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Lighting control console

A lighting control console (also called a lightboard, lighting board, or lighting desk) is an electronic device used in theatrical lighting design to control multiple stage lights at once. They are used throughout the entertainment industry and are normally placed at the front of house (FOH) position or in a control booth.

All lighting control consoles can control dimmers which control the intensity of the lights. Many modern consoles can control Intelligent lighting (lights that can move, change colors and gobo patterns), fog machines and hazers, and other special effects devices. Some consoles can also interface with other electronic performance hardware (i.e. sound boards, projectors, media servers, automated winches and motors, etc.) to improve synchronization or unify their control. Lighting consoles communicate with the dimmers and other devices in the lighting system via an electronic control protocol. The most common protocol used in the entertainment industry today is DMX512, although other protocols (e.g. 0-10 V analog lighting control) may still be found in use, and newer protocols such as ACN and DMX-512-A are evolving to meet the demands of ever increasing device sophistication. Some lighting consoles can communicate over a Local IP network infrastructure to provide control over more scalable systems. A common protocol for this is ESTA E1.31 sACN (pronounced: streaming A.C.N.) or Art-Net.

Types of control consoles
Consoles vary in size and complexity, from small preset boards to dedicated moving light consoles. The purpose of all lighting consoles, however is the same: to consolidate control of the lights into an organized, easy-to-use system, so that the lighting designer can concentrate on producing a good show. Most consoles accept MIDI Show Control signals and commands to allow show control systems to integrate their capabilities into more complex shows.

Preset boards
Preset boards are the most basic lighting consoles—and also the most prevalent in smaller installations. They consist of two or more identical fader banks, called scenes. The faders (control slides) on these scenes can be manually adjusted. Each scene has the same number of channels which control the same dimmers. So the console operator can build a scene offline or in "blind", a cross-fader or submaster is used to selectively mix or fade between the different scenes.

Generally, at least with a preset board, the operator has a cue sheet for each scene, which is a diagram of the board with the faders in their positions, as determined by the lighting designer. The operator sets the faders into their positions based on the cue sheets. Typically during a cue, the operator sets the next scene. Then the operator makes the transition between the scenes using the cross-fader.

Preset boards are not as prevalent since the advent of digital memory consoles, which can store scenes digitally, and are generally much less cumbersome but more expensive than preset boards. However, for small setups such as that of a DJ, they remain the board of choice for their simple to use interface and relative flexibility. Preset boards generally control only conventional lights; though some advanced hybrid consoles can be patched to operate intelligent lights in a round-about way by setting the control channels of the light to channels the preset board can control. However, this is not recommended since it is a cumbersome process.

Memory consoles
Memory-based consoles have become very popular in almost all larger installations, particularly theatres. This type of controller has almost completely replaced preset consoles as controllers of choice. Memory consoles are preferable in productions where scenes do not change from show to show, such as a theatre production, because scenes are designed and digitally recorded, so there is less room for human error, and less time between lighting cues is required to produce the same result. They also allow for lighting cues to contain larger channel counts due to the same time savings gained from not physically moving individual channel faders.

Many memory consoles have a bank of faders. These faders can be programmed to control a single channel (a channel is a lighting designer's numerical name for a dimmer or group of dimmers) or a group of channels (known as a ""submaster""). The console may also have provision to operate in analog to a manual desk for programming scenes or live control. On more advanced consoles, faders can be used to control effects, chases (sequences of cues), and moving light effects (if the console can control moving lights).

Moving light controllers
Moving Light Controllers are another step up in sophistication from Memory Consoles. As well as being capable of controlling ordinary luminaires via dimmers, they provide additional controls for intelligent fixtures. On midrange controllers, these are usually provided as a section separate from main Preset and Cue stack controls. These include an array of buttons allowing the operator to select the fixture or fixtures they want to control, and a joystick, or a number of wheels or rotary encoders to control fixture attributes such as the orientation (pan and tilt), focus, colour, gobos etc. found in this type of light. Unlike a fader that shows its value based on the position of a slider, a wheel is continuously variable and provides no visual feedback for the value of a particular control. Some form of display such as LCD or LED is therefore vital for displaying this information. The more advanced desks typically have one or more touchscreens, and present a GUI that integrates all the aspects of the lighting.

As there is no standard way of controlling an intelligent light, an important function for this type of desk is to consolidate the various ways in which the hundreds of types of intelligent lights are controlled into a single abstract interface for the user. By integrating knowledge of different fixtures and their attributes into the lighting desk software, the detail of how an attribute such as pan or tilt is controlled for one device vs. another can be hidden from the operator. This frees the operator to think in terms of what they want to achieve (e.g. pan 30 degrees clockwise) instead of how it is achieved for any given fixture (e.g. send value 137 down channel 23). Furthermore, should a lighting fixture need to be replaced with one from a different vendor that has different control sequences, no change need be apparent to the control operator. For some further discussion on how intelligent fixtures are controlled, see Digital MultipleX (DMX).

Personal computer-based controllers
Personal Computer (PC) based controllers are increasing in popularity owing to portability and reduced cost. These lighting console solutions use software with a feature set similar to that found in a hardware-based console. As dimmers, automated fixtures and other standard lighting devices do not generally have current standard computer interfaces, options such as DMX-512 ports and fader/submaster panels connected via USB are commonplace.

This system allows a "build-to-fit" approach: the end user initially provides a PC that fits their budget and any other needs with future options to improve the system, for example, by increasing the number of DMX outputs or additional console style panels.

Many lightboard vendors offer a PC software version of their consoles. Commercial lighting control software often require a specific, and possibly expensive, hardware DMX interface. However, inexpensive (<$150) DMX -> USB PC interfaces such as the ENTTEC and DMXKing DMX USB Pro with public API and other DIY, and free or Open source software hardware combinations are available.

Many console vendors also make a software simulator or "offline editor" for their hardware consoles, and these are often downloadable for free. The simulator can be used to pre-program a show, and the cues then loaded into the actual console. In addition, lighting visualization software is available to simulate and approximate how lighting will appear on stage, and this can be useful for programming effects and spotting obvious programming errors such as incorrect colour changes.

Remote focus unit
Many memory consoles have an optional Remote Focus Unit (RFU) controller that can be attached to the light board and used to control the board's functions (though usually in some limited capacity). They are usually small enough to be handheld. This is ideal in situations where moving the light board is impractical, but control is needed away from where the board is located. That is, if the light board is in a control room that is located far from the fixtures, such as a catwalk, an RFU can be attached and an electrician or the lighting designer can bring it to a location which is close to the lights. Some of the newer and more advanced boards have RFUs that can be connected through USB or even wirelessly.

Various manufacturers offer software for devices such as Android and iPhones that cause the devices to act as remote controllers for their consoles. Also, independent software developers have released applications that can send Art-Net packets from an iPhone, thus enabling an iPhone to serve as a fully featured console when used in conjunction with an Art-Net to DMX converter or Art-Net compatible luminaries and dimmers. An example of this is ETC's (electronic theater controls) app called iRFR for Apple devices or aRFR for Android devices.

The Controller Interface Transport Protocol, or CITP, is a network protocol used between visualizers, lighting control consoles and media servers to transport non-show critical information during pre-production. The protocol is used for a number of purposes including SDMX, browsing media and thumbnails, and streaming media among different devices.

title: Lighting control console


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Aerial survey

Aerial survey is a method of collecting geomatics or other imagery by using airplanes, helicopters, UAVs, balloons or other aerial methods. Typical types of data collected include aerial photography, Lidar, remote sensing (using various visible and invisible bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as infrared, gamma, or ultraviolet) and also geophysical data (such as aeromagnetic surveys and gravity. It can also refer to the chart or map made by analysing a region from the air. Aerial survey should be distinguished from satellite imagery technologies because of its better resolution, quality and atmospheric conditions (which can negatively impact and obscure satellite observation). Today, aerial survey is sometimes recognized as a synonym for aerophotogrammetry, part of photogrammetry where the camera is placed in the air. Measurements on aerial images are provided by photogrammetric technologies and methods.

Aerial surveys can provide information on many things not visible from the ground.

Terms used in aerial survey

 * exposure station or air station: the position of the optical center of the camera at the moment of exposure.
 * flying height: the elevation of the exposure station above the datum (usually mean sea level).
 * altitude: the vertical distance of the aircraft above the Earth's surface.
 * tilt the angle between the aerial camera and the horizontal axis perpendicular to the line of flight.
 * tip: the angle between the aerial camera and the line of flight.
 * principal point: the point of intersection of the optical axis of the aerial camera with the photographical plane.
 * isocentre: the point on the aerial photograph in which the bisector of the angle of tilt meets the photograph.
 * nadir point: the image of the nadir, i.e. the point on the aerial photograph where a plumbline dropped from the front nodal point pierces the photograph.
 * scale: ratio of the focal length of the camera objective and the distance of the exposure station from the ground.
 * azimuth: the clockwise horizontal angle measured about the ground nadir point from the ground survey North meridian in the plane of photograph.
 * orthomosaic: A high-resolution map created by orthophotos, usually via drones is termed as an orthomosaic. Ortho meaning a nadir image and mosaic meaning a collection of images.
 * Temporal Resolution:Time between observations.

Uses
Aerial surveys are used for:

 * Archaeology
 * Fishery surveys
 * Geophysics in geophysical surveys
 * Hydrocarbon exploration
 * Land survey
 * Mining and mineral exploration
 * Monitoring wildlife and insect populations (called aerial census or sampling)
 * Monitoring vegetation and ground cover
 * Reconnaissance
 * Transportation projects in conjunction with ground surveys (roadway, bridge, highway)

Aerial surveys use a measuring camera where the elements of its interior orientation are known, but with much larger focal length and film and specialized lenses.

Aerial survey sensors
In order to carry out an aerial survey, a sensor needs to be fixed to the interior or the exterior of the airborne platform with line-of-sight to the target it is remotely sensing. With manned aircraft, this is accomplished either through an aperture in the skin of the aircraft or mounted externally on a wing strut. With unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the sensor is typically mounted under or inside.

Aerial survey systems are typically operated with the following:
 * Flight navigation software, which directs the pilot to fly in the desired pattern for the survey.
 * GNSS, a combination of GPS and inertial measurement unit (IMU) to provide position and orientation information for the data recorded.
 * Gyro-stabilized mount to counter the effects of aircraft roll, pitch and yaw.
 * Data storage unit to save the data that is recorded.

Examples of aerial survey sensors

 * Vexcel UltraCam (Eagle, Falcon, Osprey, Condor) and their calibrations.
 * Leica ADS100
 * WaldoAir XCAM
 * RIEGL LMS-Q780
 * Trimble AX80
 * Gpixel GMAX32152 / GMAX32103

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aerial survey


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User talk:Chuckschneider

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Hi., just letting you know I listed your on requests for Arbitration, Requests_for_arbitration with the following complaint "User:Reithy has a request for comments open: Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/Reithy detailing his vandalism spree and his attack on other users. Since this every single day he has been creating a new account to insult me on his user/page talks pages, Talk about what a vandal I i'm, Revert other editors edits with his different accounts to make it seem like he has concenus. etc...(please see request for comments for basis for major problems.

He has been conducting a general campaign against me in the past week, with a different account per day to make it seem as if I have a large base of hatred from different users being directed at how awful I am.

Impossible to talk/reason with because he actually seems to like to believe that he's a sockpuppet and a unique indivudal any time you try to confront him.

His accounts he has created in just the past week are: User:Chuckschneider User:Schweppes42 User:144.132.89.151 user:Guido1970 user:ReithySockPuppet (pay particular attention to this one's user page) User:Lukewilson user:CorporalPunishment user:MunchieRonnie and user:PockyChoc."

please respond if you wish to. Chuck F 08:55, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ron Paul
Ron Paul has been nominated for a featured article review. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets the featured quality. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Remove" the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Reviewers' concerns are here. --Andrew Kelly (talk) 05:18, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chuckschneider


text:
Talk:Probabilism

Molina or Medina?
I'm guessing that "Molina" means Luis de Molina. If so, this contradicts our article School of Salamanca, which I translated from a generally good (but citationless) article in the Spanish-language Wikipedia. That article says Bartolomé de Medina is the author of the doctrine. Can someone who knows this period better than I or who knows where to find a good independent source look into this? Thanks. -- Jmabel|Talk 03:03, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Medina, per chapter 4 of J Franklin, science of conjecture, as referenced in article, chapter 4, is the author of the doctrine. Franklin also discusses Molina, in a related context. linas (talk) 15:38, 22 February 2012 (UTC)

In moral theology
Does the magisterium of the Catholic Church approve or disapprove of probabilism? 69.140.157.138 03:32, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Probabilism


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Argyre Planitia

Argyre Planitia is a plain located within the impact basin Argyre in the southern highlands of Mars. Its name comes from a map produced by Giovanni Schiaparelli in 1877; it refers to Argyre, a mythical island of silver in Greek mythology.

Argyre is centered at -49.7°N, 316°W and lies between 35° and 61° S and 27° and 62° W in the Argyre quadrangle. The basin is approximately 1700 km wide and drops 5.2 km below the surrounding plains; it is the second-deepest impact basin on Mars after Hellas. The crater Galle, located on the east rim of Argyre at -51°N, -31°W, strongly resembles a smiley face.

The basin was formed by a giant impact during the Late Heavy Bombardment of the early Solar System, approximately 3.9 billion years ago, and may be one of the best preserved ancient impact basins from that period. Argyre is surrounded by rugged massifs which form concentric and radial patterns around the basin. Several mountain ranges are present, some of these mountain ranges include Charitum and Nereidum Montes.

Past water flows
Four large Noachian epoch channels lie radial to the basin. Three of these channels (Surius Vallis, Dzígai Vallis, and Pallacopas Vallis) flowed into Argyre from the south and east through the rim mountains. The fourth, Uzboi Vallis, appears to have flowed out from the basin's north rim to the Chryse region and may have drained a lake of melting ice within the basin. A smaller outflow channel named Nia Valles is relatively fresh-looking, and probably formed during the early Amazonian after the major fluvial and lacustrine episodes had finished.

The original basin floor is buried with friable, partially deflated layered material that may be lake sediment. No inner rings are visible; however, isolated massifs within the basin may be remnants of an inner ring.

Past habitability
After the formation of the impact basin, heat from the impact event along with geothermal heating may have allowed for liquid water to persist for many millions of years. The lake's volume could have been equal to that of Earth's Mediterranean Sea. The basin would have supported a regional environment favorable for the origin and the persistence of life. This region shows a great deal of evidence of glacial activity with flow features, crevasse-like fractures, drumlins, eskers, tarns, arêtes, cirques, horns, U-shaped valleys, and terraces. Because of the shapes of Argyre sinuous ridges, the authors agree with previous publications in which they are eskers.

Based on morphometrical and geomorphological analysis of the Argyre eskers and their immediate surroundings, it was suggested that they formed beneath an approximately 2 km thick, stagnant (i.e., stationary) ice sheet around 3.6 billion years ago. This stagnant body of ice might have resembled a Piedmont-style glacier comparable to today's Malaspina Glacier in Alaska.

title: Argyre Planitia


text:
Statistical database

A statistical database is a database used for statistical analysis purposes. It is an OLAP (online analytical processing), instead of OLTP (online transaction processing) system. Modern decision, and classical statistical databases are often closer to the relational model than the multidimensional model commonly used in OLAP systems today.

Statistical databases typically contain parameter data and the measured data for these parameters. For example, parameter data consists of the different values for varying conditions in an experiment (e.g., temperature, time). The measured data (or variables) are the measurements taken in the experiment under these varying conditions.

Many statistical databases are sparse with many null or zero values. It is not uncommon for a statistical database to be 40% to 50% sparse. There are two options for dealing with the sparseness: (1) leave the null values in there and use compression techniques to squeeze them out or (2) remove the entries that only have null values.

Statistical databases often incorporate support for advanced statistical analysis techniques, such as correlations, which go beyond SQL. They also pose unique security concerns, which were the focus of much research, particularly in the late 1970s and early to mid-1980s.

Privacy in statistical databases
In a statistical database, it is often desired to allow query access only to aggregate data, not individual records. Securing such a database is a difficult problem, since intelligent users can use a combination of aggregate queries to derive information about a single individual.

Some common approaches are:
 * only allowing aggregate queries (SUM, COUNT, AVG, STDEV, etc.)
 * rather than returning exact values for sensitive data like income, only return which partition it belongs to (e.g. 35k-40k)
 * return imprecise counts (e.g. rather than 141 records met query, only indicate 130-150 records met it.)
 * do not allow overly selective WHERE clauses
 * audit all users queries, so users using system incorrectly can be investigated
 * use intelligent agents to detect automatically inappropriate system use

For many years, research in this area was stalled, and it was thought in 1980 that, to quote:
 * The conclusion is that statistical databases are almost always subject to compromise. Severe restrictions on allowable query set sizes will render the database useless as a source of statistical information but will not secure the confidential records.

But in 2006, Cynthia Dwork defined the field of differential privacy, using work that started appearing in 2003. While showing that some semantic security goals, related to work of Tore Dalenius, were impossible, it identified new techniques for limiting the increased privacy risk resulting from inclusion of private data in a statistical database. This makes it possible in many cases to provide very accurate statistics from the database while still ensuring high levels of privacy.

title: Statistical database


text:
User talk:Infectbda

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Whosyourjudas (talk) 03:11, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Keith and The Girl
Since you contributed to it, I thought you'd like to know that Keith and The Girl has been proposed for deletion. NickelShoe (Talk) 05:34, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Spooky in the City
A template has been added to the article Spooky in the City, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you endorse deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please tag it with db-author. Breno talk 03:10, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Infectbda


text:
User talk:Reflexsilver86

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Whosyourjudas (talk) 03:15, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Invite
From - (User:Jccort) 22:01, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Meetup
Meetup/Tampa -- You're invited! Hires an editor (talk) 23:41, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Invitation to a Wicnic in Gainesville on Saturday, June 22nd
Greetings!

Seeing that you're a member of WikiProject Florida, on the off chance you're in our neck of the woods, I'm inviting you to the North Central Florida 2013 Great American Wiknic that will be on Saturday June 22, 2013, commencing at 1:00 pm, ten blocks north of UF campus in Gainesville.

If you're able and inclined to come, please RSVP at at this URL.

Type to you later, Vincent J. Lipsio (talk) 13:04, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject United States/The 50,000 Challenge
--MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:41, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Reflexsilver86


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject China/to do

 | Complete list

 * WikiProject China/Chinese cities workgroup
 * WikiProject China/Chinese provinces workgroup

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject China/to do


text:
Historic Deerfield

Historic Deerfield is a museum dedicated to the heritage and preservation of Deerfield, Massachusetts, and history of the Connecticut River Valley. Its historic houses, museums, and programs provide visitors with an understanding of New England's historic villages and countryside. It is located in the village of Old Deerfield which has been designated a National Historic Landmark District (as the Old Deerfield Historic District), and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The museum also hosts the Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife.

Sites
Eleven historic house museums are located in Historic Deerfield. Most are viewed on guided tours. A modern museum and a visitors center are part of the complex. The museum offers special exhibitions, family activities, workshops and seminars on historic subjects, and a gift shop. The Deerfield Inn is available for visitors.

 * Ashley House is the 1734 home of Deerfield's 18th-century minister, with furnishings of the Connecticut River elite and English ceramics.
 * Allen House is a 1734 home that was the 20th-century residence of Historic Deerfield's founders, Henry and Helen Flynt. The Flynt family renovated the house in 1945. The home features their personal collection of American antiques and is open by arrangement.
 * Stebbins House is the 1799 home of Asa Stebbins. The brick house features Federal period decorations, including neoclassical furnishings dating from 1790 to 1830. Highlights include French scenic wallpaper panels manufactured by Joseph Dufour et Cie that depict the voyages of Captain Cook. This house is open for self-guided tours.
 * Barnard Tavern is a 1795 tavern
 * Dwight House is a c. 1754 house built in Springfield, Massachusetts. It was moved to Deerfield in 1950 when it was threatened with demolition. The house reopened in 2009 as a museum of historic trades.
 * Frary House is a c. 1750 home interpreted to depict the 1890s home of Miss C. Alice Baker, who restored the house in 1892. Displays include New England antiques, Arts and Crafts needlework, ironware, and basketry. The house features Miss Baker's role in fostering the Colonial Revival in Deerfield.
 * Hall Tavern Visitor Center was originally built c. 1785 in Charlemont, Massachusetts; a ballroom wing was added around 1815. The building was moved to Deerfield and converted to a visitors center.
 * Sheldon House was built in 1754–55 and is interpreted to the period of 1780 to 1810. This house is open for self-guided tours.
 * Wells-Thorn House is a 1747 house featuring rooms demonstrating different periods and lifestyles from 1725 to the 1850s.
 * Williams House is a c. 1730 house extensively renovated in 1817. The house features Federal-style furnishings and decorations.
 * Flynt Center of Early New England Life is a modern museum with changing exhibits of history, heritage crafts, decorative arts, and other topics.

History
Historic Deerfield was founded by Henry and Helen Flynt, who had visited Deerfield in 1936 when their son attended Deerfield Academy. It was originally called "The Heritage Foundation" (not to be confused with The Heritage Foundation), but was changed to Historic Deerfield after Flynt's death in 1970.

Local geography
Historic Deerfield is based on a 330-year-old, mile-long street situated along the Deerfield River in the Pioneer Valley of Western Massachusetts.

Deerfield history
At the time of European contact, the area now known as Deerfield was inhabited by the indigenous Pocumtuck nation. The town was originally established as a grant of land to the residents of Dedham, Massachusetts, who had given land to the Massachusetts Bay Colony for the purpose of settling Christianized Indians.

For much of the colonial period Deerfield was one of New England's frontier villages. Briefly abandoned during King Philip's War in the 1670s, it was subjected to French and Indian raids during King William's War in the 1690s. In Queen Anne's War the village was subjected to a major raid, in which 40 percent of the population was taken prisoner. French and allied Abenaki, Mohawk, and other warriors breached the palisade and raided the village. They killed numerous settlers and took more than 100 residents captive. Before leaving for Canada, the raiding party burned the village.

Almost all of those who survived the attack and the march to Canada eventually were ransomed and returned to New England. Eunice Williams, captured at age eight, was adopted by a Mohawk family and became totally assimilated. She married a Mohawk man and had a family with him, choosing not to return to New England. In 1741 she visited surviving siblings for the first time, and she made two more visits later.

Deerfield survived the raid, and the frontier was pushed farther north and west. Settlers eventually moved into present-day Vermont and established settlements farther up the Connecticut River in New Hampshire.

Art From Deerfield
The town of Deerfield is home to a particular group of needlework samplers that share several defining features, known as the "White Dove" school. Popular in the area from 1790–1830, this style of sampler is named for the embroidered depiction of white doves outlined in black. Along with the doves, the style was typically characterized by an arrangement of baskets holding fruits and flowers, usually in a pyramid shape, sewn underneath an alphabet or verse, and surrounded by a three sided border. The uniformity in the works created from 1798–1826 suggests that the girls who created them studied under one instructor, but who they were and where they taught is unknown.

A well known example of the White Dove style was created by a girl named Esther Slate, at the age of ten years old in 1824. There are no less than three alphabets stitched into four separate rows, the first two alphabets are in a cursive font in both upper and lowercase letters, and the third alphabet is a block type font. The sampler is bordered by green vine motives on three sides, with a geometric triangle pattern on the bottom edge. Below the alphabets, Esther embroidered a garden scene, with a blue house in the center, flanked by two trees on either side, and a white picket fence surrounding them. Underneath the fence, the titular two white doves outlined in black stand with their wings spread. The picture is symmetrical up to the second tree on either side. On the left hand side, birds perch on sunflowers and crops, while an elephant and a monkey reside underneath. To the right, a fruit tree stands next to two of the popular white dove style fruit baskets. Though the instructor who taught this style is unknown, the surviving pieces of the White Dove school were created by the children of prominent families in the area, and are in the collection of Historic Deerfield. Other examples of the style include the other sampler pictured on this page, made by Katy Bernard in 1793.

Collection database
Historic Deerfield's collections can be searched on the database maintained by the Five College Museums/Historic Deerfield.

title: Historic Deerfield


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check/Example 6/

Humphrey IV of Toron (c. 1166- c. 1192)¹ was the lord of Toron², Kerak³, and Oultrejordain &sup4; in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem 5.

He was the son of Humphrey III of Toron and Stephanie of Milly&sup6;, and grandson of Humphrey II, former constable of Jerusalem. He was also a stepson of Raynald of Chatillon, who married Stephanie when Humphrey III died. Humphrey's sister Isabella was married to Rupen III of Armenia&sup7;. The lords of Toron were one of the original crusader families and were supporters of the barons' faction&sup8;, as opposed to the new crusader princes who tended to come from Europe to marry into the royal family&sup9;. Humphrey IV became lord of Toron when Humphrey II died in 1179.&sup10;

Humphrey IV, as a member of an old family, was therefore an anomaly in the royal family&sup10;; in 1180 he became betrothed to Isabella of Jerusalem&sup11;, daughter of former king Amalric I, under the agreement that Toron would become a royal territory&sup12;. In November of 1183 Humphrey and the eleven-year old Isabella were married in the fortress of Kerak&sup10;, which was at the same time besieged by Saladin&sup13;. Humphrey's mother convinced Saladin not to direct his attack against the tower in which the marriage was taking place&sup10;, although he continued to besiege the rest of the fortress; Kerak was eventually relieved by king Baldwin IV&sup14;.

In 1186, when Baldwin V died, Raynald tried to convince him to claim the throne through Isabella&sup15;. However, Humphrey, not known to be ambitious or confrontational, instead chose to support Guy of Lusignan&sup16;, husband of Isabella's sister Sibylla, and Raynald and the other nobles followed his support, even though Guy was a newcomer&sup17;.

Guy proved to be an ineffective king&sup18;, and Saladin invaded the kingdom in 1187&sup18;. Humphrey was captured at the Battle of Hattin that year&sup19;, but was let go and returned to Kerak to prepare for its defense&sup20;. He was captured again when Kerak fell in 1189, but was again set free.&sup21;

The barons of Jerusalem had only begrudgingly accepted Guy as king because of Humphrey's influence&sup22;, and after the fall of Jerusalem they turned against him&sup23;. During the Third Crusade in 1190&sup24; the Patriarch annulled Humphrey's marriage to Isabella&sup25;, based on the newcomer Conrad of Montferrat's argument that she had married Humphrey while underage&sup26;. Humphrey and Isabella were a devoted couple and did not want to divorce&sup27;, but Humphrey did not want to cause any conflict with the other barons&sup28;. Humphrey was also intimidated into the divorce by Guy of Senlis, a French noble, who challenged him to combat (Humphrey refused)&sup29;. Conrad then married Isabella himself&sup30; (although he was already married)&sup31;, and claimed the throne of Jerusalem through her&sup32;, with the support of the other barons&sup33;, especially the powerful Ibelin family&sup34;.

Humphrey allied himself with Richard Lionheart&sup35;, first in the capture of Cyprus and then against Saladin&sup36;. As Humphrey was fluent in Arabic he was able to negotiate with Saladin on Richard's behalf&sup36;. In 1192, when Conrad was assassinated by the Hashshashin&sup37;, Humphrey, along with Richard and various others, were suspected to be involved, although this is unlikely&sup38;. Isabella was then married off to Henry II of Champagne&sup39;, over the protests of Humphrey, who argued that the annulment of their marriage was invalid due to Conrad's bigamy&sup39;.

Humphrey probably died soon after this.&sup40;

Category:Crusades

Fact and reference check

 * 1 "Humphrey IV of Toron (c. 1166- c. 1192)"

 * 2 "was the lord of Toron"

 * 3 "Kerak"

 * 4 "Oultrejordain"

 * 5 "in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem"

 * 6 "He was the son of Humphrey III of Toron and Stephanie of Milly"

 * 7 "Humphrey's sister Isabella was married to Rupen III of Armenia"

 * 8 "The lords of Toron were one of the original crusader families and were supporters of the barons' faction"

 * 9 "as opposed to the new crusader princes who tended to come from Europe to marry into the royal family"

 * 10 "Humphrey IV became lord of Toron when Humphrey II died in 1179"

 * 10a "Humphrey IV, as a member of an old family, was therefore an anomaly in the royal family"

 * 11 "in 1180 he became betrothed to Isabella of Jerusalem"

 * 12 "under the agreement that Toron would become a royal territory"

 * 13 "In November of 1183 Humphrey and the eleven-year old Isabella were married in the fortress of Kerak"

 * 14
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text: User talk:69.173.144.23

title: User talk:69.173.144.23


text:
User talk:Jericho4.0

Jericho4.0

I quit.

title: User talk:Jericho4.0


text:
User:Infectbda

Brian D. Adams Software Engineer Writer

I believe that the Wikimedia Foundation's goals of empowering the entire world to information is one that should be universally important to all of us. With knowledge, comes power, and Wikimedia's contributing community is bringing this knowledge and power to both industrialized nations and the third world. I would encourage anyone who uses Wikipedia, or any of the other Wikimedia services to donate, even if it is only a small amount.

title: User:Infectbda


text:
Jimmy Deuchar

James Deuchar (26 June 1930 – 9 September 1993) was a Scottish jazz trumpeter and big band arranger, born in Dundee, Scotland. He found fame as a performer and arranger in the 1950s and 1960s. Deuchar was taught trumpet by John Lynch, who learned bugle playing as a boy soldier in the First World War, and who later was Director of Brass Music for Dundee.

Career
After National Service at Padgate, Warrington, England, Deuchar worked with the British modern jazz unit the Johnny Dankworth Seven. In the 1950s, he worked with a number of commercial bands, such as the Oscar Rabin Band, and also intermittently with Ronnie Scott. In the late 1950s, he worked with Kurt Edelhagen's orchestra in Germany.

He returned to the UK and worked again with Scott (1960–62) and with Tubby Hayes (1962–66). As a highly gifted player and a leading exponent of the "modern" style, he was in some demand and achieved success as a touring player in Europe and the United States. He also "sat in" with leading American players at Ronnie Scott's club as musical exchanges were liberalised at the start of the 1960s.

He returned to work with Edelhagen in 1966. In the 1960s and early 1970s, he also worked with The Kenny Clarke-Francy Boland Big Band, featuring leading European and expatriate American musicians. He returned to London around 1971, working freelance, and then to Dundee in the mid-1970s. He continued to arrange, play and guest in a number of settings, including the BBC Big Band in London and the BBC Scottish Radio Orchestra in Glasgow, until his health deteriorated.

He died in 1993, aged 63.

As leader

 * Jimmy Deuchar (Discovery, 1953)
 * Pal Jimmy! (Tempo 1957, re released on Jasmine, 2002)
 * Pub Crawling with Jimmy Deuchar (Contemporary, 1957)
 * Music in the Making (Jasmine, 2001)
 * Opus de Funk (Jasmine, 2001)
 * The Anglo/American/Scottish Connection (Hep, 2004)

As guest
With Victor Feldman With Tubby Hayes
 * Suite Sixteen (Contemporary, 1955 [1958])
 * 1955 Swinging Giant, Vol. 1
 * 1962 Late Spot at Scott's
 * 1963 A Tribute: Tubbs
 * 1966 Night and Day
 * 2005 England's Late Jazz Great
 * 2005 Live in London, Vol. 2
 * 2007 The Little Giant
 * 2011 Dancing in the Dark

With Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band
 * Jazz Is Universal (Atlantic, 1962)
 * Handle with Care (Atlantic, 1963)
 * Now Hear Our Meanin' (Columbia, 1963 [1965])
 * Swing, Waltz, Swing (Philips, 1966)
 * Sax No End (SABA, 1967)
 * Out of the Folk Bag (Columbia, 1967)
 * 17 Men and Their Music (Campi, 1967)
 * All Smiles (MPS, 1968)
 * Faces (MPS, 1969)
 * Latin Kaleidoscope (MPS, 1969)
 * Fellini 712 (MPS, 1969)
 * Let's Face the Music and Dance (1969)
 * Big Band Sound of Kenny Clarke & Francy Boland (1973)

With others
 * 1961 Live at Ronnie Scott's, Zoot Sims
 * 1965 Now Hear Our Meanin' , Kenny Clarke
 * 1966 Sound Venture, Georgie Fame/Harry South Big Band
 * 1967 Fire, Heat, Soul and Guts, Kenny Clarke
 * 1968 Trip to the Mars, Orchester Roland Kovac
 * 1969 Ray Warleigh's First Album, Ray Warleigh
 * 1970 Midnight Mood, Mark Murphy
 * 1986 Live at Fulham Town Hall, Charlie Watts
 * 1989 Roarin' , Jack Sharpe
 * 2004 Swing Revisited, Johnny Keating
 * 2007 An Ace Face, Allen Eager

title: Jimmy Deuchar


text:
Brian Head

Brian Head may refer to:

Places

 * Brian Head, Utah, a town
 * Brian Head (mountain), a mountain in Utah, United States
 * Brian Head Ski Resort

People

 * Brian Head (composer) (born 1964), American composer, guitarist, and lecturer
 * Brian Head (sociologist), Australian sociologist who defined the concept of cultural cringe
 * Brian Head (Manitoba politician)

title: Brian Head


text:
Belgian waffle

In English-speaking countries, Belgian waffles are a variety of waffle with a lighter batter, larger squares, and deeper pockets than American waffles. Belgian waffles were originally leavened with yeast, but baking powder is now often used. They are often eaten as a breakfast food; toppings vary from whipped cream, confectioners sugar, soft fruit, and chocolate spread, to syrup and butter or margarine. They may also be served with vanilla ice cream and fresh fruit (such as strawberries) as a dessert.

In Belgium itself, there are several kinds of waffle, including the Brussels waffle and the Liège waffle.

History
Originally showcased in 1958 at Expo 58 in Brussels, Belgian waffles were introduced to the United States by a Belgian named Walter Cleyman at the Century 21 Exposition in Seattle in 1962, and served with whipped cream and strawberries. The waffles were further popularized in the United States during the 1964 New York World's Fair at Flushing Meadows Park in Queens, New York City. These waffles were introduced by Maurice Vermersch of Brussels, Belgium. Largely based on a simplified recipe for the Brussels waffles, Vermersch decided to change the name to the Bel-Gem Waffle upon observing that many Americans could not correctly identify Brussels as the capital of Belgium. These waffles were served with whipped cream and strawberries, and they were sold for a dollar.

title: Belgian waffle


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alexander Walker Young

Alexander Walker Young

 * Vanity, thy name is politician. Tried for a speedy, but someone didn't agree.  Fellow wiki-nuts, what say you? - Lucky 6.9 03:33, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This is nowhere near a speedy. Clearly has meaningful content. What criteria would this fall under? That said, delete. Washington, DC city council members, sure; New York, sure; Chicago, yep; Rhinelander, Wisconsin doesn't cut it. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 04:55, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Update: now that I think about it, I've actually driven through that town. No way. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 05:44, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * D I was once a youth councillor. The bar is far that-a-way ^^^ Chris 05:41, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. utcursch 11:56, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Vanity. Self-promotional. Plaintext 17:49, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Rhinelander, Wisconsin and redirect. anthony (see warning) 16:35, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:0101CHENGsw

You all are doing a great job on the Chinese journalist articles. I just want to let you know that you seem to have trouble with formatting messages. To learn the proper way to do this, go to this page (click here). Thanks. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 03:32, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:0101CHENGsw


text:
Talk:Scooby-Doo (character)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 January 2024
An alternative explanation for Scooby's name is the Sly and the Family Stone's song, Everyday People, which contains the line "Scooby-dooby-do" and was a number 1 hit in the United States 7 months before the cartoon launched. 92.232.36.139 (talk) 23:21, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Rehsarb (talk) 00:25, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scooby-Doo (character)


text:
Wally Downer

Alfred Wallace Downer (May 1, 1904 – August 3, 1994 ) was a Canadian politician and longtime member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.

Background
Downer was born near Penetanguishene in Simcoe County, Ontario. He was educated at Cookstown Continuation School, Alliston High School, the University of Toronto and Wycliffe College. After completing his schooling, he was ordained an Anglican priest. He was a vicar and then a canon in the Anglican Church of Canada and a member of the Conservative Party.

Politics
He ran unsuccessfully in the provincial riding of Wellington Northeast in 1929 and then was first elected to the legislature as the member for Dufferin—Simcoe in the 1937 election. He served as Member of Provincial Parliament until 1975, winning a provincial record of ten consecutive elections.

While an elected MPP, he also served in the military during World War II, serving as chaplain of the Queen's York Rangers in North Africa and Europe. From 1955 until 1959, he served as Speaker of the legislative assembly. He also served as a liquor control commissioner beginning in 1960.

Downer was a candidate in the 1961 PC leadership convention, but was eliminated on the third ballot.

Downer had expected to run in the 1975 election and had expected to win his party's nomination by acclamation but was upset by another candidate, George McCague, at the Progressive Conservative nomination meeting.

In 1994, Downer died at the age of 90. in Collingwood, Ontario.

title: Wally Downer


text:
Lordosis behavior

Lordosis behavior, also known as mammalian lordosis (Greek lordōsis, from lordos "bent backward" ) or presenting, is the naturally occurring body posture for sexual receptivity to copulation present in females of most mammals including rodents, elephants, cats, and humans. The primary characteristics of the behavior are a lowering of the forelimbs but with the rear limbs extended and hips raised, ventral arching of the spine and a raising, or sideward displacement, of the tail. During lordosis, the spine curves dorsoventrally so that its apex points towards the abdomen.

Description
Lordosis is a reflex action that causes many non-primate female mammals to adopt a body position that is often crucial to reproductive behavior. The posture moves the pelvic tilt in an anterior direction, with the posterior pelvis rising up, the bottom angling backward and the front angling downward. Lordosis aids in copulation as it elevates the hips, thereby facilitating penetration by the penis. It is commonly seen in female mammals during estrus (being "in heat"). Lordosis occurs during copulation itself and in some species, like the cat, during pre-copulatory behavior.

Neurobiology
The lordosis reflex arc is hardwired in the spinal cord, at the level of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae (L1, L2, L5, L6 and S1). In the brain, several regions modulate the lordosis reflex. The vestibular nuclei and the cerebellum, via the vestibular tract, send information which makes it possible to coordinate the lordosis reflex with postural balance. More importantly, the ventromedial hypothalamus sends projections that inhibit the reflex at the spinal level, so it is not activated at all times. Sex hormones control reproduction and coordinate sexual activity with the physiological state. Schematically, at the breeding season, and when an ovum is available, hormones (especially estrogen) simultaneously induce ovulation and estrus (heat). Under the action of estrogen in the hypothalamus, the lordosis reflex is uninhibited. The female is ready for copulation and fertilization.

When a male mammal mounts the female, tactile stimuli on the flanks, the perineum and the rump of the female are transmitted via the sensory nerves in the spinal cord. In the spinal cord and lower brainstem, they are integrated with the information coming from the brain, and then, in general, a nerve impulse is transmitted to the muscles via the motor nerves. The contraction of the longissimus and transverso-spinalis muscles causes the ventral arching of the vertebral column.

Hormonal and cerebral regulation
Sexual behaviour is optimized for reproduction, and the hypothalamus is the key brain area which regulates and coordinates the physiological and behavioural aspects of reproduction. Most of the time, the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) inhibits lordosis. But when environmental conditions are favorable and the female is in estrus, the estrogen hormone, estradiol, induces sexual receptivity by the neurons in the ventromedial nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, and other areas of the brain. The ventromedial hypothalamus sends impulses down axons synapsing with neurons in the periaqueductal gray. These convey an impulse to neurons in the medullary reticular formation which project down the reticulospinal tract and synapse with the neurobiological circuits of the lordosis reflex in the spinal cord (L1–L6). These neurobiological processes induced by estradiol enable the tactile stimuli to trigger lordosis.

The mechanisms of regulation of this estrogen-dependent lordosis reflex have been identified through different types of experiments. When the VMN is lesioned lordosis is abolished; this suggests the importance of this cerebral structure in the regulation of lordosis. Concerning hormones, displays of lordosis can be affected by ovariectomy, injections of estradiol benzoate and progesterone, or exposure to stress during puberty. Specifically, stress can suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and therefore decrease concentrations of gonadal hormones. Consequently, these reductions in exposure to gonadal hormones around puberty can result in decreases in sexual behavior in adulthood, including displays of lordosis.

In humans
Lordosis behavior is non-functional in humans, although lordosis-like positions can be observed in those being mounted from behind.

In a 2017 study, using 3D models and eye-tracking technology it is shown that the slight thrusting out of a woman's hips influences how attractive others perceive her to be and captures the gaze of both men and women. The authors argue "while reflexive lordosis posture is not exhibited by human females and receptivity is not passive or obligatory for them, a manifestation of lumbar curvature might serve as a vestigial remnant of proceptivity-/receptivity-communicative signal between men and women". Previously, anthropologist Helen Fisher also speculated that when a human female wears high-heeled footwear the buttocks thrusts out and the back arches into a pose that simulates lordosis behavior, which is why high heels are considered "sexy". Nonetheless, recent evidence has extended the effect of lordosis pose beyond a standing posture and high-heels, as it is indicated a sexual receptivity signal in other than standing postures of quadruped and supine in women. In a 2022 study, researchers found that women perceive other women exhibiting this posture as a potential threat to their romantic relationship.

title: Lordosis behavior


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Ancient Egypt/Temp

This is a proposed standard for the names & dates of the kings of Ancient Egypt, per the discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Ancient Egypt. Unless otherwise stated, the material has been taken from Ian Shaw, ed. Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (pub. 2000).

Dynasty 0
Taken from the article Pharaoh.

 * Scorpion I
 * Double Falcon
 * Ny-Hor
 * Pe-Hor
 * Hat-Hor
 * Hedj-Hor
 * Crocodile
 * Scorpion II
 * Iry Hor
 * Ka
 * Narmer

7th Dynasty and 8th Dynasty (combined, 2181-2160)
(after the list in the Abydos Table from the Temple of Seti I, taken from www.narmer.pl/main/abydos_en.htm)

13th Dynasty (1773-after 1650)
(after the Turin King List as reconstructed by K.S.B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period [Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol.20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997]. Names Ryholt added from non-Turin sources are in italics)

14th Dynasty (1773-1650)
(after the Turin King List as reconstructed by K.S.B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period [Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol.20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997]. Names Ryholt added from non-Turin sources are in italics)

15th Dynasty (1650-1550)
(after the Turin King List as reconstructed by K.S.B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period [Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol.20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997]. Names Ryholt added from non-Turin sources are in italics) (list in Manetho very different)

16th Dynasty (c.1650-1580)
(after the Turin King List as reconstructed by K.S.B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period [Carsten Niebuhr institute Publications, vol.20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997].)

27th Dynasty
Persian


text:
Carl Vogt

August Christoph Carl Vogt (5 July 1817 – 5 May 1895) was a German scientist, philosopher, popularizer of science, and politician who emigrated to Switzerland. Vogt published a number of notable works on zoology, geology and physiology. All his life he was engaged in politics, in the German Frankfurt Parliament of 1848–49 and later in Switzerland.

Early life
Vogt was born in Giessen, the son of, professor of clinics, and Louise Follenius. His maternal uncle was Charles Follen. From 1833 to 1836, he studied medicine at the University of Giessen, and continued his training in Bern, Switzerland, earning his PhD. in 1839. He then worked with Louis Agassiz in Neuchâtel.

Life and Career
In 1847 he became professor of zoology at the University of Giessen, and in 1852 professor of geology and afterwards also of zoology at the University of Geneva. His earlier publications were on zoology. He dealt with the Amphibia (1839), Reptiles (1840), with Mollusca and Crustacea (1845) and more generally with the invertebrate fauna of the Mediterranean (1854). In 1842, during his time with Louis Agassiz, he discovered the mechanism of apoptosis, the programmed cell death, while studying the development of the tadpole of the midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans). Charles Darwin mentions Vogt's support for the theory of evolution in the introduction to his The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871).

Vogt was a proponent of scientific materialism and atheism, eager to engage in public debates with philosophical and scientific opponents, such as in his work Köhlerglaube und Wissenschaft of 1855, which was reprinted four times the same year.

Vogt defended the theory of polygenist evolution; he rejected the monogenist beliefs of most Darwinists and instead believed that each race had evolved from a different type of ape. He wrote the White race was a separate species from Negroes. In Chapter VII of his Lectures on Man (1864), he compared the Negro to the White race and described them as “two extreme human types”. The differences between them, he claimed, are greater than those between two species of ape; and this proved that Negroes are a separate species from Whites. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1869. He died in Geneva at the age of 77.

Politics
Vogt was active in German politics and was a left-wing representative in the Frankfurt Parliament. Karl Marx scathingly replied to attacks by Carl Vogt in his book Herr Vogt (Mister Vogt) in 1860.

Years later, in 1870, with the fall of the Second Empire, French Republic under the Government of National Defense put up a "Commission chargée de réunir, classer et publier les papiers saisis aux Tuileries" ("Commission responsible for collecting, classifying and publishing the papers seized at the Tuileries") under the chairmanship of André Lavertujon to publish the documents survived Tuileries Palace fire. In the published documents there was a list, prepared with the collaboration of André Lefèvre, that revealed some of the Bonapartist agents, among them, a man named Vogt: "Vogt (?). Il lui est remis, en août 1859, 40,000 fr." ("Vogt (?). He was given, in August 1859, 40.000 francs.")

After this publication, this issue also was handled in German Marxist/social-democratic papers. Newspaper Der Volksstaat published these passages in April 15. In Der Volksstaat's May 10 issue, Engels, with his article "Abermals „Herr Vogt“" ("Once again on Herr Vogt") further commented on the identity of the person named as "Vogt (?)", and claimed it being Carl Vogt. Engels explained:

"Vogt? Who is Vogt? What a misfortune for Vogt that the description was not more specific! Had it said, Professor Karl Vogt in Geneva, giving the name of the street and the number of his house, Vogt could have said: It's not me, it's my brother, my wife, my eldest son—anyone but me—but as things stand! Just plain Vogt without title, first name, address—well, that can only be the one Vogt, the world-famous scholar, the great discoverer of the round-worms and the flat-worms, of the long skulls and the short skulls, and of the Brimstone Gang, the man whose reputation is so well known, even to the police administering the secret fund, that any more detailed description would be superfluous! And then—is there any other Vogt who could have rendered such services to the Bonapartist government in 1859 that it should have paid him 40,000 francs in the August of that year (and Vogt just happened to be in Paris at the time)? That you rendered the services, Herr Vogt, is public knowledge. Your Studies are the proof of it. The first edition of those Studies came out in the spring, the second appeared in the summer. You yourself have admitted that you offered many people money to act in the Bonapartist interests from April 1, 1859 until well into the summer of that year. In August 1859, after the war had come to an end, you were in Paris—and are we now supposed to believe that the Vogt to whom Bonaparte paid out 40,000 francs in August 1859 was another, wholly unknown Vogt? Impossible. We swear by all round-worms and flat-worms: until you can prove the opposite to us, we must assume that you are the Vogt in question."

This revelation was later adapted by other Marxists and Marxologists too, and since then being canonized. Marx's daughter, Eleanor Marx, in her biography of her father published after his death, also mentioned this affair. This question was mentioned in numerous Marxist texts, notably, publications of Herr Vogt or about Carl Vogt.

Honors
The city of Geneva, Switzerland named a boulevard (Boulevard Carl-Vogt) after Vogt and erected a memorial bust in front of a building of the University of Geneva. In September 2022, the university board of the University of Geneva decided to change the name of a university building named after Carl Vogt due to his racist and sexist theories.

Works

 * An English version of his Lectures on Man: his Place in Creation and in the History of the Earth was published by the Anthropological Society of London in 1864.
 * An English version of his Lectures on Man: his Place in Creation and in the History of the Earth was published by the Anthropological Society of London in 1864.

title: Carl Vogt


text:
Brook Park

Brook Park may refer to a location in the United States:

 * Brook Park, Minnesota
 * Brook Park Township, Pine County, Minnesota
 * Brook Park, Ohio

title: Brook Park


text: Category:Indoor lacrosse venues

title: Category:Indoor lacrosse venues


text:
Tomorrow Is Yesterday

"Tomorrow Is Yesterday" is the nineteenth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. Written by D. C. Fontana and directed by Michael O'Herlihy, it first aired on January 26, 1967. It was the first Star Trek episode to be written solely by a woman (Fontana had previously written the teleplay for the episode “Charlie X” but the story was credited to Gene Roddenberry).

In the episode, the Enterprise is sent back in time to Earth in the 1960s, where the US Air Force detects it. The crew must correct the damage to the timeline and find a way to travel back to the future.

Plot
The USS Enterprise is sent back in time to Earth during the 1960s by the effects of a high-gravity "black star". Enterprise appears in Earth's upper atmosphere and is detected by military radar.

When the Enterprise is labeled a UFO, a U.S. Air Force F-104 interceptor, piloted by Captain John Christopher, is scrambled to identify the craft. Fearing the fighter may be carrying nuclear weapons, Captain Kirk orders a tractor beam to be used on the jet, which causes it to break apart. To save the life of the pilot, they beam Christopher aboard the Enterprise.

Fearing Christopher could disrupt the timeline if returned to Earth, Kirk at first decides that the pilot must stay with the Enterprise. When Science Officer Spock later discovers that the pilot's as-yet-unborn son will play an important role in a future mission to Saturn, Kirk realizes he must return Christopher to Earth after all.

After learning of the existence of film taken of the Enterprise by Christopher's wing cameras, Kirk and Lt. Sulu beam down to the airbase to recover the film and any other evidence of their visit. They are caught by an Air Policeman, who accidentally activates an emergency signal on Kirk's communicator and is beamed aboard. Kirk and Sulu continue their search, after which Kirk is captured again and Sulu escapes.

Spock, Sulu, and Christopher, who knows the base's layout, beam down to recover Kirk. After Kirk's guards are subdued, Christopher takes one of their guns and demands to be left behind. Spock, having anticipated Christopher would make such an attempt, appears behind Christopher and disables him with a Vulcan nerve pinch.

After they return to the ship, Spock and Chief Engineer Scott inform Kirk of a possible escape method by slingshotting around the Sun to break away and return to their time. The maneuver is risky, since even a small miscalculation could destroy the ship, or make them miss their own era.

Kirk approves the maneuver. Enterprise begins the maneuver and time on board begins to move backwards. Christopher is beamed back to his fighter jet at the instant he first encountered the Enterprise, preventing any film evidence of the ship being produced, and erasing his memory of his time on the Enterprise. The same is done with the Air Policeman. Enterprise then successfully returns to the 23rd century.

Production
The episode was originally conceived as part two to an earlier episode, "The Naked Time"; when the ending to that episode was revised, "Tomorrow is Yesterday" was reworked as a stand-alone story. Associate producer Robert Justman devised the original idea for the story, and it was handed to Dorothy Fontana to create a teleplay. Justman received neither credit nor payment for doing so, whereas Roddenberry's agent charged the studio up to $3,000 for his own stories and rewrites.

Reference in further Star Trek stories
The method of time travel in this episode was used subsequently to send the Enterprise back to the year 1968 in the second season episode "Assignment: Earth." It is presumed the same technique was used to return the ship to her proper time after the episode ended.

The second issue of IDW Publishing's comic book series Assignment: Earth (a continuation of the episode of the same name, drawing on the episode's status as a failed backdoor pilot for a spin-off television series) shows the protagonists, Gary Seven and his assistant Roberta Lincoln, becoming peripherally involved in the events of "Tomorrow is Yesterday", acting on their own to prevent the Enterprise's presence from affecting history. Due to peculiarities of time travel, the Enterprise crewmembers have not yet met Seven and Lincoln at this point, but it is Seven's and Lincoln's second encounter with them (though they are careful to avoid direct contact, so as not to alter the proper course of events).

The "slingshot maneuver" was employed a third time by the crew in the motion picture Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, this time to travel back to the year 1986, and to return the Klingon Bird of Prey, renamed Bounty, which the command crew had captured at the end of Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, to 2286.

Dr. Agnes Jurati notes in "Penance", the twelfth episode of Star Trek: Picard, that "Kirk's Enterprise" used the method multiple times, and proposed doing the same, in order to restore their timeline. Responding to the objection that Kirk was able to succeed only because he had Spock to perform the calculations, Jurarti struck a deal for the services of the captive Borg Queen who was just as eager to set the timeline aright. The Borg Queen, Admiral Picard, and his crew, flew La Sirena back to 2024 in the following episode, "Assimilation".

The Star Trek Star Fleet Technical Manual is described, in two forewords to the manual proper, as having had its contents accidentally downloaded into the main computer of a United States Air Force facility located in Omaha during the accidental time trip the Enterprise took in "Tomorrow Is Yesterday"—specifically Offutt Air Force Base, headquarters of the Strategic Air Command, referred to as the Omaha Installation in the script.

Reception
In 2009, Tor.com rated it 5 out 6, noting that it depicted a sort of "hope and optimism and excitement about the new frontier" at a time before the first lunar landing mission. The day after the first airing of this episode saw the Apollo 1 disaster.

Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode a 'B−' rating, describing it as "so-so" and "passable".

SyFy ranked "Tomorrow is Yesterday" as the 11th best time travel plot in Star Trek, in 2016.

In 2018, CBR ranked this one of the top-twenty time travel themed episodes of all Star Trek series.

In 2018, BuzzFeed listed this as example of an episode of a TV series that would serve as a better introduction to the series than the pilot. They point out that the franchise can be overwhelming to newcomers, and praised this episode as "beautiful, witty, and really makes you think".

In 2019, Nerdist ranked "Tomorrow is Yesterday" the sixth best time travel episode of all Star Trek.

title: Tomorrow Is Yesterday


text:
Lake Neusiedl

Lake Neusiedl (Neusiedler See, ), or Fertő (Fertő (tó); Nežidersko jezero, Niuzaljsko jezero; Nežidersko jezero; Neziderské jazero; Neziderské jezero), is the largest endorheic lake in Central Europe, straddling the Austrian–Hungarian border. The lake covers 315 km2, of which 240 km2 is on the Austrian side and 75 km2 on the Hungarian side. The lake's drainage basin has an area of about 1,120 km2. From north to south, the lake is about 36 km long, and it is between 6 km and 12 km wide from east to west. On average, the lake's surface is 115.45 m above the Adriatic Sea and the lake is no more than 1.8 m deep.

The landscape surrounding the lake has been occupied since about 6000 BC, and the towns and villages around the lake have been significant trading centers and meeting points for different cultures for centuries. Because of its cultural importance and the rural architecture of the villages around it, Lake Neusiedl and the surrounding area was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2001.

Water level fluctuations
In the past, rainfall and aridity caused significant floods (which in 1768 enlarged the lake to its maximum documented size of 515 km2) and significant decreases in the lake's level, although frequently there seemed to be no apparent connection between the size of the lake's surface area and the weather situation.

Stratigraphy shows that the lake bed has totally dried up at least 100 times since its formation (18,000–14,000 BC). During recent history the lake's complete disappearance has been documented in considerable detail on several occasions, e.g. in 1740–1742, 1811–1813, and most recently in 1866, when the private diary of a local, Gottlieb Wenzel, noted that he crossed the bed of the lake on 4 June without soiling his boots. Parts of the lake bed were claimed for agriculture; wheat and turnips were being planted. However, in 1871 the lake began to return and by the spring of 1876 it had already reassumed its usual size. The last (brief and partial) vanishing took place during the summer of 1949 when the northern part of the lake bed (to the approximate latitude of Podersdorf) fell dry for a few weeks. Each time the drying-up of the lake bed caused major environmental disruptions because the humidifying and temperature buffering effect of the large water body was absent, and because the winds blew large amounts of salty dust into the surrounding villages. On earlier occasions the lake was sometimes referred to as a "swamp", suggesting a very low water level with an expansion of reeds throughout the lake bed. Two records dated to 1318 and 1324, respectively mention a "river", implying that at this time the lake might have been reduced to a central body of water running from north to south.

Today the water level is controlled by an artificial outflow, the Einserkanal, and a sluice on Hungarian territory near Fertőújlak, and bilateral issues are dealt with by the Austro-Hungarian water commission which was established in 1956. However, comparatively minor fluctuations of the lake's level continue to occur. In 1965 the lake gained 100 e6m3 of water within a single month, raising its level by 35 cm. The water level decreased to a similar extent, by 30 cm within one year as a result of the drought of 2003. Both types of events are perfectly within the normal range, and because of the shallowness of the water can be either exacerbated or compensated by the effects of wind pressure, which can temporarily raise or reduce the local water level by as much as 75 cm. However, the lake remains sensitive to changes in its equilibrium, as recent climate change scenario simulations have shown.

Before the regulation works of the 19th century, the lake extended in the southeast to the marshlands of the Hanság (Waasen) which have been increasingly drained and claimed for agriculture from the 16th century onward. Originally, the lake was thus closely connected to the Danube and the Rába river systems.

Nature and wildlife
Most of the lake is surrounded by reeds which serve as a habitat for wildlife (making the lake an important resting place for migratory birds) and are harvested in winter as soon as the ice is solid enough. This serves a double purpose, one ecological (removal of the bulk of organic matter that would otherwise decay in the lake) and one economic (the reed is sold for various purposes, mostly related to construction and housing). During the summer months, there are occasional reed fires, as dry reed is easily flammable, and fires spread quickly because of the almost constant wind. Water quality is determined by temperature, wind, and by the amount of salt and mud emanating with the ground water from the sediments.

Several plans for dams and other intrusive construction works which would have destroyed the lake and its biotopes were discussed during the first half of the 20th century but came to nothing. Detailed plans to divide the lake bed with earthworks so that certain parts with reasonably fertile soil could be permanently drained and claimed for agriculture while the remaining parts would be used for intensive aquaculture had been finalized and approved in 1918 but were abandoned when most of the lake became Austrian territory after World War I. In 1971 plans for a bridge across the Austrian part of the lake were thwarted by environmentalists.

In 1993 the National Park Neusiedler See-Seewinkel gained international acceptance as an IUCN Category II preserve. In 2001 the national parks in Austria and Fertő-Hanság in Hungary were together accepted as a World Heritage Site. Lake Neusiedl See and its surrounding areas in Austria also enjoy protection through the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.

Mammals
Over 40 mammal species have been recorded from the area, including the European ground squirrel, the steppe polecat and the European hamster.

Birds
In the area over 300 bird species have been recorded with the earliest studies made by the Hungarian naturalist István Fászl. Of these, around 150 breed, representing around 40% of the European and 80% of all Austrian bird species. The area contains one of the largest breeding populations of great egrets, with up to 700 pairs. There are also around 35 pairs of grey heron and 70 pairs of great bustard. One of the best known bird species in the area is the white stork, which is seen as a symbol of the region. Other species present include Eurasian spoonbill, purple heron, eastern imperial eagle, white-tailed eagle, greylag goose, golden oriole, European bee-eater, pied avocet, ruff, Kentish plover, common tern, common redshank, black-tailed godwit, Eurasian curlew, western yellow wagtail, short-eared owl, Montagu's harrier and many others which are of interest to local and visiting birdwatchers.

Fish
Native fish species include the pike, zander, European carp and wels catfish, alongside numerous minnows, such as stickleback, common bleak, white bream, common bream and ruffe. The European eel is not native to the lake, but was introduced as a food source for humans. Due to environmental concerns, further releases of young eels has been recently banned. The Prussian carp has also been introduced to the lake, alongside the pumpkinseed.

Amphibians
The European tree frog is a common species in the area. Other amphibians that can be found, especially in the reed belt and the lakeside edge, include common toad, European green toad, common spadefoot, moor frog, agile frog, pool frog, marsh frog, edible frog and the European fire-bellied toad. Danube crested newt and smooth newt are also present.

Reptiles
Reptiles are represented by the grass snake and a number of lizard species including the European green lizard, sand lizard and the common lizard. Occasionally, dice snakes may be seen, but the meadow viper, which was previously identified around the lake, has not been seen since 1973.

Towns and villages around the lake
Traces of human settlement around Lake Neusiedl go back to the neolithic period. The area became densely populated from the 7th century BC onward, initially by people of the Hallstatt culture and remained so throughout Roman times. In 454 Theodoric the Great, the preeminent king of the Ostrogoths, was born here. Near Fertőrákos there are two Roman villas and a 3rd-century Mithras temple open to visitors.

The more important extant towns lying on the lake's shore are Illmitz (Illmic), Podersdorf am See (Pátfalu), Weiden (Védeny), Neusiedl am See (Nezsider), Jois (Nyulas), Winden (Sásony), Breitenbrunn (Fertőszéleskút), Purbach am Neusiedlersee (Feketeváros), Donnerskirchen (Fertőfehéregyháza), Oggau (Oka), Rust (Ruszt) and Mörbisch (Fertőmeggyes) in Austria, and Sopron, Fertőrákos, Fertőboz, Fertőd, Balf and Fertőújlak in Hungary, with the communities of Illmitz, Apetlon (Mosonbánfalva) and Podersdorf am See forming the so-called Seewinkel (lake corner), which is located between the lake and the Hungarian border. Hungarian names of Austrian towns lying on the lake's shore are given in parentheses.

Tourism
Despite remaining a protected wildlife habitat, the region of Lake Neusiedl, particularly in its Austrian part, draws significant numbers of tourists. The lake is known as the "Sea of the Viennese", as it offers ample opportunities for sailing and windsurfing at a reasonable distance from Vienna. There is also some commercial fishing.

Low water levels pose a problem for sailing and commercial shipping, as boats hit the ground more frequently and mooring sites can become temporarily unusable. However, it somewhat facilitates the annual freestyle mass crossing of the lake from Mörbisch to Illmitz. Everybody who can swim and is more than 160 cm in height can participate in this event, which was revived in 2004.

title: Lake Neusiedl


text: Category:American cricketers

title: Category:American cricketers