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Gerry Ashworth

Gerald Howard "Gerry" Ashworth (born May 1, 1942 in Haverhill, Massachusetts to Earl Ashworth) was an American former track athlete and a gold medalist in the 4 x 100 meter relay in the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. He won two gold medals sprinting in the 1964 Maccabiah Games in Tel Aviv, Israel. Recognized internationally, in 1963 Ashworth was rated seventh in the World in indoor competition and in 1964 had an eighth world rating in the outdoor 100 Yards and 100 Meters distances.

Gerry was born one of three children on May 1, 1942, to Gladys Brown Ashforth and Earl Ashforth in Haverhill, Massachusetts. His father, who was originally from nearby Lawrence, was a manufacturer for shoe products, and after purchasing his first shoe company in Maine at age 20, he eventually owned a number of shoe manufacturing companies operating in Massachusetts, Maine, and Vermont. Active in the community, Earl had been a President of Temple Emmanuel in Haverhill, and the Haverhill Country Club, before retiring to Sarasota, Florida with his wife Gladys in 1974. In 1964, the couple donated the first electronic timing device ever used at Dartmouth's Leverone Field House, which electronically displayed both scores and electronic times to spectators.

Early track career
Ashworth began his track career as a Freshman at Haverhill High School under Coach Charlie White, and then around his junior year transferred to the Holderness School in Plymouth N.H., a private college preparatory school where he acquired the academic skills required for the challenges of Dartmouth College which he would attend after graduation. While competing in High School Track, he ran a noteworthy 9.9 seconds in the 100-yard dash, but the North's cold weather may have kept him from competing with the nation's best, and from being noticed by top track schools outside the Northeast.

Dartmouth track highlights
At Dartmouth, he studied Engineering Science and Economics. Setting records early, in 1961, he tied the World record in the 60-Yard Dash with a time of 6.1 seconds. Not yet his fastest, in 1962, he broke the school record at the Dartmouth track for the 50-yard dash with a time of 5.3 seconds. On April 22, 1962, as a Junior, he broke the Dartmouth record for the 220 yard dash with a time of 21.2 seconds. When as a Junior at Dartmouth, he ran a winning 100-yard time of 9.4 seconds in the Ivy League Heptagonal Championships around May 12, 1962, the track community began to take notice, and at only 20, Ashworth looked to be one of the top competitors in the event in New England, with the fastest time in the Ivy League. The time became his personal best for the event. Subsequently, in the 200-meter at the Ivy League Heptagonals, Ashworth injured a left leg muscle, but with insight his coach remarked, "It doesn't necessarily mean he is through for the season...Ashworth hasn't reached his potential." With the guidance of Coach Elliot B. "Ellie" Noyes, who had headed Dartmouth track since 1945, Ashworth gained recognition as one of the country's top runners after winning the IC4A championship in the 100-yard dash. Injuries prevented him from competing in the NCAA outdoor championships as a junior.

Still plagued by occasional injury in his Senior year at Dartmouth, he was unable to compete in the National Championships but showing remarkable resilience, was nearly undefeated in both indoor and outdoor collegiate meets. Though suffering injuries that affected his performance, he competed and won races against top professionals in indoor meets at such venues as Madison Square Garden. In his final year at Dartmouth, he was elected Captain of the Track team. Not long after graduating Dartmouth in 1963, he was invited to join the Striders Running Club in the Los Angeles area, and he moved there to train with the club.

Track career highlights
Ashworth is Jewish. He set the World record for the 100 Yard dash, 9.4 s, in 1962, and showing consistency, matched his record again in 1964 after graduating Dartmouth.

In the 1963 Pan American Games, he was an alternate in the relay but did not get the opportunity to compete, and a few press accounts considered him inexperienced in relay competitions. An injury while running in Brazil may also have hampered his chances of participating in the Games as a relay member. His performance in the Olympics indicated he could learn to run relays effectively without years of training.

1964 Olympic qualifiers
Ashforth claimed he qualified initially for the 1964 Olympic rundown at New Jersey's Rutger's Stadium, and was second running the semi-finals at New York's Randall Island, which qualified him to attend the final Olympic qualifiers in Los Angeles. He disliked his start in the final qualifiers in Los Angeles in September, 1964, but with an incredible effort, he claimed to run the race of his life, and his time of 10.4 s, ranked him fourth in the 100-meter event which won him a place on the American 4 x 100 relay team at Tokyo. Bob Hayes's qualifying time was 10.1 s to tie the American record. Trent Jackson qualified with a second place 10.2 seconds, but he was later cut from the relay due to an injury while running a race in Tokyo on October 15, only a week before the relay finals, cementing Ashforth's place on the 4x100m relay team.

1964 Olympic gold medal, 4x100m relay
In his most noteworthy career accomplishment, he ran the second leg of the gold medal performance of the American 4 × 100 m relay team at the Tokyo Olympics, on October 21, 1964, setting a new world record of 39.06. Paul Drayton, Richard Stebbins and Bob Hayes ran the other legs. After receiving his handoff from the starter Drayton, Ashworth's performance in the straightaway was adequate but his exchange to Stebbins was less effective, and the Americans were not leading. Stebbins gave the baton to Hayes at the beginning of the handoff lane rather than near the end, requiring Hayes to run an additional ten meters. Hayes's speed was invaluable in leading the American team to the gold, taking the American relay team from around fifth to first place and securing the gold medal. Impressively, Hayes may have completed one of the top ten fastest Olympic relay times for an anchor leg, as it was hand-timed between 8.5 and 8.9 seconds, though the time never became official.

1965 Maccabiah Game gold medals
With a total 40,000 in attendance, Ashworth ran in the 1965 Maccabiah Games in Tel Aviv, Israel in late August, winning a gold medal in the 400 m relay, with a time of 42.4 seconds, shaving .6 of a second off the old record. Ashforth also won the 100-meter dash in 10.6 seconds, taking a gold and beating Raoul Solomon of France by three feet. The Americans took 75 gold medals, the most of any country, with Israel second at 31 golds.

Life after track
Ashworth was a 1963 graduate of Dartmouth College. He later earned an MBA from Harvard Business School. Not long after the Maccabiah Games, he married Jeanne Leslie Oshry at Boston's Hotel Somerset in August of 1965, before moving to Cambridge, where his wife would teach school in Boston and he would begin his studies at Harvard Business School.

Using his education in engineering science and business management, he served as President of General Metals and Smelting, in Andover, Massachusetts, which specialized in scrap metal, commodity brokering, lead casting, and long-distance trucking. Andover was not far from his former home in Haverhill. He had two sons with wife Jeanne, and enjoyed summering in Maine. In 2004, he and his wife were residents of York, Maine, and he attended an event to support a track race in nearby Portland, Maine in 2015.

title: Gerry Ashworth


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Hodgkins

Hodgkins may refer to:

 * In people
 * Frances Hodgkins, an abstract painter
 * Louise Manning Hodgkins (1846-1935), American educator, author, editor
 * W. M. Hodgkins, New Zealand painter, father of Frances Hodgkins

 * In places
 * Hodgkins, Illinois, a village in the United States
 * Hodgkins Seamount, in the northern Pacific Ocean
 * Hodgkins (crater), a crater on Mercury

 * Other uses
 * Hodgkin's lymphoma, a type of cancer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hodgkins


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Richard Stebbins

Richard Vaughn "Dick" Stebbins (born June 14, 1945) is an American former athlete, winner of gold medal in 4 × 100 m relay at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

At the Tokyo Olympics, Richard Stebbins finished seventh in 200 m and ran the third leg in the gold medal winning American 4 × 100 m relay team, which set a new world record of 39.0. He got carried by his team to receive this gold medal.

Stebbins was born and raised in Los Angeles, and later attended Grambling State University, where he played football and ran track. Following his college career, he was drafted as an end (wide receiver) by the New York Giants in 1967.

Stebbins was a social studies teacher at Mayfield Woods Middle School, in Elkridge, Maryland, from the 1991-2 school year until what appears to have been his retirement at the end of the 2010-11 school year.

title: Richard Stebbins


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Asiatic Squadron

The Asiatic Squadron was a squadron of United States Navy warships stationed in East Asia during the latter half of the 19th century. It was created in 1868 when the East India Squadron was disbanded. Vessels of the squadron were primarily involved in matters relating to American commerce with China and Japan, though it participated in several conflicts over 34 years of service until becoming the Asiatic Fleet in 1902.

Korean Expedition
In May 1871, Rear Admiral John Rodgers went to Korea, commanding an expedition of five Asiatic Squadron vessels, the screw frigate USS Colorado (1856), the screw sloops-of-war USS Alaska (1868) and USS Benicia (1868), the sidewheel gunboat USS Monocacy (1864), and the screw tug USS Palos (1865). The objective of the operation was to ascertain the fate of the merchant ship SS General Sherman, establish trade relations, and receive an assurance from the Joseon government that shipwrecked American sailors would be safely treated should they become stranded in Korea.

On 1 June 1871, while Rear Admiral Rodgers was negotiating in Inchon, one of the Selee River forts opened fire on Palos as she traversed the Gangwha Straits. In the following engagement, Palos and Monocacy bombarded the fort until it was silenced and on 10 June 1871, the expedition attacked in force. Five of the six hostile forts were captured and destroyed, over 200 Koreans were killed and dozens of cannons were captured. Although the Americans won a military victory, the Koreans refused to sign a trade treaty until 1882.

Spanish–American War
On 27 April 1898, the squadron, composed of the protected cruisers USS Olympia (C-6) (the flagship of the squadron's commander, Commodore George Dewey), USS Baltimore (C-3), USS Raleigh (C-8), and USS Boston (1884), the gunboats USS Petrel (PG-2) and USS Concord (PG-3), and the United States Revenue Cutter Service cutter USS McCulloch (1897), sailed from Mirs Bay, China, to the Philippine Islands to participate in the Spanish–American War.

In the Battle of Manila Bay on 1 May 1898, the squadron destroyed the Spanish fleet in the Philippines, and effectively took control of Manila Bay. Eight Spanish ships were sunk and over 150 killed while the Americans suffered only slight damage. Vessels of the squadron also fought the Spanish in the battle to capture Manila. Naval gunfire on the Spaniards' left flank helped American troops take the city without severe losses. The Philippines became an American possession.

On 20 June 1898, the Asiatic Squadron protected cruiser USS Charleston (C-2) captured Guam from the Spanish without resistance, beginning the American possession of the island.

Philippine–American War
The Asiatic Squadron participated in the Philippine–American War from 1899 until its disbandment in 1902. American naval forces operated by sending landing parties ashore and by providing them with naval gunfire support. From 1899 to 1902, the squadron conducted several missions against the Filipinos.

Dewey's squadron engaged in naval operation against the Filipinos during and after the 1898 Battle of Manila against the Spanish. At the beginning of the Philippine–American War in February 1899, several American warships supported the occupation of the Philippine Islands. At the same time, the monitor USS Monadnock (BM-3), the protected cruisers Charleston, and the gunboats Concord, USS Callao (YFB-11), and Laguna de Bay bombarded Filipino positions during the Battle of Caloocan. Over 300 Filipinos were killed in action and three times as many wounded, with many of the casualties attributed to accurate naval gunfire. USS Petrel and USS Boston shelled Panay Island on 11 February 1899, and, on 22 February 1899, a landing party from Petrel occupied Cebu. In October 1899, Petrel joined Callao in supporting American troops in the Battle of Noveleta by bombarding Filipino troop concentrations at Noveleta before a shore party made its assault.

Many of the captured Spanish gunboats used in the Philippine–American War were manned by United States Army troops and operated together with United States Navy forces. In mid-April 1899, General Henry Lawton led an expedition of 1,500 men in several cascoes and three gunboats to a place near Santa Cruz to find another former Spanish gunboat which was being used by the Filipinos; during the ensuing Battle of Santa Cruz, the American force captured six steam launches along with two cascoes, and later took the Filipino gunboat, which the Filipinos reportedly had disarmed so that they could use her guns on land, without a fight.

Baltimore and Petrel served at the Battle of Iloilo, in which about 1,000 Filipinos were defeated when the two warships bombarded the fort there and sent United States Marines and sailors ashore. Only minor skirmishing occurred on land because the Filipinos retreated and burned the town as they left.

On 7 May 1899, Laguna de Bay and another gunboat bombarded Sexmoan and routed the Filipinos there. Later that day, the gunboats fought at Guagua, where they bombarded Filipino positions in the town and sent men ashore to fight on the ground. Again the Filipinos retreated and set several buildings on fire as they went.

In June 1899, American gunboats silenced an artillery piece during the Battle of Zapote River, which ended with an American victory. In the summer of 1899, American gunboats started patrolling Subic Bay. During a routine patrol, the collier USS Zafiro (1884) entered Subic Bay and came under fire from a shore battery protecting Olongapo. Zafiro withdrew to Cavite and reported the incident to headquarters. In response, Charleston engaged the battery. On 23 September 1899, Charleston, Concord, the monitor USS Monterey (BM-6), and Zafiro steamed into Subic Bay and destroyed the battery in the Battle of Olongapo. Then, a company of U.S. Marines and sailors landed and took control.

Charleston grounded on an uncharted reef off Camiguin Island on 2 November 1899. She sustained heavy damage, and her crew abandoned ship and escaped to the nearby island where they made camp. Charleston's launch was sent out for help and, after ten days of being marooned, the American sailors were rescued by the gunboat USS Helena (PG-9).

On 7 November 1899, Helena bombarded San Fabian in Lingayen Gulf and covered the landing of 2,500 American troops there.

Asiatic Squadron gunboats took part in the Battle of Mabitac in June 1900, where they bombarded Filipino forces while U.S. Army troops attacked their fortifications. In a bloody frontal assault the American troops were repulsed and the Filipinos won the battle.

In November 1900, the Asiatic Squadron auxiliary cruiser USS Yosemite (1892) was heavily damaged in a typhoon while in Apra Harbor, Guam. Due to damage to her screw, her crew scuttled her. They were picked up later by the collier USS Justin (1891).

The gunboat USS Vicksburg (PG-11) assisted land forces in capturing the Filipino rebel Emilio Aguinaldo in March 1901 at Palawan Island. Later the gunboat USS Isla de Luzon (1886) supported the operation which led to the capture of the Filipino general Vicente Lukbán on Samar in November 1901.

Boxer Rebellion

During the Boxer Rebellion, the Asiatic Squadron participated in the China Relief Expedition in 1900. At the time, Peking was home to many foreigners who were under siege by Boxer rebels. An international force including U.S. Marines and U.S. Navy sailors of the Asiatic Squadron slowly fought their way to take control of Tientsin away from the Boxers in order to relieve the Siege of the International Legations at Peking.

Asiatic Fleet
In 1902, the Asiatic Squadron was upgraded in status, becoming the United States Asiatic Fleet. Except for a period from early 1907 until 28 January 1910 when it was downgraded to the status of First Squadron, United States Pacific Fleet, the Asiatic Fleet replaced the Asiatic Squadron in defending American interests in East Asia from 1902 until February 1942.

Commanders

Successive Commanders-in-Chief of the Asiatic Squadron were as follows:

 * Rear Admiral Henry H. Bell ( – 11 January 1868)
 * Commodore John R. Goldsborough (11 January 1868 – 18 April 1868)
 * Rear Admiral Stephen C. Rowan (18 April 1868 – 19 August 1870)
 * Rear Admiral John Rodgers (19 August 1870 – 12 May 1872)
 * Rear Admiral Thornton A. Jenkins (1 September 1872 – 12 December 1873)
 * Rear Admiral Enoch Greenleafe Parrott (12 December 1873 – 12 January 1874)
 * Commodore Edmund Colhoun (12 January 1874 – 29 May 1874)
 * Rear Admiral Alexander Mosely Pennock (29 May 1874 – 24 June 1875)
 * Commander Robert F. R. Lewis (24 June 1875 – 16 August 1875)
 * Rear Admiral William Reynolds (16 August 1875 – 12 August 1877)
 * Captain Jonathan Young (12 August 1877 – 4 October 1877)
 * Rear Admiral Thomas H. Patterson (12 August 1877 – 11 September 1880)
 * Rear Admiral John M. B. Clitz (11 September 1880 – 21 April 1883)
 * Rear Admiral Peirce Crosby (21 April 1883 – 30 October 1883)
 * Captain Joseph S. Skerrett (30 October 1883 – 19 December 1883)
 * Commodore/Rear Admiral John L. Davis (19 December 1883 – 22 November 1886)
 * Rear Admiral Ralph Chandler (22 November 1886 – 11 February 1889)
 * Rear Admiral George E. Belknap (4 April 1889 – 20 February 1892)
 * Rear Admiral David B. Harmony (20 February 1892 – 7 June 1893)
 * Rear Admiral John Irwin (11 June 1893 – 11 December 1893)
 * Rear Admiral Joseph S. Skerrett (11 December 1893 – 1 September 1894)
 * Commodore/Rear Admiral Charles C. Carpenter (1 September 1894 – 21 December 1895)
 * Commodore Frederick V. McNair Sr. (21 December 1895 – 3 January 1898)
 * Commodore/Rear Admiral/Admiral George Dewey (3 January 1898 – 20 May 1899)
 * Commodore/Rear Admiral Albert S. Barker ( 20 May 1899 – 20 June 1899)
 * Rear Admiral John C. Watson (20 June 1899 – 19 April 1900)
 * Rear Admiral George C. Remey (19 April 1900 – 1 March 1902)
 * Rear Admiral Frederick Rodgers (1 March 1902 – 29 October 1902)

title: Asiatic Squadron


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Oisín

Oisín, Osian, Ossian , or anglicized as Osheen  was regarded in legend as the greatest poet of Ireland, a warrior of the Fianna in the Ossianic or Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology. He is the demigod son of Fionn mac Cumhaill and of Sadhbh (daughter of Bodb Dearg), and is the narrator of much of the cycle and composition of the poems are attributed to him.

Legends
His name literally means "young deer" or fawn, and the story is told that his mother, Sadhbh, was turned into a deer by a druid, Fear Doirche (or Fer Doirich). A young hunter named Fionn caught Sadhbh, but did not kill her, and she returned to human form. Fionn gave up hunting and fighting to settle down with Sadhbh, and she was soon pregnant, but Fer Doirich turned her back into a deer and she returned to the wild. Seven years later Fionn found his child, naked, on Benbulbin. Other stories have Oisín meet Fionn for the first time as an adult and contend over a roasting pig before they recognise each other.

In Oisín in Tir na nÓg, his most famous echtra or adventure tale, he is visited by a fairy woman called Niamh Chinn Óir (Niamh of the Golden Hair or Head, one of the daughters of Manannán mac Lir, a god of the sea). Niamh's father turned her head into a pig's head because of a prophecy. She tells this to Oisín and informs him she would return to her original form if he marries her. He agrees and they return to Tir na nÓg ("the land of the young", also referred to as Tir Tairngire, "the land of promise") where Oisín becomes king. Their union produces Oisín's famous son, Oscar, and a daughter, Plor na mBan ("Flower of Women"), as well as a second son, Finn. After what seems to him to be three years but in fact was 300 years, Oisín decides to return to Ireland to see his old comrades the Fianna. One tale describes him coming to Ballinskelligs Bay, not far from Ballaghisheen, where he fell off his horse while trying to help move a large stone. Niamh had given him her white horse Embarr and warned him not to dismount because if his feet touched the ground, those 300 years would catch up with him and he would become old and withered. Another legend has Oisín returning to the hill of Almu, Fionn's home, abandoned and in disrepair. Later, while trying to help some men who were building a road in Gleann na Smól lift a stone out of the way onto a wagon, his girth breaks and he falls to the ground, becoming an old man just as Niamh had forewarned. The horse returns to Tir na nÓg. In some versions of the story, just before he dies Oisín is visited by Saint Patrick. Oisín tells Saint Patrick the stories of the Fianna and shortly after he dies.

The interaction between St. Patrick and Oisín has also been said to be more complicated. It is said that they were both angered by their differences. St. Patrick attempted to convert Oisín, but Oisín hated St. Patrick's teachings. One of the stories of the two involves Oisín fighting a bull for St. Patrick. Oisín kills the bull and when St. Patrick comes to see how the results of the fight, Oisín is asleep in the bull's hide. In return for killing the bull, Oisín asks to be buried facing the east on Slieve Gullion, Co. Armagh. It is said that he was buried in the bull's hide on Curran Mountain near Manorhamiltion.

In the tale Acallam na Senórach (Tales of the Elders), Oisín and his comrade Caílte mac Rónáin survived to the time of Saint Patrick and told the saint the stories of the Fianna. This is the source of William Butler Yeats's poem The Wanderings of Oisin. In different versions of the story Oisín either defends the Druid faith, or converts to Christianity.

The location of the grave site of Oisín is disputed. It is rumoured to be in Glenalmond in Perth, Scotland. Wordsworth wrote a poem on the subject entitled "Glen-Almain, the Narrow Glen". Others say it is located in the Nine Glens of Antrim at a site that has been known for generations as "Oisín's Grave". The megalithic court cairn is located on a hillside in Lubitavish, near the Glenann River, outside the village of Cushendall on the North Antrim Coast, and is believed to be the ancient burial place of Oísín.

Macpherson's Ossian
Ossian, the narrator and purported author of a series of poems published by James Macpherson in the 1760s, is based on Oisín. Macpherson claimed to have translated his poems from ancient sources in the Scottish Gaelic language. Macpherson's poems had widespread influence on many writers including Goethe and the young Walter Scott, although their authenticity was widely disputed. Modern scholars have demonstrated that Macpherson based his poems on authentic Gaelic ballads, but had adapted them to contemporary sensibilities by altering the original characters and ideas and introduced a great deal of his own.

Cultural references

 * Oisín is a minor character in The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne from the Fenian cycle of stories.
 * The poem "Ogum i llia lia uas lecht" in the Book of Leinster is ascribed to Oisín.
 * Oisín, along with St. Patrick, is the main character of William Butler Yeats's epic poem The Wanderings of Oisin. He is also mentioned in Yeats's poem The Circus Animals' Desertion.
 * Tír na nÓg is the name given to a large white horse in the Mike Newell film Into the West. In the story, Grandfather Reilly is followed to Dublin by this white horse, and gives it to his grandsons, Ossie (Oisín) and Tito. Grandfather tells them the horse is called "Tír na nÓg" and relates a version of the story of Oisín going to Tír na nÓg, the mythical Otherworld. As the family are Irish Travellers, Oisín is referred to in the grandfather's account as "the most handsome traveller who ever lived" rather than as the fenian character of legend.
 * In Shadowmagic, a novel and podiobook by John Lenahan, Oisín is the king of Tír na nÓg and the father of Connor, the lead character.
 * Oisin is a mentor of the main character that appears in the "David Sullivan series" of modern fantasy novels written by Tom Deitz.
 * Oisin appears in Italian comic books fighting alongside Zagor.
 * The 1981 animated short film Faeries, directed by Lee Mishkin with animation direction by Fred Hellmich, is a retelling of the Oisin myth, incorporating elements from the 1978 book Faeries, described and illustrated by Brian Froud and Alan Lee.
 * The song "Pearl" by Sounds From the Ground contains vocals of an Irish girl recounting the old Irish myth of Oisin.
 * The Japanese tactical role-playing game Fire Emblem: Thracia 776 has a character named Osian that serves under a troupe called the Fiana Freeblades.
 * The short story "Patrick of the Bells" by Irish-American author Herminie Templeton Kavanagh features a retelling of the legendary meeting of Oisín (here spelled "Ossian" as in Macpherson's writings) and St. Patrick, first published in McClure's magazine's December 1907 issue and later included in her 1926 collection of stories The Ashes of Old Wishes and Other Darby O'Gill Tales. Here, after a series of unsuccessful attempts to convert Ossian, who is still devoted to the long-dead Fianna even after being told they aren't in Heaven, St. Patrick turns to prayer and learns that Heaven was conquered by Ossian's undying loyalty for his comrades. As a result, the souls of the Fianna are brought back temporarily so St. Patrick can baptize them and save them from damnation, and this finally converts Ossian, who passes away just in time for his soul to be baptized as well and is thereafter buried by St. Patrick.

Use in genetics

 * In Blood of the Isles, Bryan Sykes gives the populations associated with Y-DNA Haplogroup R1b the name "Oisín" for a clan patriarch, much as he did for mitochondrial haplogroups in his work The Seven Daughters of Eve.

title: Oisín


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Holnest

Holnest is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England. It lies in the Blackmore Vale 4 mi south of Sherborne. It is a scattered village, sited on Oxford clay which is drained by a small stream called The Cam. The A352 main road passes through the village. Dorset County Council's 2013 mid-year estimate of the population of the parish is 220. In the 2011 national census the population of Holnest parish combined with the small parish of Lillington to the north was 342; figures have so far not been published for Holnest parish alone.

Holnest parish church stands behind a wall and large gates close to the main road. The gates are the result of a mausoleum which used to stand in the churchyard. This had been built in 1872 by John Samuel Wanley Sawbridge Erle-Drax as part of his preparations for his own funeral, but no provision was made for its upkeep and after his death and interment in 1887 it fell into disrepair and was later demolished. A description of the building was given in 1906 by Sir Frederick Treves, who said it was "almost as large as the humble church" and "a gaudy building, in the Byzantine style, made up of grey and yellow stone, worried by much carving and enlivened by highly polished granite pillars. The rounded roof, which to be consistent should be of corrugated iron, is of lead.".

The church, dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, dates largely to the 14th and 15th centuries. Largely left untouched by the Victorian restorers, it contains a number of interesting features, including a Jacobean pulpit, rare examples of Georgian box pews with curved candle sconces above, an original medieval barrel-vaulted roof in the south aisle. In June 2016, the Friends of Holnest Church was set up to support the Parochial Church Council in their efforts to maintain and restore the building and its grounds. In October 2016, author and historian, Adrian Tinniswood, was announced as their patron.

Holnest Park House is an 18th-century listed building which has more recently been divided into flats. It was badly damaged by a fire in 2010.

title: Holnest


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Napier Shaw

Sir William Napier Shaw (4 March 1854 – 23 March 1945) was a British meteorologist. He introduced the tephigram, a diagram for evaluating convective instability in the atmosphere. He also served as president of the International Meteorological Committee and Royal Meteorological Society.

Biography
Shaw was born at 84 Vyse Street in Birmingham the son of Charles Thomas Shaw, a goldsmith and jeweller, and his wife, Kezia Lauden. He was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham.

He studied at Cambridge University graduating MA in 1876, then at the University of Berlin in Berlin.

Returning to Britain he began as a Demonstrator in Physics at the Cavendish Laboratory linked to Cambridge University in 1879. In 1887 he began lecturing in Experimental Physics. In 1898 he became Assistant Director of the Cavendish Laboratory.

In 1891, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

In 1900 he became Secretary of the Meteorological Council. From 1905 to 1907 he was Director of the Meteorological Office. In 1907 he became the first Professor of Meteorology at Imperial College, London.

In 1911 he served as President of the International Meteorological Committee, forerunner of the World Meteorological Organization. In 1915, he developed the tephigram. He was knighted by King George V later that year.

He was President of the Royal Meteorological Society 1918/19. In 1933 he was elected an honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

Shaw also studied air pollution, and was the first to study and discuss smog and look at its health problems. In 1925, he co-authored the book The Smoke Problem of Great Cities with John Switzer Owens.

Shaw retired in 1924 aged 70 and died in London aged 91.

Family
In 1885 he married Sarah Jane Dugdale Harland (d.1923). They had no children.

Publications

 * Practical Physics (1893)
 * Forecasting Weather (1911)
 * Articles on "Dew", "Fog","Squall" and "Sunshine" in the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)
 * The Smoke Problem of Great Cities (1925)
 * Manual of Meteorology (1926) plus several later editions

Honours and awards

 * 1910: He was awarded the Symons Gold Medal of the Royal Meteorological Society
 * 1923: He was awarded a Royal Medal by the Royal Society.
 * 1924: He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Toronto.

title: Napier Shaw


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Ranrike

Ranrike (Old Norse Ránríki) was the old name for a part of Viken, corresponding to southeast Norway (Oslofjord area) and the northern half of the modern Swedish (Norwegian until 1658) province of Bohuslän (roughly identical with Álfheimr of Scandinavian mythology). When folklore and culture is concerned the usage has been revived to refer to northern Bohuslän.

Etymology
The name Ranrike is sometimes said to have derived its name from Old Norse goddess of the sea, Rán. There is no clear etymology of Rán. As the Indo-Europeans did not have a word for 'sea', it may not be Indo-European, in which case it would be older than the Nordics in the region. Jordanes does give us a terminus ante quem for the use of Ragnaricii/Ranii: One king, Rodwulf of the Ranii (identified by some with Ranrike), had left his kingdom to join Theodoric the Great in Ravenna.

There is a possible parallel in the name Hålogaland, if the name means "sacred land" or "land of the sacred". In any case, the position of Ragnaricii next to Raumaricii (Romerike) indicates that it is probably the same as Ranrike, believed to be named after the goddess of the sea, Rán (Ran-riki, "reich of Ran or, as sometimes translitterated in 19th century sources, Rån"). Another parallel supports this derivation: Pliny the Elder's Saevo mountain range, probably meaning "sea land", refers in part to Ranrike (see under Scandinavia). Moreover, Rán is the name of a dangerous goddess, who raises storms at sea and collects the drowned in her net. Such a name support the "dangerous island" etymology of Scandinavia. However, there is no conclusive evidence for any particular interpretation.

Jordanes
The Gothic scholar Jordanes mentions two peoples named the Aeragnaricii (3.23) and the Ranii (3.24) who lived in Scandza (Scandinavia). Aeragnaricii appears in series. It is usually interpreted as a scribal error for *ac ragnaricii, "and the Ragnaricii". The latter word is easily open to translation, coming from two segments, riki "kingdom" and ragna "of the rulers", meaning the gods (see under Ragnarök). Both words come from Indo-European *reg-, "rule".

Heimskringla
In his Heimskringla, Snorri Sturluson relates how it first accepted the Swedish king Erik Emundsson as its ruler, only to be punished by the Norwegian king Harald Fairhair who spent a winter terrorizing the province from the sea.

title: Ranrike


text:
Hyperforin

Hyperforin is a phytochemical produced by some of the members of the plant genus Hypericum, notably Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort). Hyperforin may be involved in the pharmacological effects of St. John's wort, specifically in its antidepressant effects.

Occurrence
Hyperforin has only been found in significant amounts in Hypericum perforatum with other related species such as Hypericum calycinum containing lower levels of the phytochemical. It accumulates in oil glands, pistils, and fruits, probably as a plant defensive compound. The first natural extractions were done with ethanol and afforded a 7:1 yield of crude extract to phytochemical however, this technique produced a mixture of hyperforin and adhyperforin. The extraction technique has since been modernized using lipophilic liquid CO2 extraction to afford a 3:1 crude to phytochemical extraction which is then further purified away from adhyperforin. This CO2 extraction is rather tricky still because typical 'supercritical' conditions extract less material whereas anything over 40 °C (100 °F) will degrade hyperforin. Other Hypericum species contain low amounts of hyperforin.

Chemistry
Hyperforin is a prenylated phloroglucinol derivative and is a member of the Polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol family, also known as the PPAP family. Hyperforin is a unique PPAP because it consists of a C8 quaternary stereocenter which was a synthetic challenge unlike other PPAP synthetic targets. The structure of hyperforin was elucidated by a research group from the Shemyakin Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry (USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow) and published in 1975. A total synthesis of the non-natural hyperforin enantiomer was reported in 2010 which required approximately 50 synthetic transformations. In 2010, an enantioselective total synthesis of the correct enantiomer was disclosed. The retrosynthetic analysis was inspired by hyperforin's structural symmetry and biosynthetic pathway. The synthetic route undertaken generated a prostereogenic intermediate which then established the synthetically challenging C8 stereocenter and facilitated the stereochemical outcomes for the remainder of the synthesis.

Hyperforin is unstable in the presence of light and oxygen. Frequent oxidized forms contain a C3 to C9 hemiketal/heterocyclic bridge or will form furan/pyran derivatives.

Pharmacokinetics
Some pharmacokinetic data on hyperforin is available for an extract containing 5% hyperforin. Maximal plasma levels (Cmax) in human volunteers were reached 3–4 hours after administration of an extract containing 14.8 mg hyperforin. Biological half-life (t1/2) and mean residence time were 9 hours and 12 hours, respectively, with an estimated steady state plasma concentration of 100 ng/mL (approx. 180 nM) for 3 doses per day. Linear plasma concentrations were observed within a normal dosage range and no accumulation occurred.

In healthy male volunteers, 612 mg dry extract of St. John's wort produced hyperforin pharmacokinetics characterised by a half life of 19.64 hours.

Pharmacodynamics
Hyperforin may be a constituent responsible for the antidepressant and anxiolytic properties of the extracts of St. John's wort. In vitro, it acted as a reuptake inhibitor of monoamines (MRI), including serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and of GABA and glutamate, with IC50 values of 0.05-0.10 μg/mL for all compounds, with the exception of glutamate, which is in the 0.5 μg/mL range. In other laboratory studies, hyperforin induced cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 by binding to and activating the pregnane X receptor.

Hyperforin Biosynthesis
Hyperforin is a polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol (PPAP) derivative with a pholoroisobutyrophenone bicyclic core. Isobutryl-CoA (17) has been determined to be one of the initial primary metabolite starter molecules in the biosynthesis of the hyperforin core structure. Isobutryl-CoA is derived from an a-ketoisovalerate intermediate (15). The bicyclic structure suggests that it has elements of meroterpenoid origin. The nucleus of hyperforin is formed in a sequence condensation of one molecule of isobutyryl-CoA and three molecules of malonyl-CoA, both catalyzed by Isobutyrophenone synthase. Type III PKS enzymes will catalyze the decarboxylative condensation of enzyme active sites to generate scaffolding.

These enzymes preferred a different substrate and did not produce identical products. The cell-free extracts from the cell cultures were incubated with isobutyryl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, phlorisobutyrophenone was formed (18). The enzymatic reaction was identified as BUS. PIVP is a similar function of enzyme in glandular hairs of hop cones. Two acylphloroglucinoal cores PICP and PIBP formed are formed by claisen condensation but will differ in substrate and enzyme specificities. PIVP will use isovaleryl-CoA in the presence of an enzyme VSP, and PIBP will use isobutyryl-CoA in the presence of bus resulting in the production of adhyperforin and hyperforin.

However, hyperforin is an easily degradable compound highly sensitive to heat and light in its powder form or within a solution, making it difficult to determine a true synthesis route for hyperforin making this synthesis route a possible route.

Antidepressant research
Two meta-analyses of preliminary clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of St. John's wort for treating mild-to-moderate depression indicated a response similar to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and with better tolerance, although the long-term generalization of study results was limited by the short duration (4–12 weeks) of reviewed studies.

title: Hyperforin


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Holt, Dorset

Holt is a village in east Dorset, England, 2 mi north of Wimborne Minster. The village had a population of 1,265 in 2001. The electoral ward of the same name had a population of 2,286 at the 2011 census. It also includes Hinton Martell and Horton.

Holt gives its name to Holt Heath, a nearby large heathland common, owned by the National Trust and designated as a national nature reserve.

The village has a football team called Holt United which plays in the Dorset Premier League.

According to the 1901 UK census, Lieutenant-General John Plumptre Carr Glyn KCB, who had fought in the Crimean War, the Anglo-Ashanti War and the Anglo-Zulu War retired to Holt with his wife Belgian born Ellen.

Holt also boasts two popular community halls, Holt Parish Hall (built in 1935) and Holt Village Hall (the former School built in the 1840s).

Governance
In the UK national parliament, Holt is within the North Dorset parliamentary constituency.

After 2019 structural changes to local government in England, Holt is part of the Stour and Allen Vale ward which elects 1 member to Dorset Council.

title: Holt, Dorset


text:
User talk:Emdec

Welcome
Hello,, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~ . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

Again, welcome! —Plato

Mumbles - Swansea Railway
I've reverted Rail transport in Great Britain. I think you would be better putting your link into History of rail transport in Great Britain or just possibly Rail transport in Great Britain. I do not think it should be elevated to the second sentence of the article. --Tagishsimon

 * I charged you with vandalism when I saw the edit with "first railway, 1907". Later you changed that to 1807. The rest of my comment remains: the fact that the first passenger railway charter was given in 1807 is not imo so noteworthy as to be the second sentence in the article. If you do not like edits being reverted, and if you do not like questions of vandalism being raised when you enter bogus information like the 1907 factoid, then, well... Meanwhile, please remember to sign your posts on talk pages; thank you. --Tagishsimon

 * It is significant. It is not so significant that it justifies the second sentence in the Rail transport in Great Britain article, is all. And at the point that I looked at it and saw the nonsense 1907 date, it looked like vandalism. I took the trouble to explain my concerns on your talk page and to suggest other places that you could post the fact. Calm down; you appear to be about as abraisive as me, and thus this is merely the pot calling the kettle black. And, for the record, I've done many more edits on that page than you, and thus, sadly, could be termed a railway enthusiast. --Tagishsimon

 * Phew. --Tagishsimon

I agree with the comment about the positioning, but that was a bit of a harsh response. However, as a consequence I've updated the article that was linked to (and given it what I thought was a more appropriate name, together with a couple of redirects should people attempt to search for it with other names) and added it to the Timeline of railway history. Plus, it will help me with my task of documenting the Industrial Revolution in a more comprehensive manner. Thanks for creating the article, which was a big gap to be filled! [[User:Noisy|Noisy | Talk]] 19:42, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ways to improve FOYD - Friends of the Young Disabled
Hi, I'm Abhishek191288. Emdec, thanks for creating FOYD - Friends of the Young Disabled!

I've just tagged the page, using our page curation tools, as having some issues to fix. Please add some secondary, reliable and verifiable sources to the article for verification.

The tags can be removed by you or another editor once the issues they mention are addressed. If you have questions, you can leave a comment on my talk page. Or, for more editing help, talk to the volunteers at the Teahouse. —  Abhishek  Talk 17:05, 5 May 2014 (UTC)

I have added three references. Hope this is ok. Emdec (talk) 17:49, 5 May 2014 (UTC)

May 2014
Thank you for your contributions. Please mark your edits, such as your recent edits to Friends of the Young Disabled, as "minor" only if they are minor edits. In accordance with Help:Minor edit, a minor edit is one that the editor believes requires no review and could never be the subject of a dispute. Minor edits consist of things such as typographical corrections, formatting changes or rearrangement of text without modification of content. Additionally, the reversion of clear-cut vandalism and test edits may be labeled "minor". Thank you. —  Abhishek  Talk 18:04, 5 May 2014 (UTC)

Sorry - finger trouble or maybe brain trouble. Age does not come alone! Emdec (talk) 18:10, 5 May 2014 (UTC)

The 10,000 Challenge
Hi, at The 10,000 Challenge we're striving to bring about 10,000 article improvements and creations for the UK and Ireland and inspire others to create more content. In order to achieve this we need diversity of content, in all parts of the UK and Ireland on all topics. Eventually a regional contest will be held for all parts of the British Isles, like they were for Wales and the Wedt Country. We currently have just over 1900 articles and need contributors! If you think you'd be interested in collaborating on this and helping reach the target quicker, please sign up and begin listing your entries there as soon as possible! Thanks.♦ --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:40, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

Europe 10,000 Challenge invite
Hi. The WikiProject Europe/The 10,000 Challenge has recently started, based on the UK/Ireland The 10,000 Challenge. The idea is not to record every minor edit, but to create a momentum to motivate editors to produce good content improvements and creations and inspire people to work on more countries than they might otherwise work on. There's also the possibility of establishing smaller country or regional challenges for places like Germany, Italy, the Benelux countries, Iberian Peninsula, Romania, Slovenia etc, much like The 1000 Challenge (Nordic). For this to really work we need diversity and exciting content and editors from a broad range of countries regularly contributing. If you would like to see masses of articles being improved for Europe and your specialist country like WikiProject Africa/The Africa Destubathon, sign up today and once the challenge starts a contest can be organized. This is a way we can target every country of Europe, and steadily vastly improve the encyclopedia. We need numbers to make this work so consider signing up as a participant and also sign under any country sub challenge on the page that you might contribute to! Thank you. -- Ser Amantio di Nicolao Che dicono a Signa?Lo dicono a Signa. 05:58, 6 November 2016 (UTC)

WikiProject Women in Red/The World Contest
Hi. This month The Women in Red World Contest is being held to try to produce new articles for as many countries worldwide and occupations as possible. There is over £3000 in prizes to win, including Amazon vouchers and paid subscriptions. Wikimedia UK is putting up £250 specifically for editors who produce the most quality new women bios for British women, with special consideration given to missing notable biographies from the Oxford Dictionary of Biography and Welsh Dictionary of Biography. If you're not interested in prize money yourself but are willing to participate independently this is also fine, but please add any articles created to the bottom of the main contest page even if not competing. Your participation in the contest and contributing articles on British women from your area or wherever would we much appreciated. Thanks.

Proposed deletion of Friends of the Young Disabled

The article Friends of the Young Disabled has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No evidence of independent notability. All the sources are primary. I can't see any secondary sources online to prove the charity is widely enough known to meet WP:NONPROFIT."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Sionk (talk) 19:21, 11 February 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Emdec


text:
Aranmula Kannadi

Aranmula Kannadi, meaning the Aranmula mirror, is a handmade, metal-alloy, first surface mirror made in Aranmula, a small town in Pathanamthitta in the state of Kerala, India.

Description
Unlike normal "silvered" glass mirrors, it is a metal-alloy mirror or first surface mirror or front surface reflection mirror, which eliminates secondary reflections and aberrations typical of back surface mirrors. They are produced by one extended family in Aranmula. The exact metals used in the alloy are maintained as family secrets; metallurgists suggest that the alloy is a mix of copper and tin, so a type of speculum metal, counting as a bronze mirror. It is polished for several days to achieve the mirror's reflective surface. The polishing is done using an abrasive paste made by mixing rice bran with oil extracted from seeds of maroṭṭi (Hydnocarpus pentandrus).

Cultural significance
The origins of the Aranmula kannadi are linked to Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple. According to legend, centuries ago the royal chief brought eight families of temple artisans and craftsmen from Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu to Aranmula to create the mirrors in the temple.

These unique mirrors are the result of then Kerala's rich cultural and metallurgical traditions. They have great historical and cultural value, and are thought to bring good luck. The mirrors are considered one of the eight auspicious items or "ashtamangalyam" used in the entry of a bride at a wedding venue. Chief minister of Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan presented an Aranmula mirror to King Hamad of Bahrain during a visit there in 2017.

The British Museum in London has an Aranmula mirror 45 centimeters tall in its collection. The mirrors received a geographical indication (GI) tag in 2004-05.

title: Aranmula Kannadi


text:
Holwell

Holwell may refer to:

Places

 * Holwell, Dorset
 * Holwell, Hertfordshire (formerly in Bedfordshire)
 * Holwell, Leicestershire
 * Holwell, Oxfordshire
 * Holwell, Somerset
 * Holwell, Tasmania

Other uses

 * Holwell (surname)

title: Holwell


text: File:Kult interface.png

title: File:Kult interface.png


text:
Holwell, Dorset

Holwell is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England, situated approximately 5 mi south-east of Sherborne. It is sited on Oxford clay in the Blackmore Vale. Its name derives from the Old English hol and walu, meaning a bank or ridge in a hollow. The parish includes the hamlets of Sandhills, Westrow, Barnes Cross, The Borough, and Woodbridge. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 369 and is part of the Cam Vale electoral ward. Until 1844 Holwell was an exclave of Somerset, being part of the parish of Milborne Port.

Holwell parish church is situated with a few houses at the end of a cul-de-sac in a small settlement called The Borough. This is the original medieval part of the village, sited next to the Caundle Brook in the north of the parish. Secondary settlements were established later to the south, east and west; these were outside The Borough's open field system and had their own enclosures. The most southerly part of the parish was enclosed in 1797. The church, dedicated to St Lawrence, largely dates from the late 15th century, though it was restored in 1885. The biblical scholar Henry Adeney Redpath was rector at Holwell between 1883 and 1890.

A short distance north of the church the Caundle Brook is crossed by a packhorse bridge, probably of medieval origin. About 0.5 mi to the west and also crossing the Caundle Brook is Cornford Bridge, dating from the 15th and 18th centuries and designated a grade II* listed building and a scheduled monument. Also grade II* listed is Naish Farm, situated approximately 0.5 mi southeast of The Borough and a good example of a medieval domestic farmhouse.

At Barnes Cross—between The Borough and Cornford Bridge—is a pillar box which is the oldest still in everyday use in Britain. It is hexagonal with a vertical letter slot and was made between 1853 and 1856 by the Gloucester firm John N. Butt & Co. It is also grade II* listed.

title: Holwell, Dorset


text:
Category:Mood stabilizers

 * Note: If you add an article to this category, please consider adding it to Mood disorders

title: Category:Mood stabilizers


text:
Penshurst

Penshurst is a historic village and civil parish located in a valley upon the northern slopes of the Kentish Weald, at the confluence of the River Medway and the River Eden, within the Sevenoaks district of Kent, England.

The village is situated between the market town of Tonbridge and the spa town of Royal Tunbridge Wells, some 6 mi south of Sevenoaks. Penshurst and its neighbouring village, Fordcombe, recorded a combined population of some 1,628 at the 2011 Census.

The majority of the parish falls within the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and the village is itself a conservation zone, with controls on the landscape ensuring the protection of its woodland and fields. There are several listed buildings in the village.

The village is the home of two historic estates. Penshurst Place, formerly owned by King Henry VIII, sits at the centre of the village in the valley, while Swaylands is situated at the top of Rogues Hill on the outskirts of the village.

History
The village grew up around Penshurst Place, the ancestral home of the Sidney family. There are many Tudor-looking buildings in the village, although some are Victorian. Henry Stafford the first Baron Stafford was born here in 1501.

The Leicester Arms, once part of the Penshurst Estate, was owned by Sir William Sidney, grandfather of poet and statesman Sir Philip Sidney. His other grandson, the Viscount De L’isle, was appointed Earl of Leicester in 1618 and it was shortly after this that The Leicester Arms, formerly known as The Porcupine, was renamed in his honour. The pub and hotel is now owned privately.

Penshurst railway station, on the Tonbridge to Redhill railway line, is some 2 mi north of the village, at the hamlet of Chiddingstone Causeway. Penshurst Airfield was located close to the station, but within the parish of Leigh. It opened in 1916 as a military airfield, and served as a civil airfield from 1919-36. It was reopened as RAF Penshurst in 1940, and closed in 1946. To the south of the village, within the parish, are the settlements of Saint's Hill and Smart's Hill.

Penshurst Place

Penshurst Place is a 14th century manor house built in 1341. The 2,500 acre estate, once the property of King Henry VIII, was left to his son King Edward VI and granted to Sir William Sidney in 1552. The Sidney family have been in continuous occupation for more than 460 years since. The house and its extensive gardens are now open to the public. The historic banqueting hall at Penshurst Place has been used as a filming location for many Hollywood films, including The Secret Garden and The Other Boleyn Girl, as well as the BBC television series Merlin and Wolf Hall. The ancient historic parkland provides scenic walks to many visitors each year, contributing significantly to Penshurst's tourism industry. The two walking trails across the estate - the Parkland and the Riverside Walks, both take in part of the Eden Valley walk. With over 7 miles of the Rivers Medway and Eden flowing through the Estate, and several lakes, both game and coarse fishing are popular at Penshurst Place.

St John the Baptist Church

The parish church, dedicated to St John the Baptist, is one of the two churches in the civil parish. The Grade I listed church houses many memorials and tombs, including those of a Viceroy of India, two Field Marshals and two winners of the Victoria Cross.

Notable residents

 * The Sidney family of Penshurst Place, including
 * Sir Philip Sidney (1554–1586), poet, courtier, scholar, and soldier of the Elizabethan era
 * William Sidney, 1st Viscount De L'Isle (1909–1991), Governor-General of Australia
 * The Hardinge family, including
 * Field Marshal Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge (1785–1856), British Army officer and politician
 * Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst (1858–1944), Viceroy of India
 * Frances Hardinge (b 1973), author
 * Arthur Henry Dallimore (b 1873), New Zealand Pentecostal minister and British-Israelite
 * George Drummond of Drummonds Bank
 * Sandy Gall, a former ITN newscaster

title: Penshurst


text:
Alexander Cordell

Alexander Cordell (9 September 1914 – c. 9 July 1997) was the pen name of George Alexander Graber. He was a prolific Welsh novelist and author of 30 acclaimed works which include, Rape of the Fair Country, Hosts of Rebecca and Song of the Earth.

Personal history
Cordell was born in Ceylon in 1914 to an English family. He was educated mainly in China and joined the British Army at age 18 in 1932. A major in the Royal Artillery, he retired from the British Army to civilian life as a quantity surveyor for the War Office and moved to Abergavenny with his wife Rosina and daughter, Georgina. It was from here that his obvious love for Wales began to grow; in later life he referred in his writings to his mother being from the Rhondda.

Cordell left Wales for spells in Hong Kong and the Isle of Man. Yet he kept coming back to Wales. He settled at various times in Abergavenny, Chepstow, Milford Haven and Wrexham.

At the time of his death, Cordell lived on Railway Road in Stansty near Wrexham. He collapsed and died while walking near the Horseshoe Pass in Denbighshire. He died of natural causes. He is buried at Llanfoist near Abergavenny. The Cordell Country Inn, formerly The Royal oak , above Govilon, between Blaenavon and Abergavenny was renamed after him. It has now become a private house and is not open to the public.

Writing career
Some of his most famous works— Rape of the Fair Country (1959), Hosts of Rebecca (1960) and Song of the Earth (1969)—form the first part of the "Mortymer Saga", and are part of a series of Cordell novels that portray the turbulent history of early industrial Wales. Faithful to historical fact, he presents events like the birth of trade unionism and rise of the Chartist movement and the Newport Rising.

The Mortymer Saga is the story of the Mortymer family, commencing in 1826, and tells of the trials of several generations of the family, set against the background of the coal mining and iron industries. In 1985, at the suggestion of a fellow South Wales author, Chris Barber, Cordell wrote a prelude to the original trilogy, This Proud and Savage Land, which starts in 1800 and tells the story of 16-year-old Hywel Mortymer, who comes from rural Mid-Wales to work in the coal mines and ironworks of the industrial South Wales valleys, owned by early ironmasters and coalowners. It ends with the birth of his son Iestyn, with which the next book commences. Cordell continued the Mortymer Saga into the 1990s with yet another trilogy, starting with Beloved Exile (1992), then followed with Land of Heart's Desire (1994) and The Love that God Forgot (1995) which concludes the story of the Mortymers at the turn of the century in 1900.

In 1963 he published The Race of the Tiger, a novel the O'Haras, an Irish clan who in the mid-19th century emigrate to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, to work in the booming iron and steel industry.

In 1972, Cordell began what is referred to by his readers as his second Welsh trilogy. This began with The Fire People, set in Merthyr Tydfil against the background of the 1831 Merthyr Rising, for which Cordell did considerable research. An appendix to the book presents evidence suggesting that Richard Lewis, known as Dic Penderyn, may have been unjustly condemned to be hanged, for which he has become known as the first Welsh working-class martyr. The trilogy continued with Cordell's 1977 work, This Sweet and Bitter Earth, describing the slate quarries of North Wales in 1900, and later the Rhondda Valley coal mining industry, as seen through the eyes of Toby Davis. This second trilogy concluded in 1983 with Land of My Fathers which deals with both copper mining on the island of Anglesey and the iron foundries of Dowlais between 1838 and 1861 through the eyes of the character of Taliesin Roberts.

title: Alexander Cordell


text:
Protein sequencing

Protein sequencing is the practical process of determining the amino acid sequence of all or part of a protein or peptide. This may serve to identify the protein or characterize its post-translational modifications. Typically, partial sequencing of a protein provides sufficient information (one or more sequence tags) to identify it with reference to databases of protein sequences derived from the conceptual translation of genes. The two major direct methods of protein sequencing are mass spectrometry and Edman degradation using a protein sequenator (sequencer). Mass spectrometry methods are now the most widely used for protein sequencing and identification but Edman degradation remains a valuable tool for characterizing a protein's N-terminus.

Determining amino acid composition
It is often desirable to know the unordered amino acid composition of a protein prior to attempting to find the ordered sequence, as this knowledge can be used to facilitate the discovery of errors in the sequencing process or to distinguish between ambiguous results. Knowledge of the frequency of certain amino acids may also be used to choose which protease to use for digestion of the protein. The misincorporation of low levels of non-standard amino acids (e.g. norleucine) into proteins may also be determined. A generalized method often referred to as amino acid analysis for determining amino acid frequency is as follows:
 * 1) Hydrolyse a known quantity of protein into its constituent amino acids.
 * 2) Separate and quantify the amino acids in some way.

Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is done by heating a sample of the protein in 6 M hydrochloric acid to 100–110 °C for 24 hours or longer. Proteins with many bulky hydrophobic groups may require longer heating periods. However, these conditions are so vigorous that some amino acids (serine, threonine, tyrosine, tryptophan, glutamine, and cysteine) are degraded. To circumvent this problem, Biochemistry Online suggests heating separate samples for different times, analysing each resulting solution, and extrapolating back to zero hydrolysis time. Rastall suggests a variety of reagents to prevent or reduce degradation, such as thiol reagents or phenol to protect tryptophan and tyrosine from attack by chlorine, and pre-oxidising cysteine. He also suggests measuring the quantity of ammonia evolved to determine the extent of amide hydrolysis.

Separation and quantitation
The amino acids can be separated by ion-exchange chromatography then derivatized to facilitate their detection. More commonly, the amino acids are derivatized then resolved by reversed phase HPLC.

An example of the ion-exchange chromatography is given by the NTRC using sulfonated polystyrene as a matrix, adding the amino acids in acid solution and passing a buffer of steadily increasing pH through the column. Amino acids are eluted when the pH reaches their respective isoelectric points. Once the amino acids have been separated, their respective quantities are determined by adding a reagent that will form a coloured derivative. If the amounts of amino acids are in excess of 10 nmol, ninhydrin can be used for this; it gives a yellow colour when reacted with proline, and a vivid purple with other amino acids. The concentration of amino acid is proportional to the absorbance of the resulting solution. With very small quantities, down to 10 pmol, fluorescent derivatives can be formed using reagents such as ortho-phthaldehyde (OPA) or fluorescamine.

Pre-column derivatization may use the Edman reagent to produce a derivative that is detected by UV light. Greater sensitivity is achieved using a reagent that generates a fluorescent derivative. The derivatized amino acids are subjected to reversed phase chromatography, typically using a C8 or C18 silica column and an optimised elution gradient. The eluting amino acids are detected using a UV or fluorescence detector and the peak areas compared with those for derivatised standards in order to quantify each amino acid in the sample.

N-terminal amino acid analysis
Determining which amino acid forms the N-terminus of a peptide chain is useful for two reasons: to aid the ordering of individual peptide fragments' sequences into a whole chain, and because the first round of Edman degradation is often contaminated by impurities and therefore does not give an accurate determination of the N-terminal amino acid. A generalised method for N-terminal amino acid analysis follows:
 * 1) React the peptide with a reagent that will selectively label the terminal amino acid.
 * 2) Hydrolyse the protein.
 * 3) Determine the amino acid by chromatography and comparison with standards.

There are many different reagents which can be used to label terminal amino acids. They all react with amine groups and will therefore also bind to amine groups in the side chains of amino acids such as lysine - for this reason it is necessary to be careful in interpreting chromatograms to ensure that the right spot is chosen. Two of the more common reagents are Sanger's reagent (1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) and dansyl derivatives such as dansyl chloride. Phenylisothiocyanate, the reagent for the Edman degradation, can also be used. The same questions apply here as in the determination of amino acid composition, with the exception that no stain is needed, as the reagents produce coloured derivatives and only qualitative analysis is required. So the amino acid does not have to be eluted from the chromatography column, just compared with a standard. Another consideration to take into account is that, since any amine groups will have reacted with the labelling reagent, ion exchange chromatography cannot be used, and thin-layer chromatography or high-pressure liquid chromatography should be used instead.

C-terminal amino acid analysis
The number of methods available for C-terminal amino acid analysis is much smaller than the number of available methods of N-terminal analysis. The most common method is to add carboxypeptidases to a solution of the protein, take samples at regular intervals, and determine the terminal amino acid by analysing a plot of amino acid concentrations against time. This method will be very useful in the case of polypeptides and protein-blocked N termini. C-terminal sequencing would greatly help in verifying the primary structures of proteins predicted from DNA sequences and to detect any posttranslational processing of gene products from known codon sequences.

Edman degradation
The Edman degradation is a very important reaction for protein sequencing, because it allows the ordered amino acid composition of a protein to be discovered. Automated Edman sequencers are now in widespread use, and are able to sequence peptides up to approximately 50 amino acids long. A reaction scheme for sequencing a protein by the Edman degradation follows; some of the steps are elaborated on subsequently.
 * 1) Break any disulfide bridges in the protein with a reducing agent like 2-mercaptoethanol. A protecting group such as iodoacetic acid may be necessary to prevent the bonds from re-forming.
 * 2) Separate and purify the individual chains of the protein complex, if there are more than one.
 * 3) Determine the amino acid composition of each chain.
 * 4) Determine the terminal amino acids of each chain.
 * 5) Break each chain into fragments under 50 amino acids long.
 * 6) Separate and purify the fragments.
 * 7) Determine the sequence of each fragment.
 * 8) Repeat with a different pattern of cleavage.
 * 9) Construct the sequence of the overall protein.

Digestion into peptide fragments
Peptides longer than about 50–70 amino acids long cannot be sequenced reliably by the Edman degradation. Because of this, long protein chains need to be broken up into small fragments that can then be sequenced individually. Digestion is done either by endopeptidases such as trypsin or pepsin or by chemical reagents such as cyanogen bromide. Different enzymes give different cleavage patterns, and the overlap between fragments can be used to construct an overall sequence.

Reaction
The peptide to be sequenced is adsorbed onto a solid surface. One common substrate is glass fibre coated with polybrene, a cationic polymer. The Edman reagent, phenylisothiocyanate (PITC), is added to the adsorbed peptide, together with a mildly basic buffer solution of 12% trimethylamine. This reacts with the amine group of the N-terminal amino acid.

The terminal amino acid can then be selectively detached by the addition of anhydrous acid. The derivative then isomerises to give a substituted phenylthiohydantoin, which can be washed off and identified by chromatography, and the cycle can be repeated. The efficiency of each step is about 98%, which allows about 50 amino acids to be reliably determined.

Protein sequencer
A protein sequenator is a machine that performs Edman degradation in an automated manner. A sample of the protein or peptide is immobilized in the reaction vessel of the protein sequenator and the Edman degradation is performed. Each cycle releases and derivatises one amino acid from the protein or peptide's N-terminus and the released amino-acid derivative is then identified by HPLC. The sequencing process is done repetitively for the whole polypeptide until the entire measurable sequence is established or for a pre-determined number of cycles.

Identification by mass spectrometry
Protein identification is the process of assigning a name to a protein of interest (POI), based on its amino-acid sequence. Typically, only part of the protein’s sequence needs to be determined experimentally in order to identify the protein with reference to databases of protein sequences deduced from the DNA sequences of their genes. Further protein characterization may include confirmation of the actual N- and C-termini of the POI, determination of sequence variants and identification of any post-translational modifications present.

Proteolytic digests
A general scheme for protein identification is described.
 * 1) The POI is isolated, typically by SDS-PAGE or chromatography.
 * 2) The isolated POI may be chemically modified to stabilise Cysteine residues (e.g. S-amidomethylation or S-carboxymethylation).
 * 3) The POI is digested with a specific protease to generate peptides. Trypsin, which cleaves selectively on the C-terminal side of Lysine or Arginine residues, is the most commonly used protease. Its advantages include i) the frequency of Lys and Arg residues in proteins, ii) the high specificity of the enzyme, iii) the stability of the enzyme and iv) the suitability of tryptic peptides for mass spectrometry.
 * 4) The peptides may be desalted to remove ionizable contaminants and subjected to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Direct measurement of the masses of the peptides may provide sufficient information to identify the protein (see Peptide mass fingerprinting) but further fragmentation of the peptides inside the mass spectrometer is often used to gain information about the peptides’ sequences. Alternatively, peptides may be desalted and separated by reversed phase HPLC and introduced into a mass spectrometer via an ESI source. LC-ESI-MS may provide more information than MALDI-MS for protein identification but uses more instrument time.
 * 5) Depending on the type of mass spectrometer, fragmentation of peptide ions may occur via a variety of mechanisms such as collision-induced dissociation (CID) or post-source decay (PSD). In each case, the pattern of fragment ions of a peptide provides information about its sequence.
 * 6) Information including the measured mass of the putative peptide ions and those of their fragment ions is then matched against calculated mass values from the conceptual (in-silico) proteolysis and fragmentation of databases of protein sequences. A successful match will be found if its score exceeds a threshold based on the analysis parameters. Even if the actual protein is not represented in the database, error-tolerant matching allows for the putative identification of a protein based on similarity to homologous proteins. A variety of software packages are available to perform this analysis.
 * 7) Software packages usually generate a report showing the identity (accession code) of each identified protein, its matching score, and provide a measure of the relative strength of the matching where multiple proteins are identified.
 * 8) A diagram of the matched peptides on the sequence of the identified protein is often used to show the sequence coverage (% of the protein detected as peptides). Where the POI is thought to be significantly smaller than the matched protein, the diagram may suggest whether the POI is an N- or C-terminal fragment of the identified protein.

De novo sequencing
The pattern of fragmentation of a peptide allows for direct determination of its sequence by de novo sequencing. This sequence may be used to match databases of protein sequences or to investigate post-translational or chemical modifications. It may provide additional evidence for protein identifications performed as above.

N- and C-termini
The peptides matched during protein identification do not necessarily include the N- or C-termini predicted for the matched protein. This may result from the N- or C-terminal peptides being difficult to identify by MS (e.g. being either too short or too long), being post-translationally modified (e.g. N-terminal acetylation) or genuinely differing from the prediction. Post-translational modifications or truncated termini may be identified by closer examination of the data (i.e. de novo sequencing). A repeat digest using a protease of different specificity may also be useful.

Post-translational modifications
Whilst detailed comparison of the MS data with predictions based on the known protein sequence may be used to define post-translational modifications, targeted approaches to data acquisition may also be used. For instance, specific enrichment of phosphopeptides may assist in identifying phosphorylation sites in a protein. Alternative methods of peptide fragmentation in the mass spectrometer, such as ETD or ECD, may give complementary sequence information.

Whole-mass determination
The protein’s whole mass is the sum of the masses of its amino-acid residues plus the mass of a water molecule and adjusted for any post-translational modifications. Although proteins ionize less well than the peptides derived from them, a protein in solution may be able to be subjected to ESI-MS and its mass measured to an accuracy of 1 part in 20,000 or better. This is often sufficient to confirm the termini (thus that the protein’s measured mass matches that predicted from its sequence) and infer the presence or absence of many post-translational modifications.

Limitations
Proteolysis does not always yield a set of readily analyzable peptides covering the entire sequence of POI. The fragmentation of peptides in the mass spectrometer often does not yield ions corresponding to cleavage at each peptide bond. Thus, the deduced sequence for each peptide is not necessarily complete. The standard methods of fragmentation do not distinguish between leucine and isoleucine residues since they are isomeric.

Because the Edman degradation proceeds from the N-terminus of the protein, it will not work if the N-terminus has been chemically modified (e.g. by acetylation or formation of Pyroglutamic acid). Edman degradation is generally not useful to determine the positions of disulfide bridges. It also requires peptide amounts of 1 picomole or above for discernible results, making it less sensitive than mass spectrometry.

Predicting from DNA/RNA sequences
In biology, proteins are produced by translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) with the protein sequence deriving from the sequence of codons in the mRNA. The mRNA is itself formed by the transcription of genes and may be further modified. These processes are sufficiently understood to use computer algorithms to automate predictions of protein sequences from DNA sequences, such as from whole-genome DNA-sequencing projects, and have led to the generation of large databases of protein sequences such as UniProt. Predicted protein sequences are an important resource for protein identification by mass spectrometry.

Historically, short protein sequences (10 to 15 residues) determined by Edman degradation were back-translated into DNA sequences that could be used as probes or primers to isolate molecular clones of the corresponding gene or complementary DNA. The sequence of the cloned DNA was then determined and used to deduce the full amino-acid sequence of the protein.

Bioinformatics tools
Bioinformatics tools exist to assist with interpretation of mass spectra (see de novo peptide sequencing), to compare or analyze protein sequences (see sequence analysis), or search databases using peptide or protein sequences (see BLAST).

Applications to cryptography
The difficulty of protein sequencing was recently proposed as a basis for creating k-time programs, programs that run exactly k times before self-destructing. Such a thing is impossible to build purely in software because all software is inherently clonable an unlimited number of times.

title: Protein sequencing


text:
Romerike

Romerike is a traditional district located north-east of Oslo, in what is today south-eastern Norway. It consists of the Akershus municipalities Lillestrøm, Lørenskog, Nittedal, Rælingen and Aurskog-Høland in the southern end (Nedre Romerike), and Ullensaker, Gjerdrum, Nannestad, Nes, Eidsvoll and Hurdal in the northern end (Øvre Romerike).

Etymology
The Old Norse form of the name was Raumaríki, but the name must be much older (see below). The first element is the genitive plural of raumr m ("person from Romerike"); the final element is ríki n ("realm"; cf. Ringerike, Rånrike). In the Hversu Noregr byggdist and in Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar, the name is attributed to the mythical king Raum the Old (Raumr inn gamli). According to the latter saga, the members of the family were big and ugly, and because of this big and ugly people were called "great Raumar".

The linguistic similarity to Romerriket is entirely coincidental.

History

The name Romerike may be derived ultimately from Raum elfr, which was an old name for the Glomma river.

Before the unification of Norway by King Harald Fairhair, Romerike was a petty kingdom. It had its age of greatness between the 5th and 7th centuries. The 6th century Goth scholar Jordanes wrote in his Getica about a tribe located in Scandza which he named the Raumarici and which seems to be the same name as Raumariki, the old name for Romerike.

In Beowulf and Widsith, the tribe is mentioned as the warlike Heaðo-Reamas (i.e. battling Reamas, for the correspondence between Reamas and Raumar compare Geatas and Gautar).

Snorri Sturluson relates in his Heimskringla that it was ruled by the semi-legendary Swedish kings, Sigurd Hring and Ragnar Lodbrok during the 8th century.

In the 9th century, Halfdan the Black, the father of King Harald Fairhair, subdued the area by defeating and killing the previous ruler, Sigtryg, in battle. He then defeated Sigtryg's brother and successor Eystein in a series of battles.

After the death of Halfdan the Black, Romerike submitted to the Swedish king Erik Eymundsson. However, it was forcibly conquered by Harald Fairhair who spent a summer there, to ensure that Romerike was integrated into his newly-created kingdom of Norway.

The centre of the kingdom and the earliest settlements were at Sand, between Jessheim and Garder, where the soil was easiest to cultivate and the surrounding forests were rich in game animals.

Kings of Raumariki

 * Raum the Old
 * Eystein Halfdansson
 * Halfdan the Mild
 * Sigtryg Eysteinsson
 * Eystein Eysteinsson, brother of Sigtryg
 * Halfdan the Black
 * Erik Eymundsson

Raknehaugen
Rakni's Mound (Raknehaugen) has been estimated to date to around 550 AD (possibly 552 AD). It is located in the very heart of Romerike. Raknehaugen is a burial mound (gravhaug) from the Old Norse word haugr meaning barrow or mound. It is assumed that it is named after a king with the name Rakni. At 77 metres in diameter and more than 15 metres high, Raknehaugen at Ullensaker is the largest barrow in Northern Europe.

Other sources

 * De Geer, Ebba Hult Raknehaugen (A.W. Bråggers. 1938)
 * Grieg, Sigurd Raknehaugen (Viking 5 – Norsk Arkeologisk Selskap, Oslo. 1941)
 * Skre, Dagfinn Raknehaugen - en empirisk loftsrydning (Viking 60 – Norsk Arkeologisk Selskap, Oslo. 1997)

title: Romerike


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Hurn

Hurn is a village and civil parish in the historic county of Hampshire and the ceremonial county of Dorset, England. Situated between the River Stour and River Avon, administratively Hurn is part of Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole unitary authority, lying 5 mi north-east of the Bournemouth town centre. In 2001, the village had a population of 468.

Hurn is the location of Bournemouth Airport (originally RAF Station Hurn), an important airfield dating to the Second World War. The village was served by Hurn railway station from 1863 to 1935, and the station building and platform are extant. They are now used as the Avon Causeway Hotel.

Hurn is listed in the Domesday Book as "Herne" (in the Egheiete Hundred of Hantescire), and was later known in the 13th century as Hyrne and in the 14th century as Hurne. The name is derived from the old English "hyrne", which means a disused part of a field or the land sectioned by an oxbow lake.

Hurn Court is a Grade II listed manor house, formerly home to the Earls of Malmesbury.

Politics
Hurn is part of the Christchurch parliamentary constituency for elections to the House of Commons. It is currently represented by Conservative MP Christopher Chope.

title: Hurn


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Purbrook

Purbrook is a village and local government sub-division located in Hampshire, England. Purbrook is on the outskirts of Waterlooville just north of the Portsmouth city Boundary. Purbrook village is part of Purbrook Ward which also includes Widley and Crookhorn and has a population of 9,281(2001), taking up 7.7% of Havant borough's population.

History
Waterlooville and Cowplain did not exist before the year 1815. Before then the area was part of the Forest of Bere, which stretched from the border of Sussex to Winchester. Now the Forest of Bere is a mixture of woodland, open space, heathland, and farmland that includes a small part of the South Downs National Park.

On the southern fringe of the forest was the little village of Purbrook. Its name is a corruption of Pucanbroc, which means the brook of the water-sprite.

Early in the 19th century a windmill was built in Purbrook. Purbrook Church (St Johns) was built in 1858. In 1869 Purbrook Industrial School opened in Stakes Road.

Purbrook Park House was built in 1770. It was rebuilt in 1837. In the 1920s the house became a grammar school and later a comprehensive school. It is now known as Purbrook Park School. The school is a Language College.

Community
There are several schools in Purbrook:

 * Purbrook Park School
 * Purbrook Junior School
 * Purbrook Infant School
 * Morelands Primary School

There is also a recreation ground known as Purbrook Heath. There is a children's park, bowls area, tennis courts, several cricket pitches, a football cage and a basketball court all located in 'The Heath'. There is also The Rowans Hospice located opposite the tennis courts. There is a long road that runs right through it, which is called Purbrook Heath Road. It runs straight through and then bisects off to Southwick and Portsdown Hill.

Fort Purbrook is another attraction just located off Portsdown Hill. It is home to an activity centre, and is occasionally open for craft fairs. Some of the activities are archery, indoor rock climbing and rifle shooting.

There is also 1 newsagent, a Onestop, 1 fish and chip shop and 1 pub, The Woodman.

Papers
The only local newspaper Purbrook has is The News.

Notable people from Purbrook

 * Mary Eleanor Bowes
 * April Cantelo - soprano, opera and oratorio singer
 * Roy Heather - Actor Only Fools and Horses
 * Charmian May - actress, The Good Life, Bridget Jones’s Diary
 * Mason Mount - Professional Football Player

title: Purbrook


text:
All Those Years Ago

"All Those Years Ago" is a song by the English rock musician George Harrison, released in May 1981 as a single from his ninth studio album Somewhere in England. Having previously recorded the music for the song, Harrison tailored the lyrics to serve as a personal tribute to his former Beatles bandmate John Lennon, following the latter's murder in 1980. Ringo Starr is featured on drums, and Paul McCartney (along with his Wings bandmates Linda McCartney and Denny Laine) overdubbed backing vocals onto the basic track. The single spent three weeks at number 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100, behind "Bette Davis Eyes" by Kim Carnes, and it peaked at number 13 on the UK Singles Chart. It also topped Canada's RPM singles chart and spent one week at number 1 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary listings.

"All Those Years Ago" was the first recording on which Harrison, McCartney and Starr all appeared since the Beatles' "I Me Mine" (1970), and their last recording together until "Free as a Bird" (1995). Other musicians performing on the track include Al Kooper and Ray Cooper. The song has appeared on the Harrison compilations Best of Dark Horse 1976–1989 and Let It Roll, and a live version recorded in 1991 with Eric Clapton was included on Harrison's Live in Japan double album. In 2010, AOL Radio listeners voted "All Those Years Ago" in sixth place on a list of the "10 Best George Harrison Songs". The track has been featured in the books 1,001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die, and 10,001 You Must Download by Robert Dimery, and Bruce Pollock's The 7,500 Most Important Songs of 1944–2000.

Origins
Prior to Lennon's death, Harrison originally wrote the song with different lyrics for Ringo Starr to record. Although he recorded it, Starr felt the vocal was too high for his range and disliked the lyrics. Harrison took the track back and, after Lennon's death, the lyrics were changed to reflect a tribute to him. In the song, Harrison makes reference to the Lennon-penned Beatles song "All You Need Is Love" and the Lennon song "Imagine" ("you were the one who Imagined it all").

Band line-up
The recording of the song featured all three remaining Beatles (Harrison, Starr and Paul McCartney), though this was expressly a Harrison single. It is one of only a few non-Beatles songs to feature three members of the band. Harrison and Starr recorded the song at Harrison's Friar Park studio between 19 November and 25 November 1980. The lineup was rounded out by Al Kooper on keyboards, Herbie Flowers on bass and percussionist Ray Cooper. Harrison co-produced the recording with Cooper.

After Lennon's death the following month, Harrison removed Starr's vocals (but kept Starr's drumming track) and recorded his own vocals with rewritten lyrics honouring Lennon. McCartney, his wife Linda and their Wings bandmate Denny Laine visited Friar Park and recorded backing vocals as an overdub to the original track. The album's liner notes also thank the Beatles' former producer George Martin and engineer Geoff Emerick, who were present at the session where the backing vocals were recorded. Martin, Emerick and the members of Wings were working on McCartney's Tug Of War album at the time, and had traveled to Harrison's studio to record a Harrison guitar overdub for that album. The session instead turned into a vocal session for "All Those Years Ago", and Harrison's guitar piece for McCartney's album was never recorded.

Critical reception
Record World described the song as a "buoyant reminiscence [that] features George's fluid guitar lines with help from Paul, Ringo and Linda."

Music video
The music video features a slide show-type presentation of stills and short archival video clips. The emphasis is on Lennon and, to a lesser degree, Harrison. The post-Beatles stills of Lennon at older ages are countered with stills of Harrison from the same time frame.

Personnel

 * George Harrison – lead vocals, electric guitars, synthesizer, backing vocals
 * Al Kooper – electric piano
 * Herbie Flowers – bass
 * Ringo Starr – drums
 * Ray Cooper – tambourine
 * Paul McCartney – backing vocals
 * Linda McCartney – backing vocals
 * Denny Laine – backing vocals

title: All Those Years Ago


text:
Amadej coat of arms

Amadej is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Blazon
Gules an eagle displayed recursant argent armed and crowned or holding in its beak an annulet also or. Crest: issuant out of a crest coronet or five ostrich feathers argent. Mantled gules doubled argent.

title: Amadej coat of arms


text:
Bojcza coat of arms

Bojcza is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include: Zwolinski

title: Bojcza coat of arms


text:
Cowplain

Cowplain is a village north of Waterlooville, Hampshire, England. With a population of 9,353 at the 2011 census, it makes up above 7% of Havant borough's population. It grew along the old London to Portsmouth road (the A3) on which the village centre and local shops lie.

Geography
Cowplain is surrounded by remnants of the ancient Forest of Bere: The Queens Inclosure, Padnell Cuts Woods, Idlewood, Hurstwood and Park Woods.

The nearest town is Waterlooville and the nearest villages are Lovedean, Rowlands Castle, Denmead and Horndean. A Portsmouth city council housing estate, Wecock Farm (built in the 1970s), is west of Cowplain village.

Amenities
The village schools are Cowplain Community School, Padnell Infant, Padnell Junior Schools, and Queen's Inclosure Primary School, adjacent to the Queen's Inclosure woods. The local church is St Wilfrid's, although there are a number of others in the area including Cowplain Evangelical Church.

Cowplain has a supermarket and a number of places to eat, including The Spotted Cow, built in the 1930s when the original Spotted Cow was demolished and rebuilt.

The nearest golf course is Waterloovile Golf Course.

Transport
A number of bus routes go through Cowplain: the 37 (Stagecoach) from Havant to Clanfield, Petersfield and Liss, the National Express 030 to London and First Group service 8. The number 8 route follows the A3 from Clanfield to Gunwharf Quays in Portsmouth.

Notable people

 * Mark Wingett, actor known for playing Police Constable Jim Carver in The Bill
 * Jill Ellis, English-American football coach

title: Cowplain


text:
Dąb coat of arms

Dąb (Polish for "Oak") is a Polish coat of arms of Czech origin. It was used by several szlachta (noble) families.

History
Historically known for slaying their awkward enemies: germans, english, swedish etc.

title: Dąb coat of arms


text:
Mícheál Ó Móráin

Mícheál Ó Móráin (24 December 1911 – 6 May 1983) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Minister for Justice from 1968 to 1970, Minister for the Gaeltacht from 1957 to 1959 and 1961 to 1968 and Minister for Lands from 1959 to 1968. He served as Teachta Dála (TD) from 1938 to 1973.

Ó Móráin was born in Castlebar, County Mayo, hailing from a strong Republican family, members of which had fought in the Irish War of Independence, and in the Irish Civil War on the Anti-Treaty side. A solicitor by profession, Ó Móráin was first elected to Dáil Éireann for the Mayo South constituency on his second attempt at the 1938 general election. He remained on the backbenches for a number of years until he was appointed to the cabinet by Taoiseach Éamon de Valera in 1957 as Minister for the Gaeltacht. He was a native Irish speaker. He was appointed Minister for Lands by Taoiseach Seán Lemass, in 1959 and was re-appointed to the Gaeltacht portfolio in 1961. He remained in these two Departments until 1968.

Ireland formally applied for EEC membership in July 1961. Ó Móráin, as Minister for Lands and the Gaeltacht, delivered a widely reported address to the Castlebar Chamber of Commerce in 1962. In the speech he argued that Ireland was "ready to subscribe to the political aims of the EEC" and that Ireland didn't want to be seen as "committed" to its policy of neutrality. In the ensuing controversy, Ó Móráin and Lemass denied that there was any suggestion Ireland might or should abandon neutrality. Outside the country, foreign governments saw this episode as a deliberately provoked debate in order to evaluate the government’s domestic room for maneuver on neutrality.

Ó Móráin was appointed Minister for Justice by Taoiseach Jack Lynch in 1968. It is in this role that he is most remembered. While Ó Móráin was still Minister, the Arms Crisis in Ireland erupted in 1970. This political scandal saw Government ministers Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney dismissed by the Taoiseach for alleged involvement in a conspiracy to smuggle arms to the Irish Republican Army in Northern Ireland. Ó Móráin continually suffered from ill-health, which was accentuated by his alcoholism. When the Arms Crisis erupted, Lynch came to see Ó Móráin in hospital in Galway and asked for his resignation. Ó Móráin was a witness at the subsequent Arms Trial. He testified that he had passed on Garda intelligence reports about the involvement of ministers with the IRA to the Taoiseach before the arms were seized at Dublin Airport. Ó Móráin's evidence at the trial has been described as "erratic".

Ó Móráin lost his Dáil seat at the 1973 general election and retired from politics. He died in Castlebar, County Mayo, on 6 May 1983.

title: Mícheál Ó Móráin


text:
Cross Village, Michigan

Cross Village is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Emmet County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 93. It is located within Cross Village Township on the shores of Lake Michigan.

Geography
Cross Village is located in northwestern Emmet County, on the shore of Lake Michigan at the southern limit of Sturgeon Bay. The community is in Cross Village Township. The northern terminus of M-119 is in Cross Village; the highway runs south along the lakeshore 20 mi to Harbor Springs. Petoskey, the county seat, is 25 mi south of Cross Village via State Road, an inland route.

The community of Cross Village was listed as a newly-organized census-designated place for the 2010 census, meaning it now has officially defined boundaries and population statistics for the first time.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Cross Village CDP has a total area of 1.9 sqkm, all of it land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 93 people, 50 households, and 26 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 127 PD/sqmi. There were 110 housing units at an average density of 157.1 /sqmi. The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 87.1% white, 1.1% African American and 11.8% Native American. There were no Hispanic or Latino people of any race in the community.

There were 50 households, out of which 16.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.0% were headed by married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.0% were non-families. 46.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.0% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.86, and the average family size was 2.62.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 16.1% under the age of 18, 2.2% from 18 to 24, 13.0% from 25 to 44, 47.4% from 45 to 64, and 21.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53.9 years. For every 10 females there were 12.7 males. For every 10 females age 18 and over, there were 12.3 males.

For the period 2010–14, the estimated median annual income for a household in the township was $36,750, and the median income for a family was $51,250. Male full-time workers had a median income of $55,625 versus $40,313 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,203. About 8.3% of families and 15.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.0% of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 or over.

title: Cross Village, Michigan


text:
Herburt coat of arms

Herburt is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several distinct and unrelated szlachta families such as the Pawcz family of Ruthenian Galicia. A coat of arms is an individual or family heirloom the origins of which lie in the 12th century.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:

 * Jan Herburt (Arłamowski)
 * Fryderyk Herburt
 * Jan Paweł Woronicz
 * Jan Szczęsny Herburt
 * Mikołaj Herburt
 * Mikołaj Herburt Odnowski
 * Piotr Herburt
 * Stanisław Herburt
 * Szymon Konarski ps. Janusz Hejbowicz

title: Herburt coat of arms