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Whole Wheat Radio

Whole Wheat Radio was a not-for-profit, listener-driven online community radio station from Talkeetna, Alaska. It was centered around independent music, and aired 24 hours a day.

The station pioneered several social and technical webcast feats, including the use of wiki software to collaboratively catalogue music, interactive house concerts where listeners could comment and tip the artists, electronic DJs (dubbed "EJs"), listener phonegrams, and its recorded shows were among the first available podcasts.

After eight years of uninterrupted broadcast, the station closed on October 20, 2010.

History
Whole Wheat Radio began as "Radio Free Talkeetna" in August 2002. Software developer James (Jim) Kloss started the live interactive webcast immediately after DSL internet arrived in the small village of Talkeetna, Alaska. Jim was known online for his development of the nochange BBS and XChange file transfer program. Jim Kloss died in 2023, survived by his wife Esther Golton. A Celebration of Life was held in his hometown of Columbus, Ohio in July 2023.

The site changed its name to Whole Wheat Radio by December 2002.

The site was first broadcast from an existing 12x12 foot cabin built by Esther. In July 2004, a more permanent structure dubbed The Wheat Hole was built to accommodate an in-house audience of 50. In 2008, the venue was moved to a "renovated log saloon" dubbed The Wheat Palace to accommodate more patrons, and to host other activities.

Music and programming
Whole Wheat Radio played independent music, initially due to commercial licensing costs. The site evolved into a vehicle for promoting independent artists, helped by Jim's partner and musician Esther Golton. Artists gave permission and sent CDs for their music to be played on the station.

Genres weren't restricted, but favoured acoustic and folk music.

The site hosted numerous house concerts which were broadcast live, including Marian Call, Rod Picott, Jeffrey Foucault, Amanda Shires, and Danny Schmidt. Proceeds from the concerts were given to the performers, often exceeding income artists grossed from traditional media events.

The stream also included aspects of talk radio, from 15 minute rants to full morning shows. After airing, these were taped and made available as podcasts.

Technology and community

Whole Wheat Radio streamed 56 kbit/s mp3PRO audio using SHOUTcast, which could be accessed from any compatible streaming audio player compatible with the format. Clients without mp3PRO support fell back to an equivalent-quality 128 kbit/s MP3 stream.

A custom install of MediaWiki ran the user-editable music database, the same software that operates Wikipedia, Wiktionary and other Wikimedia Foundation projects. Listeners (affectionately dubbed Wheatheads) were encouraged to add tags, lyrics, art, ratings and other information to song, album and artist pages. The currently-playing song was displayed on the home and chat pages, with links to these resources for more information.

The site accepted regular submissions for logos, which were rotated regularly.

Wheatheads could call in phonegrams that were played automatically on the stream, or leave a comment in the chat system for an EJ to read on air. Text based games (and later, rewards for collaborating on articles) would let Wheatheads accrue "wheatberries", an early form of web gamification.

Separate podcast feeds were available for each of the shows shortly after they had aired live, such as the "Rant-N-Ravin' Muffin News". and house concerts.

Reception
In 2005, Whole Wheat Radio was discussed in an episode of The Dawn and Drew Show, and in an interview with Derek and Swoopy from Skeptic magazine's Skepticality podcast.

Journalist Doc Searls commented in 2004 that "it's an outstanding station. If you miss KPIG's live Webcast, Whole Wheat Radio will ease your surcease. You might think of WWR as folksy or charming (it's both). I think of them as heroic. What they do is the very, very best of what radio is all about."

In an article for PC World, Derek Sivers of CDBaby commented that "online radio is the best way to find new music and [I recommend] indie-flavored Whole Wheat Radio".

Conclusion
In 2010, Jim pushed for a greater emphasis on the site mission of helping independent artists over the chat aspects of the site. This generated animosity, culminating in an unsanctioned, separate Facebook group. Jim closed the site soon after, claiming he no longer loved the job.

The Wheat Palace continued to hold private parties, meetings, classes and art showings through 2011.

title: Whole Wheat Radio


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Geoffrey Beene

Geoffrey Beene (born Samuel Albert Bozeman Jr.; August 30, 1924 – September 28, 2004) was an American fashion designer. Beene was one of New York's most famous fashion designers, recognized for his artistic and technical skills and for creating simple, comfortable and dressy women's wear.

In 2018, the Geoffrey Beene brand was acquired by PVH who previously produced the brand under license.

On June 23, 2021, it was announced that the Geoffrey Beene brand would be sold to Authentic Brands Group alongside Van Heusen, Izod, and Arrow. The sale closed on August 2, 2021, with United Legwear & Apparel Company named as its licensee alongside the Van Heusen and Arrow brands. However, in April 2023 it was announced that Versa Group would be the new licensee for the Geoffrey Beene brand.

Early life and education
Beene was born on August 30, 1924, as Samuel Albert Bozeman Jr. in the small rural town of Haynesville, Louisiana, located just south of the Arkansas state line. He was born into a family of doctors and was encouraged to follow in their footsteps. He studied medicine at Tulane University in New Orleans but dropped out in 1946, after three years of study. Beene moved to Los Angeles, where he studied fashion design at the University of Southern California and worked in the display department of the I. Magnin retail store until 1947.

Later that year, he moved to New York City to attend the Traphagen School of Fashion. He then moved to Paris, where he attended the Ecole de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne (ECSCP) and the couture house of Molyneux. In 1949, he returned to New York, where he became Assistant Designer at the Seventh Avenue house of Harmay. In 1958, he left Harmay to design with Teal Traina, before founding his eponymous design house.

Career
Beene founded his firm, Geoffrey Beene, Inc., in New York City in 1963, in partnership with Teal Traina's Leo Orlandi in a Seventh Avenue showroom.

A year later, he was awarded the Coty American Fashion Critics' Award, one of the most prestigious awards in fashion. His first collection was featured on the cover of Vogue Magazine.

In his 1970 collection, Beene applied the use of inexpensive fabrics such as sweatshirt and denim fabric for evening dresses. Introduced in 1971, the Beene Bag line of women’s wear used the same silhouettes as his couture line. By the mid-1970s, Beene had a number of licensing agreements for products such as eyeglasses and bed sheets, and also his most famously known cologne called Grey Flannel, launched in 1975. It contains notes of orange, lemon, rose, geranium, sandalwood and cedar wood, and is considered a classic men's fragrance winning a FIFI Award in 1976. In 1976, Beene became the first American designer to show a collection in Milan, Italy. This success led to his sixth Coty Award in 1977, for giving impetus to American fashion abroad. In 1982, Beene received his eighth Coty Award; the most awarded to any one designer.

In 1986, Beene was named The Council of Fashion Designers of America's Designer of the Year. Two years later, the Council of Fashion Designers of America awarded Beene the Special Award for Fashion as Art. In 1989, he opened the first Geoffrey Beene retail boutique on Fifth Avenue.

Beene's clients included Lady Bird Johnson, Pat Nixon, Nancy Reagan, Faye Dunaway and Glenn Close. Beene was known as both an innovator and a teacher. Several of his former apprentices, Kay Unger, Alber Elbaz and Maria Pinto are now successful fashion designers.

Death
Beene died on September 28, 2004, due to complications (pneumonia) from cancer at age 80. His career in fashion design spanned over 40 years.

Geoffrey Beene Lifetime Achievement Award
In honor of Beene's fashion legacy, the Council of Fashion Designers of America created the annual Geoffrey Beene Lifetime Achievement award in 1984.

 * Geoffrey Beene Lifetime Achievement Award Recipients

Charitable activities
All net profits from Geoffrey Beene products are donated to philanthropic causes, such as cancer research, Alzheimer's research, domestic violence prevention and response, Save the Children, and educational programs, including scholarships for students majoring in fashion and related disciplines.

In 2007, The Geoffrey Beene Foundation formed a strategic alliance with the FSF YMA Fashion Scholarship Fund to further the mutual goal of expanding support for students seeking careers in the Fashion Industry. The foundation has donated to the FSF in excess of $5 million committed through 2016.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Geoffrey Beene


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Gerrit Jan van Ingen Schenau

Gerrit Jan van Ingen Schenau (13 September 1944, Leiden – 2 April 1998, Weteringbrug) was a Dutch biomechanist. He made large contributions to the field of biomechanics, particularly muscle coordination, energetics of movement, and the functions of biarticular muscles. He focused on speed skating in particular, and played a significant part in the invention of the clap skate.

He died of cancer in 1998.

title: Gerrit Jan van Ingen Schenau


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Talk:Lists of Nintendo characters

Reorganize?
I propose that this article be reorganized like other lists, alphabetical by character with a new TOC. ~ Dread Lord C y b e r S k u l l ✎☠ 09:12, 2005 July 18 (UTC)

 * That would be good but we would lose the organization by game series. Perhaps we could make two lists: Alphabetical, and by game series. Coffee 12:38, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Much improved since my last post. I rescind my proposal. ~ Dread Lord C y b e r S k u l l ✎☠ 05:48, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Jumpman IS Mario?
While it is true that the term Jumpman is usually refered to the Mario character, the Jumpman link refers to a different game which has nothing to do with the Nintendo mascot. Hogtree

Fixed it. Hogtree

Mike Jones and StarTropics
Would it be okay to put Mike Jones on here? He doesn't have an article, but he does have a game. It is Nintendo property, but rather obscure. Luffy 22:45, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Clean up inaccurate links
Many of the links do not go to Nintendo characters, but instead go to other artciles, such as # Renault - Fire Emblem goes to the Renault car, and # Ranulf - Fire Emblem: Path of Radiance goes to a 12th Century bishop. Please clean up links. Bejnar 21:31, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

A dude about some characters
Hanafuda was created by Nintendo or not? If wasn't created by Nintendo, I need erase Rainman and Phoenix to the spanish wikipedia http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personajes_Nintendo

And Is Captain N another Nintendo character, or really was third party and why? Geo Cloaking  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.90.210.133 (talk) 23:40, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Suggestions
I've been thinking... if we have this article, why not the following?

 * List of Nintendo items

 * List of Nintendo places

 * List of Nintendo species

Please tell me what you think of these ideas! - Davros27 P.S. Chozo and Mii are species. They should be removed. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.42.162.112 (talk) 12:34, 10 March 2007 (UTC).

Make yours, not problem, i get one: Items Nintendo in spanish in Progress...

-- Mr. Cloaking 12:10 22/11/2007 —Preceding

Suggestion of list
We could see the English and Spanish Nintendo Character list for make it more completed

My Nintendo Character List: Nintendo Character from Wikipedia in Spanish

-- Mr. Cloaking 12:15 22/11/2007

unsigned comment added by 201.222.129.186 (talk) 16:10, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Lists of characters in the Fire Emblem series be merged into Lists of Nintendo characters as I feel that list of lists would be more useful in the Nintendo characters lists. The plan would be to place the Fire Emblem lists as an indented list under the Fire Emblem entry. Please discuss below and indicate whether you support or oppose the merger. MuZemike 16:51, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Excuseeee me??!
What the.. hey men, what happen there, what has happened as all characters about differents games, like Tomato Adventure, Punch Out!, Hotel Dusk, trauma memory, and more?, what has happened with the all list?? O_O

Oh man, it is a real disaster, i need a explain. For at moment, my list in spanish, is much better than before.--190.44.84.25 (talk) 14:32, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

First, the first series, isnt a real games with story mode, were the Game & Watchs, Mr. Game & watch was the first character never with a name before to Super Smash Bros. Melee.

Second, there you only be showing popular series erasing all about information of all characters.

Third, if you want make a list about Mario, Zelda and Kirby only, you wrong, becuse Nintendo have more series that only these.

You wrong, is much better show all characters than show the same characters about a one game, like Super Smash Bros. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.44.84.25 (talk) 14:40, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
 * You might want to read Articles for deletion/List of Nintendo characters (3rd nomination). The article in that state was going to be deleted. MuZemike 16:00, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Startropics?
why isn't startropics mentioned on the list of nintendo characters list, even in the franchise catagory? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.21.15.249 (talk) 07:08, 13 December 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.21.15.249 (talk)

hello... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.21.15.249 (talk) 06:47, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lists of Nintendo characters


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Landrace

A landrace is a domesticated, locally adapted, often traditional variety of a species of animal or plant that has developed over time, through adaptation to its natural and cultural environment of agriculture and pastoralism, and due to isolation from other populations of the species. Landraces are distinct from cultivars and from standard breeds.

A significant proportion of farmers around the world grow landrace crops, and most plant landraces are associated with traditional agricultural systems. Landraces of many crops have probably been grown for millennia. Increasing reliance upon modern plant cultivars that are bred to be uniform has led to a reduction in biodiversity, because most of the genetic diversity of domesticated plant species lies in landraces and other traditionally used varieties. Some farmers using scientifically improved varieties also continue to raise landraces for agronomic reasons that include better adaptation to the local environment, lower fertilizer requirements, lower cost, and better disease resistance. Cultural and market preferences for landraces include culinary uses and product attributes such as texture, color, or ease of use. Plant landraces have been the subject of more academic research, and the majority of academic literature about landraces is focused on botany in agriculture, not animal husbandry. Animal landraces are distinct from ancestral wild species of modern animal stock, and are also distinct from separate species or subspecies derived from the same ancestor as modern domestic stock. Not all landraces derive from wild or ancient animal stock; in some cases, notably dogs and horses, domestic animals have escaped in sufficient numbers in an area to breed feral populations that form new landraces through evolutionary pressure.

Characteristics
There are differences between authoritative sources on the specific criteria which describe landraces, although there is broad consensus about the existence and utility of the classification. Individual criteria may be weighted differently depending on a given source's focus (e.g., governmental regulation, biological sciences, agribusiness, anthropology and culture, environmental conservation, pet -keeping and -breeding, etc.). Additionally, not all cultivars agreed to be landraces exhibit every characteristic of a landrace. General features that characterize a landrace may include:

 * It is morphologically distinctive and identifiable (i.e., has particular and recognizable characteristics or properties), yet remains "dynamic".
 * It is genetically adapted to, and has a reputation for being able to withstand, the conditions of the local environment, including climate, disease and pests, even cultural practices.
 * It is not the product of formal (governmental, organizational, or private) breeding programs, and may lack systematic selection, development and improvement by breeders.
 * It is maintained and fostered less deliberately than a standardized breed, with its genetic isolation principally a matter of geography acting upon whatever animals that happened to be brought by humans to a given area.
 * It has a historical origin in a specific geographic area, will usually have its own local name(s), and will often be classified according to intended purpose.
 * Where yield (e.g. of a grain or fruit crop) can be measured, a landrace will show high stability of yield, even under adverse conditions, but a moderate yield, even under carefully managed conditions.
 * At the level of genetic testing, its heredity will show a degree of integrity, but still some genetic heterogeneity (i.e. genetic diversity).

Terminology
Landrace literally means 'country-breed' (German: Landrasse) and close cognates of it are found in various Germanic languages. The first known reference to the role of landraces as genetic resources was made in 1890 at an agriculture and forestry congress in Vienna, Austria. The term was first defined by Kurt von Rümker in 1908, and more clearly described in 1909 by U. J. Mansholt, who wrote that landraces have more stable characteristics and better resistance to adverse conditions, but have lower production capacity than cultivars, and are apt to change genetically when moved to another environment. H. Kiessling added in 1912 that a landrace is a mixture of phenotypic forms despite relative outward uniformity, and a great adaptability to its natural and human environment.

The word landrace entered non-academic English in the early 1930s, by way of the Danish Landrace pig, a particular breed of lop-eared swine. Many other languages do not use separate terms, like landrace and breed, but instead rely on extended description to convey such distinctions. Spanish is one such language.

Geneticist D. Phillip Sponenberg described animal breeds within these classes: the landrace, the standardized breed, modern "type" breeds, industrial strains, and feral populations. He describes landraces as an early stage of breed development, created by a combination of founder effect, isolation, and environmental pressures. Human selection for production goals is also typical of landraces.

As discussed in more detail in breed, that term itself has several definitions from various scientific and animal husbandry perspectives. Some of those senses of breed relate to the concept of landraces. A Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) guideline defines landrace and landrace breed as "a breed that has largely developed through adaptation to the natural environment and traditional production system in which it has been raised." This is in contrast to its definition of a standardized breed: "a breed of livestock that was developed according to a strict programme of genetic isolation and formal artificial selection to achieve a particular phenotype."

In various domestic species (including pigs, goats, sheep and geese) some standardized breeds include "Landrace" in their names, but do not meet widely used definitions of landraces. For example, the British Landrace pig is a standardized breed, derived from earlier breeds with "Landrace" names.

Farmers' variety, usually applied to local cultivars, or seen as intermediate between a landrace and a cultivar, may also include landraces when referring to plant varieties not subjected to formal breeding programs.

Autochthonous and allochthonous landraces
A landrace native to, or produced for a long time within the agricultural system in which it is found is referred to as an autochthonous landrace, while a more recently introduced one is termed an allochthonous landrace.

Within academic agronomy, the term autochthonous landrace is sometimes used with a more technical, productivity-related definition, synthesized by A. C. Zeven from previous definitions beginning with Mansholt's: "an autochthonous landrace is a variety with a high capacity to tolerate biotic and abiotic stress, resulting in a high yield stability and an intermediate yield level under a low input agricultural system."

The terms autochthonous and allochthonous are most often applied to plants, with animals more often being referred to as indigenous or native. Examples of references in sources to long-term local landraces of livestock include constructions such as "indigenous landraces of sheep", and "Leicester Longwool sheep were bred to the native landraces of the region". Some usage of autochthonous does occur in reference to livestock, e.g. "autochthonous races of cattle such as the Asturian mountain cattle – Ratina and Casina – and Tudanca cattle."

Biodiversity and conservation

A significant proportion of farmers around the world grow landrace crops. However, as industrialized agriculture spreads, cultivars, which are selectively bred for high yield, rapid growth, disease and drought resistance, and other commercial production values, are supplanting landraces, putting more and more of them at risk of extinction.

In 1927 at the International Agricultural Congress, organized by the predecessor of the FAO, an extensive discussion was held on the need to conserve landraces. A recommendation that members organize nation-by-nation landrace conservation did not succeed in leading to widespread conservation efforts.

Landraces are often free from many intellectual property and other regulatory encumbrances. However, in some jurisdictions, a focus on their production may result in missing out on some benefits afforded to producers of genetically selected and homogenous organisms, including breeders' rights legislation, easier availability of loans and other business services, even the right to share seed or stock with others, depending on how favorable the laws in the area are to high-yield agribusiness interests.

As Regine Andersen of the Fridtjof Nansen Institute (Norway) and the Farmers' Rights Project puts it, "Agricultural biodiversity is being eroded. This trend is putting at risk the ability of future generations to feed themselves. In order to reverse the trend, new policies must be implemented worldwide. The irony of the matter is that the poorest farmers are the stewards of genetic diversity." Protecting farmer interests and protecting biodiversity is at the heart of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (the "Plant Treaty" for short), under the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), though its concerns are not exclusively limited to landraces.

Landraces played a basic role in the development of the standardized breeds but are today threatened by the market success of the standardized breeds. In developing countries, landraces still play an important role, especially in traditional production systems. Specimens within an animal landrace tend to be genetically similar, though more diverse than members of a standardized or formal breed.

In situ and ex situ landrace conservation
Two approaches have been used to conserve plant landraces:
 * in situ where the landrace is grown and conserved by farmers on farms.
 * ex situ where the landrace is conserved in an artificial environment such as a gene-bank, using controls such as laminated packets kept frozen at -18 C.

As the amount of agricultural land dedicated to growing landrace crops declines, such as in the example of wheat landraces in the Fertile Crescent, landraces can become extinct in cultivation. Therefore ex situ landrace conservation practices are considered a way to avoid losing the genetic diversity completely. Research published in 2020 suggested that existing ways of cataloging diversity within ex situ genebanks fall short of cataloging the appropriate information for landrace crops.

An in situ conservation effort to save the Berrettina di Lungavilla squash landrace made use of participatory plant breeding practices in order to incorporate the local community into the work.

Preserving cereal landraces
Preservation efforts for cereal strains are ongoing including in situ and in online-searchable germplasm collections (seed banks), coordinated by Biodiversity International and the National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB, UK). However, more may need to be done, because plant genetic variety, the source of crop health and seed quality, depends on a diversity of landraces and other traditionally used varieties. Efforts were mostly focused on Iberia, the Balkans, and European Russia, and dominated by species from mountainous areas. Despite their incompleteness, these efforts have been described as "crucial in preventing the extinction of many of these local ecotypes".

An agricultural study published in 2008 showed that landrace cereal crops began to decline in Europe in the 19th century such that cereal landraces "have largely fallen out of use" in Europe. Landrace cultivation in central and northwest Europe was almost eradicated by the early 20th century, due to economic pressure to grow improved, modern cultivars. While many in the region are already extinct, some have survived by being passed from generation to generation, and have also been revived by enthusiasts outside Europe to preserve European agriculture and food culture elsewhere. These survivals are usually for specific uses, such as thatch, and traditional European cuisine and craft beer brewing.

Plant landrace development
The label landrace includes regional cultigens that are genetically heterogeneous, but with enough characteristics in common to permit their recognition as a group. These characteristics are used by farmers to manage diversity and purity within landraces.

In some cultures, the development of new landraces is typically limited to members of specific social groups, such as women or shaman. Maintaining existing landraces, like developing new landraces, requires that farmers be able to identify crop-specific characteristics and that those characteristics are passed on to following generations.

Over time, the process of identifying the distinguishing characteristic or features of a new landrace is reinforced by cultivation processes; for example, descendants of a plant that is notably drought tolerant may become iteratively more so through selective breeding as farmers regard it as better for dry areas and prioritize planting it in those locations. This is one way in which farming systems can develop a portfolio of landraces over time that have specific ecological niches and uses.

Conversely, modern cultivars can also be developed into a landrace over time when farmers save seed and practice selective breeding.

Although landraces are often discussed once they have become endemic to a particular geographical region, landraces have always been moved over long and short distances. Some landraces can adapt to various environments, while others only thrive within specific conditions. Self-fertilizing and vegetatively populated species adapt by changing the frequencies of phenotypes. Outbreeding crops absorb new genotypes through intentional and unintentional hybridization, or through mutation.

A clear example of vegetal landrace would consist in the diverse adaptations of wheat to differential artificial selection constraints.

Cultivars developed from landraces
Members of a landrace variety, selected for uniformity with regards to a unique feature over a period of time, can be developed into a farmers' variety or cultivar. Traits from landraces are valuable for incorporation into elite lines. Crop disease resistance genes from landraces can provide eternally-needed resistances to more widely-used, modern varieties.

Animal landrace development
Some standardized animal breeds originate from attempts to make landraces more consistent through selective breeding, and a landrace may become a more formal breed with the creation of a breed registry or publication of a breed standard. In such a case, one may think of the landrace as a "stage" in breed development. However, in other cases, formalizing a landrace may result in the genetic resource of a landrace being lost through crossbreeding.

While many landrace animals are associated with farming, other domestic animals have been put to use as modes of transportation, as companion animals, for sporting purposes, and for other non-farming uses, so their geographic distribution may differ. For example, horse landraces are less common because human use of them for transport has meant that they have moved with people more commonly and constantly than most other domestic animals, reducing the incidence of populations locally genetically isolated for extensive periods of time.

Cats
Many standardized breeds have rather recently (within a century or less) been derived from landraces. Examples, often called natural breeds, include Arabian Mau, Egyptian Mau, Korat, Kurilian Bobtail, Maine Coon, Manx, Norwegian Forest Cat, Siberian, and Siamese.

In some cases, such as the Turkish Angora and Turkish Van breeds and their possible derivation from the Van cat landrace, the relationships are not entirely clear.

Dogs
Dog landraces and the selectively bred dog breeds that follow breed standards vary widely depending on their origins and purpose. Landraces are distinguished from dog breeds which have breed standards, breed clubs and registries.

Landrace dogs have more variety in their appearance than do standardized dog breeds. An example of a dog landrace with a related standardized breed with a similar name is the collie. The Scotch Collie is a landrace, while the Rough Collie and the Border Collie are standardized breeds. They can be very different in appearance, though the Rough Collie in particular was developed from the Scotch Collie by inbreeding to fix certain highly desired traits. In contrast to the landrace, in the various standardized Collie breeds, purebred individuals closely match a breed-standard appearance but might have lost other useful characteristics and have developed undesirable traits linked to inbreeding.

The ancient landrace dogs of the Fertile Crescent that led to the Saluki breed excels in running down game across open tracts of hot desert, but conformation-bred individuals of the breed are not necessarily able to chase and catch desert hares.

Goats
Some standardized breeds that are derived from landraces include the Dutch Landrace, Swedish Landrace and Finnish Landrace goats. The Danish Landrace is a modern mix of three different breeds, one of which was a "Landrace"-named breed.

Horses
The wild progenitor of the domestic horse is extinct. It is rare for landraces among domestic horses to remain isolated, due to human use of horses for transportation, thus causing horses to move from one local population to another.

The heavy 'draft' type of domestic horse, developed in Europe, has differentiated into many separate landraces or breeds. Examples of horse landraces also include insular populations in Greece and Indonesia, and, on a broader scale, New World populations derived from the founder stock of Colonial Spanish horse.

The Yakutian and Mongolian Horses of Asia have "unimproved" characteristics.

Pigs
The standardized swine breeds named "Landrace" are often not actually landraces or derived from landraces. The Danish Landrace pig breed, pedigreed in 1896 from an actual local landrace, is the principal ancestor of the American Landrace (1930s). In this way, the Swedish Landrace is derived from the Danish and from other Scandinavian breeds, as is the British Landrace breed.

Geese
Many standardized goose breeds named "Landrace", e.g. the Twente Landrace goose, are not actually true landraces, but may be derived from them.

title: Landrace


text:
Wrangell Volcanic Field

The Wrangell Volcanic Field is a volcanic field stretching from eastern Alaska in the United States to the southwestern Yukon Territory in Canada. The field includes the four highest volcanoes in the United States, Mount Bona, Mount Blackburn, Mount Sanford, and Mount Churchill, all of which exceed 15,000 ft (4,600 m) in elevation. It formed as a result of subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the North American Plate at the easternmost end of the Aleutian Trench [3].

The bulk of the Wrangell Volcanic Field lies within the Wrangell Mountains of Alaska, but the field also extends eastwards into the neighboring Saint Elias Mountains and the Yukon Territory.

The east–west length of the field is over 200 mile (320 km), while the width reaches up to 80 miles (130 km) in the central Wrangell Mountains. The field includes numerous shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, caldera complexes, cinder cones, and extensive lava flows, which have erupted throughout the past 26 million years. All of the higher peaks are less than 5 million years old, since the rate of glacial erosion is very high in this region of extreme snowfall and cold temperatures. Higher elevations of the field above 5,000 ft (1,500 m) are almost entirely covered in glaciers and icefields, especially on the windward southern side of the ranges.

The field is named for Mount Wrangell, a massive shield volcano which has been active historically. The stratovolcano of Mount Churchill has had the largest recent eruptions, with two large-magnitude explosive eruptions in the last 2,000 years that blanketed most of the Yukon with volcanic ash (the White River Ash).

The volcanoes of the western Wrangell Mountains are less than 5 million years old with the youngest lava flows are probably as young as 50,000 years ago. The Canadian portion of the field is dominated by scattered remnants of upper Cenozoic subaerial lavas and pyroclastic rocks. Over large areas extrusive rocks lie in flat undisturbed piles on a Cenozoic surface of moderate relief. Locally, however, strata of the same age have been affected by a late pulse of tectonism, during which they were faulted, contorted into tight symmetrical folds, or overridden by pre-Cenozoic baserocks along southwesterly dipping thrust faults. Considerable recent uplift, accompanied by rapid erosion, has reduced once vast areas of upper Cenozoic volcanic rocks to small isolated remnants. Although no centers younger than late Miocene are known in Canada, the eruption of rhyolite pumice, White River Ash, from Mount Churchill near the head of Klutlan Glacier blanketed large areas of northwestern Canada with tephra some 2,000 years ago.

Most of volcanoes of the Western Wrangell Mountains are not like the other volcanoes located around the Pacific Rim. Rather than erupting explosive lavas forming stratovolcanoes, they have been built by the buildup of hundreds of comparatively fluid lava flows to form shield volcanoes. Only the young Mount Wrangell still shows its shield-like form; the other, commonly older volcanoes have had much of their original form removed by glacial and other erosional processes, such as Rabbit Mountain and Felsite Peak, which are now eroded to form an outcrop.

Major volcanoes of the Wrangell Volcanic Field include:
 * Mount Bona, 16421 ft, Saint Elias Mountains
 * Mount Blackburn, 16390 ft, Wrangell Mountains
 * Mount Sanford, 16237 ft, Wrangell Mountains
 * Mount Churchill, 15638 ft, Saint Elias Mountains
 * Mount Wrangell, 14163 ft, Wrangell Mountains
 * Atna Peaks, 13860 ft, Wrangell Mountains
 * Regal Mountain, 13845 ft, Wrangell Mountains
 * Mount Jarvis, 13421 ft, Wrangell Mountains
 * Mount Drum, 12010 ft, Wrangell Mountains

Volcanoes of the Canadian portion of the Wrangell Volcanic Field include:
 * Felsite Peak, 8301 ft, Coast Mountains
 * Rabbit Mountain, 6857 ft, Nutzotin Mountains

title: Wrangell Volcanic Field


text:
Biarticular muscle

Biarticular muscles are muscles that cross two joints rather than just one, such as the hamstrings which cross both the hip and the knee. The function of these muscles is complex and often depends upon both their anatomy and the activity of other muscles at the joints in question. Their role in movement is currently poorly understood.

Anatomy
Biarticular muscles cross two joints in series, usually in a limb, but the details of the origin (proximal attachment) and insertion (distal attachment) can play a large role in determining muscle function. For instance, the human gastrocnemius technically spans both the knee and ankle joints. However, the origin point of the muscle is so close to the axis of rotation of the knee joint that the muscle's effective lever arm would be very small, especially compared to its large lever arm at the ankle. As a result, even though it spans two joints, the strong bias in lever arms allows it to function primarily as an ankle plantar flexor. Other muscles, such as the hamstrings, do not display such biases, so their function is not immediately evident from anatomy alone. Another important concept of biarticular muscles (consider the rectus femoris muscle for this example) is the change in muscle length when motion at the proximal and distal ends of the muscle is happening. For example, in the propulsive phase of a jump, the thigh is extended at the coxal joint, and the shank (lower leg) is extended at the tibiofemoral joint. These joint positions cause the rectus femoris muscle to remain unchanged in net length, because the proximal (Eccentric action) and distal (concentric action) attachments are contradicting one another.

Function
Biarticular muscles can fulfill a range of functions during movement. By contracting isometrically (without changing length), they put the joint into a four-bar linkage, allowing the contraction of muscles at one joint to move the other by a fixed amount. Unlike four-bar linkages in which all elements are bone and angle relationships are fixed by the relative bone lengths, the biarticular muscle can hold the joint at many different lengths, creating a range of four-bar properties as needed.

Biarticular muscles can also transfer mechanical power between distal and proximal joints, though the direction and magnitude of this transfer varies with anatomy, muscle activity level, and joint angles. This is a crucial consideration when analyzing an organism's movement using inverse dynamics.

title: Biarticular muscle


text:
User:Improv/Deletion

Part of the goals of Wikipedia is to construct a high-quality encyclopedia, easily and freely updated, available to everyone, harnessing the creative energies and spare time of more people than traditional encyclopedias have. This is wonderful, when it works. Occasionally we disagree as to what belongs in an encyclopedia. Here are my thoughts on the topic.

Lists
Lists are almost never encyclopedic. We see all sorts of crazy lists, such as List of People, and even, in the past, lists of people who have died in a particular (bizarre) way. I don't think these entries add anything to the encyclopedia -- on the contrary, they are useless and look bad. Some types of lists are even, by nature, incomplete (such as the list of people, or list of Nintendo games). I believe that lists should almost never be created on Wikipedia, and often find myself voting for their deletion.

[Does that mean lists of letters within alphabets should be deleted? I would imagine that some people, in truth, do enjoy and are edified by lists of wacky ways that people die. Likewise, by the "encyclopædic" criterion, we should not have lists of Presidents, inasmuch as there will be more (inshallah). Of course the magic waffle word "almost" is brought in to pull our author out of a 'reductio ad absurdum' (which can be found in a list of Latin phrases.]

Schools
Pre-university schools, unless they're quite exceptionally distinct {sic, 'distinctive' or 'distinguished'}, are not notable enough for an entry. Columbine, for example, may deserve an article, but it should be restricted to information pertinent to its relevance. Merely processing students contributes nothing.
 * contributed nothing to whom? +sj +
 * It contributes nothing to the notability of the school. --Improv 18:33, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * But "notability", being a noun, has certain objections to relevance from a Spinozan point of view.

Fancruft
We have too much. Episodes and episode guides are not notable or encyclopedic. Keep this information on other websites. We don't need an article on every planet in the star wars universe. In general, I think that except possibly for the very most well known series (e.g. lasts for at least 5 years) with sufficient depth, one article per series/show is sufficient.

Radman1, on VfD, posted the following idea:
 * Delete. As another Wiki member so eloquently put it, "Unless the character somehow transcends the book or series (Paul Bunyan, George W Bush, George Babbitt, Don Quixote, Forrest Gump) to become a cultural icon independent of the original work it appeared in, this is nothing more than Wiki contributors indulging and memorializing their personal tastes with an article."  In other words, Fancruft.  Radman1 04:57, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

It's another useful metric that I might decide I like.

Directories/Feature Creep
Wikipedia is not a directory. We should not try to have an article on every piece of software in the world, nor every game, nor every website. ("Should" is a very slippery word that usually indicates either a failure to fully investigate the repercussions of one's expressed desires or a desire for a "perfect" [and unattainable, lest boredom then ensue] rather than "real" world.)

Atlas?
I'm not sure if we should have as much geographic information as we have now. Importing census data ... not sure what I think right now. (Doggone it! If you don't know what you think about it, it will continue to grow and grow until it is unmanageable. Take a position. Delete! It can always be restored if you change your mind.)

Events
When there's a notable event that involves an otherwise nonnotable person, the content should probably be put with the event, with the person mentioned only in the entry on the event. Whether to redirect at that point is an open question. Delete or Redirect --Improv 17:42, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Stubs
I have no problem with subs or substubs, provided the topic is notable. Articles can grow like in the legend of Stone soup. The question isn't how good they are at any time, it's what they can become. Refer to Tlön for a good example.

title: User:Improv/Deletion


text:
Debris

Debris is rubble, wreckage, ruins, litter and discarded garbage/refuse/trash, scattered remains of something destroyed, or, as in geology, large rock fragments left by a melting glacier, etc. Depending on context, debris can refer to a number of different things. The first apparent use of the French word in English is in a 1701 description of the army of Prince Rupert upon its retreat from a battle with the army of Oliver Cromwell, in England.

Disaster
In disaster scenarios, tornadoes leave behind large pieces of houses and mass destruction overall. This debris also flies around the tornado itself when it is in progress. The tornado's winds capture debris it kicks up in its wind orbit, and spins it inside its vortex. The tornado's wind radius is larger than the funnel itself. Tsunamis and hurricanes also bring large amounts of debris, such as Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and Hurricane Sandy in 2012. Earthquakes rock cities to rubble debris.

Geological
In geology, debris usually applies to the remains of geological activity including landslides, volcanic explosions, avalanches, mudflows or Glacial lake outburst floods (Jökulhlaups) and moraine, lahars, and lava eruptions. Geological debris sometimes moves in a stream called a debris flow. When it accumulates at the base of hillsides, it can be called "talus" or "scree".

In mining, debris called attle usually consists of rock fragments which contain little or no ore.

Marine
Marine debris applies to floating garbage such as bottles, cans, styrofoam, cruise ship waste, offshore oil and gas exploration and production facilities pollution, and fishing paraphernalia from professional and recreational boaters. Marine debris is also called litter or flotsam and jetsam. Objects that can constitute marine debris include used automobile tires, detergent bottles, medical wastes, discarded fishing line and nets, soda cans, and bilge waste solids.

In addition to being unsightly, it can pose a serious threat to marine life, boats, swimmers, divers, and others. For example, each year millions of seabirds, sea turtles, fish, and marine mammals become entangled in marine debris, or ingest plastics which they have mistaken for food. As many as 30,000 northern fur seals per year get caught in abandoned fishing nets and either drown or suffocate. Whales mistake plastic bags for squid, and birds may mistake plastic pellets for fish eggs. At other times, animals accidentally eat the plastic while feeding on natural food.

The largest concentration of marine debris is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

Marine debris most commonly originates from land-based sources. Various international agencies are currently working to reduce marine debris levels around the world.

Meteorological
In meteorology, debris usually applies to the remains of human habitation and natural flora after storm related destruction. This debris is also commonly referred to as storm debris. Storm debris commonly consists of roofing material, downed tree limbs, downed signs, downed power lines and poles, and wind-blown garbage. Storm debris can become a serious problem immediately after a storm, in that it often blocks access to individuals and communities that may require emergency services. This material frequently exists in such large quantities that disposing of it becomes a serious issue for a community. In addition, storm debris is often hazardous by its very nature, since, for example, downed power lines annually account for storm-related deaths.

Space
Space debris usually refers to the remains of spacecraft that have either fallen to Earth or are still orbiting Earth. Space debris may also consist of natural components such as chunks of rock and ice. The problem of space debris has grown as various space programs have left legacies of launches, explosions, repairs, and discards in both low Earth orbit and more remote orbits. These orbiting fragments have reached a great enough proportion to constitute a hazard to future space launches of both satellite and crewed vehicles. Various government agencies and international organizations are beginning to track space debris and also research possible solutions to the problem. While many of these items, ranging in size from nuts and bolts to entire satellites and spacecraft, may fall to Earth, other items located in more remote orbits may stay aloft for centuries. The velocity of some of these pieces of space junk have been clocked in excess of 17,000 miles per hour (27,000 km/h). A piece of space debris falling to Earth leaves a fiery trail, just like a meteor.

A debris disk is a circumstellar disk of dust and debris in orbit around a star.

Surgical
In medicine, debris usually refers to biological matter that has accumulated or lodged in surgical instruments and is referred to as surgical debris. The presence of surgical debris can result in cross-infections or nosocomial infections if not removed and the affected surgical instruments or equipment properly disinfected.

War
In the aftermath of a war, large areas of the region of conflict are often strewn with war debris in the form of abandoned or destroyed hardware and vehicles, mines, unexploded ordnance, bullet casings and other fragments of metal.

Much war debris has the potential to be lethal and continues to kill and maim civilian populations for years after the end of a conflict. The risks from war debris may be sufficiently high to prevent or delay the return of refugees. In addition war debris may contain hazardous chemicals or radioactive components that can contaminate the land or poison civilians who come into contact with it. Many Mine clearance agencies are also involved in the clearance of war debris.

Land mines in particular are very dangerous as they can remain active for decades after a conflict, which is why they have been banned by international war regulations.

In November 2006 the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War came into effect with 92 countries subscribing to the treaty that requires the parties involved in a conflict to assist with the removal of unexploded ordnance following the end of hostilities.

Some of the countries most affected by war debris are Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia, Iraq and Laos.

Similarly military debris may be found in and around firing range and military training areas.

Debris can also be used as cover for military purposes, depending on the situation.

Culinary
In South Louisiana's Creole and Cajun cultures, debris (pronounced "DAY-bree") refers to chopped organs such as liver, heart, kidneys, tripe, spleen, brain, lungs and pancreas.

title: Debris


text:
Talk:Air assault

Air assault or just hot air?
I cannot understand why there is so much written about the history of units performing what 'appears' to be air assault (since it is under the heading air assault) and yet clearly by definition is not about air assault but air mobilitiy or air support. The first helicopter borne air assault was performed by British Royal Marines on November 5, 1956. Anything prior to this, although very interesting is irrelevant and misleading, it disguises the true fact that this was the first combat insertion. It undermines the information and military history available to us by studying the facts. Furthermore it detracts and confuses the articles that should be separate notably: air cavalry, airmobile and airborne which are all great branches of western military history and deserve a proper and correct representation. I am celarly not the first person to raise this point. Why is it continually being ignored? Lastly the claim that US troops conducted the first helicopter-borne air assault is not true since air assault requires an assault manoevre by definition. These troops were transported, and were air mobile but not conducting air assault. http://www.marines.com/main/index/winning_battles/history/innovations/operation_summit which specifies air assistance toa ground assault. There is also http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/korea/chron51b.htm which specifies "mass-helicopter resupply" and "helicopter borne landing of a combat unit"

Bunnyman78 (talk) 22:38, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

I also wish to improve this page by making a clearer distinction between airborne, airmobile, air support and air assault. Mention of Britain's 16 Air Assault Brigade might be useful "16 Air Assault Brigade was formed on 01 September 1999 following the Strategic Defence Review. It was born of an amalgamation of elements of 5 Airborne Brigade and 24 Airmobile Brigade, bringing together the agility and reach of airborne forces with the potency of the attack helicopter." http://www.army.mod.uk/structure/12409.aspx As well citing the US 101st Division that was origingally airborne, was airmobile and is now air assault. Bunnyman78 (talk) 18:38, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

from VfD:
I'm no military buff, but surely this tiny squib of stuff is wrong-headed, and the real thing is covered elsewhere?? — Bill 19:59, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, the article is pretty sparse, but unfortunately not covered anywhere that I see. In my research through the military terms, I saw several air assault (linking each term separately).  This is a REALLY bad thing.  Sigh.  Another entry on my to-do list. -Vina 21:49, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but expand enough for a worthwhile stub. Impi 21:55, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Current contents are minimal but technically correct (per the US usage of the term - I believe the UK uses the term to describe a different operation).  I will also add it to my to-do list.  Rossami 22:02, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Important concept, organizes unit design. --Improv 22:29, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and merge into airborne forces. Air assault simply describes a function of the airborne. TDC 02:57, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but I have to dispute the recommendation to merge. In the US forces, at least, Airborne specifically refers to parachute-deployable troops.  Air assault troops are not necessarily so deployable. Rossami
 * Keep. Important classification of Airborne.  Training and mission is distinct from the others.  SWAdair | Talk  04:07, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mark Richards 17:23, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

I recommend merging the content of this article with Air cavalry, because both deal with helicopter-assisted assaults, but Air Cavalry is more detailed and references historical battles where helicopters played a key role. Discuss. 128.100.109.2 18:19, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Air Cavalry is only used as an expression by US forces. Air assault is the term used by most other military forces in the world. Air assault troops are light infantry ground troops taken into and out of battle by helicopter. Cavalry refers to Armoured, Tank, units, previously Horse Born troops, and Airborne relates solely to troops dropped into battle by parachute (NB: I serve in an air assault infantry regiment). 86.2.136.146 22:39, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * From my own esperience in the development period from 1967 through 1993, I can say that two things are important to this disscussion. First of all, the concept of "Air Assault" is NOT the same as "Air Cavalry", nor is it close to the original "Airmobile" concept. The Vietnam-era 1st Cavalry Division was a unique unit that has absolutely no currency today. Today's 1st Cavalry Division is NOT "Airmobile", but is "Air Assault", and the key to that is the fact that 1st Cav has "Air Cavalry", "Air Assault", and "Armored Cavalry" units in its TO&E.

Today, "Air Cavalry" refers to units that are equipped with AH-1 Series or AH-64 Series Gunships, and they perform what is essentially an "Aerial Artillery" role, providing Air Support to ground troops. This is a copy of the Marine Corps Air Support concept, and the role of the 9th Air Force in Europe during World War II. In essence, the Air Force has been relieved of this responsibility, and the Army provides its own Air Support.

"Air Assault" today is closest to the original "Airmobile" concept, since here is where you find the units where the troops are transported by helicopter almost exclusively to and from the battlefield. I say "almost exclusively" because they do use other means to travel.

The other part of the 1st Cavalry is all "Armored Cavalry", and they specialize in using the M-3 Bradley Cavalry Fighting Vehicle, the M-1 Series Tank, and other Armored vehicles.

Actually, there are no "Straight Leg" Infantry Divisons in the Army or the Marine Corps today. They all are at least mechanized, which makes the separate use of that term unnecessary. Yes, they fight dismounted, but they ride to and from the battle.

SSG Cornelius Seon (Retired) 00:29, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Edit unit identification & made "Today" section
I saw a mistake in that Lt Col. Hal Moore commanded the 7th Cavalry regiment. It was 1st Battalion/7th Cavalry Regiment. Have edited it. Today the unit is known as 1st Squadron/7th Cavalry Regiment of the 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division.

Added some useful info at the "Today" section.

I do recommend that this article shoud be merged into the Airborne Forces or Airborne Warfare article.

Tomcat200 31 May 2006

Britain
What about the British 16th air assault brigade? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.2.176.26 (talk • contribs) 00:44, 23 July 2006.

If you ain't Air Cav, you ain't shit
Shouldn't there be at least one mention of the air cav's most famous motto? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.106.206.249 (talk) 05:01, 27 February 2007 (UTC).
 * No, and, traditionally, the saying doesn't include "Air". --Born2flie 19:52, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Fireforce
Maybe this article could do with a further mention of the Fireforce tactics used in the Rhodesian Bush war rather than under the R.L.I topic?

Fireforce is a very good example of vertical envelopment and were remarkable in their effective use of very limited resources and their tailoring to the african counter-insurgency environment. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 155.232.128.10 (talk) 15:48, 1 March 2007 (UTC).

Issues
As for the tagging with multiple issues: I generally hold the article for being of quite average quality though not completely irreparable. IMO it has a good formulated lead section, summarising the subject, but following sections are not so well written - e.g. the air assault is defined as "movement of ground forces ... to seize and hold key terrain which has not been fully secured and to directly engage and destroy enemy forces" and then there are described purely transport operations, and "Air assault should not be confused with an airborne assault" - but then the airborne operations of WWII are discussed in length. Both are surely important as for the historical development of the air assault concepts, but this should be somewhat better to distinguish this, put them in historical context, and put much less emphasis on the WWII airborne operations (it looks somewhat like "A Short History of WWII Airborne Operations") and first helicopter experiments, or unreferenced claims on such operations. I see the problem mainly in "History" section, as there appear many contradicting, often unreferenced claims. The "Vietnam War" and "Today" sections look much better to me, but these still sorely lack more references for verification. I don't feel myself being able to help beyond what I've already done, but I sincerely hope someone would be able to improve the article. --195.113.8.138 (talk) 15:56, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

USS Thetis Bay
It seems that HMS Ocean (R68) and HMS Theseus (R64) have similar claim being first modified as helicopter landing carrier - served as helicopter carriers in 1956 Suez Crisis - though in case of HMS Ocean and HMS Theseus conversions seem to be equally rudimentary and it was perhaps only temporary reequipping with helos?--195.113.8.138 (talk) 14:43, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

Air Cavalry
If you're looking at the US model (and I'm ONLY talking about the US model here), air cavalry is actually a different concept from air assault. Air cavalry was a reconnaissance element, found as both air cavalry squadrons (separate and within the two Vietnam-era airmobile divisions) and air cavalry troops within armored cavalry units. While it might belong within an overall air assault article, it might be better on its own (much like ARA is currently). Thoughts? Intothatdarkness (talk) 19:04, 15 May 2012 (UTC)

It seems to me that all of us who have posted in the talk page are in agreement that there is a noted difference between airmobile and air assault. As far as I am aware the British have never used airmobile units unless you count airborne vehicles during World War Two which are almost limited to Operation Market-Garden. I believe we need to separate the article into two distinct articles. Both Encyclopedia.com and GlobalSecurity.org define the two principles and terms as distinct and separate, it seems strange that some wikipedia editors are intent on amalgamating the two. Bunnyman78 (talk) 13:34, 26 October 2012 (UTC)
 * That's wikipedia for you, though. They love creating their own reality and then trying to wedge actual reality into it. Air assault is really a term that warped from airmobility, which was the original concept. Air cavalry was a specific part of airmobile doctrine, and as far as I know it remained more or less specific to US operations. Other nations used both airmobility and helicopters for reconnaissance and attack operations, but I don't recall anyone following the serious air cavalry concept (South Korea might have to a degree, but even the former Soviet Union used it as attack aviation). Intothatdarkness 13:43, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

From the military and civilian dictionaries and encyclopedias I surmise that Air Cavalry has always been primarily a US concept and is now typically air support, but once was typically an element of Air Mobile forces. Air Mobile forces are also a US concept *originally, but not all US Air Mobile forces were or are capable of Air Assault. Equally Air Assault does not require units that are specifically given Air Support not are designated as Air Mobile. The confusion is likely to have come from the evolution of the different terms and unit designations mainly via the US and UK, IE> 101st Airborne Division which has in its time been bracketed as Airborne, Air Mobile and now Air Assault, as well as the British 16 Air Assault Brigade which is based around the main body of the Parachute Regiment. If you are willing and able I would be happy to work on creating three articles defining these three terms. This allows us to give clearer definitions of course but also to make clearer distinctions between the military evolutions based on the fascinating history and experiences of the relevant units. Some of which are neglected elsewhere in wikipedia, and merit reference in how they contributed to the definition of these terms. Bunnyman78 (talk) 14:58, 26 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Air cavalry is an interesting concept, and airmobility in the US has an interesting history going back to the Howze Board. I can help with some of these articles, but my time is kinda limited. And airmobility in US use does not normally include airborne troops (it never did, actually). The 101st began as an airborne division, but was partly converted to airmobility during the Vietnam War. Even then it didn't quite have the same capability as the 1st Cavalry Division. We should just be prepared for the inevitable "this article is too US-centric" stuff when it comes to concepts (air cavalry being one) that are really only used in the US. Intothatdarkness 15:15, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

US focus
I have noticed that there is a very heavy bias towards the united states in this article. it seems to deal almost exclusively to the united states air cavalry and air assault units without discussing the use of these tactics with respect to other nations. for example there is no mention of the soviet unions airborne tactics, which if i remember were quite extensive involving the deployment of entire airborne divisions (which while not "hot" in a tactical sense, involved placing the division in direct conflict on the operational level) as well as the use of vehicles such as the mi-24 hind which was both a transport and a gunship.24.246.70.135 (talk) 17:51, 17 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Airborne and air assault are two different concepts. Intothatdarkness 15:09, 19 November 2012 (UTC)
 * nothing said about USSR air assault forces, only referred to "Soviet threat" unspecifically. --213.172.123.242 (talk) 19:11, 29 March 2021 (UTC)

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Air assault vs. airborne
The article states that air assault is not to be confused with airborne forces, stating that "airborne" involves parachuting. However, in Airborne forces, the distinction seems less clear-cut. I.e., that article seems to treat all troop transport through air as forms of airborne forces (which intuitively makes sense). Indeed, the US air assault division still has "airborne" in its name. The airborne forces article also states that parachuting is increasingly being replaced by helicopter transport, just like parachuting displaced glider operations under the (arguably) same airborne umbrella (pun intended). Air assault is claimed to crucially involve that the helicopters support the dropped forces from the air. If that is the case, then "air assault" is not entirely contained in "airborne", but I have trouble seeing that "airborne" excludes "air assault", as virtually all types of military operations will have certain tactics and force combinations connected to them. If I am right, the comparison to "airborne forces" should be modified to state that "airborne" specifies only the medium of transport (air), not the vessels or tactics, but that "airborne forces" usually refers to forces dropped with parachutes, at least in certain countries (including the US, judging from this talk page). Elias (talk) 10:31, 30 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The Airborne in the US air assault division's title is a legacy thing, like the 10th Mountain Division's name. Air assault means the troops are delivered and supported by helicopters, while airborne historically and specifically refers to troops dropped by parachute or using gliders. And parachutes didn't displace gliders: they were initially intended to exist in the same concept.Intothatdarkness 21:50, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Air assault


text:
Talk:Sani Abacha

Broken Link for Transparecny International
Hi tedio9us page guardians ; the link for citation 36 is broken; a new link for the updated document might be https://www.transparency.org/en/news/25-corruption-scandals

https://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/Political_corruption_topic_guide_2014.pdf

no chance I could edit this page, since you are in charge. go for it — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.101.48.113 (talk) 21:45, 10 November 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
I have made this a bio-stub—there's a lot more to said about Abacha; especially his role in previous coups)

The page on Laurent-Désiré Kabila opens with a warning about advance fee fraud. Should this warning be made a template, and used on other relevant pages such as this one? — ciphergoth 08:48, July 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Emphatically not! That has nothing to do with either of these men, and already has its own article.  I would appreciate it if you removed that warning from the Kabila article, but I'll ask you first instead of reverting your purple box.  --Ardonik.talk*
 * Update: it wasn't ciphergoth's box; it appears to have been written by Jimmy Wales. It was just removed anyway (see Talk:Laurent-Désiré Kabila.)  --Ardonik.talk* 16:53, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

coup from heaven
Could somebody please add a note that his death was termed as the "coup from heaven"? I'd give a google link, but I really need to stop editing pages when I'm supposed to be researching for my big ap test tomorrow. Thanks! Mysticfeline 01:44, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Further Info
I am currently dealing with Sani Abacha's widow, the hajia Maryam Abacha. It turns out that he deposited 21.3 million dollars in three trunk boxes that have been secreted into a security company (City Trust Security United) with specific instructions that his widow transfer the money for investment to a foreign partner located overseas. I think that this should be in the Wikipedia article. Smith Jones 03:36, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * either this is supposed to be 'funny' or you are ensnared in a nigerian email scam, which in some ways is even funnier, if more tragic. 24.4.132.165 (talk) 04:00, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Even though you could be working for or with Mr. Abacha's widow if some info isn't published then it is original research and should not be present in the article. On the contrary, if you have seen it somewhere would you care to cite the source. Lincher 01:12, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, does it count? Well, I better remove it then since I can't prove it (yet). Would a newspaper article about my windfall count as a source? If so, after I pay my demurrage fees and get the money, I'll try to get a reporter to write an article about the windfall. But in the mean time, I guess I should remove it. Smith Jones 21:44, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe if there is a news source that covers it. Lincher 17:00, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

 * ONe will undoubtedly come out as soon as the demurrage fractionalizes and I get the money transferred into my account. Smith Jones 02:35, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Was Sani Abacha married, and did he really have a wife named Miriam? The article is unclear on that point. --Metropolitan90 19:59, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * If you know about it, then add it with from reliable source, if not, then the article doesn't really talk about that. Lincher 22:26, 21 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I didn't know about it, so I looked for a source, and found a reference on the BBC News web site that his widow's name is Maryam. --Metropolitan90 23:16, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

His sudden death
Abacha died in the company of two Indian prostitutes - according to Nigerian papers (see references), according to Karl Maier and the New York Times (see references), and according to the Daily Telegraph, to Time Magazine and to The Economist as well. If you consider it an "irresponsible unconfirmed speculation", Uznw, then back up your claim, please.--Ankimai 13:30, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

 * @Ankimai but they said he was poisoned 105.112.70.220 (talk) 10:36, 24 September 2022 (UTC)

Abacha was an infamous fmr. Nigerian head of state, however, he was never indicted of war crimes or crimes against humanity. According to the highly publicised testimony of Al Mustapha(Abachas CSO), Abacha suddenly collapsed, and subsequently died. Their were no mention of prostitutes, and Abacha was not ordinarily known as a womanizer. Recall that Abacha had only one wife. That is very exceptional for a powerful muslim from Northern Nigeria. Many Nigerians from the Southern part of the country were happy to hear that Abacha died(as well as some Western Diplomats), because of the delays in bringing back democracy, excesses of Nigerian security forces, and the level of poverty and suffering in the country. Recall also, that Abacha had been ill for a while, and was suspected of suffering from either a heart or liver disease. Balance your report about Abacha, with the fact that Abacha was the Chief of Army Staff/Defense Minister when Nigeria intervened in Liberia and Sierra Leone, and was Head of State when Nigeria intervened against the RUF, and brought back the exiled democractically elected Tijan Ahmed Kabba to power. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.0.51.194 (talk • contribs) 17:13, 27 February 2007

Death revision
I found the last version (which describes Abacha's death in an orgy of 2 Indian men, 1 transexual, and 2 "year 9 girls") to not match at all the source document it was linked to, an indian newspaper, that describes 2 indian female prostitutes. I deleted what appeared to be slanderous or false information, but retained the link, and a more general description. 5amuel (talk) 14:55, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

He died of a heart attack....Where, when, how? Ohh, this article is as pathetic as the main Nigeria article was. So many people arguing and it's still not in order. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Borninbronx10 (talk • contribs) 20:40, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Autochthony writes : - surely the difficulty is that this was the death of a [Nationally] powerful man - fro a regional Superpower. Perhaps there was something untoward. Rumour suggests so. But only rumour - is thre a Post mortem to prove 'drugs' in the decedent? Or eye-witnesses? The late President Abacha may not have been everyone's role model, but we do seek facts. If you have them - do, please, add them. Many thanks. Autochthony wrote. 2155z 25 August 2010. 86.148.177.1 (talk) 20:55, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

NewYorker
I keep seeing this in the spellcheck- as it is a magazine title, should it not be italicized ? --RichardMills65 (talk) 05:22, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

Legacy section
The legacy section contradicts the allegations and facts presented in the Human Rights Abuses section and seems very much like propaganda to me, since the tone of the entire section seems to be that of praise for democratic achievements for a man who has also been linked to repression and killings of pro-democracy activists. Someone should really review that section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.77.151.201 (talk) 18:09, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Section has now been deleted as it is 100% weasel words. SaintedLegion (talk) 11:30, 18 August 2015 (UTC)

I am sorry but Nierian Wikipedia is becoming a place where Southerners display their historic contempt for anything north. how on earth is the opinion of Wole Soyinka relevant. the section also went ahead to claim that Abacha was unpopular domestically, really? you guys done south might have hated him but Abacha was very popular in the North and South- South. 41.203.71.181 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 19:20, 17 July 2016 (UTC)

 * There is no need to be sorry. But you're just wrong. Wole Soyinka is one of Nigeria's leading public intellectuals, probably its most well-known - his opinion is relevant. And the article cites sources for its claims on Abacha's popularity. Find sources for what you claim about Abacha's popularity and edit the article. Either way, your regional factionalism is not needed. Mesh22 (talk) 01:58, 19 July 2016 (UTC)

Re Legacy Section
There's an undue reliance on southern nigerian sources here. Why should the opinion of a wole soyinka take precedence over academic and scholarly work? I get that a lot of southerners dont like Abacha but one does not have the right to tamper with history. This article is disputed at best. Alaminalpha (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 16:57, 19 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:07, 4 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Abacha And Gaddafi.jpg
 * Abacha And MKO Abiola.jpg
 * Abacha and Abdulsalami.jpg
 * Abacha with Jim Uwobodo at the National Constitutional Conference 1994.jpg
 * Nelson Mandela visits Nigeria.jpg
 * Nigerian Soldier in Liberia.jpg
 * Sani Abacha and Muhammadu Buhari in 1985.jpg

The issues. ALL biased and henced NPOV related issues.
On security, the source is an opinion piece hence a primary source, the section is not properly researched and may give a reader confusing and biased information. The section almost claims the administration violated human rights to achieve whatever success in state security. There is no statistics for the claims and again, a better source than a primary source. There is little reference made to potential human rights violations while seemingly praising the 'achievements'. It looks like NPOV.

Statesman, by whom, which people and what are the sources?

On restructuring. It was done for rotational presidency and to share derivation revenues, states still exist, it was never done for administrative reasons. For a restructuring to be worthwhile it has to have some law, what is the law that gave the country the restructuring, and is it still relevant.Alexplaugh12 (talk) 17:38, 8 April 2020 (UTC)

Questionable use of the Statesman label
A certain user has used the "Statesman" label for the subject. This is problematic. I called out the fact that this user only used the Statesman label for a select group of former military rulers (Babangida, Abacha). After calling this out, said user quickly used the label on all former leaders of Nigeria. This is disingenuous. I think the test for this is simple: credible media assignment of the statesman label can put the debate to rest.

Information suppression concerns (wrt to Kleptocrat and Dictator characterizations) by Zerzuran
updated the subject's introduction thus "...was a Nigerian dictator, kleptocrat and military general". It is widely reported across multiple international news sources how repressive the subject was and how he pilfered Nigeria's wealth for personal gain. I provided substantiation for the Kleptocracy from the |US Department of Justice, that has spearhearded a lot of the loot recovery and the dictatorship by the BBC @ |BBC. I am very concerned about Zerzuran's repeated updates to certain Wikipedia entries which seem more like image laundering rather than sticking to the facts and being neutral. The undoing of my substantiation reads like information suppression and that Zerzuran' justified under a very vague "adherence to policies and guides".

Furthermore, I believe Zerzuran is deserving of some form of sanction for edit warring and not making a case in the Talk Pages. Kunkuru (talk) 02:39, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

I think Zerzuran has decided to be not neutral. Seems his writings are meant to represent Abacha's supporters and not any retort to good sources. If he does not comment soon, you can put back the lede sources. I suspect they understand the okada leadership of abacha. Alexplaugh12 (talk) 02:28, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

To protect the integrity of this platform and to prevent a gratuitous edit war, I'm flagging the suppression of properly cited and publicly available information by Kunkuru (talk) 12:21, 28 May 2020 (UTC)

Flagging information supression by B Enkay 45
To protect the integrity of this platform and to prevent a gratuitous edit war, I'm flagging the suppression of properly cited and publicly available information by Kunkuru (talk) 22:06, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

 * This article already has an entire 'Corruption' section that describes all allegations of graft against the subject. Insisting on describing him as a 'Kleptocrat' only amounts to character assassination and constitutes WP:LABEL and WP:TONE violation. B Enkay 45 (talk) 22:36, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
 * That's interesting you use the term 'allegation' when so much of the "Abacha loot" has been recovered from successive Nigerian governments. Nigerian and international media have documented the loot and the terms kleoptocracy and kleptocrat have been consistently used to describe the subject's actions. I guess these objective sources     are involved in character assassination? The Wikipedia ethos will prevail and no amount of image laundering will sully the integrity of this platform. Neither will the incorrect citation of Wikipedia labels hide what's publicly available information. Kunkuru (talk) 01:06, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I am not disputing any of those facts but technically they still remain 'Allegations' as the Man is deceased, and never really stood trial. You can go ahead, and include those sources along with your disclaimer in the 'Corruption' section (If it already hasn't been done), and maybe make a case for the 'Kleptocracy'.B Enkay 45 (talk) 01:43, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

Article issues and classification

 * The B-class criteria #1 states; The article is suitably referenced, with inline citations. It has reliable sources, and any important or controversial material which is likely to be challenged is cited and #4, The article is reasonably well-written.
 * There is a subsection "insufficient context" (April 2020), inline "citation needed" tags (March 2022), and unsourced content. Reassess article to C-class. -- Otr500 (talk) 13:06, 5 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sani Abacha


text:
User talk:Ruchirabajaj

Hi. While your contributions are entirely welcome, this isn't the place for original essays or research. Cutting and pasting from various sources and then changing a word or two is still considered plagiarism and violation of copyright. I'd like to direct your attention to NPOV, Manual of style and What Wikipedia is not to better understand the way this place works. Thanks. - Lucky 6.9 20:14, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for letting me know. I've deleted the article. I didn't realize research and opinions are not part of the policy. Once again thanks for pointing that out.--Ruchirabajaj 17:52, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Request you participation
Hi Ruchirabajaj, I wanted to invite you to participate actively in adding content in Wikipedia. We have an active forum of Indian where you can exchange ideas and thoughts with other wikipedians. We welcome you to contribute in areas of your interest. You may be interested in the following links. You can ping me on my talk page or in the Noticeboard.

Regards Arunram 04:28, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Blanking
Hi Ruchirabajaj, and thank you for contributing. Even if you want to move an article on Vfd to your userpage, do not blank the article. Rather than doing that, you can go to its Vfd page and add a comment saying that you did that. Thanks again. --Bart133 (t) 04:46, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ruchirabajaj


text:
List of fictional hackers

This is a list of fictional hackers in comics, films, video games, and other media.

Hollywood films of the 1980s and 1990s typically portrayed hackers as "unintentional criminals" who end up becoming heroes, even as they were hunted by law enforcement.

Batman-related comics

 * Lonnie Machin (Moneyspider): an anarchist vigilante, featured in Anarky and various Batman-related comics, published by DC Comics
 * Tim Drake (Robin): the third Robin of the Batman Family, published by DC Comics
 * Barbara Gordon (Oracle): a major character in various Batman-related comics and Birds of Prey
 * Noah Kuttler (The Calculator): brilliant hacker villain in DC Comics
 * Wendy Harris (Proxy)

The Hacker Files

 * Jack Marshall (Hacker) – protagonist of The Hacker Files series
 * Barbara Gordon (Oracle)
 * Master Blaster
 * Cowboy
 * Sue Denim
 * Phreaky Phreddy
 * Spider

Ghost Rider 2099

 * Artificial Kidz:
 * Kenshiro "Zero" Cochrane (Ghost Rider)
 * Warewolf
 * Phrack
 * 2600
 * Jimmy Alhazared (Doctor Neon)

Anonymous by Jhala vs. Jhali

 * Jhala (Strength)
 * Jhali (Weekness)
 * Anonymous

The Blue Nowhere (Jeffery Deaver novel)

 * Wyatt Gillette (Valleyman)
 * Phate (Jon Patrick Holloway)

The Chronicles of Amber by Roger Zelazny

 * Merlin of Amber aka Merle Corey, the protagonist of the second series
 * Rinaldo aka Lucas "Luke" Reynard, his best friend

Cryptonomicon

 * Randy Waterhouse

Discworld

 * The Smoking GNU (Mad Al, Sane Alex and Undecided Adrian) – (clacks hackers)
 * Ponder Stibbons (clacks hacker, through Hex)

Drawing Blood

 * Zach Bosch

Genius series (Catherine Jinks novels)

 * Cadel English

The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo/Millennium series

 * Lisbeth Salander (Wasp) – protagonist
 * Other hackers appearing occasionally, known by nickname only:
 * Plague (Swedish)
 * Trinity (British)
 * Bob the Dog (British)
 * Bilbo (American in Texas)

Hex

 * Raven – Hex, Hex: Shadows, Hex: Ghosts

Holo.Wars: The Black Hats

 * Steve Cylander
 * F8th
 * Hauk
 * Dark0

Jurassic Park

 * Lex Murphy
 * Dennis Nedry

Kidd series (John Sandford novels)

 * Kidd
 * Bobby

Little Brother (Cory Doctorow novel)

 * W1n5t0n
 * M1K3Y

Neuromancer

 * Henry Dorsett Case

Oryx and Crake

 * Crake

The Shockwave Rider

 * Nick Haflinger

Snow Crash

 * Da5id Meier
 * Hiro Protagonist
 * In the context of the plot, Enki is considered to be "the original hacker", capable of modifying the behavior of society
 * Jaunita gains some of the skills attributed to Enki

Splinter Cell series

 * Anna Grimsdóttír (Grim)
 * Marcus Greenhorn

Tori Swyft thriller series (John M. Green novels)

 * FIGJAM Thatcher in The Trusted and The Tao Deception
 * Red Scorpion in The Tao Deception

Ace Ventura: Pet Detective

 * Woodstock

Antitrust

 * Milo Hoffman

Assassins

 * Elektra

Bait

 * Bristol

Blackhat

 * Nicholas Hathaway
 * Sadak

The Core

 * Taz Finch ("Ratt")

Cowboy Bebop: The Movie

 * Lee Sampson

Cube 2: Hypercube

 * Alex Trusk

Die Hard

 * Theo

Enemy of the State

 * Edward Lyle (Brill)

Furious 7

 * Ramsey

Ghost in the Machine

 * Karl Hochman

Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex

 * The Laughing Man

GoldenEye

 * Boris Grishenko

Gone in 60 Seconds

 * Toby

Hackers

 * Kate Libby ("Acid Burn")
 * Ramόn Sánchez ("Phantom Phreak")
 * Paul Cook ("Lord Nikon")
 * Eugene Belford ("The Plague")
 * Dade Murphy ("Zero Cool" a.k.a. "Crash Override")
 * Joey Pardella
 * Emmanuel Goldstein ("Cereal Killer")

Independence Day

 * David Levinson (Alien OS hacker)

The Italian Job

 * Lyle ("The Real Napster")

Johnny Mnemonic

 * Jones (The Dolphin)
 * Strike

Jumpin' Jack Flash

 * Jack
 * Terry Doolittle

The Lawnmower Man

 * Jobe Smith

Live Free or Die Hard

 * Matthew Farrell
 * Thomas Gabriel
 * Freddie ("Warlock")

The Losers

 * Jake Jensen

The Matrix

 * Apoc
 * Cypher (Mr. Reagan)
 * Dozer
 * Ghost
 * Morpheus
 * Mouse
 * Neo (Thomas A. Anderson)
 * Switch
 * Tank
 * Trinity

Mission: Impossible

 * Luther Stickell

National Treasure

 * Riley Poole

The Net

 * Angela Bennett ("Angel")
 * Jack Devlin

Ocean's 8

 * Nine Ball

Ocean's Eleven

 * Livingston Dell

Ocean's Thirteen

 * Virgil Malloy

Office Space

 * Michael Bolton
 * Samir Nagheenanajad
 * Peter Gibbons

Serenity

 * Mr. Universe

Sneakers

 * Martin Bishop
 * Erwin Emery (Whistler)
 * Darryl Roskow (Mother)

Superman III

 * Gus Gorman

Swordfish

 * Stanley Jobson
 * Axel Torvalds

Terminator 2: Judgment Day

 * John Connor

Trackers (Patrick Carman novel)

 * Shantorian

Tron

 * Kevin Flynn

WarGames

 * David Lightman

Wreck-It Ralph

 * King Candy (Turbo)

XXX: State of the Union

 * Agent Toby Lee Shavers

24

 * Chloe O'Brian

Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

 * Daisy "Skye" Johnson

Alias

 * Marshall Flinkman
 * Rachel Gibson

Arrow

 * Felicity Smoak

Batman Beyond

 * Maxine Gibson

Battle Programmer Shirase

 * Akira Shirase

Birds of Prey

 * Barbara Gordon/Oracle

Blake's 7

 * Kerr Avon

Bloody Monday

 * Takagi Fujimaru (Falcon)

Bones

 * Christopher Pelant
 * Angela Montenegro

Breaking In

 * Bret Harrison

Buffy the Vampire Slayer

 * Willow Rosenberg

Chuck

 * Chuck Bartowski
 * Stephen J. Bartowski

Code Lyoko

 * Jeremie Belpois
 * Aelita Schaeffer

Continuum

 * Alec Sadler

Covert Affairs

 * Auggie Anderson

Cowboy Bebop

 * Ed (Radical Edward) – short for Edward Wong Hau Pepelu Tivrusky IV

Criminal Minds

 * Penelope Garcia – Hacker handle: The Black Queen

CSI: Cyber

 * Brody Nelson
 * Raven Ramirez
 * Daniel Krumitz ("Krummy")

Dark Angel

 * Logan Cale (Eyes Only)

Doctor Who

 * The Doctor
 * Adam Mitchell
 * Clara Oswald / Oswin Oswald
 * Mickey Smith
 * Bob Salmon – Doctor Who Past Doctor Adventures novel Blue Box by Kate Orman
 * Sarah Swan ("Fionnula") – Doctor Who Past Doctor Adventures novel Blue Box by Kate Orman

Earth: Final Conflict

 * Marcus "Augur" Deveraux

Eden of the East

 * Yutaka ("Pantsu") Itazu
 * Juiz

Eureka (American TV series)

 * Zane Donovan

The Flash (2014)

 * Cisco Ramon

General Hospital

 * Stan Johnson
 * Damian Spinelli

Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex

 * Aoi (Laughing Man)

Inspector Gadget

 * Penny

Johnny Chase (T-Mobile commercials)

 * Johnny Chase

Kim Possible

 * Wade

Level 9

 * Roland Travis
 * Margaret "Sosh" Perkins
 * Jargon

Leverage

 * Alec Hardison
 * Colin Mason ('Chaos')

Lone Wolf McQuade

 * Kayo Ramos

MacGyver

 * Kate – (Episode: "Ugly Duckling")

Max Headroom

 * Theora Jones
 * Bryce Lynch

Mr. Robot

 * Elliot Alderson: Sam Sepiol
 * Darlene Alderson: Dolores Haze
 * Shama Biswas: Trenton
 * Sunil Markesh: Mobley
 * Leslie Romero
 * Cisco

NCIS

 * Abby Sciuto
 * Timothy McGee

Nikita

 * Seymour Birkoff

Person of Interest

 * Samantha Groves (Root)

The Raccoons

 * Bentley Raccoon

ReBoot

 * Mouse

Scandal

 * Charlie
 * Huck
 * Jake Ballard
 * Quinn Perkins

seaQuest DSV

 * Lucas Wolenczak ("Frankenstein")
 * Mark ("Wolfman")
 * Martin Clemens ("Mycroft")

Simon & Simon

 * Terry McDaniels (S1:E3 Trapdoors)

Serial Experiments Lain

 * Lain Iwakura

Smallville

 * Chloe Sullivan

Spider-Man: The Animated Series

 * Hobgoblin

Team Knight Rider

 * Kevin ("Trek") Sanders

Torchwood

 * Esther Drummond
 * Ianto Jones
 * Jack Harkness
 * Toshiko Sato

Undergrads

 * Justin Taylor ("Gimpy")

Veronica Mars

 * Cindy "Mac" Mackenzie

Warehouse 13

 * Claudia Donovan

Witch Hunter Robin

 * Michael Lee

The X-Files

 * Invisigoth ("Ester Nairn")
 * The Lone Gunmen (also featured in The Lone Gunmen)
 * John Fitzgerald Byers
 * Melvin Frohike
 * Richard Langly

Z Nation

 * Citizen Z
 * Kaya in da Skya

Apex Legends

 * Crypto

Assassin's Creed: Unity

 * Bishop

Command & Conquer: Generals

 * Black Lotus

Danganronpa: Trigger Happy Havoc

 * Chihiro Fujisaki

Deus Ex: Human Revolution

 * Frank Pritchard

The Longest Journey

 * Burns Flipper

Mega Man X

 * Middy

Metal Gear Solid

 * Dr. Hal Emmerich ("Otacon")

Metal Slug

 * Marco Rossi

Mystic Messenger

 * 707
 * Vanderwood
 * Unknown/Saeran/Ray

Hacker Evolution

 * Brian Spencer

Hacknet

 * Bitwise (Bit)
 * Kaguya (From the DLC Labyrinths)
 * Coel (From the DLC Labyrinths)
 * D3F4ULT (From the DLC Labyrinths)
 * CSEC (Hacking Group inside game.)
 * The Kaguya Trials (DLC Hacker Group in the game)
 * Striker (Rival on the DLC Labyrinths)
 * Naix (Main Game Rival)

Honkai Impact 3rd and Honkai: Star Rail

 * Bronya Zaychik

Overwatch

 * Sombra

Persona 5

 * Futaba Sakura

Saints Row: The Third

 * Kinzie Kensington

Sly Cooper

 * Bentley

System Shock

 * The Hacker
 * Dexter Witer

Team Fortress 2

 * Spy

Vampire: The Masquerade

 * Mitnick – Vampire: The Masquerade - Bloodlines, based on real-life hacker Kevin Mitnick
 * Dev/Null – Vampire: The Masquerade - Redemption

Watch Dogs and Watch Dogs 2

 * Aiden Pearce (The Vigilante/The Fox)
 * JB Marcowicz (Defalt)
 * Raymond Kenney (T-Bone)
 * Damien Brenks
 * Clara Lille (BadBoy17)
 * Johnacious Mailkmon
 * Delford Wade (Iraq)
 * Marcus Holloway (Retr0)
 * Josh Sauchak (Hawt Sauce)
 * Reginald (Wr3nch)
 * Horatio Carlin
 * DedSec – hacker group within the game

Many more can be added.

Cyberpunk 2020

 * Altiera 'Alt' Cunningham
 * Rache Bartmoss
 * Spider Murphy

Shadowrun

 * Fastjack
 * Netcat

A Certain Magical Index

 * Kazari Uiharu, aka The Goalkeeper

Cult of the Dead Cow

 * Demonseed Elite – Cult of the Dead Cow's ezine (and many others) / Mage: The Ascension

Ghost in the Shell

 * Project 2501, aka The Puppet Master

title: List of fictional hackers


text:
Mattias Klum

Mattias Klum (born 10 February 1968 in Uppsala) is a Swedish freelance photographer and film producer in natural history and cultural subjects. He is the son of Swedish academic educator Arne Klum (1925-2016) and Ingegärd Klum, née Stefanson. Klum has worked full-time as a freelance photographer since 1986, and as a cinematographer and director on numerous film and television projects since 1994. Klum describes and portrays animals, plants, and natural and cultural settings in the form of articles, books, films, lectures and exhibitions.

Klum has had several wildlife documentaries shown internationally and has also had his work featured in Wildlife Conservation, Audubon, Geo, National Geographic, Terre sauvage, Stern, Der Spiegel and the New York Times among others.

In 1997, National Geographic Magazine published Mattias Klum's photographs for the first time, which made him the first Swede to have his work on the cover, then he was one of National Geographic's youngest contributors. Since 1997, he has produced a number of articles and twelve cover stories for the magazine, including "Malaysia's Secret Realm" (August 1997), "Asia's Last Lions" (June 2001), "Meerkats Stand Tall" (September 2002), "What Darwin Didn't Know" (February 2009) and "The Bite That Heals" (February 2013). Klum's photographs have been exhibited in one-man shows at reputable museums and art galleries in the US, Sweden, Malaysia, India, Japan, Great Britain, Estonia, Denmark, Botswana, Spain, China and Singapore among other countries. Klum has published twelve books, five of them available in English: Exploring the Rainforest, Borneo Rainforest, Horse People, Being There and The Human Quest.

In 2007, Klum contributed to the starting of a publishing company, Tierra Grande Publishing, the fundraising Terra Magna Foundation and Expeditionsverige.se (Expedition Sweden), a five-year-long environment and inspiration project about Sweden and the Baltic Sea Media Project together with producer Folke Rydén. He has also coached and collaborated with Sweden's Prince Carl Philip.

The book, The Human Quest: Prospering Within Planetary Boundaries, is co-authored by scientist and global sustainability expert Johan Rockström with a foreword by former President Bill Clinton.

Mattias Klum's latest book ”Världar av Liv" was published in 2013 by Max Ström. In 2013 Klum has also been awarded an Honorary Doctorate degree in Natural Science by Stockholm University and named WWF, the World Wildlife Fund ambassador.

Filmography

 * Borneo's Rainforest
 * The Brittle Thread
 * Search for the Sea Eagle
 * The Linnaeus Expedition
 * Music video project Funk for Life
 * The Testament of Tebaran
 * The Coral Eden
 * The Contemplator
 * Vamizi - Cradle of Coral

Klum has produced a number of documentary films including Borneo's Rainforest and The Brittle Thread (Asia's Last Lions) with his former wife and colleague Monika Klum and The Linnaeus Expedition with producer Folke Rydén. Klum and his team have collaborated on the music video project Funk for Life, with renowned musician Nils Landgren. This project supports Médecins Sans Frontières and their work in Kibera, Kenya.

Performances

 * Tales from Reality. Stockholm Concert Hall. 2017

Family
Mattias Klum is a grandson of Stefan Anderson, and nephew of Birgit Ridderstedt. He has two sons with his former wife Monika Klum. He has also been married to artist and photographer Iris Alexandrov.

Awards and Act of Honour
Over the years, Mattias Klum has received numerous awards and grants for his work.
 * Uppsala City Council bestowed him with its gold medal for outstanding work from an Uppsala base, 2002.
 * The King of Sweden granted Klum his medal of the 8th grade with a blue ribbon for his important contributions as a wildlife photographer, 2003.
 * Fellow of The Linnean Society of London, 2006.
 * The Uppsala County Administration granted him the title of Citizen of the Year in Uppland, 2007.
 * Appointed Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum, 2008.
 * Fellow of National Geographic Society, 2010.
 * Senior Fellow at Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2011.
 * IUCN Goodwill Ambassador, 2011.
 * Iwan Bolin Prize by Stockholm's Workers Institute, 2012.
 * The Lidman Prize by Swedish Academy of Verbovisual Information, 2012.
 * The Comprehensibility Prize by the Swedish communication agency Publik, 2012.
 * Honorary doctor in Natural Science at Stockholm University, 2013.
 * WWF, World Wildlife Fund Ambassador, 2013.

Klum is also a member of the Board of Trustees of WWF Sweden. He has held a position as a Guest Lecturer at Uppsala University and teaches at Stockholm Resilience Centre. The magazine Miljöaktuellt ranked Klum as number 4 of Sweden's 100 most powerful people working for the environment 2013.

title: Mattias Klum