text:
Talk:History of the Southern United States

old comments
''This topic has been extended for another week as the USSCOTW.

Thought I'd get us started off...by starting at the very beginning. Forgive me, I don't know how to add the collaboration heading...It is a really big and broad subject we might need to come up with some kind of outline.Kayellen 19:43, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This is really turning out well, y'all have been doing a great job. :) In order to prop the home team, do y'all think there is any way to somehow incorporate the following into the Rev. War section?

 * Aroused by the news [of the Lexington battle on May 19 1775], the delegates chose three of their number, on of whom - Hezekiah Balch - was a Presbyterian minister from the region which would become Cabarrus County, to draft a document declaring that they would not longer be subject to a king who had fired upon their countrymen. That document, finished after midnight by candlelight, was read to a large and approving throng from the stairs of the log courthouse the next day by Colonel Thomas Polk, leader of the local militia. History knows the document as the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. Scholars debate its terms and authenticity, but North Carolina proudly placed the date of its completion May 20, 1775, on the state flag in 1861.

 * The revolutionary fire in the backcountry did not burn out, as Lord Cornwallis was to find to his sorrow in 1780 when he invaded Charlotte from South Carolina. He had been misled into thinking he would find a land of plenty to supply his troops for an invasion of North Carolina. Mecklenburg marksmen used the bright red coats for target practice, and ambushed the food-gathering parties until the nervous British fired at every sound. Cornwallis was to write Sir Henry Clinton that the citizens of Mecklenburg and Rowan County were "more hostile to England than any in America".

--Golbez 16:21, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

Roanoke Island
The Lost Colony and Virginia Dare were in North Carolina. Maurreen 05:45, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The rest
No one else knows the rest? Mike H 07:11, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)

Merging title
I was wondering if anyone else had opinions regarding the new title for a post-merge of History of the U.S. Southern states vs History of the U.S. South. I created History of the U.S. Southern states after working on U.S. Southern states, and the history section of that article bore the former. I had one person suggest that the name of the new article ought to be History of the U.S. Southern states to coincide with the original region article. However, since there is a longer history for History of the U.S. South I wanted to get some opinions from contributors here about what the new merged article title should be. Thanks, User:Poroubalous 30 Mar 2005

Page Move
According to new policy approved by WikiProject U.S. regions this page should be moved to History of the Southern United States, its main article has already been moved to its new title. Thanks. -JCarriker 12:32, May 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Since there seem to be no objections I'm going through with the move. -JCarriker 09:12, May 21, 2005 (UTC)

Bias and lack of citation in first paragraph of Civil War section
You know there's a bias issue when the writer is going out of their way to pretend an attack wasn't an attack. Cannon fire and taking of prisoners is an attack, even if nobody died and the side doing the attacking has what they believe to be justifications for it. I'm noting this because this content made me laugh and it's been sitting there for many years now, UNCITED. Stefen Towers among the rest! Talk • Work 23:03, 21 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Which section, give more details? Sunriseshore (talk) 22:15, 13 October 2023 (UTC)

Neutrality, October 2023
Sunriseshore, you really did a lot of work. Maybe there is some hope for this article now, but I still see many problems (not because of, but in spite of your work):
 * 1) From the lead: "the expansion and then ending of slavery in the U.S., ... the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta" - The whole list makes slavery just one element of a long and rich history, on one level with the Olympics. In current discussion, slavery is sometimes called the "original sin" of the U.S.
 * 2) The Civil War still seems like the most important part of Southern History. Is Southern identity really centered on the Civil War experience? The people who shout "heritage, not hate" would surely agree.
 * 3) In the article, Sherman's March was only destructive. David Blight, Race and Reunion quotes W.E.B.DuBois that there are different memories, one being that of the slaves who were liberated.
 * 4) In the Reconstruction part, the KKK is still described as "resistance", the racists are still described as "conservative", and the joy of the people whose chains were broken is absent, but is was "a harsh time for many white Southerners who found themselves without many of the basic rights of citizenship (such as the ability to vote)".
 * 5) The Civil War seems to have been started because of Harpers Ferry.
 * 6) Are my eyes blind, or is the "Lost Cause" totally absent ? Rsk6400 (talk) 07:03, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

You have a point the removal of the tag is indeed premature. , I tried to remove these parts, but much of it remains. A proper rewrite beyond importing from other articles requires an Indepth reading of modern research but at the very least the heading needs to be rewritten.

From my classes in college, indeed the war was a climatic turning point, but that whole area needs a rewrite as well- The details of the destruction are interesting but I worry about the motives behind that writing to begin with. I certainly want to add more about Black Unionist Soldiers, White Unionists movements, details about the Oppressive Nature of the CSA as well as the homefront.

The Harpers Ferry bullet almost made me giggle- All laughing aside at the hysterical pro confederate narrative, I was hesitant to remove that because indeed Southern planters used that as an excuse to break away but it needs to be surrounded with showing all of the aggression the South had perpetuated. Maybe more emphasis on the Fugitive Slave Law and the Dredd Scott decision is a starting point. Sunriseshore (talk) 08:01, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

Here is a proposed new summary of the Article:

Starting in the 17th century, the history of the Southern United States developed unique characteristics that came from its economy based primarily on plantation agriculture and the ubiquitous and prevalent institution of Slavery. While West Africans were brought to the region as soon as English Colonization the system was strictly formalized after 1677. It has been postulated by some historians that Slave Codes were designed to prevent solidarity between White and Black Colonials. Afterwards, Millions of enslaved Africans, approximately 10% of all slaves taken from Africa during the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade were imported to the United States primarily but not exclusively for forced labor inn the south. While the majority of English Colonial and later White Americans did not own slaves, Slavery was nevertheless the foundation of the region’s economy and social order. Southern Slavery denied basic human rights to millions of Black Americans and prevalently permanented all parts of daily life to all people who resided in the region regardless of location, class or ethnic background. Questions of Southern Slavery directly impacted the struggle for American Independence throughout the South and the nature of the United States most infamously with Constitutional Clause that referred to Black Slaves as 3/5ths of a legal person. Almost all Southern founding fathers owned slaves including Thomas Jefferson and George Washington through the latter did free all enslaved persons in his will.

As industrial technologies including the Cotton Gin made slavery even more profitable Southern States refused to ban slavery- perpetuating the division of the United States between Free and Slave States. Tensions escalated as the United States expanded west ward (also retroactively causing the Southeast region to also expand to the west. However, agreements including the Missouri compromise and the Compromise of 1850 did not resolve the growing divisions the South had with the North due to Slavery and the Planter Class’s political aspirations to control the entire country. Abraham Lincoln’s election in 1860 caused South Carolina to secede which was eventually followed by all other states in the region with the exception of the ‘border states’. The Breakaway states formed the Confederate States of America- the most significant country in modern history worldwide that was founded for the purpose of promoting Slavery.

Lincoln’s original goal was only to preserve the United States but his Emancipation Proclamation brought freedom to Black Slaves living in rebellious areas. With a smaller economy, smaller population and (in some cases) widespread dissent among its white population the Confederate States of America was unable to carry on a protracted struggle with the national government in 1865. Subsequently, the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments gave citizenship and civil rights to Black American men all across the United States. Reconstruction that took place until 1877 attempted to uplift the former enslaved In the Southern United States but the attempt by the abandoned by the National Government. In many instances former secessionists retook control often aided by the KKK terrorist organization that brutalized Black Americans and their white allies. After the dissolving of a Populist movement in the 1890s that attempted to unite working class blacks and whites Segregation and Jim Crow Laws were implemented all across the region by 1900. Compared to the North, the Southern United States lost its previous political and economic power and fell behind the rest of the United States for decades. Its agricultural economy often based on Sharecropping practices.

The New Deal and World War II brought about a generation of Liberal Southerners within the Democratic Party that looked to accelerate development. One notable achievement includes the Establishment of the Tennessee River Valley authority that brought electricity to the Deep South. However, this New Deal Coalition existed on the premise that the Jim Crow system was left unaltered and the continued denial of basic civil rights to Black Americans.

Black Americans and their allies resisted Jim Crow and Segregation initially with the Great Migration and later the Civil Rights Movements. In the face of intense opposition by racist Segregationists, Black Southerners’ Martin Luther King Jr. Rosa Parks others vigorously campaigned to end institutionalized racism in the American South as well as the rest of the United States. From a political and legal standpoint, many of these aims were realized by the Supreme Court’s ruling on Brown V.S Board and President’s Lyndon Johnson (also a Southerner) reforms. Civil Rights coupled with the collapse of Black Belt agriculture has led some historians to postulate that a ‘New South’ based on Free Trade, Globalization and cultural diversity has emerged. Meanwhile the South has influenced the rest of the United States in a process called Southernization. However, the legacy of Slavery and Jim Crow continue to impact the region- which by the 21st century was the most populous area of the United States. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sunriseshore (talk • contribs) 08:49, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Wow, that was really quick. IMHO much better than before. Rsk6400 (talk) 14:59, 25 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Some more observations:
 * A classic interpretation is that the Confederacy "died of states' rights" - That's not "classic", that's outdated (the source is from the 1920s [sic]). State rights are very important for the Lost Cause myth, but in reality they were far less important.
 * The article still wants to de-legitimize Lincoln's election ("only 40 % of the popular vote" [even the word "popular" is a lie, as 70 % of the adult population of the South were not allowed to vote]).
 * Slavery as the main cause of secession is mentioned, but not very prominently.
 * Rsk6400 (talk) 10:49, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

Image caption
With this edit and this edit, you added an image, along with the following text: "'The Old Plantation,' South Carolina, about 1790. Gullah slaves are playing traditional West African instruments, preserving traditions despite forced assimilation from slave owners." To support your edit, you cited this source. Perhaps I missed it, but where is your text supported at that source? Thank you. Magnolia677 (talk) 14:34, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

, I overwrote this edit of yours in a conflict, but now that I look at it, I think that was a good thing. Please make sure you do your copyedits before you save the edit. BTW I think the image is fine, but your additional phrase was unnecessary, IMO. Magnolia677, I saw your objection, but I don't think that thinking that the reader will think that everyone lived like that is very realistic. Drmies (talk) 22:07, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

Thank you Mangnolia and Drimes, in any case I think the plantation picture is important Pages, 4,5,6 of the article talk about the Gullah intentionally preserving names because they knew they came from Africa, and go into detail on wheir their names originated from Sunriseshore (talk) 22:20, 25 October 2023 (UTC)
 * The sourced article does not mention the image in question, and text regarding the photo does not mention that it depicts Gullah people. The source cited also in no way states that the people in this photo were "preserving their traditions despite forced assimilation from slave owners."  Please note that a cornerstone policy on Wikipedia is that it does not accept original research, and misrepresenting a reliable source is considered disruptive editing.  Also, please refrain from making uncivil and inappropriate edit summaries on this article, per WP:SUMMARYNO. This would included:
 * referring to other editor's work as "Confederate Propoganda"
 * "Go ahead, racists I dare you to raise objections... Dare you."
 * "Are you satisfied? Great!"
 * "those citation-needed tags are just what bad actors need to come out with their racist talking points. "
 * "This section must be here, and reverts will not be tolerated."
 * "No whitewashing here."
 * Thank you for your cooperation. Magnolia677 (talk) 23:02, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

First thing first- The picture does indeed represent the Gullah people, while the source is about the preservation of their traditions. If you want me to add a second source about the picture, than I can bring that up readily. However your accusations of original research are not correct. The picture is verifability Gullah (as I will show later, and the article makes it clear their traditions was preserved.

In regards to your other points, this article was for years and years not neutral and in fact were advocating a fringe (Lost Cause point of View) The above discussion that took place some years ago is proof of that. Also, do so correct me but if I am aware Wikipedia has a strong policy aganist misinformation. In order to improve this article (given its history) a hard line is needed. IF you were satisifed that this article for many years promoted a fringe point of view but now selectively take a bigger issue with some incidential communciation here that would actually speak volumes.

Here is some context to help

 * For years the article promoted the Lost Cause Narrative, and tried to spun Emancipation in as bad as light as possible
 * The core reason of the CSA's exitance was in fact white washed and not made clear.
 * Atrocities like Indian Removal were not mentioned and seem deliebertely skipped
 * On many cases, former Confederates and even terrorist organizations like the KKK were made to look like victims. \
 * The CSA and its struggle is made to be the most important part of the article, almost as if over celebrated

In Real life revisionism around Southern History is paramount. Even while historians clearly outline why the CSA existed in the first place there are constant attempts to cloud its meaning or to normalize the oppression of millions of people. I think you compeltely missed my point about the tags. While techincally that user may have been in the right, (and at that point I just not had gotten to putting the source yet) the choice was still unwise. Understand that many Wikipedia readers may not understand how the website works, I have seen it personally. If they see evidence that Wikipedia might be incidently questioning established facts they will use that as eager proof to promote their fringe theories. The CSA Consitution is so easy to find, it would have been much better if they could have just added it. Questioning whether the CSA was founded on slavery is all but equivalent to promoting flat earth, pandemic misinformation or justifications for the January 6th Attack. Its important that Wikipedia is not netural about supporting facts over fiction.

I understand I could have expressed my points with more civlity, but once again I wish you and others had shown greater interest in fighting misinformation in the article years prior. I hope you realize the desperate need for the changes that have been made here.

In the spirit of you (hopefully) wanting to make this an article free of Pro-Confederate bias and a reflection of academic discourse on this topic:

Thank you for your cooperation. Sunriseshore (talk) 23:31, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Magnolia677, the talk page is for discussing the content of the article, not the civility of edit summaries. If I understand WP:NPA correctly, it is about attacks directed at specific editors, and so doesn't apply to Sunriseshore's summaries. While I don't like some of their summaries, I think they were absolutely right in calling parts of the article "Confederate propaganda". I'm teaching history at a German school and I know that pseudo-history contributed a lot to Hitler's success. Sunriseshore, totally agreeing with your last comment. WP "is not neutral about supporting facts over fiction". Rsk6400 (talk) 12:48, 26 October 2023 (UTC)

Very little remains of Spanish or French influence
The lede is for important matters only. Mardi Gras in New Orleans--yes but today's Mardi Gras is not a big deal outside that city. Spanish influence in Texas --very small influences from the Spanish who were there by 1840--only the names of cities like San Antonio. the large number of Mexicans now in Texas arrived after 1900 and their influence represents is modern Mexico not the Spanish elite. (There is much more Spanish influence in places outside the South like New Mexico, Arizona and California .(and Colorado where I have Spanish in-laws.) Rjensen (talk) 07:30, 26 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Since Sunriseshore is busy at the moment working on this article (IMHO, greatly improving it), I'd suggest we wait for the result and then give the lead the finishing touches according to MOS:LEAD. Rsk6400 (talk) 09:29, 26 October 2023 (UTC)

Anyway you look at it Spain and France did have some influence on the Southern United States, even the presence of Mexico should count as Mexico was a direct product of the Vicerorory of New Spain. At the very least France and Spain put down foundations in New Orleans, Texas and Florida. However I am open to compromise here, especially since of the most lead (that I guess has been accepted) is in fact about the 'English South'

However there is so much work to be done for the article, citations are needed but contributors that go and find these rather than placing tags on empty places (that were the result of a source failing to carry over) are much appreciated.

Some thoughts

- Citations that take from comprehensive books about Southern History in particular are the gold standard but I am too constrained to do all of this myself

-Its likely better if the Confederate Section be trimmed in some way (not by removing by new additions haha- minority voices be they native american or unionist are needed). We need to look at this section and remove elements of the Lost Cause once and for all

-Greater Diversity in Geographical scope: I admit I come from a coastal area of the South. However I realize that we are dealing with a geographical entity that is as large as the heart of Europe. Using the right sources, we need to find ways to include under represented areas like Texas and Appalachia without losing the coherence of the article (which mostly should still be about the black belt, agriculture and the coast at least until 1900) as most of the deveoplment population and conflict was in these areas until very late in the article's period.

Greater Diversity in Historical Scope: No one will deny that the Pre Confederate and Confederate periods are important, but we cannot give in the Lost Cause Fringe point that this time defines the south alone. As much as former planters might believe- the Southern Story is not only their tale- far from it!

I realize I have copied and pasted much- though I have also given attribution in these cases. Some of the material will be to stay though ideally summaries of chapters of compreensive Southern History books would be better. However this measure that I took shines on light of events that were completely ignored for over twenty years. No Indian Removal- Really? No New Deal- Really? Statements like "The end of the CSA hurt every family" or "Slavery was not a big issue in the 19th century" Really?! Obviously in the interest of facts and basic human values on Wikipedia a certain era of this own article has come to an end and a new one needs to begin.

Comme on we all have to admit that was a bad play- but now is the time for fixing. The new material is a good place holder that will remain until better summaries can be formulated. The historical episodes mentioned by the new sections are needed in any southern history and should remain in princpal.

We need to make sure the article becomes more balanced. That likely means more emphasis on the Native Amerian Period, Early Industralization after 1930 and maybe a little more about New Deal/World War- which according to the proffesors I had at unviersity and many others was the true origin of the modern south and the Civil Rights Movement.

Thanks to all other contributors that have been helping in good faith. We can fix this article and make it a model for others in the U.S History to follow!

Friendly note: Images were selected for a reason, we can discuss them here before they are any removals. And in all actuality an image removed should have a replacment that better represents the subject.

With cuddles and friendship! Sunriseshore (talk) 03:53, 28 October 2023 (UTC)
 * "Early Industralization after 1930" The region did not experience industrialization until the 1930s? I thought much of the United States was experiencing urbanization by the early 20th century, and the primary sector was less influential than its heyday in the 19th century. Dimadick (talk) 15:42, 28 October 2023 (UTC)
 * For sure
 * My message was not to imply it didn't happen I was really saying some eras needed more attention than other
 * But actually the industrial history of the Antebellum period also needs to be in here no doubt. Sunriseshore (talk) 15:45, 28 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Look last week, the New Deal section did not even exist. Sunriseshore (talk) 15:46, 28 October 2023 (UTC)
 * And one more thing
 * Most historians consider the South behind the North in everyway at least until 1960
 * That being said, if you want to write about early industrializaton that is still needed! All help appreciated. Just no Gone with the wind stuff. Sunriseshore (talk) 15:50, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

Audio Files
The goal is to add to the artile by adding a diversity of perspectives that highlight trends in Southern History or remarkable hinge moments. Obviously all recordings on public domain

 * The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Chapter 2
 * Thomas Jefferson- Virgina Statue of Religous Freedom
 * Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas
 * South Carolina's Statement of Seccession
 * Emanicpation Proclamation
 * Equality before the law
 * Short MLK recording
 * Voting Rights Act

Possible add ons:
 * Cherokee Legend
 * English early southerner perspective (most files are all about New England) might be impossible to find, and Equiano is far more important.
 * Something that possibly shows the development of the region, Mark Twain's memior Life on the Mississippi
 * Something that shows the Jim Crow Experience or sharecropping
 * Possibly something about late 19th century or New Deal Industralization
 * Media related to the removal of Confederate Monumments


text:
Talk:Winchester rifle

Plant closure
What's going on with the plant closure section? Should things like this just be deleted? --Squirrelfisher 20:29, 09 Dec 2006 (EST)

agh at least you can read this now -- im a little worred about the source however --Davelane 23:24, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

(Can we decide what this article is about? It would help to organize it.  Is it only about Winchester lever-action rifles, or does it include their other rifles as well?  Why not just write about the company and not rifle?)

This article needs some serious work. I propose creating a Winchester Repeating Arms Company article for the company history, and using this or other articles to describe the guns. -- Scott Burley 09:46, Nov 8, 2004 (UTC)

I wanted to clean it up, but this article is so badly written, I have no idea how to do it. I could try to translate the German article, but since German is not my native language (nor is English, but my English is much better than my German) it might be hard. -- Sander 17:18, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

ok, I see at least two articles in this document. One is on the acutal "Winchester Rifle" family. The other is on the corporate history of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. Therefore, for the sake of organization, I'm going to try splitting the two articles.

ok, the article is now split. Part of it remains here, and other half was moved to Winchester Repeating Arms Company. It still feels like its missing a lot of information though. --Moki80 20:47, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I've added quite a bit, but it could use a lot more work. I tried to at least give a brief overview of the main rifle types and general history of the company. The existing article seemed to end with the Model 1873.

the '92 clone Puma is not Italian made
"Millions of '92's have been made, and although Winchester phased them out several decades ago, they are still being made under the Puma label by an Italian arms maker."

The Puma is made by the Brazilian company Amadeo Rossi: http://www.rossi.com.br/

Legacy Sports used the Puma brandname on 1892 clones made by Amadeo Rossi; the Puma Brand rifles sold by Legacy today are made by Chiappa in Italy. Naaman Brown (talk) 01:40, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

Sounds like a line from a movie trailer
"In the movie Babel, two boys test the range of a Winchester rifle in the Moroccan desert, and in an instant, the lives of four separate groups of strangers on three different continents collide."

Seriously, does that sound a little off to anyone else? --72.155.176.252 21:39, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Sheesh. That was put in by the movie's publicity department, wasn't it? Trekphiler 23:26, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Hooking a Marlin
I deleted this:
 * "Marlin Firearms, also of New Haven, labored for a century as an underdog levergun maker to Winchester's number one. However, in the 1980s and 1990s, the current incarnation of Marlin finally began to outpace its old rival. It is currently the dominant seller of lever action rifles in North America. Its use of side ejection allows for flat-topped firearms, thereby making the mounting of scopes far easier than for traditional Winchesters. This helped Marlin capture more market share as American shooters came to rely more and more on optics. Marlins are also larger and stronger than most of the Winchester line, allowing them to take advantage of revolutionary new magnum-level versions of such cartridges as the .45-70.

While true, it's not about Winchester. If anybody thinks it's worth saving, move it to the Marlin page. --The Rifleman 23:26, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I agreed, so I copied it over. We'll see how it fares. Gzuckier 15:08, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Major Re-Write
I've embarked upon an extensive re-writing of this article, which I'm sure you can agree was in dire need of attention. I'm not a Winchester firearms historian, however, so if anyone with more knowledge on the subject wants to help out, that would be muchly appreciated! --Commander Zulu 07:36, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

I've tweaked it a bit, especially in the bolt-action section. US designers like James Parris Lee (of the Winchester-Lee and Lee-Enfield) and the Springfield Armory also made major contributions to bolt-action design. And there's no particular advantage in strength in a normal (non-Weatherby) bolt over a heavy locked lever like the M1886; but the lever action is much more difficult to make and has a lot more moving parts.--Solicitr (talk) 23:40, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Added stubbish paragraph on the Model 88--Solicitr (talk) 18:18, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

No takeover in '63
This article and the companion article on the company repeat the erroneous statement that Olin bought winchester in 1963. Wrong- by three decades. Olin bought the bankrupt Winchester Repeating Arms Co in 1931, and president John Olin saw it through some of its best years. The '64 disaster was just another example of the pernicious MBA-itis that ruined so many great American manufacturers at the time (Fender and Gibson guitars, for example). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Solicitr (talk • contribs) 04:18, 10 November 2008 (UTC)
 * We just need sources to reference. --Scalhotrod - Just your average banjo playing, drag racing, cowboy... (talk) 17:48, 17 April 2013 (UTC)

Bolt-action rifles
Would anyone object if I reorganized the bolt-action section to use the same format as that on levers? Ultimately I suppose this article should include autos and pump rifles as well- and perhaps give the shotguns their own article?--Solicitr (talk) 22:20, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

How about adding the 9422?
I know there are many models that are not notable enough to deserve their own section (eg 250, 270, 1904, 320) but I think the 9422 is genuinely notable for high-quality manufacture, appropriating the Old West glamour of the historic models in a modern .22 rifle, and enduring public acceptance. Even the great 52 has not approached the acceptance of the 9422 as far as I can see.ChrisPer (talk) 04:18, 19 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Good idea; the 9422 is a popular rifle because, as you say, it's a .22 version of the Model 1894 and is fairly well known. I just don't know enough about the rifle to add anything beyond "the Model 9422 is a .22 calibre version of the Winchester Model 94 and it's very popular for that reason". :P Commander Zulu (talk) 04:43, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Its actually only stylistically similar to the 94 with a very interesting mechanism, a more reliable feed than the 94. Handles the .22 round by rim only, rather than laying it on a lifter. I will see if I can find the introduction date and production numbers.

 * Added. Please improve, I can see its a first cut! ChrisPer (talk) 02:57, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

Model 9410
I don't suppose anyone has references for production dates on the Model 9410 lever-action shotgun, do they? Everything I've found on the 'net indicates a 2001-2006 production run but I haven't managed to find a reputable cite to that effect yet.Commander Zulu (talk) 05:48, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Wow, thats a weird one. Are you sure this is notable enough for the article? It isn't a rifle, after all, and looks like an indulgence for sale in the UK or other places with better laws for shotguns than rifles. Do you know what it was all about? ChrisPer (talk) 09:39, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
 * They were reasonably popular here in Australia for a wee bit, as they were pretty much the only repeating shotguns that anyone could own (that bolt-action Mossberg thing doesnt count.) .410ga is often used for snakes and rabbits and foxes at close range here, so there was a market for the gun. IAC started selling 12ga versions of the M1887 in Australia in 2006 which pretty much killed the market for the 9410- that and the Winchester factory had closed down anyway. Commander Zulu (talk) 10:35, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * CZ- Why on earth does Oz outlaw pump shotguns?Solicitr (talk) 16:33, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
 * They're not outlawed, just not available to "regular" shooters unless they're farmers or collectors (there are a lot of farmers in Australia, FWIW). The laws were changed in 1997 after the Port Arthur Massacre in Tasmania; I believe pump-actions were restricted at the same time for no better reason than they're in a lot of action movies and John Howard (PM at the time) didn't like them. Every couple of years they talk about easing the restrictions on pump-action shotguns, but in the meantime the lever-action 12ga reproductions are the nearest available thing. Commander Zulu (talk) 02:23, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

 * It seems rather daft, given that the weapon in question at Port Arthur was an AR-10 automatic rifle. What harm in simply restricting pump shotters to 3-round mags?

 * (I note incidentally that apparently Bryant would have been stopped by the gas station guy had not the preposterous law regarding safes been in effect).Solicitr (talk) 16:23, 12 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Every gun owner in the country has been asking for a decent explanation re: pump-action shotgun restrictions since 1997, and with no luck. The gun laws here don't make a lot of sense, but there's no political support for a liberalisation of introduction of sensibility to them, so we're stuck with them. Commander Zulu (talk) 00:00, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

290???
theres nothing in here about the 200 series winchester rifles? does anybody know enough to write about them?
 * Really they are not very notable. I remember them being listed in catalogues, in 1974 when I joined a Winchester lever-action rifle club. They were not allowed in club events because they did not have an exposed hammer. In the years since then I have only seen one or two, and almost never did they get comment in the shooting press.ChrisPer (talk) 02:01, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

 * This article has undergone a lot of mission creep. Originally it just covered Winchester's classic leverguns. Then bolt-actions got added, and shotguns, and so on. Myself I'd cut the article off at 1963, but I suppose it's too late for that.Solicitr (talk) 13:40, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

Use by military forces
Please include details about the use of the Winchester Model 1873 rifle by the Chilean and Spanish cavalry.

Also, please include information about the employment of Winchester rifles during the War of the Pacific (1879-1884), the Mexican Revolution and World War I.

Finally, please include information about the use of Winchester rifles by Cuban and Philippine guerillas in the late 19th century. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.52.227.200 (talk) 10:26, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure ANY of this belongs in the article. Maybe in the respective articles about each rifle, but not here. At best it should be noted that Winchesters were shipped all around the world and sold to the governments of many nations to be used by the military. I own such a rifle, an M1873 Lever Action Musket that was sold to the Argentine government for use in their Army, but never issued. --Scalhotrod - Just your average banjo playing, drag racing, cowboy... (talk) 17:51, 17 April 2013 (UTC)

1888 Lever Action Saddle ring.
I have become the owner of a Winchester saddle ring model 1888. This is in 32-20 and was manifactured in 1917. I don't see this model in the Winchester model listings, how come? David —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.26.122.12 (talk) 05:10, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Are you sure it's not a Model 1886? Or a Marlin '88? To the best of my knowledge the only "Model 1888" Winchester ever made was a reloading tool. --Solicitr (talk) 04:06, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

 * In 1917, the 32-20 would have been chambered in an 1892 Winchester. I suspect that if you think its a Winchester but its really a Marlin 1888 (Which does exist unlike a Winchester 1888) then you may need to look up the date of manufacture again - is it from a Winchester reference book, webpage or from reading a patent date off the barrel? If it is a Marlin, it may be much more valuable than the Winchester.ChrisPer (talk) 06:46, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Ditto. The Win '86, a big high-power rifle, was never chambered in .32-20- that's what the 1873, 1892 and '85 low-wall were for; and Marlin '88s are valuable generally and especially valuable in .32-20 (fewer than 2000 made).--Solicitr (talk) 16:52, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

WTF? Iconography section is tripe, er, not the slightest bit encyclopedic
Seriously. It uses flowery imagery, like a tourist brochure or an advertising newspaper puff-piece. It is unreferenced. And it is BS. It asserts that the '73 and Peacemaker were the 'standard tools of the west' when we are very careful to debunkthis movie-poster ahistoric nonsense. I am deleting the section. ChrisPer (talk) 05:01, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

Winchester Model 1873
The first paragraph of this section is confusing regarding ammunition and the distinction between rifle and carbine. It says that all three variants used pistol ammunition, but then says the carbine was popular because it allowed users to share ammunition with their pistols. The whole article is confusing as between rifle and carbine, sometimes using "rifle" to include carbine, and sometimes distinguishing between rifle and carbine. Cyclopaedic (talk) 13:58, 30 October 2013 (UTC)
 * The only problem I see with that paragraph is with the last part of the last sentence, which does seem like an incorrect distinction. I think the confusion here may lie in the fact that "carbine" is often used as a description for a rifle that is shorter than is usual for that type. So, sometimes the carbines will be included when talking about rifles, and sometimes there will be a distinction made between the regular rifles and the carbines. - Bardbom (talk) 14:43, 30 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and fixed that sentence, and moved the tidbit about it allowing users to carry the same ammo for both rifle and pistol to a more appropriate place. - Bardbom (talk) 15:01, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

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Model 1866: a wooden forearm?
At this stage, the article states:
 * the Model 1866. It retained the .44 Henry cartridge, was likewise built on a bronze-alloy frame, and had an improved magazine and a wooden forearm.

A wooden forearm in the 1866 model? really? I thought it never had one... Kintaro (talk) 18:33, 8 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Forget my message above, I mixed up the Henry rifle (no forearm) with the Winchester 1866 rifle (with a forearm included, of course). Kintaro (talk) 19:17, 8 February 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:23, 23 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Winchester Model 1894.jpg

Query notability/relevance
Currently a sentence tacked onto the Model 1876 section reads "Former slave and first African American woman to work for the us postal service Mary Fields has also been photographed with a winchester 1876[15]" Now, it is true that the two preceding sentences refer to ownership of '76s by Teddy Roosevelt and Geronimo-- but Roosevelt was and is famous as a hunter and Geronimo as a warrior: in other words, their notability is bound up with using guns. But I can't see what "first African American woman to work for the us postal service" has to do with firearms. It would be like the Ford Motor Co. page rather arbitrarily pointing out that Wolfgang Puck once owned a Ford. Solicitr (talk) 22:36, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

 * OK,I'm going to delete, in the absence of objection Solicitr (talk) 22:49, 4 May 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:33, 26 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Winchester Model 1894.jpg

a comment
"the gun that won the west" it didn't "won" any west — Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.235.251.172 (talk) 18:56, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

"The Model 1866 compelled Russians to develop a new rifle, the Mosin–Nagant, after the war." Except for 13-14 years "post-war", any decent source for this? The Winchester cartridge was then considered low-power, and multiple charges were not considered an advantage. With the exception of Vetterli, then there were almost no multi-shot rifles under the army cartridges at all. The appearance of Mosin was only provoked by the general transition of other armies to similar systems.

Henry's personal Winchester
I have Henry's personal Winchester and believe it could clear up some things about who did what and when. It's one of four prototypes. The only one not accounted for. I would like to sell it but what is it worth. Someone at Henry Co. said they would give me $176.000.00  I  need help please Someone 50.86.54.165 (talk) 18:46, 7 May 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Winchester rifle


text:
Talk:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A serious self-contradiction
Under the heading "Normal Values", in the subsection "Adults", there is a serious contradiction between the formula for ESR and the table beneath it. According to the table, for a 90-year old man, the normal upper limit for ESR value is 19. But according to the formula, the normal upper limit is (90 + 0)/2 = 45.

It is true that one of these limits is a 98% confidence limit and the other is a 95% confidence limit. But it is difficult to imagine that both of these can be correct. The discrepancy is too large to be credible. Kruskal (talk) 21:48, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

Relation to C-reactive protein
Previously the claim was "Therefore, ESR may be replaced with C-reactive protein measuring." I found one study where this was not the case and edited accordingly but wonder if there may be enough other examples of this being false to remove the claim entirely rather than weaken it as I did.

Where
Where defining something of this nature, i.e., any quantifiable result of a medical test, it would be helpful to indicate the normal reference range for the item, e.g., .

formulas people, there exist formulas to determine the sedimentation rate. Dude 19:32, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Other things
Other than Westergren method, there is Wintrobe's tube method for estimation of ESR. Nothin has been mentioned about that.

There is no mention of corrected ESR..

shoubhik (talk) 04:35, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

RA IS NORMAL  REPORTED BUT ESR IS HIGH LEVEL SO WHAT IS MEAN ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.95.185.78 (talk) 08:34, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Surgery
Should ESR be expected to routinely be high after surgery? Correctrix (talk) 06:13, 17 August 2015 (UTC)

Density is not the main reason for sedimentation rate.
Erythrocytes stuck together have the same density as individual ones, as well as iron (and any ohter material) have the same density whether you take a small sample object or a big one. Rouleaux form is what affects sedimentation rate, not density. Differently formed objects drown at different speeds, and erythrocyte form makes it hard to drown. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.229.117.242 (talk) 08:14, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Indeed, red blood cell aggregation does not affect their density, in only leads to the formation of bigger objects, and according to Stokes'law the settling speed of a particle in a fluid varies like the square of its diameter: a 1mm steel bead and a 2mm steel bead have the same density but the second one settles 4 times as fast as the first one. Thomas pod (talk) 11:01, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate


text:
Pedra Bela

Pedra Bela is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 6,110 (2020 est.) in an area of 159 km2. The elevation is 1,120 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Pedra Bela


text:
Follow Me up to Carlow

"Follow Me Up to Carlow" is an Irish folk song celebrating the defeat of an army of 3,000 English soldiers by Fiach Mac Aodh Ó Broin (anglicised Fiach MacHugh O'Byrne) at the Battle of Glenmalure, during the Second Desmond Rebellion in 1580.

Composition
The air is reputed to have been played as a marching tune by the pipers of Fiach MacHugh O'Byrne in 1580.

The words were written by Patrick Joseph McCall (1861–1919) and appear in his Songs of Erinn (1899) under the title "Marching Song of Feagh MacHugh".

Characters mentioned

 * Brian Mac Cahir Óg Kavanagh, Fiach's brother-in-law (as "MacCahir Óg")
 * Queen Elizabeth I of England ("Queen Liza")
 * William FitzWilliam, Lord Deputy of Ireland
 * Baron Arthur Grey
 * Fiach McHugh O'Byrne
 * Sir Pierce (or Piers) Fitzgerald, High Sheriff of Kildare (as "Lord Kildare")
 * Rory Óg O'More

Performances

It has been performed by numerous Irish folk bands, including Planxty and Wolfe Tones

title: Follow Me up to Carlow


text:
The Concept of Mind

The Concept of Mind is a 1949 book by philosopher Gilbert Ryle, in which the author argues that "mind" is "a philosophical illusion hailing chiefly from René Descartes and sustained by logical errors and 'category mistakes' which have become habitual."

The work has been cited as having "put the final nail in the coffin of Cartesian dualism," and has been seen as a founding document in the philosophy of mind, which received professional recognition as a distinct and important branch of philosophy only after 1950.

Ghost in the machine
In the chapter "Descartes' Myth", Ryle introduces "the dogma of the Ghost in the machine" to describe the philosophical concept of the mind as an entity separate from the body:"I hope to prove that it is entirely false, and false not in detail but in principle. It is not merely an assemblage of particular mistakes. It is one big mistake and a mistake of a special kind. It is, namely, a category-mistake."

Critique of Cartesian dualism
Ryle rejects Descartes' theory of the relation between mind and body, on the grounds that it approaches the investigation of mental processes as if they could be isolated from physical processes. In order to demonstrate how this theory may be misleading, he explains that knowing how to perform an act skillfully may not only be a matter of being able to reason practically but may also be a matter of being able to put practical reasoning into action. Practical actions may not necessarily be produced by highly theoretical reasoning or by complex sequences of intellectual operations. The meaning of actions may not be explained by making inferences about hidden mental processes, but it may be explained by examining the rules that govern those actions.

According to Ryle, mental processes are merely intelligent acts. There are no mental processes that are distinct from intelligent acts. The operations of the mind are not merely represented by intelligent acts, they are the same as those intelligent acts. Thus, acts of learning, remembering, imagining, knowing, or willing are not merely clues to hidden mental processes or to complex sequences of intellectual operations, they are the way in which those mental processes or intellectual operations are defined. Logical propositions are not merely clues to modes of reasoning, they are those modes of reasoning.

The rationalist theory that there is a transformation into physical acts of some purely mental faculty of "Will" or "Volition" is therefore a misconception because it mistakenly assumes that a mental act could be and is distinct from a physical act, or even that a mental world could be and is distinct from the physical world. This theory of the separability of mind and body is described by Ryle as "the dogma of the ghost in the machine." He explains that the workings of the mind as it governs the body are neither an independent nor a distinct mechanism, that there is no entity called "Mind" inside a mechanical apparatus called "the body", but that the workings of the mind may be better conceptualized as the actions of the body.

Cartesian theory holds that mental acts determine physical acts and that volitional acts of the body must be caused by volitional acts of the mind. This theory, according to Ryle, is "the myth of the ghost in the machine."

There is no contradiction between saying that an action is governed by physical laws and saying that the same action is governed by principles of reasoning. The motives of observable actions are propensities and dispositions; these explain why behaviors occur, and not some purely mental process. For example, the disposition to want or not to want something is not explained by an intellectual motive for that thing. The disposition to want something is explained by the behaviors that are involved in wanting that thing. Thus, the mind does consist of abilities and dispositions that do explain behaviors, for example the learning, remembering, knowing, feeling, or willing behaviors. However, personal abilities and dispositions are not the same as mental processes or events. To refer to abilities or dispositions as if they were purely mental occurrences is to make a basic kind of category-mistake.

The nature of a person's motives may be defined by the actions and reactions of that person in various circumstances or situations. The nature of a person's motives in a particular situation may not necessarily be determined by any hidden mental processes or intellectual acts within that person. Motives may be revealed or explained by a person's behavior in a situation.

Ryle criticizes the theory that the mind is a place where mental images are apprehended, perceived, or remembered. Sensations, thoughts, and feelings do not belong to a mental world which is distinct from the physical world. Knowledge, memory, imagination, and other abilities or dispositions do not reside "within" the mind as if the mind were a space in which these dispositions could be placed or located. Furthermore, dispositions are not the same as behavioral actions, but actions may be explained by dispositions.

Dispositions are neither visible nor hidden, because they are not in the same logical category as behavioral actions. Dispositions are not mental processes or intellectual acts, they are propensities which explain various modes of behavior. Perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and feelings may be understood as observable behaviors which have various modes of production.

Ryle admits that his approach to the theory of mind is behavioristic in being opposed to the theory that there are hidden mental processes that are distinct from observable behaviors. His approach is based on the view that actions such as thinking, remembering, feeling, and willing are revealed by modes of behavior or by dispositions to modes of behavior. At the same time, however, he criticizes both Cartesian theory and behaviorist theory for being overly mechanistic. While Cartesian theory may insist that hidden mental events produce the behavioral responses of the conscious individual, behaviorism may insist that stimulus-response mechanisms produce the behavioral responses of the conscious individual. Ryle concludes that both Cartesian theory and behaviorist theory may be too rigid and mechanistic to provide us with an adequate understanding of the concept of mind.

Category mistakes
As a linguistic philosopher, a significant portion of Ryle's argument is devoted to analyzing what he perceives as philosophical errors based in conceptual use of language. His critique of Cartesian dualism refers to it as a category mistake. Category mistakes, such as the ones Ryle points out, are made by people who do not know how to properly wield the concepts with which they are working. Their puzzles arise from the inability to use certain items in human language. A much-cited example is of a foreign visitor being shown round Oxford (which has no campus) and after having been shown colleges, libraries, laboratories and playing fields asks in puzzlement "But where is the university?" The answer is, of course, all of these.

The theoretically interesting category mistakes are those made by people who are perfectly competent to apply concepts, at least in the situations with which they are familiar, but are still liable in their abstract thinking to relocate those concepts to logical types to which they do not belong. The dualist doctrine establishes a polar opposition between mind and body. At the language level, the mental properties are logical negations (in the Aristotelian sense) of the physical properties. So they belong, in accordance with the concept of category, to the same logical types, given that the expressions that are used for the descriptions of mental events are always mere negatives of the expressions used for the descriptions of material events. Ryle then says that such use implies a 'categorical mistake' for the descriptions of mental events that do not properly belong to the categories used for describing the corporeal events. Hence, 'mind' and 'matter' cannot be the polar opposites that Dualism suggests. Ryle writes that this would be comparable to claiming that "She came home in floods of tears" and "She came home in a sedan chair" (from the sentence "Miss Bolo came home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair," a zeugmatic sentence from Dickens) to be polar opposites. Such mistakes are, from the Rylean standpoint, the dogma of the mental ghost in the corporeal machine. Then, dualist doctrines are mythic in an analytical sense.

Antecedents
Ryle builds on the work of philosophers Ludwig Wittgenstein and Arthur Schopenhauer, among others. According to Bryan Magee, the central thesis of Concept of Mind and the essentials of its subsidiary theses were derived from Schopenhauer, whose works Ryle had read as a student, then largely forgotten. Ryle, who believed that he had expounded an original theory, did not realize what he had done until someone pointed it out to him after the book was published.

Reception
Ryle has been characterized as an "ordinary language" philosopher, for which the book's style of writing has attracted comment.

Stuart Hampshire remarked in a review in Mind that: "There is only one property which I can discover to be common to Professor Ryle and Immanuel Kant; in both cases the style is the philosopher - as Kant thought and wrote in dichotomies, Professor Ryle writes in epigrams. There are many passages in which the argument simply consists of a succession of epigrams, which do indeed effectively explode on impact, shattering conventional trains of thought, but which, like most epigrams, leave behind among the debris in the reader's mind a trail of timid doubts and qualifications."John Searle, who has often said that no great work of philosophy contains many footnotes and that philosophical quality varies inversely with the number of bibliographical references, considers the absence of footnotes in The Concept of Mind as a sign of its quality.

Iris Murdoch has compared The Concept of Mind to Jean-Paul Sartre's Being and Nothingness (1943), with the view that English analytic philosophy shares the same general orientation as continental philosophy. Ryle has been interpreted by David Stannard as maintaining that the psychoanalytic idea of the unconscious is rooted in the Cartesian conception of a body-mind dichotomy and as such is one version of the "Ghost in the Machine" fallacy. According to Stannard, Ryle views the dogma as a logical error based on a category mistake.

Richard Webster praises Ryle's clarity and strength of argument, but suggests that while his arguments effectively dissolve the mind-body problem, they have failed to bring about a revolution in human knowledge. Webster attributes this to the fact that Ryle's case that subjective aspects of experience such as sensation, memory, consciousness and sense of self are not the essence of "mind" has not been universally accepted by contemporary philosophers, neuroscientists, and psychologists. Webster believes that Ryle's willingness to accept the characterization of The Concept of Mind as behaviorist misrepresents its more nuanced position, writing that Ryle's acceptance of that description is not harmless, as Ryle himself suggested. Webster stresses that Ryle does not deny the reality of what are often called internal sensations and thoughts, but simply rejects the idea that they belong to a realm logically distinct from and independent of the external realm of ordinary human behaviour.

The book's style of writing was commented on more negatively by Herbert Marcuse, who observes that the way in which Ryle follows his presentation of "Descartes' Myth" as the "official doctrine" about the relation between body and mind with a preliminary demonstration of its "absurdity" which evokes "John Doe, Richard Roe, and what they think about the 'Average Taxpayer'" shows a style that moves "between the two poles of pontificating authority and easy-going chumminess," something Marcuse finds to be characteristic of philosophical behaviorism.

title: The Concept of Mind


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fighting Terrorism

Fighting Terrorism was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 14 votes to delete. Postdlf 06:23, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Fighting Terrorism
A personal essay (none too good either), inherently derivative, any loose ideas salvageable from it belong under Terrorism. — Bill 19:45, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * speedy as patent nonsense. Dunc|☺ 19:49, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * vote to delete: illegible, perhaps "patent" nonsense, clearly all POV.Sfahey 19:55, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Unpatented nonsense. Original research/essay. Geogre 00:20, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. NPOV essay. Nadavspi 00:38, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete... please, before Bush finds this page and thinks he sees some brilliant ideas. (It's funny how I started out here as an inclusionist/eventualist....) func(talk) 03:08, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense article. --*drew 03:11, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense essay. jni 10:28, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Patent nonsense and POV. Andre ( talk )A| 13:58, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Original essay, mostly patent nonsense. Delete - Mike Rosoft 12:22, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Essay. --Improv 21:31, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Rant.   — Gwalla | Talk 19:42, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this is an encyclopedia, not a free service for people who want to cheat on the political science assignment. --Cynical 20:27, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete PPGMD

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Pedranópolis

Pedranópolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 2,481 (2020 est.) in an area of 260 km². The elevation is 475 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Pedranópolis


text:
Battle of Glenmalure

The Battle of Glenmalure (Cath Ghleann Molúra) took place in Ireland on 25 August 1580 during the Desmond Rebellions. A Catholic army of united Irish clans from the Wicklow Mountains led by Fiach MacHugh O'Byrne and James Eustace, 3rd Viscount Baltinglass of the Pale, defeated an English army under Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton, at Clan O'Byrne's mountain stronghold of Glenmalure.

Background
Grey had landed in Ireland with reinforcements from England in mid-August; his total forces numbering over 2,000 men, the largest English army sent to Ireland in decades. The presence of such a large retinue undoubtedly dissuaded many would-be rebels from joining O'Byrne's side. Despite this, Grey was inexperienced in waging war on Irish terrain and had been previously out of active military service for twenty years. Grey had also received little information on how Ireland was to be governed, even after being appointed Lord Deputy, and so his task was seen as a purely military affair.

O'Byrne, Baltinglass, along with their O'Toole allies, simply withdrew in the face of a much larger military force and re-established themselves in Glenmalure. From there, they dispatched a message to Grey seeking protection. However, Grey had been under strict instructions not to give any such protection or pardoning, and perceived this message as indicative of the arrogant behaviour of the Irish rebels.

On 18 August, Grey moved his forces to Naas where he collected guides and made plans to attack the rebels. Grey intended to march around the Wicklow Mountains and thus hit O'Byrne's forces from the south-east. However, when the rebels were nowhere to be found, Grey marched his forces ever deeper into the mountains; the route being dictated by the worsening local terrain that was funneling Grey's men into a narrow valley. By this point, O'Byrne had become fully aware of the English troop movements, largely due to defectors from Grey's Kildare allies and from the large mass of soldiers dressed in scarlet and blue coats rummaging through the narrow path.

Battle
When what appeared to be the vanguard of the Irish rebels presented itself before Grey, he ordered his forces to engage immediately, against the advice of some of his more experienced Kildare allies. They, along with Grey's force of cavalry, occupied a position on a nearby hill and did not play an active role in the subsequent battle. The English vanguard, commanded by Colonel George Moore, pursued the Irish rebels into the glen - a dense valley bisected by a four-mile-long river with steep sides and covered in dense foliage, rising in places as high as 2,000 feet. The English fought an advancing skirmish with the Irish as they were drawn deeper and deeper into the glen, whose terrain by now had become horrendous, marked by rocks, bogs, and wood. In an effort to gain higher and more defensible ground, or possibly believing his troops had become vulnerable to an ambush, Colonel Moore advanced his troops up the northern slope of the glen.

While climbing the steep slopes of the valley, the inexperienced English soldiers were ambushed by the Irish who hid in the woods. The English were sniped at for a long period of time before their discipline collapsed and they turned and fled down the valley. It was at this point that most of their casualties occurred, as the Irish left their cover and fell upon the English with swords, spears, and axes. Dozens of English soldiers were cut down by the pursuing Irish as they tried to escape the field. The remaining English had to fight a rearguard action for several miles until they reached the town of Rathdrum. Only the presence of Grey's cavalry and his rearguard prevented the total annihilation of the English forces.

Aftermath
Irish sources state that around 800 English soldiers were killed. English sources put their losses lower at 360 dead. While it is certainly possible that the English sources had ignored to include the casualties of their Irish allies. English loses included Peter Carew, cousin of his namesake colonist who had made claims to, and won, large tracts of land in southern Ireland. The remainder of the English force retreated to lowland Wicklow and from there to Dublin. However, the following year, most of the Irish rebel lords, including O'Byrne, accepted terms of surrender offered by the Crown. The exception was Baltinglass, who fled for France.

In popular culture
The battle is commemorated in the folk song "Follow me up to Carlow".

title: Battle of Glenmalure


text:
Pedregulho

Pedregulho is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The elevation of Pedregulho is 1035 m. The population is 16,811 (2020 est.) in an area of 713 km2.

The municipality contains the 2069 ha Furnas do Bom Jesus State Park, created in 1989.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Pedregulho


text:
User talk:Rdd

Hi

You seem to be a new Irish user, have you found the Wikipedia talk:Irish wikipedians' notice board yet?

Kiand 19:48, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Welcome
Hi there! I noticed your edits to Connolly Station. I hope you enjoy your time here and decide to regularly contribute. I've some useful links listed below. If you're interested in Irish topics, you may be interested in the notice board for Irish wikipedians.

First off, welcome to Wikipedia. If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username. You can sign your name using three tildes, like this:. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. You can introduce yourself on the new users page.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or contributing: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too. If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump, or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

zoney ♣ talk 00:57, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:UK_motorway_M7.PNG
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Civil Service of Republic of Ireland
Regarding your recent edits my belief is that State Agency employees would be public servants rather than civil servants, as government figures on civil servants usually refer to the core departments of state and very few other "agencies" (the latter often constitutionally/long established offices like Attorney General, Houses of the Oireachtas, Revenue Commissioners and a few others explictly named in acts of the Oireachtas).

I am not going to make an issue out of it but any references would be ideal as this area is very hard to get concrete documents and policies that are up to date (for instance CSO figures on the entire public sector refer to 1980s documents on categorising the public sector).

Djegan 22:52, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Firstly, all Department of State employees other than political employees are Civil Service. That much is certain.

The vast majority of state agency employees are public servants, absolutely. But some of them ARE Civil Service - the ones named above being among them. Its very hard to get a definitive list, the status tends to be established in each agency, board, commission (the overall term seems to be "Office")'s founding statute, eg for PAS, the Public Service Management Act 2004 section 42 (3) - "(3) The members of the staff of the Public Appointments Service, including the Chief Executive of the Service, are civil servants of the State."

Neither the PAS nor Finance seem to have a definitive list on their websites. There are, I understand, approxemely 25 Offices with civil service status.

Its not true to say thats all long-established offices either. PAS, established in 2004, is Civil Service, although its predecessor CSC would also have been.

They go for public service rather than civil service now, certainly. The unions at the RSA had a dispute on its establishment as its employees were losing Civil Service status upon their transfer from DOT. Rdd 22:00, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Route shields
Just like the busses...after years of appealing for someone to make route shields on Irish roads pages yerself and Limbo arrive together! Wonderful stuff - just one quibble - Limbo changed the font colour on his shields to a slightly more orange colour which looks more like the real thing. Your colour is noticably more "yellow" than his so we have two versions. Could you synchronise? (Preferably to Limbo's current colour). Check N1 road; look at "other routes joined" in the infobox - spot the odd one out! Sarah777 (talk) 08:42, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

I didn't make any of the route shields! All I can claim credit for is taking the UK infobox and turning it into an Irish one. I just used Limbo's ones....

Happy St Patrick's Day... --Rdd (talk) 11:05, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

 * And to you! I guess we are looking at "old Limbo" and "New Limbo"! Sarah777 (talk) 11:42, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Mace
Nice repair of Mace (store) today. For some time, I had wondered what the true status of that symbol was. --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 13:47, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Boxer TV Ireland
I agree with your points in the talk section. I take on board regarding the RTÉ Mux and that no Irish Freeiew Group exists. Most definitely there is a need for guidance by RTÉ on its plans for its MUX, now that commercial DTT is fine-tuning its own given Boxer launch is planned to come before official Irish free-to air RTE mux launch (September 2009).

The Broadcasting Bill does give TV3, TG4 or the other two, power to ask the Minister to direct RTÉ to assign more spectrum for its offerings. What you say means that TV3's additional channel plans may well be on Boxer's platform.The issue however is coverage. RTÉ's will required coverage will be 98% while 90% for licenses A-c by 2012). Will ASO BCI muxes be open to tender in the interest of competition? This means that the BCI may to request FTA be made available on the Boxer platform as Onevision had planned. That means that Boxer could have FTA for some channels. This would be a positive for it. Commentary is based on analysis of the situation and and thus original research.

One could argue that RTÉ should have got 2 muxes gifted pre-ASO with two muxes available to the commercial operator post ASO. Scathain (talk) 00:20, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

The Broadcasting Bill gives TV3 or TG4 the right to ask for more spectrum alright, but in TV3's case at any rate, reading section 130 (10), this applies specifically to TV3 itself (i.e. the channel TV3, not the company TV3 Television Network Limited) by my reading anyway. RTÉ can be issued with a second multiplex under section 132 (2) at any rate. The Bill actually makes no reference to extra multiplexes after analogue switch-off but as far as I can does not specifically prohibit ComReg from issuing extra multiplex licences to the BAI in such circumstances. If ComReg were to issue extra licences to the BAI in such circumtances I cannot see, how, under public procurement rules, the BAI could do anything other than start running the contract issuing process - ie, advertise for expressions of intrest.

The possiblity of Boxer launching without RTÉ is a disturbing one - it will immediately give people the message that DTT is simply another pay-TV platform (which in many respects, it basically is under the present proposals). Analgoue switch off will not happen without people who do not want pay-TV (and lets face it, what country has a 100% take-up of pay-TV????) being given an incentive to switch to DTT (or, indeed, a combination of DTT and Freesat). They simply won't buy a box if all they're getting is the four Irish channels plus coverage of the Dáil and a film channel that will likely be very arty given who is running it. A Freeview-type service - yes, including the NI 4, if the rights issues can be sorted out (which is pretty much already the case for Channel 4 who have been buying Irish rights for their own commissions for some time now, whatever about the other three) despite the pay-TV industry's opposition - is what will get people switching over in droves. Losing the NI 4 will NOT put pay-TV out of business (if that is the only reason people subscribe to pay-TV, why has Sky Sports got such large subscriber numbers???). It will however encourage people to buy DTT boxes, which if the public policy objective of analogue switch off is to be achieved is what is going to have to be done. Otherwise, yes, its just another pay-TV service. --Rdd (talk) 14:57, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:IRL motorway routebox
Template:IRL motorway routebox has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you.  Imzadi  1979   →  07:13, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

Edit summaries
Hi! Just noticed some of your recent edits. Could you please give an indication of changes you are making to articles for the reasons outlined at the link above. Thanks. RashersTierney (talk) 22:12, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Rdd


text:
Pedreira, São Paulo

Pedreira (Portuguese for quarry) is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 48,463 (2020 est.) in an area of 108.82 km². The elevation is 590 m. The town is located 138 km from the capital. It is called "Flor da Porcelana" (Porcelain Flower) because of its porcelain related commerce. Pedreira was founded in 1896. It is linearly distributed on Jaguari River banks. The name of the town comes from the name "Pedro", present in the most male members of the founder's family, Colonel João Pedro de Godoy Moreira. Pedreira offers as main attraction its large porcelain, glasses, wood crafts, aluminium, decoration pieces commerce, with shops especialized in tourist service.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Religion
Christianity is present in the city as follows:

Catholic Church
The Catholic church in the municipality is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Amparo.

Protestant Church
The most diverse evangelical beliefs are present in the city, mainly Pentecostal, including the Assemblies of God in Brazil (the largest evangelical church in the country), Christian Congregation in Brazil, among others. These denominations are growing more and more throughout Brazil.

title: Pedreira, São Paulo


text:
Talk:Cherubs

I turned this into a redirect before realising that the plural of 'cherub' was 'cherubim'. Should I leave it the way it is, so people with similarly low levels of intelligence may use it, or should I remove it for the sake of accuracy? --AdamM 19:51, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cherubs


text:
Ottavio Bottecchia

Ottavio Bottecchia (1 August 1894 – 15 June 1927 ) was an Italian cyclist and the first Italian winner of the Tour de France.

He was found injured and unconscious by a roadside and died a few days later; the exact circumstances of his accident remain a mystery.

Early life
Bottecchia was born as the eighth child of a poor family of nine children. He went to school for just a year, first working as a shoemaker, then as a bricklayer. His father left to find work in Germany. Bottecchia later married and had three children.

Despite being a convinced socialist with anti-Fascist convictions, Bottecchia joined the Bersaglieri corps of the Italian army during the first world war. For four years he ferried messages and supplies on the Austrian front with a special folding bicycle. During the conflict he contracted malaria and also had to evade capture several times. Bottecchia endured a gas attack on 3 November 1917 after the battle of Caporetto while providing covering fire for retreating forces. Near Sequals he was captured, but escaped while being marched into captivity at night. After returning to Italian lines, he twice conducted reconnaissance sorties into Austrian-held areas, which by now included his home region of Colle Umberto. Bottecchia was later awarded a bronze medal for valor.

After the end of hostilities Bottecchia moved to France in 1919 to work as a builder, which later led to insinuations that he was not Italian – slurs that were compounded by his strong regional dialect. Bottecchia's family continued to struggle with poverty, and his youngest daughter died in 1921 at the age of seven.

Bottecchia returned to Italy where he took up competitive cycling. He won the Giro del Piave, the Coppa della Vittoria, and the Duca D'Aosta in 1920 and the Coppe Gallo an Osimo, the Circuito del Piave and the Giro del Friuli in 1921.

Professional career
Bottecchia became a professional cyclist in 1920. He was given a racing bicycle by Teodoro Carnielli, president of a cycling association, the Associazione Sportiva di Vittorio Veneto. Carnielli encouraged Bottecchia to join the Pordenone sport union.

In 1923 Bottecchia placed fifth in the 11th Giro d'Italia, the highest finish by an 'isolate' (rider without a team). His position attracted the leading French rider, Henri Pélissier, who asked Bottecchia to join his professional team, Automoto-Hutchinson. Pélissier had just left the J. B. Louvet team after an internal row and had taken another rider, Honoré Barthélemy, with him. Automoto was a French motorcycle company that also sold its products in Italy. Automoto saw the chance not only of winning the Tour de France but of having a further Italian rider to stimulate foreign sales. Henri Pélissier said he had seen Bottecchia ride the Giro di Lombardia and Milan–San Remo and the team signed him.

The new recruit reported for duties with his new team in France, said the writer Pierre Chany, with a skin tanned like an old leather saddle and creases to his face deep enough to be scars. His clothing was ragged and his shoes so old that they no longer had any shape. His ears stuck out so far that the Tour organiser, Henri Desgrange referred to him as "butterfly". The only words of French he could manage were: "No bananas, lots of coffee, thank you."

It was as a professional that Bottecchia learned to read, taught by his friend and training partner, Alfonso Piccin. Together they read the Italian sports daily, Gazzetta dello Sport, and clandestine anti-fascist pamphlets protesting at the rule of Benito Mussolini.

Bottecchia's success for his new team included winning a stage in the 1923 Tour de France, where he also placed second overall. He led the Tour from Cherbourg after the second stage and wore the yellow jersey of leader as far as Nice. There he passed it on to Pélissier, who won with the prediction: "Bottecchia will succeed me next year." Such was the reaction in Italy that the Gazetta dello Sport asked a lire from each of its readers to reward him. Mussolini was first to subscribe.

In 1924 Bottecchia won the first stage of the Tour and kept his lead to the end, the first Italian to win. He wore his yellow jersey all the way to Milan in the train – travelling third class to save money. By then his French had improved to: "Not tired, French and Belgians good friends, cycling good job."

Bottecchia won the Tour again in 1925 with the help of Lucien Buysse, who served as the first domestique in Tour history. Accused in 1924 of winning without trying, Bottecchia won the first, sixth, seventh and final stage. He was never the same after that and dropped out, "weeping like a child", during a thunderstorm in 1926. Buysse emerged the winner. The writer Bernard Chambaz said:

"The unpleasant hand of destiny fell on his shoulders. It was as though the misery of his origins had caught up with him. Dark thoughts and a presentiment of the future haunted him. He abandoned the Tour of 1926 on a stage which those who were there described as apocalytpic because of the cold and the violence of the wind. He went home, unhappy. He no longer had the heart to train. He feared that he'd been 'cut down by a bad illness'. He coughed and he ached in his back and his bronchial tubes. The following winter, he lost his younger brother, knocked down by a car."

Death
On 23 May 1927 Ottavio's brother, Giovanni, was riding his bike near Conegliano when a car struck and killed him. Ottavio returned to Italy from France because of the death. While back, he led the peloton at the Giro d'Italia on 2 June.

On 3 June 1927, a farmer outside the village of Peonis, near Bottecchia's home, found him on the roadside. His skull was cracked, one collarbone and other bones broken. His bike lay some distance away on the verge and was undamaged. There were no skid marks to suggest a car had forced him off the road and no marks to the pedals or handlebar tape to suggest he had lost control.

Bottecchia was carried to an inn and laid on a table. A priest gave him the last rites. From there he was taken by cart to hospital in Gemona. He died there on 14 June, twelve days later, without regaining consciousness.

On the day of the incident, Bottecchia had risen at dawn and asked for a hot bath to be ready for him for when he would return in three hours. He rode to his friend Alfonso Piccini's house to go training together as on other days. Piccini decided not to go and Bottecchia went to see another friend, Riccardo Zille. He had other things to do, however, so Bottecchia set out alone.

Theories abound about the circumstances of his death. Bernard Chambaz of L'Humanité said: "Accident or assassination? The accident theory, favoured by justice, on the accounts of witnesses and a medical examination which also referred to several fractures, was based on an assumption of an illness, sunstroke and a fall. In fact, the inquiry was quickly closed. The theory suited everybody: the Mussolini régime, the presumed killer and even – it's sad to say – the family, now sure of a large insurance payout."

Don Dantė Nigris, the priest who gave him the last rites, is said to have attributed the death to Fascists unhappy about Bottecchia's more liberal leanings. However, an Italian dying from stab wounds on a New York waterfront claimed he had been employed as a hit man. He named a supposed godfather, although nobody of the name was ever found.

Much later, the farmer who had found Bottecchia said on his deathbed: "I saw a man eating my grapes. He'd pushed through the vines and damaged them. I threw a rock to scare him, but it hit him. I ran to him and realised who it was. I panicked and dragged him to the roadside and left him. God forgive me!"

Bottecchia bicycles
In 1926, Bottecchia began working with frame-maker Teodoro Carnielli to manufacture racing bikes, taking advantage of his Tour de France knowledge. The business expanded under the Carnielli family after Bottecchia's death. In 2006 more than 50,000 Bottechia bikes were sold in Europe.

Literary relevance
Bottecchia is mentioned at the end of Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises.

Major results

 * 1923
 * Tour de France:
 * Second place overall classification
 * Winner stage 2
 * Wearing yellow jersey for 6 non-consecutive days

 * 1924
 * Tour de France:
 * Jersey yellow.svg Winner overall classification
 * Winner stages 1, 6, 7 and 15
 * Wearing yellow jersey for 15 days (the entire race).

 * 1925
 * Giro della provincia Milano
 * Tour de France:
 * Jersey yellow.svg Winner overall classification
 * Winner stages 1, 6, 7 and 18
 * Wearing yellow jersey for 13 non-consecutive days.

title: Ottavio Bottecchia


text:
Philadelphia KiXX

The Philadelphia KiXX was a professional indoor soccer team based in Philadelphia, USA. The team competed as an NPSL expansion franchise and then played in the Major Indoor Soccer League.

History
The team's original owner was Ed Tepper, also president of Tepper Properties Inc, had been one of the co-founders of the original MISL. In 2001, the KiXX along with five other NPSL franchises founded the new Major Indoor Soccer League. They were originally sponsored by Oki Data Americas. The KiXX won the first MISL championship (2001–02 season) over the Milwaukee Wave 2 games to 1 (4–11, 11–4, 8–6) in the best of three game championship series. The KiXX also won the 2006–07 MISL championship defeating the Detroit Ignition 13–8 in a one-game championship. After the MISL folded in 2008, the KiXX announced that they had joined the National Indoor Soccer League for its inaugural season in 2008–09. The NISL took on the MISL moniker for its second season.

On March 2, 2010, KiXX goalkeeper Peter Pappas retired after playing his final match against the Baltimore Blast at the Liacouras Center. In honor of his years of dedication and spotless record the KiXX decided to retire the #22 jersey. Pappas spent 13 seasons with the KiXX. During that time he played in 416 matches, recording 5,399 saves and 230 wins. He was named Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL) ‘Goalkeeper of the Year’ four times and an All-League selection eight times. Fellow long-term KiXX member Don D'Ambra also retired in 2010. He served as head coach of the KiXX from 2002 to 2010 and played 575 games, scoring 483 goals. In April 2010, D'Ambra was named the head coach of the Saint Joseph's Hawks men's soccer team.

The team went on hiatus after the conclusion of the 2009–10 season and did not return to play before the MISL folded as a league in 2014.

Arenas

 * Wachovia Spectrum 1996–2009
 * Liacouras Center 2009–2010

 * 1) Between 1996 and 2009 the team has also played select games at the Wachovia Center, Gaylord Entertainment Center in Nashville, Tennessee, and at the Sovereign Bank Arena in Trenton, New Jersey.

title: Philadelphia KiXX


text:
Norema

Norema AS is a Norwegian kitchen manufacturer. Its main office is in Bergermoen near Jevnaker, Oppland.

It was bought by the Swedish corporation Nobia in 2000. As of 10 January 2008 Norema and Sigdal, also owned by Swedish Nobia, were without CEOs. Both companies were under the supervision of Nobia Norway.

title: Norema


text:
Nobia

Nobia AB (omx: SSE19095 NOBI) is a Swedish company which owns many European kitchen-related firms. In 2008 it was the largest producer of kitchen furniture in Europe.

Nobia was founded in 1996 by Industri Kapital (IK) through a buyout from STORA. The company's headquarters are in Stockholm, on whose stock exchange the sharebolag is listed. Nobia's major regional, national and international brands are present in many European countries. The company specializes in custom built-in kitchens and generates part of its revenue through franchising. In 2003, there was a legal dispute between Nobia and the German kitchen manufacturer Nobilia due to the likelihood of confusion between the two names.

Since 2019, Jon Sintorn has been the CEO and Group President.

UK Region

 * Magnet
 * Magnet Projects
 * Gower
 * Commodore Design
 * CIE

Nordic Region

 * HTH
 * Invita
 * Marbodal
 * Myresjökök
 * Norema
 * Novart
 * Sigdal

Continental Europe Region

 * Bribus
 * EWE-FM
 * Optifit
 * Pronorm

title: Nobia


text:
Coombe Hill

Coombe Hill may refer to:

Places

 * Coombe Hill, Buckinghamshire, England
 * Coombe Hill, a different hill on the flank of Haddington Hill in Buckinghamshire, England
 * Coombe Hill (Cotswolds), near Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, England
 * Coombe Hill, Tewkesbury, a hamlet between Gloucester and Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, England
 * Coombe Hill, Kingston upon Thames, London, England
 * Coombe Hill Assistants' Tournament, a golf tournament
 * Coombe Hill Wood

Other uses

 * Coombe Hill, a cargo ship built in 1942 for Putney Hill Steamships

title: Coombe Hill


text:
Pedreira

Pedreira may refer to:

Brazil

 * Pedreira, São Paulo, a municipality in São Paulo state
 * Pedreira (district of São Paulo), a district of the city of São Paulo
 * Pedreira River, a tributary of the Amazon River in Amapá
 * Pedreira Esporte Clube, an association football club in Mosqueiro, Belém, Pará

Portugal

 * Pedreira, Rande e Sernande, a parish in the municipality of Felgueiras
 * Pedreira (Tomar), a parish in Tomar Municipality
 * Lagoa da Pedreira, a lake in the city of Póvoa de Varzim

title: Pedreira


text:
Xuanzong

Xuanzong (Hsüan-tsung in Wade–Giles) may refer to the following Chinese emperors:

 * Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (reigned 713–756)
 * Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (9th century) (reigned 846–859)
 * Emperor Xuanzong of Jin (reigned 1213–1224)
 * Emperor Xuanzong of Ming, or Xuande Emperor (reigned 1425–35)
 * Emperor Xuanzong of Qing, or Daoguang Emperor (reigned 1820–50)

title: Xuanzong