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Monochrom

Monochrom (stylised as monochrom) is an international art-technology-philosophy group, publishing house and film production company. It was founded in 1993, and defines itself as "an unpeculiar mixture of proto-aesthetic fringe work, pop attitude, subcultural science and political activism". Its main office is located at Museumsquartier/Vienna (at 'Q21').

The group's members are: Johannes Grenzfurthner, Evelyn Fürlinger, Harald Homolka-List, Anika Kronberger, Franz Ablinger, Frank Apunkt Schneider, Daniel Fabry, Günther Friesinger and Roland Gratzer.

The group is known for working with different media and entertainment formats, although many projects are performative and have a strong focus on a critical and educational narrative. Johannes Grenzfurthner calls this "looking for the best weapon of mass distribution of an idea". Monochrom is openly left-wing and tries to encourage public debate, sometimes using subversive affirmation or over-affirmation as a tactic. The group popularized the concept of "context hacking".

On the occasion of Monochrom's 20th birthday in 2013, several Austrian high-profile media outlets     paid tribute to the group's pioneering contributions within the field of contemporary art and discourse.

History and philosophy

In the early 1990s, Johannes Grenzfurthner was an active member of several BBS message boards. He used his online connections to create a zine or alternative magazine that dealt with art, technology and subversive cultures, and was influenced by US magazines like Mondo 2000. Grenzfurthner's motivations were to react to the emerging conservatism in cyber-cultures of the early 1990s and to combine his political background in the Austrian punk and antifa movement with discussion of new technologies and the cultures they create. Franz Ablinger joined Grenzfurthner and they became the publication's core team. The first issue was released in 1993. Over the years the publication featured many interviews and essays, for example by Bruce Sterling, HR Giger, Richard Kadrey, Arthur Kroker, Negativland, Kathy Acker, Michael Marrak, DJ Spooky, Geert Lovink, Lars Gustafsson, Tony Serra, Friedrich Kittler, Jörg Buttgereit, Eric Drexler, Terry Pratchett, Jack Sargeant and Bob Black, in its specific experimental layout style.

In 1995 the group decided to cover new artistic practices  and started experimenting with different media: performances, computer games, robots, puppet theater, musical, short films, pranks, conferences, online activism.

"In 1995 we decided that we didn't want to constrain ourselves to just one media format (the 'fanzine'). We knew that we wanted to create statements, create viral information. So a quest for the best 'Weapon of Mass Distribution' started, a search for the best transportation mode for a certain politics of philosophical ideas. This was the Cambrian Explosion of monochrom. We wanted to experiment, try stuff, find new forms of telling our stories. But, to be clear, it was (and still is) not about keeping the pace, of staying up-to-date, or (even worse) staying 'fresh'. The emergence of new media (and therefore artistic) formats is certainly interesting. But etching information into copper plates is just as exciting. We think that the perpetual return of 'the new', to cite Walter Benjamin, is nothing to write home about – except perhaps for the slave-drivers in the fashion industry. We've never been interested in the new just in itself, but in the accidental occurrence. In the moment where things don't tally, where productive confusion arises."

All the other core team members joined between 1995 and 2006.

Grenzfurthner is the group's artistic director. He defines Monochrom's artistic and activist approach as 'Context hacking' or 'Urban Hacking'.

"The group monochrom refers to its working method as 'Context Hacking', thus referencing the hacker culture, which propagates a creative and emancipatory approach to the technologies of the digital age, and in this way turns against the continuation into the digital age of centuries-old technological enslavement perpetrated through knowledge and hierarchies of experts. ... Context hacking transfers the hackers' objectives and methods to the network of social relationships in which artistic production occurs, and upon which it is dependent. ... One of context hackers' central ambitions is to bring the factions of counterculture, which have veered off along widely diverging trajectories, back together again."

Community and network

From its very foundation, the group defined itself as a movement, culture (referring to Iain M. Banks's sci-fi series) and "open field of experimentation". Monochrom supported and supports various artists, activists, researchers and communities with an online publishing platform, a print publishing service (edition mono), and organizes in-person meetings, screenings, radio shows, debate circles, conferences, online platforms. It is fundamental for the group's core members to combine artistic and educational endeavors with community work (cf. social practice).

Some collaborations have been rather short-lived (for example the publication of a 1993 fringe science paper by Jakob Segal, projects with the Billboard Liberation Front and Ubermorgen or the administration of Dorkbot Vienna ), some have been going for many years and decades (for example with Michael Marrak, Cory Doctorow, Jon Lebkowsky, Fritz Ostermayer, V. Vale, eSeL, Scott Beale/Laughing Squid, Machine Project, Emmanuel Goldstein, Jason Scott, Jonathan Mann, Jasmin Hagendorfer and the Porn Film Festival Vienna), Michael Zeltner, Anouk Wipprecht, VSL Lindabrunn).

Monochrom supports initiatives like the Radius Festival, Play:Vienna, the Buckminster Fuller Institute Austria, RE/Search, the Semantic Web Company and the Vienna hackerspace Metalab. For a couple of years, Monochrom ran the DIY project "Hackbus" in cooperation with David "Daddy D" Dempsey (of FM4)

Since 2007, Monochrom is the European correspondent for Boing Boing Video.

Art residency
Monochrom offers a collaborative art residency in Vienna. Since 2003 the group has invited and created projects with artists, researchers, and activists like Suhrkamp's Johannes Ullmaier, pop theorist Stefan Tiron, performance artist Angela Dorrer, DIY blogger (and later: entrepreneur) Bre Pettis, photographer and activist Audrey Penven, digital artist Eddie Codel, sex work activist Maggie Mayhem, glitch artist Phil Stearns, illustrator Josh Ellingson, DIY artist Ryan Finnigan, digital artist Jane Tingley, digital rights activist Jacob Appelbaum, sex tech expert Kyle Machulis, hacker Nick Farr, filmmakers Sophia Cacciola and Michael J. Epstein, writer Jack Sargeant, and others. All former resident artists are considered ambassadors.

Johannes Grenzfurthner sees Monochrom as a community and social incubator of critical and subversive thinkers. An example is Bre Pettis of MakerBot Industries, who got inspired to create 3d printers during his art residency with Monochrom in 2007. Pettis wanted to create a robot that could print shot glasses for Monochrom's cocktail-robot event Roboexotica and did research about the RepRap project at Metalab. Shot glasses remained a theme throughout the history of MakerBot.

Main projects (in chronological order)

 * Mackerel Fiddlers (1996-)
 * A radical anti-representation/anti-recording music movement that partially refers to Hakim Bey's Temporary Autonomous Zone. To quote the manifesto: "We set value on developing a form of viral resistance by systematic infiltration of symphonic orchestras. A New Year's Concert of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra (1984) could have been transformed by at least one Mackerel Fiddler and Austria's image would have been ruined worldwide. ... These days, self-production and 'embarrassment sells' have become the golden rules of media, be it radio, TV, or telegraph. Thus it is not only legitimate to be ashamed of ones activity as a Mackerel Fiddler, it is also thankworthy. Failure is beautiful! Disgrace is sunshine!"
 * Schubumkehr (1995–1996)
 * A manifesto propagating 'internet demarketing' and deals with negative aspects of early net culture. Paz Sastre reprinted and contextualized the manifesto in this 2021 publication "Manifiestos sobre el arte y la red 1990-1999", published by Exit Media.
 * Der Exot (1997–2012) Monochrom--Der Exot--1997.jpg
 * A telerobot remotely controlled via a web interface/chat forum. The robot was supported and operated by a big community. The robot's basic structure was built out of remodeled Lego bricks and equipped with a Fisheye lens camera. The project was the first telerobot/tele-community projects of its kind. It was presented at art festivals and technology presentations.
 * Monochrom relaunched the project in 2011, calling it a "resurrection", and specifying the social aspect of the project: "A mobile robot with a mounted camera that can be controlled via web interface. But that's tricky. If too many people try to control the robot at the same time it is counter-productive. ... Der Exot is the anti-crowd source robot. The users have to discuss and cooperate via a chat interface to communicate where they want to go, what corners they want to explore, what to crush." The project was presented at the 'Robotville' Exhibition of the Science Museum London.
 * Wir kaufen Seelen (We Buy Souls) (1998)
 * A "spirituo-capitalist" booth where project members tried to buy the souls of passers-by for US$5 per soul. A total of fifteen were purchased and registered. These souls are still being offered for sale to third parties with a power of disposal.
 * Roboexotica (1999-) Cocktail robot at Roboexotica 2007 in Vienna, Austria.jpg
 * An annual festival where scientists, researchers, computer geeks and artists from all over the world build cocktail robots and discuss technological innovation, futurology and science fiction. Roboexotica is also an ironic attempt to criticize techno-triumphalism and to dissect technological hypes. 2002 Monochrom teamed up with Shifz in the organization of the events. Roboexotica has been featured on Slashdot, Wired News, Reuters, New York Times and blogs like Boing Boing and New Scientist.
 * Minus 24x (2001)
 * Monochrom's pro-failure/pro-error/pro-inability manifesto, hailing the "Luddites of inability". Quote: "Turning an object against the use inscribed in it (as sociolect of the world of things) means probing its possibilities. ... The information age is an age of permanently getting stuck. Greater and greater speed is demanded. New software, new hardware, new structures, new cultural techniques. Lifelong learning? Yes. But the company can't fire the secretary every six months, just because she can't cope with the new version of Excel. They can count their keystrokes, measure their productivity ... but! They will never be able to sanction their inability! Because that is imminent."
 * Scrotum gegen votum (Scrotum for a vote) (2000-)
 * "A form of political commentary for "about fifty percent of the population". Masculine individuals (whether in sex or gender) are seated nude in a special chair attached to a flatbed scanner. The scans then may or may not be sent to various politicians. The project won the NEBAPOMIC 2000 (Network-based Political Minimalism Counteraction Award) in the category of small country with political tendencies towards the conservative right.
 * Soviet Unterzoegersdorf (1999-) Soviet-unterzoegersdorf--sector2--cover.jpg
 * In 2005 Monochrom presented the first part of a computer game trilogy: "Soviet Unterzoegersdorf - The Adventure Game" (using AGS). To Monochrom it was clear that the adventure game, an almost extinct form of computer game, would provide the perfect media platform to communicate the idea of "Soviet Unterzoegersdorf". Edge chose the game as their 'internet game of the month' of November 2005.
 * In 2011 Monochrom and Austrian production company Golden Girls Filmproduktion announced that they are working on the feature film Sierra Zulu. The movie will be dealing with Soviet Unterzoegersdorf. In 2012 Monochrom presented the 16-minute short film "Earthmoving". It is a prequel to the feature film Sierra Zulu and features actors Jeff Ricketts, Martin Auer, Lynsey Thurgar, Adrienne Ferguson and Alexander Fennon.
 * In March 2009 Monochrom presented 'Soviet Unterzoegersdorf: Sector II'. The game features special guest appearances of Cory Doctorow, Bruce Sterling, Jello Biafra, Jason Scott, Bre Pettis and MC Frontalot.
 * The fake history of the "last existing appanage republic of the USSR", Soviet Unterzoegersdorf. Created to discuss topics such as the theoretical problems of historiography, the concept of the "socialist utopia" and the political struggles of postwar Europe. The theoretical concept was transformed into an improvisational theatre/performance/LARP that lasted two days.
 * Georg Paul Thomann (2002–2005) ESeL.at monochrom thomann grave 2005.jpg
 * Monochrom was chosen to represent the Republic of Austria at the São Paulo Art Biennial, São Paulo (Brazil) in 2002. However, the political climate in Austria (at that time, the center-right People's Party had recently formed a coalition with Jörg Haider's radical-right Austrian Freedom Party) gave the left-wing art group concerns about acting as wholehearted representatives of their nation. Monochrom dealt with the conundrum by creating the persona of Georg P. Thomann, an irascible, controversial (and completely fictitious) artist of longstanding fame and renown. Through the implementation of this ironic mechanism - even the catalogue included the biography of the non-existent artist - the group solved with pure fiction the philosophical and bureaucratic dilemma attached to the system of representation presented to them by the Biennial.
 * An interesting story related to the Thomann project took place once the São Paulo Art Biennial was underway. The artist Chien-Chi Chang was invited as the representative of Taiwan, but the country's name was removed by the administration from his cube overnight and replaced by the label, "Museum of Fine Arts, Taipei." As the members of Monochrom discovered, China had threatened to retreat from the Biennial (and create massive diplomatic problems) if the organizers of the Biennial were thought to be challenging the "One-China policy." Chang's open letter remained unanswered. Under the guise of Thomann, Monochrom invited artists from several countries to show their solidarity with Chang by taking the adhesive letters from their countries' name tags and giving them to Chang so that he could remount "Taiwan" outside his room. Monochrom wanted to show that artists do not necessarily have to internalize the fragmentation and isolation imposed by the rat-race of art markets and exhibitions as society-controlling imperatives. Several Asian newspapers reported about the performance. One Taiwanese newspaper headlined: "Austrian artist Georg Paul Thomann saves 'Taiwan'".
 * In 2005 Monochrom released press info that "Austrian artist and writer Prof. Georg Paul Thomann died in a tragic accident at the tender age of 60". On 29 July 2005 they staged his funeral in Hall in Tirol. Thomann's gravesite remains in Hall. Georg Paul Thomann's tombstone shows an engraved URL of the Thomann project page.
 * Georg Paul Thomann is featured in RE/Search's "Pranks 2" book.
 * 452 x 157 cm^2 global durability (2002-)
 * Together with Patick Hoenninger. Milk packages are collected in many countries. The standardized format of the Tetra Pak offers a worldwide frame for creative variation, which becomes visible on the 9.5 by 16.5 cm front of the packaging. According to the group, the relation to pop art not only exists in an aesthetic but also in a social dimension, reminiscent of Walter Benjamin's "The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility."
 * The Absent Quintessence (2002)
 * Feature films were drastically cut and thereby wrenched out of their genres (hardcore porn, splatter, eastern/kung fu, zombie, etc.). These genre films – all of which are characterized by certain anonymity and a mass-produced look – have been stripped of their "essential" scenes (for example, all sex scenes in pornography, all fight scenes in the kung fu films). Thus, the material has been reduced to a bare-bones plot that had actually been conceived only as filler, but its aesthetics and stereotypical narrative patterns now make it easy to contextualize. The project tried to analyze these "re-released" shorts and to filter out interesting subtexts.
 * Towers of Hanoi (2002)
 * Members of the group entered a bank and exchanged 50 euros for dollars, then back again to euros - and so on - until the money was gone. Afterward the group calculated how many times you have to exchange the global amount of cash (20 trillion euros) from euros to dollars until it vanishes completely. It was calculated that if this process was completed a total of 849 times using the global amount of cash, 18 cents would remain.
 * Blattoptera (2003–2005) Monochrom Blattoptera exhibition 2003.jpg
 * Artists were invited to design a gallery-space for their tribe of South American cockroaches. Each month a different international artist, or arts group, was invited to design an environment in which the cockroaches are placed, to act as audience for, and as aesthetic judges of the work.
 * Brandmarker (2003-)
 * How well do people remember the logos of large corporations that sell consumer goods? An attempt to evaluate the actual power of commercial brands by making people draw famous logos from memory.
 * Eignblunzn (2003)
 * Members of the group prepared blood sausage out of their own blood and ate it ('auto blood sausage'). The performance was accompanied by political essays about the 'autocannibalistic' tendencies of the global economy. The event also can be interpreted as a critical statement about art, art history, and the art market (Viennese Actionism).
 * Instant Blitz Copy Fight (2004-)
 * People from all over the world are asked to take flash pictures of copyright warnings in movie theaters. Monochrom (in cooperation with Cory Doctorow) collects and exhibits those pictures as a copyleft/Free Culture statement.
 * The Flower Currency (2005)
 * A project to explore a value exchange system, created and owned by children, to enable artists to collaborate on the creation of interdisciplinary artworks.
 * Udo 77 (2004)
 * A musical about Udo Proksch, a criminal figure in recent Austrian history. Born to a poor family he rose to become the darling of Austrian high society before landing in jail on a life sentence for sinking a ship and its crew in order to cash in on insurance of nonexistent goods. His perfectly tuned network of sponsors, friends, and political functionaries could not hush up the scandal and many of his associates joined him in his fall from grace.
 * 1 Baud (2005)
 * Monochrom held workshops in San Francisco to teach people semaphore communication techniques ('International Code of Signals'). After a few days set aside for study and practice, they started a citywide performance to send messages through town at a speed of 1 baud. ("1 Baud" was part of the "Experience The Experience" tour.)
 *  Brick Of Coke  (2005)
 * Monochrom created a 'Brick Of Coke': they put twenty gallons of Coca-Cola into a pot and boiled it down for a week until the residue left behind could be molded into a brick. The performance and talk dealt with the sugar industry and other multinational corporation policies and Coca-Cola as a symbol of corporate power. ("Brick Of Coke" was part of the "Experience The Experience" tour.)
 * Buried Alive/Six Feet Under Club (2005-) Monochrom's "Buried Alive" at VSL Lindabrunn 2013.jpg
 * In 2010 Monochrom created the "Six Feet Under Club". Couples could volunteer to be buried together in a casket beneath the ground to perform sexual acts. In a press release they explained that the space they occupy is "extremely private and intimate". The coffin "is a reminder of the social norm of exclusive pair bonding 'till death do us part'." However, this intimate scene was corrupted by the presence of a night vision webcam which projects the scene on to an outside wall. The scenario kept the intimacy of a sexual moment intact while moving the private act into public space. Monochrom's performance can be seen as an absurd parody of pornographic cinema or an examination of the high value placed on sexual privacy. "Six Feet Under Club" performances took place in San Francisco in 2010 and Vienna in 2013 and 2014.
 * People in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Vancouver and Toronto   had the opportunity to be buried alive in a real coffin for fifteen minutes. As a framework program Monochrom members held lectures about the history of the science of determining death and the medical cultural history of "buried alive". ("Buried Alive" was launched as part of the "Experience The Experience" tour in 2005, but was extended beyond the tour and became a permanent coffin installation at VSL Lindabrunn in Lower Austria in 2013.
 * Catapulting Wireless Devices (2005)
 * The catapult is one of the oldest machines in the history of technology. Monochrom created an ironic statement about progress. The group build a small medieval trebuchet and used a couple of issues of the techno-utopist magazine Wired as a counterweight to catapult wireless devices (e.g. cell phones or PDAs) at the greatest possible distance. ("Catapulting Wireless Devices" was part of the "Experience The Experience" tour.)
 * Farewell to Overhead (2005)
 * The group created a melancholic electro pop song about the "dead medium" overhead projector and adolescence/socialisation.
 * Growing Money (2005)
 * To quote Monochrom's press statement: "Money is frozen desire. Thus it governs the world. Money is used for all forms of trade, from daily shopping at the supermarket to trafficking in human beings and drugs. In the course of all these transactions, our money wears out quickly, especially the smaller banknotes that are changing hands constantly. ... Money is dirty, and thus it is a living entity. This is something we take literally: money is an ideal environment for microscopic organisms and bacteria. We want to make your money grow. In a potent nutrient fluid under heat lamps we want to get as much life as we can out of your dollar bills." ("Growing Money" was part of the "Experience The Experience" tour.)
 * Illegal Space Race (2005)
 * Monochrom placed the planets true to scale (sun, 4 meters in diameter at Machine Gallery, Alvarado Street, near Echo Park) throughout the Los Angeles cityscape. Then they conducted an 'illegal space car race' through the solar system. ("Illegal Space Race" was part of the "Experience The Experience" tour.)
 * Magnetism Party (2005)
 * In form of a staged college party, Monochrom deleted all the electromagnetic storage media that they could find with a couple of heavy-duty neodymium magnets. Monochrom stated that the Magnetism Party was an attempt to actively come to terms with one aspect of the information society that is almost completely ignored by our epistemological machinery: forgetting. The slogan was "Delete is just another word for nothing left to lose". ("Magnetism Party" was part of the "Experience The Experience" tour.)
 * Arad-II (2005): Monochrom's "ARAD II".jpg
 * The members of Monochrom staged a fake (public theatre performance) about a deadly virus outbreak at 'Art Basel Miami Beach', one of the biggest art fairs in North America. Monochrom dealt with the networking/business aspect of the art market, the post-September 11, 2001 attacks hysteria about biological warfare, and the media coverage about Avian influenza (bird flu). Press release quote: "In mid-November 2005, Günther Friesinger visited the Ulaangom Biennial in the Republic of Mongolia. ... He directly departed to Miami to attend some meetings at Art Basel Miami Beach. ... There is acute evidence that he is carrying a rare, but highly contagious sub-form of the Arad-II Virus (family Onoviridae), of which Freiburg virus is also a member. ... Friesinger is walking around the different art fairs in Miami Beach and is spreading the pathogen. The situation is critical. A worldwide outbreak – due to the many visitors from all over the world – is imminent. ... We want to find all the people that Günther Friesinger small talked to and handshaked with. We want to retrieve and destroy the business cards he has spread. Additionally, we must take him into custody and in the event of his death cremation is absolutely necessary."
 * Café King Soccer (Café König Fußball) (2006)
 * In June 2006, Monochrom created the art installation 'Café King Soccer' at NGBK Gallery in Berlin. The installation deals with the soccer corruption case in whose centre we find referee Robert Hoyzer. Monochrom reflect on the fact that soccer has at all times mirrored the dialectics between the culture of subjectivity of the working class and the assertion of objectivity of middle-class culture. The former is represented by the collectives that meet in the game, the latter by the referee, an exemplary civil subject conducting the game by acting as its objective opponent. The Hoyzer case violated this agreement. In it, Hoyzer is – especially in the forefront of the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany – also a tragic character, because he acted out his inner self-contradiction as an exemplary civil subject in a publicly effective way. At the same time, the Hoyzer case is itself an integral part of the game – merely because of his exemplary immolation as a scapegoat which seems to correspond exactly to his role on the field - and conditio sine qua non of its perpetuation.
 * Campaign for the Abolition Of Personal Pronouns (2006):
 * Monochrom propagates the creation of gender-neutral personal pronouns. In an activist way the group states that there is a relationship between the structure of language and the way people think and act (see Constructivism).
 * Waiting for GOTO (2006):
 * The reference point Monochrom chose for their theatre-project 'Waiting for GOTO' (Volkstheater Wien) is the theatre classic 'Waiting for Godot' which is projected into the future by modernistic references to science-fiction. In 'Waiting for Goto' we meet 'ideological delinquents' in a distant interstellar future who are separated from their bodies and locked up in two female students who are able to earn their college fees and make ends meet thanks to this job. The play presents us with Monochrom's portrayal of everyday work in a neo-liberal society, double consciousness, the endurance of incorporated contradictions by fragmented subjects, and the exploitation of the living body, self-alienation.
 * Lord Jim Lodge powered by monochrom (2006-): Monochrom_lord-jim-lodge_coca-cola-light-art-award.jpg
 * The Lord Jim Lodge was founded during the 1980s by the artists Jörg Schlick, Martin Kippenberger, Albert Oehlen and Wolfgang Bauer. Every member was obliged to use the lodge logo and/or the "Sun Breasts Hammer" symbol and the slogan "No one helps nobody" in his work. The group's declared goal was to make the logo "more well known than that of Coca-Cola". Thanks to the international recognition received by the oeuvres of Kippenberger, Oehlen, and Schlick the Lord Jim Lodge has already attained a relatively high degree of notoriety. Still, the logo's dissemination has remained – despite the international reputation that these artists have achieved – within the framework of the art system and its peripheral importance. As an intentional addition to works of visual art, it was in the end limited by their material form of existence. In March 2006 it was announced that Monochrom has assumed ownership of all trademark and usage rights of the artist Jörg Schlick's Lord Jim Lodge. Monochrom took part in a contest by 'Coca-Cola Light' ('Coca-Cola Light Art Edition 2006'). Quote Monochrom: "This puts us in a position to set in motion long overdue synergy effects between Coca-Cola and the Lord Jim Lodge. The only possibility for realizing the challenge formulated in the lodge logo is to use habitat in the merchandise world as a vehicle of transmission for guiding the message through that world's channels of distribution and into public consciousness. ... Thus we would like to use the prize as a trial run for such a form of cooperation/competition. Coca-Cola and Lord Jim Lodge – together at last! The symbolic-economic capital of the Lord Jim Lodge and the economic-symbolic capital of Coca-Cola will be brought together, paving the way for a better future. For a world of radical beauty and exclusive bottles in small editions! In the end, we are all individuals – at least as long as nobody comes along and proves the contrary." Monochrom won the prize. The logo of "Lord Jim Lodge powered by monochrom" was printed on 50.000 Coca-Cola Light bottles.
 * Taugshow (2006-):
 * Monochrom produce a regular TV talk show for a Viennese community TV station and put it online on their page under a Creative Commons license. Taugshow is referring to the Viennese slang term 'taugen' (to dig something, to adore something). Quote: "Our guests are geeks, heretics, and other coevals. Taugshow is a tour-de-farce, condensed into the well-known cultural technique of a prime time TV show." Guests are people like underground publisher V. Vale, sex activist and author Violet Blue, Chaos Computer Club spokesman Andy Müller-Maguhn, RepRap designer Vik Olliver, fashion researcher Adia Martin, media activist Eddie Codel, blog researcher Klaus Schönberger, computer crime lawyer Jennifer Granick, bondage instructor J. D. Lenzen, science researcher Karin Harrasser, blogger Regine Debatty, IT expert Emmanuel Goldstein, DEF CON founder Jeff Moss, Tim Pritlove and blogger/writer Cory Doctorow.
 * Arse Elektronika (2007-): Fuckzilla--arse elektronika 2007.jpg
 * Monochrom organizes a series of conferences about sex and technology. The first conference was held in October 2007 in San Francisco and dealt with pr0nnovation (the history of pornography and technological innovation) and featured speakers such as Mark Dery, Violet Blue and Eon McKai.
 * Arse Elektronika 2008 dealt with Sex and Science Fiction ('Do Androids Sleep With Electric Sheep?') and was held in San Francisco in October 2008. It featured speakers like Rudy Rucker and Constance Penley.
 * The general theme of Arse Elektronika 2009 was 'Of Intercourse and Intracourse' (genetics, biotechnology, wetware, body modifications) and took place October 2009 in San Francisco. Featured guests: R. U. Sirius, Annalee Newitz, Allen Stein.
 * 2010 the first Arse Elektronika exhibition was presented in the city of Hong Kong.
 * The theme of Arse Elektronika 2010 in San Francisco was "Space Racy" (Sex, Tech and Spaces).
 * The theme of Arse Elektronika 2011 in San Francisco was "Screw the System" (Sex, Tech class, and culture)
 * The theme of Arse Elektronika 2012 in San Francisco was "4PLAY: Gamifuckation and Its Discontents" (Sex, Tech and Games)
 * The theme of Arse Elektronika 2013 in San Francisco was "id/entity" (Sex, Tech and Identity)
 * The theme of Arse Elektronika 2014 in San Francisco was "trans*.*" (Sex, Tech and Transformations)
 * The theme of Arse Elektronika 2015 in San Francisco was "Shoot Your Workload" (Sex, Tech and Work)
 * Arse Elektronika compilations
 * There are currently four compilations or proceedings of essays presented at, or relevant to, the themes of Arse Elektronika.
 * Sculpture Mobs (2008-): Sculpture Mob in Graz, Austria.jpg
 * Monochrom promotes a concept called Sculpture Mobs. At the 2008 Maker Faire in San Mateo, California Monochrom trained attendees to erect public sculptures in a simulated Wal-Mart parking lot in just 5 minutes before "security" was called. Quote: "No one is safe from public sculptures, those endless atrocities! All of them are labeled 'art in public space'. Unchallenging hunks of aesthetic metal in business parks, roundabouts, in shopping malls! It is time to create DIY public art! Get your hammers! Get your welding equipment!"
 * Monochrom teamed up with the Billboard Liberation Front to create a political illegal public sculpture called "The Great Firewall of China" at the Google Campus in Mountain View, California.
 * Monochrom created additional Sculpture Mobs and Sculpture Mob Training Camps in various cities: Graz (2008), Ljubljana (2008) and Barcelona (2010).
 * Der Streichelnazi / Nazi Petting Zoo (2008): Monochrom-Streichelnazi 2008.jpg
 * The group staged a public "Nazi petting" or "hugging" on a heavily frequented Viennese shopping street. The piece is a political and ironic statement about Austria's Nazi past and how Austria deals with it. Quote from their video documentation: "In 1938 Austria joined the Third Reich. Millions cheered Hitler and in the referendum, 99.75% said 'yes' to 'Greater Germany'. But after World War II, many Austrians sought comfort in the idea of Austria as "the Nazis' first victim". Factions of Austrian society tried for a long time to advance the view that it was only annexation at the point of a bayonet(te). But it's time to embrace history. It's time to remember the feel-good days of 1938. It's time to let our real feelings out! It's time to hug the Nazi, Austria! Finally!"
 * Carefully Selected Moments (2008):
 * Monochrom publishes a Best-Of CD featuring re-recorded versions of some of the group's favorite songs.
 * Hacking the Spaces (2009-):
 * Monochrom publishes a much-debated pamphlet  by Johannes Grenzfurthner who (in collaboration with Frank Apunkt Schneider) makes a critical study on hackerspaces. In writing the historical context of hackerspaces originally expanding from the counter culture movement and conceived as niches against bourgeois society, Grenzfurthner and Schneider argue that hackerspaces today function quite differently as they initially did. Back in the seventies, these open spaces were imagined as tiny worlds to escape from capitalism or authoritarian regimes. The idea was much more based on micro-political tactics than on hippie's spirit: Instead of trying to transfer the old world into a new one people started to build up tiny new worlds with the old world. They made up open space where people could come together and try out different forms of living, working, maybe loving and whatever people do when they want to do something. In a capitalist society, alternative concepts always end up being commodified such as "indie music" becoming mainstream. According to Grenzfurthner and Schneider, the same happened to hackerspaces when "the political approach faded away on en route into tiny geeky workshop paradises".
 * Kiki and Bubu (2008-): Monochrom--Kiki and Bubu- Rated R Us.jpg
 * Invited by Boing Boing's Xeni Jardin, Monochrom created a sock puppet show focussing on the characters of Kiki and Bubu, an orange-red bird and a brown bear. Kiki is the well-read one, while Bubu is portrayed as a little slow, but often surprises with deep insights. Kiki and Bubu are fond of the ideology of Neo-Marxism and the series is based on the idea of explaining leftist terms (like commodification, neoliberalism, alienation, planned economy) in an entertaining yet surreal way.
 * The first installments were short films (2008), but Monochrom also created life puppet shows (2008, 2010, 2014) and a 50-minute feature video called Kiki and Bubu: Rated R Us (2011): "Kiki and Bubu have some feelings, so they sign up for an online dating site. When the People of China want to become their friends, they are excited. However, sending the People of China a video of themselves proves to be difficult: Their content gets flagged as inappropriate and taken down from YouTube. On the long quest for knowledge that follows, Kiki and Bubu learn all about Internet censorship. And love."
 * Antidev - God Hates Game Designers (2012):
 * Monochrom member Johannes Grenzfurthner staged a fundamentalist Christian protest, holding signs like "God Hates Game Designers" and "Thou Shalt Not Monetize Thy Neighbor" at the Game Developers Conference 2012 in San Francisco, attacking the focus on marketing and monetization. The images went viral and provoked much controversy.
 * Die Gstettensaga: The Rise of Echsenfriedl (2014):
 * A sci-fi fantasy comedy about the post-apocalyptic world after the so-called "Google Wars". The movie was produced for Austria's TV station ORF and deals with the politics and hype behind media technology and nerd culture. The film was directed by Johannes Grenzfurthner.
 * Hedonistika (2014-):
 * Monochrom's "smorgastic Festival for Gastrobots, Culinatronics, Advanced Snackhacks and Nutritional Mayhem", an event dedicated to approaches in gastronomical robots, cooking machines, molecular cuisine and experimental food performances. The first installment was presented in Montréal at the 'Biennale internationale d'art numérique'. The second installment was presented in Holon, near Tel Aviv, at 'Print Screen Festival', and in Linz at Ars Electronica 2022.
 * monochrom's ISS (2011): Monochrom's "ISS 2011", cast.png
 * Monochrom creates an improv reality sitcom for theater stages portraying the first year of operation of the International Space Station. The show depicts day-to-day working life in outer space and asks questions about work under the special conditions (and impairments) of a space station, to come to terms with weightlessness and the dictatorship of the functional. The production features actor Jeff Ricketts.
 * Creative Class Escort Service (Kreativlaufhaus) (2015): [[File:Monochrom's Creative Class Escort Service (Kreativlaufhaus), (press image, 2015).jpg|thumb|Monochrom's Creative Class Escort Service (Kreativlaufhaus), 2015]]
 * Monochrom offered an escort service for creative workers (like writers, sculptors, curators, art theorists, filmmakers, designers). The basic concept was to run a Laufhaus, a specific form of German/Austrian brothel where sex workers rent a room and offer services. Monochrom also transported creative workers to clients off-site. Monochrom wanted to start a public debate about the working conditions in art and the sex work field.
 * Occupy East India Trading Company (2015):
 * At the annual TEDxVienna conference, members of Monochrom entered the Volkstheater in 17th-century costumes, carrying a sign and pamphlets protesting the East India Company. The group wanted to address the history of global corporations, especially at a corporate-sponsored event as TEDx: "The East India Company – the first great multinational corporation, and the first to run amok – was the ultimate model for many of today's joint-stock corporations."
 * Shingal, where are you? (2016):
 * Set in an abandoned coal mine at the Turkish border, the documentary Shingal, where are you? weaves together the stories of Yezidi refugees following ISIS attacks and the kidnapping of more than 3000 women and children. The story is told in raw cinematography from the parallel perspective of three generations of Yezidis. The film was directed by Angelos Rallis and Hans Ulrich Goessl. Monochrom functioned as the co-production company.
 * Traceroute (2016):
 * A documentary about the history, politics, and impact of nerd culture. It was written and directed by Johannes Grenzfurthner.
 * Anima Ex Machina (2020):
 * The novel Anima Ex Machina is a good example of Monochrom's history as publisher. The German science fiction and fantasy writer Michael Marrak was invited to Vienna as an artist-in-residence in September and October 2020. He created the sci-fi novel Anima Ex Machina, which was then published by Monochrom. The novel was nominated for the Kurd Laßwitz Award, possibly the best-known science fiction award from Germany.
 * Glossary of Broken Dreams (2018): Glossary of Broken Dreams.jpg
 * An essayistic feature film by Johannes Grenzfurthner that tries to present an overview of political concepts such as freedom, privacy, identity, resistance, etc. The film features performances by Amber Benson, Max Grodenchik, Jason Scott, Maschek, Jeff Ricketts and others.
 * Masking Threshold (2021):
 * A horror drama film directed by Johannes Grenzfurthner, written by Grenzfurthner and Samantha Lienhard. The synopsis: "Conducting a series of experiments in his makeshift home-lab, a skeptical IT worker tries to cure his harrowing hearing impairment. But where will his research lead him? Masking Threshold combines a chamber play, a scientific procedural, an unpacking video and a DIY YouTube channel while suggesting endless vistas of existential pain and decay."
 * Razzennest (2022):
 * A horror comedy film written and directed by Johannes Grenzfurthner. South African filmmaker and enfant terrible Manus Oosthuizen meets with film critic Babette Cruickshank in a Los Angeles sound studio. With key members of Manus's crew joining, they record an audio commentary track for his new "elegiac feature documentary Razzennest." Strange incidents occur during the recording session.
 * Je Suis Auto (to be released):
 * Chase Masterson and Johannes Grenzfurthner portray the main characters in Monochrom's science fiction comedy film "Je Suis Auto", directed by Juliana Neuhuber. Masterson is voicing the title character "Auto", a self-driving taxi, and Grenzfurthner plays Herbie Fuchsel, an unemployed nerd critical of artificial intelligence. The film is a farcical comedy that deals with issues such as artificial intelligence, politics of labor, and tech culture.

Publications (incomplete)

 * monochrom / magazine and yearbook series. Published in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010
 * Stadt der Klage (Michael Marrak, 1997)
 * Weg der Engel (Michael Marrak and Agus Chuadar, 1998)
 * Who shot Immanence? (edited together with Thomas Edlinger and Fritz Ostermayer, 2002)
 * Leutezeichnungen (edited together with Elffriede, 2003)
 * Das Wesen der Tonalität (Othmar Steinbauer; edited by Guenther Friesinger, Helmut Neumann, Ursula Petrik, Dominik Sedivy, 2006)
 * Quo Vadis, Logo?! (edited by Günther Friesinger and Johannes Grenzfurthner, 2006)
 * Sonne Busen Hammer 16 (edited by Johannes Grenzfurthner, Günther Friesinger and Franz Ablinger, 2006)
 * Als die Welt noch unterging (Frank Apunkt Schneider, 2007)
 * VIPA (edited by Orhan Kipcak, 2007)
 * Spektakel - Kunst - Gesellschaft (edited by Stephan Grigat, Johannes Grenzfurthner and Günther Friesinger, 2006)
 * Sonne Busen Hammer 17 (edited by Johannes Grenzfurthner, Günther Friesinger and Fra21nz Ablinger, 2007)
 * Roboexotica (edited by Günther Friesinger, Magnus Wurzer, Johannes Grenzfurthner, Franz Ablinger and Chris Veigl, 2008)
 * Die Leiden der Neuen Musik (Ursula Petrik; edited by Guenther Friesinger, Helmut Neumann, Ursula Petrik, Dominik Sedivy, 2009)
 * Do Androids Sleep with Electric Sheep? (edited by Johannes Grenzfurthner, Günther Friesinger, Daniel Fabry und Thomas Ballhausen, 2009)
 * Of Intercourse and Intracourse – Sexuality, Biomodification and the Techno-Social Sphere (edited by Johannes Grenzfurthner, Günther Friesinger, Daniel Fabry, 2011)
 * pr0nnovation? Pornography and Technological Innovation (edited by Johannes Grenzfurthner, Günther Friesinger and Daniel Fabry, 2008)
 * Screw the System (edited by Johannes Grenzfurthner, Günther Friesinger, Daniel Fabry)
 * Subvert Subversion. Politischer Widerstand als kulturelle Praxis (edited by Johannes Grenzfurthner, Günther Friesinger, 2020)
 * The Wonderful World of Absence (edited by Günther Friesinger, Johannes Grenzfurthner, Daniel Fabry, 2011)
 * Anima Ex Machina by Michael Marrak (edited by Günther Friesinger, Johannes Grenzfurthner, 2021)
 * Femi und die Fische by Tommy Schmidt (edited by Günther Friesinger, Johannes Grenzfurthner, 2022)

Filmography (feature-length films)

 * Solvent (2024) – directed by Johannes Grenzfurthner
 * Hacking at Leaves (2024) – directed by Johannes Grenzfurthner
 * Razzennest (2022) – directed by Johannes Grenzfurthner
 * Masking Threshold (2021) – directed by Johannes Grenzfurthner
 * Glossary of Broken Dreams (2018) – directed by Johannes Grenzfurthner
 * Traceroute (2016) – directed by Johannes Grenzfurthner
 * Die Gstettensaga: The Rise of Echsenfriedl (2014) – directed by Johannes Grenzfurthner
 * Kiki and Bubu: Rated R Us (2011) - directed by Johannes Grenzfurthner

Exhibitions and festivals (examples)

 * Arad-II, Art Basel Miami Beach / USA (2005)
 * Die waren früher auch mal besser: monochrom (1993-2013) / Austria (2013)
 * Dilettanten. Forum Stadtpark, Graz / Austria - Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum, Graz / Austria - Steirischer Herbst 2002, Graz / Austria (2002)
 * Junge Szene 98. Vereinigung Bildender Künstler, Wiener Secession, Vienna / Austria (1998)
 * MEDIA FORUM/Moscow International Film Festival / Moscow / Russia (2008)
 * Neoist World Congress. Kunsthalle Exnergasse, Vienna / Austria (1997)
 * Roboexotica (Festival for Cocktail Robotics, Vienna, 1999-)
 * Robotronika. Public Netbase t0 Media~Space!, Institut für neue Kulturtechnologien, Vienna / Austria (1998)
 * Seriell Produziertes. Diagonale (Austrian Film Festival), Graz / Austria (2000)
 * techno(sexual) bodies / videotage / Hong Kong / China (2010)
 * The Influencers, Center for Contemporary Culture / Barcelona / Spain (2008)
 * The Thomann Project. São Paulo Art Biennial, São Paulo / Brazil (2002)
 * Unterspiel, Contemporary Art Gallery, Vancouver / Canada (2005)
 * world-information.org. Museum of Contemporary Art, Brussels / Belgium (2000) and Belgrad / Serbia (2003)

Awards (examples)

 * 1st prize of 'E55' (Vienna/Berlin) 1999.
 * aniMotion Award Honorary Mention (Sibiu, Romania) for Interactive Tales for Monochrom's "Soviet Unterzoegersdorf/Sector 1/The Adventure Game" (2007).
 * Art Award of FWF Austrian Science Fund (2013).
 * Coca-Cola Light Art Edition (2006).
 * Media Forum/Moscow International Film Festival, Jury Special Mention (Moscow, Russia) for Monochrom's "The Void's Foaming Ebb", (2008).
 * Nestroy Theatre Prize (Vienna) 2005 (together with 'The Great Television Swindle' by maschek and 'Freundschaft' by Steinhauer and Henning) for Udo 77 (2004).
 * Official Honoree for NetArt and Personal Blog/Culture in The 2009 Webby Awards, International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences (2009).
 * Videomedeja Awards Special Mention, Novi Sad, Serbia for Net/Software Category for Monochrom's "Soviet Unterzoegersdorf/Sector 1/The Adventure Game" (2006).

title: Monochrom


text:
Internet Mail 2000

Internet Mail 2000 is an Internet mail architecture proposed by Daniel J. Bernstein (and in subsequent years separately proposed by several others), designed with the precept that the initial storage of mail messages be the responsibility of the sender, and not of the recipient as it is with the SMTP-based Internet mail architecture.

Whereas the SMTP-based Internet mail architecture has a close analogue in the architecture of paper mail, this is not the case for Internet Mail 2000. Its architecture depends on various things that are unique to the natures of the Internet and to electronic messages. One of its goals is to reduce spam.

Implementations
Over the years since Daniel J. Bernstein proposed it, several attempts have been made to design and to implement a real Internet Mail 2000 system, with varying degrees of achievement. The closest thing to a concrete, open implementation of the system is Meng Weng Wong's StubMail, which was presented at Google in July 2006.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Internet Mail 2000


text:
Waldorf

Waldorf can have the following meanings:

People

 * William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor (1848–1919), financier and statesman
 * Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor (1879–1952), businessman and politician
 * Pappy Waldorf (1902–1981), 1966 College Football Hall of Fame inductee as a coach

Communities
Germany
 * Waldorf, Rhineland-Palatinate
 * Waldorf, a district in the town of Bornheim (Rheinland), North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Walldorf, a town in Baden-Württemberg

United States
 * Waldorf, Maryland
 * Waldorf, Minnesota

Hotels and restaurants

 * Waldorf Hotel (disambiguation), hotels named Waldorf
 * Waldorf–Astoria (1893–1929), the original Waldorf Astoria in New York
 * Waldorf Astoria New York, in New York
 * Waldorf–Astoria (disambiguation), other Waldorf-Astorias
 * The Waldorf Hilton, London
 * Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts, a luxury hotel brand
 * Waldorf System or Waldorf Lunch, a chain of lunch rooms (1903-1970s)

Education

 * Waldorf education, an educational philosophy
 * Waldorf College, Forest City, Iowa, United States

Entertainment and culture

 * Waldorf Music, manufacturer of music synthesizers in Germany
 * Waldorf (novel), by James Goldman
 * Waldorf salad, made with apples and nuts
 * Novello Theatre, theatre located in City of Westminster, England that was originally named the Waldorf Theatre

Fictional characters

 * Blair Waldorf, character in the popular novel series Gossip Girl, written by Cecily von Ziegesar
 * Statler and Waldorf, a pair of Muppets

title: Waldorf


text:
Thomas Lake Harris

Thomas Lake Harris (May 15, 1823 – March 23, 1906) was an Anglo-American Universalist minister, spiritualistic prophet, poet, and vintner. Harris is best remembered as the leader of a series of communal religious experiments, culminating with a group called the Brotherhood of the New Life in Santa Rosa, California.

Early life
Thomas Lake Harris was born May 15, 1823, at Fenny Stratford in Buckinghamshire, England. His parents were strict Calvinistic Baptists and very poor. When Harris was five years old his parents emigrated from England, settling in the town of Utica, New York. His mother died when he was still a young boy and Harris was forced by circumstances to help support the family from the age of 9.

At the age of 21 Harris became a Universalist minister, preaching to the congregation of the Fourth Universalist Society in the City of New York.

From 1848 he became minister of an independent Christian congregation in New York City. In that church he came into contact with young newspaper publisher Horace Greeley, who was so moved by one of Harris's sermons that he was inspired to organize Harris's congregation to help found the New York Juvenile Asylum.

Mysticism and communalism
Harris soon turned towards spiritualism, becoming a devotee of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg. By 1851 he had departed New York for Virginia, where together with Rev. J. L. Scott he launched the first of his communal enterprises, the Mountain Cove Community of Spiritualists, on pristine land claimed by one of the group's leaders to be the actual site of the Garden of Eden. It was intended to there create a "city of refuge" from which angels were to descend and ascend. The experiment was racked by squabbling over property and personalities, and after two years the Virginia commune collapsed.

Following the collapse of the Mountain Cove Community, Harris went back to his native England, where he preached modified Swedenborgian ideas to a London congregation for several years. There he began his career as a writer and poet, publishing several books. Harris's poetry was well-regarded and he was the subject of a chapter by Alfred Austin in his book The Poetry of the Period.

Brotherhood of the New Life
Harris subsequently returned to America, settling in the town of Amenia in Dutchess County, New York. He would remain at Amenia for five or six years, establishing a bank, a flour mill, and a vineyard, and gathering around him a small group of devoted religious disciples. Included among the approximately sixty converts were five orthodox clergymen and about 20 Japanese from Satsuma Province. The community—the Brotherhood of the New Life—decided to settle at the village of Brocton, New York on the shore of Lake Erie. Its nature was co-operative rather than communistic, and farming and industrial occupations were engaged in by his followers, numbering at one time about 2,000 in the United States and Great Britain. He professed to teach his community a change in the mode of respiration which was to be the visible sign of possession by Christ and the seal of immortality.

In Brocton, Harris established a winemaking industry. In reply to the objections of teetotallers, Harris said that the wine prepared by himself was filled with the divine breath so that all noxious influences were neutralized. Harris also built a tavern and strongly advocated the use of tobacco.

Later years
Harris took part of the community to Santa Rosa, California, where in about 1875 he created the Fountain Grove community. For a time in 1876 Harris discontinued public activities, but issued, to a secret circle, books of verse dwelling mainly on sexual questions. In 1891 he announced that his body had been renewed, and that he had discovered the secret of the resuscitation of humanity. He also made a third marriage, and visited England intending to remain there. However, Harris was called back by a fire which destroyed large stocks of his wine, and remained in New York till 1903, when he visited Glasgow. His followers believed that he had attained the secret of immortal life on earth, and after his death on the March 23, 1906, declared that he was only sleeping. It was three months before it was acknowledged publicly that he was really dead.

He was succeeded by Nagasawa Kanaye, who led the sect until his death in 1934.

Dissension and influence
About 1881, Laurence Oliphant and his wife broke away from the sect, charging Harris with robbery and succeeding in getting back from him many thousands of pounds by legal proceedings. But while losing faith in Harris himself, they did not abandon his main teaching. Oliphant's view of Harris will be found in his novel Masollam. Briefly, he held that Harris was originally honest, greatly gifted, and possessed of certain psychical powers. But in the end he came to practice unbridled licence under the loftiest pretensions, made the profession of extreme disinterestedness a cloak to conceal his avarice, and demanded from his followers a blind and supple obedience. The utopian ideals promoted by Harris had significant influence among his Japanese followers. These included:
 * Arai Osui (1846–1922), who initially transmitted Harris's ideas to Japan.
 * Hatakeyama Yoshinari (1843–1876), later president of Tokyo Kansei Gakko.
 * Ichiki Kanjuro (1842–1919), commonly known as Mitsumura Junzo, later an admiral in the Japanese Imperial Navy.
 * Samejima Hisanobu (1846–1880), later an ambassador
 * Yoshida Kiyonari (1845–1891), later an ambassador
 * Nagasawa Kanaye (1852–1934), Harris's California lieutenant, who acted as developer and manager of the community's 2000 acre of vineyards near Santa Rosa. He succeeded Harris and acted as leader of the brotherhood until 1934.

Harris's community left a significant stamp on the history of Santa Rosa; today that part of town is still called Fountaingrove. A street therein, Thomas Lake Harris Drive, is named for him. The round barn that was part of the winery of Harris's protege, Kanaye Nagasawa, was an emblem of the community; it burned in the 2017 Tubbs Fire. A local park and lake were recently named in Nagasawa's honor.

Publications and sources
Harris published a book, Lyra triumphalis, dedicated to A. C. Swinburne. His teaching was esoteric in form, but has been considered a thinly veiled attempt to alter the ordering of sexual relations.

A good deal of the verse published by Harris in more than 40 volumes had what we would call today science-fictional themes. He depicted interplanetary empires, imperial cities entirely covering planets, and the "ancient astronaut" myth, in which space travellers help early humans with agriculture, technology and spiritual development.

The Path (Vol. VI, February, 1892, pp. 346–47) printed the article "The Brotherhood of the New Life" by W. Q. Judge, which said that "The Brotherhood of the New Life" has nothing in common with the Theosophical Society. Judge was a follower of Helena P. Blavatsky, the founder of theosophy.

The authoritative biography from the side of the disciples of Harris is the book Life by A. A. Cuthbert, published in Glasgow in 1908. Containing language common to Harris's sect, it also contains some biographical facts as well as quotations.

The information about Harris in Memoir of the Life of Laurence Oliphant and of Alice Oliphant, his Wife (1891), by Margaret Oliphant, his cousin, has not been shaken in any important particular, and Oliphant's own portrait of Harris in Masollam is apparently unexaggerated. But Harris had much personal magnetism, unbounded self-confidence, along with endless fluency, and to the last was believed in by some disciples of character and influence.

Works

 * Juvenile Depravity and Crime in Our City: A Sermon. New York: C.B. Norton, 1850.
 * An Epic of the Starry Heaven. New York: Partridge and Brittan, 1855.
 * A Lyric of the Golden Age. New York: Partridge and Brittan, 1856.
 * A Lyric of the Morning Land. New York: Partridge and Brittan, 1856.
 * Wisdom of Angels (1856)
 * Hymns of Spiritual Devotion. New York: New Church Publishing Association, 1857.
 * The First Book of the Christian Religion. New York: New Church Publishing Association, 1858.
 * Regina: A Song of Many Days. London: William White, 1860.
 * The Second Visibility of Jesus. London: William White; Manchester: Johnson and Rawson, [1860].
 * Arcana of Christianity: An Unfolding of the Celestial Sense of the Divine Word Through Thomas Lake Harris.
 * Part III — The Apocalypse: Volume 1. New York: Brotherhood of the New Life, 1867.
 * Modern Spiritualism (1860)
 * The Great Republic: A Poem of the Sun. New York: Brotherhood of the New Life, 1867.
 * The Breath of God with Man: An Essay on the Grounds and Evidences of Universal Religion. New York: Brotherhood of the New Life, 1867.
 * The Lord: The Two-in-One: Declared, Manifested, and Glorified. Salem-on-Erie, NY:: Brotherhood of the New Life, 1876.
 * The Wedding Guest. With Lily C. Harris. [Santa Rosa, CA]: Fountaingrove, 1877-1878.
 * Bridal Hours: Dedication Ode for the House of Jesus and Yessa Aestivossa, 1875. [Santa Rosa, CA]: Fountaingrove Vineyard, 1878.
 * The Wisdom Of The Adepts: Esoteric Science in Human History. [Santa Rosa, CA]: Fountaingrove, 1884.
 * The Joy Bringer: Fifty-three Melodies of the One-in-Twain: February-March MDCCCLXXXVI. [Santa Rosa, CA]: Fountaingrove, 1886.
 * Star-Flowers: A Poem of the Woman's Mystery. In Nine Cantos. 1886-1887.
 * Canto the First. [Santa Rosa, CA]: Fountaingrove, 1886.
 * The New Republic: A Discourse of the Prospects, Dangers, Duties and Safeties of the Times. [Santa Rosa, CA]: Fountaingrove, 1891.
 * God's Breath in Man and in Humane Society. [Santa Rosa, CA]: Fountaingrove, 1891.
 * Brotherhood of the New Life: Its Fact, Law, Method and Purpose. Santa Rosa, CA: T.L. Harris, 1891.
 * Conversation in Heaven: A Wisdom Song. [Santa Rosa, CA]: Fountaingrove, 1894.
 * In Dawnrise: A Song of Songs. [Santa Rosa, CA]: [Fountaingrove], 1896.
 * The Song of Theos: A Trilogy. Glasgow: C. W. Pearce & Co., 1903.

Other sources

 * This work in turn cites:
 * Allen, T. L. Harris, The Seer (1897)
 * Allen, T. L. Harris, The Seer (1897)

title: Thomas Lake Harris


text:
Talk:Asch conformity experiments

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Zach DeDionisio.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 14:49, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Unclear context
The unanimity of the confederates has also been varied. When the confederates are not unanimous in their judgment, even if only one confederate voices a different opinion, participants are much more likely to resist the urge to conform (only 5-10% conform) than when the confederates all agree. This finding illuminates the power that even a small dissenting minority can have. Interestingly, this finding holds whether or not the dissenting confederate gives the correct answer. As long as the dissenting confederate gives an answer that is different from the majority, participants are more likely to give the correct answer. Males show around half the effect of females (tested in same-sex groups); and conformity is higher among members of an ingroup.[2]

 * Are we here talking about conformity effect, or the dissention effect? Vital clarification is needed here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.202.29.184 (talk) 14:43, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

Test
Is the "Did you miss me?" message on this page some sort of psychological test? Zuriel147 (talk) 20:55, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Background on Solomon Asch
Hey dudes you should put more on this internet site about Asch himself so that people know his background. Please. Thank you.

 * Hi there. If people want background on Solomon Asch then they are likely to head to the Solomon Asch page. My feeling is that, in the interests of brevity and minimizing redundancy, any content on this article should relate directly to the experiments themselves. I moved some content in accordance with this perspective. Do others disagree? Cheers Andrew (talk) 00:50, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

Asch's conformity experiments are unreplicable
Only one subject out of hundreds of trials actually sided with the erroneous majority.

See Perrin and Spencer 1980. 209.20.216.226 09:53, 8 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Does Perrin and Spencer explain the calculation that derived 33% out of "one out of hundreds?" 68.105.109.51 00:23, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Asch's data has been conclusively proved to be false and the real reason for people changing behaviour is due to aliens — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C7:EB90:7F01:50C7:DC1:DD6C:720 (talk) 19:56, 17 March 2021 (UTC)

Source?
while those in the Milgram experiment blamed the experimenter in explaining their behavior. I think the conclusions of both parties experimented on may need to have some sort of documented source.

Factual Correctness vs. Social Norms
If those lines became an actual person, and if I am 1.6m tall, and A & C are distorted picture of me at 1.4m tall and 1.8m tall, and B is the real me at 1.6m tall, then while it is factually correct to say B as the right answer, but it supposed hurts 'my' feeling, so C is the socially accepted answer. Now, an experimenter uses that rationale to the confederates, what results can we expect then if the confederates outnumber the real subjects?
 * What? I don't understand your point.  The confederates aren't being tested.  The experiment is to see whether the subjects would concur with the confederates, and it found they did. Nik42 02:57, 7 August 2007 (UTC)
 * They should have given an incentive to get the correct answer. That's just my opinion. I haven't really thought about it too much. 67.162.10.70 (talk) 20:32, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Published in 1953?
It says it was published in 1953, yet there's no references from 1953. Where's the original published document at? OptimistBen | talk - contribs 16:19, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * First published in 1951; however most famous/common ref is the version from Scientific American in 1955.Lord Spring Onion (talk) 12:02, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

BPS
hey, this is for anyone in the uk, just thought id mention about who ever wrote this article; the british psychological society (think thats right) discorage the word 'subject' and prefere the term 'participant'. thought id mention that incase there are any students out there because i think exam boards penalise you if you uses the term subject in regards to a person taking part in an experiment. that goes for any psychological experiments noted on this website.

wikipedia rules!!!xxx —Preceding unsigned comment added by Na108 (talk • contribs) 15:30, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

This is stupid censorship! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.69.219.212 (talk) 02:12, 14 March 2014 (UTC)

Method or Results
This sentences evidently belongs to the results section, not to the methods section.

Quote:

however, when surrounded by individuals all voicing an incorrect answer, participants provided incorrect responses on a high proportion of the questions (32%). Seventy-five percent of the participants gave an incorrect answer to at least one question.

--Ihaveabutt (talk) 23:58, 31 May 2010 (UTC)
 * True; also I note that many sources state 37% (or 36.8%) and others say 32%, I wonder why...? Lord Spring Onion (talk) 12:02, 27 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Sources including the wiki on Solomon Asch say 37% :) Lord Spring Onion (talk) 12:08, 27 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Ok so it appears that it was 32% when published in 1951, but his 1955 article included further testing and stated "...under group pressure the minority subjects swung to acceptance of the misleading majority's wrong judgments in 36.8 per cent of the selections". Lord Spring Onion (talk) 12:12, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

Editing the page
I just wanted to let the previous writers of this page know that within the next few days, I will be posting an updated page. I am part of the APS Wiki initiative. Please let me know if you have any further suggestions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yvasquez (talk • contribs) 18:38, 17 November 2012 (UTC)

Asch Conformity Experiments Edits November 19, 2012
Hi U3964057 (aka Andrew),

My name is YVasquez and I am part of the APS wikipedia initiative. I revised the Asch Conformity Experiments article as part of a course requirement for my Ph.D. program. I was wondering if you could explain a bit more what you meant by the following "The Asch conformity experiments demonstrated that uncertainty can arise as an outcome of social reality testing. In relation, this inconsistency has been used to support the position that the theoretical distinction between social reality testing and physical reality testing, as well as the distinction between informational influence and normative influence, are untenable." I googled these sentences and they appeared verbatim over the web. Can you tell me what this means (in your own words)? Thank you so much for helping with my recent edits! I greatly appreciate your input! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yvasquez (talk • contribs) 07:25, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Hi Yvasquez. Firstly, it is good to see some attention going into these articles. I hope you are enjoying the process. It is good to see some work going into these sections. My contributions were pretty succinct and a little elaboration is probably meritous. My plan is to have a look at the changes that you make and then see what else might be done to improve these sections.

 * I believe the reason that the phrasing appears verbatim in across the internet is that many websites will automatically reuse Wikipedia content. The phasing was my best effort at concisely summarising the point made by other authors. Accordingly, if you need a bit more detail then the best bet is probably to look into those references. They cover the points quite explicitly. Turner (2005) is probably the easiest to track down. Do you not have access to those? If not I can try and provide a bit more detail here. Cheers Andrew (talk) 01:05, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

Hi Andrew, I read Turner 2005 and I now understand what you meant. It is a great addition - you did a very good job at commuincating Turner's message. Thank you for helping with the article! Best, Yvasquez — Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.67.36.152 (talk) 20:18, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Hi Yvasquez. Thank you for the complement and thank you for taking the time to do the reading. I believe that this is the sort of editing behaviour that wikipedia is trying to attract. That being said, the fact that you originally deleted content (that you now think has value) without first checking out the sources is somewhat concerning. Perhaps this is not a reflection on you though, and rather it reflects the need for further fine tuning of that content. I will try to revisit it in the coming months.

 * I did have a couple of other thoughts on your wikipedia activity. I hope you don’t mind the following unsolicited feedback:
 * You have introduced some material that I feel is only tangentially related to the Asch conformity experiments. I.e. you are moving into a discussion of conformity research in general. I am worried that this is diluting the topic of this page and creating wiki-redundancy. I therefore wonder if such content should be moved to pages dealing with conformity in general.
 * I noticed that you reverted the edit from Wizardman without comment. I think there was an opportunity missed to invoke the Wikipeida tenet of be bold, revert, discuss (with emphasis on discuss). I suspect that Wizardman has some legitimate concerns and it will be a shame if other editors need to spend time on this unnecessarily.
 * More trivially, you should remember to sign you comments. Failing to do so will make obvious to others that you are new to wikipedia.

 * Anyway, feel free to let me know if you think my observations are off the mark. Otherwise, happy editing. Cheers Andrew (talk) 14:17, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your thoughts Andrew (talk)! I felt as though including a discussion on studies that replicated Asch's experiment was relevant only because it gives readers a glimpse of the impact of his studies at large. I only included three major themes that studies used in replicating his experiment (more than this would have been too much, I feel). In addition, there are different types of conformity, so I do feel that the discussion is best suited for this article.

 * Moreover, regarding Wizardman, I undid his edit because I felt as though it might be possible that the article wasn't adequately reviewed. I apologize for not writing a comment. I cited all of Asch's major articles so I was unsure why he believed that there were not enough citations.

 * I am a novice to Wikipedia so I often forget to date and write notes on my edits. I will do that from now on.

 * Thank you again for your feedback! YVasquez 7:00, 12 December 2012 (PST) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yvasquez (talk • contribs)

Hi Andrew (talk) 14:17, 10 December 2012 (UTC), I just re-read your message and realized I forgot to respond to your first point - I'm not sure what was deleted from Turner 2005? I left the sentences that I quoted above. I did however try to make some other points clear for others who are not familiar with the theory. Please feel free to edit my additions if you feel that they do not explain the theory well. Perhaps we can try to work together until we feel the interpretation section is adequately represented?

Best, YVasquez, 7:50, 12 December 2012 (PST)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yvasquez (talk • contribs)

 * Hi Yvasquez. In responce to your last post, I was referring to the fact that you originally deleted both sections in their entirety . Obviously I think that this was a step in the wrong direction and based on your recent comments it seems you might agree.

 * With regard to my concerns about tangential content, it is mainly the ‘gender and age’ section that raised my eyebrow. My expectation would be (for the reasons I outlined above) that this section would speak primarily to the role the Asch paradigm has played in this research area, leaving discussion of the actual research area to other articles (e.g. conformity, social influence). I believe that as it stands the section is largely about the latter and not the former. I.e. the section is about ‘gender/age and influence’ rather than ‘the Asch paradigm and gender/age’. I think a quick look at the references you use is illustrative of this. Eagly & Chrvala (1986) only mention Asch in passing. Cooper (1979), Eagly (1978) and Eagly & Carli (1981) all cover a wide range of methodologies. Eagly & Wood (1982) and Berger et al. (1980) do not mention Asch at all.

 * Anyway, I hope that clarifies things and I am aware that you have said that you will be revisiting these sections. I will therefore be interested to see what you do with the article in the coming months. Cheers Andrew (talk) 04:19, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

HI Andrew, I see what you meant about deleting both sections. I think what happened was that I used an ms word document and pasted the content there and then edited on the ms word document. After completing my edits, I deleted whatever was on wikipedia and posted it onto that section so it appeared as though I deleted it entirely but that was not my intention. I apologize if it appeared that way. I edited that way (on an MS word document) because I was afraid that my internet connection would be interrupted and I would lose the work I did. About the material, now that I think about what you said, I agree. Most material should be removed because Eagly & Carli do not discuss the Asch experiments. However, the other meta-analysis that I included does include gender differences so perhaps we can just shorten that section? Perhaps you can shorten it and then I can look over your edits? Best, Yvasquez 07:16PM, 17 December 2012 (PST)

 * Hi Yvasquez. I moved a bunch of the material that I felt was better suited to the conformity article over to that location. In the end I felt that it would suffice to mention further use of the paradigm in the intro and provide links to that content. Also, there was some redundancy over at the conformity page so not all got moved across. Anyway, I hope these moves are in line with your expectations, but you can always alter things as you see fit. Cheers Andrew (talk) 13:49, 24 December 2012 (UTC)

Culture section
The first two sentences of this section ("A plethora of studies have documented cultural differences in conformity. Stanley Milgram's study was among the first to exhibit these differences") doesn't appear to correspond to what the article says, and is confusing.

Could anyone with greater expertise in the topic tell me if this would be a more accurate statement? "Cultural differences in conformity have been referenced in common stereotypes throughout history, but Stanley Milgram's study was among the first to demonstrate them objectively."

Awien (talk) 18:20, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

Thank you Awien (talk)! I will be making these changes soon! YVasquez 7:00, 12 December 2012 (PST)

"In Culture/Media", is there missing link to Red Dwarf that redirected me here? Or should I not care so much? (shrug, mild 15% annoyance) Talking about https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beginning_(Red_Dwarf)#Cultural_references

Io99 (talk) 15:57, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

Gender and age
This section needs to be rewritten to remove repetition, and to avoid jumping back and forth between the topics. I might volunteer, but don't really have time, and am certainly no expert in the field. Awien (talk) 18:29, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

Thank you Awien (talk)! I will be making these changes soon! YVasquez 7:00, 12 December 2012 (PST)

Mathematical incorrectness
Of the 37 participants in the control group, less than 1% gave incorrect answers? Perhaps the number of incorrect answers was less than 1% of the total, instead? (Since I have no way to verify which part of the data is wrong, not editing the main article) MtI (talk) 19:32, 31 December 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.194.36.47 (talk)
 * Hi MtI and welcome to Wikipedia. Good point! Of course, it was error rate. I corrected this. By the way, are you aware that you have not registered an account in the name of MtI? On this page: Register you can read how to do this. With friendly regards,  Lova Falk     talk   21:42, 31 December 2012 (UTC)

redundant statistics
Aren't the two statements in the following sentence redundant? "Overall, in the experimental group, 75% of the participants gave an incorrect answer to at least one question while only 25% never gave an incorrect response." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Razdaz88 (talk • contribs) 12:17, 14 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I believe so. I have gone ahead and trimmed the sentence. Cheers Andrew (talk) 13:58, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

It could be an optical illusion
Three simple lines may be easy to distinguish, but you can never be fully sure if you took everything in consideration. Optical illusions are typical for television; television is an entire illusion. It may disturb your perception. It also has an influence of how you perceive real people in daily life. So Asch perhaps mostly observed a media-influence phenomenon. On the other hand, a computer with a compiler installed is great to figure out truths about the world. Being given that heat is vibration of atoms, it lately told me that this also would cause a quick alternating current surrounding the heated object which is too quick to be measured. And this electrical induction could look like light. Me against Einstein. And now we're exactly at the deciding point. Would you rather be called narcissistic or be cheated? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.201.15.8 (talk) 23:53, 12 May 2016 (UTC) Asch,probably smoked 4 packs of cigs a day ,forced every girl or women since 5 grade to submit to his requests and when finished to never tell anyone, "they won't believe you anyhow toots" probably drank whiskey on ice all day long even at the office, given to him by the boss(who may have administered LSD to unsuspecting employees at the same time also) from personal his reserve, so the experiments could be off by a point or 2 plus or minus.TILDE — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:8790:65E0:70E7:70CE:CC4B:CEAE (talk) 06:42, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

"75% of the participants"
I have read a reprint of the original publication and haven't spotted any corroboration of this statement.

"Overall, 75% of participants gave at least one incorrect answer out of the 12 critical trials."

Where did it come from? Perhaps the reference should be replaced if the statement originates from another publication. Nad.Chel (talk) 22:26, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Asch conformity experiments


text:
Waleska (disambiguation)

Waleska is a city in Georgia, United States.

Waleska may also refer to:

 * Given name
 * Waleska Amaya (born 1986), Honduran football player
 * Waleska Diaz (born 1986), Honduran football player
 * Waleska Soto (born 1990), Guatemalan sport shooter and softball player
 * Waleska Crespo Rivera, Puerto Rican businesswoman and academic administrator

 * Surname
 * Blanka Waleská (1910–1986), Czech actress
 * Peggy Waleska (born 1980), German rower

title: Waleska (disambiguation)


text:
Elizabeth Yeats

Elizabeth Corbet Yeats (11 March 1868 – 16 January 1940), known as Lolly, was an Irish educator and publisher. She worked as an art teacher and published several books on art, and was a founder of Dun Emer Press which published several works by her brother W. B. Yeats. She was the first commercial printer in Ireland to work exclusively with hand presses.

Early life and education
Elizabeth Corbet Yeats was born at 23 Fitzroy Road, London. She was the daughter of the Irish artist John Butler Yeats and Susan Yeats (née Pollexfen). She was sister to W. B., Jack and Susan Mary "Lily" Yeats. From the age of four she lived in Merville, Sligo, at the home of her grandfather William Pollexfen. In November 1874 her family moved to 14 Edith Villas, West Kensington, London. Her governess was Martha Jowitt from 1876 until 1879 before the family moved to Bedford Park, Chiswick, in 1878.

Yeats returned to Howth, County Dublin in 1881. She enrolled, with her sister Susan, in the Dublin Metropolitan School of Art in 1883 and took classes at the Royal Dublin Society.

The family moved to Eardley Crescent, South Kensington, London, in 1886. While there Yeats started to write fiction and published a home-made magazine, The Pleiades, with six friends, contributing ‘Story without a plot’ to the Christmas 1888 issue. In addition, she published ‘Scamp and three friends’ in The Vegetarian.

Yeats also attended the Chiswick School of Art with her sister Susan and brother Jack Butler Yeats, learning "Freehand drawing in all its branches, practical Geometry and perspective, pottery and tile painting, design for decorative purposes".

In the 1890s she lived at 3 Blenheim Road, Bedford Park, London and trained as a kindergarten teacher at the Froebel College in Bedford, Bedfordshire. She undertook her teaching practice at the Bedford Park High School. In 1892 when her training was completed she taught as a visiting art mistress at the Froebel Society, Chiswick High School and the Central Foundation School.

Career
Lecturing and publication of four popular painting manuals: Brushwork (1896), Brushwork studies of flowers, fruits and animals (1898), Brushwork copy book (1899), and Elementary brushwork studies (1900) and earned Yeats a good income.

She trained and worked as an art teacher and was a member of William Morris's circle in London before her family returned to Dublin in 1900. Yeats wrote and created the artwork for Elementary Brush-Work Studies (published in 1900), an educational book that teaches young children the technique of painting flowers and plants using her simple method. At the suggestion of Emery Walker, who worked with Morris on the Kelmscott Press, Yeats studied printing with the Women's Printing Society in London. In Dublin, she accepted the invitation to join Evelyn Gleeson to form the Dun Emer Guild along with Lily, who was an embroiderer. "The name Dun Emer (Fort of Emer) was named for the Lady Emer, wife of the hero Cúchulainn, renowned in Irish folklore for her beauty and artistic skills." Yeats managed the Dun Emer Press from 1902 with a printing press acquired from a provincial newspaper. The Press was located at Runnymede, the house of Evelyn Gleeson. (This house, located in Dundrum, was later renamed Dun Emer. It has since been demolished.) This was set up with the intention of training young women in bookbinding and printing as well as embroidery and weaving. In 1903 Yeats started printing and Dun Emer's first book was W. B. Yeats's In the seven woods (1903).

Despite being a gifted printer, the costings exceeded the quality of work that Yeats produced with the result that the press (like the guild) was often at risk financially. Eleven books, decorated with pastels by George William Russell, appeared under the Dun Emer imprint produced from a first-floor room. Yeats had several disagreements with her brother William over his directions as literary editor. She also disliked Evelyn Gleeson. In October 1906 she travelled to New York to advertise her products but published Dun Emer's last book William's Discoveries (1907) in late November when she returned to Dublin.

After many years of strained relations between the Yeats sisters and Evelyn Gleeson, their business relationship was finally ended. Subsequently, in 1908, Lolly and her brother William started the Cuala Press, publishing over 70 books including 48 by the poet. Yeats managed the press while her sister Lily controlled the embroidery section. Cuala continued to be a family strain. Their father, John Butler Yeats, had to castigate his son William for sending overtly critical letters to his sisters about the press. However, Cuala produced magnificent books: W. B. Yeats' The green helmet and other poems (1910) and a series of Broadsides (published 1908–15, with illustrations from Jack Yeats).

Yeats was the first commercial printer in Ireland to work exclusively with hand presses.

She worked with Cuala Press until short of her death on 16 January 1940 after a diagnosis of high blood pressure and heart trouble.

title: Elizabeth Yeats


text:
COSCO

China Ocean Shipping Company, Limited, formerly China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company, commonly known for its abbreviated name COSCO Group, or simply, COSCO, is one of the major holding companies for COSCO Shipping, one of the world's largest shipping companies. COSCO Shipping was formed in January 2016 by a merger of COSCO and China Shipping Group as one conglomerate. It is a state-owned enterprise.

COSCO was founded in 1961 as a Chinese Government owned shipping and logistics services supplier company.

COSCO headquarters is in Ocean Plaza in the Xicheng District in Beijing. It owns 1114 ships, including 365 dry bulk vessels, a container fleet with a capacity of, and a tanker fleet of 120 vessels. The fleet calls at over a thousand ports worldwide. It ranks among the largest in both number of container ships and aggregate container volume in the world. In 2012, it was among China's top 15 brands.

It was the largest dry bulk carrier in China and one of the largest dry bulk shipping operators worldwide. In addition, the Group is the largest liner carrier in China.

COSCO division COSCO Shipping Port Company manages the company's port operations.

China Ocean Shipping Company (1961–1993)
China Ocean Shipping Company, or COSCO in short, was founded in 1961 as a Chinese government agency. In the same year, a subsidiary was formed in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. The Guangzhou subsidiary purchased a British vessel and renamed it as Guanghua. Guanghua made its maiden voyage to Jakarta for the People's Republic of China in April 1961.

After the US resumed diplomatic relations with China in the 1970s, China Ocean Shipping Company signed an agreement with American company Lykes Brothers Steamship Company in 1979. The agreement opens the commercial sea routes between the United States and the People's Republic of China. In the same year, COSCO became the Chinese side representative to collaborate with International Telephone and Telegraph on repairing the communication facilities in the coastal cities of China.

In 1981, COSCO won a contract from the Pakistani Government owned National Tanker Company of Pakistan, for crude oil transport.

In 1991 COSCO was asked by the US Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) to submit information regarding Chinese Government restricting U.S.-flag carriers on doing business in China. COSCO asked FMC to drop its probe instead. FMC also investigated COSCO for its pricing behavior in 1997, but stated there was not enough evidence to launch a formal probe on alleged under-pricing its service to eliminate competitor.

In August 1993, COSCO's ship Yinhe, was anchored off the coast of Oman. US government alleged that the ship carried material exported to Iran, which could be used to make chemical weapons. COSCO claimed that the ship only contained "paper goods, hardware and machine parts". In what became known as the Yinhe incident, United States military vessels and aircraft followed the Yinhe, disrupting its normal travel route. The United States unilaterally disabled the Yinhe 's civilian GPS, causing it lose direction and anchor on the high seas for twenty-four days until it agreed to inspection. The Yinhe experienced shortages of water and fuel. The inspection, which occurred in Saudi Arabia did not find any improper chemicals and on September 4, representatives of the Chinese, Saudi and United States governments jointly signed a certification that the ship's cargo did not contain materials related to chemical weapons.

China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company (1993–2015)
The company became a holding company and renamed as China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company in 1993. Two other government owned companies, China Marine Bunker Supply Company (Chimbusco in short) and China Road Transport Company, which engaged in oil tanker and road transport businesses respectively, became the subsidiaries of the group in 1988 and 1992 respectively. China Road Transport Company was renamed into COSCO Logistics in 2001 (now part of COSCO Shipping Logistics). As of 2003, COSCO Logistics engaged in shipping agency, freight forwarding, third party logistics and supporting services. While Chimbusco became a joint venture with PetroChina since 2003.

COSCO has a Hong Kong division which the division acquired a HK-listed company Shun Shing Holdings in February 1997. Hong Kong was a British colony until June 30, 1997, and has been a special administrative region of China with a separate jurisdiction system since July 1. Another subsidiary of COSCO HK at that time, COSCO Pacific, was a HK-listed company since 1994. COSCO Pacific has a joint venture with Hongkong International Terminals Limited, which operates a terminal in Kwai Tsing Container Terminals, Hong Kong since 1991. COSCO Pacific acquired 49% stake of COSCO Logistics from the parent company in 2003. COSCO retained the remaining 51%. COSCO Pacific also owned 20% stake of Hong Kong-based Chong Hing Bank from 1997 to 2007. In 2007 the stake was sold to the parent company, COSCO HK.

In 1995, another subsidiary, COSCO Corporation (Singapore) Limited, became a listed company in Singapore Exchange. The company was a component of Straits Times Index until 2010.

COSCO acquired a Shanghai-listed company in 1997 as a vehicle of backdoor listing. It became COSCO Development, which engaged in real estate. The direct parent company of COSCO Development was sold in 2005, thus COSCO Development was no longer part of the COSCO Group. Also in 2005, COSCO Group acquired a company from COSCO Development. That company was the operator of Boao Forum for Asia.

In 1997, Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer, United States senators from California, had asked the Clinton administration to investigate COSCO's leasing on a former naval base in Long Beach. The site was developed into a container port terminal, Pacific Container Terminal.

In 2002, another subsidiary, COSCO Shipping Co., Ltd., became a listed company in Shanghai.

In 2004, COSCO formed a joint venture with fellow Central Government owned Ansteel Group (Angang Group).

In 2005, the flagship subsidiary of COSCO, China COSCO Holdings, became a listed company. The A share of China COSCO Holdings was listed in Shanghai since 2007.

After the post-2008 financial crisis collapse of global shipping, COSCO began gradually acquiring the Greek port of Piraeus. Under COSCO, Piraeus has become a busy port, rising from traffic of 400,000 containers in 2008 to nearly five million containers in 2018. Most European trade with China occurs via Greek ships, including through Piraeus.

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, most shipping companies halted all container shipping to Russia, except for basic food products, medicine and humanitarian aid. The exception is COSCO which continues to ship to Russia, and was the largest shipping company to do so.

Mergers
In 2005, a smaller Central Government owned company, China Ocean Shipping Tally (known as China Tally in short), was merged into COSCO Group.

In 2008, China COSCO Holdings was part of Financial Times Global 500 for the first time.

By 2015, after more than 5 decades, COSCO Group expanded into one of the major shipping company of the country. It also had a few listed subsidiaries: COSCO Pacific, COSCO International Holdings, China COSCO Holdings, China International Marine Containers, etc.,. Real estate developer, Sino-Ocean Group, was an associate company of COSCO until 2010.

In December 2015, COSCO Group merged with fellow Chinese Government owned China Shipping Group to form China COSCO Shipping. COSCO Group was retained as an intermediate holding company.

In December 2017, COSCO Group (China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company) was re-incorporated from "An industrial enterprise owned by the whole people" to simply a limited company. The name of the company, also changed to China Ocean Shipping Company, Limited.

Subsidiaries
COSCO contains several listed companies and has more than 300 subsidiaries locally and abroad, providing services in freight forwarding, ship building, ship repair, terminal operation, container manufacturing, trade, financing, real estate, and information technology.

On the eve of 2015 merger, COSCO Group has a few listed companies:
 * China COSCO Holdings (SEHK: 1919; SSE: 601919) - flagship listed subsidiary, also known as "China COSCO" or "COSCO Holdings"
 * COSCO Pacific (SEHK: 1199) - port operator and investor. Significantly (43.63%) owned by China COSCO Holdings as of 31 December 2015
 * COSCO International (SEHK: 517)
 * COSCO Shipping Co., Ltd. (SSE:600428) - engaged in specialized carriers. COSCO owned 50.58% shares directly.
 * COSCO Corporation (Singapore) (SGX:F83)
 * Cosco SHIPPING Lines (Japan)

Moreover, China International Marine Containers is an associate company of the group, which COSCO indirectly owned 22.77% shares of that listed company as of December 2015. The stake was owned by COSCO Pacific until 2013.

As of 2000, COSCO also owned 30% stake of China Cargo Airlines.

COSCO also had an unlisted business unit in Hong Kong, which was known as COSCO (Hong Kong) Group Limited. COSCO (H.K.) Group was the direct parent company of COSCO Pacific (valid until December 2004 ) and COSCO International. COSCO (H.K.) Group bought the 20% stake of Chong Hing Bank and the entire stake of Shun Shing Construction from COSCO Pacific and COSCO International respectively in 2007.

2009 Norway oil spill
On 31 July 2009, the Panama-flagged bulk carrier, Full City, operated by COSCO Group's HK division, experienced engine failure and ran aground near Langesund, Telemark, Norway, during a storm, spilling 200 tons of heavy bunker fuel oil in an ecologically and environmentally sensitive wildlife area.

title: COSCO


text:
Walled Lake

Walled Lake may refer to:

 * Walled Lake, Michigan, a city in Michigan
 * Walled Lake Consolidated Schools, a school district with its headquarters in Walled Lake, Michigan
 * Walled Lake Central High School
 * Walled Lake Northern High School
 * Walled Lake Western High School
 * Walled Lake (Michigan), a lake near Walled Lake, Michigan

title: Walled Lake


text:
Wallowa

Wallowa may refer to:

Places

 * Wallowa, Oregon
 * Wallowa County, Oregon
 * Wallowa Lake
 * Wallowa Lake State Park
 * Wallowa Mountains
 * Wallowa River

Other

 * Acacia calamifolia, a shrub or tree
 * Acacia euthycarpa, a shrub or tree
 * The Wallowa, the original name of the tugboat Arthur Foss
 * The Wallowa band of the Nez Perce

title: Wallowa