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Return period

A return period, also known as a recurrence interval or repeat interval, is an average time or an estimated average time between events such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, or river discharge flows to occur.

It is a statistical measurement typically based on historic data over an extended period, and is used usually for risk analysis. Examples include deciding whether a project should be allowed to go forward in a zone of a certain risk or designing structures to withstand events with a certain return period. The following analysis assumes that the probability of the event occurring does not vary over time and is independent of past events.

Estimating a return period
Recurrence interval $$ = {n+1\over m}$$

 * n number of years on record;
 * m is the rank of observed occurrences when arranged in descending order

For floods, the event may be measured in terms of m3/s or height; for storm surges, in terms of the height of the surge, and similarly for other events. This is Weibull's Formula.

Return period as the reciprocal of expected frequency
The theoretical return period between occurrences is the inverse of the average frequency of occurrence. For example, a 10-year flood has a 1/10 = 0.1 or 10% chance of being exceeded in any one year and a 50-year flood has a 0.02 or 2% chance of being exceeded in any one year.

This does not mean that a 100-year flood will happen regularly every 100 years, or only once in 100 years. Despite the connotations of the name "return period". In any given 100-year period, a 100-year event may occur once, twice, more, or not at all, and each outcome has a probability that can be computed as below.

Also, the estimated return period below is a statistic: it is computed from a set of data (the observations), as distinct from the theoretical value in an idealized distribution. One does not actually know that a certain or greater magnitude happens with 1% probability, only that it has been observed exactly once in 100 years.

That distinction is significant because there are few observations of rare events: for instance, if observations go back 400 years, the most extreme event (a 400-year event by the statistical definition) may later be classed, on longer observation, as a 200-year event (if a comparable event immediately occurs) or a 500-year event (if no comparable event occurs for a further 100 years).

Further, one cannot determine the size of a 1000-year event based on such records alone but instead must use a statistical model to predict the magnitude of such an (unobserved) event. Even if the historic return interval is a lot less than 1000 years, if there are a number of less-severe events of a similar nature recorded, the use of such a model is likely to provide useful information to help estimate the future return interval.

Probability distributions
One would like to be able to interpret the return period in probabilistic models. The most logical interpretation for this is to take the return period as the counting rate in a Poisson distribution since it is the expectation value of the rate of occurrences. An alternative interpretation is to take it as the probability for a yearly Bernoulli trial in the binomial distribution. That is disfavoured because each year does not represent an independent Bernoulli trial but is an arbitrary measure of time. This question is mainly academic as the results obtained will be similar under both the Poisson and binomial interpretations.

Poisson
The probability mass function of the Poisson distribution is

 * $$ P(r;t)={(\mu t)^r \over r!} e^{-\mu t} = {(t/T)^r \over r!} e^{-t/T}$$

where $$r$$ is the number of occurrences the probability is calculated for, $$t$$ the time period of interest, $$T$$ is the return period and $$\mu = 1/T$$ is the counting rate.

The probability of no-occurrence can be obtained simply considering the case for $$r=0$$. The formula is

 * $$ P(r=0;t)= e^{-\mu t} = e^{-t/T}$$

Consequently, the probability of exceedance (i.e. the probability of an event "stronger" than the event with return period $$T$$ to occur at least once within the time period of interest) is

 * $$ P(t>0;t)= 1 - P(t=0;t) = 1 - e^{-\mu t} = 1 - e^{-t/T}$$

Note that for any event with return period $$T$$, the probability of exceedance within an interval equal to the return period (i.e. $$t = T$$) is independent from the return period and it is equal to $$1-\exp(-1) \approx 63.2\%$$. This means, for example, that there is a 63.2% probability of a flood larger than the 50-year return flood to occur within any period of 50 year.

Example
If the return period of occurrence $T$ is 243 years ($\mu = 0.0041$ ) then the probability of exactly one occurrence in ten years is

\begin{align} P(r;t) & = \frac{(\mu t)^r}{r!} e^{-\mu t}\\[6pt] P(r=1;t=10) & = \frac{(10/243)^1}{1!} e^{-10/243} \approx 3.95\% \end{align} $$

Binomial
In a given period of $$n\times \tau$$ for a unit time $$\tau$$ (e.g. $$\tau = 1 \text{year}$$), the probability of a given number r of events of a return period $$\mu$$ is given by the binomial distribution as follows.

 * $$ P(X = r) = {n\choose r}\mu^r(1-\mu)^{n-r}.$$

This is valid only if the probability of more than one occurrence per unit time $$\tau$$ is zero. Often that is a close approximation, in which case the probabilities yielded by this formula hold approximately.

If $$n \rightarrow \infty, \mu \rightarrow 0$$ in such a way that $$n \mu \rightarrow \lambda$$ then

 * $$\frac{n!}{(n-r)!r!} \mu^r (1-\mu)^{n-r} \rightarrow e^{-\lambda}\frac{\lambda^r}{r!}.$$

Take
 * $$ \mu = \frac 1 T = {m\over n+1}$$

where
 * T is return interval
 * n is number of years on record.
 * m is the number of recorded occurrences of the event being considered

Example
Given that the return period of an event is 100 years,

 * $$p={1\over 100}=0.01.$$

So the probability that such an event occurs exactly once in 10 successive years is:

\begin{align} P(X = 1) & =\binom{10}{1} \times 0.01^1 \times 0.99^9 \\[4pt] & \approx 10 \times 0.01 \times 0.914 \\[4pt] & \approx 0.0914 \end{align} $$

Risk analysis
Return period is useful for risk analysis (such as natural, inherent, or hydrologic risk of failure). When dealing with structure design expectations, the return period is useful in calculating the riskiness of the structure.

The probability of at least one event that exceeds design limits during the expected life of the structure is the complement of the probability that no events occur which exceed design limits.

The equation for assessing this parameter is
 * $$\overline R = 1 - \left(1 - {1\over T}\right)^n=1-(1-P(X\ge x_T))^n$$

where
 * $${1\over T}=P(X\ge x_T)$$ is the expression for the probability of the occurrence of the event in question in a year;
 * n is the expected life of the structure.

title: Return period


text:
Talk:Isotope separation

Removed text and other quibbles
Removed text:

Centrifuges have a smaller throughput than diffusion plants and therefore may require many centrifuges operating in parallel to process large amounts of material.

In fact, diffusion cells operate in even bigger (larger numbers of cells) cascades, with many cells in parallel at the lower concentrations. The other thing is that centrifuges vary in size... the American ones appear to be a lot bigger than the European ones (although the rotor sizes are still secret). Andrewa 20:29, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

A minor quibble: strictly speaking, evaporation is a physical rather than a chemical process, so that should come under physical methods. I believe that there are some quite large-scale isotope enrichments carried out using differences in boiling points. The company Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, (if I recall correctly from a catalogue of theirs I saw a decade or so ago), does fractional distillation of carbon dioxide to enrich the C-13 over C-12. But that catalogue was a long time ago, and I can't find any definite information on their current website about how they do their isotope production, though I note their newsletter describes their O-18 production method as distillation:  -- Malcolm Farmer 21:31, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * That's a good point. The chemical process I had in mind was electrical disassociation, which is the older method of preparation of heavy water. The article still suffers from wikitus (disorder resulting from mixing styles, thought processes and levels of understanding of several authors into a single inconsistent prose), please feel free to clarify!

 * I wasn't aware of commercial availability of C-13 or O-18 enriched products, please add them. A pity, that means my neat generalisation is no longer true and will have to go too! But we should have accuracy rather than art! Andrewa 06:10, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Which elements are separated at commercial levels
"To date large-scale commercial isotope separation has occurred of only three elements."

Any source for this claim? I know of at least one other, Boron, as boron-10 is preferable to boron-11 as a neutron absorber for use as a reactor posion in nuclear fuel. 136.159.234.163 21:22, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

He3 is often separated from He4 for cryogenic research, usually by their different boiling point (3K vs. 4K) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ejeffrey (talk • contribs) 13:55, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

 * To my knowledge, the world market for 13C is around 40 kg/year, more than half for medical use (see 13C breath test). Is this a large quantity? Some other elements are used also in kg/year quantities. Dolorpiedo (talk) 18:02, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

Centripetal/ Centrifugal
I changed Centripetal to Centrifugal because:

1. Less confusion with the way things are named.

2. The difference is basically only which way you are facing.

3. The only reason I could see to use centripetal to begin with was intellectual snobbery.

=== Problem with dating.

The following statement from the article has a problem in that the Manhattan project was during WWII, which was definately not before 1936.

"The centrifugal separation of isotopes was first suggested by Aston and Lindemann[2] in 1919 but attempts to use the technology during the Manhattan project were unproductive and not until 1936 were the first successful experiments reported by Beams and Haynes[3] on isotopes of chlorine." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.167.89.139 (talk) 16:15, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Removed inaccurate text
which will also require enriched uranium as a fuel describing plutonium production reactors. Ummm, sorry, that's complete and utter rubbish. For example, the UK, France, and North Korea (and probably others, I don't know the details) all produced their first plute bombs using natural uranium fueled, graphite moderated reactors. No isotopic separation required, that's the atraction of that technology. Andrewa (talk) 13:34, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

this is a B article?
just what theory of Charles Townes is being talked about in the intro?76.218.104.120 (talk) 04:41, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I removed it. The statement was unsourced, unclear, and most likely elaborating further about a field where isotope separation is not used, so undue in the lede of this article. —  H HHIPPO  08:17, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
 * that's an improvement, but this is still below the quality of a B article.76.218.104.120 (talk) 13:28, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
 * cancel that, the intro colored my opinion. This article isn't so bad.76.218.104.120 (talk) 13:30, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

Separated lead
Pb-208 has an even lower neutron capture cross section than natural lead, and other more subtle nuclear properties that have led to it being called the ultimate fast reactor coolant, and it's also interesting for other classes of reactor.

http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/28075.pdf has some details (but not that exact quote, that's from my father Keith Alder who was a nuclear engineer and very interested in lead coolants).

So when nuclear engineers speak of separated lead they generally mean lead enriched in Pb-208. Or rather, lead rich in Pb-208, since it's most easily obtained from Thorium ores (up to 90% Pb-208) which means it's neither enriched nor separated, strictly speaking.

The book Application of Stable Lead Isotope Pb-208 in Nuclear Power Engineering and its Acquisition Techniques would be another good source. Andrewa (talk) 01:53, 18 October 2016 (UTC)

Additional methods perhaps
There is perhaps room for fleshing out the types, might not matter after re-reading.

http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/u-aerodynamic.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helikon_vortex_separation_process I see this is already mentioned here even though aerodynamic is lumped with centrifugal.

Idyllic press (talk) 23:01, 21 November 2016 (UTC)

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9.54
In the chemical methods section, three constants of value 9.54 seems to have different ratios? Gah4 (talk) 08:46, 7 July 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Isotope separation


text:
University of the South Pacific

The University of the South Pacific (USP) is a public research university with locations spread throughout a dozen countries in Oceania. Established in 1968, the university is organised as an intergovernmental organisation and is owned by the governments of 12 Pacific island countries: the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu.

USP is an international centre for teaching and research on Pacific culture and environment, with almost 30,000 students in 2017. The university's main campus is in Suva, Fiji, with subsidiary campuses in each member state.

History
Discussion of a regional university for the South Pacific began in the early 1950s, when an investigation by the South Pacific Commission recommended the creation of a "central institution" for vocational training in the South Pacific, with a university as a distant goal. In December 1962, the Fijian Legislative Assembly discussed establishing a university in Fiji. In 1964, New Zealand proposed the establishment of a regional teachers' training college in Suva.

In 1965, the governments of Great Britain and New Zealand appointed a "Higher Education Mission to the South Pacific", chaired by Sir Charles Morris, to investigate "the future education requirements of the South Pacific area" and recommend the type of level of institutions needed. In 1966 the Mission reported back, recommending the establishment of "“fully autonomous university comprehending within itself, as well as Faculties of Arts and Science, the Fiji School of Medicine, the School of Agriculture in Fiji, a College for the education and training of secondary teachers, the Pacific Theological College, and, in so far its activities in the field of diploma courses are concerned, the Derrick Technical Institute". The Mission recommended that it be called the University of the South Pacific. The former Royal New Zealand Air Force seaplane base at Laucala Bay in Fiji was recommended as a suitable location. A subsequent report by Norman Alexander fleshed out the proposal, and in 1967 the Fijian government passed an ordinance establishing the university's interim council. In February 1970 this was replaced with a royal charter.

The university opened on 5 February 1968, with Colin Aikman as its first vice-chancellor. Initially teaching was limited to preliminary courses, the equivalent of New Zealand's School Certificate and University Entrance. Degree teaching began in 1969, with a school of natural resources, a school of education, and a school of social and economic development offering interdisciplinary courses. The first graduation ceremony took place on 2 December 1971, with 49 students receiving degrees, diplomas and certificates.

In the 1970s the university began establishing regional extension centres to deliver continuing education, correspondence and extramural courses. It also began to advocate for Pacific regionalism and adopt a distinct "Pacific flavour", with Vice-Chancellor James Maraj arguing that the university should become "truly a university of the peoples of the Pacific". In 1976 it established the Institute of Pacific Studies under Professor Ron Crocombe to deepen students' awareness of Pacific identity and the region. Over the next 20 years, the institute published works by over 2,000 Pacific authors. A foundation course in Pacific studies is still included in every USP undergraduate programme.

In 1977 the government of Western Samoa leased the South Pacific Regional College of Tropical Agriculture in Alafua to the university to establish a school of agriculture. It is now the university's Alafua campus. In 1989 it opened the Emalus campus in Vanuatu, which since 1996 has hosted the university's law school and the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute. In 1991 the Republic of the Marshall Islands became the university's 12th member country. An extension campus was opened there in 1993. In 2012 the university opened a Confucius Institute at the Laucula campus in partnership with the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications. In 2017 the university supplemented its governance arrangements with the University of the South Pacific Convention, providing for the recognition of the university by its member-states. The convention came into force on 16 June 2018.

Governance
The university is governed by a council, chaired by the pro-chancellor. The council consists of the ministers of education of member states, additional representatives from Fiji, Samoa, Australia and New Zealand, staff and student representatives, and additional members co-opted by the council. The titular head of the council is the chancellor, a position which rotates among the heads of state and heads of government of the university's members. The Governor General of the Solomon Islands, David Vunagi, has served as chancellor since 1 July 2023. An independent University Grants Committee meets every three years to advise member and donor countries on funding levels.

The following people have held the role of vice-chancellor:
 * Colin Aikman (1968–1974)
 * James Maraj (1975–1982)
 * Frank Brosnahan (1982–1983)
 * Geoffrey Caston (1983–1992)
 * Esekia Solofa (1992–2001)
 * Savenaca Siwatibau (2001–2003)
 * Anthony Tarr (2005–2007)
 * Rajesh Chandra (2007–2018)
 * Pal Ahluwalia (2018–present)

Dispute with Fijian government
In 2019, Ahluwalia raised concerns about mismanagement and abuse of office at USP under the leadership of Vice-Chancellor Rajesh Chandra. An investigation by New Zealand accounting firm BDO substantiated the allegations, and the report was subsequently leaked online. In June 2020, a special council meeting led by Pro-Chancellor Winston Thompson suspended Ahluwalia for unspecified "misconduct". Staff protesting the suspension were questioned by Fijian police. On 19 June Ahluwalia was reinstated by a full meeting of the USP council, and the allegations against him were dismissed in September 2020.

The Fijian government refused to accept Ahluwalia's exoneration and on 24 September 2020 halted all funding to the university. On 4 February 2021, the Fijian government summarily deported Ahluwalia for being "a person who is or has been conducting himself in a manner prejudicial to the peace, defence, public safety, public order, public morality, public health, security or good government of the Fiji Islands". In response to Fiji government interference in the regional university, Samoa has proposed moving USP's headquarters to Samoa. Following Ahluwalia's deportation, Giulio Masasso Tu'ikolongahau Paunga was appointed acting vice-chancellor by the USP Council. The Council also established a subcommittee to investigate the deportation.

Following Ahluwalia's deportation, Samoan Prime Minister Tuilaʻepa Saʻilele Malielegaoi announced that Samoa would be willing to provide a new home for the university. On 25 May the university's council issued a new three-year contract to Ahluwalia and relocate the vice-chancellor's office to the Alafua Campus in Apia, Samoa. In August 2021 the Fijian government announced that it would not fund the university as long as Ahluwalia was vice-chancellor.

Following the 2022 Fijian general election, the new government led by Sitiveni Rabuka revoked the prohibition order on Ahluwalia and reinstated funding to USP. In March 2023 former Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama and former police commissioner Sitiveni Qiliho were charged with abuse of office for allegedly terminating the police investigation into the 2019 claims of financial mismanagement.

Rankings
The Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked USP in 1001-1200th for 2024.

In 2021, the university was ranked in 1001-1200th by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. The university claimed that this translated to being ranked in the top 10% of universities in the world, leading to criticism that they were exaggerating their ranking.

Campuses
Despite its multi-campus nature, the USP is not a university system. It is a single university with several branches across the Pacific Region. USP's Laucala campus in Fiji is the main campus of the University, also serving as its administrative centre. USP's main campus, called Laucala, lies on Laucala Bay in Fiji's capital of Suva. It also has two other satellite campuses in Fiji: Labasa and Lautoka. The Alafua campus in Samoa hosts the School of Agriculture and Food Technology. The Emalus campus in Vanuatu is the location for the School of Law. The Nuku-alofa campus in Tonga is where the Institute for Education, directed by Seu'ula Johansson-Fua is based.

USP operates 11 regional centres based in Pacific islands countries. The region served by USP covers 33 million km2 of the Pacific Ocean, an area more than three times the size of Europe. In contrast, the total land mass of territories served corresponds to the area of Denmark. Populations of member countries vary from Tokelau with 1,500 people to Fiji with more than 900,000 people. (The population of the region is about 1.3 million.)

The following are the extension campuses of the university, aside from its campuses in Fiji, Samoa, and Vanuatu.

Faculties and courses
After undergoing a restructuring process in early 2021, USP is organized into eight main faculties that include the following disciplines:
 * School of Accounting, Finance and Economics (SAFE)
 * Accounting & Finance
 * Economics
 * School of Business and Management (SBM)
 * Tourism & Hospitality Management
 * Management and Public Administration
 * Land Management & Development
 * Graduate School of Business
 * School of Information Technology, Engineering, Mathematics and Physics (STEMP)
 * Engineering and Physics
 * Computing, Information & Mathematical Science
 * School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Ocean and Natural Sciences (SAGEONS)
 * Agriculture & Food Technology
 * Biological & Chemical Sciences
 * Geography, Earth Science and Environment
 * Marine Studies
 * School of Law and Social Sciences (SoLaSS)
 * Law
 * Government, Development & International Affairs
 * Social Sciences
 * School of Pacific Arts, Communication and Education (SPACE)
 * Education
 * Language, Arts & Media
 * Oceania Centre for Arts, Culture & Pacific Studies
 * Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development (PACE-SD)
 * Pacific TAFE (PTAFE)
 * College of Foundation Studies
 * College of Continuing Vocational Education and Training (CVET). Among many other qualifications, the Diploma of Library and Information Services (Level 5) is available at this institution, a library technician qualification which is recognised in Australia as a paraprofessional library qualification.

Notable academics and staff

 * Marjorie Crocombe – author
 * Ron Crocombe – father of Pacific Studies
 * Sitiveni Halapua – politician
 * Epeli Hauʻofa – anthropologist/sociologist/social scientist
 * Elisabeth Holland – climate scientist
 * Brij Lal – historian
 * Biman Prasad – politician
 * Mahendra Reddy – politician
 * Ganesh Chand – politician
 * Tupeni Baba – politician
 * Teleiai Lalotoa Mulitalao – lawyer
 * Virginia Tilley – political scientist

Notable alumni
USP has produced a number of graduates that have played important roles in the South Pacific region. Its alumni include Mark Brown, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands, Elizabeth Iro, WHO Chief Nursing Officer, Ludwig Scotty, former President of Nauru; Bikenibeu Paeniu, former Prime Minister of Tuvalu; ʻAkilisi Pōhiva, former Prime Minister of Tonga; Joe Natuman, former Prime Minister of Vanuatu; archaeologist Tarisi Vunidilo, Solomon Islands women's activist Alice Pollard, women's rights activist Michelle Reddy, and Tongan environmental scientist Netatua Pelesikoti.

title: University of the South Pacific


text:
Narrative environment

A narrative environment is a space, whether physical or virtual, in which stories can unfold. A virtual narrative environment might be the narrative framework in which game play can proceed. A physical narrative environment might be an exhibition area within a museum, or a foyer of a retail space, or the public spaces around a building - anywhere in short where stories can be told in space. It is also a term coined by the Central Saint Martin's College of Art and Design programme where the first Narrative Environment course was introduced in 2003. It is a full-time, 2 year Masters level course leading to an MA degree. Originally called in Creative Practice for Narrative Environments, now M.A. for Narrative Environments.

title: Narrative environment


text:
San Pietro in Bovara

San Pietro in Bovara is a Romanesque and Gothic-style, Roman Catholic church and abbey located on Via Don Sturzo #2 in Bovara, a frazione of the town of Trevi, in the province of Perugia, region of Umbria, central Italy.

History and description
A church and Benedictine abbey at the site is documented from the 12th century. An inscription below the facade tympanum mentions the name Atto who may the master involved in the construction of San Lorenzo in Spello and the Duomo of Foligno during 1120-1140. For the next three centuries, the abbey was torn by competing ownership by different orders and institutions. It is said St Francis and his follower Pacifico stayed at the abandoned abbey in the early 13th-century. In 1484, the abbey was granted to the Olivetan order, and remained so until suppressions in the 19th century. The church is now a parish church.

The facade was rebuilt in a generally Gothic arrangement with a tall nave, a large spoked rose window, and flanking mullioned windows. The rounded arch for portal has a floral decoration, although it is unclear to when it dates. Peculiar to this church are floral friezes below the rose window and two metal corbels in the shape of cow's heads. The interior naves are divided by heavy Romanesque columns. A 16th-century cloister is attached to the church. While the base of the bell-tower shows the white stone Romanesque construction, the elaborate domed higher stories date from the 17th century.

title: San Pietro in Bovara


text:
Brumunddal

Brumunddal is a town in Ringsaker Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The town is the administrative centre of the municipality. It is located on the shores of the lake Mjøsa, about 10 km north of the town of Hamar. The town is a small, densely populated area surrounded by countryside and farms. It is situated at the mouth of river Brumunda, running from the highlands into lake Mjøsa. Brumunddal Church is located in the village.

The 7.26 km2 town has a population (2021) of 11,019 and a population density of 1519 PD/km2. This makes it the largest settlement in all of Ringsaker municipality.

The dominant industries are agriculture, ore refining, and tourism. Tine also has a large production facility in the town. Brumunddal is the hometown of the woman behind one of Norway's most popular frozen pizza brands, Grandiosa. The local football team is Brumunddal Fotball.

Mjøstårnet, the world's tallest glulam structure, an 18-storey building, is in Brumunddal.

Sport
The By speedwaybane is a motorcycle speedway venue located north west of the town in a remote area (60.90222°N, 10.90917°W), off the Lillehaugvegen. The speedway is organised by the Mjøsa Speedwayklubb and it held the final of the Norwegian Individual Speedway Championship in 2017 and 2023.

title: Brumunddal


text:
Tongan paʻanga

The paanga is the currency of Tonga. It is controlled by the National Reserve Bank of Tonga (Pangikē Pule Fakafonua o Tonga) in Nukualofa. The paanga is not convertible and is pegged to a basket of currencies comprising the Australian, New Zealand, and United States dollars and the Japanese yen.

The paanga is subdivided into 100 seniti. The ISO code is TOP, and the usual abbreviation is T$ (¢ for seniti). In Tonga, the paanga is often referred to in English as the dollar, the seniti as the cent and the hau as the union. The unit of hau (1 hau = 100 paanga), is not used in everyday life and can be found only on commemorative coins of higher denominations.

Etymology
Paanga is the Tongan name for Entada phaseoloides, also called the box bean or St. Thomas's bean, a bean-like vine producing large pods with large reddish-brown seeds. The seeds are roundish, up to 5 cm diameter and 1 or 2 cm thick. When strung together they are used as anklets, part of the kailao dance costume. They were also used as playing pieces in an ancient disc-throwing game, lafo.

On 1 December 1806 Tongans attacked the passing ship Port-au-Prince near Lifuka in order to take it over. They failed, as the crew sank the vessel. The chief of Haapai, Fīnau Ulukālala, resorted to the next plan, to plunder whatever was worthwhile. On his inspection tour, he found the ship's cash. Not knowing what money was, he considered the coins as paanga. Finally, not seeing anything of value, he ordered the remains of the ship to be burned; most of the crew were also reported to be massacred. It was much later that William Mariner, the only survivor of this attack, told him that those pieces of metal were of great value and not merely playing stones. Mariner also passed down the following statement of Fīnau Ulukālala as he began to understand the value of these pieces to the European sailors:
 * If money were made of iron and could be converted into knives, axes and chisels there would be some sense in placing a value on it; but as it is, I see none. If a man has more yams than he wants, let him exchange some of them away for pork. [...] Certainly money is much handier and more convenient but then, as it will not spoil by being kept, people will store it up instead of sharing it out as a chief ought to do, and thus become selfish. [...] I understand now very well what it is that makes the papālangi [white men] so selfish – it is this money!

When Tonga introduced decimal currency, it decided not to call the main unit the dollar because the native word, tola, translated into a pig's snout, the soft end of a coconut, or, in vulgar language, a mouth. Paanga, on the other hand, translated into money.

History
The paanga was introduced on 3 April 1967. It replaced the pound at a rate of 1 pound = 2 paanga. Until 11 February 1991, the pa'anga was pegged to the Australian dollar at par. Since that time, a basket of currencies is taken and the paanga has continuously declined. Official exchange rates are released daily by the National Reserve Bank of Tonga.

Coins

In 1967, circulating coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 seniti and 1 and 2 paanga. The 1 and 2 seniti were struck in bronze with the other denominations in cupro-nickel. The 50 seniti, 1, and 2 paanga were only struck in small numbers as these denominations were also issued in note form. In 1974, dodecagonal (twelve-sided) 50 seniti were introduced but 50 seniti banknotes continued to be issued until 1983. In 1974, 1 seniti coins were struck in brass rather than bronze but reverted to bronze in 1975.

In 1975, a new series of coins was issued, themed around FAO and food production and featuring a new portrait style effigy of the king. This was followed by another series of similar theme in 1981. 1 and 2 Pa'anga coins continued to be issued. Starting in 1978 the 1 Pa'anga coins were redesigned with an innovative, or at least unique rectangular shape while the 2 Pa'anga (depicted on the right) remained round and continued to be one of the world's largest circulating coins at the time ( diameter 44.5 millimetres/1.75 inches ), larger even than standard "English crown sized" coins. The reverses of both were changed annually to commemorate a different FAO goal or event. Later seven sided Christmas themed pa'anga coins also exist. However, due to the 2 Pa'anga coin's large size and weight and the awkward shape of the 1 pa'anga, they failed to compete against the 1 and 2 Pa'anga notes that were simultaneously issued so production of these denominations ended in the 1980s due to low commercial demand. All 1 and 2 pa'anga coins still remain legal tender but are rarely used.

in 2002, nickel-plated steel replaced cupro-nickel in the 10, 20, and 50 seniti and the 5 seniti in 2005. The change did not occur in the 5 seniti initially as there was still a reasonable quantity of coins in stock at the time of the change. The move was made to reduce costs in production of the coins. The weight of the coins was also slightly reduced, although they remained the same approximate size as earlier dated coins. In 2011, commercial demand for 20 and 50 seniti prompted these denominations to be issued featuring the effigy of Tupou IV posthumous, who had died in 2006. A new obverse design for George Tupou V had not yet been made or selected at this time, possibly due to increased health concerns regarding the latter monarch, who died in March 2012.

For a brief period, some of the higher denomination coinage from the 1967–1968 series was "countermarked" with commemoration stamps that were added to the coin after being struck. The most distinct of these is Oil Search series which was plated in gold or "gilt". Some countermarked pieces were released into circulation but many were also sold to collectors.

Current circulating coins are in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 seniti. The one and two seniti coins are still valid but are becoming less common in circulation due to high production cost and low value and may only be readily available for months after a release by the banks. Total prices in shops are usually rounded to the nearest 5 or 10 seniti.

In 2011, Tonga had announced plans to introduce a new and more modern series of coins shortly after neighboring Samoa and Fiji had done so, and on 3 March 2015 the Royal Australian Mint announced the production of new coins that would begin release later that year. Dignitaries, including Tongan Princess Angelika Tuku'aho whose father will feature on her county's coins, took turns striking the coins at a ceremony. "I'm very proud and honoured to be able to strike the coins today," she said. "This is also in celebration of His Majesty's coronation that is coming up in July."

The first series of coins showed Queen Salote Tupou III, two years after her death. The reverse designs were Tu'i Malila (a radiated tortoise presented to the Tongan royal family by Captain Cook in 1777) on the 1 and 2 seniti, wheat sheaves and a stylized depiction of the constellation Crux on the 5 and 10 seniti, and the Royal Tongan coat of arms on the higher denominations. From 1968, the portrait of King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV appeared, facing right, with the first year issue commemorating the coronation event. Since 1975, all coins have borne the word "Tonga" on the obverse and the inscription "Fakalahi meakai" (Tongan: "Grow more food") and the denomination on the reverse. All 1975–2011 coins are FAO themed. The King is shown in military uniform in portrait format rather than profile.

As part of a coinage reform, new coins were minted in 2015 by the Royal Australian Mint.

Specifications and designs are:

The King is shown facing on the 10, 20, and 50 seniti, under the initials FAO.

Banknotes
In 1967, notes (bearing the portrait of Queen Salote Tupou III) were introduced by the government in denominations of $1/100$, 1, 2, 5 and 10 paanga. From 1974, the portrait of King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV appeared on the notes. $1/2$ paanga notes were issued until 1983, with 20 paanga notes introduced in 1985, followed by 50 paanga in 1988. In 1992, the National Reserve Bank of Tonga took over production of paper money. On 30 July 2008, a new banknote series with greater security features was introduced featuring George Tupou V and a redesigned look. During this issue, a 100 paanga banknote was introduced for the first time.

The obverse of Tongan notes features text in the Tongan language and shows the portrait of the monarch. The reverse is in English language and shows typical motives and landmarks of Tonga: the Haamonga a Maui Trilithon, a humpback whale, burial mounds, school students and rugby players, the royal palace, the Tongan Development Bank, the Port of Vavau (twice, once depicted as it was around 1900, and the other in contemporary depiction), and ngatu making.

On 29 June 2015, the National Reserve Bank of Tonga introduced a new family of paanga banknotes in six denominations, from 2 to 100 paanga. Banknotes of 50 and 100 paanga are made of a paper/polymer hybrid substrate. They feature a portrait of the current king of Tonga, Tupou VI.

On 4 December 2023, the National Reserve Bank of Tonga introduced a new family of six banknotes to commemorate the birthday of the Kingdom’s moderniser King Tupou I.

title: Tongan paʻanga


text:
Vibeke Stene

Vibeke Stene (born 17 August 1978) is a Norwegian soprano and actress. She is best known as a former member of the gothic metal band Tristania, which she joined in 1996 and appears with on five albums. as the band became "one of the world's premiere goth metal bands".

In 2007, Stene left Tristania and temporarily retired from the music industry to start a family and teach singing. In 2013, Stene came out of retirement with a guest appearance for the band God of Atheists. She later worked in musical theater and then formed the doom metal band Veil of Secrets.

Early life
Stene was born in Sokndal, Rogaland, Norway to Steinar Stene and Sissel Bø Stene, and has two sisters named Ingvild and Maiken. She first performed for people outside her family at the age of three. She began taking singing lessons at age 13, and became interested in classical singing. In an interview, she stated that her influences were the people with whom she had performed personally. Stene has also cited Tori Amos, Björk, David Bowie, Tom Waits, and Diamanda Galás as "only a few of many singers that I think are very good".

During her school years, Stene performed in jazz, folk, and classical concerts both as a solo artist and with various bands. Around age 17, she became interested in heavy metal singing when she started "to know my inner melancholy". She was inspired to join a band after seeing Theater of Tragedy live in Stavanger. She took vocal lessons until age 23, long after she had become a professional singer, because she wanted to learn how to teach others to sing.

Tristania keyboardist Einar Moen stated in an interview that Stene "has a classical education actually – sort of an opera school or university degree. And she has also taken singing lessons since she was a little girl, so she's always sung."

1996–2007: Tristania
Stene met the members of Tristania through a friend and saw them again at a music contest. She joined the band at age 18 while still in school. At that time, Tristania was planning to record their first demo. At first the band intended her to be a temporary guest vocalist. According to Stene, she did not know she was an official member of the band until she read an article about them after Widow's Weeds was released.

After five albums with Tristania, Stene left the band in February 2007 to finish her university degree which she started but did not finish in 2000, and also because she did not like the direction of the band's recent music. Coincidentally, singer Tarja Turunen had left the Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish around the same time, leading to widespread speculation that Stene would be her replacement, and Stene had to announce that this was merely a rumor.

2007–2012: Retirement
In the years after she left Tristania, Stene retired from the music industry. She gave birth to two children and taught singing during her retirement. In a 2010 interview, Stene was asked if she would sing professionally again. She declared that when given a good offer, she would take it. In 2011, the electronic band Plutho released a song called "Queen of Broken Hearts" featuring Stene, though it was recorded back in 1999.

2013–present: Return to music
In June 2013, Stene announced on Facebook that she was returning to the music scene. Her first new music activity was an appearance with the extreme metal project God of Atheists, formed by Asgeir Mickelson. In 2015 she wrote and sang one song for the gothic metal band Viper Solfa on their debut album Carving an Icon.

Stene also ventured into theater work. She appeared in a play titled Skammens Gissel (Hostage of Shame) in which she played the role of Silja. Her theater debut was in October 2015. She described the play and her character: Silja made the choice to move away from her husband and her children to a collective of German soldiers. By the war's end, she traveled with one of the soldiers back to his homeland. After a few years her son decided to track down his mother. He found her in Germany and brought her home to Norway in secret. In the south of Norway Silja becomes hostage, caught in her own home by shame. Her son have to bear the secret alone. The drama plays out in the home between mother and son and those out on the street, the free – or unfree. In July 2020, Stene announced the formation of a new doom metal band called Veil of Secrets with Asgeir Mickelson. The band's debut album Dead Poetry was released in November 2020. According to Stene, "After some years with no music production or dissemination, I strongly felt an inner longing to create and feel alive through music. So I started to seek a resolution. [...] The composing process of' Dead Poetry was deeply founded on honesty and trust, and therefore I'm very proud to finally share Veil of Secrets."

Demos

 * Tristania (1997)

Albums

 * Widow's Weeds (1998)
 * Beyond the Veil (1999)
 * World of Glass (2001)
 * Ashes (2005)
 * Illumination (2007)

Live albums

 * Widow's Tour (1999)
 * Widow's Tour/Angina (1999)

Compilation albums

 * Midwintertears / Angina (2001)
 * Midwinter Tears (2005)

Albums

 * Dead Poetry (2020)

Guest vocal appearances

 * Green Carnation - Journey to the End of the Night (1999)
 * Samael - Solar Soul (2007)
 * Plutho - Bob, You Don't Wanna Go There! (2011)

title: Vibeke Stene


text:
2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)

Listed below are the dates and results for the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds for South America. 10 teams took part, all in a single group. The rules were very simple: the teams would play against each other in a home-and-away basis, with the four teams with most points qualifying to the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The fifth ranked team would have to play-off against the best team from Oceania, with the winner of this play-off also qualifying. For the first time, defending champions Brazil was required to go through the qualifying process and did not automatically qualify for the tournament.

Inter-confederation play-offs
The fifth-placed team then played the winner of the OFC qualifying group, Australia, in a home-and-away play-off. The winner of this play-off qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals.

Qualified teams
The following four teams from CONMEBOL qualified for the final tournament.

 * 1 Bold indicates champions for that year. Italic indicates hosts for that year.


text:
Talk:Stable belt

Untitled
I've added all the stable belts of the Regular British Army that I could find. The four cavalry regiments that are missing are missing because I couldn't find any details. If anyone has any details of their belts then please add them. I've got some more Territorial Army and obsolete belts to add and possibly some Commonwealth ones as well. I've done my best to accurately reproduce the colours, but the exact colours can be difficult to get right, so if anyone disagrees with them then please say so here/change them. -- Necrothesp 20:39, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Picture
As per the request in the requested images article I have made a diagram of a typical Stable Belt. It has the colours of the RAF Regiment of the Royal Air Force. I've placed it at the top of the page assuming that there is no need for discussion on the placement of this image as this article is fairly 'done and dusted'. If there are any issues over the image please post here before moving it. Thanks --WikipedianProlific(Talk) 11:14, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

ARRC
Units posted to the ARRC (Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps)such as the ARRC Support Battalion, 170 Pioneer Coy, 14 Transport Sqn wear a green and yellow stable belt of a similar pattern to a Royal Engineers belt but with a green background and two yellow stripes. I'd add it but I don't know how. Also can we change the main picture from an RAF belt to any army one. I hate it when the RAF get more recognition than they're due. (Sapperhutch (talk) 18:44, 27 July 2008 (UTC))
 * If you think about it, the RAF stable belt is actually worn by more personnel than any other, since it's worn by the entire service, whereas Army stable belts are unique to individual regiments and corps! -- Necrothesp (talk) 16:31, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Picture error
The picture is actually an RAF stable belt, not an RAF Regiment stable belt - they are different. The RAF Regt belt has a metal buckle at the front.

Australia
Stable belts were discontinued in Australia shortly after the universal adoption of the DPC Uniform. This seems to be around 1988 - 1990.

When I was with the 3 Bn Royal Australian Regiment we wore the RAR belt. This was red with a green stripe in the middle (if I remember correctly). It had a stay bright buckle similar to the old style boy scout belts. Many of the CMF/Army reserve regiments had their own belts. They were similar in scope and colourfulness to the British regiments. Many of the corps belts were similar to their British army countreparts eg. RAEME - REME.

In my time in the army we wore heavily starched greens, stable belt, shoulder titles, lanyard and beret (3RAR - Cherry Red) as well as the ubiquitous spit polished boots. It looked good but was very hot and took a lot of maintenance. Ozdaren 10:45, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Military Provost Guard Service
I understand that the Military Provost Guard Service now have their own stable belt. Please can someone who knows its colours add it. Thanks. Greenshed 19:46, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Royal Observer Corps
The Royal Observer Corps article says that they had their own stable belt. This also would be a welcome addition. Greenshed (talk) 20:31, 28 September 2008 (UTC) ✅

East Midlands UOTC
No idea how to add it myself, but the EMU stable belt is similar colours as leeds, but in a different arrangement. Top 1/3 is green, middle 1/3 is burgandy, bottom 1/3 green again, with a thin cream line through the middle of the burgandy (about 1/10 the thickness of the total burgandy 1/3) .Ref is the belt on my lap Hdruk (talk) 01:49, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

Welbeck DSFC
Welbeck DSFC has its own stable belt, similar to London UOTC, however with a black stripe down the middle. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.41.32.132 (talk) 16:49, 18 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stable belt


text:
User:KeithTyler/City table draft/Rochester

This draft incorporates suggestions from User:Bkonrad, including mimicing the Template:US state template.

Rochester is a city located in Strafford County, New Hampshire. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 28,461.

Geography
Rochester is located at 43°18'7" North, 70°58'23" West (43.302081, -70.973106)1.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 118.6 km² (45.8 mi²). 116.9 km² (45.2 mi²) of it is land and 1.6 km² (0.6 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.38% water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there are 28,461 people, 11,434 households, and 7,649 families residing in the city. The population density is 243.4/km² (630.3/mi²). There are 11,836 housing units at an average density of 101.2/km² (262.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 97.12% White, 0.52% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.87% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.26% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. 0.90% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There are 11,434 households out of which 32.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.9% are married couples living together, 11.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% are non-families. 25.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.46 and the average family size is 2.95.

In the city the population is spread out with 25.3% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $40,596, and the median income for a family is $47,324. Males have a median income of $34,290 versus $23,319 for females. The per capita income for the city is $18,859. 8.4% of the population and 6.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 11.7% are under the age of 18 and 8.8% are 65 or older.


text: Category:Umbria

title: Category:Umbria


text:
Alexander Granach

Alexander Granach (April 18, 1890 – March 14, 1945) was a German-Austrian actor in the 1920s and 1930s who emigrated to the United States in 1938.

Life and career
Granach was born Schaje Granoch in Werbowitz (Wierzbowce/Werbiwci) (Austrian Galicia then, now Verbivtsi, Kolomyia Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ukraine), to Jewish parents and rose to theatrical prominence at the Volksbühne in Berlin. Granach entered films in 1922; among the most widely exhibited of his silent efforts was Nosferatu (1922), F.W. Murnau's loose adaptation of Dracula, in which the actor was cast as Knock, the film's counterpart to Renfield. He co-starred in such major early German talkies as Kameradschaft (1931).

The Jewish Granach fled to the Soviet Union when Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. When the Soviet Union also proved inhospitable, he settled in Hollywood, where he made his first American film appearance as Kopalski in Ninotchka (1939) starring Greta Garbo and directed by Ernst Lubitsch, released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Granach proved indispensable to film makers during the war years, effectively portraying both dedicated Nazis (he was Julius Streicher in The Hitler Gang, 1944) and loyal anti-fascists. He portrayed Gestapo Inspector Alois Gruber in Fritz Lang's Hangmen Also Die! (1943). His last film appearance was in MGM's The Seventh Cross (1944), in which almost the entire supporting cast was prominent European refugees.

Granach died on March 14, 1945, in New York from a pulmonary embolism following an appendectomy. He was buried in Montefiore Cemetery in Springfield Gardens, Queens. Granach's autobiography, There Goes an Actor (1945) was republished in 2010 under the new title, From the Shtetl to the Stage: The Odyssey of a Wandering Actor (Transaction Publishers). He was survived by his long time partner, Lotte Lieven, and by his son, Gad Granach. His son, who lived in Jerusalem, wrote his own memoirs with many references to his father.

Partial filmography

 * Das goldene Buch (1919)
 * Die Liebe vom Zigeuner stammt... (1920)
 * Camera Obscura (1921) – Der große Chef
 * The Big Big Boss (1921) – Der große Chef
 * Nosferatu (1922) – Knock
 * Lucrezia Borgia (1922) – Prisoner
 * Mignon (1922) – Il Gobbo
 * Earth Spirit (1923) – Schigolch
 * Fridericus Rex (1923) – Hans Joachim von Ziethen
 * Paganini (1923) – Ferucchio
 * Man by the Wayside (1923) – Shoemaker
 * Schatten – Eine nächtliche Halluzination (1923) – Shadowplayer
 * A Woman, an Animal, a Diamond (1923) – Archivar Lindhorst
 * I.N.R.I. (1923) – Judas Ischariot
 * Die Radio Heirat (1924)
 * Wood Love (1925) – Waldschrat – a sprite
 * Torments of the Night (1926) – Murphy
 * Hoppla, wir leben! (1927)
 * Svengali (1927) – Geiger Gecko
 * The Famous Woman (1927) – Diener bei Alfredo
 * I Once Had a Beautiful Homeland (1928) – Pollaczek, sein Bursche
 * The Adjutant of the Czar (1929) – Stranger
 * The Last Fort (1929) – Gestino
 * Pavement Butterfly (1929) – Coco
 * Flucht in die Fremdenlegion (1929) – Beppo, Legionär
 * The Last Company (1930) – Haberling
 * 1914 (1931) – Friend of Jaurès
 * Danton (1931) – Marat
 * The Theft of the Mona Lisa (1931) – Redner
 * Kameradschaft (1931) – Kasper
 * Gypsies (1936) – Danilo – Camp Driver
 * Bortsy (1936) – Rovelli
 * Ninotchka (1939) – Comrade Kopalski
 * The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939) – Soldier (uncredited)
 * Foreign Correspondent (1940) – Hotel Valet (uncredited)
 * So Ends Our Night (1941) – The Pole
 * A Man Betrayed (1941) – T. Amato
 * It Started with Eve (1941) – Popalard – Apartment Tenant (uncredited)
 * Marry the Boss's Daughter (1941) – Nick (uncredited)
 * Joan of Paris (1942) – Gestapo Agent
 * Joan of Ozark (1942) – Guido
 * Halfway to Shanghai (1942) – Mr. Nikolas
 * Northwest Rangers (1942) – Pierre – Man in Casino (uncredited)
 * Wrecking Crew (1942) – Joe Poska
 * Hangmen Also Die! (1943) – Gestapo Insp. Alois Gruber
 * Mission to Moscow (1943) – Russian Air Force Officer (uncredited)
 * For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) – Paco
 * Three Russian Girls (1943) – Major Braginski
 * Voice in the Wind (1944) – Angelo
 * The Hitler Gang (1944) – Julius Streicher
 * The Seventh Cross (1944) – Zillich
 * My Buddy (1944) – Tim Oberta (final film role)

Literature

 * Alexander Granach: There Goes an Actor. Doubleday, Dorian and Co, Inc., Garden City 1945, ASIN B0007DSBEM
 * Alexander Granach: There Goes a Mensch: A Memoir. Atara Press, Los Angeles 2019, ISBN 9780982225158
 * Alexander Granach: Da geht ein Mensch. Ölbaum-Verlag, Augsburg 2003, (Neuauflage) ISBN 3-927217-38-7
 * Alexander Granach: From the Shtetl to the Stage: The Odyssey of a Wandering Actor. Transaction Publishers, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4128-1347-1
 * Albert Klein and Raya Kruk: Alexander Granach: fast verwehte Spuren. Edition Hentrich, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-89468-108-X
 * Alexander Granach: Mémoires d'un gardien de bordel. Anatolia, Paris 2009, ISBN 978-2-35406-040-4
 * Gad Granach: Heimat los!. Ölbaum-Verlag, Augsburg 1997, ISBN 3-927217-31-X
 * Gad Granach: Where Is Home? Stories from the Life of a German-Jewish Émigré. Atara Press, Los Angeles 2009, ISBN 9780982225110

title: Alexander Granach


text: User talk:65.25.70.230

title: User talk:65.25.70.230


text:
Krestintern

The Peasant International (Крестьянский Интернационал), known most commonly by its Russian abbreviation Krestintern (Крестинтерн), was an international peasants' organization formed by the Communist International (Comintern) in October 1923. The organization attempted to achieve united front relations with radical peasant parties in Eastern Europe and Asia, without lasting success. After failing to make headway with important initiatives in Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and China in the 1920s, the organization was placed on hiatus at the end of the decade. The so-called Red Peasant International was formally dissolved in 1939.

Background
The idea for a Red Peasant International is commonly credited to Polish Communist Tomasz Dąbal, a former member of the Polish Peasant Party and representative elected to the Polish parliament. On 19 June 1923, Dąbal published an article in the Soviet Communist Party's daily newspaper, Pravda, noting a surge in popularity of peasants' political parties, particularly in Eastern Europe, and arguing that these organizations might provide fertile soil for the sowing of Communist ideas among the peasantry. Dąbal suggested that the Communist International should form such an organization to facilitate the establishment of united front political activities between communist and peasants' parties in Europe.

The Comintern had already established similar organizations for the radical youth movement and the trade union movement — the Young Communist International (KIM) and the Red International of Labor Unions (Profintern), respectively — and the idea that a radical international for peasants should be established under Comintern auspices. With the pro-peasant New Economic Policy in full swing in Soviet Russia, the idea for international organization of peasants quickly gained institutional traction.

Establishment
The Red Peasant International was established at a founding congress held in Moscow from 10–16 October 1923. The gathering was attended by 158 delegates, hailing from 40 countries, with a majority of participants representing countries in Eastern Europe and Asia. This gathering established a governing body comparable to the Executive Committee of the Communist International known as the International Peasant Council. Two major plenary sessions of the International Peasant Council were held — the first in October 1923 and the second in November 1927.

The formal head of the new organization at the time of its formation was A. P. Smirnov, although Dąbal emerged as the organization's leading public spokesman. Smirnov remained in place as the organization's chief until 1928.

In 1928 Smirnov was replaced as the top official of the Peasant International by Bulgarian Communist Vasil Kolarov, long a top figure of the Comintern. Kolarov served as chairman of a new governing body for the organization known as the Executive Committee of the Krestintern.

Activities

The Krestintern initially sought to build common cause with the Bulgarian Peasants Union, an organization established in exile in Yugoslavia by two former ministers of the government of Aleksandar Stamboliyski following his government's overthrow by a military coup in June 1923. One of these ministers, K. Todorov, travelled to Moscow early in January 1924 where he conducted negotiations with Georgi Dimitrov and Vasil Kolarov regarding joint action between their organization and the Communist Party of Bulgaria for the overthrow of the newly imposed Aleksandar Tsankov regime. The Bulgarian communists sought without success for Todorov to align his organization with the newly established Krestintern; for his part Todorov sought money and arms for use against the Tsankov government. Some Comintern money changed hands, but no alignment of the Peasants Union with the Peasant International or change of regime in Bulgaria was forthcoming.

The Krestintern was largely unsuccessful in its task of gathering and mobilizing non-Communist peasants' political parties to advance Communist ends and was only able to attract a small number of factional grouplets, these frequently being artificial creations of the various national communist parties themselves. The sole exception to this rule was the nominal affiliation was the brief and nominal adherence of the Croatian People's Peasant Party (Hrvatska Pučka Seljačka Stranka) headed by Stjepan Radić in 1924 during a visit to Moscow. This affiliation is judged by historian E. H. Carr to have had less to do with Communism than with the national aspirations of non-Serbian ethnicities inside Yugoslavia.

The close relations between Radić's organization and the Soviets led to a banning of the Croatian Republican Peasant Party and its official publication, the magazine Radnik (The Worker), were officially banned on 12 July 1924. The journal continued to be issued illegally for a short time before being terminated at the end of September.

Radić was imprisoned within months of his return to Yugoslavia and the Central Committee of the now-banned Peasant Party was quick to renounce his seemingly rash decision to affiliate with Moscow. Rather than bolstering the political position of his organization, Radić's dalliance with the Red Peasant International seemed to have gone far to bringing about its demise. Four months after his release from prison in July 1925, Radić and his party endorsed the monarchy and the Yugoslav constitution and joined the government. The Communist Party of Yugoslavia was left to curse Radić for having made a "shameful capitulation." The Krestintern's "united front" strategy fell to failure.

The Krestintern published an official organ called The Peasant International to propagate its political views. The magazine was launched in April 1924 and included articles by Japanese communist Sen Katayama and Nguyễn Ái Quốc (Ho Chi Minh) of Vietnam, emphasizing the new International's goal of building the radical agrarian movement of Asia in addition to its plan to build bridges to Eastern European peasant parties.

In 1926 the Krestintern attempted to help broker cooperative relations between the Communist Party of China (CCP) and the Kuomintang headed by Chiang Kai-shek. The presidium of the International Peasant Council, the top leadership of the Peasant International, issued an open letter to the Kuomintang and its peasant section at the end of April of that year, expressing supreme confidence in that organization as "the center which rallies, unites, and organizes all the revolutionary forces against the pressure of the reactionaries and imperialists." Chiang parlayed this relationship into Soviet aid and a list of Communist Party members — assets which were later used in a formidable and partially successful effort to annihilate the CCP in the Shanghai massacre of 1927. The Krestintern's activities in China once again proved ineffective for advancing Comintern policy interests. Also in 1926 the Krestintern established a research facility in Moscow for the study of agrarian problems and the publication of books on these topics, known as the International Agrarian Institute. This subdivision of the Peasant International actually continued to exist for several years past the demise of its parent organization, publishing books through 1942, when the German invasion in World War II forced its termination.

Later years and dissolution
The period of pro-peasant moderation exemplified by the New Economic Policy came to an abrupt end in 1928, marked by a return to forced requisitioning in an attempt to alleviate the Grain Crisis of 1928. Serious efforts to advance a united front with the peasantry through the Red Peasant International seem to have been abandoned at this time, although the organization remained nominally functional for nearly a decade further.

In 1930, a new communist-backed agrarian organization called the European Peasant Committee was unveiled in Berlin. As was the case with the Peasant International, this group proved a failure in its design to attract peasants and peasant organizations to the communist banner. The grim brutality of forced collectivization, followed by agrarian collapse and a massive famine in 1932–1933 essentially terminated any chance for a reestablishment of the so-called smychka between urban-oriented communist movement and the peasantry in ensuing years.

Affiliated organizations

 * Croatian People's Peasants Party (affiliated 1924–1925)
 * Irish Working Farmers' Committee
 * Mexican peasants' leagues (affiliated in 1923)
 * Philippine Confederation of Peasants (Katipunan ng mga Anakpawis ng Pilipinas) (affiliated in 1929)
 * Chinese Peasants‘ Association

title: Krestintern


text:
Platinum jubilee

A platinum jubilee is a celebration held to mark an anniversary. Among monarchies, it usually refers to a 70th anniversary.

The most recent monarch to celebrate a platinum jubilee is Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms in June 2022. The celebrations were delayed from the actual February anniversary and the ceremony occurred on a four-day Bank Holiday on 2 June 2022, as was announced earlier. Elizabeth II died on 8 September 2022, three months after the official celebrations in the Commonwealth took place.

A 75th anniversary can be referred to as a diamond jubilee occasionally,    but that term is commonly used to refer to a 60th anniversary. An anniversary of 100 years is simply called a centenary.

title: Platinum jubilee


text:
Category:Private spaceflight

Private spaceflight is spaceflight by private individuals, groups or corporations.

title: Category:Private spaceflight


text:
Category:Spaceflight

This is the category for spaceflight, which relates to technology and techniques for robotic or crewed travel in space.

title: Category:Spaceflight


text:
Maureen McGovern

Maureen Therese McGovern (born July 27, 1949) is an American singer and Broadway actress, well known for her renditions of the songs "The Morning After" from the 1972 film The Poseidon Adventure; "We May Never Love Like This Again" from The Towering Inferno in 1974; and her No. 1 Billboard adult contemporary hit "Different Worlds", the theme song from the television series Angie.

Early life
McGovern was born in Youngstown, Ohio, United States, the daughter of James Terrence McGovern and Mary Rita (née Welsh). She has Irish ancestry. As a child, McGovern would listen to her father's singing quartet rehearse in their home. She was told by her elders that she began singing at the age of three, and would sometimes sing herself to sleep with things she heard on the radio. She decided at age eight that she wanted to be a professional singer. Her influences include Barbra Streisand, Judy Collins, and Joni Mitchell.

Early work and breakthrough recording
After graduating from Boardman High School in 1967, she worked as a secretary and performed part-time as a singer for a local folk band called Sweet Rain. Her singing caught the attention of Russ Regan, then head of 20th Century Records, subsidiary of 20th Century-Fox, in 1972 when he heard a demo record she had recorded. At the time, Regan was searching for a singer to record "The Morning After" (the theme from The Poseidon Adventure) for release as a record. He hired McGovern sight unseen to record the song, which resulted in her contracting with 20th Century Records. After it won an Oscar for Best Original Song, "The Morning After" scored well on the popular chart, reaching No. 1 during 1973. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in August 1973. Following the success of "The Morning After", she received a Grammy Award nomination in 1974 for 'Best New Artist'.

During 1974, she recorded two movie themes: "We May Never Love Like This Again" from the disaster film The Towering Inferno, in which she made a short appearance when she is seen singing the song as the evening's entertainment, and "Wherever Love Takes Me" from the British disaster film Gold. The former won an Oscar (though it was only a minor pop hit), and the latter received an Oscar nomination.

In 1976, she recorded her cover version of "The Continental", the very first Oscar-winning track for Best Original Song. It proved to be her only hit on the UK Singles Chart, where it peaked at No. 16.

Subsequent challenges
McGovern's contract with 20th Century ended during 1976. Her career declined and so did her finances. In an interview on BBC Woman's Hour on May 18, 2009, McGovern stated that exorbitant fees charged by her manager (40%) together with her band being on a full-time salary, whether she was performing or not, were the cause of her perilous financial state. Ready to begin her life over again, she moved to Marina del Rey and took a secretarial job under an assumed name, Glenda Schwartz. Nevertheless, she was still in demand occasionally for international live concerts. Her career improved when McGovern was asked to record a version of "Can You Read My Mind", the love theme from 1978's Superman, which was not recorded for the film. The single achieved minor success on the pop chart. Toward the end of the decade, McGovern recorded "Different Worlds", the theme from the ABC-TV sitcom Angie. The song, her only other Top 40 pop single aside from "The Morning After", soared to No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 during 1979 and hit at No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart. In 1980, McGovern made a brief appearance as Sister Angelina, the singing nun, in the comedy-disaster movie Airplane!

Broadway career and return to music
At the beginning of the 1980s, McGovern gave up singing movie themes to begin a career on Broadway (her first foray into acting). During 1981, she made her Broadway debut as Mabel in a revival of Gilbert & Sullivan's musical The Pirates of Penzance, taking over from fellow 1970s popular singer Linda Ronstadt. She then performed in two productions with the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera: The Sound of Music (1981; as Maria) and South Pacific (1982; as Nellie Forbush). She returned to Broadway in 1982 to replace Karen Akers in Nine starring alongside Raul Julia. She continued her theatrical career throughout the 1980s and originated the role of Mary in the Off-Broadway production of Brownstone in 1985. In 2005 she originated the role of Marmee in Little Women The Musical.

She slowly returned to music during the mid-1980s, contributing songs to musical soundtracks and recording for various-artist compilations. She also returned to touring and performing in concerts and began establishing herself as a nightclub and cabaret performer. Starting in 1987, she released three albums for CBS in three years: Another Woman in Love (a voice/piano album), State of the Heart (a fully orchestrated album), and Naughty Baby (recorded live on November 20, 1988, Studio A at Clinton Recording Studios, New York City, it features an early first recording of a lost Gershwin song, "A Corner of Heaven With You" (written ca. 1917). Naughty Baby was released in 1989 coinciding with McGovern's Gershwin concert at Carnegie Hall.

Later career
From the 1990s into the 21st century, McGovern continued her careers in musical theatre, performing in concerts, and recording albums, and she occasionally made guest appearances on television. Other recordings include Baby I'm Yours (1992), a collection of her favorite songs from 1955 to 1970, and Out of This World (1996), a collection of songs by Harold Arlen. She was nominated twice for a Grammy, for her albums The Music Never Ends (1997), a collection of songs by Alan & Marilyn Bergman, and The Pleasure of His Company (1998), another voice/piano album. McGovern voiced the character of Rachel in the animated film Joseph: King of Dreams.

In 2003, Out of This World and The Music Never Ends were re-released by Fynsworth Alley Records; both albums included bonus tracks, the former two, and the latter three.

In 2005, McGovern returned to the Broadway stage as Marmee opposite Sutton Foster's Jo in the musical adaptation of Louisa May Alcott's Little Women. With negative reviews, it ended quickly, but McGovern reprised her role for the successful subsequent national tour.

She continued to appear in concert as a headliner and as a guest with symphony orchestras around the country. A Long and Winding Road, released on the PS Classics label, covers singer–songwriters of the 1960s including Paul Simon, Joni Mitchell, Lennon–McCartney, and Randy Newman. She performed a concert act based on this material at the Metropolitan Room in New York City and the Rrazz Room in San Francisco.

McGovern continues her work with the Muscular Dystrophy Association, and appeared regularly on The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon through 2014.

She created, along with Philip Himberg, a one-woman biographical musical Carry It On which premiered at Geva Theatre Center October 12 – November 14, 2010.

In 2012, she was listed as a guest star with The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies at the Plaza Theatre in Palm Springs, California.

McGovern was scheduled to headline the North Coast Men's Chorus 30th Anniversary Concert on March 24, 2018, at the KeyBank State Theatre in Cleveland, Ohio.

Retirement from performing
In 2021, McGovern was diagnosed with posterior cortical atrophy, which is thought to be a form of Alzheimer's disease. She publicly announced her diagnosis the following year, saying she would no longer perform in concert, but planned to continue working on musical projects for children, and advocating for musical therapy. , she lives at a retirement community in Columbus, Ohio.

Studio albums

 * 1973: The Morning After
 * 1974: Nice to Be Around
 * 1975: Academy Award Performance: And the Envelope, Please
 * 1979: Maureen McGovern
 * 1987: Another Woman in Love
 * 1988: State of the Heart
 * 1990: Christmas With Maureen McGovern
 * 1992: Baby I'm Yours
 * 1996: Out of This World (reissued in 2003 with two bonus tracks)
 * 1997: The Music Never Ends (reissued in 2003 with three bonus tracks)
 * 1998: The Pleasure of His Company
 * 2003: Works of Heart
 * 2008: A Long and Winding Road
 * 2016: You Raise Me Up: A Spiritual Journey

Live albums

 * 1989: Naughty Baby

Compilations

 * 1990: Greatest Hits
 * 2005: 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Maureen McGovern

title: Maureen McGovern


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Countering systemic bias

A new article about systemic bias on Wikipedia
Wikipedia's Indian problem: settler colonial erasure of native American knowledge and history on the world's largest encyclopedia Pecopteris (talk) 02:22, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The paper claims "Freoh was banned from editing, and Wikipedia administrators blocked their account from contributing to Wikipedia beyond their own talk page. It is one of the best examples of editor erasure." Freoh was never banned from editing, nor from contributing beyond their own talk page. If that is one of the best examples, I am not confident in the rest of the paper. CMD (talk) 01:45, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Not that I care or know who User:Froeh is, but: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AFreoh&type=block
 * I'm going to move my above comment to a new section because I would like to improve editing for Indigenous editors Yuchitown (talk) 02:39, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * That link supports exactly what I stated. CMD (talk) 02:44, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The block log says Freoh is blocked indefinitely. This seems like the opposite of But again, I don't know this person or their situation. Yuchitown (talk) 03:06, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The restrictions applied only to the Wikipedia namespace and the user talk space. They did and do not limit any of the actual article editing. CMD (talk) 03:25, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

Related WikiProjects
On the "Related WikiProjects and regional noticeboards", on this WikiProject's page, can I add WP:WikiProject Indigenous peoples of North America and WP:WikiProject Indigenous peoples of the Americas? Yuchitown (talk) 03:35, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

 * That would be great, @Yuchitown! Thank you! Pecopteris (talk) 03:37, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Done, thanks! Yuchitown (talk) 03:41, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It's great that there's at least one other person besides me who wants to work on this project! I want to see it lively and active again! There's plenty to do. Pecopteris (talk) 03:44, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * User:Bohemian Baltimore edits a wide range of topics, not just Indigenous topics, so they might be interested as well. Yuchitown (talk) 03:56, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, it would be great if @Bohemian Baltimore joined this WikiProject and got involved! Looks like it would be right up their alley. Pecopteris (talk) 05:12, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

How to improve Wikipedia for Indigenous editors of the Americas?
I'm unsure of what the solutions might be I've seen Identifying reliable sources (medicine). I don't know if it would be possible to create similar essays (seems like essay first, to possibly become a guideline in future years with a less actively hostile climate), such as Identifying reliable sources (Indigenous peoples of North America). Feminist scholars championed the practice of citing women authors; don't know if this practice is mentioned anywhere in Wikipedia protocols. Yuchitown (talk) 18:00, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

 * @Yuchitown, perhaps a List of Indigenous newspapers in North America could be created and a discussion of these sources reliability could ensue? Below are some sources (sorry no links yet, will try to add them soon).

 * Indian Country Today (an enterprise of the Oneida Nation of New York, covers the Indigenous world, including American Indians, Alaska Natives and First Nations)
 * Ak-Chin O'odham Runner (Ak-Chin Indian Community, Maricopa, Arizona)
 * Bacone Indian and the Baconian (Bacone College, Muskogee, Oklahoma)
 * Cherokee Phoenix (Cherokee Advocate) and Cherokee Voices (Tahlequah, Oklahoma)
 * Hocak Worak (Ho-Chunk Nation, Black River Falls, Wisconsin)
 * Hopi Action News (Hopi Tribe in Hopitutskwa, Arizona)
 * Native Nevadan (Inter-Tribal Council of Nevada)
 * Navajo Times (Window Rock, Arizona)
 * Osage News (Pawhuska, Oklahoma)
 * Rawhide Press (Spokane Tribe, City of Spokane, Washington)
 * Win Awenen Nisitotung (Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan)
 * The Eastern Door (Kahnawake (Mohawk), Canada)
 * Native News Online (A subsidiary of Indian Country Media)
 * ICT (IndiJ Public Media) (Founded as the Lakota Times newspaper)
 * Tribal Business News (A subsidiary of Indian Country Media)
 * National Native News (Koahnic Broadcasting Corp., Albuquerque)
 * Indianz.com
 * KSUT radio (primarily Southern Ute, Navajo, Jicarilla Nations of Northern New Mexico, as well as the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe of Southwest Colorado)
 * The Native Press (Independent news organization)
 * Native Public Media (a network of 57 Native radio stations and 4 television stations)
 * The Southern Ute Drum (Southern Ute Tribe, Colorado, New Mexico)
 * Windspeaker (owned by the Aboriginal Multi-Media Society of Alberta.)
 * News from Native California (multi-tribal quarterly magazine)
 * First Nations Drum newspaper (Canada's largest Indigenous newspaper)
 * Lakota Times (Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota)
 * Gila River Indian News (Gila River Indian Community, Arizona)
 * O'odham Action News (Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community)
 * Netherzone (talk) 04:31, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * This is amazing! You are brilliant! Yuchitown (talk) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * There are many more, these are just what I could easily find on Google. Some of the above already have WP articles, so that will be a good place to start a List-article which can be linked at the IPNA project as well. Netherzone (talk) 15:39, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * A few more, mostly from Canada:
 * Turtle Island News (based out of the Grand River Territory of the Six Nations)
 * APTN National News (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) and APTN (Aboriginal People's Television Network)
 * CBC Indigenous (latest news and current affairs from Indigenous communities across Canada, an affiliate of CBC news, radio, television)
 * Aboriginal Multi-Media Society (AMMSA), Canada
 * Anishinabek News (monthly community newspaper is produced by the Communications Unit of the Anishinabek Nation at the head office in Nipissing First Nation)
 * The Discourse (ommunity-powered journalism to underserved communities, including Indigenous communities in British Columbia)
 * Ha-Shilth-Sa (Canada's oldest First Nation's Newspaper, and is the "newspaper of record" of the Nuu-chah-nulth people, published by the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council, West Coast Vancouver Island)
 * Ku'ku'kwes (news website dedicated to covering Indigenous news in Atlantic Canada)
 * Northern News Services Limited (news aggregator published by Northern News Services, including Northwest Territories News, Nunavut News, the Yellowknifer)
 * Nunatsiaq News (newspaper of record for Nunavut and the Nunavik territory of Quebec)
 * The Two Row Times (news publication, Ontario Indigenous peoples as well as Haudenosaunee peoples of the US)
 * TVO Indigenous, (a subsidiary of Television Ontario)
 * Wawatay News (published in both English and Indigenous languages of northern Ontario, including Ojibway, Oji-Cree, and Cree)
 * Muskrat Magazine (online Indigenous arts and culture magazine)
 * The Nation Magazine (not the same as The Nation published in the US. This one is an independent Indigenous news source serving the Cree of James Bay, including Northern Quebec and Ontario)
 * Tusaayaksat Magazine (news for the Inuvialuit People with a focus on arts, culture, and history)
 * The Tyee (online news magazine from British Columbia focused on the West Coast from Alaska to Northern California
 * The Circle (newspaper with an Indigenous perspective based in Minneapolis)

 * There are others that no longer publish like the Métis Voyager, newsletter of the Métis Nation of Ontario, the Saskatchewan Sage. I saw a lot of these on various university library websites in both the US and Canada. When I find the time will also check Mexico and other regions/countries of North America (altho my Spanish isn't great...). Netherzone (talk) 16:27, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Also found this on WP List of Indigenous periodicals in Canada, that could be useful as can many categories already in existence that could be mined for additional publication and news sources): Category:First Nations newspapers, Category:First Nations magazines, Category:Native American magazines, Category:Native American newspapers, Category:Defunct Native American newspapers, Category:First Nations mass media, Category:Indigenous mass media in Canada, Category:Indigenous mass media, Category: Native American radio, Category:Navajo mass media, etc! - Netherzone (talk) 16:59, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * OK, I've started List of Indigenous newspapers in North America. Please feel free to contribute and improve, as there are many more than those listed. When I find the time I will do a List of Indigenous magazines and journals in North America, and maybe also a List of Indigenous media in North America for TV, radio and podcasts. Netherzone (talk) 03:04, 7 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Wow, this is awesome! I love this WikiProject! Pecopteris (talk) 03:05, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

I have just created two userspace drafts User:Netherzone/List of Indigenous magazines and academic journals in North America and User:Netherzone/List of Indigenous media, TV, radio and podcasts in North America. (The titles of which of course can change if these aren't quite right). Please contribute to these drafts! Netherzone (talk) 15:32, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

What can I do to help?
I was told this is a good place to go to focus on systemic bias on Wikipedia. What can I do to get started? Chesslover96 (talk) 06:50, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

 * The 2024 Developing Countries WikiContest will be held next month, if you're interested in making content this might be a fun incentive. CMD (talk) 06:59, 11 June 2024 (UTC)


text:
Moelv

Moelv is a town in Ringsaker Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The town is located along the shores of the lake Mjøsa, about 30 km south of the town of Lillehammer and about the same distance northwest of the town of Hamar. Moelv is the second largest urban area in Ringsaker municipality (after Brumunddal).

The 3.91 km2 town has a population (2021) of 4,465 and a population density of 1141 PD/km2.

Situated at the shores of lake Mjøsa at the mouth of the Moelva river, the town is bordered by green, forested hills farmland. The town consists of a few shopping centers, the Moelv Station along the Dovrebanen railway line, and some pubs and restaurants. The main employer is Moelven Industrier, a manufacturer of specialty building materials.

Archaeological excavations have found traces of human habitation in the area back to the Norwegian Stone Age. In 2010, the urban area of Moelv was granted town status.

The European route E6 used to run through Moelv, but in 1985, the Mjøsa Bridge opened for traffic and since then, the main highway has gone around the town rather than going through it.

The local sports team is Moelven IL.

title: Moelv


text:
Ula-class submarine

The Ula class is a Norwegian submarine type which was assembled in Germany in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The class, consisting of six vessels, is currently the only submarine type in service with the Royal Norwegian Navy.

History
The ordering of a new Norwegian submersible design stemmed from a 1972 decision to modernise the Royal Norwegian Navy (RNoN) submarine flotilla, which then consisted of the aging Kobben-class submarine submarines. The contract was signed on 30 September 1982 for six boats with Thyssen Nordseewerke, Emden. An option for two more submarines was included in the original deal, however, it was never picked up.

The construction of the vessels was an international project. The combat systems were made in Norway by Kongsberg, the attack sonar is German and the flank sonars French. The hull sections were produced in Norway and assembled in Germany by Thyssen Nordseewerke. In Germany, the design is known as the U-Boot-Klasse 210.

When commissioned, the Ulas were the first Norwegian submarines to have enough bunks for the entire crew and a shower.

The Ula-class submarines are among the most silent and maneuverable submarines in the world. This, in combination with their relatively small size, makes them difficult to detect from surface vessels and ideal for operations in coastal areas. The Ula class is regarded as both the most effective and cost-effective weapons in the RNoN.

Ship history
In 1989, while undergoing trials, Ula was damaged by a practice torpedo. In March 1991, Uredd was involved in an accident while docking. In February 1992, Uredd suffered a control room fire.

In recent years, several submarines of the Ula class have been deployed in the Mediterranean Sea in support of the NATO Operation Active Endeavour, where their intelligence-gathering ability surpassed expectations. Their operational availability proved to be highest of all ships taking part in the operation. This mission highlighted a need for better temperature regulation for crew comfort in warm waters. As a result, HNoMS Ula was "tropicalized" by the installation of new cooling systems, and two more of the class designated for "tropicalization".

Future submarine capability
During 2006-2008 the Ula class was slated for modernisation. Most notably, new communication equipment (Link 11), new electronic warfare support measures and a periscope upgrade. In May 2008, a contract for new sonars was signed, with the first submarine to have new sonar 21 months after that, and the last 52 months later. Furthermore, Kongsberg was contracted in 2012 to upgrade the submarines' combat systems. The 2020 long-term defence plan envisages the Ula class being kept in service until replaced by the new Type 212CD submarines in around 2030.

In 2012 the Norwegian MoD set 2014 as a deadline for deciding whether to further extend the operative life of the Ula class after their slated end-of-life in 2020, or to replace them with a new fleet. In December 2014, the Norwegian Ministry of Defence made the decision to begin the process of replacing the Ulas. As part of that decision, the Ula-class submarines would be kept in service for a further five years, but would not exceed 35 years total service as that would be too costly. Given the delay in replacing the Ula-class, it was subsequently decided to further life-extend the Ula-class through the 2020s until a new class of submarines entered service.

In 2016, two suppliers (DCNS and Thyssen Krupp) were shortlisted to provide competing options to replace the Ula-class boats. In February 2017, Thyssen Krupp was selected to provide four replacement submarines based on the Type 212-class for service entry in around 2030. A firm build contract had been anticipated in the first half of 2020. However, as of the end of 2020, the contract had not yet been signed. In March 2021 it was indicated that an agreement had been reached between Norway and Germany to initiate the acquisition program, pending approval by the Bundestag. The contract was signed in July 2021 and construction of the first vessel began in September 2023. Delivery of the first boat to the Royal Norwegian Navy is anticipated in 2029.

Vessels
Six submarines were delivered (1989–1992) to the RNoN. All are based at Haakonsvern in Bergen. The boats are all named after places in Norway, with the exception of Uredd ("Fearless" in English), in honour of the World War II submarine HNOMS Uredd (P-41). The ship prefix for RNoN vessels is KNM (Kongelig Norsk Marine, Royal Norwegian Navy), in English HNoMS (His Norwegian Majesty's Ship).

title: Ula-class submarine


text:
Chamber tumulus

A Chamber Tumulus is a large megalithic construct found in certain early neolithic societies. They have been uncovered along the Atlantic coastline in northern Europe, in countries such as France, Spain, Portugal and Ireland. These megaliths have also been found in southern Scandinavia, primarily in Scania and Falbygden. In Denmark there are numerous older megaliths, less advanced that the versions elsewhere, thought to be monuments marking communal burial places.

The chamber tumuli predate the ancient Egyptian pyramids, dating back to circa 6000-3000 B.C., depending on place of construction. Before the large farming reforms of the 19th century there were supposed to have been at least 10,000 of the older megaliths in Denmark. The more sophisticated later version does not appear in Denmark.

The practice of building these monuments is conjectured to have originated in Ireland or on the Atlantic coast of France where the oldest and largest versions of the monuments has been risen.

The newest of those monuments are located in Scandinavia, but pale in sophistication and complexity when compared with the megaliths along the Atlantic coast.

title: Chamber tumulus


text:
Administrative divisions of Russia in 1728–1744

Major events

 * 1728—Ufa Province of Kazan Governorate was transferred to Siberian Governorate as a compensation for Solikamsk and Vyatka Provinces transferred to Kazan Governorate a year earlier.
 * 1737—Simbirsk Province was created within Kazan Governorate.

Subdivisions (as of 1743)

 * Archangelgorod Governorate (Архангелогородская губерния)
 * subdivided into 4 provinces:
 * Archangelgorod Province (Архангелогородская провинция)
 * Galich Province (Галицкая провинция)
 * Ustyug Province (Устюжская провинция)
 * Vologda Province (Вологодская провинция)
 * Astrakhan Governorate (Астраханская губерния)
 * was considered subdivided into 1 province
 * Belgorod Governorate (Белгородская губерния)
 * subdivided into 3 provinces:
 * Belgorod Province (Белгородская провинция)
 * Oryol Province (Орловская провинция)
 * Sevsk Province (Севская провинция)
 * Kazan Governorate (Казанская губерния)
 * subdivided into 6 provinces:
 * Kazan Province (Казанская провинция)
 * Penza Province (Пензенская провинция)
 * Simbirsk Province (Симбирская провинция)
 * Solikamsk Province (Соликамская провинция)
 * Sviyaga Province (Свияжская провинция)
 * Vyatka Province (Вятская провинция)
 * Kiev Governorate (Киевская губерния)
 * was considered subdivided into 1 province (with 12 regiments in Little Russia)
 * Moscow Governorate (Московская губерния)
 * subdivided into 11 provinces:
 * Kaluga Province (Калужская провинция)
 * Kostroma Province (Костромская провинция)
 * Moscow Province (Московская провинция)
 * Pereyaslavl-Ryazan Province (Переяславль-Рязанская провинция)
 * Pereyaslavl-Zalessk Province (Переяславско-Залесская провинция)
 * Suzdal Province (Суздальская провинция)
 * Tula Province (Тульская провинция)
 * Uglich Province (Угличская провинция)
 * Vladimir Province (Владимирская провинция)
 * Yaroslavl Province (Ярославская провинция)
 * Yuryev Province (Юрьевская провинция)
 * Nizhny Novgorod Governorate (Нижегородская губерния)
 * subdivided into 3 provinces:
 * Alatyr Province (Алатырская провинция)
 * Arzamas Province (Арзамасская провинция)
 * Nizhny Novgorod Province (Нижегородская провинция)
 * Novgorod Governorate (Новгородская губерния)
 * subdivided into 5 provinces:
 * Belozersk Province (Белозерская провинция)
 * Novgorod Province (Новгородская провинция)
 * Pskov Province (Псковская провинция)
 * Tver Province (Тверская провинция)
 * Velikiye Luki Province (Великолуцкая провинция)
 * Revel Governorate (Ревельская губерния)
 * was considered subdivided into 1 province (Estland)
 * Riga Governorate (Рижская губерния)
 * was considered subdivided into 1 province (Livland)
 * St. Petersburg Governorate (Санкт-Петербургская губерния)
 * subdivided into 2 provinces:
 * Petersburg Province (Петербургская провинция)
 * Vyborg Province (Выборгская провинция)
 * Siberian Governorate (Сибирская губерния)
 * subdivided into 4 provinces:
 * Irkutsk Province (Иркутская провинция)
 * Tobolsk Province (Тобольская провинция)
 * Ufa Province (Уфимская провинция) (since 1728)
 * Yenisei Province (Енисейская провинция)
 * Smolensk Governorate (Смоленская губерния)
 * was considered subdivided into 1 province
 * Voronezh Governorate (Воронежская губерния)
 * subdivided into 5 provinces:
 * Bakhmut Province (Бахмутская провинция)
 * Shatsk Province (Шацкая провинция)
 * Tambov Province (Тамбовская провинция)
 * Voronezh Province (Воронежская провинция)
 * Yeletsk Province (Елецкая провинция)


text:
File talk:France.DominiqueDeVillepin.01.jpg

Dominique De Villepin has been one of the human beings so far that I MOST ADMIRE... His way of thinking striking me... I can read everything of him...and I cannot have enough!

I wish one day...he will the President of France.

Sincerely

Maria Vargas


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ColorRendering

ColorRendering was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

ColorRendering
Makes little sense on its own; was a leftover from cleanup. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 20:51, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsensical without context, looks like it may be copied from a textbook.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:43, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It looks like it came from somewhere. It is anti-contextual here and non-encyclopedic.  It is also a misnamed article that cannot be sought nor found. Geogre 16:55, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to color rendering capacity, possibly merge with that article or copy the info to the latter's talk page. "Color rendering" is apparently a term in photometry or lighting design. The information in the nominated article may be meaningful to people who work in that field. Maurreen 08:52, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Brandistock

A brandistock (also called brandestoc, buttafuore or feather staff) was a short type of polearm which was used by both infantry and civilians alike, primarily police officers in Italy between the 16th and 19th centuries. Measuring some 1.5 meters long, the brandistock construction was unique for polearms in that it had a retractable blade. The head consisted of either a single or a trio of long thin points, which were kept in a hollow aperture inside the rest of the shaft. A sharp thrust of the weapon forward propelled the heads out, where they could be readily locked in place. This weapon is essentially a spear with a sliding blade, or alternatively, a long handled out-the-front gravity knife.

title: Brandistock


text: User talk:69.158.72.122

title: User talk:69.158.72.122


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Public Static Void Mainers

The_Public_Static_Void_Mainers
Yet another band. Delete unless notability established. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 20:56, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Garage band vanity. No recordings, does not perform live. If a tree falls in the woods and there's no one around to hear it...   — Gwalla | Talk 00:44, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable band. jni 08:40, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * No widely available albums, no contract and no live performances means no justification for an article. Delete. Average Earthman 08:51, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - David Gerard 11:46, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Currently recording their first recording (no contract, folks), and they won't play live (no band, folks), but you can reach them by their website (some folks j*rking off, folks). Vanity. Geogre 16:57, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)