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Twelve Bens

The Twelve Bens or Twelve Pins, also called the Benna Beola, is a mountain range of mostly sharp-peaked quartzite summits and ridges in the Connemara National Park in County Galway, in the west of Ireland. The widest definition of the range includes the Garraun Complex to the north as well as several isolated peaks to the west, and is designated a 16163 ha Special Area of Conservation.

The highest point is Benbaun at 729 m. The range is a popular location for hill-walking activities with the 16–kilometre 8–9 hour Glencoaghan Horseshoe, considered one of the best ridge-walks in Ireland. Topographically, the range is partnered with the Maumturks range to the east of the Inagh valley (a Western Way route); and both share a common geology being largely composed of metamorphic marine rocks, being predominantly resistant quartzite but with deposits of schists in the valleys (known as Connemara Dalradian rocks).

Naming
"Ben" is an anglicized form of the Irish word binn, meaning "peak". According to Irish academic Paul Tempan, "An odd thing about the Twelve Bens of Connemara is that nobody seems to know exactly which are the twelve peaks in question", and noting that there are almost 20 peaks with "Ben" or "Binn" in their name. Tempan notes that term "twelve peaks" can be at least dated to the Irish historian Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh, whose writings in 1684 said: "On the north-west of Ballynahinsy [Ballynahinch], are the twelve high mountaines of Bennabeola, called by marriners the twelve stakes [stacks], being the first land they discover as they come from the maine [sea]", but he did not list them.

The most common list of the twelve peaks in question are the peaks with an elevation above 500 metres in the core range, and that are not considered subsidiary peaks (e.g. they have a non-trivial prominence, and have been traditionally noted as peaks on historic maps, per below).

Tempan notes the issue of "twelve" does not arise in the Irish language name as they are simply labelled Na Beanna Beola, which translates as "the peaks of Beola". Beola was a leader of the Fir Bolg, and a giant; his name appears in that of the Connemara village Toombeola.

Geography
The Twelve Bens range is a core massif of 22 peaks above 100 m in elevation, centred around the highest peak in the range, Benbaun 729 m. To the north of this core massif lies the separate subsidiary massif of the Garraun Complex with 9 peaks around Garraun 598 m.  To the west of the core massif lies 7 other isolated or subsidiary "outlier" peaks, thus giving a total of 38 Bens with an elevation above 100 metres.

While the Bens are not as high as those of the ranges in County Kerry (e.g. MacGillycuddy's Reeks and the Mountains of the Dingle Peninsula), their rocky peaks and ridges contrast with the surrounding sea-level landscape (unlike Kerry, there are no mountain-passes in Connemara), and give the range an imposing feel.

The range is bounded by the Inagh Valley and the R344 road to the east, while the N59 road (or the "Clifden Road"), circles and bounds the core massif (and most of the outliers), from the southerly, westerly and northerly directions. The Garraun Complex lies to the north of the N59 road at Kylemore Lough.

Core massif
The 22 peaks in the core massif of the Twelve Bens range naturally split into three sections:

1. Southern Bens, 12 southern Bens form a horseshoe around the Glencoaghan Valley, and include the 7 major Bens of: Derryclare, Bencorr, Bencollaghduff, Benbreen, Bengower, Benlettery, and Benglenisky; and 5 subsidiary Bens of: Bencorr North Top, Benbreen Central Top, Benbreen North Top, Binn an tSaighdiúra, and Bencorrbeg; and

2. Central Bens, 7 central Bens that sit along a large east-west ridge with Benbaun at its centre, and include the 4 major Bens of Benbaun, Benfree, Muckanaght, and Bencullagh; and the 3 subsidiary Bens of Knockpasheemore, Maumonght, and Maumonght SW Top; and

3. Northern Bens, 3 northern Bens that lies on the small massif of the major Ben of Benbrack, and include the 2 subsidiary Bens of Knockbrack and another smaller peak called, Benbaun; just beside the Northern Bens lies the outlier Ben of Diamond Hill.

The core massif is also known for its deep glaciated U-shaped valleys, around which groups of Bens lie in a "horseshoe formation":

1. Glencoaghan: most southerly valley from which the Glencoaghan River flows; the Glencoaghan Horseshoe is a major hill-walking route in Ireland;

2. Owenglin: western valley from which the Owenglin River flows; the Owenglin Horseshoe is also a noted hill-walking route;

3. Gleninagh: eastern valley from which the Gleninagh River flows; contains Carrot Ridge, an important area for rock-climbing;

4. Polladirk: north-westerly valley from which the Polladirk River flows; a popular scenic view from Diamond Hill is into this valley;

5. Glencorbet: north-easterly valley from which the Kylemore River flows; the Glencorbet Horseshoe is a popular route in the Bens.

Geology
The core massif of the Twelve Bens range is largely composed of metamorphic marine rocks, being predominantly resistant quartzite but with deposits of schists in the valleys (known as "Connemara Dalradian" rocks).

These rocks derive from sediments that were deposited in a warm shelf sea some 700 to 550 million years ago (e.g. Precambrian-Cambrian). Movements in the Earth's crust, and the closure of the Iapetus Ocean, transformed these sediments into crystalline schists that lie underneath the base of the mountain range, which local erosion and uplift then brought to the surface. The summits of the core massif (and some outliers) are made of weather-resistant quartzite, while the sides of the peaks are composed of schists and grey marbles.

In contrast, the mountains to the north of the core Twelve Bens massif, the Garraun Complex, have a different type of geology, that is composed of gneiss and different forms of sandstones and mudstones.

Scattered throughout the range are parts of gabbro (Doughruagh and Currywongaun), mica schist (Muckanaght), and outcrops of marble (south of Kylemore Lough).

The final Ice Age, circa 10,000 years ago, also sculpted the landscape leaving behind deposits of sand and gravel; there are widespread boulder-clay and erratic boulders across the range.

Special Area of Conservation (SAC)
The entire Twelve Bens range (including the Garraun Complex) is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) (Site Code:002031), as selected for a range of habitats and species listed under the Annex I / II of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The items of note on the SAC habitats list includes: Oligotrophic Waters, Alpine Heaths, Active Blanket Bogs, remnants of Oak Woodland, Rhynchosporion Vegetation, and Siliceous Scree and Rocky Slopes; while the species list includes: Freshwater Pearl Mussel, Atlantic Salmon, Otter, and Slender Naiad. In addition, the 16,163-hectare site includes a some of the rarer Red Data Book species of plant. The SAC directive on the range describes it as "One of the largest and most varied sites of conservation interest in Ireland".

Climbing
The range is popular with hill walkers, fell runners, and rock climbers,

Hill walking
The Irish Times outdoors correspondent, John G. Dwyer, said of the Twelve Bens, "These are true kickass mountains, with criminally stunning views [..]". The 16 km 8–9 hour Glencoaghan Horseshoe is noted as providing some of the "most exhilarating mountaineering in Ireland", and is called "a true classic" by guidebook authors. Other similar distanced "horseshoe" loop walks are the 19–kilometre 10–12 hour Owenglin Horseshoe, the 15–kilometre 8–9 hour Gleninagh Horseshoe, and the 14–kilometre 6–7 hour Glencorbet Horseshoe.

An even more serious undertaking is the 28 km "Twelve Bens Challenge", climbing all 12 Bens in a single 24-hour day.

Rock climbing
The Twelve Bens have a number of rock climbing locations, the most notable of which is in the Gleann Eighneach valley at the eastern spur of Benncorr (from Binn an tSaighdiúra to Bencorrbeg; also called "Carrot Ridge"). The climbs vary from Diff (D) to Very Severe (VS) and range from 150 metres to 320 metres in length, with notable routes being Carrot Ridge (275m D), and Seventh Heaven (330m HS).

In addition, the large easterly corrie between the summits of Derryclare and the summit of Bencorr, known as Log an Choire Mhóir (meaning "wood of the big corrie"), also contains several large 200 metre multi-pitch graded rock climbs at grades of Diff (D) to Very Diff (VD), the most notable of which is "The Knave" (VD, 225 m); and the smaller corrie between the summit of Bencorr and the summit of Bencorr North Top, known as Log an Choire Bhig, ("wood of the small corrie"), has a number of shorter but harder climbs including "Corner Climb" (VS 4c, 30 m).

List of peaks
The following is a download from the MountainViews Online Database, who list 38 identifiable peaks in the wider Twelve Bens range (i.e. core massif, Garraun complex, and various outliers to the west), with an elevation, or height, above 100 m

The list below highlights the 12 Bens most associated with being the Twelve Bens from Ó Flaithbheartaigh's original record. Of the standalone "Bens" (e.g. not listed as a "Top" of a parent Ben) that are over 500 m in height but are not listed in this 12, Binn an tSaighdiúra has a prominence of only 8 metres and would not qualify as an independent mountain on any recognised scale (the lowest prominence is 15 metres for the Vandeleur-Lynam classification); Maumonght does have a prominence exceeding 50 metres, and even has a subsidiary peak (Maumonght SW Top), however, Maumonght rarely appears on historic maps of the range and is not considered a "Ben"; Bencorrbeag also has a non-trivial prominence of 42 metres, however, it is considered unlikely given its positioning that it could have been distinguished by mariners from the sea (Ó Flaithbheartaigh's original premise).

{{legend|#cfc|One of the original Twelve Bens; equated to all non-subsidiary peaks in the core massif with height above 500 m}} {{legend|#cff|Marilyn: Any height, and prominence over 150 m.}}

title: Twelve Bens


text:
User talk:Poweroid

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 18:27, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Re:Spam
See my reply Here. Cheers, Sam [Spade] 21:11, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Exit plan
Hi Poweroid, thanks for helping build wikipedia. I agree we need an article on exit plans, but luckily we already have one at exit strategy. Take a lot at WP:NOT to see why people wanted to get rid of it. Kappa 21:12, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

India related topics
Some India-related links =Nichalp   «Talk»=  17:23, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Survey Participation?
A colleague and I are conducting a study on health wikis. We are looking at how wikis co-construct health information and create communities. We noticed that you are a frequent contributor to Wikipedia on health topics.

Please consider taking our survey here.

This research will help wikipedia and other wikis understand how health information is co-created and used.

We are from James Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia. The project was approved by our university research committee and members of the Wikipedia Foundation.

Thanks, Corey 14:44, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Local Area Network
I question whether your recent additions help the article - it seems to me that they complicate it rather than adding to it. For the moment I'll leave it to you to decide. Snori 16:24, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your feedback. I'm open to any specific suggestions you may have. I wanted to explain the increased importance of LANs in modern life (both at work and home) and to regularise the references section. The external links that I added are, I believe, to useful sites, but please feel free to delete/replace them if you do not agree and I will not contest that. Poweroid 16:37, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Please do not upload images in the GIF format
Hello and thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. I noticed that you've uploaded a couple of images in the GIF format. In the future, please save GIF images in the PNG format before uploading (see Preparing images for upload). PNG images almost always have a smaller file size, which decreases the amount of time they take to load. There are a bunch of other advantages to the PNG format such as lossless compression that you can read about on its Wikipedia article. —Remember the dot (t) 20:39, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Possibly unfree Image:Voice-over-IP.gif
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:Voice-over-IP.gif, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. Please go to its page for more information if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. —Remember the dot (t) 20:45, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, thanks for the note. It's unusual to provide such information in the  attribute rather than on the web page or on the   attribute. Thanks also for converting the image to the PNG format. I've added the appropriate templates, PNG version available and {{subst:orfur}} to Image:Voice-over-IP.gif for you. I've also changed PD-self to PD-release on both the GIF and the PNG version of the image. —Remember the dot (t) 20:42, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

Amaravati (India)
Your request on the article is honored. Feel free to rewrite sentences for clarity. mlpkr 13:46, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Business performance management
Good call, thanks. Vees 19:24, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

WP:COI?
I notice your username is related to bestpricecomputers.co.uk and experienced-people.co.uk, both sites you've used as a sources and external links. Do you have any conflicts of interest in adding these sites to articles? My apologies if you've already declared any such conflicts. Thanks. --Ronz 03:48, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Hi, Ronz. I am associated with about 30 sites that I regularly do work for. But bestpricecomputers is probably the one I do the most work on. I'm obviously more familiar with these sites and recognise when there's an opportunity for them to contibute to Wikipedia articles, and I sometimes add content from those sites to articles here. My user name here was chosen because it's the trademark of the company and therefore clearly marks me out as related to the PC manufacturer, Best Price Computers Ltd Poweroid 13:22, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the clarification. As you're already found, I'm passing this on to the Conflict of interest/Noticeboard. I'm in over my head here.  My apologies if it turns out to be nothing. --Ronz 16:05, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

As far as the links go, obviously I don't think they meet WP:EL or WP:SOURCE. They are all self-published, with no identification of the author, with no references of their own. The sites are advertisement-heavy, commercial sites. --Ronz 16:17, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

About the client list
Athaenara had a good suggestion that eliminates the need for you to post or share a client list: Why don't you go through your past edits and remove any links to their sites that still exist from article space, perhaps moving any that you feel might still be valuable to that talk page for consideration of inclusion by an editor that doesnt have the conflict of interest? The search engine that Tearlach shows in the COI is helpful to find them: siteexplorer.search.yahoo.com --Ronz 03:35, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

I have followed the conversation on the CoI noticeboard and read Athaenara's question re whether there is a CoI case here at all.

I do not mind sharing my client list as long as it's not posted publicly. Athaenara's suggestion is a good one but, IMHO, not practical. Bear in mind that there are numerous sites involved, hundreds of URLs, and thousands of articles spanning several years some of which would actually merit the link anyway ...IF there is one. Thousands of my edits involved improving articles WITHOUT posting any links.

If there is no CoI case for me to answer then I hardly think there's a case for a penal sentence requiring me to revert past edits. But if you want to pursue the CoI angle I'll compile the site list for you and you can plug away at past articles looking for links. Poweroid 16:09, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Correction : I did not question whether there is a COI case—there is one—my question was specifically about your continued addition of linkspam following the COI Noticeboard report and its discussion prior to my question.  — Athænara   ✉  21:42, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Addenda : (1) Undoing damage is not "a penal sentence" but simply good faith editing. (2) The accumulation of edits which did not spam links is not a license to spam links.  (3) For a good faith editor, the burden of undoing one's own violations is not on other editors but on oneself.   — Æ.   ✉  22:00, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for replying for Ronz. I'll have to admit, I don't see the case for a CoI and I saw no post in the CoI Noticeboard supporting Ronz's allegations. I consider myself a good faith editor and don't believe I've done edits in anything but good faith. Incidentally, what happened to the discussion on the CoI Noticeboard?. Poweroid 17:42, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The discussion is here. --Ronz 20:28, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Ronz. I've had a quick look at that link, the RFCN, your talk page, Athaenara's talk page etc., etc.

 * Wow, I'm stunned that I seem to have generated so much of discussion. And a bit sad that I've directly or indirectly caused so many of you so much of wasted time.

 * Athaenara, it is uncharitable of you to summarise my defence as being one of me being beyond question because I've made many contributions (on the RFCN page). There's no way anyone could interpret that from anything I've said. Just as it is a spurious claim that I cited confidentiality to avoid disclosing other links I've made. As you are well aware I have offered to compile a list of every client I've ever had and to provide that list privately to you or an admin. I'm stunned that you've taken my reluctance to publicly post a complete list of all my clients over the last several years and twisted it into an argument to help ensure the outcome you desire.

 * Just for the record: No client has ever paid me in cash or kind to post links here. Links I've posted to clients' sites tend to go to articles/content I liked/found useful on those sites. That I have ever edited part of a site or cleaned up a different page on a site is, you argue, grounds for me to never link to that site at all? Further, you argue that it's actually in violation of good faith? I sometimes get clients by "proactively" tidying up a page for free, forwarding it to the site owner as an example of what I do, and asking if he'd like me to do other work on his site. Does that site join my banned list because I contacted the owner for work? What if he implements the free edits I sent him?

 * Ronz admits I've been "completely upfront" about my actions. He's discovered that I've often edited without logging in (do you track this via a cookie?) but that even when I did so I did not violate WP:SOCK. I don't spam and I don't ask others to clean up my spam. And if we disagree whether a particular edit of mine is spam I'm happy to see what the article's talk page thinks and edit the article MYSELF if the consensus is against me. I don't have your experience/knowledge of Wikipedia policy so perhaps that puts me at a disadvantage when it comes to defending against some of your claims. :-( Poweroid 17:10, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Tiny fact: I've been a Wikipedian for only six months.  — Athænara   ✉  05:53, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * That you are more familiar with the small print in six months than I in three years reflects well on you. My compliments. Poweroid 13:27, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

RFCN Poweroid
Please see my comments at Athaenara's talk page, and at the submission at Requests for comment/User names. (I can't make a link to the submission - do a find for 'poweroid') I started to check out what I could, and I haven't been convinced that appearances are 'bad'.

Do I think you have a problem with the user name? *Sigh*, yes. But I'm trying to mention in my comments that you've had the name for quite awhile, and the progression of events is... unfortunate. You still might have to change the name... drat, there's a "powerosity.com", though it is just one of those search engine magnets. ;-)

If you take away anything from this, it is that mistakes can be made on any side, and that people will spend time (2+ hours) trying to understand and argue for both sides, so that we can do the right thing.

Please add your comments as you see fit on the Requests for comment/User names page. I'm kinda disappointed that you weren't notified here. I made notes on both Athaenara's and Ronz's talk pages. Shenme 07:54, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh yeah, I threw a warning on User:Ajacobs7778's talk page. Though with only one edit, who knows if they'll even be back to see it. Shenme 07:57, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Username OK!
Hello, Poweroid. While there had been some discussion here about whether your username met Wikipedia policy on what usernames editors can use, the result was to allow it, and that discussion has now been closed. If you would like to see what concerns were raised, you can still find that discussion in the archive (). You do not need to change your username. However, if you ever wish to do so, it is possible for you to keep your present contributions history under a new name: simply request a new name here following the guidelines on that page, rather than creating a whole new account. Thank you. -- -- Chrislk02 (Chris Kreider) 15:27, 20 March 2007 (UTC) -- Chrislk02 (Chris Kreider) 15:26, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

 * This link seems to work. Shenme 16:34, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for checking all that and getting back on the user name to say it's OK. I'm not here to cause controversy; I don't mind changing the user name and will be guided by your suggestion on this. Would you prefer I changed? Poweroid 17:10, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, the discussion is over at RFCN, with the final being 'allow', as noted above, and the discussion archived at that link. Things move fast over there sometimes, not even 10 hours in this case.  I think it was someone pointing out that the policy at the time you chose your user name was not the same as today, and that the user name was allowable at that point, that drew the most attention.

 * I'm not sure that anyone wants to continue the matter. If I understand correctly the matter at the CoI board also ceased?  Please consider that, unknown to you or I, so much bad history has happened before at Wikipedia that people are suspicious more than a little.  The other two editors wanted to get a resolution, including whether there were grounds for concern, yes or no.  And indeed that is why I went diving into the assertions, because it is always good to have outside opinions.  What the other two editors found worrisome I found less worrisome.  And that is why the discussion is a good process to have.  I hadn't even thought about the policy-at-naming-time issue!

 * I think one thing mentioned somewhere was that it would be a good thing if you mentioned in the edit summary if you are adding any links. A burden, but one which will show you understand people's concerns.  (by now people are freaky on the links issue)

 * Regarding the offer to change user names, I (emphasis on I) would not think it is needed. The policy at the time never mentioned company names as a problem.  However, if you have another user name that you would prefer (mine has now been misread twice now for instance - short is not good either :-), then I think it would be very gracious of you to have it changed.  You might want to ask Chrislk02 (Chris Kreider), the closing admin, for his opinion also?

 * I worry though that that won't alter the original concern. Being scrupulous in your actions, so that your good contributions can be appreciated for what they are, is necessary for all of us, but unfortunately a bit more so when someone has raised questions.  I'm sorry for that, but please don't stop contributing!  Shenme 20:36, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

 * OK, I'll change my username, it's no big deal, never was. I don't have any particular name in mind. I'll read the current rules on names before I choose one... and discuss with Chrislk02. I hope to do that before the end of the week. Thanks for your kind words.

Changing username
I think that Changing_username is where you want to go! Hope that helps. -- Chrislk02 (Chris Kreider) 14:35, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Chris. I tried that page and followed the link to Listusers to find an unused name... but I think the search function at listusers is broken. Anyway, I'll plug on and list the name change request using the template. Thanks for your help. Poweroid 15:01, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

techbooksforfree.com, dogtraininghq.com
I'm guessing these are other sites you have a coi with. Care to confirm? --Ronz 19:54, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

How about pregnancyetc.com and bringingupbaby.com? --Ronz 18:05, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Image:Voice-over-IP.png listed for deletion
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Edius
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AfD nomination of Crisis management
An article that you have been involved in editing, Crisis management, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/. Thank you. Horrorshowj 22:31, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Poweroid


text:
Civic, Social and Political Education

Civic, Social and Political Education (CSPE) was a Junior Certificate subject offered in Ireland from 1997 to 2019. CSPE was a mandatory, non-academic subject that was mainly focused on project work. CSPE was offered only at Common Level, unlike most other subjects, which are offered at both Higher and Ordinary Level.

Further details

 * CSPE is a common level subject unlike other subjects in the curriculum. The course encourages civic responsibility through the development of skills of active participation and through the undertaking of Action Projects and teaches about the basis of the Irish political system.
 * There are seven key concepts in CSPE these include the promotion of Rights and Responsibilities, Human Dignity, Stewardship, Development, Democracy, Law and Interdependence

Examination
A total of 40% of the marks in the exam were awarded for a written theory test, which included such things as producing a poster, letter or article on a CSPE topic (such as poverty, racism, discrimination, etc.) and interpreting opinion polls. The written exam also had a number of short questions.

The remaining 60% of the marks were given for a report on an Action Project performed by an entire class of students at a time. This has to be based on one of the core topics - e.g. workers rights, environmentalism, racism, human rights, etc.

As from 2019, CSPE is not a subject in the Junior Certificate exam, but is still taught in schools.

Senior Cycle
The National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NCCA) have worked on a subject which focuses on citizenship as part of the Leaving Certificate curriculum. Politics and Society is based on key sociological concepts. This subject aims to develop the learner's capacity to engage in reflective and active citizenship, informed by the insights and skills of social and political sciences.

Politics and Society was introduced as a new Leaving Certificate subject in September 2016 and was examined for certification for the first time in June 2018.

France
In France, the equivalent of CSPE is called ECJS (éducation civique, juridique et sociale).

title: Civic, Social and Political Education


text:
Mediterranean Fleet

The British Mediterranean Fleet, also known as the Mediterranean Station, was a formation of the Royal Navy. The Fleet was one of the most prestigious commands in the navy for the majority of its history, defending the vital sea link between the United Kingdom and the majority of the British Empire in the Eastern Hemisphere. The first Commander-in-Chief for the Mediterranean Fleet was the appointment of General at Sea Robert Blake in September 1654 (styled as Commander of the Mediterranean Fleet). The Fleet was in existence until 1967.

Pre-Second World War
The Royal Navy gained a foothold in the Mediterranean Sea when Gibraltar was captured by the British in 1704 during the War of Spanish Succession, and formally allocated to Britain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht. Though the British had maintained a naval presence in the Mediterranean before, the capture of Gibraltar allowed the British to establish their first naval base there. The British also used Port Mahon, on the island of Menorca, as a naval base. However, British control there was only temporary; Menorca changed hands numerous times, and was permanently ceded to Spain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens. In 1800, the British took Malta, which was to be handed over to the Knights of Malta under the Treaty of Amiens. When the Napoleonic Wars resumed in 1803, the British kept Malta for use as a naval base. Following Napoleon's defeat, the British continued their presence in Malta, and turned it into the main base for the Mediterranean Fleet. Between the 1860s and 1900s, the British undertook a number of projects to improve the harbours and dockyard facilities, and Malta's harbours were sufficient to allow the entire fleet to be safely moored there.

In the last decade of the nineteenth century, the Mediterranean Fleet was the largest single squadron of the Royal Navy, with ten first-class battleships—double the number in the Channel Fleet—and a large number of smaller warships.

On 22 June 1893, the bulk of the fleet, eight battleships and three large cruisers, were conducting their annual summer exercises off Tripoli, Lebanon, when the fleet's flagship, the battleship HMS Victoria (1887), collided with the battleship HMS Camperdown (1885). Victoria sank within fifteen minutes, taking 358 crew with her. Vice-Admiral Sir George Tryon, commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, was among the dead.

Of the three original Invincible-class battlecruisers which entered service in the first half of 1908, two (HMS Inflexible (1907) and HMS Indomitable (1907)) joined the Mediterranean Fleet in 1914. They and HMS Indefatigable (1909) formed the nucleus of the fleet at the start of the First World War when British forces pursued the German ships Goeben and Breslau.

A recently modernised HMS Warspite (03) became the flagship of the Commander-in-Chief and Second-in-Command, Mediterranean Fleet in 1926.

Second World War
Malta, as part of the British Empire from 1814, was a shipping station and was the headquarters for the Mediterranean Fleet until the mid-1930s. Due to the perceived threat of air-attack from the Italian mainland, the fleet was moved to Alexandria, Egypt, shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War.

Sir Andrew Cunningham took command of the fleet from HMS Warspite (03) on 3 September 1939, and under him the major formations of the Fleet were the 1st Battle Squadron (HMS Warspite (03), HMS Barham (04), and HMS Malaya) 1st Cruiser Squadron (HMS Devonshire (39), HMS Shropshire (73), and HMS Sussex (96)), 3rd Cruiser Squadron (HMS Arethusa (26), HMS Penelope (97), HMS Galatea (71)), Rear Admiral John Tovey, with the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Destroyer Flotillas, and the aircraft carrier HMS Glorious (77).

In 1940, the Mediterranean Fleet carried out a successful aircraft carrier attack on the Italian Fleet at Taranto by air. Other major actions included the Battle of Cape Matapan and the Battle of Crete. The Fleet had to block Italian and later German reinforcements and supplies for the North African Campaign.

Post war
In October 1946, HMS Saumarez (G12) hit a mine in the Corfu Channel, starting a series of events known as the Corfu Channel Incident. The channel was cleared in "Operation Recoil" the next month, involving 11 minesweepers under the guidance of HMS Ocean (R68), two cruisers, three destroyers, and three frigates.

In May 1948, Sir Arthur Power took over as Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean, and in his first act arranged a show of force to discourage the crossing of Jewish refugees into Palestine. When later that year Britain pulled out of the British Mandate of Palestine, Ocean, four destroyers, and two frigates escorted the departing High Commissioner, aboard the cruiser HMS Euryalus (42). The force stayed to cover the evacuation of British troops into the Haifa enclave and south via Gaza.

From 1952 to 1967, the post of Commander in Chief Mediterranean Fleet was given a dual-hatted role as NATO Commander in Chief of Allied Forces Mediterranean in charge of all forces assigned to NATO in the Mediterranean Area. The British made strong representations within NATO in discussions regarding the development of the Mediterranean NATO command structure, wishing to retain their direction of NATO naval command in the Mediterranean to protect their sea lines of communication running through the Mediterranean to the Middle East and Far East. When a NATO naval commander, Admiral Robert B. Carney, C-in-C Allied Forces Southern Europe, was appointed, relations with the incumbent British C-in-C, Admiral Sir John Edelsten, were frosty. Edlesten, on making an apparently friendly offer of the use of communications facilities to Carney, who initially lacked secure communications facilities, was met with "I'm not about to play Faust to your Mephistopheles through the medium of communications!"

In 1956, ships of the fleet, together with the French Navy, took part in the Suez War against Egypt.

From 1957 to 1959, Rear Admiral Charles Madden held the post of Flag Officer, Malta, with responsibilities for three squadrons of minesweepers, an amphibious warfare squadron, and a flotilla of submarines stationed at the bases around Valletta Harbour. In this capacity, he had to employ considerable diplomatic skill to maintain good relations with Dom Mintoff, the nationalistic prime minister of Malta.

In the 1960s, as the importance of maintaining the link between the United Kingdom and British territories and commitments East of Suez decreased as the Empire was dismantled, and the focus of Cold War naval responsibilities moved to the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Fleet was gradually drawn down, finally disbanding in June 1967. Eric Grove, in Vanguard to Trident, details how by the mid-1960s the permanent strength of the Fleet was "reduced to a single small escort squadron [appears to have been 30th Escort Squadron with HMS Brighton (F106), HMS Cassandra (R62), HMS Aisne (D22) plus another ship] and a coastal minesweeper squadron." Deployments to the Beira Patrol and elsewhere reduced the escort total in 1966 from four to two ships, and then to no frigates at all. The Fleet's assets and area of responsibility were absorbed into the new Western Fleet. As a result of this change, the UK relinquished the NATO post of Commander in Chief, Allied Forces Mediterranean, which was abolished.

Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Sea
Note: This list is incomplete. The majority of officers listed were appointed as Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Sea sometimes Commander-in-Chief, at the Mediterranean Sea earlier officers appointed to command either fleets/squadrons stationed in the Mediterranean for particular operations were styled differently see notes next to their listing

Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet

The first Commander-in-Chief for the Mediterranean Fleet may have been named as early as 1665. Commanders-in-chief have included:

Chief of Staff
The Chief of Staff was the principal staff officer (PSO), who is the coordinator of the supporting staff or a primary aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief.

Fleet Headquarters
The Mediterranean Fleets shore headquarters was initially based at Port Mahon Dockyard, Minorca for most of the eighteenth century. It rotated between Gibraltar and Malta from 1791 to 1812. From 1813 to July 1939 it was permanently at Malta Dockyard. In August 1939 the C-in-C Mediterranean Fleet moved his HQ afloat on board HMS Warspite (03) until April 1940. He was then back onshore at Malta until February 1941. He transferred it again to HMS Warspite until July 1942. In August 1942 headquarters were moved to Alexandria where they remained from June 1940 to February 1943. HQ was changed again but this time in rotation between Algiers and Taranto until June 1944. It then moved back to Malta until it was abolished in 1967.

Subordinate formations
Note: At various times included the following.

Parts of the Admiral of Patrols' Auxiliary Patrol during World War One were within the Mediterranean. Several patrol zones were under British authority.

Major support sub-commands
Note: At various times included the following.

Minor shore sub-commands
Included:

title: Mediterranean Fleet


text: Category:Business schools

title: Category:Business schools


text:
User talk:Grigory Grin~enwiki

Bin neu hier, bin vom fasziniert und möchte, soweit ich kann, mitmachen. Für jeden Rat bin ich dankbar.

Ich bin am 3. April 1974 in Jekaterinburg (Russland) geboren und wohne jetzt in Nürnberg. Ich bin verheiratet und arbeite als Software-Entwickler für die Firma Axinom.

Sprachen: Russisch (Muttersprache), deutsch (fließend), englisch.

Kontakt

 * E-Mail: [mailto:grigory@grine.net grigory@grine.net]
 * Homepage
 * Mein Projekt: Vorota.de - das Tor zu Deutschland
 * meta:User:Grigory Grin

en:User:Grigory Grin ru:User:Grigory Grin

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Grigory Grin. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Grigory Grin~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:10, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:26, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grigory Grin~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia talk:Special:DeadendPages

update the cache
can someone update the cache please? some of these articles haven't been dead-end for weeks. Wolfman 18:29, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Whoa, uh, the list used to be in alphabetical order, now it's in I don't know what order. And quite a lot of them are not deadend. - [[User:KeithTyler|Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  ]] 20:05, Nov 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * It seems to have happened again. -- Scott eiπ  03:04, Jan 25, 2005 (UTC)

Can someone explain to me what the purpose of this special page category is. One would think that it is a listing of pages that don't link to anything, but that is not true of the majority of the pages on this listing. What is this?? clarkefreak
 * It is supposed to be a list of pages that don't link to anything. But it is not dynamic, in other words it needs to be refreshed from time tom time otherwise it gets out of date and includes pages which have had links added since the last refresh. --Etimbo | Talk 16:45, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Alternatively you can use Deadend pages - the list there is editable so articles that are done are removed. SteveW | Talk 14:52, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Can anyone think of a reason this page can't be generated automatically once each day or week? And when it is done, the content ought to include at the top some indication of exactly when it happened. And better yet, each time apage is saved, it could drop a token into a slot somewhere to indicate its deadendedness-or-not. (Not-dead-end tokens can be summarily discarded unless/until there is a need for them.) And Recent Changes could show deadendedness. ;Bear 15:21, August 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * It should probably also say what it is at the top, to encourage people to use it. --Aquillion 02:55, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed... and being updated so infrequently, this listing seems to be pretty much useless somewhat less useful than it could be though.. --Mysidia (talk) 01:03, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

I think a page which contains the overlap between Dead-end pages and Orphaned pages would be useful for locating up AfD candidates. Amcfreely 04:39, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I strongly agree. Who/what is responsible for the maintainance of this page? Appropriate Username 10:16, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

"Homelessness in Portugal" has a link to "Lisbon". remove it. User:Yetanothermortal December 10 2020 18:24 — Preceding undated comment added 23:25, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

1000 limit
Both this page and it's companion Orphaned Pages share the same 1000 limit. Heres the link to all at once:

DeadEnd--DBEndy 04:09, 22 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Why is there a limit? Ardric47 04:17, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, with the limit, it makes it basically useless (in addition to the contents being really old and outdated. Can someone please run whatever process will update the contents? --日本穣 Nihonjoe 18:58, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I second that. Sandstein 09:13, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

me too. User:Yetanothermortal dec 10 2020 18:29 — Preceding undated comment added 23:31, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Ditto. I've been adding links and reformatting pages on the list, but due to the 1000 limit and alphabetical order it only gets up to 'H': people can add new pages much faster than people can fix them up to better link into Wikipedia. Mark Grant 15:51, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Dead-end pages
Dead-end pages. This is the Project page. I had been looking for it for quite some time--E-Bod 21:37, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

What is this used for?
What is this special page used for? -- George Mon  e  y Talk   Contribs 07:08, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Nothing at the moment. The information on it is very out of date, and therefore practically useless. It's unfortunate, too, as there are likely deadend pages that could be fixed if we had this page updated. --日本穣 Nihonjoe 17:27, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

If you're looking for a fix list for dead end pages, try here: TMLutas 20:08, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * In the meantime it was updated. Latest data is from June 10 (2006). -- User:Docu

Definition
The definition of dead-end pages is here: They are not properly formatted (wikified) or they do not contain internal links to other articles.

It would be good if this definition were at the top of the special page listing dead-end pages. I had to click three times to find the definition (and in the meantime had posted a "what is it" question here). -- Alarob

 * It already states at the top of the Special page that "The following pages do not link to other pages in this wiki." —Centrx→talk • 01:10, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * That ought to be the very first sentence, before any secondary information about this information being cached and all that stuff. Gene Nygaard 02:00, 29 October 2006 (UTC)
 * This may require developer intervention. The different text is in MediaWiki pages that can be edited by administrators, but the ordering of them does not appear to be. —Centrx→talk • 02:24, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

1000 limit again
Does anyone known how to sort out the 1000 page limit here - it is deeply frustrating (also effects other Special Pages - but not interestingly New Pages). Lethaniol 16:47, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It is updated regularly with a new list. Without the limit, the updating takes too long and uses too many resources on the servers. —Centrx→talk • 06:29, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * If there is to be a 1,000 page limit would it be possible to somehow rotate through the database? The last entry this time is List of errors on Portuguese ex-Colonies stamps of India 1873. Could the database trawl be set to start at that article next time? I'm trying to go through the list and pick out those articles that can be Speedy Deleted (and cleaning any others I can as I go). Pontificake 18:34, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Would it be possible to to simply go alphabetically ascending/descending on alternate runs? I would suspect that there are dead-end pages that are literally years old up in the N-Z range because with so few people looking at these pages its simply not possible to keep up the creation of these articles. MNewnham 15:27, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd like to second MNewnham's suggestion to alternate ascending/descending runs of the list. I'm currently using this page as one of my main checkpoints for editing. I'd really love it if it was run once a day as well. After the first day, a large percentage of the pages have been worked on, making it difficult to use it with any convenience. --Pigman (talk • contribs) 20:30, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Many of the pages listed here no longer exist. Is this because they have just been removed or that the list is not up to date?Med Publisher 02:03, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The list is not up to date. It is only updated now and then. Herostratus 02:12, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that updating the list is computationally intensive, so only performed once a week or so. I wonder if there would be a benefit in taking the existing dead-end list and checking those pages daily to weed out the ones that have been fixed? However, I've found quite a few deletable articles that have been edited by bots, and would thus drop off the list. Pontificake 17:10, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

A-K, L-Z (1000 limit solved)
What happened to the organization of dead end articles into chunks by letter, and then splitting up the project page into two pages, A-K and L-Z? I thought this organization was clear and helpful. I think now that everything is in one big cumbersome list that it makes the entire maintenance process harder to handle. Verkhovensky 21:12, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Ok, I found it again. For some reason it had disappeared from my watchlist. Verkhovensky 21:15, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

The link to the alphabetized lists is WP:DEP. Verkhovensky 17:37, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Updates of Deadendpages
I would strongly urge that more regular updates of the Special:Deadendpages be run. The pages on this list are often the trailing end of Wikipedia. Sometimes they only need cleanup and wikifying but much more often they are pages which will never be able to become regular WP articles. Currently the last time the page was updated was 2-Dec-2006 or 17 days ago, making it worthless for cleanup purposes. If there is anything I can do to facilitate the more frequent and regular updates of this page, please let me know. --Pigman (talk • contribs) 19:47, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I strongly agree. I came to this page to request the same thing.  John Reaves 08:30, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree also. I think we have a lot of people agreeing, but the question is, how do we cache this page (do we have to do it manually?) and who can do that?  I'd like to be in on helping out this project once the list gets cleaned up. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Clarkefreak (talk • contribs) 00:11, 1 March 2007 (UTC).
 * This special page is nearly useless without regular updates, and it has been updated often in the past. Why has this not continued? --Albany NY 13:21, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Because it causes a significant load on the servers and as a process continues for days or weeks. —Centrx→talk • 01:32, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Is there a reason why this special page is not removed from Special:Specialpages since it is of no use anymore? → AA (talk) — 20:35, 10 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The page is built into the MediaWiki software. —Centrx→talk • 02:38, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Thomas More Article; Vandalism
Hi Folks,

I am sorry to write here, however due to the fact that I could not find any information to do in a better way and that I am not willing to invest more time I post here:

There is vandalism on the page Thomas More. Maybe someone is so kind and will change to an earlier version and afterwards delets my post.

Greetings 80.134.119.42 (talk) 20:49, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Click "edit this page" to fix it yourself. For more information, see Vandalism. ~user:orngjce223 how am I typing? 17:56, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Deleted Pages?
The Deadend list is rather useless since the majority of items are deleted pages. Why is all the chaff included? - Frankie (talk) 18:22, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

2009
Is there a reason this was not updated since 2009?--Kozuch (talk) 20:59, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

I guess there is some kind of technical fault here. I have asked the question over at Help_desk - hopefully we will get an answer there. Lineslarge (talk) 13:45, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

 * See the section above from 2007 - this page is disabled ! -- Beardo (talk) 17:50, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

Current status text message
The text on the page currently says "Updates for this page are currently disabled. Data here will not presently be refreshed". However, it seems to be being updated quite frequently. --Derek Andrews (talk) 14:06, 19 February 2014 (UTC)

Deadend Pages Broken?
Is the deadend pages list broken, most of the links I've clicked on have internal links so should not be in this list. Most of the pages have had internal links for a very long time. Maybe some clarification added to the deadend page on frequency the job is run would be of help as well.

Secondly Do we need all the previous chat below this (and including this once fixed) or should it just be removed as part of a clean up? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nathan.gautrey (talk • contribs) 22:29, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

 * To the project participants and  I came here via Category:Dead-end pages. The category currently lists 199 pages as dead-end pages, so I was quite surprised to see at least 250 pages listed as dead-end on Special:DeadendPages. Something's broken when the category and special page do not match, I think. Sorry all I can do is point this out, but my real life limitations are getting in the way of working on it myself.
 * Just to Nathan.gautrey: You might want to work with the category instead. As for clearing out (if you mean deleting) the discussions on the talk page, unless the talk page is your own, we don't do that as far as I've seen. However, there is a procedure for archiving parts of talk pages. See Help:Archiving a talk page.
 * Thanks to SineBot adding your user name to your post, even though you did not sign your comment I was able to use the notification system when I wrote this. You may have just forgotten, but in case you don't know, please make sure in the future to end your posts with your user signature by either typing ~ or clicking the signature button to the right of the italics button on the bar above the editing window. Thanks, --Geekdiva (talk) 21:47, 23 May 2015 (UTC)

 * This problem is not only on a protected page, but also requires a technical problem to be analyzed and a solution to be discovered, so I don't know if there was a better or additional template I could have used. Nathan.gautrey's problem that "most of the links I've clicked on have internal links so should not be in this list" & my problem of the Special:DeadendPages list having significantly more pages listed (476) than the Category:Dead-end pages does (43 left to go in April 2015 and 156 in May 2015 for a total of 199) seem likely to be related.
 * I don't know what else might help further determine the scope of the problem, so... Good luck! — Geekdiva (talk) 12:37, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Wikipedia admins can't edit pages in the "Special" namespace, as they are part of the MediaWiki software itself. So there's nothing that regular admins can do for you here. I recommend first making a post at WP:VPT for advice. You will likely also need to make a request in phabricator so that your request will be seen by the MediaWiki developers. — Mr. Stradivarius  ♪ talk ♪ 06:34, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

Medical terms
Psychotoxicity is not a term that is used in the medical field. The source is the writers creative mind. "Pharmacometrics" is also some serius word entaglement. "Test Methods Drug-induced psychotoxicity may be defined as any state in which the central effects of a drug interferere seriously with normal behaviour...." Please tell me where the DSM or ICD says that. last modified on 2 February 2016. This is a dead end for shure. --Polytoxic001 (talk) 16:08, 24 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Both words are legitimate. Follow the link in your message, and then follow the external link. — Myk Streja  talk to me 06:02, 7 June 2017 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 31 May 2018
Add Category:Redirects to special pages Dpleibovitz (talk) 22:40, 31 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 09:03, 1 June 2018 (UTC)

What is the query for deadend pages?
i need SQL query for deadend pages. if possible what is the difference between deadend pages and orphan pages and what is the query for the orphan pages? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ramu ummadishetty (talk • contribs) 17:01, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

Surely this page can be updated more frequently than twice a month at this point
This page has a lot of potential utility for maintenance yet it’s only useful for a day or so after an update2600:1700:95C0:4900:54D5:784F:D461:B113 (talk) 17:17, 23 July 2021 (UTC)

Made all pages link
also, one was not a dead end. Abdullah raji (talk) 04:50, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Special:DeadendPages


text:
Peabody Institute

The Peabody Institute of the Johns Hopkins University is a private music and dance conservatory and preparatory school in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1857 and affiliated with Johns Hopkins in 1977, Peabody is the oldest conservatory in the United States and one of the world's most highly-regarded performing arts schools.

History
Philanthropist and merchant George Peabody (1795–1869) founded the institute in 1857 and opened it in 1866 with a bequest of about $800,000. This sum, from his personal fortune, was amassed initially in Massachusetts and later augmented in Baltimore (where he lived and worked from 1815 to 1835). It vastly increased through banking and finance during following residences in New York City and London, where he became the wealthiest American of his time.

Completion of the white marble Grecian-Italianate west wing/original building housing the institute, designed by Edmund George Lind, was delayed by the Civil War. It was dedicated in 1866, with Peabody himself, traveling across the North Atlantic Ocean, speaking at the ceremonies on the front steps in front of landmark Washington Monument circle before a large audience of notaries and citizens including hundreds of assembled pupils from the Baltimore City Public Schools. Under the direction of well-known musicians, composers, conductors, and Peabody alumni, the conservatory, concerts, lecture series, library and art gallery, led by men of literary and intellectual lights along with an annual awarding of gold, silver and bronze medals with certificates and cash prizes to top graduates of the city, known as the "Peabody Prizes", attracted a considerable national attention to the Institute and the city's growing culture. Under strong academic leadership, the Peabody evolved into an internationally renowned cultural and literary center through the late 19th and the 20th centuries, especially after a major expansion in 1877–1878, with the completion of its eastern half housing the George Peabody Library with iconic five stacked tiers of wrought iron balconies holding book stacks/shelves, surmounted by a beveled glass skylight, one of the most beautiful and distinctive libraries in the U.S.

The institute building's 1878 east wing on East Mount Vernon Place, containing the affiliated George Peabody Library, joined the other rows of architecturally significant structures of townhouses, mansions, art gallery, clubs, hotels, and churches around the Washington Monument which developed into the Mount Vernon neighborhood on the former estate of Revolutionary War commander John Eager Howard. The institute grew from a local academy, with an art and sculpture gallery, public lecture series, and the extensive non-circulating reference library which predated the later first public library system in America. That library was created and endowed in 1882 by Peabody's friend Enoch Pratt. In turn, both Peabody and Pratt inspired the expansive philanthropic efforts of Scottish-American steel tycoon Andrew Carnegie.

In 1955, Peabody inaugurated a sacred music department led by Arthur Howes, which is now defunct. Its electronic music department, founded by composer Jean Eichelberger Ivey in 1967, was the first in any American conservatory, and remains the home of two historic Moog modular synthesizers from its first decade in operation.

In 1978, Peabody began working with Baltimore's Johns Hopkins University under an affiliation agreement. In 1985, the institute officially became a constituent school of Johns Hopkins.

Peabody is one of 156 schools in the United States that offers a Doctorate of Musical Arts degree. It houses two libraries: the historical George Peabody Library (originally the Peabody Institute Library) established when the Institute opened in 1866, renowned for its collection of 19th-century era and other rare books, and the Arthur Friedheim Library (named for Russian-born pianist/conductor Arthur Friedheim), a separate music reference academic library added to supplement the George Peabody Library that includes more than 100,000 books, scores, and recordings.

The conservatory was later supplemented by a preparatory school and auditorium. Under instructions from Peabody's original 1857 bequest—an art and sculpture gallery, non-circulating public research library, with a public lecture series and a system of awards for top honor graduates of Baltimore's public secondary schools. "Peabody Prizes" are awarded to top high school graduates beginning the following year at commencement exercises and continued for 122 years as an honored annual tradition with public announcements to city media.

Additional structures along East Centre Street and Saint Paul Street, including a parking garage and two dormitory towers, were constructed in 1971. During the early 1990s, several remaining townhouses on East Mount Vernon Place to the east intersection with St. Paul were acquired and rebuilt, along with other townhouses to the south with distinctive iron scrollwork balconies facing North Charles Street. This enabled The Peabody to round out its tight campus of attached buildings to the entire city block bounded by Charles (Washington Place), Monument (Mount Vernon Place), St. Paul, and Centre Streets.

The Peabody campus is included in the Mount Vernon Place Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1971.

The Peabody Institute's historic main building on Mount Vernon Place, built during 1857-1878, was designated a Baltimore City Landmark on October 14, 1975.

Preparatory
Peabody Preparatory offers instruction and enrichment programs for school-age children across various sites in Baltimore and its surrounding counties: "Downtown" (Baltimore, main campus), Towson, Annapolis (Maryland Hall for the Creative Arts) and Howard County (in cooperation with three schools).

Notable alumni

 * Tori Amos, singer, songwriter, pianist; the youngest student ever admitted to the institute.
 * Dominick Argento, composer
 * James Atherton, tenor
 * Zuill Bailey, cellist
 * Manuel Barrueco, guitarist
 * Carter Brey, cellist
 * Frances R. Brown, college president
 * Petrit Çeku, guitarist
 * Angelin Chang, pianist
 * George Colligan, pianist/trumpeter/drummer/composer
 * Tony Conrad, violinist and composer
 * Charles Covington, pianist
 * Viet Cuong, composer
 * Gemze de Lappe, dancer
 * Charity Sunshine Tillemann-Dick, operatic soprano
 * Ruth Wales du Pont, socialite, philanthropist, and classical composer
 * Joshua Fineberg, composer
 * Virgil Fox, organist
 * James Allen Gähres, conductor (music)
 * Philip Glass, composer
 * Hilary Hahn, violinist
 * Michael Hedges, guitarist
 * Michael Hersch, composer
 * Margarita Höhenrieder, pianist
 * Kim Kashkashian, violist
 * Fred Karpoff, pianist and artist-teacher
 * Kevin Kenner, pianist
 * Maxim Kozlov, cellist and educator
 * Custer LaRue, soprano
 * O'Donel Levy, guitarist
 * Richard Leibert, organist
 * David Meece, pianist, singer, songwriter
 * Su Meng, guitarist
 * Sylvia Meyer, harpist; the first female member of the National Symphony Orchestra
 * Thomas F. McNulty, a president of the WWIN-FM Baltimore and a member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1942 to 1946
 * Jessye Norman, operatic soprano
 * Piotr Pakhomkin, guitarist
 * Rebecca Pitcher, actress; primarily known for playing Christine in the Broadway adaption of The Phantom of the Opera
 * Awadagin Pratt, pianist
 * Lance Reddick, actor, musician
 * Ilyich Rivas, conductor (music)
 * Jake Runestad, composer
 * Lillian Smith, author of Strange Fruit
 * Ana Vidović, guitarist
 * André Watts, pianist
 * Hugh Wolff, conductor and director of orchestras at the New England Conservatory of Music.
 * Eliza Woods, composer and pianist
 * Marie Kunkel Zimmerman, soprano
 * Igor Zubkovsky, cellist

Notable faculty

 * Diran Alexanian, cello

 * Manuel Barrueco, guitar
 * Oscar Bettison, composition
 * George Frederick Boyle, piano
 * Garnett Bruce, opera
 * Elliott Carter (1946–48), composition
 * Thomas Dolby, Music for New Media
 * Du Yun, composition
 * David Fedderly, tuba
 * Leon Fleisher, piano
 * Virgil Fox, organist
 * Elizabeth Futral, voice
 * Denyce Graves, voice
 * Richard Franko Goldman, Director (1968–1977), President (1969–1977)
 * Asger Hamerik, Director (1871–1898)
 * Michael Hersch, composition
 * Ernest Hutcheson, piano
 * Sean Jones, jazz
 * Richard Johnson, jazz
 * Jean Eichelberger Ivey, composition, electronic music

 * Katharine Lucke (1875-1962) - organ, composition
 * Nicholas Maw (1935–2009), composition
 * Anthony McGill, clarinet
 * Gustav Meier, conducting
 * Edward Palanker, clarinet
 * Amit Peled, cello
 * Marina Piccinini, flute
 * Joel Puckett, theory
 * Kevin Puts, composition
 * Hollis Robbins, humanities
 * Berl Senofsky, violin

 * John Shirley-Quirk, voice
 * Robert van Sice, percussion
 * Barry Tuckwell, horn
 * Frank Valentino, voice
 * John Walker, organ
 * Warren Wolf, jazz
 * Eliza Woods, piano
 * Chen Yi, composition (1996-1998)

title: Peabody Institute


text:
Talk:United front

Bad quality...
The author of the original article seems as much interested in creating the article in order to criticize the practice as anything, AFAIC. IMO a proper article would go into more (IMO much more) detail of this political strategy; and any valid criticism would end up in the usual place -- i.e. at the bottom of the page.

Requires a major rewrite.

The section on Henry F Ward (deleted) and his opposition to the Soviet Union had nothing to do with the United Front.

Article Re-Write
I've completely rewritten the article to more clearly distinguish a united front from other communist tactics. If anyone would like to revert to the old version of the article, perhaps we should discuss it on this page. metzerly 04:36, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Another rewrite
I did some substantial rewriting on this article recently, which I've (reasonably enough) been asked to explain.

I originally edited it back in 2005. Before that it consisted of eight lines of introduction, some of it not actually relevant to the united front, followed by a similarly sized chunk which was actually about the Communist Party's policy in 1930s America (which was really the popular front period, and not relevant to this article). My edit back then increased the intro (putting in some broad brush history and clarifying the concept as developed by Leon Trotsky), but did not remove irrelevant material or structure/reference the article particularly well. This was entirely due to my lack of experience and audacity.

When I looked at it again a couple of weeks ago, the irrelevant material had been removed but there were still a number of problems:
 * The introduction did not really describe in an encyclopaedic way the united front as elaborated by the Comintern (which I think is the subject this article must address). For instance, the united front, in its classical form, did not operate through "labor unions" as the article suggested, but through an alliance of political organisations and unions drawn together in common struggle. The most obvious example is the Germany Communists from 1922-1923.
 * The history section was much better, but the style of writing did not sound at all encyclopaedic to me. It did not quite capture the broad historical trend in a clear way.
 * The article did not cite any references or sources.

I addressed these by:
 * Rewriting the introduction setting out what I felt were the key characteristics of the united front as theorised by the third and fourth congresses of the Comintern and by Leon Trotsky. (I added a bit right at the end of the intro about the SWP-UK, just to show it's not simply a historic argument. I hope this doesn't distort the article, but I'm not really familiar enough with other contemporary examples of the united front around the world. Perhaps this could be added to and moved to a new section on contemporary united fronts if this can be done in a neutral way.)
 * Rewriting the history section, hopefully keeping the spirit of what was previously written there. (I've tried to keep the latter part neutral, but others might like to add something on the Stalinist position.)
 * I've added the references I had to hand. The links to Leon Trotsky's writings are particularly important, because they are the clearest exposition of what a united front is. If there are other sources I hope others will add them.

Hope that provides a basis for a better article. Piquant (talk) 13:57, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Once more on the united front
A couple of anonymous users added substantial chunks to the article. There were two problems that I've tried to address:

First, most of the new material was not in style or correctly referenced, repeated existing content and so on. I've fixed this by cutting back the introduction of the article, where most of the new content was added, and moving the new quotes, explanation and so on into the history section, where I think it belongs. I've tried to integrate this as best I can and think that the article is improved as a result of the additions.

Second, much of the new material refers (directly or indirectly) to a fairly obscure left-wing debate about whether the united front is merely a "tactic" or whether it is a "strategy" as well. I'm not sure the article is the best place to have this debate. (There are other articles on this question.) Most of the Comintern quotes refer to the "united front tactic" (although other writings refer to the "policy" of the united front). I've left those quotes in tact and the introduction refers to the Comintern's "united front tactic". I've removed the "external link" to the article that seems to have inflamed this debate, and which I had added earlier. (It's still there as one of the references.)

(For what it's worth, my view is that to restrict strategy to mean simply the "revolutionary seizure of power by workers" removes an important level of analysis—the particular way in which a set of tactics are drawn together in a given time and place to move the working class towards the seizure of power—which is something I'd prefer to call strategy. But I don't think the wikipedia article on the united front should say this, as it's probably a minority view...)

Piquant (talk) 17:24, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

"The these argued"
"The these argued" is ungrammatical. Bayle Shanks (talk) 20:00, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:United front


text:
Lewis Theobald

Lewis Theobald (baptised 2 April 1688 – 18 September 1744), English textual editor and author, was a landmark figure both in the history of Shakespearean editing and in literary satire. He was vital for the establishment of fair texts for Shakespeare, and he was the first avatar of Dulness in Alexander Pope's The Dunciad.

Life and work
Lewis Theobald was the son of Peter Theobald, an attorney, and his second wife, Mary. He was born in Sittingbourne, Kent, and baptized there on 2 April 1688.

When Peter Theobald died in 1690, Lewis was taken into the Rockingham household and educated with the sons of the family, which gave him the grounding in Greek and Latin that would serve his scholarship throughout his career. As a young man, he was apprenticed to an attorney and then set up his own law practice in London. In 1707, possibly while he was apprenticing, he published A Pindaric Ode on the Union of Scotland and England and Naufragium Britannicum.. In 1708 his tragedy The Persian Princess was performed at Drury Lane.

Theobald translated Plato's Phaedo in 1714 and was contracted by Bernard Lintot to translate the seven tragedies of Aeschylus but didn't deliver. He translated Sophocles's Electra, Ajax, and Oedipus Rex in 1715. Theobald also wrote for the Tory Mist's Journal. He attempted to make a living with drama and began to work with John Rich at Drury Lane, writing pantomimes for him including Harlequin Sorcerer (1725), Apollo and Daphne (1726), The Rape of Proserpine (1727), and Perseus and Andromeda (1730); many of these had music by Johann Ernst Galliard. He also probably plagiarized a man named Henry Meystayer. Meystayer had given Theobald a draft of a play called The Perfidious Brother to review, and Theobald had it produced as his own work.

Theobald's fame and contribution to English letters rests with his 1726 Shakespeare Restored, or a Specimen of the many Errors as well Committed as Unamended by Mr Pope in his late edition of this poet; designed not only to correct the said Edition, but to restore the true Reading of Shakespeare in all the Editions ever published. Theobald's variorum is, as its subtitle says, a reaction to Alexander Pope's edition of Shakespeare. Pope had "smoothed" Shakespeare's lines, and, most particularly, Pope had, indeed, missed many textual errors. In fact, when Pope produced a second edition of his Shakespeare in 1728, he incorporated many of Theobald's textual readings. Pope claimed that he took in only "about twenty-five words" of Theobald's corrections, but, in truth, he took in most of them. Additionally, Pope claimed that Theobald hid his information from Pope.

Pope was as much a better poet than Theobald as Theobald was a better editor than Pope, and the events surrounding Theobald's attack and Pope's counter-attack show both men at their heights. Theobald's Shakespeare Restored is a judicious, if ill-tempered, answer to Pope's edition, but in 1733 Theobald produced a rival edition of Shakespeare in seven volumes for Jacob Tonson, the book seller. For the edition, Theobald worked with Bishop Warburton, who later (1747) also published an edition of Shakespeare. Theobald's 1733 edition was far the best produced before 1750, and it has been the cornerstone of all subsequent editions. Theobald not only corrected variants but chose among best texts and undid many of the changes to the text that had been made by earlier 18th century editors. Edmond Malone's later edition (the standard from which modern editors act) was built on Theobald's.

Theobald the Dunce
Theobald (pronounced by Pope as "Tibbald," though living members of his branch of the Theobald family say it was pronounced as spelled then, as it is today) was rewarded for his public rebuke of Pope by becoming the first hero of Pope's The Dunciad in 1728. In the Dunciad Variorum, Pope goes much farther. In the apparatus to the poem, he collects ill comments made on Theobald by others, gives evidence that Theobald wrote letters to Mist's Journal praising himself, and argues that Theobald had meant his Shakespeare Restored as an ambush. One of the damning bits of evidence came from John Dennis, who wrote of Theobald's Ovid: "There is a notorious Ideot . . . who from an under-spur-leather to the Law, is become an under-strapper to the Play-house, who has lately burlesqu'd the Metamorphoses of Ovid by a vile Translation" (Remarks on Pope's Homer p. 90). Until the second version of The Dunciad in 1741, Theobald remained the chief of the "Dunces" who led the way toward night (see the translatio stultitiae) by debasing public taste and bringing "Smithfield muses to the ears of kings." Pope attacks Theobald's plagiarism and work in vulgar drama directly, but the reason for the fury was in all likelihood the Shakespeare Restored. Even though Theobald's work is invaluable, Pope succeeded in so utterly obliterating the character of the man that he is known by those who do not work with Shakespeare only as a dunce, as a dusty, pedantic, and dull witted scribe. In this, "The Dunciad" affected Theobald's reputation for posterity much as Dryden's "Mac Flecknoe" affected Thomas Shadwell's.

Double Falshood
In 1727, Theobald produced a play Double Falshood; or The Distrest Lovers, which he claimed to have based on a lost play by Shakespeare. Pope attacked it as a fraud, but admitted in private that he believed Theobald to have worked from, at the least, a genuine period work. Modern scholarship continues to be divided on the question of whether Theobald was truthful in his claim. Double Falshood may be based on the lost Cardenio, by Shakespeare and John Fletcher, which Theobald may have had access to in a surviving manuscript, which he revised for the tastes of the early eighteenth century. However, Theobald's claims about the origins of the play are not consistent and have not been uniformly accepted by critics.

Selected plays

 * The Persian Princess (1708)
 * The Perfidious Brother (1716)
 * Harlequin Sorcerer (1725)
 * Apollo and Daphne (1726)
 * Double Falsehood (1727)
 * The Rape of Proserpine (1727)
 * Orestes (1731)
 * The Fatal Secret (1733)

title: Lewis Theobald


text:
Affpuddle

Affpuddle is a small village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Affpuddle and Turnerspuddle, in the Dorset district of the ceremonial county of Dorset, England, 9 mi east of Dorchester. The local travel links are 3 mi from the village to Moreton railway station and 20 mi to Bournemouth International Airport. Part of the village street is the B3390, which divides the village into two. Affpuddle parish included the settlements of Briantspuddle to the east and Pallington to the south. In the 2001 census this parish had a population of 402. On 1 April 2010 the parish was abolished and merged with Turners Puddle to form "Affpuddle & Turnerspuddle". In the 2011 census this joint parish had 200 households and a population of 436.

Affpuddle village is in the Piddle valley, just north of the Purbeck conifer plantations and heathland, in a valley beside the villages of Tolpuddle and Puddletown. The village is linear and made of brick, stone and thatched cottages and has a 13th-century church dedicated to St Laurence.

History
The village was established during or before the Saxon era, and was mentioned in the Domesday Book as Affapidela, having a manor house belonging to the Abbot of Cerne. After the Dissolution the village became an estate of the Lawrence family, an ancestor of whom married the heiress of a branch of the Washington family, from another branch of which descended George Washington. The Washington arms was quartered by the Lawrences and thus appears on the north wall of the chancel in the village church on a Lawrence monument. The church of St Laurence is noted for its elaborate pews, dated 1545 or 1547, and the finely carved pulpit, undated but in a very similar style. The church dates from the 13th century but was enlarged by an aisle and a tower in the 15th century. Other features of interest are the Norman font and south doorway.

The earliest records in Dorset of the agricultural practice of flooding fields to form watermeadows refer to Affpuddle in the early 17th century; Edward Lawrence, the lord of the manor at the time, was interested in agricultural improvement and favoured the use of flooding here and in neighbouring Briantspiddle and Pallington, where he also had manors.

The village later belonged to the Framptons of Moreton, noted for their involvement with the Tolpuddle Martyrs. John Lock who gave key evidence against them also lived in the village.

title: Affpuddle


text:
Category:Mazdaspeed vehicles

Mazda automobiles tuned by Mazdaspeed.

title: Category:Mazdaspeed vehicles


text:
Talk:List of Chrysler engines

Untitled
What is the deal re. the 2.4L DOHC found in minivans? Is it nonexistent or something?

 * Looks like it was the Chrysler Neon engine. --SFoskett 20:06, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)

Chrysler Engines, in old Jeeps?
There seems to be a lot of engines in the listing that have noting to do with Chrysler! I know Chrysler bought AMC/Jeep in 1987, but technically engines like the old F-head four (Go-Devil) shouldn't be listed as "Chrysler" engines. The AMC designed 4.0L six and 2.5L four are questionable, but the argument can be made that Chrysler was the last to actually produce them, and Chrysler did make some refinements in the designs in the 90s. Am I the only one of the opinion that listingthe older engines that aren't of direct Chrysler lineage misleading in an encyclopedia? I'd like comments before making changes.

 * It is disingenuous, isn't it? I had intended removing the Willys, Kaiser, Mitsubishi, Renault, etc. engines from the list a while ago, but decided not to for lack of a better place to put them. --93JC 22:46, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Chrysler 360 and AMC 1973 360
I am trying to follow your page on the Chrysler and AMC 360. I am confused. Are they the same engine made by Chrysler or not. I have seen no evidence to point in either direction. I have a 1973 Hornet that I want to put a 360 into. Will the Chrysler Engine bolt straight up?

Please email me with an answer as no-one can give me a straight answer.

scott.briggs@optusnet.com.au

 * The Chrysler and AMC 360s are not the same engine. Unfortunately this page is written in a confusing fashion.  The reason the AMC 360 is listed on this page is because it was used in the Jeep Grand Wagoneer after AMC was merged into Chrysler.  However, the Chrysler 360 and AMC 360 are different engines and it's doubtful that a Mopar 360 would bolt up. TomTheHand 12:06, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

French hemi?
I recall reading (somewhere...) of a French-built, Chrysler-designed hemi, around 130ci, intended for armored cars or something in France in the '40s, being sold in SAm (Brazil?) into the '70s... Can anybody substantiate? TREKphiler  hit me ♠  02:45, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

2.2L and 2.5L engines turbo and N/A
I noticed these are missing from the list. 12.15.53.135 (talk) 06:15, 18 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Chrysler engines


text:
Alderholt

Alderholt is a large village and civil parish in east Dorset, England; situated 3 mi west of Fordingbridge. The parish includes the hamlets of Crendell and Cripplestyle. The parish had a population of 3,171 at the 2011 Census, up from 3,113 in 2001.

The village has a Co-op Food convenience store, veterinary clinic and part-time GP surgery. There are three churches in the village: Alderholt Chapel, St James' Church of England, and the Tabernacle Gospel Church.

The village also has a large recreation ground with a sports and social club, two tennis courts, and a children's play area.

Transport
The main road running through the village is the B3078 connecting Alderholt to Fordingbridge and Shaftesbury.

Until 1964, Alderholt was served by Daggons Road railway station, west of the village on a line connecting to Fordingbridge and Salisbury to the north, and Verwood and Wimborne to the south.

Governance
The civil parish was created in 1894. A book was published in 1994 by Alderholt Parish Council recording parish details and interest over the 100 years.

After 2019 structural changes to local government in England, Alderholt is part of the Cranborne and Alderholt ward which elects 1 member to Dorset Council.

title: Alderholt


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sleepy's Law

Sleepy's Law
possible speedy? article itself states non-notability: "Given that it has yet to gain popularity in Internet Culture and has only been discussed on a few Irish message boards" Wolfman 18:51, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps I was a little hasty in sticking it in the Wiki. I'd vote to keep, but it is a bit of a spurious entry that might only be referenced by a couple of thousand people at most. Seamustheseagull 21:53, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * "Worst law, ever!" Delete: non-stable, nanologism (a neologism only a nonosecond old). Geogre 01:47, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * first formalised by the user Sleepy in late 2004. Yeah, it's been around along time.  Delete.  RickK
 * Delete. Neologism.   — Gwalla | Talk 21:41, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Homer: Uh-huh, uh-huh. Okay. Um Can you repeat the part of the stuff where you said all about uuhhh, deletions. Uhh... the deletions. jni 12:28, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless an external link to a respectable source which verifies the article is given within the article. anthony (see warning) 17:04, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
User:Jwlee1971

I'm Korean. My job is physicist.

I'm very interested in

history, arts, music especically art rocks and progressive rocks history computer programming small electronic gadgets

title: User:Jwlee1971


text:
Allington

Allington may refer to:

Places in England

 * Allington, Dorset
 * Allington, Hampshire
 * Allington, Kent
 * Allington, Lincolnshire
 * Allington, Kennet, Wiltshire, near Devizes
 * Allington, North Wiltshire, near Chippenham
 * Allington, Salisbury, Wiltshire
 * East Allington, Devon

People

 * Bill Allington (1903–1966), American baseball player
 * Edward Allington (1951–2017), English artist and sculptor
 * Richard Allington, American academic

Other uses

 * HMS Allington Castle, a 1944 Royal Navy corvette
 * Allington Pippin, an apple cultivar

title: Allington


text:
Allington, Dorset

Allington is a village and former civil parish in Dorset, England, 1 mi north-west from the town of Bridport, with which it is physically contiguous; much of Allington lies within Bridport parish. In the 2011 census Allington civil parish had 371 dwellings, 339 households and a population of 766.

Allington Hill rises to 89 m above the village; it is managed by the Woodland Trust. The hill is characteristic of the Upper Greensand hills and ridges found in the Marshwood and Powerstock Vales National Character Area.

In 1086 in the Domesday Book Allington was recorded as Adelingtone; it had 21 households, 3 ploughlands, 10 acre of meadow and one mill. It was in Goderthorn Hundred and the lord and tenant-in-chief was Turstin son of Rolf.

The parish church at North Allington, dedicated to St Swithun, was designed by Charles Wallis of Dorchester and built in 1826–27, and is a Grade II* listed building. It is in classical style, and is unusual for the survival of a high proportion of the original internal fittings, including the pews, gallery, a pulpit (of two originally present) and glazing.

The civil parish and parish council were abolished with effect from 1 April 2024, with the parish area taken into Bridport.

title: Allington, Dorset


text: User talk:207.63.88.21

title: User talk:207.63.88.21


text:
PlayMaker Football

PlayMaker Football is an American football simulation produced by PlayMaker Software. The first version of the game was released in 1989 by Broderbund for the Macintosh. It has since been ported to the Microsoft Windows and Palm OS. The most recent versions are 2.4 for the Macintosh and Palm OS platforms and 2.3 for the Microsoft Windows platform.

Summary
PlayMaker Football allows one to take the role of a coach of a team of 30 football players. The coach can create a team using the Team Draft mode of the program, and then design and test plays using the Chalkboard Editor mode. The Chalkboard Editor mode also allows the coach to create artificial intelligence settings for each play, used by the program to determine which play to call on each down of a game. The Game mode allows the coach to play games between two teams, each under the control of a coach or the computer.

PlayMaker Football spawned a small but dedicated community of players on online providers such as America Online and CompuServe. This community is still around today, with several internet sites available for coaches to join organized leagues.

PlayMaker Football 2.0 was released in 1996 for MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows.

Reception
PlayMaker Football 2.1.4 was reviewed by mymac.com in 1997. The reviewers highlighted the realism, sound effects and the community of enthusiasts that were present online.

title: PlayMaker Football


text:
Alton Pancras

Alton Pancras is a small village and civil parish in Dorset, England. In the 2011 census the civil parish had a population of 175.

The village church is dedicated to Saint Pancras, which provides part of the village name. The parish was formerly a liberty, containing only the parish itself.

History
Evidence of prehistoric human activity within the parish includes two round barrows on the hills to the east of the village (one on West Hill and one on Church Hill), the remains of 'Celtic' fields and strip lynchets on many of the surrounding hills, and a possible settlement just south of the summit of Church Hill. Dating is not definite but the 'Celtic' fields were probably in use between the Bronze Age and the end of the Romano-British period. The possible settlement is probably Romano-British. Subsequent cultivation, particularly in modern times, has destroyed much of the evidence.

The village itself was likely first settled by Saxons during the expansion of the Kingdom of Wessex. The name of the village was then Awultune, meaning in West Saxon 'village at the source of the river' (the River Piddle). The village was previously two separate settlements: Barcombe and Alton, both of which had their own open field system. In 1086 in the Domesday Book the village was recorded as Altone. It had 26 households, was in Cerne, Totcombe and Modbury Hundred, and the tenant-in-chief was the Bishop of Salisbury. Local tradition believes that after conversion to Christianity, the village name incorporated the little-known St Pancras and that by the time of the Battle of Agincourt (1415), was known as Aulton Pancras. However, in Christopher Saxton's map of 1575 it is still known as 'Ælton' and in John Speed's map of 1610, it is listed as 'Alton'. In a later 1760 map by Emanuel Bowen, the village is listed as 'Alton Pancras'.

The current church was restored in the 19th century after an earlier Norman church was near collapse. All that remains of the old church is the 15th century tower and a Norman arch. The church organ used to be a fairground organ. The floor tiles were created by Poole Pottery.

Governance
Alton Pancras is in the West Dorset parliamentary constituency which is currently represented in the UK national parliament by the Conservative Member of Parliament Chris Loder. In local government, Alton Pancras is governed by Dorset Council at the county level.

In national parliament and district council elections, Dorset is divided into several electoral wards, with Alton Pancras being within Piddle Valley ward. In county council elections, Alton Pancras is in the Three Valleys electoral division, one of 42 divisions that elect councillors to Dorset Council.

At the parish level – the lowest tier of local government – Alton Pancras is one of three parishes governed by Piddle Valley Group Parish Council. The other parishes are Piddlehinton and Piddletrenthide.

Geography
Alton Pancras civil parish covers 2280 acre at the head of the valley of the River Piddle. The valley is on the dip slope of the Dorset Downs and drains from north to south. Several small side combes extend east and west. In the east the parish includes part of a tributary valley at Watcombe Bottom, north of Plush, and in the northeast it extends north of the escarpment to Alton Common in the Blackmore Vale. The underlying geology of the parish is mostly chalk, except for the Alton Common extension, which is on greensand, gault and Kimmeridge clay. Alton Pancras village is sited in the valley near the source of the River Piddle at an altitude of about 125 m. The altitude of the parish is between about 255 m at its highest point on the hills to the west, to about 110 m at its lowest point where the river leaves the parish in the south. The broadcaster and agriculturist Ralph Wightman, who was born and lived in the nearby village of Piddletrenthide, described the hills surrounding the village as "very much in the centre of Dorset". All of Alton Pancras parish is within the Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Horse Close Wood on Alton Common is a Woodland Trust wood, though it is not open to the public.

Alton Pancras village is situated on the B3143 road, which connects it to the county town of Dorchester 9 mi to the south. Other local travel links include Maiden Newton railway station 7 mi to the south-west, and Bournemouth International Airport 26 mi to the east.

Demography
In the 2011 census Alton Pancras civil parish had 72 dwellings, 71 households and a population of 175. The average age of parish residents was 42, compared to 39.3 for England as a whole. 16.0% of residents were age 65 or over, compared to 16.4% for England as a whole.

title: Alton Pancras


text: User talk:209.177.1.132

title: User talk:209.177.1.132


text: User talk:65.126.141.254

title: User talk:65.126.141.254


text: User talk:12.172.32.4

title: User talk:12.172.32.4