text:
Talk:GFDL

GFDL is now a disambiguation page because it also stands for Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. If you are in the habit of linking to this page when referring to the GNU Free Documentation License, I would suggest that you start using the full name instead, or at least an unambiguous redirect like GNU FDL. --Michael Snow 02:42, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This should not be a disambiguation page. It should be using primary topic disambiguation. anthony (see warning) 16:08, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * GNU Free Documentation License is only the primary topic associated with GFDL in a navel-gazing, self-referential sort of way. For the average reader who has no familiarity with free software or copyleft licensing, there is no reason GFDL should go directly to one or the other. --Michael Snow 17:41, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The average reader of Wikipedia does have familiarity with the GFDL. Furthermore, we already have a multitude of links to GFDL. If you want to change this, you need to get consensus, and then fix all the links, first. You have done neither of these things, but have merely unilaterally broken the hundreds of links and then put a note on the pump telling people they have to fix them. anthony (see warning) 19:04, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * There's no particular reason why the average reader (not editor) should be familiar with the GNU Free Documentation License. I have for quite some time now been in the process of fixing or removing undisambiguated links to GFDL, and nobody has yet objected to this. I did not tell people that they needed to go back and fix the links; if you read the note above that I originally left on the pump, I am telling people what they might do in the future to avoid creating these links, not asking anyone else to go back and fix the old ones. --Michael Snow 19:13, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * One reason why the average reader is likely to be familiar with the GFDL is because this site is licensed under the GFDL. As for your change, get consensus first.  Then fix the rest of the links.  Then you can make this change.  Otherwise I will continue to revert it. anthony (see warning) 19:21, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Well, how would you like to figure out consensus? Should we try Requests for comment perhaps? As for fixing the links, I'm not inclined to bother with all the links that are part of old talk page conversations. Almost all of the others are fixed already. A few still show up in What links here, even though they're fixed, because they're transcluded through templates like Template:FOLDOC and the articles haven't been edited since I updated the template. --Michael Snow 19:35, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I tried the "null edit" trick on the first couple of these and it didn't seem to do the trick. --Phil | Talk 13:10, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * You can show that there is a consensus how ever you want. RfC might get more people than just the two of us in the conversation, and if a bunch say they support this change and none say they disapprove of it, then I'll concede. anthony (see warning) 23:17, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Why not keep the redirect and add a note about the disambiguation to GNU Free Documentation License? I see no point in making such a highly linked-to page a disambiguation page. Angela. 04:18, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * The new disambiguation note explains the context a little better than the old one did. I still think, however, that considered in encyclopedic terms (rather than internal links or other factors related to editor convenience) there is little justification for claiming that GNU Free Documentation License is the "primary topic" associated with the abbreviation GFDL. On these terms, I believe GFDL should be the disambiguation page, and that not doing this subtly deviates from NPOV in the way that Avoid self-references is supposed to prevent. --Michael Snow 05:21, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Considering that Wikipedia styles itself "The Free Encyclopedia", I think it is entirely reasonable to consider GFDL as a primary disambiguation topic (or redirect). There is a tad of bias in privileging the article, but I think that is inherent to the enterprise of building an encylopedia based on GFDL. I don't see that this bias violates NPOV though, it is merely a recognition of the way things are in the current context. older ≠ wiser 17:30, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * Even if you exclude the word "Wikipedia", a Google search for "GNU Free Documentation License" gets 50 times more hits than "Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory", so it seems clear to me which one ought to be the primary page. Having a redirect point to the more popular page is helpful to readers, not POV. It's no different from having Birmingham, England at Birmingham. Angela. 01:37, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * My perspective is that GFDL has one particular meaning among the small segment of the world that is strongly interested in things like copyleft, and a different meaning among the small segment of the world that is strongly interested in things like meteorology. I don't see a particular reason to assume that one segment is larger or more important than the other, and it should be quite apparent why a Google search is not representative for these two subjects (also, attempts to exclude "Wikipedia" are chancy at best because of how our mirrors are indexed). Birmingham on the other hand is a far more widely familiar name. Anyway, I'm not going to insist on this further, but neither am I inclined to change my opinion. --Michael Snow 07:02, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * disambiguate. Dunc_Harris|☺ 16:35, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to GNU-FDL. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 18:38, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * This should redirect to Gnu Free Documentation License which should in turn have an immediate link to a disambiguation page. This is a perfect case for a primary topic.  —Morven 17:23, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

I like the article as it is - GNU FDL article with the disamb ontop in the first line. --ShaunMacPherson 02:13, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Disambiguate and fix links (which will sadly be a big job). Also, should the 'vote' end up on redirect, perhaps since there's only two articles on the dab page we could change the text at the top of the page to GFDL redirects here. GFDL also stands for The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, a division of NOAA.? --fvw 01:07, 2004 Oct 15 (UTC)
 * If we leave it as a redirect, I prefer the text currently there. --Michael Snow 02:40, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * redirect to GNU FDL, by far the more common use. Wolfman 04:41, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:GFDL


text:
Ferguson plc

Ferguson plc (formerly Wolseley plc) is a British multinational plumbing and heating products distributor with its head office in Wokingham, England. Its brands include Ferguson Enterprises (in the United States).

Wolseley plc changed its name to Ferguson plc in March 2017, to reflect the primacy of its operations in the United States. Ferguson plc is listed primarily on the New York Stock Exchange and secondarily on the London Stock Exchange. The company is registered in Jersey. The company continued to trade as Wolseley in the United Kingdom and Canada, until 2021 when Wolseley UK was sold to a private equity firm.

Wolseley
The Wolseley business began in 1887 making sheep shearing machinery. Herbert Austin, who had worked on Wolseley's shearing machinery development in Melbourne, Australia from 1887, when he was aged just 20, was appointed its manager and received a share of its equity.

Seeking other suitable products, Austin designed his first car in 1896, and for the next four years, continued to develop and improve his designs. Though the board did allow Austin to purchase some machinery to build cars, they decided around 1900, it was unlikely to be a profitable industry. In 1901, Wolseley's embryo car business was acquired by Vickers, Sons and Maxim.

The postwar rise of synthetic textiles sharply reduced the demand for wool and the necessary machinery, and in 1960, Wolseley diversified activities, by buying Nu Way Heating. Nu Way Burners was founded in 1932 in Vines Lane, Droitwich Spa, Oil Burner Components was founded by Nu Way in 1959, as a national spares organisation. Out of that grew O.B.C. Limited, and then Wolseley Centers Limited, the major distributor of plumbing and central heating equipment.

In 1965, Wolseley purchased Granville Controls and Yorkshire Heating Supplies.

Ferguson
Wolseley continued to expand buying both manufacturing and distribution businesses. In 1982, it entered the market in the United States by acquiring Ferguson Enterprises, a distributor of plumbing supplies, with around fifty branches on the East Coast of the United States. In 1984, some of the manufacturing businesses were sold off, and since that time Wolseley has been mainly a distribution business.

There were further acquisitions in the United Kingdom, the United States and Europe. Wolseley moved into Europe, by buying French plumbing supplies business Brossette in February 1992. Acquisition of many more distribution businesses followed. In April 2000, Wolseley sold most of its remaining manufacturing businesses to Cinven for £215 million.

Wolseley issued a profit warning in July 2008, after the credit crunch, and announced 6,000 job losses. It sold Build Center and Brossete to Saint-Gobain in July 2011, and ISB (Importation et Solution Bois) Group in April 2015. Bois & Matériaux went to OpenGate Capital in November 2015.

Following a 2016 restructuring of the UK business (based in Warwick in Warwickshire), most of the trading brands were renamed, and brought under the single brand of Wolseley. In Scotland, it was a supplier of plumbing, heating and bathroom products, branded William Wilson. In January 2021, Wolseley UK was acquired by Clayton, Dubilier & Rice, for £308 million.

Ferguson plc
Wolseley announced it would rebrand as Ferguson effective 31 July 2017, because almost all of its business was now in the United States, in the name of Ferguson Enterprises. It continued to use the name Wolseley in the United Kingdom and Canada, for its brand recognition. The stock listing switched to new holding company Ferguson plc on 1 August 2017. In January 2021, Wolseley UK's sale to Clayton, Dubilier & Rice completed Ferguson plc's shift to north America.

The company moved its primary listing to the US and consequently ceased to be a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index on 12 May 2022.

In December 2023, the company confirmed that the board of directors was "evaluating the best manner and timing" of officially relocating the headquarters of Ferguson plc from the UK to the US, "which would fully align the Company’s headquarters and governance with its operations and leadership."

Operations
Ferguson is organised geographically as follows:
 * United States (trading as Ferguson Enterprises) including Puerto Rico, Mexico and the Caribbean
 * Canada (trading as Wolseley Canada) and central Europe. In Canada, it is organised into the following businesses: Plumbing, Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HVAC/R), Waterworks and Industrial (Pipe, Valves and Fittings).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ferguson plc


text:
Talk:Henry P. Baldwin

A Caveat
This picture appears in my Oxford Companion to the U.S. Supreme Court as the likeness of Justice Henry Baldwin. I contacted Heather Moore, photo researcher for the U.S. Senate and the Bioguide, and she removed this image from the Bioguide. There's a photo at the justice's entry and I think the two are of the same man. A caveat for wikipedians. PedanticallySpeaking 17:47, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Seal-of-Michigan.png
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BetacommandBot (talk) 09:33, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry P. Baldwin


text:
Comet (pyrotechnics)

A comet is a type of firework star fired into the sky from the ground which leaves a long trail of sparks in its wake as it flies through the air. A low noise effect that is popular in pyro-musicals because comets can be easily synchronized to music given their instantaneous impact.

A comet may also be a small block attached to the outside of a shell which burns and emits sparks as the shell is rising, leaving a trail in the sky.

Some comets use a matrix composition with small stars embedded in it. The matrix composition burns with little light but ignites the stars, producing the effect.

Some freely-launched comets contain crossette breaks, which explode and break the comet into several pieces to produce a branching effect.

Comets intended for use indoors near an audience, such as at a rock concert, are typically freely-launched projectiles designed to completely consume themselves to reduce the hazard to audience members.

title: Comet (pyrotechnics)


text:
User:Scottporad

Scott Porad lives in Seattle, Washington, USA.

Scott has worked developing web applications for online media, e-commerce and gig economy marketplaces since 1995:

 * Yoyodyne Entertainment in New York, NY
 * Small World Software in New York, NY
 * Starwave (primarily on ESPN.com) in Bellevue, WA
 * drugstore.com in Bellevue, WA
 * Cheezburger in Seattle, WA
 * Rover.com in Seattle, WA
 * Dolly.com in Seattle, WA
 * Do206 in Seattle, WA

title: User:Scottporad


text:
User talk:Jimbodeany

Hello sir, I use this site all the time for homework.

title: User talk:Jimbodeany


text:
Talk:Idiophone

Comment
what is an idiophone?

 * This is well-answered in the article now, but I'm wondering where we'd classify the wobble board? It doesn't appear to be struck, plucked, blown or rubbed, but does appear to be an idiophone. Perhaps four categories aren't going to cover it. ;) - toh 03:31, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Wood block
I added "wood block" to the struck idiophones section.

--Treeblock 21:46, 4 December 2006 (UTC)khopny-8y f

Cymbals
Are cymbals part of this classification? Dogru144 15:03, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

According to "The New Harvard Dictionary of Music", yes, cymbals are part of this classification. Idiophonist (talk) 07:33, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

Classification of the Mbira
In this article, the mbira is listed as an example of an idiophone. However, in the musical instrument article (which links to this article) the mbira is listed as a llemelophone and it clearly states that it can be tuned and as such is NOT an idiophone. These two articles contradict each other. Which one is correct? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Adaeriel (talk • contribs) 18:42, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

"The New Harvard Dictionary of Music" includes the mbira in their subclass of "Plucked idiophones" along with the jew's harp and music box as examples. "Plucked Idiophone (lamellaphone, linguaphone). A flexible tongue, fixed at one end and free at the other is plucked: jew's harp, mbira, music box." Randel, Don Michael, ed.; "The New Harvard Dictionary of Music"; The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA; 1986. Idiophonist (talk) 07:40, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

Hank drum
The Hank drum is a steel tone drum, an idiophone, recently invented by Dennis Havlena. It is somewhat like a cross between the steelpan and the mbira. It is made from propane tanks, and thus has the potential for widespread use as a folk instrument. CharlesJustice (talk) 00:08, 23 February 2009 (UTC)
 * The Hank drum has nothing to do with the steelpan. If this was true you could also say that the vibraphone is cross between steelpan and Piano, or the harmonica is a cross between steelpan and flute. --Ixkeys (talk) 22:55, 16 October 2010 (UTC)

"Idio..."
Something about what the "Idio" prefix means would be helpful.--64.81.149.67 (talk) 13:24, 2 March 2011 (UTC)

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idiophone
idiophone 112.204.224.230 (talk) 14:37, 4 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Idiophone


text:
List of protection sports

Protection sports are dog sports that test a dog's ability to protect itself and its handler. All protection sports test the complete temperament of the dog, not just its protectiveness. The dog must be safe for its handler and for the public. The dog must be able to control itself upon command. All protection sports are modeled to some extent on the way dogs are used in police work. The first trial of "Ring Sport" was organized in 1903 in Mechelen (French: Malines), Belgium.

Sport names

 * Belgian Ring Sport
 * French Ring Sport — jumps, complex obedience, and several variants of attacks on a decoy (helper wearing bite-protection gear)
 * KNPV (Koninklijke Nederlands Politiehond Vereniging) — Dutch, obedience and bite-work, no tracking
 * Mondio Ring — obedience, agility (jumps) and protection
 * Schutzhund/IPO/IGP — Traditional sport; competitions are regulated by Fédération Cynologique Internationale under the IGP name.

title: List of protection sports


text:
Wikipedia talk:Wikifun

Ideas
Please place any ideas you have here

King Williams College Quiz
Just for those who are interested, the answers to the King William's College Quiz are released, in case you didn't know yet.

Definition of Wikifun
Searching for 'wikifun' in the search box on Wikipedia links to the riddles page, can someone write a Wikifun definition article? I'd do it but I'm still trying to get my head around what it's all about! MrD 1 July 2005 01:14 (UTC)

Round 15?
Why not get the second-place winner of Round 14 to set it? Or if (s)he doesn't want, third-place? Lanthanum-138 (talk) 09:05, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Wikifun


text:
Category:Fictional locomotives

This category is for fictional locomotives; that is, vehicles that provides the motive power for railway trains in fiction.

title: Category:Fictional locomotives


text:
Federal Reserve Bank Building (Boston)

The Federal Reserve Bank Building is the sixth tallest building in Boston, Massachusetts. It is located at Dewey Square, on the convergence of Fort Point and the Financial District neighborhoods. In close proximity to the Boston Harbor, the Fort Point Channel and major intermodal South Station terminal, the building is marked by a distinctive opening near ground level which allows sea breezes to pass through.

History
Built for the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston to replace the 1922 building which now houses the Langham Hotel Boston, the building was completed in 1977 and is 614 feet (187 m) tall with 32 floors. It was designed by Hugh Stubbins of The Stubbins Associates, Inc. and was reportedly one of his favorite buildings. The design stood in contrast to that of the other Reserve Banks, which resembled fortresses. It sometimes referred to as "the washboard" building or "Venetian Blind" building

Design and features
The building consists of an office tower and a four-story wing, built between December 1972 and November 1974. The office tower has a glass front and an anodized aluminum exterior, with office floors that rise from a 140-foot bridge and a 600-ton steel truss.

It features an auditorium that is named for Frank E. Morris, the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston from 1968 to 1988. It was designed to meet the Bank's needs and is also available to the community, offering lunchtime concerts as well.

Gardens are incorporated above street level.

List of tenants

 * Aspen Specialty Insurance Co.
 * Cavan Group, The
 * ConnectEDU
 * Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
 * 🇮🇹 Italy (Consul General) - 17th Floor
 * Craig & Macauley P.C.
 * Harvard Management Company
 * Kforce
 * Krokidas & Bluestein LLP
 * Middleton & Company, Inc.
 * Peabody & Arnold LLP
 * Wolf, Greenfield P.C.
 * 600 Atlantic Federal Credit Union
 * Partners Capital

Awards

 * 2010 — United States Green Building Council (USGBC), prestigious "LEED-EB Gold designation." "LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations & Maintenance" is a rating system that recognizes buildings with superior operational efficiency and minimal environmental impact.
 * 2009 — The Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) of Boston, "The Office Building of the Year" (TOBY).
 * 2010, 2008 — U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), "ENERGY STAR Award."
 * 1979 — The American Institute of Architects New England Regional Council, "AIA Award for Excellence in Architecture."

In popular culture
In the 2006 Martin Scorsese film The Departed, in the scene where Colin Sullivan (Matt Damon) gets caught on the roof by undercover cop Billy Costigan (Leonardo DiCaprio), the building can be seen in the background.

In 2020, the building appeared in the background of a scene in the second episode of Star Trek: Picard as Picard and Laris beam into Dahj's apartment.

title: Federal Reserve Bank Building (Boston)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Funeral Orchestra

The Funeral Orchestra
Not sure exactly what the general consensus is on drawing the line for bands. I got 250 google hits, not sure if they were all for this band but the first page or so all was. Doesn't seem terribly notable to me, but they do have one CD, which is more than many bands that appear here. In any case, it certianly needs some cleaning and NPOVing at the very least. -R. fiend 17:57, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: You got 250 hits, and I don't think they were for this band. The band has one CD on a minor independent label (and I don't know how minor the label is, because it's below the radar; it could be self-financed).  Not notable practitioners of a sub-sub-sub-sub-genre.  Geogre 13:43, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:HMCS Chicoutimi (SSK 879)

There is a picture pertaining to be of HMCS Chicoutimi here: Vickers_Shipbuilding_and_Engineering_Ltd but clicking on it reveals that it may not actually be this vessel...? 86.26.53.180 (talk) 17:52, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The change of caption from Windsor to Chicoutimi was in November 2006, and there was no edit comment to explain the change. David Biddulph (talk) 18:21, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

Repair costs
 * "Ironically, the cannibalization of the Chicoutimi took place to provide parts for her sister ship, " how's that irony?  TomCerul 17:57, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The efforts to repair one vessel made repairing the other vessel considerably more difficult. Personally, I find that ironic, but I may be wrong, I did think about that a bit when I put it in. Lord Bob 18:00, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * To my very limited understanding, this is standard operating procedure in the US Navy. Guess it is kinda silly though. Which ever way you feel like saying it is fine with me.  TomCerul 19:53, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Wouldn`t had been simpler and more cost effective to get a brand new part off the shelf, instead of robbing old junk from Upholder to get Ursula running ??? Oh yeah I forgot, there are no new parts is there. (opcert me again on that one) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.92.185.114 (talk) 21:04, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

After all Upholders (AKA Chicoutimi)did only what "10 years" rotting in Barrow-in-Furness alongside before they installed those rotten parts on Ursula (AKA Cornerbrook), Did anyone think of that I wonder? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.92.185.114 (talk) 21:16, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Chicoutimi fire damage.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 20:29, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Ship/boat
I thought that submarines were 'boats', not 'ships'. 'Ship' is used in the 'Construction' section and elsewhere; however, 'boat' appears (twice) in the 'Transfer to the Royal Canadian Navy' section and again in the 'HMS Upholder (S40)' bit.

RASAM (talk) 22:03, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

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 * HMCS Chicoutimi conducting camber dive, April 2014.jpg

title: Talk:HMCS Chicoutimi (SSK 879)


text:
Full Spectrum Warrior

Full Spectrum Warrior is a real-time tactics video game developed by Pandemic Studios and published by THQ for Xbox, Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 2. A sequel titled Full Spectrum Warrior: Ten Hammers was later released.

Gameplay
Full Spectrum Warrior is a squad-based game in which the player issues commands to two fireteams, Alpha and Bravo. Each fireteam has a Team Leader equipped with an M4 carbine. The Team Leaders also carry a GPS receiver, which can be used to locate mission objectives and enemy locations, and a radio for communication with headquarters. The second team member is the Automatic Rifleman, equipped with an M249 Squad Automatic Weapon, used to lay suppressive fire on the enemy and assigned to take command if the team leader is shot. The third team member is the Grenadier, equipped with an M4 with an M203 grenade launcher attachment. The last team member is the Rifleman, equipped with an M4 carbine. If a member of the team is wounded, another member of the team will carry them. Lieutenant Phillips is the team commander and the player will usually find him with the CASEVACs, which are healing and ammunition points. Each fireteam has a limited amount of fragmentation and smoke grenades, in addition to the M203 grenades. Occasionally throughout the game, there will be a third asset designated as Charlie Team, ranging from anti-armor engineers to US Army Rangers.

Throughout the game, the player does not directly control any of the fireteam members; instead, orders are given using a cursor that projects onto the environment, letting the player tell his/her soldiers to hold a position and set a specific zone to cover with fire. It is also possible to order them to lay down suppressive fire on a given zone to cover the second squad's movement, or to reduce incoming fire.

Gameplay revolves around the concept of fire and movement, with one team providing suppressive fire while the other moves. The basic gameplay mechanics remain the same for the retail version of Full Spectrum Warrior, which was released on the Xbox, PlayStation 2 and Windows platforms. The retail version places much more emphasis on aesthetics; it possesses substantially improved graphics and sound. Cut scenes and voice acting are also characteristics that distinguish the retail version from the military version.

Multiplayer
Full Spectrum Warrior includes a cooperative mode that was designed to take advantage of Microsoft's Xbox Live online gaming service through the use of voice communication. In co-op mode, two players are in command of their own fireteam and must work together to accomplish the goals of the level.

Plot
Background story

A dramatic wave of terrorist attacks sweeps Europe and Southeast Asia, particularly targeting US and UK interests. After months of intense searching, US intelligence has tracked the source of the attacks to the tiny fictional nation of Zekistan in Central Asia.

U.S.-led operations in Iraq and Afghanistan have forced rebels and loyalists to flee, seeking refuge in the nation of Zekistan by invitation of the nation's dictator, Mohammad Jabbour Al-Afad. His tyrannical regime houses death camps and training centers for the terrorist networks, and promotes cleansing of the ethnic Zeki population. After several failed diplomatic solutions and repeated warning by the UN, NATO votes to invade Zekistan to remove Al-Afad from power.

Pakistan grants US access through its airspace, and the invasion begins. The USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76) and USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70) launch aircraft to airstrike Al-Afad's air, armor, and bases across the nation. When the dust settles, infantry and armor from seven different NATO countries begin to land at southern Zekistan. Under the cover of darkness, the U.S.-led forces converge on the capital city of Zafarra.

Campaign storyline

The story starts at the MOUT (if the player chooses to play the tutorial) in Fort Benning, as fireteams Alpha and Bravo of squad Charlie 90, B Company, 159th Light Infantry goes through the training at Fort Benning, Georgia as they prepare for their deployment to Zekistan as part of the NATO Invasion force sent to invade the country. When they arrived Zekistan, their first objective is to help secure the airfield, the main airport in the city, but the route to the airport is crawling with resistance; the first few hours after they arrived, they were ambushed.

After the Airport is successfully captured, Charlie 90 is tasked with infiltrating Al-Afad's palace and eliminating him. They trek through the city and make it to the palace. While they manage to capture one of Afad's top lieutenants, Afad escapes. The members of Charlie 90 also witness one of the Joint STARS planes crashing into the city. The squad is then ordered to rescue the crew of the downed plane before they can be captured by Afad's men.

Charlie 90 secures the crash site, but the crew of the plane is taken hostage by Afad's men. Charlie 90, with the assistance of two Ranger snipers, finds and rescues the crew. Charlie 90 then track Afad down and find his SUV in an old train yard. Charlie 90 must then call in an airstrike on the SUV before it escapes. If the player orders the strike in time, U.S. gunships swoop down and destroy the SUV, eliminating Al-Afad.

Epilogue missions

Despite the death of Al-Afad, propaganda broadcasts were made by a surviving group of Al-Afad soldiers called the Black Wind Brigade, headed by one of Al-Afad's sons Al-Hamal. As a way of repaying the Army Rangers from Mike 25 a debt for saving them in a parking lot, both Alpha and Bravo team from Charlie 90 were "on loan" to them to participate in unofficial assignments. In the first mission, both teams were to mark a radio tower for an airstrike to end the propaganda broadcasts. On the second epilogue mission, both fireteams, with assistance from Staff Sergeant Hackett, were sent to a mosque to take out the Black Wind Brigade. Although Al-Hamal is killed by an airstrike during a firefight, the younger brother, Colonel Samir who was presumed to be dead assumes the role as ruler, willing to work towards democracy and stray away from his father and brother's tyrannical regime.

These missions were released as DLC for the Xbox version and are included in the PC and PS2 versions by default and unlocked from the start, but the game still goes to credits after the last "Normal" mission and the player must manually start them from the level select.

Development
In 2000, the U.S. Army's Science & Technology community was curious to learn if commercial gaming platforms could be leveraged for training. Recognizing that a high percentage of incoming recruits had grown up using entertainment software products, there was interest in determining whether software game techniques and technology could complement and enhance established training methods.

Having established a U.S. Army University Affiliated Research Center (the Institute for Creative Technologies – ICT) in 1999 for the purpose of advancing virtual simulation technology, work began in May 2000 on a project entitled C4 under ICT Creative Director James Korris with industry partners Sony Imageworks and their teammate, Pandemic Studios, represented by co-founders Josh Resnick and Andrew Goldman.

At the time, there was a great deal of interest in leveraging the stability, low cost and computational/rendering power of the new generation of game consoles, chiefly Sony's PlayStation 2 and Microsoft's Xbox, for training applications. Legal restrictions on the PlayStation (using the platform for a military purpose) combined with the default Xbox configuration "persistence" (i.e. missions recorded on the embedded hard drive for after-action review) led to the final selection of the Xbox platform for development.

A commercial release of the game was required for Xbox platform access. The team, however, quickly concluded that a viable entertainment title might differ from a valid training tool. The exaggerated physics of entertainment software titles, it was believed, could produce a negative training effect in the Soldier audience. Accordingly, the team developed two versions of the game. The Army version was accessible through a static unlock code; the entertainment version played normally.

The most radical decision in the game's development was to limit first-person actions to issuing orders and directions to virtual Fire Teams and Squad members (see Gameplay). Given the popularity of the first-person shooter genre, it was assumed that all tactical-level military gameplay necessarily involved individual combat action. The application defied conventional wisdom, winning both awards and commercial acceptance. The game's working title evolved to C-Force (2001) and ultimately Full Spectrum Warrior (2003).

As work progressed on Full Spectrum Warrior, ICT developed another real-time tactical decision-making game with Quicksilver Software entitled Full Spectrum Command for the US Army's Infantry Captains Career Course, with the first-person perspective of a Company Commander. As the application was designed to play on a desktop PC (unlike the Xbox), no commercial release was necessary. Full Spectrum Command gave rise to a sequel developed for the US Army and Singapore Armed Forces (version 1.5). A related ICT/Quicksilver title, Full Spectrum Leader, simulates the first person perspective of a Platoon Leader.

Full Spectrum Warrior relates to the Army's program of training soldiers to be flexible and adaptable to a broad range of operational scenarios.

The game's budget was $5 million.

Reception
At the Game Critics Awards of E3 2003, Full Spectrum Warrior was awarded "Best Original Game" and "Best Simulation Game". The staff of X-Play nominated Full Spectrum Warrior for their 2004 "Best Strategy Game" award, which ultimately went to Rome: Total War. It was also a runner-up for Computer Games Magazines 2004 "Best Interface" award, and for GameSpots annual "Most Innovative Game" prize. During the 8th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Full Spectrum Warrior for "Console Action/Adventure Game of the Year" and "Computer Action/Adventure Game of the Year".

The Xbox and PC versions received "favorable" reviews, while the PlayStation 2 version received "average" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. According to The NPD Group, Full Spectrum Warrior sold roughly 190,000 units on the Xbox by the end of its debut month. Analyst Michael Pachter described this as a commercial success.

The game sold nearly 1 million copies for Xbox and PC.

Full Spectrum Warrior became the subject of some controversy shortly after it was released. The two primary complaints aired were that the United States Army was not using their training version of the game because it was not "realistic enough". Secondly, the United States Army had been short-changed. There was some discussion in the press regarding whether the government had either wasted money on the project, or if they had been taken advantage of by Pandemic Studios, and Sony Pictures Imageworks, their partner on the project.

title: Full Spectrum Warrior


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Necare

Necare was an American death-doom metal band, from Newport News, Virginia, United States. It was composed by only two members: Ryan Henry, or R.H., (guitar, bass, keyboards and vocals) and Jonathan Greer Cawthon, or G.C., (drums, guitar and keyboards). The group uses both death grunts and clean vocals and sporadically uses violin and other elements in its songs, considered mournful and bleak.

History
Necare was created in 1999. It was composed of only two members, who present themselves by their initial letters (R.H. and G.C.), but counted on the contribution of many guest musicians. The band has never played live; it was a studio band. The name of the band is a Latin verb meaning "to kill", "to murder", or "to destroy". The band project is to discuss about death and the crisis of mankind and religions, which can no longer convincingly explain tragedy of life. It was influenced specially by English doom metal bands, such as Anathema and My Dying Bride and other metal bands, such as Iron Maiden and Chuck Schuldiner. Their lyrics where influenced by the singer Aaron Stainthorpe and some English and American poets, such as Algernon Charles Swinburne, Alfred Tennyson, Wilfred Owen and Sylvia Plath.

Before forming Necare, Ryan Henry and Greer Cawthon played together in another band. However, dissatisfied with the project of the band, they came out and created Necare. In the same year the band was created, Necare recorded a demo album, named Ophelia. This album counted with the participation of two guest musicians: April Leightty (violin) and Erin Vernon (vocals). However, it was never released.

One year later, Necare recorded its second independent album, Rite of Shrouds. In 2001, the band recorded another independent album, its third, Appassionata. There were five guest musicians playing in this album: Andy Henson (guitar), Erin Vernon (vocals), Amy Caroline Parker (vocals), April Leightty (violin) and Ben Snider (violin).

In 2004, Necare recorded its fourth album on Firebox Records, named Ruin. Produced by Jhon Ackerman, the recording process took about one year to get finished. The album counts with two guest musicians: Jhon Ackerman (guitar) and Laura (violin); all the other instruments were played by the band's own members. Its songs criticise religion and its failure in explaining mortality. They also try to balance distortions and melancholy with long and slow songs.

Despite all the work together, Necare's members were always involved in other musical projects. The band officially disbanded in 2004 when Ryan Henry moved on to his funeral-doom metal band Reclusiam. That same year, he was also invited to compose, as a guest musician, the Swedish Gothic-doom metal band Draconian.

Discography

 * 1999: Ophelia
 * 2000: Rite of Shrouds
 * 2001: Appassionata
 * 2004: Ruin (Firebox Records)

title: Necare


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title: User talk:4.61.190.64


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Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure

Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure (デュアル!ぱられルンルン物語) is a Japanese anime series animated by AIC and created by Masaki Kajishima, best known for the Tenchi Muyo! franchise. It was originally broadcast on Wowow from April to July 1999 and was licensed in the US by Pioneer LDC, later known as Geneon. In addition to the original TV run, an OVA special was added to conclude the series as a de facto "14th episode".

The title refers to the fact that the story takes place in two parallel universes, a concept loosely based on multiverse theory.

Plot
22 years ago, a huge alien artifact is found on a construction site by a worker named Yotsuga. The foreman orders that the artifact be broken apart to avoid delays. As Yotsuga walks towards the dumpsters to dispose of a small piece of the artifact, the world splits into two. In one world, Yotsuga tosses away the piece and the artifact is destroyed. In the other world, Yotsuga keeps the artifact, leading to the discovery of extraterrestrial technology that changes history.

In the present, Kazuki Yotsuga is a high school student who is shunned by other students as an otaku; his web site describes battles between giant robots that only he can see, but it is mostly as a result of him being occasionally seen by the other students reacting to their "presence". One day, the most popular girl in school, Mitsuki Sanada, approaches him to tell him that she likes his stories. This is only a ruse; she lures him to her father, Dr. Ken Sanada, who wishes to study Kazuki for his research on parallel worlds.

After being thrown into the other possible world by Dr. Sanada's device (thanks to a careless action by Mitsuki), Kazuki finds himself still in Dr. Sanada's basement, but everything is covered with cobwebs. Kazuki goes home, is distracted by a real battle between two giant robots, one white and the other black. The white robot is knocked down and an injured female figure emerges from inside. When Kazuki goes to her aid, he is trapped inside the robot and somehow manages to activate it and defeat the enemy robot. Afterwards, Kazuki reaches his home, but his parents no longer recognize him. He is found by Mitsuki, who has followed him. Along with a military escort, she takes him to the Earth Defense Force HQ, a paramilitary operation led by this world's Dr. Sanada. After Kazuki learns of this world's situation and the attempted conquest of this world by this world's Dr. Rara (Dr. Sanada's arch-rival) who is using technology developed from the artifact, he volunteers to become a giant robot pilot.

Over the course of the series, Kazuki manages to attract several very different women without even trying, and he becomes a hero. He is later taken prisoner by Dr. Rara, the father of this world's Mitsuki. Mitsuki Rara eventually defects and comes to live with Kazuki and her counterpart. Later on, a new type of robot made from the artifact is deployed that can cause objects and people to be shifted between the alternate worlds. During the battle against it, Kazuki and Mitsuki Sanada are sent back to their original world, and they discover their world's Dr. Sanada covered up their disappearance by claiming that they had eloped. As it turns out, the frequent travel between worlds is taking a toll on the universe itself as the barriers separating them begin to break down; this will eventually lead to both worlds vanishing. A decision must be made; since Kazuki and the alien technology are exclusive to each world, one must be eliminated to halt the destruction. The robots are destroyed, and the worlds combine into one, an expression of Kazuki's wish for all his (girl)friends to continue to stay together with him (even though the action is again caused by Mitsuki's carelessness).

Masaki Kajishima, confirmed that DUAL! is in fact set in the distant past of the Tenchi Muyo! universe.

Characters

 * Kazuki Yotsuga (四加一樹)

 * Kazuki is the main character of the series: a shy, quiet and awkward everyman, who possesses incredible fighting power and illogical charisma. As such, he attracts a bevy of beautiful women. Kazuki is regarded as a pariah by his classmates because he periodically has visions of giant robots battling in the city. After being accidentally sent to the parallel world by Ken and Mitsuki Sanada, Kazuki discovers that he is the only male that can control the mechas. Because of his unbelievable piloting skill, he is commissioned to the Earth Defense Force, or simply the EDF, and becomes the new pilot of the white Core Robot. His cover story at school is that he is Mitsuki's little brother, which gives Kazuki quite a bit of trouble.

 * Curiously, there is no alternative version of Kazuki Yotsuga in this world. Later in the series, Kazuki subconsciously awakens one of the original alien mechas, a robot named Zinv. It is revealed that Zinv is Kazuki's counterpart in the parallel world.

 * When Zinv is destroyed, Kazuki's desire for the group to stay together results in the creation of a third possible world, where elements from the parallel universes are combined.

 * Mitsuki Sanada (真田三月)

 * Mitsuki is the most admired girl in Kazuki's school; young men constantly send her gifts and cards, and Kazuki is nearly lynched for speaking to her. She lures Kazuki to her house for her father's experiments, and later follows him into the parallel world (for some reason arriving a month before he does). She is the daughter of both Ken Sanada and Ayuko Sanada in this world; however, she is in no way related to the Ken Sanada from the parallel world.

 * Mitsuki is also an exceptional robot pilot, and joins the EDF to end the war, hoping research to send her home can begin afterwards. Unfortunately, Mitsuki is hotheaded and easily manipulated, and is captured by the Rara Army towards the end of the series and coerced into piloting the complete version of HIMC.

 * She clearly has an attraction to Kazuki, but covers it up by treating him abrasively. When Kazuki is lost behind enemy lines, Mitsuki is affected most of all.

 * D (ディー)

 * D is a bioroid, an artificially constructed biological/mechanical being first introduced in the Tenchi Muyo! universe. The war between the Earth Defense Force and the Rara Army began when D and at least two mechas were discovered in an artifact of unknown origin. Her original body was damaged, so a bioroid was built to contain her essence (represented by a glowing orb in place of an eye) while her body healed.

 * D appears to be as inhuman as the robot she pilots, speaking mechanically and asking many questions about human emotions and behavior. The only one to break through her stony exterior is Kazuki, to the shock of Commander Sanada and Mitsuki. D frequently has visions of a horrible creature attacking, and is deathly afraid of HIMC.

 * She develops a strong attachment to Kazuki, culminating in her decision to return to her real body at the climax of the series in order to save him, at which she came to the realization that she was in love with Kazuki, a new feeling she had not experienced or understood before. It is then revealed that D stole Zinv and fled her world to escape HIMC and Kumu, who claimed the lives of her friends.

 * As a robot pilot, D is subpar, often requiring rescue by Kazuki and Mitsuki. However, she redeems herself by removing the limiter placed upon Zinv, allowing its true power to manifest itself.

 * When Zinv is destroyed and the worlds merge, D becomes Dee Sanada, taking on the animated personality of a young girl.

 * There is also an apparent resemblance between D and Tenchi Muyo! GXP character Neju na Melmas, leading some to believe that she and D may belong to the same race. The character of D also resembles the character Doll from Tenchi Muyo! War on Geminar. D will appear in the Tenchi Muyo! GXP OVA sequel Tenchi Muyo! GXP Paradise Shidō-hen.

 * Yayoi Schwael (弥生·シュバエル)

 * Yayoi is the original pilot of the white Core Robot, which Kazuki named "Hartzenen". After suffering a serious head injury in battle, Yayoi experienced a feedback loop, effectively cutting off her connection to robots and ending her career as a pilot. Kazuki climbed into Hartzenen and took control, saving Yayoi's life. She refers to Kazuki as "her prince", and falls in love with him.

 * Yayoi goes to great lengths to spend time with Kazuki, signing up to be his combat instructor and school homeroom teacher, and even moving in next door to the Sanada home and building a passageway and door into Kazuki's room (immediately boarded up by Mitsuki). Her grandmother once tried to arrange a marriage for Yayoi to another man (due in part to Mitsuki Sanada's meddling), but her affection for Kazuki was too deep for her to even pay attention to the would-be suitor.

 * When Zinv is destroyed and the worlds merge, Yayoi is Kazuki's homeroom teacher, still living next door and usually entering the Sanada house through Kazuki's window (as a short cut), to Mitsuki (Sanada)'s annoyance.

 * Mitsuki Rara (羅螺みつき)

 * The Earth Defense Force knows her as "Miss Ra", the Rara Army's spokeswoman/mascot, but when Kazuki is injured and trapped behind enemy lines, it is revealed that she is Mitsuki Sanada's counterpart in the parallel world, the daughter of Hiroshi Rara and Ayuko Rara.

 * Mitsuki Rara could very well be Mitsuki Sanada's direct opposite. She is quiet, easily embarrassed and gentle; she personally nurses Kazuki back to health. However, she places herself in a trance to play Miss Ra, becoming a ruthless warrior. When she finds out that Kazuki is an enemy pilot, she launches him away in an escape pod, remembering the time he could have killed Miss Ra, but saved her instead.

 * Mitsuki is later brainwashed into piloting HIMC, one of the most powerful robots created. After Kazuki saves her, she resists returning home, eventually becoming a Core Robot pilot for the EDF. She comes the closest to capturing Kazuki's heart; the two almost go out on a date, which is unfortunately cancelled by U.N. officers intent on sending her home.

 * When Zinv is destroyed and the worlds merge, Mitsuki lives with her parents right next door to the Sanada home, but has a habit of sneaking in Kazuki's window via sleepwalking and spending most of her time in the Sanada home.

 * Ken Sanada (真田賢)

 * Ken has A and B versions: the eccentric scientist from our world, and the parallel world's commander of the Earth Defense Force. Ken is Mitsuki's father in this world, but is childless in the other world; naturally, he is quite confused when our world's Mitsuki calls him "Dad".

 * Both Kens share a love for instant ramen, a slightly off-color sense of humor, and an understanding that Kazuki is special. Despite appearing to goof off on the job (antagonizing Rara and Akane never gets old), Commander Sanada takes it quite seriously. When the U.N. turns against the EDF, his subordinates remain loyal to him, proving his worth as a leader.

 * When Zinv is destroyed and the worlds merge, Ken Sanada returns to being a scientist as well as being married to Akane Yamano. In the new world, Mitsuki Sanada is his daughter and Dee Sanada is his adopted daughter. His relation to Kazuki is cause for question. Kazuki calls him "Uncle" but it is debated among fans whether they are actually related in the new world.

 * Akane Yamano (山野茜)

 * The Earth Defense Force's United Nations advisor. Despite Akane's tendency to work "by the book", Ken and the young pilots often convince her to defy her orders, such as Rara's demand for the EDF to repatriate his daughter. When the EDF is outlawed, she resigns her post and flees with Ken Sanada and the others.

 * When Zinv is destroyed and the worlds merge, Akane becomes Ken's wife, as well as (unfortunately) Ayuko Rara's junior (as Ayuko was married to Ken previously), enabling Ayuko to insist on Akane's calling her "big sister".

 * Reika Nanjoin

 * The grandmother of Yayoi Schwael, she exists only in the alternate world. She is a woman of some mystery, working for the EDF in some unknown (possibly classified) capacity but also acting as a matchmaker for eligible young ladies with a success rate of almost 100% (Yayoi is one of the very few that escapes one of her grandmother's matches, thanks to Kazuki and a Rara attack during the marriage interview). She embraces traditional values and is a woman of strong character and moral judgement, as demonstrated when she scolds Akane for allowing people to laugh at Kazuki when he is forced to wear a female disguise. She also cares very deeply for people and is revealed in the OVA to be a dog lover.

 * Hiroshi Rara (羅螺博士)

 * In our world, Rara is a Nobel Prize-winning scientist (previously in competition with Ken Sanada for that honor). In the parallel world, he is become something of a megalomaniac. It was he who began the war in the first place, transforming himself into a messiah-like figure ("You fools have no fear of God!", "the divine power of the Rara Army").

 * In the bizarre scene where Kazuki actually has dinner with the Rara family, the General reveals a softer side of himself; he believes that the war is about keeping the alien technology out of the wrong hands. However, it quickly becomes clear that Rara is simply a figurehead, with his wife wielding the real power. He redeems himself, however, when Kazuki attacks their base, and gets everyone out before it gets destroyed.

 * When Zinv is destroyed and the worlds merge, Rara and his wife move in next door to the Sanadas, hoping to corral Kazuki into revealing the secret of his connection to Zinv (one method being to get Kazuki into a situation where he would have to marry Mitsuki Rara).

 * Ayuko Rara (羅螺鮎子)

 * Ayuko was both Rara and Sanada's wife in the two worlds, and is the mother of both Mitsukis. In the parallel world, she manipulates events while behind the scenes, posing as Rara's submissive wife. In reality, she controls the Rara Army along with the mysterious alien named Kumu. She exploits Mitsuki Sanada's love of Kazuki to convince Mitsuki to turn against the EDF. Ultimately, both Ayuko and HIMC are defeated by Kazuki and Zinv.

 * When Zinv is destroyed and the worlds merge, Ayuko attempts to "arrange" Kazuki's marriage to her daughter, with humorous results.

 * Alice Shalom (アリス·シャローム), Mena Fitzgerald (ミーナ·フィッツジェラルド) , Ryla Phoenix (ライラ·フェニックス)

 * Mitsuki Rara's best friends. While initially teasing Mitsuki for her attraction to Kazuki, they help him escape the Rara base when his identity is revealed. Later, they give Kazuki her diary after a battle, letting him know Mitsuki's still thinking about him. The three later join Mitsuki Rara as pilots for the EDF.

 * When Zinv is destroyed and the worlds merge, Alice, Mena and Ryla return to working for the Raras.

 * Kaoru Hayase (早瀬薫)

 * A scientist in the employ of the Rara Army. She opposes the plan to force Mitsuki Rara to pilot HIMC, and warns her of her mother's machinations. Hayase later joins the Earth Defense Force and works alongside Ken Sanada.

 * Kumu

 * An alien being encased in a shrine in Rara's Garden, where it advises Ayouko Rara in the army's dealings with the Earth Defense Force late in the series. After the world merge, it is represented as a small female dog gifted to the Sanada's that has a penchant for biting Kazuki (whether out of affection or not is not quite clear).

Music
Opening Theme:
 * "DUAL!": Act. 02 – 13
 * Song by: HARU&SAYAKA from UNIVERS★L D
 * Lyrics by: Hiroko Yah
 * Composition and arrangement by: Seikou Nagaoka

Ending Theme:
 * "Real": Act. 01 – 12
 * Song by: Shifo from UNIVERS★L D
 * Lyrics and composition by: Shifo
 * Arrangement by: Seikou Nagaoka
 * Original lyrics by: Yūsuke Kuroda
 * "DUAL! (Mitsuki duet version)": Act. 14
 * Song by: Mitsuki Sanada (CV: Rie Tanaka) & Mitsuki Rara (CV: Megumi Toyoguchi)
 * Lyrics and composition by: Shifo
 * Arrangement by: Seikou Nagaoka

Glossary

 * Core Robots
 * Three multicolored bipedal machines reverse engineered from Zinv. Because they are man-made, the Core Robots are inferior to the originals in every way.

 * The Core Robots are used by the Earth Defense Force; Yayoi Schwael (replaced by Kazuki Yotsuga, and later by Mitsuki Rara) pilots the white Unit 1 (nicknamed "Hartzenen/Halcynen" by Kazuki), Mitsuki Sanada controls the red Unit 2, and D (briefly replaced by Alice, Mena, and Ryla) pilots the blue Unit 3.

 * Earth Defense Force
 * A United Nations-sponsored military organization under the command of Ken Sanada dedicated to foiling the Rara Army's plans for world domination. The EDF employs many soldiers, but relies solely upon the three Core Robots in battle.

 * Combat between the two armies is quite different from normal warfare; Rara informs the public where and when an attack will take place, and the combat zone is evacuated. At any time, either side can submit a "callsign", indicating their surrender. Because of these measures, there have been no casualties in the war.

 * HIMC (pronounced Himiko)
 * Zinv's opposite, HIMC carved a swath of ruin across D's world before she escaped. It seems as though only people with negative emotions in their hearts can control HIMC, as evidenced by its initial rejection of Mitsuki Rara, and its violent reaction to Mitsuki Sanada's jealousy. HIMC has some connection to the alien lifeform Kumu.

 * HIMC is completely and totally destroyed at the hands of Zinv, compressed down to nothing to prevent it from regenerating.

 * Kumu
 * The alien that advises Ayuko Rara. It has some relationship to D, and hates men with a passion. Kumu resembles a floating, glowing bell and garland.

 * When Zinv is destroyed and the worlds merge, Kumu is the name of a puppy that is given to the Sanada family by Ayuko Rara in the hopes of finding out information about Zinv. The name fits: while it loves the girls in the house, Kazuki gets a severe bite whenever he comes near.

 * Life Sympathy
 * A term for the power of a pilot's will to exert control over robots. High Life Sympathy levels can enable a robot to move faster and inflict more damage with melee attacks. For reasons revealed at the end of the series, the robots on Earth only respond to female Life Sympathy, though Kazuki is somehow exempt.

 * Because of his overwhelming negative Life Sympathy, Kazuki's robot is capable of feats beyond most other models.

 * Rara Army
 * Formed by Hiroshi Rara, it intends to unite the world under its banner. Like the EDF, it uses robots in battle rather than conventional weapons, but its machines are exotic and beastly, differing from its rival's humanoid robots. Rara's robots are also remotely operated, unlike the Earth Defense Force's cockpit-equipped models.

 * Rara prefers to operate outlandishly, broadcasting attack trailers and boasting of his army's God-given power (often through his mascot, Miss Ra). However, despite General Rara's highly visible status within the organization, another person wields the real authority.

 * The Original
 * A mech under the control of the Rara army, it has the power to control the atmosphere as well as some electromagnetic capabilities. It captures Kazuki along with Hartzenen and brings them to Rara's base where it falls off a large cliff, supposedly destroying it beyond repair.

 * The Original and Zinv are the only mechs confirmed to be found in The Artifact.

 * Zinv (pronounced Jinbu)
 * An incredibly powerful robot found with D. It sat dormant in the EDF's headquarters for years until Kazuki awakened it during Rara's assault.

 * Zinv has many unique abilities revolving around the manipulation of gravimetric forces, including gravitational projectiles, super speed, and crushing enemy mecha. Zinv also comes equipped with a nano-repair system that can fix any damage inflicted. Zinv only responds to Kazuki's Life Sympathy, and sometimes activates itself when Kazuki is not aboard.

 * Zinv defeats the lesser version of HIMC quite easily, but HIMC's final form takes the upper hand. When D removes the limiter preventing males from piloting it (Kazuki skirts this by being Zinv), Zinv instantly repairs itself and generates Light Hawk Wings. With this newfound power, Kazuki decimates HIMC and creates a black hole, reducing the Rara fortress to nothing.

 * With the two worlds dangerously close to oblivion, Zinv and Kazuki agree to destroy Zinv, ensuring that both worlds will live on. However, Zinv survives the explosion that consumes it, regenerating at the bottom of the ocean and returning to Kazuki in the third universe.

 * Followers of Tenchi Muyo! will recognize the Light Hawk Wings, as well as the Zinv look-alike in the anime Tenchi Muyo! GXP. The Tenchi Muyo! GXP novels confirmed that they are in fact the very same robot, and not alternate universe versions of each other as previously thought.

Connections to Tenchi Muyo! Universe
It has been confirmed by the creator of Tenchi Muyo! and Dual! that the two series are related, and in fact occur in the same universe. A mecha, confirmed in the ''Tenchi Muyo! GXP novels to be Zinv, is found during an episode of Tenchi Muyo! GXP which runs parallel with the Tenchi'' OVA Series. The hero of the GXP series, Seina Yamada has been confirmed to be a direct reincarnation of Kazuki Yotsuga and, in a complicated way, several others are basically partial reincarnations of the rest of the cast. In fact, Dual! is so consistently relevant to the GXP novels they can be viewed as a distant sequel.
 * The Great Prehistoric Civilization mentioned in the True Tenchi Muyo! novels is revealed, in the Tenchi Muyo! GXP novels, to be the space-faring civilization begun by the characters at the end of Dual!. It seems to have died out close to a billion years prior to the main Tenchi Muyo timeline. Though not the first or last, this civilization eventually performed the greatest "seeding" program in the galaxy. They seeded proto-planets so that the human genome would replicate itself and somehow even seeded cultural and technological norms so things like handheld telephone designs would repeat throughout the galaxy and similar food dishes, like curry and spaghetti, would continue almost unchanged throughout history. Tenchi's Earth has somehow turned out functionally identical to the earlier Earth. In fact, when the original solar system of the Earth from Dual is found, the entire solar system is found to be basically the same: containing a giant gas planet like Jupiter, a ringed planet like Saturn, etc.
 * Washu explains that at one time in the past, a group of people (Kazuki's group) made such an impact on the universe that their existence had massive effects on the "Astral Sea" (the dimension where a being's "astral self" originates and returns after death) that their astrals basically replicated and continue to revive and form the base of many beings in the universe.
 * Certain astrals are so similar to their past astral selves that they retain vestigial memories of their past life that come to them occasionally like déjà vu. Miki Steinbeck, apparently represents the closest thing to direct reincarnation to Mitsuki Sanada, and her father, Hiroshi Manada (or creator-she was an AI that developed an astral), is physically identical to Ken Sanada (but shares some personality features of Hiroshi Rara as well), a friend and rival of Hiroshi's (named Ken Raraiba Steinbeck) also seems to be the other half of this mixed up duo.
 * By the end of GXP's 14th novel, Miki, another digital AI named Kirche, and D (a direct astral copy of the original D, containing all her memories- but, for unknown reasons, acts like D before she became "Dee") gain pseudo-cabbit bodies that were cloned from Fuku. With Fuku they seem to represent the most direct reincarnations of the original four girls in Dual. When the cabbit group appears in the 5th season of Tenchi Muyo! each had the same voice actors that voiced their respective counterparts from Dual.
 * The Zinv that appears in GXP is the very same as the one in Dual and he immediately recognizes Seina as his partner.
 * Seina represents an almost direct reincarnation of Kazuki and no others seem to share Kazuki's base astral.
 * Other than Miki, Mitsuki Sanada's astral also forms the core of Kiriko Masaki, the Renza agent Karen, Tsukiko Masaki (Kiriko's mother and also the model for the AI that Hiroshi created and became Miki), and others.
 * Other than Fuku, Yayoi Schwael shares her astral pattern with Amane Kaunaq, the Renza agent Gyokuren, Mikami Kuramitsu, and others.
 * Other than Kirche, Mitsuki Rara shares her astral pattern with Ryoko Balta, the Renza agent Suiren, Ringo Tasuki, and others.
 * Other than the D that is her astral copy, D/Dee shares her astral pattern with Neju Na Melmas, the Renza agent Hakuren, and others.
 * When four of the girls that share an astral with their Dual counterpoint join Seina, his bad luck (described as a "biased probability" in the novels) is lessened and can even create good luck.
 * Others that surround Seina, like Airi Masaki and Seto Kamiki Jurai probably represent other primary characters in Dual, such as Akane Yamano, Reika Nanjoin, and Ayuko Rara, but this has not been confirmed. Seto does have a separate "mirror self" called Kuis Panta that has been confirmed to share the D astral, but while they are practically copies of each other- they do not seem to share the same astral pattern.

Cameo appearances

 * Sasami and several other Tenchi Muyo! characters were featured in inserts found in the Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure releases in Japan.
 * Kiyone Makibi, Ramia, and Misao Amano appear in a brief easter egg cameo in the series' OVA special ("Final Frontier", also known as episode 14).

Production
Dual! was inspired by the popularity of Neon Genesis Evangelion when it aired in Japan in the 1990s with the main characters inspired by the dynamics of Shinji, Asuka, Rei and Misato.

Media
Dual! was released in Japan via VHS, Laserdisc and DVD from June 25 to December 22, 1999. A Blu-Ray version was released in Japan on October 11, 2018.

The US/Canada version was formerly licensed by Pioneer (Geneon). On October 17, 2023, Discotek announced a Blu-Ray release of the anime in 2024.

title: Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure


text:
User:CGorman~enwiki/Timeline

The following is a timeline of my wikipedia ativity:

 * I joined Wikipedia on 14th May 2004.
 * I made my 100th contribution on 16th May 2004.
 * I made my 200th contribution on 3th June 2004.
 * I made my 300th contribution on 11th September 2004.
 * I made my 400th contribution on 14th September 2004.
 * I made my 500th contribution on 16th September 2004.
 * I made my 750th contribution on 5th October 2004.
 * I made my 1000th contribution on 25th October 2004.
 * I made my 1250th contribution on 30th October 2004.
 * I made my debut on List of Wikipedians by number of edits in 958th place on 29th November 2004.
 * I made my 1500th contribution on 10th December 2004.
 * I made my 2000th contribution on 15th January 2005.

title: User:CGorman~enwiki/Timeline


text:
111 Huntington Avenue

111 Huntington Avenue is a Boston skyscraper. Located on Huntington Avenue, it is part of the Prudential Center complex that also houses the Prudential Tower. Completed in 2002, the tower is 554 ft tall and houses 36 floors. It is Boston's 12th-tallest building. It won the 2002 bronze Emporis Skyscraper Award. It is sometimes given the unofficial nickname The R2-D2 Building after the Star Wars droid's top, and the Juicer Building after its juicer-type top.

Design
The 36-story tower is capped by an open-frame dome and crown which is illuminated at night. The building's original design called for a flat roof, but Boston Mayor Thomas Menino objected; Menino chose the present design from among several options the developer subsequently proposed.

The postmodern facade consists of a blue glass curtain wall designed by the architect firm Childs Bertman Tseckares Inc. (CBT). The lobby interior consists of reflective black marble walls with finished wood paneling and a dramatic lobby waterfall. It can be accessed from the adjacent Prudential retail mall.

The building includes a number of energy-efficiency features.

The project was constructed by John Moriarty & Associates, Inc.

Tenants
The anchor tenant of the building is the MFS Investment Management company which had reserved 350000 sqft out of the 890000 sqft for occupancy as of spring 2013. Other notable tenants include Foley & Lardner LLP, Analysis Group, Edwards Wildman Palmer, Bain Capital, Citi Private Bank and Apple Inc.

title: 111 Huntington Avenue


text:
Paramaecium

Paramaecium (sometimes typeset as Paramæcium) was an Australian death/doom metal band formed in 1991. There is use of instrumentation like flutes, cellos and violins on some albums. Paramaecium is one of the few doom metal bands that focus on Christian lyrical themes and Christian concepts. According to Doom-metal.com, "what sets Paramaecium apart from other bands in the doom metal scene, is the fact that they are the only Christian death/doom band that made it to the top of the genre."

History
In 1993, Paramaecium released their debut album, Exhumed of the Earth. The band consisted of Andrew Tompkins on vocals and bass, Jason De Ron on guitar, and Jayson Sherlock on drums. The music was inspired by Cathedral, early My Dying Bride and Anathema. The band incorporated flute and violin sounds as well as a soprano alongside the usual musical offerings of death and doom metal.

Paramaecium added rhythm guitarist Chris Burton in 1995 and released their second album, Within the Ancient Forest, which was accompanied by a fantasy novel of the same name written by Tompkins. The album was more diverse and technical, and involved female vocalists, harpsichord, piano, flute and cello.

Sherlock left the band in 1996.

The third album, A Time to Mourn, was released in 1999 and marked the departure of all previous band members except Tompkins. The band no longer had a touring lineup, so guest musicians were used, including guitarist Ian Arkley (formerly of Seventh Angel, Ashen Mortality and My Silent Wake). After a five-year break, Paramaecium returned in 2004 with Echoes from the Ground. The album again featured Tompkins as the only original member, but held firmly to the band's doom and death metal roots while again incorporating soprano and violins.

In 2005, Tompkins started working again with guitarist De Ron on songs for a new album. Early in 2006, drummer Sherlock rejoined the band and they played a series of concerts in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia, and NordicFest in Oslo, Norway. The NordicFest appearance in November 2006 marked the official end of Paramaecium, but it was also the official launch of the band under its new name, InExordium. InExordium's name is derived from a Paramaecium song off of Within the Ancient Forest. After InExordium broke up, Sherlock and guitarist Sheldon D'Costa formed Revulsed.

Album concepts
All of Paramaecium's albums have a concept that generally revolves around Christianity and Christian life. Exhumed of the Earth was based around the narrative of the New Testament, particularly the canonical gospels and the Book of Acts. Within the Ancient Forest is based on how Andrew Tompkins became a Christian, and A Time to Mourn is about a life in Christ, addressing the sorts of issues one might face as a modern Christian. Echoes from the Ground is about a young man's journey through the Holy Lands to find a justification for his faith.

Members
Last known lineup

 * Andrew Tompkins - bass, vocals, programming (1991–2006)
 * Jason De Ron - guitar (1992–1996, 2006)
 * Jayson Sherlock - drums (1993–1996, 2006)

Former

 * Collin "Mosh" Mynard - guitar (1991–1992)
 * Ian Arkley - guitar (1999)
 * Mark Orr - drums (1999)
 * Mark Kelson - guitar (1997–1999)
 * Chris Burton - rhythm guitar (1995–1996)
 * Steve Palmer - drums (1991–1993)

Timeline

As Paramaecium
Studio albums

 * Exhumed of the Earth (1993)
 * Within the Ancient Forest (1996)
 * A Time to Mourn (1999)
 * Echoes from the Ground (2004)

Demos

 * Silent Carnage (1991)

EPs

 * Repentance (1996)

As InExordium
Studio albums

 * InExordium (2008)

title: Paramaecium


text:
User:Hawei

located in Bremen-Vegesack, Germany

title: User:Hawei


text:
Brugmansia

Brugmansia is a genus of seven species of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae. They are woody trees or shrubs, with pendulous flowers, and have no spines on their fruit. Their large, fragrant flowers give them their common name of angel's trumpets, adjacent to the nickname devil's trumpets of the closely related genus Datura.

Brugmansia species are among the most toxic of ornamental plants, containing tropane alkaloids of the type also responsible for the toxicity and deliriant effects of both jimsonweed and the infamous deadly nightshade. All seven species are known only in cultivation or as escapees from cultivation, and no wild plants have ever been confirmed. They are therefore listed as Extinct in the Wild by the IUCN Red List, although they are popular ornamental plants and still exist wild outside their native range as introduced species. It is suspected that their extinction in the wild is due to the extinction of some animal which previously dispersed the seeds, with human cultivation having ensured the genus's continued survival.

Description

Brugmansia are large shrubs or small trees, with semi-woody, often many-branched trunks. They can reach heights of 3 –. The leaves are alternately arranged along the stems, generally large, 10 – long and 4 – across, with an entire or coarsely toothed margin, and are often covered with fine hairs. The name "angel's trumpet" refers to the large, pendulous, trumpet-shaped flowers, 14 – long and 10 – across at the opening. They come in shades of white, yellow, pink, orange, green, or red. Most have a strong, pleasing fragrance that is most noticeable in the evening. Flowers may be single, double, or more.

Taxonomy
Linnaeus first classified these plants as part of Datura with his 1753 description of "Datura arborea". Then in 1805, C. H. Persoon transferred them into a separate genus, Brugmansia, named for Dutch naturalist Sebald Justinus Brugmans. For another 168 years, various authors placed them back and forth between the genera of Brugmansia and Datura, until in 1973, with his detailed comparison of morphological differences, T.E. Lockwood settled them as separate genera, where they have stayed unchallenged since.

Currently, there are seven recognized species:

These species are then divided into two natural, genetically isolated groups. Brugmansia section Brugmansia (the warm-growing group) includes the species aurea, insignis, sauveolens, and versicolor. Brugmansia section Sphaerocarpium (the cold group) includes the species arborea, sanguinea, and vulcanicola.

Two of these species were challenged by Lockwood in his 1973 doctoral thesis. First, Brugmansia vulcanicola was said to be a subspecies of B. sanguinea, but this was refuted by Lockwood's former mentor, R. E. Schultes in 1977. Second, Lockwood proposed that the species B. insignis was instead a hybrid of the combination (B. suaveolens x B. versicolor) x B. suaveolens. This was later disproved by crossbreeding experiments done by the Preissels, published in 1997.

Distribution and habitat
Brugmansia are native to tropical regions of South America, along the Andes from Venezuela to northern Chile, and also in south-eastern Brazil. They are grown as ornamental container plants worldwide, and have become naturalized in isolated tropical areas around the globe, including within North America, Africa, Australia, and Asia.

Ecology
Most Brugmansia are fragrant in the evenings to attract pollinating moths. One species lacking scent, the red-flowered Brugmansia sanguinea, is pollinated by long-billed hummingbirds. Brugmansia have two main stages to their life cycle. In the initial vegetative stage the young seedling grows straight up on usually a single stalk, until it reaches its first main fork at 80 - 150 cm high. It will not flower until after it has reached this fork, and then only on new growth above the fork. Cuttings taken from the lower vegetative region must also grow to a similar height before flowering, but cuttings from the upper flowering region will often flower at a very low height.

One interesting example of plant/animal interaction involves the butterfly Placidula euryanassa, which uses Brugmansia suaveolens as one of its main larval foods. It has been shown that these can sequester the plant's tropane alkaloids and store them through the pupal stage on to the adult butterfly, where they are then used as a defense mechanism, making themselves less palatable to vertebrate predators.

Brugmansia seed dispersal was probably formerly accomplished by mammalian megafauna, extinct since the Pleistocene. Brugmansia has long been extinct in the wild as their fruits now shrivel on the plants without progeny. They have been maintained in cultivation as a source of psychotropic drugs, following the loss of their evolutionary seed dispersal partner by humans.

Historical uses
Brugmansia are most often grown today as flowering ornamental plants.

Brugmansia contains deliriant hallucinogenic tropane alkaloids (atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine) which cause delirium and hallucinations. In modern medicine, these tropane alkaloids found in Brugmansia and other related members of Solanaceae have proven medical value for their spasmolytic, anti-asthmatic, anticholinergic, narcotic, and anesthetic properties, although many of these alkaloids, or their equivalents, are now artificially synthesized. Brugmansia species have also traditionally been used in many South American indigenous cultures in medical preparations and as an entheogen in religious and spiritual ceremonies. Medicinally, they have mostly been used externally as part of a poultice, tincture, ointment, or where the leaves are directly applied transdermally to the skin. Traditional external uses have included the treating of aches and pains, dermatitis, orchitis, arthritis, rheumatism, headaches, infections, and as an anti-inflammatory. They have been used internally much more rarely due to the inherent dangers of ingestion. Internal uses, in highly diluted preparations, and often as a portion of a larger mix, have included treatments for stomach and muscle ailments, as a decongestant, to induce vomiting, to expel worms and parasites, and as a sedative.

Several South American cultures have used Brugmansia species as a treatment for unruly children, so that they might be admonished directly by their ancestors in the spirit world, and thereby become more compliant. Mixed with maize beer and tobacco leaves, it has been used to drug wives and slaves before they were buried alive with their dead lord.

In the Northern Peruvian Andes, shamans (curanderos) traditionally used Brugmansia species for initiation, divination, and black magic rituals. In some Latin American countries such as Colombia and Peru, members of the genus Brugmansia are reportedly used by malevolent sorcerers or "bad shamans" in some ayahuasca brews in attempt to take advantage of tourists. The species that are typically used for these purposes include Brugmansia suaveolens and Brugmansia arborea among others.

Toxicity
All parts of Brugmansia are potentially poisonous, with the seeds and leaves being especially dangerous. Brugmansia are rich in scopolamine (hyoscine), hyoscyamine, and several other tropane alkaloids which can lead to anticholinergic toxidrome and delirium. Effects of ingestion can include paralysis of smooth muscles, confusion, tachycardia, dry mouth, constipation, tremors, migraine headaches, poor coordination, delusions, visual and auditory hallucinations, mydriasis, rapid onset cycloplegia, and death.

The hallucinogenic effects of Brugmansia were described in the journal Pathology as "terrifying rather than pleasurable". The author Christina Pratt, in An Encyclopedia of Shamanism, says that "Brugmansia induces a powerful trance with violent and unpleasant effects, sickening after effects, and at times temporary insanity". These hallucinations are often characterized by complete loss of awareness that one is hallucinating, disconnection from reality (psychosis), and amnesia of the episode, such as one example reported in European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience of a young man who amputated his own penis and tongue after drinking only one cup of Brugmansia sanguinea tea.

In 1994 in Florida, 112 people were admitted to hospitals after ingesting Brugmansia, leading one municipality to prohibit the purchase, sale, or cultivation of Brugmansia plants. The concentrations of alkaloids in all parts of the plant differ markedly. They even vary with the seasons and the level of hydration, so it is nearly impossible to determine a safe level of alkaloid exposure.

In 2022 The BMJ reported the following case: A woman in her 50s presented to the emergency department with blurred vision and pupil asymmetry for 3 hours. The right pupil was dilated, while the left was normal. A detailed history revealed that she had been pruning plants in her garden, when the blurred vision started. She did not complain of any other symptom. When all tests proved normal, she was finally asked to provide a photo of her garden. Brugmansia suaveolens (angel's trumpet) was identified in the picture. On asking specific history, she reported rubbing her right eye after touching the plant's leaves and flowers. It shows that Brugmansia is highly toxic. Even touching the leaves and flowers can transfer sufficient amounts of active principles to the hand.

Cultivation
Brugmansia are easily grown in a moist, fertile, well-drained soil, in sun to part shade, in frost-free climates. They begin to flower in mid to late spring in warm climates and continue into the fall (autumn), often continuing as late as early winter in warm conditions. In cool winters, outdoor plants need protection from frost, but the roots are hardier, and may resprout in late spring. The species from the higher elevations, in B. section Sphaerocarpium, prefer moderate temperatures and cool nights, and may not flower if temperatures are very hot. Most Brugmansia may be propagated easily by rooting 10 - 20 cm cuttings taken from the end of a branch during the summer. Several hybrids and numerous cultivars have been developed for use as ornamental plants. B. × candida is a hybrid between B. aurea and B. versicolor; B. × flava is a hybrid between B. arborea and B. sanguinea; and B. × cubensis is a hybrid between B. suaveolens, B. versicolor, and B. aurea. There are cultivars producing double flowers, and some with variegated leaves. The cultivars B. × candida 'Grand Marnier' and 'Knightii' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

title: Brugmansia


text:
Category:Mosler vehicles

Mosler is an American supercar manufacturer.

title: Category:Mosler vehicles


text:
Talk:British National Films Company

Untitled
I created this page upon following the story of Lady Yule of Bricket Wood where her life intersects in the movie industry with J. Arthur Rank, Pinewood Studios and Charles Boot. Because there was no entry for Charles Root who built Pinewood Film Studios I created that first. This led to questions about dates and relationships concerning J. Arthur Rank and especially this entry. It is obvious to me that this entry which I created now requires rewriting and I will do so within the next 48 hours of this note. I will also modify the entries for J. Arthur Rank and Pinewood Film Studios to bring them into line with all of this information. MPLX/MH 18:10, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

First Revision
I have now made a first revision to my original text based upon my own research. I have also noted that much, if not all, of the material that has been posted to date about J. Arthur Rank and the Rank Organisation, appears elsewhere on the Internet almost word for word. Whoever was responsible for the creation of those page entries seems to have just lifted other work and redeposited it on Wikipedia. This problem will be remedied shortly because I will also link this new page with the pages about J. Arthur Rank as a person and the Rank Organisation as a company. When this additional work is undertaken it will create a new and original body of work. I also intend to add more text to this page. MPLX/MH 21:05, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * No. The J. Arthur Rank page has evolved naturally. The opposite is almost certainly true. I.e. those pages lifted the words from Wikipedia and/or its mirrors. Mintguy (T) 08:54, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:British National Films Company


text:
Talk:Batson v. Kentucky

Untitled
I have done a good deal of work on this article but it still needs significant improvement by those better versed in the law than I am. Particularly, the idea of a prima facie challenge needs to be better explained. Also, in J. Burger's dissent he brings up points about the grounds for the court's decision that I do not fully understand. Jacob1207 18:10, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Great job and thanks for the additions. You seem to have captured the major aspects and explained them well using some of the text of the opinion and some of your own. That's exactly how I think these articles should be written. Some things are explained too much (i.e. voir dire) and some things too little (the concept of prima facie, as you said) for this article, but it gives a lot to work with. I will be editing this article a bit later and I'm sure others will as well, but you have given a great article to work with and make even greater. Your contributions are greatly appreciated.
 * Skyler 20:20, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)

Great article to harvest
I'm just tacking this here as a note to myself or to anyone else interested: This Times article has a really good overview of the different aspects of Batson and of Batson challenges, primarily insofar as they do or do not extend to sexual orientation, but also just as a general concept. — PinkAmpers  &  ( Je vous invite à me parler )  22:06, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I did some work using this. I really like to use good secondary sources like this and avoid citing decisions. Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 17:06, 30 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Batson v. Kentucky


text:
Megalomania

Megalomania is an obsession with power and wealth, and a passion for grand schemes.

Megalomania or megalomaniac may also refer to:

Psychology

 * Narcissistic personality disorder
 * Grandiose delusions
 * Omnipotence (psychoanalysis), a stage of child development

Albums

 * Megalomania (Aqua album), 2011
 * Mania velichia or Megalomania, a 1985 album by Aria
 * Megalomania (Enslavement of Beauty album), 2001
 * Megalomania, a 2014 album by Kissin' Dynamite

Songs

 * "Megalomaniac" (Incubus song), 2004
 * "Megalomaniac" (KMFDM song), 1997
 * "Megalomania", a 2013 song by Truckfighters and Firestone, from "Fuzzsplit of the Century"
 * "Megalomaniac", a 2003 song by +/- from You Are Here
 * "Megalomaniac", a 2021 song by Aeseaes from "Shapeshifter"
 * "Megalomania", a 1975 song by Black Sabbath from Sabotage
 * "Megalomania", a 1983 song by the Blood from False Gestures for a Devious Public
 * "Megalomania", a 1991 song by Therion from Of Darkness...
 * "Megalomania", a 1992 song by Pele from Fireworks
 * "Megalomania", the boss music from the 1994 video game Live A Live
 * "Megalomania", a 2001 song by Muse from Origin of Symmetry

Other

 * Mega-Lo-Mania, a 1991 real-time strategy game by Sensible Software

title: Megalomania


text:
Letterman (sports)

In sports or activities in the United States, a letterman is a high school or college student who has met a specified level of participation or performance on a varsity team.

Overview
The term comes from the practice of awarding each such participant a cloth "letter", which is usually the school's initial or initials, for placement on a "letter sweater" or "letter jacket" intended for the display of such an award. In some instances, the sweater or jacket itself may also be awarded, especially for the initial award to a given individual. Today, in order to distinguish "lettermen" from other team participants, schools often establish a minimum level of participation in a team's events or a minimum level of performance in order for a letter to be awarded. A common threshold in American football and basketball is participation in a set level, often half, of all quarters in a season. In individual sports such as tennis and golf, the threshold for lettering is generally participation in one half or sometimes two-thirds of all matches contested. Frequently, other members of the team who fail to meet requirements for a letter are awarded a certificate of participation or other award considered to be of lesser value than a letter.

Some schools continue to base the awarding of letters according to performance, in team sports requiring a certain number of touchdowns, catches, scores, steals, baskets or tackles, according to position and sport. In individual sports letters are often determined according to qualification for state meets or tournaments. Other schools award letters on a more subjective basis, with the head coach, usually with the input of other coaches and sometimes student team leaders who have already lettered, awarding letters for substantial improvement as well as significant performance on or off the field. This places much more emphasis on character, commitment and teamwork as well as, and often in place of, simply playing enough or meeting some other time or performance requirement. Sometimes in high schools academic performance in classes can also be an element. This philosophy gives more focus to developing and rewarding a well-rounded and balanced player, where other methods focus strictly on athletic performance and on the field victories. This term is not gender-specific; a qualifying participant in women's basketball or other women's sports is properly referred to as a letterman, as would be a qualifying female participant on a co-educational sports team. An athlete who is awarded a letter (or letters in multiple sports) is said to have "lettered" when they receive their letter.

In recent years, some schools have expanded the concept of letterman beyond sports, providing letters for performance in performing arts, academics, or other school activities.

Letter jacket
A letter jacket is a baseball-styled jacket traditionally worn by high school and college students in the United States to represent school and team pride as well as to display personal awards earned in athletics, academics or activities. Letter jackets are also known as "letterman jackets", "varsity jackets" and "baseball jackets" in reference to their American origins.

Appearance and style
The body (i.e., torso) is usually of boiled wool and the sleeves of leather with banded wrists and waistband. Letter jackets are usually produced in the school colors, with the body of the jacket in the school's primary color and sleeves in the secondary color, although sometimes, the colors of the jacket may be customized to a certain extent by the student. There could be cases where a student could change the color so much that it doesn't differentiate too much from school colors. They usually feature a banded collar for men or a top-buttoned hood (that unbuttons into an expanded collar) for women.

Decorations
The letter jacket derives its name from the varsity letter chenille patch on its left breast, which is almost always the first letter or initials of the high school or college the jacket came from. The letter itself can also be custom fitted to the particular sport or activity (e.g. cross country—a symbol or sign in the middle of the letter).

The name of the owner usually appears either in chenille (matching the letter) or embroidered on the jacket itself. The owner's graduation year typically appears in matching chenille. Placement of the name and year of graduation depends on school traditions. The year is most often sewn on the right sleeve or just above the right pocket. The school logo and symbols representing the student's activities may also be ironed onto the jacket.

Lettermen who play on a championship team often receive a large patch commemorating their championship that is worn on the back of the jacket.

Lettermen who participate in a sport in which medals are awarded often sew the medals onto their jackets to display their accomplishments.

History
Varsity jackets trace their origins to letter sweaters, first introduced by the Harvard University baseball team in 1865. The letter was usually quite large and centered (if the sweater was a pullover); stripes on one sleeve designated the number of letters won, with a star indicating a team captain.

Traditions
Letter jackets are almost never purchased before a student has earned a letter. In schools where only varsity letters are awarded this is usually the practice in a student's junior or senior year. Recently, many student-athletes have been awarded letters during their sophomore and sometimes freshman year, leading to the need for a jacket much sooner. Still, the actual jacket is not usually purchased until the sophomore year. In schools where junior varsity letters are awarded, the jacket may be purchased by junior varsity letter recipients, though the letter is placed just above the left pocket, leaving space for a future varsity letter.

Some schools may award letter jackets to letter winners at an award ceremony, but more often, the school only provides the letter. Some schools will have fundraising activities or other programs to provide jackets to students who cannot afford them.

While it is commonly done, removing one's letter from the letter jacket upon graduation is not firmly held as protocol. Many graduates keep the letter on the jacket after graduation as a symbol of accomplishment and school pride and commitment, especially with college lettermen.

title: Letterman (sports)