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Jamia Millia Islamia

Jamia Millia Islamia (Urdu: جامعہ ملّیہ اسلامیہ; JMI) is a central university located in New Delhi, India. Originally established at Aligarh, United Provinces (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India) during the British Empire in 1920, it moved to its current location in Okhla in 1935. It was given the deemed status by the University Grants Commission in 1962. Jamia Millia Islamia became a central university by an act of the Indian Parliament which was passed on December 26, 1988.

The university was founded by Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, Mohammad Ali Jauhar, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Abdul Majeed Khwaja, Allama Iqbal, Zakir Hussain, Mahatma Gandhi and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. Its foundation stone was laid by Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, the leader of Silk Letter Movement and the first student of Darul Uloom Deoband. Jauhar served as its first vice-chancellor from 1920 to 1923, and Khan served as the first chancellor from 1920 to 1927. On 26 May 2017, Najma Heptulla became 11th Chancellor of the university, and Najma Akhtar became the first woman to hold the post of Vice Chancellor in April 2019 and served untill 12 November 2023. On 13 March 2023, Mufaddal Saifuddin was elected the 12th Chancellor of the university.

In 2020, Jamia Millia Islamia was ranked 1st among all central universities in the country in rankings released by Ministry of Education of India. In December 2021, the university received an 'A++' ranking by National Assessment and Accreditation Council.

History
Jamia Millia Islamia was established in Aligarh on 29 October 1920 under the presidency of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi. It was established mainly in response to the demand of some students of the Aligarh Muslim University for a new National Muslim University which would be free from government influence as they felt that the administration of Aligarh Muslim University was of pro-British stance.

It was conceived as a national institution that would offer progressive education and an emphasis on Indian nationalism to students from all communities, particularly Muslims. Hussain described “the movement of Jamia Millia Islamia as a struggle for education and cultural renaissance that aims to prepare a blueprint for Indian Muslims which may focus on Islam but simultaneously evolve a national culture for common Indian.” The emergence of Jamia was supported by Mahatma Gandhi,   who felt that Jamia Millia Islamia could shape lives of students on the basis of a shared culture and worldview, so Gandhi sent his youngest son Devdas Gandhi to teach Hindi in Jamia.

In 1925, Jamia Millia Islamia moved from Aligarh to Karol Bagh, New Delhi. On 1 March 1935, the foundation stone for a school building was laid at Okhla, then a nondescript village in the southern outskirts of Delhi. In 1936, all institutions of Jamia Millia Islamia except Jamia Press, the Maktaba, and the library moved to the new campus.

The University Grants Commission gave Jamia Millia Islamia the deemed status in 1962. Subsequently, on 26 December 1988, it attained the status of a central university through an act of the Indian parliament.

In 2006, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia paid a visit to the university and donated ₹130 crore(US$ 30 million) for the construction of a library and a research center.

In 2019, the university emerged as a center of the Citizenship Amendment Act protests after the act was passed by the Parliament. On 13 December 2019, Delhi Police tried to forcefully dismiss the protest of students and threw tear gas inside the campus on students to control their agitation. On 15 December 2019, police entered the campus on the pretext of trying to catch the mob that destroyed public peace outside the university campus. Many students sustained injuries because of the police brutality and it sparked protests in several other universities.

Founders
Jamia was founded by a group of scholars and activists including Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari. The foundation stone was laid by Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, an Islamic scholar and activist of the Indian independence movement. He was invited to preside over the foundational ceremony of the university in Aligarh. His speech was prepared and read aloud by his student Shabbir Ahmad Usmani. Its subsequent makers included Abdul Majeed Khwaja, Abid Hussain, Mohammad Mujeeb and Zakir Hussain.

The foundation committee of the Jamia included Kifayatullah Dehlawi, Hussain Ahmad Madani, Syed Sulaiman Nadwi, Abdul Haq, Abdul Bari Firangi Mahali, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Sanaullah Amritsari, Muhammad Iqbal, Syed Mahmud and Saifuddin Kitchlew.

Campus
The campus is distributed over a large area in the Okhla area of Delhi. The university's cricket ground, Nawab Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi Sports Complex, has hosted tournaments and Indian women's cricket matches. This ground also hosted the University Cricket Championship in 2013. Jamia has centers of learning and research, including the Anwar Jamal Kidwai Mass Communication Research Centre (MCRC), Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Faculty of Fine Arts, Centre for Theoretical Physics and the Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar Academy of International Studies. Jamia Millia Islamia joined the green campaign and installed 2,250-kilowatt solar panels on the campus. To commemorate 100 years of existence, the existing Gate No. 13 of the university was remodelled and named Centenary Gate, which was inaugurated on university's 103rd foundation day.

Former Vice-Chancellor, Najma Akhtar, at centenary convocation on 23 July 2023 announced that the university has obtained approval from the Centre government to establish a medical college.

Sports
Jamia won its first gold and silver medal in wrestling in 1977 at the All India Inter University Championship.

Ranji Trophy and Vijaya Trophy matches are an annual event at the Jamia Cricket ground. In the past, Jamia has hosted Women's Cricket Test matches, Women’s World Cup matches and Blind’s Cricket World Cup matches. The facilities were used as practice ground for Commonwealth Games as well.

The ground within its periphery also consists of a central indoor games stadium. The sports complex has facilities for: Cricket, Football, Lawn Tennis Court, Volleyball Court, Badminton, Basketball, Jogging Track, Athletics, Table Tennis, Yoga, Snooker Room and Hockey. The Complex is equipped with gymnasium and sports equipment.

Library
The University Library System, consisting of a centralized and departmental libraries and archives, has over 6.0 lakhs and approximately 1.43 lakhs subject-specific books, Urdu book collections; 5000 rare books; and 2230 rare manuscripts. The library subscribes to open access to videos; e-resources; eBooks; e-journals; other academic materials; databases; MOOCs courses. The Digital Resource Centre has 100 workstations as a gateway for online resources and 200 computers for students. The library is open to all students of Jamia Millia Islamia. Besides this, there are subject collection in libraries of some faculties and centres.

Health facilities
The University provides free medical facilities for students, teaching and non-teaching staff through Ansari Health Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Services and Unani Pharmacy.

Mosques
The varsity has got certain mosques in the campus including the Central Mosque. The central mosque is located opposite to the central library and has a capacity of over 1000 people. This mosque is situated on Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar Marg, Delhi.

Governance
The governing officials of the university include the Amir-i-Jamia (chancellor), the Shaikh-ul-Jamia (vice-chancellor), the Naib Shaikh-ul-Jamia (Pro-Vice-Chancellor) and the Musajjil (Registrar). The President of India is the Visitor of the university. The Anjuman or University Court is the supreme authority of the university and has the power to review the acts of the Majlis-i-Muntazimah (Executive Council) the Majlis-i-Talimi (Academic Council) and the Majlis-i-Maliyat (Finance Committee). The Executive Council is the highest executive body of the university. The Academic Council is the highest academic body of the university and is responsible for the maintenance of standards of instruction, education and examination within the university.

In 2017, Najma Heptulla was appointed as the Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia. In 2019, Najma Akhtar was appointed as the first woman vice-chancellor and served till 12 November 2023. In 2023, Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin succeeded Heptulla and was appointed as the Chancellor.

Faculties
Jamia Millia Islamia has eleven faculties under which it offers academic and extension programs.

Faculty of Law
Established in 1989, the Faculty of Law offered only the three-year LL.B. course until the early 2000s, but started additionally offering the integrated 5 Years B.A. LL.B(Hons.) course for UG students from the academic year 2002–2003. The faculty offers apart from a five-year integrated B.A. LL.B (Hons.) programme, a two-year post-graduate programme (LLM) in three specialised streams (personal law, corporate law and criminal law) and a Ph.D. programme. It also offers two-year Executive LL.M programme for working professionals. The faculty secured the 9th rank among law schools in India as per NIRF LAW Ranking 2020.

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

The Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET) was established in 1985. It has several departments offering programmes in PhD, M.Tech, M.Sc, B.Tech and B.Sc including Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computer Engineering, Aeronautics, Applied Sciences & Humanities and Environmental Science. They also provide specialization courses for master's degrees such as Artificial Intelligence, Data Sciences, VLSI Design and Technology, Solid State Technology, Environmental Science and Engineering, Earthquake Engineering, Machine Design, Thermal Engineering, Production and Industrial Engineering, Electrical Power Management System, Control & Instrumental System, Electronics, Energy Science and Management, Energy Science and Technology. In the Times Higher Education Subject Ranking-2020, JMI ranked 401–500 in Engineering and Technology. Within India its rank is 11 among all higher education institutions while among universities it is 2nd position. JMI was placed at 501–600 in computer science, while among Indian Institutions it has been ranked at 16th position and at 7th among Indian universities.

Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics
Jamia Millia Islamia is the only Central university with a Faculty of Architecture & Ekistics. The architecture program was started in 2001–2002. This Faculty has the Department of Architecture which offers two-degree courses in Bachelor of Architecture, Nine Masters courses and PhD. The courses include undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral studies in subjects such as Architecture, Architecture Pedagogy, Healthcare Architecture, Building Services, Recreational Architecture, Urban Regeneration, Ekistics, Master of Planning (M.Plan) and Master of Design (M.Des).

Faculty of Humanities and Languages
This Faculty has nine departments offering programmes in PhD, M Phil (pre-PhD), Postgraduate, Undergraduate, Diploma and Certificate courses. The faculty has departments including Arabic, English, Hindi, History and Culture, Islamic Studies, Persian, Iranology, Urdu, Sanskrit and Foreign Languages such as Korean, Turkish, French and Spanish and Latin. Islamic Studies has been a subject at Jamia Millia Islamia since its inception. It was instituted as a separate department in 1988. The department has been headed by Zayn al-Abidin Sajjad Meerthi. The department publishes an annual magazine, Sada e Jauhar.

Faculty of Fine Arts
This Faculty has six departments offering programmes in PhD, Master of Fine Arts (MFA), Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA), diploma and certificate courses. The subjects taught include Painting, Sculpture, Applied Arts, Art Education, Graphic Art and Art History & Art Appreciation. The campus has an art gallery named after the Indian painter M. F. Hussain.

Faculty of Social Sciences
The Faculty of Social Sciences consists of nine departments. These include the departments for Social Sciences, Psychology, Economics, Political Science, Sociology, Social Work, Adult Continuing Education and Extension, Commerce and Business Studies, Library and Information Science.

The Faculty of Social Sciences is based around Gulistan-e-Ghalib and is commonly referred to as the Main Campus.

Faculty of Sciences
The Faculty of Sciences consists of five departments, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Geography and Computer Science. In addition, there are three associated centres namely FTK- Centre for Information Technology, Centre for Theoretical Physics and Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.

Faculty of Life Sciences
The faculty of Life Sciences, based in Srinivasa Ramanujan Block at Mujeeb Bagh Campus, consists of two departments, Biosciences and Biotechnology, which offers courses in Ph.D., postgraduate, undergraduate and diploma in Unani Pharmacy and Ph.D. Unani Medicine.

Faculty of Education
Teachers’ Training Institute was established in 1938 under the inspiring leadership of Husain for the purpose of training teachers for Basic Schools according to the scheme of Basic Education. Later, it was renamed as Teachers’ College. The College initiated Teacher Education Programme for Art and Craft Teachers and in Art Education. The Faculty of Education, through its two departments namely Educational Studies and Institute of Advanced Studies in Education, formerly known as the department of Teacher Training and Non-Formal Education runs 12 different programmes including B.Ed, M.Ed, M.A. The Faculty also offers diploma, M.Phil. and Doctoral programme in Education.

Faculty of Dentistry
This faculty offers B. D. S. programs.

Faculty of Management Studies
The faculty consists of three departments for Management Studies, Hospital Management & Hospice Studies, and Tourism & Hospitality Management.

AJK Mass Communication Research Center

The Mass Communication Research Centre was established in 1982 by Anwar Jamal Kidwai, then vice-chancellor (later chancellor) of Jamia Millia Islamia. The centers offers postgraduate courses in Mass Communication. The FTK-Centre for Information Technology provides internet facility for the faculty members, staff, research scholars, and students.

The centre offers courses including Master of Arts(M.A.) courses in Mass Communication, Convergent Journalism, Development Communication, Visual Effect and Animation as well as postgraduate diplomas in, Still Photography and Visual Communication, Acting and Broadcast Technology.

Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences
The centre offers courses including, (B.P.T) Bachelor of Physiotherapy, M.P.T. (Sports), M.P.T. (Orthopaedics), M.P.T. (Neurology), M.P.T. (Cardiopulmonary) and the doctorate in philosophy.

Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
The centre aims to promote research in the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology, with potential applications towards fulfilling national strategic needs. The main research focus of the centre includes nano-fabrication and nano-device, nano-materials and nano-structures, nano-biotechnology and nano-medicine, nano-structure characterization and measurements. Its offers PhD and M.Tech (Nanotechnology) courses.

Centre for Spanish and Latin American Studies
The centre offers part-time Certificate, Diploma and Advanced Diploma courses in five languages: French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and Russian. It also offers M.Phil/PhD in European Studies and Latin American Studies.

MMAJ Academy of International Studies
Formerly Academy of Third World Studies, MMAJ Academy of International Studies was established in 1988 under the initiative of then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi to conduct inter-disciplinary research on social, political and economic issues pertaining to the developing countries. Subsequently, it was renamed after one of the co-founders of Jamia Millia Islamia, Maulana Mohamad Ali Jauhar.

The academy offers M.Phil. and Ph.D. programmes in International Studies, postgraduate courses (Politics: International and Area Studies) and language courses in Uzbek and Chinese. It also has its own library and documentation centre, named after Abid Husain.

Other centers
Jamia's other academic and non-academic centers include Dr. Zakir Husain Institute of Islamic Studies, Centre for Distance and Open Learning, Nelson Mandela Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution, Centre for Jawaharlal Nehru Studies, Centre for Comparative Religions and Civilizations, Centre for West Asian Studies, Dr. K.R. Narayanan Centre for Dalit and Minorities Studies, Academy of Professional Development of Urdu Medium Teachers, Centre for North East Studies and Policy Research, India – Arab Cultural Centre, Centre for Culture Media & Governance, Centre for the Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policy, UGC-Human Resource Development Centre, Centre for Coaching and Career Planning, Jamia's Premchand Archives & Literary Centre, Sarojini Naidu Centre for Women's Studies, University Counseling & Guidance Centre, Centre for Early Childhood Development and Research and Centre for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (CIE).

Schools
Jamia Millia Islamia also imparts education from nursery to senior secondary level. Its schools include:

 * Balak Mata Centre
 * Gerda Philipsborn Day Care Centre
 * Mushir Fatma Jamia Nursery School
 * Jamia Middle School
 * Jamia Senior Secondary School
 * Syed Abid Husain Senior Secondary School and
 * Jamia Girls Senior Secondary School.

Rankings
Internationally, Jamia Millia Islamia was ranked 801–1000 in the QS World University Rankings of 2023 and 188 in Asia. It was ranked 501–600 in the world by the London based Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2023, 128 in Asia in 2023 and 172 among emerging economies. Jamia Millia Islamia has been ranked 428 out of 1100 universities worldwide by Moscow based Round University Ranking 2023.

Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI) secured the first position among all central universities in the country in the ranking that was released by the Ministry of Education with a score of 90 per cent. It was ranked 12th in India overall by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2023, 3rd among universities, 5th in law ranking, 6th in architecture ranking, 10th in the dental ranking, 26th in the engineering ranking, 20th in Research institutes and 25th in the management ranking.

The Faculty of Law was ranked 6 among government law schools in India by Outlook India in 2022.

Cultural Festival
Jamia Millia Islamia organizes various cultural festivals including the annual festival. The university organises Talimi Mela on its Foundation Day of 29 to 30 October every year. Jamia has also the legacy of celebrating national cultural festival called MiRAAS. It was initiated by Dean Students of Welfare where various cultural and competitive events were organised by the students. It was not being organised after 2017.

Notable alumni
Since its inception, Jamia Millia Islamia has produced alumni across various disciplines, including Shah Rukh Khan, Kabir, Mouni Roy, Arfa Khanum Sherwani, Barkha Dutt, Anjana Om Kashyap, Ampareen Lyngdoh, Kunwar Danish Ali, Virendar Sehwag, Imran Raza Ansari, Danish Siddiqui and Mohammad Najeeb Qasmi.

title: Jamia Millia Islamia


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B61 nuclear bomb

The B61 nuclear bomb is the primary thermonuclear gravity bomb in the United States Enduring Stockpile following the end of the Cold War. It is a low-to-intermediate yield strategic and tactical nuclear weapon featuring a two-stage radiation implosion design.

The B61 is of the variable yield ("dial-a-yield" in informal military jargon) design with a yield of 0.3 to 340 kilotons in its various mods ("modifications"). It is a Full Fuzing Option (FUFO) weapon, meaning it is equipped with the full range of fuzing and delivery options, including air and ground burst fuzing, and free-fall, retarded free-fall and laydown delivery. It has a streamlined casing capable of withstanding supersonic flight and is 11 ft long, with a diameter of about 13 in. The basic weight of the B-61 is about 700 lb, although the weights of individual weapons may vary depending on version and fuze/retardation configuration. As of 2020, the weapon was undergoing a 12th modification. According to the Federation of American Scientists in 2012, the roughly 400 B61-12s will each cost "more than its weight in gold" - $28 million apiece.

Development

In 1961 a report was issued indicating Navy and Air Force interest in a lightweight bomb to replace existing weapons, but that both services had considerably different military requirements for such a weapon. However, the authors of the report believed that due to advances in technology it was possible for a single weapon to fulfill both requirements. This was followed by a report from Sandia in mid-1962, that believed that a lightweight nuclear bomb with full fuzing option was possible and that such a program could be completed in a short time-span, possibly by 1965 or 1966.

Development of the weapon that would become the B61 was authorized in December 1962. The justification for the program was that the new weapon would modernize the nuclear arsenal, improve the capability of aircraft and simplify the nuclear weapons inventory by replacing lower-yield versions of the B28 and B43 nuclear bombs. The desired production date was June 1965.

The weapon was designated the TX-61 in January 1963. Due to the short time-scales, it was decided to make maximum use of off-the-shelf components such as those developed for the B57 nuclear bomb. Environmental conditions specified included an indefinite temperature range of -60 F to 160 F, shocks of up to 40g, and in flight temperatures of up to 275 F for up to 40 minutes. Parachute deployment was specified to produce a maximum load of 255 g-force.

The weapon was designed and built by the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. Production engineering began in 1965, with the first war-reserve B61-0 weapon accepted by the AEC in December 1966. However production was halted in May 1967 for design modifications to be made before resuming in January 1968. Shot Flintlock Halfbeak in June 1966 may have been a full yield test of the weapon with other tests conducted between 1963 and 1968 at the Nevada Test Site.

During testing, spin motors were added to the weapon to produce a spin of 5 revolutions per second. This was to improve stability and decoupling during high speed delivery. Three alternatives to the weapon were also explored for still-classified reasons. The first alternative was halted due to its similarity to the original TX-61 design, and the Department of Defense was unfavorable to the second option which halted its exploration. The TX-61 design was ordered to "proceed along the lines" of the third alternative in May 1964, though it is unclear what that means.

Total production of all versions was approximately 3,155, of which approximately 540 remain in active service, 415 in inactive service and 520 are awaiting dismantlement.

13 versions of the B61 have been designed, known as Mod 0 through Mod 12. Of these, nine have entered production. Each shares the same physics package, with different yield options. The newest variant is the Mod 11, deployed in 1997, which is a ground-penetrating bunker busting weapon. The Russian Continuity of Government facility at Kosvinsky Kamen, finished in early 1996, was designed to resist US earth-penetrating warheads and serves a similar role as the American Cheyenne Mountain Complex. The timing of the Kosvinsky completion date is regarded as one explanation for U.S. interest in a new nuclear bunker buster and the declaration of the deployment of the Mod 11 in 1997: Kosvinsky is protected by about 1,000 ft of granite.

The B61 unguided bomb should not be confused with the MGM-1 Matador cruise missile, which was originally developed under the bomber designation B-61.

Deployment

The B61 has been deployed by a variety of US military aircraft. US aircraft cleared for its use have included the B-1 Lancer, B-2 Spirit, B-52 Stratofortress, F/A-18 Hornet, A-6 Intruder, A-4 Skyhawk, F-111, F-15E Strike Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon and the F-35A. As part of NATO Nuclear Weapons Sharing, German and Italian Panavia Tornado aircraft can also carry B61s. The B61 can fit inside the F-22 Raptor's weapons bays and will also be carried by the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II.

B61 tactical variants are deployed with NATO allies in Europe as part of the NATO Nuclear Weapons Sharing Program. About 150 bombs are stored at six bases: Kleine Brogel in Belgium, Büchel Air Base in Germany, Aviano and Ghedi Air Base in Italy, Volkel Air Base in the Netherlands and Incirlik in Turkey. In 2012, NATO agreed to improve the capabilities of this force with the increased accuracy of the Mod 12 upgrade and the delivery of the F-35 aircraft. This added a modest standoff capability to the B61. The F-35A was certified to carry the B61-12 in October 2023, marking the first time a fifth generation fighter has been nuclear capable, and the first new platform in the NATO inventory to achieve such status since the early 1990s.

Design

The B61 is a variable yield ("dial-a-yield" colloquially) dual use tactical and strategic bomb equipped with Full Fuzing Option (FUFO) designed for external carriage by high-speed aircraft. It has a streamlined casing capable of withstanding supersonic flight. The original B61-0 weapon was 141.6 in long, with a diameter of 13.3 inch and a basic weight of 715 lb with most later weapons having approximately the same dimensions and weight, except for the Mod 11 version which has a weight of approximately 1200 lb.

Ground operations
The B61 is armed by ground-based personnel via an access panel located on the side of the bomb, which opens to reveal nine dials, two sockets, and a T-handle which manually triggers the "command disable" function. One of the sockets is for a MC4142 "strike enable" plug which must be inserted in order to complete critical circuits in the safety/arming and firing mechanisms. The other socket is the PAL connector, which has 23 pins marked with alphabetic letter codes.

The B61 "command disable" mechanism functions as follows: after entering the correct three-digit numeric code it is then possible to turn a dial to "DI" and pull back a T-shaped handle which comes away in the user's hand. This action releases a spring-loaded firing pin which fires the percussion cap on an MC4246A thermal battery, powering it up. Electrical power from the thermal battery is sufficient to "fry" the internal circuitry of the bomb, destroying critical mechanisms without causing detonation. This makes the bomb incapable of being used. Any B61 which has had the command disable facility activated must be returned to Pantex for repair.

Fuzing and delivery
The B61 can be set for airburst or groundburst detonation, and by free fall, retarded free fall or laydown delivery through the use of a parachute to slow down the weapon during release from the delivery aircraft. Only the Mod 0 to 10 versions of the B61 are equipped with a parachute retarder (currently a 24-ft (7.3 m) diameter nylon/Kevlar chute). This offers the aircraft a chance to escape the blast in its retarded delivery modes, or allows the weapon to survive impact with the ground in laydown delivery mode. Contact preclusion can also be selected by the pilot. The weapon can be released at speeds up to Mach 2 and altitudes as low as 50 ft. In one of the weapon's laydown modes, it detonates 31 seconds after weapon release.

The Mod 11 is a hardened penetration bomb with a reinforced casing and a delayed-action fuze; this allows the weapon to penetrate several metres into the ground before detonating, damaging fortified structures further underground. Developed from 1994, the Mod 11 went into service in 1997 replacing the older megaton-yield B53 bomb. About 50 Mod 11 bombs have been produced, their warheads converted from Mod 7 bombs. At present, the primary carrier for the Mod 11 is the B-2 Spirit.

Mods
As of 2023, the B61 has 13 variants, referred to as Mod 0 through Mod 12.

B61 Mod 3 and 4
A Sandia document on the dates of the development phases of the US nuclear stockpile describes the B61-3 as an "improved Mod 2 w/IHE" and the B61-4 as "same as Mod 3 ex. Hi-Y".

The B61 Mod 3 and 4 bombs do not contain beryllium.

B61 Mod 5
A 1978 report on reducing or substituting beryllium in nuclear weapons noted that the B61-5 contained beryllium and that if the use of beryllium were to be restricted, the B61-5 could probably be replaced by the B61 Mod 3.

B61 Mod 6 and 8
The B61 Mod 6 and Mod 8 bombs were developed for use by the US Navy beginning in March 1987 and cancelled at the end of the Cold War. The weapons weighed 350 kg, had a length of 3597 mm and a diameter of 338 mm, and were one-point safe, used insensitive high explosives (IHE) in their primary stages and utilized enhanced electrical safety (EES).

The weapons were to be built by converting existing B61-0, −2 and −5 weapons into Mod 6 and 8 weapons and the weapons were to use B61-7 weapon parts where possible. By mass, the largest deviations from the B61-7 were the Acorn assembly, MC4137 TSSG (trajectory sensing signal generator) and the JTA (described as "ballast for WR").

Electrical systems
The weapon's computer was the MC4139 Programmer, two of which are used on independent channels, and is identical to the programmer used on the B61-7. The MC3656 Main Battery is identical to the battery used on the B61-7 and is thermally operated, providing 120 seconds of power for the weapon, but initial power is supplied by the MC2238 Pulse Batteries which are activated by the weapon's pullout switches during separation from the aircraft.

The weapon contained two neutron generators for initiation, used a 2400 volt 0.6 μF capacitor for neutron generator firing and a 3300 volt 2.0 μF capacitor for the firing set. If neither the radar fuze or the contact crystals actuated, the weapon would detonate at 120 seconds from arming.

The weapons were to initially use the MC4175 Trajectory Sensing Signal Generators which are identical to the TSSG found in the B61-7, but starting from 1991, the Mod 6 was to get a new MC4137 Trajectory Sensing Signal Generator. The MC4175 stored the arming signal for the trajectory stronglink it its memory, so it featured a pair of rolamite acceleration switches designed to prevent the possibility of the signal being transferred to the stronglink before the rolamites were actuated by the spinning of the weapon in flight. The MC4137 instead is provided the unique signal from the MC4139 Programmer, which stores it in a volatile memory that erases after approximately seven seconds of lost power, meaning that without intent from the MC4139 and continuously applied power the MC4137 does not know how to arm the safelink.

Stronglink switches and weaklinks
The weapon was to feature a number of weapon stronglinks. Stronglinks are part of the weapon's safety systems and are designed to be robust enough that they can survive abnormal environments long enough for the weapon's weaklinks to fail. This requires weak and stronglinks to be colocated so they are exposed to the same environmental conditions in an accident.

The first stronglink was the MC2969 Intent Stronglink Switch which was also used on the B61-3, −4 and −7, W78, W80 and B83 weapons. The MC2969 consisted of a 14-pin ceramic-insulated bank of switches that would close upon the receipt of the proper intent unique signal (IUQS) to its electromechanical decoder. Receipt of the wrong signal would lock the MC2969 in the open position until a specific unlock signal was received.

The second stronglink was the MC2935 Trajectory Stronglink Switch of which there were two, one for each channel of the weapon's firing set. Like the MC2969, it mechanically locked if it received the wrong input signals, but unlike the MC2969 it could only be manually unlocked, which could only take place at the factory. Signals for the MC2935 come from either of the two MC4175s or the MC4137 Trajectory Sensing Signal Generators.

A third stronglink existed inside the first exclusion region of the weapon and was involved in weapon arming. Details of the system are still classified.

B61 Mod 12

As of 2013 the Pentagon saw the B83 nuclear bomb as a "relic of the Cold War," believing that deploying a megaton-yield gravity bomb, the highest level nuclear weapon left in the U.S. inventory, to Europe was "inconceivable" at this point. It can also only be carried by the B-2 bomber, and integrating it onto additional aircraft would be costly. The Mod 12 upgrade is being pursued as a forward-deployed tactical/strategic nuclear weapon to protect NATO and Asian allies since it can be used from dual-capable fighter aircraft, as well as planned to arm the F-35 and B-21 Raider, and its lower yield options make it more flexible with less collateral effects. Recapitalizing the B61 is hoped to lead to the retirement of the B83, resulting in the elimination of the last megaton-yield U.S. bomb and leave the B61-series as the only U.S. gravity nuclear bomb.

In 2013, the Pentagon and NNSA stated that if B61 refurbishment did not begin by 2019, components in the existing weapons could begin to fail. In 2013 Tom Collina of the Arms Control Association said that the new development could complicate arms control efforts with Russia.

In 2014, Congress slashed funding for the project and called for alternates to be studied. In January 2014, former Air Force Chief of Staff Norton A. Schwartz stated that the Mod 12 nuclear bomb upgrade would have enhanced accuracy and a lower yield with less fallout compared to previous versions of the weapon. Accuracy has not been a guarantee for air-dropped nuclear weapons, so consequently large warheads were needed to effectively impact a target; the Mod 11 nuclear earth-penetrator is accurate to 110–170 meters from the desired detonation location, so it requires a 400-kiloton warhead. The Mod 12 is accurate to 30 meters from a target and only requires a 50-kiloton warhead. Schwartz believes that greater accuracy would both improve the weapon and create a different target set it can be useful against. An example is the higher-yield Mod 11's role of attacking underground bunkers that need a ground burst to create a crater and destroy it through the shockwave. A 50-kiloton yield detonating on the ground produces a crater with a radius of 30–68 meters, depending on the density of the surface, effectively putting the bunker within the circular error probability.

In 2014 critics said that a more accurate and less destructive nuclear weapon would make leaders less cautious about deploying it, while Schwartz said it would deter adversaries more because the U.S. would be more willing to use it in situations where necessary. The improved accuracy would make it more effective than the previous Mod 3/4 currently deployed to the continent. F-16 and Panavia Tornado aircraft cannot interface with the new bomb due to electronic differences, but NATO countries buying the F-35 would be able to utilize it. The first flight test for an inert Mod 12 was conducted in 2015, with a second successful test in August 2017.

Despite claims the Mod 12 has an earth penetrating capability, the weapon does not have the reinforced structure like that of the Mod 11, which is required to function as an earth penetrating weapon. The Mod 11 will be retained in service for the ground penetrating mission.

The Mod 12 Life Extension Program continued in 2018 and on 29 June 2018 two successful non-nuclear system qualification flight tests at Tonopah Test Range were reported. In October 2018, the Mod 12 guided tail-kit assembly received Milestone C approval to enter the production phase; the TKA went through the traditional test program in under 11 months, achieving a 100% success rate for all 31 bomb drops. The B61-12 nuclear bomb completed its successful flight tests with the US Air Force's F-15E in June 2020. It was dropped from above 25,000ft and was in the air for approximately 55 seconds before hitting the target.

The first B61-12 bomb was produced in November 2021. The weapon replaces the B61 mod 3, mod 4 and mod 7 bombs while the B61-11 will be retained in the stockpile. It is expected that the LEP will extend the B61's life by at least 20 years. Politico reported in October 2022 that the US military planned to accelerate the deployment of the Mod 12 in Europe. This drew criticism from the Russian Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Alexander Grushko, who accused the US government of "reducing the nuclear threshold" with the weapon's increased accuracy.

The F/A-18E/F Super Hornet is not listed as a future platform.

B61 Mod 13
Initially, the NNSA Stockpile Stewardship and Management Plan anticipated Phase 1 development for the B61 Mod 13 Life Extension Program (LEP) beginning in 2037 with first production of the weapon in 2050, but in 2023 plans were announced to produce a new gravity bomb similar to that of the B61-12, but having a high yield similar to that of the B61-7, named the B61 Mod 13. This discards plans for the Mod 13 to be a future Mod 12 LEP. It is planned that for each B61-13 produced, one fewer B61-12 is to be produced, therefore not increasing the planned number of new B61 bombs; defense officials indicated only "a few dozen" B61-13s may be produced. The new bomb will be carried by the B-21 Raider, but it is not planned to be deployed on the F-35.

The Federation of American Scientists have accused the weapon of being a "political bomb", introduced to finally retire the B83-1 nuclear bomb, whose retirement has been blocked by hardliners.

W61 Earth Penetrator Warhead

A W61 Earth Penetrator Warhead (EPW) with a yield of 340 ktTNT was developed for the AGM-129 Advanced Cruise Missile and the MGM-134 Midgetman small ICBM. The weapon entered Phase 1 initial development in January 1985 and phase 4 production engineering in September 1992 before being cancelled in December of that year.

In the Advanced Cruise Missile role, the weapon was to replace aging B53 bombs, but after the W61 cancellation the role was filled by the B61-11 bomb.

Pits
A declassified technical report on the automation of pit handling at Pantex indicates that the B61-2 and B61-5 share a common pit design, as do the B61-3, B61-10 and W85. The B61-0 and B61-4 do not share a pit with any other weapon. As the B61-7 was a retrofit of the B61-1 and the B61-11 was a retrofit of the B61-7, they presumably share a common pit.

Cost
In May 2010 the National Nuclear Security Administration asked Congress for $40 million to redesign the bomb to enable the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II to carry the weapon internally by 2017. This version is designated Mod 12. The four hundred Mod 12 bombs will be used by both tactical aircraft (such as the F-35) and strategic aircraft (such as the B-2) and the Tail Subassembly (TSA) will give them Joint Direct Attack Munition levels of accuracy, allowing the fifty kiloton warhead to have strategic effects from all carrying aircraft. However, refitting the 400 weapons is now expected to cost over $10 billion. The Mod 12 tail assembly contract was awarded to Boeing on November 27, 2012 for $178 million. Boeing will use their experience with the Joint Direct Attack Munition to yield JDAM-equivalent accuracy in a nuclear bomb. This contract is only the first part of the billion-dollar expense of producing and applying the tail kits, over and above the $10 billion cost to refurbish the warheads. The Mod 12 uses an internal guidance system and can glide to its target. On 1 July 2015, the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) conducted the first of three flight tests of the Mod 12 tail kit assembly.

According to the Federation of American Scientists in 2012, the roughly 400 B61-12s will cost $28 million apiece.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: B61 nuclear bomb


text:
Talk:Duran Duran (1983 video)

Nice work, Feduciary! You've done a great job expanding my measly stub. Sorry to remove your name from the text -- that's not standard practice at Wikipedia, but your contributions are easily visible on the article's "history" page, so your credit remains intact. Look forward to more collaboration on other articles. Catherine | talk 00:18, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Duran Duran (1983 video)


text:
Talk:Deviant behavior

To do

 * Information on more theorists.
 * Cleaning up, adding more information on the discourse on the functions of deviance.
 * For the "types of deviance" section, there is information from the Social Deviance Wikibook.
 * Possibly shortening the description of theories in the three schools in order to streamline the article, so that people can get a general sense and then study further by clicking on links. Boneheadmx 08:56, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Provide info on how "deviant" has been used prejoritive term for those who behavior, especially sexual behavior, some disapproves of, such as homosexuals. Compare with "pervert". --Cab88 15:21, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Subcultures really deviant?
I disagree with the listing of several subcultures as deviant. Deviance requires violation of cultural norms; however, in a subculture there's a conformity to a smaller culture but a culture nevertheless, hence I don't see why it would be categorized as such. Sarge Baldy 00:18, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)

I'm confused why labelling deviancy: "Encourages social change" Don't you mean discourages social change? Johnflux 22:11, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Deviancy encourages social change because subcultures produce deviance. Since the mainstream of a society accepts and values the cultural beliefs most accept and value, all other cultural beliefs would be considered deviant, which in turn produce subcultures. To answer why deviance encourages change, its because within these same subcultures, there are activists (i.e. political, social, human, etc.) that bring distoration, or better yet, a disruption of the status quo by influencing others from the ideal cultural beliefs. If these "social groups" (activists) have enough of a dramatic influence (encouragement), there will be change.

Merge
Should this page be merged with Sociology of deviance?--ColdFeet 07:46, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Merge
I'm not sure why the' above text has been crossed out, but I agree that this should be merged with sociology of deviance.--(unsigned)

Note made later by another user: all the "crossing out" was because of a (probably misplaced) unclosed tag which I turned off. --starfarmer 02:09, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Fleshing Out
That article could still use some fleshing out, but at least it has the basic theories covered. ' --(unsigned)

Meaning not clear...typo?
At the end of the last paragraph of the first section it says: The Italian School is a criminological school that studies the biological factors which may contribute to crime and deviance. Syafriwaldi, Criminology I looked up "Syafriwaldi" on Google and didn't come up with anything that made sense; I had assumed that it was a reference that hadn't been properly bracketed.

Anyone got a clue on this? If not, we should probably delete it. --starfarmer 02:09, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Merger to Deviance (sociology)
This article and Sociology of deviance substantially duplicate each other. I propose that they be merged into a common article Deviance (sociology). Madcoverboy 03:17, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deviant behavior


text:
Arn Anderson

Martin Anthony Lunde (born September 20, 1958), better known by his ring name Arn Anderson, is an American professional wrestling road agent, author, and retired professional wrestler. Although he is widely regarded as one of the greatest tag team wrestlers in history, he also had a successful singles career and became a four-time NWA/WCW World Television Champion, which he often called his "world title".

Anderson's career was highlighted by his alliances with Ric Flair and various members of the wrestling stable The Four Horsemen in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW). After his retirement, he worked as a producer for WWE until 2019, when he joined All Elite Wrestling (AEW). On March 31, 2012, Anderson was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as a member of the Four Horsemen. His son, Brock Anderson also pursued a career in professional wrestling.

Early life
Martin Anthony Lunde was born in Rome, Georgia, on September 20, 1958.

Early career (1981–1984)
Lunde began his career on December 16, 1981, in Georgia Championship Wrestling going by the ring name Jim Vertaroso, having been trained by Ted Lipscomb (Allen). He spent much of the year wrestling in various independent wrestling companies across the United States, including a minor run in Mid South Wrestling for Bill Watts from 1982 to 1983. By the middle of 1983, he made his way to Southeastern Championship Wrestling, an NWA affiliated promotion operating out of Tennessee and Alabama. Taking the name of "Super Olympia", Lunde soon became a member of Ron Fuller's Stud Stable before the year was out. Lunde saw success in the tag team ranks by winning the NWA Southeastern Tag Team Championship three times with Mr. Olympia and once with Pat Rose throughout 1984. It was also here in this promotion that Lunde met and began what would become a lifelong friendship with Ric Flair. By the end of the year, however, Lunde left the company and joined Mid South Wrestling based out of Shreveport. Lunde's time in Mid South was coming to an end, and during a TV taping the Junkyard Dog mentioned to Bill Watts, the owner of Mid South Wrestling, that Lunde looked like an Anderson. Watts called Jim Crockett and convinced him to book Lunde.

Minnesota Wrecking Crew (1984–1985)
Lunde made his way to Jim Crockett, Jr.'s Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling, based in the Virginias and the Carolinas. By this time, the company extended its range into Georgia after rival promoter Vince McMahon purchased Georgia Championship Wrestling. There was a strong physical resemblance between Lunde and Ole Anderson, who had achieved legendary status in the Georgia and Mid-Atlantic territories as a tag team wrestler. Ole noticed that Lunde's style was a no nonsense approach in the ring and specialized in working over a part of an opponent's body throughout the match, much like Ole himself. Anderson agreed to work with Lunde, helping to hone his capabilities, and re-formed the Minnesota Wrecking Crew with Lunde replacing Gene Anderson and taking on the name of "Arn Anderson", Ole's kayfabe brother. The team quickly became a force in the territory by capturing the NWA National Tag Team Championship in March 1985. Arn and Ole defended the titles throughout the year, with their highest profile match being part of the card for Starrcade 1985 on Thanksgiving night. The Crew successfully defended the titles against Wahoo McDaniel and Billy Jack Haynes.

The Four Horsemen (1985–1988)
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In the latter half of 1985, the Andersons formed a loose knit alliance with fellow heels Tully Blanchard and Ric Flair, as they began to have common enemies. The foursome frequently teamed together in six-man, and sometimes, eight-man tag matches or interfered in each other's matches to help score a victory or, at least, to prevent each other from losing their titles. The alliance quickly became a force within the territory, working in feuds against some of the biggest stars in the company like Dusty Rhodes, Magnum T. A., the Road Warriors and the Rock 'n' Roll Express. Anderson also saw success as a singles wrestler on January 4, 1986, by winning the vacant NWA Television Championship. Simultaneously, Anderson was still one half of the NWA National Tag Team Champions and, even though Crockett promotions abandoned the National Tag titles in March, Anderson's success as a dual champion elevated his status within the territory. It was also during this time (in 1986) that the Andersons, Blanchard, and Flair began calling themselves The Four Horsemen with J. J. Dillon serving as the group's manager. Anderson also had a tremendous ability to do interviews to further the storylines he participated in. His ability to improvise in interviews allowed him to coin the "Four Horsemen" moniker for the stable, as he likened their coming to wrestle at an event and the aftermath of their wrath as being akin to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, and the name stuck. Anderson continued his reign as NWA Television Champion for most of the year, holding the championship for just over 9 months before losing it to Dusty Rhodes on September 9, 1986.

The first real setback with the Horsemen occurred at Starrcade 1986 after Anderson and Ole lost a Steel Cage match to the Rock 'n' Roll Express, with Ole getting pinned. The subsequent storyline positioned Ole as the weak link within the team, possibly attributed to his age. Ole's position with the group was only further weakened after he decided to take two months off after Starrcade. After Ole's return in February 1987, the other Horsemen turned on him and threw him out of the group, resulting in Ole incurring numerous attacks over the next several months. Afterwards, Ole was replaced with Lex Luger and the Horsemen resumed their dominance of the company.

As a member of the Horsemen, Anderson continued to be involved in high-profile angles within the company. By mid-1987, Anderson and fellow Horsemen Tully Blanchard began regularly competing as a tag team and rose quickly through the tag team ranks. The duo faced the Rock 'n' Roll Express for the NWA World Tag Team Championship on September 29, 1987, and were victorious. This win further solidified the group's dominance in the company as Lex Luger was the reigning NWA United States Heavyweight Champion and Ric Flair spent most of 1987 as the NWA World Heavyweight Champion, losing it to Ron Garvin in September, only to regain it at Starrcade 1987 on Thanksgiving night. Anderson and Tully continued to feud throughout the rest of the year and first few months of 1988 with the Road Warriors, the Rock 'n' Roll Express and the Midnight Express being their most frequent rivals.

By December 1987, Luger had defected from the Horsemen and began a heated feud with the group, with Ric Flair especially. In early 1988, Luger formed a tag team with Barry Windham and began challenging Anderson and Blanchard for the NWA World Tag Team Championship. The bigger, stronger team of Windham and Luger were eventually successful, winning the titles on March 27, 1988. The reign would be short lived, however, as Anderson and Blanchard regained the titles less than a month later after Barry Windham turned on Luger during their match and joined the Horsemen. Though Anderson and Blanchard were two of the biggest stars in Crockett's company, they were frequently in dispute with Crockett over their pay. Despite the fact that the two, along with the Horsemen, were helping to generate millions of dollars in revenue for the company, they considered themselves to be underpaid. Their last contracted match with the company took place on September 10, 1988, when they dropped the NWA World Tag Team Championship to the Midnight Express before leaving for the WWF.

World Wrestling Federation (1988–1989)

Anderson and Blanchard left Crockett's company to join Vince McMahon's World Wrestling Federation. Upon being named the Brain Busters, the team took Bobby "The Brain" Heenan as their manager and quickly began rising through the tag team ranks, eventually coming to challenge Demolition for the WWF Tag Team Championship. On July 18, 1989, the Brain Busters won the titles, ending Demolition's historic reign of 478 days; the match would air on the July 29 edition of Saturday Night's Main Event XXII. Although they would lose the titles back to Demolition on an episode of WWF Superstars just over three months later, the Brain Busters continued to be a force in the WWF's tag team division.

World Television Champion (1990–1991)
In December 1989, Anderson left the WWF and went back to WCW. Blanchard was slated to return as well but WWF accused him of testing positive for cocaine. Crockett's company was now called World Championship Wrestling and was under the ownership of billionaire mogul Ted Turner. Anderson helped to reform the Horsemen and he quickly found success in the company, winning the NWA World Television Championship on January 2, 1990. Anderson remained the champion almost the entire year before dropping it to Tom Zenk. Zenk's reign would be short lived, however, as Anderson regained the title, having been renamed the WCW World Television Championship on January 14, 1991. His third reign with the title was also considered successful as he held the title a little more than five months before dropping it to "Beautiful" Bobby Eaton on May 19, 1991. Afterwards, with Horsemen members Ric Flair and Sid Vicious gone to the WWF and Barry Windham having turned face, Anderson entered the tag team ranks of WCW.

World Tag Team Champion (1991–1992)
In the summer of 1991, Anderson formed a tag team with Larry Zbyszko and they called themselves the Enforcers. After competing for several months and moving up in the tag team ranks, they successfully captured the WCW World Tag Team Championship on September 2, 1991. The reign would be short lived, however, as they lost the titles roughly two and a half months later to Ricky Steamboat and Dustin Rhodes. Anderson and Zbyszko wrestled their final match as a tag team in December 1991 as part of WCW's "Roar Power" tour of Europe.

Later in December 1991, Anderson joined Paul E. Dangerously's new stable the Dangerous Alliance, where he formed a new tag team with "Beautiful" Bobby Eaton. They quickly moved up the tag team division and were soon a threat to Steamboat and Rhodes. Anderson and Eaton quickly won the titles on January 16, 1992, and defended the titles against all comers for the next four and a half months before losing the titles to the Steiner Brothers in May 1992. The Dangerous Alliance disbanded in November 1992 following Clash of the Champions XXI, following which Anderson took a short hiatus from WCW.

The Four Horsemen reunion (1993)
Ric Flair returned to WCW in February 1993; as a result of a "no-compete" clause he was initially unable to wrestle, so he hosted a short-lived talk show segment called "A Flair for the Gold". Anderson usually appeared at the bar on the show's set.

While still under WCW contract, Anderson wrestled a handful of matches for Smoky Mountain Wrestling in March and April 1993, teaming with the Rock 'n' Roll Express. At Slamboree '93: A Legends' Reunion in May 1993, Anderson unsuccessfully challenged Barry Windham for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship.

In May 1993, Anderson joined Ole Anderson and Ric Flair to once more reform the Four Horsemen. The Horsemen introduced Paul Roma as their newest member. Although athletic and a skilled in-ring competitor, Roma had spent much of his career as a jobber in the WWF. As part of an interview segment for the Ric Flair and the Four Horsemen DVD, Triple H stated that he thought the addition of Roma made the membership the weakest in the history of the group, and Arn himself referred to Roma as "a glorified gym rat". Although Anderson and Roma won the WCW World Tag Team Championship in August, the group was seen as a failure by WCW. The stable disbanded in October 1993 after Anderson was legitimately injured in an altercation with Sid Vicious. Anderson returned to the ring in December 1993, facing his former stablemate Paul Roma in a series of matches. In February 1994, he formed a short-lived tag team with Ricky Steamboat. In May 1994, Anderson wrestled at the Eastern Championship Wrestling event When Worlds Collide as part of a talent exchange between WCW and ECW. At the event, Anderson teamed with Terry Funk in an unsuccessful challenge to Sabu and Bobby Eaton.

Stud Stable; World Television Champion (1994–1995)
In May 1994, Anderson formed another new tag team, this one with Dustin Rhodes. At Bash at the Beach 1994, Anderson and Rhodes faced Col. Rob Parker's Stud Stable; during the match, Anderson betrayed Rhodes and cost him them match, subsequently joining the Stud Stable alongside Terry Funk, Bunkhouse Buck, "Stunning" Steve Austin and Meng. The Stud Stable feuded with Dusty and Dustin Rhodes until late 1994 when Funk left.

Anderson's last championship run began on January 8, 1995, after winning the World Television Championship from Johnny B. Badd. Anderson helped restore the prestige of the title, which he held for just over six months before dropping it to The Renegade at Great American Bash 1995. He briefly feuded with long-time friend Flair, and was assisted by Brian Pillman in his efforts.

The Four Horsemen reunion (1995–1997)
In 1995, Anderson reformed the Four Horsemen yet again with Flair, Anderson, Pillman, and a partner to be named later (who ended up being Chris Benoit).

By the end of 1996, Anderson rarely competed in the ring as years of wear and tear on his body finally started to catch up with him. On the November 25 edition of Nitro, Anderson fought Luger to a double count-out in a quarter-final tournament match for the vacant WCW United States Championship.

Semi-retirement (1997–2002)
On the August 25, 1997, episode of Monday Nitro, Anderson formally announced his retirement from the ring. While standing in the ring, surrounded by Ric Flair and newest Horsemen members Steve McMichael and Benoit, Anderson declared that his last official act as the "Enforcer" for the Four Horsemen was to offer his "spot" in the group to Curt Hennig, as he was forced to retire due to extensive neck and upper back injuries. He worked a couple tag matches afterward, including teaming with David Flair on an episode of WCW Thunder, but his physical involvement was extremely limited in those bouts.

On the September 14, 1998, edition of Nitro, alongside Steve McMichael, Dean Malenko, and Chris Benoit, Anderson ceremoniously reintroduced Ric Flair to WCW after his 12-month hiatus. In doing so, they reformed the Horsemen who then feuded with WCW President Eric Bischoff. Flair won the presidency of WCW from Bischoff on the December 28, 1998, episode of Nitro followed by winning the WCW World Heavyweight Championship at Uncensored 1999 and turn heel in the process. Anderson remained Flair's right-hand man during this time as he attempted to keep Flair's delusional hunger for power at bay.

In 2000, Anderson was a member of the short-lived Old Age Outlaws. Led by Terry Funk, the group of veteran wrestlers battled the revived New World Order. On May 9, Anderson wrestled and lost to David Flair and a week later teamed with Ric Flair to defeat David Flair and Crowbar.

WCW was purchased by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in early 2001, ending Anderson's tenure there. He later made his return to the WWF.

World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE (2001–2019)

Not long after the closing of WCW, Anderson became a road agent for WWF, renamed World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in May 2002. He occasionally appeared on WWE television trying to, with the help of other WWE management, pull apart backstage brawls. Before the WCW/ECW Invasion storyline, Anderson took up color commentary for a WCW World Heavyweight Championship match between Booker T and Buff Bagwell, WCW Cruiserweight Championship match with Billy Kidman and Gregory Helms as well as another WCW Championship match between Diamond Dallas Page and Booker T, which would be his only appearances as a commentator in WWE. He made an appearance on Raw in 2002 delivering a video to Triple H before he was supposed to renew his wedding vows to then-heel, Stephanie McMahon. Anderson was assaulted by The Undertaker on February 25, 2002, in an episode of Raw leading up the Undertaker vs. Ric Flair match at WrestleMania X8. During that bout, Anderson made an in-ring appearance, delivering his signature spinebuster to The Undertaker. He would later turn heel by helping Ric Flair in his feud with Stone Cold Steve Austin, leading to Austin urinating on him. Anderson became a face once again on June 10, 2002, and attempted to help a then-babyface Flair gain sole ownership of WWE during a match with Mr. McMahon, but backed down from a confrontation with Brock Lesnar, who entered the ring to assist McMahon.

Anderson made a special appearance at the October 2006 Raw Family Reunion special, in which he was in Ric Flair's corner for his match against Mitch of the Spirit Squad. Anderson was in the corner of Flair, Sgt. Slaughter, Dusty Rhodes, and Ron Simmons at Survivor Series 2006, where the four faced the Spirit Squad, but was ejected from the arena during the match. On the March 31, 2008 Raw, Anderson came out to say his final goodbye to Ric Flair and thank him for his career. At No Mercy, he was backstage congratulating Triple H for retaining the WWE Championship against Jeff Hardy.

On an episode of Smackdown Live in August 2016, Anderson made an appearance as one of the people asked by Heath Slater to be his tag team partner for the tournament to determine the inaugural winners of the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship. Anderson refused to help Slater upon learning that he was not Slater's first choice as a tag team partner. On the August 8, 2017, episode of Smackdown Live, Anderson made a guest appearance on Fashion Police, revealing himself to be the one who destroyed Breezango's toy horse, Tully, and boasting he was the best horse from The Four Horsemen, and that "Tully" should have been named "Arn".

On February 22, 2019, it was reported Anderson had been released from the WWE. It was later reported this was due to Anderson allowing an intoxicated Alicia Fox to wrestle a match at a WWE Live Event on February 10. At Starcast II, Anderson spoke briefly about his release saying he didn't want to be somewhere he was not wanted and the hours had become too much for him. He couldn't say much due to being bound by a non-disclosure agreement.

All Elite Wrestling (2019–2024)
On August 31, 2019, Anderson made a surprise appearance at the All Elite Wrestling (AEW) pay-per-view event, All Out, assisting Cody in his match against Shawn Spears by hitting Spears with a spinebuster. On November 6, 2019, Anderson would be a guest commentator on Dark.

On December 30, 2019, AEW announced that Anderson had signed a contract with the company as Cody's personal advisor and head coach. He would make his Dynamite debut on the January 1, 2020, episode, assisting Cody to win his match against Darby Allin. On June 3, 2020, Anderson announced that he had signed a new multi-year contract with AEW.

On the June 11, 2021 episode of Dynamite, in an interview with Tony Schiavone, Anderson, alongside his son Brock and Cody (now going under his original ring name Cody Rhodes), announced that Brock would be wrestling with AEW and would join the Nightmare Family. The interview was interrupted by Q. T. Marshall and a fight ensued. On the June 18 episode of Dynamite, Anderson accompanied Brock to the ring for his debut match. Brock, teaming with Rhodes defeated Marshall and Aaron Solow. After the match, Anderson hugged Brock and raised his hand.

On the September 29 episode of Dynamite, Anderson dumped Rhodes, who was on a losing streak, and left the ring with Lee Johnson, who had just successfully scored a winning pinfall while teaming with Rhodes. During the promo when he dumped Rhodes, Anderson (a real-life gun enthusiast) told him that Rhodes would allow a carjacker to steal his car while Anderson would "pull out the Glock, put it on his forehead, and spill his brains all over the concrete". The promo, which received approval in advance from both Tony Khan and TNT, received universal critical praise from fans and other wrestlers, as the quote got Anderson trending on Twitter; AEW promptly released a T-shirt featuring the quote due to the reaction. Additionally, the promo was sampled by rapper JPEGMafia in the song "End Credits". However, Anderson would afterwards resume coaching Rhodes, who would later go on to have another reign as AEW TNT Champion. Rhodes departed from the promotion in February 2022, which also caused the end of the Nightmare Family, but Anderson would continue to manage Brock and Johnson for the rest of the year.

On the April 19, 2023 episode of Dynamite, Anderson assisted Wardlow in his match with Powerhouse Hobbs to win the TNT Championship. Anderson and Wardlow began feuding with Christian Cage and Luchasaurus, and at Double or Nothing, he was involved in a spot where he bit the thumb of Luchasaurus. Wardlow ended up retaining the title at the event, but Anderson and Wardlow's partnership ended after he lost the title to Luchasaurus on the June 17 episode of Collision. On the August 12 episode of Collison, held in Greensboro, North Carolina, Anderson was in Brock's corner who unsuccessfully challenged Luchasaurus for the TNT Championship. Brock's contract with the promotion would expire later that month and Anderson took a backstage role as a producer.

On May 28, 2024, Anderson announced on his podcast The ARN Show that he would not be renewing his AEW contract upon its expiration on May 31, 2024.

Personal life
Although he was billed as such, Anderson is not related to the Anderson family. He was given the name "Anderson" and was originally billed as Ole Anderson's brother, and later billed as Ole's nephew, because of his resemblance to Ole in appearance and wrestling style. He was also billed as Flair's cousin at various times, even though he is not related to Ric Flair, but they are long time friends.

Anderson married his wife Erin in 1985. They reside in Charlotte, North Carolina, and have a son named Brock. Brock followed in his father's footsteps and became a professional wrestler. Anderson stated on an episode of his podcast The Arn Show that the only reason he had stayed in the business for so long was to make sure Brock was able to get his start in it.

During a WCW tour of Europe, Anderson and Sid Eudy (better known as Sid Vicious or Sycho Sid) were involved in an argument at a hotel bar in the English town of Blackburn on October 27, 1993. Anderson threatened Eudy with a broken bottle; after being sent to their rooms by security chief Doug Dillinger, Eudy later came to Anderson's room and attacked him with a chair leg, and Anderson retaliated with pair of scissors. Eudy received four stab wounds and Anderson received 20, losing a pint and a half of blood in the process. The fight was broken up by fellow wrestler 2 Cold Scorpio, who was credited with saving Anderson's life. Neither man pressed charges against the other, and British police declined to do so since both men would soon be leaving the country. Eudy was later fired over the incident.

As stated in his biography, Anderson was thrown into the ring ropes during a match in 1994. The top rope broke from the turnbuckle, but he was able to land on his feet. Six months later, the same event happened again, but this time he landed full-force on to the concrete and hit his head, neck, and upper back. He never took time off to heal. As time passed, with no down time, the injuries worsened. In his biography, Anderson states that the first sign of problems was his left arm suddenly going numb and unresponsive during a match. Doctors found that a rib, possibly torn away from the spine during the accident, was popping in and out of the joint and causing shoulder discomfort and weakness. Upon seeing his chiropractor in Charlotte, North Carolina, and consulting medical experts in Atlanta, Georgia, the damage to Anderson's body was found to be much more severe than previously thought and surgery was deemed the only option to keep his left arm functioning at all. Surgery occurred in Atlanta in late 1996 (resulting in a left posterior laminectomy of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th cervical bones and a fusion of the 7th cervical and 1st thoracic bones) and was successful in repairing most of the damage, but Anderson still has some muscle weakness, loss of fine motor control, and loss of muscle mass in his left arm. He spent many weeks in the hospital during that time, crediting his recovery to his wife, his physical therapist, and the fact he did not want his children to be fatherless. He would be readmitted in March 1997 with symptoms akin to cardiac arrest and pulmonary failure, but was released soon afterwards.

On March 11, 2023, Anderson announced on Twitter that his son Barrett had died the night before at age 37.

Other media
Anderson's autobiography, Arn Anderson 4 Ever, was released on April 30, 2000.

Anderson has appeared in the video games WWE Legends of WrestleMania, WWE '12, WWE 2K16 (as DLC), and WWE 2K17 as a member of The Enforcers with Larry Zbyszko.

Anderson's podcast, The Arn Show, initially hosted by Conrad Thompson and then by Paul Bromwell, debuted in 2019.

Anderson appeared on the reality show Rhodes to the Top.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Cauliflower Alley Club
 * Art Abrams Lifetime Achievement/Lou Thesz Award (2016)
 * George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * Frank Gotch Award (2024)
 * Jim Crockett Promotions / World Championship Wrestling
 * NWA/WCW World Television Championship (4 times)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Paul Roma
 * NWA National Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ole Anderson
 * NWA/WCW World Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Tully Blanchard (2), Larry Zbyszko (1), Bobby Eaton (1), and Paul Roma (1)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 9 of the 500 best wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1991
 * PWI Feud of the Year (1987) – The Four Horsemen vs. The Super Powers and The Road Warriors
 * PWI Tag Team of the Year (1989) – with Tully Blanchard
 * PWI Tag Team of the Year (1991) – with Larry Zbyszko
 * PWI Stanley Weston Award (1997)
 * Ranked No. 62 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
 * Southeastern Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Southeastern Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Jerry Stubbs (3) and Pat Rose (1)
 * Southern States Wrestling
 * Kingsport Wrestling Hall of Fame (Class of 2001)
 * World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment
 * WWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Tully Blanchard
 * WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2012) as a member of The Four Horsemen
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Best on Interviews (1990)
 * Worst Worked Match of the Year (1996) – with Ric Flair, Meng, The Barbarian, Lex Luger, Kevin Sullivan, Z-Gangsta, and The Ultimate Solution vs. Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage in a Towers of Doom match at Uncensored

title: Arn Anderson


text:
Vercors

Vercors may refer to:

Places

 * Vercors Cave System, a set of long caves in the Alps of South-Eastern France
 * Vercors Massif, a range of mountains and plateaus in the departments of Isère and Drome, French Alps
 * Vercors Regional Natural Park, a protected area of southeastern France

Other

 * Maquis du Vercors, a section of the French Resistance to the Germans and Vichy régime during World War II, active in the district
 * Free Republic of Vercors (June-July 1944), a short lived Free government established by the French Resistance
 * Vercors, a pen name adopted by the French author Jean Bruller

title: Vercors


text:
Talk:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia

Untitled
In General: This article was written by Czechoslovak and US experts in the 1980s and it is based on good and many sources. The article is already too "polite", because at that time when it was written it was not known yet what atrocities really happened in Czechoslovakia (thousands of people sentenced to labour camps and so on)
 * You expect "US experts" to be objective when writing about the Soviet bloc in the middle of the Cold War? As for the "atrocities" in Czechoslovakia, you obviously don't know what real atrocities are. Labour camps (or, to be more exact, chain gangs) existed in the USA until the middle of the 20th century too, and no one seems to make a big deal about them. Go to some war-torn 3rd world nation if you wish to see real atrocities...
 * (1)The article is based on Communist Czechoslovak sources - which makes it too "polite" as I mentioned (2) You have no idea what happened in Czechoslovakia in the 50s, how many people died for political reasons on the basis of invented trials, how many children could not attend higher schools for political reasons, that people basically were prohibited visiting western countries etc. And unfortunately the people in Czechia and Slovakia prefer to "forget" these things...
 * Actually, I have a pretty good picture, being an Eastern European (Romanian, to be more exact) myself. (1) The article is supposed to be NPOV, rather than a biased rant, so I don't see your problem. (2) Since I lived under a far worse regime than the one in Czechoslovakia, I certainly do have a very good picture of what you're talking about. But unlike you, it seems, I've managed to keep my objectivity. Like all things, the communist period had a good side and a bad side. For example, you mentioned the people who could not attend higher education (university) for political reasons. But there are hundreds of times more people in capitalism who can't attend higher education because they don't have the money for it. So, in this regard, it's communism 1, capitalism 0. And keep in mind that the 50s were the worst part of the communist period.

 * [oh, and yes, that annonymous user was me, posting from a public computer - as a matter of general principle, I never log in from a public computer, since there is a danger that certain stored cookies might allow other people who use that computer to log in with my username; and anyway, I know that at least one other wikipedian - who is a friend of mine - sometimes goes to the same internet café, so there may be others as well]

All your last changes are wrong. (1) There were no free elections, even the word elections is ridiculous for what really happened there.
 * Uh, yes, that's why I wrote that free elections were effectively abolished. So what exactly are we arguing about?
 * I made a revert, not individual corrections...
 * Then, in the future, please don't revert without reading first.

(2) In view of what really happened in the country even saying hat "political freedoms were abolished" is an exaggeration.
 * Wait... now you're saying that political freedoms weren't abolished? Maybe that's not what you meant, but that is what you wrote...
 * I meant it as exaggeration in the opposite direction of course. This is a language problem... But you have deleted it - does it mean political freedoms were not abolished? Are you suggesting: people could express their opinions freely, could found a political party, could critisize the government and the Party openly, could move to a western country without persecution, could own/buy foreign currency, could read/write/issue other than propagandistic Communist press, could choose from more than 2 TV channels with non-propagandistic content, could do or say something about the Soviet occupation after 1968 without losing their job etc. etc. etc.???
 * Actually, they could (and did) write lots of things that had nothing do with any Communist propaganda, as long as they didn't go against Communist propaganda. This was the general practice all across Eastern Europe. In Romania, for example, we had a number of very talented authors and novelists that lived and published their writings during the communist period - and Romania had a much more repressive regime than Czechoslovakia. But people could not express their political opinions freely or criticize the government, of course; political freedoms were indeed abolished.

(3) There is nothing like "soviet democracy" - if you are trying to do Communist propaganda and declare Communist countries "actually as democratic as the USA" or something like that (I do not hope so), create an own homepage.
 * A soviet is a workers' council. "Soviet democracy" is the system of government that Lenin and the post-revolutionary Russian Communists declared they were trying to build, with the government elected by the soviets, and thus by the workers. And, in case you haven't noticed, my edits also mentioned that soviet democracy was NOT actually achieved.
 * I now what soviets are - they were indoctrinating that in every school. The terminology "soviet democracy" was not used in Czechoslovakia and in Czechoslovakia there were no "soviets" (except for a short period in 1919 in The Slovak Soviet Republic). But - my mistake - I have overseen that the part in question describes what the Russians were saying than it is correct of course...
 * I don't see how you can be "indoctrinated" with the definition of a term - that's as absurd as saying that schools are "indoctrinating" people with mathematics or physics. But leaving this matter aside, please notice that I never used the term "soviet democracy" in relation to Czechoslovakia. I used it in relation to Lenin and the Soviet Union.

(4) Every "baby" in Czechoslovakia learned that "we are building socialism which is a preparatory phase for the final phase called communism" - so here you have corrected even Communist terminology and ideology obviously with the only aim to insert there the word "democracy" so that the party looks like a standard party, which it never was.
 * I inserted the word "democracy" in there because the stated aim of all Communist Parties is to build socialism and democracy, as originally described by Lenin. This is communist terminology, and it should be mentioned. The fact that they didn't actually follow their stated aim should also be mentioned. That's what my edits are about. In essence, I'm trying to say "The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia declared that it wanted to establish a socialist and democratic system, but this did not happen".
 * That is of course correct, but you will have to do that without the term "soviet democracy" for Czechoslovakia.
 * Well, "soviet democracy" is an accurate term when talking about the Communists in the early Soviet Union. And that's what the paragraph which includes the mention of "soviet democracy" is talking about - the beginning of the Communist movement in general, not the Czechoslovak Communists in particular.

(5) Do not force me to go into details and list all the desastres that happened in Czechoslovakia in all spheres of life and economy under Communists rule and which turned one of the 10 most prosperous countries in the world basically into a third-world country... Juro 00:23, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * And you had better not force me to go into details and list all the disasters that happened in the former Czechoslovakia in all spheres of life and economy under capitalist rule during the past 15 years. In 1990, according to the archives of the CIA world factbook (which can be expected to be biased against the Communists), Czechoslovakia was the 21st most prosperous country in the world. That's no. 21 out of more than 176. If you think these are "third world country" standards, then you have serious problems my friend. Oh, and by the way, as of 2003, in the same economic ranking, the Czech Republic is no. 44 in the world, and Slovakia is no. 62. Whoops. Not a very good record for the capitalists, is it?

 * Please do not try to argue in fields you have no idea of. (1) It was Czechoslovak economists themselves in the 1980s who found out what I am saying, not me. In the 80s the GDP was even decreasing. (2) This so ridiculous - you use a table of ABSOLUTE gNp numbers to evaluate relative richness of countries??? - you have to take a basic economy course then. Here a short introduction: First you need per capita figures at least (see the homepage indicated by you - Czechoslovakia was 34th, but even the numbers are unreliable, because socialist countries used a completely different system of national accounts that let the numbers looks better and I am sure the page did not adjust them), second you need PPP figures and finally it is better to use gDp. Relatively correct figures are provided by the OECD in a special study, but I assume that you have no access as a normal user. Finally, these numbers do not take into account that most goods were simply not available or only available after haevy efforts and then only in an outdated form, that resources have been wasted to a tremendous extent, reinvestments in rail, roads were simply left out and have to be done now etc. And the decrease in economy after 1990 was because the structure of Czechoslovak economy was so desperately antiquated and uncompetitive that most of the firms went bankrupt when they had to face competition (but interestingly from countries which were mostly "less developped" acording to you). Finally, I will try to provide a primitive argument, which even people without knowledge of economy (especially in the USA) should understand : Compare Austria and Czechoslovakia : Austria was a very poor country before WWII, Czechoslovakia was the oposite. Now, compare the GDP numbers as from the 1980s and you will see the difference between "capitalism" and "socialism". And the difference would be even much worse, if you had made a personal journey between those two countries in the 1980s - you would see the difference at every step and you would actually find out that Austria was in fact a more "socialist" country than any of the Soviet block states. The same applies to a comparison between Western Germany and Eastern Germany - here you have even an approximately equal starting base.

 * On the contrary, you seem to be the one who makes glaring errors. (1) If the GDP was decreasing in the 80s, that only makes my argument stronger: Even after 10 years of GDP decline, in 1990, the economy of Czechoslovakia was still the 21st largest in the world. (2) First of all, the table I showed you does NOT measure absolute GNP. It measures absolute GDP. Second of all, absolute GDP is an accurate measure of a country's economic strength. By contrast, the per capita / PPP figures are a good measure of the average standard of living of that country's citizens. Predictably, all communist countries score higher in economic strength than standard of living. But even so, Czechoslovakia scores 34th in per capita GDP, which puts it just below Israel (33rd), and above many capitalist countries such as Portugal (38th), Taiwan (44th), Greece (47th), and South Korea (58th). Oh, and keep in mind that all these numbers come from the CIA. If there was any way to lower the numbers for communist countries and inflate the ones for the capitalists, you can be certain that the CIA did it. As for the horrible disaster of the present-day capitalist economies in the Czech Republic (53rd in per capita GDP in 2003) and Slovakia (61st), let me remind you that 15 years have passed since the fall of communism. That's over 1/3 of the total period of time spent under communism in the first place. The excuse that "all our economic problems are the communists' fault" is starting to look increasingly pathetic.
 * Finally, regarding Austria, can you cite any figures to prove your claims that it was so poor before the war? And even assuming your claims are correct, what about the war itself? The war obliterated any good economy that Czechoslovakia might have had in the 1930's, while Austria was mostly spared (at least until the final months of the war). As for West and East Germany, notice that all the historically wealthy regions and industrial centers of Germany - such as the Ruhr - were in the West. East Germany had to rebuild its industry practically from scratch. -- Mihnea Tudoreanu 09:26, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * But let's get back to the issue of the actual article. I hope you'll find my new version acceptable, particularly since most of your objections seem to have been the result of misunderstandings.

 * I'm afraid I'll have no time to deal with this article although it would certainly desire it. Juro 15:54, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

First of all, I simply do not discuss economic questions with someone who is claiming that absolute income numbers are a good measure of anything...Actually that's not basic economics but basic logics...And your other economic arguments are even worse - you are even denying what the communist economists were saying in Czechoslovakia. And I see that you even have problems with modern Czechoslovak, Austrian and German history - but no wonder, I myself would have problems with Romanian, Bulgarian etc. history. To put it short - you are relativizing and doing philosophy about things where you do not know enough facts (this seems to be "in" in recent years)...And your argument regarding not being able to study for financial reasons being the "equivalent" or "opposite" to not being able to study for political reasons - I will try to ignore it... And as for the remaining arguments - look, the article is OK now, the problems started when you deleted the political freedoms which made me believe you are one of those who try to make their propaganda here (because there were at least 2 such persons here during the past days)... Juro 01:44, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * PPP (purchasing power parity) does NOT refer to absolute income numbers, my friend. You certainly don't seem to be even half as knowledgeable in economics as you claim. Allow me to enlighten you. I quote from the article on purchasing power parity:
 * In economics, purchasing power parity (PPP) is a method used to calculate exchange rates between the currencies of different countries. PPP exchange rates are used in international comparisons of standard of living. They calculate the relative value of currencies based on what those currencies will buy in their nation of origin. Typically, the prices of many goods will be considered, and weighted according to their importance in the economy.
 * So, you see, I'm afraid my arguments were perfectly correct. The numbers do not lie.
 * But, at any rate, we have resolved our dispute regarding the article, so I suppose there's no point in continuing this argument. -- Mihnea Tudoreanu 14:57, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * This is too much of stupidity at once, I am sorry - you are even condusing the words absolute income and PPP - well done. Go to play elsewhere Juro 15:19, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * That's funny, I don't remember talking about "absolute income" at any point in our conversation... Perhaps you should improve your reading skills? -- Mihnea Tudoreanu 16:27, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * But I was, perhaps you should improve yours...

Resistance
--178.191.249.208 (talk) 16:18, 10 August 2011 (UTC) God knows how many communists were murdered by the Nazis for resistance activities during the war, yet not a single word of it is mentioned in this article.

tajemník
Some original names are only in Czech - eg. tajemník. The words should be qualified as Czech and Slovak names should be added.Xx234 (talk) 08:07, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Dissolution date?
Where to place the dissolution date? Whilst the party was officially banned in 1993 in the Czech Republic, that move was more of a way of confiscation of the massive buildings that belonged to the party. Was there any organizational structure of KSCS remaining after SDL broke away in December 1991? What was the relation between KSCM and the Slovak splinter factions ZKS and KSS '91 during 1992? Are there any mentions whatsoever of KSCS in 1992? --Soman (talk) 13:08, 25 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Also, I find mentions from 1991 of a 'Federation of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia and the Party of the Democratic Left'. Was that name ever formally adopted? --Soman (talk) 17:40, 25 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I've actually tagged the parameter for a citation. It could probably do with being qualified as being 'officially banned'. Personally, I think the template should be expanded to allow for either 'dissolved' or 'banned' as the two concepts are not necessarily mutually inclusive, and the use of 'dissolved' can be misleading. --Iryna Harpy (talk) 21:05, 25 November 2017 (UTC)
 * From the ref I added, it appears the Federation (i.e. the last remains of KSC) was formally dissolved by April 1992, even though there would have only been 1 member organization for the last 3-4 months (KSCM). The ban issued in 1993 is something completly different, as it mainly relates to the confiscation of KSC properties. --Soman (talk) 22:01, 25 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I checked the refs, and it looks good. Good research! Thanks for finding them and clarifying the two 'events'. --Iryna Harpy (talk) 22:26, 25 November 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia


text:
Bubba Smith

Charles Aaron "Bubba" Smith (February 28, 1945 – August 3, 2011) was an American professional football defensive end and actor. Smith played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Baltimore Colts, Oakland Raiders, and Houston Oilers.

Smith played college football for Michigan State University, where he twice earned All-American honors on the Spartans football team. Smith had a major role in a 10–10 tie against Notre Dame in 1966 that was billed as "The Game of the Century". He is one of only six players to have his jersey number retired by the program. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1988.

The first overall pick of the 1967 NFL/AFL draft, Smith played nine years in the NFL for the Colts, Raiders, and Oilers from 1967 to 1976. He was the Colts' starting left defensive end for five seasons, playing in Super Bowls III and V. He was named to two Pro Bowls and was a first-team All-Pro in 1971. He had tremendous quickness despite being 6ft 7in and 265 lb, a combination which usually earned him a double-team.

During his acting career, Smith specialized in comedic roles in film, television, and television advertising. For about a decade following his retirement from football, he appeared in various commercials for Miller Lite, alongside Chicago Bears linebacker Dick Butkus. His best-known role was as Moses Hightower in the first six Police Academy movies.

Smith was posthumously diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a neurological condition generally related to head trauma. He is one of at least 345 NFL players to be diagnosed after death with this disease.

Early life
Smith was born on February 28, 1945, in Orange, Texas, to Willie Ray Smith Sr. and Georgia Oreatha Curl Smith, and raised in nearby Beaumont. His father, Willie Ray Smith Sr., was a football coach who earned 235 victories at three high schools in the Beaumont area. Bubba had the opportunity to play for his father at Charlton-Pollard High School in Beaumont. He developed into one of the state's best-ever high school football players. Smith's younger brother Tody Smith played collegiately for the University of Southern California, and professionally for the Dallas Cowboys, Houston Oilers, and Buffalo Bills.

College
Smith originally had hopes of playing college football at the University of Texas. Even though Longhorns head coach Darrell Royal regarded him as worthy of an athletic scholarship, Royal was unwilling to offer one in the face of racial segregation which prevailed throughout the southern United States at the time. Texas was then a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC), which began to integrate in 1967. The university's football program lagged behind, before acquiescing in 1970.

The situation at UT motivated Smith to become a much better player at Michigan State University, where he was an All-American in both 1965 and 1966. He was a popular athlete at Michigan State, earning the arresting fan chant of "Kill, Bubba, Kill."

His final game at Michigan State was a 10–10 tie with Notre Dame at Spartan Stadium on November 19, 1966. With both teams undefeated, untied and ranked atop the national polls going in (The Fighting Irish were ranked #1 at 8–0–0, the Spartans #2 at 9–0–0), the match-up was hyped as the college "Game of the Century". Early in the first quarter, Smith tackled Notre Dame starting quarterback Terry Hanratty, who sustained a separated left shoulder. Hanratty was replaced for the remainder of the game by Coley O'Brien. Smith, who admitted that Hanratty's injury actually backfired on the Spartans, stated, "That didn't help us any. It just let them put in that O'Brien who's slippery and faster and gave us more trouble. The other guy just sits there and waits, and that's what we wanted." Michigan State finished second behind Notre Dame in the final voting for the national championship.

In 1988, Smith was enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame. Michigan State retired his number 95 jersey on September 23, 2006, prior to the Spartans' home game against Notre Dame, amid repeated cheers of his old slogan from the student section. This game also celebrated the 40th anniversary of the "Game of the Century."

Professional
Smith was the No. 1 overall pick in the 1967 NFL draft, taken by the Baltimore Colts with a selection originally held by the expansion New Orleans Saints, which had been traded for quarterback Gary Cuozzo. Smith's Michigan State teammate, running back Clint Jones, followed him as the second pick. , Smith is the only Michigan State player to be taken first overall.

Smith spent nine seasons in the NFL as a defensive end and played in the Super Bowl twice in his first five seasons. The heavily-favored Colts lost Super Bowl III to the New York Jets and won Super Bowl V two years later following the 1970 season. It was Smith's only Super Bowl ring. However, in interviews, Smith stated that he would never wear the ring, out of a sense of disappointment that he and his teammates were unable to win Super Bowl III.

Smith was injured at Tampa Stadium in the 1972 preseason, when he ran into a solid steel pole the NFL was using at the time to mark yardage and missed the season. He filed a lawsuit against the Tampa Sports Authority and the NFL for $2.5 million. Smith contended the referees mishandled the markers, creating "an undue hazard". The court battle lasted six years before ending in a mistrial.

Smith was traded from the Colts to the Oakland Raiders for Raymond Chester on July 16, 1973. He finished his career with the Houston Oilers. Smith was selected All-Pro one year, All-Conference two years, and went to two Pro Bowls. His legacy is the inspiration behind the documentary, Through the Banks of the Red Cedar, written and directed by MSU teammate Gene Washington's daughter, Maya.

Acting career
After retiring from professional football, Smith began acting in small movie and television roles in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He is perhaps best known for his role as Moses Hightower in the Police Academy movie series, a role he reprised in all but one of the Police Academy sequels. He also played as the chauffeur for Ned Beatty's character, Clyde Torkle, in the movie Stroker Ace starring Burt Reynolds.

Smith starred in the short-lived television series Blue Thunder, partnering with Pro Football Hall of Fame defensive star Dick Butkus, with whom he frequently costarred in advertisements for Miller Lite beer. Among other television series Smith appeared in were Good Times, Half Nelson, The Odd Couple, Wonder Woman, Taxi, Hart to Hart, MacGyver, Married... with Children and Family Matters.

Smith was the longtime spokesman of Baltimore-area law firm Cohen, Snyder, Eisenberg & Katzenberg.

Personal life
In 1983, Smith published the autobiography entitled Kill, Bubba, Kill, in which he stated he felt it was possible Super Bowl III had been rigged to enable the Jets to win in order to ensure the AFL–NFL merger proceeded smoothly.

Smith was found dead in his Los Angeles home by his caretaker on August 3, 2011. He died from acute drug intoxication and heart disease. Phentermine, a weight-loss drug, was found in his system. His heart weighed more than twice that of an average similar male. He was 66 years old.

CTE diagnosis
On May 24, 2016, it was announced that Smith had the brain disease chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurodegenerative illness affecting unknown numbers of former athletes in contact sports. The findings were confirmed by researchers affiliated with the Department of Veterans Affairs, Boston University and the Concussion Legacy Foundation, and released with the permission of the executor of Smith's estate.

Smith is the 90th former NFL player found to have had CTE by the researchers at the Boston University brain bank; they have examined 94 former pro players. According to the Concussion Legacy Foundation, on a scale of 1 to 4 used by the neuropathologist who examined Smith's brain, Smith had Stage 3 CTE, with symptoms including cognitive impairment and problems with judgment and planning.

title: Bubba Smith


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User:Angelsh~enwiki

Hello world - Hola Mundo

Mi name is Angel Miguel. I born in Lima on 26 july 1985.

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Hola Mundo - Hello world

Mi nombre es Angel Miguel, yo naci en Lima el 26 de julio de 1985.

Ahora se poco ingles, pero puedo ayudarles.

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title: User:Angelsh~enwiki