text:
Chaguanas

The Borough of Chaguanas is the largest municipality (83,489 at the 2011 census) and fastest-growing town in Trinidad and Tobago. Located in west-central Trinidad, south of Port of Spain, north of Couva and San Fernando, and named after the indigenous tribe who originally settled there, it grew in size due to its proximity to the Woodford Lodge sugar refinery. It remained a minor town until the 1980s when it began to grow rapidly as it drew people for its bargain shopping and moderately priced housing. Its rapid growth has seen property values increase dramatically, however.

Chaguanas became a borough in 1990; prior to that, it was part of Caroni County. The current mayor is Faaiq Mohammed, and the Borough Council has historically been dominated by the United National Congress. Chaguanas has also been a hub for Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian culture and even the broader Indo-Caribbean culture.

History
Chaguanas was named for the Chaguanes Amerindian tribe. The area was settled by the time of the British conquest of Trinidad in 1797 (see History of Trinidad and Tobago). The town originated on what was then H.E. Robinson's sugar estate adjacent to the Woodford Lodge sugar refinery and the De Verteuil coconut and cocoa estate to the north and east. In its early days the inhabitants, most of them of Indian descent, called the town Chauhan, after the Chauhan Dynasty of India from medieval times. The estate was sold over to the now defunct Caroni (1975) Ltd when sugar was the main export commodity for Trinidad and Tobago, and was part of the Woodford Lodge Estate, which is home to several buildings, including the homes of several ex-Caroni workers. Construction of the Trinidad Government Railway helped the town grow.

The Princess Margaret Highway, built by the Naval Base Trinidad military during World War II, joined the Southern Main Road at Chaguanas. Construction of the Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway extended the highway south to San Fernando. The Carlsen Air Force Base was a former United States Army Air Forces World War II airbase constructed in Carlsen Field in 1942, consisting of two landing strips, "Edinburgh" and "Xerxes". The airbase also included an emergency landing strip, "Tobago". Edinburgh Field became the principal combat base for USAAF bombers and Naval airships on Trinidad as well as Navy fighters with a complex of runways and taxiways that surpassed even Waller Field. This lasted until 3 November 1943 when, it was renamed Carlsen Field. It was also used by the Royal Air Force and was defended by US Army infantry and AA units. When the Navy began lighter-than-air operations in the Caribbean in the fall of 1943, the 80th Seabees were brought in to build a station at Carlsen Field. To supplement the eight Army-owned buildings taken over by the Navy, the 80th Battalion built a large, steel blimp hangar, a mooring circle, paved runways, a helium-purification plant, and other operational appurtenances. The facility was formally disestablished on 1950, and today the former air and naval airship base has been turned into a dairy and agricultural area south of Chaguanas and is all but unrecognisable. Much of the former airfield area is owned by National Flour Mills (NFM) and the only remnants of the base are the name of the area in south Chaguanas, along with streets named "Edinburgh" and "Xerxes".

In the later 20th century Chaguanas grew rapidly as a bazaar town. The construction of Lange Park in the early 1980s attracted a middle-class community moving south from Port of Spain and the East–West Corridor and north from San Fernando. Its central location made it attractive to southerners working in north Trinidad and northerners looking for more affordable homes. Over the years, there has been an increase in the number of Afro-Trinidadian persons joining the mostly Indo-Trinidadian community of Chaguanas, primarily through the construction of National Housing Authority (now the Housing Development Corporation) residential housing, such as Edinburgh 500. Orchard Gardens was constructed as an upper middle class community, and Lange Park (which originally and continues to have a number of civil servants) gradually gentrified.

Also, despite Couva's historical legacy within the Caroni County, as Chaguanas has evolved and expanded significantly to become the de facto administrative and commercial capital of Central Trinidad, Couva's character has now changed to become a magnet for industrialisation, sports, health, education, commercial, aviation and residential activities.

In October 1990 Chaguanas was elevated to the status of borough under the provisions of the Municipal Corporations Act, 1990.

Geography
Chaguanas is low-lying and is just upstream from the Caroni Swamp. The Caparo River runs through the town. The Chaguanas Main Road runs East to West from Felicity to Longdenville. The Southern Main Road (SMR) from Busy Corner (part of which includes the Chaguanas Main Road from Busy Corner to Montrose Junction) runs south to San Fernando. The North-South Highways begins and ends at the flyover in Chaguanas, just east of the SMR West of the SMR, Perseverance Road continues south from Railway Road onto Orange Field Road.

Climate
Chaguanas has a lowland seasonal tropical climate with a wet season lasting from June to November and a dry season lasting from January to May. Unlike Port of Spain, Chaguanas has a usually hot and sweltering climate year round, with an exception for the wet season.

Urban structure
Chaguanas is bounded to the north by Munroe Road, to the east by the Gandia River, to the south by the Honda River and to the west by the Gulf of Paria.

The town is bisected by the Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway and Uriah Butler Highway.

Chaguanas consists of the following main population centres:

 * Downtown Chaguanas – the original core town of Chaguanas and modern central business district; lies west of the Solomon Hochoy Highway.
 * Montrose – primarily commercial district east of the Solomon Hochoy Highway.
 * Edinburgh 500 and other related developments – south of Montrose.
 * Edinburgh Village – south of downtown Chaguanas Area. There are two villages between downtown Chaguanas and Bagna Trace/Carlsen Field triangle roundabout on the Southern Main Rd. – Edinburgh Village and Chase Village. Boundary is defined by the Caparo River south-to-river just south of Chandernagore Rd, Chase Village continues further south to triangle and onwards. Edinburgh Village contains housing areas Edinburgh Gardens Phases 1, 2, and 3.
 * Lange Park – north of Montrose and south of Endeavour, east of Orchard Gardens and the Uriah Butler Highway.
 * Orchard Gardens – immediately north of the downtown and west of the Uriah Butler Highway.
 * Charlieville – lies on both sides of the Uriah Butler Highway, northeast of Felicity.
 * Felicity – lies further north and west of the downtown, east and south of the Caroni Swamp.
 * Endeavour – northeast of Orchard Gardens, north of Lange Park.
 * Enterprise – east of Endeavour and north of Longdenville
 * Longdenville – east of Montrose.
 * Cunupia – population centre to the northeast Chaguanas, north of Enterprise.
 * Carlsen Field – a former U.S. airbase to the south of Chaguanas, this area of the town is still predominantly agricultural.
 * Woodford Gardens- Community established in 2015 . This development has in excess off 700 lot and land earmarked for early childhood care Centre, primary school, secondary school and community Centre. This is located West of the former Caroni 1975 Ltd Woodford Lodge factory

Governance
The Chaguanas Borough Corporation (CBC) is a local government authority and was incorporated on 13 September 1990 by Municipal Corporation Act 21 of 1990. The CBC is governed by the Act 21 of 1990 of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. In 2013, the Chaguanas Borough Corporation moved into its new administrative building situated in Success Street, Woodforde Lodge.

Chaguanas Borough Council has eight electoral district councillors and four aldermen selected through a proportional representation methodology. The mayor and deputy mayor are then selected. The electoral districts are: Felicity/Endeavour; Enterprise South; Edinburgh/Longdenville; Enterprise North; Charlieville; Montrose; Monroe Road/Caroni Savannah Road; and Cunupia.

Chaguanas comprises (wholly or in part) the following parliamentary electoral districts: Chaguanas West; Chaguanas East, Couva North, Caroni Central, and Caroni East.

Economy
Chaguanas developed as a market town and still attracts bargain shoppers. Much of Chaguanas' development has centred around the Chaguanas Main Road where numerous shopping plazas have been constructed. The Chaguanas Main Road (east of the Chaguanas flyover) continued to develop, primarily through small and medium size businesses, to fulfill the expanding population centres.

Retail development expanded with the construction of three malls in the downtown in the 1980s (Centre City, Mid Centre and Ramsaran Plaza, later to become Centre Pointe Mall). Centre City Mall has been significantly renovated and there are future plans to expand further to become the largest mall in the Caribbean. It will feature two major buildings, one near to the Uriah Butler Highway and another close to the centre of Chaguanas, joined by an enclosed walkover above the Mulchan Seuchan Link Road.

More recently, construction of Price Plaza in Endeavour expanded upscale retail opportunities. Price Plaza includes a warehouse-style stores, restaurants, a food court as well as many other retail outlets.

ABEL or Alstons Building Enterprises Limited is a member of the ANSA McAl Group of Companies and is situated in Longdenville. It is the largest manufacturer of clay building blocks and Metpro steel and aluminium windows and doors and Astralite and Spectra uPVC windows and doors in the English-speaking Caribbean.

Chaguanas has also developed into a financial centre. The Unit Trust Corporation (UTC), First Citizens Bank (FCB), Sagicor, Republic Bank of Trinidad and Tobago, Scotiabank, RBTT, and the Bank of Baroda all have major corporate offices in Chaguanas.

The dissolution of the state-owned sugar company, Caroni (1975) Limited, had a profound effect on Chaguanas, since this company was a major employer.

Demographics
Chaguanas has grown rapidly from a small village to the largest borough in Trinidad and Tobago. Chaguanas has historically been considered an Indo-Trinidadian city through its original villages (such as Edinburgh village, Felicity, Charlieville, Chandernagore, Chase Village, St. Thomas, Montrose, and Endeavour), but as it has grown it has become more multi-racial. Enterprise is a historically Afro-Trinidadian village that has been absorbed into the growing city of Chaguanas. Also, Edinburgh 500 and other associated governmental housing developments are also largely Afro-Trinidadian.

Scenery/attractions
The Lion House also known as Anand Bhavan, is the ancestral home of the Capildeo family and is the birthplace of Nobel Prize–winning author V.S. Naipaul is located in Chaguanas. This is generally assumed to be the model for Hanuman House in Naipaul's A House for Mr Biswas, with Chaguanas as the model for Arwacas.

The Caroni Swamp, the largest mangrove wetland in Trinidad and Tobago, is located just north and west of the town. The swamp is a popular tourist attraction and roosting ground for the scarlet ibis, national bird of Trinidad and Tobago.

The Divali Nagar site, located in northern Chaguanas, is a major attraction in the period just before Diwali. The village of Felicity, on the western end of Chaguanas, is famous for its elaborate Diwali celebrations.

Media
The Trinidad Publishing Company (TTSE: TPCL), the country's oldest and most established publisher of the Trinidad Guardian newspaper, constructed its printing facility for the Newspaper division of Trinidad Publishing Company Limited, of the ANSA McAL Group's Media Sector, in the vicinity of Chaguanas flyover.

HCU Communications Limited (now defunct) was based in Chaguanas. It operated a radio station (Win Radio 101.1 FM), was home of television station (WIN TV) From early 2007, it also published three weekly newspapers, The Probe, Uhuru and Bollywood Today.

Entertainment
The town includes numerous malls (such as Price Plaza, Xtra Plaza, Mid Centre Mall & Centre Pointe Mall) and associated restaurants and bars. Also, a number of areas in Chaguanas are now quickly developing into entertainment areas, such as Rodney Road, Endeavour with The Rise, Law 5, Double R, and others.

Health
The Chaguanas District Hospital is located in Montrose Chaguanas (along the Southern Main Road). Inclusive of the district health facility, a private hospital (Medical Associates) situated in the vicinity of the Chaguanas flyover was opened in 2012. Other small privately run health facilities are located throughout Chaguanas and its environs.

The Caroni County Medical Officers of Health (CMOH), of which Chaguanas falls under, is situated on the Southern Main Road in Couva. The CMOH are responsible for insect-vector control and septic leakage complaints.

Education
The Borough is host to many prominent primary and secondary schools. Notable primary schools include Montrose Vedic in Downtown Chaguanas, and Montrose Government in Lange Park.

The Presentation College, Chaguanas is a Roman Catholic secondary school in Chaguanas and is the brother school of Presentation College, San Fernando. It was regarded the best performing high school in Trinidad and Tobago throughout its history, and in particular within its recent history being awarded the country's President's medal for best performing student multiple times (5 times in a row).

The University of the West Indies (UWI) Esmond D Ramesar Open Campus will be constructed along the Narsaloo	Ramaya Road in Chaguanas.

Transport
Chaguanas is an important transportation hub. Buses, taxis and maxi-taxis connect Chaguanas with Port of Spain, San Fernando, Curepe and Couva, and smaller settlements around central Trinidad.

Given the town's origin as a village and its generally unplanned rapid growth into the country's largest town (by population), Chaguanas is continuously plagued by traffic problems despite numerous attempts of alternative traffic management schemes. This traffic congestion is now considered as a threat to future growth of the Borough.

Sports
The main sporting venue in Chaguanas is the Central Regional Indoor Sport Arena Hall at Saith Park. Smaller recreation grounds (e.g. Woodforde Lodge, Avinash Samaroo ground) and cricket pitches (Pierre Road) are scattered throughout the borough, but no larger sporting venues are located within the town. The town leverages the infrastructure from other towns such as Couva's Ato Boldon Stadium or Sevilla golf course, also located in Couva.

Utilities
Electric generation is handled by Powergen, while electrical distribution is handled by the Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission (T&TEC). Chaguanas does not contain its own power generation facilities.

Water and sewerage are under the purview of the Water and Sewerage Authority of Trinidad and Tobago (WASA).

The town is served by all major telecommunication (including cable, satellite) companies, e.g. TSTT, Flow, DirectTV, Digicel+ and Greendot.

Notable persons

 * Erphaan Alves
 * Marlon Asher
 * Adrian Barath
 * Damion Barry
 * Mulchan Seuchan the first mayor of Chaguanas
 * Capildeo family
 * Pundit Capildeo
 * Rudranath Capildeo
 * Simbhoonath Capildeo
 * Akeem García
 * Asa Guevara
 * Kevin Jared Hosein
 * Satnarayan Maharaj
 * Sparkle McKnight
 * Vandana Mohit, mayor and MP
 * Ahkeela Mollon
 * Seepersad Naipaul
 * V. S. Naipaul
 * Shiva Naipaul
 * Nigel Paul
 * Suruj Ragoonath
 * Dinanath Ramnarine
 * Ria Ramnarine
 * Reyare Thomas
 * Scott Sealy
 * Patrice Superville

Sister city

 * Lauderhill, Florida, United States of America

title: Chaguanas


text:
The Physicists

The Physicists (Die Physiker) is a satiric drama/tragic comedy written in 1961 by Swiss writer Friedrich Dürrenmatt. The play was mainly written as a result of the Second World War and many advances in science and nuclear technology. The play deals with questions of scientific ethics and humanity's general ability to manage its intellectual responsibility. It is often recognized as his most impressive yet most easily understood work.

The play was first performed in Zürich in 1962 and published the same year by Verlags AG "Die Arche". It was translated into English by James Kirkup, and published in the US in 1964 by Grove Press, under its Evergreen imprint.

Synopsis
The story is set in the drawing room of Les Cerisiers sanatorium, which is a psychiatric home for the mentally ill, run by a doctor and psychologist, Mathilde von Zahnd. The main room, where the play is set, is connected to three other rooms, each of which is inhabited by a patient. These three men, who are all “physicists” by trade, are permitted use of the drawing room, where they are monitored and checked on by the female nurses. Herbert Georg Beutler is the first patient, and he is convinced that he is Sir Isaac Newton. The second patient is Ernst Heinrich Ernesti, who believes himself to be Albert Einstein. The third patient is Johann Wilhelm Möbius, and he believes that he is regularly visited by the biblical King Solomon. In reality, “Sir Isaac Newton” and “Albert Einstein” are spies from different sides of the cold war conflict.

Once the play begins, it is revealed to the audience that "Einstein" has just killed one of his nurses, and the police are examining the scene. The “Inspector” continuously questions Fräulein Mathilde von Zahnd and indirectly insults the “mentally ill” patients.

It is revealed through their discussion that this is the second murder of a nurse by one of the three patients in just three months. The first having been committed by "Newton", which is later revealed to be a result of the nurse’s discovery of “Newton’s” real identity.

The motives behind the two murders become clearer as the play advances into the second act, where it is revealed with startling abruptness that not even one of the three patients is actually mad; they are all only faking insanity for various reasons.

Möbius is actually an incredibly brilliant physicist whose discoveries include such fabled results as a solution to the problem of gravitation, a "Unitary Theory of Elementary Particles", and the "Principle of Universal Discovery". Fearing what humanity could do with these powerful discoveries, he feigned madness, in hopes that he might be put in a home for the mentally ill and thus be protected along with his knowledge.

However, he failed to avoid attention which he so dearly feared. "Einstein" and "Newton" are both spies, representatives of two different countries, and they have infiltrated the Les Cerisiers in order to secure Möbius' documents and, if possible, the man himself. Each spy had to murder a nurse to protect his secrets and to strengthen his simulation of madness, as well as to further conceal their identities.

In the play's climactic scene, the three men reveal their secrets, and each of the two spies attempts to convince Möbius to come with them. Möbius, however, persuades them that the secrets he has discovered are too terrible for man to know and assures them that their efforts are in vain because he recently burned all the papers that he developed during his time in the sanatorium. After much debate, the three men finally agree that they are content to protect humanity by living out the rest of their lives in captivity, while furthering and serving physics.

These noble plans are quickly changed by the play's final plot twist; Fräulein Doktor Mathilde von Zahnd enters the room and reveals to the three men that she has eavesdropped on their entire conversation. Furthermore, she admits to knowing about Möbius for years and has been secretly copying his documents. She reveals that she has been using his scientific discoveries to construct an international empire which she would later rule. She believes that King Solomon is speaking to her, and she believes that with his guidance and Möbius' discoveries, she can become the most powerful woman on earth.

The story ends with a sense of impending doom. Möbius, "Newton", and "Einstein" have been tricked and trapped. The play ends with each of the men speaking to the audience, emphasizing their plight and the plight of all humanity. In their eyes, humanity was lost and could not be helped.

Adaptations
A 1963 radio play adaptation by Schweizer Radio DRS.

It was adapted for Australian TV.

A was produced by Süddeutscher Rundfunk and directed by Fritz Umgelter.

In 1988, a TV movie The Physicists (Физики) was produced by the Lentelefilm studio in the USSR.

BBC radio version 17/10/1963 (repeated 8/11/1963 & 5/3/1972) produced by William Glen-Doepel; and BBC World Service radio versions from c1981 & 7/7/1991.

In January 2013, BBC Radio 3 broadcast an adaptation by Matt Thompson with Samantha Bond as Doctor von Zahnd, Geoffrey Whitehead as the inspector, John Hodgkinson as Möbius, Thom Tuck as Newton, John Bett as Einstein, and Madeleine Worrall as both Nurse Monika and Mrs Rose.

1964 Australian TV version
The play was adapted for Australian TV in 1964 by the Australian Broadcasting Commission in Melbourne. Australian drama was relatively rare at the time and it was common for local versions of overseas plays to be produced.

Premise
At a mental asylum in Europe, police investigate the murder of two nurses who were assigned to three inmates, all physicists: Mobius, Beutler, and Ernesti. Mobius imagines himself as in contact with King Solomon. Beutel and Ernesti maintain they are Newton and Einstein.

Cast

 * Terry Norris as Beutler
 * Wynn Roberts as Mobius
 * Robert Peach as Ernesti
 * Syd Conabere
 * Brian James
 * Patricia Kennedy as psychiatrist
 * Gerda Nicolson
 * Elizabeth Wing

Production
The play had been first produced in London in January 1963 and made its Australian stage premiere in St Martins Theatre Sydney, October 1963.

It was one of 20 TV plays produced by the ABC in 1964. Chris Muir described the play as "full of the unexpected and rich in dramatic climaxes. It is also a play of black humour. Dürrenmatt, while making us laugh at ourselves, makes us feel uncomfortable in the process by showing us our failings often through grotesque imagery."

Reception
The critic for the Sydney Morning Herald wrote that the production: "Shifted the convincing effects in the play from the chaff of its thriller-comedy element. The light relief dialogue is there for the purpose of keeping a puzzled live audience amused, and on television this doubtful sprinkling of humour did not come through; similarly the two murders and police investigations range false in such unrealistic treatment. Christopher Muir... followed Duerrenmatt's directions closely, imposing on television the geometrical pattern of the asylum common room with its three cell doors and the curiously clockwork behaviour of the characters. As though seen under a magnifying glass, the gripping features of the play showed clear and sharp; the only real and understandable figure, fortunately one central to the play, was given a worthy portrayal by Wynn Roberts (although one of his big scenes was cut). This was Mobius, the genius impelled by both fear and courage. Tension is well supplied to the second half of the play by, the unexpected twists of the plot, and the cold, lucid arguments of the three physicists were excellently focused in this production."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Physicists


text:
Talk:2004 AFL season

Untitled
I think this is excellent, TPK. Round-by-round stats could perhaps come later, but it'd be excellent to have these for every season. Ambi 22:15, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC){{subst:image source|Image:2004AFLToyota.png)) Betacommand {{sup|(talk • contribs • Bot)}} 23:33, 24 May 2007 (UTC) {{missing rationale|Image:2004AFLToyota.png{{subst:image source|Image:2004AFLGrandFinal.png)) Betacommand {{sup|(talk • contribs • Bot)}} 23:33, 24 May 2007 (UTC) {{missing rationale|Image:2004AFLGrandFinal.png

Fair use rationale for Image:2004AFLGrandFinal.png
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BetacommandBot (talk) 19:04, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:2004AFLToyota.png
Image:2004AFLToyota.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:06, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:2004 AFL season


text: Category:1969 in sports

title: Category:1969 in sports


text:
Talk:Church of the Savior on Blood

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 4 September 2019 and 13 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Adyachuk.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:42, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Church name
I believe the name of this church is the Church of our Savior on spilled Blood. Can someone confirm this? Nodosaurus 22:19, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * It seems to have a lot of names depending who translates it. I went with just Blood when I created the article because it's already quite a mouthful. It would be fair at least to have spilled blood redirecting here. d 04:44, 29 Sep 2004

at any rate it would make sense to have the title and the first line agree. --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 02:59, 15 February 2016 (UTC) (UTC)

Wrong image title

 * The title "The church as seen from Tripartite Bridge" is wrong. This photo taked from the Italian Bridge (Итальянский мост). -- Sergey kudryavtsev

Church of the Savior on Blood?
The translation from the Russian doesn't make much sense. "Redemption by Blood" or "Salvation by Blood" might be better. In the Russian "Храм Воскресения Христова на Крови", "Воскресения Христова" is genitive or possessive, "на" can be translated as "by" and "крови" appears to be the prepositional case of "кровь" ("blood").
 * On blood is the correct translation, as the Church was built on the ground where Alexander II of Russia was assassinated. So whilst it doesn't sound correct, it is actually correct knowing why it's named that way. --Russavia Dialogue Stalk me 05:37, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
 * So the confusion I have is between "on" and "in" which in Russian are "на" and "в"? But "in" seems to have a broader meaning in English. It can also mean "by means of" indicating agency. Romanov's Russian-English dictionary gives in addition to "on" the translations "in" and "by" for "на". The translation of the name of the church makes a little more sense now. Thanks. The message that the Tsars would have wanted might have been, "We will never forget." They marked it. --Jbergquist (talk) 21:03, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
 * The Church was definitely a memorial. The architecture conveys a sense of incongruity. The senselessness was probably intentional. And there seems to be an effort to portray the Tsar as a martyr. But if the message was something like "payment in kind" (the translation of which might be "The Lord's Redemption in Blood") it may have been responsible for some ill will. --Jbergquist (talk) 00:54, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

The formal name of the church is Church of the Resurrection of Christ and informally of the Saviour on the Spilled Blood. See the booklet by that name: ISBN 5-93893-143-6. It is a memorial and is part of the St. Issac's Museum. The memorial is not owned by the Church or Russia. Wsk (talk) 15:48, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

Comment: I agree with the last comment. Although the translation may not be direct, the name "The Church of the Savior on the Spilled Blood" is the English title. I photographed the title of the church while visiting St. Petersburg in May 2009. See below. File:Church of the Savior on the Spilled Blood sign.JPG I believe the title of this article should be changed to reflect this (i.e. "Church of the Savior on the Spilled Blood)

Abstract
Just for clarity, I'm substituting the confusing paragraph:

It is not to be confused with the Church on Blood in Honour of All Saints Resplendent in the Russian Land, dedicated to the blood of Tsar Alexander II of Russia and his family, who were assassinated on that site in 1918.

With this one and, at the same time, moving it after the "name" discussion:

This Church is dedicated to the blood of Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881), and is not to be confused with the Church on Blood in Honour of All Saints Resplendent in the Russian Land, located in the city of Yekaterinburg where the former Emperor Nicholas II (1868-1918) and several members of his family and household were executed following the Bolshevik Revolution. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lucanica (talk • contribs) 04:50, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Photos need tweaking
I am in St Petersburg right now and just visited this church two days ago. The pictures of the exterior are way too pale -- they don't convey at all the candy-coated strangeness of the real thing! I think somebody's camera didn't believe what it was seeing, or it was a really cloudy day, or something. Someone should Photoshop them to pull up the colors. -- briankharvey (62.50.199.254 (talk) 16:31, 27 September 2011 (UTC) but I don't know why it thinks I'm not logged in)
 * You can upload better photos or choose different ones from here. Grey Hood   Talk  16:43, 27 September 2011 (UTC)

Architectural style
Anyone know if the design of this church was the inspiration for the exterior style of the numerous Russian "military churches" that were built in the Russian Caucasus. There were big ones in Baku and Batumi, both now demolished, others smaller ones still survive in a damaged condition at Kars, and Alexandropol, Sarikamish, Oltu and a number of other places. Tiptoethrutheminefield (talk) 16:37, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

PLEASE SOMEONE MAKE THIS ARTICLE BIGGER AND WITH MORE PICTURES AND SOMEONE WHOSE AN EXPERT SHOULD DO THIS ARTICLE
There are many photos in commons:Category:Church of the Saviour on the Blood -- Sergey kudryavtsev

I wrote a doctoral dissertation on the history and iconography of this temple-memorial. It's official title is Temple-Memorial of the Resurrection of the Savior ["on the Blood" refers to its site on the assassination of Tsar Aleksandr II]. that it was built over the site of an assassination]. Here is the citation: Kristi Groberg, "Petropolitan Reliquary: Temple of the Resurrection on the Blood, 1881-1998" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1999). 467 Pp. I tried to add this to Sources but couldn't get the page to add the source. This diss. is a hagiographical history of the building, a detailed reading of the interior and exterior iconographies, and a history of its art and architectural forms as well as the architects and artists who worked on it. Kristi Groberg (talk) 17:52, 10 February 2017 (UTC)Kristi Groberg
 * I suggest posting a request on WikiProject Eastern Orthodoxy. -Ad Orientem (talk) 00:52, 11 February 2017 (UTC)

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Vse stran(ы?) na krovi !
Kto pridumal "Ы" ?! Только в нашем "альфабетте?" ?

Vot skolьko sloёv Lюdovokov - ctolyko sloyov krovi. N1,N2, itd. I mehanizirovali. I elektrifizirovaly. Minы. Бомбы. Итд.

Архимед придумал шуруп для качания воды. Из про-руби. Но можно крутить топор !

"Я всё сказал .. 176.59.210.177 (talk) 16:39, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Church of the Savior on Blood


text:
Strider (1989 arcade game)

Strider, released in Japan as Strider Hiryū, (ストライダー飛竜) is a hack-and-slash platform game released in arcades in 1989 by Capcom. Set in a dystopian future where Earth is ruled by the tyrannical Grandmaster Meio, it follows the titular Strider named Hiryu as he attempts to end his tyrannical reign for good. The game resulted from cooperation between Capcom and manga publisher Moto Kikaku. It marked the video game debut of Strider Hiryu, after the character was introduced in the 1988 manga Strider Hiryu.

The game debuted on Capcom's CP System arcade board. Various home computer ports were developed by Tiertex and published by U.S. Gold in 1989. The NES version has a different plot than the original. Sega released Strider for its own Genesis console in 1990. Of all home versions, the Genesis adaptation is considered the most successful, winning the Game of the Year and Best Graphics in a Video Game awards from Electronic Gaming Monthly in 1990.

Strider gameplay is cited as a major influence on the video game franchises Ninja Gaiden, Devil May Cry, and God of War. It became one of Capcom's early hits, praised for its innovative gameplay, diverse and unique music, and multilingual voice samples.

Gameplay

The controls of Strider consist of an eight-way joystick and two action buttons for attacking and jumping. The player controls the protagonist Strider Hiryu, a ninja whose main weapon is a tonfa-like plasma sword known as a "Cypher". He can perform numerous acrobatic feats depending on the joystick/button combination used. Pressing the jump button while Hiryu is standing still will cause him to do a regular vertical jump, while pressing the jump button while pushing the joystick left or right will enable him to do a cartwheel jump. Hiryu can also slide under or through certain obstacles and enemies by first crouching down and then pressing the jump button. As well as his sliding move, both jumps can also be used to destroy weaker opponents. Hiryu is able to latch onto certain platforms, and climb across walls and ceilings using a metallic hook. While running down a sloped surface, Hiryu can gain enough momentum to allow him to do a longer cartwheel jump than usual.

Numerous power-ups can be obtained from item boxes carried by certain enemies. These include an extension to Hiryu's attack range that lasts for one hundred slashes, two types of health aids (represented by the kanji used to write Hiryu's name: 飛 and 飛竜), a max health extension (represented by the kanji 竜, the second character in Hiryu's name), an extra life, and a power-up that not only makes Hiryu invulnerable to attack but also increases his own attack abilities via shadow images of himself for 15 seconds. Hiryu can also summon robotic companions known collectively as "options" that help him fight enemies. These consist of up to two mushroom-like droids, a saber-toothed robo tiger and a robot hawk, known individually as Options A, B and C respectively.

The game has five stages: the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (called "St. Petersburg" during the arcade game's attract sequence), the Siberian Wilderness, the Aerial Battleship Balrog, the Amazonian Jungle, and the Grandmaster's lair itself, the Third Moon. Each of the stages is divided into a number of smaller sections, each with their own time limit and checkpoint location. The player has a three-point health gauge (which can be increased to five points with the health extensions). Hiryu will lose a life when either his health gauge is fully depleted, by moving him off the screen entirely (like falling into a bottomless pit) or when the game's timer reaches zero. It is Game Over when all of Hiryu's lives are lost, but the player can be given the opportunity to continue.

Plot
Strider is set in a dystopian future in the year 2048, where a mysterious dictator known as the "Grandmaster" rules over the world. Hiryu, the youngest ever Super A Ranked member of an organization of high-tech ninja agents known as the "Striders", is alone tasked with the Grandmaster's assassination. Hiryu begins his mission by infiltrating the Grandmaster's capital at the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, a Federation referred to as Eastern European which became the Imperial Capital of the Russian Empire by the year 2048. The game features multilingual voice clips during cutscenes (presented in English, Japanese, Mandarin, Spanish, Russian and Swahili).

Development
The arcade version of Strider was part of a three-way project conceived in a collaboration between Capcom and Hiroshi Motomiya's manga studio Moto Kikaku, which also included the Strider Hiryu manga by Moto Kikaku's Tatsumi Wada that was published in Kodansha's Comic Computique anthology in Japan, as well as the NES version of Strider. Kouichi Yotsui, director of the coin-op Strider (who is credited as Isuke in the game), was chosen for his experience with the CP System hardware while working as a background designer on Ghouls 'n Ghosts. The three projects were developed independently of each other.

According to Yotsui the franchise was conceived as a multimedia collaboration between video game company Capcom and manga collective Moto Kikaku, the two companies having previously collaborated on the video game versions of the manga Tenchi wo Kurau. Moto Kikaku produced the manga version, while Capcom developed two separate video game versions, a coin-operated video game and a console version for the NES. All three works share common plot elements, while featuring their differences as well. He further said it was he who "pushed for a ninja concept" as they were leaning towards an action game, a ninja setting would've been convenient. "The hero would be derived from a ninja. We loosely decided on that." Regarding Hiryu's three robot helpers, he said that he was inspired by the 1960s ninja comics (the one that most influenced him was Shirato Sanpei's Kamui Gaiden), in which the ninja often had various animals to support them or attack their enemies. Speaking with Retro Gamer, Yotsui said that Strider Hiryu's climbing abilities were inspired by his personal experience when he got himself stranded on the roof of Capcom’s building; fearing freezing to death and with no way to call for help, he climbed down the side of the building to reach a nearby fire escape stairway.

The original arcade game soundtrack was composed entirely by female video game music composer Junko Tamiya, who was not credited for her work in the arcade version but was mentioned as part of the original arcade staff in some console adaptations. Early revisions of the arcade game were missing the unique music for the Aerial Battleship and Third Moon stages. In this version the music from the first stage of the game was repeated here instead.

Strider contains many different styles of themes that change dynamically throughout the game according to the stages and the situations on screen. These range from experimental and progressive futuristic sci-fi action themes to baroque, tribal and classical music pieces. Elements from the soundtrack have also been used in other Capcom games where Hiryu has appeared. These include the Marvel vs. Capcom series as well as other Strider related games.

Ports
Ports of Strider for the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore 64, IBM PC compatibles, and ZX Spectrum were published by U.S. Gold and developed by Tiertex in 1989. The U.S. Gold versions have the order of the third and fourth stages swapped (the order of the cut-scenes were kept the same, causing a continuity error), and the final battle with the Grandmaster missing (the last stages end with the battle against the giant robot gorilla Mecha Pong). As a result, the ending was changed to reveal that the events of the game were a simulation that the player was going through. All five versions featured downgraded graphics, less music and missing enemies compared to the arcade version. Additionally, the controls were modified so that the game would be compatible with one-button joystick controllers. Despite these changes, all of the U.S. Gold releases received high review scores by computer game magazines of the time. Later, in 1992, the assets of the Amiga versions were used for the conversion on the Master System, also made by Tiertex. A final fight with the Grandmaster was added in this version, but the ending credits continue to say that all was just a simulation.

Sega produced their home version of Strider for the Mega Drive/Genesis, which was released in Japan on September 29, 1990, with subsequent releases in North America and the PAL region. It was advertised as one of the first 8-Megabit cartridges for the system, and went on to be a bestseller. This version was also re-released for the Wii Virtual Console in Japan on November 15, 2011 and in North America on February 16, 2012. It was re-released again on the Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack service on October 25, 2021. The Genesis/Mega Drive version contains a different ending from the arcade game. This ending shows the destruction of the final stage as the game's protagonist makes his escape. This is then followed by the main credit sequence that sees Hiryu flying his glider in space and reminiscing about the various encounters he had during his mission as he heads back to earth. The ending theme was an edited combination of two separate pieces of music planned for the arcade game, but replaced with a repeat of the first level music. Computer magazine ACE considered the previous Amiga conversion to be "as good as this one".

Capcom separately produced a version for the Sharp X68000 computer in 1991, releasing it exclusively in Japan. It is a very close reproduction of the arcade original, with minimal changes.

A version for the Capcom Power System Changer was planned and previewed but never released.

NEC Avenue produced a PC Engine CD version of Strider Hiryu, which was released exclusively in Japan on September 22, 1994 as a CD-ROM² title which requires the Arcade Card expansion. It features an all-new desert stage that was not in the arcade version, as well as newly recorded cut-scenes, music and dialogue, with Japanese voice actor Kaneto Shiozawa as the voice of Hiryu and Kōji Totani as the Grand Master. The PC Engine CD version had a long development process, having been planned in various formats, including the SuperGrafx at one point.

The PlayStation version of Strider was first released by Capcom in 2000 as a second disc which came packaged with the PlayStation version of Strider 2. The North American release has the Strider and Strider 2 game code pressed onto the wrong disc. This version was reissued separately in Japan on October 24, 2006 as part of the Capcom Game Books series, which included an extended manual and strategy guide for the game. This makes this standalone version technically the last original PlayStation game ever made, released after the system's discontinuation in March 2006.

The original arcade version was included in the 2006 video game compilations Capcom Classics Collection: Remixed for the PlayStation Portable and Capcom Classics Collection Vol. 2 for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox. A Japanese mobile phone version was released in 2010.

Reception
In the United Kingdom, Strider was the best-selling arcade game for three months during early 1989 (between February and April). In Japan, Game Machine listed Strider on their April 1, 1989 issue as being the third most-successful table arcade unit of the month, outperforming titles like Ninja Gaiden.

Reviews
Strider opened to critical acclaim, particularly for its gameplay, graphics, diverse music, and voice samples. The original arcade game received positive reviews from critics upon release. The Games Machine called it "THE platform and ladders game to be seen playing at the moment." Your Sinclair called it "brilliant" and "a real epic" with "some imaginative stuff" in the game. Commodore User praised the "high definition graphics, brilliant movements and good old-fashioned blasting action" along with a "bit of tongue-in-cheek political" content.

The Genesis version was praised for its accurate and detailed faithfulness to the original. Upon release, GamePro called the Genesis port "a faithful translation of the arcade hit", and praised its "gorgeous graphics, non-stop arcade-style action, and ... captivating and unusual sound track." EGM awarded the Genesis port best video game of the year in 1990 and winner of their best graphics category.

Strider has spawned numerous fansites and retrospectives.

According to Retro Gamer's Darran Jones, "everything about Strider was epic. Its backgrounds were brilliantly designed and featured an array of exotic locations, while its sprite design was superb. There was a uniqueness to Strider art design that gave it a distinctive look back in 1989 and still makes it stand out brilliantly today. It's a mysterious mish-mash of different cultures that ensured it stood out from its arcade peers." Jones also praised the game's "stunning animation", gameplay, and controls, as well as its "superbly atmospheric" soundtrack.

Mark Caswell of Crash magazine referred to the game's graphics as detailed and incredible, the scrolling and action as smooth and called the gameplay "some of the most demanding gameplay ever invented".

Accolades
At Japan's 3rd Gamest Awards in 1989, the arcade version of Strider received the awards for Best Production and Best Action Game. Strider ranked in 5 different categories in Gamest annual video game awards, the Gamest Grand Prix: 4th in the overall "Gamest Grand Prix", 5th in "Best Graphics", 3rd in "Best VGM" and 1st in "Best Action" and "Best Direction". The game also ranked 22nd in "Best 100 games of the Year", and several characters from the game also placed well in the "Best Characters" category: Hiryu at the lead in 3rd place, followed by Tong Pooh (13th), the Option A robot (21st), Grandmaster Meio (25th), Ouroboros (30th) and Strobaya (39th) In a 1991 Gamest reader poll, Strider was voted the ninth best arcade game of all time; they ranked Strider 9th in the "Top 30 Readers' Choice" from their special issue "The Best Game".

In 1990, Your Sinclair included the arcade game in its "Top of the Slots '89" list at third place.

In the 1990 Electronic Gaming Monthly awards, the Sega Genesis version of Strider received the awards for Best Game of the Year and Best Graphics in a Video Game. In 1992, Mega placed Strider at 31st spot in their list of top Mega Drive games of all time.

In 1997 EGM ranked the Genesis version the 42nd best console video game of all time, remarking that "any game where you can crawl on walls and do all kinds of cool flips is pretty awesome." In 2010, UGO.com included Strider in their list of the 25 video games that need sequels, and Game Informer included it on the list of ten gaming franchises that should be revived: "Imagine the sidescrolling insanity of the Metal Slug series, but replace grizzled soldiers with a badass ninja. That's Strider, and it's awesome." That same year, the game was also included as one of the titles in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die. ScrewAttack named it as the best Genesis game ever made, and Retro Gamer included it among the top ten Mega Drive games. In 2017, Gamesradar ranked Strider 33rd on its "Best Sega Genesis/Mega Drive games of all time."

NES game
Strider was released for the NES exclusively in North America a few months after the arcade version's release. This version was produced alongside the arcade game but follows the plot of Moto Kikaku's tie-in manga. A Famicom version of the same game was planned for release in Japan, but never made it to the shelves.

Sequels
Under license from Capcom U.S.A., U.S. Gold and Tiertex produced a Strider sequel in Europe titled Strider II (released in North America as Journey From Darkness: Strider Returns) for various computer platforms, as well as the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, Game Gear, and Master System home consoles. This European-produced sequel was not released in Japan. Like the previous conversions of the original game, the quality of this one was very low. Capcom later produced another sequel, unrelated to the Tiertex-produced Strider Returns, titled Strider 2, which was released for the arcades and the PlayStation in 2000.

Reboot
An untitled Strider reboot game was being developed by Grin in 2009, before being canceled by Capcom, soon after Bionic Commando was released. An all-new Strider remake was developed by Double Helix Games and released on PlayStation Network for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4, Xbox Live Arcade for the Xbox 360 and Xbox One, and Steam in 2014.

Other appearances
Strider Hiryu also appears as a playable character in the 1998 fighting game Marvel vs. Capcom: Clash of Super Heroes, which was followed by Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes in 2000. Hiryu has also made minor appearances in other Capcom-related games such as SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters Clash, Namco × Capcom, Project X Zone 2 and Adventure Quiz: Capcom World 2, including a small cameo appearance in Ken's stage in Street Fighter Alpha 2. Hiryu was one of the characters intended to appear in the unreleased 3D fighting game Capcom Fighting All-Stars. Hiryu's next guest appearance was in the 2011 fighting game Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 which marked his character's official 3D debut; this game is also notable as being the first where he is voiced in English. He returned in the sequel, Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite.

The character has received positive reception both from critics and the general public. In the Japanese Gamest magazine's "Best 100 games of the Year" in 1989, Hiryu ranked 3rd in the "Best Characters" category. In 2000, Edge opined that "in terms of visual appeal and agility, Strider Hiryu ranks as one of the best characters ever designed." That same year, IGN's Travis Fahs noted him "one of Capcom's best loved characters", commenting that "there's no denying the iconic appeal, but for all of his flashy moves and fashion sense, Capcom has never really known what to do with him." In 2012, GamesRadar ranked this "somewhat of an enduring classic" as the 59th "most memorable, influential, and badass" protagonist in games, commenting that his "sheer levels of badass cool have seen him endure long past his clichés sell-by date, making him now an archetype rather than a stereotype."

Related games
Strider director Kouichi Yotsui left Capcom soon after its release. He later designed an unofficial, coin-operated sequel for Mitchell Corporation in 1996. Yotsui considers that game, titled Cannon-Dancer in Japan and Osman in the West, a "self-parody" of his work on Strider. Moon Diver is a 2011 Square Enix game that shares some of the same gameplay elements and was also created by Yotsui. The game Run Saber, released by Atlus in 1993 for the Super NES, is often compared to Strider due to them being similar in play mechanics.

Influence
According to Eurogamer, Strider was a vital influence on video game franchises such as Devil May Cry, Ninja Gaiden and God of War. According to Retro Gamer, the over-the-top action of future Capcom franchises, such as Devil May Cry and Viewtiful Joe, draws from Strider, particularly in their inclusion of the "boss rush".

British rapper Tinchy Stryder named himself partially after Strider, which he often played as a boy. In October 2012, Brazilian guitarist Pedro Pimentel released a tribute theme to this game series - also named "Strider" and included in his debut solo album (self-titled). As published in the Brazilian edition of Guitar Player magazine (March 2013), "'Strider' is a composition with a very modern theme and great guitar solos. Good quality recording and very tasteful tones."

Strider was also influential among European developers: platform games including Assassin, Zool: Ninja of the Nth Dimension and Wolfchild were influenced in either gameplay or aesthetics from the original arcade coin-op game.

In later years, various indie developers have published platform games featuring the gameplay style of Strider, with titles such as Oniken, Cataegis: The White Wind, Tänzer, Blazing Chrome and Bushiden.

The game and its world has also served as a point of inspiration for Keiji Inafune, the co-creator of Mega Man. Inafune has stated that he has always liked the "world view" of Strider and modeled the name of Mega Man X co-protagonist Zero after one of its characters (reportedly, Solo). Capcom has also stated that one of the game's villains, Tong Pooh, served as inspiration for Street Fighter character, Chun-Li.

title: Strider (1989 arcade game)


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Pergamon Press

Pergamon Press was an Oxford-based publishing house, founded by Paul Rosbaud and Robert Maxwell, that published scientific and medical books and journals. Originally called Butterworth-Springer, it is now an imprint of Elsevier.

History
The core company, Butterworth-Springer, started in 1948 to bring the "Springer know-how and techniques of aggressive publishing in science" to Britain. Paul Rosbaud was the man with the knowledge. When Maxwell acquired the company in 1951, Rosbaud held a one-quarter share. They changed the house name to Pergamon Press, using a logo that was a reproduction of a Greek coin from Pergamon. Maxwell and Rosbaud worked together growing the company until May 1956, when, according to Joe Haines, Rosbaud was sacked.

When Pergamon Press started it had only six serials and two books. Initially the company headquarters was in Fitzroy Square in West End of London. In 1959, the company moved into Headington Hill Hall, a country home rented from the city of Oxford.

In 1960, Brian Cox joined Pergamon Press as subscription manager. After the founders' deaths, Cox has become the primary witness to the phenomenal rise of Pergamon Press in the Science, Technology, and Medicine (STM) sector of publishing. The 59 Pergamon academic journals in 1960 became 418 journals in 1992. Cox recalls that in the process some 700 were launched, many transmogrifying rather than ceasing. Cox says "The secret of Pergamon's success was to publish a large number of journals, so that the established titles could support the new ones during their formative years".

In 1962, Pergamon Press started the series called The Commonwealth and International Library of Sciences, Technology, Engineering, and Liberal Studies. By 1970, this series had 1000 titles. Brian Cox says that in all, Pergamon published 7,000 monographs for various authors.

In 1964, Pergamon Press became a public company. With its growth and export performance, the company was a recipient of one of the Queen's Awards for Enterprise in 1966. That year saw construction of a new office block and warehouse at Headington Hill. Pergamon ventured to produce an Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Physics, in nine volumes and four supplements in the decade from 1961.

In 1969, Maxwell lost control of Pergamon and was ejected from the board. An inquiry by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) under the Takeover Code of the time reported in mid-1971: "We regret having to conclude that, notwithstanding Mr Maxwell's acknowledged abilities and energy, he is not in our opinion a person who can be relied on to exercise proper stewardship of a publicly quoted company." It was found that Maxwell had contrived to maximise Pergamon's share price through transactions between his private family companies. Maxwell reacquired Pergamon in 1974 after borrowing funds.

Pergamon continued with International Encyclopedias in biotechnology, chemistry, education, engineering, entomology, linguistics, materials science, and pharmacology and toxicology. The education volume won the Dartmouth Medal from the American Library Association in 1986 as the best reference work of the year.

Pergamon also has offices in Elmsford, New York, in the United States.

Pergamon is the publisher of several works of the Club of Rome, such as Beyond the Age of Waste, Energy, the Countdown, No Limits to Learning, Towards more Effective Societies, Dialogue of Wealth and Welfare and Microelectronics and Society.

Business approach
In 2017 Stephen Buranyi described Maxwell's approach in the Guardian:

The consequences of Pergamon Press business strategies during this period has been described by Mark W. Neff in the academic journal Issues in Science and Technology:

Sale to Elsevier
Maxwell sold Pergamon Press to academic publishing giant Elsevier in March 1991 for £440 million; the funds were used to repay the large debt taken on by Maxwell in taking control of New York Daily News.

Maxwell retained Pergamon's US books (which became part of sister company Macmillan Inc.), the Chess and Bridge magazines, and some smaller properties. The imprint "Pergamon Press" continues to be used to identify journals now published by Elsevier.

title: Pergamon Press


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Dunlop Manufacturing

Dunlop Manufacturing, Inc. is a manufacturer of musical accessories, especially effects units, based in Benicia, California, United States. Founded in 1965 by Jim Dunlop Sr., the company grew from a small home operation to a large manufacturer of music gear. Dunlop has acquired several well-known effects pedal brands, including Cry Baby, MXR and Way Huge.

Background and history
Scottish immigrant Jim Dunlop founded the Jim Dunlop Company in 1965 as a part-time business while working as a processing and chemical engineer at Barr and Stroud in Glasgow. He was an apprentice of the creator of the first hip replacement, William "Bill" Wallace. His first product was the Vibra-Tuner, a small device that attached to a guitar with a suction cup and displayed whether the guitar was in tune with the vibration of a small reed.

While visiting music stores to sell his new product, someone told him that musicians needed a good capo, remarking that anyone who made a good capo that could handle a 12-string guitar would make a lot of money. Using his engineering background, Dunlop created the toggle capo, and then worked with a local machine shop to build the first capo dies, manufacturing what eventually became the long running "1100 series" capo.

Starting from his living room, Dunlop later moved construction to his garage, and then to a location outside the house.

On March 19, 1972, he moved into the pick market, after reading every issue of Guitar Player magazine and noting musicians’ comments concerning what they liked and did not like about picks. He made his first picks from nylon, and continues to produce these.

Also in 1972, Dunlop left his job at Dymo Industries to focus on his own company full-time. He moved his family to Benicia, California and set up shop in Benicia Industrial Park. A few years later, he outgrew that building and moved to Industrial Way.

Dunlop products now range from capos and picks to slides, strings, fret wire, strap retainers, and a variety of electronic effects, including the original Cry Baby wah-wah pedal, the Uni-Vibe phaser, Heil Talk Box, and the MXR and Way Huge lines of stompboxes.

Dunlop Manufacturing founder Jim Dunlop Sr died on February 6, 2019, at the age of 82.

Way Huge Electronics
Jeorge Tripps launched Way Huge in 1992. In late 1999 the company closed its doors when Tripps went to work for Line 6. In 2008, Tripps and the company moved to Dunlop Manufacturing and resurrected the Way Huge line, including the Swollen Pickle (a fuzz), Pork Loin (an overdrive), Fat Sandwich (a distortion), and Green Rhino (another overdrive). They have also recently reissued the much sought-after and often cloned Red Llama overdrive, notable for its volume boost and gain past 2 o'clock which results in a sound that is very distorted and has considerable mid-range presence. Way Huge has also collaborated with Joe Bonamassa on various drive pedals including the 'Penny Saver Royale' and the 'Overrated Special'.

Tortex
Introduced in 1981, Tortex is the company's brand name for an acetal based line of plectra. The overall feeling of the picks is meant to mimic the feeling of vintage tortoise shell picks (as genuine tortoise shell picks have been banned since 1973).

title: Dunlop Manufacturing


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Category:Telescopes

 * This category contains articles about telescopes used for optical astronomy, as well as articles about non-optical telescopes.

title: Category:Telescopes


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Talk:Laurasia

Timing of final break-up
For most sources, the final break-up occurred at or about the end of the Paleocene, ~55 Ma. There are some, however, that reckon it shouldn't be regarded as full separation until spreading had stopped west of Greenland, at about 34 Ma, e.g. here although from the early Eocene opening along the Mohns and Gakkel Ridges there was arguably a continuous plate boundary, even if there was continental crust either side of it, where Svalbard was adjacent to NE Greenland. Mikenorton (talk) 09:00, 22 November 2019 (UTC)

 * : I found another ref that gives a slightly different version, but feel free to add to it. --Fama Clamosa (talk) 13:21, 1 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Seton et al state "The establishment of a three-plate system between North America, Eurasia/Rockall and Greenland occurred after Anomaly 25 (~56 Ma)", so at that point the break-up had been achieved in my view. Mikenorton (talk) 13:52, 1 December 2019 (UTC)

Archive talk?
Page has been rewritten now and most of the comments are outdated. Should we archive manually? --Fama Clamosa (talk) 19:06, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

✅ --Fama Clamosa (talk) 12:05, 12 April 2020 (UTC)

Apologies, but this or any related articles does not inform how it was proven as truth. Everything is just a theory so why does the Wikipedia article pose as a scientific fact? Danraz (talk) 06:42, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose to merge Euramerica into Laurasia or possibly Laurasia. Various names and concepts are better explained in Laurasia now and Euramerica is a short article and have been so for a long time. --Fama Clamosa (talk) 12:26, 12 April 2020 (UTC)

✅ --Fama Clamosa (talk) 10:43, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Laurasia


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Taylor Highway

The Taylor Highway (numbered Alaska Route 5) is a highway in the U.S. state of Alaska that extends 160 miles (258 km) from Tetlin Junction, about 11 miles (17 km) east of Tok on the Alaska Highway, to Eagle. The southern 96 miles from the Alaska Highway to Jack Wade Junction is designated as Alaska Route 5. The entire highway formerly carried this designation, but the north end of Route 5 has been rerouted to follow the Top of the World Highway to the Canadian border.

Route description
The first 60 mi of the highway is paved; the rest is gravel. The highway is closed to automobile traffic from October through April, but is used by snowmobiles in the winter. The large Fortymile caribou herd roams near the highway. The highway also provides access to the Fortymile River National Wild and Scenic River system.

History

Wagon trails had supplied Eagle, Chicken, and the historic Fortymile Mining District since the nineteenth century. The Fortymile Road was established in 1951 and later renamed in honor of ARC President (1932–1948) Ike P. Taylor. It connects to the Top of the World Highway 96 mi from Tetlin, at Jack Wade Junction, allowing road access to Dawson City, Yukon during parts of the year. It is 79 mi from Jack Wade Junction to Dawson City.

title: Taylor Highway


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Talk:Holodomor

"While scholars are in consensus that the cause of the famine was man-made"
Per WP:RS/AC, "a statement that all or most scientists or scholars hold a certain view requires reliable sourcing that directly says that all or most scientists or scholars hold that view". I'm not seeing this sourced anywhere. Can somehow source this or can it be changed? Thanks.Stix1776 (talk) 07:26, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

 * It's explained in the paragraph following the sentence you quote, and in more detail in Causes of the Holodomor. Some historians believe that it was "deliberately engineered", while others think it was an (unintended) "consequence of rapid Soviet industrialisation", and a third position is that both intentional and unintended factors came together. However, no serious historian seems to suggest that the famine was entirely or primary due to natural reasons (such as a severe drought) – hence the "consensus". Gawaon (talk) 08:36, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * So no source says it's "consensus", per WP:RS/AC? It seems that Wheatcroft and Tauger disagree that it's man-made, which explicitly speaks against "academic consensus".Stix1776 (talk) 16:21, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Hold up consensus isn't unanimity. Tauger is the only one who thinks it was natrual.   Wheatcroft (and davis) are the ones who dispute his methodology.   Not to mention they say explicitly that policy was the cause of the famine —blindlynx 17:00, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I've added a citation from Andriewsky 2015 historiography. The relevant section is:
 * Historians of Ukraine are no longer debating whether the Famine was the result of natural causes (and even then not exclusively by them). The academic debate appears to come down to the issue of intentions, to whether the special measures undertaken in Ukraine in the winter of 1932-‐33 that intensified starvation were aimed at Ukrainians as such. —blindlynx 17:25, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Plus the article states: "Wheatcroft notes that the Soviet extension of sown area may have exacerbated the problem, which Tauger also acknowledges." – So even Tauger seems to agree that the famine was partially man-made. Gawaon (talk) 18:58, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I've added another source. That said tauger is the only scholar who argues that its causes were natural and it is wp:undue to privilege one scholar out of all of the people working on this—blindlynx 21:43, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @Blindlynx, would you mind putting a page number and quote with that source, because I'm unable to find what you're saying. The article I'm reading starts with "1".
 * In regards to Andriewsky, he literally states "Historians of Ukraine" as the beginning of the sentence. The article is about how historians of Ukraine treat the issue of the Holodomor. If you want to write "historians of Ukraine" in the lead, I'm fine for it. But nothing states academic consensus as stated in the lead. We're going to ignoring WP:RS/AC?Stix1776 (talk) 12:10, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * 571 of the published page 5 of the pre-pub the first paragraph of the 'TERROR BY HUNGER' section. How on earth is historians of Ukraine being in agreement about an event in Ukraine's history not academic consensus?  Especially given that the academic debate is not about this but the intentionallity of the famine and everyone researching this sees it as a result of government policy to some extent—blindlynx 15:09, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Tauger disagrees with other scholars about the size of the harvest. It seems that when he questions the term "man made" he is disagreeing with the position that the famine was intentional. TFD (talk) 12:52, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, but if so that would only show that he misunderstands the meaning of "man-made". An unintentionally man-made famine would still be man-made. Gawaon (talk) 13:46, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * He's mostly arguing that the human causes of the Holod don't set it apart from other most famines as most have similar levels of human causes—blindlynx 16:04, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The number of human loses is not what defines if that was a genocide or not (can find some references for this claim).The intend as well as the points described in the Genocide Conventionn of 1948 do. Krispe13 (talk) 08:44, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Whether he understands the term correctly or not, he agrees that it was man made within the definition provided in this article. So that seems to mean there is a consensus, just disagreement over intention and whether ethnic Ukrainians were specifically targeted. TFD (talk) 16:17, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Exactly—blindlynx 17:00, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @Blindlynx, I added the quote to the source. Is this the correct quote? If not, can you please update it.Stix1776 (talk) 04:44, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you!—blindlynx 15:08, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Added a short note in the beginning to highlight that the question is not only with regards to whether it was genocide or not, but also (assuming that it was the genocide) then what was the target group. Please review. Krispe13 (talk) 08:31, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

Guys, I think the causes on the side of the article are not causes
Yeah, that's about it. They're not causes, but international reactions. AccomplishedTale7 (talk) 12:21, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I don't know what you mean. The causes listed in the infobox are:
 * Industrialization policy during the First Five Year Plan
 * Whether it was intentional is debated by scholars
 * What point are you disputing? —  The Hand That Feeds You :Bite 21:44, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry, forgot to say i changed that after seeing this —blindlynx 21:53, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Ah, well, that'll do it! —  The Hand That Feeds You :Bite 21:55, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Weak international reaction (considering first reports about starvation in May-June 1932 ) + soviet denials of hunger are a part of the reason for the high death toll. So it does belong there, but maybe there is a suggestion on how to improve the structure as currently it is more focused on "the starvation was known", but does little to cover soviet denials (take e.g. Walter Duranty, inviting foreign photographers and preparing set up villages for the French delegation etc.). Maybe a separate page to show how the press and internal materials from the archives were supporting or denying the claims in different countries? Krispe13 (talk) 08:42, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * suggestion of the separate page is based on the fact that stating that there was a genocide in 30s or even preserving memories of it was persecuted in USSR up till 80s, so the claim-denial timeline might eventually grow.
 * Krispe13 (talk) 08:48, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Holodomor


text:
Category talk:English suffixes

What about -gry
As in watergate, 'camillagate', a funny kind of suffix added to denote a scandal on the scale of watergate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Salimfadhley (talk • contribs) 18:27, September 28, 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:English suffixes


text:
Hardy Spicer

Hardy Spicer is a brand of automotive transmission or driveline equipment best known for its mechanical constant velocity universal joint originally manufactured in Britain by Hardy employing patents belonging to US-based Spicer Manufacturing. Hardy and Spicer soon became partners. Later Spicer became Dana Holding Corporation.

Since the commercial success of front wheel drive cars began in the 1960s the industry manufacturing universal joints has grown enormously.

The Hardy Spicer and Laycock Engineering group of businesses, later known as Birfield, have been part of the GKN Driveline group since 1966.

History
Ed. J Hardy Limited was founded and later formed into a limited liability company by Birmingham-born cycle-parts manufacturer Edward John Hardy (1874–1950) in 1903 to import components for British motor manufacturers from France. The French industry was then dominant.

Bearings
Bound Brook Bearings of Bound Brook, New Jersey sold to Ed J Hardy and Company in 1922 the rights to manufacture their oil-less bearings and oil retaining bearings and sell them in Europe and the British Empire.

Flexible coupling
Just before the first World War Hardy designed, patented and made a flexible laminated fabric and rubber coupling which soon became standard on British cars and trucks. A licence to manufacture the Hardy flexible coupling in USA was granted to the Thermoid Rubber Company.

Mechanical universal joint
More powerful engines and higher speeds required a mechanical universal joint. In USA, already with a link to Thermoid, Hardy established a contact with Spicer Manufacturing Corporation of Toledo, Ohio. Spicer took a share of Ed. J Hardy Limited in exchange for British patent rights and all engineering data of the Spicer mechanical joint and in 1926 the name of Ed. J Hardy & Co was changed to Hardy, Spicer and Co Limited.

Other businesses
The Phosphor Bronze Company was bought in 1937 for its manufacture of high grade non-ferrous castings and the following year Hardy, Spicer elected to make their own forgings in their own forging plant. The plant's name was Forgings and Presswork (Birmingham) Limited. Sheffield's Laycock Engineering also made a flexible coupling known as Layrub as well as being a large manufacturer of garage and railway equipment.

Birfield Industries
In 1939 Hardy-Spicer joined with Laycock Engineering both becoming subsidiaries of a new holding company named Birfield Industries Limited incorporated by Laycock Engineering's chairman, Herbert Hill (1901–1987) for that purpose.

Constant velocity joints
Herbert Hill pushed his team to make continuous improvements to the basic Rzeppa constant velocity joint and was rewarded in the 1960s when much of the world's motor industry switched to front wheel drive using Birfield joints, the CV joints now made by GKN Driveline and currently installed in more than one-third of all new cars worldwide.

Notable improvements to the original Rzeppa design have been the elimination of the need for a splined coupling and Birfield's modifications to the ball grooves and their track-steered ball cage introduced with BMC's Minis in 1959.

Rear axles
Salisbury Axle in USA was also part of the Spicer Group and in 1939 the Salisbury Transmission Company was formed in Britain to manufacture hypoid rear axles and, in the late 1950s, Powr-Lok limited-slip differentials.

Automotive clutches
Laycock's principal product became spring diaphragm clutches.

From the late 1940s into the 1970s it made under de Normanville patents an add-on epicyclic overdrive unit which saved manufacturers from incorporating a 4th or 5th gear within their gearboxes.

Birfield multinational group 1964

 * Group members included: Hardy Spicer; Laycock Engineering; Forgings & Presswork; Salisbury Transmission; Kent Alloys; Bound Brook; Felco Hoists; Hardy Spicer Walterscheid; John C Carlson; T B Ford; Shotton Bros; Felco Hoists; Birfield Filtration; R Jones & Co; Oddy Engineering; Birfield Machine Tools; Birfield Extrusions; Foundry Mechanisations (Baillot); A E Callaghan & Son; Micron Sprayers; Birfield Industries.

 * Overseas group members: Bound Brook Bearing Corporation of America, Nordiska Kardan AB; Birfield (Ireland); Birfield (Nederland) Tranmissie; Felco France.

 * Overseas interests: 37.5 per cent of Uni-Cardan AG, 21 per cent of France's Glaenzer-Spicer SA in any case controlled by Uni-Cardan, Birfield Transmissioni SpA in Italy jointly owned with Glaenzer-Spicer, an association with Toyo Bearing of Japan and lesser interests in businesses in many other industrialised countries.

GKN Driveline
In 1966 Guest Keen & Nettlefold seeing advantage in amalgamating with its local competition and wanting to pre-empt an expected bid from USA's TRW Inc. bought Birfield the sole UK supplier of CVJs.

There were also particular significant advantages in the amalgamation such as Hardy Spicer's strength in the EU and USA whereas GKN was weak in both those parts of the world.

As GKN Driveline its constant velocity joints take near 50 per cent of the world market and Driveline employs about 22,000 people at 46 locations across 23 countries.

title: Hardy Spicer


text: User talk:12.222.128.183

title: User talk:12.222.128.183


text: Category:Space tourism

title: Category:Space tourism


text:
User talk:Robertbowerman

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Unified Modeling Language - History
Hi Robert. Many thanks for your recent contribution to the History section of Unified Modeling Language. I do have a question: in the sentence

UML has since subsumed the concepts of several software development methods, including Booch, OMT, OOSE, Class-Relation and OOram.

is "Class-Relation" the same as Class-Responsibility-Collaboration card?

BTW, I would like to add OOram to Object modeling language, unfortunately I do not know to which "Generation" it belongs to...

Thanks! — Adrian | Talk 13:51, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the swift response to my question and your clarification — Adrian  | Talk 14:46, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Stalag Luft III Addition
You added a couple of lines that included:

The BBC used the character Wings Day as the British head of in POW camp at Colditz even though that was not historically accurate.

Was this in a film or TV series or something? You seem to have omitted where they inaccurately used his character.

Contraposition
Please refer and respond to my comments at Talk:Contraposition. Thanks. Amerindianarts 22:29, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

DII
Hi. Regarding this edit, please can you cite your sources? (such as airport security being allowed to copy people's harddrives)? This is quite a claim, and so requires credible sources, as I'm sure you appreciate. Cheers, --Rebroad (talk) 17:34, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Robertbowerman! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to, it would greatly help us with the current  article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

BLP Articles that you Created
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Proposed deletion of Global Day

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Nomination of Global day for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Global day is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Proposed deletion of Old Kentish Sign Language

The article Old Kentish Sign Language has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "I read this article and thought it was all speculation with the references used to support notability all being speculative themselves. I then checked on this talk page and found the above comments by editors who also thought this language may not even have existed. I then checked online for references and all I could find was the same references used here that do only confirm that the existence of the language is speculative. Based on the fact that there is nothing to verify the languages notability I suggest this article is deleted. Even as a speculative language, notability is not established by any sources."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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December 2022
Hello, I'm CWenger. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, Interstellar travel, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at referencing for beginners. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. –CWenger (^ • @ ) 16:41, 9 December 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Robertbowerman


text:
Category:Commercial spaceflight

Commercial spaceflight is spaceflight performed for money, as opposed to, for example governmental spaceflight performed for research or military purposes.

title: Category:Commercial spaceflight


text:
User talk:Gordonjcp

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Blocking NTL proxy servers
Hi, I got your email this morning. I don't know if you sent it earlier than that because I've has a problem with my email and didn't get any for 3 days then they all came at once :-( Anyway - yes I blocked 62.252.128.16 and 62.252.128.17 for a month. Has this block affected you? Theresa Knott (The torn steak) 08:11, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi - yes, it has. Not that I edit much anyway, but it prevented me looking at the edit history of a page (and to be honest I can't remember what it was now!). Sorry if I took a sarcastic-sounding tone. [[User:Gordonjcp|Gordonjcp (talk)]]

 * Really? I have no idea why that happened, the idea of blocks is to stop blocked people editing, not to stop anyone from viewing information. I'll investigate. As for you tone. It's fine, you had every right to be sarcastic seeing as I blocked you! Anyway, as you can see I unblocked the IP's so you shouldn't be trouble again. Theresa Knott (The torn steak) 13:29, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Yaz
Hi, I noticed the you changed Yazoo to Yaz on the one hit wonders page, saying that Yaz came along much later. Actually, Yaz was Yazoo's name in the United States. It doesn't matter, but I thought I'd let you know. RomeoVoid 05:28, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

File:Omid-telemetry.ogg
Thanks for the file but you need to tag it a copyright license, such as GFDL or CC - otherwise it could be deleted. --BorgQueen (talk) 23:45, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
 * If you don't know how to, I can tag it with GFDL for you. --BorgQueen (talk) 10:16, 4 February 2009 (UTC)
 * That would be great if you could, thanks Gordonjcp (talk) 14:28, 7 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Disregard, I put it under cc-by-sa Gordonjcp (talk) 22:51, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi Gordonjcp,

I had a listen to your telemetry file that you recorded. Are you able to add some description to the file as to how you recorded this? It is a bit unclear what I was listening to precisely -- is it just an analogue radio recording at some frequency using omni-directional recording equipment on a ground-station? Or do you need to use a directed antenna. Something like "This sample was recorded by the use of a blah blah aerial tuned to receive at blah blah frequency on such and such a date/time." Can you really record radio signals this strongly using just a small aerial and a tuner? User A1 (talk) 05:29, 7 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I added a little bit of description to it, so perhaps you can have a look and tell me if you think that's enough. Those signals were by no means strong - the satellite was probably tumbling hence the choppy fades, and was fairly low in the sky (not too low, about 30 degrees).  On a pass a day or so later, when it came directly overhead, the signal was as strong as my local 70cm repeater.  These small satellites are in a fairly low orbit (about 250km for Omid, but in that general area for other LEO satellites), and they've pretty much got clear line-of-sight to the receiver.  The ISS uses radios that are powerful enough to pick up without any special aerials at all, but they don't have to worry about power budget.  You can make a simple aerial suitable for listening for LEO satellites fairly quickly and easily with some stiff wire and a bit of wood - google for WA5VJB Cheap Yagi for some ideas.  Hook that up to a radio scanner, get some predictions, and point it at the sky.  Simple. Gordonjcp (talk) 22:51, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Great! That makes it much more clear. I was assuming, based upon absolutely zero knowledge of radio telemetry, that you needed some kind of expensive directed antenna, complex tuners with all sorts of filters, and sophisticated digital decoding gear. I thought maybe you work as a radio astronomer ;) User A1 (talk) 06:36, 8 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually decoding it is harder, but not impossible. Some satellites transmit telemetry in Morse code which means you need a receiver capable of picking that up, and either a very good ear for it or some software to decode it.  AFSK telemetry is basically just modem tones so you can decode it with a computer.  I haven't managed to decode anything from Omid, and since the batteries are now probably flat it looks like that's all we're going to get.  I'm not a radio astronomer (although once I get a few other projects off the bench I plan on building a simple short-baseline radio telescope) but I am a radio amateur which means I get to transmit stuff as well as receive it.  With pretty much the same equipment as I used to receive the Omid signals, I can talk to people through other LEO satellites like AO-51 and SO-50.  These receive VHF signals and retransmit them on UHF, covering a large area.  You can think of them as a repeater on a 300-mile tower ;-) Gordonjcp (talk) 09:16, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

Iranian Satellite
I thought you were a new user, so I was willing to forgive a lot, but you've been editing longer than I have! Consider this a reminder to keep it civil - Wikipedia is not a blog comments section where you can just flame the hell out of anyone who slightly disagrees with you own point of view.--Yeti Hunter (talk) 01:59, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Erm, I'm not sure what you're talking about there. If you're referring to the comments on the talk page, you should check the posting history carefully, then come back and apologise ;-) Gordonjcp (talk) 07:53, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Um, yes. My sincere apologies. Getting flamed by an IP isn't such a big deal. --Yeti Hunter (talk) 09:40, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Gordonjcp


text:
Once upon a Crime (1992 film)

Once Upon a Crime... is a 1992 ensemble black comedy mystery film, starring Richard Lewis, John Candy, James Belushi, Cybill Shepherd, Sean Young and Ornella Muti. The film was directed by Eugene Levy. It is the remake of Mario Camerini's 1960 Italian comedy film Crimen.

Plot
A series of couples are in Monte Carlo, Monaco and their lives get intertwined during a murder investigation. Augie Morosco is a reformed gambler whose wife Elena Morosco is concluding a business deal, while Neil Schwary is a gambler looking to strike it big and whose wife Marilyn Schwary is hoping to buy some designer clothes. Julian Peters and Phoebe met each other in Rome and are attempting to return a dachshund to the wealthy Madam Van Dougan.

Madam Van Dougan is found murdered and the interactions between Julian and Phoebe and the other couples begin to look increasingly suspicious, as Inspector Bonnard needs to unravel the clues. Over the course of the film, Augie returns to gambling, Elena has an affair and Julian sells and repurchases the dog.

Cast

 * John Candy as Augie Morosco
 * James Belushi as Neil Schwary
 * Cybill Shepherd as Marilyn Schwary
 * Sean Young as Phoebe
 * Richard Lewis as Julian Peters
 * Ornella Muti as Elena Morosco
 * Giancarlo Giannini as Inspector Bonnard
 * George Hamilton as Alfonso de la Pena
 * Roberto Sbaratto as Detective Toussaint
 * Joss Ackland as Hercules Popodopoulos
 * Ann Way as Housekeeper
 * Geoffrey Andrews as Butler
 * Caterina Boratto as Madame de Senneville
 * Elsa Martinelli as Carla the Agent
 * Eugene Levy as Casino Cashier (uncredited)

Reception
Janet Maslin of The New York Times said the film was not funny, and adding "As a general rule, films whose plots revolve around lost dogs are apt to be short on comic inspiration, and this one is no exception."

The film was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress for Sean Young, which she lost to Estelle Getty in Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot.

Adaptation
In 2006, Abbas–Mustan known for directing thriller movies in Bollywood, adapted this movie as 36 China Town starring Shahid Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor. It is a frame-by-frame, shot-for-shot imitation of Once Upon a Crime.

title: Once upon a Crime (1992 film)


text: Category:Soviet agricultural aircraft

title: Category:Soviet agricultural aircraft


text:
User talk:Dtroupe2

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title: User talk:Dtroupe2


text:
Category talk:Climate change

Comment
I promoted this page from being a sub-cat of climatology to being a sub-cat of earth sci. This was because:

 * It makes it much easier to find on looking down the category hierarchy, and it should be easy to find. (easier than climatology)
 * Climatology is a sub-cat of meteorology. That is probably fair: almost all climatology is atmospheric, but large amounts of climate change *aren't* atmospheric.

I'm a newcomer to this cat stuff though. Can climate change go on being a sub-cat of climatology as well? (William M. Connolley 22:36, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC))
 * I think it can. However; what should be in Category:History of climate and what should go in this category? Could we re-categorize this category so that it only includes articles about present situations/generally about climate change, and put past climate changes in the history category? ✏ Sverdrup 19:53, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * (William M. Connolley 20:20, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)) To me, history of climate is about historical perspectives on the study of climate not the history of climate itself. Everything about the climates-of-the-past should be in cat:climate and/or cat:climate change... perhaps this needs to be worked out before we get too much further! (or, palaeoclimatology? or?)

Climate change stubs
I suggest a stub category about climate change. --Nopetro (talk) 12:15, 20 April 2009 (UTC)
 * A link under this section should link to the explanation of Climate Change stubs like this Template:Culture-stub — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.230.153.132 (talk) 20:20, 11 October 2019 (UTC)

Reorganised
This category was useless as a navigational aid. There was something like 170 articles on a wide range of topics, some of which had only a passing relationship to anthropogenic climate change. I have now almost finished reallocating the articles by removing irrelevant categories or by adding them to new categories that I created. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 05:45, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

I think after further research on the topic of Climate change I have seen that it has gone away from science and data and it has now been brought into a political and societal debate. “Home.” YouTube, August 2011, https://www.proquest.com/docview/1032785962?pq-origsite=primo&parentSessionId=Pa76MUopMvK2hFt2J2buPLJC1OBGUngqRWTNUXMYDLk%3D. Accessed 28 April 2023. 169.234.21.154 (talk) 17:19, 28 April 2023 (UTC)Tatiana Fung

Further information about the adaption of the new era of climate change from the past and future generations is very reliable information. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959378010000968

title: Category talk:Climate change