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Talk:Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom

This really doesn't sound much like a non-POV encyclopedic article. The title itself is more like that of a novel. Oberiko

 * Well what else should it be called then..? IZAK 04:39, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Oberiko's remark about the title is beneath reply. Lestrade 23:43, 13 October 2005 (UTC)Lestrade

The Title
Is incorrect. England on longer existed as a state and the article should be named "The Emancipation of the Jews in the United Kingdom".siarach 10:32, 27 November 2006 (UTC) This article is very confused about when it's talking of England and when it's talking of the UK. It should clarify. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Simhedges (talk • contribs) 15:50, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

This article is very confused about when it's talking of England and when it's talking of the UK. It should clarify. Simhedges (talk) 15:51, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

Help!
Was British Victorian aristocratic society anti-semitic? See discussion here.--Major Bonkers (talk) 11:20, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Where Russian Jews emigrated to
I added "and America" to reflect the fact that England was not alone in receiving the bulk of Russian Jews in the post 1881 pogrom period. See http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=602&letter=M#2023 —  Rickyrab | Talk 05:46, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

Transferring accuracy challenge from hidden comment to talk page
Someone - I don't know who - left the following hidden HTML comment on the Wikilink to Sheriffs' Declaration Act: No such act. There was a Sheriffs (Ireland) Act and a Statutory Declarations Act.

I do not know whether this is correct or not, nor what the correct information might be, but I'm bringing the comment out of hiding and placing it here so that it might be discussed and/or corrected if wrong. I am replacing the comment on the page with the Dubious template. Thisisnotatest (talk) 08:04, 25 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:History of the Jews in Abkhazia which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 05:02, 5 June 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 6 June 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved  Mdaniels5757 (talk) 05:00, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Emancipation of the Jews in the United Kingdom → Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom – Based on the related discussion, "Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom" is concise, correct, and consistent with Jewish emancipation buidhe 02:39, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Strong support per WP:CONCISE, WP:NATURALNESS, and WP:CONSISTENT. Mysterymanblue (talk) 05:11, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I’d also note that Google scholar indicates that “Emancipation of (the) Jews” is used less frequently than “Jewish emancipation“, so WP:COMMONNAME can also be invoked. Mysterymanblue (talk) 05:20, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Support per above. Rreagan007 (talk) 06:50, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Emancipation of the Jews in the United Kingdom which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 05:01, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

So when did Jews get the vote?
It is not very clear from this article when it was the ban against Jews voting was actually lifted. Can someone clarify this? Was it 1867 or earlier? LastDodo (talk) 16:46, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

Prejudiced language
The beginning of the section on "Result of the Russian Exodus contains some pretty dated language in both content and manner, like "newcomers should arouse a certain amount of prejudice by their foreign habits" while fitting fine into a book from the 1930s doesn't really fit into the formal, but simple style one excepts from wikipedia. 2600:4040:550B:6400:F843:1F2F:4F60:47B7 (talk) 14:09, 12 November 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Ault Park

Ault Park is the fourth-largest park in Cincinnati at 223.949 acres (0.9 km2), owned and operated by the Cincinnati Park Board. It lies in the Mount Lookout neighborhood on the city's east side. The hilltop park has an overlook which commands extensive panoramic views of the Little Miami River valley.

The park is named in honor of Ida May Ault and her husband Levi Addison Ault, who was prominent in the development of Cincinnati parks. In the park's early years, 97 sheep were employed to trim the lawns and shrubs.

The park sports a soccer field, playground, and an impressive flower garden, first designed by George Kessler and later modified by A. D. Taylor. At the center of the park is a large Pavilion, built in 1930 in the Italian Renaissance-style. The Pavilion is used frequently for dances, parties, and weddings.

Public Garden
In 1980 the Cincinnati Park Board asked its volunteer organization based out of Krohn Conservatory to implement an adopt-a-plot program for the Ault Park gardens, encouraging citizens to adopt a plot of the garden. The program was a huge success and in 1983 the park won the illustrious Daniel Flaherty Park Excellence Award competition. The adopt-a-plot program is still in use today and has become popular in parks over the whole country.

Events
Ault Park plays host to a large 4th of July celebration and fireworks display, as well as the Ault Park Concours d'Elegance (an invitational Antique and Exotic car display that is the second oldest of its type in the United States). During the summer months the park also hosts a summer concert series and an Annual Dance Night. On October 9, 2008 Democratic Presidential Candidate Barack Obama spoke to a crowd of approximately 15,000 people from atop the historic Ault Park Pavilion. Also speaking that day was Ohio Governor Ted Strickland.

title: Ault Park


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Full House episodes

List of Full House episodes was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP

Wikipedia should not be an episode guide depository. Frankly, most everything from the episode list category should be deleted. Perhaps this should be merged with Full House, but even then it provides little information. Saying a show ran for so-and-so seasons for such-and-such episodes should be enough. Delete. Ian Pugh 19:43, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. We already have dozens of such articles (see Category:Lists of television series episodes) and I don't see how a few more would hurt us. In the future I hope we will have articles on each episode, and these lists are a necessary first step. - SimonP 19:58, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Deleting this and not ones for "Star Trek", "Friends", and god knows how many others there are seems unfair. Not only do they have such lists, but many individual episodes have their own pages. Just because "Full House" is by just about any standard a stupider show than Friends doesn't mean it's held to a different standard for inclusion. Whether or not all of these episode lists serve a purpose I guess is the question. I'm against individual episodes having their own articles (particualrly when many great works of literature don't) but without some sort of description of what happens in any episode, just a title ("Joey's big day!" or "Blaznort's Vortex") is pretty useless. For episode lists as a whole no vote at present, until there's been some discussion on what good or harm these do. But a weak keep for Full House if others are kept as well. -R. fiend 20:07, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree wholeheartedly, which is why I believe the deletion of these episode guides needs to start somewhere. Episode guides invite writings on individual episodes. I would be a proponent if "Who Shot JR?" from Dallas got an article write-up, becuase it deserves inclusion, being a phenomenon of pop culture. However, although I love Futurama with a passion, not even the brilliant Emmy-winning episode "Roswell That Ends Well" deserves its own Wikipedia article. If necessary, I will add other episode guides for VfDs. I would, first, like to cull opinions from those who visit this page. Ian Pugh 21:13, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this and all similar articles. I don't believe that episodes of TV shows or lists of the same are appropriate material for an encyclopedia, except in those cases where a particular episode has had significant cultural impact.  Doubtless some fans will be happy to create these lists in their own web space, and we can certainly link to them from the article about the show itself.   —Triskaideka 21:20, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Some people are interested in these things (though it may be better to delete all of them apart from the list of episodes from Frasier:) )Jongarrettuk 21:40, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Info relevant to parent article, but too long to be included within main body. Fits within WP suggested style for creating subordinate lists. (Remember: Even though you may find no use for this type of information doesn't mean others will not. Wikipedia is not paper.) D AVODD  [[User_talk:Davodd|« TALK »]] 21:42, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Also true, but there are several fine websites out there whose sole purpose is to produce episode guides, such as TV Tome or EpGuides, which are infinitely better places for them. My suggestion would be to delete the episode guides and link the parent pages to those sites. Ian Pugh 21:47, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. We either have articles on episodes or we don't, and until we decide that we shouldn't have them, then this kind of thing should stay. Gamaliel 21:50, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with most of previous discussion. Episodes should only have their own article if it had a serious impact on society. And since Wikipedia is not an episode guide I'd vote to delete but only if it's applied to all similar articles as well otherwise keep and suggest policy change to facilitate episode guide deletion
 * Agreed. Please see Wikipedia_talk:Deletion_policy Ian Pugh 13:51, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fancruft. I hereby promise to vote to delete any similar lists too. You want consistancy? VfD them and watch me and other interested parties vote. --Improv 16:19, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep Easily meets Wikipedia's notability bar. Just because the information is available elsewhere (TV Tome and fan web site arguments) is not a reason to delete it here.  Vfd similar lists and watch me vote keep.  The Steve  20:03, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep - RustyCale 20:04, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep for god sakes! — siro  χ  o  22:56, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I don't see "Because Ian Pugh doesn't like it" in the list of why we delete certain articles. Mike H 02:35, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. -Sean Curtin 07:14, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep i Hate Full House, but the sheer ammount of popularity it had makes it and this list a addition to Wikipedia that does make sense... --Asmodai 11:02, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Information wants to be wiki. --Carl 03:24, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps said information can be wiki somewhere else? It's not encyclopedic! --Improv 22:17, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's undeniably notable, and we have plenty of other episode lists. I'm not a fan of Full House, but this should stay. Factitious 06:55, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Intrigue 18:13, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete this and all similar episode lists. First, encyclopedias are not undigested information.  Second, the world wide web does this stuff all the time, and no one needs to, or would expect to, go to Wikipedia to find it.  Third, using the rationale that one bad list of episodes justifies another is the worst sort of illogic.  Break out those things that are famous and notable outside of their series (e.g. the jumping the shark of Happy Days or "Who Shot JR"), but a flat list of every episode is pure Anorak self-satisfaction. Geogre 21:05, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: fancruft. Another one for the fan sites, & if they can't be bothered, well, neither should we. Agreed on all points w/ Geogre. Wile E. Heresiarch 22:27, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Lists of episode are relevant information about television series. But I also think that information about individual episodes should be included in these list articles and there's generally no need for individual articles for each episode. MK 04:10, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Campari

Campari is an Italian alcoholic liqueur, considered an apéritif (20.5%, 21%, 24%, 25%, or 28.5% ABV, depending on the country where it is sold), of the amaro variety, obtained from the infusion of herbs and fruit (including chinotto and cascarilla) in alcohol and water. It is a type of bitters, characterised by its dark red colour. It is produced by the Davide Campari Group, a multinational company based in Italy.

History
Campari was invented in 1860 by Gaspare Campari in Novara, Italy. It was originally coloured with carmine dye, derived from crushed cochineal insects, which gave the drink its distinctive red colour. Campari Group discontinued the use of carmine in 2006.

In 1904, Campari's first production plant was opened in Sesto San Giovanni, near Milan, Italy. Under the direction of Davide Campari, Gaspare's son, the company began to export the beverage, first to Nice in the heart of the French Riviera, then overseas.

The Campari brand is now distributed in over 190 countries. Campari is a registered trademark of Davide Campari Milano S.P.A., which is part of Gruppo Campari (Campari Group).

In October 2022, Campari acquired a 70% stake of the Wilderness Trail Distillery for $420 million.

Use
Campari is often used in cocktails and is commonly served with soda water or citrus juice (most often pink grapefruit juice), often garnished with either blood orange or blood lime slice (mainly in Australia) or mixed with prosecco as a spritz.

Campari is an essential ingredient in several IBA official cocktails (of which Campari is a sponsor): the negroni, the Americano (which was named at a time when few Americans were aware of Campari), the boulevardier, and the old pal (formerly), as well as other drinks such as the Garibaldi. It is a common ingredient in spritzes, though other amari are also common.

In the Italian market, Campari mixed with soda water is sold in individual bottles as Campari Soda (10% alcohol by volume). Campari Soda is packaged in a distinctive bottle that was designed by Fortunato Depero in 1932.

Ratings
Wine Enthusiast has reviewed Campari on a number of occasions, giving it a score of "96/100" in 2023.

title: Campari


text:
Talk:Tsirelson space

Comments
1. Thank you for your interest in `my space'.

2. I bother that your definition of T leaves the reader in doubt about existence and uniqueness of T, since nothing is stated about existence and uniqueness of V. In fact, such V as you define exists (which is not evident!) but is not unique.

3. About your references. Among more than 100 relevant papers you selected three (Tsirelson 1974; Figiel, Johnson 1974; Spinka 2002). I wonder, what is your selection criterion? Is the polynomial reflexivity of S(T) more important or relevant than such works as   1989 Casazza, Shura "Tsirelson's space" 1994 Gowers "A solution to Banach's hyperplane problem" 1994 Odell, Schlumprecht "The distortion problem" 1995 Odell, Schlumprecht "Distortion and stabilized structure..." 1996 Gowers "A new dichotomy for Banach spaces" 2001 Ortiz "An omitting types theorem for positive bounded formulas..." and others?

4. More than 100 such references are collected on the relevant page of my site, here:  Maybe, an external link to it could be appropriate.

--Boris Tsirelson

 * Its an honour to have you comment. Articles in Wikipedia may often be incomplete or stilted; knowledgable readers are invited to make corrections and additions. In time, it is hoped that a number of editors can fashion an article that is more complete, accurate and comprehensive than any one person can easily achieve. linas 05:24, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I went and did a little editing: There was a mysterious, undefined m in the definition. I replaced it with $$c_0$$ after a cursory look at Tsirelson's paper. There, he apparently uses m for an arbitrary sequence space, but quickly specialises to $$m=c_0$$. As can be seen from Tsirelson's comments above, the page could need some more work, but I don't feel qualified. (But I went back and added a word about the existence and nonuniqueness of V.)

--Hanche 00:02, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

Maybe also look here: Gowers: A metamathematical question in Banach space theory Boris Tsirelson 09:31, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Oy. Whatever anonymous person who edited the entry on 31 May, 2007, what a good catch! Tsirelson space is certainly not uniformly convex, as the article has said since its very beginning. On the contrary, Tsirelson's original paper clearly shows that the space has no infinite dimensional subspace that is isomorphic (as a Banach space) to a uniformly convex space. I just thought I'd make that clear here, in case someone is watching the page for changes and wishes to object. Hanche 21:24, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Here is a good source (containing three correct definitions, with existence and uniqueness ensured): . It also eliminates the need of this mysterious m; sorry, being quite young in 1974 I did not know that this notation for the space of bounded sequences is not at all universally accepted. Boris Tsirelson (talk) 07:49, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

And another source:. Boris Tsirelson (talk) 10:34, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

Question
I don't much like the way the space is introduced: the unit ball of c0 satisfies 1-4, so what? You have to wait "weakly compact", somewhat hidden outside what seems to be the main point, to get to the real thing.

Why not say that A is the "smallest" such set? Bdmy (talk) 08:18, 12 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes, indeed! The smallest such set is exactly the definition. Clearly, this article was written by careless non-experts. Boris Tsirelson (talk) 10:02, 12 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Ah! I see that you make a point not to edit this article yourself !!! Anonymous best regards, Bdmy (talk) 10:46, 12 April 2013 (UTC)

 * For two reasons. First, it is not a good idea, to write here about oneself. Second, if the only editor that wish and can to describe a topic here is the author then probably the topic is not worth to be described here. Boris Tsirelson (talk) 11:58, 12 April 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tsirelson space


text:
Talk:Jaguar AJ6 engine

Untitled
Is this the same as Jaguar AJ-V6 engine?

 * Nope, the Jaguar AJ6 engine is a straight-6 developed by Jaguar. The Jaguar AJ-V6 engine is a V6 based on the Ford Duratec 30. --SFoskett 20:56, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

Corrections which need to be made
The article is inaccurate in its description of the AJ6 engines.

(1) The original engines were the DOHC 3.6 (which debuted on the XJ-S in ~1983 and was the used in the new XJ40 from its launch in 1986) and the SOHC 2.9 (which was used for the entry-level XJ6 in Britain and Europe - but rarely, if ever, seen in models exported to the US).

(2). The DOHC 3.6 was revised and enlarged to 4.0 in 1990. It is still essentially an "AJ6", however. This was, as per usual, offered for the XJ-S before it was built into the XJ40 saloon.

(3). The SOHC 2.9, which was generally considered somewhat underpowered for such a large car, was discontinued in 1992 and replaced with a DOHC 3.2 (essentially identical to the DOHC 4.0).

(4). Following the launch of the Aston Martin DB7 - a car based on Jaguar's original replacement platform for the XJ-S (which was discarded in favour of the XK8 based on the X300 platform, note the traditional Jaguar 6-dial dashboard and ski-slope) - the Jaguar AJ6 was used by Aston Martin as well (a tweaked and supercharged 3.2).

(5). Both the 3.2 and 4.0 were substantially revised for the 1994 launch of the new X300 saloon. *These* are the "AJ16" engines, both now featuring coil-on-plug distributorless ignition, new engine management systems, magnesium alloy heads, etc.

(6). A supercharged version of the new AJ16 DOHC 4.0 was used on the X300 XJR.

(7). The AJ16 was discontinued with the launch of the AJ-V8 (XK8 and XJ8 in 1996/7).

 * OK, I've incorporated this into the article. --SFoskett 14:48, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Hi there - Just to let you know, the 2.9 SOHC is basically a redevelopment of the old XK engine which was used in the 2.8l series 3 XJ6. It was not a new engine. It is cam chain driven and uses a breakerless style electronic ignition. It does not have the more advanced system that the other AJ6's had. -Ross 82.46.169.124 15:41, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jaguar AJ6 engine


text:
Talk:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine

Is this the same as Jaguar AJ6 engine?

 * Nope, the Jaguar AJ6 engine is a straight-6 developed by Jaguar. The Jaguar AJ-V6 engine is a V6 based on the Ford Duratec 30. --SFoskett 20:57, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah. Thanks for explaining it. Bobblewik (talk) 20:55, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

...but the AJ126 has no Ford connection at all, it's based on the AJV8 engine, so should have its own page or be tagged onto the AJV8 page. LewisR (talk) 23:05, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

The second variant of the AJ-V6 is not an AJ-V6 at all. It's a Rover KV6, and is used only in the Freelander, not in the UK market Jaguar S-Type, which uses the same Duratec engine. The "extra" power comes from the use of the outdated DIN measurement, instead of the current ECE measurement used in the rest of Europe. --Pc13 14:48, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

AJ126
AJ126 has nothing to do with a Ford V6. It is a modification of the AJ133 Jaguar V8 and thus is a Jaguar designed and owned engine. The block has the same external dimensions as the V8. LewisR (talk) 01:35, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

Thing at the bottom seems to be in the wrong time period
The timeline at the bottom seems to be in the wrong time period, like, 1930-1970, while this seems to be from ~2000 Tttmaker (talk) 12:22, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine


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Type Allocation Code

The Type Allocation Code (TAC) is the initial eight-digit portion of the 15-digit IMEI and 16-digit IMEISV codes used to uniquely identify wireless devices.

The Type Allocation Code identifies a particular model (and often revision) of wireless telephone for use on a GSM, UMTS, LTE, 5G NR, iDEN, Iridium or other IMEI-employing wireless network.

The first two digits of the TAC are the Reporting Body Identifier. This indicates the GSMA-approved group that allocated the TAC.

Prior to January 1, 2003, the global standard for the IMEI started with a six-digit Type Approval Code followed by a two-digit Final Assembly Code (FAC). The Type Approval Code (also known as TAC) indicated that the particular device was approved by a national GSM approval body and the FAC identified the company that had built and assembled the device (which is not always the same as the brand name stamped on the device).

Effective on that date, many GSM member nations and entities (mainly Europe) moved away from requiring that devices be approved by national bodies, and towards a system where device manufacturers self-regulate the device market. As a result, a manufacturer now simply requests an eight-digit Type Allocation Code for a new phone model from the international GSM standards body, instead of submitting a device for approval to a national review body.

Both the old and new TAC uniquely identify a model of phone, although some models may have more than one code, depending on revision, manufacturing location, and other factors.

New Zealand RBI broadband service TAC lock
In New Zealand with the rollout of the government subsidized rural broadband initiative a way was required to prevent users inserting the rural broadband SIM cards in an unauthorized devices to get subsidized data rates.

The use of a TAC lock by the use of a customized SIM card with embedded TAC codes was devised. Several Type allocation codes can be stored in the SIM cards of the device to allow a group of provider-supplied Huawei branded 4G modems and block the use of unauthorized and third-party devices on the network.

A company wishing to resell Vodafone RBI is required to supply a device for the approval process and certification, and to supply One NZ with the TAC details of this device to embed into the SIM cards at the point of manufacture. A minimum order of 500 SIM cards is required.

title: Type Allocation Code


text:
Arthur Puttee

Arthur W. Puttee (August 25, 1868 – October 21, 1957) was a British-Canadian printer and politician. Puttee was the first Labour Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of Canada, sitting as Winnipeg MP from 1900 to 1904.

Puttee was a printer by training. Born in England, he immigrated to North America in 1888. He settled in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1891. He helped found the local trade union council, the Winnipeg Labour Party (WLP) and a left-wing newspaper called The Voice, which he edited from 1899 until 1918. He was also a founding member of Winnipeg's first English-language Unitarian Church.

When Winnipeg's Liberal MP, R. W. Jameson, died in February 1899, Puttee called for the nomination of a Labour candidate to contest the vacant seat in a by-election (which was finally held on January 25, 1900). The trade union council agreed, and with resources promised from local unions, selected Puttee to be its candidate, to run against Liberal E.D. Martin.

Puttee's campaign benefitted from a serious division in the local Liberal ranks. Martin had been nominated by a minority faction in the party rebelling against Clifford Sifton, a powerful member of Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier's Cabinet and the leading Liberal spokesman in the western provinces. Many Sifton loyalists unofficially supported Puttee against Martin. There was no Conservative candidate in the race; the Conservative organization in the city supported Martin.

Puttee ran on a platform promoting public ownership of "all natural monopolies" and other reformist measures. The basic issue of the campaign was whether labour had a right to have its own representatives in parliament.

In a narrow two-way contest, Puttee prevailed by a margin of eight votes (2431 to 2423). Puttee ran for re-election later that year in the 1900 election and won by a margin of 1,200 votes. Puttee again received unofficial Liberal support against Martin, who ran as an independent with Conservative support.

Puttee remained in Parliament until the 1904 election, when he was defeated. There were several reasons for this setback.

As an MP, Puttee came into contact with British Labour MPs such as Keir Hardie and Ramsay MacDonald and promoted the new British Labour Party (then known as the Labour Representation Committee) as a model to emulate. In doing so, he repudiated Marxists within the Winnipeg Labour Party, alienating the city's more radical and revolutionary socialists. The WLP suffered a severe split, and many socialists and radical trade unionists left in 1902 to join the Canadian Socialist League. They ultimately formed the Socialist Party of Manitoba, which had a much more radical program than Puttee's broad-based WLP.

A second reason for Puttee's defeat was the loss of Liberal support, as the Sifton loyalists succeeded in nominating their candidate, D. W. Bole. The Conservatives ran William Sanford Evans, later a leader of the provincial Conservative Party.

The Liberals made strenuous efforts to appeal to the working class through the dispensation of patronage among leading trade unionists, and by attacking the trade union council as being radical and uninterested in the needs of ordinary workers. Puttee was painted as a dangerous "revolutionist" backed by "assassins". Bole won the election; Puttee finished in third place.

Out of office, Puttee returned to his newspaper and continued to agitate for independent working-class politics. He became chairman of a new party, the Independent Labour Party, based on the British model. This ILP proved to be short-lived, collapsing in an internal feud after some of its members attempted to define the party as "socialist".

In 1910, Puttee endorsed Fred Dixon as a candidate for the provincial legislature, and helped create the short-lived Manitoba Labour Party to support him. Dixon was defeated, due to opposition from the Socialist Party of Canada. Puttee also created a provincial Labour Representation Committee in the 1910s, and used The Voice to endorse labour candidates in the elections of 1914 and 1915. In 1918, Puttee helped to create the Dominion Labour Party, which was intended to consolidate labourist activities in various cities throughout the country.

Ultimately, Puttee's conservatism sidelined him as the labour movement came under the influence of socialist ideas. He opposed labour militancy and the Industrial Workers of the World in particular. In 1918, the Winnipeg Trades and Labour Council withdrew its patronage of the Voice due to the paper's moderate tone, and began publishing a new weekly, the Western Labour News, effectively ending Puttee's influence over the labour movement.

By the time of the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919, Puttee was a marginal figure sidelined by younger, more militant leaders such as J. S. Woodsworth and Abraham Albert Heaps. He continued to operate in the city's DLP organization, however, and his conservatism was a primary reason for a split in the party in 1920. Puttee sought the DLP's nomination for Mayor of Winnipeg in 1920, but was defeated by Seymour Farmer. Puttee's supporters subsequently asserted their control over the party, causing most of its leading figures (including Dixon) to separate and form a new Independent Labour Party. The DLP ceased to be an effective organization after this time.

Puttee ran for the Manitoba legislature in the provincial election of 1922 in the riding of Winnipeg—not as a Labour candidate, but as a Progressive, aligned with the United Farmers of Manitoba. He does not appear to have put much effort into this campaign, and received only 135 votes on the first count, finishing 38th out of 43 candidates. Winnipeg elected ten members via Single transferable voting in this election, and Puttee was eliminated in the ninth count.

Already in his 50s, he did not play a significant role in politics after 1922.

title: Arthur Puttee


text:
AMR Corporation

AMR Corporation was an airline holding company based in Fort Worth, Texas, which was the parent company of American Airlines, American Eagle Airlines, AmericanConnection and Executive Airlines. AMR filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in November 2011. The company emerged from bankruptcy on December 9, 2013, and at the same time announced that it would merge with US Airways Group to form a new company, American Airlines Group.

History
AMR Corporation was formed in 1982, as part of American Airlines' non-bankruptcy reorganization into a Delaware corporation, its name derived from American Airlines's former ticker symbol on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1984, various subsidiaries previously owned by American Airlines merged and created AMR Energy Corporation; it was involved in creating oil and natural gas resources. In 1986, AMR announced that it would be acquiring Air California's parent company, ACI Holdings, for $225 million.

In 1994, AMR succeeded in achieving profitability, after failing to produce it for three years in a row. In 1998, the company announced that it would sell three of its subsidiaries and focus solely on the core airline businesses. AMR purchased Trans World Airlines (TWA) in 2001, for $742 million. With the acquisition, American became the largest airline in the world and surpassed United Airlines.

On November 29, 2011, AMR Corporation filed for Chapter 11 reorganization bankruptcy with $4 billion of cash.

The decision came as the airline tried to "achieve a cost and debt structure that is industry competitive and thereby assure its long-term viability and ability to continue delivering a world-class travel experience for its customers," the company said in a statement. American Airlines stated that despite the filing it was continuing normal operations. Chairman and CEO Gerard Arpey stepped down and was replaced by company president Thomas W. Horton.

American was the last of the remaining legacy airlines in the US to file for bankruptcy, and thus there are no remaining legacy carriers that have not taken advantage of Chapter 11.

The Air Transport Association group said that unofficial research states that AMR was the 100th airline company to go into bankruptcy protection since 1990.

On December 2, 2011, AMR Corporation was replaced by Alaska Air Group in the Dow Jones Transportation Average.

In February 2012 the company announced that in order to cut operating costs and boost revenue, it would eliminate 13,000 jobs, which amounted to 18 percent (including 15 percent management positions) of American Airline's 73,800 employees. This was projected to cut 20 percent—$2 billion—of operating costs and raise revenue by $1 billion. Since 2001, accumulative losses of the company were $11 billion.

The new CEO said there would probably be job cuts due to reduction to the flight schedule. On February 1, 2012, Horton announced that they would be cutting 13,000 jobs and restructuring pension benefits, after losing $884 million in the first nine months of 2011 and $904 million in December 2011 alone.

Merger with US Airways
In January 2012, US Airways Group expressed interest to take over American Airlines, followed by the AMR CEO stating, in March, that American was open to a merger with US Airways. US Airways told some American Airlines creditors that merging the two carriers could yield more than $1.5 billion a year in added revenue and cost savings.

On 20 April 2012, American Airlines' three unions said they supported a proposed merger between American and US Airways.

In July 2012, American announced capacity cuts due to the grounding of several aircraft associated with its bankruptcy and lack of pilots due to retirements. American's regional airline, American Eagle, stated it would retire 35 to 40 regional jets as well as its Saab turboprop fleet.

As of September 2012, American's unions were looking to merge with another airline. Reports were the possible merger partners AMR was looking at were, US Airways, JetBlue, Alaska Airlines, Frontier and Virgin America. Indeed, in a July 12 court filing US Airways said it supported an American Airlines request to extend a period during which only American could file a bankruptcy reorganization plan ("exclusivity period"); in the filing US Airways disclosed that it was an American Airlines creditor and "prospective merger partner. On August 31, 2012, US Airways CEO Doug Parker announced that American Airlines and US Airways had signed a nondisclosure agreement, in which the airlines would discuss their financials and a possible merger."

On February 14, 2013, AMR and US Airways Group officially announced that the two companies would merge to form the largest airline in the world. In the deal, which closed in the third quarter of 2013, bondholders of AMR would own 72% of the new company and US Airways shareholders would own the remaining 28%. The combined airline would carry the American Airlines name and branding, while the US Airways' management team, including CEO Doug Parker, would retain most operational management positions. Headquarters for the new airline was consolidated at American's current headquarters in Fort Worth, Texas. AMR president and CEO Thomas W. Horton was replaced as CEO by the current CEO of US Airways, Doug Parker. Horton remained as chairman of the merged business, while US Airways president Scott Kirby became president of the merged company.

Subsidiaries and divisions

 * American Airlines Inc
 * Admirals Club, Inc.
 * American Airlines de Mexico, S.A.
 * American Airlines de Venezuela, S.A.
 * American Airlines Marketing Services LLC
 * American Airlines Realty (NYC) Holdings, Inc.
 * American Airlines Vacations LLC
 * American Aviation Supply LLC
 * Packcall Limited
 * AA Real Estate Holding GP LLC
 * AA Real Estate Holding L.P.
 * TransWorld Airlines (TWA, LLC)
 * Reno Air, Inc.
 * American Airlines IP Licensing Holding, LLC
 * Texas Aero Engine Services, L.L.C, dba TAESL *
 * Americas Ground Services, Inc.
 * Aerodespachos de Colombia, SA (AERCOL SA)
 * Caribbean Dispatch Services, Ltd.
 * American Airlines, Division de Servicios Aeroportuarios (R.D.), S.A. (DSA)
 * International Ground Services, S.A. de C.V. (IGS)
 * AMR Eagle Holding Corporation
 * American Eagle Airlines Inc. a regional feeder airline for AA
 * Eagle Aviation Services
 * Executive Airlines Inc., operating American Eagle's ATR aircraft fleet
 * Executive Ground Services, Inc.
 * Business Express Airlines, Inc.
 * Avion Assurance Ltd.
 * PMA Investment Subsidiary, Inc.
 * SC Investment, Inc. Holding company for less than 0.5% interest in Aerolíneas Argentinas
 * AMR had a 20% share of defunct Aeroperlas

Fleet
American Airlines operates 605 aircraft as of April 2012 with an additional 451 on order. The new planes will consist of 260 A320neo from Airbus and 200 Boeing 737s over the next five years. It will also take options and purchase rights for up to 465 additional planes through 2025.
 * AMR Corporation fleet

American Eagle Airlines, AMR's regional subsidiary operates 284 aircraft including 39 which are operated by Executive Airlines, another subsidiary of AMR Corporation.

Fifteen aircraft are operated by Chautauqua Airlines under the American Connection brand. Chautauqua is not owned by AMR but operates aircraft for American Eagle.
 * Non-AMR Corporation fleet

Aviation business subsidiaries and divisions

 * American Airlines Cargo
 * American Airlines C.R. Smith Museum, a museum of commercial aviation in Fort Worth
 * American Airlines Facilities
 * American Airlines Travel Academy, a school for travel industry professionals
 * AmericanConnection (operator Chautauqua Airlines is independent of AMR)
 * American Airlines Flight Academy, a flying school
 * Flagship University, a corporate conference and training center in Fort Worth.

American Airlines Foundation
AMR sponsors the AMR/American Airlines Foundation, a grant-making foundation which supports charitable causes in cities served by AA, in particular the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, Chicago, Illinois, Miami, Florida, Saint Louis, Missouri, and San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Property
AMR Corporation owns a five-story townhouse, London Residence LON6526, in Cottesmore Gardens, Kensington, London. As of 2011, it is worth $30 million U.S. dollars. Many large companies own or rent property for use of executives who are working abroad. When AMR Corporation requested Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, LON6526 was one of the eight owned properties the company declared. The airline purchased the complex in 1992 for £6.3 million British pounds (US$9.8 million). Nina Campbell, an interior designer, had renovated the property. An AMR spokesperson said that AMR may sell the townhouse. Richard Tilton, a lawyer with specialization in bankruptcy and the director of Sheldon Good & Co., compared the property to the "corporate jets that the executives at GM and Chrysler were forced to give up", and predicted that such "symbols of corporate suite excess" were unlikely to survive the Chapter 11 reorganization.

AMR Corporation's former certificated airline holding acquisitions

 * Air Cal
 * Command Airways
 * Metroflight
 * Reno Air
 * Simmons Airlines
 * TWA Airlines LLC
 * Wings West Airlines

title: AMR Corporation


text:
Terrance Christopher

Terrance Christopher, OMM, LVO, CD is a retired Canadian Naval Officer and former Usher of the Black Rod for the Senate of Canada, the most senior protocol office in Parliament.

Born in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Christopher graduated from St. Francis Xavier University and the Maritime School of Social Work before joining the Royal Canadian Navy rising to the rank of Lieutenant-Commander. He served on HMCS Stadacona, HMCS Cornwallis, CFB Borden and at NATO. His naval service is most notable for his work on expanding education and training services in the navy. Retiring in 1994, he briefly entered the private sector before becoming head of the Canadian government's VIP reception services.

He became Usher of the Black Rod on December 9, 2002, and his term expired on March 8, 2008, after having been extended for three months to allow the government to find a new Usher.

He was appointed an Officer of the Order of Military Merit in 1982. In 1994, he was made a Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order.

title: Terrance Christopher


text:
Mudd's Women

"Mudd's Women" is the sixth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. Written by Stephen Kandel, based on a story by Gene Roddenberry, and directed by Harvey Hart, it first aired on October 13, 1966.

In the episode, the Enterprise pursues a vessel and rescues its occupants Harry Mudd, an interstellar con man, and the three mysteriously beautiful women he is transporting to become the wives of settlers. This is the first of two episodes of the original series to feature Harry Mudd. He also appears in "I, Mudd", the animated series (TAS) episode "Mudd's Passion", and in Star Trek: Discovery, as a recurring character.

Plot
The USS Enterprise, under the command of Captain Kirk, is in pursuit of an unregistered cargo spaceship. The ship overloads its engines in an escape attempt through an asteroid field. Kirk orders Enterprise's shields extended around the other spacecraft to protect it until its occupants can be transported aboard Enterprise. This action severely strains the Enterprises systems and destroys all but one of the lithium crystal circuits in the Enterprises warp engines.

The Enterprise beams the cargo ship's three passengers and captain aboard, just as an asteroid impact destroys their spaceship. In the transporter room, the captain gives his name as Leo Walsh. The three women who accompany him are stunningly beautiful, and they distract the male crew members of the Enterprise, excluding Mr. Spock, whose Vulcan heritage makes him immune to female charms. The women are intended as wives for settlers on the planet Ophiuchus III and are introduced as Ruth Bonaventure, Eve McHuron, and Magda Kovacs. All three signed on with Walsh to escape a situation in which their marriage prospects were slim or non-existent.

Kirk convenes a hearing, during which the computer contradicts Walsh's testimony, reporting that his ship master's license has been revoked and forcing him to reveal his true name, Harcourt Fenton Mudd, a criminal with an extensive record. The hearing ends as the final lithium crystal fails.

Without lithium crystals, the Enterprise must limp on reserve power to the storm-plagued planet Rigel XII to obtain new crystals from the miners there. Ben Childress, the chief miner, having been in contact with Mudd, demands his release along with the women in exchange for the crystals. The Enterprise's remaining power is insufficient to maintain the ship's orbit for more than a few days, threatening a fiery reentry into the planet's atmosphere, so Kirk is forced to allow Mudd and the women to beam down to the planet. However, once there Childress reneges on the deal.

At an impromptu party with the three miners, Eve becomes angry when they begin fighting over the other two women, and runs away into a magnetic dust storm, with Childress and Kirk in pursuit. Kirk beams back to the Enterprise to try to locate them from orbit. Childress finds Eve, brings her to his quarters, and falls asleep. On waking, he is confronted with a much plainer Eve.

Kirk and Mudd beam back down to the planet to deal with Childress. The captain reveals that Mudd has been giving the women the Venus Drug, which creates a transient, illusory beauty, and that the other two miners have already been married to Ruth and Magda. As Childress confronts Mudd over the deception, Eve snatches a dose of what appears to be the Venus Drug, but is in fact a placebo. This restores her self-confidence to the point that Childress finds her as attractive as before. Pleased, he gives Kirk the replacement crystals. Kirk offers to take Eve away with him but she opts to stay with Childress. Eve tells Kirk, "You've got someone up there called the Enterprise." The ship continues on its way, with Mudd in custody.

Production
The story was one of three submitted for production as the second pilot of Star Trek, the others being "The Omega Glory" and the selected episode, "Where No Man Has Gone Before". It was filmed as the second episode of the first season, after "The Corbomite Maneuver".

Gene Roddenberry told Stephen Kandel he wanted a swashbuckling character as the guest lead. Several weeks later Kandel presented his idea, "Mudd's Women", and started to write the script but disliked that Roddenberry repeatedly rewrote it. Roddenberry took credit for Kandel's story when screen credits were submitted to the Writers Guild for approval.

Reception
Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode an 'A' rating, describing the character of Harry Mudd in particular as "a familiar character type, but an enjoyable one".

In 2015, Wired suggested this episode was skippable in their binge-watching guide for the original series.

In 2016, TVLine ranked Eve finding out Kirk had given her a placebo rather than the beauty pill as number 13 on the top twenty moments of Star Trek: The Original Series.

title: Mudd's Women


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Talk:I Love the '90s (American TV series)

I have added the "Partial list of featured ideas and happenings from the 90s" list. It only has one item as of yet. Is that a good idea? I thought it would be helpful. a{h}

 * It would be nice if this information was sorted by episode/year. -- Netoholic @ 20:23, 2005 Jan 27 (UTC)

 * I was thinking the same thing. If anyone has this TiVo'd, it'd be nice to have that information. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 20:31, Jan 27, 2005 (UTC)

Needs pictures and further broadcast / DVD (?) info.

Be nice if someone could consolidate all of the episode pages into one page saying all of them are pretty much stubs. Just a thought. Galactor213 04:26, 27 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Another problem is that they're UScentric. I added details of the UK show to I Love 1970, but it's difficult to find lists of topics covered on every episode. I don't even know if that list's complete. BillyH 04:33, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Merge
All the individual episodes should be merged into this page since they're all stubs, have little potential of being expanded, and this page is also a stub. I'm marking the various other decades/seasons as well. There should probably be a centralized discussion for all of the seasons. Æµ§œš¹ [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi] 20:08, 31 July 2007 (UTC)


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Jesse Hubbard and Angie Baxter

Jesse and Angela "Angie" Hubbard are fictional characters and a supercouple from the ABC and The Online Network daytime drama All My Children. Jesse is portrayed by Darnell Williams and Angie is portrayed by Debbi Morgan. Jesse first appeared in Pine Valley in 1981 as the nephew of Dr. Frank Grant, who assumed custody after the death of his sister (Jesse's mother). Angie first appeared in 1982, as the daughter of a well-to-do Pine Valley couple. Shortly after Angie's first appearance on the show, they were paired with one another, becoming the first African American supercouple in Daytime history. Jesse and Angie were best friends to fellow supercouple Greg Nelson and Jenny Gardner. They are arguably the two most popular African American characters in soap opera history and have been credited for improving African American representation in the genre.

Angie also appeared on Loving and The City. Along with her son Frankie Hubbard and former heiress Skye Chandler, she is one of only three individuals who have been regular characters on three ABC soap operas.

Casting
Actress Debbi Morgan was working in Los Angeles, California, on an episode of Trapper John, M.D. when she saw that a new storyline was being introduced on All My Children, which involved actor Darnell Williams in the role of Jesse Hubbard. Morgan's feeling that Jesse might need a love interest, as she expressed as much to her agent in New York, matched that of the show's producers, who were searching for a young woman to fill the role of Angie Baxter. When Morgan read for the part, she acquired the role within the same day.

Williams was a regular dancer on Soul Train in the mid-1970s. Later that decade, he was a cast member of the Broadway musical Your Arms Too Short to Box with God. This, before acquiring the role of Jesse.

Writing
All My Children creator Agnes Nixon was able to intrigue male and female audiences of all ages by focusing on young adult romances that included not only romance and sex but their issues in growing and learning as individuals. Social issues were also applied. This specific formula caused All My Children's popularity to rise in the 1980s. The Jesse and Angie pairing, as well as fellow supercouple Greg Nelson and Jenny Gardner, were one notable aspect of Nixon's writing that prompted young high school and college students to race home just to view the soap opera.

When characters Jenny and Jesse were killed off instead of being recast by new actors once the actors decided to leave their roles, it was so that no other actors could portray them. To Nixon, these actors were the characters. Morgan saw Jesse's death as bittersweet. She pointed to Williams leaving the series as one of her toughest moments as part of the cast, but how it also provided interesting story. "It really affected me more from a personal standpoint than from an actor's standpoint," she said. "From a personal standpoint, Darnell and I were like hooked at the neck or the back or something; we'd gotten to be such good friends. But from an actor's point of view, it didn't really bother me as much because I knew that it would just open up so many more avenues for Angie to take."

Jacob and Angie
For years, All My Children fans clamored for the reunion of Jesse and Angie. However, the nature of Jesse's death (an on-screen death in the hospital as the result of a gunshot wound) made this all but impossible, even by soap opera standards. Eventually, fans got the next best thing.

In 1993, Morgan joined the cast of the soap opera Loving, reprising her role as Angie (who settled in Corinth, Pennsylvania). In 1995, Williams joined the cast as a mysterious stranger named Jacob Johnson. Jacob, whose actual surname was Foster, bore an uncanny resemblance to Angie's late husband Jesse and was revealed to be a relative of Jesse. Originally, Angie resisted any type of relationship with Jacob, despite her attraction to him. In 1995, Jesse's spirit visited Jacob just prior to Angie's marriage to Charles Harrison and convinced him to pursue a relationship with Angie. Angie and Jacob ultimately fell in love and emerged as the core couple when Loving was relaunched as The City, eventually moving to New York City's SoHo district (along with Angie's son Frank), marrying, and adopting a daughter.

After The City was canceled, Williams returned to All My Children four years later as "Jesse", but as an angel.

Rewrite and return
"Angie and Jesse are about to be reunited and it feels so right. One of daytime’s most memorable couples from the 1980s is returning to ABC’s All My Children. Wait a minute. Didn’t Jesse die on camera?" In late 2007, the producers of All My Children announced Williams and Morgan's return to the series, with long-term contracts. It was on December 14, 2007, that the official All My Children website posted an article with the headline Angie and Jesse return to All My Children! The article suggested that Angie's return would start with being called back to Pine Valley Hospital to assist on a case, where she would be reunited with a living Jesse Hubbard. Viewers were skeptical of Jesse's return, since he had an onscreen death and appeared in ghost form several times afterwards on the series. There was sentiment that if Williams was returning as anyone, it had to be as Jacob Foster. Viewers wondered for weeks if Williams would truly return as Jesse or Jesse's look-alike Jacob. It was later confirmed, however, that Jesse did not die in 1988 after all and that Williams would be resuming the role.

Morgan returned as Angie on January 18, 2008, and Williams returned as Jesse on January 25. To start the storyline where Jesse is brought back, the writers thought up a plot where characters Greenlee Smythe and Quentin contract a weird woods-related disease that triggers asphyxiation. Angie, now an infectious-disease specialist, is paged to Pine Valley Hospital to consult on the case: "Quentin will turn out to be Angie and Jesse’s son, Frankie", said Julie Hanan Carruthers (the show's executive producer), and noted that Angie's adopted daughter, Cassandra, would also join the show. ABC consulted with Agnes Nixon (who is now retired) on how to resurrect Jesse, since he was shot to death in 1988: "We saw Angie sobbing on his chest, but I think the audience is invested enough in them as a couple that they will embrace our solution," Carruthers stated.

Carruthers further relayed that Angie would not at first know that Jesse is alive. "We’re going to play that out for a couple of weeks. Rightfully, it’ll be Tad, to whom Jesse has appeared in spirit form, who reunites them," she stated. "Angie and Jesse made an eternal imprint on viewers, and many fans will not believe he's alive," stated Brian Frons, president of ABC Daytime.

When addressing his character's "return from the dead", Williams explained: "I’m the same character, but it’s a whole new experience. They had to figure out a way to bring him back to life. The word is that apparently he never died. He had to fake his death in order to secure the safety of his family."

In the 1980s, soap operas were not as short as they are today on the inclusion of African American characters. "I think it has moved a thousand steps backwards," said Morgan. "It just amazes me that here we are in 2008 and we have so little representation on daytime. I don’t understand it and I think it’s shameful."

Williams detailed that the lack of diversity is one of the reasons they were approached to return to the series: "I think All My Children kind of shot themselves in the foot by allowing the canvas to become so nondiversified. And they found themselves sort of chasing their tails trying to figure out how to fix it... They came up with the idea, 'Well, why not bring this core couple back that had such an appeal to such a broad audience?'"

Morgan stated that it took her only about 30 seconds to accept the offer to return to the role of Angie. She could not remember a time in her career where she felt so welcomed. "It was like a homecoming. There were members of the crew that were here 20 years ago. It was just so heartfelt, it made me cry. I couldn’t believe it. I’ve played the character for so long, it’s like stepping into a pair of old shoes, as they say."

The response from fans after the announcement of their return managed to astound both actors. "The amount of people that are interested still is kind of overwhelming," Williams stated. "The first thing they usually say, 'I'm going to call my mother and my sisters and my brother right away and tell them that All My Children is back on the block.'" Williams relayed his hope for the writers to progress slowly in reuniting Jesse and Angie: "I hope they take it at a decent pace to where the audience will believe it. If they go too quickly and make us a happily ever couple, that gets kind of boring. But I have faith that they are going to do the right thing."

Soap operas tend to have preposterous storylines at times, and Morgan stressed to the producers of the show that she wants none of that for Angie: "Soaps have changed a lot since I was on, and so many of the stories are so over the top and crazy to me. The kind of actress that I am, I couldn’t play all that hokey kind of stuff. So I would really like to see the shows return to more real-life drama that’s akin to what goes on with people in their everyday life."

In January 2008, the Alicia Keys song "Like You'll Never See Me Again" was used in advertisements for All My Children, to promote Jesse and Angie's return. The song was used again in the February 15 and 18, 2008 episodes of the series, when the couple was reunited after 20 years.

1981–82
Jesse Hubbard—originally from Center City, Pennsylvania —first appears in the adjacent town of Pine Valley as the recently orphaned 17-year-old nephew of Dr. Frank Grant (John Danelle). After the death of Jesse's widowed mother Ellie (Mary Alice), Jesse leaves Chicago and moves in with Ellie's brother Frank and his wife Nancy (Lisa Wilkinson), who are next door neighbors and close friends of Dr. Joe Martin (Ray MacDonnell) and his wife Ruth (Mary Fickett). Like his best friend Jenny Gardner (Kim Delaney), Jesse is from the "wrong side of the tracks".

Jesse soon falls in love with Angie Baxter, a well-to-do teenager from Pine Valley high society. However, Angie's father Les Baxter (Antonio Fargas) strongly disapproves, feeling that Jesse is not good enough for his daughter. After Jesse is falsely accused of attempting to rape Angie's former friend Liza Colby (Marcy Walker), he flees to the Hell's Kitchen section of New York City with Jenny (who leaves town once Liza threatens to reveal that Jenny's father Ray Gardner raped Ruth years earlier). After finding jobs to make ends meet, Jesse and Jenny remain in Hell's Kitchen for most of the summer of 1982. Angie is heartbroken. When Liza finally confesses that she lied, Jesse returns to Pine Valley and resumes dating Angie, and Jenny returns to her boyfriend Greg Nelson (Laurence Lau).

1983–1985
Jesse's desire to make love to Angie is evident, but Angie refuses until they are married. Angie and Jesse elope, because Angie is afraid of her parents' reaction if she tells them of their intended plans. Soon thereafter, Angie finds out that she is pregnant. Angie confides in her mother Pat Baxter (Lee Chamberlin) that she and Jesse are married and that she is pregnant. Angie is scared to tell Jesse; her insecurities grow when she thinks that Jesse is falling in love with another woman. Pat has a conversation with Jesse about the possibility that Angie could become pregnant. Jesse replies, "I couldn't even think of it for another few years."

When Angie learns of this, she divorces Jesse without telling him she is pregnant. Les encourages Angie to give her baby away, and she starts adoption proceedings. Their baby is adopted by a couple. Jesse is very upset with Angie for not telling him about their baby boy and for giving him up. He desperately tries to track his son down with the help of his friend Vera. When Angie begs him to take her back and to forgive her, they search for their son together. They locate and kidnap him, then flee to Sea City. The couple names the baby after Jesse's uncle Frank, who had died just prior to the child's birth. After Jesse and Angie convince a judge to give custody of the baby back to them because Jesse's signature was forged by Angie's father, they remarry. The couple starts their new life in the Grant home, after Jesse's aunt Nancy and cousin Carl relocate to Chicago. The Hubbards are later joined by Angie's mother Pat, who divorces Les.

By the summer of 1984, Greg Nelson and Jenny Gardner are married, and Jenny has become a successful fashion model. Tony Barclay, a male model who is obsessed with Jenny, plots to kill Greg by rigging his water ski to explode. When Jenny switches skis with him at the last minute, she is killed instead, at the relatively young age of 20. The residents of Pine Valley are stunned into grief. Jesse is particularly devastated, as he must cope with the loss of his closest friend.

In 1985, Jesse and Angie's relationship is threatened once again when his half-brother Eugene Hubbard (Tom Wright) arrives in Pine Valley, and immediately sets his sights on Angie. Also new in town is nightclub singer Yvonne Caldwell (Vanessa Bell Calloway), who comes to Pine Valley at Eugene's request. Her plan is to lure Jesse away from Angie so that they will divorce and Angie will find solace with Eugene.

Yvonne is able to seduce Jesse and was about to have sex. Eugene concocts a lie so Angie will arrive at Yvonne's house just in time to catch Jesse in bed with Yvonne. This leads to a dramatic brawl between Angie and Yvonne. Angie is furious and throws Jesse out of the house, but she eventually forgives him after finding about Eugene's plans. Later, a pregnant Yvonne lies and says that the child she is carrying belongs to Jesse. After admitting that she has lied, Yvonne gives her baby away to a black market baby adoption ring. When Jesse learns of Eugene's schemes, the two brothers also have a vicious fight, after which Eugene leaves Pine Valley and is not heard from again.

1986–91
Convinced to seek political office by electronics mogul Palmer Cortlandt (James Mitchell) and his son Ross Chandler (Robert Gentry), Jesse announces his candidacy for a seat on the Pine Valley Town Council. Palmer and Ross withdraw their support after Jesse refuses to act as their political puppet. Nevertheless, Jesse wages an effective campaign and wins the election. However, he soon finds politics to be too restrictive for his tastes, and resigns from the Town Council.

Jesse works to find out the identity of "Mr. Big," the leader of the black market baby adoption ring to whom Yvonne gave her baby. Mr. Big threatens Yvonne and, to protect herself and her son, she falsely accuses senatorial candidate Travis Montgomery (Larkin Malloy) of being the baby's father. Mr. Big then blackmails Travis into paying $2 million to keep the false allegation from becoming public and ruining his campaign. After several months, Jesse discovers that Mr. Big is actually his own father-in-law, Les Baxter. Attempting to avoid arrest, Les confronts his son-in-law with a gun. In the ensuing struggle, Jesse accidentally pushes Les down a flight of stairs, and Les is killed in the fall. Having witnessed the struggle and the fall, Angie is devastated and blames Jesse for her father's death. She once again separates from Jesse, who is heartbroken.

Soon, Jesse and Angie reconcile. She completes medical school and becomes a doctor, despite being sexually harassed by one of her professors, Dr. Allen Voight (John Canary). Jesse joins the Pine Valley Police Department and rises through the ranks quickly, soon becoming a plain clothes detective. During this period Angie befriends Cindy Parker (Ellen Wheeler), the widow of an intravenous drug user who died from AIDS. The couple takes Cindy and her son Scott (Philip Amelio) into their home, and are her closest supporters when she develops AIDS herself. Cindy is ostracized by many Pine Valley residents, including Skye Chandler (Robin Christopher), Greg's mother Enid Nelson (Natalie Ross), and a hate group that sets fire to the Hubbard home. Cindy later died, but not before falling in love with and marrying Skye's uncle Stuart Chandler (David Canary), who adopts Scott.

Jesse develops an excellent reputation within the police force and the community. In 1988, he is assigned to guard wealthy businessman John Remington (Eddie Earl Hatch), whose life has apparently been threatened. While in the line of duty, Jesse takes a bullet meant for Remington. Despite receiving prompt medical attention, Jesse is pronounced dead a few days later.

Remington (or "Remy" as he is often called) tries to start a romantic relationship with the recently widowed Angie, but his attempts are unsuccessful. This is due in part to the fact that Angie is still grieving, but Remington's association with Jesse's death makes an Angie-Remy relationship all but impossible. Eventually, Angie has brief romances with medical colleagues Jeff Martin (Jeffrey Byron) and Cal Cummings (Count Stovall), as well as police officer Derek Frye (William Christian). At one point she is engaged to Dr. Cliff Warner (Peter Bergman), but he ends the relationship to remarry his former wife Nina Cortlandt (Taylor Miller). In 1991, Angie leaves Pine Valley and moves to California, taking her son Frankie with her.

1993–97: Jacob and Angie on Loving and The City
In 1993, Angie and a teenage Frankie (Alimi Ballard) settle in Corinth, Pennsylvania, where they reconnect with Jeremy Hunter (Jean LeClerc), an acquaintance from Pine Valley. Her life is almost cut short when she develops aplastic anemia. However, she recovers after receiving a bone marrow transplant.

Angie is convinced she has found true love again with local police detective Charles Harrison (Geoffrey Ewing), who is eventually appointed chief of the Corinth Police Department. Then, as fate would have it, she meets Jacob Foster (Darnell Williams), a mysterious stranger who bears an uncanny resemblance to Jesse, and later turns out to be related to him. Originally, Angie resists any type of relationship with Jacob, despite her attraction to him. In 1995, Jesse's spirit seemingly visits Jacob just prior to Angie's marriage to Charles, and convinces Jacob to pursue a relationship with Angie. Jacob and Angie ultimately fall in love, prompting her to divorce Charles. Soon thereafter Angie, Jacob, and a college-bound Frankie move to New York City's SoHo district, along with several other residents of Corinth. They are all anxious to relocate and make a fresh start after a serial killer murders a number of their friends and acquaintances, including Jeremy Hunter and Angie's close friend Stacey Forbes (Lauren-Marie Taylor).

While in New York, Angie opens a free medical clinic at 212 Greene Street in SoHo, a building owned by billionaire Sydney Chase (Morgan Fairchild), and later by Port Charles businesswoman Tracy Quartermaine (Jane Elliot). Angie eventually marries Jacob, who opens a bar in the same building with their friend Buck Huston (Philip Brown). Almost immediately upon reaching SoHo, the couple takes in a foster child named Kayla Jones (Erica Mer), who happens to be Caucasian. A group of white supremacists object to the notion of an African American couple raising a White child. Undaunted, Angie and Jacob continue to raise Kayla, but are heartbroken when she is adopted by another couple. However, in late March 1997, Angie finds an abandoned infant girl in a dumpster. Naming the baby Cassandra, Angie and Jacob ultimately adopt her.

Jesse's "returns"
In 1994, a tornado rips through Pine Valley, leaving Jenny Gardner's brother Tad Martin (Michael E. Knight) near death. While unconscious, Tad is seemingly greeted by the spirit of Jesse (whom Tad first befriended in high school). Along with Jenny, as well as Tad's surrogate mother Nola Orsini (Barbara Rush), "Jesse" encourages Tad to return to his family in the land of the living.

In 2001, Jesse appears to return to Pine Valley, but as an angel whose mission it is to help Gillian Andrassy (who had recently been slain by a hitwoman who mistook her for Anna Devane) make a smooth transition to the afterlife. Also, "Jesse" visits Tad, as well as Frankie (Jason Olive), who is serving as a medical intern at Pine Valley Hospital.

2007–2010
In December 2007, private investigator Aidan Devane meets a mysterious man named Quentin (Cornelius Smith Jr.). Quentin helps Aidan successfully locate Greenlee Smythe and Zach Slater, both of whom had been missing for weeks and presumed dead. Greenlee and Zach are found in the woods at the bottom of an old bomb shelter, along with an old skeleton.

By January 2008, it becomes apparent that Quentin and Greenlee have both contracted a rare illness requiring their hospitalization in Pine Valley. Without first meeting Quentin, Dr. Joe Martin contacts Angie — now a specialist on infectious diseases — to consult on the case, much to the delight of her old friend Tad Martin. Angie and Joe are both shocked to later learn that "Quentin" is actually Angie's son Frankie Hubbard (whose middle name is Quentin). The 25-year-old Frankie, who has served on active military duty in Iraq, apparently suffers from a rare poison he contracted while living in the woods. Now divorced from Jacob Foster, Angie spends her first few days back in Pine Valley searching for the cause of Frankie and Greenlee's illness, while trying to understand why her son remained out of contact with his family after returning from Iraq. It is apparent to Frankie and to Angie's close friends that she continues to long for Jesse, even after two decades.

Unbeknownst to almost everyone, Frankie is visited in his hospital room by Jesse, who — despite strong evidence to the contrary — is very much alive. Jesse soon reveals his presence to a stunned Tad, who (like his sister Jenny) considers Jesse to be his best friend. Jesse explains that he is pretending to be dead in order to protect his family, whose lives have been threatened, and that he only returned to Pine Valley because Frankie's medical condition has placed him near death. Tad, who once incorrectly believed that his former wife Dixie Cooney had died, urges Jesse to tell Angie and Frankie that he is alive. Jesse refuses, and makes Tad promise not to reveal the truth to anyone. When Tad's current wife Krystal Carey (Bobbie Eakes) inadvertently discovers him, Jesse elicits a similar promise from her. However, the comatose Frankie is aware of his father's presence in his hospital room, and continues to suspect that something is amiss after he recovers.

Jesse attempts to leave Pine Valley, but is assaulted and mugged by a couple pretending to be a battered wife and her abusive husband. He is rushed back to Pine Valley Hospital, keeping him in town a bit longer. On Valentine's Day, he attempts to leave town by train. Circumstance leads Angie to the Pine Valley train station as well, at approximately the same time. As she waits for her train, she sees Jesse sitting on another train as it is leaving the station. She chases the departing train, screaming Jesse's name, and collapses onto the tracks in tears when the train continues on and disappears from sight. Dejected, she walks back to the station. However, the train unexpectedly returns, and Angie is stunned to see Jesse step onto the platform, alive and well. Embracing each other, the couple is reunited for the first time in 20 years.

Jesse explains to Angie (and later to Frankie) that he was kidnapped and that his abductors faked his death. He was brutally beaten, and the lives of Angie and Frankie were threatened in the process. Eventually, one of his captors took him to the woods and dug a grave in which Jesse was about to be buried. Jesse managed to turn the tables on the captor, kill him in self-defense, and bury him in that same hole.

As the Hubbard family is reunited, Derek Frye (Charles Parnell) -- now chief of the Pine Valley Police Department—informs Greenlee, Zach and their loved ones that the skeleton in the bomb shelter with them was John Remington, the man whom Jesse was protecting at the time of his supposed death. Soon thereafter, Tad is approached by a man identifying himself as Robert Gardner (David Rasche), Tad's biological uncle and the brother of his abusive biological father Ray Gardner (Gil Rogers), who died in 1982. Robert, an agent with the FBI, slowly begins to gain the trust of some Pine Valley residents, including Tad's biological mother Opal Cortlandt (Jill Larson), and soon convinces Jesse that his primary captor—nicknamed "Papel"—has been killed. However, the Hubbards and Martins are unaware that Papel is actually Robert himself, and that it was Robert who murdered Remington. Robert was apparently trying to locate a pair of large uncut diamonds, one of which Remington had secretly hidden inside a stuffed animal that he gave to Frankie as a child. Unaware of the diamond, Angie later gave the stuffed animal to her daughter Cassandra Foster.

Just as an 18-year-old Cassandra (Yaya DaCosta) arrives in Pine Valley from Paris and finally meets Jesse, the legal declaration of Jesse's death is nullified, and he and Angie decide to remarry. On the eve of the wedding, Greg Nelson returns to town, reuniting with the Hubbards. It is a particularly poignant moment, as Greg and his late wife Jenny are Jesse and Angie's oldest and dearest friends.

On May 21, 2008, Jesse and Angie's friends look on as the couple is remarried at Zach Slater's hotel and casino, in the extravagant ceremony that they never had in their younger days. Frankie and Cassandra serve as best man and maid of honor. As a special surprise, Jesse arranges for R&B superstar Ne-Yo to sing his yet-to-be released song "Stop This World" as Angie makes her entrance. During the reception, Jesse catches Robert searching Cassandra's hotel room for the diamond. Holding Robert at gunpoint, Jesse reveals that he has discovered the diamond, and that he deduced some time ago that Robert is the real Papel. After Angie unexpectedly enters the room, Robert takes her hostage and attempts to flee the hotel, shooting at Frankie and Cassandra. Although the two of them are unharmed, Greg is struck by a glancing bullet, while Tad is critically injured and Julia Santos Keefer is fatally wounded. However, Robert's escape attempt fails and he is apprehended through the combined efforts of Jesse, Angie and Frankie.

Weeks later, Derek resigns as police chief and moves to California. Using U.S. Attorney Samuel Woods (Mario Van Peebles) to deliver the message, the mayor offers the job to Jesse. Although he clearly aches to accept the offer, Jesse previously promised Angie that he would not return to law enforcement. Thus, he initially declines the offer and accepts a position at Pine Valley University as a criminology professor. However, Angie soon realizes that her stance on the issue is an unreasonable one and relents. Jesse then accepts the appointment as police chief. His first case involves the murder of ex-convict Richie Novak. When Cassandra unexpectedly becomes one of the suspects in the crime, her fragile relationship with her new stepfather is severely strained. After she is cleared, Cassandra returns to Paris to live with her father Jacob.

Some time thereafter, Jesse reveals that—during his 20-year absence—he suffered a nervous breakdown. He eventually developed a romantic relationship with his doctor Rebecca Fowler (Laura Koffman), and the two had a daughter named Natalia (Shannon Kane). In late 2007, Rebecca learned that she had an inoperable brain tumor (which she kept secret), and shortly thereafter Jesse learned that Frankie was near death with a mysterious illness. Realizing that Angie was the true love of Jesse's life, Rebecca and Natalia staged a huge argument and "forced" Jesse to return to Pine Valley. Months later, Natalia (now age 19) follows and her paternity is revealed. When Rebecca's medical condition comes to light, Angie invites her to stay in the Hubbard home, so that Jesse and Natalia can be together, and so that Rebecca will not be alone in her final days. In February 2009, Rebecca dies.

Soon thereafter, Frankie's military unit is reactivated. After marrying his girlfriend Randi Morgan (Denise Vasi), he returns to Iraq. In early May, Frankie's convoy is ambushed. His family and friends—including fellow soldiers Taylor Thompson (Beth Ehlers) and Brot Monroe (J.R. Martinez) -- are relieved to discover that he survived. and has been rushed to Landstuhl Regional Medical Center (the U.S. military hospital in Landstuhl, Germany). However, Frankie's hands are crushed by a machine during the attack, and the injuries could end his medical career. Randi's efforts to console Frankie are disrupted when her former lover Henry North comes to Pine Valley. After Henry is found murdered, Randi is mistakenly led to believe that she killed him. Jesse risks his career by altering the crime scene to cover any evidence of his daughter-in-law's involvement in the man's death.

2011
Around the time of May 2011 Angie found out that she was going blind due to her treating a young boy in the ER without protective gear on. She began taking medication to keep from the disease taking full control, but soon found out she was pregnant and discontinued the medication much to the disagreement of Jesse because it would harm the baby. Angie officially became legally blind, April 2011. On March 30, 2011, Angie gave birth to a daughter named Ellie. Maya, a teen who has just given birth and has no support from her parents leaves her baby in Brot's police car. Angie goes into labor out at the former Justice of the Piece building Jesse calls for help after Angie passes out from labor pains. When help does not arrive in time he is forced to deliver the baby himself. Brot being the first one on the scene discovers the unnamed baby hidden away in his car. After failed attempts to get baby Ellie breathing after delivery and Jesse afraid of Angie being overwhelmed with grief at her baby being stillborn with Brots help he switches the babies. Jesse then buries baby Ellie under a tree saying that her parents will always love her. At the hospital they name the new baby girlLucille "Lucy" Eleanor Hubbard. A little time later Maya is persuaded by Frankie to work for the Hubbard's as help for taking care of Lucy. Angie and Maya grow close, and Maya begins telling Angie about the little girl she abandoned. Angie deciding to help her search for her lost child become to unbearable for Jesse and on September 4, 2011 it is revealed to Angela the truth about her baby girl. September 14, 2011 Maya officially moved out taking baby Lucy with her leaving Angie and Jesse devastated.

Reception and impact
Jesse and Angie are the world's first African American supercouple. This resulted in the pairing being listed in The News & Advance's Timeline of daytime soaps under the title of 1984: Daytime’s first black supercouple, All My Children’s Angie and Jesse, are introduced. The couple's impact on viewers has often been documented in various other versions. Motivational speaker and author Angela D. Lewis recalled her experience watching the Jesse and Angie love story while attending the University of South Carolina in the 1980s. Students would crowd into the Russell House from 1-2 p.m. each weekday to watch Jesse and Angie. Lewis stated, "We were always part of a huge crowd in the student center — not only girls, but plenty of guys, too! — watching All My Children to see Jesse and Angie. The student union was flooded. Many of us would even arrange our class schedules around the soap!"

Darnell Williams and Kim Delaney shared a noticeable amount of chemistry in their respective roles as Jesse and Jenny. However, it is widely believed the producers of All My Children shied away from pairing them as a romantic couple, as a Black male/White female relationship was still considered to be a taboo on daytime television in the early 1980s.

Scholarly and Jesse's "death"
Jesse's "death" with Angie saying goodbye to him is often noted for being an unforgettable moment in daytime history; this specific impact was examined in author Louise Spence's book Watching Daytime Soap Operas: The Power Of Pleasure. When Williams left his role of Jesse, Spence documented fans' reaction to the news. One letter from a viewer with the initials of P.B. detailed a saddened state to see Williams having left the role. The viewer had never cried so much for an actor on a soap opera, and every time the viewer saw Jesse's wife, Angie, onscreen after Jesse's "death", the viewer would also cry.

Another viewer of initials K.H. voiced that Debbi Morgan deserved an Emmy for her portrayal of Angie Baxter. Viewer K.H. felt that Morgan constantly performed with such strong emotion and sensitivity and that because of that, she could not help but touch everyone's heart. Also mentioned was Morgan's portrayal of grief at Jesse's "death" being so moving, that the author of the letter felt as though a member within his or her own immediate family had taken the deadly bullet.

Jesse's "death" made website inthe80s.com's list of Memorable Television Events From The Eighties.

Guest-starring and magazines
ABC capitalized on the chemistry and popularity of Williams and Morgan by making them the hosts of New York Hot Tracks, a popular music video program which aired late night on Fridays in the 1980s. The genre of videos shown were primarily R&B, Dance and Hip-Hop, with a few Pop videos thrown in every now and then.

In 1985, during the Jesse/Angie/Eugene story arc, Debbi Morgan and Tom Wright (Eugene) appeared in two music videos by the R&B group Cameo: "Attack Me With Your Love" and "Single Life". The former video features a brief appearance by Laurence Fishburne, and its storyline is continued in the latter video.

When magazine Soap Opera Digest picked their January 3, 1984 Jesse and Angie cover for their Friday November 11, 2005 cover in celebration of their magazine turning thirty years old, the following was stated:

"January 3, 1984 Daytime's first black supercouple — ALL MY CHILDREN's Angie (Debbi Morgan) and Jesse (Darnell Williams) captured hearts and helped revolutionize the daytime landscape." Essence magazine, an American fashion, lifestyle and entertainment source, which was the first monthly magazine for African American women, noted Jesse and Angie as well. In an instance of elaborating on Angie's portrayer, the publication cited: "Fans of All My Children have watched the ever-sweet Angie Hubbard evolve from a fresh-faced candy striper into a full-fledged physician — and, in the process, they have felt they've come to know Morgan too. And in a way they have. Both Angie and Debbi are fun-loving, determined women, with high moral standards and lots of integrity."

Kierna Mayo of Essence credited Jesse and Angie for their positive African American representation in the media, as well as their chemistry.

In January 2008, Entertainment Weekly listed the couple at #1 on their list of 17 Great Soap Supercouples.

Awards
After an unsuccessful 1982 nomination, Darnell Williams's portrayal of Jesse Hubbard earned him the 1983 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actor in a Supporting Role in a Drama Series. In 1985, he won the award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, becoming the first black actor to win multiple Daytime Emmys for the same role. He also earned a 2012 nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series.

"During her long tenure on the show, Morgan earned two Daytime Emmy nominations, winning the trophy in 1989," stated Essence. In addition, Morgan was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 2009, 2011, and 2012.

title: Jesse Hubbard and Angie Baxter


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Boswil

Boswil is a municipality in the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

The village lies in the Bünztal valley at the foot of the Lindenberg mountain. The hamlet Wissenbach and Sentenhof (a former estate of the Benedictine Muri Abbey) belong to the municipality.

History
During Neolithic times, between 10000 and 8000 BCE, settlements were first established near the fish-rich Bünzersee (a small lake). In 1930, a cemetery, dated to have been from between 350 and 325 BCE, was discovered north of Boswil, and is seen as evidence that the area was occupied by Celtic peoples during the same time period. Various wall remains of farm estates and mansions from Roman times lie nearby.

Boswil was first mentioned as Bozuuila in a document found in the Grossmünster church in Zürich. Although this document is not dated, recent research places the document's origin between 874 and 887 CE.

Boswil and the surrounding regions were ruled by successions of counts and dukes of the Habsburgs up until 1379, when they began losing territories to the expanding Swiss Confederates. The lords of Hallwyl maintained control over Boswil from 1380, until it was handed over to the ministrations of Muri Abbey in 1483. Meanwhile, the eight Old Cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy had unified and taken control in 1415, and jointly exercised power in all external affairs.

In 1649, a third of the village was destroyed in a fire. After the Second War of Villmerger of 1712, the lands of the Freie Ämter were divided into two parts. One section of the new boundary line, extending west from the church in Oberlunkhofen to the Hochgericht in Fahrwangen, passed directly through Boswil, with the northern section under control of the Protestant cantons Zürich, Bern and Glarus, and the southern section under control of the catholic cantons. Because of its unique position under the domain of two separate jurisdictions, Boswil's development was constrained. Even with the formation of the Helvetic Republic in 1798, Boswil remained divided between the canton of Baden and the newly formed canton of Aargau, until the two cantons were merged in 1803 as the canton of Aargau. Since then, Boswil has been a part of the Muri district.

Industrialization began in 1874, when Boswil became a stop on the Aargauische Südbahn line from Aarau to Muri. From 1870, peat was dug from the Bünzmoos swampland which had resulted from the silting-up of the Bünzersee. In the 1930s and the 1940s, several peat mining companies came into prominence, and an area comprising over 2 square kilometers was cleared, to a depth of 6 meters. As more factories were built, Boswil developed to an industrial site.

Geography
Boswil has an area,, of 11.77 km2. Of this area, 7.75 km2 or 65.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 2.58 km2 or 21.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.28 km2 or 10.9% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.09 km2 or 0.8% is either rivers or lakes and 0.05 km2 or 0.4% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.2% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 5.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.7%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 48.3% is used for growing crops and 16.3% is pastures, while 1.2% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is in rivers and streams.

The municipality is located in the Muri district, on the eastern slope of the Lindenberg in the Bünz river valley. It consists of the village of Boswil.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure a Moon Or increscent with human face.

Demographics
Boswil has a population of , 12.9% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 1.5%. Most of the population speaks German (92.2%), with Italian being second most common ( 2.2%) and Albanian being third ( 1.4%).

The age distribution,, in Boswil is; 213 children or 9.0% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 284 teenagers or 12.0% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 361 people or 15.2% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 310 people or 13.1% are between 30 and 39, 416 people or 17.5% are between 40 and 49, and 333 people or 14.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 223 people or 9.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 147 people or 6.2% are between 70 and 79, there are 70 people or 3.0% who are between 80 and 89,and there are 14 people or 0.6% who are 90 and older.

the average number of residents per living room was 0.55 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.57 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 53.6% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).

, there were 76 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 364 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 413 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. , there were 882 private households (homes and apartments) in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. there were 395 single family homes (or 38.5% of the total) out of a total of 1,027 homes and apartments. There were a total of 70 empty apartments for a 6.8% vacancy rate. , the construction rate of new housing units was 8.1 new units per 1000 residents.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 44.1% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (24.3%), the SP (10.6%) and the Green Party (7%).

The historical population is given in the following table:

Administration
Legislation is exercised by municipality meetings. Implementing this authority is the local council. Its term of office lasts four years, and then the majority choice candidate is selected by the people. The council leads and represents the town. In addition, it carries out the resolutions and tasks of the municipality meetings.

The 5 local councillors are:

 * Alois Huber
 * Ruedi Return
 * Othmar Stoeckli
 * Roger Wiesli
 * Elmar Mueller

Four levels of law exist, with the district court of Muri being locally responsible. A justice of the peace is shared between the municipalities of Besenbueren, Bettwil, Bünzen, Kallern, Rottenschwil and Waltenschwil.

Heritage sites of national significance
The Catholic church of St. Pankraz, the Säge Weissenbach at Weissenbach 301 and House Nr. 169 on Niesenbergstrasse 6 are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance. The entire village of Boswil is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

The former parish church of St. Pankraz was built in the 17th century around a late-gothic tower. In the 18th century the exterior and interior were redecorated. In 1913 the church was put to profane use and since 1953 has served as a concert hall. "

Economy
, Boswil had an unemployment rate of 1.21%. , there were 145 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 43 businesses involved in this sector. 334 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 45 businesses in this sector. 497 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 77 businesses in this sector.

there were 1,260 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 875 or about 69.4% of the residents worked outside Boswil while 505 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 890 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 9.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 52% used a private car.

The municipality possesses a considerable number of industrial companies, which are particularly active in the construction and transportation industries. This is beside several trade and service enterprises.

Transportation
The main road of Lenzburg-Luzern passes through the middle of the village, and serves as a public traffic route. The Swiss Federal Railways have a station, Boswil-Bünzen, on the railway line connecting Aarau and Arth-Goldau.

Schools
Bosvil has a primary and secondary school. The district school is in Muri and the Cantonal school is in Wohlen. The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Boswil about 72.5% of the population (between age 25 and 64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the school age population, there are 147 students attending primary school, there are 126 students attending secondary school in the municipality.

Religion
From the, 1,609 or 69.7% were Roman Catholic, while 326 or 14.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 individual who belonged to the Christian Catholic faith.

Culture
At the end of the 1880s a new church was established, inaugurated on August 24, 1890. The old church, which had become too small, was later sold including the parsonage building. Since that time the old church has, at regular intervals, held cultural high level meetings, some of which received worldwide attention.

The old parsonage building served first as a home for elderly artists, then later as an area for creative art class participants.

title: Boswil


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