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Mark DeRosa

Mark Thomas DeRosa (born February 26, 1975) is an American former professional baseball player who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1998 to 2013. He played for the Atlanta Braves (1998–2004), Texas Rangers (2005–2006), Chicago Cubs (2007–2008), Cleveland Indians (2009), St. Louis Cardinals (2009), San Francisco Giants (2010–2011), Washington Nationals (2012), and Toronto Blue Jays (2013). DeRosa primarily played third base and second base, but he started at every position other than center field, pitcher, and catcher. He currently works for MLB Network as a studio analyst. He managed the United States national team at the 2023 World Baseball Classic, leading them to a silver medal.

A Carlstadt, New Jersey, native, DeRosa attended the University of Pennsylvania, where he led the football team to consecutive Ivy League championships as their quarterback in 1994 and 1995. He also played baseball for the Quakers, and he chose to sign when the Braves selected him in the seventh round (212th overall) of the 1996 MLB draft. Originally a shortstop, DeRosa debuted with the Braves briefly in 1998. He gradually got more playing time over the next few seasons, especially after transitioning to a utility player in 2001. In 2004, the Braves tried using him as their starting third baseman, but he was benched in June after struggling. Not offered a contract after the season, he signed with the Rangers. After playing just 66 games with them in 2005, he became an everyday player in 2006, batting .296 and setting career highs in several offensive categories.

Prior to the 2007 season, DeRosa signed a three-year contract with the Cubs. He set a career high with 149 games played in 2007, then equaled that total in 2008, hitting over 20 home runs (21) for the first time in his career. DeRosa was traded to the Indians in 2009, then to the Cardinals in midseason. He hit a career-high 23 home runs but injured his left wrist during the year. Offseason surgery was unsuccessful, and left wrist issues severely limited his playing time with the Giants in 2010 and 2011. DeRosa appeared in 48 games with the Nationals in 2012, then hit his 100th career home run with the Blue Jays in 2013 before retiring after the season.

High school and college
DeRosa was born on February 26, 1975, in Passaic, New Jersey. His parents, father Jack and mother Mickey, were descended from Italian immigrants. Jack played college baseball as a pitcher for the Fairleigh Dickinson Knights, for whom he once threw a no hitter. Growing up in Carlstadt, New Jersey, a New York City suburb, Mark regularly watched the New York Yankees on television. His favorite player was Don Mattingly. His early playing experience came with Carlstadt's Little League team, which was sponsored by General Tire and coached by his father. He attended Bergen Catholic High School in Oradell, New Jersey, where he earned all-state honors in baseball and in football.

Offered football scholarships to the College of William & Mary as well as Rutgers University, DeRosa instead attended the University of Pennsylvania (Penn), preferring its academic reputation and the opportunity to play baseball as well. After redshirting as a freshman, he became the starting quarterback for the Quakers in 1994, leading them to an undefeated season and an Ivy League championship. He led them to another Ivy League championship in 1995. Passing for 3,895 yards and 25 touchdowns during his career, he became one of the top quarterbacks in school history.

Meanwhile, DeRosa played shortstop on the baseball team. In 1995, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Bourne Braves. Originally expected to be a reserve, he became the team's starting third baseman when Troy Glaus departed to play for a national team. Batting over .300, he was selected to the league's All-Star team. At Penn, DeRosa was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Drafted by the Atlanta Braves in the seventh round (212th overall) of the 1996 Major League Baseball (MLB) draft, DeRosa chose to forego participating in college sports as a senior to instead pursue a professional baseball career. However, he continued to take classes in management and marketing, graduating from Penn's Wharton School in 1997.

Brief callups (1998–2000)
DeRosa made his professional debut in 1996 with the Eugene Emeralds of the Class A short season Northwest League. Progressing through Atlanta's minor league system, he joined the Braves for the first time as a September callup in 1998. He made his MLB debut on September 2, pinch-hitting for Greg Maddux and striking out against Randy Johnson in a 4–1 loss to the Houston Astros. On September 20, he had his first MLB hit, a pinch-hit single against Vladimir Núñez in a 10–0 win over the Arizona Diamondbacks. He appeared in five games for the Braves in 1998, serving as a shortstop, pinch hitter, and pinch runner.

In 1999, DeRosa spent most of the season as the starting shortstop for the Class AAA Richmond Braves of the International League. From June 9 through July 1, he served as a pinch hitter for Atlanta, going hitless in eight at bats while Walt Weiss was on the disabled list (DL). He was called up again on May 5, 2000, when Weiss was again placed on the DL. On May 14, he recorded his only three RBI of the season with a pinch-hit, bases-loaded double against Trever Miller in an 11–2 win over the Philadelphia Phillies. After appearing in five games, he was sent back to Richmond on May 21 when Weiss returned from the DL. He was with Atlanta again from June 13 through 29 while Rafael Furcal was on the DL, then was called up for the remainder of the season in September. In 22 games (13 at bats) for Atlanta in 2000, he batted .308 with nine runs scored and four hits.

Filling in for Furcal (2001)
After starting 2001 with Richmond, DeRosa was recalled on June 1, replacing pitcher Chris Seelbach on Atlanta's roster. He filled in for Furcal for 10 games, batting .300 while Atlanta's starting shortstop recovered from a minor injury. Then, he took over the starting role again on July 6 after Furcal suffered a season-ending shoulder injury. On July 21, he hit his first major league home run, a 10th-inning walkoff one against Graeme Lloyd that gave the Braves a 2–1 victory over the Montreal Expos. DeRosa hit well, batting .342 with 14 RBIs, but defensively he committed five errors. Wanting a better defender with more experience, the Braves acquired Rey Sánchez to be their starting shortstop at the July 31 trade deadline. However, DeRosa started a few more games at shortstop that August when Sánchez was recovering from a left hamstring injury. In 66 games (164 at bats), DeRosa batted .287 with 47 hits, three home runs, and 24 RBI.

DeRosa was part of a playoff roster for the first time as the Braves won the National League (NL) East division. He had a single against Mike Williams Game 1 of the NL Division Series (NLDS), his only appearance of the series as the Braves swept the Astros in three games. In four games (four at bats) in the NL Championship Series (NLCS), he was hitless as the Braves were defeated by Arizona in five games.

Utility player (2002–2003)
In 2002, DeRosa began the year as a backup player for the Braves. He had started five games in a row at shortstop for the Braves from May 13 through 17 when, in the last of those, he tore a tendon sheath in his right ankle. The injury required surgery and kept him out until July 17. Upon his return, he split time with Keith Lockhart at second base, though he also saw occasional playing time at shortstop and in left field and right field. In 72 games (212 at bats), he batted .297 with 63 hits, five home runs, and 23 RBI. He returned to the playoffs as the Braves again won the NL East. Starting at second base in Game 2 of the NLDS against the San Francisco Giants, he had two hits and two RBI in a 7–3 victory. His pinch-hit RBI single against Aaron Fultz in Game 5 provided the only Atlanta run in a 3–1 defeat that eliminated the Braves from the playoffs.

Healthy all year in 2003, DeRosa again played a number of positions: every infield spot, as well as left field and designated hitter. Of his six home runs, four came in back-to-back games: May 28 and 30 against the Cincinnati Reds and New York Mets, and September 8 and 9 against Philadelphia. On July 17, he had a walkoff bases-loaded single in the ninth inning against John Franco, giving Atlanta a 3–2 win over the Mets. In the September 8 game, he started the scoring for the Braves with a two-run home run in the first inning, then scored the go-ahead run in the fifth inning of a 6–4 win over the Phillies. In 103 games (266 at bats), he batted .263 with 70 hits, six home runs, and 22 RBI.

DeRosa made the playoffs for the third year in a row as the Braves again won the NL East championship. Starting at second base in Game 2 of the NLDS in place of Marcus Giles, who was recovering from a left leg bruise, DeRosa had an eighth-inning, two-RBI double against Dave Veres, driving in the go-ahead runs in a 5–3 victory over the Chicago Cubs. He pinch hit in three other games in the series, but the Cubs defeated the Braves in five games.

Chance to start at third base (2004)
When Vinny Castilla signed with the Colorado Rockies after the 2003 season, the Braves decided to make DeRosa the starting third baseman in 2004, despite him batting just .231 with no extra-base hits in spring training. On May 2, he committed four errors, tying a team record amidst a 13–4 loss to the Rockies. DeRosa said later that the poor defensive performance distracted him from his hitting for about a week. His batting average was a mere .178 in May. On June 15, DeRosa lost his starting job, as Chipper Jones moved from left field to third base, his position from 1995 through 2001. "It was terrible," DeRosa said of his performance. Watching videotapes of himself and adjusting his approach to hitting, he performed better as a backup, but he remained a reserve player for the rest of the season. His season came to an end on September 25, when he tore his right anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). In 118 games (309 at bats), he batted .239 with 74 hits, three home runs, and 31 RBI. After the season, the Braves declined to offer DeRosa a contract for 2005, making him a free agent.

Texas Rangers (2005–2006)
On January 19, 2005, the Texas Rangers signed DeRosa to a contract, but it was only a minor league one, as the Rangers had some concerns about his health. Making it through the spring, he had his contract purchased before the start of the season, as the Rangers wanted an experienced utility infielder on their roster. The last member of the Opening Day roster to appear in a game, not making his Ranger debut until the 11th game of the season, DeRosa played only six games a month in April, May, and July, though he appeared in 12 games in June. In August and September, he saw more action in right field, as Richard Hidalgo was battling a left wrist injury. In 66 games (148 at bats), he batted .243 with 36 hits and 20 RBI. Despite appearing in his fewest games since 2001, his eight home runs represented a new career high. Still under team control at the end of the year, he avoided arbitration on December 12 by agreeing to a one-year, $675,000 contract.

After playing only two of the Rangers' first 11 games in 2006, DeRosa was on the disabled list from April 15 to 30 with a sprained left foot. With starting second baseman Ian Kinsler injured and fill-in D'Angelo Jiménez batting .208, DeRosa took over the position upon his return. He responded to the increased playing time by hitting .343, leading the Rangers in hitting in the first half of the season. On May 3, he hit a 12th-inning walkoff home run against John Halama, giving the Rangers a 2–1 victory over the Baltimore Orioles. "He means a lot to our team," said manager Buck Showalter. Once Kinsler became healthy, DeRosa returned to being a utility player, but he remained a regular in Texas's lineup, even though his position changed frequently. On August 4, DeRosa hit his first career grand slam, coming against John Lackey in a 7–3 victory over the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. Though his average fell to .296 by season's end, he was still one of Texas's best players in 2006. He set career highs with 136 games played, 40 doubles, 13 home runs, and 74 RBI. After the season, he became a free agent.

Chicago Cubs (2007–2008)
On November 14, 2006, he signed a three-year, $13 million contract with the Chicago Cubs. DeRosa was one of several acquisitions by the Cubs in their off-season spending spree. Though the Rangers had been interested in retaining him, Chicago offered DeRosa the chance to start regularly at second base, an option that he preferred. Despite this, he again played multiple positions, though he was in the lineup regularly and second base was his most frequent position. On June 3, he hit a grand slam against Lance Cormier to open the scoring in a 10–1 victory over the Braves. Against the Reds on August 16 and September 17, he had a career-high five hits. In a career-high 149 games, DeRosa batted .293 with 147 hits, 10 home runs, and 72 RBI.

Winners of the NL Central, the Cubs faced the Diamondbacks in the NLDS. Playing second base, DeRosa batted .333 with two runs scored in the series. However, the Cubs were swept by the Diamondbacks in three games.

On February 23, 2008, DeRosa was hospitalized with breathing difficulties and a rapid heartbeat. On February 28, he had a successful catheter ablation at Northwestern Memorial Hospital to correct an irregular heartbeat, a problem which had plagued him since high school. His heart procedure earned him the nickname of "the Pulse", which also became the name of his blog on the Cubs' website. On June 30, he hit a two-run home run against Barry Zito and a grand slam against Billy Sadler as the Cubs defeated the Giants 9–2. After having three RBI against the Astros on August 4, he hit a grand slam and recorded five RBI against them on August 5 in an 11–4 victory. He hit home runs in four consecutive games from August 20 through 23, becoming the first Cub to do so since Fred McGriff in 2001. In 2008, DeRosa primarily played second base, but he also filled in at third base, left field, and right field when the Cubs starters at those positions were hurt. He was the only MLB player with at least 20 appearances at four positions in 2008. Manager Lou Piniella said, "The amazing part about it is he’s very adroit defensively at every position he plays". Playing 149 games for the second year in a row, he batted .285 with 143 hits, setting career highs in runs with 103, home runs with 21, and RBI with 87. Paul Hoynes of The Plain Dealer called it his finest season in a January 15, 2009, article.

For the second year in a row, the Cubs won the NL Central. DeRosa's two-run home run against Derek Lowe in Game 1 of the NLDS opened the scoring but wound up providing the only Cubs runs in a 7–2 loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers. He had two hits and two RBI in Game 2 but also committed an error that contributed to a five-run second inning by the Dodgers as they defeated Chicago 10–3. DeRosa hit .333 in the series, but the Cubs were swept by Los Angeles in three games, a loss that DeRosa found more disappointing than the previous year's.

Cleveland Indians (2009)
On December 31, 2008, DeRosa was traded to the Cleveland Indians for minor league pitchers Jeff Stevens, Chris Archer, and John Gaub. Prior to the 2009 season, he represented the United States in the World Baseball Classic. He batted .316 and led the team with nine RBI before Japan eliminated them in the semifinals. Though third base would be his primary position for the Indians, he also spent time at first base and in the outfield. On April 18, he had six RBI in a 22–4 victory over the Yankees. From June 14 through June 16, he hit home runs in three consecutive games. He received a standing ovation from Cubs fans when he returned to Wrigley Field on June 19, even though he was now with a different team. On June 27, DeRosa was traded to the Cardinals for relief pitchers Chris Perez and Jess Todd. In 71 games (278 at bats), he was batting .270 with 75 hits, 13 home runs, and 50 RBI.

St. Louis Cardinals (2009)
The Cardinals hoped that the addition of DeRosa would improve their offense. Soon after his acquisition, however, he was placed on the disabled list with a left wrist sprain, an injury that kept him out from July 1 through July 17. From July 26 through 28, he hit home runs in three straight games for the second time that season. On August 4, he was hit by a pitch with the bases loaded in the 10th inning of a game against the Mets, forcing in the winning run in a 12–7 victory over New York. In 68 games (237 at bats), he batted .228 with 54 hits, 10 home runs, and 28 RBI. Defensively, he committed no errors as a Cardinal. Playing 139 games combined between Cleveland and St. Louis, he batted .250 with 129 hits, a career-high 23 home runs, and 78 RBI.

The Cardinals won the NL Central and faced the Dodgers in the NLDS. In Game 1, DeRosa had three hits, including an RBI double, but the Cardinals lost 5–3. He had two hits in Game 2 and scored a run that put the Cardinals ahead in seventh, but they ultimately lost 3–2 following an error by Matt Holliday. For the second year in a row, DeRosa's team was swept by the Dodgers in the NLDS. DeRosa, who became a free agent at the end of the year, used the offseason to undergo surgery that sought to repair a torn tendon sheath in his left wrist. He also became a free agent.

San Francisco Giants (2010–11)
On December 29, 2009, DeRosa signed a two-year, $12 million contract with the Giants. At the beginning of the 2010 season, DeRosa went into a prolonged slump. He batted only .194 in his first 26 games, with just four extra base hits and 10 RBI. Experiencing numbness in the fingers of his left hand, he underwent a medical examination on May 11 and found that the wrist surgery in 2009 had been a "failure". He rested it a few days to see if it would improve but was placed on the disabled list on May 17, having not played since May 8. On July 1, he underwent season-ending surgery, a procedure that again sought to repair his tendon sheath, as well as releasing pressure on his carpal tunnel. The Giants went on to win the World Series that year, their first title since 1954.

Though DeRosa suffered from mild tendinitis in his left wrist during spring training, he began the 2011 season on the Giants' roster, though just as a reserve player. He was on the disabled list from April 28 to May 10 with wrist soreness. On May 18, 2011, he completely tore the injured tendon on a checked swing and went on the disabled list again. "Given his history, you have to consider that the injury might be career-ending", speculated reporter Andrew Baggarly. DeRosa instead reworked his swing to become more of a singles hitter and returned to the Giants on August 4. He was used mostly as a pinch hitter for the remainder of the season. In 47 games (86 at bats), he batted .279 with 24 hits, no home runs, and 12 RBI. After the season, he became a free agent.

Washington Nationals (2012)
On December 22, 2011, DeRosa signed a one-year contract with the Washington Nationals. Now 37 years old, he started at several positions for the Nationals in April 2012 but batted .081 in 13 games. On April 29, DeRosa was placed on the disabled list with a left oblique strain, an injury that kept him inactive until June 25. From then on, most of his appearances throughout the season were as a pinch hitter. He went on the disabled list again from August 5 to September 1 with a left abdominal injury. Despite DeRosa's limited playing time, he became an important mentor for his Nationals teammates, many of whom were much younger, including former first overall draft picks Bryce Harper and Stephen Strasburg. In 48 games (85 at bats), he batted .188 with 16 hits, no home runs, and six RBI.

Though the Nationals won the NL East, DeRosa was left off their playoff roster. However, he travelled with the team during the postseason, even reading his teammates the "Man in the Arena" portion of a Theodore Roosevelt speech to inspire them before Game 4 of the NLDS. The Nationals were eliminated by the Cardinals in five games. After the season, DeRosa became a free agent.

Toronto Blue Jays (2013)
On January 22, 2013, DeRosa signed a one-year deal worth $775,000 with the Toronto Blue Jays, with a $750,000 club option for the 2014 season. Against the Astros on July 27, DeRosa hit his 100th career home run, a solo shot to lead off the second inning against Dallas Keuchel in an 8–6 loss. In August, DeRosa was placed on revocable waivers and claimed by an unnamed team on August 7, but no trade occurred, and he remained with Toronto. During the season, DeRosa was used mostly as a pinch hitter, but he also started some games at third base, second base, first base, and designated hitter. In 88 games, DeRosa hit .235 with seven home runs and 36 RBI, including hitting .286 with one home run, eight RBI, and seven walks as a pinch hitter. The Blue Jays exercised their option on DeRosa in late October, but on November 12, DeRosa informed the team that he would retire after 16 years in MLB.

Career statistics
DeRosa spent parts of 16 seasons in the major leagues. In 1,241 games (3,633 at bats), he batted .268 with 538 runs scored, 975 hits, 196 doubles, 12 triples, 100 home runs, and 494 RBI. Primarily a shortstop early in his career, he became a versatile utility man, ultimately making 363 appearances at third base, 343 appearances at second base, 167 appearances in right field, 120 appearances at shortstop, 90 appearances in left field, and 53 appearances at first base.

Personal life and post-playing career
DeRosa married former model Heidi Miller in 2002. Their daughter, Gabriella Faith, was born prematurely by two and a half months on July 28, 2003, after Heidi had spent 10 weeks in the hospital. Though Gabriella was hospitalized with tubes inserted for several weeks, she ultimately progressed to normal health. He is good friends with Jim Finn, his football teammate in high school and college. Bon Jovi is one of his favorite bands.

After retiring, DeRosa accepted a position as a studio analyst with the MLB Network. He has been the broadcast announcer for the video game franchise MLB: The Show since replacing Harold Reynolds in MLB The Show 18 until MLB The Show 21.

DeRosa was named Team USA manager for the 2023 World Baseball Classic.

title: Mark DeRosa


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Standard form contract

A standard form contract (sometimes referred to as a contract of adhesion, a leonine contract, a take-it-or-leave-it contract, or a boilerplate contract) is a contract between two parties, where the terms and conditions of the contract are set by one of the parties, and the other party has little or no ability to negotiate more favorable terms and is thus placed in a "take it or leave it" position.

While these types of contracts are not illegal per se, there exists a potential for unconscionability. In addition, in the event of an ambiguity, such ambiguity will be resolved contra proferentem, i.e. against the party drafting the contract language.

Theoretical issues
There is much debate on a theoretical level whether, and to what extent, courts should enforce standard form contracts.

On one hand, they undeniably fulfill an important role of promoting economic efficiency. Standard form contracting reduces transaction costs substantially by avoiding the need for buyers and sellers of goods and services to negotiate the details of a sale contract each time the product is sold.

On the other hand, there is the potential for inefficient, and even unjust, terms to be accepted by signatories to these contracts. Such terms might be seen as unjust if they allow the seller to avoid all liability or unilaterally modify terms or terminate the contract. These terms often come in the form of, but are not limited to, forum selection clauses and mandatory arbitration clauses, which can limit or foreclose a party's access to the courts; and also liquidated damages clauses, which set a limit to the amount that can be recovered or require a party to pay a specific amount. They might be inefficient if they place the risk of a negative outcome, such as defective manufacturing, on the buyer who is not in the best position to take precautions.

There are a number of reasons why such terms might be accepted:

 * Standard form contracts are rarely read:Lengthy boilerplate terms are often in fine print and written in complicated legal language which often seems irrelevant. The prospect of a buyer finding any useful information from reading such terms is correspondingly low. Even if such information is discovered, the consumer is in no position to bargain as the contract is presented on a "take it or leave it" basis. Coupled with the often large amount of time needed to read the terms, the expected payoff from reading the contract is low and few people would be expected to read it.
 * Access to the full terms may be difficult or impossible before acceptance: Often the document being signed is not the full contract; the purchaser is told that the rest of the terms are in another location. This reduces the likelihood of the terms being read and in some situations, such as software license agreements, can only be read after they have been notionally accepted by purchasing the good and opening the box. These contracts are typically not enforced, since common law dictates that all terms of a contract must be disclosed before the contract is executed.
 * Boilerplate terms are not salient: The most important terms to purchasers of good are generally the price and the quality, which are generally understood before the contract of adhesion is signed. Terms relating to events that have very small probabilities of occurring or which refer to particular statutes or legal rules do not seem important to the purchaser. This further lowers the chance of such terms being read and also means they are likely to be ignored even if they are read.
 * There may be social pressure to sign: Standard form contracts are signed at a point when the main details of the transaction have either been negotiated or explained. Social pressure to conclude the bargain at that point may come from a number of sources. The salesperson may imply that the purchaser is being unreasonable if they read or question the terms, saying that they are "just something the lawyers want us to do" or that they are wasting their time reading them. If the purchaser is at the front of a queue (for example at an airport car rental desk) there is additional pressure to sign quickly. Finally, if there has been negotiation over price or particular details, then concessions given by the salesperson may be seen as a gift which socially obliges the purchaser to respond by being co-operative and concluding the transaction.
 * Standard form contracts may exploit unequal power relations: If the good which is being sold using a contract of adhesion is one which is essential or very important for the purchaser to buy (such as a rental property or a needed medical item) then the purchaser might feel they have no choice but to accept the terms. This problem may be mitigated if there are many suppliers of the good who can potentially offer different terms (see below), although even this is not always possible (for instance, a college freshman may be required to sign a standard-form dormitory rental agreement and accept its terms, because the college will not allow a freshman to live off-campus).

Some contend that in a competitive market, consumers have the ability to shop around for the supplier who offers them the most favorable terms and are consequently able to avoid injustice. However, in the case of credit cards (and other oligopolies), for example, the consumer while having the ability to shop around may still have access to only form contracts with like terms and no opportunity for negotiation. Also, as noted, many people do not read or understand the terms so there might be very little incentive for a firm to offer favorable conditions as they would gain only a small amount of business from doing so. Even if this is the case, it is argued by some that only a small percentage of buyers need to actively read standard form contracts for it to be worthwhile for firms to offer better terms if that group is able to influence a larger number of people by affecting the firm's reputation.

Another factor that might mitigate the effects of competition on the content of contracts of adhesion is that, in practice, standard form contracts are usually drafted by lawyers instructed to construct them so as to minimize the firm's liability, not necessarily to implement managers' competitive decisions. Sometimes the contracts are written by an industry body and distributed to firms in that industry, increasing homogeneity of the contracts and reducing consumers' ability to shop around.

Common law status
As a general rule, the common law treats standard form contracts like any other contract. The signature or some other objective manifestation of intent to be legally bound will bind the signor to the contract whether or not they read or understood the terms. The reality of standard form contracting, however, means that many common law jurisdictions have developed special rules with respect to them. In general, in the event of an ambiguity, the courts will interpret standard form contracts contra proferentem (against the party that drafted the contract), as that party (and only that party) had the ability to draft the contract to remove ambiguity.

Generally
Standard form contracts are generally enforceable in the United States. The Uniform Commercial Code which is followed in most American states has specific provisions relating to standard form contracts for the sale or lease of goods. Furthermore, standard form contracts will be subject to special scrutiny if they are found to be contracts of adhesion.

Contracts of adhesion
The concept of the contract of adhesion originated in French civil law, but did not enter American jurisprudence until the Harvard Law Review published an influential article by Edwin W. Patterson in 1919. It was subsequently adopted by the majority of American courts, especially after the Supreme Court of California endorsed adhesion analysis in 1962. See Steven v. Fidelity & Casualty Co., 58 Cal. 2d 862, 882 n.10 (1962) (explaining the history of the concept).

For a contract to be treated as a contract of adhesion, it must be presented on a standard form on a "take it or leave it" basis, and give one party no ability to negotiate because of their unequal bargaining position. The special scrutiny given to contracts of adhesion can be performed in a number of ways:

This is a subjective test focusing on the mind of the seller and has been adopted by only a few state courts.
 * If the term was outside of the reasonable expectations of the person who did not write the contract, and if the parties were contracting on an unequal basis, then it will not be enforceable. The reasonable expectation is assessed objectively, looking at the prominence of the term, the purpose of the term and the circumstances surrounding the acceptance of the contract.
 * Section 211 of the American Law Institute's Restatement (Second) of Contracts, which has persuasive though non-binding force in courts, provides:"Where the other party has reason to believe that the party manifesting such assent would not do so if he knew that the writing contained a particular term, the term is not part of the agreement."
 * The doctrine of unconscionability is a fact-specific doctrine arising from equitable principles. Unconscionability in standard form contracts usually arises where there is an "absence of meaningful choice on the part of one party due to one-sided contract provisions, together with terms which are so oppressive that no reasonable person would make them and no fair and honest person would accept them." (Fanning v. Fritz's Pontiac-Cadillac-Buick Inc. )

Shrink wrap contracts
Courts in the United States have faced the issue of shrink wrap contracts in two ways. One line of cases follows ProCD v. Zeidenberg which held such contracts enforceable (e.g. Brower v Gateway), and the other follows Klocek v. Gateway, Inc, which found them unenforceable. These decisions are split on the question of assent, with the former holding that only objective manifestation of assent is required while the latter require at least the possibility of subjective assent.

Canada
In Canada, exclusion clauses in a standard form contract cannot be relied on where a seller knows or has reason to know a purchaser is mistaken as to its terms (Tilden Rent-A-Car Co. v. Clendenning). The Supreme Court found a standard arbitration clause requiring a gig worker to litigate before the Dutch International Chamber of Commerce void due to unconscionability in Uber Technologies Inc v Heller (2020).

Australia
Standard form contracts have generally received little special treatment under Australian common law. A 2003 New South Wales Court of Appeal case (Toll (FGCT) Pty Limited v Alphapharm Pty Limited) gave some support for the position that notice of exceptional terms is required for them to be incorporated. However the defendant successfully appealed to the High Court so currently there is no special treatment of standard form contracts in Australia.

Since 1 January 2011, the Australian Consumer Law has been enacted in Australia at the national level, and due to a Council of Australian Governments (COAG) agreement this legislation is now part of each jurisdiction's (state's or territory's) Fair Trading laws.

India
In India leonine contracts are generally deemed unconscionable contracts (though not all leonine contracts are unconscionable contracts) and are voidable. The 199th Law Commission report (2006) on "UNFAIR (PROCEDURAL & SUBSTANTIVE) TERMS IN CONTRACT" deals with it. The unfairness can be procedural or substantive. However, standard form contracts are ubiquitous in India and especially in the digital age, standard form contracts are used much more frequently than any other form. They can be legally valid if reasonable notice has been given and if the terms are not unreasonable. Unfair terms in non-negotiated agreements are often held void.

Legislation
In recognition of the consumer protection issues which may arise, many governments have passed specific laws relating to standard form contracts. These are generally enacted on a state level as part of general consumer protection legislation and typically allow consumers to avoid clauses that are found to be unreasonable, though the specific provisions vary greatly. Some laws require notice to be given for these clauses to be effective, others prohibit unfair clauses altogether (e.g. Victorian Fair Trading Act 1999).

United Kingdom
Section 3 of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (in England and Wales) and section 17 (in relation to standard form contracts in Scotland) limit the ability of the drafter of a consumer or standard form contract to draft clauses that would allow them to exclude liability in what is termed an exclusion clause. The act does not per se render ineffective provisions in other areas which to the layman appear "unfair". Where a contract has negotiated the provisions of the act likely would not apply – the law protects from a lot of things but openly making a bad bargain is not one of them. These provisions do not apply in contracts for the international sale of goods, i.e. where the parties' places of business are in the territories of different states.

Israel
The Standard Form Contract Act 1982 defines a set of depriving conditions that may be canceled by a court of law, including unreasonable exclusion or limitation of liability, unreasonable privileges to unilaterally cancel, suspend or postpone the execution of the contract and to change any fundamental charges or pricing, transfer of liability for the execution of the contract to a third party, unreasonable obligation to use the services of a third party or to limit, in any way, the choice of contracting third parties, denial of legal remedy, unreasonable limitations on contractual remedies or setting unreasonable conditions for the consummation of the remedy, denying or limiting the right for legal procedures, exclusive rights to decide on the location of the trial or arbitration, obligatory arbitration with unilaterally control over the arbitrators or the location of the arbitration and setting the holder of the burden of proof contrary to common law. The act also establishes a Standard Form Contract Court, chaired by a district judge and consists of a maximum of 12 members, appointed by the justice minister, including an acting chairman (also a district judge), civil servants (no more than a third) and, at least, 2 consumer organization representatives. The court holds hearings regarding appeals against standard form contract clauses or approval of a specific standard form contract at the requests of a provider.

Lithuania
Standard conditions in Lithuania shall be such provisions that are prepared in advance for general and repeated use by one contracting party without their content being negotiated with another party, and which are used in the formation of contracts without negotiation with the other party. Standard conditions prepared by one of the parties shall be binding to the other if the latter was provided with an adequate opportunity of getting acquainted with the said conditions (Article 6.185. Standard conditions of contracts, Lithuanian Civil Code). A consumer shall have the right to claim within the judicial procedure for invalidity of conditions in a consumer contract that are contrary to the criterion of good faith (Article 6.188).

Russia
In July 2013, Russian Dmitry Agarkov won a court case against Tinkoff Bank after he altered the standard form contract he had received in the mail. The bank, failing to notice the changes, accepted the application and gave him an account based on the amended contract. The judge ruled that the bank was legally bound to the contract it had signed. Agarkov is further suing the bank for failing to comply with the terms he had added to the contract, which it had unwittingly agreed to by signing the contract. Agarkov's lawyer, Dmitry Mihalevich said – "They signed the documents without looking. They said what usually their borrowers say in court: 'We have not read it'."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Standard form contract


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/SubGenius Networks

SubGenius Networks was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 14 votes to delete, 1 vote to keep (anon vote was page author, so vote counted). Postdlf 07:16, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

SubGenius Networks
A nonexistant site which is fighting over the use of the name? RickK 05:52, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * I see no potential to become encyclopedic, delete — siro  χ  o  06:04, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * KEEP: Currently: SubGenius Networks is NOT accepting public traffic; hence the no public site/index.html at SubGeniusNetworks.org. It seems the OVERPOP (and .com Bobbies) are targeting members of our organization independently (as we are currently defending ourselves from the Foundations illegal use of the trademark process). 24.254.56.98 06:38, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a web directory, not even for (most) public sites, much less for private ones. This is also not the forum for you to defend your trademarks or gabble about your particular organizational POV. jni 07:12, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ad. utcursch 11:32, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, promotional. No evidence of significant notability presented. An attempt to use WIkipedia draw attention to an organization and to promote a specific point of view. No potential to become encyclopedic. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 12:22, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable, and no potential to become encyclopedic, like User:Siroxo said. Nadavspi 15:00, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Ad. Bob would be disappointed. Geogre 15:03, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete with the Stark Fist of Removal. Not a web directory. Fnord. --Improv 20:11, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Improv's vote terrifies me, somehow. But I'm forced to agree. 'Delete. DS 22:07, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  — Dan | Talk 21:48, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * KEEP - i do understand the sentiments; however 'SUBGENIUS' currently FORWARDS TO 'Church of the SubGenius' and displays the SubGenius Foundations Trademark 'the dobbshead'. This is NOT representative of SubGenius Networks so the 'SubGenius_Networks' entry was created to settle a 'disambig' issue between organizations. CONFUSION between organizations is grounds for objection to current 'Church' trademark intentions. SubGenius Networks IS NOT the Church of the SubGenius, nor a part of the SubGenius Foundation. Our intention was to disambig the entry 'SUBGENIUS' as SubGenius Networks claims fair use and public domain rights. SUBGENIUS DOES NOT SIMPLIFY to 'Church', SUBGENIUS is a way of life. "Bob" be damned if he dosen't dig it - This entry was not created to advertise the network, only explain the fundamental difference. (NO CHURCH/NO BOB). 24.254.56.98 00:20, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Neutral: why exactly could not this Subgenius schism be covered at "Church of the SubGenius"? -- Jmabel | Talk 02:31, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * RESPONSE: Because we are NOT a 'church' related Slack institute. We're NOT faith based at all. It's NOT about "Bob" in the slightest. "Bob" is a trademark of the SubGenius Foundation, Inc. That is precisely why we also insist on a [disambig] entry for SUBGENIUS and not auto forwarding to 'Church of the' SubGenius. 'The Church of the SubGenius has a whole category. We only wish to clarify the distinction between organizations. SUBGENIUS is a Public Domain ideology based on Slack and "Bob" is a privately held and trademarked diety owned by another organization who DOES NOT REPRESENT SubGenius Networks. 24.254.56.98 03:43, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, suggest you work on the www.subgeniusnetworks.org website since it currently contains less useful information than this (one sentence) Wikipedia article. —Stormie 03:27, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Response: Yeah 'thank's for the suggestion. Our site is just a web server which may or may not be even online from month to month. The organization is a real life entity. 24.254.56.98 03:43, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete the heretics! :) Sjc 05:12, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * DWolfman 03:23, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * DD This is in such dire need of deletion that my vote just increased by a whole cup size. Chris 01:14, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete obnoxious advertising. He tried whining to wikien-l too. - David Gerard 07:20, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not notable. Sillydragon 07:34, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Comment 24.254.56.98 take note: NSK (nsk2@wikinerds.org) has stated that Wikinerds, an all-encompassing "knowledge base" rather than an encyclopedia, is interested in having all VfD-ed articles resubmitted to them. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:34, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Molisch's test

Molisch's test is a sensitive chemical test, named after Austrian botanist Hans Molisch, for the presence of carbohydrates, based on the dehydration of the carbohydrate by sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid to produce an aldehyde, which condenses with two molecules of a phenol (usually α-naphthol, though other phenols such as resorcinol and thymol also give colored products), resulting in a violet ring.

Procedure
The test solution is combined with a small amount of Molisch's reagent (α-naphthol dissolved in ethanol) in a test tube. After mixing, a small amount of concentrated sulfuric acid is slowly added down the sides of the sloping test-tube, without mixing, to form a layer. A positive reaction is indicated by appearance of a purple red ring at the interface between the acid and test layers.

Reaction
All carbohydrates – monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides (except trioses and tetroses)– should give a positive reaction, and nucleic acids and glycoproteins also give a positive reaction, as all these compounds are eventually hydrolyzed to monosaccharides by strong mineral acids. Pentoses are then dehydrated to furfural, while hexoses are dehydrated to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Either of these aldehydes, if present, will condense with two molecules of α-naphthol to form a purple-colored product, as illustrated below by the example of glucose:

 * [[Image:molisch test.png|700px]]

title: Molisch's test


text:
Paul Jenkins

Paul Nathan Griff Jenkins born 3rd October 1984 is an English Lawn Bowler may refer to:

 * Paul Jenkins (actor) (1938–2013), American actor
 * Paul Jenkins (barrister) (1954–2018), chief executive of the Treasury Solicitor's Department and Treasury Solicitor
 * Paul Jenkins (cricketer) (born 1972), English cricketer
 * Paul Jenkins (EastEnders), fictional character from EastEnders
 * Paul Jenkins (economist), Canadian economist and Senior Deputy Governor of the Bank of Canada
 * Paul Jenkins (painter) (1923–2012), American abstract expressionist painter
 * Paul Jenkins (poet), professor of poetry, Hampshire College
 * Paul Jenkins (politician) (born 1938), Australian politician
 * Paul Jenkins (writer) (born 1965), British comic book writer
 * Paul Jenkins, Welsh martial arts fighter, see list of mixed martial artists with the most sanctioned fights

title: Paul Jenkins


text:
User:Spencer195/Images

This is just a place for me to keep track of where my images are.

Image:Kang-youwei2-large.jpg Image:Kang-youwei2-small.jpg

title: User:Spencer195/Images


text:
Barfoed's test

Barfoed's test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of monosaccharides. It is based on the reduction of copper(II) acetate to copper(I) oxide (Cu2O), which forms a brick-red precipitate.

 * RCHO + 2Cu2+ + 2H2O → RCOOH + Cu2O↓ + 4H+

(Disaccharides may also react, but the reaction is much slower.) The aldehyde group of the monosaccharide which normally forms a cyclic hemiacetal is oxidized to the carboxylate. A number of other substances, including sodium chloride, may interfere.

Its autor is the Danish chemist Christen Thomsen Barfoed and is primarily used in botany.

The test is similar to the reaction of Fehling's solution to aldehydes.

Composition
Barfoed's reagent consists of a 0.33 molar solution of copper (II) acetate in 1% acetic acid solution. The reagent does not keep well and it is therefore advisable to make it up when it is actually required.

Procedure
1 drops of Barfoed's reagent is added to 2 mL of given sample in a test tube and boiled for 3 minutes and then allowed to cool. If a red precipitate occurs, a monosaccharide is present.

title: Barfoed's test


text:
User talk:Matthewprc

Hello and Welcome to my discussion page. Please help maintain a scholarly environment in the discussion of issues relevant to Wikipedia. Thank You.

Image Tagging Image:Phillanguages.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Phillanguages.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. --Hetar 05:10, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Possibly unfree Image:FilipinoEthnicGroups.JPG
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:FilipinoEthnicGroups.JPG, has been listed at Possibly unfree images. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. Please go to its page to provide the necessary information on the source or licensing of this image (if you have any), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you.

Indonesians in the Philippines
Hello Matthew. This article was listed for deletion. Please provide sources and participate in the voting. Thanks.--Jondel 07:08, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It appears that you deleted my comments and vote on Articles for deletion/Indonesians in the Philippines. May I ask why? Waitak 16:56, 3 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Oops. I didn't delete your comments on purpose. It might have been accidentally deleted due to 'edit conflict' :) --User:Matthewprc

 * No worries, and no offense taken. I restored the comments a bit earlier today. Waitak 13:22, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Pinoy Big Brother Table
I'm sorry to tell you, but Howard has removed your table. Words are better than tables, he said. Furthermore, you have some missing names in your table before he removed it. Again, sorry. - 上村七美 | talk 03:30, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

To you, there's nothing wrong in removing the table in the Big Brother article. But to Howard, it is different. You have to understand that Filipinos are not the only users in the English Wikipedia. So don't just stress what is right for you. You should talk to him and have a compromise. For now, your edits will be reverted until that issue is resolved. In fact, you have the wrong info. - 上村七美 | talk 11:41, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * How about comverting it into an infobox, but not as extensive as thise seen in the season articles. In that way, more people would see it (few would scroll all the way down). For an example, see Big Brother (UK). --Howard t he Du c k 07:13, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

merge Pangasinense people/Pangasinan people
Hi,

The two pages Pangasinense people and Pangasinan people both seem to be about precisely the same topic, but have different info & layout. Both articles seem to have tons of useful & interesting info. I'm wondering if Wikipedians who are searching for this topic would find their lives easier if the two articles were merged into one. Perhaps the more commonly used name for this ethnic group would be used as the main page, and the page titled with other name for this group would be a redirect... Many thanks! Ling.Nut 16:39, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

"Murray's Needs Theory"
Please do not post copyrighted material to Wikipedia without permission from the copyright holder. See Copyrights. Copyright violations are unacceptable and persistent violators will be blocked. Your original contributions are welcome. --Ling.Nut 21:02, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi! The text is not from the website you specified. -- User:Matthewprc

Filipinos as Formosan vs Malay
Hi, your recent edit on the Austronesian people page grouped the Filipinos with the Austronesian Taiwanese. Can you elaborate why, and if you have sources and/or references, please do let me know. I always had the impression that most contemporary anthropologists had the Austronesian Aboriginal Taiwanese as distinct from the Austronesian Filipinos.--Chicbicyclist 09:10, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi! The Capelli, et.al. journal (link) specifically answers your question. The haplotypes for Filipino and Taiwanese aboriginal participants were analyzed, and have been found to be similar. In fact, the haplotype of the Filipinos are even closer to that of the Taiwanese aborigines than to that of other Austronesians (such as those in Borneo and in Indonesia). And to further it, Filipinos actually have facial features closer to the Taiwanese aborigines than to the Malays of Malaysia and Indonesia. -- User:Matthewprc 05:43, 26 September 2006 (UTC+8)

Image tagging for Image:Euromalays.jpg
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Ami
Hi,

I noticed your edit to Ami: "Their closest genetic relative appears to be the Filipinos" Can you bring a verifiable source to bear on that assertion? If not, I'll have to delete it. It is kinda questionable, and assertions about the issue of race are often controversial.

Thanks --Ling.Nut 17:50, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Capelli et al, A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania - The link is located in the Demographics of the Philippines article.

Hey, the Filipino people is quite diverse so could you specify which Filipino ethnic group they are related to. 23prootie 01:02, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, the study doesn't say about it - but more or less, the study was conducted in Manila, since it is the capital and main entry port of the country - which makes the study more presentative of the Philippines as a whole, Manila being a melting pot of Filipino ethnicities.

Austronesian people
Hi. Please don't clump the the Filipino people section into the the Taiwanese aborigines for two reasons. First, that section is a cultural definition not a genetic one and culturally speaking Filipinos are more akin to Malays than to the Taiwanese aborigines (as proven by Baybayin and the Laguna Copperplate Inscription] as well as Islam in the Philippines). Second, the Formosan languages includes all the branches of the Austronesian language family excluding Malayo-Polynesian languages. Adding the speakers of the Philippine languages, which are Malayo-Polynesian, may disrut that definition.23prootie 00:58, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * BTW, Please use a source other than Stanford University.23prootie 01:07, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Or rather, let the 'Filipino people' stand alone for two reasons: 1) The Filipino people have been made into an independent entity from Malay, in both genetic and cultural contexts - through successive Western colonization; 2) The classification of the Philippines as 'Outer Hesperonesian Language' from the 'Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages' suggests that Filipinos indeed have become much differentiated from Malays. In fact, if you follow the Malayo-Polynesian article's grouping, then you might as well add 'Pacific Islander' under Malay, since they are both under 'Nuclear MP'. Even the subcategories Melanesian, Micronesian, and Polynesian needs to be placed equal to 'Malay', just as Filipino should be. Even Filipino academics and scholars have been starting to define Filipino identity as different from Malay. :)

If I allow 'Filipino people' to stand alone then I must also allow 'Malagasy' and 'East Timorese' to stand alone also due to African and Portuguese influences respectively, and maybe even 'Indonesian'.23prootie 11:34, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The reason I suggested that "Filipino people" should stand alone is because the Filipino people have long diverged from mainstream Malay genetic and cultural influences. While Malagasy can actually stand alone (due to the people being genetically and culturally divergent from the standard Malay), East Timorese are actually classified as Malay, and have many cultural afifnities with Malay (thgouh they are somewhat Europeanized to some degree by the Portuguese).

After reading this page, I'm actually starting to doubt this so I changed the groupings.23prootie 23:48, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * And in the case of theEast Timorese, if Filipinos are recategorized then they must also be recategorized since both are considered Malay, both have cultural affinities with the Malays and both are Europeanized by either Spain and Portugal.23prootie 00:01, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
 * THe reclassification under Malayo-Polynesian is better - at least it recognizes the 'bumiputra' Malay and the Filipinos (and other groups) as co-equals and not insist that Filipinos are Malays. :)

Image:Euromalays.jpg
Hello. Do you have any plans to use this orphan image? Image:Euromalays.jpg Thanks. --Strangerer (Talk) 02:44, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Original research
I put an original research tag on Hispano Austronesian as well as removed references from Tagalog. I have not encountered such a term in academic journals and there are less than 5 hits on Google. This is an AfD-worthy article. --Chris S. 02:57, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:Austronesian.JPG
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Possibly unfree Image:Euromalays.jpg
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Kulam
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Kulam, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you agree with the deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add  to the top of Kulam. Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 20:36, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Your recent edits to the Ethnic groups in the Philippines article
I haven't reverted these edits, but they do look questionable. Please see the diffs here.

At one point, you inserted ", but a small-n study concludes that about 3.6% of the Philippine population has varied admixtures of European ancestry." immediately prior to a pre-existing cite of a supporting source. One wonders whether the cited source supports that insertion. If not, the info should be inserted after the cite, and should cite a source which supports the inserted info.

At another point you insert the word "partly" into a statement supported by another cited supporting source. one wonders whether the cited source supports the assertion as you have modified it.

At another point you insert information and cite the Joshua project as a source. I used to cite them myself from time to time, but I grew tired of repeatedly being taken to task for that by editors who argued that this is not a reliable source. I no longer cite them.

Thanks for trying to improve tha article. Could you please review your edits with the concerns I've mentioned above in mind and make any needed adjustments? Cheers. -- Boracay Bill (talk) 07:11, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

Image permission problem with Image:MetroManilaComplete.JPG
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I have three questions
I made an edit today--one edit--to the article Carrie Prejean and have not made an edit to the article in days, but yet another editor reversed my ONE edit and then reported me on the 3RR notice board. I find this to be a clear use of Wikipedia to win a debate about article content and direction. Prejean was called a series of negative things by Perez Hilton, most of the words are contemptuous and vile, such as the b-word and c-word. There are editors that believe that each and every one of Hilton's use of those words MUST be included in the article about Prejean. Now, I don't see the need to have an article about Prejean dominated by the words and comments of ONE individual (highly negative words at that) dominate the life story of Prejean. It is tantamount to having the words of Saddam Hussein concerning George W Bush dominate the Wikipedia article about Bush. It violates Wikipedia avowed goal of NPOV and it violates BLP. Now, I know that consensus in Wikipedia editing is one of the goals, but consensus does NOT override other valid Wikipedia ideals such as BLP. There can be a compromise made where the gist of Hilton's highly negative opinion is included in the article, but at the same time it does NOT dominate the life story of Prejean. Prejean is notable for many, many reasons, not just her public fight with Hilton. She is notable for being a successful model; she is notable for participating in Deal or No Deal; she is notable for being the current Miss California USA; and she is now notable for being a TV personality. My first question is: Can you at least review the article and see if the second, third, fourth, and fifth repetitions of the b-word and c-word violates BLP? I believe that it does. And my second question is: Is it appropriate to make a report on an editor for violating 3RR even though that editor has only made one edit? And my third question is: Is misusing 3RR to win a debate on the proper interpretation of BLP appropriate? I don't think so.--InaMaka (talk) 15:59, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

Who is a Filipino? listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Who is a Filipino?. Since you had some involvement with the Who is a Filipino? redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion (if you have not already done so). –B LACK F ALCON  (T ALK ) 21:36, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

AIESEC
Hello, I noticed by your userbox that you are an AIESECer. As a wikipedian I would like to encourage you to edit AIESEC as this page needs much improvement. Thanks for the help. 01:17, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

AfD nomination of List of ZIP codes in the Philippines
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is List of ZIP codes in the Philippines. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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File source and copyright licensing problem with File:LIGHT Logo.JPG
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Wikipedia Philippine Chapter in Philippine Youth Congress
I am glad to announce to you that we will be debuting as an organization at the Philippine Youth Congress in Information Technology on September 14 to 17, 2010 at the University of the Philippines, Diliman. Jojit will be Wikimedia Philippines resource speaker at the second day of the conference at the UP Film Center. He will be speaking about Wikipedia and how it revolutionizes the World Wide Web. That will be at 9:00 to 10:00 am. We will also set up a booth at the UP Bahay ng Alumni and we will showcase our existing and future projects. We encourage you to participate in our first major project. We have prepared food and refreshments for you. Please let us know so that we can enlist you to our delegation.--Exec8 (talk) 18:59, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

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Philippine WikiCon
You are invited to the 3rd Philippine Wiki Conference (WikiCon) on May 26, 2012 9am-1pm at the co.lab.exchange in Pasig City. Please fill this form should you signify interest. --Exec8 (talk) 17:45, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

Philippine WikiCon
You are invited to the 3rd Philippine Wiki Conference (WikiCon) on May 26, 2012 9am-1pm at the co.lab.exchange in Pasig City. Please fill this form should you signify interest. --Exec8 (talk) 17:45, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

Proposed blackout in protest of RA 10175
Dear ,

Greetings!

As a Filipino Wikipedian, I hope you are aware of the passage of Republic Act No. 10175, also known as the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, which was signed into law by President Benigno Aquino III on September 12, 2012. Currently, there is a discussion on the Tambayan, the noticeboard for Philippines-related topics, about a proposed blackout of the English Wikipedia in the Philippines in order to protest the passage of RA 10175, similar to the blackout against SOPA and PIPA held earlier this year. I feel that your input on the subject will definitely help in the discussion.

Please feel free to participate in the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Tambayan Philippines, and I hope your input will help the Filipino Wikipedia community determine which is the best course of action against this law. Similarly, we hope to get as much input from as many Wikipedians as possible.

Thank you and maraming salamat po!

Kind regards,

Sky Harbor (talk) 12:44, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

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Philippine Hokkien
Thank you! —Wiki Wikardo 00:35, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Goddamn… You did more than just move it to the correct name, you really got your hands dirty; I’d forgotten was a complete mess that thing was!
 * Thanks again so much for your hard work on the article. —Wiki Wikardo 02:32, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

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May 2013
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Tagalog help needed
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, an open access peer reviewed journal with no charges, invites you to participate
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Did you know about Wikiversity Journal of Medicine? It is an open access, peer reviewed medical journal, with no publication charges. You can find more about it by reading the article on The Signpost featuring this journal.

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2019 US Banknote Contest
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Proposed deletion of Philippine Physician Licensure Examination

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title: User talk:Matthewprc


text:
Talk:Lake Waihola

Otter
I have lived in Waihola since 1985 and have explored the wetlands extensively as I was growing up - as young boys like to do - and have never heard of nor seen any species of otter. I would suggest that this is an urban legend (or rural legend as Waihola is). However I stand to be proven wrong! :-) TimGrin 05:58, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I lived in Milton from 1975-80, and have lived in Dunedin ever since. I can remember a couple of hunts for the otter - one from the time I was in Milton, and one that a friend of mine from the University of Otago zoology dept. was involved with in the early '80s. Don't know whether they concluded that it never existed or not - I don't know of much interest in it since - but it was definitely investigated! James. Grutness 06:16, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

It is amazing what people learn each day about things and places they think they know everything about. I will have to investagate this further now. Thanks for the info. TimGrin 06:34, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lake Waihola


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Simplify Universal Physics

Simplify Universal Physics was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 8 votes to delete. Postdlf 07:09, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Simplify Universal Physics
Fourth contribution by User:Etavernetti (see "Einstein's Mistake", "Universal philosophy" and "The Unification of Quantum Theory", all in VfD above). jni 05:58, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. More Nonsense, inspite of Siroxo's advice to this user. utcursch 07:21, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-encyclopedic. Nadavspi 14:58, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: "when a Man's Fancy gets astride on his Reason, when Imagination is at Cuffs with the Senses, and common Understanding, as well as common Sense, is Kickt out of Doors; the first Proselyte he makes, is Himself, and when that is once compass'd, the Difficulty is not so great in bringin over others," as Swift said in the Digression on Madness. Geogre 15:08, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Not once again! Patent nonsense, the sanity of this article is disputed. Delete - Mike Rosoft 17:19, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research. --Improv 20:10, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Patent nonsense. Robinh
 * D Wolfman 17:45, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Divalent metals

Divalent metals was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 6 votes to delete. Postdlf 05:04, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Divalent metals
Original research, nonencyclopedic, obscure. Reads like scientific paper citation and abstract. It's about hemoglobin not just divalent metals. The place and even journal cited does not have such a paper(see ). Created by anon user, whose only other edit is under copyviol review, and is by same lead author in same journal. -R. S. Shaw 05:59, 2004 Oct 20 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a citation index. Original research. jni 07:30, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Title doesn't fit article, original research, just an abstract. No context. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 18:46, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Josh Cherry 02:16, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Patent nonsense (if not a Turing test attempt). Robinh 21:11, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree with MGM. NeoJustin 23:54, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Flag and coat of arms of Łódź

The flag of Łódź features the two heraldic tinctures of the coat of arms of Łódź: or over gules. In the centre the coat of arms itself appears, depicting a boat, since łódź in Polish means "boat" (thus, this is an example of canting arms).

title: Flag and coat of arms of Łódź


text:
Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam

Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam (English: The Man Who Saves the World) is a 1982 Turkish science fantasy martial arts superhero adventure film directed by Çetin İnanç, and starring actor/martial artist Cüneyt Arkın. It was first released in November 1982 by Anıt Ticaret in Turkey, and later in 2005 by BijouFlix Releasing in the United States.

The film is popularly known abroad as Turkish Star Wars, due to its notorious unauthorized use of footage, music and sound effects from Star Wars and other science fiction films. The film, part of a wave of low-budget Turksploitation superhero films produced during the 1970s to early 1980s, combines science fiction themes with martial arts fantasy action, having more in common with 1970s Hong Kong martial arts films from Golden Harvest than with Star Wars.

The film was panned by critics and has often been considered one of the worst films ever made.

Plot
Murat and Ali crash land on an alien desert planet following a battle (shown by using footage from Star Wars and newsreel clips of Soviet and American rocket launches). While hiking across the desert, they speculate that the planet is inhabited only by women. Ali uses his "irresistible" wolf-whistling to lure in the imagined women, attracting the attention of a group of skeletons on horseback, which they defeat in hand-to-hand combat.

The Sorcerer appears and captures the heroes, bringing them to a gladiatorial arena. He tells them he is a 1,000-year-old wizard from Earth. He had tried to defeat Earth's forces but had been repelled by a "shield of concentrated human brain molecules" (depicted with footage of the Death Star). The only way he can bypass it is to use a human brain against it.

The heroes escape and hide in a cave full of refugees who fled the Sorcerer's tyrannical rule. Murat develops a romantic connection with the only woman there (Uçar), who looks after the children. (The implied romance is shown through many long eye contacts and smiles from the girl, but nothing more.) A group of Zombies invade the cave and infect several children, their blood used to renew the Sorcerer's immortality. The three flee the cave and find a local bar (footage of the Mos Eisley cantina lifted directly from Star Wars). The two men get into a brawl, when the Sorcerer suddenly appears and captures them again.

The Sorcerer separates the men and tries to convince them to join him. He sends his queen to seduce Ali, while he orders Murat to be brought before him. He offers Murat the chance to rule over the cosmos if he joins him. He possesses the power of Earth's ancestry in the form of a golden brain, and all he needs to conquer Earth is a real human brain. After Murat declines, the Sorcerer shows that he has the woman and child in captivity. Enraged, Murat fights the Sorcerer's monsters and skeleton guardians. A group of monsters attack Ali when he is about to kiss the queen. He defeats the monsters and joins Murat's fight. They are both knocked out by laser-armed guards and unsuccessfully tortured by the Sorcerer, who pits Murat against a giant monster in the arena. Murat defeats the monster and flees, taking the woman and the child with him. Ali is left in captivity.

Murat finds out about a sword made by "the 13th clan," who melted a mountain thousands of "space years" ago. Murat later finds this sword, shaped like a lightning bolt, in a cave defended by two golden ninjas. He takes the sword after dispatching the guards in an uncharacteristically short fight. Renewed by the sword's power, Murat goes to free his friend from the Sorcerer's dungeon. However, Ali becomes envious of the sword, knocks out Murat, and takes both the sword and the golden brain. The Sorcerer manipulates Ali into handing over the artifacts and uses them to trap him, Murat, the woman, and the child. Ali is killed in a foolish attempt to escape.

Grief-stricken, Murat melts down the golden sword and brain and forge them into a pair of gauntlets and boots. Equipped with magical gloves and super-jumping boots, he searches for the Sorcerer to avenge his friend's death. After fighting through numerous monsters and skeletons, he comes face-to-face with his nemesis and karate chops him in half. He then leaves the planet for Earth in a ship that resembles the Millennium Falcon.

Cast

 * Cüneyt Arkın as Murat
 * as Ali
 * Necla Fide as Queen
 * Hüseyin Peyda as Bilgin
 * Hikmet Taşdemir as Sihirbaz
 * Füsun Uçar as Bilgin's woman
 * Aydın Haberdar as creature
 * Mehmet Uğur as creature
 * Kadir Kök as creature
 * Yadigar Ejder as creature
 * Sönmez Yıkılmaz as Robot creature
 * Nihat Yiğit as Beating Man At The Bar

Directed by Çetin İnanç and written by Cüneyt Arkın, a well-known Turkish actor whose works span the last five decades, the film also starred Arkın in the leading role. Other actors include Aytekin Akkaya who later starred in the Italian film Sopravvissuti della città morta, as well as Hüseyin Peyda and Füsun Uçar both of whom remained in Turkey.

Soundtrack
The musical soundtrack is entirely lifted from popular movies. The main theme used is "The Raiders March", composed by John Williams, from the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark. Other scenes incorporated the music of Moonraker, Ben-Hur, Flash Gordon, Giorgio Moroder's version of Battlestar Galactica, Planet of the Apes, Silent Running, Moses and Disney's The Black Hole. In the scene where Cüneyt Arkın and Aytekin Akkaya find the graves of old civilizations, the director selected Johann Sebastian Bach's Toccata to play. Music from Star Wars' Academy Award winning John Williams score appears, but less extensively than footage from the film.

Reception
Despite initial negative reviews for its incoherent storyline, poor performances, and use of footage and music from other films, the film has since gained a significant cult following over the years and is considered to be one of the worst films ever made. Louis Proyect of Rec Arts Movie Reviews called the film "classic midnight movie fun." Phil Hall of Film Threat gave the film a perfect 5 stars, calling it "jaw-droppingly insane ... a film that makes criticism moot."

David Elroy Goldweber has criticized the "Turkish Star Wars" fan title. He notes that, while the film has science fiction themes, it is more of a martial arts fantasy film that has much more in common with 1970s Hong Kong martial arts films from Golden Harvest than it does with Star Wars. BBC News notes that Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam was part of a wave of low-budget Turkish superhero films produced during the 1970s to early 1980s.

Sequel
After many attempts to gather the original actors in the film to create a sequel to The Man Who Saved the World, a follow-up, The Son of the Man Who Saved the World (Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam'ın Oğlu), commonly known as Turks in Space, was shot in 2006.

The sequel was released on 15 December 2006. Some fans expressed their disapproval that the special effects were not similar to the original film, where all the space scenes were ripped directly from science fiction titles of the time, such as Star Wars, the Star Trek series, and Battlestar Galactica. Famous actors from Turkey, such as Mehmet Ali Erbil took part, and Kartal Tibet directed.

Alternate sequel
Çetin İnanç proposed his own ideas for a much grander sequel, involving the creation of "zombie ninja space warriors," and the abduction of the Turkish and American presidents by aliens, and a journey to a planet that is on the other side of a black hole. According to İnanç, it "pits God against the Devil in an epic war for Earth."

Revivals
Foleyvision, an Austin, Texas-based comedy troupe who showed films replacing the original soundtrack with new dialogue, music, and sound-effects live in the theatre, used Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam as one of their performances in 2004, providing what troupe leader Buzz Moran said was "the first English translation of this film ever in the world." During the introduction to the show, Moran stated that the translator had told them that "It doesn't make any more sense in Turkish."

Filmusik, a Portland, Oregon-based collaborative performance group, similarly screened Turkish Star Wars with live voiceovers, music, and sound effects in late 2012.

Restoration
In 2016, film historian Ed Glaser purchased the only known surviving 35mm print of the film from a retired projectionist. As a result, the film received a 2K scan whose quality far surpassed any previously available copy (until then, the film had only been available in versions sourced from a poor quality videotape). Glaser's restoration went on to receive a limited theatrical release in the United Kingdom in 2018. This restoration received a limited Blu-ray release from Big Bosphorus Media, being sold from 1 to 31 October 2021.

title: Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam


text: Category:Austrian economists

title: Category:Austrian economists


text:
Meredith Dillman

Meredith Dillman is a fantasy artist and illustrator from Minnesota who specializes in fairies and fairy tale paintings. She has published multiple art books and illustrated the covers and interiors of art books and novels.

Training and influences
Dillman graduated from the Minnesota State University Moorhead with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in illustration in 2002, and part of her time studying was spent in Japan. Her works have been partially inspired by manga. She has stated her influences include Art Nouveau, manga and other Asian influences, and the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as fantasy and fairy tales she enjoyed as a child.

Personal life
Dillman was born and raised in Minnesota. She now lives in Wisconsin, along with two cats and her husband.

Works
Dillman has illustrated the covers and interiors of a number of different novels, role-playing games, and art instruction works. While most of her works are created in watercolor, she also uses acrylics and pen-and-ink.

Prints and originals of her works regularly appear in science fiction and fantasy convention art shows. In 2005, some of her works were available at the chain store Hot Topic.

Art and reference books

 * Watercolor Made Easy: Fairies & Fantasy (2009, Walter Foster Publishing, ISBN 978-1-60058-141-0)
 * Fantasy Fashion Art Studio (2013, Impact, ISBN 978-1-4403-2831-2)
 * Trace & Color in Any Medium: Fairies (2015, Walter Foster Publishing, ISBN 978-1-60058-483-1)
 * Foxes & Fairies (2017, self published, ISBN 978-0-692-86816-4)
 * Fanciful Fairy Fashion (2018, self published, ISBN 978-1-71751-777-7)

Cover illustrations

 * The Dragon Prince by Terri Pray (2005, Final Sword, ISBN 0-9723587-5-7)
 * FaeBorn by Terri Pray (2005, Final Sword, ISBN 1-934153-53-2)
 * Mercury Brightman: The First Sign by Mary E. Gober (2007, Lulu, ISBN 978-1-4303-1464-6)

Interior illustrations

 * ArtWanted.com Creative Minds (2004, Art Slam Press, ISBN 0-9763304-1-5)
 * Watercolor Fairies by David Riche and Anna Franklin (2004, Watson-Guptill, ISBN 0-8230-5640-6)
 * 500 Fairy Motifs by Myrea Pettit (2005, Collins & Brown, ISBN 1-84340-302-1)
 * How to Draw and Paint Fairies by Linda Ravenscroft (2005, Watson-Guptill, ISBN 0-8230-2383-4)
 * Mermaid of Thera, edited by Ellen Million (2005, Ellen Million Graphics, ISBN 1-933603-00-3)
 * How to Draw and Paint Fairyland: A Step-by-Step Guide to Creating the World of Fairies by Linda Ravenscroft (2008, Barron's Educational Series, ISBN 978-0-7641-3953-6)
 * Vampire Art Now by Jasmine Becket-Griffith and Matthew David Becket (2011, Harper Design, ISBN 978-0-06-202571-5)
 * Watercolor Fairy Art: How to Bring Your Fairy Realm Art to Life by Sara Burrier (2014, Barron's Educational Series, ISBN 978-1-4380-0436-5)
 * Pentacle, various illustrations

Game illustrations

 * Book of the Fantastical by Steven C. Brown, part of The Everlasting role-playing game (2003, Visionary Entertainment Studio, ISBN 188735803X)
 * The Magician's Companion by Steven C. Brown, part of The Everlasting role-playing game (2004, Visionary Entertainment Studio, ISBN 1887358056)
 * Final Twilight CCG

Recognition and reception
During college, Dillman won several awards from the Minnesota Newspaper Association for her illustrations and comic strips in the university's student paper. She will be the artist guest of honor at MarsCon 2019.

Her works have been accepted at and displayed in a number of galleries, including The Galallery in San Francisco and the Eight and Sand Gallery in Seattle in 2016, the Minneapolis Institute of Art in 2010, and multiple shows at the Eye of Horus Gallery from 2006-2008.

title: Meredith Dillman