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Talk:Autotroph

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 22 January 2019 and 24 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Hannahmallett.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:04, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Flowchart is confusing
The flowchart implies that there are organisms that produce their own organic compounds, but not by using light and not by using inorganic chemical reactions, and are called autotrophs (the box at the bottom of the chart). In other words, the flowchart suggests that there is a subtype of autotrophs, which is also called autotrophs, that are neither photoautotrophs nor chemoautotrophs.stupidness

If that is true, then it would be useful for the article to explain how these organisms produce organic compounds. If it is false, the flowchart should be fixed. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 75.202.8.114 (talk) 07:02, 25 December 2006 (UTC). judo is coolo! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.37.182.214 (talk) 23:15, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Also, the word "elsewhere" has no referrent. What is the "where" from which "elsewhere" differs? Unfree (talk) 06:05, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Since elsewhere ist everything outside of the liveform it is really very confusing if not wrongly. I think the first question should be "optains carbon from other lifeforms?" --Pistnor (talk) 01:26, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

In the sea?
"This mechanism is called primary production in the sea." Does that mean that scuba divers talk differently when they return to the boat, or only when they get back to shore? Or are we talking about the language of mermaids? Unfree (talk) 06:35, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Autotroph animals?
The article "heterotroph" states (correctly) that all animals are heterotrophic, and the article Fungus states that some fungi may be considered as autotrophs. I reworded the relevant section accordingly. Kolorado (talk) 20:14, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

 * "Other organisms, called heterotrophs, take in autotrophs as food to carry out functions necessary for their life" Since many heterotrophs feed on heterotrophs or their remains the sentence is misleading. Only the first link in the food chain is heterotrophs taking in autotrophs --Pistnor (talk) 01:47, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

autotrophs do not produce their own energy
The statement "An autotroph can produce its own energy through photosynthesis through the inputs of light, carbon dioxide and H2O." is inaccurate, because autotrophs convert physical energy source into chemical form. Therefore the better statement can be: "An autotroph converts physical energy through photosynthesis using the inputs of light, carbon dioxide and H2O into chemical form". Nagarjunag (talk) 11:04, 5 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Isn't this just splitting hairs? Chemical forms are a form of bound energy. The point is that autotrophs use inputs to produce a chemical form that can be utilised in turn as "food" to produce energy. Ultimately, it powers itself by the way it converts the energy implicit in its inputs. --Epipelagic (talk) 04:10, 11 December 2010 (UTC)
 * It is important that energy can only be converted and not produced, so external energy (light, e.g. radialtion, energy bound in chemicals, ...) is converted to living materia. --Pistnor (talk) 02:04, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

produce their own food
"They are able to make their own food, ..." is misleading. Food for the plants consists in their nutrients, which are taken from their environment. If they are capable of making then why take it from the environment? Therefore, This statement is not necessary. The rest of the paragraph is OK. I suggest the "They are able to make their own food, and do not need a living energy or carbon source." be removed. --Nagarjunag (talk) 11:46, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

I agree with the previous comment and edited the page. I removed the phrase "they are able to make their own food", but left the statement that autotrophs "do not need a living energy or carbon source", which I think is the main point of the sentence. Siegele (talk) 23:29, 10 July 2014 (UTC)

Imprecise statement
Despite the number of primary school textbooks this statement can be found in, it is really meaningless: 'They are able to make their own food' 92.14.112.239 (talk) 00:28, 11 December 2010 (UTC)
 * You need to explain what you are on about in more detail. Google books has over 800 books which use this "really meaningless" phrase, most of which are not primary school books. And then horreur, Google scholar has nearly another 200 professional publications which use the phrase. The phrase has considerable merit in that it can be understood by primary school students, yet it does not seem particularly inaccurate to me. Can you please educate me and clarify what you are really trying to say? --Epipelagic (talk) 03:37, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:41, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

--74.96.229.43 (talk) 23:12, 6 March 2017 (UTC)Autotrophs are organisms that are capable of making their own food. They are "self feeders." These organisms make their own food by converting relatively simple inorganic nutrients into more complex, energy-rich, organic forms. Thus, the autotrophs do not need any outside source of organic material. There are two types of autotrophs, divided according to the processes by which they make their food. Photoautotrophs use the process of photosynthesis, while chemoautotrophs use the process of chemosynthesis. Photoautotrophs are far more common, and examples include green plants, algae and some bacteria. This type of autotroph uses photosynthesis to convert the inorganic chemicals, carbon dioxide and water, into the organic sugar glucose, using sunlight as its source of energy. Glucose is the "food" produced by these photoautotrophs. Chemoautotrophs differ from photoautotrophs because they use chemicals from inorganic chemical reactions, rather than sunlight, as their source of energy to produce organic materials. Certain types of bacteria are chemoautotrophs. For example, there are chemoautotrophic bacteria at deep sea hydrothermal vents where there is no sunlight. These bacteria support the entire food web at these great ocean depths through chemosynthesis, since photosynthesis cannot occur due to the lack of sunlight. In a food web, the autotrophs are the producers. They are the base of the food web, and all other organisms ultimately depend upon them for their energy and organic material. Autotrophs are consumed by other organisms, the heterotrophs, passing along organic nutrients and energy. Thus, without the autotrophs, other organisms would not be able to obtain the food or energy needed to survive.

Proposed merge of Primary producer into Autotroph
These are two names for the same subject. Although "primary producer" appears to be used more often, it has other possible meanings while heterotroph is unambiguous. Also, most related articles have names like photoautotroph, lithoautotroph, etc. RockMagnetist(talk) 00:00, 21 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Support.--Iztwoz (talk) 12:09, 28 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Though Primary producer may be the better choice to merge to.--Iztwoz (talk) 12:14, 28 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Why? RockMagnetist(talk) 05:37, 31 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Simply because it would give an ease of association with Primary production - autotrophs include photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs and could also be included as primary producers.--Iztwoz (talk) 07:49, 31 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Support merge proposal as per the nominator. Autotroph is the better title, as it is more consistent with the other -troph page titles and doesn't run into the confusion with Primary production (economics). Klbrain (talk) 20:56, 12 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose – because the two names are not really equivalent. They tend to be used in different contexts depending on the focus.
 * The term autotroph naturally pairs with heterotroph, and tends to be used when the focus is more at the physical and chemical level on how organisms get energy and build or breakdown chemicals. There is a constellation of other other -troph terms that also fit comfortably in this context, such as mixotroph, organotroph, phototroph, chemoautotroph, lithotroph, photolithotroph, chemolithotroph, lithoheterotroph, lithoautotroph, chemolithotroph and photolithotroph.
 * The term primary producer naturally pairs with primary consumer, and is particularly used when the focus is more at the ecological level, concerned with food webs and primary production. There is a long established traditional group of related terms that also belong in this context and tend to be used with each other, such as secondary producer, secondary consumer, apex predator and detritivore.
 * In addition, many primary producers are not autotrophs. For example, much of marine primary production is produced by mixotrophs. — Epipelagic (talk) 23:43, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Do you have any sources to support these claims? If I do a search like "autotroph primary producer" in Google Books, I don't find any statements contrasting them; rather, all the excerpts in the first couple of pages of results treat them as equivalent (I didn't bother looking further). I also tried doing a general search on "marine primary production mixotroph", and the first hit I got (a PNAS article) says "These mixotrophs blur the strict boundary between producers and consumers ... ". If anything, by combining your two groups of terms in one sentence, this phrase reinforces the claim that "autotroph" and "primary consumer" are interchangeable. RockMagnetist(talk) 00:08, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

 * You could look at this article and this book (see the editorial). What is clear is that the long standing distinction between phytoplankton and zooplankton (or algae and protozoans) has broken down, and there are suggestions a new model is needed for marine life. In the past you could say phytoplankton were autotrophs and zooplankton were heterotrophs – but you can't say that now. It's not clear yet just how much primary production is the work of mixotrophs. But what is certain is that, for the same reason you can no longer say phytoplankton are autotrophs, you can no longer say primary producers are autotrophs. The two concepts have diverged. The most you can say is that some primary producers are autotrophs. — Epipelagic (talk) 04:04, 6 October 2020 (UTC)
 * The scientific issue is interesting (and should be added to this article), but the implications for the terminology are not clear. For example, Mitra et al. says both that "many protists often combine photoautotrophic and phagotrophic modes of nutrition" and that "mixotrophic protists combine facets of both primary producer and consumer in one organism." As far as I can tell, they are using autotrophy and primary production interchangeably. Similarly, neither of the other two sources draw a clear distinction. Meanwhile, a long list of sources explicitly equate autotroph and primary producer. Unless you can find a source that explicitly defines the two terms in different ways, I don't think you have a case. And even then, I would wonder whether the distinction is recognized outside of marine microbiology. RockMagnetist(talk) 18:09, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I don't see this is dismissible on the grounds that sofar only marine microorganisms have come under scrutiny. Marine microorganisms account for about half of all primary production. There doesn't seem to be literature suggesting mixotrophy is not significant among terrestrial microorganisms, rather it seem yet to be investigated. I agree that at the level of macroorganisms nothing much has changed and the two terms are generally interchangeable. But among microorganisms an upheaval is taking place. I would like more clarity about what we are disagreeing about. I'm wondering if it's to do with how the meaning of autotroph is to be interpreted. When an organism is identified as an autotroph, it could mean it is a pure autotroph that functions only as an autotroph, or it could mean it contains at least an element of autotrophy. In the latter case, mixotrophs could also be called autotrophs. I tend to think of autotrophs in the former sense. Perhaps you are thinking of them more in the latter sense? — Epipelagic (talk) 22:04, 6 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm surprised that my statement is that hard to interpret. Put another way, all the sources I have seen so far (including the ones provided by you) either explicitly state that autotrophy and primary production are equivalent or use the terms in a way that seems equivalent. To justify two separate articles, we would need definitions that clearly distinguish between them. I haven't seen a source for that. RockMagnetist(talk) 22:46, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

 * But I don't disagree at all with that statement – autotrophy and primary production are equivalent terms. However this thread is not about those terms, so I don't see why you are putting such weight on them. I don't think anyone is putting out revised definitions for autotrophs yet. If you are satisfied the term autotroph is and will be generally understood to include mixotrophic organisms, regardless of the present revisions in understanding, then your position is correct. — Epipelagic (talk) 00:26, 7 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Now you've really got me confused. You started this whole conversation by saying you oppose the merger "because the two names are not really equivalent." Do you still oppose the merger? RockMagnetist(talk) 00:33, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes I oppose the merger. — Epipelagic (talk) 00:47, 7 October 2020 (UTC)
 * O.k. Why? RockMagnetist(talk) 01:43, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I'll let the matter go since I'm not sure I'm right. If need be later, the deleted article can be reinstated, so it's a minor issue. — Epipelagic (talk) 09:38, 7 October 2020 (UTC)
 * True. And I think we agree that the important issue is this new understanding of mixotrophy, which should be added to this article. RockMagnetist(talk) 15:50, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 18:29, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

What about methanotrophs?
Are methanotrophs categorized as autotrophs or heterotrophs?

Methanotrophs obtain carbon by taking in methane as a gas dissolved in their environment. Chemically, methane is "organic" (see organic compound) but the methane that methanotrophs eat typically is abiotic – ecologically "inorganic" (see organic matter) – produced by geologic processes – does not immediately derive from some organism.

 * Like propper autotrophs, methanotrophs are primary producers of organic molecules in their environments; they can be eaten by other organisms, but do not require either the body parts or waste products of other organisms for food.

 * Like conventional heterotrophs, methanotrophs do not inspire CO$2$, but rather take in carbon as a (chemically) organic molecule, which they use for both a source of carbon and as a source of energy.

Unlike conventional heterotrophs, methanotrophs can and do survive eating carbon (methane) that has never been a part of any organism. As a thought experiment, methanotrophs could presumably thrive in a suitably comfortable environment on a methane-rich but originally lifeless planet (think of somewhere warm, deep inside Titan, for example).

 * Some geologic methane is geologically primordial, and some is from cooked sediments that are a slow-moving branch of the carbon cycle. I'd say that all geologic methane counts as abiotic, since even if it was once biotic, it's been recycled via an abiotic process. The primordial carbon still in the Earth never has been a part of any organism and it looks, smells, and tastes the same as methane from recycled carbon.

So has this already been worked out? Where do the methane-eaters fit in this classification system? And does the categorization discussed in the article need to be re-written so that autotrophs are allowed to eat methane?

Astro-Tom-ical (talk) 03:11, 28 December 2019 (UTC)

Life Sciences
Importance of autotrophs in food web 41.114.128.248 (talk) 17:47, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Autotroph


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Category:Gadiformes

Gadiformes is an order of ray-finned fish, also called the Anacanthini, that includes the cod and its allies.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Gadiformes


text:
Category:Board wargames

Wargames and other war-themed board games, excluding abstract games like chess and Go.

title: Category:Board wargames


text:
Category:Presentation software

Presentation programs are computer software packages used to give presentations, usually in the form of a slide show.

title: Category:Presentation software


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Lists of Catholics

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide,.

General

 * List of former Catholics
 * List of converts to the Catholic Church
 * List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church

Saints, and martyrs

 * List of Catholic saints
 * Military saint
 * List of saints from Africa
 * List of Persian Catholic saints
 * List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation

Clergy

 * List of popes
 * List of Catholic priests
 * List of Catholic clergy scientists
 * List of Catholic missionaries
 * List of fictional clergy and religious figures
 * List of Pakistani Catholic priests

Episcopacy

 * List of Catholic bishops in the United States
 * List of Catholic bishops of India
 * List of Catholic bishops of Lviv
 * List of Catholic bishops in the Philippines
 * List of Slovenian Catholic Bishops
 * List of bishops and prince-bishops of Liège

By nationality

 * List of Chinese Catholics
 * List of Catholics from Nordic countries – for Catholics in a region with a low percentage of them

By occupation

 * List of Catholic scientists
 * List of Catholic artists – for Catholic painters and artists
 * List of Catholic musicians – for hymn writers and religious music
 * List of Catholic philosophers and theologians
 * List of Catholic authors – for Catholic authors, editors, and TV, film, and screenwriters

By organisational membership

 * List of Knights of Columbus members
 * List of members of Opus Dei

title: Lists of Catholics


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Nicky Cruz

Nicky Cruz (born December 6, 1938) is a Puerto Rican Christian evangelist, the founder of Nicky Cruz Outreach, an evangelistic Christian ministry. He was also once the director of Teen Challenge, serving under David Wilkerson before founding another ministry home himself in California. Prior to his conversion he was the leader of a New York City gang, the Mau Maus.

Early life
Cruz was born in Las Piedras, Puerto Rico where he was raised by his parents. His parents practiced brujeria and were followers of spiritism ("espiritismo"). They mentally abused him; his own mother would call him "Son of Satan". The neighborhood in which he lived was one of the worst in Puerto Rico and Cruz was always getting into trouble. According to his book Run Baby Run, his parents sent him to live with his brother in New York City when he was 15, and Cruz soon ran away and started living on the streets of the city. He became a member of the Mau Maus street gang, and about six months later Cruz was selected Warlord of the gang. He quickly rose to become their president.

Conversion to Christianity
Shortly after Cruz became the gang leader, David Wilkerson was preaching in the neighborhood when Cruz encountered him. The preacher told Cruz that "Jesus loved him and would never stop loving him". Cruz responded by slapping Wilkerson and threatening to kill him. Wilkerson attempted again later to convert Cruz, and received the same response.

Later, Wilkerson organised an evangelistic meeting in the neighborhood with the intent of converting the Mau Maus. When Cruz heard about it, he headed with some of the members of his gang for the boxing arena where the meeting was being held, on a bus sent specially by Wilkerson. According to Cruz, when he arrived at the arena, he "felt guilty about the things that he had done" and began to pray. After preaching, Wilkerson asked the Mau Maus to take up a collection. Cruz volunteered and led a group of the gang through the crowd, insisting on people giving money. Going backstage, he saw an exit, but convinced the group to give the money to Wilkerson on stage. Later, Wilkerson gave an altar call, and a large number of gang members responded. Wilkerson prayed with Cruz, and Cruz asked God to forgive him.

Afterward, Cruz and some of the gang members who were converted went to the police and turned in all of their bricks, handguns and knives, shocking the police officers in the station. They stated that if they had seen the group approaching, they probably would have shot them down. Cruz began to study the Bible and went to Bible college. He became a preacher and returned to his old neighborhood, where he preached and converted more of the Mau Maus to Christianity, including the gang's new leader, Israel Narvaez.

Written works
Nicky Cruz has written two autobiographies, Run Baby Run, with Jamie Buckingham (1968), and Soul Obsession, with Frank Martin (2005). He has also written several books with a Christian theme, including The Corruptors (1974), The Magnificent Three (1976), and Destined to Win (1991). Cruz's conversion was depicted in the 1970 film The Cross and the Switchblade starring Erik Estrada as Cruz and Pat Boone as David Wilkerson. In 2013, Cruz authored The Devil Has No Mother which shares Cruz's understanding of the devil's hunger to gain power, but contrasts this with God's ability to nevertheless win the day.

title: Nicky Cruz


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Coronet Peak

Coronet Peak is a commercial skifield in Queenstown, New Zealand located seven kilometres west of Arrowtown, on the southern slopes of the 1,649-metre peak which shares its name. A popular ski resort in the Southern Hemisphere, Coronet Peak offers a long snow season, well received skiing and snowboarding terrain and lift systems.

Location
The Peak is one of New Zealand's most popular ski resorts due to its proximity to Queenstown, varied terrain and quality facilities, offering two high speed six-seater chairlifts and a high speed beginner chairlift. The view from the skifield south across Lake Wakatipu and the smaller nearby Lake Hayes is a further contributor to the mountain's success. Dubbed the "original" resort ski area Coronet Peak is only 25 minutes from Queenstown.

Facilities
Coronet Peak has extensive snowmaking and receives about 2 m of snow per year. The season typically runs from early June to early-October or late-September. It is one of the only skifields in New Zealand to offer night skiing on Wednesday, Friday and Saturday nights from July to mid-September and First Tracks, operating between 8-9am offer a more secluded period before the main traffic hits later on during the day. Coronet Peak (and nearby mountains) are popular locations for school trips because of their extensive facilities. Children 6 and younger receive free day lift passes.

Lifts
Coronet Peak has a lifts system consisting of a combined six seater chairlift and gondola, the Coronet Express, as well as two detachable chairlifts, the six seater Greengages express and the Meadows Express quad, as well as a T bar. There are also three magic carpet lifts in the beginner area. The lifts can transport 9000 people per hour combined.

Ski terrain
Popular runs on Coronet Peak include Big Easy (beginners), M1, Greengates and Shirtfront (intermediate), and Exchange Drop and the Back Bowls (expert). Like European Alpine ski resorts, Coronet's Peak offers much well-developed piste skiing.

Events
Coronet Peak is often the site of calendared international ski races and the training ground for many world class athletes.

Operations
The field is operated by NZSki Ltd, who also manages The Remarkables skifield just across the valley and Mount Hutt in Canterbury, near to Christchurch.

History
The field was New Zealand's first commercial skifield, and was opened in 1947 with a single rope tow. Tourism pioneer Harry Wigley of Mt Cook airline fame commissioned Bill Hamilton to design and build this lift.

As visitor numbers grew, the field introduced New Zealand's first double then treble chairlifts and in 1994, the second high-speed quad chairlift.

In 2002 the Mount Cook Group sold Coronet Peak and The Remarkables to a consortium of Queenstown businesspeople, now NZSki Ltd, who also bought Mount Hutt.

For the 2008 season NZSki Ltd invested over $30 million on a new base building and 141 new snow cannons.

The 2009 season opened with new snowmaking equipment, new piste groomers, and a dedicated children's lift.

The 2010 season saw the Meadows double chairlift replaced with a detachable quad chairlift featuring a self lowering safety bar and child friendly restraints.

title: Coronet Peak


text: Category:Houston Astros managers

title: Category:Houston Astros managers


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Talk:Apostolic Assemblies of Christ

This doesn't make sense to me. Please clarify it before re-adding it.

 * "The viewpoint is in sharp contrast to the most pentecostal churches."

This is the veiw point of the spirit of the living God,because all scripture is inspired by God. {2 timothy 3:16-17} —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.193.217.235 (talk) 04:02, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Apostolic Assemblies of Christ


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MGP

MGP may refer to:

Melodi Grand Prix

 * Melodi Grand Prix, the Norwegian Eurovision Song Contest selection
 * Melodi Grand Prix Junior, Norwegian Junior song contest that earlier selected the entry to representing Norway in the MGP Nordic, and before that JESC
 * Dansk Melodi Grand Prix, the Danish Eurovision Song Contest selection
 * MGP Junior (Danish TV series), Danish Junior song contest that earlier selected the entry to representing Denmark in the MGP Nordic, and before that JESC
 * MGP Nordic, the former Nordic version of Junior Eurovision Song Contest (JESC)

Others

 * Music Genome Project

Sports

 * Malaysian Grand Prix, a Grand Prix for the Formula One automobile racing series held at the Sepang International Circuit]
 * Manx Grand Prix, motorcycle races are held on the Isle of Man
 * Morten Gamst Pedersen (born 1981), Norwegian football player for Blackburn Rovers F.C.
 * Multnomah Greyhound Park, a former dog-racing track in Wood Village, Oregon, in greater Portland

Others

 * MGP Ingredients, or its subsidiary MGP of Indiana, a company that operates a distillery in Lawrenceburg, Indiana
 * MGP submachine gun, a family of 9 mm submachine guns and semi-automatic pistols produced by the Peruvian Navy
 * MagicPoint, a software program for meeting presentations
 * Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party, a political party in Goa, India
 * Manufactured Gas Plant, a facility for production of coal gas
 * Marie Gluesenkamp Perez, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (as of January 3, 2023)
 * Marina de Guerra del Perú, the Spanish name of the Peruvian Navy
 * Mark Goodson Productions, production company owned by Mark Goodson
 * Mathematics Genealogy Project, a web-based database for an "academic genealogy" of mathematicians
 * Matrix gla protein, a type of protein found in a number of body tissues in mammals, birds, and fish
 * Merdeka Generation Package, a Singapore government package
 * Mouse Genetics Project, a mutant mouse production and phenotyping programme

title: MGP


text: Category:Geography of the Philippines

title: Category:Geography of the Philippines


text:
Wabash Confederacy

The Wabash Confederacy, also referred to as the Wabash Indians or the Wabash tribes, was a number of 18th century Native American villagers in the area of the Wabash River in what are now the U.S. states of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. The Wabash Indians were primarily the Miami, Weas and Piankashaws, but also included Kickapoos, Mascoutens, and others. In that time and place, Native American tribes were smaller political units, and the villages along the Wabash were multi-tribal settlements with no centralized government. The confederacy, then, was a loose alliance of influential village leaders (sometimes called headmen or chiefs).

In the 1780s, headmen of the Wabash Confederacy allied themselves with a larger, loose confederacy of Native American leaders in the Ohio Country and Illinois Country known as the Northwestern Confederacy, in order to collectively resist U.S. expansion after the American Revolutionary War. In 1786, a Wyandot messenger named Scotosh warned Congress that the Wabash, Twightwee, and Miami nations would disrupt U.S. surveyors, and Congress promised reprisals if that occurred. This resistance movement culminated with the Northwest Indian War. The alliance with the Western Confederacy ended in 1792 with the Wabash Confederacy signed a treaty with the United States.

title: Wabash Confederacy


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Yaquina Bay Bridge

The Yaquina Bay Bridge is an arch bridge that spans Yaquina Bay south of Newport, Oregon. It is one of the most recognizable of the U.S. Route 101 bridges designed by Conde McCullough and one of eleven major bridges on the Oregon Coast Highway designed by him. It superseded the last ferry crossing on the highway.

History
Work on the Yaquina Bay Bridge began on August 1, 1934. The bridge opened on September 6, 1936, at a cost of $1,301,016 ($0 in today's dollars). A total of 220 people worked to pour 30,000 cubic yards (23,000 m3) of concrete and fabricate 3,100 tons of steel. The contractors were the Gilpin Construction Company of Portland, Oregon, and the General Construction Company of Seattle, Washington. The main arch was built in toward the center from the anchorages, using tiebacks to support the arch until it could be closed. The piers are supported by timber pilings driven to a depth of about 70 ft below sea level. The project received funding from the Public Works Administration.

Description
The 600 ft main span is a semi-through arch, with the roadway penetrating the middle of the arch. It is flanked by identical 350 ft steel deck arches, with five concrete deck arches of diminishing size extending to the south landing. The main arch is marked by tall obelisk-like concrete finials on the main piers, with smaller decorative elements marking the ends of the flanking spans. The arches are built as box girders. The two-lane road is 27 ft wide, running inside the arches with two 3.5 ft sidewalks. The main arch is 246 ft above sea level at its crown. Overall length of the bridge is 3260 ft, including concrete deck-girder approach spans. The navigable channel measures 400 ft wide by 133 ft high.

The bridge uses Art Deco and Art Moderne design motifs as well as forms borrowed from Gothic architecture. The Gothic influence is seen in the balustrade, which features small pointed arches, and in the arches of the side span piers. The ends of the bridge are augmented by pedestrian plazas that afford a view of the bridge and provide access to the parks at the landings by stairways. Pedestals were provided for proposed sculptures of seals, but the statues were never executed.

Designation
The Yaquina Bay Bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 5, 2005.

title: Yaquina Bay Bridge


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MagicPoint

MagicPoint is one of several open-source presentation programs, often used to produce slides for conferences. Unlike most presentation programs, such as Microsoft PowerPoint, where a GUI is used to create slides, MagicPoint slides are created by writing text files using a simple markup language. The resulting file is then displayed with MagicPoint's X11-based viewer.

History
MagicPoint was originally created in the autumn of 1997, at a WIDE Project camp. It was originally known as tp, standing for TinyPoint, but in December the name was changed to MagicPoint.

Features
Another feature of MagicPoint is the ability to draw on slides during a presentation. By pressing x on the keyboard, the slide can temporarily be scribbled on with red "ink". Shift x allows you to cycle through other pen colours.
 * Content is written in text files and formatting is indicated by text features. For example, different level bullet points can be created by simply indenting the text with tabs
 * Many image formats are supported
 * Slides can be scaled to different screen sizes
 * External applications can be executed from inside the presentation
 * A talk timer and slide guide are included
 * Presentations can be exported to HTML or PostScript files.

title: MagicPoint


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St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral, Seattle

St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral in Seattle, Washington, is the seat of the bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Olympia. St. Mark's was founded as a mission church of Trinity Parish Church.

History
Plans for the building, located on the west side of 10th Avenue East between East Highland Drive and East Galer Street on Capitol Hill, were drawn up in 1926. Fundraising took place for two years until construction began in 1928. Ground was broken on September 30, 1928. The Great Depression took a toll on the parish, however. Construction was incomplete when the cathedral was dedicated on April 25, 1931, and the parish was in default on its mortgage throughout the 1930s. The cathedral was foreclosed upon in 1941 and shut for the next two years. From 1943 to 1944, the United States Army used the cathedral as an anti-aircraft training facility; the evidence of this era can still be seen in murals in the crypt.

In 1944, Bishop S. Arthur Huston reopened discussions with the parish's bankers in St. Louis, Missouri; over the next three years, more funds were raised, and in 1947 the mortgage was paid. The mortgage document was burned before the Parish on Palm Sunday.

The cathedral's dean, Robert V. Taylor, resigned abruptly in March 2008, stating that he and the vestry (church board) diverged in their visions for the future of St. Mark's and there was a loss of trust between them.

After several years of transitional ministry, Taylor was succeeded by Steven Lynn Thomason in the summer of 2012.

Location
St. Mark's Cathedral is located at the top of a very steep drop-off to Lakeview Boulevard East below. The wooded hillside is known as the St. Mark's Greenbelt.

Organ

The choir loft of St. Mark's is home to one of the largest pipe organs in Seattle. The organ was built in 1965 by D. A. Flentrop (Zaandam, Netherlands) and restored in 1993-1994 and 2001 by Paul Fritts & Company Organ Builders, Tacoma. Further additions followed in 1995 (new chorus reeds 16' and 8' in Manual II) and 1996 (Zymbelstern). In 2011, Paul Fritts installed new horizontal reed stops (the former horizontal trumpets from 1965 were stored). The instrument has 58 stops/79 ranks on four manuals/pedal, and contains 3,944 pipes. The current organists are Michael Kleinschmidt (Canon Musician), and John Stuntebeck (Associate Organist).

title: St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral, Seattle


text:
Wendake

Wendake is the current name for two urban reserves, Wendake 7 (46.85667°N, -71.35333°W) and Wendake 7A, (46.87028°N, -71.365°W) of the Huron-Wendat Nation in the Canadian province of Quebec. They are enclaves entirely surrounded by the La Haute-Saint-Charles borough of Quebec City, within the former city of Loretteville. One of the Seven Nations of Canada, the settlement was formerly known as Village-des-Hurons ("Huron Village"), and also as (Jeune)-Lorette ("New Lorette").

Since the late 20th century, archeologists have found large 16th-century villages of the Wendat (Huron) in the northern Lake Ontario region, which is where they believe the people coalesced as a distinct group. Later they migrated south and by the early 17th century had settled in their historical territory of Wendake in the Georgian Bay region. The Wyandot Confederation was made up of loosely associated tribes who spoke a mutually intelligible Iroquoian language.

History
Archeologists have excavated 16th-century settlements north of Lake Ontario at the Mantle Site (2005), Aurora Site and Ratcliff Site in Whitchurch-Stouffville, Ontario, all attesting to distinctly Wendat (Huron) occupancy. They have concluded the people coalesced in this area as a distinct group. Later they migrated to the Georgian Bay area, where they encountered Europeans in the 17th century.

Until the middle of the 17th century, the Wendake ancestors occupied a vast territory straddling part of what is now the United States (from Detroit to south-eastern Ontario (Penetanguishene and Midland) and Quebec. They hunted and trapped throughout this territory (mainly in the Laurentian Mountains, between the central section of the Saint-Maurice and the Saguenay rivers).

Between 1634 and 1650, the Wyandot Confederation was dismembered; its families, having been gathered into four or five tribes, were dispersed. It is estimated that the Huron population totalled approximately 20,000 to 30,000 people in 1634. By 1650, only a few hundred individuals remained. Most had been decimated by infectious disease epidemics, to which they had no natural immunity; survivors were attacked by wars, especially by the Iroquois Confederacy, who pushed from the south (present-day New York) trying to control hunting grounds and the fur trade.

Part of the Huron population had also been integrated into the Iroquois Confederation. The survivors of this tragic period divided into two groups in Canada: the Great-Lake Wyandot and the Huron-Wendat. The latter were the ancestors of the Huron-Wendat of Wendake. This marked the beginning of a period of exile for the 300 or so Wendat who remained, an era during which they would occupy as many as six different sites in the province of Quebec. They finally settled for good in the village of Lorette in 1697. First established on Île d'Orléans in 1651, the community moved to Quebec City in 1668. Subsequently, the Wendat temporarily resided in Beauport, Notre Dame de Foy, L'Ancienne-Lorette and then New Lorette in 1673.

As of the 2016 Canadian census the population of the two reserves was 2,135 people and the Huron-Wendat Nation has a total of 4,314 registered members, most of which live off reserve. Wendake 7 occupies an area of 133.4 ha and Wendake 7A 244.6 ha for a total of 378 ha.

As of 2021, the Grand Chief is Rémy Vincent and previous chiefs include Konrad Sioui, who succeeded Max Gros-Louis in 2008.

The Huron had called their historic homeland Wendake; it was the territory south of Georgian Bay in present-day Simcoe and Grey County counties. The region was informally known as "Huronia" or the Georgian Triangle. A very large 15th-century Huron-Wendat settlement (the Mantle Site) has recently been discovered in Whitchurch–Stouffville. Its discovery has added to archeologists and anthropologists believing that the Wendat arose as a people in this area.

Other remnants of the Wendat and Petun peoples formed the Wyandot and migrated south, to present-day Michigan. Later they were forced west of the Mississippi River to Indian Territory in Kansas and Oklahoma. In the United States, there is one federally recognized Wyandot tribe: the Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma. The self-identified Wyandot Nation of Kansas and Wyandot Nation of Anderdon in Michigan are not federally recognized. In August 1999, these nations joined the contemporary Wendat Confederacy, pledging to provide mutual aid to each other in a spirit of peace, kinship, and unity.

title: Wendake


text:
User:LegolasGreenleaf

BEST VIEWED ON SCREEN RESOLUTIONS ABOVE 1024x768 | 1280x1024 RECOMMENDED

Notice

 * NOTE: as of 2007 08 31: I LOG ON INFREQUENTLY FROM TIME TO TIME =] LEAVE A NOTE ON MY TALK PAGE IF NEEDED AND I WILL REPLY ASAP

World View
from 'What is Your World View', courtesy of User:RyanFreisling

88%    Romanticist     75%     Existentialist     69%     Postmodernist     69%     Idealist     69%     Fundamentalist     56%     Modernist     38%     Materialist     0%

 * Pretty accurate, I'd say.

Memorable Quotes
... 晨风带来希望 就象阳光送来温暖 繁星带去陈迹 如同黑夜带走记忆

漠然的忙碌 混沌的思索

这挡不住曾闪耀的光辉 我们无比骄傲

我们完整的走过 由古老迈向现代 从幼稚成为经典 一个时代的变迁

我们背叛了生活 背叛了信仰 却无法背叛同年 无法背叛曾经的纯真

80年代是怀旧的一代 只因那日新月异 生机盎然 色彩缤纷的岁月

只因那曾经蔚蓝的天空 有时候 停下脚步 也是一种前进

不要忘记美好的时光，不要丢掉儿时的梦想 ...

Tribute to Middle-earth

 * To the Sea, to the Sea! The white gulls are crying...

 * West, west away, the round sun is falling...

 * Grey ship, grey ship, do you hear them calling...

 * The voices of my people that have gone before me...

 * In Eressea, in Elvenhome the land of eternity~!

 * --- Legolas Greenleaf @ the reunion of the Fellowship at Ithilien after the victory of the War of the Ring.

The above song is taken from the book The Return of the King.

It originally had 12 lines but here I selected 5 and edited the last line. I certainly don't mean to take credit for Tolkien's masterpiece, but these few lines, in my opinion, captures the essence of what Legolas was feeling after all those centuries in the war-torn Middle-earth.

Pages I Started
I first stumbled upon Wiki sometime in late 2002, but didn't actually start contributing untill October 2004.

For roughly a month at the end of 2004, I was working on starting some articles related to the fantasy Warcraft Universe. However that interest quickly waned due to lack of support of the public here at wikipedia...guess all the gamers of WarCraft are logged onto battle.net or WoW busy clicking away...

Well, all thanks to my very good friend who introduced to me this fine anime series titled InuYasha, I had something better to do, for a while... =)

InuYasha

 * Ah-Un 阿吽
 * Entei 炎蹄 Fiery Hoof
 * Mama
 * Yuka, Eri, and Ayumi

WarCraft Universe
Should have seen this coming...the following articles in broken links were deleted as too much c-r-a-p was added to them =/ QQ >.< XD

 * Archimonde
 * Dreadlord
 * Eastern Kingdoms
 * Jaina Proudmoore
 * Kil'jaeden
 * Medivh
 * Mt. Hyjal
 * Prince Kael'thas
 * Sylvanas Windrunner
 * The Scourge (Warcraft)
 * Theramore Isles

仙剑奇侠传

 * Legend of the Heavenly Sword Mastery <--- my own translation before they released the official English name The Legend of Sword and Fairy of 仙剑奇侠传.

 * Li Xiaoyao 李逍遥
 * Zhao Ling'er 赵灵儿
 * Lin Yueru 林月如
 * A Nu 阿奴

 * Category:Legend of Sword and Fairy
 * Template:LoSaF characters

Others

 * Compendium of Materia Medica 本草纲目
 * Deep Impact (spacecraft)
 * Playland (Vancouver)

Wiki MileStones
i'm only a casual wikipedian when it comes to editing ^_^

 * 1st edit: Middle-earth, on 13:03, Oct 6, 2004
 * 1st edit under this account: more Middle-earth, on 03:05, Oct 10, 2004
 * 100th edit: Ed Jovanovski, a Vancouver Canucks Ice hockey player, on 19:42, Nov 18, 2004
 * 200th edit: InuYasha, on 17:10, Dec 4, 2004
 * 250th edit: 2004, on 12:42, Dec 30, 2004
 * 500th edit: Jedi, on 16:33, Mar 15, 2005

InuYasha World

 * InuYasha 犬夜叉 ---> where my signature comes from
 * Kagome かごめ ---> "O-su-wa-rIIII"
 * Kikyo 桔梗 ---> T_T no words to tell her fate
 * Shippōu 七宝 ---> " Kokoro no Kizu! " :D
 * Kirara 雲母 ---> "myo"
 * Miroku 弥勒; ---> ... ^.^;;;
 * Sango 珊瑚 ---> "...hōushi-sama..." =T
 * Sesshōumaru 殺生丸 ---> once the merciless full yōkai brother of InuYasha, begins to appreciate the meaning of companionship
 * Rin りん ---> "Sesshoumaru-sama, toko ni lu?"
 * Jyaken 邪見 ---> the most comical character in the series
 * Naraku 奈落 ---> the baddest @$$ ever to appear in an anime series...i think
 * Kagura 神楽 ---> wind sorceress, became free as the wind
 * Shichinintai 七人隊 ---> Bankotsu would be one hell of a warrior if he was on the good side
 * Kōga 鋼牙 ---> very fast, but sometimes gets ahead of himself
 * Houjou-kun 北条 ---> almost like a family doctor to Kagome even tho she's not sick
 * Yuka, Eri & Ayumi ---> dining at Wacdonald and gossiping about the two-timing boy...

Middle-earth Universe

 * Middle-earth ---> where Hobbits, Man, Elves, and Dwarves dwell

 * Finrod Felagund
 * Luthien
 * Legolas
 * Arwen
 * Eärendil
 * Aragorn

 * Timeline of Arda

 * the Fellowship of the Ring | the Two Towers | the Return of the King

WarCraft Universe

 * World of Warcraft ---> all your Orcs belong to us!

 * Jaina Proudmoore ---> "...I hate to resort to violence "
 * Sylvanas Windrunner
 * Prince Kael'thas ---> "...addition to...MAGIC!"
 * Illidan Stormrage ---> " ana tor rena tor "

 * Murloc ---> " murgurgurgurgur...ya horl~! " =D
 * Kil'jaeden

Star Wars Universe

 * Star Wars ---> fought a long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away...
 * the Force ---> may the Force be with you

 * Yoda
 * Mace Windu
 * Obi-Wan Kenobi ---> "...YOU were the chosen one!! "

 * Anakin Skywalker
 * Padmé Amidala

 * Princess Leia
 * Luke Skywalker

 * Palpatine ---> "...are you threatening me, master Jedi? "
 * Count Dooku
 * Darth Vader

 * Lightsaber ---> Zzzzzing!
 * Dates in Star Wars

 * Ep 1 | Ep 2 | Ep 3 | Ep 4 | Ep 5 | Ep 6

General Fantasy Universes

 * Nüwa 女娲 ---> Chinese Creator Goddess
 * Pangu 盤古 ---> Cleaved open the Heaven and Earth

 * Qilin 麒麟 ---> best of a Dragon and a Phoenix

 * Sun Wukong 孙悟空 ---> will be the mascot of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing | I was incorrect =/

Others

 * BoA 宝儿 ---> got a sweet voice, can dance too
 * Ayumi Hamasaki 浜崎あゆみ ---> catchy name, even better talent
 * Jay Chou 周杰伦 ---> 中国风 sweeping Asia, unfathomably gifted singer and musician

 * Computing Science ---> 011001100110 pfffft
 * Molecular biology and Biochemistry ---> life is about endless learning =/ sigh
 * Geography ---> Do you know where you are?

 * Vancouver, British Columbia ---> the best place on Earth~
 * Vancouver Canucks ---> this land is Näsland, or Luongo Republic. On a serious note...Linden for President!
 * Xi'an 西安 ---> 美好的故乡

 * Football World Cup 足球世界杯 ---> See you in South Africa 2010

 * NHL ---> ruined by those people who don't know nor love the game (2004–05 NHL lockout) | woot finally, it's about PUCKING time~! (start of the 2005-2006 Season) | meh, whatever... (home team losing 5 out of 6 to miss the 2006 playoffs) | just gonna leave it like this... (no idea what happened here...) | it's still the BEST GAME! (2008 NHL Playoffs)

zh:User:李逍遥

title: User:LegolasGreenleaf


text:
St. James Cathedral (Seattle)

St. James Cathedral is a Catholic cathedral located at 804 Ninth Avenue in the First Hill neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, United States. It is the mother church of the Archdiocese of Seattle and the seat of its archbishop, currently Paul D. Etienne. The cathedral is named for St. James the Greater, patron saint of the archdiocese, and is the third church in the territory presently known as the Archdiocese of Seattle to bear the name.

The need for a cathedral in Seattle arose in 1903 when Edward O'Dea, bishop of what was then known as the Diocese of Nesqually (later spelled "Nisqually"), elected to move the Episcopal see from Vancouver, Washington, to Seattle. Construction began in 1905. The cathedral was dedicated in 1907. In 1916, the cathedral underwent major renovations as a result of the collapse of its dome; other significant renovations were completed in 1950 and 1994. The cathedral, rectory, and site were designated city landmarks in 1984.

History
The Diocese of Nesqually was established in Vancouver, Washington, on May 31, 1850, by Pope Pius IX. The new diocese's territory was carved from the former Diocese of Walla Walla, which had been abandoned and its territory administered from Oregon City in the wake of the Whitman massacre. Augustin-Magloire Blanchet, the first bishop of the new diocese, dedicated a cathedral in honor of Saints James and Augustine within Fort Vancouver on January 23, 1851.

Blanchet's successor, Aegidius Junger, set out to build a new St. James Cathedral in Vancouver. This building, which was completed in 1885, served as the cathedral for eighteen years and remains a Catholic church to the present day. Junger's successor, Edward O'Dea, realized that Vancouver's importance as an economic and population center was waning and at the urging of Reverend Francis X. Prefontaine, a priest in rapidly growing Seattle, O'Dea moved the episcopal see to Seattle in 1903, and immediately laid plans to build a new cathedral. O'Dea purchased the current cathedral site in 1903; planning began in 1904, and construction began in early 1905. The laying of the cornerstone of the cathedral took place on November 12, 1905, in the presence of more than five thousand people. It was said to be the largest religious gathering in Seattle up to that time. While the cathedral was under construction, a small temporary structure, St. Edward's Chapel, served as the pro-cathedral for Bishop O'Dea. It was designed by Seattle architect James Stephen and was located on the cathedral block, at the corner of Terry Avenue and Columbia Street. The Diocese of Nisqually was officially renamed the Diocese of Seattle on September 11, 1907, and the cathedral was dedicated on December 22 of that year.

On February 2, 1916, the 60-foot dome that crowned the cathedral collapsed under the weight of heavy snow accumulation. The dome was never rebuilt, and when the cathedral reopened on March 18, 1917, the interior had changed dramatically. Another major renovation took place in 1950, marking the centennial of the diocese. In 1984, the Seattle City Council designated the cathedral, rectory, and grounds as a city landmark.

In 1994, the cathedral underwent its most recent major restoration and renovation, which sought to incorporate changes supposedly brought about by the Second Vatican Council. The liturgical design consultant for the renovation was Father Richard S. Vosko, a priest of the Diocese of Albany who has overseen the controversial redesign and renovation of numerous churches and cathedrals around the country. These changes included moving the altar from its original location at the east end of the cathedral to the crossing at the center of the building. The renovation also included the installation of an oculus and skylight above the new altar, where the dome had been. As part of the 1994 renovation, relics of St. Frances Xavier Cabrini were sealed beneath the altar; Cabrini had worshiped at the cathedral while she worked in Seattle from 1903 to 1916.

The cathedral today sponsors numerous outreach ministries, to the poor, the homeless, and the marginalized, such as the Cathedral Kitchen, Homeless Ministry & Nightwatch, St. Vincent de Paul, Environmental Justice, Housing Advocacy, and St. James Immigrant Assistance Program. These are operated out of Cathedral Hall and the Pastoral Outreach Center, once the convent of the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary, who run Holy Names Academy.

Exterior
Major artwork at St. James Cathedral includes an extensive collection of stained glass by Charles Connick, installed in 1917-1920 during the rebuilding of the cathedral following the collapse of the dome. In 1994, three new windows were added, the work of Hans Gottfried von Stockhausen, a noted German stained-glass artist, who has served on the faculty of the Pilchuck School. In 1999, ceremonial bronze doors were added, the work of German sculptor Ulrich Henn. The central bronze doors portray humanity's pilgrimage to the heavenly Jerusalem. Old Testament scenes begin on the bottom left and show the journey of God's people: the expulsion from Eden, the sacrifice of Noah with a rainbow symbolizing the covenant, and Moses leading the people through the Red Sea. The right side shows Jesus’ journey, again beginning from the bottom: his baptism in the Jordan, the healing of the man born blind and the paralyzed man, preaching the Beatitudes, the entry into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday; the betrayal by Judas; the passion and carrying the cross.

In the tympanum above the door, the victorious Lamb of God brings the pilgrimage to its triumphant conclusion in the heavenly city. Rivers flow out of the city, and on the banks spring up trees, covered in fruit for the healing of the nations. Whereas the angel at Eden pointed the way out of paradise, this angel points the way to a new and greater paradise: the Lamb of God enthroned in heaven. A bronze tabernacle by the same artist was installed in 2003. Henn's only other works in the United States are the bronze gates at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. Above the west door of the cathedral is a black and gilt window (1950) which shows Christ reaching out his hands in blessing. The text reads: “I am the vine, you are the branches” (John 15). The window celebrates the Pacific Northwest in the regional industries of 1950: fishing, shipping, lumber, and manufacturing, and includes a sketch of Mount Rainier. Vines laden with grapes link the northwestern motif with Christ's words.

Above the window, a statue of St. James the Greater, patron of the cathedral, surmounts the west face of the building. The figure of St. John Vianney (d. 1859) stands to the left. This patron saint of parish priests served in the French village of Ars, France. On the right is a statue of St. Frances Xavier Cabrini (d. 1917), first American citizen to be canonized. She worshipped in St. James Cathedral in its early years, when her missionary travels brought her to Seattle to serve Italian immigrants. All three of the façade statues were added as part of the 1950 renovation.

Interior
The west vestibule floor contains a mosaic declaring, DOMUS DEI PORTA COELI: “House of God, Gate of Heaven” (Genesis 28:17). Along the walls of this vestibule white marble tablets honor many parishes and individuals who participated in the 1994 renovation and subsequent major projects. A bronze relief of St. Frances Cabrini recalls the fact that she became a citizen of the United States in Seattle. Tablets to the right of the main doors recognize other donors. Tablets on the east wall of the vestibule list the bishops of the Archdiocese of Seattle and the pastors of the cathedral. The baptistery and font are directly inside the west doors of the cathedral. The font is inscribed with the Chi Rho (XP), an ancient Greek abbreviation for the name Christ. Infants are baptized in the font throughout the year, while older children and adults descend into the pool to be baptized at the Easter Vigil. The inscription surrounding the baptistery expands on the text in the vestibule, stating “But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God’s own people, that you may declare the wonderful deeds of God who called you out of darkness into marvelous light” (1 Peter 2:9). The pool's classical quatrefoil shape echoes the shape of the cathedral itself. Along the north wall stands the most recent addition to the cathedral's devotional works, a shrine honoring Saint John XXIII, the Pope who called the Second Vatican Council. St. James is the only cathedral in the United States with a shrine honoring this beloved saint. Dedicated in 2012 (when John XXIII had been beatified not yet been canonized), it is the work of Seattle artist John Sisko (d. 2016). From the Ambo or pulpit the scriptures are proclaimed and the homily preached. Randall Rosenthal, a Jewish sculptor, interpreted the prophet Isaiah: “For just as from the heavens the rain and snow come down and do not return there till they have watered the earth, making it fertile and fruitful, giving seed to the one who sows and bread to the one who eats, so shall my Word be, that goes forth from my mouth; it shall not return to me void, but shall do my will, achieving the end for which I sent it” (Isaiah 55:10, 11). The carving uses northwest imagery in its depiction of clouds, rain, and abundant vegetation. The Shrine of the Blessed Virgin Mary was designed by parishioner Susan Jones and is meant to evoke the warm and loving darkness of the womb. Following medieval tradition, the stars on the ceiling replicate the heavens as seen above Seattle on the night of December 22, the date of the cathedral's dedication. The statue of the Virgin and Child is modeled on a fifteenth-century statue in the German monastery of Blaubeuren. The cathedral's original choir space in the west gallery features an organ built by the Boston firm of Hutchings-Votey (Opus 1623). This organ was installed and voiced by E. M. Skinner in 1907. In 1926 the east apse was converted into an additional choir area when a second organ built by Casavant was installed in the east end. In 2000, the Casavant was replaced with the Archbishop Thomas J. Murphy Millennium Organ, built by Rosales Organ Builders of Los Angeles, California (Opus 30) In addition, there is a two-manual organ by Frank Robl (cathedral chapel), and two portable organs by Laukhuff/Zuckerman and Alfred Führer.

The stained-glass windows in the East Apse are the work of Hans Gottfried von Stockhausen. They incorporate some of Charles Connick's 1918 stained glass, which furnish a background for Stockhausen's six roundels illustrating the works of mercy from Matthew 25. In an imaginative way, they portray the works of mercy in scenes from the Passion and Resurrection of Christ. The artist's hope was that in seeing these scenes from the life of Jesus, people would ask, ‘Where are these things happening today?’ From top to bottom:
 * Jesus at Emmaus, blessing bread: “I was hungry…”
 * Jesus crucified, with a soldier putting a sponge to his lips: “I was thirsty…”
 * Women greeting Jesus along the way of the Cross: “I was a stranger…”

The right-hand panel shows:
 * Jesus mockingly clothed in a purple cloak: “I was naked…”
 * Jesus crowned with thorns: “I was sick…”
 * Jesus arrested: “I was a prisoner…”

The central window tells the story of baptism. At the top of the window, Christ is baptized by John in the waters of the Jordan, with an angel looking on. In the center, Moses leads the People of Israel through the waters of the Red Sea, a prefiguring of baptism. Finally, at the bottom, in another prefiguring of baptism, Noah floats in the waters of the flood. He reaches toward a dove bearing an olive branch, a sign of life restored. Below that is a golden seed, nurtured by life-giving waters and breaking open to new life. The message written on the seed ties together and makes sense of the two outer windows: “As often as you did it to one of these, the least of my brothers or sisters, you did it to me.”(Matthew 25:40)

Chapel
The cathedral chapel is home to an altarpiece by Florentine artist Neri di Bicci, dating to 1456. It represents the Madonna and Child surrounded by six saints including St. Luke, the physician (with an ox), St. Bartholomew (with the knife used to flay him), St. Lawrence, the Deacon (with the grill on which he was martyred and a palm signifying a martyr's victory), St. John the Baptist (who in the painting is depicted proclaiming “Ecce Agnus Dei,” “Behold the Lamb of God”), St. Martin, 4th century Bishop of Tours, and St. Sebastian, Roman martyr put to death by arrows. This subject, common in Renaissance art, is known as a sacra conversazione, a “holy conversation,” as saints of many different times and places are imagined in “conversation” with Mary and Jesus. The painting underwent a major restoration in 2005 at the Seattle Art Museum, where it was featured as the centerpiece of an exhibit on devotional art of the Renaissance. The original provenance of the painting, and how it came to St. James cathedral, is unknown, although it once hung in the cathedral's baptistery (now the Reconciliation Chapel) until it was moved to the cathedral chapel in 1950.

Priests
1906–1910 – Monsignor Daniel A. Hanly 1910–1919 – Monsignor William J. Noonan 1919–1935 – Monsignor James G. Stafford 1935–1943 – Father William Henry O'Neill 1943–1954 – Father John Gallagher 1955–1973 – Bishop Thomas E. Gill 1973–1988 – Father William E. Gallagher 1988–present – Very Rev. Michael G. Ryan

title: St. James Cathedral (Seattle)


text:
Spartakiad

The Spartakiad (or Spartakiade) was an international sports event that was sponsored by the Soviet Union. Five international Spartakiades were held from 1928 to 1937. Later Spartakiads were organized as national sport events of the Eastern Bloc countries. The games were organised by Red Sport International.

Background
The Soviet Union attempted to use Spartakiads to both oppose and supplement the Olympics. (In Russian, there is a certain parallelism in the names: "Spartakiada" and "Olimpiada".) The name, derived from the name of the slave rebel leader, Spartacus, was intended to symbolize proletarian internationalism. As a classical figure, Spartacus also stood directly in contrast to the aristocratic nature of the Ancient Olympic Games on which the modern "capitalist" Olympics were based. The first Winter Spartakiad was held in February 1928 in Oslo, and the first Summer Spartakiad was held in August 1928 in Moscow.

The first Spartakiads in the USSR took place in 1923 within formations of the Red Army and the Spartak Physical Culture organization in Petrograd. The Moscow Spartakiad in 1928 was also known as the All-Union Spartakiad. From the start of the 1930s in the Soviet Union, spartakiads of trade unions and the Dynamo physical culture sports society took place. In the 1950s, spartakiads of the Peoples of the USSR, DOSAAF of the USSR, all-Union Spartakiads of students, international Spartakiads of "friendly armies of socialist and developing countries", and others were introduced.

List of Spartakiads

 * Summer
 * 1928 – Moscow
 * 1931 – Berlin

 * Winter
 * 1928 – Oslo
 * 1936 – Oslo

Soviet Union
In 1952, the Soviet Union decided to join the Olympic movement, and international Spartakiads ceased. However, the term continued to exist for internal sports events in the Soviet Union of different levels, from local up to the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR (Спартакиада народов СССР, Spartakiada narodov SSSR ). The latter event was held twice in four years: Winter Spartakiad and Summer Spartakiad.

The first Soviet Spartakiad was held in 1956. According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, the number of participants in the 6th Summer Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR was 90 million people (twice the number of athletes in the USSR in that time), including 8,300 Masters of Sports of the USSR, and 20 million in the 3rd Winter Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR, including some 1,000 Masters of Sports of the USSR. However, these numbers have been frequently called into question due to the low reliability and ideological bias of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. The Winter and Summer Spartakiads of the Peoples of the USSR were each commemorated on a series of postage stamps, released in millions of copies. Until 1975, all summer finals were held in Moscow, later in other cities throughout the Soviet Union (though most events were still held in Moscow). The winter editions' finals were often held in Sverdlovsk.

Czechoslovakia
The name Spartakiáda was also used for a mass gymnastics display, which was held every five years at the Strahov Stadium in Prague, Czechoslovakia. The first event of this name was held, however, already in 1921, and its initiator Jiří František Chaloupecký is credited as the inventor of the name.

Albania
Six similar events were held in Albania during communist rule as well (in 1959, 1969, 1974, 1979, 1984, and 1989).

Other
In 1984, the Soviet Union organised the Friendship Games, aimed at countries which boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics.

title: Spartakiad


text:
S5 (file format)

S5 (Simple Standards-Based Slide Show System) is an XHTML-based file format for defining slideshows. It was created by Eric A. Meyer as an alternative to the browser-centric Opera Show Format. S5 is not a presentation program, but fulfills the same purpose in combination with a standards-compliant web browser.

History
The initial version of S5 was released by Eric Meyer on October 18, 2004 under a Creative Commons license. With the release of version 1.1 on July 28, 2005, S5 was placed in the public domain.

On July 17, 2006, Ryan King launched s5project.org, "a new community site, dedicated to the S5 Presentation software".

On December 4, 2006, Andreas Gohr announced a DokuWiki plugin that converts Wiki markup to XHTML-compatible S5 presentations.

Structure
The content of an S5 presentation can be stored in a single XHTML file. This file contains several slides which are structured in the following way:

S5 presentations can be viewed in outline and slideshow mode; Cascading Style Sheets are used to define different layouts for outline, slideshow and print. Navigation controls, a dynamically generated list of slides and accesskeys allow browsing back and forth.

A more semantic version of the S5 format is based on the XOXO microformat and uses  instead of divs for the slides, as well as   instead of a div for the overall presentation.

title: S5 (file format)