text:
EI

EI or Ei may refer to:

Arts and media

 * "E.I." (song), a single by Nelly
 * E/I, a type of children's television programming shown in the United States
 * Ei (album), an album by Maija Vilkkumaa
 * "Ei" (song), its first single
 * Eerie, Indiana, an American television series
 * Enrique Iglesias, Spanish pop music singer-songwriter
 * Exposure index, the film speed rating of photographic film as exposed

Businesses and organizations

 * Aer Lingus (IATA code EI), the flag airline of Ireland
 * The Earth Institute, a collection of research centers at Columbia University
 * Education International, a global union federation of teachers' trade unions
 * Elektronska Industrija Niš, electronics enterprise based in Niš, Serbia
 * Energy Institute, the main professional organization for the energy industry within the UK
 * Engineers Ireland, the professional body for engineers and engineering in Ireland
 * Enterprise Ireland, is the Irish government organisation responsible for the development and growth of Irish enterprises in world markets.
 * Expeditors International, the global logistics and freight forwarding company based out of Seattle, Washington
 * The Electronic Intifada, an online publication covering the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from a Palestinian perspective

Linguistics

 * ⟨ei⟩, a digraph found in some Latin alphabets
 * The original name of the Greek letter Epsilon
 * ɛɪ in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

Places

 * Ei, Kagoshima, a town located in Ibusuki District, Kagoshima, Japan
 * Emerald Isle, North Carolina, a town in Carteret County, North Carolina, United States

Science, technology, and mathematics

 * Ei (prefix symbol), the prefix abbreviation of the binary unit prefix "exbi"
 * Earth Interactions, a scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society, American Geophysical Union, and Association of American Geographers
 * Ei Compendex, an engineering bibliographic database
 * Electron ionization, an ionization method in which energetic electrons interact with gas phase atoms or molecules to produce ions
 * Electronic ignition, a variety of modern ignition system
 * Engineering Index, an article index for engineering journals
 * Engineer intern, an intermediary step to becoming a Professional Engineer
 * Environmental illness (multiple chemical sensitivity), a chronic medical condition characterized by symptoms that the affected person attributes to exposure to low levels of chemicals
 * Ionization energy (EI), the energy required to remove one electron from one atom to another
 * Equine influenza, the disease caused by strains of Influenza A that are enzootic in horse species
 * Exponential integral, a special function defined on the complex plane given the symbol Ei

Other uses

 * Education Index, a United Nations measure of the level of educational development in a country
 * Emotional intelligence, the ability to identify, assess, and control emotions
 * Employment insurance, the unemployment benefits system of Canada
 * Encyclopaedia of Islam, an encyclopaedia of the academic discipline of Islamic studies
 * Enhanced interrogation, a euphemism for torture
 * Ex infra, a Latin phrase meaning 'from below'
 * Extreme ironing, an extreme sport and a performance art
 * Esercito Italiano, Italian language for Italian Army
 * Raiden Shogun, real name Raiden Ei, a playable character from Genshin Impact

title: EI


text: File:Little Feat - Kickin' It at the Barn.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Jean Bruller

Jean Marcel Adolphe Bruller (26 February 1902 – 10 June 1991) was a French writer and illustrator who co-founded the publishing company Les Éditions de Minuit with Pierre de Lescure. Born to a Hungarian-Jewish father, he joined the Resistance during the World War II occupation of northern France and his texts were published using the pseudonym Vercors (a reference to the Resistance: see Battle of Vercors).

Several of his novels have fantasy or science fiction themes. The 1952 novel Les Animaux dénaturés (translated into English variously as You Shall Know Them, Borderline, and The Murder of the Missing Link) was made into the movie Skullduggery (1970) featuring Burt Reynolds and Susan Clark, and examines the question of what it means to be human.

Colères (translated into English as The Insurgents) is about the quest for immortality. In 1960 he published Sylva, a novel about a fox who becomes a woman, inspired by David Garnett's novel Lady into Fox (1922). The English-language version, translated by his wife Rita Barisse, was a finalist for the 1963 Hugo Award for Best Novel.

His historical novel Anne Boleyn (1985) presents a very intelligent Anne as having determinedly set about marrying Henry VIII of England in order to separate England from Papal power and strengthen England's independence.

Essays

 * La Marche à l'étoile (1943)
 * Souffrance de mon pays (1945)
 * Portrait d'une amitié (1946)
 * Plus ou moins homme (1948)
 * Les pas dans le sable (1954)
 * Les divagations d'un français en Chine (1956)
 * P. P. C. Pour prendre congé (1957)
 * La bataille du silence (1967)
 * Questions sur la vie (1973)
 * Tendre naufrage (1974)
 * Ce que je crois (1975)
 * Théâtre (1978)

title: Jean Bruller


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Talk:Andrei Vlasov

There is another article at Andrey Vlasov, but I don't know which title is preferable. Everyking 00:30, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Andrei Vlasov


text:
Vz. 58

The '''vz. 58 (or Sa vz. 58) is a 7.62×39mm assault rifle that was designed and manufactured in Czechoslovakia and accepted into service in the late 1950s as the 7,62 mm samopal vzor 58''', replacing the vz. 52 self-loading rifle and the 7.62×25mm Tokarev Sa 24 and Sa 26 submachine guns.

While externally the vz. 58 resembles the Soviet AK-47, it is a different design based on a short-stroke gas piston. The only component that it shares with Kalashnikov rifles is the ammunition.

History
Development of the weapon began in 1956; leading the project was chief engineer Jiří Čermák assigned to the Konstrukta Brno facility in the city of Brno. The Soviet Union had begun insisting that the Warsaw Pact forces standardize on a common ammunition. As a result, the prototype, known as the "Koště" ("broom"), was designed to chamber the intermediate Soviet 7.62×39mm M43 cartridge, rather than the Czech 7.62×45mm vz. 52 round, used in both the earlier vz. 52 rifle and the vz. 52 light machine gun. The assault rifle entered service in 1958 and over a period of 25 years (until 1984), over 920,000 weapons had been produced, fielded by the armed forces of Czechoslovakia, Cuba and several Asian and African nations.

The vz. 58 was produced in three main variants: the standard vz. 58 P (Pěchotní or "infantry") model with a fixed buttstock made of a synthetic material (plastic impregnated wood, older versions used a wooden stock), the vz. 58 V (Výsadkový—"airborne"), featuring a side-folding metal shoulder stock, folded to the right side, and the vz. 58 Pi (Pěchotní s infračerveným zaměřovačem—"infantry with infrared sight"), which is similar to the vz. 58 P but includes a receiver-mounted dovetail rail bracket (installed on the left side of the receiver) used to attach an NSP2 night sight; it also has a detachable folding bipod and an enlarged conical flash suppressor. For the first two variants, the two types of stock are interchangeable and mount to the same mounting point on the rifle itself, which is identical in either variant.

A successor to the vz. 58 was proposed in the 1990s; the 5.56×45mm NATO ČZ 2000 assault rifle has been suggested as a possible replacement but due to a general lack of defense funds within the Czech Republic, the program was postponed. Another recent contender is the ČZW-556 assault rifle and ČZW-762 light machine gun which both use lever-delayed blowback which has more reliable accuracy and performance over the gas operation. In 2011, the Czech army started replacing vz. 58 with CZ-805 BREN. While vz. 58 still remains the main assault rifle of the Slovak army, the Slovak army has also been eyeing CZ-805 as a possible replacement to the aging vz. 58 rifles.

Operating mechanism

The vz. 58 is a selective fire gas-operated weapon that bleeds expanding combustion gases generated in the barrel from the ignited cartridge through a port drilled in the barrel, 215 mm from the chamber, opening into a hollow cylinder located above the barrel that contains a short-stroke piston. The vz. 58 does not have a gas regulator and the full force of the gas pressure is exerted on the piston head, propelling it backwards in a single impulsive blow. The piston is driven back only 19 mm when a shoulder on the piston rod butts against the seating and no further movement is possible. There is a light return spring held between the piston shoulder and the seating which returns the piston to its forward position. The gas cylinder is vented after the piston has traveled back 16 mm and the remaining gases are exhausted into the atmosphere on the underside of the cylinder via two ports. The entire piston rod is chromium-plated to prevent fouling.

The locking system features a locking piece  hinged from the bolt and housed in the bolt carrier that contains two locking lugs which descend into and engage locking shoulders in the receiver's internal guide rails. The weapon is unlocked by the short tappet-like stroke of the piston rod as it strikes the bolt carrier and drives it rearwards. After 22 mm of unrestricted travel, a wedge-like surface on the bolt carrier moves under the hinged breech locking piece and lifts it up and out of engagement with the locking recesses in the steel body. The hinged breech locking piece swings up and this movement provides the leverage required for primary extraction. The breech block is then carried rearwards extracting the empty cartridge casing from the chamber. A fixed ejector passes through a groove cut in the underside of the bolt and the case is flung upwards clear of the gun.

Features

The spring-loaded extractor and firing pin are both housed inside the bolt, while the fixed ejector is slotted inside the receiver. The extractor retains the firing pin and is powered by its own plunger and spring.

The weapon does not have a conventional rotating hammer but a linear hammer instead. The hammer is a steel cylinder hollowed from one end almost throughout its entire length to accommodate its own operating spring. At the open end of the cylinder, a plate is welded and a groove is cut in each side of this to slide on the receiver guide rails. This linear hammer enters the hollow bolt and drives a free-floating firing pin forward with each shot.

The vz.58 uses a trigger mechanism with a lever-type fire mode selector, which is also a manual safety against accidental discharge. When the selector lever is placed in its rear position ("1"—single fire) the sear is disabled and the left hammer catch is rotated by the disconnector, which is depressed by the bolt carrier after every shot and is therefore disconnected from the hammer catch. The forward setting of the selector lever ("30"—automatic fire) disables the disconnector, and the left hammer catch meshes with the sear mechanism. The center ("safe") setting with the selector lever pointing vertically downwards, mechanically lowers the trigger bar and the disconnector so there is no connection between the trigger and the semi-automatic sear which holds the hammer. The rifle also has an internal safety, which prevents the weapon from discharging when out of battery. The right linear hammer catch disables it, and it can only be released by pulling the charging handle back and cocking the weapon.

The weapon is fed from a detachable box magazine with a 30-round cartridge capacity and made from a lightweight aluminium alloy. When the last round from the magazine is fired, the bolt will remain locked open on the bolt catch, activated by the magazine's follower. The magazine release tab is located at the base of the receiver on the left side, behind the magazine well. The bolt carrier has a built-in guide rail used for reloading from 10-round stripper clips (from the SKS rifle). Despite their similarity, vz. 58 magazines are not interchangeable with those of the Kalashnikov-pattern weapons.

An interesting feature on this rifle is the ability to quickly change the type of stock. The vz. 58 can appear either with its original fixed stock (in either beech wood or composite material) or folding steel stock, or with one of the many aftermarket stocks available – including AR-15 style stock adapters that mount a buffer tube to the receiver. The latter usually has the buffer tube slightly angled down as to compensate for the very low ironsights on the vz. 58. Switching between the various options requires merely removal of a bolt at the rear of the receiver and swapping in the stock of choice.

Sights
The rifle's iron sights consist of a fully adjustable front post and a tangent rear sight with a sliding notch with range denominations from 100 to 800 m, graduated every 100 m. Besides this, the left side of the rear sight leaf is marked with the letter "U" (univerzální meaning "universal"), for snap shooting, firing at moving targets and night combat at ranges up to 300 m. The rifle's sight radius is 15 in. The front sight base also serves as a mounting platform for the vz. 58 edged bayonet.

Accessories
Several modernization accessories have been manufactured for the vz. 58 platform from different companies. Accessories include "tactical" bolt release, extended and/or ambidextrous magazine release paddles, ambidextrous fire mode selectors, custom handguard rails, several types of sight mounting options and various muzzle brakes and compensators. Both civilian and military users use these upgrades, and they also see frequent use with private military companies in the Middle East.

Additional equipment supplied with the rifle includes: 4 spare magazines, a magazine pouch (in either canvas, leather, or leatherette), vz. 58 bayonet and scabbard, cleaning brush and rod, muzzle cap, oil bottle, unified sling, front sight adjustment tool, disassembly aid and a threaded blank-firing adaptor. The vz. 58 also has a proprietary bipod, flash hider and scope mount for NSP-2 night vision scope (vz.58 P variant). Grenade launching inserts, as well as under barrel grenade launchers were developed but never adopted.

Variants

 * vz. 58 P: Standard fixed stock (casually called "pádlo" (paddle) by Czech soldiers)
 * vz. 58 V: Metal folding stock version for vehicle crew and airborne units casually called "kosa" (scythe) by Czech soldiers.
 * vz. 58 Pi: Has a mounting interface for an infrared night vision NSP-2 sight, fixed stock, cone flash hider and folding bipod.
 * Automatická puška ("automatic rifle") AP-Z 67: Experimental 7.62×51mm NATO caliber version developed in 1966.
 * Útočná puška ("assault rifle") ÚP-Z 70: Experimental 5.56×45mm NATO version developed in 1970.
 * Experimentální zbraň ("experimental weapon") EZ-B: Experimental bullpup prototype developed in 1976.
 * Ruční kulomet ("light machine gun") codename KLEČ ("Mountain Pine"): Experimental variant with a 590 mm barrel (similar to RPK), developed in 1976.
 * Lehká odstřelovačská puška ("light sniper rifle") vz. 58/97: Experimental marksman rifle developed by VTÚVM Slavičín.
 * Samopal ("submachine gun") vz. 58/98 "Bulldog": 9×19mm Parabellum variant developed by VTÚVM Slavičín.
 * CZH 2003 Sport: Semi-automatic only variant for civilian consumption. Available with either a standard (390 mm) or shortened (295 mm) barrel. Limited production was made for the civilian market in Canada with an extended barrel length of (490 mm).
 * CZ 858 Tactical: A semi-automatic variant designed for the civilian market assembled from unused parts from when production of the military versions ended. It is available with standard (390 mm) barrel length on the -4V (folding stock) and 4P (fixed stock) version, or extended (482 mm) barrel length on the -2V and -2P version. The barrel is not chrome-lined in the -2 versions unlike the original military and -4 versions. External components have a new varnish coat (identical to the coating used on original military rifles). A "Canadian" model was also being offered based on the -2 version, featuring a real wood stock engraved with a maple leaf. Due to further restrictions, the CZ958 was developed for the Canadian market, tailoring the design to Canadian law. It was being sold by Wolverine Supplies but has since been prohibited.
 * FSN Series: Newly manufactured civilian semi-automatic variants. Available in standard (FSN-01, 390 mm), with or without folding stock (FSN-01F and FSN-01W, which has a wooden stock and cheek piece), or shortened (279 mm) barrel lengths (also with folding stock), outer parts are blued. All variants with the exception of the -01W have bakelite stocks.
 * CSA vz. 58 Sporter: Available in .222 Remington, .223 Remington (5.56 NATO), or 7.62×39mm, these rifles and carbines were newly manufactured by Czech Small Arms, and not Česká zbrojovka. They came in Compact (190mm barrel, folding stock), Carbine (300 or 310mm barrel, folding stock), and Rifle (390 or 410mm barrel, fixed sporter stock) models. In addition there was a "Tactical" model chambered in .223 Remington, featuring a 410mm barrel, railed handguard, and collapsible buttstock. All featured synthetic handguards, although the 7.62×39mm rifle model is available with either a synthetic or phenolic wood handguard.
 * Rimfire VZ 58: "Ogar 58" developed and manufactured by Highland Arms in Czech Republic, together with the cal. .22 LR conversion kit "Ogar 22). The conversion kit is intended for all calibers and variants of VZ 58.
 * Vz 2008: A variant by Century Arms built using a Czech parts kit with a U.S. made receiver and barrel.
 * Rung Paisarn RPS-001: an adaptation of the vz. 58 with components from the M16A2 first manufactured in 1986 by Rung Paisarn Heavy Industries of Thailand.
 * AP-67: 7.62×51mm NATO variant

Current

 * 🇦🇴 Angola
 * Biafra: 732
 * 🇧🇮 Burundi: Burundian rebels
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus
 * 🇪🇷 Eritrea
 * 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
 * 🇬🇹 Guatemala
 * 🇬🇳 Guinea
 * 🇮🇳 India
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * Kurdistan
 * Ivory Coast
 * 🇱🇾 Libya
 * 🇲🇿 Mozambique
 * 🇵🇭 PhilippinesBureau of Corrections
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakia: Standard service rifle.
 * 🇸🇴 Somalia
 * Syria
 * 🇹🇿 Tanzania
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine: 5,000 Vz. 58s were donated by the Czech Republic.
 * Vietnam

Former

 * 🇦🇫 Afghanistan (2009-20)
 * 🇨🇿 Czech Republic: Standard service rifle 1959 - 2011 replaced by CZ BREN 2.
 * 🇺🇸 United States: Some captured rifles used by LRRPs in Vietnam

Non-state users

 * Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda
 * ISIL
 * Northern Irish loyalist paramilitaries
 * New People's Army
 * Peshmerga
 * 🇸🇸 South Sudan Democratic Movement

title: Vz. 58


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Kickin' It at the Barn

Kickin' It at the Barn is the 14th studio album by the American rock band Little Feat, released in 2003 (see 2003 in music). The album's name came from its recording at guitarist Fred Tackett's barn in Topanga Canyon. Tackett made his debut as a lead vocalist on this album with his own song In A Town Like This, fifteen years after he joined the group. The song also served as the title track of Tackett's solo debut, released the same year.

Track listing

 * 1) "Night on the Town" (Barrère, Tackett) – 6:08
 * 2) "Heaven Forsaken" (Barrère, Tackett) – 4:32
 * 3) "I'd Be Lyin'" (Creamer, Mariani, Murphy) – 5:56
 * 4) "Corazones y Sombras" (Barrère, Bruton, Donnelly, Payne) – 8:04
 * 5) "Walking as Two" (Barrère, Murphy, Payne, Tackett) – 6:23
 * 6) "In a Town Like This" (Tackett) – 4:15
 * 7) "Fighting the Mosquito Wars" (Payne) – 6:43
 * 8) "Stomp" (Payne) – 8:56
 * 9) "Why Don't It Look Like the Way That It Talk" (Barrère, Tackett) – 7:44
 * 10) "I Do What the Telephone Tells Me to Do" (Barrère, Payne, Tackett) – 7:42
 * 11) "Bill's River Blues" (Barrère, Payne) – 5:04

Personnel
Little Feat:
 * Paul Barrère - vocals, acoustic & electric guitars, dobro
 * Sam Clayton - percussion, vocals
 * Kenny Gradney - bass
 * Richie Hayward - drums, backing vocals
 * Shaun Murphy - vocals, hand percussion
 * Bill Payne - vocals, keyboards
 * Fred Tackett - vocals, electric guitar, dobro, mandolin, mandocello, trumpet

Additional personnel:
 * Larry Campbell - violin
 * Nacho Hernandez - accordion
 * Jesus "Chuy" Guzman - trumpet, mellophone
 * Piero Mariani - percussion

title: Kickin' It at the Barn


text: File:Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby - project Gutenberg 13103.jpg


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Continuous-rod warhead

A continuous-rod warhead is a specialized munition exhibiting an annular blast fragmentation pattern, thus when exploding it spreads into a large circle cutting through the target. It is used in anti-aircraft and anti-missile missiles.

Early anti-aircraft munitions
Rifle and machine-gun bullets were used against early military aircraft during World War I. Artillery was used when aircraft flew above the range of rifle and machine-gun cartridges. Since the probability of actually striking the aircraft was small, artillery shells were designed to explode at the approximate altitude of the aircraft to throw a shower of fragments in the vicinity of the explosion. Similar anti-aircraft weaponry with larger calibers, higher rates of fire, and improved fuzes continued to be used through World War II. These bullets and small fragments often made small holes in the airframe. Unless a bullet or fragment struck the pilot, or some critical part of the airframe, (like a fuel line, part of the engine coolant system, a critical wire or hydraulic line actuating control surfaces), the aircraft remained operational. Some anti-aircraft artillery projectiles were designed to fragment into long, thin pieces in an attempt to inflict damage on the airframe. Holes made by such fragments were more likely to cause destructive disruption of airflow around high-speed aircraft, but the hit probability was lowered for the smaller number of fragments from a warhead of equal size.

The problem became more significant as anti-aircraft missiles were developed to replace guns after World War II: A smaller number of missiles would require an improved warhead to match the aircraft destruction probability of the larger number of artillery projectiles potentially carried by a weapon of the same size and cost.

The concept of a folded continuous rod warhead was suggested in 1952. The Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University invented the Continuous Expanding Rod Warhead as part of its Navy-contracted development of the U. S. Navy's anti-air missile defense program. The details of the warhead were Top Secret until its use was no longer needed.

Construction
An even number of individual steel rods are arranged in parallel to form a cylinder. The ends of the rods are welded together—the first rod and the second rod are welded together at the top, the second and third at the bottom, and so on all the way around the form.

Operation
When detonated, the high explosive imparts momentum to the rods, thrusting them outward in an expanding circle. The pressure wave from the explosive needs to act evenly on the rods over their length, so some sort of tamper is used to shape the shock wave similar to an explosive lens. The rods are sufficiently soft (ductile) to allow the expansion without breaking the rods or the welded joints, and the detonation velocity is limited to under 1,150 m/s, allowing the rods to bend at these locations instead. At some intermediate point the ring will have a zig-zag (alternating direction) appearance within a cylindrical envelope. Upon ultimate expansion the ring is circular and contained within a plane. The ring will then break and ultimately tend to form one or more straight rods. Since the net momentum of the rod relative to the missile is roughly zero, its effectiveness will rapidly diminish as the broken ring expands.

This rapidly expanding ring, when hitting the aircraft, can be more effective than an equivalent fragmentation warhead: the ring of rods provides a larger surface area than a fragmented ballistic. Portions of the aircraft intercepted by the expanding ring of the continuous rod warhead will receive a continuous cut through the skin, flight or aerodynamic surfaces, underlying cables, hydraulic lines, and other flight or mission-critical structures. This may cause a structural failure, or, if not, can be sufficient for defeating the redundancy of aircraft systems. The effect is only pronounced as long as the ring is unbroken, so multiple layers of rods are employed in practical weapons to increase the effective radius.

When designing the ill-fated SAM-equipped Mauler, Monte Carlo simulations on the then-state-of-the-art IBM 650 indicated that a continuous-rod warhead was likely to be less effective than blast fragmentation types. Subsequent implementations indicated the opposite.

title: Continuous-rod warhead


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Chou

Chou may refer to:

 * CHOU (AM), a multicultural radio station (1450 AM) in Montreal, Quebec, in Canada, also known as Middle East Radio
 * Chou role, the clown role in Chinese opera
 * Chou, a fighter hero in Mobile Legends: Bang Bang

Chinese surnames

 * Zhou (surname), romanized as Chou¹ in the Wade–Giles system for Mandarin Chinese, a surname among Han Chinese persons
 * Cao (surname), a Chinese surname romanized as "Chou" in some Minnan dialects

title: Chou


text:
Breast fetishism

As a paraphilia, breast fetishism (also known as mastofact, breast partialism, or mazophilia) is a sexual interest that focuses exclusively on the female breasts, and is a type of partialism. The term breast fetishism is also used in the non-paraphilic sense, to refer to cultural attention to female breasts and the sexuality they represent.

Scientists hypothesize that non-paraphilic sexual attraction to breasts is the result of their function as a secondary sex characteristic. The breasts play roles in both sexual pleasure and reproduction.

Some authors have discussed the modern widespread fascination with breasts among heterosexual males in Western societies, especially in the United States, within the context of sexual fetishism.

Scientific explanation
Scientists hypothesize that non-paraphilic sexual attraction to breasts is the result of their function as a secondary sex characteristic. The breasts play roles in both sexual pleasure and reproduction. Men typically find female breasts attractive and this holds true for a variety of cultures.

Zoologist and ethologist Desmond Morris theorizes that cleavage is a sexual signal that imitates the image of the cleft between the buttocks, which according to Morris in The Naked Ape is also unique to humans, other primates as a rule having much flatter buttocks. Evolutionary psychologists theorize that humans' permanently enlarged breasts, in contrast to other primates' breasts, which only enlarge during ovulation, allows human females to "solicit [human] male attention and investment even when they are not really fertile". Research has also shown that women with larger and more symmetrical breasts have higher levels of fertility.

Sexual attraction to breasts is considered normal unless it is exclusive and is therefore a form of partialism.

General
There is a widespread fascination with women's breasts, and especially their size. Many people, both male and female, consider breasts an important female secondary sex characteristic.

Modern female fashions which focus on tight clothing and the display of cleavage have been attributed to an increase in breast fetishism. Display of cleavage with a low neckline is often regarded as a form of feminine flirting or seduction, as well as aesthetic or erotic. Most heterosexual men derive erotic pleasure from seeing a woman's breasts, and some people derive pleasure in their female partner exposing cleavage. When cleavage is enhanced with a push-up bra or exposed by a low neckline, it may draw attention. There are differences of opinion as to how much cleavage exposure is acceptable in public. The extent to which a woman may expose her breasts depends on social and cultural context. Displaying cleavage or any part of female breast may be considered inappropriate or even prohibited by dress codes in some settings, such as workplaces, churches, and schools, while in some spaces showing as much cleavage as possible can be permissible or even encouraged. The exposure of nipples or areolae is almost always considered toplessness, considered by some to be immodest and in some instances as lewd or indecent behavior. Art historian James Laver argued that the changing standards of revealing cleavage are more prominent in evening wear than in day wear in the Western world.

Film producers such as Russ Meyer produced films which featured actresses with large breasts. Lorna (1964) was the first of his films where the lead actress, Lorna Maitland, was selected on the basis of breast size. Other large-breasted actresses used by Meyer include Kitten Natividad, Erica Gavin, Tura Satana, and Uschi Digard. Most were naturally large-breasted; Meyer occasionally cast women in their first trimesters of pregnancy to enhance their breast size even further. Author and director William Rotsler said, "With Lorna Meyer established the formula that made him rich and famous, the formula of people filmed at top hate, top lust, top heavy."

With regard to pornography, according to statistics from the websites Pornhub and YouPorn, preference for either breasts or the buttocks varies between countries and, on average, between world regions; the United States and most of Latin America and Africa is in the buttocks group, and most of Europe and much of Asia is in the breasts group.

Alternative opinions
The term breast fetishism is also used within ethnographic and feminist contexts to describe a society with a culture devoted to breasts, usually as sexual objects. Some feminists have argued that incidents of breast fetishism have been found going back to the neolithic era, with the goddess shrines of Çatalhöyük (in modern Turkey). The archaeological excavations of the town in c. 1960 revealed the walls of the shrine(s) adorned with disembodied pairs of breasts that appeared to have "an existence of their own". Elizabeth Gould Davis argues that breasts (along with phalluses) were revered by the women of Çatalhöyük as instruments of motherhood, but it was after what she describes as a patriarchal revolution – when men had appropriated both phallus worship and "the breast fetish" for themselves – that these organs "acquired the erotic significance with which they are now endowed".

Some authors from the United States have discussed attraction to female breasts within the context of sexual fetishism, and have stated that it is the American fetish-object of choice, or that breast fetishism is predominantly found in the United States. In Patterns of Sexual Behavior, a 1951 analysis of 191 traditional cultures, the researchers noted that stimulation of the female breast by the male before sex "seemed absent in all subhuman forms, although it is common among the members of many different human societies."

Motorboating
A form of breast fetishism where a person places their face into the cleavage between a woman's breasts and moves it from side-to-side is known as motorboating. The person performing the act may also make the sound of a motorboat, from which the name is derived. This act can also be performed in reverse with the woman placing another person's face in between her breasts and moving them from side-to-side.

title: Breast fetishism


text:
User:Alan Liefting/Environmental history of New Zealand

__NOINDEX__

This is a sandbox or notepad area for a future article. Only matters pertaining to the natural environment due to human influence are covered. This may become a large project. It may need to be split into seperate sections or summarised otherwise it will become to unweildly.

Environmental organisations
There are quite a few! Criteria for adding groups? Limitation based on size of membership or area covered? There are also many local groups carrying out restoration or protection of local areas. These, by and large started in the 1970s and increased in number until the present.

To be catalogued

 * Taieri Plain Environmental Protection Soc Inc - Env court hearung
 * Wakatipu Enviro Soc - Enviro Court hearing

Buller Conservation Group
Based in Westport, Buller Conservation Group lobby on issues in the Buller region. Major campaigns include native forest logging, pollution in rivers from coal mining and dirty dairying (not sure of last one ??)

Forest and Bird
Formed in 1923, it is New Zealands longest running and respected (amongst the environmentalists??!!) organisation.

Native Forest Action
Native Forest Action formed from a small group of individuals in 1997 and was quite separate from the Native Forest Action Council. The sole aim was to halt the logging of native forest on public land on the West Coast. This logging was carried out by Timberlands West Coast Ltd (TWC), a state owned enterprise. A Labour led government was elected in 1999. It was a coalition between Labour and Alliance. The Greens were a support partner to the Government and pushed hard for an end to the logging and gazetting of over 130,000 hectares of forest to conservation estate.

Native Forest Action Council
Native Forest Action Council formed out of a number ??? of other lobby groups including Beech Forest Action Council. (name ??)

ECO
The Environment and Conservation Organisations of Aotearoa New Zealand was formed on 1971 under the name of CoEnCo. In 1976 the name was changed to ECO.

GE Free NZ
Is this one the most important? ''See also: Greenpages - a database of Environmental organisations

Save Happy Valley Campaign
In 2004 the Save Happy Valley Campaign formed in order to prevent a new open cast coal mine on the West Coast in the Westport area. It started with a group of Massey, Victoria and Otago University students who occupied the site of the proposed mine. A little later that year Jo Oosterman organised a number of nationwide meetings to highlight the issue. Jo along with Jeannette Fitzsimons from the Green Party spoke at some of these meetings. In June 2004 Solid Energy was granted a resource consent to go ahead with the mining. A number of groups have appealed the decision so it will now go to the Environment Court for a hearing. Another occupation of the site was held in August 2004.

See also: Save Happy Valley website

Lake Manapouri
Save Manapouri Campaign

Pureora protests
Stephen King (sp?) was a major player?

West Coast forest campaign
In 1997 NFA started highlighting the logging with a number of high profile activities including tree sits, road bockages and preventing operation of a helicopter.
 * 1970s
 * 1980s
 * 1990s

Land

 * Resource Management Act
 * Urban sprawl
 * Coastal development
 * Rubbish dumps (Kate Valley)
 * Squatters (Rangitoto, Canty lakes, Otago lakes)

Caves
Cavers came to realise that their travel through caves creates damage that is difficult to prevent and rectify. Some caves have a permit system to prevent excessive use by cavers. The conditions of the permit vary depending on the fragility of the cave. In the 1990s the New Zealand Speleological Society (NZSS) appointed an Environmental Officer. On occassion some caving trips were planned to carry out the sole task of repairing damage due to years of cavers passing through the subterranean passages. The ethics of bolting (placing a fixed anchor point for ropes) in a cave was also discussed during this time. The 1990s also saw the increase in tourism ??? in New Zealand and there was a corresponding increase number of commercial caving companies in Waitomo. The modification of Ringlefall Cave in Waitomo by opening up a new entrance to allow for commercial caving trips was an anthema to the recreational cavers. (other caves - pink gumboot, Metro, BWR2)

 * Caves with some modification to allow for commercial use:
 * Waitomo Glow worm cave
 * Ringlefall
 * Ruakuri
 * Te Ana Nui (sp)
 * Maori Leap Cave ??
 * Metro Cave
 * Ringlefall
 * BWR I and II
 * Ngarua Cave

Many other caves have some modification to a lesser degree for ease of access for cavers. These modifications are generally fixed ropes and ladders.

Politics
Values, Green Party, local Govt? The 2001 local body campaign featured a number of candidates standing under a Green ticket. [

Population
Since there is a correlation between population and impact on the environment, a discussion on population is appropriate.

Population milestones:
 * 1,000,000
 * 2,000,000
 * 3,000,000
 * 4,000,000

 * New Zealand population growth.

Water Quality

 * "Dirty Dairying"
 * Rotorua lakes
 * Lake Taupo
 * Canterbury ground and surface water
 * Nitrate contamination in Canterbury

Dams
New Zealand has seen a number of grassroots protests over the construction of dams The following section treat the protests in a chronological order. Of note was the release of a report in 2004 giving the hydro electricity opportunities of rivers in New Zealand. The Green Party and Fish and Game were scathing of the report.

Lake Manapouri
After opposition in the South Island the debate became a nationwide issue in 1969.

Clyde Dam
There was opposition of the dam which have the flooded prime orchards and part of the town of Cromwell.

The dam construction went ahead as planned. Geological fault lines in the area to be flooded caused the project to have cost and time (?) over-runs.

Project Aqua
After much local and nationwide opposition the plug was pulled on this scheme.

Dobson Dam
Proposed by locals but not by central government

Wairau River
Contact Energy have done a scoping study ?? for an irrigation and hydro power scheme.

Coastline

 * Liethfeild Beach

Nuclear
This is worthy of mention due to the anti-nuclear stance that New Zealand has adopted. Contamination due to the release of radioactive material is a threat to the natural environment. (Social angle, imperialism angle)

The anti-nuclear movement came to a head when the USS Buchanan visited Auckland (sp? angle?). It was met with a flotilla of boats in a show of opposition. The Labour Party made an election promise to halt the visits of nuclear powered ships. When they were elected in 1984 the election promise was fulfilled by passing the Nuclear Free New Zealand Act (sp?). In 1985 French secret agents blew up the Rainbow Warrior, a Greenpeace protest ship, while at the wharf in Auckland. A foreign photograper on board at the time was killed.

Nuclear power for electricity generation in New Zealand is touted on occasion. The Nuclear Free Act does not exclude the use of nuclear powered electricity generation.

Surveys in ????, ???? and 2004 gave high percentage of opposition to nuclear power stations in New Zealand.

In 2004, a retiring Regional Councillor for the Canterbury Regional Council suggested that nuclear power generation investigated as an option due to opposition to any new hydro-electricity dams. After creating some interest in nationwide media the Regional Council attempted to play it down. This press atatement may have been political grandstanding since local body elections were imminent.

Genetic Engineering
Release of GMO's has some known effects on plants of the same species due to cross pollenation. There are unknown effects on the natural soil life.

A number of local organisations and national umbrella groups formed in the 1990's.

New Zealand enacted a voluntary moritorium on the release of GMOs from 2001 to 2003?????. The HSNO Act, administered by ERMA, is the mechanism for approval of the release of GMO's in New Zealand. To date there have been no commercial (or other type?) releases of GMO's.

Air
Air quality has rarely been an issue for enviromental lobby groups. New Zealand air quality ????? compare with overseas.

Auckland is the most populous city and therefore has the most vehicles. Constant sea breezes keep the pollution levels down ??????

Christchurch, Reefton, Nelson and Timaru suffer from winter smog problems due to temperature inversions. ???

Cartoons
Grarrick Tremain, Al Nisbet and Tom Scott have some good examples of human impact on the environment.

Entertainment
Fred Dagg saye the Bruce Bayliss invented the idea of not producing waste as a way of dealing with disposal!

Environmentalism in the business community

 * Greenwashing?
 * Warehouse and recycling?
 * Sustainable Business Network (had a Chch predecessor)
 * "Eco" products.


text:
Hebraism

Hebraism is a lexical item, usage or trait characteristic of the Hebrew language. By successive extension it is often applied to the Jewish people, their faith, national ideology or culture.

Idiomatic Hebrew
Hebrew has many idiomatic terms that are not easily translatable to other languages, for example בארבע עיניים be'arba enayim, literally 'with four eyes,' means face to face without the presence of a third person, as in, 'The two men met with four eyes.' The expression לא דובים ולא יער lo dubim ve lo ya'ar is literally "neither bears nor forest" but means that something is completely false. The saying טמן את ידו בצלחת taman et yado batsalakhat "buried his hand in the dish" means that someone idles away his time."

Lexical items deriving from Hebrew
"Hebraism" may also refer to a lexical item with Hebrew etymology, i.e. that (ultimately) derives from Hebrew. For example, the English word stiff-necked, meaning "stubborn", is a calque of Greek σκληροτράχηλος, which is a calque of Hebrew קשה עורף qeshēh ʿōref "hard of neck; stubborn". Similar calques are the way of women (דרך נשים) "menstruation" and flowing with milk and honey (זבת חלב ודבש) "abundance".

Sometimes Hebraisms can be coined using non-Hebrew structure. For example, the Yiddish lexical item ישיבה בחור yeshive bokher, meaning "Yeshivah student", uses a Germanic structure but two Hebrew lexical items.

Distinctive language
Beyond simple etymology, both spoken and written Hebrew is marked by peculiar linguistic elements that distinguish its semitic roots. This hebraism includes word order, chiasmus, compound prepositions, and numerous other distinctive features.

Systematic Hebraisms
Finally, the word "hebraism" describes a quality, character, nature, or method of thought, or system of religion attributed to the Hebrew people. It is in this sense that Matthew Arnold (1869) contrasted Hebraism with Hellenism, identifying Thomas Carlyle as his age's embodiment of the former. Feldman's response to Arnold expands on this usage. Leo Strauss is also well-known for his metaphorical juxtaposition of Jerusalem and Athens in a similar light. Furthermore, Friedrich Nietzsche and Otto Weiniger thought in terms of similar dualities as well.

title: Hebraism


text:
Mark Paragua

Mark Callano Paragua (born March 29, 1984) is a Filipino chess grandmaster. He won the Philippine Chess Championship in 2012. He was the youngest Filipino master ever, at nine years of age. He also became the youngest Filipino GM ever at 20 (until Wesley So surpassed it), beating Eugenio Torre's record by about two years.

Chess career
At the 1998 Disney World Rapid Chess Championship for Kids, Paragua tied for finished first with 7½ points in the boys' 14-and-under section, and took the gold medal on tiebreak points.

Paragua also played in the 3rd Asian Indoor Games held in 2009 where he finished with 5 wins, 1 draw, and 2 losses with a Tournament Performance Rating (TPR) of 2522 (ELO 2501) leading the team to a 7th-place finish but missed out on a playoff berth.

World Youth Chess Championship
Paragua took part in two World Youth Chess Championships:
 * 15th World Youth Chess Championship (2001) where he tied for 17th-26th places in the tournament that attracted 83 players in the premier Boys U-18. He eventually placed 17th after tie-breaks scoring 6.5 points.
 * 16th World Youth Chess Championship (2002) where he tied for 3rd-5th places, ultimately ending up in 5th place in the Boys U-18 category.

World Junior Chess Championship
Paragua participated in two World Junior Chess Championships scoring 12 wins, 7 draws, and 7 losses for a winning percentage of 59.6%:

 * At the 41st World Junior Chess Championship held in December 2002, Paragua tied for 11th–16th places with a score of 6 wins, 4 draws, and 3 losses ending up in 16th place after tiebreaks. He had a TPR of 2432 as compared to his then ELO of 2476.
 * At the 43rd World Junior Chess Championship held in 2004, Paragua (6th seed with 2534 ELO) tied for 15th–21st places eventually ending up in 18th place after tie-breaks. He scored 6 wins, 3 draws, and 4 losses with a TPR of 2450.

FIDE World Chess Championship
Paragua qualified for the 2004 World Championship that took place in 2004 where he was eliminated by Viktor Bologan of Moldova in the first round. Paragua won the first game against Bologan but then lost three straight games, eliminating him from the tournament.

FIDE World Cup
Paragua was a 3-time participant in the Chess World Cup:

 * At the 2005 Chess World Cup (qualifying tournament for world championship), he upset Sergei Movsesian in the first round, 1.5-0.5 winning the second game with the white pieces, before losing in the tie breaker against Alexey Dreev in the second round, 2.5-3.5 (Paragua drew both his games against Dreev in the regulation)
 * He also qualified in the 2011 Chess World Cup, a 126-player field knockout tournament where he was seeded 108th (2545 ELO). Paragua earned the berth after finishing second (after tie-breaks) in the 2011 Asian Zone 3.3 chess championship. He faced the 21st-seeded Michael Adams who beat him, 1.5–0.5 in the first round.
 * At the 2013 Chess World Cup, a 7-round knockout chess meant to determine the qualifiers for the 2014 Candidates. Paragua was seeded 101 with an ELO of 2569 and was eliminated in the first round by Dmitry Jakovenko 2–0.

Paragua breaks 2600 ELO
Paragua became the first Filipino to reach 2600 FIDE after he finished co-champion in the Asian Zonal 3.3 Chess Championships in September 2005.

Paragua finished the nine-round Swiss system event with 7 points. In January 2006, FIDE listed Paragua with a rating of 2618 enough to get him in the top 100.

Asian Individual Chess Championship
Paragua participated in seven editions of the Asian Individual Chess Championship:
 * 3rd Asian Chess Championship (2001) where he placed 48th in a 76-player field for the 11-round Swiss System event where he scored 4 wins, 2 draws, and 5 losses with a TPR of 2458 as compared to his ELO of 2444;
 * 4th Asian Chess Championship (2003) where he placed 20th in a field of 54 players in this 9-round Swiss System event where he scored 3 wins, 3 draws, and 2 losses with a TPR of 2528 (ELO rating was 2506);
 * 6th Asian Chess Championship (2007) where he finished the 11-round Swiss System event in 29th place in a field of 72 players with 3 wins, 6 draws, and 2 losses with a TPR of 2474 which was way below his ELO then of 2525;
 * 9th Asian Chess Championship (2009) where he finished in 61st place in the 86-player field that competed in the 11-round Swiss System event scoring 2 wins, 6 draws, and 3 losses putting up a TPR of 2400 as compared to his 2529 ELO;
 * 9th Asian Chess Championship (2011) where he ended up in 29th place in the 9-round Swiss System event that featured 50 players finishing with 3 wins, 3 draws, and 3 losses with a TPR of 2472 (2542 ELO);
 * 10th Asian Chess Championship (2012) where he ended up in 36th place in the 72 player-field that comprised the 9-round Swiss System event scoring 4 wins, 1 draw, and 4 losses with a TPR of 2468 as compared to his 2521 ELO; and lastly at the
 * 11th Asian Chess Championship (2013) where he won the bronze medal in the 9-round Swiss System event featuring 77 players where he finished undefeated with 4 wins and 5 draws for a TPR of 2710 compared to his 2550 ELO at that time.

Overall, Paragua compiled 36 points in 68 games (52.9% winning percentage) with 23 wins, 26 draws, and 19 losses for 1 bronze medal.

Chess Olympiad
He played for the Philippines in the Chess Olympiads of 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2012, and the 2020 Online Chess Olympiad.

At the 35th Chess Olympiad, Paragua scored 5 wins, 5 draws, and 2 losses with a Tournament Performance Rating (TPR) of 2503 in Board 4 to place 19th, second-best in the team.

At the 36th Chess Olympiad, Paragua scored 6 wins, 3 draws, and 4 losses with a TPR of 2556 as compared to his ELO rating then of 2534 playing Board 3.

Paragua played the top Board for Team Philippines for the first time in his career in the 37th Chess Olympiad. He scored 2 wins, 5 draws, and 4 losses.

At the 40th Chess Olympiad, Paragua played Board 4 scoring 6 points on the strength of 3 wins, 6 draws, and 2 losses with a TPR of 2561 as compared to his 2508 ELO rating where he finished at 18th place.

In total, Paragua has already scored 25.5 points in 47 games recording 16 wins, 19 draws, and 12 losses for a 54.3% winning rate with his best performance coming at the 2012 Olympiad held at Istanbul, Turkey where he placed 18th.

In 2020, Paragua headed Team Philippines at the 2020 Online Chess Olympiad. He scored 5 wins, 1 draw, and 2 losses as he led the team to a 5th-place finish in Pool A of Division II with 10 match points.

Asian Cities Chess Championship
Paragua participated in three editions of the Asian Cities Chess Championship:
 * 14th edition held in Manila, Philippines (2004) where he served as the captain of the Mandaluyong Team playing Board 1 and finishing with 4 wins, 3 draws, and 2 losses with a TPR of 2477 as compared to his then ELO of 2529. He led the team to a bronze medal finish in Team Competition;
 * 15th edition played in Tehran, Iran (2007) where he again played Board 1 this time representing Team Tagaytay where he scored 3 wins, 3 draws, and 3 losses with a TPR of 2377 as against his 2573 ELO at that time leading the team to a silver medal in the Team Competition; and
 * 18th edition held in Tagaytay City, Cavite, Philippines where he played Board 2 and finished with 4 wins, 3 draws, and 2 losses with a TPR of 2445 compared to his ELO of 2571 during that time leading Team Tagaytay to a gold medal finish in the Team Competition.

He finished his stint in the tournament with 15.5 points in 27 games posting 11 wins with 9 draws and 7 losses for a winning percentage of 57.4% ending up with 1 gold, 1 silver, and 1 bronze in Team Competition.

Philippine National Chess Championship
Paragua won the 2012 Philippine Chess Championship. He scored 11.5/15 with 10 wins, 3 draws, and 2 losses. He had a TPR of 2627 as against his 2508 ELO.

World Open
Paragua finished the 38th Annual World Open in a tie for 9th-18th places. He posted 5 wins, 2 draws, and 1 loss.

Paragua tied for 7th-13th places in the 42nd Annual World Open. He scored 6 points on 5 wins, 2 draws, and 2 losses after tiebreaks.

US tournaments
At the 2008 Foxwoods Open, Paragua tied for 9th-17th places scoring 5 wins, 2 draws, and 2 losses to place 13th overall after tiebreaks.

In 2016, Paragua took part in the 3rd Millionaire Chess Open. Paragua ended up in a tie for 17th-28th place where he eventually ended up in 21st place with 4 wins, 1 draw, and 2 losses which did not qualify him for the next round.

In 2017, he tied for first at the 9th annual Chesapeake Open with 5 wins, 2 draws, and no losses. The tournament employed no tie-break and Paragua won $1,100 (USD).

On July 10, 2019, Paragua topped the 12th New York Int 2019 that featured 24 players in 9 rounds with an average ELO Rating of 2309. He finished undefeated with 4 wins and 5 draws. Paragua was seeded third in this tournament with an ELO of 2503.

On July 27, 2019, Paragua won the 8th Washington Int 2019, a 9-round 35-player tournament with an average ELO Rating of 2309. He finished with 6 wins, 2 draws, and 1 loss.

Also in 2019, Paragua placed second in the 141st New York State Championship. He scored 3 wins and 3 draws ending up tied for 2nd-4th places, but ended up with the runner-up honors after tie-breaks; all the three players won $600.00 each.

On November 14, 2019, Paragua finished in joint 1st place at the 103rd ch-Marshall CC 2019. The tournament featured 10 players with an average of 2482 ELO Rating. Paragua went undefeated with 3 wins and 6 draws.

On November 27, 2019, Paragua finished in joint third place at the CCCSA Fall GM 2019 Tournament, a 10-player tournament with an average ELO Rating of 2441, finishing with 3 wins, 3 draws, and 3 losses.

On January 16, 2020, he won the Winter CCCSA GM Norm Invitational going undefeated with 3 wins and 6 draws. The tournament featured ten players with an average ELO Rating of 2433.

On February 27, 2020, Paragua won the Marshall GM Norm 2020, another 10-player tournament with an average ELO Rating of 2444, with a score of 6 wins, 2 draws, and 1 loss.

Other notable tournaments
In 2004, Paragua won the 4th Alushta Autumn as he scored a total of 11.0 points in 13 rounds on the strength of 10 wins, 2 draws, and 1 loss.

Paragua finished second in the Asian Zone 3.3 (2011) Chess Championships and clinched the last berth in the year's World Cup. Paragua actually finished tied for second but took last World Cup berth with a superior tiebreak score.

Paragua won the 2012 Mayor Allen Singson Cup (Candon City Chess Championships) in March 2012. He finished undefeated with 5 wins and 2 draws.

On May 18, 2020, Paragua topped the Curly King Shark online chess tournament. Paragua finished with 70 points in 30 games for a winning percentage of 73 percent and performance rating of 2774, coming in first place. Paragua won 12 games, drew 11, and lost 7 games.

Personal life
Paragua was born to Flordeliza Callano and Ricardo Paragua, the latter of whom is also his coach. The son and father went around the world to participate in international tournaments. Paragua resided both in the city of Meycauayan and the adjacent town of Marilao in the province of Bulacan.

He became a resident of New York and coaches at the New York Chess Academy.

title: Mark Paragua


text:
Talk:Chinese mythology

Xing Tian
Is there anything about turtles?
 * It's turtles all the way down. — Llywelyn II   01:05, 26 December 2022 (UTC)

Classification of "deities"
Dividing "deities" into Daoist and Buddhist is not suitable for an article about mythology. Certainly, this is not the case in for reliable reference literature which I have consulted. The Daoist-Buddhist religious dichotomy is not particularly helpful, especially in an article about mythology. The resulting division of entries ended up more erroneous than correct. Similarly "mythological beings or people" suits this article better than "deities", which is a religious concept that does not suit the subject of Chinese mythology very well. The people and beings in mythology may also be deities from the perspective of religion, but generally in mythology lacks clear distinctions between the profane and the divine, or the actual versus the imaginary. Thus we get talking animals, humans with magical powers, heavenly beings with weaknesses and vulnerabilities, wizards that become immortal, and all kinds of hard-to-classify people and beings. Certainly, attempting to classify them into deities and non-deities and as Daoist and Buddhist does not work, as can be seen in the awkward stages shown in the history of this article. Dcattell (talk) 15:44, 27 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Seems like pretty whingy orientalizing or No True Scotsman. The magic sky people who help with the crops are gods/deities, which is a religious concept just as deeply at home in China as everywhere else humans have gotten themselves off to. There's no problem with realizing Greek myths were about heroes and gods and, while the Chinese didn't follow all the Greek ideas about hero veneration (of course), Chinese myths are similarly about heroes and gods and don't need as much handwringing as you're doing to grok them.

 * It's not that Chinese myth is sui generis. It's just incredibly messy, poorly documented and translated in many places, and mishandled by many (as demonstrated in your message) who are perfectly at home dealing with Confucian legends and Shangdi worship but feel icky when philosophical Laozi gets appropriated as religious Laojun in 150 different ways over 2500 years of complicated development. It's not all the West's fault, of course: the scholar class loved trying to rationalize religious beliefs and were constantly looking over the peasants' shoulders to make sure they weren't worshipping the 'wrong way'. — Llywelyn II   00:30, 26 December 2022 (UTC)

Regarding Category Tree
I find the use of the Category Tree in this article very useful both as a Wikipedia User and editor. Please discuss here before deleting the presence of this feature in this article. Chinese Mythology has been difficult in terms of organizing the subject space on Wikipedia. Much work remains to be done, and the Category Tree is both a most useful aid and seems to cause no harm. Dcattell (talk) 01:01, 10 June 2019 (UTC)
 * This is currently the only Wikipedia article using . (See this search to check current status.) The other 5.8 million articles, whether about difficult-to-organize subjects or not, all have simple links into the category system at the bottom of the page, showing which categories the specific article being viewed has been classified into. The two ways of doing it are redundant, and having redundant navigation elements makes the page harder to use by cluttering it. If readers want to navigate the category tree, we expect them to click into the category system from the bottom-of-the-page link, where they should be looking for it if they are familiar with Wikipedia's navigational conventions. -- Beland (talk) 19:05, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure who the "we" is in "we expect". Am I being excluded from the group of people with expectations? I have used the tree system in articles before, for example in the area of Chinese poetry. I was not aware that tree system has been deprecated and systematically removed from articles. Frankly, the category system in regards to Chinese poetry is a big mess. And I find the tree system easier to deal with (but maybe I'm old fashioned). There seems to be a movement to move edit-related material to the talk pages (per "This is the talk page for discussing improvements...", and I certainly support that -- especially when it come to multiple scare tags with editorial suggestions that article users are immediately subjected to before any encyclopedic content appears (talking about clutter!). If I am the only one in the Wikipedia universe that benefits from trees, then it is perfectly reasonable that we move the category tree code to the talk page instead, for easy access to humble, hard-working editors? Maybe category trees would be more popular if they were not being removed? Or, how 'bout this? We move the cat tree down to the bottom of the article, then it could not possibly be considered to be "cluttering up" the article? Generally I don't support putting category trees in articles, but it makes a certain amount of sense for certain more top-level articles such as "Chinese mythology", plus its easily accessible in the article, rather than having to navigate to a separate Category page, and then to various subpages (plus the Portal system isn't really a substitute). Instead, with an embedded tree it is all right there in-page! Scroll up and down, compare the tree structure to the article content, and so on (try it! --unfortunately it's a very bad structural mismatch in "Chinese mythology", and that's what really needs to be fixed, one way or the other). Actually, much in the encyclopedic area of Chinese mythology needs to be fixed, and that is where energy should be directed. Dcattell (talk) 01:03, 11 June 2019 (UTC)
 * By "we" I mean the Wikipedia editors who agree with the consensus of how categories are applied to articles. The clickable category trees are indeed useful, but a better version is available on the category page. If you click the link at the bottom of the page to Category:Chinese mythology, you'll see that you can click on triangles next to subcategories to expand them, if you wish. But what this page has that the categorytree in the article doesn't have, is all the articles in Category:Chinese mythology itself. It seems like that represents a much better reader experience. I wouldn't want readers to stop looking for categories when they see the categorytree and get a worse experience by not clicking through to the category page - that's why I'd see the categorytree as clutter. Since both the catgegory page and the talk page are one click away from the article, it doesn't make much sense to me to put a copy of the category tree on the talk page. -- Beland (talk) 16:56, 11 June 2019 (UTC)

Chinese creation myth
As we all know the chinese has a symbol the dragon, but i have a question why dragon why not a god or godess? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.224.14.89 (talk) 20:39, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * The more powerful dragons were gods, when they weren't just considered How the World Is. If you mean, why weren't all the Chinese gods human-looking? then the answer is that it's all make-believe and some people/societies are more creative than others. — Llywelyn II   00:21, 26 December 2022 (UTC)

Sources for future article expansion
This is a fascinating account of how Eid al-Adha rituals led to Muslims/Hui becoming the usual butchers in western China not only for the imperial elite but also for mandatory state sacrifices to the Chinese gods (considered to be meat-eaters if not carnivores) and suspect Commies during the paranoid Nationalist era (since killing cattle could only be a plot to reduce agricultural output and undermine the state). It should probably be introduced here, as well as at religion in China, Chinese cuisine, and similar pages. — Llywelyn II   00:20, 26 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese mythology


text:
Cambridge Declaration

The Cambridge Declaration is a statement of faith written in 1996 by the Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals, a group of Reformed and Lutheran Evangelicals who were concerned with the state of the Evangelical movement in America, and throughout the world.

"No Place for Truth"
Both the conference and the eventual declaration came about as a result of David F. Wells' 1993 book No Place for Truth or Whatever Happened to Evangelical Theology? (ISBN 0-8028-0747-X). This book was highly critical of the Evangelical church in America for abandoning its historical and theological roots, and instead embracing the philosophies and pragmatism of the world.

While not a best seller, the book was critically acclaimed by a number of important Evangelical leaders. In 1994 a number of these leaders formed the Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals. Since much of Wells' thesis stemmed from the modern church's abandonment of historical confessions of faith (such as The Westminster Confession and the 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith), the Alliance was based upon Evangelicals who not only adhered to these Reformed confessions of faith, but were able to direct their ministries accordingly.

The two principal players involved in spearheading the conference from which the Cambridge Declaration emerged were James Montgomery Boice of Evangelical Ministries (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), and Dr. Michael S. Horton of Christians United for Reformation (Anaheim, California). Like Wells, Horton and Boice were both strong critics of the shallow nature of contemporary Evangelicalism, and had published a book to that effect. Later in 1996, these men joined forces by merging their respective organizations into The Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals.

Conference in Cambridge
Eventually a conference was held between April 17–20, 1996 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The choice of location was deliberate, since Cambridge was the seat of Harvard University and thus the center of ecclesiastical and intellectual life in 17th century America. Cambridge was also the location of The Cambridge Platform, a declaration of church polity made in 1648 by New England Puritans.

Approximately 100 delegates from around the world gathered for the four-day conference, with the explicit intention of creating an official declaration that would be released once the conference concluded. The conference was also important because it included the presence of evangelical Lutherans, who had traditionally kept themselves apart from mainline Evangelical and Reformed movements.

Throughout the conference, a document was drafted, and suggestions and changes were solicited from the delegates. The two principal authors of the Cambridge Declaration, however, were Dr. David F. Wells, and Dr. Michael S. Horton. The papers delivered at the conference were later edited and published in the book Here We Stand (Baker Books), edited by James Montgomery Boice and Ben Sasse (republished in 2004).

Reasons for the Declaration
The conference, and the eventual declaration that was created, was broadly influenced by the following:

 * The culture of the modern world (as represented by Postmodernism) is changing the message that the church preaches.
 * The erosion of Christian doctrine within the modern church, including the lack of Expository preaching.
 * The increasing influence of Relativism within the church, which has led to an environment where "truth" is subjectively determined, and where church leaders aim to preach only "positive" messages.
 * The increasing focus upon man, rather than God, within the church.
 * An increasing focus on man's ability to respond to God's grace, rather than a focus upon God's ability to save man.
 * A focus on the quantitative and measurable aspects of church growth (which thus links Christian ministry with outward success) rather than the qualitative and spiritual aspects of Biblical ministry.

Content of the Declaration
The declaration is a call to repentance for the evangelical church in order to reaffirm the historical Christian truths that are articulated by The Five solas and deny modern teachings:

1. Sola Scriptura: The Erosion of Authority
 * A reaffirmation that the Bible contains all things necessary to understand and obey God.
 * A denial that any other form of authority is needed to bind the conscience of the Christian.

2. Solus Christus: The Erosion of Christ-Centered Faith
 * A reaffirmation that Christ alone and his penal substitutionary atonement on the cross are the means by which all Christians are saved.
 * A denial that the Gospel can be preached without the atonement being declared and without faith being solicited from the listeners.

3. Sola Gratia: The Erosion of The Gospel
 * A reaffirmation that salvation is a supernatural work of the Holy Spirit.
 * A denial that salvation is in any sense a work of the human heart, either fully or partially.

4. Sola Fide: The Erosion Of The Chief Article
 * A reaffirmation that a person is justified (declared innocent) before God through faith alone and through Christ alone – that Christ's righteousness is imputed to the Christian.
 * A denial that justification relies upon any human merit, and that churches which teach this cannot be considered legitimate churches.

5. Soli Deo Gloria: The Erosion of God-Centered Worship
 * A reaffirmation that salvation is ultimately for God's glory rather than man's, and that Christians everywhere should understand that they are under God's authority and act for his glory alone.
 * A denial that God can be glorified through "entertainment"-style worship; the removal of law and/or gospel in preaching; and preaching that focuses upon self-improvement, self-esteem and self fulfillment.

Attitudes towards the Roman Catholic Church
The declaration reflects traditional conservative Protestantism in its rejection of the Roman Catholic Church as a legitimate church. This is mainly due to the differences expressed over the issue of Justification. These rejections of the Roman Catholic Church are found implicitly and explicitly in the text of the Declaration:

 * In Thesis one (Sola Scriptura), the text asserts We deny that any creed, council or individual may bind a Christian's conscience. While this has a universal application, it is specifically aimed at the Roman Catholic Church and its insistence that Scripture is to be interpreted by the church's institutions and historical councils, and of the Pope's authority.
 * In Thesis four (Sola Fide), the text asserts We deny that justification rests on any merit to be found in us, or upon the grounds of an infusion of Christ's righteousness in us, or that an institution claiming to be a church that denies or condemns sola fide can be recognized as a legitimate church. It is this last phrase that indicates a rejection of the Roman Catholic Church, since it is clearly an "institution" that "denies or condemns" the Reformation understanding of Sola Fide.
 * In the section Call To Repentance And Reformation, the following point is made: We also earnestly call back erring professing evangelicals who have deviated from God's Word in the matters discussed in this Declaration. This includes those... who claim that evangelicals and Roman Catholics are one in Jesus Christ even where the biblical doctrine of justification is not believed. This is an explicit reference to the issue discussed in Thesis four.

Criticisms of Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity
The declaration also contains many statements that were intended to criticize the influence and theology of the modern Charismatic movement, along with the continual influence of the historic Pentecostal movement:

 * In Thesis one (Sola Scriptura), the text asserts We deny that... the Holy Spirit speaks independently of or contrary to what is set forth in the Bible, or that personal spiritual experience can ever be a vehicle of revelation. In seeking to declare that Scripture is the sole source of the Spirit's revelatory work, the declaration is at odds with the entire Charismatic and Pentecostal movement with this statement. Private and personal revelation – outside the work of the Bible – is of critical importance to Christians in this movement. Essentially, the declaration calls upon these Christians to stop seeking private revelation and seek guidance from the Bible only.
 * In Thesis two (Solus Christus), the text asserts We deny that the gospel is preached if Christ's substitutionary work is not declared and faith in Christ and his work is not solicited. This is a criticism of the practice of calling for people to "make a decision" through various means without actually preaching the Gospel. In many cases, when people are asked to "come forward" in these churches, it has come at the end of a sermon which may be emotionally charged, but which has not explained the Gospel as represented by the Atonement.
 * In Thesis three (Sola Gratia), it states We deny that salvation is in any sense a human work. Human methods, techniques or strategies by themselves cannot accomplish this transformation. Faith is not produced by our unregenerated human nature. This section is a specific reference to the influence of revivalism in American Christianity – especially in the influence of historical preachers such as Charles Grandison Finney (especially in the last phrase). It asserts that emotionally manipulative techniques that exist within Charismatic and Pentecostal churches are not necessarily evidence of the work of the Holy Spirit. Moreover, the existence of these emotionally charged atmospheres within a church is certainly not a guarantee that people who have "been saved" in this environment have, in fact, been truly regenerated by the Holy Spirit.
 * In Thesis five (Soli Deo Gloria), it states We deny that we can properly glorify God if our worship is confused with entertainment, if we neglect either Law or Gospel in our preaching, or if self-improvement, self-esteem or self-fulfillment are allowed to become alternatives to the gospel. Considering the fact that many Charismatic and Pentecostal churches have entertaining worship services, and that the focus of preaching is not necessarily an exposition of the Bible but a positive message of self-fulfillment, this part of the Declaration is also evidence of a critical attitude towards this section of the Christian church.

Purposes of the declaration, according to participants

 * In 1994 Dr. James M. Boice called a number of us together in Philadelphia to discuss the possibilities of forming an alliance. Although many of us were already engaged in this sort of work in some fashion, Gordon-Conwell Seminary professor David F. Wells' book, No Place for Truth, Or Whatever Happened to Evangelical Theology? had just appeared and helped to organize us around a common concern. We came to seek God's wisdom together as to how we should proceed…
 * —Michael S. Horton

 * If we evaluate the pragmatism of the pragmatists on a pragmatic basis, we have to say that by their own standards they have failed. Why don't American medical statistics reflect the healings of the charismatics? Why don't our crime statistics reflect the holy living of evangelicals? Why, after a generation of church growth methodology and user-friendly worship, is church attendance down significantly?
 * — Robert Godfrey: One of the framers and a member of the United Reformed Church.

 * This is a somber matter; we are repeating on the evangelical side the very attitudes which led to the birth of liberalism. The irony is that the very things which led to the liberalism which has been the great enemy of evangelicalism early on in this century have been taken into the evangelical churches. We are fools if we think that what happened in liberalism will not happen in evangelicalism too unless we repent and recover the gospel.
 * — David F. Wells: One of the framers and a member of the Congregational church.

 * What lies ahead of evangelicalism if it does not correct its path is it is going to give birth to a new liberalism. If (the alliance of Confessing Evangelicals – the framers of the Cambridge Declaration) is effective, on the other hand, it is going to give birth to a new focussed resurgence of reformational Christianity. These two paths will become the alternatives between which people are going to have to choose.
 * — David F. Wells

 * Luther's theology of the cross totally destroys the modern gospel of success. It's in Calvin too, but a lot of people don't realize that.
 * — Dr. G. Edward Veith: One of the framers and a member of the Lutheran church.

 * Worship should not be confused with feelings. It is true that the worship of God will affect us, and one thing it will frequently affect is our emotions. At times tears will fill our eyes as we become aware of God's great love and grace toward us. Yet it is possible for our eyes to fill with tears and for there still to be no real worship simply because we have not come to a genuine awareness of God and a fuller praise of Himself in His nature and ways… True worship occurs only when that part of man, his spirit, which is akin to the divine nature (for God is spirit), actually meets with God and finds itself praising God for His love, wisdom, beauty, truth, holiness, compassion, mercy, grace, power, and all His other attributes.
 * — James M. Boice: One of the framers and member of the Presbyterian Church.

1996 signatories

 * Dr. John Armstrong (theologian)
 * Alistair Begg
 * Dr. Dr. James M. Boice
 * Dr. W. Robert Godfrey
 * Dr. John D. Hannah
 * Dr. Michael S. Horton
 * Mrs. Rosemary Jensen
 * Dr. R. Albert Mohler Jr.
 * Dr. John F. MacArthur, Jr.
 * Dr. Robert M. Norris
 * Dr. R. C. Sproul
 * Dr. Gene Edward Veith, Jr.
 * Dr. David F. Wells
 * Dr. Luder Whitlock
 * Dr. J. A. O. Preus III

title: Cambridge Declaration


text:
List of vice presidents of Catalonia

This article lists the vice presidents of Catalonia, the second most senior position in the Government of Catalonia. The position, previously known as First Minister (Conseller Primer), Chief Advisor (Conseller en Cap), Chief Executive Officer (Conseller Delegat) and Head of the Executive Board (Cap del Consell Executiu), is optional and is appointed by the president of Catalonia.

List of officeholders
Office name:
 * Vice Presidency of the Council of Ministers (1840–1841; 1925–1931; 1933–1934)
 * Vice Presidency of the Government (1938–1939; 1962–1973; 1982–1995; 2011–2020)
 * First Vice Presidency of the Government (1974–1975; 1976; 1977–1979; 1981–1982; 1996–2011; 2020–present)
 * Vice Presidency of the Government for Defence Affairs (1975–1976)
 * First Vice Presidency of the Government for Defence Affairs (1976–1977)
 * First Vice Presidency of the Government, in charge of the Coordination of the Security and National Defence Affairs (1979–1981)
 * Vice Presidency of the Government for Economic Affairs (1982; 2011)

title: List of vice presidents of Catalonia


text:
File:Little Feat - Highwire Act Live in St. Louis 2003.jpg

Summary
Little Feat - Highwire Act Live in St. Louis 2003 album cover


text:
President of the Republic (Spain)

President of the Republic (Presidente de la República) was the title of the head of state during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939). The office was based on the model of the Weimar Republic, then still in power in Germany, and a compromise between the French and American presidential systems. The "Republican Revolutionary Committee" set up by the Pact of San Sebastián (1930), considered the "central event in the opposition to the monarchy of Alfonso XIII", and headed by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, eventually became the first provisional government of the Second Republic, with Alcalá-Zamora named President of the Republic on 11 December 1931.

Spain is one of the democracies (see President of the Government for the full list of countries) where the term "president" does not solely refer to the head of state but to several distinct offices: President of the Republic for some historical heads of state; President of the Government for the head of the executive; President of the Senate for the speaker of the upper parliamentary chamber, and so on. This has led to some confusion in countries where the term "president" refers solely to the head of state, such as the United States; several incidents involved high-profile American politicians calling the Spanish head of government "President", including George W. Bush in 2001, Jeb Bush in 2003, and Donald Trump in September 2017. With Spain a constitutional monarchy since 1975, the monarch is head of state.

First Spanish Republic (1873–74)
Following the abdication of Amadeo I on 10 February 1873, the short-lived First Republic (1873–74) had four heads of state (officially, Presidents of the Executive Power): Estanislao Figueras, Pi i Margall, Nicolás Salmerón, and Emilio Castelar. On the eve of the pronunciamiento of 3 January 1874, General Pavia sent for Francisco Serrano y Domínguez take to the leadership. Serrano took the title of president of the executive and he continued at the end of December 1874 when the Bourbons were restored by another pronunciamiento.

Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939)
Following the abdication of Alfonso XIII on 14 April 1931, there was no official head of state, meaning that the Prime Minister was, in effect, the highest office in the land. Niceto Alcalá-Zamora assumed the new role of President of the Republic, the effective head of state, after the approval of the new Constitution in December 1931. Manuel Azaña remained as Prime Minister, head of the government, until 12 September 1933.

Presidents of the Republic
With Franco's victory imminent, a National Council of Defense was established to negotiate a peace settlement with the Nationalists. By this point, Franco effectively had military control of the whole country.

Fall of the Republic
On 27 February 1939, after both France and the United Kingdom had recognised Franco's military victory, President Manuel Azaña, exiled in France, resigned. The following week, the so-called Casado Coup against Prime Minister Negrín's government led to the creation of the National Defence Council which attempted, unsuccessfully to negotiate terms, with Franco breaking off talks motu proprio. Following Franco's final offensive at the end of March 1939, the Republic fell.

title: President of the Republic (Spain)


text:
Benjamin Hoadly

Benjamin Hoadly (14 November 1676 – 17 April 1761) was an English clergyman, who was successively Bishop of Bangor, of Hereford, of Salisbury, and finally of Winchester. He is best known as the initiator of the Bangorian Controversy.

Life
He was educated at St Catharine's College, Cambridge and ordained a priest in 1700. He was rector of St Peter-le-Poer, London, from 1704 to 1724, and of St Leonard's, Streatham, from 1710 to 1723. His participation in controversy began at the beginning of his career, when he advocated conformity of the religious rites from the Scottish and English churches for the sake of union. He became a leader of the low church and found favour with the Whig party.

He battled with Francis Atterbury, who was the spokesman for the high church group and Tory leader on the subject of passive obedience and non-resistance (i.e. obedience of divines that would not involve swearing allegiance or changing their eucharistic rites but would also not involve denunciation of the Established Church practices). The House of Commons, dominated by Whigs, recommended him to Queen Anne, and he became rector of Streatham in 1710. When George I succeeded to the throne, he became chaplain to the King and made bishop of Bangor in 1716. He took up the See on the confirmation of his election, at St Mary-le-Bow on 17 March 1716.

In 1717, his sermon on "The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ" provoked the Bangorian controversy. He was then translated three more times, taking up different bishoprics. He maintained that the eucharist was purely a commemorative act without any divine intervention. During his time as bishop, he rarely visited his dioceses and lived, instead, in London, where he was very active in politics.

From later summer 1722 to January 1725 Hoadly published letters on contemporary topics, articulating his Whig principles and defending the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Revolution had created "that Limited Form of Government which is our only Security" and such a government secured freedom of expression, without which Britons would suffer "all the Mischiefs, of Darkness in the Intellectual World, of Baseness in the Moral World, and of Slavery in the Political World". Hoadly also criticised the Pretender, who issued a declaration that he would extinguish opposition. Hoadly wrote that he would impose uniformity on all if he ruled: "Not only that he must destroy your Civil and Religious Rights, but that he plainly before-hand has here told You, to your Face, He will do so".

William Hogarth (1697–1764) painted his portrait as Bishop of Winchester and "Prelate of the Most Noble Order of the Garter" about 1743, etched by Bernard Baron (1696–1762). Hoadly's son Benjamin aided Hogarth with his The Analysis of Beauty.

Selected works

 * A Defence of the Reasonableness of Conformity (1707)
 * A Plain Account of the Nature and End of the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper (1735)
 * The Repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts (1736)

title: Benjamin Hoadly


text:
Talk:Neil Diamond

Update Neil Diamond
I don't know how to edit the Neil Diamond article -can someone help or do it for me? Here's the edit:

Nick Fradiani, who won American Idol in 2015, succeeded Will Swenson as Neil Diamond in "A Beautiful Noise" on October 31, 2023.

Multiple sources, including Broadway News. Marlene41 (talk) 05:09, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

Neil Diamond missing information
i recently saw Neil Diamond show on Broadway Beautiful Noise. After reading Wiki page I noticed a big part of Neil's early success was due to Ellie Greenwich--also in Brill Building. There is no mention of her. She even convinced him to keep his name which is Neil Diamond. NancyjaneR (talk) 14:10, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neil Diamond


text:
User:Tom-/Search issues

This is a list of current issues with Wikipedia/MediaWiki search interface (some monobook-specific).

Please feel free to edit this page and add your own. Please don't just add "search results are poor". This is focusing on the search interface, not results.

Search box UI

 * Poor location: mid-way on left is far too hidden; top-right is probably best
 * Also repeat search box bottom-right?
 * Doesn't use native-style widgets: hinders users in recognising the text input and buttons
 * Having "go" and "search" is confusing: can there be a better UI?
 * Isn't clear "go" is the default option: bolding it makes it clearer
 * Search isn't remembered: so user can't re-search if they make a mistake
 * Auto-focus: focus could default to search input on page load

Search error page

 * Very unhelpful: "Badly formed search query" is pretty meaningless
 * No search box in body content: user should be able to search from there, with full range of options
 * For query "": just shouldn't be displayed if nothing entered
 * Incorrect title: page's title is "Search results", but there are no results
 * No good error message: if you just don't enter any text

Search results page

 * Too much text in general, could be a lot terser
 * Page title could say "Search results for 'moo'"
 * If no matches, results page is poorly designed
 * No obvious "nothing found" message
 * No pointers on where to go next
 * Paging, "No page title/text matches", etc shouldn't be displayed if nothing found
 * Paging links could be better designed
 * "Search in namespaces" is ugly, hard to use, non-obvious and confusing
 * Always have Google/Yahoo as alternatives, even if search enabled?

Possible options

 * Option for where search box is located
 * Option for having it bottom-right as well as top-right
 * User option for auto-focusing search input
 * User option to always use Google/Yahoo/etc to search - or even provide custom search URL with %s?

title: User:Tom-/Search issues


text:
Intertemporal consumption

Economic theories of intertemporal consumption seek to explain people's preferences in relation to consumption and saving over the course of their lives. The earliest work on the subject was by Irving Fisher and Roy Harrod, who described 'hump saving', hypothesizing that savings would be highest in the middle years of a person's life as they saved for retirement.

In the 1950s, more well-defined models were built on discounted utility theory and approached the question of inter-temporal consumption as a lifetime income optimization problem. Solving this problem mathematically, assuming that individuals are rational and have access to complete markets, Modigliani & Brumberg (1954), Albert Ando, and Milton Friedman (1957) developed what became known as the life-cycle model. See for details.

The life-cycle model of consumption suggests that consumption is based on average lifetime income instead of income at any given age. First, young people borrow to consume more than their income, next, as their income rises through the years, their consumption rises slowly and they begin to save more. Lastly, during their retirement these individuals live off of their savings. Furthermore this theory implies that consumption is smoothed out relative to a person's income which is the reason economists set consumption proportional to potential income rather than actual income.

Attempts to test the life-cycle model against real world data have met with mixed success. In a review of the literature, Courant, Gramlich and Laitner (1984) note "but for all its elegance and rationality, the life-cycle model has not tested out very well". The main discrepancies between predicted and actual behaviour is that people drastically 'underconsume' early and late in their lifetime by failing to borrow against future earnings and not saving enough to adequately finance retirement incomes respectively. People also seem to 'overconsume' during their highest earning years, the elderly do not consume from their assets as would be expected (particularly from their household equity) and also treat windfall gains in a manner inconsistent with the life-cycle model. Specific alterations to the theory have been proposed to help it accommodate the data; a bequest motive, capital market imperfections such as liquidity constraints, a changing individual utility function over time or a particular form of expectation as to future income.

Behavioural economists have proposed an alternate description of intertemporal consumption, the behavioural life cycle hypothesis. They propose that people mentally divide their assets into non-fungible mental accounts – current income, current assets (savings) and future income. The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) out of each of these accounts is different. Drawing upon empirical studies of consumption, superannuation and windfall gains they hypothesize that the MPC is close to one out of current income, close to zero for future income and somewhere in between with respect to current assets. These differing MPCs explain why people 'overconsume' during their highest earning years, why increasing superannuation contributions does not cause current savings to be reduced (as the life-cycle model implies) and why small windfall gains (which are coded as current income) are consumed at a high rate but a higher proportion of larger gains is saved.

title: Intertemporal consumption


text:
Sabrina Sabrok

Lorena Fabiana Colotta (born March 4, 1967), known professionally as Sabrina Sabrok, is an Argentine television host, cyberpunk rock singer, adult model, pornographic actress, and producer.

Discography

 * Deal with the devil (2016)
 * Dangerous love (2016)
 * Antisocial EP (2009)
 * Jugando Con Sangre (2008)
 * Sabrina EP (2006)
 * Sodomizado Estas (2002)
 * Primeras Impresiones IV (2001)
 * Primeras Impresiones III (1999)
 * Primeras Impresiones II (1998)
 * Primeras Impresiones (1997)

Television appearances
Sabrok has appeared in several television shows such as La hora pico (as a model), and the Mexican edition of the reality show Big Brother VIP. She hosted her own television show on TeleHit, called Sabrina, El Sexo en su Máxima Expresión or more commonly known simply as Sabrina. In 2015, Sabrok took part in the TV segment 'Te lo hundo y te mojas', alongside Andrea Rincon.

Personal life
Since 2016, Sabrok has been married to Alexandro Hernandez, a musician fifteen years her junior. Sabrok has two daughters, Dulcinea, from a previous relationship with Roberto Dubaz, and Metztli (who is deaf and is autistic), from her relationship with to Erick Farjeat. Both children live with their fathers. In 2020, she alleged that professional wrestler Cibernético was the biological father of her daughter, and not Farjeat.

title: Sabrina Sabrok