text:
Vshchizh

Vshchizh (Вщиж) is a village in the Zhukovka rayon of the Bryansk Oblast of Russia. Now it is a part of the Shamordino rural settlement.

Vshchizh was an old Russian town on the Desna River between the 11th and 13th centuries. It was first mentioned in a chronicle of 1142. In the mid-12th century, it was an appanage town of Prince Svyatoslav Vladimirovich. In 1238, Vshchizh was destroyed by the Mongols. Later, Vshchizh was reborn as a village that exists to this day.

As a result of the excavations in the 1840s and then in 1940 and 1948–1949 (by a Soviet archaeologist Boris Rybakov), the remnants of different buildings and fortifications and a number of artifacts were found. This quiet spot has been Fyodor Tyutchev's inspiration for many of his poems.

title: Vshchizh


text:
Caught

Caught is a method of dismissing a batsman in cricket. A batsman is out caught if the batsman hits the ball, from a legitimate delivery, with the bat, and the ball is caught by the bowler or a fielder before it hits the ground.

If the catch is taken by the wicket-keeper, then informally it is known as caught behind or caught at the wicket. A catch by the bowler is known as caught and bowled. This has nothing to do with the dismissal bowled but is rather a shorthand for saying the catcher and bowler are the same player. (The scorecard annotation is usually c. and b. or c&b followed by the bowler's name.)

Caught is the most common method of dismissal at higher levels of competition, accounting for 36,190 Test match dismissals between 1877 and 2012, which is 56.9% of all Test match dismissals in this period.

South African wicket-keeper Mark Boucher holds the record for the most Test match catches, with 532, while Rahul Dravid holds the record for the most Test match catches by non-wicket-keepers, with 210.

Laws
This method of dismissal is covered by Law 33 of the Laws of Cricket, which reads: The striker is out Caught if a ball delivered by the bowler, not being a No ball, touches his/her bat without having previously been in contact with any fielder, and is subsequently held by a fielder as a fair catch,..., before it touches the ground. This means that the batsman cannot be out caught if:
 * The ball is called a no-ball or dead ball.
 * The batsman does not hit the ball with his bat or a gloved hand holding the bat.
 * The ball, having been hit, makes contact with the field before a fielder catches the ball.
 * The ball does not remain under the control of the fielder.
 * The ball is hit and lands beyond or on the boundary; (six runs).
 * A fielder taking the catch makes contact with the boundary rope or the area outside the boundary, with any part of his body, equipment, when touching the ball.
 * An airborne fielder taking the catch, having not previously legally touched the ball, had his last contact with the ground not entirely within the boundary.

A catch is not completed until the fielder catching the ball obtains complete control over both the ball and his/her own movement (Law 33.3).

Note that if a batsman could be given out both caught and by another method, 'caught' takes precedence, unless the other method is bowled.

If a batsman is out caught, any runs scored off that delivery are voided.

If a batsman is caught, the bowler is credited with the batsman's wicket and the catching fielder is credited for the dismissal; there are no catch assists for saving boundaries before a catch, or deflecting the ball to a different fielder in the slips cordon. If the two batsmen cross each other, in attempting to take a run, before the catch was taken, the non-striking batsman at the time remains at the opposite end of the pitch as the new incoming batsman comes to the crease at his former end. This means, unless it is now a new over, he is now on strike and the incoming batsman is not.

Adjudication
If the catch taken is pronounced or obvious, the players need not appeal to the umpire; the batsman normally chooses to acknowledge the dismissal himself. However, if the ball brushes the edge of the bat, or the catch is taken very close to the ground, or the ball appears to have bounced off the batsman's foot (so it has not touched the ground), or the ball appearing to come off the bat very close to the pitch surface (bump ball), or if the batsman is reluctant to accept that he has been dismissed, then the fielding team has to appeal to the umpire for this decision. In international competition, if neither field umpire can clearly decide if a catch has been made or not, they may refer to the third (television) umpire for a review. The third umpire may also be used if the Umpire Decision Review System is available and a team wishes to dispute a call concerning a possible catch.

Celebration
Before 2000, the Laws of Cricket defined a catch as being completed when the player had "complete control over the further disposal of the ball". In the very strictest sense, this meant that the player did not finish catching the ball until he threw it away, though the player doesn't have to throw the ball to anyone in particular in so doing.

For this reason, even today many cricketers celebrate a catch by lobbing the ball into the air. In a Super Sixes match in the 1999 Cricket World Cup, South African Herschelle Gibbs caught Australian captain Steve Waugh but Waugh was given not out when Gibbs was ruled to not have control of the ball when attempting to throw the ball in celebration. Waugh went on to score a match-winning 120 not out to qualify his team for the semi-finals; Australia went on to win the tournament.

Test matches
The wicket-keepers with the highest number of catches taken in Test matches are as follows. Note: this list excludes catches made while not fielding as a wicket-keeper.

Source: Cricinfo Statsguru. Last updated: 20 June 2024.

The non-wicket-keepers with the highest number of catches taken in Test matches are as follows. Note: this excludes any catches made while fielding as a wicket-keeper.

Source: Cricinfo Statsguru. Last updated: 20 June 2024.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Caught


text:
Talk:Loya jirga

Bad Redirect
I disagree with the redirect from Jirga to Loya jirga. It's like redirecting Parliament to House of Commons. —iFaqeer | Talk to me! 20:28, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

The two edits that I made were for the following reasons: 1. I removed the bit about Wazirs, since Wazirs are a type of Pashtuns. There was no added information for this article by including this bit. The previous statements encapsulated all this information well. 2. There were no Aryan migrations in Afghanistan in 5000 BC. There were no Aryans at this time, either! The Aryans hadn't diverged from the Proto-Indo-Europeans yet. Hppboston (talk) 17:57, 2 December 2009 (UTC)hppboston

it's not really "unique"
The article says "It is a forum unique among the Pashtun tribes of Afghanistan and Pakistan in which, traditionally, tribal elders meet together." That is sourced from a newspaper story that repeats it, but I would suggest that every place in the world that has tribes and tribal elders also has big intertribal meetings of elders. There is nothing unique about it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.224.171.106 (talk) 16:32, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

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Samiti and Sabha.
What do these have to do with the Loya Jigra? The Samiti and Sabha council meeting in India s are all modelled after the British system and are not related. It should be removed because its not relevant to this article. Akmal94 (talk) 20:36, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

Loya Jirga to ratify the PDPA Constitution wrong date?
I believe the Loya Jirga to ratify the PDPA's constitution was not held in 1985 as currently claimed in this article but in 1987. Two scientific authors give the 1987 date: Thomas Barfield in his book "Afghanistan. A cultural and political history" (view page 295) and Timothy Nunan in his dissertation "Humanitarian Invasion" (view page 235). Of course it might be possible for Mr. Barfield to have been mistaken and Mr. Nunan to simply get the wrong information from Mr. Barfield's book which he uses as a source amongst many others. But still I don't think that's very probable. Where did the 1985 information orgininally come from and should we change it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mini pichu (talk • contribs) 12:00, 14 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Loya jirga


text:
Adolph Coors Company

The Adolph Coors Company was formerly a holding company in Golden, Colorado controlled by the heirs of founder Adolph Coors. Its principal subsidiary was the Coors Brewing Company. The brewery was founded in 1873.

In 2005, Adolph Coors Co. merged with Molson, Inc. to become the Molson Coors Brewing Company.

Business names

 * Schueler & Coors, Golden Brewery (1873–1880)
 * Adolph Coors, Golden Brewery (1880–1913)
 * Adolph Coors Co., Golden Brewery (1909–1913)
 * Adolph Coors Brewing and Malting Company, Golden Brewery (1913–1915)
 * Adolph Coors Company (1933–2005)
 * Unibev Ltd. (1993-2005) https://opengovco.com/trade-name/19931119606

Chairmen

 * Adolph Coors
 * Adolph Coors III
 * Joseph Coors
 * Douglas Roy Coors
 * William Coors
 * Pete Coors, 2002–2004

Sponsorship history
Coors was the main sponsor for the Coors Cycling Team (late 1980s to mid-1990s) and the sponsor for US cycling event the Coors Classic, which ran from 1980 to 1988.

Coors sponsored Premiership side Chelsea from 1994 to 1997. The last competitive game that the club wore shirts bearing Coors as sponsors was the 1997 FA Cup Final in which they beat Middlesbrough 2–0 to end their 26-year wait for a major trophy.

Coors became the official beer sponsor of NASCAR in 2008, following the departure of Anheuser-Busch.That company returned as an official partner in 2018. Coors was also a partner of the NFL until Bud Light replaced it in 2011. In addition to its official NASCAR sponsorship, Coors Light has regularly sponsored cars in the series. They sponsored Melling Racing, Team SABCO, and most recently Chip Ganassi Racing. Drivers to have Coors backing have included Bill Elliott, who won the Winston Million in 1985 and the 1988 Winston Cup Championship, Robby Gordon, Sterling Marlin, Kyle Petty, David Stremme and Regan Smith. From 2008 to 2017, Coors was the title sponsor of the pole award in the NASCAR Sprint Cup and Nationwide Series. Coors stopped sponsoring a stock car in 2008.

Coors holds the naming rights to Coors Field in Denver, Colorado, home of the Colorado Rockies baseball team.

Political influence
According to Russ Bellant Coors family members have played a prominent role in American politics and public policy, supporting many conservative causes. Such causes included providing a $250,000 grant in 1973 to found The Heritage Foundation, an influential conservative think tank, and, via its parent company, the right-leaning think tank American Enterprise Institute. Joseph Coors was also known to have supported the Contras’ effort in Nicaragua during Reagan's presidency.

Chairman Pete Coors ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from Colorado in 2004 on the Republican ticket.

title: Adolph Coors Company


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Perelecles

Perelecles was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

0 google hits for "Perelecles". Clearly bogus. Born December 14? Did they get that off his birth certificate by any chance? Too bad only 10 of his poems are "alive" today. -R. fiend 20:35, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete Can't see any obvious candidates of who this may be. Probably fictional, and if not then non-notable. Jongarrettuk 21:32, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verified. Probably a hoax. • Benc • 22:27, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Patent nonsense. Bill 22:28, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Further note: more extensive googling turned up zilch. Tried looking for this "the silver star" poem that's allegedly in a museum in California and got nothing. This user also has a history of vandalism. I don't think a single contribution has been legitimate. I'm calling this patent nonsense; should we make it a speedy? The IP who made this perhaps should be blocked too. -R. fiend 23:12, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Improv 16:20, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hoax.   — Gwalla | Talk 01:49, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Illiteracy. It's either Pericles or Paracelsus or some hoax whereby we're supposed to mistake it for one of these.  I can find a Perilla, daughter of Ovid, a Perillus, an Athenian artificer, and that's it.  Geogre 21:10, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. In the past when stuff like this has come up, I've made attempts to verify it, but this is so illiterate that I'm not going to bother researching this "famous poet writer". Gamaliel 21:14, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Jealousy. I wish I knew how to write poets. ClockworkTroll 06:31, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
File talk:Orbital state vectors.png

(William M. Connolley 20:37, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)) Why -v_x?

Notice that body moves in a negative direction of x coordinate. In order to show projection of speed vector on the coordinate axes you have to use negative x axis. This is purely for visualization 0.39 04:46, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: File talk:Orbital state vectors.png


text:
FARA 83

The FARA 83 (Fusil Automático República Argentina; "Argentine Republic Automatic Rifle") or FAA 81, "Argentine Automatic Rifle" (Fusil Automático Argentino) was a rifle locally designed and developed for the Argentine Army in the 1980s. It is one of the first indigenously designed assault rifles in the continent.

Development
The FAA project started in the early 1980s, when the government was still controlled by the National Reorganization Process. The DGFM (General Government Directorate for Military Procurements, or Dirección General de Fabricaciones Militares) ordered a replacement be designed for the FMAP FAL, a FN FAL license-built in Argentina. The prototype was completed in 1981, but production didn't start until 1984, and continued until 1990.

By the late 1980s, under Carlos Menem's tenure as president, the country was undergoing economic difficulties. The economic crisis severely limited the production of modern weapons. This factor forced President Menem to cancel several projects, including the Condor I and Condor II, the FARA 83, and SAIA 90. He was also forced to close armament factories, including TAMSE (Tanque Argentino Mediano Sociedad del Estado), which was responsible for the TAM tanks and Domecq Garcia Shipyard (the only submarine-related shipyard). Production of the rifle ground to a halt after 1193 rifles had been completed, however, it was resumed in 1990; it is unknown how many rifles were made, but for the most part the Argentine Armed Forces are still armed with the FAL rifle, while the FARA 83 is a secondary weapon.

Main characteristics
The FARA-83 was mostly inspired by the Beretta AR70 (Model of 1982). Features include a folding buttstock and tritium sights for aiming in low light conditions; the rifle uses a proprietary 30-round Beretta AR70 magazine (early issue), and has a trigger group that enables semi-automatic and fully automatic fire.

In popular culture
The FARA 83 is featured in the first-person shooter video game Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War as part of the Season 2 battle pass which is claimed at tier 15.

title: FARA 83


text:
File:Anti-systemic flag lime.png

systemic bias lime, female

title: File:Anti-systemic flag lime.png


text:
Talk:Jon Snow (journalist)

Married
John Snow got married recently. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/relationships/7856427/Jon-Snow-married-in-Mustique.html Please update accordingly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.8.45.224 (talk) 12:22, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Peter Snow relationship
This article says that Jon Snow is the "newphew (sic) of Peter Snow". The Peter Snow article says that they are brothers. Neither seems likely, as (according to his autobiography, serialised in the Grauniad) Jon's parents didn't meet until 1940, two years after Peter was born; but Jon's father was 40 by then, making Jon's father and Peter of very different generations. It seems more likely, as reported by Media Guardian, that they are cousins. Any objects to me changing the articles accordingly? --rbrwr± 20:38, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Go ahead. I've heard every combination (even father-and-son before), on NSC (a Brighton and Hove Albion F.C. forum). Cousins seems the most likely anyway.

 * Extract 2 from Jon's autobiography refers to Peter as his cousin, so I'm pretty sure that settles it. --rbrwr±

Jon Snow's turned down a British medal
Jon Snow famously turned down a British medal a number of years ago now. Further details wold be a nice addition.

Jon Snow is definitely the COUSIN of Peter Snow

Jon Snow sparked controversy and speculation of an anti-Israel agenda
The reasons I've removed this paragraph are: From all this I conclude this is not a notable controversy about Jon Snow, certainly in the UK, and so it should not be in the article. To sustain it's position in the article as a notable controvesy (Verifiability) it should be easy to find at least 3 independent news stories raising it as a controversy. Also note the higher standard of Verifiability required by Biographies of living persons: "Unsourced or poorly sourced negative material about living persons should be removed immediately ... without discussion; this is also listed as an exception to the three-revert rule". Rwendland 23:05, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) I follow the news pretty closely in the UK where Jon Snow works, and have not noticed any controversy about Jon Snow lately.
 * 2) If you search Google News with the expressions '"Jon Snow" diplomat', '"Jon Snow" controversy', '"Jon Snow" Israel' only one news story world-wide, the one cited, refers to this so-called "controversy" - if it was a real notable "controversy" you would expect it to have stirred up multiple independent stories worldwide, rather than just one in Israel. (The opinion article  seems obliquely critical of Jon Snow in a single paragraph, but not related to the "Rockets, pretty pathetic things - nobody gets injured" question.)
 * 3) In the cited article, Jon Snow is only mentioned in the 6th of 14 paragraphs, small beer in the total article - hardly the stuff of a notable "controversy".
 * 4) The cited article does not actually assert this is a "controversy", so this assertion appears unsourced.
 * 5) Julie Burchill, who wrote the cited article, is not reknowned as a heavyweight journalist, more on the gossipy side ("She is also completing a sequel to Sugar Rush, her lesbian teen novel" ); and she has the tendancy to see anti-Semitism rather more readily than most journalists (quote: "The Guardian, the newspaper I left some years ago in protest at what I saw as its vile anti-Semitism" ).

 * You have made a very solid argument, and the material should not be reinstated until and unless anyone answers the points and it is agreed on the talk page. Tyrenius 17:36, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Can't think why i hadn't thought to express this before now, but i agree entirely withTyrenius. -W guice 01:11, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

three reverts
I've reached my three-revert limit on this bullshit "Israel controversy" insertion. The 5 very strong points made above have not been even remotely satisfactorily answered by the only editor who wants the addition left in. I wonder what everyone else thinks on this matter. -- W guice 14:43, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. If it's inserted again by the same editor, I will ask for him to be blocked. Tyrenius 21:25, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The 3-revert rule does not apply to this sort of libellous nonsense in any case!Phase4 21:35, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Jon Snow Israel/Gaza/Lebanon controversy
Where is the evidence that Jon Snow 'angered a lot of people?'

Well Jon Snow himself appears to acknowledge that to be the case.

See More4 website.

The actual paragraph: In August, 2006 Jon Snow was accused of an anti-Israel agenda by some supporters of Israel when he described rockets which killed Israeli civilians in the town of Sderot as "Rockets, pretty pathetic things - nobody gets injured." Julie Burchill writing in the left-leaning Haaretz accused Snow of anti-Semitism. Channel4 and Snow have not responded to the criticisms. Muslim organisation MPAC praised the interview in question.

- All of this was sourced. There is nothing in this that anybody seems to have disputed...
 * Comment. Just want to dispute the idea that Haaretz is left-leaning. It's left-leaning in a Zionist context, which is a bit like being left-leaning in the context of the National Socialist German Workers Party. -W guice 16:27, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Comment. re: It's generally accepted as being left-leaning but I think that's something you should look at on the Haaretz page. The Nazi analogy anyhow is pretty offensive as well as false. Disillusioned-
 * Uhmmm, if you hadn't quite grasped why i wikilinked Haaretz, it's because the page supports what i said about it being left-leaning within a Zionist context, which does not qualify to be described as "left-leaning" solely and without that corollary. The analogy stands as a direct comparison of a why a left-leaning perspective within a rightist system does not merit the title of an objective left-leaning perspective. i'm sorry if that offends you -W guice 16:52, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Jon Snow and Channel 4 have been frequently accused of having an anti-Israel bias by various pro-Israel groups, including HonestReporting. Although among others Channel 4 News and its coverage of the Arab-Israeli conflict is well respected.

Again - this is all true and I have not seen anybody removing this paragraph challenge this...

I await somebody to refute the sourced facts from these facts otherwise I don't see any reason why this paragraph should not be reinstated. Disillusioned- 15:21, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * These are not facts: they are accusations and are potentially libellous. I am therefore removing the section from Snow's biography.Phase4 13:53, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

How are they libellous?
What aspect of these comments are libellous? Can you not see that they are sourced and even acknowledged by Jon Snow himself? Bizarre. Disillusioned- 14:13, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Are you under the illusion that they are not potentially libellous?Phase4 14:45, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

I cannot see anything libellous about it...perhaps you can point out exactly what is potentially libellous. User:Disillusioned-
 * one key point is the fact that the accusation of "anti-Semitism", which a lot of people would consider a pretty libellous thing to be accused of, is currently unsourced, except for a little bit of a "Julie Burchill sez" context in the next-door sentence. -W guice 16:54, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

having interviewed both the Israelis and Hamas on Channel 4 News over the Gaza crisis, my inbox transformed into a Middle East war zone.
 * And:
 * 1) "Some supporters of Israel" ≠ Julie "noted for her confrontational and iconoclastic views, which have been criticised as contradictory" Burchill. Julie Burchill is one supporter of Israel, and hardly one prone to impartiality at that. Extrapolating "some supporters" from that looks like weasel words to me.
 * 2) "[H]e described rockets which killed Israeli civilians in the town of Sderot as "Rockets, pretty pathetic things - nobody gets injured."" Being familiar with the footage in question, i'd actually like to dispute that he did describe them thus. He actually only made this suggestion as part of a technique you may have heard of called devil's advocate, a common form of which involves one participant in a discussion advancing an extreme version of an idea for the purposes of generating discussion. Jon Snow is a journalist, a profession which involves engaging with all sorts of ideas and angles for public edification, of which none are necessarily representative of the view of any person expressing them. It's a generalised statement of rhetorical technique; representing it as a statement of belief is disingenuous POV-pushing.
 * 3) At no point does the quote "Rockets, pretty pathetic things - nobody gets injured" refer directly to any specific ones targeted at Sderot, so that particular claim itself is a direct and - yes! - potentially libellous misrepresentation.
 * 4) "Jon Snow and Channel 4 have been frequently accused of having an anti-Israel bias by various pro-Israel groups, including HonestReporting". Oh really, where? This must be one of those "unsourced" bits you were inquiring about the location of before. Plus, the sentence blatantly negates its own relevance! "Accused of having an anti-Israel bias by pro-Israel groups"? No, never! Pro-Israel groups do what?? Anyway, facetiousness aside, impartial truth is not exactly part of Honest "the largest Israel media advocacy group in the world" Reporting's remit.
 * 5) Text of the More4 reference:

The headers ranged from 'thank-you' to 'shameful', from 'arsehole' to 'anti-semite' and from 'criminal' to 'Christain'. Many of the most abusive actually included their whole postal addresses. They ranged from California to Cairo, from Java to Gateshead from Manchester to Morrocco.

Many were formulaic, using similar phrase construction. But more were specifically abusive suggesting my mother should rot in hell among other things.

Naturally, I responded...
 * This passage can be used to support the claim that "Jon Snow gratified a lot of people" as easily as "Jon Snow angered a lot of people". It's all about how you (mis)represent the material. Furthermore, this paragraph is specifically contextualised by the words "having interviewed both the Israelis and Hamas on Channel 4 News over the Gaza crisis, my inbox transformed into a Middle East war zone". Not "my interview with the Israeli minister pissed a lot of people off", but "having interviewed both the Israelis and Hamas...". Boiling this down to effectively the former (though i'm obviously paraphrasing) would be a case of deliberate misrepresentation by omission.

 * Add these to the five unanswered above. -W guice 16:59, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Patrick Haseldine non-broadcast interview
In the "Journalist" section there is a paragraph about a mistaken interview with Patrick Haseldine that was never broadcast, as the mistake was realised before broadcast. Anyone know why this is notable enough to mention in the article? Rwendland 14:01, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Removed now. Rwendland 20:29, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

I've dug up this removed paragraph which, upon reflection, seems notable enough to be reinserted into the article. Reinserted now.Phase4 21:22, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Early life - incident at Scarborough
In the section about the student protest at the University of Liverpool, there was mention of throwing paint over the statue of Queen Victoria in Scarborough. It was unsourced, and I can't find any mention of this on Google (other than word-for-word copies of the same sentence on other sites - who copied who?) so I've removed it. And I've sourced the student protest itself from the university's own alumni pages. (iainjones1980 - forgot to log in beforehand as usual) 91.109.3.133 (talk) 15:58, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

Jon Snow says his page is wrong
On Channel 4 this evening, when interviewing Jimmy Wales, Jon Snow said this article is wrong, e.g. his liking of trees. Please could someone kindly fix. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.20.227.50 (talk) 19:56, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Did he say he hates trees? --OhNoPeedyPeebles (talk) 22:48, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * No, just conifers; Snow is a patron of Trees for Cities. Ironically it seems it was a tree-loving editor that mistakenly remove the Citation needed template from the incorrect "conifer collector" claim. Rwendland (talk) 23:06, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I'd just like to say that's the most wonderfully surreal wiki discussion I've ever come across. "Does he hate trees?", "No, just conifers." Whether that's true or otherwise is beside the point; thank you for brightening my day! 141.0.46.202 (talk) 09:47, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

This page is not about the Game of Thrones character
One or more anonymous editors are repeatedly adding references in the Occupation section of the Infobox to the fictional Game of Thrones character Jon Snow. This character bears no relation to the journalist Jon Snow, apart from sharing his name. Any information about the Game of Thrones character should go on his page.Cimbalom (talk) 14:10, 4 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Cimbalom, like I stated at that character's talk page, I think what you are facing is WP:Primary topic. Flyer22 (talk) 20:55, 15 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Jon Snow's new babby
I've noticed that some information regarding the new baby has been deleted, could this be explained? — Preceding unsigned comment added by LordofGlamorgan (talk • contribs) 18:21, 13 March 2021 (UTC)
 * , if you mean my edit, then the central information (month of birth and parents) is still present in the article. I also left in that the baby was born by surrogacy, but not the further details which I thought were an unnecessary invasion of the article subject's privacy. I saw no reason to include the full date of birth of a non-notable child.  Best, Wham2001 (talk) 19:03, 13 March 2021 (UTC)

anti-aparteid socialist student protests
Can 'socialist' be substantiated in this instance. It is not referenced in the sources. Many socialists campaigned against aparteid. But so too did others. Can this particular protest be considered socialist? JDE 92.10.175.225 (talk) 08:04, 29 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jon Snow (journalist)


text:
Ciliary body

The ciliary body is a part of the eye that includes the ciliary muscle, which controls the shape of the lens, and the ciliary epithelium, which produces the aqueous humor. The aqueous humor is produced in the non-pigmented portion of the ciliary body. The ciliary body is part of the uvea, the layer of tissue that delivers oxygen and nutrients to the eye tissues. The ciliary body joins the ora serrata of the choroid to the root of the iris.

Structure
The ciliary body is a ring-shaped thickening of tissue inside the eye that divides the posterior chamber from the vitreous body. It contains the ciliary muscle, vessels, and fibrous connective tissue. Folds on the inner ciliary epithelium are called ciliary processes, and these secrete aqueous humor into the posterior chamber. The aqueous humor then flows through the pupil into the anterior chamber.

The ciliary body is attached to the lens by connective tissue called the Zonule of Zinn (fibers of Zinn). Relaxation of the ciliary muscle puts tension on these fibers and changes the shape of the lens in order to focus light on the retina.

The inner layer is transparent and covers the vitreous body, and is continuous from the neural tissue of the retina. The outer layer is highly pigmented, continuous with the retinal pigment epithelium, and constitutes the cells of the dilator muscle. This double membrane is often considered continuous with the retina and a rudiment of the embryological correspondent to the retina. The inner layer is unpigmented until it reaches the iris, where it takes on pigment. The retina ends at the ora serrata.

The space between the ciliary body and the base of the iris is the ciliary sulcus.

Nerve supply
The parasympathetic innervation of the ciliary body is the most clearly understood. Presynaptic parasympathetic signals that originate in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus are carried by cranial nerve III (the oculomotor nerve) and travel through the ciliary ganglion. Postsynaptic fibers from the ciliary ganglion form the short ciliary nerves. Parasympathetic activation of the M3 muscarinic receptors causes ciliary muscle contraction, the effect of contraction is to decrease the diameter of the ring of ciliary muscle. The parasympathetic tone is dominant when a higher degree of accommodation of the lens is required, such as reading a book.

The ciliary body is also known to receive sympathetic innervation via long ciliary nerves. When test subjects are startled, their eyes automatically adjust for distance vision.

Function
The ciliary body has three functions: accommodation, aqueous humor production, and resorption, and maintenance of the lens zonules for the purpose of anchoring the lens in place.

Accommodation
Accommodation essentially means that when the ciliary muscle contracts, the lens becomes more convex, generally improving the focus for closer objects. When it relaxes, it flattens the lens, generally improving the focus for farther objects.

Aqueous humor
The ciliary epithelium of the ciliary processes produces aqueous humor, which is responsible for providing oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic waste removal to the lens and the cornea, which do not have their own blood supply. Approximately 80% of aqueous humor production is carried out through active secretion mechanisms (the Na+K+ATPase enzyme creating an osmotic gradient for the passage of water into the posterior chamber) and twenty percent is produced through the ultrafiltration of plasma. Intraocular pressure affects the rate of ultrafiltration, but not secretion.

Lens zonules
The zonular fibers collectively make up the suspensory ligament of the lens. These provide strong attachments between the ciliary muscle and the capsule of the lens.

Clinical significance
Glaucoma is a group of ocular disorders characterized by high intraocular pressure-associated neuropathies. Intraocular pressure depends on the levels of production and resorption of aqueous humor. Because the ciliary body produces aqueous humor, it is the main target of many medications against glaucoma. Its inhibition leads to the lowering of aqueous humor production and causes a subsequent drop in the intraocular pressure. There 3 main types of medication affecting the ciliary body:
 * Beta blockers, the second most common treatment method for glaucoma, reduce the production of aqueous humor. They are relatively inexpensive and are available in generic form. Timolol, Levobunolol, and Betaxolol are common beta blockers prescribed to treat glaucoma.
 * Alpha-adrenergic agonists work by decreasing production of fluid and increasing drainage. Brimonidine and Apraclonidine are two commonly prescribes alpha agonists for glaucoma treatment. Alphagan P uses a purite preservative, which is better tolerated by those who have allergic reactions than the older BAK preservative in other eye drops. Furthermore, less selective alpha agonists such as epinephrine may decrease the production of aqueous humor through vasoconstriction of the ciliary body (only for open-angle glaucoma).
 * Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors also decrease fluid production. They are available as eye drops (Trusopt and Azopt) and pills (Diamox and Neptazane). This may be helpful if using more than one type of eye medication.

title: Ciliary body


text:
29th Canadian Parliament

The 29th Canadian Parliament was in session from January 4, 1973, until May 9, 1974. The membership was set by the 1972 federal election on October 30, 1972, and it was dissolved prior to the 1974 election. It was controlled by a Liberal Party minority led by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and the 20th Canadian Ministry, with the support of David Lewis's New Democratic Party. The Official Opposition was the Progressive Conservative Party, led by Robert Stanfield. The Speaker was Lucien Lamoureux.

The government lost the confidence of the house in 1974 when finance minister John Turner's budget was defeated by a vote of 137 to 123, prompting the prime minister to seek dissolution of parliament for the next election.

There were two sessions of the 29th Parliament. The first was from January 4, 1973, to February 26, 1974, and the second was from February 27 to May 9, 1974.

Members of the House of Commons
Members of the House of Commons in the 29th parliament arranged by province.

Quebec

 * * Roch La Salle rejoined the Progressive Conservative on February 26, 1974

By-elections
No by-elections were called during the 29th Parliament. Two seats remained vacant when the 1974 federal election was called.

title: 29th Canadian Parliament


text:
Talk:Peter Snow

Relationship to Jon Snow?
This article says that Peter Snow is the elder brother of Jon Snow. The Jon Snow article says that they are uncle and nephew. Neither seems likely, as (according to his autobiography, serialised in the Grauniad) Jon's parents didn't meet until 1940, two years after Peter was born; but Jon's father was 40 by then, making Jon's father and Peter of very different generations. It seems more likely that, as stated by Media Guardian, they are cousins. Any objections to me changing the articles accordingly? --rbrwr± 20:41, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I see that Peter Snow was born in Dublin, and I wondered what his Irish links were? Millbanks (talk) 14:21, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

I seem to remember he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant for his National Service (he said in an interview he didn't like taking orders but rather enjoyed giving them) - might be interesting to include in view of his obvious military interests. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 171.192.0.10 (talk) 14:49, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

The Snowman
The line

"In May 2007, a musical of Snow's turbulent career entitled "The Snowman" was premiered at the Ifield Barn Theatre in Crawley, West Sussex"

is in error. I am the technical manager for the Ifield Barn Theatre and have been a member of this theatre for over 34 years. Much as we would have enjoyed being the venue for this production, it did not take place in our theatre.

Regards,

Brian Hawkins.

--194.30.184.66 (talk) 10:40, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

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get the mccaans to stop lying.
Hello, can you please do an interview with K McCAAN asking pointed questionds re Maddie , and what really happened. jim

hello, can you please do an interview with pointed questions re what really happened in apt 5a in Portugal,  and not some scripted nonesence,    the truth has to be known .jim

 * This is an encyclopedia article about Peter Snow, not a reliable place to communicate with him. He may never read this article. You would have better luck asking the BBC or through social media. You might start your campaign there or join an existing one. And please sign any further posts here with four tildes (4x~). Britmax (talk) 11:05, 23 March 2019 (UTC)

What is the source for caling him a British radio and television presenter?
Why does the opening refer to Peter Snow as British when you then say he was born in Dublin, Ireland to an Irish mother? 2A02:8084:255E:FC00:DC15:5664:9D91:F4AC (talk) 21:56, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peter Snow


text:
User talk:Matpitka

(William M. Connolley 20:48, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)) Hello. You created Topological Geometrodynamics. I think/suspect/wonder_if this is a "pet theory", ie your own idea with no wide currency. If so, it should not be here: No original research.

 * Comment: Topological Geometrodynamics is not my "pet theory" but my lifework carried out in rather difficult circumstances. Also the fact that American Mathematical Society mentions it in subject classification table should make clear that a characterization as a "pet theory" is not appropriate. If the article about TGD as a theory should not be in Wikipedia then also the articles about M-theory, super string models, loop gravity, etc. should be absent and with much better reasons if one uses as criteria the explanatory and predictive power of the theory.

 * (William M. Connolley 08:38, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)) "pet theory" is perhaps a rather aggressive choice of phrase on my part: but nonetheless the policy of not including articles with only a very limited currency remains. Super string models have a wide currency and their adherents can cite 100's of papers on them in peer-reviewed journals: can you do the same? (Can you cite one?) Wiki is not here to judge your theory right or wrong, but whether it is well enough known to be in an encyclopaedia.

Good evening and Welcome to Wikipedia. You also created an article titled Matti Pitkanen. Wikipedia has a fairly strong tradition against allowing autobiographies in the main article space. May I recommend that you move that article here to your user page?

Comment: The stub for Matti Pitkanen was created already earlier by the writer of [Spacetime Theories of Consciousness]], whom I do not know,  and I just added the basic data and some links in the belief that this is a neutral procedure in this kind of situation.

Here are a few references that I found useful when I started with Wikipedia. Happy editing. Rossami 22:32, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Auto-biography
 * Manual of Style
 * replies (was "What Our Critics Say About Us")
 * How does one edit a page

title: User talk:Matpitka


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sa'eed

Sa'eed was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Clearly this is at the wrong title. Whether it's factual I can't say, because I can't tell what it's supposed to be about. As the author has ignored my enquiry on his talk page, I have to suggest deletion as a sensible course. Deb 20:48, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC) (header added Rossami 21:05, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC))
 * Delete. Yet another passage ripped from Companions of the Prophet. Probable copyvio, depending on when the translation was made.   — Gwalla | Talk 01:50, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Either copyvio or out of context to the point of nonsense. Geogre 21:10, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sa'eed


text:
.aero

.aero (derived from aeronautics) is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) used in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is the first sponsored top-level domain based on a single industrial theme. The  domain is reserved for companies, organizations, associations, government agencies, and individuals in aerospace-related fields. It was created in 2002 and is operated by SITA. SITA created and operates the Dot Aero Council.

Two-letter codes under  are reserved for airlines according to the IATA Airline Designators. While three-letter codes were initially reserved for airports (IATA airport code), they were released for registration by the larger aviation and aerospace community on December 1, 2008.

The  top-level domain was initially approved in 2001 for a 5-year term expiring December 17, 2006 as part of a proof-of-concept of new top-level domains. The agreement was extended in October 2006 for a six-month term until June 17, 2007, and continued to be renewed on a June–December six-month cycle through June 17, 2009. In 2009, SITA and ICANN completed a new 10-year sponsorship agreement for the operation of.

title: .aero


text:
Prototype theory

Prototype theory is a theory of categorization in cognitive science, particularly in psychology and cognitive linguistics, in which there is a graded degree of belonging to a conceptual category, and some members are more central than others. It emerged in 1971 with the work of psychologist Eleanor Rosch, and it has been described as a "Copernican Revolution" in the theory of categorization for its departure from the traditional Aristotelian categories. It has been criticized by those that still endorse the traditional theory of categories, like linguist Eugenio Coseriu and other proponents of the structural semantics paradigm.

In this prototype theory, any given concept in any given language has a real world example that best represents this concept. For example: when asked to give an example of the concept furniture, a couch is more frequently cited than, say, a wardrobe. Prototype theory has also been applied in linguistics, as part of the mapping from phonological structure to semantics.

In formulating prototype theory, Rosch drew in part from previous insights in particular the formulation of a category model based on family resemblance by Wittgenstein (1953), and by Roger Brown's How shall a thing be called? (1958).

Overview and terminology
The term prototype, as defined in psychologist Eleanor Rosch's study "Natural Categories", was initially defined as denoting a stimulus, which takes a salient position in the formation of a category, due to the fact that it is the first stimulus to be associated with that category. Rosch later defined it as the most central member of a category.

Rosch and others developed prototype theory as a response to, and radical departure from, the classical theory of concepts, which defines concepts by necessary and sufficient conditions. Necessary conditions refers to the set of features every instance of a concept must present, and sufficient conditions are those that no other entity possesses. Rather than defining concepts by features, the prototype theory defines categories based on either a specific artifact of that category or by a set of entities within the category that represent a prototypical member. The prototype of a category can be understood in lay terms by the object or member of a class most often associated with that class. The prototype is the center of the class, with all other members moving progressively further from the prototype, which leads to the gradation of categories. Every member of the class is not equally central in human cognition. As in the example of furniture above, couch is more central than wardrobe. Contrary to the classical view, prototypes and gradations lead to an understanding of category membership not as an all-or-nothing approach, but as more of a web of interlocking categories which overlap.

Further development of prototype theory by psychologist James Hampton, and others replaced the notion of prototypes being the most typical exemplar, with the proposal that a prototype is a bundle of correlated features. These features may or may not be true of all members of the class (necessary or defining features), but they will all be associated with being a typical member or the class. By this means, two aspects of concept structure can be explained. Some exemplars are more typical of a category than others, because they are a better fit to the concept prototype, having more of the features. Importantly, Hampton's prototype model explains the vagueness that can occur at the boundary of conceptual categories. While some may think of pictures, telephones or cookers as atypical furniture, others will say they are not furniture at all. Membership of a category can be a matter of degree, and the same features that give rise to typicality structure are also responsible for graded degrees of category membership.

In Cognitive linguistics it has been argued that linguistic categories also have a prototype structure, like categories of common words in a language.

Basic level categories
The other notion related to prototypes is that of a basic level in cognitive categorization. Basic categories are relatively homogeneous in terms of sensory-motor affordances — a chair is associated with bending of one's knees, a fruit with picking it up and putting it in your mouth, etc. At the subordinate level (e.g. [dentist's chairs], [kitchen chairs] etc.) few significant features can be added to that of the basic level; whereas at the superordinate level, these conceptual similarities are hard to pinpoint. A picture of a chair is easy to draw (or visualize), but drawing furniture would be more difficult.

Psychologists Eleanor Rosch, Carolyn Mervis and colleagues defined the basic level as that level that has the highest degree of cue validity and category validity. Thus, a category like [animal] may have a prototypical member, but no cognitive visual representation. On the other hand, basic categories in [animal], i.e. [dog], [bird], [fish], are full of informational content and can easily be categorized in terms of Gestalt and semantic features. Basic level categories tend to have the same parts and recognizable images.

Clearly semantic models based on attribute-value pairs fail to identify privileged levels in the hierarchy. Functionally, it is thought that basic level categories are a decomposition of the world into maximally informative categories. Thus, they

 * maximize the number of attributes shared by members of the category, and
 * minimize the number of attributes shared with other categories

However, the notion of Basic-ness as a Level can be problematic. Linguistically, types of bird (swallow, robin, gull) are basic level - they have mono-morphemic nouns, which fall under the superordinate BIRD, and have subordinates expressed by noun phrases (herring gull, male robin). Yet in psychological terms, bird behaves as a basic level term. At the same time, atypical birds such as ostrich and penguin are themselves basic level terms, having very distinct outlines and not sharing obvious parts with other birds.

More problems arise when the notion of a prototype is applied to lexical categories other than the noun. Verbs, for example, seem to defy a clear prototype: [to run] is hard to split up in more or less central members.

In her 1975 paper, Rosch asked 200 American college students to rate, on a scale of 1 to 7, whether they regarded certain items as good examples of the category furniture. These items ranged from chair and sofa, ranked number 1, to a love seat (number 10), to a lamp (number 31), all the way to a telephone, ranked number 60.

While one may differ from this list in terms of cultural specifics, the point is that such a graded categorization is likely to be present in all cultures. Further evidence that some members of a category are more privileged than others came from experiments involving:

 * 1. Response Times: in which queries involving prototypical members (e.g. is a robin a bird) elicited faster response times than for non-prototypical members.
 * 2. Priming: When primed with the higher-level (superordinate) category, subjects were faster in identifying if two words are the same. Thus, after flashing furniture, the equivalence of chair-chair is detected more rapidly than stove-stove.
 * 3. Exemplars: When asked to name a few exemplars, the more prototypical items came up more frequently.

Subsequent to Rosch's work, prototype effects have been investigated widely in areas such as colour cognition, and also for more abstract notions: subjects may be asked, e.g. "to what degree is this narrative an instance of telling a lie?". Similar work has been done on actions (verbs like look, kill, speak, walk [Pulman:83]), adjectives like "tall", etc.

Another aspect in which Prototype Theory departs from traditional Aristotelian categorization is that there do not appear to be natural kind categories (bird, dog) vs. artifacts (toys, vehicles).

A common comparison is the use of prototype or the use of exemplars in category classification. Medin, Altom, and Murphy found that using a mixture of prototype and exemplar information, participants were more accurately able to judge categories. Participants who were presented with prototype values classified based on similarity to stored prototypes and stored exemplars, whereas participants who only had experience with exemplar only relied on the similarity to stored exemplars. Smith and Minda looked at the use of prototypes and exemplars in dot-pattern category learning. They found that participants used more prototypes than they used exemplars, with the prototypes being the center of the category, and exemplars surrounding it.

Distance between concepts
The notion of prototypes is related to Wittgenstein's (later) discomfort with the traditional notion of category. This influential theory has resulted in a view of semantic components more as possible rather than necessary contributors to the meaning of texts. His discussion on the category game is particularly incisive: Consider for example the proceedings that we call 'games'. I mean board games, card games, ball games, Olympic games, and so on. What is common to them all? Don't say, "There must be something common, or they would not be called 'games'"--but look and see whether there is anything common to all. For if you look at them you will not see something common to all, but similarities, relationships, and a whole series of them at that. To repeat: don't think, but look! Look for example at board games, with their multifarious relationships. Now pass to card games; here you find many correspondences with the first group, but many common features drop out, and others appear. When we pass next to ball games, much that is common is retained, but much is lost. Are they all 'amusing'? Compare chess with noughts and crosses. Or is there always winning and losing, or competition between players? Think of patience. In ball games there is winning and losing; but when a child throws his ball at the wall and catches it again, this feature has disappeared. Look at the parts played by skill and luck; and at the difference between skill in chess and skill in tennis. Think now of games like ring-a-ring-a-roses; here is the element of amusement, but how many other characteristic features have disappeared! And we can go through the many, many other groups of games in the same way; can see how similarities crop up and disappear. And the result of this examination is: we see a complicated network of similarities overlapping and criss-crossing: sometimes overall similarities, sometimes similarities of detail.

Wittgenstein's theory of family resemblance describes the phenomenon when people group concepts based on a series of overlapping features, rather than by one feature which exists throughout all members of the category. For example, basketball and baseball share the use of a ball, and baseball and chess share the feature of a winner, etc., rather than one defining feature of "games". Therefore, there is a distance between focal, or prototypical members of the category, and those that continue outwards from them, linked by shared features.

Recently, Peter Gärdenfors has elaborated a possible partial explanation of prototype theory in terms of multi-dimensional feature spaces called conceptual spaces, where a category is defined in terms of a conceptual distance. More central members of a category are "between" the peripheral members. He postulates that most natural categories exhibit a convexity in conceptual space, in that if x and y are elements of a category, and if z is between x and y, then z is also likely to belong to the category.

Combining categories
Within language we find instances of combined categories, such as tall man or small elephant. Combining categories was a problem for extensional semantics, where the semantics of a word such as red is to be defined as the set of objects having this property. This does not apply as well to modifiers such as small; a small mouse is very different from a small elephant.

These combinations pose a lesser problem in terms of prototype theory. In situations involving adjectives (e.g. tall), one encounters the question of whether or not the prototype of [tall] is a 6 foot tall man, or a 400-foot skyscraper. The solution emerges by contextualizing the notion of prototype in terms of the object being modified. This extends even more radically in compounds such as red wine or red hair which are hardly red in the prototypical sense, but the red indicates merely a shift from the prototypical colour of wine or hair respectively. The addition of red shifts the prototype from the one of hair to that of red hair. The prototype is changed by additional specific information, and combines features from the prototype of red and wine.

Dynamic structure and distance
Mikulincer, Mario & Paz, Dov & Kedem, Perry focused on the dynamic nature of prototypes and how represented semantic categories actually changes due to emotional states. The 4 part study assessed the relationships between situational stress and trait anxiety and the way people organize the hierarchical level at which semantic stimuli are categorized, the way people categorize natural objects, the narrowing of the breadth of categories and the proneness to use less inclusive levels of categorization instead of more inclusive ones.

Critique
Prototype theory has been criticized by those that still endorse the classic theory of categories, like linguist Eugenio Coseriu and other proponents of the structural semantics paradigm.

Exemplar theory
Douglas L. Medin and Marguerite M. Schaffer showed by experiment that a context theory of classification which derives concepts purely from exemplars (cf. exemplar theory) worked better than a class of theories that included prototype theory.

Graded categorization
Linguists, including Stephen Laurence writing with Eric Margolis, have suggested problems with the prototype theory. In their 1999 paper, they raise several issues. One of which is that prototype theory does not intrinsically guarantee graded categorization. When subjects were asked to rank how well certain members exemplify the category, they rated some members above others. For example, robins were seen as being "birdier" than ostriches, but when asked whether these categories are "all-or-nothing" or have fuzzier boundaries, the subjects stated that they were defined, "all-or-nothing" categories. Laurence and Margolis concluded that "prototype structure has no implication for whether subjects represent a category as being graded" (p. 33).

Compound concepts

Daniel Osherson and Edward Smith raised the issue of pet fish for which the prototype might be a guppy kept in a bowl in someone's house. The prototype for pet might be a dog or cat, and the prototype for fish might be trout or salmon. However, the features of these prototypes do not present in the prototype for pet fish, therefore this prototype must be generated from something other than its constituent parts.

James Hampton found that prototypes for conjunctive concepts such as pet fish are produced by a compositional function operating on the features of each concept. Initially all features of each concept are added to the prototype of the conjunction. There is then a consistency check - for example pets are warm and cuddly but fish cannot be. Fish are often eaten for dinner, but pets are never. Hence the conjunctive prototype fails to inherit features of either concept that are incompatible with the other concept. A final stage in the process looks for knowledge of the class in long term memory, and if the class is familiar may add extra features - a process called "extensional feedback". The model was tested by showing how apparently logical syntactic conjunctions or disjunctions, such as "A sport which is also a game" or "Vehicles that are not Machines", or "Fruits or Vegetables" fail to conform to Boolean set logic. Chess is considered to be a sport which is a game, but is not considered to be a sport. Mushrooms are considered to be either a fruit or a vegetable, but when asked separately very few people consider them to be a vegetable and no-one considers them to be a fruit.

Antonio Lieto and Gian Luca Pozzato have proposed a typicality-based compositional logic (TCL) that is able to account for both complex human-like concept combinations (like the PET-FISH problem) and conceptual blending. Their framework shows how concepts expressed as prototypes can account for the phenomenon of prototypical compositionality in concept combination.

title: Prototype theory


text:
User:Voyager

I am normally involved at the German wikipedia. If you would like to send me a message, do that on my German page, because I don't check this page very often.

als:Benutzer:Voyager de:Benutzer:Voyager fr:Utilisateur:Voyager

title: User:Voyager


text:
Frank Pearce Sturm

Frank Pearce Sturm (1879–1942) was an English poet and translator, known for his 1906 translations of Baudelaire; his short poem Still-heart is a popular favourite.

During the 1920s he was a collaborator and correspondent of W. B. Yeats, particularly in matters of astrology.

title: Frank Pearce Sturm


text:
Category talk:Hellenic scripts

Untitled
Linear A is hardly a "hellenic script", and the Disk of Phaistos could be, but then it could be anything at all... dab 20:54, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Probably. This category was made to be as inclusive as possible. Etz Haim 21:32, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

IMHO this category is just another example, that the category system in the English Wikipedia is out of control At least I have unlinked the category from the systematic category tree. --Pjacobi 18:46, 2005 Jan 30 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Hellenic scripts


text:
Talk:Muse (band)

A lesser known fact/rumour is that the bands name originated from a conversation at the Reading Festival in the late 90s. The name Muse is a direct reference to the Selma Hayek character in the Kevin Smith film "Dogma". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.99.105.10 (talk) 23:11, 21 March 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Linzyjane13.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 04:38, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Backing vocals
Dominic Howard also did backing vocals on some tracks 06etc (talk) 22:33, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Can you provide more info please? The only song I can think of is Supermassive Black Hole at the end of the choruses. --Solitude6nv5 (talk) 18:14, 23 April 2019 (UTC)

 * IIRC he did some screaming on their old cover of Can't Take My Eyes Off You. But these occasional roles aren't a big enough deal to mention in this article. Popcornduff (talk) 00:14, 24 April 2019 (UTC)

He did some backing vocals live 06etc (talk) 16:04, 25 April 2019 (UTC)

He did quite a bit in supermassive black hole in the 2007 wembley stadium show 06etc (talk) 16:05, 25 April 2019 (UTC)

In all the choruses 06etc (talk) 16:05, 25 April 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 13 May 2019
Put progressive metal And alternative metal on the genres 84.248.191.201 (talk) 20:01, 13 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. — KuyaBriBri Talk 21:42, 13 May 2019 (UTC)

Colombia is written wrong
2006–08: Black Holes and Revelations and HAARP Paragraph 5 LaGusi506 (talk) 21:23, 16 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Good catch — Diannaa 🍁 (talk) 21:30, 16 June 2019 (UTC)

"White boy music" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect White boy music. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. gnu 57 13:16, 29 August 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 November 2019
Please change the MUSE wiki rock am ring image poster and upload this photo.muse performing at rock am ring photo profile picture. https://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1536&bih=754&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=t6zGXfWyHJeb9QP4uq2ACA&q=muse+drones+era&oq=muse+drones+era&gs_l=img.3...8111.11513..11641...0.0..0.198.3017.8j17......0....1..gws-wiz-img.......0i24j0j0i10j0i8i30.sx5PQ75hF5Q&ved=0ahUKEwi16snHjN3lAhWXTX0KHXhdC4AQ4dUDCAc&uact=5#imgrc=OQFN-K58dx-smM: 183.82.143.241 (talk) 12:12, 9 November 2019 (UTC)

 * ❌. See WP:IUP. –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 14:51, 9 November 2019 (UTC)

The use of the word 'Orchestra' in the summary
In reference to Butterflies and Hurricanes and Absolution, it is stated that Muse used an orchestra for the track. This isn't true, it is only a string ensemble as seen in the Making Of Absolution video (27 minute mark). Should this be changed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jhdrumming (talk • contribs) 04:01, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 November 2019
change muse rock am ring picture 2018 to this photo in the webiste

https://coogradio.com/2015/10/muse-releases-additional-drones-world-tour-dates-in-north-america/ 183.82.141.68 (talk) 14:52, 21 November 2019 (UTC)

 * ❌. See WP:IUP. –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 16:49, 21 November 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 14 December 2019
change the wiki photo.)) 183.82.143.164 (talk) 18:44, 14 December 2019 (UTC)
 * You can suggest a different one from commons:Category:Muse. – Thjarkur (talk) 19:52, 14 December 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 February 2020
change the muse at the rock am ring 2018 photo to this photo in the website https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse#/media/Tiedosto:Muse_Promo_2017.tif 183.82.140.147 (talk) 12:48, 10 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The indicated photo is nominated for deletion on Commons for copyright/licensing concerns. If the file is not deleted and the licensing concerns are addressed, please feel free to reopen this request. See WP:IUP for more information on using images on Wikipedia. ‑‑ El Hef  ( Meep? ) 15:22, 10 February 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 February 2020
change the muse wiki photo rock am ring 2018 to this one.This one is clear and perfect upload this photo

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Muse_Promo_2017.tif/lossy-page1-1280px-Muse_Promo_2017.tif.jpg 183.82.140.147 (talk) 12:50, 10 February 2020 (UTC)

 * That photo belongs to someone, so Wikipedia can't use it. Wikipedia can only use photos allowed under fair use or donated to the site. Popcornduff (talk) 13:28, 10 February 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 February 2020
change the wiki photo of muse at rock am ring 2018 to this one

https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse#/media/S%C3%BAbor:Muse_Promo_2017.tif 183.82.140.147 (talk) 15:16, 10 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The indicated photo is nominated for deletion on Commons for copyright/licensing concerns. If the file is not deleted and the licensing concerns are addressed, please feel free to reopen this request. See WP:IUP for more information on using images on Wikipedia. ‑‑ El Hef  ( Meep? ) 15:22, 10 February 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 February 2020
change the muse rock am ring wiki photo to this one https://vanyaland.com/2018/07/19/boy-the-new-muse-sure-sounds-a-lot-like-a-little-respect-by-erasure/ 183.82.136.228 (talk) 11:21, 11 February 2020 (UTC)
 * That's a copyrighted photo. – Thjarkur (talk) 12:34, 11 February 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 February 2020
change the muse wiki rock am ring 2018 wiki photo to the photo given in the website.update it fast https://en.festileaks.com/2018/10/muse-to-headline-rock-werchter-2019/ 183.82.141.2 (talk) 09:20, 12 February 2020 (UTC)
 * That is also a copyrighted photo. Unless you took the photo yourself, you can be almost certain that the image is copyrighted. – Thjarkur (talk) 09:56, 12 February 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 February 2020
change the muse rock am ring photo it is not looking good upload this photo of the website.)) https://www.theedgesusu.co.uk/records/2019/01/18/gone-mainstream-muse/ 183.82.141.2 (talk) 10:20, 12 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Please stop making these requests. Popcornduff (talk) 10:31, 12 February 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 February 2020
change the muse rockamring photo to this one .please update the data including tour sales in the wikipedia. https://coogradio.com/2015/10/muse-releases-additional-drones-world-tour-dates-in-north-america/ 183.82.136.151 (talk) 04:43, 23 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Not done, see above. Altamel (talk) 05:20, 23 February 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 June 2020
First sentence: "Muse are", should read, "Muse is". 2600:6C51:407F:D72B:A581:FEF1:863C:6D7C (talk) 14:56, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Not done. That's American English. Popcornfud (talk) 15:04, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 3 September 2020
2A02:C7F:C216:6100:585:B9B1:A11:A0E4 (talk) 07:05, 3 September 2020 (UTC)

Changed from band to trio
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Band is appropriate. No need to call them a "trio".  Rob van  vee  07:11, 3 September 2020 (UTC)

The Dark Side
We need to create an article for the band's single The Dark Side which is also one of the most appreciated tracks from their latest album. I'd do it myself but I'm afraid to make a mess with the script. Patata mccurdy (talk) 10:55, 20 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes I can potentially write this, so long as I can find enough sources. Fieryninja (talk) 13:21, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

Muse RM notification
An editor has requested for Muse (disambiguation) to be moved to Muse. Since you had some involvement with Muse (disambiguation), you might want to participate in |the move discussion (if you have not already done so). Whether or not to move depends mostly on the question if a) Muses (the ancient Greek goddesses) is the primary topic, or b) Muses and Muse (band) are comparably significant, and there is no primary topic. ExcitedEngineer (talk) 12:24, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 May 2021
https://www.kerrang.com/the-news/muse-announce-origin-of-symmetry-20th-anniversary-remix-album/ 49.205.121.148 (talk) 07:17, 21 May 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ Popcornfud (talk) 09:46, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 September 2021
The sentence should be modified this way: Simulation Theory'' (2018), prominently featured synthesisers and was influenced by science fiction,undefined [[User:CycoCiccio|CycoCiccio (talk) 19:29, 10 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Not mentioned a single time in the body of the article (which the lead is supposed to be a summary of); and no reliable sources given to support this either. RandomCanadian (talk / contribs) 20:14, 10 September 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 June 2022
muse won have nineteen NME awards

source - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Muse 49.205.231.68 (talk) 10:39, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. We don't cite Wikipedia as source. Baggaet (talk) 17:21, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 24 June 2022
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Muse muse have won 19 NME AWARDS add the information.)) 49.205.229.90 (talk) 12:49, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Declining as duplicate of above request. Baggaet (talk) 17:23, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 February 2023
Change "are" to "is" in the first paragraph. NuitNo.6 (talk) 11:13, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

 * ❌ That would be American English, and this article is written in British English. Popcornfud (talk) 11:16, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

space rock - WTF?
Please replace "space rock" with "indie rock". This is ridiculous. 2600:1700:93B0:6B50:3083:9279:ACD3:D209 (talk) 18:32, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

"Muse"
The usage of "Muse" is under discussion, see Talk:Muse (disambiguation).  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 19:18, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 4 April 2024
19 NME awards MUSE WON please correct it.))) 152.59.193.221 (talk) 11:14, 4 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Irltoad (talk) 15:55, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Muse (band)


text:
Optical table

An optical table is a vibration control platform that is used to support systems used for laser- and optics-related experiments in science, engineering and manufacturing. The surfaces of these tables are designed to be very rigid with minimum deflection so that the alignment of optical elements remains stable over time. Many optical systems require that vibration of optical elements be kept small. As a result, optical tables are typically very heavy and incorporate vibration isolation and damping features in their structure. Many use pneumatic isolators that act as mechanical low-pass filters, reducing the ability of vibrations in the floor to cause vibrations in the tabletop.

The surface of an optical table is typically stainless steel with a rectangular grid of tapped holes in either metric or imperial units:

 * metric: M6 on a 25 mm grid
 * imperial: ¼"-20 UNC on a 1" (25.4 mm) grid

Optical breadboards, benches, and rails are simpler structures that perform a similar function to optical tables. These are used in teaching and in research and development, and are also sometimes used to support permanently aligned optical systems in finished devices such as lasers.

Explanation
In optical systems, especially those involving interferometry, the alignment of each component must be extremely accurate—precise down to a fraction of a wavelength—usually a few hundred nanometers. Even small vibrations or strain in the table on which the elements are set up might lead to complete failure of an experiment. Hence, one requires an extremely rigid table which neither moves nor flexes, even under changing loads or vibrations. The surface of the table must also be quite flat, to allow precision optical mounts to make good contact with the table without rocking and facilitate easy assembly of the optical system.

Materials and construction
Earlier optical table tops were sometimes made of a large slab of highly polished granite or diabase. These materials are very dense and stiff, which inhibits flexing and motion of the surface, improving the stability of the optical system. The surfaces can be ground extremely flat, which is beneficial for alignment of optical systems. Such tables were very heavy and expensive, however, and did not do a good job of damping vibrations. Mounting components to a granite surface is also difficult. Granite and diabase are still used for smaller precision-flat surfaces, but optical tables made from these materials are not commonly available today.

Modern optical tables are typically made of top and bottom sheets of steel, aluminum, or carbon fiber, separated by a thick honeycomb lattice structure. The surface usually has a grid of threaded holes which allow the components to be bolted down to fit the optical system layout. Components may also be held to the steel surface by magnetic bases. Often, the table's legs are pneumatic vibration dampers. For even more accurate setups, one also prevents air movements and temperature gradients by enclosing the surface in a box of transparent plastic such as Plexiglas. One may also use a "flowbox", a device which produces a laminar stream of air flowing downwards, kept at constant temperature by special air conditioning.

The metal used to construct modern optical tables has a higher speed of sound than granite and therefore a higher frequency of the first eigenmode. Any vibration produced on the table below this frequency does not produce a resonant response, making the setup less sensitive to vibrations from motorized optics, cooling water pumps, etc. Vibration damping may be added to tables during their construction. As with granite's composite structure, the combination of several stiff materials with different speeds of sound produces a table for which a wide range of vibrations are critically damped. Viscous fluids are used in between the stiff materials, to aid in damping.

Breadboards
An alternative to an optical table is an optical breadboard. Some optical systems use breadboards made of solid aluminum for later integration with a larger system with some form of vibration control. Most optical breadboards are constructed from steel, aluminum, or carbon fiber sheets with honeycomb structure and can be placed on an ordinary table or workbench. Breadboards are not as good as optical tables, but weigh less and are adequate for smaller optical systems that do not require extremely high levels of mechanical stability. The low weight enables one to support these tables on soft air springs which reduce vibrations coming from the floor, although this increases vibrations due to acoustic noise.

The honeycomb structure reduces bending due to the breadboard's own weight, so it can be tilted and forces applied via the soft spring supports accelerate the table as a whole without misalignment. Breadboards can therefore be used in mobile applications, such as on airplanes. Also, one can bolt a breadboard onto an optical table, build up a module of the experiment on it, and then transfer the module as a whole onto another table without the need to realign the components on the breadboard. Similarly, custom-built optical devices are assembled and aligned on breadboards, which are then enclosed in a case and shipped to the customer.

Rails and benches
An optical bench or optical rail is a simpler piece of hardware that provides a linear (or sometimes curved) track along which to mount optical elements. They are often used for simple experiments, especially for classroom demonstrations. Such rails are typically made of steel and designed to be very stiff, with features that allow holders for optical components to be bolted down and easily shifted along the length of the rail. Rails are common in laser assemblies where the beam path travels on a single axis.

A more sophisticated example is the silicon carbide ceramic toroidal optical bench in the Gaia spacecraft (illustrated), which supports several optical instruments.

title: Optical table


text:
Blending

Blending may refer to:
 * The process of mixing in process engineering
 * Mixing paints to achieve a greater range of colors
 * Blending (alcohol production), a technique to produce alcoholic beverages by mixing different brews
 * Blending (linguistics), the process of forming a word from two or more letters that represent the sounds of a word
 * Blending (music), a technique used in instrument playing
 * Blending (vocal technique), a technique used in vocal warm up
 * Blending curves, in mathematics
 * Blending inheritance, a hypothetical model prior to the discovery of genetics
 * Alpha blending, a transparency technique in computer image generation
 * Conceptual blending, a general theory of cognition
 * Gas blending, the filling of diving cylinders with non-air breathing gases such as nitrox, trimix and heliox
 * Tea blending, the process of blending different teas to produce a final product
 * The Blending (novel series), a fantasy series by Sharon Green
 * Travel blending, a technique, developed in Australia, for encouraging people to make more efficient and environmentally sound transportation choices

title: Blending


text:
File:Ukraine Zaporizhzhya small.png

Licensing
see also:
 * Cherkas'ka oblast'
 * Chernihivs'ka oblast'
 * Chernivets'ka oblast'
 * The Autonomous Republic of Crimea
 * Dnipropetrovs'ka oblast'
 * Donets'ka oblast'
 * Ivano-Frankivs'ka oblast'
 * Kharkivs'ka oblast'
 * Khersons'ka oblast'
 * Khmel'nyts'ka oblast'
 * Kirovohrads'ka oblast'
 * Kyiv
 * Kyivs'ka oblast'
 * Luhans'ka oblast'
 * L'vivs'ka oblast'
 * Mykolaivs'ka oblast'
 * Odes'ka oblast'
 * Poltavs'ka oblast'
 * Rivnens'ka oblast'
 * Sevastopol'
 * Sums'ka oblast'
 * Ternopils'ka oblast'
 * Vinnyts'ka oblast'
 * Volyns'ka oblast'
 * Zakarpats'ka oblast'
 * Zaporiz'ka oblast'
 * Zhytomyrs'ka oblast'

 * Cherkasy
 * Chernigov
 * Chernihiv
 * Dnipropetrovs'k
 * Donets'k
 * Ivano-Frankivs'k
 * Kharkiv
 * Kherson
 * Khmel'nyts'kyy
 * Kirovohrad
 * Krim
 * KYIV
 * L'viv
 * Luhans'k
 * Luts'k
 * Mykolayiv
 * Odesa
 * Poltava
 * Rivne
 * Sumy
 * Ternopil’
 * Uzhhorod
 * Vinnytsya
 * Zaporizhzhya
 * Zhytomyr

de:Bild:Ukraine Oblast Saporischja klein.png

title: File:Ukraine Zaporizhzhya small.png


text:
Spontaneous parametric down-conversion

Spontaneous parametric down-conversion (also known as SPDC, parametric fluorescence or parametric scattering) is a nonlinear instant optical process that converts one photon of higher energy (namely, a pump photon) into a pair of photons (namely, a signal photon, and an idler photon) of lower energy, in accordance with the law of conservation of energy and law of conservation of momentum. It is an important process in quantum optics, for the generation of entangled photon pairs, and of single photons.

Basic process

A nonlinear crystal is used to produce pairs of photons from a photon beam. In accordance with the law of conservation of energy and law of conservation of momentum, the pairs have combined energies and momenta equal to the energy and momentum of the original photon. Because the index of refraction changes with frequency (dispersion), only certain triplets of frequencies will be phase-matched so that simultaneous energy and momentum conservation can be achieved. Phase-matching is most commonly achieved using birefringent nonlinear materials, whose index of refraction changes with polarization. As a result of this, different types of SPDC are categorized by the polarizations of the input photon (the pump) and the two output photons (signal and idler). If the signal and idler photons share the same polarization with each other and with the destroyed pump photon it is deemed Type-0 SPDC; if the signal and idler photons share the same polarization to each other, but are orthogonal to the pump polarization, it is Type-I SPDC; and if the signal and idler photons have perpendicular polarizations, it is deemed Type II SPDC.

The conversion efficiency of SPDC is typically very low, with the highest efficiency obtained on the order of 4x10-6 incoming photons for PPLN in waveguides. However, if one half of the pair is detected at any time then its partner is known to be present. The degenerate portion of the output of a Type I down converter is a squeezed vacuum that contains only even photon number terms. The nondegenerate output of the Type II down converter is a two-mode squeezed vacuum.

Example

In a commonly used SPDC apparatus design, a strong laser beam, termed the "pump" beam, is directed at a BBO (beta-barium borate) or lithium niobate crystal. Most of the photons continue straight through the crystal. However, occasionally, some of the photons undergo spontaneous down-conversion with Type II polarization correlation, and the resultant correlated photon pairs have trajectories that are constrained along the sides of two cones whose axes are symmetrically arranged relative to the pump beam. Due to the conservation of momentum, the two photons are always symmetrically located on the sides of the cones, relative to the pump beam. In particular, the trajectories of a small proportion of photon pairs will lie simultaneously on the two lines where the surfaces of the two cones intersect. This results in entanglement of the polarizations of the pairs of photons emerging on those two lines. The photon pairs are in an equal weight quantum superposition of the unentangled states $$ \vert H \rangle\vert V \rangle $$ and $$ \vert V \rangle \vert H\rangle $$, corresponding to polarizations of left-hand side photon, right-hand side photon.

Another crystal is KDP (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) which is mostly used in Type I down conversion, where both photons have the same polarization.

Some of the characteristics of effective parametric down-converting nonlinear crystals include:

 * 1) Nonlinearity: The refractive index of the crystal changes with the intensity of the incident light. This is known as the nonlinear optical response.
 * 2) Periodicity: The crystal has a regular, repeating structure. This is known as the lattice structure, which is responsible for the regular arrangement of the atoms in the crystal.
 * 3) Optical anisotropy: The crystal has different refractive indices along different crystallographic axes.
 * 4) Temperature and pressure sensitivity: The nonlinearity of the crystal can change with temperature and pressure, and thus the crystal should be kept in a stable temperature and pressure environment.
 * 5) High nonlinear coefficient: Large nonlinear coefficient is desirable, this allow to generate a high number of entangled photons.
 * 6) High optical damage threshold: Crystal with high optical damage threshold can endure high intensity of the pumping beam.
 * 7) Transparency in the desired wavelength range: It is important for the crystal to be transparent in the wavelength range of the pump beam for efficient nonlinear interactions
 * 8) High optical quality and low absorption: The crystal should be high optical quality and low absorption to minimize loss of the pump beam and the generated entangled photons.

History
SPDC was demonstrated as early as 1967 by S. E. Harris, M. K. Oshman, and R. L. Byer, as well as by D. Magde and H. Mahr. It was first applied to experiments related to coherence by two independent pairs of researchers in the late 1980s: Carroll Alley and Yanhua Shih, and Rupamanjari Ghosh and Leonard Mandel. The duality between incoherent (Van Cittert–Zernike theorem) and biphoton emissions was found.

Applications
SPDC allows for the creation of optical fields containing (to a good approximation) a single photon. As of 2005, this is the predominant mechanism for an experimenter to create single photons (also known as Fock states). The single photons as well as the photon pairs are often used in quantum information experiments and applications like quantum cryptography and Bell test experiments.

SPDC is widely used to create pairs of entangled photons with a high degree of spatial correlation. Such pairs are used in ghost imaging, in which information is combined from two light detectors: a conventional, multi-pixel detector that does not view the object, and a single-pixel (bucket) detector that does view the object.

Alternatives
The newly observed effect of two-photon emission from electrically driven semiconductors has been proposed as a basis for more efficient sources of entangled photon pairs. Other than SPDC-generated photon pairs, the photons of a semiconductor-emitted pair usually are not identical but have different energies. Until recently, within the constraints of quantum uncertainty, the pair of emitted photons were assumed to be co-located: they are born from the same location. However, a new nonlocalized mechanism for the production of correlated photon pairs in SPDC has highlighted that occasionally the individual photons that constitute the pair can be emitted from spatially separated points.

title: Spontaneous parametric down-conversion