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Talk:Three-valued logic

Does attention belong on talk or article page?
RJFJR 22:26, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

What is "attention"? --Loqi T. 05:38, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Attention = the act or state of attending especially through applying the mind to an object of sense or thought b : a condition of readiness for such attention involving especially a selective narrowing or focusing of consciousness and receptivity  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.169.168.165 (talk) 03:32, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

Is this article defining 'a' logic or a 'class' of logics?
The intro currently says that ternary logic is a multi-valued logic. But the article is kind of reluctant to say exactly how to implement ternary logic (such as saying that the assignment of ternary values to truth values is or a permutation). Does that mean this is really a description of many different logics?

Am I splitting semantic hairs again? RJFJR 22:24, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

c:No, you're absolutely right, ternary logic is a collective name for a wide variety of logics. Qwertyus 13:19, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * There are a number of Ternary logics. The article provides a truth table for ONE of them (Admitedly a common one).  The article's underlying assumption is that the third value is "unknown".  There are different ternary logics with different truth tables that coorespond to other assumed meanings.   Which is the "correct" truth table is still a matter of debate.  (Particularly when adding modal operators to the ternary logic). Nahaj 15:35, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Actually, the currently described truth table is that of Kleene's logic. It is obtained by a continuity (or strictness) principle (cf. J.P.Cleave: A Study of Logics, Oxford University Press 1991). Suggestion: replace the current truth table with an overview of different ternary logics, and create subpages for these. --Tillmo 15:38, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

You are confusing the semantics of the logic (what the values mean) with the relationships of the values in the logics. These are two separate issues.

0 → 0
0 → 0 = 0, isn't it? MvR 14:47, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It is in areas like this that people argue what the "right" truth table is.  They are usually heated arguments because the answer is clear For some *specific* "meaning" of the values.  And since the specific meaning being used by a speaker is the "obvious" one (to them) they assume that anyone else that doesn't agree is being dense.Bottom line:  Yes, there are ternary logics that have  0 → 0 = 0.  And there are ternary logics where that is not the case. Each captures a different sense of "unknown" or a different sense of "→".
 * Personal unsolicited opinion: Wikipedia has a bad tendency, statistically, to take ONE example of something, and write as if it were THE example of something. Nahaj 15:45, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Why numbers?
I find the use of 0,1,2 rather confusing. Why not use *, T and F ? --Tillmo 15:42, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. Also, I think that the conjunctions would be easier to see if they were separated each into their own table. Smmurphy(Talk) 21:54, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think it needs to be split into separate truth tables, but the values certainly need to be clarified, since (even if we're sticking to one class of ternary logic) different sources will attribute different values to 0, 1, and 2.--Rinn 16:39, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Truth Valuation Functions
I believe there should be a discussion of the different truth valuation functions. Definitely Strong vs. Weak Kleene logic should be addressed here. I know this is addressed slightly in George Boole's "Logical Options" to some extent, and the discussion must be carried on further elsewhere.
 * Yes, I've addressed this with a discussion per the truth tables derived from Kleene 1952 (see entry below). Bill Wvbailey (talk) 23:52, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

(Bi-)Intuitionist Logic & Orthologic
Should be included, as well. In particular, the unique 3-valued Heyting lattice, which (being finite) is also bi-Heyting. It agrees on all the operations except the conditional. For the 3-valued lattice, the intuitionist negation ¬x = x⊃F coincides with Mx; where its conditional, denoted here x⊃y, is related to the Łukasiewicz conditional x→y and Kleene negation ~x by x→y = (x⊃y) ∨ ~(x-y), where (x - y) = ~(~y ⊃ ~x) is the subtractive operator on the dual Heyting lattice (the "unless" connective). The weak negation (T - x) in the bi-Heyting lattice coincides with Lx. The Kleene, Łukasiewicz and Heyting conditional agree everywhere except for the pairs (0,0) (= 0 for Kleene, = T for Łukasiewicz and Heyting), and (0,F) (= 0 for Kleene and Łukasiewicz, = F for Heyting).

There is also a unique 3-valued orthologic (defined on the 3-element ortholattice), whose negation coincides with the Kleene negation. On quasi-implicative ortholattices, the Sasaki arrow operation ~x ∨ (x∧y) plays the role of the conditional operator. This agrees with the Kleene conditional, except that (0,T) has 0 as a value, instead of T.

Article is problematic
This article is confusing the semantics with logic.

It should be a disambiguation page to different 3-valued logical systems.

Choice of symbols
I would think that something like -, 0 and + would psychologically be the most satisfying choice to represent the different truth values. Does anyone agree? -- Dissident (Talk) 03:13, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree on the grounds that 0 is usually associated with false, thus possibly causing confusion between your - and 0. I agree with someone above who suggested that F, *, and T are good choices. Or perhaps 0, 1/2, and 1. I do agree that the current 0, 1, 2 notation is very confusing. --216.254.66.59 23:47, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

__ The reason we use numerical bits in binary logic is because computer memory is customarily designed to address several bits together, for efficient integer arithmetic. It's just a convenience for human engineers to denote the concepts of false and true with the numeric symbols 0 and 1 and then use the same machine for anding and oring that we use for adding and dividing. It's less cumbersome to represent the boolean true as 1 than it is to write the integer ten as FFFFTFTF. But either way, bits are not little zeros and ones or Fs and Ts inside the machine, they're just conceptualized that way by us users. __ With the { 2, 0, 1 } symbol scheme, we're asked to re-denote 0 from false to unknown, and to re-designate false as the numeral 2, while true stays as 1. But there doesn't appear to be any corresponding integer arithmetic to go with the numerical symbol scheme. That is, a string of ternary digits (tits?) doesn't normally represent a number, so why bother using numerals to represent the concepts? I propose using the symbols { false, unknown, true } (spelled out and italicized) whenever horizontal space is not a consideration, and the symbols { F, ?, T } (not italicized) in truth tables and similar columnized presentation formats. --Loqi T. 06:02, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Using the symbols { -, 0, + } is one of the common notations used in balanced ternary. I agree that { 2, 0, 1 } is confusing. And { 0, ½, 1 } is less confusing, but still represents the unknown value as the same kind of thing as a known value—do two unknowns add up to a true? I think { F, *, T } or { F, ?, T } would be a much better choice of symbols. A question mark intuitively means "unknown" while an asterisk visually scans well for finding patterns.

 * Is there any fixed usage by major journals? in the most popular textbooks? Smmurphy(Talk) 02:10, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think there's a standard numerical notation accepted by everyone. { -1, 0, +1 } is preferred for digital hardware. { 0, ½, 1 } is popular with some, and I don't know who came up with { 2, 0, 1 } but I've seen it in more than one place. Using spelled-out words has the additional minor controversy of what word to use for the neither-true-nor-false value. I've seen unknown, maybe, possible, indeterminate, inconclusive, uncollapsed and fictive. I'd go with unknown or possible. --Loqi T. 01:51, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * This probably wouldn't be appropriate since I haven't seen it in use elsewhere, but in my own tinkering I have found { -, *, + } to be the most intuitive. It eliminates the confusion of 0 being misinterpreted as False, and * is also commonly used as a wildcard for "anything" or "unknown". Maghnus 09:05, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Article reduced to stub length.
The tag has been on the article since April 16, 2006, and it has only gotten worse since then. I have solved the problem by removing the vast majority of the article's content. See WP:RS. Simões ( talk/contribs ) 01:48, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I have replaced the bulk of what was removed. While it is true that the article is not of high quality, it is far more informative than while it was castrated.  There is nothing here that is so controversial that it can't stay until the article evolves.  It is difficult to provide sources because this is a somewhat obscure topic, and everyone seems to have their own interpretations.  Rather than deleting everything, however, it should be sufficient to make note of this situation within the article.  And if there is a particular statement that is questionable, then  or deletion would apply there.  Don't just delete essentially the entire article.  WTF.  66.191.103.64 13:17, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The article has been restubbified. A new version is forthcoming, and the version you restored, besides being unsourced (which warrants any editor to strip it down per WP:CITE, is also misleading in places. Simões ( talk/contribs ) 15:15, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I have read those guidelines and there is nothing that would warrant removing virtually the entire article, even if a better version is forthcoming. "If it is doubtful but not harmful to the whole article, use the  tag to ask for source verification, but remember to go back and remove the claim if no source is produced within a reasonable time."

 * If you have problems with some of the statements, tag those for citations. Otherwise, leave it alone.

 * Even with its (non-harmful) flaws, this is a fairly decent introduction to the concepts of ternary logic, and you are doing a disservice to anyone who would come across this article. No, most people don't go check the history page to see if someone overzealously wiped the entire article because a few statements didn't yet have references cited. 66.191.103.64 16:03, 25 December 2006 (UTC)
 * There were no sources, and, as I pointed out back in November, the had been there since April. WP:CITE says, "Any material that is challenged and for which no source is provided may be removed by any editor." I challenge all of it. Any restoration of unsourced content will be reverted. I'm sorry if you dislike this application of WP:CITE, but I am of the view that reliability is more important than "informativeness." Simões ( talk/contribs ) 16:12, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Proposed revamp
I’d like to see a section on motivations for three-valued logic (future contingents, quantum mechanics, intuitionism in mathematics, etc.), and then a section on different systems (Strong and Weak Kleene, Sobocinski, Reichenbach, etc.) There should be a brief discussion, at the end, of truth-functional completeness, including mention of Sheffer connectives. If no one objects, I’ll pull this together, incorporating as much previously posted material as I can, and heeding the above comments where possible. I'll cite books by Susan Haack and Nicholas Rescher as primary sources. Comments? --Knorlin 10:50, 25 November 2006
 * Sounds like a good plan. What about Łukasiewicz, though? An article on trivalent logic seems to be sorrowfully incomplete without mention of him and his work. Simões ( talk/contribs ) 19:51, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Right. Actually, I think I would say, "Here's Łukas. system, and the Strong Kleene system is the same except for the following difference with the if-then connective..." --Knorlin 14:07, 25 November 2006
 * That's reasonable. I look forward to seeing how it turns out! Simões ( talk/contribs ) 23:12, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Ternary_logic
IMHO, You have problem with ternary logic. Plz, change back the article. We maked Setun, we understand it. Ignat99 16:39, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Aristotlean logic which provides for true and false and $$\sigma\upsilon\mu\beta\varepsilon\beta\eta\kappa o \zeta$$.

It is true! Ignat99 14:10, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I mean the Soviet Union and my schools of thought (Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology) and my teacher ([Nikolai Brusentsov http://www.icfcst.kiev.ua/MUSEUM/Brusentsov.html]) and our (russian) philosophers.

 * >If you think otherwise, you'll have to cite the work and section number.
 * Брусенцов Н.П. "Блуждание в трех соснах (Приключения диалектики в информатике)" Москва, SvR - Аргус, 2000. – 16 с. и в сборнике: "Программные системы и инструменты",Труды ф-та ВМиК МГУ, №1, Москва: МАКС Пресс, 2000, с.13-23
 * Васильев Н.И. Воображаемая логика. Избранные труды. - М.: "Наука,, 1989.
 * Карпенко А.С. Многозначные логики // Логика и компьютер. Вып.4. - М.: "Наука", 1997.
 * Лукасевич Я. Аристотелевская силлогистика с точки зрения современной формальной логики. - М.: ИЛ, 1959.
 * Пиаже Ж. Логика и психология // Ж.Пиаже. Избранные психологические труды. - М.: "Просвещение", 1969.
 * Порецкий П.С. О способах решения логических равенств и об обратном способе математической логики. - Казань, 1884.
 * Слинин Я.А. Современная модальная логика. - Л.: Изд-во Ленингр. ун-та, 1976.
 * Стяжкин Н.И. Формирование математической логики. - М.: "Наука", 1967.

 * Советская научная школа до сих пор питает все научные идеи и разработки в мире. Ваша буржуазная философия чужда диалектики и направлена только на угнетение народа посредством выдуманной истории и философии и ваших законов. Вас обманывает Ваша наука.

 * Read Aristotle (Organon) and find there word $$\sigma\upsilon\mu\beta\varepsilon\beta\eta\kappa o \zeta$$(attendant, circumstantial) and think. :-)

Ignat99 07:22, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Greek words do not end in zeta. Obviously sigma is meant...but if we are being asked to go to the original text, you really ought to get your Greek correct in the first place.  Also, I just love all the original research going on!  Yay Wikipedia!  DnP, 19 Feb 2007 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.208.78.163 (talk) 00:03, 20 February 2007 (UTC).

Trying to avoid an edit war
I wish Ignat99 would give a more specific citation. The Future Sea Battle example in De Interpretatione, ch. 9, is the usual reference on future contingents (see my above note). But near as I can tell (without ready access to the Greek texts and without being a specialist in this area), the word sumbebekos appears elsewhere in the Organon and doesn't directly relate to the topic at hand. I think sumbebekos relates to essential versus nonessential predication, but statements of this type are still either true or false (if I understand correctly). My source on this is http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-logic/.

I don't sense that Simoes has a problem with three-valued logic. Just wants to see some references--which is reasonable. I'm still waiting for the library to tell me that the Rescher book has come in, and then I'll try to get something up.

Meanwhile, let me propose that since Ignat99's interests lie in the direction of computer science applications of ternary logic, maybe we can have two articles? One can be Three-valued logic and the other can be Ternary logic (computer science). To me, tenary and binary seem like terms more current in computer science than philosophical logic, anyway.

Knorlin talk 05:51, 11 December 2006 (UTC).
 * I don't think Ignat99 will engage in edit warring. He's been civil and is putting talk pages to good use (despite leaving sometimes confusing messages).

 * As for your article-splitting proposal, it doesn't really seem necessary. I think "trivalent logic" has greater mean currency in computer science and philosophy than either "ternary logic" or "three-valued logic." So maybe the article should be renamed. But since the topics in computer science and philosophy are closely related ("trivalent logic" is not an ambiguous phrase, with one sense used in philosophy and another in CS), I think it might be best to just have sections in a single article with information on specific applications and topical emphases in the respective fields. Simões ( talk/contribs ) 06:54, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Okay, one article with multiple sections. Sounds like a plan. I hope to get something up on different 3-valued systems and motivation soon. Knorlin 07:21, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I just added two basic paragraphs, not realizing that others had major revisions in mind. Reading that the article was a stub, I just assumed it had been ignored.  Now I see that this is not the case.  I'll leave me edits in should they prove useful in Knorlin's rewrite.  If not, trash 'em. :)  2*6 10:53, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

Draft workspace for new version.
Knorlin has offered to do a load of work offline on a new version of the article, but it's been a while since the article has been cut down. I'd like to see some progress, and there seems to be interest by a few people in collaborating on it.

I've created a page for this collaboration: Talk:Ternary_logic/Draft It's intended as a back-end workspace for the new version of the article, so please use it in place of the live page to develop the article until this sourcing controversy is ironed out.

In the meantime, I, for one, would rather have the long, unsourced version, rather than the short, uninformative version as the live article. --Loqi T. 20:22, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Added slight clarification of SQL 3VL
Changed the word "triggers" to "initiates an action" to avoid possible confusion with actual SQL Triggers. Also added that while Unknown and False truth values cause DML statements to disregard rows, only a False truth value will cause a row to fail the validation of a SQL Check Constraint. Both True and Unknown indicate a valid row as far as a SQL Check Constraint is concerned. Info was added to the "Ternary logic in database applications" section. The Null article also provides a more in-depth discussion of SQL's implementation of three-valued logic, so I'm adding a link to that article as well.SqlPac 14:52, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Oops, I was so wrapped up in "triggers" I initially put trigger in there - corrected to Check Constraints.SqlPac 15:09, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Reworked the Ternary logic in database applications section
Are two example of SQL 3VL really necessary here? I think two examples is redundant redundancy, especially since we have several examples of SQL expressions demonstrating how SQL 3VL is handled on the Null page.SqlPac 15:20, 20 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't think the second example was necessary here. If you boil down the second explanation, it's just re-stating the explanation for the previous example again (times two since it has to describe both expressions on either side of the OR).  I don't think three copies of the same explanation in the same section of the same page are necessary.  I also think it's confusing.  So I changed it. SqlPac 15:29, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Without a logical operation like OR or AND, there's not actually any ternary logic going on. I tried to make the explanation as clear as possible, but for many readers it's inherently confusing material. I want to avoid readers falling into the trap of seeing a null field as a synonym for the unknown truth state—an error I've even seen some writers make in this article. And since this is an article about ternary logic, not SQL, readers must be introduced to the concept of null fields, in order for the example to make sense. Maybe there's a better way to represent an example of ternary logic in SQL, but I'm sure there's gotta be a boolean in it somewhere, otherwise it's not really demonstrating ternary logic. --Loqi T. 07:12, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
 * "Without a logical operation like OR or AND, there's not actually any ternary logic going on" appears, at first glance, to be a False statement. For ternary logic to be going on, one would think you need a predicate and three possible logical results.  Like this:

The predicate (10 = 10) produces TRUE The predicate (10 < 10) produces FALSE The predicate (10 > NULL) produces UNKNOWN
 * Based on your assertion, none of these examples falls under the heading of ternary logic since none have an OR or an AND, so no ternary logic is going on. The example in the article at first appears to be complex, and 3 times redundant.  Here's a short introduction to SQL NULL:  "SQL Null is a marker that represents a missing value."  For a thorough explanation of SQL Null and SQL ternary logic (3VL), see the Good Article, Null (SQL).  This article on ternary logic is not my article, so I won't be doing any more editing on it after I add your assertion to it, per Be Afraid!: "Without a logical operation like OR or AND, there's not actually any ternary logic going on."  I think it's a wonderful quote that will better inform readers why the complex example is included, and why a simple SQL predicate like (10 = 10) does not fall under the scope of ternary logic (as there's no ternary logic going on). SqlPac 16:56, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I just helped eliminate the confusion for those who might have mistakenly believed that "ternary logic" applied to simple predicates in SQL as well as compound predicates. I added your assertion that simple predicates do not fall under the scope of ternary logic in SQL (without a logical operation like OR or AND, there's not actually any ternary logic going on), and only compound predicates do.  Thanks for the heads up on that fact...  I really had no idea ternary logic only applied to compound predicates in SQL, and I'm sure others will be better informed by this fact.  Another article might need to be created to discuss the SQL three-valued logic system and simple predicates, since simple predicates do not fall under the scope of ternary logic (or this article).  BTW, can you provide a reference for this assertion?  Thanks.  SqlPac 20:57, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

How utterly charming, SqlPac. Did you really intend for your principal contribution toward solving this problem to be hostile comments on the talk page and vandalism of the article? WP:POINT How could you possibly think it responsible to add this passage to the text of the article? "The simple three-valued logic system employed by SQL does not constitute "ternary logic", however. Simple predicates like the example above do not fall under the scope of "ternary logic" in SQL. In fact, for "ternary logic" to be "going on" in SQL requires a compound predicate with an AND or OR keyword joining two or more simple predicate." The worst part of that contribution is not the horrible grammar or factual inaccuracies, it's that it remained on the live article for nearly two months! --Loqi T. 22:08, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I was working under the assumption that you knew what you were talking about when you stated that ternary logic only encompasses compound predicates. I think this is a very important concept that needs to be put in the article, as many people might mistakenly believe that ternary logic can actually encompass simple predicates as well.  Acusations of vandalism are fairly strong, WP:AGF.  I have not made any hostile comments, I simply asked you to further explain your previous assertion and provide a source.  I strongly believe that this information needs to be included in the article, and I ask you to please put it back in and source it.  Perhaps the reason it was not changed for two months is that your assertion is 100% correct.  If there are any factual inaccuracies, that would be an artifact of your previous posts to the talk page where you provided the information.  I suppose we really need to decide whether or not your assertion is correct, and if so, source it.  If your assertion is actually incorrect, then we'll need to come up with a whole new rationale for over-complicating the examples.  Please advise.  SqlPac 20:40, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

This really is quite amusing, SqlPac. First, you apply rigorous analysis to a sentence in a casual talk-page comment, thus demonstrating the casual comment is not literally true in all cases. You then re-state that casual comment into its most extreme interpretation and put quotation marks around it, implying attribution to it's original author. You then vandalize (yes, vandalize) the live article, by stating that extreme interpretation as fact, apparently on the strength of your own original research interpretation of a casual comment you found on a Wikipedia talk page. And on top of that, you ask for the casual talk page comment to be footnoted after you used it as a source in the live article. For the record, I hereby acknowledge that ternary logic is, in fact, going on in the expressions "10 = 10", "10 NULL". --Loqi T. (talk) 16:38, 23 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Your concerns about simple predicates falling under the rubric of ternary logic seem to be covered by this sentence in the introductory paragraph: "For example, the SQL expression "City = 'Paris'" resolves to FALSE for a record with "Chicago" in the City field, but it resolves to UNKNOWN for a record with a NULL City field." This sentence pretty-much sums up your table above, though it admittedly omits the P=P case, "i.e. ...resolves to TRUE for a record with "Paris" in the city field..." ). I'm guessing this sentence is what you're referring to when you talk about a first example, above. When you talk about a second example, I'm pretty sure you're referring to the paragraph that introduces the OR operator. This paragraph builds on the introductory sentence that covers the simplest of cases, giving a concrete example of how UNKNOWN truth states propagate. I'm certain this paragraph could be re-worked to provide more clarity or brevity (preferably both), but deleting it doesn't help explain anything to anyone. --Loqi T. (talk) 16:38, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

Ternary logic as a natural phenomenon

 * There is a very important fact: all third values are analogous. The word "unknown" does not convey in terms of known truth, while true and false do. That is okay, but the reader can known what that means in terms of truth and falsehood. Given true and false, one has as the third value "neither true nor false as both true and false". Some examples that prove the naturalness of ternary logic are: negative, positive, neutral; heavy, light-weight, weightless; light, darkness, visual detail; transparent, opague, reflective; do, don't do, multi-task; yes, no, I don't know. A third option is present for every pair of opposites that exist. With that being so, all (dualistic and monistic) phenomenon can be digitally mapped.  mcampbell422

Trivalent logic applied to AI for skeptics
If true, then accept; If false, then reject; If unknown, be skeptical. mcampbell422

Changed False Statement
This statement was included in the section on SQL 3VL:

 * Comparing anything to NULL—even another NULL—results in an UNKNOWN truth state (which happens to also be represented by a NULL value).

(Emphasis added by me).

If "NULL=UNKNOWN", then a choice needs to be made to change the 3VL truth table (or not) to reconcile the fact that SQL NULLs propagate through expressions (a basic property of NULL):

Standard SQL 3VL truth table: ( TRUE OR UNKNOWN ) → TRUE ( FALSE AND UNKNOWN ) → FALSE

"NULL=UNKNOWN" SQL 3VL truth table: ( TRUE OR NULL ) → NULL ( = UNKNOWN ) ( FALSE AND NULL ) → NULL ( = UNKNOWN )

If NULL = UNKNOWN then the result of ( TRUE OR NULL ) is not TRUE as stated in this article, but rather it is UNKNOWN. In SQL, an easier way to think of it is that NULL is a "placeholder" that represents a missing value. UNKNOWN represents the result of any comparison to a missing value.

(NULL is also not a "value", it's the absence of a value, but we'll save that discussion for another day).

 * Good call on removing that parenthetical. Not only was it inaccurate, but also irrelevant and confusing. ==Loqi T. (talk) 20:57, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Removed reference to Aymara language from "See also"
The article referenced provides no relevant information, other than the one sentence statement that it uses three valued logic. (I.E. going to the page doesn't gain you any information.) And that statment there has the complaint that there is no citation. And I can't find any article on the language that makes the claim. So, since seeing that also provides no information, I removed it. 155.101.224.65 (talk) 16:10, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

The section on Electronics?
The author claims that the Electronics is four- and more- valued. Ok, he has missed the topic. I would also like to ask the author to refer us to the standard that assigns the four values for the electronics simulation. The section must be removed as a mistake. --Javalenok (talk) 19:44, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

I see that this section has been moved to four-valued logic, much to the detriment of the article, and without anything on the talk page by the person who did it. Three-valued logic using 1,0, and one of either "don't care" (X,-) or "high-Z" is basic first or second semester digital electronics. The {1,0,Z} encoding is commonly used on data busses and configurable I/O pins. It is essentially a multiplexing scheme. The {1,0,X} (aka {1,0,-} in VHDL) scheme is a metalogical extention - real devices don't have such a value value, but the representation is useful for design. (The actual device will have H,L, occasionally high-Z, or even no wire at all at places marked in the design as "don't care".) Using both {Z,-} is less usual in education, but does frequently happen when dealing with real devices which frequently have tristate outputs on their configurable I/O pins in designs where one also doesn't care about the state of some of the other pins. IEEE standard 1176 defines these states as well as some others less frequently used (9 states total- 1,0,unknown, weak-signal versions of these 3, high-Z, don't' care, uninitialized), and these are used in the VHDL standard (IEEE 1076). For instance see: http://www.ece.gatech.edu/academic/courses/spring2007/ece4170/DesignDocumentation/IEEE_1076.3.pdf pages 8-9 for an older version of the standard (the current version costs money, but the basics haven't changed).Enon (talk) 20:24, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

It also might be worth noting that Thomas Fowler built one of the first digital calculators in the 1830s using three-valued logic (balanced ternary).Enon (talk) 20:37, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

Truth table images, Kleene and Lukasiewicz logic, SQL
The intent here is to get some tables or images that compare the three logics succinctly, because right now the article is of no help whatever. (And By the way, the Łukasiewicz article is opaque, and functionally useless. There must be a better way to present it). The following is derived from Kleene 1952:

As noted here, the tables are blurry because they're pngs that are reduced in resolution. I can do these crudely in tables (see Principle of bivalence for an example of my handiwork), but to do them nicely so that they're easy to interpret and actually look like truth tables is a trauma, been there, tried it. . .. The following is what I want the tables to look like: I could create one for the SQL logic, too. I could move a table to each logic, but what's important is to get them all in one place and into a common format. Any thoughts out there before I plunge ahead?

At this point I am a bit confused by Kleene's use of ≅ and ≡, and I need to verify the formulas where ≅ is used, so the above will be emeneded as I make progress. Note Kleene's interesting example of the failure of the LoEM: Q & (R V ¬R) ≅ Q. Bill Wvbailey (talk) 17:43, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

3072 such logics
Why are there exactly 3072 such logics? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.64.57.89 (talk) 11:11, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

 * See sequence in the OEIS. Maxal (talk) 14:55, 23 September 2015 (UTC)

The new truth tables are needlessly opaque for neophytes
User 103.21.126.45 (talk) changed the crystal clear (although perhaps inelegant) table

 * {| class="wikitable"

! A !! B !! A and B !! A or B
 * False || False || False || False
 * False || Unknown || False || Unknown
 * False || True || False || True
 * Unknown || False || False || Unknown
 * Unknown || Unknown || Unknown || Unknown
 * Unknown || True || Unknown || True
 * True || False || False || True
 * True || Unknown || Unknown || True
 * True || True || True || True
 * }
 * Unknown || True || Unknown || True
 * True || False || False || True
 * True || Unknown || Unknown || True
 * True || True || True || True
 * }
 * True || Unknown || Unknown || True
 * True || True || True || True
 * }
 * }

into

 * {| class="wikitable"

! AND !! True !! False !! Unknown ! scope="row" | True ! scope="row" | False ! scope="row" | Unknown
 * True  ||  False  || Unknown
 * False ||  False  ||  False
 * Unknown || False  || Unknown
 * }

 * {| class="wikitable"

! OR !! True !! False !! Unknown ! scope="row" | True ! scope="row" | False ! scope="row" | Unknown
 * True  ||  True   ||  True
 * True  ||  False  || Unknown
 * True  || Unknown || Unknown
 * }

but, unfortunately, provided no explanation for how to interpret the new tables, so the change is pedagogically insensitive to readers who may not know how to read them. What are the rows? The columns? What do the interior elements of the matrix represent? Those headers were useful and shouldn't be omitted for the sake of style. I propose to change it back to the prevision exposition that spelled out the truth values in a way that most everyone will understand.

Scwarebang (talk) 10:02, 20 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I find the two-dimensional matrices much easier to comprehend, as they allow to see patterns in the assignment of truth values for the connectives, whereas the linearized versions read like unstructured line noise. But then again I’m a logician, so I can’t tell what is better for the uninitiated.—Emil J. 11:17, 20 August 2013 (UTC)

 * I like the new ones better too as they separate the connectives into different tables. Both styles are used in logic textbooks, so which one is clearer for newbies will depend on which textbook you've read. Q VVERTYVS (hm?) 11:34, 20 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I added more explicit headers to the tables to alleviate Scwarebang’s concern about missing information.—Emil J. 12:14, 20 August 2013 (UTC)

non English ext link, which language?
Reference 9, "http://www.aymara.org/arpasi-idioma-aymara.html" isn't in English. I'm not sure what language it is in. Can someone recognize it with confidence and mark it? RJFJR (talk) 13:54, 20 August 2013 (UTC)
 * It’s just Spanish.—Emil J. 14:32, 20 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you. RJFJR (talk) 17:02, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

SQL and L3
The current text says that SQL is based on K3, and K3 and L3 differ with respect to {A AND B} and {A OR B} which are said to yield UNKNOWN in K3 and TRUE and FALSE in K3 when A and B are both UNKNOWN. However, K3 and L3 do have the very same truth tables for AND and OR (as stated previously in the article). This can't be right. --77.185.171.151 (talk) 16:06, 26 February 2014 (UTC)

Confusing truth tables
Dear editors, the truth tables of material and Łukasiewicz implications are written in the T-U-F -order, while before it was written in the F-U-T order. Could you synchronize these? It took me some time to figure out why do I have a different table for the material implication... Thanks!188.36.216.64 (talk) 15:34, 4 November 2014 (UTC)

Has this come up yet?
I haven't seen it directly mentioned on this page yet, but it seems like the article aught to mention that many (if not most) programming languages contain trinary boolean systems (yes I know how stupid that term sounds). In every language I've used, there is some way of declaring a boolean variable with a value of true, false, or null, thereby making their binary boolean systems trinary. Should this be in the article in some form? Is it, and I've just missed it? 142.156.1.225 (talk) 15:07, 15 October 2018 (UTC)

Pierce
Since Pierce was unpublished, and since Łukasiewicz published extensively on this over decades, ca. 1920-1949, it is strange to include in the introduction a mention of Pierce whose work was unknown until the 1960's. Massive numbers of papers were published on non-binary logic prior to the discovery of the unpublished work of Pierce. I moved this information to its own subsection. It is interesting, but unpublished work does not give you priority of invention. It only demonstrates that the state-of-the-art was close to this discovery. Nick Beeson (talk) 12:37, 29 March 2021 (UTC)

De Morgan's laws + 3VLs
Assuming the 3VL is the one that SQL uses, it seems that DM's laws apply ("A ∧ B = ¬(¬A ∨ ¬ B)" is shown in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-valued_logic#%C5%81ukasiewicz_logic so it sort-of applies) but a clear statement would be good 89.241.103.187 (talk) 15:06, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Three-valued logic


text:
Johnny Grande

John Andrew Grande (January 14, 1930 – June 3, 2006) was a member of Bill Haley's backing band, The Comets.

Life and career
Born in South Philadelphia, Grande played piano and accordion with Bill Haley and the Saddlemen, later known as Bill Haley & His Comets, from 1949 to 1962-63. One of his jobs was to keep track of musical arrangements for the group as he was one of the few members who could read sheet music.

Grande and steel guitarist Billy Williamson were both members of the country band, Southern Swingsters before convincing Bill Haley to start a new group, the Saddlemen in 1949.

Grande was one of the original business partners who formed the Saddlemen (the other partners being Bill Haley himself (d. 1981) and steel guitarist Billy Williamson (d. 1995)). During the Labor Day weekend of 1952, the Saddlemen, realizing that their musical style was moving away from country and western decided to change their name to The Comets.

Although primarily a piano player, Grande performed on accordion during most live shows as it was easier to transport than a piano, plus the hand-held instrument allowed him to participate more directly in the band's acrobatic instrumentals, such as "Rudy's Rock".

Grande was one of the musicians involved in the classic 1954 recording of "Rock Around the Clock". He also appeared with the band in most of their motion picture appearances, including Rock Around the Clock and Don't Knock the Rock. He left the group in either late 1962 or early 1963 (accounts differ), following a tour of Germany.

In 1987, he reunited with several other members of the 1954-55 Comets and he continued to tour the world, perform and record with the group for the next twenty years.

Death
In the spring of 2006 the onset of ill health forced Grande to temporarily take a hiatus from the Comets, who at the time were engaged in a long-term gig at Dick Clark's American Bandstand Theater in Branson, Missouri. He died in his sleep in Clarksville, Tennessee of cancer-related causes a few weeks later, on June 3, 2006.

Legacy
In 2012, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Comets by a special committee aimed at correcting the mistake of not inducting the group with Bill Haley in 1987.

Compositions
His compositions included "Birth Of The Boogie", "A Rockin' Little Tune", "Goofin' Around" with Franny Beecher, "Lean Jean", "Better Believe It", "China Twist", "Happy Twist", "Twist del Dia", "Tampico Twist", and "Two Shadows".

General references

 * John W. Haley and John von Hoelle, Sound and Glory (Wilmington, DE: Dyne-American, 1990)
 * John Swenson, Bill Haley (London: W.H. Allen, 1982)
 * John Swenson, Bill Haley (London: W.H. Allen, 1982)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Johnny Grande


text:
Billy Williamson (guitarist)

William Famous Williamson (February 9, 1925 – March 22, 1996) was the American steel guitar player for Bill Haley and His Saddlemen, and its successor group Bill Haley & His Comets, from 1949 to 1963.

Life and career
A founding member of both the Saddlemen and the Comets, Williamson often acted as the band's emcee and comic relief during live concerts; he also played lead guitar on occasion. He was with the band when they recorded "Rock Around the Clock" in 1954 and appeared with the band when they performed the song on the Milton Berle Show and the Ed Sullivan Show in 1955. Williamson had the distinction of being the only Comet allowed to record lead vocal tracks during Haley's tenure at Decca Records (such as the song "Hide and Seek" on their 1956 album, Rock and Roll Stage Show and "B.B. Betty" on the 1958 Bill Haley's Chicks album. He also shared a number of songwriting credits with Haley. His wife, Catherine Cafra, was also credited as co-writer of a number of songs recorded by Haley, including the 1958 hit, "Skinny Minnie."

He appeared in the rock and roll movies Rock Around the Clock and Don't Knock the Rock in 1956, "Hier bin ich - hier bleib' ich" (Here I Am, Here I Stay) in 1959, and Jóvenes y rebeldes and Besito a Papa in 1961.

Williamson left the Comets in early 1963 and reportedly never played another note, declining invitations to join Comets' reunion groups that formed after Haley's death in 1981. He died at the age of 71 in 1996.

In 2012, Williamson was inducted as a member of the Comets into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by a special committee, aimed to correct the previous mistake of not inducting the band with Bill Haley in 1987.

Compositions
In 1958, he co-wrote the hit "Week End" with Franny Beecher and Rudy Pompilli, which reached no.35 on the Billboard pop chart when released as a single on East West Records by The Kingsmen, a group made up of The Comets, as East West 115. He co-wrote the follow-up single as well, "The Catwalk", with Franny Beecher, also released on East West as East West 120. His other compositions included "Shaky", "Two Shadows", "Birth Of The Boogie", "Pat-a-Cake", "A Rockin' Little Tune", "The Beak Speaks", "Whistlin' and Walkin' Twist", "Happy Twist", "Tacos de Twist", "Hot to Trot", and "Caroline's Pony". He co-wrote the song "Teenage Love Affair" for the Cook Brothers, who released it as a single on Arcade Records in 1960. He co-wrote the songs "Wee Willie Brown" and "You Were Mean Baby" for Lou Graham which were released as a Coral single in 1958.

title: Billy Williamson (guitarist)


text:
Flash and circle

The Flash and Circle is a fascist symbol used by several organisations. It was first used by the British Union of Fascists (BUF), and was adopted in 1935.

Origins within the BUF (1935–1940)
The BUF was founded in 1932 and adopted the fasces as its emblem, whose bundle of sticks represents strength through unity, and whose axe represents the supreme authority of the state to which citizens owe allegiance. Although the fasces was utilized almost exclusively by Benito Mussolini's Blackshirts, the BUF claimed that they had a right to use the symbol on the basis that the fasces was used extensively in Britain during Roman times, and that the British Empire continued to carry on the tradition of civilisation from them. The symbol would officially be changed in March 1934 from the plain gold fasces to a Union Flag within a shield and a fasces placed on top. The reasons for this change was that the BUF wanted to emphasise its commitment to king and country through the addition of the national emblem, the other reason was to help the movement distinguish itself in foreign nations.

Starting in the 1930s, the fasces began to be phased out in favour of the BUF's final symbol, the Flash and Circle. In the summer of 1935, Eric H. Piercy, the commander of the Fascist Defence Force, designed the emblem and presented it to Oswald Mosley, the BUF's leader. The official colors were: a white lightning bolt ("flash") and circle, a blue roundel, and a red background. The symbolism of this design was meant to convey a flash of action within a circle of unity. While there was a lack of consistency in the appearance of the Flash and Circle, such as the short-lived inverted version used in 1935, it would go on to become the main symbol of the party and was used extensively throughout 1935-1940. The BUF's left-wing opponents nicknamed the symbol the "flash in the pan". The usage of any symbols by the BUF would slowly decline after the party was banned and its leadership (including Mosley) was interned on 23 May 1940 under Defence Regulation 18B.

Post-war usage (1948 onwards)
After being released from internment, Mosley would continue his political activities, creating the Union Movement (UM) in February 1948. The UM would go on to adopt the Flash and Circle as its symbol. Throughout the 50s and 60s multiple branch flags were adopted using a black background with a yellow Flash and Circle with the name of the branch underneath in yellow as well. Another variant was adopted by the Mosley Youth in the early 50s. This design consisted of a red background with a black circle and a white flash.

Usage outside of the BUF
The emblem of the Bulgarian fascist party, Union of Bulgarian National Legions (SBNL) utilised a variant of the version of flash and circle, replacing the swastika. The lightning bolt represented the SBNL striking at communism. Eventually the emblem would replace the lightning bolt with the swastika towards the end of 1944. The insignia of the People's Action Party (PAP) of Singapore is composed of a red flash struck through a smaller blue circle on a white background. The PAP insignia is claimed to represent "action within social/racial unity" with the white background representing purity in thought and deed. When asked about the origins of the insignia, Lee Kuan Yew—a founding member of the PAP and Singapore's first Prime Minister—"acknowledged a design influence from the BUF symbol but added that the colour scheme had been changed for the PAP logo.".

Similar non-political symbols
The simple combination of the lightning bolt and circle has given rise to many similar designs unrelated to the fascist flash and circle. These include the logo of BoltBus, which chose the design before the similarity was ever noticed. The Tampa Bay Lightning hockey team use a somewhat similar design on their primary and alternate logos. One form of warning sign for high-voltage electricity uses a lightning bolt inside a circle, and this was repurposed by Marilyn Manson as an insignia for his album Antichrist Superstar. German automobile manufacturer Opel uses a horizontal lightning bolt and circle in black and white as its logo. In most cases, there is no evidence to suggest that the designer intended to evoke an association with political use of the symbol.

title: Flash and circle


text:
Wing Records

Wing Records was a record label subsidiary of Mercury Records founded in 1955, that found its greatest success during the late 1950s.

In 1986, the label was revived by Mercury's parent company, PolyGram and the label had brief success with R&B singers Vanessa Williams, Lace, Tony! Toni! Toné!, Channel 2, and Brian McKnight. McKnight was signed to Wing in 1989, but the album he recorded (his 1992 self-titled debut) was not released on the label. Instead, it was issued on Mercury. Jerry Murad's Harmonicats were on Wing soon after quitting Vitacoustic Records in 1948.

In 1996, Wing closed and its remaining artists (Vanessa Williams & Tony! Toni! Toné!) were moved to Mercury.

title: Wing Records


text:
In Love and Death

In Love and Death is the second studio album by American rock band the Used. It was released on September 28, 2004, and was later certified platinum in the United States, indicating over 1,000,000 copies shipped. It is their most commercially successful album to date. The title and music reference a number of tragic events that surrounded vocalist Bert McCracken during the album's production, notably the death of his pregnant girlfriend. In Love and Death is the final studio album to feature drummer Branden Steineckert.

Background
The Used released their self-titled debut album in June 2002 through major label Reprise Records. Frequent touring across the United States helped the band build their fan base. Soon afterwards, the band appeared at Warped Tour and Ozzfest, and was included in larger-sized package tours. In an interview with Billboard in February 2003, vocalist Bert McCracken said the group was aiming to record their second album at the end of the year. McCracken added that they planned to write it in the same manner they did for their debut: "We're going to go back to Utah and jam at [drummer] Branden [Steineckert]'s house".

A DVD/CD package, Maybe Memories, followed as a stop-gap release to tide the group's fans over until their next album. The band subsequently spent a few months in Orem, Utah writing material for the next album. McCracken said the group "figured it would be best to be in an environment we were really used to". In January 2004, MTV reported that the group would begin working on their second album within the next month. In February, it was reported that it would be released in June or July. A proposed UK tour with Head Automatica scheduled for February 2004 was cancelled when their frontman had a flair up of Crohn's disease.

Production
In Love and Death was recorded at Foxy Studios in Los Angeles, California with producer John Feldmann in mid-March. Feldmann also acted as an engineer with assistance from Mark Blewett and Alan Hessler. Throughout most of the sessions, the band members argued about the album's direction, and had a confrontation with Feldmann on multiple occasions. Steineckert explained that there was "always some kind of butting-heads going on, whether it was big or little stuff", which "created this underlying tension throughout the record". In addition, two of McCracken's close friends died during the sessions. McCracken said "everything that went into the record — me having lost two friends, tension within the band and tension with our producer — was mostly positive because it all made the songs come together like magic".

One of McCracken's lost friends was his ex-girlfriend Kate, who was pregnant with his child. Prior to her death of a drug overdose, the pair had split up but "decided to keep the baby and try to stay friends and work it out". McCracken said her death "had a huge impact on the way the record turned out". Feldmann and McCracken wrote string arrangements for the album. Sean Ingram of Coalesce contributed additional vocals to "Sound Effects and Overdramatics". Additional programming was done by Danny Lohner, Josh Eustis and Steineckert on "Take It Away". Digital editing was done by Anthony Catalano. Feldmann mixed the recordings, which were then mastered by Joe Gastwirt at Ocean View Digital Mastering.

Composition
Prior to recording, McCracken claimed there would be "a lot more piano-based songs than guitar-riff rock songs" on the album. He added that they "definitely want to keep it eclectic and mix it all up", incorporating each members different taste in music. He said the album "definitely still [sounds like] the Used" and that the group "went [into] a lot of different places that I never thought we would go for sure". He added that there was "a lot [of] brighter tones and ... dance-y rhythms". Similar to their debut, he said "a lot of the songs are personal but ... written in a way that you're not gonna necessarily know what I'm talking about, but you'll definitely be able to get involved and make it your own". Overall, he said it was "all about loss and love and tragedy and just regular everyday things we all go through".

The album's sound has been described as emo, punk rock and alternative rock. "I Caught Fire" is about "looking closely at a relationship that you kind of cherish", according to McCracken. McCracken said "All That I've Got" is about "moments in time. The more I've thought about living, I realize that our lives are made up of seconds and moments and memories". McCraken wrote "Hard to Say" about his ex-girlfriend Kate two years prior. Following her death, the group "decided for sure" about its inclusion on the album. McCracken added it "means a lot to me because of all the good times I shared with her". "Cut Up Angels" is about "a relationship with someone you love so much that you could absolutely kill them", according to McCracken. Discussing "Lunacy Fringe", McCracken said the track reminded him of "[the Cure's] 'Lovecats' meets [Soft Cell's] 'Tainted Love' a little bit".

Release and promotion
On July 9, 2004, the band's second album announced for released late August under the rumoured title Light with a Sharpened Edge. The following week, it was clarified that the album would be titled In Love and Death. Between late July and early September, the band performed on the Projekt Revolution tour. During it, the band played "Take It Away" and "Listening". In early August, the band filmed a music video for "Take It Away" in Toronto with Motion Theory. On August 5, it was announced that the album's release date was pushed back to late September. A preview clip of "Take It Away" was posted online on August 12. "Take It Away" was released to radio on August 23, and on the iTunes Store the following day. On August 27, the album's track listing was revealed. On September 24, the band posted two songs on their PureVolume account: "Sound Effects and Overdramatics" and "I'm a Fake". In Love and Death was released on September 28 through Reprise Records. McCracken dedicated the album to his ex-girlfriend Kate, who had died during recording.

McCracken said the album's artwork features "blood hearts, weeping trees and bony monsters", which were drawn by Alex Pardee. The band were fans of his work and upon contacting him, he was enthusiastic about working with them. He visited the group, heard some of the songs and "didn't hold anything back. And that's why his artwork is so connected with these songs". Allman said the style of it was "really noisy and really splotchy. There's a lot of character and a lot of sweetness to it, but it's also plenty dark". To promote the album, the band appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and went on a series of in-store acoustic performances and signings. On October 6, the album was released in Japan with a bonus track, "The Back of Your Mouth". In October and November, the band went on a headlining tour of the US with Head Automatica, Atreyu, The Bronx, and The Bled supporting on select dates.

On November 16, the band filmed a music video for "All That I've Got" in Los Angeles with director Marc Webb. In early December, the band performed at Q101 Chicago's Xmas festival. "All That I've Got" was released as a single on December 7. The video for the track was later finished in January 2005. Later that month, the band went on a tour of the UK; Head Automatica was due to support but had cancelled due to illness. At the end of the tour, "Take It Away" was released as a single in the UK. Two versions with B-sides were released: one featuring live recordings of "The Taste of Ink" and Take It Away", while the other featured "All That I've Got". On February 12, "I Caught Fire" was released as a single. From mid-February to early April, the band headlined the Taste of Chaos tour in the US. On April 13, a cover of Queen and David Bowie's "Under Pressure" as a single, in which they collaborated with My Chemical Romance. The track was recorded to benefit victims of the 2004 tsunami in Asia. The album was re-released on May 10, with "Under Pressure" as a bonus track.

Following this, the band performed two shows in Australia and appeared at Download Festival. In late June, the band filmed a music video for "I Caught Fire" with director Kevin Kerslake in Los Angeles. The video was subsequently released on August 15. McCracken said that in contrast to the fairy-tale-esque video for "All That I've Got", the video for "I Caught Fire" had "a more straightforward approach" with the group "just kind of rock[ing] it out". MTV wrote that the video "intersperses footage of the Used performing in a 'shadowy, mysterious place' with artfully shot scenes of couples making out". In August and September, the band went on a headlining US tour with support from Thirty Seconds to Mars and Street Drum Corps. Glassjaw was also due to support but dropped off shortly before the tour began when their frontman fell ill. They were replaced by H2O, though Glassjaw were able to appear on one of the dates later in the trek. In October and November, the band headlined the International Taste of Chaos tour which visited Mexico, Australia, Japan, the UK and Germany.

Reception
In Love and Death sold 93,240 copies in its first week, charting at number 6 on the Billboard 200. By February 2006, the album had sold over 642,000 copies. It was subsequently certified gold in Australia, Canada and the US, and certified silver in the UK. The album charted at number 4 in Canada, number 34 in Australia and number 106 in the UK. "Take It Away" charted at number 13 on the Alternative Songs chart and number 44 in the UK. "I Caught Fire" charted in at number 43 in Australia and number 191 in the UK. "All That I've Got" charted at number 19 on the Alternative Songs chart, number 35 in Australia and number 105 in the UK. "Under Pressure" charted at number 41 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 28 on the Alternative Songs chart; it remains the band's only song to have charted on the Hot 100.

The album has been generally well received by critics. Billboard said that it "continues to straddle the line between street credibility and mainstream success". The Guardian gave it 3 out of 5 stars, saying "Songs of self-abuse and suicide - and those are the sunnier moments - are wrapped in wailing riffs, big choruses and fiddly guitar solos."

Track listing
All songs written by the Used.

Additional track information
The Used recorded 14 songs during the In Love and Death recording session. The two b-sides from the session are titled "The Back of Your Mouth" and "Into My Web". "The Back of Your Mouth" was released as a bonus track in Japan only and later on Shallow Believer and "Into My Web" was released on Shallow Believer.

Personnel
Personnel per booklet.

The Used
 * Bert McCracken – lead vocals, keyboards, piano, string arrangement
 * Quinn Allman – guitars, backing vocals, toys
 * Branden Steineckert – drums, backing vocals, percussion, additional programming on "Take It Away"
 * Jeph Howard – bass, backing vocals, fusion

Additional musicians
 * Sean Ingram – additional vocals on "Sound Effects and Overdramatics"
 * Danny Lohner – additional programming on "Take It Away"
 * Josh Eustis – additional programming on "Take It Away"

Production
 * John Feldmann – producer, engineer, mixing, string arrangement
 * Mark Blewett – assistant engineer, bass tech, guitar tech
 * Alan Hessler – assistant engineer, bass tech, guitar tech
 * Anthony Catalano – digital editing
 * Joe Gastwirt – mastering
 * Alex Pardee – art, design
 * Seth Smoot – photography
 * Daniel Jensen – drum tech
 * Jordan Brown – drum tech
 * Brian Patchett – bass tech, guitar tech

title: In Love and Death


text:
Talk:In Love and Death

Subliminal Messages.
I have found a subliminal message in this album. At the start of Cut Up Angels, you here in what appears to be a southern accent some gibberish. Played backwards, this track can be heard debatably as "Oh God Mama...I'll be next (next drawn out)...Oh God: yes it is..."

I may be the first to know this, but this information belongs on Wikipedia.

-Helios Rex

 * There's been some discussion on that over at http://www.songmeanings.net/, and probably a few The Used fansites. They seem pretty sure it says "Happiness is a warm gun", a reference to the Beatles song. I had a listen to it myself, can't make out the first part too clearly, but it seems to definately say "Happiness is a warm gun, yes it is". Neko

Re-issue
It is better that there isn’t a re-issue section, since the differences can be adequately described in the first section. – Zntrip 02:40, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Triple Platinum?
Can someone change the sales certification? I just checked on the RIAA website, and this album is only certified gold for 500,000 copies sold, not triple platium for 3 million.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 20:55, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Used love and death.jpg
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title: Talk:In Love and Death


text:
Let's Rock

Let's Rock (known as Keep It Cool in the United Kingdom) is a 1958 rock and roll film starring Julius LaRosa as a crooner attempting to fight off the rival music rock and roll, Phyllis Newman as his songwriting girlfriend who convinces him to adapt rather than fight and Conrad Janis as LaRosa's manager. The film, another rock-exploitation film aimed at the teenage drive-in crowd, was produced and directed by Harry Foster and also features performances from the Tyrones, Paul Anka, Wink Martindale, Roy Hamilton, Danny & the Juniors and the Royal Teens.

Plot
Singer's girlfriend helps him adapt to the new trend of rock'n'roll music.

Cast

 * Julius LaRosa as Tommy Adane
 * Phyllis Newman as Kathy Abbott
 * Conrad Janis as Charlie
 * Joy Harmon as Pickup Girl (as Joy Harman)
 * Paul Anka as himself
 * Danny and the Juniors as Themselves - Performers ('At The Hop')
 * Roy Hamilton as himself
 * Wink Martindale as himself
 * Della Reese as herself
 * The Royal Teens as Themselves
 * Al DeNittis as Tyrones Saxophonist (as the Tyrones)
 * Tyrone DeNittis as himself (as the Tyrones)
 * George Lesser as Tyrones Singer (as the Tyrones)
 * Paul Sherman as himself / MC
 * Harold Gary as Shep Harris

title: Let's Rock


text:
Category:Aviculture

Articles in the category "Aviculture" deal with either Aviculture directly, or articles on types of birds at least occasionally kept as pets with content on aviculture.

title: Category:Aviculture


text:
Lee Fogolin

Lee Joseph Fogolin (born February 7, 1955) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League. He played for the Buffalo Sabres and the Edmonton Oilers, appearing in 924 NHL regular season games between 1974 and 1987, winning the Stanley Cup in 1984 and 1985.

Early career
Fogolin played from 1972–1974 with the Oshawa Generals of the OHA, scoring 52 points in 102 games with 240 PIM. He was drafted in the first round, 11th overall, of the 1974 NHL Entry Draft by the Buffalo Sabres.

Fogolin chose to play for the Team USA in the 1976 Canada Cup, and was invited again in 1984, but declined to play.

NHL playing career
Fogolin played his first professional season (1974–75) in Buffalo, but split the next season between the Sabres and the AHL Hershey Bears. He was acquired by the Edmonton Oilers for the 1979–1980 season through the NHL Expansion Draft.

Fogolin played seven full seasons with Edmonton, and was named as captain for the 1981–82 season. He was the first of four captains to lead the Oilers to the Stanley Cup finals, in 1983, where they lost to the New York Islanders. While a solid defenseman in his own right, he was overshadowed by many of the young stars on the Oilers' roster, most notably the scoring superstar Wayne Gretzky. Fogolin stepped aside as captain in favour of Gretzky, following the 1982–83 season. Fogolin was a member of the Oilers' Stanley Cup wins in 1984 and 1985. Fogolin also played in the 1986 National Hockey League All-Star Game.

Fogolin was re-acquired by the Sabres with Mark Napier for Wayne Van Dorp, Normand Lacombe and future considerations near the end of the 1986–87 season, and retired after completing the season with them.

Personal
Fogolin was born in Chicago while his father, Lee Fogolin Sr., was a member of the Chicago Blackhawks. His father also played for the Detroit Red Wings and won the Stanley Cup in 1950. Fogolin was raised in Thunder Bay, Ontario when his father's career ended.

His 17-year-old son, Michael Fogolin, was a member of the Prince George Cougars in the Western Hockey League, who died in his sleep on May 26, 2004, of a possible heart condition.

Fogolin currently resides in Edmonton, Alberta.

Awards and achievements

 * 1983–84 - NHL - Stanley Cup (Edmonton)
 * 1984–85 - NHL - Stanley Cup (Edmonton)
 * 1985–86 - National Hockey League All-Star Game

title: Lee Fogolin


text:
Twoism

Twoism is the debut EP by Scottish electronic duo Boards of Canada, self-financed and released through their own Music70 record label in August 1995. Initially limited to 100 copies and released privately, the EP was reissued by Warp Records on November 25, 2002.

The EP led the duo to be noticed by Skam Records, resulting in the release of Boards of Canada's first major public EP Hi Scores in 1996 on Skam Records.

Background
The EP was initially pressed by Boards of Canada's own Music70 label on cassette and vinyl in 1995.

Before Twoism was re-pressed in 2002, it was a highly sought-after item, being pressed in an edition of approximately 100 copies. It would often be exchanged from one person to the next for around £800 (US$1500).

Twoism is the only widely available Boards of Canada release with early third member Chris Horne, who was credited (as Chris H.) on the original release. However, his name was omitted on the 2002 Warp re-released version at his own request. According to credits from Canadian Musical Reproduction Rights Agency he only co-wrote "Melissa Juice".

Content
There are differences between "Sixtyniner" on this EP and other releases, as Boards of Canada have often re-released early songs on later, more popular releases, sometimes with changes. On the original Music70 pressing of the record, "Sixtyniner" lasted 5:40, while reissues shortened it to 5:14.

The channels are reversed on the CD reissue compared to the original vinyl EP. This can also be noted on the tracks "Seeya Later" and "Smokes Quantity", which have the channels reversed compared to their appearances on Hi Scores and Music Has the Right to Children respectively.

"Smokes Quantity" includes the hidden track "1986 Summer Fire" at the end. On some pressings, the two tracks are combined.

Artwork
The album cover is taken from the 1980 film The Killings at Outpost Zeta.

The first pressing of the CD from Warp Records was on a black CD, similar to original PlayStation discs, and included a sticker with the yellow Boards of Canada logo on it. The barcode on the CD's digipack was also an easily removable sticker.

Reception
Andy Beta of Pitchfork describes how the EP features prescient, beanie-nodding beats and highlights the complexity of certain tracks like "Basefree," with a surging bass throb and intense hyper-beat. However, it also notes limitations due to the cassette-only format, with some tracks having distorted and fuzzy elements that muddy the overall effect. The review suggests that the music has a strange ecstasy in the vocals and a melancholic feel in some parts. Overall, the review portrays the music as complex and mature, with certain sonic qualities that stand out, but also with some limitations in terms of sonic clarity.

AllMusic said of the reissue, "Excepting only the rigid drum monster "Basefree" (which sounds a bit like Aphex Twin circa 1992), Twoism features the same exquisitely spooky, textured emotronica that fans will want to hear, all at as high a level as the brilliant Music Has the Right to Children to boot."

Benjamin Bland writing for Drowned in Sound describes the EP as a charming and youthful record consisting of eight tracks of ambient techno, showcasing the band's early musical vision. It highlights the absence of the heavy darkness present in their later work and the uniqueness of each track. Noting how the EP is seen as a sonically incomplete yet fascinating glimpse into Boards of Canada's early style, shedding light on their musical evolution over time.

Credits

 * Michael Sandison - production, photography
 * Marcus Eoin - production
 * Chris Horne - production

title: Twoism


text:
USS Blakeley

The second USS Blakeley (DD–150) was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy, named for Captain Johnston Blakeley.

Built in 1918, she saw patrol duty along the East Coast of the United States during the interwar era. Decommissioned for several years, she returned to duty at the outset of World War II. She spent much of the war on convoy patrol duty in the Caribbean Sea. On 25 May 1942, while on patrol, she was struck by a torpedo fired by the German submarine GS U-156 (1941), which blew off her forward 60 ft. Fitted with temporary measures, she steamed to Philadelphia Naval Yard where she was fitted with the forward section of sister ship USS Taylor (DD-94). She spent much of the rest of the war on convoy patrol duty before being sold for scrap in 1945.

Design and construction
Blakeley was one of 111 Wickes-class destroyers built by the United States Navy between 1917 and 1919. She, along with 20 of her sisters, were constructed at William Cramp & Sons shipyards in Philadelphia using specifications and detail designs drawn up by Bath Iron Works.

She had a standard displacement of 1,154 t an overall length of 314 ft, a beam of 31 ft and a draft of 9 ft. On trials, Blakeley reached a speed of 35 knot. She was armed with four 4"/50 caliber guns, two 3"/23 caliber guns, and twelve torpedo tubes for 21 in torpedoes. She had a regular crew complement of 122 officers and enlisted men. She was driven by two Curtis steam turbines powered by four Yarrow boilers.

Specifics on Blakeley's performance are not known, but she was one of the group of Wickes-class destroyers known unofficially as the 'Liberty Type' to differentiate them from the destroyers constructed from detail designs drawn up by Bethlehem Steel, which used Parsons or Westinghouse turbines. The 'Liberty' type destroyers deteriorated badly in service, and in 1929 all 60 of this group were retired by the Navy. Actual performance of these ships was far below intended specifications especially in fuel economy, with most only able to make 2,300 nmi at 15 knot instead of the design standard of 3,100 nmi at 20 knot. The class also suffered problems with turning and weight.

Blakeley was launched on 19 September 1918 by William Cramp & Sons Ship and Engine Building Company in Philadelphia and sponsored by the wife of Charles Adams Blakeley. The ship was commissioned on 8 May 1919. She was the second ship to be named for Johnston Blakeley, the first was a torpedo boat commissioned in 1904. A subsequent USS Blakely (FF-1072) would be commissioned, this one a Knox-class frigate. This third ship would also be named for Charles Adams Blakely.

History
Upon commissioning, Blakeley immediately joined the Atlantic Fleet. Blakeley patrolled along the East Coast of the United States until she was decommissioned on 29 June 1922, and returned to Philadelphia. She was recommissioned from 1932 to 1937 to serve with the Scouting Fleet, and then was again decommissioned at Philadelphia. Low military budgets were the cause of these periods of inactivity, as the Navy did not have the funds or manpower to maintain a number of ships, including Blakeley.

Blakeley was again commissioned on 16 October 1939. She then joined the Neutrality Patrol until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the U.S. entrance into World War II. She then began convoy duty in the Caribbean Sea, including a February 1942 mission to guard a convoy carrying troops to garrison Curaçao in the Netherlands West Indies.

On 25 May 1942, Blakeley was on a patrol off Martinique, inspecting all incoming ships for evidence of activities by Vichy French collaborators alongside her sister ship USS Ellis (DD-154). At 08:30 a.m., she altered course to pursue a sound ping on her sonar. Nothing was found at the site of the ping, and the crew assumed it was caused by a school of blackfish. As the ship turned to resume its course, it was struck by a torpedo fired by the unnoticed German submarine GS U-156 (1941) under the command of Werner Hartenstein. The torpedo struck between frames 18 and 24 at about 4 ft below her water line. The force of the impact blew off 60 ft of her forward bow and forecastle. After several minutes, the crew determined they could still operate the ship, and it was brought back under control and sailed for Fort-de-France. The ship was steered with a combination of rudder and varying shaft speeds, and four hours after the attack, she was moored in Fort-de-France. Six men died and twenty one were wounded during the attack. Hartstein radioed a U-boat headquarters in Lorient requesting permission to finish Blakeley off, but permission was denied. Destroyers USS Breckinridge (DD-148), USS Greer (DD-145), USS Tarbell (DD-142) and two PBY Catalina planes from VP-53 were scrambled to assist the stricken Blakeley.

At Fort-de-France, she was fitted with a wooden bulkhead to cover the area blown off by the torpedo, and an anchor was improvised out of a truck's axle and differential housing. She then sailed under her own power to San Juan, Puerto Rico where a steel stub bow was attached. From there, the steamed for Philadelphia Naval Yard for permanent repairs. During mid-1942, Blakeley was fitted with the forward section of her decommissioned sister ship, USS Taylor (DD-94). She was also fitted with newer weapons and electronics systems, such as updated radar. Repairs were completed in September 1942 and she resumed her convoy duties in the Caribbean.

Blakeley spent most of the rest of the war on convoy escort duty in the Caribbean Sea Frontier, except for two short deployments in the Atlantic Ocean. On 1 January to 23 February 1943 she was assigned to hunter-killer duty with Task Group 21.13 in the North Atlantic, and from 24 March to 11 May 1943, she escorted a convoy to Bizerte, Tunisia. From 18 March to 13 June 1945, she was stationed at New London, Connecticut, training U.S. submariners in Long Island Sound to avoid destroyers.

Following this duty, Blakeley was decommissioned at Philadelphia Naval Yard on 21 July 1945 and sold for scrap on 30 November 1945. She received one battle star for her wartime convoy duty.

title: USS Blakeley


text:
Kim Walker (actress)

Kimberly Anne Walker (June 19, 1968 – March 6, 2001 ) was an American film and television actress. One of her best known roles was Heather Chandler in the 1989 black comedy Heathers. Walker's only starring role was in the 1995 independent drama film A Reason to Believe, where she played the character of Judith.

Biography
Walker was born on June 19, 1968. Walker attended Grace Church School and Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School.

She died of a brain tumour at her Los Angeles home on March 6, 2001.

title: Kim Walker (actress)


text: Template:Animal-stub

title: Template:Animal-stub


text:
User talk:Acpress

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Lst27 01:15, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
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Hi. There is no need to document your rationale on Wikipedia. For more help, go to some of the links above. Thanks, and have fun editing! --Lst27 01:37, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Acpress


text: Category:Ontario County, New York

title: Category:Ontario County, New York


text:
Talk:Davros' Daleks

For a November 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Davros' Daleks

This does not deserve a separate entry. Davros's Daleks are the Imperial Daleks as seen in Remembrance of the Daleks. -khaosworks 01:18, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I can't see how this page meets the requirements of candidates for speedy deletion. I suggest you list it on votes for deletion. --timc | Talk 14:41, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Davros' Daleks


text:
Thomas Parran (surgeon general)

Thomas Parran (September 28, 1892 – February 16, 1968) was an American physician and Public Health Service officer. He was appointed the sixth Surgeon General of the United States from 1936 to 1948, and oversaw the notorious Tuskegee syphilis experiment and Guatemala syphilis experiment.

Early life and education
Parran was born near St. Leonard, Maryland to Benjamin and Mary (Latimer) Parran on September 28, 1892. He was raised on his family's tobacco farm. He was tutored at home by a relative and attended St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland, on a scholarship (1911, A.B.; 1915, A.M.). Finances influenced his decision to attend Georgetown University School of Medicine (1915, M.D.) and to follow with an internship at Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington, D.C. A lifelong interest in research was sparked during medical school. He self-identified as Thomas Parran Jr. to distinguish himself from his uncle Thomas Parran, a Maryland politician and U.S. Representative in the Sixty-second Congress (who also had a son named Thomas Parran Jr.). Later in life Dr. Parran dropped the Jr. and named his first son Thomas Parran Jr.

Early career
Parran volunteered at a health laboratory operated by the District of Columbia, under Dr. Joseph J. Kinyoun, founder of Public Health Service's Hygienic Laboratory (renamed the National Institute of Health in 1930). Kinyoun recruited Parran to join a field team of young physicians under PHS's Dr. Leslie L. Lumsden, building privies and surveying conditions in the Southern United States. In March 1917, Parran reported to Okmulgee, Oklahoma, for the first of many assignments in rural sanitation.

After receiving an Assistant Surgeon's commission in September 1917, Parran continued on assignments in rural health services administration, sanitation, and the control of communicable diseases; between field assignments, Parran tasted life as an administrator in Washington, DC. In October 1923, he joined a group of young medical officers who attended 6 months of coursework at the Hygienic Laboratory, receiving the practical equivalent of a master's degree in public health. Parran's first leadership position was as Chief of PHS's Division of Venereal Diseases (September 1926), a program begun during World War I. Parran worked to sway public sentiment away from moral condemnation of venereal diseases and toward consideration of syphilis as a medical condition and threat to public health.

His talents in rural health administration would soon lead him temporarily in a new direction. A reform-minded governor, Franklin Roosevelt, requested for Parran to be loaned to the State of New York, where in April 1930 Parran took up his post as state health commissioner. His primary task was chairing a Special Health Commission whose recommendations (1932) provided a framework to bolster county health departments in the face of needs in the Great Depression. Few of the commission's recommendations were enacted. Parran's work on syphilis achieved more success. The Columbia Broadcasting System inadvertently launched his campaign after radio executives censored the phrase "syphilis control" from a talk, leading Parran to cancel his appearance. Newspapers across the United States reprinted the censored speech.

Surgeon General
Parran became active in New Deal politics in New York and entered national politics as well. In 1934, his former supervisor, now President of the United States, Roosevelt, appointed Parran to the Committee on Economic Security, which drafted the Social Security Act of 1935; Title VI authorized millions for public health departments and for biomedical research. After Surgeon General Hugh S. Cumming's term, President Roosevelt appointed Parran as Surgeon General of the United States; he was sworn in on 6 April 1936.

Parran's syphilis control campaign was in full swing by the fall of 1936. Title VI funds supported efforts to identify and treat syphilis, and the National Venereal Disease Control Act of 1938 made funds available for rapid treatment centers that employed the new sulfa drugs and, later, penicillin. During 1937 his book about syphilis, Shadow on the Land, was published and very well received. However, some scholars have argued that his work against syphilis is tainted by the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932–1972) and the Guatemala syphilis experiments (1946–1948), which were conducted by the PHS's Division of Venereal Diseases, partially during his tenure as Surgeon General.

During World War II, reports from Europe indicated that the public health situation was dire, prompt action was needed, and a highly qualified medical officer was required to direct the Public Health Division of the Civil Affairs Branch (G-5) of the newly formed headquarters. Because all of the senior Army medical officers with competence in this field were already holding highly important positions, the Army turned to Dr. Parran for help, and he released his deputy, Dr. Warren Fales Draper, to the military headquarters. Draper became a member of General Dwight Eisenhower's staff as the Chief of the Public Health Branch and the top public health adviser for Supreme Headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces with the rank of brigadier general.

In addition to syphilis control, Surgeon General Parran left his mark on the scope and structure of public health, both at home and abroad. World War II brought quick expansion and new opportunities for expanded duties. In response Parran and his deputies rewrote the statutes underlying PHS operations, the Public Health Service Acts of 1943 and 1944, establishing a four-bureau structure (consisting of the National Institute of Health, Bureau of State Services, Bureau of Medical Services, and Office of the Surgeon General) that would remain in place through 1967 deftly arranged for the transfer of wartime research contracts from the Office of Scientific Research and Development, creating an extramural grants program for NIH. Parran also served as a mentor to a generation of Public Health Service Commissioned Corps physicians, to whom he gave the leeway to create new institutions and programs in the areas of clinical research into cancer and other conditions, mental health, tuberculosis control, prevention of malaria and other communicable diseases, construction of nonprofit hospitals, and international health. Parran's leadership role in international health affairs dated back to the 1930s with the Rockefeller Foundation and the Pan American Health Organization. Parran chaired the International Health Conference where the World Health Organization (WHO) draft constitution was adopted (1946) and led subsequent U.S. delegations.

Parran was an early and committed advocate of national health insurance, shielding PHS from direct conflict with those who opposed insurance by tempering his public advocacy with a focus on creating a regionally-organized health services infrastructure to precede federal dollars for care. The Hospital Survey and Construction Act of 1946 (Hill–Burton Act) was a signal step in this direction. Nevertheless, Parran was attacked by American Medical Association editorialist Morris Fishbein for supporting President Truman's proposed national insurance program. Truman's decision not to reappoint Parran in the spring of 1948 may have been an outcome of public disputes over this issue. Parran declined the position of Director of the World Health Organization to attempt to maintain the independence of the Public Health Service from the newly created bureaucracy, the Department of Health Education and Welfare. He lost that fight and his job, only to move on again to further advances in the health education field.

Later life
On 1 October 1948, Surgeon General Parran retired from PHS as Vice Admiral to begin a career in academic administration, to serve as the first dean of the new School of Public Health at the University of Pittsburgh. Parran made Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania a proving ground for ideas developed during his tenure at PHS, recruiting the school's first generation of senior faculty and bringing his deputy surgeon general and veteran international health administrator, Dr. James A. Crabtree, who succeeded him as dean in 1958. Beyond his tenure as Surgeon General, Parran remained prominent in international health, active in the Pan American Sanitary Organization and in Rockefeller Foundation programs. On retiring from Pittsburgh in 1958, Dr. Parran became president of the Avalon Foundation, affiliated with the Mellon family, and became active in the A. W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, where he had served as a trustee since 1955. He continued his work in philanthropy and public health until his death in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The home of the University of Pittsburgh's Graduate School of Public Health, Parran Hall, was renamed for Parran in 1969.

A collection of his papers is held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland. Most of his papers concerning his tenure as Surgeon General and his work after are held at the University of Pittsburgh. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery with his second wife Carol.

Thomas Parran Award
The American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association named its lifetime achievement award after Parran in recognition of his work to raise awareness of sexually transmitted diseases. However, his role in the early part of the Tuskegee study and in the Guatemala syphilis experiments prompted the association to consider renaming the award. In April, 2013, after some consultation with members, the Association executive renamed the Thomas Parran Award as 'The ASTDA Distinguished Career Award'.

Involvement with unethical experimentation
In June 2018, the University of Pittsburgh announced that it would remove Parran's name from the campus building that houses the Graduate School of Public Health due to his involvement in the infamous Tuskegee Syphilis Study which has a legacy of unethical experimentation. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study took place during his tenure while serving as U.S. Surgeon General from 1936 to 1948, and  involved experimentation on African-American adults, children, and people with disabilities without their knowledge or consent. Information about the study and life-sustaining treatment was withheld from 399 Black men with syphilis so researchers could observe the progress of the disease. Over the course of the 40-year study, 28 men died from syphilis, 40 spouses were infected, and 19 children were born with a congenital form of the disease.

An official committee at the University of Pittsburgh reported the following on Parran, who was a founder of the University's Graduate School of Public Health: “Dr. Parran’s role, and the extent of his influence in approving, funding, and providing oversight of the Tuskegee and Guatemalan studies, is not entirely clear. Based upon the evidence available today, it might not be possible to determine with certainty Dr. Parran’s level of knowledge and involvement in the studies.”

In a 1947 letter to John Charles Cutler (the lead researcher of the Guatemala STD studies) Parran is quoted as having said "You know, we couldn’t do such an experiment in this country,” which would suggest he was aware of some of the ethical issues in the study.

title: Thomas Parran (surgeon general)