text:
Cloyne Court Hotel

The Cloyne Court Hotel, often referred to simply as Cloyne, is a historical landmark in Berkeley, California and currently one of the houses of the Berkeley Student Cooperative (BSC), a student housing cooperative. It is located at the north side of the University of California, Berkeley campus at 2600 Ridge Road, near Soda Hall and Jacobs Hall, and is the next door neighbor of the Goldman School of Public Policy.

The building is owned by the Regents of the University of California.

History
Cloyne Court was named after Cloyne, the village in Ireland where George Berkeley was bishop.

Cloyne was built in 1904 for $80,000 by the University Land and Improvement Company, which included several University professors, University benefactresses Phoebe Apperson Hearst and Jane K. Sather, future Regent James K. Moffit, Dr. Louis Lisser, John L. Howard, Warren Olney, Dr. Kasper Pishel, Louis Titus, John Galen Howard, the architect of the building and James M. Pierce, the later owner of the hotel. The building, described as a "high-class, modern apartment house," originally contained 32 suites, each with bath, that were not connected by common hallways, but rather were paired onto private stairways to the first floor public areas. Each section was separated by heavy brick firewalls with automatic fireproof doors and each suite was wired for telephone. In 1911, the music room (today called lib-ed room) was added to the building, directly opposite the main entrance, which hosted numerous lectures and music recitals.

The building was one of a rare few to survive the devastating 1923 Berkeley fire, remarkable also because the building is made of redwood and all of the buildings had (and still have) wood shake siding and roofs.

Pierce and his family purchased the hotel from the investors and managed it from its opening in 1904 until 1914. The family continued operating the hotel until it was sold in 1946.

The services and hospitality at Cloyne Court were always highly complimented by the many visitors who had the pleasure of staying at the hotel. Registered compliments in the hotel guest book include:
 * Cloyne Court - Silence and peace in an insane world. - Ernest Bloch, 1944
 * Cloyne Court, a haven and a place where the gentle art of hospitality is made manifest to the unknown stranger as well as to the great ones of our day. - Mary Lambert, 1942
 * Giving people a happy home is a divine service. - Benjamin Ide Wheeler, 1923
 * I came a stranger, stayed a guest and departed a friend. - unknown

Cloyne Court was sold by the Pierce family in 1946 to the University Students' Cooperative Association (today BSC) for $125,000. That year, 15 men occupied the new co-op house alongside the previous residents, whom the USCA had agreed to not displace but rather to allow to continue to live in the residence. Cloyne originally housed all men who often held dances and dined with the women of nearby Stebbins Hall and Hoyt Hall, both all-female co-ops at the time. In 1972, Cloyne Court became a co-ed house.

In 1970, the USCA was forced to sell the property to the Regents of the University of California, upon the threat of an eminent domain acquisition by the University, in exchange for a peppercorn lease, most recently renewed in July 2005.

The building was named a City of Berkeley Landmark in 1982, and placed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

On December 21, 2008, Cloyne Court was closed temporarily for earthquake renovations. It reopened at the beginning of the Fall 2009 semester.

Cloyne's reputation for its party and rules-free culture became a problem for the entire organization when in 2010 John Gibson, then a 21-year-old resident, suffered extensive brain damage and lapsed into a coma, reportedly as a result of a cocaine overdose, in his room. A lawsuit followed his hospitalization, his family claiming his fellow housemates failed to call 911 in time to assist him. The BSC settled with his family with the agreement that Cloyne would dramatically change. From Fall 2014, Cloyne became the substance-free house of the BSC system. Prior members were forced to leave, but one member was allowed to stay after appeal.

Co-op
Cloyne is the largest non-apartment style property in the BSC, the largest housing co-op organization in North America. Cloyne houses 140 UC Berkeley students (119 during summer), mostly undergraduates. Because it is owned by, and leased on University of California land, only UC students are eligible as residents.

Despite its size the house is student-run and student-governed. Members contribute 5 hours of workshift per week each for various tasks needed for the operation of the house: cooking, cleaning, house maintenance, gardening, etc. Since July 2005, a facility manager employed by the students and the BSC lives on the premises to help with day-to-day operations of the house. Every weekday and on Sundays members cook a communal dinner, and on Saturdays there is a communal brunch. House's council, house's governing body where all members democratically make decisions pertaining the house, meets every Sunday.

As the academic theme house of the BSC system, Cloyne has an increased number of studious spaces and lectures, including study rooms, a library, a makerspace/hackerspace (a rare case where members can both hack and live in the same building), and many lectures given by guest lecturers and members themselves. A common practice is also informal visits of UC Berkeley professors at communal dinners, allowing members to get to know them through a less formal setting. An example of a UC Berkeley faculty member visiting Cloyne is popular EECS professor John DeNero, who regularly presented about the joys of data for many semesters.

The house is known for its murals covering many of its internal walls. Murals have been made through years by members residing in the house.

Music scene
Cloyne has played a notable role in the Bay Area music scene. The bands No Doubt, Elliott Smith, Green Day, Operation Ivy, The Offspring, Rancid, Primus, 24-7 Spyz, Save Ferris, Skankin' Pickle, The Mr. T Experience, Two Gallants, Blüchunks and Rilo Kiley played at Cloyne before becoming well known. The house also hosted several lesser-known bands during its many events, presenting as many as a dozen bands in a single evening, commonly using two separate stages, though sometimes as many as four: the dining room, the lib-ed room, the basement, and the courtyard.

title: Cloyne Court Hotel


text:
Category:Spanish actors

This category lists articles about actors and actresses of stage, cinema and television who originated from Spain.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Spanish actors


text:
Tunsberg

 * Tunsberg is the old name of Tønsberg, Norway.
 * Tunsberg Township in Minnesota is most likely named after the Norwegian town.
 * Diocese of Tunsberg is a diocese in Norway

title: Tunsberg


text: User talk:65.8.28.161

title: User talk:65.8.28.161


text:
Tupper Lake

Tupper Lake, New York may refer to:

 * Tupper Lake (New York), lake in the Adirondack Park
 * Tupper Lake (village), New York
 * Tupper Lake (town), New York

title: Tupper Lake


text:
Talk:Lyudmila Pavlichenko

Sniper Rifle in Borderlands Video Game
Probably worth adding. https://borderlands.fandom.com/wiki/Lyudmila — Preceding unsigned comment added by 180.150.38.83 (talk) 22:40, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:37, 5 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Pavlichenko in a trench.jpg

Credited kills edits
@Gorgon Slayer, kindly provide credible sources to support the insertion of text calling Pavlichenko’s record into question. A blog is not a credible source. Please provide a credible news article or scholarly text. 2600:1700:990D:4800:69F8:241D:ED6D:4E4B (talk) 05:39, 29 April 2023 (UTC)

 * @Wracking, please find a credible source before adding information calling her record into question. The source you provided is a litany magazine with no editorial or peer review - it is the equivalent of a blog. 2600:1700:990D:4800:69F8:241D:ED6D:4E4B (talk) 12:55, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * What a Logic! Kindly "debunk" the information inside if you can before discrediting a source of being a mere blog. Gorgon Slayer (talk) 14:10, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * What? 2600:1700:990D:4800:69F8:241D:ED6D:4E4B (talk) 17:49, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Continuing to revert changes that others have made without discussing is edit warring.
 * The single source you cite to support calling her record into question is merely a blog post full of personal opinions, not any actual facts. The post was already edited over a year ago to noted the her record is what she’s credited with, rather than presenting it an irrefutable fact.
 * If you would like information added questioning her record, please provide a source that is not opinion, but points to actual facts, historical accounts, etc. 2600:1700:990D:4800:69F8:241D:ED6D:4E4B (talk) 18:01, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * That's "personal opinion" because that's not what you are liking. And if you really read the article, you wouldn't have said that's just opinion. Because he pointed out to facts and the self-contradictory claim made by them. The only thing that is supporting her claim is none other than soviet government. Not to mention imaginary enemies like otto von singer. Now I don't give a damn about your opinion or what you feel about. I don't even give a damn about this "encyclopedia" as well. Gorgon Slayer (talk) 22:50, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi, IP editor. First, I'd like to clarify that I did not add anything, I merely reverted your changes. Secondly, I would like to apologize. It seems that the doubts cast on Pavlichenko's kill count are a fringe opinion.
 * if you cannot find any evidence of anyone besides Oleg Kaminsky making this change, please stop, as your edits place undue emphasis on a belief held by a single person. Thanks. Wracking  💬 18:04, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Where's your evidence to support that the widely held doubts on her kill count is a "fringe opinion"? There's nothing on the list saying such. Anyways, what is deemed as "fringe opinions" on Wikipedia is often highly arbitrary, subjective, unsupported or outright false. Many are just labelled that way because they go against a systemic ideological bias of a cadre of administrators. Lastly, an article from Business Insider - which has no verifiable sources itself - is NOT a reliable source. 65.95.157.102 (talk) 02:59, 4 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you @Wrackingwraking - my change that you undid was just undoing @Gorgon Slayer‘s addition. This is getting messy. 2600:1700:990D:4800:69F8:241D:ED6D:4E4B (talk) 18:10, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * As long as Gorgon Slayer leaves it be, this should be resolved. Wracking  💬 18:13, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Is that a mere belief or he is exposing lies made by them? Why didn't you tell me earlier that it is governmentopedia or westernepedia rather than wikipedia. Because lies made by the soviet government are still being supported by western media as they were their allies. The "sources" that were cited as reference in this page has been debunked by the author. But why would you bother to read? Not only this, but rather than providing refutations against the source, you are discrediting it as it's "blog". Anyway, who gives a damn about this heavily biased and unreliable "encyclopedia" name wikipedia? Gorgon Slayer (talk) 22:40, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * If you are not here to build an encyclopedia, you can leave. Wracking  💬 23:33, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I am not staying here even if you pay me a billion dollars to stay here. Everyone knows how "reliable" wikipedia is. Business Insider, a "source" with copy-pasted information is reliable but a page that's debunking myths associated with her and soviet government by simply analyzing their contradictory claims is not. But whatever, only an extremely dumb person will rely on wikipedia right now. Gorgon Slayer (talk) 01:46, 30 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lyudmila Pavlichenko


text:
Electron-beam lithography

Electron-beam lithography (often abbreviated as e-beam lithography or EBL) is the practice of scanning a focused beam of electrons to draw custom shapes on a surface covered with an electron-sensitive film called a resist (exposing). The electron beam changes the solubility of the resist, enabling selective removal of either the exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist by immersing it in a solvent (developing). The purpose, as with photolithography, is to create very small structures in the resist that can subsequently be transferred to the substrate material, often by etching.

The primary advantage of electron-beam lithography is that it can draw custom patterns (direct-write) with sub-10 nm resolution. This form of maskless lithography has high resolution but low throughput, limiting its usage to photomask fabrication, low-volume production of semiconductor devices, and research and development.

Systems
Electron-beam lithography systems used in commercial applications are dedicated e-beam writing systems that are very expensive (> US$1M). For research applications, it is very common to convert an electron microscope into an electron beam lithography system using relatively low cost accessories (< US$100K). Such converted systems have produced linewidths of ~20 nm since at least 1990, while current dedicated systems have produced linewidths on the order of 10 nm or smaller.

Electron-beam lithography systems can be classified according to both beam shape and beam deflection strategy. Older systems used Gaussian-shaped beams that scanned these beams in a raster fashion. Newer systems use shaped beams that can be deflected to various positions in the writing field (also known as vector scan).

Electron sources
Lower-resolution systems can use thermionic sources (cathode), which are usually formed from lanthanum hexaboride. However, systems with higher-resolution requirements need to use field electron emission sources, such as heated W/ZrO2 for lower energy spread and enhanced brightness. Thermal field emission sources are preferred over cold emission sources, in spite of the former's slightly larger beam size, because they offer better stability over typical writing times of several hours.

Lenses
Both electrostatic and magnetic lenses may be used. However, electrostatic lenses have more aberrations and so are not used for fine focusing. There is currently no mechanism to make achromatic electron beam lenses, so extremely narrow dispersions of the electron beam energy are needed for finest focusing.

Stage, stitching and alignment
Typically, for very small beam deflections, electrostatic deflection "lenses" are used; larger beam deflections require electromagnetic scanning. Because of the inaccuracy and because of the finite number of steps in the exposure grid, the writing field is of the order of 100 micrometre – 1 mm. Larger patterns require stage moves. An accurate stage is critical for stitching (tiling writing fields exactly against each other) and pattern overlay (aligning a pattern to a previously made one).

Electron beam write time
The minimum time to expose a given area for a given dose is given by the following formula:
 * $$ D \cdot A = T\cdot I \,$$

where $$T$$ is the time to expose the object (can be divided into exposure time/step size), $$I$$ is the beam current, $$D$$ is the dose and $$A$$ is the area exposed.

For example, assuming an exposure area of 1 cm2, a dose of 10−3 coulombs/cm2, and a beam current of 10−9 amperes, the resulting minimum write time would be 106 seconds (about 12 days). This minimum write time does not include time for the stage to move back and forth, as well as time for the beam to be blanked (blocked from the wafer during deflection), as well as time for other possible beam corrections and adjustments in the middle of writing. To cover the 700 cm2 surface area of a 300 mm silicon wafer, the minimum write time would extend to 7*108 seconds, about 22 years. This is a factor of about 10 million times slower than current optical lithography tools. It is clear that throughput is a serious limitation for electron beam lithography, especially when writing dense patterns over a large area.

E-beam lithography is not suitable for high-volume manufacturing because of its limited throughput. The smaller field of electron beam writing makes for very slow pattern generation compared with photolithography (the current standard) because more exposure fields must be scanned to form the final pattern area (≤mm2 for electron beam vs. ≥40 mm2 for an optical mask projection scanner). The stage moves in between field scans. The electron beam field is small enough that a rastering or serpentine stage motion is needed to pattern a 26 mm X 33 mm area for example, whereas in a photolithography scanner only a one-dimensional motion of a 26 mm X 2 mm slit field would be required.

Currently an optical maskless lithography tool is much faster than an electron beam tool used at the same resolution for photomask patterning.

Shot noise
As features sizes shrink, the number of incident electrons at fixed dose also shrinks. As soon as the number reaches ~10000, shot noise effects become predominant, leading to substantial natural dose variation within a large feature population. With each successive process node, as the feature area is halved, the minimum dose must double to maintain the same noise level. Consequently, the tool throughput would be halved with each successive process node.

Note: 1 ppm of population is about 5 standard deviations away from the mean dose.

''Ref.: SPIE Proc. 8683-36 (2013)''

Shot noise is a significant consideration even for mask fabrication. For example, a commercial mask e-beam resist like FEP-171 would use doses less than 10 μC/cm2, whereas this leads to noticeable shot noise for a target critical dimension (CD) even on the order of ~200 nm on the mask. CD variation can be on the order of 15–20% for sub-20 nm features.

Defects in electron-beam lithography
Despite the high resolution of electron-beam lithography, the generation of defects during electron-beam lithography is often not considered by users. Defects may be classified into two categories: data-related defects, and physical defects.

Data-related defects may be classified further into two sub-categories. Blanking or deflection errors occur when the electron beam is not deflected properly when it is supposed to, while shaping errors occur in variable-shaped beam systems when the wrong shape is projected onto the sample. These errors can originate either from the electron optical control hardware or the input data that was taped out. As might be expected, larger data files are more susceptible to data-related defects.

Physical defects are more varied, and can include sample charging (either negative or positive), backscattering calculation errors, dose errors, fogging (long-range reflection of backscattered electrons), outgassing, contamination, beam drift and particles. Since the write time for electron beam lithography can easily exceed a day, "randomly occurring" defects are more likely to occur. Here again, larger data files can present more opportunities for defects.

Photomask defects largely originate during the electron beam lithography used for pattern definition.

Electron energy deposition in matter
The primary electrons in the incident beam lose energy upon entering a material through inelastic scattering or collisions with other electrons. In such a collision the momentum transfer from the incident electron to an atomic electron can be expressed as $$dp=2e^2/bv$$, where b is the distance of closest approach between the electrons, and v is the incident electron velocity. The energy transferred by the collision is given by $$T = (dp)^2/2m = e^4/Eb^2$$, where m is the electron mass and E is the incident electron energy, given by $$E=(1/2) mv^2$$. By integrating over all values of T between the lowest binding energy, E0 and the incident energy, one obtains the result that the total cross section for collision is inversely proportional to the incident energy $$E$$, and proportional to 1/E0 – 1/E. Generally, E >> E0, so the result is essentially inversely proportional to the binding energy.

By using the same integration approach, but over the range 2E0 to E, one obtains by comparing cross-sections that half of the inelastic collisions of the incident electrons produce electrons with kinetic energy greater than E0. These secondary electrons are capable of breaking bonds (with binding energy E0) at some distance away from the original collision. Additionally, they can generate additional, lower energy electrons, resulting in an electron cascade. Hence, it is important to recognize the significant contribution of secondary electrons to the spread of the energy deposition.

In general, for a molecule AB:

 * e− + AB → AB− → A + B−

This reaction, also known as "electron attachment" or "dissociative electron attachment" is most likely to occur after the electron has essentially slowed to a halt, since it is easiest to capture at that point. The cross-section for electron attachment is inversely proportional to electron energy at high energies, but approaches a maximum limiting value at zero energy. On the other hand, it is already known that the mean free path at the lowest energies (few to several eV or less, where dissociative attachment is significant) is well over 10 nm, thus limiting the ability to consistently achieve resolution at this scale.

Resolution capability
With today's electron optics, electron beam widths can routinely go down to a few nanometers. This is limited mainly by aberrations and space charge. However, the feature resolution limit is determined not by the beam size but by forward scattering (or effective beam broadening) in the resist, while the pitch resolution limit is determined by secondary electron travel in the resist. This point was driven home by a 2007 demonstration of double patterning using electron beam lithography in the fabrication of 15 nm half-pitch zone plates. Although a 15 nm feature was resolved, a 30 nm pitch was still difficult to do due to secondary electrons scattering from the adjacent feature. The use of double patterning allowed the spacing between features to be wide enough for the secondary electron scattering to be significantly reduced.

The forward scattering can be decreased by using higher energy electrons or thinner resist, but the generation of secondary electrons is inevitable. It is now recognized that for insulating materials like PMMA, low energy electrons can travel quite a far distance (several nm is possible). This is due to the fact that below the ionization potential the only energy loss mechanism is mainly through phonons and polarons. Although the latter is basically an ionic lattice effect, polaron hopping can extend as far as 20 nm. The travel distance of secondary electrons is not a fundamentally derived physical value, but a statistical parameter often determined from many experiments or Monte Carlo simulations down to < 1 eV. This is necessary since the energy distribution of secondary electrons peaks well below 10 eV. Hence, the resolution limit is not usually cited as a well-fixed number as with an optical diffraction-limited system. Repeatability and control at the practical resolution limit often require considerations not related to image formation, e.g., resist development and intermolecular forces.

A study by the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE) presented at the 2013 EUVL Workshop indicated that, as a measure of electron blur, 50–100 eV electrons easily penetrated beyond 10 nm of resist thickness in PMMA or a commercial resist. Furthermore dielectric breakdown discharge is possible. More recent studies have indicated that 20 nm resist thickness could be penetrated by low energy electrons (of sufficient dose) and sub-20 nm half-pitch electron-beam lithography already required double patterning.

As of 2022, a state-of-the-art electron multi-beam writer achieves about a 20 nm resolution.

Scattering
In addition to producing secondary electrons, primary electrons from the incident beam with sufficient energy to penetrate the resist can be multiply scattered over large distances from underlying films and/or the substrate. This leads to exposure of areas at a significant distance from the desired exposure location. For thicker resists, as the primary electrons move forward, they have an increasing opportunity to scatter laterally from the beam-defined location. This scattering is called forward scattering. Sometimes the primary electrons are scattered at angles exceeding 90 degrees, i.e., they no longer advance further into the resist. These electrons are called backscattered electrons and have the same effect as long-range flare in optical projection systems. A large enough dose of backscattered electrons can lead to complete exposure of resist over an area much larger than defined by the beam spot.

Proximity effect
The smallest features produced by electron-beam lithography have generally been isolated features, as nested features exacerbate the proximity effect, whereby electrons from exposure of an adjacent region spill over into the exposure of the currently written feature, effectively enlarging its image, and reducing its contrast, i.e., difference between maximum and minimum intensity. Hence, nested feature resolution is harder to control. For most resists, it is difficult to go below 25 nm lines and spaces, and a limit of 20 nm lines and spaces has been found. In actuality, though, the range of secondary electron scattering is quite far, sometimes exceeding 100 nm, but becoming very significant below 30 nm.

The proximity effect is also manifest by secondary electrons leaving the top surface of the resist and then returning some tens of nanometers distance away.

Proximity effects (due to electron scattering) can be addressed by solving the inverse problem and calculating the exposure function E(x,y) that leads to a dose distribution as close as possible to the desired dose D(x,y) when convolved by the scattering distribution point spread function PSF(x,y). However, it must be remembered that an error in the applied dose (e.g., from shot noise) would cause the proximity effect correction to fail.

Charging
Since electrons are charged particles, they tend to charge the substrate negatively unless they can quickly gain access to a path to ground. For a high-energy beam incident on a silicon wafer, virtually all the electrons stop in the wafer where they can follow a path to ground. However, for a quartz substrate such as a photomask, the embedded electrons will take a much longer time to move to ground. Often the negative charge acquired by a substrate can be compensated or even exceeded by a positive charge on the surface due to secondary electron emission into the vacuum. The presence of a thin conducting layer above or below the resist is generally of limited use for high energy (50 keV or more) electron beams, since most electrons pass through the layer into the substrate. The charge dissipation layer is generally useful only around or below 10 keV, since the resist is thinner and most of the electrons either stop in the resist or close to the conducting layer. However, they are of limited use due to their high sheet resistance, which can lead to ineffective grounding.

The range of low-energy secondary electrons (the largest component of the free electron population in the resist-substrate system) which can contribute to charging is not a fixed number but can vary from 0 to as high as 50 nm (see section New frontiers and extreme ultraviolet lithography). Hence, resist-substrate charging is not repeatable and is difficult to compensate consistently. Negative charging deflects the electron beam away from the charged area while positive charging deflects the electron beam toward the charged area.

Electron-beam resist performance
Due to the scission efficiency generally being an order of magnitude higher than the crosslinking efficiency, most polymers used for positive-tone electron-beam lithography will also crosslink (and therefore become negative tone) at doses an order of magnitude higher than the doses used to cause scission in the polymer for positive tone exposure. In the case of PMMA, exposure of electrons at up to more than 1000 μC/cm2, the gradation curve corresponds to the curve of a “normal” positive process. Above 2000 μC/cm2, the recombinant crosslinking process prevails, and at about 7000 μC/cm2 the layer is completely crosslinked which makes the layer more insoluble than the unexposed initial layer. If negative PMMA structures should be used, a stronger developer than for the positive process is required. Such large dose increases may be required to avoid shot noise effects.

A study performed at the Naval Research Laboratory indicated that low-energy (10–50 eV) electrons were able to damage ~30 nm thick PMMA films. The damage was manifest as a loss of material.

 * For the popular electron-beam resist ZEP-520, a pitch resolution limit of 60 nm (30 nm lines and spaces), independent of thickness and beam energy, was found.
 * A 20 nm resolution had also been demonstrated using a 3 nm 100 keV electron beam and PMMA resist. 20 nm unexposed gaps between exposed lines showed inadvertent exposure by secondary electrons.
 * Hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) is a negative tone resist that is capable of forming isolated 2-nm-wide lines and 10 nm periodic dot arrays (10 nm pitch) in very thin layers. HSQ itself is similar to porous, hydrogenated SiO2. It may be used to etch silicon but not silicon dioxide or other similar dielectrics.

In 2018, a thiol-ene resist was developed that features native reactive surface groups, which allows the direct functionalization of the resist surface with biomolecules.

New frontiers
To get around the secondary electron generation, it will be imperative to use low-energy electrons as the primary radiation to expose resist. Ideally, these electrons should have energies on the order of not much more than several eV in order to expose the resist without generating any secondary electrons, since they will not have sufficient excess energy. Such exposure has been demonstrated using a scanning tunneling microscope as the electron beam source. The data suggest that electrons with energies as low as 12 eV can penetrate 50 nm thick polymer resist. The drawback to using low energy electrons is that it is hard to prevent spreading of the electron beam in the resist. Low energy electron optical systems are also hard to design for high resolution. Coulomb inter-electron repulsion always becomes more severe for lower electron energy.

Another alternative in electron-beam lithography is to use extremely high electron energies (at least 100 keV) to essentially "drill" or sputter the material. This phenomenon has been observed frequently in transmission electron microscopy. However, this is a very inefficient process, due to the inefficient transfer of momentum from the electron beam to the material. As a result, it is a slow process, requiring much longer exposure times than conventional electron beam lithography. Also high energy beams always bring up the concern of substrate damage.

Interference lithography using electron beams is another possible path for patterning arrays with nanometer-scale periods. A key advantage of using electrons over photons in interferometry is the much shorter wavelength for the same energy.

Despite the various intricacies and subtleties of electron beam lithography at different energies, it remains the most practical way to concentrate the most energy into the smallest area.

There has been significant interest in the development of multiple electron beam approaches to lithography in order to increase throughput. This work has been supported by SEMATECH and start-up companies such as Multibeam Corporation, Mapper and IMS. IMS Nanofabrication has commercialized the multibeam-maskwriter and started a rollout in 2016.

title: Electron-beam lithography


text:
Mitchell Froom

Mitchell Froom (born June 29, 1953) is an American musician and record producer. He was a member of the bands Gamma and Latin Playboys, and is currently the keyboardist for Crowded House. He has produced albums for several artists, including Richard Thompson, Los Lobos, Suzanne Vega, and Vonda Shepard.

Career
Froom began his career as a keyboard player in Sonoma County, California. The band Crossfire featured two keyboard players; Mitchell on one side of the stage and brother David on the other with Gary Pihl on guitar. He also played keyboards on the Ronnie Montrose-led group Gamma's third album Gamma 3, as well as It's a Beautiful Day's David LaFlamme's 1978 solo album Inside Out.

He produced the first three Crowded House albums, which led to more production jobs with Richard Thompson, Los Lobos, American Music Club, Suzanne Vega and Paul McCartney. In 1982, Froom scored the adult film Café Flesh; his soundtrack was later released as the album Key of Cool. In the late 1980s, Crowded House leader Neil Finn invited Froom to join the band as an official member, but Froom declined due to his producing career.

In 1987 he produced and wrote incidental music for the neo-noir film Slam Dance.

Between 1992 and 2002 Froom formed a full-time partnership with engineer Tchad Blake. Production credits include albums from American Music Club, Stevie Ann, Tasmin Archer, The Bangles, Peter Case, The Corrs, Elvis Costello, Sheryl Crow, Crowded House, The Ditty Bops, Tim Finn, Missy Higgins, Indigo Girls, Los Lobos, Robin Gibb, Maria McKee, Pat McLaughlin, Randy Newman, Nerina Pallot, Pearl Jam, Phantom Planet, Bonnie Pink, Daniel Powter, Bonnie Raitt, Ron Sexsmith, The Del Fuegos, Richard Thompson, and Suzanne Vega. Froom and Blake joined with David Hidalgo and Louie Perez of Los Lobos to form the experimental roots collaboration Latin Playboys.

Froom has produced over 60 albums and has composed and produced music for numerous films. He has been nominated for several Grammys including for Record of the Year for La Bamba by Los Lobos (1988) and Producer of the Year in 1993 for both Kiko by Los Lobos and by Suzanne Vega. He was also nominated for the 1998 Golden Globe Award and the 1999 Grammy for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media for co-writing with Sheryl Crow the James Bond movie title song "Tomorrow Never Dies".

As a musician, Froom has released two solo albums, Dopamine (1998) and A Thousand Days (2005). The song "Noodletown" from "Dopamine" won an Emmy when it was used as the theme for PBS' Sessions at West 54th.

Froom was a judge for the 2nd annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.

In December 2019 Froom was announced as a member of the new lineup of Crowded House. The first album with this lineup, Dreamers Are Waiting, was released on June 4, 2021.

Personal life
Froom is of Romanian ancestry. His brother is David Froom, a classical composer and Department Chair of the Music Department at St. Mary's College of Maryland.

His first wife was Connie Jester, with whom he had a daughter Charlotte Froom (born 1986). Charlotte was the bassist in The Like.

Froom married Suzanne Vega in 1995; they separated and divorced in 1998. Soul Coughing's 1994 album, Ruby Vroom, was named after their daughter, Ruby Froom (born July 8, 1994).

He married Vonda Shepard in 2004. They have a son, Jack Froom (April 15, 2006), named for Froom's late father, a physician and educator.

Discography
With Crowded House
 * Crowded House (Capitol Records, 1986)
 * Temple of Low Men (Capitol Records, 1988)
 * Woodface (Capitol Records, 1991)
 * Dreamers Are Waiting (BMG Rights Management, 2021)

With Vonda Shepard
 * The Radical Light (Reprise/Warner Bros. Records, 1992)
 * By 7:30 (Jacket Records, 1999)
 * Chinatown (Edel Records, 2002)
 * From the Sun (Redeye Distribution, 2008)

With Bob Dylan
 * Down in the Groove (Columbia Records, 1988)

With Bonnie Raitt
 * Longing in Their Hearts (Capitol Records, 1994)
 * Fundamental (Capitol Records, 1998)
 * Silver Lining (Capitol Records, 2002)
 * Souls Alike (Capitol Records, 2005)

With Boris Grebenshchikov
 * Salt (2014)

With Daniel Powter
 * Daniel Powter (Warner Bros. Records, 2005)

With Rita Coolidge
 * Inside the Fire (A&M Records, 1984)

With Rufus Wainwright
 * Unfollow the Rules (BMG, 2020)
 * Folkocracy (BMG, 2023)

With Indigo Girls
 * Poseidon and the Bitter Bug (Vanguard Records, 2009)

With Susanna Hoffs
 * Someday (Baroque Folk, 2012)

With Tasmin Archer
 * Bloom (EMI, 1996)

With Randy Newman
 * Bad Love (Dreamworks Records, 1999)
 * Harps and Angels (Nonesuch Records, 2008)
 * Dark Matter (Nonesuch Records, 2017)

With Maria McKee
 * Maria McKee (Geffen, 1989)

With Tracy Chapman
 * Where You Live (Elektra Records, 2005)

With Marshall Crenshaw
 * Downtown (Warner Bros. Records, 1985)

With Roy Orbison
 * Mystery Girl (Virgin Records, 1989)

With Eddie Money
 * Where's the Party? (Columbia Records, 1983)

With Sheryl Crow
 * Sheryl Crow (A&M Records, 1996)
 * The Globe Sessions (A&M Records, 1998)

With Neil Finn
 * Try Whistling This (Parlophone Records, 1998)
 * One Nil (Parlophone Records, 2001)

With Tracy Bonham
 * Down Here (Island Records, 2000)
 * Blink the Brightest (Zoe Records, 2005)

With Tim Finn
 * Tim Finn (Capitol Records, 1989)

With Finn Brothers
 * Everyone is Here (Nettwerk/Parlophone Records, 2004)

With Paul McCartney
 * Flowers in the Dirt (Parlophone Records, 1989)

With Peter Gabriel
 * Up (Geffen, 2002)

title: Mitchell Froom


text:
Turbett

Turbett may refer to:
 * Turbett Township, Pennsylvania, a township in Juniata County, Pennsylvania, United States.
 * Philip Turbett, the British bassoonist and clarinetist.
 * Linda Turbett, the British recorder player and oboist

title: Turbett


text:
The First Noel

"The First Nowell", modernised as "The First Noel" (or Noël)", is a traditional English Christmas carol with Cornish origins most likely from the early modern period, although possibly earlier. It is listed as number 682 in the Roud Folk Song Index.

Origin and history
"The First Nowell" is of Cornish origin. Its current form was first published in Carols Ancient and Modern (1823) and Gilbert and Sandys Carols (1833), both of which were edited by William Sandys and arranged and edited by Davies Gilbert (who also wrote extra lyrics) for Hymns and Carols of God.

Nowell is an Early Modern English synonym of "Christmas" from French Noël, "the Christmas season", ultimately from Latin natalis [dies] "[day] of birth". The word was regularly used in the burden of carols in the Middle Ages towards the early modern period; Sir Christèmas (Ritson Manuscript), "Nowell sing we now all and some" (Trinity Carol Roll) and "Nowel – out of youre slepe arise and wake" (Selden Carol Book) being 15th century examples.

The melody is unusual among English folk melodies in that it consists of one musical phrase repeated twice, followed by a refrain which is a variation on that phrase. All three phrases end on the third of the scale. Writing in the Journal of the Folk-Song Society in 1915, Anne Gilchrist notes it was not recorded prior to Sandys' publication. She speculated based on a set of church gallery parts discovered in Westmorland that the tune may have had its origin as a treble part to another carol "Hark, hark what news the angels bring"; her suggestion was that the treble part was passed down orally and was later remembered as the melody rather than a harmony. A conjectural reconstruction of this earlier version can be found in The New Oxford Book of Carols.

Today, "The First Nowell" is usually performed in a four-part hymn arrangement by the English composer John Stainer, first published in his Carols, New and Old in 1871. Variations of its theme are included in Victor Hely-Hutchinson's Carol Symphony.

American folklorist James Madison Carpenter made audio recordings of several traditional versions of the song in Cornwall in the early 1930s, which can be heard online via the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library.

Textual comparison
In common with many traditional songs and carols, the lyrics vary across books. The versions compared below are taken from The New English Hymnal (1986) (which is the version used in Henry Ramsden Bramley and John Stainer's Carols, New and Old), Ralph Dunstan's gallery version in the Cornish Songbook (1929) and Reverend Charles Lewis Hutchins's version in Carols Old and Carols New (1916).

The annunciation to the shepherds and the adoration of the shepherds are episodes in the nativity of Jesus described in the second chapter of the Gospel of Luke (Luke 2). The Star of Bethlehem appears in the story of the Magi (the Wise Men) in the Gospel of Matthew; it does not appear in the story of the shepherds.

title: The First Noel


text:
Category:Iranian actors

This category lists actors of any gender from Iran, who work in theater, cinema or television.

title: Category:Iranian actors


text:
Long After Dark

Long After Dark is the fifth studio album by American rock band Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, released November 2, 1982, on Backstreet Records. Notable for the MTV hit "You Got Lucky", the album was also the band's first to feature Howie Epstein on bass and harmony vocals. Epstein's vocals are prevalent throughout the album and from that point on, became an integral part of the Heartbreakers' sound.

Two other singles from the album were released, "Change of Heart" and "Straight into Darkness". The first of these joined "You Got Lucky" in the Billboard top 40. In July 2018, "Keep a Little Soul", an outtake from Long After Dark, was released as the first single to promote Petty's box set An American Treasure. "Keeping Me Alive", another outtake from the sessions for the album, was a Petty favorite, and was eventually released on his and the Heartbreakers' 1995 box set Playback, as well as on An American Treasure.

Personnel
Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers

 * Tom Petty – lead vocals, guitars (acoustic, electric, 12-string, lead on "We Stand a Chance"), Prophet 5 synthesizer
 * Mike Campbell – guitars (lead, 12-string), organ on "We Stand a Chance"
 * Howie Epstein – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Benmont Tench – acoustic and electric pianos, Hammond and Vox organs, oberheim OB-Xa synthesizer, backing vocals
 * Stan Lynch – drums, backing vocals

Additional musicians

 * Ron Blair – bass guitar on "Between Two Worlds"
 * Phil Jones – percussion

Production

 * Jimmy Iovine – production
 * Stephen Marcussen – mastering
 * Tom Petty – production
 * Don Smith – engineer
 * Tommy Steele – design
 * Shelly Yakus – engineer

title: Long After Dark


text:
Turbot

The turbot (English:, French: .; Scophthalmus maximus)  is a relatively large species of flatfish in the family Scophthalmidae. It is a demersal fish native to marine or brackish waters of the Northeast Atlantic, Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. It is an important food fish. Turbot in the Black Sea have often been included in this species, but are now generally regarded as separate, the Black Sea turbot or kalkan (S. maeoticus). True turbot are not found in the Northwest Atlantic; the "turbot" of that region, which was involved in the so-called "Turbot War" between Canada and Spain, is the Greenland halibut or Greenland turbot (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides).

Etymology
The word comes from the Old French tourbout, which may be a derivative of the Latin turbo ('spinning top'), a possible reference to its shape. Another possible origin of the Old French word is from Old Swedish törnbut, from törn 'thorn' + -but 'stump, butt, flatfish', which may also be a reference to its shape (compare native English halibut). Early reference to the turbot can be found in a satirical poem ("The Emperor's Fish") by Juvenal, a Roman poet of the late 1st and early 2nd centuries AD, suggesting this fish was a delicacy in the Roman empire.

Description
The turbot is a large left eyed flatfish found primarily close to shore in sandy shallow waters throughout the Mediterranean, the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, and the North Atlantic. The European turbot has an asymmetric disk-shaped body, and has been known to grow up to 1 m long and 55 lb in weight.

Fisheries
Turbot is highly prized as a food fish for its delicate flavour, and is also known as brat, breet, britt, or butt. It is a valuable commercial species, acquired through aquaculture and trawling. Turbot are farmed in Bulgaria, Canada, France, Spain, Portugal, Romania, Turkey, Chile, Norway, and China. Turbot has a bright white flesh that retains this appearance when cooked. Like all flatfish, turbot yields four fillets with meatier topside portions that may be baked, poached, steamed, or pan-fried.

title: Turbot


text:
Category:Israeli actors

This category lists actors and actresses known for their work in theater, cinema or television who originate from Israel.

title: Category:Israeli actors


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Ships/Ensigns

This page serves WikiProject Ships editors as a resource for ensigns for countries around the world. These are the flags that are generally used in ship infoboxes. For some countries, the national flag also serves as the ensign, while other countries have separate national flags; civil ensigns, those used for private or merchant vessels; and state or government ensigns, those used for non-military government ships. The list should not be necessarily taken as complete or authoritative, nor is it attempting to list every ensign ever flown by any national entity. If you know of an ensign that is missing from the list, however, please help us out and add it.

The list is split into a Naval ensigns section and an Other ensigns section, and within each of the two, further split by global region.

Naval ensigns
The consensus for military ships (although there are many articles that don't follow this) is to use the  or   fields in the ship infobox. The preferred flag (although, again, you will find some that vary from this) is the appropriate naval ensign—and not the naval jack, or other flag. In cases where an ensign has changed during the service of the ship—like the addition of stars to the Ensign of the United States, or a change in country/navy name, like Royal Ceylon Navy to Sri Lanka Navy—most articles display the final ensign flown. For cases where a ship has served in multiple navies, common practice is to have a separate section of the infobox using the ensign from each country.

If the country and ensign you need are in the tables below, copy the code in the table and paste into the infobox. If the country you need is not in the table, the naval ensign may be the same as the national flag. For these countries, copy the following code and paste it into the infobox: |Ship country= COUNTRYNAME substituting the country's name for.
 * Ship flag= COUNTRYNAME

Civil and state ensigns
The consensus for non-military ships (although there are many articles that don't follow this) is not to use the  or   fields in the ship infobox. Because these ships can be owned by a company in one nation, crewed by citizens of another nation, and flagged in, perhaps, yet another, the consensus is to not show flags except in the  field.

Below are tables of countries, organized by region, that have unique civil or government ensigns. If the country and flag you need are in the tables below, copy the code in the table and paste into the infobox. If the country you need is not in the table, the civil or government ensigns are probably the same as the national flag. For these countries, copy the following code and paste it into the infobox: |Ship registry= COUNTRYNAME substituting the country's name for.

If the city of registry is known, that can be displayed as well. |Ship registry=&nbsp;Haifa |Ship registry=🇨🇭&nbsp;Basel |Ship registry=🇺🇸&nbsp;New Orleans (If you don't want the port wikilinked, just omit the brackets.)
 * For countries in the tables below that use, copy and paste the same code, but replace the country's name with the city of registry. So for a ship registered in the Israeli port of Haifa, you would use this:
 * For all other countries in the tables below (those that use ), copy the code from the table, but change  to   and add the city name. So for a Swiss ship registered in Basel, you would use this:
 * For countries not in the tables below, make the same change: use  for   and add the city name. So for a U.S. ship registered in New Orleans, you would use this:

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Ships/Ensigns


text:
Coast Capital Savings

Coast Capital Savings Federal Credit Union (formerly Coast Capital Savings Credit Union) is a member-owned financial co-operative headquartered in Surrey, British Columbia. It has 600,000 members through its 45-location branch network. In 2022, Coast Capital's net income was at $94.1 million. Coast Capital Savings operates nationally and has branches located in British Columbia, including Metro Vancouver, Fraser Valley, Okanagan and Vancouver Island regions.

History
Concerned about the uncertain financial future following the Great Depression, when money was hard to come by, groups of individuals on B.C.'s Vancouver Island, neighbouring Gulf Islands, and the Greater Vancouver cities of Richmond and Surrey formed small financial co-ops focused on helping their neighbours and colleagues obtain the financial assistance they required to better their lives.

Coast Capital Savings Credit Union was created out of a merger on December 31, 2000 between Pacific Coast Savings Credit Union and Richmond Savings Credit Union. At the time, the merged entity's $3.2 billion in assets made it the second largest credit union in Canada behind Vancity's $6.4 billion. In June 2002, Coast Capital Savings acquired Surrey Metro Savings, expanding the reach of the credit union from Vancouver Island to the Fraser Valley.

In the years that followed the merger with Surrey Metro Savings, Coast Capital Savings membership grew from 300,000 members in 2002 to nearly 600,000 members in 2021. The asset base of the credit union increased from $6.1 billion to over $22 billion between 2002 and 2022.

From October 17 to November 28, 2016, a vote was held for members on whether Coast Capital Savings should become a federal credit union. 79.2% of the 79,726 voting members voted in favour, with the announcement coming from a Special General Meeting held on December 14, 2016. Coast Capital Savings is the second federal credit union, after New Brunswick's Fédération des caisses populaires acadiennes (UNI) in July 2016. Pursuant to a federal letters patent, Coast Capital was renamed Coast Capital Savings Federal Credit Union (and in French Coopérative de crédit fédérale Coast Capital Savings) effective November 1, 2018.

In June 2018, Coast Capital became a Certified B Corporation and successfully recertified in late 2021. Coast Capital earned an overall score of 112.8 in 2021, an 11.9 point increase over its 2018 result. In March 2022, Coast Capital ranked in the platinum category of the 2022 Corporate Knight’s Social Purpose Ranking.

Community initiatives
Coast Capital Savings adopted a social purpose business model in 2020. Coast Capital’s social purpose is to Build Better Futures Together with a vision to unlock financial opportunities that positively impact people and communities. The credit union’s social purpose goals are to support equitable access to education, including, upskilling and reskilling; build and champion more equitable and inclusive employment; and drive inclusive access to the financial system.

As part of its commitment to building better futures, Coast Capital reinvests a portion of its budgeted bottom line annually back to local communities, with a total of $95 million reinvested in the communities since 2000.

Initiatives of the credit union include its Education Awards program which has supported over 1,000 students with an investment of $2.9 million, the Coast Capital Road to Red Seal program, a one-million-dollar investment that supports individuals who are working towards a Red Seal endorsement, the Youth Futures Education Fund which has provided over 2,500 youth aging out of government care with financial support so that they can pursue post-secondary education, and its support of DIVERSEcity’s Foreign Credential Recognition.

Coast Capital is also a member of the Net-Zero Banking Alliance.

Awards and distinctions

 * United Way Top Contributor Award, United Way Lower Mainland (March 2013)
 * Top Chief Financial Officer in British Columbia, awarded to Don Coulter CEO, Business in Vancouver Magazine (2013)
 * Top Corporate Culture Award, Waterstone Human Capital (November 2014)
 * Member of Canada's Best Managed Companies Platinum Club, (2000-2014)
 * BC's Top Employers Award, Canada's Top Employers (February 2014)
 * 2015 Giving Hearts Outstanding Corporation Award, Vancouver Chapter of the Association of Fundraising Professionals (AFP) (November 2015)
 * 2020 Canadian Credit Union Association National Credit Union Award for Social Responsibility
 * Platinum ranking in Corporate Knights' 2022 Social Purpose Rating
 * Number 33 in BC Most Loved Brands, BC Business (2023)

title: Coast Capital Savings


text:
Lyudmila Pavlichenko

Lyudmila Mikhailovna Pavlichenko (Людмила Михайловна Павличенко; Людмила Михайлівна Павличенко, Belova; 12 July 1916 – 10 October 1974) was a Soviet sniper in the Red Army during World War II. She is credited with killing 309 enemy combatants. She served in the Red Army during the siege of Odessa and the siege of Sevastopol, during the early stages of the fighting on the Eastern Front. Her score of 309 kills likely places her within the top five snipers of all time, but her kills may be significantly more numerous, as a confirmed kill has to be witnessed by a third party.

After she was injured in battle by a mortar shell, she was evacuated to Moscow. After she recovered from her injuries, she trained other Red Army snipers and was a public spokeswoman for the Red Army. In 1942, she toured the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. After the war ended in 1945, she was reassigned as a senior researcher for the Soviet Navy. She died of a stroke at the age of 58.

Early life and education
Lyudmila Belova was born in Bila Tserkva, Kiev Governorate, in the Russian Empire (now in Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine) on 12 July 1916, to Mikhail Belov, a locksmith from Petrograd, and his wife Elena Trofimovna Belova (1897–1972). The family moved to Kiev when Lyudmila was aged 14. Her father was a Communist Party member, and had served as a regimental commissar in the Red Army, being awarded the Order of the Red Banner. As a child, Lyudmila was a self-described tomboy, who was fiercely competitive at athletic activities. In Kiev, she joined an OSOAVIAKhIM shooting club, developed into an amateur sharpshooter and earned her Voroshilov Sharpshooter badge and a marksman certificate.

In 1932, she married Alexei Pavlichenko, and gave birth to a son, Rostislav (1932–2007). However, the marriage was soon dissolved, and Lyudmila returned to live with her parents. She attended night school as well as performing household chores. During the day, she worked as a grinder at the Kiev Arsenal factory.

She enrolled at Kiev University in 1937, where she studied history and intended to be a scholar and teacher. There, she competed on the university's track team as a sprinter and pole vaulter. She was also enrolled in a military-style sniping school for six months by the Red Army.

World War II
In June 1941, Pavlichenko was aged 25 in her fourth year studying history at Kiev University when Nazi Germany began its invasion of the Soviet Union. Pavlichenko was among the first round of volunteers at the Odessa recruiting office, where she requested to join the infantry. The registrar pushed Pavlichenko to be a nurse, but she refused. After seeing that she had completed multiple training courses, she was finally accepted into the army as a sniper and assigned to the Red Army's 25th Rifle Division. There, she became one of 2,000 female snipers in the Red Army, of whom about 500 survived the war. She was initially assigned to digging trenches and communication routes, armed with a single RGD-33 grenade due to weapons shortages. In the second half of July 1941, a comrade was severely injured by shrapnel and handed her his Mosin–Nagant model 1891 bolt-action rifle. On 8 August 1941 Lyudmila experienced her debut as a wartime sniper when she killed two Nazi officers in Biliaivka at a distance of 400 metres.

Pavlichenko fought for about $2 1/2$ months during the Siege of Odessa and is credited with killing 187 soldiers. She was promoted to senior sergeant in August 1941, when she added 100 more kills to her official tally. At 25, she married a fellow sniper, Alexei Kitsenko. Soon after the marriage, Kitsenko was mortally wounded by a mortar shell and died from his injuries a few days later in the hospital.

When the Nazis and their Romanian allies overran Odessa on 15 October 1941, her unit was withdrawn by sea to Sevastopol, on the Crimean Peninsula, to fight in the siege of Sevastopol. There, she trained other snipers, who were credited with killing over 100 Axis soldiers during the battle. In May 1942, newly promoted Lieutenant Pavlichenko was cited by the Southern Army Council for killing 257 Axis soldiers. The number of soldiers Pavlichenko is credited with killing during World War II was 309, including 36 Axis snipers.

In June 1942, Pavlichenko was hit in the face with shrapnel from a mortar shell. When she was injured, the Soviet High Command ordered for her to be evacuated from Sevastopol via submarine.

She spent around a month in the hospital. Once she had recovered from her injuries, instead of being sent back to the front, she became a propagandist for the Red Army, where she was nicknamed "Lady Death." (The Germans called her "the Russian bitch from hell.") She also trained snipers for combat duty until the end of the war in 1945.

Visits to Allied countries
In 1942, Pavlichenko was sent to Canada and the United States for a publicity visit as part of the Soviet Union's attempts to convince the other Allies of World War II to open a second front against Nazi Germany. When she visited the United States, she became the first Soviet citizen to be received by a US president, as Franklin D. Roosevelt welcomed her to the White House. Pavlichenko was later invited by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt to tour the US, relating her experiences as a female soldier on the front lines. During the publicity tour, Pavlichenko was not taken seriously by the press and was referred to as the "Girl Sniper." Not cut out to be a diplomat, she was shy and said she just wanted to kill fascists. When meeting with reporters in Washington, D.C., she was dumbfounded by the kind of questions put to her. "One reporter even criticized the length of the skirt of my uniform, saying that in America women wear shorter skirts and besides my uniform made me look fat." They also asked if she used makeup on the front line. She challenged an especially sexist reporter to a fistfight. She responded to a question about her underwear so:

"I am proud to wear the uniform of the legendary red army. It has been sanctified by the blood of my comrades who've fallen in combat with the fascists."

She was described by the reporters as very blunt and unemotional in her responses.

Pavlichenko appeared before the International Student Assembly being held in Washington, DC, attended the meetings of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, and made appearances and speeches in New York City and Chicago. In New York City, she was given a raccoon fur coat by Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia. In Chicago, she stood before large crowds, chiding the men to support a second front. "Gentlemen," she said, "I am 26 years old and I have killed 309 fascist invaders by now. Don't you think, gentlemen, that you have been hiding behind my back for too long?" Her words settled on the crowd, then caused a surging roar of support. The United States government presented her with a Colt semi-automatic pistol. In Toronto, Ontario, she was presented a Winchester Model 70 rifle equipped with a Weaver telescopic sight, now on display at the Central Armed Forces Museum in Moscow. While visiting Canada, along with fellow sniper Vladimir Pchelintsev and Moscow fuel commissioner Nikolai Kravchenko, she was greeted by thousands of people at Toronto's Union Station.

On Friday 21 November 1942, Pavlichenko visited Coventry, England, accepting donations of £4,516 from local workers to pay for three X-ray units for the Red Army. She also visited the ruins of Coventry Cathedral, then the Alfred Herbert works and Standard Motor Factory, from where most funds had been raised. She had inspected a factory in Birmingham earlier in the day.

Having been made an officer, Pavlichenko never returned to combat, instead becoming an instructor and training snipers until the war's end. In 1943, she was awarded the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union, as well as the Order of Lenin twice.

Later life
When the war ended, Pavlichenko finished her education at Kiev University and began a career as a historian. From 1945 to 1953, she was a research assistant at Soviet Navy headquarters. She was later active in the Soviet Committee of the Veterans of War.

Death and legacy
She died from a stroke on 10 October 1974 at 58 and was buried in Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. Her son, Rostislav, is buried next to her.

A second Soviet commemorative stamp featuring her portrait was issued in 1976.

In popular culture
The American folk singer Woody Guthrie composed a song ("Miss Pavlichenko") as a tribute to her war record and to memorialize her visits to the United States and Canada. It was released as part of The Asch Recordings.

Pavlichenko was a subject of the 2015 film Battle for Sevastopol (original Russian title, "Битва за Севастополь"). A joint Russian-Ukrainian production, it was released in both countries on 2 April 2015. Its international premiere took place two weeks later at the Beijing International Film Festival. It is a heavily romanticized version of her life, with several fictitious characters and many departures from the events related in her memoirs.

The first English language edition of her memoirs, Lady Death, was published by Greenhill Books in February 2018. It has a foreword by Martin Pegler and is part of the Lionel Leventhal's Greenhill Sniper Library series.

Pavlichenko's experiences during World War II, both in battle and on tour in the United States, have inspired several historical fiction novels, including Beautiful Assassin (2010) and Kate Quinn's 2022 novel The Diamond Eye.

Awards and honors

 * Hero of the Soviet Union (25 October 1943)
 * Two Orders of Lenin (16 July 1942 and 25 October 1943)
 * Two Medals "For Military Merit" (26 April 1942 and 13 June 1952)
 * Campaign medals

title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko


text:
Turley

Turley is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname:
 * Jeremy Turley, American Social Media Personality (1320turley)
 * Anna Turley, British politician
 * Bob Turley, American professional baseball player
 * George Turley (1931–2010), English lawn bowler and (soccer) footballer
 * Harry Turley (1859–1929), Australian politician
 * Helen Turley, American winemaker
 * Jim Turley, CEO of Ernst & Young
 * Jonathan Turley, professor at George Washington University Law School
 * Kyle Turley, American football player
 * Larry Turley, owner, Turley Wine Cellars
 * Myra Turley, American film and television actress
 * Neil Turley, British Rugby League player
 * Nik Turley, American baseball player
 * Thomas B. Turley (1845–1910), US Senator
 * Vashti Turley Murphy (1884–1960), co-founder of Delta Sigma Theta

Given name:
 * Turley Richards, American musician

title: Turley


text:
Turnersville

Turnersville may refer to:

 * Turnersville, New Jersey, an unincorporated community
 * Turnersville, Tennessee, an unincorporated community
 * Turnersville, Texas, a town

title: Turnersville


text:
Turney

Turney may refer to:

People

 * Turney (surname)

Other

 * Turney, Missouri, village in Clinton County, Missouri, United States
 * Turney Ranch Formation, a Mesozoic geologic formation, Dinosaur

title: Turney


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Soon

Soon
This is silly Blizzard-fan's joke. There's no place for this here. Delete. Pembertond 01:21, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC) Well, that's hardly Blizzard specific. Compare Real Soon Now.
 * What the hell? Nonsense. Delete. -R. fiend 02:18, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Nevermind. Made it easy on us and reverted back to its original redirect. The retard who vandalized this VfD discussion should be banned though. -R. fiend 03:22, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * We don't ban without giving warnings. Please also refrain from making personal attacks. - Ta bu shi da yu 07:40, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah. Good work. -Pembertond 06:29, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Just FYI, "Soon" and "SoonTM" has become a very commonly used joke in gamer's circles. But the redirect is fine.  — siro  χ  o  00:52, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: Looking at the page history, this was originally a redirect. It's back to being a redirect. This is now fine. - Ta bu shi da yu 07:50, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Soon


text:
Turon

Turon may refer to:

 * Turon, Kansas, a town in the United States
 * Turón, a town in Granada, Spain
 * Turón (Mieres), a parish in Mieres, Spain
 * Turon (food), a Filipino dessert made of banana and jackfruit, wrapped in an eggroll wrapper, and then fried
 * The Turon River in Australia
 * Turon National Park in Australia
 * Turoń, a festive monstrosity from Polish folklore
 * FC Turon, an association football club based in Yaypan, Uzbekistan
 * Former European name of Da Nang, a port city in Vietnam

title: Turon


text:
Talk:Soon

Untitled
I like the blizzard definition and agree with it.

Say no to proposition delete.

Say yes to proposition keep!

title: Talk:Soon


text:
Turrell

Turrell may refer to
 * Margaret Hoberg Turrell, composer
 * Turrell, Arkansas, a city in the United States
 * Turrell School District
 * Old Turrell City Hall
 * Salmon Turrell Farmstead, a historic home and farm in Indiana, U.S.
 * Turrell (name)
 * Smoove & Turrell, a British musical group
 * Accles-Turrell, an English automobile built c.1900

title: Turrell


text:
Category:Scottish actors

This category lists actors and actresses of stage, cinema and television from Scotland.

title: Category:Scottish actors


text:
Turtle Creek

Turtle Creek may refer to:

Streams

 * Canada
 * Turtle Creek (New Brunswick), a tributary of the Petitcodiac River

 * United States

 * Turtle Creek (New Jersey), a tributary of the Mullica River
 * Turtle Creek (Little Miami River), a tributary of the Little Miami River in Turtlecreek Township, Warren County, Ohio
 * Turtle Creek (Monongahela River), a tributary of the Monongahela River, which flows through Turtle Creek, Pennsylvania
 * Turtle Creek (West Branch Susquehanna River), a tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Union County, Pennsylvania
 * Turtle Creek (South Dakota)
 * Turtle Creek (Dallas County, Texas), a tributary of the Trinity River
 * Turtle Creek (Matagorda County, Texas)
 * Turtle Creek (Kerr County, Texas), a tributary of the Guadalupe River
 * Turtle Creek (West Virginia)
 * Turtle Creek (Wisconsin), a tributary of the Rock River (Mississippi River)
 * Saltese Creek (Washington), a stream often erroneously called Turtle Creek due to an adjacent housing development of the same name

Places

 * Canada
 * Turtle Creek, New Brunswick, a community in Albert County

 * United States
 * Turtle Creek Township, Todd County, Minnesota
 * Turtle Creek Township, Shelby County, Ohio
 * Turtlecreek Township, Warren County, Ohio
 * Turtle Creek, Pennsylvania, a borough in Allegheny County
 * Turtle Creek, Dallas, a neighborhood around the stream in Dallas, Texas
 * Turtle Creek Boulevard, a road through the Dallas neighborhood
 * Turtle Creek, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Boone County
 * Turtle Creek, Wisconsin, the former name of Beloit, Wisconsin

title: Turtle Creek


text:
The City of Ember

The City of Ember is a post-apocalyptic novel by Jeanne DuPrau that was published in 2003. The story is about Ember, a post-apocalyptic underground city threatened by aging infrastructure and corruption. The young protagonists, Lina Mayfleet and Doon Harrow, follow clues left behind by the original builders of the City of Ember, to safety in the outside world.

It is the first book in the Books of Ember series, which also includes The People of Sparks, The Prophet of Yonwood (a prequel), and the final installment, The Diamond of Darkhold. In 2008, the book was adapted into a film by Walden Media and Playtone.

A graphic novel adaptation by comic book artist Niklas Asker was released on September 25, 2012.

Plot summary
As Earth is being ravaged by a series of apocalyptic events known as the Disaster, a coalition of architects, scientists, and doctors (called the Builders) create an underground city named Ember, with an initial population of 200 citizens (100 elderly adults, 100 babies), to ensure humanity survives, with the intention that future generations of the city will not know about the outside world or that they live underground. They build the city to last for two centuries, after which the citizens of Ember will evacuate and return to the surface world. The Builders give the first mayor of the city a box with a timed lock set to open after 200 years, containing instructions explaining how to leave Ember. The box is passed successfully from mayor to mayor, until the seventh mayor who, thinking it could contain a cure for the deadly coughing disease he contracted, takes the box home and tries multiple times to break it open, but fails. He then dies before he can return the box to its rightful place or inform the next mayor of its importance.

Approximately two hundred and forty-one years after Ember was established, the city's supplies are in danger of exhaustion, and its hydroelectric generator is in decay, causing the power to go out intermittently. At their graduation ceremony, young people are assigned jobs by lottery: Lina Mayfleet is assigned the job of "Pipeworks Laborer" and Doon Harrow is given the job of "Messenger". However, both are displeased with their assigned jobs so they exchange their assignments and begin work in their respective positions. It is revealed that the seventh mayor was Lina's great-great-grandfather, and because of that, the box is actually in their own home. By now the timer has finished counting down and the lock has clicked open. When searching the closet, Lina's grandmother finds the box but tosses it aside, not realizing its importance. The opened box is found by Lina's baby sister, Poppy. When Lina comes home, she finds Poppy with torn pieces of paper in her hands and mouth. By the time Lina managed to get the paper from Poppy, they had already been mostly destroyed. After examining the paper, she decides that its contents had been written by the Builders due to its writing style. Using some glue, Lina reassembles the message as best she can. There are many gaps and some words make no sense, so it proves difficult for Lina to completely salvage the writing. With the help of her friend Doon and her late father's friend Clary, she starts to piece together the writing. They discover that the title of this document is "Instructions for Egress", and presume that the document must show the way out of Ember. After much trial and error, they eventually manage to decipher most of the document. The instructions lead to a hidden room built on the side of the river that flows underground throughout the city in the Pipeworks, an underground network of tunnels that carried the plumbing pipes of the city. The room contained hundreds of boats, matches, and candles to create portable light, something never successfully created in Ember. The builders meant for the citizens of Ember to board these boats and be carried down the river into the outside world.

Lina's grandmother dies shortly after their discovery of the document, and Lina and Poppy move in with a neighbor, Mrs. Murdo. At work, Doon discovers that the mayor of Ember and a storeroom worker named Looper have been stealing supplies, and he and Lina report the crime to the guards, who unknown to them, are also corrupt. Instead of arresting the mayor, they learn that the guards have declared them criminals and there are notices everywhere with their names. Doon and Lina plan to escape Ember in the boats and agree to meet in the Pipeworks at a certain time, but just before, Lina is arrested and taken to the mayor, who plans to throw her in jail. Suddenly, a blackout occurs, allowing her to escape without being seen; she meets Doon in the Pipeworks with her sister Poppy in tow. Lina, Doon, and Poppy escape in a boat through the river, its current carrying them forward. When the boat stops, they learn the origin of Ember from a diary left by one of its original colonists. Shortly after they are faced with a very steep climb and emerge onto the surface. After exploring the above world, they find a tunnel with a steep drop into a cave. Below, they see Ember's lights and realize they had lived underground for years. To alert the rest of the city about how to leave Ember, they throw a packet with a letter detailing the path to exit, down to the center of Ember. The packet is found by Mrs. Murdo on Harken Square.

Critical reception
The City of Ember was praised for its setting and main characters, Lina Mayfleet and Doon Harrow. Kirkus Reviews praised the characters, stating: "The likable protagonists are not only courageous but also believably flawed by human pride, their weaknesses often complementing each other in interesting ways." Sally Estes from Booklist commented how readers would be able to connect to Lina and Doon's courage amidst the conflicts. Robert Sutton from Horn Book Magazine compared the novel to Gathering Blue by Lois Lowry, noting how "the darkness of Ember is essentially literal" with the generator (the mechanical light operator) failing and running out of power, leading to frequent blackouts. Sutton noted how DuPrau does not explain the history of Ember all at once, which would confuse and overwhelm the reader and instead, "allows the events of the story to convey the necessary information". Lina and Doon were described as "good sorts" that are "deeply etched". Dian Roback from Publishers Weekly also praised the "full blooded characters" as every bit as good as the plot which would hook readers until the end. Although Jones Johns from School Library Journal wrote that the setting was not as ingenious as the ones in Joan Aiken's Is and Lois Lowry's The Giver, he said that the characters and pace of the plot would keep readers hooked.

Film adaptation
A film adaptation of the novel, directed by Gil Kenan, was produced by Walden Media and Playtone with Bill Murray as the mayor, Saoirse Ronan as Lina, and Harry Treadaway as Doon. Filming was finished in October 2007, and the film was released in theaters a year later on October 10, 2008. City of Ember was released on DVD on January 20, 2009. The film received mixed reviews, with a Metacritic rating of 58/100, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Awards

 * 2003 Child Magazine's Best Children's Book
 * 2003 Kirkus Editor's Choice
 * 2006 Mark Twain Award
 * 2006 William Allen White Children's Book Award
 * American Library Association Notable Book

title: The City of Ember


text:
Grappenhall

Grappenhall is a village within the civil parish of Grappenhall and Thelwall in the Borough of Warrington in Cheshire, England. The parish had a population of 9,377 at the 2001 census, 9,687 at the 2011 census, and 9,651 at the 2021 census.

History
Grappenhall is first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 with the name Gropenhale and with a valuation of five shillings. St Wilfrid's Church has a carving of a cat on the west face of the tower. This may have been Lewis Carroll's inspiration for the grinning Cheshire Cat in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The church itself was first constructed in 1120, though was rebuilt 400 years later. The church was also, at a time, in the possession of the Boidelle (Boydell) family.

Along with the church, the centre of the village contains two pubs, the Parr Arms and the Ram's Head, and Grappenhall Hall Residential School (closed down) and St Wilfrid's Primary School. Bradshaw Community Primary School is located north of the village centre.

On 1 April 1936 the parish of Thelwall was abolished and merged with Grappenhall, on 1 April 1974 the merged parish was renamed "Grappenhall and Thelwall". In 1931 the parish of Grappenhall (prior to the merge) had a population of 2449.

Leisure
Grappenhall Heys Walled Garden is near the village. Grappenhall is home to the 25th Warrington East (St Wilfred's) Scout Troop.

Sport
There is a cricket ground, which is the home of Grappenhall Cricket Club. Australian cricketer Steve Smith was signed for the club for five weeks in 2007, when he was 17.

Library
The Grappenhall Community library is a community-run library in the village. It was opened by the local authority in 1959 before being handed over to the Friends of Grappenhall Library after closure on 2 April 2011 due to local authority cuts. The library is run by the Friends of the Grappenhall library who pay £10 a year to help with its upkeep.

In popular culture
Parts of the Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes were filmed in the centre of Grappenhall. The village name appears in the title of the song "Grappenhall Rag", by the Darwen singer-songwriter Bryn Haworth.

title: Grappenhall


text: User talk:67.115.251.41

title: User talk:67.115.251.41


text:
Talk:Stockton Heath

Assessment Report
Peter I. Vardy 11:05, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) Article needs to be expanded using WikiProject UK geography/How to write about settlements as a guide.
 * 2) It should continue to make use of sections, using WikiProject UK geography/How to write about settlements as a guide.
 * 3) Photos need to be added.
 * 4) References and Citations are crucial for wikipedia, and so these must be added as the article is expanded. Make sure that as many as possible are "in-line" citations.(See WP:References, WP:V, and WP:CITE for guidance.)

Wiki Links on this Page
Appleton and Walton point to disambiguation pages. Before this can be resolved satisfactorily, the articles "Appleton, Warrington" and "Walton, Warrington" need writing or at least Stubs. RobPlatt

 * This seems now to have been done.  DDStretch    (talk)  21:10, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Socio-economic data
The various socio-economic and demographic data presented are meaningless without contextualisation and proper sourcing. To be interpretable, there needs to be some attempt to give benchmark data (e.g. the corresponding figures for, say, the North West or the UK). Dates and sources are also critical. Unless someone is prepared to do that, by drawing on the info in the pdf attachment, I'd be inclined to delete what's there, and to leave just the factsheet. Views? --Stockton 15:45, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I tend to agree with you. In fact, the overall population figure isnot referenced in an acceptable way for wikipedia either at the moment. I can (and will) easily fix that, but your point about contextualisation may take a little longer. What would be good would be to have 3 benchmarks to compare the figures with: (a) the Borough, (b) the region, and (c) the UK. I've omitted a Cheshire benchmark, since Warrington is a unitary authority, and also an England benchmark, but perhaps people feel differently about whether these should be included or not. The nice thing is, once the benchmarks have been worked out for one settlement, they can apply to potentially many more in certain cases, and so it might well be a major contribution just to add them. Thoughts?  DDStretch    (talk)  21:15, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Please improve!
I lived in Stockton Heath 40 years ago. There is a massive amount of information that needs adding. I could add a lot but what I remember will be largely out of date now or just plain wrong after all this time. Surely there are some local residents who can improve this entry?

 * I would hope so too. If you can recall some stuff, why not post it here, and perhaps some people can try to get it verified enough to include in the article? It might be worth a go...  DDStretch    (talk)  20:34, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

 * OK, I've left it a year and it is still dreadfully incomplete so I will add a few bits and hope that people who still live there will improve the article.92.23.48.121 (talk) 20:43, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Stockton Heath is no longer a village
Stockton Heath is no longer a village. It is a civil parish and suburb of Warrington town. I have removed references to it currently beiing a village. It has not been s villgae since the local government reforms of 1974. It is clearly visble on map within the suburbs of Warrington, not outside the general urban area which would for exanmple apply to the nearby villages of Lymm, Culcheth or Burtonwood which are within warringtons unitary boundary. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.143.180.38 (talk) 14:55, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Stockton Heath. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111003092135/http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/visiting/heritage/archaeology/archaeology_planning_advisory/historic_towns_survey/historic_towns_survey_reports/idoc.ashx?docid=cf62df66-19e3-48c7-a7ee-3bfd953b36e9&version=-1 to http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/visiting/heritage/archaeology/archaeology_planning_advisory/historic_towns_survey/historic_towns_survey_reports/idoc.ashx?docid=cf62df66-19e3-48c7-a7ee-3bfd953b36e9&version=-1
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110119124735/http://cheshire.ivisitorguide.com/market-towns/stockton-heath to http://cheshire.ivisitorguide.com/market-towns/stockton-heath

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:48, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stockton Heath


text:
Tuscaloosa (disambiguation)

Tuscaloosa is the name of two places in the United States of America, named after the Native American chief, Tuskaloosa:
 * Tuscaloosa, Alabama
 * Tuscaloosa County, Alabama

Music

 * Tuscaloosa (album), a 2019 live album by Neil Young and the Stray Gators

Film

 * Tuscaloosa (film), a 2019 American film starring Natalia Dyer

U.S. military vessels

 * USS Tuscaloosa (CA-37), U.S. Navy New Orleans-class heavy cruiser
 * USS Tuscaloosa (LST-1187), U.S. Navy Newport-class of tank landing ships (LST)

title: Tuscaloosa (disambiguation)


text:
Siemens scandal

The Siemens Scandal (シーメンス事件) of January 1914 involved collusion between several high-ranking members of the Imperial Japanese Navy, the British company Vickers, and the German industrial conglomerate of Siemens AG. It was one of several spectacular political scandals of late Meiji and Taishō period Japanese politics, leading to the fall of the cabinet of Yamamoto Gonnohyoe.

Description
The Japanese navy was engaged in a massive expansion program, and many major items (such as advanced warships and weaponry) were still being imported from Europe. Siemens had secured a virtual monopoly over Japanese naval contracts in return for a secret 15% kickback to the Japanese naval authorities responsible for procurement.

In 1914, the British firm of Vickers (via their Japanese agents Mitsui Bussan) offered the Japanese naval authorities a more lucrative deal, involving a 25% kickback, with 40,000 yen for Vice Admiral Matsumoto Kazu, the former Chief of the Navy Technical Department, specifically involving the procurement of the battlecruiser Kongō. When the German headquarters of Siemens found out about the deal, they sent a telegram to their Tokyo office demanding a clarification. An expatriate employee of the Siemens Tokyo office (Karl Richter) stole incriminating documents indicating that Siemens had previously paid a bribe of 1000 pounds sterling (~142,000 today) to the Japanese navy in return for a wireless contract, sold the documents to the Reuters news agency together with a copy of the telegram and fled back to Germany.

Japanese newspapers, notably the Asahi Shimbun, immediately reported the details of the corruption scandal, and the issue was raised in the Diet by members of the Rikken Doshikai political party. Both the Army and Navy Intelligence Services and the Kempeitai launched investigations.

Another newspaper, Japan Weekly Chronicle, reported that an Admiral Fuji [Fujii Terugoro] of the navy procurement office had confessed to receiving payments from Vickers of a total 210,000 yen in 1911 and 1912 on various occasions. It reminded its readers that whether or not the money was received illegally under Japanese law, it was certainly illegal under the British Prevention of Corruption Act, 1906.

Reactions
Large-scale demonstrations erupted in Tokyo in early February 1914, which turned violent on 10 February and 14 February. Public opinion was further outraged when it was revealed the massive scope of the naval expansion program would have left room for little else in the government budget and that the government was, therefore, planning to raise taxes. Although Prime Minister Yamamoto was not directly implicated and took steps to dismiss naval officers in charge of procurement and shipbuilding, public dissatisfaction continued to grow, and he was challenged to explain the bribery allegations before the House of Peers.

After both houses of Diet refused to pass the 1914 Navy budget, Yamamoto resigned on 24 March 1914, bringing down his entire cabinet with him. Given that Yamamoto was also an officer of the Japanese Navy, a court martial demoted Yamamoto and the Minister of the Navy, Saito Makoto, both of whom had previously held the rank of Admiral. Subsequent courts martial sentenced several leading members of the navy procurement department to prison sentences, issued heavy fines to Vickers and Siemens, and banned both companies from future participation in contracts.

Aftermath
With the start of World War I a couple of weeks later, Vickers was asked to restart production on the Kongō, and the men involved were all pardoned and rehabilitated.

The Daily Telegraph newspaper edition of 21 January 1914 reported that Karl Richter had been arrested in Germany for his theft of the incriminating papers, and sentenced to two years in prison. The head of the Siemens subsidiary in Japan, Hermann Kessler faced a public accusation in the German Reichstag by Karl Liebknecht, but was not charged.

title: Siemens scandal


text:
Alliance for the Preservation of English in Canada

The Alliance for the Preservation of English in Canada (APEC) was a group in Canada, which campaigned against the Canadian government's policy of official bilingualism.

The group was formed in 1977 by Irene Hilchie, a government employee who felt that she was being discriminated against in her job because she did not speak French. The group's most famous member, however, was Jock V. Andrew, whose book Bilingual Today, French Tomorrow alleged that bilingualism was part of a government plot to make Canada a unilingually French country.

The group was most influential in the late 1980s, as it engaged in activities which contributed to the defeat of the Meech Lake Accord. As well, the group was involved in a campaign to have Ontario municipalities declare themselves English-only, in response to the Ontario government's French Language Services Act. While the act did not apply to municipal government services, APEC represented it as a slippery slope towards such a requirement to convince municipalities to pass English-only resolutions.

Most famously, the city of Sault Ste. Marie passed such a resolution on January 29, 1990. Quebec voters perceived the Sault Ste. Marie resolution and the Brockville flag incident as symbols of English Canada's feelings toward Quebec, and the incidents contributed to the resurgence of the Quebec sovereignty movement in the 1990s and thus to the 1995 Quebec referendum.

APEC also worked closely with the Confederation of Regions Party and the Reform Party, two political parties which held similar views about bilingualism and the role of Quebec in Confederation.

APEC claims to be not anti-French, but believes that tax money was being wastefully used in the promotion of official bilingualism in Canada.

In February 2000, the organization moved its head office to Toronto, and changed its name to Canadians Against Bilingualism Injustice (CABI). In 2001, the organization changed its name again, becoming the Canadian Network for Language Awareness.

In the 2000 federal election, CABI spent just over $150,000 as a registered third party participant. Most of the funds were used to place advertisements in Ontario newspapers. No such participation has been recorded for subsequent elections.

For years, APEC / CABI owned the domain name www.bilingualism.org, but registration lapsed some time between 2000 and 2010.