text:
Talk:Hide (musician)

Pronounciation
While /hi.de/ may be correct, do you really expect someone who doesn't know Japanese pronounciations to go to that page and look up how it's supposed to be pronounced? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.107.130.33 (talk) 13:49, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * That's the idea behind a hyperlinked encyclopedia, yes. There is also little sense in using something a US newspaper once printed, rather than using a system like the International Phonetic Alphabet, just to be accommodating to a certain subset of readers (keep in mind that English pronunciation varies, even between countries were it is the official language). - Cyrus XIII (talk) 16:31, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

The museum?
There was a museum dedicated to hide after the time of his death that had to close a few years ago due to funding issues. Can we get a mention of that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.195.120.63 (talk) 10:33, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Of course. Either go ahead and add the information, accompanied by a reliable source or provide a source here and I'll be glad to integrate it into the article. - Cyrus XIII (talk) 16:31, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Capitalization discussion at the manual of style
For all interested parties, there is a discussion going on right now at the Manual of Style about whether or not to capitalize people's names against their wishes (like hide, for example). --Irn (talk) 18:10, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

It looks like the discussion has finally landed on the side of NOT capitalizing names against someone's wishes. I hope this means we can FINALLY change this page's stuff to "hide" out of some level of respect for the subject's wishes. TVTropes wiki allows this: this Wiki should as well. 75.17.143.32 (talk) 06:59, 6 December 2009 (UTC)A Groupie

About caps, what's reported as official fan site says it's fully capitalized (always). Why does this contracdict wikipedia's statement ?

http://www.hide-city.com/english/profile/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.194.132.70 (talk) 13:33, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

Personal Life
Why is their no personal life section. He has a brother named Hiroshi. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lord-Of-Machines (talk • contribs) 13:21, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

I distinctly remember several sources mentioning Hideto as being bisexual and having romantic feelings for Yoshiki, but I can't find the sources off-hand. Can anyone find some? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.66.190.44 (talk) 00:52, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

Death.
When he died, there were tons of reports of fans committing suicide, but no mention of it here. There's still lots of articles about it on the web. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.160.77.255 (talk) 01:30, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

i dont get that
Sorry for asking, but as a non native speaker i dont get this phrase:
 * making it the only original studio album to bear the Hide with Spread Beaver handle

That far i've fiddled out that "Spread Beaver" is the first track on the "Ja, Zoo" album. track=handle? or might this resemble rather to some (handy) logo used on the album, or even to the title design (a caged human in a cat suite and cat alike posing). Maybe there is some other meaning of all that wording. Please explain and if possible make the article more readable. Thanks. --Alexander.stohr (talk) 13:20, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I just re-read that paragraph and looked at some other articles, and it appears to me that Spread Beaver is the name of the band he toured with and that he did not formally acknowledge them on his first two solo albums, but on his last "solo" album (Ja, Zoo), the artist is listed not just as "hide" but as "hide with Spread Beaver". I agree that the above wording is fairly confusing, so I went ahead and added some punctuation and clarification to hopefully make it make more sense. -- Irn (talk) 16:09, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

Concern about sources, possible wp:OR and wp:SYNTH
Can someone with a good grasp of wp:rs, wp:or, and wp:synth please take a good look at this article, especially the sources? The overwhelming number of the sources are from the official fan site. There are also photographs, musical scores , merchandising websites , and apparently someone watching a concert are used as sources.

The only "good" sources seem the be the asiaweek.com article, as well as a NYT online article, both of which focus primarily on his death. Something, it seems, should be done, but I'm not sure what. Thanks, The Eskimo (talk) 19:53, 19 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Possibly a redirect to X Japan where mention of his death can be made in a separate section with the good sources?

 * Although it says it is the official "fan club" website, it is basically his official site period, as Headwax Organization owns and operates it. So I think sources from that site should be accepted. But I agree, the photos of his relatives should go, as should the sources of "someone watching a concert DVD", and the merchandising website sources should be changed to the product's official website (ex: his guitars sourced to ESP Guitars' website). But I am basically useless in this as I really don't know how to cite that well. Xfansd (talk) 20:53, 19 November 2010 (UTC)
 * No worries. I am not all that great at adding sources either, nor interpreting some policies, which is why I opened up a request for comment.  Hopefully this RFC will result in the article becoming much better as more experienced editors take a look at it. The Eskimo (talk) 21:03, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hide (musician)


text:
Camilla Rutherford

Camilla Rutherford (born 20 September 1976) is an English actress and fashion model.

Early life
Camilla Rutherford was born to (Gordon) Malcolm Rutherford (1939–1999), a financial journalist for the Financial Times and sometime advisor to Margaret Thatcher, and his second wife, Elizabeth (Pelen), a magistrate, daughter of a French ambassador. She was educated at St George's School, Ascot and Woodbridge School before studying maths at Newcastle University, which she left to focus on modelling.

Acting career
Her first film roles were in the short films, Je t'aime John Wayne and in Stardom. In 2001, she played Isobel in Gosford Park. In March 2004, she appeared in a new play called Three Women. She is in the films Vanity Fair (2004) and The Freediver. She portrayed Jocasta in the series Rome and had a role in The Darjeeling Limited. Rutherford starred in the multi-award-winning 1920s/1930s sci-fi Dimensions. She starred in ‘'Breathe'’, which premiered at the London Film Festival. Rutherford starred in the period film Phantom Thread, and as Diana Napier in the 2021 miniseries A Very British Scandal.

Personal life
Rutherford has two children from her first marriage (dissolved) and two children from a second relationship.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Camilla Rutherford


text:
The Big Food Group

The Big Food Group was a food retail and wholesale company based in the UK. It was created in 2000 when the supermarket chain Iceland merged with Booker Cash & Carry plc.

The company was purchased by Icelandic retail consortium Baugur Group in 2005, and split into:
 * Retail: Iceland
 * Wholesale: Booker Cash & Carry
 * Foodservices: Woodward Foodservice
 * Logistics: Expert Logistics

The property portfolio was spun out into a separate company called PropCo, for £213 million, and then leased back.

title: The Big Food Group


text:
Hacksaw

A hacksaw is a fine-toothed saw, originally and mainly made for cutting metal. The equivalent saw for cutting wood is usually called a bow saw.

Most hacksaws are hand saws with a C-shaped walking frame that holds a blade under tension. Such hacksaws have a handle, usually a pistol grip, with pins for attaching a narrow disposable blade. The frames may also be adjustable to accommodate blades of different sizes. A screw or other mechanism is used to put the thin blade under tension.

On hacksaws, as with most frame saws, the blade can be mounted with the teeth facing toward or away from the handle, resulting in cutting action on either the push or pull stroke. In normal use, cutting vertically downwards with work held in a bench vise, hacksaw blades are set to be facing forwards.

History

While saws for cutting metal had been in use for many years, significant improvements in longevity and efficiency were made in the 1880s by Max Flower-Nash. George N. Clemson, a founder of Clemson Bros. Inc of Middletown, New York, United States, conducted tests which involved changing the dimensions, shapes of teeth, styles of set, and variable heat treatments of blades. Clemson claimed enormous improvements to the cutting ability of blades and built a major industrial operation manufacturing hacksaw blades sold under the trade name Star Hack Saw. In 1898, Clemson was granted US Patent 601947, which details various improvements in the hacksaw.

Design

Standard hacksaw blade lengths are 10 to 12 in. Blades can be as small as 6 in. Powered hacksaws may use large blades in a range of sizes, or small machines may use the same hand blades.

The pitch of the teeth can be from fourteen to thirty-two teeth per inch (TPI) for a hand blade, with as few as three TPI for a large power hacksaw blade. The blade chosen is based on the thickness of the material being cut, with a minimum of three teeth in the material. As hacksaw teeth are so small, they are set in a "wave" set. As for other saws they are set from side to side to provide a kerf or clearance when sawing, but the set of a hacksaw changes gradually from tooth to tooth in a smooth curve, rather than alternate teeth set left and right.

Hacksaw blades are normally quite brittle, so care needs to be taken to prevent brittle fracture of the blade. Early blades were of carbon steel, now termed 'low alloy' blades, and were relatively soft and flexible. They avoided breakage, but also wore out rapidly. Except where cost is a particular concern, this type is now obsolete. 'Low alloy' blades are still the only type available for the Junior hacksaw, which limits the usefulness of this otherwise popular saw.

For several decades now, hacksaw blades have used high speed steel for their teeth, giving greatly improved cutting and tooth life. These blades were first available in the 'All-hard' form which cut accurately but were extremely brittle. This limited their practical use to benchwork on a workpiece that was firmly clamped in a vice. A softer form of high speed steel blade was also available, which wore well and resisted breakage, but was less stiff and so less accurate for precise sawing. Since the 1980s, bi-metal blades have been used to give the advantages of both forms, without risk of breakage. A strip of high speed steel along the tooth edge is electron beam welded to a softer spine. As the price of these has dropped to be comparable with the older blades, their use is now almost universal.

The most common blade is the 12 inch or 300 mm length. Hacksaw blades have a hole at each end for mounting them in the saw frame and the 12 inch / 300 mm dimension refers to the center to center distance between these mounting holes.

The kerf produced by the blades is somewhat wider than the blade thickness due to the set of the teeth. It commonly varies between 0.030 and 0.063 inches / 0.75 and 1.6 mm depending on the pitch and set of the teeth.

Uses
Hacksaws were originally and principally made for cutting metal, but can also cut various other materials, such as plastic and wood; for example, plumbers and electricians often cut plastic pipe and plastic conduit with them, while surgeons can use unpowered saws as bonesaws.

Variants

A panel hacksaw has a frame made of a deep, thin sheet aligned behind the blade's kerf, so that the saw could cut into panels of sheet metal without the length of cut being restricted by the frame. The frame follows the blade down the kerf into the panel.

Junior hacksaws are a small version with a half-size blade. Like coping saws, the blade has pins that are held by notches in the frame. Although potentially a useful tool for a toolbox or in confined spaces, the quality of blades in the Junior size is restricted and they are only made in the simple low alloy steels, not HSS. This restricts their usefulness.

A power hacksaw (or electric hacksaw) is a type of hacksaw that is powered either by its own electric motor or connected to a stationary engine. Most power hacksaws are stationary machines but some portable models do exist; the latter (with frames) have been displaced to some extent by reciprocating saws such as the Sawzall, which accept blades with hacksaw teeth. Stationary models usually have a mechanism to lift up the saw blade on the return stroke and some have a coolant pump to prevent the saw blade from overheating.

Power hacksaws are not as commonly used in the metalworking industries as they once were. Bandsaws and cold saws have mostly displaced them. While stationary electric hacksaws are not very common, they are still produced. Power hacksaws of the type powered by stationary engines and line shafts, like other line-shaft-powered machines, are now rare; museums and antique-tool hobbyists still preserve a few of them.

title: Hacksaw


text:
David Shrigley

David John Shrigley (born 17 September 1968) is a British visual artist. He lived and worked in Glasgow, Scotland for 27 years before moving to Brighton, England in 2015. Shrigley first came to prominence in the 1990s for his distinct line drawings, which often deal with witty, surreal and darkly humorous subject matter and are rendered in a rough, almost childlike style. Alongside his illustration work, Shrigley is also a noted painter, sculptor, filmmaker and photographer, and has recorded spoken word albums of his writing and poetry.

Early life and education
Shrigley was born 17 September 1968 in Macclesfield, Cheshire. He moved with his parents and sister to Oadby, Leicestershire when he was two years old. He took the Art and Design Foundation course at Leicester Polytechnic in 1987, and then studied environmental art at Glasgow School of Art from 1988 to 1991. Talking about his final degree show, Shrigley later told The Guardian's Becky Barnicoat, "I thought my degree show was brilliant, but the people who were marking it didn't. I got a 2:2. They didn't appreciate my genius.[…] I didn't sell anything at the show – it was 1991, before the YBAs. There wasn't a precedent for people selling work that wasn't figurative painting". Before becoming a full-time artist, Shrigley worked as a gallery guide at the CCA in Glasgow, where he would use the gallery's equipment to self-publish a series of books of his drawings.

Work

As well as authoring several books, he directed the video for Blur's "Good Song" and also for Bonnie 'Prince' Billy's "Agnes, Queen of Sorrow". In 2005 he designed a London Underground leaflet cover. Since 2005, he has contributed a cartoon for The Guardian's Weekend magazine every Saturday. Other projects have included the album Worried Noodles (Tom Lab, 2007) where musicians interpret his writings as lyrics, including collaborations by David Byrne, Hot Chip, and Franz Ferdinand. Shrigley co-directed a short film with director Chris Shepherd called Who I Am And What I Want (2005), based on Shrigley's book of the same title, with Kevin Eldon voicing its main character, Pete. Shrigley also produced a series of drawings and t-shirt designs for the 2006 Triptych festival, a Scottish music festival lasting for three to four days in three cities. He also designed twelve different covers for Deerhoof's 2007 record, Friend Opportunity. In the same year he also designed the title sequence for the film Hallam Foe, as well as the drawings and the writing in Hallam's on-screen diaries.

In 2014, Jonathan Jones reviewed Shrigley's work Brass Tooth, writing, "David Shrigley must have had a big, toothy grin when he created multiple editions of his sculpture Brass Tooth, which goes on sale for £1,200 a pop at the London art fair this week. It is a cast of a single tooth – including the roots – and is typical of Shrigley's sly, subversive, humorous art in how it brings a modern art cliche crashing down to Earth".

In 2015, he designed "Kingsley", a mascot for Scottish football team Partick Thistle as part of a sponsorship deal. The mascot's design was the object of some amusement, with Scottish BuzzFeed reporter Jamie Ross describing it as "based on every nightmare I had as a child."

Shrigley also undertook a residency at Auckland's Two Rooms in 2015, during which he painted for the first time since his graduation from The Glasgow School of Art in 1991. He said that the residency presented ‘an opportunity to explore a different medium and explore what you can do with “that” versus what you do with “this”.'

Shrigley's sculpture Really Good was installed on Trafalgar Square's Fourth plinth between September 2016 and March 2018. He was granted £130,000 by the London mayor's office to make the work. Shrigley has said "I don't think I'll ever get to do anything that meant more to me".

In 2019, he designed the yellow and red card of the AS Velasca.

Shrigley was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to visual arts.

Exhibitions
Recent notable solo exhibitions include Do Not Touch the Worms, Copenhagen Contemporary, Denmark (2020); Exhibition of Inflatable Swan Things, Spritmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden (2018); David Shrigley, Hall Art Foundation, Reading, Vermont, USA (2017); Life Model II, Rose Art Museum, Waltham, Mass., USA (2016); David Shrigley: Life and Life Drawing, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia (2014); David Shrigley: Brain Activity, YBCA, San Francisco (2012) Animate, Turku Art Museum, Finland (2011); Kelvingrove Museum, Glasgow International Festival of Visual Arts, Glasgow, Scotland (2010); New Powers, Kunsthalle Mainz, Germany (2009); David Shrigley, Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany (2008); Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art, Gateshead, UK (2008); Everything Must Have a Name, Malmö Konsthall, Malmo, Sweden (2007) and David Shrigley, Dundee Contemporary Arts, Dundee, Scotland (2006).

Jason Mraz took the name of his album We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things. from a work by Shrigley.

In January 2016, Shrigley's work was part of a British Council-organised international touring exhibition. Previewing the touring David Shrigley: Lose Your Mind exhibition before it opened in Guadalajara, Mexico, BBC Arts said: "Best known for his crudely composed and mordantly humorous cartoons, David Shrigley is a highly popular British artist […] Featuring works as diverse as cartoonish ceramic boots, doodle-like drawings and a headless, stuffed ostrich, the exhibition highlights Shrigley's lively, irreverent imagination in full flow". In the same month, he contributed to the Liverpool Provocations event in Liverpool's city centre.

In 2020, Shrigley released a body of work entitled 'Lockdown Drawings'. 340 pieces of art inspired by the UK's coronavirus lockdown in spring 2020 were displayed in the Stephen Friedman Gallery.

In 2021, Shrigley staged a conceptual exhibition 'Mayfair Tennis Ball Exchange'. where the gallery was filled with new tennis balls, participants were encouraged to exchange the balls for ones of their own.

A further conceptual exhibition 'Pulped Fiction' was announced in 2023. Shrigley purchased thousands of copies of Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code, pulped them, made paper and printed copies of George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty Four.

Publications

 * This Is A Paper Trinket For You To Wear
 * How Are You Feeling
 * To Make Meringue You Must
 * Man in a Room
 * Do Not Bend
 * The Book of Shrigley
 * Ants Have Sex in Your Beer
 * Slug Trails
 * Merry Eczema
 * Blanket of Filth
 * Enquire Within
 * Let Not These Shadows Fall Upon Thee
 * Err
 * Drawings Done Whilst on the Phone To Idiot
 * Why We Got The Sack From The Museum
 * Centre Parting
 * Order of Service
 * To Make Meringue You Must Beat The Egg Whites Until They Look Like This
 * Blank Page And Other Pages
 * The Beast Is Near
 * Hard Work
 * Leotard
 * Joy
 * Yellow Bird With Worm
 * Human Achievement
 * Who I Am And What I Want
 * Let's Wrestle
 * Rules
 * Kill Your Pets
 * It Is It
 * Blocked Path
 * Photographs with Text
 * Worried Noodles – The Empty Sleeve
 * Hand
 * Red Book
 * What The Hell Are You Doing? The Essential David Shrigley
 * Fragments of Torn Up Drawings
 * Weak Messages Create Bad Situations

Music
In 2006, Shrigley's first spoken word album Shrigley Forced to Speak With Others was released by Azuli Records, under their Late Night Tales label. In October 2007, Tomlab released Worried Noodles, a double CD of artists including David Byrne, Islands, Liars, Grizzly Bear, Mount Eerie, R. Stevie Moore and Final Fantasy putting Shrigley's 2005 book of the same name to music. Moore went on to record an entire album of new songs set to Shrigley's Worried Noodles lyrics called Shrigley Field.

Awards
Shrigley was nominated for the 2013 Turner Prize. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by Leicester's De Montfort University at a ceremony on 17 July 2014.

title: David Shrigley


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vancura translations

Vancura translations
What to do with this? I say delete, but maybe someone has an idea how to fit it in WP. -- Solitude 13:02, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yuk, horrible. But then, we have a list of the names of Harry Potter chapters in every language except Klingon, so precedence may unfortunately say keep (even though I voted to delete the Harry Potter nonsense). Dunc_Harris|☺ 13:22, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Rename to List of Vancura translations, I guess, but I consider myself an urbane, well-read old fogey, and I've never heard of the author before. No stance taken, in general, but I should very much prefer that this be like-with-like and incorporated into or appended to whatever article we have on the author.  If subpages worked, it would be a subpage. Geogre 14:40, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not the place for this. --Improv 18:19, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, this is, by the way, the English wikipedia. — siro  χ  o  20:14, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * I disagree -- this is the Wikipedia in English, not for things notable to the English. I still think this is not encyclopedic though, as per my above note :) --Improv 20:21, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Besides no context, it's just a list of non-notable, non-wikified names.  RickK 23:56, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:61.95.184.9

title: User talk:61.95.184.9


text:
Notes and Queries

Notes and Queries, also styled Notes & Queries, is a long-running quarterly scholarly journal that publishes short articles related to "English language and literature, lexicography, history, and scholarly antiquarianism". Its emphasis is on "the factual rather than the speculative". The journal has a long history, having been established in 1849 in London; it is now published by Oxford University Press.

The journal was originally subtitled "a medium of inter-communication for literary men, artists, antiquaries, genealogists, etc". It is now subtitled "For readers and writers, collectors and librarians". Its motto was once "When found, make a note of", the catchphrase of Capt. Cuttle, a character in Dickens's novel Dombey and Son.

It is the 250th-most-quoted source in the Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.), giving 1,633 quotations, many being first evidence of a word or a particular meaning.

Format
Notes and Queries was first published in 1849 as a weekly periodical edited by W. J. Thoms. It was founded as an academic correspondence magazine, in which scholars and interested amateurs could exchange knowledge on folklore, literature and history. The format consisted of "Notes" (miscellaneous findings of correspondents that they and the editors considered of interest to the readership), and "Queries" (and responses to queries), which formed the bulk of the publication. The magazine has been likened to a 19th-century version of a moderated Internet newsgroup.

Many of the entries in the journal for its first seventy years were only a few paragraphs long, and occasionally as short as a sentence or two. Very frequent contributors include the Rev. Walter W. Skeat, one of the most important figures in the field of English etymology, and Eliza Gutch, a founding member of The Folklore Society. The foundation of such a society was suggested by Gutch through a query to the publication. Gutch contributed to the publication for over seventy years, using the pseudonym "St Swithin".

Today the magazine is produced as an academic journal. The articles are typically much longer than they were during the journal's early years, though they are still shorter than those of the typical academic journal. In addition, the "Notes" now far outweigh the "Queries", and book reviews have also been introduced. The focus is now almost entirely on literature.

19th- and 20th-century editors
• 1849–1872 William Thoms

• 1872–1878 John Doran

• 1878–1883 Henry Frederic Turle

• 1883–1907 Joseph Knight

• 1907–1912 Vernon Horace Rendall

• 1912–1942 Florence Hayllar

• 1942–1958 Frederick Page

• 1959–1976 James Coutts Maxwell

• 1959–1962 Robert Burchfield

• 1962–2018 Eric Stanley

• 1977–1983 John David Fleeman

• 1977–1998 Douglas Hewitt

• 1983–2021 Glenn Black

Namesakes
Over 20 county or regional publications across England, mostly launched in the late 19th century, adopted a similar "notes and queries" format; 16 of which, beginning with Gloucestershire Notes and Queries in 1879, included the term within their titles. Notes and Queries for Somerset and Dorset (launched in 1888) and Devon and Cornwall Notes and Queries (launched 1900) both survive in regular publication. There have been several incarnations of American Notes and Queries. There are also Canadian Notes & Queries and Kōtare: New Zealand Notes and Queries.

Notes and Queries has also given its name to a number of columns and sections within wider-ranging publications. These include a regular "Notes & Queries" feature in The Guardian newspaper, started in November 1989.

Anthologies
The following anthologies of selections from Notes and Queries have appeared.

title: Notes and Queries


text:
World Vegan Day

World Vegan Day is a global event celebrated annually on 1 November. Vegans celebrate the benefits of veganism for animals, humans, and the natural environment through activities such as setting up stalls, hosting potlucks, and planting memorial trees.

History
The event was established in 1994 by Louise Wallis, then Chair of The Vegan Society in the United Kingdom, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the organization and the coining of the terms "vegan" and "veganism". Speaking in 2011, Louise Wallis said: "We knew the Society had been founded in November 1944 but didn’t know the exact date, so I decided to go for 1 November, partly because I liked the idea of this date coinciding with Samhain/Halloween and the Day of the Dead – traditional times for feasting and celebration, both apt and auspicious."

Germany

 * World Vegan Day, Germany. Several different events in the metropolitan cities.

Boston, Massachusetts

 * Annual Boston Vegetarian Food Festival (all weekend), free vegan food (many thousands of attenders), sponsored annually and currently by the Boston Vegetarian Society.

Adelaide

 * Adelaide celebrates World Vegan Day every year on a Sunday in November. The first Vegan Festival was held on 4 November 2007. The event is possible because of many individual volunteers and members of various organizations. Kas Ward created the Vegan Festival in Adelaide and is the main event coordinator.
 * M.A.D. FREE Weekend in Adelaide celebrates World Vegan Day in November. 13–15 November 2009.

Melbourne
Since 2003 World Vegan Day has been celebrated in Melbourne on the last Sunday of October. The event was initiated by members of the vegan social group Vegans Unite and is now organized by a committee affiliated with Vegetarian Victoria. Stalls include Lentil as Anything, Invita Living Foods, Animals Australia, Aduki Independent Press, Eco-shout Melbourne, Vegan Society of Australia, ALV, the Melbourne University Food Co-op, Lush Australia and eco store.

Sydney
The Winery by Gazebo in Surry Hills will hold Sydney's first annual event on the first Sunday of November, being Sunday 6th in 2016.

Invercargill

 * Invercargill Vegan Society in Invercargill, New Zealand, has celebrated World Vegan Day since 2011. The world's southernmost vegan group, for World Vegan Day 2012 they gave away tofu to butchers, placed posters around their city, gave away vegan muffins in the city centre and held a group potluck dinner. World Vegan Day 2013 celebrations included visits to butchers' shops and vegan baking and soya milk giveaways in the city centre. Vegan activists were included on the CUE TV's news bulletin and gave a soft toy dog to an animal-skin-preserving factory. A potluck dinner was held at Invercargill public library as the sun set on World Vegan Day 2013.

Calendar context
World Vegan Day, a.k.a. International Vegan Day, is celebrated in continuity with Vegetarian Awareness Month (all of October), which begins with World Vegetarian Day on October 1, and includes other commemorative dates involving reverence for life in all species, faith-based vegetarianism and animal advocacy, and more. World Vegan Day follows Vegetarian Awareness Month (October) and initiates World Vegan Month (all of November). November 2, commemorated as Dynamic Harmlessness Day, is the birthday of the late H. Jay Dinshah, founder of the American Vegan Society.

title: World Vegan Day


text:
Rabbitt

Rabbitt is a South African pop rock band formed in Johannesburg in 1972, evolving from a band called The Conglomeration, consisting of members Trevor Rabin, Ronnie Robot, and Neil Cloud. Their successes included making it to the top of the South African charts with the hit "Charlie" in 1976.

Line-up from 1975

 * Trevor Rabin: Vocals, lead guitar, keyboards
 * Ronnie Robot (Ronald Friedman) (born 5 October 1953): Bass guitar
 * Neil Cloud (born 3 September 1953): Drums
 * Duncan Faure (born 16 December 1956): Vocals, guitars, keyboards

Boys Will Be Boys (1975)
Tracks:
 * 1) "Something's Going Wrong with My Baby" (Trevor Rabin) — 4:45
 * 2) "Savage" (Rabin) — 4:43
 * 3) "Lifeline" (Rabin) — 6:00
 * 4) "Locomotive Breath" (Ian Anderson) — 3:35
 * 5) "Hard Ride" (Rabin) — 4:05
 * 6) "Baby's Leaving" (Rabin) — 2:20
 * 7) "Eventides" (Rabin) — 2:34
 * 8) "Looking for the Man" (Rabin) — 4:00
 * 9) "Death of Tulio" (Rabin) — 0:22
 * 10) "Charlie" (Van Blerk, Rabin) — 2:35
 * 11) "Brand New Love"(*) (Rabin) — 3:38
 * 12) "Auld Lang Syne"(*) (Traditional) — 1:18

(*) bonus track on 2006 CD re-issue (Fresh Music)

A Croak and a Grunt in the Night (1977)
Tracks:
 * 1) "T.C. Rabin in D-Minor" (Rabin) (0.24)
 * 2) "I Sleep Alone" (Rabin) (2.52)
 * 3) "'A Croak and a Grunt in the Night" (Rabin/Van Blerk) (2.37)
 * 4) "Everybody's Cheating" (Rabin/Van Blerk) (4.10)
 * 5) "Sugar Pie" (Rabin) (3.22)
 * 6) "Searching" (Rabin) (4.13)
 * 7) "Working for the People" (Rabin/Robot/Faure/Cloud) (4.21)
 * 8) "Pollyman" (Rabin) (2.23)
 * 9) "Schumann" (Trad. arr. Rabin) (0.21)
 * 10) "Hold On to Love" (Rabin/Van Blerk) (4.06)
 * 11) "Dingley's Bookshop" (Faure) (2.10) theme from a TV series
 * 12) "Never Gonna Ruin my Life" (Rabin) (0.56)
 * 13) "Tribal Fence" (MacKay) (3.51) featuring Margaret Singana
 * 14) "Gift of Love" (Rabin/Van Blerk/Robot) (3.44)
 * 15) "Lonely Loner Too" (Faure) (3.35)
 * 16) "Take It Easy" (Rabin) (3.40)
 * 17) "A Love You Song" (Faure) (1.46)

Musicians:
 * Trevor Rabin: Vocals, guitars, piano, electric piano, harmonica, tubular bells, string arrangements, producer
 * Neil Cloud: Drums, percussion
 * Duncan Faure: Vocals, rhythm guitar, organ, piano
 * Ronnie Robot: Bass
 * Margaret Singana: Guest vocals on "Tribal Fence"
 * Patric van Blerk: Producer
 * Julian Laxton: Remix engineer
 * Peter Thwaites and Greg Cutler: Engineers

Release information:
 * 1976, Jo'Burg Records, TJL 13014
 * 1977, Capricorn (USA/Canada), CP 0190

Rock Rabbitt (1977)
Tracks:
 * 1) "Rush Hour Scores" (Faure) (5:02)
 * 2) "Mr. Muso" (Faure) (5:14)
 * 3) "Love in my Heart" (Faure) (3:40)
 * 4) "Within These Words" (Faure) (3:12)
 * 5) "Rock 'n' Roll, Part I & II" (Faure) (3:38)
 * 6) "Getting Thru to You" (Faure) (4:08)
 * 7) "I've Been Aware" (Faure) (6:16)
 * 8) "Without Her Love" (Faure) (3:19)
 * 9) "Hello and Welcome Home" (Faure) (5:38)
 * 10) "Goodbye and So-Long" (Faure) (2:28)

Musicians:
 * Duncan Faure: Vocals, guitars, keyboards
 * Ronnie Robot: Bass
 * Neil Cloud: Drums

Release information: 1977, JoBurg Records, TJC(X)13025

Revival
Tracks:
 * 1) "Locomotive Breath" (Ian Anderson) (3:35) — from the album Boys Will Be Boys!
 * 2) "Gift of Love" (Rabin/Van Blerk/Robot) (3.44) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 3) "Getting Through to You" (Faure) (4:07) — from the album Rock Rabbitt
 * 4) "Hard Ride" (Rabin) (4:10) — from the album Boys Will Be Boys!
 * 5) "Lifeline" (Rabin) (5:31) — from the album Boys Will Be Boys!
 * 6) "Searching" (Rabin) (4:09) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 7) "T.C. Rabin in D-minor" (Rabin) (0:24) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 8) "I Sleep Alone" (Rabin) (2:52) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 9) "Charlie" (Rabin/Van Blerk) (2:47) — from the album Boys Will Be Boys!
 * 10) "Morning Light" (Rabin/Faure) (3:12) — from the EP Morning Light (1977)
 * 11) "Brand New Love" (Rabin) (3.30) — from the EP single Morning Light (1977)
 * 12) "A Croak and a Grunt in the Night" (Rabin/Van Blerk) (2:37) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 13) "Everybody's Cheating" (Rabin/Van Blerk) (4:08) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 14) "Hold On to love" (Rabin/Van Blerk) (4:04) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 15) "Tribal Fence" (MacKay) (3.51) featuring Margaret Singana — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night

Release information: 1987, PVB Music, PVBR 1007A

The Collection / The Hits
Tracks:
 * 1) "Hard Ride" (Rabin) (4:10) — from the album Boys Will Be Boys!
 * 2) "Charlie" (Rabin/van Blerk) (2:47) — from the album Boys Will Be Boys!
 * 3) "Lonely Loner Too" (Faure) (3:34) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 4) "Searching" (Rabin) (4:09) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 5) "Dingley's Bookshop" (Faure) (2:11) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 6) "Locomotive Breath" (Ian Anderson) (3:35) — from the album Boys Will Be Boys!
 * 7) "Baby's Leaving" (Rabin) (2:23) — from the album Boys Will Be Boys!
 * 8) "Pollyman" (Rabin) (2:22) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 9) "T.C. Rabin in D-minor" (Rabin) (0:24) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 10) "I Sleep Alone" (Rabin) (2:52) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 11) "A Croak and a Grunt in the Night" (Rabin/van Blerk) (2:37) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 12) "Morning Light" (Rabin/Faure) (3:12) — from the EP single Morning Light (1977)
 * 13) "Schumann" (Trad. arr. Rabin) (0:24) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 14) "Hold On to love" (Rabin/van Blerk) (4:04) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 15) "Take It Easy" (Rabin) (3:40) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 16) "Lifeline" (Rabin) (5:31) — from the album Boys Will Be Boys!
 * 17) "I Was Eleven" (Faure),  (3:10) — from the EP single 1972–1978 (1978)
 * 18) "Everybody's Cheating" (Rabin/van Blerk) (4:08) — from the album A Croak and a Grunt in the Night
 * 19) "Savage" (Rabin) (4:43) — from the album Boys Will Be Boys!
 * 20) "Getting Through to You" (Faure) (4:07) — from the album Rock Rabbitt
 * 21) "Auld Lang Syne Rock" (Trad. arr. Rabin) (1:21) — B-side of "Morning Light" single (1977)
 * 22) "A Love You Song" (Faure) (1:43) — from the EP single Morning Light (1977)

Release information:
 * 1992 (as The Collection), ON records, RABCD1
 * 1996 (as The Hits), Gallo, CDRED 602

The Extended Plays (EPs)

 * Rock 'n' Roll, Volume 2 (4-track EP, 1977) Capricorn, 2206 201 (Brazil)
 * Something's Going Wrong With My Baby
 * Life Line
 * Locomotive Breath
 * Eventides

 * Morning Light (4-track EP, 1977) JoBurg Records, TJS57
 * Morning Light
 * A Love You Song
 * Brand New Love
 * When You're Without Her

 * 1972–1978 Limited Souvenir Edition (4-track EP, 1978) JoBurg Records, TJM73
 * Rock 'N Roll Part One & Two
 * I Was Eleven
 * Locomotive Breath
 * Goodbye And So-Long

The Singles

 * Locomotive Breath [3.00] (Ian Anderson, prod. Patric van Blerk, arr. Fransua Roos) / And The Planets Danced
 * (1972) MAP, MP.513 Springbok No. 18 in January 1973

 * Backdoor of my Heart / Share the Loving Things
 * (1973) JoBurg Records

 * Hallelujah Sunrise / Hidden Feelings
 * (1973) JoBurg Records

 * Yesterday's Papers / B-side unknown
 * (1974) JoBurg Records

 * Charlie / Looking for the Man
 * (1976) JoBurg Records, TJS35 Springbok No. 14 in June 1976

 * Hard Ride / Baby's Leaving
 * (1976) JoBurg Records, TJS46

 * Hold on to Love / Working for the People
 * (1976) JoBurg Records, TJS49

 * Sugar Pie / Dingley's Bookshop
 * (1976) JoBurg Records, TJS51

 * Eventides / Charlie
 * (1977) Victor, VIP-2526 (Japan)

 * Everybody's Cheating / Gift of Love
 * (1977) Victor, VIP-2561 (Japan)

 * Hold on to Love / Working for the People
 * (1977) Capricorn, CPS 0281 (USA)

 * Morning Light / Auld Lang Syne Rock
 * (1977) JoBurg Records, TJS57 Springbok No. 15 in September 1977

 * Gettin' Thru to You (Teenage Love) / Hello and Welcome Home
 * (1977) JoBurg Records, TJS64 Springbok No. 15 in December 1977

title: Rabbitt


text:
Talk:Urpmi

Untitled
It seems the easy urmpi link is broken.
 * You are correct. The broken link has been fixed Joel M. 18:27, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

So, what does URPMI actually stand for? - Joe King —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.159.83.172 (talk) 21:12, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Urpmi


text:
The Chap

The Chap is a British humorous men's lifestyle magazine published quarterly. It was founded in 1999 by Gustav Temple and Vic Darkwood, and is still edited by Temple.

The magazine proposes that men everywhere return to a more gentlemanly way of life by rejecting modern vulgarity and careless, shabby or faddish dress sense through the restoration of the lifestyle, habits, manners and traditional fashion sense of a mid-20th century (or earlier) British chap. Thus it advises men to wear traditional British suits and other similar well-tailored clothing, especially those cut from tweed; to keep their trousers sharply pressed; to be impeccably groomed; to wear quality handmade shoes, brightly polished; and to return to the everyday wearing of hats.

The Chap has a comic and eccentric twist on this. It jokingly espouses its own unique lifestyle philosophy called anarcho-dandyism and has its own 10-point manifesto, The Chap Manifesto, which mandates that a chap is to smoke a pipe, is to doff his hat when good manners require, is never to wear what it calls pantaloons de Nîmes, and to sport a moustache (never a beard), among others.

Content
While The Chap appreciates British culture and loves tradition, it is strongly rooted in the Situationist strand of anarchism with more than the occasional nod to Dada. It is also indebted to the avant-garde as well as comedy greats such as the Monty Pythons, Peter Cook, Spike Milligan and Viv Stanshall.

"The idea for The Chap came out of various conversations with like-minded friends that there was no magazine aimed at gentlemen. Everything was either for vulgarians…or for the specialist hobby... So I thought, let’s start a magazine that offers advice on personal grooming, elegance and modern manners which isn’t beholden to advertisers and which is light-hearted yet firm in its stance against vulgarity. This was in 1999."

The Chap is a mixture of articles on clothing, footwear and headwear; on sport (mainly cricket and horse racing); on moustache grooming; on polite manners and traditional British etiquette; and on pipes and tobacco, all written in an anachronistic late-Victorian to mid-20th Century British style, interspersed with humorous jokes. For instance, the "Am I Chap" section sees people sending in photos of themselves dressed in vintage attire, to which the magazine's editors almost always comment on derisively in a very withering, but humorous, fashion.

"The Chap is a bit like a club – there are lots of cosy in-jokes and references, though we also like to display affectionate disdain for some of the readers who send in their photos dressed as “Chaps”, merely to remind everyone that we actually believe in dressing properly or not at all. I recently conducted a reader survey and one of the questions was “Should we get rid of ‘Am I Chap?’” The response was unanimously against, in other words, despite the criticism, readers love that column."

The Chap also features articles on a diverse range of things related to Chappism, such as tales of First World War and Second World War military derring-do, stories or tips on unusual ways to travel when abroad, or the late Victorian and Edwardian martial art of Bartitsu.

The magazine has often been very satirical or whimsical, with content such as a series chronicling "A Year in Catford" and "Amusing Monograph as to the Various Pleasures and Diversions Afforded by One's Valet".

Notable contributors to The Chap include Michael "Atters" Attree who conducts interviews with those known for their gentlemanly or dandyish ways, and Miss Martindale, a prominent spokesperson of Aristasia, who from 2003 to 2005 wrote the Ladies' Column. Its current literary editor is the author and historian Alexander Larman.

Publication history
The magazine is printed in B5 format, and originally was published in that format as well. In May 2009, the magazine nearly closed due to financial issues arising from moving from B5 to the larger A4 format. To keep going The Chap asked its readership and subscribers to donate funds. Additionally, Viz Magazine financially supported the magazine. It returned to B5 to reduce printing costs.

The Chap was published bi-monthly from 1999 to May 2017.

From issue #92 published in May 2017, the magazine has been published quarterly, has double the number of pages, and has been graphically redesigned. On this "relaunch" the editor said:

Chap events
The Chap used to host the annual summer Chap Olympiad which was normally held in Bedford Square Gardens in London.

The magazine has also conducted a number of balls called the Grand Anarcho-Dandyist Balls.

Chap protests
The magazine has also organised several serious and semi-serious protests, all conducted in the unique tongue-in-cheek Chap style. These include:
 * in 2003, the Chap Uprising – against what they see as modern living's vulgarity in general;
 * in 2004, the Victoria & Albert Museum Protest – a protest "against the pointless intrusion by contemporary art pieces into public areas";
 * in 2004, Civilise the City – a walk through central London whose aim was "to draw attention to the appalling lack of gentlemanly services available on Britain's high streets";
 * in 2006, the Tate Modern Protest – against modern art installations; and
 * in 2012, the Siege of Savile Row – against the proposed opening of an Abercrombie and Fitch store at the centre of traditional English gentleman's tailoring, Savile Row.

Chap publications
In addition to the magazine, a number of books have been published by The Chap over the years: these include How To Be Chap and books both on cooking and drinking for "chaps".

title: The Chap


text:
Battle of Gazala

The Battle of Gazala (near the village of Gazala) was fought during the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War, west of the port of Tobruk in Libya, from 26 May to 21 June 1942. Axis troops of the Panzerarmee Afrika (Generaloberst Erwin Rommel) consisting of German and Italian units fought the British Eighth Army (General Sir Claude Auchinleck, also Commander-in-Chief Middle East) composed mainly of British Commonwealth, Indian and Free French troops.

The Axis troops made a decoy attack in the north as the main attack moved round the southern flank of the Gazala position. Unexpected resistance at the south end of the line around the Bir Hakeim box by the Free French garrison left Panzerarmee Afrika with a long and vulnerable supply route around the Gazala Line. Rommel retired to a defensive position backing onto Allied minefields (the Cauldron), forming a base in the midst of the British defences. Italian engineers lifted mines from the west side of the minefields to create a supply route through to the Axis side.

Operation Aberdeen, an attack by the Eighth Army to finish off the Panzerarmee, was poorly co-ordinated and defeated in detail; many British tanks were lost and the Panzerarmee regained the initiative. The Eighth Army withdrew from the Gazala Line and the Axis troops overran Tobruk in a day. Rommel pursued the Eighth Army into Egypt and forced it out of several defensive positions. The Battle of Gazala is considered the greatest victory of Rommel's career.

As both sides neared exhaustion, the Eighth Army checked the Axis advance at the First Battle of El Alamein. To support the Axis advance into Egypt, the planned attack on Malta (Operation Herkules) was postponed. The British were able to revive Malta as a base for attacks on Axis convoys to Libya, greatly complicating Axis supply difficulties at El Alamein.

Benghazi
Following Operation Crusader, in late 1941, the British Eighth Army had relieved Tobruk and driven the Axis forces from Cyrenaica to El Agheila. The Eighth Army advance of 800 km over-stretched its supply lines and in January 1942, the Allies reduced the front line garrison for work on lines of communication and supply dumps, preparatory to another westwards advance against Tripolitania. The elimination of Force K from Malta, which ran into an Italian minefield off Tripoli in mid-December and the arrival of Fliegerkorps II in Sicily, neutralised Allied air and naval forces in Malta, allowing more Axis supplies to reach Libya. After a two-month delay, German and Italian forces in Libya began to receive supplies and reinforcements in men and tanks, which continued until the end of May, when Fliegerkorps II was transferred to the Russian front.

While aware from signals intelligence of these reinforcements, GHQ in Cairo underestimated their significance and Axis fighting strength, having greatly exaggerated the casualties inflicted on the Axis during Operation Crusader. In an appreciation made in January 1942, Auchinleck alluded to an Axis fighting strength of 35,000 men, when the true figure was about 80,000 (50,000 German and 30,000 Italian troops). The Eighth Army expected to be ready by February and GHQ Cairo believed that the Axis would be too weak and disorganised to mount a counter-offensive in the meantime. On 21 January, Rommel sent out three strong armoured columns to make a tactical reconnaissance. Finding only the thinnest of screens, Rommel changed his reconnaissance into an offensive, recaptured Benghazi on 28 January and Timimi on 3 February. By 6 February, the Allies had fallen back to a line from Gazala to Bir Hakeim, a few miles west of Tobruk, from which the Italo-Germans had retired seven weeks before. The Allies had 1,309 casualties from 21 January, lost 42 tanks knocked out, another 30 through damage and breakdowns and forty field guns.

Gazala line
Between Gazala and Timimi, just west of Tobruk, the Eighth Army was able to concentrate its forces sufficiently to turn and fight. By 4 February, the Axis advance had been halted and the front line stabilised from Gazala on the coast 48 km west of Tobruk, to an old Ottoman fortress at Bir Hakeim 80 km inland to the south. The Gazala line was a series of defensive boxes accommodating a brigade each, laid out across the desert behind minefields and wire, watched by regular patrols between the boxes. The Free French were to the south at the Bir Hakeim box, 13 mi south of the 150th Infantry Brigade box, which was 6 mi south of the 69th Infantry Brigade box. The line was not evenly manned, with a greater number of troops covering the coast road, leaving the south less protected but the line was behind deep minefields and a longer line would make an attack around the southern flank harder to supply. Behind the Gazala line, were several defensive boxes. Commonwealth Keep (also known as Hill 209) was at Ras El Madauur on the main defence line of Tobruk, about 14.5 km west-south-west of the port. The Acroma, Knightsbridge (19 km south of Acroma) and El Adem boxes were sited to block tracks and junctions. A box at Retma was finished just before the Axis offensive but work on boxes at Point 171 6.4 km south-east of Bir Hakeim and Bir el Gubi did not begin until 25 May.

British preparations
Churchill pressed Auchinleck to attack to push the Axis out of Cyrenaica and relieve the pressure on Malta, which Churchill felt was essential to the war effort, "...having particular regard to Malta, the loss of which would be a disaster of the first magnitude to the British Empire and probably fatal in the long run to the defence of the Nile delta."

- Winston Churchill

The Eighth Army received new equipment, including 167 American Lend-Lease M3 Grant tanks equipped with 75 mm guns, and large numbers of 6-pounder anti-tank guns. Rommel thought that Allied minefields ended well north of Bir Hakeim and did not know of the "mine marsh" surrounding the box. The Eighth Army was in the process of reorganising, changing the relationship between infantry and artillery, while the RAF commander Arthur Tedder concentrated the efforts of the Desert Air Force (DAF) on supporting the troops on the ground. Army commanders lost the power to direct air operations, which was reserved for the air commanders. A new fighter-bomber concept was developed and Air Vice-Marshal Arthur Coningham, commander of the DAF, moved his headquarters to the Eighth Army HQ to improve communication.

Axis commanders knew that the entry of the United States into the war would give the Eighth Army access to an increase in materiel but sought to forestall an Allied offensive before these supplies could influence events. By late May, the 1st South African Division was on the Gazala line nearest the coast, the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division to the south and the 1st Free French Brigade furthest south at Bir Hakeim. The 1st and 7th Armoured Divisions waited behind the main line as a mobile counter-attack force, the 2nd South African Division formed a garrison at Tobruk and the 5th Indian Infantry Division (which had arrived in April to relieve the 4th Indian Infantry Division) was held in reserve. The Allies had 110,000 men, 843 tanks and 604 aircraft.

Axis preparations
The Axis retreat to El Agheila after Operation Crusader reduced the supply distance from Tripoli to 460 mi. The discovery of 13000 LT of fuel at Tripoli eased the supply crisis, despite the delivery of only 50000 LT of supplies in January. The Panzerarmee had a much shorter supply line and the British were burdened by an over-extended supply line. Luftflotte II in Sicily had also regained air superiority for the Axis. Rommel asked for another 8,000 lorries but this unrealistic demand was rejected and Rommel was warned that an advance would cause another supply crisis. On 29 January, the Panzerarmee recaptured Benghazi and next day ammunition supply to the front line failed. By 13 February, Rommel agreed to stop at Gazala, 900 mi from Tripoli.

Until May, monthly deliveries averaged 60000 LT, less than the smaller Axis force received from June–October 1941 but sufficient for an offensive. The 900 mi advance to Gazala succeeded because Benghazi was open, reducing the transport distance for about 33 percent of the supplies of the Panzerarmee to 280 mi. The Italians tried to restrain Rommel by advocating the capture of Malta, which would postpone another offensive in Africa until the autumn but agreed to an attack on Tobruk for late May. An advance would stop at the Egyptian frontier, another 150 mi east and the Luftwaffe would redeploy for Operation Herkules. The capture of Malta would not alter the constraints of port capacity and distance; protecting convoys and a large port close to the front, would still be necessary for victory.

Air attacks directed by Kesselring against Malta greatly reduced its offensive capacity, allowing supply convoys from Italy to reach Axis forces in Africa with increased regularity. Unternehmen Venezia (Operation Venice), the Axis plan of attack, was for armoured forces to make a flanking manoeuvre south of the fortified "box" at Bir Hakeim. On the left flank, the 132nd Armoured Division "Ariete" would neutralise the Bir Hakeim box and on the right flank, the 21st Panzer Division and 15th Panzer Division would advance north behind the Eighth Army defences, to destroy the Allied armour and cut off the infantry divisions on the Gazala line. On the far right of the attack, a kampfgruppe (battle group) from the 90th Light Afrika Division was to advance to El Adem, south of Tobruk and cut the line of supply from the port to the Gazala line while holding Allied troops at Tobruk.

The rest of the Italian XX Motorized Corps, the Italian 101st Motorised Division "Trieste", would open a gap in the minefield north of the Bir Hakeim box near the Sidi Muftah box, to create a supply route to the armour. Rommel anticipated that, having dealt with the Allied armour, he would capture El Adem, Ed Duda, Sidi Rezegh and "Knightsbridge. " The Axis tanks would then be in a position to attack on the following day westwards against the Eighth Army defensive boxes between Gazala and Alem Hamza, meeting the eastwards attack by the Italian X and XXI corps. By late May, the Axis forces comprised 90,000 men, 560 tanks and 542 aircraft.

Operation Venice
At 14:00 on 26 May, the Italian X and XXI Corps launched a frontal attack on the central Gazala positions, after a heavy artillery concentration, beginning Unternehmen Venezia (Operation Venice). A few elements of the Afrika Korps and XX Mobile Corps were attached to these assault groups. During the day, the bulk of the Afrika Korps moved, to give the impression that this was the main Axis assault. When night fell, the armoured formations turned south in a sweeping move around the southern end of the Gazala line.

In the early hours of 27 May, Rommel personally led the elements of Panzerarmee Afrika, the Deutsches Afrikakorps (DAK), Italian XX Motorised Corps and the German 90th Light Afrika Division, in a bold flanking move around the southern end of the Allied line, using the Allied minefields to protect the Axis flank and rear. Ariete Division of XX Motorised Corps was held up for about an hour by the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade of the 7th Armoured Division, dug in about 6 km south east of Bir Hakeim at Rugbet el Atasc. The 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment of the "Ariete" Division sent its experienced VIII and IX Medium Tank battalions forward, while the fresh X Medium Tank Battalion was in second line. The Indian position was overrun with the loss of 23 tanks, some of which were repairable on the field, 30 men killed and 50 wounded, while the Indians lost 440 men killed and wounded and about 1,000 prisoners, including Admiral Sir Walter Cowan and most of its equipment. The 21st Panzer Division was advancing south of the position and did not take part in the action.

Further to the east, the 15th Panzer Division had engaged the 4th Armoured Brigade of the 7th Armoured Division, which had been ordered south to support the 3rd Indian and 7th Motorised brigades. In a mutually costly engagement, the Germans were surprised by the range and power of the 75 mm guns on the new M3 (Grant) tanks. The 4th Armoured Brigade then withdrew toward El Adem and spent the night near the Belhamed supply base, east of El Adem. By late morning, the Axis armoured units had advanced more than 25 mi north but by noon had been stopped by the 1st Armoured Division in more mutually costly fighting.

On the far right of the Axis advance, the 90th Light Afrika Division engaged the 7th Motorised Brigade at Retma and forced it to withdraw eastwards on Bir el Gubi. Resuming their advance toward El Adem before noon, armoured cars of the 90th Light came upon the advanced HQ of 7th Armoured Division near Bir Beuid, dispersing it and capturing a number of officers including the commander, Frank Messervy, who pretended to be a batman and escaped. The "inexcusable" lapse in security left the division without effective command for the next two days. As planned, 90th Light division reached the El Adem area by mid-morning and captured a number of supply dumps. The following day, the 4th Armoured Brigade was sent to El Adem and the 90th Light Division was driven back to the south-west.

The tank battle continued for three days; lacking possession of Bir Hakeim, Rommel drew the Afrika Korps into a defensive position, using the extensive Allied mine belts to block an Allied approach from the west. The British tanks attacked several times from the north and east against accurate defensive fire. The Axis supply situation became desperate; defending the German rear, the Ariete Division repulsed attacks by the British armoured brigades on 29 May and during the first week of June.

Bir Hakeim
The Bir Hakeim box was defended by the 1st Free French Brigade under Marie-Pierre Kœnig. On 27 May, the Italian IX Tank Battalion of the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment (Ariete Division), which had not been engaged in the destruction of the 3rd Indian Brigade box and had continued to advance alone at full speed, stumbled in the French positions and launched a hasty attack, which was a costly failure against the French 75 mm guns and mines. On the night of 1/2 June, the 90th Light and Trieste divisions were sent south to renew the attack on Bir Hakeim, where the battle continued for another ten days.

"Our attacks repeatedly bogged down in the excellent French fortifications. During the first ten days of out [sic] attack against the French the British had remained amazingly calm. The Ariete Division alone was attacked by them on 2 June but it defended itself stubbornly. After a counter-attack by the 21st Panzer Division the situation there again became quiet."

- Generalmajor Alfred Toppe

Reinforced with a further kampfgruppe, the Axis attacked Bir Hakeim again on 9 June and overran the defences by the following day. Ritchie ordered the remaining troops to evacuate as best they could, under the cover of darkness. Under fire through the night, many of the French were able to find gaps in the line through which to withdraw. The survivors then made their way some 8 km to the west, to rendezvous with transport from the 7th Motor Brigade. About 2,700 troops (including 200 wounded) of the original garrison of 3,600 escaped and about 500 French troops, many of whom were wounded, were captured when the 90th Light Division occupied the position on 11 June.

The Cauldron
Early on 29 May, supply vehicles supported by the Trieste and Ariete divisions, worked through the minefield north of Bir Hakeim and reached the Afrika Korps. On 30 May, Rommel pulled the Afrika Korps back westward against the edge of the minefields, creating a defensive position. A link was formed with elements of the Italian X Corps, which were clearing two routes through the minefields from the west. In the process, the Sidi Muftah box was overrun and the defending 150th Infantry Brigade was destroyed after brutal fighting. At one point, Rommel personally led a platoon of panzer grenadiers in the attack;

"In the afternoon [30th May] I personally reconnoitred the possibilities for an attack on Got el Ualeb [the Sidi Muftah box] and detailed units of the Afrika Korps, 90th Light Division and the Italian Trieste Division for an assault on the British positions next morning. The attack was launched on the morning of the 31st May. German-Italian units fought their way forward yard by yard against the toughest British resistance imaginable.[...] Nevertheless, by the time evening came we had penetrated a substantial distance into the British positions. On the following day the defenders were to receive their quietus. After heavy Stuka attacks, the infantry again surged forward against the British field positions.[...] Piece by piece the elaborate British defences were won until by early afternoon the whole position was ours. The last British resistance was quenched. We took in all 3,000 prisoners and destroyed or captured 101 tanks and armoured cars, as well as 124 guns of all kinds."

- Rommel

Acting on mistaken reports about German tank losses, Auchinleck strongly urged Ritchie to counter-attack along the coast, to exploit the absence of German tanks and break through to Timimi and then Mechili. Ritchie was more concerned by Tobruk, brought reinforcements up to the El Adem box and created new defensive boxes opposite the gaps in the minefield. Ritchie ordered the Eighth Army to counter-attack against the Afrika Korps on 5 June but they were met by accurate fire from tank and anti-tank guns positioned in the cauldron. In the north, XIII Corps made no progress but the attack by 7th Armoured and 5th Indian divisions on the eastern flank of the cauldron at 02:50 initially went well. An important element of the plan was the destruction of the Axis anti-tank screen with an artillery bombardment but because of an error in plotting its position, the bombardment fell too far to the east. When the 22nd Armoured Brigade advanced, it was met by massed anti-tank fire and checked. The 32nd Army Tank Brigade, advancing from the north, joined the attack at dawn but also ran into massed fire, losing fifty of seventy tanks.

By early afternoon on 5 June, Rommel split his forces, deciding to attack east with the Ariete and 21st Panzer divisions while he sent elements of 15th Panzer Division northwards against the Knightsbridge Box. The eastward thrust towards Bir el Hatmat dispersed the tactical HQs of the two British divisions, as well as the HQs of the 9th Indian Infantry Brigade, the 10th Indian Infantry Brigade and other smaller units, which caused command to break down. The 22nd Armoured Brigade, having lost 60 of its 156 tanks, was forced from the battlefield by more attacks from the 15th Panzer Division. Three Indian infantry battalions, a reconnaissance regiment and four artillery regiments of the attacking force were left behind, unsupported by armour and overrun. Rommel retained the initiative, maintaining his strength in the cauldron while the number of operational British tanks diminished. A number of probes were sent to test the various opposing strong points and from 6 to 8 June, further attacks were launched on Bir Hakeim and repulsed by the French garrison. The 7th Motor Brigade and 29th Indian Infantry Brigade continued to harass the Axis lines of communications.

Black Saturday, 13 June
On 11 June, Rommel pushed the 15th Panzer Division and 90th Light Afrika Division toward El Adem and by 12 June had begun forcing the 201st Guards Brigade out of the Knightsbridge Box to Tobruk. The 29th Indian Infantry Brigade repulsed an attack on the El Adem box on 12 June but the 2nd and 4th Armoured Brigades on their left were pushed back 6 km by the 15th Panzer Division and had to leave their damaged tanks on the battlefield. On 13 June, the 21st Panzer Division advanced from the west and engaged the 22nd Armoured Brigade. The Afrika Korps demonstrated a superiority in tactics, combining tanks with anti-tank guns in the attack; Rommel acted rapidly on intelligence obtained from Allied radio traffic intercepts. By the end of the day, the British tank strength had been reduced from 300 tanks to about 70 and the Afrika Korps had established armour superiority and a dominating line of positions, making XIII Corps on the Gazala line vulnerable to being cut off. By the end of 13 June, the Knightsbridge box was virtually surrounded and it was abandoned by the Guards Brigade later that night, with their commanding officer Thomas Bevan having been killed the previous day. Due to these defeats, 13 June became known as "Black Saturday" to the Eighth Army.

Rigel Ridge
On 13 June, the 21st Panzer Division attacked Rigel Ridge in the middle of a sandstorm. The Germans overran part of the 2nd Scots Guards at the Knightsbridge Box at the west end of Rigel Ridge, overlooked by the 6th South African Anti-tank battery of the 2nd Field Regiment, Natal Field Artillery and a battery of the 11th (HAC) Regiment RHA nearby. The South African gunners kept firing until their guns were destroyed, allowing the withdrawal of other Allied formations. The South African battery commander had decided to stay and maintain fire against the German tanks, to delay the Germans for as long as possible. The remaining guns were commanded individually and fired at the Panzers over open sights. The German tanks took up positions behind the ridge, with anti-tank guns placed between them. A column of Panzers attacked from the rear, surrounding them and cutting off all escape and the gunners kept firing until the eight guns had been destroyed. About half the gun detachments were killed and wounded, including the battery commander and many officers. The last gun in action was manned by Lieutenant Ashley and a signaller; when the battery had been silenced, the Axis tanks approached cautiously and the South African gunners were taken prisoner.

Eighth Army retreat
On 14 June, Auchinleck authorised Ritchie to withdraw from the Gazala Line. The defenders in the El Adem and two neighbouring boxes held on and the 1st South African Division was able to withdraw along the coast road, practically intact. The road could not accommodate two divisions and the remaining two brigades of the 50th (Northumbrian) Division could not retreat eastwards because of the Axis tanks and attacked south-west, breaking through the lines of the 27th Infantry Division "Brescia" and 17th Infantry Division "Pavia" of X Corps; then headed south into the desert, before turning east. London would not contemplate a withdrawal to the better defensive positions on the Egypt–Libya frontier and on 14 June, Auchinleck ordered to Ritchie to hold a line running south-east from Acroma (west of Tobruk) through El Adem to Bir El Gubi. By the evening of 15 June, the defensive box at Point 650 had been overrun and on 16 June, the defenders at Point 187 had been forced by lack of supplies to evacuate. The defensive boxes at El Adem and Sidi Rezegh were also attacked by the Afrika Korps. On 17 June, both boxes were evacuated, ending any chance of preventing the encirclement of Tobruk. Ritchie ordered the Eighth Army to withdraw to Mersa Matruh, about 100 mi east of the frontier, leaving Tobruk to threaten the Axis lines of communication as in 1941. The retreat became known to some as the Gazala Gallop.

Fall of Tobruk
In February 1942, the army, navy and air force commanders-in-chief in Cairo had agreed that Tobruk should not stand another siege. Auchinleck viewed the defence of Tobruk as a lesser matter and told Ritchie that he did not intend to hold it at all costs. An immense store of supplies of every description had been accumulated around the port for an Allied offensive and Auchinleck expected it to be able to hold out for two months with the supplies in the fortress. The defences at Tobruk had not been maintained and it was garrisoned by inexperienced troops. Gott garrisoned Tobruk with the two brigades of 2nd South African Division (Major-General Hendrik Klopper) along with the 201st Guards (Motorised) Brigade, 11th Indian Infantry Brigade, 32nd Army Tank Brigade and the 4th Anti-Aircraft Brigade.

Operation Venice (Unternehmen Venezia) began on 26 May 1942 and drove the Eighth Army east of Tobruk, leaving it vulnerable to attack from the east. The British prime minister Winston Churchill had placed great store on the symbolic value of Tobruk and there was an exchange of ambiguous signals, leading to the port becoming surrounded and besieged, rather than evacuated as originally planned. Panzerarmee Afrika penetrated a weak spot on the eastern defensive perimeter and took the port within twenty-four hours. The garrison of 33,000 men was captured, many of those on the western perimeter not having been engaged. Over 1,000 vehicles in working order, 5000 LT of food and 1400 LT of petrol were captured. The surrender was the largest capitulation of British Empire forces in the war after the Battle of Singapore in February 1942. Later in the year, a Court of Inquiry (in absentia) found Klopper to be largely blameless for the surrender and ascribed the defeat to failures among the British high command. The findings were kept secret until after the war, doing little to restore the reputation of Klopper and his troops.

Analysis
With the capture of Tobruk, the Axis gained a port nearer the Aegean–Crete route and a large amount of Allied supplies. If the Allies could not stop the Germans in Egypt, they would take the Suez Canal and potentially drive for the oilfields in the Middle East. Hitler rewarded Rommel with a promotion to the rank of field-marshal, the youngest German officer ever to achieve this rank. Rommel remarked he would have preferred another panzer division.

Churchill wrote,

"This was one of the heaviest blows I can recall during the war. Not only were its military effects grievous, but it had affected the reputation of the British armies."

- Winston Churchill

Auchinleck dismissed Ritchie on 25 June and assumed command of the Eighth Army for the First Battle of El Alamein, where he stopped Rommel's advance. In August, Auchinleck was replaced as Eighth Army commander by the XIII Corps commander, Lieutenant-General William Gott and as C-in-C Middle East Command by General Sir Harold Alexander. Gott was killed when his aircraft was shot down and Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery was appointed as his replacement.

In 2017, James Holland wrote,

"As Rommel said to a captured British officer, 'What difference does it make if you have two tanks to my one, when you spread them out and let me smash them in detail?' That one sentence really did encapsulate the nub of the matter and the failure of the Auk's approach. Frankly, he and his senior commanders should have known better by now."

Casualties
The Eighth Army lost 50,000 men killed, wounded or captured, including c. 35,000 prisoners taken at Tobruk. The Germans suffered 3,360 casualties, about 15 per cent of their force. Italian casualties were 3,000 men, 125 tanks, 44 armoured cars, 450 motor vehicles, 39 guns and seventy-four 47 mm anti-tank guns. On 30 June, the Afrika Korps reported that Axis tank losses were c. 400 and that only 44–55 German tanks were operational, the Italian XX Corps was down to fifteen tanks and the 90th Light Afrika Division had only 1,679 men left. The Eighth Army lost thousands of tons of supplies, nearly 800,000 rounds of artillery ammunition, nearly 13 million rounds of small-arms ammunition and a huge number of tanks. Hundreds of damaged tanks had been left behind when armoured regiments retreated and it was estimated that there were 1,188 tank casualties in 17 days. On 22 June, the Desert Air Force had 463 operational aircraft, 420 of them in the Middle East, the Germans 183 and the Italians 238, with another 174 in reserve and 500 in the Mediterranean excluding Italy. The Royal Army Ordnance Corps recovered 581 tanks up to 19 June, repaired 278 and sent 222 back to Egypt (326 being US-made tanks). The Eighth Army was reduced to about 185 operational tanks by the end of the battle and shuffling operational tanks and crews between units disrupted unit organisation. Seven field artillery regiments, 6,000 lorries and two tank repair workshops (which had been moved into Tobruk) were lost. By 1 July, the Eighth Army was back at El Alamein, with 137 serviceable tanks, 42 en route from workshops and 902 tanks waiting to be repaired.

Subsequent operations
Panzerarmee Afrika began Unternehmen Aïda an advance upon Egypt, while the Eighth Army fell back to El Alamein. Auchinleck decided not to hold Mersa Matruh, choosing to fight a delaying action with X and XIII Corps. The Afrika Korps was delayed at the Battle of Mersa Matruh but signal failures led to disorganisation and the X Corps line of retreat along the coast road being cut off. The corps broke out at night to the south and worked its way around the German positions, collided with Axis forces several times and lost more than 6,000 prisoners, forty tanks and a large quantity of supplies. Auchinleck had ordered the bulk of the Eighth Army to retire another 160 km to El Alamein, 100 km from Alexandria. The retirements brought the Eighth Army closer to its base and the Qattara Depression to the south of El Alamein closed the southern flank. The Allied and Axis forces fought the First Battle of El Alamein, the Battle of Alam el Halfa and the Second Battle of El Alamein. (Operation Agreement, a British landing at Tobruk during the night of 13/14 September, to rescue Allied prisoners, was a failure.

Orders of battle
Allied and Axis forces, Gazala, 26 May – 21 June 1942

Allies

 * Middle East Command (Claude Auchinleck)
 * Eighth Army (Neil Ritchie)
 * XIII Corps (William Gott)
 * 1st South African Division (Dan Pienaar)
 * South African 1st Infantry Brigade Group
 * South African 2nd Infantry Brigade Group
 * South African 3rd Infantry Brigade Group
 * 2nd South African Division (Hendrik Klopper) (in Tobruk)
 * South African 4th Infantry Brigade Group
 * South African 6th Infantry Brigade Group
 * 9th Indian Infantry Brigade Group (Bernard Fletcher) (from 5th Indian Division and moved to 7th Armoured Division at the Cauldron in early June)
 * 11th Indian Infantry Brigade (Andrew Anderson) (from Army Reserve to replace 9th Indian Infantry Brigade Group)
 * 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division (William Ramsden)
 * 150th Infantry Brigade Group (Haydon)
 * 151st Infantry Brigade Group (John Nichols)
 * 69th Infantry Brigade Group (Hassall)
 * 1st Army Tank Brigade (O'Carroll)
 * 32nd Army Tank Brigade (Willison)
 * XXX Corps (Charles Norrie)
 * 1st Armoured Division (Herbert Lumsden)
 * 2nd Armoured Brigade Group (Briggs)
 * 22nd Armoured Brigade Group (Carr)
 * 201st Guards Motor Brigade (John Marriott until 17 June then G. F. Johnson)
 * 7th Armoured Division (Frank Messervy)
 * 4th Armoured Brigade Group (Gatehouse)
 * 7th Motor Brigade Group (James Renton)
 * 3rd Indian Motor Brigade Group (Filose)
 * 29th Indian Infantry Brigade Group (Denys Reid) from 5th Indian Infantry Division
 * 1st Free French Brigade Group (Marie Kœnig) (under 7th Armoured Division command when defending Bir Hakeim)

Army Reserve
 * 5th Indian Infantry Division (Harold Briggs)
 * 10th Indian Infantry Brigade (Charles Boucher)
 * 2nd Free French Brigade Group
 * 10th Indian Infantry Division (Thomas Rees) (arriving from Iraq)
 * 20th Indian Infantry Brigade (MacGregor)
 * 21st Indian Infantry Brigade (Purves)
 * 25th Indian Infantry Brigade (Ronald Mountain)
 * 11th Indian Infantry Brigade (Andrew Anderson) (from 4th Indian Infantry Division)
 * 1st Armoured Brigade
 * 5th Indian Infantry Brigade from mid-June (Dudley Russell) (from 4th Indian Infantry Division)

Axis
Details from Pitt 2001 unless indicated.
 * Comandante Superiore: Generale d'Armata (Ettore Bastico)

Panzerarmee Afrika (Generaloberst Erwin Rommel)
 * Deutsches Afrika Korps (Generalleutnant Walter Nehring)
 * 15th Panzer Division (Generalleutnant Gustav von Värst [wounded 27 May then Oberst Eduard Crasemann])
 * 21st Panzer Division (Generalmajor Georg von Bismarck)
 * 90th Light Division (Generalmajor Ulrich Kleemann)
 * Corpo d'Armata di Manovra XX (Generale di Corpo d'Armata Ettore Baldassarre)
 * 132nd Armoured Division "Ariete" (Generale di Divisione Giuseppe De Stefanis)
 * 101st Motorised Division "Trieste" (Generale di Divisione Arnaldo Azzi)

Infanteriegruppe Crüwell (Ludwig Crüwell)
 * Corpo d'Armata X (Generale di Corpo d'Armata Benvenuto Gioda)
 * 27th Infantry Division "Brescia" (Generale di Divisione Giacomo Lombardi)
 * 17th Infantry Division "Pavia" (Generale di Divisione Antonio Franceschini)
 * Corpo d'Armata XXI (Generale di Corpo d'Armata Enea Navarini)
 * 102nd Motorised Division "Trento" (Generale di Divisione Francesco Scotti)
 * 60th Infantry Division "Sabratha" (Generale di Divisione Mario Soldarelli)
 * Light Infantry Regiment 155 (detached from 90th Light Division)

title: Battle of Gazala


text:
Waitara

Waitara is the name of a number of localities:

 * Waitara, New South Wales
 * Waitara, New Zealand
 * Waitara, Queensland
 * Waitara River in Taranaki, New Zealand

title: Waitara


text:
Talk:Mappa mundi

Mappa Mundi = medieval?
How come? What's the source of this affirmation? Mappa mundi means, literally, world map. Any map that represents the world is a mappa mundi. I challenge this concept of "only medieval" maps of the world are mappae mundi. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.228.182.252 (talk) 14:55, 14 March 2016 (UTC)

InterWiki links

 * Halló! I just found es:La Esfera del Mundo. Is this article related to the same subject. Pictures from other Mappa Mundi can be seen at links from Talk:Muhammad al-Idrisi. Regards Gangleri
 * I would have thought not - it describes an atlas and a heart shaped world map which comes from a later period. For some reason the Spanish wikipedia seems to call all world maps "mapamundi" --Henrygb 22:52, 18 March 2006 (UTC)
 * What is the reason why only medieval maps are called mappa mundi? I fully agree with the Spanish Wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.228.182.252 (talk) 14:56, 14 March 2016 (UTC)

Zonal Maps
I was just reading Bede and his account of the zones places them clearly in the sky, not on the Earth. I think that in the Early Middle Ages Zonal Maps are (sometimes|often|usually) related to the zones in the celestial sphere, not to zones on the Earth. Are there any examples of an ancient or early medieval map (say before 1100) that shows the zones unambiguously on the surface of the Earth? If not, the discussion and accompanying illustration are seriously misleading. --SteveMcCluskey 19:09, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Disregard my last. I checked Macrobius and he talks explicitly about the relation between the celestial parallels and their terrestrial equivalents. --SteveMcCluskey 00:44, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

"Mappaemundi" or "mappae mundi"?
If, according to the article, the plural of "mappa mundi" is "mappae mundi", should all the instances of "mappaemundi" in the article be replaced with "mappae mundi"? Thanks, David Kernow 12:56, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The same question went through my mind as I read this article. I'm pretty sure that it should be mappae mundi -- two words and italicized. --WikiPedant 22:55, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I've peformed a simple find+replace on "mappaemundi" in the article, replacing it with "mappae mundi"; hope nothing has been broken in the process. Thanks for your input, David 03:39, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Since the T and O article is not, at this point, very long, it seemed to make more sense to have it as a section of this article rather than its own separate entity. Input would be much appreciated, as I've never suggested a merge before. Cheers. --Evan, guest editor; 19 Jul 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.50.225.53 (talk) 16:53, 19 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The T and O article has developed quite well so perhaps should remain separate.--Felix Folio Secundus (talk) 11:33, 6 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The proposal has been removed.--Felix Folio Secundus (talk) 17:16, 10 April 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Should we really have a section on Beatus’s map?
I find it quite odd that we have an entire section on a specific guy’s map. Sure its an important map, but I dont think it counts as an entire style. And before you say there are multiple examples of Beatus maps, well thats only because people in medieval times liked to make reproductions of older works. Its like saying Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s stone is a style of book beacause its reprinted, no, its just a plain old book, not a style. And finally Beatus maps look almost exactly the same as T and O maps, there’s almost no difference. So like Harry Potter is a fantasy novel, the Beatus map is just a T and O map, and I think it doesn’t deserve a whole section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SirFlemeingtonz (talk • contribs) 17:17, 12 July 2020 (UTC)

Propose to rename
Most references use mappamundi as a single word. Seems to be the most common usgage by far. Not sure how/why this article ended up using mappa mundi. Unless there are concerns, I propose to rename. Glendoremus (talk) 17:17, 28 January 2021 (UTC)
 * first EL- dead
 * second EL -Mappœ mundi, two word
 * third libk = mappa mundi   two words
 * forth link mappamundi  one word
 * fifth link mappa mundi two words
 * So no, one word is not the most common usage, 3 out of the first 5 links use two words against 1 use of single word IdreamofJeanie (talk) 18:16, 28 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mappa mundi


text:
Residents Associations of Epsom and Ewell

The Residents Associations of Epsom and Ewell is a local political party in the borough of Epsom and Ewell in Surrey, England. They have held majority control of Epsom and Ewell Borough Council since its formation in 1937. The party is sometimes recorded as Other in national results lists and otherwise recorded alongside residents associations with a single Articles of Association. It consists of ward or multiple ward based residents associations with their own candidate selection rules. These include Ewell Court Residents' Association, Epsom Town Residents' Association and West Ewell and Ruxley Residents’ Association.

Since the 2023 Epsom and Ewell Borough Council election, the Residents Association has controlled the council.

History
The majority of Residents' Associations were formed from the expansion of housing provision in the 1930s, with the aim of bettering the lives of residents and forming a community. This tradition of forming residents' groups on new developments in the borough continues today, such as with Clarendon Park Residents' Association, which was formed in 2001.

Traditionally, throughout the UK, local councillors would stand as independents. However, throughout the 20th century, it became common for councillors to be elected with a party affiliation. Today, Epsom and Ewell Borough Council and Uttlesford District Council are the only two councils in England where Residents' Associations have overall control.

Structure
There are eleven independent Residents Associations that form the Residents' Associations of Epsom and Ewell. The Standing Committee of Residents Associations (SCoRA) provides a forum for the Residents' Associations to discuss common issues or borough-wide concerns. These meetings are for the chair and secretary of the respective groups; however, councillors may be asked to attend these forums to update SCoRA on progress or concerns with the council.

Epsom and Ewell Borough Council
The RA contests all 38 available ward councillor seats and are the controlling group on Epsom and Ewell Borough Council. They currently have 32 elected councillors in the following multiple member wards:

 * Auriol – 2 of 2
 * College – 1 of 3
 * Court – 0 of 3
 * Cuddington – 3 of 3
 * Ewell – 3 of 3
 * Ewell Court – 3 of 3
 * Nonsuch – 3 of 3
 * Ruxley – 3 of 3
 * Stamford – 2 of 3
 * Stoneleigh – 3 of 3
 * Town – 3 of 3
 * West Ewell – 3 of 3
 * Woodcote – 3 of 3

Surrey County Council
Candidates from local residents associations contest county elections under the banner of the Residents Associations of Epsom and Ewell, which is a registered political party. This differs from borough elections, where some residents associations are registered as political parties in their own right, while some are not. The RAs of Epsom & Ewell currently have four elected county councillors, in the following single member divisions:

 * Ewell
 * Ewell Court, Auriol & Cuddington
 * West Ewell
 * Epsom Town and Downs

The other division has a Conservative councillor:

 * Epsom West


text:
Barrier pipe

A barrier pipe is a type of water pipe with a barrier to prevent undesired contaminants from entering the pipe.

Water supply
When running water supply pipes through contaminated ground standard MDPE piping is unsuitable because it doesn't block entry of contaminants such as hydrocarbons. Barrier piping typically has an aluminium layer between two plastic layers but solid cast iron and other options exist. It's normally required for brownfield land construction.

Heating systems
In hydronic, water-carrying, heating systems a plastic pipe is manufactured with a barrier that prevents oxygen from penetrating the material and entering the water system, reducing the risk of corrosion. The 'barrier' is usually a resin material bonded between the outer and inner layer of the pipe itself. The pipe being either a cross linked polyethylene or polybutylene. This can be cheaper than the traditional copper piping.

title: Barrier pipe


text:
Talk:Turbo

I think this page should be reverted to its previous form (circa sept. 2004). The turbocharger article has all this information and much more, plus it's much better articulated.

title: Talk:Turbo


text:
Bull ring

Bull ring may refer to:

 * Bullring, an arena in which bullfighting takes place
 * Bull Ring, Birmingham, a city-centre area of Birmingham, England
 * The Bull Ring, a henge in England
 * Bull Ring, Wakefield, central point of the Wakefield town centre
 * Bull Ring, Cirencester, the Roman amphitheatre of Corinium Dobunnorum
 * "Bull ring", a name for training grounds for Allied troops in World War I near Étaples, France (see Étaples mutiny)
 * Nose ring (animal), typically found on bulls
 * Wanderers Stadium, in Johannesburg

title: Bull ring


text:
Tina (plant)

Tina is a genus of tropical trees in the family Sapindaceae, native to the eastern coast of Madagascar.

 * Selected species

title: Tina (plant)


text:
Schaubühne

The Schaubühne am Lehniner Platz (Theatre on Lehniner Square) is a famous theatre in the Wilmersdorf district of Berlin, located on the Kurfürstendamm boulevard. It is a conversion of the Universum cinema, built according to plans designed by Erich Mendelsohn in 1928.

History
The cinema was the centrepiece of the wider WOGA housing complex, designed by Mendelsohn in a New Objectivity-styled urban development ensemble, with a shopping walkway, apartment blocks, lawns, and a tennis court in the back. It possibly was the first Modernist cinema built in the world, as opposed to the Moorish, Egyptian, and baroque styles that predominated. Mendelsohn wrote a short text on his cinema, declaring 'no Baroque palaces for Buster Keaton'. The cinema would become very influential on Streamline Moderne cinema design in the 1930s.

Heavily damaged in World War II, it was rebuilt and re-opened and from 1969 served as a dance hall and for musical theatre. The building's current use as a lyric-style theatre dates from the late 1970s, when the Schaubühne ensemble around Peter Stein, formerly residing on Hallesches Ufer in Kreuzberg, searched for a new venue. From 1978 to 1981, the interiors were completely changed, centred on a theatre hall with adjustable spaces and no separation of audience and performers.

The Schaubühne ensemble itself was founded in 1962. It became the domain of Peter Stein in 1970. Stein had sparked a theatre scandal in Munich, where he had staged Peter Weiss' Viet Nam Diskurs, by collecting money among the theatre-goers in order to support the Viet Cong. Strongly influenced by the Protests of 1968 and the German student movement, his first production of Brecht's The Mother, starring Therese Giehse, immediately earned fierce protests by conservative West Berlin politicians, who spoke of "communist agitation". The next year, the ensemble received the Deutscher Kritikerpreis award for the performance of Ibsen's Peer Gynt. In the following years, the Schaubühne directed by Stein and his dramaturgical assistant Botho Strauß became one of the leading theatre stages in Germany.

In 1999, Thomas Ostermeier took over as artistic director at Schaubühne am Lehniner Platz in Berlin, alongside co-directors Jens Hillje and Sasha Waltz. Waltz opened the Schaubühne under new direction with the debut of Körper (2000). With a move towards social theatre, attendance increased by 14%.

Since 2000, the theatre has hosted Streitraum, a series of political public panel discussions now moderated by Carolin Emcke.

Waltz left on the expiration of her five-year contract and reactivated her independent company Sasha Waltz & Guests, based in Berlin.

Since 2005, Thomas Ostermeier and Jens Hillje have been responsible for a vigorous modern orientation of Stein's former theatre, where tradition still has its place with a focus on interpretations of classic works.

Touring
Under Ostermeier and intendant Tobias Veit, Schaubühne productions have toured internationally.

Australia in particular has seen Schaubühne productions since 2006. The ensemble made its Australian debut with Nora at the 2006 Adelaide Festival, followed by Cat on a Hot Tin Roof at the 2008 Adelaide Festival (both under the artistic direction of Brett Sheehy). Hamlet was staged at the 2010 Sydney Festival (under the artistic direction of Lindy Hume), and Trust was performed at the 2011 Perth International Arts Festival (under the artistic direction of Shelagh Magazda). Schaubühne's Hedda Gabler appeared at the 2011 Melbourne Festival, and the following year, An Enemy of the People was staged at the same festival (both under the artistic direction of Brett Sheehy). All productions which have toured Australia have been directed by Ostermeier, except for Trust, which was directed by Falk Richter and Anouk van Dijk.

title: Schaubühne