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Zhytomyr

Zhytomyr (Житомир ; see below for other names) is a city in the north of the western half of Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Zhytomyr Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Zhytomyr urban hromada (commune) and Zhytomyr Raion (district). Moreover Zhytomyr consists of two so-called "raions in a city": Bohunskyi Raion and Koroliovskyi Raion (named in honour of Sergey Korolyov). Zhytomyr occupies an area of 65 km2. Its population is

Zhytomyr is a major transport hub. The city lies on a historic route linking the city of Kyiv with the west through Brest. Today it links Warsaw with Kyiv, Minsk with Izmail, and several major cities of Ukraine. Zhytomyr was also the location of Ozerne airbase, a key Cold War strategic aircraft base 11 km southeast of the city.

Important economic activities of Zhytomyr include lumber milling, food processing, granite quarrying, metalworking, and the manufacture of musical instruments.

Zhytomyr Oblast is the main center of the Polish minority in Ukraine, and in the city itself there is a Latin Catholic cathedral and large Roman Catholic Polish cemetery, founded in 1800. It is regarded as the third biggest Polish cemetery outside Poland, after the Lychakivskiy Cemetery in Lviv and Rasos Cemetery in Vilnius.

Names
The city of Zhytomyr is also historically known by different names in other languages – Житомир ; Żytomierz ; Жытомір ; זשיטאָמיר.

History

Legend holds that Zhytomyr was established about 884 by Zhytomyr, prince of a Slavic tribe of Drevlians. This date, 884, is cut into a large stone of the ice age times, standing on the hill where Zhytomyr was founded. Zhytomyr was one of the prominent cities of Kievan Rus'. The first records of the town date from 1240, when it was sacked by the Mongol hordes of Batu Khan.

In 1320 Zhytomyr was captured by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and received Magdeburg rights in 1444. After the Union of Lublin (1569) the city was incorporated into the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and in 1667, following the Treaty of Andrusovo, it became the capital of the Kiev Voivodeship. In the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 it passed to Imperial Russia and became the capital of the Volhynian Governorate.

Following the Union of Lublin, Zhytomyr became an important center of local administration, seat of the starosta, and capital of Zhytomyr County. Here, sejmiks of Kiev Voivodeship took place. In 1572, the town had 142 buildings, a manor house of the starosta and a castle. Following the privilege of King Sigismund III Vasa, Zhytomyr had the right for two fairs a year.

During Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648) Zhytomyr was incorporated into Cossack Hetmanate state.

In 1667, Zhytomyr became capital of Kiev Voivodeship, and in 1724, a Jesuit school and monastery were opened here. By 1765, Zhytomyr had five churches, including 3 Roman Catholic and 2 Orthodox, and 285 houses.

In 1793 Zhytomyr was incorporated into the Russian Empire, and in 1804 was named capital of the Volhynian Governorate.

During a period of Ukrainian independence (1917-1920) in 1918, the city was the national capital of Ukrainian People's Republic for a few weeks. Ultimately, the Ukrainian fight for independence failed and Ukrainian People's Republic became occupied by Soviet Union. A new Soviet Ukraine state was formed under Soviet rule - Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. From 1920 Zhytomyr was a part of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Due to one of Stalin's 5-year plans, the city suffered from the man-made famine Holodomor of 1932-1933. In 2008, the National Museum of the Holodomor Genocide published the National Book of Memory of the Victims of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine. Zhytomyr region - Zhytomyr. The book has 1116 pages and consists of three sections. According to historical records, more than 8015 people died during Holodomor in 1932–1933.

During World War II Zhytomyr and the surrounding territory was, for two and a half years (first from 9 July 1941 to 12 November 1943, and again from 19 November 1943 to 31 December 1943) under Nazi German occupation and was Heinrich Himmler's Ukrainian headquarters. The Nazi regime in what they called the "Zhytomyr General District" became what historian Wendy Lower describes as"a laboratory for… Himmler's resettlement activists… the elimination of the Jews and German colonization of the East—transformed the landscape and devastated the population to an extent that was not experienced in other parts of Nazi-occupied Europe besides Poland. [While]… [u]ltimately, the exigencies of the war effort and mounting partisan warfare behind the lines prevented Nazi leaders from fully developing and realizing their colonial aims in Ukraine… In addition to the immediate destruction of all Jewish communities, Himmler insisted that the Ukrainian civilian population be brought to a 'minimum.'"

During 1942-1949 Zhytomyr region was a territory of mild Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) activity (UPA North), who fought for Independence of Ukraine against Nazi Germany and Soviet Union.

After Soviet Union defeated Nazi Germany, Zhytomyr fell under Soviet rule and became a part of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic again.

On 24 August 1991 Ukrainian parliament announced Declaration of Independence of Ukraine. From 1991, Zhytomyr has been part of the independent and sovereign Ukraine.

2022 Russian invasion
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Zhytomyr and the surrounding area were subjected to several Russian air and missile strikes, such as the 2 March airstrike which damaged residential buildings, a thermal electricity plant, and two hospitals, killing at least two and injuring more than a dozen.

Administrative division
The city is divided into two urban districts: Microdistrict

The city of Zhytomyr contains the following areas (microdistricts):

 * Bohunia
 * Hydropark
 * Hinchanka the Second
 * Zavokzalny district
 * Railway station area
 * Korbutivka
 * Kroshnia
 * Maliovanka
 * Marianivka
 * Pavlykivka
 * Putiatynka
 * Rudnia
 * Smokivka
 * Smolianka
 * Sokolova Hora
 * Old Town
 * Eastern microdistrict (folk name Poliova)
 * Khmilnyki (folk name Malikova)
 * Center

Language
Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:

According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April–May 2023, 82% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 14% spoke Russian.

Roman Catholics
Zhytomyr had been a Latin Catholic bishopric since 1321, until The See was suppressed in 1789 in favor of the Diocese of Lutsk and Zytomierz, until that was split up again in 1925, when it was restored as the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zhytomyr; that was formally suppressed in 1998 to establish the Diocese of Kyïv–Žytomyr, but actually the city retains the episcopal see in its Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom, while Kyiv (although first in the title and the national capital) only has a co-cathedral.

The Zhytomyr cemetery was opened in 1800. At first, it served Polish nobility from Volhynia, such as the Czeczel and the Woronicz families. Later, other Catholics were buried here, including Germans, Ukrainians and Russians.

In 1840, the Chapel of St. Stanislaus was built (now in ruins), and the cemetery was divided into nine districts, named after different saints. In the Soviet Union, the complex was devastated, now it is under the process of renovation.

Among most famous people buried here are:
 * Bronislaw Matyjewicz-Maciejewicz, one of the first Polish air pilots
 * Karol Niedzialkowski - bishop of Lutsk and Zhytomir in the late 19th century
 * Apolinary Wnukowski - Roman Catholic archbishop and scholar
 * Juliusz Zarębski - Polish composer
 * parents of Ignacy Jan Paderewski
 * the family of Stanisław Moniuszko

Jews in Zhytomyr

Zhytomyr apparently had few Jews at the time of the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648), but by the time it became part of Russia in 1778, it had a large Jewish community, and was a center of the Hasidic movement. Jews formed nearly one-third of the 1861 population (13,299 of 40,564); thirty years later, they had somewhat outpaced the general growth of the city, with 24,062 Jews in a total population of 69,785. By 1891 there were three large synagogues and 46 smaller batei midrash. The proportion of Jews was much lower in the surrounding district of Zhytomyr than in the city itself; at the turn of the century (circa 1900) there were 22,636 Jews in a total population of 281,378.

In Imperial Russia, Zhytomyr held the same status as the official Jewish center of southern part of the Pale of Settlement as Vilnius held in the north. The printing of Hebrew books was permitted only in these two cities during the monopoly of Hebrew printing from 1845 to 1862, and both were chosen as the seats of the two rabbinical schools which were established by the government in 1848 in pursuance of its plans to force secular education on the Jews of Russia in accordance with the program of the Teutonized Russian Haskalah movement. The rabbinical school of Zhytomyr was considered the more Jewish, or rather the less Russianized, of the two (Ha-Meliẓ, 1868, No. 40, cited in Jewish Encyclopedia). Its first head master was Jacob Eichenbaum, who was succeeded by Hayyim Selig Slonimski in 1862. The latter remained at the head of the school until it was closed (together with the one at Vilnius) in 1873 because of its failure to provide rabbis with a secular education who would be acceptable to the Jewish communities. Suchastover, Gottlober, Lerner, and Zweifel were among the best-known teachers of the rabbinical school at Zhytomyr, while Abraham Goldfaden, Salomon Mandelkern, and Abraham Jacob Paperna were among the students who later became famous in the Jewish world.

The Jewish community of Zhytomyr suffered pogroms:
 * 1) On 7–8 May 1905, when the section of the city known as "Podol" was devastated, and 20 were killed within the city.
 * 2) On 7–10 January 1919, 15 young Jewish neighbors were killed when they came to defend, and the Christian student Nicholas Blinov, also attempting to defend, likewise died. Ten young Jews from nearby Chudnov were also killed while on their way to aid the Jews of Zhytomyr.
 * 3) Beginning on 22 March 1919, according to witnesses, the 317 deaths were fewer than might have been, due to both Christian sheltering efforts and the return of the Bolshevik troops within a few days.

The Jewish community of the region was largely destroyed in the Holocaust. In the four months beginning with Himmler's 25 July 1942 orders, "all of Ukraine's shtetls and ghettos lay in ruins; around 3,000 Jewish men, women, and children were murdered by stationary and mobile SS-police units with local Ukrainian auxiliaries."

Today, the Zhytomyr Jewish community numbers about 5,000. The community is a part of the "Union of Jewish Communities in Ukraine" and the city and district's rabbinate. Rabbi Shlomo Vilhelm, who came to the city as a Chabad emissary in 1994, serves as rabbi. Other Jewish institutions are also active in the city, including the Joint and its humanitarian branch "Chesed" and the Jewish Agency.

The community has an ancient synagogue in the city center which has a mikveh. Chabad operates in the city various educational institutions which have residence in a village next to the city.

Culture
The city has 2 state theaters and a philharmonic, more than 10 museums, libraries and planetarium.

One of the world-famous museums of cosmonautics Serhiy Pavlovych Korolyov Museum of Cosmonautics is located in the city.

Theaters and music

In 1809, the first stationary theater building was built in Zhytomyr on the initiative of Volyn governor M. I. Кomburley.

In 1858, the first stone theater in Ukraine was built (now it houses the regional state philharmonic). M. Kropyvnytskyi, M. Zankovetska, V. Komisarzhevska, I. Aldridge, P. Viardot performed here.

In 1966, a new theater building was built with a large auditorium for 943 seats and a small one for 70 seats, a lobby with an area of 550 m2, rehearsal halls, dressing rooms, offices, production shops.

Currently in the city work:

Since 1973, the Zhytomyr Academic Dance Ensemble "Sun" exists in the city.
 * Academic Ukrainian Music and Drama Theater named after Ivan Kocherga;
 * Academic Regional Puppet Theater;
 * Philharmonic named after Svyatoslav Richter.

The internationally renowned chamber choir OREYA is based in the city.

Famous composers Borys Lyatoshynsky and Sviatoslav Richter were born in Zhytomyr.

Museums

The following museums operate in Zhytomyr:

Libraries
 * historical and local lore museum;
 * art gallery;
 * museum of nature;
 * V. G. Korolenko Literary Memorial Museum;
 * memorial house-museum of academician Sergei Korolev;
 * literary museum of Zhytomyr Region;
 * museum of the history of fire protection;
 * Sergei Pavlovich Korolyov Museum of Cosmonautics.

Architecture: sights and monuments
 * Zhytomyr Regional Universal Scientific Library named after O. Olzhych;
 * Zhytomyr Regional Scientific Medical Library;
 * Zhytomyr Regional Library for Youth;
 * Zhytomyr Regional Library for Children.

The city has 74 historical monuments, 24 archeological monuments, and 15 monuments of monumental art (one of which is of national importance). Monuments of architecture and urban planning of state importance — 10, local significance — 72.

Monuments of historical, cultural and religious significance in the city of Zhytomyr include:

In 1996, the Memorial to the Victims of Fascism was erected in Bohunia by the sculptor Yosyp Tabachnyk (a memorable location of the Bohunіa concentration camp for prisoners of war).
 * Cells of the Jesuit monastery (1724);
 * Holy Dormition Bishops Cathedral in Podil (1874);
 * Church of St. James;
 * Seminary Church of St. John of Dukla;
 * Saint Sophia Cathedral;
 * St. Michael's Cathedral;
 * Holy Exaltation of the Cross Cathedral;
 * Transfiguration Cathedral;
 * Lutheran Church;
 * Water tower.

Geography
Zhytomyr lies in a unique natural setting; all sides of the city are surrounded by ancient forests through which flow the Teteriv, Kamianka, Kroshenka and Putiatynka rivers. The Teteriv river generally forms the southern boundary of Zhytomyr, though there are also some small areas of Zhytomyr city territory below the southern bank of the river. The city is rich in parks and public squares.

Zhytomyr is set out on a mostly radial type of street net with the centre at the main public square of the city, named Sobornyi Maidan (which means Cathedral Square). A building containing courts and some other institutions is in the west of the square. Before 1991, this building contained Zhytomyr Oblast Committee of the Communist Party. Just behind the building (that is to the west of Sobornyi Square) is a small quiet park, bearing the name of Zamkova Gora (Castle Mountain) and containing a monument-type boulder with an inscription stating that this is a place where Zhytomyr was founded. This historical centre of Zhytomyr is in the south part of the city. The old part of Zhytomyr is on three rocky hills over the river Kamianka: Okhrimova, Zamkova, and Petrovska.

The old town is surrounded by new housing estates, the names of which are often borrowed from the former suburban villages or reflect the longstanding occupations common in these places. The main streets connecting Sobornyi Maidan with the outskirts of Zhytomyr are Kyivska Street or Kyiv Street (going to northeast, to the railway station and also to the main bus station of the city), Velyka Berdychivska Street (going to southeast), Lech Kaczyński Street (going southwest; its further continuation is Chudnivska Street going to beaches and a forest-type park near the river of Teteriv), and Peremohy Street (going north).

The best-known street in the central part of Zhytomyr is Mykhailivska (named after St. Michael's Church at the northern end of the street). The street is about 500 metres to the east of Sobornyi Maidan and runs approximately from north to south, connecting some points at the above-mentioned Kyivska Street and Velyka Berdychivska. Mykhailivska Street is for pedestrian traffic: vehicles are forbidden, with the exception of some slow-moving ones. A puppet theatre is nestled in the middle of the street, while the building of the Zhytomyr City Council is at its southern end. Several small coffee houses and cafés have sprung up here recently, frequented by locals from all walks of life and of all ages. If one crosses Velyka Berdychivska Street from the southern end of Mykhailivska Street, then one finds oneself at Korolyov Square containing the building of the Zhytomyr Oblast Council. Crossing Kyivska Street from the northern end of Mykhailivska Street, one can continue to go along Pokrovska Street, another important long avenue of Zhytomyr (going north).

The best-known park of Zhytomyr is named after Yuri Gagarin, in the south of the city, at the left (northern) bank of the Teteriv River. It was formerly owned by the Baron de Chaudoir.

Economy
Zhytomyr is an important economic center in the region. Enterprises in the city include glass, metal fabrication, electronic devices, screens, fabrics, furniture, shoes and others. In addition, there is a large pharmaceutical factory in Zhytomyr. Since 1944, a confectionery factory (ALC "ZhL") has operated in Zhytomyr; the enterprise is one of the leaders of the Ukrainian confectionery market.

The city is home to the Zhytomyr Armored Factory. The factory has been one of the main repair facilities in Ukraine since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War, running on 3 shifts. In September 2014 it was announced that the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine had placed a ₴280 million order with the factory.

Transport
In ancient times, the city was on the important road from Kyiv to the city of Brest-Litovsk. Now this road is of international highway  connecting Kyiv to the Hungarian border near Chop.

Some other roads:
 * connecting the cities Roman and Zhytomyr (through Vinnytsia)
 * Zhytomyr - Chernivtsi (through Khmelnytskyi)
 * Zhytomyr - Stavyshche (through Skvyra)
 * Zhytomyr - checkpoint "Vystupovychi" of the Ukrainian-Belarusian border (through Korosten).

Railways connect Koziatyn with Zhytomyr (through Berdychiv), Korosten, Zviahel, Korostyshiv and Fastiv. In 2011 a stretch of the Fastiv — Zhytomyr rail line was electrified.

Zhytomyr is about 131 kilometers from Kyiv (by road 140 km, by rail 165 km).

The following trains pass through Zhytomyr train station (both directions for all):
 * Zhytomyr - Korosten
 * Vinnytsia - Korosten
 * Zhytomyr - Korostyshiv
 * Korosten - Koziatyn
 * Zhytomyr - Koziatyn
 * Zhytomyr - Zviahel
 * Zhytomyr - Fastiv

The city has an airport (however, it is not currently being used for passenger transport; it is intended for the use of strategic bombers, though not currently being used).

Zhytomyr has three bus stations connecting it with many other cities and villages in Ukraine and abroad.

Zhytomyr has fifteen bridges and junctions built over rivers and roads. There is a 30-kilometer ring road around Zhytomyr. The most interesting bridge in Zhytomyr is one over the Teteriv River in Gagarin Park (named after Yuri Gagarin).

Public city transport
Common kinds of public transport shuttling within Zhytomyr are trolleybuses, buses, and minibuses. There are also electric trams, but on one route only. Earlier there were several tram routes in Zhytomyr, but all excepting one were canceled during a period of domination of the opinion that a tram is a bad kind of transport. Trams began to shuttle in Zhytomyr in 1899. Thus Zhytomyr became the 5th city with electric trams within the territory of present-day Ukraine. Trolleybuses appear in Zhytomyr in 1962. The total length of Zhytomyr city electric transport routes (trolleybuses and trams) is 275 km. Zhytomyr is the first city in Ukraine to implement e-ticket system in all municipal public transport.

Attack on Zhytomyr

On 27 February 2022, the city's public airport Zhytomyr Airport was directly attacked by 2 Iskander missiles launched from Belarus, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which had recently started three days prior to the attack on Zhytomyr Airport.

Twin towns – sister cities
Zhytomyr is twinned with:

 * 🇵🇱 Bytom, Poland
 * 🇨🇳 Dazhou, China

 * Kutaisi, Georgia
 * 🇧🇬 Montana, Bulgaria
 * 🇵🇱 Płock, Poland
 * 🇵🇰 Shangla, Pakistan

Notable people

 * Ossip Bernstein (1882–1962), Russian-French Grandmaster chess player and businessman
 * Aleksandr Bezymensky (1898–1973), a Soviet poet, screenwriter and journalist.
 * Hayim Nahman Bialik (1873 in Ivnytsia – 1934), Hebrew poet, educated in Zhytomyr
 * Adolpho Bloch (1908 in Zhytomyr - 1995), Brazilian-Ukrainian media magnate
 * Sasha Boole (born 1989), Ukrainian country and folk musician, and singer / songwriter
 * Tadeusz Borowski (1922–1951), a Polish writer and journalist.
 * Ina Bourskaya (1886—1954), an American opera singer.
 * Jarosław Dąbrowski (1836–1871), Polish nobleman and Paris Commune revolutionary
 * Boris Didkovsky (1883–1937) Bolshevik revolutionary, Soviet geologist and University rector
 * Oksana Dyka (born 1978), a Ukrainian operatic soprano.
 * Luis Filcer (1927–2018), a Mexican Expressionist painter dealing with injustice and struggle.
 * Samuel Freedman (1908–1993), Canadian judge, Manitoba Chief Justice
 * Yakov Gamarnik (1894–1937), Soviet Communist militant and military commander
 * Jewgeni Grischbowski (born 1992), a Dj and Music Producer.
 * Vladimir Hachinski (born c. 1945), clinical neuroscientist and researcher into stroke and dementia
 * Valentin Hrabovsky (1937–2004), author, poet, and art critic
 * Mark Kharitonov (1937–2024) Russian novelist, poet, and essayist
 * Alexander Kipnis (1891–1978), German then US bass opera singer
 * Vladimir Korolenko (1853–1921), Russian writer, journalist and human rights activist
 * Sergei Korolev (1907–1966), rocket engineer and designer, head of the Soviet space program
 * Dmytro Kveselevych (1935–2003), translator and lexicographer
 * Keni Liptzin (1856–1918), Jewish actress in Yiddish theatre
 * Borys Lyatoshynsky (1895–1968), a Ukrainian composer, conductor and teacher.
 * Julian Movchan (1913–2002), a Ukrainian-American journalist, writer and doctor.
 * Donia Nachshen (1903–1987) a British book illustrator, produced gov't posters in WWII.
 * Franciszek Niepokólczycki (1900–1974), a colonel of Polish Army.
 * Oleh Olzhych (1907-1944), Ukrainian writer and nationalist militant
 * Abram Ranovich (1885–1948), Soviet scholar of classical antiquity and religion.
 * Zvi Ribak (1910-1994), a Jewish painter
 * Sviatoslav Richter (1915–1997), a distinguished Soviet pianist
 * Michael Rostovtzeff (1870–1952), a Russian historian and archaeologist
 * Esther Salaman (1900–1995), a Russian-born Jewish writer and physicist.
 * Igor Shafarevich (1923–2017), a Soviet and Russian mathematician, did algebraic number theory
 * David Shterenberg (1881–1948), a Russian Soviet painter and graphic artist.
 * Apollon Skalkowski (1808-1898), Russian and Ukrainian scientist, historian, writer and publisher
 * Andriy Slyusarchuk (born 1971) a Ukrainian mnemonist and fraudster
 * Mykola Stsiborskyi (1897–1941), leader of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
 * Vladimir Veksler (1907–1966), an experimental physicist, pioneer of the particle accelerator
 * Natalia Vlaschenko (born 1960), journalist, screenwriter, TV presenter, playwright and columnist.
 * Bruno Zach (1891–1935), an Austrian art deco sculptor of Genre art
 * Casimir Zagourski (1883–1944), a Polish photographer active in Central Africa 1924–44
 * Juliusz Zarębski (1854–1885), a Polish composer and pianist.
 * Zev Wolf of Zhitomyr (died 1798), an Hassidic Rabbi.

Sport

 * Anastasiya Chernenko (born 1990), a professional triathlete
 * Aderinsola Eseola (born 1991), a Ukrainian footballer with over 200 club caps
 * Ruslan Malinovskyi (born 1993) a Ukrainian footballer with over 300 club caps and 49 for Ukraine
 * Viktor Rudyi (born 1962), a retired Soviet and Ukrainian football player with 510 club caps.
 * Vyacheslav Shabranskyy (born 1987), boxer, fought for the WBO light-heavyweight title in 2017.
 * Danylo Sikan (born 2001), a Ukrainian footballer with over 50 club caps and 6 for Ukraine
 * Andriy Tkachuk (born 1987), a Ukrainian football midfielder with over 400 club caps
 * Yuriy Vernydub (born 1966), a Ukrainian football coach and former player with 462 club caps.

Sources and external links

 * Zhytomyr Journal - news, photo, map and other
 * Zhytomyr business directory (in Russian or Ukrainian)
 * GCatholic - Latin Catholic bishopric
 * interesniy.zhitomir.ua - a blog about history of Zhytomyr
 * GCatholic - Latin Catholic cathedral
 *
 * Zhytomyr map - cafes, bars, restaurants, everything about the city
 * hotels of Zhytomyr
 * hotels of Zhytomyr

title: Zhytomyr


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Meixedo

Meixedo may refer to the following places in Portugal:

 * Meixedo (Bragança), a former parish in Bragança
 * Meixedo e Padornelos, a parish in Montalegre
 * Meixedo (Viana do Castelo), a parish in Viana do Castelo

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Meixedo


text:
Royal Guards (Sweden)

The Royal Guards (Högvakten) is the King of Sweden's cavalry and infantry guards of honour of the Swedish Armed Forces, tasked with the protection of the Swedish royal family.

History and ceremonies
The Royal Guard is normally divided in two parts, the main guard stationed at the Stockholm Palace, and a smaller detachment at Drottningholm Palace. The Royal Guards units has continuously guarded the Swedish royal family in Stockholm since 1523.

The duty of forming a "Royal Guard" is rotated by all serving regular and reserve armed forces, including the Home Guard. However, these detachments only serve for about 5–7 days in each rotation, so most of the year the duty is carried out by the Life Guards regiment of Stockholm, consisting of four battalions, one light infantry, two security, and one guard battalion. Tracing its history through the Household Brigade and Svea Life Guards and Life Guard Dragoons back to the original Royal Guards, this is what constitutes the regiment's claims to being one of the oldest military units and formations in continuous operation.

The Grenadier Company is the honor guard of the Swedish Army's Life Guards for state ceremonies. Their uniform includes bearskin hats, and white baldrics (cross belts) that originally carried the fuses used to light grenades. The grenadiers bear the King's own Life Company banner, which was presented to the unit in 1868 by Charles XV's consort, Queen Louise.

Between April and August, the mounted squadrons in light blue full dress uniforms and silver pickelhaube helmets and the companies in dark blue full dress uniforms with black pickelhaube helmets, both of the Life Guards, can be seen in Stockholm street parades and around the Royal Palace. Accompanied by the mounted band, they depart from the K1 Cavalry barracks in Gärdet, and arrive at the Palace around noon (1 p.m. on Sundays and public holidays) for the changing of the guards ceremony. These events attracts large numbers of tourists each summer.

In the regular guard mounts, the regular royal guard contingent is composed of the personnel from the King's Guards Battalion, Life Guards.

title: Royal Guards (Sweden)


text:
Category:Internet exchange points

Internet exchange points are the physical points where data is exchanged between the Internet service provider networks which make up the Internet.

title: Category:Internet exchange points


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Dust (character)

Dust (Sooraya Qadir) is a superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character usually appears in X-Men-related comic books. Sooraya is a mutant with the ability to transform her body into a pliable cloud of dust.

Publication history
Sooraya Qadir, alias Dust, was created by writer Grant Morrison and artist Ethan Van Sciver for the comic book series New X-Men #133 (December 2002). Dust has since appeared in various X-Men related comic book series, miniseries, and storylines.

Origin
Sooraya Qadir is a Pashtun Muslim from Kandahar, Afghanistan, who possesses the mutant ability to transform into a sand-like substance. The character’s origin story depicts her kidnapping by slavers who attempt to remove her religious head covering, the niqab. This event triggers Sooraya's mutant power for the first time, killing her attackers. Rescued by Wolverine and Fantomex, Sooraya enrolls at the Xavier Institute for Mutant Education and Leadership, a school dedicated to training mutants to control their powers and coexist with humanity.

Storylines
Sooraya Qadir's experiences at the Xavier Institute are documented across various X-Men comic book series. Notably, she features prominently in the aftermath of a major event within the Marvel Universe that significantly reduces the mutant population. This event, known as "Decimation," significantly impacts the dynamics at the Xavier Institute, forcing the school to restructure and leading to a reduced student body. Sooraya is among the 27 mutants who retain their powers after Decimation, placing her in a unique position within the institute.

Early struggles and adaptation
Following her enrollment, Sooraya initially struggles to adapt to life at the Xavier Institute. Cultural and religious differences create challenges, particularly with her outspoken roommate Noriko. Despite these obstacles, Sooraya demonstrates unwavering faith in her Islamic beliefs, choosing to wear her religious attire instead of the standard training uniform. Over time, Sooraya develops friendships with other students, including Icarus. However, her religious background occasionally leads to conflict with other characters, highlighting the complexities of integrating mutants from diverse backgrounds. Sooraya's journey at the Xavier Institute is marked by various challenges that test her courage and resilience. Due to her religious beliefs, Sooraya becomes a target for anti-mutant factions within the Marvel Universe, leading to threats and capture. However, Sooraya consistently demonstrates her bravery, using her unique sand-based powers to battle enemies like William Stryker and the villain Belasco. Despite facing injuries and moments of self-doubt regarding leadership, Sooraya continues to overcome adversity, even confronting powerful mutants like a nanotech-controlled Sentinel and Predator X. Her resourcefulness and strategic use of her powers prove valuable in defeating formidable foes like the mutant Exodus.

Return to Afghanistan and beyond
Sooraya's story extends beyond the walls of the Xavier Institute. In later storylines, she returns to her home country, taking a protective stance over a small town. However, she becomes entangled in a complex situation and is manipulated into joining a team led by a character impersonating Cyclops. This event leads to a life-threatening situation where parts of her body are temporarily transformed into glass. Sooraya demonstrates remarkable resilience, eventually recovering and rejoining the X-Men in San Francisco. Following a major schism within the X-Men, Sooraya initially sides with Wolverine's team but ultimately chooses to remain with Cyclops' faction.

Personality and relationships
Sooraya is depicted as a quiet and reserved individual, initially struggling to adapt to life at the Xavier Institute, particularly with her outspoken roommate Noriko. Despite these initial difficulties, Sooraya demonstrates unwavering faith in her religion, choosing to wear a hijab instead of the standard training uniform. Throughout her time at the institute, Sooraya develops friendships with other students like Icarus, though her religious beliefs occasionally create conflict with other characters.

Appearance
In line with Sooraya's character as a traditional Muslim, she chooses to don a loose-fitting black dress, with a niqab covering her face. Sooraya explains to her mother that she dresses this way because of the modesty it affords her from men. Her mother is happy that she lives somewhere where she is able to make those choices

Powers and abilities
Dust is a transmorph, able to transform herself into an explosive cloud of sand-like silicon particles and maintain control of her sand form. She can reform her normal body at will or maintain an aerial based sand form in the shape of her human body. Her sandstorm form is resistant to most forms of injury. The form makes her hard to detect telepathically, according to Jean Grey and Professor X. She is also resistant to magic. She can use the form to attack, for instance, scouring the flesh from her enemies' bones like a sandstorm as well as enter people's lungs and scouring them from the inside.

Critical reception
Peter Eckhardt of CBR.com called Dust one of the "favorite characters with connections to the 616 AAPI community," writing, "Qadir's Sunni Muslim faith is a critical part of her character. She's depicted almost exclusively wearing traditional Muslim dress consisting of a niqab atop an abaya. Although her faith occasionally creates conflict with other characters, Qadir's faith remains strong and makes her one of the most positive representations of Muslim women in speculative fiction." Marc Buxton of Den of Geek said, "We have the devout Muslim warrior Dust, one of the bravest X-Men to join Xavier’s team in the 21st century. When a slave trader forcibly tried to remove her niqab, Sooraya Qadir manifested her power to turn her body into sand and flayed him alive. Dust remains one of X-Men’s bravest, using her unwavering faith and powers to help other young mutants. For Dust, her eyes tell the whole story, of faith and pain, of belief and bravery."

Accolades

 * In 2014, BuzzFeed ranked Dust 81st in their "95 X-Men Members Ranked From Worst To Best" list.
 * In 2017, CBR.com ranked Dust 11th in their "15 Muslim Characters In Comics You Should Know" list.
 * In 2017, Den of Geek included Dust in their "40 X-Men Characters Who Haven’t Appeared in the Movies But Should" list.
 * In 2020, CBR.com ranked Dust 7th in their "10 Most Powerful Members Of The Hellions" list.
 * In 2020, WhatCulture ranked Dust 7th in their "Marvel Phase 4: 10 Mutants Who Should Be MCU X-Men" list.
 * In 2021, Screen Rant included Dust in their "10 Most Powerful Members Of The Champions" list.
 * In 2022, CBR.com ranked Dust 2nd in their "10 Best X-Men Mutants Who Haven't Been In A Movie Yet" list and 6th in their "X-Men: 10 Heroes Who'd Be Perfect Assassins" list.

Other versions
Although Dust is a character in the main Marvel Universe continuity (also called "Earth-616,"), she has also been depicted in other fictional universes and alternate futures.

House of M
Sooraya appears as a member of the New Mutants in the House of M continuity. She appears to have formed a very close friendship with Jubilee and become Westernized, wearing revealing clothes and enjoying stereotypical 'mall rat' activities. Like the rest of the Hellions and New Mutants, she travels to Japan to fight against Emperor Sunfire in order to close down Project Genesis.

X-Men: The End
In the alternate time line depicted in X-Men: The End, Sooraya remains at the institute as the caretaker of Cyclops and Emma Frost's children. During the attack on the institute, Sooraya encounters Madelyne Pryor, asking if she is Jean Grey returning to the school. Madelyne lashes out and Sooraya defends herself, seemingly defeating Madelyne and escaping the institute before it explodes. It is later revealed that the "Dust" who escaped the encounter was really Madelyne, disguised in Sooraya's abaya. Upon revealing her true identity, Cyclops states that he already knew it was her and that the real Sooraya died back at the school.

Young X-Men "End of Days"
In a dystopic future depicted in the final two issues of "Young X-Men", Sooraya appears before the last remaining mutants on the once mutant safe-haven and independent state of "Xaviera". She easily kills Wolverine and kills Graymalkin and Emma Frost. Before killing him, Sooraya explains to Anole that she is doing this because mutants are a "plague" upon the world and that she has become its cure, "a storm that wipes clean the earth". She reaches a now decrepit Ink, who has a brief conversation with her regarding her revival in the past. They both discuss that his actions corrupted her, "killing" her soul and she reveals that she still harbors resentment over "mutants" allowing her to die in the first place. She states that she is sorry, as she knows his actions were good at heart, and kills him.

In this future depiction, Sooraya no longer observes Islamic hijab, wearing a tight outfit exposing her face and her cleavage. Her eyes glow red and she has combustive powers in addition to her original abilities.

In other media

 * Dust appears in Wolverine and the X-Men, voiced by Tara Strong.
 * Dust makes a cameo appearance in Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds via Deadpool's ending.
 * Dust is among the mutants who appear on a bulletin board at the end of the X-Men '97 Season 1 finale.

title: Dust (character)


text:
Hal B. Wallis

Harold Brent Wallis (born Aaron Blum Wolowicz; September 14, 1899 – October 5, 1986) was an American film producer. He is best known for producing Casablanca (1942), The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), and True Grit (1969), along with many other major films for Warner Bros. featuring such film stars as Humphrey Bogart, John Wayne, Bette Davis, and Errol Flynn. As a producer, he received 19 nominations for the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Later on, for a long period, he was connected with Paramount Pictures and oversaw films featuring Dean Martin, Jerry Lewis, Elvis Presley, and John Wayne.

Life and career
Aaron Blum Wolowicz was born September 14, 1899 in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Eva (née Ewa Blum) and Jacob Wolowicz/Wolovitz (Jankiel Wołowicz). He was the youngest of three children and had two older sisters: Minna Wolovitz (1893-1986), a Hollywood talent agent, and Juel Wolovitz (1895-1953). His parents were Ashkenazi Jews from the Suwałki region of Congress Poland, which was then part of the Russian Empire and is now Poland. The future producer and his sisters eventually changed their surname to Wallis.

His family moved in 1922 to Los Angeles, California, where he found work as part of the publicity department at Warner Bros. in 1923. Within a few years, Wallis became involved in the production end of the business and would eventually become head of production at Warner. In a career that spanned more than 50 years, he was involved with the production of more than 400 feature-length movies.

Among the more significant movies he produced were Casablanca, Dark Victory, The Adventures of Robin Hood, The Maltese Falcon, Sergeant York, and Now, Voyager.

In March 1944, Wallis won the Academy Award for Best Picture at the 16th Academy Awards. During the ceremony, when the award was announced for Casablanca, Wallis got up to accept, but studio head Jack L. Warner rushed up to the stage "with a broad, flashing smile and a look of great self-satisfaction," Wallis later recalled. "I couldn't believe it was happening. Casablanca had been my creation; Jack had absolutely nothing to do with it. As the audience gasped, I tried to get out of the row of seats and into the aisle, but the entire Warner family sat blocking me. I had no alternative but to sit down again, humiliated and furious ... Almost forty years later, I still haven't recovered from the shock." This incident would lead Wallis to leave Warner Bros. the next month.

Wallis started to work as an independent producer, enjoying considerable success both commercially and critically. The first screenwriters he hired for his new enterprise were Ayn Rand and Lillian Hellman. Among his financial hits were the Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis comedies, and several of Elvis Presley's movies.

He produced True Grit, for which John Wayne won the Academy Award for Best Actor of 1969, and its sequel.

After moving to Universal Pictures, he produced Anne of the Thousand Days (starring Richard Burton and Canadian actress Geneviève Bujold) and Mary, Queen of Scots (starring Vanessa Redgrave and Glenda Jackson). He received 16 Academy Award producer nominations for Best Picture, winning for Casablanca in 1943.

For his consistently high quality of motion picture production, he was twice honored with the Academy Awards' Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. He was also nominated for seven Golden Globe awards, twice winning awards for Best Picture. In 1975, he received the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures.

In 1980, he published his autobiography, Starmaker, co-written with Charles Higham.

In the 1930s, Wallis invested in residential real estate development in Sherman Oaks, California. He named Halbrent Avenue after himself, using his nickname "Hal" and his middle name "Brent". Most of its original homes still stand, and it is very close to Ventura and Sepulveda Boulevards and the Sherman Oaks Galleria used extensively in the 1982 movie Fast Times at Ridgemont High.

Wallis and his second wife, actress Martha Hyer, contributed funds towards the construction of The Hal and Martha Hyer Wallis Theatre, a black box theater, at Northwestern University.

Relationships
Wallis was married to actress Louise Fazenda from 1927 until her death in 1962. They had one son, Brent, who became a psychiatrist. Several writers including actors and producers have stated that actress Lizabeth Scott was a mistress of Wallis while he was married to Fazenda. Wallis was married to actress Martha Hyer from 1966 until his death in 1986. Hyer wanted Wallis to include Scott and his other mistresses in his autobiography, but he did not. After his marriages, Wallis watched Scott's films at home, night after night.

Politics
Wallis was a lifelong Republican, who supported Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 US Presidential Election. He was also a member of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals.

Death
Wallis died on October 5, 1986 from complications of diabetes in Rancho Mirage, California, two weeks before his 88th birthday. News of his death was not released until after his private memorial service. U.S. President Ronald W. Reagan, who appeared in Wallis's films Santa Fe Trail and This Is The Army, sent his condolences to the family. Wallis is interred at the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.

Filmography

 * Moby Dick (1930, co-producer and first work)
 * Little Caesar (1931)
 * Central Airport (1933)
 * The Petrified Forest (1936)
 * Kid Galahad (1937)
 * West of Shanghai (1937)
 * The Invisible Menace (1938)
 * The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938)
 * Comet Over Broadway (1938)
 * Dark Victory (1939)
 * The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939)
 * All This, and Heaven Too (1940)
 * Castle on the Hudson (1940)
 * Santa Fe Trail (1940)
 * Sergeant York (1941)
 * The Maltese Falcon (1941)
 * They Died with Their Boots On (1941)
 * Casablanca (1942)
 * Now, Voyager (1942)
 * Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942)
 * This Is the Army (1943)
 * Love Letters (1945)
 * You Came Along (1945)
 * The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946)
 * Desert Fury (1947)
 * I Walk Alone (1947)
 * So Evil My Love (1948)
 * Sorry, Wrong Number (1948)
 * The Accused (1949)
 * Rope of Sand (1949)
 * My Friend Irma (1949)
 * Paid in Full (1950)
 * My Friend Irma Goes West (1950)
 * September Affair (1950)
 * Dark City (1950)
 * The Furies (1950)
 * That's My Boy (1951)
 * Sailor Beware (1952)
 * Jumping Jacks (1952)
 * The Stooge (1952)
 * Scared Stiff (1953)
 * Money from Home (1953)
 * About Mrs. Leslie (1954)
 * 3 Ring Circus (1954)
 * Artists and Models (1955)
 * The Rainmaker (1956)
 * Hollywood or Bust (1956)
 * Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957)
 * Loving You (1957)
 * The Sad Sack (1957)
 * Hot Spell (1958)
 * King Creole (1958)
 * Don't Give Up the Ship (1959)
 * Career (1959)
 * Visit to a Small Planet (1960)
 * G.I. Blues (1960)
 * All in a Night's Work (1961)
 * Blue Hawaii (1961)
 * Summer and Smoke (1961)
 * Girls! Girls! Girls! (1962)
 * Fun in Acapulco (1963)
 * Wives and Lovers (1963)
 * Becket (1964)
 * Roustabout (1964)
 * The Sons of Katie Elder (1965)
 * Boeing Boeing (1965)
 * Paradise, Hawaiian Style (1966)
 * Barefoot in the Park (1967)
 * Easy Come, Easy Go (1967)
 * True Grit (1969)
 * Anne of the Thousand Days (1969)
 * Mary, Queen of Scots (1971)
 * Rooster Cogburn (1975)

Academy Awards
Wallis was nominated for 19 Academy Awards as producer, including five years from 1938 to 1943 in which he had multiple films nominated. He won the 1943 Academy Award for Outstanding Motion Picture for Casablanca. His production Watch on the Rhine was also nominated that year. In addition to his one competitive win, Wallis was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1938 and 1943.

title: Hal B. Wallis


text:
Mós

Mós may refer to the following places in Portugal:

 * Mós (Bragança), a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança
 * Mós (Torre de Moncorvo), a civil parish in the municipality of Torre de Moncorvo
 * Mós (Vila Nova de Foz Côa), a civil parish in the municipality of Vila Nova de Foz Côa
 * Mós (Vila Verde), a civil parish in the municipality of Vila Verde

title: Mós


text:
Mós (Bragança)

Mós is a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 178, in an area of 11.62 km2.

title: Mós (Bragança)


text:
Ulhasnagar

Ulhasnagar is a city located, just 26 km from Thane City in Thane district, Maharashtra, India. This city is a part of Mumbai Metropolitan Region managed by MMRDA. It had an estimated population of 506,098 at the 2011 Census. Ulhasnagar is a municipal city and the headquarters of the Tahsil bearing the same name. It has a suburban station on the Central line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway.

History
A suburban railway station was built in 1955. In January 1960, Ulhasnagar Municipality was formed, with Arjun K. Ballani as first chief, and a municipal council was nominated. In 1965, elections were first held in this council. In the late 1970s, Ulhasnagar was a town settled mainly by Sindhi Hindu refugees. Now this 28 square kilometre area has 389,000 people of Sindhi descent, the largest enclave of Sindhis in India. The town lies outside Mumbai city but within the Mumbai Conurbation. In 2010, the estimated population of Sindhi Hindus in Ulhasnagar was 400,000.

There are a number of criminal gangs in town working under the patronage of political parties. Also for many illegal building projects in 1990s, politicians started to charge money to look the other way.

Economy
The town covers an area of 13 square kilometers and is divided into 285 blocks. It is a centre for the production of rayon silk, dyes, ready-made garments, electrical / electronic appliances and confectionaries. The total length of roads and streets in the town is 352 kilometres. The town is served by underground and open-surface drainage, night soil being disposed of by septic tank latrines. The town has a protected water supply through MIDC. Sanctioned Water Quota at various tapping points is 112 MLD. Fire-fighting service is also available in the town. There are sixty private hospitals with a total bed-strength of 840 beds, three government hospitals with total bed-strength of 356 beds, 255 dispensaries / clinics, 100 RMP and a family planning centre.

Ulhasnagar has some small businesses manufacturing denims. Some of the manufacturers export jeans worldwide from Ulhasnagar. The city is also known for its furniture market, cloth market and electronic market.

Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Ulhasnagar had a population of 506,098. Ulhasnagar is the 22nd biggest city in Maharashtra and 88th in the country. Males constituted 53% of the population and females 47%. There are about four lakh Sindhi-speaking Hindus in Ulhasnagar. Sindhis migrated to Ulhasnagar after the partition of India.

Education
Educational facilities are provided by 129 primary schools, 56 secondary schools, 9 higher secondary schools, 3 colleges and 2 technical colleges.

Smt. Chandibai Himmatmal Mansukhani College (C. H. M. College), established in 1965, has five college buildings:
 * Principal K M Kundnani Pharmacy Polytechnique
 * Institute of Technology
 * Dr L. H. Hiranandani College of Pharmacy
 * H and G H Mansukhani Institute of Management
 * Nari Gursahani Law College

Ulhasnagar Girls College, started in 1961, later converted to R K Talreja College.

Nari Gursahani Law College, an undergraduate law college affiliated to the University of Mumbai, is located in Ulhasnagar.

title: Ulhasnagar


text:
Category:Overtures

Musical overtures can be:
 * Instrumental pieces that precede a stage production;
 * One-movement pieces for concert performance or specific occasions (concert overtures);
 * Baroque suites, in that case synonym to "Ouverture".

title: Category:Overtures


text:
Adenolisianthus

Adenolisianthus is a plant genus in the gentian family (Gentianaceae), tribe Helieae. The name of the genus is derived from Greek roots meaning "gland-bearing and smooth flower". Only one species, Adenolisianthus arboreus, has been classified as part of this genus. It was first recognized as a separate genus in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(2): 98 (1895). Until then, the species was treated as part of the genus Lisianthius.

Habitat
Adenolisianthus arboreus is found in the river basins of the Rio Negro and the Rio Vaupes. Its area of distribution covers northwestern Brazil and the southern parts of Venezuela and Colombia. Adenolisianthus' primary habitat is lowland, white-sand savanna. It is found in the elevations between 0-800 meters. It is native to the Colombian departments of Amazonas, Caquetá, Guainía, Guaviare, Meta, and Vaupés.

title: Adenolisianthus


text:
Gael Baudino

Gael Baudino (born 1955) is a contemporary American fantasy author who also writes under the pseudonyms of Gael Kathryns, Gael A. Kathryns, K.M. Tonso, and G.A. Kathryns. She attended college at the University of Southern California. Sometime before 1994 she converted from Dianic Wicca and became a Quaker. As Gael Kathryns she contributed several instructional articles about harping to the Folk Harp Journal during the 1990s.

The Dragonsword Trilogy

 * Dragonsword (1988) ISBN 1-55802-003-9
 * Duel of Dragons (1991) ISBN 0-451-45097-3
 * Dragon Death (1992) ISBN 0-451-45147-3

The Strands Series

 * Strands of Starlight (1989) ISBN 0-451-16371-0
 * Maze of Moonlight (1993) ISBN 0-451-45230-5
 * Shroud of Shadow (1993) ISBN 0-451-45294-1
 * Strands of Sunlight (1994) ISBN 0-451-45408-1
 * Spires of Spirit (1997) ISBN 0-451-45568-1 - A collection of six short stories set in the "Strands" universe. One of its stories, "The Shadow of the Starlight", was previously published in slightly different form in the April 1985 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction.

The Water! series

 * O Greenest Branch! (1995) ISBN 0-451-45449-9
 * The Dove Looked In (1996) ISBN 0-451-45497-9
 * Branch and Crown (1996) ISBN 0-451-45553-3

Standalone

 * Gossamer Axe (1990) ISBN 0-451-45025-6
 * The Borders of Life (1999) as G.A. Kathryns. ISBN 0-451-45574-6 This book is previewed in the back of Spires of Spirit with the working title of The Bournes of Life.  The preview identifies Gael Baudino as the author rather than G.A. Kathryns.
 * Darkling Incidence (2015) as K.M Tonso. ISBN 978-1938644245.
 * Snow City (2017) as G.A. Kathryns. ISBN 978-1542858076

Short stories

 * "Lady of the Forest End" - Amazons II edited by Jessica Amanda Salmonson (1982) ISBN 0-87997-736-1
 * "The Shadow of the Starlight" - published in:
 * The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (April 1985)
 * An edited/updated version published in 1997 in Spires of Spirit.
 * "The Persistence of Memory" - published in:
 * The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (November 1985)
 * The Year's Best Fantasy 12 edited by Arthur W. Saha (1986) ISBN 0-88677-163-3
 * The Bank Street Book of Fantasy edited by Howard Zimmerman (1989) ISBN 0-671-63146-2. This is a book of short stories converted into graphic novels for early teen readers.
 * "Tidings of Comfort and Joy" edited by Dennis L. McKiernan - The Magic of Christmas (1992) ISBN 0-451-45190-2
 * "Before" - Lammas Night edited by Mercedes Lackey (1996) ISBN 0-671-87713-5 - this story occurs in the same setting as Baudino's novel The Borders of Life.
 * "Bitterfoot" - Sisters in Fantasy 2 edited by Susan Schwartz (1996) ISBN 0-451-45503-7
 * "Charity" - written between 1981 and 1984 and published in 1997 in Spires of Spirit.
 * "Lady of Light" - written between 1981 and 1984 and published in 1997 in Spires of Spirit.
 * "A Touch of Distant Hands" - written between 1981 and 1984 and published in 1997 in Spires of Spirit.
 * "Elvenhome" - written between 1981 and 1984 and published in 1997 in Spires of Spirit.
 * "Please Come to Denver (in the Spring)" - written between 1981 and 1984 and published in 1997 in Spires of Spirit.

Nonfiction works

 * The Wire Strung Primer (as Gael Kathryns) - Raging Celt Productions, Englewood, Colorado, 1991
 * Interzone Science Fiction magazine #90 (1994), page 19–22. Interview by David V. Barrett: "Music and Magic"

Recordings

 * For Martha (as Gael Kathryns) - RC901 Raging Celt Productions, Englewood, Colorado, 1990 - original harp music

title: Gael Baudino


text:
MS Mega Regina

MS Mega Regina is a cruiseferry owned by Corsica Ferries. She was formerly owned and operated by Viking Line as MS Mariella. She was built by the Wärtsilä Perno shipyard in Turku, Finland and delivered to SF Line in 1985. Her sister ship is the Olympia (now MS SPL Princess Anastasia). Mariella was the world's largest cruiseferry from 1985 until 1989, when the accolade passed on to her Viking Line fleetmate MS Athena. Mariella was sold to Corsica Ferries in 2021 and renamed Mega Regina. The ship started traffic on the Mediterranean Sea in summer 2021.

History
When the Mariella was delivered in 1985, she was the first ship on Viking Line's Helsinki–Stockholm service which was not owned by Rederi Ab Sally. She has remained on the same route ever since, except for a few brief times when she has been moved temporarily on to other Viking Line routes. This makes her the record holder for the longest continual service on the Helsinki–Stockholm route. At the time of her delivery, the Mariella was the largest ferry in the world in terms of gross tonnage, number of passengers and passenger berths.

In 1989, ahead of the delivery of the new MS Cinderella, SF Line considered moving Mariella on to a proposed express Helsinki–Norrköping service aimed at passengers travelling with their cars. The plan never materialised, and Mariella continued to serve on the same route even after the Cinderella was delivered and placed as the third ship on the route. Following the bankruptcy of Rederi AB Slite in 1993, SF Line was left as the sole operator of the Viking Line name, but this had no effect on Mariella's traffic.

Mariella was the first ship to arrive at the scene of perished MS Estonia in September 1994. Fifteen survivors were picked up from the sea and another eleven were brought on board by helicopters, as Mariella was used as the main helicopter platform.

During the 1996 summer season a short cruise from Helsinki to Tallinn was added to Mariella's schedule in place of the nine hours she normally spent in Helsinki. These "picnic cruises" proved to be unpopular and they were not continued the following summer. When the EU ended tax free sales on routes between member states in July 1999, Viking Line added a stop at Mariehamn, Åland to the Helsinki–Stockholm route. As Åland is not a part of the EU tax union, Viking Line could continue tax-free sales on its ships. In September 2000 Mariella was refitted at Naantali with rear sponsons and a new fast rescue boat. Her interior was also brought up to date and for some time after the refit she sported the text "Updated 06/10 2000" on her hull. Another refit was carried out in September 2006 once again at Naantali.

In mid-2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Helsinki-Stockholm route was put on hold. The company released a statement in August, putting Mariella up for sale. There was no intention of actually selling her but stated that interesting bids could be accepted.

In May 2021, Viking Line announced that the ship had been sold to Corsica Ferries. Mariella was sold for a price of 19.6 million euros. Corsica Ferries started using the ship in late June 2021. Her new name is Mega Regina.

Decks
This list covers the ship's decks as MS Mariella.
 * Deck 11 : Bridge and sun deck.
 * Deck 10 : Captain's Deck - Lifeboats, MOB boats, inflatable vests, muster stations, crew quarters and sun deck.
 * Deck 9 : Compass Deck - Crew quarters.
 * Deck 8 : Conference Deck - Conference facilities, sun deck and crew cabins.
 * Deck 7 : Restaurant Deck - Restaurants Viking Buffet, Food Garden, Plate and Ocean Grill, bars Musicmeister and Casino Bar and night club Club Mar.
 * Deck 6 : Info & Shopping Deck - Cabins of classes Suite, LXB, A4, B2D, B4, B4T and B2P, duty free shop, café Coffee & Joy, gaming room, information desk, Travel Spa, embarkation and disembarkation.
 * Deck 5 : Sextant Deck - Cabins of classes LXB, LXR, A2L, AD2, A4, B2D, B4 and B2P.
 * Deck 4 : Bell Deck - Cabins of classes A4, A4R, HA2, B4, B4R and B2P, embarkation and disembarkation.
 * Deck 3C : Car Platform Deck - Car deck (deck for personal cars only, can be lifted up).
 * Deck 3 : Car Deck - Car deck (for all cars).
 * Deck 2 : Anchor Deck - Cabins of classes C4 and Q3, sauna and swimming pool. Upper levels of machinery rooms, machinery surveillance.
 * Deck 1 : Primary and secondary machinery rooms, boiler room and other technical facilities.

title: MS Mega Regina


text:
Nogueira

Nogueira is a Sephardic Jewish surname of Galician and Portuguese origin meaning walnut tree.

People with the surname

 * Antônio Rodrigo "Minotauro" Nogueira (born 1976), Brazilian MMA fighter
 * Antônio Rogério Nogueira, the "Minotouro" (born 1976), Brazilian MMA fighter, twin brother of Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira
 * Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo (1795–1876), Portuguese politician
 * Camilo Nogueira Román (born 1936), Spanish politician
 * Fernando Nogueira (born 1950), Portuguese politician
 * Fabricio Nogueira Nascimento (born 1976), Brazilian footballer
 * Fernando António Nogueira Pessoa (1888–1935), Portuguese poet
 * Isabelle Nogueira (born 1992), Brazilian dancer and model
 * Lucas Nogueira (born 1992), Brazilian basketball player
 * Mikayla Nogueira, American social media influencer and make-up artist
 * Patrick Nogueira (born 1996), Brazilian murderer
 * Paulinho Nogueira (1929–2003), Brazilian musician
 * Paulo Nogueira Neto (born 1922), Brazilian environmentalist
 * Victor Nogueira (born 1959), Mozambique-born American soccer goalkeeper
 * Wellington Damião Nogueira Marinho (born 1981), Brazilian footballer
 * Tadeu Jesus Nogueira Júnior (born 1981), Juninho, Brazilian footballer
 * Nogueira Ferrão, Portuguese family name
 * Vincent Nogueira (born 1988), French footballer

Brazil

 * Nogueira, Bahia, a municipality of the State of Bahia
 * Artur Nogueira, a municipality of the State of São Paulo
 * Nogueira, Amazonas, a village on the shore of Lake Tefe, State of Amazonas

Portugal

 * Nogueira (Braga), a civil parish in the municipality of Braga
 * Nogueira (Bragança), a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança
 * Nogueira (Lousada), a civil parish in the municipality of Lousada
 * Nogueira (Maia), a civil parish in the municipality of Maia
 * Nogueira (Ponte da Barca), a civil parish in the municipality of Ponte da Barca
 * Nogueira (Viana do Castelo), a civil parish in the municipality of Viana do Castelo
 * Nogueira (Vila Nova de Cerveira), a civil parish in the municipality of Vila Nova de Cerveira
 * Nogueira (Vila Real), a civil parish in the municipality of Vila Real

title: Nogueira


text:
National Assembly (Slovenia)

The National Assembly (Državni zbor Republike Slovenije, or  ) is the general representative body of Slovenia. According to the Constitution of Slovenia and the Constitutional Court of Slovenia, it is the major part of the distinctively incompletely bicameral Slovenian Parliament, the legislative branch of the Republic of Slovenia. It has 90 members, elected for a four-year term. 88 members are elected using the party-list proportional representation system and the remaining two, using the Borda count, by the Hungarian and Italian-speaking ethnic minorities, who have an absolute veto in matters concerning their ethnic groups.

As of May 2022, the 9th National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia is in session.

Legislative procedure
A bill can be submitted to the National Assembly by:

 * the Government
 * an MP
 * the National Council
 * 5,000 voters

The legislative procedure begins when the Speaker passes a bill to the MPs.

There are three possible legislative procedures:

 * regular legislative procedure
 * abbreviated legislative procedure
 * urgent legislative procedure

Bills are normally passed by a majority of the present MPs. If the Constitution demands a two-thirds majority (laws regulating electoral systems, referendums and constitutional laws which amend the Constitution), then at least 60 of the 90 MPs must vote for the bill for passage.

First reading
The first reading is completed with passing the bill to the MPs by the Speaker, unless ten MPs request a session of the assembly within 15 days to discuss reasons why bill was submitted.

If the session is held, the assembly must vote on the resolution if the bill is appropriate for a further procedure.

The Speaker determines a working body that will discuss the bill in the further procedure. Other bodies can also discuss the bill if there is such interest, however they cannot vote on it.

Second reading
During the second reading bill is first discussed by the working body that can amend the bill and make a report on the bill which is the basis for the plenary of assembly. Working body discusses and votes on each article of the bill. Assembly later votes and discusses only the articles that were amended during the session of the working body.

Assembly and working body can accept a resolution that the bill is not appropriate for a furder procedure if not such resolution was accepted during the first reading.

Third reading
In the third reading working body and assembly vote on the bill as a whole. If it is accepted the bill is sent to the President to sign it.

Shortened legislative procedure
During shortened legislative procedure there is no first reading and the second and third readings are held at the same session.

It can be applied for a bills that regulate minor matters, another law is abolished with the bill, if national laws have to be harmonised with Acquis communautaire or when bill regulates procedures before the Constitutional Court or Constitutional Court order changes of the laws.

Urgent legislative procedure
Bill can be passed under urgent procedure if it is important for the security or defence of the country, if it is addressing the consequences of natural disasters or it is proposed to prevent irreversible consequences for the country.

There is no first reading, the second and third readings are held at the same session, amendments to the bill can be given orally and timeline of the procedure is shorter.

Demand for new vote on the law
When the bill is passed, the National Council can demand that National Assembly vote again on the bill. A greater majority is needed to pass the bill in the new vote.

List of speakers of the National Assembly
1. France Bučar (SDZ): 9 May 1990 – 23 December 1992

2. Herman Rigelnik (LDS): 23 December 1992 – 14 September 1994

-- Miroslav Mozetič (acting) (SKD): 14 September 1994 - 16 September 1994

3. Jožef Školč (LDS): 16 September 1994 – 3 December 1996

4. Janez Podobnik (SLS): 3 December 1996 – 27 October 2000

5. Borut Pahor (ZLSD): 10 November 2000 – 9 July 2004

-- Valentin Pohorec (acting) (DeSUS): 9–12 July 2004

6. Feri Horvat (ZLSD): 12 July 2004 – 22 October 2004

7. France Cukjati (SDS): 22 October 2004 – 15 October 2008

8. Pavel Gantar (Zares): 15 October 2008 – 2 September 2011

-- Vasja Klavora (acting) (Desus): 2 September 2011

9. Ljubo Germič (LDS): 2 September 2011 – 21 December 2011

10. Gregor Virant (LGV/DL): 21 December 2011 – 28 January 2013

-- Jakob Presečnik (acting) (SLS): 28 January 2013 – 27 February 2013

11. Janko Veber (SD): 27 February 2013 – 1 August 2014

12. Milan Brglez (SMC): 1 August 2014 – 22 June 2018

13. Matej Tonin (NSi): 22 June 2018 – 23 August 2018

-- Tina Heferle (acting) (LMŠ): 23 August 2018

14. Dejan Židan (SD): 23 August 2018 – 3 March 2020

-- Branko Simonovič (acting) (Desus): 3 March 2020 - 5 March 2020

15. Igor Zorčič (SMC): 5 March 2020 - 13 May 2022

16. Urška Klakočar Zupančič (GS): 13 May 2022 - (incumbent)

Electoral system
The 90 members of the National Assembly are elected by two methods. 88 are elected by open list proportional representation in eight 11-seat constituencies and seats are allocated to the parties at the constituency level using the Droop quota. The elected Deputies are identified by ranking all of a party's candidates in a constituency by the percentage of votes they received in their district. The seats that remain unallocated are allocated to the parties at the national level using the d'Hondt method with an electoral threshold of 4%. Although the country is divided into 88 electoral districts, deputies are not elected from all 88 districts. More than one deputy is elected in some districts, which results in some districts not having an elected deputy (for instance, 21 of 88 electoral districts did not have an elected deputy in the 2014 elections). Parties must have at least 35% of their lists from each gender, except in cases where there are only three candidates. For these lists, there must be at least one candidate of each gender.

Two additional deputies are elected by the Italian and Hungarian minorities. Voters rank all of the candidates on the ballot paper using numbers (1 being highest priority). A candidate is awarded the most points (equal to the number of candidates on the ballot paper) when a voter ranks them first. The candidate with most points wins.

Terms

 * 1st National Assembly
 * 2nd National Assembly
 * 3rd National Assembly
 * 4th National Assembly
 * 5th National Assembly
 * 6th National Assembly
 * 7th National Assembly
 * 8th National Assembly

Members

 * List of members of the 8th National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia
 * List of members of the 8th National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia
 * List of members of the 8th National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia
 * List of members of the 8th National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia
 * List of members of the 8th National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia
 * List of members of the 8th National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia
 * List of members of the 8th National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia
 * List of members of the 8th National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia

title: National Assembly (Slovenia)


text:
Talk:Uthman

Untitled
> Editing Talk:Uthman ibn Affan > Wikipedia does not yet have a page called Uthman ibn Affan.

That is confusing -- there is a page called Uthman ibn Affan, as I was just reading it. I wanted to post and say that it would be wonderful if someone would add the Arabic transcription of his name (as, eg, the page on Abu Bakr has). I hope I'm not inadvertently overwriting the page! --User:Geecee (talk) 17:06, 28 September 2004.

polemic
Zora, You mentioned that my contribution is highly contentious. I first thought that my input was deleted by someone else rather than the editors and that is why I reposted it again. Could you clarify what you found most polemic and I will be more than happy to discuss it.-- User:Tabari (talk) 10:39, 8 November 2005

Proposed guideline regarding Islamic honorifics and user-generated calligraphic images
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles. ☿ Apaugasma  ( talk  ☉) 19:53, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Uthman


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sinar-X

Sinar-X was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was transwiki to Malaysian wiki. As of 17:28, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC), this article is still in the queue to be moved. Rossami (talk)

 * Sinar-X: appears to be something about X-rays in Malaysian or Indonesian. Not copied from the Malaysian or Indonesian Wikipedia, nor off the web, so far as I can tell. Wile E. Heresiarch 13:36, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * It's had its two weeks, no one has translated it. Delete if untranslated, judge on its merits if translated. -- Jmabel 17:06, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to the Indonesian wiki. It looks like it's probably valid information, and they can likely fix it up there. [[User:Livajo|力伟|т]] 23:16, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * That would be fine with me, too -- Jmabel 22:15, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * It's indeed Malaysian for the entry X-ray. Transwiki to the Malaysian wiki. --Andylkl 17:29, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sinar-X


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Nogueira (Bragança)

Nogueira is a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 495, in an area of 12.07 km².

title: Nogueira (Bragança)


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David Graham Phillips

David Graham Phillips (October 31, 1867 – January 24, 1911) was an American novelist and journalist of the muckraker tradition.

Early life
Phillips was born in Madison, Indiana. After graduating from high school, Phillips entered Asbury College (now DePauw University) and later received a degree from Princeton University in 1887.

Career
After completing his education, Phillips worked as a newspaper reporter in Cincinnati, Ohio, before moving on to New York City where he was employed as a reporter for The Sun from 1890 to 1893, then columnist and editor with the New York World until 1902. In his spare time, he wrote a novel, The Great God Success, that was published in 1901. The royalty income enabled him to work as a freelance journalist while continuing to write fiction. Writing articles for various prominent magazines, he began to develop a reputation as a competent investigative journalist. Phillips' novels often commented on social issues of the day and frequently chronicled events based on his real-life journalistic experiences. He was considered a Progressive and for exposing corruption in the Senate he was labelled a muckraker.

Phillips wrote an article in Cosmopolitan in March 1906, called "The Treason of the Senate," exposing campaign contributors being rewarded by certain members of the U. S. Senate. The story launched a scathing attack on Rhode Island senator Nelson W. Aldrich, and brought Phillips a great deal of national exposure. This and other similar articles helped lead to the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, initiating popular instead of state-legislature election of U. S. senators.

David Graham Phillips is known for producing one of the most important investigations exposing details of the corruption by big businesses of the Senate, in particular, by the Standard Oil Company. He was among a few other writers during that time that helped prompt President Theodore Roosevelt to use the term “Muckrakers”.

The article inspired journalist Charles Edward Russell to insist to his boss William Randolph Hearst, who had just recently purchased the Cosmopolitan magazine, that he push his journalists to explore the Senate corruption as well. Philips was offered the position to explore more information about the corruption and bring it into the public’s eye. Philips’ brother Harrison and Gustavus Myers were hired as research assistants for Philips. Hearst commented to his readers about Philips starting a series that would reveal the Senate corruption so much, that most Senators would resign. This held true for some of the Senators, such as New York Senators Chauncey M. Depew and Thomas Collier Platt. Philips exposed Depew as receiving more than $50,000 from several companies. He also helped educate the public on how the senators were selected and that it was held in the hands of a few bosses in a tight circle, helping increase the corruption level. As a result of these articles, only four of the twenty-one senators that Philips wrote about were still in office. Philips also had some of the greatest success  as a muckraker, because he helped change the U.S. Constitution, with the passage of the 17th Amendment, creating popular election for senators.

His talent for writing was not the only thing that helped him stand out in the newsroom. Philips was known to dress in a white suit with a large chrysanthemum in his lapel.

Death
Phillips' reputation cost him his life in January 1911, when he was shot outside the Princeton Club at Gramercy Park in New York City. The killer was a Harvard-educated musician named Fitzhugh Coyle Goldsborough, a violinist in the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra who came from a prominent Maryland family. Goldsborough believed that Phillips's novel The Fashionable Adventures of Joshua Craig had cast literary aspersions on his family. Admitted to Bellevue Hospital, Phillips died a day later.

Following Phillips's death, his sister Carolyn organized his final manuscript for posthumous publication as Susan Lenox: Her Fall and Rise. In 1931, that book would be made into an MGM motion picture of the same name and starring Greta Garbo and Clark Gable.

David Graham Phillips is interred in the Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, New York.

Novels

 * George Helm
 * Light-Fingered Gentry
 * Old Wives for New
 * Susan Lenox: Her Fall and Rise
 * The Conflict
 * The Cost
 * The Deluge
 * The Fashionable Adventures of Joshua Craig
 * The Grain of Dust
 * The Hungry Heart
 * The Husband's Story
 * The Plum Tree
 * The Price She Paid
 * The Second Generation. Reissued as Daily Mail sixpenny novel No. 161 in 1912, with illustrations by G. H. Evison.
 * The Social Secretary (1905)
 * The Treason of the Senate
 * White Magic
 * Woman Ventures

title: David Graham Phillips


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File:Nightwish Century Child.jpg

Fair use for Century Child
This image is a cover of the album Century Child by Nightwish. Its inclusion here is claimed as fair use because:
 * The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * It is a low resolution image.
 * The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable value.
 * The use of the cover will not affect the value of the original work or limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute the original.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Nightwish Century Child.jpg


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Outeiro

Outeiro may refer to the following places:

Portugal

 * Outeiro (Bragança), a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança
 * Outeiro (Cabeceiras de Basto), a civil parish in the municipality of Cabeceiras de Basto
 * Outeiro (Montalegre), a civil parish in the municipality of Montalegre
 * Campelos e Outeiro da Cabeça, a civil parish in the municipality of Torres Vedras
 * Outeiro (Viana do Castelo), a civil parish in the municipality of Viana do Castelo

Spain

 * Outeiro de Rei, a municipality in Galicia

title: Outeiro