monmouth, the origin of so many will o' the wisps. Anyone want to confirm the following and work it into the entry?
 * "I am trying to find a source to confirm GEOFFERY OF MONMOUTH's GENISSA story written in the 1100s in his "History of the Kings of Britain".

 * "GEOFFERY says the Roman EMPEROR CLAUDIUS was fighting ARVIRAGUS KING OF THE TRINOVANTES BRITONS and won the battle. ARVIRAGUS retreated to Colchester and CLAUDIUS decided to besiege the city. When ARVIRAGUS learned of this he threw open the gates and went out to attack the Romans.

 * "Rather than risk a battle CLAUDIUS asked only that ARVIRAGUS submit to Roman rule and would remain in charge of his own lands. He would also give ARVIRAGUS his daughter GENISSA as his wife. ARVIRAGUS' nobles advised him to accept and he did. CLAUDIUS sent to Rome for GENISSA and ARVIRAGUS was so enchanted by her that he built a city on the spot where they were married."

 * The name of Venissa/Genissa's mother, given as Urgulanilla in a lot of the Web genealogies, is just an impossibility! A website I checked in this chase starts off by saying "Everyone living in the world today has royal ancestors who lived somewhere, sometime. Everyone - regardless of race, nationality or personal circumstances. The mathematics of genealogy and demography (below) force this assertion." Oh dear oh dear where to begin?.... Wetman 00:11, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * If it isn't in Historia Brittonum, that explains why I didn't know of the work. With all the searching I did, it seems I should have found it had it contained any reference. I am aware of Geoffery's work, but didn't use it because I don't have a copy, and I gather it's also not considered very reliable. However, the Arviragus mentioned above certainly could have been the man I think of as Caradoc, if there's any truth to it. I personally suspect Julia was illegitimate, possibly by a slave girl. Otherwise, she ought to be properly listed somewhere. If that was the case, Claudius may also have thought it a good idea to get her out of Rome. A Roman Emporer didn't care much about public opinion, but if a blot can be removed and a deal made in the bargain, well, it makes a lot of sense. (On the other hand, much of the false "history" came about simply because it "made sense" to someone. Sense doesn't necessarily equal truth). Pinkfud 01:21, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

She is mentioend in the Welsh Chronicle. http://www.annomundi.com/history/chronicle_of_the_early_britons.htm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.131.23.208 (talk) 14:14, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

 * An interesting idea. One doesn't hear much about important Romans fathering children on slaves, but it's not clear whether it rarely happened, or if it was so commonplace that no one ever remarked on it. Roman mores were such that they were more horrified by Claudius' stuttering and limping than just about anything else he did. Stan 04:03, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

---

"The name of Venissa/Genissa's mother, given as Urgulanilla in a lot of the Web genealogies, is just an impossibility!"

Why is Plautia Urgulanilla any more unlikely as the mother of a child of Claudius than Agrippina the younger? Or for that matter Aelia Paetina and Messalina? All four were wives of Claudius at one time or another. User: Dimadick

title: Talk:Venissa


text:
L'Aigle

L'Aigle is a commune in the Orne department in Normandy in northwestern France. Before 1961, the commune was known as Laigle. According to Orderic Vitalis, the nest of an eagle (aigle in French) was discovered during the construction of the castle.

The river Risle flows through the commune.

Meteorite
On 26 April 1803 a meteoroid entered the Earth's atmosphere and air burst over L'Aigle.

Points of Interest

 * Musée Juin 44 - The Museum of June 44 has told the story of the Battle of Normandy, since 1953 in L'Aigle.
 * '''Musée De La Météorite De L'aigle - The Museum of the L'Aigle meteorite is dedicated to the 1803 event in L'Aigle when thousands of fragments of a meteorite reached the ground of L'Aigle.
 * Musée des Instruments de musique is a museum located in the town hall, presenting to the public over 90 different types of instruments. The museum opened in 1983, when local musician, Marcel Angot, upon his death bequeathed his collection to the local community.
 * musée Louis Verrière a museum dedicated to the work of local farmer and woodcarver Louis Verrière, works include a replica of the Eiffel Tower and panorama of Lourdes, which took 30,000 hours to complete. The museum opened to the public in 2014.

National heritage sites
The Commune has eight buildings and areas listed as a Monument historique

 * L'Aigle Chateau, A seventeenth-century chateau including its shed and stables were listed as a monument in 1948.
 * Saint-Barthélémy Church, A twelfth-century church, originally part of the Saint-Lhomer abbey of Blois, was listed in 1966
 * Saint-Jean Church, A fifteenth-century church which was registered as a monument in 1985
 * Saint-Martin Church, An eleventh-century church, which had work added to it in the fifteenth, sixteenth and twentieth centuries, was listed as a monument in 1990. The work in the 20th century, which was to repair the glass roofs of the southern roof, also saw the empty canopies of the southern part decorated with work from artists including Paul Belmondo, Hubert Yencesse and Jean Lambert-Rucki.
 * Hotel Colombel de la Rousselière, A seventeenth-century hotel, which was listed in 1981.
 * Small Hotel Colombel, An eighteenth-century hotel, registered as a monument in 1987.
 * Mérouvel needle factory, Built in 1819, the factory remained in use until 1952, where after the Second World War it spent the last few years of its life as a plastics moulding factory. The workshops have since been in part transformed into housing, and it was listed as a monument in 1987.
 * Coaching inn, This former coaching inn was built in the eighteenth century, and listed as a monument in 1981.

Transport
L'Aigle station has rail connections to Argentan, Paris and Granville.

Notable People

 * Charles de la Cerda (1327 - 1354), commonly known as Charles of Spain,  was a Franco-Castilian nobleman and soldier who died here.
 * Charles-Simon Catel (1773 - 1830), a composer and educator, was born here.
 * Léon Richer (1824 – 1911), a free-thinker, freemason, journalist and feminist who worked closely with Maria Deraismes during the early years of the feminist movement in Paris, was born here.
 * Léon-Eugène Méhédin (1828 – 1905), an archaeologist, architect and photographer who was born here.
 * André Sylvane (1851, L'Aigle – 1932), a dramatist and screenwriter, was born here.

Events

 * 8 January 1354 : Assassination of the constable of France, Charles d'Espagne, by men of Charles the Bad, king of Navarre.
 * 26 April 1803 - meteorite falls.

Twin towns – sister cities
L'Aigle is twinned with:
 * Aigle, Switzerland
 * 🇩🇪 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
 * 🇸🇰 Spišská Nová Ves, Slovakia

title: L'Aigle


text:
Richard Middleton

Richard Middleton may refer to:

 * Richard Middleton (Lord Chancellor) (died 1272), English theologian, philosopher and Lord Chancellor
 * Richard Barham Middleton (1882–1911), British poet and ghost story writer
 * Richard Middleton (priest) (died 1641), Anglican Dean of St David's
 * Richard Middleton (musicologist), English musicologist and academic
 * Richard Middleton (political agent) (1846–1905), English Conservative activist
 * Rick Middleton (born 1953), ice hockey player
 * Rick Middleton (American football) (born 1951), former American football player

title: Richard Middleton


text:
Walerand Teutonicus

Walerand Teutonicus was a Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports during the thirteenth century.

Overview
A feature of British maritime history of this period was the appointment, generally by county, of one or more "keepers of the coast", which led in time to the consolidation of the powers of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. The office was not continuous, and such men were more often called upon during a time of war, or when a threat was perceived in the Channel. Thus such records have survived for the reign of Edward III of England preceding the Battle of Sluys in 1340.

In addition to a military command both at sea and on land, judicial matters relating to the sea and coast came within the Keepers' remit. They were expected to crush piracy, repel raiders, protect coasters and fishermen, and summon the county to arms if there was a threat of invasion. Under the care of the keeper was the line of fire beacons, corresponding to the modern coastguard stations, usually placed on a hill near the shore and guarded in war time by a watch from the neighbouring parishes.

John Marshal was keeper of the ports of Somerset and Dorset in 1215, and in 1224 Ralph Germun was a keeper of the Dorset coast. In the year 1230 Geoffery de Lucy was Warden of Portsmouth, Hythe and Romney, Constable of Dover Castle. Henry de Sandwich was warden of Dover and Sandwich, whilst Shoreham, Winchelsea, Rye, Hastings, Seaford and Pevensea were under the administration of the Constable of Hastings.

In 1235 Hamo de Crevecur, who was appointed Lord Warden in 1263 shared joint control with Walerand Teutonicus, of the coast between Hastings and Poole, in Dorset.

title: Walerand Teutonicus


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Man'en

Man'en (万延) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Ansei and before Bunkyū. This period spanned the years from March 1860 through February 1861. The reigning emperor was Kōmei-tennō (孝明天皇).

Change of era

 * March 18, 1860 (Man'en 1 (万延元年)): The new era name was created to mark the destruction caused by a fire at Edo Castle and the assassination of Ii Naosuke (also known as "the disturbance" or "the incident" at the Sakurada-mon). The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Ansei 7.

The new era name is derived from an hortatory aphorism to be found in The Book of the Later Han: "With 100,000,000,000 descendants, your name will forever be recorded" (豊千億之子孫、歴万載而永延).

Events of the Man'en era

 * 1860 (Man'en 1): First Western professional photographer to establish residence in Japan, Orrin Freeman began living in Yokohama
 * 1860 (Man'en 1): First foreign mission to the United States.

title: Man'en


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Javier Zapata

Javier Zapata Cuartas (born January 15, 1973, in Medellín, Antioquia) is a Colombian biketrial rider who performs the sport of biketrial, a sport that is little known internationally but very popular in Colombia. Zapata is arguably the sport's most visible performer.

He began his sport career at age nine. Back then he was a BMX rider and he won numerous national and international championships. In 1995 he began his career as a biketrial rider. Zapata was the first person to get a biketrial bike in Colombia, which was specially manufactured for him by the GT manufacturing company there. Having been an expert BMX racer, Zapata, who placed 5th at the BMX world championships once and ran at BMX tournaments for eight years, quickly became used to the new type of bike he was riding, and decided to dedicate himself to promote his new sport in Colombia.

Zapata then toured all over Colombia, performing at multiple shows and earning money for each of his presentations. His stunts impressed many; he would use some of the first money he gained to travel to Spain, where he came in fifth place at biketrial's first world championship. Later on, he went to Barcelona, where he entered the Guinness Book of Records by using his bike to climb the stairs of the tallest building of that city all the way to the top, without ever using his feet. Zapata later on travelled to Japan, where he once again climbed the stairs of some buildings with his bike, without using his feet.

In 2001, he returned to Barcelona, once again to participate at the world championships.

He is the only Colombian athlete that has achieved four Guinness World Records. His latest Guinness World Record was achieved in Mexico City in 2003. He climbed up in his bike the 1318 stairs of Torre Mayor, the tallest building in Latin America. His other Guinness World Records were obtained in Caracas (Venezuela), Bogota and Medellin (Colombia). In 2006 he obtained a new National Record jumping on his bike over the largest number of persons (23 persons).

He also performed a stunt show during half-time of a Copa Libertadores football game between Colombia and Ecuador in 2003.

Javier Zapata lives in Medellin where he runs his own biketrial school and his own brand ZAPATABIKES which produces bikes and accessories. He rides a Monty 221 Ti Full disc 2007 Hope Monotrial, Zapatabikes MTB

title: Javier Zapata


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Bid–ask spread

The bid–ask spread (also bid–offer or bid/ask and buy/sell in the case of a market maker) is the difference between the prices quoted (either by a single market maker or in a limit order book) for an immediate sale (ask) and an immediate purchase (bid) for stocks, futures contracts, options, or currency pairs in some auction scenario. The size of the bid–ask spread in a security is one measure of the liquidity of the market and of the size of the transaction cost. If the spread is 0 then it is a frictionless asset.

Liquidity
The trader initiating the transaction is said to demand liquidity, and the other party (counterparty) to the transaction supplies liquidity. Liquidity demanders place market orders and liquidity suppliers place limit orders. For a round trip (a purchase and sale together) the liquidity demander pays the spread and the liquidity supplier earns the spread. All limit orders outstanding at a given time (i.e. limit orders that have not been executed) are together called the Limit Order Book. In some markets such as NASDAQ, dealers supply liquidity. However, on most exchanges, such as the Australian Securities Exchange, there are no designated liquidity suppliers, and liquidity is supplied by other traders. On these exchanges, and even on NASDAQ, institutions and individuals can supply liquidity by placing limit orders.

The bid–ask spread is an accepted measure of liquidity costs in exchange traded securities and commodities. On any standardized exchange, two elements comprise almost all of the transaction cost—brokerage fees and bid–ask spreads. Under competitive conditions, the bid–ask spread measures the cost of making transactions without delay. The difference in price paid by an urgent buyer and received by an urgent seller is the liquidity cost. Since brokerage commissions do not vary with the time taken to complete a transaction, differences in bid–ask spread indicate differences in the liquidity cost.

Quoted spread
The simplest type of bid-ask spread is the quoted spread. This spread is taken directly from quotes, that is, posted prices. Using quotes, this spread is the difference between the lowest asking price (the lowest price at which someone will sell) and the highest bid price (the highest price at which someone will buy). This spread is often expressed as a percent of the midpoint, that is, the average between the lowest ask and highest bid: $$\text{Quoted Spread} = \frac{\hbox{ask}-\hbox{bid}}{\hbox{midpoint}}\times100$$.

Effective spread
Quoted spreads often over-state the spreads finally paid by traders, due to "price improvement", that is, a dealer offering a better price than the quotes, also known as "trading inside the spread". Effective spreads account for this issue by using trade prices, and are typically defined as: $$\text{Effective Spread} = 2 \times \frac{|\hbox{Trade Price}-\hbox{Midpoint}|}{\hbox{Midpoint}}\times 100$$. The effective spread is more difficult to measure than the quoted spread, since one needs to match trades with quotes and account for reporting delays (at least pre-electronic trading). Moreover, this definition embeds the assumption that trades above the midpoint are buys and trades below the midpoint are sales.

Realized spread
Quoted and effective spreads represent costs incurred by traders. This cost includes both a cost of asymmetric information, that is, a loss to traders that are more informed, as well as a cost of immediacy, that is, a cost for having a trade being executed by an intermediary. The realized spread isolates the cost of immediacy, also known as the "real cost". This spread is defined as: $$\text{Realized Spread}_k = 2 \times \frac{|\hbox{Midpoint}_{k+1}-\hbox{Traded Price}_k|}{\hbox{Midpoint}_k}\times 100$$ where the subscript k represents the kth trade. The intuition for why this spread measures the cost of immediacy is that, after each trade, the dealer adjusts quotes to reflect the information in the trade (and inventory effects).

Inner price moves are moves of the bid-ask price where the spread has been deducted.

Example: Currency spread
If the current bid price for the EUR/USD currency pair is 1.5760 and the current offer price is 1.5763, this means that currently you can sell the EUR/USD at 1.5760 and buy at 1.5763. The difference between those prices (3 pips) is the spread.

If the USD/JPY currency pair is currently trading at 101.89/101.92, that is another way of saying that the bid for the USD/JPY is 101.89 and the offer is 101.92. This means that currently, holders of USD can sell US$1 for 101.89 JPY and investors who wish to buy dollars can do so at a cost of 101.92 JPY per US$1.

Example: Metals
Gold and silver are known for having the tightest bid-ask spreads, making them useful as money, while other metals may have wider bid-ask spreads due to lower trading volumes, less liquidity, or large fluctuations in supply and demand. For example, rare metals like platinum, palladium, and rhodium have lower trading volumes compared to gold or silver, which can result in larger bid-ask spreads.

title: Bid–ask spread


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Organ flue pipe scaling

Scaling is the ratio of an organ pipe's diameter to its length. The scaling of a pipe is a major influence on its timbre. Reed pipes are scaled according to different formulas than for flue pipes. In general, the larger the diameter of a given pipe at a given pitch, the fuller and more fundamental the sound becomes.

The effect of the scale of a pipe on its timbre
The sound of an organ pipe is made up of a set of harmonics formed by acoustic resonance, with wavelengths that are fractions of the length of the pipe. There are nodes of stationary air, and antinodes of moving air, two of which will be the two ends of an open-ended organ-pipe (the mouth, and the open end at the top). The actual position of the antinodes is not exactly at the end of the pipe; rather it is slightly outside the end. The difference is called an end correction. The difference is larger for wider pipes. For example, at low frequencies, the additional effective length at the open pipe is about $$e = 0.6r$$, where $$r$$ is the radius of the pipe. However, the end correction is also smaller at higher frequencies. This shorter effective length raises the pitch of the resonance, so the higher resonant frequencies of the pipe are 'too high', sharp of where they should be, as natural harmonics of the fundamental note.

This effect suppresses the higher harmonics. The wider the pipe, the greater the suppression. Thus, other factors being equal, wide pipes are poor in harmonics, and narrow pipes are rich in harmonics. The scale of a pipe refers to its width compared to its length, and an organ builder will refer to a flute as a wide-scaled stop, and a string-toned gamba as a narrow-scaled stop.

Dom Bédos de Celles and the problem of scaling across a rank of pipes
The lowest pipes in a rank are long, and the highest are short. The progression of the length of pipes is dictated by physics alone, and the length must halve for each octave. Since there are twelve semitones in an octave, each pipe differs from its neighbours by a factor of $$ \sqrt[12]{2} $$. If the diameters of the pipes are scaled in the same way, so each pipe has exactly the same proportions, it is found that the perceived timbre and volume vary greatly between the low notes and the high, and the result is not musically satisfactory. This effect has been known since antiquity, and part of the organ builder's art is to scale pipes such that the timbre and volume of a rank vary little, or only according to the wishes of the builder. One of the first authors to publish data on the scaling of organ pipes was Dom Bédos de Celles. The basis of his scale was unknown until Mahrenholz discovered that the scale was based on one in which the width halved for each octave, but with addition of a constant. This constant compensates for the inappropriate narrowing of the highest pipes, and if chosen with care, can match modern scalings to within the difference of diameter that one would expect from pipes sounding notes about two semi-tones apart.

Töpfer's Normalmensur
The system most commonly used to fully document and describe scaling was devised by Johann Gottlob Töpfer. Since varying the diameter of a pipe in direct proportion to its length (which means it varies by a factor of 1:2 per octave) caused the pipes to narrow too rapidly, and keeping the diameter constant (a factor of 1:1 per octave) was too little, the correct change in scale must be between these values. Töpfer reasoned that the cross-sectional area of the pipe was the critical factor, and he chose to vary this by the geometric mean of the ratios 1:2 and 1:4 per octave. This meant that the cross-sectional area varied as $$1 : \sqrt{8}$$. In consequence, the diameter of the pipe halved after 16 semitone intervals, i.e. on the 17th note (musicians count the starting-note as the first, so if C is the first note, C# is the second, differing by one semitone). Töpfer was able to confirm that if the diameter of the pipes in a rank halved on the 17th note, its volume and timbre remained adequately constant across the entire organ keyboard. He established this as a standard scale, or in German, Normalmensur, with the additional stipulation that the internal diameter be 155.5 mm at 8′ C (the lowest note of the modern organ compass) and the mouth width one-quarter of the circumference of such a pipe.

Töpfer's system provides a reference scale, from which the scale of other pipe ranks can be described by means of half-tone deviations larger or smaller (indicated by the abbreviation ht). A rank that also halves in diameter at the 17th note but is somewhat wider could be described as "+ 2 ht" meaning that the pipe corresponding to the note "D" has the width expected for a pipe of the note "C", two semitones below (and therefore two semitone intervals wider). If a rank does not halve exactly at the 17th note, then its relationship to the Normalmensur will vary across the keyboard. The system can therefore be used to produce Normalmensur variation tables or line graphs for the analysis of existing ranks or the design of new ranks.

The following is a list of representative 8′ stops in order of increasing diameter (and, therefore, of increasingly fundamental tone) at middle C with respect to Normalmensur, which is listed in the middle. Deviations from Normalmensur are provided after the pipe measurement in brackets.

 * Viole d'orchestre (thin, mordant string stop): 35.6 mm [-10 ht]
 * Salicional (broader-toned, non-imitative string stop): 40.6 mm [-7 ht]
 * Violin diapason (thin-toned principal stop): 46.2 mm [-4 ht]
 * Principal (typical mid-scale principal stop): 50.4 mm [-2 ht]
 * Normalmensur: 54.9 mm [+/-0 ht]
 * Open diapason (broader-toned principal stop): 57.4 mm [+1 ht]
 * Gedeckt (thin-toned flute stop): 65.4 mm [+4 ht]
 * Flûte à cheminée (typical mid-scale flute stop): 74.4 mm [+7 ht]
 * Flûte ouverte (broader-toned flute stop): 81.1 mm [+9 ht]

Normalmensur scaling table, 17th halving ratio:

From Organ Supply Industries catalog

title: Organ flue pipe scaling


text:
Ansei

Ansei (安政) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Kaei and before Man'en. This period spanned the years from November 1854 through March 1860. The reigning emperor was Kōmei-tennō (孝明天皇).

Change of era

 * November 27, 1854 (Ansei gannen (安政元年)): The new era name of Ansei (meaning "tranquil government") was created to herald the beginning of a peaceful period.  The impetus and explanation for this change of era names was said to have been the burning of the Palace in Kyoto in the preceding summer.

The new era name was derived from an hortatory aphorism: "Rule peacefully over the masses, then the ruler will remain in his place" (庶民安政、然後君子安位矣).

Although the notion seems appealing, the arrival of the Black Ships and Commodore Matthew C. Perry is not specifically recognized as a factor in the change of era names.

Events of the Ansei era

 * 1854 (Ansei 1): The Ansei-Tōkai Quake (安政東海地震, Ansei Tōkai Jishin) was an 8.4 magnitude earthquake which struck on December 23, 1854. The epicenter ranged from Suruga Bay to the deep ocean, and struck primarily in the Tōkai region, but destroyed houses as far away as in Edo. The accompanying tsunami caused damage along the entire coast from the Bōsō Peninsula in modern-day Chiba Prefecture to Tosa Province (modern-day Kōchi Prefecture)
 * 1854 (Ansei 1): The Ansei-Nankai Quake (安政南海地震, Ansei Nankai Jishin) was an 8.4 magnitude earthquake which struck on December 24, 1854. Over 10,000 people from the Tōkai region down to Kyushu were killed.
 * 1855 (Ansei 2): Work was begun on re-constructing the Imperial Palace after the devastating fire of Kaei 7, and the project was completed in nine months.
 * 1855 (Ansei 2, 21st day of the 11th month): The emperor moved into the reconstructed palace, having previously lived in the Shōgo-in and then Katsura-no-miya. The people were permitted to view the grand Imperial progress.
 * November 11, 1855 (Ansei 2): 1855 Edo earthquake, one of the Ansei great earthquakes, with resulting fire damage and loss of life. Epicenter – (Latitude: 36.000/Longitude: 140.000), 6.9 magnitude on the Richter Scale.
 * November 15, 1857 (Ansei 4): Nagasaki Medical School is opened. Dr. Pompe van Meerdevoort gave the first formal public lecture on medical and surgical sciences at the new school, which became as well the first such lecture to be delivered in any Japanese venue.
 * 1858–1860 (Ansei 5-Ansei 7): Cholera outbreak is believed to have killed between 100,000 and 200,000 people in Edo alone.
 * April 9, 1858 (Ansei 5): The 1858 Hietsu earthquake kills hundreds.
 * 1858 (Ansei 5): The initial establishment of Keio University, seven years before the beginning of the Keio era; nevertheless, the university was named after the later era. This is the oldest existing institution of higher learning in Japan.
 * July 29, 1859 (Ansei 5): Tairō Ii Naosuke signs Japanese-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce (also known as the "Harris Treaty"), which was a follow-up to the 1854 Treaty of Kanagawa.
 * 1858 (Ansei 5): Beginning of Ansei Purge at the order of Ii Naosuke on behalf of the bakufu.
 * 1860 (Ansei 7): Fire at Edo Castle.
 * March 24, 1860 (Man'en 1): Ii Naosuke was assassinated, also known as the "Sakurada-mon Incident"

title: Ansei