text:
Talk:Talos

First sentence
Guarding what

Could you be more specific? Those two words seem rather ambiguous. 75.48.26.44 (talk) 05:19, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

zz
I deleted the See Also link to Achilles because I couldn't figure out any reason why the two articles should be linked. technopilgrim 23:33, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Perhaps it would be good to mention some references to Talos in later literary works? For example, it's mentioned in Edmund Spenser's "Faerie Queene", and is used as the name of an steam engine in William Golding's short story "Envoy Extraordinary". 193.77.93.167 15:45, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

E.Pottier 1902 reference
The following former reference is over 100 years out of date: "E. Pottier, who does not dispute the historical personality of Minos, in view of the story of Phalaris considers it probable that in Crete (where a bull-cult may have existed by the side of that of the double axe) victims were tortured by being shut up in the belly of a red-hot brazen bull. That would be also the origin of the myth of the Minotaur." The article by E. Pottier in La Revue de Paris, February 1902 was noted in Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911, when Minoan studies (Sir Arthur Evans) were still in their infancy. The fantasy à la Gustave Flaubert's Salammbo is based on Moloch in Carthage, not in Crete. This is mumbo-jumbo... --Wetman 12:44, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * There is an article on the brazen bull. --84.20.17.84 09:12, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

Bronze chariots
Jerry Pournelle interprets:
 * As to Talos, think a bronze armored chariot force able to deal with any invaders who got past the Navy, but hardly able to deal with a whole fleet of invaders.

--84.20.17.84 09:53, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

Cretan dialect

 * In the Cretan dialect talôs was the equivalent of the Greek hêlios, the sun

What does "equivalent" mean here? Cognate? --Alivemajor 16:18, 11 October 2007 (UTC)
 * No, its a word the Dorian invaders adopted from old Minoan. The word KAL occurs on Minoan tablets. The Dorian invaders added their linguistic suffix -os, so kalos, or talos. The origins of the word are discussed here : [] --Theranos 07:30, 12 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Owlish babble. The link is to Champlin Burrage, "Studies in the Minoan Hieroglyphic Inscriptions" Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 32 (1921: 177-183), an incunable of fanciful speculation on the Phaistos Disk, made before it was realised that Linear B is a form of Greek. We still have no clear idea of "Old Minoan", much less what adaptations Dorians might have made to it. Talos and kalos are not related. Wetman 09:28, 12 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I stand corrected. Are you suggesting talos is merely dialect? Or its origins are too obscure to speculate? For reference here is the hêlios in the LSJ : . It mentions another Cretan form abelios which has also (?) acquired a hard consonant. --Theranos 10:25, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Interesting here is that Kal is another name of Shib (Shiva). Novo24 (talk) 15:33, 29 June 2008 (UTC)NOVO

Zeus and Talos may be different
The word Zeus in Zeus Talos might not be a proper noun and it could simply mean god Talos and so Zeus and Talos might not be the same. Novo24 (talk) 15:27, 29 June 2008 (UTC)NOVO

Talus bone
Is the Latin name Talus cognate with the Talus bone? It appears apposite as his heel is his weak point. Totnesmartin (talk) 17:44, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:21, 1 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Medeia and Talus.png

title: Talk:Talos


text: User talk:65.24.220.12

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:65.24.220.12


text:
User talk:Luthien.tinuviel

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Oi mo! =)
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title: User talk:Luthien.tinuviel


text:
Point Air

Point Air was a French airline company operating a Douglas DC-8-63 on a route from Marseille and Mulhouse/Basel to Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Point Air was famous for its low prices, before the age of low-cost airlines.

The airline started operations in 1980. Built on the remains of the French Antillan SATT, the Swiss-registered Point Air went into a politically enforced bankruptcy in 1988.

title: Point Air


text:
Completely multiplicative function

In number theory, functions of positive integers which respect products are important and are called completely multiplicative functions or totally multiplicative functions. A weaker condition is also important, respecting only products of coprime numbers, and such functions are called multiplicative functions. Outside of number theory, the term "multiplicative function" is often taken to be synonymous with "completely multiplicative function" as defined in this article.

Definition
A completely multiplicative function (or totally multiplicative function) is an arithmetic function (that is, a function whose domain is the natural numbers), such that f(1) = 1 and f(ab) = f(a)f(b) holds for all positive integers a and b.

In logic notation: $$f(1) = 1$$ and $$\forall a, b \in \text{domain}(f), f(ab) = f(a)f(b)$$.

Without the requirement that f(1) = 1, one could still have f(1) = 0, but then f(a) = 0 for all positive integers a, so this is not a very strong restriction. If one did not fix $$f(1) = 1$$, one can see that both $$0$$ and $$1$$ are possibilities for the value of $$f(1)$$ in the following way: $$ \begin{align} f(1) = f(1 \cdot 1) &\iff f(1) = f(1)f(1) \\ &\iff f(1) = f(1)^2 \\ &\iff f(1)^2 - f(1) = 0 \\ &\iff f(1)\left(f(1) - 1\right) = 0 \\ &\iff f(1) = 0 \lor f(1) = 1. \end{align} $$

The definition above can be rephrased using the language of algebra: A completely multiplicative function is a homomorphism from the monoid $$(\mathbb Z^+,\cdot)$$ (that is, the positive integers under multiplication) to some other monoid.

Examples
The easiest example of a completely multiplicative function is a monomial with leading coefficient 1: For any particular positive integer n, define f(a) = an. Then f(bc) = (bc)n = bncn = f(b)f(c), and f(1) = 1n = 1.

The Liouville function is a non-trivial example of a completely multiplicative function as are Dirichlet characters, the Jacobi symbol and the Legendre symbol.

Properties
A completely multiplicative function is completely determined by its values at the prime numbers, a consequence of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Thus, if n is a product of powers of distinct primes, say n = pa qb ..., then f(n) = f(p)a f(q)b ...

While the Dirichlet convolution of two multiplicative functions is multiplicative, the Dirichlet convolution of two completely multiplicative functions need not be completely multiplicative.

There are a variety of statements about a function which are equivalent to it being completely multiplicative. For example, if a function f is multiplicative then it is completely multiplicative if and only if its Dirichlet inverse is $$\mu\cdot f$$ where $$\mu$$ is the Möbius function.

Completely multiplicative functions also satisfy a distributive law. If f is completely multiplicative then

$$f \cdot (g*h)=(f \cdot g)*(f \cdot h)$$

where * represents the Dirichlet product and $$\cdot$$ represents pointwise multiplication. One consequence of this is that for any completely multiplicative function f one has

$$f*f = \tau \cdot f$$

which can be deduced from the above by putting both $$g = h = 1$$, where $$1(n) = 1$$ is the constant function. Here $$ \tau$$ is the divisor function.

Proof of distributive property

\begin{align} f \cdot \left(g*h \right)(n) &= f(n) \cdot \sum_{d|n} g(d) h \left( \frac{n}{d} \right) = \\ &= \sum_{d|n} f(n) \cdot (g(d) h \left( \frac{n}{d} \right)) = \\ &= \sum_{d|n} (f(d) f \left( \frac{n}{d} \right)) \cdot (g(d) h \left( \frac{n}{d} \right)) \text{ (since } f \text{ is completely multiplicative) } = \\ &= \sum_{d|n} (f(d) g(d)) \cdot (f \left( \frac{n}{d} \right) h \left( \frac{n}{d} \right)) \\ &= (f \cdot g)*(f \cdot h). \end{align} $$

Dirichlet series
The L-function of completely (or totally) multiplicative Dirichlet series $$a(n)$$ satisfies
 * $$L(s,a)=\sum^\infty_{n=1}\frac{a(n)}{n^s}=\prod_p\biggl(1-\frac{a(p)}{p^s}\biggr)^{-1},$$

which means that the sum all over the natural numbers is equal to the product all over the prime numbers.

title: Completely multiplicative function


text: Category:Baseball memorabilia

title: Category:Baseball memorabilia


text:
User talk:Pierre Petiot

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title: User talk:Pierre Petiot


text:
Buttermere, Wiltshire

Buttermere is a small village and civil parish on the eastern boundary of Wiltshire, England, about 4.5 mi south of Hungerford and 10 mi southeast of Marlborough. The village stands above the steep escarpment of Ham Hill, and at 257 m above sea level it is the highest village in Wiltshire and probably the highest in Wessex.

The parish includes the hamlet of Henley, southwest of Buttermere village and next to the county border with Hampshire, and the western flanks of Inkpen Hill.

Toponymy
A settlement at Buttermere is recorded in the 930s as Butermere, and as Butremare in Domesday Book. The name is thought to derive from butere + mere and is generally agreed to mean "lake with good pasture".

History
The manor of Buttermere was recorded in the 9th century, and from the 11th was held by St Swithun's priory, Winchester. Henley's land was probably added to the parish in the 11th century, when it was also held by St Swithun's. The parish was part of Savernake forest until 1330.

The population of the parish was steady at around 130 for the whole of the 19th century but declined in the 20th, reaching 39 in 1971.

A small school was built near the rectory in 1872, and closed in 1944 when there were only nine pupils.

Parish church
The Church of England parish church of St James is one of the smallest in Wiltshire. There was a church here in the 13th century, and a watercolour by John Buckler in 1806 shows a simple building with a wooden west turret. In 1855-6 the church was rebuilt on the same footprint, using salvaged materials, with a small central spire.

The church is in the parish of Ham and Buttermere, which is part of the Savernake team ministry.

Local government
Buttermere civil parish is governed by a parish meeting, a form of governance applied to parishes with a small population. It is in the area of Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which is responsible for all significant local government functions.

title: Buttermere, Wiltshire


text: Category:Banks of Portugal

title: Category:Banks of Portugal


text: User talk:65.45.141.183

title: User talk:65.45.141.183


text: Category:Basketball venues

title: Category:Basketball venues


text:
Talk:Niels Ryberg Finsen

Finsen was a Faroese, not a Dane
I know, most Finsen biographies call him a Dane, but this is not his true nationality. He was Faroese. Born in the Faroes and grown up there as the son of the gouvernor Hannes Finsen. His father was Icelandic and his mother a Dane, who lived in Iceland. Ofcourse, at this time Iceland and the Faroes were parts of Denmark, but this does not mean, that these nations were not existing with their languages and culture. Niels Finsen left the Faroes in the age of 14. It is almost impossible, that he was not speaking Faroese, independend from propably Icelandic and/or Danish spoken at home. Niels' brother Olaf lived over 50 years in Tórshavn (where he was born) and was a notable Faroese pharmacist and member of the town council (at least its president). In the Faroes, nobody doubts, that Niels Finsen is nobody less than their countryman. One of the most important streets in Tórshavn is the Niels Finsens gøta, where the Løgting is located and each year the Ólavsøka parade starts. He got thus the most prominent street of the country :) Arne List 14:44, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I've written that Finsen is Faroese/Danish, primarily because he was born in the Faroe Islands, but not to Faroese parents. His father was Icelantic, but went on to live in Denmark as Amtmand of Ribe. His mother was from Copenhagen, a large part of his family was from Copenhagen, he had many close relatives that lived in Copenhagen and finally he himself spent most of his life in Copenhagen - so Faroese/Danish. Saying that he was only Faroese would basing his nationality solely on his place of birth. Something I believe the many Faroese born in Denmark to Faroese parents would disagree strongly with, as following that logic they would not be Faroese. --Mecil 04:59, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Finsen was Faroese, not Icelantic
This is the second time that someone has made an edit claiming that Finsen was Icelantic and I'm wondering on why this is. Is it a common held belief in Iceland? I have presented the arguement that Finsen should be considered Faorese/Danish because he was born in the Faroe Islands, but spent most of his life in Copenhagen. His mother was Danish, his father lived in the Faroe Islands and later for a very long time in Denmark. To call him Icelantic because his father was born in Iceland is a bit of a stretch. Can anyone present a counterarguement? --Mecil 13:06, 5 March 2006 (UTC)
 * In the Icelandic article about him it says he was a Faeroese doctor with Icelandic ancestry. The Icelandic ancestry is probably only noteworthy on the Icelandic Wikipedia. --Sindri 14:29, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Well this seems to be some "thing" with Icelantic people, as it was changed again. This time an unsourced claim on his mother being Icelantic was added. Please if you feel so strongly about this, make your case here, and cite your references. Mecil 16:42, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

"lives on"
I don't think the statement that "his notion that specific wavelengths of sunlight have scientifically proven healing properties lives on in the radiation treatment of cancer." is really valid. the two things are totally removed from one another and modern radiation treatment does not have roots in sunlight therapy.--Deglr6328 19:58, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Your probably right. I'll remove it if nobody objects Mecil 16:47, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Niels Ryberg Finsen


text:
User talk:Pearle

'''NOTE: Pearle has been offline for many years due to a change in database dump format and replacement of most functionality by other bots. Bot talk archives are retained for historical purposes. If leaving a message, please ping the bot owner, User:Beland. Thanks!'''

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title: User talk:Pearle


text:
Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization

Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization, 307 U.S. 496 (1939), is a US labor law case decided by the United States Supreme Court.

Facts
In Jersey City, New Jersey, Mayor Frank Hague had in 1937 used a city ordinance to prevent labor meetings in public places and stop the distribution of literature pertaining to the Committee for Industrial Organization's cause. He referred to the CIO as "communist."

“Wherever the title of streets and parks may rest, they have immemorially been held in trust for the use of the public and, time out of mind, have been used for purposes of assembly, communicating thoughts between citizens, and discussing public questions. Such use of the streets and public places has, from ancient times, been a part of the privileges, immunities, rights, and liberties of citizens” (Justice Roberts).

Judgment
District and circuit courts ruled in favor of the CIO, which brought the suit against the mayor for these actions and which was represented by Morris L. Ernst, Spaulding Frazer, Lee Pressman and Benjamin Kaplan. Hague appealed to the Supreme Court which ruled against him and held that Hague's ban on political meetings violated the First Amendment right to freedom of assembly, and so the ordinances were void.

This case brought forth the public forum to the Supreme Court, and is used as a tool for many other cases dealing with First Amendment Rights/ public forum issues. It took a long time after the 14th Amendment was adopted (1866) and ratified (1868) before the Supreme Court began to use it to assert individual rights against State and local Governments; which amplified the right to peacefully assemble and fight for freedom of speech.


text: Category:Psycholinguistics

title: Category:Psycholinguistics


text:
Talk:Valencia Island

This is a misspelling. Also, the train station was not on the island, rather it was at the ferry-point near Caherciveen. zoney ♣ talk 23:45, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Valencia Island


text:
User talk:Hillm4

ClockworkTroll 23:47, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hillm4


text:
User talk:Emerica~enwiki

ClockworkTroll 23:48, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Emerica. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Emerica~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:35, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Emerica~enwiki


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User talk:Helix84

Welcome to my talk page. I might not answer your comments for days, so you may want to put comments on my Slovak talk page, which I read more often -- sk:user_talk:helix84.

User_talk:helix84/Archive of old discussions from this page. When resurrecting an archived topic, please, move it back here. helix84 22:52, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Moving images to commons
Hello, is there a way how to move free licensed images to Commons automagically? I also don't feel good doing it as I'm in fact becoming the uploader (who's responsible for copyright issues), while, in fact, I'm just moving it to a central repository. How do you deal with these issues and are there any plans to simplify/smoothen the process? helix84 03:48, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Ping? helix84 17:57, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Oops, sorry for the slow reply. No, there's no easy way to move images to the Commons.  You just have to download from here, then re-upload.  Commons Helper can help a little, by generating an image description page to copy that has the image history information.  User:dbenbenn 11:52, 20 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Is there a chance this will change after single login? helix84 12:50, 20 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I have no idea. User:dbenbenn 00:15, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

 * FYI - I originated an inquiry to AllyUnion on this very topic a short while ago tonight to see if something could be done by BOT. I'll keep you advised. // Fra nkB 07:39, 24 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I'm very interested, though next saturday I'm leaving for the whole summer. Anyway, the transfer can wait. helix84 15:25, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

AfD de_chateau
Just wanted to let you know that one of our CS maps is up for deletion. I'm not sure why they're picking on this one, but here's the link Articles_for_deletion/De_chateau David Bergan 16:29, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Another AfD on the CS Maps
Thanks for your input on the last one, this is getting sickening, but the vote is against us right now. Articles_for_deletion/Counter-Strike_maps David Bergan 21:02, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

SVG-making software?
Hi Helix84. Some time ago you remade some of my png-diagrams of hash functions to svg-format. I have since then myself experiemented with svg-images but often have problems with Wikipedia not being able to handle the svg-images I make with Inkscape. (I use an old version of Inkscape since that is the version that works on my WinME.) What svg-making software do you use? And do you find it good so you can recommend it? --David Göthberg 05:01, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Vignette (software)
Thank you for catching my mistake. I guess I misread the history when I was looking over the article. It appears that the CSD G11 tag addition was in bad faith. Anyway, thanks for letting me know. I have restored the page. Nish kid 64  01:19, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Graphics Lab
I saw your name listed on Wikiproject Illustration or  the list of graphic artists, and I thought I'd let you know that a Graphics Lab has been created on EN. Based on the highly successful French and German graphics labs, it seeks to better organise and coordinate our graphic design and photo-editing efforts. Up until now, there has been no common space on EN where users could ask for maps, charts and other SVG files to be created. What's more, the Graphics Lab has discussion boards, tips, tools and links; in sum, a good common workspace. Come help us out! The infrastucture is already in place, and now we need participants. :) -- Zantastik  talk  00:38, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

WikiSk template
Hello, I have recently created a template which can be used on their user pages by those, who contribute to the Slovak Wikipedia as well. If you do and if you are interested, you can have a look at Template:User wikisk. Jan.Kamenicek 22:08, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Pennsylvania Turnpike
Hey, I saw your minor shield resizing on that article. The current shield size is fine, but if you do experience images showing up as a blank, you might want to read WP:PURGE and following the instructions there. But it just so happens, for the I-76 svg, that it is a very problematic shield, and the only solution for that svg was to reupload it. This issue was also addressed in this SVG bug. Cheers!  V 6 0  VTalk · VDemolitions  ·  Editor review 2! 23:38, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Cory in the House s01e06.png)
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Slovak Wikipedians' notice board
Hi. You might be interested in checking out the brand new Slovak Wikipedians' notice board. All Wikipedians interested in Slovakia or subjects somehow related to Slovakia are invited to use this noticeboard as a tool for better organizing their activities, making announcements to others with similar interests, and discussing any actual issues related to their work on Wikipedia. You are welcome to add this notice board to your watchlist, so that you could see when it is updated and thus take part in any projects, initiatives, and improvements relating to articles about Slovakia. Also, you are welcome to report your own articles here so they could be peer-reviewed and expanded by other contributors. Tankred 15:59, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Category:Largo di Torre Argentina
Category:Largo di Torre Argentina has been nominated for deletion; you are invited to participate in the discussion located here. – Black Falcon (Talk) 22:45, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

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Fair use rationale for Image:PearPC logo.png
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AfD nomination of No-www
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:Windows 2000 Professional Box Art.png)
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Unreferenced BLPs
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wikEd translation
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wikEd translation
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title: User talk:Helix84


text: User talk:69.140.164.41

title: User talk:69.140.164.41


text:
DragonRaid

DragonRaid is a Christian discipleship learning game set in a fantasy world. DragonRaid was created by Dick Wulf in 1984 and revived in 2018 by Lightraider Academy (Lightraider Christian Fantasy) under Christian author James R. Hannibal. It is generally considered a role-playing game, although the game's owners describe it as a hybrid using elements of a role playing game and elements of a choose-your-adventure-style Bible study. Its primary focus is to help Christians understand and nurture the fruit of the Spirit and grow in their understanding of the Bible and its daily application.

Description
Using an allegorical fantasy RPG setting, players are able to play the roles of Keledan (Twiceborn) Lightraiders and practice biblical principles in a group setting. The fantasy backdrop (called Dastan or EdenAgain) is similar to J. R. R. Tolkien's Arda and C. S. Lewis' Narnia.

It uses a mechanical system called the Adventure Learning System, and is the only role-playing game to use that system. In the ALS system, the rule set used by the game master (called the "Adventure Master") to operate the environment and non-player characters is significantly different from the rule set used by the players to operate their personal characters. In particular, enemies roll a smaller die than the players (d8 versus d10), making it more likely that PCs will succeed in their actions than their antagonists. This also has the effect of making random failure more likely for NPCs than for PCs, as the lowest value on an eight-sided die comes up 12.5% of the time, compared to 10% of the time for a ten-sided die. This advantage to players allows the Adventure Master to more easily teach the specific biblical principles that are the focus of each adventure.

The ludic experience is included in a pastoral or religious education frame. The Adventure Master is intended to be a figure of authority (dad/mom, youth leader, Bible study group leader). The game design introduced different resolution rules for the player characters and for the non-player characters.

Reception
In his 2023 book Monsters, Aliens, and Holes in the Ground, RPG historian Stu Horvath noted, "The most curious thing about DragonRaid is what amounts to the magic system, which is based on the idea of Word Runes, essentially Bible quotes that must be recited from memory to, well, create magical effects ... it is an extremely early example of the dialogue-as-mechanic ideas that would crop up in storytelling games and more narrative-based RPGs years later." However, Horvath pointed out, "DraongRaid was a failure ... Entrenched RPG players resented the game's blatant fundamentalist Christian themes ... and evangelical Christians thought it was misguided and ultimately just as evil as all the other role-playing games."

Criticisms
The game has been criticized by secular role-players (for its overtly proselytizing content), and by Christian anti-role-playing groups like Bothered About Dungeons and Dragons. The website christiangaming.com similarly states that "DragonRaid became a victim of some well-meaning but mistaken Christian organizations that condemned it as having evil content".

Revival of DragonRaid and Lightraider Academy
In 2018, Dick Wulf transferred DragonRaid to Christian author and game developer James R. Hannibal. Under the flags of Lightraider Academy and Lightraider Christian fantasy, new games and books, including new adventures for the original DragonRaid, are in development.

DragonRaid

 * The Lightraider Test, 1984
 * The Rescue of the Sacred Scrolls, 1984
 * The Moonbridge Raid Part One, 1986
 * The Moonbridge Raid campaign initiated a new style of map-based game play for DragonRaid. With the new style, players had more freedom of movement using a hexagon grid map. Adventure Masters led the story based on sector descriptions, with certain critical sectors.
 * The Moonbridge Raid Parts Two and Three, 2020
 * Under James R. Hannibal, Lightraider Academy published the final two parts of the Moonbridge Raid to complete the campaign. These were produced in a visual style to match the original Moonbridge Raid Part One. The Moonbridge Raid Parts Two and Three continue the map-based play style initiated with Part One. They also add an "encounter" appendix to each part, allowing Adventure Masters the flexibility to provide additional game content pertinent to the main story line of the campaign and allowing the players to discover additional clues and secrets without being funneled into certain map sectors.

Games

 * First Watch
 * First watch is a Scripture memory and application card game that also serves as a reference tool for DragonRaid adventures. The verses memorized in the card game are also used in DragonRaid and in the Lightraider Academy trilogy of novels
 * Starlots the Board Game
 * Starlots is a family board game based in the Lightraider/DragonRaid world slated to release during the summer of 2021

Stories

 * Wolf Soldier (Lightraider Academy Book 1)
 * Wolf Soldier is book 1 of the Lightraider Academy trilogy set to release in October 2021 from the Escape imprint of Enclave Books.
 * The Fountain and the Flame
 * In April 2021 Woodridge.org began carrying a monthly story set in the Lightraider world. Each chapter includes choices for readers to select, and the following chapter is written based upon the most popular selection. Chapter 1 was published on April 28, 2021.

title: DragonRaid


text:
Great Island

Great Island is an island in Cork Harbour, at the mouth of the River Lee and close to the city of Cork, Ireland. The largest town on the island is Cobh (called Queenstown from 1849 to 1920). The island's economic and social history has historically been linked to the naval, ship-building, and shipping activities in the town's environs.

In the early 21st century, a different marine industry has arisen. Tourism and related services have become a significant part of the local economy, including cruise ships attracted by the Port of Cork berthing facilities on the island. This is the only dedicated cruising ship berth in the Republic of Ireland.

History
The ancient name of the island was Ard-Neimheadh, the "High (or important) island of Neimheadh". According to the 11th-century work Lebor Gabála Érenn, Neimheadh was the leader of a group who invaded the area in prehistoric times. Archaeological evidence of prehistoric and early medieval settlement on Great Island is recorded on the Record of Monuments and Places of the National Monuments Service. This includes records of ringfort, fulacht fiadh, holy well, and bee bole structures.

By the early 13th century, the island was under the control of the Anglo-Norman Hodnett family. The Hodnetts built several structures, including Belvelly Castle, to defend the island and its approaches. The island and its defenses were taken by the de Barra (Barry) family in the 14th century. The Barry family (later Earls of Barrymore) retained power in the area for several centuries, and the island became known as "Barrymore Island" or Oileán Mór an Bharraigh, meaning "Great island of the Barrys".

In the 18th and 19th centuries, due to the strategic importance of the island within Cork Harbour (overlooking the naval berths and military bases at Haulbowline and Spike Island), several coastal defence fortifications were built on Great Island. These included construction by the British of Cove Fort (between Cobh and Cuskinny) in the 18th century and several Martello towers (at Belvelly, Monning and Rossleague) in the 19th century.

The largest settlement on Great Island, Cobh, had significant development during the 19th and early 20th centuries, stimulated by additional expansion in shipping and naval activity in the area.

Location and access
Great Island is located in Cork Harbour on Ireland's south coast, and is made-up of the civil parishes of Clonmel and Templerobin.

The island is connected by road bridge to Fota Island to the north – which, in turn, connects via a causeway to the mainland. This road bridge, Belvelly Bridge, was built in 1803 at one of the narrowest points in the channels around Great Island. More than 200 years old, it is the only road bridge to the island.

A railway bridge and rail line also runs out through Fota Island to Great Island. Railway stations on Great Island include Carrigaloe station and Rushbrooke station, and the terminus at Cobh. A ferry service also connects the island (from a point near Carrigaloe) to the mainland (at a point near Passage West).

During regional windstorms in 2017 (including Storm Ophelia), downed trees and high winds resulted in the closure of the only road bridge to Great Island. Ferry and rail services were cancelled, leaving 12,000 residents stranded on the island. This led to some calls for a review of emergency access provisions and plans for the island.

Land use and economy
In the 19th century Topographical Dictionary of Ireland (published by Samuel Lewis in 1837), Great Island is described as "very fertile" with its "light productive soil" supporting agricultural uses with "two-thirds [of the island] under tillage, and the remainder in pasture or included in demesnes". Lewis describes the island's location, environment and climate as factors "induc[ing] many genteel families to settle here".

As of the 21st century, land use on Great Island remains primarily agricultural and residential in nature. The island has a population of between 12,000 and 14,000. While some of this population work on the island, as of the early 21st century, an increasing percentage of the island's residents commute to Cork city for work, traveling by car, Cork Commuter Rail, and bus services to the city. Residential developments are concentrated mainly around Cobh, with other populated townlands and settlements on the island including Ballymore, Ballynoe, and Belvelly.

Prior to the 21st century, land use included industrial zones, such as the former Irish Fertilizer Industries plant at Marino Point, and the Verolme Cork Dockyard at Rushbrooke. The latter was long the site of construction of vessels for the Irish Naval Service, such as the LÉ Eithne. Many of these heavy industries have since closed. Some smaller boatbuilding companies are still based at Cobh.

Tourism is now important to the island economy. As of 2017, Great Island was the location of the only berth in the Republic of Ireland dedicated for visiting cruise ships. This industry has grown in the 21st century.

Ecology
Several proposed conservation sites and green areas are located on and around the island. These include Cuskinny Marsh Nature Reserve (which is managed by BirdWatch Ireland), Marlogue Wood (operated by Coillte), and the Great Island Channel Special Area of Conservation (overseen by the National Parks and Wildlife Service). The latter, the Great Island Special Area of Conservation, proposes conservation controls (including aquaculture limits) to protect the animal and bird habitats of the area's salt marshes.

While larger fish species are less common in the Great Island Special Area of Conservation, a large blue shark was recorded just off the island in mid-2018.

title: Great Island


text:
Trojan (brand)

Trojan is a brand name of condoms and sexual lubricants manufactured by the Church & Dwight Company. Trojan condoms were started by Merle Leland Youngs in the 1910s after he moved to New York City. The major condom manufacturer before Youngs was Julius Schmid, who had made condoms from animal intestines starting in the 1880s.

As of 2006, 70.5% of condoms purchased in United States drugstores are Trojan brand.

Brand history
Trojan condoms were first manufactured in 1916 by Merle Leland Youngs through his company Fay and Youngs, renamed Youngs Rubber Corporation in 1919. Youngs Rubber Corporation debuted Trojan brand condoms with the image of the Trojan helmet. Trojan began advertising condoms in 1927 through an ad placed in a trade magazine for pharmacists.

By 1930 latex-based materials were used. Latex was less expensive than the rubber used previously, while still providing protection against disease and pregnancy. The material change also allowed a shelf life of five years in comparison to three months. As of 2009, Trojan produces 30 different varieties of condoms.

Unlike other brands, Trojan manufactures some of its condoms in the United States. Church and Dwight has a factory located at 1851 Touchstone Dr, South Chesterfield, VA. The facility was built in 1988 by the Safetex Corp. to manufacture Saxon condoms. In the mid-1990s, Trojan, then owned by Carter-Wallace, sought a new manufacturing facility. Safetex announced the closure of its Chesterfield factory. Carter-Wallace purchased and modernized the factory in 1995, expanding it to more than three times its original size.

In May of 2023, Church and Dwight announced a $27 million expansion to its Chesterfield manufacturing plant, where they plan to produce an innovative scent-boosting laundry product.

Research
Since 2006, Trojan has conducted the Sexual Health Report Card, an annual ranking of the sexual health resources available to students at college and university campuses throughout the United States. Student health centers at 141 schools from the various Bowl Championship Series conferences are ranked on the students' opinion of subjects such as their health center, condom and other contraceptive availability, HIV and STD testing, student peer groups, sexual assault programs and resources, and website usability. Research firm Sperling's BestPlaces collates and analyzes the data. During the last report in 2016, University of Georgia ranked among the best, with St. John's University in last place. The results caused a great deal of controversy. School administrators insisted that students must adhere to Roman Catholic teachings, which emphasize Natural family planning.

Notable marketing campaigns
In 2003, in order to introduce Trojan condoms in the United Kingdom, a humorous fake official web site for the so-called Trojan Games was created. The Trojan Games were supposedly an international sporting event similar to the Olympics and taking place in Bucharest. The sports were based on sexual performance. As of November 2006 the various "Trojan Games" videos had been viewed 300 million times.

Trojan Vibrations gave away a total of 7,000 free vibrators in New York City and Washington, DC, in 2012.

By August 2018 a new ad campaign called "Big Sexy World" introduced a new mascot, the Trojan Man. This stirred up controversy. Many people received the ads as "too inappropriate".

A podcast hosted by Cody Ko called The Pleasure Is Ours – sponsored by Trojan and produced by iHeartRadio premiered on October 1, 2020, featuring YouTuber Drew Gooden. In each episode, Ko "invites a special guest on board to act as the older brothers (or sister) you never had, picking apart the dumbest notions that a young man or woman might be exposed to as they come of age, with topics ranging from work, to sex, to entertainment, to social media," and features ads exclusive to Trojan Brand products.

title: Trojan (brand)


text:
Year and a day rule

The year and a day rule is associated with the former common law standard that death could not be legally attributed to acts or omissions that occurred more than a year and a day before the death.

It is elsewhere associated with the minimum sentence for a crime to count as a felony.

The rule and homicide
In English common law, it was held that a death was conclusively presumed not to be murder (or any other homicide) if it occurred more than a year and one day since the act (or omission) that was alleged to have been its cause. The rule also applied to the offence of assisting with a suicide.

Certain problems with this rule arise from the advance of medicine. Life support technology can extend the interval between the murderous act and the subsequent death. Application of the year and a day rule prevented murder prosecutions, not because of the merits of the case, but because of the successful intervention of doctors in prolonging life. Additionally, advances in forensic medicine may assist the court to determine that an act was a cause of death even though it was carried out fairly far in the past.

England and Wales, Northern Ireland
The rule was abolished by the Law Reform (Year and a Day Rule) Act 1996. English and Welsh law and Northern Irish law is now substantially revised such that if a specific action can be proved to be the cause of death, it can now potentially constitute murder regardless of the intervening time. The abolition of the rule does not relieve the prosecution of its obligation to prove the mens rea element; in cases of murder, this is the accused intended to cause either death or serious injury.

The permission of the Attorney General for England and Wales or Attorney General for Northern Ireland is required for any prosecution in which it is alleged that the death occurred more than three years after the causative act, or when the offender has previously been convicted of an offence in connection with the death.

New Zealand
New Zealand had a year and a day rule until it was abolished unanimously in March 2018.

United States

 * In 1891, the rule was upheld at the federal level in Ball v. United States.
 * In 1987, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, the highest local court in Washington, DC, rejected the year-and-a-day-rule in United States v. Jackson.
 * In 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States held that a Tennessee court's retroactive abolition of the rule was constitutional in Rogers v. Tennessee, since the ex post facto clause only prohibits an ex post facto law from being passed, but does not prohibit a judicial organ from revising the common law in an ex post facto manner.

The rule's common law status has been successfully used by defendants to overturn convictions as recently as 2003: the Supreme Court of Wisconsin upheld the year and a day rule in the case before it, but simultaneously abolished the rule for any later cases, noting the modern circumstances of homicide cases, in which there is "the specter of a family's being forced to choose between terminating the use of a life-support system and allowing an accused to escape a murder charge" and the court's finding that it is "unjust to permit an assailant to escape punishment because of a convergence of modern medical advances and an archaic rule from the thirteenth century".

In California, the "year and a day" rule has been changed to a "three years and a day" rule. If a death occurs more than three years and one day after the act alleged to have caused it (and the act was committed on or after 1 January 1997), there is "a rebuttable presumption that the killing was not criminal", but the prosecution may seek to overcome this presumption. However, if the murder is committed by somebody who is serving a term of life imprisonment and is sentenced to state prison the year and a day rule applies instead.

In 2014, the D.C. rule (as it existed in 1981) was one of the reasons given for why John Hinckley, the attempted assassin of President Ronald Reagan, could not be prosecuted for the murder of James S. Brady. The medical examiner listed the cause of death for Brady as bullets fired 33 years earlier.

Hong Kong
The rule was abolished in 2000 by section 33C of the Offences against the Person Ordinance (Cap. 212).

Jurisdictions where the rule has never applied
The following countries are listed in the Report on the Year and a Day Rule in Homicide with the observation that "the rule has never applied":
 * Austria
 * France
 * Germany
 * Greece
 * Italy
 * Poland
 * Scotland
 * The report also said "It was held in H.M. Advocate v Stewart that the Crown may be barred from proceeding with a trial if it would be oppressive for them to do so in view of the passage of time since the discovery of the offence."
 * South Africa

Jurisdictions where the rule has been abolished

 * England and Wales, Northern Ireland
 * See the main introduction above.
 * Republic of Ireland
 * The rule was abolished "for all purposes" including "for the purposes of offences involving the death of a person, and for the purpose of determining whether a person committed suicide" by the section 38 of the Criminal Justice Act 1999.
 * Hong Kong
 * The rule was abolished "for all purposes" in Hong Kong by section 33C of the Offences Against the Person Ordinance, which is added by the Statute Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance 2000 following the recommendation of the Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong. The Commission did not consider it necessary to set a time limit beyond which prosecutions required the consent of the Secretary of Justice.

As a sentence for felons
A year and a day is a minimum incarceration sentence for felonies in many jurisdictions, and is one of the main features distinguishing felonies from misdemeanors. For some crimes, this is the minimum penalty, as traditionally in English-speaking, common law countries, misdemeanors may not entail a sentence of a year or more (hence, "eleven months and twenty-nine days") whereas felonies are traditionally punished by incarceration of over one year, hence "a year and a day." Furthermore, in many jurisdictions, prisoners are eligible for parole only if their sentences are longer than a year; by imposing a sentence of a year and a day, judges can offer defendants a chance at parole. In the United States federal system, only sentences exceeding one year allow prisoners to obtain early release for good behaviour while incarcerated. As a result, a sentence of a year and a day can lead to less time served than a sentence of a year.

title: Year and a day rule


text:
Masthead

Masthead may refer to:
 * The top of a sailing mast
 * Masthead rig, a method of rigging a sailing vessel

Publishing

 * Masthead (American publishing), details of the owners, publisher, contributors etc. of a newspaper or periodical (UK: "publisher's imprint")
 * Masthead (British publishing), the banner name on the front page of a newspaper or periodical (US: "nameplate")
 * Masthead Maine, formerly a network of newspapers in Maine

Other uses

 * Masthead Studios, a Bulgarian video game developer specializing in massively multiplayer online role-playing games
 * Mast Head Amplifier, an amplifier connected directly to a mobile antenna mast

title: Masthead


text:
Under the Banner of Heaven

Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith is a nonfiction book by author Jon Krakauer, first published in July 2003. He investigated and juxtaposed two histories: the origin and evolution of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a modern double murder committed in the name of God by brothers Ron and Dan Lafferty, who subscribed to a fundamentalist version of Mormonism.

The Laffertys were formerly members of a splinter group called the School of Prophets, led by Robert C. Crossfield (also known by his prophet name Onias). The group accepts many beliefs of the original LDS church at the time when it ceased the practice of polygamy in the 1890s, but it does not identify with those who call themselves fundamentalist Mormons. The book examines the ideologies of both the LDS Church and the fundamentalist Mormon polygamous groups, such as the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS Church).

The book was adapted as a limited series of the same name that began airing in April 2022 on FX on Hulu.

Murders
The book opens with news accounts of the 1984 murder of Brenda Lafferty and her infant daughter Erica. Brenda was married to Allen Lafferty, the youngest of the Lafferty brothers. His older brothers Dan and Ron disapproved of their sister-in-law Brenda because they believed she was the reason Dan's wife left him (after refusing to allow him to marry a plural/second wife—his stepdaughters). Both men's extremism reached new heights when they became members of the School of the Prophets, founded and led by Robert C. Crossfield. After joining this group, Ron claimed that God had sent him revelations about Brenda. Communication with God is a core belief of fundamentalist Mormonism, as well as the mainstream LDS Church. Ron showed the members of the School of Prophets a written "removal revelation" that allegedly called for the killing of Brenda and her baby. After other members of the School failed to honor Ron's removal revelation, the brothers quit the School.

Dan claimed that he slit both of the victims' throats. But, at the 2001 trial, Chip Carnes, who was riding in the getaway car, testified that Ron said that he had killed Brenda, and that Ron had thanked his brother for "doing the baby".

After the murders, the police found the written "revelation" concerning Brenda and Erica. The press widely reported that Ron had received a revelation to kill the mother and child. Afterward, the Lafferty brothers conducted a recorded press conference at which Ron said that the "revelation" was not addressed to him, but to "Todd" [a drifter whom Ron had befriended while working in Wichita] and that the revelation called only for "removal" of Brenda and her baby, and did not use the word "kill". The jury at Ron's trial was shown these remarks of Ron denying he had received a revelation to kill Brenda and Erica.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints history
After opening with the Lafferty case, Krakauer explores the history of Mormonism, starting with the early life of Joseph Smith, founder and first prophet of the Latter Day Saint movement. He follows his life from a criminal fraud trial to leading the first followers to Jackson County, Missouri, and Nauvoo, Illinois. While violence seemed to accompany the Mormons, Krakauer notes that they did not necessarily initiate it. Early Mormons faced religious persecution from mainstream Protestant Christians, due to their unorthodox beliefs, including polygamy and ongoing revelation from God through living prophets. In addition they tended to conduct business and personal relations only with other members of their community. There were violent clashes between Mormons and non-Mormons, culminating in Smith's death on June 27, 1844, when a mob shot him after attacking him in Carthage Jail, where he was awaiting trial for inciting a riot after ordering, as Nauvoo's mayor, in conjunction with the City Council, the destruction of the printing press of the Nauvoo Expositor, a local publication which had been declared a public nuisance.

From Nauvoo, the Mormons trekked westward to modern-day Utah, led by Smith's successor Brigham Young (after some controversy). Arriving in what they called Deseret, many Mormons believed they would be left alone by the United States government, as the territory was then part of Mexico. Soon after their arrival, the Mexican–American War occurred, with Mexico's eventual defeat. Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed on February 2, 1848, this land and the rest of what would become the American Southwest were ceded to the United States.

Smith's highly controversial revelation of plural marriage threatened to split apart followers of the faith. The Utah Territory was a theodemocracy led by Brigham Young as Governor, where polygamy continued to be practiced for 43 years. Finally, on September 23, 1890, Wilford Woodruff, the fourth president of the Church, claimed to have received a revelation from God (known as the 1890 Manifesto) which officially banned polygamy. Six years later, Utah was granted statehood.

After the Manifesto, some members broke away from the mainstream church to form what eventually became the FLDS Church, the most popular group of fundamentalist Mormonism. The FLDS Church continues to encourage polygamy, as do some other breakaway groups.

Comparisons
Krakauer examines events in Latter Day Saint history and compares them to modern-day FLDS doctrine (and other minority versions of Mormonism, such as the Crossfield School of the Prophets). He examines the 1857 Mountain Meadows massacre during the Utah War, in which Mormons and some local Paiute Indians rounded up and murdered approximately 120 members of the Baker–Fancher party of emigrants passing through their territory. These early self-proclaimed mormons went to great lengths to conceal their part in the massacre (including dressing as the Paiute and painting their faces in similar fashion). The Civil War interrupted investigations of the events, and no one was indicted until 1874, when nine men were charged. For nearly two decades the falsehood held that the massacre was due solely to the Paiute. The only person ever convicted in the affair was John D. Lee, a former member of the LDS Church. He was convicted and executed by the state in 1877 for his role in the crime.

Krakauer cites information gleaned from several interviews with Dan Lafferty and former and current members of the Crossfield School of the Prophets, as well as other fundamentalist Mormons. He refers to several histories about the formation of Mormonism to tie the origins of the religion to the modern iterations of both the church and the fundamentalists.

Derivation of the title
The title of the book is drawn from an 1880 address by John Taylor, the third president of the LDS Church, defending the practice of plural marriage:

"God is greater than the United States, and when the Government conflicts with heaven, we will be ranged under the banner of heaven against the Government. The United States says we cannot marry more than one wife. God says different."

Reception
Charles Graeber of The Guardian listed the book in his top ten true crime books, and described Krakauer as "a master journalist and storyteller who is unfettered and unafraid of the true crime mantle. [He] pries open the golden doors to one of the newest and fastest-growing religions in America to set the stage for the non-fiction drama."

In advance of the book's release in 2003, Richard E. Turley, managing director of the Church History Department of the LDS Church, argued that the book contained historical errors and incorrect assertions, and showed "unfamiliarity with basic aspects" of the Church's history, theology and administrative structure, and criticized the work for lacking a "scientific methodology". He accused Krakauer of "condemn[ing] religion generally". In his 2004 paperback edition of the book, Krakauer responded to these allegations, noting that Turley's pre-emptive "response" preceded the book's release, and that LDS leaders had explicitly advocated the whitewashing of LDS history, amongst other points.

Mike Otterson, managing director of public affairs for the LDS Church, condemned Krakauer's example of religious "zealots" to draw conclusions about all Mormons and any propensity for violence. Otterson said that, after reading the book, "One could be forgiven for concluding that every Latter-day Saint, including your friendly Mormon neighbor, has a tendency to violence. And so Krakauer unwittingly puts himself in the same camp as those who believe every German is a Nazi, every Japanese a fanatic, and every Arab a terrorist."

Television adaptation
In July 2011, Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to the book, with Ron Howard directing and Dustin Lance Black writing the screenplay. In June 2021, it was announced that the book was being redeveloped as a limited series for FX, with Black still attached as writer, David Mackenzie serving as director, and Andrew Garfield, Gil Birmingham and Daisy Edgar-Jones to star. The series debuted in April 2022 on FX on Hulu.

Related documentary
In 2015, Amy Berg released her independent documentary, Prophet's Prey, about fundamentalist Mormons practicing polygamy, based on the case of Warren Jeffs, sentenced to life for polygamy and abuse of minors. Krakauer participated in this film and appears on camera, as he continued his own investigation of sects that practiced polygamy. Ron Howard and Brian Grazer, both working on the television adaptation of the book as producers, were also executive producers of the documentary.

title: Under the Banner of Heaven


text:
SS-Verfügungstruppe

SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT, lit. 'SS Dispositional Troops') was formed in 1934 as combat troops for the Nazi Party (NSDAP). On 17 August 1938 Adolf Hitler decreed that the SS-VT was neither a part of the Ordnungspolizei (order police) nor the Wehrmacht, but military-trained men at the disposal of the Führer. In time of war, the SS-VT were to be placed at the disposal of the army.

The SS-VT were involved in the German invasion of Poland in September 1939. By 1940 these military SS units had become the nucleus of the Waffen-SS.

Formation
The SS-VT was formed on 24 September 1934 from a merger of various Nazi and paramilitary formations such as the SS Special Detachments (SS-Sonderkommandos) and the Headquarters Guard (SS-Stabswache) units. The SS-VT was to be made up of three regiments modeled on the infantry regiments of the German Army (Heer) and according to their regulations. Each regiment would contain three battalions, a motorcycle company and mortar company. The unit was officially designated SS-Verfügungstruppe ("Dispositional troops", i.e. troops at the personal disposal of the Führer). The men were to be volunteers who had completed their service in the Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD; Reich Labour Service).

The existence of the SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT) was publicly declared on 16 March 1935 by Hitler in a speech at the Reichstag. The SS-VT had to depend on the German Army for its supply of weapons and military training, and they had control of the recruiting system through local draft boards responsible for assigning conscripts to the different branches of the Wehrmacht to meet quotas set by the German High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or OKW in German). The SS was given the lowest priority for recruits, thereby limiting its size.

In 1936, Himmler selected former Lieutenant General Paul Hausser to be Inspector of the SS-VT with the rank of Brigadefuhrer. Hausser worked to transform the SS-VT into a credible military force that was a match for the regular army. The SS-VT trained alongside Hitler's personal body guard the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH), which had also been formed from the SS-Stabswache and SS-Sonderkommando Berlin. The LSSAH under the command of Josef "Sepp" Dietrich continued to serve exclusively as a personal protection unit for Hitler and an honor guard during this timeframe.

By 1937 the SS was divided into three branches: the Allgemeine-SS (General SS), the SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT), and the SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV) which administered the concentration camps. On 17 August 1938 Hitler decreed that the SS military formations were to be placed at the "disposal" of the army in time of war. Hitler stated, at Himmler's request, that service in the SS-VT qualified to fulfill military service obligations. Further, during wartime units of the SS-TV would be used as reserves for the SS-VT. Over the course of the war this led to a constant flux of men between the Waffen-SS and the Nazi concentration camps.

The military formations under Himmler's command on 1 September 1939 consisted of several subgroups:
 * Hitler's bodyguard unit, the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH) under Sepp Dietrich.
 * The Inspectorate of Verfügungstruppe under Paul Hausser, which commanded the Deutschland, Germania and Der Führer regiments.
 * The Concentration Camps Inspectorate (Inspektion der Konzentrationslager) under Theodor Eicke, which fielded four militarized Death's-Head Standarten comprising camp guards of the SS-Totenkopfverbände. The SS-Totenkopf Division was initially formed from concentration camp guards of the Standarten (regiments) of the SS-TV and the SS Heimwehr Danzig in October 1939. It was then folded into the Waffen-SS in August 1940. These troops wore the SS-TV skull and crossbones rather than the SS-VT "SS" runes.
 * There were in addition combat-trained non-SS police units of Obergruppenführer Kurt Daluege's Ordnungspolizei which reported to Himmler in his capacity as Chief of German Police. For the 1940 campaigns these also would be formed into a division, which would be placed under Waffen-SS control in January 1941 and merged into it in February 1942.

Early operations
Elements of the SS-VT served with the Wehrmacht during the occupation of the Sudetenland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. For those operations, the SS-VT was under the command of the army. The SS-VT also formed an Artillery Regiment during this time-frame which was used to fill the gaps in a number of army units for those events. The SS-VT regiments Deutschland and Germania along with the Leibstandarte participated in the invasion of Poland, with Der Führer (recruited in Austria after the Anschluss) in reserve at Prague. In September 1939, a combined unit of SS-VT and Heer (army) troops conducted operations jointly as Panzer Division Kempf during the invasion of Poland. It fought alongside army units at Rozan, Modlin, Łomża and Kmiczyn. The division was disbanded near the Polish city of Nidzica on 7 October 1939.

In spite of the swift military victory over Poland in September 1939, events during the invasion of Poland raised doubts over the combat effectiveness of the SS-VT. The OKW or Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces) reported that the SS-VT units took unnecessary risks and had a higher casualty rate than the army. They also stated that the SS-VT was poorly trained and its officers unsuitable for combat command. As an example, OKW noted that the Leibstandarte had to be rescued by an army regiment after becoming surrounded at Pabianice by the Poles. In its defence, the SS insisted that it had been hampered by having to fight piecemeal instead of as one formation, and was improperly equipped by the army to carry out its objectives. Himmler insisted that the SS-VT should be allowed to fight in its own formations under its own commanders, while the OKW tried to have the SS-VT disbanded altogether. Hitler was unwilling to upset either the army or Himmler, and chose a third path. He ordered that the SS-VT form its own divisions but that the divisions would be under army command.

In addition, Eicke's SS-TV field forces were not military, and during the invasion of Poland, "[t]heir...capabilities were employed instead in terrorizing the civilian population through acts that included hunting down straggling Polish soldiers, confiscating agricultural produce and livestock, and torturing and murdering large numbers of Polish political leaders, aristocrats, businessmen, priests, intellectuals, and Jews." Further, members of the Leibstandarte also committed atrocities in numerous towns, including the murder of 50 Polish Jews in Błonie and the massacre in Złoczew, where 200 civilians were machine gunned. Złoczew's children also suffered; SS men beat and murdered them, sometimes with rifle butts. Crushing the skulls of toddlers. Shootings also took place in Bolesławiec, Torzeniec, Goworowo, Mława, and Włocławek.

Development of the Waffen-SS
In October 1939 the SS-VT regiments Deutschland, Germania, and Der Führer were organized into the SS-Verfügungs-Division with Paul Hausser as commander. The LSSAH was expanded into a motorized regiment.

In addition, the armed but ill-trained Totenkopfstandarten, together with SS Heimwehr Danzig, were organized into the Totenkopf-Division under Eicke's command in October 1939. A further division, the Polizei-Division, was created from the Ordnungspolizei. These formations took part in combat training while under army commands in preparation for Fall Gelb against the Low Countries and France in 1940.

Elements of both the SS-VT and the LSSAH participated in the ground invasion of the Battle of the Netherlands. In the five-day campaign, the LSSAH linked up with army units and airborne troops after a number of clashes with Dutch defenders. After the surrender of Rotterdam, the LSSAH left for The Hague, which they reached on 15 May, after capturing 3,500 Dutch soldiers as prisoners of war.

On 16 May the SS Totenkopf Division was ordered to France and was attached to army divisions which formed the northern "spearhead" of attack. In France, the SS Totenkopf was involved in the only Allied tank attack in the Battle of France. On 21 May units of the 1st Army Tank Brigade, supported by the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, took part in the Battle of Arras. The SS Totenkopf was overrun, finding their standard anti-tank gun, the 3.7 cm PaK 36, no match for the British Matilda tank.

After the Dutch surrender, the LSSAH was moved south to France. On 24 May the LSSAH, along with the SS-VT division, were positioned to hold the perimeter around Dunkirk and reduce the size of the pocket containing the encircled British Expeditionary Force and French forces. On 27 May, a unit from the Totenkopf, the 4 Company, committed the Le Paradis massacre, where 97 captured men of the 2nd Battalion Royal Norfolk Regiment were machine gunned after surrendering, with survivors finished off with bayonets. Two men survived. By 28 May the SS-Leibstandarte had taken the village of Wormhout, 10 miles from Dunkirk. There, soldiers of the 2nd Battalion were responsible for the Wormhoudt massacre, where 80 British and French soldiers were murdered after they surrendered.

After the close of the Battle of France, the SS-VT was officially renamed the Waffen-SS in a speech made by Adolf Hitler on 19 July 1940. Himmler also gained approval for the Waffen-SS to form its own high command, the Kommandoamt der Waffen-SS (Waffen-SS Command Office) within the SS-Führungshauptamt (FHA), which was created in August 1940 under Gruppenführer Hans Jüttner. The Totenkopf Division, together with the independent Totenkopf-Standarten, were transferred to FHA control. Further that same month, SS chief-of-staff Gottlob Berger approached Himmler with a plan to recruit volunteers in the conquered territories from the ethnic German and Germanic populations. At first Hitler had doubts about recruiting foreigners, but he was persuaded by Himmler and Berger. He gave approval for a new division to be formed from foreign nationals with German officers.

In December 1940 the Germania Regiment was removed from the Verfügungs-Division and used to form the cadre of a new division, SS-Division Germania. It was made up of mostly "Nordic" volunteers from the newly conquered territories, Danes, Norwegians, Dutch and Flemings. By the start of 1941, Germania was renamed Wiking with command given to then Brigadeführer Felix Steiner, the former commander of the SS-VT regiment Deutschland. The Verfügungs-Division was also renamed Reich (in 1942 Das Reich). The Polizei division was brought under Waffen-SS administration. The Leibstandarte was expanded to a division for Operation Barbarossa.

When the Waffen-SS divisions were assigned numbers much later in the war these first formations, Leibstandarte, Das Reich, Totenkopf, Polizei and Wiking were recognized as SS divisions 1 through 5.

title: SS-Verfügungstruppe


text:
H.K. Porter, Inc.

H.K. Porter, Inc. (Porter) manufactured light-duty railroad locomotives in the US, starting in 1866. The company became the largest producer of industrial locomotives, and built almost eight thousand of them. The last locomotive was built in 1950, but the company continues to produce industrial equipment to this day.

Porter was known for building locomotives that were much smaller than those normally used by the larger Class I railroads. The company's locomotives were small enough that they were often operated by only one person. Porter built mostly steam locomotives, but they also built some powered by gasoline and diesel engines, and some that ran on compressed air.

The largest collection of Porter photographs and information is currently housed in the Kentlein Porter Collection at the A. C. Kalmbach Memorial Library (a service of the National Model Railroad Association) in Chattanooga, TN. Many of the 780 builder's photos, blueprints and other locomotive data were republished in Porter Steam Locomotives, published by the library.

Timeline

1866: Henry Kirke Porter formed a partnership with John Y. Smith and they called the company Smith & Porter. The two opened a small machine shop on 28th Street in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and begin repairing and building industrial equipment. They received an order for their first locomotive on March 4, 1867, and built the Joshua Rhodes for the New Castle Railroad and Mining Company. They went on to build 43 locomotives together, including the Minnetonka (preserved at the Lake Superior Museum of Transportation). They specialized in four wheeled, saddle tank locomotives for small industrial railroads.

1871: Fire broke out in the shop on February 7, destroying twelve locomotives under construction, the shop, and 23 adjacent structures. Total losses were estimated at $200,000, and the partnership was dissolved. Smith formed Smith & Dawson Locomotives, which became National Locomotive Works. Porter formed a partnership with Arthur W. Bell, called Porter, Bell & Co., and they built their first locomotive for the Jackson Furnace Co. of Michigan. They expanded their range to include light passenger engines and small freight engines, primarily for narrow gauge railroads. They built 223 locomotives, until Arthur Bell died in May 1878.

1878: Henry K. Porter continued the business on his own, as H.K. Porter & Co. He had established a reputation as a builder of rugged, specialized locomotives. He could custom build a locomotive quickly and efficiently, with a system of interchangeable parts; pistons, wheels and boilers in various sizes that can be combined to suit a customer's requirements. Some of the basic designs were kept in stock, and could be ordered off the shelf.

1890: Porter built their first compressed-air locomotive, for a coal mine in Pennsylvania. Air was stored in two tanks, and used to drive the pistons instead of steam. This allowed locomotive use inside mines without the fumes of burning coal, or the dangers of high-pressure steam. Porter went on to build over 400 compressed-air locomotives for use in mines, plants, and the street railways of New Orleans. Others built compressed-air locomotives, but by 1900 Porter had captured 90% of the market.

1899: Henry Porter incorporated the company as the H.K. Porter Co., Inc. He built a new plant at 49th and Harrison Street in Pittsburgh. Production peaked in 1906, with almost 400 locomotives built that year.

1911: Porter built their first gasoline-powered locomotive, and in 1915 they built their first fireless locomotive, using a large pressure vessel to hold steam and hot water in place of a boiler. These proved to be more useful than compressed-air locomotives, and soon Porter dominated this niche market.

1919: Porter was selected to build twenty 45-class mainline locomotives for the Manila Railroad Company in the Philippines to replace its aging British tank locomotives. The class weighed 72 LT and were one of the largest locomotives built by the company. Its efficiency and low cost of maintenance led the Manila Railroad to use the Porter design for larger locomotives built by Alco and Baldwin.

1921: The H.K. Porter Co. was prosperous, enjoying a post-World War I reconstruction boom in Europe, and a road construction boom in the US. Porters were a favorite choice among grading contractors, who used light, portable tracks to carry the wooden tipper-cars that were the earthmoving equipment of the day. Henry Porter, still running the company at age 81, died on April 10.

1939: After a long decline, the H.K. Porter Co. declared bankruptcy. Thomas Mellon Evans purchased the company, determined to turn it around. He bought other manufacturing companies, adding them to his collection. Locomotive production increased again during World War II, and the company was recognized for its service to the country in 1942, but demand for steam locomotives dwindled post-war, and H.K. Porter became primarily a holding company for the many subsidiaries Evans had acquired.

1950: The company built its last locomotive, which was exported to Brazil. The parts business and all the required patterns were sold to the Davenport Locomotive Works in Iowa.

1950s–1960s: Electrical Division National Electric Defense Products Facilities manufactured rocket motor bodies for Nike family of guided missiles.

1969: The company acquired saw manufacturer Shurly & Dietrich, which continued operations until 1973.

Divisions
The company had the following industrial divisions and subsidiaries:
 * Rubber and Friction Products
 * Thermoid Division
 * Electrical Equipment
 * Delta Star Electric Division
 * National Electric Division
 * Copper and Alloys
 * Riverside Alloy Metal Division
 * Refractories
 * Refractories Division
 * Electric Furnace Steel
 * Connors Steel Division
 * Vulcan-Kidd Steel Division
 * Fabricated Products
 * Disston Division
 * Forge and Fittings Division
 * Leschen Wire Rope Division
 * Mouldings Division

The company wholly owned a Canadian subsidiary, H.K. Porter Company Ltd., which was subdivided in the following order:
 * Refractories Division
 * Disston Tools Division
 * Federal Wires and Cables Division
 * Nepcoduct Systems Division

title: H.K. Porter, Inc.


text:
User talk:Rationaltoast

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Rationaltoast


text:
User talk:Timmywimmy

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Rapture
DigitalSpy. Rapture were "bought" by Channel U and even moved to their transponder during their last few days, and played out the Channel U playlist. Then Channel U launch Fizz, and a number of DS Forum regulars notice the magnetic damage. The DS search engine has been crap for ages, but look for posts with the text "Rapture" from around the time Fizz launched, down to one from a Channel U employee almost admitting (wonderful sidestep word-wise, in fact) they duplicated the tapes... --Kiand 20:20, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Timmywimmy


text:
Editorial board

The editorial board is a group of editors, writers, and other people who are charged with implementing a publication's approach to editorials and other opinion pieces. The editorials published normally represent the views or goals of the publication's owner or publisher.

Mass media
At a newspaper, the editorial board usually consists of the editor responsible for the editorial page and editorial writers. Some newspapers include other personnel as well. Some editorial writers may also have other roles in the publication. Editorial boards for magazines may include experts in the subject area that the magazine focuses on, and larger magazines may have several editorial boards grouped by subject. An executive editorial board, which usually includes the executive editor and representatives from the subject-focus boards, may oversee these subject boards.

Editorial boards meet regularly to discuss the latest news and opinion trends and to discuss what the publication should say on a range of issues, including current events. They will then decide who will write which editorials and for what day. When such an editorial appears in a newspaper, it is considered the institutional opinion of that newspaper, and the resulting pieces are rarely signed by the individual primarily responsible for writing it. At some newspapers, the editorial board will also review wire service and syndicated columns for inclusion on the editorial page and the op-ed page. Book and magazine publishers will often use their editorial boards to review or select manuscripts or articles, and sometimes to check facts. Book publishers may also make use of editorial boards, using subject experts to select manuscripts. Editorial boards are less common for broadcasters, as typical television news programs rarely include opinion content.

A typical editorial board for a newspaper has three or four employees. In early 2023, the editorial board for The New York Times comprised 14 employees, all from its Opinion department. Some newspapers, particularly small ones, do not have an editorial board, choosing instead to rely on the judgment of a single editorial page editor.

In the 1700s, if any editorial were published, it had typically written by the owner or was an op-ed. In the 1800s, subscribers wanted to know the opinion of the individual, such as Horace Greeley. In the US, the trend towards unsigned editorials began before 1900, especially at politically conservative newspapers, and when demand surged for signed, analytical content, newspapers turned to syndicated columnists to fill the gap.

The editorial board meeting ran by Phyllis E. Grann at Putnam was called the "Thursday Morning Breakfast Meeting." The meeting was described in New York Magazine as, "8:30 event had a war-room atmosphere, with representatives of every department--editorial, publicity, sales and marketing--reporting in to Grann, who made decisions like a Mike Milken-style bond trader, constantly evaluation and re-evaluating her positions."

Some editorial boards additionally publish blogs, where they can publish additional information and interact with readers. Early editorial board blogs, such as CBS's Public Eye blog, were associated with reporting scandals.

Academic journals
Almost all academic journals have an editorial board consisting of selected, unpaid experts in the academic field covered by a journal. This is almost always an honorary position, although board members sometimes provide peer review of submissions. A member may be asked to review several manuscripts per year and may edit a special issue. The members may also be consulted regarding new regulations at the journal. They are expected to promote the journal among their peers.

title: Editorial board


text:
Category:Cognition

Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses". It encompasses processes such as knowledge, attention, memory and working memory, judgment and evaluation, reasoning and "computation", problem solving and decision making, comprehension and production of language. Human cognition is conscious and unconscious, concrete or abstract, as well as intuitive (like knowledge of a language) and conceptual (like a model of a language). Cognitive processes use existing knowledge and generate new knowledge.

title: Category:Cognition