text:
Talk:Moped

Discussion
A request for mediation was filed... and it appears that the discussion is happening on the main mediation page. --CyclePat 18:46, 15 January 2006 (UTC) - I see that this page includes a link to the word 'Kinetic' which is not a related link to the moped manufacturer intended.
 * Corrected this - now links to scooter company

"An additional Compulsory Basic Training certificate is also required to ride a moped on public roads, except for anyone who obtained their full car driving licence or motorcycle licence before 1 February 2001."

AIUI, this is not true. No reference atm but I will find one in due course, unless someone else beats me ofc! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.32.32.105 (talk) 19:45, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * read it and weep - under "when to complete a CBT": [] —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.63.174.10 (talk) 11:12, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

Popular brands
I removed the list of popular moped brands from the article, and instead created Category:Moped manufactuers which seems like a better place to drop a list of manufactuers. )]]

If you create any of these, make sure to add the category to your article so we've got a full list.

--Charleschuck 15:40, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Verifying definitions
While trying to verify some of the definitions of mopeds on the site, I moved/deleted the following:

 * I moved some of the definitions of cyclemotors from here to electric bicycle. The US DOT doesn't really define a cyclemotor, but does indeed define an electric bicycle in TEA-21, so that seemed like a better place for the definition.

 * I removed the definition of a moped for the state of Hawaii. Apparently, each county there has their own driver's licensing bureau, and I wasn't able to find any central definition of a moped.  I'm still looking for a reference; if I find one, I'll restore the info.

 * I restored the link to horsepower, which someone had merely changed to simply power. I think horsepower is a better technical explaination of what some localities limit on mopeds.
 * Horsepower is simply a unit of engine power output. A lot of countries use kW as the base unit of engine power instead, "HP" would mean little or nothing to them. You could then make the same argument for the friendly term "wattage" (or kilowattage?). 193.63.174.10 (talk) 11:13, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Added link to Category:Moped manufacturers to replace the list that used to be there.

I hope that'll clean things up nicely.

--Charleschuck 17:18, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Power-assisted bicycles
Recently, the following section was added under power-assisted bicycles:

Every juristiction may have it's own regulations governing the use of a "power-assited bicycle". For example, within the provinces of Quebec and British Colombia, the "power-assisted bicycle" category is often classified together with normal pedal bicycles, and does not require registration, plating and automobile insurance. (Provided they meet the restrictive conditions defined within the Canadian "Motor Vehicle Safety Regulations") However some juristiction have not changed their laws and still consider this vehicle as a "Motor Assisted Bicycle" or a MOPED (ie.:  In Ontario, "power-assisted bicycles" require a Moped registration, plating and automobile insurance.)

I've removed it for two reasons:
 * 1) This section claims that power-assisted bicycles can be licensed as a moped in Ontario.  The Ontario Ministry of Transportation seems to claim otherwise (see http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/dandv/vehicle/emerging/index.html#power)  They say "Power-assisted/electric bicycles may fall within the HTA definition of a 'motor assisted bicycle', but they do not meet safety standards (e.g., brakes, lights, etc.) for on-road use."
 * 2) I think in-depth analysis of the regulations regarding power-assisted bicycles/electric bicycles are probably better suited to the electric bicycle article.

I'm also thinking of moving the section on power-assisted bicycles under the section on local regulations; I think they're worth mentioning in the moped article, as there is some crossover and confusion in some jurisdictions, but as there's another, more specific article on the subject, which is where the bulk of the information should likely be.

 * Please se the discussion @ motorized bicycle. I have added a blurb on the subject of plating, registration, etc...   Essentially, it is possible to register, plate, and insure a PAB as a MOPED.  I even put some basic instructions on how to do so in the discussion.  Sorry, I am not going to photocopy my green slip and put it on the wiki (that would be original research, right?)  All you have to do is check with your local registration bureau in Ontario (as per the procedures I indicated on the motorized bicycles discusion page).  It is a common know fact that everyone can register their car at the bureau.  (This is a difficult thing to source/work cited).  You will either have to have faith or do it yourself.  (spending close to 1 and 1/2 years of research and over 600$.)  On how do so...  I will be happy to explain through email to anyone who wishes to do the same as I.  Also, I might send you a copy of the  check I received (tax refund), various blacked out sections of my registration (green slip), etc.. I also got back all my taxes (and more) on the vehicle because it met the definition of a hybrid (fuel efficient) vehicle.  BUT, I guess none of this counts because it might be considered ORIGINAL research, right? (*sarcastically)--CyclePat 22:35, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I trust you on this one—you obviously have some history doing this. I removed it since the Ministry of Transport's info flat out contradicted what you said, and since I thought this was better suited to the electric bicycle article.  I did, however, defer to your judgement in saying that Some jurisdictions, however, may categorize these [power assisted bicycles] as a type of moped, creating a certain amount of confusion.

 * So many local peculiarities... --Charleschuck 06:23, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

I also move to suggest this article (Moped) be merged with (motorized bicycles)
roflmao —Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.81.76.50 (talk) 11:52, 9 October 2008 (UTC) Since Moped is a sub-category of motorized bicycle... I suggest that this aricle be merged with motorized bicycle. Any critical comments?--CyclePat 22:35, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Please see my objection at Talk:Motorized_bicycle/Archive2. --Charleschuck 06:16, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * There being no apparent support for the suggestion after one month, I'm removing the tag. - Just zis Guy, you know? [T]/[C] (W) AfD? 13:57, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Moped Insurance
Sugestion of incorperating: moped insurance section. see http://moped2.org/moped-insurance.htm --CyclePat 01:13, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

What regions ?
It is mentioned that some regions require pedals.... what regions don't require pedals? I know Ontario requires pedals for being a moped otherwise you're a scooter. Can someone explain to me, eitherwise I migth do some hasty editing? --CyclePat 08:35, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Michigan, for example, doesn't require pedals. I believe Indiana is the same, although I haven't checked documentation at their DMV.  Some moped aficionados affectionally (or derogatorily) refer to these pedal-less 50cc bikes as nopeds.  Examples (off the top of my head) include the Yamaha QT 50, a few Honda models, and a lot of present-day Tomos mopeds which can be shipped with or without pedals.  See the picture of the Russian moped, too, which fits the legal definition of a moped in Russia without having pedals.  This page at moped2.org is a great reference for state-by-state moped laws in the US (with a few Canadian provincial laws, too) --Charleschuck 17:33, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you. --CyclePat 04:07, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

Timeline
As you may know, a timeline was created for motorized bicycles. As the development of these is hard to separate form that of mopeds, and to a lesser extent motor scooters and possibly motorcycles, it has been proposed that the timeline be expanded in the first instance to cover mopeds under a new title, possibly "timeline of light motorcycle development" or some such.

Please join the debate at Talk:Timeline of Motorized bicycle history.

United States moped laws
A section was recently added which tried to cover US moped laws briefly, however, it had several inaccuracies. I've removed part of the section, placed below, with my comments indicated

 * In most states, the above regulations are very loosely enforced - in particular, the top speed is often overlooked; as a result, there are many vehicles capable of going 40 mph or more that are registered as mopeds. While police may issue a citation to a moped driver going over the legal top speed, this is very rare.  However, a few states, such as California and New York (where mopeds are the most common), enforce these laws very strictly.

 * I removed this since I think people realize that they can skirt the law at their own peril. I think it generalizes the risk involved, while not citing any specific examples.

 * In all states, some kind of driver's license is required to operate a moped, though factors such as minimum age, minimum license class, and vehicle requirements such as title, insurance, and license plates vary widely.

 * Not all states require licenses .

Maybe some of this could be re-added after some fact-checking? --Charleschuck 15:27, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

The info regarding NC moped laws is not correct. see http://www.ncdot.gov/dmv/vehicle_services/registrationtitling/vehiclesNeedToRegister.html --Autonerd01 (talk) 08:56, 24 April 2011 (UTC)
 * So fix it - WP:BOLD --Biker Biker (talk) 10:15, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

-I myself have qualms about these laws. For instance Why is a moped designated as under 50cc and a scooter not? The officer told me my moped was a toy because it was electric. But doesn't it have a motor in it? eg scooters have what you call no pedals or platforms for feet. I am confused, i think scooters are travel bikes or luxury comfort designed bikes and mopeds are not, therefore mopeds are the same as scooters in traffic laws. There should really be a designated term for what I can ride on the road.--Murriemir (talk) 20:44, 1 January 2012 (UTC)

Versatile autocycle
Earlier today Moped was moved to Versatile autocycle. I don't really think that was an appropriate move. Never before have I heard of such a term being used (try googling for it -- nothing), but, while mopeds and autocycles are more or less the same thing, moped also applies to a specific legal term as well as the vehicle.

As such, I've reverted the edit. Please talk here if you think the article really should be moved, or split into various articles, etc. --Charleschuck 21:59, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Moped safety
This section, if moped road-safety concerns resemble those of cyclists, is inaccurate. You are not safer keeping to the right under all circumstances or indiscriminately using cycle-lanes on a bicycle, so I think it's unlikely that it's true for a moped. See Vehicular Cycling for a discussion on the importance of road positioning.213.131.238.25Dermot

In fact, looking at the linked Moped Army article on safety (http://www.mopedarmy.com/resources/articles/survivalguide/), there is no mention of giving way at every junction or of using cycle facilities. This section should be re-written. I'm not a moped-user, so I'm not the person to do it.194.165.175.30Dermot

I think the safety bit should be removed, I find it biased, inaccurate, and irrelevant. I don't see complimentary sections on other vehicle pages, either in how safe they are for their occupants or for others unfortunate to be involved in an accident with such a vehicle. dcb. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.14.181.109 (talk) 04:22, 22 August 2009 (UTC)
 * There should be citations for any claims of safety or unsafe practices. I'm tagging the section. — Brianhe (talk) 22:07, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

Review
The following suggestions were generated by a semi-automatic javascript program, and might not be applicable for the article in question. You may wish to browse through User:AndyZ/Suggestions for further ideas. Thanks, CyclePat 06:30, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
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 * Per Wikipedia:Context and Build the web, years with full dates should be linked; for example, link January 15, 2006.[?]
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moped search page has been vandalised
I noticed the article has been vadalised and currently 27-02-07 reads as below:

Mopeds owners are a class of generally sub-human monkey like colonies of cellular matter. Moped owner classification is designed to allow the use of small motorised brains, avoiding the safety restrictions and licensing charges required of larger primates. Some moped owners fit the definition of sentient- but rarely. In legal literature, moped owners are normally defined by limits on forehead displacement, ability to consume huge amount of crack cocaine, methane output, , or the requirement of off buttons. In some countries, the legal slaughter age for a moped owner is lower than for larger monkeys, and consequently moped owners are popular among the slaving nations. Typically, moped owners are restricted to methadone and cheeseburgers. Some localities require chains, thus making them a form of hybrid, using both human power and machine power. Because of their small size, many jurisdictions consider them "limited intelligence". The owners must be at least 14 years of age to operate the vehicle.

Some moped owners have been designed with more than two brain cells, similar to a multi- cellular plant —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.143.210.114 (talk) 02:37, 27 February 2007 (UTC).

Limited speed motorcycle
I found
 * Because of their small size, many jurisdictions consider them "limited speed motorcycle."

and left
 * Manyvague jurisdictions classify them as "limited-speed" motorcycles.

because (And then i reworded further, but the above reasoning still applies.) --Jerzy•t 06:29, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) no logical connection between size and speed was stated
 * 2) quoting the 3 words as a quotation logically implies we think the phrase is of interest, whereas (unless otherwise explained) it would seem to suggest that the structure of the phrase is (in contrast to, say, "class three foofraws", which, in that "l-s mc" presumably is not an arbitrary concatenation of words, and they are in some sense treated more like motorcycles than like other categories of motor vehicle, and how they differ from motorcycles (the limitation on their speed) becomes of interest.

Wiring systems
My electro-magentic moped has magnetically charged motor. I use thin television att wire from the 70s so the signal is strong inbetween the batteries. I notice these things don't get a good signal if the lock connector and battery is weak or if you don't use solder. If you just use connectors without the clip, the signal will be weak. The trick is to use heavy insulated tv cable wire (rare) that acts like a metal cable or cord. The problem with using thick wire, or even different variations between the battery is the signal. It needs to contact without messing the battery up. It cant vibrate basically. So, instead of solder use thin television cable wire, the kind that bends and doesnt melt. The problem with thick wires are that the vibration melts, and breaks off soemtimes. Thick is not better either, it may drain your bats faster. The future is here, via slim connections or connectors with no solders. I wish i had a four chamber battery though. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Asfd777 (talk • contribs) 10:34, 2 October 2012 (UTC)

Error in article: Etymology
On 30 April 2006 the user "67.176.182.31" removed: "However, it is also likely that the term is merely an abbreviated combination of the two key elements of a moped—a motor and pedals." and left the "motorvelociped" origin. This is wrong. The word do come from the Swedish words "motor" and "pedal" (actually the same words as in English): mo(tor) + ped(al). The word was coined by the motor journalist Harald Nielsen for the Swedish magazine "Motor" in 1952. The Swedish linguist Catharina Grünbaum explains in Dagens Nyheter that the "motorvelociped origin" is wrong. See also Merriam-Webster "Etymology: Swedish, from motor + pedal".Kricke 20:45, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * If the word "moped" was really only coined in 1952, I think we need much better evidence for it that what we've got. Even if it turns out to be true, the word probably only became accepted to replace a lot of other terms for the same thing (eg autocycles were 97cc instead of 49cc). It's recentism to write this article as if the moped sprang fully fledged shortly after the war. MalcolmMcDonald (talk) 20:53, 13 April 2009 (UTC)
 * "If the word moped was really only coined in 1952"
 * really? was it?
 * "I think we need much better evidence for it that what we've got."
 * I agree! I don't know any sources and would like to see some evidence about nielsen. --Der.krusche (talk) 14:30, 2 January 2014 (UTC)

"80km/h bike" (Germany)
Is it an actual regulation that 125cc motorcycles are limited to 80km/h in Germany (or new/learner riders on them are limited to such), or is it just that the last 125 the writer of that paragraph was on managed to reach approximately that speed?

My own 125, naked styled bike is of average to low power compared to the whole category of EU-wide power limited learner bikes (when all the notoriously weak Chinese scooters and light bikes are excluded, it's only noticably stronger than one major rival that's meant as a citybound underbone; 8.5kW inside a legal limit of 11kW) - but it still typically manages to just exceed 100km/h on the flat (varying 90-110k depending on wind), which is what I understood as a more normal speed class for these machines. A stronger tuned one (11kW) with better fairings should easily be capable of 120-130.

Therefore I'm wondering at the reason for calling them that. If all you can get out of it is 80, either it's been legally restricted, or the engine badly needs a tuneup (even the chinese bikes can manage about 90). There isn't however any mention in the text of this being an official limitation rather than an intrinsic small-bike problem. 193.63.174.10 (talk) 11:22, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

-> "Is it an actual regulation that 125cc motorcycles are limited to 80km/h in Germany...": No, it isn't. There WAS an law until 19 January 2013 which only allows 80 km/h for users under the age of 18 (so for 16 or 17 year old). People, who are older or made there drivers licence after 19 January are allowed to go as fast as they could with 11 kW.

Italian moped laws
As regards the Italian legislation, penalties for those who make the moped faster than 45 km / h are only theoretical, because the police, following the law as it is, should fine all mopeds passing by. In fact, almost always the police ignore the mopeds that are faster than 45 km / h because they consider it normal. You will be fined only if you drive recklessly or if you make too much noise because of the muffler. --93.71.138.166 (talk) 15:07, 9 March 2011 (UTC)
 * If you have a reliable reference then such a statement could be put into the article. As it stands it is original research and therefore can't be included. --Biker Biker (talk) 15:40, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

Safety section
Not only is this section written from a narrow, one-sided, non-NPOV, it doesn't even accurately reflect the writer's own citations. It's been almost a year since first mentioned on the talk page, with no changes forthcoming. There seems to be consensus that it should either be rewritten or deleted. I'm now tagging it with NPOV Check, in the hopes of some feedback on which to base corrective actions. Thanks. HuntClubJoe (talk) 12:38, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I don't see why it's supposed to be NPOV. Alternatively, I've been told only lies at the driving school. Also, there are references for what is claimed. --vuo (talk) 01:39, 21 February 2013 (UTC)

 * The worst problem with the safety section is that it is filled with how to advice. Wikipedia is not here to tell you how to ride your moped. See WP:NOTHOWTO. The only source was one person's opinions on the Moped Army website, a dead link now. The second section deals with overcoming restrictions in Finland, which reflects a narrow slice of the Western world. Not all countries have graduated licensing and moped restrictions, and generalizations about the hooliganism of riders who disable restrictions are highly speculative. Even when well sourced, they're highly local.A properly written section on moped safety would simply relate the dry facts about moped risks, and cite widely accepted opinions about mopeds from respected authorities published in quality sources. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 02:46, 21 February 2013 (UTC)

Electro-magentic mopeds
The spark accelerator i invented is not made for anything else but a connector which doesnt blow up. It wont work on standard scooters, because they lack the correct connectors. My connecters have wats called a condensed material, basically its taped in the center but has small openings for the sparks to fly. The fact is connecters in electric vehicles create a type of explosion when too much voltage goes through the wires. The spark accerelator, will melt your standard connector. However, a connector with a protector that doesnt touch the plastic is the best solution. This is done by simply using aluminum foil and tape around the copper connector, then leaving the joints open, after that you put a plastic that doesnt touch the wire(those cord wrap protectors found on bikes) to protect it from explosion. Taping standard rubber over the battery and using rubberbands for insulation is also a smart move. Between the batteries i use the thinest wire possible, but connecting it to the controller requires thick wires. This conserves battery life and is ideal for going up to 12 miles in a standard 36 volt kids scooter. Another important factor is the wheel and chain, i use a thf chain on a 1000 watt motor for motorcycles. I had to use double bolts and spec barrings so the powerful motor wouldnt pull the wheel. The wheel itself is too small, these advantages will make a tiny kids vehicle with weight limitations into a cargo carrying beast, just the other day i hauled a monitor and pc without battery drain, and once i road 22miles total with the help of a half hour charging location on a standard 36 volt battery charger). In 20 degree weather it does up to 6-12 miles total depending if the weather is dry or not.  This was all done via a hybrid kids scooter you get from the market e-scooters and such.  The protectors are on all the positive wires.  Jus' the other day i forgot to put one on so it went off.  However, the spark accelerator is just a button that is pressed to gain full speed in less than half a second.  Its good for uphills and stuff.  Its made for my electro-magnetic vehicle i call the electro-magnetic scooter. The joints are important, that's the wire you need to insulate, not the connecter themselves. The connections have to breath or burns will be created. I installed iridium magnets to the controller, and motor. Doesnt work well in cold weather, works but isnt temp controlled. Also due to me not actually owning expensive factory equipment such as a welder, (and soldered wires being too weak) are usually just thin 1980 antenna wires that don't melt (thick plastic insulation) and are harnessed via clamps and tight copper connecters to the battery life. It just blocks the sparks basically. It can work temp controlled but thats not my field. The disadvantages are that it goes 22 miles top speed, however an engineer could easily get a temp controlled controller (such as a golfcart controller) with a 48 volt or a stronger battery, magnetism just retains the charge and lifespan. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.100.60.164 (talk) 12:05, 2 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Electro-magentic mopeds is an interesting concept, however, to add information about this to this article, reliable sources are needed. Subtropical-man (talk) 23:57, 2 February 2013 (UTC)

Delete individual countries-regions section
Per WP:NOTHOWTO, offering legal advice on mopeds for every jurisdiction is non-encyclopedic. The intricate details of moped law for one country are difficult to maintain and source properly, as shown by the lack of sources for most of the countries. Individuals who want a moped license should not be coming to an encyclopedia for how-to steps in that process. You need to go find the local rules published where you live for that. General descriptions of broad guidelines like the Uniform Vehicle Code, or pulling out examples from selected countries to provide a survey of the range of different codes is fine. But not a complete list of the laws of every country. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 17:00, 7 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Well the recent copyvio/sockpuppet muppetry is a perfect example of exactly why the content needs to be removed. I agree with your proposal. --Biker Biker (talk) 22:16, 7 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose - nonsense. Subtropical-man (talk) 22:21, 7 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Note that since this is not a vote, "nonsense" is not an argument likely to carry much weight. Do you care to elaborate? Are you saying you'd like this article to include every US state, and every country in the world, plus untold municipalities? --Dennis Bratland (talk) 22:41, 7 March 2013 (UTC)
 * This section is very useful, your proposition is removed useful data. Oppose. Subtropical-man (talk) 21:41, 20 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Useful for what? Legal advice for moped buyers? That violates the Wikipedia Policy What Wikipedia is not: "While Wikipedia has descriptions of people, places and things, an article should not read like a "how-to" style owners manual, advice column (legal, medical or otherwise)". Even if legal advice were within policy, most if it is unsourced, and likely to mislead. That causes more harm than good. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 22:21, 20 March 2013 (UTC)
 * No, this is not legal advice and not for moped buyers. This data shows what is the legal situation about mopeds in the countries. Regarding your opinion, please see, for example: article of Federation show data about federalism in particular countries - this is advice for traveler or for peoples who want to change its country of residence? Nonsense. This data in both articles shows the knowledge, does not show the legal or political advice. Subtropical-man (talk) 14:18, 21 March 2013 (UTC)

Mofa
The only true aspects in the list are the restrection of 50 ccm and a maximum speed of 25 km/h for a Mofa. The others seem to be read out of the article "Fahrrad mit Hilfsmotor" ("bicycle with auxilliary engine"). A normal Mofa doesn't have any restrictions about weight or the size of tyres. The engine may have up to 4 kW, while most Mofas have a performance between 1 and 1,5 kW — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.150.229.67 (talk) 13:36, 30 May 2013 (UTC)

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dead internal link: Mofa
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Mopeds
There is a lot of confusion when talking about Mopeds.

Originally, mopeds were pedal assisters, assisting a rider of a bicycle or trike, in his pedalling.

These laws have been repealed, and now one can find mopeds without pedals.

They are limited in speed, not to exceed the speed of a cyclist; in most cases limited to 3,5BHP for a 4 stroke, and 2BHP (1500W) for an electric motor or 2 stroke engine.

In addition, mopeds are most frequently limited to 20 or 30 miles per hour.

The limitation of power output differs from state to state, and from country to country.

Articles or notions of mopeds having motors of 1.5kW or more fall under different categories; like motorcycles, trikes, autopeds/autocycles, or just simply 'vehicles'.

- A moped will never do 40MPH,

- A moped will never have more than 1,5kW motor.

- A moped will never have more than 3 wheels.

- A moped is mostly pedal assisted, but can also power a vehicle without pedals.

- A moped will never need a license to operate, unless the country or place requires bicyclists to have a license.

- A moped's power is lower than that of a 'scooter' (scooter as in 2 or 3 wheeled vehicle that needs a license to drive, and it's speed is no greater than 35-45MPH, and power output is no greater than 3.5BHP).

- Electric skateboards and other small '4-wheeled recreational vehicles' are still a point of difficulty. They would fall under moped law, but their fourth wheel makes it often as a 'vehicle', and in many places there just simply aren't any laws for these types of vehicles.

 * I see that the above, from the Moped section heading, down to this entry, does not have a signature. I agree with the writer that there is a lot of confusion (or differences in meaning) when talking about mopeds. I disagree with "A moped will never need a license to operate, unless the country or place requires bicyclists to have a license." I suspect that some, or many, of the other statements in that section are incorrect. FrankSier (talk) 20:50, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

Suggested change to lead as moped is now often used to refer to vehicle with no pedals
I suggest first paragraph is changed to read: "A moped (/ˈmoʊpɛd/ MOH-ped) originally meant a type of small motorcycle with bicycle pedals, generally having a less stringent licensing requirement than real motorcycles or automobiles because mopeds typically travel only a bit faster than bicycles on public roads. The term is now often used to mean a similar vehicle except with no pedals." FrankSier (talk) 20:33, 21 January 2019 (UTC)
 * As no objections seen in well over a year to proposed change, I have gone ahead with change, though slightly different to what I first proposed. FrankSier (talk) 21:05, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

How are bicycles with electric (or even attached petrol engines) not mopeds?
They have pedals and motors... doesn't thst make them mopeds especially if manufactured with the motors? 120.21.19.52 (talk) 19:57, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree. An ebike is a modern moped. A reasonable voice (talk) 12:10, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Moped


text:
Talk:Lenzburg

from VfD:

Pumpie strikes back! ;-) Could someone please stop him doing this nonsense? --Voyager ch 21:44, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. but it is pretty bad Babel. I've cleaned the first two paras - nag me to clean up the rest. What's there is more or less correct, but some uncleaned sections could be deleted wholesale as I can do far better translating by hand. -Wikibob | Talk 21:35, 2004 Oct 6 (UTC)

 * Keep. Needs cleanup, not deletion. Factitious 06:58, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Could someone please stop listing stupid stuff here? Intrigue 18:18, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Send to cleanup: Do not stop listing these, however.  A machine-translated article is often best deleted.  Why?  First, the authors, the real authors are not credited.  Second, unintelligible wash is on the project.  Third, Clean Up doesn't always clean.  Fourth, these are long, detailed, excellent articles in their originals, and Pumpie gets to force us to have to clean up a bad, bad, bad translation just because he can work Babelfish?  No.  Better to delete than that. Geogre 21:17, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Lenzburg


text:
War correspondent

A war correspondent is a journalist who covers stories first-hand from a war zone.

War correspondence stands as one of journalism's most important and impactful forms. War correspondents operate in the most conflict-ridden parts of the world. Once there, they attempt to get close enough to the action to provide written accounts, photos, or film footage. It is often considered the most dangerous form of journalism.

Modern war correspondence emerged from the news reporting of military conflicts during the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. Its presence grew in the middle of nineteenth century, with American journalists covering the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) and the European newspapermen writing reports from the Crimean War (1853-1856).

History
People have written about wars for thousands of years. Herodotus's account of the Persian Wars is similar to journalism, though he did not himself participate in the events. Thucydides, who some years later wrote a history of the Peloponnesian War was a commander and an observer to the events he described. Memoirs of soldiers became an important source of military history when that specialty developed. War correspondents, as specialized journalists, began working after the printing of news for publication became commonplace.

In the eighteenth century the Baroness Frederika Charlotte Riedesel's Letters and Journals Relating to the War of the American Revolution and the Capture of the German Troops at Saratoga is regarded as the first account of war by a woman. Her description of the events that took place in the Marshall House are particularly poignant because she was in the midst of battle.

The first modern war correspondent is said to be Dutch painter Willem van de Velde, who in 1653 took to sea in a small boat to observe a naval battle between the Dutch and the English, of which he made many sketches on the spot, which he later developed into one big drawing that he added to a report he wrote to the States General. A further modernization came with the development of newspapers and magazines. One of the earliest war correspondents was Henry Crabb Robinson, who covered Napoleon's campaigns in Spain and Germany for The Times of London. Another early correspondent was William Hicks whose letters describing the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) were also published in The Times. Winston Churchill in 1899, working as a correspondent, became notorious as an escaped prisoner of war.

Early film newsreels and television news rarely had war correspondents. Rather, they would simply collect footage provided by other sources, often the government, and the news anchor would then add narration. This footage was often staged as cameras were large and bulky until the introduction of small, portable motion picture cameras during World War II. The situation changed dramatically with the Vietnam War when networks from around the world sent cameramen with portable cameras and correspondents. This proved damaging to the United States as the full brutality of war became a daily feature on the nightly news.

News coverage gives combatants an opportunity to forward information and arguments to the media. By this means, conflict parties attempt to use the media to gain support from their constituencies and dissuade their opponents. The continued progress of technology has allowed live coverage of events via satellite up-links and the rise of twenty-four hour news channels has led to a heightened demand for material to fill the hours.

Crimean War
William Howard Russell, who covered the Crimean War, also for The Times, was perhaps the first modern war correspondent. The stories from this era, which were almost as lengthy and analytical as early books on war, took numerous weeks from being written to being published.

Third Italian War of Independence
Another renowned journalist, Ferdinando Petruccelli della Gattina, Italian correspondent of European newspapers such as La Presse, Journal des débats, Indépendance Belge and The Daily News, was known for his extremely gory style in his articles but involving at the same time. Jules Claretie, critic of Le Figaro, was amazed about his correspondence of the Battle of Custoza, during the Third Italian War of Independence. Claretie wrote, "Nothing could be more fantastic and cruelly true than this tableau of agony. Reportage has never given a superior artwork."

Russo-Japanese War

When the telegraph was developed, reports could be sent on a daily basis and events could be reported as they occurred. That is when short, mainly descriptive stories as used today became common. Press coverage of the Russo-Japanese War was affected by restrictions on the movement of reporters and strict censorship. In all military conflicts which followed this 1904–1905 war, close attention to more managed reporting was considered essential.

First and Second Balkan Wars
The First Balkan War (1912–1913) between the Balkan League (Serbia, Greece, Montenegro and Bulgaria) and the Ottoman Empire, and the Second Balkan War (1913) between Bulgaria and its former allies Serbia and Greece, was actively covered by a large number of foreign newspapers, news agencies, and movie companies. An estimated 200–300 war correspondents, war photographers, war artists, and war cinematographers were active during these two nearly sequential conflicts.

First World War
The First World War was characterized by rigid censorship. British Lord Kitchener hated reporters, and they were banned from the Front at the start of the war. But reporters such as Basil Clarke and Philip Gibbs lived as fugitives near the Front, sending back their reports. The Government eventually allowed some accredited reporters in April 1915, and this continued until the end of the war. This allowed the Government to control what they saw.

French authorities were equally opposed to war journalism, but less competent (criticisms of the French high command were leaked to the press during the Battle of Verdun in 1916). was imposed by the United States, though General John J. Pershing allowed embedded reporters (Floyd Gibbons had been severely wounded at the Battle of Belleau Wood in 1918).

United Kingdom
At the beginning of the war the matters of war reporting came under the authority of a Public Relations Section created as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). At the beginning of World War II, the War Office urged all the major newspapers to nominate men to accompany the BEF. While the official process of vetting journalists took place, the War Office authorised to provide a limited ‘eye-witness’ coverage. Journalist Alex Clifford became one the first ‘eye-witness’ who joined the BEF units in France in September 1939. The first official group of British, Commonwealth and American correspondents arrived in France on October 10, 1939 (among them were O. D. Gallagher, Bernard Gray).

All of the war reporting was subject to censorship, directed by the chief press censor George Pirie Thomson. At the start of the war the Royal Navy implemented a policy that curtailed war correspondents' presence on its ships. This positioned them as the most conservative branch of the British military in terms of media engagement.

Vietnam War
The US conflict in Vietnam saw the tools and access available to war correspondents expanded significantly. Innovations such as cheap and reliable hand-held color video cameras, and the proliferation of television sets in Western homes give Vietnam-era correspondents the ability to portray conditions on the ground more vividly and accurately than ever before. Additionally, the US Military allowed unprecedented access for journalists, with almost no restrictions on the press, unlike in previous conflicts. These factors produced military coverage the likes of which had never been seen or anticipated, with explicit coverage of the human suffering produced by the war available right in the living rooms of everyday people.

Vietnam-era war correspondence was markedly different from that of WWI and WWII, with more focus on investigative journalism and discussion of the ethics surrounding the war and America's role in it. Reporters from dozens of media outlets were dispatched to Vietnam, with the number of correspondents surpassing 400 at the peak of the war. Vietnam was a dangerous war for these journalists, and 68 would be killed before the conflict came to a close.

Many within the US Government and elsewhere would blame the media for the American failure in Vietnam, claiming that media focus on atrocities, the horrors of combat and the impact on soldiers damaged morale and eliminated support for the war at home. Unlike in older conflicts, where Allied journalism was almost universally supportive of the war effort, journalists in the Vietnam theater were often harshly critical of the US military, and painted a very bleak picture of the war. In an era where the media was already playing a significant role in domestic events such as the Civil Rights Movement, war correspondence in Vietnam would have a major impact on the American political scene. Some have argued that the conduct of war correspondents in Vietnam is to blame for the tightening of restrictions on journalists by the US in wars that followed, including the Persian Gulf war and the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Gulf War
The role of war correspondents in the Gulf War would prove to be quite different from their role in Vietnam. The Pentagon blamed the media for the loss of the Vietnam war, and prominent military leaders did not believe the United States could sustain a prolonged and heavily televised war. As a result, numerous restrictions were placed on the activities of correspondents covering the war in the Gulf. Journalists allowed to accompany the troops were organized into "pools", where small groups were escorted into combat zones by US troops and allowed to share their findings later. Those who attempted to strike out on their own and operate outside the pool system claim to have found themselves obstructed directly or indirectly by the military, with passport visas revoked and photographs and notes taken by force from journalists while US forces observed.

Beyond military efforts to control the press, observers noted that press reaction to the Gulf War was markedly different from that of Vietnam. Critics claim that coverage of the war was "jingoistic" and overly favorable towards American forces, in harsh contrast to the criticism and muckraking that had characterized coverage of Vietnam. Journalists like CNN's Peter Arnett were lambasted for reporting anything that could be construed as contrary to the war effort, and commentators observed that coverage of the war in general was "saccharine" and heavily biased towards the American account.

These trends would continue into the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, where the pool model was replaced by a new system of embedded journalism.

The issue of imbalance in the global war correspondence
Only some conflicts receive extensive worldwide coverage, however. Among recent wars, the Kosovo War, the Persian Gulf War and the Russo-Ukrainian war received a great deal of coverage. In contrast, the largest war in the last half of the 20th century, the Iran–Iraq War, received far less substantial coverage. This is typical for wars among less-developed countries, as audiences are less interested and the reports do little to increase sales and ratings. The lack of infrastructure makes reporting more difficult and expensive, and the conflicts are also far more dangerous for war correspondents.

Books by war correspondents

 * Previous ed. also available.
 * Fisk, Robert (2005). The Great War for Civilisation. Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-4000-7517-3.
 * Fisk, Robert (2005). The Great War for Civilisation. Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-4000-7517-3.
 * Fisk, Robert (2005). The Great War for Civilisation. Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-4000-7517-3.
 * Fisk, Robert (2005). The Great War for Civilisation. Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-4000-7517-3.

War correspondent under International Humanitarian Law
War correspondents are protected by the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their additional protocols. In general, journalists are considered civilians so they have all rights related to the civilians in a conflict.

title: War correspondent


text:
Gerry Ryan

Gerard Ryan (4 June 1956 – 30 April 2010) was an Irish presenter of radio and television employed by Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ). He presented The Gerry Ryan Show on radio station RTÉ 2fm each weekday morning from 1988 until hours before his sudden death. He was presented with a Jacob's Award for this show in 1990.

Ryan hosted several series of television shows, including Secrets, Gerry Ryan Tonight, Ryantown, Gerry Ryan's Hitlist, Ryan Confidential and the first three series of Operation Transformation. In 1987, he earned notoriety and the moniker "Lambo" after an unpleasant incident in Connemara. He was also noted for co-presenting, with Cynthia Ní Mhurchú, Eurovision Song Contest 1994 and, in 2008, presenting an edition of The Late Late Show, television's longest-running chat show, in place of the then regular host Pat Kenny. An autobiography, Would the Real Gerry Ryan Please Stand Up, was published in October 2008.

He married Morah Brennan in 1988 and they had five children: Lottie, Rex, Bonnie, Elliott and Babette. In 1997, Morah famously telephoned her husband's show and, under the name Norah, told half a million listeners intimate details concerning his personal household habits. Gerry and Morah announced their separation in March 2008. He soon began a relationship with the former South African Ambassador to Ireland and the then UNICEF Ireland executive director, Melanie Verwoerd.

Ryan was found dead in his Dublin home on 30 April 2010.

Early life
Ryan was born in Dublin in 1956. He described his father, Vinnie, as a "slightly eccentric" dentist from a Presbyterian background and his mother, Maureen (née Burke), as "a flamboyant woman" who came from a theatrical background and worked in the theatre. His godfather was broadcaster Eamonn Andrews. He learnt to shoot with Charles Haughey's children. He had two brothers, Michael and Vincent. He was educated at St Paul's College, Raheny, and later studied Law at Trinity College Dublin. Ryan's mother died on Christmas Day 2006.

Early career
Early in his career, Ryan was involved part-time in pirate radio – presenting a selection of programmes firstly for Alternative Radio Dublin (ARD) and then for Big D. When RTÉ Radio 2 (now RTÉ 2fm) was launched in 1979, Ryan joined RTÉ as a DJ where he presented a selection of speech- and music-based programmes, including Here Comes the Weekend on Friday nights and Saturday Scene on Saturday mornings, which earned him £78 per week. Ryan then moved to a night-time music show called 'Lights out' which accompanied Mark Cagney's grown-up album programme and Dave Fanning's The Rock Show as part of Radio 2's night-time line-up. The trio brought their shows on tour around Ireland. Ryan said they dressed as if they were in a band and behaved as such as well, booking into "awful hotels", drinking heavily and staying out late in "dodgy nightclubs". Their excessive talking has led to Ryan dubbing them "the three big-mouths on at night-time". They were good friends; Fanning was "a kind of hyperactive, Southside rock guru" and Cagney was "this obsessive, meticulous Corkman who would annotate every single millisecond of what he played on-air". The trio also started to put on live shows, some of which Ryan described as being attended by crowds of 20,000.

"Lambo" incident
In 1987, Ryan and a group of volunteers spent time in the countryside of Connemara as part of The Gay Byrne Show. Ryan claimed to have killed and eaten a lamb to survive, earning him the nickname "Lambo", though the story turned out to be a hoax. The incident has been adapted for the stage.

The Gerry Ryan Show
Ryan's style was considered by some to be that of a motor-mouth shock jock. The Gerry Ryan Show was subject to several upheld complaints to the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland (BCI),  although once escaped punishment when he said "Would it be considered blasphemous if someone said on air that 'God is a bollocks?'". Ryan was noted for the enjoyment he took in discussing topics such as sex, bodily functions, and food – as well as current social and political issues. Disgraced former PR guru Max Clifford claimed, after Ryan's death, he could have, like Graham Norton and Terry Wogan, had a successful broadcasting career in the UK and said he was similar to "Michael Parkinson at his best".

The Gerry Ryan Show, began in March 1988 when he was offered a three-hour morning radio slot. The G. Ryan Show, running from 09:00–12:00 on weekday mornings, consisted of interviews and phone-ins via the "Ryan Line". Each morning he would begin by discussing the headlines of that morning's newspapers. Following the news update at 10:00, Ryan would introduce that morning's Nob Nation, a satirical slot which featured impersonations of politicians and RTÉ media personnel comparable to rival station Today FM's Gift Grub. Ryan presented RTÉ 2fm's only show which was regularly among the top twenty Irish radio shows in Ireland, a show which commanded around €4–5 million for RTÉ per annum, mainly through advertising (one thirty-second advertisement during the show cost €900). This meant RTÉ would have earned €27,000 through advertising from Ryan per day.

In October 1990, Ryan received a Jacob's Award for The Gerry Ryan Show, described at the award ceremony as "unbelievably bizarre and unprecedented – and at the same time being serious, hilarious and unpredictable".

The defining moment of the show came in 1993, when a rape victim, Lavinia Kerwick, rang GRS to air her feelings. For the first time it occurred to Ryan that the story was more important than the question. Since then The Ryan Show became something of a national institution as the oldest show still running on 2fm. Despite repeated reshuffles which have seen all other presenters shifted around, RTÉ have never moved The Ryan Show from its traditional slot.

In 1997, Ryan's wife Morah, from whom he later separated, telephoned her husband's show and, under the name Norah, told half a million listeners that her husband dumps his underpants on the floor before hopping into bed every night, doesn't put his clothes on hangers, had not cleaned the dog's mess from the back yard for weeks and never puts the rubbish out for the dustbin men. When she was done she asked her husband: "You would do that now, wouldn't you Gerry?" The interview was nearing its finish when he realised what was happening after hearing his crew laughing in the Montrose control room. An embarrassed Ryan informed his listeners: "This is my wife talking".

In 2004, Ryan caused uproar when he cancelled an interview with the Taoiseach of the time, Bertie Ahern at very short notice.

British broadcaster Chris Evans credited The Gerry Ryan Show with inspiring him to return to radio broadcasting after a long absence while on a holiday in Killarney.

Television career
Ryan hosted several series of television shows during his career. Secrets was a popular Saturday night show which was not well received by critics. Producer Kevin Linehan, was removed from the show to work on the Millstreet Eurovision and asked Ryan to co-present the event with Fionnuala Sweeney. They later met and Linehan informed Ryan that RTÉ had objected to his proposal. He did, however, co-present the 1994 Eurovision Song Contest alongside Cynthia Ní Mhurchú where he had the honour of introducing Riverdance as the interval act.

He had watched Michael Flatley and Jean Butler put the act together, choreographing it and rehearsing it "fifty or sixty times" and later wrote of being offered the opportunity to invest a stake of £20,000 in the act. Ryan turned it down, a decision he later admitted regretting. Ní Mhurchú later credited Ryan with telling her to not take herself too seriously. After Pat Kenny decided to stop commentating on the Contest in 1999, Ryan was the favourite to succeed him as Irish Commentator. Although the position was fulfilled by his friend Marty Whelan.

He described Ryantown as "the worst television experience I've ever had in my entire life", with producer Julie Parsons (who had previously worked on The Gay Byrne Hour) nearly having a nervous breakdown, according to Ryan. He described RTÉ as "extremely unhelpful". "'Suggestions would arrive at our production meetings: maybe Gerry should wear a hat. Maybe Gerry should sit down. Maybe Gerry should run around more.'" Ryan unsuccessfully pleaded with RTÉ to cancel midway through the series. Gerry Ryan Tonight was a chat show that aired two nights per week. Ryan describes it as "no less traumatic" as it nearly cost him his close personal friendship with the producer Ferdia McAnna.

Let Me Entertain You was an amateur talent show in 1999.

Ryan was touted to be the successor to Gay Byrne following his departure from The Late Late Show. Reports that Ryan was to be made producer as well as presenter and given a deal worth £500,000 – higher earnings than Byrne received – proved unfounded when Pat Kenny took over the role in 1999.

Later television work included Gerry Ryan's Hitlist, Ryan Confidential, and Operation Transformation. Ryan wrote in his 2008 autobiography that his critics were not as vocal any more, although he put this down to them "mostly... ignoring me". He is also noted for presenting The Late Late Show on 24 October 2008 when regular presenter Pat Kenny became bereaved.

In positive notices unusual as per his television career, Ryan received praise for his guest role, even coping well with the traditionally difficult comedian Tommy Tiernan whose appearances on the show with Kenny led to complaints. The edition of The Late Late Show that he hosted had the largest audience of any that season apart from the annual edition of The Late Late Toy Show.

The Evening Herald reported that when Tonight with Craig Doyle finished, Ryan was set to present a chat show in autumn 2010.

Autobiography
In the early part of 2008, Ryan announced that he had been contracted by Penguin to write his autobiography. The €100,000 advance paid by Penguin to Ryan was reported to be the largest ever paid for a book published in Ireland. Would the Real Gerry Ryan Please Stand Up was released to Irish readers on 16 October 2008. In January 2009, it was reported that the book had sold just over 10,000 copies.

Earnings
Ryan earned €487,492 from RTÉ in 2004, making him the second highest paid presenter to colleague Pat Kenny. He earned €462,442 in 2003, and €601,882 in 2002. RTÉ offered Ryan a new five-year contract worth €600,000 a year in July 2007. Ryan said that just before this he came very close to signing a deal with Denis O'Brien to present a daytime programme on Newstalk which was about to go national. He was offered several millions more than RTÉ were offering him. Ryan considered the deal, thinking of how one of his best friends Willie O'Reilly was head of sister station Today FM and was heavily involved with the other stations. However negotiations fell apart as Ryan cautioned on how delicate the situation was, with RTÉ looking at his contract and deciding if he was of value to them any more. O'Brien allegedly disappeared and Ryan was told he was out of coverage. The irony was not lost on him – "pretty incredible for a guy who owns most of the world's mobile telephones". O'Brien did eventually return but Ryan had already signed the RTÉ contract.

In February 2009, Ryan refused to take a 10% pay cut from RTÉ, even as several other employees in RTÉ took such pay cuts, and declared it "bullshit". On 10 March 2009 he gave a lengthy speech on his radio show, at the end of which he declared he would agree to break his existing contract with RTÉ, and take a pay cut. He was not technically a member of RTÉ staff but was paid through a separate company, enabling Ryan and RTÉ to avoid paying as much tax on his salary.

Family
Ryan was married for 26 years to his wife Morah, with whom he had five children, including Lottie.

When he worked for the pirate radio station Big D, Morah helped him with his programme. She helped her future husband put the music together and carry the equipment. He paid her £3 out of the £15 he earned.

When they first married, the Ryans had very little money. Pat Kenny gave up a bed for Ryan and his wife to use while on honeymoon in Greece. Ryan obtained a mortgage by lying about his salary and bought a little house in Marino.

In March 2008, Ryan announced he and Morah were separating and called the separation "a very painful experience".

Later in 2008, he began a relationship with the former South African Ambassador to Ireland, and later UNICEF Ireland executive director, Melanie Verwoerd. In 2011, Verwoerd said she was "deeply shocked" to have been sacked from the charity because of the publicity surrounding her relationship with the broadcaster.

Health
Ryan spent several days on a drip in hospital in 2006 due to dehydration after contracting the winter vomiting bug. He also underwent a much-publicised vasectomy which resulted in an infected wound.

After his drug-related death in 2010, reports about Ryan's cocaine use surfaced. Ryan's former sister-in-law, Janice O'Brien said: "Many people who knew Gerry knew he took drugs. It was an accepted open secret for years. He used everywhere – birthday parties, Christmas parties. I'm not the only person in the world that knows this".

Ryan was noted for his love of fine food and wine. He was battling a weight problem for several years and had been taking Reductil (Sibutramine), a "slimming pill", which he said was effective and safe. Ryan conceded in his autobiography that he drank too much for his own good.

Death
Shortly after midday on 30 April 2010, Ryan was found dead in the bedroom of his home on Leeson Street, Dublin.

Among the dignitaries to send tributes were Bono, the Clintons, Taoiseach Brian Cowen and President Mary McAleese. The day being Friday, that night's edition of The Late Late Show was promptly given over to discussion of Ryan's life and death. 10,000 people from across the country queued to sign books of condolence. His funeral took place on 6 May, and was broadcast on 2fm, the home of Ryan's radio show and a first for the predominantly youthpop-oriented station. His death also came sixteen years to the day after he hosted Eurovision 1994.

An inquest showed that the cause of death was cardiac arrhythmia and that traces of cocaine found in Ryan's system were the "likely trigger" of Ryan's death. A considerable public controversy erupted when Ryan's long-term use of cocaine came to light. RTÉ eventually admitted to having given insufficient coverage of Ryan's cocaine habit in the aftermath of the inquest.

title: Gerry Ryan


text:
User:Marc van Woerkom

I usually roam the German Wikipedia.

title: User:Marc van Woerkom


text:
Rhodite

Rhodite or rhodian gold is a naturally occurring alloy of gold and rhodium found in gold ore. Gold ore containing 34 to 43% rhodium was reported from Mexico and Colombia in 1825. The alloy displays brittle tendencies and has a density of 15.5 - 16.8 g/cm3.

title: Rhodite


text:
Zeved habat

Zeved habat (זֶבֶד הַבָּת - Gift of the Daughter) or Simchat Bat (Hebrew: - Celebration of the Daughter) is the Jewish naming ceremony for newborn girls. The details of the celebration varies somewhat by Jewish community and will typically feature the recitation of specific biblical verses and a prayer to announce the name of the newborn child.

The ceremony is also known by other names including Fadas, Brit Bat (Hebrew:  - "Covenant of the Daughter") or Brit Kedusha (Hebrew:  - "Covenant of Holiness"). A medieval naming ceremony for girls, according to the custom of some medieval Ashkenazi communities, was known as a Hollekreisch (Yiddish: ), or Shabbat Hayoledet ("Sabbath of the Birth Mother").

Background
The practice of Zeved Habat is recorded as a custom of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews in various communities including Moroccan Jews, Syrian Jews, the Sephardic community in England and of Cochin Jews of India. The ceremony is listed in a book of prayers published in 1687 associated with the Portuguese Jews of Amsterdam.

In the mid-20th century, following the development of the Havurah movement and the rise of Jewish feminism, American Jews took a renewed interest in both new and traditional ceremonies for welcoming baby girls. For American Jews who did not previously maintain the tradition of a naming ceremony for newborn girls, one strategy has been to recover older Jewish traditions to meet the present ritual needs of the community. It is likely that the first such ceremony to be formulated for Jews outside of the Sephardi and Mizrahi communities was a ceremony developed by rabbis in Reconstructionist Judaism in the 1970s. However, in the 1970s and 1980s, other American Jews from various denominations, including individual Orthodox families, also formulated various ceremonies often referred to as a Simchat Bat. At the same time, some Orthodox scholars, including Moshe Meiselman and Judith Bleich, raised opposition to new ceremonies, while Rabbi Shlomo Riskin at the Lincoln Square Synagogue supported the incorporation of the ceremony as Orthodox custom. In the case of Anglo-speaking Orthodox communities, a modified version of the Zeved Habat ceremony has been added to established Orthodox prayerbooks (alongside the standard Ashkenazi mi sheberach) since the early 2000s with the support of UK Chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks.

The traditional ceremony
In Jewish legal literature, the Zeved Habat event is cited as either taking place in the synagogue during the Torah reading of the Shabbat service, when the father receives an aliya, or the ceremony may take place at the home in the course of a festive meal. Some Jewish communities have the custom of waiting until the mother has recovered and can enter the synagogue for the ceremony to take place. The event is also treated as an appropriate occasion for the mother of the newborn to recite the traditional blessing of thanksgiving, known as Hagomel. Some Jews have the custom to hold the Zeved Habat ceremony on the first Shabbat from the birth. The Hebrew word zeved is understood to be a somewhat rare word and appears just once in the Pentateuch in where Leah offers thanks to God for the birth of Zebulon. The Hebrew word used in the verse may mean "gift" or "dwelling".

The custom is for a verse from Song of Songs to be recited. And if the newborn is also the firstborn child, the custom is for an added verse of Song of Songs to be recited. Following this recitation, a Mi sheberakh blessing is recited (see text below) which includes the namegiving prayer. Some communities maintain the custom that the rabbi holds the newborn while reciting the verse(s) from Song of Songs.

The Mi sheberakh prayer
In this ceremony, a Mi sheberakh prayer (below) is used to announce the name of the child. The wording to the prayer varies somewhat by Jewish community. For some, the prayer begins with Mi sheberakh imoteinu hakedoshot ("The one Who blesses our Holy Mothers"). Additionally, the prayer ends with added verses relating to the matriarch Rebekah. Other versions include the phrase v'kol hakehilot hakedushot v'hatehorot ("and all the holy and pure congregations") following the mention of the prophetesses. Additionally, some editions specify that the child be named with mention of her mother's name ([name of the newborn] bat [name of the mother]).

In some versions, the words imoteinu ("our mothers") and beYisrael ("in Israel") are omitted. In other versions, such as those from the Moroccan Jewish community, they are included.

Related customs
In the Sephardi community, the Zeved habat is usually celebrated within the first month of the birth. It is held privately in the synagogue or at a party at home. It is often led by the ḥakhám (rabbinic sage) or hazzan (cantor).

One custom is for the following to be recited:

One custom is for the father of the newborn to recite a Hebrew poem which begins with Ayuma marayich hareini.

A common element of the ceremony is the birth mother's thanksgiving for following the birth. The blesing recited is known as Birkat HaGomel ("Blessing of Deliverance").

Others include a recitation of Psalm 128, and the Priestly Blessing (Birkat kohanim).

Ashkenazi customs
The original Ashkenzai practice does not include a Zeved Habat ceremony and instead involves a minor prayer for name giving. However, in the 20th Century, the Zeved Habat ceremony, often renamed as a Simchat Bat ceremony has become accepted in various Ashkenazi communities.

Many Ashkenazi communities use a prayer for the health of a mother and newborn, recited by someone called up to read from the Torah scroll, as an opportunity to name a baby girl. According to the Chabad Hasidic custom, it is preferable for the newborn girl to be named at the earliest possible Torah reading in the synagogue (whether on Monday, Thursday, Shabbat or other day which include a public Torah reading), however, other customs are also cited such as those who wait until the Shabbat when a greater celebration may occur and the Sephardi custom of Zeved Habat. According to Rabbi Shlomo Ganzfried (1804-1886), in terms of the aliyah for the father of a newborn girl, preference is given to the one whose wife (the mother of the newborn) comes to the synagogue.

The Ashkenz mi sheberach includes the following:

The contemporary Simchat Bat ceremony has become an accepted custom among modern-Orthodox Jews of Ashkenazi background as an adaptation of the Zeved Habat ritual. The uniqueness of the ceremony is that it may be presented as non-traditional and female-focused, in which women play a role alongside men. One possibility for this acceptance of the Simchat Bat in modern Orthodox Judaism is that it is a ceremony with no major Jewish legalistic (halakhic) implications and which does not intrude upon male ritual space. In the modern Orthodox ceremony, a number of additional elements are added to the traditional Zeved Habat ceremony including the public sharing of a Torah lesson (dvar Torah) often by the parent or a friend, readings about female biblical figures, and an explanation of the name chosen for the newborn. The child may also be given both an ‘English’ and a ‘Jewish’ name (either a Hebrew or Yiddish name). Additionally, in the Simchat Bat ceremony, there is greater opportunity for women (such as the birth mother) to participate in the ceremony ritual.

A Simchat Bat celebration may consist of a communal welcoming, a naming done over a cup of wine with the quotation of appropriate Biblical verses, and traditional blessings. In the Ashkenazi community, name ceremonies for newborn girls were not widespread and often limited to the father announcing the baby's name in the synagogue on the Shabbat, Monday, Thursday or other occasion when the Torah would be read following the birth. Sometimes a kiddush will be held at the synagogue for family and friends. Although ceremonies can be found in Ashkenazic sources. Rabbi Yacov Emden includes a text in his famous prayer book.

Hollekreisch ceremony
In medieval times, girls were named during shavua habat (lit. 'week of the daughter'). In early German Jewish communities, a baby naming ceremony was developed for both girls and boys called a Hollekreisch (possibly meaning 'secular shout', or relating to the mythical Frau Holle ), in which the infant's crib was raised and the newborn received their secular names. The date of the ritual varied, either on the first Shabbat following the birth when the mother of the newborn could visit the synagogue (known as Shabbat Hayoledet), or the fourth Shabbat from the date of the birth. The ritual took place after Shabbat lunch. The babies were dressed up, and boys were draped in a tallit. The book of Vayikra (Leviticus) was placed in the crib. The crib would then be lifted up and the following recited in German: "Hollekreisch! How shall the baby be called? So-and-so So-and-so So-and-so (i.e. his or her name three times)." Nuts, sweets and fruits were then distributed to the guests. The custom applied to both boys (who had already received their Hebrew names at their brit mila) and girls. This ceremony was widely observed in Jewish circles in Germany as early as the 14th century. In the 17th century this custom was observed in naming boys and girls only in South Germany, while in Austria, Bohemia, Moravia and Poland it was not used for boys, and only rarely for girls.

New ceremonies

 * Conservative Judaism — The rabbi's manual of Conservative Judaism presents a ceremony which includes readings and blessings as well as optional features which parents may choose to perform including lighting of candles, touching a Torah handle, and enfolding in a prayer shawl (tallit). In the candle ceremony, the newborn is carried between rows of guests who hold candles; alternatively, six candles may be lit, symbolizing the six days of creation. In the Torah ceremony, a Torah scroll is taken out of the ark and the baby's hands are placed on the Torah handle. In the tallit ceremony, honorees fold each corner of a tallit over or around the newborn. Other customs include the addition of a special greeting at the start of the ceremony.
 * Reconstructionist Judaism — The prayerbook of Reconstructionist Judaism includes both Hebrew prayers of blessing and an English blessing regarding Torah study. The Reconstructionist Rabbi's Manual, however, presents an additional ceremony known as Berit Rihitzah (‘‘Covenant of Washing’’) for girls, along with the welcoming and naming ceremony. The Berit Rihitzah incorporates the washing of the baby's feet in water with readings and blessings related to the symbol of water. The ceremony blessing states that God has ‘‘commanded us to bring her into the covenant of the people of Israel.’’ An earlier version of the Reconstructionist ceremony was known as Brit B’not Yisrael ("Covenant of the Daughter of Israel") and was formulated by Rabbi Sandy Eisenberg Sasso and her husband Rabbi Dennis Sasso in the early 1970s. The ceremony was to take place on Shabbat at the home of the parents of the newborn and includes the following blessing: ‘‘Praised are You, Eternal God, Ruler of the Universe, who sanctified us with Your commandments and commanded us to bring our daughter into the covenant of the people of Israel."

title: Zeved habat


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Evangelical Presbyterian Church (United States)

The Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) is an American church body holding to presbyterian governance and Reformed theology. It is a conservative Calvinist denomination. It is most distinctive for its approach to the way it balances certain liberties across congregations on "non-essential" doctrines, such as egalitarianism /complementarianism in marriage or the ordination of women, alongside an affirmation of core "essential" doctrinal standards.

The motto of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church is "In Essentials, Unity. In Non-Essentials, Liberty. In All Things, Charity; Truth In Love." The Office of the General Assembly is in Orlando, Florida.

History

The EPC began as a result of prayer meetings in 1980 and 1981 by pastors and elders increasingly alienated by liberalism in the "northern" branch of Presbyterianism (the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., a predecessor of the Presbyterian Church (USA)). Two cases served as important catalysts in their separation: the Kenyon Case of 1975 and the Kaseman Case of 1981.

Wynn Kenyon was a seminary graduate who in good conscience declared that he would refuse to participate in the ordination of a woman, although he affirmed that he would willingly serve in a pastorate with ordained women on the staff. Though he had been ordained by the Pittsburgh Presbytery, in 1975 the Permanent Judicial Commission of the UPCUSA General Assembly overturned Kenyon's ordination because accepting women's ordination was "an explicit constitutional provision." Mansfield Kaseman, meanwhile was ordained as a minister by National Capital Union Presbytery in 1979 and accused of denying four traditional attributes of Christ: his deity, sinlessness, vicarious atonement, and bodily resurrection. By 1981, his case had worked its way to the Permanent Judicial Commission of the UPCUSA, which affirmed his ordination. In contrast with the UPCUSA, the EPC permitted differing views on women's ordination and emphasized traditional teachings on the nature of Jesus Christ.

The first general assembly of the church met at Ward Presbyterian Church in Livonia, Michigan in late 1981, drafting a list of essential beliefs. This list was intentionally short in order to help preserve the unity of the church around the essentials of the faith in theology, church government, and evangelism.

At its foundation, the EPC adopted a list of essential beliefs, "The Essentials of Our Faith," to state what the EPC views as the sine qua non of Evangelical Christianity (see below), in part to seek to guarantee that it would not succumb to the theological problems that had plagued its parent denominations during the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy. "The Essentials" is a fuller version of the "Five Fundamentals" that many PCUSA ministers had rejected in the Auburn Affirmation of 1923:
 * 1) the inerrancy of the original manuscripts of the Bible
 * 2) Christ’s virgin birth
 * 3) Christ’s vicarious atonement
 * 4) Christ’s bodily resurrection
 * 5) the reality of miracles as recorded in the Bible.

Originally titled "The Fundamentals of Our Faith," the name was changed to avoid the negative connotations that the term "fundamentalism" had gained. This document has served to assure that the EPC has always kept what is of primary importance for all evangelical Christians (namely the Gospel, or Good News about Jesus), as well as to maintain the irenic orthodoxy that has always been the hallmark of the denomination. (See "Ethos," below.)

In the more than forty years of its existence, the EPC has become active as a missional church, through church planting in the United States as well as in a variety of foreign fields, particularly in the 10/40 Window. One significant step was the incorporation of the St. Andrews Presbytery (Argentina) as one of its presbyteries. This presbytery was released to independence as the national St. Andrews Presbyterian Church of Argentina after many years of mutual cooperation and benefit.

At 2007 General Assembly, the EPC created a temporary, non-geographic "New Wineskins Presbytery" (NWEPC) to provide a home for churches associated with the New Wineskins Association of Churches (NWAC) that are seeking to find a new denominational home after finding that their home in the PC(USA) is no longer suitable to them theologically, organizationally, or missionally. The New Wineskins Presbytery was dissolved in 2011, as its mission was completed.

Jeff Jeremiah, the stated clerk (2006 - 2021), announced at the 2012 General Assembly, held at the First Presbyterian Church of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, that the number of EPC congregations had increased from 182 in 2007 to 364 in 2012, exactly doubling in number. The number of congregations had further increased to more than 600 by August 2017.

Statistics
Between 1982 and 2016, EPC grew steadily. In 2016, the denomination reached 150,042 members. However, since then, it has reported a decline in subsequent years.

In 2022, it had 125,870 members and 627 churches. In 2023, it ha 121,058 members and 629 churches

Essentials
The church has an official seven point statement of the "Essentials Of Our Faith".

These Essentials are set forth in greater detail in the Westminster Confession of Faith.

The EPC has also adopted an explanation of the relationship between the "Essentials of Our Faith" and the Westminster Standards.

Place in American Presbyterianism

As its name suggests, the EPC is an evangelical denomination. It associates mainly with Reformed bodies holding similar or identical beliefs regarding Christology, ecclesiology, and ethical/moral stances. As with practically all orthodox Presbyterian bodies, the EPC is committed to Biblical interpretation governed by the Westminster Confession of Faith and Catechisms. The EPC is member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches

Being within the Reformed tradition, the EPC is more conservative than the PC(USA) on matters of theology and ethics, yet is more moderate than the other major conservative Presbyterian denominations in the United States—the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARPC) and the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC). The EPC's middling stance is similar to ECO: A Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians, which was formed in 2012 from churches leaving the PC(USA). The EPC's ethos (summarized in its motto) allows a greater degree of freedom in areas deemed to be non-essential to Reformed theology than the PCA, ARP and OPC. The EPC, like ECO and PCUSA, but unlike PCA or OPC, belongs to the World Communion of Reformed Churches.

Women's ordination and charismatic movement
Two examples of the EPC's centrist position within American Presbyterianism are women's ordination and the charismatic movement.

The EPC considers the ordination of women to be a non-essential matter that is left to the ordaining body. That is, EPC presbyteries decide whether to ordain female ministers, while individual churches decide whether to ordain female elders and deacons. In contrast, the ARP does not ordain female ministers or elders but allows individual churches to ordain female deacons, and the PCA and OPC do not ordain women.

The EPC is far more tolerant of the charismatic movement than other conservative Presbyterian bodies; some of the more prominent charismatic Presbyterian churches in America are members of the EPC.

Ethos
The EPC has been described as the modern-day version of New School Presbyterianism, while the PCA, ARP and OPC are essentially the modern-day equivalent of Old School Presbyterianism. The way that this is expressed is in the motto of the denomination: "In Essentials, Unity; In Non-Essentials, Liberty; In All Things, Charity. Truth in Love." Functionally, this works out with a three-tiered approach to theological issues. These may be thought of as "A," "B," and "C" issues.

"A" issues are those which have to do with the "Essentials of Our Faith." This is a summary of those issues which are foundational to Christian faith. In the EPC, there is no allowance for disagreement among church officers (ministers, elders, and deacons) on these issues. Indeed, it is expected that all communicant members will affirm these tenets of the faith.

"B" issues are those which are essential to the Reformed understanding of the faith, such as the so-called "Five Points of Calvinism," Covenant Theology, Presbyterian government, etc. The definition of "B" issues for the EPC is found in the Westminster Confession of Faith and in the Westminster Larger Catechism and Westminster Shorter Catechism. As these issues aren't as foundational as the Essentials of Our Faith, the EPC allows ministers, elders, and deacons to state exceptions to the Westminster Standards, so long as these exceptions do not violate the system of doctrine contained therein. While non-ordained members aren't expected to adhere to the Westminster Standards, it is understood that the teaching position of the EPC is found in the Westminster Standards.

Finally, "C" issues are those on which Reformed, orthodox Christians can disagree, and which do not violate the system of doctrine of the EPC. As stated above, this would include the issues of women's ordination and the charismatic movement, as well as issues such as eschatology (views on the End times), worship preferences, or liturgy.

Notable members

 * Andrew Brunson - A missionary to Turkey who was imprisoned and then released after pressures by President Donald Trump
 * Josh Hawley - Junior Senator from Missouri (R)


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Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal

The Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal (founded in 1645) was the first hospital established in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Hôtel-Dieu, literally translated in English as Hotel of God, is an archaic French term for hospital, referring to the origins of hospitals as religious institutions.

Its emergency room and function as an active hospital ended in 2017, and as of 2020 serves as a COVID-19 test site during the COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal.

History
The origins of the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal date to the arrival in 1642 of Paul Chomedey and a small party of French settlers on the Island of Montreal to found the French colony of Ville-Marie. Among them was Jeanne Mance, the first nurse in New France. She founded the hospital on October 8, 1645, as confirmed by letters patent of Louis XIV of France in April 1669.

In addition to returning to France to seek financial support for the hospital, in 1657 Mance recruited three sisters of the Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph (Religieuses hospitalières de Saint-Joseph) order of nuns to serve with her as staff. Their order was founded in 1636 by a layman, Jérôme Le Royer de la Dauversière, along with Mother Marie de la Fere (fr), in La Fleche, France. Guillaume Bailly, a Sulpician missionary, is credited with drawing up the plans for the stone structure that was built in 1688.

The hospital burned and was rebuilt three times between 1695 and 1734. After the conquest of New France by the British, for two centuries, it was the only French-language hospital in Montreal. Around 1850, the hospital became affiliated with the Montreal School of Medicine and Surgery. It continued to grow until 1861, when it was moved from Old Montreal to its present site near Mount Royal. It had an affiliated nursing school between 1901 and 1970.

In 1996, it became one of the three hospitals to make up the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), along with the Hôpital Notre-Dame du CHUM and the Hôpital Saint-Luc du CHUM.

With the completion of the CHUM megahospital campus adjacent to Hôpital Saint-Luc in 2017, the Hôtel-Dieu's patients were moved to the new facility as of November 5, 2017. The Hôtel-Dieu was initially slated for closure, but ultimately remained open as a large-scale urgent care clinic until 2020.

In 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal, the former hospital became home to one of Montreal's largest testing sites.

The present site also contains a museum of the hospital's long history.

Medical achievements
During its history, many medical milestones have been recorded at the Hôtel-Dieu, including the world's first removal of a kidney (1868), the world's first removal of a tongue and jaw (1872), the first femur transplant (1959), the first identification of an AIDS patient in Canada (1979), the world's first successful recovery of a person with severe burns to 90% of the body (1981), and the world's first robotically assisted laparoscopic surgery (1993).

title: Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal


text:
User:Shikasta

cry for the soul that will not face / the body as an equal place

Todo

 * Expand Dory Previn
 * and update and cross-reference Andre Previn if necessary

title: User:Shikasta


text: User talk:68.77.154.30

title: User talk:68.77.154.30


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Gullmarsplan

Gullmarsplan is a place in Johanneshov, Stockholm. The square there was built at the same time the new city area was developed in the 1940s. The business area around the square was inaugurated in 1946. It was named after Gullmarn, a fjord in the province of Bohuslän, at Lysekil.

The Skanstullsbron (Skanstull bridge) and Johanneshovsbron (Johanneshov bridge) connect Gullmarsplan by road with Södermalm, a part of the city center. Beneath Gullmarsplan, the road tunnel Södra länken runs in an east-west direction. Just south of Gullmarsplan is the Söderstadion football stadium as well as the Avicii Arena (Globen).

Public transportation hub
The most prominent feature of Gullmarsplan is the large public transport hub, which provides access to and between the Stockholm Metro (Tunnelbanan) green lines, Tvärbanan light rail, and a large number of bus lines mainly to and from Tyresö, Haninge, Årsta and Södermalm. The Metro station was inaugurated on 1 October 1950 as the fourth station of the Stockholm Metro. Previously, Gullmarsplan had been a station for the light rail system that preceded the subway.

Event

 * The Stockholm Japan Expo is an annual expo held in Gullmarsplan to showcase Japanese culture and arts.

title: Gullmarsplan


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Arizona State Route 89A

State Route 89A (SR 89A) is an 83.85 mi state highway that runs from Prescott north to Flagstaff in the U.S. state of Arizona. The highway begins at SR 89 in Yavapai County and heads northward from Prescott Valley, entering Jerome. From Jerome, the route then heads to Cottonwood and Clarkdale. The road then continues out to Sedona. The highway is notable for its scenic value as it winds over and through Mingus Mountain as well as passing through Sedona and the Oak Creek Canyon. The route then enters Coconino County soon after leaving Sedona. The highway proceeds to Flagstaff, where it crosses Interstate 17 (I-17) and I-40. The highway ends at I-40 Business in Flagstaff. What is now SR 89A became a state highway in the late 1920s as SR 79. The highway was extended and improved several times through 1938. SR 79 was renumbered to U.S. Route 89A (US 89A) in 1941 and then to SR 89A in the early 1990s.

Route description
SR 89A runs from its southern terminus in Prescott northward through the towns of Jerome, Cottonwood and Sedona to its northern terminus in Flagstaff. The highway is known for its scenic views as it passes through the Sedona area and Oak Creek Canyon.

Prescott to Jerome
SR 89A's southern terminus is at a junction with SR 89 north of Prescott near the Antelope Hills Golf Course and Ernest A. Love Field. The road heads east from the junction with SR 89 as the Pioneer Parkway, a four-lane divided highway with diamond interchanges at most intersections. It continues as a divided highway until it reaches Fain Road in Prescott Valley. The route continues beyond this intersection as a two-lane undivided highway. The only at-grade intersection in this stretch is a junction with Great Western Drive, near milepost 321.

As SR 89A moves to the northeast, it begins to ascend the Black Hills mountain range. ADOT has designated this section of SR 89A as the Mingus Mountain Scenic Road by ADOT. The roadway follows the terrain through a series of hairpin turns as it climbs in elevation. Once SR 89A reaches passes over the mountains, it begins its descent into the Verde Valley. During its descent, SR 89A enters the town of Jerome. In Jerome, the highway provides access to the nearby Jerome State Historic Park.

Jerome to Sedona
Upon exiting Jerome, SR 89A heads northeast through the Verde Valley. The highway also picks up the Historic US 89A designation on the south end of Jerome. Officially named the Jerome-Clarkdale-Cottonwood Historic Road by the Arizona Department of Transportation, Historic US 89A is one of only four state designated historic routes in Arizona, the others being Historic Route 66, Historic U.S. Route 80 and the Apache Trail Historic Road. The historic route was designated on May 13, 1992 by ADOT and is about 10 miles long.

After SR 89A and Historic US 89A enter the town of Clarkdale, SR 89A turns southeast at a roundabout with Clarkdale Parkway. The route continues toward the southeast through Clarkdale before entering the town of Cottonwood. There, the highway starts heading east at Cottonwood Street before reaching an intersection with Main Street.

Historic US 89A, runs through the old downtown areas of both Clarkdale and Cottonwood. From the present day traffic circle between SR 89A and Clarkdale Parkway, Historic 89A continues north along Clarkdale Parkway, turning right at Main Street in Clarkdale, and then right again at Broadway. It continues past Tuzigoot National Monument, becoming Main Street in Cottonwood, and providing access to Dead Horse Ranch State Park. The route intersects Cottonwood Street, where the bypass route now intersects Main Street.

Following the intersection with Cottonwood Street, the road follows Main Street to an intersection with SR 260, which heads to the south toward Camp Verde and I-17. SR 89A then moves northeastward towards Sedona. As the highway leaves Cottonwood, it again becomes a divided highway north of Rocking Chair Road, heading into desert. Before reaching Sedona, SR 89A provides access to Red Rock State Park.

The route remains a divided highway until it reaches Sedona, an arts and resort community known for its red sandstone formations. As it enters the city of Sedona, the route is known as the Si Birch Memorial Highway. The route continues east through Sedona, providing access to the Sedona Airport. SR 89A continues toward the east through Sedona to an intersection with SR 179, which heads south from this intersection through the southern part of Sedona to provide access to I-17.

Sedona to Flagstaff
Upon leaving Sedona, SR 89A becomes the state designated Sedona–Oak Creek Canyon Scenic Road. The highway heads northeast into a wooded area from Sedona and follows Oak Creek as it enters Oak Creek Canyon. SR 89A then curves to the north as it follows the creek and provides access to Slide Rock State Park along this portion of the highway. The roadway leaves the creek as it begins to ascend through the canyon. At the edge of the canyon, the Scenic Road designation ends.

Upon ascending, the road goes through a series of hairpin turns (no trucks over 50 ft.) toward the Mogollon Rim. The roadway continues northward away from the canyon towards Flagstaff. It curves northeastward as it passes to the west of the Forest Highlands Golf Club. The route continues to the northeast towards I-17 near Flagstaff Pulliam Airport.

SR 89A begins to run concurrently with I-17 as a freeway northward. The two highways continue north to an interchange with I-40, where I-17 terminates. The route continues north along Milton Road, to the west of Northern Arizona University before reaching its northern terminus at I-40 Business in Flagstaff.

History

The routing of SR 89A was first defined as a state highway in 1927 as SR 79 by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). At the time, only the portion from Prescott to Clarkdale was built, but the remaining portion to Flagstaff had been planned. By 1929, the highway had been extended north to Sedona, although the entire highway was not paved at this time. A graded dirt road was built the following year between Flagstaff and Sedona. The southern half of the section between Sedona and Flagstaff had been improved to a gravel road by 1934, with the northern half under construction. The next year, the construction on the northern section near Flagstaff was complete. The southern end of the highway near Prescott and the section between Jerome and Cottonwood had been paved by this time. By 1938, the entire route had been paved.

By 1941, the highway was redesignated from SR 79 to US 89A. Before the establishment of the route for I-17, the only route to Flagstaff was through Prescott. There were two routes available: US 89A through Jerome, Cottonwood, Clarkdale, Sedona and Oak Creek Canyon or north through Chino Valley via US 89 to US 66. The route was redesignated from US 89A to SR 89A in 1993.

Before 2001, SR 89A had veered south into the granite dells near Watson Lake, but due to an aging Granite Creek bridge and increased traffic, Yavapai County acquired the necessary land to realign SR 89A away from the dells and near the airport.

Spur route
State Route 89A Spur (SR 89A Spur or SS 89A) is a 7.22 mi unsigned highway routed along Fain Road in Prescott Valley. SR 89A Spur was originally established on July 16, 2004, over a small section of Fain Road immediately east of the intersection with SR 89A proper. The route was extended over the remainder of Fain Road to SR 69 on August 18, 2011. The road was originally two lanes wide but has since been widened to a four-lane divided highway. Its primary purpose is as an eastern bypass around Prescott. The Central Yavapai Metropolitan Planning Organization has planned a freeway to connect SR 169 and SR 89A via Fain Road/SR 89A Spur as part of their 2025 regional plan.

title: Arizona State Route 89A


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Skyborg (disambiguation)

Skyborg can mean:

 * Skyborg: Into the Vortex, a video game
 * Skyborg, a USAF program to develop autonomous military aircraft

title: Skyborg (disambiguation)