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Major and minor

In Western music, the adjectives major and minor may describe an interval, chord, scale, or key. A composition, movement, section, or phrase may also be referred to by its key, including whether that key is major or minor.

The words derive from Latin words meaning "large" and "small," and were originally applied to the intervals between notes, which may be larger or smaller depending on how many semitones (half-steps) they contain. Chords and scales are described as major or minor when they contain the corresponding intervals, usually major or minor thirds.

Intervals
A major interval is one semitone larger than a minor interval. The words perfect, diminished, and augmented are also used to describe the quality of an interval. Only the intervals of a second, third, sixth, and seventh (and the compound intervals based on them) may be major or minor (or, rarely, diminished or augmented). Unisons, fourths, fifths, and octaves and their compound interval must be perfect (or, rarely, diminished or augmented). In Western music, a minor chord "sounds darker than a major chord".

Scales and chords
Major and minor may also refer to scales and chords that contain a major third or a minor third, respectively.

 * A major scale is a scale in which the third scale degree (the mediant) is a major third above the tonic note. In a minor scale, the third degree is a minor third above the tonic.
 * Similarly, in a major triad or major seventh chord, the third is a major third above the chord's root. In a minor triad or minor seventh chord, the third is a minor third above the root.

Keys
The hallmark that distinguishes major keys from minor is whether the third scale degree is major or minor. Major and minor keys are based on the corresponding scales, and the tonic triad of those keys consist of the corresponding chords; however, a major key can encompass minor chords based on other roots, and vice versa.

As musicologist Roger Kamien explains, "the crucial difference is that in the minor scale there is only a half step between '2nd and 3rd note' and between '5th and 6th note' as compared to the major scales where the difference between '3rd and 4th note' and between '7th and 8th note' is [a half step]." This alteration in the third degree "greatly changes" the mood of the music, and "music based on minor scales tends to" be considered to "sound serious or melancholic," at least to contemporary Western ears.

Minor keys are sometimes said to have a more interesting, possibly darker sound than plain major scales. Harry Partch considers minor as, "the immutable faculty of ratios, which in turn represent an immutable faculty of the human ear." The minor key and scale are also considered less justifiable than the major, with Paul Hindemith calling it a "clouding" of major, and Moritz Hauptmann calling it a "falsehood of the major".

Changes of mode, which involve the alteration of the third, and mode mixture are often analyzed as minor changes unless structurally supported because the root and overall key and tonality remain unchanged. This is in contrast with, for instance, transposition. Transposition is done by moving all intervals up or down a certain constant interval, and does change the key but not the mode, which requires the alteration of intervals. The use of triads only available in the minor mode, such as the use of A♭-major in C major, is relatively decorative chromaticism, considered to add color and weaken the sense of key without entirely destroying or losing it.

Intonation and tuning
Musical tuning of intervals is expressed by the ratio between the pitches' frequencies. Simple fractions can sound more harmonious than complex fractions; for instance, an octave is a simple 2:1 ratio and a fifth is the relatively simple 3:2 ratio. The table below gives frequency ratios that are mathematically exact for just intonation, which meantone temperaments seek to approximate.
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:center;"

 * Note name
 * C || D || E || F || G || A || B || C′
 * frequency ratio (just int.)
 * Interval name (from C)
 * perf 1$1⁄1$ || $9⁄8$2$5⁄4$ || $4⁄3$3$3⁄2$ || perf 4$5⁄3$ || perf 5$15⁄8$ || $2⁄1$6$ st$ || $Maj $7$ nd$ || perf 8$Maj $
 * Interval size (in cents)
 * 0¢  ||   203.9¢   ||   386.3¢   ||   498.0¢   ||   702.0¢   ||   884.4¢   ||   1088.3¢   ||   1200¢
 * }
 * perf 1$ rd$ || $ th$2$ th$ || $Maj $3$ th$ || perf 4$Maj $ || perf 5$ th$ || $ th$6⇭⇭⇭ || ⇭⇭⇭7⇭⇭⇭ || perf 8⇭⇭⇭
 * Interval size (in cents)
 * 0¢  ||   203.9¢   ||   386.3¢   ||   498.0¢   ||   702.0¢   ||   884.4¢   ||   1088.3¢   ||   1200¢
 * }
 * }

In just intonation, a minor chord is often (but not exclusively) tuned in the frequency ratio 10:12:15. In 12 tone equal temperament (12, at present the most common tuning system in the West) a minor chord has 3 semitones between the root and third, 4 between the third and fifth, and 7 between the root and fifth.

In 12, the perfect fifth (700 cents) is only about two cents narrower than the justly tuned perfect fifth (3:2, or 702.0 cents), but the minor third (300 cents) is noticeably (about 16 cents) narrower than the just minor third (6:5, or 315.6 cents). Moreover, the minor third (300 cents) more closely approximates the 19-limit (Limit) minor third (19:16 or, 297.5 cents, the nineteenth harmonic) with only about a 2 cent error.

A.J. Ellis proposed that the conflict between mathematicians and physicists on one hand and practicing musicians on the other regarding the supposed inferiority of the minor chord and scale to the major may be explained due to physicists' comparison of just minor and just major triads, in which case minor comes out the loser, versus the musicians' comparison of the equal tempered triads, in which case minor comes out the winner, since the 12 major third is about 14 cents sharp from the just major third (5:4, or 386.3 cents), but only about 4 cents narrower than the 19 limit major third (24:19, or 404.4 cents); while the 12 minor third closely approximates the 19:16 minor third which many find pleasing.

Advanced theory
In the Neo-Riemannian theory, the minor mode is considered the inverse of the major mode, an upside down major scale based on (theoretical) undertones rather than (actual) overtones (harmonics) (See also: Utonality).

The root of the minor triad is thus considered the top of the fifth, which, in the United States, is called the fifth. So in C minor, the tonic is actually G and the leading tone is A♭ (a half step), rather than, in major, the root being C and the leading tone B (a half step). Also, since all chords are analyzed as having a tonic, subdominant, or dominant function, with, for instance, in C, A minor being considered the tonic parallel (US relative), Tp, the use of minor mode root chord progressions in major such as A♭-major–B♭-major–C-major is analyzed as sP–dP–T, the minor subdominant parallel (see: parallel chord), the minor dominant parallel, and the major tonic.

title: Major and minor


text: Category:Albanian singers

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Albanian singers


text: Category:Albanian musicians

title: Category:Albanian musicians


text: Category:Albanian people by occupation

title: Category:Albanian people by occupation


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Tested

Tested is the first official live album by punk rock band Bad Religion. It was recorded in the USA, Canada, Germany, Estonia, Denmark, Italy and Austria, in 1996, and released in 1997. It is Bad Religion's second live album. Instead of using crowd microphones and mobile studios like most live albums, the band tapped the inputs, for a result that portrays Bad Religion's live sound without crowd noise. It also includes three new songs; "Dream of Unity," "It's Reciprocal," and the title track.

Background
Bad Religion's US label, Atlantic, turned down releasing Tested; however, the band's German label, Sony, agreed to release the album in Europe and the rest of the world through its imprints Dragnet and Epic. The album was released in January 1997 in Australia, followed by a European release in February. In March, it was available as import-only in the US.

"Dream of Unity" was released as a single in Germany in 1997.

In 2008, Tested was reissued in Europe by Epitaph.

Critical reception
Dave Thompson, in Alternative Rock, wrote: "Disconcerting the first listen, energizing thereafter, few live albums have been this brave."

In his review for AllMusic, Jack Rabid called the album "a bit of a letdown." He felt that the album lacks a "you are there" feel and that the overall sound is "merely average." He concluded, "Nonetheless, with a band this top-notch, even such a merely passable, perfectly clear recording demonstrates their awesome punk prowess enough (especially that of singer Graffin, whose phenomenal pipes soar all over this) to make Tested a large pleasure just the same." Rabid said of the three new studio tracks: "Dream of Unity" is uncharacteristically half-baked and slightly dull, but both "Tested" and "It's Reciprocal" burn the laser off the player."

Personnel
Adapted from the album liner notes.

 * Bad Religion
 * Greg Graffin – vocals
 * Brian Baker – guitar, backing vocals
 * Greg Hetson – guitar
 * Jay Bentley – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Bobby Schayer – drums
 * Technical
 * Bad Religion – production, recording, mixing, concept
 * Ronnie Kimball – production, mixing
 * George Marino – mastering
 * Steve Raskin – art direction, design
 * ION Design – art direction, design, photography
 * Peter Hayes – cover stamp, flag stamp
 * Jerry Mahoney – backdrop
 * John Allan – photography
 * Thorsten Martin-Edingshaus – photography
 * Olaf Heine – photography
 * Rob Myers – photography

Notes and trivia

 * The songs "Tested", "Dream of Unity" and "It's Reciprocal" are previously unreleased studio tracks.
 * The live songs were recorded in Berlin (Germany), Rome (Italy), Roskilde (Denmark), Pittsburgh (PA, USA), Loreley (Germany), Melbourne (FL, USA), Toronto (Ontario, Canada), Dortmund (Germany), Detroit (MI, USA), Berlin (Germany), New York (NY, USA), Ithaca (NY, USA), Raleigh (NC, USA), Munich (Germany), Tallinn (Estonia), Baltimore (MD, USA), Vancouver (British Columbia, Canada), Chicago (IL, USA), San Francisco (CA, USA), Jacksonville (FL, USA) and Montreal (Quebec, Canada)
 * The disc has the phrase "No Bad Religion song can make your live complete" printed on it - a slightly modified quote from the song No Direction, in which the lyric is “life” instead of “live”.

title: Tested


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Branching fraction

In particle physics and nuclear physics, the branching fraction (or branching ratio) for a decay is the fraction of particles which decay by an individual decay mode or with respect to the total number of particles which decay. It applies to either the radioactive decay of atoms or the decay of elementary particles. It is equal to the ratio of the partial decay constant to the overall decay constant. Sometimes a partial half-life is given, but this term is misleading; due to competing modes, it is not true that half of the particles will decay through a particular decay mode after its partial half-life. The partial half-life is merely an alternate way to specify the partial decay constant $λ$, the two being related through:

 * $$t_{1/2} = \frac{\ln 2}{\lambda}.$$

For example, for decays of $132$Cs, 98.1% are ε (electron capture) or β$+$ (positron) decays, and 1.9% are β$−$ (electron) decays. The partial decay constants can be calculated from the branching fraction and the half-life of $132$Cs (6.479 d), they are: 0.10 d$−1$ (ε + β+) and 0.0020 d$−1$ (β$−$). The partial half-lives are 6.60 d (ε + β$+$) and 341 d (β$−$). Here the problem with the term partial half-life is evident: after (341+6.60) days almost all the nuclei will have decayed, not only half as one may initially think.

Isotopes with significant branching of decay modes include copper-64, arsenic-74, rhodium-102, indium-112, iodine-126 and holmium-164.

Branching fractions of atomic states
In the field of atomic, molecular, and optical physics, a branching fraction refers to the probability of decay to a specific lower-lying energy states from some excited state. Suppose we drive a transition in an atomic system to an excited state $⟨$, which can decay into either the ground state $⟨$ or a long-lived state $⟨$. If the probability to decay (the branching fraction) into the $⟨$ state is $88$, then the probability to decay into the other state $⟨$ would be $p$. Further possible decays would split appropriately, with their probabilities summing to 1.

In some instances, instead of a branching fraction, a branching ratio is used. In this case, the branching ratio is just the ratio of the branching fractions between two states. To use our example from before, if the branching fraction to state $⟨$ is $1-p$, then the branching ratio comparing the transition rates to $⟨$ and $⟨$ would be $p$.

Measurement
Branching fractions can be measured in a variety of ways, including time-resolved recording of the atom's fluorescence during a series of population transfers in the relevant states.

A sample measuring procedure for a three state $Λ$-system that includes ground state $⟨$, excited state $⟨$, and long-lived state $⟨$, is as follows:

First, prepare all atoms in the ground state. Pump laser, which drives transition between ground state and the excited state is then turned on, and a photomultiplier (PMT) is used to count the "blue photon" emitted during the transition. Record the counted blue photon as $N$.

Every time an atom is driven to the excited state, it has probability $\frac{p}{1-p}$ of decaying to long-lived state. Therefore, while the pump laser is on, more and more atom would end up in the long-lived state, where they cannot be addressed by the cooling laser.

After all the atoms are in the $⟨$ state, apply repump laser, which drives the transition between $⟨$ and $⟨$. During this process each atom emits one blue photon. Denote number of emitted blue photon during this process as $n$.

Then the branching fraction for $⟨$ decaying to $⟨$ is

 * $$p = \frac{N}{N+n}.$$

title: Branching fraction


text:
User:Yhr

I am user of Japanese version of Wikipedia. My logon name of ja.wp is same as here Yhr. yhr is my page in Japanese.

If you want to contact me as soon as possible, plese use my talk page in Japanese Wikipedia.

This account is mainly used for interlink to Japanese version.

Think you.

ja:user:Yhr de:user:Yhr es:user:Yhr pl:user:Yhr sl:user:Yhr eo:user:Yhr fr:user:Yhr nl:user:Yhr pt:user:Yhr ru:user:Yhr lt:user:Yhr sr:user:Yhr he:user:Yhr ca:user:Yhr cs:user:Yhr fi:user:Yhr it:user:Yhr gl:user:Yhr id:user:Yhr sh:user:Yhr sv:user:Yhr zh:user:Yhr sk:user:Yhr hu:user:Yhr

title: User:Yhr


text:
Talk:Graphene

Add this paragraph to polycrystalline section
The hightened chemical reactivity of graphene grain boundaries makes polycrystalline graphene ideal candidates for chemical sensors. However, the presence of functional groups and impurities at the grain boundaries can alter the properties of the polycrystalline graphene. Grain boundaries functionalized by oxygen and hydroxyl group shows higher charge transport resistance. The adsorption of hydrogen atoms at the grain boundaries significantly reduces the strength of the polycrystalline graphene sheets. 111Seven (talk) 16:00, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Specific text to be added or removed:
 * Reason for the change: I recommend to add the following sections to polycrystalline section where it discusses on the affect of functionalized groups on the properties of polycrystalline graphene. I think this will enhance the quality of the section.
 * References supporting change: doi=https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201102663 (page 54, paragraph 2), https://doi.org/10.1021/jp311997j (page 3152, introduction paragraph 2 and 3), doi=https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201401389 (page 5091, paragraph 1), doi=https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c01328 (ref4: page 11147, abstract).
 * The page numbers from the sources where the information actually resides have not been provided. Surely the COI editor doesn't intend the reviewer to read more than 25 pages of text in order to verify the request. Please provide the actual pages where the information resides. Regards, Spintendo  19:17, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you for reviewing this request. Here are the actual page numbers in the references that the information can found.(ref1: page 54, paragraph 2; ref2: page 3152, introduction paragraph 2 and 3; ref3: page 5091, paragraph 1; ref4: page 11147, abstract). 111Seven (talk) 12:30, 24 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Do we have to wait more for someone to review this? 111Seven (talk) 15:13, 2 November 2023 (UTC)

Category: Toxins
Why is Graphene in this category? The article mentions nothing about it being toxic. Vid (talk) 22:19, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

Category: Graphene nanoribbons

 * The following paragraph is added to Graphene nanoribbons section:

Graphene nanoribbons may be classified as symmetry-protected topological insulators in the absence of disorder. Armchair nanoribbons display chiral symmetry and function as $$\mathbb{Z}_2$$ topological insulators, similar to graphene zigzag nanoribbons with zigzag edge states. Disorder, acting as a singular perturbation, alters the topological class to a topologically ordered insulator with universal topological entanglement entropy (long-range entangled). Additionally, midgap states with $$e/2$$ fractional charges exist, residing on opposite zigzag edges and displaying spin-charge separation.
 * Reason for the change:

Recent developments in topological aspects, including both symmetry-protected and topologically ordered features, are outlined. Key papers and books relevant to each aspect are cited.

 * it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. ARandomName123 (talk)Ping me!  21:12, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

 * The change has been improved and been declared explicitly. Lehoanganh1112 (talk) 01:43, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what is preventing you from making this edit yourself? Polyamorph (talk) 10:06, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I was accused of adding promotional materials. The solution is to create a section in this Talk page. I appreciate it so much if you could review my proposal. Lehoanganh1112 (talk) 10:10, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I have reviewed these proposed changes and suggest that you go ahead and make the proposed changes to the page. I fail to see any conflict of interest, or how that could impact this edit. I'd go for it. Sincerely, Guessitsavis (she/they) (Talk) 21:21, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * This was part of a pattern of self-citation across many articles. Adding cites to yourself in that way is in fact a conflict of interest. It should just be added without the final sentence/cite. MrOllie (talk) 21:25, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Way too technical ("universal topological entanglement entropy"???) and out of scope for this article. We do have Graphene nanoribbons, though I'm not sure if it belongs there either, for the same reason. This article is already bloated and full of WP:REFSPAM hype. Ponor (talk) 00:42, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Guessitsavis Thank you for reviewing Lehoanganh1112 (talk) 01:38, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

Basics
A short paragraph description for lay people near the beginning would be helpful. Any suggestions? BlueBellTree (talk) 04:40, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Graphene


text:
Audrey F. Manley

Audrey Forbes Manley (born March 25, 1934) is an American pediatrician and public health administrator. Manley was the first African-American woman appointed as chief resident at Cook County Children's Hospital in Chicago (1962). Manley was the first to achieve the rank of Assistant Surgeon General (Rear Admiral) in 1988 and later served as the eighth president of Spelman College.

Early life
Audrey Elaine Manley (née Forbes) was born on March 25, 1934, in Jackson, Mississippi. Her parents, Ora Lee Buckhalter and Jesse Lee Forbes, quickly relocated Manley and her two sisters, Barbara and Yvonne, to Tougaloo, Mississippi, near Tougaloo College. She was the eldest of three daughters in a tenant farming family. Manley was inspired to pursue medicine after the death of her maternal grandmother as well as with the encouragement from her seventh-grade science teacher. During World War II, the Forbes family moved to Chicago after her grandmother could no longer care for her and her siblings.

Education
In 1951, Manley graduated as the class valedictorian from Wendell Phillips High School in Chicago. She then attended Spelman College, where she majored in biology, with a double minor in chemistry and mathematics. Manley graduated cum laude from Spelman College in 1955. She then continued her education at Meharry Medical College on a full-tuition scholarship and graduated in 1959. Nearly 30 years later, in 1987, Manley received a master's degree in public health from Johns Hopkins University.

Career
In 1962, Manley began her medical career and completed her residency in Chicago by being appointed as the first African-American woman to be chief resident as Cook County Children's Hospital. During her residency, Manley taught pediatrics at the Cook County School of Nursing. In 1970, Manley moved back to Atlanta after her marriage and began to work at Grady Memorial Hospital's Emory University Family Planning Clinic as the Chief of Medical Services. She simultaneously began to serve as "First Lady" for the remainder of her husband's tenure as the fifth president of Spelman College and created initiatives such as the Health Career Program. In 1976, Manley was appointed as a captain in the U.S. Public Health Service. Over the next decade, Manley continued her medical pursuits in pediatrics and medical education at a number of institutions including the University of Chicago, the University of Illinois, Chicago Medical College, Emory University and Howard University. Additionally, Manley studied sickle cell disease and fought for government funding of sickle-cell research.

Beginning in 1989, Manley held a host of government jobs with the U.S. Public Health Service including becoming the first black woman to serve as Principal Deputy Assistant for Public Health (1989), Member of the U.S. Delegation to UNICEF and the UNICEF/WHO Joint Committee on Health Policy (1990-1993), Deputy Surgeon General (1994), and Co-founder Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for Minority Health. Manley became the first black woman to serve as acting Surgeon General of the United States from 1995 to 1997, between the tenures of Joycelyn Elders and J. Jarrett Clinton. During her tenure, Manley focused on emphasizing the importance of physical activity and the health benefits accompanying exercise.

Spelman presidency
From 1997 to 2002, Manley served as the 8th President of Spelman College, a historically black college for women in Atlanta, Georgia. She was the first alumna to be elected president of the college, carrying on the legacy of her husband, Dr. Albert E. Manley, who was the first African American and male president of Spelman College from 1953 to 1976. During her tenure, the college continued to achieve high rankings in multiple areas, including the second-highest producer of black medical students. Additionally, Spelman joined Division II of the NCAA and received a chapter in Phi Beta Kappa.

Later years
Though Manley has been retired since 2002, she continues to be involved in the National Merit Scholarship Corporation and the American Academy of Family Physicians.

Personal life
During Manley's youth, she was well-connected in the black community, attending social events with the likes of Roy Wood and Don Cornelius.

Manley also demonstrated her passion for service with Crossroads Africa where she ran a children's ward in a Nigerian hospital. Additionally, she worked in San Francisco to give medical services to children addicted to drugs.

The earliest known encounter between Manley (then Forbes) and her future husband, Albert Manley, occurred while Manley was still a student at Spelman, where she convinced then-President Manley to allow her to take advanced science courses at Morehouse College. The two reconnected when Forbes was chosen as a Board of Trustees member at Spelman. The couple married in 1970.

Legacy
Manley has received awards from the National Council of Negro Women (1979), the United States Public Health Service (1981, 1992), the Young Women's Christian Association (1999) and the Atlanta City Council (2002). Manley has received honorary degrees from Tougaloo College in 1991, and is an honorary member of Delta Sigma Theta, Incorporated. The Albro Falconer Manley Science Center at Spelman College was partly named for Dr. Manley in 2002.

title: Audrey F. Manley


text:
Rick Hendrick

Joseph Riddick "Rick" Hendrick III (born July 12, 1949), nicknamed "Mr. H", is an American businessman. He is best known as the owner of the NASCAR team Hendrick Motorsports. He is also a co-owner of JR Motorsports and founder of the Hendrick Automotive Group, a network of over 100 car dealerships.

As of 2024, his team has won 304 NASCAR Cup Series races, making him the winningest team owner in NASCAR. His team has also won a combined total of 18 NASCAR Championships: 14 in the NASCAR Cup Series (seven by Jimmie Johnson, four by Jeff Gordon, and one each by Chase Elliott, Terry Labonte, and Kyle Larson), three in the NASCAR Truck Series (all by Jack Sprague) and one in the NASCAR Xfinity Series (by Brian Vickers in 2003). He is one of only three owners in history to win NASCAR Championships in the top three series, joining Richard Childress and Jack Roush. Hendrick was inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame in 2017 and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2020.

Career
Hendrick began drag racing at age 14 in a self built 1931 Chevrolet. Two years later, at age 16, Hendrick won the Virginia division of the Chrysler-Plymouth Troubleshooting Contest, a two-part test consisting of a written exam and a timed hands-on diagnosis and repair of defects planted on a car.

Afterward, Hendrick opened a small used-car lot with Mike Leith. Leith, an established new-car dealer, was convinced to name Hendrick the general sales manager of the company, at age 23. In 1976, he sold his assets to purchase a franchise in Bennettsville, South Carolina. After doing so, he became the youngest Chevrolet dealer in the United States. Hendrick's influence increased sales to make the once troubled location become the region's most profitable. The success of Bennettsville was a precursor to the Hendrick Automotive Group, which now has over 100 franchises and 10,000 employees across 13 states. Headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina, his company had a revenue in excess of US$3.5 billion in 2009, after selling 100,000 vehicles and servicing 1.5 million, and is the sixth-largest dealership in the United States. Hendrick is also the chairman of the company.

Hendrick drove in two races during the 1987 and 1988 Winston Cup Series, with finishes of 33rd and 15th, respectively. He also had a single start in both the Busch Series and the Craftsman Truck Series. He also had been a pit crew member for the Flying 11 that Ray Hendrick (no relation) drove in the 1960s. In 1997, Hendrick began the Hendrick Marrow Program, a non-profit works with the Be The Match Foundation to support the National Marrow Donor Program.

Team owner
In the late 1970s, Hendrick founded a drag boat racing team that won three consecutive championships, as well as setting a world record of 222.2 mph with Nitro Fever. He then moved to the NASCAR Model Sportsman Series (now Xfinity Series), in which he earned one victory with Dale Earnhardt at Charlotte Motor Speedway. In 1984, he founded All-Star Racing (now Hendrick Motorsports). With five full-time employees and 5,000 sqft of workspace, he fielded one NASCAR Winston Cup team. With Geoff Bodine the driver, his team managed to race in all 30 races to finish ninth in the final standings with three wins and pole positions. Throughout his career as a team owner, Hendrick has won 18 Drivers' championships (14 Cup Series, 1 Xfinity Series, and 3 Camping World Truck Series), 347 race wins (252 Cup Series, 67 Xfinity Series 23 with Hendrick Motorsports and 44 with JR Motorsports, and 26 Truck Series), and 291 pole positions (216 Sprint Cup Series, 53 Xfinity Series, 36 with Hendrick Motorsports, and 17 JR Motorsports, and 22 Truck Series). He is widely considered to be the most successful team owner in NASCAR history. On December 13, 2018, Hendrick announced that when he retires as owner of Hendrick Motorsports, there are plans in the works for Jeff Gordon to replace him.

During the late 1980s, Hendrick owned the Goodwrench IMSA GTP Corvette driven by Sarel Van der Merwe and Doc Bundy. The car was actually built by Lola but resembled later Corvette models and was powered by GM's twin-turbo V-6 engine. The GTP team was based in a tiny shop on Gasoline Alley (formerly Roena Street) in Indianapolis, Indiana and managed by Ken Howes of South Africa. The team experienced mixed successes, setting track records and winning many pole positions but few races. The project was abandoned after only a few seasons.

Early and personal life
Hendrick was born in Warrenton, North Carolina and was raised on his family's farm in South Hill, Virginia, where he attended Park View High School.

He is the father of the late Ricky Hendrick, a former NASCAR driver, who died in a plane crash in 2004 along with other members of the Hendrick family and Hendrick Motorsports crew members.

His main private jet is a Gulfstream V with the tail number N500RH.

On October 31, 2011, Hendrick and his wife, Linda, were involved in a plane crash in Key West, Florida, when the plane landed long at Key West International Airport. Linda suffered minor injuries while Rick suffered three broken ribs and a fractured clavicle.

Legal issues
In 1997, Hendrick pleaded guilty to mail fraud. In the 1980s, Honda automobiles were in high demand and Honda executives allegedly solicited bribes from dealers for larger product disbursements. Hendrick admitted to giving hundreds of thousands of dollars, BMW automobiles, and houses to American Honda Motor Company executives. Hendrick was sentenced in December 1997 to a $250,000 fine, 12 months' home confinement (instead of prison, due to his leukemia), three years probation, and to have no involvement with Hendrick Automotive Group (which was run by Jim Perkins) or Hendrick Motorsports (run by his brother John) during his year of confinement. In December 2000, Hendrick received a full pardon from President Bill Clinton.

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

ARCA SuperCar Series
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

title: Rick Hendrick


text:
James Edmeston

James Edmeston (10 September 1791 – 7 January 1867) was an English architect and surveyor; he was also known as a prolific writer of church hymns.

He was born in Wapping, Middlesex, England. His maternal grandfather was the Reverend Samuel Brewer, congregationalist pastor at Stepney Meeting House for 50 years. However, James was attracted to the Church of England and soon became an Anglican.

Architectural work
Edmeston began as an architect in 1816. He designed several structures in London, including drinking fountains, the Uzielli memorial in Highgate Cemetery and the church of St Paul's, Onslow Square. George Gilbert Scott was his pupil, articled to Edmeston in 1827. In 1864 he built Columbia Wharf, Rotherhithe, the first grain silo in a British port.

Literary work
Edmeston started by writing poetry publishing The Search, and other Poems in 1817.

Ecclesiastical and charity career
He served as the church warden at St. Barnabas in Homerton, Middlesex, and was a strong supporter of and frequent visitor to the London Orphan Asylum. Edmeston is said to have written 2000 hymns, one every Sunday. His best-known hymn is the popular wedding hymn 'Lead us, Heavenly Father, lead us / O'er the world's tempestuous sea'. The hymn has been set to several tunes, one of which, Mannheim, is by German composer Friedrich Filitz.

He died in Homerton in 1867.

title: James Edmeston


text:
USS Walker (DD-163)

The first USS Walker (DD-163) was a Wickes-class destroyer that saw service in the United States Navy during World War I. She was named for Admiral John Grimes Walker.

History
Walker was laid down on 19 June 1918 at Quincy, Massachusetts, by the Fore River Shipbuilding Company under contract from Bethlehem Steel Co. The destroyer was launched on 14 September 1918, sponsored by Mrs. Francis Pickering Thomas. Walker was commissioned at the Boston Navy Yard on 31 January 1919.

Walker got underway on 20 February to rendezvous with the transport USS George Washington (ID-3018) as it returned from France with President Woodrow Wilson. Upon completion of this duty, the new destroyer returned to Boston, where she was soon assigned to Division 18, Destroyer Force. She proceeded to Newport, Rhode Island, and loaded her full allotment of torpedoes at the Naval Torpedo Station. She sailed for the West Indies on 6 March and, soon after her arrival in the Caribbean fell into the Fleet's regular schedule of exercises and maneuvers. Walker conducted tactical exercises off San Juan, Puerto Rico, and gunnery exercises out of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, into the late winter of 1919 and early spring of 1920 before she headed north.

After steaming into New York Harbor on 14 April, the destroyer was sent to her base at Newport. Early the next month, she supported the Navy's NC-boat transatlantic flights. Initially stationed at Trepassey Bay from 6 May to 8 May, she later operated at sea from 10 to 17 May, serving as one of the chain of picket ships to provide the NC flying boats with position reports and bearings. When this mission was completed, she returned to Newport on 20 May.

Her next port of call was Annapolis, Maryland, in early June for a two-day visit during Naval Academy graduation exercises, after which Walker headed south and transited the Panama Canal on 24 July. She called briefly at Acapulco, Mexico, for two days before steaming for southern California, arriving at Coronado on 8 August.

Based at San Diego, Walker conducted local operations off the United States West Coast into late 1920, when she was assigned to the Reserve Destroyer Flotilla. She embarked naval reservists for an indoctrination cruise on 27 October 1920 and remained in "rotating reserve" duty, conducting periodic target practices, full-power runs, and undergoing overhauls at the Mare Island Navy Yard. Decommissioned on 7 June 1922, as part of an austerity program, Walker was placed in reserve at San Diego, where she remained into the 1930s.

After 16 years in reserve the ship was struck from the Navy list on 28 March 1938 and slated for disposal by sale. Logistics requirements of U.S. West Coast naval districts, however, resulted in the former destroyer being placed back on the list and earmarked for conversion to a water barge. Redesignated YW-57 on 1 April 1939, the ship was undergoing conversion at the Mare Island Navy Yard when the Navy again decided to change the vessel's role. With the outbreak of war in Europe and the possibility of American involvement in the conflict, the ship was slated for use as a damage control hulk.

Fate
Designated as the damage control hulk DCH-1 on 11 July 1940, the vessel was based at the Destroyer Base, San Diego, and used for training exercises in formulating and evolving new damage control techniques. In the following year, as the Pacific Fleet's base had been moved from San Diego to Pearl Harbor, plans were made to tow DCH-1 (which had been stripped of propulsion machinery during the initial conversion work to YW-57) to the Hawaiian Islands. She was re-designated as IX-44 on 17 February 1941. On 28 December 1941, while being towed from San Diego, California, to Pearl Harbor, by the oiler USS Neches (AO-5), DCH-1 was cast adrift and scuttled by gunfire from Neches at 26.58333°N, -143.81667°W.

Fiction
USS Walker was used in the Destroyermen series by Taylor Anderson. In the books, Walker and her sister ship USS Mahan (DD-102) are pursued by superior Japanese naval forces after the Battle of the Java Sea and seek refuge in a squall. The squall transports Walker and Mahan to an alternate earth, one where a different evolutionary path occurred. Anderson also uses other decommissioned ships in the series: USS S-19 (SS-124) and the JAPANESE BATTLECRUISER Amagi.

Walker also appears in the seventh mission of the campaign of the video game Battlestations Midway, although she is shown as a Clemson class destroyer rather than a Wickes class.

title: USS Walker (DD-163)


text:
Talk:Plausible deniability

New Sciences
There are advancements in weaponized mind control techniques and methodologies that have rendered a true need to more openly discuss the once deniable aspects of clandestine civilian operations, due to the out-of-control nature of what has developed.

Concerns of National Security are trumped by concerns greater than International Security, there is a common threat developed that unites minds and has taken a turn for true danger to all of the cultures we know.

There is recoverability to any potential disclosures and their effects, however sensitive the matter may be.

A free-form system developed which is patterning reality to complex pattern with disastrous and intentional programming. This is presenting a series of events which is routinely showing the worst case scenarios as the very likely futures. Most timelines do not show well anymore due to this development in the veiled sciences.

This development went beyond the control of the parties involved and is now a self-proliferating force in existence.

The ability to openly discuss any sensitive matters must be coupled with a lack of retributive intentions, for that would delay the inevitable need to talk it out. The discussion itself could result in clearing up the threats presented by the new development's programming.

There is a noticed power over the system from truths. Which brings the need to help it sort itself from a truth-basis, which is currently in conflict due to many of the plausibly denied aspects of the clandestine forces of Earth interests.

Honestly, for the first time in history, the 100% truth may set us free from what's developed.

Thank you. 174.240.191.199 (talk) 22:56, 4 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plausible deniability


text:
Talk:Banana slug

Blatant Plagiarism
Not sure which direct the plagiarism flows, but some of the content matches word-for-word with portions of the banana slug entry on this site:

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.17.243.170 (talk) 23:38, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

Regarding the Cleanup Notice
I'm not exactly sure what should be cleaned up. Maybe the article needs to be reorganized? — Ambush Commander (Talk) 22:09, August 5, 2005 (UTC)

Rethinking
Looking over the article again, I see what you mean. At the time I saw a lot of room for improvement in the writing; I can't dispute its factuality. I'll happily remove the. I still think the syntax and grammar needs some help, but it's certainly not dire. Ringbang 22:15, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Semantic Mapping
This is an effort to see how we should move parts of this article around. First, we figure out what we have to work with.

 * Leading Paragraph
 * Species — The banana slug is a mollusk of the genus Ariolimax.
 * Size — second-largest species of slug in the world, growing up to 25cm (9.8 inches) long
 * Appearance — Their bodies is usually bright yellow (somewhat resembling a banana); however, the may also be green, brown, or white.
 * Extra blurb about color — Their color changes based on light exposure, food intake, and moisture.
 * Lungs and Location
 * Decomposer/Food preferences + a blurb about how slugs are slow
 * Tentacles
 * Slime
 * Slime as protection from predators
 * Predators of banana slugs
 * Slime as help for transportation, and slime as glue
 * Dormancy during dry periods (slime related)
 * Mating and Reproduction
 * Mascot Blurb

Now... how to reorganize... — Ambush Commander (Talk) 21:52, August 6, 2005 (UTC)

Reorganization
Maybe something like...

?
 * Intro with taxonomic info
 * Decomposer/Food preferences
 * Physiology
 * Appearance (including color) and Size
 * Lungs and Location
 * Tentacles
 * Slime-related sections (or Slime Talk with your host, Sluggy)
 * Mating and Reproduction (or top-level section?)
 * Mascot Blurb

Ringbang 16:09, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Personally, I think the taxonomic info should stay mostly in the TaxoBox and not really get its own section. — Ambush Commander (Talk) 22:29, August 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, I wasn't proposing to add info from the TaxoBox to the prose, just to retain what taxonomic info appears in the prose already. But in that event we're really only talking about citing the genus and the common name of the phylum in the intro paragraph, and looking at the context I only see a need to retain the latter. — Ringbang 23:55, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

dolichophallus
I got the information on the dolichophallus from the slug article. - Corby 21:21, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Mascot info
User:169.233.29.164 has once again deleted the snippet about the banana slug being the mascot for the University of California, Santa Cruz. I have dropped a note on the IP's talk page. It is somewhat perplexing... I thought it was a quite interesting, albeit a bit eccentric, piece of trivia. — Ambush Commander (Talk) 21:43, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Size comparisons
"the largest slug is Limax cinereoniger [Ash-grey slug] of Europe, which can reach 30 cm (12 inches) in length" I doubt this is correct as the vast majority of sources place the maximum at 15–20 cm (6–8 in) for this species: 30 cm would be 50–100 % longer and a projected 237.5–700 % heavier. Also, the Great grey slug L. maximus is of similar size, possibly larger. And the Banana slug is apparently bigger than either of the two. --Anshelm '77 21:23, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

. . . . . .???. . . . . ..
"When the slime comes into contact with a moist surface, it produces an anesthetic which causes the membranes to go numb."

The predator's lips for example?

Dolichophallus revisited
Has anyone actually verified the supposed source of the species Ariolimax dolichophallus (Mead, 1943)? Given that the Latin translates to "long penis", I'm rather suspicious of this supposed variant. The only place I've ever seen the phrase used to refer to a banana slug was on a tag for clothing bearing a UC Santa Cruz logo. I suspect that the clothing manufacturer was having a little fun with us. --GentlemanGhost (talk) 00:45, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, I may have discovered my own reference for it, thanks to the archives of the talk page for the UCSC article. However, I still can't help but wonder if this reference's author might have been fooled as well. --GentlemanGhost (talk) 01:03, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Hmmm... I found another reference. Perhaps what I always assumed was a joke actually wasn't after all. Still, it would be nice to see a reference to a peer-reviewed source. "Mead, 1943" doesn't provide much context. --GentlemanGhost (talk) 01:38, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Wow. I finally found the source. I've added a link to this (the original Mead article on JSTOR) within the Wikipedia article. All this time, I thought it was a joke, but this slug really is named for, as Mead puts it, its "most characteristic feature". --GentlemanGhost (talk) 02:17, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Attempting to integrate listings in what was a Trivia section
Here's how it looked just now: "The banana slug is the official mascot of the University of California, Santa Cruz.

In Pulp Fiction, John Travolta's character wore a T Shirt with the UCSC logo of a Banana Slug. This caused sales at the UCSC Bookstore of official UCSC clothing to sky rocket.

It has become a derogatory nickname for the NHL's Buffalo Sabres by fans unhappy with the new Reebok-designed logo.

A banana slug is used in the album cover art on A Perfect Circle's Thirteenth Step.

The Banana Slug String Band (BSSB) has made nature-education songs since the 1970s. See http://www.bananaslugstringband.com.

In a cartoon broadcast on the Cartoon Network called Camp Lazlo, there is an anthropomorphic banana slug that is the scoutmaster assistant." I have tried to integrate two of the listings, if anyone else wants to add in the others, please feel free. Invertzoo (talk) 01:19, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

Speed
in the ecology section it mentions that the banaslug is "relativly slow" indicating to me that it is slow for a species of slug, but then goes on to say this is precisly because it's a slug. this wording seems awkward to me, it should either say it is one of the slower creatures in the animal kingdom, or that it is one of the slower kinds of slugs, but it should be clear. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.92.117.233 (talk) 23:01, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Predation habit
Several predators are listed along with the line "they roll the slugs in soil to bind the slime." Which predators roll the slugs? This is behaviour consistent with what I know of raccoons, but seems inappropriate for the snake. Is this behaviour only applying to the salamanders? These sentences need to be clarified a bit. Nutster (talk) 13:42, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

Distinguishing species
The caption to one of the photos says "The placement of the pneumostome on the mantle helps to distinguish the species of Ariolimax", but there's no citation, and I can't find any information on the internet that suggests that that is true.

https://banana-slug.soe.ucsc.edu/lecture_notes:04-23-2010 says, "The only way to distinguish species is by dissection of the genitalia."

Image that came through the Wiki Science Competition
Leaving this image here in case editors of this page find it useful. Uploaded by the photographer for the Wiki Science Competition (it was one of the finalists in its category). — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 05:53, 26 January 2018 (UTC)

Is it still considered a rite of passage to kiss a banana slug?
When I was a kid that was a thing we would do. Pogeons (talk) 00:06, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: California Natural History
— Assignment last updated by Calvazark (talk) 05:01, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Banana slug


text:
Minor Basilica of the Immaculate Conception

Minor Basilica of the Immaculate Conception may refer to:

 * Manila Cathedral, in Manila, Philippines
 * Malolos Cathedral, in Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines
 * Minor Basilica of the Immaculate Conception (Batangas City), Batangas, Philippines
 * Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception in Castries, Saint Lucia


text:
1964 World Series

The 1964 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 1964 season. The 61st edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff that matched the National League champion St. Louis Cardinals against the American League champion New York Yankees; the Cardinals prevailed in seven games. St. Louis won their seventh world championship, while the Yankees, who had appeared in 14 of 16 World Series since 1949, did not play in the Series again until.

In an unusual twist, the Yankees fired Yogi Berra after the Series ended, replacing him with Johnny Keane, who had resigned from the Cardinals after the Series. His job had been threatened by Cardinals management, and it was unexpectedly saved by the Cardinals' dramatic pennant drive.

This was also the last World Series that matched the Yankees up against the Cardinals; in the previous four meetings, each team had won twice, with the Yankees winning in 1928 and 1943, and the Cardinals in 1926 and 1942. This was the first World Series to feature a team with the players' last names on the uniforms (St. Louis).

This pennant for the Yankees concluded their remarkable run of 15 World Series appearances over 18 years. In total, they won 29 American League championships in the 44-year span from 1921 through 1964.

Background
The 1964 World Series, and the season leading up to it, later became the subject for the David Halberstam New York Times bestseller October 1964. The Series is seen as a bellwether point in baseball history as it was the last hurrah for the 1950s Yankee Dynasty of Mantle, Maris, Ford and Berra, among others, and it demonstrated that the National League's growing enthusiasm to sign black and Latino players (such as those of the '64 Cardinals) was a permanent paradigm shift in fielding a championship team.

The Series featured the brother-against-brother match-up of Ken Boyer of the Cardinals and Clete Boyer of the Yankees, both of whom started at third base for their respective teams.

For the first time in Series history, all six umpires rotated through their positions. In all Series from 1947 through 1963, only the four infield umpires had rotated, with the last two umpires working only in the outfield throughout the Series.

Mickey Mantle, playing in his last Series, hit three home runs, raising his total to a record-setting 18, surpassing Babe Ruth's mark of 15.

Utility infielder Chet Trail, who had no prior major league experience, appeared on the Yankees' World Series roster to fill the opening created by an injury to Tony Kubek. Trail did not play in the series (Phil Linz played in place of Kubek), and Trail never appeared in a major league game during his career.

Both Berra and Keane were St. Louis natives, though neither had ever played for the hometown Cardinals; Berra's entire playing career was spent in New York, while Keane played in the Cardinals' farm system but never reached the major leagues as a player.

Yankees
After winning the American League pennant in 1963, the Yankees faced strong challenges from the pitching-rich Chicago White Sox and up-and-coming Baltimore Orioles in 1964. On August 22, the Yankees were in third place, $5 1/2$ games out of first. Led by recently called up pitcher Mel Stottlemyre (who went 9–3), and helped by the post trade deadline acquisition of relief pitcher Pedro Ramos (2–0 with seven saves for New York) from Cleveland, the Yankees went 27–8 to take a $3 1/2$ game lead with five to play. After losing two games in Detroit, the Yankees clinched the pennant on the next-to-last day of the season with an 8–3 win over the Indians.

Cardinals
The Cardinals were coming off a second-place finish in 1963, and their road to the World Series was even more dramatic than that of the Yankees. After a season-long four-way race among the Cardinals, San Francisco Giants, Philadelphia Phillies, and Cincinnati Reds, the Phillies appeared to have the pennant in hand as they built a $6 1/2$ game lead with 12 games to play. But they proceeded to lose 10 straight games. With two games remaining, four teams still had a mathematical chance to win the pennant. The Giants were the first to be eliminated when they lost on October 3 to the Cubs, 10–7. The Cardinals lost to the lowly Mets, 15–5, while the Phillies ended their 10-game losing streak with a 4–3 win over the Reds. Going into the last day of the season, the Cardinals and Reds were tied for first and the Phillies were one game back; the Phillies hoped to force the first three-way tie in major league history by defeating the Reds and hoping the Mets would beat the Cardinals. The Phillies did their part by defeating the Reds, 10–0, but the Cardinals overcame an early 3–2 deficit and beat the Mets, 11–5, to win the pennant.

During the season the Cardinals would be involved in the Lou Brock-for-Ernie Broglio trade, later considered one of the more lopsided trades in baseball history.

Game 1

The Cardinals' scouting report indicated that injuries had taken their toll on Mickey Mantle's defense and that he could be run on. They acted on this intelligence, taking extra bases repeatedly and scoring from second on singles in the second and sixth innings. The Cardinals also believed that they should swing early in the count against Whitey Ford, and this strategy also paid off, as Ray Sadecki, Carl Warwick, and Mike Shannon all drove in runs on the first or second pitches of their at-bats.

The Cardinals struck first in the bottom of the first off Whitey Ford on Ken Boyer's sacrifice fly after two one-out singles, but Tom Tresh's two-run home run after a single off Ray Sadecki put the Yankees up 2–1 in the second. They made it 3–1 when Clete Boyer singled, stole second, and scored on Ford's single. The Cardinals cut the lead to 3–2 in the bottom of the inning when Mike Shannon hit a leadoff single, moved to second on a groundout, and scored on Sadecki's single. Tresh's RBI double in the fifth after two two-out singles made it 4–2 Yankees, but the Cardinals sent eight men to the plate in the sixth inning. Shannon's home run after a single tied the game, then after Tim McCarver doubled, Al Downing relieved Ford and allowed a two-out RBI single to Carl Warwick and a single to Curt Flood to put the Cardinals up 6–4. The Yankees cut the lead to one in the eighth when Johnny Blanchard doubled and scored on Bobby Richardson's single off Barney Schultz, but the Cardinals padded their lead in the bottom half, loading the bases off Rollie Sheldon on two walks and an error, then Flood's RBI single and Lou Brock's two-run double off Pete Mikkelsen put them up 9–5. Schultz retired the Yankees in order in the ninth for the save. Ford pitched with severe pain and numbness in his arm for much of the 1964 season, and that day he was again in pain and missing with sliders inside. Shannon came up looking for sliders and hit one 500 feet. This was the last World Series appearance by Ford, whose shoulder had been injured during the season. Ford had pitched in 22 World Series games with the Yankees, compiling ten victories, going back to the sweep of the Philadelphia Phillies in 1950, and set a record which still stands by pitching $33 2/3$ consecutive scoreless innings across three different World Series (1960–62).

Game 2

Rookie Mel Stottlemyre, called up from the minors in August, dominated for New York and the Cardinal bullpen wilted in the late innings. The Cardinals struck first in the third on Curt Flood's groundout with runners on second and third, but the Yankees tied the game in the fourth on Clete Boyer's bases-loaded sacrifice fly off Bob Gibson. After a walk and hit-by-pitch in the sixth, Tom Tresh's RBI single put the Yankees up 2–1. Next inning, Phil Linz hit a leadoff single, moved to third on a wild pitch, and scored on Bobby Richardson's single. After moving to third on a single, Richardson scored on Mickey Mantle's groundout. Lou Brock's groundout in the eighth with runners on second and third shaved the lead to 4–2, but the Yankees blew the game open in the ninth. Linz's leadoff home run off Barney Schultz made it 5–2 Yankees. After a one-out single, Gordie Richardson relieved Schultz and allowed an RBI double to Mantle. After an intentional walk, Joe Pepitone's RBI single and Tresh's sacrifice fly made it 8–2 Yankees. The Cardinals got a run in the bottom half when Dick Groat hit a leadoff triple and scored on Tim McCarver's single, but Stottlemyre retired the next two hitters to end the game as the Yankees' 8–3 win tied the series heading to New York.

Game 3

Curt Simmons and Jim Bouton were both very effective. Simmons got 17 ground-ball outs. The Yankees scored a run in the second on Clete Boyer's RBI double with two on, but Simmons's RBI single tied the game in the fifth. Bouton stranded the go-ahead run four times and held the top five hitters in the Cardinal lineup to a 2 for 21 day.

In the bottom of the ninth, Mickey Mantle reached deep for one of the last ounces of Yankees magic. With the game tied at one, Mantle, the leadoff hitter, told on-deck hitter Elston Howard to go back to the clubhouse because he was going to hit a home run. Mantle swung at the first pitch from Barney Schultz, a knuckleball that failed to move, and hit it into the right field stands to win the game for the Yankees. Schultz had been a mainstay of the Cardinals' stretch run and Yankee scouting reports had advised that his knuckler was most vulnerable on the first pitch when he threw harder than usual to try for a strike. Mantle's home run (his 16th Series home run) broke Babe Ruth's record for most home runs hit in World Series play.

Game 4

Cardinal starting pitcher Ray Sadecki let the first four Yankees hit safely. After a leadoff double by Phil Linz, Bobby Richardson's RBI double put the Yankees up 1–0. After a single, Mickey Mantle's RBI single made it 2–0 and Sadecki was promptly removed by manager Keane. Roger Craig came in to pitch and gave up an RBI single to Elston Howard but allowed no more damage. After five innings, New York was still up 3–0 and St. Louis had only one hit off Downing.

The turning point of the game — and the Series — came in the top of the sixth. Carl Warwick led off with his third pinch-hit base hit, tying a World Series record. Curt Flood singled to put runners on first and second. After Lou Brock flied out, Dick Groat reached base on a slow roller that was bobbled by Yankee second baseman Bobby Richardson. Instead of runners on second and third with two out, the bases were loaded with one out.

In the first game, Yankee Al Downing struck Cardinal Ken Boyer out with a high changeup. Downing faced Boyer again with the bases loaded, and Boyer guessed that he'd see the high changeup again. He guessed right, and hit a grand-slam. Ron Taylor relieved Craig and gave up one hit over the last four innings. St. Louis won the game 4–3; instead of trailing three games to one, Boyer's grand slam enabled the Cardinals to even the Series at two games apiece and guaranteed a return to St. Louis.

Game 5

The game was scoreless in the top of the fifth inning when the Cardinals plated two. Pitcher Bob Gibson led off the inning with a single. Center fielder Curt Flood hit a grounder to second base that Bobby Richardson fumbled. Instead of a potential double play, the Cardinals had two runners on. Lou Brock, hitless in his previous 14 at bats, singled in Gibson. Flood scored on a Bill White ground out after Phil Linz made another misplay, throwing a ball into the dirt at first on what should have been the back end of a double play.

The Yankees were still down 2–0 when they rallied in the ninth inning. Mantle reached base on an error by Dick Groat. With one out and one on, Joe Pepitone smashed a bouncer off Bob Gibson's leg, the ball ricocheting towards the third-base line. Gibson recovered quickly and threw to first, and the Cardinals were one out away. With two out, though, Tom Tresh crushed a long drive into the right center field bleachers and the game was tied. The game went to extra innings, and it was the Cardinals who seized the initiative. With two on and one out and lefty hitter Tim McCarver up, Berra stuck with right-hander Pete Mikkelsen rather than using lefty specialist Steve Hamilton. McCarver delivered a three-run home run in the tenth inning to send the Cardinals back to St. Louis with a 3–2 lead in the series. Just 22 years old at the time, McCarver would go 11–for–23 (.478) in the series. For his entire career McCarver would hit .271. This was the last postseason game at Yankee Stadium before its renovation following the 1973 season.

Game 6

The Cardinals struck first in Game 6 on Bill White's double play with runners on first and third in the first off Jim Bouton, but the Yankees tied the score in the fifth when Tom Tresh hit a leadoff double and scored on Bouton's two-out single off Curt Simmons. Back-to-back home runs by Roger Maris and Mickey Mantle put the Yankees up 3–1 in the sixth before they blew the game open in the eighth. With two on and two outs off Barney Schultz, Elston Howard's RBI single made it 4–1 Yankees. After a walk loaded the bases, Gordie Richardson relieved Schultz and allowed a grand slam to Joe Pepitone to put the Yankees up 8–1. The Cardinals scored a run in the bottom of the inning on Bill White's RBI groundout with runners on second and third and no out, then in the ninth, Bob Skinner hit an RBI single with two on off Steve Hamilton (the run charged to Bouton) before Curt Flood hit into the game-ending double play. The Yankees' 8–3 win forced a deciding Game 7.

Game 7

"Something had to give" in Game 7, as the Yankees had lost back-to-back World Series only once (to the New York Giants in 1921–22), and were in danger of doing so again, having lost to the Dodgers in 1963; and the Cardinals had never lost a World Series Game 7.

Bob Gibson pitched his third start in this Series on two days rest. He was tired but deliberately worked fast to hide his fatigue from the Yankees. In the bottom of the fourth the Cardinals scored three times. Again the Yankees botched a double play when Linz's throw to first went wide, and Bill White scored. McCarver then scored from third on a double steal. Al Downing came in for the fifth after Stottlemyre developed shoulder stiffness, and Lou Brock hit his first pitch for a home run. Two more runs made it 6–0.

Mantle cut the gap in half with a three-run homer in the sixth, adding to his own record for total home runs in the World Series. Ken Boyer responded with a home run in the seventh that pushed the lead to 7–3. Bobby Richardson broke a World Series hit record in the seventh with his 13th hit, later tied by Brock in 1968 and Marty Barrett in 1986. Gibson continued to tire, but manager Keane left him in. Ken Boyer's brother Clete hit a home run for New York with one out in the ninth, making the score 7–4. Pinch-hitter Johnny Blanchard struck out. Linz hit another home run, pulling New York to within two, 7–5, but the next batter, Richardson, popped up to second baseman Dal Maxvill and the Cardinals won the Series.

Bob Gibson won the Series MVP award for his 2–1 record, 3.00 ERA, and 31 strikeouts in 27 innings pitched. Jim Bouton, pitching for the Yankees, started two games and won them both, compiling a 1.56 Series ERA. Six years later, he would write the classic baseball memoir, Ball Four. After the series, the Yankees fired manager Yogi Berra and replaced him with the Cardinal manager, Keane, who quit St. Louis due to his differences with Cardinal owner Gussie Busch. Yogi Berra would go on to join the New York Mets, the following season and be re-united with Casey Stengel as a player/coach.

Tim McCarver (who finished second in MVP voting to Gibson) batted .478 in the series and recorded 11 hits, 5 RBIs and a home run and scored 4 runs.

The 1964 Cardinals were the only team between 1962 and 1972 to win the World Series when owning home-field advantage.

Game 7 was the last postseason game to be played at the first Busch Stadium, and the last such game to be played in St. Louis until 1967 (at Busch Memorial Stadium, which opened during the previous season), when the Cardinals defeated the Boston Red Sox to win their next world championship. The first non-World Series postseason games to be played in St. Louis occurred in 1982, when the Cardinals defeated the Atlanta Braves in the NLCS and the then-American League Milwaukee Brewers in the World Series. The Cardinals also ended their first season at the current Busch Stadium with a World Series win over the Detroit Tigers in ; the Yankees (then in their first season at the current Yankee Stadium) did the same thing in by defeating the Philadelphia Phillies in that year's World Series.

Aftermath
After appearing in 15 World Series (winning ten) in the 18 seasons from 1947 to 1964, the Yankees went into decline as many of their stars either moved on to other teams or retired. They did not reach the World Series again until, when they were swept by the Cincinnati Reds in four games, and next won a World Series in , when they beat the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games.

Composite box
1964 World Series (4–3): St. Louis Cardinals (N.L.) over New York Yankees (A.L.)

title: 1964 World Series


text:
Talk:List of Oceanian Jews

[Untitled]
Thanks User:Davidcannon for additions. Cleaned up slightly: added dates, removed unnecessary links (see here). One question: does anyone have any external confirmations for Ernest Davis, Pei Jones or Colin Kay? I couldn't find anything online. -Udzu 23:45, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * You're welcome:-) Colin Kay is listed as Jewish in Encyclopedia Judaica (I'll have to look up which edition - it was published in the 1980s).  Pei Jones - his father was Jewish, according historian Michael King (see his biography on Te Puea), so I've listed him as half-Jewish.  Ernest Davis - I don't have any sources, but I remember him being spoken of as having been Jewish.  I will try to find confirmation.  As for the other two, I'll try to find page numbers in the next few days. David Cannon 01:09, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks again! PS I just found that Pei Jones' father was a European immigrant called Daniel Lewis, which fits in. -Udzu 08:48, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Addition of Religious leaders
A list of Religious leaders were added by an anonymous user in this diff.

The people added were general not of sufficient notability for an encyclopedia, and were focussed on the Sydney chabad community. Few would be internationally known as gedolim to the Jewish community, let alone to the wider community. Wikipedia states that it is NOT an indiscriminate collection of information, and that some things that are true still need not belong in an encyclopedia.

Of recent/current religious leaders, I would have added Rabbi Raymond Apple before any other as he is recognised in:
 * 1) The Chief Rabbis cabinet
 * Rabbi Apple was the Chief Rabbi of The Great Synagoge Sydney, which was the first Shul in Sydney and has a few offical Rabbis thats why they call him the chief Rabbi, and he personally makes that very clear. He personally has not that much to do with other shuls in Sydney. Also that page does not mention about the services he started in with the Great to help the comunity and that he retired in 2004. 220.233.48.200 14:01, 21 November 2005 (UTC)
 * If you look at the link above, I think you'll find that's incorrect. Chief Rabbi is not a title at the Great Synagogue. jnothman talk 13:56, 21 December 2005 (UTC)
 * For a much better summary of Rabbi Apple's achievements in the Sydney Jewish community on a whole cf. the RCA Profile at
 * 1) The Senior Jewish chaplain to the Australian Defence Forces since 1988
 * 2) The Sydney Morning Herald, the ABC  and general Australian leadership
 * 3) His membership as an Officer in the Order of Australia

For more perspective, I would have then put the late Chaim Gutnick.

Can others please add other notable religious leadership, particularly of yesteryear?

jnothman talk 12:11, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Rabbi Pinchas Feldman, I have no idea why you removed him, he has done more for the comunity than any other Rabbi with the help of Rabbi Borch Leshes, a few of the majors:

Current years:
 * 1) Rabbi Feldman brought Rabbis and, students to become Rabbis from overseas (and melb.), which have opened up many of 32 shuls in Sydney, with all of them currently having Rabbis that Rabbi Feldman brought to help Sydney.
 * 2) Rabbi Feldman this year alone brought 45 men to help the comunity, about 15 of them are studing to become Rabbis this year, with the rest studing to become Rabbis next year. Over his 35+ years of being in this comunity he has brought well over thousands students/Rabbis to help build the comunity, many of which started families in Sydney and are helping it grow.
 * 3) Rabbi Feldman is considered the Chief Rabbi of NSW as he brought most of the Rabbis to NSW.

Earlier years:
 * 1) Rabbi Feldman expanded Yeshiva College from a school for 20 kids to hundreds of kids with in the first few years of being incharge, and bought the old Tafe campus to allow the school expand even bigger...
 * 2) Rabbi Feldman started Yeshiva Kashrus with Rabbi Leshes, to fit with the higher standards of the Rabbis, Rabbi Feldman was bringing, which he latter convinced the Mizrachi comunity to combind their Kashrus with Yeshiva's to form KA, which would follow the stirctness that the Yeshiva comunity followed, so the comunities were not spilt, like what was happening in other places. Rabbi Feldman at the begining was in charge of KA but he steped down as he was needed more in the school, with Rabbi Moshe Gutnick being put incharge.
 * 3) Rabbi Feldman would send his children, with a few other student-Rabbis (which latter on happened to marry some of his daughters) every festival to lead the smaller comunities around Australia and mainly NSW until he started the RARA program.

I could cont. this list but this is not the place, I am going to move most of this to his page with some editing and cont. there... some time in the future. 220.233.48.200 14:01, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The reason I removed Feldman initially was primarily because your listing of prominent religious leadership was notably from a particular point of view. I still think this applies as to Boruch Leshes who you continue to call Borch Leshes; as a religious member of the Sydney Jewish community, I barely know of him or his impact. I know that Pinchas Feldman has had a large impact on Sydney Jewry, and I think that DOES make him notable enough here, but not as the owner of Diamond Rose, which is itself not entirely notable. jnothman talk 00:32, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I know I am not registered but I think your getting me mixed up with other unregistered users. Rabbi Borch Leshes is the Rosh Yeshiva of the only Yeshiva in Sydney, that it self is a big enough reason, he is the only person that give smicha in Sydney up until recenently when he started to give smicha with Rabbi Perlow, I could go on saying everything he does for the comunity but its 5:30AM. And you say Rabbi Feldman is the owner of Dimond Rose, well your getting mixed up in between him and his children. 220.233.48.200 18:23, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I should be more accurate to say his wife founded it and son owns it. It is nonetheless not particularly notable; certainly doesn't make Sholom or Pnina notable through it, IMO. jnothman talk 13:50, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Groner
Please feel free to take part in the discussion at User talk:Hyim. Ems2 21:22, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Alphabetical order
Should be by surname, in accordance with standard style in encyclopaedic listing of names, as well as that used on the rest of this page. (Comment regards this edit). jnothman talk 00:26, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Abraham Rabinovitch?
Is Abraham Rabinovitch a religious figure? I thought he was educational / communal / pioneering / philanthropist?... but not seen as a major religious figure/leader/guide. Comments? jnothman talk 00:27, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

He is a religious pioneer. IMO he is the most noteworthy from the whole list. Ems2 11:42, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * As in he pioneered in religion? Or he was a religious person and pioneered? He pioneered in Jewish religious education, but I wouldn't say that makes him a religious leader.
 * And I again contend that Raymond Apple is fairly notable, though without article. As are the Chabad leaders. It doesn't really matter who is most notable, and maybe time will tell, and maybe it won't. At least of Rabinovitch, though, there are written biographical accounts and I might try find something at Mandelbaum House / Aust. Jewish Historical Society and expand his article, and maybe then be able to classify him better here. jnothman talk 12:11, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Rabinovitch was a Russian. Ems2 12:52, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

There is a bit of infomation on him here. Ems2 13:02, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, cite it as a reference! Rutland's books was the first place I would look (easier now that she is back in Sydney and I could just ask her). jnothman talk 13:35, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

YDG description
A better description is needed. He is NOT the founder of chabad, which is what might be implied from someone without any background knowledge in the sudject. He can't even be called the 'founder' of chabad in Victoria, as Rabbi Chaim Gutnick was there before him. I am going to blank it till a better one is made. Ems2 12:00, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Is leader (and shaliach) of Chabad in Victoria sufficient? jnothman talk 12:19, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * It would be better to put what makes him noteworthy as a description. Is there anything, that he is noteworthy for that can be said in the same fashin as everyone else in that section? Ems2 12:45, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Of course RYDG started Chabad in Vic, and for that matter, he was the first in Australia... While Rabbi Gutnick preceded RYDG by a few years, his tasks were located at one Shul at which he was employed. He also didn't have a beard which is a distinctive mark of Chabad Shluchim. If someone feels that RCG began Chabad, please come forward with some documentation.Hyim 14:34, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

PLEASE STOP JUDGING PEOPLE. Did you even read Prikie Avot? As a matter of fact the Rebbe Rayatz's son also didn't have a bread. ems 15:06, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * As a matter of fact, the Rebbe Rayatz had no sons. Three daughters, but no sons. Number two, it is clear that all Chabad Shluchim maintain full beards. Number three, if you can document that RCG began Chabad in Melbourne, all the power to you! I just don't see it happening. Best, Hyim 16:06, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I wrote that without a clear head because I was upset. I meant son-in-law. Gutnick was the first chabad person in Victoria, making him the founder, this is simple logic. (Yes I am timezone impaired; I sleep in 2 hour peirods throught the whole day and night) ems 18:00, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I am sorry for upseting you, if I did. Weren't there Russian Chasidim (Feiglin, Althaus etc) that preceded Rabbi C Gutnick? No matter, I thikn we can all agree that RYDG was the first Chabad Shaliach to anywhere in Australia, and certainly to Victoria. I do not believe that in any of the hespeds to RCG was it claimed that he was the first Shliach. If you can prove otherwise, please do so.Hyim 21:24, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * You are forgiven. Who is defined as a Chabad Shaliach? A Shaliach according to Halacha that also happens to be Chabad? If you are going to say a Shaliach sent by one of the Rebbeim, then what about all those thousands of shluchim sent by Rabbi Krinsky, and what about all those million (yes, I know) more not sent by anyone that call themselves chabad shluchim, which according to Halacha aren't valid shluchim? And it isn't that we have to prove you otherwise, you need to prove yourself right, if not it just wont be mentioned. ems 15:47, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * A Shliach of Chabad ought to be defined as either an individual who was sent by a Rebbe to perform a specific task (not merely one who recieved the Rebbe's blessing in response to a question--otherwise, every one who accepted a job offer based on the Rebbe's advice would be considered a Shalaich to that company!). Another definition of Shalaich in the Chabad vernacular would include those who were dispatched as "Shliach Oseh Shliach" meaning that one Shalaich appointed another one to continue and expand the Shlichus that the first recieved. I am unaware of Rabbi Krinsky sending Shluchim, although I have heard that in places that there are no Shluchim the merkos linyonei chinuch board can appoint a Shalaich. Those "million" who call themselves Chabad likely do so as members of Chabad, or Chasidim, but it is clear to any person with NPOV that they are not Shluchim per se, and this is reflected by all central Lubavitch organizations that were established by the Rebbe. You can check www.chabad.org/centers for an updated list of Shluchim and Shliach-Oseh-Shliach-Shluchim.
 * Chabad is Orthodox Judaism, right? Chabad has no offical members list, anyone can all themselve Chabad, besides for the few the Rebbeim clearly said "This isn't Chabad." These so-called shluchim, that I was referring to, where not sent by anyone, however, just turn up somewhere and felt like opening a chabad house. Just a note, Schneerson, gave everyone the sluchas to bring Moshiach, by selecting only certain people to make Chabad houses, shows, opening chabad houses isn't what we need to do, as a whole, to bring Moshiach. I am not going to explain any further, incase... ems 10:25, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Adam also was orignally located at one place. Does that make him any less of the first man on earth? ems 15:08, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Please clarify? Hyim 16:06, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Read it as an analogy to what you said. ems 18:00, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

I talked to sdf today, and I have a lot of corrections to do. Firstly there was Chabad in Australia before both wars, so nor Rabbi Chaim Gutnick (I recall he had a middle name, anyone know it? Or should I ask sdf?). Secondly Rabinovitch wasn't the only founder of Yeshiva Centre, Rabbi Chaim Gutnick along with a few other got together and founded it, Rabinovitch put the money in for the foundation, unlike how it was Moriah College (would he still be called a founder for Yeshiva Centre?). The more you know, the more you realize you know next to nothing. I think I need to get a lot more information off sdf and others, before I start making and extending these articles. Maybe we can interview them and publish this infomation? What do you think? ems 13:53, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Interview may be original research. There are histories written on these topics, with particular data archived at places like the Australian Jewish Historical Society as well as in the works of Jewish historians like Suzanne Rutland. Who is SDF? A Feldman of some kind? I had a feeling Rabinovitch was more of a philanthropist than a founder, although it does seem he was the founding visionary when it came to Moriah. jnothman talk 12:04, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I think the part that says "However, research that consists of collecting and organizing information from existing primary and/or secondary sources is strongly encouraged." would refer to an interview. Yes he is some kind of Feldman, type: human :D ems 14:30, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * P.S. I was not only referring to get info about Rabinovitch, but also Gutnick. ems 14:36, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Groner again
Hyim, you can not claim Groner is the first chabad halachic shaliach, without disproving the others before him as non-shilichim. AFAIK Rabbi Chaim Gutnick was sent by the Rayatz. ems 16:07, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Please prove that Chaim Gutnik was a Shaliach. He didn't work for Merkos... He shaved his beared (not having an opinion on that-just stating a fact that would disqualify likely disqualify him)... Again, Groner is certainly the senior Shalaich listed on chabad.org/centers, is he not? (Cached versions are available on www.archive.org)
 * Again with the judging. The Rebbe Rayatz's son-in-law shaved, wow the sky is going to fall, everyone run for their lives. Its his business if he shaved, and its my business if I want to even believe this claim you make. You need to prove your self correct, please see WP:CITE. There is a very big possiblity that there were shluchim before Groner even if Rabbi Chaim Gutnick isn't one. Being a "senior Shalaich" doesn't automaticly make you the first. ems 08:54, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Carol Hirschfeld?
Having difficulty finding out one way or the other whether NZ broadcaster Carol Hirschfeld is Jewish. Anyone know for sure? Grutness...wha?  04:54, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

Glaring lack of citations
Every entry for a living person must be cited. In fact, every entry should be cited. This is fair warning that I will be reviewing this list and removing every living person not clearly supported by a citation. Yworo (talk) 17:09, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

Please also note that for people born outside Oceania (e.g. Isla Fisher), we also need a citation that they became a citizen and weren't just a temporary or even permanent resident. Fisher was born a British citizen, and no sources support her ever becoming an Australian citizen. I have removed her pending a citation of Australian citizenship. Yworo (talk) 17:12, 10 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Please do the usual thing instead - and review this list and remove every living person for whom you cannot find a citation. Leave the others here on the talk page for further discussion. Ta. Also, is there any reason permanent residents shouldn't be included on the list? They are on other lists of "notable residents" and similar... this isn't a "List of Jews who are Oceanian citizens". Grutness...wha?  22:07, 15 March 2012 (UTC)
 * PS - I;m making a start with referencing some of the New Zealand ones Grutness...wha?  22:18, 15 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Done all but about half a dozen of them...that'll do for tonight! Grutness...wha?  10:14, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

Nathan Cohen
Anyone know whether Nathan Cohen (rower) is Jewish? If some source of info is available it would be helpful. His name suggests it's likely, but names can be very misleading. Grutness...wha?  23:46, 3 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Found confirmation - yes he is. Grutness...wha?  11:21, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

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Religion or ethnicity?
Its fair enough that a culturally/genetically distinct ethnicity emerges through religious segregation, but when such isolation ends does ethnic identity really continue maternally because of a religious stipulation and if so for how many generations? If someone is not raised religiously Jewish nor is a convert, and has very little genetic connection to the ancient levant Jews then they should not be considered Jewish either religiously or ethnically. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.106.255.106 (talk) 10:16, 10 February 2022 (UTC)

 * You raise an interesting question, one that has not been clarified. I can see 3 paths forward. 1) Keep them as part of the article, 2) remove them from the list altogether, 3) create a new section of 'People with Jewish heritage who do not identify as Jews'. Personally I do not know which way to go on this one, so I will defer to wiser heads then minePlaylet (talk) 13:06, 10 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Oceanian Jews


text:
Professionals Australia

Professionals Australia, formerly the Association of Professional Engineers, Scientists and Managers Australia (APESMA), is an Australian trade union registered under state and federal industrial relations acts. It is affiliated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU).

Professionals Australia organises workers across a broad range of workplaces and industries. It also performs many of the functions of a professional association as providing registration services for professional Engineers. Unlike most Australian unions, Professionals Australia is not affiliated to a political party.

Its membership is drawn from diverse professions, including such as engineers, managers, architects, IT professionals, pharmacists, and collieries staff, and is organised along occupational lines.

History
Professionals Australia offer assessment in the areas of Civil, Electrical, Information, Technology and Telecommunications, Management, Mechanical and Structural Engineering.

A new division for video game developers, under Game Workers Unite Australia, will be added in 2022.

Industrial coverage
Professionals Australia has industrial coverage over:

 * Engineers
 * Pharmacists
 * Scientists
 * Collieries’ staff and officials
 * Veterinarians
 * Translators and interpreters
 * Australian Government and Defence
 * Information Technology (IT workers)
 * Video game workers
 * Software Developers
 * Ambulance managers & professionals (Victoria)
 * University students
 * Local government engineers (New South Wales)
 * Architects
 * Managers and other professionals

title: Professionals Australia


text:
List of men's road bicycle races

This is a list of important men's road bicycle racing events. The list only includes road races, and no track, mountain or cyclo-cross races.

Championships

 * UCI World Tour, used to be UCI ProTour
 * Five UCI Continental Circuits (Africa, America, Asia, Europe and Oceania)
 * World Championships
 * National Championships

One-day races
The Monuments, Elite and 1.HC One Day Races include races that are either part of the UCI World Tour, as well as races that are organized by the ASO, the RCS and Unipublic.

The 'Monument' Classics

 * Milano–San Remo,
 * Tour of Flanders,
 * Paris–Roubaix,
 * Liège–Bastogne–Liège,
 * Giro di Lombardia,

Additional elite one-day races

 * Omloop Het Nieuwsblad,, formerly known as Omloop Het Volk
 * Strade Bianche,
 * Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race,
 * E3 Harelbeke,
 * Gent–Wevelgem,
 * Dwars door Vlaanderen,
 * La Flèche Wallonne,
 * Amstel Gold Race,
 * Eschborn–Frankfurt,
 * Clásica de San Sebastián,
 * Bretagne Classic,
 * Vattenfall Cyclassics,
 * GP de Quebec.
 * GP de Montréal,

Major UCI Continental Circuits one-day races (1.Pro)

 * Trofeo Laigueglia, (1.HC in 2015)
 * Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne,
 * GP di Lugano,
 * Nokere Koerse,
 * Scheldeprijs,
 * Brabantse Pijl, (1.HC in 2011)
 * GP de Denain,
 * GP of Aargau Canton,
 * RideLondon–Surrey Classic,
 * Brussels Cycling Classic, (formerly Paris–Bruxelles)
 * GP du Fourmies,
 * GP Impanis-Van Petegem,
 * Giro dell'Emilia,
 * GP Bruno Beghelli,
 * Tre Valli Varesine,
 * Milano–Torino,
 * Gran Piemonte,
 * Münsterland Giro,
 * Paris–Tours,
 * Japan Cup,

Other Continental Circuit one-day races (1.1 or 1.2)

 * Rund um Köln,
 * Arnhem–Veenendaal Classic,, formerly known as Veenendaal–Veenendaal (1.HC from 2005 until 2010)
 * Escalada a Montjuïc,
 * GP d'Ouverture La Marseillaise,
 * Vuelta a Murcia, (a 2.1 stage race until 2012)
 * GP della Costa Etruschi,
 * Klasika Primavera,
 * Melbourne to Warrnambool Classic,
 * Ronde van Drenthe,
 * GP Miguel Induráin, (1.HC from 2007 until 2012)
 * Philadelphia International Championship, ( 1.HC from 2005 until 2012)
 * Volta Limburg Classic,, formerly known as Hel van het Mergelland
 * Memorial Marco Pantani,
 * Reading Classic,
 * Rund um die Hainleite,
 * Subida a Urkiola,
 * Trofeo Mallorca,
 * Clásica de Almería, (1.HC in 2012 and 2013)
 * Beaumont Trophy,
 * Rutland–Melton International CiCLE Classic,
 * Tour of Almaty,
 * Rhodes GP,
 * Tour de Vendée, (1.HC from 2010 until 2013)
 * Nationale Sluitingsprijs,
 * Chrono des Nations,, time trial

Defunct
(year is last edition)

 * Lancaster Classic,
 * GP Gerrie Knetemann,
 * Bordeaux–Paris, (1988)
 * Classique des Alpes, (2004)
 * Eindhoven Team Time Trial, (2007)
 * GP di Lugano,, (1979) as an ITT, being since then a one-day race
 * GP des Amériques,, (1992)
 * GP des Nations, (2004)
 * GP Wolber,, (1931)
 * Paris–Brest–Paris,, (1951) (continues as an amateur ultra-marathon endurance event)
 * Paris–Clermont-Ferrand,, (1953)
 * Paris–Rouen (first cycling race),, (1869)
 * San Francisco Grand Prix,, (2005)
 * Trofeo Baracchi,, (1991)
 * Wincanton Classic,, (1997)
 * Giro del Lazio,
 * Delta Profronde,
 * Züri-Metzgete, (2006) (continuing in 2008 as an amateur event)
 * Coppa Placci, (2008)
 * Giro del Veneto, (1.HC from 2005 until 2009)

Stage races
The Grand Tours, Elite and 2.HC Stage Races include races that are part of the UCI ProTour as well as races that are organized by the ASO, the RCS and Unipublic.

The Grand Tours

 * Giro d'Italia,
 * Tour de France,
 * Vuelta a España,

Additional elite stage races (world ranking)

 * Tour Down Under,
 * Paris–Nice,
 * Tirreno–Adriatico,
 * Volta a Catalunya,
 * Vuelta al País Vasco (Tour of the Basque Country),
 * Tour de Romandie,
 * Critérium du Dauphiné,
 * Tour de Suisse,
 * Tour de Pologne,
 * BinckBank Tour, ,

Major UCI Continental Circuit stage races (2.HC)

 * Tour of Croatia,
 * Dubai Tour,
 * Tour of Rwanda, (2.1)
 * Tour of Qatar,
 * Tour of Oman,
 * Tour de Langkawi,
 * Critérium International,
 * Three Days of De Panne,
 * Giro del Trentino, (2.HC since 2011)
 * Tour of Turkey, (2.HC since 2010)
 * Four Days of Dunkirk,
 * Tour of California,
 * Tour of Norway, 🇳🇴
 * Tour of Belgium,
 * Tour de Luxembourg, 🇱🇺
 * Tour of Qinghai Lake,
 * Tour de Wallonie,
 * Danmark Rundt,
 * Tour of Utah, (2.HC in 2015)
 * Vuelta a Burgos,
 * Arctic Race of Norway,
 * Tour of Britain,
 * Abu Dhabi Tour,

Other UCI Continental Circuit stage races (2.1 or 2.2)

 * Herald Sun Tour,
 * Tour of Rwanda, (2.1)
 * Tour of Austria, (2.HC from 2006)
 * Tour of Greece, (2.1 from 2022)
 * Volta a Portugal, (2.HC from 2005 until 2009)
 * Brixia Tour,
 * Hong Kong Road Cycling Race,
 * An Post Rás,
 * Route du Sud,
 * Giro di Sicilia,
 * Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme,
 * Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali,
 * Ster Elektrotoer,
 * Tour de Beauce,
 * Tour de l'Avenir,
 * Tour of Slovenia,
 * Tour of Sibiu,
 * Tour de Singkarak,
 * Tour of South China Sea,, ,
 * Tour of Iran (Azerbaijan),
 * Vuelta a Colombia,
 * Vuelta a Asturias,
 * Vuelta a Castilla y León,
 * Vuelta a Andalucía,
 * Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana,
 * World Ports Classic,
 * Tour of Estonia, 🇪🇪
 * Tour of Alberta,
 * Tour de Yorkshire,
 * Tour du Limousin, (2.HC in 2011 and 2012)
 * Okolo Slovenska,
 * Tour of Rhodes, (2.2)
 * South Aegean Tour, (2.2)
 * La Tropicale Amissa Bongo,
 * Tour Internationale d'Oranie,
 * Tour de Blida,
 * Tour du Cameroun,
 * Tour International de Sétif,
 * Tour d'Annaba,
 * Tour de Constantine,
 * Tour du Maroc,
 * Tour of Eritrea,
 * Tour du Sénégal,
 * Tour de Tunisie,
 * Tour Ethiopian Meles Zenawi,
 * Tour de Côte d'Ivoire-Tour de la Réconciliation, 🇨🇮
 * Grand Prix Chantal Biya,
 * Tour du Faso,

Other stage races

 * Tour de Perth,

Defunct
(year is last edition)

(Little Tour de France, held during and shortly after WW2)
 * 🇨🇳 Tour of Beijing (2014)
 * 🇩🇪 Deutschland Tour (2008)
 * 🇩🇪🇵🇱🇨🇿 Course de la Paix (2006)
 * 🇫🇷 Grand Prix des Nations (2004)
 * 🇫🇷 Grand Prix du Midi Libre (2004)
 * 🇫🇷 Petit Tour de France/Ronde de France (1946)
 * 🇮🇪 Tour of Ireland (2009)
 * 🇩🇪 Bayern Rundfahrt (2015)
 * 🇮🇹 Giro di Padania (2012)
 * 🇮🇹 Rome–Naples–Rome (1961)
 * Ronde van Nederland (2004) (succeeded by the Eneco Tour)
 * 🇪🇸 Catalan Cycling Week (2005)
 * 🇪🇸 Euskal Bizikleta (was integrated into the Vuelta al País Vasco)
 * 🇪🇸 Vuelta a Galicia (2000)
 * 🇺🇸 Coors Classic (1988) (succeeded by the Tour de Trump)
 * 🇺🇸 Tour de Trump (1990) (succeeded by the Tour DuPont)
 * 🇺🇸 Tour DuPont (1996)
 * 🇺🇸 Tour of Missouri
 * 🇺🇸 Tour de Georgia
 * 🇺🇸 USA Pro Cycling Challenge (2015)
 * 🇺🇸 Colorado Classic (2018) — continuing as a standalone women's race

Multiple day, single stage races

 * Race Across America, 9 day single stage 3000 mi
 * TransAm Bicycle Race, 17-day single stage, unsupported 4400 mi
 * Transcontinental Race, 🇪🇺 7-10 day single stage, unsupported 3200 to 4200 km

title: List of men's road bicycle races


text:
Gordo

Gordo (Spanish and Portuguese for "fat") may refer to:

People

 * Afonso II of Portugal (1185–1223), King of Portugal nicknamed "o Gordo ("the Fat")
 * Gordon Cooper (1927–2004), one of the seven original American astronauts, nicknamed "Gordo"
 * Kaio de Almeida (born 1984), Brazilian swimmer nicknamed "Gordo as a child
 * Agustín Calleri (born 1976), Argentine retired tennis player nicknamed "Gordo"
 * John Gordon (sportscaster) (born 1940), retired Major League Baseball radio broadcaster nicknamed "Gordo"
 * Ricardo María Carles Gordó (1926–2013), Roman Catholic cardinal priest and Archbishop Emeritus of Barcelona
 * Gordon Lish (born 1934), American writer and editor who used the pseudonym "Gordo Lockwood"
 * Gordo (DJ), Guatemalan-American DJ and record producer

Places

 * Gordo, Alabama, USA, a town
 * Monte Gordo (Cape Verde), the highest point on the island of São Nicolau, Cape Verde
 * Gordo, a hill or mountain in Añasco, Puerto Rico

In entertainment

 * Gordo (comic strip), a comic strip (1941–1985) created by Gus Arriola
 * David "Gordo" Gordon, a character from the Disney sitcom Lizzie McGuire
 * Eddy Gordo, a character from the Tekken series of fighting games
 * Gordo, a gluttonous Black Pirate in the video game Skies of Arcadia
 * Gordo, an undead abomination in the Warcraft Universe
 * Gordo, a fictional character from the anime series Beyblade V-Force
 * Mr. Gordo, the name of Buffy Summers' stuffed pig in Buffy the Vampire Slayer

Other uses

 * Gordo High School, Gordo, Alabama
 * Gordo (monkey), the first monkey to travel beyond Earth's orbit
 * Gordo (dinosaur), a dinosaur specimen of the genus Barosaurus
 * Chipotle, also called gordo in Mexico
 * Gordo, another name for the Muscat of Alexandria grape

title: Gordo