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Algeria national football team

The Algeria national football team (منتخب الْجَزَائِر لِكُرَّةُ الْقَدَم) represents Algeria in men's international football, and is governed by the Algerian Football Federation. The team plays their home matches at the 5 July Stadium in Algiers and Miloud Hadefi Stadium in Oran. Algeria joined FIFA on 1 January 1964, a year and a half after gaining independence. They are the current champions of the FIFA Arab Cup.

The North African team has qualified for four World Cups in 1982, 1986, 2010 and 2014. Algeria has won the Africa Cup of Nations twice, once in 1990, when they hosted the tournament, and again in Egypt in 2019. They were also champions of the 2021 FIFA Arab Cup, the 1991 Afro-Asian Cup of Nations, the men's football tournament of the 1978 All-Africa Games and the men's football tournament of the 1975 Mediterranean Games.

The traditional rivals of Algeria are mainly: Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. Algeria has also had very competitive matches against Nigeria, especially in the 1980s during Algeria's best football generation, against Mali due to sharing a common border and a long-standing competitive rivalry, and against Senegal, where Algeria's first global success began. For the Algerians, their biggest victory on the world stage was their 2–1 win against West Germany during the 1982 FIFA World Cup in which the African nation shocked the world. Algeria has produced many talented players throughout its history and is considered one of the best teams in African football history. At the 2014 World Cup in Brazil, Algeria became the first African team to score at least four goals in a match at a World Cup, which was against South Korea.

The ALN football team, 1957–1958
On 1956, in Tunis, Tunisia, was formed the first team to represent Algeria, the Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN) team by Ahmed Benelfoul and Habib Draoua. The team was approved by the FLN in May 1957 and was managed by Salah Saidou and the player Abdelkader Zerrar was the captain. The first game was played on 1 June 1957 against Tunisia in the Stade Chedly Zouiten. In April 1958, the team was dissolved and was replaced by the FLN team.

The FLN football team, 1958–1962
The FLN football team was a team made up mainly of professional players in France, who then joined the Algerian independence movement of the National Liberation Front (FLN), and assisted in organizing football matches against national football teams. The FLN linked African football to anti-colonial resistance using the idea of Pan-Africanism as a legitimizing tool and symbol of national identity. The French authorities easily obtained the non-recognition of the team by FIFA.

The Beginning, 1962
Football in Algeria was established in the 1830s by European settlers bringing the sport to the country. The Algerian football team was established in 1962 after gaining independence from France, as the successor of the FLN football team. Under French rule, Algeria was not allowed to have a national team, the FLN football team was sort of a rebellion against the French colonization. All of their games were considered friendlies and were unrecognized by FIFA. During a press conference in Tunis, the Algerian football team refused to make any political statements, referring to football as a sport rather than a political influence. After the Algerian national football team was officially recognized by FIFA in 1963, the team only qualified to the 1968 Africa Cup of Nations and failed to qualify for the next five editions of the African cup until 1980.

1982 FIFA World Cup
Algeria caused one of the great World Cup upsets on the first day of the tournament with a 2–1 victory over current European champions West Germany. In the final match in the group between West Germany and Austria, with Algeria and Chile having already played their final group game the day before, the European teams knew that a West German win by 1 or 2 goals would qualify them both, while a larger West German victory would qualify Algeria over Austria, and a draw or an Austrian win would eliminate the West Germans. After 10 minutes of all-out attack, West Germany scored through a goal by Horst Hrubesch. After the goal was scored, the two teams kicked the ball around aimlessly for the rest of the match. Chants of "Fuera, fuera" ("Out, out") were screamed by the Spanish crowd, while angry Algerian supporters waved banknotes at the players. This performance was widely deplored, even by the West German and Austrian fans. Algeria protested to FIFA, who ruled that the result be allowed to stand; FIFA introduced a revised qualification system at subsequent World Cups in which the final two games in each group were played simultaneously.

1986 FIFA World Cup
In 1984, Algeria took third place in the 1984 Africa Cup of Nations in Ivory Coast. During the 1986 Africa Cup of Nations, the national teams recorded two defeats and one draw and was eliminated in the first round. In Mexico, at the 1986 World Cup, the Algerians were not able to pass the first round once again in a group that included Northern Ireland (1–1 draw), Brazil (1–0 loss), and Spain (3–0 loss). Only one Algerian scored during this competition: Djamel Zidane. From thereon, Algeria failed to qualify for another World Cup until 2010.

1990 African Cup of Nations
In 1990, Algeria hosted the 1990 Africa Cup of Nations for the first time and were strongly considered to win the competition. drawn in Group A, the Algerians started the tournament by beating Nigeria 5–1, with doubles by Djamel Menad and Rabah Madjer and a goal by Djamel Amani. After a great start with a convincing victory against the Nigerians, they then beat Ivory Coast 3–0, with goals by Djamel Menad, Tahar Chérif El-Ouazzani, and Chérif Oudjani. The last game of the group, Algeria beat Egypt 2–0, with goals by Djamel Amani and Moussa Saïb. After a perfect start with three wins in as many games, Algeria beat Senegal 2–1 in the semi-finals after Djamel Menad and Djamel Amani scored in front of 85,000 fans in the Stade du 5 Juillet to reach the final for the second time in history. In the final against Nigeria, in front of 105,302 fans in the same stadium, Chérif Oudjani, in the 38th minute, enabled Algeria to win the African Cup of Nations for the first time. Djamel Menad was crowned top scorer of the competition with four goals.

The dark years, 1992–2008
After winning the 1990 African Cup of Nations and barely missing out in qualifying to the 1990 World Cup, Algerian football was still at its peak. However, with Algeria being on the brink of a civil war in the early 90s, social and political unrest started having a negative impact in every domain in the country including football. Although Algeria qualified to the 1992 African Cup of Nations, the title holders were disappointing and were eliminated in the first round of the competition.

In the 1994 African Cup of Nations Algeria was disqualified from the tournament after fielding an ineligible player, and many fans back home strongly criticized the staff of the team, accusing them of being irresponsible and unprofessional. In 1996, Algeria returned to African Cup of Nations, but were eliminated by hosts South Africa in the quarter-finals. The Algerians failed to qualify for the following World Cups in 1998, 2002 and 2006. During the 1998 African Cup of Nations, Algeria finished last in its group with three defeats and was eliminated in the group stage. Algerian football was losing its reputation and the team that was once considered one of the best teams in Africa, was no longer feared.

In the 2000 African Cup of Nations, the Fennecs passed the first round only to lose to 2–1 to eventual champions Cameroon in the quarter-finals. Algeria once more failed to pass the first round in the African competition in 2002. but in the 2004, Algeria, coached by Rabah Saadane were looking good and full of confidence, After drawing the first game of the group 1–1 against tournament favorites Cameroon, Algeria recorded a historic win against archrivals Egypt 2–1. After a good start by Algeria, the north African side surprisingly lost the last game of the group against Zimbabwe 2–1 However, because of the 2–1 victory against Egypt, Algeria finished second in their group and advanced to the next round. Their next opponent was Morocco and after a goalless game for over 80 minutes, Algeria took the lead in the 84th minute after a goal from Abdelmalek Cherrad, nearly seconds before the final whistle Morocco scored which meant the two sides would have to play in extra time, where Morocco would go on to win 3–1. The loss against their North African neighbors was heartbreaking, and after that game, Algeria failed to qualify for the following two Africa Cup of Nations in 2006 and 2008 and nothing seemed to be working for Algerian football.

2010 World Cup qualifiers
On 11 October 2008, Algeria returned to the top 20 African teams in the Fifa ranking by finishing first in their group ahead of Senegal, Gambia, and Liberia for the second round in the combined 2010 World Cup and 2010 African Cup of Nations qualifications. In the third and final round of the qualifiers, Algeria was joined by Zambia, Rwanda, and Egypt in group C. Egypt was widely considered the favorites to win the group and qualify for the World Cup. However, in June 2009, Algeria beat the double African champions Egypt 3–1 which ultimately changed the teams objectives from just qualifying for the African Cup of Nations, to qualifying for the World Cup after a 24-year absence. The next game was against Zambia where the Desert Foxes won 2–0 in Lusaka. Algeria then again beat Zambia at home in Blida 1–0 followed by a 3–1 win against Rwanda, the Algerians ensured that the qualification for the World Cup would go down to the wire with a final encounter against Egypt in Cairo, where only a loss by three goals would stop the Fennecs from going to South Africa. Prior to the game, the Algerian team bus was attacked in Cairo by Egyptian fans, leaving several team members injured. This led to a diplomatic row between the two countries. The attack prior to the game left the Algerian players in shock which resulted in a 2–0 loss in a controversial situation, conceding a goal just within a couple seconds from the final whistle. The loss would mean that the two north African sides would have a to play a playoff game in Sudan with the winner qualifying to the world cup in South Africa. Algeria won 1–0 after a stunning goal from Anthar Yahia and qualified for the World Cup for the third time in their history.

2010 Africa Cup of Nations
After qualifying to the 2010 world cup at the expense of Egypt, Algeria was gaining back the respect that they lost in the early 90s. So they came in the 2010 tournament full of confidence. Being drawn in Group A, with Angola, Malawi, and Mali, Algeria started poorly, surprisingly losing 3–0 to group outsiders Malawi. After that loss Algeria had to prove that the first game was only a mistake and in the following game against Mali they won 1–0 thanks to a Rafik Halliche header. In the last match, they drew 0–0 with Angola, which sent them to the second round, finishing with the same number of points as Mali, but with a superior head-to-head record. Playing in Cabinda, Algeria faced Ivory Coast in the quarterfinals who were considered heavy favorites. After trailing 1–0, Karim Matmour equalized in the first half, the Algerians were having a great game but as the game was heading into extra time Keita gave the Ivorians the lead in the 89th minute, a goal which seemed sure to seal their victory. However, the Algerians equalized with Madjid Bougherra just 2 minutes later in added time, and in extra time a perfect Karim Ziani cross found Hamer Bouazza who gave the Fennecs the lead. Algeria shocked the whole continent with a convincing win against a Cote Ivoire team that was considered the best in Africa. Next Algeria faced Egypt in the semi-finals, tensions were still high between the two nations after the World Cup qualification play-off incident and fans from both sides felt it was a must win game for them. Unfortunately for Algeria, things did not go as planned. After waves of controversial decisions from the referee for both sides, Algeria ended the game with 3 red cards which led to Egypt winning 4–0 which was the biggest defeat in the history of the teams' meetings. Algeria then lost 1–0 to Nigeria in the third-place game and finished fourth in the competition.

2010 FIFA World Cup

Algeria was drawn in Group C with England, USA, Slovenia. The north African side came in the tournament in poor form, losing nearly all their world cup preparation games in friendlies. In their first game they lost to Slovenia 0–1. The match was scoreless until Slovenia's captain Robert Koren scored in the 79th minute after Abdelkader Ghezzal was sent off for his second bookable offence. In their second group game, Algeria drew with England leading to mass celebration throughout the world's Algerian communities. The Fennecs lost their final group game to the United States 1–0 thanks to a Landon Donovan winner in second-half injury time. Algeria exited the championship as one of two teams, along with Honduras, to fail to score a goal.

2010–11: A team in trouble
After the World Cup, bad results were growing and growing with no wins. After a 2–1 home loss to Guinea in a friendly match and a 1–1 draw at home to Tanzania, veteran manager Rabah Saâdane resigned and was replaced with Abdelhak Benchikha. The newly appointed coach tried to bring in new faces to the squad to bolster their offense but poor results continued for Benchikha's side who started off with a 2–0 away loss to Central African Republic. There was a little bit of hope restored for the Algerians after they beat Morocco 1–0 at home after a goal from Hassan Yebda but After they lost 4–0 to Morocco in the return leg, their manager resigned. Algeria failed to qualify for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations and the nightmare continued.

2011–12: The arrival of Halilhodžić

After new coach Vahid Halilhodžić was appointed, he got a few decent results before the start of the World cup qualifiers. The Bosnian coach's debut resulted in a 1–1 away draw against Tanzania, they then beat Central African Republic 2–0 with goals coming from Hassan Yebda and Foued Kadir. After a good game against Tanzania and a convincing win against The Central African Rep, the Algerian fans started to believe in their national team again and put all their trust in coach Vahid to revive the national team, and that is exactly what happened as the good results kept on coming, Algeria then beat Niger 3–0 in a friendly, and with the start of the 2014 Fifa World Cup qualifiers Algeria beat Rwanda 4–0 to start off brightly. Qualifying for The 2013 African cup of Nations was the next target for Les Fennecs and they started off with beating Gambia 2–1 in Banjul followed by a 4–1 victory in Blida to advance to the final qualifying round, where the Algerians would take on north African neighbors Libya. The desert warriors ended up winning 3–0 on aggregate against the Libyans to qualify for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations.

2013 Africa Cup of Nations: Disappointing results
Algeria arrived to the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations with plenty of confidence and with the emergence of Islam Slimani and El Arbi Hillel Soudani, as well as the addition to the squad of talented Valencia CF winger Sofiane Feghouli, Algeria was even considered one of the favorites to win the competition, but unfortunately for them they lacked experience and despite clear domination against their opponents, they finished last in their group after losing the first game against Tunisia 1–0 after a crucial 90'minute goal from Youssef Msakni. In their second game against Togo, Algeria was widely expected to come out with a victory but again the lack of experience was once again crucial, after dominating the game, they conceded two goals and were officially eliminated from the competition. The last game against Ivory Coast ended in a 2–2 draw. The Algerian fans were extremely disappointed with their team's early exit from the competition, and the Algerian media even speculated coach Vahid would be sacked, but the president of the Algerian Football Federation decided to maintain Vahid.

Road to Brazil 2014
After a disappointing campaign in the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, and the Algerian Football Federation confirming their manager's stay. Algeria would then focus on their World cup qualifying campaign which they had a decent start to with one win and one loss, They continued their campaign winning 3–1 versus Benin at home and beating them again 3–1 away in Benin. After travelling to Kigali to face Rwanda, a 1–0 away victory guaranteed them the first-place position in their group which means they would advance to the final round of the qualifying campaign. Their last game didn't have any effect on the standings but Algeria still won 1–0 versus Mali national football team. After topping group H, Algeria was drawn with Burkina Faso as their final opponent. The 1st leg was held in Burkina Faso and the second was in Algeria. The first leg ended in a highly-competitive 3–2 loss to Burkina Faso. The second leg was also a tightly contested, competitive match with Algeria managing a 1–0 victory to advance to the 2014 World Cup.

Making history, 2014 FIFA World Cup
Algeria were drawn in Group H with World Cup favorites Belgium, Russia, and South Korea. In their opening game against Belgium, Sofiane Feghouli scored Algeria's first World Cup goal for 28 years giving his team the lead 1–0. Eventually, Belgium caught up and scored two goals to give themselves a 2–1 victory. In their second game against South Korea, the Algerians needed a strong win to have a good chance of going to the next round. They won 4–2, with Yacine Brahimi scored the fourth goal against the opposition to set a record of being the first African team to score four or more goals in a single match in the World Cup. On 26 June, Algeria played Russia for second place in Group H. Russia scored the opening goal but Islam Slimani became a hero by scoring the equalizer to carry Algeria to the second round of the World Cup for the first time. In the second round, Algeria was able to hold eventual champions Germany to a goalless draw for 90 minutes. In extra-time the Germans scored twice while Algeria scored a lone goal from Abdelmoumene Djabou. The match that ended in elimination for the Algerian team.

Decline (2015–2018)
After coach Vahid decided to opt out of a contract extension following their World Cup, Lorient coach Christian Gourcuff was appointed by FAF president Mohamed Raouraoua to help Algeria reach its goals.

2015 Africa Cup of Nations

After topping their 2015 Africa Cup of Nations qualification group which consisted of Mali, Malawi, and Ethiopia, Algeria were heavy favorites to win the 2015 edition of the tournament hosted in Equatorial Guinea. Algeria were drawn in a very group that included South Africa, Ghana, and Senegal. Algeria struggled in the first game against the South Africans and were a goal down before finally beating them 3–1. In the second game against Ghana, the Black Stars were in desperate need of a victory after losing the first game to Senegal, after 90 minutes, and while the game looked like it was heading to a goalless draw with neither side looking dangerous, Asamoah Gyan struck before the final whistle to give a 1–0 victory to Ghana. In the last game of the group against Senegal, Algeria looked better and after goals from Riyad Mahrez and youngster Nabil Bentaleb the Foxes were through to the next round. The Desert Foxes finished second in their group behind Ghana despite their goal difference due to their head-to-head record. Ivory Coast awaited them, where Wilfried Bony would score twice for an eventual 2–1 win for the Elephants, eliminating the Desert Foxes from the competition.

2017–2018: Africa Cup of Nations and World Cup qualification
Manager Christian Gourcuff was widely criticized after the African Cup exit, he continued being criticized for his tactics and results, losing 2–1 in a friendly against Guinea and drawing 2–2 Against Tanzania. Although Algeria would achieve wins at home, such as the 7–0 return leg win against Tanzania the team was very fragile on away games and conceded too many goals. The Tanzania win allowed them to reach the Final round of the 2018 World Cup qualifiers. Algeria were drawn in a group with Nigeria, Cameroon and Zambia with only the team finishing top of the group qualifying to the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

After a 3–3 away draw against Ethiopia, Manager Christian Gourcuff resigned from his position. Milovan Rajevac was then appointed manager in June 2016, but resigned 4 months later after Algeria's first World cup qualifying game ended in a home draw against Cameroon. The Algerian Football federation then hired Georges Leekens who did no better than his predecessor by losing to Nigeria 3–1 during match day 2 of the World cup Qualifiers in November 2016.

Leekens then coached Algeria during the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations where the desert foxes had a horrible campaign drawing against Zimbabwe and Senegal and losing against Tunisia which resulted in an early group stage elimination. The African nation was on a steady decline and once again Algeria would get a new coach after Leekens resigned right after the African Cup and FAF president Raouraoua also left his position and was replaced by Kheiredine Zetchi. The new president came with new ideas, he brought in Spanish coach Lucas Alcaraz to try to kick start the national team once again, however the Spaniard was sacked after poor results which meant Algeria would miss the 2018 Fifa World cup. Missing the World cup was a huge upset in the country.

In November 2017, Former Algerian Superstar Rabah Madjer was appointed as manager, the decision to bring in Madjer was a controversial one as he hadn't coached any team for over 10 years and did have a past failed coaching experience with Algeria. Madjer wouldn't last very long either, after a couple of bad results in friendly matches including a 3–0 loss against Portugal, he would also be sacked after only 7 months in charge. Within four years of the end of the 2014 World cup, Algeria had five different coaches with the performances and results only getting worse.

2019–2024: Hope & coach Belmadi
After a series of errors from the Algerian Football Federation with repeated under performing coaches, the federation appointed former Algerian international Djamel Belmadi on 2 August 2018. Belmadi was a young coach and had mainly previously coached in Qatar. However, due to his unsuccessful tenure with the Qatar national team, when they were eliminated early in the 2015 AFC Asian Cup, skepticism arose about the manager. Algeria's performance in the 2019 AFCON qualification, while acceptable, also suffered setback, such as a shocking 0–1 away loss to Benin and two 1–1 draws to less known Gambia, raising big concerns over Algeria in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations. Thus, Algeria was not expected to contend for the trophy, but was nonetheless expected to proceed at least to the quarter-finals. In spite of criticisms of Belmadi, Algeria topped group C won all three matches including a 1–0 victory over 2018 FIFA World Cup's participant Senegal. Algeria's solid performance continued with a 3–0 win over Guinea in the round of sixteen; before they overcame Ivory Coast in a hard-fought encounter which they won in a penalty shootout 4–3, after having drawn 1–1 after 120 minutes. The Algerians then went on to defeat Nigeria 2–1 with a dying minute's free kick shot by Riyad Mahrez. Facing Senegal once again in the final, Baghdad Bounedjah scored the only goal of the game as Algeria won 1–0, earning them their second title since 1990. This made Algeria the second North African side after Egypt to win more than one AFCON trophy.

To continue off the high of the African Cup win, Algeria competed in the 2021 FIFA Arab Cup which was held in Qatar. As the tournament did not occur during the international break, Belmadi was unable to coach and national team veteran and assistant coach Madjid Bougherra filled in. Algeria managed to stay undefeated through the group stages. Their first match ended in a 4–0 win over Sudan with goals from Bounedjah, Benlamri, and Soudani. The second match against Lebanon ended in a 2–0 win with goals from Brahimi and Meziani. The last match for the top of Group D ended in a tie against Egypt, putting Egypt at the top of the group due to their fewer fouls throughout the tournament. This brought them to the knockout stages where they started with a match against Morocco. Brahimi scored off a penalty that was immediately equalized by Morocco's Nahiri. After Belaili scored in overtime and Morocco equalized again, the game went onto a penalty shootout that ended in a 5–3 win for Algeria, moving them to the semi-finals against the host country, Qatar. Benlamri took the lead in the 59th minute but when the unnecessary 5 minutes of stoppage time extended to 7 minutes for Qatar to score off a corner, the game appeared to be heading into overtime. However, the referee kept the match going when Qatar regained possession beyond reason which backfired when Algeria made a counterattack that ultimately led to a free kick scored by Belaili at 90+17', with the game concluding at a record 90+19'. The Arab Cup final against their neighbor and rival Tunisia ended regular time in a scoreless draw. In overtime, Algeria took the lead with a goal by Sayoud in the 99th minute. The match ended with Tunisia attempting to equalize on a corner and go into a penalty shootout. However, Tunisia missed the chance when Algeria gained possession for a counterattack by Brahimi to conclude the match with a goal at 120+5' and winning the team another trophy.

AFCON 2022 came off to a rough start. Their first match against Sierra Leone ended in a scoreless draw for 1 point each. Their second match ended in their first loss since 2019 against Equatorial Guinea, losing 0–1, ending their 35-game unbeaten streak, 2 games away from the record held by Italy. The Algeria team suffered a defeat to Ivory Coast which led to their early exit at the group stages of the AFCON 2021.

Home stadium
The Algerian National Football Team play traditionally in the 5 July Stadium in Algiers. However the team have played their home games at the Mustapha Tchaker Stadium in Blida from 2009 to 2022. Now, the Miloud Hadefi Stadium in Oran which was inaugurated on 2021 had become the home venue of the team. Also other new stadiums being built in Algeria, one of which is expected to be also the home venue for the team, the forty thousand capacity Nelson Mandela Stadium being built in Algiers. Another Stadium currently under construction, where the National team is expected to play some of its scheduled friendly games is in the New Stadium of Tizi Ouzou.

Team image
The Algeria national team home kit is all white with green trim, and the away kit is all green with white trim.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Current squad
The following players were called up for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification against Guinea and Uganda

Caps and goals correct as of: 10 June 2024, after the match against Uganda.

Recent call-ups
The following players have also been called up to the Algeria squad at least once within the last twelve months.

 * Notes
 * INJ = Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.
 * PRE = Preliminary squad / standby
 * RET = Retired from international football.
 * WD = Player withdrew from the roster for non-injury related reasons.
 * COV = Player withdrew from the roster due to COVID-19.

Records

 * Players in bold are still active with Algeria.

Olympic Games

 * Prior to the Barcelona 1992 campaign, the Football at the Summer Olympics was open to full senior national teams.

African Games

 * Prior to the Cairo 1991 campaign, the Football at the African Games was open to full senior national teams.
 * Algeria withdrew in protest at CAF's decision to order a replay of the first leg against Tunisia; CAF had made this decision following Tunisia's protest that Algeria had fielded two ineligible players.

Mediterranean Games

 * Prior to the Athens 1991 campaign, the Football at the Mediterranean Games was open to full senior national teams.
 * Algeria participated with the national B team in 1975 and 1987.

FIFA Arab Cup

 * 1)  Algeria participated with the national University team
 * 2)  Algeria participated with the national U-23 team
 * 3)  Algeria participated with the national A' team (local players) in addition to players from other Arab leagues

Arab Games

 * Prior to the 2023 campaign, the Football at the Arab Games was open to full senior national teams.
 * 1. Algeria participated with the B team.

All-time record against FIFA recognized nations

 * Below is a record of all matches correct as of 6 June 2024 after match against

(a) Denotes defunct national football team.

(b) Includes games against USSR.

(c) Includes games against Yugoslavia.

Official titles
International
 * FIFA World Cup
 * Round of 16 (1): 2014
 * Football at the Summer Olympics
 * Quarter-finals (1): 1980
 * Afro-Asian Cup of Nations
 * Champions (1): 1991
 * Mediterranean Games
 * Champions (1): 1975
 * Runners-up (1): 1993
 * Third place (1): 1979

Continental
 * Africa Cup of Nations
 * Champions (2): 1990, 2019
 * Runners-up (1): 1980
 * Third place (2): 1984, 1988
 * Fourth place (2): 1982, 2010
 * African Nations Championship
 * Runners-up (1): 2022
 * Fourth place (1): 2011
 * African Games
 * Champions (1): 1978

Other titles
Regional title
 * FIFA Arab Cup
 * Champions (1): 2021
 * Arab Games
 * Third place (1): 1985
 * Palestine Cup of Nations
 * Third place (2): 1972, 1973
 * Islamic Solidarity Games
 * Third place (1): 2017

Total titles

Awards

 * African National Team of the Year
 * Winners (7): 1980, 1981, 1982, 1991, 2009, 2014, 2019

title: Algeria national football team


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Sarkis Zeitlian

Sarkis Zeitlian (Սարգիս Զէյթլեան; 1930 –abducted on 28 March 1985) was a Lebanese Armenian journalist and political leader of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF). He was abducted on 28 March 1985 in West Beirut, Lebanon and presumably murdered under unknown circumstances. At the time of his abduction, Zeitlian was director of the ARF's international media network. Zeitlian was a member of the Political Bureau of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation; the highest ranking subdivision of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.

Life
Born in 1930 in the village of Khdr Bek on the slopes of Musa Dagh, Zeitlian was part of a family that had participated in the famous defense of Musa Dagh against the Turkish genocidal onslaught during World War I. His grandmother, Varter, had fought beside the Armenian freedom fighters; his father, Tovmas was one of the youth who acted as messengers, and later, joining the Armenian company of the French Foreign Legion, had shared in the victory at the Battle of Arara in 1918.

Sarkis Zeitlian received his education first in Anjar, then in the Armenian monastic compound of Jerusalem, and finally at the Nshan Palanjian Jemaran or Academy in Beirut where he received his degree from the Armenian Studies Department. At the Jemaran, Zeitlian studied under such noted leaders of the First Armenian Republic (1918–1920) as Levon Shant, Nigol Aghpalian, Simon Vratsian, and Garo Sassouni.

In 1954 Zeitlian was sent to Cairo, Egypt, where he taught Armenian studies at Kalousdian Armenian School and joined the editorial staff of the ARF organ Housaper. In 1959 he was appointed editor of Housaper.

In 1957, Sarkis Zeitlian married his colleague at Kalousdian School, author Sona Simonian. In 1963, the Zeitlian family moved to Lebanon, where Sarkis became the Dean of Anjar's Harach School. During his tenure, a high school and boarding facilities were added to the institution and its Alumni Association was formed. Sarkis Zeitlian also held important positions in the ARF․ As chairman of the party's Anjar "Red Mountain" Committee, he supervised important community projects such as the reallocation of land and housing among townspeople.

In 1965, Sarkis Zeitlian moved with his family from Anjar to Beirut and became the editor of the ARF organ Aztag. He taught Armenian studies courses at the Nshan Palanjian Jemaran. From 1968 until his election to the ARF Bureau (the party's highest decision-making body) in 1972, Sarkis Zeitlian was first a member and then chairman of the ARF Central Committee of Lebanon. Sarkis Zeitlian became the editor of the ARF Bureau organ Aztag Shapatoriag-Troshag in 1969.

Lebanese civil war, disappearance and aftermath
During the Lebanese Civil War, Sarkis Zeitlian played a decisive role. He helped develop and implement the "positive neutrality" policy of the ARF, and created and maintained a united Armenian front by forging an alliance of Lebanese Armenian political parties.

In the dire circumstances of Lebanon, despite sustaining material losses and fully aware of the many dangers he faces as an ARF political and community leader and the editor of the ARF Bureau organ, Sarkis Zeitlian remained on the political forefront in Lebanon. In 1978, during one of the most dangerous and chaotic stages of the civil war, when secret service organizations of foreign countries were operating freely, and especially when journalists were being killed or abducted for exercising free speech, Sarkis Zeitlian became Editor-in-Chief of Aztag Shapatoriag-Troshag, the ARF Bureau organ, set the policy and ideological guidelines of the ARF media worldwide, and took on other party responsibilities. His input was decisive during the work to revise the ARF Program at the party's 21st and 22nd World Congresses. He stressed the importance of the fundamentally national-Armenian basis of the ARF ideology, despite the presence of a loud socialist internationalist faction within the party.

Sarkis Zeitlian was abducted in Beirut on 28 March 1985. It appears that he was killed by his abductors. However, the details remain mired in controversy.

Zeitlian's daughter, Heghnar Zeitlian Watenpaugh, later became a historian specializing in Middle Eastern visual culture. There have been tributes made to him. as well.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sarkis Zeitlian


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Symphony-Concerto (Prokofiev)

Sergei Prokofiev's Symphony-Concerto in E minor, Op. 125 (also widely referred to as Sinfonia Concertante ) is a large-scale work for cello and orchestra.

The Symphony-Concerto was premiered on 18 February 1952 by Mstislav Rostropovich, to whom the work was dedicated. Presented at that time as Prokofiev's Second Cello Concerto – following his earlier Cello Concerto, Op. 58 – it was subsequently revised and retitled. It is among Prokofiev's final completed works.

History
Prokofiev began work on what would become the Symphony-Concerto after completing his Cello Sonata in 1949. The work was commissioned by Aleksandr Kholodilin, the head of the music division of the Committee on Artistic Affairs, with the completion date specified as 1 November 1951.

The work drew, in part, on material contained in Prokofiev's earlier Cello Concerto, which was premiered in 1938. Drafts of the new work were provided to Rostropovich for technical correction and refinement.

The work was first performed, as Prokofiev's Second Cello Concerto, on 18 February 1952 in Moscow, with Rostropovich as soloist and Sviatoslav Richter as conductor. Following a review by the Union of Soviet Composers, the concerto was further revised and retitled as the "Симфония-концерт" (commonly rendered in English as "Symphony-Concerto"). Prokofiev died before the final version was performed: the first performance of that version took place on 9 December 1954 with Rostropovich as soloist, accompanied by the Danish State Radio Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Thomas Jensen.

The Symphony-Concerto was one of several compositions for cello on which Prokofiev worked from the late 1940s until his death. In addition to the Cello Sonata, Prokofiev also commenced work on two unfinished works: a sonata for unaccompanied cello (for which he wrote 14 pages of sketches), and a Cello Concertino (later completed by Rostropovich).

Music
The work is scored for two flutes (second doubling piccolo), two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, cymbals, tambourine, triangle, bass drum, snare drum, celesta, and strings.

It has a typical performance duration of about 40 minutes and consists of three movements with the following tempo markings: 1. Andante

2. Allegro giusto

3. Andante con moto – Allegretto – Allegro marcatoThe piece is noted for its extreme difficulty due to the length of the concerto, runs, and high positions among many other technical difficulties. The end of the concerto requires the cellist to play off of the fingerboard, reaching as high as an E7, the extreme upper limit of the cello's range.

title: Symphony-Concerto (Prokofiev)


text:
Talk:Barbados

Proposed Page: Barbados (1966–2021).
Now that Barbados has become a republic, would it not make sense to create the page Barbados (1966–2021) similar to the Mauritius (1968–1992) page. --Kappasi (talk) 12:06, 1 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes. J 1982 (talk) 17:36, 1 December 2021 (UTC)
 * No, and that article quite frankly seems to have no utility. While the change is of great ceremonial importance, it has little effect on Barbados, Barbadians, and their political system. Cristiano Tomás (talk) 21:08, 3 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Agreed. There's nothing much that would be added to it (as it is just a passing footnote) and it doesn't require duplicate articles that are about 95% the same (just because). CaribDigita (talk) 16:29, 27 April 2023 (UTC)
 * They were already an independent country and also calling it the "world's newest republic" is very offensive and demeaning! 2601:49:8400:20F0:3D4D:DFBD:1ED2:3BD3 (talk) 18:31, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * 2601:49:8400:20F0:3D4D:DFBD:1ED2:3BD3 (talk) 18:30, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

Israeli flag overlayed over article
Why is the Israeli flag overlayed over the Barbados article on the app (but not on the web) and how can one remove it, as it has no reason for being there. Fxhomie (talk) 05:22, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

 * It's template vandalism. Please be patient until the cache expires (I've purged it so it should be fixed hopefully soon, if not already). Nardog (talk) 05:30, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

Injustice and money
Barbados is wrong because:
 * 1) Slavery was long ago.
 * 2) They are better of than in Africa.
 * 3) I thought we had buried the hatchet at independence.
 * 4) How do you quantify the money owed any how?
 * 5) They just want loads of money of us (£2.0-3.9bn) after other sources like the IMF got fed up giving them heaps of aid.
 * 6) They Blacks it was all anti-Black racisum and ignor that we Brits also screwd Cylon and British India up.
 * 7) The UK and France are always blamed yet *Belgian, Germany, Spain and Portugal got away with it. *=Mark Twain wrote a book condemning the Belgian Congo at the time, but this is now ignored.
 * 8) The UK is economy stagnant and can't afford to be a cornucopia.

 * 1) https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/uknews/barbados-wants-2-trillion-in-reparations-and-hints-uk-is-ready-to-cave-to-demands/ar-AA1l97vi
 * 2) https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/06/barbados-pm-says-country-owed-49tn-as-she-makes-fresh-call-for-reparations

17:13, 7 December 2023 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C7:91AB:BC01:54FF:1749:B9AA:7200 (talk)

Barbados is Not the World's Newest Republic!
Technically, calling Barbados the "world's newest republic" is a misnomer because Barbados was already an independent nation before becoming a republic in 2021. However, some may use this phrase to emphasize the recent change in its political structure and highlight its newfound sovereignty without any symbolic ties to the British monarchy. While the terminology might not be entirely accurate, it reflects the significance of Barbados's transition to a republic. 2601:49:8400:20F0:3D4D:DFBD:1ED2:3BD3 (talk) 18:17, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Referring to Barbados as the "world's newest republic" can be seen as disingenuous or sensationalized because it oversimplifies the country's history and political development by focusing solely on the recent transition to a republic, it ignores the fact that Barbados has been an independent nation since 1966. This kind of sensationalized language may create a false impression that Barbados was not truly independent before 2021, which is inaccurate and very offensive to the people who live there.
 * Moreover, it overlooks the complexities of Barbados and its relationship with the British monarchy and the careful deliberations and decision-making processes that led to the transition to a republic. Such sensationalized language may serve to grab attention or create a narrative of novelty without providing a nuanced understanding of Barbados and its political evolution.
 * In summary, while calling Barbados the "world's newest republic" may draw attention to recent changes in its political structure, it can be misleading and fails to capture the full context of Barbados's history as an independent nation. 2601:49:8400:20F0:3D4D:DFBD:1ED2:3BD3 (talk) 18:21, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

Calling Barbados the "World's Newest Republic" is Offensive
2601:49:8400:20F0:3D4D:DFBD:1ED2:3BD3 (talk) 18:28, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Describing Barbados as the "world's newest republic" in a sensationalized or exaggerated manner can be offensive because it diminishes the country's history, sovereignty, and the agency of its people by implying that Barbados was not truly independent until it became a republic in 2021, this language undermines the struggles and achievements of the Barbadian people since gaining independence in 1966.
 * Such terminology can be perceived as disrespectful to the Barbadian nation and its citizens, as it suggests that their previous status as an independent Commonwealth realm was somehow incomplete or insufficient also disregarding the decades of self-governance, nation-building, and contributions to the global community that Barbados has made since gaining independence.
 * Furthermore, it may perpetuate colonialist attitudes by framing the transition to a republic as the ultimate validation of Barbados's sovereignty, as if it needed external approval or recognition to be considered truly independent. This narrative ignores the agency and autonomy of the Barbadian people in shaping their destiny and reinforces a hierarchy that places Western ideals and structures above those of other nations.
 * In essence, using sensationalized or exaggerated language to describe Barbados and its transition to a republic can be offensive because it diminishes the country's history and sovereignty while perpetuating colonialist attitudes and undermining the agency of its people and it is important to approach discussions about Barbados and its political evolution with sensitivity, respect, and an understanding of its rich and complex history. 2601:49:8400:20F0:3D4D:DFBD:1ED2:3BD3 (talk) 18:28, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I suppose if you don't see Barbados as the world's newest republic, you don't have to call it that? The only mention that I see of it being the world's newest republic is from a reference to a news source. Anyways, I don't see how this is related to the article? 7s3s (talk) 02:03, 26 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barbados


text:
Zheng Zhenduo

Zheng Zhenduo (December 19, 1898 – October 17, 1958) was a Chinese journalist, writer, archaeologist and scholar.

He made a significant contribution towards the establishment of the Chinese literature and the editing of a variety of literary magazines. In 1921, he, Mao Dun, Jiang Baili, Geng Jizhi (耿濟之), and others organized the Literary Study Society. In 1923, he became the chief editor of Fiction Monthly. In addition, he in succession participated in editing Min Chao (閩潮), Xin Shehui (新社會), Wenxue Xunkan (文學旬刊). In late 1931, he became a professor at both Yenching University and Tsinghua University, the president of Faculty of Arts and the director of Chinese department of Jinan University. He was also the chief editor of The World's Library at the same time. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, he was assigned to be head of the Cultural Relic Bureau (文物局), Director of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and literary research institute, the assistant minister of cultural department, committee member of State Council scientific program committee and Chinese Academy of Science philosophical social sciences, the vice-chairman of Chinese folk literature and art research council, etc. He died in a plane crash in the Soviet Union during his journey in 1958.

Family
Zheng Zhenduo was born on 19 December 1898 in Yongjia, Zhejiang Province. His ancestral home was in Changle, Fujian province. He was born in a poor family. Together with two younger sisters, he was raised by his mother because his father and grandfather died when he was still a teenager.

He was named "Zhenduo" (振鐸) by his grandfather. "Zhen" (振) denotes arousing an action and "Duo" (鐸) is a kind of big bell. His grandfather wanted him to ring like a great bell to summon and to arouse people. In addition, his grandfather gave him the childhood name "Mu Guan" (木官; lit. 'Wooden official').

Schooling
In 1917, Zheng began studying at the Beijing Railway Management School and graduated in March 1921. Beyond classroom, he read a lot of books and developed an enormous interest in social sciences, Chinese literature and Western literature and thus developed a critical mind. During the May Fourth Movement, he was a student representative, spreading the news of student movements in Beijing. In 1919, he helped publish two magazines called "New Society" (新社會; Xin Shehui) and "National Salvation Speeches Weekly" (救國講演周報; Jiuguo jiangyan zhoubao).

In January 1921, Zheng Zhenduo and twelve others, including Mao Dun and Ye Shengtao founded the earliest literary society of the New Literature Movement, Literary Research Association (文學研究會; Wenxue yanjiu hui; also known as the "Literary Association"), which advocated realism and opposed art for art's sake.

Careers throughout his life
Zheng had been a journalist, a modern writer, archeology and a literature scholar throughout his life.

In May 1921, Zheng helped set up a drama society called "Demotic Opera Troupe" (民眾戲劇社; Minzhong Xiju She) with Mao Dun, Ye Shengtao, Chen Dabei, Ouyang Yuqian, Xiong Foxi and other writers. They published a monthly magazine named Drama (戲劇; Xiju) on 31 May in the same year.

In 1922, Zheng established the first magazine for children, Children's World (兒童世界) In January 1923, he became the chief editor of a monthly magazine of novel, Fiction Monthly. After the May 30 Incident in 1925, he helped founding a newspaper called Gongli Ribao (公理日報). From then on, he wrote many books including Zhongguo Wenxue Shi (中國文學史; lit. 'History of Chinese Literature') and 1943 Diary (1943年日記).

Zheng had been a scholar giving lectures in universities, a researcher of the academy and a journalist since 1931. He taught in the Department of Chinese in Yenching University, in Jinan University from 1935 to 1941 as the Dean of faculty of Arts and in Peking University since 1953. After 1949, he became the Secretary for the Culture Department and Cultural Heritage Department in China.

Exile to France
In April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek launched a sudden attack on thousands of suspected Communists in the area he controlled. Many innocent students and movement activists were killed. Writers, including Zheng, were under political pressure. Therefore, he left his family for France in May 1927. During the years living in Paris, he kept mailing his diary to his wife, which was published as a book named Diary of Travels in Europe (歐行日記; Ouxing Riji).

Return to China
He continued his journalistic career after coming back to China in 1929 and founded Jiuwang Ribao (救亡日報). In October 1945, he founded a weekly magazine called Democracy (民主) to oppose the civil war and Chiang Kai-shek's pro-American policy.

Cultural Preservation
Due to the invasion of Japanese troops, Shanghai was besieged starting from 1937 and many significant cultural assets were lost. In the light of this, Zheng devoted himself to the rescue and protection of aged Chinese documents and antiques. Chen was a founding member of the Shanghai "Rare Book Preservation Society" and its leader. Disguising himself as a staff member in a stationery store, named Chan Sixun (陳思訓), he managed to save many aged books from damage or loss to the outside world.

Death
On 17 October 1958, Zheng led national cultural delegates to visit Arabia and Afghanistan. He died in the crash of a Tupolev Tu-104 in Kanash, Chuvashia, Soviet Union during the journey.

Journalism
Zheng started his journalistic career in the 1920s during the May Fourth Movement. Together with some classmates including Zhong Tao (仲陶), he got a first taste of editing in starting a publication named Jiuguo Jiangyan Zhoukan (救國講演周刊). The magazine - being published in Wenzhou for only 6 to 7 times - was closed by the authorities since it enraged a government official.

As one of the founders of a youth magazine, Xin Shehui (新社會), Zheng aimed at criticizing the Beijing government. It began its publication on 1 November 1919, which consisted of four pages. The aims of the magazine was to:

 * 1) advocate the social service
 * 2) discuss society problems
 * 3) introduce social theories
 * 4) research on common people education
 * 5) record society matters
 * 6) criticize society shortcomings
 * 7) narrate society real states
 * 8) report news of the organization

Zheng gave many speeches about the student movement in Beijing. On top of criticizing, he wanted to make good use of the New Culture Movement to publicize and promote new social ideals for the Chinese future development. Chen Duxiu suggested that Xin Shehui could be edited with a more approachable style accepted by the general public. The magazine was finally published on 1 November 1919 throughout China, arousing tides of attention from the public, especially amongst the young readers. However, as Zheng and his co-editors were still inexperienced in editing by that time, the magazine was thought to be immature in editing and too sloganeered. On the hand, the content of the magazine upset the military side of the government. Thus, in one month's time, the government called the publication to a halt.

In addition, he established Literary Study Society (文學研究會; Wenxue Yanjiu Hui) with Mao Dun and Ye Shengtao in November 1920. In January 1923, he took over the position of chief editor of Fiction Monthly from Mao Dun. He was the chief editor on and off for nearly 9 years. He advocated a literary advocacy of "Blood and Tears" and supported a writing style of realism.

In June 1925, he founded a newspaper called Kongli Ribao (公理日報) with Wu Yuzhi and Ye Shengtao in Shanghai. This newspaper was aimed at criticizing the "May Thirtieth Incident" and the rising foreign imperialism in China.

Also, he contributed in various newspapers like Jiuguo Jiangyan Zhoubao (救國講演周報) and Xinxue Bao (新學報) to awaken Chinese people from old traditions. These articles were mainly about social issues and the evil deeds of the old traditional practices. Zheng wrote articles from different aspects like the liberation of women, morality, social psychology and the liberation of political power. They all advocated more people to rethink the old values position.

Translation
Zheng was proficient in foreign languages including English, Russian, Indian languages, Greek and Latin. He did a great job in translating a lot of Russian and Indian literature.

Zheng had started translation of Russian literature since early 20s. His works included the works, paper and preface of Turgenev (1818-1883), Gogol (1809-1852), Chekov (1860-1904), Gorky (1868-1936) and Tolstoy (1828-1910).

Zheng also translated many Indian literature. He mainly translated the poems as well as the Indian ancient-times fable such as Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941). Zheng had translated a prominent number of Tagore's poems to Chinese since the 1920s. In October 1922, he published his translation of Stray Birds (飛鳥集). In August 1925, he published The Indian Fable (印度寓言). There were 55 translation works of his in total.

Zheng started his study in Greek and Roman literature in his early age. In 1929, he published The Story of Love (戀愛的故事). Afterwards he translated Heroes of Greek and Roman Mythology (希臘羅馬神話傳說中的英雄傳說). Then in 1935, he published a book called Greek Mythology (希臘神話), an analysis of Ancient Greek mythology. In a second edition of Greek Mythology published after the creation of the People's Republic, his introduction included Karl Marx's well-known A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy.

Literature Union
As the previous newspapers and magazines were banned by the government, Zheng believed that a proper established literature union would make things run easier. In January 1921, he established Wenxue Yanjiu Hui (Literary Study Society 文學研究會), which literally means literature research union, with Mao Dun, Ye Shengtao and 12 other people in the related field.

The Union's first publication was Wenxue Xunkan (文學旬刊). It was published along with the well known newspaper called Shishi Xinbao (Current events newspaper 時事新報). He revealed the goal of the publication and the literature views of the union. He believed that literature is important and capable to influence the society. It was not merely an era, a place or one's reflection, but it acted as a frontier, which could affect the morality of human beings. Also, he strongly opposed to the old style of Chinese literature, of setting leisure and religions as main themes. He supported the writing of life – one theme in new realism literature approach.

He also expressed his view on the development of Chinese literature. As the connection between the Chinese literature and the world's literature was far too little, the Chinese lofty spirit could not be shared by the rest of the world. He treated that as the Chinese's biggest humiliation. Therefore, he was so devoted in the field of literature, eagered to strive for a higher position of the Chinese literature in the world. Under the influence of the May Fourth Movement, he thought that the major responstility of the Chinese Literature was to inspire youngsters' revolutionary mission in order to strengthen the power of China.

Realism
Within the May Fourth movement, he adhered the direction of realism for New literature era. He thought literature liked 'mirror of a life'. This means his writing mostly revealed the real faces of societies. Also, he put a lot of emphasis on the importance of creative living. During his long composing and researching career, he showed a fully comprehensive realism of literature. He thought that literature must contribute to "life":

 * We need the "blood" of literature, "tears" of literature. Both of them will become the trend of Chinese literature; the writing consists of not only "blood" and "tears", but also consists of "literature"; the "blood" and "tears" experience and feeling of author are aesthetic for success in writing.

Literature should consist of the highest ideal of the author, which form the soul of the article, in order to make it meaningful to the readers and the whole of society.

Classical literature
Starting from the late 1920s, Zheng was teaching Chinese literature History in universities. At that time, he did much in making research in Chinese classical writing. For example, he used his pen name, Bao Fun, to write Yuenqu Xulu (元曲敍錄) in the Novel Monthly (小說月報). Also, he finished editing The History of the Chinese Literature (中國文學史) in 1930.

Romanticism
Zheng put heavy emphasis on emotional elements in literature, highlighting its importance in distinguishing between literature and science. He advocated that literature functions to instill a passion in the readers' heart. One example was the historical novel, Arrest of the Fire Stealer (取火者的逮捕).

Academic

 * 《中國古代木刻畫選集》 (Zhongguo gu dai mu ke hua xuan ji) (Selected ancient Chinese woodcuts)
 * 《文學大綱》 (Wen xue da gang) (Outline of literature)
 * 《插圖本中國文學史》 (Cha tu ben Zhongguo wen xue shi) (Illustrated history of Chinese literature)
 * 《中國俗文學史》 (Zhongguo su wen xue shi) (History of Chinese popular literature)
 * 《中國文學論集》 (Zhongguo wen xue lun ji) (Essays on Chinese literature)
 * 《俄國文學史略》 (Eguo wen xue shi lüe) (Brief history of Russian literature)
 * 《佝僂集》 (Goulou ji) (Rickets)
 * 《西諦書話》 (Xidi shu hua) (Xidi on books)
 * 《鄭振鐸文集》 (Zheng Zhenduo wen ji) (Collected works of Zheng Zhenduo)
 * 《談〈金瓶梅詞話〉》 (Tan Jin Ping Mei Cihua) (On Plum in the Golden Vase)
 * 《編輯方針與編輯計劃》 (Bianji fangzhen yu bianji jihua) (Editing: policy and plan )

Novels

 * 《取火者的逮捕》 (Arrest of the fire-stealer)
 * 《桂公塘》 (Gui gong tang)
 * 《家庭的故事》 (Jia Ting de Gu Shi)

Prose
He wrote more than 20 prose texts and the following are some of the examples:

 * 《中山集記》 (Shan zhong Za Ji)
 * 《海燕》 (Hai Yan)
 * 《避暑會》 (Bei Shu Hui)
 * 《大同》 (Da Tong)
 * 《山市》 (Shan Shi)
 * 《離別》 (Li Bie)
 * 《貓》 (Mao) (Cat)
 * 《歐行日記》 (Ou xing ri ji ) (Diary of Travels in Europe)
 * 《最後一課》 (Zui Hou yi ke)
 * 《月夜之話》 (Rou Ye Ji Hua )

Magazines and newspapers

 * 新社會 (Xin Shehui) (New Society)
 * 兒童世界 (Children's World)
 * 戲劇 (Xiju)(Drama)
 * 救國講演周刊 (Jiuguo Jiangyan Zhoukan)
 * 小說月報 (Novel Monthly)
 * 新學報 (Xinxue Bao)
 * 時事新報 (Shishi xinbao) (Current events newspaper)
 * 救亡日報 (Jiuwang Ribao)

Chief editor

 * 《世界文庫》 (Shi jie wen ku) (The World's Library)
 * 《醒世恒言》 (Xingshi hengyan)
 * 《警世通言》 (Jingshi tongyan)

Translation works

 * 《戀愛的故事》 (The Story of Love)
 * 《飛鳥集》(StrayBird)
 * 《俄國戰曲集》 (The Russian War Collections)
 * 《灰色馬》 (Grey Horse)
 * 《印度寓言》 (The Indian Fable)
 * 《希臘羅馬神話傳說中的英雄傳說》 (Heroes from Greek and Roman Mythology)
 * 《希臘神話》 (Greek Mythology)
 * 《列那狐的歷史》 (The History of Liena Fox)

title: Zheng Zhenduo


text:
Alexandre de Beauharnais

Alexandre François Marie, Viscount of Beauharnais (28 May 1760 – 23 July 1794) was a French politician and general of the French Revolution. He was the first husband of Joséphine Tascher de La Pagerie, who later married Napoleon Bonaparte and became empress of France. Beauharnais was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror.

Family
Beauharnais was born to the noble Beauharnais family in Fort-Royal (now Fort-de-France), Martinique, in the French West Indies. He was the son of Governor François de Beauharnais, Marquis de la La Ferté-Beauharnais, and Marie Anne Henriette Françoise Pyvart de Chastullé. On 13 December 1779 in Paris, he married Joséphine Tascher de la Pagerie, the future Empress of France. They had two children, Eugène (1781–1824) and Hortense (1783–1837).

Career
Beauharnais began his military career in an infantry regiment at Martinique. He served in the American Revolutionary War under the Count of Rochambeau, and became acquainted with the court of King Louis XVI upon his return to France. A supporter of the French Revolution, Beauharnais was elected a deputy of the nobility to the Estates-General of 1789, where he was one of the first nobles to go over to the Third Estate, and voted in favor of the abolition of feudalism.

Beauharnais played a prominent role in the succeeding National Constituent Assembly, serving as its president from 19 June to 3 July 1791 and from 31 July to 14 August 1791. He then returned to the army with the rank of colonel, and was employed in the Army of the North. Promoted to general in 1792, at the start of the French Revolutionary Wars, Beauharnais refused in June 1793 the post of Minister of War. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Army of the Rhine in 1793.

Death
On 2 March 1794, the Committee of General Security ordered his arrest. Accused of having poorly defended Mainz during the siege in 1793, and considered an aristocratic suspect, he was jailed in Carmes Prison and sentenced to death during the Reign of Terror. His wife, Joséphine, was jailed in the same prison on 21 April 1794 but was freed three months later, thanks to the fall of Maximilien Robespierre. Beauharnais was guillotined, together with his cousin Augustin, on the Place de la Révolution (today's Place de la Concorde) in Paris on 23 July 1794, five days before the end of the Reign of Terror.

title: Alexandre de Beauharnais


text: User talk:Ezekiel Cheever

title: User talk:Ezekiel Cheever


text:
Talk:Avro Vulcan

Armament
The section on armament seems to neglect to mention the WE177 bomb. 176.26.154.58 (talk) 10:43, 14 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Was it carried, can you source it? My vague recollection is that the Vulcan had gone from free-fall nukes before the WE.177 came in. Andy Dingley (talk) 10:58, 14 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Its already started in the text of this article that the Vulcan carried the WE177 weapon. The problem is that this detail is missing

from the ARMAMENT section. The addition needs to be made to the ARMAMENT section.2A02thw WE:C7D:A8BF:4100:ACC3:E1AF:886D:27B5 (talk) 15:35, 1 November 2015 (UTC)
 * It's unsourced. Also the WE.177 isn't a single weapon, it's a broad term for three completely different physics packages, albeit in much the same casing. As their tactical functions were so different, I'm not aware of any aircraft that carried all three. Andy Dingley (talk) 20:22, 1 November 2015 (UTC)
 * For your info Andy the Wiki WE.177 article lists the Avro Vulcan as being a carrier for the WE177. It also cites a few aircraft which were specified to carry all three variants.2A02:C7D:A8BF:4100:486B:C927:236D:30A8 (talk) 20:37, 7 November 2015 (UTC)

 * The article states:
 * After the British Polaris submarines became operational and Blue Steel was taken out of service in 1970, the Vulcan continued to carry WE.177B in a tactical nuclear strike role as part of the British contribution to Europe's standing NATO forces, although they no longer held aircraft at 15 minutes readiness in peacetime.[146] Two squadrons were also stationed in Cyprus as part of the Near East Air Force and assigned to Central Treaty Organization in a strategic strike role. With the eventual demise of the WE.177B and the Vulcan bombers, the Blackburn Buccaneer, SEPECAT Jaguar, and Panavia Tornado, continued with the WE.177C until its retirement in 1998.[148] While not a like-for-like replacement, the multi-role Tornado interdictor/strike bomber is the successor for the roles previously filled by the Vulcan.[149]
 * The Armament sections says:
 * 21 × 1,000 pounds (454 kg) of conventional bombs
 * 1 x Blue Danube nuclear gravity bomb
 * 1 x Violet Club 400 kt nuclear gravity bomb
 * 1 x U.S. Mark 5 nuclear gravity bomb supplied under Project E
 * 1 x Yellow Sun Mk.1 400 kt nuclear gravity bomb
 * 1 x Yellow Sun Mk 2 1.1 Mt thermonuclear gravity bomb
 * 1 x Red Beard nuclear gravity bomb
 * Yes the specific variant of the WE177 needs mention and I will say it again, the WE177 is not mentioned under the armament section. This needs correction.  2A02:C7D:A8BF:4100:7CFC:D6FA:E94C:F245 (talk) 09:36, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

An error in the armament section was raised on the 14th June 2015 and it has still (23 Dec 2015) NOT been corrected. This reflects very poorly on the quality of this article.2A02:C7D:A8BF:4100:65EC:466D:472:7736 (talk) 18:38, 23 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Not really it is still outstanding as a reliable reference for the requested change was never supplied. Note wikipedia is not a reliable reference. MilborneOne (talk) 18:43, 23 December 2015 (UTC)

 * The article currently mentions the WE177 bomb without citation, but you object to my suggested changes to overcome the inaccuracy of the article on the grounds that I have not supplied suitable citations. This is an inconsistent approach.  It is clear from the cross references to the Wiki WE177 article that the Avro Vulcan article is deficient.  Using this as a start it will be easy to find valid references to support the improvement of this article.  I have made the point and provided some evidence, it would be good if someone with editing skills could work the improvements into the Avro Vulcan page.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:C7D:A8BF:4100:7533:6CEC:DE2E:E308 (talk) 16:44, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I am puzzled by this difficulty. The first mention of the WE.177B in the text is immediately followed by a citation, and subsequent discussions where it crops up appears sensibly cited too. I just added the WE.177B to the Armaments list, as discussed (and cited) in the main text, and duplicated the existing citation there too. Does anybody still have a problem with this? — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 18:23, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Well done Steelpillow for correcting the article, although I am suprised the changes were not mentioned on these talk pages until now. You have stated that one WE.177 bomb was carried. Given the payload of the vulcan, the mission objectives and the low weight of a WE.177 it wouldseem likely that more than one would be carried.  It may be worth checking this detail.2A02:C7D:A8BF:4100:E4F8:31C3:EA1F:E397 (talk) 22:32, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

 * The Vulcan B.2 carried at various times; 1 x WE.177A (10 Kt) or 1 x WE.177B (420 Kt), or after 1974, 1 x WE.177C (190 Kt): — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.149.172.200 (talk) 20:39, 13 May 2016 (UTC)

 * WE.177 had ONE warhead (the correct UK term)

 * WE.177A had a fission warhead of 10 Kt named KATIE.

 * WE.177B used the KATIE warhead as a thermo-nuclear trigger allied to a SIMON secondary.

 * WE.177C used the KATIE warhead as a thermo-nuclear trigger allied to a CIRENE secondary (itself a cut-down SIMON).

 * A variant of KATIE was also used in the UK Polaris A3T as a thermo-nuclear trigger which is one of the reasons the UK needed to do so few nuclear tests.

 * WE.177C was introduced due to a NATO limitation of 200 Kt for tactical nuclear weapons. Presumably in the case of a Warsaw Pact invasion of Western Europe this limitation was intended to limit as-far-as-was-practicable the amount of damage inflicted upon fellow NATO member states' - in practical terms the-then West Germany - territory, as it was after an enemy advance into friendly territory that the NATO weapons would, at least initially, be used.

 * Due to the overwhelming-size of the Warsaw Pact conventional forces the early ("First Use") use of tactical nuclear weapons by NATO was intended as soon as their use was authorised by the member state invaded. It was therefore expected by NATO that in the case of an invasion of Western Europe by Warsaw Pact forces the conflict would become nuclear within 48-hours of it commencing. Note; this meant that the NATO nuclear weapons would initially be used lawfully in territory with the full consent - albeit in extremis - of that territory's government. Any reply by Warsaw Pact forces with nuclear weapons within the invaded NATO state would not be lawful, and would, in effect, sanction further NATO nuclear attacks within Warsaw Pact territory, which up to that point, had not been affected by war.

 * The Vulcan B.2 nuclear force was latterly assigned to SACEUR with the proviso that it could be appropriated immediately for solely UK use if required by the UK in an emergency. The Vulcan force ceased to be armed with WE.177 in 1982, with the weapons being re-assigned to the Buccaneer and Tornado force, with these weapons remaining in service until 1990. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.150.18.173 (talk) 20:55, 24 March 2018 (UTC)

"Hawker Siddeley Vulcan"?
The first line of this article gives "Hawker Siddeley Vulcan" as a later title of the Avro Vulcan, giving a reference to a single link of the RAF Museum. Whilst Avro became a part of Hawker Siddeley on 1 July 1963 according to Avro Aircraft, page xxii (A J Jackson, Putnam) and the last aircraft was produced after that in 1965, the last order for the Vulcan was placed with Avro in 1958 (according to the Production section at the end of the article).

Hence surely any reference to Hawker Siddeley being the manufacturer is surely invalid, unless there are other references to support the RAF Museum?

I worked on the Vulcan at Scampton in 1980-82 and, whilst it was then supported by Hawker Siddeley, you would have been laughed at if you had called it the "Hawker Siddeley Vulcan"!!

Possel47 (talk) 15:35, 26 April 2019 (UTC)

 * I tend to agree. Perhaps send an email to cosford@rafmuseum.org or research@rafmuseum.org to see why they say that? (Hohum @ ) 16:01, 26 April 2019 (UTC)
 * The Vulcan is listed in the 1965–66 edition of Jane's All the World's Aircraft as the "Hawker Siddeley Vulcan". This differs from the Shackleton (which was out of production but still being modified) which was listed as the "Hawker Siddeley (Avro) Shackleton".Nigel Ish (talk) 16:13, 26 April 2019 (UTC)
 * The RAF Museum aircraft was actually completed when the company was Hawker Siddeley! A quick look at Flight archive of the late 1960s shows that the term Hawker Siddeley Vulcan was common at the time. MilborneOne (talk) 16:22, 26 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Which RAF Museum? Cosford?  Their captions and info boards are full of real howlers. Andy Dingley (talk) 18:35, 18 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The usage was by Flight not the RAF Museum. MilborneOne (talk) 18:41, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

 * If you look at various 1970's issues of Flight International you will find advertisements from Hawker Siddeley which include both the Vulcan and the Buccaneer under their name, as well as of course the Harrier. So HS Vulcan is absolutely correct for that period. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.8.126.91 (talk) 09:32, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

Featured in Thunderball
I'd like to develop a section to highlight how the Avro Vulcan is featured in the James Bond movie Thunderball. It's such a great film (not even topped by the remake - or maybe it was topped). For me, the movie was my "movie introduction" to nuclear weapons... much better than Crimson Tide.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderball_(film)

So what can we write?

Was that the actual plane? Was the protocol that the pilot went through in the movie realistic? Could that plane have made it to the Bahamas? survived a water landing otherwise intact? etc.
 * The film features a few shots of a real Vulcan in flight. A large-scale model was used for the ditching and sinking sequences. (Notably, the model had a working undercarriage.) A full-scale replica was built for the underwater sequences in which the bomber is concealed by the enemy and later discovered by our man Bond. There are online photographs of this astounding replica. It was destroyed by explosives after filming so that no other film production could use it. The onboard procedures seen in the film are obviously fictional, for entertainment purposes, and would not work. The cockpit is very tight and you couldn't really invite a spare pilot to take the right-hand ejector seat just like that, nor could you plug a nerve-gas canister into the oxygen supply. And a solo pilot, with the rest of the crew dead, would not be able to navigate over that distance. In addition, the Vulcan, designed only to fly to the western parts of the Soviet Union and (theoretically) back, would not have the fuel to reach the Nassau area from southern England, which is about four thousand miles. It would plunk into the sea a good thousand miles short of target. As regards ditching, nobody ever did ditch a Vulcan so we don't know how that would work, but it would be extremely hairy. The large flat undersurface is good, but the effect of water sloshing into the jet intakes would be somewhat unpredictable. Khamba Tendal (talk) 19:42, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Anything on this should be in Aircraft in fiction rather than here. MilborneOne (talk) 16:58, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

The Vulcan is NOT tailless!
This bomber clearly has a proper tail and is not a flying wing. It is not a fin, and my edit removing the word "tailless" should hold sway. 110.32.2.41 (talk) 10:40, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

 * It is not a flying wing but doesnt have a seperate horizontal control surfaces so is a tailless delta. MilborneOne (talk) 10:56, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Yup. Common aircraft terminology. See e.g. the IWM, which says it is tailless. Perhaps 110.32.2.41 should go tell them they are wrong. AndyTheGrump (talk) 11:02, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

 * OK, the Vulcan fits the classification of tailless. Strange. 110.32.2.41 (talk) 11:14, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Specialist terminology doesn't always concur with what might be expected. AndyTheGrump (talk) 11:17, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

 * 'Tailless' refers to the lack of a tailplane. The fin is usually part of the fuselage and thus not strictly speaking part of the 'tail'. Footage of Vulcan prototype VX770 being rolled here starting at 24:35 -  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.8.126.91 (talk) 09:21, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Avro Vulcan


text:
Talk:Potash

Mojko potash cahehe ketne ka he

Translation into Chinese Wikipedia
The version 00:54, 25 November 2022 InternetArchiveBot of this article is together and mix translated with [https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalisalz&oldid=222540248 The version 21:28, 1. Mai 2022 Friedrich von Bogislaw from German Wikipedia] into Chinese Wikipedia to expand an existing article there.--Wing (talk) 09:08, 20 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Potash


text:
Hu (mythology)

Hu (ḥw), in ancient Egypt, was the deification of the first word, the word of creation, that Atum was said to have exclaimed upon ejaculating in his masturbatory act of creating the Ennead.

Hu is mentioned already in the Old Kingdom Pyramid texts (PT 251, PT 697) as companion of the deceased pharaoh. Together with Sia, he was depicted in the retinue of Thoth, with whom he was also occasionally identified.

In the Middle Kingdom, all gods participated in Hu and Sia, and were associated with Ptah who created the universe by uttering the word of creation. Hu was depicted in human shape, as a falcon, or as a man with a ram's head.

In the New Kingdom, both Hu and Sia together with Heka, Irer and Sedjem were members of the fourteen creative powers of Amun-Ra. By the time of Ptolemaic Egypt, Hu had merged with Shu (air).

title: Hu (mythology)


text:
Hu (surname)

Hu (胡) is a Chinese surname. In 2006, it was the 15th most common surname in China. In 2013, it was the 13th most common in China, with 13.7 million Chinese sharing this surname. In 2019, Hu dropped to 15th most common surname in Mainland China.

Some other, less common surnames pronounced Hu include 瓠, 護, 戶, 扈, 虎, 呼, 忽, 斛 and 壶. In Cantonese, “胡” is also pronounced as "Wu" or "Woo".

Meaning
In Classical Chinese, hú 胡 meant: "dewlap; wattle" and was a variant Chinese character for "how; why; what" (he 何), "long-lasting; far-reaching" (xia 遐), "part of a dagger-axe", hu- in "butterfly" (hudie 蝴蝶), or possibly "Northern Barbarians".

History
According to tradition, the Hu (胡) surname has several historical origins. First, Hu could derive from the family of Duke Hu of Chen. King Wu of Zhou (r. 1046-043 BCE) enfeoffed his son-in-law Gui Man 媯滿 (supposedly a descendant of the legendary sage king Emperor Shun) with the state of Chen (in modern Henan Province). His posthumous name was Duke Hu, and his descendants adopted Hu as their surname. Second, Hu could derive from two Zhou vassal states named Hu 胡, one located near Luohe (Henan Province) or another near Fuyang (Anhui Province). Third, Hu could derive from non-Chinese people adopting it as their surname. For example, in the 496 Change of Xianbei names to Han names, Hegu/Gegu 紇骨 was changed to Hu 胡. Fourth, Hu could derive from the clan name of the ancient Tiele people within the Xiongnu confederation.

Non-Chinese peoples and ethnic minorities in China sometimes took the Chinese exonym for their ethnic group as their surname. The best example is Hu 胡, which was anciently used to refer to "barbarian" groups on the northern and western frontiers of China.

Hu (胡) was used for various northern and western peoples of non-Han Chinese stock. It has been used for people of Persian, Sogdian, Turkic, Xianbi, Indian and Kushan origin and occasionally for the Xiongnu (probably because of their connections with the Tonghu or Eastern Hu – a separate tribe conquered by the Xiongnu).

Two historically significant Hu names are Donghu 東胡 (literally "Eastern Barbarians") "ancient Mongolian nomadic group" and the Wu Hu 五胡 ("Five Barbarians") "five nomadic tribes involved in the Wu Hu uprising" (304-316 CE) against the Jin dynasty. Hu (Foochow Romanized: Hù; POJ: Hô or Ô) was also one of the eight surnames of the first Han Chinese clans who first moved out the Central Plains into Fujian province (八姓入閩; Foochow Romanized: Báik Sáng Ĭk Mìng) during this conflict.

The Hồ 胡 clan which founded the Hồ dynasty in Vietnam originated in Zhejiang province of China.

The Hu family of Xidi are descended from Hu Shiliang, from Wuyuan, who was a descendant of Hu Changyi, a son of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang who was adopted by the Wuyuan Hu family.

Based on a study in 2020, Hu is a common surname in Italy due to significant amount of immigration population from Zhejiang.

The surname 虎 (Hǔ), which means "Tiger", is rare in China to the point where many people are not aware that it is used as a surname. Some believe it comes from the name of a 4,300-year-old chancellor, while others believe it originates among the Hui Muslim minority.

Notable people

 * Hu Angang, Tsinghua University professor
 * Hu Bin, Chinese freestyle swimmer
 * Aw Boon Haw 胡文虎, Burmese Chinese entrepreneur and philanthropist, founder of Tiger Balm
 * Aw Boon Par 胡文豹, Burmese Chinese entrepreneur and philanthropist
 * Hu Chen-pu, Minister of Veterans Affairs Commission of the ROC (2007–2008)
 * Aw Cheng Chye, Singaporean millionaire and philanthropist
 * Chih-Wei Hu, MLB pitcher
 * Chin-lung Hu (born 1984), MLB player
 * Hu Chuanzhi, CEO of the China State Shipbuilding Corporation
 * Hu Chunhua 胡春华, member of the 18th and 19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
 * Hu Dahai, 14th century Hui Muslim general
 * David Hu, IIG cofounder sentenced to prison for running a Ponzi scheme
 * David Hu, American mathematician, roboticist, and biologist
 * Hu Denghui 胡登辉, former Chinese international footballer
 * Hu Die, actress, "Movie Queen" of the 1930s
 * Evelyn Hu, Harvard University professor of applied physics and engineering
 * Evelyn Hu-DeHart, Brown University professor of history and American studies
 * Hu Feng 胡风, Chinese writer and theorist of arts and literature
 * Hu Fo, Taiwanese political scientist and activist
 * Frank Hu, Harvard University professor of medicine and public health
 * Hu Ge 胡歌 (born 1982), actor
 * Hu Huaibang, banker sentenced to life in prison
 * Hu Haichang (1928–2011), Chinese mechanical and aerospace engineer
 * Hu Haiyan, Chinese academician and scientist
 * Hu Hanmin, Kuomintang politician
 * Hu Hesheng (born 1928), Chinese mathematician
 * Jayley Woo and her twin sister Hayley Woo (born 27 December 1991), Singaporean actresses
 * Jason Hu 胡志强, Republic of China politician
 * Hu Jia 胡佳, pro-democracy activist in the People's Republic of China
 * Jianying Hu, American engineer
 * Hu Jimin (1919–1998), Chinese nuclear and plasma physicist and educator
 * Hu Jintao 胡锦涛, former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and the paramount leader of China
 * Hu Jinqiu (born 1997), Chinese basketball player
 * Julia Hu (born 1985), American entrepreneur
 * Hu Jun (born 1968), Chinese actor
 * Kelly Hu 胡凯丽 (born 1968), American actress
 * Oh Laye Koh 胡立国, Singaporean bus driver and convicted killer
 * Hu Lanqi 胡兰畦, one of the first women generals of the Republic of China and later Communist revolutionary
 * Hu Lien 胡璉, Chinese Nationalist general
 * Hu Mei (Ming dynasty), sentenced to death by Zhu Yuanzhang
 * Myolie Wu 胡杏兒, Hong Kong singer and actress
 * Hu Nai-yuan, Taiwanese violinist
 * Nan Hu, Chinese physician-scientist, molecular geneticist, and cancer epidemiologist
 * Nancy Wu 胡定欣, Hong Kong actress and singer
 * Hu Ning (1916–1997), Chinese theoretical physicist and educator
 * Hu Peizhao, Chinese economist and a professor at Xiamen University
 * Hu Ping Chinese actress
 * Hu Qiaomu 胡乔木, People's Republic of China politician
 * Hu Qili 胡启立, member of the 13th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
 * Richard Hu (胡赐道; 1926–2023), Finance Minister of Singapore
 * S. Jack Hu, University of Georgia administrator and professor of engineering
 * Hu Sheng, Chinese Marxist theorist and historian
 * Hu Shih 胡适, Chinese writer and scholar
 * Hu Songshan 虎嵩山, Chinese Hui Muslim Imam of the Yihewani sect
 * T. C. Hu (胡德强, 1930–2021), Chinese-American computer scientist
 * Hu Ting-ting (born 1979), English-born Taiwanese actress
 * Hailan Hu, Chinese neuroscientist
 * Valerie Hu, American biochemist
 * Hu Weide 胡惟德, politician and diplomat of the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China
 * Wei-Shau Hu, American geneticist
 * Wei-Shou Hu, Taiwanese-American chemical engineer
 * Hu Weiyong, sentenced to death by Zhu Yuanzhang
 * Wen-mei Hwu 胡文美, American computer engineer
 * Yuen Pau Woo 胡元豹, Canadian senator and facilitator of the Independent Senators Group
 * Hu Xiansu (胡先骕; 1894–1968) Chinese botanist
 * Gordon Ying Sheung Wu 胡應湘, chairman of the board of Hopewell Holdings Ltd.
 * Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦, former chairman and General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
 * Hu Yepin 胡也频, Chinese writer, poet, and playwright, prominent Chinese socialist
 * Yi Hu, American engineer
 * Yinling Hu, Chinese molecular biologist
 * Hu Yitian 胡一天, Chinese actor
 * Yuenyong Opakul, Thai singer, musician, songwriter and entrepreneur
 * Hu Zaobin 胡藻斌, early 20th-century Chinese painter, famous for painting tigers
 * Hu Zhongzao, sentenced to death by the Qianlong emperor
 * Hu Zongnan, Chinese general in the National Revolutionary Army
 * Hu Zongxian 胡宗憲, Chinese general during the Ming dynasty
 * Hồ Chí Minh: 20th century Vietnam communist leader
 * Hồ dynasty of Vietnam 胡朝:
 * Hồ Quý Ly 胡季犛
 * Hồ Hán Thương 胡漢蒼

title: Hu (surname)


text:
W. E. Butler

Walter Ernest Butler (23 August 1898 – 1 August 1978) was a working occultist, author and the founder and first director of Servants of the Light in Britain.

Early life
His first training in the mysteries was with Robert King, a bishop in the Liberal Catholic Church, who trained him as a medium. Butler later became a priest in the Liberal Catholic Church.

While in India, he studied with Indian mystics and also came into contact with Theosophist mystic Annie Besant, who politely rejected his requests to study with her. He returned to England and joined Dion Fortune's Society of the Inner Light in 1925, where he continued to train and participate until sometime toward the end of World War II.

Career
In 1962 he met Gareth Knight and, with Knight, began to develop a correspondence course in Qabalah for Helios Books. During this time he also rejoined the Society of the Inner Light, where he met Michael Nowicki and Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki. By 1973, the Helios Course in the Practical Qabalah had gained popularity and was spun off to form the Servants of the Light, for which Ernest was the first Director of Studies. He remained director of studies until shortly before his death, when he passed that responsibility to Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki.

Personality and personal life
W. E. Butler worked many years as an engineer. Later on he was a member of the technical staff at University of Southampton, England. By the 1970s, Butler was living in a Tudor cottage with limestone walls and a thatched roof, Little Thatches, which was located in Hillstreet, Calmore, Southampton. Janine Chapman met Butler in the 1970s, noting that he had a Yorkshire accent, and commenting on a "paternal sort of goodness about him". She moreover highlighted that he had "the very pale white skin of a Celt, a round face, thin lips, and a kindly smile."

I first met Mr Butler at a meeting of the Society of the inner Light at Steeles Road in the mid 60's. We were taking tea when I noticed this odd looking character over in the corner and I went over and introduced myself. He was wearing a trilby hat (indoors) and a dog collar so that, at first, I thought he was a vicar. He was quite hard of hearing at this time and had an analogue hearing aid consisting of a long wire and a box that clipped on to his lapel. Later, when he pulled out his wallet to give me a card with his address, some bits fell to the floor and when I picked them up for him I spotted a red card and he said "Ah yes, the old complaint." He was a card carrying diabetic. He had a good sense of humour and told me that he liked to take the mickey out of people - particularly the Irish. I intimated that I didn't think that this was the greatest idea at the time.

title: W. E. Butler


text:
Skeid Fotball

Skeid is a Norwegian football club from Oslo that currently plays in 2. divisjon, the third tier of the Norwegian football league system. Its current home field is Nordre Åsen, after the club stopped playing at Bislett after the 2012 season. In past decades it has gained a reputation as a talent factory for the larger clubs in Norwegian football, and it has produced several players for the national team such as Daniel Braaten, Daniel Fredheim Holm, Omar Elabdellaoui and Mohammed Abdellaoue. Other notable players include Paul Miller. Skeid played in 1. divisjon in 2009 after a short stint in the 2. divisjon. They finished champions of the Second Group of 2. divisjon in 2008. However, Skeid relegated again to 2. divisjon at end of 2009 season in 16th and last position despite a good start. In 2021, Skeid won 2. divisjon group 1 and was promoted to the 1. divisjon.

In 2021, it was announced that Skeid will inherit “several millions” from the controversial Leif Hagen, also known as "Porno-Hagen". Hagen, who was a fan of Skeid was born and raised in Sagene, Oslo and died before Christmas in 2020 bequeathing a substantial amount to Skeid. In the media, there was speculation in values in the order of NOK 30 million (NOK).

Skeid decided that the money from Hagen will not be used short term, but function as a long-term fund and that only the return of the money will be used to further develop the club and its facilities.

They played in the Norwegian top flight between 1938–1970 (Norwegian League did not play between 1940–1947 due to World War II), 1972–1975 (4 seasons), 1978–1980 (3 seasons), 1996–1997 (2 seasons). Their recent season in the top division was in the 1999 Tippeligaen.

Honours

 * Norwegian top flight:
 * Champions (1): 1966
 * Runners-up (5): 1938–39, 1952–53, 1953–54, 1957–58, 1967
 * Third (1): 1963
 * Norwegian Cup:
 * Winners (8): 1947, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1963, 1965, 1974
 * Runners-up (3): 1939, 1940, 1949

 * Other honours
 * Oslo Championships
 * Winners (2): 1940, 1945
 * Norwegian junior championships
 * Winners (4): 1962, 1969, 1998, 1999

1929: Won the regional championships after beating Vålerenga 2-1. The red and blue colors are used for the first time.

2020 -
Skeid startet the year 2020 with a new head coach, when Gard Holme signed on to lead the squad on January 6. He took over a team that lost 8 players from the most used starting lineup in 2019, and due to a strict economy Skeid only signed new players from 2. and 3. Division.

The season was put on a hold at the start of the year due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and did not start until July, when it started with a reduced schedule. During the season, Skeid played homegames at 3 different venues due to problematic circumstances regarding the artificial turf at Nordre Åsen.

Nonetheless, Holme led Skeid to a promotion playoff in his first season, which they lost against Asker on penalties after both games ended 1-1.

Skeid lost a couple of key players before the 2021 season when Idar Nordby Lysgård (Mjøndalen), Henning Tønsberg Andresen (Ull/Kisa), Taofeek Ismaheel (Fredrikstad) and Hassan Yusuf (Grorud) all left the team, while legendary player Daniel Braathen hang up his boots after a great career.

The ”new” team started the season strong, and it looked like Skeid would challenge for promotion with Arendal and Egersund as their greatest rivals. Head coach Gard Holme also changed the formation from the previous year and played more of a 3-4-3 / 3-5-2-formation this season.

Top scorer Johnny Buduson got injured midway through the season, and Holme chose to play youngster Abel Stensrud at his spot for the rest of the season. That turned out to be a great choice, as Stensrud scoret 19 goals on the last 12 games and ended up top scorer in the division.

In the end of October Skeid clinched promotion back to the OBOS-ligaen (Division 1) after a 12-0-win over Rosenborg 2 in front of over 800 people in the crowd at Nordre Åsen. It had been a tough season with both Egersund and Arendal fighting for promotion, but in the end Skeid ended up on top.

Skeid started the year of 2022 rough as top scorer Abel Stensrud and Simen Hestnes both left the team when their contracts expired, and they signed for Odd and KFUM Oslo shortly after. Head Coach Holme brought in Bendik Rise (Hødd), Morten Renå Olsen (Strømmen) and Sulayman Bojang (FK Haugesund) to the during the winter.

Skeid started the season badly, and halfway through the season Skeid was in 15th place in the table with only Stjørdals-Blink behind them and Grorud a couple of points in front of them. During the summer break Skeid brought in a couple of players on loan: Kristoffer Hoven (Sogndal) and Simen Kvia-Egeskog (Viking) where both loaned in, while Maxwell Effiom (Sandnes Ulf) and Per-Magnus Steiring (Kongsvinger) signed on, Effiom for two years while Steiring signed on for the remainder of the season.

After the summer break, things turned for Skeid, and they got 22 points from the remaining games, and ended the season on 14.place, witch meant relegation playoff against Arendal from division 2. Skeid went on to beat Arendal 6-0 at home and 2-1 away to remain in OBOS-ligaen another year.

During the winter break before the 2023 season Skeid again lost a couple of key players when captain Fredrik Berglie departed for Sandefjord while young talent Jakob Napoleon Romsaas departed for Tromsø up north. Skeid brought in Fredrik Flo (Sandefjord) and Torje Naustdal (FK Haugesund) to bolster the squad, while Kristoffer Hoven and Per Magnus Steiring both signed two year deals the 2022 season concluded. Skeid also brought in goalkeeper Simen Vidtun Nilsen on loan from Sarpsborg 08 as the new first choice in goal.

Midway through the season Skeid where at relegation point in the table after 11 points on the first 15 games, and with team still on relegation in August, head coach Gard Holme resigned. His replacement for the remaining of the season was experienced head coach Arne Erlandsen, but he couldn't save the team from relegation. After only a single win and eleven losses on his twelve games in charge, Skeid ended the season rock bottom with only 14 points on 30 games.

In December 2023 Skeid made history when 31 year old Vilde Mollestad Rislaa was announced as new head coach, the first female head coach for the men's first team in the club's 107 year old history.

Recent history

 * {|class="wikitable"

! Season ! ! Pos. ! Pl. ! W ! D ! L ! GS ! GA ! P !Cup !Notes Source:
 * -bgcolor="#efefef"
 * 2006
 * 2. divisjon
 * align=right bgcolor=#DDFFDD| 1
 * align=right|26||align=right|20||align=right|3||align=right|3
 * align=right|67||align=right|23||align=right|63
 * Third round
 * Promoted to the 1. divisjon
 * 2007
 * 1. divisjon
 * align=right bgcolor="#FFCCCC"| 15
 * align=right|30||align=right|4||align=right|8||align=right|18
 * align=right|32||align=right|60||align=right|20
 * Third round
 * Relegated to the 2. divisjon
 * 2008
 * 2. divisjon
 * align=right bgcolor=#DDFFDD| 1
 * align=right|26||align=right|22||align=right|3||align=right|1
 * align=right|88||align=right|28||align=right|69
 * Second round
 * Promoted to the 1. divisjon
 * 2009
 * 1. divisjon
 * align=right bgcolor="#FFCCCC"| 16
 * align=right|30||align=right|4||align=right|6||align=right|20
 * align=right|26||align=right|66||align=right|18
 * First round
 * Relegated to the 2. divisjon
 * 2010
 * 2. divisjon
 * align=right |3
 * align=right|26||align=right|15||align=right|5||align=right|6
 * align=right|49||align=right|28||align=right|50
 * Second round
 * 2011
 * 2. divisjon
 * align=right |2
 * align=right|26||align=right|16||align=right|4||align=right|6
 * align=right|75||align=right|38||align=right|52
 * Second round
 * 2012
 * 2. divisjon
 * align=right bgcolor="#FFCCCC"| 12
 * align=right|26||align=right|7||align=right|5||align=right|14
 * align=right|42||align=right|55||align=right|26
 * Second round
 * Relegated to the 3. divisjon
 * 2013
 * 3. divisjon
 * align=right bgcolor=#DDFFDD| 1
 * align=right|26||align=right|20||align=right|3||align=right|3
 * align=right|91||align=right|17||align=right|63
 * First qualifying round
 * Promoted to the 2. divisjon
 * 2014
 * 2. divisjon
 * align=right |7
 * align=right|26||align=right|13||align=right|3||align=right|10
 * align=right|54||align=right|41||align=right|42
 * First round
 * 2015
 * 2. divisjon
 * align=right |9
 * align=right|26||align=right|8||align=right|6||align=right|12
 * align=right|45||align=right|54||align=right|30
 * Second round
 * 2016
 * 2. divisjon
 * align=right |3
 * align=right|26||align=right|15||align=right|7||align=right|4
 * align=right|57||align=right|29||align=right|52
 * First round
 * 2017
 * 2. divisjon
 * align=right |5
 * align=right|26||align=right|13||align=right|5||align=right|8
 * align=right|42||align=right|27||align=right|44
 * Second round
 * 2018
 * 2. divisjon
 * align=right bgcolor=#DDFFDD| 1
 * align=right|26||align=right|17||align=right|5||align=right|4
 * align=right|59||align=right|25||align=right|56
 * Third round
 * Promoted to the 1. divisjon
 * 2019
 * 1. divisjon
 * align=right bgcolor="#FFCCCC"| 15
 * align=right|30||align=right|4||align=right|10||align=right|16
 * align=right|38||align=right|54||align=right|22
 * Third round
 * Relegated to the 2. divisjon
 * 2020
 * 2. divisjon
 * align=right |2
 * align=right|19||align=right|12||align=right|2||align=right|5
 * align=right|36||align=right|21||align=right|38
 * Cancelled
 * Lost promotion play-off
 * 2021
 * 2. divisjon
 * align=right bgcolor=#DDFFDD| 1
 * align=right|26||align=right|17||align=right|5||align=right|4
 * align=right|63||align=right|22||align=right|56
 * Second round
 * Promoted to the 1. divisjon
 * 2022
 * 1. divisjon
 * align=right |14
 * align=right|30||align=right|8||align=right|4||align=right|18
 * align=right|39||align=right|54||align=right|28
 * Third round
 * 2023
 * 1. divisjon
 * align=right bgcolor="#FFCCCC"| 16
 * align=right|30||align=right|3||align=right|5||align=right|22
 * align=right|24||align=right|62||align=right|14
 * Second round
 * Relegated to the 2. divisjon
 * }
 * 2021
 * 2. divisjon
 * align=right bgcolor=#DDFFDD| 1
 * align=right|26||align=right|17||align=right|5||align=right|4
 * align=right|63||align=right|22||align=right|56
 * Second round
 * Promoted to the 1. divisjon
 * 2022
 * 1. divisjon
 * align=right |14
 * align=right|30||align=right|8||align=right|4||align=right|18
 * align=right|39||align=right|54||align=right|28
 * Third round
 * 2023
 * 1. divisjon
 * align=right bgcolor="#FFCCCC"| 16
 * align=right|30||align=right|3||align=right|5||align=right|22
 * align=right|24||align=right|62||align=right|14
 * Second round
 * Relegated to the 2. divisjon
 * }
 * align=right|24||align=right|62||align=right|14
 * Second round
 * Relegated to the 2. divisjon
 * }

title: Skeid Fotball