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Ghostbusters (1984 video game)

Ghostbusters is a licensed game by Activision based on the film of the same name. It was designed by David Crane and released for several home computer platforms in 1984, and later for video game console systems, including the Atari 2600, Master System and Nintendo Entertainment System. The primary target was the Commodore 64 and the programmer for the initial version of the game was Adam Bellin. All versions of the game were released in the USA except for the Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum versions, which were released only in Europe, and the MSX version, which was released only in Europe, South America, and Japan.

In 1984, after the film Ghostbusters had been launched, John Dolgen VP of Business Development at Columbia Pictures approached Activision International president Gregory Fischbach and offered to license the game rights to Activision without specific rules or requests for the design or content of the game, only stipulating that it was to be finished as quickly as possible in order to be released while the movie was at peak popularity. Activision was forced to complete the programming work in only six weeks in contrast to their usual several months of development time for a game. Activision had at the time a rough concept for a driving/maze game to be called "Car Wars", and it was decided to build the Ghostbusters game from it. Both the movie and the game proved to be huge successes with the game selling over two million copies by 1989.

Gameplay

The player sets up a Ghostbusters franchise in a city whose psychokinetic (PK) energy levels have begun to rise. At the start of the game, the player is given a set amount of money and must use it to buy a vehicle and equipment for detecting/catching ghosts. They must then move through a grid representing the city, with flashing red blocks indicating sites of ghost activity.

When the player moves to a flashing block, the game shifts to an overhead street view and they must drive to the site, attempting to vacuum up stray ghosts if the vehicle is equipped to do so. Upon reaching the site, the player must maneuver two Ghostbusters to guide a Slimer ghost into position to be drawn into a trap. Successfully doing so awards money, but each failure causes the PK energy level to jump and incapacitates one of the player's three team member characters.

The player must return to the Ghostbusters headquarters at intervals to empty the traps and/or revive any incapacitated team members. As the game progresses, the player must also keep free-roaming ghosts from reaching the temple of Zuul for as long as possible; each one that does so adds to the PK energy level. The ghosts occasionally merge to form the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man, who will attempt to trample a city block. Stopping such an attack earns a bonus, but each failure to do so deducts money.

If the player has not earned more money than the total spent on equipment when the PK energy level reaches its maximum of 9999, the game ends immediately. Otherwise, the player must guide at least two Ghostbusters past Mr. Stay Puft in order to destroy the temple of Zuul. The game ends afterward, with the player earning a reward if successful.

In some versions, including those for the Apple IIe and Commodore 64, the player is given an account number upon completing the game. Entering this number at the initial screen allows the player to start a New Game Plus with the cash balance from the end of the previous game, enabling the purchase of more expensive equipment.

Development
Prior to Ghostbusters, David Crane was one of the co-founders of Activision, and become a star at the company with games like Pitfall!. The film was still in production when game development began. Tom Lopez, the Vice President of Activision's product development accquired the license for Ghostbusters to adapt into a game. Lopez went to the game design group saying the game would have to be made in six weeks, opposed to the normal nine months.

Crane had been building his own game titled Car Wars which already featured resource-allocation segments where players could buy different armaments' for their cars based on money the earned on levels. Columbia Pictures had no specific suggestion of what the game should be, but provided the film's script and some story boards. Crane applied content from the film into the game, replacing guns, missiles and rocket launchers with more appropriate weapons that the Ghostbusters would use.

Unlike Crane's earlier games which were predominantly developed by himself, Ghostbusters was made by a larger game design team, including game art made by Hilary Mills, sound effects and music by Russell Lieblich, and an intro sequence developed by Garry Kitchen, Dan Kitchen and Alex Demeo of Activision's East coast division. Crane would later explain that his philosophy on creating a game on a licensed property would be to work on a game that work within the them of the license and to avoid making a game that borrows the look and feel of the original work, and thus applied this to turning Car Wars into Ghostbusters.

The next weeks had the team working around the clock. Graphics in the game were developed by character artist Hillary Mills after Crane suggested he needed a variety of images, from animals, insects and treasures, and it took a long time to get ghosts that properly resembled ghosts on an 8-bit system. Midway through development, Crane felt it was important to add digitized speech to the game and decided to add quotes from the film together with a crowd chanting "Ghostbusters!" to capture the spirit of the film. Crane does not recall who did the digitized voice in the Ghostbusters game, but had vague memories of walking down the hall from his office getting five or six people to all yell "Ghostbusters!" The music in the game was developed by Russell Lieblich, based on Ray Parker, Jr.'s "Ghostbusters" theme. and is accompanied by the lyrics to the song in the game. Crane passed the task of creating a bouncing ball sing-a-long to Garry Kitchen and his game designers, which was added to the game at the very last minute. Crane also wanted to have a different victory screen. Crane said "I expected players to be disappointed with it. Sadly, to really beef that one sequence would have taken memory and artists time away from the main game." The game initially was going to have more elements such as when capturing ghosts, different enemies would show up with different solutions on how to deal with them. The game would also have had more accessories for the vehicle.

Crane recalled that it would have been a better game with more development time, but also that it would then not have been such a financial success. Crane spent most of the time ensuring the game had a proper beginning, middle and end and, during final development, predominantly focused on fixing bugs. Crane said, as he does with all his games, he "spent every hour that the schedule allowed tweaking the game, and it came out OK in the end. I could have done a lot more, but in the final analysis it seems to have been enough."

Ports
In 1985, the game was ported to various other systems with little input from Crane. He stated that "By the time a game is being ported to other platforms, the designer of the original game has long since moved on to another original project. This is exactly what happened with Ghostbusters." In 1985, versions for the Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum, MSX, Atari 2600, and Atari 8-bit computers were released. In a retrospective overview of Edge, the publication stated that most ports had a "patchy nature". Certain elements of the game are lost in later ports while others add elements. These include the Master System version which adds on-foot shooting gallery sequences and loses some animations, while the Nintendo Entertainment System version had different ending and was described by Edge as having "graphics so primitive it becomes hard to follow most of what's going on."

Critical response
Antic in May 1985 called Ghostbusters the first adaptation to capture both the feel and the theme of the movie on which it is based, calling it enjoyable to play.

From retrospective reviews, Edge in 2007 called Ghostbusters "dauntingly good", noting that despite the action sequences expected of a licensed title, the game was a "polished, intelligently-paced", strategic business simulation. Retro Gamer discussed the original game stating that it remained "an enjoyable (if aged) title to play."

Reflecting on the game in 2006, Crane said "The game was a good one, but not my best work ever." Ghostbusters actor Ernie Hudson said that his kids hated the Commodore 64 version of the game, believing that it, "sucked." The NES port and its gameplay were negatively received.

Sales
Mat Allen of Retro Gamer described Ghostbusters as a massive financial success on the Commodore 64. Ghostbusters topped the monthly UK software sales charts for three months in early 1985, from January to March. Released before the film in the UK, it went on to be the UK's fourth best-selling home video game of 1985.

In 1985, it and The Print Shop were reportedly the two most widely pirated Commodore 64 programs. In II Computing, Michael Ciraolo applied Billboard's charts and the market share of certain computers to compile the most Apple II games by October 1985. Ghostbusters placed at 8th. By late 1987, it was still Activision's best-selling Commodore game.

The Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum versions of the game were included on the 1986 compilation They Sold a Million 3, along with Fighter Pilot, Rambo and Kung-Fu Master. The game was also released on The Story So Far Volume IV in December 1989. It knocked Daley Thompson's Decathlon from the top of the UK sales chart.

In 1988, Mastertronic re-released the Amstrad, Commodore, Spectrum and Atari computer versions of Ghostbusters on their Ricochet label and it went on to become their most successful budget re-release, selling over 450,000 copies.

Legacy
Several film and television licensed games came out for the Commodore 64 following the release of Ghostbusters. A retrospective review noted releases like Street Hawk, Knight Rider, Highlander and Miami Vice were described by Retro Gamer as "cynical cash-ins" having little to do with their respective shows. Crane commented on this stating there is usually no interest in licensing a film until the film itself would generate some actual excitement, and once the film releases, its excitement can only last so long and the all these tasks have to be fit into a compressed schedule, in which a game's programming and design suffers.

title: Ghostbusters (1984 video game)


text:
Talk:Tamasheq languages/to do

Last updated: Mark Dingemanse (talk)  12:04, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Add references.
 * 2) Create map.
 * 3) Mention the fact that these language cluster is very often called Tuareg (or Touareg) (Leupen 1978, Chaker 1988, Heath in prep., Prasse & Alojaly & Mohamed 2003, Cortade 1969, Prasse 1969, etc.).
 * 4) Main article should cover common features of Tuareg; reader should be referred to the individual languages for more details.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Tamasheq languages/to do


text:
William Branwhite Clarke

William Branwhite Clarke, FRS (2 June 1798 – 16 June 1878) was an English geologist and clergyman, active in Australia.

Early life and England
Clarke was born at East Bergholt, in Suffolk, the eldest child of William Clarke, schoolmaster, and his wife Sarah, née Branwhite. He was partly educated at his father's house, under the Rev. R. G. S. Brown, B.D., and partly at Dedham Grammar School. In October 1817, he went to Cambridge and entered into residence at Jesus College. In 1819, he entered a poem for the Chancellor's Gold Medal; this was awarded to Macaulay, but Clarke's poem Pompeii, published in the same year, was judged second. He took his BA degree in 1821, and obtained his MA degree in 1824. In 1821, he was appointed curate of Ramsholt in Suffolk, and he acted in his clerical capacity in other places until 1839. He was also master of the Free School of East Bergholt for about 18 months in 1830–1. Having become interested in geology through the teachings of Adam Sedgwick, he used his opportunities and gathered many interesting facts on the geology of East Anglia which were embodied in a paper On the Geological Structure and Phenomena of Suffolk (Trans. Geol. Soc. 1837). He also communicated a series of papers on the geology of S.E. to the Magazine of Nat. Hist. (1837–1838).

Career in Australia
In 1839, after a severe illness, Clarke left England for New South Wales, mainly with the object of benefiting by the sea voyage. He had been commissioned by some of his English colleagues to ascertain the extent and character of the carboniferous formation in New South Wales (Clarke's letter to Sydney Morning Herald, 18 February 1852). He remained, however, in that country, and came to be regarded as the Father of Australian Geology.

Clarke was headmaster of The King's School, Parramatta, in May 1839 until the end of 1840. Until 1870 he ministered to parishes from Parramatta to the Hawkesbury River, then of Campbelltown, and finally of Willoughby. He zealously devoted attention to the geology of the country, with results that have been of paramount importance. In 1841 he found specimens of gold, but he was not the first European who had obtained it in situ in the country. (This honour goes correctly to Government Surveyor James McBrien who found flakes at Locksley NSW in February 1823). Clarke described finding it both in the detrital deposits and in the quartz reefs west of the Blue Mountains, the same area where McBrien had found it, and he declared his belief in its abundance. Mr R Lowe, Lieutenant William Lawson, an unnamed convict (who was flogged for the discovery), Dr Johann Lhotsky, and "Count" Paul Strzelecki had also found gold in Australia before Clarke. It appears they mostly had found alluvial flakes, whereas Clarke had found it embedded in quartz rocks. Early in 1844 he showed the governor of New South Wales, Sir George Gipps, some specimens of gold he had found. Sir George asked him where he had got it, and when Clarke told him said "Put it away or we shall have our throats cut". Clarke, in his evidence before the select committee on his claims, which sat in 1861, stated that he knew of the existence of the gold in 1841. Clarke, however, agreed with Gipps that it may not be wise to announce the presence of gold in the colony. Clarke continued his clerical duties, but was occasionally lent to the government to carry out geological investigations. In 1849 he made the first discovery of tin in Australia and in 1859 he made known the occurrence of diamonds. He discovered secondary (Cretaceous) fossils in Queensland in 1860, he was also the first to indicate the presence of Silurian rocks, and to determine the age of the coal-bearing rocks in New South Wales. In 1869 he announced the discovery of remains of Dinornis in Queensland. He finished the preparation of the fourth edition of his Remarks on the Sedimentary Formations of New South Wales on his eightieth birthday, and died a fortnight later on 16 June 1878. He was buried in the St Thomas cemetery, the graveyard of the North Shore church he was rector of for many years; and his widow and some descendants and relatives are close by.

Legacy
Clarke was a trustee of the Australian Museum at Sydney, and an active member of the Royal Society of New South Wales of which he was vice-president 1866–1878; the Clarke Medal awarded by the Society is named in his honour. In 1860 he published Researches in the Southern Gold Fields of New South Wales. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1876, and in the following year was awarded the Murchison Medal by the Geological Society of London. His contributions to Australian scientific journals were numerous. He died near Sydney. His name is commemorated in the William Clarke College school at Kellyville, NSW and the WB Clarke Geoscience Centre at Londonderry, NSW operated by the Geological Survey of New South Wales.

His works in geology included the field of palaeontology and his collections and receipt of fossil material formed the foundation of research on Australia's extinct flora and fauna. Clarke did not describe the specimens he avidly collected throughout his life, these were instead forwarded to societies in England for their scientific examination. The results of his contemporaries studies and descriptions of Australian palaeontology and geology were incorporated into his own publications, and he remained current with advances in these fields despite his remote location.

title: William Branwhite Clarke


text:
Thieves Like Us

Thieves Like Us may refer to:

 * Thieves Like Us (novel), a 1937 novel by Edward Anderson
 * Thieves Like Us (film), a 1974 film directed by Robert Altman
 * "Thieves Like Us" (song), a 1984 song by New Order
 * Thieves Like Us (TV series), a 2007 British sitcom
 * Thieves Like Us (band), a New York and Sweden based electronica music group
 * Thieves Like Us, episode 65 and series finale of Police Academy: The Animated Series

title: Thieves Like Us


text:
Clearcutting

Clearcutting, clearfelling or clearcut logging is a forestry/logging practice in which most or all trees in an area are uniformly cut down. Along with shelterwood and seed tree harvests, it is used by foresters to create certain types of forest ecosystems and to promote select species that require an abundance of sunlight or grow in large, even-age stands. Logging companies and forest-worker unions in some countries support the practice for scientific, safety and economic reasons, while detractors consider it a form of deforestation that destroys natural habitats and contributes to climate change. Environmentalists, traditional owners, local residents and others have regularly campaigned against clearcutting, including through the use of blockades and nonviolent direct action.

Clearcutting is the most common and economically profitable method of logging. However, it also may create detrimental side effects, such as the loss of topsoil, the costs of which are intensely debated by economic, environmental and other interests. In addition to the purpose of harvesting wood, clearcutting is used to create land for farming. Ultimately, the effects of clearcutting on the land will depend on how well or poorly the forest is managed, and whether it is converted to non-forest land uses after clearcuts.

While deforestation of both temperate and tropical forests through clearcutting has received considerable media attention in recent years, the other large forests of the world, such as the taiga, also known as boreal forests, are also under threat of rapid development. In Russia, North America and Scandinavia, creating protected areas and granting long-term leases to tend and regenerate trees—thus maximizing future harvests—are among the means used to limit the harmful effects of clearcutting. Long-term studies of clearcut forests, such as studies of the Pasoh Rainforest in Malaysia, are also important in providing insights into the conservation of forest resources worldwide.

Types
Many variations of clearcutting exist; the most common professional practices are:
 * Standard (uniform) clearcut – removal of every stem (whether commercially viable or not), so no canopy remains.
 * Patch clearcut – removal of all the stems in a limited, predetermined area (patch).
 * Strip clearcut – removal of all the stems in a row (strip), usually placed perpendicular to the prevailing winds in order to minimize the possibility of windthrow.
 * Clearcutting-with-reserves – removal of the majority of standing stems, leaving a few reserved for other purposes (for example as snags for wildlife habitat), (often confused with the seed tree method).
 * Slash-and-burn – the permanent conversion of tropical and subtropicals forests for agricultural purposes. This is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical forests where population growth creates land needs from smallholders in developing and least developed countries. Slash-and-burn entails the removal of all stems in a particular area. This can be a form of deforestation, when the land is converted to other uses. However, some indigenous forest peoples, for example the 19th century Forest Finns rotate over the land and it does return to forest and this would be sustainable. Slash and burn techniques are typically used by civilians in search of land for living and agricultural purposes. The forest is first clear cut, and the remaining material is burned. One of the driving forces behind this process is a result of overpopulation and subsequent sprawl. These methods also occur as a result of commercial farming. The lumber is sold for profit, and the land, cleared of all remaining brush and suitable for agricultural development, is sold to farmers.

Clearcutting contrasts with selective cutting, such as high grading, in which only commercially valuable trees are harvested, leaving all others. This practice can reduce the genetic viability of the forest over time, resulting in poorer or less vigorous offspring in the stand. Clearcutting also differs from a coppicing system, by allowing revegetation by seedlings. Additionally, destructive forms of forest management are commonly referred to as 'clearcutting'.

Clearcutting regeneration, harvesting or system

Clearcutting can be differentiated into
 * Clearcutting – clean felling by complete exploitation and removal of all the trees in one operation ... a harvesting method
 * Clearcutting method – a method for regenerating an even-aged community by removing all the mature trees
 * Clearcutting system – a silvicultural system incorporating the clearcutting method to remove (clear) the mature community over a considerable area at one time

Confusion between these different uses of the term is common. Furthermore, as indicated above many variations mean technically correct usage may not be descriptive enough to know what is meant on that particular occasion.

A clearcut is distinguished from selective logging where typically only a few trees per hectare are harvested in proportions dictated by management objectives. Clearcut logging is also distinct from wildland fire use, and from forest thinning. In these latter two it is common practice to leave trees that are considered undesirable, such as those that are too diseased, stunted or small to be marketable. Selective logging is usually practiced in areas with access to infrastructure.

Effects on the environment
Environmental groups criticize clear-cutting as destructive to water, soil, wildlife, and atmosphere, and recommend the use of sustainable alternatives. Clear-cutting impacts the water cycle. Trees hold water and topsoil. Clear-cutting in forests removes the trees which would otherwise have been transpiring large volumes of water and also physically damages the grasses, mosses, lichens, and ferns populating the understory. Removal or damage of the biota reduces the local capacity to retain water, which can exacerbate flooding and lead to increased leaching of nutrients from the soil. The maximum nutrient loss occurs around year two and returns to pre-clearcutting levels by year four after the cut.

Removing trees surrounding stream banks prevents shading of the water body, which raises the temperature of riverbanks and rivers. Because the trees no longer hold down the soil, riverbanks increasingly erode as sediment into the water, creating excess nutrients which exacerbate the changes in the river and create problems miles away, in the sea. Clear cutting on a large scale in a watershed can cause sediment and nutrients that leach into the streams cause the acidity of the stream to increase. The nutrient content of the soil was found to return to five percent of pre-clearcutting levels after 64 years.

Negative impacts
Clearcutting can have negative impacts, both for humans and local flora and fauna. A study from the University of Oregon found that in certain zones, areas that were clear cut had nearly three times the amount of erosion due to slides. When the roads required by the clearcutting were factored in, the increase in slide activity appeared to be about 5 times greater compared to nearby forested areas. The roads built for clearcutting interrupt normal surface drainage because the roads are not as permeable as the normal ground cover. The roads also change subsurface water movement due to the redistribution of soil and rock. Clearcutting may lead to increased stream flow during storms, loss of habitat and species diversity, opportunities for invasive and weedy species, and negative impacts on scenery, specifically, a growth of contempt by those familiar with the area for the wooded, planet aftermaths, as well as a decrease in property values; diminished recreation, hunting, and fishing opportunities. Clearcutting decreases the occurrence of natural disturbances like forest fires and natural uprooting. Over time, this can deplete the local seed bank.

In temperate and boreal climates, clearcutting can have an effect on the depth of snow, which is usually greater in a clearcut area than in the forest, due to a lack of interception and evapotranspiration. This results in less soil frost, which in combination with higher levels of direct sunlight results in snowmelt occurring earlier in the spring and earlier peak runoff.

The world's rain forests could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation. Between June 2000 and June 2008, more than 150,000 sqkm of rainforest were cleared in the Brazilian Amazon. Huge areas of forest have already been lost. For example, only eight to fourteen percent of the Atlantic Forest in South America now remains. While deforestation rates have slowed since 2004, forest loss is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. Farmers slash and burn large parcels of forest every year to create grazing and croplands, but the forest's nutrient-poor soil often renders the land ill-suited for agriculture, and within a year or two, the farmers move on.

Positive perspectives
Clearcutting can be practiced to encourage the growth and proliferation of tree species that require high light intensity. Generally, a harvest area wider than double the height of the adjacent trees will no longer be subject to the moderating influence of the woodland on the microclimate. The width of the harvest area can thus determine which species will come to dominate. Those with high tolerance to extremes in temperature, soil moisture, and resistance to browsing may be established, in particular secondary successional pioneer species.

Clearcutting can be used by foresters as a method of mimicking a natural disturbance and increasing primary successional species, such as poplar (aspen), willow and black cherry in North America. Clearcutting has also proved to be effective in creating animal habitat and browsing areas, which otherwise would not exist without natural stand-replacing disturbances such as wildfires, large scale windthrow, or avalanches.

Clearcuts are used to help regenerate species that cannot compete in mature forests. A number of them are aspen, jack pine, and, in areas with poor soils, oaks—are important species for both game and nongame wildlife species. Clearcutting can also lead to increased vascular-plant diversity in the area. This is most pronounced after a couple years of clearcutting and in herb-rich forests where scarification took place.

No significant changes in water temperature were observed when patch clearcutting was done 100 ft away from a river. This suggests that patch clearcutting is a possible solution to concerns about changes in water temperature due to clearcutting. The effects of clearcutting on soil nutrient content were not examined in this study.

More recently, forest managers have found that clearcutting oak stands helps regenerate oak forests in areas of poor soil. The tree canopies in oak forests often shade out the ground, making it impossible for newly sprouted oaks to grow. When the mature trees are removed, the saplings stand a chance of recruiting into the forest.

Effects on wildlife
Clearcutting's main destruction is towards habitats, where it makes the habitats more vulnerable in the future to damage by insects, diseases, acid rain, and wind. Removal of all trees from an area destroys the physical habitats of many species in wildlife. Also, clearcutting can contribute to problems for ecosystems that depend on forests, like the streams and rivers that run through them.

In Canada, the black-tailed deer population is at further risk after clearcutting. The deer are a food source for wolves and cougars, as well as First Nations and other hunters. While deer may not be at risk in cities and rural countryside, where they can be seen running through neighbourhoods and feeding on farms, in higher altitude areas they require forest shelter.

In Maine
In Maine, a form of land management known as Outcome Based Forestry (OBF) allows for a wide range of harvesting as long as the removed trees do not exceed the amount of tree growth. Since implemented, this program has led to large-scale clearcutting and monoculture tree planting, and research by the University of Maine's Sustainability Solutions Initiative has found that 8,000,000 acres of certified forest land in (primarily northern) Maine is being overharvested, leading to reduced long-term stability of timber harvests and increased erosion and pollution in the watershed. These practices have sparked environmental justice concerns regarding the health and well-being of foresters and locals.

title: Clearcutting


text: Category:Menard County, Texas

title: Category:Menard County, Texas


text:
Category:Hewitts of Ireland

A Hewitt is a hill in England, Wales or Ireland over two thousand feet (609.6 m) high with a relative height of at least 30 m (98 feet). This category covers the Hewitts of Ireland.

title: Category:Hewitts of Ireland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/World has been divided into the camps of believers and disbelievers

The World has been divided into the camps of believers and disbelievers
Slogan, not encyclopedic. — Bill 11:19, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:Crossover (music)

title: Category:Crossover (music)


text:
Category:Marilyns of Ireland

A Marilyn is a hill in Great Britain or Ireland that has at least 150 m (492 feet) of topographic prominence. The name is a pun ("Munro" — "Marilyn Monroe" — "Marilyn"). This category covers the Marilyns of Ireland.

title: Category:Marilyns of Ireland


text:
Victoria River (Newfoundland and Labrador)

The Victoria River is a tributary of the Exploits River in western Newfoundland, Canada.

The Victoria River flows eastward from the Long Range Mountains into Beothuk Lake, which discharges into the Exploits River. It is 137 km in length.


text:
User talk:Hn

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hn


text:
Talk:Ronnie Hawkins

Untitled
See The Hawk on 'Peterboroughjams' and his site on 'Ronnie Hawkins'. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.157.47.136 (talk) 07:28, 22 October 2004 (UTC)

Article needs to be verified per WP:V
It's over 1 year old and no reference notes. Please see WP:CITE for how-to. Thanks. Mattisse(talk) 23:03, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Onwer/mgr of Le Hibou in Ottawa in '60s
I just finished watching CBC's The National's documentary on Hawkins, sadly profiling his 30 years in poverty since the 60s heyday of Le Hibou, the Ottawa tavern where he hosted Hendrix, Joni Mitchell, Dylan etc etc and the whole '60s parade, many of whom have gone onto great fame...while he had to resort to driving cab for the last 60 years. I'm not sure what date it aired on, tonight was the year-retrospective (it's New Year's Eve and I'm watching TV and wikipedifying......)....so on a whim I looked up this article and found no mention of Ottawa, Le Hibou, or his since-60s career driving taxi in the national capital. Lots of mentions of Toronto, though.....Skookum1 (talk) 03:04, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure you're talking about William Hawkins (songwriter and poet).- tSR - Nth Man (talk) 16:37, 13 May 2011 (UTC)

Move to Canada
So uh, when did you say he moved to Canada? Sometime between 1958 and 1964. If he was a non-permanent resident before 1964, was he "moved here" or not. Please clarify. George Slivinsky (talk) 14:17, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

174.5.151.93 (talk) 05:23, 30 January 2017 (UTC)== American/Canadian ==

Why is he listed as American only, since he's moved to Canada and has lived there since 1959? I believe he even has Canadian dual citizenship. It seems odd, because when you look at Neil Peart's biography on wiki, it lists him as Canadian/American even though he obviously isn't American, even though he has resided in LA only the last few years. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.5.151.93 (talk) 05:18, 30 January 2017 (UTC)

 * I changed the attribution to American/Canadian. Seemed appropriate since Hawkins has resided in Canada for a large portion of his life. I'm also assuming some of the honors bestowed upon him are exclusive to citizens of the country. Obviously, any enterprising editor finding this to be at fault may revert my edit at will.THX1136 (talk) 01:21, 29 December 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Ronnie Hawkins. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Hawks/Levon Helm Sextet/Levon and the Hawks/Canadian Squires/Bob Dylan and the Band timeline
I'm copying this out of the article. It's rather specific for a lack of sources, so I'm hoping someone has a biography that can fill it in. Also, is there a reason for including the timeline beyond Hawkins parting ways? - Floydian τ ¢ 01:28, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ronnie Hawkins


text:
Waiau River

Waiau River is the name of several rivers in New Zealand:

 * Waiau River (Coromandel) in the Thames-Coromandel District
 * Waiau River (Gisborne)
 * Waiau River (Hawke's Bay)
 * Waiau River (Southland)
 * Waiau Uwha River, Canterbury, formerly called the Waiau River
 * Waiho River, West Coast region, traditionally the Waiau River

title: Waiau River


text: Wikipedia:Japanese Wikipedians' notice board/ToDo


text:
User talk:Terr d

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
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 * Policy Library
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 * Cite your sources
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 11:31, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Terr d


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Forschungszentrum Jülich

Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ) is a German national research institution that pursues interdisciplinary research in the fields of energy, information, and bioeconomy. It operates a broad range of research infrastructures like supercomputers, an atmospheric simulation chamber, electron microscopes, a particle accelerator, cleanrooms for nanotechnology, among other things. Current research priorities include the structural change in the Rhineland lignite-mining region, hydrogen, and quantum technologies. As a member of the Helmholtz Association with roughly 6,800 employees in ten institutes and 80 subinstitutes, Jülich is one of the largest research institutions in Europe. Forschungszentrum Jülich's headquarters are located between the cities of Aachen, Cologne, and Düsseldorf on the outskirts of the North Rhine-Westphalian town of Jülich. FZJ has 15 branch offices in Germany and abroad, including eight sites at European and international neutron and synchrotron radiation sources, two joint institutes with the University of Münster, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), and Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB), and three offices of Project Management Jülich (PtJ) in the cities of Bonn, Rostock, and Berlin. Jülich cooperates closely with RWTH Aachen University within the Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA).

The institution was established on 11 December 1956 by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia as a registered association before it was renamed Nuclear Research Centre Jülich in 1967. In 1990, its name was changed to "Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH".

History
On 11 December 1956, the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia decided to establish an "atomic research centre". The Society for the Promotion of Nuclear Physics Research (GFKF) was thus established as a registered association (e. V.). Its founder is considered to be State Secretary Leo Brandt (Ministry of Economic Affairs and Transport of the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia). Several locations were considered but the decision was made in favour of the Stetternich forest in what was then the district of Jülich. The Society for the Promotion of Nuclear Physics Research (GFKF) was renamed Nuclear Research Centre Jülich (or KFA for short, which was taken from the German). Seven years later, it was converted into a limited liability company (GmbH), and in 1990, it was named Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH. The partners of Forschungszentrum Jülich are the Federal Republic of Germany (90%) and the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia (10%).

MERLIN and DIDO
In 1958, the foundation stone was laid for the research reactors MERLIN (FRJ-1) and DIDO (FRJ-2), and they went into operation in 1962. The FRJ-1 research reactor was decommissioned in 1985 and completely dismantled between 2000 and 2008. The FRJ-2 research reactor was a DIDO-class reactor and it was used for neutron scattering experiments. It was operated by the Central Research Reactors Division (ZFR). FRJ-2 was the strongest neutron source in Germany until the research neutron source Heinz Maier-Leibnitz in Garching (FRM II) was put in operation. FRJ-2 was primarily used to conduct scattering and spectroscopic experiments on condensed matter. It was in operation from 14 November 1962 until 2 May 2006. In 2006, the Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) was founded, reflecting Forschungszentrum Jülich's role as a national competence centre for neutron scattering. Six of the most important instruments were moved from FRJ-2 to FRM II; new instruments were also assembled there.

AVR
In 1956, an interest group was formed to prepare the construction of the AVR reactor. In 1959, it became the "Arbeitsgemeinschaft Versuchsreaktor GmbH" (AVR GmbH) – a consortium of 15 local electricity suppliers headed by the Düsseldorf municipal utilities (Stadtwerke Düsseldorf) as the owner and operator (other partners included the municipal utilities in Aachen, Bonn, Bremen, Hagen, Hanover, Munich, and Wuppertal). The aim was to demonstrate the feasibility and operability of a graphite-moderated, gas-cooled high-temperature reactor to produce electricity. BBC and Krupp were responsible for construction of the AVR reactor, which began in August 1961 and was completed in 1966, after the consortium had received the design contract in April 1957 and the construction contract in February 1959. The cost of construction was in the region of DM 100 million.

In 1967, the AVR reactor was put into operation and began feeding electricity into the national power grid. On 31 December 1988, the AVR reactor was shut down; during its operation, it had proven the feasibility of the pebble bed reactor. Karl Strauss said in 2016 that "the facility had generally been operated without any problems". The mean availability was 60.4%. AVR received scientific support and operating subsidies from the Nuclear Research Centre Jülich (KFA) but was formally independent. From the mid-1980s, the then KFA reduced its commitment to the further development of the gas-cooled high-temperature reactor.

The AVR pebble bed reactor is still being dismantled today (see its dismantling and disposal). The severe contamination of the reactor core with radioactive graphite dust particles proved particularly difficult. This contamination was caused by the coating of the fuel pellets made of silicon carbide and porous carbon, which leaked under the high temperatures in the reactor core and released radioactive fission products. The BBC and Krupp construction consortium had miscalculated the temperatures in the reactor core as 300 K lower. FZJ solved the problem by filling the reactor core with foamed lightweight concrete, which binds the dust particles and stabilizes the reactor core. Safety researcher Rainer Moormann, who raised public attention to the graphite dust contamination, was awarded the Whistleblower Prize in 2011. Immediately after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, FZJ and AVR GmbH established an independent expert group to investigate the history of the AVR reactor, and in particular, to issue an official statement on Moormann's public disclosures.

Fields of research since the 1960s
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In addition to research on nuclear physics and nuclear energy, work began soon after FZJ's foundation on new, non-nuclear topics and projects, such as environmental research and soil research for agriculture. One of the first institutes to be founded was the Institute of Biology (Botany department) on 1 May 1961. In autumn 1961, the Central Institute for Applied Mathematics (ZAM) was established, combining a mathematical institute with a computer centre, which was unusual at that time. Research into what is now known as neuroscience began in 1964 when the Institute of Nuclear Medicine was founded and radiotracers were developed and used in imaging techniques. Another research priority was understanding solid states as a basis for the investigation and modification of material properties, for example for new materials in energy research. In 1970, the Institute of Solid State Research was established.

In the decades that followed, Jülich expanded its range of research fields to include life sciences, energy and environmental research, materials science, and information technologies. The Institute of Biotechnology was founded in 1977. In 1981, the large-scale facility TEXTOR was put into operation. It was Jülich's fusion experiment for exploring nuclear fusion reactor technology in the field of plasma-wall interaction. The facility was decommissioned at the end of 2013. In 1993, the COSY particle accelerator went into operation. In 1984, the CRAY X-MP supercomputer, one of the fastest computers in the world, was inaugurated at ZAM. ZAM played a pivotal role in founding the first national supercomputing centre (HLRZ) in 1987. In 2007, ZAM became the Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), which today operates the powerful supercomputer JUWELS and makes it available to European researchers.

The new scientific orientation led to a name change and "Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH" (FZJ) came into being in 1990. Forschungszentrum Jülich is a founding member of the then Association of National Research Centres (AGF, 1970), which became the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres in 1995. In 2004, the Ernst Ruska-Centre for Electron Microscopy was founded. It is equipped with transmission electron microscopes. Soil and environmental research were interlinked with climate research. In 2001, the SAPHIR atmospheric simulation chamber was inaugurated, followed by the PhyTec experimental facility for plants in 2014. Collaboration with RWTH Aachen University was consolidated in 2007 by establishing the Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA). In 2011, Forschungszentrum Jülich, in partnership with the universities in Aachen, Bonn, Cologne, and Düsseldorf, founded the Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSc) as a scientific centre of excellence for sustainable bioeconomy. FZJ also works closely with the universities in Bonn, Cologne, and Aachen within the Geoverbund ABC/J. In 2011, the ESS Competence Centre was established at Forschungszentrum Jülich. It coordinates the German contributions to the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden.

Corporate structure
Forschungszentrum Jülich is a limited liability company (GmbH) with the following company bodies: Partners' Meeting, Supervisory Board, and Board of Directors. The Partners' Meeting comprises representatives of the German federal government and state government of North Rhine-Westphalia. The chair of the board of directors is Wolfgang Marquardt, who has been in office since 1 July 2014. The other members of the Board of Directors are – as of October 2021 – Karsten Beneke (vice-chair since 2011), Astrid Lambrecht (since 2021), and Frauke Melchior (since 2021). FZJ's committees are the Scientific Advisory Council and the Scientific and Technical Council (WTR).

Finances
The annual budget of Forschungszentrum Jülich was approximately €948 million in 2022. Of this, 48% was institutional funding from the German federal government and the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and 52% was external funding. External funding comprises international (EU) and national (federal and state government, DFG, and other) project funding, R&D and infrastructure services (contracts), as well as project management on behalf of the Federal Republic of Germany and the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Employees
Forschungszentrum Jülich has 6,796 employees (as of Dec. 2020). Almost 2,700 of these employees are scientists, and of these scientists 850 are doctoral researchers. The scientists work in the natural, life, and engineering sciences in the fields of information, energy, and bioeconomy. Around 867 people work in the administration and service areas; 1,380 individuals work for Project Management Jülich; and 500 employees are classed as technical employees. FZJ also has more than 300 vocational trainees and students on placement in 23 different professions. In 2020, 672 visiting scientists from 62 countries were conducting research at Jülich.

Prizes and awards for Jülich employees
On 10 December 2007, Peter Grünberg from Forschungszentrum Jülich was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics together with Albert Fert from Paris-Sud University in France. The two scientists were honoured for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance, which they had made independently of each other. This was the first Nobel Prize for an employee of Forschungszentrum Jülich or the Helmholtz Association. In 1998, Peter Grünberg had been awarded the German Future Prize, and in 2007, he and Albert Fert were joint recipients of the Japan Prize as well as the Israeli Wolf Prize in Physics. The Wolf Prize in Physics was also jointly awarded in 2011 to Knut Urban from Forschungszentrum Jülich, Maximilian Haider from CEOS GmbH, Heidelberg, and Harald Rose from the Technical University of Darmstadt for their breakthrough in electron microscopy. They also received the Japanese Honda Prize in 2008 for the same discovery. In 2002, Maria-Regina Kula und Martina Pohl won the German Future Prize for the development of biological catalysts.

Training and teaching at Forschungszentrum Jülich
In 2020, more than 300 people trained in 23 different professions at Forschungszentrum Jülich. In cooperation with RWTH Aachen University and Aachen University of Applied Sciences, FZJ also offers dual vocational and academic courses. After successful completion of their final exams, trainees are offered a six-month employment contract in their chosen profession. Since Forschungszentrum Jülich was founded, more than 5,000 trainees have completed their training in more than 25 different professions.

In a joint procedure with the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, the institute directors at Forschungszentrum Jülich are appointed professors at one of the neighbouring universities (e.g. in Aachen, Bonn, Cologne, Düsseldorf, Bochum, Duisburg-Essen, Münster) in line with the "Jülich model". In cooperation with the universities, graduate and research schools are established (e.g. International Helmholtz Research School of Biophysics and Soft Matter with the universities in Cologne Düsseldorf). The idea behind this is to support and encourage the interdisciplinary scientific education of doctoral students.

Research areas
Forschungszentrum Jülich groups its research activities into three interdisciplinary strategic research areas: energy, information, and bioeconomy.

Information
Scientists in the research area of information investigate how information is processed in biological and technical systems. They are working on simulation and data sciences within high-performance computing (HPC) or supercomputing, brain research, and research into bioelectronics- and nanoelectronics-based information technologies with the aim of transferring findings on biological information processing to technical systems. In the field of supercomputing, Jülich develops and operates its own supercomputers (see section on research infrastructures), which can be used for simulation calculations. Brain research also draws on these facilities. Brain research at Jülich aims to shed light on the molecular and structural organization of the brain to better understand illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease. Research is conducted in cooperation with the neighbouring university hospitals in Bonn, Cologne, Aachen, and Düsseldorf.

Research into quantum technologies is associated with the research field of information.This includes work on quantum computers, with components, concepts, and prototypes being developed at Jülich. Forschungszentrum Jülich cooperated with Google in developing the Sycamore quantum computer, and it will be home to the first universal quantum computer developed in Europe as part of the OpenSuperQ project.

Energy
Jülich research is aimed towards an energy system based on renewable energy sources. This research field is primarily covered by the Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK). IEK has 14 subinstitutes that focus on various tasks in collaboration with other institutes. Its research priorities include photovoltaics, fuel cells, and hydrogen as an energy carrier, research into batteries and new methods of energy storage, as well as processes for increasing the efficiency of fossil energy. In the context of the feasibility of the energy transition, Forschungszentrum Jülich explores and models energy systems. With its materials research, the institute is also involved in developing nuclear fusion reactors (such as ITER and Wendelstein 7-X). In the field of producing energy through nuclear fission (atomic energy), FZJ now only conducts research into the disposal of nuclear waste. Two subinstitutes of IEK are involved in atmospheric and climate research, focusing on the interactions between human activities, air quality, and climate, as well as on improving climate and atmospheric models in cooperation with the Jülich Supercomputing Centre.

FZJ, with 265 full-time positions (as of 2019), boasts the largest site for investigating hydrogen technologies within the Helmholtz Association. Research is conducted into the production, conversion, and storage (e.g. in liquid media, liquid organic hydrogen carriers) of hydrogen, as well as into the infrastructure of a hydrogen economy.

Sustainable bioeconomy
The bioeconomy is an economic system based on the sustainable use of biological resources including plants, animals, and microorganisms. It is argued that a bioeconomy will become necessary due to the finite nature of oil reserves, on which many industrial and everyday products are based, anthropogenic climate change, and the continued growth of the world population. In the area of sustainable bioeconomy, FZJ concentrates on the transition from an oil-based economy to a bioeconomy. This research is conducted in the field of biotechnology in an effort to use renewable raw materials to biotechnologically produce industrially or pharmaceutically relevant base materials. Plant research focuses on optimizing crop yield and the usability of plants as fuels. The third research area at FZJ focuses on chemical and physical processes in soil.

Structural change in the Rhineland lignite-mining region
The Rhineland lignite-mining region, where FZJ is located, is undergoing an important structural change due to the coal phase-out. The state government of North Rhine-Westphalia aims to transform the region into a European model region for energy supply and resource security. Through its research projects, FZJ will support the successful transformation of the Rhineland region. These projects include the cultivation of novel plants, sustainable agriculture, and the hydrogen economy, as well as collaborations between the field of information and industry, for example in the area of artificial intelligence or data analysis. The aim is to create a locational advantage for innovative enterprises.

Research infrastructures
Forschungszentrum Jülich operates numerous research infrastructures, which are available to internal and external users. FZJ coordinates and is involved in several research infrastructures in the ESFRI Roadmap, which identifies strategically important facilities and platforms in the EU. Examples include the neuroscientific digital platform EBRAINS, the EMPHASIS project for plant phenotyping, the coordination of the European supercomputer network PRACE, and the IAGOS cooperation for research into the Earth's atmosphere using instruments on commercial aircraft. The Ernst Ruska-Centre 2.0 for ultrahigh-resolution electron microscopy and the German contribution to the European Aerosols, Clouds and Trace gases Research Infrastructure (ACTRIS-D) have been part of Germany's National Roadmap since 2019. In this Roadmap, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) prioritizes infrastructure projects that are important in terms of strategy and research policy.

Helmholtz Nano Facility
The Helmholtz Nano Facility (HNF) is a facility with a large (1,100 m2) ISO 1–3 classified clean room. The HNF is a central technology platform for the production of nanostructures and circuits within the Helmholtz Association. Work at the HNF focuses on green microchips/computing, quantum computing, neuromorphic computing, bioelectronics, and microfluidics.

Ernst Ruska-Centre
The Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER-C) was selected by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as a national research infrastructure for ultrahigh-resolution electron microscopy. The electron-optical instruments at ER-C can also be used by external scientists and enterprises. They make it possible to investigate structures at the atomic and molecular level. The PICO electron microscope can be used for this work as it is can correct the lens errors of spherical and chromatic aberration.

SAPHIR atmospheric simulation chamber
In the 20-metre-long SAPHIR chamber (Simulation of Atmospheric PHotochemistry In a large Reaction Chamber), the Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Troposphere (IEK-8) explores photochemical reactions in the Earth's atmosphere.

Jülich Plant Phenotyping Centre
The Jülich Plant Phenotyping Center (JPPC) is a leading international institution for the development and application of non-invasive techniques for quantifying the structure and function of plants. At JPPC, technology is developed and plant traits are analysed on a mechanistic level under high-throughput and field conditions.

Supercomputers
The Jülich Supercomputing Centre at Forschungszentrum Jülich operates supercomputers of the highest performance class and emerged from the first German high-performance computing centre (HLRZ), which was founded at Jülich in 1987. In 2003, a 1,000 m2 machine hall was built for the supercomputers next to the Jülich Supercomputing Centre. JSC joined forces with the High Performance Computing Centre Stuttgart (HLRS) and the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ) in Garching near Munich to form the Gauss Centre for Supercomputing (GCS), which unites the three most powerful computing centres under one roof. In addition, JSC coordinates the development of the European supercomputer network PRACE. JSC is headed by physicist and computer scientist Thomas Lippert.

JURECA (2015)
The JURECA supercomputer replaced JUROPA in 2015 and was expanded to include a GPU-based booster module in 2017. This made JURECA the world's first supercomputer with a modular architecture to be put into productive operation. With a computer performance of 3.78 petaflop/s, the system ranked 29th in the TOP500 list of November 2017. Between autumn 2020 and the beginning of 2021, the JURECA cluster module was replaced by the JURECA-DC module, which is designed to process large volumes of data and increased the system's peak performance to 23.5 petaflop/s.

JUWELS (2018)
The JUWELS supercomputer (Jülich Wizard for European Leadership Science) was put into operation in 2018 and was expanded in 2020 to include a GPU-based booster module. The combined cluster and booster modules have a theoretical peak performance of 85 quadrillion floating point operations per second (85 petaflop/s), which made JUWELS the most powerful supercomputer in Europe and the 7th most powerful in the world when the booster debuted on the November 2000 TOP500 list. Furthermore, the JUWELS booster module was the most energy-efficient system of the ten most powerful computers in the world when it was introduced.

JUPITER (2024)
As part of the EuroHPC JU the Jülich Supercomputing Centre will host the JUPITER supercomputer (Joint Undertaking Pioneer for Innovative and Transformative Exascale Research), which is to be the first exascale supercomputer in Europe. The machine is being installed in 2024 and should eclipse the threshold of one quintillion ("1” followed by 18 zeros) calculations per second.

Medical imaging
The Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM) develops and applies medical imaging techniques using MRI and PET for clinical applications and to investigate neurological, neuropsychological, and psychological issues. Equipment at INM includes a combined 3 tesla and 9.4 Tesla MRI PET tomograph as well as a 7 Tesla, 4 Tesla, and 3 Tesla MRI system.

Research with neutrons
Forschungszentrum Jülich is a national competence centre for neutron scattering. The Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS), which operates instruments at various neutron sources all over the world, was established in 2006 – a few months before the original neutron source (the Jülich research reactor FRJ-2) was decommissioned. Six of the most important instruments were moved from FRJ-2 to FRM II; new instruments were also assembled there. In addition, JCNS has branch offices at the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble and at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) in Oak Ridge. JCNS also plans to operate instruments at the European Spallation Source (ESS), which is currently being constructed in Lund, Sweden, as well as at future high-brilliance accelerator-driven neutron sources. The instruments will be made available to a wide range of users, for example to conduct research into energy materials and active ingredients for medications or to analyse protein structures and magnetic materials.

Cooler synchrotron (COSY)
The COSY cooler synchrotron is a particle accelerator (synchrotron) and storage ring (circumference: 184 m) for accelerating protons and deuterons operated by the Nuclear Physics Institute (IKP) at FZJ.

COSY is characterized by beam cooling, which reduces the deviation of particles from their predetermined path (can also be understood as the thermal motion of particles) using electron or stochastic cooling. At COSY, there are a number of experimental facilities for studies in the field of hadron physics. Research currently focuses on investigating the electric dipole moment of protons, testing components and methods for the planned Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, and on preparatory experiments constructing an accelerator-based neutron source. Previous core experiments such as the ANKE magnetic spectrometer, the TOF time-of-flight mass spectrometer, and the WASA universal detector, which was moved to COSY from the CELSIUS storage ring of The Svedberg Labors (TSL) in Uppsala, have been decommissioned and mostly dismantled. The synchrotron is used by scientists from German and international research institutions at internal and external target stations. It is one of the research facilities used for collaborative research funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

EBRAINS
EBRAINS is a digital, European research infrastructure that was created as part of the EU-funded Human Brain Project (HBP). Forschungszentrum Jülich supports the infrastructure by providing computing capacities for simulations and big data analyses. The aim is to further brain research and to apply scientific findings in this field to innovations inspired by the brain in computing, medicine, and industry.

EMPHASIS
The European Infrastructure for Multi-Scale Plant Phenomics and Simulation for Food Security in a Changing Climate (EMPHASIS) is a pan-European, distributed infrastructure for plant phenotyping. The aim of this EU platform, which is coordinated by Forschungszentrum Jülich, is to analyse and quantify the external characteristics of plants (the "phenotype") such as the root architecture or the number of leaves. EMPHASIS integrates information systems with data acquisition using mathematical models and helps scientists to analyse plants for a sustainable European agriculture in different environments with the aim of enabling more efficient plant production in a changing climate. The EU has provided €4 million in funding for the creation of the platform.

Biomolecular NMR Centre
The Biomolecular NMR Centre is a cooperation between the Institute of Biological Information Processing – Structural Biochemistry at Forschungszentrum Jülich and the Institute of Physical Biology at HHU Düsseldorf. It operates various high-field NMR spectrometers for liquid- and solid-state NMR spectroscopy for research into biologically and medically relevant proteins in order to determine, for example, the three-dimensional structure with a high resolution. This technology is also used to investigate the structural basis for affinities and specificities of these macromolecules in protein-ligand interactions.

The Biomolecular NMR Centre has one 900 MHz NMR spectrometer for liquid-state NMR spectroscopy, one 800 MHz NMR spectrometer for liquid- and solid-state NMR spectroscopy, a 700 MHz device for liquid-state NMR, two 600 MHz devices for liquid-state NMR, and another 600 MHz NMR spectrometer for solid-state NMR spectroscopy. A novel 600 MHz DNP-enhanced solid-state NMR device was installed in 2014.

Membrane Centre
The Membrane Centre at Forschungszentrum Jülich (approx. 1550 m2) provides a research infrastructure for the development of membrane systems, covering the entire spectrum of services from the production of the materials needed and the characterization using analytical instruments right up to the testing of modules and components. A priority is the development of novel membrane systems for energy technology in order to separate greenhouse gases from exhaust gases and to provide a basis for novel fuel cells and solid-state batteries.

Other research projects
Forschungszentrum Jülich has a lattice steel mast (124 metres high) for meteorological measurements. It is equipped with platforms at 10 m, 20 m, 30 m, 50 m, 80 m, 100 m, and 120 m, on which measuring instruments are positioned. The measuring mast was erected in 1963/4 and is a triangular steel framework construction.

IBM p690 cluster "Jump" (2004)
The massively parallel supercomputer IBM p690 cluster Jump was put into operation at the beginning of 2004. With 1,312 Power4+ 2C 1.7 GHz processors (41 nodes, each with 32 processors) and an internal memory of 5 terabytes (128 gigabytes per node), the computer had a maximum performance of 5.6 teraflop/s. It was ranked 30th in the list of the world's most powerful computers at the time of its inauguration. The nodes were connected to each other by a high performance switch (HPS). Through a globally parallel data system, applications had access to more than 60 terabytes of storage space and an integrated tape drive with a capacity of one petabyte. The IBM p690 cluster Jump was run on the operating system AIX 5.1. In 2008, the system was temporarily replaced by IBM Power6 p6 575 until JuRoPA began operating.

Jülich BlueGene/L supercomputer (JUBL, 2006)
JUBL was unveiled in 2006 and is considered to be JUGENE's predecessor. It was decommissioned following JUGENE's successful installation in mid-2008.

Jülich BlueGene/P supercomputer (JUGENE, 2008)
On 22 February 2008, the massively parallel supercomputer JUGENE, which was based on IBM's BlueGene/P architecture, went into operation. At times, it was the fastest computer in Europe and the fastest civil computer in the world. In 2012, it was replaced by JUQUEEN.

HPC-FF and JuRoPA (2009)
On 26 May 2009, the two computers HPC-FF and JuRoPA went into operation. The two computers could be connected for specific tasks and together they achieved a performance of 274.8 teraflop/s with Linpack, which placed them tenth worldwide. The operating system was SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. This meant that three computers were effectively in operation in 2009. Both computers were decommissioned in June 2015 and replaced by JURECA.

 * HPC-FF – A computer built by Bull for fusion research with 1080    cluster nodes, each with two Xeon quad-core processors (Xeon X5570, 2.93 GHz).
 * JuRoPA was built by Sun with 4416 Xeon X5570 processors (2208    processor nodes).

JUQUEEN (2012)
The supercomputer known as JUQUEEN went into operation in 2012. It has a peak performance of 5.9 petaflop/s and was Europe's fastest supercomputer at the time of its inauguration.

Institutes
Ernst-Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER-C):

 * Physics of Nanoscale Systems (ER-C-1/PPGI-5)
 * Materials Science and Technology (ER-C-2)
 * Structural Biology (ER-C-3)

Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS):
 * Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC)
 * Quantum Theory of Materials (PGI-1/IAS-1)
 * Theoretical Physics of Living Matter and Biophysics (IBI-5/IAS-2)
 * Theoretical Nanoelectronics (PGI-2/IAS-3)
 * Theory of the Strong Interactions (IAS-4/IKP-3)
 * Computational Biomedicine (IAS-5/INM-9)
 * Theoretical Neuroscience (IAS-6/INM-6)
 * Civil Safety Research (IAS-7)
 * Data Analytics and Machine Learning (IAS-8)
 * Materials Data Science and Informatics (IAS-9)

Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG):

 * Biotechnology (IBG-1)
 * Plant Sciences (IBG-2)
 * Agrosphere (IBG-3)
 * Bioinformatics (IBG-4)

Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI):

 * Molecular and Cellular Physiology (IBI-1)
 * Mechanobiology (IBI-2)
 * Bioelectronics (IBI-3)
 * Biomacromolecular Systems and Processes (IBI-4)
 * Theoretical Physics of Living Matter and Biophysics (IBI-5/IAS-2)
 * Cellular Structural Biology (IBI-6)
 * Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7)
 * Neutron Scattering and Biological Matter (JCNS-1/IBI-8)
 * Technical Services and Administration (IBI-TA)

Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK):

 * Materials    Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1)
 * Microstructure and Properties of Materials (IEK-2)
 * Techno-Economic Systems Analysis (IEK-3)
 * Plasma Physics (IEK-4)
 * Photovoltaics (IEK-5)
 * Nuclear Waste Management and Reactor Safety (IEK-6)
 * Stratosphere (IEK-7)
 * Troposphere (IEK-8)
 * Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9)
 * Energy Systems Engineering (IEK-10)
 * Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (IEK-STE)
 * Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11/HI ERN)
 * Helmholtz Institute Münster (IEK-12/HI MS)
 * Theory and Computation of Energy Materials (IEK-13)
 * Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-14)

Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM):

 * Structural and    Functional Organization of the Brain (INM-1)
 * Molecular    Organization of the Brain (INM-2)
 * Cognitive    Neuroscience (INM-3)
 * Medical Imaging    Physics (INM-4)
 * Nuclear Chemistry    (INM-5)
 * Computational and    Systems Neuroscience (INM-6)
 * Brain and    Behaviour (INM-7)
 * Ethics of    Neuroscience (INM-8)
 * Computational    Biomedicine (INM-9/IAS-5)
 * JARA Institute    Brain structure-function relationships (INM-10)
 * JARA Institute    Molecular neuroscience and neuroimaging (INM-11)

Institute for Sustainable Hydrogen Economy (INW)

Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS):

 * Neutron Scattering and Biological Matter (JCNS-1/IBI-8)
 * Quantum Materials and Collective Phenomena (JCNS-2/PGI-4)
 * Neutron Analytics for Energy Research (JCNS-3)
 * Neutron Methods (JCNS-4)
 * Technical Services and Administration (PGI-TA/JCNS-TA)

Nuclear Physics Institute (IKP):

 * Experimental Hadron Structure (IKP-1)
 * Experimental Hadron Dynamics (IKP-2)
 * Theory of the Strong Interactions (IAS-4/IKP-3)
 * Large-Scale Nuclear Physics Equipment (IKP-4)

Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI):

 * Quantum Theory of Materials (PGI-1/IAS-1)
 * Theoretical Nanoelectronics (PGI-2/IAS-3)
 * Quantum Nanoscience (PGI-3)
 * Quantum Materials and Collective Phenomena (PGI-4/JCNS-2)
 * Microstructure Research (PGI-5)
 * Electronic Properties (PGI-6)
 * Electronic Materials (PGI-7)
 * Quantum Control (PGI-8)
 * Semiconductor Nanoelectronics (PGI-9)
 * JARA Institute Energy-efficient information technology (PGI-10)
 * JARA Institute for Quantum Information (PGI-11)
 * Technical Services and Administration (PGI-TA/JCNS-TA)

Central Institute of Engineering, Electronics and Analytics (ZEA):

 * Engineering and Technology (ZEA-1)
 * Electronic Systems (ZEA-2)
 * Analytics (ZEA-3)

Location and accessibility
Forschungszentrum Jülich is situated in the middle of the Stetternich Forest in Jülich (Düren district, North Rhine-Westphalia) and covers an area of 2.2 square kilometres. It is located about 4 km to the south-east of Jülich, approx. 30 km to the north-east of Aachen, and 45 km to the west of Cologne. Some of the facilities of Forschungszentrum Jülich are not located on campus but about 1 km west of campus on the premises of the former federal railways repair shop (BAW).

Infrastructure
In addition to the scientific institutes and the large-scale facilities, Forschungszentrum Jülich has several infrastructure divisions and central institutes, including for example a Works Fire Brigade that is staffed 24/7, ready to protect people, property, animals, and the nature in and around Forschungszentrum Jülich. The aim of the work at the Medical Service is to ensure healthy working conditions at Forschungszentrum Jülich. The services offered range from occupational health and safety to emergency medical care and psychosocial counselling.

On campus, the State Institute for Occupational Safety (LAfA) for North Rhine-Westphalia operates a state collection centre for radioactive waste for North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. This collection centre accepts radioactive waste from Forschungszentrum Jülich as well as other (low-level) radioactive waste from the two aforementioned federal states.

Since 1979, Forschungszentrum Jülich has also had its own railway track for freight transport, which is a dead-end track within campus.

title: Forschungszentrum Jülich


text: Category:Midland County, Texas

title: Category:Midland County, Texas


text:
Category:Halide minerals

The Halide Class includes minerals with a halogen as the major anion: fluorine F−. chlorine Cl−, iodine I−, or bromine Br−.

title: Category:Halide minerals


text:
Bambi (disambiguation)

Bambi is a 1942 Walt Disney animated drama film, centered around a young deer of the same name.

Bambi or BAMBI may also refer to:

Characters

 * Bambi (character), the fawn in Salten's 1923 novel and works based on the novel
 * J.D. (Scrubs), on the American comedy-drama Scrubs
 * Bambi, a character in the animated TV series Robotboy
 * Dr. Bambi Berenbaum, a character in The X-Files episode "War of the Coprophages"
 * Bambi and Thumper, villains, both portrayed by Trina Parks, in the James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever

Film and television

 * Bambi Award, a German television award
 * Bambi II, a 2006 Disneytoon midquel to the 1942 film
 * Bambi (2013 film), a French documentary profiling Marie-Pierre Pruvot
 * Bambi: The Reckoning, an upcoming live-action horror film
 * "Bambi" (The Young Ones), a 1984 episode of The Young Ones

Literature

 * Bambi, a 1914 novel by American author Marjorie Benton Cooke
 * Bambi, a Life in the Woods, the 1923 novel on which the Disney film is based, by Austro-Hungarian author Felix Salten

Music

 * Bambi (Momus album), 2013
 * Bambi (Hippo Campus album), 2018
 * Bambi (EP), by South Korean singer Baekhyun, 2021
 * "Bambi", a song by Prince on album Prince, 1979
 * "Bambi", a song by Tokyo Police Club on the album Champ, 2010
 * "Bambi", a song by Jidenna on the album The Chief, 2017
 * "Bambi", a song by Clairo on the album Sling, 2021

Given name or surname

 * Bambi Schieffelin (born 1945), American linguistic anthropologist
 * Cosimo Bambi (born 1980), Italian physicist

Nickname, pseudonym, ring name or stage name

 * Bambi (artist), pseudonym of a British street artist, identity unknown
 * Bambi (rapper), stage name of Polish rapper Michalina Włodarczyk (born 2003)
 * Lance Alworth (born 1940), American football player
 * Laurie Bembenek (1958–2010), American convicted murderer
 * Sheila "Bambi" Caffell (died 1985), one of the murder victims of Jeremy Bamber (born 1961)
 * Rachel Chalkowski (born 1939), Israeli midwife
 * Bambi Hall, ring name of Canadian professional wrestler Samantha Hall (born 1992)
 * Bambi Linn, American dancer, choreographer and actress Bambina Linnemeier (born 1926)
 * Selina Majors (born 1967), American professional wrestler
 * Marie-Pierre Pruvot (born 1935), French transgender entertainer and academic
 * Bambi Lee Savage, stage name of American singer, songwriter and musician Shannon Strong (born 1963)
 * Bambi Sheleg, Israeli journalist and founding editor of the magazine Eretz Acheret born Beatrice Ehrlich (1958–2016)
 * Bambie Thug, stage name of Irish singer songwriter and Eurovision contestant Bambie Ray Robinson (born 1994)
 * Bambi Woods (born 1955), pornographic actress and exotic dancer best known as the title character of the 1978 film Debbie Does Dallas
 * Zhu Xudan (born 1992), Chinese actress known as Bambi Zhu

Military

 * Bambi, one of two Second World War oil pipeline systems built under the English Channel as part of Operation Pluto to supply Allied forces in Europe
 * Project BAMBI (Ballistic Missile Boost Intercept), a proposed American anti-ballistic missile system
 * Bambi-class tugboat, a class of two Royal Netherlands Navy tugboats

Other uses

 * BAMBI, a human gene
 * Bambi, Angola, a commune in Chipindo, Huíla, Angola
 * 15845 Bambi, an asteroid
 * Bambi (company), a Serbian food manufacturing company
 * Bambi, the name of the Fuldamobil automobile in Argentina
 * BAMBI, callsign of Allied Air, a Nigerian cargo airline
 * BAMBI, a charitable foundation established by Rachel Chalkowski
 * Bambi (software) a high-level Bayesian model-building interface written in Python

title: Bambi (disambiguation)


text:
Rondell White

Rondell Bernard White (born February 23, 1972) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as an outfielder and designated hitter. In addition to being a solid defensive player, White also had a batting average of .300 or higher for four consecutive seasons from 1998 to 2001.

Pre-Major League Baseball career
White is a 1990 graduate of Jones County High School in Gray, Georgia, where he played baseball and basketball. He was the Atlanta Journal-Constitution's Player of the Year in 1990 and was also selected to the USA Today and Collegiate Baseball All-America squads that year.

Professional baseball career
White was drafted by the Montreal Expos as the 24th overall pick in the first round of 1990 Major League Baseball draft as a compensation pick from the California Angels for signing Mark Langston. White played in the Expos' minor league system for four years from 1990 to 1994. In 1993, White posted an impressive .380 batting average in 42 games for the Ottawa Lynx of the International League, earning him a promotion to the Expos. He made his major league debut on September 1, 1993 at the age of 21.

On June 11, 1995, White had the best game of his career when he hit for the cycle and had 6 hits in 7 at bats during a thirteen-inning game against the San Francisco Giants. He became the fourth Expos player in team history to hit for the cycle (preceded by Tim Foli on April 22, 1976, Chris Speier on July 20, 1978, and Tim Raines on August 16, 1987). He had two singles, two doubles, an extra-inning triple, and a home run.

In 1997, White hit a career-high 28 home runs for the Expos. He also led the National League center fielders with 379 putouts and 3 double plays and finished the 1997 season ranked second in the league with a 2.7 Defensive Wins Above Replacement (WAR). On July 31, 2000, the Expos traded White to the Chicago Cubs for Scott Downs.

After playing two seasons for the Cubs, he signed a two-year deal with the New York Yankees on December 17, 2001. On March 19, 2003 he was traded from the Yankees to the San Diego Padres for Bubba Trammell and Mark Phillips. That year he was named as a reserve player for the National League team in the 2003 All-Star Game. On August 26, 2003 he was traded to the Kansas City Royals for Chris Tierney and Brian Sanches. He ended the 2003 season with a career-high 87 runs batted in between the two teams. After the season, he became a free agent and signed with the Detroit Tigers. After two seasons with the Tigers, he signed with the Minnesota Twins on December 22, 2005. White played in his final major league game on September 30, 2007, at the age of 35.

Career statistics
In a fifteen-year major league career, White played in 1,474 games, accumulating 1,519 hits in 5,357 at bats for a .284 career batting average along with 198 home runs, 768 runs batted in and an on-base percentage of .336. He led the league in putouts in 1997, twice led the league in fielding percentage as an outfielder and retired with a .989 fielding percentage as a center fielder and a .985 fielding percentage as a left fielder, and overall with a .987 fielding percentage.

On December 13, 2007, White was mentioned in the Mitchell Report in connection to steroids.

title: Rondell White


text: Category:Towns in Colombia

title: Category:Towns in Colombia


text:
Talk:Dark Peak

Untitled
The Dark Peak (& White Peak) as a name didn't really come into common usage (*) until the OS map (1972) of that name, as I recollect. As a division based on geology it's rather questionable - the high gritstone comes down well below the Hope Valley (eg Axe Edge & the Roaches on the west and the Froggatt & Curbar area in the East). And it leaves the shale ridge of Mam Tor/Rushup Edge in neither Dark Peak nor White Peak camps.

 * But perhaps these were terms used all the time in 50 & 60s Manchester, Sheffield (and perhaps also South of the Trent), but just not Derby!

Yorkshire Stub
I'm surprised to see this listed as a Yorkshire stub (only) - a broad enough definition to the Aire gap (?) might justify this on area grounds, but all the 'interesting territory' (Kinder, Bleaklow, Black Hill) is (since the Cheshire boundary was redrawn) firmly in Derbyshire (OK Black Hill is shared). Linuxlad
 * Don't forget that the north eastern Upper Derwent Valley is in South Yorkshire, and the Dark Peak includes the area around Margery Hill, the highest point in S Yorks. But I agree that there should also be a Derbyshire geo stub note. Warofdreams 11:30, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Well a quick check on multimap confirms that the Eastern county boundary runs (as it did in my childhood) up the Derwent itself... And we're always happy to _share_ our county's beauties with the more discerning foreigner! (Applies a fortiori to Dovedale - 'the nicest bits of Derbyshire are in Staffordshire'!) Bob aka Linuxlad

I think the main problem (pace Grutness) is that the yorkshire stub boldly says 'this yorkshire location...' - gets right my hooter!

Assessment comment
Substituted at 12:50, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dark Peak


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The World has been divided into the camps of believers and disbelievers

The World has been divided into the camps of believers and disbelievers was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 10 votes to delete. Postdlf 14:37, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The World has been divided into the camps of believers and disbelievers
Non-notable slogan, not encyclopedic. — Bill 11:39, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. Delete. Deb 11:52, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete --Demonslave 14:38, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Yet another reason Lists are wicked. They set up redlinks that people feel they have to fill in.  Geogre 14:49, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Geogre. Delete. --Improv 15:43, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I believe that I'll vote to delete for the reasons above. Fire Star 15:45, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Count me as a disbeliever; this isn't encyclopedic. Delete  Plutor 16:11, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. There are probably a few articles that this can be mentioned in, but it doesn't warrant its own page. Nor even a redirect, as I doubt anyone will type all this in. -R. fiend 17:35, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak delete, because I don't think this slogan itself has potential to yeild an encyclopedic article. I may be wrong — siro  χ  o
 * Delete separate article, at best it could be included in a list of slogans. Inky 00:46, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Abbé

Abbé (from Latin abbas, in turn from Greek ἀββᾶς, abbas, from Aramaic abba, a title of honour, literally meaning "the father, my father", emphatic state of abh, "father") is the French word for an abbot. It is also the title used for lower-ranking Catholic clergy in France who are not members of religious orders.

History
A concordat between Pope Leo X and King Francis I of France (1516) gave the kings of France the right to nominate 255 commendatory abbots (abbés commendataires) for almost all French abbeys, who received income from a monastery without needing to render service, creating, in essence, a sinecure.

From the mid-16th century, the title of abbé has been used in France for all young clergy, with or without consecration. Their clothes consisted of black or dark violet robes with a small collar, and they were tonsured.

Since such abbés only rarely commanded an abbey, they often worked in upper-class families as tutors, spiritual directors, etc.; some (such as Gabriel Bonnot de Mably) became writers.

Clerical oblates and seminarians of the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest also have the honorific title of abbé.

title: Abbé


text:
Template talk:Infobox German district

In case something like meta:Extended template syntax (see Bugzilla #364) is implemented this template should be merged with Template:Infobox German district noregbez. The variables regierungsbezirk (and additionally region) then should be optional. Some districts also use former regierungsbezirk in case the Regierungsbezirk was recently dissolved. As long as no such feature exists changes in the infobox design need to be made to both templates. andy 11:44, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Map captions
The captions to the map image ( Map of highlighting the district  ) are not working. Can somebody fix this? Gene Nygaard 16:18, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Coats of arms
Is it possible to add a parameter for the coats of arms of the Landkreise ? Dэя-Бøяg - 18:43, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

Flag
Since there is now a parameter for the coat of arms we might also want to have an opportunity to display the appropriate flag alongside the shield. If nobody objects, I'm going to enable the  parameter from Infobox settlement for this template. De728631 (talk) 16:21, 2 January 2013 (UTC)

Leader
Is it possible to enable the Leader, Leader party and Leadertitle options from the info box settlement? That would allow to mention the Landrat or the Regionalverbandsdirektor (Saarbrücken)--Micge (talk) 10:40, 12 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Actually a parameter Landrat is already enabled in the template but it hasn't been added to the blank code in the documentation. The automated default title for this position is 'District admin.' which doesn't need to be changed imo. I'm now going to add the 'leader_party' parameter. De728631 (talk) 12:37, 12 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I've added two alternative parameters that are now also listed in the documentation: district_admin and admin_party. 12:57, 12 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the quick fix. --Micge (talk) 14:56, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Infobox German district


text:
The Hissing of Summer Lawns

The Hissing of Summer Lawns is the seventh studio album by the Canadian-American singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell, released in November 1975 on Asylum Records. It continues the jazz-influenced sound of Mitchell's previous album, Court and Spark, with more unconventional and experimental material. It features sampling, synthesizers such as the Moog and ARP, and contributions from acts including the jazz-rock groups the L.A. Express and the Jazz Crusaders and James Taylor, David Crosby, and Graham Nash.

The lyrics focus on women's experiences such as standing up to patriarchal norms ("Don't Interrupt the Sorrow") or frustrations with suburban life (the title track, "Harry's House"). As with many of her albums, Mitchell created the cover art. It depicts a painting depicting a group of men carrying a large snake superimposed over the Beverly Hills suburbs; Mitchell's house is shaded in blue.

While it did not spawn a major hit single like its predecessor, The Hissing of Summer Lawns reached number 4 in the US and remains Mitchell's last top-10 album. "In France They Kiss on Main Street", the only single, reached number 66 on the Billboard Hot 100.

The Hissing of Summer Lawns initially received negative reviews, with critics finding the jazz stylings a disservice to Mitchell's lyrics and comparing it negatively to Court and Spark. However, it later became one of her most acclaimed works. It appeared at number 258 in Rolling Stone's 2020 edition of its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and at number 217 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums in 2000.

Background
The slick jazz-pop sound Mitchell developed on Court and Spark (1974) would be pushed into more adventurous territory on The Hissing of Summer Lawns. Some tracks reflect a fusion of jazz and "shimmering avant pop." The album also uses an ARP synthesizer.

On "The Jungle Line", Mitchell is credited with the first commercially released song to include a sample, featuring a looped recording of percussion by the African ensemble the Drummers of Burundi. This interest in world music presaged the work of Peter Gabriel and Paul Simon in subsequent years. In a 1983 interview for Musician Magazine Mitchell was asked what prompted her to use the drums. Mitchell explained: "Because I loved that Burundi warriors passage. It had a Bo Diddley lick in it which I took out and made into a loop and then ran this black cultural poem under it. I thought I was black for about three years. I felt like there was a black poet trapped inside me, and that song was about Harlem—the primitive juxtaposed against the Frankenstein of modern industrialization; the wheels turning and the gears grinding and the beboppers with the junky spit running down their trumpets. All of that together with that Burundi tribal thing was perfect. But people just thought it was weird."

Songs
The first track, "In France They Kiss on Main Street", is a jazz-rock song about coming of age in a small town in the 1950s rock & roll era. (The song was released as the single from the album and reached number 66 on the Billboard charts.) "The Jungle Line" uses a field recording from Africa of the Drummers of Burundi (called 'warrior drums' in the credits), onto which are dubbed guitar, Moog synthesizer and the vocal line. The lyrics pay homage to the works of the French Post-Impressionist painter Henri Rousseau. Mitchell blends details of his works with imagery of modern city life, the music industry and the underground drug culture.

"Edith and the Kingpin" marks a return to jazz in a story of a gangster's new moll arriving in his home town. "Don't Interrupt the Sorrow" is an acoustic guitar-based song with stream-of-consciousness lyrics, focused on women standing up to male dominance and proclaiming their own existence as individuals. "Shades of Scarlett Conquering" is an orchestral-based piece about a modern southern belle basing her life and self-image on the stereotypes of the Scarlett O'Hara character from Gone with the Wind.

The second side begins with the title track, "The Hissing of Summer Lawns", which is about a woman who chooses to stay in a marriage where she is treated as part of her husband's portfolio. "The Boho Dance" comments on people who feel that artists betray their artistic integrity for commercial success, with an ironic glance at those who said this of Mitchell herself and parallels Tom Wolfe's The Painted Word. "Harry's House / Centerpiece" concerns failing marriage as example of the loneliness of modern life and frames the jazz standard "Centerpiece" by Harry "Sweets" Edison and Jon Hendricks. "Sweet Bird" is a sparser acoustic track that is a slight return to Mitchell's so-called 'confessional' singer-songwriter style and addresses the loss of beauty power with ageing. Its lyrics indicate that it may also be a reference to Tennessee Williams's Sweet Bird of Youth. The final track is "Shadows and Light", consisting of many overdubs of her voice and an ARP String Machine (credited as an ARP-Farfisa on the album sleeve).

The African theme of "The Jungle Line" also features on the album sleeve, with an image of dark-skinned people carrying a large snake (both were embossed on the original vinyl album cover). Both men and snake are superimposed on the Beverly Hills suburbs, with Mitchell's own house marked in blue (green for the UK issue) on the back cover.

Reception
The album initially received harsh criticism. In Rolling Stone, Stephen Holden wrote that the album's lyrics were impressive but the music was a failure. "If The Hissing of Summer Lawns offers substantial literature, it is set to insubstantial music... Four members of Tom Scott's L.A. Express are featured on Hissing, but their uninspired jazz-rock style completely opposes Mitchell's romantic style... The Hissing of Summer Lawns is ultimately a great collection of pop poems with a distracting soundtrack. Read it first. Then play it." Critic Robert Christgau called the musical accompaniment "the most ambitious of her career," but criticized Mitchell's choice of session musicians and opined that "only on a couple of cuts — 'The Jungle Line' and 'Don't Interrupt the Sorrow' — do these skillful sound effects strengthen the lyrics. The result is that Mitchell's words must stand pretty much on their own."

The record's reputation has grown in stature over the years. Music writer Howard Sounes has called The Hissing of Summer Lawns Mitchell's masterpiece, "an LP to stand alongside Blood on the Tracks". Prince, a lifelong fan of Mitchell, praised it in interviews; he reportedly called it "the last album I loved all the way through." Critic Jessica Hopper of Pitchfork noted that the album was originally felt as a betrayal by some listeners, but stated that while "it doesn't have the rhapsodic rep as Blue, it's unquestionably one of Mitchell's finest albums, and it is certainly her most timeless."

Accolades
In 1977, at the 19th Grammy Awards, Mitchell was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for the album.

It was voted number 217 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000). The album was included in Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. in 2020, Rolling Stone ranked the album at number 258 in the 2020 edition of its 500 greatest albums of all time.

Personnel
Track numbering refers to CD and digital releases of the album.
 * Joni Mitchell – vocals, acoustic guitar (tracks 1–4, 9), Moog (2), piano (5, 9), keyboards (7), ARP and Farfisa (10)
 * Victor Feldman – electric piano (1, 5), congas (4), vibes (5), keyboards and percussion (6)
 * Joe Sample – electric piano (3), keyboards (8)
 * Larry Carlton – electric guitar (3–5, 9)
 * Robben Ford – electric guitar (1), Dobro (4), guitar (8)
 * Jeff Baxter – electric guitar (1)
 * James Taylor – background vocals (1), guitar (6)
 * David Crosby and Graham Nash – background vocals (1)
 * Max Bennett – bass (1, 5–8)
 * Wilton Felder – bass (3, 4)
 * John Guerin – drums (except 2), Moog and arrangement (6)
 * The Warrior Drums of Burundi (2)
 * Chuck Findley – horn (3), trumpet (6, 8), flugelhorn (7)
 * Bud Shank – saxophone and flute (3, 6), bass flute (7)
 * Dale Oehler – string arrangement (5)

Technical
 * Joni Mitchell – producer, cover design, illustration
 * Henry Lewy – engineer, mix with Mitchell
 * Ellis Sorkin – assistant engineer
 * Bernie Grundman – mastering
 * Joe Gastwirt – re-mastered at Ocean View Digital Mastering in W. Los Angeles for 1997 HDCD release
 * Norman Seeff – photography

title: The Hissing of Summer Lawns