text:
Talk:Fresnel lens

Pronunciation
Here: (pronounced ['frɛz.nəl] or [freɪ'nɛl]) In the Fresnel bio article:(French pronunciation: [ɔgystɛ̃ ʒɑ̃ fʁɛnɛl]; pronounced /freɪˈnɛl/ fray-NELL in English) Why would we pronounce the two uses differently? (As far as I know, saying a "z" in the word is bad usage) Hoemaco (talk) 17:35, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Pronunciation of something named for a person does not always follow pronunciation of the name. Take Mt Everest for example which is pronounced usually as Ever-rest or Ev-rest, while the man for whom it is named pronounced his name as Eave-rest.  But I do wonder if it's pronounced Frez-nel.  Most dictionaries I've found give a soft s pronounciation.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.189.184.5 (talk) 21:17, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I can not find but one reference to the "Z" sound at all. I've also (I know, original research, right-) never heard someone refer to it with the "Z" sound, unless they were completely uneducated as to the subject matter at hand (lens, zone, etc.).  I can, however, find many references as to the pronunciation without the "Z" sound.  Examples include dictionary.com, even [Http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=Fresnel+lens howjsay.com]] (heh) etc.  How about we remove it, unless there is a clear citation of the (incorrect) "Z" sound, which I can not seem to find, except in this article and MW (first citation - the same source that incorrectly lists "nuclear" as being pronounced with the "YOO" sound)? --The Deviant (talk) 16:40, 7 March 2014 (UTC)
 * You're not making any sense. The Merriam-Webster dictionary is a reliable source. That is sufficient. No further sources are required. The "Z" pronunciation is presumably much less common. That does not justify excluding it, given that a reliable source documents it. Keep in mind too that pronunciation varies in different parts of the English-speaking world. A pronunciation that is rare where you live may be common elsewhere.--Srleffler (talk) 07:00, 8 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Lack of agreement with the point does not make the point nonsensical. In any industry that actually makes use of the terms "Fresnel lens" and "Fresnel zone" (yes, anywhere in the world - not regional) it is not pronounced with the "Z" sound.  I guess if people consider MW a reliable source that trumps all others, then it's a moot point.  Hey, that's what talk pages are for, so there we have it. The Deviant (talk) 18:04, 3 June 2014 (UTC)
 * The existence of a single reliable source dictionary that documents a pronunciation is sufficient to establish that that is a valid pronunciation of the word. Whether or not other sources also include that pronunciation is irrelevant.--Srleffler (talk) 00:18, 4 June 2014 (UTC)

Password Protected References
The four references are all password protected. Would not it be better to use passwords that are not protected? KudzuVine 21:42, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Compressed optical lenses
Just a quick word. This whole page is talking about compressed optical lenses. I'm pretty sure that these are not Fresnel Lenses. The ones mentioned here are mistakenly called Freznel lenses because they are essentially flat like a Fresnel Lens. Fresnel zone plates}} are the actual Fresnel Lenses. --[[User:WB-Frontier|WB-Frontier 11:12, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

What's the highest resolution for one? lysdexia 11:50, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

These aren't that great. And wouldn't be used anywhere were resolution is important. But they work quite well for things like overhead projectors. --WB-Frontier 11:12, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Canon makes two lenses that use Diffractive Optics, the EF 400mm f/4 DO IS USM and the EF 70-300mm f/4.5-5.6 DO IS USM http://www.canon.com/camera-museum/tech/report/200106/report.html http://www.canon.com.au/products/cameras_lenses_accessories/super_telephoto_lenses/ef400mmf4isusm.html http://www.canon.com.au/products/cameras_lenses_accessories/telephoto_zoom_lenses/ef70-300mmf4.5-5.6doidusm.html http://www.the-digital-picture.com/Reviews/Canon-EF-400mm-f-4.0-DO-IS-USM-Lens-Review.aspx http://www.luminous-landscape.com/reviews/lenses/400-do.shtml http://www.dpreview.com/news/0009/00090604canon_400do.asp

I was surprised by this engineering prof claiming Fresnel had nothing to do with it. This page implies David Brewster claimed the honor. AZ State Engineering and (according to the snippet in the Google search) Encyclopædia Britannica, credit Buffon. (As does Beavertail Lighthouse Museum, which I found interesting because lighthouse fans seem prone to putting up silly "parrot the answer I want to hear" quizzes.    ) Fresneltech (pg 2) claims that the famous Condorcet was in on it besides Buffon and Brewster. My read is that the crucial idea of the segmented lens was not Fresnel's, not even as an independent reïnvention; his contribution seems to have been flattening. Kwantus 18:50, 2005 Jan 27 (UTC)

 * I searched a number of sources, including Encyclopedia Britannica and biographical reference sources available to me through the University of North Carolina Greensboro library. Using what I discovered that way, I added a paragraph about the development of the Fresnel lens.  Well, actually, I guess it is about the various people who were involved in its development.  I'm not an optics expert, by any means, but I used what I could find from reliable sources.  -- Kam Tonnes 20:09, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

My recent change also added a little more on the prismatic elements found in lighthouse Fresnels. This might want to move out of the "Uses" section, and could use a diagram of the light paths.

If there's standard terminology to describe the planar Fresnel (made by flattening a planoconvex lens) we usually think of versus the full-on constellation including these catadioptric elements, I don't know it.

Eub 07:21, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Removing text "A related optical device is the Fresnel zone plate." because I don't see how they're related, beyond the inventor's name. If you do, please re-add this text with explanation. Eub 05:40, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Traffic light implementation
The traffic light article states that some new lights use Fresnel lenses to limit the visibility of the light to cars in specific lanes. While I have seen such sytems in some intersections, I don't know enough about the subject to definitively link traffic lights and Fresnel lenses. Could someone more knowledegable than I add a section on this form of implementation, if these lenses are in fact used in traffic lights? — EagleOne\Talk 18:02, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Request
Would be great if someone could create a diagram showing the path of the light rays.
 * There is a nice web page describing a Fresnel lens that does this. However, I have a different comment about this page      http://www.lanternroom.com/misc/freslens.htm  If you look at the bottom of the page, the author states that the material is copyrighted (that's fine), but then the author states that people should not hot link to his Fresnel lens site.  I doubt that any form of copyright could properly forbid people from hot linking to a site.  If my assumption is true, you should be able to link to his site, and accomplish two things--first, see the path of the light, and second, refer users to another place where a good description of a Fresnel lens is located.  Possibly if some WP editor sees this comment, he can tell us if forbidding hot links to a web page is enforceable.  I suppose the author could always remove the link from the WP article, but would that be vandalism? Thermbal 00:07, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

Request
Would love to see an explanation of the differences between first, second, third, and fourth order Fresnel lenses referenced but not explained in this article. There is a photo of a third order lense and a notation in other locations about the detroit river light house having donated it's fourth oder fresnel lense to a museum and I now wonder just what the differences might be between these types. If anyone can shed some light (pun intended) it would be most appreciated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.166.15.114 (talk) 19:19, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

Film and video uses
Lighting gaffers use the focusing ability of Fresnel instruments for two purposes: to modify light intensity by spreading or narrowing the beam and to change beam-edge characteristics (from hard to soft). Beam edges are masked by one or both of two methods: by "barn door" flaps mounted on hinges in front of the lens and moved in and out of the light path, and/or by "flags:" (usually) rectangular sheets or paddles placed on separate stands some distance in front of the lighting instrument. Both masking techniques can be fine-tuned by altering the focus of the light beam. A hard line edge may be wanted or a fairly subtle falling off -- or anything in between.

Not sure any of this properly belongs in the Fresnel article though. --Jim Stinson 00:11, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

minor edit
I touched up the paragraph on theater and motion pictures slightly to improve accuracy (the phrase I cut: "brighter than a typical lens" is too vague. What is a typical lens? Jim Stinson 02:53, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

"any other sources"? Smithsonian?
Development

The idea of creating a thinner, lighter lens by making it with separate sections mounted in a frame is often attributed to Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon.[1] However, it is difficult to find any other sources that link Buffon to work with optics. French physicist and engineer Augustin-Jean Fresnel is most often given credit for the development of this lens for use in lighthouses. According to Smithsonian, the first Fresnel lens was used in 1822 in a lighthouse on the Gironde River in France, Cardovan Tower; its light could be seen from more than 20 miles out.[2] Scottish physicist Sir David Brewster is credited with convincing the British to use these lenses in their lighthouses.[3][4]

More specificaly. what does this mean???

is often attributed to Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon.[1] However, it is difficult to find any other sources that link Buffon to work with

Any other sources??, other than what?? Georges-Louis is the subject, I can understand that. What are these previously unmentioned other sources?? Wouldn't it be better to just leave them out altogether!

 * I agree. If it means other than EB (mentioned in footnote), then EB needs to be mentioned in the main text, not merely a footnote. Nurg (talk) 02:54, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Oh, and while I am at it, isn't it,  "the Smithsonian Institute", or something like that, somone needs to look at a style guide!!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.182.67.203 (talk) 04:51, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

 * First of all, it's the Smithsonian Institution, not the Smithsonian Institute. But no, the excerpt cited above has a footnote in the article (that's the significance of the [2] after the sentence.  The footnote is to an article in Smithsonian, the magazine published by the Smithsonian Institution. 140.147.160.34 (talk) 22:43, 2 January 2008 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza

Retina identification - link fix?
One of the paragraphs in the 'Uses' section contains a redlink to 'retina identification'. I thought I might point it to retinal scan, possibly retaining the original wording - does anyone who knows more than I about the subject know of any reason why that might be a bad or misleading idea? Cooperised (talk) 21:17, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

 * In the absence of a reply I went ahead and made the change. Cooperised (talk) 21:34, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Space telescope
Diffractive telescopes with Fresnel lenses fabricated on thin membranes offer several advantages over telescopes that use mirrors: thin-membrane lenses are lightweight, packageable, and space-deployable. Transmissive diffractive lenses are significantly less sensitive to surface deformations than mirrors, and the chromatic effects of the diffractive primary can be completely compensated for. As a first step in developing the Eyeglass technology, LLNL scientists built and tested a small-aperture (20-cm), color-corrected diffractive telescope and obtained a broadband image of the lunar surface. Next, they built and demonstrated an 80-cm-aperture segmented, foldable lens. In 2002, the researchers constructed a 5-m, f/50 Fresnel lens – comprising 72 segments patterned with binary Fresnel arcs in photoresist – and secured it to a 750-μm-thick sheet of glass with UV-curable cement and metal tabs. The assembled lens was mounted in a frame and the focal spot of a white-light source mounted at the opposite focus was imaged. This demonstration lens was not made to give diffraction-limited performance, but to demonstrate assembly and deployment at a scale large enough to be of interest for imaging. The surfacetension gradient between a thin film adhering to a substrate and a free surface of falling film is strong enough to pull etchant off of the substrate surface. Regardless of substrate movement, the wetted zone remains stationary relative to the applicator. The Marangoni effect can also be thermally driven.

https://lasers.llnl.gov/programs/psa/pdfs/technologies/eyeglass_space_telescope.pdf

217.196.160.253 (talk) 00:18, 7 April 2008 (UTC) 217.196.160.253 (talk) 00:21, 7 April 2008 (UTC) 217.196.160.253 (talk) 00:23, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Here is a recent news article on attempt to detect life in distant star systems using a Fresnel lens (Economist, June 9, 2012, "The Search for Alien Life: Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Planet"): http://www.economist.com/node/21556552, Catrachos (talk) 14:04, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

What Fresnel's orders mean
The references do not seem to support the contention that the order of a lighthouse lens is roughly equal to its power in diopters. The correspondence is extremely rough, and only works for the American ranking, not Fresnel's original system (at least as given in the referenced chart from the LoC). This claim needs a definite citation of its own. Mangoe (talk) 14:34, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Moving Fresnel reflector info to its own article
Fresnel reflector is currently redirecting here. I don't believe Fresnel reflectors are a type of Fresnel lens so I plan to move the information on Fresnel reflectors to their own article. It will have links back here. Lumenos (talk) 21:28, 10 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I think the best place to discuss this would be there not here. Lumenos (talk) 21:18, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

Is this an early Fresnel lantern lens?
I was surprised to see what looks to my untutored eye to be a Fresnel lens in a Renaissance painting of Caravaggio, The Taking of Christ.

The unhelmeted soldier on the right raises a lantern that holds the lens. We can see the characteristic light through the lens (or rather what I'm guessing that light might look like) in two bands on the billowing cloak of the terrified St. John, who's running away screaming.

Would you characterize as a crude "Fresnel" lens this lantern glass from the early seventeenth century? It might be worth mentioning in the article if so. Pete142 (talk) 22:58, 14 October 2010 (UTC) Pete Wilson

 * No, that's not an early Fresnel lens, and not even a lantern glass.
 * It's a folding paper lantern, much like this one. Jaho (talk) 15:53, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

Description confusion
In the description, it says " <<<Actually 'single-piece' Fresnel lenses have been produced for decades. Such examples are Also, brake, parking, and turn signal lenses, all being of one piece of glass, also use this technology, and have been produced for years without the aid of computers." This is confusing and almost contradictory. Perhaps it should say; "It was not until modern computer-controlled milling equipment (CNC) could turn out large complex pieces that these lenses were manufactured from single pieces of glass. However, smaller fresnel lenses have been widely produced for decades without the aid of computers. Some examples include automobile headlamps, with their multi-faceted lenses that direct the light into a particular pattern and direction."

Manufacturing needed
http://lighthouse-society.org/assets/resources/articles/fresnel_lens_1.pdf

Are the lenses cast as one or individual prisms?--Ericg33 (talk) 08:29, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

Cleanup of gallery
I would first apologize for the intemperate and uncalled for use of the word "idiot." Indeed, I think the gallery needs to be cleaned up, as it does partially look like a random collection of photos. But "clean up" does not mean "eliminate". I don't think that the person who put the template on ever meant for it to be so interpreted. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 19:47, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I will move the gallery to the "sizes of lighthouse lenses" section and prune it so it shows examples of different "orders" of lens. If there are other images in the gallery that are suitable to remain in the article, I will move them to an appropriate location in the article. This may take several edits.

 * Note that the template just documents the fact that the gallery does not comply with Wikipedia policy. You are right though that simply deleting the gallery was not a good solution.--Srleffler (talk) 05:58, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Nice job! 7&6=thirteen (☎) 11:52, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

Picture: How a spherical Fresnel lens focuses light
I believe that in the picture, the lens disperses the light, it does not focus it. _ Mr.Shoval (talk) 22:07, 8 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I've changed it from focuses to collimates. Dispersing is something only concave lenses can do. Laura Scudder | talk 22:34, 8 June 2013 (UTC)

Why is there a link to Random Destructive Acts via Focused Solar Radiation?
Why is there a link to "Random Destructive Acts via Focused Solar Radiation"? It's a personal website about people who destroyed things with a Fresnel lens. Is there anything of interest for the article? Does it bear a relation with any part of the article? Jelt (talk) 21:08, 16 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Not really. Deleted.--Srleffler (talk) 05:35, 17 September 2013 (UTC)

Diffractive optical element
I reversed today's edits. A diffractive optical element is not a Fresnel lens. Both types of optical element can have a flat overall profile and obtain focusing by grooves in the surface, but the mechanism is different. A Fresnel lens focuses light by simple refraction: the lens surface is broken up into small regions, each of which refracts light in the correct direction to form a focus. A diffractive optical element, on the other hand has grooves in its surface that are closer together than the wavelength of light. These closely-spaced grooves redirect light rays by diffraction rather than refraction.

Adding to the confusion between the two types of lens, Fresnel did a lot of work on diffraction, and his analyses led to the development of some of the first diffractive optics, such as Fresnel zone plates.--Srleffler (talk) 02:32, 14 October 2013 (UTC)

In nature
Mention if es have been found in nature. Jidanni (talk) 02:59, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

Health effects
Mention if looking through es are worse for the eyes than conventional lenses. Jidanni (talk) 02:59, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

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photo
The photo that has the caption "first order Fresnel lens on the left" shows three more lenses. It would be good to say what order those lenses are. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 19:22, 14 March 2016 (UTC)

Most often given credit

 * This may not seem overly important but I have an issue with the third sentence in the history section, " French physicist and engineer Augustin-Jean Fresnel is most often given credit for the development of the multi-part lens for use in lighthouses.", as the lens are, and have been without controversy, "credited" to the man the lens are named after to this date. Even if the Britannica articles (pay to view) uses the words "most often given credit" this is moot given a lack of some questioning such as a patent suit or later controversy. Words like "often attributed" and "often given credit" are not actually constructive.

 * I would like to include in the "History" section, or a subsection, content concerning glass and lens manufacturers. The Choisy-le-Roi factory, the Royal Glass Works, and Cookson Glass factory. Manufacturers such as:

 * Jean Jacques Francois Lens Works

 * Theodore Letourneu Lens Works

 * Soleil factory- François Soleil Sr. retired, Jean-Baptiste François Soleil Jr.

 * Louis Sautter Lens Works

 * Henry-Lepaute Otr500 (talk) 15:56, 5 June 2016 (UTC)

 * I agree in principle, but we have to follow our sources. I presume that that choice of words reflects a history of development that is more complex than "Fresnel did it". We should, with proper sourcing, replace "is most often given credit" with a more explicit explanation of what Fresnel did and did not do.

 * Feel free to add some content on historical manufacturers, particularly if you can do more than just list them. If it's possible to say something about what they contributed to the design and manufacture of such lenses, or important work that they did, that would be better than a simple list.--Srleffler (talk) 00:33, 6 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Is anyone other then Fresnel ever given credit? Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 01:50, 6 June 2016 (UTC)
 * The article does mention two others who developed these lenses prior to Fresnel. That may be the source of the more cautious wording. If you want to try to improve it, go ahead.--Srleffler (talk) 06:12, 6 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks, and I have never actually seen anyone other than Fresnel credited for the "Fresnel lens". Interestingly the two mentioned doesn't have any article mention concerning "making lens" and one of those seems to have only had an idea. There is some pretty interesting information on the manufacturers, and especially for the glass. The Choisy-le-Roi factory kept having issues with flawed glass that required François Soleil Sr. to perform a lot of extra work and Fresnel to seek help from a company called Saint Gobain. That article doesn't even mention making glass for Fresnel. Anyway, I will get something together and you can let me know how it looks. Otr500 (talk) 10:54, 6 June 2016 (UTC)

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What about concave Fresnel lens
What about concave Fresnel lens?--وسام زقوت (talk) 14:54, 15 February 2017 (UTC)

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Used in medical diagnosis
These are used in neurology

Frenzel lens can be used in provocation study to help diagnose the cause of vertigo. The frenzel lens is used to keep a patient’s vision blurry while the physician can easily see the payient’s Eyes. In the provocation study, the patients head is shaken to determine if vertigo or nystagmus occur, and in which direction the nystagmus occurs.

I believe ophthalmology uses frenzel lenses as well. Tmbirkhead (talk) 19:17, 23 October 2018 (UTC)

Use in virtual reality
Fresnel lens have been in use in VR (Virtual Reality) headsets since 2016. I'm surprised they are not mentioned in this article at all. The Vive has them, for instance. Lolsocks (talk) 01:40, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

Additional uses
Search lights, spot lights, and flashlights.

Drsruli (talk) 07:28, 2 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Yep.--Srleffler (talk) 14:23, 5 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I think the youtube channel "Technology Connections" says that the lamp assemblies on cars (blinkers and brake lights) are fresnel lenses. Considering how many people have seen the weird grid pieces of plastic on their cars I think it should be there. 2600:100C:B2AE:42EA:11CB:6876:68D3:559E (talk) 12:46, 28 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The article already talks about this.--Srleffler (talk) 02:06, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

The number of fresnel lenses left in the 1st order in the United States
your article claims there is only 3 1st order fresnel lenses (largest) left and they are in New England, that is wrong..... Haceta Head Lighthouse in Southern Oregon has one of the 1st order I know because I just went on the tour. It is still in use! 166.181.250.9 (talk) 11:30, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't see where the article claims there are only three first-order lenses left. What section do you see that in?--Srleffler (talk) 18:05, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fresnel lens


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/21 Singles

21 Singles was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. 7 votes to keep, 3 votes to delete. Postdlf 14:39, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

21 Singles
Useless out of context. Deb 11:51, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Oho, it's our day for track-listing pages. Delete, then. — Bill 12:17, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, all it needs is more info. I added whose album it is. Lachatdelarue [[User talk:Lachatdelarue|(talk)]] 13:09, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 15:44, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, its a singles collection by a very influential band.  It is most certianly notable, and has very much potential to become encyclopedic.  I've given it a bit of an expansion.   — siro  χ  o  23:45, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Gamaliel 05:29, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Radman1 00:35, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, esp after Siroxo's expansion. Key45 21:07, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Intrigue 00:05, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep I am becoming somewhat disturbed at the level of deletionism occurring for what I think are worthy articles. There little, if any, harm in keeping interesting and esoteric material on Wikipedia.  If you do not want to know about this topic then you do not search for it.  However, if it is kept it will be here for people who do want to know about it.  Also be careful you do not suffer from Academic Standards Disease :o) --ShaunMacPherson 18:48, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Völkermarkt

Völkermarkt (Velikovec) is a town of about 11,000 inhabitants in the Austrian state of Carinthia, the administrative capital of Völkermarkt District. It is located within the Drava valley east of the Carinthian capital Klagenfurt, north of the Karawanken mountain range.

Subdivisions
The municipality of Völkermarkt comprises 26 Katastralgemeinden (Slovene names in brackets):

 * Admont-Lassein (Volmat-Lesine)
 * Bei der Drau (Pri Dravi)
 * Greuth (Rute)
 * Gurtschitschach (Gurčiče)
 * Haimburg (Vovbre)
 * Höhenbergen (Homberk)
 * Kaltenbrunn (Mrzla Voda)
 * Klein St. Veit (Mali Šentvid)
 * Korb (Korpiče)
 * Mittertrixen (Srednje Trušnje)
 * Mühlgraben (Mlinski Graben)
 * Neudenstein (Črni Grad)
 * Niedertrixen (Spodnje Trušnje)

 * Ob der Drau (Na Dravo)
 * Rakollach (Rakole)
 * Ritzing (Ricinje)
 * Ruhstatt (Ruštat)
 * St. Jakob (Šentjakob)
 * St. Peter am Wallersberg (Šentpeter na Vašinjah)
 * St. Ruprecht (Šentrupert)
 * Tainach (Tinje)
 * Töllerberg (Telenberk)
 * Völkermarkt (Velikovec)
 * Waisenberg (Važenberk)
 * Wandelitzen (Vodovnica)
 * Weinberg (Vinograd)

History
The area, once part of the ancient Noricum province, in the 7th century was resettled by Slavic tribes, who lived within the Principality of Carantania. The migration concentrated around the former Roman settlement of Juenna (near present-day Globasnitz in an area later called Podjuna in Slovene or Jauntal in German. Up to today, significant parts of the population refer to themselves as Carinthian Slovenes. The descendants of Count Siegfried I of Sponheim, who about 1035 had come to the Duchy of Carinthia as a follower of Emperor Conrad II, had a trading post erected at the site about 1090, where a church was built soon afterwards at the behest of the archbishop of Salzburg. In 1217 Duke Bernhard von Spanheim gave orders to build a bridge across the Drava River and had the settlement rebuilt in 1231. Völkermarkt was granted town privileges in the 13th century already and developed quickly as an important centre for trade in iron from the surrounding ore mines.

In the Carinthian Plebiscite of 1920, a majority of the population voted for adhesion to the Republic of Austria. On 18 September 1979, the Yugoslav Department of State Security firebombed the Völkermarkt town hall, severely injuring three men, including two of the agents, and causing heavy damages.

Population
According to the 2001 census 2.6% of the population were Carinthian Slovenes.

Transport
The town has access to the Austrian Süd Autobahn (A2) with two junctions. The projected Koralm Railway is expected to improve the area's transport facilities.

Notable people

 * Markus Hansiz (1683-1766), Jesuit and historian.
 * Johann Joseph Peyritsch (1835-1889), physicician and botanist
 * Julius Ringel (1889-1967), general of the Gebirgstruppe (Mountain troops) of the Wehrmacht

Sport

 * Stephanie Graf (born 1973), athlete; silver medallist in the 800m at the 2000 Summer Olympics
 * Elmar Lichtenegger (born 1974), hurdler, now subject to a lifetime ban
 * Magdalena Lobnig (born 1990), rower, bronze medallist at the 2020 Summer Olympics

Twin towns – Sister cities
Völkermarkt is twinned with:
 * 🇮🇹 San Giorgio di Nogaro, Italy

title: Völkermarkt


text:
Abbotsleigh

Abbotsleigh is an independent Anglican early learning, primary and secondary day and boarding school for girls, located in Wahroonga, on the Upper North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Established in 1885 on Sydney's lower north shore, the school currently caters to approximately 1,400 students from Transition to Year 12, including 170 boarders from Years 7 to 12.

Abbotsleigh is a member of the Alliance of Girls' Schools Australasia (AGSA), the Junior School Heads Association of Australia (JSHAA), the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia (AHISA), the Australian Boarding Schools' Association (ABSA), and a founding member of the Association of Heads of Independent Girls' Schools (AHIGS).

Abbotsleigh was ranked the top independent school in the state based on academic performance in 2013–2015.

History
Abbotsleigh was founded by Marian Clarke in 1885 in a small terrace house in North Sydney. The school then moved to Parramatta; first to Honiton House, then to more spacious premises at the corner of Church and Marsden streets, a site now covered by a car park. The school proved successful in Parramatta, but in 1895 Clarke left 80 pupils behind to set out for a year in England to visit her family. The school declined during her absence, and on her return only a small number of boarders remained.

Abbotsleigh's final move was to its current location at Wahroonga in 1898, where Clarke purchased land and built a new school. It is here that Abbotsleigh became the first girls' school in Sydney to have a sports field.

Clarke was determined to found Abbotsleigh as an academic school for girls with a full curriculum and strict order of discipline. The school offered physics and classical subjects, such as Latin, classes that were only offered to boys at the time.

In 1930 a new headmistress, Gladys Gordon Everett, was chosen from a long list of candidates. Everett had been head of Pymble Ladies' College before she left to study in France. She had taught in France and England before she led Katanning Church of England Girls' School. In 1931 Gordon Everett arranged the students into houses and in 1933 the school celebrated founder's day. In the same year the school began buying land and nearby houses. The school's expansion plans involved more land purchases in 1937. The plans succeeded and by 1938 there was a waiting list for families who wanted to enrol their daughters. Gordon Everett taught lessons in Divinity and in French.

In 1939 new classrooms opened, but the waiting list continued. The school enjoyed a good reputation as students results improved and more students went on to university. At the same time culture was not ignored, Gordon Everett owned post-impressionist paintings that were exhibited in the school. Some schools closed during the Second World War, but Abbotsleigh continued.

By the time Gordon Everett retired in 1954, there were 660 students, a separate junior school had started, and there was still a waiting list.

Buildings that developed over the years include the Marian Clarke building facing the Pacific Highway, Vindin House, Lynton House, and Poole House on the junior campus. The last three are listed on the local government heritage register.

Headmistresses
The following individuals have served as the Headmistress:

Structure
Abbotsleigh has a total enrolment of approximately 1,400 girls across Years K–12. In 2016, the Senior School campus had an enrolment of approximately 900 girls in Years 7–12. The main high school is divided into the Middle School (Year Seven and Eight), Senior College Archdale (Year Nine and Ten), and Senior College (Year Eleven and Twelve).

Each house group within a year has a tutor, and every year is managed by a year coordinator, and overseen by the Dean of Middle School or Deans of Senior College.

There is also a nearby Junior School, also located in Wahroonga, which houses the Early Learning Centre, Transition and Kindergarten to Year Six. Each year, approximately two-thirds of the incoming Year Seven class at Senior School are from the Junior School, while the rest are drawn from schools in Sydney, from interstate and overseas, having passed selective entry examinations and/or interviews to gain an enrolment place.

The school council is responsible for the school's governance. Kanishka Raffel, Archbishop of Sydney, serves as its chair.

Campus
The senior and junior campuses cater for 1400 students in total from Transition to Year 12 (Higher School Certificate).

The Junior Campus is located in Woonona Ave, Wahroonga. Poole House is the oldest building on the campus and features an after-school care and music centre with a number of music rooms for individual lessons and practice. The library, school hall and administration centre are housed in the same block as the junior years' classrooms. In 2002, a new Years 4–6 centre was built surrounding a grassy courtyard featuring an arts facility and a canteen. Sporting facilities include a large oval, outdoor pool, three tennis courts, 2 courtyards, two sets of play equipment and a human-sized chess board. An underground parking facility was built in 2007 with the kindergarten classrooms built above.

The new Early Learning Centre was completed in January 2010. It includes a new Infants precinct and an Early Learning Centre for the youngest learners from birth to five years old. It is a seventy-place, coeducational centre providing long day care. Girls of the age of 5 are now able to enter the school in the Transition class (preschool age), where they are able to make the smooth transition from preschool to kindergarten. The ELC is run according to the Reggio Emilia principles. The Senior Campus is at a separate site on the Pacific Highway, and incorporates a number of facilities including a 350-seat auditorium, large assembly hall, Senior Studies Centre, Aquatic Centre and two gymnasiums. Other sporting facilities include 11 tennis courts, three indoor gymnasiums, two weights gyms, two cricket nets, a 25-metre indoor pool and two large ovals used for hockey, touch football and soccer, with one multi-purpose synthetic turf oval and spectator stands. A new library named the Abbotsleigh Research Centre (ARC) was built and officially opened on April 2, 2006. The ARC contains the Library Teaching Room (LTR), a computer room, study and teaching spaces, an archives centre and three seminar rooms. There are over 40,000 books, over 4,000 videos and DVDs and approximately 70 Periodical titles. The ARC has won awards for its unique interior design. The ARC also includes a new Art Centre which has three classrooms, an Arts staffroom and a number of storage spaces. A large outdoor area incorporated into the design, with six tables for students and sails, is often used for a number of school events overlooking the top oval. Vindin House was converted into the Grace Cossington Smith Gallery (named after Old Girl Grace Cossington Smith), with art rooms and gallery exhibitions open to both students and the general public.

In addition to this, a new canteen was built in 2008 to join with the Saturday morning sports canteen, featuring new outdoor café-style eating areas overlooking the oval. The Judith Poole Sports Hall was built in 2015, accommodating three basketball courts or twelve badminton courts, dance studios, change facilities, offices, classrooms and an underground carpark, an award-winning design at the 2018 World Architecture Awards.

Motto and crest
The Abbotsleigh motto, Tempus celerius radio fugit, may be translated from Latin as "Time flies faster than the weaver's shuttle". As the shuttle flies a pattern is woven; the shuttle of time also weaves a pattern of which the threads are people, buildings and events. The motto was given to the school by Marian Clarke, whose family crest was a weaver's shuttle surrounded by the motto, Tempus fugit radio celerit. The school used this form until 1924, when it decided that the ungrammatical Latin should be changed to the present word order, which has been used ever since.

The reference to the weaver's shuttle is also believed by many to be a reference to the "proper" place of women in terms of domestic duties/servitude to men. Some members of the school community have called for the motto to be changed to keep pace with modern views on feminine rights.

The 1934 edition of The Weaver explains the symbolism of the school crest: "the lion for the strength in God, lillies for purity and fish as the symbol of Christianity through baptism."

Associated schools
Abbotsleigh has a number of international sister schools and exchange agreements with other institutes, including the École Alsacienne in Paris, France, Ohtani High School, Japan, Beijing Yucai School, China, Annette-von-Droste-Hülshoff-Gymnasium in Münster, Germany, Miami's Palmer Trinity School, Moreton Hall in Oswestry, England, Queenswood School in Hertfordshire, England, and Ridley College in Ontario, Canada. Girls have the opportunity to host an incoming exchange student or, in Years 9 and 10, to attend one or more of these schools on exchange for a period of one or two terms.

Abbotsleigh is also unofficially associated as the sister school to The King's School, an independent Anglican day and boarding school for boys in North Parramatta, and Sydney Church of England Grammar School, an independent Anglican day and boarding school for boys in North Sydney.

Curriculum
Abbotsleigh offers an extensive range of subjects. The academic departments are:
 * Christian studies
 * Drama
 * English
 * History (Australian, Ancient and Modern)
 * Languages
 * Mathematics
 * Music
 * PDHPE
 * Science
 * Social sciences (Economics, Geography, Business Studies)
 * Technology and applied sciences (also known as Design and Technology)
 * Visual arts

Abbotsleigh provides a focused academic education, with Maths, Science and English being graded by class from years 7–10. Other subjects, such as languages and music, also place students in streamed classes. In Year 8, students choose elective subjects to study for Years 9 and 10. Students must study Maths, English, Science, PDHPE, Australian History/Geography, and Christian Studies. They may then choose three elective subjects from: Commerce, Elective History, Elective Geography, Design and Technology, Information Software Technology, Music, Drama, Visual Arts, Photography and Digital Media, Chinese Mandarin, French, German, and Latin.

In the Upper School, students have an even wider range of subjects to choose from, which follow the Board of Studies HSC syllabus. Subjects offered include English (Advanced, Extension 1 and Extension 2), Mathematics (General, 2-unit, Extension 1 and Extension 2), sciences (Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Earth and Environmental Science), histories (Modern, Ancient and Extension History), social sciences (Business Studies, Geography, Economics), Music (1, 2, extension), Theology and Studies of Religion(1 and 2 unit) a wide range of languages including French, German, and Latin, Art, PDHPE, Software Design and Development, Drama, Design and Technology.

Co-curriculum
Students can participate in a number of extracurricular activities. Most girls participate in at least one activity, if not many. Abbotsleigh has a significant number of students achieve the Gold Duke of Edinburgh Award each year, which is presented at the school's Speech Day in December. Additionally students may participate in chess teams, debating, mock trial, public speaking, ski team, jewellery making, ceramics, sewing classes, film club, SRC, Environment Club, and over seven different charity and service groups such as World Vision and Amnesty International clubs. Students from Year 10 are selected to form the charity and service group boards with students taking the positions of president, secretary, treasurer and committee member. The school also has an Agricultural group (Ag Club) where chickens are raised every year for a number of competitions including the Sydney Royal Easter Show.

There is also a dance program of considerable size at the school, with over 500 girls from Kindergarten to Year 11 participating in several types of dance such as street, tap and contemporary.

Sport
The school participates in Independent Girls' Schools Sporting Association (IGSSA) sports including softball, tennis, swimming, diving, basketball, soccer, athletics, cross country, hockey, netball, water polo, touch football, and cricket, achieving remarkable results. Other offered sports include equestrian, golf, sailing, snow sports and rhythmic and artistic gymnastics. Abbotsleigh employs an extensive sports staff department and provides sports coaches and much of the sport equipment including hockey kits, golf sets etc. It is compulsory for Abbotsleigh girls to take part in PE once a week to enhance their physical activity until Year 11.

Music
Abbotsleigh boasts a rich co‑curricular music program. Its varied instrumental ensembles include Orchestra, Symphonic Winds, Jazz Ensemble, Senior Strings, String Ensemble and Concert Band. Chamber groups such as String Quartets, Flute Ensemble, Brass Ensemble, Guitar Ensemble and Clarinet and Saxophone Ensemble are also available to girls without an audition. Girls are invited to participate in Choir, and may audition for smaller vocal groups such as Vocal Ensemble and Chamber Choir. Girls can also be involved in the Gospel Choir, which performs at various Chapel services throughout the year. These ensembles participate in multiple school-based events throughout the year, as well as eisteddfods and music festivals. There are also opportunities to participate in interstate and international music tours, musicals and gala concerts.

Abbotsleigh also offers an Extended Tuition music program from Kindergarten to Year 12, where girls have the opportunity to learn an instrument (piano, singing, woodwind, brass, strings or percussion instruments) from one of their Peripatetic instrumental teachers. Girls who are involved in this program are also encouraged to participate in their co‑curricular ensembles.

Additionally, Abbotsleigh's Junior School offers a Year 2 String Program, where girls are required to learn either violin or cello. Girls in Year 3 participate in the Year 3 Instrumental Program, where they are introduced to a band instrument, such as flute, clarinet or trumpet. Girls then have the option of continuing these studies in the Extended Tuition music program and Junior School co‑curricular ensembles.

Performing arts
Abbotsleigh caters for a range of creative talents and provides an extensive performing arts program. In addition to drama classes (compulsory in Middle School), it is offered as a subject in Senior College years and the HSC. Student-directed productions, Middle and Senior School plays, an annual "Shakespeare festival", theatre sports and school musicals are just a few of a plethora of performing arts events in the school calendar. Musicals and plays are often produced and performed in collaboration with neighbouring boys' school Knox Grammar.

Debating and public speaking
Abbotsleigh has a fine tradition of debating and public speaking and has established a reputation for outstanding results in competitive debating. The school participates in several major competitions, including the Independent Schools Debating Association (ISDA), consisting of 32 private schools, the Archdale Debating Competition established in honour of former headmistress Miss Betty Archdale, also involving over 20 schools and the Sydney Debating Network (SDN). Abbotsleigh has consistently achieved championship results in these competitions, fostered due to extensive coaching and development squad programs. Girls also often debate at representative level in AHIGS and NSW state squads.

Abbotsleigh also participates in several public speaking competitions including Rostrum Voice of Youth, Legacy Public Speaking, SMH Plain English Speaking Award and AHIGS Festival of Speech.

Service programs
Abbotsleigh nurtures responsible citizenship through its Service-Learning program and leadership opportunities. A number of student-run charity clubs exist within the school, with elected positions such as president, treasurer and secretary. These include Amnesty International, Fairtrade, Interact Club (in collaboration with Rotary), Oaktree, World Vision and Zonta Club (supporting the Hornsby Ku-ring-gai branch of Zonta International).

All Year Nine girls undertake the Duke of Edinburgh International Award, with many achieving the Gold Level in senior years. In Year Ten, all girls are required to participate in a week of service learning, ALE (Abbotsleigh Learning Experience). Such experiences include assisting in house construction in Fiji, undertaking environmental conservation projects on Fraser Island, visiting remote indigenous communities in far North Queensland and volunteering at local non-government organisations such as the Red Cross. In Senior College years, a committee-run Breakfast Club organises termly breakfast functions with a guest speaker. Nearby schools are invited and students participate in discussion and discourse regarding a wide range of social issues, such as freedom of speech, women in medicine careers and mental health and well-being.

Furthermore, a Service Prefect is a member of the executive student leadership, running a Service Council composed of girls selected across year groups and chooses a whole school service theme and project. Abbotsleigh girls can participate in overseas service trips such as visiting St Andrew's School in Hyderabad, India, and the Crossroads Foundation in Hong Kong.

House system
The house system was introduced by Miss Everett, and is similarly based upon that of Dr Arnold’s house system at Rugby School. The Weaver for May 1931 explains: "Points are awarded for work, conduct and sport and a shield will be presented annually to the winning House". "The "Malloch Shield", given the following year by A Malloch, was won for the first time by Sturt.

In the junior school there are five houses: In the senior school there are eight houses: The house system has been modified over time to reflect the changing needs of the school, and its increased enrolment. One of the most significant changes occurred in the late 1960s under then Headmistress Betty Archdale. Senior school houses had previously been named after well-known male Australian poets, and Archdale introduced new house names recognising accomplished Australian women. This was the basis for the senior school houses in use today. Houses now compete for the House Choir banner and the Spirit Cup, as well as the Sports Cup. Since 2008 girls have organised get-to-know-each-other events and House Days where students of the same house assemble at lunch time and have a large "house picnic".

Boarding
Abbotsleigh has offered boarding since its establishment, and currently caters for boarding students from the greater metropolitan area, rural New South Wales and overseas. The school currently has five boarding houses: There are currently approximately 150 boarders at Abbotsleigh from Years 7 to 12. Boarders make up about one-sixth of the senior school population.
 * Hirst, opened in 1980 and 1985. Catering for Year 12 boarders. Now replaced by the newly opened Wheeldon House.
 * Lynton, opened in 1969. Catering for Year 7 boarders.
 * McCredie, opened in 1990. Catering for Year 9 to 10 boarders.
 * Read, opened in 1931. Catering for Year 8 to 9 boarders.
 * Wheeldon, opened in 2008. Catering for Year 11 to 12 boarders

title: Abbotsleigh


text:
User:Spug

Master student, writing about modal logic and computational complexity at University of Oslo.

My website

title: User:Spug


text:
Murder (song)

"Murder" is the eighth single by British band New Order.

Released on the Belgian Factory Benelux label in 1984, it is an instrumental piece that contains samples of dialogue from the films 2001: A Space Odyssey and Caligula. It was recorded in winter 1982 during the sessions for the band's second album Power, Corruption & Lies.

The B-side is an instrumental version of the previous single by the group, "Thieves Like Us".

"Murder" was only released in Belgium as a single, but was available in the UK on import and made number 92. As such, it is the band's only release to miss the UK Top 75.

Sleeve
The single's cover design by Peter Saville was based on a 'metaphysical' painting by Giorgio de Chirico. It forms a set with "Thieves Like Us".

Covers
The Charlatans covered the song as an exclusive download for their 2008 single "Oh! Vanity". The Charlatans' lead singer Tim Burgess is a notable fan of the band and has cited Power, Corruption & Lies as his favourite album.

It was also covered by K-X-P and the track included on the Power Corruption & Lies Covered CD (free with the February 2012 issue of Mojo magazine).

Releases
As well as the original single, both tracks are available on the CD version of 1987's compilation, Substance, although neither track appears on the LP issue. "Murder" does not appear on Disc 1 of Substance, which otherwise contains versions of every New Order single A-side up to 1987. It instead appears on disc 2, which otherwise contains versions of every New Order B-side through 1987 (including "Thieves Like Us (Instrumental)"). The double cassette version of "Substance" (FACT200c) has "Murder" correctly located between "Thieves Like Us" and "The Perfect Kiss" on the A-sides cassette, but omits it from the track listing, instead incorrectly listing it as being on the B-sides cassette.

title: Murder (song)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Combino

Combino was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. 7 votes to keep, 2 votes to delete.

Combino
Not encyclopedic, no potential to become so. — Bill 11:58, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: A model of a brand of a train car (and just a car). Non-encyclopedic. Geogre 14:53, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not a train car, it's a tram. And there are only about five different types of tram you can get these days due to the amalgamations in the industry, so this makes this a major thing in an important and expanding area of public transport. So these are in use in Augsburg, Basel, Erfurt, Freiburg, Düsseldorf, Nordhausen, Potsdam, Hiroshima, Amsterdam, Ulm and Berne. (And no, I didn't know this five minutes ago, I did a Google search). I'd say this does have the potential to become encyclopedic, in the same way as, say, the Airbus A340 is. Average Earthman 15:56, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Earthman. Looks encyclopedic to me. Keep. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 21:19, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Well-known tram model. Article needs improvement, especially with respect to the recent technical problems of the model.Martg76 01:57, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I expanded the article, using the information from the German Wikipedia. Martg76 02:40, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. D AVODD  [[User_talk:Davodd|« TALK »]] 17:51, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article in its current state falls in line with the goals of WikiProject_Trains; many other articles like this already exist in Category:Locomotives and others are requested as listed on WikiProject_Trains/Todo.  slambo 15:47, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I see absolutly no reason for deletion of this article.  — siro  χ  o  00:24, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. With the additional material, this is a good article. Inky 01:42, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Echo the opinions of Siroxo.  -- Radman1 15:53, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Combino


text:
Painstream

Painstream is a Finnish hardcore punk band. Formed in 2000 in the city of Turku, they began as an "old school HC"-style band. They play fast HC punk with some metal influences. Painstream stands out in their local punk scene by their use of different instruments such as the Hammond organ, saxophone and cello in some of their songs.

Discography

 * Painstream (2002 in music)
 * Turku Hardcore (2003 in music)
 * Á bas les tyrans' (2004 in music) French title translated to English means "Down with Tyranny!"

title: Painstream


text:
Talk:Helmut Newton

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Edofedinburgh 23:29, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

who loves him?
(many people but again American culture apparently extends not too far one can observe)

Uhm, does somebody wanna put him in the fashion category and remember he is German and worked on more advertisements than a grand majority of Americans can know about. He did not do "fetish photography" he only made millions want to see such things. Since he shot a lot for Vogue I guess Vogue is a fetish magazine as well. *Shakes head* Some people.

 * He's still not half as bad as someone like Andres Serrano. I'm not a Christian, in fact, I'm an atheist. But photographing a crucifix submerged in his urine? How revolting can one be? It almost makes one question freedom of expression. Remember, "almost" doesn't count. 66.108.144.49 19:04, 6 October 2006 (UTC) Allen Roth

Re: Andres Serrano - it's off topic here, but check out the Vatican Museum's own purchase 'Mutiliated Christ'. It's not the image that offends people, it's the meaning behind it. If Andres Serrano was a devout Catholic I doubt that his works would be controversial at all. Mike MacCana

German American?
He did spent over two very formative decades in Australia photographing the Paris end of Collins St (see the NGV website) and he was an Australian citizen. I wouldn't claim he's Australian, but I wouldn't claim he's 'German-American' either. Mike MacCana

German Australian
Quite right. After assuming Australian nationality, he remained an Australian citizen for the rest of his life. He was however, the very definition of a 'Citizen of the World'. Sean Payne.

 * Except he didn't assume "Australian citizenship". In 1946 he couldn't have, because such a beast did not exist until 26 January 1949.  Prior to then, Australians were born British subjects, and that's what Newton became in 1946.  Only in 1949 did his status then change, along with all other Australians, to "Australian citizen". --   Jack of Oz   [your turn]  10:23, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Helmut Newton


text:
Sub-culture (song)

"Sub-culture" is the tenth single by English rock band New Order. It was released as the second and final single from their third studio album, Low-Life (1985) on 28 October 1985 by Factory Records.

Release
The single release, remixed by John Robie, is a drastic departure from the album version of the track. Robie's 12" and 7" single mixes feature more club-oriented, electronic instrumentation and prominent soulful female backing vocals.

The B-side is an instrumental remix titled "Dub-vulture". An alternate seven-inch edit of the Robie remix taken from the Benelux version of the "Sub-culture" single appears on the group's 1987 compilation, Substance. This version also appears on the US 12" alongside the longer mixes.

A collection of Razormaid remixes of the track were released in 1986, which include additional vocals by Deborah Iyall of Romeo Void.

Making use of the word shaft with its possible sexual connotations, the song seems to be about sexual rejection, loneliness and alienation in an urban environment.

Artwork
"Sub-culture" has only a regular black sleeve, as graphic designer Peter Saville reportedly deemed the mix of the song unworthy of his talents. Saville's input was present only in a P/S/A (Peter Saville Associates) credit for typography. However this rumour was debunked in 2017 when Saville stated, "I never had the authority to say that there shouldn't be a sleeve. No, all I can presume is that one was not asked for."

UK 7" free with Record Mirror - RM2

 * 1) New Order: "Sub-culture" (exclusive remix) – 4:14
 * 2) Raymonde: "Jennifer Wants" (exclusive track) – 2:02
 * 3) Hipsway: "Bad Thing Longing" (preview from their forthcoming album) – 4:09
 * 4) Adventures: "Walk Away Renee" (specially recorded for RM) – 3:11

title: Sub-culture (song)


text:
Michael Michai Kitbunchu

Michael Michai Kitbunchu (ไมเกิ้ล มีชัย กิจบุญชู, ; born 25 January 1929) is a Thai prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Bangkok from 1973 to 2009 and was made a cardinal in 1983. He has been the Protopriest of the College of Cardinals since 14 December 2016. He is the first cardinal from Thailand. He was president of the Thai Episcopal Conference from 1979 to 1982 and from 2000 to 2006.

Early life and ministry
Kitbunchu was born in Sam Phran, a district of the Nakhon Pathom Province, to a family of Chinese descent and studied at the minor seminary of Si Racha. He then furthered his studies at the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome, where he obtained a licentiate in both philosophy and theology. While in Rome, he was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Grégoire-Pierre Agagianian on 20 December 1959.

He returned to Thailand and served as assistant pastor and then pastor in Bang Kham, and later became pastor of Calvary Parish in Bangkok. He was also an archdiocesan consultor and served as rector of the metropolitan seminary of Bangkok from 1965 to 1972.

Episcopal career
On 18 December 1972, Pope Paul VI appointed Kitbunchu the second Archbishop of Bangkok. He received his episcopal consecration on 3 June 1973 from Archbishop Joseph Khiamsun Nittayo, with Bishops Lawrence Thienchai Samanchit and Michel-Auguste–Marie Langer, MEP, serving as co-consecrators. He served as President of the Thai Episcopal Conference from 1979 to 1982, and again from 2000 to 2006.

Pope John Paul II created him Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Panisperna in the consistory of 2 February 1983; he was the first cardinal from Thailand. Kitbunchu was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI. He denied funeral Masses to drug traffickers, saying that such people "destroy society" and engage in "acts of indirect murder." He once expressed his opposition to abortion by saying, "Abortion is a great crime, because the one who should protect the child in her womb becomes the one who destroys the child."

During the 2006 political crisis in his Thailand, Kitbunchu called for unity, saying, "All Thai people are patriotic and want the country to progress and develop on all fields, but now the political crisis has disturbed and worried the people." He also asked Thais to "correct what is wrong and forgive each other."

Kitbunchu resigned from his position as Archbishop of Bangkok on 14 May 2009. At the time of his retirement, he was the oldest active head of an archdiocese in the Latin Church. In addition to his native language, Central Thai (official and national) and his ethnic Chinese dialect of Teochew, he can also speak other languages such as Latin, English, Italian, French and Standard Mandarin.

He is tied with Alexandre do Nascimento as the longest-tenured member of the College of Cardinals, having been appointed in 1983, positions they have held since the death of Roger Etchegaray in 2019.

title: Michael Michai Kitbunchu


text: User talk:163.153.108.13

title: User talk:163.153.108.13