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Shravana (month)

Śrāvaṇa (श्रावण) is the fifth month of the Hindu calendar. In India's national civil calendar, Śrāvaṇa is the fifth month of the year, typically beginning in mid to late July and ending in late August. In the Tamil calendar, it is known as Āadi and is the fifth month of the solar year. In lunar religious calendars, Śrāvaṇa begins on the new moon (according to the amanta tradition) or the full moon (according to the purnimanta tradition) and is the fifth month of the year. Srabon (শ্রাবণ; also spelt Sravan) is the fourth month of the solar Bengali calendar. It is also the fourth month of the Nepali calendar. Śrāvaṇa is also the second month of Varsha (the rainy season).

The month of Shravana is very important for the entire Indian subcontinent, as it is connected to the arrival of the south-west monsoons. For many Hindus, the month of Shravana is a month of fasting. Many Hindus will fast every Monday to Shiva and/or every Tuesday to Parvati. This holy month is dedicated to Lord Shiva, one of the principal deities in Hinduism. Devotees observe various rituals and practices during this time to seek blessings and spiritual growth. Fasting on Tuesdays of this month is known locally as "Mangala Gauri Vrat".

Festivals
Shravana is considered to be a holy month in the Hindu calendar due to the numerous festivals that are celebrated during this time. Also, special worship of Shiva and fasting is observed on Mondays.

Dashamaa Vrata
Dashama Vrata is dedicated to Dashama and is observed on the first day of Shravana as per Gujarati tradition.

Krishna Janmashtami
Krishna Janmashtami marks the birth of Krishna on the eighth day after the full moon, which is the 23rd day of Shravana according to the amanta tradition, and is celebrated with great pomp by Hindus across the world, especially those of the Vaishnava traditions.

Raksha Bandhan
Raksha Bandhan also called Rakhi Purnima or simply Rakhi in many parts of India and Nepal, is a Hindu religious festival. The festival signifies and celebrates the bond between brothers and sisters. It is celebrated on Shravana Purnima (Full Moon). In simple words, Raksha bandhan means "Bond of Protection".

Naryal Purnima
In western India and parts of Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Goa, Shravana Purnima (full moon) day is celebrated as Narali Purnima. On this day, an offering of a coconut (naryal in Gujarati, naral in Marathi) is made to the sea, as a mark of respect to Varuna, the God of the Sea. In the coastal regions of Maharashtra i.e. Konkan, a coconut is offered to the sea for calming it down after the monsoon season. Narali Purnima is the beginning of the fishing season, and the fishermen, who depend on the sea for a living, make an offering to Varuna so that they can reap bountiful fish from the sea. Fishermen start fishing in the sea after this ceremony.

Nag Panchami
Nag Panchami is also celebrated in many parts of India on the fifth day after Amavasya of Shravana month. The snake god Nāga is worshipped. The last day of Shravana is celebrated as Pola, where the bull is worshipped by farmers from Maharashtra.

Basava Panchami
In Karnataka Basava Panchami (Kannada: ಬಸವ ಪಂಚಮಿ) is celebrated on the fifth day after amavasya. In 1196 AD, on this day, Lingayat dharma guru Basava merged with God.

Avani Avittam
In southern and central parts of India including Maharashtra, Goa, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Odisha, Shravana Purnima day is when many communities perform the rituals of Avani Avittam or Upakarma.

Balarama Jayanti
Shravana Purnima day is also celebrated as Balarama's birth ceremony. Krishna's elder brother Balarama was born on this Purnima.

Gamha Purnima
Gamha Purnima is celebrated in Odisha. On this date, all the domesticated cows and bullocks are decorated and worshipped. Various kinds of country-made cakes called pitha and sweets, mitha, are made and distributed within families, relatives and friends. In Oriya Jagannath culture, the Krishna and Radha enjoy the rainy season of Shravana starting from Shukla Pakhya Ekadashi (usually four days before Purnima) and ending on Rakhi Purnima with a festival called Jhulan Yatra. Idols of Radha-Krishna are beautifully decorated on a swing called Jhulan, hence the name Jhulan Yatra.

Kajari Purnima
In central parts of India such as Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand Shravana Purnima day is celebrated as Kajari Purnima. It is an important day for farmers and women who have sons. On the ninth day after Shravana Amavasya, the preparations for the Kajari festival start. This ninth day is called Kajari Navami and varied rituals are performed by women who have sons until Kajri Purnima or the full moon day.

Pavitropana
In parts of Gujarat, Shravana Purnima day is celebrated as Pavitropana. On this holiday, people perform the grand puja or the worship of Shiva. It is the culmination of the prayers done throughout the year.

Pavitra Ekadashi
On Ekadashi Day [11th day], Vaishnavas in Gujarat and Rajasthan celebrate it as the birth of Pushtimarga, the path of grace. On this day, Krishna appeared in front of Vallabhacharya. Vallabhacharya offered him a thread (soothan), which was pious (pavitra). Since that day every year, Pavitra Ekadashi is celebrated. Such threads are offered from Ekadashi till Raksha Bandhan.

Jandhyam Purnima
Jandhyam is Sanskrit for 'sacred thread', and Purnima denotes the full moon in Sanskrit. Jandhyala Purnima is observed on the full moon day (Purnima) in the month of Shravana in Andhra Pradesh. Brahmins perform the sacred thread changing ceremony on this day and it is also known as Yajurveda Nutanasahitha Upakarma.

Salono
In Haryana and Punjab, in addition to celebrating Raksha Bandhan, people observe the festival of Salono. Salono is celebrated by priests solemnly tying amulets on people's wrists for protection against evil The day is dedicated to local saints involving devotees receiving such amulets. In Haryana, the festival of Salono also involves sisters tying threads on brothers to ward off evil. Despite the two festivals being similar in their practices, Salono and Raksha Bandhan are distinct observances with the threads tied for Salono being called ponchis.

Pola
Pola is a festival respecting bulls and oxen which is celebrated by farmers in Maharashtra. Pola is a thanksgiving festival of farmers and their families for their bulls. It is celebrated in Maharashtra to acknowledge the importance of bulls and oxen, who are a crucial part of agriculture and farming activities. It falls on the last day or the new moon day of Shravana.

Shravani Mela
Shravani Mela is a major festival time at Deoghar in Jharkhand with thousands of saffron-clad pilgrims bringing holy water around 100 km on foot from the Ganges at Sultanganj, Bihar. Shravana is also the time of the annual Kanwar Yatra, the annual pilgrimage of devotees of Shiva, known as Kanwaria make to Hindu pilgrimage places of Haridwar, Gaumukh and Gangotri in Uttarakhand to fetch holy waters of Ganges River

Hindu saint Guru Raghavendra Swami, who advocated Madhvacharya's Dvaita philosophy, achieved Videha Mukti on Sraavana Bahula Dwitiya in 1671.

In popular culture
Being the period when the monsoon falls over the heated plains of India, the season is celebrated in various texts, such as the Sanskrit text Meghaduta by Kalidasa. Many films too have been made with Sawan in their title, like Aya Sawan Jhoom Ke, (1969), Sawan Bhadon (1970), Solva Sawan (1979), Sawan Ko Aane Do (1979), Pyaasa Sawan (1980), etc.

Also, in Hindustani classical music, many songs are themed around Radha and Krishna during the rainy season, and also Bollywood songs, e.g., Sawan ki Ritu Aai, Sawan ka Mahina Pawan kare Sor' and  'Rim jhim gire Saawan'.

During Shravana, the Hindu community in the regions of Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka practice a vegetarian diet. This is because during the monsoon season, it is difficult to get seafood; scientifically it is done to allow the breeding of fish in the ocean so that there is no extinction of fish species.

title: Shravana (month)


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Friedrichsbrunn

Friedrichsbrunn is a village and a former municipality in the district of Harz, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 23 November 2009, it is part of the town Thale.

History
At the location of Friedrichsbrunn there has been a well and a resting place along the road between Quedlinburg and Nordhausen since the 11th century. In 1680, a Prussian border watch station was built at the well, which was known as the Ungetreuer Brunnen (Unfaithful Well). Between 1773 and 1775, King Friedrich the Great settled the area with 50 families and the place took the name Friedrichsbrunn.

The first tourists spent their summer here in 1884. Before World War I, two sanitoriums, three larger hotels, and numerous bed and breakfasts were built in Friedrichsbrunn and it became known as a health resort. During the world wars, these facilities were used as military hospitals.

In 1949, Friedrichsbrunn was recognized as a health and winter sports resort. Up to 1990, as many as 20,000 vacationers and patients came here each year. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, mass tourism declined.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Friedrichsbrunn


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Alder (disambiguation)

Alder is the common name of Alnus, a genus of shrubs and small trees.

Alder may also refer to:

People

 * Alder (surname)

Places

 * Alder, Colorado
 * Alder, Montana, United States
 * Alder, Washington, United States
 * Alders Brook, a small tributary of the River Roding
 * Alder Creek (disambiguation)
 * Alder River, Nova Scotia, Canada
 * Des Aulnes River (Laflamme River) (English: Alders River), Quebec, Canada

Other uses

 * Alder (crater), lunar crater
 * Alder (Pendragon series), a fictional character in The Pendragon Adventure
 * Dwarf alder (disambiguation), common name of several plants
 * Witch alder, plants of genus Fothergilla
 * A shortened form of Aldernalisuvara, an alternative name of the Hindu deity Ardhanari particularly used by Japanese
 * Alder (Pokémon), the champion of the Unova League in Pokémon Black and White
 * Alders (surname)

title: Alder (disambiguation)


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Agrahayana

Agrahayana or Margashirsha, (आग्रहायण, मार्गशिर्ष) is the ninth month of the Hindu calendar. In India's national civil calendar, Agrahayana is also the ninth month of the year, beginning on 21 November and ending on 20 December. Margashirsha means related to the Mrigashīrsha nakṣatra (asterism), which has been known since Vedic times. In Tamil, Margashirsha is also known as Margaḻi.

In lunar religious calendars, Agrahayana/Margashirsha may begin on either the new moon or the full moon around the same time of year and is usually the ninth month of the year.

In solar religious calendars, Agrahayana/Margaḻi begins with the Sun's entry into Sagittarius and is the ninth month of the year.

Festivals
Vaikunta Ekadashi, the Ekadashi (i.e. 11th lunar day) of Margashirsha month, is celebrated also as Mokshada Ekadashi. The 10th Canto, 22nd Chapter of Bhagavata Purana mentions the young marriageable daughters (gopis) of the cowherd men of Gokula worshiping the goddess Katyayani and taking a vrata, or vow, during the entire month of Margashirsha, the first month of the winter season (Śiśira), to get the god Krishna as their husband.

Bhairava Ashtami falls on Krishna paksha Ashtami of this month of Margashirsha. On this day, it is said that the god Shiva appeared on earth in the fierce manifestation as Bhairava. This day is commemorated with special prayers and rituals.

In Odisha, all Thursdays in this month are celebrated as Manabasa Gurubara, wherein Lady Lakshmi is worshipped by Hindu women.

In Tamil Nadu, during this month of "Margaḻi", women make "kolams" or "rangoli" early in the morning. Devotees usually go to temples early in the morning and recite Thiruppavai by Andal and Thiruvempavai by Manikkavacakar.

title: Agrahayana


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Pausha

Pausha (पौष ; पूस ; தை ), also called Paush, Poush, Pausa or Pushya, is the tenth month of the Hindu calendar, corresponding with December/January of the Gregorian calendar. In the Indian national calendar, Pausha is also the tenth month of the year, beginning on 21 December and ending on 19 January.

In the Hindu lunisolar calendar, Pausha begins with either the full or new moon around the same time of year. Since the traditional Hindu calendar follows the lunar cycle, Pausha's start and end dates vary from year to year, unlike the months of the Hindu solar calendars. Pausha is a winter (Hemanta and Shishira Ritu) month. The lunar month of Pausha overlaps with the solar month of Dhanu.

Events
Pausa Bahula Amavasya day is celebrated as Theppotsavam (float festival) at Sri Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha Swamyvari Temple in Simhachalam. The Utsava idols are taken in a palanquin to Varaha Pushkarini.

title: Pausha


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Johannesburg's Mall Culture

Johannesburg's Mall Culture was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MERGE AND DELETE. 5 votes to merge/delete, 4 votes to delete, 1 vote to keep. Beyond the simple majority in favor of M&D, this divides into 6 votes for keeping (at least some of) the content against 4 to delete entirely, but 9 votes against having it exist as an independent article against 1 to keep in its current state. The objective content from the article appears to have already been merged into Johannesburg, and so the article will accordingly be deleted. Postdlf 01:16, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Johannesburg's Mall Culture
I can't see the point of this article. The city has some malls and people like to go shopping. Sounds like most cities in the western world. --LeeHunter 20:46, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * At least rename it Johannesburg's mall culture because it is not a proper name. With one or two pictures illustrating what is being said, why not?  21:18, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hello Kurt and Lee. I'm placing this here because I am a bit of a "newbie" and I obviously haven't created a login account that allows me to email you directly. I take it you are both official editors/contributors to Wikipedia, so I'll try not to mess with you too much. Kurt, I appreciate your kindness and the GENTLE manner in which you have tried to guide me to a better understanding of how Wikipedia works. Lee, dear, I suggest you re-read the article on not biting the newcomer. Johannesburg is NOT a western city (as people in North America are so arrogantly fond of pointing out), and you'd have to live here to understand the nature of the Jo'burg "mall crawl." Ask any local resident. I'd like to hazard a guess that you've never been to Johannesburg. Um, what was that I was saying on my user page about some ignorant people in the Northern Hemisphere who peer down their academic noses across the shamefully-contrived Brandt Line, and look with disdain upon their neighbours in the south who have Christmas in summer? Oh well, at least you don't think we have lions roaming in the streets (I trust), or that Cairo is a suburb of Johannesburg. Hope this doesn't get me expelled. Rob Thomas 22:15, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. The tip-off (other than the POV-ish language) is that this mall phenomenon is described as "American", thus derivative. And Rob, nobody's bitten you (yet)! At most, a nibble. — Bill 23:29, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Merge with Johannesburg & delete. Can preserve the info, but it doesn't merit an article of its own. P. Riis 23:31, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * concur with P. Riis Merge with Johannesburg & delete. -- Jmabel | Talk 23:33, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: A facet of a local culture that is, itself, quicksilver.  It is impossible to speak authoritatively about such a thing as a "mall culture" anywhere without some serious Sociology credits, and those folks would be wary of making huge generalizations.  What this is is a POV observation and therefore original research. Geogre 00:27, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge any valid info with Johannesburg. Definitely doesn't deserve its own article. Nadavspi 00:42, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research. --Improv 02:38, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge the non-original research (ie facts) carefully into Johannesburg — siro  χ  o  03:51, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I've taken a stab at merging, putting the information into Johannesburg and changing the wording of the vague cross-reference under Johannesburg.  This leaves out the "culture" aspect, that some people have more fun going to the mall than doing something else.  I don't think that's notable.  There are people like that in every city that has shopping malls, Western or not.  Absent some indication that Johannesburg is markedly unusual in this respect, there's no reason to mention it.  But, Rob, please do get us a photo or two of the lions in the streets.  :)  JamesMLane 06:08, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * YAY! AT LAST! Finally I get the info left on the Johannesburg page. The only reason why I made it a separate article in the first place is because some idiot kept on deleting it off the Jo'burg page. Thank you James Lane and others. James, I'll see if I can make a plan with my new Wikipedia "chom" in Douglasdale, Jerome, for a pic or two of his pet lion, Simba, who recently ate the neighbour's goldfish. Anyway, I can live with the info merged effectively. Thanks to Bill Thayer for the "nibble" comment - it makes it all a bit lighter. Also, thanks to Bill for pointing out that the mall "culture" thing is derivative, thus contradicting all the comments about it being original research. Now, about POV - if you wanted to get really heavy, you could argue that saying someone's work is their point of view IS in itself a point of view - isn't everybody biased anyway? What I cannot understand is how someone who was born in Denmark and emigrated to New York is now suddenly qualified to write about Johannesburg or South Africa. I wouldn't dream of writing an article, or contributing to one, where I do not know anything about the subject. How am I suddenly qualified to write about New York when I've only ever been to the city once? And it was VERY different to the New York I perceived on Law & Order. I write about Jonhannesburg and South Africa because I was born here, live here, studied here, and mingle with the people here. So call it qualitative research. Johannesburg's love affair with the shopping mall, like Los Angeles' love affair with the freeway, is a well-documented fact: the official Johannesburg website (www.joburg.gov.za); several newspaper articles (The Star and the Sunday Times); books (From Jo'burg to Jozi - Stories about Africa's infamous city); and other sources (Financial Mail, Finance Week). To get a truly accurate essence of Johannesburg, one should record its shopping malls - which is all I was trying to do. It is a fact that Johannesburg, being devoid of beaches and mountains (something which people from Cape Town and Durban LOVE to throw in our faces), makes use of shopping as a pastime - and I would dare say MORE than other cities. It is also a fact, as stated, that people from neighbouring countries FLOCK to Johannesburg in droves to make use of its shopping facilities, so much so that it adds, as I wrote, some $1.5 billion to retail spend in Johannesburg annually. Well over 40% of the 12 million people who pass through Johannesburg International Airport annually come from Africa - and they come to Johannesburg to conduct business and go shopping. So when dumb people say stupid things about South Africa, you're darn right it gets my blood boiling. I challenge any person on earth to prove to me that they are different. Wikipedia is an encyclopaedia. The fact that we can add to it is marvellous, to improve its accuracy. I am MORTIFIED by the trash "experts" dish up in the name of education. I recently purchased a 2004 edition of an electronic atlas/encyclopaedia produced by everybody's FAVOURITE sofware supplier. When I bought the 2001 edition, they still had Johannesburg International Airport's name listed as Jan Smuts - EIGHT YEARS after it had changed. The maps of Johannesburg were more than 30 years out of date, and did not have freeways and other urban areas listed that had been built for more than 20 years. So I emailed them and told them to catch a wake-up. When I bought the 2004 version (for over $100), the ONLY thing they had changed was the name of the airport. The maps were exactly the same. The photographs of the city were more than 20 years old. That would be akin to showing a pic of the New York skyline circa 2004 with the World Trade Center still standing. Could you imagine the hue and outcry! The population of Johannesburg was listed as 712,000. I didn't know whether to laugh or to cry. Obviously, I will never buy their product again. I'm sure everybody at Wikipedia wants it to maintain its levels of credibility (no emotional manipulation there, hey?). So, put that in your POV pipe and smoke it. Thanks for a great asset like Wikipedia. The world is a richer (and more accurate) place for its existence, and I think I'm becoming an addict. Rob Thomas 10:04, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Cabalamat 22:05, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Magha (month)

Magha (माघ) is the eleventh month of the Hindu calendar, corresponding to January/February of the Gregorian calendar. In India's national civil calendar, Magha is also the eleventh month of the year, beginning on 20 January and ending on 18 February.

In the Hindu lunisolar calendar, Magha may begin on either the new moon or the full moon around the same time of year. It is named thus because in this month, the full moon is usually found nearby or within the star cluster called Magha. Since the traditional Hindu calendar follows the lunar cycle, Magha's start and end dates vary from year to year, unlike the months of the Hindu solar calendars. Magha is a winter (Shishira Ritu) month.

The lunar month of Magha overlaps with the solar month of Makara, which begins with the Sun's entry into Capricorn.

Festivals

 * Shukla Panchami: Vasant Panchami
 * Shukla Saptami: Ratha Saptami
 * Maagh Mela is an important festival celebrated by most of North India.
 * The world-famous "Maha Maham" festival is held every 12 years during full moon day of this month of "maasi".
 * Makar Sankranti
 * Shukla Ashtami is called as Bhishma Ashtami. It is the day on which Bhishma, son of Ganga, was born.

title: Magha (month)


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Necessary Angels

Necessary Angels is the third album by the American singer-songwriter Sara Hickman, released in 1994 (see 1994 in music).

After Hickman was dropped by her label, Elektra Records, her fans contributed to allow her to buy back the unreleased tapes that made up the album.

Critical reception
AllMusic called the album Hickman's "boldest, most mature, and most musically sophisticated offering to date." New York called it an "enormously rich album." Billboard wrote that Hickman "eschews some of her earlier wordplay for lyrics that are cleaner and sharper ... Lovely."

Track listing

 * 1) "Pursuit of Happiness" (Hickman) – 4:55
 * 2) "Shadowboxing" (Hickman) – 4:24
 * 3) "The Best of Times" (Hickman) – 4:41
 * 4) "Sister and Sam" (Hickman) – 5:33
 * 5) "Time Will Tell" (Hickman) – 1:59
 * 6) "Eye of the Storm" (Hickman) – 6:15
 * "Oh, Daddy" (Hickman, David Batteau) – 4:24
 * 1) "Room of One's Own" (Hickman, Gerald O'Brien) – 5:26
 * 2) "Tiger in a Teacup Town" (Hickman) – 4:32
 * 3) "Slippery" (Hickman) – 4:10
 * 4) "Joy" (Hickman) – 5:23
 * 5) "The Place Where the Garage Used to Stand" (Hickman) – 4:06

Personnel

 * Sara Hickman – acoustic guitar, flute, guitar, percussion, electric guitar, vocals, background vocals, choir, harmony vocals
 * Amy Atchley – choir
 * David Batteau – guitar, background vocals
 * Adrian Belew – acoustic guitar, guitar, mandolin, calliope, electric guitar, background vocals
 * Jim Cocke – organ, keyboards
 * Mike Daane – bass guitar
 * Carl Finch – accordion
 * Glenn Fukunaga – bass guitar
 * Rafael Gayol – drums
 * Mark Hallman – percussion, background vocals, choir, shaker, tambo drums
 * Ethridge Hill – trumpet
 * Bradley Kopp – electric guitar
 * Danny Levin – cello
 * Tony Levin – bass guitar
 * Mitch Marine – drums
 * Jerry Marotta – percussion, drums
 * Darcy Matthews – background vocals, choir
 * Dominic Matthews – choir
 * Genevieve Matthews – choir
 * Ian Matthews – choir
 * Kris McKay – choir
 * Brad McLemore – electric guitar
 * Pamela Miller – choir
 * Paul Pearcy – percussion, drums
 * Pierce Pettis – acoustic guitar
 * Mark Rubin – upright bass
 * David Sancious – piano, keyboards
 * Chris Searles – percussion, sound effects, tambourine, noise
 * Tommy Taylor (musician) – drums
 * Richard Weiss – choir
 * Morgan Wommack – choir
 * Brad Young – background vocals

Production

 * Producers: Sara Hickman, Paul Fox, Mark Hallman
 * Engineers: Mark Hallman, Marty Lester, Kevin Smith, Ed Thacker
 * Assistant engineers: Marty Lester, Allan Queen, Mike Reiter,
 * Arranger: Sara Hickman, Paul Fox
 * String arrangements: Sara Hickman, Danny Levin
 * Mixing: Sara Hickman, Mark Hallman, Marty Lester, Kevin Smith, Ed Thacker
 * Remixing: Sara Hickman, Mark Hallman, Marty Lester, Kevin Smith
 * Mastering: Joe Gastwirt
 * Art direction: Sara Hickman
 * Illustrations: Sara Hickman
 * Photography: Lynn Sugarman
 * Hair stylist: Tony Fielding
 * Make-up: Tony Fielding
 * Clothing/wardrobe: Cyndy Goodman

title: Necessary Angels


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Portrait of Dr. Gachet

Portrait of Dr. Gachet is one of the most revered paintings by the Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh. It depicts Dr. Paul Gachet, a homeopathic doctor and artist with whom van Gogh resided following a spell in an asylum at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. Gachet took care of Van Gogh during the final months of his life. There are two authenticated versions of the portrait, both painted in June 1890 at Auvers-sur-Oise. Both show Gachet sitting at a table and leaning his head on his right arm, but they are easily differentiated in color and style. There is also an etching.

The first version was acquired by the Städel in Frankfurt in 1911 and subsequently confiscated and sold by Hermann Göring. In May 1990, it was sold at auction for $82.5 million ($ million today) to Ryoei Saito, making it the world's most expensive painting at that time. It then disappeared from public view and the Städel was unable to locate it in 2019. The second version was owned by Gachet and was bequeathed to France by his heirs. Despite arguments over its authenticity, it now hangs in the Musée d'Orsay, in Paris.

Background
In late 1888, Van Gogh began to experience a mental breakdown, cutting off part of his ear. He stayed in hospital for a month, but was not fully healed and in April 1889 he checked himself into an asylum at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, where he remained for a year. Released in 1890, Van Gogh's brother Theo searched for a home for the artist. Upon the recommendation of Camille Pissarro, a former patient of the doctor who told Theo of Gachet's interests in working with artists, Theo sent Vincent to Gachet's second home in Auvers.

Vincent van Gogh's first impression of Gachet was unfavorable. Writing to Theo he remarked: "I think that we must not count on Dr. Gachet at all. First of all, he is sicker than I am, I think, or shall we say just as much, so that's that. Now when one blind man leads another blind man, don't they both fall into the ditch?" However, in a letter dated two days later to their sister Wilhelmina, he relayed, "I have found a true friend in Dr. Gachet, something like another brother, so much do we resemble each other physically and also mentally."

Van Gogh had a very prolific spell during his stay with Gachet, producing more than seventy paintings, including the portraits of Gachet.

Van Gogh's thoughts returned several times to the painting by Eugène Delacroix of Torquato Tasso in the madhouse. After a visit with Paul Gauguin to Montpellier to see Alfred Bruyas's collection in the Musée Fabre, Van Gogh wrote to Theo, asking if he could find a copy of the lithograph after the painting. Three and a half months earlier, he had been thinking of the painting as an example of the sort of portraits he wanted to paint: "But it would be more in harmony with what Eugène Delacroix attempted and brought off in his Tasso in Prison, and many other pictures, representing a real man. Ah! portraiture, portraiture with the thought, the soul of the model in it, that is what I think must come."

Van Gogh wrote to his sister in 1890 about the painting:

"I've done the portrait of M. Gachet with a melancholy expression, which might well seem like a grimace to those who see it... Sad but gentle, yet clear and intelligent, that is how many portraits ought to be done... There are modern heads that may be looked at for a long time, and that may perhaps be looked back on with longing a hundred years later."

The portraits of Dr. Gachet were completed just six weeks before Van Gogh shot himself and died from his wounds.

Composition

Van Gogh painted Gachet resting his right elbow on a red table, head in hand. Two yellow books as well as the purple medicinal herb foxglove are displayed on the table. The foxglove in the painting is a plant from which digitalis is extracted for the treatment of certain heart complaints, perhaps an attribute of Gachet as a physician.

The doctor's "sensitive face", which Van Gogh wrote to Paul Gauguin carried "the heartbroken expression of our time", is described by Robert Wallace as the portrait's focus. Wallace described the ultramarine blue coat of Gachet, set against a background of hills painted a lighter blue, as highlighting the "tired, pale features and transparent blue eyes that reflect the compassion and melancholy of the man." Van Gogh himself said this expression of melancholy "would seem to look like a grimace to many who saw the canvas".

With the Portrait of Dr. Gachet, Van Gogh sought to create a "modern portrait", which he wrote to his sister "impassions me most—much, much more than all the rest of my métier." Elaborating on this quote, Van Gogh scholar Jan Hulsker noted "... much later generations experience it not only as psychologically striking, but also as a very unconventional and 'modern' portrait." He also wrote, "My self-portrait is done in nearly the same way but the blue is the fine blue of the Midi, and the clothes are a light lilac," which would refer to one of his final self-portraits painted in September the year previous.

Van Gogh also wrote to Wilhelmina regarding the Portraits of Madame Ginoux he painted first in Arles in 1888 and again in February 1890 while at the hospital in Saint-Rémy. The second set were styled after the portrait of the same figure by Gauguin, and Van Gogh described Gachet's enthusiasm upon viewing the version painted earlier that year, which the artist had carried with him to the home in Auvers. Van Gogh subsequently carried compositional elements from this portrait to that of Dr. Gachet, including the table-top with two books and pose of the figure with head leaning on one hand.

Original version
First sold in 1897 by Van Gogh's sister-in-law Johanna van Gogh-Bonger for 300 francs, the painting was subsequently bought by Paul Cassirer (1904), Kessler (1904), and Druet (1910). In 1911, the painting was acquired by the Städel (Städtische Galerie) in Frankfurt, Germany and hung there until 1933, when the painting was put in a hidden room. The Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda confiscated the work in 1937 as part of its campaign to rid Germany of so-called degenerate art. Hermann Göring, through his agent Sepp Angerer, sold it to Franz Koenigs in Paris, together with The Quarry of Bibemus by Cézanne and Daubigny's Garden, also by van Gogh. In August 1939, Koenigs transported the paintings from Paris to Knoedler's in New York. Siegfried Kramarsky fled to Lisbon in November 1939 and arrived January 1940 in New York. The paintings ended up in Kramarsky's custody, where the work was often lent to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Kramarsky's family put the painting up for auction at Christie's New York on May 15, 1990, where it became famous for Ryoei Saito, honorary chairman of Daishowa Paper Manufacturing Co., paying US$82.5 million for it ($75 million, plus a 10 percent buyer's commission), making it then the world's most expensive painting. Two days later Saito bought Renoir's Bal du moulin de la Galette for nearly as much: $78.1 million at Sotheby's. The 75-year-old Japanese businessman commented that he would have the Van Gogh painting cremated with him after his death. Though he later said he would consider giving the painting to the Japanese government or a museum, no information has been made public about the exact location and ownership of the portrait since his death in 1996. Reports in 2007 said the painting was sold a decade earlier to the Austrian-born investment fund manager Wolfgang Flöttl. Flöttl, in turn, had reportedly been forced by financial reversals to sell the painting to parties as yet unknown. The Städel hired a private investigator to locate the painting, hoping to show it in an exhibition in 2019. It could not be found and instead the original frame still owned by the museum was put on display empty.

Second version

There is a second version of the portrait which was owned by Gachet himself. In the early 1950s, along with the remainder of his personal collection of Post-Impressionist paintings, it was bequeathed to the Republic of France by his heirs.

The authenticity of the second version has often come under scrutiny due to a number of factors. In a letter dated 3 June 1890 to Theo, Vincent mentions his work on the portrait, which includes "... a yellow book and a foxglove plant with purple flowers." The subsequent letter sent to Wilhelmina also mentions "yellow novels and a foxglove flower." As the yellow novels are absent from the second version of the painting, the letters clearly reference only the original version. Dr. Gachet, as well as his son, also named Paul, were amateur artists themselves. Along with original works, they often made copies of the Post-Impressionist paintings in the elder Gachet's collection, which included not only works by Van Gogh, but Cézanne, Monet, Renoir and others. These copies were self-declared, and signed under the pseudonyms Paul and Louis Van Ryssel, yet the practice has thrown the entire Gachet collection into question, including the doctor's portrait. Additionally, some critics have noted the sheer number of works to emerge from Van Gogh's stay in Auvers, roughly eighty in seventy days, and questioned whether he painted them all himself.

Partly in response to these accusations, the Musée d'Orsay, which holds the second version of the Gachet portrait as well as the other works originally owned by the doctor, held an exhibit in 1999 of his former collection. In addition to the paintings by Van Gogh and the other Post-Impressionist masters, the exhibition was accompanied by works of the elder and younger Gachet. Prior to the exhibition, the museum commissioned infrared, ultraviolet and chemical analysis of eight works each by Van Gogh, Cézanne, and the Gachets for comparison. The studies showed pigments on the Van Gogh paintings faded differently from the Gachet copies. It also emerged that the Gachet paintings were drawn with outlines and filled with paint, whereas the Van Gogh and Cézanne works were painted directly to canvas. Van Gogh also used the same rough canvas for all his paintings at Auvers, with the exception of The Church at Auvers (whose authenticity has never been questioned). In addition to scientific evidence, defenders say that while the second version of the Portrait of Dr. Gachet is often considered to be of lesser quality than many of Van Gogh's works in Arles, it is superior in technique to anything painted by either the elder or younger Gachet.

Dutch scholar J. B. de la Faille, who compiled the first exhaustive catalog of Van Gogh works in 1928, noted in his manuscript, "We consider this painting a very weak replica of the preceding one, missing the piercing look" of the original. Editors of the posthumous 1970 edition of Faille's book disagreed with his assessment, stating they considered both works to be of high quality.

Etching
Van Gogh, introduced to etching by Gachet, made the etching Portrait of Doctor Gachet in 1890. Gachet and Van Gogh discussed creating a series of southern France themes but that never happened. This was the one and only etching, also known as L'homme à la pipe (Man with a pipe), that Van Gogh ever made. Van Gogh's brother, Theo, who received an impression of the etching, called it "a true painter's etching. No refinement in the execution, but a drawing on metal." It is a different pose than that in Van Gogh's Portrait of Dr. Gachet, owned by Musée d'Orsay. The National Gallery of Canada finds that "The undulating flow of the line is typical of the expressive quality of Van Gogh's late style." The impression owned by the National Gallery is from one of the 60 printings following Van Gogh's death by Dr. Gachet's son, Paul Gachet Jr. Gachet's collector's stamp appears on the bottom edge of the print.

title: Portrait of Dr. Gachet


text: User talk:67.94.205.21

title: User talk:67.94.205.21


text:
User talk:G praveen

Hello, "G praveen" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

P.S.: Please be sure to write in complete sentences, and when starting a new article please have at least a minimum of one full sentence explaining the topic. Cheers, -- Infrogmation 20:47, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:G praveen


text:
Rieder

Rieder is a village and a former municipality in the district of Harz, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 December 2013, it is part of the town Ballenstedt. Between 1 January 2011 and 19 February 2013, it was part of the town Quedlinburg.

There is a grauwacke quarry here which is also checkpoint 61 on the Harzer Wandernadel.

title: Rieder


text: Talk:Necessary Angels

title: Talk:Necessary Angels


text:
Talk:Gertrude Stein

Questioning the neutrality of the Critical reception section
By my count, in the "Critical reception" section there are nine negative reviews of Stein's works, one positive, and one neutral. It has been this way for nearly 10 years now. I don't know how to go about finding sources that might reflect the reality better (she is still widely studied in academia which would be unlikely if 90% of the world detested her as much as indicated in that section). Should this section be trimmed until a more neutral editor can provide less negative sources? SQGibbon (talk) 20:27, 26 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Critical reception is meant to be critical, is it not? If you believe the article needs more neutrality, perhaps suggesting a generalized "reception" section would be more appropriate. Personally, I don't have a problem with the level of criticism presented in the article (and I believe treating it as a statistic is heavy-handed and 'agendistic'), but I do think it's rather bloated. Any famous person, especially someone radical like Stein, has plenty of people who are unhappy with them. Additionally, being studied is not a good indicator of virtue. 50.247.181.41 (talk) 14:59, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Academic criticism is not the same thing as piling on someone. I get that the words are the same, but in context they have different meanings. Academia criticism is meant to explain a work while sometimes discussing the positive and negative aspects of the work. Being critical in the sense you are using is only meant to express disdain for a work. The former is what we want in Wikipedia (and any encyclopedia), the latter doesn't belong here at all.

 * "Personally, I don't have a problem with the level of criticism presented in the article"
 * Ok, but does the section match Wikipedia guidelines and policies? It seems pretty heavily biased.

 * "I believe treating it as a statistic is heavy-handed and 'agendistic'"
 * Almost all of the negative criticism was inserted by a single editor who clearly had an agenda. All I'm trying to do is fix that initial wrong.

 * "Any famous person, especially someone radical like Stein, has plenty of people who are unhappy with them"
 * I have no problem with listing negative responses to Stein, that is fair and what Wikipedia is all about.

 * "being studied is not a good indicator of virtue"
 * I never said anything about virtue or quality. What I did say is that given how much she is studied, there must be plenty of people (including critics) who like her work and certainly more than the 10% that the previous editor implied by how they edited the section. If it really is only 10% then we need a source for this to explain the current disparity in that section. Otherwise, we should take our lead from other articles where both sides are generally presented in a fair manner with at least an appearance of equal treatment. As it stands now, that section is heavily biased. That is not how Wikipedia operates.

 * "I do think it's rather bloated"
 * That is another good argument for trimming the section down. SQGibbon (talk) 17:59, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

Ok, I trimmed the section down. It still has negative view but is better balanced/more neutral. SQGibbon (talk) 22:53, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

legacy
There is a reference to the "Gertrude Stein Democratic Club" at Muriel Bowser. Spicemix (talk) 11:07, 26 October 2022 (UTC)

Photo of alleged "childhood home of Gertrude Stein"
There is no known evidence in land records, utility records, etc. that the building pictured is the building where Gertrude Stein was born. Professional title examiners have searched County land records, as have persons in the business of validating such historical data. No known documents have been produced that validate that Gertrude Stein was born in the building in the photo. The plaque on the wall of the building is an artifact, attached approximately 70 years or more after Stein's birth date, at a time when the neighborhood was attempting renovation, having been virtually abandoned by its original owners. If someone can document the validity of the claim that Stein was born in the building in the photo, the evidence should be produced. Sapienttwo (talk) 17:40, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Stop vandalizing the article It's referenced...Modernist (talk) 17:51, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

 * The edits aren't vandalism. Please assume good faith. PhilKnight (talk) 17:56, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * What is meant by "it's referenced'? Sapienttwo (talk) 11:43, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Check this out: Help:Referencing for beginners...Modernist (talk) 16:49, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that.
 * The linked material explains "reference" but not the application to "it's".
 * Specifically, how is the photo of a building alleged to be where GS was born "referenced" to verify that claim? Sapienttwo (talk) 17:41, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The photo that you deleted was referenced by this link: Gertrude Stein house...Modernist (talk) 17:58, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the courtesy in supplying link to the Allegheny City Society.
 * Was that link embedded in the deleted caption under the photo, or in footnotes, or elsewhere? Sapienttwo (talk) 23:58, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, it was linked as a reference to the photo. That's why I returned the photo to the article...Modernist (talk) 00:21, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks another time.
 * Do you mind showing me where in the text of the Wikipedia article the link was embedded? Sapienttwo (talk) 00:32, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Ok, I'm gonna put the photo back and the reference is at the end of the caption...Modernist (talk) 02:22, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Click on the number 10 at the caption end; that goes to the link...Modernist (talk) 02:25, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I see. Sapienttwo (talk) 06:50, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gertrude Stein


text:
Drafting

Drafting or draughting may refer to:

 * Campdrafting, an Australian equestrian sport
 * Drafting (aerodynamics), slipstreaming
 * Drafting (writing), writing something that is likely to be amended
 * Technical drawing, the act and discipline of composing diagrams that communicates how something functions or is to be constructed. E.g.:
 * Architectural drawing
 * Electrical drawing
 * Engineering drawing
 * Plumbing drawing
 * Structural drawing
 * Textile manufacturing weaving pattern
 * Conscription into compulsory military service
 * Draft (sports), where new players are chosen by the teams rather than the players choosing their teams
 * Drafting, a hand spinning method of preparing fibers for spinning into yarn
 * Drafting dog, a dog drawing a cart

title: Drafting


text: File:Nullmodem.png

title: File:Nullmodem.png


text:
Canal Walk

Canal Walk is a shopping centre located in Cape Town, South Africa. It is the largest shopping centre in the city. Built in what the developers call "Cape Venetian architecture", the shopping centre hosts over 400 stores, 7,000 parking bays, numerous restaurants, a Nu Metro cinema complex with 12 screens plus a game arcade.

The mall is home to some of the best-known stores around the world.

title: Canal Walk


text:
Amundsen (disambiguation)

Roald Amundsen was a Norwegian polar explorer.

Amundsen may also refer to:

 * Amundsen (surname), people with the surname
 * Sophie Amundsen, a fictional character from the novel Sophie's World
 * Amundsen (crater), a large crater on the Moon
 * Amundsen (film), a 2019 Norwegian film about Roald Amundsen
 * CCGS Amundsen, a Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker and Arctic research ship
 * Amundsen High School, in Chicago, Illinois
 * Amundsen, one of two probes on the NASA Deep Space 2 mission

title: Amundsen (disambiguation)


text:
User:Stevegiacomelli

What Wikipedia is not. Wikipedia apparently its not a source of reliable scholarly information but rather a consortium of nerds with no central planning authority.

This project is poorly planed, poorly cordinated and poorly executed.

The idea holds merit but currently this is horribly executed.

There is a danger with Wikipedia, the danger is that it will replace other more reliable sources of information and cause the difusion of mis-information resulting in the dumbing down of civilization.

There is no coordination between different language versions, no coordinated effort to categorize things properly and pages generally exist outside of context.

The documents are not stored in any real structual form, and this limits the usefulness of them.

Don't bother responding to me or this since i am inactive forever.

title: User:Stevegiacomelli


text: User talk:80.200.248.201

title: User talk:80.200.248.201


text:
Mixed-excitation linear prediction

Mixed-excitation linear prediction (MELP) is a United States Department of Defense speech coding standard used mainly in military applications and satellite communications, secure voice, and secure radio devices. Its standardization and later development was led and supported by the NSA and NATO. The current "enhanced" version is known as MELPe.

History
The initial MELP was invented by Alan McCree around 1995 while a graduate student at the Center for Signal and Image Processing (CSIP) at Georgia Tech, and the original MELP related patents have expired by now. That initial speech coder was standardized in 1997 and was known as MIL-STD-3005. It surpassed other candidate vocoders in the US DoD competition, including: (a) Frequency Selective Harmonic Coder (FSHC), (b) Advanced Multi-Band Excitation (AMBE), (c) Enhanced Multiband Excitation (EMBE), (d) Sinusoid Transform Coder (STC), and (e) Subband LPC Coder (SBC). Due to its lower complexity than Waveform Interpolative (WI) coder, the MELP vocoder won the DoD competition and was selected for MIL-STD-3005.

MIL-STD-3005
Between 1998 and 2001, a new MELP-based vocoder was created at half the rate (i.e. 1200 bit/s), and substantial enhancements were added to the MIL-STD-3005 by SignalCom (later acquired by Microsoft), Compandent, and AT&T Corporation, which included (a) additional new vocoder at half the rate (i.e. 1200 bit/s), (b) substantially improved encoding (analysis), (c) substantially improved decoding (synthesis), (d) Noise-Preprocessing for removing background noise, (e) transcoding between the 2400 bit/s and 1200 bit/s bitstreams, and (f) new postfilter. This fairly significant development was aimed to create a new coder at half the rate and have it interoperable with the old MELP standard. This enhanced-MELP (also known as MELPe) was adopted as the new MIL-STD-3005 in 2001 in form of annexes and supplements made to the original MIL-STD-3005, enabling the same quality as the old 2400 bit/s MELP's at half the rate. One of the greatest advantages of the new 2400 bit/s MELPe is that it shares the same bit format as MELP, and hence can interoperate with legacy MELP systems, but would deliver better quality at both ends. MELPe provides much better quality than all older military standards, especially in noisy environments such as battlefield and vehicles and aircraft.

STANAG-4591 (NATO)
In 2002, following extensive competition and testing, the 2400 and 1200 bit/s US DoD MELPe was adopted also as NATO standard, known as STANAG-4591. The NATO testing performance measurements included voice intelligibility, voice quality, speaker recognition, language dependency, speaker dependency, 10 acoustic noise environments, transmission channel under 1% BER, tandem using 16 kbit/s CVSD vocoder, whispered speech, and real-time implementation. The testing data included Over 36,000 files, or 500 hours of speech under various conditions and languages. As part of NATO testing for new NATO standard, MELPe was tested against other candidates such as France's HSX (Harmonic Stochastic eXcitation) and Turkey's SB-LPC (Split-Band Linear Predictive Coding), as well as the old secure voice standards such as FS1015 LPC-10e (2.4 kbit/s), FS1016 CELP (4.8 kbit/s) and CVSD (16 kbit/s). Subsequently, the MELPe won also the NATO competition, surpassing the quality of all other candidates as well as the quality of all old secure voice standards (CVSD, CELP and LPC-10e). The NATO competition concluded that MELPe substantially improved performance (in terms of speech quality, intelligibility, and noise immunity), while reducing throughput requirements. The NATO testing also included interoperability tests, used over 200 hours of speech data, and was conducted by 3 test laboratories worldwide. Compandent Inc, as a part of MELPe-based projects performed for NSA and NATO, provided NSA and NATO with special test-bed platform known as MELCODER device that provided the golden reference for real-time implementation of MELPe. The low-cost FLEXI-232 Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) made by Compandent, which are based on the MELCODER golden reference, are very popular and widely used for evaluating and testing MELPe in real-time, various channels & networks, and field conditions.

In 2005, a new 600 bit/s rate MELPe variation by Thales Group (France) was added (without extensive competition and testing as performed for the 2400/1200 bit/s MELPe) to the NATO standard STANAG-4591.

300 bit/s MELP
In 2010, MIT Lincoln Labs, Compandent, BBN, and General Dynamics also developed for DARPA a 300 bit/s MELP device. Its quality was better than the 600 bit/s MELPe, but its algorithmic delay was longer.

Implementations
The MELPe has been implemented in many applications including secure radio devices, satellite communications, VoIP, and cellphone applications. In such applications, additional expertise is required for combating channel errors, packet loss, and synchronization loss. Such expertise requires the understanding of the MELPe's bits sensitivity to errors. The 2400 bit/s and 1200 bit/s MELPe include synchronization bit, which is useful in serial communications.

Compression level
MELPe is intended for the compression of speech. Given an audio input sampled at 8 kHz, the MELPe codec yields the following compression ratios over a 64 kbit/s μ-Law G.711 datastream, discounting the effects of protocol overhead:

Generally, speech coding involves a trade-off of different aspects including bit-rate, speech quality, delay (frame size and lookahead), computational complexity, robustness to different speakers and languages, robustness to different background noises, channel error robustness, and also codec state recovery in the face of packet loss. Since the MELPe's lower rates (600 and 1200 bit/s) are supersets of the 2400 bit/s rate, the algorithm complexity (e.g. in MIPS) is about the same for all rates. The lower rates use increased frames and lookahead, as well as codebook size, therefore they require more memory.

Intellectual property rights
MELPe (and/or its derivatives) is subject to IPR licensing from the following companies, Texas Instruments (2400 bit/s MELP algorithm / source code), Microsoft (1200 bit/s transcoder), Thales Group (600 bit/s rate), Compandent, and AT&T (Noise Pre-Processor NPP).

title: Mixed-excitation linear prediction


text:
Menlyn Park

Menlyn Park Shopping Centre is a large shopping mall in Menlyn, Pretoria, South Africa, owned by development company Pareto. It is designed around three spaces – the Food Court, the keyhole malls and focal points, and a large internal garden square surrounded by restaurants. Menlyn Park has a total lettable floor space of 177,000m², over 500 stores, 16 parking entrances, 12 parking exits and 8,250 parking bays. It is situated at the corner of Lois Avenue and Atterbury Road, close to the passing N1 highway (Pretoria Eastern Bypass).

History
Menlyn Park Shopping Centre, named after the suburb in which it is located, was originally built in 1979. It was transformed and expanded in 1988 by Bild Architects. Menlyn Park used to be the property of Old Mutual Properties from London, England, but is currently owned by Pareto Limited, a shopping centre investment firm wholly owned by the Public Investment Corporation. Since its inception, Menlyn Park has undergone a number of renovations.

First redesign
In 1998, an American design firm, Development Design Group, designed Menlyn's unique appearance. Menlyn Park had over 300 stores and 37 restaurants as well as a rooftop Drive In Theatre and a Nu Metro cineplex.

Expansion
In 2000, the mall underwent another expansion, increasing the floor space to 118,253m² and the store number to 300.

Modernisation and refurbishment
November 2016 saw the completion of another major expansion, which increased the floor area to approximately 177,000m² with 500 shops in total. The R2,5-billion, two-year phased refurbishment has converted the site to become the regional shopping centre in Tshwane. BILD Architects and Terra Ether Architects designed the new structure while Concor Construction executed the works.

The new building attained a 4-star Green Star Retail Design rating by the Green Building Council of South Africa (GBCSA) for the efforts to develop the first building phase of the redevelopment along environmentally friendly design and construction principles

title: Menlyn Park


text:
Jeth

Jeṭh (Shahmukhi: ; Gurmukhi: ਜੇਠ) is a third month of the Punjabi calendar and the Nanakshahi calendar, which governs the activities within Sikhism.

This month coincides with Jyeshtha in the Hindu calendar and the Indian national calendar, and May and June in the Gregorian and Julian calendars and is 31 days long.

May

 * May 15 (1 Jeth) - The start of the month Jeth
 * May 23 (9 Jeth) - Birth of Guru Amar Das

June

 * June 11 (28 Jeth) - Gur Gadi of Guru Har Gobind
 * June 15 (1 Harh) - The end of the month Jeth and the start of Harh

title: Jeth


text:
User talk:Jdavis3

Hello, "Jdavis3" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

-- Infrogmation 20:56, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

title: User talk:Jdavis3


text:
Talk:Lilburn Boggs

Name - Lilliburn W. Boggs
Isn't his name 'Lilliburn W. Boggs'? I have seen more references to that name than the one currently posted. Jgardner 20:56, 2004 Oct 18 (UTC)

 * You have? Where? The History of the Church and D. Michael Quinn (Origins of Power) use this spelling. If you're refering to this link, that's clearly a typo. saintswithouthalos has 7 other pages with this spelling in it. According to google, there are over 1800 examples of Lilburn W. Boggs online, but only two Lilliburn. It is a common-enough typo to merit redirect though. Cool Hand Luke (Communicate!)  21:14, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

There are two Lilburn Boggs. One is Gov. Lilburn Wycliff Boggs and the other is his Great Grandson, Lilburn F. Boggs, born to one of the son's of William Montgomery and Sonora Hicklin in Sonoma, California. Dr. Thomas Jefferson Boggs was the only brother of Gov. Lilburn Wycliff Boggs. Dr. Thomas Jefferson Boggs was my Great, Great Grandfather. Gov. Boggs and Panthea Grant Boone had 10 children, 7 boys and 3 girls. Panthea Grant Boone was the Granddaughter of Daniel and Rebecca Bryan Boone. Daniel Boones son Jesse Bryan Boone is the father of Panthea Grant Boone. This information is from family history I have aquired. DRCook, West Jordan, Utah.

 * Actually, there were at least five Lilburn Boggses -- the governor and three grandsons (by three different sons, distinguished from one another by their middle names), and the great grandson mentioned. Several sources give Boggs' middle name as Williams, not Wycliff. Does anybody have a good 19th century source to verify what the W really stood for? --Reader

 * A recent anon is asserting that Williams is the appropriate name, citing his gravestone as documentation. I have nothing personally invested in Wycliffe, as it was used here before I began editing the page.  All but one secondary source that I personally have to hand simply uses W., the other uses Wycliffe.  But as Wikipedia practice encourages the documentation of significant changes to a page (Verifiability), whether from a written source or an online link, other sources would be important before such a change is made.  I will not revert again right away, but would like to see source material in the near future.  Perhaps one that refers to a primary document from Boggs' time?  WBardwin 06:27, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Why not just leave it at "Lilburn W. Boggs" until somebody can offer definitive proof one way or the other? I haven't seen any documentation whatsoever that it was "Wycliffe," but I have seen photos of the gravestone with "Williams."

 * Photo of Boggs' grave with "Williams" clearly visible at http://www.jwha.info/mmff/boggs.htm

That headstone was erected more than 50 years after Boggs' death by a local association that perhaps did perform due diligence. Wycliff is the name in the Boggs' family bible, letters, etc (my grandfather was the Governor's direct great-great-great grandson) someone changed Wycliff to Williams a few years ago on Wikipedia (it formally said Wycliff) and it spread like a virus. — Preceding unsigned comment added by RKboggs (talk • contribs) 12:56, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

'Legal to "exterminate" Mormons in Missouri'
This language is absurd, paranoid, PoV, and inflammatory:
 * For over 130 years it was legal to "exterminate" Mormons in Missouri until ...

On the other hand, --Jerzy•t 21:20, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * If it is verifiable that that is what Mormons are taught, we should state that.
 * If that's what Bond said in his apology, we should state that.
 * And no doubt there were anti-Mormon Missourians who thot an executive order could suspend the homicide laws (perhaps despite, besides before, the "due process" amendments). If any of them can be verified to have acted upon that belief those could even be events worthy not only of mention here but of individual articles. But even instances of such a belief or defense would have to be distinguished from crimes committed in the atmosphere that at least the decade or so that included such an order would stem from and perpetuate; probably many (and perhaps most) went unpunished because of something entirely different from it being legal, or even being believed legal. For example, false claims of self-defense or of accidental deaths, that produced reasonable doubt or jury nullification, may be an aspect of the religion-based parallel of genocide ( [wink] credocide, 2 of about 7? credicide, 37 of about 320? ), but they are not instances of acts of "extermination" being legal.

Thank you, Jerzy, for injecting a note of reason!

Boggs bullet comes out in meeting
I recall in History class hearing that one of the BB's from assassination attempt came through Boggs nose while he was speaking before the State Senate, to which he replied something along the lines of "I told you there were a few things loose" Can anyone verify this  71.213.75.114 00:20, 12 March 2007 (UTC) Ok, I'm not an authority on guns but - a revolver that fires buckshot?! This seems pretty fanciful to me. More likely he was shot with a shotgun. Only response to the above post - buckshot wouldn't be BB's. Buckshot is pretty nice size, like a small ball bearing.Eggerst 22:11, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

I just did a quick Google search and came up with Buckshot revolvers hits. It appears they did exist. 92.20.17.31 (talk) 23:40, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned Image
I posted the official portrait of Boggs. The image below has an attribution issue but I don't want to be the one who orphans or deletes it. Americasroof 01:38, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Pro-Mormom 'spin'?
At first reading this article strikes me as having some WP:POV and neutrality issues. It seems very "pro-Mormon" if you will, with some rather inflamatory language. I'm not anti-Mormon at all, so don't jump down my pie hole, I'm just "pro-Neutrality". How about a rewrite using more sources not associated with the LDS point of view? Think I'll add this to my growing list of Mo. Governor projects to work on, but it may be awhile. Anyone else want to take a crack at it first be my guest. Have a great Wiki kinda day! Sector001 (talk) 16:09, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

Assassination attempt, don't believe there was an actual trial
The info in the article has a reference or two claiming that there was a trial of Porter Rockwell and that he was acquitted (while some other articles say he was convicted.) But, various other things I've read indicate that instead the grand jury did not find enough evidence to issue an indictment for murder. Therefore, there was no trial for murder. The Porter Rockwell article does indicate an indictment and conviction for Rockwell's jail break while under arrest, but that is a separate matter. Why the discrepancy? Is there a definitive well researched account that has all of the particulars? Red Harvest (talk) 01:24, 16 June 2014 (UTC)

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Citation Not Needed?
A Citation Needed flag is affixed to "although most of Boggs' contemporaries remained convinced of his guilt." It seems to me this phrase constitutes OR and is not neutral. As such, it should require no citation, only deletion. In addition, "cotemporaries" is ambiguous. If a citation could be found, the wording would first require a definition of who is meant by "contemporaries." Finally, Boggs remained convinced of Porter's guilt but we know of no evidence or reason for his belief. So if others shared this belief, it is of value to know it as relevant to the scene but not mistake it as adding legitimacy to the belief. I would not be too surprised to find out that in fact, someone like Porter did pull the trigger but this article should reflect the fact that we have no evidence or reason to indict Porter. But this does not mean that Boggs had no reason, we just do not know if he did have. 2601:545:4400:4CB0:227E:9BD5:EA23:44AB (talk) 18:04, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lilburn Boggs


text:
Sawan

Sāwaṇ or Sāuṇ (Shahmukhi: ; Gurmukhi: ਸਾਵਣ, ਸਾਉਣ, ) is the fifth month in the Punjabi calendar and the Nanakshahi calendar.

Many Indian calendars started in different eras such as Shaka Calendar (national calendar of India) traditional Vikrama as well as the Nanakshahi calendar which governs the activities within Sikhism. This month coincides with the Sanskrit श्रावण Shraavana in the Hindu calendar and the Indian national calendar, with which it shares derivation, and with July and August in the Gregorian and Julian calendars and is 31 days long, like the Gregorian and Julian calendars.

This month is the most humid month of the year in South Asia.

July

 * July 16 - Aug 15 (1 Sawan) - The start of the month Sawan
 * July 23 (8 Sawan) - Birth of Guru Har Krishan

August

 * August 16 (1 Bhadon) - The end of the month Sawan(sawansasaram) and the start of Bhadon

title: Sawan


text:
Evening Star (Fripp & Eno album)

Evening Star is the second studio album by British musicians Robert Fripp and Brian Eno. It was recorded from 1974 to 1975 and released in December 1975 by Island Records.

Background and recording
Evening Star and the preceding seven-show European tour by Fripp and Eno marked Fripp's first musical output after King Crimson disbanded for the first time, and his last before temporarily retiring from music to study at John G. Bennett's International Academy for Continuous Education.

Content
AllMusic described Evening Star as "a less harsh, more varied affair [than (No Pussyfooting)], closer to Eno's then-developing idea of ambient music than what had come before". The first three tracks consist of Frippertronics accented with effects, synthesizer and piano by Eno. Track four, "Wind on Wind", is a remix of a short excerpt from Eno's Discreet Music, released a week after Evening Star. Eno had originally intended for Fripp to use the material which became Discreet Music as a backing tape to play over in improvised live performances.

The second side of the album consists entirely of a twenty-eight-minute piece of Frippertronics-based drone music titled "An Index of Metals", in which distortion increases as the track progresses.

The album's cover is a painting by Peter Schmidt.

Release
Evening Star was released in December 1975 by Island Records. It was Fripp's only album to be released during his brief retirement.

Legacy
Tracks from Evening Star were used in the radio series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Primary Phase. "Wind on Water" and "Wind on Wind" were included on the soundtrack to the 1983 film Breathless.

Track listing
All tracks written by Brian Eno and Robert Fripp, except "Wind on Wind" by Eno.

 * Side A

 * 1) "Wind on Water" – 5:30
 * 2) "Evening Star" – 7:48
 * 3) "Evensong" – 2:53
 * 4) "Wind on Wind" – 2:56

 * Side B

 * 1) "An Index of Metals" – 28:36

Personnel

 * Robert Fripp – electric guitar
 * Brian Eno – tape loops, synthesizer, piano
 * Peter Schmidt – artwork

title: Evening Star (Fripp & Eno album)


text:
Cricklade

Cricklade is a town and civil parish on the River Thames in north Wiltshire, England, midway between Swindon and Cirencester. It is the first downstream town on the Thames. The parish population at the 2011 census was 4,227.

History
Cricklade was founded in the 9th century by the Anglo-Saxons, at the point where the Ermin Way Roman road crossed the River Thames. It was the home of a royal mint from 979 to 1100; there are some Cricklade coins in the town museum. The Domesday Book of 1086 records a settlement at Crichelade, with a church, and at the centre of a hundred of the same name.

Anglo-Saxon fortification
Cricklade is one of thirty burhs (boroughs, i.e. fortresses or fortified towns) recorded in the Burghal Hidage document, which describes a system of fortresses and fortified towns built around Wessex by King Alfred. Recent research suggests these burhs were built in the short period 878–879 to defend Wessex against the Vikings under Guthrum, and to act as an offensive to the Viking presence in Mercia. Cricklade was an important part of these defences, being a short distance down Ermin Way from Cirencester, where the Vikings made their base for a year. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, completion of this system precipitated the retreat of the Vikings from Mercia and London to East Anglia in late 879.

The square defences of the fortification have been excavated in several places on all four sides since the 1940s, possibly making them the most extensively sampled fortification of the period. In the initial phase, a walkway of laid stones marked the rear of a bank of stacked turfs and clay which had been dug from three external ditches. In the second phase, the front of the bank, which after only a short time probably became degraded, was replaced by a stone wall. This wall enclosed the defences on all four sides, considerably strengthening the defensive capabilities of the burh. It has recently been suggested the stone wall was inserted in the 890s. Other burhs of the Burghal Hidage were also strengthened with stone walls, which suggests this was part of a systematic upgrade of the defensive provisions for Wessex, ordered by the king.

The third phase is marked by systematic razing of the stone wall, which was pulled down over the inner berm (the space between the wall and the inner ditch). The stones were used to fill the inner two ditches, which shows the process was deliberate. A similar phase can be seen in the archaeological record at Christchurch, Dorset, another burh of the Hidage. Observations at other burhs suggest this phase of destruction was implemented over the whole of Wessex as a concerted policy, again, by inference, on the part of the king. The destruction may be linked to the accession of King Cnut in the early 11th century, to prevent the burhs being seized and used against him by his rivals.

The fourth phase is marked by reuse of the original Anglo-Saxon defences by inserting a timber palisade along the line of the original wall. This probably marks a renewal of the defences of the town during the civil war of 1144 under King Stephen.

There is little archaeological evidence of the community protected by these defences in the Saxon period, although there are signs that streets were laid out in a regular fashion behind the main north–south High Street. A gate in the northern line of the defences led to a causeway over the flood plain of the Thames and a bridge over the river, which was probably of a defensive nature.

Other settlements
Widhill, south-east of Cricklade beyond the River Ray, had two small estates at the time of Domesday Book and was later a tithing of St Sampson's parish, Cricklade. In 1934 the boundary of Cricklade parish was redrawn along the river, transferring the Widhill area into Blunsdon St Andrew parish (since 2017, St Andrews parish).

Later history
On John Speed's 1611 map of Wiltshire, the town's name is recorded as Crekelade. Cricklade Museum houses several publications recounting further historical details of the town and its people.

The Jubilee Clock, on a cast-iron pillar, stands at a road junction on the High Street. It was erected in 1897 to mark Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.

Governance
The civil parish elects a town council. It is in the area of Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which performs most of the major local-government functions.

Outlying hamlets in Cricklade parish are Calcutt, Chelworth Lower Green, Chelworth Upper Green, Hailstone Hill and Horsey Down.

There is an electoral ward with the name of Cricklade and Latton, which combines Cricklade parish with its neighbours to the north east: Latton and Marston Maisey. The ward population recorded in the 2011 census was 4,982.

The parish is in the North Wiltshire parliamentary constituency. From 1295 the Cricklade constituency returned two members of parliament. This parliamentary borough represented just the town until 1782, when its boundaries were extended into the surrounding countryside. It later came to include Swindon, then a village. In 1885, Cricklade became a county constituency electing a single member. Cricklade constituency was abolished in 1918, with the town joining Chippenham, which was renamed to North Wiltshire in 1983 and had its boundaries redrawn in 2010, when Chippenham was given its own seat.

Rugby Union
The club was founded in 1992 by ex-school players from many schools, meeting at the bar of the Vale Hotel, Cricklade, then owned by ex-President and life members the Ross family. Initially players were committed to other clubs, so Sunday fixtures were played, the first one against Aldbourne on 6 September. In its second season the fixtures moved to Saturdays. The club joined the Dorset and Wilts leagues in 1994, but withdrew as the travelling involved was too burdensome. They were able to rejoin in 2001 when the leagues were re-structured into North and South.

The club originally used pitches from Prior Park School and the Duke of Gloucester Barracks. Since 2001 it has played on a prepared pitch in the town leased by the town council. The first game to be held there was between Cricklade and the President's Select XV squad from all rival clubs – about a dozen clubs formed the squad, who played in Gloucester jerseys donated for the day by Gloucester RFC.

Over the years Cricklade Rugby Club has toured over England, West and South Wales and Ireland, with teams spanning a broad range of levels of skill and age category.

Shows and festivals
The Cricklade Show is held each summer, typically featuring music, dancing and a cricket match.

The town holds an annual festival, usually taking place on Father's Day in June.

Charity sports
Run annually in the first Sunday of October, the Cricklade Fun Run hosts a half marathon, 10 km and Fun Run event for around 750 runners. This raises funds for a number of local charities.

The Cricklade Triathlon runs in the summer for both adults and juniors.

Leisure centre
Towards the end of 2006, North Wiltshire District Council proposed closing the leisure centre. After a campaign, the local residents took over the running of the centre and were successful in turning its fortunes. It has a swimming pool, sports hall with a range of markings, a bar and lounge area with balcony and barbecue, a skate park, and children's play areas. In 2009, money was raised for a climbing wall.

Cricket
Cricklade Cricket Club was established in 1877 and has been located since 1947 on the north side of Cricklade, where its ground (Southam) is next to the River Thames. For the 2016 season the club is running two senior Saturday teams, a friendly Sunday team, a midweek team and three youth teams (U15, U13 and U11s), all in the local Cotswold District Cricket Association leagues.

Association football
Cricklade Town F.C. is a non-League football team which plays at the Cricklade Leisure Centre.

Cricklade Youth Football Club provides and promotes the playing of association football for the youth of Cricklade from U7s to U16s. The club was the first in Wiltshire to gain the Wiltshire FA Charter Standard, an award for clubs across the country that meet the high standards required by the Football Association.

Cricklade cinema
Since Autumn 2013, Cricklade Town Hall has shown films every 4th Tuesday of the month from September to April. They include recent releases, classics, and non-mainstream films.

North Meadow
North Meadow is a large nature reserve which preserves some 80 per cent of Britain's wild snake's head fritillaries in its 150 acres. The meadow lies between the Thames and the Churn, which create a unique habitat for the fritillary by winter flooding. Such meadows were once common in Britain, but many were drained and ploughed for arable crops from the 1730s onwards. North Meadow escaped this owing to preservation of its court leet, the Saxon system of town governance that ensured the land was held in common. The site is now managed by Natural England, with support from the court leet.

Blakehill
In 2000, a disused airfield, formerly RAF Blakehill Farm, was bought from the Ministry of Defence by Wiltshire Wildlife Trust to form a second larger meadow of around 600 acre, which opened to the public in 2005. It rears a small quantity of organic grade beef, usually from rare breeds such as English Longhorns.

Cotswold Water Park
Cricklade lies between the east and west sections of Cotswold Water Park, an extensive nature reserve formed from disused gravel pits.

St Sampson's C of E Primary School
The state primary St Sampson's Church of England School was linked with the major local landmark, the Anglican St Sampson's parish church. It was divided in 1979 into two schools on the same Bath Road site: St Sampson's Infants' School, for ages 4–7, and St Sampson's C of E Junior School, for ages 7–11. In 2014, the schools merged again to form St Sampson's C of E (VC) Primary School.

Cricklade Manor Preparatory School
This private school is non-selective and has around 200 pupils aged 3–13. It is housed in the late 19th-century Manor House, which until 2017 housed a prep school linked to Prior Park College, Bath.

Former schools
Meadowpark School was an independent school established in 1996 for children aged 4–11, which closed in 2021. It was housed in the former St Mary's School, built in 1860 just south of the Town Bridge.

Anglican
St Sampson's is the town's Church of England parish church. Dating from the 12th century, it is dedicated to the 5th-century Welsh saint, Samson of Dol. The present building rests on the remains of another, Saxon, church of AD 890. The main part was built in 1240–1280, although on close inspection the earlier work can still be seen. The large tower with four corner pinnacles, the dominant landmark of the town, was built in 1551–1553 by John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, father-in-law to Lady Jane Grey. The church is a Grade I listed building.

Roman Catholic
Since 1984, St Mary's Church has been leased by the Catholic congregation, after it was declared redundant by the Church of England in 1981. The building is Grade II* listed.

Standing just inside the Saxon town wall, it dates from the 12th century and has a low tower completed about 1400. St Mary's had its own small parish, the northern part of the town and its environs, until 1952, when it was united with St Sampson's.

The churchyard, south of the church, contains a complete 14th-century limestone cross, a Grade I listed structure.

United Church
Cricklade United Church, Calcutt Street, was built by Congregationalists in 1878, in front of a small meeting house of 1799 which is now the church hall. The congregation joined the United Reformed Church on its formation in 1972 and later merged with Methodists as Cricklade United Reformed and Methodist Church.

Former Methodist chapels
Primitive Methodists built a hall in Calcutt Street, near the High Street, in 1855, and the Wesleyans built theirs just north of the Town Bridge, near the Priory, in 1870.

In 1938 the two churches united and used the Calcutt Street hall. The Priory building was at first a Sunday school, then after the Second World War was taken over by Wiltshire County Council Education Department, and is now a community hall called Thames Hall. The Calcutt Street building became a doctors' surgery after the move to the United Church.

Motto, blooms and twinning
Cricklade's Latin motto In Loco Delicioso means "in a pleasant place". In 2008 the town was awarded Best Small Town in UK in the Royal Horticultural Society's Britain in Bloom Finals and in 2011 the Champion of Champions award in the Britain in Bloom competition.

Cricklade has been twinned with the French town of Sucé-sur-Erdre since 1990. In June 2010 the 20th anniversary was celebrated in Cricklade. Sucé lies just north of Nantes in the Loire Valley, 30 mi from the Atlantic coast. Visits are exchanged in alternate years. Cricklade Twinning Association also holds social events to raise funds towards hosting the visits by Sucé to Cricklade.

Saxons Rest controversy
In 2009 Cricklade Town Council (with help from Cricklade Bloomers) built a town garden on an open space near Waylands called Saxons Rest, which included two large flagpoles. This caused controversy among residents of the High Street, who considered their view across the open space would be spoilt and there would be noise from the halyards on the poles. The build went ahead despite a significant number signing a petition against it. The majority of opinion was against the flagpoles, considering them a needless and pretentious feature. Once built, the consensus became that it was an attractive feature and enhanced the area. The overriding feeling had been that the town's funds would be better directed elsewhere, for instance to prevention of crime and vandalism in the town, which was rising. The open space behind the garden is a scheduled monument, as this is the location of the Saxon town walls, although they are no longer visible.

Business and economy
Cricklade Business Association represents the local business community and has close links with other non-profit organisations, such as the Rotarians, the Waylands Trust, and the charity that runs the leisure centre.

An above-average proportion of the ward population ward was retired at the time of the 2011 census.

There is a local museum in Calcutt Street run by the Cricklade Historical Society, housed in a former Baptist chapel. T. R. Thomson of Costorphine was a long-time resident of Cricklade and a moving spirit behind the establishment of the society. His book Materials for a History of Cricklade and various articles have enhanced the study of local history in the town.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC South and BBC West on BBC One, and by ITV Meridian and ITV West Country on ITV1. Television signals can be received from either the Oxford or Mendip TV transmitters.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Wiltshire on 103.5 FM, Heart West on 97.2 FM, Greatest Hits Radio South West (formerly Sam FM) on 107.7 and Swindon 105.5, a community based radio station, broadcasts from its studios in Swindon on 105.5 FM.

The Swindon Advertiser and Gazette and Herald are the local newspapers that serve the town.

Notable people
In birth date order:
 * Robert of Cricklade (c. 1100 – c. 1174–1179) was a teacher and later prominent writer based in Cirencester Abbey and the Priory of St Frideswide, Oxford.
 * John Hungerford (c. 1566–1635) was a politician whose interest in Cricklade led him to build the market house in the High Street and a flying buttress for the Lady Chapel of St Sampson's Church.
 * Robert Jenner (1584–1651), merchant and politician, founded a school in Cricklade and was buried here.
 * Nevil Maskelyne (1611–1679), was a landowner and MP for Cricklade. He gained the town a weekly market and four fairs a year from 1662.
 * George R. Poulton (1828-1867), the American composer of the song "Aura", was born here.
 * Reginald Arkell (1882–1959), scriptwriter, novelist and humorist, died here.
 * Ellis Peters (1913–1995), set her medieval mystery novel Brother Cadfael's Penance in Cricklade.
 * Francis Maddison (1927–2006), historian and Arabist, directed archaeological excavations in Cricklade.

Transport
The Thames Path runs through Cricklade then continues downstream on the south bank to Eysey Footbridge, where it crosses to the other bank.

The North Wilts Canal, opened in 1819, passed to the west of the town, linking the Thames and Severn Canal with the Wilts and Berks Canal. Abandoned in the early 20th century, parts are now being restored. The Town Bridge, built in 1812, marks the limits of navigation rights on the River Thames.

Cricklade railway station on the Midland and South Western Junction Railway linked Swindon with Cirencester, but was closed in 1961 and no trace of the station remains. Part of the railway route forms a cycle path (National Cycle Route 45). South of the town, the Swindon and Cricklade Railway is restoring the line as a leisure facility. Since 2007 passenger trains have been run between Blunsdon and Hayes Knoll, and in 2014 the line was extended to Taw Valley Halt on the edge of Swindon. It is also being extended towards Cricklade. The nearest station to Cricklade at present is Hayes Knoll. The nearest mainline railway station is Swindon on the Great Western Main Line.

The A419 Swindon to Cirencester road bypasses the town to the north-east.

Stagecoach West operates the hourly bus route 51 into Cricklade between Swindon and Cirencester.

title: Cricklade


text:
User talk:0101CHOct

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title: User talk:0101CHOct


text:
Thomas J. Fitzpatrick (Cavan politician)

Thomas James Fitzpatrick (14 February 1918 – 2 October 2006) was an Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann from 1982 to 1987, Minister for Fisheries and Forestry from 1981 to 1982, Minister for Transport and Power from 1976 to 1977 and Minister for Lands from 1973 to 1976. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1965 to 1989. He was a Senator for the Labour Panel from 1961 to 1965.

Early life
Fitzpatrick was born at Scotshouse, Clones, County Monaghan in 1918. He was educated at St. Macartan's College, the Incorporated Law Society and University College Dublin where he qualified as a solicitor, and then entered practice as a solicitor in Cavan town.

Politics
Fitzpatrick first held political office in 1950, when he was elected to Cavan Urban District Council. In 1961, he moved to national politics when he was elected to Seanad Éireann. He was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fine Gael Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cavan constituency at the 1965 general election. He held many Opposition Front Bench portfolios including Defence, Health and Social Welfare, Justice and the Environment, as well as being Fine Gael Chief Whip from 1979 to 1981.

Fitzpatrick served in the Irish Government on several occasions under Liam Cosgrave and Garret FitzGerald. His first government post was in 1973, when he was appointed Minister for Lands. After Fine Gael lost power in 1977, he was mentioned as a possible leader of the party if a compromise were needed between FitzGerald and Cosgrave. Following the November 1982 general election, he was elected as Ceann Comhairle, a post which he held until 1987. Fitzpatrick was re-elected to the Dáil (or automatically returned as Ceann Comhairle) at every election until 1989 when he retired from politics.


text:
Talk:Evening Star (Fripp & Eno album)

Release chronology
The article states Evening Star was released before Discreet Music, but this page gives the release date for Discrete Music as November 1974, and Evening Star as December 1974. Can anyone provide a more authoritative reference to support the order given in the article text? --Register allocation 17:48, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

runtime of An Index Of Metals
To my knowledge there is no edition of Evening Star containing a 24 minute version of An Index Of Metals and this assertion is not referenced. I used to have the original LP on Island and timed the track at exactly 28 minutes. On the CD version I have, the sleeve says 28:36, the actual track is 28:45. Discogs, where it gives the timing on LP editions at all, gives it as 27:55. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Freewheeling frankie (talk • contribs) 15:54, 5 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Evening Star (Fripp & Eno album)


text: User talk:199.46.200.233

title: User talk:199.46.200.233


text: Category:1923 Municipal Manager Law

title: Category:1923 Municipal Manager Law