text:
Talk:The Crying of Lot 49

The Paranoids
Okay, it's clear to all and sundry that the Paranoids are a spoof of The Beatles. (This being a Pynchon book, everything must be more than one thing, but among everything else they do. . . .) For the past couple years, off and on, I've researched the following question:  did Pynchon name his parodic band after the nickname the Beatles gave themselves? According to the Anthology, the Fab Four called themselves "Los Para Noias". Among the name's appearances in Beatles lore:

 * John lamented that they didn't think to stick para noia into Abbey Road ' s fake Italian, along with chika ferdi and so forth
 * The Anthology discs contain a medley with "Los Para Noias" mixed with several other ingredients

I believe there is (or was) also a cover band who named themselves after this alias.

TCL49 came out just about the time the Beatles were becoming a true phenomenon. They had already been inducing hysteria in vast crowds of teenage girls, but the year Pynchon published this novel, A Hard Day's Night hit the movie screen. Roger Ebert states that the movie "converted the unbelievers"; grown-ups who saw it began to think there was weight to rock and roll. Ebert also commented, "While I was watching the movie, my hair started to grow." (The quote might not be exact, but it's close: look on the You Can't Do That documentary.)  Pynchon, recognizing an important movement when he saw it, chose to cut into the core of the controversy. I wonder if he researched the Beatles closely enough to find the nickname they used for themselves. It wouldn't take much: just one comment in a press conference I haven't found yet.

If it were any author besides Pynchon, I would happily dismiss the whole thing as coincidence.

Anville 23:44, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Since this appears to be "original research," I'm going to respond. I think you can make way too much of an obvious Beatle reference. I think it's far more apt to call The Paranoids a spoof on the American reaction not only to The Beatles, but to the British Invasion generally, whereupon Stateside we get an insatiable demand for bands that sing in thick British accents (e.g. Herman's Hermits). The Paranoids are Miles, Dean, Serge and Leonard, four American youths with plausibly Angloid first names, who wear single-button mohair suits, sport Beatles haircuts and sing in fake British accents. This was all over Southern California in the mid-60s, as Frank Zappa attests in The Real Frank Zappa Book. So Pynchon is, I think, more commenting (a la Adorno?) on the American culture-industry tendency to take an original trend and immediately standardize and duplicate it, rendering The Beatles clonable -- as indeed The Monkees tried to do a few years later.

Here's a textual example (from memory). When Oedipa checks into Echo Courts the first time, one of The Paranoids, acting as bellhop, tries to hit on her. Oedipa demurs, and he responds with something like "But I have a smooth young body. I thought that's what you older chicks went for." So it wasn't any grand attempt at seduction, it was merely behavior expected of him as a rock musician in a Beatle clone band, just as wearing mohair suits, Beatle haircuts and singing in a fake British accent is behavior expected of his mates and he if they want to form a rock 'n' roll band at that moment in Southern California history. Playing with the tin-stamped expectations rife in consumer culture is a big part of what drives the book, and this idea gets its first major workout that night when Oedipa bets Metzger on the outcome of the Baby Igor movie -- the grossly unexpected gristly outcome of which begins to set the tone for Oedipa's later encounters.

Snardbafulator (talk) 22:05, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

I think the inclusion of this in category:philately is a bit inappropriate, and borders on a joke. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:22, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I have removed it. R Lowry 15:50, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

References made by the book
So far the section on "references made by the book" seems pretty useless (since it is just a list of what is alluded to, not how it's alluded). And these are trivial references (character named "Oedipa", town named "San Narciso"). I don't even know what the Hamlet reference is supposed to be: yes, the play in the middle is in the form of a Jacobean revenge play, but I don't remember any specific references to Hamlet as against the genre. -- Jmabel | Talk 21:46, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Working on it. If I feel really clever, I'll try summarizing the novel's take on entropy.  Anville 03:10, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Nice additions. Keep up the good work! -- Jmabel | Talk 05:27, May 16, 2005 (UTC)

Post horn
I see no indication of a mute in the post horn in the illustration. Perhaps it is simply a Thurn und Taxis post horn? - Jmabel | Talk 02:10, May 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * You know, I do believe you're correct. Looks like the silly cover artist got it wrong. (-; Anville 01:26, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

 * au contrair. If you check closely you will see a line at the edge of the horn which is an indication of the mute. It is not exactly teh same as the sketch on the book but it is still muted. User:Basil

 * I think that's just a line on the horn itself, not a mute inserted in the horn. :) Zafiroblue05 21:42, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

It's a mute. For sure.

"wry nods"
Maybe, given the auction. I believe, though, that Tour et Tassis is simply the French variant of Thurn und Taxis, which is real, not a Pynchon invention. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:49, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

Reference apparatus broken
The rapparatus of this article is broken. The ref/note mechanism depends on giving notes in the same order as they are referenced in the article. Instead, this is now a muddle. In particular, there is an impossible mix of a general reference list (which should be alphabetical) with a notes section (which must go in the same order as things are mentioned in the article). See Minstrel show as an example of doing this correctly. -- Jmabel | Talk 02:00, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Pierce is a dead man (miss him, miss him)
Is Pierce dead?

Note that even Mike Fallopian, who tells Oedipa that the whole Trystero might be "something Inverarity set up before he died", still agrees that Inverarity is dead. If you believe that he isn't, the entire novel implodes. All right, maybe that's the point—but you have to be a hardcore pomo addict to find that prospect enjoyable. If everything Metzger says, everything that the entire firm of Warpe, Wistfull, Kubitschek and McMingus says, the entire behavior of Yoyodyne, and the whole construction of San Narciso are fabrications, then we might as well believe that the narrative voice is lying to us, all along.

Without a source, it sounds like original research to me. Because I am a nice phenomenon of text, I even dug one up which resembles this sort of reasoning, if reasoning it can be called: "If you have to say Edna Mosh into the speaker to have it come out as Oedipa Mass, then a whole code may be involved which would displace the sound and meaning of The Crying of Lot 49 in its entirety". That's Georgiana M. Colville, Beyond and Beneath the Mantle: On Thomas Pynchon's "The Crying of Lot 49". Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988 (page 26).

So, people have at least "thought" along these lines. However, once you go that far—and go that far you must, if you exhume Pierce Inverarity's corpse and promenade it around your narrative space—then reason can no longer help you. It recalls Borges's line in "The Library of Babel": "A number N of possible languages use the same vocabulary; in some of them, the symbol library allows the correct definition 'a ubiquitous and lasting system of hexagonal galleries', but library is 'bread' or 'pyramid' or anything else, and these seven words which define it have another value. You who read me, are You sure of understanding my language?"

Or, put another way, it's Yoda's Law of Postmodernism: "Once you start down the dark path, forever will it dominate your destiny."

Quedar chingado!

I am, as far as you know, a congeries of text, concatenated from raw alphanumerical symbols. We texts look out for each other. Can we please have a source before we say that TCL49 is really a howling vacuum? Just a footnote?

Eh, sfacim'. Anville 09:34, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I myself am both text and images. - Jmabel | Talk 06:06, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * $$ R \frac{dR}{dr} !$$
 * Me too. Anville 08:48, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Not to mention $$ \int \frac{1}{Book} dBook$$ in Mason-Dixon. - Jmabel | Talk 22:06, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Surely you mean "Cada chingado!" (K. da Chingado) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.209.90.103 (talk) 16:23, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Characters
I want to see a sub-section in this article on characters. If I work on it, would it be removed? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Elb2000 (talk • contribs) 8 Feb 2006
 * Never having seen your work, I can't say. It would be a perfectly appropriate addition to the article. - Jmabel | Talk 04:18, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Explaining puns/jokes?
Is it worth including a section explaining some of the one-off references, puns, and jokes in the book? (And would they violate WP:NOR?) I'm thinking of the radio station KCUF (obvious to an English speaker) and to Metzger's reference to his friend "Manny Di Presso" (manic depressive, I assume). Cons: It might make the article too long, and it might violate the NOR prohibition. Thoughts? | Mr. Darcy talk 03:55, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure if they should be included or not, but there are enough books, articles etc. about the book that references could be found explaining possible meanings of the names (particularly A Companion to The Crying of Lot 49). Esquizombi 13:06, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

References to Cold War and Vietnam War
Reading the novel, I noticed many references to the Cold War and the Vietnam War, particularly the 1963 Bhuddist crisis in South-Vietnam (the televized self-immolation of a Bhuddist monk is mentioned) and the 1964 Tonkin Incident (which is prodied through the alledged but unprovable naval confrontation in Califorian waters in 1864 between the Confederate vessel Disgruntled and the Russian Navy. The Russians interfered similarly in 1864 in the American civil war as America would later do in the Vietnam War, which was essentially also a civil war. The claim about the confrontation between the Russian Navy and the Disgruntled  is made by Mike Fallopian, member of the Peter Pinguid society, a parody of the John Birch society. According to Fallopian, the non-confrontation between Tsarist Russia and the Confederacy, foreshadowed the inevitable Cold War.

I wonder is there is any literary criticism of Pynchon's engagment in this novel with the Cold War, the Vietnam War and also the Second World War.

Narrative Voice
About half way through the book, the narrative voice shifts, but only for a second. When she is leaving the dressing room of one of the actors in The Courier's Tragedy, one of her thoughts / feelings is introduced with the pronoun  'I...'  instead of the usual  'She...' . I don't know whether this shift from third to first person is simply an editing mistake in the version I have, or whether it is as Pynchon intended. If Pynchon wrote it that way, then can someone explain what it means? It struck me as rather odd, and, to tell the truth, I had to put the book down for a while trying to figure it out. EmmaSmith 07:58, 7 April 2006 (UTC) What's the bit you are talking about? Is it this one? (It's the only one I could find, near the section you mentioned.) 'I'll call,' said Oedipa. She left, and was all the way outside before thinking, I went in there to ask about bones and instead we talked about the Trystero thing.

If that's the part you are talking about, I am afraid the change is simply a stylistic choice. Pynchon decides not to use inverted commas to demarcate Oedipa's thoughts. If you are talking about some other section, please be kind enough to let us know what section that might be. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.209.89.23 (talk) 09:23, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

spoiler purge
is an exposition of content needed for a work of art? -maas.

WP does have a lot of pages that do, I don't know if it is necessary. See also Wikipedia talk:Spoiler warning. Esquizombi 07:05, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

can anyone direct me to the necessity of a spoiler in an encyclopedia? --Maas 07:59, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Are you are objecting the spoiler warning text, or the desricption of the novel that could posssibly spoil the ending for someone? I just read your first comment.  Yes I believe it generally necessary to discuss the content before you can properly discuss the criticism of the novel.  I don't know it this article is the best example.  A good hypothetical is a novel which recieved bad reviews for having a deus ex machina ending would need to have the ending explained to understand the criticism.-- Birgitte§β  ʈ  Talk  01:51, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * i assume that the consumption of art prefigures discussions and/or critiques. a page on the 'pedia may hence be viewed at three different times: before, during and/or after this consumption. an exposition of content subtracts from the former and is irrelevant otherwise. my first comment repeats. --Maas 07:45, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Excuse me if I misinterpret your postition as I am guessing what you mean in some instances. An article on any art work at Wikipedia needs to be encyclopedic.  Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their subject domain.   That must include any relevent interpretations.  Not original reasearch, but books have been written analizing certian art, including the works of an author.  The articles on Wikipedia are not here to serve advertisments to interest people in artwork, but rather to inform them of the important implications and legacy of artwork.  As I said before this article is not the best example.  I disagree that the content is irrelevent to those who have already read the book.  For example by the time I was 15 I had read everything by Charles Dickens.  He often used similar plot devices and everyone always seemed to find they were related at the end of the book.  For me to remember exactly how the orphan plot progressed in Oliver Twist is beyond me.  I need to refresh my memory before I can understand the criticism.  That does not even take into account the numerous people who have only seen a film adaption of a classic work without realizing important plot points had been altered.  Perhaps your objection is actually to badly written, or improper emphasis of the expostition.  You might want to look at The Illuminatus! Trilogy which is featured article on a novel and see if still find it to be inappropiate in that case.-- Birgitte§β  ʈ  Talk  14:19, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * My first question was directed at spoilers of all kinds, not merely this article. The claim of content summaries belonging to '..accumulated knowledge for their subject domain' is debatable. Yes, summaries are helpful for examples such as yours, Birgitte, but my question now modifies to: is the 'pedia a place for these? --Maas 20:15, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe it is the place for them. The fact that no-one objected to the spoilers at Featured article candidates/The Illuminatus! Trilogy is a good indication others agree that they belong.  Another strong indication is simply how many spoilers have been added by many different contributors (The spoiler template is used in more than 2000 articles).  However I don't think many people are watching this page. To find out for sure this conversation should be moved to a more visible place.  I looked at Wikipedia talk:Spoiler warning and saw that whether or not we have spoiler warnings has often been discussed but I did not see anyone suggest removing summaries altogether.  I didn't read through all of the archives so I may be incorrect.  That may be one place to gauge opinion.  However I will warn you a likely couterpoint will be insisting on removing the summaries from articles on religious texts as well.-- Birgitte§β  ʈ  Talk  21:09, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I asked here: WikiProject_Novels/GeneralForum but nobody responded. I think the spoiler warning talk page would be a good place for discussion or maybe the village pump. Esquizombi 00:16, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Birgitte, I fail to see the logic of your second sentence (and the claim within). Again, the purpose of this dialogue is to debate the need, rather than illuminate on how frequent spoiler usage is. If the 'pedia community decides to do away with spoilers altogether, Birgitte, I assume this would apply to religious texts as well. Why this is something to be warned about, I do not see. I've posted on the spoiler talk page. --Maas 04:31, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * -and to the village pump at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_%28policy%29#spoiler_policy

--Maas 04:34, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

There didn't end up being much discussion at Village_pump_%28policy%29/Archive. None at Wikipedia_talk:Spoiler_warning and WikiProject_Novels/GeneralForum. That's too bad, as it is a topic that merits discussion. Esquizombi 13:57, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

The band from Austin
Here's why I've reverted or removed the reference to the band in Austin called Tristero: 1. I can't find any mention of this band online. There's no AMG entry, and a few Google searches didn't turn anything up. Either they don't exist, or (more likely) they're extremely obscure. 2. One of the earlier edits claimed that there would be a song with a TCOL49-inspired title on a forthcoming EP, which violates the rule that Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. 3. An anonymous user with no edits to any other articles is pushing this one pretty hard, which looks like an agenda edit to me. It seems likely to me that this is an unknown band trying to get a little free publicity. They may very well be a real band, but if their existence can't be verified and/or they have no known releases, then they're below the threshold for inclusion in this article. | Mr. Darcy talk 19:58, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * They're not listed at: Austin Chronicle's Musicians Register; AustinLive; MusicAustin; Austin Axis; or Austin City Links, so I would have to agree with disincluding them for now. Шизомби 20:31, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I didn't really see the harm in including them, even if they hadn't any exposure in the public media. That's why I reverted the revert.  I have not heard of them either, but we seem to have a lot of other bands in there with references.  Didn't see the harm in it, not like it will instantly catapult them to success.--GoNINzo 16:49, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Pure speculation
I have cut the following (uncited speculation):

"The significance of the number 49 within the novel cannot be placed for sure, but, as the book is preoccupied with the theme of communications, the year 1849 would seemingly bear some resemblence to the text. 1849 was the second year of the California Gold Rush in which vast quantities of telecommunications equipment was rolled out to support those rushing to California. There would also have been need for a courier system to be set up for this purpose."

Jmabel | Talk 00:28, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Now sourced: T. Tanner - Thomas Pynchon (London : Pan Books, 1979), p. 65 - readding :) Martin Hinks 16:56, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Are you sure that citation is correct? Google searching on  turns up nothing relevant, but there is a Tony Tanner, Thomas Pynchon (Contemporary writers) Methuen - July, 1982, ISBN 0416316700. I suppose it is perfectly possible that there is an edition not mentioned online anywhere, but it would be unusual. - Jmabel | Talk 05:33, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

 * No, you are completely right - my library's online catalogue was severely off - it is the Methuen (London and New York) 1982 edition. If you'd like to see the page in question I can do a photo... I'll fix the citation on the page Martin Hinks 09:32, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Merging Oedipa Maas
I'm all for merging Oedipa Maas into this article. Heck, since Oedipa Maas has no independent, well-cited material of its own, I'm all for making it a redirect page. Nothing else is necessary. Anville 20:40, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Completeness
I have a feeling that the author had been currently reading the book, while writing teh article. It seems to stop at the play, while that is only about a third to a halfway through the novel. --Finalbroadcast 21:14, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Near-spam
Given that "Jason Mordaunt"+"Welcome To Coolsville" gets almost no Google hits outside of the book being for sale or in the collections of some public libraries, and given that the connection to The Crying of Lot 49 is at best tangential, I do not think it should be mentioned here. I'll give a few days for someone to explain why it might by relevant for the reader of this article, but unless someone makes a case that completely escapes me at the moment, I plan to remove it. - Jmabel | Talk 22:18, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

The fact that this came from two IP addresses neither of which has ever made any other contribution to Wikipedia does not exactly increase my confidence in the addition being of value. - Jmabel | Talk 22:20, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

And the removal of the request for citation on the claims about it clinches it, at least for me. I am removing this paragraph. - Jmabel | Talk 07:17, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Potsage Stamps
It appears that Tibet printed stamps in 1912, and that two of the carmine stamps were erroneously labelled "POTSAGE." I figure that this should be mentioned here somewhere, but I don't know where.--70.101.69.73 22:51, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Interesting, probably worth a mention. Trying to find appropriate online citation, I'm finding mainly (possibly shortlived) auction site pages. Does someone have a good, stable citation for this? Maybe the Scott numbers? - Jmabel | Talk 22:06, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I've got an image, and somebody selling reprints.--Superluser 03:53, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Host went down. I've got a copy of the stamp.  I also found a copy listed as Tibet, Scott 4a VF NG.  I assume that the last four letters mean very fine, no gum. superlusertc 2007 July 26, 02:29 (UTC)

Suggested Merge
I think The Courier's Tragedy and KCUF don't offer quite enough information to be stand alone articles, and the information would be more helpful to readers if merged with The Crying of Lot 49. Any objections? -- hibou 11:04, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * None at all. - Jmabel | Talk 02:58, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
 * None here. Freshacconci 15:52, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Go for it. Martin Hinks 16:05, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Don't merge Kcuf, as it has a number of things not directly, or perhaps at all, associated with this book. It would be bad to delete them, and the CL49 article is too long to include them. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 02:02, December 14, 2006 (talk • contribs).
 * I agree that KCUF may serve the project better as a disambiguation page, but have no trouble with the information merge. -- nae'blis 05:57, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Merged The Courier's Tragedy and made KCUF a disambiguation page. BJ Talk 04:01, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Adobe Reference
A reference to the fact that Adobe used this book's text for their semaphore code on top of their building in San Jose should be put in. Not sure how to put it in while avoiding "recentism." The Adobe reference is entirely unnecessary and belongs somewhere else. Somewhere other than an encyclopaedia.

"perpetual motion"
The scientist John Nefastis is not obsessed with perpetual motion, nor is perpetual motion mentioned in the book. The entry saying so must be written by someone who doesn't understand maxwell's demon. "motion" of the molecules is mentioned as a proxy for temperature. The scientists claims to have built a realization of maxwell's demon, which violates the 2nd law of thermodynamics with the assistance of psychic abilities of "sensitives" who are able to operate the device. Technically, that would be a perpetual motion machine, as it is pointed out in the novel, to which Oedipa replies: "Sorting isn't work? (...) Tell them down at the post office, you'll find yourself in a mailbag headed for Fairbanks, Alaska, without even a FRAGILE sticker going for you."

Publication Date?
My copy of The Crying of Lot 49, a Harper Perennial Modern Classics edition (2006), states "A hardcover edition of this book was published in 1965 by J.B. Lippincott Company." So was Crying published first in 1965 or 1966? Does anyone have a definitive answer? You are right, it should be 1965.

Tristero vs. Trystero
Don't have a copy of the book handy, and haven't read it for decades... but noticed that two spellings of Tristero/Trystero appear in the article. Perhaps this should be changed, for consistency? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.215.18.72 (talk) 19:14, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Both spellings appear in the novel, as it is a novel about deviations, variations, permutations and the like. No change is needed. Go to your local library and re-read the book.

Brighton Rock
Could someone please do the World a favour and get rid of that section? It's absolute rubbish. There are no direct references to Graham Greene's novels in The Crying of Lot 49 and, for that matter, there are hundreds (if not thousands) of other narratives involving the death of a character and the protagonist's subsequent investigation into it. Who writes this rubbish? Honestly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.209.90.103 (talk) 16:20, 5 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed and done. Шизомби (talk) 04:33, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

W.A.S.T.E
Is the English language version of the slogan: what would the actual original name be? Jackiespeel (talk) 18:11, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * In German it would be something along the lines of 'W.E.S.T.R.' In Dutch, 'W.W.O.P.I.S.T.', or something like that. Zazaban (talk) 01:11, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

What is Lot (2)49?
The following subsection was added to the article today by a new user. I am bringing it here for discussion for several reasons, for which see below.

 * Two major themes within the novel are mummification (e.g., Oepida wears layers and layers of clothes in her tryst with Metzger) and the inability to communicate with others (e.g., the muted post horn, Oedipa's inability to hear or be heard over the Inveratity's helicopter, et alia). While the physical object "Lot 49" in the novel is a stamp and something of a MacGuffin, in the similarly titled short story, "Lot No. 249," by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Lot 249 is a mummy that is auctioned to the public. Doyle's short story is the first mummy horror tale, and tells the now familiar story of an evil Egyptologist (Bellingham) waking a mummy to murder his foes. The mummy itself is known only by its number (Bellingham says: "Lot 249 is all the title he has now. You see it printed on his case. That was his number in the auction at which I picked him up.") Consequently, Pynchon uses the reference to Doyle's work to create a pun and, thus, evoke an image of a mummy weeping as well as recapitulate the literal "crying of lot (2)49" at the auction where Bellingham bought the mummy and at the auction where Oedipa patiently awaits at the end of the novel. The removal of the "2" from from the reference in the title to lot 249 likely emphasizes the ambiguity in communication with the reader, who is forced to seek the literal meaning of "Lot 49" by reading the novel and then seek the metaphorical meaning of the term outside the novel in Western literature and history.

First of all, this is poorly referenced. Other than the Grant book, nothing is provided here in the way of a source for these claims. And, at that, the Grant book does not support the claim of Doyle's story influencing Pynchon, specifically influencing this novel, or of Pynchon even being aware of the story. In other words, this is all speculation and original research on the part of the editor who wrote this. As such, it is inappropriate. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive' 01:19, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

What is Lot (2)49? Rebuttal
I tried to use parentheticals to offer a rebuttal, but this is apparently bad practice. Let's try again.

RepublicanJacobite said: "First of all, this is poorly referenced." I do not think this is true, I linked the text to Doyle's work, which is the support for the allusion.

RepublicanJacobite said: "Other than the Grant book, nothing is provided here in the way of a source for these claims." I disagree, for the reasons below.

RepublicanJacobite said: "And, at that, the Grant book does not support the claim of Doyle's story influencing Pynchon, specifically influencing this novel, or of Pynchon even being aware of the story." I disagree for the following reasons.

Come on, the coincidence is amazing. To believe that Doyle's "Lot 249" is irrelevant means that Pynchon never heard of "The Mummy," was unaware that Doyle wrote the first mummy story on which the MGM classic was based, was unaware that Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote short stories or perhaps knew about them but refused to read them, and was unaware that Doyle wrote the first detective story ("Crying" has been referenced as a detective story ala' Doyle) and/or never read Doyle's canon even after reading a Sherlock Holmes novel.

The coincidence is even more incredible if Pynchon never intended to reference Doyle because it means that despite Pynchon's alleged ignorance of Doyle's short stories, he accidentally titled his book with Lot 49 and included a theme of mummification and an auction of lot 49 (Check Grant out on mummification BTW) being completely ignorant of the fact that Doyle has already written about the auction of a mummy, named Lot 249. Does this argument about the incredible ignorance of Pynchon of Doyle's work posited by RepublicanJacobite sound convincing?

I guess the question to wiki users is how poorly read is Pynchon in the area of great writers of the late 19th century that this many coincidences occurred in his title? But you wiki folks be the judge-- compare my assertion of the allusion to Doyle's work to the "referenced" allusion to the gold rush of 1849-- Which seems more credible or convincing as a motivation to use the term "Lot 49" in the title? I think reasonableness should always triumph where there is disagreement. Despite RepublicanJabcobite's disparagement of original research being anathema to Wiki, I think that it is reasonable that (and have seen where) original research is within the domain of Wiki as long as its verifiable. As such, I urge Pynchon fans to read Doyle's Lot 249 and verify that the allusion is credible. If you agree, please put the section back in the wiki article. RepublicanJacobite and I disagree on what content is appropriate for Wiki articles on literary criticism, so we need a third party educated in Pynchon to weigh in.

Further RepublicanJacobite writes: "This is all speculation and original research on the part of the editor who wrote this." I think that the distinction is meaningless in literary criticism because no critic is ever able to prove that an allusion was intended except when the author himself states that such allusion was intentional (for the exception to the rule, check out Golding's Playboy article on "Lord of the Flies" to see how how to wreck English Professors' "supported" theories.) In other words, all of the references in the original Wiki article are "original research" and "speculation." Despite the inability to "prove" intended allusions in literature or "prove" that an author was aware of a previous artist's/author's works, literary criticism flourishes as long the reference to the allusion is credible and supported by well reasoned argument and at least circumstantial evidence. Thus, my entry meets the criteria of "verifiable" for a Wiki article, especially where empirical evidence is not obtainable absent an interview with Pynchon on the issue. One more issue is that RepublicanJacobite inconsistently applies the standard of "poorly referenced" in the original wiki article. The section on "The Courier's Tragedy" which has no references whatsoever seems to meet RepublicanJacobite's approval while my section (which is actually referenced) does not. Why is one theory without references acceptable, while my theory, which actually links to the verbatim text of the story itself, does not, especially when it is more likely Pynchon has read Sir Arthur Conan Doyle than Kyd or Webster.

Finally, RepublicanJacobite writes: "As such, it is inappropriate." I disagree for the above reasons. My arguments are rational, well supported, and credible. So far I have not seen any substantive criticism of the theory beyond a failure of Pynchon to personally weigh in on the issue. This disagreement between RepublicanJacobite and me appears to be a wiki edit war. Consequently, we need 3rd party analysis in true Wiki tradition to resolve the issue. Please read my arguments and RepublicanJacobite's arguments and decide whether or not the title of Lot 49 refers to Doyle's Lot 249. Surely, there are some English Profs out there who have an opinion. I look forward to hearing more from fellow scholars-- either way, you decide. I just want to get the idea out in the public forum for debate.

Psykl (talk) 06:38, 14 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Please read No original research. Шизомби (Sz) (talk) 19:32, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

Then the section on the Courier's Tragedy needs to come out too for the same reason. That's the issue I addressed above about consistency in applying the rule for original research in the "Crying" wiki article. Psykl (talk) 02:58, 15 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It's not the same case, but it could be tagged for sources, certainly. There's adequate coverage of Jacobean revenge plays in writing about CL49, about Lot 249, not so much. Шизомби (Sz) (talk) 03:25, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree that the original research should not be in the primary article under Wiki rules, so I agree with RepublicanJacobite's editing. However, I think there room in Wikipedia for original research at least in the discussion section. I think that those who read the primary Wiki article will be able to use the discussion section to fill in areas that although perhaps somewhat speculative, are at least informative and verifiable.  It appears that the rules for discussion are formative at this stage.  I have run into a similar issue with the "Talk:Lost (TV series)" discussion group.  The question is really about whether discussion should include information that is not directly referenced but at least considered "true" by other editors.  I believe that the discussion section (or a new style discussion section) could really be useful, especially in contemporary arts, but there seems to be no specific guidance on the issue.Psykl (talk) 06:55, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
 * That's really not the purpose of discussion pages. See e.g. Help:Introduction to talk pages and Talk.  You might try the usenet group alt.books.thomas-pynchon or the e-mail list http://www.waste.org/pynchon-l/ or something like that for original theories. Шизомби (Sz) (talk) 15:58, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

Possible missing pop-culture reference
Since you've got a section on these: Star Trek: Deep Space Nine S5E25 "In The Cards" revolves around the auction of a rare baseball card, which is sold as lot 49. Presumably that is a reference to this work, though I can't prove it. Equinox ◑ 01:55, 18 January 2017 (UTC)

 * There is a missing pop-culture reference ... if you check https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Promenade#Promenade_directory (check the image, lower right) you will see that Yoyodyne Propulsion Systems is listed on the directory (making this on-screen canon) as having an office on the Promenade.
 * I just do not have the time right now to do justice to a proper edit. cjs 16:32, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

 * There is a missing pop-culture reference ... if you check https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Promenade#Promenade_directory (check the image, lower right) you will see that Yoyodyne Propulsion Systems is listed on the directory (making this on-screen canon) as having an office on the Promenade. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Smith725 (talk • contribs) 16:32, 30 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I just do not have the time right now to do justice to a proper edit. cjs 16:29, 30 May 2023 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Smith725 (talk • contribs)

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Wiki Education assignment: Rethinking Revenge
— Assignment last updated by AliveTurtle0 (talk) 02:37, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Crying of Lot 49


text:
Code page 437

Code page 437 (CCSID 437) is the character set of the original IBM PC (personal computer). It is also known as CP437, OEM-US, OEM 437, PC-8, or DOS Latin US. The set includes all printable ASCII characters as well as some accented letters (diacritics), Greek letters, icons, and line-drawing symbols. It is sometimes referred to as the "OEM font" or "high ASCII", or as "extended ASCII" (one of many mutually incompatible ASCII extensions).

This character set remains the primary set in the core of any EGA and VGA-compatible graphics card. As such, text shown when a PC reboots, before fonts can be loaded and rendered, is typically rendered using this character set. Many file formats developed at the time of the IBM PC are based on code page 437 as well.

Display adapters
The original IBM PC contained this font as a 9×14 pixels-per-character font stored in the ROM of the IBM Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA) and an 8×8 pixels-per-character font of the Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) cards. The IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) contained an 8×14 pixels-per-character version, and the VGA contained a 9×16 version.

All these display adapters have text modes in which each character cell contains an 8-bit character code point (see details), giving 256 possible values for graphic characters. All 256 codes were assigned a graphical character in ROM, including the codes from 0 to 31 that were reserved in ASCII for non-graphical control characters.

Various Eastern European PCs used different character sets, sometimes user-selectable via jumpers or CMOS setup. These sets were designed to match 437 as much as possible, for instance sharing the code points for many of the line-drawing characters, while still allowing text in a local language to be displayed.

Alt codes
A legacy of code page 437 is the number combinations used in Windows Alt codes. A DOS user could enter a character by holding down the Alt key and entering the character code on the numpad and many users memorized the numbers needed for CP437 (or for the similar CP850). Although Microsoft Windows used different character sets such as CP1252, the original numbers were emulated so users could continue to use them; Microsoft added the ability to type a code from the Windows character set by typing 0 before the digits.

Character set
The following tables show code page 437. Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point (when it is not equal to the character's code). A tooltip, generally available only when one points to the immediate left of the character, shows the Unicode code point name and the decimal Alt code. See also the notes below, as there are multiple equivalent Unicode characters for some code points.

Although the ROM provides a graphic for all 256 different possible 8-bit codes, some APIs will not print some code points, in particular the range 0-31 and the code at 127. Instead, they will interpret them as control characters. For instance, many methods of outputting text on the original IBM PC would interpret hex codes 07, 08, 0A and 0D as BEL, BS, LF and CR, respectively. Many printers were also unable to print these characters.

{{legend|#EFF|Symbols and punctuation}} When translating to Unicode some codes do not have a unique, single Unicode equivalent; the correct choice may depend upon context.

History
The repertoire of code page 437 was taken from the character set of Wang word-processing machines, according to Bill Gates in an interview with Gates and Paul Allen that appeared in the 2 October 1995 edition of Fortune Magazine:

 * "... We were also fascinated by dedicated word processors from Wang, because we believed that general-purpose machines could do that just as well. That's why, when it came time to design the keyboard for the IBM PC, we put the funny Wang character set into the machine—you know, smiley faces and boxes and triangles and stuff. We were thinking we'd like to do a clone of Wang word-processing software someday."

According to an interview with David J. Bradley (developer of the PC's ROM-BIOS) the characters were decided upon during a four-hour meeting on a plane trip from Seattle to Atlanta by Andy Saenz (responsible for the video card), Lew Eggebrecht (chief engineer for the PC) and himself.

The selection of graphic characters has some internal logic:
 * Table rows 0 and 1, codes 0 to 31 (00hex to 1Fhex), are assorted dingbats (complementary and decorative characters). The isolated character 127 (7Fhex) also belongs to this group.
 * Table rows 2 to 7, codes 32 to 126 (20hex to 7Ehex), are the standard ASCII printable characters.
 * Table rows 8 to 10, codes 128 to 175 (80hex to AFhex), are a selection of international text characters.
 * Table rows 11 to 13, codes 176 to 223 (B0hex to DFhex), are box drawing and block characters. This block is arranged so that characters 192 to 223 (C0hex to DFhex) contain all the right arms and right-filled areas. The original IBM PC MDA display adapter stored the code page 437 character glyphs as bitmaps eight pixels wide, but for visual enhancement displayed them every nine pixels on screen. This range of characters had the eighth pixel column duplicated by special hardware circuitry, thus filling in gaps in lines and filled areas. The VGA adapter allows this behaviour to be turned on or off.
 * Table rows 14 and 15, codes 224 to 254 (E0hex to FEhex) are devoted to mathematical symbols, where the first twelve are a selection of Greek letters commonly used in physics.

Most fonts for Microsoft Windows include the special graphic characters at the Unicode indexes shown, as they are part of the WGL4 set that Microsoft encourages font designers to support. (The monospaced raster font family Terminal was an early font that replicated all code page 437 characters, at least at some resolutions.) To draw these characters directly from these code points, a Microsoft Windows font called MS Linedraw replicates all of the code page 437 characters, thus providing one way to display DOS text on a modern Windows machine as it was shown in DOS, with limitations.

Code page 1055, also known as HP symbol set 0L, is a subset which includes the box-drawing, half-blocks, black circles (the black circle replaces the bullet, which replaces the middle dot in this code page), and black square, and moves them to the upper half; the space is also included.

Internationalization
Code page 437 has a series of international characters, mainly values 128 to 175 (80hex to AFhex). However, it only covers a few major Western European languages in full, including English, German and Swedish, and so lacks several characters (mostly capital letters) important to many major Western European languages:
 * Spanish: Á, Í, Ó, and Ú
 * French: À, Â, È, Ê, Ë, Î, Ï, Ô, Œ, œ, Ù, Û, and Ÿ
 * Portuguese: Á, À, Â, Ã, ã, Ê, Í, Ó, Ô, Õ, õ, and Ú
 * Catalan: À, È, Í, Ï, Ò, Ó, and Ú
 * Italian: À, È, Ì, Ò, and Ù
 * Icelandic: Á, Ð, ð, Í, Ó, Ú, Ý, ý, Þ, and þ
 * Danish/Norwegian: Ø and ø. Character number 237 (EDhex), the small phi (closed form), could be used as a surrogate even though it may not render well (furthermore, it tends to map to Unicode, and/or render in Unicode fonts, as the open-form phi or the closed-vertical-form phi, which are even further from the O with stroke). To compensate, the Danish/Norwegian and Icelandic code pages (865 and 861) replaced cent sign (¢) with ø and the yen sign (¥) with Ø.
 * Most Greek alphabet symbols were omitted, beyond the basic math symbols. (They were included in the Greek-language code pages 737 and 869. Some of the Greek symbols that were already in code page 437 had their glyphs changed from mathematical or scientific forms to match the actual use in Greek.)

Along with the cent (¢), pound sterling (£) and yen/yuan (¥) currency symbols, it has a couple of former European currency symbols: the florin (ƒ, Netherlands) and the peseta (₧, Spain). The presence of the last is unusual, since the Spanish peseta was never an internationally relevant currency, and also never had a symbol of its own; it was simply abbreviated as "Pt", "Pta", "Pts", or "Ptas". Spanish models of the IBM electric typewriter, however, also had a single position devoted to it.

Later DOS character sets, such as code page 850 (DOS Latin-1), code page 852 (DOS Central-European) and code page 737 (DOS Greek), filled the gaps for international use with some compatibility with code page 437 by retaining the single and double box-drawing characters, while discarding the mixed ones (e.g. horizontal double/vertical single). All code page 437 characters have similar glyphs in Unicode and in Microsoft's WGL4 character set, and therefore are available in most fonts in Microsoft Windows, and also in the default VGA font of the Linux kernel, and the ISO 10646 fonts for X11.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Code page 437


text:
Sony Connect

Sony Connect, stylised Sony CONNECT, was the name for a series of related software products by Sony, most notably the Connect Music Store online music store. Sony CONNECT Inc. was a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America.

Sony Connect was Sony's second attempt at online music following PressPlay.

Connect Music Store
The CONNECT Music Store was Sony's music store built within the SonicStage music management application for Microsoft Windows-based personal computers. It was one of the world's largest online music download stores with over 2.5 million tracks to preview and purchase, with over 10,000 new songs added every Tuesday.

In 2003, Robert Shahnazarian began producing exclusive recording only available to users of Sony Connect. These sessions were the brain child of Ty Braswell and Neil Schield to provide exclusive content to users of Sony Connect's music platform. These session were recorded at Sony Studios in Santa Monica along with Westlake Recording Studios. These “exclusive” sessions were known as the Live from the Connect living-room series, and were recorded and mixed by Robert Shahnazarian. Over 350 sessions were recorded for this series and included such artists as Taylor Swift, John Legend, David Crosby & Graham Nash, Tears for Fears, and Brand Carlile to name just a few.

The CONNECT Music Store closed in North America and Europe on 31 March 2008, and the website has been unavailable from 1 March 2008. However, in late 2008, Sony launched a new online music store called "bandit.fm" on a trial basis in several countries, particularly Australia and New Zealand. The store was never launched globally, and closed in 2016. In 2010, Sony also launched another store named Music Unlimited which at first was compatible with PlayStation devices.

"Sony Connect" was also the name given to the software used to manage book, music and image content on the Sony Reader; it has since been renamed Sony eBook Library.

The SonicStage software transferred music tracks to Sony media devices like Network Walkman, CD Walkman, Hi-MD, PSP (via the Memory Stick), Clie handheld or Vaio computers, but did not transfer to non-Sony hardware.

Connect Video
Sony CONNECT Video was a division within Sony CONNECT developing digital service platforms to enable distribution of next-generation entertainment to Sony devices.

Users could download video content directly to their device wirelessly or by means of using the USB port and their computer.

Connect Player
CONNECT Player was a media player application, developed by Sony Connect, a division of Sony Corporation of America in 2005. It was released for European and Japanese market in November 2005 to be used with Sony's new HDD digital music players - the NW-A Series Walkman (A1000 and A3000).

In January 2006, Sony Europe recommended users to change to SonicStage (Sony's earlier media player) pending potential further updates to the CONNECT Player software due to thousands of reports regarding its many problems. In May 2006, Connect Player was absorbed into a newly released SonicStage version called SonicStage CP (the letters bearing the name).

Compatibility
The CONNECT Music Store was only accessible via Internet Explorer on computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system.

Files downloaded from the CONNECT Music Store were encrypted using Sony's Digital Rights Management, in the OpenMG (*.omg & *.oma) file format. Audio content is encrypted using an OpenMG compliant program — SonicStage — and stored on a computer's hard disk for playback or transfer to a Sony media device. The file format is ATRAC3, Sony's proprietary compressed music format.

title: Sony Connect


text: User talk:146.115.103.198

title: User talk:146.115.103.198


text:
Hisashi Owada

Hisashi Owada (小和田 恆) is a Japanese former jurist, diplomat and law professor. He served as a judge on the International Court of Justice from 2003 until June 7, 2018, and was President of the Court from 2009 to 2012. He is the father of Empress Masako and the father-in-law of the incumbent Emperor of Japan, Naruhito.

Early life and family
Owada was born in Shibata, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, the third of seven children.

Owada's father Takeo is descended from the Owada clan, whose head Shinroku—Masako's 4th-great-grandfather —was called to Murakami in 1787 to serve the Naito clan which the Tokugawa shōgun had installed as the city's rulers sixty-seven years earlier. After the fall of the shogunate, the Owadas participated in a salmon-fishing cooperative, the proceeds of which provided schooling for many local children, including Takeo.

Takeo became principal of a prefectural high school in modern-day Joetsu city and head of its board of education. Takeo and his wife would have seven children, all of whom survived infancy to graduate from university or teaching college. His five sons all graduated from the University of Tokyo —Akira, who would become assistant professor at the University of London and professor at Senshu University; Takashi, who would become a lawyer; Hisashi; Osamu, who would become head of the Japan National Tourist Organization; and Makoto, who would become an inspector at the Ministry of Transportation's Ports and Harbors Bureau. His two daughters Yasuko and Toshiko would marry highly, the former to managing director of Krosaki-Harima Tadashi Katada and the latter to one-time managing director of the Industrial Bank of Japan (IBJ) Kazuhide Kashiwabara.

Career
After earning a B.A. from the University of Tokyo in 1955, Owada passed the civil service examinations to join the Diplomatic and Consular Service, now known as the Foreign Service.

Educator
Owada received sponsorship from the Foreign Ministry to study at Trinity College, Cambridge in the United Kingdom where he earned a law degree in 1959 and later a doctorate of philosophy. Overall he served as a law professor for three decades at the University of Tokyo, Harvard Law School, New York University Law School, Columbia Law School, The Hague Academy of International Law, Waseda University, and the University of Cambridge. In between postings he took semesters as a visiting professor in international treaty law, his specialty, at Harvard and at Oxford. He also served as the Bright International Jurist-in-Residence at the University of Hawaii's William S. Richardson School of Law in 2010. He has received honorary degrees from Keiwa College, Banaras Hindu University, and Waseda University.

Diplomat
Owada's first foreign assignment was Moscow, serving from 1963 to 1969. Immediately following, from 1969 to 1971, was a post at the United Nations in New York, New York.

Returning to Japan, Owada was chosen to accompany Emperor Hirohito on his first postwar trip outside Japan to Europe. From 1976 to 1978, he served as Private Secretary to Takeo Fukuda, the Prime Minister of Japan.

From 1979 to 1981, while serving as visiting professor at Harvard Law School, Owada "remain[ed] on the Foreign Ministry payroll with the title of Minister at the Embassy in Washington, and would resume his career with another plum posting the following year." After this, however, the Owadas would move again to Moscow save for Masako, who would stay behind to enroll as a student at Harvard University.

In 1988, Owada was appointed Japanese ambassador to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Paris. He served for a year before returning to Japan, working first as Deputy Minister and from 1991 to 1993 as Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs.

From 1994 to 1998, he served as Japanese ambassador to the United Nations, where he served twice as United Nations Security Council President.

From 1999 to 2000 Owada then served as senior adviser to the President of the World Bank. Owada was president of the Japan Institute of International Affairs and adviser to the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs until 2003.

Post-Diplomat
Having been re-elected to the ICJ in 2011, Owada's term was set to expire on 5 February 2021 prior to his retirement in June, 2018. He received 170 out of 192 votes in the General Assembly on the first round, more than any other candidate, and 14 out of 15 votes in the Security Council on the first round. Owada had been nominated by the Japanese national group of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (as well as the national groups of 32 other countries).

He is currently a member of the Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute's International Council, and a member of the Crimes Against Humanity Initiative Advisory Council, a project of the Harris Institute at Washington University School of Law in St. Louis to establish the world’s first treaty on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity.

Personal life
In 1962, at age 30, Hisashi married 25 year-old Yumiko Egashira, introduced to him by a mutual friend and later employer Takeo Fukuda. A year later, their eldest daughter Masako was born at Toranomon Hospital in Tokyo, followed by twins Reiko and Setsuko in the summer of 1966 in Geneva, Switzerland.

In 1993, Hisashi's daughter Masako Owada, a diplomat in her own right, married Crown Prince Naruhito, the heir to the Japanese Chrysanthemum Throne. Following Emperor Akihito's 2019 abdication, she became empress consort.

Lectures

 * Human Security and International Law in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
 * Asia and International Law: A New Era Distinguished Speakers Panel in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
 * The Encounter of Japan with the Community of Civilized Nations in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

Notable ICJ cases

 * Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia v. Singapore)
 * Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay)
 * Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro)
 * Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy)
 * Advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence

title: Hisashi Owada


text:
Warsaw School (mathematics)

Warsaw School of Mathematics is the name given to a group of mathematicians who worked at Warsaw, Poland, in the two decades between the World Wars, especially in the fields of logic, set theory, point-set topology and real analysis. They published in the journal Fundamenta Mathematicae, founded in 1920—one of the world's first specialist pure-mathematics journals. It was in this journal, in 1933, that Alfred Tarski—whose illustrious career would a few years later take him to the University of California, Berkeley—published his celebrated theorem on the undefinability of the notion of truth.

Notable members of the Warsaw School of Mathematics have included:
 * Wacław Sierpiński
 * Kazimierz Kuratowski
 * Edward Marczewski
 * Bronisław Knaster
 * Zygmunt Janiszewski
 * Stefan Mazurkiewicz
 * Stanisław Saks
 * Karol Borsuk
 * Roman Sikorski
 * Nachman Aronszajn
 * Samuel Eilenberg

Additionally, notable logicians of the Lwów–Warsaw School of Logic, working at Warsaw, have included:
 * Stanisław Leśniewski
 * Adolf Lindenbaum
 * Alfred Tarski
 * Jan Łukasiewicz
 * Andrzej Mostowski
 * Helena Rasiowa

Fourier analysis has been advanced at Warsaw by:
 * Aleksander Rajchman
 * Antoni Zygmund
 * Józef Marcinkiewicz
 * Otton M. Nikodym
 * Jerzy Spława-Neyman

title: Warsaw School (mathematics)


text:
File:Maketrax.png

screenshot from the game Make Trax

Fair Use for Make Trax
I believe this videogame screenshot should be considered fair-use because:-

1. It is used to illustrate the article. 2. The image used was created by the uploader and was taken from an emulator. 3. No free image for this game exists.

Raphie (talk) 00:53, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

title: File:Maketrax.png


text:
House law

House laws (Hausgesetze) are rules that govern a royal family or dynasty in matters of eligibility for succession to a throne, membership in a dynasty, exercise of a regency, or entitlement to dynastic rank, titles and styles. Prevalent in European monarchies during the nineteenth century, few countries have house laws any longer, so that they are, as a category of law, of more historical than current significance. If applied today, house laws are mostly upheld by members of royal and princely families as a matter of tradition.

Some dynasties have codified house laws, which then form a distinct section of the laws of the realm, e.g., Monaco, Japan, Liechtenstein and, formerly, most of Germany's principalities, as well as Austria and Russia. Other monarchies had few laws regulating royal life. In still others, whatever laws existed were not gathered in any particular section of the nation's laws. In Germany where many dynasties reigned as more or less independent sovereigns, laws governing dynastic rights constituted a distinct branch of jurisprudence called private princely law (Privatfürstenrecht).

The house laws of the German ruling families had a direct influence on Scandinavian kingdoms including Denmark and Sweden.

Dynastic traditions
In some cases, house laws are rules or traditions that are treated as if they have the force of law. In the United Kingdom an example of this might be considered the custom whereby a wife shares in her husband's hereditary titles and rank. While this is settled common law with respect to the wives of peers and commoners, it is less clear when it comes to consorts of the king and princes. When, in 1923, Prince Albert, Duke of York became the first male member of the British royal family to marry a non-princess in more than 300 years (with the sovereign's approval), so an announcement was apparently issued by Buckingham Palace and carried in the London Gazette and The Times, "It is officially announced that, in accordance with the settled general rule that a wife takes the status of her husband, Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon on her marriage has become Her Royal Highness the Duchess of York, with the status of a Princess".

This issue was re-visited by the British government in 1937 and 2005, when the marriages of a former and a future king to divorcées cast into doubt what titulature was appropriate for women who were to become, essentially, the private wives of royal princes. As can be gleaned from discussions at the time, popular certainty that "a woman is entitled to share her husband's status", has by no means been seen as absolutely clear by government experts and lawyers upon examining the matter.

In the case of the marriage of Prince Charles to Camilla Parker Bowles, in 2005, the matter was settled by the decision that Camilla, whilst legally the Princess of Wales, would only use her secondary title of Duchess of Cornwall, out of respect to public sensibilities and to her predecessor, Diana, Princess of Wales.

Extraordinary law
Where they have existed, dynastic house laws have often been extraordinary compared to other national laws. The house laws of the families of the Austrian and German emperors were not made public until after the fall of the monarchy in 1918. Luxembourg's grand duke has made modifications to his country's dynastic law that remain unknown to the public at present. Russia's house laws were applied—or not—at the tsar's discretion. Even today, the house laws of the dynasty that has exclusive right to succeed to the throne of Liechtenstein may not be amended by either the parliament or populace of the principality, and until the late 1990s the reigning Prince could not be dethroned except according to the house law—which stipulated that ouster was only possible by a vote of his own family members.

Royal marriages
Nearly all house laws have regulated dynasts' right to marry. Paul I of Russia established the house law of the Romanovs (the Pauline Laws), one of the strictest in Europe. The consorts of Russian dynasts had to be "equally born" (i.e., belong to a royal or ruling house) and be approved by the tsar.

While some German dynasties included in their laws language requiring or urging the monarch to consent to any "equal" marriage, some heads of dynastic houses rejected royal matches on behalf of their family members. The French pretender denied his daughter, Princess Hélène d'Orléans, the opportunity to become Queen Consort of Britain by refusing her permission to convert to Anglicanism to marry Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence. In the late 19th or early 20th centuries the monarchs of Belgium, Russia, and Spain all withheld consent from members of their families to marry for love into foreign dynasties: Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich of Russia and Infante Alfonso de Borbon-Orléans of Spain sought to marry a pair of sisters who were also British princesses, Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh and Princess Beatrice of Edinburgh, choosing to elope and endure (temporary) banishment rather than obey their sovereigns' commands.

Evolution of dynastic law
European dynasties dethroned at the end of World War I continue to enforce their house laws even though they had no legal authority to do so. Some continued doing so through the 20th century (Bourbon-Sicily, Prussia, Württemberg). Governments in extant monarchies, without calling the legal mechanisms house laws, have generally strengthened their control over the marriages of members of their royal families since the second half of the 20th century. Previously a prince could often morganatically marry a woman not deemed acceptable as a royal consort, relegating her and their children to a sub-royal status. That is rarely an option anymore. In most Western European monarchies of today, a prince must renounce or forfeit membership in the royal house if his chosen spouse is not deemed suitable, e.g., Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau.

title: House law


text:
Samuel White

Samuel White may refer to:
 * J. Samuel White, British shipbuilding firm
 * Samuel A. White (1823–1878), American politician
 * Samuel Albert White (1870–1954), Australian ornithologist
 * Samuel White (Irish politician) (died 1854), Member of Parliament for Leitrim
 * Samuel White (Massachusetts politician) (1710–1769), lawyer in the Province of Massachusetts Bay
 * Samuel White (American politician) (1770–1809), lawyer and U.S. Senator from Delaware
 * Samuel White (ornithologist) (1835–1880), British/South Australian ornithologist, father of Samuel Albert White
 * Samuel White (basketball) (born 1987), Australian wheelchair basketballer

title: Samuel White


text:
Wendy

Wendy is a given name now generally given to girls in English-speaking countries.

In Britain during the English Civil War in the mid-1600s, a male Captain Wendy Oxford was identified by the Leveller John Lilburne as a spy reporting on his activities. It was also used as a surname in Britain from at least the 17th century. Its popularity in Britain as a feminine name is owed to the character Wendy Darling from the 1904 play Peter Pan and its 1911 novelisation Peter and Wendy, both by J. M. Barrie. Its popularity reached a peak in the 1960s, and subsequently declined. The name was inspired by young Margaret Henley, daughter of Barrie's poet friend W. E. Henley. Margaret reportedly used to call Barrie "my friendy", with the common childhood difficulty pronouncing Rs this came out as "my fwendy" and "my fwendy-wendy".

In Germany after 1986, the name Wendy became popular because it is the name of a magazine (targeted specifically at young girls) about horses and horse riding.

Business and politics

 * Wendy Dant Chesser, American politician
 * Wendy Davis, American politician
 * Wendi Deng, Chinese-born American businesswoman
 * Wendy Morgan, Guernsey politician
 * Wendy Thomas (born 1961), daughter of fast food chain Wendy's founder Dave Thomas and the company's namesake
 * Wendy Thomas (politician) (born 1958 or 1959), New Hampshire state representative

Film, theatre, television, and radio

 * Wendy Beckett (1930–2018), British religious sister and art historian
 * Wendy Bergen (1956–2017), American television journalist
 * Wendy Craig (born 1934), English actress
 * Wendy Davis (born 1966), American actress
 * Wendy Greengross (1925–2012), English general practitioner and broadcaster
 * Wendy Hiller (1912–2003), English actress
 * Wendy Hoopes (born 1972), Malaysian American voice actress
 * Wendy Kaufman (born 1958), American television personality
 * Wendie Malick (born 1950), American actress and former fashion model
 * Wendi McLendon-Covey (born 1969), American actress and comedian
 * Wendy Mesley (born 1957), Canadian television journalist and reporter
 * Wendy Morgan, English actress
 * Wendy Morgan, Canadian film director
 * Wendy Pack, from The Howard Stern Show
 * Wendy Padbury (born 1947), English actress
 * Wendi Peters (born 1968), English actress
 * Wendy Phillips (born 1952), American actress
 * Wendy Richard (1943–2009), English actress
 * Wendy Robie (born 1953), American actress
 * Wendy Raquel Robinson (born 1967), American actress
 * Wendie Jo Sperber (1958–2005), American actress
 * Wendy Schaal (born 1954), American actress
 * Wendy Stites (born 1949), Australian production and costume designer
 * Wendy Tilby (born 1960), Canadian animator and director
 * Wendy Toye (1917–2010), English director and actress
 * Wendy Williams (1934–2019), English actress
 * Wendy Williams (born 1964), American television and radio presenter, businesswoman, author, actress and media personality
 * Wendy O. Williams (1949-1998), American singer and former member of Plasmatics.

Sports

 * Wendy Brown (heptathlete), American heptathlete
 * Wendy Cruz, Dominican Republic cyclist
 * Wendy Fuller, Canadian diver
 * Wendy Holdener, Swiss alpine skier
 * Wendy Lucero, American diver
 * Wendie Renard, French football player
 * Wendy Richter, American wrestler
 * Wendy Vereen (born 1966), American former sprinter
 * Wendy Weinberg, American Olympic medalist swimmer
 * Wendy Wyland (1964-2003), American diver

Arts

 * Wendy Bagwell (1925–1996), founding member and leader of the Southern gospel music and comedy trio Wendy Bagwell and the Sunliters
 * Wendy Carlos, American composer
 * Wendy Chung, Hong Kong pop and C-Pop lyricist
 * Wendy Cope, English poet
 * Wendy Davies, British professor of history
 * Wendy J. Fox, American author
 * Wendy Holden (author, born 1961), British journalist and author
 * Wendy Holden (author, born 1965), British chick-lit novelist
 * Wendy James, Transvision Vamp's singer
 * Wendy Mass (born 1967), American author especially of young adult and children's novels
 * Wendy Melvoin, musician and composer and twin sister of Susannah Melvoin
 * Wendy Partridge, costume designer
 * Wendy Pepper, fashion designer
 * Wendy Pini, creator, artist and writer of the fantasy comic book universe Elfquest
 * Wendy Shon, Korean singer and member of Red Velvet
 * Wendy Sulca, Peruvian singer
 * Wendy Wasserstein, American playwright
 * Wendy Whelan, American ballet dancer and associate artistic director of New York City Ballet
 * Wendy O. Williams, stripper turned punk rocker and leader of the Plasmatics
 * Wendy Wilson, pop singer of Wilson Phillips fame and daughter of The Beach Boys singer, Brian Wilson
 * Wendy Rose (born 1948), Hopi/Miwok writer.

Science and engineering

 * Wendy Campbell-Purdie (1925–1985) was a New Zealand tree-planter
 * Wendy Chung, geneticist
 * Wendy Gibson, British professor in protozoology
 * Wendy Lou (born 1962), Canadian statistician
 * Wendy L. Martinez, American statistician
 * Wendy Lee Queen (born 1981), American chemist and material scientist

Other

 * Wendy Albano (died 2012), American woman who was murdered in Bangkok
 * Wendy Fitzwilliam, Miss Universe 1998 from Trinidad and Tobago
 * Wendy M. Masiello, United States Air Force officer
 * Wendy Metcalfe, Canadian journalist, editor and news executive
 * Wendi Michelle Scott (born 1975), American criminal convicted of abusing her daughter in a case of Münchausen syndrome by proxy
 * Wendy Osefo, Public affairs academic, political commentator and The Real Housewives of Potomac cast member
 * Wendy Wolin (1958–1966), American murder victim

Fictional characters

 * Wendy Corduroy in Gravity Falls
 * Wendy Harris in the Super Friends cartoon and comic book
 * Wendy Johnson in My Parents are Aliens
 * Wendy O. Koopa, one of the Koopalings in the Mario franchise
 * Wendy Marvell in Fairy Tail
 * Wendy Peyser in American Horror Story: Asylum
 * Wendy Byrde in Ozark
 * Wendy Testaburger in South Park
 * Wendy Rhoades, wife of Chuck Rhoades and a psychiatrist/performance coach at Axe Capital in Showtime series Billions
 * Winnifred "Wendy" Torrance, one of the main characters in Stephen King's The Shining
 * Wendy Wu, the titular character of Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior
 * Wendy the Good Little Witch in Harvey Comics
 * Wendy, a character in Bob the Builder
 * Wendy Wolf, a character in Peppa Pig
 * Wendy, a playable character in the indie survival game Don't Starve and its sequel Don't Starve Together
 * Wendy in How I Met Your Mother
 * Wendy, a Chow Chow from the 2018 Australian show Bluey
 * Wendy Darling in Peter Pan
 * Wendy Harris in Mom (TV series)

title: Wendy


text:
Talk:Lori Berenson

Trials
Sorry this edit looks so extensive... Mostly that is because I moved a section from "Efforts to Free" that was about the OAS hearing and the previous statement about laws being found unconstitutional in 2000 was incorrect, so I moved that to the correct sequence (2003).I also more closely aligned what is in the article with the citations. Hope it is not too much to follow. Grover22 (talk) 05:48, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I looked at it. My POV meter quivered but it did not go into the red.  At some point I will sit down and get more citations into the piece, but it just isn't a very high priority with me.  I'm determined, though, to avoid it becoming a propaganda piece for either Berenson supporters or detractors.--Wehwalt (talk) 05:51, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

hope ==hope i'm using this page correctly. ==

". . . determined, though, to avoid it becoming a propaganda piece for either Berenson supporters or detractors . . ."

to my reading the peculiar, but unsurprising, goal, suggesting editorial powers of cleansing away "propaganda," carries the very essence of an ungovernable deficiency, that is inherently wikipedia's 'cross to bear' (& may i hope, wiki's cross to "bare"? har!

your remark presumes some kind of absolutes of 'factual history', something that is far from demonstrated. Your ambitious intention seems predicated upon a notion: that FACTS may, ever or always, be presented without bias, that they lend themselves to an utterly impartial representation or statement.

But history and facts are otherwise; ongoing events, our societies and their political activities, are a parade, to record which, as History and Fact, requires taking the unvarnished "state of affairs" and compiling it, according to some principles of Validity, and of Right and Wrong.

when it comes to Wiki Articles that are political in nature (as distinguished, say, from articles presenting the sciences, or mathematics, e.g.) a monumentally grand task is afoot--dispelling general ignorance, yes,

--but not by presuming unbiased editorial divinatory powers, or making tacitly a claim to comprehensive authority (so knowing what is Right or Wrong) as will cleanse The Articles, cleanse them, and guard them against "propaganda."

NO. For, there, precisely, is one structural Wikipedia problem, a cross too bare--for those who care to see it.

On any particular Wiki Article, how does one meet that challenging mission, of "avoiding it becoming a propaganda piece for . . ." fill in the blank?

Wiki is full of all sorts of rules, orthodoxies that are procrustean, all in all. And they have a sub-text, if i may say so. You will guard us, or me?, from propaganda? You will protect these books? beginning to sound kinda "editorial" here! no?

uh-oh! The Books, of What? of Orthodoxy?? How could this be? In its very conception, Wikipedia solicits from the public at large; any member brings her/his own 'subjectivity' to the table, regardless of attending merits, e.g., one's authority, credentials, training, practice yadda yadda.

I propose that, in the end, the zealous stranglehold on 'impartiality,' quixotic as it is, will have to cede place to THE OPENING, full-throated! the opening. . . to debate and dialog, and I predict, and urge, that this feature of "socialized" wellbeing will rise sometime soon--being a rigorous way of conveying useful information, being incorporated in Wiki critical norms, and so improving the articles themselves, for this fundamental reason:

that, Wikipedia, unlike other compendia or encyclopedia gatherings, is a collaboration of editorships, and of contributors, comprised of people who actively engage in the recording of their own perceptions, and evaluations of "what is right, wrong, valuable, in error, etc." It cannot be otherwise. Why pretend it is so?

In a hoped-for coming Editorial forefront, advancing beyond pious posturing, & dismissing pretentious claims to Objectivity and un-measurable impartialities,

a vitality, a healthy, articulate polemical breathing (the kind that abides, dynamically, in viable cultures and societies) writing, honest and strong, enough to contend with characteristic features--the new tracings offered in every moment's history--such as abominable wars, such as the faces of wicked powers, of prodigal monies, of poverties, of humane virtues and vices, these will ultimately have their Reportings.

Informative Reportings should not consign pertinent "facts," politically and socially relevant, even arguable and debatable, to a footnote. Asserted facts are allowed in texts where they deserve to provoke debate.

In the case of Wiki's present-day anodyne uses of Footnote Orthodoxies, often the "footnotes" seem to take pride of place--STRUCTURALLY before the text, before the implicit argument-- they're presumed willy-nilly to have an objective finality, as authentications, verifications.

Wiki calls for 'a source' as if it meant ipsi dixit a substantial fact-- usually, it's NO such thing; references are simply extracted from a vast hodgepodge of commonplace google-able MSM outlets. Wikipedia requires only this much, by way of authenticating facts, or better, sourcing endorsements.

C'mon; we all know half of these 'media sources, these MSM items, are lies, or distortions. And we all know which "half" is the blackguard liars too, right? --the half that doesn't agree with us! Right?

This structural 'defect' in the critical rigors of Wikipedia is generally to the delight of 'organs' such as WSJ, or Fox News (or whomever, i just take these voodoo instances!)-- indeed, certain so-called fourth estate "corporations" are dedicated to perpetuating their economic interests and profits, instead of, or before, any concerns for objective purview.

Why should Wiki serve as lickspittle to them? --thus even amplifying their covert, extreme and biased agendas?

blind ignorance, misapprehensions, of actual facts and events [which develop and permute moment by moment, that we call "history" in the making] could argue that the primacy of 'treating both sides equally' leads to a noble purpose, by serving the higher ends, namely extinguishing 'propaganda.'

Who is served by this kind of "footnoted" historical record? are its supposed immobile facts meant to address us? --minions, subjects, believers in the The Unrocked Boat of History??

Ah, the unrocked boat, that fiction, that carapace of recorded History!

Consider this sequence, from the "settled history" we've all generally ruled upon; this one, we've put our judgments upon it, and now want to think "it's harmless, and in the past"--

I refer to WWII; a Nazi era was strongly holding forth; then we noted a craven behavior, from those who claimed "they didn't know it was happening; they didn't know there were gas ovens; they didn't know . . ."

This reflection should remind us, who "we" are, today. When They came for Them, we did not recognize ourselves (among that group) of Them.

And so it goes. ..

One goes to these lengths to protest, that what may be Wiki's internal machine, suggesting or trying to "guard" facts and accurate information in print, is but the half-measure of candor and openness; to do less than encourage the open participation of the readership public, to not make easily available the full minutes of editorial activities, is a defect, whether built-in to, or only practised by, Wikipedia. ProSocialist (talk) 18:51, 13 March 2011 (UTC) ProSocialist (talk) 18:51, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Wow - you really believe the foecal utterings that spew forth from your keyboard in such abundance. Like most "socialists" (who are really commies dressed up to look nice), plenty of filler, no meat.  If anyone was craven here, it was not the MSM but Berenson, who for more than 15 years refused to admit that she was very much in bed with a group of people who terrorized the Peruvian populace.Arlesd (talk) 06:00, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

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Removed her sons name
She might be a git, but don't drag her children into it. Creuzbourg (talk) 10:45, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lori Berenson


text:
Kraków School of Mathematics

The Kraków School of Mathematics (krakowska szkoła matematyczna) was a subgroup of the Polish School of Mathematics represented by mathematicians from the Kraków universities—Jagiellonian University, and the AGH University of Science and Technology–active during the interwar period (1918–1939). Their areas of study were primarily classical analysis, differential equations, and analytic functions.

The Kraków School of Differential Equations was founded by Tadeusz Ważewski, a student of Stanisław Zaremba, and was internationally appreciated after World War II.

The Kraków School of Analytic Functions was founded by Franciszek Leja. Other notable members included Kazimierz Żorawski, Władysław Ślebodziński, Stanisław Gołąb, and Czesław Olech.

title: Kraków School of Mathematics


text:
Talk:John Byron

additional information
The novelist Patrick O'Brian wrote a novel, The Unknown Shore which featured a teenage John Byron as one of the two heroes. The article currently says that Bryon accompanied George Anson on his circumnavigation of the World. However Byron was aboard the HMS Wager, which was wrecked on coast of the south of Chile. Here is an external link, to [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/ships/html/sh_098500_hmswager.htm "Ships of the World: An Historical Encyclopedia"] which establishes that Byron didn't complete a circumnavigation with Anson. Byron didn't make a circumnavigation until later, again established by "Ships of the World: An Historical Encyclopedia" when he commanded HMS Dolphin.

a correction as to Byron's rank in 1761
The John Byron article, and the article on the History of the Falkland Islands says that Byron's rank was Commander when he captured the Falkland Islands in 1761. In 1764 Byron commanded HMS Dolphin, a 6th rate. In the Royal Navy all rated vessels were command by a Post Captain. The parent article says that Byron commanded a squadron in 1760. Squadrons were commanded by Admirals, or by a Post Captain, who is given the temporary courtesy title of Commodore.

John Byron (II)
I found some info here which seems to prove notability for him to have his own article as he is also the father of Lord Byron and seems to have influenced his works somewhat... are there anyobjections to start a new page on John (Mad Jack) Byron?--Sasquatch 20:40, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * That's a different (British Army Captain) John "Mad Jack" Byron. — Sizzle Flambé (☎/✍) 07:41, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Byron


text:
Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov

Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov, or Semenov (Григо́рий Миха́йлович Семёнов; September 25, 1890 – August 30, 1946), was a Japanese-supported leader of the White movement in Transbaikal and beyond from December 1917 to November 1920, a lieutenant general, and the ataman of Baikal Cossacks (1919). He was the commander of the Far Eastern Army during the Russian Civil War. He was also a prominent figure in the White Terror. U.S. Army intelligence estimated that he was responsible for executing 30,000 people in one year.

Early life and career
Semyonov was born in the Transbaikal region of eastern Siberia. His father, Mikhail Petrovich Semyonov, was Russian; his mother was a Buryat. Semyonov spoke Mongolian and Buryat fluently. He joined the Imperial Russian Army in 1908 and graduated from Orenburg Military School in 1911. Commissioned first as a khorunzhiy (cornet or lieutenant), he rose to the rank of yesaul (Cossack captain), distinguished himself in battle against the Germans and the Austro-Hungarians in World War I, and earned the Saint George's Cross for courage.

Pyotr Wrangel wrote: Semenov was a Transbaikalian Cossack – dark and thickset, and of the rather alert Mongolian type. His intelligence was of a specifically Cossack calibre, and he was an exemplary soldier, especially courageous when under the eye of his superior. He knew how to make himself popular with Cossacks and officers alike, but he had his weaknesses in a love of intrigue and indifference to the means by which he achieved his ends. Though capable and ingenious, he had received no education, and his outlook was narrow. I have never been able to understand how he came to play a leading role.

As somewhat of an outsider among his fellow officers because of his ethnicity, he met another officer shunned by his peers, Baron Ungern-Sternberg, whose eccentric nature and disregard of the rules of etiquette and decorum repelled others. He and Ungern tried to organize a regiment of Assyrian Christians to aid in the Russian fight against the Ottomans. In July 1917, Semyonov left the Caucasus and was appointed commissar of the Provisional Government in the Baikal region and was responsible for recruiting a regiment of Buryat volunteers.

Russian Civil War in Transbaikal
After the October Revolution of November 1917, Semyonov stirred up a sizable anti-Soviet rebellion but was defeated after several months of fighting, and he fled to the northeastern Chinese city of Harbin. He then moved to Manzhouli in Inner Mongolia, where the Chinese Eastern Railway met the Chita Railway expelled the Bolshevik garrison guarding the rail junction, and recruited an army, mainly from Buryat and Chinese recruits. In January 1918, he invaded Transbaikal, but by February, had been forced by Bolshevik partisans to retreat back to Manzhouli, where he was visited by R.B.Denny, British Military Attache in Beijing, who formed an "extremely favourable impression of him". On his recommendation, the Foreign Office in London agreed to pay Semyonov £10,000 a month, with no conditions attached,. The French government also decided to give him financial aid, while the Japanese placed an intelligence officer, Captain Kuroki Chikayochi, in Semyonov's headquarters. The British subsidies ended, by which time "Japanese influence was so strong that Semyonov was for practical purposes a puppet."

In April 1918, Semyonov launched another raid into Siberia and with the help of the Czechoslovak Legions by August 1918 he had managed to consolidate his positions in the Transbaikal region, where he set up a provisional government. On 6 September, his men captured Chita, and slaughtered 348 of its citizens. He made Chita his capital. Semyonov declared a "Great Mongol State" in 1918 and had designs to unify the Oirat Mongol lands, portions of Xinjiang, Transbaikal, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Tannu Uriankhai, Kobdo, Hulunbei'er, and Tibet into one Mongolian state. The region under his control, also called Eastern Okraina, extended from Verkhne-Udinsk near Lake Baikal to the Shilka River and the town of Stretensk, to Manzhouli and northeast some distance along the Amur Railway. In early 1919, Semyonov declared himself ataman  of the Transbaikal Cossack Host. In his rule over the Transbaikal, Semyonov has been described as a "plain bandit [who] drew his income from holding up trains and forcing payments, no matter what the nature of the load nor for whose benefit it was being shipped". He handed out copies of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion to the Japanese troops with whom he became associated.

With Japanese protection, he recognised no other authority. When Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak, who based in Omsk, in Siberia, was declared Supreme Ruler by the White Armies, Semyonov refused to submit to him. They had met once, in Manzhouli, in May 1918, when Semyonov insulted Kolchak by failing to be at the railway station to greet him. Kolchak considered sending an army into Transbaikal to remove Semyonov, but had to abandon the idea because Semyonov was protected by the Japanese, who had 72,000 troops in Siberia. In October 1919, Kolchak recognised Semyonov as commander-in-chief of the Transbaikal region.

In December 1919, Semyonov sent a detachment to Irkutsk, which had been the last city west of Lake Baikal still nominally under Kolchak's rule until a coalition of Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries seized control. The detachment reached Irkutsk, but did nothing except take 30 men and one young woman hostage. They took their hostages abroad an icebreaker on Lake Baikal, where, on 5 January, they clubbed them to death with a wooden mallet, one by one, and threw them overboard - all except for one man who put up a fight and was thrown alive into the freezing water.

When Kolchak resigned on 4 January 1920 he transferred his military forces in the Far East to Semyonov. However, Semyonov was unable to keep his troops in Siberia under control: they stole, burned, murdered, and raped, developing a reputation for being little better than thugs. In July 1920, the Japanese Expeditionary Corps started a limited withdrawal in accordance with the Gongota Agreement, which was signed on 15 July 1920 with the Far Eastern Republic and undermined support for Semyonov. Transbaikal partisans, internationalists, and the 5th Soviet Army under Genrich Eiche launched an operation to retake Chita. In October 1920, units of the Red Army and guerrillas forced Semyonov's army out of the Baikal region. He escaped by plane to Manchuria. In late May 1921 Semyonov travelled to Japan, where he received some support. He returned to the Primorye in the hope of continuing to fight against  the Soviets, but was finally forced to abandon all of Russian territory by September 1921.

In exile
He eventually returned to China, where he was given a monthly 1000-yen pension by the Japanese government. In Tianjin, he made ties with the Japanese intelligence community and mobilized exiled Russian and Cossack communities that planned an eventual overthrow of the Soviets. He was also employed by Puyi, the dethroned Emperor of China, whom he wished to restore to power.

While he was an exile in China, he was still backed by the Japanese. His influence was such that when Anastasy Vonsiatsky of the Russian Fascist Party wanted to visit Manchukuo, the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria, he needed Semyonov's help in getting a visa. Vonsiatsky, however, saw Semyonov as a threat to his dream of being Russia's Mussolini, and declared that he should be shot, an outburst that led to the Russian Fascist Party splitting in two. Konstantin Rodzaevsky, who supplanted Vonsiatsky as the leader of the Russian Fascists in China co-operated with Semyonov to placate the Japanese.

In 1934, the Japanese formed the Bureau for Russian Emigrants in Manchuria (BREM; Бюро по делам российских эмигрантов в Маньчжурской империи), which were nominally under the control of the recent Russian Fascist Party and provided identification papers necessary to live, work and travel in Manchukuo. Much more in favor with the Japanese than White General Kislitsin, Semyonov replaced him as BREM's chairman from 1943 to 1945.

Arrest and execution
Semyonov was captured in Dalian by Soviet paratroopers in September 1945 during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in which the Red Army conquered Manchukuo. He was taken to Moscow, and put on trial with seven others, including Rodzaevsky in front of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. He pleaded guilty to espionage, sabotage, terrorism, and armed struggle, and was sentenced to death by hanging. Semyonov was executed on August 29, 1946.

title: Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov