text:
Triumph 1300

The Triumph 1300 is a medium/small 4-door saloon car that was made between 1965 and 1970 by Standard Triumph in Coventry, England, under the control of Leyland Motors. It was introduced at the London Motor Show in October 1965 and intended as a replacement for the popular Triumph Herald. Its body was designed by Michelotti in a style similar to the larger Triumph 2000. It was replaced by the Triumph 1500, though it was also re-engineered in the early 1970s to provide the basis for the Toledo and Dolomite ranges.

Equipment
The 1300 was Leyland's first front-wheel drive (FWD) design. Their major rival was BMC, who was at the time producing three FWD model ranges including the Mini and the best-selling Austin 1100 series; it was hoped by Leyland that some of the 1100's phenomenal success would rub off on the new Triumph. Triumph decided to adopt a different layout to BMC however, placing the engine above the gearbox in a longitudinal configuration (but not sharing the same oil) rather than BMC's transverse engine layout. This resulted in a tall profile for the engine/gearbox combination which limited styling options. The engine was the same 1296 cc Standard SC unit as used in the Triumph Herald 13/60. (the engine had originated in 1953 in the Standard Eight in 803 cc form) A conventional OHV four-cylinder unit, it developed 61 hp with the single Stromberg CD150 carburettor (also as used in the Herald 13/60) and was mated to a 4-speed all-synchromesh gearbox. Front suspension was by double wishbone layout, attached to a shock-absorber/spring unit, and the rear suspension by semi-trailing arms and coil springs like the 2000.

Styling
Styling was somewhat unusual—partly dictated by the tall engine/gearbox—with a strong family resemblance to the Triumph 2000. The front was a "squashed" version of the 2000 with single headlamps, and the rear had an almost "chopped-off" look with a very short and stubby boot. The roof had a pronounced lip above the rear window. The car was available only as a four-door saloon.

Interior
The interior was well-appointed with full instrumentation in a wooden dashboard, wooden door cappings, adjustable steering column and comfortable seats with ventilated PVC upholstery. There was through-flow ventilation with outlets under the rear roof lip. The car was fairly roomy, and aside from a slightly baulky gearchange, easy to drive with very reasonable performance. Standard equipment was generous and included thick carpeting but no heated backlight. Although not reclining, the front seats were remarkably versatile and could be easily adjusted for height and rake. The steering column was adjustable not only up and down but back and forth as well. From a safety angle the door handles were recessed and could not be caught on clothing and the (awkward to operate) window winders were spring-loaded and similarly recessed. The instrument panel had a speedometer, fuel gauge, temperature gauge, ammeter and a comprehensive cluster of warning lights arranged in a "pie chart" formation. The rear seat had a centre armrest which could be folded up when not in use.

1300TC
For 1968, the 1300TC joined the basic model. The TC used the engine then fitted in the Triumph Spitfire, which featured twin SU carburetors and in this configuration provided an advertised 75 hp. The compression ratio of the TC was 9.0:1, whereas the single carb engine compression was rated 8.5:1 The car was identified  by discreet "TC" badges. Top speed was significantly higher than the 1300 at a claimed 90 mph (145 km/h)., and acceleration times were cut by 11 per cent to a 0–50 mph (80 km/h) time of 11.5 seconds. A road test a few months later significantly improved on the company's performance claims, achieving a maximum speed of 93 mph (150 km/h) and 0–50 mph (80 km/h) time of 10.5 seconds. With the car then retailing for a recommended UK price of £909, the road test concluded that "the 1300 TC costs only £41 more than the original model, and is a very good bargain indeed".

Estate model
An estate version of the 1300 reached the concept stages, but was never produced due to budgetary constraints.

Replacement
In August 1970, the 1300 and 1300TC were replaced by the Triumph 1500. The engine was enlarged to 1493 cc, providing a useful increase in torque, but a decrease in overall power and increased fuel consumption. The front end was cleaned up considerably, and the rear redesigned with longer tail, providing a useful increase in boot space. Production of the FWD Triumphs came to an end in 1973.

Aftermath
In many ways, the Triumph 1300 was a failed venture for Triumph and Leyland, as management resources were focused on finding replacements for the successful but ageing Austin-Morris models. Their Triumph-badged 'in-house' competitor failed to achieve anything like the sales figures of the BMC small FWD cars, though the BMC 1100 range featured several badge-engineered variants. Moreover, the front wheel drive configuration failed to realise the handling and road-holding advantages that Triumph had hoped for, and the tall profile limited other uses for the FWD drive train, such as in the Spitfire. The 1300 was well-made and sold reasonably well in the small luxury sector, but after its direct successor was quietly switched to rear wheel drive in 1973, Triumph never designed another FWD car. More significantly, from 1970 the 1300 was re-engineered as a rear-wheel drive car and went on to form the core of Triumph's compact range as the 1300 cc Triumph Toledo (launched in 1971) and the larger engined Triumph Dolomite released in 1972.

Like all Standard-Triumph offerings, DIY servicing was simple: the oil filter could be replaced without jacking the car, the clutch plate could be replaced from inside the car. This simplicity is what made this vehicle stand out from other British made front wheel drive cars. The N/S engine configuration allowed a lot of working space around the engine. The starter was repositioned to the front of the engine and although was a two-minute job to replace, it made the car extremely noisy during startup. It takes its place in history as being the only production car made in Britain to begin life as a front-wheel drive, and end it as a rear-wheel drive until Leyland's successor, MG Rover, repeated the trick in turning the Rover 75 into the MG ZT 260. The Achilles heel of the 1300 was, primarily the poorly designed suspension wishbone layout and the front stabilizers. Unfortunately, some jobs are very involved: Changing the brake discs, CV joints or front wheel bearings all involve substantial work and should be renewed together if required. engine was too heavy for this particular design and owners found it very frustrating as the rubber bushes had to be changed every few months. Triumph's alternative engineering design answer to the E/W Mini configuration, was a catastrophic failure.

Although the FWD 1300 was something of a disappointment, the basic design went on to provide Triumph with a popular small car until the end of Dolomite production in 1980 and overall, delivered an outstanding return on their original investment.

The Triumph 1300 has a following today in the UK classic car movement, though some parts are now scarce and the number of surviving cars not especially high.

The 1300 was also assembled in Israel by the local partner of Standard-Triumph International, Autocars Co. of Tirat Carmel. However, due to the Israeli government's policy regarding car assembly, Triumph was forced to introduce this vehicle in a 1493 cc version in early 1968, two years ahead of this engine's introduction in the UK. In fact, it was not until another Israeli assembler, Illin Industries, had shut down operations before Triumph could assemble the 1300 in Israel. One curious design offshoot of the 1300 was the "Pony" jeep-like farm vehicle, later renamed "Dragoon". The Pony was exclusively offered for Autocars within the joint venture contract, but very few units were actually produced in Israel, as of 1968. The same 4WD-design was used in a rally version of the Triumph 1300. The rally project enjoyed some success before the vehicle crashed and rolled in 1969. The 4WD Triumph 1300 was subsequently abandoned.

Production figures

 * 1300: 113,008
 * 1300TC: 35,342
 * 1500 (code RE): 3,676

title: Triumph 1300


text:
Template talk:New York (state)

U.S. state templates
WikiProject U.S. states/state templates lists and displays all 50 U.S. state (and additional other) templates. It potentially can be used for ideas and standardization. //MrD9 07:19, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Proposal
Just my suggestion for the box, since Pennsylvania's navigation box is similar to my proposal. --Kuroki Mio 2006 00:18, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * "State of New York" is too big and does not look good. //MrD9 20:58, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Made the "State of New York" smaller. Is it OK now? --Kuroki Mio 2006 23:38, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes. I think it looks a lot more professional than your original (larger version) proposal and than the current template design. Good job. //MrD9 00:18, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, I think the hyphens in the metro areas section should be replaced with |'s. I would do it myself, but since it's your proposal, I don't want to change it on you... //MrD9 00:21, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

County templates
I made a template for Ulster County, and I used this format:

Maybe we could make a template like this for every county in New York. Pennsylvania has templates for every county, so why can't New York? --Kuroki Mio 2006 18:28, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Metro Names
Please be careful not to attach towns in metros that aren't in the name of the metro. E.g. it's Jamesville MSA, not Jamesville/Dunkirk/Fredonia. -newkai | talk | contribs 16:39, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * That link you gave is 3 years old...I think areas like Newburgh/Middletown do include Port Jervis now (a city, not a town). Perhaps an updated official list would be helpful. Newnam(talk) 06:34, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm sure it's part of the metropolitan area. That doesn't mean it's in the name of it though. We have to keep this template as concise as possible. While it's possible that the name was expanded in the last three years, I highly doubt it. -newkai | talk | contribs 12:47, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I completely agree with Newkai that we should stick with the name of the metro areas as given by the census bureau. I have recently removed Saratoga from the list because the name of the metro area is the Albany-Schenectady-Troy.  Saratoga or Saratoga Springs does not appear in the name of the metro area although occasionally a vandal will try to sneak it in on capital district related articles.Camelbinky (talk) 23:02, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

Change to official regions
Until the articles actually reflect the official regions, we can't do this. I'm going to revert it back to the way it was until we either change the articles or maybe decide to ignore the official regions. Here are some problems:

 * Central Leatherstocking now goes to Central New York. It is more congruent with Southern Tier. Onondaga County and Cayuga County are part of the Finger Lakes Region.

 * Perhaps the worst is Greater Niagara. This now goes to Niagara Falls, New York. Much of what is under Western New York belongs to this region. The eastern part of Western New York belongs to the Finger Lakes Region.

 * The Thousand Islands region is much larger than the St. Lawrence Seaway

So we either have to do some major revisions, or leave the unofficial regions and maybe add the official ones that aren't already in the list. Please share your opinions. -newkai | talk | contribs 12:44, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Don't get me wrong by the way. I do see the problem with the current setup. It's just that before we have actual articles about these regions... -newkai | talk | contribs 12:51, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Standardization of state templates
There is currently an ongoing discussion regarding standardization of state templates (primarily regarding layout and styling) at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject U.S. states/state templates. An effort was made earlier this year to standardize Canadian province templates (which mostly succeeded). Lovelac7 and I have already begun standardizing all state templates. If you have any concerns, they should be directed toward the discussion page for state template standardization. Thanks! — Webdinger BLAH 22:56, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

High-speed rail
Is this really necessary in this template? –Zimbabweed 18:11, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't understand its necessity either. It's a fantasy, not something the state already has... So it's not a part of the state! -newkai t-c 00:50, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
 * If the state has already developed it, then it should.--Balthazarduju 20:45, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Removal of counties
I am strongly opposed to the removal of the counties, it reduces the usefulness of the template. The counties are one of the main articles this template is used for, without the direct links, users have extra clicks to navigate between pages. Additionally it conflicts with the standard that has been established across the templates for all 50 states. Also, I don't see the need for the color change, all it seems to do is make a conflict with the color scheme of the county templates. I think such changes need to be discussed before they are made and should probably be reverted until such a discussion takes place. VerruckteDan 04:18, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I've added back the complete listing of counties. VerruckteDan 15:31, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Metro Areas
Shouldn't the Metro Areas section link to the articles for the metro area, rather than individual cities as it does now? I'd like to change this if there are no objections. Crazyale (talk) 05:18, 27 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I think the intent was to link the major cities; if you change those to link the metro areas, there'll be no links to Buffalo, New York or New York City in the template. Powers T 13:43, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Climate Article
May i add a link to Climate of New York on the template? If so, under what section (current or new)? Bud0011 (talk) 23:19, 19 July 2011 (UTC).

Links to actual metros instead of their constituant cities???
Why aren't the actual metro articles linked? Why are the individual cities linked instead? I mean, why not link directly to Capital District instead of three links for Albany, Troy and Schenectady? Or to New York metropolitan area instead of New York City? Here are my proposals (these could be copied in directly if desired): Albany / Schenectady / Troy Binghamton Buffalo / Niagara Falls Elmira / Corning Glens Falls Ithaca Kingston New York City Poughkeepsie / Newburgh / Middletown Rochester Syracuse Utica / Rome Famartin (talk) 00:00, 20 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Hello? Anyone? Famartin (talk) 04:01, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * It's a good question, User:Famartin. I suspect the idea was to get major cities into the template (they aren't otherwise linked), using "part of a metro area" as an inclusion criterion. The main drawback is that it leaves out a couple of major cities (like Yonkers). Powers T 00:49, 25 February 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template talk:New York (state)


text:
Hungarian phonology

The phonology of the Hungarian language is notable for its process of vowel harmony, the frequent occurrence of geminate consonants and the presence of otherwise uncommon palatal stops.

Consonants
This is the standard Hungarian consonantal system, using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! ! colspan="2" | Labial ! colspan="2" | Dental ! colspan="2" | Post- alveolar ! colspan="2" | Palatal ! colspan="2" | Velar ! colspan="2" | Glottal ! Nasal ! Plosive ! Affricate ! Fricative ! Trill ! Approximant
 * + Consonant phonemes of Hungarian
 * style="border-right:0;" | || style="border-left:0;" |
 * style="border-right:0;" | || style="border-left:0;" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * style="border-right:0;" | || style="border-left:0;" |
 * style="border-right:0;" | || style="border-left:0;" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * style="border-right:0;" width="25px" | || style="border-left:0;" width="25px" |
 * style="border-right:0;" width="25px" | || style="border-left:0;" width="25px" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * rowspan="2" style="border-right:0;border-top:0;" | || rowspan="2" style="border-left:0;border-top:0;" |
 * style="border-right:0;" width="25px" | || style="border-left:0;" width="25px" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * style="border-right:0;" | || style="border-left:0;" |
 * style="border-right:0;" width="25px" | || style="border-left:0;" width="25px" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * style="border-right:0;" | || style="border-left:0;" |
 * style="border-right:0;" | || style="border-left:0;" |
 * style="border-right:0;" | || style="border-left:0;" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * style="border-right:0;" width="25px" | || style="border-left:0;" width="25px" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * style="border-right:0;" | || style="border-left:0;" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * style="border-right:0;" | || style="border-left:0;" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * style="border-right:0;" | || style="border-left:0;" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * colspan="2" |
 * }

 * It is debated whether the palatal consonant pair consists of stops or affricates. They are considered affricates or stops, depending on register, by Tamás Szende, head of the department of General Linguistics at PPKE, and stops by Mária Gósy, research professor, head of the Department of Phonetics at ELTE. The reason for the different analyses is that the relative duration of the friction of (as compared to the duration of its closure) is longer than those of the stops, but shorter than those of the affricates.  has the stop-like nature of having a full duration no longer than those of other (voiceless) stops such as  but, considering the average closure time in relation to the friction time of the consonants, its duration structure is somewhat closer to those of the affricates.

Almost every consonant may be geminated, written by doubling a single letter grapheme: $⟨bb⟩$ for, $⟨pp⟩$ for , $⟨ss⟩$ for etc., or by doubling the first letter of a grapheme cluster: $⟨ssz⟩$ for , $⟨nny⟩$ for , etc.

The phonemes and  can appear on the surface as geminates: bridzs  ('bridge'). (For the list of examples and exceptions, see Hungarian dz and dzs.)

Hungarian orthography, unlike that of the surrounding Slavic languages, does not use háčky or any other consonant diacritics. Instead, the letters c, s, z are used alone or combined in the digraphs cs, sz, zs, while y is used only in the digraphs ty, gy, ly, ny as a palatalization marker to write the sounds , ,  (formerly ),.

The most distinctive allophones are:
 * becomes if between a voiceless obstruent and a word boundary (e.g. lopj  'steal').
 * becomes e.g. between voiced obstruents, such as dobj be  'throw (one/some) in'
 * may become between two vowels (e.g. tehát  'so'),  after front vowels (e.g. ihlet  'inspiration'), and  word-finally after back vowels (e.g. doh  'musty') if it is not deleted (which it often is; e.g. méh  'bee', but even then, some dialects still pronounce it, e.g., ).
 * According to Gósy, it becomes (rather than ) in words such as pech, ihlet, technika ('bad luck, inspiration, technology/technique'), while it becomes postvelar fricative in words such as doh, sah, jacht, Allah, eunuch, potroh.
 * becomes when geminated, in certain words: dohhal  ('with blight'), peches  ('unlucky').

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Phoneme ! colspan="2" | Example ! Translation
 * + Examples
 * pipa
 * 'pipe'
 * bot
 * 'stick'
 * toll
 * 'feather'
 * dob
 * 'throw', 'drum'
 * kép
 * 'picture'
 * gép
 * 'machine'
 * fa
 * 'tree'
 * vág
 * 'cut'
 * szó
 * 'word'
 * zöld
 * 'green'
 * só
 * 'salt'
 * zseb
 * 'pocket'
 * jó
 * 'good'
 * hó
 * 'snow'
 * cél
 * 'goal', 'target'
 * edző
 * 'coach'
 * csak
 * 'only'
 * dzsessz
 * 'jazz'
 * ló
 * 'horse'
 * tyúk
 * 'hen'
 * gyár
 * 'factory'
 * ró
 * 'carve'
 * ma
 * 'today'
 * nem
 * 'no', 'gender'
 * nyár
 * 'summer'
 * }
 * só
 * 'salt'
 * zseb
 * 'pocket'
 * jó
 * 'good'
 * hó
 * 'snow'
 * cél
 * 'goal', 'target'
 * edző
 * 'coach'
 * csak
 * 'only'
 * dzsessz
 * 'jazz'
 * ló
 * 'horse'
 * tyúk
 * 'hen'
 * gyár
 * 'factory'
 * ró
 * 'carve'
 * ma
 * 'today'
 * nem
 * 'no', 'gender'
 * nyár
 * 'summer'
 * }
 * csak
 * 'only'
 * dzsessz
 * 'jazz'
 * ló
 * 'horse'
 * tyúk
 * 'hen'
 * gyár
 * 'factory'
 * ró
 * 'carve'
 * ma
 * 'today'
 * nem
 * 'no', 'gender'
 * nyár
 * 'summer'
 * }
 * gyár
 * 'factory'
 * ró
 * 'carve'
 * ma
 * 'today'
 * nem
 * 'no', 'gender'
 * nyár
 * 'summer'
 * }
 * ma
 * 'today'
 * nem
 * 'no', 'gender'
 * nyár
 * 'summer'
 * }
 * 'no', 'gender'
 * nyár
 * 'summer'
 * }
 * 'summer'
 * }
 * }

Vowels
Hungarian has seven pairs of corresponding short and long vowels. Their phonetic values do not exactly match up with each other, so $⟨e⟩$ represents and $⟨é⟩$ represents ; likewise, $⟨a⟩$ represents  while $⟨á⟩$ represents. For the other pairs, the short vowels are slightly lower and more central, and the long vowels more peripheral:
 * are phonetically near-close.
 * has been variously described as close-mid and mid.
 * and the marginal are phonetically near-open, but they may be somewhat less open  in other dialects.
 * is phonetically mid.
 * and the marginal are phonetically open central.

The sound marked by $⟨a⟩$ is considered to be by Tamás Szende and  by Mária Gósy. Gósy also mentions a different short that contrasts with both  and , present in a few words like Svájc ('Switzerland'), svá ('schwa'), advent ('advent'), hardver ('hardware', this usage is considered hyperforeign), and halló (used when answering the phone; contrasting with haló 'dying', and háló 'web').

There are two more marginal sounds, namely the long as well as the long. They are used in the name of the letters E and A, which are pronounced and, respectively.

Although not found in Standard Hungarian, some dialects contrast three mid vowels, , and , with the latter being written $⟨ë⟩$ in some works, but not in the standard orthography. Thus mentek could represent four different words: mëntëk ('you all go'), mëntek  ('they went'), mentëk  ('I save'), and mentek  ('they are exempt'). In Standard Hungarian, the first three collapse to, while the latter one is unknown, having a different form in the literary language (mentesek).

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Phoneme ! colspan="3" | Example
 * + Examples
 * hat
 * 'six'
 * a
 * 'the letter A'
 * Svájc
 * 'Switzerland'
 * lát
 * 'see'
 * ok
 * 'cause'
 * tó
 * 'lake'
 * fut
 * 'run'
 * kút
 * 'well'
 * lesz
 * 'will be'
 * e
 * 'the letter E'
 * rész
 * 'part'
 * visz
 * 'carry'
 * víz
 * 'water'
 * sör
 * 'beer'
 * bőr
 * 'skin'
 * üt
 * 'hit'
 * tűz
 * 'fire'
 * }
 * kút
 * 'well'
 * lesz
 * 'will be'
 * e
 * 'the letter E'
 * rész
 * 'part'
 * visz
 * 'carry'
 * víz
 * 'water'
 * sör
 * 'beer'
 * bőr
 * 'skin'
 * üt
 * 'hit'
 * tűz
 * 'fire'
 * }
 * visz
 * 'carry'
 * víz
 * 'water'
 * sör
 * 'beer'
 * bőr
 * 'skin'
 * üt
 * 'hit'
 * tűz
 * 'fire'
 * }
 * 'beer'
 * bőr
 * 'skin'
 * üt
 * 'hit'
 * tűz
 * 'fire'
 * }
 * üt
 * 'hit'
 * tűz
 * 'fire'
 * }
 * tűz
 * 'fire'
 * }
 * }

Vowel harmony

As in Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian, vowel harmony plays an important part in determining the distribution of vowels in a word. Hungarian vowel harmony classifies the vowels according to front vs. back assonance and rounded vs unrounded for the front vowels. Excluding recent loanwords, Hungarian words have either only back vowels or front vowels due to these vowel harmony rules.

 * {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center

! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" | Front ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Back ! unrounded ! rounded ! Close ! Mid ! Open
 * + Hungarian vowel harmony
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }

While, , , and are all front unrounded vowels, they are considered to be "neutral vowels" in Hungarian vowel harmony. Therefore, if a word contains back vowels, neutral vowels may appear alongside them. However, if only neutral vowels appear in a stem, the stem is treated as though it is of front vowel assonance and all suffixes must contain front vowels.

Vowel harmony in Hungarian is most notable when observing suffixation. Vowel harmony must be maintained throughout the entire word, meaning that most suffixes have variants. For example, the dative case marker vs. . Stems that contain back vowels affix back vowel suffixes, and stems that contain only front vowels affix front vowel suffixes. However, the front vowel stems distinguish rounded vs. unroundedness based on the last vowel in the stem. If the last vowel is front and rounded, it takes a suffix with a front rounded vowel; otherwise it follows the standard rules. While suffixes for most words have front/back vowel variants, there are not many that have rounded/unrounded variants, indicating that this is a rarer occurrence.

One is able to observe the distinction when looking at the plural affix, either (back),  (front unrounded), or  (front rounded).

 * {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center

! Stem ! Gloss ! Description of stem ! Plural
 * + Hungarian vowel harmony and suffixation
 * asztal
 * table
 * Only back vowels
 * asztal-ok
 * gyerek
 * child
 * Only neutral (front) vowels, last vowel unrounded.
 * gyerek-ek
 * füzet
 * notebook
 * Only front vowels, last vowel unrounded.
 * füzet-ek
 * ismerős
 * acquaintance
 * Only front vowels, last vowel rounded.
 * ismerős-ök
 * papír
 * paper
 * Back vowel with neutral vowel
 * papír-ok
 * }
 * papír
 * paper
 * Back vowel with neutral vowel
 * papír-ok
 * }

As can be seen above, the neutral vowels are able to be in both front and back vowel assonance words with no consequence.

However, there are about fifty monosyllabic roots that only contain, , or that take a back vowel suffix instead of the front vowel suffix.

 * {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center

! Stem ! Gloss ! "At" ! "From"
 * + Irregular suffixation
 * híd
 * bridge
 * híd-nál
 * híd-tól
 * cél
 * aim
 * cél-nál
 * cél-tól
 * }
 * cél-tól
 * }

These exceptions to the rule are hypothesized to have originated from roots originally having contained a phoneme no longer present in modern Hungarian, the unrounded back vowel, or its long counterpart. It is theorized that while these vowels merged with or, less commonly  or , the vowel harmony rules sensitive to the backness of the original sound remained in place. The theory finds support from etymology: related words in other languages generally have back vowels, often specifically unrounded back vowels. For example, nyíl 'arrow' (plural nyíl-ak) corresponds to Komi ньыл, Southern Mansi.

Assimilation
The overall characteristics of the consonant assimilation in Hungarian are the following:

 * Assimilation types are typically regressive, that is the last element of the cluster determines the change.
 * In most cases, it works across word boundaries if the sequence of words form an "accentual unity", that is there is no phonetic break between them (and they bear a common phrase stress). Typical accentual units are:
 * attributes and qualified nouns, e.g. hideg tél ('cold winter');
 * adverbs and qualified attributes, e.g. nagyon káros ~  ('very harmful');
 * verbs and their complements, e.g. nagyot dob ('s/he throws long toss'), vesz belőle  ('take some [of it]').
 * There are obligatory, optional and stigmatized types of assimilation.
 * The palatal affricates behave like stops in assimilation processes. Therefore, in this section, they will be treated as stops, including their IPA notations  and.

Voice assimilation
In a cluster of consonants ending in an obstruent, all obstruents change their voicing according to the last one of the sequence. The affected obstruents are the following:

 * In obstruent clusters, retrograde voicing assimilation occurs, even across word boundaries:

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Voiced ! Voiceless ! Undergoes devoicing ! Undergoes voicing ! Causes voicing ! Causes devoicing ! b ! p ! d ! t ! dz ! c ! dzs ! cs ! g ! k ! gy ! ty ! v ! f ! z ! sz ! zs ! s ! N/A ! h
 * dobtam 'I threw (it)'
 * képzés 'training, forming'
 * futball 'soccer'
 * központ 'center'
 * adhat 's/he can give'
 * hétből 'from 7'
 * csapda
 * pénztár 'cash desk'
 * edzhet 's/he can train'
 * ketrecben 'in (a) cage'
 * alapdzadzíki 'standard tzatziki'
 * abcúg! 'down with him!'
 * bridzstől '(because) of bridge [game of cards]'
 * ácsból 'from (a) carpenter'
 * barackdzsem ~   'apricot jam'
 * távcső 'telescope'
 * fogtam 'I held (it)'
 * zsákból 'out of (a) bag'
 * állítgat 's/he constantly adjusts'
 * zsebkendő 'handkerchief'
 * ágytól 'from (a) bed'
 * pintyből 'from (a) finch'
 * gépgyár 'machine factory'
 * lábtyű 'socks with sleeves for the toes'
 * szívtam 'I smoked/sucked (it)'
 * széfben 'in (a) safe'
 * lábfej 'part of the foot below the ankle'
 * lábfej 'part of the foot below the ankle'
 * méztől 'from honey'
 * mészből 'out of lime'
 * alapzat 'base(ment)'
 * rabszolga 'slave'
 * rúzstól 'from lipstick'
 * hasba 'in(to) (the) stomach'
 * köldökzsinór 'umbilical cord'
 * különbség ~  'difference'
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * adhat 's/he can give'
 * }

 * is unusual in that it undergoes devoicing, but does not cause voicing, e.g. hatvan ('sixty') is pronounced not . Voicing before  occurs only in south-western dialects, though it is stigmatized.
 * Conversely, causes devoicing, but never undergoes voicing in consonant clusters. e.g. dohból  'from (the) musty smell'.
 * Other than a few foreign words, morpheme-initial does not occur (even its phonemic state is highly debated), therefore it is hard to find a real example when it induces voicing (even alapdzadzíki is forced and not used colloquially). However, the regressive voice assimilation before  does occur even in nonsense sound sequences.

Nasal place assimilation
Nasals assimilate to the place of articulation of the following consonant (even across word boundaries):
 * only precedes a velar consonant (e.g. hang, 'voice'),  precedes a labiodental consonant (e.g. hamvad , 'smolder'), and  precedes bilabial consonants.
 * before labial consonants : színpad  ('stage'), különb  ('better than'), énmagam  ('myself');
 * before labiodental consonants : különféle ('various'), hamvas  ('bloomy');
 * before palatal consonants : pinty ('finch'), ángy  ('wife of a close male relative'), magánnyomozó  ('private detective');
 * before velar consonants : munka ('work'), angol  ('English');
 * Nasal place assimilation is obligatory within the word, but optional across a word or compound boundary, e.g. szénpor ~  ('coal-dust'), nagyon káros  ~  ('very harmful'), olyan más  ~  ('so different').

Sibilant assimilation

 * Voiceless sibilants form a voiceless geminate affricate with preceding alveolar and palatal stops (d, gy , t , ty ):
 * Clusters ending in sz or c  give : metszet  'engraving, segment', ötödször  'for the fifth time', négyszer  'four times', füttyszó  'whistle (as a signal)'; átcipel  's/he lugs (something) over', nádcukor  'cane-sugar'.
 * Clusters ending in s or cs  give : kétség  'doubt', fáradság  'trouble', egység  'unity', hegycsúcs  'mountain-top'.
 * Two sibilant fricatives form a geminate of the latter phoneme; the assimilation is regressive as usual:
 * sz or z  + s  gives : egészség  'health', község  'village, community';
 * sz or z  + zs  gives : vadászzsákmány  'hunter's game'; száraz zsömle  'dry bread roll';
 * s or zs  + sz  gives : kisszerű  'petty', rozsszalma  'rye straw';
 * s or zs  + z  gives : tilos zóna  'restricted zone', parázs zene  'hot music'.
 * Clusters zs+s, s+zs , z+sz and sz+z  are rather the subject of the voice assimilation.
 * If one of the two adjacent sibilants is an affricate, the first one changes its place of articulation, e.g. malacság, halászcsárda 'Hungarian fish restaurant'. Sibilant affricate–fricative sequences like  are pronounced the same as geminate affricate  during normal speech.
 * Sibilant assimilation can be omitted in articulated speech, e.g. to avoid homophony: rozsszalma ~  'rye straw' ≠ rossz szalma  'straw of bad quality', and  rossz alma  'apple of bad quality' as well.
 * NB. Letter cluster szs can be read either as sz+s, e.g. egészség 'health', or as s+zs , e.g. liszteszsák  'bolting-bag' depending on the actual morpheme boundary. Similarly zsz is either zs + z , e.g. varázszár  'magic lock', or z + sz , e.g. házszám  'street-number'; and csz: cs + z  ~ c + sz . Moreover, single digraphs may prove to be two adjacent letters on morpheme boundary, like cs: cs  ~ c + s ; sz: sz  ~ s + z , zs: zs  ~ z + s.

Palatal assimilation
Combination of a "palatalizable" consonant and a following palatal consonant results in a palatal geminate. Palatalizable consonants are palatal ones and their non-palatal counterparts: d ~ gy, l  ~ ly , n  ~ ny , t  ~ ty.
 * Full palatal assimilation occurs when the ending palatal consonant is j : nagyja 'most of it', adja  's/he gives it'; tolja  's/he pushes it'; unja  's/he is bored with it', hányja  's/he throws it'; látja  's/he sees it', atyja  'his/her father'. The cluster lyj  is a simple orthographic variant of jj : folyjon  'let it flow'.
 * Partial assimilation takes place if an alveolar stop (d, t) is followed by a palatal gy, ty : hadgyakorlat 'army exercises', nemzetgyűlés  'national assembly'; vadtyúk  'wild chicken', hat tyúk  'six hens'.
 * Some sources report that alveolar stops change into their palatal counterparts before ny : lúdnyak 'neck of a goose', átnyúlik  'it extends over'. The majority of the sources do not mention this kind of assimilation.
 * When the first consonant is nasal, the partial palatal assimilation is a form of the nasal place assimilation (see above).
 * The full palatal assimilation is an obligatory feature in standard Hungarian: its omission is stigmatized and it is considered as a hypercorrection of an undereducated person. Partial palatal assimilation is optional in articulated speech.

Degemination
Long consonants become short when preceded or followed by another consonant, e.g. folttal 'by/with (a) patch', varrtam  'I sewed'.

Intercluster elision
The middle alveolar stops may be omitted in clusters with more than two consonants, depending on speed and articulation of speech: azt hiszem ~  'I presume/guess', mindnyájan  'one and all', különbség  ~  'difference'. In morpheme onsets like str-, middle stops tends to be more stable in educated speech, falanxstratégia ~  ~  'strategy based on phalanxes'.

Elision of

 * assimilates to a following (e.g. balra, 'to the left').

also tends to be omitted between a preceding vowel and an adjacent stop or affricate in rapid speech, causing the lengthening of the vowel or diphthongization (e.g. volt 'was', polgár  'citizen'). This is quite common in dialectal speech, but considered non-standard in the official language.

Hiatus
Standard Hungarian prefers hiatus between adjacent vowels. However some optional dissolving features can be observed:
 * An optional weak glide may be pronounced within a word (or a compound element) between two adjacent vowels if one of them is i, e.g. fiaiéi  ~  ('the ones of his/her sons'). This, however, is rarely transcribed.
 * Adjacent identical short vowels other than a and e may be pronounced as the corresponding long vowel, e.g. zoológia ~  ('zoology').
 * Adjacent double i is always pronounced as single short in the word endings, e.g. Hawaii . This reduction is reflected in the current orthography when the adjective-forming suffix -i is added to a noun ending in i. In this case suffix -i is omitted also in writing. e.g. Lenti (a placename) + -i → lenti 'of Lenti'.

Stress
The stress is on the first syllable of the word. The articles a, az, egy, and the particle is are usually unstressed.

title: Hungarian phonology


text:
Talk:Joe Bob Briggs

Untitled
This looks like a vanity page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.20.28.21 (talk) 22:03, 12 October 2004 (UTC)
 * No. This guy really exists. He's written two books, Joe Bob Goes to the Drive In and Joe Bob Goes Back to the Drive In in regards to this. -Litefantastic 13:50, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * He also used to be a schlock movie host on (I think) Cinemax, circa 1990. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.41.40.21 (talk) 16:29, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The page is written as if Joe Bob Briggs were a real person, when he is in reality a character/persona created by John Bloom. Bloom is frequently discussed as if her were Briggs. It will take some work to sort out what work he did under which name - I suggest sections like "career as John Bloom" and "career as Joe Bob Briggs"? - Ann Burlingham —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ann Burlingham (talk • contribs) 14:06, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Missing from Joe Bob's Bio
In the bio's that I have so far found on the net for Joe Bob Briggs I have seen no mention of a firestorm he caused while writing his movie review column for the now-defunct newspaper, the Dallas Herald(?). In a column written to spoof the "We Are The World" video created by a variety of recording artists in the 80's for Hunger Relief for the children of the world, Joe Bob used his usual acid tongue to pan the artists and their behavior in a column called "We Are The Wierd". A storm of attacks on Joe Bob, the newspaper, and the editors followed with no apologies from Joe Bob. The result was that Joe Bob was fired and since his was about the only popular column in that paper, the demise of the newspaper followed. Perhaps some research into the specific incident could result in an addition to your Joe Bob Briggs bio. Thanks, 12.18.80.40 23:02, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Some info and references added 4/09 -Ann Burlingham —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ann Burlingham (talk • contribs) 14:04, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Seem to remember "We are the Wierd" being a zine for awhile. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.83.36.163 (talk) 10:48, 20 December 2012 (UTC)

Aardvarking - personal slang
I'm not familiar with the guy's articles, but it seems like something that should be explained. So I researched it and explained it. --gnomelock (talk) 20:48, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

-fu
The current link for "-fu" goes here:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu

This is a disambiguation page, but none of the entries are really appropriate for the sense in which the suffix is used, nor are any of the entries for "-fu."

I would suggest changing this link to the following

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-fu

Which appears entirely appropriate. Mikedelong (talk) 17:22, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Joe Bob Briggs


text: Category:Polish entomologists

title: Category:Polish entomologists


text:
Music of Vatican City

As the seat of the Papacy, the Vatican City and its predecessor, the Papal States, has played an important role in the development of Christian music. They perform chants of ancient origin, such as Gregorian chants, as well as modern polyphonic music. The papal choir is a well-known institution that dates back more than four hundred years. Singers were originally from northern Europe, but began arriving more from Spain and Italy in the 16th century. At this time, church authorities became concerned about the words of liturgical texts being drowned out by the traditional melodies. As a result, reformers like Palestrina revised the rules behind Gregorian chanting and Germanium, which were printed by the Medici Press in Rome; these reforms continued to be followed to the present day. A traditional musical instrument was the pipe organ. After the end of the Papal States, the Popes' ability to sponsor composers and musicians waned. However, it did not end entirely nor did interest in the subject. Pope Pius X and Pope Pius XII both wrote on the subject. In modern times, John Harbison and Gilbert Levine have composed or conducted for the Vatican. Although not of the Vatican, a Christmas concert where popular musicians performed had been held at the Vatican for thirteen years until ending in 2006. Notable performers at it included José Feliciano, Thelma Houston, Dionne Warwick, Gloria Gaynor, and B. B. King. The concert created controversy in 2003 due to statements by Lauryn Hill who used the opportunity to criticize the Vatican over Roman Catholic sex abuse cases.

title: Music of Vatican City


text:
Talk:Ponaturi

Charlie Tangaroa & the Creature from the sea
The Ponaturi are central to this book which has just won the NZ kids book awards. Perhaps time for this page to be revisited? TreeReader (talk) 07:36, 14 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ponaturi


text: Category:Polish hydrotechnicians

title: Category:Polish hydrotechnicians


text: Talk:Music of Vatican City

title: Talk:Music of Vatican City


text:
German World War II fortresses

German fortresses ("Festungen"; called pockets by the Allies) during World War II were bridgeheads, cities, islands and towns designated by Adolf Hitler as areas that were to be fortified and stocked with food and ammunition in order to hold out against Allied offensives. The fortress doctrine evolved towards the end of World War II, when the German leadership had not yet accepted defeat, but had begun to realize that drastic measures were required to forestall inevitable offensives on the Reich. The first such stronghold was Stalingrad.

Eastern Front fortresses
On the Eastern Front, Warsaw, Budapest, Kolberg, Königsberg, Küstrin, Danzig and Breslau were some of the large cities selected as strongholds.

Western Front fortresses
On the Western Front, Hitler declared eleven major ports as fortresses on 19 January 1944: IJmuiden, the Hook of Holland, Dunkirk, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Le Havre, Cherbourg, Saint-Malo, Brest, Lorient, Saint-Nazaire and the Gironde estuary. In February and March 1944 three more coastal areas were declared to be fortresses: the Channel Islands, Calais and La Rochelle.

Fate of the fortresses
The fate of the fortress areas varied. Stalingrad, the first to fall, is seen as a crucial turning point in the war, and one of the key battles which led to German defeat. In several cases, Alderney, for example, the fortresses were bypassed by the attackers and did not fall, surrendering only after the unconditional surrender of Germany. One fortress, Fortress Courland, would see guerrilla war being waged in the area from 1945 to 1960s by Lithuanian partisans and a few Germans who fought as Forest Brothers, with individual guerrillas remaining in hiding and evaded capture into the 1980s.

title: German World War II fortresses


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/WikiProject Time

WikiProject Time
Personal essay. Thue | talk 22:08, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC) It wasn't supposed to be a WikiProject. Is there a wikiproject for timeline templates? There's an article time as well. Please keep that one. I'll help turn it into a disambiguation page.Quinobi 13:12, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC) Delete it even. Quinobi 23:03, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jayjg 22:33, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana. Geogre 01:29, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Assuming this is supposed to be a Wikiproject, it's in the wrong namespace, and doesn't actually have any project information on the page. Anyway, "time" is an overly broad topic. Delete. --Slowking Man 02:39, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Was this created by mistake? --Improv 04:21, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * See what User:Quinobi wants to do before deleting it. It doesn't belong in the article namespace.  — siro  χ  o  05:02, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)


text:
OOA

OOA may mean:

 * Object-oriented analysis
 * Old Order Amish
 * Open-ocean aquaculture
 * Out of Africa
 * Out of Africa theory
 * Out of Area
 * The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages, a video game

title: OOA


text:
List of places in England

Here is a list of places, divided by ceremonial counties of England.

title: List of places in England


text:
Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton

Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton, KG (10 March 1607 – 16 May 1667), styled Lord Wriothesley before 1624, was an English statesman, a staunch supporter of King Charles II who after the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660 rose to the position of Lord High Treasurer, which term began with the assumption of power by the Clarendon Ministry. He "was remarkable for his freedom from any taint of corruption and for his efforts in the interests of economy and financial order", a noble if not a completely objective view of his work as the keeper of the nation's finances. He died before the impeachment of Lord Clarendon, after which the Cabal Ministry took over government.

Origins
He was the only surviving son of Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton (1573–1624) by his wife Elizabeth Vernon (1572–1655), a daughter of John Vernon (died 1592) of Hodnet, Shropshire. In 1545 King Henry VIII granted to his ancestor Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton, Chancellor of England, the manor of Bloomsbury (now in Central London), which descended by the 4th Earl's second daughter and heiress to the Russell family, and is now part of the Bedford Estate. The Wriothesley family is commemorated today by Southampton Row and Southampton Street in Holborn, within the historic estate.

Career
He succeeded to the earldom following his father's death in 1624, after which event he attended St. John's College, Cambridge. At first, he sided with the Parliament supporters upon the controversies leading to the English Civil War, but upon his realisation of their propensity to violence, he became a loyal supporter of King Charles I. While remaining very loyal to the deposed monarch, he still worked for peace and represented the king at the peace conferences in 1643 and one at Uxbridge in 1645. He was allowed to remain in England, having paid fines to the Committee for Compounding with Delinquents of more than £6,000.

Several months after the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, Lord Southampton was appointed Lord High Treasurer (8 September 1660), a position he occupied until his death. Samuel Pepys admired Southampton's integrity and the stoicism with which he endured his painful last illness, but clearly had doubts about his competence as Treasurer; in particular, he recorded Southampton's despairing words to him, having been asked to raise more funds at a Council meeting in April 1665: "Why, what means all this, Mr. Pepys? This is true, you say, but what would you have me do? I have given all I can for my life. Why will not people lend their money?" However Pepys admitted that Sir William Coventry, the colleague he most admired, was himself an admirer of Southampton, whom he described as "a great statesman". Coventry recalled that other ministers would joke that regardless of his complaints that it was "impossible" to find money, Southampton always succeeded in the end. Southampton however once grimly remarked that "Impossible will be found impossible at the last", an accurate prophecy of the crisis of 1672 which led to the Stop of the Exchequer.

Marriages and issue
He married thrice and had three daughters:
 * Firstly to Rachel de Massue (1603 – 16 February 1640), a French Huguenot and an aunt of Henri de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny, 1st Viscount Galway. By Rachel he had two daughters and co-heiresses:
 * Elizabeth Wriothesley, Viscountess Campden, wife of Edward Noel, 1st Earl of Gainsborough, 4th Viscount Campden (1641–1689) (created Earl of Gainsborough in 1682)
 * Rachel Wriothesley, heiress of Bloomsbury, wife of William Russell, Lord Russell (1639–1683), third son of William Russell, 1st Duke of Bedford. The eventual heir to all the estates of her father Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton, was her only son Wriothesley Russell, 2nd Duke of Bedford (1680–1711).
 * Secondly he married Lady Elizabeth Leigh, daughter of Francis Leigh, 1st Earl of Chichester from whom he inherited the title Earl of Chichester. By Elizabeth Leigh he had a further daughter:
 * Elizabeth Wriothesley (1646–1690) who married twice, firstly to Joceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland (1644–1670), whom she bore an only surviving child, heiress to the vast Percy estates, Lady Elizabeth Percy (1667–1722) (Duchess of Somerset) who married Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset (1662–1748). She married secondly Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu.
 * Thirdly he married Lady Frances Seymour, a daughter of William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset (1587–1660) by his second wife Lady Frances Devereux. They had no children.


text: Category:Polish ethnographers

title: Category:Polish ethnographers


text:
Escape from Sobibor

Escape from Sobibor is a 1987 British television film which aired on ITV and CBS. It is the story of the mass escape from the Nazi extermination camp at Sobibor, the most successful uprising by Jewish prisoners of German extermination camps (uprisings also took place at Auschwitz-Birkenau and Treblinka). The film was directed by Jack Gold and shot in Avala, Yugoslavia (now Serbia). The full 176-minute version shown in the UK on 10 May 1987 was pre-empted by a 143-minute version shown in the United States on 12 April 1987.

The script, by Reginald Rose, was based on Richard Rashke's 1983 book of the same name, along with a manuscript by Thomas Blatt, "From the Ashes of Sobibor", and a book by Stanisław Szmajzner, Inferno in Sobibor. Alan Arkin, Joanna Pacuła, and Rutger Hauer were the primary stars of the film. The film received a Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film and Hauer received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role—Television Film or Miniseries. Esther Raab was a camp survivor who had assisted Rashke with his book and served as a technical consultant.

Background
On 14 October 1943, members of the Sobibor camp's underground resistance killed 11 German SS-Totenkopfverbände officers and a number of Sonderdienst Ukrainian and Volksdeutsche guards. Of the 600 inmates in the camp, roughly 300 escaped, although all but 50–70 were later re-captured and killed. After the escape, the SS Chief, Heinrich Himmler, ordered the death camp closed. It was dismantled, bulldozed under the earth and planted over with trees to cover it up.

Plot
The film begins with a new trainload of Polish Jews arriving for processing at Sobibor. The German Commandant gives them a welcome speech, assuring the new arrivals that the place is a work camp. Other SS officers move along the assembled lines of prisoners, selecting a small number who have trade skills (such as goldsmiths, seamstresses, shoemakers, and tailors). The remaining prisoners are sent away to a different part of the camp from which a pillar of smoke rises day and night. It is some time before the new prisoners realise that Sobibor is a death camp; all of the other Jews are exterminated in gas chambers, and their corpses are cremated in large ovens. The small number of prisoners kept alive in the other part of the camp are charged with sorting the belongings taken from those who are murdered and then repairing the shoes, recycling the clothing, and melting down any silver or gold to make jewellery for the SS officers. Despite their usefulness, these surviving prisoners' existence is precarious; beatings and murders can occur at any time.

Gustav Wagner is the most clever and sadistic of the German officers. When two prisoners escape from a work detail in the nearby forest, Wagner forces the remaining thirteen prisoners of the work gang to each select one other prisoner to die with them (under the threat that if they refuse, he will select fifty) and then executes all twenty six.

The leader of the prisoners, Leon Feldhendler, realises that when the trains eventually stop coming, the camp will have outlived its usefulness, and all the remaining Jews will be murdered. He devises a plan for every prisoner to escape, by luring the SS officers and NCOs into the prisoners' barracks and work huts one by one and killing them as quietly as possible. Once all the Germans are dead, the prisoners will assemble into columns and simply march out of the camp as if they have been ordered to, and it is hoped that the Ukrainian Guards, not knowing what is going on, and with no Germans left alive to give orders or raise the alarm, will not interfere. A new group of prisoners arrives: Red Army prisoners who are Russian Jews. Their leader, Sasha Pechersky and his men willingly join the revolt, their military skills proving invaluable.

The Camp Kommandant leaves for several days, taking Wagner with him, which proves an advantage as the most sadistic of the SS officers will be absent. On 14 October 1943, the plan goes into action. One by one, SS officers and NCOs are lured into traps set by groups of prisoners armed with knives and clubs. Eleven Germans are killed, but one officer, Karl Frenzel, unwittingly evades his killers, discovers the corpse of one of his colleagues, and raises the alarm. By now, the prisoners have assembled on the parade ground and, realising the plan has been discovered, Pechersky and Feldhendler urge the prisoners to revolt and flee the camp. Most of the 600 prisoners run for the perimeter fences, some of the Jews using captured rifles to shoot their way through the Ukrainian guards. Other guards open fire with machine guns from observation towers, cutting many of the fleeing prisoners down, and other escapees are killed on the minefield surrounding the camp, over 300 Jews reach the forest and escape.

As the survivors flee deeper into the forest, famed newscaster Howard K. Smith narrates the fates that befell some of the survivors on whose accounts the film was based. Of the 300 prisoners who escaped, only approximately 50 survived to see the end of the war in 1945. Pechersky makes it back to Soviet lines and rejoins the Red Army, surviving the war, and Feldhendler lives to see the end of the war but is killed shortly afterwards in a clash with anti-semitic Poles. Sergeant Wagner escapes to Brazil, where he is found stabbed to death in 1980. After the uprising, which was the largest escape from a prison camp of any kind in Europe during World War II, Sobibor was bulldozed to the ground, and trees were planted on the site to remove any sign of its existence.

Cast
In credits order:

 * Alan Arkin as Leon Feldhendler
 * Joanna Pacuła as Luka (Gertrude Poppert-Schonborn)
 * Rutger Hauer as Lieutenant Aleksandr 'Sasha' Pechersky
 * Hartmut Becker as SS-Hauptscharführer Gustav Wagner
 * Jack Shepherd as Itzhak Lichtman
 * Emil Wolk as Samuel Freiberg
 * Simon Gregor as Stanisław 'Shlomo' Szmajzner
 * Linal Haft as Kapo Porchek
 * Jason Norman as Thomas 'Toivi' Blatt
 * Robert Gwilym as Chaim Engel
 * Eli Nathenson as Moses Szmajzner
 * Kurt Raab as SS-Oberscharführer Karl Frenzel
 * Eric Caspar as SS-Hauptsturmführer Franz Reichleitner
 * Hugo Bower as SS-Oberscharführer Rudolf Beckmann
 * Klaus Grünberg as SS-Oberscharführer Erich Bauer
 * Wolfgang Bathke as SS-Unterscharführer Hurst
 * Henning Gissel as SS-Scharführer Josef Fallaster
 * Henry Stolow as SS-Untersturmführer Johann Niemann
 * Ullrich Haupt as SS-Scharführer Josef Wolf
 * Patti Love as Eda Fiszer Lichtman
 * Judith Sharp as Bajle Sobol
 * as Selma Wijnberg
 * David Miller as Tailor Mundek
 * Jack Chissick as Hershel Zuckerman
 * Ned Vukovic as Morris
 * Sara Sugarman as Naomi
 * Peter Jonfield as Kapo Sturm
 * Dijana Kržanić as Esther Terner
 * Irfan Mensur as Kalimali
 * Zoran Stojiljković as Boris
 * Svetolik Nikačević as Old Man
 * Miša Janketić as Oberkapo Berliner
 * Dejan Čavić as Kapo Spitz
 * Zlatan Fazlagić as Weiss
 * Predrag Milinković as Kapo Jacob
 * Svetislav Goncić as Gardener
 * Gojko Baletić as Guard (uncredited)
 * Milan Erak as SS Corporal (uncredited)
 * Rastislav Jović as Shlomo's Father (uncredited)
 * Erol Kadić as Gardener
 * Miroljub Lešo as Prisoner (uncredited)
 * Bozidar Pavićević-Longa as SS-Sturmmann Ivan Klatt (uncredited)
 * Howard K. Smith as Narrator (American version) (uncredited)
 * Dragomir Stanojević as Guard (uncredited)
 * Predrag Todorović as Guard (uncredited)
 * Jelena Žigon as Shlomo's Mother (uncredited)

title: Escape from Sobibor


text: Category:Polish musicologists

title: Category:Polish musicologists


text:
Michele Angiolillo

Michele Angiolillo Lombardi (5 June 1871 – 20 August 1897) was an Italian anarchist, born in Foggia, Italy. He assassinated Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo in 1897 and was captured and executed by Spanish authorities in the same year.

Motive and the Montjuïc trial
On 7 June 1896, a bomb was thrown at the Corpus Christi procession in Barcelona. At least twelve people died and 45 were seriously injured. The crime, which was attributed by police to an unidentified anarchist, precipitated an aggressive reprisal against Spanish anarchists, communists, socialists, and republicans, in what became known as the Montjuïc trial: 300 alleged revolutionaries were jailed at Montjuïc Fortress, and confessions were extracted by torture. The prime minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo himself ordered the repression. Reports of the prisoner abuse were circulated widely in the European press.

Of the 87 prisoners taken to trial at Montjuïc, eight received death sentences; five executions were carried out. Many others were condemned to long imprisonment and the remaining prisoners were deported to Río de Oro (a Spanish colony in what is now the disputed Western Sahara).

Angiolillo, was at the time, working as a printer in the little-known Typographia institution, the section of the British printer's union that was reserved for foreigners. On May 30, 1897, Angiolillo, among at least ten thousand other people, attended a demonstration in Trafalgar Square against the brutal repression of worker's rights movements within Spain, specifically under Cánovas. Organized by the Spanish Atrocities Committee led by the anarchist Joseph Perry, a wide range of activists spoke to the crowd, including Fernando Tarrida del Mármol and Charles Malato. Malato, in his speech, asked who would avenge the people who had died under the regime of Cánovas.

After the protest, Angiolillo personally met with a man by the last name of Oller and Francisco Gana. Both of these men had terrible wounds, suffered from the torture that was administered on the order of Cánovas. The German anarchist Rudolf Rocker, who was also present, wrote the following about the meeting:

"'That night when Gana showed us his crippled limbs, and the scars over his entire body left by the tortures, we understood that it is one thing to read about such matters, but quite another to hear about them from the very lips of the victims' ... 'We all sat there as if turned to stone, and it was some minutes before we could utter a few words of indignation. Only Angiolillo said not a word. A little later, he suddenly rose to his feet, uttered a laconic goodbye, and abandoned the house' ... 'This was the last time I saw him.'"

The assassination of Cánovas del Castillo

Under a false identity of a reporter for the Il Popolo newspaper by the name of Emilio Rinaldini, Michele Angiolillo traveled to Spain from London, passing through Paris and Bordeaux. When he reached Madrid, he learned that Cánovas had traveled to the thermal bath resort of Santa Águeda (now a psychiatric hospital) in Mondragón, Guipúzcoa, and decided to pursue him there. On 8 August 1897, Angiolillo found Cánovas alone and shot him dead. The Prime Minister's wife hurried to the scene, shouting "Murderer! Murderer!" after the gunman. Angiolillo, in turn, bowed and declared, "Pardon, Madame. I respect you as a lady, but I regret that you were the wife of that man." The repression and mass torture at Montjuich was a direct factor behind Michele Angiolillo's decision to assassinate Cánovas, and he claimed in his defence speech to be "no assassin, but rather an executioner", calling Cánovas, among other things, the personification of the greed of the bourgeoisie and the tyranny of power.

About Angiolillo, the New York Times wrote:

"Angiolillo allowed the authorities to capture him and vehemently denied other parties' involvement in the assassination. He was executed by garrote in the nearby town of Vergara."

There is some evidence that he originally planned to kill one or two young members of the Spanish royal family, but was dissuaded by Puerto Rican nationalist leader Ramón Emeterio Betances, who suggested Cánovas del Castillo as a target instead. Betances provided logistical assistance for Angiolillo's safe travel into Spain, as well as some money.

title: Michele Angiolillo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Legal adult

Legal adult

 * I just saw this article in RC with a Vfd message; I think a good choice is to re-direct to adult Any objections?? 66.245.127.59 22:14, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * that is a good idea.
 * Why not move to Age of consent? ClockworkTroll 22:15, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Kim Vicente

Kim Vicente is an inactive professor of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at the University of Toronto. He was previously a researcher, teacher, and author in the field of human factors. He is best known for his two books: The Human Factor and Cognitive Work Analysis.

Education and work experience
Kim J. Vicente received a B.A.Sc. in industrial engineering from the University of Toronto in 1985, a M.S. in industrial engineering and operations research from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1987, and a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1991.

During 1987-1988, he spent a formative year as a visiting scientist in the Section for Informatics and Cognitive Science of the Risø National Laboratory in Roskilde, Denmark. During 1991-92, he was on the faculty of the School of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Currently, he is Professor of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, Computer Science, and Electrical & Computer Engineering at the University of Toronto, and founding director of its Cognitive Engineering Laboratory. He is also an adjunct professor of psychology at Miami University, and a registered Professional Engineer in Ontario. During 2002-03, he was Jerome Clarke Hunsaker Visiting Professor of Aerospace Information Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Research contributions
Kim has conducted extensive research on how to design technology that works for people in complex sociotechnical systems, and along with Jens Rasmussen, started a new field of research called Ecological Interface Design which has spawned hundreds of articles by researchers from around the globe. He and his students have applied these ideas to a number of diverse application domains, including: animation, aviation, engineering design, medicine, network management, nuclear power, and petrochemical processes. This research has led to 1 patent, many scholarly contributions (2 books, 3 co-edited books, 91 journal articles, 84 conference proceedings papers, 16 book chapters, 18 invited keynote addresses, and 54 technical reports) as well as significant technology transfer to industry, including the radical organizational restructuring of a multi-billion dollar multinational pharmaceutical corporation toward a more systems-oriented approach to design.

In 1999, Kim authored the first textbook in the area of cognitive work analysis, Cognitive Work Analysis: Toward Safe, Productive, and Healthy Computer-based Work, published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. His latest book, The Human Factor: Revolutionizing the Way People Live with Technology, was published by Alfred A. Knopf Canada in 2003, Routledge in the US and Les Éditions Logiques in Québec in 2004.

Media
Kim was called upon to give an expert opinion to the media on issues related to people and technology. He has been quoted or his work featured in numerous outlets around the world. He has written for The Globe and Mail as well as the Toronto Star. In 1999, he was chosen by Time magazine as one of 25 Canadians under the age of 40 who is a "Leader for the 21st Century who will shape Canada's future".

Lecturing and consulting
Kim has been invited to lecture in 11 countries on 4 continents, including one lecture tour in Japan and another in Australia. He has acted as a consultant to industry and government, including the Atomic Energy Control Board of Canada, Australian Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Honeywell Technology Center, Microsoft, NASA Ames Research Center, NATO, Nortel Networks, US Institute of Medicine, US National Academy of Engineering, and US Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

Honours and awards
In 1991, Kim received the Brunswik New Investigator Award at the International Invitational Meeting of the Brunswik Society, and the award for the best paper published in the Human Factors Society Bulletin. In 1995, he was a co-recipient of the outstanding abstract award in the area of Clinical Application of Technology from the Society for Technology in Anesthesia. In 1999, he was the recipient of a first-round Premier’s Research Excellence Award, valued at $100,000. Kim was on the Administrative Committee of the IEEE Society for Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, and on the editorial boards of Human Factors and the International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics. Currently, he serves on the editorial board of Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. In 2002, he became the first engineering professor ever to receive the $100,000 McLean Award, the University of Toronto’s wealthiest and most prestigious prize for outstanding research. He has also received the Outstanding Professional Achievement Award from the Federation of Portuguese-Canadian Business and Professionals (2003), and the COPA Award for Outstanding Vision/Leadership from the Portuguese Canadian National Congress (2004).

Kim is only the second Canadian researcher to be invited to serve on the Committee for Human Factors of the U.S. National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences. He is also a Senior Fellow and a member of the Corporation of Massey College. In 2003, he received the E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship, Canada’s most prestigious prize for young academics in all areas of science and engineering.

The Human Factor received the National Business Book Award and the Science in Society General Audience Book Award, and was a finalist for the Canadian Booksellers Association Libris Award for Non-fiction Book of the Year.

title: Kim Vicente


text:
Sodexo

Sodexo (formerly Sodexho Alliance) is a French food services and facilities management company headquartered in the Paris suburb of Issy-les-Moulineaux. It has 412,088 employees as of 2021, operates in 55 countries and serves 100 million customers on a daily basis. It is Europe’s second largest company of its type by both number of employees and revenue after Compass Group.

For fiscal year 2021 (ending August 2021) revenues reached €17.4 billion with an underlying operating profit of 578 million euro. Market capitalization was 11.5 billion euro as at 26 October 2021.

Sodexo serves many sectors, including private corporations, government agencies, schools from preschool through university (including seminaries and trade schools), hospitals and clinics, assisted-living facilities, military bases, and prisons. As of 2016 subsidiary Sodexo Justice Services operated support services in 122 prisons in eight countries, including 42 in the Netherlands, 34 in France, and others in Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Chile, as well as directly running 7 prisons in the UK.

History
The company was launched in 1966 by Pierre Bellon (Chairman) in Marseille, France, initially serving company restaurants, schools and hospitals under the name Société d'Exploitation Hotelière (Hotel Services Corporation). Today Sodexo is on the Fortune Global 500 list and the second largest employer among all French multi-national corporations.

Throughout the 1970s, the company expanded in France and internationally; first in Belgium, then Africa, and finally the Middle East. After an initial public offering on the Paris Bourse in 1983, the firm continued its expansion into North America, South America, Japan, South Africa and Russia.

In 1994, on October 31, Sodexo began operations in India. Currently Sodexo India has over 40,135 employees. The head office is situated in Goregaon, Mumbai.

In 1997, Société d'Exploitation Hotelière's holding company changed its name to Sodexho, and joined forces with Universal Ogden Services, the leading remote-site service provider in the U.S.

On 11 January 1995, Sodexo S.A. acquired food company Gardner Merchant Ltd. from Cinven and CVC Capital Partners.

In 1998, Sodexho merged with Marriott Management Services, at the time one of the largest food services companies in North America. Included in the merger was a name change to Sodexho Marriott Services. The merger helped the company become one of the largest food services providers in the United States. In June 2001, Sodexho acquired complete control of Sodexho Marriott Services.

In 2002, Sodexho was listed on the New York Stock Exchange, but the company withdrew its listing in 2007. As of 2017, the company is listed on Euronext Paris under the symbol SW and trades stocks over-the-counter under the symbols SDXOF and SDXAY.

In 2005, Michel Landel was appointed Chief Executive Officer, succeeding Pierre Bellon, who continues as Chairman of the Board of Directors.

In the summer of 2006, the company made headlines for concluding a deal with retired NBA Hall of Famer and entrepreneur, Magic Johnson and Magic Food Provisions, a subsidiary of Magic Johnson Enterprises. The initiative includes a marketing agreement and the formation of SodexhoMAGIC, LLC, a new joint venture that is 51 percent owned by Johnson.

In 2007, Sodexho launched its catering arm in United Kingdom schools, using the brand name "For you...".

In 2008, Sodexho changed its name to Sodexo, dropping the h in order to make the name easier to pronounce in many languages worldwide.

In August 2009, Sodexo acquired the in-home care services company, Comfort Keepers. Comfort Keepers provides non-medical, in-home care for adults and seniors. It is an international franchise system with locally owned and operated franchise offices, and is headquartered in Dayton, Ohio. The company was launched in 1998. Comfort Keepers franchises are located throughout the United States, Canada, Australia, France, Ireland, Portugal, Singapore, and the United Kingdom. As of June 2016, Comfort Keepers had 500 franchisees running 750 offices in the United States and internationally. Comfort Keepers was named by INC. Magazine as one of the fastest-growing franchise systems in the United States in 2007. In 2016, Comfort Keepers was ranked number seven by Forbes as a "Top Franchise to Buy" in the lowest investment category.

The DiversityInc Top 50 Companies for Diversity is the leading assessment of diversity management in the US economy and globally. In 2010, Sodexo ranked number one. According to the report, Sodexo "has led every other company in its ability to implement measure and assess strong internal diversity initiatives".

In 2010, Sodexo entered into two new partnerships: the first one with United Coffee, who will supply Sodexo with machines as well as fair-trade certified coffees; the other one with Numi, from which Sodexo has selected 100% organic teas.

In 2011, Sodexo entered an eight-year contract with the US government, by which the company committed itself to provide food services to 51 United States Marine Corps mess halls.

In January 2016, Lorna C. Donatone was appointed head of Sodexo's North American business operations and CEO of its school operations worldwide.

In 2018, shareholders meeting, Denis Machuel replaced Michel Landel as CEO.

On the death of Pierre Bellon in 2022, his daughter Sophie Bellon took over the roles of chairwoman of the board of directors and CEO.

Food services and facilities management
Sodexo offerings range from food service operations including staff restaurants, catering, executive dining, vending, and meal delivery, to integrated facilities management services that include both soft services (reception, concierge, cleaning, pantry, laundry, groundskeeping, waste management, vendor management, etc.) and hard services (HVAC systems, electrical systems including substations up to 220kV, energy efficiency & sustainability services, plumbing/water treatment plant/sewage treatment plant operation, annual equipment operation & maintenance contracts, project management, etc.).

Service vouchers and cards
Payment services in the form of vouchers and cards is provided to Sodexo in part by Freedompay.

Name change
The company changed its official name from Sodexho Alliance to simply Sodexo after a shareholder vote at the company's annual general meeting on 22 January 2008. The reason for removing the letter 'h' from Sodexho, cited in the group's 2007 annual report, is that "in certain languages an 'x' followed by an 'h' is difficult to pronounce". The company's corporate website also states that it draws emphasis away from the hotel services industry they were once associated with, as they now focus on many other directions. The Sod part of the name remains unchanged. The logo of the company was also changed, dropping the five stars to a single star. The bar of the letter 'x' is also now curved, like a smile, supposedly suggestive of the company's claimed desire to constantly seek and increase the satisfaction of their clients.

Controversy
In 2009, the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) launched a United States nationwide campaign against Sodexo with the stated objective of improving wage and job standards. In 2010, the SEIU recruited students at many U.S. colleges to support strikes and demonstrations in protest of Sodexo's alleged unfair labor practices including anti-union behavior and paying low wages. Although one series of strikes at the University of Pittsburgh led to the negotiation of higher wages and lower cost health insurance plans for the cafeteria workers,  none of the Sodexo accounts targeted by the SEIU have unionized or requested an election vote. According to a statement from Sodexo, the SEIU engaged in a smear campaign in an effort to drive out rival labor unions that have traditionally operated in the foodservice industry as well as for general publicity.

Sodexo filed a lawsuit in March 2011 under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act accusing the SEIU of "engaging in illegal tactics in its effort to unionize workers". During the trial, it was revealed that the SEIU had written and distributed a manual to its staff detailing how "outside pressure can involve jeopardizing relationships between the employer and lenders, investors, stockholders, customers, clients, patients, tenants, politicians, or others on whom the employer depends for funds." Tactics recommended include references to blackmail, extortion, accusations of racism and sexism, and targeting the homes and neighborhoods of business leaders for demonstrations. Following the court discovery of this document, the SEIU agreed to terminate their public campaign focused on Sodexo and the charges against SEIU were dropped.

In May 2011, 27 University of Washington students were arrested during a sit-in at the university's administrative offices for protesting the university's concessions contract with Sodexo. Later that same month, another 13 students were arrested under similar circumstances.

In April 2012, a Sodexo regional manager disrupted a student protest at the State University of New York at New Paltz by tearing up protesters' signs. Students there had organized a protest to highlight what they saw as the company's unethical treatment of workers and its lack of response to issues of sustainability.

On 22 February 2013, all of the frozen beef products used by Sodexo in the UK were withdrawn following the discovery of horse DNA in a sample. The company supplies 2,300 institutions, including schools, senior citizen homes, prisons and branches of the armed forces within the UK.

In August 2013, Sodexo Justice Services was criticised in an official report for subjecting a female prisoner to "cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment", which "appears to amount to torture" at HMP Bronzefield in Ashford, Surrey, UK. The woman was kept segregated from other prisoners in an "unkempt and squalid" prison cell for more than five years.

In February 2019, Sodexo was criticized by the United Kingdom Ministry of Justice for failing to prevent repeated and systemic breaches of the human rights of inmates at the Sodexo-operated HMP Peterborough. This stemmed from a series of illegal strip-searches of prisoners at the jail in 2017, including one inmate who was menstruating and another who was transitioning from female to male. Justice Julian Knowles described the illegal procedures as "humiliating and embarrassing."

HMP Bronzefield in Surrey, operated by Sodexo Justice Services, were investigated by police after allowing a woman to give birth alone in her cell without any kind of medical support. The baby was found dead in the early hours of 27 September 2019.

In December 2019, a dispute between the UNITE HERE Local 11 union and the Sodexo operation at Loyola Marymount University threatened to derail a planned Democratic Party presidential candidate debate at the university. The union alleged mistreatment of food service workers.

Starting in October 2019, Sodexo employees (mainly cleaners, porters and caterers) at St Mary's Hospital, London, organised by the UVW union, protested at unfair pay and terms on their contract with the hospital and were asking to be brought in-house as full NHS employees and to be paid the London Living Wage of £10.85/hour. After being told that this wasn't possible and after Sodexo pay packets missing payments, employees did several days of industrial action, resulting in one of the longest strikes in NHS history. This resulted in all their demands being satisfied, and as there were 4 other hospitals administered by the same trust, all of their 1,200 Sodexo employees were brought in-house and became full NHS employees in January 2020. The employees were almost entirely black, latino and Asian people and/or migrants. The industrial action was co-ordinated by Loreta Younsi, a Lithuanian migrant, who had worked as a cleaner at the hospital for 12 years. A documentary called "Fight for your rights: the trade union for outsourced workers" was created afterwards and is on YouTube.

title: Sodexo


text:
User talk:Fjweissflach

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 22:17, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fjweissflach


text:
World Climate Change Conference, Moscow

The World Climate Change Conference was held in Moscow from September 29 to October 3, 2003. The initiative of convening the Conference was taken by Vladimir Putin, the President of the Russian Federation. The Conference was convened by the Russian Federation, and supported by international bodies including the United Nations. It should not be confused with the World Climate Conferences.

Comments
The conference summary report, which was endorsed at concluding session of the Conference, October 3, 2003, endorsed the consensus represented by the IPCC TAR:

 * The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has provided the basis for much of our present understanding of knowledge in this field in its Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001. A large majority of the international scientific community has accepted its general conclusions that climate change is occurring, is primarily a result of human emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols, and that this represents a threat to people and ecosystems. Some divergent scientific interpretations were brought forward and discussed in the Conference.

Andreas Fischlin, conference participant and IPCC author was critical of the conference, saying:

 * However, concerning the scientific content of the conference, we had also to struggle with considerable difficulties. Unfortunately, there were not only leading scientists present, but also some colleagues who used the conference to express personal, political opinions based on value judgement instead of scientific facts and rigorously derived, scientific insights and thorough understanding. Thereby, I believe, principles of proper scientific conduct were violated too often and sometimes, I am afraid having to say so, even systematically. This contrasts sharply with the principles upheld by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), which allow only to assess the current knowledge based on the best available, peer reviewed scientific literature and which do not allow for any non-scientific value judgements, let alone policy recommendations.

title: World Climate Change Conference, Moscow


text:
Storyville Records

Storyville Records is an international record company and label based in Copenhagen, Denmark, specializing in jazz and blues music. Besides its original material, Storyville Records has reissued many vintage jazz recordings that previously appeared on labels such as Paramount Records, American Music Records, and Southland Records. Many Storyville records were pressed in Japan.

History
Storyville Records was founded in the 1950s by Karl Emil Knudsen, a Danish jazz record collector who was working for the Copenhagen telephone company. Named after Storyville, New Orleans, the red-light district, its focus has always been on jazz and blues.

The label's first releases were 78 rpm reissues featuring Ma Rainey, Clarence Williams Blue Five, and James P. Johnson. Storyville soon began releasing original recordings, beginning with Ken Colyer's Jazz Men, a British group including Chris Barber, Monty Sunshine, and Lonnie Donegan.

Knudsen was also co-founder of the Storyville Club, a Copenhagen venue that booked the Colyer band in 1953. The band was recorded by Chris Albertson during its stay in Denmark. These performances were the label's first release of original material and remain in the Storyville catalog. Currently the catalog contains an eclectic mix of jazz genres. It has also expanded to include video releases and, under the umbrella company, JazzMedia, books and discographies.

When Karl Emil Knudsen died on September 5, 2003, the company continued to function under Anders Stefansen, who led it until 2005 when it was acquired by Edition Wilhelm Hansen, Denmark's oldest music publishing company, a division of the Music Sales Group (now Wise Music Group).

Jazz

 * Louis Armstrong
 * Sharkey Bonano
 * Papa Bue
 * Miles Davis
 * Kenny Drew
 * Duke Ellington
 * Stan Getz
 * Dexter Gordon
 * Coleman Hawkins
 * Woody Herman
 * Earl Hines
 * Billie Holiday
 * Clint Houston
 * Gene Krupa
 * George Lewis
 * Vincent Nilsson
 * Thelonious Monk
 * Charlie Parker
 * Stuff Smith
 * Ralph Sutton
 * Art Tatum
 * Jack Teagarden
 * Charles Tyler
 * Lee Wiley
 * Lester Young

Blues

 * Big Bill Broonzy
 * Eddy Clearwater
 * Jimmy Dawkins
 * Champion Jack Dupree
 * Snooks Eaglin
 * Robert "Big Mojo" Elem
 * Lonnie Johnson
 * Magic Slim
 * Memphis Slim
 * Otis Spann
 * Big Joe Williams
 * Sonny Boy Williamson

title: Storyville Records


text:
User talk:Erri4a

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Whosyourjudas (talk) 22:18, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Wikipedia's editing system makes it very easy to start, but quite difficult to do everything well from the begining.--Erri4a 23:30, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

la it gl es

Def Con Dos
Thanks for your great contributions to the Def Con Dos article, keep the good work up. What do you think about creating an article for Narco?. --xDCDx 21:31, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I keep on working on Def Con Dos. I'm not the one you need for Narco. Know very little of em--Erri4a 23:33, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Good work on Def Con Dos (I can't wait to see them live in Castellon, heh). About the word programme, I think it is the british for program, and I have seen that the later is more widely used than the former, that's why I replaced it. If you feel that programmes was more suitable, feel free to restore it. Thanks! --xDCDx 01:57, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi, the reason I changed the article's name is because in Spanish, the names of all Peruvian regions start with "región (region's name)", and the Madre de Dios region is no exception.--StarbucksFreak 01:55, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Dingo Image
Yes, Image:011dingo.jpg is GDFL - use it anywhere you like, but a photo credit to Richard Grevers would be appreciated. dramatic 19:10, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Helicopter image
Maybe a cut and paste error?! Can't recall. Sorry. Thanks! jengod 23:37, May 25, 2005 (UTC)

Zurracapote
I have added a "" template to the article Zurracapote, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BirgitteSB-prod 20:25, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

List of fictional journalists
A template has been added to the article List of fictional journalists, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. THF 23:05, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Erri4a! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 08:12, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) María San Gil -
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AfD nomination of MC Randy & D.J. Jonco
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is MC Randy & D.J. Jonco. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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Proposed deletion of Jesús Mari Lazkano

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text:
Yentna River

The Yentna River (Dena'ina: Yentnu) is a river in South Central Alaska, formed by its East Fork and West Fork at 62.28056°N, -151.77389°W, flows South-East to Susitna River, 30 mi North-West of Anchorage, Alaska; Cook Inlet Low.

History
Tanaina Indian name reported by Spurr (1900, p. 46), United States Geological Survey. "Sometimes called Johnson River after the first white man to ascend it."

Watershed

It begins in the Mount Dall and Yentna glacier systems and flows southeast to the Susitna River 2 mi north of Susitna. The river system (including upstream tributaries) is about 100 mi long.

Tributaries
From mouth to source: Lake Creek just about 8 miles down river from Bottle Creek. Major fishing area: kings, reds, silvers. Winter sports, hunting. Moose Creek, Indian Creek, Fish lakes Creek, Hewitt Creek, Malone's Slough, Donkey Creek, Johnson Creek, Clearwater Creek, Rich Creek, Flag Creek, Delta Creek, Fourth of July Creek, & Kichatna River round out the rest of the main Yentna River Tributaries.
 * Kahiltna River 61.85306°N, -150.77944°W, Elevation: 75 ft
 * Bottle Creek (Yentna River) 61.96361°N, -151.07889°W, Elevation: 125 ft
 * Skwentna River 61.98556°N, -151.13972°W, Elevation: 125 ft
 * East Fork Yentna River 62.28028°N, -151.77389°W, Elevation: 200 ft
 * West Fork Yentna River 62.28028°N, -151.77389°W, Elevation: 200 ft

title: Yentna River