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Sanctuary (Faulkner novel)

Sanctuary is a 1931 novel by American author William Faulkner about the rape and abduction of an upper-class Mississippi college girl, Temple Drake, during the Prohibition era. The novel was Faulkner's commercial and critical breakthrough and established his literary reputation, but was controversial given its themes. It is said Faulkner claimed it was a "potboiler", written purely for profit, but this has been debated by scholars and Faulkner's own friends.

The novel provided the basis for the films The Story of Temple Drake (1933) and Sanctuary (1961). It also inspired the novel No Orchids for Miss Blandish as well as the film of the same title and The Grissom Gang, which derived from No Orchids for Miss Blandish. The story of the novel can also be found in the 2007 film Cargo 200.

Faulkner later wrote Requiem for a Nun (1951) as a sequel to Sanctuary.

Plot summary
The novel is set in Faulkner's fictional Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi and takes place in May and June 1929.

In May 1929, Horace Benbow, a lawyer frustrated with his life and family, suddenly leaves his home in Kinston, Mississippi, and hitchhikes his way back to Jefferson, his hometown in Yoknapatawpha County. There, his widowed sister, Narcissa Sartoris, lives with her son and her late husband's great-aunt, Miss Jenny. On the way to Jefferson, he stops for a drink of water near the "Old Frenchman" homestead, which is occupied by the bootlegger Lee Goodwin. Benbow encounters a sinister man called Popeye, an associate of Goodwin, who brings him to the decrepit mansion where he meets Goodwin and the strange people who live there with him. Later that night, Benbow catches a ride from Goodwin's place into Jefferson. He argues with his sister and Miss Jenny about leaving his wife, and meets Gowan Stevens, a local bachelor who recently has been courting Narcissa. That night, Benbow moves back into his parents' house, which has been sitting vacant for years.

After meeting Benbow, Gowan leaves to go to a dance in Oxford that same night. Gowan has returned to Jefferson after graduating from the University of Virginia, where he "learned to drink like a gentleman." He is from a wealthy family and prides himself on having adopted the worldview of the Virginia aristocracy. His date that night is Temple Drake, a student at the University of Mississippi ("Ole Miss"), who has a reputation of being a "fast girl." Temple also comes from a wealthy Mississippi family and is the daughter of a powerful judge. While they are out, Gowan and Temple make plans to meet the next morning to travel with her classmates to Starkville for a baseball game. But, after taking Temple home after the dance, Gowan learns from some locals where he can find moonshine and spends the night drinking heavily. He passes out in his car at the train station where he is supposed to have a rendezvous with Temple the next morning.

Gowan wakes the next morning to discover that he's missed Temple's train. He speeds to the next town to intercept it, meeting Temple in Taylor, and persuading her to ride with him to Starkville—a violation of the university's rules for young women. On the way, Gowan, still drunk, and an obvious alcoholic, decides to stop at the Goodwin place to find more moonshine. He crashes his car into a tree that Popeye had felled across the drive in case of a police raid. Popeye and Tommy, a good-natured "halfwit" who works for Goodwin, happen to be nearby when the accident happens, and take Temple and Gowan back to the old mansion. Temple is terrified, both by Gowan's behavior and by the strange people and circumstances into which he has brought her. Upon arriving at the Goodwin place, she meets Goodwin's common-law wife, Ruby, who advises her to leave before nightfall. Gowan is given more liquor to drink.

After nightfall, Goodwin returns home and is upset to find Gowan and Temple staying there. All the men continue to drink; Gowan and Van, a member of Goodwin's bootlegging crew, argue and provoke each other. Van makes crude advances toward Temple, rousing in the drunken Gowan a sense that he needs to protect Temple's honor. By this point, Temple is deeply distressed. She is apprehensive of the bootleggers, truant from school, and afraid of being discovered for fear of her family's disapproval. She is condescending, which angers Popeye, and tries to hold court in the room where the men are drinking despite Ruby's advice that she stay away from them. After being harassed, Temple finds a bedroom in which to hide. Gowan and Van finally fight, and Gowan is knocked out. The other men carry him into the room where Temple is cowering and throw him on the bed. Ruby and Tommy keep the men, including Popeye, from bothering Temple. Finally, the men leave on a whiskey run in the middle of the night.

The next morning, Gowan wakes and silently leaves the house, abandoning Temple. Tommy, who dislikes and fears Goodwin's other men, hides Temple in a corn crib in the barn. But Popeye, who has obviously been devising a scheme, soon discovers them there. He murders Tommy with a gunshot to the back of the head and then proceeds to rape Temple with a corncob. Afterward, he puts her in his car and drives to Memphis, Tennessee, where he has connections in the criminal underworld.

Meanwhile, Goodwin discovers Tommy's body at his barn. When the police arrive on the scene, they assume Goodwin committed the crime and arrest him. Goodwin knows of Popeye's guilt, but doesn't implicate him out of fear of retaliation. In Jefferson, Goodwin is jailed, and Benbow takes up his legal defense, even though he knows that Goodwin cannot pay him. Benbow tries to let Ruby and her sickly infant child stay with him in the house in Jefferson, but Narcissa, as half-owner, refuses because of the Goodwin family's reputation. In the end, Benbow has no choice but to put Ruby and her son in a room at a local hotel.

Benbow tries unsuccessfully to get Goodwin to tell the court about Popeye. He soon finds out about Temple and her presence at Goodwin's place when Tommy was murdered; he heads to Ole Miss to look for her. He discovers that she has left the school. On the train back to Jefferson, he runs into an unctuous state senator named Clarence Snopes, who says that the newspaper is claiming that Temple has been "sent up north" by her father. In reality, Temple is living in a room in a Memphis bawdy house owned by Miss Reba, an asthmatic, widowed madam, who thinks highly of Popeye and is happy that he's finally chosen a paramour. Popeye keeps Temple at the brothel for use as a sex slave. However, because he is impotent, he brings along Red, a young gangster, and forces Temple and him to have sex while he watches.

When Benbow returns from Oxford, he learns that the owner of the hotel has kicked out Ruby and her child. After Narcissa again refuses to give them shelter, Benbow finds a place outside of town for Ruby to stay. Meanwhile, Snopes visits Miss Reba's brothel and discovers that Temple is living there. Snopes realizes that this information might be valuable to both Benbow and Temple's father. After Benbow agrees to pay Snopes for the information, Snopes divulges Temple's whereabouts in Memphis. Benbow immediately heads there and convinces Miss Reba to let him talk to Temple. Miss Reba is sympathetic to the plight of Goodwin and his family, but she still admires and respects Popeye. Temple tells Benbow the story of her rape at Popeye's hands. Benbow, shaken, returns to Jefferson. Upon his return home, he reflects on Temple and is reminded his stepdaughter, of Little Belle. He looks at a picture of Little Belle and becomes ill, disturbed by images of her naked, conflated with images from what he has heard from Temple about her night at the old mansion.

At this point, Temple has become corrupted thoroughly by life in the brothel. After bribing Miss Reba's servant to let her leave the house, she runs into Popeye, who is waiting outside in his car. He takes Temple to a roadhouse called The Grotto, intending to settle whether she will permanently stay with Popeye or Red. At the club, Temple drinks heavily and tries to have furtive sex with Red in a back room, but he spurns her advances for the moment. Two of Popeye's friends frog-march her out of the club and drive her back to Miss Reba. Popeye kills Red, which turns Miss Reba against him. She tells some of her friends what has happened, hoping he will be captured and executed for the murder.

Narcissa visits the District Attorney and reveals she wants Benbow to lose the case as soon as possible, so that he will cease his involvement with the Goodwins. After writing to his wife to ask for a divorce, Benbow tries to get back in touch with Temple through Miss Reba, who tells him that both she and Popeye are gone. At around this time, Goodwin's trial begins in Jefferson. On the second day of the trial, Temple makes a surprise appearance and takes the stand, giving false testimony that it was Goodwin, not Popeye, who had raped and brutalized her, and that Goodwin had shot Tommy dead. The district attorney also presents the stained corncob used in Temple's rape as evidence.

The jury finds Goodwin guilty after only eight minutes of deliberation. Benbow, devastated, is taken back to Narcissa's house. After wandering from the house that evening, he finds that Goodwin has been lynched by the townsfolk with his body set ablaze. Benbow is recognized in the crowd, which threatens to lynch him, too. The next day, a defeated Benbow returns home to his wife. Ironically, on his way to Pensacola, Florida to visit his mother, Popeye is arrested and hanged for a crime he never committed. Temple and her father make a final appearance in the Jardin du Luxembourg, having found sanctuary in Paris.

Major characters

 * Popeye – Criminal with an unsavory past, involved in the Goodwin bootlegging operation. Also has unspecified ties to the Memphis criminal underworld.  His mother had syphilis when he was conceived.  He is impotent and has various other physical afflictions.  He rapes Temple with a corncob and then takes her to Memphis and keeps her in a room at Miss Reba's brothel.
 * Horace Benbow – Lawyer who represents Mr. Goodwin in the trial for Tommy's murder.  He is well-meaning and intelligent, but proves ineffective and powerless in the face of a troubled marriage and Temple's false testimony.
 * He does not appear in the 1961 film adaptation.
 * Tommy – "Halfwit" member of the Goodwin bootlegging crew. He is murdered by Popeye while he is trying to protect Temple.
 * He does not appear in the 1961 film adaptation.
 * Lee Goodwin – Bootlegger who is accused of Tommy's murder, for which he is tried, wrongly convicted, and lynched.
 * He does not appear in the 1961 film adaptation.
 * Ruby Lamar – Goodwin's common-law wife and mother of his child. She is shunned and reviled by most of the cityfolk for "living in sin" with Goodwin.
 * In the portions of the 1961 Sanctuary adapted from the first novel, Nancy Mannigoe (played by Odetta), who in the novels appears only in the Requiem for a Nun, takes the role originally used by Ruby.
 * Temple Drake – Student at University of Mississippi, daughter of a prestigious judge, a vapid "fast girl" who gets in over her head when she ends up meeting Popeye and the Goodwin bootleggers. She is raped and kidnapped by Popeye. At the trial, she lies and says Lee Goodwin killed Tommy.
 * Degenfelder wrote that the author mainly gave a "flat" characterization to Temple in the novel. The reviewer added that "Faulkner sees woman as the instrument who instigates and perpetuates this pattern of evil" and that the use of Temple was "attacking the chivalric code of the South".
 * Gowan Stevens – Vain, self-important, alcoholic man who takes Temple to the Goodwin house, where he hopes to buy some whisky. He gets drunk, gets beaten up by Van, and passes out. He leaves the house by himself the next morning, abandoning Temple, who then falls into Popeye's hands.
 * Miss Reba – Owns a Memphis brothel where Temple lives under Popeye's control; she thinks highly of Popeye until he brings Red in as a "stud", which shocks and scandalizes her.

Minor characters

 * "Pap" – Probably Goodwin's father; a blind and deafmute old man who lives at the Goodwin place.
 * Van – A young tough who works for Goodwin
 * Red – A Memphis criminal who has intercourse with Temple, at Popeye's request, so that Popeye (who is impotent) can watch; Popeye later tires of this arrangement and murders Red
 * Minnie – Miss Reba's maidservant
 * Narcissa Benbow – Horace's younger sister (the widow of Bayard Sartoris)
 * Miss Jenny – Narcissa's deceased husband's great-aunt, who lives with Narcissa and young Bory
 * Benbow Sartoris, aka "Bory" – Narcissa's ten-year-old son
 * Little Belle – Horace Benbow's stepdaughter
 * Miss Lorraine, Miss Myrtle – friends of Miss Reba

Development
Faulkner stated that he wrote the novel for financial gain and was not motivated by internal passion. He did the first draft in a three-week period in 1929 and later made a new version with toned-down elements when the publisher expressed reluctance to publish the original.

According to Muhlenfeld initially Temple was not the primary character, but this was changed in a revision. E. Pauline Degenfelder of Worcester Public Schools argued that Temple, Popeye, and Horace were all main characters even though the work presented itself as mainly being about Temple.

Reception
Most reviews described the book as horrific and said that Faulkner was a very talented writer. Some critics also felt that he should write something pleasant for a change.

In June 1932, Sanctuary was banned from importation to Canada by the Canadian Department of National Revenue.

Faulkner once headed a troop of Boy Scouts but the administrators removed him from his position after the release of the book.

Gene D. Phillips of Loyola University of Chicago wrote that because audiences were preoccupied with lurid scenes instead of its moral philosophy, the book was a "best seller for all of the wrong reasons".

Time commented that "A favorite question on Shakespeare examinations is 'Distinguish between horror and terror.' Sanctuary is both. The horrors of any ghost story pale beside the ghastly realism of this chronicle. [...] When you have read the book you will see what Author Faulkner thinks of the inviolability of sanctuary. The intended hero is the decent, ineffectual lawyer. But all heroism is swamped by the massed villainy that weighs down these pages. Outspoken to an almost medical degree, Sanctuary should be let alone by the censors because no one but a pathological reader will be sadistically aroused."

Editions
On February 9, 1931, Sanctuary was published by Jonathan Cape and Harrison Smith. In 1932, a cheaper hardcover edition was published by Modern Library. This second edition is notable in that it contains an introduction by Faulkner explaining his intentions in writing the book and a brief history of its inception. In it, Faulkner explains that he wished to make money by writing a sensational book. His previous books were not quite as successful as he had hoped. However, after submitting the manuscript in 1929, his publisher explained that they would both be sent to prison if the story was ever published. Faulkner forgot about the manuscript. Two years later, Faulkner, surprised, received the galley copies and promptly decided to rewrite the manuscript as he was not satisfied with it. He thought that it might sell 10,000 copies. This version was published in 1931. All later editions featured the text from the 1931/32 editions; however, a plethora of typographical errors existed, some of which were corrected in the later editions.

In 1958, a new edition was published by Random House with the co-operation of Faulkner, the entire text was reset and errors corrected. The copyright year is listed as "1931, 1958" in this edition. In 1981, Random House published another edition titled Sanctuary: The Original Text, edited by Noel Polk. This edition features the text of Faulkner's original manuscript as submitted in 1929, with errors corrected.

In 1993, another version was published by Vintage Books titled Sanctuary: The Corrected Text which corrects additional errors. This is the only edition currently in print, though reprints of it bear the original novel's title, simply Sanctuary.

Analysis
Various observers had their own interpretations on the themes of the novel. André Malraux characterized it as, in the words of E. Pauline Degenfelder of Worcester Public Schools, "a detective story with overtones of Greek tragedy". Cleanth Brooks believed that the work was a "mood piece" on, in Degenfelder's words, "the discovery of evil".

Doreen Fowler, author of "Reading for the "Other Side": Beloved and Requiem for a Nun," wrote that "it could be argued that the title" refers to the main character's sexual organs, which are attacked by Popeye.

Adaptations
In 1933, Sanctuary was adapted into the Pre-Code film The Story of Temple Drake starring Miriam Hopkins, with the rapist character "Popeye" renamed "Trigger" for copyright reasons. According to film historian William K. Everson, the film was largely responsible for the Motion Picture Production Code crackdown on risque and controversial subject matter.

The novel was later a co-source, with its sequel Requiem for a Nun (1951), for the 1961 film Sanctuary, starring Lee Remick as Temple and Yves Montand as her rapist, now renamed "Candy Man".

Faulkner stated that initially he wished to end the plot at the end of Sanctuary but he decided that, in Degenfelder's words, "Temple's reinterpretation would be dramatic and worthwhile." Degenfelder believes that he may have gotten inspiration for the sequel from The Story of Temple Drake due to common elements between the two.

Phillips wrote that due to the difficulties of adapting the novel into a film with the same spirit that would attract major audiences, "no film so far has retold Faulkner's story of Temple Drake with quite the impact of the original. And at this point it seems safe to predict that none ever will."

Legacy
Phillips wrote that the novel "earned him the reputation of being a sordid Gothic writer that he still holds in the popular mind."

Phillips wrote that "It is a matter of record that James Hadley Chase's lurid novel No Orchids for Miss Blandish was heavily indebted to Sanctuary for its plot line." According to Phillips, that means both film adaptations, No Orchids for Miss Blandish and The Grissom Gang, received inspiration from Sanctuary.

A Russian film with a similar plot – Cargo 200, set in 1984 Russia – was made in 2007.

title: Sanctuary (Faulkner novel)


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Picatinny rail

The 1913 rail (MIL-STD-1913 rail), also known as the Picatinny rail (1913 Picatinny rail etc.) is an American rail integration system designed by Richard Swan that provides a mounting platform for firearm accessories. It forms part of the NATO standard STANAG 2324 rail. It was originally used for mounting of scopes atop the receivers of larger caliber rifles.

Once established as United States Military Standard, its use expanded to also attaching other accessories, such as: iron sights, tactical lights, laser aiming modules, night vision devices, reflex sights, holographic sights, foregrips, bipods, slings and bayonets.

An updated version of the rail is adopted as a NATO standard as the STANAG 4694 NATO Accessory Rail.

History

Attempts to standardize the Weaver rail designs date back to the early 1980s from work by the A.R.M.S. company and Richard Swanson. Specifications for the M16A2E4 rifle and the M4E1 carbine received type classification generic in December 1994. These were the M16A2 and the M4 modified with new upper receivers where rails replaced hand guards.

The rail is referred to by many as the "Picatinny Rail", in reference to the Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey. Picatinny Arsenal works as a contracting office for small arms design (they contracted engineers to work on the M4 ).

Picatinny Arsenal requested Swan's help in developing the rail, but did not draft blueprints or request paperwork for a patent. That credit goes to ARMS Inc's Richard Swanson, who conducted Research and Development and achieved a patent for the rail in 1995.

Swan has visited civil court against Colt and Troy industries regarding patent infringement. The courts found that Troy had developed rifles with rail mounting systems nearly identical to the MIL-STD-1913 rail.

A metric-upgraded version of the 1913 rail, the STANAG 4694 NATO Accessory Rail, was designed in conjunction with weapon manufacturers like Aimpoint, Beretta, Colt, FN Herstal and Heckler & Koch, and was approved by the NATO Army Armaments Group (NAAG), Land Capability Group 1 Dismounted Soldier (LCG1-DS) on May 8, 2009.

Many firearm manufacturers include a MIL-STD-1913 rail system from factory, such as the Ruger Mini-14 Ranch Rifle.

Design
The rail consists of a strip undercut to form a "flattened T" with a hexagonal top cross-section, with cross slots interspersed with flats that allow accessories to be slid into place from the end of the rail and then locked in place. It is similar in concept to the earlier commercial Weaver rail mount used to mount telescopic sights, but is taller and has wider slots at regular intervals along the entire length.

The MIL-STD-1913 locking slot width is 0.206 in. The spacing of slot centres is 0.394 in and the slot depth is 0.118 in.

Comparison to Weaver rail

The only significant difference between the MIL-STD-1913 rail and the similar Weaver rail are the size and shapes of the slots. Whereas the earlier Weaver rail is modified from a low, wide dovetail rail and has rounded slots, the 1913 rail has a more pronounced angular section and square-bottomed slots. This means that an accessory designed for a Weaver rail will fit onto a MIL-STD-1913 rail whereas the opposite might not be possible (unless the slots in the Weaver rail are modified to have square bottoms).

While some accessories are designed to fit on both Weaver and 1913 rails, most 1913 compatible devices will not fit on Weaver rails. From May 2012, most mounting rails are cut to MIL-STD-1913 standards. Many accessories can be secured to a rail with a single spring-loaded retaining pin.

Designed to mount heavy sights of various kinds, a great variety of accessories and attachments are now available and the rails are no longer confined to the rear upper surface (receiver) of long arms but are either fitted to or machine milled into the upper, side or lower surfaces of all manner of weapons from crossbows to pistols and long arms up to and including anti-materiel rifles.

Impact
Because of their many uses, 1913 rails and accessories have replaced iron sights in the design of many firearms and are available as aftermarket add-on parts for most actions that do not have them integrated, and they are also on the undersides of semi-automatic pistol frames and grips.

Their usefulness has led to them being used in paintball, gel blasters and airsoft.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Picatinny rail


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Nanny Town

Old Nanny Town was a village in the Blue Mountains of Portland Parish, northeastern Jamaica, used as a stronghold of Jamaican Maroons (escapee slaves). During the early 18th century, the region was led by an Ashanti escapee slave known as Queen Nanny, or Granny Nanny, who gave the town its namesake. The town was steadfast, and held-out against repeated attacks from the colonial militia before being abandoned in 1734.

Origins
One story is that Granny Nanny was born in what is now Ghana, West Africa, as a member of the Ashanti nation, part of the Akan people. Allegedly, she was enslaved, along with her five "brothers-in-arms", and brought to eastern Jamaica. She and her five "brothers", Cudjoe, Accompong, Johnny, Cuffy and Quao, quickly decided to flee the oppressive conditions of the sugar cane plantations to join the autonomous African communities of Maroons which had developed in the mountains.

These communities of Free black people in Jamaica originated from people formerly enslaved by the Spanish, who had refused to submit to British control. The Maroons of Nanny Town claim descent from escaped African slaves and Taino men and women.

The Maroon communities grew as many more slaves escaped the plantations and joined them. Angered by continued raiding of plantations and armed confrontations, the colonial government mounted the First Maroon War of the 1730s in an effort to defeat and capture the runaway slaves.

One story is that Nanny and her "brothers" split up in order to continue the resistance to the plantation slave economy across Jamaica. Cudjoe went to Clarendon, where he was soon joined by about a hundred Maroons from Cottawood; while Accompong went to St. Elizabeth, where a Maroon community was later named for him. Nanny and Quao made their way to Portland and the Blue Mountains.

A more likely origin for the Leeward Maroons occurred in 1690, when there was a Coromantee rebellion on Sutton's estate in western Jamaica, and most of these slaves ran away to form the Leeward Maroons. Cudjoe is probably the son of one of the leaders of this revolt. While Cudjoe emerged as the leader of the Leeward Maroons of the west, Nanny came to prominence as one of the main leaders of the Windward Maroons of the east.

First Maroon War
By 1720, Nanny and Quao had organized and were leading the settlement of Windward Maroons; it was known as Nanny Town. Nanny Town was organized similarly to a typical Ashanti tribe in Africa. After the First Maroon War, a deed from the colonial government granted Nanny more than 500 acres (2.4 km2) of land where the Maroons could live and raise animals and grow crops.

In addition to what they raised and produced, the Maroons sent traders to the coastal towns to exchange food for weapons and cloth. During the First Maroon War, the Maroons of Nanny Town raided plantations for weapons and food, burnt plantations, and led liberated slaves to join them at Nanny Town.

Nanny Town was an excellent location for a stronghold, as it overlooked Stony River via a 900-foot ridge, making a surprise attack by the British very difficult. The Maroons organized look-outs for such attacks, and warriors could be summoned by the sound of a horn called an abeng.

Granny Nanny allegedly freed more than 800 slaves over the span of 50 years. She also had a vast knowledge of herbs due to her role as a spiritual leader. However, during the First Maroon War, and especially between 1728 and 1734, the British attacked Nanny Town time and time again, but each time the colonial militias captured and occupied Nanny Town, the Windward Maroons regained it shortly afterwards. This was accomplished due to the skill of the Maroons skilled in fighting in an area of high rainfall as well as disguising themselves as bushes and trees. The Maroons also used decoys to trick the British into a surprise attack. This was done by having non-camouflaged Maroons run out into view of the British and then run in the direction of the fellow Maroons who were disguised, leading the British into ambushes time and time again.

After another Windward Maroon leader, Quao, signed the treaty of 1740 with the British, the Windward Maroons split up. Quao's supporters moved to what later became known as Crawford's Town, while the Maroons of Nanny Town relocated to Moore Town.

Leaders of Nanny Town
1720s – 1750s Queen Nanny

1720s – 1750s Captain Welcome

title: Nanny Town


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Verne Citadel

Verne Citadel is a 19th-century citadel on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, England. Located on the highest point of Portland, Verne Hill, it sits in a commanding position overlooking Portland Harbour, which it was built to defend. It later became HM Prison The Verne in 1949.

History
The citadel was built between 1857–81, as Portland Harbour's main defensive fortification. Naturally inaccessible from the north and east, the south and west sides were protected with the digging of a large ditch. Both East Weare Battery and East Weare Camp, located below the eastern side of the Verne, were considered part of the citadel's outworks.

The citadel was designed with open gun emplacements on the north, east and west sides. As its defensive role came to an end, by 1903 the citadel had become an infantry barracks. During World War I and II, the Verne became the Headquarters of Coast Artillery. During World War II, a Chain Home Low Radar set was installed within the citadel, and the main magazine became a hospital. After the war, the last military use of the fort was by the Royal Engineers.

The citadel was turned into a prison in 1949, becoming a Category C prison for 575 adult males, serving medium-to-long term sentences. In 2013, the prison closed and became an immigration removal centre for 600 detainees awaiting deportation in 2014. The centre was transformed back into a prison in 2017–18.

Grade listed features
The citadel, including the Verne High Angle Battery, is a scheduled monument under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. In recent years the Citadel has been listed on English Heritage's Risk Register.

Both the North and South Entrances, as well as the south west and south east casemates, are Grade II* Listed. The railings at the approach to the north entrance form part of the original construction at The Verne, and are Grade II Listed. The prison's reception centre is also Grade II Listed. In September 1978, five features of the citadel became Grade II Listed, including the prison's blacksmith's shop, the prison chapel, the officer's block B, the prison gymnasium, and the detached Governor's house.

The East Weare Battery, and the detention barracks of East Weare Camp (built circa 1880), both became Grade II Listed in May 1993. The Verne High Angle Battery was built in 1892, approximately 150 metres south of the citadel's southern entrance, as part of Britain's Coastal Defences. Decommissioned in 1906, it became Grade II Listed in May 1993 too.

title: Verne Citadel


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User:Wikibob/District (Swiss alphabetical)

The original in Swiss constitutional order. moved body to Districts of Switzerland (alphabetical order).

This lists the Cantons in dictionary order, see original.

 * Template:Canton Appenzell Innerrhoden districts
 * Template:Canton Aargau districts
 * Template:Canton Basel-Country districts
 * Template:Canton Bern districts
 * Template:Canton Freiburg districts
 * Template:Canton Graubünden districts
 * Template:Canton Jura districts
 * Template:Canton Lucerne districts
 * Template:Canton Neuenburg districts
 * Template:Canton St. Gallen districts
 * Template:Canton Schaffhausen districts
 * Template:Canton Schwyz districts
 * Template:Canton Solothurn districts
 * Template:Canton Tessin districts
 * Template:Canton Thurgau districts
 * Template:Canton Waadt districts
 * Template:Canton Wallis districts
 * Template:Canton Zurich districts


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Indian National League

Indian National League (INL) is an Indian political party formed in 1994 under the leadership of the then IUML leader Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait. The party is currently a member of the CPIM-led LDF in Kerala. Indian National League leader Ahamed Devarkovil, Member of the Legislative Assembly from Kozhikode South Constituency, serves as a minister in the Second Pinarayi Vijayan ministry.

P. M. A. Salam was the first National League candidate to get elected to the Kerala Assembly (2006). Indian National League was formally inducted into the LDF in the late 2010s.

History

 * Indian National League was formed as a reaction to the continued alliance of IUML with INC post Babri Masjid Demolition.
 * Opposition raised by several CPIM leaders, who saw the National League as a communal party, ensured that the National League had to stay outside the LDF for over two decades (1994 - 2018).
 * The Indian National League mostly allied with the CPIM unofficially in certain seats in the various Kerala Assembly elections between 1994 and 2018.
 * Indian National League was associated with the UDF briefly in 2010-11.

Controversies

 * It was alleged that INL had 'sold' the post of the member of KPSC for Rs 40 lakh.

title: Indian National League


text: Category:Classical scholars

title: Category:Classical scholars


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Shirebrook

Shirebrook is a town and civil parish in the Bolsover District of Derbyshire, England. It had a population of 13,300 at the 2021 Census. The town is on the B6407 road and close to the A632 road which runs between the towns of Mansfield, Worksop and Bolsover. The town is close to the Bassetlaw and Mansfield Districts of Nottinghamshire.

History
According to David Mills in A Dictionary of British Place-Names, the area was first named in records in 1202 written in Old English as Scirebroc. This can be interpreted as Boundary or Bright Brook.

Prior to the intense and swift development of the Colliery at the turn of the 20th century, Shirebrook, even as late as 1872 it was little more than a chapelry of the larger Pleasley. Wilsons' Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales of 1870–72 describes "SHIREBROOK, a chapelry in Pleaseley parish, Derby; 3¾ miles NNW of Mansfield r. station. It was constituted in 1849, and it has a post-office under Mansfield. Pop., 342. Houses, 70. The living is a vicarage in the diocese of Lichfield. Value, £90.* Patron, the Rector of Pleaseley. The church was built in 1843."

Shirebrook Colliery was sunk in 1896–1897 by the Shirebrook Coal and Iron company on land owned by the Duke of Devonshire, Joseph Paget (a Pleasley Mills partner and the builder of Stuffynwood Hall), and the Nicholson and Fowler farming families. Professor Arnold Lupton of Sheffield was the mining engineer. The sinking of two shafts, plus a pumping shaft, was based on independent surveys by Henry Hall and Matthew Fisher, managers of working collieries. The shafts, 19 ft wide, met the 'Top Hard' seam at 430 yd.

By 1897, a 'model village' was already being built close to the colliery to house workers. The Derbyshire Times of 30 July 1897 reported that "About half a mile away a model village is springing up, some 150 houses have already been erected and about 420 are to be built."

Shirebrook Colliery operated in the town until April 1993. It had previously been linked underground to nearby Pleasley Colliery. The workforce was about evenly split during the strike of 1984–85, leading to deep community divisions between strikers and workers, and briefly earned the nickname "the Belfast of England".

In addition to two ongoing fabrication-engineering businesses at nearby Langwith, Shirebrook has a large furniture retailer.

Regeneration
The 93-acre former Shirebrook Colliery site was reclaimed for development at a cost of £24million, funded by English Partnerships and administered by East Midlands Development Agency.

The former Great Northern pub in Main Street was converted in 2016 to an alcohol-free homeless shelter for a maximum of 15 men as an outpost-mission by Lighthouse Homes, a church project originally based in Rotherham.

Sports Direct hub
Re-titled as Brook Park, half of the entire business park designated as Zone 1 was allocated to Sports Direct after a planning application to Bolsover District Council in 2004 for four giant warehouses totalling 111,000 square metres, with a training facility, helipad and a retail store.

Community building
In December 2017, the government through their Minister for Faith and Communities, Lord Bourne, announced a £1.26 million aid-package from the Controlling Migration Fund, after a bid from local networking groups Bolsover Partnership and Shirebrook Forward NG20 due to the large influx of Eastern European workers.

The money is a two-year investment intended to improve access to public services, stage community events, improve the shopping and Market Square area and ease pressures on housing, schooling and health services resulting from recent migration.

The project named Building Resilience will see investment into seven core areas:

 * Community resilience
 * Market Square Enlivenment
 * Migrant community access
 * Improve access and quality of private sector housing
 * Social Norms and UK Laws
 * Additional GP resources
 * Healthy Workforce Programme

Shirebrook Town Hall was constructed as a new build on the site of a former storage unit on the market square. It opened in 2019 as a 'one stop shop' with customer contact centre and payment counter at ground floor level, and offices for Town Council and Bolsover District business above. The council's claim is "...we believe it to be one of the largest, if not the largest town centre square in England".

Housing
As part of the government's Levelling Up initiative, a plan to create affordable homes on part of the former colliery site has seen the First Homes  pilot scheme established to allow local first-time buyers and key workers to buy new builds at a 30% discount of the market price.

Education
Shirebrook Academy on Common Lane is the local secondary school for pupils aged 11–16.

Shirebrook also has many primary schools and nurseries such as:
 * Park Infant & Nursery Schools
 * Park Junior School
 * Stubbin Wood Special School
 * Brookfield Primary School
 * Model Village Primary School

Media
Local TV coverage is provided by BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire and BBC East Midlands on BBC One and by ITV Yorkshire and ITV Central on ITV1. Television signals are received from either the Belmont or Waltham TV transmitters.

The town is served by both BBC Radio Sheffield on 94.7 FM and BBC Radio Nottingham on 95.5 FM. Other radio stations including Capital East Midlands on 96.5 FM, Greatest Hits Radio North Derbyshire on 107.4 FM and community-based stations broadcasting online: Mansfield Radio and Elastic FM.

The town is served by the local newspapers the Mansfield and Ashfield Chad and the Derbyshire Times.

Railway
Shirebrook once had three railway stations. The last remaining station was on the Midland Railway (later part of the LMS) route from Nottingham to Worksop via Mansfield, and was originally known as Shirebrook West, despite being on the eastern edge of the town. The route lost its passenger services in October 1964, leaving Shirebrook without a station, but the line remained open as a goods route. On the site of the goods yard a diesel locomotive fuelling depot was opened in the mid-1960s. The station was re-opened in 1998 as Shirebrook railway station for the new Robin Hood Line services from Nottingham to Worksop via Mansfield. A wagon repair and manufacturing business have a rail link with the main line. Shirebrook North station (originally known as "Langwith Junction", until renamed in June 1924), was opened by the Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast Railway (later part of the Great Central Railway and subsequently the London & North Eastern Railway) in March 1897 and closed in September 1955. By then only one of the four routes converging on it was left- that to Lincoln: the Great Northern Railway's "Leen Valley Extension" line to Pleasley and Sutton-in-Ashfield had closed in September 1931; the LD&ECR line to Beighton via Clowne in September 1939, and that to Chesterfield via Bolsover in December 1951, due to the unsafe condition of Bolsover Tunnel. The filling in of the tunnel began on 10 October 1966, and used waste from Bolsover Colliery. The mouth of the old tunnel can be found on the southern edge of Scarcliffe, emerging just south of Ridgdale Road, Bolsover.

Shirebrook South station was on the Great Northern Railway's "Leen Valley Extension" line mentioned above, opened in November 1901 and closed in September 1931.

Sport
The town's football club Shirebrook Town play in the First Division of the Northern Counties East Football League, and are based at Langwith Road. Before the current club was formed, Shirebrook Miners Welfare F.C. was the senior team in the area, competing in the FA Cup on occasion.

Notable people

 * General Sir John Coape Sherbrooke (1764–1830), General and administrator, Governor General of British North America, surname derived from Shirebrook by his father upon marriage
 * Mason Bennett, footballer, born in nearby Langwith and attended school in Shirebrook
 * John Hurt, actor, born in nearby Chesterfield and lived in Shirebrook as a child
 * Jason Statham, actor, born in Shirebrook
 * Colin Tarrant, actor, born in Shirebrook
 * Ray Wilson, footballer, born in Shirebrook

title: Shirebrook


text:
Category:EC 3.6.3

Acting on acid anhydrides; catalyzing transmembrane movement

title: Category:EC 3.6.3


text:
Aranda de Duero

Aranda de Duero is a city and municipality, capital of the Ribera del Duero comarca, in the south of the province of Burgos, in Castile and León, Spain. It has a population of roughly 33,000 people and lies on the River Duero. The closest international airport is Madrid Barajas.

Description
The municipality of Aranda de Duero is made up of three towns: Aranda de Duero (seat or capital), La Aguilera and Sinovas.

Aranda de Duero is the capital of the Ribera del Duero wine region. The town is unique for having wine cellars that interconnect below the streets of the town centre. Wine clubs (peñas) celebrate special events in these cellars.

Location
Aranda de Duero is at the junction of several transport routes across Spain. The N1 autovía (known as A-1) runs north / south by Aranda, along which visitors and import/export goods travel between Madrid and the south coast. Another important road running east to west connects Portugal with important cities on the way (e.g. Zamora, Valladolid, Soria) and the east coast. Its location at the juncture of these routes has led to Aranda de Duero acquiring a growing recognition and function as a business centre. Several multinational corporations, such as Michelin and GlaxoSmithKline have large facilities in the area.

Climate
Aranda de Duero has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb) with cold winters.

History
The Council of Aranda, an ecclesiastical synod, was held at Aranda de Duero in 1473 by Alfonso Carillo, Archbishop of Toledo, to overcome the ignorance and evil lives of ecclesiastics. Among the twenty-nine canons of the council is one which says that orders shall not be conferred on those who are ignorant of Latin. Several canons deal with clerical concubinage, simony, clandestine marriages, etc.

Culture
A dish called "Lechazo" is a local speciality. This is roast suckling lamb and is usually served with a basic salad and much "torta" bread for dipping in the meat juices.

Festivals and events
The Fiestas to honour la Virgen de las Viñas (Our Lady of the Vines) take place on the first Sunday after 8 September. They last for nine days from the eve of that Sunday (the Big Day) until the following Sunday when the Fiestas end with the traditional fireworks at midnight, followed by "the sardine burial".

The annual Sonorama music festival is held in the city in mid-August.

Places of interest
santa María la Real is a church built by Simon de Colonia during the 15th and 16th centuries. Its most notable feature is the main doorway. Above the doorway, three carved stone reliefs show Christ carrying the Cross, The Crucifixion and The Resurrection. The doorway is topped by the coat of arms of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. Aranda's own coats of arms is also present along with scenes from the Nativity and other Christian celebrations. Due to their deterioration, the church doors have been replaced by exact copies, the original ones are kept in the Museo Sacro.

San Juan, a church, older than Santa Maria and gothic in style, San Juan still has its fortified defensive tower. The Council of Aranda took place in San Juan in 1473. Nowadays San Juan houses the Museo Sacro.

The Virgen de las Viñas Sanctuary is a 17th-century hermitage. It is situated on a small hill to the north of the town. The patron saint of the town is the Virgen de las Viñas, the local legend says that she was found in a vineyard, hence the name.

The Train museum is situated in the old train station "Chelva" and documents the history of Spanish railways.

The Pottery museum houses pottery from all over Spain, with the largest collection from Castile and León.

The Berdugo's palace is a Renaissance mansion.

Bodegas; under the town centre there is a labyrinth of cellars, they were dug between the 12th and 17th centuries. Their original purpose was to store the food and wine that makes the Ribera del Duero famous. Nowadays the Cellars are home to the "Peñas", cultural associations whose main function is to preserve the cellars, organise social events and ensure the whole of the population enjoy the Fiestas.

San Juan de la Vera Cruz Parish Church.

San Nicolas de Bari is a church in the village of Sinovas.

The Conchuela Bridge.

The Romanesque Bridge is situated next to the San Juan Church.

The Humilladero is a stone monument on the route to Las Viñas Sanctuary.

Isilla street is the main pedestrian thoroughfare of the town. Local tradition has it that anyone living in Aranda will walk along this street every day.

Kikos  is a small store in the main square, it offers a wide variety of different lollies, chips, drinks and toys

Twin towns – sister cities
Aranda de Duero is twinned with:

 * 🇩🇪 Langen, Germany
 * Miranda do Douro, Portugal
 * 🇫🇷 Romorantin-Lanthenay, France
 * 🇺🇸 Roseburg, United States
 * 🇫🇷 Salon-de-Provence, France
 * 🇪🇸 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain

Notable people

 * Juan Carlos Higuero

Sources and external links

 * Info & Photos of Aranda in English & Spanish
 * Ayuntamiento de Aranda de Duero
 * Web of music and the support to the groups of Aranda de Duero

title: Aranda de Duero


text:
Category:EC 3.6

Hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides.

title: Category:EC 3.6


text:
Donnington

Donnington may refer to:

 * Donnington, Berkshire
 * Donnington Castle
 * Donnington, Gloucestershire
 * Donnington, Herefordshire
 * Donnington, Oxfordshire, a suburb of Oxford
 * Donnington Bridge, a bridge over the River Thames
 * Donnington, Wroxeter and Uppington, Shropshire
 * Donnington, Telford, Shropshire
 * Donnington, West Sussex
 * Donnington (Chichester) (UK electoral ward)

title: Donnington


text:
Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/Removed/2004/Archive 6

This page contains nominations from the main collaboration of the week page which have been removed due to lack of votes or because they're unsuitable nominations from September 22 to October 3, 2004.

Environmental basis for sexual orientation (11 votes in 3 weeks)

 * Nominated August 31; needs 12 votes by September 21 (minimum 4 votes per week)
 * (originally nominated as "Environmental basis for homosexuality")

Support:
 * 1) [[User:OldakQuill|Oldak Quill]] 10:47, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 05:06, 2004 Sep 1 (UTC)
 * 3) PlasmaDragon 18:22, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) FZ 21:38, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC) (but only if someone fixes the name)
 * 5) Beland 05:23, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Conti|✉ 12:39, Sep 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Dmn / [[User talk:Dmn|Դմն ]] 03:15, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Davodd 15:06, Sep 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Graham ☺ | Talk 16:44, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC) (following name fix only)
 * 10) [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 05:17, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) J3ff 07:29, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * A fascinating area. Article Genetic basis for homosexuality has already been written - there is alot to cover.
 * Would be an interesting article to write with a small number of collaborators, but dozens is just begging for a revert war. Normally I'm not evasive of controversial topics, but within the context of mass collaboration, I am. :-( • Benc • 20:06, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Could be an interesting test of Wikipedia and it's users. ;-)--[[User:OldakQuill|Oldak Quill]] 23:28, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Support on that basis. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 05:06, 2004 Sep 1 (UTC)
 * No support under current name - topic too myopic. Articles should be Genetic basis for sexual orientation and Environmental basis for sexual orientation to be more inclusive of bisexuality, transgenderism and heterosexuality. Davodd 17:31, Sep 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The naming issue came up on a VfD discussion for Genetic basis for homosexuality — there was support to move the article, but no one actually did it. • Benc • 21:09, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Support gained. Davodd 15:06, Sep 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm fixing links to "Genetic basis" and "Environmental basis" articles to end in "sexual orientation", and I changed the title of this section to reflect that. "Genetic basis for homosexuality" has also been moved to Genetic basis for sexual orientation.  -- Beland 05:23, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes. -- Davodd 01:43, Sep 22, 2004 (UTC)

forensics/forensic evidence (3 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated September 14; needs 5 votes by September 21 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) [[User:Bodnotbod| bodnotbod  »  .....TALK Q uietly  )  ]] 18:44, Sep 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) TPK 20:56, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC) Talk
 * 3) Norm 10:08, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Sorry to double nominate, but I think for the layman the two are hard to distinguish. Both articles are very small - particularly when you think these areas are both graduate degree courses lasting 3 years in the UK and, I'm sure, the US now. If anyone reading this is a student and knows someone on such a course, please try and recruit them to contribute. --[[User:Bodnotbod| bodnotbod  »  .....TALK Q uietly  )  ]] 18:44, Sep 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd be inclined to merge the two. TPK 20:56, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC) Talk
 * I would say merge them first and then nominate them.  -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 00:12, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * There's quite a lot of stuff divided between smaller articles, Computer forensics, Forensic anthropology, Ballistics etc etc. --Farside 10:24, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Should be called Criminalistics - "Forensics" is a common term for all forms of structured arguement, therefore should probably be a disambig page. Davodd 02:38, Sep 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * I added Criminalistics as its own nomination below. Davodd 23:30, Sep 20, 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes. -- Davodd 01:45, Sep 22, 2004 (UTC)

Buffet (7 votes in 2 weeks)

 * Nominated September 8; needs 10 votes by September 22 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) PFHLai 09:04, 2004 Sep 8 (UTC)
 * 2) zoney ▓  ▒ talk 10:14, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Theresa Knott (Nate the Stork) 13:31, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) PlasmaDragon 18:12, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 21:43, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 21:50, Sep 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Jpittman 00:16, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * The absence of Buffet in Wikipedia makes me very hungry ... -- PFHLai 09:04, 2004 Sep 8 (UTC)
 * Buffet was created after the nomination here, but the stub was quickly tagged for VfD. Then, it was greatly expanded while on VfD (2 days) as if it were the chosen COTW there ! So, it's no longer a stub .... -- PFHLai 22:11, 2004 Sep 11 (UTC)
 * Needs photo badly. Also word etymology, famous buffets, the distinction between buffets and banquets, famous quotes about buffets, etc. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 21:43, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * This sounds good. I'm looking forward to a candidate I can really sink my teeth in to. --Jpittman 00:16, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes. -- Conti|✉ 11:28, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Duck and Cover (film) (not a stub)

 * Nominated September 22; needs 5 votes by September 27 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Litefantastic 13:39, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * This is something of a saga for me. Duck and Cover is a page I started, which has been put through Featured Article Candidacy (lost), Peer Review, and finally here. Oh please, someone help. :) The thing is that I was born in the 1980s, so that while I have seen this movie, I haven't actually seen the cultture that grew up around it. -Litefantastic 13:39, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * And the saga will have to continue, as this isn't a suitable place for that article - it's nowhere near a stub, which is required for articles to be nominated for COTW. Sorry! Tom- 14:22, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Requests for expansion is a better place for this.81.153.166.128 16:21, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Not a stub, removed by nominator, Litefantastic 19:42, 22 Sep 2004

Obstetric ultrasonography (2 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated September 17; needs 5 votes by September 24 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) violet/riga (t) 10:37, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Filiocht 09:16, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * A stub with very little detail - "parent" article medical ultrasonography could be massively expanded too.. violet/riga (t) 10:37, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * It doesn't strike me as a subject that the vast majority of the community will be able to contribute to. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 11:39, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps not, but it's a very interesting one that people may well like to research. violet/riga (t) 14:58, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Just me then! violet/riga (t) 08:18, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes. -- Conti|✉ 10:06, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Yaser Esam Hamdi (no longer a stub)

 * Nominated September 21; needs 5 votes by September 28 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Maurreen 06:14, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * NOTE: This article is no longer a stub, thanks to Alberuni.
 * 1) Fpahl 09:57, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Removed by nominator Maurreen 04:12, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Penectomy

 * Nominated September 21; needs 5 votes by September 28 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Mmm Mmm 04:38, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Lacks information on a very important medical procedure. Mmm Mmm 04:38, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Nominated by the same person who nominated John Wayne Bobbitt

Reason for removal:
 * Removed by Neutrality 04:26, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The Divine Comedy (not a stub)

 * Nominated September 24; needs 5 votes by October 1 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Zaha 14:28, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * It's not a stub really, but it has only the very basic things on the book, which can be found anywhere. Needs work from people who have read it. Could also have information on the translations to different languages.
 * Too long for CotW

Reason for removal:
 * Not a stub. -- ALoan (Talk) 02:30, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Non-Aligned Movement (18 votes in 5 weeks)

 * Nominated August 22; needs 20 votes by September 26 (minimum 4 votes per week)

Support
 * 1) PFHLai 08:07, 2004 Aug 22 (UTC)
 * 2) Ambi 13:46, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Jiang 23:01, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 03:02, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) TPK 10:12, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Djadek 14:31, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) FZ 00:30, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) CheekyMonkey 11:53, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Burgundavia 08:39, Aug 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) OwenBlacker 22:34, Sep 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) --Ameer 09:43, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) Filiocht 09:53, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) Agari 15:11, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) pir 08:46, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 15) J3ff 07:24, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 16) cohesion [[User_talk:Cohesion|☎]] 09:28, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 17) Kaihsu 18:51, 2004 Sep 19 (UTC)
 * 18) Fpahl 09:10, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * No news since 1973 ? What a disappointment !  This international organization of over 100 states had a summit last week, as reported on Current events .... updating is badly needed here. -- PFHLai 08:07, 2004 Aug 22 (UTC)
 * Incomplete - but not a stub at time of nomination. Should be removed. Davodd 18:17, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Not enough votes. Davodd 06:25, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

Cockroach (9 votes in 2 weeks)

 * Nominated September 12; needs 10 votes by September 26 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support: Comments:
 * 1) Joyous 02:28, Sep 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Graham  ☺ | Talk 07:36, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) J OHN C OLLISON  | (Ludraman) 09:11, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) PlasmaDragon 09:14, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) David Thrale 23:03, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) ZZ 23:12, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)\
 * 7) J3ff 07:40, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Mgm 18:07, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Aramgutang 02:52, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * This is mostly about Madagascar hissing cockroaches, rather than the more common roaches that infest homes, businesses, restaurants, etc. worldwide. There's a lot to say about roaches, from their life cycle to all the different ways people have tried to exterminate them.  Joyous 02:28, Sep 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Two cockroaches are eating their dinner. One says "Did you hear about this new restaurant downtown? They say its so clean you can see your face on the countertop and humans could eat off the floor!" The other roach replies: "Hey! I'm trying to eat here!" J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 09:11, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC) (sorry -  couldn't resist it!)
 * Not a stub; nomination should be removed: As stated here...-- Davodd 17:22, Sep 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Would you be happier if were applied to the end of the article? Shimmin 18:20, Sep 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * No. There are too many articles being nominated that are not stubs. Davodd

 * IMO, the Cockroach page would be better off as a general article on the order Blattaria (life-cycle, etc., but keep technical stuffs brief, please.), and the role of all cockroaches as pests (to humans). If the info about specific species of cockroaches are moved to their own pages, we'll get a stub and possibly an acceptable COTW candidate.  Would this be a good compromise ?  I will support this nomination if this is how this candidate will be edited if elected as an COTW. -- PFHLai 21:43, 2004 Sep 12 (UTC)
 * I altered the redirects so now Cockroach can be expanded as you suggest.

Reason for removal:
 * Not enough votes. Davodd 06:25, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

Chang'an (6 votes in 2 weeks)

 * Nominated September 12; needs 10 votes by September 26 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Jiang 09:50, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) PFHLai 15:02, 2004 Sep 12 (UTC)
 * 3) J3ff 07:42, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) cohesion [[User_talk:Cohesion|☎]] 06:08, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Felix Wan 09:57, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Kaihsu 18:52, 2004 Sep 19 (UTC)

Comments:
 * This city was the capital of more than 10 Chinese dynasties (including the golden ages of Han and Tang) and was at times arguable the center of the Eastern world. As it stands, the article is hideous. --Jiang 09:50, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * It seems to be a bit longer than a stub (just with horrible formatting that needs to die). In addition, though I'd personally find this interesting, I don't think there's that much that people are likely to be able to add without access to a seriously good library (which I don't have). Ambi 10:44, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * There are 62,200 pages on this subject on the web. I don't see how this is different from Baghdad. It's certainly shorter than Cockroach (nominated on the same day). Most of the articles here (Civil rights, Congo Civil War, Navy moving up the list) aren't stubs by the strict definition and many are longer than this article. I don't see why you're singling out Chang'an. --Jiang 11:09, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't think you actually looked at those Google results, as the vast majority of them were about other things. There were a couple of sources, but not a great many. I'm not saying it wouldn't be a good topic - just that it's unsuitable for this sort of a project, as it requires resources that can't easily be obtained. Ambi 07:06, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't think you can legitimately make the claim that "the vast majority of them were about other things". Even though there are a lot of tourist links, the links still refer to the city. A search with other keywords, such as "Tang dynasty" will make things easier to find. Take, for example, these links:, , --Jiang 06:12, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * The internet may be a good alternative to a good library. -- PFHLai 15:02, 2004 Sep 12 (UTC) And we seem to have done okay with Cairo and Baghdad as past COTWs, why not Chang'an ?  -- PFHLai 15:41, 2004 Sep 13 (UTC)
 * Because there was more information available? Ambi 05:23, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Also consider the possibility of merging with Xi'an. Felix Wan 09:57, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * The old city of Chang'an was about 5mi from the center present day Xi'an. They're not the same place. --Jiang 08:21, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Not enough votes. Davodd 06:25, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

Xerography (3 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated September 19; needs 5 votes by September 26 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Davodd 19:12, Sep 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) PlasmaDragon 18:16, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) J3ff 06:32, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Photocopying technology that revolutionized offices worldwide and put the words "toner," "Xerox," and "toner/ink cartridge" into the lexicon. Merely a 7-word sub-stub at time of nomination. Davodd

Reason for removal:
 * Not enough votes. Davodd 06:25, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

Criminalistics - forensic science crime-solving (1 vote in 1 week)

 * Nominated September 20; needs 5 votes by September 27 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Davodd 23:29, Sep 20, 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * This is the stuff glamorized on such TV shows as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and Quincy, M.E. - and the category I believe the above "forensics/forensic evidence" voters meant to support. Should be fun for fans of the TV shows to learn more about the topic and contribute. (No article at time of nomiation, although linked to by forensics.) Davodd 23:29, Sep 20, 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Not enough votes. Warofdreams 17:00, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Vinegar (4 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated September 21; needs 5 votes by September 28 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Gentgeen 03:05, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) --Aqua 03:53, Sep 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Revth 13:32, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) jengod 01:50, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * not quite a stub, but not much bigger than one, either.

Reason for removal:
 * Not enough votes. -- ALoan (Talk) 21:03, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Cryosurgery (1 vote in 1 week)

 * Nominated September 21; needs 5 votes by September 28 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Joyous 01:56, Sep 22, 2004 (UTC)

Comments: Reason for removal:
 * A common surgical procedure, used to treat a wide range of illnesses. No article on this, or its near-synonym cryotherapy.  I'm not sure which is the more common name.  Joyous 01:56, Sep 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Not enough votes. -- ALoan (Talk) 21:03, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

AFL-CIO (19 votes in 5 weeks)

 * Nominated August 25; needs 20 votes by September 29 (minimum 4 votes per week)

Support
 * 1) Pathetic stub for one of the most important organizations in the world. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 03:51, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Lyellin 19:38, Aug 25, 2004 (UTC) Ouch
 * 3) Tothebarricades.tk 21:26, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) TPK 07:39, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) PedanticallySpeaking 19:35, Aug 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) PlasmaDragon 08:10, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Etaonish  14:13, Aug 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Warofdreams 15:37, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Satori 01:02, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 05:10, 2004 Sep 1 (UTC)
 * 11) • Benc • 17:58, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) Davodd 17:23, Sep 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) dcljr 05:28, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) rhyax 10:08, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 15) OwenBlacker 22:35, Sep 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * 16) Alarm 16:00, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 17) --Jiang 19:36, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 18) Maurreen 15:12, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 19) Felix Wan 21:47, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Oh, that is indeed poor. Personally, I have more knowledge about the pre-CIO era, but I guess that has its own article? --Tothebarricades.tk 21:26, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Wow. That's a stub. Just wow. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 05:10, 2004 Sep 1 (UTC)
 * While it clearly needs to be expanded, it's of significance only to North America. Ambi 09:24, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah, but ever wonder why American labor is virulently anti-socialst — unlike the rest of the world? AFL-CIO leadership is resposible for that. Also the group is activly lobbying for sanctions against U.S. companies moving U.S. jobs to India, Malaysia, China and the Philippines. Davodd 10:24, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Also note Canterbury, England, below, as well as "Culture of X". [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 17:02, 2004 Sep 6 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes --Conti|✉ 12:59, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)

International Labour Organization (14 votes in 3 weeks)

 * Nominated September 8; needs 15 votes by September 29 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Alarm 16:22, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) PlasmaDragon 18:14, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Ambi 08:38, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) pir 08:47, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) TPK 10:24, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Chessphoon 22:27, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) PFHLai 21:58, 2004 Sep 11 (UTC)
 * 8) KNewman 03:47, Sep 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Burgundavia 08:58, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) cohesion [[User_talk:Cohesion|☎]] 09:31, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) Kaihsu 18:53, 2004 Sep 19 (UTC)
 * 12) Fpahl 10:10, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) Gregg 01:32, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) Jmabel 17:01, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Very brief article, considering that it deals with an 85-year old UN organization that has received the Nobel Peace Prize. Its work has definitely had major effects on working life issues, especially in developing countries. I'd like to see major international organizations in general get some more attention on Wikipedia - they certainly deserve it. Alarm 16:22, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Right you are.Fpahl 10:10, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes -- ALoan (Talk) 09:34, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Ballpoint (withdrawn)

 * Nominated September 29; needs 5 votes by October 6 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support: nomination revoked due to existing article.
 * 1) [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 16:58, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Why don't we have an article on this? [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 16:58, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * You mean as opposed to Ballpoint pen? Ballpoint could redirect there unless there is some other important use of the word I am unaware of. - Taxman 17:12, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've created the redirect as I can't think of another ballpoint. (Is there a ballpoint hammer, or am I thinking of a ball-pein hammer (also non-existent)?) -- ALoan (Talk) 17:18, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Sorry for being non-native English. I should have thought about that option. :-)Thanks for that redirect. Consider this nomination revoked. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 17:37, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Withdrawn by nominator with no other votes. -- ALoan (Talk) 09:34, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Zygote (14 votes in 3 weeks)

 * Nominated September 10; needs 15 votes by October 1 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Davodd 01:08, Sep 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Ambi 08:38, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) pir 08:49, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) TPK 10:26, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Farside 16:38, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) pie4all88 21:56, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) violet/riga (t) 19:51, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) ZZ 23:11, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) CheekyMonkey 12:47, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) zoney ▓   ▒ talk 13:03, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) ALoan (Talk) 14:45, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) Burgundavia 08:58, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) Sayeth 15:13, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) func(talk) 03:18, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * This miracle of life deserves more than 3 sentences. Davodd 01:08, Sep 10, 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes --Conti|✉ 16:31, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

Dairy Milk (chocolate) (5 votes in 2 weeks)

 * Nominated September 16; needs 10 votes by September 30 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) J OHN C OLLISON  | (Ludraman) 18:06, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Filiocht 11:30, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Graham  ☺ | Talk 11:38, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC) (only if the page is moved away from the confusing title)
 * 4) PlasmaDragon 00:46, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Dmn / [[User talk:Dmn|Դմն ]] 23:35, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * There is a lot more to write about this very enjoyable, delectable and addictivly delicious treat. I'm wondering - can anyone answer what countries is DM sold in? J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 18:06, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Quite confusing title - should it be moved to Cadbury's Dairy Milk or Dairy Milk (confectionary) or something? -- Graham ☺ | Talk 11:12, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree it should be moved: I've eaten it in Spain as well as here in Ireland and in the UK. Filiocht 11:30, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Moved. Filiocht 12:00, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Someone moved it back. Filiocht 08:20, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes -- ALoan (Talk) 17:48, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Seafood (17 votes in 5 weeks)

 * Nominated August 28; needs 20 votes by October 2 (minimum 4 votes per week)

Support
 * 1) [[User:Bodnotbod| bodnotbod  »  .....TALK Q uietly  )  ]] 17:35, Aug 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 17:57, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) • Benc • 14:38, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) PlasmaDragon 22:39, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) David Thrale 16:17, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) SaintNuclear 00:02, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) User:Krik 11:22, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Ameer 09:41, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Theresa Knott  (Nate the Stork)
 * 10) [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 15:05, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) Catherine | talk 22:05, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) Chessphoon 22:25, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 07:42, Sep 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) Burgundavia 09:01, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * 15) Revth 03:17, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 16) Confuzion 11:42, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 17) Mgm 18:02, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Not a stub, but definitely lacking. --[[User:Bodnotbod| bodnotbod »  .....TALK Q uietly  )  ]] 17:35, Aug 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delicious topic. BTW, the nominator does get a vote. • Benc • 14:38, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This article has "Fried squid" as a dish. I'm really surprised this isn't a stub. Revth 03:17, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Seafood is not a personal favorite of mine, but it definitely deserves some expansion. Mgm 18:02, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Aw, man, I can't believe my topic is going to sink. It's such a bad article as things stand, and is a lovely broad topic that lots of people could contribute to. What a shame. --[[User:Bodnotbod| bodnotbod  »  .....TALK Q uietly  )  ]] 15:35, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes -- Davodd 02:26, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

Non-fiction (12 votes in 3 weeks)

 * Nominated September 12; needs 15 votes by October 2 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Geni 14:40, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) TPK 18:59, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC) Talk
 * 3) [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 21:55, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) ZZ 23:13, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) PedanticallySpeaking 15:49, Sep 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) PlasmaDragon 18:12, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Donar Reiskoffer 08:48, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Burgundavia 08:52, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Sarge Baldy 00:10, Sep 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) Davodd 19:36, Sep 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 11:03, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) [[User:Eequor| η [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ υωρ ]]] 22:51, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * big subject barely a stub
 * What to write on such a voluminoius subject though? I still support it anyway. TPK 18:59, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC) Talk

 * fiction may give some ideas

 * This would be an easy subject for most people to contribute to, as well. --[[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 21:55, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 11:03, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes -- Davodd 02:26, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

Culture of Germany (14 votes in 3 weeks)

 * Nominated September 12; needs 15 votes by October 2 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Conti|✉ 18:30, Sep 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) TPK 18:52, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) PlasmaDragon 19:11, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) zoney ▓  ▒ talk 13:08, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Weasel
 * 6) Tothebarricades.tk 00:46, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Burgundavia 08:52, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Sarge Baldy 02:29, Sep 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Thue | talk 19:58, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) Maurreen 21:21, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) Tuf-Kat 07:48, Sep 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) Davodd 19:38, Sep 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) Leonus 03:42, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) func(talk) 10:48, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Not even a stub there yet. --Conti|✉ 18:30, Sep 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Let's grab Goethe 'n' shake Schiller, get a dose of Dürer and bits of Beuys! Yee-haw! Weasel
 * Just a note: music of Germany exists and could be of help in writing this article, and of course should be linked to (and maybe expanded while you're at it). Tuf-Kat 07:48, Sep 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * The culture of a major country in the world deserves an article. Leonus 03:42, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes -- Davodd 02:26, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

Omelette (4 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated September 25; needs 5 votes by October 2 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Shimmin 18:00, Sep 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 11:11, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) func(talk) 03:10, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 04:40, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * The phenomena of everyday life sometimes get overlooked.
 * I don't think there's a lot to say about omelettes? Is there? If so, what? J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 21:41, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, there are different kinds of omelettes and they're bound to have a history. At least make sure there is a wiki cookbook link. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 11:11, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * The article doesn't even mention the art and science of making a French omelette!!! There will be more than enough to put in the article, especially depending on how loosely we want to define "omelette", as there are many omelette-like egg dishes around the world. func(talk) 03:10, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes -- Davodd 02:26, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

Jousting (16 votes in 4 weeks)

 * Nominated September 5; needs 20 votes by October 3 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) Liberlogos 03:20, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) • Benc • 04:14, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Farside 07:29, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) —Rory ☺ 13:20, Sep 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Cyopardi 22:54, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) pie4all88 00:21, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 18:40, 2004 Sep 7 (UTC)
 * 8) Matthewmayer 16:54, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Chessphoon 22:26, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) ZZ 23:29, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) —Stormie 00:30, Sep 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) Lyellin 06:08, Sep 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) ALoan (Talk) 14:45, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) Burgundavia 09:00, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * 15) Isomorphic 21:06, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 16) Tuf-Kat 07:53, Sep 26, 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * The article already has the "expansion" template. I decided that this subject deserved to get serious. Knowing about the history and what surrounds this phenomenon would be very instructive, and, mostly, quite fun. --Liberlogos 03:19, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Jousting is the state sport of Maryland, although I don't think most Marylanders could tell you that. Isomorphic 21:06, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm a Marylander and I'm dimly aware of having known that at some point, possibly as recently as fourth grade (which was more than a decade ago). As a show of stateriot (state + patriotic) pride, I'll vote to support. Tuf-Kat 07:53, Sep 26, 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes --Conti|✉ 18:10, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

Port (12 votes in 3 weeks)

 * Nominated September 13; needs 15 votes by October 3 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support: Comments:
 * 1) Donar Reiskoffer 07:04, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) zoney ▓  ▒ talk 13:07, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) PedanticallySpeaking 15:49, Sep 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) PlasmaDragon 15:58, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) sabre23t 23:40, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 23:52, Sep 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Graham ☺ | Talk 11:47, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Burgundavia 08:53, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Whosyourjudas 23:36, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 18:25, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) Isomorphic 14:53, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 02:37, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Stub for very common subject
 * Could cover history of ports, effects of a city having one, cases where cities have gained or lost them, etc. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 23:52, Sep 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Should cover warm water ports vs. cold water ports, deep-water ports vs. shallow water ports, famous ports. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 02:37, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * That's not a stub. This belongs on one of the other lists. Fpahl 10:08, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes --Conti|✉ 18:10, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

Rescue (3 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated September 26; needs 5 votes by October 3 (minimum 5 votes per week)

Support:
 * 1) violet/riga (t) 11:20, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Dragan 14:25, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) [[User:Eequor| η  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ υωρ ]]] 22:54, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * First mentioned it for expansion as it's only about firefighting rescues right now, but I think it's a good cotw candidate. There's a seperate, very US-centric article about Mountain rescue (which perhaps could be merged into rescue) but there isn't any information about sea rescues or other related topics. violet/riga (t) 11:20, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Additionally: This could be a disambig page and the cotw could be sea rescue, mountain rescue etc. violet/riga (t) 11:26, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Since the topics are so different, I keep feeling this should be a disambig page, not an article page. Davodd 19:42, Sep 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps so, and in which case the child articles would be the collaboration. violet/riga (t) 21:15, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes --Conti|✉ 18:10, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Edward Zander

Edward J. Zander is an American business executive. He was CEO and Chairman of the Board of Motorola from January 2004 until January 2008, remaining as chairman until May 2008. His work in the technology sector included management positions at Data General and Apollo Computer before joining Sun Microsystems in 1987, where he was later promoted to Chief Operating Officer and President.

After leaving Sun in 2002, he became managing director at Silver Lake Partners, a private-equity firm. He also serves on the board of directors for Jason Foundation for Education, on the science advisory board of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (where he received a degree in electrical engineering), the advisory board for IOCOM Communications, and the advisory board of the Boston University School of Management (where he received his Master of Business Administration and later an honorary D.H.L.). He was also a member of the board of directors at Seagate Technologies from 2002 to 2004, and at Time Warner Inc. from January to May 2007. He has been a member of the board of directors at EagleView Technologies Inc. since 2008.

Personal
Zander is the son of Jewish immigrants from Poland (father) and Greece (mother), who couldn't afford college but stressed education to their children. His father reportedly dreamed of being a lawyer but instead settled for a job as a furrier in order to support his ill parents. Growing up, he was given the nickname "Fast Eddie" by his friends because, according to a Boston Globe article, he frequently demonstrated the "hustle of a street kid spoiling for a good fight." Zander himself remarked, "I'm from New York, so I'm New York fast" (June 19, 2000). Zander attended Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and graduated in the class of 1968. Zander is married to Mona Zander, and the couple have two sons.

Career at Sun Microsystems
Edward Zander's career at Sun Microsystems began in 1987. Throughout the 1990s, he rose through the ranks, taking the role of vice president of corporate marketing, and then becoming president of Sun's software division in 1991, moving to the same position for Sun's systems division in 1995. In January 1998, he was promoted to COO for the entire company and was given the additional role of President of Sun in April 1999. Zander was responsible for Sun's seven product divisions which included engineering, product development, sales, service, and marketing. The CTO and corporate brand marketing also reported to him.

After Zander left the company in 2002, CEO Scott McNealy reassumed the duties of President and COO until the promotion of Jonathan Schwartz to those roles on April 2, 2004.

Career at Motorola
On January 5, 2004, Zander was selected by the Motorola board of directors to succeed Chris Galvin who retired in September 2003, ending a three generation reign of his family at the head of the electronics giant.

The primary candidates considered to replace him were Zander and Mike Zafirovski, though well-known executives such as AT&T Corporation's President Betsy Bernard, Qwest Communications International's Richard Notebaert, and Verizon Communications's Lawrence Babbio were also considered. Earlier, Zafirovski had proved himself an excellent executive at Motorola. He arrived from General Electric and led the cell phone business to profitability. Unfortunately for him, the board was looking for a more radical change in leadership. Even though Zafirovski was virtually an outsider himself (having served at the corporation for only three years), the board of directors went with someone with more experience in a complex organization like Motorola. Zander’s impressive career at Sun and his radical "mover and shaker" attitude won the board over and he was given the position. Zafirovski was disappointed and was expected to leave the company, especially with his history of reported run-ins with the board of directors but stayed until 31 January 2005, when he resigned.

Zander's first task was to oversee the new spin-off that Motorola had begun just shortly before he joined, Freescale Semiconductor. He announced that he would focus the company on its consumer electronics business and start taking better care of its customers (he even assigned the Chief Information Officer, Samir Desai, to one of their largest and angriest customers, Nextel). During his time, he acquired 12 companies and wound down poor-performing businesses. He also ramped up the business units that sell radio equipment to the government, cable set-top box components, and wireless communications products.

Zander came into a tough corporate culture - Motorola's departments have been referred to as "warring tribes". He created a bonus structure that based 25% of all bonuses on customer satisfaction, meeting product deadlines, cooperation between departments, etc. He started looking to target major corporations for communications gear and services, instead of just aiming at customers of the phones and telecom companies with wireless gear. A reorganization of Motorola's business divisions became likely. Zander wanted to see new types of products that focused on melding Internet technologies with wireless phone technologies. He established the philosophy of "seamless mobility" to integrate Motorola's products and create a sense of unity within the company.

After Motorola posted a $181 million loss for the first quarter of 2007, Zander came under increased pressure, with Carl Icahn first demanding a share buyback, then a seat on the board of directors.

Zander has since been named a defendant in a securities fraud class action, on behalf of investors who purchased Motorola stock between July 19, 2006 and January 4, 2007, as a result of allegedly false and misleading public statements issued by Motorola during that time. Zander received $12.5 million in incentive-based pay, much of it dependent on Motorola's financial results, as well as $1.5 million in salary during 2006.

Zander capitalized on the success of the Motorola RAZR too long and was slow adopting 3G. The company lost market share to Samsung and LG Electronics. By 2007, without new cellphones that carriers wanted to offer, Motorola sold tens of millions of Razrs and their offshoots by slashing prices, causing margins to collapse in the process. Under Zander, Ron Garriques (who was responsible for the successful RAZR) departed for Dell Inc., while Stu Reed failed to turn around the struggling mobile handset division. Only after Sanjay Jha took the reins of Motorola's Mobile Devices Unit did it finally managed to right itself.

In January 2007, he rode a yellow bike onto the stage in Las Vegas for his keynote speech at the Consumer Electronics Show. Instead of developing new and exciting products, Motorola placed Razrs into colored lingerie (red in February for Valentine's Day) while Apple Inc. unveiled the revolutionary new iPhone.

Zander stepped down as CEO on 1 January 2008, succeeded by Greg Brown, who was prior to then President and Chief Operating Officer. He was succeeded as chairman by former AT&T CEO David Dorman in May 2008.

title: Edward Zander


text:
Liga Deportiva Alajuelense

Liga Deportiva Alajuelense (LDA, ), commonly known as Alajuelense and nicknamed La Liga, is a Costa Rican multisport club based in the borough of El Llano, Alajuela, Alajuela province. Although they compete in a number of different sports, Alajuelense is mostly known for its association football team. It plays in the Primera División de Costa Rica, the top tier of the Costa Rican football league system. Alajuelense is one of two clubs to have never been relegated, along with Herediano.

Alajuelense was founded on the former Paris Hall, west of Alajuela's Central Park, on June 18, 1919, by six former players of a historic city club, Once de Abril, with the intention of uniting all the sportsmen and associations present at that time in Alajuela under a single banner. However, it wouldn't be until 1928 when Alajuelense managed to become national champions for the first time in a season that saw the club's first star: Alejandro Morera. Morera, who would later go on to become Barcelona's main striker for two seasons, is regarded as one of the finest players Costa Rica has ever produced. He would later manage Alajuelense to their second national title in 1939 as well as two others in 1941 and 1945. Since then, Alajuelense has become one of the most supported football clubs in Costa Rica.

Alajuelense is one of the most successful teams in Costa Rica and Central America, having won 30 national championships, 2 CONCACAF Champions Cup titles, 1 CONCACAF League, 1 CONCACAF Central American Cup, and 3 UNCAF Interclub Cup. Alajuelense was the first Costa Rican club to win an official international competition when they defeated Suranamese club Transvaal in the final series in 1986. Alajuelense has also participated in the Interamerican Cup, Copa Merconorte, and Copa Sudamericana. In 1996, Alajuelense became the first club in the world to reach 100 points in any national league, finishing with a total of 102 points. This feat was repeated in 1998 and 2000 with 105 and 102 points gained, respectively.

Alajuelense plays its home matches at the Estadio Alejandro Morera Soto. Alajuelense's home kit is composed of red and black vertical striped shirts, with black shorts, accompanied by red or black socks. This combination has been used since the club's foundation. Kelme are the kit manufacturers. Alajuelense holds many long-standing rivalries, most notably against Saprissa, Herediano, and Cartaginés. It has contributed many key and famous players towards Costa Rica's FIFA World Cup squads such as José Carlos Chaves, Óscar Ramírez, Mauricio Montero, Wilmer López, Luis Marín, Jhonny Acosta, and Patrick Pemberton.

History
The team was created in 1919 when a group of friends that used to play in a team called the "Electra" at first and then "Once de Abril" (April the 11th) met at "Salon París". They wanted to give the city a team that could represent them at a national level. They played their first official game on August 2 of that same year against Cartaginés getting their first victory, 3–1.

Alajuelense was part of the 7 teams that built and formed the National League in Costa Rica, back in 1921, along with La Libertad, Gimnástica Española, Herediano, Cartaginés, CS Tres Rios de La Union, and Sociedad Gimnástica Limonense. They won their first championship in 1928. They are the only team to win the championship with a perfect record; in 1941 they won all 6 games. In 1960, the team made a tour around the world, leaving Costa Rica on September 17. In 78 days, the team played 24 games, winning 12, losing seven and drawing five. They scored 71 goals and allowed 47, with a remarkable performance from Juan Ulloa Ramírez, the best player and top scorer of this tour.

Throughout their history, Alajuelense has generated a lot of great players and stunning performances. They are known as one of the best teams in the Central America area. Their best decade was the 1990s, during which they won 4 Championships and 4 sub-championships (runner up) as well. In addition to that, by the end of the 90's and the middle of the 2000s, they won a total of 5 local championships (4 of them in a row), 2 Copa Interclubes UNCAF Trophies and a CONCACAF Club Championship, being the base for the Costa Rican football team in the Korea and Japan 2002 FIFA World Cup, with 9 players.

By November 11, 2000, and after participating in the Copa Merconorte, Alajuelense was ranked 27th in IFFHS's Club World Ranking. It is the best rank any Central American club has reached.

The club struggled with financial and administrative problems in the second part on the 2000s decade, so they decided to end contract with a lot of their regular and known players and started to build a team based on their younger divisions and make some structural changes. Nowadays the club is free of debts and with a team averaging 25-year-old players is still one of the best teams in the area and one of the teams with most fans in Costa Rica. On June 10, 2019, the club celebrated its 100th anniversary, being the second Costa Rican team to do so.

On 2023, Alajuelense participated on the 2023 CONCACAF Central American Cup, and they would advance to quarter-finals after being leaders on the Group D. They would face Cartaginés, that they would defeat 6–1 on aggregate, advancing to semifinals, where they would face Herediano, defeating them 5–4 on penalties after a 4–4 aggregate draw. In the final, they would face Real Estelí, but they would defeat them easily after a 4–1 victory on aggregate, being the first champions of the CONCACAF Central American Cup, and qualifying directly for the round of 16 of the 2024 CONCACAF Champions Cup.

Stadium
The Estadio Alejandro Morera Soto is the home of Alajuelense and is owned and operated by La Liga Deportiva Alajuelense. It is located in El Llano neighborhood of Alajuela.

On July 20, 1966, due to a motion by the Municipality of Alajuela, the stadium was renamed in honor of Alejandro Morera, nicknamed el mago del balón, which means the magician of the ball. He was a notable former player of Alajuelense, Barcelona, and Hércules, and for commercial purposes, in an agreement with the financial institution Scotiabank in 2011, the name Scotiabank was added.

The project to find a proper site for a permanent home started in 1938, when the director of the club, Carlos Bolaños, proposed that the club should purchase its own land. The land was purchased on October 7, 1940, but the terrain would not be football-ready until when the first game was played on January 18, 1942, when Alajuelense played against Cartaginés; the stadium only had a simple wooden stand that was previously used in the Estadio Nacional.

On September 27, 1949, a professor from a local high school named Armando Morux Sancho started what was called La marcha del ladrillo, meaning The March of Bricks in which every student would donate a brick to help build the walls and stands of the stadium. The first stands to be built were located in north, west and east around the pitch.

On March 19, 1970, the stadium saw its first night game when Alajuelense faced Honduran club Motagua, beating them 4–1.

In 1979, the enlargement of the stadium was initiated with the project of building a second stand on top of the existing stand and adding an additional stand over the dressing and conference rooms (south) and also adding a roof to the stands located to the east and the south. The project was fully completed in 1984. The stadium was re-inaugurated that year along with the new illuminations, which were amongst the best illuminations systems at the time.

On 8 April 2021, the team announced plans for a new stadium, with an expected opening by January 2025.

Mascot
The team is now represented by a Lion dressed with the team uniform and wearing cleats as if he was going to play.

In every home game, the mascot comes out at the pitch before the game starts and plays on the field with fans, jokes with rival's fans, walk through the pitch with models giving away gifts from their sponsors and cheers the team with a huge team's flag. Before the game starts and during the half-time break, the Lion walks among the crowd and stands for pictures with the children.

The original mascot used to be a Mango, this because the team is located in Alajuela that is known as "La Ciudad de los Mangos" ("The Mangoes' City") because of the high amount of Mango Trees that could be located in the province due its weather, but later on in the early 80's, the mascot was changed into a Lion.

The Lion was chosen years ago because it represents four main attributes of the major king of the jungle, that are reflected on the team's vision and mission: Courage, Strength, Dynamism and Fidelity.

Sponsors

 * Jersey supplier

 * Jersey sponsors

 * Kolbi – Tuasa – Repretel – Cementos Fortaleza –  Toyota – Mobil

National

 * Primera División de Costa Rica
 * Champions (30): 1928, 1939, 1941, 1945, 1949, 1950, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1970, 1971, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1991, 1992, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, Invierno 2010–11, Verano 2010–11, Invierno 2011–12, Invierno 2012–13. Invierno 2013–14, Invierno 2020–21.
 * Runners-up (26): 1930, 1928, 1944, 1952, 1957, 1962, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1972, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1997–98, 1998–99, 2006–07, 2007–08, Invierno 2008–09 Verano 2014, Verano 2015, Invierno 2015, Verano 2016, 2022 Clausura, 2023 Clausura.
 * Costa Rican Cup
 * Champion (11): 1926, 1928, 1937, 1941, 1944, 1948, 1953, 1949, 1974, 1977, 2023.
 * Runner-up (2): 1938, 1947.
 * Costa Rican Super Cup
 * Champion (2): 1967, 2012.
 * Costa Rican Short Championships
 * Champion (9): 1997-1998, 1999-2000, 2000–2001, 2002-2003, 1999-2000, 2000–2001, 2001-2002, 2002-2003, 2004–2005.
 * Runner-up (4): 2006-2007,1997-1998, 2005-2006, 2006-2007.
 * Friendly & other tournaments:
 * 2012, 2013: Copa Ibérico, against Saprissa 2014, 2015: Super Clásico, against Saprissa  1944, 1945: Torneos Relámpagos Fútbol

International

 * CONCACAF Champions Cup:
 * Champion (2): 1986, 2004
 * Runners-up (3): 1971, 1992, 1999
 * CONCACAF League:
 * Champion (1): 2020
 * Runners-up (1): 2022
 * CONCACAF Central American Cup
 * Champion (1): 2023
 * UNCAF Club Championship: 17 appearances
 * Champion (3): 1996, 2002, 2005
 * Runners-up (2): 1999, 2000
 * Copa Interamericana: 1 appearance
 * Runners-up (1): 1986
 * Central American Champions
 *  Champion (2):  1988, 1992.
 * Central American & Caribbean Champions
 *  Champion (1):  1961
 * Friendly & other tournaments:
 * 1994: KLM Cup, against Borussia Dortmund & Saprissa
 * 2004: Copa Taca de Campeon de Campeones de America, against Once Caldas (former Copa Libertadores Champion)
 * CONCACAF League Fair Play:
 * Winners (1): 2020

Performance in CONCACAF competitions

 * CONCACAF Champions Cup/League: 26 appearances
 * 1962 – Second round (quarter-finals)
 * 1968 – First round
 * 1971 – Finalist
 * 1973 – Third round (quarter-finals)
 * 1986 – Champion
 * 1988 – Semi-finals
 * 1991 – Third round (quarter-finals)
 * 1992 – Finalist
 * 1993 – Second round (quarter-finals)
 * 1995 – Third place
 * 1996 – Second round
 * 1997 – Second round
 * 1998 – Quarter-finals
 * 1999 – Finalist
 * 2000 – Quarter-finals
 * 2002 – Semi-finals
 * 2003 – Quarter-finals
 * 2004 – Champion
 * 2006 – Semi-finals
 * 2008-09 – First round
 * 2011–12 – Group stage
 * 2012–13 – Group stage
 * 2013–14 – Semi-finals
 * 2014–15 – Semi-finals
 * 2021 – Round of 16
 * 2023 – Round of 16
 * 2024 – Round of 16

 * CONCACAF League: 4 appearances
 * 2017 – First round
 * 2020 – Champion
 * 2021 – First round
 * 2022 – Finalist

 * CONCACAF Central American Cup: 1 appearance
 * 2023 – Champion

Recent seasons
Below are listed the club's history performances in national compétition.

Current squad
As of 19 July 2024

Retired numbers
20 – 🇨🇷 Mauricio Montero, defender (1987–98)

Historical list of coaches

 * 🇨🇷 Carlos Watson
 * 🇨🇷 Luis Diego Arnaez
 * 🇦🇷 Andrés Carevic

title: Liga Deportiva Alajuelense


text:
Acrobatic Tenement

Acrobatic Tenement is the debut studio album by American post-hardcore band At the Drive-In, released on August 18, 1996, on Flipside. The album was reissued by Fearless Records in 2004, along with the band's subsequent albums In/Casino/Out and Relationship of Command, and was re-released again in 2013.

Only one track from Acrobatic Tenement appeared on the band's 2005 retrospective compilation album This Station Is Non-Operational, with "Initiation" appearing as a live BBC recording.

Background and recording
Acrobatic Tenement was initially released on August 18, 1996, exclusively on compact disc through the Los Angeles–based independent record label/fanzine Flipside, after some of its editors saw the band perform in Los Angeles. The record was recorded at Commercial Soundworks in Hollywood for only $600 after the band concluded a tour of the United States. The album has been noted for its lack of guitar distortion, due to guitarist Jim Ward believing that his distortion-free recorded parts would not be used for the final master.

Reflecting upon the aftermath of recording Acrobatic Tenement, frontman Cedric Bixler recalled in 2013: "Before [the album's release], the band had broken up. We did a U.S. tour and we decided to split up. I always needed Jim to be there, but he'd had a falling out with Omar [Rodríguez-Lopez]. We'd made a bunch of dumb moves at the time—kicked the drummer [Ryan Sawyer] who was on the record out, and then the other guitar player [Adam Amparan]—but then Tony [Hajjar] and Paul [Hinojos] came and played. Omar switched to guitar at the time, because he played bass on that album, so when we played live, it was a lot different."

Much of the album, particularly the track "Ebroglio," was inspired by the life and suicide of Julio Venegas, a friend of the band. Venegas' death later inspired the concept album storyline of De-Loused in the Comatorium, the debut album by Bixler and Rodríguez' subsequent project the Mars Volta.

Personnel

 * Cedric Bixler-Zavala – lead vocals
 * Jim Ward – guitar, backing vocals
 * Adam Amparan – guitar
 * Omar Rodríguez-López – bass guitar
 * Ryan Sawyer – drums

title: Acrobatic Tenement