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Mazda3

The Mazda3 (known as the Mazda Axela in Japan (first three generations), a combination of "accelerate" and "excellent" ) is a compact car manufactured by Mazda. It was first introduced in 2003 as a 2004 model, replacing the Familia/323/Protegé in the C-segment.

The second-generation Mazda3 for the 2009 model year was unveiled in late 2008, with the sedan premiering at the Los Angeles Auto Show and the hatchback at the Bologna Motor Show. For the 2012 model year, Mazda began offering the Mazda3 with their newly developed Skyactiv technology, including a more rigid body, a new direct-injection engine, and a new 6-speed transmission.

The third generation was introduced in mid-2013 as a 2014 model year. The third-generation model is the first Mazda3 to adopt the "Kodo" design language and a more complete Skyactiv range of technologies.

The fourth-generation Mazda3 for the 2019 model year was unveiled in November 2018 at the Los Angeles Auto Show. For the 2019 model, the all-new Mazda3 is equipped with the updated Skyactiv technologies, including a spark-controlled compression ignition engine marketed as the Skyactiv-X.

A performance-oriented version of the Mazda3 was marketed until 2013 as the Mazdaspeed3 in North America, Mazdaspeed Axela in Japan, and the Mazda3 MPS in Europe and Australia.

The Mazda3 became one of Mazda's fastest-selling vehicles, with cumulative sales in January 2019 of over 6 million units.

First generation (BK; 2003)
The BK series Mazda3 was first unveiled at the 60th Frankfurt Motor Show on 10 September 2003, and launched in Japan in October 2003 as the Axela. The model was well received by the automotive press for its performance, handling, styling and interior, with some describing it as feeling like a more expensive sports sedan/saloon despite its value-oriented price. Some criticisms have included fuel economy and crash test results (only receiving four out of a maximum five stars from the Euro NCAP Safety Testing Programme) the latter of which was rectified by making six airbags standard. In 2006, the Mazda3 was the second best-selling car in Canada and the best selling car in Israel during 2005–2007.

Design
The Mazda3 is based on the Ford global C1 platform, shared with the latest European Ford Focus and Volvo S40. Previewed by the MX-Sportif concept car, the first-generation Mazda3 was available in two body styles, a four-door fastback sedan/saloon, marketed as a "4-door coupé style" in Europe, and a five-door hatchback, branded the Sport version in Canada, Japan, and the United States. Design work began under chief designer Hideki Suzuki in 1999 at three Mazda design centres in California, United States; Frankfurt, Germany; and Hiroshima, Japan. By 2001, Hasip Girgin's design was chosen as a finalist. Girgin was sent to work in Hiroshima for 6 months, after which the final design was frozen for scheduled 2003 production.

The front suspension comprises MacPherson struts, with coil springs and an anti-roll bar. The rear suspension is a Ford-designed "E-link" multi-link suspension, with four locating links per wheel and an anti-roll bar, suspended on coil springs that are mounted inboard of the shock absorbers to reduce suspension intrusion into the cargo area. The first generation Mazda3 has been known to have spontaneous piston failure in the form of the piston itself cracking which is a result of manufacturing anomalies that has plagued a small percentage of the normally reliable car. Four-wheel Disc brakes are fitted, with 300 mm discs in the front and 279 mm discs in the rear; ABS and electronic brake force distribution are available as standard, depending on the model. Wheel and tire sizes vary with model, from 15" on base models to optional 17" wheels on upper-level models. The Mazda3 was used as a regular police patrol car by the Public Security Police Force of Macau alongside the Toyota Corolla and the Honda Civic police cars in Macau, China.

When first introduced, United States-market Mazda3 models were available in only two trim levels, i and s, with the 2.0 L and 2.3 L engines, respectively. Since then Mazda has introduced additional models under the Touring and Grand Touring labels. British Mazda3s are offered in S, TS, TS2, Sport, and a top end 2.3 L turbocharged Mazda3 MPS (Mazda Performance Series) models. Since April 2008, when there was a mainly cosmetic facelift of the Mazda3, there have been some changes to the trim designations for UK cars, with the models now being the entry-level S, then Takara (which replaces TS & TS2), the Tamura Special Edition and the Sport and MPS as before.

All three models use the inline-4 Mazda MZR engine, with various types, displacements and outputs including the MZ-CD turbo-diesel, depending on model and market. Transmissions are a five-speed manual transmission and a four-speed automatic transmission; since the 2006 model year, a five-speed automatic is optional on models with the 2.3 L engine. This transmission has now been made standard on the 2.0 L engine in Japan (FWD models only), as part of a minor facelift in early 2008 which includes different front/rear bumper designs, new wheel designs and body colours, stiffened chassis, and better interior materials. The MPS / Mazdaspeed version is only available with a six-speed manual.

Engines
The Mazda3 features the following engines:

Japanese market (JIS ratings):
 * 1.5 L: 118 PS, 140 Nm
 * 2.0 L: 150 PS, 183 Nm
 * 2.3 L: 171 PS, 214 Nm

European market (ECE ratings):
 * 1.4 L: 84 PS, 122 Nm
 * 1.6 L: 105 PS, 145 Nm
 * 2.0 L: 150 PS, 187 Nm
 * 2.3 L MZR DISI Turbo: 260 PS, 380 Nm
 * 1.6 L MZ-CD common-rail diesel: 109 PS, 240 Nm
 * 2.0 L MZR-CD common-rail diesel: 143 PS, 360 Nm
 * 2.2 L MZR-CD common-rail diesel: 185 PS, 400 Nm

American & Canadian markets (SAE net ratings):
 * 2.0 L: 148 bhp, 135 lbf·ft (183 N·m) (04–05) PZEV engine: 145 bhp (04–06), 144 bhp (07–); 132 lbf·ft (179 N·m) (all years)
 * 2.3 L: 160 bhp, 150 lbf·ft (203 N·m) PZEV engine: 153 bhp, 149 lbf·ft (202 N·m) (2006 only)
 * 2.3 L MZR DISI Turbo: Mazdaspeed3: 263 bhp, 280 lbf·ft (380 N·m)

Mazda changed the rating for US & Canadian markets 2007 2.3 L naturally aspirated engine:
 * 2.3 L: 160 bhp, 150 lbf·ft (203 N·m) PZEV engine: 151 bhp, 149 lbf·ft (202 N·m) (07–)

Asian markets (DIN ratings):
 * 1.6 L: 110 bhp, 107 lbf·ft (145 N·m)
 * 2.0 L: 148 bhp and 138 lbf·ft (187 N·m)

Australian market (ADR net ratings):
 * 2.0 L: 145 bhp, 134 lbf·ft (182 N·m)
 * 2.3 L: 154 bhp, 150 lbf·ft (203 N·m)
 * 2.3 L: DISI MZR: 260 bhp, 280 lbf·ft (380 N·m)
 * 2.0 L MZR-CD common-rail diesel: 143 PS, 360 Nm

South African market (DIN net ratings):
 * 1.6 L: 109 bhp, 108 lbf·ft (146 N·m)
 * 2.0 L: 140 bhp, 134 lbf·ft (182 N·m)
 * 2.3 L: 154 bhp, 150 lbf·ft (203 N·m)
 * 2.3 L: DISI MZR: 260 bhp, 280 lbf·ft (380 N·m)

Performance
Official performance figures for the European Mazda3 1.4 S, the lowest-powered model, are 0-100 km/h in 14.3 seconds, with a maximum speed of 170 km/h. Wheels magazine reported an 8.7-second 0–100 km/h time for the Australian 2.0 model in its May 2004 issue.

The 1.6 CiTD 80 kW diesel (as sold in Europe) with a five-speed manual does 0-100 km/h in 11.6 seconds and has a top speed of 182 km/h according to the official Mazda specifications.

In test results for the 2012 Mazda3 Maxx Sport five-door 2.0-litre engine, it has been reported as having a 0-100 km/h acceleration time of 9.2 seconds and a top speed of 190 km/h.

In its test results for the 2004 Mazda3 five-door with the 2.3-litre engine, Car and Driver magazine reported a 0 – acceleration time of 7.4 seconds and a governor-limited top speed of 190 km/h.

Car and Driver documented the acceleration of a 2007 Mazda3 four-door sedan. Equipped with a 2.3-litre engine and 5-speed manual transmission, the Mazda3 has a 0-60 mph time of 7.3 seconds and completes the quarter mile in 15.8 seconds at 88 mph.

The fuel consumption of these models averages in the 10 L/100 km, with the 2-litre 2008 Mazda3 automatic-transmission model scoring a 10 L/100 km/7.6 L/100 km city/highway United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rating.

2006
For the 2006 model year, Mazda added variable valve timing and variable-length intake runners to the 2.0-litre engine resulting in a power increase to 150 bhp. The automatic transmission used in the S trim Mazda3 with the 2.3-litre engine was changed from a four-speed to a five-speed design. The larger engine was now PZEV-certified (Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle) for vehicles sold in California and other states that have adopted California automotive emission standards. The smaller engine had already been PZEV-certified. The colour palette was also simplified in 2006, with the deletion of Canary Yellow and Lava Orange Mica.

2007
The 3 received a minor cosmetic facelift for the 2007 model year with minimal exterior, interior and mechanical changes. On base models, the black plastic at the top of the grille became body-coloured. The front fascia and bumper were changed with a floating foglight design and the lower air intake opening was reshaped to better resemble the typical "Mazda five-point face." All Mazda3 sedans and five-doors gained the same "Axela" clear-lens style rear tail-lights as the SP23 model, which in 2007, Mazda brought out the Mazda Axela similar to the Mazda6 Atenza. In addition, the Grand Touring trim also featured LED brake lights. The LED brake lights were added to compete with the growing trend of higher-end vehicles using LED tail lamps for more visible light output. The range of alloy wheels were redesigned, featuring a 17-inch alloy wheel for the Grand Touring version. The rear fascia was slightly changed adding a notch on the bumper cover of the sedan. Several new exterior colours were added, phantom blue, a copper red metallic (April 2008), Aurora Blue and dark cherry. The Titanium Gray colour was replaced with a darker Galaxy Gray colour.

The interior of the Mazda3 was offered with several new colour choices and an audio jack in the centre console, allowing the use of digital music players. Also, Takara models, which were introduced in the 2008 upgrade, added climate control and 6-CD autochanger to the TS specification.

The 2007 model also includes less visible mechanical changes. The keyless entry system was improved. Reinforcements to the body shell improve overall chassis rigidity. The front dampers of the MacPherson strut suspension have been re-tuned to quicken steering response and reduce understeer. The hydraulic dampers of the multi-link rear suspension were also re-tuned to match the front suspension changes. Mazda engineers and designers addressed concerns regarding cabin noise level by redesigning or changing multiple systems and adding sound-deadening material to the roof lining and hood panel.

The bumper-to-bumper warranty was reduced to 36 months / 36,000 miles while the powertrain warranty was increased to 60 months / 60,000 miles in most markets. In the UK, all Mazda3s have a 3-year unlimited mileage warranty, 3-year roadside assistance and 12 year anti perforation warranty as standard.

Canadian-spec Mazda3s received standard seat-mounted side-airbags and body-shell-mounted side-curtain airbags across the model range. Previously, both airbag types were not available.

2008
An additional trim level included the Sport GX with a 2.0 L engine, previously all Sport hatchbacks had a 2.3 L engine and came only in GS or GT trims. Compared to the GX sedan, the GX hatchback has body-coloured door handles, and fog lamps. Options for the Sport GX include air conditioning, a convenience package containing power accessories and 15-inch alloys, and a rear trunk spoiler.

The GS sedan received standard 16-inch alloy wheels, previously only available with the moonroof option, while the GX had 15-inch alloy wheels added to the convenience package (which includes steering-wheel mounted audio controls, power windows, power locks, and remote entry). The GS hatchback now comes with factory-installed air conditioning. GT models received standard xenon headlights, previously part of the leather package.

In the U.S., the i Touring trim level was replaced by the i Touring Value model. This new model added a body-colour front grille, fog lights and 17" alloy wheels, giving it a very similar appearance to the more expensive s models. The interior also received leather-covered steering wheel and shift knob from the s model. Anti-lock brakes and side-impact airbags, previously optional, were now standard.

2009
Initial news reports indicated the 2009 model year would receive a minor facelift by the end of the year with exterior design modifications that included chrome door handles, a new roof spoiler, expanded use of black moldings on the rear bumper, and new alloy-wheel options. This turned out to not occur in the US or Canadian market. The 2009 model year was only a few months long as production ceased in November 2008.

Philippines
In the Philippines, the BK3 replaced the (BH) 323 in 2004. There are three trim levels, "1.6S", "1.6V &" 2.0R". The "1.6V" is powered by Mazda's 1.6L inline-four engine mated to a 4-speed automatic transmission respectively. It came with four speakers and 6 CD audio system, central locking among other features. The top spec "2.0R" is powered by Mazda's 2.0L MZR engine mated to a 4 speed automatic transmission with activematic. It came with side skirts, sunroof, remote keyless entry, immobilizer & leather interior.

In 2007, the entry level "1.6S" received a minor update. Updates includes new gauge clusters, cloth seats & door linings, MP3 ready sound system, and a redesigned grill.

Australia
In Australia, the BK 3 replaced the 323 (BJ) in January 2004. The original iteration came in several guises, "Neo", "Maxx", "Maxx Sport" and "SP23". The base "Neo" guise came with remote central locking, a four speaker sound system with a CD Player among other features. Building upon the Neo, the "Maxx" offered power windows and mirrors, alloy wheels, remote keyless central locking, six speakers and an in-dash sound system. The "Maxx Sport" added primarily cosmetic features, with that including a body kit, front fog lamps and larger alloy wheels. The "SP23" gained a larger engine as well as other smaller luxury features.

In July 2006, Mazda introduced its Series II 3. Updates included refreshed front and rear light fixtures, as well updated alloy wheels and a new fog light configuration. A high performance "MPS" Hatch was introduced into the lineup within this update.

The 3 continuously sold well throughout the BK generation, reaching 4th in Australian sales within 2006. The following table lists sales throughout its tenancy.

Second generation (BL; 2008)
In development from 2004 and designed under Kunihiko Kurisu from early 2005 to August 2006, in November 2008 Mazda debuted the second-generation Mazda3 with restyled exterior. Two engines were offered in the US and Canadian markets, the 2.0-litre petrol engine offered in the previous generation and a new 2.5 L inline-four shared with the second-generation Mazda6.

The C1 architecture, a collaboration of Ford, Mazda, and Volvo, is carried over from the previous generation though marginally wider, longer and lighter than the previous generation. The 2.3L engine was replaced with a 2.5L engine that produces 167 bhp and 167 lbft of torque in North American specs. In other markets, more engines are offered including a new 2.2 L turbo-diesel engine. A 2010 Mazda3 with a 2.5 L engine and 6-speed manual transmission accelerates from 0-60 mph in 7.4 seconds and completes the quarter mile in 15.7 seconds at 87 mph.

2010
Mazda unveiled the 2010 Mazda3 sedan/saloon at the Los Angeles Auto Show on 19 November 2008. The second-generation Mazda3 is slightly larger than the older Mazda3 and was available in "i" and "s" versions. The "i" (GX or GS in Canada) is powered by a 148 bhp 2.0 L engine while the "s" (GT in Canada) is powered by a 167 bhp 2.5 L engine adapted from the Mazda6. Both engines are also available in PZEV versions in the US, the 2.0 L producing 144 bhp and the 2.5 L producing 165 bhp. The 3s Grand Touring trim level adds leather seats, power driver's seat, rain-sensing windshield wipers, dual-zone automatic climate control, and steerable active bi-xenon headlights as standard equipment. The hatchback was unveiled a few weeks after the sedan/saloon at the Bologna Motor Show.

The European model includes a start-stop system with the 2.0L DISI engine with an estimated increase fuel economy in city cycle by roughly 12%.

Mazdaspeed3
Full details and images of the high-powered Mazdaspeed3 (known as the Mazda3 MPS in Europe or Mazdaspeed Axela in Japan) were released at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2009. Like the previous generation, the Mazda3 hatchback variant has been selected as the basis for the second generation Mazdaspeed3.

2012 update
The 2012 Mazda3 with Skyactiv powertrain was unveiled at the Canadian International Auto Show in Toronto, February 2011. It comes with Mazda's Skyactiv-G 2.0-litre, direct-injection petrol engine, and Skyactiv-Drive 6-speed automatic or Skyactiv-MT 6-speed manual transmission. The chassis rigidity was increased with the use of additional high tensile steel most significantly in the centre floor pan and B-pillar where reinforcement was extended 7 inches. Additionally, Mazda increased the number of spot welds to join suspension crossmembers to improve handling and stability. There are minor exterior updates: revised grille and air intakes, and a reshaped rear valance panel. Skyactiv models receive a blue ring around the projectors in the headlamps, a Sky Blue engine cover, as well as an optional Skyactiv specific paint colour known as Sky Blue. Car and Driver reported that such a Mazda3 can reach estimated EPA fuel-economy ratings of 30 mpg city and 39 to 40 highway.

Third generation (BM/BN/BY; 2013)
The third-generation 2014 Mazda3 was revealed in Australia on 26 June 2013. It now sits atop the new Skyactiv chassis, no longer sharing the Ford C1 platform. It is the third vehicle to adopt the Mazda's 'Kodo' design language, after the CX-5 and the Mazda6.

It has a drag coefficient (Cd) of 0.26 for the sedan/saloon, slightly higher for the hatchback. Combined with the Skyactiv technology, this produces a rating from the U.S. EPA of 30 mpgus city and 41 mpgus highway for the 2-litre sedan, and one less mpg highway for the 5-door hatchback.

Two Skyactiv engines are offered in North American markets, the 2.0-litre (with 155 hp and 150 lbft of torque) and the 2.5-litre (with 184 hp and 185 lb-ft of torque). The 2014 Mazda3 equipped with a 2.5-litre engine and 6-speed automatic transmission accelerates from 0-60 mph (97 km/h) in 6.9 seconds and finishes the quarter mile in 15.2 seconds at 95 mph.

The 2.0-litre engine with the 6-speed manual transmission accelerates from 0-60 mph in 7.8 seconds and finishes the quarter-mile in 16.1 seconds. Initially the 6-speed manual gearbox was only for the 2.0-litre cars, and automatic transmission was standard on the 2.5, or available for the 2.0. In its first-drive review of the 2014 Mazda3, the auto enthusiast weblog Jalopnik stated that "once the 2.5 comes with a manual transmission, there is really no reason to buy anything else in this class."

2015
For the 2015 model year in North America, the 2.5-litre cars are also offered with manual gearbox. Model trim levels for the U.S. market are SV (2.0 Sedan only), Sport (2.0 Sedan & Hatchback), Touring, and Grand Touring (available in all body styles with either engine). The 2014 model ranked number one among Affordable Small Cars in U.S. News & World Report's rankings. In the 2014 Canadian Car of the Year rankings Mazda3 was chosen as the Best New Small Car. Canadian magazine The Car Guide chose Mazda3 as the Best Compact Car in its Best Buys car rankings for 2015 and 2016.

In Europe, three Skyactiv-G (petrol) engines are offered, one 1.5L and two 2.0L (at two different power ratings, 120 and 165 PS); and a 2.2L Skyactiv-D (Diesel) engine is available. Availability of hatchback and sedan/saloon body styles and their combinations with engines varies amongst European markets. In 2014, the Mazda3 made it to the finals of the European Car of the Year competition. For the UK market, the Mazda3 Sedan was marketed as a fastback.

Thailand models of Mazda3 went on sale on 18 March 2014.

A concept version of the Mazda3, with an engine powered by compressed natural gas, was unveiled in 2013 at the Tokyo Motor Show.

In Malaysia, the third-generation Mazda3 was first launched in March 2014 fully imported from Japan and was available with a sole 2.0L sedan variant. In April 2015, locally assembled versions of the Mazda3 became available for purchase. In April 2017, the facelift version was launched with 3 offerings, the Sedan GL, Sedan High and Hatchback.

Mazda3 Skyactiv-Hybrid
The Mazda3 Skyactiv-Hybrid is a version of the Mazda3 with Skyactiv-G 2.0 engine with 14:1 compression and electric-petrol drive. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2013 Tokyo Motor Show.

Production
Taiwan models of the Mazda3 were produced by Ford Lio Ho Motor Co., Ltd.

Production of the US market Mazda3 sedan at Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation (MMVO) in Salamanca, Guanajuato began on 7 January 2014, as the factory's first production vehicle model.

As of 22 January 2014, cumulative production of the Mazda3 production reached four million units since June 2003.

Production of Thailand market Mazda3 at AutoAlliance (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (AAT) began on 14 March 2014. Within months of release, the 3 was the 15th best-selling car in Thailand.

2016/2017 facelift
The facelifted model of the Mazda3 was introduced in August 2016, bearing the BN model code. Changes include a new dashboard layout, new front and rear exterior styling (the latter, only in the hatchback), new first-of-its-kind G-Vectoring Control and the removal of the diesel engine option. Safety and driver assistance features were also improved, adding a traffic sign-recognition sensor and pedestrian detection with the pre-collision braking system.

This facelift debuted in North America for the 2017 model year. In the United States, the "i" and "s" monikers were dropped, leaving the Sport (2.0), Touring (2.5), and Grand Touring (2.5) trim levels.

Fourth generation (BP; 2019)
The fourth-generation Mazda3 hatchback and sedan were both unveiled at the 2018 Los Angeles Auto Show on 28 November 2018, and global sales began in early 2019, as the 2019 model year in North America. The model was previously previewed by the Kai Concept, first shown in October 2017. With the release of the 4th generation model, the "Axela" nameplate was no longer used in the Japanese domestic market as part of Mazda's standardized global naming structure.

Designed from 2015 to late 2016 under the lead of Yasutake Tsuchida, the model is slightly lower and longer than before, with its wheelbase stretched by 25 mm. The exterior design of the sedan and hatchback models are heavily differentiated, with both models only sharing the hood and headlights, while front wing fenders and front doors are designed uniquely for each body styles. Its body uses an increased amount of ultra-high-strength steel 980 MPa or higher to 30 percent of the vehicle body, an increase over the 3 percent in the prior generation.

Mazda has swapped the more sophisticated multilink independent rear suspension from its predecessor for a cheaper and more compact torsion beam setup which is claimed to improve the car's quietness, along with the added sound deadening materials. To enhance the vehicle's NVH, Mazda included a 'two-wall' structure that leaves space between the body and carpeting on the floor. The model is also equipped with an updated version of the torque vectoring system marketed as the G-Vectoring Control Plus.

Interior materials are upgraded with a stitched dash pad, metal trim for the climate control knobs and central infotainment controller, a new steering wheel design, and a newly developed 8.8-inch display screen with a redesigned Mazda Connect system interface. A dark red leather upholstery colour is offered for the hatchback model.

Production of the model in Thailand at the AutoAlliance Thailand in Rayong started on 28 August 2019.

North America
The Mazda3 made its North American debut in March 2019, in both hatchback (as 'Sport' in Canada) and sedan body styles. Two engines were available at launch: 2.0-litre Skyactiv-G petrol (not available in USA) and 2.5-litre Skyactiv-G petrol, with the option of all wheel drive for the first time.

For USA, there were 3 packages available: Select, Preferred, and Premium.

For Canada, there were three trim levels available: GX, GS, and GT. There were Convenience, Luxury, and Premium packages available solely for each trim.

For the 2021 model, the 2.5-litre turbo petrol engine was made available, with standard all-wheel drive.

Mexico
The Mazda3 was launched in Mexico in February 2019, the first country to make its global debut in both hatchback and sedan body styles. At launch, three trim levels were available: i (only for Sedan), i Sport and i Grand Touring. All variants are powered by a 2.5-litre Skyactiv-G petrol engine. For Mexico, the Mazda3 is locally built at the Mazda de México Vehicle Operation (MMVO).

In July 2020, the 2.5-litre turbocharged petrol engine was added to the range, it came only as a Hatchback body style, it is available in two trim levels: i Grand Touring and Signature.

In January 2022, the Mazda3 Sedan receives the turbocharged engine option for the Signature trim, and the e-Skyactiv-G mild hybrid petrol for the i-Sport trim.

Europe
The Mazda3 made its European debut in March 2019, in both hatchback and sedan body styles. Three engines were available at launch: 1.8-litre Skyactiv-D diesel, 2.0-litre Skyactiv-G mild hybrid petrol, and a 2.0-litre Skyactiv-X petrol. The AWD option was available except for the 1.8 Skyactiv-D.

Australia
The Mazda3 went on sale in Australia in April 2019, firstly as a hatchback, in 5 trim levels: Pure, Evolve, Touring, GT, and Astina. It is available with either 2.0-litre (G20) and 2.5-litre (G25) Skyactiv-G petrol engines. The sedan version followed in May 2019, with the same trim levels and engine line-up as the hatchback.

In September 2020, the Skyactiv-X petrol (X20) was made available for the Astina trim.

In November 2021, the 2.0 Skyactiv-G mild hybrid petrol (G20e) was made available for the Evolve trim.

In July 2023, mild hybrid engine and manual transmission options for the Mazda3 range were axed.

Japan
The Mazda3 went on sale in Japan on 24 May 2019, in both hatchback and sedan body styles. At launch, trim levels were: Standard, Touring, Proactive, Proactive Touring Selection, L Package, and Burgundy Selection. Four engines were available: 1.5-litre Skyactiv-G petrol (15S), 2.0 Skyactiv-G petrol (20S), 1.8 Skyactiv-D diesel (XD), and a 2.0 Skyactiv-X petrol (X) released at a later date. All powertrains have the option of all wheel drive available from February 2020.

In April 2023, the minor facelift saw the Mazda3 range restructured into 3 trim levels: Smart Edition, Proactive Touring Selection, and Black Tone Edition. The 1.5-litre Skyactiv-G petrol (15S) and 2.0 Skyactiv-X petrol (X) only available for the hatchback, the latter option become exclusively all wheel drive.

New Zealand
The Mazda3 went on sale in New Zealand on 1 June 2019, in both hatchback and sedan body styles, with 3 trim levels available at launch: GSX, GTX, and Limited. It is available with either 2.0-litre and 2.5-litre Skyactiv-G petrol engines.

In October 2020, the Skyactiv-X petrol in the new Takami trim was added to the range.

Malaysia
The Mazda3 was launched in Malaysia on 17 July 2019, in both hatchback and sedan body styles, with three variants available at launch: 1.5, 2.0 High (only for sedan), and 2.0 High Plus. It is available with either 1.5-litre and 2.0-litre Skyactiv-G petrol engines.

In March 2022, the Ignite Edition based on the 2.0 High Plus variant was introduced, only as a hatchback.

In October 2023, the Mazda3 range was revised with updated equipment and a simplified line-up, with the 1.5 Skyactiv-G petrol engine dropped. Four variants are available: High sedan, High Plus sedan, High Plus hatchback, and Ignite Edition hatchback.

South Africa
The Mazda3 was launched in South Africa on 17 July 2019, in both hatchback and sedan body styles, with four trim levels available at launch: Active, Dynamic, Individual and Astina. It is available with either 1.5-litre and 2.0-litre Skyactiv-G petrol engines.

In September 2021, the sedan bodystyle was discontinued in South Africa, as Mazda South Africa stated that South African prefer compact crossovers and SUVs above the sedans.

In August 2023, the Mazda3 range was simplified from 6 to 3 variants, with the discontinuation of the Active and Individual trim levels but engine options remain the same.

Indonesia
The Mazda3 was officially launched in Indonesia at the 27th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show on 18 July 2019, in both hatchback and Sedan bodystyles, each in a sole variant powered by a 2.0-litre Skyactiv-G petrol engine.

Singapore
The Mazda3 was launched in Singapore by Eurokars on 20 July 2019, in both hatchback and sedan body styles, with three trim levels available: Classic (only for sedan), Elegance, and Astina, it is powered by a 1.5-litre Skyactiv-G petrol engine with M Hybrid technology.

Brunei
The Mazda3 was launched in Brunei on 27 July 2019, in both hatchback and sedan body styles, each is available in Core and High trim levels. Engine options include a 1.5-litre (for the Core trim) and 2.0-litre (for the High trim) Skyactiv-G petrol engines.

Philippines
The Mazda3 was launched in the Philippines on 14 August 2019, in both hatchback (as 'Sportback') and sedan body styles, with 3 trim levels available at launch: Elite, Premium, and Speed (only for Sportback), it is available with either 1.5-litre and 2.0-litre Skyactiv-G petrol engines.

In October 2021, the mild hybrid versions of the Mazda3 were introduced, as a e-Skyactiv-G.

Thailand
The Mazda3 was launched in Thailand on 18 September 2019, in both hatchback (as 'Fastback') and sedan body styles, with 3 trim levels: C, S, and SP, it is powered by a 2.0-litre Skyactiv-G petrol engine. It is locally assembled at the AutoAlliance Thailand plant in Rayong.

In October 2022, the Carbon Edition was introduced for both Fastback and sedan.

Vietnam
The Mazda3 was launched in Vietnam on 4 November 2019, in both hatchback (as 'Sport'), and sedan body styles, with 3 trim levels available at launch: Deluxe, Luxury, and Premium. Engine options include a 1.5-litre and 2.0-litre Skyactiv-G petrol engines. Both bodystyles are locally assembled at Truong Hai Auto Corporation plant in Quảng Nam Province.

In September 2022, Mazda dropped the 2.0-litre Skyactiv-G petrol engine option in Vietnam, with the trim levels remain the same.

Powertrain
In some markets, the fourth-generation Mazda3 can be equipped with a spark-controlled compression ignition engine, called the Skyactiv-X. The 2.0-litre Skyactiv-X engine initially produced 132.5 kW and 224 Nm of torque, though its updated version, dubbed e-Skyactiv-X, and launched at the beginning of 2021, produces 140 kW in Japan and 137 kW in other markets, with the torque being augmented to 240 Nm.

The 1.5-, 2.0- and 2.5-litre versions of the current Skyactiv petrol engine line are offered, as well as the 1.8-litre Skyactiv-D diesel engine. Transmission options consist of the 6-speed Skyactiv-MT manual and the Skyactiv-Drive automatic. Initial release in North America only included the 2.5-litre petrol engine.

Mazda introduced an all-wheel drive version of the 2.5-litre turbocharged petrol engine for model year 2021 which is exclusively mated to a six-speed automatic transmission. In the Australian market, the fourth-generation Mazda3 along with the CX-30 are available with the e-SkyActiv G MHEV engine, for improved acceleration and fuel economy.

Safety
The Mazda3 has disc brakes on all wheels.

IIHS
The 2022 Mazda3 was tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) and received a Top Safety Pick+ award:

In 2024, Mazda3 was likewise named one of the safest cars available in the US, according to IIHS ratings.

Motorsports

 * The Mazda3 was introduced to the Speed World Challenge in 2009.
 * Team Sahlen entered a Mazda3 in the Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge Street Tuner class in 2010.
 * Mazda South Africa, in conjunction with MFC (a vehicle finance house) entered two Mazda3 MPS models into Class-T of the South African Production Car Championship from 2007 to 2010.
 * Mazda3 is used in the seed category NASCAR Stock V6 Series in Mexico.
 * The 2020 Mazda3 TCR program was announced in October 2019 but canceled in August 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Awards
In 2024, the Mazda3 was one of four compact cars listed on Car and Driver's Editors' Choice.

title: Mazda3


text:
Kookmin Bank

Kookmin Bank or KB Kookmin Bank is among four of the largest banks ranked by asset value in South Korea, as of the end of March 2014. It is the largest among banks in Korea and the 60th largest in the world as of 2017.

History
The current KB Kookmin Bank was formed in December 2000 in a merger between the old Kookmin Bank and the Housing & Commercial Bank. They were both founded by the Korean government in the 1960s for special purposes. Kookmin Bank, which catered towards providing financial services for middle and low income consumers, was privatized in 1995. During the Asian financial crises both banks acquired other financially troubled banks. The merger of the two banks was partly due to the government policy of making banks bigger and more stable. After the merger, KB acquired various companies include credit card, insurance and brokerage firms, transforming into the current financial group in 2008. In September 2004, Kookmin Bank said it would restate its 2003 and 2004 earnings after a financial watchdog found that the bank avoided $270 million in taxes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kookmin Bank


text:
Ten Years' War

The Ten Years' War (Guerra de los Diez Años; 1868–1878), also known as the Great War (Guerra Grande) and the War of '68, was part of Cuba's fight for independence from Spain. The uprising was led by Cuban-born planters and other wealthy natives. On 10 October 1868, sugar mill owner Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and his followers proclaimed independence, beginning the conflict. This was the first of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Little War (1879–1880) and the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898). The final three months of the last conflict escalated with United States involvement, leading to the Spanish–American War.

Slavery
Cuban bourgeoisie demanded fundamental social and economic reforms from the Crown. Lax enforcement of the slave trade ban had resulted in a dramatic increase in imports of Africans, estimated at 90,000 slaves from 1856 to 1860. This occurred despite a strong abolitionist movement on the island, and rising costs among the slave-holding planters in the east. New technologies and farming techniques made large numbers of slaves unnecessary and prohibitively expensive. In the economic crisis of 1857 many businesses failed, including many sugar plantations and sugar refineries. The abolitionist cause gained strength, favoring a gradual emancipation of slaves with financial compensation from the Government for slaveholders. Additionally, some planters preferred hiring Chinese immigrants as indentured workers and in anticipation of ending slavery. Before the 1870s, more than 125,000 were sent to Cuba. In May 1865, Cuban creole elites placed four demands upon the Spanish Parliament: tariff reform, political representation in Parliament, judicial equality for all Spaniards (including Cubans), and full enforcement of the slave trade ban.

Colonial policies
The Spanish Parliament at the time was changing; gaining much influence were reactionary, traditionalist politicians who intended to eliminate all liberal reforms. The power of military tribunals was increased; the colonial government imposed a six percent tax increase on the Cuban planters and businesses. Additionally, all political opposition and the press were silenced. Dissatisfaction in Cuba spread on a massive scale as the mechanisms to express it were restricted. This discontent was particularly felt by the powerful planters and hacienda owners in Eastern Cuba.

The failure of the latest efforts by the reformist movements, the demise of the "Information Board," and another economic crisis in 1866/67 heightened social tensions on the island. The colonial administration continued to make huge profits which were not re-invested in the island for the benefit of its residents. It funded military expenditures (44% of the revenue), colonial government's expenses (41%), and sent some money to the Spanish colony of Fernando Po (12%). The European Spaniards (known as peninsulares) concentrated a good deal of the island's wealth through their paramount role in Cuban trade. In addition, the Cuban-born population still had no political rights and no representation in Parliament. Objections to these conditions sparked the first serious independence movement, especially in the eastern part of the island.

Revolutionary conspiracy
In July 1867, the "Revolutionary Committee of Bayamo" was founded under the leadership of Cuba's wealthiest plantation owner, Francisco Vicente Aguilera. The conspiracy rapidly spread to Oriente's larger towns, most of all Manzanillo, where Carlos Manuel de Céspedes became the main protagonist of the uprising in 1868. Originally from Bayamo, Céspedes owned an estate and sugar mill known as La Demajagua. The Spanish, aware of Céspedes' anti-colonial intransigence, tried to force him into submission by imprisoning his son Oscar. Céspedes refused to negotiate and Oscar was executed.

Uprising

Céspedes and his followers had planned the uprising to begin 14 October, but it had to be moved up four days earlier, because the Spaniards had discovered their plan of revolt. In the early morning of 10 October, Céspedes issued the cry of independence, the "10th of October Manifesto" at La Demajagua, which signaled the start of an all-out military uprising against Spanish rule in Cuba. Céspedes freed his slaves and asked them to join the struggle. 10 October is now commemorated in Cuba as a national holiday under the name Grito de Yara ("Cry of Yara").

During the first few days, the uprising almost failed: Céspedes intended to occupy the nearby town of Yara on 11 October. In spite of this initial setback, the uprising of Yara was supported in various regions of the Oriente province, and the independence movement continued to spread throughout the eastern region of Cuba. On 13 October, the rebels took eight towns in the province that favoured the insurgency and acquisition of arms. By October's end, the insurrection had enlisted some 12,000 volunteers.

Military responses
That same month, Máximo Gómez taught the Cuban forces what would be their most lethal tactic: the machete charge. He was a former cavalry officer for the Spanish Army in the Dominican Republic. Forces were taught to combine use of firearms with machetes, for a double attack against the Spanish. When the Spaniards (following then-standard tactics) formed a square, they were vulnerable to rifle fire from infantry under cover, and pistol and carbine fire from charging cavalry. In the event, as with the Haitian Revolution, the European forces suffered the most fatalities due to yellow fever because the Spanish-born troops had no acquired immunity to this endemic tropical disease of the island.

10th of October Manifesto
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes called on men of all races to join the fight for freedom. He raised the new flag of an independent Cuba, and rang the bell of the mill to celebrate his proclamation from the steps of the sugar mill of the manifesto signed by him and 15 others. It cataloged Spain's mistreatment of Cuba and then expressed the movement's aims:

"Our aim is to enjoy the benefits of freedom, for whose use, God created man. We sincerely profess a policy of brotherhood, tolerance, and justice, and to consider all men equal, and to not exclude anyone from these benefits, not even Spaniards, if they choose to remain and live peacefully among us.

Our aim is that the people participate in the creation of laws, and in the distribution and investment of the contributions.

Our aim is to abolish slavery and to compensate those deserving compensation. We seek freedom of assembly, freedom of the press and the freedom to bring back honest governance; and to honor and practice the inalienable rights of men, which is the foundations of the independence and the greatness of a people.

Our aim is to throw off the Spanish yoke, and to establish a free and independent nation….

When Cuba is free, it will have a constitutional government created in an enlightened manner."

Escalation
After three days of combat, the rebels seized the important city of Bayamo. In the enthusiasm of this victory, poet and musician Perucho Figueredo composed Cuba's national anthem, "La Bayamesa”. The first government of the Republic in Arms, headed by Céspedes, was established in Bayamo. The city was retaken by the Spanish after 3 months on 12 January, but the fighting had burned it to the ground.

The war spread in Oriente: on 4 November 1868, Camagüey rose up in arms and, in early February 1869, Las Villas followed. The uprising was not supported in the westernmost provinces of Pinar del Río, Havana and Matanzas. With few exceptions (Vuelta Abajo), resistance was clandestine. A staunch supporter of the rebellion was José Martí who, at the age of 16, was detained and condemned to 16 years of hard labour. He was later deported to Spain. Eventually he developed as a leading Latin American intellectual and Cuba's foremost national hero, its primary architect of the 1895–98 Cuban War of Independence.

After some initial victories and defeats, in 1868 Céspedes replaced Gomez as head of the Cuban Army with United States General Thomas Jordan, a veteran of Confederate States Army in the American Civil War. He brought a well-equipped force, but General Jordan's reliance on regular tactics, although initially effective, left the families of Cuban rebels far too vulnerable to the "ethnic cleansing" tactics of the ruthless Blas Villate, Count of Valmaceda (also spelled Balmaceda). Valeriano Weyler, known as the "Butcher Weyler" in the 1895–1898 War, fought alongside the Count of Balmaceda.

After General Jordan resigned and returned to the US, Cespedes returned Máximo Gómez to his command. Gradually a new generation of skilled battle-tested Cuban commanders rose from the ranks, including Antonio Maceo Grajales, José Maceo, Calixto García, Vicente García González and Federico Fernández Cavada. Raised in the United States and with an American mother, Fernández Cavada had served as a colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War. His brother Adolfo Fernández Cavada also joined the Cuban fighting for independence. On 4 April 1870, the senior Federico Fernández Cavada was named Commander-in-Chief of all the Cuban forces. Other war leaders of note fighting on the Cuban Mambí side included Donato Mármol, Luis Marcano-Alvarez, Carlos Roloff, Enrique Loret de Mola, Julio Sanguily, Domingo Goicuría, Guillermo Moncada, Quintin Bandera, Benjamín Ramirez, and Julio Grave de Peralta.

Because of the escalating violence, after the first year of the war, around 100,000 Cubans fled the country. Generally speaking, those rich enough settled in Europe or else in northern cities in America like New York, Philadelphia, or Boston. Meanwhile, the poorer workers moved to south Florida, first settling in Key West, and then in Tampa.

Constitutional assembly
On 10 April 1869, a constitutional assembly took place in the town of Guáimaro (Camagüey). It was intended to provide the revolution with greater organizational and juridical unity, with representatives from the areas that had joined the uprising. The assembly discussed whether a centralized leadership should be in charge of both military and civilian affairs, or if there should be a separation between civilian government and military leadership, the latter being subordinate to the first. The overwhelming majority voted for the separation option. Céspedes was elected president of this assembly; and General Ignacio Agramonte y Loynáz and Antonio Zambrana, principal authors of the proposed Constitution, were elected secretaries. After completing its work, the Assembly reconstituted itself as the House of Representatives and the state's supreme power. They elected Salvador Cisneros Betancourt as president, Miguel Gerónimo Gutiérrez as vice-president, and Agramonte and Zambrana as secretaries. Céspedes was elected on 12 April 1869, as the first president of the Republic in Arms and General Manuel de Quesada (who had fought in Mexico under Benito Juárez during the French invasion of that country), as Chief of the Armed Forces.

Spanish repressions
By early 1869, the Spanish authorities had failed to reach an agreement with the insurrection forces. Harsher measures to repress the insurrection and its supporters were taken, and troops began to flood in from the Peninsula.

Apart from the regular army, the government relied on the Voluntary Corps, a militia created in 1855 a few years earlier to face the announced invasion by John A. Quitman in collaboration with Ramón Pintó. By early-1869 more than 70,000 men, both peninsulares and creoles had joined the Volunteers. In the big cities, the Volunteers were used to keep public order in the cities, earning some notoriety for their lack of discipline and harsh acts of repression against independence supporters. Its forces executed eight students from the University of Havana on 27 November 1871. The corps seized the steamship Virginius in international waters on 31 October 1873. Starting on 4 November, its forces executed 53 persons, including the captain, most of the crew, and a number of Cuban insurgents on board. The serial executions were stopped only by the intervention of a British man-of-war under the command of Sir Lambton Lorraine.

Apart from their controversial role in the cities, hundreds of Volunteer units were created in the countryside. Most of the Volunteers there were Cubans loyal to Spain who organised sections and companies to defend their hometowns from rebel attacks, giving a tone of civil war to Cuba's first war of independence. According to a Spanish journalist, by 1872, 52,000 of the 80,000 Volunteers were Cuban-born.

In the so-called "Creciente de Valmaseda" incident, the corps captured farmers (Guajiros) and the families of Mambises, killing them immediately or sending them en masse to concentration camps on the island. The Mambises fought using guerrilla tactics and were more effective on the eastern side of the island than in the west, where they lacked supplies.

Another Voluntary Corps was formed by Germans, the so-called "Club des Alemanes". Presided by Fernando Heydrich, a committee of German merchants and landowners created a troop to defend their possessions in 1870. A neutral force initially, as ordered by Otto von Bismarck in a telegram to consul Luis Will, they were considered to favor the government.

Rebel political strife
Ignacio Agramonte was killed by a stray bullet on 11 May 1873, and was replaced in the command of the central troops by Máximo Gómez. Because of political and personal disagreements and Agramonte's death, the Assembly deposed Céspedes as president, replacing him with Cisneros. Agramonte had realized that his dream Constitution and government were ill-suited to the Cuban Republic in Arms, which was the reason he quit as secretary and assumed command of the Camaguey region. He became a supporter of Cespedes. Céspedes was later surprised and killed on 27 February 1874, by a swift-moving patrol of Spanish troops. The new Cuban government had left him with only one escort and denied permission to leave Cuba for the US, from where he intended to help prepare and send armed expeditions.

Continued warfare
Activities in the Ten Years' War peaked in the years 1872 and 1873, but after the deaths of Agramonte and Céspedes, Cuban operations were limited to the regions of Camagüey and Oriente. Gómez began an invasion of Western Cuba in 1875, but the vast majority of slaves and wealthy sugar producers in the region did not join the revolt. After his most trusted general, the American Henry Reeve, was killed in 1876, Gómez ended his campaign.

Spain's efforts to fight were hindered by the civil war (Third Carlist War) that broke out in Spain in 1872. When the civil war ended in 1876, the government sent more Spanish troops to Cuba, until they numbered more than 250,000. The severe Spanish measures weakened the liberation forces ruled by Cisneros. Neither side in the war was able to win a single concrete victory, let alone crush the opposing side to win the war, but in the long run Spain gained the upper hand.

Failing insurgency
The deep divisions among insurgents regarding their organisation of government and the military became more pronounced after the Assembly of Guáimaro, as resulting in the dismissal of Céspedes and Quesada in 1873. The Spanish exploited regional divisions, as well as fears that the slaves of Matanzas would break the weak existing balance between whites and blacks. The Spanish changed their policy towards the Mambises, offering amnesties and reforms.

The Mambises did not prevail for a variety of reasons: lack of organization and resources; lower participation by whites; internal racist sabotage (against Maceo and the goals of the Liberating Army); the inability to bring the war to the western provinces (Havana in particular); and opposition by the US government to Cuban independence. The US sold the latest weapons to Spain, but not to the Cuban rebels.

Peace negotiations and hold-outs
Tomás Estrada Palma succeeded Juan Bautista Spotorno as president of the Republic in Arms. Estrada Palma was captured by Spanish troops on 19 October 1877. As a result of successive misfortunes, on 8 February 1878, the constitutional organs of the Cuban government were dissolved; the remaining leaders among the insurgents started negotiating for peace in Zanjón, Puerto Príncipe.

General Arsenio Martínez Campos, in charge of applying the new policy, arrived in Cuba. It took him nearly two years to convince most of the rebels to accept the Pact of Zanjón; it was signed on 10 February 1878, by a negotiating committee. The document contained most of the promises made by Spain. The Ten Years' War came to an end, except for the resistance of a small group in Oriente led by General Garcia and Antonio Maceo Grajales, who protested in Los Mangos de Baraguá on 15 March.

Pact of Zanjón
Under the terms of the pact, a constitution and a provisional government was set up, but the revolutionary élan was gone. The provisional government convinced Maceo to give up, and with his surrender, the war ended on 28 May 1878. Many of the graduates of the Ten Years' War became central players in Cuba's War of Independence that started in 1895. These include the Maceo brothers, Maximo Gómez, Calixto Garcia and others.

The Pact of Zanjón promised various reforms to improve the financial situation for residents of Cuba. The most significant reform was the manumission of all slaves who had fought for Spain. Abolition of slavery had been proposed by the rebels, and many persons loyal to Spain also wanted to abolish it. Finally in 1880, the Spanish legislature abolished slavery in Cuba and other colonies in a form of gradual abolition. The law required slaves to continue to work for their masters for a number of years, in a kind of indentured servitude, but masters had to pay the slaves for their work. The wages were so low, however, that the freedmen could barely support themselves.

Remaining tensions
After the war ended, tensions between Cuban residents and the Spanish government continued for 17 years. This period, called "The Rewarding Truce", included the outbreak of the Little War (La Guerra Chiquita) between 1879 and 1880. Separatists in that conflict became supporters of José Martí, the most passionate of the rebels who chose exile over Spanish rule. Overall, about 200,000 people died in the conflict. Together with a severe economic depression throughout the island, the war devastated the coffee industry, and American tariffs badly damaged Cuban exports.

Further legacy
Fidel Castro sought to frame the 26th of July Movement as a direct continuation of the anti-colonial struggle of the Ten Years' War and the War of Independence.

title: Ten Years' War


text:
Hanil Bank FC

Hanil Bank Football Club (한일은행 축구단) is a defunct football club in South Korea. The side spent three seasons in the K-League from 1984 to 1986. It was led by Kim Ho, who later coached the Daejeon Citizen and Suwon Samsung Bluewings. Hanil Bank was dissolved in December 1998.

Managers

 * 1970–1983 : 🇰🇷 Kang Jun-Young
 * 1983–1987 : 🇰🇷 Kim Ho
 * 1993 : 🇰🇷 Cho Seong-Kyu

title: Hanil Bank FC


text:
User:Dygituljunky

About Me
Bill W.
 * born in 1978 in Metro Atlanta, Georgia, USA
 * Wikimedian since October, 2004

Friends

 * Nadavspi
 * Jim Henry

InterWiki Contributions

 * Wikipedias: en, eo, es, pl, pt,
 * Wikitionary: en, eo,
 * Commons: commons

My English Wikipedia Creations

 * Category:Autobiographies - created category
 * A Knight in the Congo article deleted for notability.
 * Hezekiah M. Washburn article deleted for notability. Revision in progress: here

My current discussions
(last updated 11 Oct 2004)
 * None

My Sandboxes

 * Sandbox 01

ToDo List

 * none currently

eo:Vikipediisto:Dygituljunky

title: User:Dygituljunky


text: File:Aimee Mann - Whatever.jpg

title: File:Aimee Mann - Whatever.jpg


text:
File:Kata27.jpg

A screenshot of "Make A Star" mode from the Japanese version of Katamari Damacy. The katamari is the large clump of objects taking up most of the center of the screen. In the corners of the screen, the interface shows the katamari's current average diameter (4 meters, 84 centimeters), the goal (30 meters), the time remaining (under 9 minutes), and the most recent object picked up (a streetlight post).

Katamari Damacy and all screenshots thereof are copyrighted by Namco.

in the article Katamari Damacy

 * Namco has not released any screenshots to the public domain
 * The image is used to demonstrate the game's distinctive graphical style
 * The image is being used in an informative way and should not detract from the game
 * The image does not limit Namco's ability to sell the game

title: File:Kata27.jpg


text:
Chonbuk Buffalo

Chonbuk Buffalo was a South Korean professional football club, based in Jeonbuk. Lasting only one year in the K League, the club was the root of the Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors. However, K League and Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors officially considers Chonbuk Buffalo as a different club.

History
Predecessor of Chonbuk Buffalo was established in January 1993 as Wansan Puma FC. Wansan Puma was scheduled to join the 1993 season of K League, but was postponed for one year due to draft boycott.

In 1994, Wansan Puma changed its name to Chonbuk Buffalo. Their one and only season in 1994 saw them gather only 14 points from their 30 matches, winning just three times and finishing last, before the club folded.

title: Chonbuk Buffalo


text:
Talk:Prem Rawat/Archive 10

Misunderstanding?
Jossi & Andries, you are both right. I hope Gary remembers that we split of the criticism into a separate article only to stop the edit wars. Eventually, I want a single article.

I would prefer Gary to merge Prem Rawat with Criticism of Prem Rawat, because:
 * he is a better writer
 * he has attracted a following
 * I don't have the time

But I'm still planning to do the merge myself, after the dust settles, if no one else does it. Gary, you da man! --Uncle Ed 14:23, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Ed, I hope that you accept the fact that working on the main articles and the ancillary articles has been not an easy job. It was a long process of give and take, compromises and concensus. All editors have agreed to this current format, with additional articles being developed. Your recurrent idea of an eventual merge is in direct contradiction with the process worked out by many editors that invested in this article for many, many days. Gary's initial idea of an eventual merge was abandoned by him and others half-way thorugh the process.

 * I hope that this clears any misunderstandings on the "merge" subject . ≈ jossi ≈ 15:16, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, I wasn't planning to do anything till after Halloween in any case. Still too much dust around here, ahem! --Uncle Ed 16:47, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Ed, I do not often agree with Jossi but I think it would be a big mistake to merge the articles Prem Rawat with Criticism of Prem Rawat. All the exhausting time-consuming (and sometimes bitter) disputes would re-emerge. Andries 16:57, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks, Ed! Hey, if I have a following, I can be a guru! ;-)

Our enemy now is the WP article size limit. Both the main and criticism articles are 30 to 31 KB in length each. Conceptually, I actually still prefer a single omnibus article, too, but that would mean 60KB+. I had once suggested dividing the main article along lines other than viewpoint, but there is just no other divisible piece of the article that's anywhere near as large as the criticism material, and besides, restoration of the criticism to the main article would push out everything else in the article anyway, since the criticism material is already at the size limit. I think this all means that we're just stuck with it as is.

BTW, I don't think you're proposing editing all this down to a single article smaller than 32 KB, but let me knock down that straw man anyway:
 * The topic is just larger than that, so a single 32 KB article wouldn't get the job done of telling the full story
 * The editorial blood bath that would be unleashed in attempting to perform a 50% edit-down on these finely negotiated articles, I would not want to witness =yow!=

--Gary D 20:37, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

Maharaji/ Guru Mahara ji
I corrected an invalid assertion on the opening paragraph:

 * Rawat is not known in India as Guru Maharaji
 * There are no materials from Iindia using this name any more
 * In India as in the West students call him Maharaji
 * The fact that he was known in the past as Guru Maharaj Ji is explained in the article

--Zappaz 15:00, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I do not agree with removing the name Guru Maharaji Ji from the intro. At his most famous period he was called like that and many people still remember this name. Andries 16:34, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I respectfully disagree. The most famous period must be nowadays, if you take into account that he spoke to more than a million people this year, a definitive record attendance. The encyclopedic information about his previous name is already well described in the body of the article. I have modified your edit just a bit. --Zappaz 16:43, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Zappaz,
 * 1. In the seventies the most real newspapers articles written using the name Guru Maharaj ji.  More than in any other decade
 * 2. The 1981 reference by Haan also describes him as "Goeroe Maharaj ji"
 * 3. "There were several popular Eastern gurus in the late 1960s including the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, and Guru Maharaj Ji. The first two, with their long beards their long flowing beards, fitted the Western conception of an Eastern guru; the third was, when he sprang into prominence in 1971, a 13-year-old boy." from David V. Barrett the New Believers page 325 "The British organization changed its name in 1991, 20 years after Maharaji took Britain by storm page 326
 * 4. Of course the names should be stated first. How do people otherwise know if they are reading the good article?
 * 5. Here is the beginning of an email from Ed Poor from the English mailing list
 * "''From: "Poor, Edmund W"
 * Subject: [WikiEN-l] Criticism of Prem Rawat
 * To:
 * Anybody remember Guru Maharaj Ji?''"
 * 6. "October 1983 Whatever Happened to Guru Maharaj Ji? Once Heralded as the Avatar of the Age, the Leader of the Divine Light Mission is Hard to Find These Days" from Hinduism today
 * Andries 17:17, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * What is the problem Andries? I have already added that ... Formerly he was called Guru Maharaj Ji, a title he dropped in the 1980s..  --Zappaz 17:31, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * No problem anymore. I had overlooked that sentence. Thanks. Andries 17:33, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Guys, guys, lighten up a little. It's just an article... --Uncle Ed 20:05, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Deletion
Andries: Just to remind you that this page is also a baseline reference concesus poage. If you want to make any substantial edits, like the one you just did, you will need to discuss it here. --Zappaz 18:02, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I did hereunder. Followers really believed him to be God and the DLM magazines must have given at least some the imprerssion that he personally claimed to be God hence some must have thought that he was sincere. Andries 18:08, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Removed incorrect sentence that is at least doubtful
I think the following sentence is untrue and at least doubtful and contradicts what comes further. See also http://gallery.forum8.org/god_claims.htm Some ex-premies do believe that Maharaji claimed to be God. Of course, what he really thought can not be verified.
 * "It has not been alleged that Rawat ever personally thought himself an incarnation of God."

Andries 17:59, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * No, Andries. The sentence is correct and I have re-added it. Maybe you have a misunderstanding due to language? --Zappaz 18:08, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I have to admit that it is a bit complicated sentence. Fact is that some followers believed him to personally claim to be God based on ambiguous DLM publications. So so some of them must have believed him to be sincere, although this was implicit. So logically spoken the sentence is not true. Note that the sentence makes a very general statement about all the followers. Andries 18:23, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Zappaz, here is what is written in the article further that contradicts the disputed sentence.
 * "Rawat in this speech attributed great power and possibly divinity to "The Lord, Guru Maharaj Ji", apparently referring to his father and teacher. [..] Critics assert that in their view there can be no doubt Rawat was both referring to himself and intending his followers to understand that."
 * Andries 18:58, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Andries, I agree with Zappaz. It's impossible for anyone to really know, during Rawat's various stages of life to the present, exactly what he believed (or now believes) about himself in terms of his divinity -- even though he denies ever claiming to be divine.

 * That doesn't mean he didn't deceive premies into believing what he said about himself as evidenced by the quotes -- being the Lord Incarnate with great powers -- whether or not he said it in the third person or using "I" statements. No one can get inside of his mind and know what Rawat thinks about himself, now or in the past. That's something only he knows.  These are two different issues.  There's no question that most premies worshipped him in the past (and some continue to do so) based upon his own words and behavior, however.  The quotes are ample proof of that, as well as testimony of ex-premies.  I certainly do not know what Rawat thinks of himself.

 * Another Ex-Premie 19:18, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Can somebody please write down here the disputed sentence in other words? It may be due to a wrong understanding of English. Thanks Andries 19:33, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * That sentence is consistent with Gary's copyedit as referred throughout in the article. In any case, given that the edit was approved by concensus after a long process, I see no point in discussing this again. If there is new substantial information please add it, otherwise let's keep this article as is. Thanks. ≈ jossi ≈ 19:47, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay, I overlooked that sentence. It is just one sentence. Andries 19:53, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

My intent in putting that sentence in the article was to distinguish this case from those NRM leaders we sometimes run across who clearly, sincerely, subjectively, most would say delusionally, believe that they personally are indeed God, and always speak and act (and occasionally rave) unambiguously in accordance with that belief. The sentence is meant to address PR's personal subjective belief, and not what he may have induced in others. Along the lines Ex-Premie notes, here the various positions are that he intentionally tricked his followers, or that he negligently failed to disabuse their mistake, or that he innocently did not realize what was going on. There does not appear to be a position out there that he wanted them to believe it because he believed it himself. This sentence was an attempt, perhaps inartful, to say or at least allude to all the above in a single quick aside. --Gary D 20:49, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Gary_D, Jossi and Zappaz, please believe me, I really do not want to make big edits in this article anymore but this one sentence mars in my opinion the whole article. May be we can re-phrase it into "There is no proof that he Rawat ever personally thought himself an incarnation of God." that would be fine for me. Andries 20:57, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I changed it into: "Rawat’s acts never proved that he ever personally thought himself an incarnation of God, and the source of the followers' belief has been a subject of controversy." Please take into account that he used to dress up as Krishna so I can not write "Rawat's acts never indicated that...." I hope everybody can live with that. Andries 22:00, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry Andries, but I would much prefer the original sentence as it expressed the situation more accurately. I wound kindly request that you refrain from changing it again. As I said before, this article went through quite an exhaustive editing process and concensus was reached. Let's not start the whole thing again, unless there is new material to be added --≈ jossi ≈ 23:07, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Jossi, your implication that when Rawat said things like: "Surrender your life to Guru Maharaj Ji, be like a beggar..." that he was talking about Shri Maharaji is specious! It beggars belief that you think this way.  When you sang Arti anywhere, to Maharaji's photo in a satsang hall, the ashram, or to him directly on stage, did you really think premies were singing to Shri Maharaji, but somehow mistakenly thought Prem/Maharaji was the Lord?  That's absurd!  I ask you to consider this:  From 1976 and beyond, Prem Rawat/Guru Maharaji's favorite chair was the Herman Miller ergon or aeron chair.  Remember those?  He used them at live programs often, too.

 * http://designmatcher.com/nl/gallery_detail.php?galleryID=954

 * These chairs were in just about every ashram in the U.S. and community satsang halls, with large photos of Prem Rawat behind them and a pillow for his feet. I don't think they were meant for Shri Maharaji, do you?  They were expensive chairs, too.  During that period of time, 1976 through 1979 or so, those chairs were all over the place and not because they were for Shri Maharaji. We sang arti to those altars set up for Prem Rawat, and there is nothing controversial or doubt about who was being worshipped or Rawat's intent about the same.

 * I agree that the sentence in dispute is accurate from the standpoint that no one can know exactly what Maharaji thought or now thinks about himself in terms of his divinity, but to say he was always referring to his father when he spoke in the third person is beyond the pale! Don't forget, Jossi, ex-premies were there. LOL!

 * Another Ex-Premie 14:39, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Then what does the disputed sentence mean? It may indeed be a a language problem. Does it mean?
 * "Nobody believed that Rawat ever personally thought himself an incarnation of God."

Note that the Wikipedia guidelines say that the passive form is to be avoided. Andries 16:03, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The original sentence was supposed to mean, "the ex-premies are not charging that PR did what he did because he actually, subjectively did think he was God." --Gary D 19:33, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your translation but some ex-premies really thought that he was sincere when he allegedly personally claimed to be God in DLM publications. I think the sentence is untrue. We are only one sentence away from concensus. Andries 19:48, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The sentence was attempting to capture the current scope of the controversy and the current allegations being made by the ex-premies, rather than their beliefs back when they were still premies, so the followup question would be: Do the ex-premies currently allege that PR actually thinks he is God? --Gary D 20:29, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Jim Heller thinks that he must sincerely have believed that he was God. Personally, I tend to believe that he must have believed occasionally that he was God but generally not. Andries 20:33, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Now I understand one source of the confusion, yes, a subtle language problem. "has been alleged " refers to what is still going on so to ex-premies. Andries 20:43, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * What about changing the sentence into

 * "The majority of Rawat's critics do not believe that he ever personally thought himself an incarnation of God."

 * I believe that this is accurate and I assume Jim Heller's opinion to be an exception. This proposed compromise remains doubtful though because I did not ask all the ex-followers. Andries 16:41, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I imagine if a significant portion of them believe he actually believed it, then this view would be featured somewhere on EPO or other critical websites, probably along the lines of, "he actually believes this—he must be crazy!" --Gary D 17:40, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * Gary, I read somwhere that Mike Finch does not know whether he believes himself to be a satguru. I think the view that Rawat really believed to be God would be prominently featured on ex-premie if there were evidence of it. But in such cases there is hardly ever evidence. I have not seen the view that a guru really believes to be God in the many anti-guru websites that I have read, probably because of the problem of evidence. Andries 19:10, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Gary_D Mike Finch believes that Prem Rawat is as deluded as his followers
 * "Detractors say that he has milked his followers through manipulation, though opinion differs on whether he is an actual con-artist, deliberately deceiving people, or whether he himself believes that he is indeed the satguru of this age and that he is as deluded as his followers (my own belief is the latter).'" ~
 * from http://www.mikefinch.com/mj/hl.htm Finch writes that he believed him to be the Lord. So now we have two prominent ex-premies (Heller and Finc) who believed Prem Rawat to be sincere when he allegedly claimed to be God. Andries 22:14, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay, so what's the consensus/plan? --Gary D 22:42, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * What is this all about? Is this an article of what Jim Heller, Mike Finch or Andries think that Maharahi thinks? This is an utter absurdity!!!!!! --64.81.88.140 23:28, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I suggest removing the sentence. I want to change as little as possible in the article. Andries 23:56, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I have removed the sentence in question. I think that it reads well and does not seed confusion about who tought what and when and about whom, a statememt that can only be speculative and not a fact. If anyone does not like it as it is now, pleas revent back to the baseline article. --Zappaz 03:44, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * You know, you get points when you take the initiative to accede to the wishes of your adversary. According to my metaphysics, these points are redeemable for doughnuts in Heaven. :-) --Gary D 07:54, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

This is an extraordinary discussion, and I will for once, indulge in engaging in the debate.

Rawat, when asked point blank about what he believe he is, he clearly stated that he is a human being, not a prophet, not a messiah, not a god, etc. You have that on videos, interviews, etc. since 1971 and until today.

What the ex-premies believed then, or believe now that they believed then, what current followers believed then or believe now, what non-followers believe, (and all other combinations possible) about who/what is Prem Rawat ... is a purely subjective matter and based on the experience these people have of him.

The one point of contention is the speeches in which PR referes to "Guru Maharaj Ji". My interpretation based in my studies, is that he was referring to his "Guru Maharaj Ji", his teacher. If he wanted to refer to himself, he could have just said me or I.

This is consistent with the ancient tradition of teacher/student or guru/devotee relationship: A teacher only manifests in a student's recognition, and vice-versa. There is a saying: "There is no teacher without a student, and there is no student without a teacher". In this tradition, there is no sense in a person calling himself "guru" or "teacher", that is a laughable proposition. Only a person that identifies or recognizes another as his guru or teacher can call that person "guru maharaj ji", "master", or "teacher. Such recognition is called devotion (marg) and it is said to be achievable only by self-realization via Gyãn (Knowledge of the self).

There is a wonderful little story from Ramakrishna:

 * "Tapobana the Master, had a disciple who served him with diligence. The master kept him solely because of this diligence and the services he rendered, for he found the disciple rather stupid. One day, the rumour spread throughout the whole region that Tapobana's disciple had walked on water. He had crossed the river as if he crossed a street. Tapobana called his disciple and questioned him. 'Is it true what people say? Did you actually walk over the water?'

 * 'What could be more natural?' answered the disciple, 'It is thanks to you, blessed one, that I walked over the water. At every step I repeated Your Holy Name, and that is what upheld me.'

 * Tapobana then thought by himself: 'If my disciple can walk over water using my name, what would be impossible for me, his master? If in my name miracles take place, I must possess powers I did not suspect, and I must be more holy than I was aware of. After all, I never tried to walk on water.'
 * Without delay he ran to the river bank. With unshakeable faith in himself, Tapobana repeated: 'I, I, I .....' And sank..."

This little story is wonderful in this context because it may help explain many of the issues at hand, if one makes the effort to understand its meaning.

When I made this point a few weeks ago, in the midst of the discussion about "claims of divinity" I got lambasted by the ex-premies and was attacked vigorously by them .... for one reason only IMO: If my thesis has any validity, it completely annuls their main criticism against PR, so they will fight it regardless. They will call me names, they will attack each and every point, etc. This is expected and consistent with the pathology that some of the ex-premies have demonstrated throughout the discussions in these very pages: they hang on to their POVs ferociously, because their identity as ex-premies gets challenged. Remove the source of their criticism, and given their very obvious attachment to it, their identity suffers.

I know that they will attempt tear my arguments to pieces: The have no choice, they have to. --Zappaz 03:44, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * funny assumption, you approach this matter of course more "academical", i mean you have no idea how it was, and you probably have no idea of how it is now and maybe you aren't even really interested.i have in deed proceeded, until i more accidently got a look on what ev/rawat is saying today about the past. of course i don't have my whole life recorded for a proof, but i know of what i have seen and what i have heard. you probably know the video excerpt with him dancing , and the premies singing "maharaji you are the lord", him definitely enjyoing that. and him definitely forgetting to explain ,that he is not the lord ,that just as a hint. i think the term obsession may be very interesting in the future, and maybe it is you who is obsessed, in attempting to prove that ex-premies are all wrong at least.but i must admit that i admire your style,trying to achieve your aims.maybe you forget that we were  seduced and deluded once. maybe that is the reason why i feel this despise for us in your lines. thomas

ps: uh i almost forgot, maybe if you are really interested in how this master/god/guru thing works today, you better read "the guru papers" from joel kramer and diana alstad, which shows that rawat is not such a unique thing, instead of ripping indian sciptures,to explain why this godlike adoration has "accidently" happened, just in the line of EV which is, you may excuse me, a bit conspicious. thomas

Teachings of Prem Rawat
Hello, everyone. My girlfriend Lexy has been tip-tapping away at the computer and will have the section on Teachings ready for upload in a few days. Thanks for the patience. One should never rush a young lady...not good for your health! :) Richard G. 01:42, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi all. I uploaded the section to "techniques of Knwoledge." If this is not correct, Jossi or Zappas, pls fee free to put in in the appropriate place. thanx Richard G. 02:28, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks Richard. That is a good start for the article. Thank your lady for the effort!. The new material was earmarked for the article Teachings of Prem Rawat. I have moved the new text there and kept the Techniques of Knowledge article as it was before. Also made some re-arrangement of the new text and a few formatting-only edits.
 * --Zappaz 03:36, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Cool, but shouldn;t there be a link to Teachings of Prem Rawat at the very top of the Main article, in the first section? Richard G. 21:08, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks Richard. Wikilink to Teachings of Prem Rawat  added. ≈ jossi ≈ 21:30, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

Undeniable proof that Rawat claimed to be God in Human Form -- you lose, Zappaz!
Here you go, Zappaz. This is from an early question and answer period:

Q:Is it not true that the Satguru is within us all, within our hearts?

'''A:God is within your heart. Guru is outside. God is within us all, but His highest manifestation takes place outside. Then He opens this medium to see, look, inside. He says that what you are seeing -- Krishna says that 'What you are seeing is nothing, is only the body like you have, and I. So if you want to see me, look inside, who I am.' Then he gave him that technique. Yes.'''

Unless you have some other explanation for who he's talking about as that "highest manifestation" of God who "opens this medium to see, look, inside", I'd say he was talking about himself. Do you?

Or how about this, a little further in that same session:

'''God has created this whole Earth. He made enjoyment and sufferings, so many sufferings that they can't be easily settled down. They were incredible. Man had to suffer without this Knowledge so much, so much, so much, that it was impossible for him to bear the sufferings of this world. But then ....'''

'''You call God a form of kindness. He is kind. He took a form to refine this whole world, to make sufferings easier for His people. He wanted to go and do that work more and more Himself to make it easy, and first make more and more sufferings on his head, instead of anybody else's.'''

'''God manifested Himself fully into a form. Not a part, but wholly into a form, to cure people from the disease of sufferings. He came into this world; nobody recognized Him. For He never came like a flash or something, so that people could recognize Him. He came as the law of nature was; He came very silently. But what He was doing side by side, it was rather impossible for people of any time to recognize Him.''' '''People of this time also can't recognize what He is doing. They can't recognize what His works are. They can't respect Him. But when He will finish up, and the whole result will be added up, people will pray.'''

'''Jesus came; they crucified Him. Nobody listened to Him. After that, the holy Bible was written. So many churches were made; so many things happened. When Jesus was there, nobody listened to Him. That's why He says -- what were the last words of Jesus when He left His body? 'Father, forgive this whole world.' Yes, forgive this whole world! He called, 'You forgive this whole world. They can't bear that.

'''Now He took a form to refine this whole world. He was trying to do all that in the Middle East. But now He has taken a form to refine this whole world, from one corner to the other corner of the whole world. He has come. And what does He do? He gives people such a technique, such a method, which is perfect, and gets them away from sufferings, the cause of sufferings of this world.'''

'''God made the mind but He never made a stoplight. And when He saw that 'There is no stop in this mind which I have made,' He was very sorry. He had to take a form. The form of Guru is nobody but Himself, the whole that you want to see. The whole power is now in the form of a body. That is the body which is the Supremest of all, and its duties, works are not like those of humanity.''' Unless you have someone else in mind who Rawat's talking about, who "gives people such a technique...." who is the "form of Guru", you must admit he's talking about himself. See, part of your problem, is that Rawat did indeed, at times, specifically deny that he was God. You're absolutely right. But then there were other times that he'd say just the opposite AND, to put it all together, he would at still other times show how he liked to be coy about it all. For example, read this question and answer session. It's all there:

You lose, pal.

--24.68.220.3 02:24, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC) Jim

 * Firstly, I am not your pal.--I shudder at the thought :). Secondly, my thesis still stands strong: I do not see anywhere that PR says he is God. PR is talking about what a satguru is and giving a pretty accurate description based on the ancient Indian tradition of satguru: He quotes very appropriately from Shankaracharya, Brahmanand, the Ramayana and from the Bhagavad Gita. Pretty amazing coming from a 13 year-old kid. Don't you think? and very much aligned with the cultural trappings from where he came. Read in detail my thesis above.

 * I understand why my thesis it is not palatable to you, and I have explained that quite clearly already... And, please in the future, use the bold feature more judiciously, and don't call me "pal" . Thanks. --Zappaz 03:07, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Jim and Zappaz, I have inserted some of the quotes from this question and answers session into Prem Rawat so the readers can draw their own conclusions. I mean, it does not make sense to argue about it here and try to convince the other party. Andries 09:45, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prem Rawat/Archive 10


text:
Electronic brakeforce distribution

Electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD or EBFD) or electronic brakeforce limitation (EBL) is an automobile brake technology that automatically varies the amount of force applied to each of a vehicle's wheels, based on road conditions, speed, loading, etc, thus providing intelligent control of both brake balance and overall brake force. Always coupled with anti-lock braking systems (ABS), EBD can apply more or less braking pressure to each wheel in order to maximize stopping power whilst maintaining vehicular control. Typically, the front end carries more weight and EBD distributes less braking pressure to the rear brakes so the rear brakes do not lock up and cause a skid. In some systems, EBD distributes more braking pressure at the rear brakes during initial brake application before the effects of weight transfer become apparent.

ABS
Vehicle wheels may lock-up due to excessive wheel torque over tire–road friction forces available, caused by too much hydraulic line pressure. The ABS monitors wheel speeds and releases pressure on individual wheel brake lines, rapidly pulsing individual brakes to prevent lock-up. During heavy braking, preventing wheel lock-up helps the driver maintain steering control. Four channel ABS systems have an individual brake line for each of the four wheels, enabling different braking pressure on different road surfaces. Three channel systems are equipped with a sensor for each wheel, but control the rear brakes as a single unit. For example, less braking pressure is needed to lock a wheel on ice than a wheel that is on bare asphalt. If the left wheels are on asphalt and the right wheels are on ice, during an emergency stop, ABS detects the right wheels are about to lock and reduces braking force on the right front wheel. Four channel systems also reduce brake force on the right rear wheel, while a three channel system would also reduce force on both back wheels. Both systems help avoid lock-up and loss of vehicle control.

EBD
As per the technical paper published by Buschmann et al., "The job of the EBD as a subsystem of the ABS system is to control the effective adhesion utilization by the rear wheels. The pressure of the rear wheels are approximated to the ideal brake force distribution in a partial braking operation. To do so, the conventional brake design is modified in the direction of rear axle overbraking, and the components of the ABS are used. EBD reduces the strain on the hydraulic brake force proportioning valve in the vehicle. EBD optimizes the brake design with regard to: adhesion utilization; driving stability; wear; temperature stress; and pedal force."

EBD may work in conjunction with ABS and electronic stability control (ESC) to minimize yaw accelerations during turns. ESC compares the steering wheel angle to vehicle turning rate using a yaw rate sensor. "Yaw" is the vehicle's rotation around its vertical center of gravity (turning left or right). If the yaw sensor detects less(more) yaw than the steering wheel angle should create, the car is understeering(oversteering) and ESC activates one of the front or rear brakes to rotate the car back onto its intended course. For example, if a car is making a left turn and begins to understeer (the car plows forward to the outside of the turn) ESC activates the left rear brake, which will help turn the car left. The sensors are so sensitive and the actuation is so quick that the system may correct direction before the driver reacts. ABS helps prevent wheel lock-up and EBD helps apply appropriate brake force to make ESC work effectively and easily.

title: Electronic brakeforce distribution


text:
Eugène Bozza

Eugène Joseph Bozza (4 April 1905 – 28 September 1991) was a French composer and violinist. He was one of the most prolific composers of chamber music for wind instruments. Bozza's large ensemble works include five symphonies, operas, ballets, large choral work, wind band music, concertos, and many works for large brass or woodwind ensembles. Outside of France, he is best known for his chamber music, rather than his larger works.

Childhood and early years (1905–1915)
Bozza was born in Nice to an Italian musician and a French woman. His father, Umberto Bozza, was a violinist who made his living playing in French casinos along the Mediterranean coast. His mother's name was Honoré Molina. With a professional musician for a father, Bozza was exposed to music early on. He began studying the violin with his father when he was only five years old. Under such expert tutelage, Bozza became an outstanding young violinist and would occasionally go with his father to performances and play with the orchestra. In 1915, at the age of ten, Bozza and his father moved to Italy to avoid the turmoil of World War I.

Formative years (1915–1934)
In Italy, Bozza studied violin, piano, and solfège in Rome at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia. He graduated in 1919 with a diploma as Professor of Violin. Bozza then returned to France and enrolled in the Conservatoire de Paris in 1922 where he studied violin with Édouard Nadaud. After two years of study, he earned the Conservatory's Premier Prix for violin and secured the chair of concert master at the Pasdeloup Orchestra in 1925. He married Juliette Arnaud, his first wife, in 1924 and had a son, Pierre, in 1925. After five years of touring Europe with the orchestra, Bozza resigned and returned to the Conservatory to study conducting with Henri Rabaud. His wife once confided that, "In fact, he was haunted by stage fright". Continuing his pattern of excellence, Bozza ended his study of conducting in 1931 by winning another Premier Prix, this time for conducting. Bozza was hired as the conductor for the Ballets Russes of Monte Carlo where he stayed for only a year before returning the Paris Conservatoire for a third and final time in 1932 to study musical composition. Following another two-year study with Henri Büsser, Bozza again won the Premier Prix for his area.

Middle years and career (1934–1950)
Bozza won the Prix de Rome in 1934 for his work La Légende de Roukmani, a one-act cantata. As part of the prize, he lived in Rome at the Villa de Medici for the following four years and five months so he could focus on growing as a composer, developing a voice, and honing his art. In Rome, Bozza composed several large-scale works such as his opera Leonidas, his Psalms, and the Introduzione and Toccata for piano and orchestra. He then returned to Paris after being appointed to conduct the Opéra-Comique from 1938 to 1948.

Academic career and later life (1950–1991)
In 1950,, he was appointed the director of the École Nationale de Musique in Valenciennes and maintained the position until his retirement in 1975. The years spent at the École Nationale were extremely productive for Bozza. He composed many of his books of études and solo works during this time for students and staff at his school. Additionally, he was made a Chevalier of the Légion d’Honneur in 1956. He divorced Juliette Arnaud in the early 1950s. Also during this time he met his second wife, a pianist named Nelly Baude, and they had a daughter, Cécile, who went on to study at the Paris Conservatory and become a harp teacher in Denain. After retirement in 1975, Bozza stayed in Valenciennes and continued to write music. He fell ill late in life and died in Valenciennes aged 86.

Compositions

 * See List of compositions by Eugène Bozza

Bozza was a prolific composer throughout his life. Beginning in the mid-1930s, he published at least one new work each year until just a few years before his death. Though a trained violinist, Bozza wrote an enormous amount of music for wind instruments during his life. Most of his wind music was composed and published during his time in Valenciennes. There are over 250 known published works as well as a wealth of manuscripts. During a posthumous assessment of the archives of Bozza's music over 70 unpublished manuscripts were found as well as several dozen that are no longer in print.

During his studies music in the inter-war period, the musical styles in Paris were moving away from Romanticism and Impressionism and towards the ideas of wit and eclecticism as laid out in Jean Cocteau's 1918 manifesto Le Coq et l’Arlequin. Cocteau said, "We have had enough clouds, waves, aquaria, watersprites, and nocturnal perfumes". These ideals of music being sharp, cutting, and always new are present in nearly all of Bozza's music. Additionally, Bozza's works are widely known to be very sensitive to the techniques of the instrument(s) for which they are written. His style shows many traditions of the French Impressionist school mixed with the fundamental mastery of harmony of Bach. His compositions can be placed within the Neo-Classicist genre which is also populated by Darius Milhaud and Igor Stravinsky.

Another major influence on his compositional style was the result of the cultural infusion, which occurred during and following World War I. Over two million American soldiers were sent to Europe which included roughly 10% African American soldiers. The influx of American and African American soldiers brought new styles and attitudes about music which were assimilated in French culture. This style of music quickly became part of French popular music and Bozza was introduced to it at an early age. Elements of jazz style and harmony are present in many of his works.

Another significant element of Bozza's output was educational methods and étude books. During his tenure as director in Valenciennes, Bozza composed at least 18 étude collections for many instruments including violin, double bass, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, saxophone, trumpet, horn, and trombone. This compositional history lends itself as a partial explanation to the popularity of Bozza's music in academic institutions.

Important works
An unaccompanied work for solo flute, Image is a substantial piece that showcases many elements of flute technique including extreme registral and timbral changes and flutter tongue.

The Concerto for Clarinet and Chamber Orchestra is a three-movement work and one of 19 concertos written by Bozza.

Bozza created a wide repertoire of music for Bassoon. Recit, Sicilienne, et Rondo is a solo piece with piano accompaniment that explores both the high and low range of the bassoon. Due to its technical demands and lyrical melodies, this piece is a mainstay of the conservatory repertoire for bassoon.

Aria, a piece written for alto saxophone and piano, draws inspiration from the works of J. S. Bach, especially the Manual for the Fantasy in F and the Pastorale in F Major (BWV 590). It is one of his most frequently played works for saxophone and is also available in an edition for clarinet. The piece was written during Bozza's stay in Rome at the Villa de Medici for French saxophonist Marcel Mule. Some of the lore around this piece says that it was written very quickly after Bozza was questioned about how much he had accomplished in the first few months in Rome.

Nuages for saxophone quartet is indicative of the Impressionistic side of Bozza. This scherzo focuses on the image of clouds and showcases masterful technique on the saxophone. Written in 1946, this piece comes from his time as the director of the Paris Opéra Comique and had the best instrumentalists available to him.

In his horn solo, En forêt, the Impressionistic technique of planing can be seen in the piano part combined with a solo part that is masterfully written for the instrument. Bozza also reminds us of the horn's roots as hunting horns with frequent calls and responses. This piece is one of the mainstays of the solo horn repertoire as well as one of the most difficult pieces overall.

New Orleans for bass trombone and piano is a solo work written in 1962 for bass saxhorn. Since that instrument has fallen to obscurity, this solo is now frequently played on bass trombone or tuba. Influenced heavily by the jazz culture of New Orleans, this piece explores many styles that might be heard walking around the city such as ragtime and dixieland. This piece is a major element of the bass trombone solo repertoire and is often called upon for auditions.

Bozza's Concertino for Tuba and Orchestra represents a significant addition to the major solo repertoire for the Tuba.

Reception
Though he spent much of his life in the central and southern large population centers of Paris and Valenciennes, many of Bozza's stage works were premiered in Lille, located in northeastern France. His work transcended the metropolitan mentality and he felt the music would be well served in this more pastoral area. His large works—such as symphonies, concertos, and operas—are largely unknown outside of central Europe, but his solo and chamber works are fixtures in music schools throughout the world.

Bozza's music has largely been a critical and popular success. His style was normally highly accessible to listeners, students, and academics; and he composed such a mass of solo and chamber music that his name is commonly heard in studios. Norman Heim, professor of clarinet at the University of Maryland, may have encapsulated the success of Bozza's work with this: "He is a performer's composer, in that the music is well written for the instrument, is challenging to play and enjoyable to rehearse. He is the listener's composer since the music is always interesting, and has a familiarity of melody and tonality that even the untrained ear can enjoy." A testament to the universality of his music is that when Bozza died at midnight on 28 September 1991, his woodwind quintet Scherzo was being played on Belgian Radio at the request of a listener.

Bozza remains frequently played and recorded today (Naxos Music Library lists 126 albums with recordings of his works and a YouTube search for Bozza yields thousands of videos). However, for whatever reason, very little has been written about his life, especially the earlier years. Reference works such as the Grove Music Dictionary have very short entries or sometimes no entries at all. Most modern writing about his past cites a single dissertation, published in 1978, by Denise Rogers Rowen about his bassoon music.

Premiers Prix du Conservatoire de Paris

 * 1924: Premier Prix for violin
 * 1930: Premier Prix for conducting
 * 1934: Premier Prix for composition

Other awards

 * 1934: Grand Prix de Rome for composition

Honours

 * 1956: Chevalier de la Lègion d'Honneur
 * Officer des Palmes Academiques
 * Chevalier de la Couronne de Belgique
 * Officer du Mérite Nationale
 * Chevalier de la Couronne de Italie
 * Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Letters
 * Officer de l'Ordre du Nichaire-Iftukhar
 * Médaille d'Argent de la Ville de Paris
 * Grand Croix du Mèrit Musical
 * Médaille de Vermeil Arts-Sciences-Lettres
 * Médaille de la Ville de Valenciennes

title: Eugène Bozza