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Talk:Bernard of Clairvaux

Content copied from Catholic Encyclopedia
Hello all-- I tagged the article with copypaste after noticing that it appeared to have been copied in great part from the Bernard articleon the Catholic Encyclopedia site. I e-mailed the person who maintains the site to see if there are restrictions on the material and am waiting to hear back. -Eric talk 15:21, 16 September 2008 (UTC)
 * http://www.newadvent.org hosts text from the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913, which is public domain. Charles Matthews (talk) 16:44, 19 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Okay, thanks. I wasn't sure what to do. Do you know if there's a general consensus as to whether we should lean towards or away from copying public domain material directly? -Eric talk 17:52, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

The article needs a template, because there is still copy/pasted text from Catholic Encyclopedia in there, e.g. "The last years of Bernard's life were saddened by the failure of the Second Crusade he had preached, the entire responsibility for which was thrown upon him" is copied from https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Bernard_of_Clairvaux. Isn't there now a template for this which can be put at the top of an article? Adpete (talk) 04:03, 31 March 2020 (UTC)

Revert
Speaking of ″apparent incorrect″ (revert as of 03:12, 17 August 2016):

My changes were based on The disparaging remarks by Eric are apparently incorrect. Je suis Nigérian (talk) 05:33, 18 August 2016 (UTC)
 * 1) page 170 of the cited book (chapter heading),
 * 2) Template:Cite book (authorlink, formatting),
 * 3) English grammar (its -> it's).
 * Disparaging remarks?? I don't think so. You might want to grow a thicker skin if you're going to edit here. Follow the Google Books link and search for the string "I belief" before you do any more reverting. Eric talk 13:01, 18 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Speaking of ″incorrect changes″ (edit as of 13:02, 18 August 2016):
 * Template:Cite book & Authors has a parameter for ″authorlink″.
 * Template:Cite book & Title has a parameter for ″chapter headings″.
 * Template:Cite book & Title does not have a parameter for ″page headers″.
 * With many thanks for disparaging my thin skin. Je suis Nigérian (talk) 21:45, 18 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Oh, no trouble at all. Good to see you fixed the quote. Eric talk 23:25, 18 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Your reply gives me wings. Je suis Nigérian (talk) 00:35, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

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The Cistercian 'Order'
One of the problems with understanding the Cistercian reform is that the concept of an 'Order' is problematic. Although the Carthusians (who aren't Benedictines) are credited with the invention of the concept, the idea of joining an 'order' and not a 'monastery' is problematic given the Benedictine emphasis on Stability. Cluny theoretically operated as a single monastery, which the Cistercians explicitly rejected.

The specific point at issue is the tendency of this article to refer to the Cistercian order in a way that is not coherent. I've made some changes in detail; I hope they will be acceptable in the light of the above comments. Ender's Shadow Snr (talk) 11:53, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

Children's book a valid source for Wikipedia?
The section on "Temptations and intercessions" is taken from a children's book used to prepare kids for First Communion. That is not appropriate source material. I will delete the section in a few days; if in the meantime someone can find a better source, please do. -- Melchior2006 (talk) 14:42, 9 April 2021 (UTC)

 * I made some changes today. Still a lot of improvement necessary here. Melchior2006 (talk) 06:53, 16 April 2021 (UTC)

Why is “Bernard of Clairvaux” being pushed over “Saint Bernard”, “St Bernard”?
Why is the Clairvaux bit being pushed these days. One cannot even get to his WIKI page by way of googling “Saint Bernard” nor “St Bernard”. 2A00:23C7:2B13:9001:CC51:BCEA:6940:F505 (talk) 02:11, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Click on those links & see why! Johnbod (talk) 02:26, 8 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bernard of Clairvaux


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Greenhithe, Kent

Greenhithe is a village in the Borough of Dartford in Kent, England, and the civil parish of Swanscombe and Greenhithe. It is located 4 mi east of Dartford and 5 mi west of Gravesend.

Area
In the past, Greenhithe's waterfront on the estuary of the River Thames was used to build wharves for transshipping corn, wood and other commodities; its largest cargoes were of chalk and lime. This led in turn to the development of the cement industry at nearby Swanscombe. Greenhithe itself enjoyed a brief period of popularity during Victorian times as a tourist resort, with the building of Greenhithe Pier (now lost) in 1842. On 11 August 1863, Queen Victoria boarded the Royal Yacht Victoria and Albert - moored off Greenhithe - "amid the eager applause of a large crowd of young and old".

Its manor house has been fully restored and the village is accessible to the M25 motorway, High Speed 1's Ebbsfleet International station and, particularly relevant to its local economy, Bluewater shopping centre.

History
The social history of Greenhithe is bound up in terms of its rectory revenues and manors until the 20th century with its ecclesiastical parish, which is Swanscombe. It owes a great deal to its situation by the Thames and expansion to the nearby Watling Street (the London-Dover Road) and it being a suitable landing place for ships. In Roman times known as Gretenrsce, and by 1363 Grenehuth, 'Greenhithe' comes from The Old English 'hythe' meaning 'landing-place', with ‘grene’ as ‘green’; therefore, a ‘green landing place’.

It appears in a History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent by Edward Hasted, compiled early as such major works date, in this case to 1778: "Here there are several wharves for the landing and shipping of corn, wood, and other commodities, but the greatest traffic arises from the chalk and lime, from the chalk pits, the range of which continues with small intermission from Stone to Gravesend, within a very short distance of the shore. Hence not only the City of London, but the adjacent counties, and even those of Suffolk and Norfolk are supplied with this commodity'." Greenhithe railway station opened on the South Eastern Railway’s North Kent Line, on 30 July 1849.

Naval training and ship maintenance

In the middle of the 19th century, the need was recognised for pre-sea training for potential officers in the Royal and Merchant Navies. This led a group of London shipowners to found the Thames Nautical Training College in 1862. The Admiralty was approached for a ship and allocated the "two-decker" HMS Worcester (1843). At the time the Royal Navy was starting to replace its fleet of 'wooden walls' with iron-clad vessels and there was a surplus of such wooden vessels, which included the 1473-ton, 50-gun Worcester. She had various berths before finally moving in 1871 to what became a base forever associated with the Worcester – the village of Greenhithe, where successive ships remained until the 1970s. Also, HMS Erebus and HMS Terror departed from Greenhithe in May 1845, on the Franklin expedition.

The clipper Cutty Sark was given to the college in 1938, and was used as a 'boating station' moored off the Greenhithe estate. However, during the war years, the college was evacuated to nearby Foots Cray Place. The Worcester was used as a training base by the Royal Navy but by 1945 the second Worcester was in a very poor condition, had lost most of her masts and was only kept afloat by a large salvage pump. Happily, after the war, a replacement ship was found in the form of the Exmouth, which was renamed and became the third and last Worcester. She was an unusual vessel, since she was built in 1904 of steel and iron especially for nautical training and had many advantages over the converted hulks previously used.

As a result of the acquisition of the fine new ship, the role of the Cutty Sark diminished and, with the approval of the original donor, Mrs Dowman, she was given to the nation through the National Maritime Museum. After restoration, she was moved to a permanent dry-dock at Greenwich.

The college moved to a new shore based Merchant Navy College and the last Worcester was broken up a few years later. The village of Greenhithe has many Worcester memories such as the sign at the waterside pub, and the streets named after Worcester personalities.

The new college allowed for expanded facilities and the new main building incorporated a replica of a modern ship's bridge overlooking the River Thames.

Ingress Abbey
The Ingress Estate was a seat (manor) in the hamlet of Greenhithe. In 1363 the manor was endowed upon the Prioress and Abbey of the Dominican Sisters in Dartford by Edward III (1307–1377) until the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII of England.

In 1820, the Ingress Estate was purchased by barrister James Harman. He gave his architect, Charles Moreing, £120,000 to build the Abbey. The current Tudor-gothic-style mansion, Ingress Abbey, was constructed in 1833. Stone from the medieval London Bridge, replaced in the 1830s, is said to have been used in the construction. A grotto within the grounds known as the cave of the seven heads features keystones of grotesque heads which possibly came from the medieval London Bridge, 6 of which are still visible. The grounds were thought to have been landscaped by Capability Brown.

The Cameroon singer Irene Mayor lives in The Abbey.

Economy
Greenhithe's economy no longer depends on river trade, this having been replaced by the M25 motorway, the new High Speed 1 Ebbsfleet International station and the Bluewater complex. The whole area is being redeveloped as part of the Thames Gateway regeneration. Its proponent councils and government sponsors thus aim to attract more affluence and income generation, particularly through the interaction with the enormous shopping complex. This is reflected in increased property valuations, and slightly higher spending than in 20th century overspill estates which tended to line the estuary.

Its high street is less significant a destination than Bluewater, which is supplemented by a supermarket in the village. Greenhithe railway station aside, there is little in the area apart from housing. The Thames Gateway project has seen expansion of residential neighbourhoods of the village such as Ingress Park and Waterstone Park, as well as of industrial and business estates that almost completely surround the former large hamlet.

Paper mill
In 1904, plans emerged outlining the construction of a paper mill complex on a twenty-four acre site the east of Ingress Abbey. Designed by American architect and construction engineer Joseph H. Wallace the mill commenced operation in 1908 as ‘’Ingress Abbey Paper Mills’’. It was a part of ‘’Wall Paper Manufacturers Limited’’ and was the world’s most advanced paper mill. Furthermore, it was also the first mill of its type to be fitted with Crittall iron window frames.

Ingress Abbey Mill made numerous grades of paper from raw materials ranging from grasses of Northern Africa to old rags converted to pulp to make the final product. In 1922 the mill was taken over by Associated Newspapers Limited and was renamed Empire Paper Mills and producing up to 900 tons of newsprint a week.

The mill closed in 1992 before the site was completely redeveloped

Rail
Greenhithe station connects the village with National Rail services to Luton via Woolwich Arsenal and London St Pancras, London Victoria via Bexleyheath, London Charing Cross via Sidcup, Gravesend and Rainham.

Buses
Greenhithe is served by London Buses route 492, Arriva Kent Thameside routes A, B, 306, 480, 481, 484 & 490 and Ensignbus route X80. These connect it with Bexleyheath, Bluewater, Crayford, Dartford, Ebbsfleet, Gravesend, Lakeside, Northfleet and Sidcup.

Nearby areas

 * Stone
 * Swanscombe
 * Bean
 * Northfleet
 * Dartford
 * Darenth
 * Southfleet
 * Longfield
 * South Darenth
 * Gravesend
 * Sutton at Hone
 * Wilmington
 * Hartley
 * Crayford
 * Horton Kirby

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Greenhithe, Kent


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Talk:Amphiglossus

Untitled
I'm doind a research paper for my Zoology Class and I was looking for some in depth information on the Genus Amphiglossus. Any help would be kindly appriciated. Thank you
 * It would be great if you donated the info you find to wikipedia after you're done in the library. Thank you

title: Talk:Amphiglossus


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Bridge router

A bridge router or brouter is a network device that works as a bridge and as a router. The brouter routes packets for known protocols and simply forwards all other packets as a bridge would.

Brouters operate at both the network layer for routable protocols and at the data link layer for non-routable protocols. As networks continue to become more complex, a mix of routable and non-routable protocols has led to the need for the combined features of bridges and routers. Brouters handle both routable and non-routable features by acting as routers for routable protocols and bridges for non-routable protocols. Bridged protocols might propagate throughout the network, but techniques such as filtering and learning might be used to reduce potential congestion. Brouters are used as connecting devices in the networking system, so they act as a bridge in a network and as a router in an internetwork.

title: Bridge router


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Flag Group

The Flag Group was a British far-right political party, formed from one of the two wings of the National Front in the 1980s. Formed in opposition to the Political Soldier wing of the Official National Front, it took its name from The Flag, a newspaper the followers of this faction formed after leaving and regrouping outside the main and diminishing rump of the rest of the party.

Emergence
During the early 1980s the Political Soldier wing of the NF held sway within the party and was on good terms with chairman Andrew Brons who, although a Strasserite by conviction rather than a disciple of Julius Evola and ruralism, largely supported the young radicals and co-operated with them to remove Martin Webster, the former ally of Brons' predecessor John Tyndall, from the party in 1984. However cracks between the two factions soon began to show and a power struggle ensued. This culminated in 1986 when the two wings of the party split, with around 3000 of the 5000 registered NF members breaking away with Brons to form a new separate group. The immediate actual cause of the split had been the refusal of the Political Soldiers to contest elections and the Brons group made this the issue on which they started their own group, initially called the National Front Support Group before adopting their more usual Flag Group moniker. Activists such as Martin Wingfield, Ian Anderson, Joseph Pearce and Tom Acton emerged as the new leading figures within this group and the Flag Group initially grew at a much faster rate than the Official National Front, although this was in part due to the Political Soldiers closing off membership of their wing.

Ideology
The Flag Group rejected the mysticism of the Political Soldiers and the ONF's technique of establishing contacts with non-white groups such as Black Power and Islamic fundamentalism activists. Despite these differences with the ONF the Flag Group was not a direct copy of the earlier NF as it was also influenced by 'left-wing' economics ideals of Strasserism, albeit whilst emphasising anti-immigration and anti-Semitism alongside this. As time went on and Brons was sidelined in favour of Wingfield and Anderson the Flag Group began to look more towards the populism of the Front National, which was enjoying comparative success in France at the time, resulting in a return to more basic racist sentiments and less emphasis on economics as opposed to Strasserism. Amongst their more crudely racialist policies the Flag Group stressed the importance of having large families and included ideas about the white race being bred out of existence in their election literature. Steve Brady, formerly a leading figure in the National Party, championed this idea within the Flag Group although his other favoured idea, his opposition to Christianity in particular and religion in general and his desire to see a purely secular basis for Flag Group nationalism, was not taken up. Wingfield's strategy for growth included recruiting new members at football grounds, a tactic that initially paid dividends.

Development
Brons had a history of low-level co-operation with the British National Party whilst he and BNP leader John Tyndall went back to the early 1960s when they were both active in the National Socialist Movement and so not long after the split Brons contacted Stanley Clayton-Garnett, the BNP's Northern leader, with a view to closer co-operation. Tyndall and Brons met formally in Leeds in May 1987 to discuss the formation of a 'Nationalist Alliance' to be organised along the lines of the SDP–Liberal Alliance in existence at the time. A Liaison Committee was set up as a result of this meeting and Brons put the idea to the Flag Group's steering committee that same July. The plan however came to nothing as it was rejected by the steering committee and so disavowed by Brons in October 1987. Within the Flag Group it was widely reported that the rejection had happened because of a fear that Tyndall intended only to swallow up the party and make himself sole leader whilst within the BNP it was suggested that the Flag Group's Strasserism made them incompatible with the party. It has also been argued that Flag editor Martin Wingfield, who published an editorial denouncing notions of merger, sabotaged the move because he bore a grudge against Tyndall and his father-in-law Charles Parker after Wingfiled had attempted, unsuccessfully, to replace the latter as NF organiser in Sussex some years earlier, a struggle that resulted in Wingfield's temporary expulsion from the NF. Nonetheless the parties did continue to co-operate unofficially whilst Tom Acton also managed to win support for the Group from the influential publisher Anthony Hancock who had initially favoured the ONF in the split. As well as their monthly newspaper The Flag the group also published a monthly magazine Vanguard and Lonheart, a quarterly.

Decline
As a separate group, the Flag Group contested Bristol East in the 1987 general election. By the 1989 Vauxhall by-election, they had resumed using the National Front name, even though their candidate Ted Budden faced opposition from Official National Front candidate Patrick Harrington. Other elections contested included the Epping Forest by-election of December 1988, the European Parliament election of 1989 in which the West Midlands seat was fought by Wingfield and the Mid-Staffordshire by-election of March 1990 in which the party finished behind even parody candidate Screaming Lord Sutch. This policy of contesting elections, invariably with very disappointing results, left the Flag Group with a significant funding shortage. By 1989 the Flag Group had around 1,500 members with most activity centred on the West Midlands. Another activity centre had been Tower Hamlets although following the failure of the 'Nationalist Alliance' initiative this group, which included future BNP Campaign Director Eddy Butler, switched en bloc to the BNP.

As the 1980s drew to a close, the ONF disintegrated with its place being taken by the International Third Position and the Third Way. This allowed the Flag Group to assume sole control of the name, mantle and traditions of NF and effectively signalled the end of the Flag Group as a name. Soon they would attempt to relaunch the NF as the National Democrats.

title: Flag Group


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François Mackandal

François Mackandal (c. 1730-c. 1758) was a Haitian Maroon leader in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti). He is sometimes described as a Haitian vodou priest, or houngan. For joining Maroons to kill slave owners in Saint-Domingue, he was captured and burned alive by French colonial authorities. His actions were seen as a precursor to the Haitian Revolution.

Haitian historian Thomas Madiou states that Mackandal "had instruction and possessed the Arabic language very well." Early sources identify him as coming from the Atlas Mountains which span the Maghreb, but contemporary scholars such as Sylviane Diouf have speculated that he may have been from the modern day nations of Senegal, Mali, or Guinea. According to contemporary accounts of the time, during his interrogation he repeated the Arabic-language Shahada (Muslim testimony of faith) several times and even translated its meaning to his French captors during his interrogation before being condemned to death.

His significance as a leader in the fight for Haitian independence has been immortalized through Haitian currency.

The association of Mackandal with "black magic" seems to be a result of his use of poison, derived from natural plants: "The enslaved Mackandal, a houngan knowledgeable of poisons, organized a widespread plot to poison the masters, their water supplies and animals. The movement spread great terror among the slave owners and killed hundreds before the secret of Mackandal was tortured from a slave."

Biography
Mackandal created poisons from island herbs. He distributed the poison to slaves, who added it to the meals and refreshments they served the French plantation owners and planters. He became a charismatic guerrilla leader who united the different Maroon bands and created a network of secret organizations connected with slaves still on plantations. According to C.L.R. James, Mackandal had eloquence to a European orator, differing only in strength and vigor. He led Maroons to raid plantations at night, torch property and kill the owners.

In 1758, the French, fearing that Mackandal would drive all whites from the colony, tortured an ally of Mackandal into divulging information that led to Makandal's capture. After six years of planning and building up an organization of black slaves throughout Haiti to poison the French, he was burned at the stake in the center square of Port-au-Prince in front of everyone. However, people from the crowd, particularly the black slaves, believed that Mackandal rose out of the flames and transformed into a winged beast that flew to safety.

Beyond the sketch of historical events outlined above, there is a colorful and varied range of myths about Mackandal. Various supernatural accounts of his execution, and of his escaping capture by the French authorities, are preserved in island folklore and widely depicted in paintings and popular art.

It is speculated that Mackandal lost his right arm in a farming accident when it was caught in a sugarcane press and crushed between the rollers.

In popular culture
One of the most well-known portraits of Mackandal is that in Alejo Carpentier's magical realist novel, The Kingdom of this World.

Mackandal's public torture and execution (via burning at the stake) is depicted vividly in Guy Endore's 1934 novel Babouk. Both Mackandal's rebel conspiracy and his brutal killing are shown as influential on Babouk (based on Boukman), who helps to lead a 1791 slave revolt.

A fictionalized version of Mackandal also appears in Nalo Hopkinson's novel, The Salt Roads and in Mikelson Toussaint-Fils's novel, Bloody trails: the Messiah of the islands (in French, Les sentiers rouges: Le Messie des iles).

In Neil Gaiman's novel American Gods, a boy named Agasu is enslaved in Africa and brought to Haiti, where he eventually loses his arm and leads a rebellion against the European establishment. This account is very similar to that of Mackandal's.

C G S Millworth's novel, Makandal's Legacy tells of Makandal's fictional son, Jericho, and the gift of immortality he received as a result of his father's pact with the voodoo spirits, the lwa.

The Harvard ethnobotanist and Anthropologist, Wade Davis, writes about Francois Macandal in his novel "The Serpent and the Rainbow." In the chapter "Tell my Horse" Davis explores the historical beginnings of vodoun culture and speculates Mackandal as a chief propagator of the Vodoun religion.

In the video game Assassin's Creed III: Liberation, the character Agaté mentions François Mackandal as having been his Assassin mentor, and also recalls how Mackandal was burned at the stake following his failed attempt to poison the colonists of Saint-Domingue. The game portrays a false Mackandal who is actually another character called Baptiste, who according to Agaté was once a brother and has also been trained by the real Mackandal, but betrayed the Assassins following his death. The character uses a Skull face painting and is missing his left arm, which he amputated to impersonate his mentor, although the real Mackandal lost his right arm. Mackandal is also mentioned several times in the prequel game Assassin's Creed Rogue as the mentor of the Saint-Domingue Brotherhood of Assassins, who maintains close relations with the North American Colonial Brotherhood.

title: François Mackandal


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Quantum field theory in curved spacetime

In theoretical physics, quantum field theory in curved spacetime (QFTCS) is an extension of quantum field theory from Minkowski spacetime to a general curved spacetime. This theory uses a semi-classical approach; it treats spacetime as a fixed, classical background, while giving a quantum-mechanical description of the matter and energy propagating through that spacetime. A general prediction of this theory is that particles can be created by time-dependent gravitational fields (multigraviton pair production), or by time-independent gravitational fields that contain horizons. The most famous example of the latter is the phenomenon of Hawking radiation emitted by black holes.

Overview
Ordinary quantum field theories, which form the basis of standard model, are defined in flat Minkowski space, which is an excellent approximation when it comes to describing the behavior of microscopic particles in weak gravitational fields like those found on Earth. In order to describe situations in which gravity is strong enough to influence (quantum) matter, yet not strong enough to require quantization itself, physicists have formulated quantum field theories in curved spacetime. These theories rely on general relativity to describe a curved background spacetime, and define a generalized quantum field theory to describe the behavior of quantum matter within that spacetime.

For non-zero cosmological constants, on curved spacetimes quantum fields lose their interpretation as asymptotic particles. Only in certain situations, such as in asymptotically flat spacetimes (zero cosmological curvature), can the notion of incoming and outgoing particle be recovered, thus enabling one to define an S-matrix. Even then, as in flat spacetime, the asymptotic particle interpretation depends on the observer (i.e., different observers may measure different numbers of asymptotic particles on a given spacetime).

Another observation is that unless the background metric tensor has a global timelike Killing vector, there is no way to define a vacuum or ground state canonically. The concept of a vacuum is not invariant under diffeomorphisms. This is because a mode decomposition of a field into positive and negative frequency modes is not invariant under diffeomorphisms. If '(t) is a diffeomorphism, in general, the Fourier transform of exp['(t)] will contain negative frequencies even if k > 0. Creation operators correspond to positive frequencies, while annihilation operators correspond to negative frequencies. This is why a state which looks like a vacuum to one observer cannot look like a vacuum state to another observer; it could even appear as a heat bath under suitable hypotheses.

Since the end of the 1980s, the local quantum field theory approach due to Rudolf Haag and Daniel Kastler has been implemented in order to include an algebraic version of quantum field theory in curved spacetime. Indeed, the viewpoint of local quantum physics is suitable to generalize the renormalization procedure to the theory of quantum fields developed on curved backgrounds. Several rigorous results concerning QFT in the presence of a black hole have been obtained. In particular the algebraic approach allows one to deal with the problems mentioned above arising from the absence of a preferred reference vacuum state, the absence of a natural notion of particle and the appearance of unitarily inequivalent representations of the algebra of observables.

Applications
Using perturbation theory in quantum field theory in curved spacetime geometry is known as the semiclassical approach to quantum gravity. This approach studies the interaction of quantum fields in a fixed classical spacetime and among other thing predicts the creation of particles by time-varying spacetimes and Hawking radiation. The latter can be understood as a manifestation of the Unruh effect where an accelerating observer observes black body radiation. Other prediction of quantum fields in curved spaces include, for example, the radiation emitted by a particle moving along a geodesic   and the interaction of Hawking radiation with particles outside black holes.

This formalism is also used to predict the primordial density perturbation spectrum arising in different models of cosmic inflation. These predictions are calculated using the Bunch–Davies vacuum or modifications thereto.

Approximation to quantum gravity
The theory of quantum field theory in curved spacetime may be considered as an intermediate step towards quantum gravity. QFT in curved spacetime is expected to be a viable approximation to the theory of quantum gravity when spacetime curvature is not significant on the Planck scale. However, the fact that the true theory of quantum gravity remains unknown means that the precise criteria for when QFT on curved spacetime is a good approximation are also unknown.

Gravity is not renormalizable in QFT, so merely formulating QFT in curved spacetime is not a true theory of quantum gravity.


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Jack Brickhouse

John Beasley Brickhouse (January 24, 1916 – August 6, 1998) was an American sportscaster. Known primarily for his play-by-play coverage of Chicago Cubs games on WGN-TV from 1948 to 1981, he received the Ford C. Frick Award from the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1983. In 1985, Brickhouse was inducted into the American Sportscasters Association Hall of Fame along with the Voice of the Yankees Mel Allen and Red Sox Voice Curt Gowdy. Brickhouse served as the organization's Secretary/Treasurer and was a member of its board of directors.

Brickhouse also called Chicago White Sox games prior to that team leaving WGN in 1968. He covered national events from time to time, including three World Series for NBC television, although the Cubs never got there during his tenure. The voice on the audio track of the famous Willie Mays catch in Game 1 of the 1954 Series at the Polo Grounds belongs to Brickhouse, who was doing the Series along with the New York Giants' regular broadcaster, Russ Hodges. (Brickhouse had also called Giants games locally in 1946.) Brickhouse called the 1959 Series, which featured the White Sox with Los Angeles Dodgers announcer Vin Scully, and the 1950 Series with Jim Britt. In addition, Brickhouse partnered with fellow baseball broadcaster Mel Allen for NBC coverage of the 1952 Rose Bowl, and with Chris Schenkel for the network's coverage of NFL Championship Games in 1956 and 1963.

Brickhouse covered many other events in and outside of sports, such as professional wrestling for WGN and political conventions for the Mutual radio network. From 1953 to 1977 he was the voice of Chicago Bears football on WGN-AM radio, in an unlikely and entertaining pairing with the famous Chicago Sun-Times gossip columnist Irv Kupcinet. Brickhouse called Chicago Bulls basketball games for WGN-TV from 1966 until 1973, making him the voice of three of the major Chicago sports teams during that period. He was a boxing commentator as well. Fights he worked include the 1949 fight between Jersey Joe Walcott and Ezzard Charles and the 1951 fight between Johnny Bratton and Charley Fusari.

Biography
Brickhouse was born in Peoria, Illinois, to Will and Daisy Brickhouse. His father died when Jack was two years old, and he was largely raised by his mother. He started his first job when he was only eleven, delivering the Peoria Journal and Peoria Star, and subsequently attended Peoria Manual High School.

He began his long broadcasting career at eighteen, at Peoria radio station WMBD in 1934. Chicago radio station WGN hired him in 1940 to broadcast Cubs and White Sox games, largely on the recommendation of their top announcer, Bob Elson. Brickhouse served in the U.S. Marine Corps in World War II. He announced White Sox games on WJJD in 1945 but missed the 1945 Cubs season, the only time during his broadcasting career that the Cubs would win the National League pennant. His was the first face seen when WGN-TV, Chicago's Channel 9, began broadcasting in 1948. His only pennant as a broadcaster was won by the White Sox in 1959, but neither the 1945 Cubs nor the 1959 Sox won the World Series.

Brickhouse broadcast both Cubs and White Sox games until 1967, because they almost never played at home on the same day. He retired in 1981.

Even in retirement, Brickhouse maintained a high profile as a Cubs and WGN ambassador. He occasionally returned to the booth for special events, such as Wrigley Field's annual "70's Night". He also guest-hosted with Harry Caray when the Cubs secured their first postseason berth in 39 years, as they clinched the 1984 National League Eastern Division title in Pittsburgh. The Cubs won the first two games of the League Championship Series at Wrigley, but lost three games to the Padres in San Diego, once again failing to win the pennant (1984 was the last year that the LCS was a best-of-five series).

Brickhouse hosted a weekly segment on WGN's local version of WCW Pro in the early 1990s called "Brickhouse's Bonus." In 1990, Brickhouse narrated the retrospective VHS tape, The Sporting News Presents Baseball in the 80's.

Broadcasting style
Brickhouse tried to let the pictures speak for themselves. In contrast, his successor as Cubs announcer, Harry Caray, a radio broadcaster by training, tended to describe the game on TV as if he were doing a radio broadcast. Brickhouse was sparer with his descriptive prose; perhaps not as spare as Vin Scully of the Los Angeles Dodgers, but talking in quick bursts rather than long sentences, knowing that the well-established camera work of WGN-TV and of producer Arne Harris would tell much of the story.

Instead of over-describing the action, "Brick" was more likely to add "flavor" to what was obviously happening, with almost childlike enthusiasm. He would pepper his play-by-play with various old-fashioned expressions, such as "Whew, boy!" after a close play that went the home team's way, or "Oh, brother!" when it went the other way, or "Wheeeee!" when the team would do something well. During games at Wrigley Field, if the score was tied going into the bottom of the ninth inning, Brickhouse would retort, "Any old kind of a run wins it for the Cubs."

His best-known expression was "Hey-hey!" after an outstanding play by the home team such as a homer in baseball or a touchdown in football, or even after taking a trick in a card game. But it was when he used it for a home run call that stuck in fans' memories, and that phrase now vertically adorns the screens on the foul poles at Wrigley Field along with Caray's signature expression, "Holy Cow!"

Chicago columnist and lifelong Cubs fan Mike Royko's annual Cubs quiz, April 11, 1968, included the following question:
 * Q: Quick – When a ball goes over the left field wall, what street does it land on?
 * A: Waveland Avenue. But to hear Jack Brickhouse yell, you'd think it landed in his eye.

(One More Time: The Best of Mike Royko, University of Chicago, 1999, p. 29-31)

Some examples of Brickhouse's calls:

September 22, 1959; White Sox at Cleveland in the ninth inning of what would be the American League pennant-clinching game.

"[Carroll] Hardy on second, [Jimmy] Piersall on first, and 'dangerous' Vic Power is up ... one out. Power ... is 1 for 4, an infield single ... there's a ground ball ... [Luis] Aparicio has it ... steps on second, throws to first ... The Ball Game's over! The White Sox are the Champions of 1959!! a forty-year ... wait has now ended!!!"

May 15, 1960; pitcher Don Cardwell, in his Cub debut, is trying to get the last out of a no-hitter, against the St. Louis Cardinals; the batter is Joe Cunningham, the left fielder is Walt "Moose" Moryn...
 * "Watch it now ... Hit on a line to left ... Come on, Moose! ... He caught it! Moryn made a fabulous catch! ... It's a no-hitter for Cardwell! ... What a catch that Moryn made; what a catch he made!"

December 15, 1963; Bears defensive back Dave Whitsell makes a game-clinching pick-six interception, defeating Detroit and clinching the Western Conference for the Bears...
 * "Here's the pass ... picked off by Whitsell! ... He's gonna go!! ... He's gonna go!!! ... Touchdown!!!! ... Hey-Hey!!!!!"

May 12, 1970; Atlanta's Pat Jarvis pitches to "Mr. Cub", Ernie Banks...
 * "Jarvis fires away ... That's a fly ball, deep to left, back, back ... That's It! Hey-Hey! He did it!! Ernie Banks got number 500!!! The ball tossed to the bullpen ... everybody on your feet ... this ... is it!!!! wheeeeeee!!!!!"

Illness and death

On February 27, 1998, Brickhouse fell ill and collapsed while preparing for the funeral of fellow Chicago broadcaster Harry Caray. Following brain surgery on March 3 to remove a blood clot, he quickly improved, making a few on-air appearances in the spring and early summer. Though burdened with a gravelly voice (which he attributed to the surgery and said would soon pass), Brickhouse seemed on the road to recovery until his death on August 6 from cardiac arrest. He was interred at the Rosehill Cemetery and Mausoleum in Chicago.

Legacy
Brickhouse was inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame in 1998.

His godson Scott Simon followed him into broadcasting.

title: Jack Brickhouse


text:
Montadale

Montadale is the name of a breed of domestic sheep developed in the 1930s by E. H. Mattingly, a Midwestern commercial lamb buyer who had a dream of developing the ideal sheep. He had been told that the best start to that goal would be to bring together the best characteristics of Midwestern mutton-type sheep and the big Western range sheep. The Montadale is considered a dual-purpose breed, raised for both wool and meat.

Mattingly selected the Cheviot and Columbia breeds as the basis for his project. The Cheviot is a small, hardy sheep developed in Scotland. It is known for its style, correctness, and muscling. The Columbia was developed in Wyoming and Idaho in the early 1900s. It is a large, big-bodied sheep with heavy, good quality fleeces. The average Montadale ram weighs 200 to 275 pounds and the ewe weighs 160 to 180 pounds.

The first cross of Columbia rams on Cheviot ewes proved to Mattingly that his project was on track. However, he also tried breeding Cheviot rams to Columbia ewes. This cross was even more successful, and was chosen as the foundation for the new breed. Montadale sheep have very white wool and little lanolin, which makes higher wool yields.

For nine years, the first Montadales were selected and line-bred to develop uniformity in breed characteristics and type. Then, the sheep were exhibited in competitions across the country. The breed quickly attracted the attention of progressive sheep producers. Montadale sheep were first imported to Canada in 1960.

title: Montadale


text:
Gulf of Mannar

The Gulf of Mannar (Tamil: மண்ணார் வளைகுடா) is a large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean with an average depth of 5.8 m. It lies between the southeastern tip of India and the west coast of Sri Lanka, in the Coromandel Coast region. The chain of low islands and reefs known as Adam’s Bridge or Rama Setu (Rama’s Bridge), which includes Mannar Island, separates the Gulf of Mannar from Palk Bay, which lies to the north between India and Sri Lanka. The estuaries of Thamirabarani River and Vaippar River of South India and the Malvathu Oya (Malvathu River) of Sri Lanka drain into the Gulf. The dugong (sea cow) is found here.

Marine sanctuary
Located on the southeastern tip of the subcontinent, the Gulf of Mannar is known to harbour over 3,600 species of flora and fauna, making it one of the richest coastal regions in Asia. Around 117 hard coral species have been recorded in the Gulf of Mannar. Sea turtles are frequent visitors to the gulf as are sharks, dugongs, and dolphins. However, the combined effects of 47 villages, with a total population of around 50,000 has meant that overharvesting of marine species has become a problem. The decline of fish populations has been accompanied with reducing numbers of pearl oyster, gorgonian coral, and acorn worm. Local fishermen rely on the reef to feed their families, but destructive fishing methods combined with the stress of pollution and coral mining have meant both nearshore and offshore catches have decreased. Endangered species include dolphins, dugongs, whales, and sea cucumbers.

In 1986, a group of 21 islets lying off the Tamil Nadu coast between Thoothukudi and Dhanushkodi was declared the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park. The park and its 10 km buffer zone were declared a Biosphere Reserve in 1989.

Biosphere reserve
The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 10,500 km2 of ocean, 21 islands and the adjoining coastline. The islets and coastal buffer zone include beaches, estuaries, and tropical dry broadleaf forests, while the marine environments include seaweed communities, sea grass communities, coral reefs, salt marshes and mangrove forests. In May 2019, The National Centre for Coastal Research, an institute under the Ministry of Earth Sciences of India, which has a field research station in the Gulf of Mannar region, found an alarming pattern of bleaching in the reefs in Mandapam, Kilakarai and Palk Bay. Researchers observed a pattern of bleaching in corals when the temperatures rose to between 32 °C and 36 °C.

Marine activities
The Gulf of Mannar is known for its pearl banks of Pinctada radiata and Pinctada fucata for at least 2,000 years. Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) praised the pearl fishery of the gulf as one of the most productive in the world. Although extraction of natural pearls is considered too expensive in most parts of the world, it is still carried out in the gulf.

The chief seaports on the Gulf of Mannar are Thoothukudi (Tuticorin) in Tamil Nadu, and Colombo in Sri Lanka. While these ports can accommodate deep-draft vessels, the shallow Palk Strait can only accommodate small shallow-draft vessels. In July 2005, the Indian Government took preliminary steps to go ahead with the Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project, which would create a deep channel linking the Gulf of Mannar to the Bay of Bengal. Project boosters emphasize the benefits of a direct shipping route that connects India's east and west coasts without the long trip around Sri Lanka; environmentalists have warned against the grave damage such a project could cause to the sea life and fisheries of the Palk Strait and the Gulf.

title: Gulf of Mannar


text: Category:Slavic deities

title: Category:Slavic deities


text:
Unified Parallel C

Unified Parallel C (UPC) is an extension of the C programming language designed for high-performance computing on large-scale parallel machines, including those with a common global address space (SMP and NUMA) and those with distributed memory (e. g. clusters). The programmer is presented with a single partitioned global address space; where shared variables may be directly read and written by any processor, but each variable is physically associated with a single processor. UPC uses a single program, multiple data (SPMD) model of computation in which the amount of parallelism is fixed at program startup time, typically with a single thread of execution per processor.

In order to express parallelism, UPC extends ISO C 99 with the following constructs:

 * An explicitly parallel execution model
 * A shared address space (shared storage qualifier) with thread-local parts (normal variables)
 * Synchronization primitives and a memory consistency model
 * Explicit communication primitives, e. g. upc_memput
 * Memory management primitives

The UPC language evolved from experiences with three other earlier languages that proposed parallel extensions to ISO C 99: AC, Split-C, and Parallel C preprocessor (PCP). UPC is not a superset of these three languages, but rather an attempt to distill the best characteristics of each. UPC combines the programmability advantages of the shared memory programming paradigm and the control over data layout and performance of the message passing programming paradigm.

title: Unified Parallel C


text:
11 mm caliber

This is a list of firearm cartridges which have bullets in the 11 mm to 11.99 mm caliber range.

 * Length refers to the cartridge case length
 * OAL refers to the overall length of the cartridge
 * Bullet refers to the diameter of the bullet

All measurements are in millimetres (with inches in parentheses).

title: 11 mm caliber


text:
Sao Edward Yang Kyein Tsai

Sao Edward Yang Kyein Sai (, စောယန်းကျိန်စိုင်း, 1918–1971) was the last traditional ruler (saopha) of the Chiefdom of Kokang from 1949, at the death of his father, saopha Sao Yang Wen Pin, until he abdicated in 1959.

Yang's sister, Olive Yang, was a prominent opium warlord, recruited by Khin Nyunt in the late 1980s to help broker ceasefires in Burma with ethnic rebel groups.

title: Sao Edward Yang Kyein Tsai


text:
NMP (political party)

NMP was a political organisation in New Zealand in the late 1990s and early 2000s. It contested two general elections but won no seats.

Formation, name and policies
The party was founded some time prior to October 1999, and became a registered political party in October 1999. According to the party's website, NMP stood for New Millennium Partnership (though was also presented as No More Politics, New Mandated People, No More Pollution, and New Management Policies). Policies listed on the website included the abolition of political parties and a review of bureaucracy, a redefinition of work and creation of co-operatives, environmental policies to move towards ecological balance, and a tax overhaul and elimination of overseas debt.

1999 election
NMP contested the 1999 general election. It received 935 party votes (0.05% of the total).

2002 election
NMP also contested the 2002 general election. Election records show that it spent $242 in expenses for this election. It received 274 votes (0.01% of the total), the lowest result of all parties in the election.

Disestablishment
On 14 March 2003, the party was officially removed from the register of parties at its own request.

title: NMP (political party)


text:
Talk:Vimana

__NOINDEX__

Ufology
I have no problem with Wikipedia containing UFO garbage, so long as it's labeled as such. Someone fix please this page, so we know which parts of its fantastical claims are disputed and which parts aren't....--Carl 15:28, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I feel that the content of the article at present indicates quite well that the Vimanas are currently mythological devices... So all that is described can be clearly interpreted to be fiction... until proven otherwise. So there need be no dispute on the neutrality. The NPOV dispute is not justified. Prashanth 00:50, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I agree. I am now satisfied that in its present form, the article is neutral. --Carl 03:20, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

It is true that Vimanas are part of a worldwide mysterious appearance of flying vehicles, sometimes amazingly well described (i.e. technical details) and always containing similarities. Myths from the Near East (Ezekiel, Henoch, Exodus), myths from South America (Bep Kororoti), and the presented myths from India (Vimanas).

How much of this "UFO garbage" is garbage? User:Stefan Kruithof

 * Last time I looked into this, most of the "technical details" associated with Vimanas were from the Vimana-shastra (or something like that) which was supposedly ancient but was in fact produced by some twentieth century pandit, supposedly by autodictation. Not to say that "UFO garbage" isn't an impolite term for it... -- कुक्कुरोवाच|Talk‽

How about a separate article to Toaplan's arcade game Vimana?

 * That's fine, just put a link to Vimana (video game) at the top of this article and write it. --Carl 11:48, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This isn't really "UFO garbage," because it's something that the ancient (Asian) Indians wrote extensively about, and even if it's not true and just stories, it's part of history, just like Greek and Roman myths are a part of history. And Ezekiel and Exodus are not myths.129.15.167.97 06:24, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

While interesting, there is a big lack of source evidence. I'd appreciate it if someone could back up the otherwise fascinating quotes from these ancient indian texts with page/chapter numbers and what translation or book edition they got the quote from. Otherwise it could just as likely be made up. BV, 23.1.07

 * Anyone could have written this page and made it up out of whole cloth. Is this the fate of Wikipedia, to be the repository of all the world's lunatic theories? I have read many Vedas, etc., and never encountered anything remotely like this. I agree with the above anon. user, Ezekiel and Exodus are not myths, and I'm not sure this article even rises to the level of "myth". It's just pure rubbish. Do we have to have an exhaustive analysis of every crazy thing ever written in the history of man? No server is big enough to hold the world's babblings... Nirigihimu 15:33, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Sources are a big issue with this article. The Mahabharata passage cited "Gurkha flying in his swift..." is cut together from different parts that are used out of context, according to Colin Biggs, this widely cited fake excerpt of the Mahabharata was introduced by Charles Berlitz in his 1974 book The Bermuda Triangle (chapter 8). It is fake. A wild regrouping of phrases he used to support his theory. There is a minor posibility that he used an other thranslation or even tried to translate himself, yet given the current official translation that passage is just fake and should be removed. there are other passages in the Mahabharata that are better suited to examplify Vimana. --AnaxolCortez 22:32, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Being a Hindu I have read the Epics Ramayana and Mahabharata and I and 99.99% of Indians(i.e 20% of the world) knows that in Ramayana Ravana of Lanka(Sri Lanka) used a Vimana. Ramayana is the story of king Rama and the major chunk deals with the kidnapping of his wife Sita by Ravana and the invasion of Lanka by Rama to rescue Sita. Ravana is supposed to have used his Puspaka Vimana to Kidnap Sita and it also mentions a mid-air fight with a bird Jatayu which tried to rescue Sita. Also the weapons used are also common knowledge. In fact the description of destruction caused by BrahmAstra is very similar to the nuclear weapon. In Mahabharata many such weapons are described. Most of them Chemical based.

For the Ignorants I would like to mention that India performed surgeries around 2000 years ago and has a book for it. Most of such surgeries were performed in Europe only in the 19th century. In fact the nose cosmetic surgery mentioned in the book is still used and is called the Indian method.

Most of the medicines patented every year used most of the ingredients used by Indians for thousands of years and documented in the ancient text Ayurveda and most of them include an Indian scientist. Yoga is practiced in India for thousands of years and there are written texts for it. It has exercises for specific internal functions of the human body when the rest of the world didn't even know the functions of each internal organ. They taught meditation to the whole world.

There are many other ancient texts on Mathematics, Astronomy and many such subjects.

I agree some sections of the article needs to be edited/changed but most of the objections are due to the fact that people can't accept that Indians were so advanced. Indians were the first to Built an Urban city and the Indus valley civilization was much bigger in size then all the ancient civilizations put together. There are hundreds of settlement sites from almost Afghanistan to the south of India stretching for many hundreds of miles.

User:Nirigihimu please check the meaning of Encyclopedia. It is supposed to include everything.

07:09, 8 July 2007 User:Slkanth

 * Could someone please say which of the matter in the section Vimana comes from the Vaimanika Shastra? Some people seem to treat the Vaimanika Shastra as part of the Mahabharata, but almost certainly the Vaimanika Shastra is spurious and was written around or after 1900 AD. Also, the Mahabharata including later additions is enormous and a more detailed reference for each item quoted would be useful. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 09:26, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Noncompliant tag
I've added the tag due to statements like, "However, a Google image search by User:Robsahl found several archeological websites about the skeletons at Mohenjo Daro..." —Viriditas | Talk 11:20, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

These are only cutlural cross references and are to some extent absolutely correct, the only modification required is that of the UFO theory as even if it is true the topic is debatable hence I am editing the aricle to make it neutral.

Seems good
This appears to be a categorical listing and brief summary of ancient indian mythologies, why is this in question? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.172.242.87 (talk • contribs) 20:04, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The answer to your question is found in the noncompliant tag, in the form of links to Wikipedia policies. If you have time to improve the article so that it meets those policies, then remove the tag. —Viriditas | Talk 22:43, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Vimanas in the Vedas
In the Rig Veda the word used that was interpreted in the 19th century for chariot was vimana, so the idea that the concept of the vimana as a flying machine is post vedic is post vedic is in error. Also we find that there were energy weapons used sometimes termed as Indras iron thunderbolt was used during many battles to destroy the iron forts of the Dyasu, There were at time hundreds of thousands of people that died during dingle battles, These weapons were used via the vimanas which the deva used. The term deva was also erroneously interpreted as gods by the first translators and this has stuck. The term deva just meant a type of being that was not asura. The deva fought the asuras and this is the main theme of the rig veda. There in the older sections metaphors of the devas battling on the cosmic realm. This is found most frequently is the battles long ago between Indra and Vrtra. In some of the songs Vrtra lays upon the mountains blocking the rivers leaving a parched land where few people of animals lived. Indra struck Vrtra with his iron thunderbolt and released the floods and the rains came and the land turned to pasture and many cattle were found. Indra released the cows from the cave. This is an apt description of what happened at the end of the ice age. In this case Vrtra was the vast glaciers that lay atop the vast mountain ranges and then something happened, a great light in the sky and the ice melted. There are several possibilities as to what this might of been. About 13,000 years ago the Vela supernova exploded and it was near enough to bathe the solar system with enough radiation to significantly alter the climate. The second possibility is that a meteor struck and the blast brought about a climate change that ended the ice age and was responsible for the mass extinction of the mega fauna. The third possibility is that there was a vast explosion that destroyed the mega fauna and ended the ice age. Over Michigan about 13,000 years ago there was vast explosion that was the equivalent of a many giga ton nuclear explosion. The university of Michigan and McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada found that there was explosion that would have vaporized everything over a vast area of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana and Ontario that deposited vast amounts of radioactive fallout that can still be detected in the soil today. There is plutonium in the soils of all these area and plutonium is not known to exist outside of atomic reactions. What it really was no one knows, but it did happen. The researchers found that the blast was large enough to destroy the mega fauna east of the Rocky Mountains. They also stated that it reset the carbon 14 clocks and so it should be considered that many of the sites in the area around the centre blast area just north of Detroit instead of being 11,000 years old could be as much as 30,000 years old or more.

In the later Srimad Bagavatam there is a terrible was where Nrsimha Deva weilds a terrible weapon that destroy whole seeming continents and defeats the asuras. In this account emissaries come from many different planets after the devas defeat the asuras. They are are of course flying Vimanas. When we look at some of the scientific concepts found in the Rig Veda we find that they are extremely advanced. In 125th song of the 1st rig veda we find an exposition of astrology that did not exist again until the 17th century, and in many ways goes beyond what was found then and in fact resembles the astrology used by western astrologers in the 21st century. In there we find the concept of 4 elements, three qualities, sulpher salt and mercury. Seven planets, twelve signs and everything goes around the sun. These concepts were never found in ancient Roman or Babylonian astrology, other than the seven planets and 12 signs. The elements and qualities were only developed into the astrological system during the 18th and nineteenth centuries and refined in the twentieth century. And yet this fully developed system in found in a book that is at least 1400 years old and written down in the 8th century BC. The Babylonian astrolgy only developed in the 5th century BC and was not nearly as advanced as the system found in the Rig Veda.

No matter what you think about astrology it is constantly developing and advancing in the western systems and was only fully developed and refined the latter half of the twentieth century. The same system is found in the Rig Veda. The context in which the first Veda is found appears to be at the end of the last ice ice. The first veda is the oldest veda and yet twentieth century concepts are found there.

So did they have flying machines too?

Brian T. Johnston — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.70.52.59 (talk) 08:06, 9 November 2013 (UTC)

 * The natural forces that may have been misinterpreted as gods' energy weapons are:-
 * Thunder and lightning.
 * Volcanic eruptions.
 * Big meteorite falls.
 * Anthony Appleyard (talk) 22:37, 4 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Most of the above is really about the Younger Dryas event. Take a look at pages 55 on. It isn't uptodate, but it does discuss a mention of a possible nuclear catastrophe, later morphing into an exploding comet. Doug Weller (talk) 18:06, 7 July 2015 (UTC)

NPOV?
"In Swami Dayananda Saraswati's "translation", these verses mean..." Come off it. It's either a translation or it isn't. Or an interpretation, but "translation" is snarky. Kortoso (talk) 22:25, 4 August 2014 (UTC)

Transformation
The article largely talks about Vimana as a flying chariot. The only other notable meaning of Vimana is the architectural feature which has its own article. A google search confirms that vimana is largely denotes aircraft or temple feature. I thus WP:BOLDly transforming this article as an article about flying chariot.-- Redtigerxyz Talk 05:43, 26 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Vimana. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081208115935/http://jainsamaj.org:80/literature/bhadrabahu-040806.htm to http://jainsamaj.org/literature/bhadrabahu-040806.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081208115935/http://jainsamaj.org:80/literature/bhadrabahu-040806.htm to http://jainsamaj.org/literature/bhadrabahu-040806.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110721155726/http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=RANAKPUR,%20FOUNDING%20OF to http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=RANAKPUR,%20FOUNDING%20OF

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 22:44, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

Rig Veda 164
This reference has nothing to do with Vimanas, but rather is discussing astrological influences. There are clearer references. There are many references throughout the Rig Veda referring to Indras car. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.47.249.246 (talk) 17:35, 16 December 2016 (UTC)

Many thanks
Many thanks to the author (s) of this article from the Tatar Wikipedia participants. We used parts of this article while writing the Tatar article about Vimana.--A.Khamidullin (talk) 12:51, 26 March 2017 (UTC)

Historical interpretation?
Right now the article just lists their mentions and descriptions in classical texts. Is there any historical analysis or interpretation of what the origin for these stories are, because it sounds an awful lot like a fanciful description of a siege tower. LamontCranston (talk) 20:45, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Mythological? Really?

 * Can any of you explain Polygonal Megalithic Stone Walls? The technology that might allow gravitational movement seems to be built into Megalithic technology. SChalice (talk) 05:32, 14 January 2022 (UTC)

Samarangana Sutradhara
Possibly, the difficulty is, I don't speak Sanskrit, so if that reference isn't allowed, I can't actually confirm that the text says what I quoted it as saying (and the "Baroda" reference isn't OCRed well enough to be copied into Google Translate) - maybe someone else can confirm that from the "Baroda" reference. Wombat140 (talk) 22:03, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vimana


text:
User talk:Chikaragaino

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Chikaragaino


text:
User talk:0101YOUNGhy

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:0101YOUNGhy


text:
User talk:Mixcoatl

History and democracy
I am sorry, but I had to revert your edits on Mexico:History. We can discuss it endlessly, if you wish, but the main reason was that the claim was properly sourced. While your opinion may be held true, to some account, you must source it. You cannot delete sourced claims based on personal opinions. -- the D únadan 05:03, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Jaurez in Exile
Actually, Juarez did go into exile in the U.S. and he stayed in New Orleans...he still acted as President there until he went back and won against the Empire...I'm not sure why...Mexico would have turned out way better...anyway..just to let you know...check this out ... http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/biographies/porfirio_diaz.html ...theres more if you look for it. Thanks. C.Kent87 06:33, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
 * That was from 1853-1855, during the dictatorship of Antonio López de Santa Anna. Although during the French intervention he moved the government all the way to Paso del Norte (current Ciudad Juárez), he never left the country. He really made a point of staying in Mexico. Considering himself the personification of the republic, he believed the republic would cease to exist once he'd leave the country. Mixcoatl 06:36, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * ooops...I'll figure it out later..haha. I guess you can revert my edit. Thanks.C.Kent87 06:41, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Cristero War
In regards to your question, you might want to have a look at Featured article review. Apperantly, it was made a Featured Article in 2004, when standards where a lot more relaxed compared to today. WegianWarrior 03:15, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Hi, update, and an invite
Hi, I got my wisdom teeth out today. Please say hello to Alixb, who is interested in organizing the Mexico Wiki Project. I briefly told him that I knew the person who wrote practically the entire wiki in Dutch. That was my introduction, although I didn't mention you by name or handle :) He is interested in having an info box project on Mexican pages. --Hugo Estrada 02:05, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Question
I noticed in this edit you removed Mexican socialists as a category. Is it for a technical reason, or because you feel he was not one? From what I understand the ACNR had a socialist program and Genaro was a member of the socialist popular party. Also wanted to extend a thank you for much of the cleaning you do on the latin american articles. --I Write Stuff (talk) 17:33, 9 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Vázquez is already categorized under category:Mexican communists, which is a subcat of Mexican socialists, so putting him in Mexican socialists would be redundant. I like your additions very much, keep up the good work! I'll try to write some more articles from Sesel's wish list in the near future. Mixcoatl (talk) 23:33, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

More than half of all Mexicans have some Spanish ancestry, it is almost redundant. If the Mexican self-identifies as Spanish or was born in Spain or doesn't have Mexican citizenship or has duel citizenship then he or she may be considered a Spanish-Mexican. By the way, the category was Spanish Mexican, not Mexicans of Spanish descent.

Ethnicities
Hi, I would like to know what sources are you using to categorize Carranza, Echeverría and Obregón as Basque-Mexicans or Irish-Mexicans? Esteban Zissou (talk) 19:40, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Echeverría and Carranza are both Basque surnames, in Carranza's case his apellido materno Garza is also of Basque origin. Obregón derives from O'Brien, I'll try to find a reference for that. Mixcoatl (talk) 14:49, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Template:History of Mexico
Hi, some time ago I did some changes to the above-mentioned template in order to show a more detailed list of events in the History of Mexico and I see you re-did it in a "year-to-year" style, similar to the. I have some insights about the new list: Having said that, I'm restoring the list of events as I wrote it before, since it represents more accurately the History of Mexico. Please let me know your insights about my comments. Regards EOZyo (мѕğ) 07:00, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
 * 1) The "year-to-year" style is unpractical; it's my opinion that linking "Independent Mexico 1821-1855" leads to double work, an article including the First Empire, the First Republic and several wars/conflicts prior the Reform will have to be created; besides it is redundant to say Independent Mexico from 1821 to 1855 since Mexico has been an independent country since 1821 to date (even during the Second Empire, it was an independent country).
 * 2) The events in between the Mexican Revolution and the Maximato are important, La decena trágica is a very important event since it's the point where Venustiano Carranza, Álvaro Obregón, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata started the fight against Victoriano Huerta; furthermore, the Tampico Affair, that lead to the United States occupation of Veracruz are all related to the Revolution. This events, if are linked within the Mexican Revolution article could be dismissed from the list I wrote.
 * 3) The 3 other links you add to the list: Mexico under Cárdenas, History of Mexico (1940-1982) and History of Mexico (1982-present) are also unpractical, since in order to create them all, the individual events within those periods will have to be summarized so they can appear on the list you create.

You forgot Poland listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect You forgot Poland. Since you had some involvement with the You forgot Poland redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion (if you have not already done so). Ibicdlcod (talk) 14:09, 5 August 2012 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mixcoatl. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mixcoatl~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:52, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Your contributed article, Partido Laborista

Hello, I noticed that you recently created a new page, Partido Laborista. First, thank you for your contribution; Wikipedia relies solely on the efforts of volunteers such as you. Unfortunately, the page you created covers a topic on which we already have a page – Labour Party. Because of the duplication, your article has been tagged for speedy deletion. Please note that this is not a comment on you personally and we hope you will continue helping to improve Wikipedia. If the topic of the article you created is one that interests you, then perhaps you would like to help out at Labour Party. If you have new information to add, you might want to discuss it at the article's talk page.

If you think the article you created should remain separate, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Additionally if you would like to have someone review articles you create before they go live so they are not nominated for deletion shortly after you post them, allow me to suggest the article creation process and using our search feature to find related information we already have in the encyclopedia. Try not to be discouraged. Wikipedia looks forward to your future contributions. Silenzio76 (talk) 05:38, 8 October 2017 (UTC)

Nomination of Suicide booth for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Suicide booth is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Suicide booth& until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 02:23, 11 November 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mixcoatl


text:
User talk:Tall.smart

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
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Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Image Copyright Problem RE: Image:Milbenkäse.jpg
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 * The copyright holder can also release his work into the public domain, see here for images released into the public domain.

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 * P.S. If you have uploaded other images without including copyright tags, please go back and tag them.  Also, please tag all images that you upload in the future.

If you have any questions, just leave a message on my talk page. Thanks again. --Shanel 18:24, September 11, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tall.smart


text:
User talk:Roy Baty

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Roy Baty