text:
Talk:Jocelyn Bell Burnell

Pulsar question
Hi! Okay so your discovery is about pulsurs. Could explain this to me. -- 68.108.153.159
 * See pulsar. -- FP 02:25, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)

wheres the pictures?!?!?!
im diong a project which requires a collage so yeah im in need of many many pictures

Christian Fellows of the Royal Society
Someone had added JBB to this category. The category is under consideration for deletion at, where I have added my twopennyworth ===Vernon White (talk)  22:09, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Quaker service
This deserves some mention in the article. She has served as Clerk of London Yearly Meeting (now Britain Yearly Meeting) (dates should be available from Recording Clerk's Office, or from Documents in Advance if your local meeting's library has a complete series) but also continues to give talks on Science and Religion to various meetings within RSoF, and no doubt a whole lot more I don't know about. --NSH001 22:58, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Naming the subject
I don't like this subject being named as "Bell", the surname of her father. She is also named as "Bell Burnell". She was known as "Jocelyn Burnell" during the period of her fairly long marriage. The heading has her as "Jocelyn Bell Burnell", with a redirect from "Jocelyn Bell" and several pages linked to "Jocelyn Bell". There's also a redirect from "Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell", with one article linked to it. The alternative names in the Persondata box are confusingly presented. Can we agree on a standard form of name, other than "Bell" and sort out the redirects and linked pages, please? Vernon White '''. . . Talk''' 15:45, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

 * This article is down on my list to clean up once I've finished (or substantially finished) John Boyd Orr. Meanwhile, I suggest:
 * There is nothing wrong with leaving the redirects. People will enter "Jocelyn Bell" or "Jocelyn Burnell" or any of the others in the search box, and they should be redirected to this article. Possibly the links in other articles pointing to redirects could be piped to this article instead, but it's not really necessary, and is of low priority.
 * The article could use the name she had at the time of the event(s) described, so for instance we could say "Jocelyn Bell graduated from the University of Glasgow ...". Use "Bell Burnell" as the default, or in cases of doubt (sometimes it might be better to avoid the problem by using a pronoun).
 * The alternative names in the persondata box look fine to me, except that the "(prior to divorce)" should be put inside an internal comment (or simply deleted), so as not to interfere with the intended use of persondata. Possibly a few more names could be added there. (We can't do anything about the syntax, which requires the surname(s) first, followed by a comma.)
 * --NSH001 19:55, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I was just going to request an explanation of why her name acquired Burnell. Of course I assumed marriage but there's no mention in the text. The problem with completely renaming her Burnell is that her claim to fame occurred when she was still Miss Bell.TheMathemagician (talk) 16:34, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

Nobel prize
I have deleted an edit mentioning again the failure to award the Nobel Prize to Hewish's research assistant.

THIS WAS A THIRD MENTION OF THE TOPIC.

Surely this topic should not dominate the article. . . Bell Burnell has herself, modestly accepted that the common practice is to honour the head of a research team. If she had received early recognition, her achievements may have been less than what she has done without the Nobel honour. Perhaps we could re-focus the article on these achievements. === Vernon White '''. . . Talk''' 08:43, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Here's a Fourth !!

Being from Northern Ireland I took a great interest in Ms Bell's Beautiful Mind programme last night on BBC 4!!

I was greatly amused at Mr Hewish's explanation that it was the Captain of the Ship who got the credit and not the crew member who shouted "Land Ho ". Well to expand on his analogy Ms Bell had been shouting Land Ho for some time before he gave up scolding her and took any notice. So it was more like :- "Land ho Captain!!" "No it isn't it is probably just low level cloud you stupid girl !! " "No Captain Land Ho ! "  Crunch the ship hits bottom ." Er OK Land Ho it is - I'VE discovered America !!

Hewish just showed himself up. He would not get away with crap like that today. Looks like he didn't as credit has been duly awarded to the Beautiful Mind - Ms Jocelyn Bell Burnell. It all makes me wonder if a bit of the old Discrimination had taken place. We will all just have to wonder. ( If you are born in Northern Ireland you are Irish AND British but you will tend to sound Irish !! or maybe Scottish if you are from Ballymena !! ) Domnal5 (talk) 10:19, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

Thanks! I enjoyed the article and she is more famous for not being Nobel-famous. Especially with young college astronomy students. -- Charles Edwin Shipp (talk) 23:14, 25 April 2014 (UTC)

There is so much talk about her not being apart of the group to win the Nobel Prize, but this is not the only thing that she is known for or did in her career. so why is there so much emphasize on this subject. However, this is important to keep thsi information as to inform readers of the potential inequalities that women are facing in STEM fields. Dpboyer (talk) 06:07, 5 November 2014 (UTC)talk

_____________ Jocelyn's argument that Nobel prizes should not be awarded to research students except in exceptional cases would be a great deal more persuasive if the Nobel awarded to Richard Mössbauer were not a similar discovery, and one of less significance than her own. After all, many people have heard of pulsars - but I challenge you to find a typical person in the street who ever heard of the Mössbauer effect, still less its significance. 115.188.59.94 (talk) 01:07, 11 September 2018 (UTC)

Picture
The picture someone has added is about 30 years old. Do we need it? Vernon White '''. . . Talk''' 21:09, 26 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Picture sems to come from a site claiming "Copyright © CWP and Regents of the University of California 1997 - 2001". :Picture sems to come from a site claiming "Copyright © CWP and Regents of the University of California 1997 - 2001" Contributions of 20th C women to physics.  Vernon White  . . . Talk 21:45, 26 January 2008 (UTC)
 * If you click on the picture, that site credits JBB as the copyright holder (seems clear to me, even if it doesn't mention the word "copyright" explicitly)
 * --NSH001 (talk) 22:47, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Current picture looks good to me. What would she thing? -- Charles Edwin Shipp (talk) 23:15, 25 April 2014 (UTC)

Incorrect reference
I also can't work out to edit the references section. Reference 32 is now a dead link but for the purposes of this page : http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci102/images/extlttlgrnmn.htm would serve as a substitute. Could someone change this for me ? And is there information somewhere about how to change the references ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Southof40 (talk • contribs) 22:03, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

Can't work out how to edit the references section... Minor correction should be made: reference 3 lists 'Longhair, Martin' as the author; it is, in fact, 'Longhair, Malcolm'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.9.23.169  (talk • contribs)  02:31, 13 April 2010

 * Done. I've also switched that reference to make use of the cite book template and filled in the ISBN.  Note that it is correctly Malcolm Longair according to the book's cover on Amazon, not Longhair. Crispmuncher (talk) 05:12, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

Marriage(s)? Rrelationships? Children?
Such information is usually present in biographical articles, in Wikipedia and elsewhere.

Why is there no sign that she had a life outside her work? There is no mention of her husband, Martin Burnell, or her son, Gavin Burnell. Dpboyer (talk) 06:18, 5 November 2014 (UTC)talk

Is there a specific reason why it has been omitted from this particular biography? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.161.61.136 (talk) 22:45, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

 * References:

http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/bell.html http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/31792.html (mentions marriage, son, separation) http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Burnell,_Jocelyn_Bell@841234567.html (husband, son) http://www.physics.ucla.eduperience /~cwp/Phase2/Burnell,_Jocelyn_Bell@841234567.html (husband, son) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.161.61.136 (talk) 23:25, 27 August 2013 (UTC) http://www.famousscientists.org/jocelyn-bell-burnell/.html (mentions husband, son, divorce) Dpboyer (talk) 06:18, 5 November 2014 (UTC)talk

 * Just noting, that famousscientists is not a WP:RS (lacking information about authorship, fact checking and editorial oversight). No opinion about the other mentioned references. GermanJoe (talk) 18:11, 21 July 2015 (UTC)

Nationality
This is given as Northern Irish. I am not sure that this has any legal basis.
 * You are correct. There is no such beast as a Northern Irish national. All citizens of Northern Ireland are British citizens and carry a British passport. There is no such thing as a Northern Irish passport, so there can be no such thing as a Northern Irish citizen. The article should be corrected. ͠͠͠User:George.Hutchinson — Preceding undated comment added 01:04, 14 May 2015 (UTC)

Time
The fact that the pulsar followed astronomical time and not solar time showed that it was caused by a star or the like and not a radio broadcast on earth.
 * It is suprising that Hewish argued against this obvious consideration.
 * The original idea was that it was caused by an astronomer with a badly suppressed motorbike.  MidlandLinda (talk) 22:13, 13 March 2015 (UTC)

Being a woman in STEM
Being a successful women in a STEM field, there should be a section that talks about her experience and struggles she faced as a women in the field. Hearing the struggles, experiences, and success of Bell Burnell's time could be inspiring and motivating to young women interested in the field. It is also a hit of reality that there are still problems today dealing with integrating woman in the STEM fields. Dpboyer (talk) 06:43, 5 November 2014 (UTC)talk

There are some interesting quotes in this article from Bell burnell about her thoughts of being a women in a male dominated field that could be used in this possible future section or paragraph of her background.
 * Reference:

http://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/mar/08/jocelyn-bell-burnell-100-women.html Dpboyer (talk) 06:42, 5 November 2014 (UTC)talk

Early dramatisation
I can recall an early dramatisation of her life (telling the story of the discovery of pulsars) which was made in the 1970s or 1980s iirc. Does anyone remember what this was called so that it can be included? LeapUK (talk) 08:38, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

Birthplace?
The birthplace is listed as Lurgan, C. Armagh but sources (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Sharon Bertsch McGrayne's Nobel Prize Women In Science (2002)) refer to Belfast as her birthplace. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jl sg (talk • contribs) 11:54, 24 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Good point. The source cited in the article (Who's Who) doesn't support Lurgan (it doesn't mention birth place at all). Other sources I've seen also indicate Belfast. I'll check all the sources I can find tomorrow, but until then I've just removed birth place completely. The whole "Background" section really needs a complete re-write, as does much of the rest of the article. --NSH001 (talk) 23:36, 4 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Well, I changed the place of birth to Belfast, as that was what all the sources said. However, I recently found another source, the Lurgan Mail, giving the precise location where she was born, which turns out to have been Lurgan after all. In my experience, local newspapers tend to be very accurate on local topics, so I decided to use the local paper as the best source for this little factoid. I've therefore changed it back to Lurgan. It also explains how she attended "Lurgan College" at primary school age, when our article Lurgan College says it's for ages 14 to 19. --NSH001 (talk) 10:32, 7 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Someone recently "corrected" it back to Belfast. The link in the original source went dead, so I've provided an archive link for it, and added a second source to the article text. It is very clear from these sources that the correct place of birth is Lurgan, so I've restored it, now with two sources. --NSH001 (talk) 15:12, 20 November 2022 (UTC)

Recent edits
Not a good idea to edit Wikipedia continuously with little or no sleep! I see that has been making rapid-fire edits, with only a few short breaks, from 09:38 on 27 January to 11:52 on 28 January.

His or her most egregious edit was to edit this page to say that JBB had won the Nobel Prize, when the article clearly says the opposite. This user then went on to remove the post-nominals, in contravention of MOS:POSTNOM. He or she also removed the section on JBB's marriage with the edit summary "trim". A BLP subject's marriage is always important, especially as, in this case, it affects the name by which she is to be referred. Note also that her marriage and name have already been discussed above on this talk page. In fact, I think the article would benefit from more information on her personal life, but I am reluctant to add it myself, as JBB is known to me personally (we used to live in the same town when her son Gavin was a small boy, although we were members of different Quaker meetings).

I have started work on a major re-vamp of this article, with a view to bringing it up to at least GA status.

Although Ceoil's work does include some useful edits, Ceoil has made additional changes which are dubious or debatable. In my opinion, any future edits he or she makes to this page need to be very carefully scrutinised. --NSH001 (talk) 14:07, 28 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Have you checked that your revamp efforts won't be wasted due to possible WP:COI questions (due to editing an article about somebody you know)? (Note: I know nothing about how the rather ambiguous COI rules get interpreted in practice). Tlhslobus (talk) 06:49, 10 September 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't think we're close enough for that to be a serious problem, and being a Quaker, I'd say "the inner light" would warn me if I'm doing anything wrong. I think the present state of this article is pretty dire – but much better than it used to be – and it badly needs improvement. --NSH001 (talk) 07:44, 10 September 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm quite sure that you're not doing anything wrong (though in my experience that doesn't always guarantee that one's efforts on Wikipedia don't get wasted). But I just wanted to be sure that you were aware of the COI wording. But since you are aware and aren't worried, I'll just wish you all the best. Regards, Tlhslobus (talk) 02:16, 11 September 2018 (UTC)

Royal Observatory, Edinburgh
I was surprised to see that the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh was missing from the list of institutions in the top sidebar. Peter R Hastings 12:21, 11 September 2018 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by P R Hastings (talk • contribs)
 * Good point, she was there for 9 yrs. I've added it. --NSH001 (talk) 06:14, 20 September 2018 (UTC)

Clarification - it's 2018 Special Breakthrough Prize, not 2019
When adding the word Special, my edit description asked whether it was 2018 or 2019 as it will be presented with the 2019 ordinary prizes in November 2018. But I have since learned that their website describes it as the 2018 Special Breakthrough Prize for... Tlhslobus (talk) 15:09, 6 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Here is an article that may be useful: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/09/07/she-made-the-discovery-but-a-man-got-the-nobel-a-half-century-later-shes-won-a-3-million-prize/?utm_term=.23ad4e6eb3ba&wpisrc=nl_most&wpmm=1 Surely we can bring this article up to GA status now that she has received this prize!AnaSoc (talk) 21:30, 7 September 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 13 January 2020 and 1 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Aflore48.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 01:17, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

 * This was (correctly in my view) never acted on. See User talk:Schapos. Noted here for the record. NSH001 (talk) 07:23, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jocelyn Bell Burnell


text:
Talk:Blood (computer game)/Cerberus (Blood)

Cerberus is a boss in the first-person shooter computer game Blood by Monolith Productions. Cerberus is the third major boss of the game. Somewhat akin to its Greek counterpart, the Cerberus in Blood has multiple heads, however this version has only two heads. Each head must be destroyed to defeat the Cerberus. This Cerberus can breath burning balls of explosive napalm, bite into its enemies, and it's believed as the source of the Hellhound enemy of other levels in Blood.

There are believed to be 5 Cerberuses in the entirety of Blood's history. One exists at the end of episode 3. One is found on the hardest skill levels in the second to last level of episode 4: "In The Flesh". One of them also guards Tchernobog in the final level of episode 4: "Hall of the Epiphany". Also, in the mission pack Cryptic Passage two Cerberuses attack you in the final level: "Castle" at the end as the end bosses.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Lee Clark (footballer)

Lee Robert Clark (born 27 October 1972) is an English football manager and former professional player, who was most recently the manager of Al-Merrikh in the Sudan Premier League.

As a player, he was a midfielder and played in the Premier League for Newcastle United, Sunderland and Fulham. He won promotion to the top flight with all three clubs he played for, winning out right the Football League First Division title in 1993, 1999 and 2001. He was also part of the Magpies squad under Kevin Keegan that finished runners-up in the top flight in consecutive seasons. He was capped 11 times by the England under-21 team and was called up to the full England squad for the World Cup warm up tournament the 1997 Tournoi de France, but he was only named a substitute and never went on to earn a full international cap.

Following his retirement from playing in 2006, he later returned to Newcastle as reserve team manager, before becoming a first team coach at Norwich City. He later became first team manager at Huddersfield Town and had similar spells in charge of Birmingham City, Blackpool, Kilmarnock, Bury and Blyth Spartans. In 2020 he joined non-league side Newcastle Blue Star as director of football, before moving to Sudan to manage Al-Merrikh.

Newcastle United
Born in Wallsend, Northumberland, Clark started his career at the club he supported as a boy, Newcastle United coming up through the youth system at the club. In 1993, he was part of the Newcastle side promoted to the Premier League as champions and then helped them finish runners-up two seasons in a row. During the 1995-96 Premier League season Newcastle United were pipped to the title by Manchester United. After a game where Newcastle United drew 3–3 away at Manchester City, Newcastle United purchased defensive midfielder David Batty to shore up the team defensively and Clark, more of an attacking midfielder, lost his place in the side. Clark reasons that this was a mistake that hurt the team dynamic that was working, and that this decision may have cost Newcastle United the title. To back up his claim, Clark cited and compared the form of Newcastle United from January 1996 until he was dropped for defensive midfielder Batty; against the form of Newcastle United in the remaining 11 games when Clark was absent. Clark made nearly 200 appearances scoring 23 goals for Newcastle in his first spell at the club.

Sunderland
Clark moved to Newcastle's local rivals, First Division club Sunderland, in 1997, and was part of the side promoted to the Premier League in 1999 as champions with a (then) professional league record of 105 points. A year earlier, he had been a key player in the side that reached the First Division play-off final, only to suffer a penalty shoot-out defeat to Charlton Athletic after a 4–4 draw at Wembley.

However, at the 1999 FA Cup final he was spotted with the Newcastle fans wearing a T-shirt with the slogan "Sad Mackem Bastards". He was immediately dropped from the team, and never played for Sunderland again.

Fulham
Clark moved to Fulham in 1999. He collected another Division One title medal with in 2001, enabling him to experience Premier League football for the first time since the 1996–97 season. In 2004, he helped Fulham secure what was, at the time, their highest final position – ninth in the top flight. During that season he opened the scoring as Fulham beat Manchester United 3–1 at Old Trafford in October 2003. Clark left Fulham in 2005 to return to former club Newcastle United, after making 149 league appearances and scoring 20 goals for the West London club.

Return to Newcastle
Clark was allowed to leave Fulham after his contract expired in the summer of 2005 despite being club captain during the 2004–05 season. At the time of his departure, he was Fulham's longest-serving player. He subsequently returned to Newcastle, coaching and playing on a month-by-month contract.

Clark scored one goal for Newcastle in the 2005–06 season, an equaliser in a 2–2 draw with Middlesbrough. He played his final professional game on 7 May 2006, coming on as a substitute at home to Chelsea. In total he played 265 times for Newcastle, scoring 28 goals.

International career
Clark scored a hat-trick for England schoolboys at Wembley Stadium in 1988 in a 4–1 win for England.

He represented England at international level playing for the England under-21s, making 11 appearances between 1992 and 1993 during his time playing for Newcastle.

In 1997, he was a member of England's squad for Le Tournoi de France but did not play.

Coaching career
On 1 June 2006, the newly appointed Newcastle manager Glenn Roeder installed Clark as a first team coach and reserve team manager following Tommy Craig's departure while Clark was still playing for Newcastle. He remained as first team coach and as reserve team manager after retiring in 2007 until Roeder parted company with the club and Clark followed shortly afterwards in November.

In November 2007, Clark left his post at Newcastle to become assistant manager to Roeder at Championship club Norwich City.

Clark joined Newcastle Blue Star in July 2020 as director of football to temporarily oversee the youth section of the football club.

Huddersfield Town
After League One club Huddersfield Town had dismissed manager Stan Ternent on 4 November 2008, The Terriers were reported to be interested in then Norwich assistant manager Clark. On 12 December 2008, Clark was officially unveiled as the new manager of Huddersfield, signing a three-and-a-half-year contract. Clark replaced Gerry Murphy, who had been caretaker manager for the League One side following the departure of Ternent. The first move made by Clark was to appoint Terry McDermott as his assistant as well as bringing in Derek Fazackerley in as first team coach and Steve Black as performance coach, all of whom had previously worked with Newcastle United. Clark officially took over on 15 December; his first game in charge of the club was a 2–0 win over Hereford United on 20 December.

In his first season at the club he helped them to a ninth-placed finish in League One. They also only lost two home league games under Clark in the 2008–09 season.

In his second season in charge, Clark helped Huddersfield to secure a play-off spot and became the first manager to win three Manager of the Month awards in a single season since Roberto Martínez in 2007–08. Huddersfield were defeated by Millwall in the 2009–10 play-off semi-final.

In the 2010–11 season, Clark guided Huddersfield to a third-placed finish in the league, earning them a place in the play-offs after a club-record 25-game unbeaten run in the league. They reached the final after beating AFC Bournemouth 4–2 on penalties, but lost 3–0 to Peterborough United in the Old Trafford final. In July 2011, he agreed a new rolling contract with the club.

Clark continued breaking records at the beginning of the 2011–12 season, extending the unbeaten run in domestic regular-season league games to a Football League record 43 games.

Clark was dismissed as manager of Huddersfield on 15 February 2012 following a 1–0 home defeat to Sheffield United.

Birmingham City
On 26 June 2012, Clark was confirmed as manager of Birmingham City, with Terry McDermott as his Assistant Manager and Derek Fazackerley and Steve Watson as his First Team Coaches. John Vaughan was brought in as his Goalkeeping Coach and Malcolm Crosby was appointed Chief Scout. Clark signed Peter Løvenkrands, David Lucas, Hayden Mullins and Darren Ambrose in the summer of 2012, as well as Ravel Morrison, Ben Gordon, James Hurst, Leroy Lita, Paul Caddis, Paul Robinson, Rob Hall, Shane Ferguson and Wes Thomas later on throughout the 2012–13 season.

Clark endured a difficult start to his managerial reign, with a draw and two losses in a row for his first three games in the Championship. His first win came against Peterborough but Birmingham suffered a 5–0 home defeat against Barnsley in September. During the January 2013 transfer window, Clark sold Jake Jervis, David Lucas and Jack Butland, who returned on loan for the remainder of the season. Clark struggled to get Birmingham out of the bottom half of the league until back to back wins against Derby County and Middlesbrough took them up to 12th place in March. Despite receiving criticism from fans for alleged poor management skills regarding public fallouts with Nikola Žigić, Clark has been praised for introducing academy players into the first team squad, players including Jack Butland, Will Packwood, Mitch Hancox, Callum Reilly, Koby Arthur and Reece Hales. Clark continued the start of 2013 with his team producing good form, including a 4–0 away win at Crystal Palace and back to back 1–0 wins against Bristol City and Leeds. After finishing the season in 12th place, 7 points off the play-offs, Clark made his first signings for the 2013–14 Championship season with Darren Randolph, Andrew Shinnie and Lee Novak all signing on free transfers, whilst Olly Lee's loan was made permanent. The 2013–14 season started poorly again for Clark, with Birmingham winning a single game in the league against Yeovil Town as the Blues made their worst start to a league season for 25 years. Despite poor results in the league (including an 18 home match run without a league win) and the removal from the coaching staff of Clark's right-hand men Derek Fazackerley and Terry McDermott, Clark managed to keep Birmingham City in the Championship with an injury time equaliser from Paul Caddis in the final game of the 2013–14 season against Bolton, the 2–2 result being enough to keep the team up on goal difference.

On 20 October 2014, with Birmingham 21st in the table and having won at home in the league only once in more than a year, Clark and assistant Steve Watson were dismissed. At the time of his dismissal, Clark had won 33 of his 116 games – the lowest win ratio for a quarter of a century from a Birmingham manager – and left the club one point above the relegation zone.

Blackpool
On 30 October 2014, Clark was appointed manager of Blackpool on a one-year rolling deal. Having been bottom of the Championship since October 2014 and having won only four games all season, Blackpool were relegated to League One on 6 April 2015 with six games left to play. On 9 May 2015, Clark resigned as manager of Blackpool following their relegation from the Championship. Blackpool won only three games from 33 played under Clark's tenure.

Kilmarnock
Clark was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership club Kilmarnock on 15 February 2016 while they were in the relegation zone. He went on to help Kilmarnock keep their 23-year long Scottish Premiership status by defeating Falkirk 4–1 in the play off final with the latter of the two legs being a 4–0 thrashing with goals from Greg Kiltie (2), Miles Addison and Kris Boyd. He left the club in February 2017, exactly a year after joining and with the club in the top six.

Bury
Clark was appointed manager of League One club Bury on 15 February 2017. With the club in the relegation zone, he was tasked with keeping them in the league and succeeded in doing so. After eight months in charge of Bury, Clark was sacked on 30 October 2017. Four consecutive losses before his dismissal saw Bury second from bottom in League One, at the conclusion of October 2017.

Blyth Spartans
On 1 June 2019, National League North club Blyth Spartans unveiled Clark as their new manager. He left by mutual consent on 4 March 2020.

Al-Merrikh
On 7 March 2021, Clark was appointed as the new manager of Sudanese club Al-Merrikh and described the opportunity as an 'exciting' and 'different' experience. He took charge of his first game - a 2–1 win over Hilal Al-Fasher in the Sudan Premier League on 9 March 2021.

Clark's first experience of the CAF Champions League was a 3–0 away defeat to Simba of Tanzania on 16 March 2021 after which he blamed the loss on 'sabotage'.

On 19 June 2021, Al-Merrikh announced Clark had resigned as manager.

Al-Ittihad
In November 2021, Clark was appointed manager of Al-Ittihad of the Oman Professional League and drew 0–0 with Al-Nahda during his first game in charge.

Return to Al-Merrikh
On 29 January 2022, Al-Merrikh announced the return of Clark as their manager.

However, Clark was sacked just 51 days later following a 3–1 defeat to Al Ahly in the CAF Champions League.

Personal life
Clark's son, Bobby, plays as a midfielder for Liverpool and featured during their 1-0 victory in the Carabao Cup final against Chelsea in February 2024, before scoring his first professional goal in a UEFA Europa League Round of 16 Second Leg tie against Sparta Praha on 14 March 2024.

Player
Newcastle United
 * Football League First Division: 1992–93

Sunderland
 * Football League First Division: 1998–99

Fulham
 * Football League First Division: 2000–01

England
 * Tournoi de France: 1997

Individual
 * PFA Team of the Year: 1992–93 First Division, 1997–98 First Division, 1998–99 First Division, 2000–01 First Division
 * Newcastle United Player of the Year: 1992–93

Manager
Kilmarnock
 * Scottish Premiership play-offs: 2016

Individual
 * League One Manager of the Month: November 2009, February 2010, April 2010, October 2011

title: Lee Clark (footballer)


text:
Bog of Allen

The Bog of Allen (Móin Alúine) is a large raised bog in the centre of Ireland between the rivers Liffey and Shannon.

The bog's 958 square kilometres (370 square miles) stretch into counties Offaly, Meath, Kildare, Laois, and Westmeath. Peat is mechanically harvested on a large scale by Bórd na Móna, the government-owned peat production industry. The area has kilometres of narrow gauge industrial railways for transporting turf to processing plants and turf powered power plants. In addition, the cutover portions are used as area for grazing. The bog is crossed by the Grand Canal and the Royal Canal.

Preservationists
The Irish Peatland Conservation Council describes the bog as "an important area of peatland, as much a part of Irish natural heritage as the Book of Kells." The bog is much reduced after centuries of industrial exploitation and recent encroachments by development. Efforts are underway to preserve sections of it.

Archaeological significance
The peatlands of the Bog of Allen contain a valuable part of the archaeological record. Due to the special preservation conditions within peat, many kinds of artefact which do not normally survive are preserved; these include wooden structures and objects. In many parts of the Bog of Allen industrial milling has uncovered archaeological remains such as trackways. These trackways are wooden walkways constructed through prehistory and into the medieval period which allowed people and animals to cross the extensive areas of peatland, which can give us an insight into the economy and way of life of the societies that existed around the bog. The preservation conditions in bogs also preserve a range of palaeoenvironmental evidence such as pollen and plant macrofossils which are often studied alongside the archaeological evidence to inform about the environment on and around the bog.

Palaeoenvironmental studies
Numerous studies have focused on reconstructing past environments through the study of palaeoenvironmental proxies preserved in the Bog of Allen. Bogs such as these are of particular interest as ombrotrophic bogs are very sensitive to changes in precipitation. A current study carried out on Daingean Bog is investigating the use of testate amoebae to reconstruct changes in precipitation and to link this to climate variability during the Holocene. Such studies are of value as they may be informative about the response of past societies to climate change.

title: Bog of Allen


text: Category:Education in North Carolina

title: Category:Education in North Carolina


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Football in the United Kingdom

Association football is organised on a separate basis in each of the four constituent countries that make up the United Kingdom (UK), with each having a national football association responsible for the overall management of football within their respective country. There is no United Kingdom national football team. Football has been the most popular sport in the UK since the 1860s. Rugby union, rugby league and cricket are other popular sports.

This article provides some comparisons concerning football in the home nations. For details about football across the United Kingdom and its territories, refer to the table below:

Football associations
Each of the countries of the United Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the home nations, has a national football association responsible for the overall management of football within their respective nation: The Football Association, (FA) is responsible for England and the Crown Dependencies and was founded in 1863, The Scottish Football Association (SFA) was founded in 1873 followed by the Football Association of Wales (FAW) in 1876 and Irish Football Association (IFA) in 1880. They are the world's four oldest national football associations and play an important part in football worldwide as they take up four of the eight seats on the International Football Association Board (IFAB), which determines the Laws of the Game, the other four seats being occupied by FIFA.

Men's International football

The United Kingdom plays its international football as separate Home Nations teams of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The only exception to this is during the Summer Olympics where the United Kingdom is represented by Great Britain Olympic football team, which despite the name includes Northern Ireland. Some people, such as politician Tony Banks, have argued for the UK having just one team to represent it for all competitions but all four football associations are very much against such an idea.

There are sometimes issues about which team players are eligible for (as all the players representing those teams have British passports), but a player is generally eligible for whichever nation he, his parents or grandparents were born in (in the case of these being different nations, then he can choose). This has been the case with some players such as Aiden McGeady and Jack Collison who have chosen to play for the country of their parental heritage rather than the country of their birth. Players from crown dependencies (i.e. the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands), which are technically not in the UK, are eligible for all four teams (e.g. Matt Le Tissier and Graeme Le Saux, both of whom opted for England), as were British citizens born outside the UK or its possessions – Eric Young (born in Singapore) and Pat van den Hauwe (born in Belgium) had previously opted for Wales under the same rule and Maik Taylor (born in Germany to a British father) used it to represent Northern Ireland – but residency criteria now also apply.

United Kingdom Olympic history

In the early years, the Olympic football competition was contested between amateur sides, and the British Olympic Committee agreed to let the England amateur team represent the entire UK. More recently the Olympic competition has been played by under-23s teams and Great Britain has not normally been represented. This is because qualification is based on the UEFA Under-21 championship, which means it is impossible for Great Britain to qualify as the national teams participate separately in that competition. There have been instances where an individual nation would have qualified, but a lower ranked nation has taken its place instead.

An exception to this was the 2012 Summer Olympics, which were hosted to London. This meant that Great Britain qualified, by right of being host nation, for the football tournaments. While the English Football Association favoured the idea of a unified team for 2012, the other three federations opposed the concept. The Scottish Football Association was particularly strident in this view, fearing that a single UK team would jeopardise the independent status all four Home Nations enjoy. FIFA set a deadline of 1 June 2009 for the Home Nations to come to an agreement, which resulted in the four associations sending a letter to FIFA stating that while the Scottish, Welsh, and Northern Ireland associations still opposed the concept of a unified Great Britain team and would not participate in such a team, they would not prevent England from fielding a team under that banner. FIFA president Sepp Blatter officially approved the deal within days. However, even though the Welsh had said they would not participate in such a team, Welsh players such as Gareth Bale expressed an interest in playing for a unified team. The Football Association chose to disregard the agreement and selected five Welsh players for the men's team. The future of Great Britain Olympic teams is uncertain as there is no mechanism for them to qualify for forthcoming tournaments. However, the presence of a unified women's team at Tokyo 2020 gave hope for the future of the men's team.

International matches between the home nations

The UK teams have played each other more times than any other footballing nations in the world. The world's first international football match was played between Scotland and England in Glasgow in 1872 (a 0–0 draw). From then on, all four teams started playing regular friendlies against each other. In 1883 a formal competition between the UK's teams, the British Home Championship, was introduced, guaranteeing that each team would play the other three at least once a season. The Championship was discontinued in 1984, partly due to problems of crowd trouble, and partly due to the desire of England (and to a lesser extent Scotland) to contest international fixtures against larger and more powerful nations.

While the British Home Championship was being played, the UK teams were also drawn together on a number of occasions during qualification competitions for the FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Championships. Early tournaments simply used the British Championship as a qualifying group, but during qualification for the 1974 World Cup, England and Wales were drawn in the same group. Subsequent to this, three more qualification tournaments saw UK teams drawn together while the British Championship was being played. Since the end of the British Home Championship, the teams have played each other mainly when drawn together in international competitions such as the European Championship or the World Cup, with occasional friendly fixtures.

In 2011, Vauxhall signed sponsorship deals with the FA, SFA, FAW and IFA, and stated their desire to see the four home nations play each other in a version of the British Home Championship again.

Since the end of the British Home Championship, there have been many calls for it to be restored to the schedule. One argument is that it would replace so-called "meaningless friendlies" with a proper tournament that would raise the interest of both the players and fans. However there has been a lack of enthusiasm for such a proposal, particularly from England; as time has passed, The Football Association has grown in commercial power beyond that of the other three home associations, so that it could be claimed that friendlies against major footballing nations from Europe and South America are worth more than playing the home nations.

In December 2006, Lawrie Sanchez suggested that a tournament featuring the three home Celtic nations plus the Republic of Ireland could be organised. He stated that the IFA hierarchy were supportive of a new Home Championship, while the SFA expressed guarded interest. This was further elaborated in February 2007 when Alex McLeish, the newly appointed manager of Scotland, expressed interest in playing against the home nations and the Republic of Ireland. Accepting that England would probably not be interested in a new Home Championship, he said, "If the English FA are thinking about opposition for the new Wembley, I hope we're in their thoughts." Both England and Wales were less enthusiastic, stating that with the number of friendlies played each year it would "be difficult to see how the Home Nations would fit in".

On 18 September 2008, it was announced that a tournament featuring the Republic of Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland – the Nations Cup – would be played in 2011. The attendances for the matches, particularly those not involving the Republic or Scotland, were low and the tournament has not been repeated.

FIFA
As of October 2020

UEFA
As of 2017

CONCACAF
As of 2018

National football teams of the Crown dependencies and overseas territories
Although technically not part of the UK, football in the crown dependencies is governed by The Football Association and represented by the England national football team. At the same time the crown dependencies also have their own non-FIFA affiliated teams:

 * Guernsey national football team
 * Alderney national football team
 * Sark national football team
 * Isle of Man national football team
 * Jersey national football team

Overseas territories are not technically part of the UK either, and they have their own teams. Some of the overseas territories have full or associate membership in the corresponding regional federations:

 * Ascension Island national football team
 * Anguilla national football team
 * Bermuda national football team
 * British Virgin Islands national football team
 * Cayman Islands national football team
 * Falkland Islands national football team
 * Gibraltar national football team
 * Montserrat national football team
 * Pitcairn Islands national football team
 * Saint Helena national football team
 * Turks and Caicos Islands national football team

History
The history of women's club football in the United Kingdom dates back to the early 20th century. Despite facing numerous obstacles and challenges, the sport has seen an increase in popularity and success over the years, becoming an integral part of the United Kingdom's sports culture.

The first recorded women's football match in the United Kingdom was played in 1895, between two teams of factory workers. However, it wasn't until the early 1900s that the sport began to gain recognition and popularity. The Women's Football Association (WFA) Cup Final, a major tournament in the country, was first held in 1971, marking a significant milestone in the growth of women's football. By the 1980s, the sport had become increasingly popular, with thousands of players and fans participating and supporting the teams. Despite the progress made in the early days of women's football in the United Kingdom, the sport faced numerous obstacles, including discrimination and a lack of funding. Early on, women's teams were not permitted to play on the same fields as men's teams and were often relegated to playing on makeshift pitches or public parks. Furthermore, women's teams were not provided with the same resources and support as men's teams, making it difficult for them to reach a competitive level.

Despite facing discrimination and lack of funding in the past, women's football in the United Kingdom has seen a significant growth in popularity and success over the years. Today, the sport boasts a large following with over 150,000 registered female players and has gained significant media coverage and sponsorship. The England Women's National Team has also made a mark on the international stage, with notable achievements such as winning the Women's Euros in 1984 and reaching the semi-final of the Women's World Cup in 2019. This showcases the progress and dedication towards the development of women's football in the United Kingdom.

Similar to in men's football, international women's football is played in separate Home Nations teams of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Again, the only exception to this is during the Summer Olympics where the United Kingdom is represented by Great Britain women's Olympic football team, which again includes Northern Ireland.

United Kingdom Olympic history

Women's football began in the Summer Olympics at Atlanta 1996. Unlike men's football, women's football at the Olympics is played at full senior level. The Great Britain Women have historically not competed at football in the Summer Olympics for the same reason as the men's team.

Again, an exception to this was the 2012 Summer Olympics, which Great Britain were hosts. This meant that Great Britain qualified, by right of being host nation, for the football tournaments. The team was approved to play in the tournament via the same process as the men's with England being granted permission to play under the name "Great Britain". Despite this, two Scottish players for the women's team, which saw Great Britain reach the quarter-finals. The success at London 2012 gave hope for a unified team to complete at Rio 2016 but no agreement between the four football associations could be reached. However it was agreed that a women's team could compete in the Tokyo 2020 edition of the Olympics.

Coefficients of British national teams

FIFA
As of August 2022

UEFA
As of 2017

League systems
Women's club football is also played in separate league systems for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

The English women's football league system also includes many interlinked leagues, consisting of thousands of divisions. The FA Women's Super League is at the top, with the FA Women's Championship second, and then the FA Women's National League encompassing the third and fourth tier. Below this are various regional leagues which feed into the upper tiers.

The Northern Irish women's football league system is headed by the IFA Women's Premiership.

The Scottish women's football league system similarly operates on a pyramid basis with the SWPL 1 and SWPL 2 heading the pyramid.

The Welsh women's football league system includes the Welsh Premier Women's Football League which was founded in 2009, in addition to various regional leagues.

Cup competitions
Similar to in men's football, each FA runs their own women's cup with the Women's FA Cup, Scottish Women's Cup, FAW Women's Cup, and IFA Women's Challenge Cup existing as national cups in the respective countries. The FA Women's League Cup also exists in England, and the Scottish Women's Premier League Cup, Scottish Women's Football League First Division Cup, Scottish Women's Football League Second Division Cup existing on Scotland.

The Women's Super League (WSL)
The Women's Super League (WSL) is the top professional league for women's football in England. It was founded in 2011, and since then, it has been at the forefront of the growth and development of women's football in the country. The Women's Super League (WSL) in England is a professional league that has seen significant growth and success in recent years. The league has been able to attract increased media coverage, sponsorship and has adopted a summer calendar to align with men's leagues, leading to an increase in attendance and viewership. This has resulted in the league gaining a dedicated fanbase.

The league provides a platform for the development of young talent with several teams having successful academies and youth systems, which ensures the continued success of the league. The WSL has also had a positive impact on the international stage, with several players from the league representing the England Women's national team, which has become one of the top teams in the world. The WSL is an important part of the growth and development of women's football in the United Kingdom, and its strong teams, dedicated fanbase, and commitment to young talent, makes it a leading force in the professionalisation of women's football in the country.

UEFA
As of 2020

League systems
There are separate club football league systems for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland though some clubs play outside their country's respective system for mainly logistical reasons. Wales did not get a national league until 1992 (though regional leagues existed prior to that), which explains why the top four Welsh clubs play in what is now regarded as the English system.

The English football league system includes hundreds of interlinked leagues, consisting of thousands of divisions. The Premier League is at the top, followed by the English Football League and then the National League, where the structure starts to become regional and includes the Northern Premier League, the Southern League, the Isthmian League and many more besides. The Welsh clubs of Cardiff City, Merthyr Town, Newport County, Swansea City and Wrexham play in the English system. Chester, a phoenix club who replaced the original Chester City, play at a stadium that straddles the English-Welsh border, with the club offices in England but the pitch located in Wales.

The Northern Ireland football league system includes the IFA Premiership. One Northern Irish club, Derry City, plays its football outside of the UK in the Republic of Ireland football league system.

The Scottish football league system similarly operates on a pyramid basis. Forty-two clubs compete in the Scottish Professional Football League, which is split into four divisions. Below that there are regional leagues, the Highland Football League, and the Lowland Football League above the East of Scotland Football League, South of Scotland Football League and the West of Scotland Football League. Two English clubs, Berwick Rangers and Tweedmouth Rangers, play in the Scottish system. Outside of the pyramid is one senior league, the North Caledonian Football League, Junior football and amateur football.

The Welsh football league system includes the Cymru Premier (historically the Welsh Premier League) at the top level, the Cymru North and Cymru South at tier two, and a number of more regional leagues below these. Premiership club The New Saints began playing their home matches on the English side of the border in Oswestry in 2007. Historically, the Saints represented the small Welsh village of Llansantffraid-ym-Mechain, but merged with Oswestry Town, which had historically played in the Welsh football system, in 2003.

Cup competitions
There is a multitude of knockout club cup competitions. Again, these are organised on an English, Scottish, Welsh or Northern Irish basis. Many carry qualification for the UEFA Europa League for the winners.

Each football association runs its own national cup, the FA Cup in England, the Scottish Cup in Scotland, the Welsh Cup in Wales and the Irish Cup in Northern Ireland. Traditionally, these cups have been the most liberal about whom they accept, with many teams from outside that nation (and/or league system) entering. More recently, rules have been tightened, with the competitions only open to teams who play in that nation's football league system.

There are also a number of other cups that have more stringent requirements but carry less prestige, including the Football League Cup in England, the Scottish League Cup in Scotland, Welsh Premier League Cup in Wales and Irish League Cup in Northern Ireland. Some past cups have even crossed UK boundaries, such as the Anglo-Scottish Cup. Another cup competition that crosses the UK's border is the current Champions Cup, which features the champions of the Northern Ireland league and the Republic's.

Clubs playing in other countries
The nature of the governance of the game in the United Kingdom, with four separate associations, has led to the anomaly of clubs based in one of the four nations playing in competitions run by another. At present, this encompasses the following clubs playing senior football:
 * 🏴 England → 🏴 Scotland - Berwick Rangers, Tweedmouth Rangers
 * 🏴 England → 🏴 Wales - The New Saints
 * 🏴 Wales → 🏴 England - Cardiff City, Merthyr Town, Newport County, Swansea City, Wrexham
 * Northern Ireland → 🇮🇪 Ireland - Derry City

Berwick Rangers, The New Saints and Derry City are members of the association that runs the competitions in which they participate. As a consequence, Berwick is classed as a Scottish club, TNS as Welsh and Derry as Irish. This distinction is important especially where European competition is concerned, and both TNS and Derry City have represented Wales and Ireland several times in Europe. However, the Welsh clubs playing in England were more difficult to define, as, although they played almost exclusively in English competitions (with the exception of the Welsh Cup), they were members of the Football Association of Wales, leading to the question of their status. In 2008, Cardiff City reached the final of the FA Cup, which meant they would have been eligible for one of England's places in Europe had they won. The question was only resolved in 2011, when it was decided that Welsh clubs playing in the Premier League and Football League would be subject to governance by The Football Association rather than the FAW. Clubs playing in English competitions below the Football League remain under the purview of the FAW. As of the 2023–24 season, Cardiff City, Swansea City, Newport County and Wrexham play in the Football League.

UEFA
As of 2020

Club meetings in Europe
There have been several occasions when clubs from the four home nations have played each other in European competition.

European Cup/UEFA Champions League
British teams have won the European Cup sixteen times in total, behind only Spain. The UK is also the sovereign state with the most clubs to have won it: Liverpool (6), Manchester United (3), Nottingham Forest (2), Chelsea (2), Aston Villa (1) and Manchester City (1) from England (15), plus Celtic (1) from Scotland (1). British clubs have also been runners-up on eleven occasions (Liverpool (3), Manchester United (2), Celtic (1), Leeds United (1), Arsenal (1), Chelsea (1), Tottenham Hotspur (1) and Manchester City (1))

Celtic became the first British club to win the Cup in 1967, beating Italian side Inter, who had won two of the previous three finals, 2–1 in Lisbon. The first English team to win the competition was Manchester United, who defeated two-time winners Benfica of Portugal 4–1 at Wembley the following year, in 1968. English teams enjoyed the most successful period when they won the European Cup six years in a row from 1977 to 1982.

As a result of the Heysel Stadium disaster of 1985, English clubs (though not those of other British associations) were banned from European competition. The ban was lifted in 1990 for all teams except Liverpool (which had taken part in the Heysel event). Liverpool returned to European competition the following year.

England is home to the Premier League, which has become one of the best and richest leagues in the world, attracting viewers from various countries around the globe. The Champions League final in 2010 was the first final in six years that did not feature an English team. In 2007, 2008 and 2009, three out of the four teams in the semi-finals were English. In May 2008 Manchester United and Chelsea played in the first ever all-English final, which Manchester United won on penalties.

Inter-Cities Fairs Cup/UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League
British clubs have also been successful in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and the UEFA Cup/Europa League, with a total of ten wins in the two competitions (all English), together with twelve runners-up placings (including three Scottish).

European Cup Winners' Cup
The now defunct European Cup Winners' Cup has been won ten times by British clubs (including twice by Scottish clubs), with British clubs being runners-up seven times (again twice by Scottish clubs).

Popularity
Many Premier League clubs have a large international fanbase. Five of the top 10 most popular sports clubs on social media in the world, as of 7 February 2024, are from the United Kingdom:

Stadiums
Each of the home nations has a "national stadium" in which they play the majority of their home games:

 * 🏴 england – Wembley Stadium, London (90,000)
 * 🏴 scotland – Hampden Park, Glasgow
 * 🏴 wales – Cardiff City Stadium, Cardiff (33,280)
 * – Windsor Park, Belfast (15,000)

The Millennium Stadium, which has also been used for Wales home matches, is used primarily by the Welsh national rugby union team for its home internationals, while Windsor Park is a club ground owned by Linfield that the IFA leases for use by the Northern Ireland national team. In the event that the stadium is unavailable, the national team will usually play at a club ground.

These are the top twelve football stadiums in the UK by capacity (all with capacity above 50,000).

Television
Sky Sports are the main broadcasters of domestic league games in the United Kingdom with the network regularly showing Premier League, EFL Championship, Scottish Premiership, and FA Women's Super League matches on a weekly basis. The network will occasionally broadcast League One and League Two matches as well as selected fixtures from the EFL Cup and EFL Trophy. The BBC and ITV hold broadcasting rights for the FA Cup.

Matches of continental club competitions, the Champions League, Europa League, Europa Conference League, and Women's Champions League are shown on BT Sport. The network also airs domestic games from foreign league and regularly shows La Liga, Serie A, Ligue 1, and MLS matches. The network use to hold rights to air Bundesliga matches, but these are now shown by Sky Sports. Occasional J1 League, K League, and A-League matches are also shown. The network also broadcasts the occasional National League match and assists in broadcasting the FA Cup. BT Sport also shows the Premier League's early Saturday match.

FreeSports broadcasts some live matches of several leagues, including La Liga, Ekstraklasa, Chinese Super League, Major League Soccer, Brasileirão and others, free-to-air.

England national team matches are shown on BBC and ITV Sports with both networks splitting coverage during the FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Championships in addition to covering all other matches of the tournament, whist Channel 4 show all of England's UEFA Nations League and European qualifiers matches. Sky Sports, by whom they were previously shown, broadcast Nations League and tournament qualification games for Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland in addition to other selected international matches. All matches of the Wales national team are also aired in Welsh on the BBC channel S4C.

The BBC air a weekly preview show Football Focus on BBC One on Saturday lunchtime for all football related topics, and in the late afternoon Final Score is shown on the channel which provides a quick round up of all 3 pm Saturday games in England's top five, Scotland's top four, and Wales' top divisions of each respective league, games which by law cannot be televised in the UK. Broadcast on Saturday and Sunday nights on BBC One, Match of the Day and Match of the Day 2 shows highlights and analysis from Saturday's and Sunday's Premier League matches respectively. The Women's Football Show follows Match of the Day and provides highlights and analysis of the weekend's Women's Super League matches. Highlights and analysis from the Football League (EFL) are broadcast on ITV4.

National football centres
Currently, none of the British nations except for England operates a national academy. St George's Park National Football Centre, Burton upon Trent was officially opened on 9 October 2012.

National football museums

 * England: The National Football Museum Based at Urbis in Manchester. Holds collections of International, European and National significance. Charts the history of football and the game in England.
 * Scotland: The Scottish Football Museum Housed at Hampden Park in Glasgow. Holds collections of International and National significance. Charts the history of Scottish Football.

title: Football in the United Kingdom


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African palm civet

The African palm civet (Nandinia binotata), also known as the two-spotted palm civet, is a small feliform mammal widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa. It is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List.

Characteristics
The African palm civet is grey to dark brown with dark spots on the back. It has short legs, small ears, a lean body, and a long, ringed tail. It has two sets of scent glands on the lower abdomen and between the third and fourth toes on each foot, which secrete a strong-smelling substance used to mark territory and in mating. Adult females reach a body length of 37 - 61 cm with a 34 - 70 cm long tail and weigh 1.2 - 2.7 kg. Adult males reach 39.8 - 62.5 cm in body length with a 43 - 76.2 cm long tail and weigh 1.3 - 3 kg.

The African palm civet's ear canal is not divided and cartilaginous at the end.

Distribution and habitat
The African palm civet ranges throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa from Guinea to South Sudan, south to Angola, and into eastern Zimbabwe. It has been recorded in deciduous forests, lowland rainforests, gallery and riverine forests, savanna woodlands, and logged forests up to an elevation of 2500 m.

In the 1950s, one individual was wild-caught on Bioko Island. However, it was not recorded on the island during subsequent surveys between 1986 and 2015. In Guinea's National Park of Upper Niger, it was recorded during surveys conducted in 1996 to 1997. In Senegal, it was observed in 2000 in Niokolo-Koba National Park, which encompasses mainly open habitat dominated by grasses. In Gabon’s Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, it was recorded in forested areas during a camera-trapping survey in 2012. In Batéké Plateau National Park, it was recorded only west of the Mpassa River during surveys carried out between June 2014 and May 2015. In Liberian Upper Guinean forests, it was sighted in Gbarpolu County and Bong County during surveys in 2013.

In Zanzibar, it was recorded in groundwater forest on Unguja Island in 2003.

Behaviour and ecology
The African palm civet is a nocturnal, largely arboreal mammal that spends most of the time on large branches, among lianas in the canopy of trees. It eats fruits such as those of the African corkwood tree (Musanga cecropioides), Uapaca, persimmon (Diospyros hoyleana), fig trees (Ficus), papayas (Carica papaya), and bananas (Musa).

Males have home ranges of 34 - 153 ha and females of 29 - 70 ha. The home range of a dominant male includes home ranges of several females.

Reproduction
In Gabon, females were recorded to give birth in the long wet season and at the onset of the dry season between September and January. The female usually gives birth after a gestation period of 2–3 months. A litter consists of up to four young that are suckled for around three months. While she has suckling young, the female's mammary glands produce an orange-yellow liquid, which discolours her abdomen and the young civets' fur. This probably discourages males from mating with nursing females. Its generation length is 7.8 years.

Taxonomy and evolution
In 1830, John Edward Gray first described an African palm civet using the name Viverra binotata based on a zoological specimen obtained from a museum in Leiden.

In 1843, Gray proposed the genus Nandinia and subordinated Viverra binotata to this genus.

In 1929, Reginald Innes Pocock proposed the family Nandiniidae, with the genus Nandinia as sole member. He argued that it differs from the Aeluroidea by the structure and shape of its ear canal and mastoid part of the temporal bone.

Results of morphological and molecular genetic analyses indicate that it differs from viverrids and diverged from the Feliformia about, It is the most genetically isolated Carnivoran, being the only species within its superfamily as a whole.

Phylogenetic tree
The phylogenetic relationships of African palm civet is shown in the following cladogram:

Threats
The African palm civet is threatened by habitat loss and hunting for bushmeat. In 2006, an estimated more than 4,300 African palm civets are hunted yearly in the Nigerian part and around 3,300 in the Cameroon part of the Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests.

In Guinea, dead African palm civets were recorded in spring 1997 on bushmeat market in villages located in the vicinity of the National Park of Upper Niger. Dried heads of African palm civets were found in 2007 at the Bohicon and Dantokpa Markets in southern Benin, suggesting that they are used as fetish in animal rituals. The attitude of rural people in Ghana towards African palm civets is hostile; they consider them a menace to their food resources and safety of children. In Gabon, it is among the most frequently found small carnivores for sale in bushmeat markets. Upper Guinean forests in Liberia are considered a biodiversity hotspot. They have already been fragmented into two blocks. Large tracts are threatened by commercial logging and mining activities, and are converted for agricultural use including large-scale oil palm plantations in concessions obtained by a foreign company.

title: African palm civet