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Lubyanka Building

Lubyanka (Лубянка) is the popular name for the building which contains the headquarters of the FSB on Lubyanka Square in the Meshchansky District of Moscow, Russia. It is a large Neo-Baroque building with a facade of yellow brick designed by Alexander V. Ivanov in 1897 and augmented by Aleksey Shchusev from 1940 to 1947. It was previously the national headquarters of the KGB. Soviet hammer and sickles can be seen on the building's facade.

Description
The Lubyanka building is home to the Lubyanka prison, the headquarters of the Border Guard Service, a KGB museum, and a subsection of the FSB. Part of the prison was turned into a prison museum, but a special authorization is required for visits.

The lower floors are made of granite with emblazoned Soviet crests.

Origins

The Lubyanka was originally built in 1898 as a revenue house by the All-Russia Insurance Company (Rossiya Insurance Company), on the spot where Catherine the Great had once headquartered her secret police. The building was designed by the architect Alexander V. Ivanov. It is noted for its parquet floors and pale green walls. Belying its massiveness, the edifice avoids an impression of heroic scale: isolated Palladian and Baroque details, such as the minute pediments over the corner bays and the central loggia, are lost in an endlessly repeating palace facade where three bands of cornices emphasize the horizontal lines. A clock is centered in the uppermost band of the facade.

A fountain used to stand in front of the building, at the center of Lubyanka Square.

Following the Bolshevik Revolution, in 1918 the structure was taken over by the government, for use as the headquarters of the secret police, then called the Cheka. The prison became operational in 1920. Its prisoners included Boris Savinkov, Osip Mandelstam, Gen. Władysław Anders, and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. In Soviet Russian jokes, it was referred to as "the tallest building in Moscow", since Siberia (a euphemism for the Gulag labour camp system) could be seen from its basement. The prison is on the top floor, but since there are no windows on that floor, most prisoners, and therefore popular conception, thought they were being detained in its basement.

KGB
During the Great Purge, the offices became increasingly cramped due to staff numbers. In 1940, Aleksey Shchusev was commissioned to enlarge the building. By 1947, his new design had doubled Lubyanka's size horizontally, with the original structure taking up the left half of the facade (as viewed from the street). He added another storey and extended the structure by incorporating backstreet buildings. Shchusev's design accentuated Neo-Renaissance detailing, but only the right part of the facade was constructed under his direction in the 1940s, due to the war and other hindrances.

Raoul Wallenberg was detained in the Lubyanka prison, where he reportedly died in 1947. According to the KGB, prisoners' interrogations stopped at Lubyanka in 1953 after the death of Stalin.

In 1957, Russia's largest toy shop opened on the opposite side of Lubyanka Square, where a medieval cannon foundry was previously located. In 1958, the fountain at the center of Lubyanka Square was replaced by an 11-ton (or 14-ton, or 15-ton ) statue of Felix Dzerzhinsky ("Iron Felix"), founder of the Cheka.

In 1972, Vasili Mitrokhin moved 300,000 KGB files from the Lubyanka building that he gave to the British intelligence in 1992.

The building's asymmetric facade survived intact until 1983, when the original structure was reconstructed to match the new build, at the urging of Communist Party General Secretary and former KGB Director Yuri Andropov in accordance with Shchusev's plans.

Although the Soviet secret police changed its name many times, their headquarters remained in this building. Secret police chiefs from Lavrenty Beria to Andropov used the same office on the third floor, which looked down on the statue of Cheka founder Felix Dzerzhinsky. A prison on the ground floor of the building figures prominently in a book written by the author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago. Famous inmates held, tortured and interrogated there include Sidney Reilly, Greville Wynne, Raoul Wallenberg, Ion Antonescu, Osip Mandelstam, Genrikh Yagoda, János Esterházy, Alexander Dolgun, Rochus Misch, and Walter Ciszek.

During the 1980s, the prison was turned into a cafeteria for KGB staff.

Post-KGB
After the dissolution of the KGB in 1991, the Lubyanka became the headquarters of the Border Guard Service of Russia, as well as the Lubyanka prison, and is one directorate of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB). A museum of the KGB (now called Историко-демонстрационный зал ФСБ России, Historical Demonstration hall of the Russian FSB) was opened to the public.

In 1990, an employee of the Lubyanka, Katya Mayorova, became Miss KGB, the first official "security services beauty title". In 1990, the Solovetsky Stone was erected across from the Lubyanka, to commemorate the victims of political repression. In August 1991, the statue of Felix Dzerzhinsky was dismantled and removed from the center of the Lubyanka Square. That same year, Western visitors were allowed to tour the building's prison for the first time. Remains of Adolf Hitler, as well as those of Joseph and Magda Goebbels, were presented at the Lubyanka in a 2004 documentary.

Hitler's personal Golden Party Badge, which was discovered by the Red Army after the capture of Berlin, was stored in the Lubyanka. The badge was stolen in 2005, when guards thought a cat had set off the alarms, allowing the burglar to escape.

In 2015, the Lubyanka's front door was set on fire by Pyotr Pavlensky, a performance artist. He was released from jail six months later. In 2017, a huge church was consecrated next to the Lubyanka building on the grounds of the Sretensky Monastery. The church is dedicated to the New Martyrs and Confessors of the Russian Orthodox Church, including those who were executed at Lubyanka. In December 2019, a shooting took place around the Lubyanka.

Modernity
In 2008, the wing of the house from Myasnitskaya Street received the status of a cultural heritage site. In 2011, it underwent reconstruction. During this period, information appeared about the installation of a helipad on the roof of the building. According to the head of Rosokhrankultura Viktor Petrakov, it has existed for a long time. Although the roof of the building was not protected, representatives of the Moscow Department of Cultural Heritage stated that the project was not approved and the reconstruction was carried out without proper documentation. Details of the restoration of the facades, which took place in 2013-2014, were not disclosed due to the secret status of the object.

Thanks to the activities of government agencies that worked in the building, the toponym "Lubyanka" has become a household name. Phraseological units associated with the house appeared at different times.

Rallies and pickets are regularly held near the walls of the FSB building and the nearby Solovetsky Stone monument. In October 2018, endless single-person rallies were held near the house in support of prisoners in the cases of the and  organizations. In November 2016, the artist Petr Pavlensky held an action - setting fire to the main entrance of the building as a protest "against continuous terror." He was fined for damaging a cultural heritage site, although it later emerged that the original door had been removed long ago.

title: Lubyanka Building


text: User talk:200.141.76.230

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:200.141.76.230


text:
Chihiro Onitsuka

Chihiro Onitsuka (鬼束 ちひろ) (born October 30, 1980) is a Japanese singer-songwriter.

In 2000, Onitsuka released her debut single "Shine" and gained recognition when its follow-up "Gekkou" became a hit. Insomnia, her first studio album, released in the following year, topped the Japanese Oricon charts and has sold more than a million copies. She won the prize for lyrics of the 43rd Japan Record Awards in 2001 with "Memai", one of the singles from her debut album.

Onitsuka has suffered physical and mental illnesses, affecting her career. She put her recording career on hold until March 2007, after some confrontations with record labels and management during the mid-2000s.

By 2019, Onitsuka had released seven studio albums, twenty singles, five compilations, and several DVDs, selling at least 4.1 million units.

Early life
Her parents encouraged Onitsuka to listen to Western music. By the time she was ten, she wrote her first poems, receiving praise from her parents, friends, and teachers, who called them 'earnest efforts'. However, she thought that just writing 'earnestly' wasn't enough, and from that time onward, she tried to write every day; by the time she was in junior high school, she began to gain more confidence.

Influence from Alanis Morissette in junior high school, and Jewel in high school strongly compelled Onitsuka to become a singer-songwriter. With some 70 original compositions and several other auditions under her belt, Onitsuka entered the 1998 Virgin Tokyo Artists Audition, going on to winning Grand Prize. Onitsuka then started her career as a professional and moved to Tokyo in spring 1999 after graduating from high school.

2000–2001: "Gekkou" and Insomnia
Onitsuka's debut single "Shine" was released on February 9, 2000. Despite promotion, it failed commercially and did not enter any charts.

In August 2000, Onitsuka released "Gekkō" as the second single from her debut studio album, Insomnia. The song served as the theme song to the Japanese television series Trick, starring Yukie Nakama and Hiroshi Abe. The song debuted at number 30 on the Oricon Weekly Singles chart and peaked at number 11. It has sold over 561,000 physical units and 500,000 digital units and remains Onitsuka's best-selling song. The double-A-side single, "Memai"/"Edge" was released as the fourth single from her debut album. It peaked at number six on the Oricon Weekly Singles chart and was certificated platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ). "Memai" later earned a Japan Record Awards for Best Lyrics at the 2001 ceremony.

Following of the success of the singles, Onitsuka's debut studio album Insomnia was released in March 2001 to commercial success, peaking at number one on the Oricon Weekly Albums chart and having sold over 1,300,000 copies. The album later earned a Rock Album of the Year at the Japan Gold Disc Award. In support of the album, Onitsuka embarked on her first concert tour "Chihiro Onitsuka Live Tour 2001" in April 2001. In the same month, she released her second video album, Me and My Devil, which includes a collection of Onitsuka's music videos.

While Insomnia remained in the charts, Onitsuka released the double-A-side single "Infection"/"Little Beat Life" as the lead single from her second album This Armor in September 2001. Four days after its release, the September 11 attacks occurred. As the lyrics of "Infection" can be interpreted as referring to the incident, EMI Music Japan cancelled further promotion to avoid causing controversy. The single was a commercial hit, peaking at number five on the Oricon Weekly Singles chart and selling over 170,000 copies. In November 2001, her live video album Cradle on My Noise Live: Live Insomnia Video Edition was released. It includes Onitsuka's performance in Shibuya, Tokyo during her Chihiro Onitsuka Live Tour 2001.

2002–2003: This Armor and Sugar High
Onitsuka's second studio album This Armor was released in March 2002. The album was a commercial success, peaking at number three on the Oricon Weekly Albums chart and has since sold over 500,000 copies in Japan. The album was followed by the single "Ryūseigun", which served as the theme song to the second season of the Japanese television series Trick and peaked at number seven on the Oricon Weekly Singles chart.

Shortly after the album came out, Onitsuka embarked on her second concert tour "Live Vibe 2002". However, she was diagnosed with acute gastroenteritis from overworking and cancelled two shows in the tour. After the tour, she took hiatus for several months to recover physically. In November 2002, she made her comeback with the performance at the Nippon Budokan, the first show of her third concert tour "Chihiro Onitsuka Ultimate Crash '02".

Onitsuka's third studio album Sugar High was released in December 2002. The ballad-filled album met with a commercial success, peaking at number two on the Oricon Weekly Albums chart and having been certificated gold by RIAJ. The album includes "Castle Imitation", the theme song for the PlayStation 2 role-playing game, Breath of Fire: Dragon Quarter.

In January 2003, the documentary television program, Artist Document Kami ga Maioriru Shunkan: Chihiro Onitsuka 22 sai no Sugao was broadcast on NHK. Onitsuka released a single "Sign". To promote the single, she appeared several television variety shows, including "Mezamashi TV" and "Waratte Iitomo!". The single peaked at number four on the Oricon Weekly Singles chart, becoming Onitsuka's highest-charting song on the chart. Her follow-up single "Beautiful Fighter" was released in August 2003. It was commercially less successful than her previous singles, selling only 36,000 copies. However, it peaked at number nine on the Oricon Weekly Singles chart.

On September 10, 2003, Onitsuka announced she would take a hiatus until the end of the year to undergo a surgery to remove polyps and recover from her poor throat condition. Shortly before the announcement, she finished the recording of "Ii Hi Tabidachi, Nishi e", a cover of Momoe Yamaguchi. The song was released in October 2003 and sold 83,000 copies, making it her sixth best-selling song. The song served as the theme song to West Japan Railway Company's Discover West campaign. In November 2003, she released "Watashi to Waltz o", which served as the theme song to the third season of Trick, as well as her previous hits "Gekkō" and "Ryūseigun". The song became her last single under EMI Music Japan.

2004–2006: "Sodatsu Zassō" and two-year hiatus
In March 2004, the box album titled Single Box was released without her approval. It managed to sell approximately 3,000 copies and entered on the Oricon Weekly Albums chart at number one hundred and six. Her fourth studio album was set to be released in the same year, but the album was cancelled and substituted by the release of the box album.

On June 18, 2004, she transferred to Sony Music Artists as a production label and A&M Records as a record label. In September 2004, she performed "King of Pain", "Smells Like Teen Spirit", and premiered her original song "Sodatsu Zassō" at Sweet Love Shower 2004. The performance gained great public attention as she appeared in hard rock style costume, breaking down her previous pure image. The song was released in October 2004 and peaked at number ten on the Oricon Weekly Singles chart. After the release, she announced that she would put her career on hiatus again. This hiatus lasted until March 2007, when she performed at AP Bang! Tokyo Creators Meeting. At one point she said that the reason of her departure from the music scene was because of mental fatigue caused by the series of new releases and tight schedules. However, in an interview printed in the October 19, 2007, issue of the Japanese popular music magazine Barfout, Onitsuka said that in 2004 she had attempted suicide by overdosing on medication. In addition, Onitsuka mentioned a polyp on her vocal cords around that time, as well as an eating disorder that saw her weight drop as low as 79 pounds (36 kilograms).

In December 2004, Onitsuka's first compilation album The Ultimate Collection was released simultaneously with the release of her sixth video album The Complete Clips via EMI Music Japan, her former record label. The two records were both released without her involvement; today, they are treated as unofficial albums. The compilation album was a commercial success, selling over 230,000 copies in Japan and having been certificated platinum by RIAJ. While it peaked at number three on the Oricon Weekly Albums chart, it entered G-Music East Asian Chart at number two.

On July 26, 2005, a man who kept ringing the doorbell of Onitsuka's house for thirty minutes with a bouquet in his hands was arrested for housebreaking. In September 2005, EMI Music Japan released Onitsuka's second compilation album Singles 2000–2003, which has sold 60,000 copies in Japan.

2007–2010: Las Vegas and Dorothy
In April 2007, Onitsuka founded her individual production company Napoleon Records. In the following month, her comeback single "Everyhome" was released as the lead single from her fourth studio album Las Vegas. The album was released in October 2007 and reached number six on the Oricon Weekly Albums chart and number one on the G-Music East Asian Chart. The second single from the album, "Bokura Barairo no Hibi" peaked at number thirteen on the Oricon Weekly Singles chart.

On April 26, 2008, she held her first solo show since "Unplugged '03" in 2003, entitled "Chihiro Onitsuka Concert Nine Dirts and Snow White Flickers" at Bunkamura Orchard Hall, Shibuya. "Hotaru", the lead single from Onitsuka's fifth studio album, Dorothy, was released on August 6, 2008, and reached number eleven on the Oricon Weekly Singles chart. The song served as the theme song to the Japanese film Last Game Saigo no Soukei Sen (2008). On September 26, 2008, she announced the cancellation of the scheduled "Chihiro Onitsuka Concert Tour 2008 'Vegas Code'" due to her poor physical condition.

In September 2009, Onitsuka released her fifth studio album Dorothy. The album was preceded by four singles: "Hotaru", "X"/"Last Melody", "Kaerimichi o Nakushite", and "Kagerō", all of which entered within top 20 on the Oricon Weekly Singles chart. The album peaked at number ten in Japan, and number four on the G-Music East Asisn chart.

In April 2010, the compilation album One of Pillars: Best of Chihiro Onitsuka 2000–2010 was released. Although the album is Onitsuka's third compilation release, it was the first compilation album which was released under her approval. The album was less of a commercial success than her previous albums, and only managed to peak at number thirteen on the Oricon Weekly Albums chart, selling approximately 16,000 copies.

On August 18, 2010, it was reported that Onitsuka was a victim of domestic violence by her then-boyfriend. On September 17, the suspect, Yūsuke Komiya, was arrested.

2011–2015: Ken to Kaede and Good Bye Train: All Time Best 2000–2013
In February 2011, Onitsuka transferred her record label to For Life Music and released her first single under the label, "Aoi Tori" in August 2011. In April 2011, Onitsuka's sixth studio album Ken to Kaede was released. The album reached number sixteen on the Oricon Weekly Albums chart and has sold 11,000 copies in Japan. To promote the album, Onitsuka embarked on the concert tour "Chihiro Onitsuka Concert Tour 2011: Hotel Murderess of Arizona Acoustic Show". In September 2011, Onitsuka served as a main personality on the web series Chihiro Onitsuka: Houchou no Ue de Utatanet. Her first cover album Famous Microphone was released in May 2012 and peaked at number thirty-four on the Oricon Weekly Albums chart.

On June 22, 2012, Onitsuka opened a Twitter account. She posted several violent tweets toward celebrities like Akiko Wada and Shinsuke Shimada. These tweets were promptly deleted, and the next day she offered an apology for her remarks.

In March 2013, Onitsuka embarked on the concert tour "Chihiro Onitsuka Tour Show 2013 Itazura Pierrot". She released the single "Itazura Pierrot" exclusively at the tour venues. In December 2013, Onitsuka released the double-A-side single "This Silence is Mine"/"Anata to Science". The former served as the theme song to the action role-playing video game Drakengard 3. On the same day of the release, her fourth compilation album Good Bye Train: All Time Best 2000–2013 was released. The album was a commercial failure, only managing to peak at number sixty-eight on the Oricon Albums chart.

In January 2014, Onitsuka embarked on the concert tour "Heart Beat Tour 2014", as the vocalist of the band Chihiro Onitsuka and Billy's Sandwiches. Her single "Inori ga Kotoba ni Kawaru Koro" was released in May 2014 and served as the theme song to the Japanese supernatural horror film Ju-On: The Beginning of the End. In September 2014, the debut album of Chihiro Onitsuka and Billy's Sandwiches Tricky Sisters Magic Burger was released. The follow-up single "Starlight Letter" was released in April 2015 with access exclusive for her fan club. She also wrote a song "Natsu no Tsumi" for Natsumi Hanaoka's debut single. The song helped her earn a Japan Record Awards nomination for Best New Artist.

2016–present: Syndrome and upcoming eighth studio album
On January 28, 2016, Onitsuka's performance, entitled Chihiro Onitsuka "Tune Hour 2016", was broadcast live on Ustream, in the performance, she made a strong impression that she had recovered from her bad vocal condition. In April 2016, Onitsuka embarked on the concert tour Tigerlily.

In November 2016, Onitsuka released her first single under Victor Entertainment, "Good Bye My Love", as the lead single from her eighth studio album. Although the song only managed to peak at number thirty-five on the Oricon Weekly Singles chart, it became her best-selling single in the previous seven years since "Kagerō". Onitsuka's eighth studio album, Syndrome was released on February 1, 2017. The album sold better than her label expected and sold out in the several CD stores. Syndrome peaked at number fifteen on the Oricon Weekly Albums chart and spent nine weeks there, selling more than 11,000 copies. To promote the album, Onitsuka embarked on the concert tour of the same title as the album from April 2017 to July 2017. In June 2017, Onitsuka released her first live album Tiny Scream, which compiled from her performance at Breeze Tower, Osaka in June 2016, and Nakano Sun Plaza, Tokyo in November 2016. The album peaked at number twenty-two on the Oricon Weekly Albums chart and topped the Onkyo High-resolution audio chart. In August 2017, Onitsuka performed at one of the biggest music festivals in Japan, Rock in Japan Festival.

In June 2018, Onitsuka embarked on the concert tour "Under Babies". On July 27, 2018, Onitsuka announced that she had been married since 2015. "Hinagiku", the lead single from Onitsuka's ninth studio album, was released in August 2018. In December 2018, Onitsuka performed two concerts entitled Beekeeper, in Osaka and Tokyo.

Artistry
In 2002, music critic Tetsu Misaki noted that Onitsuka was one of the few pop singers to sing about anger, citing lyrics such as isu o keritaoshi (椅子を蹴り倒し) in "Shine" (2000) and fuhai shita sekai (腐敗した世界) in "Gekkō" (2000). He praised her "strong spirit" and writing without hesitation, but felt like her lyrics were not like standard poetry, as they dealt with unpolished things.

Misaki also noted that her lyrics were difficult to interpret, despite the fact that she does not use complicated words. He contrasted her lyrics to that of Ayumi Hamasaki who, in the early 2000s, wrote about an "easy to understand sadness," whereas it was not so clear what caused the sadness in Onitsuka's lyrics. Misaki further noted Onitsuka's use of body parts in her lyrics, especially legs, which is not common in Japanese popular music.

Misaki noted that Onitsuka's song titles had little to do with their lyrical content causing discord. He pointed out "Gekkō" as being moonless, "Memai" not to do with dizziness and "Rasen" which, instead of having a spiral theme to the lyrics, seemed to talk about moving forward. However, "Memai" can be interpreted as a psychological dizziness because of the instability of the narrator and her need to be emotionally sheltered. "Rasen" can be interpreted either as the end of a chapter in her life, which is often called a spiral, and the beginning of a new and better one; or as a suicide song, and the spiral of emotions that lead there, such as anger, doubt, not being able to forget a loved one.

Domestic violence
On August 18, 2010, Onitsuka was assaulted by her boyfriend Yusuke Komiya in her apartment. Onitsuka and Komiya had been dating since September 2009 and the two shared an apartment together. Late at night on August 18, Komiya was out drinking and came home completely drunk. While Onitsuka was sleeping, Komiya punched her in the eyes. Onitsuka then tried to retaliate but was severely beaten resulting in several broken ribs. Onitsuka began her lawsuit against him on December 16, 2010.

Discography

 * Insomnia (2001)
 * This Armor (2002)
 * Sugar High (2002)
 * Las Vegas (2007)
 * Dorothy (2009)
 * Ken to Kaede (2011)
 * Syndrome (2017)
 * Hysteria (2020)

title: Chihiro Onitsuka


text:
Ependymoma

An ependymoma is a tumor that arises from the ependyma, a tissue of the central nervous system. Usually, in pediatric cases the location is intracranial, while in adults it is spinal. The common location of intracranial ependymomas is the fourth ventricle. Rarely, ependymomas can occur in the pelvic cavity.

Syringomyelia can be caused by an ependymoma. Ependymomas are also seen with neurofibromatosis type II.

Signs and symptoms
Source:
 * severe headache
 * visual loss (due to papilledema)
 * vomiting
 * bilateral Babinski sign
 * drowsiness (after several hours of the above symptoms)
 * gait change (rotation of feet when walking)
 * impaction/constipation
 * back flexibility

Morphology
Ependymomas are composed of cells with regular, round to oval nuclei. There is a variably dense fibrillary background. Tumor cells may form gland-like round or elongated structures that resemble the embryologic ependymal canal, with long, delicate processes extending into the lumen; more frequently present are perivascular pseudorosettes in which tumor cells are arranged around vessels with an intervening zone consisting of thin ependymal processes directed toward the wall of the vessel.

It has been suggested that ependymomas are derived from radial glia, despite their name suggesting an ependymal origin.

Ependymoma tumors
Ependymomas make up about 5% of adult intracranial gliomas and up to 10% of childhood tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). Their occurrence seems to peak at age 5 years and then again at age 35. They develop from cells that line both the hollow cavities of the brain and the canal containing the spinal cord, but they usually arise from the floor of the fourth ventricle, situated in the lower back portion of the brain, where they may produce headache, nausea and vomiting by obstructing the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. This obstruction may also cause hydrocephalus. They may also arise in the spinal cord, conus medullaris and supratentorial locations. Other symptoms can include (but are not limited to): loss of appetite, difficulty sleeping, temporary inability to distinguish colors, uncontrollable twitching, seeing vertical or horizontal lines when in bright light, and temporary memory loss. It should be remembered that these symptoms also are prevalent in many other illnesses not associated with ependymoma.

About 10% of ependymomas are benign myxopapillary ependymoma (MPE). MPE is a localized and slow-growing low-grade tumor, which originates almost exclusively from the lumbosacral nervous tissue of young patients. On the other hand, it is the most common tumor of the lumbosacral canal comprising about 90% of all tumoral lesions in this region.

Although some ependymomas are of a more anaplastic and malignant type, most of them are not anaplastic. Well-differentiated ependymomas are usually treated with surgery. For other ependymomas, total surgical removal is the preferred treatment in addition to radiation therapy. The malignant (anaplastic) varieties of this tumor, malignant ependymoma and the ependymoblastoma, are treated similarly to medulloblastoma but the prognosis is much less favorable. Malignant ependymomas may be treated with a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Ependymoblastomas, which occur in infants and children younger than 5 years of age, may spread through the cerebrospinal fluid and usually require radiation therapy. The subependymoma, a variant of the ependymoma, is apt to arise in the fourth ventricle but may occur in the septum pellucidum and the cervical spinal cord. It usually affects people over 40 years of age and more often affects men than women.

Extraspinal ependymoma (EEP), also known as extradural ependymoma, may be an unusual form of teratoma or may be confused with a sacrococcygeal teratoma.

Treatment
Guidelines for initial management for ependymoma are maximum surgical resection followed by radiation. Chemotherapy is of limited use and reserved for special cases including young children and those with tumor present after resection. Prophylactic craniospinal irradiation is of variable use and is a source of controversy given that most recurrence occurs at the site of resection and therefore is of debatable efficacy. Confirmation of cerebrospinal infiltration warrants more expansive radiation fields.

Prognosis of recurrence is poor and often indicates palliative care to manage symptoms.

title: Ependymoma


text:
Talk:Danny Kaye

Corrections
I don't know how to make acceptable corrections. I thought it might be easier if I just tell you what they are and someone who knows how can figure it out.

According to the Declaration of Intention (to Naturalize) declared by Jacob Kaminsky (Danny Kaye's father) was born in Kiev Russia (not Yekaterinoslav) and arrived on the SS American on 15 Jan 1906. (Ancestry.com image).

According to the passenger manifest, Jankel Kaminski arrived on the SS Amerika, Jan 14, 1906 on List (aka page) 17, line 7. He was traveling alone. While difficult to read, it appears his last permanent residence was Tuchow (I think this is meant to be Obuchow; more on this later). (Ellis Island image.)

Jakob's wife, Chaie (later Clara), and children, Lev (later Sam) & Motel (later Mac), arrived on the SS Estonia, Dec 1908.According to their manifest, their last permanent residence was Obuchaw, Kiew Gub[ernia] and they were all born in the same place. (Ellis Island image.)

Obuchow is today, Obukhiv, Ukraine. Before WW1 (c1900), Obukhov was a part of the Kiev District, Kiev Province, Russian Empire. (JewishGen's Communities Database.)

In conclusion: Danny Kaye's family did not originate from Yekaterinoslav, but Obukhiv, Ukraine

If you want the images, I can download and send/attach ... just let me know how.

Bubbecraft (talk) 20:53, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

In addition to the FUNNYMAN comic, a character based on Kaye appeared in an 8-page backup story in DC COMICS,when Dick Grayson's ROBIN was attending Hudson University in the fictional town of New Carthage.

A character who was a ringer for Kaye decided to give up his show business career to go back and finish his college education. His agent started a series of disasters on campus, hoping to convince his sole client that going to college was bad luck for him. Robin,The Boy WOnder captured the agent; while "Davey King" kept children calm with patter songs during a building cave-in. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.23.5.35 (talk) 12:57, 7 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Danny Kaye


text:
Newhalem, Washington

Newhalem (Lushootseed: dxʷʔiyb) is a small unincorporated community on the Skagit River in the western foothills of the North Cascades, in Whatcom County, northwestern Washington, United States.

Description
Newhalem is a company town owned by Seattle City Light and populated entirely by employees of the Skagit River Hydroelectric Project, or of local county, state or federal agencies. The town is not open to permanent residents who do not work for these agencies. The Ross Lake National Recreation Area surrounds Newhalem on all sides, and the North Cascades National Park boundary is approximately one mile to the north and south of the town. Newhalem does not have an assigned US Postal Service zip code and thus, for postal purposes, is considered part of Rockport (98283).

The name Newhalem has its roots in a local indigenous language as meaning 'Goat Snare', as the natives used to trap mountain goats in the area.

In pre-colonial times, the site was inhabited by members of the Upper Skagits.

There was a school in Newhalem a long time ago but it was demolished because the population had severely dropped. Now the students have about a $1 1/2$-hour bus to Concrete.

Climate
Newhalem has plentiful rainfall year-round, but with significantly less rainfall in the summer months than in winter. According to the Köppen climate classification, Newhalem has an oceanic climate (Cfb).

Newhalem in literature and film
The writer Tobias Wolff lived in Newhalem as a boy in the late 1950s, after his mother moved from west Seattle to marry a mechanic who lived in one of the company houses. In his memoir, This Boy's Life, he calls this isolated settlement "Chinook," and describes how the nearest high school was a long bus ride away, in a slightly larger hamlet called Concrete. In the 1993 film version of This Boy's Life, starring Robert De Niro and Leonardo DiCaprio, the two places are combined and called "Concrete."

Portions of the 1983 Hollywood movie WarGames, starring Matthew Broderick, were filmed in Newhalem (most notably the scenes of the "Cheyenne Mountain Complex", filmed in an abandoned gravel pit northwest of the town).

Some locations in the "Alan Wake" videogame are inspired by elements of Newhalem.

Newhalem summer softball tournament
Each third weekend of July since 1977 there has been a "mushball" softball tournament. The competitors are Skagit Valley teams. Players camp a mile from the fields. On the second morning is a pancake feed at the firehall. The single field presents challenges not normally found at softball tournaments, plus the 7am start on Saturday.

Highway 20
Newhalem is the final place on Highway 20 to purchase supplies before crossing Rainy Pass and entering Eastern Washington.

title: Newhalem, Washington


text:
Rosseau, Ontario

Rosseau is a community in the District of Parry Sound in Ontario, Canada, located in the township of Seguin. It is situated on the north shore of Lake Rosseau, a popular vacationing area. It is one of the ends of the Rosseau-Nipissing Road, which stretches all the way up to Lake Nipissing, near North Bay, Ontario. An Ontario Historical Plaque was erected by the province to commemorate the Rosseau-Nipissing Road's role in Ontario's heritage.

Rosseau was formerly an incorporated village, which was amalgamated into the newly created Seguin Township on January 1, 1998.

The town shops are mostly arts and crafts shops with a few exceptions. One of them is the famous Rosseau General Store, which has stood since the late 19th century. The town has a marina and public beach area that has undergone renovations including new boat launches and large docks, a pavilion and public washrooms. The town also has a restaurant and a cafe. There are many shops; Rosseau is a tourist area, with many people visiting in the summer months to enjoy the scenery, shop for arts and crafts, or stop at the historic buildings. The town also hosts summer farmers markets and the Rosseau Fall Fair in late August, when people from all over Ontario come to have fun. Rosseau is serviced by roads which provide access to Huntsville, Parry Sound, Bracebridge, Windermere and other small communities in the area. Most lake travellers are familiar with the famous lighthouse which light still shines.

The local post office in the centre of the village services locals with lock boxes and one rural route.

The townsfolk and tourists of Rosseau in the late 19th century and early 20th century welcomed visitors arriving by steamboat, by singing the Rosseau Song (arrival song):
 * Oh we'll sing a little song of Rosseau,
 * It's the best old town that I know
 * Oh you Rosseau, where the summer breezes blow,
 * Where the skies are the clearest and the girls that you meet are the fairest,
 * Oh you Rosseau, you're the best old town that I know.

As the steamboat departed at the end of the visitors’ holiday, the visitors wistfully returned the favour by singing the Rosseau Song (departing song) to the townsfolk:
 * Rosseau Town—again it's time to say to Rosseau Town –Good-bye
 * When we came, we all were smiling, now we leave you with a sigh
 * But when summer comes once more
 * We'll return to you again
 * Oh Rosseau Town, again it's time to say to Rosseau Town—Good-by.

The first verse was sung to the same tune as the Cobalt Song, which adopted the original tune of the Rosseau Song. The second verse was sung to a different tune, which was likely improvised.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Rosseau had a population of 288 living in 95 of its 149 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 223. With a land area of 1.75 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

title: Rosseau, Ontario


text:
Talk:Kitty Dukakis

Previous discussions without headers
Any discussion of alleged alcoholism should be written with NPOV, maybe even mention a source. --Feitclub 04:20, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

I inserted a referenced, relating to her autobiography, in which she discussed it. --134.174.110.5 01:17, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Jewish American
Does anybody know Dukakis' descent? Can they source and add it? If, not, I'll try to do it....

Re: Jewish American
I remember hearing at the time of the 1988 campaign that Kitty would have been the first Jewish First Lady if her husband had been elected president.

Acting Dukakises
Kitty Dukakis has a son named John Dukakis who is, or was, an actor. He was in one of the "Jaws" movies (which I didn't see) and an episode of "Taxi" (which I did see). John is Kitty's son from a previous marriage. Any discussion of acting in the Dukakis family would probably merit at least a mention of Olympia Dukakis, Michael's cousin.

Astounding readers/drinking rubbing alcohol
I really doubt most readers of her memmoir, especially shortly after it was published, were astounded "when she revealed that she even drank rubbing alcohol." She did drink rubbing alcohol, but readers would most likely have heard about it well before the book was published, as it was a big news item when it happened. It is surely a well-known fact about Kitty, perhaps second only to the fact of her being the wife of a presidential candidate. Here are three stories related to the incident:

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE2DA1E31F932A25752C1A96F948260

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE3DF113DF934A25752C1A96F948260

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959081,00.html

I recall this was a front-cover story of at least one weekly newsmagazine. Benbradley 15:08, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Bernie Shaw Question
I have undone the removal of Bernie Shaw's famous debate question regarding Mrs. Dukakis. It is regarded as one of the seminal moments of that campaign and has been discussed in every political science class about the 1988 election. Removing it seems silly and cheats those younger people who are unaware of that part of history. Some say it was a good questions, others say it was dirty, but it happened. Bernie Shaw's early career was defined by it and the question may be why Mr. Dukakis was not elected. A possible reason for the defeat of a presidential candidate is not something that should be excluded. It should be noted that the user who removed it has a history of pumping up Democratic candidates. Check his history. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 8920ak (talk • contribs) 21:15, 19 September 2007 (UTC) That's the one about someone blowing up her kitty with a dukakis and leaving her corpse on a highway right? 20+ years later and that loaded question is still funny. Kinda belongs in the article. It's the most noteworthy thing about her. Wasn't for that I doubt anyone would know who she was. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.169.224.103 (talk) 05:03, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

Jason Chaffetz
Why is there no mention of Ms. Dukakis' oldest child with her first husband? Jason Chaffetz is a sitting member of the US House of Representatives. At minimum Congressman Chaffetz should be added to her list of children with a link to his page.
 * Jason Chaffetz is not the subject's son. John Dukakis is the son she had with her first husband. --Neil N  talk to me 20:56, 13 November 2014 (UTC)

Well, that explains that! The rest of the internet is off. Sending in request to change Google Knowledge Graph now.

Citing Jason Chaffetz as the son of Kitty Dukakis is an error. According to the Wikipedia article on Jason Chaffetz, he was born to a totally different mother in 1967, three years after Kitty Dukakis' marriage to Mike Dukakis. His name should be removed as one of Kitty Dukakis' children. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Grendella (talk • contribs) 19:16, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kitty Dukakis


text:
User:Alecw

Hi. My name is Alec Way. I am concerned with music, sound, fine art, graphic art, communication, radio, television, politics, books, ritual, literature, countries especially --in order of current late 2004 interest -- Japan, Iraq, India, England, Egypt, Sumeria, Ireland, America, Scotland, Wales, and cooking.

title: User:Alecw


text:
User:Jonathan Crane

Hi.

title: User:Jonathan Crane


text:
User:Zetawoof

To meet Wikipedia's cleanliness standards, this user may require a good long shower. Please discuss this issue on his talk page, and/or tell him how much of his hair looks. Soap and shampoo are available in case you want to take matters into your own hands.

Heya. I'm not quite sure what to put here right now, so I'll let the userboxes do the talking for the moment. If you've got something to say, you know where to leave it.

-

title: User:Zetawoof


text:
Horst Berger

Horst Berger (1928-2019) was a structural engineer and designer known for his work with lightweight tensile architecture. After receiving a degree in Civil Engineering in 1954 from Stuttgart University in Stuttgart, Germany, he began working in 1955 at the Bridge and Special Structures Department of Wayss and Freitag in Frankfurt. In 1960, he joined Severud Associates in New York city and worked on projects such as the St. Louis Arch, Madison Square Garden, and Toronto City Hall.

After forming Geiger Berger Associates in 1968 with air supported roof inventor David Geiger, the firm gained international recognition for its incorporation of lightweight fabric structures into permanent architectural designs.

During his time at Geiger Berger Associates, Horst Berger had the challenge of engineering the 105 acre roof designed by architect Fazlur Rahman Khan of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill for the Haj Terminal at the Jeddah Airport. This tensile fabric structure consists of 210 roof units contained in ten modules that are supported on steel pylons.

In 1990 Horst Berger was asked to create a tensile fabric roof for the Denver International Airport. Challenges of snow loading and attaching the rigid walls to the fabric roof made it one of Berger’s toughest projects. The unique design with the roofing structure gave the terminal a more spacious layout.

In 1990 he became a professor at the School of Architecture of the City College of New York.

While studying and working in New York, Berger married an American woman Gretchen (Gay) Smart. They had four children, Ralf, Susie, Paul and Barbara; Barbara died in 2011, aged 53.

Notable works

 * Hajj terminal, King Abdul Aziz International Airport, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
 * King Fahd International Stadium, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
 * Seaworld Pavilion, San Diego, California
 * San Diego Convention Center, San Diego, California
 * Wimbledon Tennis Arena, Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom
 * Great Hall, Alexandra, London, United Kingdom
 * Shoreline Amphitheater, Mountain View, California
 * Whale Pool Enclosure for the New York Aquarium, Brooklyn, New York
 * Denver International Airport, Colorado
 * Eilat Performing Arts Center, Elat, Israel
 * Metrodome, Minneapolis

title: Horst Berger


text: User talk:24.61.45.82

title: User talk:24.61.45.82


text:
Category:Tensile architecture

Tensile architecture is a relatively new field of architecture devoted to lightweight membrane structures. Composed primarily of a cable-net supporting a fabric or sheet material structures, this form of architecture is well suited for sheltering large areas, such as stadiums, arenas, outdoor shelters, and airport terminals.

title: Category:Tensile architecture


text: User talk:68.251.63.230

title: User talk:68.251.63.230


text:
Talk:Chinese Grand Prix

Grand Prix template
Is there a reason why this was removed? doctorvee 16:29, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Thank you
Thank you, Karl Stas, for changing the article to past tense. With all my work elsewhere, I forgot to do it.

Matt — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bobo192 (talk • contribs) 04:23, 27 September 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Chinese Grand Prix. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061117025604/http://www.icsh.sh.cn/ to http://www.icsh.sh.cn/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:45, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese Grand Prix


text:
Uttara

Uttara, which means "north" in Sanskrit and many other South Asian languages, may refer to:

Places

 * Uttara Export Processing Zone, Bangladesh
 * Uttara, a neighbourhood north of Dhaka, Bangladesh
 * Uttara East Thana
 * Uttara West Thana
 * Uttaradit, a city in Thailand
 * Uttara Kannada, a district in Karnataka state
 * Uttarakhand, a Himalayan state in North India
 * Uttarakuru, a legendary location in ancient Indian texts
 * Uttarapatha, a legendary location in ancient Indian texts

Films

 * Uttara (film), a 2000 Bengali film
 * Uttarayan (film), a 2004 Marathi film
 * Uttarayanam, a 1975 Malayalam film

Transport

 * Uttara North metro rail station, a metro station of MRT Line 6 of Dhaka Metro Rail, located in the neighbourhood of Uttara in Dhaka city.
 * Uttara Centre metro rail station, a metro station of MRT Line 6 of Dhaka Metro Rail, located in the neighbourhood of Uttara in Dhaka city.
 * Uttara South metro rail station, a metro station of MRT Line 6 of Dhaka Metro Rail, located in the neighbourhood of Uttara in Dhaka city.
 * Uttara Depot, a railway depot.

People

 * Uttara Baokar, Indian actress

Other uses

 * Uttara (Mahabharata), son of King Virata who went into battle with Arjuna
 * Uttarā (Mahabharata), daughter of Virata and mother of Parikshita
 * Uttara Kanda, last book of the Ramayana
 * Uttara Bank, Bangladesh
 * Uttara University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
 * Uttaradhi Arora, an Arora clan of North India
 * Uttaramadra, a legendary clan found in Uttarakuru
 * Uttara Foods and Feeds, an Indian company
 * Uttarayana, spring equinox in Hindu traditions

title: Uttara


text:
Blaberidae

Giant cockroaches, or blaberids (family Blaberidae), are the second-largest cockroach family by number of species. Mostly distributed in warmer climates worldwide, this family is based on the American genus Blaberus, but much of the diversity is also found in Africa and Asia.

Description
They are the only ovoviviparous cockroach family. The ootheca is seen very briefly before being retracted into the body, where soon after the young nymphs hatch inside, the female gives live birth. The cerci are smaller compared to other families, and most of the time are covered by wings. They're mostly found in caves, rotting logs or buried under leaf litter. Many are often kept as pets or as feeder insects, such as Blaberus, Gromphadorhina or Macropanesthia.

Notable species
Notable species within this family include:
 * Cape mountain cockroach – Aptera fusca
 * Dwarf cave cockroach – Blaberus atropos (syn. Blaberus fusca)
 * Death's head cockroach – Blaberus craniifer
 * False death's head cockroach – Blaberus discoidalis
 * Giant cave cockroach – Blaberus giganteus
 * Dubia cockroach – Blaptica dubia
 * Orange head cockroach – Eublaberus posticus
 * Glowspot cockroach – Lucihormetica verrucosa
 * Beetle cockroach – Diploptera punctata
 * Chrome cockroach – Gyna caffrorum
 * Cuban, or green banana cockroach – Panchlora nivea
 * Halloween hissing cockroach – Elliptorhina javanica
 * Wide-horned hissing cockroach – Gromphadorhina oblongonota
 * Madagascar hissing cockroach – Gromphadorhina portentosa
 * Speckled cockroach – Nauphoeta cinerea
 * Surinam cockroach – Pycnoscelus surinamensis
 * Australian wood cockroach – Panesthia spp. including P. cribrata
 * Giant burrowing cockroach – Macropanesthia rhinoceros
 * Emerald cockroach – Pseudoglomeris magnifica

Subfamilies and genera
The Cockroach Species File lists over 1260 species within 170 valid genera and 14 subfamilies.

Blaberinae
Auth.: Saussure, 1864; distribution: Americas

 * 1) Archimandrita Saussure, 1893
 * 2) Aspiduchus Rehn & Hebard, 1927
 * 3) Bionoblatta Rehn, 1940
 * 4) Blaberus Serville, 1831
 * 5) Blaptica Stål, 1874
 * 6) Byrsotria Stål, 1874
 * 7) Eublaberus Hebard, 1920
 * 8) Hemiblabera Saussure, 1893
 * 9) Hiereoblatta Rehn, 1937
 * 10) Hormetica Burmeister, 1838
 * 11) Hyporhicnoda Hebard, 1920
 * 12) Lucihormetica Zompro & Fritzsche, 1999
 * 13) Minablatta Rehn, 1940
 * 14) Monachoda Burmeister, 1838
 * 15) Monastria Saussure, 1864
 * 16) Neorhicnoda Grandcolas, 1992
 * 17) Oxycercus Bolívar, 1881
 * 18) Paradicta Grandcolas, 1992
 * 19) Parahormetica Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865
 * 20) Petasodes Saussure, 1864
 * 21) Phoetalia Stål, 1874
 * 22) Quadrihormetica Vidlicka, 2019
 * 23) Sibylloblatta Rehn, 1937
 * 24) Styphon Rehn, 1930

Distribution: SE Asia, Australia, N. America
 * Calolamprodinae Wang & Wang, 2023
 * 1) Calolamprodes Bey-Bienko, 1969 (India, China, Indochina)
 * Diplopterinae
 * 1) Diploptera Saussure, 1864

Epilamprinae
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865; distribution: Americas, Africa, SE Asia, Australia

 * 1) Africalolampra Roth, 1995
 * 2) Alphelixia Roth, 1973
 * 3) Anisolampra Bey-Bienko, 1969
 * 4) Antioquita Hebard, 1933
 * 5) Aptera Saussure, 1864
 * 6) Apsidopis Saussure, 1895
 * 7) Ataxigamia Tepper, 1893
 * 8) Audreia Shelford, 1910
 * 9) Blepharodera Burmeister, 1838
 * 10) Brephallus Wang, Zhao, Li, Che & Wang, 2018
 * 11) Calolampra Saussure, 1893
 * 12) Capucinella Hebard, 1920
 * 13) Cariacasia Rehn, 1928
 * 14) Colapteroblatta Hebard, 1919
 * 15) Compsolampra Saussure, 1893
 * 16) Cyrtonotula Uvarov, 1939
 * 17) Dryadoblatta Rehn, 1930
 * 18) Decoralampra Lucañas, 2017
 * 19) Epilampra Burmeister, 1838
 * 20) Galiblatta Hebard, 1926
 * 21) Gurneya Roth, 1974
 * 22) Haanina Hebard, 1929
 * 23) Homalopteryx Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865
 * 24) Howintoniella Roth, 1981
 * 25) Indoapterolampra Anisyutkin, 2014
 * 26) Juxtacalolampra Roth, 1981
 * 27) Litopeltis Hebard, 1920
 * 28) Miroblatta Shelford, 1906
 * 29) Molytria Stål, 1874
 * 30) Morphna Shelford, 1910
 * 31) Notolampra Saussure, 1862
 * 32) Opisthoplatia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865
 * 33) Orchidoeca Gurney & Roth, 1976
 * 34) Paracalolamprodes Anisyutkin, 2015
 * 35) Phlebonotus Saussure, 1862
 * 36) Phoraspis Serville, 1831
 * 37) Pinaconota Saussure, 1895
 * 38) Placoblatta Bey-Bienko, 1969
 * 39) Poeciloderrhis Stål, 1874
 * 40) Princisola Gurney & Roth, 1976
 * 41) Pseudophoraspis Kirby, 1903
 * 42) Rhabdoblatta Kirby, 1903
 * 43) Rhicnoda Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
 * 44) Stictolampra Hanitsch, 1930
 * 45) Thorax Saussure, 1862
 * 46) Ylangella Roth, 2002

Geoscapheinae
Distribution: Malesia, Australasia (not mainland Asia)
 * 1) Geoscapheus Tepper, 1893
 * 2) Macropanesthia Saussure, 1895
 * 3) Neogeoscapheus Roth, 1977
 * 4) Parapanesthia Roth, 1977

Gyninae
Distribution: Africa

 * 1) Alloblatta Grandcolas, 1993
 * 2) Gyna Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865
 * 3) Paraprincisaria Grandcolas, 1993
 * 4) Princisaria Kumar, 1975
 * 5) Pseudocalolampra Roth & Princis, 1971

Oxyhaloinae
Distribution: Africa – 3 tribes:

 * Gromphadorhini
 * 1) Aeluropoda Butler, 1882
 * 2) Ateloblatta Saussure, 1891
 * 3) Elliptorhina van Herrewege, 1973
 * 4) Gromphadorhina Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865
 * 5) Leozehntnera van Herrewege, 1975
 * 6) Princisia van Herrewege, 1973
 * Nauphoetini
 * 1) Griffiniella Karny, 1908
 * 2) Henschoutedenia Princis, 1954
 * 3) Jagrehnia Princis, 1954
 * 4) Nauphoeta Burmeister, 1838
 * 5) Rhyparobia Krauss, 1892
 * 6) Simandoa Roth & Naskrecki, 2004
 * Oxyhaloini
 * 1) Oxyhaloa Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865
 * Incertae sedis
 * 1) Brachynauphoeta van Herrewege, 1975
 * 2) Coleoblatta Hanitsch, 1950
 * 3) Heminauphoeta Saussure, 1891
 * 4) Pronauphoeta Shelford, 1909

Panchlorinae
Distribution: Americas, Africa

 * 1) Achroblatta Saussure, 1893
 * 2) Anchoblatta Shelford, 1909
 * 3) Biolleya Saussure, 1897
 * 4) Panchlora Burmeister, 1838
 * 5) Pelloblatta Rehn, 1903

Panesthiinae
Distribution: Madagascar, India, China, SE Asia through to Australia

 * 1) Ancaudellia Shaw, 1925
 * 2) Annamoblatta Sergeev, 1984 - monotypic Annamoblatta vietnamica Sergeev
 * 3) Caeparia Stål, 1877
 * 4) Microdina Kirby, 1903
 * 5) Miopanesthia Saussure, 1895
 * 6) Panesthia Serville, 1831
 * 7) Salganea Stål, 1877

 * Paranauphoetinae Rehn, 1951
 * 1) Paranauphoeta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865 (India, China, Indochina, Malesia, New Guinea)

Perisphaerinae
Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865; distribution: Africa, SE Asia, Australia

 * 1) Bantua Shelford, 1908
 * 2) Compsagis Chopard, 1952
 * 3) Corydidarum Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865 (= Trichoblatta Saussure & Zehntner, 1895 )
 * 4) Cyrtotria Stål, 1871
 * 5) Derocalymma Burmeister, 1838
 * 6) Ellipsica Saussure & Zehntner, 1895
 * 7) Elliptoblatta Saussure, 1891
 * 8) Gymnonyx Saussure & Zehntner, 1895
 * 9) Hostilia (cockroach) Stål, 1871
 * 10) Hyposphaeria Lucas, 1863 (many synonyms)
 * 11) Laxta Walker, 1868
 * 12) Neolaxta Mackerras, 1968
 * 13) Perisphaerus Serville, 1831 (= Perisphaera [sic] Serville )
 * 14) Pilema Saussure, 1873
 * 15) Platysilpha Shelford, 1908
 * 16) Poeciloblatta Saussure & Zehntner, 1895
 * 17) Pseudoglomeris Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
 * 18) Zuluia Rehn, 1922

Pycnoscelinae
Distribution: SE Asia & S. America
 * 1) Proscratea Burmeister, 1838 - S. America
 * 2) Pycnoscelus Scudder, 1862
 * 3) Stilpnoblatta Saussure & Zehntner, 1895

 * Rhabdoblattellinae Wang & Wang, 2023
 * 1) Rhabdoblattella Anisyutkin, 1999 (China, Indochina)

Zetoborinae
Distribution: Central & S. America

 * 1) Alvarengaia Rocha e Silva & Aguiar, 1977
 * 2) Capucina Saussure, 1893
 * 3) Lanxoblatta Hebard, 1931
 * 4) Parasphaeria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865
 * 5) Phortioeca Saussure, 1862
 * 6) Phortioecoides Rehn, 1937
 * 7) Schistopeltis Rehn, 1916
 * 8) Schizopilia Saussure, 1864
 * 9) Schultesia (cockroach) Roth, 1973
 * 10) Thanatophyllum Grandcolas, 1991
 * 11) Tribonium Saussure, 1862
 * 12) Tribonoidea Shelford, 1908
 * 13) Zetobora Burmeister, 1838
 * 14) Zetoborella Hebard, 1921

Genera Incertae sedis

 * 1) Apotrogia Kirby, 1900
 * 2) Cacoblatta Saussure, 1893
 * 3) Derocardia Saussure, 1895
 * 4) Diplopterina Princis, 1963 (W. Africa)
 * 5) Elfridaia Shaw, 1925
 * 6) Eustegasta Gerstaecker, 1883
 * 7) Evea (cockroach) Shelford, 1909
 * 8) Glyptopeltis Saussure, 1873
 * 9) Gynopeltis Gerstaecker, 1869
 * 10) Hedaia Saussure & Zehntner, 1895
 * 11) Isoniscus Borg, 1902
 * 12) Kemneria Princis, 1946
 * 13) Mesoblaberus Princis, 1951
 * 14) Mioblatta Saussure & Zehntner, 1895
 * 15) Paraplecta Shelford, 1907
 * 16) Phenacisma Karsch, 1896
 * 17) Progonogamia Rehn, 1922
 * 18) Pseudogyna Shelford, 1909
 * 19) Pseudoplatia Hanitsch, 1930
 * 20) Stictomorphna Bruijning, 1948
 * 21) Thliptoblatta Saussure & Zehntner, 1895
 * 22) Thoracopygia Saussure & Zehntner, 1895

Taxonomy note
Among the genera of uncertain subfamily, Eustegasta, Isoniscus and Poeciloderrhis have been removed from subfamily Perisphaerinae.

title: Blaberidae


text:
Talk:Cliff Burton

"recently published interview"
What is the "recently published interview that claims to have been conducted with Cliff Burton hours before his death" you are talking about ? May I have a link ?

Since no link or proof was provided for that article, I removed it. - Keith

Added the song "Enter Sandman" to the song list that Cliff Burton contributed to. Many people do not know that he put his ideas in this song since it was put on album in 1991, but it says on the CD,(Metallica AKA The Black Album) that he did infact contribute to the musical process.

Clifford Lee Burton was the greatest bass player, ever. His creativity gave Metallica their leading edge when it comes to Metal. Don't believe me... Listen to Kill 'em All, Ride The Lightning, and Master of Puppets, listen to the detail in the songs, now listen to ...And Justice for All (good album, but not as good as their first three... NOTE: They also used some riffs Cliff wrote), Load/Reload, Garage Inc, St. Anger, the list goes on. The solos from their first three albums are, well the best in Metal, or at least thrash metal. Although Cliff did not play the electric guitar, he did help write up some riffs for his former band member, Kirk Hammett. It is very obvious that he had a major impact on the greatness of Metallica. If it wasn't for Cliff, I don't think Metallica would have been as big as they were back in the 80's.                                *RIP* Cliff

-Nick

Bass Influences
I think that a possible influence on Burton is being overlooked, Black Sabbath's Geezer Butler.

In an interview Cliff specifically stated Steve Harris was not an influence, and also states: "Geddy Lee, Geezer Butler, uh, Stanley Clark...Uh, Jimi Hendrix and Ulrich Roth, Shankar to a little degree, Maybe Tony Iommi...also had an influence."

The page can be found here (good reading):

So I'm taking off Steve Harris

His effects
http://i356.photobucket.com/albums/oo3/666Demo666/Cliff.jpg - I recognize those two pedals anywhere, the green is an old Ibanez Tubescreamer and the blue is an old 80s Boss CS-2 Compresser, the Big Muff was controlled by a sound director.

title: Talk:Cliff Burton


text:
Nikon D2X

The Nikon D2X is a 12.4-megapixel professional digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) that Nikon Corporation announced on September 16, 2004. The D2X was the high-resolution flagship in Nikon's DSLR line until June 2006 when it was supplanted by the D2Xs and, in time, the Nikon D3 range, Nikon D4 range, the Nikon D5 and the Nikon D6— the latter four using a FX full-format sensor.

Technology
The D2X uses a DX-format CMOS sensor supplied by Sony instead of either a charge-coupled device or the Nikon proprietary LBCAST sensor which had both dominated Nikon's digital SLR lineup until the D2X. The camera supports the sYCC color space. The CMOS sensor used in the D2X has the ability to resolve about nine times more than the human eye. At 90 line pairs/millimeter (90 lp/mm), the sensor can resolve extremely fine detail. This makes the camera perform exceptionally well when used as a landscape or scenic imager, since it can better resolve smaller detail in distant objects.

The D2X surpasses the D2H and its successor the D2Hs by providing 5 frame/s at 12 megapixels, and 8 frames/second at 6.8 megapixels with its high-speed crop mode. In high-speed crop mode, the camera sacrifices pixels in favour of speed and crops the image to 50% of a 35 mm frame to enable continuous shooting at up to 8 frames per second (vs. 5 frame/s at full resolution).

It incorporates some other innovations such as refinements of the metering and autofocus systems. At the same time, the camera is able to make use of virtually all of Nikon's F-Mount lenses, including most legacy lenses. It has a rated shutter life of 200,000+ images, which is generally double or triple than less costly cameras.

It is one of very few cameras with a built-in "third-eye" which records the color of ambient light, giving the D2X an additional tool to accurately compute the white-balance for each image, instead of relying on calculations based only on subjects within the picture frame.

At the time of its release, the D2X had the highest concentration of pixels (pixel pitch) of any Nikon DSLR made to date. While its resolving capabilities are impressive, the very small resulting pixel size puts the camera at a disadvantage when working in low light by introducing slight noise in underexposed areas. The D2X has excellent noise reduction software built into the camera, so its images reflect the very high quality one would expect from an expensive digital SLR.

Audience
The D2X was aimed at professional users. It replaced the D1X and complemented Nikon's D2Hs camera with which it shares a body. It was a very important model for Nikon given the 3½ years which had elapsed between the D1X and D2X, during which time competitive pressure mounted on the D1X.

Competition
The principal competitive cameras for the D2X were the full-frame Canon EOS-1Ds Mark II and the Canon EOS-1D Mark II N. There was also some competitive overlap between the full-frame Canon EOS 5D and the D2Xs, although they were not direct competitors.

An unresolved debate rages about the respective technical compromises of the DX-format sensor and full frame sensors (100% of a 35 mm film frame) offered in competition with the D2X's DX format. Each format offers advantages and disadvantages which become more or less important in different usage settings (e.g. studio vs sport, indoor vs outdoor, wide angle vs telephoto). Nikon, convinced that the design characteristics of the DX format are best choice for its customers and target markets, had committed itself publicly to the DX-format sensor and its line of DX lenses is specifically designed for the smaller sensor. This philosophy remained until 2007, at which point Nikon's new generation of professional-level digital SLRs - the Nikon D3 and Nikon D700 - adopted a full-frame sensor.

Nikon's D2X was awarded best product accolades for 2005–6 by the European Imaging and Sound Association. Named European Professional Camera of the Year, the D2X's 'extraordinary performance' was praised by the judges.

Nikon D2Xs
Nikon D2Xs is a digital single-lens reflex camera announced June 1, 2006, replacing the professional Nikon D2X.

Its improvements over the original D2X include:
 * Automatic viewfinder masking in high-speed crop mode
 * Increased buffer capacity to 60 frames in continuous shooting
 * Additional ISO steps between 800 and 1600
 * Improved metering for High Speed Crop
 * More Autofocus options
 * An AF system that can now detect focus at lower contrast and in lower light
 * Higher capacity battery rated to 3,800 exposures per charge
 * Improved Auto-ISO features
 * Image verification
 * Ability to save and load camera settings from a memory card
 * 2.5 inch (64 mm) 230,000 pixel LCD with 170 degree viewing angle (same as D200)
 * Menu look ported from the D200
 * Black and White mode
 * Additional color mode selections
 * Locking USB connector
 * Support for multiple custom curves
 * A lockable recent settings menu
 * Improved GPS data recording
 * AF and VR mode recording in shooting data
 * In-camera cropping

The original D2X gets the majority of these upgrades with a simple firmware update, with the exceptions of:
 * Automatic viewfinder masking in High-Speed Crop mode
 * 2.5 inch (64 mm) 230,000 pixel LCD with 170 degree viewing angle (the viewing angle is the area of improvement—size remains the same)

The larger capacity EN-EL4e is compatible with the original D2X and will give it the same improved battery life.

title: Nikon D2X


text:
Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry is a form of immunostaining. It involves the process of selectively identifying antigens (proteins) in cells and tissue, by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues. Albert Hewett Coons, Ernest Berliner, Norman Jones and Hugh J Creech was the first to develop immunofluorescence in 1941. This led to the later development of immunohistochemistry.

Immunohistochemical staining is widely used in the diagnosis of abnormal cells such as those found in cancerous tumors. In some cancer cells certain tumor antigens are expressed which make it possible to detect. Immunohistochemistry is also widely used in basic research, to understand the distribution and localization of biomarkers and differentially expressed proteins in different parts of a biological tissue.

Sample preparation
Immunohistochemistry can be performed on tissue that has been fixed and embedded in paraffin, but also cryopreservated (frozen) tissue. Based on the way the tissue is preserved, there are different steps to prepare the tissue for immunohistochemistry, but the general method includes proper fixation, antigen retrieval incubation with primary antibody, then incubation with secondary antibody.

Tissue preparation and fixation
Fixation of the tissue is important to preserve the tissue and maintaining cellular morphology. The fixation formula, ratio of fixative to tissue and time in the fixative, will affect the result. The fixation solution (fixative) is often 10% neutral buffer formalin. Normal fixation time is 24 hours in room temperature. The ratio of fixative to tissue ranges from 1:1 to 1:20. After the tissue is fixed it can be embedded in paraffin wax.

For frozen sections, fixation is usually performed after sectioning if not new antibodies are going to be tested. Then acetone or formalin can be used.

Sectioning
Sectioning of the tissue sample is done using a microtome. For paraffin embedded tissue 4 μm is normal thickness, and for frozen sections 4 – 6 μm. The thickness of the sliced sections matters, and is an important factor in immunohistochemistry. If you compare a section of brain tissue measuring 4 μm with a section measuring 7 μm, some of what you see in the 7 μm thick section might be lacking in the 4 μm section. This shows the importance of detailed methods related to this methodology. The paraffin embedded tissues should be deparaffinized to remove all the paraffin on and around the tissue sample in xylene or a good substitute, followed by alcohol.

Antigen retrieval
Antigen retrieval is required to make the epitopes accessible for immunohistochemical staining for most formalin fixed tissue section. The epitopes are the binding sites for antibodies used to visualize the targeted antigen which may be masked due to the fixation. Fixation of the tissue may cause formation of methylene bridges or crosslinking of amino groups, so that the epitopes no longer are available. Antigen retrieval can restore the masked antigenicity, possibly by breaking down the crosslinks caused by fixation. The most common way to perform antigen retrieval is by using high-temperature heating while soaking the slides in a buffer solution. This can be done in different ways, for example by using microwave oven, autoclaves, heating plates or water baths. For frozen sections, antigen retrieval is generally not necessary, but for frozen section that has been fixed in acetone or formalin, can antigen retrieval improve the immunohistochemistry signal.

Blocking
Non-specific binding of antibodies can cause background staining. Although antibodies bind to specific epitopes, they may also partially or weakly bind to sites on nonspecific proteins that are similar to the binding site on the target protein. By incubating the tissue with normal serum isolated from the species which the secondary antibody was produced, the background staining can be reduced. It is also possible to use commercially available universal blocking buffers. Other common blocking buffers include normal serum, non-fat dry milk, BSA, or gelatin. Endogenous enzyme activity may also cause background staining but can be reduced if the tissue is treated with hydrogen peroxide.

Sample labeling
After preparing the sample, the target can be visualized by using antibodies labeled with fluorescent compounds, metals or enzymes. There are direct and indirect methods for labeling the sample.

Antibody types
The antibodies used for detection can be polyclonal or monoclonal. Polyclonal antibodies are made by using animals like guinea pig, rabbit, mouse, rat, or goat. The animal is injected with the antigen of interest and trigger an immune response. The antibodies can be isolated from the animal's whole serum. Polyclonal antibody production will result in a mixture of different antibodies and will recognize multiple epitopes. Monoclonal antibodies are made by injecting the animal with the antigen of interest and then isolating an antibody-producing B cell, typically from the spleen. The antibody producing cell is then fused with a cancer cell line. This causes the antibodies to show specificity for a single epitope.

For immunohistochemical detection strategies, antibodies are classified as primary or secondary reagents. Primary antibodies are raised against an antigen of interest and are typically unconjugated (unlabeled). Secondary antibodies are raised against immunoglobulins of the primary antibody species. The secondary antibody is usually conjugated to a linker molecule, such as biotin, that then recruits reporter molecules, or the secondary antibody itself is directly bound to the reporter molecule.

Detection methods
The direct method is a one-step staining method and involves a labeled antibody reacting directly with the antigen in tissue sections. While this technique utilizes only one antibody and therefore is simple and rapid, the sensitivity is lower due to little signal amplification, in contrast to indirect approaches.

The indirect method involves an unlabeled primary antibody that binds to the target antigen in the tissue. Then a secondary antibody, which binds with the primary antibody is added as a second layer. As mentioned, the secondary antibody must be raised against the antibody IgG of the animal species in which the primary antibody has been raised. This method is more sensitive than direct detection strategies because of signal amplification due to the binding of several secondary antibodies to each primary antibody.

The indirect method, aside from its greater sensitivity, also has the advantage that only a relatively small number of standard conjugated (labeled) secondary antibodies needs to be generated. For example, a labeled secondary antibody raised against rabbit IgG, is useful with any primary antibody raised in rabbit. This is particularly useful when a researcher is labeling more than one primary antibody, whether due to polyclonal selection producing an array of primary antibodies for a singular antigen or when there is interest in multiple antigens. With the direct method, it would be necessary to label each primary antibody for every antigen of interest.

Reporter molecules
Reporter molecules vary based on the nature of the detection method, the most common being chromogenic and fluorescence detection. In chromogenic immunohistochemistry an antibody is conjugated to an enzyme, such as alkaline phosphate and horseradish peroxidase, that can catalyze a color-producing reaction in the presence of a chromogenic substrate like diaminobenzidine. The colored product can be analyzed with an ordinary light microscope. In immunofluorescence the antibody is tagged to a fluorophore, such as fluorescein isothiocyanate, tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate, aminomethyl Coumarin acetate or Cyanine5. Synthetic fluorochromes from Alexa Fluors is also commonly used. The fluorochromes can be visualized by a fluorescence or confocal microscope.

For chromogenic and fluorescent detection methods, densitometric analysis of the signal can provide semi- and fully quantitative data, respectively, to correlate the level of reporter signal to the level of protein expression or localization.

Counterstains
After immunohistochemical staining of the target antigen, another stain is often applied. The counterstain provide contrast that helps the primary stain stand out and makes it easier to examine the tissue morphology. It also helps with orientation and visualization of the tissue section. Hematoxylin is commonly used.

Troubleshooting
In immunohistochemical techniques, there are several steps prior to the final staining of the tissue that can cause a variety of problems. It can be strong background staining, weak target antigen staining and presence of artifacts. It is important that antibody quality and the immunohistochemistry techniques are optimized. Endogenous biotin, reporter enzymes or primary/secondary antibody cross-reactivity are common causes of strong background staining. Weak or absent staining may be caused by inaccurate fixation of the tissue or to low antigen levels. These aspects of immunohistochemistry tissue prep and antibody staining must be systematically addressed to identify and overcome staining issues.

Methods to eliminate background staining include dilution of the primary or secondary antibodies, changing the time or temperature of incubation, and using a different detection system or different primary antibody. Quality control should as a minimum include a tissue known to express the antigen as a positive control and negative controls of tissue known not to express the antigen, as well as the test tissue probed in the same way with omission of the primary antibody (or better, absorption of the primary antibody).

Diagnostic immunohistochemistry markers
Immunohistochemistry is an excellent detection technique and has the tremendous advantage of being able to show exactly where a given protein is located within the tissue examined. It is also an effective way to examine the tissues. This has made it a widely used technique in neuroscience, enabling researchers to examine protein expression within specific brain structures. Its major disadvantage is that, unlike immunoblotting techniques where staining is checked against a molecular weight ladder, it is impossible to show in immunohistochemistry that the staining corresponds with the protein of interest. For this reason, primary antibodies must be well-validated in a Western Blot or similar procedure. The technique is even more widely used in diagnostic surgical pathology for immunophenotyping tumors (e.g. immunostaining for e-cadherin to differentiate between ductal carcinoma in situ (stains positive) and lobular carcinoma in situ (does not stain positive) ). More recently, immunohistochemical techniques have been useful in differential diagnoses of multiple forms of salivary gland, head, and neck carcinomas.

The diversity of immunohistochemistry markers used in diagnostic surgical pathology is substantial. Many clinical laboratories in tertiary hospitals will have menus of over 200 antibodies used as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Examples of some commonly used markers include:
 * BrdU: used to identify replicating cells. Used to identify tumors as well as in neuroscience research.
 * Cytokeratins: used for identification of carcinomas but may also be expressed in some sarcomas.
 * CD15 and CD30: used for Hodgkin's disease.
 * Alpha fetoprotein: for yolk sac tumors and hepatocellular carcinoma.
 * CD117 (KIT): for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) and mast cell tumors.
 * CD10 (CALLA): for renal cell carcinoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
 * Prostate specific antigen (PSA): for prostate cancer.
 * estrogens and progesterone receptor (ER & PR) staining are used both diagnostically (breast and gyn tumors) as well as prognostic in breast cancer and predictive of response to therapy (estrogen receptor).
 * Identification of B-cell lymphomas using CD20.
 * Identification of T-cell lymphomas using CD3.
 * PIN-4 cocktail, targeting p63, CK-5, CK-14 and AMACR (latter also known as P504S), and used to distinguish prostate adenocarcinoma from benign glands.

Directing therapy
A variety of molecular pathways are altered in cancer and some of the alterations can be targeted in cancer therapy. Immunohistochemistry can be used to assess which tumors are likely to respond to therapy, by detecting the presence or elevated levels of the molecular target.

Chemical inhibitors
Tumor biology allows for a number of potential intracellular targets. Many tumors are hormone dependent. The presence of hormone receptors can be used to determine if a tumor is potentially responsive to antihormonal therapy. One of the first therapies was the antiestrogen, tamoxifen, used to treat breast cancer. Such hormone receptors can be detected by immunohistochemistry. Imatinib, an intracellular tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was developed to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia, a disease characterized by the formation of a specific abnormal tyrosine kinase. Imitanib has proven effective in tumors that express other tyrosine kinases, most notably KIT. Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors express KIT, which can be detected by immunohistochemistry.

Monoclonal antibodies
Many proteins shown to be highly upregulated in pathological states by immunohistochemistry are potential targets for therapies utilising monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies, due to their size, are utilized against cell surface targets. Among the overexpressed targets are members of the EGFR family, transmembrane proteins with an extracellular receptor domain regulating an intracellular tyrosine kinase. Of these, HER2/neu (also known as Erb-B2) was the first to be developed. The molecule is highly expressed in a variety of cancer cell types, most notably breast cancer. As such, antibodies against HER2/neu have been FDA approved for clinical treatment of cancer under the drug name Herceptin. There are commercially available immunohistochemical tests, Dako HercepTest, Leica Biosystems Oracle and Ventana Pathway.

Similarly, epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-1) is overexpressed in a variety of cancers including head and neck and colon. Immunohistochemistry is used to determine patients who may benefit from therapeutic antibodies such as Erbitux (cetuximab). Commercial systems to detect epidermal growth factor receptor by immunohistochemistry include the Dako pharmDx.

Mapping protein expression
Immunohistochemistry can also be used for a more general protein profiling, provided the availability of antibodies validated for immunohistochemistry. The Human Protein Atlas displays a map of protein expression in normal human organs and tissues. The combination of immunohistochemistry and tissue microarrays provides protein expression patterns in a large number of different tissue types. Immunohistochemistry is also used for protein profiling in the most common forms of human cancer.

title: Immunohistochemistry


text:
File:Sailormoonmusical seramyu flyer.jpg

Summary
A 2004 promotional flyer from the Sailor Moon musical "The New Legend of Kaguya Island."

Scanned by fellow member of a Y! group on the subject from a flyer handed out to promote the musical.

Fair use for Sailor Moon musicals
This image is being linked here. Though the picture is subject to copyright, I, Masamage feel it is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * it is a low-resolution scan of a promotional flyer;
 * it does not limit the copyright owners' rights to sell the wider copyrighted work in any way;
 * it provides an illustration of this musical series, its premise, and its visual style, and is to be used solely for this purpose