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User talk:Paul Vogel/63.159.128.191

Ok, someone add this to the Paul page, I can't figure out the formatting *sigh* Pakaran. 00:57, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Paul Vogel/63.159.128.191


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George Lillo

George Lillo (3 February 1691 – 4 September 1739) was an English playwright and tragedian. He was also a jeweller in London. He produced his first stage work, Silvia, or The Country Burial, in 1730, and a year later his most famous play, The London Merchant. He wrote at least six more plays before his death in 1739, including The Christian Hero (1735), Fatal Curiosity (1737) and Marina (1738).

Life
George Lillo was born in Moorfields, or Moorgate, in the City of London. He became a partner in his father's goldsmith's and jewellery business.

Early stage works
Lillo wrote at least eight plays between 1730 and his death in 1739. His first work in the theatre was the ballad opera Sylvia, or The Country Burial in 1730. He wrote it in order to reproduce the success of John Gay's The Beggar's Opera, but Lillo's play received mixed reviews and only showed for three nights at Lincoln's Inn Fields, in November 1730, and for a one-night revival at Covent Garden in March 1738, reduced to two acts.

The following year, Lillo wrote his most famous play, The London Merchant, or The History of George Barnwell (1731), which is considered one of the most popular and frequently produced plays of the 18th century. In October 1731 it was presented by royal command in the presence of George II and Queen Caroline. It was in the genre that came to be called melodrama. In The London Merchant, the subject is an apprentice who is seduced by Sarah Millwood, a "lady of pleasure," and then struggles to atone for his indiscretion throughout the remainder of the play, with little success. Lillo shows how "evil breeds evil," and Barnwell's initial dalliance eventually leads him to rob his master and murder his uncle in an attempt to secure the money needed to save Millwood's ostensibly endangered reputation. Her seduction, however, is simply a ruse to exploit his naïveté, so her reputation is never actually in danger. Lillo redefined the subject of dramatic tragedy and demonstrated that middle and lower class citizens were worthy of tragic downfalls. The 17th century ballad about a murder in Shropshire was the historical foundation for the play. Lillo dedicates the play to Sir John Eyles, a prominent member of the merchant class in London, in a letter before the text and plot begins. Lillo's domestic tragedy reflects a turning of the theatre away from the court and toward the town. Dickens introduced "the affecting tragedy of George Barnwell" into his novel Great Expectations. It was dismissed as a "nauseous sermon" by Charles Lamb, though much admired by Lillo's contemporaries Samuel Richardson and Colley Cibber, who acted in the original production of the play.

Lillo revived the genre of play referred to as domestic tragedy (or bourgeois tragedy). Even though the Jacobean stage had flirted with merchant and artisan plays in the past (with, for example, Thomas Dekker and Thomas Heywood), The London Merchant was a significant change in theatre, and in tragedy in particular. Instead of dealing with heroes from classical literature or the Bible, presented with spectacle and grand stage effects, his subjects concerned everyday people, such as his audience, the theater-going middle classes, and his tragedies were conducted on the intimate scale of households, rather than kingdoms.

Lillo was concerned that plays be morally correct and in keeping with Christian values. In 1734 he produced a patriotic masque, Britannia and Batavia, for the royal wedding of Anne, the Princess Royal, to William IV of Orange-Nassau. His next play was The Christian Hero (1735), a retelling of the story of Skanderbeg.

Later years
Later in the decade, Lillo wrote Fatal Curiosity (1737) and Marina (1738). He based Marina on the play Pericles by William Shakespeare. His last play, Elmerick, or Justice Triumphant, was performed posthumously in 1740. Lillo adapted the anonymous Elizabethan play Arden of Feversham, which was posthumously performed, first in 1759. It was based on the life of Alice Arden.

In his own day, his later plays, other than Merchant, were only moderate successes, and after his death old style tragedies and comedies continued to dominate the stage. All of Lillo's plays were produced in London, and only three of them produced any profit.

Lillo died at age 48, in 1739, in Rotherhithe, London.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: George Lillo


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Talk:Leyland cypress

In the southeastern United States
The article is wrong about the vitality of Leyland Cypress in the southeastern Unites States. I live in Atlanta Georgia which is southeastern and has a hot climate. I can look out my window and see some very large and very healthy Leyland Cypress. The trees are so popular in Atlanta they sell out in the nurseries on a regular basis. For a more accurate article visit Leyland Cypress Fact Sheet

Hybrid
the data are inaccurate. the leyland cypress is a cross between the alaskan cedar and the monterey cypress. the scientific name is x Cupressocyparis leylandii. the x denotes that the tree is a hybrid and does not cross pollenate, but only reproduces by cutting. lutherbates@comcast.net

Herbicide to kill them?
What is the most effective Herbicide to kill unwanted Leylandii, prior to selective felling. I am looking for a Systemic ground application that will not risk other plants by spraying. Comments and advice will be welcome.88.144.47.28 17:48, 13 April 2006 (UTC) bayliss@telco4u.net

Growing New Ones
If they're all sterile, how are new leylands grown? Must they always cross the Monterrey with the Alaskan to make more, or is there another way to grow a new leyland from an existing leyland without cross pollinating? 98.221.141.21 (talk) 22:20, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

 * By cuttings. Imc (talk) 00:19, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

Moved History to beginning
I put the history section at the beginning, as this isn't a naturally-occurring tree, and how it came into existence should be mentioned first. The way it was, after the intro, the article started discussing the taxonomic status of the Nootka cypress, without any mention of why the Nootka cypress is relevant. This is an encyclopedia, and I don't think it should jump to a topic before it's explained. By putting the history first, it will be clear how the Nootka cypress pertains to the Leyland cypress. 98.221.141.21 (talk) 13:05, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Leyland cypress. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090429175725/http://www.uah.edu/admin/Fac/grounds/NAYLORS.HTM to http://www.uah.edu/admin/Fac/grounds/NAYLORS.HTM
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120604000206/http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/C/Cupressocyparis_leylandii/ to http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/C/Cupressocyparis_leylandii/

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===The taxonomic name cannot be right - Cupressus x leylandii - and the two parent plants are not both in the genus 'Cupressus'. This makes this plant a inter-generic hybrid, so it should start with an large X. Please amend. It is not a Cupressus inter-species hybrid.

title: Talk:Leyland cypress


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List of Major League Baseball players from Panama

This is an alphabetical list of baseball players from Panama who played in Major League Baseball between and. The first Panamanian ever to appear in the Majors was Humberto Robinson.

Current
Major League Baseball
 * Edmundo Sosa in Philadelphia Phillies
 * José Caballero in Seattle Mariners
 * Miguel Amaya in Chicago Cubs
 * Christian Bethancourt in Tampa Bay Rays
 * Jaime Barría in Los Angeles Angels
 * Justin Lawrence in Colorado Rockies
 * Javy Guerra in Tampa Bay Rays
 * Ivan Herrera in St. Louis Cardinals

Current
Minor League Baseball
 * Jonathan Arauz
 * Johan Camargo
 * Allen Córdoba
 * Randall Delgado
 * José Ramos
 * Paolo Espino
 * Ariel Jurado
 * Rubén Tejada
 * Darío Agrazal

Former

 * Ed Acosta
 * Manny Acosta
 * Manuel Barrios
 * Juan Berenguer
 * Christian Bethancourt
 * Enrique Burgos (born 1965)
 * Enrique Burgos (born 1990)
 * Rod Carew
 * Ossie Chavarria
 * Ángel Chávez
 * Bruce Chen
 * Webbo Clarke
 * Manny Corpas
 * Roger Deago
 * Luis Durango
 * Einar Díaz
 * Mike Eden
 * Gil Garrido
 * Severino González
 * Bill Haywood
 * Tom Hughes
 * Roberto Kelly
 * Carlos Lee
 * Allan Lewis
 * Héctor López
 * José Macías
 * Carlos Maldonado
 * Rafael Medina
 * Ramiro Mendoza
 * Orlando Miller
 * Omar Moreno
 * Julio Mosquera
 * Ivan Murrell
 * Sherman Obando
 * Ben Oglivie
 * Adolfo Phillips
 * Bobby Prescott
 * Fernando Ramsey
 * Mariano Rivera
 * Rubén Rivera
 * Dave Roberts
 * Humberto Robinson
 * Davis Romero
 * Carlos Ruiz
 * Olmedo Sáenz
 * Chico Salmon
 * Manny Sanguillén
 * Pat Scantlebury
 * Fernando Seguignol
 * Rennie Stennett
 * Ray Webster
 * Julio Zuleta


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American Dreams

American Dreams is an American drama television series that ran on NBC for three seasons and 61 episodes, from September 29, 2002, to March 30, 2005. The show tells the story of the Pryor family of Philadelphia during the mid-1960s, with many plotlines around teenager Meg Pryor (Brittany Snow), who dances on Dick Clark's American Bandstand. The show often featured contemporary musicians performing as popular musicians of the 1960s. Season one takes place in 1963–64, season two in 1964–65 and season three in 1965–66.

The series was created by Jonathan Prince and developed by Josh Goldstein and Prince; the latter was also one of the executive producers with Dick Clark. It debuted on September 29, 2002, and initially aired on Sundays at 8:00 pm Eastern Time but moved to the same time on Wednesdays from March 9, 2005, to the third-season finale (March 30, 2005). The show was known as Our Generation when it debuted in Australia but was changed back to American Dreams when it returned for the second season.

The theme song "Generation" was written and performed by Emerson Hart, lead singer of the band Tonic. The song earned Hart an ASCAP award for Best Theme Song of Television in 2003. The show was the 2003 TV Land Awards "Future Classic" winner.

Series overview
In 1963 Philadelphia, the Pryors are a close Irish American Catholic family. World War II veteran John "Jack" Pryor owns a television and radio store. He and his homemaker wife Helen have four children: High school senior and football player John "JJ" Pryor, Jr., younger sisters Meg and Patty, and younger brother Will, who is lame from polio. Jack employs Henry Walker, whose son Sam is among the few African-American students at East Catholic High School. Meg and her best friend, Roxanne, pass the audition to dance on camera for Dick Clark's American Bandstand, filmed in the city, while JJ hopes to win a football scholarship to play for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. The show depicts historical events, such as the assassination of John F. Kennedy, 1964 Philadelphia race riot, and American involvement in—and opposition to—the Vietnam War.

It is important to note that the rest of history plays out exactly like real life. The main difference is that American Bandstand did not move to Los Angeles in early 1964 but instead stayed in Philadelphia contrary to the real life events of the show.

Main

 * Brittany Snow as Margaret "Meg" Pryor: The show's protagonist. In her spare time, she dances on Dick Clark's American Bandstand. Her family is Catholic.
 * Tom Verica as John J. "Jack" Pryor: Meg's father and head of the household. He owns Pryor's TV and Radio Store. Later represented his district on the Philadelphia City Council.
 * Gail O'Grady as Helen Pryor: Jack's wife. Stay-at-home mom who tries college and then later works for a travel agency.
 * Will Estes as John J. "JJ" Pryor Jr.: The oldest Pryor child. He enlists in the United States Marine Corps and fights in the Vietnam War.
 * Sarah Ramos as Patricia "Patty" Pryor: Meg's younger sister. Very book smart and acts like a know-it-all.
 * Ethan Dampf as William "Will" Pryor: The youngest Pryor child whose leg was crippled by polio, which is a source of guilt for his parents as they refused to allow him to have the Salk vaccine. In the show's second season, his leg was magically repaired.
 * Jonathan Adams as Henry Walker: An African American employee in Jack's store who later became a partner in the store, who also heads a family.
 * Arlen Escarpeta as Samuel "Sam" Walker: Henry's son and Meg's good friend who becomes a romantic interest in Season 3.
 * Vanessa Lengies as Roxanne Bojarski: Meg's best friend who has a knack for getting herself into trouble. She dances on American Bandstand with Meg.
 * Rachel Boston as Elizabeth "Beth" Mason-Pryor: JJ's girlfriend, whom he marries in the third season after returning from Vietnam. They have an infant son "Trip".

Recurring

 * Matthew John Armstrong as Pete Pryor: Jack's younger brother, an officer with the Philadelphia Police Department. He is assigned to the Columbia Avenue Precinct in North Philadelphia, a precinct which includes the Walkers' home and the Pryors' second store. He is addicted to alcohol and gambling. Almost married in Season 2 to Nancy (Helen's coworker and friend), but calls off the wedding at the last minute.
 * Christopher Cousins as Theodore "Ted" Pryor: Jack and Pete's older brother, a successful businessman who has a strained and distant relationship from the rest of the family. He is only seen in a couple of episodes, and dies in a car accident late in Season 3.
 * Natalie Marston as Melissa Pryor: Ted's 18-year-old daughter, niece of Jack and Pete. She entered Vassar College in the fall of 1966.
 * John J. "Trip" Pryor III: JJ and Beth's son, born in November 1965 during the third season.
 * Adina Porter as Gwen Walker: Henry's wife and a housekeeper, who died in Season 2 of cancer.
 * Aysia Polk as Angela Walker: Henry and Gwen's daughter, roughly Patty's age.
 * Keith Robinson as Nathan Walker: Henry's outspoken nephew. Spent some time in jail; eventually rehabilitated himself and now operates a delivery service.
 * Jamie Elman as Luke Foley: A record store clerk. Meg's boyfriend in the first season; after they broke up, Luke and Roxanne developed a relationship and began living together in the third season.
 * Jesse Hutch as James "Jimmy" Riley: An American Bandstand dance partner of Meg's who eventually leaves to fight in Vietnam; he would later return to American Dreams in the second season, in a wheelchair.
 * Samuel Page as Drew Mandel: A college student at the University of Pennsylvania; he and Meg date during the show, despite both her brother J.J. and her father's dislike for Drew. It ends when she catches him cheating on her.
 * Johnny Lewis as Leonard "Lenny" Beeber: Roxanne's second-season boyfriend with whom she goes on tour. Head of the band Lenny and the Pilgrims.
 * Milo Ventimiglia as Christopher "Chris" Pierce: Shelly Pierce's son, who becomes Meg's new love interest in the third season.
 * Rodney Scott as Daniel "Danny" O'Connor: Quarterback of the East Catholic football team in the first season, and who has a short-lived relationship with Meg in season two. His older brother was declared missing in action in Vietnam. In season three, Danny's brother's body is found in Vietnam.
 * Paul Wasilewski as Thomas "Tommy" DeFelice: JJ's macho friend and former football teammate. JJ later ends the friendship when he notices a strong racist side to him when Sam enrolls at East Catholic. They resume their friendship when Tommy takes the blame for something JJ did.
 * Kevin Sheridan as Kenny Keegan: JJ's East Catholic friend and teammate; a mediocre athlete.
 * Jessica Collins as Colleen: JJ's coworker and sometime girlfriend in season one; she is older than JJ and a divorcée.
 * Joseph Lawrence as Michael Brooks: The original floor producer of American Bandstand. His character left after the show's first season.
 * Michael E. Rodgers as Colin: Floor producer of Bandstand who took over after Michael Brooks' departure.
 * Peter Spellos as Gus: A witty production assistant of American Bandstand.
 * Michelle Morgan as Teresa McManus: A regular dancer on Bandstand who does not like Meg.
 * Paul D. Roberts as Dick Clark: Host of American Bandstand.
 * Michael Burger as Charlie O'Donnell: Announcer of American Bandstand.
 * Nigel Thatch as Willie Johnson: A charismatic neighborhood agitator in North Philadelphia who played a major role in instigating the Philadelphia 1964 race riot.
 * Virginia Madsen as Rebecca Sandstrom: Helen's friend from a book club. Her character was dropped after the first season.
 * Alicia Coppola as Nancy: After meeting Helen while working at the same travel agency, she became one of Helen's confidantes. Nancy dated and then became engaged to Pete Pryor, only to be left standing at the altar.
 * Hank Stratton as Donald Norville: Helen's colleague at the travel agency. He is later fired for being homosexual.
 * Steve Ryan as Father Conti: The Pryor family's strict Catholic priest, who also serves as the headmaster of East Catholic high school.
 * James Read and Barbara Alyn Woods as Mr. and Mrs. George Mason: Beth's well-to-do parents. Estranged from Beth after she became pregnant with JJ Pryor's child, although some reconciliation was attempted in the show's third season.
 * Art Garfunkel as Mr. Greenwood: The bohemian owner of the Vinyl Crocodile record store. Appeared sporadically during the first season; in the third season he is said to have gone "on a worldwide tour with his friend", an allusion to Art Garfunkel's singing partnership with Paul Simon.
 * Daphne Zuniga as Shelly Pierce: A single mom who works at a nearby Playboy Club and the Pryors' next-door neighbor (starting at the beginning of Season 3).
 * Murray Rubenstein as Murray: A barbershop owner whose business is next to Pryor's TV and Radio. A frequent visitor to the store, though he rarely buys anything.
 * Caitlin Greer as Audrey: A University of Pennsylvania student who befriends Meg and Sam.

Season 1 (2002–03)
In the pilot episode, set in November 1963, Meg and Roxanne win the opportunity to join the dancers on the TV show American Bandstand, filmed in Philadelphia. Passing note is made of the John F. Kennedy assassination and funeral. Bandstand immediately becomes the principal creative pillar of American Dreams, with each episode featuring recreated versions of several musical acts that originally appeared on the real Bandstand, often rendered by modern singers.

JJ Pryor, a running back for the East Catholic Fighting Crusaders football team, tries and fails to earn a full athletic scholarship to play at the University of Notre Dame, so he later applies for and is accepted to Lehigh University. A nagging ankle injury curtails his football career, so he enlists in the United States Marine Corps to pay for school. Meanwhile, JJ's on-again, off-again girlfriend Beth chooses to attend the University of Pennsylvania in order to be near JJ.

In the early part of the season, Meg develops a crush on a Bandstand dancer, and they go on a couple of public appearance dates. While never becoming romantic, they remained good friends. Meg later developed a romance with Luke Foley, a record store clerk and fellow East Catholic student.

Sam Walker wins a track athletic scholarship to East Catholic. Sam's father Henry states that there are only three other black male students at East Catholic; some in the majority-white student body resent Sam's presence, especially Tommy DeFelice, who is later expelled after falsely confessing to JJ's crime of breaking Beth's current boyfriend's windshield. Sam and Meg develop a friendship, even creating a record-swapping club while meeting at the Vinyl Crocodile record store.

In the season finale on May 18, 2003, Meg and Sam are caught in the summer 1964 race riot in Philadelphia.

Season 2 (2003–04)
Meg and Sam survive the riots unharmed, but the branch of Jack's store under Henry's management is destroyed. Gwen dies from cancer. JJ excels at boot camp and arrives in Vietnam. While on leave, he and Beth are reunited in Hawaii; they break up, but Beth soon learns she is pregnant with JJ's child, and she moves in with the Pryors.

Helen discovers that there might be a possible surgical treatment for Will's paralysis, and the early part of the season deals with Will's medical treatment. By the end of the season, Will's leg braces have been removed and he is able to walk normally.

Roxanne exchanges promise rings with boyfriend Lenny, and goes on tour with him before returning home. Later on, she dates Meg's ex-boyfriend, Luke. Meg dates a college boy, Drew, despite JJ and her father's strong dislike for him, but breaks it off when he ends up cheating on her.

Sam wins a scholarship to the University of Pennsylvania. Jack decides to run for the City Council. In the season finale on April 4, 2004, Sam's cousin Nathan is drafted and opts to go to jail rather than serve in Vietnam. Also in that episode, JJ is caught in a fierce firefight, while Meg and Sam are arrested at a campus rally protesting the Vietnam war.

Season 3 (2004–05)
The arrests widen the communications gap between parents and children, and inspire Meg to lead additional protests. A strict new headmaster also fires Meg up. An injured JJ wakes up in an American military hospital, and learns of his forthcoming child; Beth refuses to accept JJ's offer of marriage. Roxanne, estranged from her mother, moves in with the Pryors. JJ gets recruited for special, somewhat mysterious duty for the US government. Jack wins an upset victory for the City Council.

As Thanksgiving nears closer, JJ is captured by the Viet Cong. He and his sergeant escape, but are presumed missing in action (the sergeant is later found buried in a shallow grave). The Pryors learn of JJ's "Missing In Action" status just before Thanksgiving.

Luke Foley returns to Philadelphia, and Roxanne, who moves out on her remarrying mother, moves in with him in a loft above the Vinyl Crocodile record store.

On a commercial-free special episode that aired November 21, 2004, JJ returns home. At episode's end he glares harshly at his mother. In the next original episode, JJ becomes a Marine recruiter and suffers from post-traumatic flashbacks. He proposes to Beth. Helen becomes involved with a Catholic peace group.

As the show enters 1966, JJ marries Beth in a ceremony held at the Pryors' catholic church. Jack Pryor, newly elected to the Philadelphia City Council, is forced to take a bribe, with the money going to help JJ repay some gambling debts. Eventually Jack votes to elect a local activist in his district, Reverend Davis, to the Police Review Board essentially voting against the council. For this act of disloyalty, several members of the police force beat up JJ after a traffic stop. Pete soon finds the culprits who attacked JJ and roughs them up, but Jack decides to resign from the council.

Chris and Meg's relationship becomes more intimate, but Meg is troubled by reports that Chris helped set fire to a recruitment center. Despite this, Meg and Chris eventually have sex—with Chris revealing afterward that he did indeed lie to Meg about the recruitment center. Meg and Chris eventually break up, and Chris leaves Philadelphia.

Meg and Sam consider the possibility of a romantic relationship, but JJ and Nathan discourage the idea. Meanwhile, Jack and Pete's older brother Ted gets into a serious car accident, putting him on a respirator. After much soul searching, the Pryors decide to disconnect the machine. After returning home from a Rolling Stones concert, Meg finds her ex-boyfriend Chris standing in front of her home. He's just been drafted.

In the season/series finale, Meg and Chris both leave Philadelphia on Chris' motorcycle, with plans for them to live in Berkeley, California and campaign against the war. JJ Pryor applies for and receives a job in aeronautics, assisting in space suit design for future NASA missions to the Moon.

"Past" events

 * c. 1920 – Jack Pryor is born.
 * c. 1927 – Helen Dolan is born.
 * c. September 1945 – Jack Pryor, presumably returning from fighting in World War II, conceives a child with Helen Dolan.
 * c. November 1945 – Jack Pryor and Helen Dolan are married.
 * c. June 1946 – J.J. Pryor is born.
 * c. 1946 – Beth Mason is born.
 * c. 1947 – Sam Walker and Luke Foley are born.
 * c. March 1948 – Roxanne Bojarski is born.
 * c. August 1948 – Meg Pryor is born.
 * c. 1951 – Angela Walker is born.
 * c. 1950 – Patty Pryor is born.
 * c. 1956 – Will Pryor is born.

Events depicted on screen

 * November 1963 – Meg and Roxanne become regular dancers on American Bandstand.
 * June 1964 – JJ and Beth graduate from high school.
 * August 1964 – The Philadelphia riots take place.
 * November 1964 – 1964 U.S. Presidential Election between Lyndon Johnson and Barry Goldwater. (It's mentioned that Ted supported Goldwater.)
 * 1965 – Gwen Walker dies.
 * June 1965 – Sam graduates from high school.
 * November 1965 – Northeast Blackout of 1965
 * November 1965 – Beth Mason gives birth to John Pryor III.
 * January 1966 – JJ returns home from Vietnam.
 * April 23, 1966 – JJ Pryor and Beth Mason are married.
 * June 1966 – Meg and Roxanne graduate from high school.
 * July 1966 – Ted Pryor dies.

"Future" events

 * June 1968 – Patty's graduation from high school is estimated to take place at this time.
 * June 1974 – Will's graduation from high school is estimated to take place at this time.
 * June 1984 – John Pryor III's graduation from high school is estimated to take place at this time.

Ratings
Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of American Dreams on NBC.

Cancellation
On May 16, 2005, NBC announced their fall schedule for the 2005–06 season. Confirming months of speculation (and an unofficial confirmation article on May 1 by Reuters), American Dreams was formally canceled, due to low ratings.

Never a strong performer in its Sunday 8pm timeslot, the show's third-season ratings dropped 33% from its first season and 13% from its second season. In the third season, the show was regularly beaten in the Sunday night ratings by ABC's Extreme Makeover: Home Edition and CBS's Cold Case. On February 2, 2005, NBC reduced the number of third-season episodes of American Dreams from 19 to 17. The network also moved the program away from its original Sunday night timeslot to Wednesday nights, airing before The West Wing. This put the show up against CBS's Survivor: Palau and ABC's Lost, and American Dreams could not compete against these popular programs.

As the third season wound down, actors on the show filmed pilots for new shows to possibly air in the 2005–06 television season. Fans of American Dreams organized a campaign to save the show, sending over 5000 supportive e-mails to NBC after the season finale and several thousand postcards to the network as well. On May 4, 2005, fans flew an aerial banner over NBC's Burbank studios in support of the show, even as the show's sets were being dismantled at Sunset-Gower Studios, where it was filmed.

It had been reported that American Dreams may have been canceled as early as December 2004. Jonathan Prince mentioned in a Miami Herald article that he was able to get four additional episodes made by having companies such as Kraft and Nabisco pay for additional episodes in exchange for product placement (Campbell's Soups and Ford also participated in product placement episodes).

Series epilogue
The Philadelphia Inquirer reported on April 12, 2005, that in late February, NBC ordered two endings filmed for the season finale. The un-aired ending was reported to be a 12-minute segment set on July 20, 1969 (the day Apollo 11 landed on the Moon), with Meg returning home to face her family after a three-year absence.

NBC opted not to air the 12-minute epilogue when the third-season finale aired on March 30, 2005, a month and a half before the official cancellation of the series. TV Guide reported on July 26, 2005, that this epilogue was likely to air in a rerun of the third-season finale in August or September, but the airing never materialized. NBC was unable to attract sponsorship for the segment, which reportedly contained many rock-and-roll oldies, resulting in expensive music licensing fees for the network.

During the second annual ATX Television Festival on June 9, 2013, the cast and crew of the show were reunited, and creator Jonathan Prince unveiled for the first time to both the cast and audience, a rough cut of the never-before-seen epilogue.

In the epilogue, a long-haired Meg is seen on a bus (with a caption reading "Three Years Later"). After a couple of fellow hippie travelers inquire about the purpose of her trip, Meg reveals that she's planning to attend Woodstock with Sam (who had just graduated from college), and has traveled upstate early in order to meet up with him. Meg also reveals that she still lives in Berkeley, and hasn't been back home since she left with Chris three years prior. Meg is also planning on staying in New York with Roxanne, who is now married to Luke and has a baby boy named Dustin. Meg later reveals that Patty has graduated from high school and is now attending college at Harvard's sister school, Radcliffe. Throughout her time on the bus (and her conversation with the hippies), Meg reflects on her experiences with her family and friends.

After the hippies leave, Meg is seen pensively staring out of the bus window. The next moment, Meg is standing outside of her former home in Philadelphia, having taken a detour from heading to New York. She runs into her nephew Trip (who is now much older), who tells her that he knows who she is (based on family photos). When asked, she tells him that she came because she wanted to see her family. Trip tells her that everyone is inside, watching the first crewed Moon landing (placing the epilogue on July 20, 1969, the day Apollo 11 landed on the Moon). Tripp reveals that JJ now has a job building space suits for astronauts. Suddenly, Jack (Meg's father) comes out and calls for Trip to come in, when he sees Meg. Trip goes inside, and Helen (Meg's mother) comes outside calling for Jack, but stops when she sees Meg.

An awkward silence passes among the three, until Jack invites Meg inside for leftovers. Jack enters the house as Meg walks up and grabs Helen in a hug, while Jack looks on from inside. Once everyone goes inside, the scene pans out, with Neil Armstrong's famous moon landing address providing a voiceover until the screen goes black.

Fourth season plotlines
In interviews, Jonathan Prince revealed that if American Dreams had been renewed for a fourth season, the following plotlines would have been included.
 * The fourth season would have picked up in January 1967.
 * Meg would have returned to Philadelphia six episodes into the season after JJ goes to California with intentions to take her home.
 * Roxanne would have taken a job as the hairdresser for American Bandstand.
 * Jack would become angry after discovering that Helen had been using her job as a travel agent to help young men dodge the draft and flee to Canada.
 * There would be tension in JJ and Beth's marriage, after Beth reluctantly agreed to JJ's wishes to postpone going back to college.
 * Henry would remarry and accept a new, deaf stepson into his home.
 * JJ would continue working for the company designing spacesuits for the crewed mission to the moon.
 * The Apollo 1 fire would somehow figure into the fourth season plotline.
 * Patty would serve as the Team Manager for the East Catholic football team.

Special guests
During the show's run, several contact artists recreated performances of artists from the 1960s. These recreations were often performed on the American Bandstand stage, although several performances took place at a performing area adjacent to the Vinyl Crocodile record store. In the second and third seasons, several of the recreations took place at The Lair, a coffee house/student union facility on the University of Pennsylvania campus.

The contemporary artists, along with the songs they performed and the artist they "interpreted", are listed below.

Season one

 * Michelle Branch, as Lesley Gore performing "You Don't Own Me" (season 1 episode 2)
 * Nick Carter & Ric Felix (aka Ricky Godinez and later billed as Ricky G), as "Jay" and one of the members of Jay and the Americans (respectively), performing "Come a Little Bit Closer" (season 1 episode 6)
 * Usher, as Marvin Gaye, performing "Can I Get a Witness" (season 1 episode 7)
 * Ashanti, as Dionne Warwick, performing "Walk On By" (season 1 episode 10)
 * Vanessa Carlton, as Dusty Springfield, performing "Wishin' and Hopin' (season 1 episode 14)
 * Wayne Brady, as Jackie Wilson, performing "Baby Workout" (season 1 episode 18)
 * LeAnn Rimes, as Connie Francis, performing "Where the Boys Are" (season 1 episode 19)
 * Duncan Sheik, as Bobby Darin, performing "Beyond the Sea" (season 1 episode 19)
 * Vivian Green, as Brenda Holloway, performing "Every Little Bit Hurts" (season 1 episode 20)
 * Rosey, as Ella Fitzgerald performing "Dream A Little Dream Of Me" (season 1 episode 20)
 * B2K & Marques Houston, as The Temptations, performing "My Girl" (season 1 episode 22)
 * The Thorns, as the Beach Boys, performing "Warmth of the Sun" (season 1 episode 23)
 * Third Eye Blind, as The Kinks, performing "All Day and All of the Night" (season 1 episode 23)
 * Ashley Williams, as Sandie Shaw, performing "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me" (season 1 episode 24)
 * Stacie Orrico, as the lead singer of The Angels, performing "My Boyfriend's Back" (Brittany Snow and Vanessa Lengies were the backup singers on Orrico's cover of the song) (season 1 episode 25)
 * Kelly Rowland, as Martha Reeves of Martha and the Vandellas, performing "Nowhere To Run" (season 1 episode 25)

Season two

 * Kelly Clarkson, as Brenda Lee, performing "Sweet Nothin's" (season 2 episode 1)
 * Vanessa Soul, as Barbara Lewis, performing "Baby I'm Yours" (season 2 episode 1)
 * Monica, as Mary Wells, performing "My Guy" (season 2 episode 2)
 * Lil' Kim, as Shirley Ellis, performing "The Clapping Song" (season 2 episode 3)
 * Third Eye Blind, as The Kinks, performing "You Really Got Me" (season 2 episode 4)
 * Kelly Rowland, as Martha Reeves of Martha and the Vandellas, performing "Dancing in the Street" (season 2 episode 5)
 * Alicia Keys, as Fontella Bass, performing "Rescue Me" (season 2 episode 6)
 * Kembra Shannon, as Kim Weston, performing "Take Me In Your Arms (Rock Me A Little While)" (season 2 episode 7)
 * Steadman, as the Dave Clark Five, performing "Do You Love Me" (season 2 episode 7)
 * Hilary and Haylie Duff, as members of The Shangri-Las, performing "Leader of the Pack" (season 2 episode 8)
 * Richie Sambora, as Eric Clapton of the Yardbirds, performing "For Your Love" (season 2 episode 9)
 * Jennifer Love Hewitt, as Nancy Sinatra, performing "These Boots Are Made For Walking" (season 2 episode 10)
 * Brad Paisley, as Ricky Nelson, performing "Dream Lover" (season 2 episode 10)
 * Josh Kelley, as Barry McGuire, performing "Eve of Destruction" (season 2 episode 10)
 * Macy Gray, as Carla Thomas, performing "B.A.B.Y" (season 2 episode 12)
 * Charlotte Martin, as Petula Clark performing "Downtown" (season 2 episode 13)
 * Nick Lachey, as Tom Jones, performing "It's Not Unusual" (season 2 episode 13)
 * Chris Isaak, as Roy Orbison, performing "Pretty Woman" (season 2 episode 14)
 * Jennifer Love Hewitt, as Nancy Sinatra, performing "Sunny" (season 2 episode 14)
 * Tyler Hilton, as a folk singer, performing The Beatles' "I've Just Seen a Face" (season 2 episode 14)
 * Ricky Fante, as Wilson Pickett, performing "Land of 1000 Dances" (season 2 episode 15)
 * Liz Phair, as Jackie DeShannon, performing "When You Walk in the Room" (season 2 episode 16)
 * Tyra Banks, as a member of The Velvelettes, performing "He Was Really Sayin' Somethin'" (season 2 episode 17)
 * Evan & Jaron, as The Everly Brothers, performing "Wake Up Little Susie" (season 2 episode 17)
 * Jason Mraz, as Dion DiMucci, performing "Ruby Baby" (season 2 episode 18)
 * Fefe Dobson, as Tina Turner, performing "River Deep - Mountain High" (season 2 episode 18)
 * Wyclef Jean, as Curtis Mayfield, performing "Woman's Got Soul" (season 2 episode 19)

Season three

 * Brandy Norwood, as Gladys Knight, performing "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" (season 3 episode 1)
 * Nicole Richie, as the lead singer of The Exciters, performing "Tell Him" (season 3 episode 2)
 * Hawk Nelson, as The Who, performing "My Generation" (season 3 episode 3)
 * Phantom Planet, as The Zombies, performing "Tell Her No" (season 3 episode 6)
 * Fantasia Barrino, as Aretha Franklin, performing "Respect" (season 3 episode 8)
 * Otis and the Elevators, as Jimmy Smith, performing "Got My Mojo Working" (season 3 episode 8)
 * Kelly Clarkson, as Brenda Lee, performing "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" (season 3 episode 9)
 * JoJo, as Linda Ronstadt, auditioning for Bandstand with "That'll Be The Day" (season 3 episode 9)
 * 112 as The Four Tops, performing "Reach Out, I'll Be There"
 * Van Hunt, as Jimmy Ruffin, performing "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" (season 3 episode 12)
 * John Legend, as Stevie Wonder, performing "Uptight (Everything's Alright)" (season 3 episode 15)
 * Fountains of Wayne, as The Hollies, performing "Bus Stop" (season 3 episode 16)

Performances at the Vinyl Crocodile

 * India.Arie, as Nina Simone, performing "Come Ye" (season 1 episode 15)
 * Keb 'Mo, as Son House, songs performed currently unknown. (season 1 episode 12)

Performances at the Lair

 * Five for Fighting performing a folk arrangement of his 2004 recording "If God Made You"
 * Art Alexakis, as Country Joe McDonald, performing "The "Fish" Cheer/I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag"
 * Joss Stone, performing a folk arrangement of her 2005 hit "Right to Be Wrong"
 * Alanis Morissette, as a folk singer performing her original composition "Offer"
 * Bonnie McKee, as Janis Joplin, performing "Summertime"
 * Hayley Westenra performed "Who Painted the Moon Black?" from her album Pure on episode 46.
 * Blake Shelton, performing his song "Playboys of the Southwestern World" from his 2003 CD The Dreamer.
 * Ben Taylor as Cal Cooper, performing his original song "Surround Me".
 * Gavin DeGraw, performing "The Tracks of My Tears"

Other guest star appearances

 * Paris Hilton, as Barbara Eden of I Dream of Jeannie
 * Tavis Smiley, as Thurgood Marshall
 * Brian McKnight, as Stokely Carmichael
 * Kevin McCorkle, as astronaut Gus Grissom
 * Rich Vos, as Lenny Bruce
 * Eric the Midget, as Travel Agency Customer
 * Kristen Bell, as Amy Fielding
 * Randy Jackson, as Band Manager
 * Montel Williams, as Reverend Gilliam

Accuracy
Despite its popularity as a family drama, American Dreams was heavily criticized for its various levels of historical inaccuracy. Several historic events were restaged earlier or later in the show's timeline to fit a plotline, and some of the music and pop culture references do not match up with either historic fact or the show's current timeline. Several arguments between the show's loyal fanbase can be traced to whether the show should be viewed as a chronologically accurate representation of life in 1960s Philadelphia, or is instead an idealized combination of mnemonic images and pop culture references from points throughout the 1960s, much as the film The Wedding Singer was for the 1980s.

Some examples of these disputes include:
 * A running plotline is the appearance of Meg and Roxanne as dancers on American Bandstand, which still tapes a daily after-school show in Philadelphia; where in real life the show moved to Los Angeles in February 1964 and was only broadcast once a week, on Saturday afternoons (in real life, the studio used for Bandstand was later appropriated by the stations of public broadcasting operation WHYY after WFIL's donation of them shortly after moving to their new City Avenue studios).
 * In the pilot episode, Jack makes a reference to Ara Parseghian and Notre Dame. The pilot was set in November 1963 while Parseghian was hired by Notre Dame in December.
 * In the first year, JJ Pryor Jr supposedly attended Lehigh University on a football scholarship in 1963 but joined the Marines when injured to pay for college. Lehigh doesn't have athletic scholarships but gives financial grants in aid instead. Thus he would have still had financial aid even if injured.
 * The Philadelphia 1964 race riot depicted in the first-season finale started at night, not in the daytime, as depicted in the show. Television footage of the riots shown on the episode actually came from the Watts riots of 1965 Los Angeles.
 * During the show's first season, the music of several artists, such as the Kinks, Dusty Springfield and Manfred Mann, are heard and referenced in 1963, months before the Beatles' appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show (February 1964) that triggered the musical British Invasion.
 * When the Beatles appear on The Ed Sullivan Show, the scene is set up so that the first song the Beatles play is "I Want to Hold Your Hand", which was the Beatles' first American hit, but was not the first song played on Ed Sullivan (that honor goes to "All My Loving").
 * In one episode in the show's third season, set in late November 1965, the East Coast Blackout and the Leonid meteor shower were both "rescheduled" so that they would fall on the same day that Beth Mason gave birth to JJ Pryor's son.
 * In a first-season episode, Meg and Roxanne gush over meeting the group Jay and the Americans, and Roxanne is especially enamored with "Carl, the drummer" (the group neither had a member named Carl, nor a drummer, in real life). Also in real life, there were two lead singers known as "Jay" – Jay Traynor, who sang on their hit "She Cried", and Jay Black, who replaced Traynor for the group's other hits — yet on the episode, it is assumed that there was only one "Jay" who sang all the hits without interruption.
 * In the show's first season, set in November 1963, Meg Pryor and Luke Foley argue over the merits of Bob Dylan, and Luke hands Meg a 45 of Dylan singing "Mr. Tambourine Man." In fact, Dylan did not write or perform the song until 1964, and he never released it on a commercial 45 (it appeared on his "Bringing It All Back Home" album released in early 1965), although the Byrds' rendition of it was a hit single. Note that before Luke hands meg the Dylan record, he specifically says that it is "an advanced copy of the record that won't be released until next year."
 * References are made in the show's second season to I Dream of Jeannie, which was still a year away from premiering. On top of that, "the big band theme song" heard, is the one introduced at the beginning of the show's second season (which was a re-creation of the original theme). It was performed & produced by LA guitarist Rick Fleishman, and it also featured LA session drummer Paul Goldberg. (It's the one most viewers were familiar with in 1966).
 * The Monkees perform on the Bandstand stage in January 1966, despite their television series not even premiering until September 1966, or the four actors playing the Monkees even performing a live concert until a year later.
 * In an episode set in January/February 1965, Nancy Sinatra (Jennifer Love Hewitt) appears on American Bandstand to sing "These Boots are Made for Walking" despite the fact the song was not released until 1966.
 * While working at the space suit company, JJ Pryor meets Gus Grissom, and they discuss the Apollo 1 mission. Grissom later says, "Get me back to Cape Canaveral." In reality, the Apollo 1 mission was not designated by that number or name until after the accident that claimed the lives of Grissom and two other astronauts (at the time the mission was known as Apollo/Saturn 204), and the reference to Cape Canaveral would have been wrong, as the area where the space center was located had been renamed "Cape Kennedy" during the 1960s. While the town was officially renamed back to Cape Canaveral in 1973, the space center was (and still is) known as the Kennedy Space Center, and at least three years had passed since the town was renamed from Cape Canaveral to Cape Kennedy; so although it is not impossible that in a casual conversation Grissom would have used the traditional name, it is still unlikely that this would happen.
 * Artists such as Blake Shelton, John Ondrasik and Joss Stone are allowed to perform their current pop hits, which in real time would have been 40 years away from ever existing.
 * Neither The Who nor Ricky Nelson ever performed on the Bandstand stage in real life (Nelson's father Ozzie refused to allow his performing son to appear on anybody else's TV series, even if such appearance might help increase record sales); but that didn't stop the producers from staging performances by those artists in this series.
 * The Who is shown performing on Bandstand in the show's third season, set in 1965–1966. However The Who's first performance in the United States wasn't until the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967.
 * In an episode that is supposedly taking place in the spring of 1965, two customers at the TV store, played by Days of Our Lives actors John Aniston and Frances Reid, were watching an episode of Days of our Lives on a TV (Frances was watching herself on an early episode). Days of our Lives did not premiere until November 8, 1965.
 * In an episode purporting to take place in the summer of 1966, a character on "American Bandstand" is asked to rate the Rolling Stones' song "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction", despite the song being over a year old.
 * In a late third-season episode, Meg, Roxanne and Luke sit outside Connie Mack Stadium with lawn chairs, listening for free to the Rolling Stones, who are playing a live concert at the stadium. Luke makes a reference that he heard a Bob Dylan concert at Connie Mack Stadium for free this way. Bob Dylan did not play Connie Mack Stadium as an outdoor venue in 1966 or earlier.
 * In another third-season episode that takes place in June 1966, the Mamas and the Papas appear on American Bandstand to perform "California Dreamin'". However, the Mamas and Papas actual appearance on the show was in February 1966, they did not appear again in June of that year.
 * Characters are depicted as listening to Cream's "I Feel Free" and The Spencer Davis Group's "Gimme Some Lovin'" as early as the summer of 1965, despite neither song being released until late in 1966, after the timeline of the series had ended.
 * Another is Nathan Walker, Henry's nephew and Chris Pierce, Meg's boyfriend both say they were drafted to Vietnam in 1965 and 1966, however the first Vietnam Draft wasn't held until December 1, 1969. It was a big deal at the time and it was watched live on TV. *The draft existed since W.W.2 you are talking about the lottery where each day of the year was assigned a number on ping pong balls and picked at random. so they could have been drafted to go to Vietnam any time in the 60's
 * JJ Pryor enlists in the Marines and goes to Vietnam in 1964, however President Johnson only ordered the first deployment of Marines (the 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade) until March 8, 1965.

Home media
The first season of American Dreams was released on DVD in September 2004. As of January no formal release dates have been announced for the remaining two seasons. Prince has promised that the series epilogue will appear in the third-season DVD release. However, it is widely believed that the huge number of licensed songs on the series make future DVD releases cost prohibitive, although Prince said that was not the case.

On January 26, 2009, it was reported that Prince and other producers from the show were negotiating to get the final two seasons released on DVD, along with including the unaired epilogue. No recent news was made until June 21, 2010, where it was reported that the producers "are closer than ever to debuting a boxed set of all three seasons of American Dreams on DVD". However, negotiations seem to have stalled, with negotiations continuing as of early 2013.

At the second annual ATX Television Festival on June 9, 2013, Prince spoke out on the hold-up on the home media release of seasons 2 and 3, admitting that because of costly music licensing issues, it was unlikely that NBC would find it cost-effective to make those licensing deals unless fans campaigned to prove that the DVDs would sell, suggesting a Kickstarter campaign to gauge interest.

There are music alterations in the Season 1 DVD release in order to keep music licensing costs down. Prince has noted that the first season retains about "80% of the original music", keeping music he deemed critical to particular scenes, as well as performances of guest stars and music for the Bandstand dancers while replacing some background songs with "cheaper needle-drops" from the 1960s. Prince said he doubted even hard-core fans would notice the difference.

Soundtrack
On May 6, 2003, Hip-O Records released American Dreams — Original Soundtrack 1963–1964, with original and new recordings featured in the show's first season.

Broadcasts
American Dreams was shown for three years on NBC from 2002 to 2005. The first two seasons were shown in the United Kingdom (on the Hallmark Channel and Trouble), in Denmark (TV2), in Brazil (Sony Entertainment Television) and in Poland (TV Puls).

title: American Dreams


text:
Mustafa

Mustafa (مصطفى) is one of the names of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the name means "chosen, selected, appointed, preferred", used as an Arabic given name and surname. Mustafa is a common name in the Muslim world.

Moustafa

 * Moustafa Amar, Egyptian musician and actor
 * Moustafa Bayoumi, American writer
 * Moustafa Chousein-Oglou, English actor
 * Moustafa Farroukh, Lebanese painter
 * Moustafa Madbouly, Prime Minister of Egypt
 * Moustafa Al-Qazwini, an Islamic scholar and religious leader
 * Moustafa Reyadh, Egyptian football player
 * Moustafa Shakosh, Syrian football player
 * Moustafa Ahmed Shebto, Qatari athlete

Moustapha

 * Moustapha Akkad, Syrian American film producer
 * Moustapha Alassane, Nigerien filmmaker
 * Moustapha Agnidé, Beninese footballer
 * Moustapha Bokoum, Belgian footballer
 * Moustapha Lamrabat (born 1983), Moroccan-Flemish photographer
 * Moustapha Niasse, Senegalese politician and diplomat
 * Abdul Moustapha Ouedraogo, Ivorian footballer
 * Moustapha Bayal Sall, Senegalese footballer
 * Moustapha Salifou, Togolese footballer
 * Mustapha Cassiem, South African field hockey player

Mostafa

 * Mostafa Kamal (Bir Sreshtho), freedom fighter of Bangladesh Liberation War, awarded the highest recognition of bravery of Bangladesh, Bir Sreshtho.
 * Mostafa Matar (born 1995), Lebanese footballer

Mustafa

 * Mustafa I, Mustafa II, Mustafa III, and Mustafa IV, Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
 * Mustafa Abdul-Hamid, American basketball player
 * Mustafa Abi, Turkish basketball player
 * Mustafa Ali, American wrestler
 * Mustafa Abubakar (born 1949), Indonesian politician
 * Mustafa Adrisi, vice-president of Uganda from 1978 to 1979
 * Mustafa Afridi, a Pakistani television screenwriter
 * Mustafa Ahmed, spoken word poet from Canada
 * Mustafa Amini, Australian association footballer of Afghani descent
 * Mustafa Altıoklar, Turkish film director
 * Mustafa Akaydın, Turkish politician
 * Mustafa Akıncı, Turkish Cypriot Politician
 * Mustafa Ali, American wrestler
 * Mustafa Armağan, Turkish Islamist journalist and conspiracy theorist
 * Mustafa Arslanović, Bosnian footballer
 * Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of modern Turkey
 * Mustafa Aydın, Turkish academic
 * Mustafa Badreddine, Hezbollah militant
 * Mustafa Barzani, Kurdish nationalist
 * Mustafa Bey Alibeyov (1872–1945), Azerbaijani publicist
 * Mustafa bey Vakilov (1896–1965), Azerbaijani politician
 * Mustafa Bülent Ecevit, 16th Prime Minister of Turkey
 * Mustafa Cengiz (1949–2021), Turkish businessman and former president of the sports club Galatasaray S.K.
 * Mustafa Cevahir, Turkish footballer
 * Mustafa Chokaev, nationalist from Turkestan
 * Mustafa Çağrıcı, Turkish civil servant
 * Mustafa Çakır (born 1986), Turkish yacht racer
 * Mustafa Fevzi Çakmak, Turkish military officer
 * Mustafa Denizli, Turkish football coach
 * Mustafa Erdik (born 1948), Turkish earthquake engineer
 * Mustafa Fahmi Pasha, Egyptian politician
 * Mustafa Güzelgöz (1921–2005), Turkish librarian
 * Mustafa Hadid, Afghan footballer
 * Mustafa Hassan, Iraqi footballer
 * Mustafa al-Hawsawi, Saudi financer of the September 11 attacks
 * Mustafa Hukić, Bosnian footballer
 * Mustafa İsmet İnönü, Turkish Army general, Prime Minister, President
 * Mustafa Abdul Jalil (born 1952), Libyan politician
 * Mustafa al-Kadhimi, Iraqi Prime Minister
 * Ghulam Mustafa Khan, scholar
 * Mustafa Kamal (mayor) (born 1971), District City Nazim (Mayor) of Karachi
 * Mustafa Kamal (judge), Chief Justice of Bangladesh
 * Mustafa Kamal (politician), Bangladeshi politician, cricket official, and businessman
 * Mustafa Karim, Iraqi footballer
 * Mustafa Kocabey, Turkish footballer
 * Mustafa Korkmaz (born 1988), Dutch wheelchair basketball player of Turkish descent
 * Mustafa Kučuković, German footballer
 * Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, Pakistani statesman
 * Mustafa Mahmud, Egyptian scientist
 * Mustafa Malayekah, Saudi Arabian footballer
 * Mustafa Merlika-Kruja, (1887–1958), Albanian Prime Minister
 * Mustafa Nadarević, Bosnian actor
 * Mustafa Nayyem, Afghan-Ukrainian journalist
 * Mustafa Özkan, Turkish footballer
 * Mustafa Pasha, Georgian noble
 * Mustafa Pektemek, Turkish footballer
 * Mustafa Qureshi, Pakistani actor
 * Mustafa Rahi, Pakistani poet
 * Mustafa Sandal, Europe-known Turkish singer-composer
 * Mustafa Sarp, Turkish footballer
 * Mustafa Shahabi, Syrian agronomist
 * Mustafa Shaikh, Indian cricketer
 * Mustafa Shokay, Kazakhstani political activist
 * Mustafa Şentop (born 1968), Turkish politician and 29th Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (2019–2023)
 * Mustafa Suphi, Turkish communist leader
 * Mustafa Topchubashov (1895–1981), Azerbaijani surgeon
 * Mustafa Tuna (born 1957), Turkish environmental engineer, politician and Mayor of Ankara
 * Mustafa Yılmaz (chess player) (born 1992), Turkish Grand Master of chess
 * Mustafa Yumlu, Turkish footballer
 * Mustafa Wahba, Saudi politician
 * Mustafa Zahid, Pakistani singer
 * Mustafa Zaidi, Pakistani poet
 * Mustafa Pasha (disambiguation), various people
 * Nur Mustafa Gülen (born 1960), Turkish footballer and coach

Mustafah

 * Mustafah Muhammad, American footballer

Mustapa

 * Mustapa Mohamed, Malaysian politician

Mustapha

 * Mustapha Aga, Ottoman Empire ambassador to the Swedish Court
 * Mustapha Chadili, Moroccan football goalkeeper
 * Mustapha Dahleb, Algerian footballer
 * Mustapha Djazaïri, Algerian resistant
 * Mustapha Hadji, Moroccan footballer
 * Mustapha Harun, Sabahan 1st governor and 3rd chief minister
 * Mustapha Ishak Boushaki, Algerian cosmologist
 * Mustapha Karkouti, Syrian journalist
 * Mustapha Kartali, Islamist guerrilla leader
 * Mustapha Khalfi, Moroccan basketball player
 * Mustapha Labsi, Algerian arrested on terrorism charges
 * Mustapha Larfaoui, Algerian athlete
 * Mustapha Matura, Trinidadian playwright
 * Mustapha Sama, Sierra Leonean soccer player

Mostafa

 * Amr Mostafa, Egyptian singer and composer
 * Ahmed Mostafa (footballer, born 1987), Egyptian footballer
 * Ahmed Mostafa (footballer, born 1940), Egyptian footballer
 * Hassan Mostafa, Egyptian footballer
 * Tarek Mostafa, Egyptian footballer

Moustafa

 * Hisham Talaat Moustafa, Egyptian businessman
 * Ibrahim Moustafa, Egyptian wrestler
 * Tamer Moustafa, Egyptian basketball player

Moustapha

 * Baba Moustapha, Chadian playwright
 * Hamadou Moustapha, Cameroonian politician

Mustafa

 * Nawshirwan Mustafa, Kurdish politician
 * Abu Mustafa (1925–1966), Pakistani cricketer
 * Abu Ali Mustafa, Palestinian politician
 * Allan Mustafa (born 1985), British actor and comedian
 * Domenico Mustafà, Italian singer and composer
 * Erkan Mustafa (born 1970), British actor
 * Fazil Mustafa (born 1965), Azerbaijani politician
 * Herro Mustafa (born 1973), American diplomat
 * Isaiah Mustafa (born 1974), American actor
 * Ismail Isa Mustafa, Bulgarian footballer
 * Kara Mustafa, Ottoman Albanian military leader and Vizier in the 17th century, led the 1683 siege of Vienna
 * Melton Mustafa, American jazz musician and educator
 * Mohamed Mustafa (born 1996), Sudanese footballer
 * Mustafa Mustafa, Greek politician
 * Rahma El Siddig Mustafa, Sudanese disability rights activist
 * Şehzade Mustafa (1515–1553), Turkish şehzade (prince)
 * Shukri Mustafa, Egyptian Islamist
 * Shkodran Mustafi, German footballer

Mustapha

 * Boss Mustapha, Nigerian lawyer and politician
 * J. F. O. Mustapha, Ghanaian physician and academic
 * Joseph Mustapha, Sierra Leonean politician and lawyer
 * Malik Mustapha, American football player
 * Riga Mustapha, Ghanaian-born Dutch footballer
 * Shettima Mustapha, Nigerian academic and politician

title: Mustafa


text:
Governor of Nuevo León

The Mexican state of Nuevo León has been governed by more than a hundred individuals in its history, who have had various titles and degrees of responsibility depending on the prevailing political regime of the time.

Under the current regime, executive power rests in a governor, who is directly elected by the citizens, using a secret ballot, to a six-year term with no possibility of reelection. The position is open only to a Mexican citizen by birth, at least 30 years old with at least five years of residency in Nuevo León.

The governor's term begins on October 4 and finishes six years later on October 3. Elections occur 3 years before/after presidential elections.

Nuevo Reino de León

 * Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva, 1580–1588
 * Diego de Montemayor, 1588–1610
 * Diego de Montemayor (el mozo), 1610–1611
 * Diego Rodríguez, 1612–1614
 * Agustín de Zavala, 1614–1625

 * Martín de Zavala, 1625–1664
 * León de Alza, 1665–1667
 * Nicolás de Azcárraga, 1667–1676
 * Domingo de Prudena, 1676–1681
 * Blas de la Garza y Falcón, 1681
 * Domingo de Videgaray y Zarza, 1681
 * Francisco de la Calancha y Valenzuela, 1681
 * Blas de la Garza Falcón, 1681
 * Juan de Echeverría, 1681–1682
 * Diego de Villarreal, 1682–1683
 * Alonso de León, 1683–1684
 * Antonio de Echevérez y Subiza, 1684–1687
 * Francisco Cuervo y Valdés, 1687–1688
 * Pedro Fernández de la Ventosa, 1688–1693
 * Juan Pérez de Merino, 1693–1698
 * Juan Francisco de Vergara y Mendoza 1698–1703
 * Francisco Báez Treviño, 1703–1705
 * Gregorio de Salinas Varona, 1705–1707
 * Cipriano García de Pruneda, 1707–1708
 * Luis García de Pruneda 1708–1710
 * Francisco Mier y Torre, 1710–1714
 * Francisco Báez Treviño 1714–1718
 * Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollón 1718
 * Francisco de Barbadillo y Vitoria, 1719–1723
 * Juan José de Arriaga y Brambila, 1723–1725
 * Pedro de Sarabia Cortés, 1725–1729
 * Bernardino de Meneses Monroy y Mendoza, 1730–1731
 * Juan Antonio Fernández de Jáuregui y Urrutia, 1731–1740
 * Pedro del Barrio Junco y Espriella, 1740–1746
 * Vicente Bueno de Borbolla, 1746–1751
 * Pedro del Barrio Junco y Espriella, 1752–1757
 * Juan Manuel Muñoz de Villavicencio, 1757–1762
 * Carlos de Velasco, 1762–1764
 * Ignacio Ussel y Guimbarda, 1764–1772
 * Francisco de Echegaray, 1772–1773
 * Melchor Vidal de Lorca y Villena, 1773
 * Vicente González de Santianes, 1773–1788
 * Manuel Bahamonde y Villamil, 1788–1795
 * Simón de Herrera y Leyva, 1795–1810
 * Manuel de Santa María, 1810–1811
 * José Santiago Villarreal, 1811
 * Blas José Gómez de Castro, 1811–1813
 * Ramón Díaz Bustamante, 1813
 * José Antonio Mujica, 1814
 * Froilán de Mier y Noguera, 1815
 * Francisco Bruno Barreda, 1816 and 1818–1821
 * Bernardo Villamil, 1817–1818

Independent Mexico

 * Juan de Echandía 1822
 * Francisco de Mier y Noriega, 1823
 * José Antonio Rodríguez, 1824
 * José María Parás, 1825–1827
 * Manuel Gómez Castro, 1827–1829
 * Joaquín García, 1829–1833
 * Manuel Gómez Castro, 1833
 * Manuel María de Llano, 1833–1834
 * Juan Nepomuceno de la Garza y Evía, 1835–1837
 * Joaquín García, 1837–1839
 * Manuel María de Llano, 1839–1845
 * José María Ortega, 1841
 * Juan Nepomuceno de la Garza y Evía, 1845–1846
 * Pedro de Ampudia, 1846
 * José María Parás, 1848–1850
 * Pedro de Ampudia, 1853–1854
 * Pedro José García, 1850–1851
 * Agapito García Dávila, 1851–1853
 * Mariano Morret, 1854
 * Jerónimo Cardona, 1854–1855
 * Santiago Vidaurri, 1855–1859
 * José Silvestre Aramberri, 1859
 * Santiago Vidaurri, 1860–1864

French intervention

 * Jesús María Benítez y Pinillos, 1864
 * Mariano Escobedo, 1865
 * Simón de la Garza Melo, 1865
 * Mariano Escobedo, 1866
 * Manuel Z. Gómez, 1866–1867

Restored Republic

 * Jerónimo Treviño, 1867–1869
 * Simón de la Garza Melo, 1869
 * Lázaro Garza Ayala, 1869
 * José Eleuterio González, 1870
 * Jerónimo Treviño; 1871, 1877 and 1913
 * Genaro Garza García, 1871
 * Lázaro Garza Ayala, 1872
 * Narciso Dávila, 1872
 * José Eleuterio González, 1872–1873
 * Ramón Treviño, 1873
 * José Eleuterio González, 1874
 * Ramón Treviño, 1874
 * Francisco González Doria, 1874
 * Carlos Fuero, 1875–1876
 * Narciso Dávila, 1876
 * Canuto García, 1876
 * Genaro Garza García 1876

Porfiriato

 * Genaro Garza García, 1877–1879
 * Viviano L. Villareal, 1879–1881
 * Genaro Garza García, 1881–1883
 * Canuto García, 1883–1885
 * Genaro Garza García, 1885
 * Bernardo Reyes; 1885–1887, 1889–1900, and 1903–1909
 * Lázaro Garza Ayala, 1887–1889
 * Pedro Benítez Leal, 1900–1902
 * José María Mier, 1909–1910

Mexican Revolution

 * Leobardo Chapa, 1910–1911
 * Viviano L. Villarreal, 1911–1913
 * Salomé Botello, 1913–1914
 * Antonio de la Paz Guerra, 1914
 * Antonio L. Villarreal, 1914–1915
 * Rafael Cepeda de la Fuente, 1915
 * Felipe Ángeles, 1915
 * Raúl Madero, 1915
 * Ildefonso V. Vázquez, 1915
 * Pablo A. de la Garza, 1915 and 1916
 * Diódoro de la Garza, 1916
 * Alfredo Recaut, 1917

Constitution of 1917

 * 1) Nicéforo Zambrano, 1917–1919
 * 2) José E. Santos, 1919–1920
 * 3) Humberto Barros, 1920
 * 4) Felix G. Lozano, 1920
 * 5) Porfirio G. González, 1920 and 1923–1925
 * 6) Juan M. García, 1921
 * 7) Leocadio M. González, 1922
 * 8) Ramiro Támez, 1922 and 1923
 * 9) Pedro Guajardo, 1923
 * 10) Alfredo Pérez, 1923
 * 11) Anastacio Treviño Martínez, 1923
 * 12) José Juan Vallejo, 1923
 * 13) Jerónimo Siller, 1925–1927
 * 14) José Benítez, 1928
 * 15) Plutarco Elías Calles (son), National Revolutionary Party, PNR, 1929
 * 16) Generoso Chapa Garza, PNR, 1929
 * 17) Aarón Sáenz, PNR, 1927 and 1929–1931
 * 18) Francisco A. Cárdenas, PNR, 1931–1933
 * 19) Pablo Quiroga, PNR, 1933–1935
 * 20) Ángel Santos Cervantes, PNR, 1935
 * 21) Gregorio Morales Sánchez, PNR, 1935–1936
 * 22) Anacleto Guerrero Guajardo, PNR, 1936–1939
 * 23) Bonifacio Salinas Leal, Party of the Mexican Revolution, PRM, 1939–1943
 * 24) Arturo B. de la Garza, PRM, 1943–1949
 * 25) Ignacio Morones Prieto  1949–1952
 * 26) José S. Vivanco  1952–1955
 * 27) Raúl Rangel Frías  1955–1961
 * 28) Eduardo Livas Villarreal  1961–1967
 * 29) Eduardo Elizondo  1967–1971
 * 30) Luis M. Farías  1971–1973
 * 31) Pedro Zorrilla Martínez  1973–1979
 * 32) Alfonso Martínez Domínguez  1979–1985
 * 33) Jorge Treviño  1985–1991
 * 34) Sócrates Rizzo  1991–1995
 * 35) Benjamín Clariond  1995–1997
 * 36) Fernando Canales  1997–2003
 * 37) Fernando Elizondo  2003 (interim)
 * 38) José Natividad González Parás  2003–2009
 * 39) Rodrigo Medina de la Cruz  2009–2015
 * 40) Jaime "El Bronco" Rodríguez Calderón, Independent (2015–2017)
 * 41) Manuel Florentino González Flores, Independent, interim governor (2018)
 * 42) Jaime "El Bronco" Rodríguez Calderón, Independent (2018–2021)
 * 43) Samuel Alejandro García Sepúlveda (2021–present).

title: Governor of Nuevo León


text:
Talk:Governor of Nuevo León

Untitled
I translated this from the Spanish. (Didn't take much, it's a list.) It would be great if someone would appropriately link some of the terminology used in the section headings; also, the Spanish-language article has some pictures that would be nice to bring over. I'll have it on my watchlist, so if anyone wants to discuss with me, just comment here. -- Jmabel 01:07, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Governor of Nuevo León


text:
Invincible (Michael Jackson album)

Invincible is the tenth and final studio album by the American singer Michael Jackson, released on October 30, 2001, by Epic Records. It was Jackson's last album before his death in 2009. It features appearances from Carlos Santana, the Notorious B.I.G., and Slash. It incorporates R&B, pop and soul, and similarly to Jackson's previous material, the album explores themes such as love, romance, isolation, media criticism, and social issues.

The album's creation was expensive and laborious, featuring the work of ten record producers and over 100 musicians. Jackson started the multi-genre production in 1997 and did not finish until eight weeks before the album's release. It was reported that it cost $30 million to record; as of July 2024, it remains the most expensive album ever made. Jackson refused to tour to support it, adding to the growing rift between him and Sony Music Entertainment. In July 2002, following Sony's decision to abruptly end promotion for the album, Jackson alleged that the CEO of Sony Music, Tommy Mottola, was a "devil" and a racist who used his African American artists only for personal gain.

Invincible debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart in the United States and in ten other countries worldwide. It was certified double platinum in the US in January 2002. The lead single, "You Rock My World", reached number ten on the US Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 2002 Grammy Awards. "Cry" and "Butterflies" were also released as singles, and "Speechless" was released as a promotional single.

Invincible received mixed reviews and became Jackson's most critically derided album. Retrospective reviews have been more positive, and it has been credited as featuring early examples of dubstep. In 2009, it was voted by online readers of Billboard as the best album of the 2000s decade.

Production
Prior to the release of Invincible, Jackson had not released any new material since the remix album Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix in 1997; his last studio album was HIStory (1995). Invincible was therefore viewed as Jackson's "career comeback".

Jackson began recording new material in October 1997, and finished with "You Are My Life" being recorded only eight weeks before the album's release in October 2001 – the most extensive recording of Jackson's career. The tracks with Rodney Jerkins were recorded at the Hit Factory in Miami, Florida. Jackson had shown interest in including a rapper on at least one song, and had said that he did not want a "known rapper". Jackson's spokesperson suggested a New Jersey rapper named Fats; after Jackson heard the finished product of the song, the two agreed to record another song together for the album.

Rodney Jerkins stated that Jackson was looking to record material in a different musical direction than his previous work, describing the new direction as "edgier". Jackson received credit for both writing and producing a majority of the songs on Invincible. Aside from Jackson, the album features productions by Jerkins, Teddy Riley, Andre Harris, Andraeo "Fanatic" Heard, Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, R. Kelly and Dr. Freeze Bill Gray and writing credits from Kelly, Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels, Nora Payne and Robert Smith. The album is the third collaboration between Jackson and Riley, the other two being Dangerous and Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix. Invincible is Jackson's tenth and final studio album to have been recorded and released during his lifetime. It was reported that it cost thirty million dollars to make the album, making it the most expensive album ever made.

Invincible was dedicated to the fifteen-year-old Afro-Norwegian boy Benjamin "Benny" Hermansen who was stabbed to death by a group of neo-Nazis in Oslo, Norway, in January 2001. The reason for this tribute was partly due to the fact that another Oslo youth, Omer Bhatti, Jackson's friend, was also a good friend of Hermansen. The dedication in the album reads, "Michael Jackson gives 'special thanks': This album is dedicated to Benjamin 'Benny' Hermansen. May we continue to remember not to judge a man by the color of his skin, but the content of his character. Benjamin ... we love you ... may you rest in peace." The album is also dedicated to Nicholette Sottile and Jackson's parents, Joseph and Katherine Jackson.

Music and lyrics
Invincible is an R&B, pop and soul record. The album's full length lasts over 77 minutes and contains 16 songs – fourteen of which were written (or co-written) by Jackson. It was noted that the album shifts between aggressive songs and ballads. Invincible opens with "Unbreakable"; the last line in the first verse recites the lyrics, "With all that I've been through/I'm still around". In a 2002 interview with the magazine Vibe, Jackson commented on his inspiration for writing "Speechless", saying:

"'You'll be surprised. I was with these kids in Germany, and we had a big water-balloon fight – I'm serious – and I was so happy after the fight that I ran upstairs in their house and wrote 'Speechless'. Fun inspires me. I hate to say that because it's such a romantic song. But it was the fight that did it. I was happy, and I wrote it in it's [sic] entirety right there. I felt it would be good enough for the album. Out of the bliss comes magic, wonderment, and creativity.'"

"Privacy", a reflection on Jackson's own personal experiences, is about media invasions and tabloid inaccuracies. "The Lost Children" is about imperiled children. Jackson sings in a third person in "Whatever Happens". The song's lyrics, described by Rolling Stone magazine as having a "jagged intensity", narrate the story of two people involved in an unnamed threatening situation. Invincible features four ballads: "You Are My Life", "Butterflies", "Don't Walk Away" and "Cry". "Cry", similar to Jackson's "Man in the Mirror", is about healing the world together. The lyrics to "Butterflies" and "Break of Dawn" were viewed as "glaringly banal" and it was implied that they could have been written by anyone. "Threatened" was viewed as being a storyteller. The song was viewed as a "Thriller redux". The song "You Are My Life" is about Jackson's two children at the time, Prince and Paris. The song features Jackson singing, "You are the sun, you make me shine, more like the stars."

Singles
The album spawned three official singles ("You Rock My World", "Cry" and "Butterflies") and a promotional single in South Korea ("Speechless"), although all were given limited releases. "You Rock My World" was only released to radio airplay in the United States, consequently only peaking at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100. Internationally, where it was released as a commercial single, it reached number one in France, number two in Norway, Finland, Denmark, Belgium, and the United Kingdom, number three in Italy, number four in Australia, and five in Sweden and Switzerland. The second single, "Cry", was not released in the United States. It was only moderately successful, with the song's most successful territories being Spain, Denmark, France, and Belgium, charting at number six, sixteen, thirty and thirty-one.

The album's third single, "Butterflies", was only released in the United States to radio airplay. It reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number two for five weeks on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Chart. "Heaven Can Wait" also charted at the bottom of the R&B/Hip-Hop Charts, at number 72 due to radio airplay without an official release; the song did not chart internationally. "Unbreakable" was originally supposed to be released as a single, but it was ultimately cancelled. Despite that, the song managed to chart inside the Romanian Top 100 chart, peaking at number 62. It was later included on The Ultimate Collection box set in 2004.

Promotion
It was reported that the album had a budget of twenty five million dollars set aside for promotion. Despite this, however, due to the conflicts between Jackson and his record label, little was done to promote the album. Unlike with Jackson's post-Thriller studio albums, there was no world tour to promote the album; a tour was planned, but cancelled due to conflicts between Jackson and Sony, and the September 11 attacks (the latter of which had also motivated many other artists to cancel their then-upcoming concerts in late 2001 and early 2002.) There was, however, a special 30th Anniversary Celebration at Madison Square Garden in early September 2001 to mark Jackson's 30th year as a solo artist. Jackson performed "You Rock My World" and marked his first appearance onstage alongside his brothers since the Jacksons' Victory Tour in 1984. The show also featured performances by Britney Spears, Mýa, Usher, Whitney Houston, Tamia, Backstreet Boys, 'N Sync, 98 Degrees, and Slash, among other artists. The show aired on CBS in November 2001 as a two-hour television special and was watched by 45 million viewers according to Nielsen.

The album's promotion was met with trouble due to internal conflicts with Sony Music Entertainment and Jackson due to his part of ownership with the company and the contract to a deal with Sony that was originally signed back in 1991. The issue stemmed back during the production of Invincible when Jackson learned that the rights to the masters of his past releases, which were to revert to him in the early 2000s, would not revert to him until much later in the decade. When Jackson consulted lawyer who worked with him in making the deal back in 1991, he learned that the same lawyer was also working for Sony, revealing a conflict of interest of which Jackson was never aware. Not wanting to sign away his ownership in Sony Music Entertainment, Jackson elected to leave the company shortly after the album's release. After the announcement, Sony halted promotion on the album, cancelling single releases, including a 9/11 charity single that was intended to be released before Invincible.

In July 2002, following Sony's decision to abruptly end promotion for the album, Jackson alleged that the CEO of Sony Music, Tommy Mottola, was a "devil" and a racist who used his African American artists only for personal gain. He accused Sony and the record industry of racism, deliberately not promoting or actively working against promotion of his album. Sony disputed claims that they had failed to promote Invincible with sufficient energy, maintaining that Jackson refused to tour in the United States.

Critical reception
Invincible received mixed reviews from professional critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received a mixed score of 51 based on 19 reviews. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly, felt that Invincible is Jackson's "first album since Off the Wall that offers virtually no new twists" but remarked that the album "feels like an anthology of his less-than-greatest hits".

James Hunter of Rolling Stone critiqued that the album's later ballads made the record too long. Hunter also commented that Jackson and Riley made "Whatever Happens" "something really handsome and smart", allowing listeners "to concentrate on the track's momentous rhythms" such as "Santana's passionate interjections and Lubbock's wonderfully arranged symphonic sweeps". Mark Beaumont of NME called it "a relevant and rejuvenated comeback album made overlong", while Blender also found it "long-winded".

Reviewing for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau said that despite being overlooked, Jackson's "skills seem undiminished [and...] he's doing new stuff with them--his funk is steelier and his ballads are airier, both to disquieting effect." He described the album's first three tracks as being the "Rodney Jerkins of the year". Nikki Tranter of PopMatters said that it is both innovative and meaningful because exceptional songs such as "The Lost Children" and "Whatever Happens" more than make up for overly sentimental songs like "Heaven Can Wait" and "You Are My Life". Q magazine said that it is an aurally interesting, albeit inconsistent, album.

In a negative review for The New York Times, Jon Pareles suggested that the album is somewhat impersonal and humorless, as Jackson rehashes ideas from his past songs and is "so busy trying to dazzle listeners that he forgets to have any fun." In a retrospective review for The Rolling Stone Album Guide, Pareles said that Invincible showed Jackson had lost his suave quality to "grim calculation".

Invincible received one Grammy Award nomination at the 2002 ceremony. The album's song "You Rock My World" was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Performance – Male, but lost to James Taylor's "Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight". Due to the album's release in October 2001, it was not eligible for any other nomination from the 2002 Grammy Awards.

Retrospective reviews
In retrospective reviews, Invincible has gained more positive reviews and the track "Heartbreaker" has been cited as an early development of dubstep. Jackson later admitted to have been very proud of Invincible:"'It is tough because you’re competing against yourself. Invincible is just as good or better than Thriller, in my true, humble opinion. It has more to offer.'"

Producer Rodney Jerkins also give his thoughts about the album: "There's stuff we didn't put on the album that I wish was on the album. My first batch [of beats] is what I really wanted him to do. I was trying to really go vintage, old school Mike. And that's what a lot of my first stuff was, that I was presenting to him. He kept 'Rock My World'. But he wanted to go more futuristic. So I would find myself at like junkyards, and we'd be out hitting stuff, to create our sound. I think Invincible needs to be re-released. Because something happened at the record company [Sony] that caused them not to promote it no more after we done [sic] put our heart and soul in it. He had about five singles on the album. But it came down to who can stop who [sic]. And he was caught up in that mess."

AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented that it has a "spark" and "sound[s] better than anything Jackson has done since Dangerous." Erlewine noted that while the album had good material it was "not enough to make Invincible the comeback Jackson needed – he really would have had to have an album that sounded free instead of constrained for that to work – but it does offer a reminder that he can really craft good pop." Writing for PopDose, Mike Heyliger wrote "Invincible isn't the piece of shit most claim it to be. A leaner structure to the album and more sympathetic production would have resulted in a classic. But when measured against the radio junk that passes for pop-R&B these days, Invincible is stronger than ever." In December 2009, readers of Billboard voted Invincible the best album of the 2000s.

Commercial performance
Invincible was Jackson's first studio album since HIStory six years earlier. It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 363,000 units. It was Jackson's fifth Billboard 200 number-one, and his fourth solo album to chart at number one in its first week; however, it sold less than HIStory in its opening week, which sold 391,000 units. In its second week, the album slipped to number 3 selling 202,000 copies with a 45% drop. Invincible also charted at number one on the Billboard R&B/Hip Hop Albums Chart for four weeks. After eight weeks of release, in December 2001, Invincible was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for the sales of five hundred thousand units. In the same month, the album was certified platinum for the sale of one million units. On January 25, 2002, it was certified two times platinum for the sales of two million units. In the United States, it was the 45th best-selling album of 2001 selling over 1.56 million units. As of 2009, Invincible had sold 2.4 million copies in the United States.

Invincible left the Billboard 200 in June 2002 after charting there for 28 weeks. Shortly after the release of the album, in a poll conducted by Billboard magazine, "an overwhelming majority" of people—79% of 5,195 voters—were not surprised by Invincible entering the Billboard 200 at number one. Billboard also reported that 44% agreed with the statement, proclaiming that Jackson was "still the King of Pop". Another 35% said they were not surprised by the album's ranking, but doubted Invincible would hold on for a second week at the top of the chart. Only 12% of people who responded to the poll said they were surprised by the album's charting debut because of Jackson's career over the past six years and another 9% were taken aback by the album's success, in light of the negativity that preceded the album's release.

Invincible reached number one in thirteen countries worldwide, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. It also charted within the top ten in several countries, including Austria, Canada, Finland, Italy, New Zealand, and Norway.

Invincible was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, for the sales of over 300,000 units in the United Kingdom. The album was certified platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) for the sales of 40,000 units in Switzerland. The IFPI also certified the album gold in Austria for the sales of 15,000 units. Australian Recording Industry Association certified Invincible two times platinum for the sales of 140,000 units in Australia. Invincible was the eleventh best-selling album of 2001 according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry with 5.4 million copies. According to different sources the album sold 8 million, or even 10 million copies worldwide.

Following Jackson's death on June 25, 2009, his music experienced a surge in popularity. Invincible charted at number twelve on the Billboard Digital Albums Chart on July 11, 2009. Having not charted on the chart prior to its peak position, the album was listed as the ninth biggest jump on that chart that week. It also charted within the top ten, peaking at number nine, on Billboard's Catalog Albums Chart on the issue date of July 18. On the week of July 19, 2009, Invincible charted at number eighteen in Italy. Invincible peaked at number sixty-four on the European Albums Chart on the charts issue date of July 25. The album also charted at number twenty-nine in Mexico on July, and eighty-four on the Swiss Albums Chart on July 19, 2009.

Track listing
Notes
 * The rap verse by the Notorious B.I.G. in "Unbreakable" was originally from the second verse of the song "You Can't Stop the Reign" by Shaquille O'Neal.
 * "Break of Dawn", "2000 Watts" and "Threatened" were excluded from the original release in China. In the Chinese edition of the box set The Collection released in 2013, all 16 tracks are included.

Personnel
Credits adapted from Invincible album liner notes.

 * Michael Jackson – lead vocals (all tracks), background vocals (1–7, 9–12, 15–16), arranger (8, 14), multiple instruments (1, 4, 6, 16), programming (2, 3), drum programming (4, 13), orchestral arrangements and conducting (8), keyboard programming (9, 13, 14)
 * Marsha Ambrosius – background vocals (track 7)
 * Maxi Anderson – vocals (track 8)
 * Gloria Augustus – vocals (track 8)
 * Babyface – acoustic guitar, bass guitar, background vocals, drum programming, and keyboards (track 10)
 * Tom Bahler – youth choir conductor (track 14)
 * Emanuel "Bucket" Baker – drums (track 11)
 * Rose Beatty – youth choir (track 14)
 * Edie Lehmann Boddicker – youth choir (track 14)
 * Robert Bolyard – youth choir (track 14)
 * Norman Jeff Bradshaw – horns (track 7)
 * Brandy – additional background vocals (track 1)
 * Stuart Brawley – whistle solo (track 15)
 * Mary Brown – additional background vocals (track 15)
 * Tim Brown – vocals (track 8)
 * Brad Buxer – drum programming (tracks 4, 13), keyboards (8), keyboard programming (9, 12, 14)
 * David Campbell – string arrangement (track 11)
 * Matt Cappy – horns (track 7)
 * Martha Cowan – youth choir (track 14)
 * Andraé Crouch – vocals (track 8)
 * Sandra Crouch – vocals (track 8)
 * Paulinho da Costa – percussion (track 13)
 * LaShawn Daniels – background vocals (tracks 2, 11)
 * Valerie Doby – vocals (track 8)
 * Dr. Freeze – background vocals (tracks 4, 5), multiple instruments (4)
 * Monique Donally – youth choir (track 14)
 * Kevin Dorsey – vocals (track 8)
 * Marja Dozier – vocals (track 8)
 * Alfie Silas Durio – vocals (track 8)
 * Nathan East – bass guitar (track 11)
 * Jason Edmonds – choir (track 10)
 * Geary Lanier Faggett – vocals (track 8)
 * Vonciele Faggett – vocals (track 8)
 * Fats – rap (tracks 2, 3)
 * Lynn Fiddmont-Lindsey – choir (track 10)
 * Kirstin Fife – violin (track 8)
 * Judy Gossett – vocals (track 8)
 * Harold Green – vocals (track 8)
 * Jonathon Hall – youth choir (track 14)
 * Justine Hall – youth choir (track 14)
 * Andre Harris – multiple instruments (track 7)
 * Scottie Haskell – youth choir (track 14)
 * Micha Haupman – youth choir (track 14)
 * Tess (Teresa) Escoto – youth choir (track 14)
 * Gerald Heyward – drums (track 11)
 * Tabia Ivery – choir (track 10)
 * Luana Jackman – youth choir (track 14)
 * Prince Jackson – narrative (track 14)
 * Rodney Jerkins – multiple instruments (1, 4, 6, 16), programming (2, 3)
 * Tenika Johns – vocals (track 8)
 * Angela Johnson – vocals (track 8)
 * Daniel Johnson – vocals (track 8)
 * Zaneta M. Johnson – vocals (track 8)
 * Laquentan Jordan – vocals (track 8)
 * R. Kelly – choir arrangement (track 13)
 * Peter Kent – violin (track 8)
 * Gina Kronstadt – violin (track 8)
 * Michael Landau – guitar (track 13)
 * James Lively – youth choir (track 14)
 * Robin Lorentz – violin (track 8)
 * Jeremy Lubbock – orchestral arrangements and conducting (tracks 5, 8, 15)
 * Brandon Lucas – youth choir (track 14)
 * Jonathon Lucas – youth choir (track 14)
 * Ricky Lucchse – youth choir (track 14)
 * Melissa MacKay – youth choir (track 14)
 * Alex Martinez – youth choir (track 14)
 * Howard McCrary – vocals (track 8)
 * Linda McCrary – vocals (track 8)
 * Sam McCrary – vocals (track 8)
 * Alice Jean McRath – vocals (track 8)
 * Sue Merriett – vocals (track 8)
 * Bill Meyers – string arrangements (track 10)
 * Mischke – background vocals (track 2)
 * Patrice Morris – vocals (track 8)
 * Kristle Murden – vocals (track 8)
 * The Notorious B.I.G. – rap (track 1)
 * Novi Novog – viola and contractor (track 8)
 * Nora Payne – background vocals (track 2)
 * Que – background vocals (track 5)
 * Teddy Riley – multiple instruments (track 5) additional background vocals (9)
 * John Robinson – drums (track 13)
 * Baby Rubba – narrative (track 14)
 * Carlos Santana – guitar and whistle solo (track 15)
 * Deborah Sharp-Taylor – vocals (track 8)
 * F. Sheridan – youth choir (track 14)
 * Slash – guitar solo (track 11)
 * Andrew Snyder – youth choir (track 14)
 * Sally Stevens – youth choir (track 14)
 * Richard Stites – additional background vocals (track 12)
 * Thomas Tally – viola (track 8)
 * Brett Tattersol – youth choir (track 14)
 * Ron Taylor – vocals (track 8)
 * Michael Thompson – guitar (track 11)
 * Chris Tucker – introduction (track 6)
 * Mario Vasquez – additional background vocals (track 15)
 * Johnnie Walker – vocals (track 8)
 * Nathan "N8" Walton – choir (track 10)
 * Rick Williams – guitar (track 15)
 * Yvonne Williams – vocals (track 8)
 * Zandra Williams – vocals (track 8)
 * John Wittenberg – violin (track 8)

Record production

 * Executive producer: Michael Jackson
 * Produced by Michael Jackson (all tracks), Rodney Jerkins (1–3, 6, 11, 16), Dr. Freeze (4), Teddy Riley (tracks 5, 9, 12, 15), Andre Harris (7), Babyface (10), R. Kelly (13)
 * Co-produced by Andreao "Fanatic" Heard" and Nate Smith (track 5), Richard Stites (12)
 * Recorded by Bruce Swedien (tracks 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 14, 15), Teddy Riley (5, 9, 12, 15), Rodney Jerkins (6, 11), Stuart Brawley (1–3, 6, 8, 14, 16), Brad Gilderman (4, 6, 11, 13), Dexter Simmons (4, 6), George Mayers (4, 5, 9, 12, 15), Jean-Marie Horvat (6, 11), Brad Buxer (8, 14), Mike Ging (4, 13), Paul Boutin (10), Andre Harris (7), Humberto Gatica (4, 13)
 * Assistant engineers: Rob Herrera, Craig Durrance, Kevin Scott, Steve Robillard, Franny Graham, Richard Thomas Ash, Chris Carroll, Dave Ashton, Christine Tramontano, Vidal Davis (track 7)
 * Rap recorded by Bob Brown (tracks 2, 3)
 * Strings recorded by Tommy Vicari (track 10)
 * Assisted by Steve Genewick
 * Production coordinator: Ivy Skoff
 * Mixed by Bruce Swedien (tracks 1–3, 5–9, 12, 14–16), Teddy Riley (4, 5, 9, 12, 15), Rodney Jerkins (1–3, 6, 11, 16), Michael Jackson (13), Mick Guzauski (13), Stuart Brawley (1–3, 16), George Mayers (4, 5, 9, 12, 15), Jean-Marie Horvat (11), Jon Gass (10), Humberto Gatica (4)
 * Assisted by Kb and EQ (track 10)
 * Mastered by Bernie Grundman
 * Digital editing by Stuart Brawley (tracks 1–4, 6, 8, 14, 16), Brad Buxer (8, 14), Rob Herrera, Harvey Mason, Jr. (4, 6, 11), Alex Greggs (2), Fabian Marasciullo (2), Paul Cruz (11), Paul Foley (1), George Mayers (5, 9, 12, 15)
 * Additional digital editing and engineering by Michael Prince
 * Art direction: Nancy Donald, David Coleman, Adam Owett
 * Cover design: Steven Hankinson
 * Photography: Albert Watson
 * Illustration: Uri Geller
 * Make-Up and hair: Karen Faye
 * Vocal consultant: Seth Riggs
 * Archivist: Craig Johnson

title: Invincible (Michael Jackson album)


text:
Volumetric flask

A volumetric flask (measuring flask or graduated flask) is a piece of laboratory apparatus, a type of laboratory flask, calibrated to contain a precise volume at a certain temperature. Volumetric flasks are used for precise dilutions and preparation of standard solutions. These flasks are usually pear-shaped, with a flat bottom, and made of glass or plastic. The flask's mouth is either furnished with a plastic snap/screw cap or fitted with a joint to accommodate a PTFE or glass stopper. The neck of volumetric flasks is elongated and narrow with an etched ring graduation marking. The marking indicates the volume of liquid contained when filled up to that point. The marking is typically calibrated "to contain" (marked "TC" or "IN") at 20 °C and indicated correspondingly on a label. The flask's label also indicates the nominal volume, tolerance, precision class, relevant manufacturing standard and the manufacturer's logo. Volumetric flasks are of various sizes, containing from a fraction of a milliliter to hundreds of liters of liquid.

Classes
Calibration and toleration standards for volumetric flasks are defined in the following standard specifications and practices: ASTM E288, E542, E694, ISO 1042, and GOST 1770-74. According to these specifications, volumetric flasks come in two different classes. The higher standard flasks (Class A, Class 1, USP or equivalent depending on the country) are made with a more accurately placed graduation mark, and have a unique serial number for traceability. Where this is not required, a lower standard (Class B or equivalent) is used for qualitative or educational work.

Modifications
Volumetric flasks are generally colourless but may be amber-coloured for the handling of light-sensitive compounds such as silver nitrate or vitamin A.

A modification of the volumetric flask exists for dealing with large quantities of solids that are to be transferred into a volumetric vessel for dissolution. Such a flask has a wide mouth and is known as a Kohlrausch volumetric flask. This kind of volumetric flask is commonly used in analysis of the sugar content in sugar beets.

While conventional volumetric flasks have a single mark, industrial volumetric tests in analytical chemistry and food chemistry may employ specialized volumetric flasks with multiple marks to combine several accurately measured volumes.

A highly specialized kind of the volumetric flask is the Le Chatelier flask for use with the volumetric procedure in specific gravity determination.

title: Volumetric flask


text: Category:Public relations

title: Category:Public relations


text:
Talk:Imamate in Shia doctrine

List/Table
Shouldn't we have a list that covers all Imams and branches from Ali to people accepted by present-day communities as Imam (like the Aga Khans. Something like the table below from my suggestion at Talk:Caliph:

PLEASE: I know the facts below are not yet right; these are placeholders.

I removed the claim that the Prophet Muhammad had always insisted that Ali was his sucessor and changed it to a more neutral claim that Shias believe that he listed Ali as his sucessor due to the incident at Ghadhir Khom. I believe whoever edited it before was a Shia, and including such information removes neutrality from the article, in my mind at least.

DigiBullet 20:11, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

assalam walaykum, i have just got a question for you muslims out there weith islamic teachings how would i come to terms with a muslim being a freemaosn

email me at sassysam92@hotmail.co.uk —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.111.13.35 (talk • contribs)

External links modified
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Consolidation of reference sections
Greetings and felicitations. Among other things, I just consolidated two of the reference sections. If you have comments or concerns, please let me know. —DocWatson42 (talk) 04:29, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 1 July 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (non-admin closure) —  Newslinger   talk   09:16, 8 July 2019 (UTC)

– Currently we have four inconsistently titled articles: these three and Imamate in Nizari doctrine. I am proposing following the latter format because (a) the existing dab page is at imamate and this appears to be more common than imamah per Google ngrams and (b) "in X doctrine" is clear about what the articles are: a treatment about the general concept in a specific doctrinal tradition. I most concerned about consistency and could go another way on imamate/imamah or the method of disambiguation/description. Srnec (talk) 15:06, 1 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Imamah (Shia) → Imamate in Shia doctrine
 * Imamate (Twelver doctrine) → Imamate in Twelver doctrine
 * Imamah (Ismaili doctrine) → Imamate in Ismaili doctrine

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Imamate in Shia doctrine


text:
Category:Anti-aircraft weapons

ro:Categorie:Arme antiaeriene

title: Category:Anti-aircraft weapons