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Turkmenistan national football team

The Turkmenistan national football team (Türkmenistanyň milli futbol ýygyndysy) represents Turkmenistan in men's international football. It is controlled by the Football Federation of Turkmenistan, the governing body for football in Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan's home ground is the Kopetdag Stadium and their head coach is Mergen Orazow. The team represents FIFA and Asian Football Confederation (AFC).

History
After the country gained independence, they played their first match against Kazakhstan on 1 June 1992, and against fellow Central Asian nation Uzbekistan on 28 June the same year.

2000s
They qualified for the 2004 AFC Asian Cup by winning the 2004 AFC Asian Cup qualification, where they were placed in group G, alongside the United Arab Emirates, Syria and Sri Lanka. In the autumn of 2003, in the first leg of the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification, they defeated Afghanistan 11–0 in Ashgabat. Begench Kuliyev and Rejepmyrat Agabaýew each scored a hat-trick, while Guvanchmuhammet Ovekov scored twice. Other players on the scoresheet that day were Nazar Bayramov, Omar Berdiyev and Didarklych Urazov. In the second leg the team won 0–2, with both goals scored by Begench Kuliyev. In December 2003, the national team of Turkmenistan reached the top 100 in the FIFA rankings for the first time in its history, reaching the 99th position, thanks to the successes in the 2004 AFC Asian Cup and the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. In the 2004 AFC Asian Cup that took place in China, Turkmenistan was placed in group C, with neighbours Uzbekistan, Saudi Arabia and Iraq. They were knocked out in the group stages following two defeats and a draw against Saudi Arabia.

2010s
In February 2010, Turkmenistan's national football team was coach by Ýazguly Hojageldyýew, who was working for HTTU Aşgabat. Under his leadership the team went to Sri Lanka to participate in the 2010 AFC Challenge Cup. For the first time, they made it to the final, only to see them lose against North Korea in the penalty shootout. In the same year, the Football Association of Turkmenistan invited a native Turkmen, the head coach of FC Rubin Kazan, Kurban Berdyev to resume leadership.

In March 2011, Turkmenistan successfully entered the final round of the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup, beating Pakistan, Taiwan, and played in a draw with India in the qualifying competition in Kuala Lumpur. In the summer of 2011, in the race for a spot at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, they faced Indonesia in the second round. After managing a 1–1 draw in the first leg in Ashghabat, they were eventually defeated 4–3 in the second leg, 5–4 on aggregate, thus were knocked out of the contention for qualifying to the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

In winter 2012 the team gathered for a training camp in Turkey. In preparation for the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup, Ýazguly Hojageldyýew arranged a friendly match with Romania, which saw them lost 4–0.

In March 2012, the team went to Kathmandu to participate in the final tournament of the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup. They beat the hosts Nepal 3–0 and Maldives 3–1, while the final group stage match with Palestine ended in a goalless draw. In the semifinals, Turkmenistan defeated the Philippines 2–1. However, as in the previous edition, they lost the final match to North Korea with a scoreline of 1–2.

In October 2012, Turkmenistan's were invited to the 2012 VFF Cup held in Ho Chi Minh City and finished as runners-up in the tournament, beating the teams of Vietnam and Laos, only to lose in the final match against the South Korean University Selection team 0–4.

On 23 March 2013 Turkmenistan defeated Cambodia 7–0 in Manila, in the qualifying round of the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup. In the second round, Turkmenistan was to meet Brunei, but the team did not arrive at the tournament, thus Turkmenistan was awarded a default 3–0 victory. In the last round, Turkmenistan lost to Philippines 1–0, but managed to qualify for the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup finals as the best second placed team alongside Laos.

In January 2014 Rahym Kurbanmämmedow was again in charge of the national team. They held three training camps in May and participated in the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup, where they were eliminated in the group stage, thereby losing the chance to qualify for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup. In June 2014, as a result of their poor performance at the AFC Challenge Cup, the entire coaching staff was dismissed, including the head coach.

In the spring of 2015, Amangylyç Koçumow was appointed as the new head coach of the national team to prepare the team for participation in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The team started off badly, losing to one of the weakest team in Asia – Guam national football team 0–1. On 16 June 2015, for the first time, the Turkmenistan national team held a match outside Ashgabat, at the Spot toplumy Stadium in Dashoguz in the presence of 10,000 spectators, the Turkmenistan team played a draw with Iran (1–1). Then, the team lost Oman 1:3. In the home games that took place at the Kopetdag Stadium in October 2016, Turkmenistan beat India 2–1 and Guam 1–0. In November, the Turkmenistan held a friendly match with the UAE, which ended in a 1–5 defeat and an official match with Iran, in which the team lost 1–3. On 17 November 2016, the national team of Turkmenistan in the home game sensationally beat the national team of Oman 2–1. In the final stage, the Turkmenistan national team defeated India 2–1. The Turkmenistan team took the 3rd place in Group D, which did not allow the team to go to the next stage of the qualifying games for the 2018 World Cup, but gave the opportunity to fight for getting into the 2019 AFC Asian Cup.

Back to the AFC Asian Cup
Turkmenistan had finally qualified to the 2019 AFC Asian Cup for the second time in history, having finished second after Bahrain. In the tournament, Turkmenistan was grouped with Japan, neighbor Uzbekistan and Oman. The Turkmen side played pretty well in their first match against Asian powerhouse Japan and even took a lead until the end of the first half, but eventually fell to Japan 2–3. The next match against Uzbekistan was a complete disaster when Turkmenistan decided to play duel with more experienced Uzbekistan, leaving the team defeated 0–4, all four goals were scored in the first half. Turkmenistan then tried to make a fight against Oman, but lost 1–3 with two Omani goals scored in final minutes, thus the team was eliminated without scoring any point. Coach Ýazguly Hojageldyýew resigned in the aftermath of the tournament.

In March 2019, the Football Federation of Turkmenistan named Croatian Ante Miše as the head coach of the Turkmenistan, signing a one-year contract. Another croatian specialist, Sandro Tomić will help to train the national team of Turkmenistan. Croatian coaches are set to develop the overall football in Turkmenistan, not just the national team. His first game, 3 month later, was a 0–0 draw at friendly match with Uganda.

In the 2023 AFC Asian Cup qualification, Turkmenistan was then grouped with host Malaysia, Bahrain and Bangladesh. They would go on to lose against Malaysia (1–3) and Bahrain (1–0), and despite winning against Bangladesh (1–2), Turkmenistan did not manage to qualify to the 2023 AFC Asian Cup. In 2023, Turkmenistan participated in the inaugural 2023 CAFA Nations Cup held in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.

In November, they lost to Uzbekistan 1–3 and drew 2–2 against Hong Kong during the 2026 FIFA World Cup and 2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification.

Home stadium
From the moment of its formation (1992) until now, the main home stadium of the Turkmenistan national football team is the Köpetdag Stadium in Ashgabat, built and opened in 1997. This stadium is also the venue for home matches of FK Köpetdag Aşgabat. It was reconstructed in 2015 and currently holds 26,503 spectators.

From 2003 until the end of 2012, the main home stadium of the Turkmenistan national team was the Ashgabat Olympic Stadium (until 2017 was named Olympic Stadium named after Saparmurat Turkmenbashi the Great), renovated 2013–2017 and accommodating 45,000 spectators. At the moment, the national team is not used for football matches.

The national team of Turkmenistan in different years held their home matches also in other cities and stadiums of Turkmenistan. So, at the Nisa Stadium in Ashgabat (Match vs China in 1997), at the Sport Toplumy in Dashoguz (Match vs Iran in 2015 and vs Bahrain in 2017 ), at the Sport Toplumy in Balkanabat (Match vs Taipei in 2017 ).

Rivalries
The main rivals of the Turkmenistan national team are the countries of Central Asia, the national teams of Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. The main and most important rival of the national team of Turkmenistan are the national teams of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. The matches between the countries of Central Asia have always aroused great interest among fans of Central Asia. Football is one of the instruments of rivalry between the states of Central Asia.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Coaching history

 * 🇹🇲 Baýram Durdyýew (1992–1996)
 * Elguja Gugushvili (1996–1997)
 * 🇹🇲 Täçmyrat Agamyradow (1997–1998)
 * 🇺🇦 Viktor Pozhechevskyi (1998–1999)
 * 🇷🇺 🇹🇲 Gurban Berdyýew (1999)
 * 🇹🇲 Röwşen Muhadow (1999–2000)
 * 🇹🇲 Täçmyrat Agamyradow (2000–2001)
 * 🇺🇦 Volodymyr Bezsonov (2002–2003)
 * 🇹🇲 Rahym Gurbanmämmedow (2003–2004)
 * 🇹🇲 Boris Grigorýanc (2005)
 * 🇹🇲 Amangylyç Goçumow (2005–2006)
 * 🇹🇲 Rahym Gurbanmämmedow (2007–2009)
 * 🇹🇲 Boris Grigorýanc (2009–2010)
 * 🇹🇲 Ýazguly Hojageldyýew (2010–2014)
 * 🇹🇲 Rahym Gurbanmämmedow (2014)
 * 🇹🇲 Amangylyç Koçumow (2015–2016)
 * 🇹🇲 Ýazguly Hojageldyýew (2017–2019)
 * Ante Miše (2019–2020)
 * 🇹🇲 Röwşen Muhadow (2021)
 * 🇹🇲 Ýazguly Hojageldyýew (2021)
 * 🇹🇲 Said Seýidow (2022)
 * 🇹🇲 Ýazguly Hojageldyýew (2022)
 * 🇹🇲 Mergen Orazow (2023–present)

Current squad
The following players were called up for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC second round in November 2023.

Caps and goals correct as of 21 November 2023, after the match against Hong Kong.

Recent call-ups
The following players have also been called up to the Turkmenistan squad within the last twelve months.

 * Notes
 * INJ = Withdrew due to injury
 * PRE = Preliminary squad / standby
 * RET = Retired from the national team
 * SUS = Serving suspension
 * WD = Player withdrew from the squad due to non-injury issue.

Player records

 * Players in bold are still active with Turkmenistan.

AFC Asian Cup

 * 2010 AFC Challenge Cup was used to determine qualification for the 2011 AFC Asian Cup qualification.

Asian Games
Note: as of 2002, only U23 teams are allowed to participate in the Asian Games' football tournament.

Head-to-head record
The list shown below shows the Turkmenistan national football team all-time international record against opposing nations.

Turkmenistan was supposed to face Brunei in the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers but the latter withdrew from the tournament. Turkmenistan was awarded a 3-goal victory for the supposed match.

Continental

 * AFC Challenge Cup
 * [[File:Med 2.png]] Runner-up (2): 2010, 2012

Exhibition Tournament

 * ECO Cup
 * [[File:Med 2.png]] Runner-up(1): 1993
 * 1997 Turkmenistan President's Cup – [[File:Med 1.png]]Champions
 * 2002 Turkmenistan President's Cup – [[File:Med 2.png]]Runners-up
 * HCM City Cup 2008 (Vietnam)– [[File:Med 1.png]]Champions

title: Turkmenistan national football team


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User talk:Chaotic~enwiki

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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title: User talk:Chaotic~enwiki


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Blake Ross

Blake Aaron Ross (born June 12, 1985) is an American software engineer who is best known for his work as the co-creator of the Mozilla Firefox internet browser with Dave Hyatt. In 2005, he was nominated for Wired magazine's top Rave Award, Renegade of the Year, opposite Larry Page, Sergey Brin and Jon Stewart. He was also a part of Rolling Stone magazine's 2005 hot list. From 2007, he worked for Facebook as Director of Product until resigning in early 2013.

Early life and education
Born on June 12th, 1985 in Miami, Florida. He has an older brother and sister. Ross created his first website via America Online at the age of 10. By middle school, an interest in SimCity led him to piece together a couple of rudimentary videogames. He attended high school in Miami at Gulliver Preparatory School, graduating in 2003 while simultaneously working for Mozilla, based in California. Ross graduated from Stanford University in 2007.

Mozilla and Firefox
Ross is most well known for co-founding the Mozilla Firefox project with Dave Hyatt. Ross discovered Netscape very soon after it open-sourced and began contributing, his mother's frustrated user experience with Internet Explorer being the main driver. He worked as an intern at Netscape Communications Corporation at the age of 16. In 2003, he enrolled at Stanford University. While interning at Netscape, Ross became disenchanted with the browser he was working on and the direction given to it by America Online, which had recently purchased Netscape. Ross and Hyatt envisioned a smaller, easy-to-use browser that could have mass appeal, and Firefox was born from that idea. The open source project gained momentum and popularity, and in 2003 all of Mozilla's resources were devoted to the Firefox and Thunderbird projects. Released in November 2004, when Ross was 19, Firefox quickly grabbed market share (primarily from Microsoft's Internet Explorer), with 100 million downloads in less than a year.

Ross is the author of Firefox For Dummies (ISBN 0-471-74899-4; published January 11, 2006).

Career
Ross founded a new startup with another ex-Netscape employee, Joe Hewitt (the creator of Firebug who was also largely responsible for Firefox's interface and code). Ross and Hewitt worked on creating Parakey, a new user interface designed to bridge the gap between the desktop and the web. Ross revealed several technical details about the program and his new company when featured on the cover of IEEE Spectrum in November 2006.

On July 20, 2007, the BBC reported that Facebook had purchased Parakey.

In early 2013, Ross left Facebook to pursue other interests.

In 2015, Ross wrote a spec screenplay for HBO's Silicon Valley.

Ross took a job with Uber in August 2017.

Personal life
Ross has aphantasia, a rare condition preventing him from visualizing things in his mind. In a blog post, Ross wrote:"I have never visualized anything in my entire life. I can’t 'see' my father's face or a bouncing blue ball, my childhood bedroom or the run I went on ten minutes ago. I thought 'counting sheep' was a metaphor. I’m 30 years old and I never knew a human could do any of this."

In 2015, he wrote a fan fiction original screenplay for the HBO television comedy series Silicon Valley, which gained attention.

Profiles

 * The Firefox Explosion — Wired magazine article by Josh McHugh on Firefox development history (published February 2005)

Interviews

 * Firefox ignites demand for alternative browser — interview with Byron Acohido for USA Today (published November 9, 2004)
 * Interview with Firefox developer Blake Ross — interview with Michael Flaminio for Insanely Great Mac (published November 9, 2004)
 * Full speed ahead: Mozilla Firefox browser blazes through globe — interview with Michelle Keller for Stanford Daily Article (published November 16, 2004)
 * Firefox Architect Talks IE, Future Plans — interview with Nate Mook for BetaNews (published November 29, 2004)
 * The Young Turk of Firefox — interview with Keith Ward for Redmond Magazine (published December 2004)
 * Q&A With Blake Ross — interview with Computer Power User magazine (published January 2005)
 * Interview — Blake Ross — interview with Non-Tech City (published May 27, 2005)
 * Firefox Will Be Free Forever — interview with Xu Zhiqiang for OhmyNews (published August 7, 2005)
 * The Firefox Kid — David Kushner's article on Ross and Parakey in IEEE Spectrum (published November 2, 2006)
 * Livingston, Jessica, Founders at work: stories of startups' early days, 2007. Cf. Chapter 29, Blake Ross and Firefox.

title: Blake Ross


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User talk:Bigtrick

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

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Thanks for the catch on vandalism.
Hi,

I noticed that you caught the RSS (file format) vandalism. Good job! Folajimi(talk)

Liege lords
Thanks for your catch on Nobunaga being Hideyoshi's lord and not the other way around. However, if "liege" means vassal, then why are we so used to seeing (in films, etc) retainers and subjects refer to their lords as "My liege"? According to Wikitionary, the word in fact has both meanings - a lord or sovereign, as well as his subject. Thanks. LordAmeth 22:10, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

September 2020
Hello, I'm Yamla. I noticed that you made an edit concerning content related to a living (or recently deceased) person   on Elizabeth Holmes, but you didn't support your changes with a citation to a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now. Wikipedia has a very strict policy concerning how we write about living people, so please help us keep such articles accurate and clear. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you! --Yamla (talk) 21:31, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. You appear to be repeatedly reverting or undoing other editors' contributions at Elizabeth Holmes. Although this may seem necessary to protect your preferred version of a page, on Wikipedia this is known as "edit warring" and is usually seen as obstructing the normal editing process, as it often creates animosity between editors. Instead of reverting, please discuss the situation with the editor(s) involved and try to reach a consensus on the talk page.

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''Please read the BOLD, revert, discuss cycle explanatory supplement. You have been invited to discuss your reverted edits at Talk:Elizabeth Holmes. Please participate in obtaining consensus.'' Peaceray (talk) 22:44, 23 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Peaceray, I'm aware - I 've stated my piece on the Talk:Elizabeth Holmes page and have agreed to cede to consensus. You'll note that I stopped at three edits. Also, thanks for the welcome, but my first edit on Wikipedia was in 2004. Have a nice day.Bigtrick (talk) 22:53, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

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Talk:Nazca lines

Names for individual geoglyphs
The "Images" section presents images of a subset of the Nazca Lines — it's unclear why this subset is chosen, but I presume it's just all of the lines that have high-quality freely licenced images on the Commons.

Each of these images has a caption that appears to be the name of the depicted Nazca Line, but does not currently cite any sources for these names. Most of them use the definite article to indicate they are the only such Nazca Line representing that particular subject, and they are capitalized as proper nouns, not merely descriptions. (Elsewhere in the article, such as the "Rediscovery" section, they are referred to in sentence case, but still with the definite article.) These captions leave the impression on the reader that they are in fact the official names of the geoglyphs, or at the very least their common names. It's quite possible that individual Nazca Lines don't really have names at all, in which case the image captions should be adjusted to reflect that.

The Commons categories use Spanish names, which seem more likely to be official names for them given they are located in Spanish-speaking countries. Although the Commons categories don't cite any sources for these names either (not that you would expect them to).

In particular, this image is captioned "The Giant", but the file description page indicates it is called "Owlman" and "Astronaut". Without a reliable source to establish one of these three names, I'm not sure which this article should use. Snorlax Monster  11:38, 19 September 2022 (UTC)

Scales needed for "Images" section
For a common reader, it would be helpful if there were a short scale (e.g. metres/feet) drawn near corner of each image. Of course, the text gives a general idea of their magnitude but they vary. Wherever the pictures are taken, someone with knowledge of individual figures might have a scale added. 217.140.200.221 (talk) 21:02, 20 October 2022 (UTC)

How were the lines made so straight?
It it possible that long stretched ropes were used in order to help ensure that the lines were drawn perfectly straight? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 03:14, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

Does the alien nonsense warrant an entire section?
There is already a section in the article denoted for speculations regarding its purpose, not that any of the unabashedly racist works of von Däniken should be anywhere near the actual informed speculations of archaeologists anyways. He should be a footnote of that section.

Other pages that cover sites or artifacts with fringe extraterrestrial theories surrounding them do not typically have sections devoted to von Däniken, and giving him an entire section of a Wikipedia article would look unfortunately legitimizing to an otherwise uninformed browser. CarpinchoCamayuc (talk) 07:37, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

 * No, and seeing no one objected, I will likely remove the section in a day or so unless someone objects. LegalSmeagolian (talk) 01:19, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

Featured picture scheduled for POTD
Hello! This is to let editors know that File:Líneas de_Nazca,_Nazca,_Perú,_2015-07-29,_DD_49.JPG, a featured picture used in this article, has been selected as the English Wikipedia's picture of the day (POTD) for May 4, 2024. A preview of the POTD is displayed below and can be edited at Template:POTD/2024-05-04. For the greater benefit of readers, any potential improvements or maintenance that could benefit the quality of this article should be done before its scheduled appearance on the Main Page. If you have any concerns, please place a message at Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day. Thank you! — Amakuru (talk) 10:47, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nazca lines


text:
Davies (crater)

Davies is a crater on Mars located at 46°N 0°E on the fringe of Acidalia Planitia near Arabia Terra. It is approximately 48 km in diameter. The crater's name was formally approved by the IAU in 2006.

It was named in honor of Merton Davies (1917–2001), a pioneer in the cartography of planetary bodies. An employee of the RAND Corporation, he assisted NASA in mapping Mars with colleagues Gérard de Vaucouleurs and Harold Masursky and defined the prime meridian of Mars as passing through the crater Airy-0. Davies Crater lies on the prime meridian, appropriate because Davies was responsible for its delineation.

title: Davies (crater)


text:
User:Kraupu

Kraupu (1980 - ) - your Average Joe

2024-July-29  at wikipedia.

title: User:Kraupu


text: Template:Great Britain rugby league links


text:
User talk:Karl Dickman/Projects/Aircraft/B-29

This talk page is no open for discussion, comments, recommendation, and other activities on my editing project for the B-29. 'Please do not edit the page itself. Leave recommended edits on the TALK PAGE.' Recommending edits shouldn't be that difficult to accomplish. Thanks, •  →  Iñgólemo  ←•  18:37, 2004 Oct 7 (UTC)

I'm particularly interested in input regarding the data table. I decided to delete it and change the B-29 to the new data format, because it already had the data section made. Anyone think I was out of line?


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Recursive definition

In mathematics and computer science, a recursive definition, or inductive definition, is used to define the elements in a set in terms of other elements in the set (Aczel 1977:740ff). Some examples of recursively-definable objects include factorials, natural numbers, Fibonacci numbers, and the Cantor ternary set.

A recursive definition of a function defines values of the function for some inputs in terms of the values of the same function for other (usually smaller) inputs. For example, the factorial function $n!$ is defined by the rules
 * $$\begin{align}

& 0! = 1. \\ & (n+1)! = (n+1) \cdot n!. \end{align}$$

This definition is valid for each natural number $n$, because the recursion eventually reaches the base case of 0. The definition may also be thought of as giving a procedure for computing the value of the function $n!$, starting from $n = 0$ and proceeding onwards with $n = 1, 2, 3$ etc.

The recursion theorem states that such a definition indeed defines a function that is unique. The proof uses mathematical induction.

An inductive definition of a set describes the elements in a set in terms of other elements in the set. For example, one definition of the set $\N$ of natural numbers is:
 * 1) 1 is in $\N.$
 * 2) If an element n is in $\N$ then $n + 1$ is in $\N.$
 * 3) $\N$ is the smallest set satisfying (1) and (2).

There are many sets that satisfy (1) and (2) – for example, the set ${1, 1.649, 2, 2.649, 3, 3.649, …}$ satisfies the definition. However, condition (3) specifies the set of natural numbers by removing the sets with extraneous members.

Properties of recursively defined functions and sets can often be proved by an induction principle that follows the recursive definition. For example, the definition of the natural numbers presented here directly implies the principle of mathematical induction for natural numbers: if a property holds of the natural number 0 (or 1), and the property holds of $n + 1$ whenever it holds of $n$, then the property holds of all natural numbers (Aczel 1977:742).

Form of recursive definitions
Most recursive definitions have two foundations: a base case (basis) and an inductive clause.

The difference between a circular definition and a recursive definition is that a recursive definition must always have base cases, cases that satisfy the definition without being defined in terms of the definition itself, and that all other instances in the inductive clauses must be "smaller" in some sense (i.e., closer to those base cases that terminate the recursion) — a rule also known as "recur only with a simpler case".

In contrast, a circular definition may have no base case, and even may define the value of a function in terms of that value itself — rather than on other values of the function. Such a situation would lead to an infinite regress.

That recursive definitions are valid – meaning that a recursive definition identifies a unique function – is a theorem of set theory known as the recursion theorem, the proof of which is non-trivial. Where the domain of the function is the natural numbers, sufficient conditions for the definition to be valid are that the value of $f(0)$ (i.e., base case) is given, and that for $n > 0$, an algorithm is given for determining $f(n)$ in terms of $n$, $$f(0), f(1), \dots, f(n-1)$$ (i.e., inductive clause).

More generally, recursive definitions of functions can be made whenever the domain is a well-ordered set, using the principle of transfinite recursion. The formal criteria for what constitutes a valid recursive definition are more complex for the general case. An outline of the general proof and the criteria can be found in James Munkres' Topology. However, a specific case (domain is restricted to the positive integers instead of any well-ordered set) of the general recursive definition will be given below.

Principle of recursive definition
Let $A$ be a set and let $a_{0}$ be an element of $A$. If $ρ$ is a function which assigns to each function $f$ mapping a nonempty section of the positive integers into $A$, an element of $A$, then there exists a unique function $$h : \Z_+ \to A$$ such that

 * $$\begin{align}

h(1) &= a_0 \\ h(i) &= \rho \left(h|_{\{1,2,\ldots,i-1\}}\right) \text{ for } i>1. \end{align}$$

Elementary functions
Addition is defined recursively based on counting as
 * $$\begin{align}

& 0 + a = a, \\ & (1+n) + a = 1 + (n+a). \end{align}$$ Multiplication is defined recursively as
 * $$\begin{align}

& 0 \cdot a = 0, \\ & (1+n) \cdot a = a + n \cdot a. \end{align}$$ Exponentiation is defined recursively as
 * $$\begin{align}

& a^0 = 1, \\ & a^{1+n} = a \cdot a^n. \end{align}$$ Binomial coefficients can be defined recursively as
 * $$\begin{align}

& \binom{a}{0} = 1, \\ & \binom{1+a}{1+n} = \frac{(1+a)\binom{a}{n}}{1+n}. \end{align}$$

Prime numbers
The set of prime numbers can be defined as the unique set of positive integers satisfying The primality of the integer 2 is the base case; checking the primality of any larger integer $X$ by this definition requires knowing the primality of every integer between 2 and $X$, which is well defined by this definition. That last point can be proved by induction on $X$, for which it is essential that the second clause says "if and only if"; if it had just said "if", the primality of, for instance, the number 4 would not be clear, and the further application of the second clause would be impossible.
 * 2 is a prime number,
 * any other positive integer is a prime number if and only if it is not divisible by any prime number smaller than itself.

Non-negative even numbers
The even numbers can be defined as consisting of
 * 0 is in the set $E$ of non-negative evens (basis clause),
 * For any element $x$ in the set $E$, $x + 2$ is in $E$ (inductive clause),
 * Nothing is in $E$ unless it is obtained from the basis and inductive clauses (extremal clause).

Well formed formula
The notion of a well-formed formula (wff) in propositional logic is defined recursively as the smallest set satisfying the three rules:

 * 1) $p$ is a wff if $p$ is a propositional variable.
 * 2)  $¬ p$ is a wff if $p$ is a wff.
 * 3) $(p • q)$ is a wff if $p$ and $q$ are wffs  and • is one of the logical connectives  ∨, ∧, →, or ↔.

The definition can be used to determine whether any particular string of symbols is a wff:

 * $(p ∧ q)$ is a wff, because the propositional variables $p$ and $q$ are wffs and $∧$ is a logical connective.

 * $¬ (p ∧ q)$ is a wff, because $(p ∧ q)$ is a wff.

 * $(¬ p ∧ ¬ q)$ is a wff, because $¬ p$ and $¬ q$ are wffs and $∧$ is a logical connective.

Recursive definitions as logic programs
Logic programs can be understood as sets of recursive definitions. For example, the recursive definition of even number can be written as the logic program:

Here  represents if, and   represents the successor of , namely  , as in Peano arithmetic.

The logic programming language Prolog uses backward reasoning to solve goals and answer queries. For example, given the query  it produces the answer. Given the query  it produces the answer.

The program can be used not only to check whether a query is true, but also to generate answers that are true. For example:

Logic programs significantly extend recursive definitions by including the use of negative conditions, implemented by negation as failure, as in the definition:

title: Recursive definition


text:
Dan II of Wallachia

Dan II cel Viteaz (? – 1 June 1432) was a voivode of the principality of Wallachia, ruling an extraordinary five times, and succeeded four times by Radu II Chelul, his rival for the throne. Of those five periods on the throne of Wallachia (1420–1421, 1421–1423, 1423–1424, 1426–1427, and 1427–1431), four were within a period of only seven years.

Early life
Dan was the son of Dan I of Wallachia. His father was the eldest son and successor of Radu I of Wallachia. After Dan I was murdered in 1386, his brother, Mircea, ascended the throne. Dan was loyal to his uncle during Mircea's reign. Mircea was the first ruler of Wallachia to be forced to pay an annual tribute to the Ottoman Empire. He made his only legitimate son, Michael I, his co-ruler.Dan appears first in the records leading a contingent sent by his uncle Mircea I to assist Musa Celebi in taking Adrianople during the Ottoman civil war in 1411.

After Michael succeeded Mircea (who died on 4 February 1418), Dan laid claim to Wallachia. The Ottomans defeated Michael in 1419, forcing him to pay tribute and to cede Giurgiu and other fortresses along the Danube to them. The Wallachian boyars started to defect to Dan. After Michael did not respect his treaty with the Ottomans, Dan broke into Wallachia in early 1420. Initially, Michael could resist. However, Ottoman troops joined Dan, enabling him to defeat Michael and his Hungarian allies in the summer of 1420.

Reign
Dan II first took the throne in 1420, losing it in 1421, but regaining it that same year. He was primarily able to regain the throne many times because he was an able military commander in the field. In 1423, Dan II led an army against the invading Ottoman Turks, defeating them in battle. The Ottomans were invading in an effort to place Radu II back on the throne. In 1425, he again defeated the Ottomans, winning an important victory in a battle that was the first recorded mention of Wallachia using mercenaries in their army. In that battle, Dan II had employed a large number of Bulgarian soldiers. In the spring of 1427, Dan II removes Radu II from the throne for the last time, again defeating the Ottomans in battle, taking back the fortress at Giurgiu. In all likelihood, Dan II killed Radu II either during or after that battle, as the latter disappears from historical records afterwards. However, written accounts of the time are sparse at best, and it is not known for certain. On 3 June 1428, Dan II led an army against the Ottomans at Golubac Fortress, which ended with a treaty that would allow Dan II a semi-peaceful rule until 1432.

In 1432 his country was invaded by a large Ottoman army. Dan was defeated and killed in battle. He was succeeded by Alexandru I Aldea, a son of Mircea cel Batran, who would reign until his death from illness in 1436, and with him being replaced by Vlad II Dracul, father to Vlad Tepes. Dan II's son, Basarab II, would replace Vlad Dracul's son Mircea II in 1443. However, his son lacked the military ability of his father and would lose the throne within a year to Vlad Dracul.

Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra, an indefatigable traveler, possibly the most well-traveled prince of his time, and brother of Henry the Navigator, met with Dan II of Wallachia during Pedro's service to Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor.

title: Dan II of Wallachia


text:
D. C. Fontana

Dorothy Catherine Fontana (March 25, 1939 – December 2, 2019) was an American television script writer and story editor, best known for her work on the original Star Trek series.

After a short period working for Samuel A. Peeples as a secretary, Fontana moved to work for Del Reisman, a producer on The Lieutenant, whose creator was Gene Roddenberry. Though The Lieutenant was soon cancelled, Roddenberry began working on Star Trek, and Fontana was appointed as the series' story editor, but left after the second season to pursue freelance work. She later worked with Roddenberry again on Genesis II and then as story editor and associate producer on Star Trek: The Animated Series. During the 1970s and early 1980s, she worked on a number of television shows including The Streets of San Francisco, Bonanza, The Six Million Dollar Man, Logan's Run, The Waltons, and Dallas.

Roddenberry hired Fontana to work on Star Trek: The Next Generation, but, while she was given an associate producer credit, the experience soured their relationship and resulted in a claim put to the Writers Guild of America. She later wrote an episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and an episode of the Star Trek fan-made series Star Trek: New Voyages.

Fontana was inducted into the Museum of Pop Culture's Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame. She was also awarded the Morgan Cox Award in 2002 by the Writers Guild of America, and was twice named to the American Screenwriters Association's hall of fame.

Early life
Born in Sussex, New Jersey, Fontana was raised in Totowa, New Jersey, graduating from Passaic Valley Regional High School in 1957.

Fontana decided at the age of 11 that she wanted to become a novelist. During her youth, she wrote horror stories featuring herself and her friends. She attended Fairleigh Dickinson University, where she graduated with an associate degree as an Executive Secretarial major. After she graduated from college, she went to New York City, where she got a job working at Screen Gems as the junior secretary to the president of the studio. Shortly after his death, she returned to her home state briefly then moved to Los Angeles. She gained employment in the typing pool at Revue Studios, working as the secretary to writer Samuel A. Peeples during his time on the Western television series Overland Trail.

When the series was canceled, Peeples and Fontana moved on to The Tall Man, and Fontana sold Peeples a story called "A Bounty for Billy". She was 21; it was her first story sale. She continued to work with Peeples on the western television series Frontier Circus. During her work with Peeples, she sold six story ideas, including one on Shotgun Slade for Nat Holt. She was restricted in that particular episode, since the series only allowed for four main speaking roles including the main character. Another episode on which she worked had to be re-written to remove any outside scenes, as it was raining during the shoot, which could not be delayed for the weather to change. These were all created under the name of Dorothy C. Fontana. Peeples moved on from the company, but Fontana stayed and returned to the typing pool.

Story editing
Fontana saw a position on a Marine Corps-based series called The Lieutenant and applied; Fontana began working as a secretary for producer Del Reisman. Around this time, she adopted the gender-blind pen name D.C. Fontana for her writing, to prevent her pitches being prejudged on the basis of her gender, as she was one of the few female writers at NBC at the time. The Lieutenant was created by Gene Roddenberry, whom she ended up working directly for after his secretary fell ill. After finding out she wanted to become a writer, Roddenberry encouraged her. In 1964, she published her first novel, a Western called Brazos River, with Harry Sanford. The Lieutenant ran for one season.

After the series was canceled, Roddenberry began work on Star Trek, and Fontana was introduced to science fiction, which had not been a previous interest of hers. Following encouragement from associate producer Robert H. Justman, and as she had been working on the show from the start of the development, Roddenberry assigned her the task of writing a teleplay on an idea he had for an episode called "The Day Charlie Became God". She worked the premise into the script for "Charlie X", although she gave Roddenberry the story credit and only took the teleplay credit for herself. It was broadcast as the second episode of the series. Although this was an adapted story, she also wrote "Tomorrow Is Yesterday" from her own idea. By the middle of the first season Steve Carabatsos, the story editor, had already left the production, and it appeared that the second editor, John D. F. Black, was also planning to leave, so Roddenberry gave Fontana the task of rewriting the episode "This Side of Paradise". Both Roddenberry and the network were satisfied with Fontana's work, and she became the new story editor instead of Roddenberry's secretary in September 1966.

Fontana subsequently came up with the ideas for the episodes "Journey to Babel" and "Friday's Child". There were other works that she was formally credited with based on the Writers Guild arbitration that were only re-writes of episodes. She later recalled completely re-writing "The Ultimate Computer", as the original writer was unwilling to make the recommended changes. She said that this was a common issue: "You either had to do a light polish, sometimes just on dialogue and then you took no credit for that of course, because it would not be fair, but when you really do a total script overhaul, then it has to automatically go into the Writers Guild for arbitration." She was one of four writers to re-write Harlan Ellison's "The City on the Edge of Forever", alongside Roddenberry, Gene Coon and Carabatsos who had all made changes at different times to Ellison's displeasure. Fontana's draft, submitted on January 23, 1967, was superseded by three further versions by Roddenberry.

Fontana left the team prior to the third season, but continued to write scripts on a freelance basis. These included "The Enterprise Incident", "That Which Survives", and "The Way to Eden"; the last two were credited under the pseudonym Michael Richards. She disliked some of the changes made in "The Enterprise Incident", such as the size of the cloaking device, and found working with her replacement difficult, as the new story editor, Arthur H. Singer, did not understand the basics of the series, such as what the transporter did. She had a further disagreement with producer Fred Freiberger as to how old Leonard McCoy was meant to be as "The Way to Eden" was developed.

Leonard Nimoy credited her for expanding Vulcan culture within Star Trek. He was unsure when "This Side of Paradise" was proposed, as Fontana had changed the romantic lead from Hikaru Sulu to Spock but he enjoyed being able to act out emotions with the character, and also praised her work on "Journey to Babel" and "The Enterprise Incident". Nimoy also felt that unusually among Star Trek writers, Fontana was able to write believable female characters who were fully developed in the screenplay.

Fontana's freelance status meant that she could write for several series, including Westerns once again. In 1969 she was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for an episode of Then Came Bronson, titled "Two Percent of Nothing".

Becoming a producer
During the early 1970s, Fontana acted as Roddenberry's assistant on The Questor Tapes, but was not involved in the writing; she did however write the novelization. Fontana also wrote a script for Roddenberry's projected Genesis II series. She was hired as story editor, associate producer and de facto showrunner on Star Trek: The Animated Series. Roddenberry (credited for the first time on a Star Trek project as "executive consultant") retained nominal creative control but relinquished most of his authority to Fontana while focusing on other television endeavors and lecture tours. Accordingly, one of her responsibilities on the show was to receive pitches for episodes, which she would then relay to Roddenberry. The series won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Series in 1975.

After that project ended, Fontana became the story editor on The Fantastic Journey (1977). Although it was soon canceled, working with Leonard Katzman led to Fontana writing for the Logan's Run (1977–1978) television series. She also sold stories to several other science fiction series, including The Six Million Dollar Man, Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, and Automan (although the latter never became an episode due to the cancellation of the show). Fontana wrote scripts with her brother for The Waltons and under her own name again for The Streets of San Francisco. One possibly apocryphal story involves Fontana's experience writing for Battlestar Galactica. She was reportedly so dissatisfied with revisions made to her script for "Gun on Ice Planet Zero" that she used a pseudonym; the story spread, resulting in other well-known science fiction writers refusing to work on the show.

When work on Star Trek: The Next Generation began, Roddenberry asked Fontana to join the team, and she offered to pitch some story ideas. After he suggested something involving an alien space station, she worked up the idea to become the pilot "Encounter at Farpoint". She was offered the position of story editor on the crew, but wanted to be an associate producer. Writer Robert Lewin found this difficult initially as, due to her being registered with the Writers Guild of America, he could not contractually ask her to do certain tasks. Since she had offered—and Roddenberry was expecting him to do it—he did anyway. She was eventually given her associate producer position.

Lewin said that this fight caused some resentment between Fontana and Roddenberry, and she left during the first season. She had written a story that would have brought Nimoy onto the show as Spock, but it was rejected by Roddenberry. When the actor and character later appeared in the fifth season episode "Unification", she felt that her original take on The Next Generation was the right one. Her work on "Encounter at Farpoint" was expanded by Roddenberry to add the character Q, as when she wrote her draft it was unclear whether it would be a single or double episode. She had her work on the episode "The Naked Now" credited to the pseudonym J Michael Bingham. Her relationship with Roddenberry became so strained prior to her departure that she began tape-recording their conversations. After she left, she put in a claim with the Writers Guild that she had also worked as a story editor on the series, but was never paid for it. This was settled amicably with Paramount Television.

Later work
Pocket Books editor Dave Stern approached Fontana to write a Star Trek novel, and she proposed writing the story of Spock's first mission on the Enterprise, joining a crew led by Captain Christopher Pike. Vulcan's Glory also included Scotty's first mission and an exploration of Number One. She described this as a pleasant experience, particularly working with Stern.

Fontana returned to the Star Trek franchise, with "Dax", an episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Peter Allan Fields brought Fontana onto the series after he had previously worked with her on The Six Million Dollar Man. She found the episode difficult to write due to the characters not yet being fully explored since it was early in the first season. The nature of the character of Jadzia Dax's opinion of her previous symbionts had not yet been settled and was only resolved when Fields re-wrote part of Fontana's work. The duo were jointly credited with the screenplay.

Fontana wrote the episode "The War Prayer" for the first season of Babylon 5, based on a premise by series creator J. Michael Straczynski. Only the pilot was available for research purposes, so she spent some time speaking with Straczynski to get a feel for the series. She went on to work on the episode "Legacies", which was the only installment of the first season that was created by a freelancer, but not based on one of Straczynski's ideas. He asked her to pitch and chose the idea for "Legacies" over a premise of his own. For her season-two episode "A Distant Star", she wrote the script based on an idea by Straczynski. Straczynski was so impressed with her character Neroon from “Legacies” that he became a recurring role.

Together with Derek Chester, Fontana also wrote the scripts for Bethesda Softworks video games Star Trek: Legacy and Star Trek: Tactical Assault. Todd Vaughn, Bethesda Softworks' VP of Development, described her as "one of Star Trek most prolific and distinguished writers".

Fontana wrote the episode "To Serve All My Days" for the fan-made production Star Trek: New Voyages.

Fontana's work on "The Enterprise Incident" in the third season of Star Trek led to IDW Publishing seeking to have her write a sequel in comic book form for Star Trek: Year Four, titled "The Enterprise Experiment".

After joining the Writers Guild of America in 1960, Fontana served on the board between 1988 and 1990, and between 1991 and 1993. She was awarded the Morgan Cox Award for services to the guild in 2002. She was inducted into the American Screenwriters Association hall of fame twice, in 1997 and in 2002.

Personal life
In 1981, Fontana married visual effects artist Dennis Skotak.

On December 2, 2019, Fontana died of cancer at a hospital in Burbank, California.

Books

 * Questor Tapes (1974)- novelization
 * Murder in Los Angeles (1987)- co-author
 * Vulcan’s Glory (1989)- Star Trek book 44
 * Futurus Rex (2022) Co-authored with Lynn Barker who finished the book after her death

title: D. C. Fontana


text: Category talk:Psychotherapy

title: Category talk:Psychotherapy


text:
User talk:Newfette

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Newfette


text:
Talk:Recursive definition

merge
Isn't this subject already covered by Recursion, though? -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:41, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I wondered that, too, but then I read the recursion article. My article can stand alone, although I wouldn't mind if someone merged the two together. --Uncle Ed 19:08, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * These seems to be recursive definitions not recursive functions. Is that a distinction?  RJFJR (talk) 16:52, 14 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, so I oppose the merge. These are distinct notions. An important application in type theory (and thus type systems) is the recursive data type. Pcap ping  07:56, 18 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose the merge. This article stands by itself; it has multiple uses, one of which is as a sub-page of definition. --Ancheta Wis (talk) 12:16, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Recursive definitions in hacker culture
removed because as far as I can tell these are circular rather than recursive definitions, since they lack a base case. RJFJR (talk) 16:52, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

The computer language LISP has a similar definition, and some fans of LISP have playfully constructed acronyms which are recursive but with an infinite regress. Hackers seem to find this a source of immense amusement. For example,

 * GNU means "GNU's Not Unix".
 * WINE means "WINE Is Not an Emulator"

WFFs
Shouldn't the letters be replaced by the actual logic symbols? Dude1818 (talk) 00:11, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

Problems in the proof of the definition by recursion theorem
The proof that recursive definitions are legit needs an overhaul. Right off the bat, the initial supposition that one has both the functions f and g begs the whole question. The function f is the very one whose existence is supposed to be justified by the theorem. What you want to prove (in the simplest case) is that, given ONLY a function g and an object b, there exists a function f on ℕ satisfying f(0) = b and f(n+1) = g(f(n)), for all n∈ℕ. The proof proceeds in two parts. First, by induction (or, equivalently, the least number principle), one shows that, for every n∈ℕ, there is a (finite) function Fn on {0,...,n} such that Fn(0) = b and, for m<n, Fn(m+1)=g(Fn(m)). (The current proof gestures in this direction but the effort is vitiated by the references to the function f whose existence is to be proved.)

In the second part of the proof, one defines the desired function f (now called "F" in the proof) to be "the set theoretic union of all the Fn". However, you can't just take the union of "all" of a bunch of things, as the current proof would have it. You first have to prove that they exist together as the members of a set. That is proved in this case as follows: Every Fn is a subset of ℕxℕ and hence is a member of the powerset ℘(ℕxℕ) of ℕxℕ. Hence, the set M of all of the Fn exists by the axiom of Separation: M = {h ∈ ℘(ℕxℕ) : h is Fn, for some n}. The desired function f given by the recursion can now be proved to exist by the Union axiom: f = ∪ M.

I don't have time to gussy this up for the entry at the moment, but it needs to be done. I'll do it eventually if no one else does. TXlogic (talk) 14:40, 24 November 2013 (UTC)

(Aczel 1978:740ff)
What is it? Was here Fractaler (talk • contribs) 08:52, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Indeed, the inline citation has been added in Special:Diff/310702907. In the same edit a citation '(Aczel 1978:740)' was added, which seems to make more sense as a normal page number. However, a reference added does not agree with both citations, as it gives 1977 as a year of publication instead of 1978.
 * Anybody willing to clarify the discrepancies? I'm afraid there's no hope the author will fix them, as he or she seems inactive for over a year...  --CiaPan (talk) 16:36, 4 August 2019 (UTC)
 * It looks like the year should be 1977 instead of 1978. In that reference, the first page is a table of contents and the material itself starts at page 740, so "740 and the following" really just refers to Aczel's introduction and however much the reader wants to keep going through. XOR'easter (talk) 18:10, 4 August 2019 (UTC)

Error
"Note that this definition assumes that N is contained in a larger set (such as the set of real numbers) — in which the operation + is defined." is not correct. 31.49.9.229 (talk) 22:19, 29 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Recursive definition


text:
Paul W. Fairman

Paul Warren Fairman (1909–1977) was an editor and writer in a variety of genres under his own name and under pseudonyms. His detective story "Late Rain" was published in the February 1947 issue of Mammoth Detective. He published his story "No Teeth for the Tiger" in the February 1950 issue of Amazing Stories. Two years later, he was the founding editor of If, but only edited four issues. In 1955, he became the editor of Amazing Stories and Fantastic. He held that dual position until 1958. His science fiction short stories "Deadly City" and "The Cosmic Frame" were made into motion pictures.

Career
Fairman left Ziff Davis, the magazines' publisher, when he was hired as managing editor of Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine in 1958 by its new publisher B. G. Davis, who had left ZD to found his own Davis Publications, and purchased EQMM from Mercury Press as his first major act; Fairman continued till 1963. when he left to focus on writing his own work, often under different names. He ghost-wrote several juveniles, such as The Runaway Robot (1965), based on outlines by Lester del Rey, whose name appeared on the books. He also wrote the Sherlock Holmes part of Ellery Queen's A Study In Terror (1966), in which Ellery is anonymously sent a previously unknown manuscript written by John Watson, M.D.

Movie and television adaptations
His short story "Deadly City", which appeared in the March 1953 issue of If magazine under the pseudonym Ivar Jorgensen, was made into the motion picture Target Earth. The story is about an alien invasion of Chicago and the evacuation of the city. The aliens had destroyed several Michigan towns, killing all the inhabitants, and had moved on to Illinois. The plot revolves around five characters who remain in the deserted city. They have to survive in a city devoid of people and facing annihilation by alien invaders.

His short story "The Cosmic Frame", published in the May 1955 Amazing Stories, was made into the 1957 science fiction movie Invasion of the Saucer Men and was remade, although uncredited, in 1965 as The Eye Creatures. The 1960 The Twilight Zone episode "People Are Alike All Over" was based upon his 1952 short story "Brothers Beyond the Void". His short story "Some Day They'll Give Us Guns" was filmed for the 1952 TV series The Unexpected, which was also known as Times Square Playhouse.

His short story "Beast of the Void" (currently available in Weird Science Fiction Tales: 101 Weird Scifi Stories Vol. 2, Civitas Library Classics) was published in 1956, and introduced the concept of amorphous intelligent matter in space capable of re-forming as perfect living copies of creatures from the memories of human explorers, including the protagonist's lost wife. (A similar theme was greatly expanded by Stanislaw Lem for his 1961 novel "Solaris", which was later filmed by Andrei Tarkovsky in 1972 and by Steven Soderbergh in 2002.)

Novels

 * Invasion From the Deep (1951)
 * Rest in Agony (1963) [as by Ivar Jorgensen]
 * Ten From Infinity (1963)
 * The World Grabbers (1964)
 * City Under the Sea (1965)
 * The Forgetful Robot (1968)
 * I, the Machine (1968)
 * Whom the Gods Would Slay (1968) [as by Ivar Jorgensen]
 * The Deadly Sky (1971) [as by Ivar Jorgensen]
 * The Doomsday Exhibit (1971)
 * That Girl (1971) [a gothic spin-off of the Marlo Thomas TV series]
 * The Frankenstein Wheel (1972)
 * The Diabolist (1972)
 * The Girl With Something Extra (1973)

Novels as ghost-writer
Fairman ghost-wrote the following novels based on extensive outlines by Lester del Rey.

 * The Runaway Robot (1965)
 * Rocket from Infinity (1966)
 * The Infinite Worlds of Maybe (1966)
 * The Scheme of Things (1966)
 * Tunnel Through Time (1966)
 * Siege Perilous (1966; The Man Without a Planet, 1969)
 * Prisoners of Space (1968)

Short stories

 * Late Rain (February, 1947) Mammoth Detective
 * The Body of Madelon Spain (August, 1947) Mammoth Detective
 * Hallowed Be the Name (August, 1947) Mammoth Mystery
 * No Hero Stuff (September, 1947) ''Mammoth Detective'
 * The Guns of God (November, 1947)'
 * Bullets For Breakfast (February, 1948) Mammoth Western
 * The Lady and the Lynch Mob (August, 1948) Mammoth Western
 * Nesters Die Hard (November, 1948) Mammoth Western
 * Dead Man’s Gold (December, 1948) Mammoth Western
 * The Memoirs of John Shevlin - The West’s Greatest Detective: The Case of the O’Henry Ending (December, 1949) Mammoth Western
 * Devil on the Mountain (1949) Mammoth Western Quarterly
 * The Broken Doll (July, 1950) Fantastic Adventures
 * No Teeth for the Tiger (February, 1950) Amazing Stories
 * Never Trust a Martian! (January, 1951) Amazing Stories
 * Whom the Gods Would Slay (1951) [as by Ivar Jorgensen]
 * Nine Worlds West (1951) [as by Clee Garson]
 * Invasion from the Deep (1951)
 * Witness for the Defense (1951)
 * The Man with the Clutching Hand (1951)
 * The Terrible Puppets (1951)
 * The Man Who Stopped at Nothing (1951)
 * Proud Asteroid (1951)
 * Deadly Cargo (December, 1951) Fantastic Adventures
 * The Missing Symbol (1952) [as by Ivar Jorgensen]
 * Rest in Agony (1952) [as by Ivar Jorgensen]
 * The Secret of Gallows Hill (1952)
 * A Child Is Missing (1952)
 * Brothers Beyond the Void (1952)
 * Strange Blood (1952)
 * The Dog with the Weird Tale (1952)
 * The Jack of Planets (1952)
 * Let's Have a Little Reverence (1952)
 * "Someday They'll Give Us Guns" (1952) starring Bobby Driscoll.
 * The Woman in Skin 13 (1952)
 * The Third Ear (1952)
 * The Girl Who Loved Death (1952)
 * Deadly City (1953)
 * Side Road to Glory (1953) [as by Robert Eggert Lee]
 * The Cosmic Frame (1955)
 * Beyond the Black Horizon (1955)
 * The Smashers (1955)
 * One Man to Kill (1955)
 * This Is My Son (1955)
 * The Man in the Ice Box (1955)
 * All Walls Were Mist (1955)
 * The Beasts of the Void (1956)
 * Black Blockade (1956)
 * Secret of the Martians (1956)
 * The Treasure is Mine! (1956)
 * The Beasts in the Void (1956)
 * Dalrymple's Equation (1956)
 * Jason and the Maker (1956)
 * Traitor's Choice (1956)
 * "I'll Think You Dead!" (1956)
 * The Body Hunters (1959)
 * The World Burners (1959)
 * Give Me My Body! (1959)
 * A Great Night in the Heavens (1959)
 * Culture for the Planets (1968)
 * Not Born to Greatness (1968)
 * Delenda Est Carthago (1968)
 * Interlude in the Desert (1968)
 * Robots Should Stick Together (1968)
 * The Pit (1968)
 * The Minefield (1968)
 * Mastermind of Zark (1968)
 * Phantoms of Zark (1968)
 * The Brown Package (1968)
 * Long Hop (1968)
 * The Gallant Lady (1968)
 * The Space Museum (1968)
 * Those Remarkable Ravencrafts (1968)
 * Lost in a Junkyard (1968)

Essays

 * They Write . . . (1952)
 * Introducing the Author: Paul W. Fairman (1956)
 * A New Kind of Fiction (1957)
 * Of Men and Dreams (1957)
 * It Began With a Letter from the Russians (1958)
 * Jehovah's Witnesses Aren't Science Fiction (1958)

title: Paul W. Fairman


text:
The Beatles Story

The Beatles Story is a museum in Liverpool about the Beatles and their history.

Location and ownership
It is located on the historical Royal Albert Dock, and is owned by Mersey Ferries, part of Merseytravel.

History
The Beatles Story contains recreations of The Casbah Coffee Club, The Cavern Club and Abbey Road Studios among other historical Beatles items, such as John Lennon's spectacles, George Harrison's first guitar and a detailed history about the British Invasion and the solo careers of every Beatle.

Recognised
The museum was also recognised as one of the best tourist attractions of the United Kingdom in 2015.

The exhibition was preceded by the Cavern Mecca (1981-1984) and Beatles City (1984-1986).

title: The Beatles Story


text: Category:Science fiction editors

title: Category:Science fiction editors


text:
Complete variety

In mathematics, in particular in algebraic geometry, a complete algebraic variety is an algebraic variety $X$, such that for any variety $Y$ the projection morphism

 * $$X \times Y \to Y$$

is a closed map (i.e. maps closed sets onto closed sets). This can be seen as an analogue of compactness in algebraic geometry: a topological space $X$ is compact if and only if the above projection map is closed with respect to topological products.

The image of a complete variety is closed and is a complete variety. A closed subvariety of a complete variety is complete.

A complex variety is complete if and only if it is compact as a complex-analytic variety.

The most common example of a complete variety is a projective variety, but there do exist complete non-projective varieties in dimensions 2 and higher. While any complete nonsingular surface is projective, there exist nonsingular complete varieties in dimension 3 and higher which are not projective. The first examples of non-projective complete varieties were given by Masayoshi Nagata and Heisuke Hironaka. An affine space of positive dimension is not complete.

The morphism taking a complete variety to a point is a proper morphism, in the sense of scheme theory. An intuitive justification of "complete", in the sense of "no missing points", can be given on the basis of the valuative criterion of properness, which goes back to Claude Chevalley.

title: Complete variety


text:
User:Cookiemoocher

I am a 31 year old Postdoctoral Fellow at Princeton University working on surface chemistry and plasma interactions of thin lithium films.

title: User:Cookiemoocher


text:
University of Białystok

The University of Bialystok is the largest university in the north-eastern region of Poland, educating in various fields of study, including humanities, social and natural sciences and mathematics. It has nine faculties, including a foreign one in Vilnius. Four faculties have been awarded the highest scientific category “A”. The University of Bialystok has the right to confer doctoral degrees in ten fields, as well as postdoctoral degrees in law, economics, chemistry, biology, history and physics.

Over 13,000 students are being educated in 31 fields of study, including doctoral studies and postgraduate studies. The university employs nearly 800 academics, almost 200 professors among them.

Every year the university carries out approximately 60 research projects, financed from domestic and foreign funds; it also benefits from the structural funds. Among the university's many accomplishments are its participation in 6th and 7th Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration, Horizon 2020, Comenius and Aspera as well as the DAPHNE III programme.

History
University of Białystok was opened on June 19, 1997. The university was established as a result of a transformation of the Branch of the University of Warsaw in Białystok after 29 years of its existence.

The university has a branch in Vilnius, Lithuania.

Foundation
The University of Bialystok Foundation, Universitas Bialostocensis (Fundacja Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku Universitas Bialostocensis) - independent, non-profit, non-governmental organization located in Białystok, Poland.

Foundation was chartered on April 22, 2004, by founders from the academic circles of the University of Bialystok. Foundation is governed by an independent Board of Directors. Foundation aims organizational, material and financial support for the academic excellence and future development of the University of Bialystok. It runs such activities as: lectures, seminars, conferences, courses and workshops, business and legal consulting, participation in EU funding programs, providing financial support for academic projects and student scholarships, support students’ organizations at the University of Bialystok

Rectors

 * Adam Jamróz (1997–2002)
 * Marek Gębczyński (2002–2005)
 * Jerzy Nikitorowicz (2005–2012)
 * Leonard Etel (2012-2016)
 * Robert CIborowski (since 2016)

Staff

 * Professors: 162
 * Habilitated doctors: 7
 * Senior lecturers: 291
 * Teachers (total): 348
 * Total staff: 808
 * Number of students: 15 034

International cooperation
International cooperation is also carried out based on about 200 bilateral agreements with institutions from the EU within the framework of the Erasmus programme.

As the first university in the country the University of Bialystok launched a foreign branch in Vilnius, Lithuania; the Faculty of Economics and Informatics has been created there, which educates people of mostly Polish origin, but it is also increasingly popular among the Lithuanian youth.

In 2013 the University of Bialystok initiated the creation of an international consortium of universities from Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia under the name of Border University Network. It is composed of 10 universities. Cooperation shall include applying jointly for international grants, joint research projects, exchange of research and implementation services.

Faculties
Faculty of Biology

 * Biology
 * Eco-Business
 * Biological Sciences

Faculty of Chemistry

 * Chemistry
 * Forensic and Criminal Chemistry
 * Environmental Protection
 * Chemical Sciences

Faculty of Economics and Finance

 * Economics (Bachelor's and Master's degrees)
 * Economic and Legal Studies (Bachelor's and Master's degrees)
 * International Economic Relations (Bachelor's and Master's degrees)

Faculty of Philology

 * Polish Philology
 * Philology with specializations:

 * English Philology
 * English Philology with German
 * English Philology with Spanish
 * English Philology with Russian
 * French Philology (educational offer for candidates starting French language from scratch)
 * French Language (from scratch) with English – translation profile
 * Applied French Language with Spanish (educational offer for candidates starting French language from scratch)
 * Russian Philology (for candidates starting Russian language from scratch)
 * Russian Philology (for candidates with knowledge of Russian)
 * Russian Philology – Language Communication in Business

Faculty of Physics

 * Physics, full-time studies, first degree
 * Physics, full-time studies, second degree
 * Doctoral studies in physics, full-time studies
 * Postgraduate Physics studies

Faculty of History and International Relations

 * History (Bachelor's and Master's degrees)
 * International Relations (Bachelor's and Master's degrees)
 * Eastern Studies (Bachelor's degree)

Faculty of Mathematics

 * Theoretical Mathematics (Bachelor's and Master's degrees)
 * Financial Mathematics (Bachelor's and Master's degrees)
 * Information Security (Bachelor's degree)
 * Data Analysis and Modeling (Master's degree)

Faculty of Education Sciences

 * Pedagogy, full-time studies, first degree
 * Social Work, full-time studies, first degree
 * Pedagogy, full-time studies, second degree
 * Social Work, full-time studies, second degree

Faculty of Law

 * Administration, full-time studies, first degree
 * National Security, full-time studies, first degree
 * Criminology, full-time studies, first degree
 * Law, full-time integrated Master's degree
 * Administration, full-time studies, second degree
 * National Security, full-time studies, second degree
 * Criminology, full-time studies, second degree
 * Administration, part-time studies, first degree
 * National Security, part-time studies, first degree
 * Criminology, part-time studies, first degree
 * Administration, part-time studies, second degree
 * National Security, part-time studies, second degree
 * Criminology, part-time studies, second degree
 * Law, part-time integrated Master's degree
 * Tax Advisory, full-time studies, second degree
 * Tax Advisory, part-time studies, second degree

Institute of Philosophy

 * Philosophy and Ethics (Bachelor's degree)
 * Philosophy 2º (Master's degree)
 * Cognitive Science and Communication (Bachelor's degree)

Institute of Informatics

 * Computer Science (Bachelor's and Master's degrees)
 * Computer Science and Econometrics (Bachelor's degree)

Institute of Sociology

 * Sociology (Bachelor's and Master's degrees)
 * Sociology, specialization in Social Communication (Master's degree)

Institute of Cultural Studies

 * Cultural Studies, specialization in Media and Communication
 * Cultural Studies, specialization in Advertising and Public Relations
 * Cultural Studies, specialization in Film Studies and Media Studies
 * Cultural Studies, specialization in Digital Media Communication
 * Cultural Studies, specialization in Podlasie Culture

Institute of Management

 * Management, specialization in Enterprise Management
 * Management, specialization in Sales Management
 * Management, specialization in Enterprise Management
 * Management, specialization in Psychology in Management

Faculty of Economics and Informatics in Vilnius

 * Economics, full-time studies, first degree
 * Computer Science, full-time studies, first degree
 * European Studies, full-time studies, first degree
 * Economics, full-time studies, second degree

title: University of Białystok


text:
Salute (pyrotechnics)

In pyrotechnics a salute is a device primarily designed to make a loud report (bang), rather than have a visual effect, although most salutes also have a bright flash. They most commonly consist of a 70:30 mixture of potassium perchlorate and dark aluminium powder and may have titanium added for a cloud of sparks (titanium salute). The salute may be fired on the ground (ground salute) or launched from a mortar as a shell (aerial salute). Due to the nature of the effect, large salutes are some of the more hazardous fireworks.

Most of the "salutes" are made with flash powder. Flash powder has a fast burn rate, unlike black powder.

All ground salutes over 50mg and air salutes over 130mg are restricted by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and the Child Protection Act of 1966.

Examples of salutes

 * Cherry bomb
 * M-80
 * M-100
 * Quarter stick

title: Salute (pyrotechnics)


text:
Talk:Connaught Rangers

Rangers mutiny in India in 1920
I'm surprised that there's no information on the Rangers' mutiny in India in 1920. Anyone know much about it?

Sorry, been really busy, nearly finished the whole article which will include the Mutiny SoLando 19:04, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Devil's Own
Any idea how they got the nickname? --Henrygb 01:17, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

 * General Thomas Picton, during his time commanding the regiment, was known to despise them; he gave them the nickname not as a compliment, but as an insult for (as he saw it) their drunken and criminal antics. As British and Irish troops often do however, they took this insult and turned it on its head into something they took pride in. 2A00:23C5:CE1C:DB01:FCE4:D7DF:2C92:AA12 (talk) 17:24, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

 * The nickname 'Devil's Own' only appears in the mid-19th century, first recorded in the 'Naval & Military Gazette' of October 8th, 1853-
 * " SOBRIQUETS OF REGIMENTS:
 * 88th - The Devil’s Own-  The 87th being the “Prince’s Own” General Picton named the 88th “The Devil’s Own,” as a compliment to their dauntless bravery in presence of the enemy, and their uniform irregularity in camp and quarters.{Footnote: Connaught Boys}"
 * This appears to be a Victorian invention. There is no reference to the epithet or its origins in the regimental Historical Record published in 1837 nor in the writings of William Grattan a former officer in the 88th (‘Reminiscences of a Subaltern,’ The United Service Journal,  1830-33; Adventures with the Connaught Rangers, 1847) who records only that soon after the regiment joined  Picton’s Third Division, when two soldiers of the 88th had been flogged for stealing a goat, Picton had publicily denounced the regiment for being known in the army as  “Connaught Foot-pads.” The officers of the regiment protested and Picton later withdrew his comments, after which he always addressed the regiment as ‘Rangers of Connaught.’
 * The 1853 list was reprinted in the Naval & Military Gazette of October 5th,1861, as The Devil’s Own, Connaught Boys,which was then taken up but misconstrued by author Richard Trimens who rendered it as “The Devil’s Own Connaught Boys” in his  The Regiments of the British Army, Chronologically Arranged  of 1878. Thereafter, books and press articles repeated one or other version and it became established as fact.
 * JF42 (talk) 10:40, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

WPMILHIST Assessment
A rather nice start, and a brief skim seems to indicate that it's well-written and relatively thorough. The sections on the Peninsular and Crimean War are absurdly short, however, and in my personal opinion, it looks bad. If these sections can be expanded, that would be great; if not, perhaps the statement that the Rangers served in these conflicts should be included somewhere else. Perhaps at the beginning of the following section - "After having served in the Peninsular (18xx-xxxx) and Crimean (xxx) Wars, the Rangers returned to Britain..." LordAmeth 20:45, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Merge
There's also 88th Regiment of Foot (Connaught Rangers). I suggest that is merged here. Alternatively, the specific 88th Foot history here could be merged there, and this left only for the post 1880 history of the combined 88th & 94th. (The early history of the 94th is missing from this; that page redirects here, though). Gwinva (talk) 09:27, 18 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I'd prefer two seperate pages for the prior regiments Kernel Saunters (talk) 10:47, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I've transferred the pre-1881 88th Foot info to the appropriate article. There is nothing here on the 94th, so that page needs creating in the future.  Gwinva (talk) 01:12, 4 August 2008 (UTC)
 * More pre-1881 info may have snuck in since this. The page confusingly lightly refers to the napoleonic era units, instead of simply sending us to that earlier regiment's page. Not sure of the format for such a direction, so I'll leave it to a more experienced editor. Could the page titles include these temporal discriminations?EdJ343 (talk) 23:21, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

connaught rangers association
i would just like to let you know that their is an excellant association dedicated to preserving the name connaught rangers,which was formed in 2002 in boyle co.roscommon,ireland.their website is connaughtrangersassoc.com well done on connaughtrangers information —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.45.206.19 (talk) 12:25, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

The site suggests that two VC were awarded to Private Fitzpatrick and Private Danagher. I believe that this should be Private Francis Fitzpatrick and Private Thomas Flawn. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 147.252.229.246 (talk) 19:08, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

Irish regiment of the British Army
This article has used the phrase "Irish regiment of the British Army" for as long as it has existed, until MFIreland, who appears to have POV on this, chose to delete it. To make this change, to elide the fact that the Rangers were Irish from inception, just as much as the Scottish Dragoons were raised in Scotland and the Anglians in East Anglia. It is a critical fact of their history and unconscionable to seek to erase it. Such a major change in this, as in any other article, should only be made after securing consensus on the talk page. MFIreland has made no attempt to do this. I am reverting again and I invite him to engage in debate before redoing the deletion. --Red King (talk) 23:56, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Quite an odd thing to remove, particularly without explanation. It was important facet of the regiment. --RA (talk) 00:24, 25 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I completely agree. It is an essential part of their history and identification---even the name makes it clear they are from Connaught.  In addition, the mutiny in India is viewed as an aspect of the larger conspiracy between Irish and Indian nationalists against the British.  This cannot be accurately understood if the Rangers are not viewed as an Irish regiment. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  01:47, 25 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Also agreed. Given a similar pattern of edits on other articles, I have raised a concern/suggestion to the editor in question. Guliolopez (talk) 02:43, 25 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The question of whether the Rangers were Irish or British ought to be settled by discussion rather than by unilateral effacement of the article.

 * There are interesting questions: Although the original regiment personnel were raised in Connacht, how long thereafter did the majority of the men remain Irish? Always? Or were the Irish ranks diluted by British recruits? After the amalgamation of the 88th and 94th regiments brought in a wave of Glaswegians, what proportion of Irish soldiers remained? When does a regiment cease to be Irish?

 * That Irishmen assisted British foreign and imperial military efforts complicates the Irish historical narrative. —O'Dea  05:43, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

It cant be both. Its either Irish or British. The phrase Anglo-Irish is often used to imply links between the two but in this case I dont think it would work. The term "raised in" is often used in military unit articles. "raised in Ireland" may be the better option for the intro. --MFIreland (talk) 10:55, 25 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes it can - until 1922 the island of Ireland was a constituent part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Kernel Saunters (talk) 12:13, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes, it absolutely can. As others points out we need to be watchful of a tendency in the Irish (republican) historical narrative to raise contradictions like these where none existed. During the 19th century, almost half of the British army was composed of Irishmen. --RA (talk) 00:12, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Of course something can be both. Many phenomena do not fall neatly into comfortable EITHER/OR logical divisions but exist in BOTH/AND logical configurations, thereby complicating life for everyone and obliging us to think harder. We're not children who need to take comfort in simple categories. Reality is messier than fantasy. It's a biscuit in a bar. —O'Dea  01:53, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I have a book called "The Irish Regiments, 1683-1999" (R G Harris). It's about the Irish regiments, they are referred to throughout the book as Irish regiments. In "A Forlorn Hope: The Royal Dublin Fusiliers in the Kaiser's Battle" and other books on the Dubs it is described as an Irish regiment. I could pick dozens of other books where these well-known regiments are described as Irish regiments. This more than satisfies the Wikipedia criteria for verifiability, so the adjective should remain, not only here but also on the other sites that MFIreland has reverted. Hohenloh + 21:26, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

Murder assertion
The assertion that Barror murdered 2 men is cited with ref to an unspecified passage in the "3rd Battalion, Connaught Rangers War Diary". Couple of issues with this.

Firstly, only two Rangers were recorded in the diary as being in Dublin over Easter - Leeson and Barror. Both were on leave in Dublin when the Rising started. (The rest of 3rd Battalion - according to the self same diary - were in Cork at the outbreak). Leeson reported to an officer in the RIR, and was deployed to the Crown Alley telephone exchange. Barror reported to an officer of the 10th Bn RDF, and is recorded as being involved in actions which resulted in the deaths of 2 snipers. There is nothing in the diary about "murdering" 2 people that I can see.

Secondly, while I could (of course) be missing something in the text, unless there was some kind of court-martial (of which there would be more record), it seems very unlikely that the Bn's own diary would blithely record someone as having "murdered" two people.

This claim either needs SPECIFICS from the diary (page number, copy of text, etc) which support the claim, or it needs to be reworded to reflect the facts available. Or it should be removed. Guliolopez (talk) 21:36, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Hohenloh + 23:13, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

War Diary
A number of statements cite the 3rd Battalion war diary, without further information. Can we be informed as to where this can be read? Is it online anywhere? --Red King (talk) 18:04, 30 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment: the UK National Archives (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/war-diaries-ww1.htm) doesn't mention the 3rd Btn., presumably because it remained as a reserve. --Red King (talk) 18:12, 30 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I have removed the 1916 section completely. The 3rd Btn. was solely a training battalion that never left Ireland so by definition [not being in the war] it couldn't have had a war diary. So I have to assume that the material contributed is fictitious since the source it cites in support does not exist. Of course I'd be happy to be proved wrong - just produce the source and say where it can be inspected. --Red King (talk) 13:29, 9 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree. I had already tagged this.Hohenloh+

Easter Week
Before you, anonymous contributor 109.154.157.211, make any further edits on any page you first need to conform to accepted Wikipedia standards of practice and proceedure and officially register with a "User:name" to enable questions arising from your edits be clarified and replied to on your talk page. You have been asked several times to name a recongnised historical source in which the mentioned "war diary" has been published, but you ignore providing this and the need for such verification. If I may make the comparison, your widespread style of editing is very reminicent of that earlier by blocked User:MFIreland. At any rate until verifiable sources are quoted, this section ought to be fought out here, but not on the article page. Osioni (talk) 18:58, 2 April 2013 (UTC)Osioni
 * Anon contributor IP 109.154.157.211 would appear to have taken on an additional new anon IP 86.168.0.62 identity (now blocked). Osioni (talk) 19:32, 11 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I was thinking about reporting this editor as a sockpuppet. Has this already been done? Hohenloh+ 00:04, 13 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Not that I know of. His one day block appears to have been lifted again! Osioni (talk) 17:02, 13 April 2013 (UTC)

Sweeping Assertion (section The Rangers After 1922)
It is said here of the regiment, "The rolls of which bore the names of every family in Connaught." (The sentence is already pinpointed as needing citation.) That looks a literary distortion (POV?) to those who are aware the regiment also recruited Irishmen from elsewhere in Ireland, besides Englishmen in the First World War - one example being England international footballer Harry Chambers, a native of Northumberland, who enlisted after being signed up by Liverpool.Cloptonson (talk) 12:34, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

"The Devil's Own" 2
The placing of the traditional nickname'The Devil's Own' adjacent to the regimental title is misleading, especially without further mention or explanation elsewhere in the article. Other regiments did have a collooquial name attached to their official title e.g. The Buffs, The Black Watch, The Cameronians. This was not the case with the Conanaught Rangers.

Although one of the better known regimental nicknames, as with many other regiments its origins appear obscure. In this case it seems to be often attributed to Major General Sir Thomas Picton during the Peninsular war, without a direct attribution I am aware of, while the earliest known written mention may only date from a mention in the 'Dublin University Magazine' in the mid C19th. These are both in reference to the former 88th, subsequently the 1st Battalion  of the COnnaught Rangers formed in 1881.

Given that 'Devil's Own'as a nickname is so closely associated with the regiment, it would merit  a separate paragraph or section giving reliable references to the origin of this tradition, rather than appearing as it does now at the head of the article. JF42 (talk) 09:12, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Fine with me if you can find the sources. Dormskirk (talk) 10:24, 4 November 2021 (UTC)
 * See reference above in the earlier 'Devil's Own' section. Neither the regiment's Historical Record of 1837 nor the prolific writings of William Grattan, late of the 88th, make reference to such a nickname or its origin. The earliest reference to the nickname appears to be in a military journal of 1853 and then repeated, or misquoted, in other press articles or military histories thereafter. The fifty-year silence between 1810 and 1861 is eloquent, if not conclusive. Meanwhile, a few years earlier 'The Devil's Own' had indeed been bestowed as a nickname on one of the London volunteer corps, formed by lawyers of the Temple inn of court.
 * JF42 (talk) 11:05, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I have inserted a section into the article setting the nickname and its alleged origins in context. I do think, however, that attaching the nickname to the regimental title is incorrect.

JF42 (talk) 11:44, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Connaught Rangers


text:
Fin rot

Fin rot is a symptom of disease or the actual disease in fish. This is a disease which is most often observed in aquaria and aquaculture, but can also occur in natural populations.

Fin rot can be the result of a bacterial infection (Pseudomonas fluorescens, which causes a ragged rotting of the fin), or as a fungal infection (which rots the fin more evenly and is more likely to produce a white "edge"). Sometimes, both types of infection are seen together. Infection is commonly brought on by bad water conditions, injury, poor diet, stress, or as a secondary infection in a fish which is already stressed by other disease.

Fin rot starts at the edge of the fins, and destroys more and more tissue until it reaches the fin base. If it does reach the fin base, the fish will never be able to regenerate the lost tissue. At this point, the disease may begin to attack the fish's body; this is called advanced fin and body rot.

Fin rot is common in bettas due to poor water conditions in pet stores.

Symptoms

 * Fin edges turn black / brown
 * Fins fray
 * Base of fins inflamed
 * Entire fin may rot away or fall off in large chunks
 * Fins have white dots (if these are seen on the body it is possibly a symptom of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis)

Treatment

 * Change the water and check the filter
 * Treat with a suitable treatment such as phenoxyethanol, malachite green, methylene blue or other proprietary agent (most seem to prefer aquarium salt; however, it is important to make sure the product is for freshwater, not saltwater, fish).
 * Find out the pH and correct it if necessary.
 * Use antibiotics if the rotting is jagged.
 * Use antifungal medication if the rot is more evenly spread out and the fin has holes. This may also be a symptom of an external columnaris infection, especially if it progresses rapidly (within 24 hours) and the rotted edge has a white, fuzzy appearance.
 * Water temperature should be changed to 24–26 °C.

Prevention
Fin rot can be prevented with good water quality, feeding fresh food in small portions and maintaining constant water temperature. Keeping the tank from becoming cluttered (for domestic fish) will also help prevent fin rot.

title: Fin rot


text:
Alexander I Aldea

Alexander I Aldea (1397 – December 1436) was a Voivode of Wallachia (1431–1436) from the House of Basarab, son of Mircea the Elder. He came to rule Wallachia during an extremely turbulent time when rule of the country changed hands by violence eighteen times during the 15th century. Alexander I took the throne by ousting Dan II of Wallachia, father to Basarab II. Dan II was on his 5th rule of Wallachia, having gone back and forth with Radu II several times over the course of seven years during the 1420s. He was strong enough to hold the throne for what was then a considerable time, a stretch of five years. However, in the winter of 1436 he died, most probably from illness, as there are no rumours to the contrary. Upon his death, his half-brother Vlad II Dracul assumed the throne and would hold it off and on until he was killed in 1447.

Alexander I was the uncle of Vlad Tepes (son of Vlad II Dracul).

title: Alexander I Aldea


text: File:M203 aim.jpg

title: File:M203 aim.jpg


text:
Yakovlev Yak-27

The Yakovlev Yak-27 (NATO reporting name "Flashlight-C") was a family of Soviet supersonic aircraft developed in 1958 from the Yak-121 prototype. The most built variant was the tactical reconnaissance Yak-27R (NATO reporting name "Mangrove").

Design and development
The Yak-121 prototype was developed as a successor to the Yak-25 family and it became the base for the Yak-27 family of supersonic interceptor and tactical reconnaissance aircraft. The Yak-27 and Yak-27K interceptors, armed with guns and K-8 missiles respectively, reached or exceeded their requirements, but were overtaken in performance by the Sukhoi Su-9, and so production was not authorized. A high-altitude interceptor version, the Yak-27V, was converted from the Yak-121 prototype by fitting a 1,300 kg•f (2,866 lb•f) Dushkin S-155 rocket booster in the rear fuselage, and Tumansky RD-9AKYe afterburning turbojets. Although performance was very good, reaching the height of 23,000 m (75,400 ft) during trials, development was halted due to maintenance problems of the Dushkin S-155 rocket engine.

The dedicated high-altitude photo-reconnaissance variant of the Yak-27 interceptor was named Yak-27R (NATO designation "Mangrove"). The radome and radar were replaced with a glazed nose for an observer/navigator, two cameras were added, and the Nudelman-Rikhter NR-23 cannon was deleted from the port-board. It had a longer wing with a span of 11.82 m (38 ft 9 in), with two Tumansky RD-9AF turbojet engines and a top speed of about 1,285 km/h (798 mph) at high altitude. It had a service ceiling of 16,500 m (54,000 ft) and a range of 2,380 km (1,480 mi) with two wing tanks. About 180 aircraft were produced in Plant No.292 in Saratov.

Operational history
The Yak-27R entered service with the Soviet Air Force in 1960 and was intended to replace the subsonic Ilyushin Il-28 reconnaissance aircraft. However, despite the greater speed and ceiling, it had less range. The Yak-27R also had some operational limitations and was flown at supersonic speed only by the most experienced pilots. The low position of the engines made them prone to foreign object ingestion from unimproved forward-base runways. With the increasing coverage of anti-aircraft missiles over Europe, the high-altitude Yak-27R was often more limited than the Il-28. The Yak-27R was withdrawn from operational service in the early 1970s, and was replaced by the Yak-28R and the MiG-25R.

Variants

 * Yak-27
 * Supersonic interceptor derived from Yak-121, armed with two 30 mm cannons, did not enter service.

 * Yak-27F
 * Conversion of one Yak-27R with downward pointing TV cameras in the rear fuselage.

 * Yak-27K (Yak-27K-8)
 * Interceptor version of Yak-27, armed with two K-8 missiles, did not enter service.

 * Yak-27R
 * Tactical reconnaissance version of Yak-27, the most built variant with about 180 built.

 * Yak-27LSh, (lyzhnoye shasee - ski undercarriage)
 * Conversion of a Yak-27R, with a single retractable ski under the centre fuselage and enlarged nosewheels.

 * Yak-27RN
 * Reconnaissance version of Yak-27 underwent flight testing, nothing further known.

 * Yak-27V
 * High-altitude interceptor, one prototype only, converted from the Yak-121. Had auxiliary rocket engine.

 * Yak-121
 * Prototype of Yak-27 family.

Operators

 * Soviet Air Force
 * 11th Independent Vitebskiy Reconnaissance Regiment (1966–70, Neu-Welzow, East Germany)
 * 47th Independent Guards Reconnaissance Regiment (received first Yak-27R in May 1959. Last aircraft were retired in mid-1970s and replaced by MiG-25RBs; based at Shatalovo, Moscow Military District)
 * 48th Independent Guards Nizhegorodsky Reconnaissance Regiment (1958–72, Kolomiya, western Ukraine)
 * 98th Independent Guards Vislenskiy Reconnaissance Regiment (? 1961-73, Monchegorsk, Kola Peninsula)
 * 164th Independent Guards Kerchensky Independent Reconnaissance Regiment (1961–73, Brzeg, Poland)
 * 511th Independent Yasskiy Reconnaissance Regiment (1960–65, Buyalyk, near Odessa)
 * 886th Independent Stalingradskiy Reconnaissance Regiment (1966–70, Jēkabpils, Latvia)
 * 886th Independent Stalingradskiy Reconnaissance Regiment (1966–70, Jēkabpils, Latvia)

Survivors
A Yak-27R is preserved at the Central Air Force Museum at Monino, outside of Moscow, Russia.

There are also another two airframes preserved in Germany, one at Hugo Junkers Museum Dessau and the other at Speyer Technic Museum, however the latter is in poor condition.

title: Yakovlev Yak-27