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Apollonian gasket

In mathematics, an Apollonian gasket or Apollonian net is a fractal generated by starting with a triple of circles, each tangent to the other two, and successively filling in more circles, each tangent to another three. It is named after Greek mathematician Apollonius of Perga.

Construction
The construction of the Apollonian gasket starts with three circles $$C_1$$, $$C_2$$, and $$C_3$$ (black in the figure), that are each tangent to the other two, but that do not have a single point of triple tangency. These circles may be of different sizes to each other, and it is allowed for two to be inside the third, or for all three to be outside each other. As Apollonius discovered, there exist two more circles $$C_4$$ and $$C_5$$ (red) that are tangent to all three of the original circles – these are called Apollonian circles. These five circles are separated from each other by six curved triangular regions, each bounded by the arcs from three pairwise-tangent circles. The construction continues by adding six more circles, one in each of these six curved triangles, tangent to its three sides. These in turn create 18 more curved triangles, and the construction continues by again filling these with tangent circles, ad infinitum.

Continued stage by stage in this way, the construction adds $$2\cdot 3^n$$ new circles at stage $$n$$, giving a total of $$3^{n+1}+2$$ circles after $$n$$ stages. In the limit, this set of circles is an Apollonian gasket. In it, each pair of tangent circles has an infinite Pappus chain of circles tangent to both circles in the pair.

The size of each new circle is determined by Descartes' theorem, which states that, for any four mutually tangent circles, the radii $$r_i$$ of the circles obeys the equation $$\left(\frac1{r_1}+\frac1{r_2}+\frac1{r_3}+\frac1{r_4}\right)^2=2\left(\frac1{r_1^2}+\frac1{r_2^2}+\frac1{r_3^2}+\frac1{r_4^2}\right).$$ This equation may have a solution with a negative radius; this means that one of the circles (the one with negative radius) surrounds the other three. One or two of the initial circles of this construction, or the circles resulting from this construction, can degenerate to a straight line, which can be thought of as a circle with infinite radius. When there are two lines, they must be parallel, and are considered to be tangent at a point at infinity. When the gasket includes two lines on the $$x$$-axis and one unit above it, and a circle of unit diameter tangent to both lines centered on the $$y$$-axis, then the circles that are tangent to the $$x$$-axis are the Ford circles, important in number theory.

The Apollonian gasket has a Hausdorff dimension of about 1.3057. Because it has a well-defined fractional dimension, even though it is not precisely self-similar, it can be thought of as a fractal.

Symmetries
The Möbius transformations of the plane preserve the shapes and tangencies of circles, and therefore preserve the structure of an Apollonian gasket. Any two triples of mutually tangent circles in an Apollonian gasket may be mapped into each other by a Möbius transformation, and any two Apollonian gaskets may be mapped into each other by a Möbius transformation. In particular, for any two tangent circles in any Apollonian gasket, an inversion in a circle centered at the point of tangency (a special case of a Möbius transformation) will transform these two circles into two parallel lines, and transform the rest of the gasket into the special form of a gasket between two parallel lines. Compositions of these inversions can be used to transform any two points of tangency into each other. Möbius transformations are also isometries of the hyperbolic plane, so in hyperbolic geometry all Apollonian gaskets are congruent. In a sense, there is therefore only one Apollonian gasket, up to (hyperbolic) isometry.

The Apollonian gasket is the limit set of a group of Möbius transformations known as a Kleinian group.

For Euclidean symmetry transformations rather than Möbius transformations, in general, the Apollonian gasket will inherit the symmetries of its generating set of three circles. However, some triples of circles can generate Apollonian gaskets with higher symmetry than the initial triple; this happens when the same gasket has a different and more-symmetric set of generating circles. Particularly symmetric cases include the Apollonian gasket between two parallel lines (with infinite dihedral symmetry), the Apollonian gasket generated by three congruent circles in an equilateral triangle (with the symmetry of the triangle), and the Apollonian gasket generated by two circles of radius 1 surrounded by a circle of radius 2 (with two lines of reflective symmetry).

Integral Apollonian circle packings
If any four mutually tangent circles in an Apollonian gasket all have integer curvature (the inverse of their radius) then all circles in the gasket will have integer curvature. Since the equation relating curvatures in an Apollonian gasket, integral or not, is $$a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + d^2 = 2ab + 2 a c + 2 a d + 2 bc+2bd+2cd,\,$$ it follows that one may move from one quadruple of curvatures to another by Vieta jumping, just as when finding a new  Markov number. The first few of these integral Apollonian gaskets are listed in the following table. The table lists the curvatures of the largest circles in the gasket. Only the first three curvatures (of the five displayed in the table) are needed to completely describe each gasket – all other curvatures can be derived from these three.

Enumerating integral Apollonian circle packings
The curvatures $$(a, b, c, d)$$ are a root quadruple (the smallest in some integral circle packing) if $$a < 0 \leq b \leq c \leq d$$. They are primitive when $$\gcd(a, b, c, d)=1$$. Defining a new set of variables $$(x, d_1, d_2, m)$$ by the matrix equation $$ \begin{bmatrix} a \\ b \\ c \\ d \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ -1 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ -1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ -1 & 1 & 1 &-2 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} x \\ d_1 \\ d_2 \\ m \end{bmatrix} $$ gives a system where $$(a, b, c, d)$$ satisfies the Descartes equation precisely when $$x^2+m^2=d_1 d_2$$. Furthermore, $$(a, b, c, d)$$ is primitive precisely when $$\gcd(x, d_1, d_2)=1$$, and $$(a, b, c, d)$$ is a root quadruple precisely when $$x<0\leq 2m\leq d_1\leq d_2$$.

This relationship can be used to find all the primitive root quadruples with a given negative bend $$x$$. It follows from $$2m\leq d_1$$ and $$2m\leq d_2$$ that $$4m^2\leq d_1d_2$$, and hence that $$3m^2\leq d_1d_2-m^2=x^2$$. Therefore, any root quadruple will satisfy $$0\leq m \leq |x|/\sqrt{3}$$. By iterating over all the possible values of $$m$$, $$d_1$$, and $$d_2$$ one can find all the primitive root quadruples. The following Python code demonstrates this algorithm, producing the primitive root quadruples listed above.

The curvatures appearing in a primitive integral Apollonian circle packing must belong to a set of six or eight possible residues classes modulo 24, and numerical evidence supported that any sufficiently large integer from these residue classes would also be present as a curvature within the packing. This conjecture, known as the local-global conjecture, was proved to be false in 2023.

Symmetry of integral Apollonian circle packings
There are multiple types of dihedral symmetry that can occur with a gasket depending on the curvature of the circles.

No symmetry
If none of the curvatures are repeated within the first five, the gasket contains no symmetry, which is represented by symmetry group C1; the gasket described by curvatures (−10, 18, 23, 27) is an example.

D1 symmetry
Whenever two of the largest five circles in the gasket have the same curvature, that gasket will have D1 symmetry, which corresponds to a reflection along a diameter of the bounding circle, with no rotational symmetry.

D2 symmetry
If two different curvatures are repeated within the first five, the gasket will have D2 symmetry; such a symmetry consists of two reflections (perpendicular to each other) along diameters of the bounding circle, with a two-fold rotational symmetry of 180°. The gasket described by curvatures (−1, 2, 2, 3) is the only Apollonian gasket (up to a scaling factor) to possess D2 symmetry.

D3 symmetry
There are no integer gaskets with D3 symmetry.

If the three circles with smallest positive curvature have the same curvature, the gasket will have D3 symmetry, which corresponds to three reflections along diameters of the bounding circle (spaced 120° apart), along with three-fold rotational symmetry of 120°. In this case the ratio of the curvature of the bounding circle to the three inner circles is 2√3 − 3. As this ratio is not rational, no integral Apollonian circle packings possess this D3 symmetry, although many packings come close.

Almost-D3 symmetry
The figure at left is an integral Apollonian gasket that appears to have D3 symmetry. The same figure is displayed at right, with labels indicating the curvatures of the interior circles, illustrating that the gasket actually possesses only the D1 symmetry common to many other integral Apollonian gaskets.

The following table lists more of these almost-D3 integral Apollonian gaskets. The sequence has some interesting properties, and the table lists a factorization of the curvatures, along with the multiplier needed to go from the previous set to the current one. The absolute values of the curvatures of the "a" disks obey the recurrence relation $a(n) = 4a(n − 1) − a(n − 2)$, from which it follows that the multiplier converges to √3 + 2 ≈ 3.732050807.

Sequential curvatures
For any integer n > 0, there exists an Apollonian gasket defined by the following curvatures: (−n, n + 1, n(n + 1), n(n + 1) + 1). For example, the gaskets defined by (−2, 3, 6, 7), (−3, 4, 12, 13), (−8, 9, 72, 73), and (−9, 10, 90, 91) all follow this pattern. Because every interior circle that is defined by n + 1 can become the bounding circle (defined by −n) in another gasket, these gaskets can be nested. This is demonstrated in the figure at right, which contains these sequential gaskets with n running from 2 through 20.

title: Apollonian gasket


text:
Vinton

Vinton may refer to:

Places in the United States

 * Vinton, California, an unincorporated community
 * Fort Vinton, Florida, a military outpost
 * Vinton, Iowa, a city
 * Vinton station, a former railroad station on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Vinton, Kansas, an unincorporated community
 * Vinton, Louisiana, a town
 * Vinton, Missouri, a ghost town
 * Vinton, Nebraska, a ghost town
 * Vinton Township, Nebraska
 * Vinton, Ohio, a village
 * Vinton County, Ohio
 * Vinton Township, Vinton County, Ohio
 * Vinton, Texas, a village
 * Vinton, Virginia, a town
 * Vinton, West Virginia, a ghost town

People

 * Vinton (given name)
 * Vinton (surname)

Other uses

 * Vinton (album), a 1969 album by Bobby Vinton
 * USS Vinton, a United States Navy attack cargo ship
 * Vinton Building, Detroit, Michigan, United States, a residential high-rise on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Vinton High School, Vinton, Louisiana
 * Vinton School, Omaha, Nebraska, United States, an elementary school on the National Register of Historic Places

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vinton


text:
Virden

Virden may refer to:

People

 * Claude Virden (born 1947), American basketball player

Canada

 * Virden, Manitoba

United States

 * Virden, Illinois
 * Virden Township, Illinois
 * Virden, New Mexico
 * Virden-Patton House, historic house in Mississippi

title: Virden


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Mortal Kombat II

Mortal Kombat II is a fighting game originally produced by Midway for the arcades in 1993. It was ported to multiple home systems, including MS-DOS, Amiga, Game Boy, Game Gear, Sega Genesis, 32X, Sega Saturn, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and PlayStation only in Japan, mostly in licensed versions developed by Probe Software (later renamed to Probe Entertainment for some ports of the game) and Sculptured Software and published by Acclaim Entertainment (currently distributed by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment).

It is the second main installment in the Mortal Kombat franchise and a sequel to 1992's Mortal Kombat, improving the gameplay and expanding the mythos of the original Mortal Kombat, introducing more varied finishing moves (including several Fatalities per character and new finishers, such as Babality and Friendship) and several iconic characters, such as Kitana, Mileena, Kung Lao, the hidden character Noob Saibot, and the series' recurring villain, Shao Kahn. The game's plot continues from the first game, featuring the next Mortal Kombat tournament set in the otherdimensional realm of Outworld, with the Outworld and Earthrealm representatives fighting each other on their way to challenge the evil emperor Shao Kahn.

The game was an unprecedented commercial success and was acclaimed by most critics, receiving many annual awards and being featured in various top lists in the years and decades to come, and also caused a major video game controversy due to the series' continuous depiction of graphic violence. It spawned a spin-off game, Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks, had the greatest influence on the 2011 soft reboot game Mortal Kombat, and inspired numerous video game clones. Mortal Kombat II is often cited as one of the best video games ever made.

A sequel, Mortal Kombat 3, was released in 1995.

Gameplay

The gameplay system of Mortal Kombat II is an improved version of that from the original Mortal Kombat. There are several changes in standard moves: a crouching punch was added, low and high kicks have greater differentiation (be they crouching or standing up), roundhouse kicks are made more powerful (knocking an opponent across the screen, like the game's uppercut), and it is easier to perform combos due to reduced recovery times for attacks. Returning characters also gained new special moves, including some to be used in mid-air, and the game plays almost twice as fast as the original.

As with its predecessor, matches are divided into rounds, and the first player to win two rounds by fully depleting their opponent's life bar is the winner; at this point, the losing character will become dazed and the winner is given the opportunity of using a finishing move. Mortal Kombat II lacks the "Test Your Might" bonus games and point system from the first game, in favor of a consecutive win tally where wins are represented by icons.

The game marked the introduction of multiple Fatalities (special moves allowing the victorious character to execute their opponent at the end of a match) as well as additional, non-lethal finishing moves to the franchise: Babalities (turning the opponent into a crying baby), Friendships (a non-malicious interaction, such as dancing or giving a gift to the defeated opponent) and additional stage-specific Fatalities (the victor uppercutting their opponent into an abyss below, spikes in the ceiling, or a pool of acid in the background). Finishing moves cannot be performed either by or against the boss or secret characters.

Plot
Following his failure to defeat Liu Kang in the previous Mortal Kombat tournament, the evil Shang Tsung begs his master Shao Kahn, supreme ruler of Outworld and the surrounding kingdoms, to spare his life. He tells Shao Kahn that if they hold the next Mortal Kombat Tournament in Outworld, the Earthrealm warriors must travel away from home to attend. Kahn agrees to this plan, and restores Shang Tsung's youth and martial arts prowess. He then extends the invitation to the thunder god and Earthrealm's protector, Raiden, who gathers his warriors and takes them into Outworld. The new tournament is much more dangerous, as Shao Kahn has the home field advantage.

According to the Mortal Kombat series' canon, Liu Kang won this tournament as well, defeating Shao Kahn and his bodyguard Kintaro. The game's story mode can be also finished using any other playable character, resulting in a variety of non-canonical endings for each of them. This game also establishes that the original Sub-Zero Bi-Han was killed by Scorpion in the first game and Bi-Han's younger brother Kuai Liang took the identity of the new Sub-Zero.

Characters
The game includes 12 playable characters.

 * New characters:
 * Baraka (played by Richard Divizio), a mutant warlord of Outworld's Nomad race, responsible for the assault on the Shaolin Monastery on the orders of Shao Kahn.
 * Jax (played by John Parrish): U.S. Special Forces officer who enters the tournament to rescue his partner Sonya Blade from Outworld.
 * Kitana (played by Katalin Zamiar), a female ninja who works as a personal assassin in the service of Shao Kahn. She has been suspected of secretly aiding the Earthrealm warriors.
 * Kung Lao (played by Anthony Marquez), Shaolin monk and close friend of Liu Kang, a descendant of the Great Kung Lao (who was defeated by Goro and Shang Tsung 500 years before the events of MK). He seeks to avenge his ancestor and the destruction of the Shaolin temple.
 * Mileena (played by Katalin Zamiar), twin sister to Kitana who also serves as an assassin for Kahn. Her mission during the tournament is to ensure the loyalty of her sister, but she also has plans of her own.

 * Returning characters:
 * Johnny Cage (played by Daniel Pesina), Hollywood actor who joins Liu Kang in his journey to Outworld.
 * Liu Kang (played by Ho Sung Pak), Shaolin monk who is the reigning champion of Mortal Kombat. He travels to Outworld to seek vengeance for the death of his Shaolin monastery brothers.
 * Raiden (played by Carlos Pesina), thunder god who returns to Mortal Kombat to stop Kahn's evil plans of taking Earthrealm for his own (spelled "Rayden" in the DOS and console ports).
 * Reptile (played by Daniel Pesina), Shang Tsung's personal bodyguard.
 * Scorpion (played by Daniel Pesina), a hellspawned spectre who returns to the tournament to once again assassinate Sub-Zero.
 * Shang Tsung (played by Phillip Ahn, M.D.) An evil sorcerer who convinced Kahn to spare his life after losing the last tournament, with a new plan to appease his master, who in turn restores Tsung's youth. Although playable in this installment, also serves as a sub-boss of the game, always appearing before Kintaro in the single-player mode. As in the first game, he is able to morph into any of the playable characters, retaining their moves (in some versions only the character against whom he is currently fighting).
 * Sub-Zero (played by Daniel Pesina), a male ninja who possesses cryokinesis. Though apparently killed in the first tournament, he mysteriously returns, traveling into Outworld to again attempt to assassinate Shang Tsung.

 * Boss characters:
 * Kintaro (stop motion), Shao Kahn's bodyguard, sent by his race to avenge Goro's defeat. He is the game's penultimate boss.
 * Shao Kahn (played by Brian Glynn, voiced by Steve Ritchie ), the evil Emperor of Outworld, who wishes to conquer Earthrealm by any means. He is the host of the tournament and the game's final boss.

The game also features three hidden opponents for unlockable fights: Jade (played by Katalin Zamiar), a female ninja clad in green; Noob Saibot (played by Daniel Pesina), a dark silhouetted ninja who is a "lost warrior" from the first MK game; and Smoke (played by Daniel Pesina), a male ninja clothed in gray.

Sonya and Kano are the only playable characters from the first Mortal Kombat who were not implemented as fighters, as they only appear in the background of the Kahn's Arena stage, chained and on display as his prisoners. The reason for this was due to the storage limitations of arcade hardware at the time. When Midway employees ran audits on several Mortal Kombat arcade cabinets in the Chicago area, they found that Kano and Sonya were the least chosen characters. So they were cut to background sprites in order to make room for new characters.

Game
According to the project's lead programmer Ed Boon, Mortal Kombat II was "intended to look different than the original MK" and "had everything we wanted to put into MK but did not have time for." In 2012, Boon placed creating the game among his best Mortal Kombat memories, recalling: "When we did Mortal Kombat II, we got new equipment and all that stuff, but it was funny because when we started working on Mortal Kombat II, the mania, the hysteria of the home versions of Mortal Kombat I was literally all around us. We were so busy working on the next one, going from seven characters to 12 and two Fatalities per character and all these other things that that consumed every second." Both the theme and art style of MKII were slightly darker than those of its predecessor, although a more vibrant color palette was employed and the new game had a much richer color depth than the previous game. A new feature was the use of multiple layers of parallax scrolling in the arcade version. The game was made to be less serious with the addition of humorous alternative finishing moves. Some of the considered Fatalities were rejected as too extreme at the time.

Care was taken during the programming process to give the game a "good feel", with Boon simulating elements such as gravity into the video game design. The game's lead designer and artist John Tobias noted that the previous game's reliance on juggling the opponent in the air with successive hits was an accident, and had been tightened in Mortal Kombat II. Boon said that the reason to not completely remove it in favor of a different system of chaining attacks together was to set the game apart from the competing titles such as Street Fighter and allow for players to devise their own combinations of attacks. A double jump ability was implemented but later removed. At one point, a bonus stage was planned to feature "a bunch of ninjas jumping all over the place and you would swing at them, just like you're in the middle of a fight in a kung fu movie." All of the music was composed, performed, recorded and mixed by Dan Forden, the Mortal Kombat series' sound designer and composer, using the Williams DCS sound system.

Like the first game, Acclaim handled the home conversions. San Francisco Chronicle claimed in 1994 that Acclaim had spent US$50 million on developing, manufacturing and marketing the game.

Characters
To create the character animations for the game, actors were placed in front of a gray background and performed the motions, which were recorded on videotape (using a broadcast-quality, $20,000 Sony camera instead of the standard Hi8 camera used for the original Mortal Kombat). The video capture footage was then processed into a computer, and the background was removed from selected frames to create sprites. Towards the end of the game's development, they opted to instead use a blue screen technique and processed the footage directly into the computer for a similar, simpler process. The actors were lightly sprayed with water to give them a sweaty, glistening appearance, while post-editing was done on the sprites afterward to highlight flesh tones and improve the visibility of muscles, which Tobias felt set the series apart from similar games using digitized graphics. Animations of Shang Tsung morphing into other characters were created by Midway's John Vogel using a computer, while hand-drawn animations were used for other parts of the game, such as the Fatalities. For animating Goro and Kintaro, clay sculptures were created by Tobias' friend Curt Chiarelli and then turned into 12-inch latex miniatures that were used for stop motion filming. Because of technical restrictions, the actors' costumes had to be simple and no acrobatic moves such as backflips could have been recorded; the most difficult moves to perform were some of the jumping kicks.

Several characters (namely Jade, Kitana, Mileena, Noob Saibot, Reptile, Scorpion, Smoke, and Sub-Zero) were created using the first game's palette swap technique on just two base models. The game was noted for its "strong female presence", as it was featuring more than one woman character as it was common in the genre at the time. Due to memory limitations and the development team's desire to introduce more new characters, two fighters from the original Mortal Kombat, Sonya Blade and Kano, whom Boon cited as the least-picked characters in the game, were excluded, substituted by two palette swaps, Mileena and Reptile. In place of Sonya, two new playable female characters, Kitana and Mileena, were introduced so the game might better compete against Capcom's Street Fighter II: The World Warrior featuring Chun-Li. Another planned female fighter, based on the real-life kickboxer Kathy Long whom Tobias admired, was omitted due to time constraints. A male bonus character played by Kyu Hwang was also cut from the game.

Release
The first version of MKII, revision 1.4, "was effectively a public beta test", featuring few Fatalities and many software bugs; it also lacked the endings for the characters. It took three subsequent revisions to have the moves and finishing moves finalized and all the bugs corrected, also adding additional content, as development had still been in progress for all that time. The final version was revision 3.1, released in January 1994.

Marketing and merchandise
In conjunction with the release of the arcade game in 1993, an official comic book, Mortal Kombat II Collector's Edition, written and illustrated by Tobias, was released through mail order, describing the backstory of the game in greater detail. Acclaim Entertainment stated that it "had started Mortal Kombat II with a $10 million global marketing campaign" for the home versions. A part of this sum was used to film and air the live-action TV commercial created by David Anderson and Bob Keen. The video featured Scorpion, Sub-Zero, Reptile (with a notably more reptilian appearance), Kitana, Baraka and Shao Kahn, who were played by the same actors as in the game. The game's promotional campaign's tagline was "Nothing ... Nothing can prepare you." In 2008, Eurogamer called Mortal Kombat II "a marketing triumph".

Malibu Comics published a series of Mortal Kombat comic books featuring the characters from both MKII and the original game. Mortal Kombat II: Music from the Arcade Game Soundtrack, an album featuring music from Mortal Kombat II and Mortal Kombat, composed by Dan Forden, could originally only be purchased by ordering it through a limited CD offer, which was posted on the arcade version of the game's attract mode. Other merchandise for the game included a periodical official fanzine Mortal Kombat II Kollector's Magazine published by Midway and Sendai, a series of collectible stickers for an album by Panini Group, two different series of action figures (released in Argentina in 1995 and in the US in 1999, respectively), and collectible card game Mortal Kombat Kard Game that was marketed as "Mortal Kombat II trading cards".

Home releases
Since 1994, multiple official ports and emulated versions of Mortal Kombat II have been released for a wide variety of home systems, including the 8-bit (Game Boy, Game Gear, and Master System), 16-bit (Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) and Sega Genesis / Mega Drive) and 32-bit (32X, PlayStation, and Sega Saturn) consoles, Amiga and MS-DOS computers, and the PlayStation Network (PSN). The Game Boy, Game Gear, SNES, and Genesis versions were released simultaneously on September 13, 1994, dubbed "Mortal Tuesday" by Acclaim's marketing. The PlayStation version was released only in Japan, retitled Mortal Kombat II: Kyuukyoku Shinken (モータルコンバットII 究極神拳)JP; this subtitle was also used for the Japanese release of the Sega 32X port.

 * The Sega Genesis / Mega Drive port, developed by Probe Software, retains all of the blood and Fatalities without a special code having to be entered, unlike the original Mortal Kombat for the system. It contains several exclusive Easter eggs and features some different character animations for victory poses and a support for the motion controller device Sega Activator.
 * The SNES version was developed by Sculptured Software. Because of poor sales of the censored SNES version of the original game, Nintendo decided to allow depictions of blood and Fatalities this time around. Because the industry-wide rating system was not expected to be in effect until November 1994 at the earliest, this version had no formal rating; instead, a warning label was put on the game's box in order to inform prospective buyers about the game's mature content. The Japanese version, however, is censored to a degree, with green blood for all fighters, as well as the screen colors turning black-and-white for all character-specific lethal Fatalities. John Tobias favored this version over the Genesis version, stating: "I would go so far as to say that the Super NES version is one of the best arcade-to-home conversions I've seen."
 * Also developed by Probe Software, the Game Boy port plays similarly to the Game Boy version of the original game but with characters moving much smoother and faster. It only contains eight of the 12 playable fighters from the arcade game (lacking Baraka, Johnny Cage, Kung Lao and Raiden); Kintaro and Noob Saibot were also removed from the game, yet Jade is included as a hidden fighter. Only three of ten arenas are retained from the arcade version: the Kombat Tomb, the Pit II and Goro's Lair. The Kombat Tomb contains the port's only Stage Fatality and Goro's Lair is much simpler in this version (consisting of a brick wall with no openings or glowing eyes). Blood is completely removed and each playable character retains only one of their Fatalities plus the Babality.
 * Also developed by Probe Software, the Sega Game Gear and Master System ports are similar to the Game Boy port, but in color instead of in monochrome. Both of them are almost identical, except for the reduced size of the Game Gear screen, featuring the same fighters and arenas as the Game Boy port, but with the addition of Kintaro. The arena where players fight Jade and Smoke is exclusive to each version. Unlike the Game Boy version, blood is present, but was drastically reduced in quantity when compared to other ports. Because of the systems' limited graphical resources, some of the Fatalities in the game were altered to completely destroy the opponent's body, leaving generic gibs of bones and limbs, while others were also simplified to use common animations.

The game was also featured in several compilation releases, including Midway Arcade Treasures 2 for the GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox, Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox as a hidden and unlockable Easter egg, Midway Arcade Treasures: Extended Play for the PlayStation Portable, and Mortal Kombat Arcade Kollection for the Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. Another compilation release, for the Nintendo DS, was canceled. Arcade1Up released a home arcade cabinet compilation that included the game, as well as the original Mortal Kombat and Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3.

Sales
Mortal Kombat II proved to be an enormous commercial success and even a cultural phenomenon. WMS Industries, owner of Midway at the time, reported its 1993 sales in the quarter ending December 31 rose to $101 million from $86 million and said much of its revenue gain was related to the sale of the arcade version of MKII. It went on to become America's highest-grossing arcade game of 1994 according to the Amusement & Music Operators Association (AMOA). By 1996, the number of arcade machines sold approached 25,000 units; at that time, arcade games that sold 5,000 units were considered strong titles (Midway printed special T-shirts to celebrate 300 machines being manufactured in one day ) and an arcade cabinet cost $3,000–4,000. The arcade version went on to sell 27,000 units, and grossed US$600 million. MKII was considered an arcade game of the year, taking over from the original Mortal Kombat.

On the day of the release of the game's first four versions for cartridge-based console systems (Sega's Genesis and Game Gear and Nintendo's SNES and Game Boy), dubbed "Mortal Friday" (September 9, 1994), an unprecedented number of more than 2.5 million copies were shipped to be distributed, with the best opening-week sales in video game history at that point. Acclaim's analysts expected that the number of copies sold would reach at least 2.5 million within the first few weeks of release (at an average retail price of $60) and the sales to top $150 million by the end of the year.

In the first week of its console release, the game made sales to $50 million, which Acclaim Entertainment said was "The largest introduction of a video game in history". Distribution of over 2.5 million copies around 15,000 stores required 65 trucks and 11 jumbo jets. First-week sales of over $50 million in the United States surpassed the opening box office results of that season's Hollywood film blockbusters, such as Forrest Gump, True Lies, The Mask, and The Lion King. Approximately 2.5 million units were shipped to stores within a month. Mortal Kombat II became the world's best-selling video game (until it was eclipsed by Donkey Kong Country, released in November 1994). In the United States, it was the top-selling Genesis, SNES, and Game Gear game in September 1994, and the top Game Gear game the following month. The Genesis version went on to sell 1.78 million copies in the United States, along with an additional 1.51 million American copies of the game for the SNES. In the United Kingdom, it was the top-selling game in September 1994, including for the Mega Drive, SNES, Master System, Game Gear, and Game Boy; it remained the top-selling game for the Master System, Game Gear, and Game Boy in October, and for the Game Gear in November.

By 2002, estimated gross sales of Mortal Kombat II home video games exceeded $400 million. Re-released in 2007, the PSN version has continued to occupy the service's top ten monthly sales chart nearly three years later in February 2010.

Reviews
The initial critical reception of Mortal Kombat II was overwhelmingly positive, with Sega Visions describing the way in which the sequel was directed as "sheer brilliance", and Nintendo Power calling it "the hottest fighter ever". Tony Brusgul of The Daily Gazette opined the "incredible" hype surrounding the game was "well deserved", describing it as "a perfect blend of great graphics, action and violence". In his review of the arcade release, Rik Skews of Computer + Video Games (C+VG) wrote: "the only true rival to Street [F]ighter II" returned "in a sequel that bites off the head of the original."

Regarding the Genesis version, Mark Patterson of C+VG wrote that "Probe has done an incredible job with this conversion. Everything is here, and I mean everything." Sushi-X of Electronic Gaming Monthly (EGM) called the Genesis version "a great translation considering its limitations", commenting that its graphics and sounds are not as good as those of the SNES version. A reviewer for The Detroit News was "very disappointed" with the Genesis port and recommended the SNES version instead.

The four reviewers of EGM hailed the SNES version as a "near-perfect" translation of the arcade game. A reviewer for The Baltimore Sun called the SNES version "the best game I've ever played - a true translation", and Patterson noted it was the bloodiest game Nintendo has yet allowed to be released. C+VG declared it "the most perfect coin-op conversion ever". Next Generation stated about SNES version that "with full creative license, Acclaim has produced possibly the best arcade conversion ever."

Regarding the portable console ports, Patterson stated that "no Game Boy owner should go without this" and called the Game Gear version "still the best handheld beat-'em up" on the market though lacking much canonical content. EGM reviewers concurred that the Game Gear version "has eye-popping graphics, and great control - so much so that you won't believe this is a portable", but were less enthusiastic about the Game Boy version. Though they commented that it is better than most fighting games for the system, two of their four reviewers said that it was not worth getting with the game available on much more powerful platforms.

Critical reception of the Amiga version was also mostly very favorable, including Ed Lawrence of CU Amiga declaring that "every person who own an Amiga has to own Mortal Kombat 2. In terms of revitalising the Amiga market, this is far more important than any Commodore buy-out could ever be." In a rare dissenting opinion, Jonathan Nash of Amiga Power dismissed Mortal Kombat II as "a clearly nonsensical title", recommending to "buy Shadow Fighter instead". The later PC version was also well-received, with Next Generation stating that "if you like fighting games, this is the best that's available."

About the 32X version, IGN's Levi Buchanan stated that "if you do not have a SNES, this is the home version of MKII to get." In contrast, GamePro remarked that the 32X version offered too little improvement over the Genesis version, even failing to correct the control shortcomings, and was technically poor given the 32X's capabilities. In a review of the 32X version of the game, Next Generation opined that "MKII is a great game, but it's a serious case of 'been there, done that!'" Brazilian magazine Ação Games gave the 32X version 5 out of 5 on all six categories.

Reviewing the CD-ROM based Saturn port, EGM commented that the graphics are identical to the arcade version but that there are missing sound effects and "unbearable" slowdown when first performing a special move. They rated it the best home version of the game to date but said that with Mortal Kombat II having considerably aged by this point, any port needed to be near arcade perfect to stand out. Next Generation said that the Saturn version was arcade perfect, but that the Mortal Kombat series as a whole was grossly overrated and lacked any gameplay innovations to make it stand out from other fighting games. They summarized that "if you are a fan of the game (and you know who you are), then the Saturn version is everything you can hope for - an arcade-perfect translation - and yet, there is nothing outside of a flashy presentation and a little gore to recommend this game over a million others just like it." Scary Larry of GamePro agreed that the Saturn port "duplicates the arcade version perfectly", but argued that the slowdown and load times make the game frustrating to play. He concluded that the conversion would make a decent holdover until Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 was released for Saturn, but fails to measure up to Mortal Kombat 3 on the PlayStation. Sega Saturn Magazine was extremely disappointed with the final version of the Saturn port, calling it "much worse than any of the versions seen on the cartridge format", as opposed to the vastly superior pre-release version they had reviewed five months earlier.

Awards
Mortal Kombat II received numerous annual awards from gaming publications. Game Players gave it the titles of "Best Genesis Fighting Game", "Best SNES Fighting Game" and "Best Overall SNES Game" of 1994. The staff of Nintendo Power ranked MKII as the second (SNES) and fifth (Game Boy) "Top Game" of 1994, while the magazine's readers voted it to receive the 1995's Nintendo Power Awards for "Best Tournament Fighter (all Nintendo platforms)" and "Best Play Control (Game Boy)", with the game having been nominated by the staff also in the categories "Worst Villain" (positively, an equivalent of "Best Hero") and "Best Overall (all Nintendo platforms)". VideoGames named MKII as the "Best Fighting Game" of 1994, also awarding it second place in the categories "Best Super NES Game" and "Best Arcade-to-Home Translation". Other awards included "The Best of the Show (Super NES)" for the SCES '94 from GamePro and "Bloodiest Game of 1994" from EGM. In 2017, Gamesradar listed the game 29th on its "Best Sega Genesis/Mega Drive games of all time".

Controversies
As in the case of the first Mortal Kombat game, the content of Mortal Kombat II became the subject of a great deal of controversy regarding violent video games. Nancian Cherry of Toledo Blade wrote that both games had "an army of critics too: people upset by the bone-crunching, blood-spurting, limb-ripping violence depicted on the small screen." According to IGN, "Mortal Kombat II wore its notoriety as a badge of honor, boasting about it in promotional materials, and even parodying it in-game." The game was banned in Germany, where MKII was put in the index by the Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons (BPjM) and all versions of the game except for the Game Boy version were subjected to being confiscated from the nation's market for violating the German Penal Code by showing excessive violence and cruel acts against representations of human beings. Due to regional censorship, the game was also released with green-colored blood and black-and-white fatality sequences in Japan; it was at that time a unique occurrence of a western game being censored in Japan, not the reverse. Years later, Boon recalled: "I've always had the position that the rating system was a good idea and should be put in place. Once Mortal Kombat II came out, there was a rating system in place. We were an M-rated game, and everybody knew the content that was in there, so it became almost a non-issue." Tobias agreed, saying that they "were content with the M for mature on our packaging."

There were also some other controversies. In 1994, Guy Aoki, president of Media Action Network for Asian Americans (MANAA), criticized the game for allegedly perpetuating existing stereotypes of Asians as martial arts experts with the game's portrayal of several of its characters. Allyne Mills, a publicist at Acclaim, responded to this by stating: "This is a fantasy game, with all different characters. This is a martial arts game which comes from Asia. [sic] The game was not created to foster stereotypes." Critical studies professor Marsha Kinder accused the game of "a misogynist aspect to the combat", alleging that "in MKII, some of the most violent possibilities are against women. Also, their fatality moves are highly eroticised."

Members of Mortal Kombat II cast (Daniel Pesina, Philip Ahn, and Katalin Zamiar, as well as Sonya's actress Elizabeth Malecki), seeking additional royalties for the game's home ports, sued Midway, Williams, Nintendo of America, Sega of America and Acclaim Entertainment for misuse of their likenesses in an unauthorized way in two different cases in 1996 and 1997, losing both of them. After that, Pesina (who sought $10 million for his role in both games, after being paid several thousand) agreed to participate in the BloodStorm advertisement photo shoot attacking Mortal Kombat. He later recalled, "I don't think [the ad] actually upset people at Midway. I think it more upset some of the hardcore Mortal Kombat fans."

Retrospective
Over the following years, multiple publications acclaimed Mortal Kombat II as one of the best video games ever. It was ranked as the 97th top game of all time by the staff of Game Informer in 2001, as the 38th most important video game of all time by the staff of GamePro in 2007, and as the 32nd best video game of all time by The Boston Phoenix in 2010. Featuring it in their 2003 video game hall of fame series, the staff of GameSpot wrote: "Mortal Kombat II was so much better, as a sequel, than it had to be that it absolutely deserves a place in the pantheon of all-time classics."

Many publications also listed Mortal Kombat II among the best video games of its genre or era. It was ranked as the third best fighting game by the staff of GamePro and the ninth best fighting game of all time by Rich Knight of Cinema Blend in 2008, as the third top fighting game of all time by Marissa Meli of UGO and the second best 2D fighting game ever made by Robert Workman of GamePlayBook in 2010, and as the third best fighting game of all time by Peter Rubin of Complex in 2011. It was also ranked as the 53rd best game on any Nintendo platform by the staff of Nintendo Power in 1997, featured among the 100 best games of the 20th century by Jakub Kralka of Benchmark in 2009, and ranked as the tenth best 16-bit game ever by McKinley Noble of PC World that same year.

The game also received accolades for its various conversions. Mortal Kombat II was included among the ten best arcade games by Wirtualna Polska, and ranked as the fifth top arcade game by the staff of GameTrailers in 2009, as the 31st top arcade game of all time by the staff of GameSpy in 2011, and as the sixth best arcade game of the 1990s by Complex in 2013. Regarding the 16-bit console versions, MKII was ranked as the fourth best ever Genesis game by Complex and as the 19th best Genesis game by GamesRadar, as well as the 12th best ever SNES game by Rich Knight of Complex and as the 25th top game for the SNES by Richard George of IGN; in 1995, SNES magazine Super Play also ranked it as the best sequel on the platform. In Poland, where the Amiga was the most popular gaming platform of the early 1990s, MKII was ranked as the ninth best ever Amiga game by Michał Wierzbicki of CHIP and as the 22nd best Amiga game by PSX Extreme editor-in-chief Przemysław Ścierski. In 1995, Total! Listed the game 4th on its "Top 100 SNES Games". In 1996, GamesMaster rated the game 35th on their "Top 100 Games of All Time".

GamesRadar called it "the point when the series became great". In 2007, GamesRadar included four elements of this game - Dan Forden's "Toasty!" effect during an uppercut (also ranked as the 11th funniest moment in video games by Rich Knight of Complex in 2012), Friendship and Babality finishing moves, and the ceiling spikes Stage Fatality - among the ten greatest things about Mortal Kombat. Reviewing the PlayStation 3 release in 2007, IGN's Jeff Haynes stated that "Mortal Kombat II still manages to stand up almost 15 years later as one of the best arcade fighters around." As late as 2009, many fans still considered MKII to be the best title in the series. According to a 2011 article by Mike Harradence of PlayStation Universe, the "bigger, bolder and bloodier" game remains "a firm fan favourite among MK aficionados". That year, IGN's Richard George wrote that "Mortal Kombat II is considered by many to be the pinnacle of the series" and called it "still one of the most fun 16-bit fighters to play". In 2013, Rich Knight and Hanuman Welch of Complex wrote that "Mortal Kombat II took everything we loved about the original and magnified it by about a million. ... We still love this game." That same year, Knight and Gus Turner from the same magazine also ranked it as the sixth best 2D fighting game of all time, stating: "Truth be told, the latest MK has nothing on this one. Nothing. A step up from the original in every way, MK II was, and still is, a solid, violent game that's an essential title to grab for any serious fan of fighting games." In 2014, Kevin Wong of Complex wrote: "Today, we remember Mortal Kombat II for its anarchic spirit—the game was endlessly intriguing and weird, and it had an uneasy atmosphere—anything could happen at any given moment. Critics derided Mortal Kombat as meaningless shock value, but its sequel proved those naysayers wrong. Mortal Kombat II was a Flawless Victory—irreverent, hilarious, and horrific in equal measures."

Legacy
On December 26, 2022, the source code for the game, which included cut content, was uploaded online to GitHub. In response, on January 6, 2023, Warner Bros. Discovery sent a DMCA take down notice to GitHub, and public access to the repository was disabled as a result. The leaker then created a new repository titled "not-mk2" which contained the "Controversies" section of the NetherRealm Studios article on Wikipedia.

Rumored content
While many games have been subject to urban legends about secret features and unlockable content, these kinds of myths were particularly rampant among the dedicated fan community of Mortal Kombat in connection with Mortal Kombat II. According to GameSpy, "the [arcade gaming] community was abuzz about myriad secrets both true and false." The game's creators did little to dispel those rumors that included supposed "Nudality" or "Sexuality" finishing moves for Kitana and Mileena, Shang Tsung's ability to transform into Kano and Goro, a chance to fight Sonya after defeating Jade in a specific way, and "Hornbuckle" being featured as an additional secret character.

Some of them were eventually implemented in subsequent MK games. Among these rumors to be adapted later were the Animalities (used in Mortal Kombat 3 and its updates) and an ability to throw an opponent into the mouth of a tree in the Living Forest stage (first used in Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks). Rumored characters included a red female ninja character (actually just a glitch that reportedly turned Kitana's outfit from blue to red), who was dubbed "Scarlet" by fans and was officially introduced as Skarlet in 2011's Mortal Kombat, and the male ninja Ermac that originated from a misinterpreted indicator in the original game's audits menu, and was teased in MKII before finally becoming playable in Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3. A nameless, flaming palette swap of Liu Kang seen in the background of the Pit II stage, initially dubbed "Torch" by fans, officially debuted in Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance as a secret character Blaze that later became the final boss of Mortal Kombat: Armageddon.

Related titles
Although the 1995 film Mortal Kombat was primarily based on the first game, it features elements of MKII, such as the characters Kitana and Shao Kahn, and the setting of Outworld.

The plot and characters of the game served as the basis for the 2005 spin-off game Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks, a beat 'em up title which follows Liu Kang and Kung Lao as they fight their way through Outworld to defeat Shao Kahn. Some of the plot of Shaolin Monks, such as the death of Jade, is not compatible with the general Mortal Kombat game series.

The events of Mortal Kombat II, along with the first Mortal Kombat and Mortal Kombat 3 (including its expansions), were later retold in the 2011 fighting game Mortal Kombat, which was as an effective reboot of the series. In it, Raiden uses time travel to revisit the tournaments from the original games in the series in order to change the future in the aftermath of Armageddon. The ladder/arcade mode of this game can follow the same order of bosses as in MKII (with Shang Tsung, Kintaro and Shao Kahn as the final three opponents, although Goro will often be the ninth opponent instead of Kintaro) and its controls and Fatality system are most reminiscent of MKII. Classic costumes from MKII were also brought back as alternate outfits for female ninja characters, with some of these costumes exclusive to the PlayStation Vita version.

Mortal Kombat II was to be one of the three games remade in HD in the cancelled fighting game Mortal Kombat HD Arcade Kollection. However, only a simple compilation game titled Mortal Kombat Arcade Kollection was released instead.

title: Mortal Kombat II


text:
Vivian

Vivian may refer to:
 * Vivian (name), a given name and also a surname

Places

 * Vivian, Louisiana, U.S.
 * Vivian, South Dakota, U.S.
 * Vivian, West Virginia, U.S.
 * Vivian Island, Nunavut, Canada
 * Ballantrae, Ontario, a hamlet in Stouffville, Ontario, formerly known as Vivian

Other

 * Vivian (album), an album by Vivian Green
 * Vivian (Paper Mario), a Paper Mario character
 * Vivian & Sons, a British metallurgical and chemicals business based at Hafod, in the lower Swansea valley
 * MV Vivian, an Empire F type coaster originally named Empire Farjeon, in service in Greece from 1966-87

title: Vivian


text:
Martin Sharp

Martin Ritchie Sharp (21 January 1942 – 1 December 2013 ) was an Australian artist, cartoonist, songwriter and film-maker.

Career
Sharp was born in Bellevue Hill, New South Wales in 1942, and educated at Cranbrook private school, where one of his teachers was the artist Justin O'Brien.

In 1960, Sharp enrolled at the National Art School at East Sydney.

He was one of the editors of Oz, an Australia/UK alternative/underground satire magazine published from 1963 to 1973 and associated with the international counterculture of that era.

Sharp was called Australia's foremost pop artist. He wrote the lyrics of the Cream song "Tales of Brave Ulysses," and created the cover art for Cream's Disraeli Gears and Wheels of Fire albums.

He designed at least two posters for Australia's premier contemporary circus, Circus Oz, including the 'World-famous'/'Non-Stop Energy' design.

Later interests
For most of the 1970s and beyond, Sharp's work and life was dominated by two major interests: Sydney's Luna Park and the entertainer Tiny Tim.

Luna Park
Sharp's involvement as an artist, in the restoration of Luna Park Sydney in the early 1970s, proved a bittersweet experience.

In 1979, as pressure mounted to redevelop the prime harbourside site, a fire in the Luna Park Ghost Train claimed seven lives, including a father and his two sons and four 13-year-old schoolmates. The fire was a turning point in Sharp's life; like many others he firmly believed that it was a deliberate act of terrorism aimed at destroying the park and making the site available for redevelopment. He later stated this had a profound effect on his spiritual outlook.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Sharp played an important role in saving Luna Park from development as the head of the Friends of Luna Park activist group.

Tiny Tim
Sharp first saw performer Tiny Tim at the Royal Albert Hall in 1968 at the suggestion of Eric Clapton. From that time on, Tiny Tim was one of Sharp's strongest inspirations.

"'Tim's appropriation of song is very much like my appropriation of images. We are both collagists taking the elements of different epochs and mixing them to discover new relationships.'"

"Eternity"
Sharp's work was celebrated in many exhibitions including a special Yellow House exhibition at the Art Gallery of NSW and a major retrospective at the Museum of Sydney which ran from October 2009 to March 2010.

Sydney Opera House
Sharp maintained a lifelong friendship with artist Lin Utzon, daughter of the Danish architect of the Sydney Opera House Jørn Utzon. The architect was controversially forced from his uncompleted masterpiece in 1966 and secretly left Australia with the aid of Sharp's mother.

In the mid-1990s, Sharp helped broker a reconciliation between the Sydney Opera House and Jørn Utzon, who subsequently developed a set of design principles to guide the building's future.

Street of Dreams
Sharp merged several of his key obsessions - Tiny Tim, Luna Park, Sydney and the 1979 Luna Park Ghost Train fire - into a planned feature documentary entitled Street of Dreams that explored all of these themes and the perceived connections between them. The film was never finished, though a rough cut screened at festivals circulates online.

Death
Sharp inherited the heritage-listed house Wirian, in Victoria Road, Bellevue Hill, Sydney, in 1978. The house had been bought by Sharp's grandfather, Stuart Douglas Ritchie, a merchant, in 1937 for 20,000 pounds. Sharp lived there until he died from emphysema on 1 December 2013, at the age of 71.

title: Martin Sharp


text:
Talk:Port Howard

Untitled
Attractions include a ford ? - or should that be fort ? 213.51.209.230 10:45, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * It's a ford - perhaps not the most exciting attraction, but true. Warofdreams 11:13, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Union Jack ?
There are different statements about the flag on the coffin - the other article Engagement at Many Branch Point says there was no Union Jack --Eingangskontrolle (talk) 20:31, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, I've noticed this incongruity. It's extremely problematic. The Brits say he was so heroic that the Argentines procured a Union Jack, and the Argentines say that some petty people refused them one. Who's to say? Maybe this contradiction should be noted. --MacRusgail (talk) 15:01, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Undoing a revert: see WP:EXPABBR (NGSFO)
I'm reverting a revert. I tried the reverter's talk page, but it says he's no longer a user [''Ed.: See next post, where I clarified what I saw on the talk page and both admitted and explained my error. Despite my error, I used the article's talk page and pinged WCM and provided a full explanation and cited authoritative sources; there's no requirement to additionally post on a user's page.'']. I changed the expansion of NGSFO from title case to sentence case. Many people are confused on this point: Just because something makes an acronym, the thing itself is NOT capitalized unless it is a proper noun. The expansion does NOT get capitalized. This is a common example of over-capitalization of terminology that is specific to an industry or subject of study (e.g., military, business)—people who are embedded in those communities tend to capitalize terms that are important to their fields, often terms that have acronyms or initialisms made out of them. (Edit for emphasis: See WP:EXPABBR, which is pretty definitive on the issue at hand.) Holy (talk) 20:03, 19 March 2019 (UTC)
 * The reverter,, reverted my edit and gave a short explanation ("it's an acronym, which is capitalised") in the edit comment. Then I went to his talk page to alert him that I was going to change it back, and saw the header "This user is no longer very active on Wikipedia," which I mis-interpreted as being a notice that he was not available on his talk page. So, I reverted his reversion AND left a detailed comment above on the talk page and in the edit comment. After this, Wee Curry Monster reverted the edit a SECOND time with no explanation except "you are wrong it is capitalised" and (ironically) accused me of edit warring and told me to "take it to talk" (which I had already done and he had not done!). He or she also did not even comment on the talk page or make any real counterargument or cite any policy or style standard. I think I have followed procedure here and provided a solid explanation which has not been refuted. I'll leave this here for discussion for a few days and then make the original change again, based on the result. Thank you. Holy (talk) 14:24, 20 March 2019 (UTC)
 * See also [] and MOS:MILTERMS. Note that the style of industry-specific literature does not supersede Wikipedia's MOS. There's a great article on Wikipedia about this, but I can't find it now. Holy (talk) 14:43, 20 March 2019 (UTC)

 * My page doesn't say I'm no longer a user, it never has, I also gave you an informative edit summary. Per WP:BRD you should have discussed matters and were edit warring with a second revert.  The high dudgeon and finger pointing isn't helpful.
 * You're simply wrong, it's should be treated as a proper noun as it is effectively a job title, it's also an acronym. If you continue to revert I will simply take this to WP:3RRNB. WCM email 15:43, 20 March 2019 (UTC)

 * It's lower case. The MoS is painfully clear on this. See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Military history for further comment on this specific case supporting it being lower case. Gog the Mild (talk) 22:24, 20 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Mmm, the discussion didn't appear that clear cut to me and being ex-military it's always capitalised. However, the suggestion of not using the acronym as unnecessary seemed the better compromise. WCM email 09:56, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

 * I think that Sturmvogel sums it up quite well. I also liked Buckshot's suggestion. As SV indicates, many professions and areas have a habit of capitalising things that are important to them, but their style guides do not necessarily translate into Wikipedia's. Gog the Mild (talk) 11:10, 21 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Are you going to comment on the proposal to rewrite without the acronym, it is unnecessary. WCM email 11:28, 21 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi WCM, was that addressed to me? Gog the Mild (talk) 11:49, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

Yes WCM email 12:58, 21 March 2019 (UTC)
 * On the MilHist thread I wrote "In the specific case in which it is used in the article I wondered why it is necessary to give the acronym, as the term is not used again". Above I wrote "I also liked Buckshot's suggestion", which was "No need for the acronym, as the term is only used once. Simply 'Howard was suspected of being a forward observer for naval gunfire support' or some such". Gog the Mild (talk) 13:41, 21 March 2019 (UTC)
 * WCM, you have stated multiple times a few arguments which simply are incorrect, in accordance with Wikipedia's (and most of the world's) style standards: (1) You stated that the term should be capitalized simply because it is an acronym. WP:EXPABBR states, "Do not apply initial capitals in a full term that is a common noun phrase, just because capitals are used in its abbreviation." This is a nearly universal standard in English-language style guides; it's not a quirk of Wikipedia. (2) You stated that it should be capitalized because it's a job title. Again, universally, style standards, including Wikipedia's, direct that job titles NOT be capitalized. Do you capitalize police officer, hall monitor, operations officer, fire marshal, mayor, election official, etc., just because they're job titles? MOS:JOBTITLES states, "Offices, titles, and positions such as president, king, emperor, grand duke, lord mayor, pope, bishop, abbot, chief financial officer, and executive director are common nouns and therefore should be in lower case when used generically." You're ex-military? I'm current military, over 30 years total. I'm an editor for a defense contractor. I see over-capitalization in both professions all the time. People just love to capitalize job titles used generically and other common nouns that are unique or important to their fields. This really couldn't be a much more clear-cut case. The MoS is abundantly clear on this. I sympathize with your confusion as I see it all the time. But our experience isn't the guide; the MoS is. Holy (talk) 05:52, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

 * The suggestion to omit the acronym seems good to me. But otherwise, the expansion should not be capitalized, as explained above in WP:EXPABBR and WP:JOBTITLES. These are backed up by WP:SPECIALSTYLE, which is what HolyT was looking for when he perfectly summarized it: "the style of industry-specific literature does not supersede Wikipedia's MOS." The military just loves to overcapitalize, while Wikipedia's style is that "capitalization is primarily needed for proper names, acronyms, and for the first letter of a sentence" (not expansions of acronyms), Chris the speller   yack  13:37, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

 * In this case I agree that the acronym could be omitted as unnecessary. Military acronyms are capitalised, always have been and always will be. I am still a reservist and I too work for a defence contractor as a technical specialist; one of the biggest in the world.  Personally I think you're doing our readers a great disservice in the editing you're doing; they're clued up enough to recognise a military acronym.  Slavishly applying a WP:MOS as a rulebook is simply FUBAR. WCM email 19:01, 22 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I was talking about lower case for the expansion, not the acronym. Chris the speller   yack  22:29, 22 March 2019 (UTC)
 * In this case, I believe the rulebook produces a better article, and following it is a service to readers. For one thing, articles about military installations aren't just for military readers, so even if military people aren't bothered by pervasive capitalization, using the same style in military articles as in the rest of the encylopedia makes sense.  Wikipedia's basic philosophy to be conservative in capitalization is there because capitalized words are harder to read than noncapitalized ones and proper nouns are harder to read than common nouns.  Both are jarring and interrupt the flow of a sentence.  Bryan Henderson (giraffedata) (talk) 02:22, 23 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Military positions are always a gray area for me when it comes to capitalization. For someone coming from a military family and background, I can see where WCM email is coming from when wanting to capitalize forward observer for naval gunfire support. However, I do have to remind myself that, Wikipedia is not a military website, and less than 1% of the world's population are going to understand military jargon and acronyms as I do. Even some military follow the standardized Associated Press style guide the majority of the time. In this case, is forward observer for naval gunfire support a singular post? Or is it a position multiple soldiers can be assigned as? Is it a prestigious position? You can't be sure. This isn't a position like the Chief of Staff of the Army or the Chief of Naval Operations which are clear distinguishable positions and titles. In this case, I would have to agree with Holy (talk) and Chris the speller   yack  in that we should follow the guidelines as laid forth via WP:EXPABBR, WP:JOBTITLES, MOS:MILTERMS. Neovu79 (talk) 06:10, 23 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Port Howard


text:
Piza

Piza may refer to:

 * Antoni Pizà (born 1962), Spanish musicologist
 * Evaristo Piza (born 1972), Brazilian footballer and coach
 * Luz María Pizá Núñez (born 1950), Mexican painter
 * Rodolfo Piza Rocafort (born 1958), Costa Rican politician and lawyer
 * Piza Michinoku, Japanese wrestler

title: Piza


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Secksy

Secksy
Incoherent rambling around a misspelling apparently used by some people online. — David Remahl 10:48, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. — David Remahl 10:48, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense neologism. jni 11:56, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, please. non-notable - this isn't urbandictionary. DeusExMachina
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not fo bein down wit da hood, yo --Improv 18:44, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. H4x0r-slang dictdef.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:07, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete I'm the only person I know who ever uses the word. Darksun 22:10, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. As one of the generation who uses this word, it does NOT deserve recognition in an encyclopedia. Sean 22:15, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Inane garble, little more.  Anna nym 02:45, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete' and sometime soon please. Knowing that this remains on the beloved Wikipedia pains me something fierce.--TheGrza 06:43, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Secksy


text:
User:Kvamme

About me
I am living in Bergen, the second largest town in Norway. Currently I am trying to finish my Dr. scient (aka PhD; see also Doctorate) degree in molecular biology.

My main interests are
 * Science
 * Karate
 * Photography
 * Nature

Recommended Wikipedia links
{| style="background: #F8FCFF" cellspacing=5 width="100%"
 * valign=top |

Serious stuff

 * Peptidase
 * Serine peptidase
 * Nobel Prize

 * valign=top |

Not so serious stuff

 * Martial Arts
 * Karate
 * Photography

 * }

Wikipedia-pages I have contributed to
{| style="background: #F8FCFF" cellspacing=5 width="100%"
 * valign=top |

Large

 * Peptidase

 * valign=top |

Minor

 * Animals

 * }

Hopefully the contributions will add up over time:-)

BOKvamme

title: User:Kvamme


text:
Badaga

Badaga may refer to:
 * Badagas, an indigenous people inhabiting the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, India
 * Badaga language, a Dravidian language spoken by the Badagas
 * Badaga cinema, the Badaga-language film industry based in Udagamandalam or Ooty in Tamil Nadu, India
 * Badaganadu, a Brahmin community that resides primarily in Karnataka, India

title: Badaga


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Best barbecue hosts

Best_barbecue_hosts
Non-notable and idiosyncratic. Also, people should learn to cite sources, epecially when dealing with polls. --Jill St. Crux 10:58, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete--Jll 11:09, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, though I would nominate this for "Article containing the most useless information" if there were such a contest. --Ianb 11:44, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Barbecue any rabid inclusionists who disagree. --Improv 18:45, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:08, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete from a rabid inclusionist :P -- Chuq 00:50, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. As much as I learned from this article, I must vote for its deletion on the basis of it being garbage, pure and simple.  Anna nym 02:49, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Eric B. & Rakim

WikiHeadz
Eric B. should have his own page indeed, talk to someone you know who knows a fair bit about hip-hop history and has access to Wikipedia. Try to get them to write something. See any hip-hop pages that need expanding, even tangentially? WikiHeadz is distributed by the GFDL

Eric B., a rapper?
Eric B. was the DJ in the group, and not a rapper. He did pick up the mic as a solo artist later on, however. Eric B. is now hosting tv shows. Upon questioning, he stated that he would leave Rakim to music, so i can keep tv.

I didn't know he was on t.v could you list some shows he's on.

Eric B.'s wiki page
I will probably make one for him. He is a main part of one of the most important rap groups. He deserves a page. --Taurus8 sam 08:08, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Eric B
Why doesn't Eric B have his own page?

Don't get me wrong when I say this because I think eric b. is one of the best d.j.'s to ever live but the star of the group was the legendary rakim eric b. was almost considered an add on, although I think he should have his own page.

Plagiarism
This article's lead is nearly a verbatim copy from the Eric B. & Rakim's entry at AMG (allmusic.com). 80.201.8.44 21:38, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Eric B Rakim-Follow the Leader (album cover).jpg
Image:Eric B Rakim-Follow the Leader (album cover).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:12, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Eric B - Paid In Full.jpg
Image:Eric B - Paid In Full.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:12, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Eric B - Let The Rhythm.jpg
Image:Eric B - Let The Rhythm.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:13, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Eric B - Don't Sweat.jpg
Image:Eric B - Don't Sweat.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:13, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

band members?
Is it really neccesary? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.63.172.90 (talk) 20:41, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

POV
The introduction to the article was not written with a NPOV stance. It should probably be rewritten or deleted. 97.114.21.138 (talk) 22:52, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Frankly, the whole article suffered from unsourced fancruft, and I have now removed the worst of it. Please - more references; less adulatory opinionated text.

 * Derek R Bullamore (talk) 10:41, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

Limp Bizkit sample
Limp Bizkit sampled this in My Way? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.168.97.202 (talk) 15:02, 25 March 2012 (UTC)

 * As above - a reliable source is required.

 * Derek R Bullamore (talk) 10:41, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

Rakim's Age
On this page it says Rakim was born January 28, 1967. On his own page it says January 28, 1968. Which one is it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.6.12.23 (talk) 05:57, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Use rationale for Image: Eric B. featuring Rakim - Eric B. is President-My Melody (Zakia Records-1986) (Side A).jpg
This image should be included with the article because the article covers important historical content about the recording of the record "Eric B. Is President". The image better depicts the controversy between claims over who recorded the song, which differs between what was printed on the record and personal accounts. --Djrun (talk) 18:42, 25 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eric B. & Rakim


text:
John Cornford

Rupert John Cornford (27 December 1915 – 28 December 1936) was an English poet and communist. During the first year of the Spanish Civil War, he was a member of the POUM militia and later the International Brigades. He died while fighting against the Nationalists, at Lopera, near Córdoba.

Biography
Cornford was the son of Francis Cornford and Frances Cornford (née Darwin), and was a great-grandson of Charles Darwin and Emma Darwin. He was born in Cambridge, and named after Rupert Brooke, who was a friend of his parents, but preferred to use his second name. His younger brother Christopher grew up to be an artist and writer.

Cornford was educated at King's College School, Cambridge, Stowe School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He began writing poetry at the age of fourteen, strongly influenced by Robert Graves and W. H. Auden, and as a schoolboy argued fiercely about poetry with his mother, a member of the more sedate "Georgian" group whose most famous representative was A. E. Housman. He spent a year in London studying at the London School of Economics and becoming a speaker and organiser for the Young Communists. At Cambridge as an undergraduate, reading history, he joined the Communist Party of Great Britain. He was two or three years younger than the group of Trinity College communists including Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean, Kim Philby and James Klugmann.

Another Cambridge student, who would play a major part in his life, was Margot Heinemann, a fellow Communist. They were lovers and he addressed poems and letters to her. He had previously been in a relationship with a Welsh woman, Rachel (Ray) Peters, with whom he had a child, James Cornford, later adopted by John's parents. A photograph of Peters and Cornford can be found at the National Portrait Gallery, London.

From 1933 he was directly involved in Communist Party work in London, and became associated with Harry Pollitt, the General Secretary of the CPGB.

In August 1936, shortly after the start of the Spanish Civil War, he travelled to Barcelona and joined the POUM militia, serving briefly on the Aragon front where he wrote his three most famous poems including the often-reprinted "To Margot Heinemann" (originally simply entitled Poem). The following month he returned to England, where he recruited twenty-one British volunteers, including Bernard Knox, John Sommerfield, Chris Thorneycroft and Griffin Maclaurin. With this group he travelled to Paris and then on to Albacete, where they joined the International Brigades—the nucleus of what would become the British Section. He served with a machine-gun unit of the Commune de Paris Battalion, and fought alongside a number of other British volunteers in the defence of Madrid through November and December 1936, including Esmond Romilly. Having transferred to the recently formed British Battalion, he was killed in uncertain circumstances at Lopera, near Córdoba.

Legacy
A memorial volume to Cornford was published in 1938. As Stephen Spender observed in his review of the book, "Cornford's life speaks for itself in a way that burns the imagination ... The fact that Cornford lived and that others like him still live, is an important lesson to the leaders of democracies. It shows that people will live and die and fight for democracy if it gives them the justice and freedom which are worth fighting for."

Cornford's poem Full Moon At Tierz (1937) is a literary expression of the anti-fascist cause. It has been said of Cornford, specifically in relation to this poem, that as a poet he was not a modernist. One justification for this claim is the following passage from George Orwell's 1940 essay "My Country Right or Left":

"'Let anyone compare the poem John Cornford wrote not long before he was killed ('Before the Storming of Huesca') with Sir Henry Newbolt's ‘There's a breathless hush in the close tonight’. Put aside the technical differences, which are merely a matter of period, and it will be seen that the emotional content of the two poems is almost exactly the same. The young Communist who died heroically in the International Brigade was public school to the core. He had changed his allegiance but not his emotions.'" Far from being dismissive, this is actually approving. Orwell is claiming that emotions like school spirit and patriotism—deep allegiances—can shift from one cause to another, from conservatism to revolution, and be just as sincere. However, Cornford was never a conventional public-school boy. He attended Stowe, a new and very liberal school, only from August 1929 to January 1933—hardly more than three years. By the middle of his seventeenth year he was living in London, attending the London School of Economics, and was a committed Communist organiser and speaker. British critic Stan Smith, in his essay "'Hard As the Metal of My Gun': John Cornford's Spain", undertakes a detailed reading of "Full Moon at Tierz" that brings out its complexity and ambivalence. The poem begins with a Marxist and modernist vision of history as a mountain glacier where "[t]ime was inches, dark was all" until it reaches "[t]he dialectic's point of change" and "crashes in light and minutes to its fall." Now "Time present is a cataract whose force Breaks down the banks even at its source… And we must swing it to its final course." Certainly, despite its far wider focus and dense philosophical imagery, the poem so far is, like Newbolt's, an expression of determination, as the final stanza of this section shows:

While "Time future, has no image in space"—it doesn't yet exist—Cornford asserts that "We are the future." But the future is also both "crooked" and "straight": that is, the fight is straightforward, but the road to the future he and his comrades embody is crooked, winding, uncertain.

The second part of the poem is a complex and highly referential reflection on the then-recent history of the Communist movement. Cornford believes that the new policies of the Communist International (about which Smith argues, he has serious doubts) will be tested in practice:

(Oviedo is a city in Northern Spain where miners had already taken up arms against the dictatorship that preceded the Second Spanish Republic; the Mauser is a type of rifle.)

In the third section, Cornford confronts his own isolation. Smith discusses what he calls "the paradoxical fusion of solidarity and solitude in a single line at the heart of 'Full Moon at Tierz': 'Now with my Party, I stand quite alone'. In the midst of all this enforced solidarity, it is the loneliness which persists." Smith goes on: "A hesitant and solitary being wills himself, in a kind of prayer to an absent Marxian deity, not to lose his faith, to be a good Communist":

The raw, even violent emotional honesty of these lines is both very modern—one cannot imagine a poet before about 1920 writing them—and very characteristic of Cornford's mature poetry.

His best-known poem, usually titled (after Cornford's death) "To Margot Heinemann," partakes of the same emotional directness, but in a more tender vein. The poem has been described by the poet Carol Rumens as "one of the most moving and memorable 20th-century love poems". While the form is in some respects traditional—ballad-form quatrains with rhyme scheme ABCB—its rhythms are skillfully irregular, with two to three stresses per line, and its rhymes often slant, including those of the moving last stanza: "And if bad luck should lay my strength Into the shallow grave, Remember all the good you can; Don't forget my love." Rumens says: "You feel as if you have been presented with a photograph of a young soldier's inner life. He is a passionate lover and a passionate warrior: these qualities are held in perfect psychic balance. And they are timeless. The speaker could be one of Homer's heroes. He could be a Spartan at Thermopylae." But the famous opening lines "Heart of the heartless world, / Dear heart, the thought of you" actually contain a blind quotation from Marx, who in the Introduction to his Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right describes religion as "the heart of a heartless world."

In his 1942 introduction to The Fury of the Living, a collection of poems by John Singer, Hugh MacDiarmid calls Cornford (along with Christopher Caudwell, another young writer killed fighting in Spain), one of the 'few inspiring exceptions' from the 'leftist poets of the comfortable classes'.

The character of Tommy Judd in the 1981 award-winning play Another Country by Julian Mitchell was based on Cornford."

James Cornford
John's son, James (1935–2011), who was nearly two years old when John was killed in action, became an academic and social reformer. Educated at Winchester College and Trinity College, Cambridge, he earned both a first-class degree in history and a Harkness Fellowship, and was made a fellow of his college at the age of 25. In 1964 he became a lecturer in Politics at the University of Edinburgh, and four years later was appointed the university's Professor of Politics, succeeding Harold Hanham. His rapid elevation was controversial, given his lack of a doctorate, his slender publications record (one book chapter and a journal article), and his family's close acquaintance with the university's then vice-chancellor, Michael Swann. Resigning in 1976 to join the Outer Circle Policy Unit (a creation of the Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust), Cornford went on to lead a variety of organizations, including the Nuffield Foundation, the Campaign for Freedom of Information (1984–1997), the Paul Hamlyn Foundation, and the Institute for Public Policy Research, as well as becoming the literary editor and later chairman of The Political Quarterly academic journal. He served as an advisor to David Clark after the Labour Party was returned to government in 1997, but when Clark's advocacy for a strong freedom of information law was rejected by Cabinet, both men resigned. James Cornford was survived by four children and his wife.

title: John Cornford


text:
Deakin, Australian Capital Territory

Deakin (postcode: 2600) is a suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Development began in the 1920s, although the vast majority of the suburb was built after 1945. It is a largely residential suburb. It includes The Lodge (the official residence of the Prime Minister), and the Royal Australian Mint.

History
Deakin was gazetted in 1928 and is named after Alfred Deakin, second prime minister of Australia. Streets in Deakin are named after Governors, Governors-General and diplomats.

Deakin includes several items that are listed by the ACT Heritage Council:

 * Canberra Girls' Grammar School Boarding House on Melbourne Avenue, which was the original school building with school rooms on the lower floor and boarders on the upper floor. Construction began on 8 May 1927 and was finished in 1928. It is a two-storey building with an attic room designed in the Interwar Tudor Revival style. The Heritage Council says it is significant as a "fine example of Interwar Old English style architecture and one of the very few in Canberra."
 * 10 Gawler Crescent, a Post-War International style residence designed by Alex Jelinek in 1956.
 * 70 Dominion Circuit, which is seen by the Heritage Council as demonstrating "a way of life that is no longer practised. The house and garage remain in original condition, demonstrating the character of a block and dwelling occupied by early middle to upper ranking Canberra public servants from the immediate pre to the immediate post World War 2 period."
 * The Deakin Anticline (see Geology).

The Lodge and the Royal Australian Mint are listed on the Commonwealth Heritage List.

Suburb amenities
A local shopping centre is located on Hopetoun Circuit and contains an IGA supermarket, service station, newsagent, chemist, and restaurants. The Deakin Health Spa, adjacent to the shops, has recently been taken over and rebadged as the local Fitness First facility. The Canberra Deakin Soccer Club is also located near by. The Embassy Hotel/Motel was also adjacent to the shops, but has since been demolished.

Education
Schools in the suburb of Deakin include Alfred Deakin High School (originally Deakin High), Canberra Girls' Grammar School and the erroneously named Woden School, which has always been situated within the South Canberra district of Canberra, not the Woden Valley district.

Deakin residents get preference for:
 * Depending on the address: Forrest Primary or Yarralumla Primary
 * Depending on the address: Deakin High School or Telopea Park School (for high school)
 * Narrabundah College

The Canberra Japanese Supplementary School Inc., a Japanese weekend educational programme, holds its classes at Deakin High School, while it has its school office in Yarralumla. It was established on 1 August 1988.

Embassies
Deakin contains the embassies of Afghanistan, Bosnia, Hungary and Italy and the high commissions of Brunei, Cyprus, Fiji, Mauritius and Solomon Islands

The Lodge
Located on Adelaide Avenue the Lodge is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Australia.

The Royal Australian Mint
Officially opened by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh on 22 February 1965, the Royal Australian Mint was commissioned to produce Australia's decimal coinage, which came into effect on 14 February 1966.

Demographics
At the, the population of Deakin was 3,124; 1.3% were Indigenous, 69.3% were born in Australia and 5.1% were born in England. 78.4% of people only spoke English at home. 67.9% of dwellings were separate houses (compared to the Australian average of 72.3%), 18.0% were semi-detached, row or terrace houses (Australian average: 12.8%) and 13.9% were flats, units or apartments (Australian average: 14.2%). 43.8% of the population were professionals, compared to the Australian average of 24.0%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 41.7%, Catholic 19.9% and Anglican 13.4%.

Politics
Deakin is located within the federal electorate of Canberra, which is currently represented by Alicia Payne in the House of Representatives. In the ACT Legislative Assembly, Deakin is part of the electorate of Murrumbidgee, which elects five members on the basis of proportional representation; as of 2020, the members are two Labor, two Liberal and one Greens. Polling place statistics are shown to the right for the Deakin polling place at Canberra Girls' Grammar School Junior School, Grey St in the 2022 federal and 2020 ACT elections.

Geology
The west of the suburb exposes Yarralumla Formation calcareous shale, sandstone, tuff and hornfels. The east of the suburb exposes Mount Painter Volcanics dark grey to green grey dacitic crystal tuff and agglomerate. A patch of cream rhyolite, tuff and ashstone is found in the mid east near Empire Circuit.

The Deakin Fault does not actually pass through Deakin. The Deakin Fault is a major fault in Canberra running North-west to south-east passing through state circle very close to Deakin. It extends from the hills to the east of Jerrabomberra via Narrabundah, Griffith, Forest, Yarralumla, then across the Molonglo River to Cook, then turns north east in Macquarie where it turns around to the north west again via Belconnen, Evatt, Melba, Flynn, Charnwood, Dunlop and out the north west of the ACT. It continues to the east end of Lake Burrunjuck near Yass. The block on the north east side was elevated and the south west side lowered.

The Deakin Anticline is a geological monument located between the Deakin Oval and the Grange Retirement Village. It is in the Yarralumla Formation in Tuffacious sandstone and siltstone. Access is from Hannah Place.

title: Deakin, Australian Capital Territory


text:
Talk:Porsche 931

I don't think this page should be wikified; it concerns a variant of the Porsche 924 and the only reason I haven't turned it into a redirect is because not all of the info has been incorporated into the 924 article. If anyone wants to work on this page I'd suggest they move its contents into the 924 article. SamH 11:06, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Porsche 931


text:
Mayor of Wellington

The Mayor of Wellington is the head of the municipal government of the City of Wellington. The mayor presides over the Wellington City Council. The mayor is directly elected using the Single Transferable Vote method of proportional representation. The current mayor is Tory Whanau, elected in October 2022 for a three-year-term.

Whanau, a member of the Green Party who ran as an independent, won the 2022 Wellington mayoral election in a landslide. She will be inaugurated within the same month. Whanau is the first indigenous person, and therefore the first Māori woman, to ascend to the Wellington mayoralty.

History
The development of local government in Wellington was erratic. The first attempt to establish governmental institutions, the so-called "Wellington Republic", was short-lived and based on rules written by the New Zealand Company. Colonel William Wakefield was to be the first president.

When the self-proclaimed government arrested a ship's captain for a violation of Wellington law, the Governor William Hobson quickly asserted British sovereignty over the whole of New Zealand, sending a warship and contingent of soldiers to Wellington Harbour and disbanding the council through a show of force.

In January 1842, the Legislative Council in Auckland passed the Municipal Corporations Ordinance, and in May 1842 Wellington was officially proclaimed a borough, the first municipality with this status. The office of mayor was established, but there were only two holders of this office under the Ordinance. George Hunter received the most votes in the election for 12 Burgesses to the new council on 3 October 1842 and was declared mayor. He died suddenly on 19 July 1843. William Guyton was then declared mayor, as runner-up in 1842.

The British Government disallowed the Municipal Corporations Ordinance, but news of this did not reach Wellington until late September 1843, after the election had been held and a second Burgess Roll of qualified voters had been prepared, in 1843 (both Rolls are listed in Carman 1970). After a brief period of little local government, the Province of Wellington was established in 1852, and most of Wellington's affairs were handled by the provincial government.

In 1863, a Town Board was established with three wards (Thorndon, Lambton, Te Aro), but no Mayor.

On 16 September 1870, Wellington was officially incorporated as a city, and a new mayoralty created, which continues to be in place. The establishment of the new council was primarily driven by John Plimmer, called by some the Father of Wellington. Initially, the councillors elected one of their own as mayor towards the end of the year. The role was traditionally awarded to the longest serving councillor. The system changed upon the introduction of The Municipal Corporations Acts Amendment Act, 1875. It legislated that mayors must be elected at large by eligible voters. The inaugural mayoral election was held in 1874 resulting in William Sefton Moorhouse being the first mayor to be elected directly by voters.

Since then the office of mayor has been held by 37 people. Five people have been mayor on two separate occasions, and the longest-serving mayor was Sir Frank Kitts, from 1956 to 1974. Tory Whanau, elected in 2022, is the first Māori person to serve as mayor.

List of mayors of Wellington

 * Key

List of deputy-mayors of Wellington

 * Key

title: Mayor of Wellington