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Desert locust

The desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria  ) is a species of locust, a periodically swarming, short-horned grasshopper in the family Acrididae. They are found primarily in the deserts and dry areas of northern and eastern Africa, Arabia, and southwest Asia. During population surge years, they may extend north into parts of Southern Europe, south into Eastern Africa, and east in northern India. The desert locust shows periodic changes in its body form and can change in response to environmental conditions, over several generations, from a solitary, shorter-winged, highly fecund, non-migratory form to a gregarious, long-winged, and migratory phase in which they may travel long distances into new areas. In some years, they may thus form locust plagues, invading new areas, where they may consume all vegetation including crops, and at other times, they may live unnoticed in small numbers.

During plague years, desert locusts can cause widespread damage to crops, as they are highly mobile and feed on large quantities of any kind of green vegetation, including crops, pasture, and fodder. A typical swarm can be made up of 150 e6/km2 and fly in the direction of the prevailing wind, up to 150 km in one day. Even a very small, 1 km2 locust swarm can eat the same amount of food in a day as about 35,000 people.

As an international transboundary pest that threatens agricultural production and livelihoods in many countries in Africa, the Near East, and southwest Asia, their populations have been routinely monitored through a collaborative effort between countries and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Desert Locust Information Service (DLIS), which provides global and national assessments, forecasts, and early warning to affected countries and the international community. The desert locust's migratory nature and capacity for rapid population growth present major challenges for control, particularly in remote semiarid areas, which characterize much of their range.

Locusts differ from other grasshoppers in their ability to change from a solitary living form into gregarious, highly mobile, adult swarms and hopper bands, as their numbers and densities increase. They exist in different states known as recessions (with low and intermediate numbers), rising to local outbreaks and regional upsurges with increasingly high densities, to plagues consisting of numerous swarms. They have two to five generations per year. The desert locust risk increases with a one-to-two-year continuum of favourable weather (greater frequency of rains) and habitats that support population increases leading to upsurges and plagues.

The desert locust is potentially the most dangerous of the locust pests because of the ability of swarms to fly rapidly across great distances. The major desert locust upsurge in 2004–05 caused significant crop losses in West Africa and diminished food security in the region. The 2019–2021 upsurge caused similar losses in northeast Africa, the Near East, and southwest Asia.

Description
The genus Schistocerca consists of more than 30 species, distributed in Africa, Asia, and North and South America, and many species are difficult to identify due to the presence of variable morphs. It is the only genus within the Cyrtacanthacridinae that occurs in both the New and Old World. Most species have the fastigium deflexed and lack lateral carinae on the pronotum. The hind tibiae have smooth margins with numerous spines, but have no apical spine on the outer margin. The second tarsal segment is half as long as the first. Males in the genus have broad anal cerci and a split subgenital plate. The genus is thought to have originated in Africa and then speciated in the New World after a dispersal event that took place 6 to 7 million years ago.

The solitary phase insects (or solitaria morph) are greenish in early instars, while older adults are greyish. The solitary phase grasshoppers lack black patterning as present in the gregarious (or gregaria morph) phase, where the body is pinkish in early instars and yellow in adults.

The second and third pairs of spiracles are permanently open.

Lifecycle
The lifecycle of the desert locust consists of three stages, the egg, the nymph known as a hopper, and the winged adult. Copulation takes place when a mature male hops onto the back of a mature female and grips her body with his legs. Sperm is transferred from the tip of his abdomen to the tip of hers, where it is stored. The process takes several hours and one insemination is sufficient for a number of batches of eggs.

The female locust then seeks suitable soft soil in which to lay her eggs. It needs to be the right temperature and degree of dampness and be in close proximity to other egg-laying females. She probes the soil with her abdomen and digs a hole into which an egg pod containing up to 100 eggs is deposited. The egg pod is 3 to 4 cm long and the lower end is about 10 cm below the surface of the ground. The eggs are surrounded by foam and this hardens into a membrane and plugs the hole above the egg pod. The eggs absorb moisture from the surrounding soil. The incubation period before the eggs hatch may be two weeks, or much longer, depending on the temperature.

The newly hatched nymph soon begins to feed, and if it is a gregarious individual, is attracted to other hoppers and they group together. As it grows, it needs to moult (shed its exoskeleton). Its hard cuticle splits and its body expands, while the new exoskeleton is still soft. The stages between moulting are called instars and the desert locust nymph undergoes five moults before becoming a winged adult. Immature and mature individuals in the gregarious phase form bands that feed, bask, and move as cohesive units, while solitary-phase individuals do not seek conspecifics.

After the fifth moult, the insect is not yet mature. It is at first soft and pink with drooping wings, but over the course of a few days, the cuticle hardens and haemolymph is pumped into the wings, which stiffens them. Maturation can occur in 2–4 weeks when the food supply and weather conditions are suitable but may take as long as 6 months when they are less ideal. Males start maturing first and give off an odour that stimulates maturation in the females. On maturing, the insects turn yellow and the abdomens of the females start swelling with developing eggs.

Ecology and swarming
Desert locusts have a solitary phase and a gregarious phase, a type of polyphenism. Solitary locusts nymphs and adults can behave gregariously within a few hours of being placed in a crowded situation, while gregarious locusts need one or more generations to become solitary when reared in isolation. Differences in morphology and behaviour are seen between the two phases. In the solitary phase, the hoppers do not group together into bands but move about independently. Their colouring in the later instars tends to be greenish or brownish to match the colour of their surrounding vegetation. The adults fly at night and are also coloured so as to blend into their surroundings, the immature adults being grey or beige and the mature adults being a pale yellowish colour. In the gregarious phase, the hoppers bunch together and in the later instars develop a bold colouring with black markings on a yellow background. The immatures are pink and the mature adults are bright yellow and fly during the day in dense swarms.

The change from an innocuous solitary insect to a voracious gregarious one normally follows a period of drought, when rain falls and vegetation flushes occur in major desert locust breeding locations. The population builds up rapidly and the competition for food increases. As hoppers get more crowded, the close physical contact causes the insects' hind legs to bump against one another. This stimulus triggers a cascade of metabolic and behavioral changes that causes the insects to transform from the solitary to the gregarious phase. When the hoppers become gregarious, their colouration changes from largely green to yellow and black, and the adults change from brown to pink (immature) or yellow (mature). Their bodies become shorter, and they give off a pheromone that causes them to be attracted to each other, enhancing hopper band and subsequently swarm formation. The nymphal pheromone is different from the adult one. When exposed to the adult pheromone, hoppers become confused and disoriented, because they can apparently no longer "smell" each other, though the visual and tactile stimuli remain. After a few days, the hopper bands disintegrate and those that escape predation become solitary again. This effect could aid locust control in the future.

During quiet periods, called recessions, desert locusts are confined to a 16 e6km2 belt that extends from Mauritania through the Sahara Desert in northern Africa, across the Arabian Peninsula, and into northwest India. Under optimal ecological and climatic conditions, several successive generations can occur, causing swarms to form and invade countries on all sides of the recession area, as far north as Spain and Russia, as far south as Nigeria and Kenya, and as far east as India and southwest Asia. As many as 60 countries can be affected within an area of 32 e6km2, or about 20% of the Earth's land surface.

Locust swarms fly with the wind at roughly the speed of the wind. They can cover from 100 to 200 km in a day, and fly up to about 2,000 m above sea level (the temperature becomes too cold at higher altitudes). Therefore, swarms cannot cross tall mountain ranges such as the Atlas, the Hindu Kush, or the Himalayas. They do not venture into the rain forests of Africa nor into central Europe. However, locust adults and swarms regularly cross the Red Sea between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, and are even reported to have crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to the Caribbean in 10 days during the 1987-89 plague. A single swarm can cover up to 1200 km2 and can contain between 40 and 80 e6/km2 (a total of around 50 to 100 billion locusts per swarm, representing 100,000 to 200,000 MT, considering an average mass of 2 g per locust). The locust can live between 3 and 6 months, and a 10- to 16-fold increase in locust numbers occurs from one generation to the next.

Crop loss
Desert locusts consume an estimated equivalent of their body weight (2 g) each day in green vegetation. They are polyphagous and feed on leaves, shoots, flowers, fruit, seeds, stems, and bark. Nearly all crops and noncrop plants are eaten, including pearl millet, maize, sorghum, barley, rice, pasture grasses, sugarcane, cotton, fruit trees, date palms, banana plants, vegetables, and weeds.

Crop loss from locusts was noted in the Bible and Qur'an; these insects have been documented as contributing to the severity of a number of Ethiopian famines. Since the early 20th century, desert locust plagues occurred in 1926–1934, 1940–1948, 1949–1963, 1967–1969, 1987–1989, 2003–2005, and 2019–2020. In March–October 1915, a plague of locusts stripped Ottoman Palestine of almost all vegetation. The significant crop loss caused by swarming desert locusts exacerbates problems of food shortage, and is a threat to food security.

Early warning and preventive control
Early warning and preventive control is the strategy adopted by locust-affected countries in Africa and Asia to try to stop locust plagues from developing and spreading. In the 1920s-1930s, locust control became a major field for international cooperation. The International Agricultural Institute developed several programmes aimed at exchanging data about the desert locust and international conferences were held in the 1930s: Rome in 1931, Paris in 1932, London in 1934, Cairo in 1936, and Brussels in 1938. Colonial empires were heavily involved in these attempts to control locust pests, which affected heavily the Middle East and parts of Africa. The USSR also used locust control as a way to expand its influence in the Middle East and Central Asia.

FAO's Desert Locust Information Service (DLIS) in Rome monitors the weather, ecological conditions, and the locust situation on a daily basis. DLIS receives results of survey and control operations carried out by national teams in affected countries. The teams use a variety of innovative digital devices, eLocust3, to collect, record and transmit standardized data in real-time to their national locust centres for decision-making. This data is automatically integrated into SWARMS, the global monitoring and early warning system operated by DLIS. Within this system, the field data are combined with the latest satellite imagery to actively monitor rainfall, vegetation and soil moisture conditions in the locust breeding area from West Africa to India. This is supplemented by sub-seasonal and seasonal temperature and rainfall predictions up to six months in advance as well as other weather forecasts and data from NOAA and ECMWF. Models are used to estimate egg and hopper development rates and swarm trajectories (NOAA HYSPLIT) and dispersion (UK Met Office NAME). DLIS uses a custom GIS to analyze the field data, satellite imagery, weather predictions and model results to assess the current situation and forecast the timing, scale, and location of breeding and migration up to six weeks in advance. The situation assessments and forecasts are published in monthly locust bulletins that date back to the 1970s. These are supplemented by warnings and alerts to affected countries and the international community. This information is available on the FAO Locust Watch website. DLIS continuously adopts the latest technologies as innovative tools, including drones, to improve monitoring and early warning. FAO also provides information and training to affected countries and coordinates funding from donor agencies in case of major upsurges and plagues.

The desert locust is a difficult pest to control, and control measures are further compounded by the large and often remote areas (16-30 e6km2) where locusts can be found. Undeveloped basic infrastructure in some affected countries, limited resources for locust monitoring and control, and political turmoil within and between affected countries further reduce the capacity of a country to undertake the necessary monitoring and control activities.

At present, the primary method of controlling desert locust infestations is with insecticides applied in small, concentrated doses by vehicle-mounted and aerial sprayers at ultra-low volume rates of application. The insecticide is acquired by the insect directly, meaning that control must be precise. Control is undertaken by government agencies in locust-affected countries or by specialized regional aerial organizations such as the Desert Locust Control Organization for East Africa (DLCO-EA).

The desert locust has natural enemies such as predatory wasps and flies, parasitoid wasps, predatory beetle larvae, birds, and reptiles. These may be effective at keeping solitary populations in check but are of limited effects against gregarious desert locusts because of the enormous numbers of insects in the swarms and hopper bands.

Farmers often try mechanical means of killing locusts, such as digging trenches and burying hopper bands, but this is very labour-intensive and is difficult to undertake when large infestations are scattered over a wide area. Farmers also try to scare locust swarms away from their fields by making noise, burning tires, or other methods. This tends to shift the problem to neighbouring farms, and locust swarms can easily return to reinfest previously visited fields.

Biopesticides
Biopesticides include fungi, bacteria, neem extract, and pheromones. The effectiveness of many biopesticides equals that of conventional chemical pesticides, but two distinct differences exist. Biopesticides in general take longer to kill insects, plant diseases, or weeds, usually between 2 and 10 days.

The two types of biopesticides are biochemical and microbial. Biochemical pesticides are similar to naturally occurring chemicals and are nontoxic, such as insect pheromones used to locate mates, while microbial biopesticides, come from bacteria, fungi, algae, or viruses that either occur naturally or are genetically altered. Entomopathogenic fungi generally suppress pests by mycosis - causing a disease that is specific to the insect.

Biological control products have been under development since the late 1990s; Green Muscle and NOVACRID are based on a naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium acridum. Species of Metarhizium are widespread throughout the world, infecting many groups of insects, but show low risk to humans, other mammals, and birds. The species M. acridum has specialised in short-horned grasshoppers, to which these locusts belong, so has been chosen as the active ingredient of the product.

The product is available in Australia under the name Green Guard and in Africa, it used to be available as Green Muscle. However, since Green Muscle seems to have disappeared from the market, another product, NOVACRID, was developed for Africa, Central Asia, and the Middle East. These products are applied in the same way as chemical insecticides, but do not kill as quickly. At recommended doses, the fungus can take up to two weeks to kill up to 90% of the locusts. For that reason, it is recommended for use mainly against hoppers, the wingless early stages of locusts. These are mostly found in the desert, far from cropping areas, where the delay in death does not result in damage. The advantage of the product is that it affects only grasshoppers and locusts, which makes it much safer than chemical insecticides. Specifically, it allows the natural enemies of locusts and grasshoppers to continue their beneficial work. These include birds, parasitoid and predatory wasps, parasitoid flies, and certain species of beetles. Though natural enemies cannot prevent plagues, they can limit the frequency of outbreaks and contribute to their control. Biopesticides are also safer to use in environmentally sensitive areas such as national parks or near rivers and other water bodies.

Green Muscle was developed under the LUBILOSA programme, which was initiated in 1989 in response to environmental concerns over the heavy use of chemical insecticides to control locusts and grasshoppers during the 1987-89 plague. The project focused on the use of beneficial disease-causing microorganisms (pathogens) as biological control agents for grasshoppers and locusts. These insects were considered to be too mobile and to reproduce too fast to be readily controlled by classical biological control. Pathogens have the advantage that many can be produced in artificial culture in large quantities and be used with ordinary spraying equipment. Entomopathogenic fungi were traditionally seen as needing humid conditions to work well. However, the LUBILOSA programme found a way to avoid this by spraying fungal spores in an oil formulation. Even under desert conditions, Green Muscle can be used to kill locusts and other acridid pests, such as the Senegalese grasshopper. During trials in Algeria and Mauritania in 2005 and 2006, various natural enemies, but especially birds, were abundant enough to eliminate treated hopper bands in about a week, because the diseased hoppers became sluggish and easy to catch.

Desert locust plagues and upsurges
In the 1900s, there were six major desert locust plagues, one of which lasted almost 13years.

1915 Ottoman Syria locust infestation
From March to October 1915, swarms of locusts stripped areas in and around Palestine, Mount Lebanon and Syria of almost all vegetation. This infestation seriously compromised the already-depleted food supply of the region and sharpened the misery of all Jerusalemites.

1960s to present
Since the early 1960s, there have been two desert locust plagues (1967-1968 and 1986-1989) and six desert locust upsurges (1972-1974, 1992-1994, 1994-1996, 2004-2005, 1996-1998 and 2019-2021).

2004–2005 upsurge (West Africa)
From October 2003 to May 2005, West Africa faced the largest and most numerous desert locust infestations in 15 years. The upsurge started as small, independent outbreaks that developed in Mauritania, Mali, Niger, and Sudan in the autumn of 2003. Two days of unusually heavy rains that stretched from Dakar, Senegal, to Morocco in October allowed breeding conditions to remain favourable for the next 6 months and the desert locusts rapidly increased. Lack of rain and cold temperatures in the winter breeding area of northwest Africa in early 2005 slowed the development of the locusts and allowed the locust control agencies to stop the cycle. During the upsurge, nearly 130,000 km2 were treated by ground and aerial operations in 23 countries. The costs of fighting this upsurge have been estimated by the FAO to have exceeded US$400 million, and harvest losses were valued at up to US$2.5 billion, which had disastrous effects on food security in West Africa. The countries affected by the 2004-2005 upsurge were Algeria, Burkina Faso, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, the Gambia, Greece, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sudan, Syria, and Tunisia.

2019–2021 desert locust upsurge
In May 2018, Cyclone Mekunu brought unprecedented rainfall to the Empty Quarter of the Arabian Peninsula that was followed by Cyclone Luban that brought heavy rains again to the same area in October. This allowed conditions to be favourable for three generations of breeding, which caused an estimated 8,000-fold increase in Desert Locust numbers that went unchecked because the area was so remote it could not be accessed by national locust teams.

In early 2019, waves of swarms migrated from this remote and inaccessible area north to the interior of Saudi Arabia and southern Iran, and southwest to the interior of Yemen. Both areas received good rains, including heavy flooding in southwest Iran (the worst in 50 years), that allowed another two generations of breeding to take place. While control operations were mounted against the northern movement and subsequent breeding, very little could be done in Yemen due to the ongoing conflict. As a result, new swarms formed that crossed the southern Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden and invaded the Horn of Africa, specifically northeast Ethiopia and northern Somalia in June 2019. Again, good rains allowed further breeding during the summer, followed by another generation of widespread breeding during the autumn in eastern Ethiopia and central Somalia, which was exacerbated by the unusually late occurring Cyclone Pawan in northeast Somalia in early December. The swarms that subsequently formed invaded Kenya in late December 2019 and spread throughout the country where they bred in between the rainy seasons because of unusual rainfall. Kenya had only witnessed swarm invasions twice in the past 75 years (1955 and 2007). Some swarms also invaded Uganda, South Sudan, Tanzania and one swarmlet reached northeast D.R. Congo, the first time since 1945.

The situation improved in Kenya and elsewhere by the summer of 2020 due to large-scale aerial control operations, made available by generous assistance from international partners. Nevertheless, food security and livelihoods were impacted throughout the region. Despite the control efforts, good rains continued to fall and breeding occurred again during the summer and autumn in Ethiopia and Somalia that led to another invasion of Kenya in December 2020, which was eventually brought under control by spring 2021. Again, unexpected rains fell in late April and early May, this time further north that allowed substantial breeding to occur in eastern Ethiopia and northern Somalia in May and June 2021. New swarms formed in June and July that moved to northeast Ethiopia for a generation of breeding that could not be addressed due to conflict and insecurity, which prolonged the upsurge in the Horn of Africa. The upsurge was finally brought under control by early 2022 as a result of successful and intensive control operations in northern Somalia and poor rainfall. there are no locust crises anywhere in the world but swarms are expected in October in the Sahel, Yemen and on the India–Pakistan border.

In southwest Asia, the upsurge was brought under control much earlier because of a massive effort undertaken by India and Pakistan along both sides of their common border during the summer of 2020 that followed from earlier control operations during the spring of 2019 and 2020 by Iran and during the summer of 2019 by Pakistan and India. In June 2020, Cyclone Nisarga helped spread swarms across the northern states of India where a few reached the Himalayan foothills in Nepal.

In response to the upsurge, the Director-General of FAO declared a Level 3 corporate-wide emergency, the highest level in the UN system, on 17 January 2020 and appealed for immediate international assistance to rapidly upscale monitoring and control activities in the Horn of Africa. One month later, Somalia declared a state of emergency. Similarly, Pakistan also declared a state of emergency. The UN continued to warn that the Horn of Africa was facing a dangerous situation.

Fortunately, the international community responded quickly and generously despite other urgent situations such as COVID-19, and the $230 million appeal by FAO was fully funded. This allowed ground and aerial operations to treat 2.3 e6ha of desert locust in the Horn of Africa and Yemen in 2020 and 2021. Up to 20 aircraft were deployed simultaneously, supported by hundreds of ground teams, and more than 1.4 million locations were surveyed. These collective efforts averted 4.5 e6MT of crop losses, saved 900 e6L of milk production, and secured food for nearly 47 million people. The commercial value of the cereal and milk loss averted is estimated at $1.77 billion.

FAO's Locust Watch contains the latest situation and forecasts as well as a full, detailed description of the recent upsurge.

Pheromones
The swarming pheromone guaiacol is produced in the gut of desert locusts by the breakdown of plant material. This process is undertaken by the gut bacterium Pantoea (Enterobacter) agglomerans. Guaiacol is one of the main components of the pheromones that cause locust swarming. Pheromones also accelerate S. gregaria development. Mahamat et al., 1993 find that an undifferentiated mix of several volatiles derived from the males of the species (including guaiacol) speed up the maturation process of both immature males and females.

In research
S. gregaria was one of the organisms examined by McNeill and Hoyle 1967 and found to have thinner muscle filaments than those before found. This contributed greatly to the development of the sliding filament theory.

Westerman showed that exposure of S. gregaria males to a dose of X-rays during the S-phase (DNA synthesis phase) of spematogonial mitoses and during the early stages of meiosis (leptotene-early zygotene stages) caused a significant increase in chiasmata frequency when scored at the later stages (diplotene-diakinesis stages) of meiosis. These results indicated that the formation of chiasmata is not an isolated event but the end product of an interrelated series of processes initiated at some earlier stage of meiosis.

In culture
Given the long history of desert locust, it is to be expected that references of the world's most dangerous migratory pest have crept into popular film and literature as well as many of the world's religions.

Film
Owing to the destructive habits of locusts, they have been a representation of famine in many Middle Eastern cultures, and are seen in the movies The Mummy (1999) and The Bible (1966).

Religious books
This species has been identified as one of the kosher species of locusts mentioned in Leviticus 11:22 by several rabbinical authorities among Middle Eastern Jewish communities.

Literature

 * 1939 - The Day of the Locust by Nathanael West.
 * 1948 - Poka (পোকা) by Premendra Mitra.

title: Desert locust


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Wikipedia:Australian Wikipedians' notice board/Archive 2

Research and sources of information
I've learned a lot today: I went to the NSW State Library. Firstly, the best source for Australian information is the Mitchell Library - which is absolutely massive and in fact still has a card catalogue people need to use! I also discussed copyright... they pointed me to http://www.pictureaustralia.org, which seems to be a collaboration of a few Australian government departments. Unsure about the copyright status of this work, however I think it's on their page. I got a card of one of the library's copyright experts, so I'll contact her on Monday and have a chat about things.

I also discovered that if we ever need any information about primary source material or information we need to verify we should talk to that state's State Archives. They keep all the information that government agencies need in boxes (apparently) and Australian citzens can request access to this information. These boxes often have photos... we could probably use these without much of a problem I think. There is also an organisation called APAIS and also an academic database called Sirus. Apparently any university student should have access to this: this database is good because it contains peer reviewed journal articles.

Another area of information resources would be the Australian National Museum in Sydney.

Anyway, hope this gives researchers some pointers. I now have some information on Cyclone Tracy which I'll be adding soon. - Ta bu shi da yu 08:27, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Good work, all that actual leaving-the-house-and-going-to-the-library stuff is a real chore for most of us! T.P.K. 08:27, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * How's the Cyclone Tracy stuff coming along? Ambi 08:38, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

On the topic of images, the National Library has a [pictures catalogue] that could come in useful for many of the Australian based articles. The site mentions that for the (non-copyright) images to be displayed on a website, written permission from the library is required (those under copyright also require clearance from the copyright holder). I'm not based in Australia so is it possible for someone else here to contact the National Library on behalf of Wikipedia to enquire whether we might be able to avoid having to make a separate written request for each image? So, a couple of questions then: Any thoughts? --Roisterer 03:22, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Is someone here allowed to speak to organisations like the NLA on behalf of Wikipedia?
 * 2) Can they explain Wikipedia (although I'd like to think the NLA would know of it) and why images are needed and whether we can avoid the time and problems of separately applying for use of each image we'd like to use on the site.
 * 3) Is this feasible or have I the wrong end of the stick when it comes to images?

Australian history
I notice the History of Australia refers to History of Australia before 1901 and History of Australia since 1901. Seems an arbitrary distinction, and in fact misses/overlaps the creation of Federation! What do people say about changing this somewhat? - Ta bu shi da yu 07:42, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I've always opposed this particular split. I'd like to see a breakdown along the lines of History of the United States, with articles covering between fifteen and forty years, depending on the events that occurred in that period. Ambi 08:33, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I always thought the split was due to the 32kb page size issues, but I'm not sure. One article would be good.  Fleshing out the whole thing to have more content would be even better!  1901 is a sensible split if it must be a two way split, but the pre-federation history needs to slide in at the end of ..before 1901. -- Chuq 08:52, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The page size issues are the reason for the article being split up, but there's no reason that we couldn't have a whole lot more pages, each covering a smaller timespan. History of Australia, which is fairly terrible at the moment, could then become a brief, general history, using Summary style. Ambi 09:41, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

It was a lot more terrible before I and others rewrote it last year. The split at 1901 was done entirely because of the 32kb rule - it could obvious be split other ways as it grows. I agree there needs to be more on federation. Adam 03:38, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

History of rugby league
I saw this on peer review, and as we're Aussies I figure someone might want to comment. - Ta bu shi da yu 12:23, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Donations
i want to donate to wikimedia, but cant use paypal, what is the best thing to do? have other aussies donated? how did you do it? is it possible to do a group donation to reduce curency conversion fees, or is that a little too dangerous? any thoughts? The bellman 05:30, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I personally wouldn't do a group donation, however you can donate via postal mail to Wikimedia's head office at the following address:

If sending donations from outside the United States, please note again that an international money order or a check payable on a United States bank would be appreciated, to avoid collection costs. Sending a foreign check (or any other kind of draft drawn on a bank outside the United States) may involve processing fees in excess of $50. International postal money orders payable in the United States are available in post offices in many countries and will ensure your complete donation goes to Wikimedia. Please do not send currency through the mail.

(got that from the Fundraising page). - Ta bu shi da yu 05:34, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I have only ever donated via PayPal. Why don't you want to use them? Political statement against their disreputable business practices? Their fees? Don't have a credit card? —Stormie 06:32, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * i would never trust myself with a credit card, so that makes paypal difficult, also form what i understand thier way of doing buisness is a bit shady, but i really havent bothered to look too deeply into those claims so i dont know. The bellman 07:45, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * If only we had an Australian Wikimedia chapter, this stuff would be easier. Ambi 06:49, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Amen sister The bellman 07:45, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, shall we seriously look into setting one up, then? --Robert Merkel 08:28, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd like to, but do we have anyone with the appropriate legal know-how? AFAIK, only the German one is up and running at this point. Ambi 08:30, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Prehaps we should work on an Australian wiki-meetup first, eh :) T.P.K. 08:37, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * If it's in Melbourne on a weekend, several weeks in advance, I'll be there. (Well, if its in Hobart I would be too, of course, but realistically...) -- Chuq 11:08, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * As i see it, we have 3 options, Sydney which melbounites would dislike; Melbourne which sydneyites; or canberra which is kinda in between. Yes I know there are lots of cities in this brown land, but seriously if this is the first get together those are the only real options. In a few years however it would be nice to have it in Perth, Brisbane, Hobart :P, or even the alice. Another thought is having state get togethers, and seeing who organises the best one, and having a national get together in whichever town organises the best state get together. The bellman 12:22, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Kildin Sámi

Untitled
???? ????? (s?m' k?ll) does not mean 'Kildin Sami' but just 'Sami language', cf. the same word in North Saami: sámegiella.

Michael Rießler riessler@uni-leipzig.de

 * No, it does mean exactly that. Each Sámi language refers to its own language as "the Sámi language". Sámegiella in North Sámi refers to North Sámi and any other Sámi languages are referred to with other names. -Yupik 21:44, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

I think this differs from language to language, traditionally the case has probably been more widely such that Yupik presents it, that the own language has been called simply the Sámi language and the neighbouring ones by geographical or other markings. But in modern usage one rarely sees sámegiella being used of Northern Sámi specifically, rather davvisámegiella, and the same goes with åarjelsaemien gïele, ubmejensámiengiälla, bidumsámegiella, julevsámegiella, anarâškielâ (and in the case of Inari Sámi it has specifically always been called anarâškielâ by the speakers themselves, because they have had frequent contact with Northern Sámi while going to the ICe Sea cost to fish so they have identified themselves as the people inhabitating the Lake Inari surroundings, thus the name). Then there's the exception. Skolt Sámi is never or very seldomly called nuõrttsää´mǩiõll when talking about the own language if not specifically wanting to specify (but is always called nuortalašgiella in davvisámegiella), rather it is simply referred to as sää´mǩiõll. The same goes for Ter Sámi -- simply saa´mekiil / са̄мькӣлл. I don't know what's the case with Kildin Sámi, but I suppose it can be called both кӣллт са̄мь кӣлл kiillt saam' kiill and saam' kiill EiptRbkt (talk) 00:38, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

Bias of Sami
There seems to be a lot of nationalism in this article; it seems to favour only people who revive the language. I'm not saying that's wrong or anything (in fact that's a great way to conserve one's native language), but definitely not in a neutral-opinionated place such as here, Wikipedia. — AWESOME meeos ！ *  ([ˈjæb.ə ət məɪ])) 13:09, 12 August 2017 (UTC)

Comma revert
The comma is errant because the clause being set off is already within parentheses. If the parentheses were absent then yes, the comma would be needed, but as is the comma separates the subject from the verb, which is incorrect. -Coreydragon (talk) 01:03, 4 February 2021 (UTC)
 * My apologies. You're right. It was a bit convoluted and my eyes glossed over that. I'll revert myself ... Carter (talk) 03:14, 4 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Not a problem! Cheers -Coreydragon (talk) 04:43, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

Phonological Inventory: 63 or 113 consonants?
According to |Phoible, Kildin Saami has 113 consonants. How do we reconcile the discrepancy? P ětušek 19:33, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kildin Sámi


text:
Graeme Lee (politician)

Graeme Ernest Lee (born 1 September 1935) is a former New Zealand politician. Originally a National Party MP, he broke away to found the Christian Democrat Party.

Early life and family
Lee was born in Paeroa on 1 September 1935, the son of Ernest Walter Lee and Muriel Myrtle Lee (née Weight). His father was a builder, and later served as mayor of Paeroa from 1959.

Member of Parliament
Lee was first elected to Parliament in the 1981 election, winning the seat of Hauraki as the National candidate. Lee replaced Leo Schultz, a prominent National MP. He retained his seat from then until the 1996 election, although a change of electoral boundaries resulted in the seat which covered the Thames-Coromandel district being renamed Coromandel in 1996.

Lee, a principally conservative member of the National Party caucus would later come to believe that the National Party was drifting away from conservatism, but initially resolved to fight the shift from within the party. After a three year period as a Cabinet Minister in the Bolger government, Lee resigned from the National Party in 1993.

Lee had a reputation as one of the more conservative MPs in Parliament, and was particularly active in opposing Fran Wilde's homosexual law reform bill.

Christian Democrats
At first, it was thought likely that Lee would join the Christian Heritage Party, but talks between Lee and Christian Heritage broke down. An important issue was that of "confessionalism": Lee, while strongly believing in Christian teachings as a basis for morality, believed that anyone who shared the proper principles should be allowed to contribute, even if they were not actually Christian. The Christian Heritage Party, being strongly confessionalist, rejected this, saying that it was only logical that a Christian party should bar non-Christians from membership. This issue, as well as a number of smaller points, caused Lee to turn away from Christian Heritage and establish his own party in 1994. Lee initially called his group the United Progressive Party, but in 1995, it was relaunched as the Christian Democrats.

Sporadic talks with Christian Heritage continued, with many Christian activists putting pressure on both sides to unify. Eventually, in late 1995, the Christian Coalition was established. In the 1996 election, however, the Coalition narrowly missed out on entering Parliament. It later collapsed amid many accusations and recriminations.

In the 1997 Queen's Birthday Honours, Lee was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for public services.

Lee had told his family that if he failed to remain in Parliament, he would retire from politics. After his departure from politics, he became involved as CEO for the Christian housing provider Habitat for Humanity and wrote an autobiography about his religious views and political life within the National and Christian Democrat parties, as well as his ongoing political stance. For his current organisational affiliation, see concluding paragraph and links section.

The party then renamed itself Future New Zealand and contested the 1999 elections. It later merged with Peter Dunne's United Party to form United Future New Zealand in 2000. The party received 8 seats at the 2002 election. However, most New Zealanders realised that this was merely a cosmetic change during the 47th New Zealand Parliament, with most of the caucus professing either fundamentalist Protestant or conservative Catholic religious beliefs.

Later years
Graeme Lee was a minister at Auckland's Greenlane Christian Centre for a brief period of time, and was also one of the co-ordinators of Vision New Zealand, a national evangelical/ecumentalist umbrella group. Subsequently, Lee was involved in organising the New Zealand itinerary of an American televangelist, Greg Laurie, in 2011.

He has been leading the New Zealand branch of Christians for Israel, a Christian Zionist group.

His daughter, Denise Krum, stood for United Future in the 2008 general election. However, UFNZ Leader Peter Dunne was the only UFNZ MP returned to Parliament, due to his anchoring constituency seat. Krum joined the National Party in 2009, becoming a deputy chair of the Northern Region. She unsuccessfully applied to become National Party candidate for the Epsom electorate, but became a National Party List MP candidate at the 2011 New Zealand general election. However, she was ranked at 69 on the National Party list and consequently did not enter Parliament. Krum later ran successfully for the Auckland Council and was elected Councillor in 2013 for the Maungakiekie-Tamaki Ward.

title: Graeme Lee (politician)


text:
Greg Sage

Greg Sage (born October 21, 1951) is an American songwriter, guitarist, and vocalist, regarded as an important influence on many punk rock and post-punk artists. Sage is best known as the principal songwriter and vocalist/guitarist of the influential Portland, Oregon-based band Wipers.

Early years
Greg Sage was born in Portland, Oregon, on October 21, 1951. His involvement with music began with cutting records at home as an adolescent, due to his father being involved in the broadcast industry. Sage’s first instrument was bass guitar, because of the low tones that made larger grooves in the vinyl records due to slower modulations. Basses were harder to find and much more expensive when Sage was in grade school, so he used guitar instead.

Sage has been involved in music professionally since the age of 17, when he worked on a full-length album by the professional wrestler Beauregarde (Beauregard, 1971; re-released 2004). After several years of playing and recording guitar, Sage founded Wipers in Portland in 1977.

The mood of Sage's lyrics is frequently dark, and rife with references to confusion and severe alienation. His song structures often take unexpected turns and are typified by fractured melodic passages punctuated by massive, intricate guitar parts, and use of heavy distortion. He usually plays on a 1969 left-handed Gibson SG with attached Bigsby tremolo.

Wipers
In 1977, Sage founded the Wipers. The name was inspired by a job he had picked up cleaning windows at a movie theatre; the crystal clear transparency of the glass was what he realized he wanted to emulate with his music. Its inception was at first an exclusive recording project. Then Sage planned to record 15 LPs in 10 years without touring or promoting. He believed it would be possible to avoid live shows, press, pictures and interviews, and this – coupled with the mystique of his unorthodox music – would encourage a deeper, more imaginative engagement with the recordings.

In 1979, Sage established his own record label, Trap, and asked several Portland punk bands to record singles. Some of those early bands were The Stiphnoyds, The Neo Boys and Sado Nation. Sage later re-released some of the material on a compilation record entitled The History Of Portland Punk.

Solo career
Since the demise of Wipers, Sage has also recorded several albums as a solo musician and operates his own label, Zeno Records, based in Phoenix, Arizona, where he currently resides.

Solo albums

 * Straight Ahead (1985)
 * Sacrifice (For Love) (1991)

with Wipers

 * Is This Real? (1980)
 * Youth of America (1981)
 * Over the Edge (1983)
 * Land of the Lost (1986)
 * Follow Blind (1987)
 * The Circle (1988)
 * Silver Sail (1993)
 * The Herd (1996)
 * Power in One (1999)

title: Greg Sage


text:
Claribel Medina

Claribel Medina (born December 16, 1961, in San Juan) is a Puerto Rican actress who has acted for soap operas and movies filmed both in her native Puerto Rico and in Argentina.

Biography
Claribel started her artistic career in the early 1980s when an opera singer, Alex Vázquez, chose her to have a role in the musical production "The passion and death of Our Lord Jesus Christ."

title: Claribel Medina


text:
Red River Valley

The Red River Valley is a region in central North America that is drained by the Red River of the North; it is part of both Canada and the United States. Forming the border between Minnesota and North Dakota when these territories were admitted as states in the United States, this fertile valley has been important to the economies of these states and to Manitoba, Canada.

The population centers of Moorhead, Minnesota, Fargo and Grand Forks, North Dakota, and Winnipeg, Manitoba developed in the valley as settlement by ethnic Europeans increased in the late nineteenth century. Completion of major railroads, availability of cheap lands, and forceful removal of Indigenous people as well as a subsequent refusal to recognize Indigenous land claims attracted many new settlers. Some developed large-scale agricultural operations known as bonanza farms, which concentrated on wheat commodity crops.

Paleogeographic Lake Agassiz laid down the Red River Valley Silts. The valley was long an area of habitation by various indigenous cultures, including the historic Ojibwe and Métis peoples. The river flows north through a wide ancient lake plain to Lake Winnipeg. The geography and seasonal conditions can produce devastating floods, with several recorded since the mid-20th century.

Early European settlement
French fur traders had relations with First Nations and Native Americans throughout the Great Lakes region. They often lived with the tribes and married or had relations with native women. By the mid-17th century, the Métis, descendants of these Frenchmen and Cree tribes people (in addition to other First Nations peoples), settled in the Red River valley. The Métis established an ethnicity and culture, as many continued a tradition as hunters and traders involved in the fur trade. They were also farmers in this area.

The British took over French territory east of the Mississippi River following its victory in the Seven Years' War. In the early 19th century, the lucrative fur trade attracted continuing interest, and Lord Selkirk established the Red River Colony. In 1803 the United States acquired former French territory west of the Mississippi River in the Louisiana Purchase from France. This included some of the Red River Valley.

U.S. geographical importance

The U.S. government uses the term Red River Valley generally to describe the sections of northwestern Minnesota and eastern North Dakota to which it secured title following the Anglo-American Convention of 1818 that settled the northern boundary of the US and Canada. This land became part as the second article of the 1818 treaty declared the 49th parallel to be the official border between the U.S. and Canada up to the Rocky Mountains. (This borderline was extended to the Pacific Ocean in 1846 under the Oregon Treaty.) The land acquired under the treaty had an area of 29,066,880 acres, comprising 1.3 percent of total U.S. land area. Centered on the Red River of the North, these lands had previously been under the control of Great Britain.

West of the Red River Valley, the territory of the Louisiana Purchase, which the US acquired from France, extends north of the 49th parallel. The US ceded this to Britain in exchange for gaining the Red River Valley. These northernmost parts of the Louisiana Purchase are one of the few North American territories ever ceded by the United States to a foreign power.

Prone to flooding
The four factors make the Red River Valley so prone to flooding (the factors are related to physical geography): Synchrony of Discharge with Spring Thaw: The Red River flows northward. The spring thaw also proceeds gradually northward. As a result, runoff from the southern portion of the valley gradually joins the fresh melt-off waters from northerly areas along the Red River. In the northern part of the Valley, this can result in devastating floods if the effects occur at the same time. Ice Jams: These are also produced because of the northward-flowing river system. Ice is moving from the southern Valley and freshly-broken ice is moving from the central and northern Valley. These two meet steadily; as a result, ice concentration in this system builds and causes delay of water flow. Glacial Lake Plain: The floor of Glacial Lake Agassiz is one of the flattest expanses of land in the world. Here, the Red River has cut a shallow, winding valley. As a result of this, when the river floods on this plain, a devastating event can occur. The areal coverage of the waters can become dramatic. Being approximately 9,300 years old, the Red River has not yet carved a large valley-floodplain systems on the surrounding geography. Thus, the large lake plain becomes the floodplain to the Red River. The Lake Agassiz glacial lake plain extends around 100 miles from east to west, end to end, between northeastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota. Decrease in Gradient Downstream: The gradient, or slope, of the Red River averages 5 inches per mile of length. In the region of Drayton-Pembina, the gradient is only 1.5 inches per mile. The water tends to pool in this area during flood season. The region can become a massive, shallow lake.

title: Red River Valley


text:
Talk:Zimmerwald Conference

Untitled
This is taken from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. I'm translating from Russian into English. Actually, the first and second editions of this are not copyrighted outside of Russia - the third edition was put together during a time when it possibly might fall under copyright. I suppose the English translation of this might be copyright by Macmillan, but I'm translating myself and not taking from them. Anyhow, happy to hear any comments about the copyright. Ruy Lopez 08:58, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * No mention of Trotsky I see...Colin4C 19:43, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Jānis Bērziņš/Jan Berzin
, and yet his page was called Jānis Bērziņš-Ziemelis for 4 years and no one took notice until I came along. The text clearly says, he "was the delegate of the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party", not the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party, thus it makes absolutely no sense to use the Russified form of his name. Just as it would be nonsense to call him Berzin in the page about Latvians in Russia. We have to be smart and make distinctions between the Latvian diplomat Jānis Bērziņš and the Soviet diplomat Jan Berzin. –Turaids (talk) 10:00, 31 August 2019 (UTC)
 * We generally defer to sources on these kinds of issues. Most of the sources on the Zimmerwald Conference refer to him as Jan Berzin. I doubt he called himself Jānis Bērziņš, but even if he did it's not what the literature calls him. Even from a purely formal point of view, Latvia was part of the Russian Empire at the time (it only became briefly independent as a result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk). Also, he wasn't a diplomat until after the Russian Revolution.--Carabinieri (talk) 01:37, 2 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm assuming, the English literature in turn generally refers to Russian sources that had a notorious tendency of Russifiying virtually everything. Many prominent Latvians have lived in the Russian Empire, but that does not mean that Ādolfs Alunāns automatically becomes Adolf Petrovich Alunan, for example. Besides, Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party wasn't just some small-time party operated by a bunch of exilées outside the territory of Latvia. –Turaids (talk) 19:30, 2 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure they're only using Russian sources. Most of the primary sources are in French or German. In any case, most of the historians who wrote on this issue have concluded that calling him Berzin is appropriate. We generally should just follow their lead on issues like this, since they're better qualified to draw these kinds of conclusions. Just a small addendum: he was actually a member of the Social Democracy of the Latvian Territory, which was part of the Russian party. --Carabinieri (talk) 14:20, 4 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Appropriate, but not necessarily accurate. Fair enough though. –Turaids (talk) 20:03, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

To-do
--Carabinieri (talk) 00:13, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
 * 1) Clarify roles in ISC, before and after G-H-Affair
 * 2) Edit part on radical left in last paragraph in "Socialist discussions on war" section
 * 3) Clarify rules on participation
 * 4) Reactions to news on the Conference in "Aftermath" section
 * 5) *Luxemburg (Nation, 94, Nishikawa, 41-42)
 * 6) *Lenin (Nation, 99-100)
 * 7) *ISB/Huysmans (Gankin/Fisher, 372-374)
 * 8) *French socialist press (Wohl, p. 67)
 * 9) *Britain (Carsten, pp. 41, 64)
 * 10) More on publication of news of the conference in various countries
 * 11) Legacy section
 * 12) *Third International: Kirby 2010, Nation 216-222, 231-233, Wohl 64
 * 13) *Soviet remembrance
 * 14) *Swiss remembrance, ,
 * 15) Lead
 * 16) Re-check Blänsdorf
 * 17) Re-check Degen & Richers
 * 18) Re-check Gautschi
 * 19) Braunthal
 * 20) Fainsod
 * 21) Imlay
 * 22) Kissin
 * 23) Lademacher

title: Talk:Zimmerwald Conference


text:
Jonas Quinn

Jonas Quinn is a fictional character in the Canadian-American television series Stargate SG-1, a science fiction show about a military team exploring the galaxy via a network of alien transportation devices. Played by Corin Nemec, Jonas is introduced in the season 5 episode "Meridian." Jonas fills Daniel Jackson's empty spot on the SG-1 team in season 6 and the beginning of season 7, and last appears in the mid-season 7 episode "Fallout".

Nemec's character replaced Daniel Jackson (portrayed by Michael Shanks) during season 6 after Shanks had left the show amid controversy after season 5. The producers based Jonas' motivation to join Stargate Command on his momentary reluctance to actively prevent Daniel's death, and his feelings of responsibility afterwards. Jonas was slowly integrated into the story in a prolonged transition stage over the first half of season 6. Nemec was open to continue playing Jonas Quinn after season 6, but a new contract was reached with Michael Shanks for Daniel to return in season 7. The role of Jonas was reduced to recurring status in season 7.

Character arc
Jonas Quinn is introduced in the season 5 episode "Meridian" as a scientist of the human nation of Kelowna on Langara, a planet with an industrial level comparable to Earth of the 1940s, and that is also locked in a cold war with two rival states. He is an exceptionally quick learner, which becomes useful in memorizing SG mission reports and earth culture. The Kelownans are experimenting with naqahdriah (an unstable but extremely powerful native element related to naqahdah) to build a bomb against their two rival nations, Terrania and the Andari Federation. Jonas is present when SG-1 team member Daniel Jackson gets radiation-poisoned with naqahdriah in an attempt to prevent a catastrophe in Kelowna, but when the Kelownan leaders respond with indifference to Daniel's imminent death and glee with regards to the destructive power of the naqahdriah, Jonas steals a small amount of naqahdriah and offers it to Earth for more peaceful uses. Still wracked by guilt in the season 6 premiere "Redemption" over his hesitation to step in, Jonas helps Major Samantha Carter find a solution to save Earth from an attack by the Goa'uld Anubis. Although Colonel Jack O'Neill is reluctant to add a new fourth member to SG-1, he allows Jonas to join the team, partly to prevent a Russian from being assigned.

After several missions with SG-1, Jonas is confronted with his past in "Shadow Play" and learns more of the effects of naqahdriah on people. In "Metamorphosis", the Goa'uld Nirrti learns via an Ancient DNA Resequencer that Jonas is different from other humans, but she is killed before this is further investigated. In "Prophecy", Nirrti's experiments cause clairvoyant visions in Jonas, and the doctors remove a potentially lethal tumor from his brain. After SG-1 finds the de-ascended Daniel on another planet in the season 7 premiere "Fallen"/"Homecoming", Jonas and Daniel join forces and succeed in driving Anubis away from Kelowna. The three Langaran nations agree to meet for peace talks for the greater good of the planet, and Jonas decides to become a peace negotiator for his people. While Jonas returns to his planet, Daniel rejoins SG-1. Jonas last appears in season 7's "Fallout" to ask Earth for help saving his homeworld from the destructive powers of naqahdriah in the planet's core. Season 10's "Counterstrike" mentions that the Ori conquered Langara, Jonas's homeworld. Langara's story arc is resumed in Stargate Universe's "Seizure", where Earth eventually agrees to protect Langara from the Lucian Alliance, while the Langarans remove the Stargate from their facility.

Characterization and relationships
After Daniel's death and Jonas' subsequent move to Earth, Major Carter is the SG-1 team member around whom Jonas Quinn feels most comfortable. Nevertheless, Amanda Tapping (Carter) felt that "there is a hesitancy on [Carter]'s part to be too familiar with Jonas [or] make this big emotional investment" in him because he is not Daniel. Jonas hopes that Carter and the alien SG-1 member Teal'c can persuade Colonel O'Neill to give him a chance to prove himself worthy of a place on the SG-1 team, but according to Richard Dean Anderson (O'Neill), "O'Neill feels that Jonas is directly responsible for the demise or at least the damaging of Daniel Jackson [and thus] harbors some resentment towards Jonas". Although O'Neill is suspicious of aliens in general (except of Teal'c), O'Neill begins to accept Jonas at the end of "Redemption" yet finds it hard to ever significantly warm up to Jonas, something which Nemec felt "makes things much more interesting". Tapping added that Jonas inadvertently brings the three remaining SG-1 members closer together again. Jonas's "easy-going nature" later helps him to also establish relationships with the supporting characters Dr. Janet Fraiser and General George Hammond, whom Nemec regarded "very much [as] a father figure in Jonas's eyes".

Conceptual history
When actor Michael Shanks (Daniel Jackson) announced his decision to leave Stargate SG-1 at the end of season 5 for concerns over being under-utilized, the Sci Fi Channel wanted to fill the void with a new character for season 6. Corin Nemec happened to be at the courtyard of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Santa Monica offices rehearsing audition dialog for an independent film when some casting agents recognized him from previous projects. They briefly mentioned Stargate SG-1 to him and informed Nemec's manager of their strong interest in him the same afternoon. Although Nemec was familiar with the Stargate film, he had never watched the television show and was sent videotapes to familiarize himself with the series. Nemec was cast for the penultimate season 5 episode "Meridian" after several more meetings, but both sides agreed to await the character's look on film before deciding on a long-term involvement.

Producer Brad Wright announced in September 2001 that an actor had been cast and that the new character would be someone whom fans would recognize. An MGM Sci-Fi newsletter revealed Corin Nemec to play the role of Liander [sic] Quinn in "Meridian" in November 2001, fueling fan speculation of the identity of the new character. Soon afterwards, producer Joseph Mallozzi revealed that Nemec's character appears in the first five episodes of season 6. Meanwhile, Nemec started to work out six days a week in-between seasons and gained about 25 lb to look bigger around the tall SG-1 cast.

Mallozzi stated before the airing of season 6 that "Jonas will bring a unique alien perspective and ability to the team [that] will allow him to contribute in areas of expertise usually owned by [Carter] and Daniel." Brad Wright hoped that "what Corin, as Jonas, will bring to the show is a renewed sense of amazement" of traveling around the galaxy although older characters have grown accustomed to it. The season 6 opening two-parter "Redemption" intended to establish Jonas as a team player who can contribute ideas, although writer Robert C. Cooper felt the need to acknowledge and not "trivialize what the [Daniel Jackson] character meant to the team and to the show for five seasons". The writers incorporated the initial viewer resistance to the change by making O'Neill the most resistant to Jonas' presence, allowing viewers to grieve Daniel and gradually come to terms with his absence. The producers based Jonas' motivation to join SG-1 on his former reluctance to shut off the machine that indirectly killed Daniel, and his feelings of responsibility for Daniel's death. Jonas was slowly integrated into the story in a prolonged transition stage over the first half of season 6.

Nemec was open to continue playing Jonas Quinn after season 6 or in a feature film or a spin-off series, but a new contract was reached with Michael Shanks for Daniel to return in season 7. The role of Jonas was therefore reduced to recurring status in season 7. Nemec welcomed the producers' openness for story pitches and offered several story ideas. He wrote the mid-season-7 episode "Fallout" and considered pitching more stories afterwards, but he became busy with other projects. Jonas is seldom mentioned in the series after this point but after Season 10's "Counterstrike" stated that the Ori conquered Jonas' homeworld, Stargate producer Joseph Mallozzi said in his blog that "in [his] mind, Jonas went underground and is still alive somewhere, resisting the Ori army."

Reception
The audience reception of Jonas Quinn was sparked with controversy over Michael Shanks' departure from the show. When rumors began late in 2001 that Showtime would also not be renewing Stargate SG-1 after its fifth season, panicking fans rallied to save the show and Daniel's character, starting massive write-in campaigns and setting up websites such as the "Save Daniel Jackson" site. The SciFi Channel eventually ordered a sixth season of the show, but the character of Jonas continued to be distrusted by loyal fans, who were concerned that Daniel's death might cause the SG-1 team to lose its moral compass. Robert C. Cooper summarized that "there's been quite a bit of ire directed by fans towards Daniel's replacement" after the airing of "Meridian", but he hoped that the character would grow on fans eventually. Producer Joseph Mallozzi claimed at the beginning of season 6 to still get the "odd incoherent rambling death threat passed along to me from the [Save Daniel Jackson] site".

Amanda Tapping admitted that it had been easier to establish relationships with her co-stars at the beginning of the series, comparing Nemec's situation to "being the new kid in school; we're still trying to make [Corin] comfortable, but it's not the same". Nevertheless, the Stargate SG-1 actors and producers complimented Corin Nemec and the character. Richard Dean Anderson was impressed with Nemec's performance in "Meridian", saying "he really struck me as a bright guy, very respectful of the dynamic of the set, but with an awareness of what he wanted to bring." Don S. Davis (General Hammond) noted during the filming of season 6 that "Corin is a wonderful [and well-liked] young man with a tremendous personality and he's had a great deal of experience in the business", agreeing with writer Robert C. Cooper that Nemec had done a "fine" and "wonderful" job.

TV Zone's Jan Vincent-Rudzki expected Jonas to be "pushed out of the way" in season 7's "Fallen"/"Homecoming", but considered the character's departure as "keeping with previous events" and "quite plausible". The writers' decision to team up Jonas with Daniel for a significant part of the two-part episode "gives credence to Jonas's exit", although "it's a great shame that this new 'partnership' couldn't have continued" since "the two [characters] worked so well together". Nemec stated in a 2008 interview that "the initial backlash from a very small core, outspoken group of the fandom had a bit of a volatile reaction to it, which is totally natural... I'd say 95-plus percent of the fan base grew to like the character and accepted the character overall. Especially by the time season 6 ended, I think people were pretty much, 'Eh, OK — I'm cool with that.' For the most part."

title: Jonas Quinn


text:
Karlova Koruna Chateau

Karlova Koruna (Karlskrone) is a château in the town of Chlumec nad Cidlinou in the Czech Republic.

History
The château was built for František Ferdinand Kinský in 1721–23. Construction was completed in time for King Charles VI's coronation. František Ferdinand Kinský invited the king to the château and named the castle after the king (Karlova Koruna means Charles' crown in English). Originally, there was a stronghold as nobleman seat in Chlumec nad Cidlinou town, and the first mention in a source-books is from 1424 when the stronghold was conquered by the warrior Boček of Poděbrady. In the beginning of the 16th century a new renaissance fortification was built. The Kinský family obtained this property in the beginning of the 17th century and kept it till 1948. It was returned to the family after 1990. The High Chancellor of Bohemian Kingdom count František Ferdinand Kinský (1668 – 1741) decided to convert the building into a folly corresponding to the reputation of his noble family. Some of the best architects and master builders of that times – Jan Blažej Santini-Aichel and František Maxmilián Kaňka – were engaged to create this work of art. As a dedication, this new pleasure house was named after emperor Karel VI. who visited Chlumec in September 1723 while returning from his coronation in Prague. In the middle of the 17th century the Kinský family began to use this folly more often. That is why the property was enlarged – detached administrative and accommodation wings were newly built. The hyppodrome, where the Chlumec peasants of well-known uprising were imprisoned in 1775, also grew up in this time.

Architecture
The basic architectural design was drafted by Santini-Aichel. The details and participation in the building process can be attributed to Kaňka. The manor's design reveals one of the most noteworthy manor dispositions created in the Czech lands. The central high cylindrical body of the building is occupied by a three storied main hall to which 3 wings are connected. Due to this the manor does not need passages and its external appearance changes as the observer walks around it. The architecture of the chateau reflects the charisma and unique craft of Santini-Aichel and Kaňka. This is best demonstrated on a horizontal projection – three cubes are projecting from surmounting central cylinder. All views of the chateau are similar – opening wings extend from high central mass. The whole building is decorated by a light bossage, a simple string course, a weathering and a cornice. There are also soprafenstras. Three layered gables (one on each side) are above the cornice. Due to this combination of dynamical design and modest decoration is Karlova Koruna chateau considered to be one of the best Santini-Aichl's structure.

The stately staircase is situated on the north side. It is half-covered in buttress and leads into the first floor. In a ground-floor, the main central space is conceived as a sala terrena divided by six columns. The ceremonial Marble hall lined with Ionian demi-columns and gallery occupies the first and the second floor of the building. From this central cylinder the three lower wings run out. In these three square-shaped parts dwelling spaces, receiving rooms, parlours and cabinets are situated.

Every wing has its own mansard. The mansard of the central part is constructed as a cone and octahedral spire.

Inspirations
According to Mojmír Horyna the building was designed as a „radius centrally planned building“, the type Santini-Aichel had applied to sacral buildings in Panenské Břežany, Ostrov u Stříbra and Zelená Hora, and now newly used to create profane building. Santini-Aichel was probably influenced by Gian Lorenzo Bernini's studies of using centrally planned building for designing profane architecture. The influence of Austrian architect Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach is also clear.

Reconstructions
In the last years of the 19th century the chateau was rebuilt. Between 1908 – 1909 outbuildings were reconstructed according to the plans of Friedrich Ohmann. Master builder Josef Blecha jr. and architect Ludvík Lábler carried out another great re-adjustment between 1927 – 1928. After a fire in 1943 the chateau was repaired by SÚRPMO office in 1967. After 1990 the property was restituted to the Kinský family.

Surroundings
The Karlova Koruna chateau, situated on the top of small hill, was created as point de vue of the neighbouring park. Many remarkable species grow there – e.g. European black pine (Pinus nigra) or Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna). Santini-Aichel also designed nearby chapel of Saint John the Baptist (earlier The chapel of Annunciation). This hexagonal-shaped building used to serve as a family sepulchre. In early 19th century orangery designed by Kinský's master builder Heinrich Koch in Empire style was built.

Famous visitors
Among famous guests there were many European monarchs. The Emperor Karel VI. – visited the place twice (in 1723 and in 1732), king Friedrich II of Prussia (who shortly occupied Chlumec in 1742), the Empress Maria Theresa (in 1743).

Exposition
Original exposition Baroque in Bohemia was replaced with interior exposition that shows the history of the Kinsky lineage and the history of Kinsky horse breeding.

title: Karlova Koruna Chateau


text:
User:Tfotherby

Tom Fotherby is a Brit living in Reading and working as a Junior Software Engineer at Amadeus Services Limited.

 * See www.tomfotherby.com for homepage.

title: User:Tfotherby


text:
Category talk:Palestinian people

Untitled
The subsection 'Palestinian terrorists' has the most entries (currently 19) as opposed to all other subsections.

Does it say something about Palestinian people? Wow, Palestinians as the nation most famous for its terrorist murderes.

 * True, but it's impolitic to point it out

 * False: it just says everything about Wikipedia..Sigh. -- And why isn´t Edward Said here?? Huldra 21:47, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Palestinian people


text:
Talk:Absorption law

Categories
Does this page really belong in both the Algebra and Abstract algebra categories? Especially when it belongs to the Boolean algebra category which in turn belongs to both of the above categories? I'm all for a certain amount of well-judged redundancy in category inclusions, but this seems to wildly stretch the line. Charles Stewart 09:06, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I've cut out 'algebra'. Charles Matthews 10:28, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Good edit; I've spiced up the relation to various logics a bit. Charles Stewart 11:18, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I've rewritten this entry to meet my standard of clarity and usage. I am not qualified to judge the content of the last paragraph, because nonclassical logic is not my forte. What I've written is my best guess as to what was intended. I invite others to edit and correct what I wrote.132.181.160.42 05:07, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Commutativity
Should we specify that the operations must be commutative, or that this is a 'left absorption law'? 152.1.137.158 (talk) 15:27, 24 April 2018 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 03:42, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

In set theory
$$A \cup (A \cap B) = A$$ $$A \cap (A \cup B) = A$$ Proof: $$ \begin{align} &A \cup (A \cap B) \\ &= (A \cap U) \cup (A \cap B) \\ &= A \cap (U \cup B) \\ &= A \cap U \\ &= A \end{align} $$ $$ \begin{align} &A \cap (A \cup B) \\ &= (A \cup \phi) \cap (A \cup B) \\ &= A \cup (\phi \cap B) \\ &= A \cup \phi \\ &= A \end{align} $$ Note: Proving $$A \cup (A \cap B) = A$$ implies $$A \cap (A \cup B) = A$$ and vice verse as a result of the distributive property. Shubhrajit Sadhukhan (talk) 11:25, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes, as the article already says, the sets with union and intersection form a lattice and therefore obey the absorption law. --Macrakis (talk) 19:02, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Absorption law


text:
Gidea Park railway station

Gidea Park railway station is on the Great Eastern Main Line, serving the neighbourhood of Gidea Park in Romford, located in the London Borough of Havering, east London. It is 13 mi down the line from London Liverpool Street and is situated between Romford and Harold Wood. Its three-letter station code is GDP and it is in Travelcard zone 6. The station is managed and served by the Elizabeth line.

History
The station, constructed in a cutting, was opened as Squirrels Heath & Gidea Park  on 1 December 1910 by the Great Eastern Railway on that company's main line out of London Liverpool Street. The station consisted of two island platforms with access via a footbridge, giving four platform faces despite the line being of two tracks beyond the station environs. The station signal box was elevated on a set of girders spanning the two central tracks, and there was a goods shed and coal staithes at the country end of the station on the south side of the line controlled by an additional signal box. Immediately beyond the goods facilities was the building known as the "Romford Factory" which had been the original locomotive works for the Eastern Counties Railway from 1843 until the opening of Stratford Works in 1847, and remained in use by the railway working on the manufacture and repair of canvas wagon sheets. The line through Romford and Gidea Park as far as Shenfield was quadrupled in 1930 to provide increased capacity and additional carriage sidings were added on the north side of the line opposite the goods facilities as part of these works. The order of words in the station name was switched to Gidea Park & Squirrels Heath in late 1913 and the "Squirrels Heath" suffix was dropped by British Rail in February 1969.

Accidents and incidents
On 2 January 1947, in darkness and dense fog, an express train from London to Peterborough, hauled by LNER Class B17 4-6-0 No. 1602 Walsingham, passed a signal at danger and collided with a stopping service bound for Southend Victoria as it started to depart from Gidea Park on the country-bound main line. The Peterborough train was travelling at an estimated 30 to 35 mph on impact, which destroyed the rear three coaches of the Southend train. Seven people were killed in the crash and 45 were hospitalised. Two of the four lines through the station were reopened within two hours, and the other two followed the next day.

Elizabeth line
In 2017, new trains began entering service as Crossrail partially opened under the TfL Rail brand. The platforms at Gidea Park were extended from their current length of 184 m to accommodate the new Crossrail trains which are over 200 m long once extended to nine carriages. New lifts, signage, help points, customer information screens and CCTV were installed and the footbridge and carriage-sidings refurbished. Elizabeth line services began on 24 May 2022 and through services to Paddington commenced on 6 November 2022.

Design
The station has step-free access to all platforms and is accessibility classification category A.

Services
All services at Gidea Park are operated by the Elizabeth line using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 8 tph to London Paddington of which 2 continue to Heathrow Terminal 5
 * 8 tph to Shenfield

During the peak hours, the station is served by a number of additional services to and from London Liverpool Street that start and terminate at Gidea Park. These services do not call at Whitechapel.

On Sundays, the service to and from Shenfield is reduced to 4 tph, with alternating services starting and terminating at Gidea Park.

Connections
London Buses routes 294, 496 and school routes 649, 650 and 674 serve the station.

title: Gidea Park railway station