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Talk:Kim Pyong Il

Vfd
Kim Pyong-il was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP

Even if this is true, there is nothing established in this substub indicating that we need an article about this person. RickK 06:31, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * It is true, although 183 hits in Google is a pathetic return for a political figure. Delete. Mandel 07:53, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Kim Jong-il; maybe include a small subheading close to the relevant info in that article so the redirect can take you right to it. Securiger 08:09, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC) OK, it's much improved; change my vote to keep. Securiger 09:48, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into Kim Jong-il and Delete (already mentioned in Kim Il-sung). Gazpacho 07:21, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Possibly notable, but article does not establish notability. Gamaliel 18:38, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Change vote to keep based on updates to article. Gamaliel 20:44, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: No real need to redirect, unless anyone can think of something the guy has done that would make him a search target.  Geogre 21:04, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep now, but it could use a little copy editing. Geogre 17:25, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a family tree. --Improv 01:18, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or possibly redirect to Kim Il-sung, this isn't just any family.  — siro  χ  o  03:47, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * I have added more content to try to beef up the article. Keep. WhisperToMe 06:38, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The first version was not worth it, but after last users' edits, the article surely is good enough for Wikipedia. Gerritholl 13:46, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mark Richards 17:37, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The rewrite shows that it's worth having an article on him. Certainly notable enough for Wikipedia. jguk 21:03, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Important figure in East Asian politics.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:38, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep member of ruling family and a North Korean diplomat. AndyL 10:20, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. A satisfactory record of political pawnsmanship. Denni ☯ 00:28, 2004 Oct 15 (UTC)
 * Keep. A figure important enough and possible future heir. Lev 19:53, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

End archived discussion -- Graham ☺ | Talk 02:15, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Birthdate
When was the current Kim Pyong-il born? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.72.113.114 (talk) 21:45, 16 February 2005 (UTC)

Added image
The Korean Friendship Association has added an image of Kim Pyong Il but does not endorse the text in any way as per revision of --Bjornar 19:03, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Political Party
As he's a diplomat, and a member of the ruling Kim family from North Korea, it would be safe to assume that he's a member of the Korean Worker's Party. The other parties exist in name only, and due to Songbun issues arising from a person belonging to a different party than the KWP, it is reasonable to believe that none of the other two legal parties are involved in North Korean Foreign Policy or Diplomatic representation. I have no idea how one would verify this without conducting Original Research though. 184.90.127.191 (talk) 06:58, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Kim Pyong Il


text:
Knut Ångström

Knut Johan Ångström (12 January 1857 – 4 March 1910) was a Swedish physicist. He was the son of physicist Anders Jonas Ångström and studied in Uppsala from 1877 to 1884, when he received his licentiat-degree, before going for a short time to the University of Strassburg (Strasbourg) to study with August Kundt. Coming back to Uppsala, he completed his doctoral degree and was appointed lecturer in physics at the new university college in Stockholm (now Stockholm University) in 1885. After a few years working there, he returned to Uppsala in 1891 and received the professorship of Physics in 1896.

He focused his research work on investigating the radiation of heat from the sun, terrestrial nocturnal emission and its absorption by the Earth's atmosphere, and to that end devised various delicate methods and instruments, including his electric compensation pyrheliometer, invented in 1893, apparatus for obtaining a photographic representation of the infra-red spectrum (1895) and pyrgeometer (abt. 1905).

In 1900, Herr J. Koch, laboratory assistant to Knut Ångström, did not observe any appreciable change in the absorption of infrared radiation by decreasing the concentration of  up to a third of the initial amount. This result, in addition to the observation made a couple of years before that the superposition of the water vapour absorption bands, more abundant in the atmosphere, over those of CO2, convinced some geologists for a time that calculations by Svante Arrhenius for  warming were wrong; though subsequent work in following decades eventually vindicated Arrhenius.

The experiment, however, was careless seen from the current perspective with erroneous result but of a historical significance in the development of the theory of the greenhouse effect amplified by CO2.

He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1893.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Knut Ångström


text:
Talk:Angström (crater)

Untitled
I will move this to Ångström (crater) and make an additional redirect on Angstrom (crater), which is probably a more obvious option for diacritically challenged non-Swedes than the present semi-Swedish title. //u◦p◦p◦l◦a◦n◦d 06:33, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Angström (crater)


text:
Category talk:Taiwan

Tawiwan
For those who list Category:Taiwan as a sub-category of Category:China, there is a guide on how to correctly name Chinese related articles. Those standards should be followed to provide a uniform title format. Please notice the political NPOV. Thanks.--61.30.127.4 06:35, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

what/where?
what should belong in this category versus what should belong in the Category:Republic of China? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hmains (talk • contribs) 04:39, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Cleanup is needed, but where is the plan. Right now, one editor changes the organization one way and another changes it another way--all with no WP agreed upon direction Hmains (talk) 18:23, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

 * There is no plan and there never will be. The Wikipedia naming convention (such as it is) exists because an editor with excessive sensitivities to the historical claims of the Republic of China was there when it was being decided, in short, an historical accident.

 * Every so often a new user will come along and complain that the organization makes no sense, and they are perfectly correct. Even the user responsible (who has been banned but keeps coming back with socks) never completed whatever plan he actually had in mind.

 * When the topic is brought up for discussion, the best thing that happens is that it gets ignored (as happened to you), the worst thing is that pages and hours are wasted in a discussion that always results in no consensus. This is an example where the Wikipedia emphasis on consensus is an absolute failure; the larger the community the more difficult it is to achieve consensus; major changes to the status quo are impossible.

 * Have fun in hell. --Catch you (talk) 22:18, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

China/Taiwan
Since there is "one China" (in both Taipei and Beijing), and the are PROC categories and ROC categories, it is very weird that Taiwan is not listed as a province of China, since there are two gov'ts but one China. Since ROC has more than one province under its nominal control, it's also weird that it's a subcategory. since ROC is a subcategory of China, it's weird that Taiwan can't be found in the same category tree. 70.55.84.13 (talk) 13:43, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Taiwan "island"?
Why does the note limit this category to the main island? "Taiwan" is also the name of other things such as
 * A province of the ROC.
 * A country (not in the sense of a sovereign state, but in the sense of a region with mostly common culture and identity)
 * A region consisting of the main island and other islands.
 * A common name for a state (the ROC)

I can see leaving out the use of Taiwan as the common name for the ROC and just using the ROC instead, but what about the others? If an article about something related to Taiwan applies to more than just the main island, it can't be included in this category? That makes no sense. Readin (talk) 22:20, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Taiwan is an island. It is claimed by two states, ROC and PRC. No state in the world currently disputes that Taiwan is part of China. It is a common name for the ROC, true, but due to the diplomatic/political minefield here we have to use more correct terms (ROC) than common names (Taiwan). There is a strong tendency in Taiwan and within ROC politics to seek declaring Taiwan as a separate country, but that is analogous to Catalonia and Euskal Herria. --Soman (talk) 06:03, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Taiwan is an island, but it is also more than that. It is a country (in the sense that Ireland was a country in the 1800s, or that Transylvania is a country. When speaking of Tawian, people include other islands like Turtle Island, Green Island, etc. Readin (talk) 15:35, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

 * It is important to note the claim that Taiwan is a country is disputed, even in the sense Readin is referring to. Wikipedia accordingly cannot neutrally assert this POV without qualification. I agree with points 1, 3 and 4 of Readin's statements above.
 * There is a strong tendency in Taiwan and within ROC politics to seek declaring Taiwan as a separate country This is not accurate. All current opinion polls show that the majority of Taiwanese prefer the status quo.--pyl (talk) 02:02, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Of course, the meaning of "status quo" is disputed. Declaring that Taiwan is a separate country doesn't necessarily imply changing the status quo if all you're doing is openly stating existing fact that Taiwan is a separate region with common culture an identity.  The politics are disputed, however the overwhelming majority of Taiwanese who call themselves "Taiwanese" (with a significant portion of them saying they are both "Taiwanese" and "Chinese" indicate a recognition that Taiwan is more than just an island.  People from islands don't refer to themselves by just the island name unless they recognize that the island is part of their identity as opposed to something larger or smaller.  People from Maui, for example, call themselves "Hawaiian" (and "American", not "Mauian".  Haitians call themselves "Haitian", not "Hispanolan".  If Taiwan were just an island, it wouldn't be recognized as an identifying feature of the people.  It cannot be denied Taiwan is a region with mostly common culture, identity, and history. Readin (talk) 02:32, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Taiwan


text:
Volvo Super Olympian

The Volvo Super Olympian was a low-floor double-decker bus manufactured by Volvo. It replaced the 3-axle version of Volvo Olympian. The chassis had the designated manufacturer code B10TL.

History
The Volvo Super Olympian was unveiled in 1998, with one chassis being sent to Hong Kong for a motor show held by International Union of Public Transport in the same year. The chassis was later returned to the United Kingdom.

Chassis design
The Super Olympian chassis was based on the Volvo Olympian. The front radiator was moved behind the front axle on the 12 metre version, or in front of the second axle for the 10.6 metre version (due to its shorter wheelbase). In order to lower the chassis further, the assisted steering function of the middle axle was cancelled. The suspension system has also been largely modified so that it is electronically controlled instead of moving passively. One special feature is that after turning, the suspension unit does not return to normal, remaining tilted to either the left or right, until the bus becomes stationary.

An option for 11.3 metre length of Super Olympian was also available, but no orders were received. The Super Olympian was powered by the Volvo D10A285 (Euro II or Euro III), with a maximum power of 285 hp. Its somewhat insufficient engine power has earned some mildly derisive nicknames in Hong Kong. The most common are "豬" (pig), "扒" (meat cutlet) and "豬扒" (pork chop, derived from the pronunciation of the word "Super").

Initially, the Super Olympian chassis were built in Volvo's factory in Irvine, Scotland. After the closure of the factory in mid-2000, production was moved to Wrocław, Poland.

12m version
Kowloon Motor Bus ordered the first batch of 61 (3ASV1-61) Alexander ALX500-bodied B10TL Super Olympians with ZF 4HP590 transmission, and roller shuttle route displays in 1998. These entered service in 1998/99. All except the prototype 3ASV3 had narrow 2+2 seats on the upper deck. All Super Olympians with plastic signs were retired in November 2017.

A further 80 Super Olympians (3ASV62-141) entered service in 2000/01. These buses have electronic route displays and ZF 5HP590 transmission. 3ASV78 was the 3,000th Alexander bodied bus supplied to KMB, and 3ASV141 was the first KMB bus to meet Euro III emission standards.

The last 351 Super Olympians (3ASV142-492), including 21 which were fitted with Australian Volgren CR223LD bodywork, entered service in 2001/02. All of these buses had their chassis built in Poland. Their D10A285 engines were built to meet Euro III emission standards and had aluminium alloy front wheels supplied by Alcoa. 3ASV297 was coated with special metallic paint, which shows different colours (mainly green and purple), depending on the angle of light reflection. The last Volgren-bodied Super Olympian (3ASV474) was retired on 11 November 2020, while the last Alexander ALX500-bodied Super Olympian (3ASV492) was retired on 19 December 2020.

10.6m version
Kowloon Motor Bus was the only operator of 10.6 metre Super Olympians. The first 49 (ASV1-49) 10.6m Alexander ALX500 bodied Super Olympians were introduced in 2001. They are equipped with D10A285 Euro II engines and had Alcoa front wheels.

ASV50, which was put into service in 2002, is a prototype short-wheelbase Super Olympian (chassis built in 1999), and also the only short-wheelbase Super Olympian built in Scotland. It is equipped with a Euro II D10A285 engine and ZF 4HP590 transmission rather than the previous 5HP590 as fitted to older ASVs.

ASV51-100 were also equipped with the Euro III D10A285 engines. They are almost identical with ASV1-49, except for minor interior differences. Only the first 24 were put into service in 2003. The remaining 26 were stored for more than a year due to SARS, and the 26 were put into service between September 2004 and March 2005.

The last 10.6 metre Super Olympian and Alexander ALX500 (ASV100) was retired on 8 March 2023, which means that there are no more 10.6 metre Super Olympians and Alexander ALX500s in Hong Kong.

12m wider version
In January 2003, Kowloon Motor Bus received the first Wright-bodied Super Olympian with a 2.55 metre-wide body (once known as the Wright Explorer). Like the Alexander Dennis Enviro500, it featured a straight staircase and plug exit door. It was numbered AVW1 and was registered on 20 March 2003.

The next 49 buses (AVW2-50) with a slightly different design followed shortly after AVW1, they entered service in 2003/04. The last 50 buses (AVW51-100), which are almost identical, entered service in 2004/05, These were the last batch of Volvo Super Olympian ordered by KMB. The last Super Olympian (AVW92) was retired on 31 July 2023, which means that there are no more Volvo Super Olympians in Hong Kong.

New World First Bus
New World First Bus bought 103 Super Olympians in five batches, all are 12 metres long and were fitted with Alexander ALX500 bodies.

The first 40 (5001-5040), fitted with electronic route displays, were introduced in 1999. The next 20 (5041-5060), with their side route number boxes moved to a lower position, entered service in 2000/01. The chassis of 5060 was the first to be built in Poland. New World First Bus began de-registering the buses on 21 November 2017.

The next 19 Super Olympians (5061-5079), with Euro III D10A285 engines and Alcoa front wheels, entered service in 2001. To mark the occasion of meeting the Euro III emission standard, New World First Bus designed a full body advertisement for one of them (fleet number 5070) to state that they were environmentally friendly. They were followed by 10 similar examples (5080-5089) later that year. Among these buses, 5080-5086 had their registration numbers originated from ex China Motor Bus buses and service cars.

The last batch of 14 Super Olympians (5090-5103), entered service in 2002, had their rear electronic route number displays raised above the emergency window to form a box, the design being unique among all similar vehicles in Hong Kong. These were all withdrawn and were either sold to Citybus, converted to a training bus or headed to the scrapyard.

The last three buses in the fleet (5072, 5076, 5079) had been retired on 27 August 2019. These were the last buses to have no headrest in franchised service.

Singapore
In late 1999, Volvo delivered one Volgren CR222LD-bodied Super Olympian to the then Singapore Bus Service for trial purposes. It was Singapore's first low floor "Superbus", and had advanced specifications at time of introduction. Originally deployed on routes serving the then new Sengkang New Town, it was transferred to Ang Mo Kio bus depot in 2004. This bus was burnt in a depot fire in 2010, and was subsequently written off.

Satisfied with the trial, SBS purchased 51 Volvo Super Olympians in 2000. These buses were the last to be ordered by SBS prior to their rebranding to SBS Transit. 50 were bodied with an updated Volgren CR222LD bodywork, with one entering service in April 2002 and the remaining buses entering service in early 2003. They were also the first buses to be registered with the new SBS Transit livery. One bus was built completely by Volgren in Australia, and hence equipped with a Transit Media electronic destination signage (EDS). The rest, which were assembled locally, debuted with plastic destination signages initially and were retrofitted with LECIP electronic destination displays in 2012. All buses of this batch had served out of Ang Mo Kio, Toa Payoh and Bedok North depots throughout their lifespan. While most units have since been scrapped between April and June 2020, two units are currently preserved. One unit has been exported to Hong Kong for preservation, while the other unit is currently preserved and repurposed at a special education school in Singapore.

In early 2005, the last Volvo Super Olympian, debuted with a prototype ComfortDelGro Engineering (CDGE) bodywork, which later form the basis of the subsequent first batch of Volvo B9TLs debuting in the following year. Originally deployed to Bukit Batok depot, it was transferred to Toa Payoh depot in 2012, where it was refurbished with yellow seats and its original Transit Media EDS replaced with a LECIP EDS. It is also the last non-wheelchair accessible bus in Singapore. It was taken out of revenue service at the end of 2020, and scrapped together with 33 Volvo B9TL double deckers between April and June 2021 due to poor quality and performance.

Replacement
Production of the Volvo Super Olympian ended in 2004 and 2005 after completion of the last order from Kowloon Motor Bus and SBS Transit. Its successor was the Volvo B9TL.

title: Volvo Super Olympian


text:
Mount Ida (Turkey)

Mount Ida (Kazdağı, pronounced, meaning "Goose Mountain", Kaz Dağları, or Karataş Tepesi, Greek: Ίδα) is a mountain in northwestern Turkey, some 20 mi southeast of the ruins of Troy, along the north coast of the Edremit Gulf. It is between Balıkesir Province and Çanakkale Province.

Geography
Mount Ida is a lightly populated upland massif of about 700 km2 located to the north of Edremit. A number of small villages in the region are connected by paths. Drainage is mainly to the south, into the, also known as Edremit Bay, where the coast is rugged and is known as "the Olive Riviera." However, the Karamenderes River (the ancient Scamander) flows from the other side of Mount Ida to the west. Its valley under Kaz Dağları has been called "the Vale of Troy" by English speakers. Currently a modest 2.4 km2 of Mount Ida are protected by Kaz Dağı National Park, created in 1993.

The summit is windswept and bare with a relatively low tree line due to exposure, but the slopes of this mountain, at the edge of mild Mediterranean and colder central Anatolian climate zones, hold a wealth of endemic flora, marooned here after the Ice Age. The climate at lower altitudes has become increasingly hot and dry in the deforested landscape. The dry period lasts from May to October. Rainfall averages between 631 and 733 mm per year. The mean annual temperature is 15.7 degrees Celsius, with diurnal temperatures as high as 43.7 degrees Celsius in Edremit. The forests on the upper slopes consist mainly of Trojan fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani; considered by some botanists to be a distinct species Abies equi-trojani). Deer, wild boar and jackal are common at the area. Wolves, lynx, brown bears and big cats once roamed there, but now disappeared from the mountains due to overhunting.

Cybele
In ancient times of the Greeks, the mountain was dedicated to the worship of Cybele. The Romans gave this goddess the epithet Magna Mater ("Great Mother"), or Magna Mater deorum Idaea ("great Idaean mother of the gods").

Sibylline books
The oldest collection of Sibylline utterances, the Sibylline Books, appears to have been made about the time of Cyrus at Gergis on Mount Ida; it was attributed to the Hellespontine Sibyl and was preserved in the temple of Apollo at Gergis. From Gergis the collection passed to Erythrae, where it became famous as the oracles of the Erythraean Sibyl. It seems to have been this very collection, or so it would appear, which found its way to Cumae (see the Cumaean Sibyl) and from Cumae to Rome.

Mythology
Mount Ida owes much of its fame to the work of the poet Homer, gaining renown from having been mentioned in his epic poem the Iliad. It is the setting for numerous episodes in Ancient Greek myth. For example, in the Iliad, Mount Ida plays an essential role for the lives of Trojans in the city of Troy. Part of Troy's water source came from the rivers along Mount Ida, while the city uses the mountain to collect wood as well. Trojans also used the peaks on Mount Ida for religious purposes, while in the Iliad, Zeus stayed on the peak at Gargarus on Mount Ida for a period of time in the poem.

Idaea
Idaea was a nymph, mate of the river god Scamander, and mother of King Teucer the Trojan king. The Scamander River flowed from Mount Ida across the plain beneath the city of Troy, and joined the Hellespont north of the city.

Ganymede
At an earlier time, on Mount Ida, Ganymede, the son of Tros or perhaps of Laomedon, both kings of Troy, was desired by Zeus, who descended in the form of an eagle and swept up Ganymede, to be cupbearer to the Olympian gods.

Hermaphroditus
In The Metamorphoses, Ovid writes that Hermaphroditus, the child of Hermes and Aphrodite, was taken after birth to be raised for fifteen years by the Naids of Mount Ida.

Paris
On the sacred mountain, the nymphs who were the daughter-spirits of the river Cebrenus, had their haunt, and one, Oenone, who had the chthonic gifts of prophetic vision and the curative powers of herb magic, wed Paris, living as a shepherd on Mount Ida. Unbeknownst to all, even to himself, Paris was the son of Priam, king of Troy. He was there on Mount Ida, experiencing the rustic education in exile of many heroes of Greek mythology, for his disastrous future effect on Troy was foretold at his birth, and Priam had him exposed on the sacred slopes. When the good shepherd who was entrusted with the baby returned to bury the exposed child, he discovered that he had been suckled by a she-bear (a totem animal of the archaic goddess Artemis) and took the child home to be foster-nursed by his wife.

When Eris ("discord") cast the Apple of Discord, inscribed "for the fairest", into the wedding festivities of Peleus with Thetis, three great goddesses repaired to Mount Ida to be appraised. By a sacred spring on the mountainside, in "the Judgment of Paris", the grown youth Paris awarded it to Aphrodite, who offered Helen for a bribe, earning the perpetual enmity of the discredited goddesses Hera and Athena to the Trojan cause (Bibliotheca 3.12.5).

Anchises
Anchises, father of Aeneas, also of the Trojan royal house, was tending sheep on Mount Ida when he was seduced by Aphrodite. Their union led to the birth of Aeneas, the mythological progenitor of Rome's Julio-Claudian dynasty and a founder of Rome.

Trojan War
The mountain is the scene of several mythic events in the works of Homer. At its summit, the Olympian gods gathered to watch the progress of the epic fight. But the mountain was the sacred place of the Goddess, and Hera's powers were so magnified on Mount Ida, that she was able to distract Zeus with her seductions, just long enough to permit Poseidon to intercede on behalf of the Argives to drive Hektor and the Trojans back from the ships.

During the Trojan War, in an episode recorded in Epitome of the fourth book of the Bibliotheca, Achilles with some of the Achaean chiefs laid waste the countryside, and made his way to Ida to rustle the cattle of Aeneas. But Aeneas fled, and Achilles killed the cowherds and Mestor, son of Priam, and drove away the sacred kine (Epitome 3.32). Achilles briefly refers to this incident as he prepares to duel with Aeneas during the siege of Troy. (Iliad XX)

After the Trojan War, the only surviving son of Priam, Helenus, retired to Mount Ida, where he was surprised and became the captive of Neoptolemus. In the Aeneid a shooting star falls onto the mountain in answer to the prayer of Anchises to Jupiter.

Bronze age
In the Bronze Age, the region around the mountain complex had a somewhat chequered ethnography. There is evidence for the following peoples with a reasonable degree of probability:
 * The Tjeker in Ayvacık, Çanakkale Province, which the Greeks called the Teucri. They were probably from Crete and are most likely to have been the source of the name, Mount Ida, which they took from Mount Ida, Crete.

Iron age
In historical times, Xerxes' march took him past Mount Ida (Herodotus VII:42).

2019 Controversy
In July 2019, protesters made accusations against Canadian company Alamos Gold for constructing a mine in Mount Ida, despite the fact that the mine was located 40 km away from Mount Ida, within the borders of the Biga Mountains and in the skirts of Balaban Hill. The Republic of Turkey prohibits mining in National Parks, Natural Preserves, Archeological Sites and Wildlife Protection Areas. Protesters criticized that thousands of trees were cleared as well as plans to use cyanide to extract gold. The Turkish government and company responded with claims that the mine would not damage the environment. Protesters began a "Water and Conscience Watch" on July 26. A "Great Water and Conscience Meeting" was then held on August 5, during which protesters entered the mining site and symbolically planted trees in front of the press. Local residents near the village of Kirazlı criticized the protesters who came to the region with misinformation. Images of the land which had been cleared of trees also caused outrage on social media. Artist Zülfü Livaneli wrote an open letter to UNESCO protesting about the destruction of the natural environment in the area. In 2021, the mining company filed an investment treaty claim exceeding $1 billion against Turkey for "unfair and inequitable treatment".

title: Mount Ida (Turkey)


text: Category:Commedia dell'arte

title: Category:Commedia dell'arte


text:
Varginha

Varginha is a municipality in southwest Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Varginha stands out as one of the major centers of commerce and coffee production in Brazil and the world. The city is a center for export of coffee draining most of the production of the south of Minas Gerais, making the grain trade with several countries. The city is equidistant from the three largest metropolitan areas in Brazil (Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo). The city is close to Rodovia Fernão Dias. The city is served by Maj. Brig. Trompowsky Airport.

Varginha achieved moderate fame in UFO circles due to the so-called Varginha UFO incident in 1996, in which two extraterrestrial beings were allegedly spotted by locals and later captured by the Brazilian Army, along with the local police and fire department. After this episode, the city began to invest in "UFO tourism". Today there are bus stops with the shape of spaceships and a water tower downtown also in the shape of a spaceship. In August 2004, UFO researchers from all over Brazil came together at the UFO Congress of Varginha, organized with the support of the City Hall.

Geography
According to the modern (2017) geographic classification by Brazil's National Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the city is the main municipality in the Intermediate Geographic Region of Varginha.

Distances to cities

 * São Paulo – 316 km
 * São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport – 305 km
 * Rio de Janeiro – 390 km
 * Belo Horizonte – 315 km
 * Campinas – 311 km
 * Viracopos International Airport – 325 km
 * Santos – 379 km
 * Juiz de Fora – 310 km
 * Pouso Alegre – 120 km
 * Ribeirão Preto – 320 km

History
The colonization of southern Minas Gerais began in the 17th century, when the region still belonged to the Captaincy of São Paulo.

The bandeirantes coming from São Paulo via the Paraíba Valley crossed the Mantiqueira mountain range in the region of the Embaú gorge, today's Passa Quatro. Among the São Paulo bandeirantes, the first and foremost was Fernão Dias Pais Leme, who explored the region and headed north into the backlands in search of the indigenous legend of Sabarabuçu. The bandeirantes, who were in search of precious stones and gold regions, passed through the region along the banks of the Rio Verde and Rio Grande, making one of their first points of support near the present-day town of Baependi.

Many São Paulo traders (tropeiros) also passed through the region frequently, selling products from São Paulo and Portugal. These traders traveled in troops and slept in huts built every six leagues. The current Vargem neighborhood was one of these resting places.

The first known documents about the history of Varginha date back to 1780.

The muleteers, who were passing through Varginha on a regular basis, built a small chapel in 1785, close to where the Divine Holy Spirit parish church now stands. In 1806, the chapel of the Divine Holy Spirit of Catanduvas was built and, in the same year, the land required for the district estate was donated. The town was then given the name of Catanduvas or Catandubas; a word originally from the Tupi language, meaning "undergrowth, closed, rough and thorny, of small size". Because of the chapel's patron saint, it was renamed Espírito Santo das Catanduvas.

With the expansion of coffee-growing around 1870 in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, the southern region of Minas Gerais also began growing coffee on its farms, which was highly profitable and made many of the region's producers rich.

In order to meet the need for an alternative labor force to slavery, since there were no more slaves due to the abolition of slavery, the Brazilian government made an agreement with Italy, in which many Italians came to Brazil with their expenses paid by the Brazilian government; in return, the Italians had to work for a certain period of time in coffee production, receiving a certain percentage of the production.

Varginha was one of the municipalities that received the most Italian immigrants in Brazil during this period. With enormous commitment and hard work, many Italians went on to buy their own land and start their own businesses, which generated great economic development for Varginha and the south of Minas Gerais at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.

The Italians spread trade and founded the wheat mill, now Moinho Sul Mineiro, in partnership with Varginhenses of the time. The construction of the Theatro Capitólio, which follows the Tolentino style and whose decoration is attributed to the Italian Alexandre Vallati, is also attributed to the Italian colony.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the small town of Varginha already had many coffee processing establishments. The product has always been an important factor in the region's development, mainly due to the strong influence of São Paulo in the area.

Another considerable influx was that of Syrian-Lebanese immigrants in the early decades of the 20th century, most of whom made their living in the produce trade in São Paulo.

During the Second World War, Varginha sent reinforcements to join the Brazilian troops fighting in Italy. This was an unusual move by the Brazilian government, since many of the soldiers known as "pracinhas", who left Varginha and other regions of Brazil, had direct relatives such as uncles and grandparents in the country to which they were sent to fight.

In the 1970s, Varginha also received several Japanese families, who immigrated as a result of the Japanese acquisition of a German company at the time, CBC, which had a factory in the city.

Nowadays, due to the transfer of Taiwanese companies to the region, the city hosts Taiwanese immigrants, who invest, create jobs and work in Varginha.

Economy
Varginha is a major regional hub for services and industries. Several factories are established in the city such as Philips-Walita, Inovacon, Plascar, CooperStandart, SteamMaster and Samsung. There are also a large number of small enterprises in the industrial sector with regional success. It is also one of the biggest producers of coffee in the world.

The city's main economy sectors are agriculture (especially coffee), engineering, steel, car parts and metal-mechanics.

Varginha has the biggest GDP in the southern region of Minas Gerais, a prosperous area with a high HDI and close to big economy centers in the state of São Paulo. The city was ranked 7th by Veja Magazine for the Top 20 mid-size cities to invest and live in Brazil. Opened in 2012, the CIT-Centro Industrial Tecnológico (portuguese for Industrial and technological center) is a new industrial complex in the city's airport area and its home for the Porto Seco Sul de Minas (South Minas Dry Port), an imports/exports company for the city's coffee industry.

Its location is considered one of the best for the logistics and transportation industries, close to Brazil's biggest economy centers.

title: Varginha


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User:Rumikohorie

Hello! How do you do? I’m pleased to meet you!

My name is Rumiko Horie. I am attached to the Hasegawa laboratory at the University of Tokyo to study solid state chemistry. My subject of research is "Fast spectroscopy using photonic STM". I'm happy to join this project.

title: User:Rumikohorie


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Janet Powell

Janet Frances Powell AM (née McDonald, 29 September 1942 – 30 September 2013 ) was an Australian politician.

A native of Nhill, Victoria, Powell was educated at Ballarat Grammar School and Nhill High School. She graduated from the University of Melbourne with a Bachelor of Arts and a Diploma of Education. She then worked as a secondary school teacher at Kerang High School and Nhill High School.

Political career
Powell was active in the Australian Democrats 1980s, serving as the party's Victorian state president (1983–85) and a national deputy president (1984–86). In 1986, she was appointed a Democrat senator for Victoria, upon the resignation of the party's founder, Don Chipp. She was elected the following year. Following the announcement of the 1987 Senate election results, Powell was one of four senators who received a six-year term as a consequence of which method was chosen to allocate the seats.

She became the third elected leader of the party, from 1 July 1990 to 19 August 1991, when she was deposed in a coup promoted by the party's Queensland division with national executive support. The charge that she had "failed to lift the profile of the party" during her tenure of a year was unsuccessful as justification, and her openly acknowledged relationship with party colleague Sid Spindler was used as leverage to remove her from the leadership. The party's founding leader, Don Chipp, described the coup as the "most tragic story to have hit the Democrats". One suggested reason for the coup was that she was controversially negotiating a coalition or merger with the Greens. After internal disagreements related to her loss of the leadership, she resigned from the party in 1992 and continued as an independent senator until her defeat at the 1993 election. After quitting the Democrats, she reminded the Senate of her non-partisan approach in pursuit of reforms, including a successful private senator's bill:"'In the six years that I have been in this place I have valued most highly the cooperative work that I have been able to do with colleagues on all sides of the chamber...for example, I reflect on the magnificent work done by former Senator Peter Baume which played a large part in enabling the passage, unopposed, through the Parliament of my private member's Bill which banned the print advertising of tobacco products. On the other side, I look forward to a successful result on the question of discrimination against homosexuals in the armed forces as a result of important strategic cooperation between myself, Senator Margaret Reynolds and other Labor Party backbenchers.'"

In 1996, she campaigned for Greens leader Bob Brown and, in 2004, she joined the Australian Greens, citing that they were more capable of achieving the function of a third force in Australian politics. In the 2006 Victorian state election she unsuccessfully stood for the Greens in the Eastern Metropolitan Region.

Community service
Janet Powell was a member of the Patrons Council of the Epilepsy Foundation of Victoria, a Life Member of YWCA Victoria, and also an inaugural appointee to the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in 2000 "for services to the community".

In the 2012 Queen's Birthday Honours list, she was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia, in recognition of her service to the Parliament and people of Australia, "particularly through leadership of YWCA Victoria".

title: Janet Powell


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John Coulter (politician)

John Richard Coulter (born 3 December 1930) is an Australian medical researcher and former politician. He was the fourth elected parliamentary Senate leader of the Australian Democrats, serving from 2 October 1991 to 29 April 1993.

In his first speech, he criticised the failure of presently used economic indexes to measure the right things, such as the inclusion of costs as benefits in the measurement of GDP, and the absence of a national capital account giving a misleading impression of becoming richer by squandering natural capital and turning it into cash, which is then frittered away without turning it back into capital. He argued that correcting these misleading indices would reveal the paths toward ecological sustainability and a more humane society.

In his valedictory speech, he took up the case that economic growth is not sustainable and that ‘economic rationalism’ (neo-classical economics) is an ideology blind to empirical evidence.

His understanding of conservation and environment principles was exceptional for the time. One of Dr. Coulter's controversial concerns was the social and economic impact of population growth.

Coulter was born in Perth, Western Australia. He gained a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery degree at the University of Adelaide. He became a medical practitioner and researcher, and was also a university lecturer.

He was a member of Campbelltown Council in Adelaide during 1973–74. In 1980 he joined the Democrats.

He first took office in the Senate in 1987, representing South Australia, and resigned from the Senate on 20 November 1995, due to ill health. Natasha Stott Despoja was appointed as his replacement three days later, having earlier been employed by him as a researcher.

In 1999, he was publicly critical of Meg Lees's leadership of the Democrats, especially of her handling of the Goods and Services Tax legislation. He believed Stott Despoja would make a better leader, and was working towards that goal, which she in fact attained in April 2001.

However, a week before the November 2001 federal election, Coulter resigned from the party because he believed Stott Despoja had reduced internal party democracy. He said she had taken the party further away from the grassroots, that it had become pragmatic, and that he could not recommend that people vote for the party.

title: John Coulter (politician)


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Abramovich Flyer

The Abramovich Flyer was an early aircraft built by Russian aviator Vsevolod Mikhailovich Abramovich in 1912, based on the Wright brothers' designs he had seen while working for their German subsidiary. Differences from the Wright designs of the time included wheeled undercarriage and conventional empennage replacing the canard the Wrights used. Abramovich retained the wing warping technique the Wrights used for banking the aircraft, but controlled this with a control stick rather than the hip-controlled harness of the Wrights' design. Using this aircraft, Abramovich was successful in setting many early aviation records in Russia, including carrying several passengers.

title: Abramovich Flyer


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Little Athletics

Little Athletics is an Australian activity program that involves modified athletics events for children aged 3 to 16 in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Northern Territory); 3 to 15 in Victoria; 3 to 14 in Tasmania. More than 100,000 young Australians competed in the sport in the 2013/14 season.

History
The competitions were founded by Trevor Billingham, a young Australian athletics enthusiast from Geelong, Victoria, in 1964. By 1967, there were more than 35 Little Athletics clubs in Victoria, and the decision was made to start the Victorian Little Athletics Association (VLAA).

Soon after the formation of the VLAA, other states expressed interest in Little Athletics. In February 1968, a year after the formation of the VLAA, Western Australia held its first Little Athletics meet at Perry Lakes Stadium. In 1972, the states of Victoria, New South Wales, Northern Territory and Western Australia became the founding members of The Australian Little Athletics Union (ALAU), which was formed in Perth. By 1974, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory, South Australia and Queensland had all joined the ALAU.

Events
Available Little Athletics events vary between age groups and from state to state. The following represents the range of events available.

Structure and governance
Under the independent governing body, Little Athletics Australia (LAA), each state and territory has its own association which is responsible for running Little Athletics in that state. Each state body controls the relevant centres and events in their state or territory. Clubs are the base level of the Little Athletics structure. Centres might house just one Little Athletics club or a number of clubs, with each club informing their own members of upcoming events. Training areas and facilities might be shared or separate.

History
In October 1963, three young boys turned up at a senior athletics meet in Geelong, Victoria. They approached official Trevor Billingham, but Billingham turned them away citing their youth as a reason for them not to be allowed to compete. A few months later, Billingham held a coaching camp for secondary school students. His camp had a lot of primary school students in attendance.

Billingham decided to set up a Saturday competition for younger children. The first competition was on 3 October 1964, in Geelong. Billingham had advertised the event in the Geelong Advertiser by saying: "'Also starting this Saturday, will be the special morning meeting for boys and girls. These will commence at 10:30 a.m. each Saturday and will be open to any school age competitor. It is intended that boys and girls not old enough to compete in the afternoon will take part in these special meetings. Anyone interested in the sport may attend, including parents, while the one-hour of athletics is conducted. All of the standard athletic events will be conducted and boys and girls will be graded in each event.'"

After the event, he wrote a one-page article titled "Junior Athletics in Wet Conditions", which appeared in the Geelong Advertiser on 5 October 1964. He wrote that more than 80 boys and girls attended. He also wrote that there was a considerable need for such junior athletic competitions at the time, that the event was a success, and more events of the same type were to be held in the future.

By 1965, Billingham had still not convinced the Geelong branch of the Victorian Amateur Athletics Association (VAAA). In January 1965, Billingham acquired lights for the Geelong senior athletics oval, Landy Field, which was also where the Little Athletics competition were. The lights were originally erected at Kardinia Park for the 1956 Olympics; Billingham asked the Geelong Football Club if he could use the lights, and they allowed him. Billingham invited Ron Clarke to the now-lighted Landy Field to break the 20,000 meters and one-hour run world records, and Clarke accepted. In January 1965, Billingham also thought up the name "Little Athletics"; previously, the events had been called "Junior Athletics". He took his two proposals to the VAAA, and both were accepted.

On 9 October 1965, the 1965/66 Geelong Little Athletics season started. Fourteen meets were held, with a fee of three shillings for the season.

Billingham was the sole preparer for the Ron Clarke visit. When Clarke came, he broke both world records and brought fame to the Geelong Centre of the VAAA at Landy Field.

Despite his success with Clarke, Billingham still could not get support for Little Athletics from VAAA; instead, they suggested he drop the junior competition and focus on the rapidly expanding senior one. One of the delegates, Jack Frewin, encouraged him to push through with his idea, so he published a notice in the Geelong Advertiser announcing that he needed to start a formation of Little Athletics clubs. There was a meeting of interested parents, and Billingham told them that he thought an organisation should be set up based on his experience from the seniors competitions but he need some parents to help him. On 27 November 1965, six clubs were formed. They were run by parents with Billingham as an overall manager. By the end of the 1965/66 season, more than 200 boys and girls were competing regularly across nine clubs, and more than 500 had tried out at least once. The first Geelong championships were held in March 1966 over the long weekend.

There was another meeting in March 1966. John McGlynn, an executive from the Ford Motor Company, suggested that there was a need to encourage other clubs from areas outside Geelong to start up. By September 1966, there were clubs in Geelong, Belmont, Newtown, Lara, Corio YMCA and St Thomas. They were all based around local high schools.

In May 1967, the Victorian Little Athletics Association (VLAA) was formed. By 1969, there were 39 clubs in the VLAA. The first Western Australian meet was in February 1968 at Perry Lakes Stadium. In March 1968, a Western Australian association was formed. Competitions in New South Wales started in October 1968. In 1972, the Australian Little Athletics Union (ALAU) was formed in Perth. Victoria, New South Wales, Northern Territory and Western Australia were the founding members. Tasmania, South Australia, Australian Capital Territory and Queensland joined shortly afterwards.

Current
In the 2013/14 season, Little Athletics had more than 100,000 athletes and approximately 500 centres. Every year, there is a national championship for athletes under 13 years old, in which each state has a team of its best athletes.

In July 2014, Jetstar announced a two-year sponsorship deal with Little Athletics Australia (LAA), which saw the Australian airline becoming the first naming partner of LAA. In September 2017, Coles signed with Little Athletics Australia, becoming its major partner.

title: Little Athletics


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Portland metropolitan area, Oregon

The Portland metropolitan area is a metro area with its core in the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington. It has 5 principal cities the largest being Portland, Oregon. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) identifies it as the Portland–Vancouver–Hillsboro, OR–WA Metropolitan Statistical Area, a metropolitan statistical area used by the United States Census Bureau (USCB) and other entities. The OMB defines the area as comprising Clackamas, Columbia, Multnomah, Washington, and Yamhill Counties in Oregon, and Clark and Skamania Counties in Washington. The area had a population of 2,512,859 at the 2020 census, an increase of over 12% since 2010.

The Oregon portion of the metropolitan area is the state's largest urban center, while the Washington portion of the metropolitan area is the state's third-largest urban center after Seattle and Spokane (the Seattle Urban Area includes Tacoma and Everett ). Portions of the Portland metro area (Clackamas, Multnomah, and Washington Counties) are under the jurisdiction of Metro, a directly elected regional government which, among other things, is responsible for land-use planning in the region.

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 2,512,859 people within the MSA.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 2,226,009 people, 867,794 households, and 551,008 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA were as follows:
 * White: 76.3%
 * Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 10.9% (8.5% Mexican, 0.4% Spanish or Spaniard, 0.3% Guatemalan, 0.3% Puerto Rican, 0.2% Cuban, 0.2% Salvadoran, 0.1% Peruvian)
 * Asian: 5.7% (1.2% Chinese, 1.2% Vietnamese, 0.7% Indian, 0.6% Filipino, 0.6% Korean, 0.4% Japanese)
 * Black or African American: 2.9%
 * American Indian and Alaskan Native: 0.9%
 * Pacific Islander: 0.5% (0.1% Native Hawaiian, 0.1% Guamanian or Chamorro, 0.1% Samoan)
 * Two or more races: 4.1%
 * Some other race: 4.9%

In 2010 the median income for a household in the MSA was $53,078 and the median income for a family was $64,290. The per capita income was $27,451.

The Portland–Vancouver–Hillsboro Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), the 23rd largest in the United States, has a population of 2,226,009 (2010 Census). Of them, 1,789,580 live in Oregon (46.7% of the state's population) while the remaining 436,429 live in Washington (6.7% of state's population). It consists of Multnomah, Washington, Clackamas, Columbia and Yamhill counties in Oregon, as well as Clark and Skamania counties in Washington. The area includes Portland and the neighboring cities of Vancouver, Beaverton, Gresham, Hillsboro, Milwaukie, Lake Oswego, Oregon City, Fairview, Wood Village, Troutdale, Tualatin, Tigard, West Linn, Battle Ground, Camas and Washougal.

Changes in house prices for the metro area are publicly tracked on a regular basis using the Case–Shiller index; the statistic is published by Standard & Poor's and is also a component of S&P's 20-city composite index of the value of the U.S. residential real estate market.

Portland-Vancouver-Salem Combined Statistical Area
As of July 2022, the Portland–Vancouver–Salem, OR–WA Combined Statistical Area (CSA) consists of five Metropolitan Statistical Areas, covering nine counties in Oregon and three counties in Washington:
 * Portland–Vancouver–Hillsboro, OR–WA Metropolitan Statistical Area (five counties in Oregon - Multnomah, Washington, Clackamas, Yamhill, Columbia; two counties in Washington State - Clark and Skamania); population 2,509,289 (2022 estimate)
 * Salem, OR Metropolitan Statistical Area (Marion and Polk counties); population 436,317 (2022 estimate)
 * Albany, OR Metropolitan Statistical Area (Linn county); population 130,467 (2022 estimate)
 * Longview, WA Metropolitan Statistical Area (Cowlitz county); population 111,956 (2022 estimate)
 * Corvallis, OR Metropolitan Statistical Area (Benton county); population 97,630 (2022 estimate)

The 2022 population estimate is 3,285,275, ranked 19th largest in the United States (3,280,736 based on the 2020 Census).

This area includes the Portland–Vancouver–Hillsboro, OR–WA Metropolitan Statistical Area; Salem, OR Metropolitan Statistical Area, and other surrounding areas.

Cities and other communities
Major cities in the region in addition to Portland include Beaverton, Gresham, Hillsboro in Oregon, and Vancouver in Washington. The area also includes the smaller cities of Corbett, Cornelius, Fairview, Forest Grove, Gladstone, Happy Valley, King City, Lake Oswego, Milwaukie, Oregon City, Sherwood, Tigard, Troutdale, Tualatin, West Linn, Wilsonville, Wood Village in Oregon, as well as Battle Ground, Camas, Washougal, Ridgefield, La Center and Yacolt in Washington.

It includes the unincorporated suburban communities in Oregon of Aloha, Beavercreek, Boring, Cedar Mill, Clackamas, Damascus, Dunthorpe, Garden Home, Raleigh Hills, and West Slope, as well as Hazel Dell, Minnehaha, Salmon Creek, Walnut Grove and Orchards in Washington.

 * Major:
 * Portland
 * Vancouver
 * Hillsboro
 * Gresham
 * Beaverton

 * Other:

 * Amity
 * Battle Ground
 * Banks
 * Barlow
 * Camas
 * Canby
 * Carlton
 * Clatskanie
 * Columbia City
 * Cornelius
 * Dayton
 * Dundee
 * Durham
 * Estacada
 * Fairview
 * Forest Grove
 * Gaston
 * Gladstone
 * Happy Valley
 * Johnson City
 * King City
 * La Center
 * Lafayette
 * Lake Oswego
 * Maywood Park
 * McMinnville
 * Milwaukie
 * Molalla
 * Newberg
 * North Bonneville
 * North Plains
 * Oregon City
 * Prescott
 * Rainier
 * Ridgefield
 * Rivergrove
 * St. Helens
 * Sandy
 * Scappoose
 * Sheridan
 * Sherwood
 * Stevenson
 * Tigard
 * Troutdale
 * Tualatin
 * Vernonia
 * Washougal
 * West Linn
 * Willamina
 * Wilsonville
 * Wood Village
 * Woodland
 * Yacolt
 * Yamhill

Transportation
Portland is where Interstate 84 starts at Interstate 5, both major highways in the Pacific Northwest. Other primary roads include Interstate 205, an eastern bypass of the urban core, U.S. Route 26, which heads west and southeast, U.S. Route 30, which follows the Oregon side of the Columbia River northwest and east, mirrored by Washington State Route 14 east from Vancouver, and Oregon Route 217, which connects US 26 with I-5 in the south, travelling through Beaverton. Both US 26 and US 30 go to the Oregon Coast. SR 500 runs from Interstate 5 to SR 503. Padden Parkway runs from NE 78th St and east to NE 162nd Ave.

Transit service on the Oregon side is generally provided by TriMet. In addition, Sandy Area Metro serves Sandy, South Clackamas Transportation District serves nearby Molalla, Canby Area Transit serves Canby and South Metro Area Regional Transit serves Wilsonville. Service in Clark County is provided by C-Tran. In Columbia County, the Columbia County Rider provides transit service on weekdays connecting St. Helens with downtown Portland and connecting Scappoose and St. Helens with certain points in urban Washington County, including the PCC Rock Creek campus, Tanasbourne and the Willow Creek MAX light rail station.

Major airports

 * Portland International Airport
 * Portland-Hillsboro Airport
 * Salem Municipal Airport
 * Portland-Troutdale Airport

Passenger rail
Amtrak trains serve Portland Union Station. The Coast Starlight runs from Los Angeles to Seattle while Cascades connects Eugene to Vancouver, BC. The Empire Builder heads east to Chicago.

Major highways
State highways, numbered as Interstate, U.S. and Oregon Routes, in the metropolitan area include:

 * [[Image:I-5.svg|20px]] Interstate 5
 * [[Image:I-84.svg|20px]] Interstate 84
 * [[Image:I-205.svg|20px]] Interstate 205
 * [[Image:I-405.svg|20px]] Interstate 405
 * US 26.svg U.S. Route 26
 * US 30.svg U.S. Route 30
 * U.S. Route 30 Business
 * [[Image:WA-14.svg|20px]] State Route 14
 * [[Image:WA-500.svg|20px]] State Route 500
 * [[Image:WA-503.svg|20px]] State Route 503
 * [[Image:WA-14.svg|20px]] State Route 14
 * [[Image:WA-500.svg|20px]] State Route 500
 * [[Image:WA-503.svg|20px]] State Route 503
 * [[Image:WA-14.svg|20px]] State Route 14
 * [[Image:WA-500.svg|20px]] State Route 500
 * [[Image:WA-503.svg|20px]] State Route 503
 * [[Image:WA-14.svg|20px]] State Route 14
 * [[Image:WA-500.svg|20px]] State Route 500
 * [[Image:WA-503.svg|20px]] State Route 503
 * [[Image:WA-14.svg|20px]] State Route 14
 * [[Image:WA-500.svg|20px]] State Route 500
 * [[Image:WA-503.svg|20px]] State Route 503

Notable highways never built, or removed altogether, include Mount Hood Freeway, Interstate 505, and Harbor Drive.

Sports
The Portland MSA is home to a number of professional and semi-professional sports teams, including the NBA's Portland Trail Blazers, the Portland Timbers of Major League Soccer, the Portland Thorns FC of the National Women's Soccer League and the Portland Loggers of the North American Rugby League. Other teams include the Portland Pickles and the Hillsboro Hops. Portland is also home to two NCAA Division 1 universities, the Portland State Vikings and the Portland Pilots.

The Portland MSA also hosts a number of amateur sports, including college and high school sports. The high school rugby championships are held annually in the Portland MSA, and draw crowds of 8,000 to 10,000 supporters.

Politics
The Portland metropolitan area is heavily Democratic and has voted for that party's presidential candidate in every election since 1988. This is helped by Multnomah County, which has given the Democratic nominee over 70% of the vote in every election since 2004.

title: Portland metropolitan area, Oregon


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Skipper (Barbie)

Skipper Roberts is a doll created by Mattel in 1964 to be Barbie's young sister. Since 2009, she has a purple streak in her hair and is shown to have a tech-savvy personality. According to her fictional biography, Skipper calls herself a gadget girl who likes computers and trying out the latest technology. In the Barbie films, she likes to work on her photo blog. She had a starring role in the 2023 television film, Barbie: Skipper and the Big Babysitting Adventure.

Skipper's appearance has changed significantly since her introduction. The first Skipper doll was eight years old. She was designed as a response to requests for Barbie to have children; Mattel felt that a little sister would be a better choice instead. Skipper was later changed to a teenager, and a controversial "Growing Up Skipper" doll with growable breasts was created to demonstrate the change.

Fictional biography

According to the Random House novels of the 1960s, Skipper is the second child of George and Margaret Roberts of Willows, Wisconsin (their first child being Barbie). In these novels, she attended Baker Elementary, while the Marvel Comics of the early 1990s had her at Central Junior High School.

Since Skipper was re-released in 2009, she has had a new personality to match her redesigned appearance. She is described as a technology lover who likes "being a gadget girl and trying out the hottest techie toys." Skipper is shown to be 14 years old in the TV series, Barbie Dreamhouse Adventures.

Skipper current design has also been rendered in computer animation for her appearances in the Barbie film series and the television adaptations of the Barbie media franchise including Dreamhouse Adventures, where she and fellow younger sisters were given "a realistic and modern CGI look" that was different from previous entries in the franchise.

Physical appearance
Since Skipper was introduced, the dimensions of the doll have changed significantly. She was 9.25 in in height (compared to Barbie's 11.5 in) when she was first introduced, and then as newer versions were released, she gradually became taller with a teenage appearance. Usually, Skipper dolls have blue eyes.

Creation
Skipper was created, along with Midge, to counteract criticism that claimed Barbie was a sex symbol. Midge's facial appearance was gentler than Barbie's, whereas Skipper was a response to requests for Barbie to have children; however, instead of having a married, pregnant Barbie, which would make her too domestic, Barbie would babysit Skipper. As Barbie's little sister, Skipper was Barbie's first family member sold. Since their introduction in 1964, Skipper dolls have changed drastically.

Modern (1975–present)
In 1975, Growing Up Skipper was released. The gimmick of the doll, which led to much controversy in the newspapers, was that if Skipper's arm was rotated, the doll would become an inch taller and small breasts would appear on her rubber torso. This concept was later used for Mattel's My Scene brand in 2007 with the "Growing Up Glam" line, which was also controversial. In 1979, Skipper's entire appearance changed. She was advertised as "Super Teen Skipper". She had a new body mold which included small, permanent breasts, and a different head mold that made her look slightly older. In 1985, Hot Stuff Skipper was released, which had another new head mold that included the addition of dimples and a longer face.

Skipper changed again in 1988 with the release of Teen Fun Skipper. Her new body mold was taller and more graceful. Her waist was more flexible and her breasts were slightly bigger. Her eyes were also enlarged, giving her a cartoon-like look. At this stage she appeared to be somewhere between 13 and 15 years old. Later, Skipper had a new head mold with smaller eyes in a Pizza Party line, but with the same body mold.

Finally, in 1997, Teen Skipper was introduced. She again had a new body mold and was now almost as tall as her sister Barbie. This was mostly because of her legs, which were now long and lanky. Most notable of all, however, was Skipper's new face mold. She no longer looked like a child, but more like a girl on the brink of becoming a woman. Teen Skipper's packaging revealed that she is now "16 years old". Skipper also appeared to have larger breasts which continued the controversy over her sexualization that has dogged Skipper in the past.

Reproductions (1994–present)
In 1994, the first vintage reproduction Skipper was produced specifically for collectors to celebrate the 30th anniversary of Skipper's introduction. Instead of the usual vinyl, the dolls were made of porcelain. She wore a blue reproduction ensemble from 1965, known then as "Happy Birthday". In 2007, Mattel released its second vintage 1964 reproduction Skipper doll, this time wearing her "School Days" ensemble and sold in a gift set, along with a reproduction of a vintage swirl ponytail Barbie doll wearing the matching "Knitting Pretty" ensemble.

Popularity
Skipper Madison Roberts was the original little sister of Barbie, and has been quite popular over the years. When she first came out, she was an alternative for parents who did not approve of Barbie's adult figure. The first vintage Skipper dolls now have a value of US$195 MIB (Mint In Box). The brass headbands alone that came with these dolls have a value of $20. While vintage Skipper dolls, clothes, and accessories can sell for a lot of money, modern Skipper dolls usually only have a value of $10 to $20 MIB. If they have no box, the value may be only $5 or less.

Skipper was featured in the 2023 Barbie film adaptation, played by Erica Ford, while Growing up Skipper was played by Hannah Khalique-Brown.

Friends
Skipper's friends at the vintage stage were Skooter (1965), Ricky (1965), Living Fluff (1971), and Pose N' Play Tiff (1972). Skooter and Ricky had their own head molds, and both had freckles. Skooter was available with the same three hair colors as Skipper had, but Ricky was only available with molded red hair, similar to Midge's boyfriend, Allan Sherwood. Fluff and Tiff shared a head mold which many collectors considered adorable, with a contagious smile. Most of Skipper's first friends were never seen after the lines they were produced for, but another Skooter doll, called Fun Time Skooter, was produced for the European market. She had auburn hair, a Twist N' Turn waist, and bendable legs. However, she had the head mold of the oldest version of Skipper, not the older Skooter doll, which many collectors found strange.

Skipper's friend for the controversial Growing Up line was the brunette Ginger, made in 1976. However, after this line, Ginger was never seen again. Skipper's first boyfriend, Scott, was created in 1980, and was introduced the year after Super Teen Skipper came on the market. Scott sported puffy, brown 1980s-style hair. Skipper gained two new friends after Teen Fun Skipper was first introduced. They included the reddish haired friend Courtney, made in 1989, and her second boyfriend Kevin, created in 1990.

After Teen Skipper came on the market, her first African American friend appeared. Her name was Nikki, and she was made in 1997. Teen Skipper was originally going to have a third boyfriend, Zach, who would have joined her in the "Totally Yo Yo" line, but for reasons unknown, he was never produced. Parents speculated that Zach would be too much of a sexual influence on Skipper and children. However, the head mold for the unreleased Zach Doll was later used for Generation Girl Blaine, the token boy in Barbie's "Generation Girl" Doll line.

title: Skipper (Barbie)