text:
Talk:Wedding dress

70.105.181.237 (talk) 20:06, 28 June 2009 (UTC)Josephine Shaffer

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Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:48, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Not Qing dynasty dress; it is Ming dynasty
Chinese Dress: From the Qing Dynasty to the Present ISBN-13: 978-0804836630

It is a princess phoenix crown--it has two bobins only. This style head piece and dress are mirroring Ming dynasty formal wear. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_crown 192.33.240.95 (talk) 14:32, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

Ming style yuanlingshan as wedding garments in Ming Dynasty. The photo you are using is already modified during Qing dynasty, which continues to be used in modern days. The phoenix crown is also heavily modified in Qing dynasty, and is very different from the Ming dynasty version. Also, I don't see any bobin on the phoenix crown. Such traditional dresses have strict guidelines on how to make and wear them; any slight deviations and it's no longer 'Ming style'. If your photo is Ming style, it should look the same as those in portraits from Ming dynasty like [[Media:Noblewoman4.jpg|this]] or [[Media:Noblewoman5.jpg|this]], or the clothing should look the same as [[Media:Artifact_hanfu6.jpg|Ming dynasty artifacts]], but obviously it doesn't. Here is another example of Ming dynasty wedding dress. FYI, I was the one who made the phoenix crown wiki page. Supersentai (talk) 09:58, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

Ah. Ok. 192.33.240.95 (talk) 15:36, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

Reorganization of some information
I shortened the bit about the Taiwanese wedding and reorganized the information. This section is specifically for wedding dresses, and I felt that the wedding banquet information while interesting, belonged in the wedding reception section. I attempted to arrange the thumbnails in some sort of rational order, for example, more western-looking gowns in a section, more Chinese looking gowns in a section, and more Indian looking gowns in a section, etc. Previously, they were sort of just however, and the arrangement was a little confusion. I wish people had taken more pictures of the surroundings of these weddings though! I know there are a lot of details on wedding gowns, but I find that a lot of the times, the dress of the folks attending is really cool too. =)

Kelidimari (talk) 18:47, 26 January 2012 (UTC) ---

Anyone have some pictures of non-western wedding dresses? Intrigue 02:49, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Here are three photo of Japanese Kimono worn at wedding. These are copyrighted, and the second photo is not in color., , . Revth 00:13, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * commons:Wedding dress has a couple. A-giau 20:12, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Woah - this is really western - we might even want to rename it.

Are these Wedding Dresses?
I agree with the person who says that this is very westernized...I went over to Wedding and I found this "Different wedding traditions call for different wedding outfits:

Qipao, Chinese traditional formal wear Batik and Kebaya, a special garment worn by the Javanese people of Indonesia. Barong Tagalog, an embroidered formal garment of the Philippines Kimono, the traditional garments of Japan Sari, Indian popular and traditional dress in India Ao dai, traditional garments of Vietnam Morning dress, a particular category of men's formal dress Kilt, male garment particular to Scottish culture"

I don't know whether these garments would be considered wedding dresses, but they're worth a try.24.151.101.55 00:00, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Well, many of these people wear white dresses for weddings, but some still wear them for a traditional wedding. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.126.75.181 (talk) 18:47, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

I'm deleting the last image of a wedding dress seen in New York. It is not the least bit appropriate. Yes, I know Wikipedia is not censored, yet this image does not help readers in any way. It's just meant to shock people, and it's only illustrative of the woman's bosom more than anything else. Deus Caritas Est (talk) 08:54, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Brides of "lower social standing"
I removed a sentence today about how poor people imitate rich people "as best they can". Obvious and totally worthless information, in my opinion. Anyone who misses the sentence: why not write a well-sourced article about People of lower social standing and how some of them imitate the wealthy in every way they can? There may be someone out there who would find that interesting? Or maybe a section in the article on Arrogance about people who classify others as "lower" in various ways? SergeWoodzing (talk) 20:27, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

Red and black
This article:

prior to the Victorian era, a bride was married in any color except black (the color of mourning) or red (which was connected with prostitutes)

White wedding article:

Royal brides before Victoria did not typically wear white [...] with red being a particularly popular color in Western Europe more generally.

Also on that page, there seem to be a few photos of brides in a black dress.

So which article is correct? 82.152.217.203 (talk) 16:03, 21 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The latter. I am correcting the misinfo here. SergeWoodzing (talk) 09:31, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

Changed lead image - reasoning below:

I believe it's best for a lead image to be as absolutely unquestionable as possible, and when I saw the image (shown to the right) chosen for lead image, I noted that it appeared to be more akin to a typical Court Presentation photograph than a bridal photograph. (See Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom ) - especially as the sitter had the Prince of Wales feathers in her hair, which is not usual for brides, and was wearing a low cut bodice with bare arms and long gloves (again, very atypical for a Victorian wedding dress, and not really considered appropriate for a church ceremony in the 19th century). So I went into Wikimedia Commons and found a similar image of a similar date, which, with its high neckline, long sleeves, and orange-blossom trimming, cannot be mistaken for anything other than a bridal gown. It's a very common mistake - many Court presentation photographs are mistaken for wedding photographs because bouquets, veils and long white dresses were part of the dress code for Court. To further confuse the matter, aristocratic brides were often traditionally re-presented under their married name at Court wearing their wedding dress (with an alternative low-cut bodice substituted) but it's best to have an image that definitely shows a bride rather than leave room for doubt. Mabalu (talk) 13:15, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Requested move 29 July 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: consensus not to move the page to the proposed title at this time, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 23:07, 4 August 2018 (UTC)

Wedding dress → Wedding gown – Per WP:PRECISION. See also footer template section for explanatory context. Chicbyaccident (talk) 10:57, 29 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose per this ngram which shows "wedding dress" as the consistently preferred term (although in 1838 'gown' came close). The "See also" section lists some of Wikipedia's many pages using 'wedding dress', and the notes and External links sections also consistently use 'wedding dress'. The Wedding dress (disambiguation) is also consistent per its list of songs and a film. Randy Kryn (talk) 11:27, 29 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose per English In ictu oculi (talk) 17:30, 29 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME. Rreagan007 (talk) 19:34, 29 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose per common name Red   Slash  13:16, 31 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Common name. Even if not in the US, it certainly is in the UK so ENGVAR applies. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:59, 1 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I wasn't quite sure myself. Thanks for the replies everyone! Sorry if this proposal was not useful. Chicbyaccident (talk) 17:07, 1 August 2018 (UTC)
 * It was useful, as I added nine articles on various wedding dresses to the See also section of the page. Wouldn't have done that without the RM, as an RM tends to focus editors on the pages themselves. Thanks. Randy Kryn (talk) 17:44, 1 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose but Support the erroneous proposal shows us that the article name is not as clear as it could be. How about If the article is supposed to be about a style of dress (dress as in attire, as in full dress) used at weddings, it should be called Wedding attire ? . If it is only supposed to be about the gown itelf, not about accessories, veils, trains or anything else, it should be renamed as per nom. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 20:56, 2 August 2018 (UTC)
 * That would also cover outfits worn by others at a wedding. This article only refers specifically to the dress worn by the bride, which is definitely a notable topic in its own right. -- Necrothesp (talk) 08:55, 2 August 2018 (UTC)
 * My point, but not clear enough. Have embroidered above. Thx. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 20:56, 2 August 2018 (UTC)
 * The common name for the entire outfit, including the veil, is wedding dress. Compared to that wedding attire is a blip in this n-gram. Randy Kryn (talk) 21:23, 2 August 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Dubious
@Yamacyan, I believe that a need for modest dress is why some brides wear jackets during their church ceremonies, not why they might wear gloves. Strapless/sleeveless wedding gowns weren't common anywhere until the 1990s, and they are still banned by some churches. (The Mormons, for example, require wedding dresses to cover the bride's temple garment.) Gloves don't solve a dress code problem when the venue says no bare shoulders or no bare upper arms.

WhatamIdoing (talk) 06:21, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

Information on West Asian/North African dresses??
Hello, I was just reading through the article and believe when it comes to West Asian/ North African dresses it is lacking information. This is due to the pictures from these cultures found in the gallery but no information on them in the Eastern culture section. Could this be due to a lack of information?Lkm4gn (talk) 13:43, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:22, 10 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Crown Prince Akihito & Michiko Shoda Wedding 1959-4.jpg

Copyright problem removed
This article has been revised as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. (See the investigation subpage.) Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: dozens of websites including https://symbolsage.com/white-wedding-gown-dress/, https://www.weddingbee.com/ceremony-and-reception/4-christian-wedding-traditions-for-your-ceremony/, https://historyofyesterday.com/a-brief-history-of-the-white-wedding-dress-80ac81b1a113, https://www.deseret.com/2018/12/2/20794441/5-special-occasions-when-you-should-wear-white, etc. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, providing it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. DanCherek (talk) 06:52, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wedding dress


text:
Pancho Villa Expedition

The Pancho Villa Expedition—now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition, but originally referred to as the "Punitive Expedition, U.S. Army" —was a military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco "Pancho" Villa from March 14, 1916, to February 7, 1917, during the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920.

The expedition was launched in retaliation for Villa's attack on the town of Columbus, New Mexico, and was the most remembered event of the Mexican Border War. The declared objective of the expedition by the Wilson administration was the capture of Villa. Despite locating and defeating the main body of Villa's command who were responsible for the Columbus raid, U.S. forces were unable to achieve Wilson's stated main objective of preventing Villa's escape.

The active search for Villa ended after a month in the field when troops sent by Venustiano Carranza, the head of the Constitutionalist faction of the revolution and then head of the Mexican government, resisted the U.S. incursion. The Constitutionalist forces used arms at the town of Parral to resist passage of a U.S. Army column. The U.S. mission was changed to prevent further attacks on it by Mexican troops and to plan for the possibility of war. When war was averted diplomatically, the expedition remained in Mexico until February 1917 to encourage Carranza's government to pursue Villa and prevent further raids across the border.

Background
Trouble between the United States and Pancho Villa had been growing since October 1915, when the United States government officially recognized Villa's rival and former ally Venustiano Carranza as head of the government of Mexico. The U.S. also provided rail transportation through the United States, from Eagle Pass, Texas, to Douglas, Arizona, to move more than 5,000 Carrancista forces to fight Villa at the Battle of Agua Prieta; Villa's seasoned División del Norte was smashed. Feeling betrayed, Villa began attacking U.S. nationals and their property in northern Mexico. On November 26, 1915, Villa sent a force to attack the city of Nogales and in the course of the ensuing battle, engaged with American forces before withdrawing.

On January 11, 1916, sixteen American employees of the American Smelting and Refining Company were removed from a train near Santa Isabel, Chihuahua, and summarily stripped and executed. Brigadier General John J. Pershing, commanding the district headquartered at Fort Bliss, Texas, received information that Villa with a new force was on the border and about to make an attack that would force the United States to intervene, embarrassing the Carranza government. Raids were so commonplace, however, that the rumor was not seen as credible.

However, at about 4:00 am on March 9, 1916, Villa's troops attacked Columbus, New Mexico, and Camp Furlong, the U.S. Army post there, where four troops (about 240 soldiers) of the 13th Cavalry Regiment had been stationed since September 1912. Ten civilians and eight soldiers were killed in the attack, and two civilians and six soldiers wounded. The raiders burned the town, stole horses and mules, and seized machine guns, ammunition, and merchandise before fleeing back to Mexico.

Villa's soldiers had suffered considerable losses, with at least 67 dead and dozens more wounded. Many of the casualties were inflicted when the machine gun troop of the 13th Cavalry led by 2nd Lt. John P. Lucas set up its Hotchkiss M1909 Benét–Mercié machine guns under fire along the north boundary of Camp Furlong, firing over 5,000 rounds apiece using the glow of burning buildings to illuminate targets. About 13 of Villa's wounded later died of their wounds, and five wounded Villistas taken prisoner by the Americans were tried and hanged for murder. Local lore in Columbus holds that the attack may have been caused by a merchant in Columbus who supplied Villa with arms and ammunition. Villa is said to have paid several thousand dollars in cash for the weapons, but the merchant refused to deliver them unless he was paid in gold, giving "cause" for the raid.

The next day, acting on the recommendations of the commanders of his cavalry regiments, Southern Department commanding general Frederick Funston recommended an immediate pursuit in force into Mexico. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson concurred, designating Pershing to command the force and releasing a statement to the press:

"An adequate force will be sent at once in pursuit of Villa with the single object of capturing him and putting a stop to his forays. This can and will be done in entirely friendly aid to the constituted authorities in Mexico and with scrupulous respect for the sovereignty of that Republic."

Pursuit phase

Pershing assembled an expeditionary force consisting primarily of cavalry and horse artillery, the cavalry units being armed with M1909 machine guns, M1903 Springfield rifles, and M1911 semi-automatic pistols. On March 15, 1916, organized into a provisional division of three brigades (four regiments of cavalry, two of infantry, and 6,600 men), the expedition crossed the border into Mexico to search for Villa, marching in two columns from Columbus and Culberson's Ranch.

The 2nd Provisional Cavalry Brigade reached Colonia Dublán after dark on March 17, where Pershing established the main base of operations for the campaign. The 1st Aero Squadron, included in the expedition for liaison duties and aerial reconnaissance on the orders of United States Secretary of War Newton D. Baker, departed San Antonio, Texas, on March 13 by rail with eight Curtiss JN3 airplanes and flew the first aerial reconnaissance of the area from Columbus on March 16, the day after it arrived. The entire squadron flew to the advanced camp at Colonia Dublán on March 19–20, losing two aircraft in the process.

Pershing immediately sent the 7th Cavalry (seven troops in two squadrons) south just after midnight on March 18 to begin the pursuit, followed by the 10th Cavalry moving by rail two days later. From March 20 to March 30, as the 11th Cavalry arrived in Columbus by train from Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, and then forced marched into Mexico, Pershing dispatched four additional "flying columns" through the mountainous territory into the gaps between the original three columns. Persistent winter weather through early April, particularly bitterly cold nights at high altitude, made both pursuit and logistics more difficult. An additional regiment of cavalry and two of infantry were added to the expedition in late April, bringing its total size to 4,800 men. Ultimately more than 10,000 men—virtually every available unit of the Regular Army and additional National Guard troops—were committed to the expedition either in Mexico or its supporting units at Columbus.

Because of disputes with the Carranza administration over the use of the Mexico North Western Railway to supply Pershing's troops, the United States Army employed trucks to convoy supplies to the encampment where the Signal Corps also set up wireless telegraph service from the border to Pershing's headquarters. This was the first use of truck convoys in a U.S. military operation and provided useful experience for World War I. During this phase of the campaign Pershing maintained a small mobile headquarters of 30 men using a Dodge touring car for personal transportation, to keep abreast of the moving columns and control their movements, employing aircraft of the 1st Aero Squadron as messengers. His headquarters advanced as far as the 1st Aero Squadron's field at Satevó, southeast of the city of Chihuahua, before falling back at the end of April.

Villa had a six-day head start on the pursuit, all but ensuring that his forces would successfully break up into smaller bands and he would be able to hide in the trackless mountains. Nevertheless, he was nearly caught by the forced marches of the pursuing cavalry columns when he recklessly paused in his retreat to attack a Carrancista garrison. The Battle of Guerrero was fought on March 29, 1916, after a 55-mile night march through the snowy Sierra Madre by Colonel George A. Dodd and 370 men of the 7th Cavalry. 360 Villistas had remained in Guerrero celebrating the victory won over the Carrancista garrison and 160 more were in the next valley in nearby San Ysidro.

Dodd's force was unexpected by the Villistas, who hastily dispersed when the U.S. troops appeared on the steep eastern bluffs overlooking the town. Dodd immediately attacked, sending one squadron west around the town to block escape routes and advancing with the other. A planned charge was thwarted when the fatigued horses were unable to attain the proper gait. During a five-hour pursuit of fleeing Villista elements, over 75 of Villa's men were killed or wounded and he was forced to retreat into the mountains. Only five of the Americans were hurt, none of them fatally. The battle is considered the single most successful engagement of the expedition and possibly the closest Pershing's men came to capturing Villa.

After advancing from Namiquipa on March 24 to San Diego del Monte, the 10th Cavalry became isolated from Pershing's headquarters by a fierce snow storm on March 31. A squadron of the 10th marched toward Guerrero after receiving reports of the action there and at midday April 1 a meeting engagement resulted with one of the retreating Villista groups, 150 strong, under Francisco Beltrán at a ranch near Agua Caliente. Breaking up into even smaller groups and retreating over a wooded ridge, some of the Villistas attempted to defend themselves behind a stone wall, resulting in what was purported to be the first mounted cavalry charge by U.S. troops since 1898, led by Major Charles Young. The pursuit lasted until darkness and the Buffalo Soldiers killed at least two Villistas left on the field and routed the remainder without loss. The action also was the first time the U.S. Army used plunging fire by machine guns to support an attack.

The columns pushed deeper into Mexico, increasing tensions between the United States and the Carranza government. On April 12, 1916, Major Frank Tompkins and Troops K and M, 13th Cavalry, numbering 128 men, were attacked by an estimated 500 Mexican troops as they were leaving the town of Parral, 513 miles into Mexico and almost to the state of Durango, following violent protests by the civilian populace. Tompkins had been personally ordered to avoid a straight-up engagement with de facto government troops to prevent war between the countries and so used a rear guard to keep the Carrancistas at a distance during a retreat to his starting point, the fortified village of Santa Cruz de Villegas. Two Americans were killed in the skirmishing, one was missing from the rear guard, and another six were wounded, while the Carrancistas lost between fourteen and seventy men, according to conflicting accounts.

The battle marked a turning point in the campaign. Military opposition by Carranza forced a halt in further pursuit while diplomatic conversations took place by both nations to avoid war. Only four days earlier, on April 8, Army Chief of Staff General Hugh L. Scott had expressed to Secretary of War Baker that Pershing had virtually accomplished his mission and that it was "not dignified for the United States to be hunting one man in a foreign country". Baker concurred and so advised Wilson, but following the fight at Parral the administration refused to withdraw the expedition, not wanting to be seen as caving in to Mexican pressure during an election year. Instead, on April 21 Pershing ordered the four columns that had converged near Parral to withdraw to San Antonio de Los Arenales. A week later he assigned the cavalry regiments, including the newly arrived 5th Cavalry, to five districts created in central Chihuahua in which to patrol and seek out the smaller bands.

While executing the withdrawal order, Dodd and a portion of the 7th Cavalry fought an engagement on April 22 with about 200 Villistas under Candelario Cervantes at the small village of Tomochic. As the Americans entered the village, the Mexicans opened fire from the surrounding hills. Dodd first sent patrols out to engage the Villistas' rear guard, to the east of Tomochic, and after these were "scattered", located the main body on a plain to the north and brought it into action. Skirmishing continued, but after dark the Villistas retreated and the Americans moved into Tomochic. The 7th Cavalry lost two men killed and four wounded, while Dodd reported his men had killed at least thirty Villistas.

Patrol district actions
The five districts that Pershing established west of the Mexican Central Railway on April 29, 1916, were:
 * Namiquipa District (10th Cavalry) south of the 30th parallel to Namiquipa;
 * Bustillos District (13th Cavalry), below the eastern part of Namiquipa District around Laguna Bustillos to San Antonio de Los Arenales and Chihuahua City;
 * Guerrero District (7th Cavalry), below the western part of Namiquipa District and west of the Bustillos and San Borja Districts;
 * San Borja District (11th Cavalry), south of Bustillos District between the Guerrero and Satevó Districts to Parral; and
 * Satevó District (5th Cavalry), southeast of the Bustillos District and east of the San Borja District, south to Jimenez.

The next significant engagement took place on May 5. A small Carrancista garrison at the silver mining town of Cusihuiriachic was attacked by Villa's forces on May 4, prompting the garrison commander to request help from U.S. forces at nearby San Antonio. Six troops of the 11th Cavalry, its machine gun platoon, and a detachment of Apache Scouts under 1st Lt. James A. Shannon, totaling 14 officers and 319 men, began a night march under Major Robert L. Howze. Arriving at Cusihuirischic, Howze found that 140 Villistas under Julio Acosta had pulled back into the mountains to the west to a ranch at Ojos Azules, and that the garrison commander had received orders not to cooperate with the Americans. Howze was delayed three hours in finding a guide and by the time he located the ranch and was deploying to attack, day had broken. When Acosta's guards and Howze's advance guard exchanged fire, Howze with Troop A immediately ordered a charge with pistols through the hacienda. Unable to deploy on line, the charge was made in column of fours and closed with the fleeing elements of Villistas. The other troops deployed to either side of the hacienda attempting to block escape and were supported by plunging fire from the machine gun troop. Friedrich Katz called the action the "greatest victory that the Punitive Expedition would achieve." Without a single casualty, the Americans killed forty-four Villistas and wounded many more. The survivors, including Acosta, were dispersed.

Also on May 5, several hundred Mexican raiders, under a Villista officer, attacked the geographically isolated towns of Glenn Springs and Boquillas in the Big Bend region of Texas. At Glenn Springs the Mexicans overwhelmed a squad of just nine 14th Cavalry troopers guarding the town, set fire to it, then rode on to Boquillas where they killed a boy, looted the town and took two captives. Local commanders pursued the Mexicans 100 miles into the state of Coahuila to free the captives and regain the stolen property. On May 12, Major George T. Langhorne and two troops of the 8th Cavalry from Fort Bliss, Texas, reinforced by Colonel Frederick Sibley and Troops H and K of the 14th Cavalry from Fort Clark, rescued the captives at El Pino without a fight. Three days later a small detachment of cavalry encountered the raiders at Castillon, killing five of the Villistas and wounding two; the Americans had no casualties. The cavalry force returned to the United States May 21 after ten days in Mexico.

On May 14, 2nd Lt. George S. Patton raided the San Miguelito Ranch, near Rubio, Chihuahua. Patton, a Pershing aide and a future World War II general, was out looking to buy some corn from the Mexicans when he came across the ranch of Julio Cárdenas, an important leader in the Villista military organization. With fifteen men and three Dodge touring cars, Patton led America's first motorised military action, in which Cárdenas and two other men were shot dead. The young lieutenant then had the three Mexicans strapped to the hood of the cars and driven back to General Pershing's headquarters. Patton is said to have carved three notches into the twin Colt Peacemakers he carried, representing the men he claimed to have killed that day. General Pershing nicknamed him the "Bandito".

The Villistas launched an attack of their own on May 25. This time a small force of ten men from the 7th Cavalry were out looking for stray cattle and correcting maps when they were ambushed by twenty rebels just south of Cruces. One American corporal was killed and two other men were wounded, though they killed two of the "bandit leaders" and drove off the rest.

On June 2, Shannon and twenty Apache scouts fought a small skirmish with some of Candelaro Cervantes' men who had stolen a few horses from the 5th Cavalry. Shannon and the Apaches found the rebels' trail, which was a week old by then, and followed it for some time until finally catching up with the Mexicans near Las Varas Pass, about forty miles south of Namiquipa. Using the cover of darkness, Shannon and his scouts attacked the Villistas' hideout, killing one of them and wounding another without losses to themselves. The Villista who died was thought to be the leader as he carried a sword during the fight.

Another skirmish was fought on June 9, north of Pershing's headquarters and the city of Chihuahua. Twenty men from the 13th Cavalry encountered an equally small force of Villistas and chased them through Santa Clara Canyon. Three of the Mexicans were killed, and the rest escaped. There were no American casualties.

End of active operations

On May 9, at a face-to-face meeting in El Paso, Texas, Carranza's Secretary of War and Navy, General Álvaro Obregón, threatened to send a massive force against the expedition's supply lines and forcibly drive it out of Mexico. Funston reacted by ordering Pershing to withdraw all his troops from San Antonio de Los Arenales to Colonia Dublán. Although the order was rescinded on the evening of May 11 when no evidence of Carrancista troop movements was found, the southernmost supply depots had been closed and materiel sent north that could not easily be turned around. Pershing was ordered to halt in place at Namiquipa, making tactical dispositions of his forces there and on El Valle to the north. The movements began a gradual withdrawal of the expedition to Dublán. On May 19, units of the 10th and 11th Cavalry returned to the base to guard the supply lines with Columbus and conduct reconnaissance in the absence of the temporarily grounded 1st Aero Squadron. As the threat of war with the de facto government increased, the northward movement continued. Pershing's headquarters left Namiquipa on June 21, setting up again in Dublán, after which the advanced supply depot at Namiquipa closed June 23. June 29 found the expedition concentrated on the main base and a forward camp at El Valle 60 miles to the south.

The last and most costly engagement of the Mexican Expedition was fought on June 21 when 3 officers and 87 men of Troops C and K of the 10th Cavalry, sent separately to scout Carrancista dispositions reported along the Mexican Central Railway, combined into a single column and encountered a blocking force of 300 soldiers. They were soundly defeated at the Battle of Carrizal, with Captain Charles T. Boyd, 1st Lt. Henry R. Adair, and ten enlisted men killed, ten wounded and another 24 (23 soldiers and 1 civilian guide) taken prisoner. The remainder, including the sole surviving officer, Capt. Lewis S. Morey, were rescued four days later by a relief squadron of the 11th Cavalry. The Mexicans did not do much better; they reported the loss of 24 men killed and 43 wounded, including their commander, General Félix Uresti Gómez, while Pershing listed 42 Carrancistas killed and 51 wounded. When General Pershing learned of the battle he was furious and asked for permission to attack the Carrancista garrison in the city of Chihuahua. President Wilson refused, knowing that it would certainly start a war.

The action at Parral in April had made the destruction of Villa and his troops secondary to the objective of preventing further attacks on U.S. forces by Carrancistas. The battle at Carrizal brought the countries to the brink of war and forced both governments to make immediate overt gestures clearly showing their intent to avoid it. Although the United States deployed 100,000 troops on the border, by July 4 the major crisis had passed. The Punitive Expedition, U.S. Army remained at Colonia Dublán indefinitely as a fixed-base operation to be a negative incentive to the Carranza government to take seriously its obligation to catch Villa. The Carranza government proved unequal to the task but nevertheless U.S. operations inside Mexico virtually ceased over the next six months.

A Joint High Commission for negotiations with the Carranza government was agreed upon in July, and the first of 52 sessions met on September 6 in New London, Connecticut. Although the commission reached accord on all issues, the negotiations failed to result in a formal agreement for withdrawal of U.S. forces signed by the Mexican government. Despite this, Pershing was ordered on January 18, 1917, to prepare the expedition for return to the United States, which was executed between January 28 and February 5. While the expedition made a dozen successful contacts with Villista groups in the first two months of the campaign, killing many of his important subordinates and 169 of his men, all of whom had participated in the attack on Columbus, it failed in its other major objective of capturing Villa. However, between the date of the American withdrawal and Villa's retirement in 1920, Villa's troops did not again successfully raid the United States.

National Guard call-ups
Between June 1915 and June 1916 Mexican irregulars carried out 38 raids on United States territory, resulting in the deaths of 26 soldiers and 11 civilians. Following the attack on Glenn Springs, the Army transferred three regiments of active duty soldiers to the border area. On May 8, state militia units from Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico were activated. On June 15, 1916, another attempted raid by Mexican border-crossers, this at San Ygnacio, Texas, 30 miles downstream from Laredo, was repulsed by U.S. soldiers with casualties to both sides. As a result, using powers granted by passage of the National Defense Act of 1916, Wilson on June 18 fully mobilized Guard units from the remainder of the states and the District of Columbia for duty on the border. More than 140,000 National Guard troops were called up, but only two regiments, the 1st New Mexico Infantry and the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry, were actually assigned to the Mexican Expedition, and those to guard the base at Columbus. Historian Clarence C. Clendenen asserts that although no Guard units officially crossed into Mexico at any time, soldiers from the two regiments at Columbus did enter Mexico to perform various tasks.

Wide differences in proficiency existed between various Guard units in training, leadership and equipment, but for the most part, units came to the border with only basic drilling as experience. Units were initially assigned as static guards for railroad bridges and border crossing points, but as training made them more proficient, they were assigned increasing responsibilities for patrolling the border that resulted in encounters with smugglers and bandits who still posed an occasional threat. For example, records of the Utah National Guard indicate that it participated in three skirmishes after it arrived at Camp Stephen J. Little on the Arizona border in July 1916. The final action of the three, occurring January 26, 1917, resulted in an all-day border skirmish between Utah cavalrymen and Mexicans in which the Guardsmen were reinforced and ten Mexicans were killed or wounded. While incapable of conducting organized combat operations with other units, the border security mission proved a training environment for the officers and men of the National Guard, who were again inducted into federal service after the United States entered World War I in April 1917. Many National Guard leaders in both world wars traced their first federal service to the Mexican Expedition. In their history of the call-up, Charles Harris and Louis Sadler reveal its significance:

"Between June 1916 and April 1917 the guard received intensive field training. Units from different states were sometimes grouped into large provisional units. Not only did the men become more proficient, but many officers gained invaluable experience commanding large formations. At the same time the guard was receiving badly needed equipment and supplies. The great call-up transformed the national guard into a much more effective fighting force, for it was as close as the United States came to the large-scale military maneuvers in which European armies traditionally engaged."

Aftermath
After U.S. forces were withdrawn in January 1917, Pershing publicly claimed the expedition to be a success, which in light of the public declarations by President Wilson was clearly not the case since Villa eluded capture by the U.S. Army. Pershing complained privately to his family that Wilson had imposed too many restrictions, which made it impossible for him to fulfill that portion of his mission. In the sting of the moment, having been compelled to withdraw out of political considerations and before much larger events in Europe put the episode behind him, he wrote that "Having dashed into Mexico with the intention of eating the Mexicans raw, we turned back at the first repulse and are now sneaking home under cover, like a whipped curr with its tail between its legs", referring to the massive rules of political restrictions put on him by President Wilson. Villa, however, gloated about Pershing's failure of capturing him with his characteristic harshness "That Pershing, came in like an eagle, and leaves now like a wet chicken". During the three months of active operations, American forces killed or captured 292 Villistas and captured 605 rifles, 5 pistols, 14 machine guns, and 139 horses and mules from the Villistas. Most of the horses and mules were returned to local residents and the pistols kept as souvenirs.

Pershing was permitted to bring into New Mexico 527 Chinese refugees who had assisted him during the expedition, despite the ban on Chinese immigration at that time under the Chinese Exclusion Act. The Chinese refugees, known as "Pershing's Chinese", were allowed to remain in the U.S. if they worked under the supervision of the military as cooks and servants on bases. In 1921, Congress passed Public Resolution 29, which allowed them to remain in the country permanently under the conditions of the 1892 Geary Act. Most of them settled in San Antonio, Texas. A number of Mexicans who had supported the U.S. forces as well as American Mormons who had resided in Mexico also returned with Pershing. In 2009 a historical marker giving more details about these refugees was erected at Fort Sam Houston.

Soldiers who took part in the Villa campaign were awarded the Mexican Service Medal.

Legacy
The chase after Villa was a small military episode, but it had important long-term implications. It enabled Carranza to mobilize popular anger, strengthen his political position, and permanently escalate anti-American sentiment in Mexico. On the American side, it made Pershing a national figure and, when Funston died of a heart attack shortly after the expedition returned to the United States, an obvious choice to lead the American forces in France in 1917. It gave the inexperienced American army some needed experience in dealing with training, logistics, and command using national guardsmen in a foreign land. It gave the American public a way to work out its frustrations over the European stalemate and it showed that the United States was willing to defend its borders while keeping that demonstration on a small scale.

Order of battle
United States Army:

 * 5th Cavalry Regiment
 * 7th Cavalry Regiment
 * 10th Cavalry Regiment (Buffalo Soldiers)
 * 11th Cavalry Regiment
 * 13th Cavalry Regiment
 * 6th Infantry Regiment
 * 16th Infantry Regiment
 * 17th Infantry Regiment
 * 24th Infantry Regiment (Buffalo Soldiers)
 * 4th Field Artillery Regiment
 * 6th Field Artillery Regiment
 * 1st Aero Squadron
 * Apache Scouts
 * 2nd Massachusetts Infantry
 * 1st Battalion, Field Artillery, Michigan National Guard

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pancho Villa Expedition


text:
File:Billy Joel - Turnstiles.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Billy Joel album Turnstiles.

title: File:Billy Joel - Turnstiles.jpg


text:
Beowulf (1999 film)

Beowulf is a 1999 American science fantasy-action film loosely based on the Old English epic poem Beowulf. The film was directed by Graham Baker and written by Mark Leahy and David Chappe. Unlike most film adaptations of the poem, this version is a science-fiction/fantasy film that, according to one film critic, "takes place in a post-apocalyptic, techno-feudal future that owes more to Mad Max than Beowulf." While the film remains fairly true to the story of the original poem, other plot elements deviate from the original poem (Hrothgar has an affair with Grendel's mother, and they have a child together, Grendel; Hrothgar's wife commits suicide).

Plot
A castle-like outpost comes under attack by a creature, named Grendel, on a nightly basis. However, it refuses to attack the border lord Hrothgar. One of the outpost's residents, Pendra, escapes the following morning but is captured by a rival siege line who intend to kill her to prevent the outpost's evil from spreading. Pendra is saved by a mysterious warrior named Beowulf and rides with him, but when she realizes Beowulf is riding for the outpost, she runs back to the siege line and is killed. Beowulf meets Hrothgar and is permitted to stay to help slay the beast. Hrothgar, his daughter Kyra, and his military leader Roland suspect that Beowulf was sent by a rival family to avenge the death of their son Nivri, Kyra's former husband. However, Kyra's suspicions dissipate when she realizes that Beowulf can sense evil.

For a few nights, Hrothgar experiences nightmares about his late wife's suicide, triggered by a mysterious woman who stalks him in his sleep. When Grendel attacks during the day, Beowulf and Hrothgar's remaining soldiers are forced to confront Grendel. They evacuate the women and children to a sanctuary, but they are immediately slaughtered by Grendel. Beowulf manages to wound Grendel, but is also wounded in the process. As Kyra attends to Beowulf, Roland confesses his romantic feelings for her; however, she only sees him as a brother. After Beowulf recovers, Kyra reveals that Nivri was an abusive spouse and she killed him after he attempted to force himself on her. Beowulf believes she was justified. Beowulf faces Grendel again and severs its arm. Believing Grendel to be dead, the survivors celebrate and Roland is lured by the woman, who kills him.

Kyra discloses her romantic feelings to Beowulf and the two have sex. Afterwards, Beowulf reveals to Kyra that he is half-human because his mother was impregnated by Bael and he is only able to suppress his inner evil by battling evil. Beowulf senses the mysterious woman and rushes to find her. Kyra and Hrothgar return to the dining hall to find everyone dead, including Roland. They encounter her, who reveals herself to be Grendel's mother and Hrothgar as its father, hence why Grendel had spared him before. Hrothgar's unfaithfulness led to his wife's suicide. Hrothgar attempts to kill the succubus but is killed by Grendel. Beowulf arrives and kills the beast. Grendel's mother attempts to appeal to Beowulf's inner evil to seduce him, but fails and transforms into a giant humanoid spider-like creature. After Beowulf defeats her, their battle forces the outpost to collapse on itself. Beowulf and Kyra escape, and she convinces him to let her accompany him on his journeys.

Cast

 * Christopher Lambert as Beowulf
 * Rhona Mitra as Kyra
 * Oliver Cotton as Hrothgar
 * Götz Otto as Roland
 * Vincent Hammond as Grendel
 * Charlie Robinson as Weaponsmaster
 * Brent Jefferson Lowe as Will
 * Roger Sloman as Karl
 * Layla Roberts as Grendel's mother
 * Patricia Velásquez as Pendral

Production
The production was filmed in Romania. The film's end credits says: "Filmed on location in Romania". The specific location is the city of Rupea, in Transylvania.

Themes
As with other Beowulf adaptations, the film reinterprets the poem, blending its original genre with "tropes from horror and soft pornography," but it also retains and expands on its original elements.

The film addresses the poem's plot point of Beowulf not having a wife or an heir, as it reveals Beowulf to be the same kind of creature as the monsters themselves, making him refusing to produce offspring. The poem's emphasis on genealogy is represented by humans and monsters mating with each other, with Grendel being the son of Hrothgar and Beowulf being the result of a god of darkness inseminating a woman. Beowulf and Grendel are shown as mirror images of each other, as the former harbors an internal struggle to contain his monstrous nature, while the latter was conceived by his mother as a revenge for an external oppression.

Grendel's mother is portrayed as a representation of monstrous female sexuality. She operates as a seductive succubus, giving birth to monsters, but can also shapeshift into a monster herself. This form resembles a dragon, an arachnid and a gorgon, not only evoking the Freudian Medusa's Head, but also evoking the archaic mother by resembling a vagina dentata with phallic talons. She also sexually attacks Hrothgar, inverting the trope of horror film monsters chasing after female leads.

Music
The film's soundtrack mainly featured electronic and industrial songs from various artists and original score material by Juno Reactor's Ben Watkins.
 * Jonathan Sloate – "Beowulf"
 * Front 242 – "Religion (Bass Under Siege mix by the Prodigy)"
 * Pig – "No One Gets Out of Her Alive, Jump the Gun (Instrumental)"
 * Gravity Kills – "Guilty (Juno Reactor remix)"
 * Juno Reactor – "God is God"
 * Fear Factory – "Cyberdyne"
 * Laughing US – "Universe"
 * KMFDM – "Witness"
 * Lunatic Calm – "The Sound"
 * Junkie XL – "Def Beat"
 * Urban Voodoo – "Ego Box"
 * 2wo – "Stutter Kiss"
 * Spirit Feel – "Unfolding Towards the Light"
 * Mindfeel – "Cranium Heads Out"
 * Frontside – "Dammerung"
 * Praga Khan – "Luv u Still"
 * Anthrax – "Giving the Horns"
 * Monster Magnet – "Lord 13"

Critical response
Critical reaction to the film has been highly negative. The general criticisms for the film were the weak script, below-average acting, corny dialogue, deviations from the source material, and over-reliance on camp, although it was hailed for its production design. Danél Griffin of Film as Art said the film "understands that liberties must be taken with the poem's characters to create a more cinematic experience, and there are moments that, even in its liberties, it reveals a deep appreciation for the poem, and a profound understanding of its ideas. There are other moments, however, that seem so absurd and outlandish that we wonder if the writers, Mark Leahy and David Chappe, have even read the poem." Griffin added that "Lambert is certainly effective", but concluded that "clever ideas aside, the film is unfortunately mediocre at best. The set design and some of the revised storyline are both stupendous, but the overall experience makes for poor cinema."

Beyond Hollywood's review said that "genre films don't get any sillier than this", but called the film "above average". The review praised the film's "energetic action" and said that it "excels in set design", but added that "the techno (music) is pretty annoying." Calling the film "a cheesy post-apocalyptic update of the ancient tale", Carlo Cavagna of About Film praised the film's action scenes but felt that Lambert and Mitra had no chemistry.

Literature scholars have been negative as well. Michael Livingstone and John William Sutton are brief, calling it an "an otherwise ridiculous" film, though they say it well reflects the problematization of "black-and-white morality" "in our postmodern, post Vietnam, post-9/11 era." Commenting on the movie's proposed similarity between Beowulf and Grendel, they say, "although the film is cringingly hokey and melodramatic, it effectively illustrates the idea of the aeglaeca—that Beowulf and the monsters may have more in common than we care to admit."

title: Beowulf (1999 film)


text:
Isaiah Robinson

Isaiah Robinson (unknown – c. 1781) was a captain in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War.

Biography
Robinson, probably born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was a member of the Philadelphia Ship Masters' Association and served as a lieutenant on the USS Hornet (1775) with Joshua Barney. He later commanded the 10-gun Continental sloop-of-war USS Sachem (1776), fitted out by the Marine Committee shortly after Admiral Esek Hopkins' fleet sailed for New Providence in 1776, and captured a six-gun British letter of marque off the Virginia Capes.

Appointed captain in the Continental Navy on 10 October 1776, he assumed command of the 14-gun brig Andrew Doria. One of the more important smaller boats of the Continental Navy, the brig sailed under orders of the Secret Committee, dated 17 October 1776, for the Dutch island of Sint Eustatius to take on a cargo of military stores. When the  Andrew Doria entered the harbor at Sint Eustatius on 16 November, it received one of the first gun salutes rendered to the American flag (at the time, the Grand Union Flag).

Upon the return voyage in late November, he captured the British 12-gun sloop-of-war HMS Racehorse (1757) after a two-hour engagement near Puerto Rico.

The following year, Captain Robinson cruised against enemy shipping off Cape May, but was finally blockaded in the Delaware River. During the defense of Philadelphia, and following the destruction of Fort Mifflin on 15 November 1777, he was forced to burn Andrew Doria to prevent the vessel from falling into enemy hands. He commanded the 12-gun Pennsylvania privateer Pomona in 1779 and succeeded in taking several British privateers.

The date of his death is unknown, but his will, dated 12 August 1777, was probated in the city of Philadelphia on 25 September 1781.

Legacy
The destroyers USS Robinson (DD-88) and USS Robinson (DD-562) were named in his honor.

Robinson appears in John Edward Jennings' 1950 historical novel The Sea Eagles.

title: Isaiah Robinson


text:
Netball World Cup

The Netball World Cup is a quadrennial international netball world championship organised by World Netball, inaugurated in 1963. Since its inception the competition has been dominated primarily by the Australia national netball team and the New Zealand national netball team, Trinidad and Tobago is the only other team to have won a title (a three-way tie in the 1979 championship). The most recent tournament was the 2023 Netball World Cup in Cape Town, South Africa, which was won by Australia.

History
In 1960, representatives from Australia, England, New Zealand, South Africa and the West Indies met to discuss standardising the rules of the sport. This led to the establishment of the International Federation of Women's Basketball and Netball (which later became the International Federation of Netball Associations). Formal rules were established at this inaugural meeting and a decision to hold World Championship tournaments every four years was also made. The first World Netball Championship was held in 1963 and was hosted by England. The tournament was renamed to the World Cup as opposed to "Championships" in 2015. Since 1991 the tournament has maintained a format allowing semi-finals and finals matches to be played, where previously the tournament held no finals and instead utilised the round-robin system, which occasionally led to more than one nation being crowned world champions.

Australia or New Zealand have won all of the titles, though emerging netball nations England, South Africa and Jamaica have come close to dislodging the top-tier nations on several occasions. In 1979 Australia, New Zealand and Trinidad and Tobago were all joint champions. South Africa finished runners-up in 1995, England too in 2023. Jamaica have contested several bronze medal matches and come up short in narrow semi-final defeats. The reigning world champions are Australia, who defeated England in the 2023 final. They will defend their title in Sydney, Australia in 2027.

Tournament history
Source:

title: Netball World Cup


text:
User:Shiftchange

I am an inventor, artist and writer. I have a background in office administration. In the past I have also dabbled in DJing. I am a male living in Brisbane, Australia. I hold a Bachelor of Arts (Geography, Political Science) from the University of Queensland. I started editing Wikipedia semi-regularly in mid 2004. I've attended one meetup, assisted in the presentation of at least 15 edit training workshops around Queensland and a similar number of photo drives around South East Queensland. Wikipedia has become one of the best examples of a successful open source project. It is the premier website; the embodiment of the web. I'm here to take it to the next level. I'm regularly impressed by the quality of material and the kind effort put in by other Wikipedians to get things right for little in return. Wikipedia is a great, worthwhile site, verging on brilliant, especially when one considers it is being created by unpaid amateurs. I'm glad I have been part of what has been described as the most important intellectual phenomenon of the early 21st century. I like researching and fixing up articles, some project work, adding a few photos, items to lists and fleshing out short articles. I have made more than 4,500 edits to Wikicommons. I maintain the Queensland Portal. I tend not to gate keep over a limited set of articles and don't appreciate that editing style. Nor do I appreciate the injection of quotations as propaganda. Here is a list of articles I have created

I have never accepted any payment for any of my contributions here. At the end of 2017 I was temporarily banned for discussing paid editors within WikiProject Australia. I was banned again in 2018 so I quit Wikipedia. That doesn't mean I will not ever edit again; just that making contributions is now a very low priority. Thanks to an amazing community for keeping it going between 2007 and 2012 until the paid editors arrived en masse in 2015.

Wikimedia
I believe that Wikimedia needs to address the following matters as a priority.
 * resist propaganda
 * let me add categories and templates in Australian English.
 * improve the formatting or interface on Talk pages so the structure of a discussion is more easily maintained.
 * integrate an incentive reward system whereby editors can receive bitcoin micropayments on a the basis of merit.

Other

 * User:Shiftchange/Editing tools

Awards
I've collected some barnstars. Thank you.

Lists
Here is a list of templates I am interested in.

title: User:Shiftchange


text:
User:Moverton/myskin.css

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 * All you guys rock :)
 * All you guys rock :)

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 * 2) pagehistory li { border: 1px solid White; }
 * 3) pagehistory li.selected {
 * Diff rendering

/*    background: url(external.png) center right no-repeat; padding-right: 13px; } .link-https { background: url("lock_icon.gif") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 16px; } .link-mailto { background: url("mail_icon.gif") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; }   background: url("news_icon.png") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; } .link-ftp { background: url("file_icon.gif") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; } .link-irc { background: url("discussionitem_icon.gif") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 18px; } /* disable interwiki styling */ color: #3366bb; background: none; padding: 0; } /* this can be used in the content area to switch off special external link styling */ background: none !important; padding: 0; } /*
 * keep the whitespace in front of the ^=, hides rule from konqueror
 * this is css3, the validator doesn't like it when validating as css2
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="http://"],
 * 2) bodyContent a[href ^="gopher://"] {
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="gopher://"] {
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="https://"],
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="mailto:"],
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="news://"] {
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="ftp://"],
 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="irc://"],
 * 1) bodyContent a.extiw,
 * 2) bodyContent a.extiw:active {
 * 1) bodyContent a.external { color: #3366bb; }
 * 1) bodyContent .plainlinks a {
 * Structural Elements

/* .portlet { border: none; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0em; float: none; padding: 0; width: 11.6em; overflow: hidden; } .portlet h4 { font-size: 95%; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap; } .portlet h5 { background: transparent; padding: 0em 1em 0em 0.5em; text-transform: lowercase; display: inline; font-size: 91%; height: 1em; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap; } .portlet h6 { background: #ffae2e; border: 1px solid #2f6fab; border-style: solid solid none solid; padding: 0em 1em 0em 1em; text-transform: lowercase; display: block; font-size: 1em; height: 1.2em; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap; } .pBody { font-size: 95%; background: White; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0 0.8em 0.3em 0.5em; } .portlet h1, .portlet h2, .portlet h3, .portlet h4 { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .portlet ul { line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; list-style-image: url("bullet.gif"); font-size:95%; } .portlet li { padding:0; margin: 0 0 0 0; margin-bottom: 0; }
 * general portlet styles (elements in the quickbar)

/*
 * Logo properties

z-index: 3; position:absolute; /*needed to use z-index */ top: 0; left: 0; height: 155px; width: 12em; overflow: visible; }   display: block; height: 155px; width: 12.2em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 35% 50% !important; text-decoration: none; }
 * 1) p-logo {
 * 1) p-logo h5 { display: none; }
 * 2) p-logo a,
 * 3) p-logo a:hover {

/*
 * the navigation portlet

position:relative; z-index:3; }
 * 1) p-nav {

/*   position:relative; z-index:3; }       text-align: center; } input.searchButton { margin-top:1px; padding: 0 0.4em !important; font-size: 95%; cursor: pointer; background-color: White; border: 1px solid #2f6fab; }   border: 1px solid #2f6fab; width:10.9em; margin: 0 0 0 0; font-size: 95%; }   padding: 0.5em 0.4em 0.4em 0.4em; }
 * Search portlet
 * 1) p-search {
 * 1) p-search {
 * 1) p-search .pBody {
 * 1) searchInput {
 * 1) p-search .pBody {

/*
 * the personal toolbar

width:100%; white-space:nowrap; padding:0 0 0 0; margin:0; position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px; z-index: 0; border: none; background: none; overflow: visible; line-height: 1.2em; }
 * 1) p-personal {

display:none; }   padding:0; margin:0; border: none; z-index:0; overflow: visible; background: none; } /* this is the ul contained in the portlet */ border: none; line-height: 1.4em; color: #2f6fab; padding: 0em 2em 0 3em; margin: 0; text-align: right; text-transform: lowercase; list-style: none; z-index:0; background: none; }   z-index:0; border:none; padding:0; display: inline; color: #2f6fab; margin-left: 1em; line-height: 1.2em; background: none; }   text-decoration: none; color: #005896; padding-bottom: 0.2em; background: none; }   background-color: White; padding-bottom: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; }
 * 1) p-personal h5 {
 * 1) p-personal .portlet,
 * 2) p-personal .pBody {
 * 1) p-personal ul {
 * 1) p-personal li {
 * 1) p-personal li a {
 * 1) p-personal li a:hover {

/* the icon in front of the user name, single quotes in bg url to hide it from iemac */ li#pt-userpage, li#pt-anonuserpage, li#pt-login { background: url('user.gif') top left no-repeat; background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-left: 20px; text-transform: none; }

/*   position:absolute; top: 1.3em; left: 11.5em; margin: 0; white-space:nowrap; width: 76%; line-height: 1.1em; overflow: visible; background: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding-left: 1em; list-style: none; font-size: 95%; }   list-style: none; }   display: inline; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: none; padding: 0 0 0.1em 0; margin: 0 0.3em 0 0; overflow: visible; background: White; }   border-color: #fabd23; padding: 0 0 0.2em 0; }   background-color: White; color: #002bb8; border: none; padding: 0 0.8em 0.3em 0.8em; text-decoration: none; text-transform: lowercase; position: relative; z-index: 0; margin: 0; }   z-index: 3; text-decoration: none; }   padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; } /* offsets to distinguish the tab groups */ li#ca-talk { margin-right: 1.6em; } li#ca-watch, li#ca-watch { margin-left: 1.6em; }
 * the page-related actions- page/talk, edit etc
 * 1) p-cactions {
 * 1) p-cactions {
 * 1) p-cactions .hiddenStructure { display: none; }
 * 2) p-cactions ul {
 * 1) p-cactions li {
 * 1) p-cactions li.selected {
 * 1) p-cactions li a {
 * 1) p-cactions .selected a { z-index: 3; }
 * 2) p-cactions .new a { color:#ba0000; }
 * 3) p-cactions li a:hover {
 * 1) p-cactions h5 { display: none; }
 * 2) p-cactions li.istalk { margin-right: 0; }
 * 3) p-cactions li.istalk a { padding-right: 0.5em; }
 * 4) p-cactions #ca-addsection a {

/*   position:relative; z-index:3; }
 * the remaining portlets
 * 1) p-tbx,
 * 2) p-lang {
 * 1) p-lang {

/*   background-color: White; border-top: 1px solid #fabd23; border-bottom: 1px solid #fabd23; margin: 0.6em 0em 1em 0em; padding: 0.4em 0em 1.2em 0em; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; }   display: inline; margin: 0 1.3em; } /* hide from incapable browsers */ head:first-child+body #footer li { white-space: nowrap; } margin: 0 8px; position: relative; top: -2px; /* Bump it up just a tad */ }   float: right; height: 1%; }   float: left; height: 1%; }
 * footer
 * 1) footer {
 * 1) footer {
 * 1) footer li {
 * 1) f-poweredbyico, #f-copyrightico {
 * 1) f-poweredbyico {
 * 1) f-copyrightico {

/* js pref toc */ float: left; margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em; width: 13em; }   background-color:#f9f9f9; border:1px dashed #aaaaaa; }   display: block; color: #0014a6; }   clear: both; float: left; margin-top: 1em; } div.prefsectiontip { font-size: 95%; margin-top: 1em; } fieldset.operaprefsection { margin-left: 15em }
 * 1) preftoc {
 * 1) preftoc li { border: 1px solid White; }
 * 2) preftoc li.selected {
 * 1) preftoc a,
 * 2) preftoc a:active {
 * 1) prefcontrol {

/* /* tabs: border on the a, not the div */ border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: none; } /* footer icons need a fixed width */ overflow-x: auto; width: 100%; padding-bottom: 25px; }
 * IE/Mac fixes, hope to find a validating way to move this
 * to a separate stylesheet. This would work but doesn't validate:
 * @import("IEMacFixes.css");
 * > html #p-cactions li { border:none; }
 * > html #p-cactions li a {
 * > html #p-cactions li.selected a { border-color: #fabd23; }
 * > html #f-poweredbyico,
 * > html #f-copyrightico { width: 88px; }
 * > html #bodyContent,
 * > html #bodyContent pre {

/* more IE fixes */ /* float/negative margin brokenness */ display: inline; margin-bottom: 0; }
 * html #footer {margin-top: 0;}
 * html #column-content {
 * html div.editsection { font-size: smaller; }
 * 1) pagehistory li.selected { position: relative; }

/* Mac IE 5.0 fix; floated content turns invisible */ float: none; }   position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; }   margin-left: 13.2em; }
 * > html #column-content {
 * > html #column-one {
 * > html #footer {

.printfooter { display: none; }

title: User:Moverton/myskin.css


text:
Convenience

Convenient procedures, products and services are those intended to increase ease in accessibility, save resources (such as time, effort and energy) and decrease frustration. A modern convenience is a labor-saving device, service or substance which make a task easier or more efficient than a traditional method. Convenience is a relative concept, and depends on context. For example, automobiles were once considered a convenience, yet today are regarded as a normal part of life.

Because differences in lifestyles around the world, the term is a relative term based upon the conveniences previously available to a person or group. For instance, an American definition of 'modern convenience' is likely different from that of an individual living in a developing country. Most of the time, the term 'modern convenience' is used to express personal lifestyle and home life.

Examples
Service conveniences are those that save shoppers time or effort, and includes variables such as credit availability and extended store hours. Service convenience pertains to the facilitation of selling both goods and services, and combinations of the two.

Convenience goods are widely distributed products that "require minimal time and physical and mental effort to purchase."

Ready meals and convenience cooking spare the consumer effort in preparation of a meal while providing high levels of energy and pronounced, if mostly artificial, flavour.

Filling stations sell items that have nothing to do with refuelling a motor vehicle, (e.g. milk, newspapers, cigarettes) but purchasing at that location can save the consumer time compared to making a separate journey to a supermarket. Conveniences such as direct deposit can save companies and consumers money, though this may or may not be passed along to the consumer.

Some conveniences can become nuisances when they break down or don't function correctly. It costs time and money to fix items of convenience when they break down, and may cause much greater costs if something else that depends on them cannot take place.

Late 20th century
Household In 1911, architect and author Louis. H. Gibson defined modern conveniences as "those arrangements and appliances which make it possible for people to live comfort ably in a larger house, without seriously increasing the cares which they had in a smaller one". The supposition is that at that time if a family lived in a smaller home, they would have less furniture, appliances and other goods to take care of, and as a result the family's lifestyle and housekeeping would be relatively easy. If, on the other hand, a family moved into a larger home the increase area and furnishings would be much more difficult to manage without labor-saving devices.

Examples of modern conveniences at that time included:
 * Kitchen sinks with tap water hot and cold running water and wastewater drainage
 * The addition of bathrooms as separate rooms with sinks and toilets, also with waste water and sewage drainage
 * A furnace, also identified as a significant cost savings
 * Closets in bedrooms, bathrooms, hallway for linen, broom closets
 * Gas lighting, stoves and fireplaces, where gas was available
 * Icebox or refrigerator

20th century
The homes of the 20th century are much bigger than the homes of our family members from the 19th century, both in terms of square footage and number of rooms. Homes built at the beginning of the 21st century have 2–3 times more rooms than homes at the turn of the 20th century. In terms of square footage, new homes built in 2000 are 50% larger than a home built in the 1960s.

The 20th century also enjoyed a proliferation of home appliances like washing machines, dryers, dishwashers, microwave ovens, frost-free refrigerators, water heaters, air conditioning, vacuum cleaners, and irons. Electricity and innovative electronics products including stereo equipment, color television, answering machine, and video cassette recorders also facilitated modern life.

21st century
Comparison of modern conveniences in new housing construction

In his 2011 book America's Ticking Bankruptcy Bomb: How the Looming Debt Crisis Threatens the American Dream—and How We Can Turn the Tide Before It's Too Late, Peter Ferrara says that the residential access to modern convenience is markedly different in the 21st century compared to the beginning of the 20th century:

Upcoming technological advancements David Kirkpatrick, author of The Facebook Effect (2010), wrote in an article called Tech Targets the Third World projects that technological advancements in education and health care, mobile computing and broadband will empower the poor and provide economic opportunities that they would not otherwise have access. These technologies are relatively easy and cost-effective to implement because of technological advancements that have driven down the costs and because developing countries do not have expensive and outdated legacy systems to manage emerging technology.

Religious groups
Religious groups that shun modern conveniences include Anabaptists (and their direct descendants, the Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites) and Judaism.

Anabaptists
Key beliefs that determine an Anabaptist community's position on use of modern conveniences are:
 * The belief that in order to enter the Kingdom of God, they must live apart from the "world", or the unreformed.
 * Avoiding "worldly" behaviors that pull their attention and intentions away from their religious community.

Orthodox and Conservative Judaism
For Orthodox and Conservative Jews, Shabbat is the seventh day of the Jewish week and is a day of rest in Judaism. Shabbat is observed from a few minutes before sunset on Friday evening until a few minutes after the appearance of three stars in the sky on Saturday night. On Shabbat, Jews recall the Genesis creation narrative describing God creating the Heavens and the Earth in six days and resting on the seventh. It also recalls the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai, when God commanded the Israelite nation to observe the seventh day and keep it holy. Shabbat is considered a festive day, when a Jew is freed from the regular labors of everyday life, can contemplate the spiritual aspects of life, and can spend time with family.

Orthodox and some Conservative authorities rule that there are 39 prohibited activities of work (referred to as "melakhot"), such as turning electric devices on or off, driving cars, and more, during the Shabbat, as listed in Mishnah Tractate Shabbat.

Consequences
There are many ramifications of the development of modern conveniences for individuals and their families over the past 150 or more years. The many labor-saving devices have kept pace with growing houses and furnishings and allow for greater leisure. There are also some negative effects, some of which are also as the result of advancements in chemical technology in the food that we eat or products that we use. In these cases there are also conflicting opinions about the extent to which some of the products are harmful. Here are a few examples of positive and negative effects of modern conveniences.

Health care
Some of the major improvements over the past century has been in improved health care. For example, modern medicine has made leaps in preventing infectious diseases in part due to improved water and sewage treatment. This is obvious in the marked rises in life expectancy.

Technological advancement in underdeveloped countries
Some of the most dramatic technological benefits are seen in underdeveloped countries. For instance, cabling for landline telephone service is expensive and requires a lot of time to complete, especially in the most remote areas. Introduction of cellphone service, on the other hand, is much cheaper and dramatically improves individual's ability to be economically productive, often in microbusinesses. It is estimated that 80% of the world's population is now located within range of cellular towers, 1.5 billion cellular phones are in use in developing countries and, in India alone, five million customers sign up for cellular service each week. The Four Asian Tigers—i.e., Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea—are a few of the countries that have leveraged technology to become a presence in the global community.

 * Another example, led by Nicholas Negroponte of MIT's Media Lab in rural Asia, Latin America and Africa, provides $100 laptop computers to underdeveloped countries.

Negative effects
In 1905, the Journal of the American Medical Association published an article titled "Nervous Strain" about how "modern conveniences" make our lives busier and with less direct contact than the preceding generations. As an example, the author compared having a calming cup of tea with a person to the more distant practice of placing a telephone call. Labor-saving devices meant that people now spent more time sitting, breathed machine-generated smoke, and ate food, especially meat, fat and sugars, in greater abundance, changing peoples' diets. These activities were speculated to result in high blood pressure, obesity, and "nervous strain".

Meat consumption
Because of the enormous productivity growth in intensive agriculture and meat industry, meat has become a major part of the diet in most developed countries and is on the rise in developing countries. Red meat consumption has been linked to colon cancer; besides, growth hormone and antibiotics treatment of cattle and poultry has raised serious concerns about the adverse effects of those substances in industrially produced meat.

Processed food and food preparation

 * Processed foods, high-fructose corn syrup, and increased fat—the greater reliance on processed, packaged, microwaveable food has resulted in a rise in Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and other health concerns. Margarine, once seen as a great alternative to butter, does not help with absorption of nutrients and may contribute to heart disease.

Other

 * Styrofoam cups release styrene as the food or drink is consumed. Leaded fuel is another hazardous chemical. Although it has been outlawed in the United States, its use in developing countries impacts the health of local people and the global environment.

title: Convenience


text:
Notch

Notch may refer to:
 * Notch (engineering), an indentation or slit in a material
 * Nock (arrow), notch in the rearmost end of an arrow
 * Markus Persson (born 1979), a Swedish video game programmer and designer known by his online alias "Notch", best known for creating Minecraft
 * Notch (musician) (born 1973), a hip hop, R&B, reggae, dancehall and reggaeton artist
 * NOTCH (magazine), an Indian entertainment and lifestyle magazine
 * Notch, Missouri, a community in the United States
 * Notch signalling pathway, a cell signalling system present in most multicellular organisms
 * Notch proteins, a family of transmembrane proteins
 * Notch filter, a band-stop filter with a narrow stopband
 * Notch test, also known as Charpy impact test
 * Lion Notch, a male lion featured in the nature documentary series Big Cat Diary
 * Notch display, an electronic screen with a cutout in it
 * A type of col in geomorphology

title: Notch


text:
User:The bellman/wikipedia articles

articles i want to create

 * Chapada Diamantina National Park (done)
 * Chapada Diamntina
 * Lençóis
 * Palmeiras
 * Andaraí
 * Mucugé

among others

list of articles to add major edits to
quenya

hurstville

Michelangelo_Merisi

all ariticles i am working on
Chapada Diamantina National Park
 * links
 * http://travel.guardian.co.uk/saturdaysection/story/0,8922,1211640,00.html
 * http://www.braziltourism.org/14greendest6.shtml
 * http://www.braziltourism.org/diving_chapada.shtml
 * http://www.gd.com.br/candomba/
 * http://www.gd.com.br/candomba/english/indexparque.htm

quenya

jabberwocky

WikiReader/William_Shakespeare

title: User:The bellman/wikipedia articles


text: Category:Firearm actions

title: Category:Firearm actions


text:
Pet passport

The Pet Travel Scheme ("PETS") is a system which allows animals to travel easily between member countries of the European Union without undergoing quarantine. A pet passport is a document that officially records information related to a specific animal, as part of that procedure. The effect is to drastically speed up and simplify travel with and transport of animals between member countries, compared to previous procedures if the regulations are followed.

History
On 1 October 2001, the European Union introduced the PETS scheme, under which animals from any member country may freely travel to any other member country on approved carriers.

Over time the EU scheme has recognised other countries, such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States as listed countries, relaxing some of the entry requirements for pets travelling from these countries.

Appearance
The pet passport itself comes in multiple forms, sometimes a pink A4 sheet, sometimes a small blue booklet. It contains the microchip or the tattoo number of the animal, the certification that the animal has had a rabies vaccination, and needs to be signed by an officially approved veterinarian.

A new style passport with laminated strips and additional security measures was introduced in the UK in December 2014. Old style passports remain valid.

The passport is not to be confused with a much smaller folder routinely issued by vets, which records the complete vaccination history of the pet.

Details of procedure
Every country has different requirements, both for export and import of animals, although some features are common to all.

Requirements

 * Subcutaneous (below the skin) microchip implant that meets the International Society of Pharmacovigilance (SoP) specification.
 * Certified rabies vaccination and results from a blood serology test to confirm the presence of rabies antibodies. For pet travel in Europe, the rabies vaccine should be administered by a veterinarian with a minimum of 21 days before travel. Some countries may differ and always check with your local veterinarian for the procedures to follow.
 * Proof of treatment for ticks, fleas and tapeworms
 * Veterinarian's letter or certificate confirming fitness to travel and/or no obvious signs of disease
 * Government certification that the veterinarian's export documentation and certificates are in order for travel

In some countries, the formal passport is needed. Others will accept documentation in any form so long as it provides clear evidence of the procedure being followed. Usually, the animal and its papers are checked thoroughly upon both departure and arrival.

A pet passport alone can be used to enter some countries if it records all relevant information (e.g., the UK), but it will not suffice to enter many countries. For instance Guatemala, in common with almost every country operating such a scheme, demands that all imported pets have a rabies vaccination, but will not accept the pet passport as proof of said vaccination. They require the proof of the rabies vaccination in the animal's records.

Tapeworm treatment must be administered by a vet not less than 24 hours and not more than 120 hours (1–5 days) before scheduled arrival time.

United Kingdom
The rules for bringing pets into the UK can be quite complex. The official UK Government website covers this topic in detail. Dogs, cats and ferrets with Pet Passports from EU (and some other) countries can enter the UK via specified routes and ferry companies, including the Channel Tunnel by car. Before entering the UK, most pet dogs (including assistance dogs), but not cats or ferrets, must be treated for tapeworm. The treatment must be administered by a vet not less than 24 hours and not more than 120 hours (1–5 days) before its scheduled arrival time in the UK. (There is no mandatory requirement for tick treatment.) No treatment is required for dogs entering the UK from Finland, Ireland, Norway or Malta. All animals (except guide dogs) travelling by air to the UK must travel in the hold as manifest cargo and can only use specific airports and airlines. (Similar rules apply to pets arriving by sea, other than by specific ferry services.) British law precludes all animals entering the UK by air either in the cabin or in the hold as 'excess' or 'checked' baggage. Most airlines do not offer cargo services to individual passengers directly and specialist agents are normally used. UK law does not prohibit the transport of dogs and cats in the cabin or as hold baggage when departing from the UK, but restrictions may be imposed by individual airlines or destination countries. See Other useful information below for further travel details. Swiss Airlines publishes a useful guide which is typical of the services proposed by several European airlines.

Japan
Although a participant in the PETs scheme, to bring pets into Japan from member states there are several separate procedures that must be followed. These do not cover Iceland, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Hawaii and Guam, which have designated region (rabies free) status. If you take a pet out of Japan, it may take between 6 months to a year for it to re-enter. Including prior contact with Japanese Quarantine several months before entry:
 * The dog or cat must be microchipped.
 * The dog or cat must have stayed in the country for at least 180 days (6 months) since its birth or having left Japan.
 * The dog or cat must have had 2 rabies injections and a blood test 6 month before entering/re-entering Japan, proving the pet is free of rabies. This test must be carried out at a designated laboratory.
 * The dog or cat does not have or show signs of rabies or Leptospirosis (dogs only).

To take a dog or cat out of Japan, on top of the necessary injections and microchip, you must:
 * Have certificates issued by an official vet to prove that your dog/cat has been vaccinated, microchipped and wormed as necessary. These are vets designated by the prefecture as able to issue certificates and officially vaccinate your dog.
 * More than a week before travelling, notify Animal Quarantine Service at the port of departure, and apply for an export inspection for your dog/ cat. The inspection will be carried out by the Quarantine Office (Ken'eki-kyoku) before you check your pet in.

Other useful information
The PETS scheme is not yet standardised. This leads to much confusion. Every journey between any two countries should be researched separately to ensure that the animal will be accepted for travel upon arrival at the departure point.

 * The major delay in obtaining a pet passport is the time required for the rabies vaccination. The implications are:
 * An animal may get a valid rabies vaccination and serology check, and then apply for a passport on the spot, at a later date.
 * An animal whose rabies vaccination is allowed to go out of date (typically 1–2 years) by even one day, without a booster, must start with a new vaccination and delay.
 * Because PETS is European wide, the regulations may differ for travel within, and outside, Europe. Pet owners should take care since the requirements for travel to a destination may be quite different from the requirements upon returning.
 * A suitable and carrier-approved travel crate may be required, which must have the correct food and water containers as set out by the relevant bodies.
 * Animals should not be sedated for air travel since altitude can affect medications. Most airlines will not accept tranquilised animals. Instead, they are kept in a dark, heated, pressurized hold, which encourages them to sleep for the duration of travel.
 * Larger animals may be restricted to airline routes which can accommodate their crates. Not all airlines will carry animals, and charges vary widely.
 * Some routes will not fly animals if the temperature is adverse
 * Many airlines are unable to provide details of formal procedures, you may need to check with a vet or the consulate of the relevant countries to confirm details.
 * Since airline staff are often (at present) poorly trained or uncertain, and conflicting information may be provided, at present it is sensible to double check and document all information supplied.
 * On some airlines, animals may travel as excess baggage or cargo. "Excess baggage" (in effect treating the crate and animal as another suitcase) ensures they travel on the same flight and is often much cheaper.
 * The UK restricts incoming flights to ship animals as cargo. A cheaper alternative around this aberration in the rules is to fly to some other European city, such as Paris or Amsterdam, and then travel to the UK by rail or ferry instead, which do not have this restriction. Passengers travelling with animals by rail or ferry to or from the UK must in many cases need to have access to a vehicle, as you cannot currently take animals directly on foot by Eurostar, and neither on most ferry routes. After arriving in Europe from a non-EU participating country, the certificate received from customs/quarantine is valid for Europe wide travel for up to 4 months, though it is best to contact DEFRA directly prior to travel.

title: Pet passport


text:
User:The bellman/wikipedia projects

WP:CotW

Australian_Collaboration_of_the_Week

Australian_wikipedians%27_notice_board

User:The bellman/wikipedia projects/South America

title: User:The bellman/wikipedia projects


text:
User:The bellman/other projects

Languages I am learning
quenya

Portuguese

Spanish

Books I am reading
Down and Out in Paris and London by George Orwell

Great Expectations by Charles Dickens

I, Robot by Isaac Asimov

Emma by Jane Austen

title: User:The bellman/other projects


text:
User:The bellman/random stuff

list

 * 01 saucepan
 * 01 frypan (small)
 * knives
 * forks
 * spoons
 * 04 placemats
 * 01 table cloth
 * 01 dinner plate
 * 01 lunch plate
 * 02 cups
 * 01 mugs
 * 02 breakfast bowls
 * 01 cooking bowl
 * 01 small plate
 * 01 table spoon
 * 01 pair of tongs
 * 02 drying up cloths
 * clothes
 * 01 fan (?)
 * 01 sharp knife (vegetable)
 * 01 cutting board
 * 02 airtight containers
 * 01 small esky
 * 02 iceblocks
 * USB thingo
 * clothes pegs
 * coathangers
 * robin
 * CD player
 * bike
 * puncture repair kit (to buy)
 * 02 spare tubes

title: User:The bellman/random stuff


text:
USS Proteus

USS Proteus has been the name of several ships in the United States Navy.

 * USS Proteus (1863), an American Civil War steamer that was purchased in 1864
 * USS Proteus (AC-9), the lead ship of the Proteus-class colliers
 * USS Proteus (AS-19), a Fulton-class submarine tender

title: USS Proteus


text:
Nancy Barrett

Nancy Barrett (born October 5, 1941) is an American actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Carolyn Stoddard (among other characters) in the 1960s gothic soap opera Dark Shadows.

Biography
Barrett was born in Shreveport, Louisiana, but most of her early life was spent in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. After completing high school, she entered Baylor University in Waco, Texas, but she spent her final year of college at UCLA.

After graduating from UCLA, she married Ralph Pine, her agent. The couple moved to New York City, New York, where she landed the role of "Carolyn Stoddard" on the gothic soap opera Dark Shadows in June 1966. While on the show, she met David Ford, who was one of the other actors on the show. Following her divorce from Pine, Barrett and Ford married in 1967; the marriage lasted two years. Barrett, Ford, and her future Dark Shadows co-star Jerry Lacy all appeared on stage at the Wayside Theatre in 1967.

While on Dark Shadows, she appeared in two films based on the series – House of Dark Shadows (1970) and Night of Dark Shadows (1971). The series itself was canceled in April 1971. She appeared in a total of four hundred and three episodes.

Barrett married psychiatrist Harold Kaplan in the early seventies. Throughout that decade, she appeared on numerous soaps, including The Doctors, One Life to Live, and Ryan's Hope. She made her last onscreen appearance in 1986's Belizaire the Cajun.

In 2009, she reprised her role of Carolyn in the audio drama Curse of the Pharaoh. Barrett's husband, the aforementioned Harold Kaplan, died in January 1998. Since his passing, she has appeared in the New York production of Francis Patrelle's The Yorkville Nutcracker, marking her ballet debut.

Nancy married practicing New York dentist Stuart S. Leichter D.D.S. in 2005. Stuart died in Arizona after a long illness in 2017.

Filmography

 * Dark Shadows (1966–1971) ... Carolyn Stoddard Hawkes, Millicent Collins-Forbes, Charity Trask, Pansy Faye, Carolyn Stoddard Loomis, Leticia Faye, Melanie Collins Young, Amanda Collins (TV)
 * N.Y.P.D. (1967) ...-The Pink Gumdrop- (TV Series)
 * House of Dark Shadows (1970) ... Carolyn Stoddard
 * Night of Dark Shadows (1971) ... Clair Jenkins
 * The Doctors (1971–1972) ... Kathy Ryker #2 (TV)
 * One Life to Live (1974) ... Rachel Wilson Farmer (TV)
 * Ryan's Hope (1976) ... Faith Coleridge #2 (TV)
 * The Adams Chronicles (1976) ... Elizabeth Cameron (TV)
 * One Life to Live (1982) ... Debra Van Druden (TV)
 * Belizaire the Cajun (1986) ... Rebecca

title: Nancy Barrett