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Akrotiri and Dhekelia

Akrotiri and Dhekelia, officially the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (SBA), is a British Overseas Territory on the island of Cyprus. The areas, which include British military bases and installations that were formerly part of the Crown colony of Cyprus, were retained by the British under the 1960 treaty of independence signed by the United Kingdom, Greece, Turkey and representatives from the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities. The territory serves an important role as a station for signals intelligence and provides a vital strategic part of the United Kingdom surveillance-gathering network in the Mediterranean and the Middle East.

History

The Sovereign Base Areas were created in 1960 by the London and Zürich Agreements, when Cyprus achieved independence from the British Empire, as recorded by the United Nations in 1960 as treaty 5476. The United Kingdom desired to retain sovereignty over these areas, as this guaranteed the use of UK military bases on Cyprus, including RAF Akrotiri, and a garrison of the British Army. The importance of the bases to the British is based on the strategic location of the island, at the eastern edge of the Mediterranean, close to the Suez Canal and the Middle East; the ability to use the RAF base as staging post for military aircraft; and for training.

In July and August 1961, there were a series of bomb attacks against the pipeline carrying fresh water to the Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area. The pipeline was breached by explosions twelve times.

In the early 1970s the U.S. built an over-the-horizon radar named Cobra Shoe, which could observe airplane operations and missile tests in southern Russia. This was operated by the RAF on behalf of the U.S. Air Force. This augmented an earlier British system built in the early 1960s named Project Sandra. The U.S. use of the base was hidden from the Cypriot government due to their sensitivities.

In 1974, following a military coup by the Cypriot National Guard, Turkey invaded the north of Cyprus, leading to the establishment of the internationally unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. This did not affect the status of the bases. Greek Cypriots fleeing from the Turkish forces were permitted to travel through the Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area and were given humanitarian aid, with those from Achna setting up a new village (Dasaki Achnas or Achna Forest) which is still in the Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area. The Turkish advance halted when it reached the edge of the Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area to avoid military conflict with the United Kingdom. In the Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area a tented refugee camp was set up at "Happy Valley" (part of the Episkopi Cantonment) to house Turkish Cypriots fleeing from Limassol and the villages surrounding the Area, until in 1975 they were flown out of RAF Akrotiri via Turkey to northern Cyprus. Some Greek Cypriot refugees remain housed on land in the parts of Trachoni and Kolossi villages that fall within the Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area.

In 1974, the British government decided that British forces would be entirely withdrawn from Cyprus, because the sprawling bases had become undefendable in the light of increasing troop demands in Northern Ireland, and because of pressure on the defence budget. The U.S. very strongly objected to any British withdrawal that would result in the United States losing access to GCHQ signals intelligence from Cyprus, since it had lost access to its many signals intelligence bases in Turkey due to its political dispute with Turkey following the invasion of Cyprus. The U.S. agreed to contribute to base costs, and the British cancelled the closure plan. U.S. use of the base increased, such as Lockheed U-2 spy flights on Syria, though flights were generally at night "to avoid local curiosity".

Current status
The territory is composed of two base areas. One is Akrotiri (Ακρωτήρι ; Ağrotur ), or the Western Sovereign Base Area (WSBA), which includes two main bases at RAF Akrotiri and Episkopi Cantonment, plus all of Akrotiri Village's district (including Limassol Salt Lake) and parts of eleven other village districts. The other area is Dhekelia Cantonment (Δεκέλεια ; Dikelya), or the Eastern Sovereign Base Area (ESBA), which includes a base at Ayios Nikolaos plus parts of twelve village districts.

As of late 2023, based units include:

 * RAF Akrotiri and Episkopi Cantonment:
 * No. 903 Expeditionary Air Wing RAF
 * No. 84 Squadron RAF
 * 1st Battalion, Duke of Lancaster's Regiment
 * Cyprus Operations Support Unit
 * Cyprus Military Working Dog Troop
 * Cyprus Joint Police Unit (CJPU)

 * Dhekelia Cantonment:
 * 1st Battalion, The Rifles
 * Joint Service Signal Unit (Cyprus)

Ayios Nikolaos Station, in the ESBA, is an ELINT (electronic intelligence) listening station of the UKUSA Agreement intelligence network. The UKUSA signals intelligence system is sometimes known as "ECHELON".

Governance

The SBAs were retained in 1960 to keep military bases in areas under British sovereignty, along with the rights retained to use other sites in what became the territory of the Republic. That makes them different from the other remaining British Overseas Territories.

The basic philosophy of their administration was declared by the British government in Appendix O to the 1960 treaty with Cyprus, which provided that the British government intended:

 * Not to develop the Sovereign Base Areas for other than military purposes.
 * Not to set up and administer "colonies".
 * Not to create customs posts or other frontier barriers between the Sovereign Base Areas and the Republic.
 * Not to set up or permit the establishment of civilian commercial or industrial enterprises except insofar as these are connected with military requirements, and not otherwise to impair the economic, commercial or industrial unity and life of the Island.
 * Not to establish commercial or civilian seaports or airports.
 * Not to allow new settlement of people in the Sovereign Base Areas other than for temporary purposes.
 * Not to expropriate private property within the Sovereign Base Areas except for military purposes on payment of fair compensation.

Appendix O also provides that various ancient monuments in the SBAs (in particular the site and remains of Kourion, the Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates near Kourion, the Stadium of Curium and the Church and remains of the Holy Monastery of St Nicholas of the Cats) should be administered by the Republic of Cyprus. The Cypriot government issues licences for antiquity excavation in the SBAs subject to British consent, and any movable antiquities found in excavations or otherwise discovered become Cypriot state property.

According to the British Ministry of Defence: "Because the SBAs are primarily required as military bases and not ordinary dependent territories, the Administration reports to the Ministry of Defence in London. It has no formal connection with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office or the British High Commission in Nicosia, although there are close informal links with both offices on policy matters."

The territory is administered by an Administrator, who is also the Commander of British Forces Cyprus, which is Air Vice-marshal Peter J. M. Squires. The Administrator is officially appointed by the British monarch on the advice of the Ministry of Defence. The Administrator has all the executive and legislative authority of a governor of an overseas territory. A Chief Officer is appointed, and is responsible to the Administrator for the day-to-day running of the civil government, with subordinate Area Officers responsible for the civil administration of the two areas. No elections are held in the territory, although British citizens are normally entitled to vote in United Kingdom elections (as British Forces or overseas electors).

The areas have their own legal system, distinct from the United Kingdom and the Republic of Cyprus. This consists of the laws of the Colony of Cyprus as of August 1960, amended as necessary. The laws of Akrotiri and Dhekelia are closely aligned with, and in some cases identical to, the laws operating within the Republic of Cyprus. The Court of the Sovereign Base Areas is concerned with non-military offences committed by any person within Akrotiri and Dhekelia, and law and order is maintained by the Sovereign Base Areas Police, while offences involving British Forces Cyprus and military law are dealt with by the Cyprus Joint Police Unit. Fire and rescue services are provided by the Defence Fire and Risk Management Organisation through stations at Episkopi, Akrotiri, Dhekelia and Ayios Nikolayos. The Defence Medical Services provide emergency ambulance cover based from medical centres in the main bases. All emergency services are accessible from any telephone using the Europe-wide emergency number 112.

Reviews
In January 2010, a newspaper article appeared in the British press claiming that as a result of budgetary constraints arising from the Great Recession, the British Ministry of Defence drew up controversial plans to withdraw the United Kingdom's 3,000 strong garrison and end the use of Cyprus as a staging point for ground forces. The Labour government, under whom the proposal appeared, was replaced by the Cameron–Clegg coalition whose defence review did not mention the issue.

On 15 December 2012 in a written statement to the House of Commons, the UK's Secretary of State for Defence, Philip Hammond, revealed the findings of a report on the SBA military bases following the completion of a review of their operations by Lord Ashcroft: "The Sovereign Base areas are in a region of geo-political importance and high priority for the United Kingdom's long term national security interests ... Our military personnel, United Kingdom civilians and locally employed personnel in the Sovereign Base Areas make a major contribution to the national security of the United Kingdom and will continue to do so in the future."

Dispute and controversies
The Republic of Cyprus claims that the Sovereign Base Areas are a "remnant of colonialism". On 30 June 2005 the House of Representatives of Cyprus unanimously adopted a resolution on the legal status of the base areas originally proposed by Vassos Lyssarides. The resolution refers to "relevant UN decisions on the abolition of colonialism, as well as the fundamental principles of international law, which forbid the occupation of territory within the domain of any other country." It claims that "the United Kingdom does not have substantial sovereignty over the British bases, but it has as much sovereignty as is necessary for military reasons and not for administrative, financial and / or any other reasons." The resolution urged the UK government "to fulfil its financial obligations towards the Republic of Cyprus, which derive from the Treaty of Establishment." It also argued that the UK does not have territorial waters in the areas.

The UK government does not recognise Cypriot claims that the UK's sovereignty in the areas is limited.

In July 2001, protests were held at the bases by local Cypriots, unhappy with British plans to construct radio masts at the bases as part of an upgrade of British military communication posts around the world. Locals claimed the masts would endanger local lives and cause cancer, as well as have a negative effect on wildlife in the area. The British and Cypriot governments jointly commissioned health research from the University of Bristol and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Cyprus, and that research project reported in 2005 that there was no evidence of health problems being caused by electromagnetic fields from the antennas. The Sovereign Base Areas Administration has carried out assessments and surveys into the effects on wildlife, which have fed into an "Akrotiri Peninsula Environmental Management Plan", published in September 2012.

In 2004, the UK offered to cede 117 km2 of farmland as part of the rejected Annan Plan for Cyprus.

On 29 August 2013, during the Syrian civil war, some Cypriot and British media sources speculated that long-range ballistic missiles, fired from Syria in retaliation for proposed British involvement in military intervention against the Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad, could hit Cyprus, and could potentially deliver chemical weapons. In some Cypriot media it was stated that the proposed interdiction of the Syrian civil war, utilising Akrotiri and Dhekelia, could recklessly endanger the Cypriot populations near to those bases. Two days earlier, on 27 August 2013, Cypriot foreign minister Ioannis Kasoulides had moved to calm Cypriot concerns, saying that the British bases were unlikely to play a major part in any intervention.

Travel documents
There is normally no passport check at the border from Akrotiri or Dhekelia to Cyprus. Possession of a passport, or an EU-compliant national identity card is generally needed in Cyprus. A passport is required to travel between Cyprus/SBAs and Northern Cyprus. Issues concerning the validity of car insurance and customs are specified by SBAs' administration.

Brexit implications
Under Article 2(1) of the Protocol, the SBAs are partially part of the European Union Customs Union in three domains: VAT, agriculture and fisheries. However, the SBAs are already outside the EU. Therefore, concerns have been raised about the future status of about 15,000 Cypriots (EU citizens) working in the SBA following the UK's 2020 departure from the EU. Cyprus, Ireland and Spain are the only three EU states that conducted bilateral talks with the UK on the Brexit issue. The talks between the UK and the Republic of Cyprus started in October 2017.

The Brexit withdrawal agreement has a protocol on the SBAs, with provisions essentially maintaining their previous status.

Geography

Akrotiri and Dhekelia cover 3% of the land area of Cyprus, a total of 254 km² (split 123 km² (48.5%) at Akrotiri and 131 km² (51.5%) at Dhekelia). Akrotiri and Dhekelia have a border of 48 km and 108 km with Cyprus respectively. Akrotiri also has a longer coastline than Dhekelia. 60% of the land is privately owned as freeholds by Cypriot citizens; the other 40% is controlled by the Ministry of Defence as Crown leasehold land. In January 2014, an agreement between the Cypriot and UK governments was signed, ensuring that residents and property owners in the British Bases will enjoy equal rights for the development of property. In addition to Akrotiri and Dhekelia, the Treaty of Establishment also provided for the continued use by the British Ministry of Defence and the British Armed Forces of certain facilities within the Republic of Cyprus, known as Retained Sites.

Akrotiri is located in the south of the island, near the city of Limassol (or Lemesos). Dhekelia is in the southeast, near Larnaca. Both areas include military bases, as well as farmland and some residential land. Akrotiri is surrounded by territory controlled by the Republic of Cyprus, but Dhekelia also borders on the United Nations (UN) buffer zone and the area controlled by the Turkish forces.

Ayia Napa lies to the east of Dhekelia. The villages of Xylotympou and Ormideia, also in the Republic of Cyprus, are enclaves surrounded by Dhekelia. The Dhekelia Power Station, divided by a British road into two parts, also belongs to the Republic of Cyprus. The northern part is an enclave, like the two villages, whereas the southern part is located by the sea, and therefore not an enclave, though it has no territorial waters of its own.

Territorial waters of 3 nmi are claimed, and the right according to the laws of the UN to extend the claim of up to 12 nmi is reserved.

Wildlife and ecology
Cyprus is an important migration flyway for birds between Africa and Europe and millions of birds are killed yearly as they migrate over the island. To protect resident and migratory birds, BirdLife Cyprus and the RSPB survey areas of illegal trapping. More than 150 species of birds, over half of conservation concern, have been trapped in nets, or on limesticks, and it is estimated that organised crime gangs earn over 15 million Euros yearly. The dead birds are sold to provide the main ingredient for ambelopoulia — an illegal delicacy — in the Republic of Cyprus. The 2015 survey estimated a maximum 19 km of mist nets across both the Republic and the British Territories, and more than 5,300 limesticks removed, mainly in the Republic. It is estimated that over 2 million birds were killed in 2015 including over 800,000 on British Territories. Employing measures such as covert camera surveillance (including a drone), exclusion zones and impounding vehicles, trapping activity at Dhekelia fell by 77.5%. In 2016 an estimated 800,000 birds were killed at Dhekelia and in the following year trapping activity fell by 77.5% and bird deaths to an estimated 180,000.

The Episkopi Cliffs Important Bird Area lies mostly within the western base area, and covers much of the peninsula. It was identified as an IBA in 1989, and became recognised under the Ramsar Convention in 2003. 60% was designated as a Special Protection Area in 2010. Over 300 bird species have been recorded in this area. The wetlands, including the large salt lake, are an important habitat and bird hotspot. These wetlands are an important breeding spot for the ferruginous duck, which has nested there since 2005. Other species that nest in the wetlands include the black-winged stilt, the Kentish plover, the spur-winged lapwing, and the stone-curlew. Black francolins, Cyprus wheatears, Cyprus warblers, Eleonora's falcons, peregrine falcons, griffon vultures, European shags, European rollers, blue rock thrushs, and wallcreepers breed elsewhere in the area, especially around the cliffs.

The beaches in the British Sovereign Base Areas (SBAs) are important nesting sites for the endangered green Chelonia mydas and loggerhead Caretta caretta turtles. The SBA Environment Department, assisted by a large volunteer effort, has monitored turtle nesting success on SBA beaches since 1990. Disturbance to nesting turtles is an issue in some areas due to activities such as camping, driving on beaches and illegal fishing. Sea turtles in Cyprus are protected as priority species under the Protection and Management of Nature and Wildlife Ordinance (implementing the provisions of the Habitats Directive), enacted in 2007.

In December 2015, five Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) were designated in the Cyprus Sovereign Base Areas. The five SACs designated are Akrotiri, Episkopi, Cape Pyla, Dhekelia and Agios Nikolaos. The designations were made under the Protection and Management of Nature and Wildlife Ordinance and will support the existing network (NATURA 2000) of SACs in Cyprus and across Europe.

Demographics

When the areas were being established, the boundaries were deliberately drawn to avoid centres of population. Approximately 18,195 people live in the areas. About 11,000 native Cypriots work in the areas themselves, or on farmland within the boundaries of the areas. The British military and their families make up the rest of the population.

Persons related to the territory may in theory be eligible to claim the British Overseas Territories citizenship (BOTC status) through a personal connection to the areas (i.e., birth on the territory before 1983, or born after 1983 to a parent who was born on the territory before 1983). But unlike most other British Overseas Territories, there is no provision in the 2002 amendment of the British Nationality Act 1981 by which British citizenship (with the right of abode in the United Kingdom) can either be claimed through automatic entitlement or be applied for by means of registration, from or through a sole personal connection to the Base Areas (in comparison, the 2002 Act bestowed British citizenship on all other BOTCs). Hence, non-British and non-military personnel with the connection to the territory cannot live and work in the UK and must use their Cypriot passports to apply for visas to the UK.

Under the terms of the 1960 agreement with Cyprus establishing the Sovereign Base Areas, the United Kingdom is committed not to use the areas for civilian purposes. This was stated in 2002 as the primary reason for the exclusion of the areas from the scope of the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. , around 7,195 service personnel of British Forces Cyprus are based at Akrotiri and Dhekelia.

Education
Service Children's Education oversees education for children of personnel and MoD employees. The Eastern Sovereign Base Area is served by Dhekelia Primary School and Ayios Nikolaos Primary School, which are feeders for King Richard School. The Western Sovereign Base Area is served by Episkopi Primary School and Akrotiri Primary School, which are feeders for St. John's School.

Economy

No economic statistics are gathered for Akrotiri and Dhekelia. The main economic activities are the provision of services to the military, as well as limited agriculture. When the territory under the effective control of the Republic of Cyprus switched currencies from the Cypriot pound to the euro on 1 January 2008, Akrotiri and Dhekelia followed suit making the Sovereign Base Areas the only territory under British sovereignty to officially use the euro.

Transport
Cypriot motorways pass through both areas. There is no public airport within the areas, but the RAF Akrotiri airbase is located there, which has a runway suitable for long-distance flights, but is not used for public flights.

Communications
The Base Areas form part of the Republic of Cyprus telephone numbering plan, using the international prefix +357. Landline numbers are in the same eight-digit format, with the last four digits being the line number. Numbers in Dhekelia begin with the digits 2474, while those in Akrotiri begin with the digits 2527.

Postal services are provided by the British Forces Post Office, with mail to Akrotiri being addressed to BFPO 57 and mail to Dhekelia and Ayios Nikolaos being addressed to BFPO 58. Cyprus Postal Services provides postal service for civilian homes and businesses within the Base Areas, then using Cypriot postal codes and "Cyprus" as country on letters from abroad.

The bases are issued different amateur radio call signs from the Republic of Cyprus. Amateur radio stations on the bases use the International Telecommunication Union prefix of "ZC4", which is assigned to Great Britain. There are about 52 amateurs licensed in this manner. Amateur radio direction finding identified RAF Akrotiri as the location of the powerful but now defunct shortwave numbers station "Lincolnshire Poacher". Several curtain antennas there have been identified as being used for these transmissions.

Media
BFBS Radio 1 and 2 are broadcast on FM and can be widely received across Cyprus. BFBS Television is now only available to viewers via satellite, having been confined to the SBAs or encrypted in 1997 for copyright reasons, before BFBS switched off its analogue transmitters in 2009. The British East Mediterranean Relay Station was situated locally.

Sport
Football clubs in the territory, such as Ethnikos Achna FC and APEA Akrotiri, compete in the Cypriot football league system. A separate league for British military teams, the Cyprus Forces Football League, is run by the Royal Air Force FA.

The Commander British Forces Cyprus Sporting Competition (CBF Cup), a multi-sport competition between teams representing bases and resident British infantry battalions, is held annually.

title: Akrotiri and Dhekelia


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Saw (film)

Saw is a 2004 American horror film directed by James Wan, in his feature directorial debut, and written by Leigh Whannell from a story by Wan and Whannell. It is the first installment in the Saw film series, and stars Whannell alongside Cary Elwes, Danny Glover, Monica Potter, Michael Emerson, and Ken Leung.

The film tells a nonlinear narrative revolving around the mystery of the Jigsaw Killer, who tests his victims' will to live by putting them through deadly "games" where they must inflict great physical pain upon themselves to survive. The frame story follows Jigsaw's latest victims (Whannell and Elwes), who awaken in a large, dilapidated bathroom, with one being ordered to kill the other to save his own family.

The screenplay was written by Whannell, who co-created the story with Wan in their respective screenwriting debuts. The film was originally written in 2001, but after failed attempts to get the script produced in Wan and Whannell's home country of Australia, they were urged to travel to Los Angeles. In order to help attract producers, they shot a low-budget short film of the same name from a scene out of the script. This proved successful in 2003 as producers from Evolution Entertainment were immediately attached and also formed a horror genre production label, Twisted Pictures. The film was given a small production budget and was shot in 18 days.

Saw was first screened on January 19, 2004, at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival. Due to positive audience reception, Lionsgate picked up the distribution rights for the film. Originally planned for a straight-to-video release, they decided to instead release the film in theaters in North America on October 29, 2004. The film received generally mixed reviews from critics. After topping the opening weekend box office, the film would go on to gross $103.9 million worldwide to become one of the most profitable horror films since Scream (1996). A sequel, titled Saw II, was released the following year, and a direct sequel, titled Saw X, was released in 2023.

It was theatrically re-released to select theaters, on October 31, 2014, for its tenth anniversary. The success of Saw launched a media franchise, including several films, video games, theme park rides, and merchandising.

Plot
Adam, a photographer, awakens in a dilapidated bathtub with his ankle chained to a pipe. Across the room is oncologist Dr. Lawrence Gordon, and between them is the corpse of an apparent suicide victim holding a revolver and a microcassette recorder. Both men find a tape in their pockets, and Adam retrieves the recorder. Adam's tape urges him to survive, while Gordon's tape orders him to kill Adam by 6:00 or his wife Alison and daughter Diana will be killed. After listening to a tape the duo uncover a clue leading Adam to find a bag containing two hacksaws inside the toilet. Both men try to saw through their chains, but Adam's saw breaks. Gordon realizes the saws are intended for their feet, and identifies their captor as the Jigsaw Killer, a serial killer who tests his victims' will to survive through murderous contraptions known as "games", whom Gordon knows about because he was once a suspect.

Five months prior, Gordon, after discussing the terminal brain cancer of patient John Kramer with his medical interns, was interrogated by detectives David Tapp and Steven Sing, who found his penlight at the scene of one of Jigsaw's games. Gordon's alibi cleared him, but he agreed to view the testimony of heroin addict Amanda Young, the only known survivor of one of Jigsaw's traps. Tapp and Sing later found Jigsaw's warehouse using the videotape from Amanda's game. There, they detained Jigsaw and saved a man from a trap, but Jigsaw managed to escape after he critically injured Tapp; Sing was killed by a shotgun trap while pursuing him.

In the present, Alison and Diana are held captive at their apartment as their captor watches Adam and Gordon through a hidden camera. The house is simultaneously watched by Tapp who, after being discharged from the police following Sing's death, has become obsessed with the Jigsaw case, and remains convinced that Gordon is the killer. Meanwhile, Gordon finds a box containing two cigarettes, a lighter, and a one-way cellphone. Adam asks Gordon for the cigarette but Gordon discourages this. He recounts his abduction in a parking garage by a pig-masked figure. Adam recalls his own abduction when he returned home to find a puppet in his darkroom, where he stored photos of Gordon.

Held at gunpoint, Alison calls her husband and warns him not to trust Adam, who admits to Gordon that he was paid by Tapp to spy on him, and reveals his knowledge of Gordon's affair with one of his medical students whom he had visited the night he was abducted; Gordon deduces that the affair is the reason why he is being tested. Adam finds a photo of Alison and Diana's captor whom Gordon identifies as Zep Hindle, an orderly at his hospital.

Zep, seeing that Gordon has still not killed Adam, moves to murder Alison and Diana, but Alison frees herself and fights him. The struggle attracts Tapp's attention, and he saves Alison and Diana before chasing Zep to the sewers, where he is shot in the chest after a brief fight. Gordon, only aware of the gunshots and screaming, is shocked and loses reach of the cell phone. In desperation, he saws off his foot and shoots Adam with the corpse's revolver. Zep enters the bathroom to kill Gordon, but Adam, having survived the gunshot, bludgeons him to death with a toilet tank lid. Gordon crawls out of the bathroom to find help while Adam searches Zep's body for a key. He finds another tape, which reveals that Zep was just another victim of Jigsaw, following rules to obtain the antidote for a slow-acting poison in his body.

The "corpse" lying in the room suddenly rises to its feet; it turns out to be John Kramer, who is the real Jigsaw Killer. John tells Adam that the key to his chain was in the bathtub; it went down the drain when Adam had first awoken and drained the water. Adam attempts to shoot John with Zep's gun, but John electrically shocks him through his chain. John exits the bathroom before sealing the door, leaving Adam alone to die.

Development and writing
After finishing film school, Australian director James Wan and Australian writer Leigh Whannell wanted to write and fund a film. The inspiration that they needed came after watching the low-budget independent film The Blair Witch Project. Another film that inspired them to finance the film themselves was Darren Aronofsky's Pi. The two thought the cheapest script to shoot would involve two actors in one room. Whannell said, "So I actually think the restrictions we had on our bank accounts at the time, the fact that we wanted to keep the film contained, helped us come up with the ideas in the film." One idea was to have the entire film set with two actors stuck in an elevator and being shot in the point of view of security cameras.

Wan pitched the idea to Whannell of two men chained to opposite sides of a bathroom with a dead body in the middle of the floor and they are trying to figure out why and how they are there. By the end of the film, they realize the person lying on the floor is not dead and he is the reason they are locked in the room. Whannell initially did not give Wan the reaction he was looking for. He said, "I'll never forget that day. I remember hanging up the phone and started just going over it in my head, and without any sort of long period of pondering, I opened my diary that I had at the time and wrote the word 'Saw'." Before writing the word "Saw" in a blood-red, dripping font, the two had not come up with a title. "It was one of those moments that made me aware that some things just really are meant to be. Some things are just waiting there to be discovered", Whannell said.

The character of Jigsaw did not come until months later, when Whannell was working at a job he was unhappy with and began having migraines. Convinced it was a brain tumor, he went to a neurologist to have an MRI; and, while sitting nervously in the waiting room, he thought: ''What if you were given the news that you had a tumor and you were going to die soon? How would you react to that?'' He imagined the character Jigsaw having been given one or two years to live and combined that with the idea of Jigsaw putting others in a literal version of the situation but only giving them a few minutes to choose their fate. Wan did not intend to make a "torture porn" film, and the script only had one short segment of torture. He said the film "played out like a mystery thriller". It was not until the sequels that the plot focused more on torture scenes.

Funding and short film
Whannell and Wan initially had $30,000 to spend on the film, but as the script developed it was clear that more funds would be needed. The script was optioned by a producer in Sydney for a year but the deal eventually fell through. After other failed attempts to get the script produced in Australia from 2001 to 2002, literary agent Ken Greenblatt read the script and suggested they travel to Los Angeles, where their chances of finding an interested studio were greater. Wan and Whannell initially refused due to lack of traveling funds, but the pair's agent, Stacey Testro, convinced them to go. In order to help studios take interest in the script, Whannell provided A$5,000 (US$5,000) to make a short film based on the script's jaw trap scene, which they thought would prove most effective. Whannell played David, the man wearing the reverse bear trap. Working at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Whannell and Wan knew cameramen who were willing to provide technical assistance for the short.

Wan shot the short with a 16mm camera over two days and transferred the footage to DVDs to ship along with the script. Whannell wanted to play the lead character in the feature film. The short helped show that Wan and Whannell were a "director-actor team" rather than just wanting to sell the script. Wan said, "Leigh and I just loved the project so much and we wanted a career in filmmaking so we stuck to our guns and said, 'Look, guys, if you want this project, we're coming on board — Leigh has to act in it and I have to direct it."

In early 2003, while in Los Angeles and before they met with producer Gregg Hoffman, Hoffman's friend pulled him into his office and showed him the short. Hoffman said, "About two or three minutes into it, my jaw hit the floor." He quickly showed the short and script to his partners Mark Burg and Oren Koules of Evolution Entertainment. They later formed Twisted Pictures as a horror genre production label. The producers read the screenplay that night and two days later offered Wan and Whannell creative control and 25% of the net profits. Even though Wan and Whannell received "better offers" from studios like DreamWorks and Gold Circle Films, they were not willing to chance Wan's directing and Whannell acting in the lead role. In order to finance the film, Hoffman, Burg, and Koules put up a second mortgage on their Highland Avenue headquarters. Saw was given a production budget of between $1 million and $1.2 million.

Casting
Cary Elwes was sent the short film on DVD and immediately became interested in playing Dr. Lawrence Gordon in the film. He read the script in one sitting and was drawn in by the "uniqueness and originality" of the story. Koules was Elwes' manager at the time. To prepare for his role as an oncologist, he met with a doctor at UCLA's Department of Neurosurgery. In August 2005, Elwes filed a lawsuit against his management firm and producers of Saw, Evolution Entertainment, alleging "breach of contract and unjust enrichment". Elwes said that he was promised that he would receive a minimum of one percent of the producers' net profits from the film and did not. Elwes claims he only received $53,275 and a salary of $2,587.20. The case was later settled out of court and Elwes reprised his role five years later in Saw 3D.

Shawnee Smith, who is not a horror fan, initially refused the role of Amanda Young, describing the script as "horrific". However, after watching the short, she agreed to the role, which was the part that Whannell portrayed in the short. Wan offhandly suggested Smith when his casting director asked who he wanted to play Amanda, as he had had a crush on Smith since his teenage years, and was surprised when his casting director secured her on the role. Danny Glover was cast as Detective David Tapp, who is in pursuit of the Jigsaw Killer. Glover stated in an interview, "Something about that detective character at that particular point attracted me to it".

On taking the role of Jigsaw, Tobin Bell said, "I did Saw because I thought it was a fascinating location for a film to be made. These guys locked in a room, to me, was fresh. I did not anticipate the ending when I read the script, so I was quite caught by surprise and it was clear to me that if the filmmakers shot the scene well, the audience would be caught by surprise as well. The film was worth doing for that moment alone". Bell also stated that he wanted to take the opportunity to work with Glover, whom he had never worked with. Wan primarily cast Bell because of his voice. Mike Butters was originally offered the role of Jigsaw, but declined as he felt that that role did not have enough exciting scenes. Butters, a friend of one of the producers whom he used to play hockey with, ended up cast as Paul Leahy, the Jigsaw victim who perishes in a razor wire maze trap.

Filming and post-production
With a shooting budget of $700,000, Saw began principal photography on September 22, 2003 at Lacy Street Production Facility in Los Angeles for 18 days. The bathroom was the only set that had to be built. There were no chairs on the set. Other sets like the police station were shot in locations where other productions had built similar sets. The bathtub scene was filmed the first day of filming, and it was then that Whannell realized that they didn't have money left in the budget to hire a stuntman to shoot the scene, forcing him to perform the scene himself. It took six days to shoot all the scenes in the bathroom, and these were filmed chronologically to avoid continuity jumps and help the actors stay in character. To film the scenes of the two protagonists, Wan made sure most of Dr. Gordon's shots were very steady and controlled while Adam's shots were shaky and handheld to match the characters' personalities. Instead of using a camera dolly or a tripod, cinematographer David A. Armstrong shot the entire film with the camera over his shoulder.

There was no time for Elwes and Whannell to rehearse their scenes together to not conflict with the schedules of Danny Glover and Michael Emerson, who were only available for a certain number of days. Glover completed his scenes in two days. According to Elwes, his dialogue averaged 12 to 16 pages a day, which he considered a great challenge. Due to the tight shooting schedule, Wan could not afford to shoot more than a couple of takes per actor. "It was a really tough struggle for me. Every day, it was me fighting to get the shots I did not get. I had high aspirations, but there's only so much you can do. I wanted to make it in a very Hitchcockian style of filmmaking, but that style of filmmaking takes time to set up and so on", Wan said about the very short shooting schedule. He said the style instead ended up being "more gritty and rough around the edges due to the lack of time and money that we had to shoot the movie with" and it ultimately became the aesthetic of the film.

$400 were spent on reshoots Wan and Whannell did on their own. For the reshoots, Whannell served as a stand-in to Smith and Ken Leung in the scenes of Amanda searching for her key and of Steven Sing entering into Jigsaw's lair. In post-production, Wan found he did not have enough shots or takes to work with as he was basically shooting rehearsals. Having a lot of missing gaps in the final product, he and editor Kevin Greutert created shots to mend together during editing, such as making a shot look like a surveillance camera feed and using still photographs. "We did a lot of things to fill in gaps throughout the film. Whatever we cut to newspaper clippings and stuff like that, or we cut to surveillance cameras, or we cut to still photography within the film, which now people say, 'Wow, that's such a cool experimental style of filmmaking', we really did that out of necessity to fill in gaps we did not get during the filming", he explained.

Release
Lionsgate picked up Saw worldwide distribution rights at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival days before the film premiered on January 19, 2004. There it played to a packed theater for three midnight showings to a positive reaction. It was the closing film at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 18, 2004. Lionsgate initially planned to release the film direct-to-video, but due to the positive reaction at Sundance, they chose to release it theatrically by Halloween. It was released on October 1, 2004 in the United Kingdom, October 29, 2004 in the United States and December 2, 2004 in Australia. The film was originally rated NC-17 (No children under 17 permitted) by the Motion Picture Association of America for strong graphic violence, though after being re-edited, it was released with an R rating.

Lionsgate held a blood drive for the Red Cross called "Give Til It Hurts" and collected 4,249 pints of blood.

Soundtrack
Saw soundtrack was mainly composed by Charlie Clouser, and took six weeks to complete. Other songs were performed by Front Line Assembly, Fear Factory, Enemy, Pitbull Daycare and Psychopomps. Megadeth's song "Die Dead Enough" was originally set to be featured in the film but was not used for undisclosed reasons.

The soundtrack was released on October 5, 2004 by Koch Records. Johnny Loftus of AllMusic gave it three out of five stars. He said that Clouser "really nails it with his creaky, clammy score" and that he "understands that Saw horror only works with a heady amount of camp, and he draws from industrial music in the same way". He particularly liked, "Cigarette"; "Hello, Adam"; and "F**k This S*!t", commenting that they "blend chilling sounds with harsh percussion and deep-wound keyboard stabs".

Home media
The theatrical version of the film was released on VHS and DVD on February 15, 2005 in the United States and Canada. After its first week, it made $9.4 million in DVD rentals and $1.7 million in VHS rentals, making it the top rental of the week. For the second week it remained as the number one DVD rental with $6.8 million, for a $16.27 million two-week total. It dropped to third place in VHS rentals with $1.09 million, for a $2.83 million two-week total. The film went on to sell more than $70 million worth of video and DVDs. A two-disc "Uncut Edition" was released on October 18, 2005 to tie in with the release of Saw II. The short film, also entitled Saw, was included on the DVD.

The film was later released on Blu-ray on June 27, 2006. On May 11, 2021, Saw was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray with a new 2160p transfer and a new 58 minute making-of documentary.

Box office
Saw opened at number three on Halloween weekend 2004 in 2,315 theaters and grossed $18.2 million, behind Ray ($20 million) and The Grudge ($21.8 million). According to Lionsgate's exit poll, 60% of the mostly male audience was under 25 years of age. Saw had also become Lionsgate's second best opening, after Fahrenheit 9/11 $23.9 million (2004). On its second weekend, an additional 152 theaters were added, bringing the theater count to 2,467. It dropped to number four, making $11 million, a 39% drop from the opening weekend.

Saw opened in the United Kingdom to $2.2 million in 301 theaters, grossing a $12.3 million total in seven weeks. In Australia, it opened in 161 theaters with $1.2 million and totaled out to $3.1 million in six weeks. In Italy, the film opened on January 14, 2005 in 267 theaters to $1.7 million and grossed $6.4 million in six weeks. Saw opened to $1.5 million from 187 theaters in France on March 16, 2005 and made $3.1 million by the end of its four-week run. Saw came to gross $55.1 million in the United States and Canada and $47.9 million in other markets for a worldwide total of $103 million. At the time, it became the most profitable horror film after Scream (1996).

Tenth anniversary theatrical re-release
On October 31, 2014, for the film's tenth anniversary, Saw was re-released to select theaters for one week. The release earned $650,051 in its opening weekend, and is the third lowest-grossing wide opening, fourth after the Toy Story re-release in 2020. At the end of its run, the release had grossed $815,324, bringing the film's overall domestic gross to $56,000,369.

Critical response
Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.

Dennis Harvey of Variety gave the film a negative review after its Sundance premiere. He called it a "crude concoction sewn together from the severed parts of prior horror/serial killer pics". He called the screenplay "convoluted", criticizing the use of "flashbacks within flashbacks" and red herrings. He described the film as being "too hyperbolic to be genuinely disturbing". Carla Meyer of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a positive review, saying the film "combined B-movie acting with a twisted mind-set and visual tricks designed to camouflage cheap effects" and that it was "terrifying at some moments and insinuatingly creepy at many others." She called the killing scenes "amazingly evocative for such a low-budget movie".

Empire Kim Newman gave the film four out of five stars. He said Saw is styled like early David Fincher films and "boasts an intricate structure — complex flashbacks-within-flashbacks explain how the characters have come to this crisis — and a satisfying mystery to go with its ghastly claustrophobia." He ended his review saying, "As good an all-out, non-camp horror movie as we've had lately." Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B minus, calling it "derivative and messy and too nonsensical for its own good." He described Jigsaw's intent as "to show you the serial killer lurking inside yourself". Gleiberman criticized Elwes' performance by saying, "[Elwes] ought to be featured in a seminar on the perils of overacting. He compared the plot to Seven saying, "In a blatant imitation of Seven, Saw features a lunatic sadist whose ghoulish crimes are meant, in each case, to mirror the sins of his victims. The twist here is that the psycho doesn't do the killing."" Daniel M. Kimmel of the Telegram & Gazette called it "one of the most loathsome films this critic has seen in more than 20 years on the job".

The New York Times Stephen Holden gave a mixed review, saying the film "does a better-than-average job of conveying the panic and helplessness of men terrorized by a sadist in a degrading environment, but it is still not especially scary. What sets its demon apart from run-of-the-mill movie serial killers is his impulse to humiliate and torture his victims and justify it with some twisted morality." He said the film is "seriously undermined by the half-baked, formulaic detective story in which the horror is framed." Carina Chocano of the Los Angeles Times also gave the film a mixed review, saying, "Saw is so full of twists it ends up getting snarled. For all of his flashy engineering and inventive torture scenarios, the Jigsaw Killer comes across as an amateur. Hannibal Lecter would have him for lunch." She said the film "carelessly underscores its own shaky narrative at every turn with its mid-budget hokiness". She also noted that Elwes and Whannell had trouble keeping an American accent. Another mixed review came from Roger Ebert, who gave the film 2 out of 4 stars and lamented the gimmicks and plot contrivances but nonetheless described Saw as "well made and acted, and does what it does about as well as it could be expected to".

Richard J. Leskosky of Champaign-Urbana's The News-Gazette said "Saw wants to be taken as another Seven. Though it features perverse gross-out scenes and a villain with a superficially pedantic motive behind his crimes (his victims, if they survive, have learned to appreciate life more), it lacks the finesse and polish of the David Fincher film." When asked if the 1995 thriller film Seven was an inspiration to Saw, Whannell said "For me as the writer, definitely. I mean, Seven is just a very well constructed film, and if you're writing a thriller, it can't hurt to study it. In terms of the story though, James and I never really felt Seven was that close to our film. I guess if you stand back, you have two detectives chasing a psychopath, who uses vile methods to teach people lessons, and those points echo Seven. What we always liked about Saw, though, was that the story is told from the point of view of two of the psychopath's victims, instead of the police chasing after him, as you so often see."

Horror review website, Bloody Disgusting, ranked the film tenth in its list of the Top 20 Horror Films of the decade, with the article calling Saw "perhaps the most influential horror film of the decade". The Daily Telegraph listed the film number 14 on their Top 100 list that defined the 2000s. The film was nominated for best horror film at the 31st Saturn Awards.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Saw (film)


text:
List of 1985 Canadian incumbents

Crown

 * Head of State - Queen Elizabeth II

Federal government

 * Governor General - Jeanne Sauvé

Cabinet

 * Prime Minister - Brian Mulroney
 * Deputy Prime Minister - Erik Nielsen
 * Minister of Finance - Michael Wilson
 * Secretary of State for External Affairs - Joe Clark
 * Secretary of State for Canada - Walter McLean then Benoît Bouchard
 * Minister of National Defence - Robert Coates then Erik Nielsen
 * Minister of National Health and Welfare - Jake Epp
 * Minister of Regional Industrial Expansion - Sinclair Stevens
 * Minister of the Environment - Suzanne Blais-Grenier then Thomas McMillan
 * Minister of Justice - John Crosbie
 * Minister of Transport - Don Mazankowski
 * Minister of Communications - Marcel Masse then Benoît Bouchard then Marcel Masse
 * Minister of Fisheries and Oceans - John Fraser then Erik Nielsen (acting) then Tom Siddon
 * Minister of Agriculture - John Wise
 * Minister of Public Works - Roch LaSalle
 * Minister of Employment and Immigration - Flora MacDonald
 * Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development - David Crombie
 * Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources - Pat Carney
 * Minister of State (Forestry) - Gerald Merrithew

Parliament
See: 33rd Canadian parliament

Party leaders

 * Progressive Conservative Party of Canada - Brian Mulroney
 * Liberal Party of Canada - John Turner
 * New Democratic Party- Ed Broadbent

Supreme Court Justices

 * Chief Justice: Brian Dickson
 * William McIntyre
 * Bertha Wilson
 * Antonio Lamer
 * Gérard V. La Forest (sworn in January 16)
 * John Sopinka
 * Jean Beetz
 * Julien Chouinard
 * Gerald Eric Le Dain

Other

 * Speaker of the House of Commons - John William Bosley
 * Governor of the Bank of Canada - Gerald Bouey
 * Chief of the Defence Staff - General G.C.E. Thériault

Premiers

 * Premier of Alberta - Peter Lougheed then Don Getty
 * Premier of British Columbia - Bill Bennett
 * Premier of Manitoba - Howard Pawley
 * Premier of New Brunswick - Richard Hatfield
 * Premier of Newfoundland - Brian Peckford
 * Premier of Nova Scotia - John Buchanan
 * Premier of Ontario - Bill Davis then Frank Miller then David Peterson
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island - James Lee
 * Premier of Quebec - René Lévesque then Pierre-Marc Johnson then Robert Bourassa
 * Premier of Saskatchewan - Grant Devine

Lieutenant-governors

 * Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta - Frank C. Lynch-Staunton then Helen Hunley
 * Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia - Robert Gordon Rogers
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba - Pearl McGonigal
 * Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick - George F.G. Stanley
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador - William Anthony Paddon
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia -Alan Abraham
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario - John Black Aird then Lincoln Alexander
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Prince Edward Island - Joseph Aubin Doiron then Robert Lloyd George MacPhail
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec - Gilles Lamontagne
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan - Sylvia Fedoruk

Mayors

 * Toronto - Art Eggleton
 * Montreal - Jean Drapeau
 * Vancouver - Michael Harcourt
 * Ottawa - Marion Dewar then James A. Durrell

Religious leaders

 * Roman Catholic Bishop of Quebec - Cardinal Archbishop Louis-Albert Vachon
 * Roman Catholic Bishop of Montreal - Cardinal Archbishop Paul Grégoire
 * Roman Catholic Bishops of London - Bishop John Michael Sherlock
 * Moderator of the United Church of Canada - Robert F. Smith

title: List of 1985 Canadian incumbents


text:
Outeiro (Bragança)

Outeiro is a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 301, in an area of 40.93 km².

title: Outeiro (Bragança)


text:
Talk:Transit of German troops through Finland and Sweden

Untitled
The time-line is adopted after http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq736.html where it's stated that "You are free to quote this page as long as you mention the URL." --Johan Magnus 17:15, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I corrected that common misbelief that Soviet transfer rights were given in Moscow Peace Treaty and included a couple Finland related dates to the timeline. --Whiskey 09:58, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Switzerland also made the same thing
During World War II], the main link between nazi Germany and [[Italy were by Switzerland's railways.Enormous amounts of food, materials,nazi troops and weapons passed by these railways.There's no article about this fact, in wikipedia.Agre22 (talk) 19:56, 19 August 2008 (UTC)agre22

Finland is not a Scandinavian country.
Strictly speaking, Finland is not a Scandinavian country, so describing Nazi Germany's armed force's use of its territory is in accurate. Finish in not a Scandinavian language, and it's not even an Indo-European language.

Of course it is often lumped in with Scandinavia, but that's just plain sloppy.

The proper term is "Nordic countries," although that includes far-away Greenland and the islands between it and Scandinavia proper. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.23.224.120 (talk) 17:21, 2 February 2013 (UTC)

Permittenttrafik
is a key term here that perhaps an expert should introduce. Spicemix (talk) 17:41, 23 June 2018 (UTC)


text:
Bernie Faloney

Bernie Faloney (June 15, 1932 – June 14, 1999) was a professional football player in the Canadian Football League (primarily with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats) and an outstanding American college football player at the University of Maryland. Born in Carnegie, Pennsylvania, Faloney is a member of the Canadian Football Hall of Fame, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame, the Western Pennsylvania Hall of Fame, and the University of Maryland Athletic Hall of Fame. Faloney's jersey #10 was retired by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in 1999. In 2005, Faloney was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame. In 2006, Faloney was voted to the Honour Roll of the CFL's Top 50 Players of the league's modern era by Canadian sports network TSN.

Early life and college career
B.J. "Bernie" Faloney was born in Carnegie, Pennsylvania, where he played high school football before attending the University of Maryland, College Park. There, he played college football as a quarterback, helping the Terrapins make it to the Sugar Bowl in 1952. In his senior season of 1953, Faloney quarterbacked Maryland to be NCAA Division I-A national football champions and into the 1954 Orange Bowl. At season's end, Faloney finished fourth in the balloting for the 1953 Heisman Trophy.

Professional football career
Faloney was drafted in the first round of the 1954 National Football League draft by the San Francisco 49ers. San Francisco offered Faloney $9000 to play defensive back and back-up quarterback. However Pop Ivy, coach of the University of Maryland's Orange Bowl opponent, Oklahoma, was moving to the Edmonton Eskimos of the Western Interprovincial Football Union and offered Faloney a $12,500 contract to accompany him. At the time the Canadian dollar was worth 10 percent more than its American counterpart, so the choice to head north was easy, Faloney later recalled.

A scrambling quarterback, Faloney helped the Eskimos win the 1954 Grey Cup but then fulfilled his mandatory service in the United States armed forces, serving with the U.S. Air Force from 1955 to 1956. A free agent after his military service, Faloney signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in 1957 and became one of the major stars of the Canadian Football League, winning two Grey Cup championships with the Ti-Cats. Traded from Hamilton in 1965, he played for the Montreal Alouettes and the BC Lions before retiring in 1967.

Faloney was the Eastern Conference's All-Star quarterback on five occasions, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1964 and 1965. In 1961, he won the CFL's Most Outstanding Player Award. His career CFL stats include 1,493 pass completions of 2,876 attempts for 153 touchdowns and 24,264 yards. He is the first CFL quarterback to win a Grey Cup championship with both Eastern and Western Conference teams.

Bernie Faloney was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1974, the Western Pennsylvania Hall of Fame in 1983, the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame in 1985, the University of Maryland Athletic Hall of Fame in 1988, and Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1999. In November 2006, Faloney was voted to the Honour Roll of the CFL's top 50 players of the league's modern era by Canadian sports network TSN.

Later life and death
In retirement, Faloney made his home in Hamilton, Ontario, where he became a part owner of a construction company. An avid horseman, he remained active in community and business affairs until being stricken with colorectal cancer.

Faloney was the first Tiger-Cat player to have his number retired by the club when the team announced his number retirement on June 8, 1999. He died six days later on June 14, 1999, in Hamilton, Ontario.

Tribute
Cannon Street in Hamilton, Ontario, in the Brian Timmis Stadium and Tim Hortons Field area is also known as Bernie Faloney Way.

Video clips
Canadian Football Hall of Fame member

External sources

 * Graham Kelly, The Grey Cup (1999)

title: Bernie Faloney


text:
Talk:Peter L. Berger

Untitled
Peter L. Berger. Invitation to Sociology

 * Yes, but why, and what? If you want to add it to the article, just be bold and do it! -- till we ☼ ☽ | Talk 19:45, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

//

If he died in 1984, how could he have received. Prize in 2010 ???? I don't believe he's dead — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.225.170.9 (talk) 04:58, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

Social Construction of Reality
As one of the most influential sociology books of the 20th century, it seems odd to have next to nothing of the many critiques that have been mounted of the work, either here or in the substantive article on the book itselfActio (talk) 20:10, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

Tobacco industry support
suggests Wikipedia page is remiss for not including his work supporting tobacco industry. -Pengortm (talk) 17:33, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

The reality of everyday life
In the section entitled "The reality of everyday life" there is a passage that is unclear. The passage "Humans perceive the other in these interactions as more real than they would themselves" needs to be edited and made clearer. Could someone who is more versed in the work of Berger and Luckmann edit the phrasing to make it clearer. Iss246 (talk) 19:35, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peter L. Berger


text:
Parada

Parada may refer to:

Portugal

 * Parada (Alfândega da Fé), a civil parish in the municipality of Alfândega da Fé
 * Parada (Almeida), a civil parish in the municipality of Almeida
 * Parada (Arcos de Valdevez), a civil parish in the municipality of Arcos de Valdevez
 * Parada (Bragança), a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança
 * Parada (Carregal do Sal), a civil parish in the municipality of Carregal do Sal
 * Parada (Monção), a civil parish in the municipality of Monção
 * Parada (Paredes de Coura), a civil parish in the municipality of Paredes de Coura
 * Parada (Vila do Conde), a civil parish in the municipality of Vila do Conde
 * Parada de Cima, a hamlet in the civil parish of Fonte de Angeão, municipality of Vagos

People

 * Antônio Parada Neto (1939–2018), Brazilian footballer

Other

 * Parada (Kuršumlija), a village in Serbia
 * Parada Kingdom, a tribe in ancient Central Asia
 * Parada (dance move) in Argentine Tango
 * Parada (Lindberg), a 2001 orchestral composition by Magnus Lindberg
 * Parada (film), a 2011 Serbian film
 * Parada (bug), a genus of lace bugs in the family Tingidae

title: Parada


text:
Parada e Failde

Parada e Failde is a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Parada and Failde. The population in 2011 was 657, in an area of 52.13 km2.

title: Parada e Failde


text:
Paradinha

Paradinha is a former civil parish in the municipality (concelho) of Moimenta da Beira, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Paradinha e Nagosa. The population in 2011 was 125, in an area of 5.72 km².

History
Paradinha, an ancient settlement emerged from the remnants of the castro of Moreiró.

Many notable noblemen passed through this area, including the Infante John (son of Peter I of Portugal and Inês de Castro). Still, it was the Morais Sarmento family that influenced the growth of the settlement. Settling in this corner the noble family established several rich estates and concentrated their activities in the region. This auspicious plutocracy helped to establish the first roadways in the area, inaugurated in 1882. In 1859, the central government decided to extinguish the parish of Paradinha and incorporate the lands into Moimenta da Beira. The Morais Sarmento clan protested this decision and forced the government to rethink the decision, allowing the civil parish to exist during the municipal reforms.

title: Paradinha


text:
Redonda

Redonda is an uninhabited Caribbean island which is a dependency of Saint John, Antigua and Barbuda, in the Leeward Islands, West Indies. The island is about 1 mi long, 0.3 mi wide, and is 971 ft high at its highest point.

It lies between the islands of Nevis and Montserrat, 56.2 km southwest of Antigua. Redonda is closer to Montserrat than to any other island; it is located 22.5 km northwest of Montserrat and 32 km southeast of Nevis.

Redonda is home to vast numbers of sea birds, and the island was an important source of guano before artificial fertilisers started to be mass-produced. Guano-mining operations started in the 1860s and ceased after the start of World War I. During the mining operations a few buildings and other installations were put in place on the island, and some physical remnants of that phase in its history are still visible.

"Redonda" is the feminine form of the Spanish language adjective meaning "round". In 1493, on his second voyage to the New World, Christopher Columbus saw the island and named it "Santa María la Redonda" (the name in the Spanish language means "Saint Mary the Round").

The island was annexed by the Antiguan Parish of Saint John on 26 March 1872.

Description

At a distance, Redonda appears as if it were one very large rock. It is the remnant of an ancient extinct volcano. The land rises from sea level mostly as sheer cliffs, especially on the leeward (west) side. At the top of the island there is a relatively flat but tilted area of grassland which slopes to the east. There is no source of fresh water other than rain.

Judging by the name he gave the island, to Columbus the island appeared to be rounded, at least in profile. In reality the island is long and narrow, and reaches a height of almost 1,000 feet. The actual land area of the island is hard to estimate because of the extreme steepness of the slopes, but it is calculated to be somewhere between 1.6 km2 and 2.6 km2.

Redonda is uninhabited. The difficult topography, the lack of a safe place to land a boat, and the absence of any freshwater source other than rainfall makes the island inhospitable to humans.

A herd of feral goats and thousands of rats were cleared from the island in 2017 as part of an island restoration programme.

History
In 1493, Christopher Columbus and his crew became the first known Europeans to see Redonda, on his second journey. He claimed it for the Crown of Castile, but did not land there. He named the island Santa María la Redonda, meaning Saint Mary the Round, reflecting the island's apparent profile when viewed from the side.

As the island is a rock of just over a square kilometre, it did not represent any interest for the powers involved in the colonisation of the Americas and, for centuries, it was a refuge for pirates.

In the 1860s, the island became a British possession.

During the decades after the 1860s, the rich guano deposits of Redonda were mined for fertiliser, with an annual yield of up to 7,000 tons. Only during this time was the island inhabited by workers; the population was 120 in 1901. After the guano mining, aluminium phosphate for gunpowder production was discovered and mined. A cableway was constructed to transport material down to the loading pier on the coast.

In 1914, during the First World War, the mining operations ceased, and most workers left the island. Maintenance workers remained on the island until 1929, when a hurricane destroyed almost all the remaining facilities. The island has remained uninhabited since then. Two stone huts still stand from the time when the island was occupied. Although the closest island to Redonda is Montserrat, and the second closest is Nevis, in 1967 Redonda became a dependency of the more distant Antigua, now part of Antigua and Barbuda.

Scientists from the Montserrat Volcano Observatory visit the island in a helicopter periodically; they are using Redonda as an observation point from which to take measurements of the Soufrière Hills, an active volcano on Montserrat.

Ecology and conservation
Animals endemic to the island include the Redonda ground dragon, the Redonda anole and an unnamed species of dwarf gecko. The island is a breeding colony for multiple species of seabirds.

The island's local ecology was severely affected by invasive species, particularly introduced goats and rats, for almost a century. Island restoration efforts were initiated in 2016, beginning with removing the island's 60 goats and roughly 6,000 rats. The Redonda Restoration Programme involves the Environmental Awareness Group, Wildlife Management International and Fauna and Flora International. Several years after the goats were removed, some local plant life began to recover.

In September 2023, the Redonda Ecosystem Reserve was established, covering nearly 30,000 ha of land and sea.

Micronation
Redonda is the setting for the myth of the "Kingdom of Redonda". M. P. Shiel, an author of fantasy novels, claimed that in the year of his birth, 1865, his father Matthew Dowdy Shiell, from Montserrat, decided to celebrate his first male child by arranging for the boy to be crowned King of Redonda at the age of 15, in a ceremony purportedly carried out on the small island by a bishop.

Shiel first expressed the idea of the "Kingdom of Redonda" in a promotional leaflet for his books. Since then, the title has been "passed down", and continues to the present day. For a period of time the "Royal" lineage of Redonda had a more or less solely literary theme, with the title being given to writers, such as John Gawsworth and Jon Wynne-Tyson. Wynne-Tyson (King Juan II), his successor the Spanish novelist Javier Marías (King Xavier), and rival contenders for the Redondan title, such as Gawsworth, William L. Gates and Bob Williamson, were featured in a BBC Radio 4 documentary, Redonda: The Island with Too Many Kings, which was broadcast in May 2007.

title: Redonda


text:
Parâmio

Parâmio is a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 214, in an area of 22.57 km2.

title: Parâmio


text:
Johnny Mack Brown

John Brown (September 1, 1904 – November 14, 1974) was an American college football player and film actor billed as John Mack Brown at the height of his screen career. He acted and starred mainly in Western films.

Early life
Born and raised in Dothan, Alabama, Brown was the son of Ed and Mattie Brown, one of eight siblings. His parents were shopkeepers.

He was a star of the high school football team, earning a football scholarship to the University of Alabama. His little brother Tolbert "Red" Brown played with "Mack" in 1925.

University of Alabama
While at the University of Alabama, Brown became an initiated member of Kappa Sigma fraternity.

Football
Brown was a prominent halfback on his university's Crimson Tide football team, coached by Wallace Wade. He earned the nickname "The Dothan Antelope" and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Pop Warner called him "one of the fastest football players I've ever seen."

The 1924 team lost only to Centre. Brown starred in the defeat of Georgia Tech.

Brown helped the 1925 Alabama Crimson Tide football team to a national championship. In that year's Rose Bowl, he earned Most Valuable Player honors after scoring two of his team's three touchdowns in an upset win over the heavily favored Washington Huskies. The 1925 Crimson Tide was the first southern team to ever win a Rose Bowl. The game is commonly referred to as "the game that changed the south." Brown was selected All-Southern.

After college
After he finished college, he sold insurance and later coached the freshman running backs on the University of Alabama's football team.

Starting at the top
Brown's good looks and powerful physique saw him portrayed on Wheaties cereal boxes and in 1927, brought an offer for motion picture screen tests that resulted in a long and successful career in Hollywood. That same year, he signed a five-year contract with Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer (MGM). He played silent film star Mary Pickford's love interest in her first talkie, Coquette (1929), for which Pickford won an Oscar.

He appeared in minor roles until 1930 when he was cast as the star in a Western entitled Billy the Kid and directed by King Vidor. An early widescreen film (along with Raoul Walsh's The Big Trail starring John Wayne, produced the same year), the movie also stars Wallace Beery as Pat Garrett. Brown was billed over Beery, who would become MGM's highest-paid actor within the next three years. Also in 1930, Brown played Joan Crawford's love interest in Montana Moon. Brown went on to make several more top-flight movies under the name John Mack Brown, including The Secret Six (1931) with Wallace Beery, Jean Harlow, and Clark Gable, as well as the legendary Lost Generation celebration of alcohol, The Last Flight (1931), and was being groomed by MGM as a leading man until being abruptly replaced on Laughing Sinners in 1931, with all his scenes reshot, substituting rising star Clark Gable in his place. MGM and director Woody Van Dyke screen tested him for the lead role of Tarzan the Ape Man but Van Dyke did not feel he was tall enough.

Steep decline
Rechristened "Johnny Mack Brown" in the wake of this extremely serious career downturn, he made low-budget westerns for independent producers and he never regained his former status. Eventually he became one of the screen's top B-movie cowboys, and became a popular star at Universal Pictures in 1937. After starring in four serials, in 1939 he launched a series of 29 B-westerns over the next four years, all co-starring Fuzzy Knight as his comic sidekick, and the last seven teaming him with Tex Ritter. This is considered the peak of his B-western career, thanks to the studio's superior production values; noteworthy titles include Son of Roaring Dan, Raiders of San Joaquin and The Lone Star Trail, the latter featuring a young Robert Mitchum as the muscle heavy. A fan of Mexican music, Brown showcased the talents of guitarist Francisco Mayorga and The Guadalajara Trio in films like Boss of Bullion City and The Masked Rider. Brown also starred in a 1933 Mascot Pictures serial Fighting with Kit Carson, and four serials for Universal (Rustlers of Red Dog, Wild West Days, Flaming Frontiers and The Oregon Trail).

Brown moved to Monogram Pictures in 1943 to replace that studio's cowboy star Buck Jones, who had died months before. Brown's Monogram series was immediately successful and he starred in more than 60 westerns over the next 10 years, including a 20-movie series playing "Nevada Jack McKenzie" opposite Buck Jones's (and earlier Wallace Beery's) old sidekick Raymond Hatton, beginning with the 1943 film The Ghost Rider. Brown was also featured in two higher-budgeted dramas, Forever Yours and Flame of the West, both released by Monogram in 1945 and both billing the actor under his former "A-picture" name, John Mack Brown.

When Monogram abandoned its brand name in 1952 (in favor of its deluxe division, Allied Artists), Johnny Mack Brown retired from the screen. He returned more than 10 years later to appear in secondary roles in a few Western films. Altogether, Brown appeared in more than 160 movies between 1927 and 1966, as well as a smattering of television shows, in a career spanning almost 40 years.

Personal life
Brown was married to Cornelia "Connie" Foster from 1926 until his death in 1974, and they had four children.

Recognition
For his contributions to the film industry, Brown was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 with a motion pictures star at 6101 Hollywood Boulevard. He received a posthumous Golden Boot Award in 2004 for his contributions to the Western entertainment genre. In 1969, Brown was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame.

Brown's hometown holds an annual Johnny Mack Brown Western Festival because “If anyone ever brought attention to Dothan, it was Johnny Mack Brown,” a city official said.

In popular culture
Brown is mentioned in the novel From Here to Eternity. In a barracks scene, soldiers discuss Western films, and one asks, "Remember Johnny Mack Brown?", resulting in a discussion.

From March 1950 to February 1959, Dell Comics published a Johnny Mack Brown series of comic books. He also was included in 21 issues of Dell's Giant Series Western Roundup comics that began in June 1952.

In 1974, The Statler Brothers, performing as the fictitious Lester "Roadhog" Moran and the Cadillac Cowboys, released Alive at the Johnny Mack Brown High School, a comedy album set at an equally fictitious school named after Brown.

Death
Brown died in Woodland Hills, California, of heart failure at the age of 70. His cremated remains are interred in an outdoor Columbarium, in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery.

Selected filmography

 * Slide, Kelly, Slide (1927) as Himself
 * The Bugle Call (1927) bit part (uncredited)
 * Mockery (1927) as Russian Officer (uncredited)
 * After Midnight (1927) as Party Boy (uncredited)
 * The Fair Co-Ed (1927) as Bob
 * The Divine Woman (1928) as Jean Lery
 * Soft Living (1928) as Stockney Webb
 * Square Crooks (1928) as Larry Scott
 * The Play Girl (1928) as Bradley Lane
 * Our Dancing Daughters (1928) as Ben Blaine
 * Annapolis (1928) as Bill
 * A Lady of Chance (1928) as Steve Crandall
 * A Woman of Affairs (1928) as David Furness
 * Coquette (1929) as Michael Jeffery
 * The Valiant (1929) as Robert Ward
 * The Single Standard (1929) as Tommy Hewlett
 * Hurricane (1929) as Dan
 * Jazz Heaven (1929) as Barry Holmes
 * Undertow (1930) as Paul Whalen
 * Montana Moon (1930) as Larry
 * Billy the Kid (1930) as Billy the Kid
 * Great Day (1930) (incomplete & unreleased)
 * The Great Meadow (1931) as Berk Jarvis
 * The Secret Six (1931) as Hank Rogers
 * The Last Flight (1931) as Bill Talbot
 * Lasca of the Rio Grande (1931) as Miles Kincaid
 * Flames (1932) as Charlie
 * The Vanishing Frontier (1932) as Kirby Tornell
 * 70,000 Witnesses (1932) as Wally Clark
 * Malay Nights (1932) as Jim Wilson
 * Fighting with Kit Carson (1933) as Kit Carson, SERIAL
 * Saturday's Millions (1933) as Alan Barry
 * Female (1933) as Cooper
 * Son of a Sailor (1933) as 'Duke'
 * Three on a Honeymoon (1934) as Chuck Wells
 * St. Louis Woman (1934) as Jim Warren
 * Marrying Widows (1934) as The Husband
 * Cross Streets (1934) as Adam Blythe
 * Belle of the Nineties (1934) as Brooks Claybourne
 * Against the Law (1934) as Steve Wayne
 * Rustlers of Red Dog (1935) as Jack Wood, SERIAL
 * Branded a Coward (1935) as Johnny Hume
 * Between Men (1935) as Johnny Wellington Jr.
 * The Courageous Avenger (1935) as Kirk Baxter
 * Valley of the Lawless (1936) as Bruce Reynolds
 * Desert Phantom (1936) as Billy Donovan
 * Rogue of the Range (1936) as Dan Doran
 * Everyman's Law (1936) as Johnny – aka The Dog Town Kid
 * The Crooked Trail (1936) as Jim Blake
 * Undercover Man (1936) as Steve McLain
 * Lawless Land (1936) as Ranger Jeff Hayden
 * The Gambling Terror (1937) as Jeff Hayes
 * Trail of Vengeance (1937) as Ken Early / Dude Ramsey
 * Bar-Z Bad Men (1937) as Jim Waters
 * Guns in the Dark (1937) as Johnny Darrel
 * A Lawman Is Born (1937) as Tom Mitchell
 * Wild West Days (1937) as Kentucky Wade, SERIAL
 * Boothill Brigade (1937) as Lon Cardigan
 * Born to the West (1937) as Tom Fillmore
 * Wells Fargo (1937) as Talbot Carter
 * Flaming Frontiers (1938) as Tex Houston, SERIAL
 * The Oregon Trail (1939) as Jeff Scott, SERIAL
 * Desperate Trails (1939) as Steve Hayden
 * Oklahoma Frontier (1939) as Jeff McLeod
 * Chip of the Flying U (1939) as 'Chip' Bennett
 * West of Carson City (1940) as Jim Bannister
 * Boss of Bullion City (1940) as Tom Bryant
 * Riders of Pasco Basin (1940) as Lee Jamison
 * Bad Man from Red Butte (1940) as Gils Brady / Buck Halliday
 * Son of Roaring Dan (1940) as Jim Reardon
 * Ragtime Cowboy Joe (1940) as Steve Logan
 * Law and Order (1940) as Bill Ralston
 * Pony Post (1940) as Cal Sheridan
 * Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairie (1941) as Joe Henderson
 * Law of the Range (1941) as Steve Howard
 * Rawhide Rangers (1941) as Brand Calhoun
 * Man from Montana (1941) as Sheriff Bob Dawson
 * The Masked Rider (1941) as Larry Prescott
 * Arizona Cyclone (1941) as Tom Baxter
 * Fighting Bill Fargo (1941) as Bill Fargo
 * Stagecoach Buckaroo (1942) as Steve Hardin
 * Ride 'Em Cowboy (1942) as Alabam' Brewster
 * The Silver Bullet (1942) as 'Silver Jim' Donovan
 * Boss of Hangtown Mesa (1942) as Steve Collins
 * Deep in the Heart of Texas (1942) as Jim Mallory
 * Little Joe, the Wrangler (1942) as Neal Wallace
 * The Old Chisholm Trail (1942) as Dusty Gardner
 * Tenting Tonight on the Old Camp Ground (1943) as Wade Benson
 * The Ghost Rider (1943) as Nevada Jack McKenzie
 * Cheyenne Roundup (1943) as Buck Brandon & Gils Brandon
 * Raiders of San Joaquin (1943) as 'Rocky' Morgan
 * The Stranger from Pecos (1943) as Nevada Jack McKenzie
 * Six Gun Gospel (1943) as Marshal Nevada Jack McKenzie
 * The Lone Star Trail (1943) as Blaze Barker
 * Crazy House (1943) as Himself
 * Outlaws of Stampede Pass (1943) as Marshal Nevada Jack McKenzie
 * The Texas Kid (1943) as Nevada Jack McKenzie
 * Raiders of the Border (1944) as Nevada Jack McKenzie
 * Partners of the Trail (1944) as U.S. Marshal Nevada Jack McKenzie
 * Law Men (1944) as U.S. Marshal Nevada Jack McKenzie
 * Range Law (1944) as U.S. Marshal Nevada McKenzie
 * West of the Rio Grande (1944) as U.S. Marshal 'Nevada Jack' McKenzie
 * Land of the Outlaws (1944) as Marshal Nevada Jack McKenzie
 * Law of the Valley (1944) as Marshal Nevada McKenzie
 * Ghost Guns (1944) as Marshal Nevada Jack McKenzie
 * The Navajo Trail (1945) as Marshal Nevada – aka Rocky Saunders
 * Forever Yours (1945) as Maj. Tex O'Connor
 * Gun Smoke (1945) as Marshal Nevada Jack McKenzie
 * Stranger from Santa Fe (1945) as U.S. Marshal Nevada McKenzie, posing as Roy Ferris
 * Flame of the West (1945) as Dr. John Poole
 * The Lost Trail (1945) as Marshal Nevada Jack McKenzie
 * Frontier Feud (1945) as Marshal Nevada Jack McKenzie
 * Border Bandits (1946) as Marshal Nevada
 * Drifting Along (1946) as Steve Garner
 * The Haunted Mine (1946) as Marshal Nevada Jack McKenzie
 * Under Arizona Skies (1946) as Dusty Smith
 * The Gentleman from Texas (1946) as Johnny Macklin
 * Trigger Fingers (1946) as Sam 'Hurricane' Benton
 * Shadows on the Range (1946) as Steve Mason – Posing as Steve Saunders
 * Silver Range (1946) as Johnny Bronton
 * Raiders of the South (1947) as Captain Johnny Brownell
 * Valley of Fear (1947) as Johnny Williams
 * Trailing Danger (1947) as Johnny
 * Land of the Lawless (1947) as Johnny Mack
 * The Law Comes to Gunsight (1947) as Johnny Macklin
 * Code of the Saddle (1947) as John Macklin
 * Flashing Guns (1947) as Johnny Mack
 * Prairie Express (1947) as Johnny Hudson
 * Gun Talk (1947) as Johnny McVey
 * Overland Trails (1948) as Johnny Murdock
 * Crossed Trails (1948) as Johnny Mack
 * Frontier Agent (1948) as Himself
 * Triggerman (1948) as Himself
 * Back Trail (1948) as Johnny Mack
 * The Fighting Ranger (1948) as Ranger Johnny Brown
 * The Sheriff of Medicine Bow (1948) as Sheriff Johnny
 * Gunning for Justice (1948) as Johnny Mack
 * Hidden Danger (1948) as Johnny Mack
 * Law of the West (1949) as Federal Agent Johnny Mack
 * Trails End (1949) as Johnny Mack
 * Stampede (1949) as Sheriff Aaron Ball
 * West of El Dorado (1949) as Johnny Mack
 * Law of the West (1949) as Johnny Mack
 * Range Justice (1949) as Himself
 * Western Renegades (1949) as Himself
 * West of Wyoming (1950) as Himself
 * Over the Border (1950) as Himself
 * Six Gun Mesa (1950) as Himself
 * Law of the Panhandle (1950) as Himself
 * Outlaw Gold (1950) as Himself
 * Short Grass (1950) as Sheriff Ord Keown
 * Colorado Ambush (1951) as Himself
 * Man from Sonora (1951) as Himself
 * Blazing Bullets (1951) as Marshal
 * Montana Desperado (1951) as Himself
 * Oklahoma Justice (1951) as Himself
 * Whistling Hills (1951) as Himself
 * Texas Lawmen (1951) as Marshall
 * Texas City (1952) as Himself
 * Man from the Black Hills (1952) as Himself
 * Dead Man's Trail (1952) as Himself
 * Canyon Ambush (1952) as Himself
 * The Marshal's Daughter (1953) as Poker-Game Player #2
 * Requiem for a Gunfighter (1965) as Enkoff
 * The Bounty Killer (1965) as Sheriff Green
 * Apache Uprising (1965) as Sheriff Ben Hall (final film role)

title: Johnny Mack Brown


text:
Pinela

Pinela is a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 219, in an area of 22.65 km2.

title: Pinela


text:
Rebordainhos e Pombares

Rebordainhos e Pombares is a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Rebordainhos and Pombares. The population in 2011 was 187, in an area of 24.07 km2.

title: Rebordainhos e Pombares