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Connie and Carla

Connie and Carla is a 2004 American comedy film directed by Michael Lembeck and starring Nia Vardalos, Toni Collette, and David Duchovny. The screenplay was written by Vardalos.

The film was shot in Vancouver and featured a number of local drag queens including Joan-E, Justine Tyme, Carlotta Gurl, Summer Clearance, Devana Demille, Seemore Illusion and Helena Handbag.

Plot
Connie and Carla are two performers whose lifelong friendship and co-obsession with musical theater have brought nothing but career dead ends. Despite this, they continue their optimism, hosting a variety act at an airport lounge. After accidentally witnessing a mafia hit in Chicago, they go on the run, landing in Los Angeles. After being fired from a beauty salon, they pose as drag queens and audition to host a drag revue at a gay club called "The Handlebar."

Because they sing their own songs (a rarity for queens), they are hired, and their variety show (at first titled What a Drag (Pun Intended!) then later re-titled Connie and Carla and the Belles of the Balls after they add a few friends to the act) becomes a hit.

Things are going smoothly but they make a pact not to let men interfere with their life. This causes conflict when Connie falls for Jeff, the straight brother of Robert, one of their drag queen friends. As the show gets bigger, they convince the club owner, Stanley, to convert it into a full dinner theater, and eventually their popularity threatens to expose them.

On the official opening night of the dinner theater, the mob killers catch up with them. With the help of their drag queen friends, and to great applause from the audience (who think it is part of their act), Connie and Carla take them down.

They ultimately confess their real identities to the audience and are accepted for who they are. Connie reveals herself to Jeff, who arrives after the chaos. He accepts her and becomes her boyfriend.

Cast

 * Nia Vardalos as Connie
 * Toni Collette as Carla
 * David Duchovny as Jeff
 * Stephen Spinella as Robert / Peaches
 * Dash Mihok as Mikey, Carla's boyfriend
 * Robert John Burke as Rudy, the sadistic crime boss
 * Nick Sandow as Al, Connie's on-again-off-again-right-now-off boyfriend
 * Boris McGiver as Tibor, Rudy's gullible henchman
 * Alec Mapa as Lee / N'Cream
 * Christopher Logan as Brian / Patty Melt
 * Robert Kaiser as Paul
 * Ian Gomez as Stanley, the club owner
 * Chelah Horsdal as the Botoxed Friend
 * Debbie Reynolds as herself
 * Greg Grunberg as Studio tour guide
 * Veena Sood as Mrs. Morse

Musicals referenced or featured
The following is a list of musicals referenced or featured in the film (in the order of which they are presented in the film): Barbra Streisand and Debbie Reynolds were mentioned several times before Reynolds herself appeared and performed with Connie and Carla.
 * Oklahoma! – Connie and Carla perform "Oklahoma!" as young girls in their school lunchroom and in the airport lounge and "I Cain't Say No" during their audition at "The Handlebar," the gay club where they eventually become successful.
 * Jesus Christ Superstar – Connie and Carla perform "Superstar" in the airport lounge and "Everything's Alright" during their first performance at The Handlebar.
 * Yentl – Connie and Carla perform "Papa, Can You Hear Me?" in the airport lounge.
 * Cats – Connie and Carla perform "Memory" in the airport lounge.
 * The Rocky Horror Show – Peaches 'n' Creme perform "The Time Warp" at The Handlebar.
 * Cabaret – Connie and Carla perform "Maybe This Time" at their audition at The Handlebar.
 * Evita – Connie and Carla perform "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" at their audition at The Handlebar.
 * Mame – Interludes during the picture with the character Tibor seeing several performances of Mame at different venues across the country.
 * South Pacific – "I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair", is part of Connie and Carla's performance in What a Drag (Pun Intended!) at The Handlebar. They also sing "There Is Nothing Like a Dame" at the end of the film with the rest of the main cast.
 * Funny Girl – Connie and Carla sing "Don't Rain on My Parade", part of their performance in What a Drag (Pun Intended!) at The Handlebar.
 * Thoroughly Modern Millie, The Producers, Say Goodnight, Gracie, Never Gonna Dance, Gypsy, Chicago, Mamma Mia!, Long Days Journey into Night, "Master Harold"...and the Boys, Avenue Q, Man of La Mancha, and Hairspray – Billboards for these shows are shown.
 * Gypsy, Rent, and Hairspray – At this point in the film, these are mentioned by Tibor, Hairspray, of which, he got a matinée ticket, though no songs from the shows are sung. The theater productions of Rent, Hairspray, and Mamma Mia! became semi-successful movie musicals shortly after this film.
 * Gypsy – "Let Me Entertain You" is performed by Connie, Carla, and the Belles of the Balls.
 * Hair – Connie says the guys should enter from the back of the house on "Good Morning Starshine".
 * The Music Man – Debbie Reynolds says they should enter from the back of the house on "Seventy-Six Trombones".
 * Grease – Debbie Reynolds, Connie, Carla, and the Belles of the Balls sing "There Are Worse Things I Could Do".
 * A Chorus Line – Connie and Carla sing "What I Did for Love".
 * Guys and Dolls – Connie mentions "the Guys and Dolls tribute."

Box office
The film had a budget of $27 million, and grossed $8,085,771 domestically, and $3,255,245 in foreign release, making $11,341,016 worldwide. The film grossed $3,254,940 during its opening weekend, opening at number 13 in the 4/16-18 weekend box office. The film has been released on DVD and incorrectly has the runtime at 1 hour, 48 minutes.

Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 44% critic score based on reviews from 122 critics. The site's consensus states: "The two female leads, as well as energitic musical numbers, enliven an otherwise silly reworking of Billy Wilder's Some Like It Hot."

title: Connie and Carla


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Talk:Orbit equation

Central inverse-square law force incorrect equations?
Angular momentum is conserved. I fail to see how l, which is defined to be the angular momentum (specific or not), can possibly be a function of theta. But, there it is, plain as day... --2601:8:A200:5DC:654F:9CAF:C091:1180 (talk) 10:16, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

Three-dimensional orbit equation?
The equation given in this article seems to deal exclusively with orbits in two dimensions, which is all well and good in basic theory, but in astrodynamics an orbiting body moves in three physical dimensions. Is there an all-encompassing equation which can be graphed to show an orbital path in three dimensions? If so, what is it? Should it be added to this article?

AlmightyFjord (talk) 20:46, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * This equation describes a two-body situation, and all two-body situations are planar. The 3D solution simply places the plane of the ecliptic within 3-space. Darekun (talk) 09:54, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Given any two bodies, we can define a 2-D coordinate system. The orientation of the plane of an orbit with respect to another arbitrary plane is, well, arbitrary.  Isaac Newton proved that in a two-body system all orbits stay within a single constant plane.  You dont have to consider a third dimension unless you want to talk about things outside of the orbital plane. And yes, whereas real orbits are far more complicated than that, subject to perturbations and do in fact change in all 3 dimensions over the course of eons, its insignificant in the short term and no one has ever solved the n-body problem anyway, so there is no help anyone can provide. --2601:8:A200:5DC:654F:9CAF:C091:1180 (talk) 10:13, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

Merge proposal opposed
This is to oppose the recent merge proposal: discussion is offered here. Terry0051 (talk) 00:04, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Orbit equation


text: Category:Antioxidants

title: Category:Antioxidants


text:
Watazumi Doso

Watazumi Doso (海童道祖) Roshi (November 20, 1911 - December 14, 1992) was a master of the end-blown Japanese bamboo flute. He studied Rinzai Zen, attaining the title of rōshi.

Born as Tanaka Masaru, he was also known as Tanaka Fumon, Itcho Fumon, Watazumi Fumon, and Watazumi Shuso.

Watazumi played unlacquered instruments that he referred to as hotchiku, in contrast with the modern shakuhachi, stressing that to truly understand nature and oneself, one had to use an instrument of the most raw and natural origin. From this grew what he called Watazumidō "Way of Watazumi".

In addition to hotchiku, Watazumi used the jō for exercise, invigoration, and training.

Quotations

 * "It's fine that you are all deep into music. But there's something deeper and if you would go deeper, if you go to the source of where the music is being made, you'll find something even more interesting. At the source, everyone's individual music is made. If you ask what the deep place is, it's your own life and it's knowing your own life, that own way that you live."
 * "When you hear some music or hear some sound, if for some reason you like it very well; the reason is that sound is in balance or in harmony with your pulse. And so making a sound, you try to make various different sounds that imitate various different sounds of the universe, but what you are finally making is your own sound, the sound of yourself."
 * "He who blows Ro 10 minutes every day can become a master."

Works

 * The Mysterious Sounds of the Japanese Bamboo Flute, Everest Records 3289
 * The Art of the Japanese Bamboo Flute. Album. Legacy International - CD 306. (Reissue of Everest 3289)
 * Sokoinrancho. Album. Philips - PH-7503. 1970.
 * Rinbo Yondai. Album. Philips - PH-7520. 1974.
 * The Sacrifice. Film soundtrack.  1986.
 * Sukiyaki and Chips: The Japanese Sounds of Music. Produced and directed by Jeremy Marre.  A Harcourt Films production for Channel Four.

title: Watazumi Doso


text:
Ben Abruzzo

Benjamin L. "Ben" Abruzzo (June 9, 1930 – February 11, 1985) was an American balloonist and businessman who helped make Albuquerque, New Mexico, into an international ballooning center. He was part of the balloon crews that made the first Atlantic Ocean crossing by balloon in the Double Eagle II and the first Pacific Ocean crossing by balloon in the Double Eagle V.

Life
Abruzzo was born in Rockford, Illinois. He graduated from the University of Illinois with a BS in business administration in 1952 and commissioned as a lieutenant in the United States Air Force. Abruzzo was stationed at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico; adopting New Mexico as his home state after leaving military service in 1954. After working at Sandia Corporation, he became chairman and president of Alvarado Realty Company and started working with the local ski resort. Abruzzo became chairman and president of Sandia Peak Ski Company, Sandia Peak Tram Company, and Sandia Peak Utility Company. He also developed the Sandia Heights subdivision of homes around the base of the Sandia Tram.

Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta
Abruzzo took an interest in hot air ballooning in the early 1970s. In 1972, Abruzzo and other local balloon pilots held the first Albuquerque balloon fiesta with just thirteen balloons launching from a shopping mall parking lot. The Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta is now the largest ballooning event of its kind in the world, with over 600 balloons participating each October.

Double Eagle
In 1977 Abruzzo and fellow balloonist Maxie Anderson decided to attempt a crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in a helium filled gas balloon named the Double Eagle. The balloon was named in honor of Charles Lindbergh, who in 1927 was the first person to cross the Atlantic Ocean in a small single engined aircraft alone. The flight of the Double Eagle occurred fifty years after Lindbergh's feat, and was the eleventh recorded attempt to make the crossing, which had been an open challenge in ballooning for more than a century. The balloon launched from Marshfield, Massachusetts on September 9. After being blown off course by stormy weather, the team was forced to ditch three miles off the coast of Iceland on September 12, $65 1/2$ hours after taking off. Abruzzo suffered exposure and frostbite during the flight and was forced to abandon the attempt.

Double Eagle II
The Abruzzo and Anderson team, this time with Larry Newman, made a second attempt in the Double Eagle II in 1978. The team took off from Presque Isle, Maine on August 11 and made a successful landing in Miserey, France six days later. ABC Sports aired a short form documentary special about the flight hosted by Bob Beatty entitled "The Spirit of '78: The Flight of DOUBLE EAGLE II". For their efforts, the team was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 1979. Later that year, Abruzzo and Anderson piloted together to win the first since WWII International Gordon Bennett Race in the balloon “Double Eagle III”. The Bennett race was suspended in 1939 due to hostilities, not resuming until 1979, with official Gordon Bennett Cup (ballooning) restart in 1983.

Double Eagle V
Abruzzo was also on the Double Eagle V team. The Double Eagle V was the first team to cross the Pacific Ocean in a gas balloon in November 1981. This flight also set a record for longest trip by a team in a balloon.

Death and legacy
Ben Abruzzo died on 11 February 1985 when the Cessna 421 he was piloting crashed near Albuquerque. Abruzzo's wife and four others also died in the crash. Abruzzo's son, Richard Abruzzo, was also a noted balloonist. He too died in an aviation accident.

Creating a foundation, the Abruzzo and Anderson families partnered with the City of Albuquerque and constructed the Anderson-Abruzzo Albuquerque International Balloon Museum next to the launch field of the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta. The World's most photographed event, Fiesta is held the second week of every October.

Abruzzo had partnered with Robert Nordhaus, a retired lawyer and father of Nobel Prize-winning economist William Nordhaus, to purchase the La Madera Ski Area, now known as Sandia Peak Ski Area, from the Albuquerque Ski Club in 1958. Together, they oversaw many improvements to the resort. Two entities at the resort are named for his famous balloon: a ski run, Double Eagle II; and the ski lodge, Double Eagle II Day Lodge.

title: Ben Abruzzo


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B83 nuclear bomb

The B83 is a variable-yield thermonuclear gravity bomb developed by the United States in the late 1970s that entered service in 1983. With a maximum yield of 1.2 MtTNT, it has been the most powerful nuclear weapon in the United States nuclear arsenal since October 25, 2011 after retirement of the B53. It was designed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

History
The B83 was based partly on the earlier B77 program, which was terminated because of cost overruns. The B77 was designed with an active altitude control and lifting parachute system for supersonic low-altitude delivery from the B-1A bomber. B77 nuclear component test firings were attributed to the Operation Anvil series in 1975 and 1976, specifically the "Cheese" test shots in Anvil: The B83 nuclear components have been attributed as the same as the earlier B77.
 * Anvil Kasseri – 28 October 1975, 1200 ktTNT (B77/B83 full yield)
 * Anvil Muenster – 3 January 1976, 800 ktTNT
 * Anvil Fontina – 12 February 1976, 900 ktTNT
 * Anvil Colby – 14 May 1976, 800 ktTNT

The B83 replaced several earlier weapons, including the B28, B43, and to some extent the ultra-high-yield B53. It was the first U.S. nuclear weapon designed from the start to avoid accidental detonation, with the use of "insensitive explosives" in the trigger lens system. Its layout is similar to that of the smaller B61, with the warhead mounted in the forward part of the weapon to make the bomb nose-heavy. It was intended for high-speed carriage (up to Mach 2.0) and delivery at high or low altitude. For the latter role, it is equipped with a parachute retardation system, with a 46 ft Kevlar ribbon parachute capable of rapid deceleration. It can be employed in free-fall, retarded, contact, and laydown modes, for air-burst or ground-burst detonation. Security features include next-generation permissive action link (PAL) and a command disablement system (CDS), rendering the weapon tactically useless without a nuclear yield.

The B83 was test fired in the Grenadier Tierra nuclear weapon test on 15 December 1984, at a reduced yield of 80 kilotonnes due to the Threshold Test Ban Treaty.

With the dismantling of the last B53 bomb in 2011, the B83 became the highest yield nuclear weapon in the U.S. arsenal. In 2022, the Biden administration announced plans to retire the B83. The B61-13 is planned to replace the B83. Although its yield is lower at 360 ktTNT, it incorporates guidance features of the B61-12 for better accuracy while being more powerful than that version to strike harder and large-area targets.

Design
The bomb is 12 ft long, with a diameter of 18 in. The actual nuclear explosive package, judging from published drawings, occupies some 3 to 4 ft in the forward part of the bomb case. The bomb weighs approximately 2400 lb. The location of the lifting lugs shows that the greater part of the total mass is contained in the nuclear explosive.

The bomb has a variable yield: the destructive power is adjustable from somewhere in the low kiloton range up to a maximum of 1.2 MtTNT, some 80 times the explosive power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. The weapon is protected by a Category "D" Permissive Action Link (PAL) that prevents the enabling or detonation of the weapon without proper authorization.

About 650 B83s were built, and the weapon remains in service as part of the United States "Enduring Stockpile".

Aircraft capable of carrying the B83
The following aircraft are certified for carrying the B83 bomb:

•  F-16 Fighting Falcon

•  F-15E Strike Eagle
 * B-52 Stratofortress (formerly)
 * B-1B Lancer (formerly)
 * B-2 Spirit

Nuclear capability has been removed from the B-1B, and the B-52 no longer carries gravity nuclear bombs.

Novel uses
The B83 is one of the weapons considered for use in the "Nuclear Bunker Buster" project, which for a time was known as the Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator, or RNEP. While most efforts have focused on the smaller B61-11 nuclear bomb, Los Alamos National Laboratory was also analyzing the use of the B83 in this role.

The physics package contained within the B83 has been studied for use in asteroid impact avoidance strategies against any seriously threatening near earth asteroids. Six such warheads, configured for the maximum 1.2 MtTNT, would be deployed by maneuvering space vehicles to "knock" an asteroid off course, should it pose a risk to the Earth.

title: B83 nuclear bomb


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Jim Norton (comedian)

James Joseph Norton (born 1968 (age 47)) is an American comedian, radio personality, actor, author, and television and podcast host. Norton has been the co-host of the podcast UFC Unfiltered with Matt Serra and the morning radio show Jim Norton & Sam Roberts on SiriusXM Radio since 2016, and The Chip Chipperson Podcast since 2017.

He gained initial prominence as third mic   on the radio show Opie and Anthony, with Gregg "Opie" Hughes and Anthony Cumia, from 2001 to 2014.

After becoming a stand-up comedian in 1990, Norton spent his early years developing his act. His appearances on The Louie Show caught the attention of comedian Andrew Dice Clay in 1997, who chose Norton to open for him for his shows. In 2000, Norton made his debut on Opie and Anthony and joined the show as a third mic in 2001 which increased his national exposure. He went on to have a recurring role on the sitcom Lucky Louie and featured as a regular panellist on Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn. Since he joined SiriusXM with Opie and Anthony in 2004, Norton hosted Opie with Jim Norton from 2014 to 2016, and The Jim Norton Advice Show.

Since 2003, Norton has released four comedy albums and seven comedy specials, including three on Epix and one on Netflix. In 2014, Norton hosted The Jim Norton Show, a talk show on Vice. He has written two books: Happy Endings: The Tales of a Meaty-Breasted Zilch and I Hate Your Guts.

Early life
James Joseph Norton was born in Bayonne, New Jersey. His mother was a librarian and his father was a former US marine and army reservist who later worked as a driver for the US postal service. Norton grew up in North Brunswick, New Jersey with his sister Tracy.

Norton attended North Brunswick High School, from which he dropped out in his senior year. During this time, at age 13, Norton started to drink heavily, "mostly vodka and grain alcohol" because it got him drunk quicker. "That feeling of discomfort that was always there, wasn't there when I drank. It was just a way of feeling comfortable ... I was horribly insecure, horribly shy, always feeling ugly and weak." At 16, Norton started to cut himself with a razor blade in an attempt at "attention-seeking ... It was "notice me!" crap. I was 16, 17, and drunk. I never did that stuff sober." He then missed some schooling, including his graduation from high school, after his alarmed parents sent him to a rehab facility in Princeton, New Jersey for one month, where he continued to sneak in alcohol but changed his thinking and completed the course at 18. When he was away, his class had voted him as class clown. Norton had his last drink at New Year's Eve 1985 going into 1986, and has been alcohol and drug free since. Norton's addictive personality began to direct towards sex after he got sober.

After being sober for around three years, Norton obtained his GED and attended Middlesex County College with the aim of pursuing a Juris Doctor degree and becoming a lawyer, but quit after one month. He earned a B grade in English and failing grades in Problems and Statistics, Science, and Western Civilization. At 18, he took up work in a copper company, operating a forklift to unload boxed tubes of copper from trucks, which he remembered as being "awful." He was fired from the job at age 23. Norton collected unemployment benefits for several years, pretending to look for work while doing sets in local comedy venues, before he decided to pursue comedy full-time.

Stand-up
Norton wished to pursue a career as a stand-up comedian when he was 12. He took an interest to comedy after his mother brought home comedy albums from work, and names Richard Pryor, George Carlin, Woody Allen, and Robert Klein as his influences. Norton performed his first stand-up routine in April 1990 at an open mic night at Varsity, a pub in Sayreville, New Jersey, when he was 21. He later described his performance as "awful." Norton credited Pat Gaynor for putting him on stage that night, and Ward and John Magnuson of Rascals comedy club as being "instrumental" in his early development. Following his debut, Norton spent five years working on his stand-up traveling to New York, New Jersey, Boston, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Florida with comedians Jim Florentine and Bob Levy, who were coming up at the same time. Norton developed an act based on self-deprecating humor, which came naturally to him and gained encouragement when other comedians told him they enjoyed it. Around ten years into stand-up, Norton felt he had found his voice and felt comfortable enough on stage.

Norton had a breakthrough in 1997 after comedian Andrew Dice Clay noticed his appearance on The Louie Show and asked him to be his opening act on his tours when his original pick cancelled at the last minute. The two first met at the Comedy Store in Los Angeles where Norton was doing his first gig at the venue, and learned Clay wished to go on stage after him. Norton went on to open for Clay in the course of the following three years, playing large venues including Madison Square Garden in New York City in 2000.

The absence of Opie and Anthony from the airwaves between August 2002 and October 2004 encouraged Norton to write and develop his stand-up act. Soon after the show's cancellation, he underwent his Yellow Discipline Tour. In 2003, he had assembled a new 45-minute set and assembled his first comedy album, Yellow Discipline, which was followed by Trinkets I Own Made from Gorilla Hands, in April 2005. Soon after, Norton filmed his first half-hour HBO comedy special as part of the network's One Night Stand series, at NYU's Skirball Center for the Performing Arts after his manager informed him of the chance to perform a showcase in the New York City area. In 2004, Norton was voted best comedian and breakthrough performer of the year on Cringe Humor. Following his return to radio in 2004, Norton began a weekday routine of doing radio in the morning and performing short sets in a New York City comedy club, mostly the Comedy Cellar, in the evening to work on new material. From 2006 to 2008, Norton featured on every show of the annual Opie and Anthony's Traveling Virus Comedy Tour. In 2008, Norton hosted a four-part show on HBO titled Down and Dirty with Jim Norton that featured Lemmy as its musical director. He had Amy Schumer be his opening act in her early career.

Norton had a productive start in the 2010s, writing and releasing three hourlong specials in three and a half years. He released his first, Please Be Offended on the television channel Epix in June 2012, and features Ozzy Osbourne sitting on a toilet introducing Norton. He chose the network as they allowed him complete creative freedom and were willing to promote his product. Norton followed it with American Degenerate, his second for Epix, which aired in August 2013 before it was released on Netflix that November. In April 2015, Norton released his fourth Epix special, Contextually Inadequate. Within three months of its release, Norton was touring with a new hour of material. In the following year, Norton described his career as "stagnant... there's nothing happening."

In 2017, Norton's special A Mouthful of Shame debuted on Netflix. He promoted it with the 31-date Mouthful of Shame Tour, his first nationwide theatre tour as headliner, throughout 2016. The special includes an opening with Robert De Niro spanking Norton's bare bottom. Later in 2017, Norton embarked on his first stand-up tour of Europe. He signed with WME to pitch ideas for his own series on Netflix. He appeared in Season 2, Episode 1 of the Netflix standup comedy series "The Degenerates," released on December 31, 2019.

Radio and podcasts
In early 2001, Norton was hired as the third mic on the Opie and Anthony radio show on WNEW in New York City, with hosts Gregg "Opie" Hughes and Anthony Cumia. He resisted calling himself a "host" of the show as he believes his strongest performances were when he was "an outsider looking in." He first appeared on the show in 2000 with Clay during his time opening for him on tour and became a regular guest and sat in on some shows. In November 2000, Norton was arrested with comedian Lewis Black and show producer Rick Del Gado during their live reports on board the Teen Voyeur Bus, a transparent bus of topless women driving around the city. It so happened that the bus' route was also the route that President Bill Clinton was taking that day, but the show was not informed of the news. Norton spent the night in jail. In August 2002, the show was cancelled following the controversial Sex for Sam 3 segment and remained off the air for two years. Norton returned to the radio with Hughes and Cumia on XM Satellite Radio, an uncensored satellite radio service, in October 2004. Cumia said Norton contributed a "dark and perverse" side to the show.

In October 2008, Norton was sued by New York City attorney Roy Den Hollander over his treatment during a phone interview on Opie and Anthony. In August 2009, The New York Post reported that Hollander was willing to drop his suit if Norton would also drop his motion to have Hollander sanctioned for filing a baseless claim, as well as being forced to pay Norton's legal fees.

On December 2, 2009, Norton had an on-air argument with Jesse Ventura about the September 11 attacks and measures against illegal immigration. Ventura was arguing against what Norton claimed was the Border Patrol practice of stopping individuals and asking them to produce ID deep within US borders, claiming that such actions were unconstitutional. At some point, when Norton disagreed with him on this, Ventura suggested that Norton did not believe in the Constitution to which Norton strongly objected. Soon after, as the argument became more heated, Ventura walked off the air and the two exchanged explicit comments towards each other.

In May 2010, The Jim Norton Show premiered on the Raw Dog Comedy channel on SiriusXM. The show featured Norton as the host with other comedians plus clips of live stand-up.

After Cumia was fired from SiriusXM in July 2014, Hughes and Norton continued to broadcast and became the hosts of Opie with Jim Norton, during which time the channel was renamed Opie Radio. Norton quickly missed working with Cumia, disliked the title of the re-branded program, and felt that he had not taken over the vacant spot left by Cumia, but rather was a voice on a show hosted by Hughes. The show ended in September 2016. During this time, Norton also hosted a weekly advice show on SiriusXM named The Jim Norton Advice Show.

In October 2016, Norton became the host of Jim Norton & Sam Roberts with former Opie and Anthony intern and producer Sam Roberts. Norton has a nightly one-hour playlist segment on Ozzy's Boneyard, a channel on SiriusXM, named Obsessed that airs his favourite tracks.

In mid-2016, Norton ended an online crowdfunding campaign via Indiegogo for the production of The Chip Chipperson Show, an animated web series based on the same titled character that he does on the radio. He started the character as a way of hassling his girlfriend. He had received many requests to have the concept animated, and launched the project to have five full episodes made by Big Hug Productions. Norton voiced the character in the series that also featured his other characters, including Uncle Paul Harghis, Jelly, Edgar Mellencamp, and Ted Scheckler. The fund raised over $61,000 from 724 donators.

In May 2016, Norton became the co-host of UFC Unfiltered, the first Ultimate Fighting Championship audio podcast, with former fighter Matt Serra. The pair record two episodes each week. The first episode launched on June 21, 2016, and has since run for over 550 episodes. Norton then launched his own weekly audio and video podcast based on his Chip Chipperson character, on the Riotcast network. The Chip Chipperson Podacast launched on April 9, 2017. In May 2020, Norton debuted the Doug Bellcast, a new podcast based on his new character, Doug Bell.

Television
In 1997, Norton appeared on The Louie Show starring Louie Anderson. From 2002 to 2004, Norton was a regular performer on the comedy series Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn. He then lost his place on the second season of Last Comic Standing in 2004 because of a contractual obligation to film pilot episodes for MTV which he had secured following the success of his One Night Stand special. The two pilots were Camp Cool, filmed in Cancun for MTV Spring Break, also starring Al Shearer about helping men meet women, and Stupid Bets. His manager advised him not to compete in Last Comic Standing as it was a reality show, but he agreed as he was depressed and frustrated with the uncertainty of his career as Opie and Anthony had been cancelled. Norton had a contract with Viacom during this time.

In September 2004, Norton made his first appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, and appeared twice more by mid-2006. He has appeared many times since, including as a correspondent named "The Uninvited Guest." In April 2005, Norton starred in a pilot episode for Louis C.K.'s HBO sitcom Lucky Louie, playing as Louie's friend Rich. He landed the role after the series was picked up by the network and aired through 2006. In 2007, Norton co-hosted the AVN Awards with Jessica Drake. In June 2008, Norton appeared in several episodes of The Gong Show with Dave Attell as one of the celebrity judges. Since mid-2007, Norton has been a regular guest on Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld on Fox News which he later credited as a contributor in boosting turnouts to his comedy shows. In 2010, Norton guest-hosted Red Eye. Starting in 2010, Norton began appearing in Louis C.K.'s FX sitcom Louie. In 2010, Norton's role in Bored to Death was tailored by its creator Jonathan Ames, a fan of his. In 2013, Norton said he had pitched a television show about a sex addict radio show host, but it was not picked up.

In July 2014, Norton debuted his four-episode talk show, The Jim Norton Show, on Vice a first for the network. The show featured opening monologues, pre-recorded bits, and guest interviews including co-host Bailey Jay, comedians Dave Attell, Whitney Cummings, and Gilbert Gottfried; and Mike Tyson, Dana White, and "Freeway" Rick Ross. Norton had assistance with the writing from comedians Kurt Metzger and Jesse Joyce. Vice had expressed an interest in filming more episodes, but Norton became unsure because he wasn't paid for the first season . Looking back on the project, Norton was pleased with its outcome and entered talks with regard to continuing the format with other networks. In 2015, Norton starred in an episode of Quinn's parody television series Cop Show. In April 2016, Norton revealed that he had shot two pilot episodes for a potential comedy series on the AMC channel. Though it was not picked up, the show was reworked into a discussion program where he hosts a panel who talk about a single subject for thirty minutes.

Books
In early 2007, Norton announced the near completion of his first book, a collection of stories of his life with anecdotes from his childhood and his comedy career. Happy Endings: The Tales of a Meaty-Breasted Zilch was released on July 10, 2007. It reached No. 4 on The New York Times Best Seller list under hardcover non-fiction, and entered the Amazon.com Top 10 for books the day it was released, peaking at No. 7.

Norton released his second book, I Hate Your Guts, on November 4, 2008. It reached No. 13 on The New York Times Best Seller list under hardcover non-fiction. He criticizes people in the book, including Al Sharpton, Keith Olbermann, and Steve Martin, which includes a rant that Norton later regretted and has since apologized for to Martin.

Film
In 2002, Norton appeared on the short film Crooks, a straight to video release about postal workers stealing stamps. Norton has had various cameo appearances such as in the 2002 film Spider-Man and the 2008 film Zack and Miri Make a Porno. He has also appeared in the films Furry Vengeance, Cop Out, and Special Correspondents. Norton recalled around 2003 being a time when his acting career had gained some momentum.

In 2016, Norton landed a role in From Nowhere, a critically acclaimed independent film about three teenagers from the Bronx. This was followed by an appearance in Pitching Tents. Norton had a pivotal role in the 2008 film Courting Condi, counseling Devin Ratray on how to win the heart of Condoleezza Rice.

Norton starred in the crime film The Irishman as a young Don Rickles who tells jokes to a crowd with Robert De Niro and Joe Pesci present. He landed the part without an audition, and De Niro requested that Norton perform his own material after using jokes from Rickles's act from the 1970s.

Personal life
In 2007, Norton bought an apartment on the Upper West Side of New York City. He is a longtime fan of Ozzy Osbourne, Black Sabbath, and Kiss and is a close family friend of Osbourne and his wife Sharon. Norton is a supporter of prostitution and transgender people.

On the October 23, 2023 episode of Jim Norton & Sam Roberts, Norton announced that he had married a Norwegian, transgender male-to-female webcam model named Nikki.

Selected works
Albums

DVDs/Specials

Books

title: Jim Norton (comedian)


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Thirty Tyrants (Roman)

The Thirty Tyrants (Latin: Tyranni Triginta) were a series of thirty rulers who appear in the Historia Augusta, as having ostensibly been pretenders to the throne of the Roman Empire during the reign of the emperor Gallienus.

Given the notorious unreliability of the Historia Augusta, the veracity of this list is debatable. There is a scholarly consensus that the author deliberately inflated the number of pretenders in order to parallel the Thirty Tyrants of Athens.

The Historia actually gives 32 names. The author, who wrote under the name of Trebellius Pollio, places the last two during the reigns of Maximinus Thrax and Claudius II respectively, leaving thirty alleged pretenders during the reign of Gallienus.

The following list gives the Thirty Tyrants as depicted by the Historia Augusta, along with notes contrasting the Historia Augusta's claims with their actual historical positions:

Table
Notwithstanding the author's pretensions regarding the time during which these persons aspired to the throne, this list includes:
 * two women and six youths who never claimed imperial dignity
 * seven men who either certainly or probably never claimed imperial dignity
 * three probably and two possibly fictitious persons
 * two pretenders admittedly not contemporary with Gallienus
 * three pretenders not contemporary with Gallienus

Leaving nine pretenders roughly contemporary with Gallienus. According to David Magie (the editor of the Loeb Classical Library edition of the Historia Augusta), at least some of these men issued coins.

title: Thirty Tyrants (Roman)


text:
User:Bonus pater familias~enwiki

Just a simple student in Sweden.

title: User:Bonus pater familias~enwiki


text:
Variable yield

Variable yield, or dial-a-yield, is an option available on most modern nuclear weapons. It allows the operator to specify a weapon's yield, or explosive power, allowing a single design to be used in different situations. For example, the Mod-10 B61 bomb had selectable explosive yields of 0.3, 5, 10 or 80 kilotons, depending on how the ground crew set a dial inside the casing when it was loaded onto an aircraft.

Variable yield technology has existed since at least the late 1950s. Examples of variable yield weapons include the B61 nuclear bomb family, B83, B43, W80, W85, and WE177A warheads.

Most modern nuclear weapons are Teller–Ulam design type thermonuclear weapons, with a fission primary stage and a fusion secondary stage which is collapsed by the energy from the primary. These offer at least three methods to vary yield:

 * Varying primary yield by boosting with fusion, using small amounts of deuterium / tritium (DT) gas inside the primary fission bomb to increase its yield by supplying additional neutrons from DT fusion at the beginning of the fission process. Typically, the gas is injected a few seconds before detonation and the amount used can be preset – e.g., zero, 25%, 50%, or all of the gas.
 * Changing the primary yield by varying the timing or use of external neutron initiators (ENIs). These are small particle accelerators that cause a brief fusion reaction by accelerating deuterium into a tritium target (or potentially vice versa), producing a short pulse of energetic neutrons. Precise timing of the ENI pulse as the nuclear primary's pit is collapsing can significantly affect yield, and the rate of neutron injection can also be controlled.
 * Shutting down the thermonuclear secondary, either by firing the primary at low enough yield that it does not compress the secondary sufficiently to ignite, or by blocking energy transport inside the warhead briefly as the primary is firing using shutters or a similar mechanism. If the primary's energy starts to disperse through the radiation case before being focused on the secondary then the secondary will likely never detonate.

All current British nuclear warheads incorporate variable yield technology as standard.

Popular Culture
A dial-a-yield device is featured in the plot of the thriller novel Diablo Mesa.

title: Variable yield


text:
User talk:Bonus pater familias~enwiki

ok, let me put in one clarification here; I have an apropriate nick: I am a proud father of a small daughter!

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bonus pater familias. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bonus pater familias~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Bonus pater familias~enwiki


text:
Talk:Hair of the dog

Estonian is not a Slavic language but Fenno-Baltic.

Untitled
I think that last sentence is a run-on. If it's not, it's so long I can't tell for sure. Oi.

 * The article is pretty hairy in general. I broke up the last sentence of the first paragraph.  But, what does it mean that the idea may never have been put into practice?  People talked about making dog-hair cures, but never actually did it?
 * I also put a little distance between vaccination and homeopathy. Perhaps that reflects a bias on my part, but I think the edits themselves are NPOV.  I removed the last clause of "Homeopathic medicine is largely based on this idea, or more accurately it's reverse," because, despite several attempts, I couldn't clarify what was being stated here.  Prevention rather than cure was the best I could come up with, but I wasn't at all confident. Somegeek 02:28, 2005 May 3 (UTC)

Interestly, the phrase, "or, more acurately, it's reverse" actually makes more sense to me than the edited version. The original concept is:
 * (1) Do or be exposed to something that could induce illness
 * (2) Consume a derivative or small portion of the thing you were exposed to in the first place
 * => Be healthy

So, what the article is saying is that with homeopathic medicine & vaccines, the concept is reversed:
 * (1) Consume a derivative or small portion of a thing that could make you ill
 * (2) Do or be exposed to that same thing
 * => Be healthy

Of course, whether you believe that either vaccines or homeopathy work according to that concept is an indepedent discussion. 64.202.11.2 17:52, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

references needed
I honestly don't know how drunk the people that wrote this article were, but several problems jump out right away. For one, the article is grammatically deficient. For two, the phrase is incomplete. Nobody's going to understand "Hair of the dog." The phrase is, "a hair of the dog that bit you." And as for the references to Latin, etc., it would be nice if anyone could actually cite some sources!

Having lived in Costa Rica, I have never heard the phrases discussed here, which is not to say they aren't used. Still, YOU SHOULD CITE SOME SOURCES. The phrase I HAVE heard is "un pelo del perro que te mordió" --which means, guess what? A hair of the dog that bit you.

This page does not conform to Wikipedia's standards. I highly recommend cleaning it up.

Chaim1221 (talk) 17:10, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

The assertion ""It is a shortened form of the phrase "The Hair of the Cocker Spaniel That Bit Your Hand"."" seems gratuitous. It reads to me as if someone were having a joke.
 * Agreed, and also the comment about hands of the same size... have reverted these two edits by anonymous user 128.83.205.99. Colonel Mustard 02:25, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Two more detailed explanations: The first referrs to a poem credited to a Greek comic dramatist Aristophanes (448-387 BC): and  -both seem to source the Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. The second is related to the translation of a Hebrew pun:.

Citations have been inserted into the article, but they do not link to any references. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.95.48.158 (talk) 04:41, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

Verifiability - No sources cited in article
This article seems to violate the Wikipedia verifiability rule. No sources are cited for alleged facts.

I found a source, and listed it. Someone may clean it up, if they want, but the phrase is listed in E. Cobham Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (1898) (too old for general use?), attributed to a poem by Aristophanes. It's also in common use in TV and literature... I found some references in various TV show titles, "Gone with the Wind" (novel), and William Hazlitt's work.

False
Wow, I can't believe I'm doing this, but just in case anyone has left any doubt, or people couldn't interpret the nerd-speak, IT DOESN'T WORK. It has no scientific basis and has nothing to do with vaccines, because it doesn't involve viruses or bacteria. Any doctor will tell you it's hogwash (although he wouldn't the word 'hogwash') and as stated above, the best thing is not to over-indulge, but if you do... I recommend, eating a banana, taking a multi-vitamin and a couple aspirin BEFORE you start drinking. If you forget, then do it in the morning and drink lots of agua (something you should do while you're drinking also, they say one glass of water per drink is best). If you really overdo it and feel naseous, for God's sake, let it go and get that leftover alcohol out of your system asap (before you take your vitamins etc of course).

Don't Delete
While I agree that perhaps origins and accuracy of the phrase might need to be checked, the article should definitely stay. Of course this is not a "cure" for a hangover, everyone knows that, but people do it. Linking to the hangover article might be a good idea.

I agree about not deleting, but it has to be mentioned clearly that this practice is dubious.--Greece666 02:24, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

It may work
Alcolhol has traditionally been used as an anaesthetic. I presume due to it´s depressive effect on the brain, as described in the article. Of course, this can be used to lessen the pain, head-ache and maybe also psycholygical moodyness coused by hangover. It also makes it easier for the poor drunkard to fall asleep. The use may be unwise, but to explicitly state that the method doesn´n work is to go too far.
 * Indeed. One of the multiple causes of a hangover is the breaking of methanol (present in small amounts in alcoholic beverages) by the liver. Ethanol blocks the metabolism of methanol (ethanol is used by medics in case of methanol intoxication). However, by drinking alcoholic beverage, you add up methanol in the process so it is only a temporary relief.

 * Actually, a newspaper article I read recently claimed that ethanol metabolisation, if constantly applied, will allow for the methanol to be removed by other means, i. e. just excreted via breath and urine. A quick Google search brought this, for example:

https://www.wirenewsfax.com/emergency-in-vietnam-doctors-treat-alcohol-poisoning-with-beer-cans This was quoted by German Der Spiegel. It does appear to make sense. Ondundozonananandana (talk) 20:04, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

Commercial use of the phrase
I removed ""Hair O' The Dog" is a small chain of liquor and fine wine stores in Easton, MD, USA" from Notes. Other uses of the phrase, if they are notable and meet the other Wikipedia criteria should be placed in their own article and listed on the Hair of the dog (disambiguation) page. Bejnar 16:49, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Treatment notice
The "Treatment notice" Medical professionals should be consulted about the proper treatment for hangovers, alcohol withdrawal, and withdrawal from other drugs. was placed in the article after several people complained that 'hair of the dog' treatments didn't work and that therefore the article ought to be deleted. They didn't seem to understand the difference between the facts about a cultural concept and the absolute truth of the concept. Notice restored as it keeps people from making foolish edits. Bejnar 22:59, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Scientific Background
This sentence does not make scientific sense: "Medically, consuming alcohol may help with mitigating the headache of a hangover by depressing the central nervous system".

Alcohol depresses the CNS. The sentence does not explain why drinking more alcohol once hungover improves things with a the depression of the CNS?

Delirium Tremens is a syndrome due to alcohol withdrawal Not a symptom.

This sentence does not make scientific sense: "Some researchers have suggested that ethanol may help dilute other alcohols that cause many of the hangover symptoms, but no controlled studies have been carried out."

I would suggest a reference before considering it for inclusion.

(This actually does make sense, a hangover is in part caused by the toxic effects of other alcohols, specifically, methyl alcohol,found in any fermented drink. Adding ethanol to the body will dilute methanol and therefore remove some of the work load from the liver, making it easier to breakdown the methyl alcohol into something that can be removed from the body.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.224.219.162 (talk) 14:03, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

"Depending on the amount of alcohol consumed, the type of alcohol, the amount of water consumed with the alcohol, the health of the consumer, and the accommodation to alcohol of the consumer, a hangover will last from a few hours to a few days." Deleted as this refers to Hangover. A little too much of this talk in the Scientific background of Hair of the dog.

I feel like I have to add that Methanol, being a much lighter molecule than Ethanol, more readily evaporates. Evaporation is one of the mechanisms the body uses to eliminate both ethanol and methanol, as both of these evaporate more readily than water. This requires no special references, as the smell of the alcohols can readily be detected in someone's breath, and the exhaled alcohol levels can be linked to the blood alcohol levels, which is a basic principle the breath-analyzers use. The references for this (how easily water evaporates, compared to ethanol and methanol) are fairly easy to find, so I wouldn't waste any more space for this (even a high school level experiment can prove this). Instead, I would recommend these two references: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1306022/ and http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1174890-treatment. These show that the standard treatment for high methanol toxicity is the introduction of additional ethanol into the human body. The point is, during this time, the preference of the human body enzymes for ethanol processing over methanol processing, that contributes to the reduction of the highly poisonous methanol metabolites production, is further enhanced by the preferential evaporation (elimination through the lungs, by breathing) of the blood methanol. In other words, the methanol being a smaller and more readily evaporated molecule than ethanol, contributes to the therapeutic effects of using ethanol as an antidote for methanol poisoning.

There are a few theories on how "hair of the dog" works, but little information about whether it does or does not work, or studies to that effect. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lollookamrjoe (talk • contribs) 22:40, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

Homeopathic
This page is about Hair of the Dog. The only mention of Homeopathic cures is to compare and contrast them. This is not the place to argue about how and whether homeopathic cures work. --Bejnar 00:14, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I was trying to get across the point that homeopathy, while treating 'like with like', generally treats ailments with an extreme dilution of something entirely different - although something which apparently produces the same symptoms in higher concentrations. I've reduced the controversial words a bit now. HiddenInPlainSight 10:07, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * infinitesimal is a charged word. The amounts are measured, small, but measured.  See Homeopathic Pharmacopia of United States, HPUS. --Bejnar 23:39, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Please, this is not an article about homeopathy. Keep it short and sweet with links. --Bejnar 23:39, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Regarding the production of similar symptoms. One does not have to believe in the efficaciousness of  homeopathy, to realize that capsium, in volume, can produce watery eyes and nose.  Allopathic medicine (non-deprecatory usage) may be using homeopathic methods to deal with allergies.  They mix up these person specific shots containing pollen in order to develop resistance. See, for example "Allergy shots: Hope for long-term allergy relief" from the Mayo Clinic.  Personally I don't believe in homeopathic medicine.  I take decongestants and antihistamines. We need to avoid weasel words if possible.  It is claimed is not necessary here, nor is the debate.  If there is factual dispute about homeopathy, that should be dealt with in the Homeopathy article. --Bejnar 23:59, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Popular culture and The Shining
Wy was my reference to The Shining removed?? I could agree about the werewolf part not being relevant, but why the whole reference itsef is less relevant than the others??? -- NIC1138 00:10, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Origin and derivation
I believe that the editor who removed the text below was correct. It does not relate to the theory about consuming alcohol to cure a hangover. It is not sympathetic magic. --Bejnar 15:01, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The cure may have originated in Canaan, 1200 BCE. Archaeologists have found a Canaanite text concerning "a god getting drunk and having to be carried home to bed." At the end of the text was a recipe for a hangover cure, perhaps the original hair of the dog.

Popular culture references
Reverted the change to remove the pop culture references, seemed silly to remove them in the first place though I think it should be trimmed up a little bit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.28.252.98 (talk) 16:23, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

In popular culture
The "in popular culture" was just a list of any time anyone ever heard the phase used, so i blanked it.160.36.238.124 (talk) 18:08, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

 * "In popular culture" sections have been discussed and debated at length on Wikipedia and there's plenty in the guidelines about what's unsuitable and how to maintain them. Deleting the whole lot is hardly very productive. ɹəə pıɔnı  03:42, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Trivia/Additional Information
Can we give examples where this is used in the media? I think in Monkey Island 3 this term was used literally, but I'm not sure. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.163.91.84 (talk) 14:03, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Economic Context
I've heard and read the term mentioned in an economic context several times, in critic of inflationary policies (increasing state debt in order to solve the economic problems caused by the deficite). Example: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1706769,00.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.83.206.41 (talk) 14:03, 16 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hair of the dog


text:
User:Paul Comfort

This is a simple page about me. I've been reading about Wikipedia for a long time, and occasionally dropping in to take a look around, but decided it was time to start an account.

I need to do more searching for some things I'm intersted in here. I'd really like to become a larger particicpant and contributor. We'll see what happens.

This page to be completed later with more of my info. In the mean time My Site is available.

title: User:Paul Comfort


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Mākara Peak Mountain Bike Park

Mākara Peak Mountain Bike Park (Māori: Mākara Maunga Pahikara) is a mountain biking and walking park in Wellington, New Zealand.

History
Makara Peak Mountain Bike Park opened in 1998. In 1998 the Wellington City Council set aside 200 hectares of retired farmland in Karori southwest of Wellington, New Zealand, for a mountain bike park. Development of it began almost immediately with volunteer work parties planting trees, removing pest animals and digging new tracks.

By 2014 the park had grown to 250 hectares with over 40 kilometres of hand-built single track and over 35,000 native seedlings planted. Pests such as goats, sheep, and possums had been dramatically reduced with volunteers maintaining possum traps and bait stations and mustelid traps, allowing new vegetation to flourish. Wellington City Council used the poison brodifacoum for possum control; 1080 was not used.

A 72-metre swing bridge was added to the mountain bike park in 2017 after a successful donation campaign raised over $35,000.

Tracks continue to be created and upgraded; a 2–3 year work plan began in 2020 to add more tracks in the north of the park.

Operations
Mākara Peak Mountain Bike Park covers 250 hectares and has 40 kilometres of mountain biking trails. It also includes a skills area, which was renovated in 2020 to focus on jumps.

The park is free to use and open to both cyclists and pedestrians. Approximately 30% of its users are pedestrians.

The Makara Peak Mountain Bike Park was visited by 8% of the Wellington population in 2003 according to research carried out by the Wellington City Council. It has received a recreation award from the New Zealand Recreation Association and two conservation awards from the New Zealand Department of Conservation.

The park is jointly managed by the Wellington City Council and Makara Peak Mountain Bike Park Supporters Inc.

title: Mākara Peak Mountain Bike Park


text:
Charles Seeger

Charles Louis Seeger Jr. (December 14, 1886 – February 7, 1979) was an American musicologist, composer, teacher, and folklorist. He was the father of the American folk singers Pete Seeger (1919–2014), Peggy Seeger (b. 1935), and Mike Seeger (1933–2009); and brother of the World War I poet Alan Seeger (1888–1916) and children's author and educator Elizabeth Seeger (1889-1973).

Life and career
Seeger was born in Mexico City, Mexico, to American parents Elsie Simmons (née Adams) and Charles Louis Seeger. During the 1890s, the family lived in Staten Island, New York. Seeger graduated from Harvard College in 1908, then studied in Cologne, Germany and conducted with the Cologne Opera. Upon discovering a hearing impairment, he left Europe to take a position as Professor of Music at the University of California at Berkeley, where he taught from 1912 to 1916 before being dismissed for his public opposition to U.S. entry into World War I. His brother Alan Seeger was killed in action on July 4, 1916, while serving as a member of the French Foreign Legion. Charles Seeger then taught at The Juilliard School (originally the Institute of Musical Art) in New York from 1921 to 1933 and the New School for Social Research from 1931 to 1935.

Among Seeger's many specific interests were prescriptive and descriptive music writing and determining the definition of what is meant by singing style.

Along with composer Henry Cowell, ethnomusicologist George Herzog, Helen Heffron Roberts and Dorothy Lawton of the New York Public Library, Seeger was a founding member of the American Society for Comparative Musicology in 1933, the parent organization of the American Library of Musicology (ALM). Seeger envisioned the short-lived ALM as a publisher of music-related resources, but it ceased to exist by 1936.

In 1936, he was in Washington, DC, working as a technical advisor to the Music Unit of the Special Skills Division of the Resettlement Administration (later renamed the Farm Security Administration). From 1957 to 1961, he taught at the University of California Los Angeles. From 1961 to 1971 he was a research professor at the Institute of Ethnomusicology at UCLA. In 1949–50 he was visiting professor of the Theory of Music in the School of Music at Yale University. From 1935 to 1953 he held positions in the federal government's Resettlement Administration, Works Projects Administration (WPA), and Pan American Union, including serving as an administrator for the WPA's Federal Music Project, for which his wife also worked, from 1938 to 1940.

Seeger died on February 7, 1979, in Bridgewater, Connecticut. He was buried at the Springfield Cemetery in Springfield, Massachusetts along with his second wife.

Family

His first wife was Constance de Clyver Edson, a classical violinist and teacher; they divorced in 1927. They had three sons, Charles III (1912–2002), who was an astronomer, John (1914–2010), an educator, and Pete (1919–2014), a folk singer.

His second wife was the composer and musician Ruth Crawford Seeger (née Ruth Porter Crawford). With her he had four children: Mike Seeger (1933–2009), Peggy Seeger (b. 1935), Barbara Seeger and Penny Seeger (1943-1993). His grandson, Anthony Seeger (b. 1945), is an anthropologist and professor of ethnomusicology at the University of California Los Angeles.

Contributions
He is known, among other reasons, for his formulation of dissonant counterpoint. According to the ethnomusicologist Bruno Nettl, "Seeger played a unique and central role in tying musicology to other disciplines and domains of culture. This collection shows him to be truly a musical 'man for all seasons,' for what comes across most is the many-sidedness of the man."

title: Charles Seeger


text:
Gowanus, Brooklyn

Gowanus is a neighborhood in the northwestern portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, within the area once known as South Brooklyn. The neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community District 6. Gowanus is bounded by Wyckoff Street on the north, Fourth Avenue on the east, the Gowanus Expressway to the south, and Bond Street to the west.

History
In 1636, Gowanus Bay – named after Gauwane (Gouwane, lit. "the sleeper"), a Canarsee Indian – was the site of the first settlement by Dutch farmers in what is now Brooklyn. The ponds of Gowanus meadowlands served to drive early settlers' tide-powered gristmills which were situated along the Gowanus Creek. During the American Revolutionary War, Gowanus was the scene of fighting in the Battle of Long Island and American soldiers positioned themselves in Gowanus Heights (now Park Slope), where they had full view of the British ships as they made landfall in the Bay.

In the 1860s, the Gowanus Creek was turned into the Gowanus Canal, and the area became a hub for manufacturing and shipping. As a result of the industry along the canal and the establishment of a combined sewer system that dumped waste water directly into a designated outflow at the head of the canal, the neighborhood came to be defined by the polluted canal. After World War II, the decline of shipping at the port of Red Hook and of manufacturing around New York City prompted large industry to leave and changed the vibrancy of industry in Gowanus. In the late 1940s, the neighborhood became the site of several NYCHA housing projects, which were built in part to house returning WWII veterans.

The water and much of the land along the banks of the Gowanus Canal have been severely polluted by combined sewer outflows (CSOs) along the canal designed to relieve sewage and storm water when the sewer treatment plant is overwhelmed, as well as by decades of industrial use and extensive coal gas manufacturing during the late 19th century. The Gowanus Canal was also an alleged Mafia dumping ground. Even so, in the early 1980s, alongside the canal, an old 19th-century munitions factory at 230 3rd Street in Gowanus became the site of the massive Gowanus Memorial Artyard, whose remains are still visible. In 2010, the Environmental Protection Agency designated the Gowanus Canal a Superfund site, allocating $506 million for the cleanup of decades of industrial pollution and sewage contamination. The completion date for the cleanup is set for 2022.

21st century
The area is zoned for light to mid-level manufacturing. In the first decade of the 21st century, residential developers were hindered by the industrial zoning and the problems of the sewage overflow through the canal water, but there have been rumors of rezoning by the New York City Department of City Planning. Many residents and community groups have expressed concern over the sewage overflow that the rezoning could possibly create. From 20132016, the City Planning Department, community groups, business owners, developers, arts organizations, and neighborhood residents participated in a "community planning process" called Bridging Gowanus intended to inform neighborhood rezoning processes with the intention of creating a land-use framework for the neighborhood.

Many "coworking" spaces were formed in Gowanus in the 2010s. More restaurants, bars, and art galleries moved to the neighborhood, and new real estate became available.

On the New York City Subway, the on the BMT Fourth Avenue Line and the  on the IND Culver Line run through Gowanus. Bike routes cross the canal on the Union Street, 3rd Street and 9th Street bridges. The elevated Gowanus Expressway runs through the southern edge of the neighborhood, crossing the canal at Hamilton Avenue. The Carroll Street Bridge, built in 1889, is the oldest of the four remaining retractable bridges in the country.

title: Gowanus, Brooklyn


text:
User talk:Fpahl/Discussions/Silverback

The former content of this page is now at Talk:2003_invasion_of_Iraq/Fpahl_vs_Silverback.

title: User talk:Fpahl/Discussions/Silverback


text:
Shuttle by United

Shuttle by United was an "airline within an airline" operated as a subsidiary of United Airlines from 1994 to 2001 along the West Coast of the United States. It operated from San Francisco International Airport and Los Angeles International Airport. Shuttle's fleet consisted of Boeing 737-300s and 737-500s. The service was eventually renamed United Shuttle before it was shut down by United and its aircraft returned to mainline service with the airline.

Operations
The recession of the early 1990s and the expansion of low-cost carriers and other effects of deregulation pressured the major airlines to reduce costs and fares. In July 1994, United Airlines concluded an ESOP agreement with its pilot (ALPA) and machinists (IAM) unions whereby employees would take ownership of 55% of the airline in exchange for reduced wages (US$4.88 billion reduction for 5.5 years) and benefits for new employees. Disliked CEO Stephen Wolf was summarily removed (with a US$75 million severance package) and a new management team, Jerry Greenwald and John Edwardson took the reins at United. The new "Team" began a spending spree. In their first year, they replaced all of United's ground equipment. Eating up nearly all of the United's ESOP tax advantage for 1994–1995. Feeling financially flush, management moved to organize the lowest scales into a new "airline within an airline" dubbed "U-2".

"U-2" designed to replicate some of the cost and operational advantages of regional competitors such as Southwest Airlines. All 58 of its aircraft were of a single type, the Boeing 737. Hot meals were eliminated, aircraft turn-around times were reduced to less than 20 minutes and OAK replaced SFO as "U-2's" new hub. The fare structure was reduced and simplified to lure passengers, with revenue stabilized by increasing frequency of service, over time, United was able to regain 80% of its market share that it had lost to Southwest.

At the same time, "U-2" would remain legally part of United Airlines, with access to its Apollo Computer Reservation System. In the beginning, "U-2" experimented with un-assigned seating (window-middle-aisle boarding). Not until near the end of the "U-2" did passengers again enjoy preassigned seating, could transfer seamlessly to and from "mainline" service, and accumulate miles in United's MileagePlus frequent flyer program. In this respect, it resembled competitors' first generation "airline within an airline" divisions such as Continental Lite, Delta Express, and US Airways' MetroJet.

Development and testing for "U-2", began in May 1993 at United's Headquarters in Chicago, IL. On October 1, 1994, the first "Shuttle by United" flight departed out of SFO to LAX. SFO Fire Trucks created a "water-arch" for the aircraft to taxi through. Using Oakland, CA as their new hub, United's, "Shuttle by United" offered flights to Los Angeles, Burbank and Ontario for as little as $19 one-way. Within nearly three years it had expanded to 20 cities and comprised 5% of United's total capacity. In February 1996, Rono Dutta, United's Senior Vice President of Planning, decided to return its successful "Shuttle by United" to a "hub and spoke" feeder to United's Domestic and International flights which departed primarily from LAX and SFO on the West Coast. It didn't take long for the Shuttle's schedule and reputation to collapse. SFO replaced OAK as the Shuttle's hub. Unlike OAK, when inclement weather hit SFO, arrival traffic was cut in half. This decision alone by Rono Dutta, became the straw that broke the Shuttle's back. Profits tumbled, in 1995, United lost $47 million on $3.22 billion in revenue. In 1999, United established a second base in Terminal 8 of Los Angeles International Airport, United's newest hub, by which time it also served as a feeder operation for United's transcontinental and international services. In the late 1999 its name was changed to United Shuttle. United slowly converted the "Shuttle" to a hub and spoke feeder airline for its mainline and international flights. Rescheduling Shuttle flights to meld with mainline and international flights was the demise of the Shuttle. Prices started increasing and quick turnarounds disappeared.

With demand for travel to the San Francisco Bay Area heavy during the Dot-com bubble, Shuttle was profitable and United regained 80% of the market share that they had lost to Southwest Airlines in the early 1990s. Rono Dutta's decision to return the Shuttle to a hub feeder airline meant the demise of the Shuttle. Cloud cover at SFO reduced arrival traffic by 50%. These frequent delays, exacerbated by Shuttle's high frequency schedule and less than adequate staffing, meant the eventual demise of the Shuttle. In 2000 two out of three flights between SFO and LAX were delayed or canceled.

When air travel declined following the September 11 attacks in 2001 it became evident that cost savings had not materialized to justify the Shuttle, it was folded back into the mainline United operation and in 2007, its Boeing 737 aircraft were eventually repainted.

In December 2002 United declared bankruptcy and hinted at a revival of the Shuttle. Instead it created a leisure destination carrier called Ted, part of a second generation of "airline within an airline" services along with Delta Air Lines' Song and Air Canada Tango. Ted ceased operations in early 2009 and its fleet was folded back into United's.

Destinations
Shuttle by United and United Shuttle served the following destinations during the 1990s:

 * Burbank, California - Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport
 * Denver, Colorado - Denver International
 * Las Vegas, Nevada - McCarran International Airport
 * Los Angeles, California - Los Angeles International Airport
 * Oakland, California - Oakland International Airport
 * Ontario, California - LA/Ontario International Airport
 * Phoenix, Arizona - Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport
 * Sacramento, California - Sacramento International Airport
 * San Diego, California - San Diego International Airport
 * San Francisco, California - San Francisco International Airport
 * Santa Barbara, California - Santa Barbara Municipal Airport
 * Seattle, Washington - Seattle-Tacoma International Airport

Fleet

 * Boeing 737-300
 * Boeing 737-500

title: Shuttle by United


text:
Kivalina River

The Kivalina River (Iñupiaq: Kivalliik kuuŋat) is a 60 mi river in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Alaska, flowing into Kivalina Lagoon in the Northwest Arctic Borough. It begins in the De Long Mountains and flows southwest 60 mi through Kivalina Lagoon to the Chukchi Sea. Its Inuit name was spelled "Kuveleek" by Lieutenant G. M. Stoney, United States Navy, in 1885, and its present spelling was adopted in 1904.

The village of Kivalina is located on a reef at the mouth of the river.

title: Kivalina River


text: User talk:69.153.22.177

title: User talk:69.153.22.177


text:
Minnesota nice

Minnesota nice is a cultural stereotype applied to the behavior of people from Minnesota, implying residents are unusually courteous, reserved, and mild-mannered compared to people from other states and more akin to their Canadian neighbors in Northern Ontario. The phrase also implies polite friendliness, an aversion to open confrontation, a tendency toward understatement, a disinclination to make a direct fuss or stand out, apparent emotional restraint, and self-deprecation. It is sometimes associated with passive-aggression.

Social norms
Playwright and corporate communications consultant Syl Jones suggested that Minnesota nice is not so much about being "nice" but is more about keeping up appearances, maintaining the social order, and keeping people (including non-natives of the state) in their place. He relates these social norms to the literary work of Danish-Norwegian novelist Aksel Sandemose, the fictional Law of Jante, and more generally, Scandinavian culture. Garrison Keillor's A Prairie Home Companion discusses "Wobegonics", the supposed language of Minnesotans, which includes "no confrontational verbs or statements of strong personal preference".

Examples
The generosity of state citizens has been commented on; the heavily reported influenza vaccine shortage of late 2004 did not strike the state as hard as elsewhere since many people willingly gave up injections for others. The concept has also received some support from the academic community; a national study by Peter Rentfrow, Samuel D. Gosling, and Jeff Potter done in 2008 found that Minnesota was the second most agreeable and fifth most extraverted state in the nation, traits associated with "nice".

The tradition of social progressivism in Minnesota politics has been linked to the Minnesota Nice culture.

Since the 1960s and 1970s and continuing into the present, Minnesota has been a leading state in refugee resettlement, which can be linked to the traditions of progressivism and generosity associated with Minnesota nice. Various groups, especially Hmong from Laos and Somalis, as well as large numbers of Vietnamese, Burmese, Ethiopians, Laotians, Tibetans, and Liberians, have found homes in the state, particularly in the Twin Cities. Since 2002, Minnesota has harbored the largest population of Somalis in North America.

Minnesota nice was an influence on the Coen brothers movie Fargo, set in both Minnesota and neighboring North Dakota. A 2003 documentary about the making of the movie was entitled Minnesota Nice.

Criticism
History professor Annette Atkins suggests that the concept is a marketing myth, emerging from the work of Howard Mohr and Garrison Keillor in the 1980s. Atkins notes that prior to the popularity of such works, Minnesotans differentiated themselves from the people of Iowa with corny "Idiots Out Walking Around" jokes at their neighbors' expense.

Journalist and Minnesota native Michele Norris argued the phrase had acquired "undertones of irony and despair" following the 2020 murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis.

title: Minnesota nice