text:
White (surname)

White is a surname either of English or of Scottish and Irish origin, the latter being an anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic MacGillebhàin, "Son of the fair gillie" and the Irish "Mac Faoitigh" or "de Faoite". It is the seventeenth most common surname in England. In the 1990 United States Census, "White" ranked fourteenth among all reported surnames in frequency, accounting for 0.28% of the population. By 2000, White had fallen to position 20 in the United States and 22nd position by 2014

Notable people with the surname include:
 * White (Hampshire cricketer) (active 1789–1797, full name unknown), English cricketer
 * White (Surrey cricketer) (active 1850, full name unknown), English cricketer

A

 * Aaron White (basketball) (born 1992), American basketball player
 * Adam White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Addison White (1824–1909), American politician
 * Adlyn White (1929–2017), Jamaican educator and Christian minister
 * Al White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Alan White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Albert White (musician) (born 1942), American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter
 * Alex White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Alexander White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Alfred Holmes White (1873–1953), American chemical engineering professor
 * Alfred Tredway White (1846–1921), American housing reformer
 * Alice White (1904–1983), American actress
 * Allie White (1915–1996), American football player
 * Andrew Dickson White (1832–1918), American diplomat and co-founder of Cornell University
 * Andrew White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Andy White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Anthony White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Azellia White (1913–2019), American aviator

B

 * Barclay White (1821–1906), Superintendent of Indian Affairs under President Grant
 * Barry White (1944–2003), American soul and disco singer
 * Bartow White (1776–1862), US Congressman from New York
 * Benjamin White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Betty White (1922–2021), American actress
 * Beverly White (1928–2021), American activist and politician
 * Bill White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Blaire White (born 1993), American YouTuber and political commentator
 * Bob White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Bodi White (born 1956), Louisiana politician
 * Bree White (born 1981), Australian rules footballer
 * Brendan White (born 1992), Australian association football player
 * Brett White (executive), chief executive officer of the investment firm CBRE Group
 * Brian White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Brooke White (born 1983), American singer-songwriter and American Idol contestant
 * Bruce A. White, American politician
 * Bryan D. White (1936–2017), general secretary and CEO of Moose International in Great Britain
 * Buck White (born 1930), member of the American country music vocal group The Whites
 * Bukka White (Booker T. Washington White) (1909–1977), American Delta blues guitarist and singer
 * Byron White (1917–2002), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

C

 * Cameron White (born 1983), Australian cricketer
 * Cat White (born 1993), English actress, producer and author
 * Charlie White (figure skater) (born 1987), American Olympic silver, bronze, and gold medalist ice dancer
 * Charles White (writer) (1845–1922), Australian journalist and author
 * Cr1TiKaL (Charles White Jr., born 1994), American YouTuber, Twitch streamer, podcaster, actor, musician, and businessman
 * Charline White (1920–1959), Michigan politician
 * Charlotte Price White, (1873–1932), Welsh suffragist and politician
 * Charmaine White Face, American human rights activist
 * Chel White (born 1959), American film director
 * Cheryl White (born 1955), member of the American country music vocal group The Whites
 * Chilton A. White (1826–1900), US Representative from Ohio
 * Christian Streit White (1839–1917), West Virginia politician
 * Christopher White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Clarence White (1944–1973), American bluegrass and country guitarist (Kentucky Colonels, The Byrds)
 * Claude Porter White (1907–1975), American author and composer
 * Coby White (born 2000), American basketball player
 * Cody White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Colin White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Colton White (born 1997), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Compton I. White (1877–1956), US Representative from Idaho
 * Compton I. White, Jr. (1920–1998), US Representative from Idaho
 * Curtis White (disambiguation), multiple people

D

 * Dan White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Dana White (born 1969), American MMA promoter and president of UFC
 * Danny White (born 1952), American football player
 * Darren White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * David White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Davin White (born 1981), American basketball player
 * Deacon White, aka James "Deacon" White, (1847–1939), baseball star
 * DeMario White Jr. (born 1991), birth name of Moneybagg Yo, American rapper
 * Denny White, Ohio politician
 * Derrick White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Des White (1927–2023), New Zealand rugby league footballer
 * Desmond White (footballer) (1911–1985), Scottish footballer
 * Devin White (born 1998), American football player
 * Devon White (baseball) (born 1962), Jamaican American baseball player
 * Diamond White (born 1999), American singer and actress
 * Doc White (1879–1969), American baseball player
 * Donny White (1942–2021), American college sports coach and administrator
 * Doug White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Douglas R. White (1942–2021), American anthropologist
 * Duncan White (1918–1998), Sri Lankan Burgher athlete, first to win an Olympic medal for Sri Lanka

E

 * E. B. White (1899–1985), American children's book author
 * Ed White (astronaut) (1930–1967), American astronaut
 * Eden White (born 1970), American singer-songwriter
 * Edith White (1855–1946), American painter
 * Edith Grace White (1890–1975), American zoologist
 * Edmund White (born 1940), American literary critic
 * Edward White (disambiguation) (or Ed White), multiple people
 * Eg White (born 1966 as Francis White), British musician, songwriter and producer
 * Eli White (born 1994), American baseball player
 * Elizabeth Coleman White (1871–1954), pioneering American blueberry breeder and vendor
 * Ellen White (footballer) (born 1989), English footballer
 * Ellen G. White (1827–1915), American Christian pioneer
 * Elsie Maud White (1889–1978), New Zealand miniaturist
 * Erica White (born 1986), American basketball player
 * Erica White (artist) (1904–1991), British sculptor
 * Erik White, American music director
 * Erik White (Canadian football) (born 1970), American football player of Canadian football
 * Erin White (born 1977), Canadian softball first baseman
 * Estelle White (1925–2011) British hymn composer
 * Ethel Lina White (1876–1944), British crime writer
 * Evan White (born 1996), American baseball player

F

 * Faye White (born 1978), English football player
 * Felix Harold White (1884–1945), English composer, music teacher and pianist
 * Florence Mildred White (1874–1957), English policewoman
 * Francis White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Frank White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Franklin White (dancer) (1923–2013), British ballet dancer
 * Fred White (musician) (1955–2023), American musician, member of Earth, Wind & Fire
 * Frederick D. White (1847–1918), Canadian politician
 * Freeman White (born 1943), American football player
 * Freeman White (politician) (born 1946), Canadian politician
 * Fuzz White (1916–2003), American Major League Baseball right fielder

G

 * Gary White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Genevieve Beatrice White (1913–2009), also known as Genevieve Pezet, American-born French artist
 * George White (British Army officer) (1835–1912), British general
 * George White (Ohio politician) (1872–1953), governor of Ohio
 * George Henry White (1852–1918), North Carolina politician
 * Gilbert F. White (1911–2006), American geographer
 * Gilbert White (1720–1793), English naturalist
 * Gillian White (disambiguation), multiple people

H

 * Harry Dexter White (1892–1948), American economist, US representative to the Bretton Woods Conference
 * Henry White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Horace White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Horacio White (1927–2017), Argentine swimmer
 * Howard White (footballer) (born 1954), English footballer
 * Hugh White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Hugo White (1939–2014), British royal navy admiral
 * Harvey White (born 2001), British footballer for Stevenage F.C

I

 * Ian White (darts player) (born 1970), English darts player
 * Ian White (ice hockey) (born 1984), Canadian professional ice hockey defence man
 * Ilka White, Australian textile artist
 * Isobel Mary White (1912–1997), Australian anthropologist
 * Israel Charles White (1848–1927), American geologist

J

 * Jack White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Jahiem White, American football player
 * Jake White (born 1963), South African rugby union coach
 * Jaleel White (born 1976), American actor
 * James White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Jamie White (born 1968), American radio host and actress
 * Jan White (born 1948), American football player
 * Javin White (born 1997), American football player
 * Jay White (born 1992), New Zealand professional wrestler
 * Jeff White (Australian footballer) (born 1977), Australian rules footballer
 * Jeordie White aka Twiggy Ramirez (born 1971), American bassist and guitarist
 * Jimmy White (born 1962), English professional snooker player
 * Jock White (1897–1986), Scottish footballer
 * Joe White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * John White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Jordan White (musician) (born 1982), American rock musician and singer-songwriter
 * Jose White (American football) (born 1973), American football player
 * Joseph Blanco White (1775–1841), Spanish theologian
 * Joseph Leonard Maries White (1897–1925), Canadian flying ace
 * Julian White (born 1973), English rugby union footballer
 * JJ White, American musical duo consisting of Janice and Jayne White

K

 * Karen Malina White (born 1965), American actress
 * Karyn White (born 1965), American R&B singer during the late 1980s and early 1990s
 * Katie White (born 1983), British singer in The Ting Tings
 * Katie White (politician) (graduated 2003), British politician
 * Keion White (born 1999), American football player
 * Keith White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Kelli White, American sprinter
 * Kerwin White, former ring name of American wrestler Chavo Guerrero, Jr.
 * Kevin White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Kyzir White (born 1996), American football player

L

 * Lari White (1965–2018), American country music singer
 * Laura White (actress) (born 1996), British actress
 * Laura Rosamond White (1844–1922), American author
 * Lavelle White (born 1929), American Texas blues and soul blues singer and songwriter
 * Lawrence White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Lee White (actor) (1888–1949), American actor of the stage, screen and radio
 * Lee White (American football) (born 1946), American football player
 * Lee C. White (1923–2013), advisor to President Kennedy and President Johnson
 * Leo White (1882–1948), English-American film and stage actor who appeared in many Charlie Chaplin films
 * Leo White (judoka) (born 1957), member of the US Olympic judo team
 * Leon White (1955–2018), American professional wrestler better known as Big Van Vader or Vader
 * Leslie White (1900–1975), American anthropologist
 * Lily White (photographer) (1866–1944), American photographer
 * Linda White (Alpha Kappa Alpha) (1942–2010), American sorority president
 * Linda White (politician) (1959/1960–2024), Australian politician
 * Liz White (actress) (born 1979), British actress
 * Loren H. White (1863–1923), New York state senator
 * Lulu Belle Madison White (1900–1957), American teacher and civil rights activist
 * Lynn White (musician) (born 1953), American soul blues singer

M

 * Malcolm White (cricketer) (1924–2009), English cricketer
 * Malinda Brumfield White (born 1967), member of the Louisiana House of Representatives
 * Margaret Bourke-White (1904–1971), American photographer and documentary photographer
 * Margaret Matilda White (1868–1910), New Zealand photographer
 * Marion Ballantyne White (1871–1958), American mathematician and university professor
 * Mark White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Marquez White (born 1994), American football player
 * Mary White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Mary Louisa White (1866–1935) British composer, educator and pianist
 * Maureen White, Canadian theatre director, actor, and playwright
 * Maurice White (1941–2016), American musician, founder and leader of the band Earth, Wind & Fire
 * Meg White (born 1974), American musician, drummer in The White Stripes
 * Michael White (disambiguation), multiple people, includes Mike White
 * Minor White (1908–1976), American photographer
 * Mitchell White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Molly White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Morgan White (gymnast) (born 1983), American gymnast
 * Morgan White (radio DJ) (1924–2010), American radio disc jockey and actor

N

 * Nancy White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Nathaniel White (born 1960), American serial killer
 * Nettie L. White (c. 1850–1921), American suffragist and stenographer
 * Nicholas White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Noel White (rugby league) (1923–2019), Australian rugby league footballer

O

 * Oliver White (born 1995), British YouTube personality
 * Onna White (1922–2005), Canadian choreographer and dancer

P

 * Pat White (American football) (born 1986), American football quarterback
 * Patrick White (1912–1990), Australian author
 * Paul Dudley White (1886–1973), American cardiologist
 * Percy White (1888–1918), Australian rugby league footballer
 * Peregrine White (1620–1704), first child born to the Pilgrims in New England
 * Peter White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Portia White (1911–1968), Canadian operatic contralto

Q

 * Quavian White (born 2000), American football player

R

 * Rachaad White (born 1999), American football player
 * Rachel White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Randy White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Raoul White (born 1972), Dutch politician
 * Ray White (politician), Canadian politician
 * Reggie White (1961–2004), American football player
 * Reggie White (defensive lineman, born 1970), American football player
 * Reggie White (running back) (born 1979), American football player
 * Rick White (politician) (born 1953), American politician from Washington
 * Robert White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Roddy White (born 1981), American football player
 * Roderick White (1814–1856), New York politician
 * Romello White (born 1998), American basketball player for Hapoel Eilat of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Rodney White (born 1980), American basketball player
 * Ron White (born 1956), American comedian
 * Rosie White (born 1993), New Zealand soccer player
 * Royce White (born 1991), American basketball player
 * Ryan White (1971–1990), American HIV/AIDS poster child, namesake of the Ryan White Care Act
 * Resolved White (17th century), passenger on the Pilgrim ship Mayflower

S

 * Sallie Joy White (1847–1909), American journalist
 * Sammy White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Sandra White (born 1951), Scottish politician
 * Sharon White, lead singer of American country music group The Whites
 * Shaun White (born 1986), American snowboarder and skateboarder
 * Sheila White (abolitionist) (born 1988), American abolitionist and human trafficking victim
 * Sheila White (actress) (1948–2018), British film, television and stage actress
 * Simon White (born 1951), British astrophysicist
 * Slappy White (1924–1995), American comedian and actor
 * Snowy White (Terence Charles 'Snowy' White) (born 1948), English guitarist
 * Spencer White (born 1994), Australian rules footballer
 * Stanford White (1853–1906), American architect, member of the firm McKim, Mead, and White
 * Stephen White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Steve White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Steven White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Stewart White (journalist) (born 1947), British television newsreader and presenter
 * Stewart Edward White (1873–1946), American novelist and outdoorsman

T

 * T. H. White (1906–1964), English author, known for The Once and Future King
 * Ted White (author) (born 1938), American science fiction writer and music critic
 * Terri White (born 1948), American singer and actress
 * The Whites, American country music vocal group
 * Theodore H. White (1915–1986), American journalist
 * Thomas White (disambiguation) (or Tom White)
 * Timothy White (disambiguation) (or Tim White)
 * Todd White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Tony White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Tony Joe White (1943–2018), American singer-songwriter
 * Tre'Davious White (born 1995), American football player
 * Tyler White (born 1990), American baseball player

V

 * Vanessa White (born 1989), British singer and songwriter
 * Vanna White (born 1957), American television personality
 * Verdine White (born 1951), American musician, younger brother of Maurice White, bass guitarist in Earth, Wind & Fire
 * Vince White (born 1960), English guitarist who replaced Joe Strummer in The Clash
 * Violetta Susan White (1875–1949), American mycologist

W

 * Walter Francis White (1893–1955), American civil rights activist
 * Warren White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Webster White (1860–1923), American politician from Maryland
 * Wendy White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Wendy Tan White (born 1970), British technology company executive
 * Sir Willard White (born 1946), Jamaican-born British operatic bass-baritone
 * William White (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Willie White (disambiguation), multiple people

Z

 * Zamir White (born 1999), American football player

Fictional characters

 * Brad White, a character in 2001 psychological horror movie Frailty
 * Cammy White, from the Street Fighter video game series
 * Carrie White, title character from the Stephen King novel and movie Carrie
 * Estelle White, from the Reborn comic book series
 * Frank White, lead character in the 1990 film King of New York
 * Perry White, supporting character in the Superman comics
 * Snow White, protagonist of German fairy tales
 * Mrs. White, one of six original Cluedo characters
 * Redd White, from the video game Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney
 * Walter White, protagonist of the American television series Breaking Bad
 * Trooper White, a minor character in the video game TimeSplitters 2

title: White (surname)


text:
User talk:Rusian04

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 04:34, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Rusian04


text:
Talk:White (surname)

Other languages
add/convert Gaelic, Italian, Latin, Russian, Greek, etc. lysdexia 03:39, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Whyte
Since other languages are included, the article is obviously not getting hung up on the exact form, so I hope no-one objects to me including Whyte here. --Doric Loon 7 July 2005 10:23 (UTC)

Expanding
We need some information about the origin of the name White, as well as its prevalence in various countries. We should also sort the names into categories, as well as maybe put a short description next to the names.

 * I agree it would make the entry more interesting than a simple list. I dropped similar notes on the Bennett entry - origins, geneaology, coat of arms, famous Whites and also people and places named White (or in this case possibly named after a White). (Emperor 20:39, 20 November 2006 (UTC))

Explorers and pioneers
Never heard of an astronaut called Justin Michael White. I also didn't find anything about such an astronaut anywhere. And, just a little question, how can he (probably he doesn't exist) be a son of Ed White, the first American spacewalker, and be born in 1982, like this page claims? Edward Higgins White died on January 27, 1967 at Cape Canaveral, Pad 34 in Apollo-spacecraft 012 on top of Saturn 1B booster AS-204, when a fire broke out at approximately 6:32 p.m. (Apollo 1) According to the Wikipedia article he had two children, Bonnie Lynn and Edward III. Well, I think, I delete the line about Justin Michael White. If anyone has got a problem with that, he can revert it. --86.33.86.61 21:07, 11 April 2007 (UTC)Maria Steinrück

White/Whyte wikis in other languages
The most recent update to the article was by a bot which changed the German link from White (Familienname) to Whyte, which seems to be a bad change. I've looked at what else exists in this area, and found the following: It isn't that important, but if we do want to get the international links right, the easiest way would be to split off Whyte into a separate article. That might be preferable in any case. What do people think? If no-one comments, I'll probably do it. SamuelTheGhost (talk) 15:47, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * German: White (Familienname) (large and well-organised) and Whyte (small)
 * French: White (large but with more than just surnames) and Whyte (small)
 * Russian: Уайт (fairly small, covering both White and Whyte, and the Isle of Wight).

Rewrite/reorganization
I followed WikiProject Anthroponymy/Standards to rewrite or reorganize this article. As per MOS:DABNAME the List of real and fictional people with the surname White is too long for the primary article White (surname). As per MOS:DABNAME - "For short lists of name holders, new sections of Persons with the surname Xxxx or Persons with the given name Xxxx can be added below the main disambiguation list. For longer lists, create an anthroponymy list article and link to it from the disambiguation page. If it isn't clear that the article includes a list, consider mentioning that in the description." As per WP:INTDABLINK - created a list that points directly toward the relevant article. "With few exceptions, creating links to disambiguation pages is erroneous. Links should instead point to a relevant article." Jrcrin001 (talk) 21:54, 24 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:White (surname)


text:
Twilight Circus Dub Sound System

Twilight Circus is the dub and reggae project of multi-instrumentalist Ryan Moore, former bassist and drummer of the Legendary Pink Dots. Twilight Circus is becoming increasingly popular and well known for Moore's work with artists such as Big Youth, Michael Rose of Black Uhuru and Ranking Joe. He originally started off producing dub albums, before recording vocalists for inclusion on his critically acclaimed Foundation Rockers album. In the classic tradition of reggae, Moore releases 10" vinyl record singles, often in limited edition.

With Twilight Circus, Ryan Moore has worked with a wide range of respected figures from the dub, reggae and electronic genres including: Sly and Robbie, Dean Fraser, Luciano, Michael Rose (Black Uhuru), Mikey General, Big Youth, Skully Simms, Vin Gordon (The Wailers), Earl "Chinna" Smith (The Wailers), Eddie 'Tan Tan' Thornton (Aswad), Buttons Tenyue /Matics Horns (UB40), Ansel Collins, Style Scott (Dub Syndicate), Bobby Ellis (Studio One), Admiral Tibet, Jah Stitch, Sugar Minott, Queen Ifrica, Lutan Fyah, Fred Locks, Gregory Isaacs, Mafia & Fluxy, Cevin Key (Skinny Puppy), DJ Spooky, and The Mad Professor.

Moore's fascination with dub began in the early 1980s, inspired by the nexus of punk rock and dub which film maker Don Letts forged in London, along with the futuristic possibilities hinted at by cyberpunk author William Gibson in Neuromancer. Throughout the 80's he obsessively collected every dub LP he could find, which included Jamaican dub from legends like King Tubby, Prince Jammy, Lee Perry and Scientist as well as 2nd-generation figures operating from London like Adrian Sherwood, Mad Professor, and Jah Shaka. Some of his early dub experiments from the mid-80's are to be heard on the ROIR release 'Twilight Circus - Dub From The Secret Vaults'.

In 1994 Vancouver's Miller Block studio collective, owner / operator Darryl Neudorf handed Ryan Moore the keys to the studio for after hours sessions, where the first Twilight Circus album Ín Dub Vol.1 began to take shape. From 1994 to the present Moore has made recordings for Twilight Circus in Vancouver, London, Kingston-Jamaica, and The Netherlands - where he had his own studio.

Since being the opening act for Skinny Puppy side project Download on their 1996 World tour and several tours billed with the Legendary Pink Dots, Twilight Circus has maintained a busy schedule playing all over the World on nearly every continent, including major festivals like Dour Festival, Summerjam, Fuji Rock Festival, One Love (UK), Asagiri Jam, Sierra Nevada World Music Festival, Vancouver Folk Music Festival.

Albums

 * In Dub Vol. 1 (1995)
 * Other Worlds Of Dub (1996)
 * Bin Shaker Dub (1997)
 * Dub Plate Selection (1998)
 * Horsie (1999)
 * Dub Plates Volume Two (1999)
 * Dub Voyage (2000)
 * Volcanic Dub (2001)
 * Dub Plates Vol 3 (2002)
 * The Essential Collection (2002)
 * Foundation Rockers (2003)
 * Dub From The Secret Vaults (2004)
 * The Dub Project - The Dub Project (2004)
 * DJ Spooky That Subliminal Kid vs. Twilight Circus Dub Sound System - Riddim Clash (2004)
 * Remixed: Dubwise (2004)
 * Remixed: Abstract Beats (2004)
 * Deeper Roots (2005)
 * Rasta International (2006)
 * Cultural Roots Showcase (2007)
 * The Dub Project - 2 (2007)
 * Binghi Riddim (2008)
 * Vocal Anthology Vol 1 (2008)
 * Dub Plate Style Vol 1 Vinyl EP Track Collection (2012)
 * Dub Plate Style Vol 2 Vinyl EP Track Collection (2012)
 * Fleximix Collection 45's Collection (2012)
 * Extended Disco Mixes (2013)
 * Twilight Circus Meets cEvin Key - DUBCON - UFO Pon Di Gullyside (2013)
 * Edward Ka-Spel Meets Twilight Circus - 800 Saints In A Day (2013)

Produced by Twilight Circus

 * Ranking Joe - World In Trouble (2005)
 * Michael Rose - African Roots (2005)
 * Michael Rose - African Dub (2005)
 * Ranking Joe - World In Dub (2006)
 * Michael Rose - Warrior (2006)
 * Michael Rose - Warrior Dub (2007)
 * Michael Rose - Reggae Legend (2012)

Singles

 * Dub Voyage (45) - Dubhead/Shiver
 * Ranking Joe - Don't Try To Use Me - Fleximix 1001
 * Michael Rose - Days Of History - Fleximix 1002
 * Luciano - What We Got To Do - Fleximix 1003
 * Ranking Joe - World In Trouble - Fleximix 1004
 * Mykal Rose - Wicked Run - Fleximix 1005
 * Natural Black - Are You Ready - Fleximix 1006
 * Ranking Joe - World In Trouble (Vibronics Remix) - Fleximix 1007
 * Michael Rose - Throw Some Stone (Disciples Remix) - Fleximix 1008

10 inch singles and EPs

 * U.K. Steppers E.P. (M Records 128)
 * Session/Stompa 10 (Dubhead/Shiver DBHDS 006)
 * Deeper Roots 10 - Big Youth 'Love Is What We Need' (M Records 230)
 * Deeper Roots 10 - Luciano 'What We Got To Do' (M Records 240)
 * Groove Corporation meets Twilight Circus Disco Roots Dub (M Records 260)
 * Deeper Roots 10 - Mykal Rose 'Throw Some Stone' / Ranking Joe 'Don't Follow Babylon' (M Records 270)
 * Rob Smith Meets Twilight Circus 'Jungle Dub Rasta' (M Records 280)
 * Brother Culture - Foundation Rockers 10 (M Records 340)
 * DJ Spooky / Twilight Circus / Alter Echo - Dub Summit EP / Picture Disc (M Records 330)
 * Michael Rose & Ranking Joe - Manasseh Meets Blood And Fire 10 (M Records 350)
 * Michael Rose / Vin Gordon / Brother Culture - Better Mus Come 10 (M Records 390)
 * Big Youth - Lion's Den 10 (M Records 400)
 * Lutan Fyah / Brando / Michael Rose / Skully - Binghi Riddim 10 (M Records 430)
 * Fred Locks, Queen Ifrica, Matics Horns, Twilight Crew - Thanks & Praise Riddim 10 (M Records 440)
 * Cornell Campbell - Acetate Riddim 10 (M Records 460)
 * Fred Locks, Ranking Joe, Twilight Crew - Wisdom Riddim 10 (M Records 470)
 * Vibronics Meets Twilight Circus – Rewind & Remix Vol.4 (Scoops 019)

Compilation albums

 *  A Dubbers Guide (Dubhead)
 *  AKA Dub (Lush Records)
 *  AKA Dub 2nd Chapter (Lush Records)
 *  A New Breed Of Dub: Issue Two (Dubhead)
 *  A New Breed Of Dub: Issue Three (Dubhead)
 *  Brain In The Wire (Brainwashed)
 *  Convergence (OM/XLR8R)
 *  Crooklyn Dub Vol 3 (Wordsound)
 *  Docking Sequence (BSI)
 *  Dubhead Soundclash Series One (Dubhead)
 *  Dubhead Vol 3 (Dubhead)
 *  Global Explorer (Zip Dog)
 *  Lockers (ERS)
 *  Magnetic Blue (Interchill)
 *  Onder Stroom (Waaghaals)
 *  One Dub (Interchill)
 *  Serenity Dub 4.1 (Incoming!)
 *  Suitable 2 - The Dub Adventurers (Suiteque)
 *  Sun Runners (ISM)
 *  Sushi Dub (Vitaminic)
 *  Time Machine (Time Machine)
 *  Transitions (ISM)
 *  Twilight World (Sony Music Japan)
 *  Wreck This Mess (BSI)

Remixes

 * DJ Spooky - Variation Cybernetique Remix
 * Meat Beat Manifesto - Storm The Dub Mix
 * Necessary Intergalactic Cooperation - #1 Dub / Norwegian Headcharge
 * Nirgilis - Remix
 * Strange Attractor - Rorschach (Twilight Circus Dub Limbo Mix)
 * Systemwide - Eyupsultan Remix
 * Vibronics - Jah Light Jah Love Remix
 * Zion Train - Hailing Up the Selector Remix

title: Twilight Circus Dub Sound System


text: Category:Minnesota Twins managers

title: Category:Minnesota Twins managers


text:
User:Ank (usurped)

Hi, I am Ashish.

---

Request for usurpation
Hello, Ank. A request has been made at Changing username/Usurpations to usurp, or "take over", your username because another user would like to use it to edit. The changing username guideline allows a username that is not being actively used to be usurped if the user is given an opportunity to object and does not do so.

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Thank you for your time. Ank99 (talk) 16:19, 4 October 2013 (UTC)

title: User:Ank (usurped)


text:
Talk:Rigid designator

Older comments
The following quote from the article is inaccurate:

 * The "could" here is important to note: rigid designation is a property of the way terms are used, not a property of the terms themselves, and a phrase such as "the first Chancellor of the German Empire" could be used rigidly (if one were to say, "The first Chancellor of the German Empire was a free agent like everyone else: he could have decided never to go into politics"

A description never rigidly designates, and in the quoted example, what is rigidly designating is the personal pronoun 'he', which is referring specifically to the person that happened to be the first Chancellor of the German Empire. What is not rigidly designating is the desciption, and this is quite easily seen.

In Kripke's theory, identities between rigid designators are necessary. If water=h20, then necessarily water=h20. But an identity involving a description is never necessary. It is not the case that if the first Chancellor of the German Empire was Otto von Bismarck, then necessarily the first Chancellor of the German Empire was Otto von Bismarck. It is possible that Bismarck may have died early and so never became Chancellor. Hence, the statement is not necessary because one of the terms, the description actually, does not rigidly designate.

Perhaps what is being confused is rigid designation and reference-fixing. I have remedially edited the body of the article accordingly. Nortexoid 04:36, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * This is not an accurate criticism. Looking back at the relevant passages in Naming and Necessity, I see that there is an accurate criticism to be made of the passage as I wrote it: the claim is more controversial than I remembered, and Kripke in particular isn't convinced. But there certainly are philosophers who take definite descriptions to sometimes be used rigidly. Here's Kripke:

 * I assume Russell is right in that definite descriptions can at least sometimes be interpreted nonrigidly. As I mention on page 59 footnote 22, some philosophers think that, in addition, there is a rigid sense of definite descriptions. As I say in the latter footnote, I am not convinced of this, but if these philosophers are right, my principal thesis is not affected. It contrasts names with nonrigid descriptions, as advocated by Russell. See Section 2, pp. 258-61 of my paper, "Speaker's Reference and Semantic Reference" ... for a brief discussion of the relation of the idea of rigid definite descriptions to Donnellan's "referential" descriptions. I also discuss the relation of both of these to the notion of scope. (Naming and Necessity, pp 6-7n8)

 * Some philosophers have thought that descriptions, in English, are ambiguous, that sometimes they non-rigidly designate, in each world, the object (if any) satisfying the description, while sometimes they rigidly designate the object actually satisfying the description. (Others, inspired by Donnellan, say the description sometimes rigidly designates the object thought or presupposed to satisfy the description.) I find any such allegedly ambiguities dubious. I know of no clear evidence for them which cannot be handled either by Russell's notion of scope or by the considerations alluded to in footnote 3, p. 25. (pp. 59-60n22)

 * Since Kripke isn't himself convinced, and Kripke has as good a right as anyone to figure out how the term "rigid designator" is used, the passage needs to be qualified. But it is no less correct to claim straight up that definite descriptions can't rigidly designate, since it has been argued that they can.

 * What cannot be argued? Does it really matter that Joe Shmoe in some journal article argued that descriptions can sometimes rigidly designate? I think it is mostly important to stick with Kripke's view of rigid designation since it is in fact his view. It might be more fitting to simply state briefly that some have argued that descriptions may rigidly designate (and cite sources), but there should not be a cumbersome explanation of it in the article itself.

 * As for the specific objection to the example used to exposit: you can avoid the conclusion that "the first Chancellor &c." is rigidly designating in that specific sentence by putting the rigid designation on the shoulders of "he" instead, but there is no reason to think that such a solution can be applied to all relevant example sentences. Here's a trivial rewrite of the sentence that I used as an example before: "The first Chancellor of Germany could have decided never to go into politics." (Similarly, "our first President could have died in smallpox in his youth, and what would have happened to us then?", "the painting you see on the wall might have been lost forever, if the bombing had been only a little to the east," etc.)

 * I do not see how those examples show that descriptions can be used rigidly. What it shows is that we understand who the speaker is referring to when he gives the description since, in the actual world, there is only one person satisfying that description. But in some other world, that sentence may or may not be true if the description is not satisfied or satisfied by a different person.

 * Your example of the painting is entirely different. It looks prima facie to be a description but it is actually one of ostension; "The painting you see on the wall (pointing), might have been lost forever". Identifying objects by ostension is always rigid, and this is in fact how baptizing is done.

 * "But an identity involving a description is never necessary." Is "The man with the glass of champagne in his hand is Jones" a contingent statement or a necessary statement? Well, it depends on whether you are talking about the man himself or about whoever it is who happens to have the glass of champagne in his hand.

 * It shouldn't depend on who the speaker is intending to refer to, which is actually the point. If it is ambiguous as to who the speaker is referring to when he uses a description it is because it could possibly be someone else; in other words, the description does not rigidly designate. The man may not have champangne in his hand even though the speaker thinks he does and he is attempting to refer to him. If he does not have champagne in his hand, then it is false that 'the man with champagne in his hand is Jones -- i.e., it is not necessarily true.

 * If definite descriptions never designate rigidly, then the only way get to talking about the man himself is to invoke something like Russell's notion of scope. But I think you'd need to give some independent reason for thinking that you can't use "the man with the glass of champaign in his hand" rigidly. (Of course, in other possible worlds where Jones is not the man with the glass of champagne in his hand, someone who said "The man with the glass of champagne in his hand is Jones" would be speaking falsely, but so what? That's no more convincing in either direction than the fact that Hesperus might not be called "Hesperus" in some possible worlds.)

 * There are several ways of picking out the man. One, call him by his name. Two, by ostension - point him out ("that man..."). Three, use a description such that him and only him satisfies it, but that does not imply the rigidity of that description simply because it actually denotes someone in the actual world. Why? Because it does not denote the same person in every world. In some possible world he does not have champagne in his hand, someone else or nobody does.

 * In light of all this (not to mention the non-commital nature of Kripke's own doubts), I am reinstating the passage that was excised, with edits to qualify it as disputed. Thanks for raising the point. Radgeek 07:48, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I cannot agree with keeping that passage in the article. It isn't accurate or it is at least confusing. I suggest removing it and putting something along the lines of "It has been argued that definite descriptions may rigidly designate. Kripke is not convinced. See so-and-so. Nortexoid 03:31, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Regardless of the conclusion to the discussion above, some definite descriptions are quite trivially rigid. Like "The smallest prime number". (This is why the distinction between de jure and de facto rigidity makes sense.) I am sure that Kripke would also accept that a description like "The person who is actually the current president of the USA" is rigid. So the subject of the discussion in the article should not be whether definite descriptions can be rigid, but whether descriptions that normally are nonrigid may have a rigid interpretation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kjema (talk • contribs) 21:27, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Another interpretation
Perhaps what he meant was that terms like "the holy roman empire" (with "the" at the beginning) could count as proper names, and not as descriptions (see the 1st lecture of naming and necessity)

 * that works for your example because 'the holy roman empire' is a name, but not for 'the 1st Chancellor of the German Empire', which is clearly a description. Nortexoid 23:02, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Descriptions
They're useful for reference fixing and initial baptisms -- e.g. "This baby boy who I am pointing at who is the son of so and so is named John". Nortexoid 02:47, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Present criticisms
The article seems to do a good job at presenting Kripke's positive views. However, like anything else, his views have been criticized. Philopshers of science have argued for example the Water is NOT necessarily H20 is all possible worlds. Followers of Wittgenstein, I get the impression, do not accept Kripke's views. I think both Ayer and Quine are anti-essentialists too. Perhaps the article can provide criticism of Kripk'e views.

Some of the classical criticism should also be mentioned. Like Quine's accusation that the notion of rigidity is circular, the suggestion that our intuitions about the way names affect truth value can be accounted for as a scope phenomenon, and Gareth Evans' refusal to distinguish between rigid designation and reference.

David Miller also criticised Kripke's distinction between rigid and non-rigid designators in "What's in a Numeral", he claimed that the distinction between rigid and non-rigid designators is either circular or question begging. 155.192.180.10 (talk) 14:23, 29 October 2017 (UTC)

Obstinate vs persistent rigidity
I think it might be a good idea to remove the distinction between persistently and obstinately rigid designators from the introduction, and present i later instead. It looks like it is uncontroversial that there are any obstinately rigid designators, which it isn't.

Vivid designator
Mostly because I wanted to know more about it, I created a page of the term vivid designator. I am hoping for some help with it, or some additional information on it. Since the terms are so closely related, I thought I'd mention it here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fan Singh Long (talk • contribs) 09:09, 5 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rigid designator


text:
Grant Gillon

Grant Gillon is a former New Zealand politician. He was a member of parliament between 1996 and 2002, representing the Alliance Party, has held a number of seats in local government. He previously served on the Devonport-Takapuna Local Board representing Shore Action.

He is a former senior lecturer in paramedicine and emergency management at the Auckland University of Technology.

Political career
Gillon's political career began when he joined the Democratic Party. In 1991, the Democratic party joined the Alliance as one of the four founding parties. In the, Gillon stood in the electorate and came third.

Gillon was elected to Parliament as an Alliance list MP in the 1996 election, having been ranked in eleventh place on the party list. He was re-elected to Parliament in the 1999 election. While an MP, Gillon was a Government Whip, Deputy Chair of the Government Administration Select Committee, members of the MMP Review Committee, a member of the Privileges, Officers of Parliament, Standing Orders, Members' Services, Business, Parliamentary Services, Legislative, Cabinet and other parliamentary committees.

In 2001, Gillon became leader of the Democratic Party, replacing John Wright.

When the Alliance collapsed in 2002, Gillon and the Democratic Party joined Jim Anderton's breakaway party, the Progressive Coalition. In the 2002 election, Gillon was ranked third on the Progressive Coalition list, behind Jim Anderton and Matt Robson. Gillon resigned as leader and left the party altogether and moved to the Progressive Coalition after the Democratic Party members voted to leave the Progressive Coalition. Gillon became President of the Progressive Coalition until he stood down in 2007.

He has served as the North Shore City Councillor (representing the Harbour Ward and Chair of the Strategy and Finance Committee) and Birkenhead/Northcote Community Board member, elected to both the City Council and Community Board.

Gillon is a past chief executive officer for the ISEA union for teachers and past member of the board of directors of the state-owned enterprise AsureQuality.

Gillon has also worked as a dairy farmer, senior fire officer, and an entrepreneur in light manufacturing, printing, educational resource and publishing. As of 2017 he managed the Esplanade Hotel on Auckland's North Shore.

During the 2016 Auckland elections, Gillon ran for the North Shore ward of the Auckland Council and missed out on a seat by 128 votes. He was re-elected to the Devonport-Takapuna Local Board as its chair.

He tried to win election to Auckland Council under the More for the Shore banner in the 2019 local body elections but was unsuccessful, being defeated by the two incumbent councillors.

Publishing
Gillon's published works include: He has also contributed chapters to other works, including:
 * United to Protect: An Historical Account of the Auckland Fire Brigade, 1848–1985
 * Where There's Smoke, an exposé of insurance evasion in relation to The Fire Service
 * New Zealand Government and Politics, chapters with Ray Miller on the role of an MP
 * The Baubles of Office: The New Zealand General Election of 2005, a chapter on The Progressives

Personal
Gillon and his family have been long-term residents of the North Shore. Gillon also performs community work and previously a trustee of the Birkenhead Licensing Trust, Northart, Birkenhead-Northcote Glenfield Community Trust and other community organisations.

His daughter, Paula, is also active in Auckland local body politics; having been elected in 2001 to the North Shore City Council two weeks after reaching the required age of eighteen. Paula currently serves on the Kaipatiki Local Board and the Birkenhead Licensing Trust. Grant Gillon's eldest son, John, serves as Chair of the Kaipatiki Local Board.

Gillon has a master's degree in Public Policy, and a PhD in Public Policy from Massey University. Along with Marilyn Waring, he supervised former minister George Gair's master's thesis at Auckland University of Technology in 2010.

title: Grant Gillon


text:
User talk:Ank (usurped)

Welcome!

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Request for usurpation
Hello, Ank. A request has been made at Changing username/Usurpations to usurp, or "take over", your username because another user would like to use it to edit. The changing username guideline allows a username that is not being actively used to be usurped if the user is given an opportunity to object and does not do so.

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Thank you for your time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ank99 (talk • contribs) 16:41, 4 October 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ank (usurped)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pup Named Charlie

Pup Named Charlie
I think this is a hoax. --jpgordon {gab} 04:39, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * With nothing even remotely matching on IMDb, I think you're right. Delete. Ian Pugh 05:10, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Doesn't exist. Interesting hoax, though! ClockworkTroll 05:11, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete; self-defensive hoax. Eventually hoaxers are going to find much better formulas, and we'll have to develop much better defenses; a bit like the history of codes and code-breaking. — Bill 12:40, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as hoax. GRider 21:26, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Bogus. -R. S. Shaw 22:43, 2004 Oct 19 (UTC)
 * Delete unless an external link is added which verifies its existence. (See RickK, I vote delete sometimes) anthony (see warning) 23:26, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. alleged is a classic "weasel word". --Ianb 23:20, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Where is the text?  This is not a speedy delete is it?  Then why is there still an entry on vfd, when the article is blanked?  I remember the recent Terry Teene discussion, where his entry was deleted despite being nominated to the Rock and Roll hall of fame, and his having written and performed more songs than Madonna... simply because there was 'no mention of him on the web'... though his albums are still fetching 10 times their original retail value in good condition, and one of his songs being played every Hallowe'en by Dr. Demento.  I'd like a chance to see the article before I vote.  That's The Way We Do Things Here, right?Pedant 01:01, 2004 Oct 24 (UTC)
 * Amen The bellman 08:43, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * You're both correct. However, this is non-existent and is therefore a speedy candidate.  Admins, can one of you please repost the text here in the discuaasion?  Frankly, I'm curious and these bogus articles couched as fact worry me.  I vote delete no matter what. - Lucky 6.9 05:32, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Mechanical splice

A mechanical splice is a junction of two or more optical fibers that are aligned and held in place by a self-contained assembly (usually the size of a large carpenter's nail). The fibers are not permanently joined, just precisely held together so that light can pass from one to another. This impermanence is an important advantage over fusion splicing, as splice loss, the amount of power that the splice fails to transmit, can be better measured and prevented.

Designs and variations
There are several designs in use for mechanical splicing, varying based on the method of fiber alignment; four common methods, according to the Fiber Optic Association, are the capillary tube, V-groove, elastometric, and rotary splice.
 * A capillary tube splice aligns the optical fibers inside of a glass tube, connecting them with a simple adhesive that matches the refractive index of the fibers. This setup allows for manual adjustments and is often a component in the more complex rotary splice.
 * A V-groove plate can accommodate multiple fibers simultaneously, holding the individual fibers in separated grooves on the plate that maintain alignment. This method is popular for its simplicity and long-term effectiveness.
 * An elastometric splice is similar to the V-groove in that it uses lined plates to keep the fibers aligned, but it uses a soft elastomer polymer rather than a harder material like a metal plate. The softer material allows a variety of fibers with different diameters to be used.
 * A rotary splice is a more costly and complex connector which uses rotating glass ferrules to minimize splice loss. This is largely considered unpopular due to the increased amount of labor involved, as maintaining minimal splice loss requires frequent manual adjustment.

Other than the method of alignment, all forms of optical fiber splicing, including non-mechanical fusion splicing, involve an essentially identical process of cleaving and testing. Good cleaving, by creating a flat surface for fibers to be aligned and connected on, reduces splice loss in all forms of optical fiber splicing.

title: Mechanical splice


text:
Talk:Superliner (passenger ship)

Definition
The definition here is not self-consistent - there must be over a hundred passenger ships today topping 10,000 tons currently, and maybe a dozen over 100,000 tons. So I think it would be more secure to say a "superliner" is one significantly larger than the average for the time, and that it is more of a marketing term than a technical one. Stan 04:40, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * True, but very few passenger ships today are liners. The term persisted right into the fifties to describe ships that were not all that large.--Nycto 05:00, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Debatable. Some people consider cruise ships to be liners. 204.52.215.107 (talk) 01:26, 19 December 2008 (UTC)
 * There is authority for the 10,000 ton definition (but not yet added here). Cruise ships are often referred to as cruise liners, but the ocean liner category is more restrictive. Many modern ocean liners also were built to serve as cruise ships, but most cruise ships are not ocean liners.  Kablammo (talk) 01:37, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Merge
I can't see this ever being much more than a dictionary definition, and it would benefit from the context of being merged into ocean liner. 82.3.242.144 (talk) 16:51, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
 * While we're at it, we might as well merge it into cruise ship, given that the newer ships are bigger. 204.52.215.107 (talk) 01:27, 19 December 2008 (UTC)
 * The 10,000 grt definition, although accurate, may well be archaic now. If the article is to be merged, it likely should be merged into Ocean liner.  But the merger discussion should be centralized in one place; a section should be started there (this section would do); and the templates should all link directly to that one section, rather than to each individual page.  I have removed the merge templates as they are old; if they are readded please link them to one talk page only.  Kablammo (talk) 01:34, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Superliner (passenger ship)


text:
Gavin Rae

Gavin Paul Rae (born 28 November 1977) is a Scottish professional football manager and former player who played as a midfielder. He was recently the head coach of National Premier Leagues NSW club Hakoah Sydney City East FC.

Rae started his playing career with Dundee, making over 200 league appearances for the club. He moved to Rangers in January 2004, but struggled to hold down a regular place in their team due to injury. He moved to Cardiff City in 2007 and featured regularly in the team that reached the 2008 FA Cup final. Rae left Cardiff in 2011 and had spells later in his career with Dundee and Aberdeen. He also won 14 caps for Scotland between 2001 and 2009.

Dundee
Rae was born in Aberdeen. His first club was Dundee. In total he made 223 games for the club scoring 26 goals in a period of eight years. In November 1999 he memorably scored a last minute winner to beat future club Rangers at Ibrox.

Rae stuck with the club during the bad financial days during the 2003–2004 season when Dundee hit administration until he was sold to Rangers for £250,000 in January 2004.

Rangers
Rae made his debut for Rangers on 3 January 2004 against Celtic but only lasted 30 minutes due to a hamstring injury. After recovering, he managed to score his first goal against Dundee, his former club. However, he suffered another injury, damaging his knee against Dundee United on 24 April 2004. His road to recovery was hit by several set-backs before he finally made his return to the Rangers first team on 18 February 2006 against Hibernian. He went on to make regular appearances in the Rangers team, particularly towards the end of the season with fellow midfielder Barry Ferguson requiring an operation due to a long running leg injury.

In the 2006–07 season, Rae was given the captaincy in a number of games when Barry Ferguson was not playing. On 1 January 2007 he was announced as permanent captain after Ferguson's meeting with Paul Le Guen, which saw Ferguson stripped of the captaincy and removed from the squad. On 4 January 2007 Le Guen resigned from the managerial position at Rangers and new manager Walter Smith re-appointed Ferguson as club captain. He was offered a new deal at the club by Smith but he decided it would be better for him to attempt to find first team football. Rae left Rangers as a free agent at the end of the 2006–07 season when his contract expired.

On 21 May 2007 he was linked with a move to Hearts with his former teammate at Rangers, Stephen Hughes but the move did not come to fruition.

Cardiff City
Rae was watched by several sides from England, Wales and Scotland and came very close to joining Football League Championship side Norwich City but instead on 23 June 2007 he joined Championship side Cardiff City along with fellow Scotsman Steven MacLean on a free transfer. On 26 June 2007 he was quoted in an interview saying "Believe me, I am coming to Cardiff fully fit and fully committed. I am fired up to make the most of this chance".

On his arrival Rae found himself in first team action from the start of the season due to a long-term injury to Riccardo Scimeca and also took over the captaincy for the 2–1 home win against Burnley with Darren Purse starting the match on the bench, Scimeca injured and Stephen McPhail dropped from the side and he scored his first goal for the Bluebirds not long after on 15 September in a 2–1 victory over Plymouth Argyle. He went on to make a total of 55 appearances in all competitions in his first year, more than any other player at the club including playing in all 6 matches during the clubs run to the FA Cup Final.

The following season began badly for Rae when, after making just two appearances, he chipped a bone in his leg just below his knee during a 2–1 win over AFC Bournemouth in the League Cup. Rae was told that he could continue playing with the injury if he could withstand the pain, returning to the side after a month out. He went on to appear in 46 matches in all competitions for Cardiff, the second highest amount behind Roger Johnson.

Rae started the 2009–10 season on the bench but was handed his first appearance of the year after 45 minutes of the opening game with Joe Ledley suffering from an illness. With Ledley away on international duty, he was handed a start in a 3–1 win over Dagenham & Redbridge in the first round of the Football League Cup and scored the first goal of the game. He made his 400th club appearance in a 4–3 win over Sheffield United on 24 October 2009, coming on for Stephen McPhail, and made his 100th league appearance for Cardiff on 1 November 2009 against Nottingham Forest as a substitute. During a 4–4 draw with Peterborough United on 28 December 2009, Rae suffered a broken hand keeping him out for up to 4 weeks, but returned on 9 January 2010 against Blackpool after a remarkable recovery. On 9 April 2010, Rae was confirmed to be sidelined for the rest of the season after he suffered a ruptured tendon in his ankle. Having fallen out of favour at the start of the 2010–11 season following the arrivals of Danny Drinkwater and Seyi Olofinjana, Rae was allowed to open talks with Leeds United in August 2010 over a possible transfer. Rae left Cardiff later in the summer.

Return to Dundee
Aberdeen were interested in signing Rae, but on 14 October 2011, he signed a short-term deal with his former club Dundee. Rae scored against Morton in a 2–1 victory. On 26 November 2011, Rae scored a header against Falkirk as Dundee won 4–2. Rae also scored against Kilmarnock in a fourth round Scottish Cup Replay with Dundee losing out 2–1.

Aberdeen
On 30 January 2012, Rae signed for his home town club Aberdeen. He scored his first goal for the club in the Scottish League Cup against Greenock Morton, and his first league goal for Aberdeen on 23 September 2012 playing against Motherwell. He then went on to score goals against Hibs and Kilmarnock. Rae left Aberdeen at the end of the 2012–13 season, as his contract was not renewed.

Third spell at Dundee
On 6 June 2013, Rae once again joined Dundee, this time as a player/coach. He scored his first goal in this spell in a 4–1 win against Dumbarton on 12 October 2013. He decided to leave the club after gaining promotion to the Scottish Premiership in May 2014 and subsequently retired.

Hakoah Sydney City East FC
In September 2014, Rae moved to Australia and signed with National Premier Leagues NSW club Hakoah Sydney City East FC.

Hakoah Sydney City East FC
Rae became Hakoah's head coach in January 2018 while still registered as a player. He retired as a player later that year.

Rydalmere Lions FC
Rae was appointed Rydalmere Lions manager in September 2019. He and his assistant Neil Jablonski left the club in August 2021.

International career
Rae was still at Dundee when he gained international recognition, winning his first cap for Scotland in 2001 against Poland. On 24 March 2008 he received his first call-up to the squad for two years, and also his first while at Cardiff. He came on as a substitute at half-time during a 1–1 draw with Croatia. Rae was once again called up to replace the suspended James McFadden in a 2010 World Cup qualifier against Holland on 9 September 2009.

Other ventures
Along with Curtis Davies and Chris Burke, Rae co-founded and was a director of the clothing company Seven One Zero, which was voluntarily dissolved in 2018.

Player
Dundee
 * Scottish Championship (2): 1997–98, 2013–14
 * Scottish Cup runners-up: 2002–03

Cardiff City
 * FA Cup runners-up: 2007–08

Scotland
 * Kirin Cup (1): 2006

Manager
Hakoah Sydney City East
 * Waratah Cup (1): 2017
 * runners-up: 2018

Rydalmere Lions
 * NPL NSW Three Championship: 2020
 * NPL NSW Three Premiers: 2020

title: Gavin Rae


text:
Kirishitan

The Japanese term Kirishitan (吉利支丹, 切支丹, キリシタン, きりしたん), from Portuguese cristão (cf. Kristang), meaning "Christian", referred to Catholic Christians in Japanese and is used in Japanese texts as a historiographic term for Catholics in Japan in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Modern Japanese has several words for "Christian", of which the most common are the noun form kirisuto-kyōto キリスト教徒, and also kurisuchan クリスチャン. The Japanese word kirishitan キリシタン is used primarily in Japanese texts for the early history of Roman Catholicism in Japan, or in relation to Kakure Kirishitan, hidden Christians. However, English sources on histories of Japan generally use the term "Christian" without distinction.

Christian missionaries were known as bateren (from the Portuguese word padre, "father" or "priest") or iruman (from the Portuguese irmão, "brother"). Both the transcriptions 切支丹 and 鬼利死丹 came into use during the Edo Period when Christianity was a forbidden religion.

Portuguese ships began arriving in Japan in 1543, with Catholic missionary activities in Japan beginning in earnest around 1549, mainly by Portuguese-sponsored Jesuits until Spanish-sponsored mendicant orders, such as the Franciscans and Dominicans, gained access to Japan. No Western women came to Japan. Of the 95 Jesuits who worked in Japan up to 1600, 57 were Portuguese, 20 were Spaniards and 18 Italian. Francis Xavier, Cosme de Torres (a Jesuit priest), and João Fernandes were the first to arrive to Kagoshima with hopes to bring Christianity and Catholicism to Japan. At its height, Japan is estimated to have had around 300,000 Christians. Catholicism was subsequently repressed in several parts of the country and ceased to exist publicly in the 17th century.

Line of demarcations between Portugal and Spain
Religion was an integral part of the state and evangelization was seen as having both secular and spiritual benefits for both Portugal and Spain. Indeed, Pope Alexander VI's Bulls of Donation (1493) commanded the Catholic Monarchs to take such steps. Wherever Spain and Portugal attempted to expand their territories or influence, missionaries would soon follow. By the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), the two powers divided the world between them into exclusive spheres of influence, trade and colonization. Although, at the time of the demarcation, neither nation had any direct contact with Japan, that nation fell into the sphere of the Portuguese.

The countries disputed the allocation of Japan. Since neither could colonize it, the exclusive right to propagate Christianity in Japan meant the exclusive right to trade with Japan. Portuguese-sponsored Jesuits under Alessandro Valignano took the lead in proselytizing in Japan over the objection of the Spaniards, starting in 1579. The fait accompli was approved in Pope Gregory XIII's papal bull of 1575, which decided that Japan belonged to the Portuguese Diocese of Macau. In 1588, the diocese of Funai (Nagasaki) was founded under Portuguese protection.

In rivalry with the Jesuits, Spanish-sponsored mendicant orders entered into Japan via Manila. In addition to criticizing Jesuit activities, they actively lobbied the Pope. Their campaigns resulted in Pope Clement VIII's decree of 1600, which allowed Spanish friars to enter Japan via the Portuguese Indies, and Pope Paul V's decree of 1608, which abolished the restrictions on the route. The Portuguese accused Spanish Jesuits of working for their homeland instead of their religion. The power struggle between Jesuits and mendicant orders caused a schism within the diocese of Funai. Furthermore, mendicant orders tried in vain to establish a diocese on the Tōhoku region that was to be independent from the Portuguese one.

The Roman Catholic world order was challenged by the Netherlands and England. Its principle was repudiated by Grotius's Mare Liberum. In the early 17th century, Japan built trade relations with the Netherlands and England. Although England withdrew from the operations within ten years under James I due to a lack of profitability, the Netherlands continued to trade with Japan and became the only European country that maintained trade relations with Japan until the 19th century. As trade competitors, the Protestant countries engaged in a campaign against Catholicism, and this subsequently adversely affected shogunate policies toward the Iberian kingdoms.

Portugal's and Spain's colonial policies were also challenged by the Roman Catholic Church itself. The Vatican founded the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide in 1622 and attempted to separate the churches from the influence of the Iberian kingdoms. However, it was too late for Japan. The organization failed to establish staging points in Japan.

Propagation strategy
The Jesuits believed that it was better to seek to influence people in power and then allow the religion to be passed downwards to the commoners later. They tried to avoid suspicion by not preaching to the commoners without permission from the local rulers to propagate Catholicism within their domains. As a result, several daimyō became Christians, soon to be followed by many of their subjects as the Dominicans and Augustinians were able to begin preaching to the commoners. After the edict banning Christianity, there were communities that kept practicing Catholicism without having any contact with the Church until missionaries were able to return much later.

When Xavier disembarked in Kagoshima, the principal chiefs of the two branches of the Shimazu family, Sanehisa and Katsuhisa, were warring for the sovereignty of their lands. Katsuhisa adopted Shimazu Takahisa who in 1542 was accepted as head of the clan having previously received the Portuguese merchants on Tanegashima Island, learning about the use of firearms. Later, he met Xavier himself at the castle of Uchiujijo and permitted the conversion of his vassals.

Having a religious background, Takahisa showed himself to be benevolent and already allowed freedom of worship but not helping the missionaries nor favoring their church. Failing to find a way to the centre of affairs, the court of the Emperor, Xavier soon tired and left to Yamaguchi thus beginning the Yamaguchi period. Xavier stayed in Yamaguchi for two months on his way to an abortive audience with the Emperor in Kyoto. Yamaguchi was already a prosperous and refined city and its leaders, the Ōuchi family, were aware that Xavier's journey to Japan had begun after the completion of his mission in India.

They took Catholicism for some sort of new sect of Buddhism and were curious to know of the priest's doctrine. Tolerant but shrewd, their eyes less on baptism than the Portuguese cargoes from Macao, they granted the Jesuit permission to preach. The uncompromising Xavier took to the streets of the city denouncing, among other things, infanticide, idolatry and homosexuality.

Christian books were published in Japanese from the 1590s on, some with more than one thousand copies, and from 1601 a printing press was established under the supervision of Soin Goto Thomas, a citizen of Nagasaki, with thirty Japanese working full-time at the press. Liturgical calendars were also printed after 1592 until at least 1634. Christian solidarity made possible missionary mail delivery throughout the country until the end of the 1620s.

Early Christian community
Different groups of laymen supported Christian life in the Japanese mission, e.g., dōjuku, kanbō and jihiyakusha helped the clergymen in activities like the celebration of Sunday liturgy in the absence of ordained clergy, religious education, preparation of confessions, and spiritual support of the sick. By the end of the 16th century kanbō and jihiyakusha had similar responsibilities and also organized funerals and baptized children with permission to baptize from Rome. The kanbō were those who had left secular life but not taken formal vows, while the jihiyakusha were married and had a profession.

These groups were fundamental to the mission, and themselves depended on both the ecclesiastical hierarchy as well as the warlords who controlled the lands where they lived. Therefore, the success of the Japanese mission cannot be explained only as the result of the action of a brilliant group of missionaries, or of the commercial and political interests of a few daimyōs and traders.

At the same time the missionaries faced the hostility of many other daimyōs. Christianity challenged Japanese civilization. A militant lay community, the main reason for missionary success in Japan, was also the main reason for the anti-Christian policy of the Tokugawa's bakufu.

Economic activities
The Jesuits in Japan had to maintain economic self-sufficiency because they could not expect stable and sufficient payment from their patron, the King of Portugal, but the king allowed the Jesuits to engage in trade with Japan. Such economic activity can be found in the work of Francis Xavier, the pioneer of Catholic missions in Japan, who covered the cost of missionary work through merchant trading. From the 1550s to the 1570s, the Jesuits covered all necessary expenses with trade profits and bought land in India.

Their officially recognized commercial activity was a fixed-amount entry into the Portuguese silk trade between Macau and Nagasaki. They financed to a certain amount the trade association in Macau, which purchased raw silk in Canton and sold it in Nagasaki. They did not confine their commercial activity to the official silk market but expanded into unauthorized markets. For the Macau-Nagasaki trade, they dealt in silk fabrics, gold, musk and other goods including military supplies and slavery. Sometimes, they even got involved in Spanish trade, prohibited by the kings of Spain and Portugal, and antagonizing the Portuguese traders.

It was mainly procurators who brokered Portuguese trade. They resided in Macau and Nagasaki, and accepted purchase commitments by Japanese customers such as the shogunate daimyō and wealthy merchants. By brokerage, the Jesuits could expect not only rebates but also favorable treatment from the authorities. For this reason, the office of procurator became an important post amongst the Jesuits in Japan. Although trade activities by the Jesuits ate into Portuguese trade interests, procurators continued their brokerage utilizing the authority of the Catholic Church. At the same time, Portuguese merchants required the assistance of procurators who were familiar with Japanese customs, since they established no permanent trading post in Japan. Probably the most notable procurator was João Rodrigues, who approached Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu and even participated in the administration of Nagasaki.

Such commercial activities were contrary to the idea of honorable poverty that the priests held. But some Jesuits at this time placed the expansion of the society's influence before this ideal. Mendicant orders fiercely accused the Jesuits of being corrupt and even considered their activity as the primary reason for Japan's ban on Catholicism. Mendicant orders themselves were not necessarily uninvolved in commercial activities.

Military activities
Missionaries were not reluctant to take military action if they considered it an effective way to Christianize Japan. They often associated military action against Japan with the conquest of China. They thought that well-trained Japanese soldiers who had experienced long civil wars would help their countries conquer China. For example, Alessandro Valignano said to the Philippine Governor that it was impossible to conquer Japan because the Japanese were very brave and always received military training but that Japan would benefit them when they would conquer China. Francisco Cabral also reported to the King of Spain that priests were able to send to China two or three thousand Japanese Christian soldiers who were brave and were expected to serve the king with little pay.

The Jesuits provided various kinds of support including military support to Kirishitan daimyōs when they were threatened by non-Kirishitan daimyōs. Most notable was their support of Ōmura Sumitada and Arima Harunobu, who fought against the anti-Catholic Ryuzoji clan. In the 1580s, Valignano believed in the effectiveness of military action and fortified Nagasaki and Mogi. In 1585, Gaspar Coelho asked the Spanish Philippines to send a fleet but the plan was rejected due to the shortness of its military capability. Christians Arima Harunobu and Paulo Okamoto were named as principals in an assassination plot to murder the magistrate in charge of the Shogunate's most important port city of Nagasaki.

Early policy toward Catholicism
When the Jesuit priest Francis Xavier arrived, Japan was experiencing a nationwide civil war. Neither the emperor nor the Ashikaga shogun could exercise power over the nation. At first, Xavier planned to gain permission for building a mission from the emperor but was disappointed with the devastation of the imperial residence. The Jesuits approached daimyōs in southwestern Japan and succeeded in converting some of these daimyōs. One reason for their conversion may have been the Portuguese trade in which the Jesuits acted as brokers. The Jesuits recognized this and approached local rulers with offers of trade and exotic gifts.

The Jesuits attempted to expand their activity to Kyoto and the surrounding regions. In 1559, Gaspar Vilela obtained permission from Ashikaga Yoshiteru to teach Christianity. This license was the same as those given to Buddhist temples, so special treatment cannot be confirmed regarding the Jesuits. On the other hand, Emperor Ōgimachi issued edicts to ban Catholicism in 1565 and 1568. The orders of the Emperor and the Shogun made little difference.

Christians refer positively to Oda Nobunaga, who died in the middle of the unification of Japan. He favored the Jesuit missionary Luís Fróis and generally tolerated Christianity. But overall, he undertook no remarkable policies toward Catholicism. Actually, Catholic power in his domain was trivial because he did not conquer western Japan, where the Jesuits were based. By 1579, at the height of missionary activity, there were about 130,000 converts.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the Christian daimyōs

The situation was changed when Toyotomi Hideyoshi reunified Japan. Once he became the ruler of Japan, Hideyoshi began to pay attention to external threats, particularly the expansion of European power in East Asia. The turning point for Catholic missions was the San Felipe incident, where in an attempt to recover his cargo, the Spanish captain of a shipwrecked trading vessel claimed that the missionaries were there to prepare Japan for conquest. These claims made Hideyoshi suspicious of the foreign religion. He attempted to curb Catholicism while maintaining good trading relations with Portugal and Spain, which might have provided military support to Dom Justo Takayama, a Christian daimyō in western Japan. Many daimyōs converted to Christianity in order to gain more favorable access to saltpeter, used to make gunpowder. Between 1553 and 1620, eighty-six daimyōs were officially baptized, and many more were sympathetic to the Christians.

By 1587, Hideyoshi had become alarmed by reports that Christian lords oversaw forced conversions of retainers and commoners, that they had garrisoned the city of Nagasaki, that they participated in the slave trade of other Japanese and, apparently offending Hideyoshi's Buddhist sentiments, that they allowed the slaughter of horses and oxen for food. After his invasion of Kyushu, Hideyoshi Toyotomi promulgated the Purge Directive Order to the Jesuits (バテレン追放令) on July 24, 1587. It consists of 11 articles: "No. 10. Do not sell Japanese people to the Nanban (Portuguese)." Among the contents were a ban on missionaries. The Jesuits in Nagasaki considered armed resistance, but the plans did not come to fruition. Led by Coelho, they sought help from Kirishitan daimyōs, but the daimyōs refused. Then they called for a deployment of reinforcements from their homeland and its colonies, but this plan was abolished by Valignano. Like the Kirishitan daimyōs, he realized that a military campaign against Japan's powerful ruler would bring catastrophe to Catholicism in Japan. Valignano survived the crisis by laying all the blame on Coelho, and in 1590, the Jesuits decided to stop intervening in the struggles between the daimyōs and to disarm themselves. They only gave secret shipments of food and financial aid to Kirishitan daimyōs.

However, the 1587 decree was not particularly enforced. In contrast to the Jesuits, the Dominicans, Franciscans, and Augustinians were openly preaching to the common peoples; this caused Hideyoshi to become concerned that commoners with divided loyalties might lead to dangerous rebels like the Ikkō-ikki sect of earlier years; this led to Hideyoshi putting the 26 Martyrs of Japan followers to death in 1597 on his order. After Hideyoshi died in 1598, amidst the chaos of succession there was less of a focus on persecuting Christians.

Expansion
By the end of the 16th century, the Japanese mission had become the largest overseas Christian community that was not under the rule of a European power. Its uniqueness was emphasized by Alessandro Valignano since 1582, who promoted a deeper accommodation of Japanese culture. Japan was then the sole overseas country in which all members of those confraternities were locals, as was the case with Christian missions in Mexico, Peru, Brazil, the Philippines, or India, in spite of the presence of a colonial elite.

Most Japanese Christians lived in Kyushu, but Christianization was not a regional phenomenon and had a national impact. By the end of the 16th century it was possible to find baptized people in virtually every province of Japan, many of them organized in communities. On the eve of the Sekigahara battle, fifteen daimyōs were baptized, and their domains stretched from Hyūga in Southeast Kyushu to Dewa in North Honshū. Hundreds of churches had been built throughout Japan.

Accepted on a national scale, Christianity was also successful among different social groups from the poor to the rich, peasants, traders, sailors, warriors, or courtesans. Most of the daily activities of the Church were done by Japanese from the beginning, giving the Japanese Church a native face, and this was one of the reasons for its success. By 1590, there were seventy native brothers in Japan, fully one half of Jesuits in Japan, and fifteen percent of all Jesuits who were working in Asia.

In June 1592, Hideyoshi invaded Korea; among his leading generals was Christian daimyō Konishi Yukinaga. The actions of his forces in the massacre and enslavement of many of the Korean people were indistinguishable from the non-Christian Japanese forces that participated in the invasion. After Konishi's loss in the battle of Sekigahara, Konishi would base his refusal to commit seppuku on his Christian beliefs; instead of taking his own life, he chose capture and execution.

The 1592 war between Japan and Korea also provided Westerners with a rare opportunity to visit Korea. Under orders of Gomaz, the Jesuit Gregorious de Cespedes arrived in Korea with a Japanese monk for the purpose of administering to the Japanese troops. He stayed there for approximately 18 months, until April or May 1595, thus being on record as the first European missionary to visit the Korean peninsula, but was unable to make any inroads. The Annual Letters of Japan made a substantial contribution to the introduction of Korea to Europe, Francis Xavier having crossed paths with Korean envoys dispatched to Japan during 1550 and 1551.

The Japanese missions were economically self-sufficient. Nagasaki's misericórdias became rich and powerful institutions which every year received large donations. The brotherhood grew in numbers to over 100 by 1585 and 150 in 1609. Controlled by the elite of Nagasaki, and not by Portuguese, it had two hospitals (one for lepers) and a large church. By 1606, there already existed a feminine religious order called Miyako no Bikuni ("nuns of Kyoto") which accepted Korean converts such as Marina Pak, baptized in Nagasaki. Nagasaki was called "the Rome of Japan" and most of its inhabitants were Christians. By 1611, it had ten churches and was divided into eight parishes including a specifically Korean order.

Tokugawa response
Following Toyotomi Hideyoshi's death in 1598, Tokugawa Ieyasu assumed power over Japan in 1600. Like Toyotomi Hideyoshi, he disliked Christian activities in Japan but gave priority to trade with Portugal and Spain. He secured Portuguese trade in 1600. He negotiated with Manila to establish trade with the Philippines. The trade promotion made his policies toward Catholicism inconsistent. At the same time, in an attempt to wrest control of the Japan trade from the Catholic countries, Dutch and English traders advised the Shogunate that Spain did indeed have territorial ambitions, and that Catholicism was Spain's principal means. The Dutch and English promised, in distinction, that they would limit themselves to trading and would not conduct missionary activities in Japan.

It seems that the Jesuits realized that the Tokugawa shogunate was much stronger and more stable than Toyotomi Hideyoshi's administration, yet the mendicant orders discussed military options relatively openly. In 1615, a Franciscan emissary of the Viceroy of New Spain asked the shogun for land to build a Spanish fortress and this deepened Japan's suspicion against Catholicism and the Iberian colonial powers behind it. The Jesuits and the Mendicant Orders kept a lasting rivalry over the Japanese mission and attached to different imperial strategies.

Early persecution
The Tokugawa shogunate finally decided to ban Catholicism. The statement on the "Expulsion of all missionaries from Japan", drafted by Zen monk Konchiin Suden (1563–1633) and issued in 1614 under the name of second shogun Hidetada (ruled 1605–1623), was considered the first official statement of a comprehensive control of Kirishitan. It claimed that the Christians were bringing disorder to Japanese society and that their followers "contravene governmental regulations, traduce Shinto, calumniate the True Law, destroy regulations, and corrupt goodness". It was fully implemented and canonized as one of the fundamental Tokugawan laws. In the same year, the bakufu required all subjects of all domains to register at their local Buddhist temple; this would become an annual requirement in 1666, cementing the Buddhist temples as an instrument of state control.

The immediate cause of the prohibition was the Okamoto Daihachi incident, a case of fraud involving Ieyasu's Catholic vavasor, but there were also other reasons behind it. The shogunate was concerned about a possible invasion by the Iberian colonial powers, which had previously occurred in the New World and the Philippines. Domestically, the ban was closely related to measures against the Toyotomi clan. The Buddhist ecclesiastical establishment was made responsible for verifying that a person was not a Christian through what became known as the "temple guarantee system" (terauke seido). By the 1630s, people were being required to produce a certificate of affiliation with a Buddhist temple as proof of religious orthodoxy, social acceptability and loyalty to the regime.

In the mid-17th century, the shogunate demanded the expulsion of all European missionaries and the execution of all converts. This marked the end of open Christianity in Japan. The bakufu erected bulletin boards nationwide at crossroads and bridges; among the many proscriptions listed on these boards were strict warnings against Christianity.

The systematic persecution beginning in 1614 faced stiff resistance from Christians, despite the departure of more than half the clergy. Once again, the main reason for this resistance was not the presence of a few priests but rather the self-organization of many communities. Forced to secrecy, and having a small number of clergymen working underground, the Japanese Church was able to recruit leadership from among lay members. Japanese children caused admiration among the Portuguese and seem to have participated actively in the resistance. Nagasaki remained a Christian city in the first decades of the 17th century and during the general persecutions other confraternities were founded in Shimabara, Kinai and Franciscans in Edo.

The number of active Christians is estimated to have been around 200,000 in 1582. There were likely around 1,000 known martyrs during the missionary period. In contrast, Christians attach a great importance to martyrdom and persecution, noting that countless more people were dispossessed of their land and property leading to their subsequent death in poverty.

The Japanese government used fumi-e to reveal practicing Catholics and sympathizers. Fumi-e were pictures of the Virgin Mary or Christ. People reluctant to step on the pictures were identified as Christian and taken to Nagasaki. If they refused to renounce their religion, they were tortured; those who still refused were executed.

Later persecution
The Shimabara Rebellion, led by a young Christian man named Amakusa Shirō Tokisada, took place against the shogunate in 1637. The rebellion broke out over economic desperation and government oppression but later assumed a religious tone. About 27,000 people joined the uprising, but it was crushed by the shogunate after a sustained campaign. The reigning shogun, Tokugawa Iemitsu, who had issued the Sakoku Edict, restricting trade and effectively isolating Japan, two years earlier, came down hard on the Christians. Many Japanese were deported to Macau or to Spanish Philippines. Many Macanese and Japanese-Filipino Mestizos are the mixed-race descendants of the deported Japanese Catholics. About 400 were officially deported by the government to Macau and Manila, but thousands of Japanese were pressured into moving voluntarily. About 10,000 Macanese and 3,000 Japanese were moved to Manila.

The Catholic remnant in Japan were driven underground, and its members became known as the "Hidden Christians". Some priests remained in Japan illegally, including 18 Jesuits, seven Franciscans, seven Dominicans, one Augustinian, five seculars and an unknown number of Jesuit irmao and dojuku. Since this time corresponds to the Thirty Years' War between Catholics and Protestants in Germany, it is possible that the checking of Catholic power in Europe reduced the flow of funds to the Catholic missions in Japan, which could be why they failed at this time and not before. During the Edo period, the Kakure Kirishitans kept their faith. Biblical phrases or prayers were transferred orally from parent to child, and secret posts (mizukata) were assigned in their underground community to baptize their children, all while regional governments continuously operated fumi-e to expose Christians.

Rediscovery and return

Japan was forced to open to foreign interaction by Matthew Perry in 1853. It became possible for foreigners to live in Japan with the Harris Treaty in 1858. Many Christian clergymen were sent from Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox churches, though proselytizing was still banned. In 1865, some of the Japanese who lived in Urakami village near Nagasaki visited the new Ōura Church which had been built by the Paris Foreign Missions Society (Missions étrangères de Paris) barely a month before. A female member of the group spoke to a French priest, Bernard Petitjean, and confessed that their families had kept the Kirishitan faith. Those Kirishitan wanted to see the statue of St. Mary with their own eyes, and to confirm that the priest was single and truly came from the pope in Rome. After this interview, many Kirishitan thronged toward Petitjean. He investigated their underground organizations and discovered that they had kept the rite of baptism and the liturgical years without European priests for nearly 250 years. Petitjean's report surprised the Christian world; Pope Pius IX called it a miracle.

The Edo Shogunate's edicts banning Christianity were still on the books, however, and thus the religion continued to be persecuted up to 1867, the last year of its rule. Robert Bruce Van Valkenburgh, the American minister-resident in Japan, privately complained of this persecution to the Nagasaki magistrates, though little action was taken to stop it. The succeeding government under Emperor Meiji, who took over from the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868, initially continued in this vein and several thousand people were exiled (Urakami Yoban Kuzure). After Europe and the U.S. began to vocally criticize the persecution, the Japanese government realized that it needed to lift the ban in order to attain its interests. In 1873 the ban was lifted. Numerous exiles returned and began construction of the Urakami Cathedral, which was completed in 1895.

It was later revealed that tens of thousands of Kirishitan still survived in some regions near Nagasaki. Some officially returned to the Roman Catholic Church. Others remained apart from the Catholic Church and have stayed as Kakure Kirishitan, retaining their own traditional beliefs and their descendants asserting that they keep their ancestors' religion. However, it became difficult for them to keep their community and rituals, so they have converted to Buddhism or Shinto eventually. When John Paul II visited Nagasaki in 1981, he baptized some young people from Kakure Kirishitan families, a rare occurrence.

Christian view of Kirishitan history
Those who participated in the Shimabara Rebellion are not considered to be martyrs by the Catholic Church since they took up arms for materialistic reasons.

Drawn from the oral histories of Japanese Catholic communities, Shūsaku Endō's novel Silence provides detailed portrayals of the persecution of Christian communities and the suppression of the Church. The novel has two film adaptations, in 1971 and in 2016.

Kirishitan grave in Minamishimabara
A gravestone was discovered in Nishiarie-machi, Minamishimabara, Nagasaki in 1929. It is located in a seaside communal cemetery on the southern coast of the Shimabara Peninsula, overlooking Amakusa Sea to the south. It is a semi-cylindrical kamaboko shape with a total length of 1.21 meters, width of 0.56 meters, and height of 0.39 meters, made of sandstone from Amakusa, commonly known as "Amakusa stone". A cross is engraved on the top and front of the monument, and the back is engraved in Roman letters with the words "Hiri (Hori) Sakuemon Diego, 83 years old since birth, October 16, 1610, Keicho 15," making it the oldest inscription in Roman letters in Japan. Of the approximately known 150 Kirishitan gravestones in Japan, about 130 are on the Shimabara Peninsula, but after the Shimabara Rebellion, Shugendō became popular among the people who migrated to the peninsula, and many of the Kirishitan gravestones were spared destruction as they were believed by the newcomers to be graves of early mountain priests. The tombstone is now protected by a glass-walled structure, and was designated a National Historic Site for its importance in understanding the state of Christian missionary work in the early Edo period.

Kirishitan daimyōs

 * Ōmura Sumitada, first Christian feudal lord (1533–1587)
 * Ōmura Yoshiaki (1568–1615)
 * Arima Harunobu, Christian name Dom Protasio, Lord of Shimabara (1567–1612)
 * Arima Naozumi (1586–1641)
 * Kuroda Yoshitaka, Dom Simeao, a chief strategist of Hideyoshi's (1546–1604)
 * Kuroda Nagamasa (黒田 長政, December 3, 1568 – August 29, 1623)
 * Konishi Yukinaga, Dom Agostinho, chief member of Hideyoshi's field staff (1555–1600)
 * Dom Justo Takayama Ukon, daimyō of Akashi, chosen life of exile in Manila, Philippines (1552–1615)
 * Gamō Ujisato (1556–1595)
 * Ōtomo Sōrin (大友 宗麟) (1530–1587), also known as Fujiwara no Yoshishige (藤原 義鎮) and Ōtomo Yoshishige (大友 義鎮). Christian name Dom Francisco; referred to as the "King of Bungo" by the Jesuits
 * Ōtomo Yoshimune (大友 義統), Constantino
 * Ōtomo Chikaie (大友 親家), Dom Sebastin (1561–1641)
 * Ōtomo Chikamori (大友 親盛)
 * Oda Hidenobu, Christian name Peter (1580–1605)
 * Tsugaru Nobuhira (1586–1631)

Other

 * Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan
 * Paulo Miki (1563–1596)
 * Amano Motonobu
 * Petro Kasui Kibe (1587–1639)
 * Itō Mancio (伊東マンショ Itō Mansho),　伊東祐益 (1570–1612)
 * Julião Nakaura (中浦ジュリアン Nakaura Jurian)
 * Martinão Hara (原マルチノ Hara Maruchino)
 * Miguel Chijiwa (千々石ミゲル Chijiwa Migeru)
 * Akashi Takenori
 * Leonardo Kimura (1575-1619)
 * Hasekura Tsunenaga (支倉常長)
 * Murayama Tōan "Antonio" (村山等安) (d.1619)
 * Naitō Joan
 * Gohime Monica (Bizen no Gomoji), Hideyoshi' s daughter (1574–1634)
 * Hosokawa Gracia
 * Kyōgoku Maria
 * Amakusa Shirō
 * Julia Ota
 * Naitō Julia

title: Kirishitan


text:
User:Revenge

INTRO: My name is Daniel and I have mostly edited/created entries about various aspects of Melbourne and Victoria. My work in the Enrolment Branch at the Victorian Electoral Commission for six years had resulted in knowledge of various Victorian localities. I have also contributed to Australian Rock (eg. Regurgitator) articles.

Education

 * Bachelor of Commerce (Deakin University, Melbourne)
 * Bachelor of Laws (Deakin University, Melbourne)

History

 * Born in Prague, Czechoslovakia in 1980 but left in 1986.
 * Arrived in Melbourne, Australia 1987, resided in Elwood and Chadstone.
 * Graduated from Deakin University in 2005.
 * Admitted as an officer of the Supreme Court of Victoria in 2006.
 * Arrved in London, United Kingdom in 2006. Have since resided in Edgware, Streatham, Clapham North and Bermondsey, with some periods during that time back in Melbourne.

title: User:Revenge


text:
Category:Florida Marlins managers

See also
 * Miami Marlins managers

title: Category:Florida Marlins managers