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Greg Hands

Gregory William Hands (born 14 November 1965) is a British politician who served as Minister for London and Minister of State for Trade Policy from November 2023 to July 2024. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Chelsea and Fulham, previously Hammersmith and Fulham, from 2005 to 2024. A member of the Conservative Party, he served as its Chairman from February to November 2023. Hands has served as Minister of State for Trade Policy under four prime ministers, holding the office on four occasions, and also served as Minister of State for Business, Energy and Clean Growth from 2021 to 2022.

Hands was the MP for Chelsea and Fulham from 2010 to 2024; the constituency was created that year by the splitting of the former constituencies of Kensington and Chelsea and Hammersmith and Fulham. Prior to these boundary changes, he served as the MP for the Hammersmith and Fulham constituency from 2005.

Hands served in Prime Minister David Cameron's Cabinet as Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 2015 until 2016. He voted for the UK to remain in the European Union during the 2016 Brexit referendum. Following the referendum vote and Cameron's consequent resignation, Hands was demoted by the new Prime Minister Theresa May to a junior ministerial position at the Department for International Trade. Following the snap 2017 general election, Hands retained his position as Minister of State for Trade and Investment but also undertook the Minister for London role, replacing Gavin Barwell who lost his seat. Hands resigned in 2018, citing his opposition to the proposed expansion of Heathrow Airport, but returned to the position as Minister of State for Trade Policy in February 2020 under Prime Minister Boris Johnson.

In September 2021, Hands was appointed Minister of State for Business, Energy and Clean Growth. Following Johnson's resignation in 6 September 2022, Hands left that position and briefly returned to the backbenches before being appointed to his former role as Minister of State for Trade Policy by Prime Minister Liz Truss on 9 October 2022. Following Truss’s resignation, he was retained as Trade Minister by new Prime Minister Rishi Sunak. Following the dismissal of Nadhim Zahawi in January 2023, Hands was promoted to Chairman of the Conservative Party by Sunak on 7 February 2023, but was sacked from this role on 13 November 2023. The same day, he was appointed to the role of Minister of State for Trade Policy. He was appointed Minister for London for a second time a day later.

In the 2024 United Kingdom general election, he was unseated by Ben Coleman from the Labour Party.

Early life and career
Gregory Hands was born on 14 November 1965 to British parents in New York City. He lived in the United States until he was seven years old and his family moved back to the UK. He was educated at state schools in England, and completed his secondary education at Dr Challoner's Grammar School, Amersham in 1984.

During his gap year Hands worked in a swimming pool in Berlin where he gained the nickname “Tapper;” he became interested in the Eastern Bloc, visiting Prague and other Eastern European cities on future holidays.

He went on to attend Robinson College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a first in Modern History in 1989. He joined the Conservative Party as a student, served as the chairman of the Cambridge University Conservative Association, and was on the Executive Committee of the Cambridge University Students' Union.

Hands spent eight years after university in banking. He worked on trading floors in derivatives at the City of London and New York City until 1997.

Political career
Hands was elected as a councillor in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in 1998. He became the leader of the Conservative group in 1999, remaining in that capacity until 2003.

In opposition
At the 2005 general election, Hands was elected to Parliament as MP for Hammersmith and Fulham, winning with 45.4% of the vote and a majority of 5,029.

In his maiden speech on 26 May 2005, Hands referred to the fact that the BBC was the largest employer in his constituency and that Hammersmith Broadway was the busiest road interchange in Europe.

Hands quickly became interested in the subject of MPs expenses, causing the whips to attempt to dissuade him.

In 2007, Hands was selected to be the Conservative candidate for the new Chelsea and Fulham parliamentary constituency. His previous seat of Hammersmith and Fulham was abolished for the 2010 general election, with Hammersmith having its own seat (being fought by Shaun Bailey for the Conservatives), and Fulham joining Chelsea in a new seat. In January 2009, Hands was appointed to the Conservative front bench team as a shadow Treasury minister. He also became the Parliamentary chairman of Conservative Friends of Poland.

Cameron–Clegg coalition
At the 2010 general election, Hands was elected as MP for the newly-created constituency of Chelsea and Fulham, winning with 60.5% of the vote and a majority of 16,722. After the election, Hands served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the chancellor of the exchequer George Osborne, having shadowed the Treasury in opposition.

On 14 October 2011, Hands was appointed as an assistant government whip in the House of Commons as a consequence of the mini-reshuffle following the resignation of Liam Fox as Secretary of State for Defence.

In 2013, Hands voted in favour of legalising same-sex marriage in England and Wales.

Hands was appointed Government Deputy Chief Whip and Treasurer of the Household in October 2013. In March 2014, he was sworn as a Privy Counsellor, entitling him to the style "The Right Honourable" for life.

Majority Cameron government
At the 2015 general election, Hands was re-elected as MP as Chelsea and Fulham with an increased vote share of 62.9% and a decreased majority of 16,022. Following the election, Hands was promoted by David Cameron to the Cabinet inthe position of Chief Secretary to the Treasury.

Hands campaigned for the UK to remain in the European Union in the 2016 Brexit referendum. In the lead-up to the referendum, Hands led the Chelsea and Fulham Britain Stronger in Europe campaign. During the campaign, Hands issued warnings of the consequences for the UK should it leave the European Union, saying that the country would face "profound consequences" including "fewer jobs, higher prices in our shops and less money for our public services like the NHS". A strong advocate of international trade, he described the European Union's Single Market as being the "most complete commitment to free trade that exists".

May government

In the 2016 reshuffle following the EU referendum and Theresa May's appointment as Prime Minister, he was made Minister of State for Trade Policy at the newly formed Department for International Trade.

Following the referendum, Hands argued that the UK should leave the European Union with a deal. To justify his changed position regarding the UK outside of the European Union, Hands argued that in "the long term" the UK could "independently conclude better contracts with third countries". Hands voted against the Withdrawal Agreement in the first Meaningful Vote, but voted in favour of it in the second and third meaningful votes, stating that the deal had been improved.

At the snap 2017 general election, Hands was again re-elected, with a decreased vote share of 52.6% and a decreased majority of 8,188.

Following the Grenfell Tower fire which killed 71 people, Hands called for the Notting Hill Carnival to be moved. He said, "We have to ask ourselves if it is appropriate to stage a Carnival in the near proximity of a major national disaster." The mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, dismissed Hands' proposal.

On 21 June 2018, Hands resigned his ministerial post to vote against a third runway at Heathrow Airport.

Following the third defeat of the Brexit withdrawal agreement in the House of Commons in March 2019, Hands co-chaired the Prosperity UK Alternative Arrangements Commission. This body looked at alternatives to the Irish backstop.

Alongside former neighbouring MPs Justine Greening and Zac Goldsmith, Hands has been critical of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham's April 2019 decision to close Hammersmith Bridge to motor vehicles, and has called for the bridge to be promptly repaired and re-opened.

During the 2019 Conservative leadership election, Hands was one of the first MPs to declare their support for Jeremy Hunt. During the campaign, Hands wrote to Boris Johnson requesting that he review the Government's decision to build a third runway at Heathrow Airport. Hunt ultimately lost the contest to Johnson in the final round.

Johnson government
Hands was again re-elected at the 2019 general election, with a decreased vote share of 49.9% and an increased majority of 11,241.

Hands was appointed Minister of State for Trade Policy in the second Johnson ministry during the 2020 cabinet reshuffle.

In May 2020, Parliament's Standards and Privileges Committee censured Hands for misusing public funds relating to stationery and pre-paid House of Commons envelopes. In November 2021, Hands followed his party three line whip to vote to overhaul the Standards and Privileges Committee.

Truss government
Hands was appointed Minister of State for Trade Policy on 9 October 2022.

Sunak government
Following the firing of Nadhim Zahawi in January 2023, Hands was appointed as his replacement as Chairman of the Conservative Party in a subsequent cabinet reshuffle. As chairman, Hands was responsible for party administration and the organisation of the Conservative Campaign Headquarters. In the November 2023 British cabinet reshuffle, Hands was replaced as Conservative Party chairman, and Hands returned to the role of Minister of State for Trade Policy. Returning to his previous brief, he joked, "I even kept my business cards from last time." Hands was made Minister of London as well.

Personal life
Hands has dual American/British nationality. He lives in Fulham with his German wife Irina, and their son and daughter. Hands says that he speaks five European languages, including German and Czech.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, his father, Edward, died with COVID-19 in a UK care home.

Hands supports Plymouth Argyle and has appeared as a guest at supporters' association events.

title: Greg Hands


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Talk:DreamWeb

This article is terrible
This article reads like a bad review from a student paper. What gives with kicking things off about discussing the music? And all this subjective crap about the plot development and so forth has no place in a dictionary. Sigh. TorbenFrost 14:20, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

wikipedia is an encyclopedia not a dictionary —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.26.100.250 (talk) 00:27, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

The section "Story" may as well read "Walkthrough". It's a short game with not a lot to it, why give it all away in the article? 24.238.234.37 (talk) 06:43, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

Because some people do not have the time to walk it through and prefer just to read. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.10.157.111 (talk) 15:17, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

I agree that the "Story" section reads like a game walkthrough. Whatever happened to "Wikipedia is not a game guide" after people went and removed everything I added to other video game articles about the in-game logic and objects? J I P | Talk 08:47, 1 October 2015 (UTC)

Some bassist crap
I know Matt Seldon is a bassist in Sh'mantra, which is an australian psychedelic rock band. Problem is, the band's pretty obscure, and I'm pretty sure that a Matt Seldon page with just "bassist in Sh'mantra, composed music for Dreamweb" would be deleted. Could somebody do something about this? :) - Jashiin

Banned?
Could someone provide more info on this? Dread Lord C y b e r S k u l l ✎☠ 07:05, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

What was banned? The game? Not sure about that. Would love to see a remake tho... .

According to Wikipedia, it was. True or no? And if so, why? And a remake WOULD be great.

The game was censored in Australia to pass their strict censorship laws. Specifically the first murder scene where you kill the rock star having sex. Somehow this constituted "sexual violence" in Australia, even though the violence had nothing to do with the sex. TorbenFrost 14:24, 27 February 2007 (UTC) --Klytos 03:51, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

It was withdrawn from sale in Australia shortly after release for the above reason. I've never seen a 'cut' version of it, but I presume it was a later 'white box' re-release several years (!) later. Oh, and a lot of folks (myself included) love this game and would love a re-make/re-release.Banjo oz (talk) 15:17, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on DreamWeb. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20060510051454/http://www.ntsc-uk.com/review.php?platform=ipc&game=Dreamweb to http://www.ntsc-uk.com/review.php?platform=ipc&game=Dreamweb

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 15:48, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

Source

 * https://web.archive.org/web/19990821085040/http://www.pcgamer.com:80/reviews/362.html
 * https://archive.org/details/Pcmania25/page/n27

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:DreamWeb


text: Category:Lavaca County, Texas

title: Category:Lavaca County, Texas


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Permanent crop

Permanent crop means that the land continues to produce year after year, without the farmer needing to replant fields after each harvest.

Traditionally, "arable land" included any land suitable for the growing of crops, even if it was actually being used for the production of permanent crops such as grapes or peaches. Modern agriculture—particularly organizations such as the CIA and FAO—prefer the term of art permanent cropland to describe such cultivable land that is not being used for annually-harvested crops such as staple grains. In such usage, permanent cropland is a form of agricultural land that includes grasslands and shrublands used to grow grape vines or coffee; orchards used to grow fruit or olives; and forested plantations used to grow nuts or rubber. It does not include, however, tree farms intended to be used for wood or timber.

title: Permanent crop


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Air freshener

Air fresheners are products designed to reduce unwanted odors in indoor spaces, or to introduce pleasant fragrances, or both. They typically emit fragrance to mask odors, but may use other methods of action such as absorbing, bonding to, or chemically altering compounds in the air that produce smells, killing organisms that produce smells, or disrupting the sense of smell to reduce perception of unpleasant smells.

There are many different types of air fresheners which deliver their active ingredients in different ways, including sprays, candles, gels, passive and active evaporating diffusers, atomizers, automatically timed metered aerosol dispensers, electric fan air fresheners, and plug-ins. Air fresheners are used in domestic and commercial settings and in both small and large spaces. Some air fresheners are produced for specific spaces and odors, such as car fresheners and urinal deodorizer blocks. Some air fresheners contain ingredients that provoke allergy and asthma symptoms or are toxic. Air freshening also can involve the use of organic and everyday household items.

History
Fragrances have been used to mask odors since antiquity. A variety of methods and compounds have been used over the past two millennia for their abilities to create pleasant aromas or eliminate unpleasant odors in indoor spaces. These were often linked with spiritual or religious practices (e.g. the use of incense), or with concepts of health and hygiene. Consumer products for air freshening began to emerge in the late 1800s which coincided with the arrival of the first synthetically produced fragrances. However, air freshening consumer products first gained wider popularity in the 1940s.

In 1939, Air Wick launched in the United States, initially producing liquid air fresheners in a variety of fragrances, which worked by evaporation with the help of a wick. The products claimed to kill odors, not just mask them, by using chlorophyll. As early as 1953, scientists were questioning whether chlorophyll, at the time popular as a body deodorizer or for use on wounds, really acted as a space deodorizer. From 1947 to 1951, the company sold 7 million dollars' worth of these and other types of air fresheners.

The first fan-operated air freshener product was invented in 1946 and released by the company Surco under the brand Air-Scent in 1948.

In the United States, commercial aerosol sprays were introduced in 1948, based on what had been a military technology for dispensing insecticides. The product delivered a fine mist of aroma compounds that would remain suspended in the air for an extended period of time.

In the 1950s, many companies began to add chemicals that counteract odors to their fragrance formulas. These chemicals, intended to neutralize or destroy odors, included unsaturated esters, pre-polymers, and long-chain aldehydes.

In the 1980s, the air freshener market shifted back away from aerosols due to concerns over the destruction of the ozone layer by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which were used as a propellant. Many other air freshener delivery methods have become popular since, including under the seat wafer air fresheners, scented candles, reed diffusers, potpourri, and heat release products.

Basic principles
Air fresheners introduce fragrance into the air of interior spaces either as droplets which transition to vapor, or as the molecules of fragrance ingredients directly evaporating from a source. Fragrance diffuses into the air to mask other odors or to introduce a specific odor.

Mechanisms of odor control
Mechanisms for the control of indoor airborne odors can be grouped into various different classes:
 * Masking: a pleasant odor may be used to overwhelm unwanted odors.
 * Adsorption: adsorbents like zeolite, activated charcoal, or silica gel may be used to capture odor-producing compounds.
 * Oxidation: ozone can oxidize and eliminate organic sources of odors from the air.
 * Disinfection: odors caused by microorganisms can be removed by inactivating them using air sanitizers.

Delivery: continuous vs. instant action
Delivery of the above air freshener mechanisms falls into two broad categories: continuous action and instant action.

Continuous action products include scented candles and devices which use a candle flame or some other heat source to heat and vaporize a fragrance formulation, incense burners, wall plug-ins which either use piezoelectric technology to aerosolize fragrance or heat to vaporize it, fragrance impregnated gels which release fragrance as the gel evaporates sometimes with the help of an electric fan, wick and reed diffusers which release fragrance by evaporation from fragrance-soaked wicks or wooden reeds; and fragrance impregnated materials like floor wax, paper, plastics, wood which release fragrance by off gassing; and lastly nebulization systems which convert liquid fragrances into a vapor in a cold process without the use of heat.

Instant action systems are mainly aerosol or atomizer sprays. The aerosol spray uses a propellant and fragrance packaged under pressure in a sealed metal container with a valve which is opened by pressing down a button which contains a spray nozzle – the actuator. When the container's valve is opened by pressing the actuator, fragrance is forced through the spray nozzle located inside the actuator to create a mist of droplets containing fragrance. These droplets are 30 to 50 micrometres in diameter. A recently developed alternative, the "bag-on-valve" aerosol, places the air freshener inside a bag in the can. The can is filled with pressurised air which squeezes the bag and pushes out the product when the actuator is pressed. An atomizer operates in a similar fashion except that the actuator is a pump which when pressed a few times creates the pressure to aspirate the fragrance from the container through a tube into the actuator and spray nozzle. Because the container is not constantly under pressure it may be made of glass or plastic as well as metal. The mist created contains droplets 50 to 150 micrometres in diameter.

Ingredients
In addition to the fragrances, adsorbents, oxidizers, surfactants, and disinfectants listed above, air fresheners can also contain aerosol propellants, preservatives, and solvents.

Fragrances
Air fresheners use both synthesized and organically occurring fragrances. Common fragrances used include lyral and citronellal. Preparations often include terpenes such as limonene.

Aerosol propellants
A propellant is usually a liquid gas substance used to physically propel the product out of an aerosol spray. The substance chosen needs to be a gas that turns to liquid when pressurized with a relatively low amount of pressure, safe for domestic use. The propellant is a liquid when under pressure in the can, but maintains the pressure in the can (and thereby its spraying ability) by turning partially back to a gas to fill any empty space. Less common compressed gas propellants work similarly but maintain pressure by filling the empty space without liquefying. The propellant in a true aerosol is mixed with the air freshener, so it must also not react with the product. Sometimes, multiple propellants are combined.

CFCs were once popular propellants but are no longer widely used because of their damaging effects on the ozone layer and resulting bans. Current propellants used in air freshener sprays include:
 * hydrocarbon aerosol propellant (HAP) blends: mixtures including propane, n-butane and isobutane
 * dimethyl ether
 * hydrofluorocarbon propellants (HFCs) such as 1,1-difluoroethane
 * hydrofluoroolefin propellants (HFOs) such as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene HFOs have recently become more widely used due to their low vapor pressure, low global warming potential (GWP), and nonflammability.

Note that while bag-on-valve systems may use compressed air, nitrogen or carbon dioxide or other substances to squeeze the air freshener from the bag, these are not strictly ingredients because they are not mixed with the air freshener, and remain in the can.

Preservatives
Preservatives prevent the decomposition of the product or the growth of microorganisms in it. These can include:
 * parabens such as methylparaben and propylparaben
 * isothiazolinones such as methylisothiazoline and benzisothiazolinone
 * formaldehyde releasers such as DMDM hydantoin

Solvents, emulsifiers and surfactants
These are substances that help other ingredients mix together, either by dissolving or emulsifying.

Solvents used in air fresheners include ethanol, mineral oil, or glycol ethers such as 2-butoxyethanol and trideceth-4.

Toxicity and hazards
There have been various concerns about air fresheners having adverse health effects, due to factors including harmful ingredients, secondary substances formed by the chemical interactions of ingredients with other substances, allergy-provoking ingredients, misuse, and accidental injury.

Harmful ingredients and secondary substances
Many air fresheners employ carcinogens, volatile organic compounds and known toxins such as phthalate esters in their formulas. A Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) study of 13 common household air fresheners found that most of the surveyed products contain chemicals that can aggravate asthma and affect reproductive development. The NRDC called for more rigorous supervision of the manufacturers and their products, which are widely assumed to be safe:

"The study assessed scented sprays, gels, and plug-in air fresheners. Independent lab testing confirmed the presence of phthalates, or hormone-disrupting chemicals that may pose a particular health risk to babies and young children, in 12 of the 14 products—including those marked 'all natural.' None of the products had these chemicals listed on their labels."

On September 19, 2007, along with the Sierra Club, Alliance for Healthy Homes, and the National Center for Healthy Housing, the NRDC filed a petition with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Consumer Product Safety Commission to report the findings.

Research at the University of Colorado at Boulder revealed the carcinogenic nature of paradichlorobenzene (PCDB) and naphthalene, present in some types of air fresheners. The pesticide substances were mainly used in mothballs but also in room sprays and toilet rim blocks.

The University of Bristol's Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) found that exposure to volatile organic compounds through frequent use of air fresheners and other aerosols in the home was found to correlate with increased earaches and diarrhea in infants, and with increased depression and headaches in their mothers.

In 2008, Anne C. Steinemann of the University of Washington published a study of top-selling air fresheners and laundry products. She found that all products tested gave off chemicals regulated as toxic or hazardous under federal laws, including carcinogens with no safe exposure level, but none of these chemicals were listed on any of the product labels or Material Safety Data Sheets. Chemicals included acetone, the active ingredient in paint thinner and nail-polish remover; chloromethane, a neurotoxicant and respiratory toxicant; and acetaldehyde and 1,4-dioxane, both carcinogens. A plug-in air freshener contained more than 20 different volatile organic compounds, with more than one-third classified as toxic or hazardous under federal laws. Even air fresheners called "organic," "green," or with "essential oils" emitted hazardous chemicals, including carcinogens.

A report issued in 2005 by the Bureau Européen des Unions de Consommateurs (BEUC) found that many air freshener products emit allergens and toxic air pollutants including benzene, formaldehyde, terpenes, styrene, phthalate esters, and toluene.

In the United States, since 2020 air fresheners (as well as cleaning solutions and products used to clean cars) have been required to list any of their ingredients which are on California's list of 2,300 harmful chemicals, based on a California law passed in 2017. A California study in 2006 found that the prominent products of the reaction of terpenes found in air fresheners with ozone included formaldehyde, hydroxyl radical, and secondary ultrafine particles. It is not clear if manufacturers will need to list such chemicals which are not ingredients, but form during deployment and are thus able to affect human health.

Allergens and irrtants
In 2009, Stanley M. Caress of the University of West Georgia and Anne C. Steinemann of the University of Washington published results from two national epidemiological studies of health effects from exposure to air fresheners. They found that nearly 20 percent of the general population and 34 percent of asthmatics report headaches, breathing difficulties, or other health problems when exposed to air fresheners or deodorizers.

Misuse and accidental injury
Air freshener aerosols with certain propellants are susceptible to misuse as an inhalant. Air fresheners have also been used to cause aerosol burn. In rare cases aerosol burns are reported to have been caused by air freshener canisters exploding.

Alternatives to fragranced air fresheners
Removing the source of an unpleasant odor will decrease the chance that people will smell it. Ventilation is also important to maintaining indoor air quality and can aid in eliminating unpleasant odors. Simple cleaners such as white vinegar and baking soda, as well as natural adsorbents like activated charcoal and zeolite, are effective at removing odors. Other solutions are adapted to different types of odor. Some house plants may also aid in the removal of toxic substances from the air in building interiors.

title: Air freshener


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Eldorado Institute

The Eldorado Research Institute (In Portuguese: Instituto de Pesquisas Eldorado) is a non-profit research, development and innovation institution with its headquarters located in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. And branches in Brasília, Federal Capital, Porto Alegre, capital of Rio Grande do Sul state and Manaus, capital of Amazonas state. It was founded in 1999. It is located in the high tech area known as Brazilian Silicon Valley.

Activities and resources
The Institute is active in research and development, project management, software engineering, product engineering, testing and qualification of software and hardware products and processes and training and education programs.

For these purposes, it maintains several laboratories for testing, safety standards, acoustics, radio frequency, etc.

The Institute has technological partnerships with companies such as Dell, Borland, Citrix, Intel, Mentor Graphics, Microsoft, Motorola, Sun Microsystems and IBM.

title: Eldorado Institute


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barnsley Canal Consortium

Barnsley Canal Consortium was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 3 votes to delete.

Barnsley Canal Consortium
Non noteable. The name has changed to Barnsley, Dearne & Dove Canals Trust according to their website I feel all the relivant info should be placed in the canal articles (Barnsley Canal and Dearne and Dove Canal).Geni 12:49, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Agreed, this is a news release, and one that's wrong. The canal projects were a big deal in the 18th c. and let the industrial revolution happen, etc.  Now, this is a news release. Geogre 04:37, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. As to what Geni mentioned. --*drew 04:41, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Here & Now (band)

Here & Now are an English psychedelic/space rock band formed in early 1974. They have close connections with the band Gong and in 1977/1978 worked with Gong's Daevid Allen and Gilli Smyth under the name Planet Gong.

History
The first version of the group was co-founded in London by drummer/vocalist Keith Dobson, guitarist/keyboardist José Gross, bassist Franco and others in March 1974. By 1975 the line-up featured Dobson/Kif Kif Le Batteur (drums/vocals), Steffe Sharpstrings (guitar), Paul 'Twink' Noble (synths) and Keith Tha Missile (bass).

In 1977, Daevid Allen and Gilli Smyth recruited the band to tour with them under the name Planet Gong, and this combination released a live album Live Floating Anarchy 1977 and a single "Opium for the People". The musicians who played on Live Floating Anarchy 1977 were:
 * Steffe Sharpstrings (Stephan Lewry) - guitar
 * Keith Tha Missile Bass (Keith Bailey) - bass
 * Kif Kif Le Batteur (Keith Dobson) - drums/vocals
 * Gavin Da Blitz (Gavin Allardyce) - synths
 * Suze Da Blooz (Susan Allport) & Ano Wombat (Ano Graver) - dancing/vocals
 * Gilli Smyth - vocals
 * Dingbat Alien (Daevid Allen) - guitar/vocals

Kif Kif, Suze and Ano left the band by January 1979; Graver to join Alternative TV, Allport sang with The Androids of Mu, while Dobson fronted the cult 1980s post-punk bands The 012 and World Domination Enterprises. He was replaced initially by Rob Bougie. Here & Now continued into the 1980s around the nucleus of Keith and Gavin, with (following Steffe's departure) Dean Gaisburgh-Watkyn on guitar and Paul Rose on drums. Gavin left the band in the early 1990s but, following a 'Planet Gong' reunion tour, Steffe subsequently rejoined and brought in drummer Steve Cassidy (until 2007).

Steffe left Here & Now again in 2009. He has continued to work with Steve Cassidy on various fusion projects and contributed to Joie Hinton projects. He is now concentrating on solo work and his long-time involvement in Visitation Arena with Cher Newsam.

Here & Now continues to tour as a loose collective under the leadership of Keith Tha Bass.

Band members

 * Kif Kif Le Batteur (Keith Dobson) – drums/vocals (1974–1978) + ~
 * José Gross – guitar/keyboards (1974–1975) ^ +
 * Chris Kelleher – violin (1974–1975) ^
 * Franco – bass (1974)
 * Marguerita – vocals (1974)
 * Drucilla – ? (1974)
 * Joleon Buchanan – guitar (1974–1975)
 * Nick Reiter – bass (1974–1975) ^
 * Richard Heley – vocals (1974–1975) ^
 * Hugh – flute (1974–1975)
 * Twink (Paul Noble) – keyboards (1974–1977) ~
 * Alan Dogend – ? (1974–1975) +
 * Steffe Sharpstrings (Stephan Lewry) – guitar/vocals (1975–1981, 1992–2009) ~
 * Keith Tha Missile Bass (Keith Bailey) – bass/vocals (1975–1976, 1976– )
 * Max Cann – bass (1976)
 * Suze Da Blooze (Susan Allport) – dancing/vocals (1976–1979)
 * Gavin Da Blitz (Gavin Allardyce) – keyboards/vocals (1977–1990)
 * Ano Wombat (Ano Graver) – dancing/vocals (1977–1979)
 * Jack The Sax (Jack Neat) – saxophone (1978)
 * Rob Bougie – drums (1979–1982)
 * Bernie Elliott – guitar (1979–1980)
 * Deano Ferrari (Dean Gaisburgh-Watkyn) – guitar/vocals (1981–1992)
 * Rob Peters – drums (1982–1983)
 * Paul Rose – drums (1983–1986)
 * Pete Davis – drums (1986–1991)
 * J.C. (Jonathan Lambert) – saxophone (1986–1989)
 * Dominic Luckman – drums (1991)
 * Nick Danger – drums (1991)
 * Andy Roid – keyboards/vocals (1991–1997, 2011–2019)
 * Steve Cassidy – drums (1991–2007)
 * Joie Hinton – keyboards (2003–2009)
 * Merv Pepler – drums (2007–2009)
 * Slim Verhoef – guitar (2009–2017)
 * Gwyo Ze Pix (Howard Scarr) – keyboards (2009–2010)
 * Nik Nimbus – drums (2009–2013)
 * Mark Robson – keyboards/vocals (2011– )
 * Stephen 'Woody' Wood – drums (2013–2017)
 * Andy Burrows – guitar/vocals (2017– )
 * Gem Quinn – drums/vocals (2017– )

^ formed Blank Space in 1975; + formed The 012 in 1979; ~ formed Ici Maintenants 2001-2007

Discography

 * Bristol Gardens (Live CD, recorded 1977) (Free Love Records)
 * Rivington Pike  (Live CD, recorded 1977) (Free Love Records)
 * Rivington Pike 2 (Live CD, recorded 1977) (Free Love Records)
 * Oxford Poly (Live CD, recorded with Daevid Allen 1977) (Free Love Records)
 * Live Floating Anarchy 1977 (as "Planet Gong", 1977)
 * Give and Take (1978)
 * Dog in Hell (EP, 1978)
 * What You See... Is What You Are (LP shared with Alternative TV, 1978) (Deptford Fun City, DLP 02)
 * All Over the Show (1979)
 * Off The Cuff (Live Recordings 1979 - cassette only)
 * Stolen Moments (early 80's - cassette only)
 * Fantasy Shift (1983)
 * Theatre (1984)
 * Been & Gone (1986)
 * Standing Forever (EP, 1989)
 * UFOasis (1995)
 * Gospel of Free (recorded 1976 to 1978, released in 1999)
 * Space and Time (as "Ici Maintenants") 2001/2003 (Free Love Records)
 * Wild and Free (1976 line-up re-union live, released 2007) (Free Love Records)
 * Coaxed out from Oxford (originally on tape, released on CD in 2009)
 * Live in London (2007 concert at Dingwalls, released in 2013)

title: Here & Now (band)


text:
Alan Tower Waterman

Alan Tower Waterman (June 4, 1892 – November 30, 1967 ) was an American physicist.

Biography
Born in Cornwall-on-Hudson, New York, he grew up in Northampton, Massachusetts. His father was a professor of physics at Smith College. Alan also became a physicist, doing his undergraduate and doctoral work at Princeton University from which he obtained his Ph.D. in 1916.

He joined the faculty of the University of Cincinnati, and married Vassar graduate Mary Mallon. (sister of H. Neil Mallon) there in August 1917. He later became a professor at Yale University, and moved to North Haven, Connecticut in 1929. During World War II, he took leave of absence from Yale to become director of field operations for the Office of Scientific Research and Development and the family moved to Cambridge, MA. He continued his government work and became deputy chief of the Office of Naval Research. In 1950, he was appointed by President Truman as first director of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Waterman was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1960. He served as director until 1963, when he retired and was subsequently awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Alan and Mary had six children: Alan Jr, an atmospheric physicist who taught at Stanford University, Neil, Barbara, Anne, and Guy, writer, climber, and conservationist. A daughter Mary died in childhood.

Possessed of a gentle nature, Alan Waterman was known for his calm and reasoned point of view. He believed in public service. Besides his scientific talents, he was an accomplished musician, revealing his sense of humor by walking the corridors of the National Science Foundation playing his bagpipes. He had a fine voice and singing together was a family ritual. An avid outdoorsman, Dr. Waterman canoed the rivers and lakes of northern Maine during extensive summer trips in the 1930s and 1940s. He was accompanied by his sons and colleagues, in particular Karl Compton, then president of MIT. Dr. Waterman was known to say that becoming a licensed Maine Guide meant possibly more to him than his NSF appointment.

In 1961, he was chosen as one of 50 outstanding Americans of meritorious performance in the fields of endeavor, to be honored as a Guest of Honor to the first annual Banquet of the Golden Plate in Monterey, California. Honor was awarded by vote of the National Panel of Distinguished Americans of the Academy of Achievement.

The crater Waterman on the Moon is named after him, as is Mount Waterman in the Hughes Range of Antarctica. Since 1975, the National Science Foundation has annually issued the Alan T. Waterman Award (named in Waterman's honor) to a promising young researcher.

Waterman died on November 30, 1967.

Tributes
A month later after his death, President Lyndon B. Johnson made a statement to commemorate him.

"The American people mourn the passing of a foremost man of science and of human purpose, Dr. Alan T. Waterman. Our Government has lost a trusted counselor. As chief scientist of the Office of Naval Research and as first director of the National Science Foundation, he left an indelible stamp of achievement on one of the most vital areas of American life. He will be missed. But succeeding generations will be wiser for his skill and richer for the foresight that marked his long career."

Leland John Haworth also paid his respects in his statement: "It was with deep sadness that I learned of the death of Alan Waterman. The first director of the National Science Foundation. Alan Waterman successfully guided this organization from a small beginning to a position of strength and influence. He, more than any other single person, made the Foundation an important bulwark of the Nation's scientific strength. He left his own indelible mark of quality and of integrity in every field on activity in which the Foundation was involved. When Alan Waterman took the helm of the fledging agency in 1951, few in Government recognized the importance of basic research in the total spectrum of the Nation's scientific and technological enterprise. Alan Waterman was one of those few; His work at the Office of Naval Research had already established that agency's leadership in providing financial support for basic American science. When he came to the Foundation he began to build another organization through whose efforts science could develop strength commensurate with its promise and with the Nation's needs."

title: Alan Tower Waterman


text:
Bill Bird

William Augustus Bird (1888–1963) was an American journalist, now remembered for his Three Mountains Press, a small press he ran while in Paris in the 1920s for the Consolidated Press Association. Taken over by Nancy Cunard in 1928, it became the Hours Press, and continued its association with many of the most important modernists; Ezra Pound had a position as editor for Three Mountains from 1923.

Bill Bird, as he was usually known, was born in Buffalo, New York. He was educated at Trinity College, Hartford. With David Lawrence he founded Consolidated Press Association in 1920; it lasted until 1933.

He started Three Mountains Press in 1922, producing books himself by a slow process of hand printing (the mountains appeared on the colophon). An early work was his own A Practical Guide to French Wines (1922). It was based at 29, quai d'Anjou, where he later provided office accommodation to Ford Madox Ford for the Transatlantic Review. It was through Ernest Hemingway that Bird contacted Pound.

In the period to 1925 the Press published works including Pound's A Draft of XVI Cantos, Hemingway's in our time, William Carlos Williams's The Great American Novel, and Distinguished Air by Robert McAlmon. On the business side there was a close involvement with McAlmon's Contact Editions. Bird's interest then dropped, and he sold the printing press, Caslon type and goodwill to Nancy Cunard, supervising the move to her Normandy farmhouse.

His career as journalist outlasted the CPA: he next worked for the New York Sun, remaining in Paris until 1940. He moved at that point to Spain.

After World War II he was in Tangier, where he edited the Tangier Gazette English-language newspaper until it was closed in 1960.

title: Bill Bird


text: Category:History of Catholicism in Germany


text:
Corriere dell'Umbria

The Corriere dell'Umbria is the main regional daily newspaper of Umbria. The paper was first published on 18 May 1983. Its publisher is Gruppo Corriere.

title: Corriere dell'Umbria


text:
Immunoisolate

In general, immunoisolation is the process of protecting implanted material such as biopolymers, cells, or drug release carriers from an immune reaction. The most prominent means of accomplishing this is through the use of cell encapsulation.

title: Immunoisolate


text:
Nigel Quashie

Nigel Francis Quashie (born 20 July 1978) is a former professional footballer who played more than 300 games as a midfielder in the Football League. He also spent four seasons playing in Iceland. He represented his native England at under-21 and 'B' international level before switching allegiance to Scotland, the country of his grandfather. Between 2004 and 2006 he played at full international level on 14 occasions, and became the first non-white player to score for the Scotland senior team.

Personal life
Quashie was born in the London Borough of Southwark to a Ghanaian father and an English mother. He and his former wife, Joanna, had a son, who died shortly after birth, and a daughter. He and his partner, Kerry Clarke, have a son, Brayden Clarke, who as of 2024 is a youth footballer for Arsenal and for Wales, for which he qualifies through his mother's parentage.

Queens Park Rangers
He began his career in London as a trainee with Queens Park Rangers in August 1995, making his League debut in a 2–1 defeat against Manchester United at Old Trafford on 30 December. He was used sparingly for the remainder of that campaign, making eleven appearances as QPR were relegated from the Premier League at the end of the 1995–96 season. He made a further 14 appearances in the 1996–97 season before breaking into the first eleven on a regular basis in the 1997–98 season when he made 35 league and cup appearances.

Nottingham Forest
Quashie joined Nottingham Forest for £2.5 million at the start of the 1998–99 FA Premier League season but made only 16 league appearances as Forest finished bottom of the table. He settled into the team in the 1999–2000 season, making 34 appearances, but the death of his son had a major impact on his ability to perform, and he was transfer-listed by manager David Platt at the end of a season in which Forest finished well short of the promotion places. By July, he reportedly had attracted interest from several clubs, including West Bromwich Albion and Birmingham City with Portsmouth understood to have made an offer.

Portsmouth
Quashie joined Portsmouth in August 2000 for a fee worth up to £600,000, signing a three-year contract. He quickly established himself in the first team, making 37 league and cup appearances in the 2001–02 season as Portsmouth finished in the lower half of the First Division. He made a further 44 appearances in the 2002–03 season and was club vice-captain when Portsmouth won the First Division championship and were promoted to the Premier League. No sooner had Quashie returned from several weeks out with a knee injury in December 2003 than he twisted his other knee leading him to miss a further seven weeks of the 2003–04 season. He remained a first-choice player, making 25 appearances (21 starts) in all competition as Portsmouth claimed 13th place in the Premier League. Although a regular starter in first half of the 2004–05 season as well as captain, he had not been offered a new deal despite being out of contract at the end of the season and joined former Portsmouth manager, Harry Redknapp, at Southampton during the January 2005 transfer window.

Southampton
Quashie joined Southampton for a fee of £2.1 million in January 2005, signing a three-and-a-half-year contract. He said, "It's a big move for me and I am happy to be linking up with Harry Redknapp again. I am certain we will stay up – I would not have come here if I had any doubts about that, but we need to get a few results quickly." The chairman of Southampton, Rupert Lowe, said, "Harry really wanted Nigel – he thinks he is a strong character who will add to the dressing room. We are delighted to make him our third signing since Harry arrived." A training ground injury prevented Quashie from making his debut against Liverpool on 22 January 2005 and he did not appear until the match against Everton on 6 February.

After the transfer of Jason Dodd, he became the club's captain but he was unable to prevent the Saints being relegated at the end of the 2004–05 season. Despite relegation, Quashie said that he had no regrets over the move to Southampton as he had been unhappy with the way he had been treated at Portsmouth. However, following Redknapp's departure and his replacement with George Burley, Quashie was allowed to leave Southampton in the January 2006 transfer window.

West Bromwich Albion
Quashie joined West Bromwich Albion in January 2006 for £1.2 million, signing a three-and-a-half-year contract. Manager Bryan Robson, "I always liked Nigel when he played for QPR, Portsmouth and Southampton. He is intelligent, has good stamina and is a very good passer of the ball. He has got the experience now of relegation fights and playing in the Premiership. I just feel he will improve our squad." He made his debut for Albion in a 2–0 Premier League win over Blackburn Rovers on 4 February 2006. He was charged with misconduct by the Football Association after being sent off against Middlesbrough three weeks later for alleged use of foul and abusive language towards the referee's assistants as he left the pitch and was given a one-game ban in addition to a four-game ban for the sending off, his second of the season, and a £5,000 fine after admitting misconduct. His only goal for the club came in a 3–1 defeat against Arsenal in April 2006. When Albion were relegated at the end of the season, Quashie achieved the rare distinction of two successive relegations from the Premiership. He was allowed to leave in the January 2007 transfer window as he expressed a wish to return to the Premier League and manager Tony Mowbray wanted to raise some revenue to bring in new players.

West Ham United
Quashie became Alan Curbishley's second signing of the transfer window when he joined West Ham United on a three-and-a-half-year contract for an initial fee of £1.5 million, rising to £1.75 million when West Ham avoided relegation from the 2006–07 Premier League. Curbishley explained that he had signed Quashie "because he is an experienced player who will add competition to our central midfield positions ... The competition for places is a factor that will be important to us as we fight to move up the table". Quashie made his debut against Fulham a few days later and went on to make eight appearances, none of them on the winning side, as West Ham battled against relegation.

A persistent foot injury meant that Quashie did not play a single competitive match during the 2007–08 season. He made his comeback in a pre-season friendly against Queens Park Rangers in August 2008. The signing of Swiss international Valon Behrami in the summer of 2008 and the emergence of academy graduates Jack Collison and Junior Stanislas meant that competition for midfield places was much stiffer, and Quashie spent much of the next 18 months out on loan.

Birmingham City
Quashie trained with Birmingham City of the Championship for several weeks to regain fitness before signing on loan, initially for a month, on 22 October 2008. He went straight into the squad for that day's match against Crystal Palace and made his debut as a second-half substitute. Despite missing the last game of his initial loan spell through suspension, having been sent off in the match against Charlton Athletic, the loan was extended for a further month, and again for a third and final month, until 17 January 2009. Quashie returned to West Ham on 19 January, having played 11 times for Birmingham.

Wolverhampton Wanderers
Quashie joined Championship club Wolverhampton Wanderers on 22 January 2009 on loan until the end of the season. He made three appearances for the team and was praised by manager Mick McCarthy for his leadership before quickly dropping out of contention as the club won promotion to the Premier League as champions.

Milton Keynes Dons
In November 2009 Quashie joined League One club Milton Keynes Dons on loan until 3 January 2010. He made a losing start to his MK Dons career, coming on in the first half for Luke Howell in the 4–3 home defeat to Carlisle United on 24 November. Quashie scored his first goal for MK Dons on 12 December in a 2–1 away win against Leyton Orient, and finished his loan spell with two goals from eight games.

Return to Queens Park Rangers
On 22 January 2010 Quashie was released by West Ham to return to his first professional club, Queens Park Rangers, on a free transfer. He said "It's great to be back home, and I am delighted to be at a club that I love to pieces". He made his second QPR debut in the 5–0 defeat at one of his former clubs, Nottingham Forest, and played just four times before being released at the end of the season.

Íþróttafélag Reykjavíkur
On 13 April 2012, Quashie joined 1. deild karla club Íþróttafélag Reykjavíkur on a two-year contract as both a player and as assistant manager to Andri Marteinsson. He is also a coach in the ÍR academy. Quashie made his league debut for ÍR on 12 May 2012 and scored the team's second goal in the 3–2 win against KA. Following the dismissal of Andri Marteinsson on 21 August with ÍR at the bottom of the division, Quashie was appointed to take charge of the team until the end of the season.

BÍ/Bolungarvík
In January 2013, Quashie signed a three-year contract with 1. deild karla club BÍ/Bolungarvík. He also served as assistant coach in all three seasons. He retired from playing football following the 2015 season.

England
Quashie played once for the England under-18 team in a European championship qualifier against Latvia in November 1995. He was a member of several England under-21 squads during the 1996–97 season before making his debut at that level on 30 May 1997 in the starting eleven for a European championship qualifier against Poland in Chorzów. The game ended as a 1–1 draw, and Quashie played in one more qualifier as England went on to top their group, but still faced a play-off against the other worst-ranked group winner, Greece. Quashie started the away leg, which England lost 2–0, but did not take the field in the home leg, which England won 4–2 on the night but lost on the away goals rule. He was selected for the England B team to face Chile in February 1998, a 2–1 defeat, but was injured after half an hour. His fourth and last under-21 appearance came a few weeks later in a friendly away to Switzerland.

Scotland
FIFA eligibility rules changed in 2004 to permit players to change their international allegiance. Quashie expressed interest in representing Scotland. He qualified because his maternal grandfather was born in Glasgow – a fact Quashie had to prove.

Quashie's Scotland debut was a 1–0 friendly win away against Estonia on 27 May 2004. He was only the second black player to represent Scotland (after Andrew Watson in 1881) and the third non-white man (after Paul Wilson in 1975). Quashie scored on his second appearance three days later, side footing home in the 34th minute to put his team 4-0 ahead v Trinidad and Tobago at Easter Road, Edinburgh. In doing so he became the first non-white player to score for the Scotland Men's National team. The Scots won 4-1. According to Scotland manager Berti Vogts, "Nigel is a fantastic player and a real leader on the pitch. He feels so Scottish and that's great." In total Quashie made 14 appearances for Scotland between 2004 and 2006, scoring once.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first.

Honours
Portsmouth
 * FL First Division: 2002–03

Birmingham City
 * FL Championship: Promotion 2008–09

title: Nigel Quashie


text:
Talk:Australian zebra finch

Photo - How Do I Add One, and Should I?
I have a photo I took that has both a male and a female in it (a mating pair that we own; no cage bars in the picture though, because we keep them in an outdoor aviary). I was thinking of adding it to the section on breeding. Would anyone object? If not, then how do I add a photo? --Runa27 02:00, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

I object. You should put the picture in the main section that talks about zebra finches —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.201.211.234 (talk • contribs)

I agree that the picture should be put in the main section. unsigned

Misc.
finches are very fragile birds they can easily die of a heart attack if you hold them with warm hands.They need plenty of flying room and they need fresh food and water. They mostly fly about in flocks and lay 6 -12 eggs in the warm season and they should hatch between 10-12 days. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.84.122.132 (talk • contribs)

Actually Zebra finches are very hardy birds. 69.232.46.20 00:30, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Zebra lifespan?
Does anyone know the lifespan of a domesticated Zebra finch? I am curious because I have had five or six of these finches, and they seem to have a rather hearty lifespan for such a small bird: 9-13 years in my experience. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.59.155.91 (talk • contribs)

Hi. Yes, there should definately be something about the lifespan of this bird in an encyclopedia article, both in the wild and in domestication. There really needs to be more written about the animal in the wild, in general... Stevenmitchell 16:55, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Picture caption
I think the caption on the picture is misleading, as those are two males. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.232.38.116 (talk • contribs)

Actually, they are not two males, but rather a male and female; probably Grey Cheeked or Fawn Cheeked. See. --Frank Sundgaard Nielsen 22:05, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Article sounds like a How-To
Encyclopedia articles do hold information, but they don't sound like a guide, a how-to, or a FAQ. Article needs some major improvements on the tone. Abby724 02:12, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

At what point is it recomended to remone young from the cage?Fatherwolf48 19:06, 28 March 2007 (UTC)Fatherwolf48

 * Are they good eating? VanBrigglePottery 06:32, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Undid edits by 207.58.212.246
I undid two edits by 207.58.212.246. It appears that this person decided that adding two dots to the end of sentences was grammatically correct. Duskglow 19:08, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Lifespan of Zebra?
The Article needs to have some information on zebra lifespan--in captivity and in the wild. I have a male Grey who is now about 14 years old, and it's begnning to frighten me as to his remarkable health; his beak is curling over and irregular, and his nails have long since curled, but he beeps and chirps all day long, hops around, and has a healthy appetite. --75.175.60.108 (talk) 01:16, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

New pic of zebra finch chick?
I have some more detailed photos of zebra finch chicks, and am asking for feedback whether it should replace the existing image in the "Zebra Finch Breeding" section. The suggested replacement images shows much more detail of the chick's feathers/colours.

Martybugs (talk) 10:08, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Lifespan
I had originally included in the article that Zebras may reach 12 to 15 years with good care-- I only said this because I have one that is currently 14 years and 3 months old, but I think he is too rare of an example to include in the article, therefore I agree that most in captivity can expect 5 to 10 years. --75.175.55.204 (talk) 03:15, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Zebra finches
How can you tell if they are male or female? Thanks xx —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.231.190.52 (talk) 19:06, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Recent Article in Nature
Hello!

Please see this article in Nature: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature07994.html

It describes that the language of zebra finches is in part genetically encoded. Very interesting and important stuff.

Excellent blog post covering this research here: http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2009/05/the_universal_grammar_of_birdsong_is_genetically_encoded.php

Thank you! Ya. Pekounov —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.152.151.125 (talk) 07:47, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

MATING
Can a Zebra Finch mate with another type of Finch such as a Lady Gouldian? I had a pair and then the little girl finch died so I bought a Lady Gouldian. I am sure that the Zebra finch is a male and the new finch is a female. But I'm wondering if these breeds will mate? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.228.99.200 (talk) 04:16, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

For the person above... NO, the zebras will not breed with Gouldian Finches (please read up on both species)!!

In relation to the article on Breeding Zebra Finches, where it states that " Allowing the pair to start a new family while the first clutch is still in the cage will overly stress all the birds in the family."... and    "It is advised that newly fledged birds be removed and placed into a separate enclosure to prevent aggressive actions of the adult male who will likely try to beat up younger birds which are seen as competition for the female's attention"   Both these statements are incorrect! The parent birds will quite happily start another nest if one is required. Both parents feed the young quite happily even if the hen has started laying again... The cock bird will also happily feed it's young whether they are young cock birds or hens. This is how the next generation learn how to be parents... Do not remove young until they are properly weaned. Zebra finches tend to pair for life, so even the hen bird does not tolerate the advances of another cock bird...  (like all species there will be rogues!)  But in general these are happy family units, that work best, with little interference from the bird keeper. Once the young are weaned then ensure that there isn't over crowding or chances of inbreeding to take place once the young have reached maturity. Seek to obtain young stock from other breeders that are not related, if you wish to breed from your young. 77.86.3.137 (talk) 09:07, 17 November 2014 (UTC) F. Newton. 17/11/2014 77.86.3.137 (talk) 09:07, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

Need for water?
I read an article that these birds can produce metabolic water, so the part about water being important for their survival may need to be re-written. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.90.3.180 (talk) 17:57, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Here's the article: http://www.efinch.com/species/zebra.htm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.90.3.180 (talk) 18:00, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Gynandromorph pic?
Can someone get a free picture of the famous gynandromorphic zebra fitch with half-male, half-female body from Arnold, A. P. Sex chromosomes and brain gender. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 5, 701-708 (2004)? The original picture appeared in Agate, R. J. et al. [Neural not gonadal origin of brain sex differences in a gynandromorphic finch]. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 4873–4878 (2003). I'm not sure if that makes it public domain or not. Thanks, Tijfo098 (talk) 21:25, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

Irrelevant Quote
I'm not sure if the quote in the subspecies section is completely relevant to the section it's in. Maybe it should be moved to another section or to Wikiquote? It's a nice quote, though! pluma (talk) 18:59, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

aviculture
Nice to find this article so well advanced. I recently acquired an older text called Aviculture in Australia: Keeping and Breeding Aviary Birds (Shephard, 1989) for fifty cents, and there are some facts that might be included to help me get my moneys worth: I can add this to the article one day, please remind me if I don't, but if someone can access the 2012 work Grassfinches in Australia there will be reams of material on this and other subject matter. — cygnis insignis 03:52, 25 September 2018 (UTC)
 * aka: Chestnut-eared finch
 * Breeding mutations is a recognised hobby
 * There is a table of these mutations, their mode of inheritance, body colour, and historical notes to each.
 * There is are standards on mutations issued by the Zebra Finch Society.
 * There is a Zebra Finch Society [!]

Distribution in the UK
I see these, or a remarkably similar species in Derbyshire, England near-daily, yet nowhere in the article mentions a habitat in the UK. Can anyone elaborate on whether I am confusing this for another bird? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.0.228.110 (talk) 14:45, 5 October 2019 (UTC)

No description
There is no description heading on the page. Information like size and weight are missing.

title: Talk:Australian zebra finch


text: Category:Lee County, Texas

title: Category:Lee County, Texas


text:
Emily VanCamp

Emily Irene VanCamp (born May 12, 1986) is a Canadian actress. She first came to prominence for her work with producer Greg Berlanti, who cast her as a series regular on The WB drama Everwood (2002–2006) and the ABC drama Brothers & Sisters (2007–2010). VanCamp gained further recognition by portraying the lead role of Emily Thorne on the ABC series Revenge from 2011 to 2015. From 2018 to 2021, VanCamp starred on the Fox medical drama series The Resident. She also plays Sharon Carter / Agent 13 / Power Broker in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), appearing in the films Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) and Captain America: Civil War (2016), as well as the 2021 Disney+ series The Falcon and the Winter Soldier and What If...?

Early life
VanCamp was born on May 12, 1986, in Port Perry, Ontario. Her father, Robert VanCamp, is an animal nutritionist, and her first job was working for him, delivering food to clients in and around her hometown. VanCamp started to dance at age three. At age 11, she wanted to become a professional dancer and convinced her parents to let her attend a summer training program in Montreal. When she was 12, she was accepted to the École supérieure de ballet du Québec, the training program of Les Grands Ballets Canadiens, and moved in with a French-Canadian family.

1998–2002: Career beginnings
In 1998, VanCamp became interested in acting after visiting her sister Katie on the set of the film Ladies Room. She started taking acting classes on Saturday afternoons, found an agent, and worked on a few commercials. She then was cast in the second part of a special three-part episode of the Canadian children's horror anthology television series Are You Afraid of the Dark? called "The Silver Sight", in which she played opposite a 17-year-old Elisha Cuthbert. VanCamp's character was present in one scene and did not speak any dialogue.

VanCamp followed this with a role as a teenage Jackie Bouvier in the Emmy-nominated CBS TV movie Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis and a guest spot on the YTV sitcom Radio Active. The following year saw the release of her first theatrical film, the lesbian-themed drama Lost and Delirious, in which she played a supporting role as Jessica Paré's sister, and another television guest spot in an episode of the short-lived medical horror series All Souls, where she played a hit-and-run victim with spinal trauma. VanCamp also had roles in the miniseries Dice, directed by Rachel Talalay, and in the TV film Redeemer, directed by Graeme Clifford, which aired in early 2002.

2003–2010: Breakthrough and television work
VanCamp's breakthrough came at age 15 when she was cast as Sam Dolan, a series regular role, in the WB mid-season show Glory Days (known in Europe as Demontown), the third TV series from Dawson's Creek creator Kevin Williamson. The horror mystery received mildly positive reviews, but was a ratings disappointment and was cancelled after nine episodes. VanCamp's performance as the lead character's younger sister caught the eye of former Dawson's Creek writer Greg Berlanti. Her performance reminded him of Katie Holmes, and he "desperately wanted to work with her". He cast her in his forthcoming first show, Everwood, also for the WB. VanCamp played Amy, Dr. Abbott's daughter, who immediately forms a friendship with Dr. Brown's son Ephram, played by Gregory Smith. A significant portion of the show was devoted to the relationships between the two families, and in particular to Amy and Ephram. She gained a certain amount of recognition for the role, in which her character was confronted with drugs, depression, and an alienation from her family, receiving four Teen Choice Awards nominations and one Young Artist Awards nomination during the course of the show's run.

While on breaks from Everwood, VanCamp starred in a few film projects, including the thrillers No Good Deed and A Different Loyalty, as well as Rings, a horror short film that bridges the events between The Ring and The Ring Two, and ties directly into her appearance in the opening scene of the second film.

VanCamp filmed the post-apocalyptic horror film Carriers in the summer of 2006, which was not released until 2009. Early 2007 had the broadcast of a season-eight Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episode, in which her drug-addict character Charlotte Truex cannot recall her actions on the night her mother was murdered, and the premiere of the independent drama Black Irish, where her character Kathleen McKay, the sister of lead actor Michael Angarano's character Cole, has to deal with teenage pregnancy.

VanCamp's next big role came at age 20 when Everwood creator Greg Berlanti cast her as a regular midway into the first season of the ABC drama Brothers & Sisters, which he was showrunning, offering her the part directly. The Jon Robin Baitz–created series chronicles the lives of the Walkers, a wealthy family who owns a food company. After their patriarch dies, it is revealed he has a secret child from a long-standing affair. Initially, it was believed that Rebecca Harper, played by VanCamp, is the secret child, but this was proven otherwise later in the series.

VanCamp remained a regular on Brothers & Sisters during the show's first four seasons and returned as a guest for a few episodes in the fifth and final season to wrap up her character's storyline. While working on the show, she found the time to star in the independent drama Norman in mid-2008, which earned her awards from the San Diego Film Festival and the Breckenridge Festival of Film, her only wins to date. The film has her playing the girlfriend of main character Norman Long, played by Dan Byrd, who pretends he is dying of cancer. VanCamp also starred in the two-part TV film Ben Hur, the latest adaptation of Lew Wallace's 1880 novel, in which she played Ben-Hur's wife Esther.

2011–present: Revenge and other projects
VanCamp starred in Hallmark Hall of Fame film Beyond the Blackboard, based on the true story of Stacey Bess, whom VanCamp plays. The film aired on CBS on April 24, 2011. She was then cast as Amanda Clarke / Emily Thorne in the ABC drama Revenge, which was given a series order in May 2011. As the first TV show VanCamp truly headlined, Revenge gave her a significant amount of recognition, including multiple Teen Choice Awards nominations.

VanCamp co-starred in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Captain America: The Winter Soldier as Sharon Carter, a potential loyal friend of Chris Evans' titular hero and the great-niece of Peggy Carter, played by Hayley Atwell. The film was shot from April through June 2013 and was released on April 4, 2014. VanCamp reprised her role in the 2016 sequel Captain America: Civil War, the 2021 Disney+ series The Falcon and the Winter Soldier, and the animated series What If...?

VanCamp starred in the independent drama The Girl in the Book, which started filming in mid-June 2013 in New York City. Based on a true story, the film centers on VanCamp's character Alice, a 28-year-old assistant book editor and aspiring writer. To fund its post-production, the film's producers launched a crowdfunding Kickstarter campaign on June 17, 2013, which successfully surpassed its $65,000 goal on July 1.

In 2016, she starred in the French-Canadian independent drama Boundaries, also known as "Pays" in French, which was her first bilingual role where she spoke in fluent French.

In March 2017, VanCamp was cast as nurse practitioner Nic Nevin, the female lead in the Fox medical drama The Resident, whose character has a complicated romantic history and relationship with the main character Conrad Hawkins, played by Matt Czuchry. In May 2017, Fox ordered the pilot to series. In 2021, VanCamp left The Resident after four seasons, although she did return for the fifth-season finale.

Personal life
VanCamp has three sisters. She speaks French fluently and "feels at home" when she hears the language. She is also an accomplished dancer who studied and trained in ballet, jazz, hip-hop, and tap as a child, which she credits with helping her through her fight scenes on Revenge. She believes that if she had not gone into acting, she would have probably either continued dancing or done something related to cooking.

VanCamp began dating English actor and Revenge co-star Josh Bowman in late 2011. On May 11, 2017, the couple announced they were engaged, and married on December 15, 2018, in the Bahamas. In 2021, VanCamp announced the birth of their first child, a daughter, on her Instagram account. In 2024, VanCamp gave birth to her second daughter. VanCamp is also an equal pay supporter, and is involved in charitable efforts to help endangered tigers.

title: Emily VanCamp


text:
Tyre

Tyre most often refers to:

 * Tyre (wheel), or tire, the outer part of a wheel
 * Tyre, Lebanon, a Mediterranean city

Tyre or Tyres may also refer to:

Lebanon

 * See of Tyre, a Christian diocese
 * Tyre District, in the South Governorate
 * Tyre Hippodrome, a UNESCO World Heritage site

United States

 * Tyre, Michigan
 * Tyre, New York

Mythology

 * Tyres, one of two minor Greek mythological figures

People with the name

 * Tyre Glasper (born 1987), American football linebacker
 * Tyre Nichols (1993–2023), American man killed by police
 * Tyre Phillips (born 1997), American football offensive guard
 * Colin Tyre, Lord Tyre (born 1956), Scottish judge
 * Tyre York (1836–1916), U.S. Congressman from North Carolina

title: Tyre


text:
Motility

Motility is the ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy.

Definitions
Motility, the ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy, can be contrasted with sessility, the state of organisms that do not possess a means of self-locomotion and are normally immobile. Motility differs from mobility, the ability of an object to be moved. The term vagility encompasses both motility and mobility; sessile organisms including plants and fungi often have vagile parts such as fruits, seeds, or spores which may be dispersed by other agents such as wind, water, or other organisms.

Motility is genetically determined, but may be affected by environmental factors such as toxins. The nervous system and musculoskeletal system provide the majority of mammalian motility.

In addition to animal locomotion, most animals are motile, though some are vagile, described as having passive locomotion. Many bacteria and other microorganisms, including even some viruses, and multicellular organisms are motile; some mechanisms of fluid flow in multicellular organs and tissue are also considered instances of motility, as with gastrointestinal motility. Motile marine animals are commonly called free-swimming,  and motile non-parasitic organisms are called free-living.

Motility includes an organism's ability to move food through its digestive tract. There are two types of intestinal motility – peristalsis and segmentation. This motility is brought about by the contraction of smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract which mix the luminal contents with various secretions (segmentation) and move contents through the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus (peristalsis).

Cellular level

At the cellular level, different modes of movement exist:

 * amoeboid movement, a crawling-like movement, which also makes swimming possible
 * filopodia, enabling movement of the axonal growth cone
 * flagellar motility, a swimming-like motion (observed for example in spermatozoa, propelled by the regular beat of their flagellum, or the E. coli bacterium, which swims by rotating a helical prokaryotic flagellum)
 * gliding motility
 * swarming motility
 * twitching motility, a form of motility used by bacteria to crawl over surfaces using grappling hook-like filaments called type IV pili.

Many cells are not motile, for example Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella, or under specific circumstances such as Yersinia pestis at 37 °C.

Movements
Events perceived as movements can be directed:
 * along a chemical gradient (see chemotaxis)
 * along a temperature gradient (see thermotaxis)
 * along a light gradient (see phototaxis)
 * along a magnetic field line (see magnetotaxis)
 * along an electric field (see galvanotaxis)
 * along the direction of the gravitational force (see gravitaxis)
 * along a rigidity gradient (see durotaxis)
 * along a gradient of cell adhesion sites (see haptotaxis)
 * along other cells or biopolymers

title: Motility


text:
Monarchy of Cambodia

The monarchy of Cambodia refers to the constitutional monarchy of the Kingdom of Cambodia. The King of Cambodia (ព្រះមហាក្សត្រកម្ពុជា) is the head of state and head of the ruling Royal House of Norodom. In the contemporary period, the king's power has been limited to that of a symbolic figurehead. The monarchy had been in existence since at least 68 AD except during its abolition from 1970 to 1993. Since 1993, the king of Cambodia has been an elected monarch, making Cambodia one of the few elective monarchies of the world. The king is elected for life by the Royal Council of the Throne, which consists of several senior political and religious figures. Candidates are chosen from among male descendants of King Ang Duong who are at least 30 years old, from the two royal houses of Cambodia (the House of Norodom and the House of Sisowath).

Role
Cambodia's constitution, promulgated in 1993, stipulated the king's role as a mainly ceremonial one. It declared that the king "shall reign, but not govern" as well as being the "symbol of national unity and continuity". The king performs important functions of state as required by the constitution. This includes but is not limited to:
 * Appointing the prime minister and the Cabinet.
 * Convening over the opening of the two legislative bodies, the National Assembly of Cambodia and the Senate of Cambodia.
 * Serving as the supreme commander of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces.
 * Meeting with the prime minister on a semi-monthly basis in which the king is briefed on matters of state.
 * Signing the royal code/decree that gives effect to laws enacted by the legislature and proposals by the cabinet.
 * Acting as "supreme arbiter" to enable the functioning of state institutions.
 * Receiving credentials from ambassadors.
 * Possessing the power of commutation and pardon.
 * Presiding over the Supreme Council of the Magistracy.
 * Appointing a fixed number of members to serve on state institutions such as the Senate and the Constitutional Council.
 * Awarding of national honours.

The king also fulfils other roles not explicitly mentioned in the constitution in his capacity as head of state, for example, presiding over events of national significance including religious ceremonies and traditions integral to the Khmer nation, supporting humanitarian and philanthropic causes, and representing Cambodia abroad when undertaking official visits overseas. Although there have been female rulers in the past, the 1993 constitution currently forbids women from succeeding to the throne.

Ministry of the Royal Palace
The Ministry of the Royal Palace, currently overseen by Minister Kong Sam Ol in conjunction with the Supreme Privy Advisory Council, formerly headed by the King's half-brother Prince Norodom Ranariddh and now headed by former Prime Minister Hun Sen assists and advises the king accordingly in carrying out his duties as monarch.

Mythological history

 * Sage Kambu Swayambhuva

Chenla (550–802)

 * Rulers of Chenla after the separation of Water and Land
 * Male successors of Lower Chenla (Water Chenla)
 * Pushkaraksha (c. 716–c. 730)
 * Shambhu Varman (c. 750)
 * Rajendravarman I (c. 760)
 * Mahipativarman (c. 780)
 * Jayavarman (c. 780–802)
 * Female successors of Sambhupura, the capital of Land Chenla (Upper Chenla)
 * Queen Indrani
 * Queen Nṛpatendradevī
 * Queen Jayendrabhā
 * Queen Jyeṣṭhāryā (c. 803)

title: Monarchy of Cambodia


text:
User talk:Cazrida

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 13:09, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cazrida


text:
Talk:Walter Plowright

FAO Biography of Plowright

The final push against Rinderpest?

--nixie 13:10, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Untitled
The abbreviation TCRV is used in the article, but not explained.

--User:Ishamael 13:10, 10 Dec 2007 (UTC)

It is explained by the phrase "tissue culture rinderpest vaccine (TCRV)" in the Developing a rinderpest vaccine section Mirrordor 01:38, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

As the development of the vaccine for rinderpest by Plowright is a very noteworthy matter, I add in the data relating to the date of the announcement of the vaccine.

Mirrordor 01:38, 17 October 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mirrordor (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:Walter Plowright


text:
Johann Georg Faust

Johann Georg Faust (c. 1480 or 1466 – c. 1541), also known in English as John Faustus, was a German itinerant alchemist, astrologer, and magician of the German Renaissance.

Doctor Faust became the subject of folk legend in the decades after his death, transmitted in chapbooks beginning in the 1580s, and was notably adapted by Christopher Marlowe as a tragic hero in his play The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus (1588-1592). The Faustbuch tradition survived throughout the early modern period, and the legend was again adapted in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's closet drama Faust (1808), Hector Berlioz's musical composition La damnation de Faust (premiered 1846), and Franz Liszt's Faust Symphony of 1857.

Historical Faust
Because of his early treatment as a figure in legend and literature, it is difficult to establish historical facts about his life with any certainty. In the 17th century, it was even doubted that there ever had been a historical Faust, and the legendary character was identified with a printer of Mainz called Johann Fust. Johann Georg Neumann in 1683 addressed the question in his Disquisitio historica de Fausto praestigiatore, establishing Faust's historical existence based on contemporary references.

In the light of records of an activity spanning more than 30 years, the two suggested birth years (1466 vs. 1480/1), the two recorded first names (Georg vs. Johann) and the two recorded places of origin (Knittlingen vs. Heidelberg/Helmstett), it has been suggested that there were two itinerant magicians calling themselves Faustus, one Georg, active ca. 1505 to 1515, and another Johann, active in the 1530s.

Possible places of origin of the historical Johann Faust are Knittlingen (Manlius 1562), Helmstadt near Heidelberg, or Roda. Knittlingen today has an archive and a museum dedicated to Faust. Baron (1978) and Ruickbie (2009) argue for Helmstadt as his place of birth.

Faust's year of birth is given either as 1480/1 or as 1466. Baron (1992) and Ruickbie prefer the latter. The city archive of Ingolstadt has a letter dated 27 June 1528 which mentions a Doctor Jörg Faustus von Haidlberg. Other sources have Georgius Faustus Helmstet(ensis). Baron, searching for students from Helmstet in the archives of Heidelberg University, found records of a Georgius Helmstetter inscribed from 1483 to 1487, stating that he was promoted to baccalaureus on 12 July 1484 and to magister artium on 1 March 1487.

For the year 1506, there is a record of Faust appearing as performer of magical tricks and horoscopes in Gelnhausen. Over the following 30 years, there are numerous similar records spread over southern Germany. Faust appeared as physician, doctor of philosophy, alchemist, magician and astrologer, and was often accused as a fraud. The church denounced him as a blasphemer in league with the devil. Faust had also supposedly joined Protestantism.

Johannes Trithemius in a letter to Johannes Virdung dated 20 August 1507 warns the latter of a certain Georgius Sabellicus, a trickster and fraud styling himself Georgius Sabellicus, Faustus junior, fons necromanticorum, astrologus, magus secundus etc. According to Trithemius, in Gelnhausen and Würzburg, Sabellicus boasted blasphemously of his powers, even claiming that he could easily reproduce all the miracles of Christ. Trithemius alleges that Sabellicus received a teaching position in Sickingen in 1507, which he abused by indulging in sodomy with his male students, evading punishment by a timely escape.

Conrad Mutianus Rufus in 1513 recounts a meeting with a chiromanticus called Georgius Faustus, Helmitheus Heidelbergensis (likely for hemitheus, "demigod of Heidelberg"), overhearing his vain and foolish boasts in an Erfurt inn.

On 23 February 1520, Faust was in Bamberg, doing a horoscope for the bishop and the town, for which he received the sum of 10 gulden.

In 1528, Faust visited Ingolstadt, whence he was banished shortly after. In 1532 he seems to have tried to enter Nürnberg, according to an unflattering note made by the junior mayor of the city to "deny free passage to the great nigromancer and sodomite Doctor Faustus" (Doctor Faustus, dem großen Sodomiten und Nigromantico in furt glait ablainen). Later records give a more positive verdict; thus the Tübingen professor Joachim Camerarius in 1536 recognises Faust as a respectable astrologer, and physician Philipp Begardi of Worms in 1539 praises his medical knowledge. The last direct attestation of Faust dates to 25 June 1535, when his presence was recorded in Münster during the Anabaptist rebellion.

Faust's death is dated to 1540 or 1541. He allegedly died in an explosion of an alchemical experiment in the "Hotel zum Löwen" in Staufen im Breisgau. His body is reported to have been found in a "grievously mutilated" state which was interpreted to the effect that the devil had come to collect him in person by his clerical and scholarly enemies. In 1548, the theologian Johann Gast in his sermones conviviales states that Faust had suffered a dreadful death, and would keep turning his face to the earth in spite of the body being turned on its back several times. In his 1548 account, Gast also mentions a personal meeting with Faust in Basel during which Faust provided the cook with poultry of a strange kind. According to Gast, Faust travelled with a dog and a horse, and there were rumours that the dog would sometimes transform into a servant.

Another posthumous account is that of Johannes Manlius, drawing on notes by Melanchthon, in his Locorum communium collectanea dating to 1562. According to Manlius, Johannes Faustus was a personal acquaintance of Melanchthon's and had studied in Kraków. Manlius' account is already suffused with legendary elements, and cannot be taken at face value as a historical source. Manlius recounts that Faust had boasted that the victories of the German emperor in Italy were due to his magical intervention. In Venice, he allegedly attempted to fly, but was thrown to the ground by the devil. Johannes Wier in de prestigiis daemonum (1568) recounts that Faustus had been arrested in Batenburg because he had recommended that the local chaplain called Dorstenius should use arsenic to get rid of his stubble. Dorstenius smeared his face with the poison, upon which he lost not only his beard but also much of his skin, an anecdote Wier says he heard from the victim himself. Philipp Camerarius in 1602 still claims to have heard tales of Faust directly from people who had met him in person, but from the publication of the 1587 Faustbuch, it becomes impossible to separate historical anecdotes from rumour and legend.

The town of Bad Kreuznach has a "Faust Haus" restaurant reportedly built in 1492 on the site of "the home of the legendary Magister Johann Georg Sabellicus Faust".

Ascribed works
There are several prints of grimoires or magical texts attributed to Faust. Some of them are artificially dated to his lifetime, either to "1540", or to "1501", "1510", etc., some even to unreasonably early dates, such as "1405" and "1469". The prints in fact date to the late 16th century, from ca. 1580, i.e. the same period of the development of the Volksbuch tradition. The Höllenzwang text is also extant in manuscript versions from the late 16th century. A manuscript of c. 1700 under the title ''Doctoris Johannis Fausti Morenstern practicirter Höllenzwang genant Der schwarze Mohr. Ann(o) MCCCCVII (i.e. "1407") includes the text which in print is known as Dr. Faustens sogenannter schwartzer Mohren-Stern, gedruckt zu London 1510''. Variants of the Höllenzwang attributed to Faust continued to be published for the next 200 years, well into the 18th century.

 * 1501 Doctor Faustens dreyfacher Höllenzwang (Rome 1501, Engel (1885) no. 335)
 * 1501 Geister-Commando (Tabellae Rabellinae Geister Commando id est Magiae Albae et Nigrae Citatio Generalis), Rome (reprint Scheible 1849, ARW, "Moonchild-Edition" 3, Munich 1977)
 * 1501 D.Faustus vierfacher Höllen-Zwang (Rome 1501, Engel (1885) no. 336; reprint Scheible 1849, ARW "Moonchild-Edition" 4, Munich 1976, 1977)
 * 1505 Doctoris Johannis Fausti Cabalae Nigrae (Passau 1505, Engel (1885) no. 337; reprint Scheible 1849, ARW "Moonchild-Edition" 2, Munich 1976, 1977)
 * 1510 The black stair of Doctor John Faust London, Engel (1885) no. 343.
 * 1520 Fausts dreifacher Höllenzwang (D.Faustus Magus Maximus Kundlingensis Original Dreyfacher Höllenzwang id est Die Ägyptische Schwarzkunst), "Egyptian Nigromancy, magical seals for the invocation of seven spirits. (reprint ARW "Moonchild-Edition" 3, Munich 1976, 1977)
 * 1524 Johannis Fausti Manual Höllenzwang (Wittenberg 1524 reprint Scheible 1849, ARW "Moonchild-Edition" 6, Munich 1976, 1977)
 * 1527 Praxis Magia Faustiana, (Passau, reprint Scheible 1849, ARW "Moonchild-Edition" 4, Munich 1976, 1977)
 * 1540, Fausti Höllenzwang oder Mirakul-Kunst und Wunder-Buch (Wittenberg 1540, reprint Scheible 1849, ARW "Moonchild-Edition" 4, Munich 1976, 1977)
 * Doctor Fausts großer und gewaltiger Höllenzwang (Prague, reprint ARW "Moonchild-Edition" 7, Munich 1977)
 * 1669? Dr. Johann Faustens Miracul-Kunst- und Wunder-Buch oder der schwarze Rabe auch der Dreifache Höllenzwang genannt (Lyon M.C.D.XXXXXXIX, reprint ARW "Moonchild-Edition" 7, Munich 1977)
 * D. I. Fausti Schwartzer Rabe (undated, 16th century, reprint Scheible 1849, ARW, "Moonchild-Edition" 3, Munich 1976, 1977)
 * 1692 Doctor Faust's großer und gewaltiger Meergeist, worinn Lucifer und drey Meergeister um Schätze aus den Gewässern zu holen, beschworen werden (Amsterdam, reprint ARW "Moonchild-Edition" 1, Munich 1977)

These works were collected and edited in Das Kloster by J. Scheible (1849), and based on Scheible in 1976 and 1977 by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Religions- und Weltanschauungsfragen, in the "Moonchild-Edition", and again as facsimile by Poseidon Press and Fourier Verlag.

Faust in legend and literature

The Historia von D. Johann Fausten printed by Johann Spies 1587, a German chapbook about Faust's sins, is at the beginning of the literary tradition of the Faust character. It was translated into English in 1587, where it came to the attention of Christopher Marlowe. Marlowe's The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus of 1589 portrays Faust as the archetypical adept of Renaissance magic. In the 17th century, Marlowe's work was re-introduced to Germany in the form of popular plays, which over time reduced Faust to a merely comical figure for popular amusement. Meanwhile, the chapbook of Spies was edited and excerpted by G. R. Widmann and Nikolaus Pfitzer, and was finally re-published anonymously in modernised form in the early 18th century, as the Faustbuch des Christlich Meynenden. This edition became widely known and was also read by Goethe in his youth. As summarized by Richard Stecher, this version is the account of a young man called Johann Faust, son of a peasant, who studies theology in Wittenberg, besides medicine, astrology and "other magical arts". His boundless desire for knowledge leads him to conjure the devil in a wood near Wittenberg, who appears in the shape of a greyfriar who calls himself Mephistopheles.

Faust enters a pact with the devil, pledging his soul in exchange for 24 years of service. The devil produces a famulus Christoph Wagner and a poodle Prästigiar to accompany Faust in his adventure. Faust goes on to live a life of pleasures. In Leipzig, he rides out of Auerbachs Keller on a barrel. In Erfurt he taps wine from a table. He visits the Pope in Rome, the Sultan in Constantinople and the Kaiser in Innsbruck. After 16 years, he begins to regret his pact and wants to withdraw, but the devil persuades him to renew it, conjuring up Helen of Troy, with whom Faust sires a son called Justus. As the 24 years come to an end, "Satan, chief of devils" appears and announces Faust's death for the coming night. Faust at a "last supper" scene in Rimlich takes leave of his friends and admonishes them to repentance and piety. At midnight, there is a great noise from Faust's room, and in the morning, its walls and floors are found splattered with blood and brains, with Faust's eyes lying on the floor and his dead body in the courtyard.

16th to 18th century treatments of the Faust legend include:
 * Johann Spies: Historia von D. Johann Fausten (1587)
 * Das Wagnerbuch von (1593)
 * Das Widmann'sche Faustbuch von (1599)
 * Dr. Fausts großer und gewaltiger Höllenzwang (Frankfurt 1609)
 * Dr. Johannes Faust, Magia naturalis et innaturalis (Passau 1612)
 * Das Pfitzer'sche Faustbuch (1674)
 * Dr. Fausts großer und gewaltiger Meergeist (Amsterdam 1692)
 * Das Wagnerbuch (1714)
 * Faustbuch des Christlich Meynenden (1725)

Grimoires attributed to Faust

 * The Black Raven Doctor Johannes Faust's Miracle and Magic Book or also called the Threefold Coercion of Hell (English translation of Dr. Johann Faustens Miracul-Kunst- und Wunder-Buch oder der schwarze Rabe auch der Dreifache Höllenzwang genannt)
 * Magia naturalis et innaturalis, oder dreifacher Höllenzwang, letztes Testament und Siegelkunst – Part I (Google Books)
 * Magia naturalis et innaturalis, oder dreifacher Höllenzwang, letztes Testament und Siegelkunst – Part IV (Google Books)

Category:16th-century alchemists

title: Johann Georg Faust


text: User talk:219.77.85.248

title: User talk:219.77.85.248