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Serial verb construction

The serial verb construction, also known as (verb) serialization or verb stacking, is a syntactic phenomenon in which two or more verbs or verb phrases are strung together in a single clause. It is a common feature of many African, Asian and New Guinean languages. Serial verb constructions are often described as coding a single event; they can also be used to indicate concurrent or causally-related events.

Uses
The terms "serial verbs", "serialization", etc. are used by different authors to denote somewhat different sets of constructions. There are also differences in how the constructions are analyzed, in terms of both syntax and semantics.

In general, a structure described as a serial verb construction will consist either of two (or possibly more) consecutive verbs or of two or more consecutive verb phrases in which each verb may have its own object and possibly other modifiers. There will usually be no marking, by means of affixes or subordinating conjunctions, that one verb is dependent on the other, and they will not be linked by coordinating conjunctions. Some linguists insist that serial verbs cannot be dependent on each other; however, if a language does not mark dependent verbs with affixation, it can be hard to determine whether any dependency relation exists when verbs appear in sequence.

Serial verbs normally denote actions that are closely connected and can be considered to be part of the same event. They may be actions taking place simultaneously, or one may represent the cause, purpose or result of the other. In most cases, the serial verbs in a sequence are understood to share the same subject.

Certain expressions resembling serial verb construction are found in English (surviving from Early Modern English), such as let's go eat and come live with me. In such constructions, the second verb would normally be regarded as a bare infinitive (and can generally be replaced by a "full" infinitive by the insertion of to before it).

Examples with consecutive verbs
The next sentence in Persian contains 19 consecutive verbs:

داشتم، می‌رفتم، دیدم، گرفته، نشسته، گفتم، بذار، بپرسم، ببینم، می‌آد، نمی‌آد، دیدم، می‌گه، نمی‌خوام، بیام، می‌خوام، برم، بگیرم، بخوابم!

which means, I was heading and I saw she/he is sitting, I thought to ask to see whether he would come or wouldn't come, I figure out "I don't want to come, and I want to go get some sleep" he said!

The following example of serialization comes from the Nupe language from Nigeria:

Musa bé lá èbi.

Musa came took knife

"Musa came to take the knife."

The two verbs bé and lá appear consecutively, with no linking word (like "and") or anything else to indicate that one verb is subordinate to the other. The subject, "Musa", is understood to apply to both verbs. In this example, the second verb also has a direct object. Note that in the English version given, the second verb is translated by an infinitive, "to take", which is marked as subordinate to the first verb.

Depending on the language, the shared subject may be marked on both verbs or only one. In most of the examples, it is marked only once. However, in the following example from the Baré, in the Upper Amazon, the first person singular subject ("I") is marked twice:

nu-takasã nu-dúmaka.

deceived(1SG) sleep(1SG)

"I pretended (that) I was asleep."

A similar construction is also found in most varieties of dialectal Arabic. The following example is from Lebanese Arabic:

ṣurt jarrib aḥki inglīzi

became(1SG) try(1SG) speak(1SG) English

"I started trying to speak English."

As a rule, serial verbs cannot be marked independently for categories such as tense, aspect and mood. Either all of the verbs are marked for the same features, or a sole marker is shared by all of them. In the Hindi फ़ोन उठा-कर कहा fon uṭhā-kar kahā (literally, phone pick-up say (PAST)), "picked up the phone and said", only the second verb is marked as past tense, but both are understood to refer to the past. In the following example, from the West African Ewe, both verbs appear in their perfective form:

Kofí trɔ dzo kpoo

Kofi turn(PFV) leave(PFV) quietly

"Kofi turned and left quietly."

In Japanese, two verbs may come together with the first verb in the continuative form (連用形), as in ("push through"), in which oshi is the continuative form of osu ("push"), and tōru ("get through") is a finite form whose present tense and indicative mood are understood to apply to oshi. Similarly, ("jump in") in which tobi is from tobu ("jump"), and komu means "go in";  ("be completed"), where deki is from dekiru ("be able to be done") and agaru means "rise, be offered". No arguments can come between the two verbs in this construction (in contrast to those described in the following section).

In the case of negation, only one negator can be applied to the whole serial construction, as in the following Baré example:

hena nihiwawaka nu-tšereka nu-yaka-u abi

NEG go(1SG) speak(1SG) mother(1SG) with

"I am not going to talk with my mother."

In Chinese, as in Southeast Asian languages, when a transitive verb is followed by an intransitive verb, the object of the combined verb may be understood as the object of the first verb and the subject of the second: "the tiger bit Zhang to death", where Zhang is understood as the direct object of yǎo ("bite") but as the subject of sǐ ("die"). In the equivalent construction in Hindi, the one who dies would be the tiger, not Zhang. (See Chinese grammar for more.)

In the following example from Maonan, a language spoken in southwestern China, up to ten verbs co-occur in a sentence coding a single event without any linking words, coordinating conjunctions or any other markings:

ɦe2	sə:ŋ3	lət8	pa:i1	dzau4	van6	ma1	ɕa5	vɛ4	kau5	fin1	kam5

1SG	want	walk	go	take	return	come	try	do	look	accomplish PCL:Q

"Could I walk there to bring (it) back and try (it)?"

Examples with intervening elements between verbs
In some languages that have verb serialization, the verbs must appear consecutively with nothing intervening. In other languages, however, it is possible for arguments, normally the object of one of the verbs, to come in between the serialized verbs. The resulting construction is a sequence of verb phrases rather than of plain verbs. The following example is from the Nigerian Yoruba:

ó mú ìwé wá

he took book came

"He brought the book."

The object of the first verb intervenes between the verbs, resulting in two consecutive verb phrases, the first meaning "took the book", the second "came". As before, the subject ("he" in this case) is understood to apply to both verbs. The combined action of taking the book and coming can be translated as "bringing" the book.

A serial verb construction may be used to introduce an actant ("money" in the following example, from Akan of West Africa):

Aémmaá de sikaá maá Kofä

Amma take money give Kofi

"Amma gives Kofi money."

In Japanese also, strings of verb phrases can be created, often denoting events that are related causally or in time. Such strings may be translated into English by using "and", "while", "(in order) to" or other connectives, but some may have a more compact translation, as in the following example (from Hayao Miyazaki's Mononoke Hime) in which the actions of "following" and "coming" are simultaneous:

Contrast with compound verbs
A distinction is sometimes made between serial verbs and compound verbs (also known as complex predicates). In a compound verb, the first element (verb or noun) generally carries most of the semantic load, while the second element, often called a vector verb (light verb) or explicator verb, provides fine distinctions (such as speaker attitude or grammatical aspect) and carries the inflection (markers of tense, mood and agreement). The first element may be a verb in conjunctive participle form, as in Hindi and Punjabi. For example, in Hindi, in the second example below, लिया (liyā) (from the verb लेना lenā "to take") is a vector verb that indicates a completed action which is done for one's own benefit, and खा (khā) "eat" is the main or primary verb. In the third example below, डाला (ḍālā) (from the verb डालना ḍālnā "to put" or "to insert") is the vector verb, which indicates recklessness, gruesomeness, or an unwanted action. Both खा लिया (khā liyā) and खा डाला (khā ḍālā) alternate with the corresponding perfective form of the main verb (in this case, खाया khāyā "ate") under partly specifiable semantic and pragmatic conditions. Negating the compound verbs in the indicative mood usually suppresses the vector verb in favor of their non-compound counterparts. This following sentence makes use of the vector verb लेना (lenā) "to take", which is dropped in the negative: However, compound verbs in the subjunctive mood retain the vector verbs when negated.

title: Serial verb construction


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Talk:Miami River

Untitled
With the exception of the two Ohio rivers, I don't believe all these rivers are named after the Miami Native American tribe. For example, Miami, Florida is named after a Native American (Seminole?) word that means "Sweet Water". Since the Miami River in Florida runs through the city of Miami, I would think that its name is almost certainly is based on the same word. I'd like to verfiy the origins of all the names before changing the page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Miami River


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Harry Daghlian

Haroutune Krikor Daghlian Jr. (May 4, 1921 – September 15, 1945) was an American physicist with the Manhattan Project, which designed and produced the atomic bombs that were used in World War II. He accidentally irradiated himself on August 21, 1945, during a critical mass experiment at the remote Omega Site of the Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico and died 25 days later from the resultant radiation poisoning.

Daghlian was irradiated as a result of a criticality accident that occurred when he accidentally dropped a tungsten carbide brick onto a 6.2 kg bomb core made of plutonium–gallium alloy. This core, subsequently nicknamed the "demon core", was later involved in the death of another physicist, Louis Slotin.

Early life and education
Haroutune Krikor Daghlian Jr., was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, on May 4, 1921, one of three children of Margaret Rose (née Currie) and Haroutune Krikor Daghlian. His father was an ethnic Armenian from Gaziantep in what is now Turkey. He had a sister, Helen, and a brother, Edward. Soon after his birth the family moved across state to the coastal town of New London, Connecticut. He was educated at Harbor Elementary School, where he played violin in the school orchestra, and at Bulkeley High School. In 1938, at the age of 17, he entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, intending to study mathematics, but became interested in physics, particularly particle physics, which was then emerging as an exciting new field. This interest led him to transfer to the West Lafayette, Indiana, campus of Purdue University, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1942. He then commenced work on his doctorate, assisting Marshall Holloway with the cyclotrons. In 1944, while still a graduate student, he joined Otto Frisch's Critical Assembly Group at the Los Alamos Laboratory of the Manhattan Project.

Criticality accident and death
During an experiment on August 21, 1945, Daghlian was attempting to build a neutron reflector manually by stacking a set of 4.4 kg tungsten carbide bricks in an incremental fashion around a plutonium core. The purpose of the neutron reflector was to reduce the mass required for the plutonium core to attain criticality. He was moving the final brick over the assembly, but neutron counters alerted Daghlian to the fact that the addition of that brick would render the system supercritical. As he withdrew his hand, he inadvertently dropped the brick onto the center of the assembly. Since the assembly was nearly in the critical state, the accidental addition of that brick caused the reaction to go immediately into the prompt critical region of neutronic behavior. This resulted in a criticality accident.

Daghlian reacted immediately after dropping the brick and attempted to knock the brick off the assembly without success. He was forced to disassemble part of the tungsten-carbide pile in order to halt the reaction.

Daghlian was estimated to have received a dose of 510 rem (5.1 Sv) of neutron radiation, from a yield of 1016 fissions. Despite intensive medical care, he developed symptoms of severe radiation poisoning, and his sister and widowed mother were flown out to care for him. He fell into a coma and died 25 days after the accident. He was the first known fatality caused by a criticality accident. His body was returned to New London, where he was buried at Cedar Grove Cemetery.

Legacy
As a result of the incident, safety regulations for the project were scrutinized and revised. A special committee was established to review any similar experiments and recommend appropriate safety procedures. This change of procedures included needing a minimum of two people involved in such an experiment, using at least two instruments monitoring neutron intensities with audible alerts, and preparing a plan for operating methods and any contingencies that might occur during similar experiments. Additionally, discussions and designs for remote-controlled test devices were initiated, eventually leading to the creation of the Godiva device.

These changes did not prevent another criticality accident from happening at Los Alamos the following year. Louis Slotin, a colleague of Daghlian's, was killed in 1946 while performing criticality tests on the same plutonium core. After these two incidents it became known as the "demon core", and all similar criticality experiments were halted until remote-controlled assembly devices were more fully developed and available.

In 2000, the city of New London erected a memorial stone and flagpole in Calkins Park to honor Daghlian. His surname is misspelled "Daghiian" on the monument. The monument bears an inscription: "though not in uniform, he died in service to his country."

title: Harry Daghlian


text:
World Fantasy Award—Collection

The World Fantasy Awards are given each year by the World Fantasy Convention for the best fantasy fiction published in English during the previous calendar year. The awards have been described by book critics such as The Guardian as a "prestigious fantasy prize", and one of the three most prestigious speculative fiction awards, along with the Hugo and Nebula Awards (which cover both fantasy and science fiction). The World Fantasy Award—Collection is given each year for collections of fantasy stories by a single author published in English. A collection can have any number of editors, and works in the collection may have been previously published; awards are also given out for anthologies of works by multiple authors in the Anthology category. The Collection category has been awarded annually since 1975, though from 1977 through 1987 anthologies were admissible as nominees. Anthologies were split into a separate category beginning in 1988; during the 10 years they were admissible they won the award 7 times and were 38 of the 56 nominations.

World Fantasy Award nominees and winners are decided by attendees and judges at the annual World Fantasy Convention. A ballot is posted in June for attendees of the current and previous two conferences to determine two of the finalists, and a panel of five judges adds three or more nominees before voting on the overall winner. The panel of judges is typically made up of fantasy authors and is chosen each year by the World Fantasy Awards Administration, which has the power to break ties. The final results are presented at the World Fantasy Convention at the end of October. Winners were presented with a statue in the form of a bust of H. P. Lovecraft through the 2015 awards; more recent winners receive a statuette of a tree.

During the 49 nomination years, 171 writers have had works nominated; 47 of them have won, including ties and co-authors. Only six writers or editors have won more than once. Jeffrey Ford has won the regular collection award three times out of six nominations, while Karen Joy Fowler, Lucius Shepard, and Gene Wolfe won the regular collection award twice, out of two, four, and two nominations, respectively. Charles L. Grant and Kirby McCauley won the award as editors of anthologies while those were eligible; Grant was nominated nine times as an editor and once for a collection, while McCauley won both times he was nominated for anthologies. Grant's ten nominations are the most of any writer or editor, followed by Ramsey Campbell, Harlan Ellison, and Charles de Lint at five, with two of Campbell's nominations coming for anthologies. Dennis Etchison, Stephen King, Fritz Leiber, Kelly Link, and Stuart David Schiff have had the most nominations without winning at four; one of Etchison's and all of Schiff's nominations were for anthologies.

Winners and nominees
In the following table, the years correspond to the date of the ceremony, rather than when the collection was first published. Each year links to the corresponding "year in literature". Entries with a blue background and an asterisk (*) next to the author's name have won the award; those with a white background are the other nominees on the shortlist. If the work was an anthology rather than a collection, the editor's name is appended with (editor) to distinguish them from authors of collections.

* Winners

title: World Fantasy Award—Collection


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World Fantasy Award—Artist

The World Fantasy Awards are given each year by the World Fantasy Convention for the best fantasy fiction and art published during the preceding calendar year. The awards have been described by sources such as The Guardian as a "prestigious fantasy prize", and one of the three most renowned speculative fiction awards, along with the Hugo and Nebula Awards (which cover both fantasy and science fiction). The World Fantasy Award—Artist is given each year to artists of works related to fantasy released in the preceding calendar year. Fantasy artists are also eligible for the Special Award—Professional category. The Artist category has been awarded annually since 1975.

World Fantasy Award nominees and winners are decided by attendees and judges at the annual World Fantasy Convention. A ballot is posted in June for attendees of the current and previous two conferences to determine two of the finalists, and a panel of five judges adds three or more nominees before voting on the overall winner. The panel of judges is typically made up of fantasy authors and is chosen each year by the World Fantasy Awards Administration, which has the power to break ties. The final results are presented at the World Fantasy Convention at the end of October. Winners were presented with a statue in the form of a bust of H. P. Lovecraft through the 2015 awards; more recent winners receive a statuette of a tree.

During the 49 nomination years, 101 artists have been nominated; 41 of them have won, including ties. Three artists have won three times: Shaun Tan, out of five nominations; Charles Vess, out of eight; and Michael Whelan, out of nine. Six other artists have won twice: J. K. Potter, out of ten nominations; Thomas Canty, out of nine; Kinuko Y. Craft, out of seven; Edward Gorey, out of four; and Lee Brown Coye and Rovina Cai, both times they were nominated. No other artists have won more than once. Potter and John Picacio have received the most nominations at ten, followed by Canty, Don Maitz, and Whelan at nine each. Stephen Fabian and John Jude Palencar are tied at eight for the most nominations without winning.

Winners and nominees
In the following table, the years correspond to the date of the ceremony, rather than when the artist's work was published. Entries with a blue background and an asterisk (*) next to the artist's name have won the award; those with a white background are the other nominees on the shortlist.

* Winners

title: World Fantasy Award—Artist


text:
Congosto

Congosto is a village and municipality located in the region of El Bierzo (province of León, Castile and León, Spain). It is located near to Ponferrada, the capital of the region. The village of Congosto within the municipality has about 254 inhabitants.

Its economy was traditionally based on agriculture, wine and coal mining. Nowadays, most of the inhabitants work on the surrounding area on activities such as wind turbine manufacturing or coal mining.

Congosto also a large reservoir in its vicinity, the Barcena reservoir, to which many tourists visit during the summer.

Born in Congosto

 * Alonso de Posada, (1626-?), Franciscan missionary in New Mexico
 * Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira (1542-1595), navigator

title: Congosto


text:
Talk:Delphi effect

from VfD:

 * Neologism. SWAdair | Talk  10:48, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Delphi method. SWAdair | Talk  07:31, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or redirect to The Cathedral and the Bazaar. —Rory ☺ 13:27, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. I wrote the article in question, and it's not a neologism to me.  It has been quoted at me many times over the past few years, especially in the context of management training, and I was surprised to find only two references on a Google search.  In the manner in which it was used, I expected to find a corpus of evidence at least as good as Myers-Briggs and Belbin.  Documenting its lack of existence in a widely used reference work such as Wikipedia may help prevent management 'gurus' from treating it as fact and hence stop them from promulgating near, if not complete, falsehoods in this regard.

 * Eric Raymond has not claimed authorship of this concept, simply reporting what he heard, so I believe the concept to have had long and separate existence from his work "The Cathedral and the Bazaar" in at least both the USA and UK.

 * What would be good is if someone could reference a peer-reviewed study of the effect that shows it to be real - somehow I don't think one will be found.

 * Remember that 'Wikipedia is not paper', so it's not taking up needed space. I believe that documenting that something commonly believed to be true 'the Delphi Effect' is actually false helps improve the quality of the sum of human knowledge.

 * 194.6.81.93 15:19, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * - More to the above, I've finally found what may be a reference here:

http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/landuse/facts/delphi.htm#Delphi%20Expert%20Opinion%20Method

 * - see the section labelled "Delphi Expert Opinion Methodology", which gives a set of references which may give someone familiar in the field enough to go on. My reading of it is that it is subtly different to the putative "Delphi Effect", but may be the kind of thing that gives (possibly incorrectly) credibility to the "Delphi Effect". 194.6.81.93 18:36, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Your having finally found a reference does not inspire any confidence in me as to notability. Delete --Improv 19:40, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I did not make myself clear - I had found a link to a plethora of references, which seemed ,to me at least, adequately serious to merit notability - by following these I found the Linstone/Turoff book - then see discussion below, apparently including the original author of the Cathedral and the Bazaar. Would you agree to a forward/redirect to Delphi method with possibly short explanatory text explaining why the two are actually the same thing?  194.6.81.93 10:05, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, how this is supposed to differ from standard statistical practice is quite beyond me. A sample of size n reduces the deviation by sqrt(n).  Big samples good, small samples bad.  See standard error (statistics).  GWO 15:39, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * - I think you may have missed the point (or perhaps I have). The effect is not about minimising deviation, but getting the 'best' advice or reaching the 'best' decision. It is not immediately evident that a larger group of experts will give better or more accurate advice than a small group or even a single expert.  The 'Delphi effect' asserts that this is the case (larger is better), and many people accept this without challenging the basis of the statement.  Having challenged the basis of the statement, I can find no evidence for it. 194.6.81.93 18:03, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete . Don't put things on wikipedia for political purposes. Not notable. --Improv 17:05, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * What's up with me voting twice recently?! Argh. Sorry, folks. --Improv 18:45, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * - Sorry, I don't understand what is political about this - hopefully I'm not trying to proselytise, simply to point out that an apparently accepted (by at least some 'influential' people, like management trainers etc.) statement has no basis in research. Please explain what is political about this - I need educating! 194.6.81.93 18:03, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. My google search found 233 references for it; the phrase does seem to have some currency. --Tagishsimon

 * Keep A consensus is more reliable if the group's members have varied experience and are not slave of peer pressure. --Pgreenfinch 18:39, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Concept is in use, article is not pushing POV.   — Gwalla | Talk 19:46, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Article updated with references to RAND work and online book of work on the Delphi Method, which is referenced in other online histories and has extensive bibliography. I suggest the Delphi effect is a loose, informal, reformulation of the Delphi method/technique.  Perhaps the deletion vote should be reconsidered/restarted in this light? WLD 21:04, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Just found that Delphi Method has a Wikipedia entry. I suggest that the Delphi Effect article is still retained, even if only a pointer to Delphi Method.  Describing it as a looser formulation...etc. would seem to me to add value as it provides a link for those researching the Delphi Effect to find the Delphi Method work. WLD 21:16, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. It may be dubious, but the concept is attested in serious work -- whether proven useful is another matter -- and might be fertile. Bill 22:40, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep for reasons given above, or merge appropriately. The bulk of the info belongs on wikipeida.  — siro  χ  o  04:39, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment I emailed Eric S. Raymond about this, inviting him to reply here rather than to me if he preferred. He replied as follows (his reply was dated 2004/10/06 Wed AM 06:36:13 CDT) [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:25, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd do so, but I can't figure out how to edit in a mode that generates the discussion timestamp.

 * I see that a source has been found. Congratulations, this is better than I managed! Having read the page and the discussion, I'm going to change "Delphi effect" to "Delphi method" in the upcoming 4th edition of CatB.

 * I do not think mine is a "looser formulation" or has dropped references to forecasting. I did use the word "prediction".

 * "The Shockwave Rider" came out in 1975, the same year as the Linstone/Turoff book. This is probably not a coincidence. I'd bet John Brunner read the book.

 * Comment dbpbsmith has quoted me correctly. I suggest that "Delphi effect" should forward to "Delphi method".

 * For the record: I myself first learned of the Delphi phenomenon from the Brunner novel. A few years later I ran across a one-paragraph reference to it which described the context of the original research at RAND (a detail that I don't believe Brunner mentioned) but did not actually explain it.  When I wrote CatB, I debated with myself about whether to include a concept that I had acquired mostly from an SF novel with only thin confirmation from a single nonfiction source.  I decided that since I was using it essentially as color to make a more interesting narrative about an argument well supported by other facts and cites, I could afford to take the chance - but ever since I have considered the absence of a good nonfiction cite for it in CatB to be perhaps the most serious defect in the paper.  Thanks to Wikipedia I have now been able to correct this: CatB 4/e will include the URL of the Linstone/Turoff book.  I cannot recall exactly (it was more than twenty years ago!) but I now suspect that scant one paragraph was itself a review or cite of Linstone/Turoff. Eric S. Raymond 16:42, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment Taking Eric S. Raymond's comments on board, I'll agree that a forward to Delphi method is the right way to go. I'll merge in the references to the Linstone/Turoff book (and others) to improve that article.  Unfortunately, I don't think I can achieve this within the VfD timescale - is it possible to stop/reset the clock on this? 194.6.81.93 10:05, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Just go ahead. It shouldn't really matter. First, Delphi method isn't going to go away, so you don't need to worry about that. Second, Delphi method needs to be edited in light of this discussion, regardless. Third, Delphi effect probably won't get deleted at this point, because given the discussion, I don't think a sysop will judge that there's consensus to delete. You probably should create an account and cast a Keep vote, by the way. Finally, if by any chance Delphi effect were to be deleted, you or someone else somebody could always re-create it, entering #REDIRECT Delphi method as the initial content, with a brief explanation in the edit summary. Theoretically re-creating a deleted article is just cause for speedy deletion, but it almost certainly wouldn't happen in this case. (If it did, the appropriate thing to do would be to shrug and give up, not much time having been wasted in creating the direct). [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 12:14, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, redirect to Delphi method, and add a short section to Delphi method explaining as much as necessary. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 12:14, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Looks informative to me. Factitious 06:48, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Delphi method. --Henrygb 00:43, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Delphi effect


text:
World Fantasy Special Award—Professional

The World Fantasy Awards are given each year by the World Fantasy Convention for the best fantasy fiction and art published in English during the preceding calendar year. The awards have been described by sources such as The Guardian as a "prestigious fantasy prize", and one of the three most renowned speculative fiction awards, along with the Hugo and Nebula Awards (which cover both fantasy and science fiction). The World Fantasy Special Award—Professional is given each year to individuals for their professional work in the preceding calendar year in fields related to fantasy that is not covered by other World Fantasy Award categories. These have included editors of magazines and novels, publishers, and authors of non-fiction works. Occasionally, especially in the first few years of the award, some publishing companies were nominated along with individual editors and publishers. The nomination reasons were not specified in the first year of the award, and have sometimes not been specified beyond "contributions to the genre". Individuals are also eligible for the Special Award—Non-professional category for their non-professional work. The World Fantasy Special Award—Professional has been awarded annually since 1975.

World Fantasy Award nominees and winners are decided by attendees and judges at the annual World Fantasy Convention. A ballot is posted in June for attendees of the current and previous two conferences to determine two of the finalists, and a panel of five judges adds three or more nominees before voting on the overall winner. The panel of judges is typically made up of fantasy authors and is chosen each year by the World Fantasy Awards Administration, which has the power to break ties. The final results are presented at the World Fantasy Convention at the end of October. Winners were presented with a statue in the form of a bust of H. P. Lovecraft through the 2015 awards; more recent winners receive a statuette of a tree.

During the 49 nomination years, 166 individuals and four publishing companies have been nominated; 58 people have won, including ties and co-nominees. For his work at Donald M. Grant, Publisher Donald M. Grant has won three times out of eight nominations, and six other nominees have won twice. Ian Ballantine and Betty Ballantine have won twice out of two nominations each for their non-fiction and publishing work, and Peter Crowther twice out of four nominations for his work at PS Publishing. Edward L. Ferman won twice out of six nominations for his work at The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Stephen Jones twice out of six for his editing and anthology work, and Gordon Van Gelder twice out of seven nominations for his editing work in both books and The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction. Ellen Datlow has received the most nominations with ten, winning once, for her editing and anthology work, and David Pringle has the most nominations without winning with five, for his work at Interzone and for "contributions to the genre".

Winners and nominees
In the following table, the years correspond to the date of the ceremony, rather than when the work was performed. The table includes the stated reason the individual (or company) was nominated, which may not have been the only fantasy-related professional work they did during the previous calendar year. "N/A" in the reason column represents a nomination where no reason was given. Entries with a blue background and an asterisk (*) next to the individual's name have won the award; those with a white background are the other nominees on the shortlist.

* Winners


text:
Talk:Medjugorje

Pope Benedict laicizes Vlasic
Vatican City, Jul 27, 2009 / 12:17 pm (CNA).- Pope Benedict XVI has approved the laicization of Fr. Tomislav Vlasic, a priest leading the claims that the Virgin Mary has been appearing in the Bosnian town of Medjugorje. The priest has reportedly decided to leave the priesthood and his religious order.

The action follows an investigation into concerns surrounding the alleged apparitions, the Mail Online reports.

When the apparitions allegedly began in 1981, Fr. Vlasic was named as the "creator" of the phenomenon by the local Bishop of Mostar-Duvno, Pavao Zanic.

Fr. Vlasic became the "spiritual advisor" of the six children involved in the supposed apparitions. The children now say that the Virgin Mary has visited them 40,000 times over the last 28 years.

On January 25, 2008, Fr. Vlasic was suspended by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.

An inquiry was made into allegations that he exaggerated stories of the Virgin Mary's appearance, taught "dubious doctrine," manipulated consciences, engaged in "suspect mysticism" and disobeyed legitimately issued orders. He was also investigated for sexual immorality after he allegedly made a nun pregnant, the Daily Mail says.

Fr. Vlasic was sent to a monastery in Lombardy, Italy and was forbidden to communicate with anyone without the permission of his superior. He was also required to take a course of theological-spiritual formation and make a solemn profession of faith.

On Sunday it emerged that Fr. Vlasic has chosen to leave the priesthood and his religious order.

Pope Benedict approved of his laicization in March, thus removing his priestly status.

== Pope finally launches crackdown on world's largest illicit Catholic shrine and suspends 'dubious' priest ==

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1052230/Pope-finally-launches-crackdown-worlds-largest-illicit-Catholic-shrine-suspends-dubious-priest.html#ixzz0X4v0EUVY

By Simon Caldwell

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1052230/Pope-finally-launches-crackdown-worlds-largest-illicit-Catholic-shrine-suspends-dubious-priest.html#ixzz0X4v0EUVY

in 1985 Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger – now Pope Benedict – banned pilgrimages to the site, but this has been widely ignored.

Instead the seers have grown wealthy as a result of their claims – and so has their town, which has boomed as a result of the ‘Madonna gold rush’.

Some (of the false seers) today own smart executive houses with immaculate gardens, double garages and security gates, and one has a tennis court.

They also own expensive cars and have married – one of them, Ivan Dragicevic, to an American former beauty queen.

Update: excommunicated for being head of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Whole Universe, a member of the Central Nucleus (both assuredly equally Mormonesque) and living in sin with some random frau Johnpfmcguire (talk) 01:14, 27 January 2022 (UTC)

External links modified
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Franciscan killed by the communists
"66 Catholic friars of the Franciscan order were killed by the communists." How about mentioning that a number of Franciscans in Croatia and Bosnia-Hercegovina openly supported the fascist Croatian regime of the Ustasha during the 2WW and allegedly participated in war crimes? There's two sides to the conflict. And by the way, citing church-related sources is not very unbiased.--2003:6F:8C1A:77A9:195D:DCB4:773C:4387 (talk) 19:33, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

Pilgrimage
Greetings.

I think the whole section should be significantly reduced. I'll go paragraph by paragraph, and colour the sentence that I think should be out (or replaced in some other way) in red.

"The shrine of Medjugorje has become a popular pilgrimages site for Catholics. and has turned into Europe's third most important apparition site, where each year more than 1 million people visit. It has been estimated that 30 million pilgrims have come to Međugorje since the reputed apparitions began in 1981."

 * This one sentence explains very briefly about Our Lady of Medjugorje and should stay there. You are right there is a link there if the reader wants to know more. Red Rose 13 (talk) 19:32, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

The below paragraph as a whole is unnecessary, it discusses in detail the juridical process against Zovko in a section that is actually about the history of the village. This is why we have the notification that the main article is Our Lady of Medjugorje, where a reader can learn more if they choose to.

 * Hello Governor Sheng I agree that the section about Zovko is too long for this page.I shortened it to one sentence and added it to the end of the paragraph above. That paragraph conveys to the reader how it was under communist rule.Red Rose 13 (talk) 19:32, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

 * In 1981 as soon as reports began of the Marian apparitions on Crnica hill in the Bijakovići hamlet, confrontations with Yugoslav state authorities began. Pilgrims were forbidden from coming,[13] the pilgrim's donations were seized by the police and access to what was called the Apparition Hill was largely blocked.

Having said all of this. There should be a rather brief explanation of what happened. For example:

"Six youngsters reported having a vision of Our Lady in 1981. The authorities at first opposed the organised pilgrimages but then supported them for economic reasons. The local church deemed the apparitions to be false, with the Yugoslav Episcopal Conference ruling that the supernaturality of the apparitions cannot be established, advising further research. [...] Eventually, the sight attracted X number of pilgrims, tourists etc etc."

The description of the events should be very brief, and the section should focus on the economic aspects the pilgrimage had on the village's economy, demographics etc. Governor Sheng (talk) 16:48, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Besides the changes we discussed regarding the opening sentence and shortening Zovko to a couple sentences. Everything else can stay. I am open to adding a little more to it but like you said keeping it short. The local Bishop first believed the children but then deemed the apparitions false. The Vatican did their own investigation called the Ruini report and decided to allow official pilgrimages. Red Rose 13 (talk) 19:31, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm aware of all you're saying, but we shouldn't discuss the details. Whether the bishop believed at first and then changed his opinion isn't relevant for this particular article. Governor Sheng (talk) 19:46, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

How about this, if I can ask you for half an hour of your free time to write your version of historical events, briefly, only the most significant parts that really had an impact on the whole issue. For example, the bishop's original stance wasn't relevant to the development of the phenomenon, on the other hand, his opposition was, and so forth. And maybe, we can squeeze the period from 1981 to 1991 into two or three paragraphs at most? Thx --Governor Sheng (talk) 19:52, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Ok that sounds good to me but give me a few days to get to it.Red Rose 13 (talk) 16:26, 15 April 2023 (UTC)
 * No probs. :) Governor Sheng (talk) 17:47, 15 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Sorry it took me so long. I have given it some thought and I don't think it is necessary to say much more about OLM on this page. If they want to know more than can go to the OLM page, don't you think? If you think we need more perhaps one small paragraph about the fact that the Bishop Zanic or Bishop Peric didn't believe the visions were real. And the final investigative commission which was created by the Vatican, the Ruini Commission, conclusion was that the commission endorsed the end of the ban on pilgrimages organized in Medjugorje. It was recommended by the commission that the town's parish Church of St. James be made a pontifical shrine with Vatican oversight. The Ruini Report was completed in 2014 and was received by Pope Francis. Pope Francis supports pastoral care of the pilgrims. Or something like this... or nothing and they can read about on the OLM page.Red Rose 13 (talk) 03:50, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree with this in principle. I'll write a short paragraph, and you can fix it later. Sorry for replying late as well. :) Governor Sheng (talk) 19:48, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * We must have had a miscommunication for you to think it is ok to delete a whole section. I wrote that what was in the section, that I just returned, was enough and nothing else needed to be added or shortened about OLM on this page. Leave the section as it is. thank youRed Rose 13 (talk) 20:30, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * ok Governor Sheng (talk) 20:32, 6 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Medjugorje


text:
World Fantasy Special Award—Non-professional

The World Fantasy Awards are given each year by the World Fantasy Convention for the best fantasy fiction and art published in English during the preceding calendar year. The awards have been described by sources such as The Guardian as a "prestigious fantasy prize", and as one of the three most renowned speculative fiction awards, along with the Hugo and Nebula Awards (which cover both fantasy and science fiction). The World Fantasy Special Award—Non-professional is given each year to individuals for their non-professional work in the preceding calendar year in fields related to fantasy that are not covered by other World Fantasy Award categories. These have included editors of magazines and novels, publishers, and authors of non-fiction works. Occasionally some publishing companies have been nominated along with individual editors and publishers. The nomination reasons have sometimes not been specified beyond "contributions to the genre". Individuals are also eligible for the Special Award—Professional category for their professional work. The World Fantasy Special Award—Non-professional has been awarded annually since 1975.

World Fantasy Award nominees and winners are decided by attendees and judges at the annual World Fantasy Convention. A ballot is posted in June for attendees of the current and previous two conferences to determine two of the finalists, and a panel of five judges adds three or more nominees before voting on the overall winner. The panel of judges is typically made up of fantasy authors and is chosen each year by the World Fantasy Awards Administration, which has the power to break ties. The final results are presented at the World Fantasy Convention at the end of October. Through 2015, winners were presented with a statuette of H. P. Lovecraft; more recent winners receive a statuette of a tree.

During the 49 nomination years, 266 individuals and 3 organizations have been nominated; 58 people and 2 organizations have won, including ties and co-nominees. The organizations that have been nominated are: The British Fantasy Society, with one winning nomination; The Friends of Arthur Machen, with one unsuccessful nomination; and Fedogan & Bremer, with one win out of three nominations. Stuart David Schiff has received the most awards at four wins out of six nominations, for his work at Whispers magazine and Whispers Press. R. B. Russell has won four times out of nine nominations, and Rosalie Parker four out of eight, for their work at Tartarus Press. Three other individuals have won twice: Paul C. Allen out of three nominations for Fantasy Newsletter, Richard Chizmar out of seven for Cemetery Dance and Cemetery Dance Publications, and W. Paul Ganley out of ten for Weirdbook and Weirdbook Press. Ganley's ten nominations are the most of anyone, followed by Stephen Jones with nine, winning once, for Fantasy Tales and other work, Scott H. Andrews with one win out of eight nominations for his work at Beneath Ceaseless Skies, and Lynne M. Thomas and Michael Damian Thomas with eight nominations and no wins for Uncanny Magazine.

Winners and nominees
In the following table, the years correspond to the date of the ceremony, rather than when the work was performed. The table includes the stated reason the individual (or company) was nominated, which may not have been the only fantasy-related non-professional work they did during the previous calendar year. "N/A" in the reason column represents a nomination where no reason was given. Entries with a blue background and an asterisk (*) next to the individual's name have won the award; those with a white background are the other nominees on the shortlist.

* Winners


text:
Kent and Sharpshooters Yeomanry

The Kent and Sharpshooters Yeomanry was a unit of the Territorial Army ('TA') that was established in 1961 as the Kent and County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters). This was achieved through the merger of 297 (Kent Yeomanry) Regiment, Royal Artillery and 3rd/4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters).

History
The unit was established in 1961 as the Kent and County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters) through the amalgamation of two yeomanry regiments: the 297 (Kent Yeomanry) Regiment, Royal Artillery and the 3rd/4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters). Initially, it served as an armoured reconnaissance regiment until 1967 when the Territorial Army (TA) underwent re-organization. Following the re-organization, the unit was disbanded and reconstituted as three separate units:
 * 'C' Squadron, Royal Yeomanry
 * 'R' Battery, The London and Kent Regiment, Royal Artillery
 * 'A' Company, 8th Battalion, the Queen's Regiment

In 1969, the artillery battery was transformed into (265 London & Kent) Squadron, which became a part of 71 (Yeomanry) Signal Regiment of the Royal Signals. In 1971, the squadron was re-designated as 265 (Kent and County of London Yeomanry) Squadron, and in 1987, its lineage was transferred to HQ (Kent and County of London Yeomanry) Squadron, which was also a component of 71 (Yeomanry) Signal Regiment.

Present day
Today two squadrons retain the Sharpshooters name:

 * 'C' (Kent and Sharpshooters Yeomanry) Squadron Royal Yeomanry.
 * 265 (Kent & County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)) Support Squadron, 71 (City of London) Yeomanry Signal Regiment.

Regimental museum
The Kent and Sharpshooters Yeomanry Museum is at Hever Castle in Kent.

Honorary Colonels
Honorary colonels have been:
 * Colonel John Nevill, 5th Marquess of Abergavenny 1961-1962
 * Major-General George Philip Bradley Roberts 1962-1970
 * Colonel Sir William John Herbert de Wette Mullens 1970-1974
 * Major-General The Rt. Hon. Gilbert Monckton, 2nd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley 1974-1979
 * Lieutenant Robin Leigh-Pemberton, Baron Kingsdown 1979-1992
 * Brigadier Sir Arthur Gooch 1992-2000
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Julian Radcliffe 2000-2013
 * Colonel Rt Hon Sir Nicholas Soames 2013-

Lineage

 * - style="text-align: center; background: #444C38;"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|Lineage
 * width="33%" rowspan="4" align="center" | Kent and Sharpshooters Yeomanry
 * width="33%" rowspan="2" align="center" | 297th (Kent Yeomanry) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment
 * width="33%" align="center" | Royal East Kent Mounted Rifles (Duke of Connaught's Own)
 * width="33%" align="center" | Queen's Own West Kent Yeomanry
 * width="33%" rowspan="2" align="center" | 3rd/4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)
 * width="33%" align="center" | 3rd County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)
 * width="33%" align="center" | 4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)
 * width="33%" rowspan="2" align="center" | 3rd/4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)
 * width="33%" align="center" | 3rd County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)
 * width="33%" align="center" | 4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)
 * width="33%" align="center" | 4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)

title: Kent and Sharpshooters Yeomanry


text:
Aéro Club du Bas Armagnac

Aéro Club du Bas Armagnac (ACBA) is a large French aero club based in Nogaro, Armagnac. It offers a range of activities including pilot training and light aircraft hire. The club is noteworthy for having manufactured a glider tug of its own design, the ACBA Midour. Activities offered include gliding, aircraft, helicopter, and Autogyro.

title: Aéro Club du Bas Armagnac


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aamir

Aamir
This is a cut and paste job from somewhere, perhaps the Qur'an. It may be a copyvio, or it may be something for wikisource, but it doesn't belong here.--MaxMad 11:07, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I've marked it up as a copyvio as the translation contains distinctive word choices, spellings and punctuation cut and paste from . TB 11:39, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aamir


text:
Scrapbooking

Scrapbooking is a method of preserving, presenting, and arranging personal and family history in the form of a book, box, or card. Typical memorabilia include photographs, printed media, and artwork. Scrapbook albums are often decorated and frequently contain extensive journal entries or written descriptions. Scrapbooking started in the United Kingdom in the nineteenth century.

History
In the 15th century, commonplace books, popular in England, emerged as a way to compile information that included recipes, quotations, letters, poems, and more. Each commonplace book was unique to its creator's particular interests. Friendship albums became popular in the 16th century. These albums were used much like modern day yearbooks, where friends or patrons would enter their names, titles and short texts or illustrations at the request of the album's owner. These albums were often created as souvenirs of European tours and would contain local memorabilia including coats of arms or works of art commissioned by local artisans. Starting in 1570, it became fashionable to incorporate colored plates depicting popular scenes such as Venetian costumes or Carnival scenes. These provided affordable options as compared to original works and, as such, these plates were not sold to commemorate or document a specific event, but specifically as embellishments for albums. In 1775, James Granger published a history of England with several blank pages at the end of the book. The pages were designed to allow the book's owner to personalize the book with their own memorabilia. The practice of pasting engravings, lithographs, and other illustrations into books, or even taking the books apart, inserting new matter, and rebinding them, became known as extra-illustrating or grangerizing.

Additionally, friendship albums, confession albums, and school yearbooks afforded girls in the 18th and 19th centuries an outlet through which to share their literary skills, and allowed girls an opportunity to document their own personalized historical record previously not readily available to them. In "Negotiating Intimacy in British Romantic Friendship Albums," Renee Bryzik has analyzed five albums from the Pfozheimer archive at the New York Public Library that illustrate the practice's range in style and content.

For example, college women around the turn of the century used scrapbooks extensively to construct representations of their everyday life as students. Without photograph albums to provide images of these life events, students created unique representations through scrapbooks in order to illustrate their lives using ephemera and memorabilia. A guest list or group of visiting cards might represent a young woman's visit to a party. A playbill and ticket stub might serve as reminders of a trip to New York to see a Broadway show. Solid objects such as plants, silverware, or small trinkets were also used when further visual representation was needed. A page from these subject-based scrapbooks might include class schedules, exam booklets, letters from professors, or other printed material from school events. Thus scrapbooks from this era can create a more complete image of their maker's life.

During the 19th century, scrapbooking was seen as a more involved way to preserve one's experiences than journaling or other writing-based forms of logging. Printed material such as cheap newspapers, visiting cards, playbills, and pamphlets circulated widely during the 19th century and often became the primary components of peoples’ scrapbooks. The growing volume of ephemera of this kind, parallel to the growth of industrialized society, created a demand for methods of cataloguing and preserving them. This is why scrapbooks devoted solely to cataloguing recipes, coupons, or other lists were also common during this time. Until later in the 19th century, scrapbooks were seen as functional as well as aesthetically pleasing. Several factors, including marketing strategies and technological advancement, contributed to the image of scrapbooking moving further toward the aesthetic plane over the years.

The advent of modern photography began with the first permanent photograph created by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1826. This allowed the average person to begin to incorporate photographs into their scrapbooks. However, books or albums made specifically for showcasing photographs alone were not popularized in the United States until closer to 1860. Before that point, photographs were not thought of as items to be reproduced and shared. Demand for photo albums was spurred on in large part by the growing popularity of the carte de visite, a small photograph distributed in the same manner one might a visiting card. Old scrapbooks tended to have photos mounted with photomounting corners and perhaps notations of who was in a photo or where and when it was taken. They often included bits of memorabilia like newspaper clippings, letters, etc. An early known American scrapbooker and inventor of scrapbooking supplies was Mark Twain. Twain carried scrapbooks on his travels as he collected souvenirs, clippings, and pictures. Various individuals and communities created scrapbooks throughout the twentieth century in Britain. Among the most ardent scrapbookers of the 18th century was William Henry Dorsey, an artist who collected documents, paintings and artifact pertaining to Black history. Dorsey compiled hundreds of scrapbooks on the lives of Black people during the 18th century and built a collection that he laid out in his home in Philadelphia.

Modern scrapbooking
Marielen Wadley Christensen (pronounced as the names "Mary Ellen"), of Elk Ridge, Utah, United States (formerly of Spanish Fork, Utah) is credited with turning scrapbooking from what was once just the ages-old hobby into the actual industry containing businesses devoted specifically to the manufacturing and sale of scrapbooking supplies. She began designing creative pages for her family's photo memories, inserting the completed pages into sheet protectors collected in 3-ring binders. By 1980, she had assembled over fifty volumes and was invited to display them at the World Conference on Records in Salt Lake City. In 1981 Marielen and her husband Anthony Jay ("A.J.") authored and published a how-to booklet, Keeping Memories Alive, and opened a scrapbook store in Spanish Fork that ended up with the same name, that remains open today.

In addition to preserving memories, the hobby is popular for the strong social network that scrapbooking can provide. Hobbyists, known as "scrappers" or "scrapbookers", get together and scrapbook at each other's homes, local scrapbook stores, scrapbooking conventions, retreat centers, and even on cruises. The term "crop", a reference to cropping or trimming printed photographs, was coined to describe these events.

Following the lead of Keeping Memories Alive (which was originally in the smaller building next door and named The Annex in its early years), many other stores have popped up and cater to the scrapbooking community. These shops provide many of the necessary tools for every scrapbooker's needs. Besides Keeping Memories Alive, these include companies such as Creative Memories, Making Memories, Stampin' Up!, and Close to My Heart.

The scrapbooking industry doubled in size between 2001 and 2004 to $2.5 billion with over 1,600 companies creating scrapbooking products by 2003. Creative Memories, a home-based retailer of scrapbooking supplies founded in 1987, saw $425 million in retail sales in 2004. However, Creative Memories' parent company filed Chapter 11 in 2013 and became the bankruptcy with the largest debt in the Twin City area.

According to Google Trends, the search terms related to scrapbook and scrapbooking have seen a 70 percent decline since its peak in 2005–2006. However, there is much debate among the community of people who engage in memory keeping about what the decline means for the health and future of the industry as a whole. What seems to be clear is that traditional scrapbooking is once again in a transition period due to many forces including current economic issues, the influence of social media and the ease of digital sharing, and the rejection of the stereotype of traditional scrapbooks being something that is for older women. However, if one takes a closer look, it is easy to see all the ways people continue memory keeping even if it doesn't fall strictly within the definition of traditional scrapbooking as defined here.

Some examples include the advent of Smash books created by EK Success, which in some ways, are a closer representation to original scrapbooks in that they are wire bound books in a variety of sizes consisting of blank printed background papers into which one can journal and glue mementos into.

Another variation is the introduction and growth of pocket scrapbooking, most well-known and represented by Project Life created and introduced by Becky Higgins. Higgins created the system in response to her personal desire to continue record the lives of her children and family, but in a quicker, more simple way that allowed her the flexibility to complete the project, but still in an attractive, cohesive way.

One of the newest trends into scrapbooking is bringing the layout designs down to a much smaller size. Small enough to carry in a small bag with on the go updates and area for creativity and memory keeping. A traditional traveler's notebook is a simple leather cover with a band to keep closed. The cover can hold up to six inserts which can be used in many ways. The notebook has grown in popularity, allowing for journaling and memory keeping for any interests.

Mini albums are another great way of memory keeping and a new trend in scrapbooking. They can be made in different sizes based on the number of photos to be put inside the album. These mini albums can be constructed and hand made from scratch.

Materials
The most important scrapbooking supply is the album itself, which can be permanently bound, or allow for the insertion of pages. There are other formats such as mini albums and accordion-style fold-out albums. Some of these are adhered to various containers, such as matchbooks, CD cases, or other small holders. When scrap artists started moving away from the "page" and onto alternative surfaces and objectives, they termed these creations "altered items" or now simply called "off-the-page". This movement circles back to the history of art from the 1960s when Louise Nevelson was doing "Assemblages" with found objects and recycled parts.

Modern scrapbooking is done largely on 12 inch (30 cm) square or letter-size (US Letter (8.5 by 11 inch) or A4 (210 by 297 mm)) pages. More recently, smaller albums have become popular. The most common new formats are 6, 7, or 8-inch (15, 17.5, or 20 cm) square. It is important to many scrappers to protect their pages with clear page protectors. Basic materials include background papers (including printed and cardstock paper), photo corner mounts (or other means of mounting photos such as adhesive dots, photo mounting tape, or acid-free glue), scissors, a paper trimmer or cutting tool, art pens, archival pens for journaling, and mounting glues (like thermo-tac). More elaborate designs require more specialized tools such as die cut templates, rubber stamps, craft punches, stencils, inking tools, eyelet setters, heat embossing tools, and personal die cut machines. Many people who enjoy scrapbooking will create their own background papers by using the tools mentioned along with "fancy" textured scissors.

Various accessories, referred to as "embellishments", are used to decorate scrapbook pages. Embellishments include stickers, rub-ons, stamps, eyelets, brads, chipboard elements in various shapes, alphabet letters, lace, wire, fabric, beads, sequins, and ribbon. The use of die cut machines is also increasingly popular; in recent years a number of electronic die-cutting machines resembling a plotter with a drag knife have hit the market (e.g. The Cricut), enabling scrappers to use their computer to create die cuts out of any shape or font with the use of free or third party software. Scrapbook makers will also use magazine clippings to "decorate" a scrapbook.

One of the key components of modern scrapbooking is the archival quality of the supplies. Designed to preserve photographs and journaling in their original state, materials encouraged by most serious scrapbookers are of a higher quality than those of many typical photo albums commercially available. Scrappers insist on acid-free, lignin-free papers, stamp ink, and embossing powder. In using pigment-based inks, which are fade resistant, colorfast, and often waterproof, scrappers can preserve their works. Many scrappers use buffered paper, which will protect photos from acid in memorabilia used in the scrapbook. Older "magnetic" albums are not acid-free and thus cause damage to the photos and memorabilia included in them. Gloves, too, are used to protect photos from the oil on hands.

An international standard, ISO 18902, provides specific guidelines on materials that are safe for scrapbooking through its requirements for albums, framing, and storage materials. ISO 18902 includes requirements for photo-safety and a specific pH range for acid-free materials. ISO 18902 prohibits the use of harmful materials, including Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Cellulose nitrate.

Digital scrapbooking
The new era of digital scrapbooking has allowed many previous inconveniences of scrapbooking to be absolved and for supplies to become readily accessible. Online programs provide all of the features, that could previously only be purchased separately, all in the same place. This includes tools such as colorful paper, stickers, patterns, fonts, etc. All features allow for simple cropping and resizing to fulfill the scrapbooker's vision. Furthermore, the addition of designs and templates permit a convenient organization of pictures and quick upload of photos. All the photos and tools are available in one place, making the process easily transportable and well-situated for any location.

The advent of scanners, desktop publishing, page layout programs, and advanced printing options make it relatively easy to create professional-looking layouts in digital form. The internet allows scrapbookers to self-publish their work. Scrapbooks that exist completely in digital image form are referred to as "digital scrapbooks" or "computer scrapbooks".

While some people prefer the physicality of the actual artifacts they paste onto the pages of books, the digital scrapbooking hobby has grown in popularity in recent years. Some of the advantages include a greater diversity of materials, less environmental impact, cost savings, the ability to share finished pages more readily on the internet, and the use of image editing software to experiment with manipulating page elements in multiple ways without making permanent adjustments. A traditional scrapbook layout may employ a background paper with a torn edge. While a physical page can only be torn once and never restored, a digital paper can be torn and untorn with ease, allowing the scrapbooker to try out different looks without wasting supplies. Some web-based digital scrapbooks include a variety of wallpapers and backgrounds to help the users create a rich visual experience. Each paper, photo, or embellishment exists on its own layer in your document, and you can reposition them at your discretion.

Furthermore, digital scrapbooking is not limited to digital storage and display. Many digital scrappers print their finished layouts to be stored in scrapbook albums. Others have books professionally printed in hard bound books to be saved as keepsakes. Professional printing- and binding-services offer free software to create scrapbooks with professional layouts and individual layout capabilities. Because of the integrated design and order workflow, real hardcover bound books can be produced more cost effectively.

Early digital scrapbooks were created from digital photos uploaded to an external site. Over time, this moved to a model of downloading software onto a personal computer that will organize photos and help create the digital scrapbook. With the growth of Web 2.0 functionality, digital scrapbooking is going back online, to avoid the hassles of having to download and install PC software. The availability of cheap online storage (e.g., on Amazon's S3 service), and the desire to leverage pre-uploaded online albums (e.g., on Yahoo's Flickr) make it more convenient for users to directly compose their digital scrapbooks online. Print on demand fulfillment enables such digital scrapbooks to effectively supplant traditional scrapbooks.

Digital scrapbooking has advanced to the point where digital scrapbook layouts may be made entirely online using Web-based software. Users upload their photos, create a digital scrapbook layout using a Web page and digital scrapbook graphics. The layout can then be downloaded as a low-resolution JPEG file for sharing on the Web or as a high-resolution JPEG file for printing.

Crops
Scrapbooking crops (or "Crops") are events where 2 or more scrapbookers gather to work in a social circle on their books, cards or other projects. It is similar to the old quilting bees that used to be socially prevalent, but has been replaced by today's "Crop". Attendees bring specific supplies themselves to work on said projects and sometimes there are vendors at these events to purchase any extra scrapbooking needs. At these events ideas are shared, techniques are taught to one another, products used (e.g. cutting machines such as, Silhouette & Cricut) are learned about and attendees have a few hours to days of uninterrupted time to work on their scrapbooks, cards, or any project they are needing to accomplish. Events are planned informally at one's home, a church hall or establishments with meeting rooms to the larger attended crops that encompass days of time in a hotel, where the attendee stays in the same hotel and works in the large ballroom or conference rooms in the hotel with tens to hundreds of attendees. Some of the ways to learn about events are mainly through word of mouth, social media, and community postings.

Industry statistics
Some people attribute the increased interest in scrapbooking to a renewed passion for genealogy, while others say that it is an outlet for those interested in photography and graphic design.

For evidence of interest in scrapbooking, consider the following facts:

 * Over 4 million women in the United States alone consider themselves to be scrapbookers.
 * Over 4% of all women in U.S. have done traditional scrapbooking. Millions of others do various aspects of photo books but are not scrapbookers.
 * Scrapbooking is one of the largest categories within the craft and hobby industry and now considered to be the third most popular craft in the nation. From 1996 through 2004, sales of scrapbooking products increased across the United States. In 2005, annual sales flattened for the first time after many back to back years of double growth. From 2006 through 2010 traditional scrapbooking sales have declined, while digital forms of scrapbooking have grown. Traditional scrapbooking sales for 2010 have declined to about $1.6 billion in annual sales from a peak of about $2.5 billion in 2005.

During that same time frame the number of independent scrapbooking stores declined from a high of 4,200 to about 1,200 independent storefronts. The number of scrapbooking manufacturers also declined in that same period from a high of 800 to under 250.

Journaling
In addition to the collection of photographs, tickets, postcards, and other memorabilia, journaling is often a principal element in modern scrapbooks. Journaling is text that describes, explains, or accents the photographs on a scrapbook page. Contemporary journaling can take many forms. It can be reflective and story-like, take a reportive tone, or simply be a list of words. Journaling may also include song lyrics, quotations, and poems. The value of journaling lies in the fact that it provides an account of family histories that may otherwise not be preserved.

Many consider journaling one of the most important elements of any scrapbook. Journaling is a personal choice and it can describe the event, the photographs, or relate feelings and emotions. Handwritten journaling is considered best by some scrapbookers who see handwriting as valuable for posterity, but many people journal on the computer and print it onto a variety of surfaces including vellum, tape, ribbon, and paper.

Sketches
Scrapbookers will sometimes refer to sketches for inspiration for their pages. Sketches are a hand-drawn layout showing where to position photos, titles, journaling, and embellishments. It gives novice scrapbookers somewhere to begin if they are not experienced with balancing the layout correctly. Scrapbookers can interpret the sketch in any way they choose; it is a great starting point when you have scrappers-block. There have been many sketchbooks published and scrapbooking magazines always offer sketches as part of their content.

title: Scrapbooking


text: Category:Gun politics

title: Category:Gun politics


text:
Chaptalization

Chaptalization is the process of adding sugar to unfermented grape must in order to increase the alcohol content after fermentation. The technique is named after its developer, the French chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal. This process is not intended to make the wine sweeter, but rather to provide more sugar for the yeast to ferment into alcohol.

Chaptalization has generated controversy and discontent in the French wine industry due to advantages that the process is perceived to give producers in poor-climate areas. In response to violent demonstrations by protesters in 1907, the French government began regulating the amount of sugar that can be added to wine.

Chaptalization is sometimes referred to as enrichment, for example in the European Union wine regulations specifying the legality of the practice within EU.

The legality of chaptalization varies by country, region, and even wine type. In general, it is legal in regions that produce grapes with low sugar content, such as the northern regions of France, Germany, and the United States. Chaptalization is, however, prohibited in Argentina, Australia, California, Italy, Portugal, Spain and South Africa. Germany prohibits the practice for making Prädikatswein.

History
The technique of adding sugar to grape must has been part of the process of winemaking since the Romans added honey as a sweetening agent. While not realizing the chemical components, Roman winemakers were able to identify the benefits of added sense of body or mouthfeel.

While the process has long been associated with French wine, the first recorded mention of adding sugar to must in French literature was the 1765 edition of L'Encyclopedie, which advocated the use of sugar for sweetening wine over the previously accepted practice of using lead acetate. In 1777, the French chemist Pierre Macquer discovered that the actual chemical benefit of adding sugar to must was an increase in alcohol to balance the high acidity of underripe grapes rather than any perceived increase in sweetness. In 1801, while in the services of Napoleon, Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal began advocating the technique as a means of strengthening and preserving wine.

In the 1840s, the German wine industry was hard hit by severe weather that created considerable difficulty for harvesting ripened grapes in this cool region. A chemist named Ludwig Gall suggested Chaptal's method of adding sugar to the must to help wine makers compensate for the effects of detrimental weather. This process of Verbesserung (improvement) helped sustain wine production in the Mosel region during this difficult period.

At the turn of the twentieth century, the process became controversial in the French wine industry with vignerons in the Languedoc protesting the production of "artificial wines" that flooded the French wine market and drove down prices. In June 1907, huge demonstrations broke out across the Languedoc region with over 900,000 protesters demanding that the government take action to protect their livelihood. Riots in the city of Narbonne prompted Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau to send the French army to the city. The ensuing clash resulted in the death of five protesters. The following day, Languedoc sympathizers burned the prefecture in Perpignan. In response to the protests, the French government increased the taxation on sugar and passed laws limiting the amount of sugar that could be added to wine.

Process variations
Different techniques are employed to adjust the level of sugar in the grape must. In the normal chaptalization process, cane sugar is the most common type of sugar added although some winemakers prefer beet sugar or corn syrup. In many wine regions, brown sugar is an illegal additive, and in regions that disallow chaptalization altogether, grape concentrate may be added. After sugar is added to the must, naturally occurring enzymes break down the sucrose molecules in sugar into glucose and fructose, which are then fermented by the yeast and converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

In warmer regions, where overripening is a concern, the opposite process of rehydration (dilution with water) and acidification is used. This is used in jurisdictions such as areas of California, where if the must has excess sugar for normal fermentation, water may be added to lower the concentration. In acidification, tartaric acid is added to the must to compensate for the high levels of sugar and low levels of acid naturally found in ripe grapes.

In Champagne production, measured quantities of sugar, wine, and sometimes brandy are added after fermentation and prior to corking in a process known as dosage. Chaptalization, on the other hand, involves adding sugar prior to fermentation. Champagne producers sometimes employ chaptalization in their winemaking when the wine is still in the form of must.

Some wine journalists contend that chaptalization allows wine makers to sacrifice quality in favor of quantity by letting vines overproduce high yields of grapes that have not fully ripened. Also, winemakers have been using technological advances, such as reverse osmosis to remove water from the unfermented grape juice, thereby increasing its sugar concentration, but decreasing the volume of wine produced.

Current legality
Control of chaptalization is fairly strict in many countries, and generally only permitted in more northerly areas where grapes might not ripen enough. In the European Union, the amount of chaptalization allowed depends on the wine growing zone.

Dispensation to add another 0.5% ABV may be given in years when climatic conditions have been exceptionally unfavorable. National wine regulations may further restrict or ban chaptalization for certain classes of wine.

In some areas, such as Germany, wine regulations dictate that the wine makers must label whether or not the wines are "natural," i.e. without sugar. Other areas, such as France, do not have such label requirements.

In the United States, federal law permits chaptalization when producing natural grape wine from juice with low sugar content. This allows chaptalization in cooler states such as Oregon, or in states such as Florida where the native grape (Muscadine) is naturally low in sugar. However, individual states may still create their own regulations; California, for example, prohibits chaptalization, although California winemakers may add grape concentrate.

Countries and regions
Countries and regions where chaptalization is permitted
 * Brazil
 * Canada
 * Chile
 * China
 * France: Alsace, Bordeaux, Burgundy, Champagne
 * Germany for Tafelwein, Landwein, and Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete (QbA)
 * Japan
 * New Zealand
 * Switzerland
 * United Kingdom
 * United States: Long Island and Oregon

Countries and regions where chaptalization is not permitted
 * Argentina
 * Australia
 * Austria
 * California
 * Germany for Prädikatswein
 * Italy
 * Portugal
 * Spain
 * South Africa

title: Chaptalization


text:
Belfast and County Down Railway

The Belfast and County Down Railway (BCDR) was an Irish gauge railway in Ireland (later Northern Ireland) linking Belfast with County Down. It was built in the 19th century and absorbed into the Ulster Transport Authority in 1948. All but the line between Belfast and Bangor was closed in the 1950s, although some of it has been restored near Downpatrick by a heritage line, the Downpatrick and County Down Railway.

History
The company was incorporated on 26 June 1846 with the first section of line from Belfast to Holywood opening for traffic on 2 August 1848. The line was further extended to Bangor by the Belfast, Holywood and Bangor Railway (BHBR), opening on 1 May 1865, and acquired by the BCDR in 1884. The line to Downpatrick was opened on 25 March 1859. The line from Downpatrick to Newcastle was built by the Downpatrick, Dundrum and Newcastle Railway, opening on 25 March 1869 and absorbed by BCDR on 14 July 1884. The railway's first chief engineer was Sir John Macneill, who was responsible for allowing the railway to cross the marshy River Quoile. A branch to Ballynahinch was opened in 1858 via Ballynahinch Junction.

A branch line from Downpatrick to Ardglass was opened in 1892, as was a loop line at Downpatrick. This resulted in a 'triangle'-shaped track layout just outside of Downpatrick, allowing trains between Belfast and Newcastle to collect and drop off passengers at the Loop Platform, who would be ferried between there and the main station at Downpatrick by a local train. Thanks to the triangular layout, trains were still capable of operating directly from the main Downpatrick station to Belfast or Newcastle. The branch from Newcastle to Castlewellan was opened on 24 March 1906.

By 1948 the company had 29 locomotives. Two steam railcars from Kitson & Company were acquired in 1905. The locomotive works were at Belfast Queen's Quay railway station and closed in 1950. New carriage works had been opened in 1886, with the last carriage being built in 1923.

Routes

 * Belfast (Queen's Quay) – Ballymacarrett Halt – Victoria Park – Sydenham – Tillysburn – Holywood – Marino – Cultra Halt – Craigavad – Helen's Bay – Carnalea – Bangor West Halt – Bangor
 * Belfast (Queen's Quay) – Bloomfield – Neill's Hill – Knock – Dundonald – Comber
 * Comber – Ballygowan – Shepherd's Bridge Halt – Saintfield – Ballynahinch Junction – Crossgar – King's Bridge Halt – Downpatrick
 * Comber – Ballygowan – Shepherd's Bridge Halt – Saintfield – Ballynahinch Junction – Creevyargon Halt – Ballynahinch
 * Comber – Newtownards – Conlig – Ballygrainey – Millisle Halt – Donaghadee
 * Downpatrick – Downpatrick Loop Platform – Tullymurry – Ballykinlar Halt – Dundrum – Newcastle – Castlewellan
 * Downpatrick – Downpatrick Loop Platform – Racecourse Platform – Ballynoe – Bright Halt – Killough – Coney Island Halt – Ardglass

Steamships
The BH&BR Act of 1881 authorised that company not only to have a railway built between Holywood and Bangor but also to run steamships "for the purpose of establishing an improved and efficient communication between Belfast, Holywood and Bangor". The BH&BR did not exercise this power, but several years after it had been taken over by the B&CDR the latter company started running scheduled passenger steamship services on the route.

The B&CDR took advice from the Glasgow & South Western Railway (G&SWR), which had been running passenger paddle steamers since 1891. For the 1893 season the G&SWR had ordered a new ship, PS Minerva (1893), to be built by J&G Thomson at Clydebank. The two railways then ordered from Thomson's two sister ships of a slightly revised design: PS Glen Rosa for the G&SWR and PS Slieve Donard for the B&CDR. Thomson's launched Slieve Donard on 20 May 1893 and she entered service between Belfast's Donegall Quay and Bangor on 20 June. She was named after Slieve Donard, the highest peak in the Mourne Mountains in County Down.

In October 1893 the B&CDR ordered a slightly larger paddle steamer, PS Slieve Bearnagh, named after Slieve Bearnagh, the second-highest peak in the Mourne Mountains. She made her first voyage on Belfast Lough on 1 May 1894. Donard and Bearnagh worked between Donegall Quay and Bangor, between them providing six sailings per day from Mondays to Saturdays and five on Sundays. From Mondays to Saturdays one mid-afternoon sailing per day extended around the coast to Donaghadee. On Saturday afternoons other sailings continued from Bangor across Belfast Lough to Larne.

Later that summer a local steamer line, the New Belfast, Bangor and Larne Steamboat Company, went into liquidation and the B&CDR bought two of its ships, PS Bangor Castle and PS Erin, from the receivers. These ships were older and smaller than those that Thomson had supplied, and the B&CDR seems to have made little use of them. Bangor Castle had been on charter to the Southampton, Isle of Wight and South of England Royal Mail Steam Packet Company since 1888 and was scrapped in 1899.

In 1899 the railway sold Slieve Donard to Alexander Campbell, co-founder of the P & A Campbell pleasure steamer company. Slieve Bearnagh remained with the B&CDR, occasionally making excursions to Portaferry on the Ards Peninsula, Ardglass in south Down, and Larne and Portrush on the coast of County Antrim in addition to her regular scheduled route on Belfast Lough.

At the end of the 1911 summer season the B&CDR put Slieve Bearnagh up for sale and ordered a new paddle steamer, again slightly larger than her predecessors. A & J Inglis of Pointhouse, Glasgow launched the new ship, PS Erin's Isle, on 12 June 1912 and fitted her out in less than a month. On 19 June 1912 the railway sold Slieve Bearnagh to D&J Nicol of Dundee for service on the east coast of Scotland. Erin's Isle was in B&CDR service from 12 July 1912 until her fourth summer season ended on 29 September 1915. On 20 November 1915 the Admiralty requisitioned her for £400 per month to be a Royal Navy minesweeper. On 7 May 1919 she was sunk by a mine, for which the Admiralty paid £53,676 compensation. However, the railway found that a new ship would cost £64,000 and decided not to return to owning steamships.

Ulster Transport Authority
In 1946 the Northern Ireland Government announced that it would unite under a single authority all public transport that was wholly within Northern Ireland. The Transport Act (NI) 1948 created the Ulster Transport Authority which took over the BCDR on 1 October 1948 and the Northern Counties Committee on 1 April 1949.

On 15 January 1950 the UTA withdrew services on the former BCDR lines between Comber and Newcastle; Ballynahinch Junction and Ballynahinch; and Downpatrick and Ardglass. The Northern Ireland Transport Tribunal had authorised these closures on 15 December 1949.

The UTA withdrew services between Ballymacarrett Junction and Donaghadee on 22 April 1950. The line between Castlewellan and Newcastle remained open until 1 May 1955, served by Great Northern Railway Board trains to and from Banbridge. Once these two sections had been closed, the line between Belfast and Bangor was the only part of the former BCDR that remained open.

When the UTA took it over, the BCDR had 29 locomotives, 181 carriages and 25 other coaching vehicles, 629 wagons mostly covered vans and wagons but also including some 6-wheeled fish vans, and 54 service vehicles.

Incidents and accidents
In the Ballymacarrett rail crash of 1871, on 13 May, 2 died and 55 were injured when a passenger train ran into a derailed goods train at Ballymacarrett Junction. The goods train derailed when a drunken fireman drove the train into an unfinished turnout, fouling the line.

In the Ballymacarrett rail crash, on 10 January 1945, 22 passengers died and 27 were injured when a railmotor car ran into the rear of a conventional train stopped at a signal at Ballymacarrett Junction. The 7.40 a.m. rail motor Holywood to Belfast crashed into the rear of the 7.10 a.m. Bangor to Belfast train. The darkness and local fog were a factor but the driver of the rail motor was held to blame. The Railway had to pay out some £80,000 in compensation, which crippled the company financially, leading to its early nationalisation in 1948.

Downpatrick and County Down Railway
The Downpatrick and County Down Railway (DCDR) operates the only Irish Gauge heritage railways in Northern Ireland on part of the former BCDR Belfast-Newcastle main line. It has fully restored and operates several miles of track, including the famous 'Downpatrick Loop', complete with original restored platform. The DCDR operates four railway stations on the line, one of which was the original BCDR Loop Platform. The railway holds a vast collection of BCDR rolling stock and museum artefacts, the majority of which are on display for the public to enjoy. The DCDR's logo is based on a monogram previously used by the BCDR.

Preservation
Seven carriages that were once owned by the Belfast and County Down Railway have survived into preservation. Among them are three six-wheeled carriages built at Queen's Quay by the BCDR, one of the railway's three railmotors, an 1897 composite bogie coach, the BCDR's royal saloon No. 153, and a six-wheeled carriage built at Dundalk by the Great Northern Railway that was later purchased by the BCDR. All of these apart from six-wheeled third No. 18, built at Queen's Quay, are located at the Downpatrick and County Down Railway. So far, bogie coach No. 148 and ex-railmotor No. 72 have been fully restored, while No. 153 is part-way through overhaul. The other coaches owned by the railway are awaiting maintenance on site.

In addition, one BCDR locomotive has been preserved at the Ulster Transport Museum: BCDR No. 30, which was built in 1901 by Beyer, Peacock & Company. The engine was renumbered 230 by the Ulster Transport Authority in 1951, and preserved by the company for static display. It is one of only 19 remaining 5' 3" gauge steam locomotives left in Ireland.

After closure
Much of the line between Belfast and Newcastle was lifted in the early- to mid-1950s by the Ulster Transport Authority, shortly after the closure of the line. Some of the trackbed was purchased by farmers, while some was later used for walkways: for example, the stretch of former line North of Dundrum. As already mentioned, some of the line was relaid by the Downpatrick and County Down Railway.

The line from Belfast to Comber was converted in the 2000s to The Comber Greenway, a 7 mi walk and cycleway.

title: Belfast and County Down Railway


text:
Squirt (drink)

Squirt is a caffeine-free, grapefruit-flavored, carbonated soft drink, created in 1938 in Phoenix, Arizona. Squirt competes primarily against The Coca-Cola Company's Fresca.

History
Squirt was created by Herb Bishop in 1938.

In 1941, a little boy mascot known as "Lil' Squirt" was created for marketing the product. Squirt became a popular soft drink in many parts of the country, especially the West and Southwest. In the 1950s, it became commonly used as a mixer in cocktails.

The Squirt brand has changed ownership several times, and is currently property of Keurig Dr Pepper.

Product line
Squirt is naturally flavored but contains less than 2% grapefruit juice. Like many other soft drinks, the packaging of Squirt has varied over the years.

In 1983, Diet Squirt, the first soft drink in the United States to be sweetened with aspartame, was introduced.

In the mid 1980s, a vitamin-C-enriched Diet Squirt Plus was briefly marketed.

In the early 1990s, Squirt Sorbet, a frozen treat, was offered in Detroit area supermarkets.

Berry flavored Ruby Red and Diet Ruby Red Squirt have also been introduced. Unlike regular Squirt, Ruby Red Squirt contains caffeine.

In 2008, Squirt Citrus Power was introduced. Unlike regular Squirt, Squirt Citrus Power is caffeinated, lacks concentrated grapefruit juice, and contains taurine and other ingredients similar to an energy drink.

title: Squirt (drink)


text:
21st Division (United Kingdom)

The 21st Division was an infantry division of the British Army during World War I, raised in September 1914 by men volunteering for Lord Kitchener's New Armies. The division moved to France in September 1915 and served on the Western Front for the duration of the First World War. The divisional insignia was the "triple-seven".

History

The Division was the first of the six created for the Third New Army on 13 September 1914. It moved to France in September 1915. It took part in the Battle of Loos in September 1915, the Battle of the Somme in autumn 1916, the Battle of Arras in April 1917, the Battle of Passchendaele in autumn 1917 and the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917. The division suffered 55,581 killed, wounded and missing, being the highest number of casualties suffered by any New Army division. The Division ceased to exist on 19 May 1919.

Order of battle
The following units served with the division:

62nd Brigade
 * 12th (Service) Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers (renamed 12th/13th battalion in August 1917)
 * 13th (Service) Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers (merged with 12th Northumberland Fusiliers in August 1917)
 * 8th (Service) Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment (left November 1915)
 * 1st Battalion, Lincolnshire Regiment (joined November 1915)
 * 10th (Service) Battalion, Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own (Yorkshire Regiment) (disbanded February 1918)
 * 3/4th Battalion, Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment) (joined August 1917 disbanded 11 February 1918)
 * 2nd Battalion, Lincolnshire Regiment (joined February 1918)
 * 62nd Machine Gun Company (joined 4 March 1916, transferred into 21st MG Battalion 24 February 1918)
 * 62nd Trench Mortar Battery (joined by 16 June 1916)

63rd Brigade

In July 1916 the brigade moved to the 37th Division, swapping with the 110th Brigade.
 * 8th (Service) Battalion, Lincolnshire Regiment
 * 8th (Service) Battalion, Prince Albert's (Somerset Light Infantry)
 * 12th (Service) Battalion, Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) (until November 1915)
 * 4th Battalion, Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment) (from November 1915)
 * 10th (Service) Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment
 * 63rd Machine Gun Company (joined 4 March 1916)
 * 63rd Trench Mortar Battery (joined 16 June 1916)

64th Brigade
 * 9th (Service) Battalion, King's Own (Yorkshire Light Infantry)
 * 10th (Service) Battalion, King's Own (Yorkshire Light Infantry) (disbanded February 1918)
 * 14th (Service) Battalion, Durham Light Infantry (left November 1915)
 * 15th (Service) Battalion, Durham Light Infantry
 * 1st Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment (joined November 1915)
 * 2nd Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment (attached 21 to 30 June 1918)
 * 64th Machine Gun Company (joined 4 March 1916, transferred into 21st MG Battalion 24 February 1918)
 * 64th Trench Mortar Battery (joined by 16 June 1916)

110th Brigade (the Leicester Tigers)

In July 1916 the brigade joined from the 37th Division, swapping with the 63rd Brigade. Brigadier-General (temporary) Edward Loch took command on 22 July 1917.
 * 6th (Service) Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment
 * 7th (Service) Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment
 * 8th (Service) Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment (leftJune 1918)
 * 9th (Service) Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment (disbanded February 1918)
 * 1st Battalion, Duke of Edinburgh's (Wiltshire Regiment) (from June 1918)
 * 110th Machine Gun Company (transferred into 21st MG Battalion 24 February 1918)
 * 110th Trench Mortar Battery

Divisional Troops
 * 14th (Service) Battalion, the Northumberland Fusiliers became Divisional Pioneer Battalion in February 1915
 * 13th (Service) Battalion, King’s Royal Rifle Corps (left April 1915)
 * 13th (Service) Battalion, Rifle Brigade (left April 1915)
 * 237th Machine Gun Company (joined 17 July 1917, transferred into 21st MG Battalion 24 February 1918)
 * 21st Battalion Machine Gun Corps (formed 24 February 1918)
 * Divisional Mounted Troops
 * A Sqn, South Irish Horse (joined January 1915, left May 1916)
 * 21st Divisional Cyclist Company, Army Cyclist Corps (formed February 1915, left 10 May 1916)
 * 21st Divisional Train Army Service Corps
 * 182nd, 183rd, 184th and 185th Companies
 * 33rd Mobile Veterinary Section Army Veterinary Corps
 * 222nd Divisional Employment Company (joined 30 June 1917)

Royal Artillery
 * XCIV Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (R.F.A.)
 * XCV Brigade, R.F.A.
 * XCVI Brigade, R.F.A. (broken up 13 January 1917)
 * XCVII (Howitzer) Brigade, R.F.A (broken up 28–31 August 1916)
 * 21st Divisional Ammunition Column R.F.A.
 * 21st Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery (R.G.A.) (transferred to XXIII Heavy Artillery Brigade on 21 August 1915)
 * V.21 Heavy Trench Mortar Battery R.F.A. (joined 1 June 1916, left February 1918)
 * W.21 Medium Mortar Battery R.F.A. (joined May, left August 1916)
 * X.21, Y.21 and Z.21 Medium Mortar Batteries R.F.A. 4 x 6-inch mortars each (joined 1–13 March 1916; in February 1918, Z broken up and batteries reorganised to have 6 x 6-inch mortars each)

Royal Engineers
 * 85th Field Company (left January 1915)
 * 86th Field Company (left February 1915)
 * 97th Field Company
 * 98th Field Company
 * 126th Field Company (joined March 1915)
 * 21st Divisional Signals Company

Royal Army Medical Corps
 * 63rd Field Ambulance
 * 64th Field Ambulance
 * 65th Field Ambulance
 * 38th Sanitary Section (left 1 April 1917)

Commanders
During its existence, 21st Division had the following commanders:
 * 16 September 1914 Lt Gen Edward Hutton
 * 11 April 1915 Major-General George Forestier-Walker
 * 18 November 1915 Major-General Claud Jacob (wounded, 4 March 1916)
 * 4 March 1916 Brig.-General G.M. Gloster (temporary)
 * 1 April 1916 Major-General Claud Jacob
 * 22 May 1916 Major-General David Campbell

title: 21st Division (United Kingdom)