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Statistical learning theory

Statistical learning theory is a framework for machine learning drawing from the fields of statistics and functional analysis. Statistical learning theory deals with the statistical inference problem of finding a predictive function based on data. Statistical learning theory has led to successful applications in fields such as computer vision, speech recognition, and bioinformatics.

Introduction
The goals of learning are understanding and prediction. Learning falls into many categories, including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, online learning, and reinforcement learning. From the perspective of statistical learning theory, supervised learning is best understood. Supervised learning involves learning from a training set of data. Every point in the training is an input–output pair, where the input maps to an output. The learning problem consists of inferring the function that maps between the input and the output, such that the learned function can be used to predict the output from future input.

Depending on the type of output, supervised learning problems are either problems of regression or problems of classification. If the output takes a continuous range of values, it is a regression problem. Using Ohm's law as an example, a regression could be performed with voltage as input and current as an output. The regression would find the functional relationship between voltage and current to be $R$, such that $$V = I R$$ Classification problems are those for which the output will be an element from a discrete set of labels. Classification is very common for machine learning applications. In facial recognition, for instance, a picture of a person's face would be the input, and the output label would be that person's name. The input would be represented by a large multidimensional vector whose elements represent pixels in the picture.

After learning a function based on the training set data, that function is validated on a test set of data, data that did not appear in the training set.

Formal description
Take $$X$$ to be the vector space of all possible inputs, and $$Y$$ to be the vector space of all possible outputs. Statistical learning theory takes the perspective that there is some unknown probability distribution over the product space $$Z = X \times Y$$, i.e. there exists some unknown $$p(z) = p(\mathbf{x},y)$$. The training set is made up of $$n$$ samples from this probability distribution, and is notated $$S = \{(\mathbf{x}_1,y_1), \dots ,(\mathbf{x}_n,y_n)\} = \{\mathbf{z}_1, \dots ,\mathbf{z}_n\}$$ Every $$\mathbf{x}_i$$ is an input vector from the training data, and $$y_i$$is the output that corresponds to it.

In this formalism, the inference problem consists of finding a function $$f: X \to Y$$ such that $$f(\mathbf{x}) \sim y$$. Let $$\mathcal{H}$$ be a space of functions $$f: X \to Y$$ called the hypothesis space. The hypothesis space is the space of functions the algorithm will search through. Let $$V(f(\mathbf{x}),y)$$ be the loss function, a metric for the difference between the predicted value $$f(\mathbf{x})$$ and the actual value $$y$$. The expected risk is defined to be $$I[f] = \int_{X \times Y} V(f(\mathbf{x}),y)\, p(\mathbf{x},y) \,d\mathbf{x} \,dy$$ The target function, the best possible function $$f$$ that can be chosen, is given by the $$f$$ that satisfies $$f = \mathop{\operatorname{argmin}}_{h \in \mathcal{H}} I[h]$$

Because the probability distribution $$p(\mathbf{x},y)$$ is unknown, a proxy measure for the expected risk must be used. This measure is based on the training set, a sample from this unknown probability distribution. It is called the empirical risk $$I_S[f] = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n V( f(\mathbf{x}_i),y_i)$$ A learning algorithm that chooses the function $$f_S$$ that minimizes the empirical risk is called empirical risk minimization.

Loss functions
The choice of loss function is a determining factor on the function $$f_S$$ that will be chosen by the learning algorithm. The loss function also affects the convergence rate for an algorithm. It is important for the loss function to be convex.

Different loss functions are used depending on whether the problem is one of regression or one of classification.

Regression
The most common loss function for regression is the square loss function (also known as the L2-norm). This familiar loss function is used in Ordinary Least Squares regression. The form is: $$V(f(\mathbf{x}),y) = (y - f(\mathbf{x}))^2$$

The absolute value loss (also known as the L1-norm) is also sometimes used: $$V(f(\mathbf{x}),y) = |y - f(\mathbf{x})|$$

Classification
In some sense the 0-1 indicator function is the most natural loss function for classification. It takes the value 0 if the predicted output is the same as the actual output, and it takes the value 1 if the predicted output is different from the actual output. For binary classification with $$Y = \{-1, 1\}$$, this is: $$V(f(\mathbf{x}),y) = \theta(- y f(\mathbf{x}))$$ where $$\theta$$ is the Heaviside step function.

Regularization

In machine learning problems, a major problem that arises is that of overfitting. Because learning is a prediction problem, the goal is not to find a function that most closely fits the (previously observed) data, but to find one that will most accurately predict output from future input. Empirical risk minimization runs this risk of overfitting: finding a function that matches the data exactly but does not predict future output well.

Overfitting is symptomatic of unstable solutions; a small perturbation in the training set data would cause a large variation in the learned function. It can be shown that if the stability for the solution can be guaranteed, generalization and consistency are guaranteed as well. Regularization can solve the overfitting problem and give the problem stability.

Regularization can be accomplished by restricting the hypothesis space $$\mathcal{H}$$. A common example would be restricting $$\mathcal{H}$$ to linear functions: this can be seen as a reduction to the standard problem of linear regression. $$\mathcal{H}$$ could also be restricted to polynomial of degree $$p$$, exponentials, or bounded functions on L1. Restriction of the hypothesis space avoids overfitting because the form of the potential functions are limited, and so does not allow for the choice of a function that gives empirical risk arbitrarily close to zero.

One example of regularization is Tikhonov regularization. This consists of minimizing $$\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n V(f(\mathbf{x}_i),y_i) + \gamma \left\|f\right\|_{\mathcal{H}}^2$$ where $$\gamma$$ is a fixed and positive parameter, the regularization parameter. Tikhonov regularization ensures existence, uniqueness, and stability of the solution.

Bounding Empirical Risk
Consider a binary classifier $$f: \mathcal{X} \to \{0, 1\}$$. We can apply Hoeffding's inequality to bound the probability that the empirical risk deviates from the true risk to be a Sub-Gaussian distribution. $$\mathbb{P} (|\hat{R} (f) - R(f)| \geq \epsilon) \leq 2e^{- 2 n \epsilon^2}$$ But generally, when we do empirical risk minimization, we are not given a classifier; we must choose it. Therefore, a more useful result is to bound the probability of the supremum of the difference over the whole class. $$\mathbb{P} \bigg( \sup_{f \in \mathcal{F}} | \hat{R} (f) - R(f) | \geq \epsilon \bigg) \leq 2 S(\mathcal{F}, n) e^{-n \epsilon^2 / 8} \approx n^d e^{-n \epsilon^2 / 8}$$ where $$S(\mathcal{F},n)$$ is the Shattering number and $$n$$ is the number of samples in your dataset. The exponential term comes from Hoeffding but there is an extra cost of taking the supremum over the whole class, which is the Shattering number.

title: Statistical learning theory


text:
Talk:Operation Highjump

Missing title
I hope someone eventually explains whether this expedition really had as much military hardware and manpower as the theorists claim. Kwantus 22:11, 2004 Oct 9 (UTC)

where, it was then believed, physical and climatic conditions resembled those in Antarctica
And what is in reality? Do not resemble?--Nixer 12:02, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Number of poeple involved?
I may have missed it, but i didn't see a number of total people involved. It says that it is the largest Antartic operation but gives no figures. I think that it should be added in. Maybe at least an estimate. Sirtrebuchet 05:49, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I found multiple newspaper sources that cite the task force as having 4,700 men, 13 ships. However, the number of aircraft in the multiple sources I check varied from 23 to 33. So, I simply noted "multiple aircraft" in the article. Fishdecoy 02:42, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0wxkqjfDb8&mode=related&search= Is this a hoax? 11:22, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Accomplishments, early departure
Article seems to concentrate more on who died as opposed to what the operation accomplished.

The Wiki article on Richard Byrd asserts the operation terminated 6 months early for unknown reasons, a point not addressed in the operation's article.

The Hitler link at the bottom is dead. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.89.192.125 (talk) 16:57, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Conspiracy Theories
Can anyone cite a reference to the lost NAZI science convoy legend? I have heard this one a few times, but cant find anything written on it? (ie, the mystery convoy sighted going south in the later stages of the war thought to have been heading to the "secret" base, some say it was by train, presumably loaded onto naval vessels and then went to antartica via south america - (more likely just to south america), be interesting to read some detail on it) 211.26.150.17 (talk) 15:08, 7 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the best critical evaluation of the subject can be found here: Polar Record 43 (224): 1–21 (2007). Printed in the United Kingdom. doi:10.1017/S003224740600578X
 * Summary (greatly shortened by me, emphasis mine) of abstract:
 * ABSTRACT. In January-February 1939, a secret German expedition visited Dronning (or Queen) Maud Land, Antarctica, apparently with the intention inter alia of establishing a base there. Between 1943 and 1945 the British launched a secret wartime Antarctic operation, code-named Tabarin. ... [O]peration, code-named Highjump, was classified confidential. ... another classified US operation, code-named Argus.... it is not, perhaps, surprising that some people would connect them to ... construct a myth of a large German base existing in Antarctica and of allied efforts to destroy it. ... Activities that were classified have subsequently been declassified and it is no longer difficult to separate fact from fancy, despite the fact that many find it attractive not to do so. ~Eric F 184.76.225.106 (talk) 22:14, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

George 1 crash section needs more description
The "George 1 crash" section seemed out of place to me and I didn't understand how it fit within the article. Looking at other web pages out there about Operation Highjump I now understand that it was one of the flying boats/sea planes that was part of the project. I could not find verifiable sources to make edits myself, but would suggest that someone who can find some sources may want to provide a bit more of an explanation here about what part the George 1 played and why it is mentioned here. Just my opinion. Dyork (talk) 21:13, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

Copyvio text?
User Lt. Specht recently added a paragraph about conspiracy theories to the article, which appears to be copied directly from. I got a very large number of results from search a sentence out of the paragraph; most of them are Wikipedia mirrors, but the aforementioned blog post does not seem to have been copied from Wikipedia. Some guy (talk) 12:43, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Note: Specht pointed out he copied the text from Richard Evelyn Byrd. I still believe it is copyrighted and shouldn't have been in that article either. Some guy (talk) 21:41, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

Conspiracy - what is the go here?
Can someone please explain to me why the conspiracy/nazi ufo section even exists at all?

Apparently nobody seems to want any facts in there - anytime anything of note is added it gets deleted. Or is it a simple case of the same user under multiple wiki pseudonames taking offence and deleting any hard facts in there because they wrote the original fantasy section?

At the moment the only thing in there is some fanciful flying saucer fairy tale section with no references, and including some completely random comment about some science fiction series by Robert Doherty, and some fable about Hitler retiring to the South pole to become a painter once again with no references. How exactly is this relevant or even notable?

Here is the part I really cant understand - the above still remains 100 edits later, but any time someone adds any hard facts to this section WITH references they went to the trouble of finding to back it up, or it seems when someone who WAS ACTUALLY THERE is quoted, people feel obligated to go into deleting spree's on entire sections, even user "Chrisahn" who himself claims to be an "inclusionist" decided to just delete everything with references and just leave the fairy tale sections too.

 * I just deleted bogus, i.e. not WP:RELIABLE, 'references'. But you are right, I probably should have deleted the whole conspiracy cruft. I just wasn't WP:BOLD enough, didn't want to get into an edit-war. Anyway, I'm glad it's gone now. Chrisahn (talk) 15:42, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

Apparently fairy tales, and science fiction books are now more notable than actual facts and references? What is so special about the fairy tales that it can survive over 100 edits with no facts or references? Perhaps I should jump into the WICCA or PAGAN sections and add big sections into history articles with references to Harry Potter books and Anne Rice books? No? so why is that allowed in THIS historical article?

Here is a reality check - If there is to be a conspiracy section at all - it should contain verifiable facts, there are plenty of intersting ones without making up fairy tales ie -

The whole "conspiracy" over this started because:

A: in the final stages of the war a sighting was reported by members of the nearby british Antarctic base of what appeared to be NAZIs in a nearby ice cave, (apparently a glacial cave)

B: this was reported back to military intelligence who following up on other sightings of Uboats and nazis near argentina (and a quote from hitler himself) suspected the Nazis had an organised facility in the area. (Although chances are it was just some officers from a scuttled uboat and nothing else.)

C: subsequently both the British and US mounted missions to check out the area and toss in a bit of research and exploration as a bonus.

D: some aspects of what they found still remains classified to this day; which isn't helping matters; while others (such as the military promo video) are on the public record

E: apparently one ship was still unaccounted for; some suspected it continued to patrol the area (suggesting they found nothing but were playing it safe) the same ship turned up mysteriously years later having been decommissioned at some point and towed to a salvage yard. Other evidence seems to suggest the boat was accounted for and never patrolled at all, instead it's paperwork was simply miss-filed in the excitment at the end of the war; and was never missing at all. No mystery there.

All points above are verifiable, and if anyone can be bothered to do a google search or a FOI request this would become apparent. I guess random deletions are more fun for the lazy.

What is factual however, is the above was blown totally out of proportion; resulted in several research articles. Unfortunately most of these were published by alternate media; ie "hard evidence" and "nexus" magazine. These don't enjoy a lot of credibility. The articles suggested links between NAZI research on flying disks, Hitlers comment about a secret "new homeland" colony and the "Aryan" eugenics program. True or not; real research went into these articles even if the conclusions are missguided.

Below is some pastes from previous random deletes of entire sections - can someone perhaps explain how these are less notable than fairy tales about flying disks, science fiction books and Hitler the "painter" ?

They stick to facts, and generally neutral in tone, and usually include references to back them up - grammer could be improved but at least they dont make any giant leaps of fantasy (like aliens and flying saucers) and are relevant to the article in a historical context. Judge for yourself -

" ...Many conspiracy articles and discussions examine a postwar encounter reported near a British Antarctic camp with uniformed Germans in an ice cave; http://www.nexusmagazine.com/index.php?page=shop.product_details&flypage=shop.flypage&product_id=526&category_id=60&manufacturer_id=0&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=44 this when considered in the context that several German U boats http://www.scribd.com/doc/7867899/Richard-Evelyn-Byrd-and-Operation-Highjump, a large amount of building supplies and German scientists http://www.beyondweird.com/ufos/Bruce_Walton_The_Underground_Nazi_Invasion_18.html http://www.think-aboutit.com/Omega/files/omega20.htm identified by Operation Paperclip were still unaccounted for added credibility to the possibility of a Nazi base http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/tierra_hueca/esp_tierra_hueca_3.htm ; and the real motivation for the subsequent operation.

Operation Highjump remains one of the few post war operations with documents still "classified" by the military. http://thelastoutpost.com/video-1/alternative-science/the-secret-land.html

"The material above indicates that little is known of the reason for the central group to leave the Bay of Whales in February of 1947. As one who was actually on that expedition and serving in the US Navy aboard the USS Merrick, I can assure any serious investigator that the reason the group of ships left the Bay of Whales much earlier than had been anticipated was that the bay, which was formed by barrier ice, began to close up and threatened to trap the group of ships.  When we entered the bay in January the opening was perhaps a mile or more wide.  As we left it was about three ship widths wide. The expedition was a well organized exploratory operation including this central group and two other groups at other places on the continent.  The information gained is readily available.  The conspiracy theories are fantasy." - Lawrence A Haines ..."

Looking over previous random deletions of other sections in many wiki topics I am beginning to wonder if it is simply a case of any change made by someone "ip address only" is just deleted without even trying to check the references, and if this deletion is done by someone with an account, nobody else with an account even bothers to check the facts to see if it shouldn't have been deleted to begin with.

This is absurd. Check the references first! Delete should be a last resort only! Dont be LAZY! Don't assume other members are right just because they registered as a user.

Use your own brain people. 202.164.193.39 (talk) 07:43, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

Rubbish
If this is a historical article; I propose the deletion of all references to conspiracy theories. The inclusion of such theories in this article is not in keeping with the traditions of United States Naval Service.Tjlynnjr (talk) 03:40, 17 March 2011 (UTC).
 * I agree, it's a bunch of unsourced nonsense. Perhaps an "In Popular Culture" section could be made for the Area 51 books, but using science fiction books as if they were fact is ridiculous. ScottSteiner (talk) 11:27, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

 * disagree, the conspiracy angle is easily the most well-known aspect of operation highjump. I would guess most hits on this page will be coming from that direction. If a particular incident has dubious but well-known and widely promulgated associations simply ignoring them (as is being done now) is not the way to proceed. Especially not to preserve "the traditions of United States Naval Service" - tosh. Corella (talk) 13:59, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

 * That is why I came to the page.90.244.85.192 (talk) 16:27, 6 October 2013 (UTC)

.91.241.85.191 (talk) 16:27, 6 October 2013 (UTC)

 * It is probably true that many readers land here looking for references to the conspiracy-stuff. Perhaps a mention is in order, along with some critical evaluation.  IMHO, a summary of the abstract from the PDF (but not my summary) as mentioned in the Conspiracy theory talk section above, would not be out of line.  The theory exists.  Is it valid?  That is the question that many readers coming to this page are wondering.  There should at least be some reference with reliable information that a reader can access from here. ~Eric F 184.76.225.106 (talk) 23:10, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

 * List it as a popular urban myth or misconception. The theory is culturally real, but it's believers may be deluded and/misinformed by lyres and/or Nazi-lovers back in 1946-487.90.244.85.192 (talk) 16:21, 6 October 2013 (UTC)

The Operation High Jump conspiracy theory

 * The whole Operation High Jump "conspiracy" theory appears to have started because:

 * 1) In the final stages of the war a sighting was reported by members of the nearby British Antarctic base of what appeared to be NAZIs in a nearby ice cave, (apparently a glacial cave) ]
 * 2) This was reported back to military intelligence who following up on other sightings of U-boats and Nazis near Argentina (and a quote from Hitler himself) suspected the Nazis had an organized facility in the area. (Although chances are it was just some officers from a scuttled U-boat and nothing else.) http://www.scribd.com/doc/7867899/Richard-Evelyn-Byrd-and-Operation-Highjump
 * 3) When this is also considered along side the fact that several German U-boats http://www.scribd.com/doc/7867899/Richard-Evelyn-Byrd-and-Operation-Highjump, a large amount of building supplies and German scientists http://www.beyondweird.com/ufos/Bruce_Walton_The_Underground_Nazi_Invasion_18.html]http://www.think-aboutit.com/Omega/files/omega20.htm identified by Operation Paperclip were still unaccounted for, theoretically added the then credibility of a possible remote Nazi base in the region http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/tierra_hueca/esp_tierra_hueca_3.htm which the Americans wanted to check out
 * 4) Subsequently both the British and US mounted missions to check out the area and toss in a bit of research and exploration as a bonus.
 * 5) On December 30, 1946, aviation radiomen Wendell K. Hendersin, Fredrick W. Williams, and Ensign Maxwell A. Lopez were killed when their PBM Mariner George 1 crashed during a blizzard on Mission High Jump.
 * 6) The mission ended a bit early and many of it's crew were heavy injured, not just frost bitten and/or snow blinded.
 * 7) Some aspects of what they found still remains classified to this day; which isn't helping matters; while others (such as the military promo video) are on the public record.http://thelastoutpost.com/video-1/alternative-science/the-secret-land.html
 * 8) Several popular sifi books are written about such a base.
 * 9) So many people began to believe the urban myth about "real motivation" for the subsequent operation, not the facts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.244.85.192 (talk) 17:19, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
 * 10) I tried to add this to the article page today and it was blocked as vandalism.90.244.85.192 (talk) 17:22, 6 October 2013 (UTC)

Inline citations removed on this page.
Inline citations removed on this page. The inline citations were preventing new section entry. See history Tjlynnjr (talk) 01:29, 28 December 2014 (UTC).

External links modified (January 2018)
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Apparently this mission was to find alien bases
I looked this up on bing (yeah, I know) because some crazy dude was telling me about how operation highjump was launched to find secret alien bases. I was fantastically surprised to discover that bing summarizes this article as "This operation was to find the alien bases located there. Operation HIGHJUMP, officially titled The United States Navy Antarctic Developments Program, 1946–1947, (also called Task Force 68), was a United States Navy operation to establish the Antarctic research base Little America IV."

The article doesn't really seem to list sources for secret alien bases, or even mention them. I don't know how to fix the summary, or I'd simply do so myself. 174.4.222.89 (talk) 01:33, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

Conspiracy theories
Should be added. The fact the conspiracy exists or existed should be noted. 2600:6C5E:5D7F:F073:94D3:BF83:EAE:660B (talk) 07:49, 2 November 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Operation Highjump


text:
Lough Foyle

Lough Foyle, sometimes Loch Foyle ( or "loch of the lip" ), is the estuary of the River Foyle, on the north coast of Ireland. It lies between County Londonderry in Northern Ireland and County Donegal in the Republic of Ireland. Sovereignty over the waters has been in dispute since the Partition of Ireland.

Flora
A survey of Lough Foyle was made between March 1937 and June 1939 by Helen Blackler. In this, a map shows the distribution of certain species of algae in the lough and a full annotated list of the algae recorded along with photographs of the different sites. The list included: Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, lichens and two species of Zostera. The marine algae of Lough Foyle are also included in Morton (2003).

Fauna
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds has a reserve at the lough.

Transport
In 1792 the four-mile Strabane Canal was constructed from the tidal waters of Lough Foyle at Leck, to Strabane. The canal fell into disuse in 1962. In June 2006 the Strabane Lifford Development Commission awarded a £1.3m cross-border waterways restoration contract. The project involves the restoration of one and a half miles of canal and two locks to working order. Work began on the Lough Foyle side of the canal in the summer of 2006, but by 2010 the partial restoration was deemed unsatisfactory and the local council refused to continue to maintain the canal. The Broharris Canal was constructed in the 1820s when a cut – some two miles long on the south shore of Lough Foyle near Ballykelly – was made in the direction of Limavady. It served both as a drainage channel and a navigation, with goods being brought from the Londonderry Port, and shellfish and kelp from the sandbanks along the shore.

In the summertime, a ferry service operates between Greencastle and Magilligan across Lough Foyle.

Railway travel
NI Railways runs from Derry~Londonderry railway station along the scenic shore of Lough Foyle – with views of Inishowen in County Donegal as well as the Atlantic Ocean – via Coleraine to Belfast Lanyon Place and Belfast Grand Central. The strategically important Belfast–Derry railway line is to be upgraded to facilitate more frequent trains and improvements to the permanent way, such as track and signalling to enable faster services.

From Londonderry railway station the next stop is Bellarena followed by Castlerock then Coleraine en route to Belfast. Walkers alighting from trains arriving at Castlerock can walk to Mussenden Temple owned by the National Trust and can see the mouth of Lough Foyle and Greencastle some distance away in County Donegal.

Literature
The main character of Alfred Bester's famous science-fiction novel, The Stars My Destination, is named Gulliver Foyle. Bester took the names of his characters from various locations in Ireland and Great Britain.

First World War
The United States Navy established the Naval Air Station Lough Foyle on the Inishowen side of the lough on 1 July 1918 to operate seaplanes during the First World War. The base closed shortly after the First Armistice at Compiègne.

Second World War
At the end of the Second World War, after the Allied victory, the remainder of the German Atlantic fleet of U-boats used to attack supply lines from North America to Britain during the Battle of the Atlantic were assembled in Lough Foyle and scuttled – as part of Operation Deadlight.

Disputed status
Lough Foyle is a disputed territory between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom; after the Partition of Ireland in the early 1920s, each side claimed that it was in their own territory. Although this dispute is still ongoing, there are currently no negotiations as to its ownership.

The UK's Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) underlined its view on 2 June 2009 that all of Lough Foyle is in the United Kingdom, a spokesperson stating: 'The UK position is that the whole of Lough Foyle is within the UK. We recognise that the Irish Government does not accept this position...There are no negotiations currently in progress on this issue. The regulation of activities in the Lough is now the responsibility of the Loughs Agency, a cross-border body established under the Good Friday Agreement.'

In November 2016, James Brokenshire, MP, the UK's Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, reiterated the UK's view that all of Lough Foyle is in the UK, whilst Charles Flanagan, TD, the Republic of Ireland's Minister for Foreign Affairs, stated that the Republic of Ireland did not recognise Britain's claim to the entirety of Lough Foyle.

title: Lough Foyle


text: Category:Television news

title: Category:Television news


text:
Lanny Poffo

Lanny Mark Poffo (December 28, 1954 – February 2, 2023) better known by his ring names "Leaping" Lanny Poffo and the Genius, was a Canadian-American professional wrestler, motivational speaker, poet, and actor. Poffo was a second generation professional wrestler, his father being Angelo Poffo. His brother Macho Man Randy Savage was also a professional wrestler.

Early life
Poffo was born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, to Angelo Poffo, an Italian American Catholic, and Judy (Sverdlin) Poffo, a Jewish-American of Belarusian and Lithuanian descent. He was the younger brother of "Macho Man" Randy Savage and grew up in Downers Grove, Illinois.

Early career (1974–1979)
Poffo made his debut in 1974, losing to Wayne Cowan in the opening match of an All-South Wrestling Alliance card held in Atlanta, Georgia, on April 16. Poffo remained in the promotion for several months, defeating Cowan in a rematch and also gaining a win over The Great Fuji. On a card on July 9, 1974, in Atlanta he teamed with his father Angelo Poffo for the first time, defeating the veteran team The Royal Kangaroos.

Still in his rookie year, Poffo and his father then headed to Big Time Wrestling, one of the varied promotions affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance at that time. In their initial match with BTW, Lanny and Angelo lost by disqualification to Lou Thesz and Mighty Igor on November 30, 1974, at a house show in Detroit, Michigan. They quickly began a house show series against the team of Bobo Brazil and Fred Curry. The two wrestled as heels, with Angelo Poffo wearing a graduation gown and cap similar to the attire Lanny later adopted in the WWF. That year they won the NWA World Tag Team Championship, and the father/son duo held it until 1975 with successful defenses over The Mongols and Brazil and Curry. While still tag-team champions, the Poffos moved on to the St. Louis Wrestling Club and continued to defend their championship. In 1975 they lost the title and returned to Big Time Wrestling.

1976 found Lanny wrestling primarily in singles matches in BTW, NWA Western States, and the St. Louis Wrestling Club. On May 29, 1976, Lanny received his first shot at the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, losing a televised match to Terry Funk on Wrestling at the Chase. He then defeated wrestlers such as Don Red Cloud, Raoul Guzman, and Gary Fulton. Lanny moved to Jim Crockett's Mid Atlantic Championship Wrestling in July 1976, and for the first time began teaming with his brother Randy Poffo (Randy Savage). The Poffo Brothers immediately began touring on the MACW house show circuit, defeating such teams as Johnny Eagle and Manuel Soto or Danny Miller and Johnny Weaver for the remainder of the year.

With his brother Randy having departed MACW after February, Lanny proceeded into 1977 as a singles wrestler once more. After gaining victories over George Rossi, Herb Gallant, and Leroy Rochester, Poffo gained another shot at the NWA World Heavyweight Championship when he faced off against Harley Race at an event in Chattanooga on February 4, 1978. This time Lanny wrestled the champion to a draw.

In April 1978, Poffo moved on to Emile Duprée's Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling which had a weekly television spot on the Maritime region's CTV-affiliated ATV system and toured the Maritimes doing shows seven days per week with some days hosting two shows in two different towns. That year, he became the first ever AGPW International Heavyweight Champion. On May 23, 1978, he wrestled his brother (now known as Randy Savage) for the very first time, defeating him by disqualification at an event held in Truro, Nova Scotia. Savage later defeated his brother for the title, which they traded in 1978 and 1979. On July 18, 1978, their final title match ended in a draw at a show in Hartland, New Brunswick.

Poffo next moved to NWA affiliate Pacific Northwest Wrestling and made his debut on November 16, 1979, when he wrestled Kurt von Steiger to a draw at an event in Portland, Oregon. He faced a variety of opponents in PNW, including Adrian Adonis, Hiro Ota, and Tully Blanchard. On February 22, 1979, he unsuccessfully challenged NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Champion Roddy Piper. Following a defeat to Gene Kiniski the next month, he departed the promotion.

International Championship Wrestling (1979–1984)
In 1978, Lanny's father Angelo founded International Championship Wrestling (ICW), an "outlaw" rival to NWA affiliates Southeastern Championship Wrestling and NWA Mid-America. Eventually Angelo further expanded and signed talent away from the World Wrestling Association and Jerry Jarrett's Continental Wrestling Association (CWA), forming a strong rivalry with the other territories. It was into the maelstrom that Lanny Poffo entered in the summer of 1979 as he jumped to his father's promotion. He became a star in ICW and eventually became the promotion's champion, where he wrestled with and against Randy Savage. The two brothers dominated the ICW Heavyweight Championship, and over the next six years, the only other wrestler to hold it was Paul Christy. Lanny remained a mainstay of the promotion until it folded in 1984.

Mid-South Wrestling (1984)
Shortly before the dissolution of ICW, Lanny began making appearances in Bill Watts' Mid South Wrestling. His first matches came on October 12, 1983, when he defeated Art Crews and Doug Vines at a MSW television taping in Shreveport. In December he formed a team with Rick Rude and began a house show series with The Midnight Express that carried through January 1984. Lanny then moved back into singles competition and wrestled Buddy Landell in numerous matches.

Continental Wrestling Association (1984–1985)
On June 18, 1984, Lanny joined his brother Randy Savage who had jumped to the Continental Wrestling Association (CWA), defeating Bart Batten and Johnny Wilhoit at an event in Memphis. They almost immediately entered into a feud with The Rock 'n' Roll Express, a series that lasted throughout the summer. On October 1, 1984, he unsuccessfully challenged CWA International Heavyweight Champion Eddie Gilbert. That winter Poffo and Savage moved on to a house show series against Gilbert and Tommy Rich. In January 1985, they entered a tournament to crown the AWA Southern Tag-Team Champions, but were defeated by The Interns in the semi-finals. In the spring, they began a feud with AWA Southern Champions The Fabulous Ones, but were unable to capture the title. In June 1985, his brother departed for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), and Lanny was soon signed to a contract there as well.

"Leaping" Lanny Poffo (1985–1989)
Poffo debuted in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) on June 21, 1985 at Madison Square Garden defeating Terry Gibbs. Although both Poffo brothers joined the WWF at the same point, their relationship was never acknowledged by the promotion. While Lanny was not a headlining WWF star like his brother, he initially built a niche for himself wrestling as a babyface. In his first role as "Leaping" Lanny Poffo, he would bring frisbees to the ring, read a short poem written on one of them that he himself had penned, and then throw the frisbees into the crowd. Each poem typically ridiculed the heel who he was about to wrestle, or built heat in favor of the face with whom the heel was feuding at the time.

Lanny was initially undefeated in the WWF, defeating opponents such as Mr. X, Rene Goulet, Terry Gibbs, Barry O, and Moondog Spot. He suffered his first defeat on July 27 edition of Championship Wrestling, teaming with Keith Diamond in a loss to The Iron Sheik and Nikolai Volkoff. This presages a series of losses to Jesse Ventura, Big John Studd, and The Missing Link. During his early career in the WWF, he was not a main-eventer and wrestled primarily as enhancement talent on television shows. Rather than being squashed like most jobbers at the time, he displayed a greater amount of offense in his matches. He found great success on house shows, where he continued to defeat other undercard wrestlers. Poffo performed an agile, athletic, high-flying style at a time when big, heavy power wrestlers still dominated the promotion. He was one of the first wrestlers in North America to use moves like the Senton Bomb and the moonsault, though commentators of the time referred to the latter as a "leaping backflip".

He made his first Saturday Night's Main Event appearance on October 5, 1985, when he recited a poem at the wedding of Uncle Elmer. Entering 1986, he continued to be highly competitive against lower-level opposition, reeling off house show or televised victories over Terry Gibbs, Barry O, Rene Goulet, Tiger Chung Lee and S. D. Jones, between losses to Hercules, and Jim Neidhart. Lanny attained some infamy in late 1986 and early 1987 by competing in a series of Bunkhouse Battle Royals in full knight's armor. He also is noted for competing in a Battle Royal on Saturday Night's Main Event X at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit in 1987, where he was headbutted and eliminated by André the Giant, causing him to bleed heavily all over the floor and have to be carried out on a stretcher. André, in his first televised match as a heel, had accidentally caught Poffo on the bridge of the nose with his headbutt and stitches were required to close the resulting wound.

In February 1987, he participated in another famous angle, teaming with The Can-Am Connection against Adorable Adrian Adonis and The Dream Team. During the match, Adonis accidentally cut the hair of Brutus Beefcake, leading to the latter's face turn and assumption of "The Barber" gimmick. Poffo and the Can-Ams won this WWF Superstars of Wrestling match by pinfall.

In January 1988, Lanny defeated Sika the Savage Samoan on a series of upsets, and during the following month he began a lengthy house show series with the newly heel-turned Dan Spivey. Poffo continued to receive a strong push against lower-level competition like Barry Horowitz, but was unable to break through as a top tier member of the roster. He entered a house show series with Jim Neidhart following the temporary dissolution of The Hart Foundation, but was unsuccessful in these contests. His fortunes changed somewhat later in the summer when he feuded with "Dangerous" Danny Davis on the house show circuit, pinning Davis on multiple occasions. Entering the fall of 1988 he faced numerous preliminary opponents and embarked on a lengthy winning streak, defeating Barry Horowitz, Sandy Beach, and George Skaaland. He continued to compete against opening card talent for the remainder of the year and was largely successful.

Poffo began 1989 with a loss to Iron Mike Sharpe at a house show on January 1 in West Palm Beach, Florida, and this was followed by a televised defeat on January 13 in Boston to The Brooklyn Brawler. After a smattering of wins, he then lost to Conquistador No. 1 on February 20, 1989, in Worcester, MA. These were followed by a pair of defeats to Tim Horner in March 1989.

The Genius (1989–1992)
On March 18, 1989, Poffo turned heel. He berated the local Boston sports teams, insulting them in his poetry, and instantly drew heat from the Boston crowd. He was subsequently reintroduced as "The Genius", a highly intelligent, arrogant heel who wore an academic cap and gown to the ring. After weeks of giving poetry as The Genius, he had his debut against Sonny Rodgers and defeated him. His poems now ridiculed the face wrestlers, and he adopted an exaggerated effeminate, showboating manner, similar to that employed by Gorgeous George, to draw heat from the crowd. He began a house show series against Jim Powers that spring and embarked on a lengthy winning streak. That summer he moved on to feud with Powers' former The Young Stallions partner Paul Roma and was also victorious. His first pinfall loss under his new heel persona came on August 12, to Koko B. Ware at a house show in Richfield, Ohio.

The Genius was featured on WWF Superstars during the coronation of Randy Savage as the new "King of the WWF"; Lanny read the proclamation for his real-life brother. He continued to win in his house show series with Koko B Ware and at the same time began to serve as "executive consultant" (and occasional tag team partner) for Mr. Perfect.

On November 5, 1989 at Saturday Night's Main Event XXIV, The Genius faced WWF World Heavyweight Champion Hulk Hogan and spent much of the match taunting Hogan and drawing heat from the crowd with his absurd antics. Several minutes into the match, Mr. Perfect appeared at ringside where he goaded Hogan and defaced the championship belt by sticking chewing gum on it. During the match, Hogan tossed The Genius outside the ring, subsequently Mr. Perfect attended to the Genius. Hogan followed him outside the ring, and then threw The Genius back into the ring. With Hogan's back to Mr. Perfect and the referee was distracted, Mr. Perfect struck him with the championship belt and putting him down for the count out. Later in the show, Mr. Perfect and The Genius destroyed the stolen belt with a hammer. This was the first time in 21 months (since a loss to André the Giant at The Main Event) that Hogan lost on WWF television.

The Genius had his first televised defeat when he teamed with Mr. Perfect against WWF World Champion Hulk Hogan and Intercontinental Champion The Ultimate Warrior on the January 29, 1990 episode of Prime Time Wrestling. That winter he entered a house show series against Jim Neidhart and was generally victorious here as well. He made his first PPV appearance at the 1990 Royal Rumble and wrestled Brutus Beefcake to a double disqualification after "The Barber" began cutting his hair and Hennig interfered.

In March, The Genius lost at house shows to Jim Neidhart. He also teamed with Hennig in losing efforts against Hulk Hogan and various partners. At WrestleMania VI, he had his hair cut by Brutus Beefcake after Mr. Perfect was pinned. Shortly after WrestleMania VI, Bobby Heenan became Mr. Perfect's manager. The Genius then feuded with Brutus Beefcake and took to wearing wigs and amateur wrestling headgear to cover the haircut that "The Barber" had given him.

By the summer of 1990, The Genius had lost his feud with Beefcake and started to move back down the card. In June he renewed his house show series with Koko B. Ware; this time, "The Birdman" dominated on shows around the country. The feud continued through the summer and achieved national visibility on the August 27, 1990, edition of Prime Time, where Ware defeated The Genius on television. Poffo made a guest appearance on the October 13, 1990, episode of Saturday Night's Main Event XXVIII, participating in Oktoberfest activities along with The Hart Foundation, Jim Duggan, Mr. Fuji, and The Orient Express. That winter he engaged in opening match contests with Dustin Rhodes, Shane Douglas and Jim Brunzell.

After being on sabbatical for several months, The Genius returned in April 1991, wrestling Greg Valentine, Jim Duggan, and Bret Hart. He also participated in the joint WWF/SWS tour and faced Jim Powers on each show. On June 26, 1991, he scored a major upset victory in his comeback when he defeated Jim Duggan at a house show in Lansing, MI. On the September 7, 1991, edition of WWF Superstars he became the manager of The Beverly Brothers (Mike Enos and Wayne Bloom). Unlike during his time Mr. Perfect's manager, he generally remained on the sidelines for much of the remainder of 1991 and wrestled very sporadically.

In December 1991, The Genius teamed with The Beverly Brothers in six-man matches against The Bushwhackers and Jim Neidhart. In the 1992 Royal Rumble, he managed The Beverly Brothers to a win over The Bushwhackers. He also continued to occasionally wrestle, and picked up a televised win over Brian Costello on the July 6 episode of Prime Time Wrestling and wrestled house show matches against Jim Brunzell, Virgil, and Bob Bradley. On the August 28 episode, he teamed with the Beverly Brothers in an unsuccessful effort against The Legion of Doom and Paul Ellering. At SummerSlam 92, the Beverlys lost to The Natural Disasters in a WWF Tag Team Championship. He continued to manage them until the 1992 Survivor Series before being released in December 1992.

Late career (1993–1999, 2005–2020)

After a six-month break, Poffo returned to action in June 1993 and joined World Wrestling Superstars on a tour of Germany where he was matched against Demolition Ax. He worked later that year for the International Championship Wrestling Alliance and wrestled Manny Fernandez, Jeff Bradley, and Brutus Beefcake. In December 1993 he appeared for Anvil Promotions and Johnny West, B. Brian Blair, and Al Hardimon. On March 12, 1994, he traveled to Brantford, Connecticut, to face The Warlord.

After a nineteen-month absence from the WWF, Poffo returned in May 1994, defeating Koko B. Ware on two house shows in Florida. His final WWF match was a loss to Mabel on June 11 at an event in Richmond, Virginia.

Poffo signed a WCW contract in 1995, but may have wrestled only once during his time there (two sites record him as having defeated a preliminary wrestler in a dark match at a WCW Saturday Night taping on October 14, 1997, in Fort Myers, Florida). In a later shoot interview, Poffo explained that he was contacted by his brother (Randy Savage), who was wrestling in WCW at the time, with the guarantee of a contract. Savage, who had purchased the Gorgeous George gimmick, offered the character to Poffo, feeling that his brother would generate heat as a heel. Poffo signed the contract with WCW, began an intense training regimen, and bleached his hair blonde in preparation for his return to the ring. As he recalled, despite being under contract for five years and receiving regular paychecks, he was never contacted with any bookings. His own repeated calls to the office went unreturned, and he was simply never used by WCW. Ultimately, Savage gave the Gorgeous George moniker to his then-girlfriend and valet Stephanie Bellars.

After a six-year sabbatical from professional wrestling, Poffo returned to be a part of Wrestle Reunion in Tampa, Florida, on January 28–30, 2005, and defeated "The Royal Stud" Adam Windsor at that event.

He also wrestled in Canada as part of the Supershow later known as Great North Wrestling from 2007 to 2008 in Ottawa, Pembroke and Hawkesbury, Ontario. Later Great North worked in Thunder Bay in 2009 and New Brunswick in fall of 2010. Sometimes Poffo teamed with The Honky Tonk Man and feuded with Hannibal.

Poffo has toured the East Coast of Canada with UCW, wrestling in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. After that tour, Poffo also wrestled in Poland and Florida, as well as a show in England.

On September 3, 2011, Poffo won a 25-man battle royal for the vacated Great North Wrestling Canadian Championship in Hawkesbury, Ontario. He dropped to title to Jeremy Prophet three weeks later in Perth-Andover, New Brunswick.

On May 6, 2012, in Reading, Pennsylvania, Poffo teamed with JD Smooth for a disqualification loss to "Pretty Ugly" in Regional Championship Wrestling's Rumblemania 8.

On March 28, 2015, Poffo returned to WWE at the 2015 Hall of Fame induction ceremony to induct his late brother, Randy Savage. He read poems and shared memories of Savage, before representing him the next day with the other inductees at WrestleMania 31

On September 1, 2018, Poffo appeared at All In in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, accompanying "Black Machismo" Jay Lethal as Lethal successfully defended the ROH World Championship against Flip Gordon. Lanny also appeared on ROH telecasts announcing the action, doing commentary from ringside using his extended vocabulary that he made famous during his Leaping Lanny days of the past.

Poffo wrestled his last match on March 5, 2020, at The Reena Rumble in Toronto, alongside wrestlers Papa Shango, Virgil, Brooklyn Brawler and local stars The Megan Boys Buck Gunderson and Mysterion the mind reader.

Personal life and death
Poffo was married and had a daughter named Meghan from whom he had grandchildren.

Poffo began living in Ecuador in October 2020.

Outside wrestling, Poffo published two books. One is a collection of poems and limericks, most of which were related to drug and alcohol awareness, directed toward young children. Poffo was a vocal opponent of tobacco smoking and also published an anti-smoking book of limericks entitled Limericks from the Heart and Lungs!. He appeared in infomercials as an endorser of Tony Little's Gazelle Freestyle exercise machine, and was a certified credit counselor and motivational speaker.

In March 2013, Poffo played a K9 police officer in the Investigation Discovery network's I (Almost) Got Away With It.

In 2018, Poffo released a biographical comic through Squared Circle Comics, titled The Genius Lanny Poffo.

On September 3, 2018, Poffo, alongside JP Zarka of ProWrestlingStories.com, launched a weekly podcast titled The Genius Cast with Lanny Poffo. The podcast featured 20 episodes including interviews with Hacksaw Jim Duggan, Terry Funk, B. Brian Blair, Fred Ottman, Sean Waltman, Jeff Jarrett, Molly Holly, "Eugene" Nick Dinsmore, "Hustler" Rip Rogers, Kevin Kelly, Bill Apter, Outback Jack, Keith Elliot Greenberg, Sean Oliver, Evan Ginzburg, Alicia Atout, and more. The show ended its run on January 21, 2019.

Death
On February 2, 2023, Jim Duggan, a longtime personal friend of the Poffo family, revealed that Poffo had died in New York City at the age of 68. Dave Meltzer revealed the cause of death to be heart failure.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling
 * AGPW International Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Gulf Coast Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Randy Savage
 * Great North Wrestling
 * GNW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * International Championship Wrestling
 * ICW Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * ICW United States Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with George Weingeroff (3) and Mike Doggendorf (1)1
 * ICW Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
 * NWA Detroit
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Detroit version) (2 times) – with Angelo Poffo (1) and Chris Colt (1)
 * NWA Mid-America
 * NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Mid-America Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bobby Eaton
 * Pro Wrestling Lachine
 * PWL International Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked him #229 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the "PWI 500" 1991
 * PWI ranked him #426 of the top 500 singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003

1The ICW United States Tag Team Championship is referred to as the ICW World Tag Team Championship in some publications.

title: Lanny Poffo


text:
Clew Bay

Clew Bay (Cuan Mó) is a large ocean bay on the Atlantic coast of County Mayo, Ireland. It is roughly rectangular and has more than a hundred small islands on its landward side; Ireland's best example of sunken drumlins. The larger Clare Island guards the entrance of the bay.

The bay is overlooked by Croagh Patrick to the south and the Nephin Beg Mountains to the north. From the southwest part of the bay eastwards are the settlements Louisburgh, Lecanvey, Murrisk, and Westport; north of Westport is Newport, and westwards from there lies Mulranny, gateway to Achill.

History
The bay was historically known in Irish as Cuan Mod ("harbour of Mod") or Modlind ("pool of Mod"), and was associated with the Fir Bolg. This later became Cuan Modha. Some writers claim that this name derives from Modh, one of the Tuatha Dé Danann. Another possibility is the Old Irish mod, moth, which meant "penis" or "man".

Another old name is Cuan Umhaill ("harbour of Umhaill"). It was rendered in English as "Bay of the Owly" and "Bay of the Owles." Other English names were the Bay of Borace, Horrus, and Baragh, all references to Burrishoole (Buiríos Umhaill). The name 'Clew Bay', of uncertain origin, first appears in a 1714 map; it may be derived from cliath, "hurdle".

Clew Bay was the heart of the Gaelic territory of Umhaill, ruled by the Uí Máille (O'Malleys). Umhaill's last and most famous ruler was Grace O'Malley (Gráinne Ní Mháille), nicknamed "the pirate queen". The O'Malleys had a fleet of ships and several castles around Clew Bay, including Carrickkildavnet Castle, Carrickahowley Castle and Granuaile's Castle.

During the Irish Civil War in July 1922, 400 Free State troops were landed at Clew Bay to take Westport and Castlebar from Anti-Treaty forces.

In 2024, the discovery of a submerged late Bronze Age fort from the depths of Clew Bay was announced by a team from Connemara and Mayo County Council.

Inishgort Lighthouse
Inishgort Lighthouse stands on the island of Inishgort, 5 km from Murrisk.

Fish farming in Clew Bay
In recent years there has been controversy over fish-farming in the bay. "The Organic Salmon Company" (now owned by Mowi) is based in Clare Island.

Islands of Clew Bay
The bay is also home to Dorinish, a private island purchased by John Lennon in 1967. Glenans Ireland, a non-profit sailing school, had a branch on Collanmore Island where sailing was taught.

Legend has it that Clew Bay has 365 islands in it—"an island for every day of the year". The large number of drumlins at the east end of the bay gave rise to this myth, but in fact there are not so many.

Drumlin islands, sandbars, and rocks
This chart shows the relative positions of the islands, sandbars, and rocks in the eastern half of Clew Bay. There are 141 named islands and islets within the bay.

title: Clew Bay


text:
Category:Shipwrights

see also Category:Boat builders

title: Category:Shipwrights


text:
Talk:Olin College

Page too student-focused
While Olin College is certainly a student-focused institution, the information on this page leaves out information about the faculty and staff and does not communicate the mission of the College in a coherent manner. Also, care should be taken not to make statements that are tilted for or against the school. --Nertzy 06:02, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)

Introductory section
The word "private" is linked to the article on Private school, which says the term is "almost never" used to refer to postsecondary education. The companion article, though, is Private university, which does not apply to Olin either. Remove the link? --Zoombody 16:35, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * NB: This applies to the infobox as well --Zoombody 16:42, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

The Olin Experiment section
There's no good reason for the mishmash of bullets in this section. Over time we should flesh it out into sentences. Also, there is no context for the random quote from Howard Stevenson. Who is he? I think some random Wikipedian added that who is external to the school, so I don't really know who to ask. --Nertzy 05:52, Oct 31, 2004 (UTC)

Academics section
Is there a need for the major/concentration abbreviations? They aren't referenced elsewhere in the article, and they seem to me to be mostly just jargon. --Zoombody 21:35, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Culture section
Most other colleges do not have a culture section, and culture is something very hard to define, fleeting, and often very partial. I think it should either be renamed or eliminated in order to keep this entry more encyclopedic.--Nertzy 06:37, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Check out MIT. --L33tminion 19:22, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Note that MIT's culture section has the embodiment of many decades of evolved culture, whereas Olin, yet a fledgling institution, has little that can be distinguished as a longstanding part of "Olin". I think documenting our official activities and some of our academic culture is great, but activities that have been going on for less than a semester (i.e. rumbles, mechanical design challenge) can hardly be used to characterize who we are. We also change far too much from year to year to be able to make any kind of assertions about the way we conduct ourselves (with regard to procrastination and spontaneity). Perhaps a few years down the line we can comfortably add that. For now, I think we should try to ensure a more stable perspective on what Olin is. --Dan83 20:42, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * Were this a standard encyclopedia, I would agree with you 100%. But Wikipedia is dynamic, so I'm not going to shy away from writing about Olin traditions just because they may change down the road.  The article can change as Olin changes.  --L33tminion 14:57, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)

I am starting to take issue with the idea that Olin has a tradition of procrastination. The fact that the school has had students for a short amount of time and we have everything running at the level it is now is testament to very much the opposite. At times, committees are criticized for making too much policy ahead of time, and several students actually get their work done early. The culture seems to be more of having a lot on one's plate and less of procrastination. No edit for now, just want to bring up the idea. --Nertzy 07:24, Oct 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * I would agree entirely with nertzy. We should get that changed as soon as we get around to it. --Terron 02:07, Nov 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * Fixed. --209.94.128.82 15:07, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Motto
Should "Carpe Diem" be listed as the school's motto? --L33tminion 06:00, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * No, because the school has no official motto. Several students unofficially started an email list in spring 2004 called "Carpe Diem" as a call for students to be more spontaneous, and several students have adopted this philosophy, but to call "Carpe Diem" the motto of the school is extreme. --Nertzy 05:42, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Have you noticed that on the "licence plate" nametags Carpe Diem is in the place for the motto? I think "Carpe diem" is Olin's motto, even though it's not official.  Actually, I think it should be Olin's official motto.  Is there any support for this among other students?  --L33tminion 19:19, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * The R2s made those up for fun; they're not supposed to be a serious suggestion of motto.--Xeo 02:01, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, we put Carpe Diem on the plates at Nick Tatar's suggestion. I think Nick unofficially would like to see Carpe Diem as the school's motto. He also put it on the back of this year's R2 shirts. Tostie14 12:31, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Student Life
I agree that we need a student life section, but the one posted was dreadfully disorganized and unencyclopedic. We need to get this organized and rewrittten. --L33tminion 17:53, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)

Original Section: "Olin students participate in many random activities, such trying to set world records, to normal college fun. One activity that stands out though is the prevalent presence of "gangs" which have frequent "rumbles".  They also have random design challenges organized by students such as building soapbox cars and racing them down hills.  They are participating in Mini Baja as well as planning entry into the DARPA Grand Challenge."

Which of the following should be mentioned:
 * The rumble
 * Mechanical design challenge
 * Mini Baja and DARPA
 * FILM
 * Friendly Fire
 * Habitat for Humanity
 * Olin Conductorless Orchestra
 * FWOP

 * I don't think the "rumbles" should be included, as they do not really help someone who is trying to learn about the college, and would not otherwise appear in an encyclopedia. The other groups you mention are official and relevant to the mission of the school, so I think it makes sense to include them, although at the risk of making them seem more important relative to other activities at the school. --Nertzy 06:02, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * *shrugs* I mentioned the rumbles because they were mentioned in the origional section stub above.  I'll defer to your judgement on this one.  --L33tminion 19:20, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * ... although now that I seee that you hadn't deleted it, I will express a preference that you don't. I think for many students that is a significant feature of Olin culture, and I also think that the anecdote about "sending an iCal for the rumble" shows a lot of elements of Olin culture quite clearly.  --L33tminion 20:15, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * While many students might feel the rumble is a significant feature of Olin culture, I feel it is not as much as you might think. This being Wikipedia, we can always grab it and add it back later.  I just want to give it some time.  As for the iCal comment, I have to disagree.  I think it's not very clear at all.  Most of the rest of the world would have no context for our way of using iCals, since to my knowledge we are the only school who does so to such an extent.  Same goes for the use of wikis.  With the proper explanation, these ideas could probably be put across, but I still feel like there are bigger issues that should be addressed.  As always, I appreciate your work.  Ever since you started editing the page, the quality has increased greatly.  I'm sorry to have such issue with specific details when generally what you've done is very useful. --Nertzy 05:52, Oct 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * Not a problem. --L33tminion | (talk) 20:15, Nov 1, 2004 (UTC)

Admissions
I added a footnote leading to statistics under the admissions fact-bar heading. There's no way that can be NPOV as written without citing sources. --L33tminion | (talk) 20:34, Nov 1, 2004 (UTC)

Advertisement
Some sections of this article read like an advertisement taken from the school's promotional materials. Especially "The Olin Experiment" and "Academics". Is there a way to make these less rah-rah and more factual/informative? —thames 23:57, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Based on the suggestions at peer review, I've made some major changes. --L33tminion | (talk) 22:40, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

The Olin experiment
After an attempt to rewrite the first sentence I wondered about the title of this section. It mentions an "experiment" but the main text does not. What is the experiment?

I would appreciate it if someone could answer the additional questions I raised at peer review. Jan van Male 07:45, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I addressed what you said at peer review. As far as "experiment" goes, Olin's a new college and it takes a unique approach to things.  So it's "experiment" in the sense of something new (it means, basically, "what makes Olin different").  Should that be reworded?  --L33tminion | (talk) 01:32, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

"Sense of Community" Section
I removed this section. Parts of it seemed very POV, and other parts seemed far too granular.

Also, email lists like "helpme" are not very unusual (judging from what I've seen at other colleges). Olin's extensive use of wikis might count as unique, if it can be discussed NPOV-ly in more general terms. The best way to illustrate Olin's "sense of community" might be in the fact that almost everyone eats in the dining hall, with people sitting with whoever's nearby, not with specific groups. However, I'm not sure how to best state that in an NPOV manner. --L33tminion (talk) 01:21, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

academic boosterism
Avoid academic boosterism —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.35.148.201 (talk • contribs).

 * I removed the Faculty section, due to the advice of the second bullet point on this version of the Wikipedia:Avoid academic boosterism page. --nertzy 02:45, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

School or college?
Should Olin generally be described as a "college," instead of using the less-precise word "school?" I'm not sure how this would work when making comparisons to other institutions of engineering education, some of which are colleges and others universities. --Zoombody 06:00, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I would think college is slightly preferred because it is more precise, as you stated. However, other college articles such as CNU use "school", conversely, other college articles, such as Virginia Tech, do not.--Matthew 06:09, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Removal of advertising tag
I have removed the advertising tag placed by Beland because it interrupts the flow of the article and I feel, overall, the article or section is not that problematic. Nevertheless, if you see a problem, please consider revising the section in accordance with Beland's wishes. The tag was placed before the section:

Classes at Olin College emphasize the importance of context and attempt to take an interdisciplinary approach. Freshman take integrated course blocks that teach engineering, calculus, and physics by exploring the relationships between the three subjects. Arts, humanities, and social sciences courses take an interdisciplinary approach to subjects such as the "self" ("What is I?"), history ("History of Technology"), and art ("Wired Ensemble" and "Seeing and Hearing").

And read:

Cedars 10:17, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * An anon IP put the ad tag back in (and then deleted a great deal of the article, which I reverted). I left the ad tag because much of the Culture section does read kinda like an ad.  Anyone wanna discuss? steventity 19:32, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure it reads like an ad any more than any other college's page here does, but I'm a bit biased. --Matthew 16:33, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Summer reading assignment
Olin seems to have a tradition of assigning the reading of a designated book over the summer, for new admittees and possibly for ongoing students as well. Is there a program in the early Fall to discuss or write about the assigned reading? Is this notable enough to warrant inclusion in the article? Also, would a pointer to the list of past assigned readings be useful? Reify-tech (talk) 16:44, 8 July 2014 (UTC)

Yes, the event is called Convocation and usually happens within the first week or two of all students being back on campus in the fall. There is typically a guest speaker, either the author or someone very knowledgeable about the material, who gives a talk in the auditorium. The summer book program is now supported by the Class of 2006 Summer Book Program Fund. Tostie14 (talk) 11:20, 10 July 2014 (UTC)

Combs Society?
I see that someone added a blurb about the "underground" alumni group called the Combs Society. I have never heard of this before (likely why it's called underground), but I'm curious if there is any reference we can cite or point to for this, or if that would defeat the purpose. Tostie14 (talk) 12:37, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130808121828/http://honorboard.olin.edu/ to http://honorboard.olin.edu/

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Follow up on bot's link
I checked the archive.org link and the 1 snapshot for the old Honor Board website is a blank page. I've removed the URL altogether from the actual page. Tostie14 (talk) 19:23, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100721192517/http://www.olin.edu/about_olin/history/olin_history_detail.aspx to http://www.olin.edu/about_olin/history/olin_history_detail.aspx
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20070919042708/http://careers.olin.edu/grad_business.php to http://careers.olin.edu/grad_business.php

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MS from Babson for Olin Students - Section has been removed
So, an anonymous editor just removed the section from the Olin College page where it discussed how Olin students could complete requirements as part of cross-reg with Babson in order to earn an MS in Technological Entrepreneurship from Babson in 1-2 semesters after graduating Olin. I personally know alums who did this. Has this program since been terminated and is that why the editor couldn't verify it? Tostie14 (talk) 02:55, 12 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Here is an article on olin.edu that talks about one student who earned the MS from Babson in conjunction with their time at Olin: https://www.olin.edu/blog/career-and-graduate-stories/post/babson-through-the-eyes-12-grad-brett-rowley-15/ Tostie14 (talk) 18:18, 16 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Olin College


text:
Landini

Landini may refer to
 * Landini (surname)
 * Francesco Landini
 * Landini (tractor) produced by the Italian company Landini SpA
 * Landini cadence, a technique in music composition named after composer Francesco Landini

title: Landini


text:
Gaius Licinius Macer Calvus

Gaius Licinius Macer Calvus (28 May 82 BC – c. 46 BC ) was an orator and poet of ancient Rome.

Son of Licinius Macer and thus a member of the gens Licinia, he was a friend of the poet Catullus, whose style and subject matter he shared.

Calvus' oratorical style opposed the "Asian" school in favor of a simpler Attic model: he characterized Cicero as "solutum et enervem" (loose and nerveless), while Cicero described him as "exsanguem et aridum" (bloodless and dry). However, there was no enmity between these two, and Cicero praised Calvus highly.

Tacitus mentions twenty-one of his speeches, including several speeches against Publius Vatinius. Calvus likely prosecuted Vatinius multiple times, in 58 BC and then later in 54 BC, where he was defended by Cicero. One of these trials (probably the second) is described in Catullus's poem 53. At the trial one of the bystanders caused Catullus to laugh by crying out "Great gods, what an eloquent salaputium!". The meaning of the rare word salaputium has been disputed, but it has been suggested that it may have referred to Calvus' wit or short stature. There may also have been an obscene meaning.

Seneca the Elder mentions his short stature, and refers a story in which Calvus asked to be raised to a platform, so that he could defend one of his clients, Asinius Pollio, being attacked by supporters of Gaius Cato. Seneca also tells a story of how, at a trial, the defendant jumped up and complained "I ask you, judges, am I to be condemned just because that man is a good speaker?"

Catullus counted him as a close friend and addressed several poems to him. In one of these, no. 50, he describes how he and Calvus spent a pleasant afternoon taking turns to write short poems.

Frédéric Plessis published fragments of Calvus in 1896.

title: Gaius Licinius Macer Calvus


text:
Old Head of Kinsale

The Old Head of Kinsale is a headland near Kinsale, County Cork, Ireland.

A castle has been on the headland since at least the 3rd century, with the current iteration built in 1223. An early lighthouse was established here in the 17th century by Robert Reading. The area is the nearest point of land to where the RMS Lusitania was sunk in 1915, 18 km from the site of the sinking. Currently, access to the Old Head is restricted as it is on the site of a private golf course, which has proven to be controversial.

Castle
The Old Head Castle is made up of a long wall with several towers along it, which closes off the headland of the Old Head from the rest of the mainland. It is reported to have been built around the 3rd century AD by the Irish chieftain Cearmna. It was originally named Dún Cearmna (Cearmna's fort). The land was given to Milo de Cogan by King Henry II.

Following de Cogan's death, ownership passed to his son Richard, whose daughter married Milo de Courcy. De Courcy built a new castle around 1223. Consequently, the castle is sometimes called De Courcy Castle. In the 16th century, ownership of the castle passed to Owen MacCarthy, seizing it from the de Courcys. The English regained control of the castle in 1600, ahead of the Spanish invasion of Kinsale.

Lighthouse
The Old Head has hosted "lighthouses" for millennia, with references to a beacon of light being maintained on the headland dating back to pre-Christian Ireland. On 13 November 1665 Charles II granted letters patent to Sir Robert Reading to construct six lighthouses around the coast of Ireland. One of these was established on the Old Head of Kinsale, and constituted the first lighthouse on the peninsula as would be recognised as such today. The lighthouse constituted a brazier on the roof of a cottage. There had been earlier beacons, but this was the first proper building which is still extant. Some time after 1683 the light was discontinued, and a petition presented to the House of Commons for its reinstatement.

In 1804 the Revenue Commissioners replaced the brazier with a temporary 1.8 m lantern lit by oil lamps. Eight years later it was recommended that the temporary light be replaced by a permanent tower lighthouse with keepers' cottages at its base. The new light opened on 16 May 1814. This tower was 13 m tall, and rose 90 m above sea-level at high water. This proved to be too tall, as the light was often hidden by fog and low-lying clouds. Trinity House recommended a new lighthouse lower down right at the point of the Old Head. Construction started on 20 March 1850 and was completed three years later and first shone on 1 October 1853. Between 1855 and 1907 a red sector covered Courtmacsherry Bay. In 1893 a fog signal was established which was maintained until 2011.

A new lantern was installed in 1907 with the current character of "Gp Fl(2) W 10s" (a group of 2 white flashes repeated every 10 seconds). In 1972 the paraffin lamp was replaced by electricity and the range increased to 25 nmi. Between 1974 and 1992 a radio beacon was transmitted. In 1987 the lighthouse was converted to automatic operation. In 2005 the range was reduced to 20 nmi. In January 2009 an AIS station was established.

Lusitania
On 7 May 1915, the RMS Lusitania passenger liner was travelling from New York to Liverpool, when she was torpedoed by a German U-boat, around 18 km from the Old Head of Kinsale. The liner sank in 18 minutes, killing 1,199 of the 1,959 passengers and crew. The bodies were subsequently transported to Queenstown. In 2015, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the sinking, a museum opened at the signal tower of the Old Head lighthouse. The owner of the wreck of the Lusitania lent various artefacts to house in the museum, which were recovered by Eoin McGarry four years earlier during an authorised dive.

Golf
Today, the Old Head of Kinsale is visited by golfers who come to play on its 18-hole golf course that opened in 1997.

Since the golf course opened, access to the Old Head of Kinsale has been restricted to golfers and guests only, and there has been a long-running campaign for the restoration of public access organised by the "Free the Old Head of Kinsale" campaign. This has mainly taken the format of "people's picnics", some of them involving "incursions" onto the headland and holding the picnics at the Old Head lighthouse.

title: Old Head of Kinsale


text: User talk:163.1.141.7

title: User talk:163.1.141.7


text:
Talk:2161

AfD closure note: This defaults to a redirect. --Deathphoenix ʕ 14:14, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

this page has the right title?

title: Talk:2161


text:
Malin Head

Malin Head (Cionn Mhálanna) is the most northerly point of mainland Ireland, located in the townland of Ardmalin on the Inishowen peninsula in County Donegal. The head's northernmost point is called Dunalderagh at latitude 55.38ºN. It is about 16 km north of the village of Malin. The island of Inishtrahull is further north, about 10 km northeast of the headland. Malin Head gives its name to the Malin sea area. There is a weather station on the head, which is one of 22 such stations whose reports are broadcast as part of the BBC Shipping Forecast. A tower built in 1805 is on Altnadarrow, also known locally as the Tower Hill.

Ptolemy's Geography (2nd century AD) described a point called Βορειον (Boreion, "the northern") which probably referred to Malin Head.

Locality
To the northeast Inistrahull Island can be seen. The first lighthouse on the island was put into operation in 1813, and the light flashes every 30 seconds.

Below Altnadarrow to the east lies Ballyhillion beach, a unique raised beach system of international scientific importance. The very distinct shorelines show the changing relationship between the sea and the land from the time the glaciers began to melt, some 15,000 years ago. At that time County Donegal was depressed by the weight of an immense ice sheet, so the level of the sea, relative to today's shore, was up to 80 feet higher than today.

Scenes from Star Wars: The Last Jedi were filmed in Malin Head.

Weather station
Weather reports commenced in Malin Head in 1885. In 1955 a new Meteorological station was built beside the coastguard station by Met Éireann. Hourly data points, which include sunshine, wind, rain etc, are recorded here.

Climate
Malin Head has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen class Cfb). As a result of its exposed coastal location, high winds and storms are a notable presence for much of the year. Summers are typically mild bordering on cool, while winters have cool days and crisp nights.

Wartime use
A military watchtower was built on Altnadarrow in 1805, during the Napoleonic Wars. Around 1902, a signal station used by the Marconi Company was built close to the old Napoleonic watchtower. Both of these buildings still stand. During The Emergency (World War II), the Government of Ireland allowed the British Government to site two radio direction finders on Malin Head. This top-secret operation was mentioned in The Cranborne Report. The RDF equipment was used by Allied naval and air forces to monitor U-boat and aerial activity in the North Atlantic. A detailed history of radio at Malin Head, Marconi Wireless Radio Station: Malin Head from 1902 was published in 2014.

To the north of Altnadarrow and just before Dúnalderagh, a ground marker reading '80 EIRE' can be seen in large letters that were formed from placing stones together to form the letters. This was to signify to overflying planes that they were crossing Irish territory and that Ireland was neutral.

Ornithology
Malin Head is an ideal vantage point from which to view the autumnal movements of seabirds such as gannets, shearwaters, skuas, auks and others, on their southward migration flights. Rarities have included Black-browed Albatross, Feas Petrel and many other rare seabirds have been recorded here. This is also a good vantage point for viewing Basking sharks and the resident pod of Bottle-nosed Dolphins.

title: Malin Head


text:
Talk:Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory

The concept
The concept of "shatter" or "shattering" is vitally important in the fields of statistical learning theory, empirical processes, and probability theory in general. I have begun to improve the article entitled "shatter", but although it needs more content, it does indeed warrent an article of its own. Moreover, soon, I hope to begin an article on empirical processes, which is not in the Wikepedia yet, but really warrents an entry. I appreciate the editing and improvements made by Trovatore to my new article on shattering (which made many needed corrections to the earlier article, which was a good start, but had some difficulties about sets, subsets, and classes of sets) which I will continue to augment. -- sorry I am new at Wikipedia, but an old time mathematician. Sorry; forgot to sign in this time...will try to remember next time. Thanks again, Trovatore. Would like to discuss more about how we needed to invoke the Axiom of Choice in some of our work on shattering, and did indeed run into Russell's paradox.

I moved the article on statistical learning theory over to here, because "VC theory" is how a large majority of learning theorists refer to Vapnik's work. Otherwise, there is too much confusion between this theory and the general field of computational learning theory.

This is also known as VC theory. -- hike395 22:18, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

someone should merge shatter into this article
The definition in shatter is not in general use in set theory, and is kind of a trivial dicdef standing on its own. Maybe someone could give it some context and a home in this article. --Trovatore 05:07, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually it looks like it should be merged into VC dimension instead. --Trovatore 06:04, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Vapnik Chervonenkis theory and empirical processes
VC-theory, with a somewhat different approach, is important in the field of empirical processes. As the article on empirical processes is expanded, this will become apparent. Is it all right with everyone out there to add the empirical-process approach to VC-theory within this article? MathStatWoman 17:54, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Expansion of this intro to VC Theory
Hi I have made an extension of this article which can be seen on my sandbox. It is a self-contained intro to VC theory in Empirical Processes and VC inequality. I have removed the algorithm parts because VC theory can be applied to show generalization for SVM for example, but it doesn't really has to do with introducing the algorithmic part of SVM. I also made some connections with symmetrization, which is a technique widely used in the proofs of stuff like VC inequality and in empirical processes. Any comments and suggestions would be appreciated, and I am ultimately interested in uploading this expansion so every opinion/suggestion would be appreciated.

Problem Found
In the VC connection section is says that 2v/(v+2)>2, but this is true for no v. Also the article uses K and v without defining it — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.198.148.137 (talk) 16:03, 30 September 2016 (UTC)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mneykov/sandbox

Mneykov (talk) 09:18, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory


text:
Talk:Minds, Machines and Gödel

critiques of paper
I think Paul Benacerraf made a paper which was a critique of Lucas's paper. I've got a copy of it somewhere in my attic. I'll see if I can get a precise reference for the paper.

publunch 9th October 2004 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.56.114.4 (talk) 22:19, 9 October 2004 (UTC)

 * The paper you are looking for is P. Benacerraf, "God, the devil, and G¨odel", TheMonist, vol. 51 (1967), pp. 9–32. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nortexoid (talk) 07:34, 11 October 2004 (UTC)

 * The Benacerraf paper can be found online at JSTOR. --50.53.63.18 (talk) 22:40, 28 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Douglas Hofstadter is also critical (scornful) of this paper in Godel, Escher and Bach. On the other hand Roger Penrose induces Lucas's argument in 'Shadows of the Mind', and possibly in 'The Emperor's New Mind'. I would love to see more discussion of this argument. MrDemeanour (talk) 16:15, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Minds, Machines and Gödel


text: File:Rough wood rocking chair.jpg

title: File:Rough wood rocking chair.jpg


text:
Moritz Volz

Moritz Volz (born 21 January 1983) is a German former professional footballer, media pundit and scout. He is the assistant coach at Galatasaray.

Volz played as a right-back with Schalke 04, Arsenal, Wimbledon, Fulham, Ipswich Town, FC St. Pauli and 1860 Munich.

Early career
Volz was born in Siegen and started his career in his native Germany at Schalke 04, before being spotted by Arsenal while playing for the German youth team. He was offered a contract and joined the Gunners in the summer of 1999. Volz's debut for the Gunners came in a League Cup defeat to Ipswich Town in 2000. With the club's academy, Volz also won the FA Youth Cup in 2000 and 2001. He made another appearance for Arsenal's first team a year later in a League Cup defeat to Sunderland. In February 2003, he was loaned out to Wimbledon, where he impressed by scoring on his debut against Brighton and going on to make nine further appearances for the Dons. He returned from loan in the summer of the same year before joining Fulham, again on loan, in August 2003. The move was made permanent in January 2004.

Fulham
At Fulham, Volz attained cult-figure status with the fans, in part due to his commitment, passion and community involvement. He was also popular with the club's faithful given that he rode his bicycle to home games. He had several nicknames at Craven Cottage, such as '220 Volz', 'The Electrician', 'Mr Resistor', 'The Hoff' due to his adulation of David Hasselhoff, 'The Lightbulb' and the rather simple 'Volzy'. For the match against Aston Villa on Saturday 21 October 2006, he had 'The Hoff' written on his boots for good luck and promptly scored his first goal in three years.

Volz signed a contract extension on 9 December 2006, which kept him at the club until 2009. On 30 December 2006, he went on to score the 15,000th goal in Premier League history for Fulham against Chelsea. Inevitably, this feat gave birth to the new nickname '15,000 Volz'. As he scored that goal, Volz donated £15,000 to three charitable organisations: Kick 4 Life, The Prince's Trust, and Fulham Football Club's Community charity. In July 2008, Volz was awarded PPF Community Champion Award, which is associated with The Observer newspaper.

On 28 August 2008, he signed for Championship side Ipswich Town on a season-long loan deal. Volz joined the club as he hoped to help the Tractor Boys get promoted to the Premier League. Altogether, he was capped a total of 22 times for the club.

On 1 July 2009, he was released from Fulham as he came to the end of his contract and was so praised by the club for his loyal service. Volz sent a farewell message to Fulham supporters upon the club's website. While on the lookout for a new team, he kept training with the club to maintain his fitness and also did media work for Sky Sports at the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.

On 2 January 2010, Volz got a trial with former club Schalke 04. He joined the team at Chiclana de la Frontera for a training camp.

FC St. Pauli
Volz eventually joined up with FC St. Pauli on 15 June 2010, signing a two-year contract. He made his debut on 5 November 2010 against Schalke 04.

1860 Munich

Volz joined 1860 Munich on 5 June 2012, signing a three-year contract. At 1860 Munich he won the 2014–15 2. Bundesliga relegation playoffs, with the club thus staying within the league. Volz went on to declare an end to his playing days soon afterward.

International career
Although Volz was not part of the German team that reached the semi-finals of the World Cup on home soil in 2006, he was an ever-present force in Dieter Eilts' successful under-21 side. He helped the team qualify for the European Championships in summer 2006. Volz was included in the senior squad for the 17 November 2004 game in Leipzig against Cameroon but did not appear on the field.

Scouting and media work
Volz wrote for The Times and worked as a pundit for Sky Sports, Setanta Sports and ITV while playing in the UK. He later worked as a colour commentator for DAZN in Germany.

After his retirement in the summer of 2015 Volz worked as a scout for TSV 1860 and he is currently Arsenal's main German scout.

Honours
Arsenal
 * FA Youth Cup: 1999–2000, 2000–01

title: Moritz Volz


text:
Derryveagh Mountains

The Derryveagh Mountains (Cnoic Dhoire Bheatha) are the major mountain range in County Donegal, Ireland. It makes up much of the landmass of the county and is the area of Ireland with the lowest population density. The mountains separate the coastal parts of the county, such as Gweedore and Glenties, from the major inland towns such as Ballybofey and Letterkenny. Its highest peak is Errigal.

title: Derryveagh Mountains


text:
St Lawrence, Isle of Wight

St Lawrence is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Ventnor, on the south (English Channel) coast of the Isle of Wight, in southern England. It is located to the west of the town of Ventnor, in the Undercliff, which is subject to landslips. The Undercliff lies between the original high cliff and the sea, formed over thousands of years, since the last Ice Age, from accumulated landslips. Several rocky coves can be accessed from the coastal path, which affords fine views of some prominent Victorian villas, set in a wooded landscape below the great rock wall of the original sea cliff: Woody Bay, Mount Bay and Orchard Bay. The area of the parish was around 329 acre in size. In 1931 the parish had a population of 329. On 1 April 1933 the parish was abolished and merged with Ventnor.

History
St. Lawrence is much older than Ventnor dating back to at least the Middle Ages. The Old Church of St. Lawrence dates from the 12th century. When first built it was only 20 feet long and 12 feet wide, considered at the time to be the smallest church in England. In 1842 it was lengthened by the addition of a ten-foot chancel. Although there are undoubtedly smaller chapels including the tiny church at Les Vauxbelets on Guernsey, this arguably remains the smallest to be built as a parish church — although this role has long since been supplanted by a larger, Victorian church in the village.

The old church has a 15th-century baptismal font - a stoup that is about 500 years old and a series of 18th-century hat pegs. The piscina niche is almost the same age as the church. The church was refurbished in 1926–7. A larger church, St Lawrence's Church, St Lawrence, is situated 200 yards away from the Old Church dates from the 19th century. It also has a 17th-century altar and a chest that dates from 1612.

In the 1870s the village was described in the Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales as consisting of "ivy mantled thatched cottages, with orchards" with many Juniper trees nearby.

During World War II the village was home to RAF St Lawrence. Originally a temporary base for RAF Ventnor and RAF Thorney Island, by 1942 it was a fully active radar base in its own right. The base had two 120 ft masts approximately 200 yards apart. The base ceased operations in 1947 and in 1994 a memorial plaque was placed at the site.

William Spindler

St Lawrence was in the nineteenth century the subject of an ambitious plan by a German developer and philanthropist, named William Spindler (who had made his fortune as a chemist in Berlin), to develop St Lawrence as a resort to rival Ventnor. He lived at Old Park, a mansion near Binnel Bay, from 1881 to his death in 1889 and is buried in Whitwell churchyard. During his time in St. Lawrence, he had an enormous influence there and on the surrounding areas. He possibly alienated local opinion with a series of "improving pamphlets" criticising local perceived laziness. He decried the lack of woodland in the area and employed local men to plant a million trees. He paid a large part of the money needed to supply St Lawrence and Whitwell with drinking water. You can see red-painted hydrants bearing lions' heads dotted about Whitwell's streets, and the occasional black-painted St Lawrence hydrants, one of which stands beside Seven Sisters Road, in the heart of the old village. Several huge pieces of masonry in Binnel Bay, all that is left of a harbour, are known locally as "Spindler's Follies".

Amenities
The village has a post office, two churches and a village hall. A building at Old Park, where William Spindler lived, houses artists' studios, open to the public once a year over the August bank holiday weekend, together with The Bunker art gallery, housed in a Second World War radar station nearby.

Pelham Wood Nature Reserve is situated beside the Undercliff Drive and is open to the public. On the other side of the main road is a turning leading to St Lawrence Well, with its ornate Victorian well housing.

Close to the newer church is the entrance to the Rare Breeds Park, which closed down due to loss of revenue from legally enforced closure during the foot and mouth epidemic of 2001.

Transport
The Undercliff Drive, the main road between Ventnor and Niton, was closed beyond St Lawrence in February 2014 by a landslip. Access was later restored for pedestrians and cyclists via a footbridge, the lack of through motorised traffic making this stretch of road much safer and quieter for walkers and cyclists than before. Due to the road closure, St Lawrence is now only served by local bus Number 31, operated by Minibus Plus.com on Tuesdays, Fridays and Saturdays.

title: St Lawrence, Isle of Wight


text:
Andy Adams (writer)

Andy Adams (May 3, 1859 – September 26, 1935) was an American writer of western fiction.

Life and career
Andy Adams was born in Thorncreek Township, Indiana, the son of Andrew Adams, who was of Irish descent, and Elizabeth Elliott, who was of Scottish descent. As a boy, he helped with the cattle and horses on the family farm. During the early 1880s, he went to Texas, where he stayed for 10 years, spending much of that time driving cattle on the western trails. In 1890, he tried working as a businessman, but the venture failed, so he tried gold-mining in Colorado and Nevada. In 1894, he settled in Colorado Springs, where he lived until his death.

He began writing at the age of 43, publishing his most successful book, The Log of a Cowboy, in 1903. His other works include A Texas Matchmaker (1904), The Outlet (1905), Cattle Brands (1906), Reed Anthony, Cowman: An Autobiography (1907), Wells Brothers (1911), and The Ranch on the Beaver (1927).

The Log of a Cowboy is an account of a five-month drive of 3,000 cattle from Brownsville, Texas, to Montana during 1882 along the Great Western Cattle Trail. Although the book is fiction, it is based on Adams's own experiences, and it is considered by many to be literature's best account of cowboy life. Adams was disgusted by the unrealistic cowboy fiction being published in his time; The Log of a Cowboy was his response. It is still in print, and even modern reviewers consider it compelling. The Chicago Herald said: "As a narrative of cowboy life, Andy Adams' book is clearly the real thing. It carries its own certificate of authentic first-hand experience on every page."

Works

 * 1903: The Log of a Cowboy.
 * 1904: A Texas Matchmaker.
 * 1905: The Outlet.
 * 1906: Cattle Brands: A Collection of Western Camp-fire Stories - contains 14 short stories.
 * 1907: Reed Anthony, Cowman: An Autobiography - Adams breathes life into the story of a Texas cowboy who becomes a wealthy and influential cattleman.
 * 1911: The Wells Brothers: The Young Cattle Kings - Tells the tale of two orphaned boys who, against all odds and in the face of numerous calamities, establish their own cattle ranch. It was followed by a sequel, The Ranch on the Beaver (1927).
 * 1927: The Ranch on the Beaver: A Sequel to Wells Brothers.

title: Andy Adams (writer)


text: Category:Sardinia

title: Category:Sardinia


text:
Blue Stack Mountains

The Blue Stack Mountains or Bluestack Mountains, also called the Croaghgorms, are the major mountain range in the south of County Donegal, Ireland. They provide a barrier between the south of the county, such as Donegal Town and Ballyshannon, and the towns to the north and west such as Dungloe and Letterkenny. The road between the two parts of the county goes through the Barnesmore Gap.

The highest mountain in the range is Croaghgorm, which is 674 m high. Nearby summits include Ardnageer (642 m, Croaghanirwore (548 m), Croaghbarnes (499 m), Croaghblane (641 m), Croaghnageer (571 m), Croveenananta (476 m), Gaugin Mountain (565 m), Lacroagh (403 m), Lavagh More (671 m) and Lavagh Beg (650 m). Silver Hill (600 m), is the smallest mountain in Ireland to meet the 600 m threshold for a Simms classification.

title: Blue Stack Mountains


text: User talk:81.178.115.74

title: User talk:81.178.115.74


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Night Warriors

Night Warriors may refer to:
 * Night Warriors – Darkstalkers' Revenge, an arcade game in the Darkstalkers series
 * Night Warriors: Darkstalkers' Revenge (anime), an animated adaptation of it.

 * Night Warriors (novel), the first novel in Graham Masterton's Night Warriors series

title: Night Warriors


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User talk:MikeArnold

Welcome
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title: User talk:MikeArnold