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Christos Sartzetakis

Christos Sartzetakis (Χρήστος Σαρτζετάκης; 6 April 1929 – 3 February 2022) was a Greek jurist and a supreme justice of the Court of Cassation, who served as the president of Greece from 1985 to 1990.

Early life and education
Sartzetakis was born in Neapoli, Thessaloniki, on 6 April 1929. His father, who served as a Gendarmerie officer in Thessaloniki, was a Cretan born in Kandanos, Chania, and his mother was a Greek Macedonian born in Sklithro, Florina.

He obtained a degree in law from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.

Legal career
Sartzetakis entered the judicial career in 1955, became Justice of the Peace at Kleisoura, Kastoria, and in 1963, served as judge of the Court of First Instance of Thessaloniki.

Assassination of Grigoris Lambrakis and imprisonment by junta
On 27 May 1963, the left-wing Member of Parliament Grigoris Lambrakis died four days after being beaten. Sartzetakis was called by the attorney of the Greek Supreme Court Constantine Kollias to proceed with the investigation, as the case was transferred to the Court of First Instance of Thessaloniki. In March 1964, he sent a letter to the Minister of Justice Polychronis Polychronidis in which he implicated the police and the State as responsible for the murder. Together with the prosecutor Stylianos Boutis, he ordered the preventive detention of four officers.

The trial began on 3 October 1966 and lasted 67 days at the Criminal Court of Thessaloniki. Sarzetakis and the prosecutor Pavlos Dellaportas were under intense pressure to quickly close the case without continuing the investigation. Two months later, the verdict was announced in which 21 defendants and all agents were acquitted, thus rejecting the prosecutor's proposal. Only two persons were convicted as perpetrators, and both were pardoned by the Junta shortly thereafter. Kollias, who soon became Prime Minister under the military junta, claimed that "Sartzetakis will answer to me." In his memoirs, published after leaving the presidency, he stressed that Lambrakis' death was a clear political assassination with direct state involvement.

Sartzetakis was expelled from the judiciary along with 29 magistrates with the Greek Junta's Constitutional Act of 28 May 1968, allegedly because "in the exercise of his functions, he acted in a discriminatory manner, motivated by his political convictions in favor of a political party, in a way that violated the confidence of the citizens in his impartiality".

The Lambrakis investigation was the theme of the 1966 novel Z by Vassilis Vassilikos, and Sartzetakis was portrayed by Jean-Louis Trintignant in the novel's 1969 film adaptation by Costas Gavras.

After the Lambrakis prosecution, with permission to study commercial law and European Community law, Sartzetakis moved to Paris.

He was twice arrested by the Junta, first on Christmas Eve of 1970, and was tortured by Greek Military Police. After an international outcry, he was released from the Junta's prison in 1971.

Restoration of democracy
In September 1974, after the toppling of the dictatorship and the restoration of democracy in Greece, Sartzetakis was completely rehabilitated. As a member of the Court of Appeals, in 1976 he rejected Germany's request to extradite the terrorist Rolf Pohle, arguing that his crimes were political and the Greek constitution prevented extradition in such cases. The prosecutor of the Supreme Court initiated disciplinary proceedings against him and the other two judges who issued that decision. He was named president of the Court of Appeals in 1981 and became a member of the Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece in 1982.

President of Greece (1985-1990)
The atmosphere just prior to the 1985 presidential elections was particularly unstable politically and the media of the time and the political parties considered the re-election of Konstantinos Karamanlis as President of the Republic as certain. It was then that the Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou nominated Sartzetakis, a judge who had not been involved in politics, as a candidate to succeed Karamanlis. On 10 March 1985, immediately following the public announcement of this decision, Karamanlis resigned in the face of PASOK's unexpected rejection of his re-election and because of his opposition to Papandreou's recently announced plans to reform the 1975 Constitution and transfer the few executive powers from the President of the Republic to the Prime Minister. Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament Ioannis Alevras took over as acting President of Greece.

The first vote in the Greek parliament took place on 17 March, in which Sartzetakis obtained 178 votes as a sole candidate. The second vote was held on 23 March and he obtained support from 181 of the deputies. That vote was controversial as the ballot papers were of different colors, with Sartzetakis' being blue and the others white, causing a violation of the secrecy of the vote. It was not until the third and stormy vote, held on 29 March, for Sartzetakis to be elected the new president to a 5-year term, thanks to the votes of the 180 deputies from PASOK and the Communist Party. Shortly thereafter, he issued a televised message in which he called for unity, reaffirming that "our country is too small to support the luxury of national divisions". He was sworn in on 30 March in a ceremony boycotted by the 112 deputies of the conservative opposition (ND), who refused to attend based on the allegation that the election had been rendered unconstitutional when the acting Greek president Alevras, the then president of the Parliament, was allowed to vote.

In 1986, Sartzetakis strongly opposed the bill that legalized abortion in the country. Between 1989 and 1990, he had to face an unprecedented triple electoral repetition due to the inability of the parties to form a government. In 1990, Christos Roussos, a young homosexual sentenced to life imprisonment in 1976 for murder, went on hunger strike. Faced with this situation, and heeding his appeal for a mistrial because he had murdered the man who wanted to prostitute him, the Papandreou government pardoned him, but was met with Sartzetakis' refusal to grant it. This fact provoked a wave of indignation accusing Sartzetakis of being a homophobe and soured his relationship with Prime Minister Papandreou. The pardon ultimately was granted in 1990 by Karamanlis.

His personality as president was assiduously criticized and satirized. He demanded that newspapers refer to him as "Sir" with a capital "K" (Κύριος), used the conservative form of modern Greek called katharevousa and was altogether considered a strict formalist with rigid thinking far removed from the people. Sartzetakis did, however, ascribe the same honor to other political personalities, such as Prime Ministers Andreas Papandreou, Costas Simitis, Konstantinos Mitsotakis and later President Konstantinos Stephanopoulos.

He was criticized for buying air conditioners, expensive at the time, on his return from China and not passing through customs. However, it was claimed that the reported shopping while on official visits shouldn't be solely attributed to him. On two occasions he denounced comedians for making fun of him. In 1986 Sartzetakis appeared in a photograph with the-admittedly large-iron cross and the staff of Athanasius the Athonite at the Great Lavra. Harry Klynn satirized him on the cover of his album "Τίποτα". It was then that he was sued alleging insults to religious symbols, although Klynn was acquitted. The following year, the comedian Lakis Lazopoulos was arrested after publishing criticism of the political situation; he was acquitted.

Sartzetakis was also the first president to welcome resistance fighters to the Presidential Palace for the 24 July celebration.

Although he held anticommunist opinions and considered the defeat of DSE in 1949 a "national victory", he stressed the need for a genuine national reconciliation based on remembrance, thus disagreeing with the discontinuation of memorial services for the fallen of the Armed Forces and the taboo treatment of the subject in education. He, nevertheless, cooperated with Charilaos Florakis during the 1989 political crisis and eulogised him after his passing in 2005, praising the late communist leader for his "straightness, honesty and political rectitude".

His term of office ended on 5 May 1990 when Konstantinos Karamanlis took office for his second term as president after being elected the previous day by an absolute majority in Parliament. He then retired from public life, but continued to publish opinions in newspapers and articles on his website.

Personal life and death
Sartzetakis married Efi Argyriou with whom he had a daughter.

On 3 December 2021, he was intubated due to acute pneumonia in Laiko Hospital in Athens. Sartzetakis died of acute respiratory failure on 3 February 2022, at the age of 92. The government announced a period of national mourning between 3 and 5 February, with flags lowered to half-mast. The state funeral took place on 7 February at Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens and he was later buried in First Cemetery of Athens in an intimate family ceremony.

Honours

 * Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (Portugal, 1990)

title: Christos Sartzetakis


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Talk:Geography of the United Kingdom/to do

'The United Kingdom continues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.' How can we change this so that it's not time sensitive? Jerry 03:41, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * 'As of 2004'? 'In [date] the UK committed itself to continuing ...'  I'm afraid I don't have the facts to hand. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:33, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

New task
Help reduce some of the red links on the page: a high amount of red links is a factor that may stop this article becoming a Featured Article in the future. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 01:09, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The UK has a new alias, it seems: "Chicken butt" has been added to the first sentence in the article, but is not present on the edit page. I'm not sure how to remove it. Ideas? 188.23.46.31 (talk) 21:19, 1 December 2010 (UTC) Dorklord

Issues
-- ALoan (Talk) 16:16, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC) XD
 * Geology seems topheavy, compared to the level of detail in the rest of the article (for example: demographics; natural resources). Rather than pruning geology more, the others could do with exanding.
 * Many sections are just lists (e.g. hills and mountains, rivers and lakes) some of which are by no means comprehensive (inlets, headlands)
 * Environment is a bit of a mess:
 * Current issues only mentions greenhouse gases, landfill and recycling. What about industry, pollution (air, water, soil), demand for house building, conservation, coastal erosion, habitat loss, intensive farming...
 * The second section is just a list of agreements from the CIA Factbook - does it add much? Can the unlinked ones be linked to anything useful?
 * Could the agreements themselves be stated instead of the issues - e.g. Convention on Biological Diversity has a wiki page. --Flit 19:41, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Could do with some nicer images

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Early Spring (1956 film)

Early Spring (早春) is a 1956 film by Yasujirō Ozu about a married salaryman (Ryō Ikebe) who escapes the monotony of married life and his work at a fire brick manufacturing company by beginning an affair with a fellow office worker (Keiko Kishi). The film also deals with the hardships of the salaryman lifestyle. "I wanted," Ozu said, "to portray what you might call the pathos of the white-collar life."

With a runtime of 144 minutes, Early Spring is Ozu's longest surviving film, and his penultimate shot in black and white.

Plot
Office worker Shoji Sugiyama (Ryō Ikebe) wakes and goes about his morning routine, attended by his wife, Masako (Chikage Awashima), before commuting to his job in the Tokyo office of a fire brick manufacturing company.

During a hiking trip with office friends, Shoji spends time alone with a fellow worker, a typist nicknamed "Goldfish" for her large eyes (Keiko Kishi). After the trip Goldfish makes advances to Shoji and the two begin an affair. Masako suspects something is amiss but is reluctant to confront her husband. After Shoji fails to mark the anniversary of their son's death, he and Masako become progressively estranged.

Their friends, too, suspect something is transpiring between Shoji and Goldfish. They confront Goldfish, advising her not to come between a married couple. Aggrieved, Goldfish visits Shoji late in the night. Masako, convinced that her suspicions have foundation, demands that Shoji tell her the truth about his relationship with Goldfish. Shoji still lies about it, and the next morning Masako leaves the marital home to stay with her mother.

Shoji relocates to his company's office in the provincial town of Mitsuishi (now part of Bizen). Masako eventually travels to Mitsuishi and the couple is reunited. They promise to forget their past troubles and strive for marital happiness.

Cast

 * Chikage Awashima as Masako Sugiyama
 * Ryō Ikebe as Shoji Sugiyama
 * Keiko Kishi as Chiyo Kaneko (Goldfish)
 * Teiji Takahashi as Taizo Aoki
 * Chishū Ryū as Kiichi Onodera
 * So Yamamura as Yutaka Kawai
 * Haruko Sugimura as Tamako
 * Takako Fujino as Terumi Aoki
 * Masami Taura as Koichi Kitagawa
 * Kumeko Urabe as Shige Kitagawa
 * Kuniko Miyake as Yukiko Kawai
 * Daisuke Katō as Sakamoto
 * Kōji Mitsui as Hirayama
 * Eijirô Tôno as Tokichi Hattori
 * Fujio Suga as Tanabe
 * Haruo Tanaka as Nomura
 * Chieko Nakakita as Sakae Tominaga
 * Nobuo Nakamura as Arakawa
 * Seiji Miyaguchi as Tamako's Husband
 * Tsûsai Sugawara as Shige's Customer

Production
After the release of Tokyo Story, Ozu was called upon to assist his friend, the actress Kinuyo Tanaka, in completing her second film as director, The Moon Has Risen. By the time production on Early Spring began, Ozu had been away from the director's chair for three years: a substantial hiatus for someone who had averaged a picture a year since the end of the Second World War. In the meantime, the "Ofuna-cho" or "home drama", the genre of film with which Ozu was most closely associated, had decreased in popularity. Ozu maintained that "the traditions of the Ofuna-cho are the result of 30 years. They are not going to fall in one morning". Nevertheless, under pressure from his studio, Ozu made several concessions to modernity. He cast mostly young and popular actors, and, with long-time collaborator Kōgo Noda, delivered a script devoid of the dominant parental figures that were a fixture of his previous films. The theme of communication problems between generations, another familiar trope of Ozu's work, was also absent. In its place was the theme of disillusionment with life as a salaryman. "I wanted to have a go at representing their lifestyle," said Ozu. "The thrill and aspirations one feels as a fresh graduate entering society gradually wane as the days go by. Even working diligently for thirty years doesn't amount to much."

Early Spring makes use of temporal ellipses, gaps in the narrative into which the audience is invited to project meaning, which are common in Ozu's films. For example, after Shoji and Goldfish begin their fling we do not see them alone together until Goldfish visits Shoji's home. Since this is after the pair's friends have confronted Goldfish, we, like the friends, do not know for certain if the affair is ongoing. Ozu also omits potentially melodramatic moments: Masako does not discover her husband's lipstick-stained handkerchief on screen, but instead recounts the discovery to her mother.

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes reports 100% approval for Early Spring, with an average rating of 8/10. In a highly positive review, Nora Sayre of The New York Times wrote that the work "conveys the claustrophobia of office life better than any other film I've seen", and that "Ozu finds dramatic depths in quiet, ordinary lives. And during the time that you spend with these people—the span of the movie—you really feel that you've come to know them well, to understand why their relationships do or don't develop." Sayre wrote that the characters' "emotions or hidden instincts are brilliantly revealed through small details".

In The New Yorker, Richard Brody argued that "Ozu’s despairing view of postwar Japan looks as harshly at blind modernization as it does at decadent tradition." Don Druker of the Chicago Reader called the film a "casual yet meticulously detailed reconstruction of Japan's routinized white-collar milieu". Despite the praise, it is not one of Ozu's most renowned works.

Home media
In 2007, The Criterion Collection released the film as part of the DVD box set Eclipse Series 3: Late Ozu.

In 2012, the BFI released the film on Region 2 DVD, along with Tokyo Twilight and Woman of Tokyo, as Three Melodramas.

title: Early Spring (1956 film)


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Bill Steer

William Geoffrey Steer (born 3 December 1969) is a British guitarist and co-founder of the extreme metal band Carcass. He is considered a pioneer and an essential contributor to grindcore and death metal due to his involvement in Napalm Death and Carcass, two of the most important bands of those genres. Presently he plays with Gentlemans Pistols, the reactivated Carcass and appeared as a live second guitarist for Angel Witch from 2011 to 2015.

Biography
Born in Stockton-on-Tees to a Scottish mother and English father, Steer spent his teenage years in the Wirral. According to various interviews, it was at this time he was exposed to hard rock and heavy metal in the form of Motörhead, Deep Purple, Black Sabbath, UFO, Iron Maiden, Led Zeppelin and so on, followed by lesser-known NWOBHM artists such as Raven, Tank and Venom. These years saw Steer begin playing electric guitar and also becoming one of the earliest tape traders in the UK, immersing himself in the embryonic underground death metal scene. During this time, an early incarnation of Carcass was formed.

Steer appeared in Guitar magazine's "Best Ten Guitarists You've Never Heard Of" in 1996, was featured in Metal Hammer's "Greatest Metal Guitar Players" and was ranked no.3 in Decibel Magazine's "Top Twenty Death Metal Guitarists" as well as No. 92 out of 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Guitarists of All Time by Guitar World

He was guitarist for Napalm Death from April 1987 – July 1989, appearing on their first two albums as well as the BBC Radio One John Peel Sessions. Throughout this period the group toured across the UK and Europe, only for Steer and vocalist Lee Dorrian to quit immediately after a tour of Japan. He played in Carcass from 1985 to 1995, the only guitarist to feature on all of the band's albums and perform throughout their live career. After the demise of Carcass he moved to Australia and developed a passion for blues music, teaching himself harmonica and slide guitar. Upon returning to the UK, he started his own band Firebird, which was mainly inspired by 1970s rock. During this time he was married and then divorced. Firebird split up in late 2011. Steer now plays guitar in the band Gentlemans Pistols and also performed with a new wave of British heavy metal veterans Angel Witch. Steer currently resides in east London.

Steer also appeared along with Jeffrey Walker (bassist/vocalist of Carcass) in an episode of the Sci-Fi comedy Red Dwarf. He performed as the drummer of the band Smeg and the Heads named Dobbin in series 3 episode 5 "Timeslides".

In addition to Steer's guitar prowess, he is well known for Jeff Walker's naming of his solos on earlier Carcass albums (example: "Maim to Please" by W. G. Steer from Tools of the Trade). In 2008 Steer reunited with his Carcass bandmates (except for drummer Ken Owen, who suffered a cerebral haemorrhage in 1999; Daniel Erlandsson was tapped to play drums in his place) to play at several European festivals such as Wacken '08. In an interview, Steer mentioned that a new Carcass album could hardly be possible. The Carcass reunion show schedule continued through to 2010, playing festivals and headlining a small US tour in 2009. In 2010, Steer briefly hosted a show at the Internet radio station, TotalRock. Since then, besides playing in various bands, including Angel Witch, he has been involved in the "Friday Night Powerhouse" club in London.

Carcass started rehearsing again in May 2012, and played at the Maryland Deathfest XI music festival in May 2013. In mid-2013, the band released Surgical Steel, on which Steer played lead guitars with some backing vocals.

Steer plays old Gibson Les Paul guitars (primarily Juniors and Customs), and uses vintage fifty-watt Marshall amplifiers. He has used a white Schecter Strategy on the first two albums, a black Ibanez S540LTD on Necroticism, a Peavey Nitro III, and on the Heartwork album he used Marshall SL-X and anniversary heads as well as the Peavey 5150. Steer has also used ESP Eclipse model guitars. In recent years he has avoided endorsements.

Steer has been a vegetarian since 1986 and was also vegan for a period of time.

Steer married his long-term girlfriend in the summer of 2021.

title: Bill Steer


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Avengers Forever

Avengers Forever is a twelve-issue comic book limited series published from December 1998 to November 1999 by Marvel Comics. It follows the storyline of Rick Jones and his quest to build a team of Avengers from the past, present, and future. The series was written by Kurt Busiek and Roger Stern and drawn by Carlos Pacheco and Jesus Merino. In 2021, a new Avengers Forever series was released, following the character Ghost Rider.

Publication history
Marvel originally contracted Busiek and Pacheco to produce a series called Avengers: World in Chains, but it was too similar to another project (presumably Mutant X) and was canceled by the company. Because Busiek and Pacheco were under contract, the pair instead developed the concept for Avengers Forever.

Plot summary
Immortus sends his servant Tempus to kill an apparently critically ill Rick Jones, the possessor of the "Destiny Force", a powerful ability used during the Kree–Skrull War storyline.

Rick is saved by Kang the Conqueror (who is destined to evolve into Immortus), who destroys Tempus and holds off Immortus' temporal army. The alien Kree Supreme Intelligence urges Rick to use the Destiny Force to summon aid. With the help of former Zodiac member Libra, Rick pulls various members of the superhero team Avengers from the past, present, and future. The team consists of a disillusioned Captain America, who is pulled from an adventure in which he discovers a high-ranking government official is the leader of the Secret Empire; Yellowjacket from a time when he is mentally unbalanced and unaware that he is Hank Pym; Hawkeye from just after the conclusion of the Kree–Skrull War and war against Olympus; Giant-Man (also Hank Pym) and Wasp from the present; Songbird from an unspecified time in the near future; and Captain Marvel from further in the future.

Although these Avengers appear almost randomly selected, Libra states that they have been chosen due to his subtle awareness of the universal balance, each one fulfilling an eventually clarified role in events:

 * Cap's presence brought cohesion to the team while his weakened mental state due to his current lack of confidence prevented him from dominating it;
 * The Wasp led the team with strength and flexibility that gave them direction without exerting too much control;
 * Yellowjacket's eventual betrayal of the team due to his current instability would bring them into the right position to strike;
 * Giant-Man provided support while irritating and provoking Yellowjacket;
 * Hawkeye's presence affected both Yellowjacket's and Libra's responses to the crisis;
 * Songbird's skewed connections to Hawkeye, the Wasp, and Captain Marvel in the past, present, and future affected Captain Marvel's own decisions regarding Rick Jones's fate.

During their efforts to protect Rick, the Avengers battle Immortus across several different eras, including encounters in the American Old West with the Two-Gun Kid, the Night Rider, the Ringo Kid, the Rawhide Kid, Kid Colt, and the Gunhawks, as well as an alternate version of the Avengers from the 1950s, and a confrontation to thwart an alien invasion in a possible future. During their searches, they discover that Immortus possesses the Forever Crystal, an artifact that can control multiple realities. Kang aids the Avengers as part of his 'rebellion' against his apparent destiny, and reveals that Immortus serves a trio of entities called the Time Keepers, with his previous interactions with the team having been motivated by an effort to keep humanity limited to prevent them from developing into a threat to the universe. These entities eventually reveal that, in various futures, mankind will travel into space and establish the warlike Terran Empire, an interstellar dictatorship policed by the Galactic Avengers Battalion and ruled by humans with access to the Destiny Force, which will thrive at the cost of many alien cultures. A future version of the Avengers will apparently be at the forefront of the expansion, but the Avengers reject the idea that mankind must be destroyed or contained to prevent these futures' happening, with Captain America and Songbird arguing that humanity deserves a chance to show that it can be better rather than being condemned for things that have not happened yet.

Kang aids the Avengers and, in the final battle, kills the Time Keepers when they attempt to punish Immortus for failing. The Avengers resolve to strike against the Time Keepers even after they learn their enemies' motives, arguing that the Time Keepers only seek to eliminate those that might threaten them, when they do not even attempt to erase themselves, despite the existence of alternate timelines where they themselves became the Time Twisters. During a mass conflict where the Time-Keepers unleash the Avengers of the corrupted timelines against an army of Avengers drawn from the worlds where they remained true to their original purpose, the Time Keepers attempt to force Kang to become Immortus after they kill the future Immortus for his attempt to protect the Avengers. However, Kang's strength of will and the unique temporal conditions of the conflict results in a temporal backlash, culminating in Kang and Immortus being recreated as separate beings. When Rick is injured using the Destiny Force to destroy the Time-Keepers' equipment, Captain Marvel merges with Rick to save his life—the link with Marvel's future self resulting in Rick being unintentionally linked to Marvel's present self when he, Giant-Man, and the Wasp return to their present—and all the Avengers are returned to their respective time lines with a lingering memory of the incident.

Aftermath
While Genis-Vell is revealed to have actually come from a few months in the future, with the greater age of Rick's future self revealed to be the result of accelerated aging while helping Thanos separate Death from Marlo Chandler, it is generally accepted that the Songbird who fought with the Avengers in this storyline originated from an alternate future rather than the future.

Collected editions
The series has been collected into a single volume:
 * Avengers Forever (softcover, Avengers Legends: Volume 1, 264 pages, January 2001, ISBN 0-7851-0756-8, hardcover, 296 pages, September 2009, ISBN 0-7851-3796-3)

2021 series
In 2021, a new Avengers: Forever series was released. It details Ghost Rider and one of the Deathloks working for the mysterious Avenger Prime traveling across the Multiverse to put together an army of Multiversal Avengers in order to combat the Multiversal Masters of Evil who have either conquered other Earths.

title: Avengers Forever


text: Category:Leyland vehicles

title: Category:Leyland vehicles


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PCAS

PCAS may refer to:

 * Palomar Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey, astronomical survey
 * Patient-controlled analgesia methods
 * Persistent Close Air Support
 * Personal Carbon Allowances, a concept in Personal carbon trading
 * Polytechnics Central Admissions System
 * Portable Collision Avoidance System
 * Postgraduate Certificate in Antarctic Studies at University of Canterbury
 * Post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome

title: PCAS


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Károly Grósz

Károly Grósz (1 August 1930 – 7 January 1996) was a Hungarian communist politician, who served as the General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party from 1988 to 1989.

Early career
Grósz was born in Miskolc, Hungary. He joined the Hungarian Communist Party in 1945 at the age of 14. The Communists took full power in 1949, and Grósz rose through the party ranks, becoming an important party leader in his native region. He functioned as head of the Department of Agitation and Propaganda in the Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County branch of the Hungarian Working People's Party (MDP) from 1954. He also held the position during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, when he banned local journals from coverage of events and forced to remove Kossuth Coat of Arms from letterhead of local newspaper Észak-Magyarország. On 4 November 1956, after the revolution was crushed, Grósz was appointed head of the local party apparatus of the ruling communist party.

In 1974 he was appointed head of the Department of Agitation and Propaganda of the governing Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party. In 1979 Grósz was elected first secretary of the party committee of his home county. In 1984 he returned to national prominence as the head of the party committee in Budapest. At the next Party Congress in 1985, he became a member of the Politburo. In 1987, he was appointed Prime Minister of Hungary (Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary - the second most powerful position after that of General Secretary) to succeed György Lázár, who had filled the post for more than eleven years. The appointment of the younger and more energetic Grósz was acclaimed both at home and abroad.

As the country was facing economic troubles and growing discontent, the aging party leader János Kádár decided to resign, although originally he had planned to remain in office until 1990. In May 1988 a party conference was convened, which elected Grósz as general secretary of the party at Kádár's recommendation on 22 May 1988. He advocated moderate and measured changes in the political and economic spheres. As he put it, this would result in a careful reform of the Communist system without touching the latter's foundations. He liked to call this a "model change" (i.e. reforms and refinements within the Communist framework), as opposed to the total "system change", i.e. the replacement of Communism by a Western-style system, advocated by a growing faction of radical reformers in the party.

Leader of Hungary
Grósz remained prime minister until 24 November 1988, when he was succeeded by Miklós Németh, a representative of the radical reformer faction.

As 1989 wore on, Grósz was increasingly sidelined by the radical reformers within the party, including Németh, Rezső Nyers, Gyula Horn and Imre Pozsgay. He tried to slow down, stop or reverse the radical changes advocated by his adversaries that were aimed at establishing a liberal political system and market economy in Hungary. He opposed the rehabilitation of the executed Imre Nagy, Prime Minister during the 1956 revolution. In order to prevent Nagy's political rehabilitation, Grósz gave a speech before the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party on 1 September 1989, where he provided some information on the former prime minister's alleged NKVD ties, however the committee decided not to publish the charges.

Grósz's fate was sealed when he agreed to meet with Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu to discuss what to do with a large number of ethnic Hungarians who had fled Romania. Many of Grósz' party colleagues thought he trusted Ceaușescu too much. He lost a good deal of authority as a result, and his standing never really recovered.

On 26 June 1989, he became a member of a four-man collective presidency of the MSZMP, chaired by Nyers. Although Grósz retained his post as general secretary, Nyers now outranked him–and thus replaced him as the de facto leader of Hungary. However, he opposed the radical reformers' drive to reorganize the party as a social democratic party. He remained general secretary until 7 October, when the party reorganized itself as the Hungarian Socialist Party.

Later life
The communist ("hardline") faction, led by Grósz, was defeated at the congress and broke away in December 1989 as a new Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, with Grósz as its first acting chairman (later renamed Workers' Party and the 'Communist Workers' Party'). The party failed to win parliamentary representation in the first multiparty election in the newly formed Republic of Hungary. These elections took place on 25 March and 8 April 1990.

On 7 January 1996, he died of kidney cancer at age 65 in Gödöllő, Hungary.

title: Károly Grósz


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Stoney Creek, Ontario

Stoney Creek is a community in the city of Hamilton in the Canadian province of Ontario. It was officially a city from 1984 to 2001, when it was amalgamated with Hamilton, Glanbrook, Ancaster, Dundas and Flamborough to form Hamilton.

The community of Stoney Creek is located on the south shore of western Lake Ontario, east of downtown Hamilton, into which feed the watercourses of Stoney Creek as well as several other minor streams. The historic area, known as the "Old Town", is below the Niagara Escarpment.

Stoney Creek experienced an increase in residential growth, particularly in the lower city in the 1970s and 1980s, and in the west mountain in the 1990s and 2000s, but most of the land mass of Stoney Creek remains agricultural. The communities of Elfrida, Fruitland, Tapleytown, Tweedside, Vinemount, and Winona serve as distinct reminders of the agricultural legacy of Stoney Creek and Saltfleet Township.

History

Stoney Creek was first inhabited by Canadian First Nations and later explored by French-Canadian fur traders before the area was settled by Loyalists fleeing the American Revolution in the late 1700s. The name 'Stoney Creek' is derived from the area's central watercourse, Stoney Creek, which runs from the Devil's Punchbowl, in the Niagara Escarpment, to Lake Ontario. It is often taken for granted the 'Stoney Creek' is a description of the creek's rockiness although some evidence suggests the name comes from an early settler Edmund Stoney.

On 6 June 1813 the settlement garnered some notability during the War of 1812 as the site of the eponymous battle. After being informed of American troop movements by Billy Green, a local hero and the namesake of Billy Green elementary school, British forces overwhelmed the Americans in a surprise night attack.

Demographics
According to the 2001 census, the population of Stoney Creek was 59,327 up 5.5 per cent from the 1996 census. Children under 14 years of age totaled 19.4% while those in retirement age constituted 12.6% of the total population. Some 25.94% or a quarter of the population was foreign born. The census showed that Stoney Creek was 92.72% white (European), of which 55% had British or Irish origins, 16% Italian, 21% Slavic (Croatian, Polish, Serbian, Ukrainian etc.); 3.0% South Asian; 1.0% Black; 1.0% mixed race; and 0.6% Chinese. As of the 2006 census, Stoney Creek's population had risen to 62,292. As of the 2021 census, Stoney Creek's population had risen to 112,028. The median age of the population was 43.2.

Economy
The temperate environment on the Niagara Peninsula's western end made the Stoney Creek area in eastern Wentworth County to be known for fruit growing. In recent decades, as the quality and reputation of Ontario wines grew, Stoney Creek became part of the fringes of the Niagara winery region.

Agriculture continued to be the major employer for decades, only supplanted by others as community growth brought it into closer contact with Hamilton and the great conurbation of the Golden Horseshoe. Stoney Creek became a centre for light industry, road transportation, and commuting residences since its land costs were much lower than in neighbouring Hamilton.

Fiesta Mall is a power centre type mall with Fortinos as the main anchor tenant. The mall had been a drive-in theatre that closed in 1975.

Attractions
In addition to the Stoney Creek, and Battlefield House, the Erland Lee Museum, site of the first Women's Institute in the World, is also in Stoney Creek.

Branches of the Bruce Trail provide access to Battlefield Park as well as the Devil's Punch Bowl. The latter is marked by a large illuminated cross and offers an excellent lookout for both Stoney Creek and Hamilton. Other notable green spaces include Fifty Point Conservation Area, which includes camping and a small craft harbour. Both the Devil's Punch Bowl and the large cross mentioned above were featured in the 2006 horror film Silent Hill and can be seen during the first few scenes. Another movie filmed in the area was the 1998 film The Big Hit, starring Mark Wahlberg.

On a more commercial note, the Winona Peach Festival serves up homegrown fruit, crafts and music. Like the peach festival, the Stoney Creek Flag Festival is also held every summer. The Stoney Creek Dairy on King Street, with a stylized Battlefield Monument in its logo, offered frozen treats to people in the region for decades under a variety of ownership, the current one being Ben & Jerry's. In 2013, the former dairy was torn down for redevelopment. Eastgate Square Mall straddles the former border between Hamilton and Stoney Creek.

In 1965, the Stoney Creek Little League team became the first (and as of 2018, only) Canadian team to play in the World Championship Game. (It lost to Windsor Locks, Connecticut, 3–1.)

Government

Local jam merchant E. D. Smith promoted the area and served as a Wentworth MP around the turn of the 20th century. Otherwise, the most recent political tremor occurred when Tony Valeri, the federal minister of transport who supported Paul Martin as Liberal leader, defeated Sheila Copps, a former Canadian heritage minister who supported Jean Chrétien, in a bitter constituency nomination election after redistricting forced the two sitting MPs head-to-head in the formerly divided Hamilton East-Stoney Creek. From 2006 until 2014, Hamilton East-Stoney Creek has been represented by the New Democratic Party MP Wayne Marston, who was defeated in 2015 by former Mayor and Liberal Party candidate Bob Bratina.

Like its bigger neighbour, Stoney Creek expanded over the 20th century to encompass more and more of its smaller neighbours like Fruitland, Winona, Vinemount, Tapleytown, Tweedside and Elfrida in Saltfleet Township. The Village of Stoney Creek consolidated with Saltfleet Township in 1974 to become the Town of Stoney Creek. Areas it annexed on top of the Niagara Escarpment west of Highway 20 (now known as Upper Centennial Parkway) became known as Upper Stoney Creek or Satellite City.

In 1984, it was granted city status, and was looking to challenge its more populous neighbour. However, over its residents' strenuous objections, the City of Stoney Creek was amalgamated with Glanbrook, Ancaster, Dundas, Flamborough and Hamilton to form the new City of Hamilton. However, its suburban voters helped ensure the first mayor of an amalgamated Hamilton came from the former suburbs. The new city's second mayor, Larry Di Ianni, had served as a Stoney Creek Councillor for 20 years.

The first female mayor, as well as the last mayor of Stoney Creek, was Anne Bain.

Infrastructure
Stoney Creek is served by the Queen Elizabeth Way, various current or former Ontario provincial highways and a largely irregular network of residential streets. Portions of Upper Stoney Creek are laid out in a grid pattern. It is served by public transit in the form of the Hamilton Street Railway, or HSR, which has been operated in Stoney Creek by the regional government since 1974 and the megacity government since 2001.

title: Stoney Creek, Ontario


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User talk:Passwordispassword

Please stop moving pages to inappropriate titles. Continued vandalism such as this will result in a revocation of your editing abilities. You may do your editing experiments in the Sandbox (but page moving is not something you should mess with). -- Hadal 03:11, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Passwordispassword


text:
Floating Weeds

Floating Weeds (浮草) is a 1959 Japanese drama directed by Yasujirō Ozu, starring Nakamura Ganjirō II and Machiko Kyō. Considered one of the greatest films ever made, it is a remake of Ozu's own black-and-white silent film A Story of Floating Weeds (1934).

Plot
During the summer of 1958 at a seaside town on the Inland Sea, a travelling theatre troupe arrives by ship, headed by the troupe's lead actor and owner, Komajuro. While the rest of the troupe goes around the town to publicize their appearance, Komajuro visits his former mistress, Oyoshi, who runs a small eatery in the town. They have a grown-up son, Kiyoshi, who works at the post office as a mail clerk and is saving up to study at the university. However, he doesn't know who Komajuro is, having been told he is his uncle. Komajuro invites Kiyoshi to go fishing at sea.

When Sumiko, the lead actress of the troupe and Komajuro's present girlfriend, learns that Komajuro is visiting his former mistress, she becomes jealous and visits Oyoshi's eatery. Komajuro chases her away quickly and confronts her. He tells her to back off from his son and decides to break up with her. Sumiko calls Komajuro an ingrate and reminds him of the times she has helped him out in the past.

One day, Sumiko offers Kayo, a young actress from the same troupe, some money and asks her to seduce Kiyoshi. Although Kayo is initially reluctant, she agrees after Sumiko's insistence without being told why. However, after knowing Kiyoshi for some time, she falls for him and decides to tell Kiyoshi the truth about how their relationship started. Kiyoshi is undaunted and says it does not matter to him, and eventually their relationship is discovered by Komajuro.

Komajuro confronts Kayo, who tells him of Sumiko's setup, but only after asserting she now loves Kiyoshi and is not doing it for money. Komajuro attacks Sumiko and tells her to disappear from his sight. She pleads for reconciliation but he is indignant.

Meanwhile, the troupe's old-fashioned kabuki-style performances fail to attract the town's residents; the other actors pursue their own romantic diversions at local businesses, including a brothel and a barber shop. Eventually, the manager of the troupe abandons them and a principal supporting player absconds with the remaining funds. Komajuro has no choice but to disband the troupe, and they meet for a melancholy last night together. Komajuro then goes to Oyoshi's place and tells her of the break-up. Oyoshi persuades him to tell Kiyoshi the truth about his parenthood and then stay together with them at her place as a family. Komajuro agrees.

When Kiyoshi returns with Kayo, Komajuro becomes so enraged that he beats both of them repeatedly, leading to a tussle between Kiyoshi and him. To stifle the brawl, Oyoshi reveals to him the truth about Komajuro. Kiyoshi first responds that he had suspected it all along, but then refuses to accept Komajuro as his father, saying he has coped well without one so far and goes upstairs. Taking in Kiyoshi's reaction, Komajuro decides to leave after all. Kayo wants to join Komajuro to help him achieve success for the family, but a chastened Komajuro asks her to stay to help make Kiyoshi a fine man, as Komajuro's always hoped. Kiyoshi later has a change of heart and goes downstairs to look for Komajuro, but his father has already left, and Oyoshi tells Kiyoshi to let him go.

At the train station in town, Komajuro tries to light a cigarette but has no matches. Sumiko, who is sitting nearby, offers him a light. She asks where he is going and asks to accompany him since she now has no place to go. They reconcile and Sumiko decides to join Komajuro to start anew under another impresario at Kuwana.

Production
Floating Weeds, Ozu's only film for Daiei, was produced at the studio's urging after he completed Good Morning, which had fulfilled the director's contractual obligation to complete one film per year for Shochiku. Ozu first planned to remake A Story of Floating Weeds for Shochiku, and the title was intended to be A Ham Actor (大根役者 , "radish actor"); the stars (most of whom were attached to Shochiku) were to include Eitarō Shindō and Chikage Awashima as the primary leads, Masami Taura and Ineko Arima as the youth leads, and Isuzu Yamada as the former mistress. Filming had been delayed in 1958 due to an unexpectedly mild winter in the Niigata region, where Ozu had hoped to film a snowy location; when the Daiei opportunity arose, he followed through on his plan to move filming to a summer setting in seaside Wakayama. The actors were replaced mostly with Daiei contract players, and the title was changed in deference to Nakamura Ganjirō II, the respected kabuki theater star who played the lead. (When Kiyoshi charges Komajūrō with hamming it up, the actor asserts that it's the style of acting that his public pays to see.)

In a bit of stunt casting, Ozu did secure Kōji Mitsui from Shochiku for his seventh and final role for the director, as the character who drives the subplot about the amorous escapades of the supporting players; as Hideo Mitsui, the actor had portrayed the protagonist's son in the 1934 version. The troupe is first observed performing a scene from a play about Chuji Kunisada, a 19th-century historical figure who was romanticised as a forest-dwelling Robin-Hood-like hero in a number of plays, novels, and films. In the scene shown, Kunisada (played by Sumiko) is taking his leave of his faithful companions, Gantetsu and Jōhachi, on Mt. Akagi. Wild geese flying south for the winter and crows returning to their nests are used as images of parting. Ozu includes a small joke in the staging of the scene to confirm that this is not a very polished troupe of actors. When Gantetsu delivers the line, "The wild geese are calling as they fly towards the southern skies," he points off-stage into the auditorium. So when Sumiko, as Chuji, turns stage left to deliver the line "And the moon is descending behind the western mountains," she is actually facing east.

Despite Nakamura Ganjirō II's fame as a noted star of kabuki theater, he is shown applying full makeup but not actually filmed onstage, though he is heard off-screen as the audience watches him perform and players backstage lament the show's poor attendance. Nakamura recalled that he and Machiko Kyo got sick with a cold after filming the confrontation scene between their characters in the rain.

Kazuo Miyagawa served as cinematographer for the film, replacing Ozu's favorite cameraman, Yuharu Atsuta. In an interview, Ozu described the film as an experiment on how to bring life to an old fashioned story in a modern setting and noted that by working with Miyagawa, he realized that different colors required varying degrees of lighting.

Theatrical
Floating Weeds was released on November 17, 1959. It was released theatrically in the United States by Altura Films International on November 24, 1970.

Home media
Floating Weeds was released on Region 1 DVD by The Criterion Collection as a two-disc set with A Story of Floating Weeds. An alternate audio track contains a commentary by Roger Ebert.

Subtitles for the Criterion edition of Floating Weeds take liberty with lines delivered by Kōji Mitsui early in the film: while wandering through the village in Kabuki costume promoting the troupe's appearance, he is asked his name by a prostitute he considers unattractive. He replies "Kinnosuke" rather than his character's actual name, Kichinosuke. When she appears surprised, he clarifies that he’s "Kin-Chan," teasing her that he is the famous Kabuki actor Kinnosuke Nakamura, who was popularly known as "Kin-Chan," an abbreviation of his name appended with "Chan," a Japanese honorific of endearment. However, counter to Mitsui's clear pronunciations, the Criterion subtitle has him first identify himself as "Mifune," and after her surprise he says "Toshiro," presumably an effort to make the exchange relevant to Western audiences by using the name of a more identifiable Japanese star.

Reception
Floating Weeds is widely acclaimed by film critics. Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four, and included it on his "Ten Greatest Films of all Time" in 1991. Alan Bett of The Skinny gave the film a full five stars. Tom Dawson of BBC gave it four stars out of five. Allan Hunter of Daily Express rated it 4/5, while Stuart Henderson of PopMatters gave it a 9/10. The film holds a 96% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews from 23 critics. The site's critical consensus states: "Floating Weeds boasts the visual beauty and deep tenderness of director Yasujiro Ozu's most memorable films -- and it's one of the few the master shot in color."

In 2002, American film director James Mangold listed Floating Weeds as one of the best films of all time. He said, "Ozu is the world's greatest director film geeks have never heard of. A poet, humanitarian, stylist, innovator - and a brilliant actors' director. I would recommend the film to anyone with a heart who knows direction is about more than camera moves." In 2009 the film was ranked at No. 36 on the list of the Greatest Japanese Films of All Time by Japanese film magazine Kinema Junpo. In 2012, Spanish film director José Luis Guerín, as well as two other directors, listed the film as one of the greatest ever made.

title: Floating Weeds


text:
Talk:Reuben sandwich

comment
i can't find anything definitive about whether russian or 1000 island is more traditional. (i've always thought it was russian.)

 * Russian dressing is definately the original, all stories relating to the "invention" of the sandwich involve russian dressing, and both areas that claim to have invented it insist that russian is the original.

Generic Player 08:04, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah yes, it's a lot like "Star Trek: The Next Generation". In many ways it's superior but will never be as recognized as the original. thursday

Rachel
In sandwich shops near where I live (Portland), a Rachel is a vegetarian or vegan Reuben. Can anyone provide some corroboration for the other usage? If not, I'll go ahead and change it in a couple days. 71.193.152.63 01:56, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
 * That sounds good. What'd be great is if you could add a link to something that indicates that's the case (an online menu from a sandwich shop or something would be fine), to make sure the information's verifiable. --Eyrian 05:28, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Went ahead and changed it. Hope I didn't screw up the reference too bad, still trying to figure out the markup. unless 01:48, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, coleslaw and turkey makes a Georgia Ruben; I've never heard of a Rachel in my life. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.40.177.113 (talk) 22:08, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

To the best of my knowledge the Rachael sandwich did not exist in the suburban Boston, Massachusetts area prior to 1974. My father was in the restaurant business in Randolph, MA. He opened up his second restraurant in the area. This restaurant was a Jewish style deli called Goodies Pub. It was located on Mazzeo Drive in Randolph. I have the original menu from the opening listing the sandwich. The Rachael sandwich was coined by my father, Jerry Goodman in memory of his mother, Rachael Goodman, maiden name, Tonkin who died around 1965 and put on the menu. I have not been able to find any reference to the sandwich before this time period. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Drdgoodman (talk • contribs) 13:12, 24 March 2013 (UTC) Drdgoodman (talk) 13:15, 24 March 2013 (UTC)

Jack Cheese
Monterey Jack cheese is what I'm used to in Reubens out here in the Intermountain West. Is this unusual? The Jade Knight (talk) 02:46, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Thousand Island IS Russian Dressing
I'm sorry, but this page is wrong. What is called "Russian dressing" today is different than what it used to be. Thousand Island dressing is called "Russian" in the Northeast, particularly around NYC. The name Thousand Island is supposedly a newer name. It even says that the two recipes were indistinguishable in the 19th century on the Russian Dressing page. There's also two external links here and here which suggest the Russian dressing is just mayonnaise, and that both dressings grew more and more similar over the years until bottled dressing companies decided to invent a distinction.72.78.1.31 (talk) 22:36, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

 * It doesn't really matter historically what the definitions may or may not have been, because the article is about what a Reuben sandwich is today, not what it was in the past. Thousand Island and Russian dressing are definitely not the same thing today.  Xihr  21:55, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

Variants Section (including Rachel)
I have re-added this section with two appropriate references. I can provide many, many more as need be. The Rachel is a very real and widely served variant on the traditional Reuben, and is not, as suggested by User:JBsupreme, a "a silly variant on their menu". Based on comments on this talk page, I understand that the term "Rachel" may refer to more than one type of Reuben variant; if anyone can produce sourced evidence suggesting alternate compositions for the Rachel, please add them with the appropriate reference. As for the Arby's reference, it refers to another notable Reuben variant invented and sold by a major international restaurant chain. User:JBsupreme, based on the addition of these new references, please do not remove the sourced material without discussion this page, as removal of sourced material is considered disruptive editing. Thank you. Bullzeye (Ring for Service) 01:23, 1 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Just for the record, "Rachel sandwich" (in quotations) turns up no less than 11,600 Google hits, most of which are recipes. "Silly variant" indeed. Bullzeye (Ring for Service) 01:29, 1 October 2008 (UTC)
 * The problem with that argument is that popularity is not the same thing as notability. It may be notable for other reasons, but the fact that it gets a lot of Google hits does not make it a priori notable.  And I'm afraid at least one of your sources is not reliable -- about.com doesn't qualify.  Xihr  01:39, 1 October 2008 (UTC)
 * But the presence of so many recipes online for "rachel sandwich" should lead one to suppose that it is also present in many published cookbooks, any of which would be a reliable source by Wikipedia's standards. A Google Book Search should settle the matter one way or the other.  -- Dominus (talk) 02:32, 1 October 2008 (UTC)
 * [] I guess "Rachel" is just a word for a variant of the Reuben. So "Rachel" is the sum and total of the variants section, in a way (if I'm right). I wish could do something smartalecky like distiguish between a "pastrami Rachel," a "turkey Rachel," a "combo Rachel," and so on, but that's not very traditional (or whatever you call this). Meh. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.64.234.64 (talk) 20:00, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Fair enough if you add back the name "Rachel" but why take out "Georgia Reuben"? I've been to 48 states (and had reubens and georgia reubens in many of them), and i've never once seen a "rachel" 145.116.9.201 (talk) 23:58, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

The Reuben Sandwich In The U.K
Due to the increase in popularity of American food in the United Kingdom, The Reuben sandwich has become a popular dish in Café's and Diners. The Sandwich maintains the same ingredients, though under a different name. The common phrase for the reuben sandwich in England is the Sándsqwîtch (Pronounced Sand-sweat-ch). The understanding of this term is unknown, however it is believed to be a variant of the word Sandwich. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.233.120.181 (talk) 15:02, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I removed the information for now. It appears to be personal experience, if it is notable a reliable source to corroborate the information should be easy to find.  A new name 2008 (talk) 15:15, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

File:Reubensandwich.jpg listed for deletion
The image shown at right, File:Reubensandwich.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. It has been repeatedly removed from this article, by several different editors, who all considered it disgusting-looking. Since it seemed to me that there was little use for a picture of a Reuben sandwich that was deemed to be unsuitable for the Reuben sandwich article, I proposed the image for deletion. Please see the discussion if you are interested in it not being deleted. —Dominus (talk) 14:26, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Pastrami and Sauerkraut
All the Reubens that I've had have been pastrami and sauerkraut. Is that just a New York thing? 24.47.154.230 (talk) 10:13, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * There are definitely local variations. In Miami, Madison and Milwaukee, I've always been served corned beef, not pastrami, in the name of a Reuben. (Although Milwaukee vegetarian restaurants do a fine tempeh Reuben as well.) -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  20:55, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Poorboy's Reuben
I've always made mine with corned beef hash, swiss cheese, sauerkraut, miracle whip, horseradish, & mustard on dark rye.67.90.227.66 (talk) 06:44, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

Grouper Reuben
Recently an anonymous editor added a small section about a "grouper Reuben". The addition cited a reliable source that stated that the grouper Reuben was a regional specialty in Florida. Shortly after, reverted this addition. No reason was given. Well-sourced, relevant material should not be deleted without discussion, so I have restored the material. —Mark Dominus (talk) 17:14, 3 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Here's your reason-it's too far afield. If it does not contain corned beef/pastrami or sauerkraut, it's not a Reuben. If I have a "grilled cheese sandwich" but substitute artichoke hearts and chewing gum for the cheese, it is no longer a grilled cheese sandwich. Not rocket science.--Kintetsubuffalo (talk) 11:39, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

 * If your claims are true, I hope you can provide some reliable sources to support them, because the sources in the article seem to contradict you. According to the article, a canonical Reuben sandwich contains five ingredients: "layered meat, sauerkraut and Swiss cheese, with a dressing… grilled between slices of rye bread.".  The extra importance you attach to the meat and the sauerkraut is not supported by the article or by its sources.

 * According the the article, the Rachel sandwich, a "variation on the Reuben", may omit both corned beef and pastrami in favor of turkey, This contradicts your claim that a variation on the Reuben must contain corned beef or pastrami.
 * The sources also mention a "Reuben sandwich variation" that replaces the sauerkraut with cole slaw, as the grouper Reuben does. This contradicts your claim that a variation on the Reuben must contain sauerkraut.
 * The grouper Reuben does contain "Swiss cheese and Thousand Island dressing on toasted or grilled rye bread." It therefore contains the other three of the five listed ingredients.
 * The source cited for "grouper Reuben", written by a food writer for a major newspaper, refers to it as a variation on the Reuben and repeatedly calls it a "grouper Reuben". Therefore we have a reliable source that claims that this sandwich is not in fact "too far afield" to be considered a variation on the Reuben.

 * So it is clear to me that the cited sources consider the grouper Reuben to be a variation on the Reuben, contrary to your claims.

 * I considered an argument against the addition from WP:WEIGHT. Users often try to add sandwiches to this article that are the speciality of some single restaurant, and I don't think we should keep those.  But the cited source here says that this is not unique to a single restaurant, but rather that it is a regional speciality: "In Florida, … many restaurants serve a grouper Reuben."  So it seems significant enough to warrant the minimal coverage that the article gives it.

 * If you have any further arguments that are backed up by evidence, I hope you will post them. —Mark Dominus (talk) 22:19, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

I see that on 26 October 2013,   again deleted the properly-sourced material without consensus and without discussing the deletion on the talk page. I would like to remind everyone this this is expressly in violation of Wikipedia policy, and if it happens again I will report the offender to the admins. I have restored the deleted section. —Mark Dominus (talk) 21:50, 16 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Fantastic, threaten me based on a four year old talkpage thread only involving you and me, . You're a real winner...--Kintetsubuffalo (talk) 03:50, 18 April 2015 (UTC)

Chicago Reuben
I'm going to remove the recently-added "Chicago Reuben" section unless someone adds references to show that it is widespread and well-known, at least in Chicago, or objects to the removal here. —Mark Dominus (talk) 17:02, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I have done this; I also deleted "glosta reuben", which was attributed to a single restaurant. —Mark Dominus (talk) 16:20, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

Mustard as a dressing choice ?
I thought Reuben sandwiches could also use mustard as a condiment instead of Russian or 1000 Island. The photo clearly shows mustard as the condiment, as it is yellow [and not pink, which is known to be Russian/1000 Island dressing]. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gizziiusa (talk • contribs) 16:16, 26 July 2011 (UTC)

Vegan Section
"The vegan's can substitute with a vegan dressing and cheese"?

Vegan don't eat dairy as it is made from milk taken from cows, vegetarians would — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.22.96.239 (talk) 04:01, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I removed it. —Mark Dominus (talk) 08:50, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm sure that that sentence referred to vegan cheese substitutes, not any dairy product; it's standard English grammar that "(adjective) (noun1) and (noun2)" can be parsed as equivalent to "(adjective) (noun1) and (adjective) (noun2)," so in this case, it's the same as saying "vegan dressing and vegan cheese." But I would kill it on sight for the apostrophe in "vegan's" anyway. 184.94.112.2 (talk) 22:16, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

From Continental Europe to Montreal
Similar sandwiches were made in France, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary. Montreal improved on it by being more generous with the meat. Many of the American imitations were considered to be niggardly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.229.115.207 (talk) 16:15, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

Is it normal to have that much meat?
All of the photos have a huge amount of meat in them, far more than any generous serving of meat in any sandwich I've ever seen (same goes for the pastrami page). At first, I though it was a joke, like the food on "This is why you're fat". If I go anywhere in New York and order this sandwich, will I get that much meat? 122.59.225.50 (talk) 05:58, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes! Randal L. Schwartz (talk) 21:33, 16 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Sandwiches are a way of life in the Northeast, so (and as a Midwestern transplant I have a reasonable point of comparison), they tend to come with a rather large amount of meat. Lockesdonkey (talk) 03:11, 2 August 2015 (UTC)

Lobster Reuben
The article says that the lobster Reuben is served in the Florida Keys, but it seems to be more widespread than that; Google News search found mentions of it in other lobster zones such as Miami, Maine, and Massachusetts; also Reno NV.

I am beginning to think that all these sections should be collapsed into a single section that says that there are many variations that replace the corned beef with various proteins, and then lists a few prominent ones, including the Rachel. —Mark Dominus (talk) 15:40, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reuben sandwich


text:
Category:Chess Grandmasters

See also:
 * Category:Grandmasters for chess composition
 * Category:International solving grandmasters
 * Category:Correspondence chess grandmasters
 * Category:Chess double grandmasters
 * Category:Female chess grandmasters for female chess players who hold the FIDE Grandmaster (GM) title
 * Category:Chess Woman Grandmasters for chess players who hold the FIDE Woman Grandmaster (WGM) title

title: Category:Chess Grandmasters


text:
User talk:Mr. Kings

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Hadal 03:14, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mr. Kings


text:
Talk:A. Bruce Bielaski

Original version
Original version apparently based on public domain bio at. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:16, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:A. Bruce Bielaski


text:
Laika Come Home

Laika Come Home is a remix album by British virtual band Gorillaz, released in July 2002. Unlike a typical remix album, it is done by just one group, Spacemonkeyz. It contains most of the songs from Gorillaz' first album, Gorillaz, but remixed in dub and reggae style. The album features Terry Hall, U Brown, Earl Sixteen and 2-D. One single, "Lil' Dub Chefin'", was released from the album on 22 July 2002, with moderate success. The limited edition was packed in digipak, featuring two hidden tracks. In 2004, the album was packaged with 2001's Gorillaz in a box set as part of EMI's "2CD Originals" collection. The album's title is a reference to Laika, the Soviet space dog, and the film Lassie Come Home. The album contains mixes of every song on the original album except "Double Bass", "Latin Simone (¿Que Pasa Contigo?)", and "Rock the House".

Background
The Spacemonkeyz appear to be first referenced before the album in the "Tomorrow Comes Today" video. During the video, in the background, a poster can be seen with three pictures of monkeys with spacesuits and the caption "Laugh now but one day we'll be in charge". The artwork is a famous piece of artwork by Banksy, the visual artist who worked with Damon Albarn for Think Tank's artwork and Demon Days producer Danger Mouse in an attack against Paris Hilton. Before the release of the album, the remix of "Tomorrow Comes Today" ("Bañana Baby") was released on the "Tomorrow Comes Today" single in February 2002.

Musicians

 * Damon Albarn – vocals (all tracks), piano (tracks 2–3), stylophone (track 2), melodica (tracks 3–4, 11), guitar (tracks 7–8, 10)
 * Spacemonkeyz – instrumentation, programming, guitar, bass, drum programming
 * Miho Hatori – additional vocals (tracks 1, 10)
 * Tina Weymouth – additional vocals (track 1)
 * Michael Smith – horn, horn arrangements (tracks 1–3, 5–6, 10–12), flute (track 11)
 * Martin Shaw – horn (track 1)
 * Dan Left Hand – bass (track 1)
 * Jeff Scantlebury – percussion (tracks 1–3, 5–8, 10–12)
 * Jaques Shythé – castanets (track 1)
 * U Brown – vocals (tracks 2, 11)
 * Dennis Rollins – horn (tracks 2–3, 5–6, 10–12)
 * Dominic Glover – horn (tracks 2–3, 5–6, 10–12)
 * Phil Soul – bass (tracks 2–4, 8, 10, 12)
 * Earl Sixteen – vocals (tracks 3, 11)
 * Stuart Zender – bass (tracks 3–4), clavinet (track 4)
 * Pete Collins – incendiary device (track 5)
 * Simon Katz – guitar (track 6), organ (track 12)
 * Brian Pisce – strings (track 8)
 * Terry Hall – vocals (track 12)

Technical

 * Gorillaz – production
 * Tom Girling – co-production, engineering, Pro Tools
 * Jason Cox – co-production, engineering
 * Dan Nakamura – production (tracks 1–6, 8–12)
 * Spacemonkeyz – additional production, re-mixing
 * Pete Collins – assistance

Artwork

 * J.C. Hewlett – illustration
 * Mat Wakeham – art direction
 * Kate McLauchlan – design
 * Roland Hamilton – monkey photos

Release details
The album was released in various countries in July 2002.

title: Laika Come Home


text:
Talk:United Powers League

The correct name of the organization should be "United Powers League". UED77 03:18, 2004 Oct 12 (UTC)

United Earth Directorate
Why was the UPL removed from the UED? They are technically the same thing... its still the same basic political structure, just with an improved military. It's like the British Union of Fascists changing its name to the British Union of Fascists and National Socialists, new label but same thing, in this case made to be more representative of the complete membership of all Earth states, as opposed to only most of them under the UPL. The UPL should be moved back on the basis they are the same organisation. -- S@bre 11:51, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

United Powers League
The UPL article should definitely be merged with the UED article, as they were not two separate organizations. The United Powers League was simply renamed the United Earth Directorate when the dissident countries were brought into it's fold.–UPL2229 21:04, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:United Powers League


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Talk:Water–electrolyte imbalance

Initial comment
Most of the articles linked from the table are stubs at this stage. I plan to standardise and expand all of these as time permits. -- FirstPrinciples 03:19, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

Definition
The style for articles is to define the term in the first sentence, and not back into it with a discussion. --NameThatWorks 15:44, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Alarmist statement about renal failure
Here we have lots of scientific info and no references. I take particular issue with the following proclamation.

 * The most common cause of electrolyte disturbances is renal failure.

This appears to contradict the information in the next paragraph:

 * Chronic laxative abuse or severe diarrhea or vomiting can lead to electrolyte disturbances along with dehydration. People suffering from bulimia or anorexia are at especially high risk for an electrolyte imbalance.

I bet these conditions are more common than renal failure. Therefore I feel that the first statement is alarmist. Anyway, since when was Wikipedia in the business of offering diagnoses? I intend to investigate and possibly remove this statement since it seems false. Neoprote (talk) 18:16, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

I believe you may be incorrect, this statement is correct, as the primary causes of sodium imbalances are caused by rapid excretion of sodium from the body and also rapid alterations to the individuals fluid balance. Therefore this statement is not alarmist — Preceding unsigned comment added by AJH0014 (talk • contribs) 23:12, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Maybe not alarmist, but definitely inaccurate. You mention sodium imbalance. Much more common are potassium and magnesium imbalance, the causes of which include metabolic disorders, cancer, dehydration, nutrient malabsorption, use or abuse of diuretics, alcohol, steroids, amphetamines etc. Also marathon runners sweat out electrolytes and sometimes over drink water. Even stress can cause a drop in potassium and magnesium. A lot of otherwise healthy people admitted to hospital with cardiac arrhythmias are found to have electrolyte problems not resulting from renal failure. Starvation is also a cause, including in cases of eating disorders. Renal failure is quite UNcommon, wheras the cases I mentioned above present regularly in emergency rooms. Medication happens to be the most common cause, and I CAN find citations for that. If no citation is forthcoming for the above statement, which I am almost certain is incorrect, I will be editing this with reliable sources. 21stcenturypolitix (talk) 11:32, 26 April 2014 (UTC)

Hypercalcaemia?
This article lists calcium as one of the electrolytes that can be imbalanced. I think it would make sense to add a link to the article on hypercalcaemia to the See Also section. Hypercalcaemia, is the overabundance of calcium in the body.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercalcaemia — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.115.13.130 (talk) 12:09, 22 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Water–electrolyte imbalance


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John Colicos

John Colicos (December 10, 1928 – March 6, 2000) was a Canadian actor. He performed on stage and television in the United States and Canada.

Early life
Colicos was born in Toronto, Ontario, to a Greek father and a Canadian mother.

Career

Colicos began his acting career with the Canadian Art Theatre, before the Montreal Repertory Theatre, later winning a Dominion Drama Festival award.

Colicos was named best actor at the 1951 Dominion Drama Festival. Colicos worked briefly at the Old Vic company in England.

Colicos worked CBC Radio, with Andrew Allen, and later appeared in CBC dramas.

In 1957 he appeared in Mary Stuart at the Phoenix Theatre in New York City and in 1963 he appeared in Troilus and Cressida at the Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ontario, Canada. His other New York theatre credits are King Lear (1956), The Devils (1965–1966), Serjeant Musgrave's Dance (1966), and Soldiers (1968). Colicos' skill in acting resulted in his being chosen to play the title role in a memorable and first-ever production of King Lear (1964) at the Stratford Festival.

He appeared as Monks in a television version of Oliver Twist for the DuPont Show of the Month series in 1959. He also gave memorable performances in 1966 on the CBS soap opera The Secret Storm; as the unscrupulous Thomas Cromwell in the 1969 movie version of Anne of the Thousand Days; and as the governor of Umakran in the episode "The Goddess Calabra" from the 1973 TV show The Starlost.

On American television, he established himself as a science-fiction villain icon, portraying the first Klingon ever seen in the Star Trek franchise, Commander Kor in the Original Series episode "Errand of Mercy" (1967). Colicos worked with Gene Roddenberry designing the look the Klingons have on Star Trek (1966). Budget constraints prevented the extensive makeup the Klingons were supposed to have so Colicos suggested they have a leathery Genghis Khan look, dark skin and hair. He also portrayed Lord Baltar in the original Battlestar Galactica movie and television series. Over a quarter-century after his initial appearance in the Star Trek franchise, Colicos reprised his role as the 140-year-old Kor in three episodes of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, telecast between 1994 and 1998.

Aside from his science-fiction roles, Colicos also appeared numerous times in episodic television from the 1960s onwards, including the portrayal of the villain on three episodes of Mission: Impossible. He appeared in four episodes of the CBC docu-drama The National Dream as the "railway general" William Cornelius Van Horne and appeared in seven episodes of Mannix. The last person shot and killed in the television series Gunsmoke (1955–1975) was Judge Flood, played by Colicos in episode 631, "Hard Labor".

Several years after his Battlestar Galactica tenure, Colicos again ventured into science fiction. In August and September 1981, he portrayed Mikkos Cassadine, a demented, power-mad businessman bent on freezing the world, on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. He was also the voice of the X-Men villain Apocalypse/En Sabah Nur (1993–1995) in the Fox Kids animated X-Men television series in the nineties, and twice played rogue alien Quinn in the first season (1988–1989) of War of the Worlds.

In 1982 he ventured into educational TV with TVOntario's award-winning production of Prophecy with John Colicos. The writer/director, Dr. Robert Gardner, recalled his initial meeting with the actor: "I had seen him scores of times in movies and television and I was very nervous. In truth, though, he was a joy to work with. Once he sensed that you were prepared he was thoroughly professional. His presence in the ninety-minute production was the main reason it went on to win the prestigious Gold Medal at the Atlanta International Film Festival."

He appeared in TV commercials during the 1990s for America's Best Contacts & Eyeglasses. Colicos' final acting appearance was his reprise of Count Baltar in the concept demonstration trailer Battlestar Galactica: The Second Coming, exhibited at many science fiction conventions in 1999.

Personal life
Colicos wed Mona McHenry in 1956 and divorced in 1981. They had two sons, Nicolas (also an actor) and Edmund. Colicos died in Toronto on March 6, 2000, at the age of 71, after a series of heart attacks.

title: John Colicos


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Atlantic Time Zone

The Atlantic Time Zone is a geographical region that keeps standard time—called Atlantic Standard Time (AST)—by subtracting four hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), resulting in UTC−04:00. AST is observed in parts of North America and some Caribbean islands. During part of the year, some portions of the zone observe daylight saving time, referred to as Atlantic Daylight Time (ADT), by moving their clocks forward one hour to UTC−03:00. The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time of the 60th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory.

In Canada, the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island are in this zone, though legally they calculate time specifically as an offset of four hours from Greenwich Mean Time (GMT–4) rather than from UTC. Small portions of Quebec (eastern Côte-Nord and the Magdalen Islands) also observe Atlantic Time. Officially, the entirety of Newfoundland and Labrador observes Newfoundland Standard Time, but in practice Atlantic Time is used in most of Labrador.

No part of the continental United States uses Atlantic Time, although it is used by the territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. In the 2010s, several U.S. states considered legislation to move from the Eastern Time Zone to Atlantic Standard Time. Any changes must be approved by the United States Department of Transportation and the United States Congress before taking effect.

The United States National Hurricane Center's official advisories typically report AST and UTC when tracking storms in the Caribbean that threaten the U.S., which may confuse the mainland public not familiar with the time zone designation.

Caribbean

 * Antigua and Barbuda
 * Barbados
 * Dominica
 * Dominican Republic
 * France and French overseas collectivities, in the following areas:
 * Guadeloupe
 * Martinique
 * Saint Barthélemy
 * Saint-Martin
 * Grenada
 * Netherlands and Dutch special municipalities, in the following areas:
 * Aruba
 * Bonaire
 * Curaçao
 * Saba
 * Sint Eustatius
 * Sint Maarten
 * Saint Kitts and Nevis
 * Saint Lucia
 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * Trinidad and Tobago
 * United Kingdom (British Overseas Territories), in the following areas:
 * Anguilla
 * British Virgin Islands
 * Montserrat
 * United States, in the following areas:
 * Puerto Rico
 * United States Virgin Islands

North America

 * Canada, in the following areas:
 * Nova Scotia
 * New Brunswick
 * Prince Edward Island
 * Most of Labrador
 * Magdalen Islands, Quebec
 * Côte-Nord (east of the 63rd meridian), Quebec (no DST)

Additional local areas

 * Bermuda
 * Greenland, in the following area:
 * Pituffik Space Base

U.S. states considering a change to Atlantic Standard Time
All six of the New England states in the northeastern U.S., currently in the Eastern Time Zone (with daylight saving time), have considered legislation to shift to UTC−04:00, equivalent to Atlantic Standard Time (with no observance of daylight saving time) or Eastern Daylight Time. Virtually all of this region is west of the theoretical western border of the zone at 67.5°W; only a small part of Maine lies east of that meridian. A Massachusetts commission concluded in 2017 that the benefits of changing to Atlantic Standard Time year-round would outweigh the disadvantages, provided that a majority of northeastern states make the same change. In May 2017, the Maine Senate approved a change to AST, on the condition that there would be a referendum, and that Massachusetts and New Hampshire decided to make the same switch. Also in 2017, the New Hampshire House of Representatives approved a bill in favor of a regional change, but this was voted down by the state's Senate. Similar bills have been put forward in Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Vermont.

In 2018, Florida enacted into law the "Sunshine Protection Act", under which the state would observe daylight saving time year-round. Most of the state would permanently keep Eastern Daylight Time, which is equivalent to Atlantic Standard Time; the state's panhandle region would move to year-round Central Daylight Time / Eastern Standard Time. However, the change cannot take effect until it is passed into federal law by the United States Congress.

On March 15, 2022, the United States Senate voted unanimously to advance a federal version of the "Sunshine Protection" legislation from Florida, also called the "Sunshine Protection Act", to the United States House of Representatives; the bill was not brought to a vote in the House. A similar bill was introduced in the Senate in 2023.

title: Atlantic Time Zone


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Douglas XB-31

The Douglas XB-31 (Douglas Model 332) was the design submitted by Douglas after the request by the United States Army Air Forces for a very heavy bomber aircraft, the same request that led to the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, Lockheed XB-30, and Consolidated B-32 Dominator.

Design and development
Around 1938, United States Army General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold, the head of the US Army Air Corps (USAAC), was growing alarmed at the possibility of war in Europe and in the Pacific. Hoping to be prepared for the long-term requirements of the Air Force, Arnold created a special committee chaired by Brigadier General W. G. Kilner; one of its members was Charles Lindbergh. The Douglas firm at the time was working on an even larger, 212 foot (64.6 meter) wingspan four-engined strategic bomber prototype airframe, the Douglas XB-19, that made her maiden flight in late June 1941.

After a tour of Luftwaffe bases, Lindbergh became convinced that Nazi Germany was far ahead of other European nations. In a report in 1939, the committee made a number of recommendations, including development of new long-range heavy bombers. When war broke out in Europe, Arnold requested design studies from several companies on a Very Long-Range bomber capable of travelling 5,000 miles (8,000 km). Approval was granted on 2 December 1939.

Throughout 1939 and 1940 Douglas investigated designs of the Model 332 with different powerplants (Wright R-2600, Pratt and Whitney R-2800, Wright R-2160, Wright R-3350). All were designed to have roughly same operating range, with variations in the projected service ceiling.

The XB-31 design was rejected in favor of the B-29 and B-32 (along with the XB-30) because the USAAC found the B-29 superior to the Douglas and Lockheed designs.

title: Douglas XB-31


text:
Good Morning (1959 film)

Good Morning (お早よう) is a 1959 Japanese comedy film co-written and directed by Yasujirō Ozu. It is a loose remake of his own 1932 silent film I Was Born, But..., and is Ozu's second film in color.

Plot
The film takes place in suburban Tokyo, and begins with a group of boy students going home.

The film steers into a subplot concerning the local women's club monthly dues. Everyone in the neighborhood club believes that Mrs Hayashi, the treasurer, has given the dues to the chairwoman, Mrs Haraguchi, but Mrs Haraguchi denies it. They gossip amongst themselves who could have taken the money, and speculate that Mrs Haraguchi could have used the money to buy for herself a new washing machine. Later Mrs Haraguchi confronts Mrs Hayashi for starting the rumor and ruining her reputation, but Mrs Hayashi states that she has indeed handed the dues money to Haraguchi's mother. Only later does Mrs Haraguchi realize it was her mistake (her mother being quite senile and forgetful), and she goes to apologize.

The boys are all attracted to a neighbor's house because they have a television set, where they can watch their favorite sumo wrestling matches. (At the time of the film's release in Japan, the medium was rapidly gaining popularity.) However, their conservative parents forbid them to visit their bohemian neighbors because the wife is thought to be a cabaret singer.

As a result of this, the young boys of the Hayashi family, Minoru and Isamu, pressure their mother to buy them a television set, but their mother refuses. When their father learns of it, he asks the boys to keep quiet when they kick a tantrum. Minoru throws an anger fit, and states that adults always engage in pointless niceties like "good morning" and refuse to say exactly what they mean. Back in their room, Minoru and Isamu decide on a silence strike against all adults. The first neighbor to bear the brunt of this snub is Mrs Haraguchi.

Mrs Haraguchi, angered by this snub, speculates it is Mrs Hayashi who instigates this in revenge over their earlier misunderstanding, and tells this to busybody Mrs. Tomizawa. Soon, everybody thinks Mrs Hayashi is a petty, vengeful person, and are all queueing up to return their loaned items to her.

Minoru and Isamu continue their strike in school, and even against their English tutor. Finally, their schoolteacher visits to find the root of their silence. The two boys run off from home with a pot of rice due to hunger, but are caught by a passing policeman. They disappear for hours into the evening, until their English tutor finds them outside a station watching television.

At the end of the film, the boys find out their parents have indeed purchased a television set to support a neighbour in his new job as a salesman. Jubilant, they stop their strike at once. Their English tutor and their aunt appear to be starting a fresh romance.

Cast

 * Keiji Sada as Heiichiro Fukui
 * Yoshiko Kuga as Setsuko Arita
 * Chishū Ryū as Keitaro Hayashi
 * Kuniko Miyake as Tamiko Hayashi
 * Haruko Sugimura as Kikue Haraguchi
 * Shitara Koji as Minoru Hayashi
 * Masahiko Shimazu as Isamu Hayashi
 * Kyoko Izumi as Midori Maruyama
 * Taiji Tonoyama as the door-to-door salesman
 * Tsûsai Sugawara as bar patron

Style
Despite Ozu's reputation in the West as an austere and refined director, Good Morning does not shy away from depicting many of the neighborhood boys' flatulence jokes.

Reception
Good Morning has an 88% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Richard Brody of The New Yorker wrote about the film "Yasujiro Ozu’s poised images convey a bitterly ironic, scathingly radical rejection of Japanese codes of self-restraint and silence." Jonathan Rosenbaum of Chicago Reader praised the film describing it as "Perhaps the most delightful of Yasujiro Ozu's late comedies". In 2009 the film was ranked at No. 36 on the list of the Greatest Japanese Films of All Time by Japanese film magazine kinema Junpo.

Home media
In 2011, the BFI released a Region 2 Dual Format Edition (Blu-ray + DVD). Included with this release is a standard definition presentation of I Was Born, But....

In 2017, Criterion re-released Good Morning in a Region 1 Blu-ray. The film received a 4k digital restoration for this release and is packaged alongside I Was Born, But... and a fragment of A Straightforward Boy.

title: Good Morning (1959 film)


text: User talk:202.95.200.3

title: User talk:202.95.200.3