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XEDIT

XEDIT is a visual editor for VM/CMS using block mode IBM 3270 terminals. (Line-mode terminals are also supported.)

XEDIT is much more line-oriented than modern PC and Unix editors. For example, XEDIT supports automatic line numbers, and many of the commands operate on blocks of lines. A pair of features allows selective line and column editing. The ALL command, for example, hides all lines not matching the described pattern, and the COL (Column) command allows hiding those columns not specified. Hence changing, for example, the word NO as it appears only in columns 24 thru 28, to YES, and only on lines with the word FLEXIBLE, is doable.

Another feature is a command line which allows the user to type arbitrary editor commands. Because IBM 3270 terminals do not transmit data to the computer until certain special keys are pressed [such as, a program function key (PFK), or a program access key (PAK)], XEDIT is less interactive than many PC and Unix editors. For example, continuous spell-checking as the user types is problematic.

Typical screen layout
Notable features of the screen layout:
 * The top line provides details about line format where:
 * MOHICANS  is the filename
 * SCRIPT  is the filetype
 * A1  is the filemode (default, indicating which disk the file is on)
 * V  is the record format (RECFM) which can be Fixed or Variable
 * 132  is the length of the records (for V, maximum length is 65535)
 * Trunc=132  indicates changes beyond 132 columns will be ignored
 * Size=10  denotes total number of lines in file
 * Line=10  denotes the current line
 * Col=1  denotes the current column
 * Alt=10  indicates that ten changes have been made while XEDITing
 * The equal signs  at the beginning of the lines provide space for line numbers if desired, and a place to enter XEDIT prefix commands that may operate on blocks of lines.
 * The line beginning |...+ is a ruler that e.g. might show tabulator positions.
 * The following line marks end-of-file, appearing in XEDIT as if it followed the last actual line of the file.
 * The next-to-bottom line showing  is a command line for entering XEDIT or system (CP/CMS) commands or macros.
 * There is no mouse pointer because most IBM 3270 terminals did not have mice.
 * Most IBM 3270 terminals had 12 or 24 program function keys (PFKs) (and also two or three program assist keys), to which XEDIT commands or macros could be assigned.
 * XEDIT commands can be used to change the screen appearance. Some examples include:
 * Moving the position of (or eliminating) the command line
 * Moving the position of (or eliminating) the TABS marker line
 * Moving the position of (or eliminating) the PREFIX lines
 * Changing the prefix line from equal signs to line numbers (nnnnn)
 * Defining whether or not TAB characters are to be expanded
 * Defining which lines are to be displayed by scope (SELECT)
 * Showing the data on a display screen or in typewriter mode
 * Specifying text line(s) to be displayed on the screen (RESERVED)
 * Eliminating the TOFEOF lines (* * * Top of File * * * and * * * End of File * * *)
 * Displaying (or eliminating) SHADOW lines (indications that lines are not being displayed)
 * Displaying (or eliminating) the SCALE line (a scale or ruler to assist editing)
 * Changing the background and foreground colors used for the different portions of the screen
 * Defining what lines are to be displayed (RANGE)
 * Defining what columns are to be displayed (and also, if in hexadecimal, text, or both)
 * Defining multiple XEDIT screens [sizes, location (over/under, side by side, combinations)]

Macro language
XEDIT macros (scripts) can be written in Rexx, EXEC 2, or EXEC. XEDIT exposes the majority of its internal state to the macro environment, allowing macros to easily read and set internal variables that control its operation.

KEXX
KEDIT 5 for DOS and OS/2 supports an external Rexx interpreter (native OS/2 Rexx or Quercus Rexx, for DOS only Quercus Rexx replacing the older Mansfield Rexx) and its own rather limited KEXX subset. KEDITW 1.6.1 for Windows supports only its own internal KEXX 5.62 version of the Rexx language. Macros can be arranged in the  file format.

History
XEDIT was written by IBM employee Xavier de Lamberterie and was first released in 1980. Its predecessor was EDIT SP (SP is an initialism for System Product used by IBM). Other key influences were EDIT, the older editor for CMS, and EDGAR, an IBM Program Product editor for CMS. XEDIT supported many of the EDGAR commands, SOS (Screen Output Simulation) being a major one. XEDIT also supported EXEC 2, the predecessor of Rexx.

PC and Unix adaptations
When PCs and Unix computers began to supplant IBM 3270 terminals, some users wanted text editors that resembled the XEDIT they were accustomed to. To fill this need, several developers provided similar programs:

KEDIT
KEDIT by Mansfield Software Group, Inc., was the first XEDIT clone. Although originally released in 1983, the first major release was version 3.53 for DOS, released in 1985. By 1990, KEDIT 4.0 had a version supporting OS/2, and included the ALL command.

The last version for DOS and OS/2 was KEDIT 5.0p4. KeditW (for Windows) is at version 1.6.1 dated December 2012. Some earlier Windows versions were:
 * Release being 1.5 service level 3, dated January 1998
 * Version 1.6, dated December 2007

KEDIT 1.6 supports syntax highlighting for various languages including C#, COBOL, FORTRAN, HTML, Java, Pascal, and xBase defined in the  file format.

KEDIT supports a built-in Rexx-subset called KEXX. Mansfield Software created the first non-IBM implementation of Rexx (Personal Rexx) in 1985.

In December 2012 Mansfield Software released 1.6.1 to provide compatibility with Windows 8 and extended support to at least June. These 32bit versions work also in the 64bit versions of Windows 7 and Vista, but do not directly support Unicode. As of December 2022, Kedit supports Windows 10 and 11 too, and Mansfield promises email support until at least June 2024.

SEDIT
SEDIT (first released in 1989) is another implementation on both Windows and Unix, which supports a variant of Rexx language called S/REXX (announced in 1994).

THE (The Hessling Editor)

The Hessling Editor (THE) is an open source text editor first released in August 1991, released under the GPL-2.0-or-later license, and available for many operating systems including QNX, OS/2, DOS, BeOS, Amiga, Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP and most or all POSIX Unix platforms (as a program for text-mode or native X11). THE is a derivation of the IBM Mainframe VM/CMS editor XEDIT that includes support for versions of the REXX scripting language, and takes some features from KEDIT. THE was written in C with PDCurses also required for some platforms. A REXX interpreter such as Regina is also required for THE's REXX macro capability.

THE's author, Mark Hessling, discussed at the 1993 REXX conference in La Jolla, California why he created a new multi-platform text editor.

title: XEDIT


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Visual editor

A visual editor is computer software for editing text files using a textual or graphical user interface that normally renders the content (text) in accordance with embedded markup code, e.g., HTML, Wikitext, rather than displaying the raw text. Edits made to the page appear in real time, correctly formatted, and are often referred to as WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get). It is common for the software to permit switching to source-code editor mode so that the original source code can be viewed or modified.

By definition, all visual editors require a refreshable display device. However, some editors using such devices, e.g., BRIEF, ISPF, gVim, KEDIT, THE, XEDIT, are not visual editors.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Visual editor


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Talk:Mark Steyn

Some additions on 12 March 2022
Jimmythegoff has inserted a claim that Mr Steyn is "conspiracy theorist and musical theatre enthusiast", a cite with the quote "who the bad guys are" (apparently in reference to something about Russians and/or Ukrainians), an extra mention of Broadway Babies Say Goodnight, a long increase of the bit about his behaviour during his failed television show (source = dailybeast.com), some insults by Dan Kennedy and Charlie Pierce quoted in the Boston Phoenix. The words "conspiracy theorist" were later deleted.) I believe all of the edit should be undone as undue, but now there have been subsequent edits so I'm not sure other editors agree. So I'm asking first: is there consensus for any of Jimmythegoff's additions? Peter Gulutzan (talk) 17:08, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your comments - I am very inexperienced wiki editor - and I take your point re insufficient evidence for the conspiracy theorist tag. But I think that quotes from Kennedy and Pierce should stand in the section - critical reception. Steyn attracts both admirers and detractors for his style and there is a need to quote from both camps in the article - not just people who admire him. Kennedy is a professor of journalism and his criticism of Steyn's journalistic techniques is relevant and balanced out by more positive quotes from other sources. Steyn is a controversial figure and the section on critical reception should reflect that rather than giving the impression that there is broadly positive consensus around his work. Jimmythegoff (talk) 08:26, 14 March 2022 (UTC)
 * It is clearly true that he is a conspiracy theorist, given his insistence on claiming the climate scientists fake their data, but we can't do anything unless a reliable source calls him that. See WP:TRUTH.
 * Yes, Kennedy is a relevant expert, and there seems to be nothing wrong with The Phoenix (newspaper) as a source. --Hob Gadling (talk) 09:05, 14 March 2022 (UTC)

Associating with counter-jihad
Thismess on October 25 added "Steyn has been on the Advisory Board of the International Free Press Society, a key component of the international counter-jihad network." I reverted. Thismess on October 26 added "Steyn has referenced Bat Ye'or's Eurabia theory and has been on the board of advisors of the International Free Press Society, both key components of the international counter-jihad network." (and later changed "network" to "movement"). Apparently Thismess doesn't think it's appropriate to discuss contested additions on the talk page, so I will: (a) at least one of the cites looks like a biased opinion and perhaps they all are (b) whether they think IFPS is counter-jihad is about IFPS not Mark Steyn (c) saying somebody has "referenced" Bat Ye'or is saying almost nothing -- by putting it in the article Thismess has also "referenced" Bat Ye'or and so have I by mentioning this, I hope that illustrates how trivial the implications of the word are. Who supports/opposes Thismess's addition? Peter Gulutzan (talk) 16:03, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

Mr Steyn is 64 - not 63.
Mr Steyn is 64 - not 63 (his birthday was on the 8th of December). I have tried clicking on "edit" - but the out-of-date age does not seem to appear on the screen in a way I can change it. 2A02:C7C:E183:AC00:710D:2A6E:4012:ABE8 (talk) 10:40, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

A Disgrace to the Profession
43arcsec added a section "A Disgrace to the profession" via 4 edits, the first one had edit summary = "With the international attention being engendered by the defamation suit trial, it was important to add to the book list the book that is the center of the suit." I reverted. Never mind that I don't believe this book is a central thing in the trial. One problem is that its source is Mr Steyn (book and testimony) which would be okay if it was clear why it's important e.g. someone noticed it, but that's lacking so far. Another problem is that the section ended with "On August 17, 2011 Steyn discussed the book ..." -- but the book was published in 2015. I'm not against giving the book more publicity, I'm only thinking this doesn't look appropriate in this form at this time, and if others feel it should be re-inserted, fine. Do they? Peter Gulutzan (talk) 15:21, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

 * My Gulutzan removed the last edit stating, among other things, "I'm not against giving the book more publicity." This appears to exhibit a pre-existing bias that should be avoided on Wiki, whose users expect it to be an impartial source. Currently, the trial is ongoing and capturing national attention.  It is a case that spans 12 years, and this book was conceived in response to the defamation suit. The book has been reference several times in the case. The fact that Mr Gulutzan points out "the book was published in 2015" implying its old news is wrong on two counts: 1) that the case today dates back prior to the book 2) as a significant work of Steyn's it deserves to be included in the book list. The Wiki page deserves to have all the facts, no matter how unpleasant they may be. I have restored the edit. 43arcsec (talk) 22:45, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Re bias: everybody has biases, saying I'm "not against" would be a pretty weak way to express mine. Re "reference several times in the case": that's rather different from the original claim that the book is "the center of the suit", which as I understand matters is what's in the article section "Defamation lawsuit" which by the way will need updating after the trial is over. Re "implying its old news": no, the problem is that I find it implausible that Mr Steyn discussed the book four years before the book existed. Re "deserves to be included in the book list": it is already mentioned in the article's "Bibliography", this is about expansion not mere inclusion. I see that EasyAsPai reverted your reversion with edit summary = "Restored revision 1203284910 by Peter Gulutzan (talk): Reverting info back out. When someone starts a talkpage discussion about your edit, you need to discuss with them, not simply say they're wrong and put it back." Peter Gulutzan (talk) 16:09, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Mr Gulutzan and EasyAsPal, while I'm accused of reverting without talking, it's certainly untrue as evidenced by the very entry I made explaining the reversion that you replied to. And stating I need to talk before reverting, is hardly a protocol EasyAsPal can claim, as he offers no "talk" himself, other than the false claim I hadn't. I claim here, that this book, "Disgrace," is absolutely pivotal in aiding the Wiki readers in understanding the defamation suit that is taking place right now to international attention. It is in print, highly rated, embodies the work of notably scientific scholars, and is necessary addition to understanding the climate debate, the defamation suit, and Steyn's literary work.  The fact that it was printed after the trial lawsuit was originally filed, does not reduce its relevance.  It was written in direct response to the lawsuit, is an integral part of the lawsuit, and the climate debate.  You have made yourself clear, you detest this book, and I believe that is clouding your judgement here.  There is an enormous value to Wiki readers to see this book prominently displayed so they can draw their own conclusions. That's what Wiki is for. You offer facts from original sources whether you agree with them or not. 43arcsec (talk) 16:56, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @43arcsec I haven't used the talk page here because I have no real opinion on this, I just stepped in to encourage BRD, or Bold, Revert, Discuss. That means that if you make a bold edit and someone reverts you, you are expected to discuss the topic before you start putting it back in. I don't have to have to be part of the discussion to see that you skipped that last bit, 43arcsec. Discuss means a conversation, not, "You're wrong and I'm going to put it back," which is what your original talk page comment was.
 * You seem to feel very strongly about this book, and you seem to be taking this disagreement about personally. If Peter's judgement on the article is clouded because of his opinion on the book, I'd say yours is, too - the language you use (integral, prominent, enormous value) makes that clear.
 * It sounds like maybe some of Peter's concerns have to do with UNDUE, or how much space is given to the details of the book and it's reception relative to the rest of the article and the overall topic. Wikipedia does not give equal weight to every published book or opinion - it uses secondary sources to present information in a neutral way.
 * I have no dog in this fight, so to speak, and I have not read the book or even the whole article. So please believe me when I say that this is not an attack on you, the article subject, or even the book, but a sign that you need to work collaboratively with other editors (like Peter Gulutzan) to reach consensus. EasyAsPai (talk) 17:38, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Are there watchers of this page who have opinions? Peter Gulutzan (talk) 18:32, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * EasyAsPal, your comment is very informative and insightful, I thank you for it. Without using the strong adjectives, I say again here. right now there is a trial taking place in DC that is bringing international attention.  There is a podcast covering the trial called "Climate on Trail" which is now among the top 5 science podcasts. There is enormous attention, wait, let me rephrase, there is evidence of significant interest in this issue.  Steyn's book that is in question here, is, right now, surely the most relevant of all his books. A think that any dispassionate observer would agree, and a passionate observer would have a difficult case to argue the opposite. Let's present the information to the Wiki reader for them to draw their own conclusion.  Steyn's book goes a very long way for Wiki readers to be able to understand Mark Steyn, it is his page, and the greater issues Mark Steyn is dealing with.  Again, thank you for your reply. 43arcsec (talk) 00:28, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * From steynonline.com today: "Or shoot them a copy of Steyn's book about Mann - which Judge Irving has declined to admit into evidence." Peter Gulutzan (talk) 21:54, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
 * In response to the feedback in talk, especially the criticism of giving to much weight to an individual book, I added back the entry with just a skeleton description so at least this important work is given some visibility. 43arcsec (talk) 21:58, 12 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Reverted.
 * The book has received almost no coverage outside of climate change denial venues.
 * Steyn's tweet (referenced above by Peter Gulutzan) complains that the book did not figure into the defamation trial. So the originally proferred rationale that the book is notable because of the defamation suit is dubious.
 * I don't see any editors suggesting it is important to add the book back.
 * Even the "skeleton description" gives undue weight to a fringe book, viz: Mann's work purporting a dramatic recent rise in global temperatures and notable scientists including Nobel Prize winner....
 * I am generally of the opinion it is a fine thing to briefly summarize an author's works. But the lack of engagement by the scientific community makes it hard to include this book's controversial claims. And also argues against the book's notability.
 * Further I note that the edit summary was a deception. The majority of the reverted edit was not about the book, but a change to the description of the suit. It moved the takeaway point of the section -- Steyn was sued and found guilty -- from the beginning down to the end. -- M.boli (talk) 23:57, 12 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mark Steyn


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User talk:193.1.184.254

Nomination of Source-code compatibility for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Source-code compatibility is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Source-code compatibility until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Paradoctor (talk) 09:30, 7 May 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:193.1.184.254


text:
Hilary Koprowski

Hilary Koprowski (5 December 1916 –11 April 2013) was a Polish virologist and immunologist active in the United States who demonstrated the world's first effective live polio vaccine. He authored or co-authored over 875 scientific papers and co-edited several scientific journals.

Koprowski received many academic honors and national decorations, including the Belgian Order of the Lion, the French Order of Merit and Legion of Honour, Finland's Order of the Lion, and the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland.

Koprowski was the target of accusations in the press related to the "oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis", which posited that the AIDS pandemic originated from live polio vaccines such as Koprowski's. This allegation was refuted by evidence showing that the human immunodeficiency virus was introduced to humans before his polio-vaccine trials were conducted in Africa. The case was settled out of court with a formal apology from Rolling Stone magazine.

Life
Hilary Koprowski was born in Warsaw to an educated, assimilated Jewish family. His parents met in 1906 when Paweł Koprowski (1882–1957) was serving in the Imperial Russian Army, and moved to Warsaw soon after their marriage in 1912. His mother Sonia (née Berland; 1883–1967), was a dentist from Berdichev. Hilary Koprowski attended Warsaw's Mikołaj Rej Secondary School, and from age twelve he took piano lessons at the Warsaw Conservatory. He received a medical degree from Warsaw University in 1939. He also received music degrees from the Warsaw Conservatory and, in 1940, from the Santa Cecilia Conservatory in Rome. He adopted scientific research as his life's work, but never gave up music and composed several musical works. In July 1938, while in medical school, Koprowski married Irena Grasberg.

In 1939, after Germany's invasion of Poland, Koprowski and his wife, likewise a physician, fled the country, using Koprowski family business connections in Manchester, England. Hilary went to Rome, where he spent a year studying piano at the Santa Cecilia Conservatory; while Irena went to France, where she gave birth to their first child, Claude Koprowski, and worked as an attending physician at a psychiatric hospital.

As the invasion of France loomed in 1940, Irena and the infant escaped from France via Spain and Portugal —where the Koprowski family reunited — to Brazil, where Koprowski worked in Rio de Janeiro for the Rockefeller Foundation. His field of research for several years was finding a live-virus vaccine against yellow fever. After World War II the Koprowskis settled in Pearl River, New York, where Hilary was hired as a researcher for Lederle Laboratories, the pharmaceutical division of American Cyanamid. Here he began his polio experiments, which ultimately led to the creation of the first oral polio vaccine. Koprowski served as director of the Wistar Institute, 1957–91, during which period Wistar achieved international recognition for its vaccine research and became a National Cancer Institute Cancer Center. Koprowski died on April 11, 2013, aged 96, in Wynnewood, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, of pneumonia. He and his wife are buried at West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Southlawn Section, Lot 782, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

Hilary Koprowski and his late wife had two sons. Their first child Claude (born in Paris, 1940), who died in 2020, was a retired physician. Their second son, Christopher (born 1951) is a retired physician certified in two specialties, neurology and radio-oncology. He is also the former chair of the department of radiation oncology at Christiana Hospital in Delaware.

Polio vaccine
While at Lederle Laboratories, Koprowski created an early polio vaccine, based on an orally administered attenuated polio virus. In researching a potential polio vaccine, he had focused on live viruses that were attenuated (rendered non-virulent) rather than on killed viruses (the latter became the basis for the injected vaccine subsequently developed by Jonas Salk).

Koprowski viewed the live vaccine as more powerful, since it entered the intestinal tract directly and could provide lifelong immunity, whereas the Salk vaccine required booster shots. Also, administering a vaccine by mouth is easy, whereas an injection requires medical facilities and is more expensive.

Koprowski developed his polio vaccine by attenuating the virus in brain cells of a cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus, a New World species that is susceptible to polio. He administered the vaccine to himself in January 1948 and, on 27 February 1950, to 20 children at Letchworth Village, a home for disabled persons in Rockland County, New York. Seventeen of the 20 children developed antibodies to polio virus — the other three apparently already had antibodies — and none of the children developed complications. Within 10 years, the vaccine was being used on four continents.

Albert Sabin's early work with attenuated-live-virus polio vaccine was developed from attenuated polio virus that Sabin had received from Koprowski.

Rabies vaccine
In addition to his work on the polio vaccine, Koprowski (along with Stanley Plotkin and Tadeusz Wiktor) did significant work on an improved vaccine against rabies. The group developed the HDCV rabies vaccine in the 1960s at the Wistar Institute. It was licensed for use in the United States in 1980.

Affiliations
Koprowski was president of Biotechnology Foundation Laboratories, Inc, and head of the Center for Neurovirology at Thomas Jefferson University. In 2006 he was awarded a record 50th grant from the National Institutes of Health. He authored or co-authored over 875 scientific papers and co-edited several scientific journals. He served as a consultant to the World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization.

Honors and legacy
Koprowski received many honorary degrees, academic honors, and national decorations, including the Order of the Lion from the King of Belgium, the French Order of Merit for Research and Invention, a Fulbright Scholarship, and appointment as Alexander von Humboldt Professor at the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry in Munich. In 1989 he received the San Marino Award for Medicine and the Nicolaus Copernicus Medal of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw.

Koprowski received numerous honors in Philadelphia, including the Philadelphia Cancer Research Award, the John Scott Award and, in May 1990, the most prestigious honor of his home city, the Philadelphia Award. He was a Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, which in 1959 presented him with its Alvarenga Prize.

Koprowski was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the New York Academy of Sciences, and the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. He held foreign membership in the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Polish Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, and the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters.

On June 3, 1983, Koprowski received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Medicine at Uppsala University, Sweden.

On 22 March 1995, Koprowski was made a Commander of Finland's Order of the Lion by Finland's president. On 13 March 1997 he received the Legion d'Honneur from the French government. On 29 September 1998 he was presented by Poland's president with the Grand Cross of Poland's Order of Merit.

On 25 February 2000 Koprowski was honored with a reception at Philadelphia's Thomas Jefferson University celebrating the 50th anniversary of the first administration of his oral polio vaccine. At the reception, he received commendations from the United States Senate, the Pennsylvania Senate, and Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge.

On 13 September 2004, Koprowski was presented with the Pioneer in NeuroVirology Award by the International Society for NeuroVirology at the 6th International Symposium on NeuroVirology held in Sardinia. On 1 May 2007, Koprowski was awarded the Albert Sabin Gold Medal by the Sabin Vaccine Institute in Baltimore, Maryland.

In 2014 Drexel University established the Hilary Koprowski Prize in Neurovirology in honor of Dr. Koprowski's contributions to the field of neurovirology. The prize is awarded annually in conjunction with the International Symposium on Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, which is sponsored by the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease (IMMID) within the Drexel University College of Medicine. During the Symposium, the prize recipient is asked to deliver an honorary lecture.

AIDS accusation
British journalist Edward Hooper publicized a hypothesis that Koprowski's research into a polio vaccine in the Belgian Congo in the late 1950s might have caused AIDS.

The OPV AIDS hypothesis has, however, been rejected by the medical community and is contradicted by at least one article in the journal Nature, which claims the HIV-1 group M virus originated in Africa 30 years before the OPV trials were conducted. The journal Science refuted Hooper's claims, writing: "[I]t can be stated with almost complete certainty that the large polio vaccine trial... was not the origin of AIDS."

Koprowski rejected the claim, based on his own analysis. In a separate court case, he won a regretful clarification, and a symbolic award of $1 in damages, in a defamation suit against Rolling Stone, which had published an article repeating similar false allegations. A concurrent defamation lawsuit that Koprowski brought against the Associated Press was settled several years later; the settlement's terms were not publicly disclosed.

Koprowski's original reports from 1960 to 1961 detailing part of his vaccination campaign in the Belgian Congo are available online from the World Health Organization.

title: Hilary Koprowski


text:
Gatwick Airport railway station

Gatwick Airport railway station is on the Brighton Main Line in West Sussex, England. It serves Gatwick Airport, 26 mi down the line from London Bridge via Redhill. The platforms are about 70 m to the east of the airport's South Terminal, with the ticket office above the platforms and station entrances and exits directly connected to the terminal. The station is also connected to the airport's North Terminal by the Airport Shuttle people-mover. Gatwick Airport was the busiest station in South East England region (which excludes London) from 2017 to 2018. There have been two stations at Gatwick, sited about 0.85 mi from each other. It is the busiest station in both West Sussex and South East England, and the sixth busiest station in the UK outside of London.

The first railway station, Gatwick, opened in September 1891. In 1946, it was renamed Gatwick Racecourse, to reflect its association with the neighbouring Gatwick Racecourse, but fell out of use for a decade after the opening of Tinsley Green station, which was renamed Gatwick Airport in September 1935. The stations had a reversal of fortunes in the 1950s as a result of a government decision to expand and develop the Beehive airport terminal into London's second airport. Gatwick Racecourse station was rebuilt to serve Gatwick Airport, and is integrated into its terminal. On 27 May 1958, the rebuilt station, which took over the name Gatwick Airport, was opened in conjunction with a regular train service; and services to Tinsley Green were discontinued.

Train services are provided by Southern, Gatwick Express, Thameslink and Great Western Railway. When viewed from the air (or in satellite imagery), the station's British Rail logo etched on the roof is visible. Between late 2010 and early 2014, new facilities were built at the station, among them platform 7; infrastructure was renewed and the concourse was refurbished. The station was one of 18 managed by Network Rail, but, in 2012, management was transferred to Southern. In May 2018, the station was named as the second-least popular major station in the UK.

Gatwick/Gatwick Racecourse Station
In September 1891, Gatwick station was constructed on the present site to serve Gatwick Racecourse, but operated only on race days. The facilities included passing loops and sidings, which enabled race trains to be held without impeding regular traffic on the Brighton Main Line. During the First World War, the sidings were extended to accommodate munitions trains heading for Newhaven.

In 1946, Gatwick station was renamed Gatwick Racecourse until 1958. The station had fallen out of regular use after the opening of nearby Tinsley Green/Gatwick Airport Station. In the early 1950s, the airport was expanded over land formerly occupied by the racecourse, and it was decided to rebuild the station. The station was integrated into the airport terminal via an upper level concourse designed by British Rail Southern Region. On 27 May 1958, the rebuilt station, Gatwick Airport, opened with a regular train service.

Tinsley Green/Gatwick Airport Station
On 30 September 1935 Tinsley Green station was opened 0.85 mi south of the present station. Within a year it was renamed Gatwick Airport, following the completion of the Beehive airport terminal, which had a direct subway connection to the station. In 1940, the airport was requisitioned by the Royal Air Force (RAF) for military use. In 1952, the government decided to expand the airport as London's second airport. The station continued in operation until 27 May 1958 when the new Gatwick Airport station (above) opened. The old station was later demolished. The only visible remains of the old station are sections of the former up slow line platform and sections of the subway between the station and the original terminal building.

Present station
The 1958 facilities included a parcels office beneath the main concourse, lifts and a corridor on the south side of the overbridge, separated from the passenger corridor by a glazed partition. To accommodate trains of up to 12-carriage lengths, the three old Racecourse island platforms were raised by 1 ft and extended to the north by about 100 ft, except for the very long westernmost platform, which was reduced from the south. The ticket office on the main concourse of the station was able to handle 670 separate issues of Edmondson tickets from its Bellmatic equipment. The signalbox was retained on the centre platform. In the 1980s, the station was refurbished. The station had six platforms immediately beneath the airport's South Terminal.

The ticket office is staffed for ticket sales and enquiries, supplemented by ticket machines capable of handling online bookings usually available on a round-the-clock basis. Automated teller machines, payphones and e-mail access points are installed on the main concourse. There are coin-operated trolleys for luggage and a left luggage facility. On-site food and drink outlets are present. Toilets are available and baby changing facilities and additional toilets can be found in the adjacent South Terminal. There is no car parking facility. Transport for London's (TfL) Oyster cards and contactless cards are accepted for travel at the station.

Redevelopment
On 13 October 2010, a £53 million redevelopment programme was announced to provide another platform capable of accommodating 12-car trains, refurbishment of the concourse, and track and signal upgrades. Escalators and lifts were provided for platforms 5 and 6, replacing a staircase to achieve improved circulation. The redevelopment provided improved capacity and flexibility on the Brighton Main Line. The project was jointly financed by Network Rail, who contributed £44.9 million, and Gatwick Airport who provided £7.9 million. Construction was structured so as not to negatively affect the 2012 Summer Paralympics, which was hosted in London.

By 3 February 2014, completion was marked by a ceremony officiated by Minister of State for Transport Baroness Kramer, who formally opened the new platform. Constructed by VolkerFitzpatrick, platform 7 is served by a 975 m loop from the down fast line and used by services which formerly used at platform 5. VolkerFitzpatrick were responsible for track and signalling modifications. This has allowed platforms 5 and 6 to be dedicated to Gatwick Express services, thereby eliminating previous conflicts with slower services when they crossed to platforms 1 and 2. The project was finished on schedule and budget, despite extreme weather conditions during the winter of 2013/2014.

In 2014, Baroness Kramer announced that the government had committed £50 million towards further improvements. A scheme for further improvements, estimated to cost around £120 million, was announced by Network Rail. In April 2018, Network Rail submitted a planning application for modernising the station; doubling the size of the concourse, widening two platforms, and improving connections to the airport terminal. It was done in partnership with Gatwick Airport authorities, the Coast to Capital local enterprise partnership and the Department for Transport. The expansion is an element of a five-year programme, costed at £1.11 billion, announced by Gatwick Airport in early 2018.

Construction on the new concourse began in November 2020. The refurbished station opened on 21 November 2023.

Services
As of February 2024, train services at Gatwick Airport are operated by Southern, Gatwick Express, Thameslink and Great Western Railway:

 * Platform 1: Thameslink services to Bedford and Peterborough via Redhill
 * Platform 2: Services to London Victoria (Southern) and Reading (Great Western Railway)
 * Platform 3: Thameslink services to Three Bridges and Horsham
 * Platform 4: Services to London Victoria, London Bridge, Bedford and Cambridge
 * Platform 5: Northbound services to London Victoria (including Gatwick Express services) and interchangeable with Platform 4
 * Platform 6: Southbound services to Brighton (Gatwick Express), Bognor Regis, Portsmouth Harbour and Littlehampton and interchangeable with Platform 7
 * Platform 7: Southbound services to Brighton (Thameslink), Ore and Eastbourne

Services at the station are as follows:

Southern
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 6 tph to London Victoria
 * 2 tph to Eastbourne of which 1 continues to Ore
 * 2 tph to Littlehampton via Worthing
 * 2 tph to Bognor Regis and Portsmouth Harbour, dividing at Horsham

On Sundays, a London Victoria to Brighton service runs half hourly. However, services between London Victoria and Eastbourne do not run. In addition, services between London Victoria and Littlehampton reduce to hourly, and the services to Bognor Regis and Portsmouth Harbour also reduce to hourly and divide at Barnham, instead of Horsham.

Services at Gatwick Airport are operated using EMUs.

Gatwick Express
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to London Victoria (non-stop)
 * 2 tph to Brighton (calling at Haywards Heath only)

On Sundays, the services to Brighton do not run, with Gatwick Express trains operating as a shuttle between Gatwick Airport and London Victoria only.

Gatwick Express services are operated using EMUs.

Thameslink
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is: On Sundays, the services between Horsham and Peterborough do not run, and instead, 1tph usually terminating at Three Bridges is extended to Horsham
 * 4 tph to Bedford via London Bridge
 * 2 tph to Cambridge
 * 2 tph to Peterborough via Redhill
 * 4 tph to Brighton (semi-fast)
 * 2 tph to Horsham (stopping)
 * 2 tph to Three Bridges

Thameslink services at Gatwick Airport are operated using EMUs.

Great Western Railway
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is: Great Western Railway services at Gatwick Airport are operated using and  DMUs.
 * 2 tph to Reading via Guildford

title: Gatwick Airport railway station


text:
Hawaii Republican Party

The Hawaii Republican Party (ʻAoʻao Lepupalika o Hawaiʻi) is the affiliate of the Republican Party (GOP) in Hawaii, headquartered in Honolulu. The party was strong during Hawaii's territorial days, but following the Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954 the Democratic Party came to dominate Hawaii. The party currently has little power and is the weakest state affiliate of the national Republican Party; it controls none of Hawaii's statewide or federal elected offices and has the least presence in the state legislature of any state Republican party.

Republic
Following the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom and the creation of the Republic of Hawaii, the American Union Party was created and as the Republic of Hawaii was a de facto one-party state, it faced virtually no opposition. On October 13, 1894, the American Union Party held its first convention, where it established the party's organization, created a platform, and nominated candidates for the 1894 elections. The party's official stance was in favor of annexation by the United States, although as the only legal party, anti-annexation factions were present within the party.

Territorial
After Hawaii was annexed on July 12, 1898, the majority of the American Union Party's members created the Hawaii Republican Party. On March 10, 1899, members of the American Union Party and former leaders of the Republic held a meeting where they decided to postpone the organization of a Republican Party and the creation of an auxiliary party organization.

On May 2, 1900, around one hundred men organized the Republican Party affiliate in Hawaii. The first Republican Convention was held on May 30, 1900. Temporary officers were selected, a platform was created, and delegates were chosen to send to the Republican National Convention in June.

Although a Democratic affiliate existed in the territory, it held little influence, while the pro-Native Hawaiian Home Rule Party emerged as the main opposition. In 1900, the Home Rule Party took control of the territorial legislature and its leader, Robert William Wilcox, was elected as Hawaii's non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives. Prior to the 1902 election, the Reform Party merged into the Hawaii Republican Party. The Home Rule Party split when Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole left its convention on July 10 to form the Hui Kuokoa Party. Shortly afterward he joined the Republicans. In the following elections, the Republicans defeated Wilcox by running Prince Kalanianaʻole, taking control of the legislature with 26 of the 36 seats. Following this defeat, the Home Rule Party existed in a weakened form until 1912, when it fused with the Republicans. The Republican Party led the so-called "Haole-Hawaiian Alliance," with uninterrupted Legislative majorities until Democrats took control of the Legislature in 1954.

The Democratic Party of Hawaii was reorganized in 1902, but did not become influential until the 1920s, when it won multiple Honolulu mayoral elections and elected William Paul Jarrett as delegate to the House of Representatives. However, the Republican party retook the delegation to the House through the 1930s and 1940s, due to support from the Big Five sugar producers. A seminal moment in Hawaiian history, the power of the Big Five was weakened by the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, which lead to unionization on Hawaii's sugar plantations and ultimately the Democratic Revolution of 1954. In elections that year, the Republicans lost control of the territorial legislature for the first time since 1900, as the Democratic affiliate won nine of the fifteen territorial senate seats and twenty two of the thirty territorial house seats. The Democrats retained control of the legislature in the 1956 elections, before the Republicans retook control of the senate in 1958.

Statehood
On May 16, 1959, the affiliate held its first state convention where most of the officer positions went uncontested except for national committeewoman and where the candidates for the upcoming federal and state special elections. In the gubernatorial election incumbent Territorial Governor and Republican William F. Quinn won by 4,139 votes; in the Senate special elections Republican Hiram Fong won by 9,514 votes while Wilfred Tsukiyama was narrowly defeated by 4,577 votes; and Republicans lost the House in a landslide.

During the 1998 gubernatorial election Maui Mayor Linda Lingle won the Republican nomination and used dissatisfaction with Governor Ben Cayetano's handling of the economy to propel her campaign. She polled above Cayetano. However, allegations that Lingle was a lesbian and her decision as mayor to require state employees to work on Christmas Eve hurt her. In the general election she lost by 5,254 votes. However, her gubernatorial campaign was the most successful since Randolph Crossley in 1966.

In 1999 Lingle and many of her supporters took over leadership positions in the party. Lingle defeated James Kuroiwa Jr., who was aligned with the party's conservative wing and was pro-life, to become chairwoman with 325 to 63 votes.

During the 2002 gubernatorial election the Democratic party had a contentious primary where Mazie Hirono defeated Ed Case by 2,000 votes. Hirono's campaign was later hurt by corruption allegations that allowed Lingle to narrowly win the election, becoming the first Republican governor since 1962. She won reelection in 2006 and became the only multi-term popularly elected Republican governor in Hawaii history.

During the 2004 presidential election multiple polls showed George W. Bush performing well in Hawaii and the party made a push to win a House majority or at least enough to prevent veto overrides. However, the Bush campaign later decreased its efforts in Hawaii and Republicans instead lost five seats, despite Bush taking 45% of the votes, the closet the Republicans had come to winning the state in a presidential election since Ronald Reagan's victory in 1984.

In 2010 Representative Neil Abercrombie resigned to focus on his gubernatorial campaign. A special election was held to fill that vacancy. Because special elections did not have primaries, two Democrats candidates ended up splitting Democrat votes, allowing Charles Djou to win with a plurality of 40% to became the first Republican representative from Hawaii since Pat Saiki in 1991. He was defeated in the next general election by Colleen Hanabusa.

Following Donald Trump's election as president, many Republicans defected: Charles Djou became an independent and state House Minority Leader Beth Fukumoto became a Democrat. On December 11, 2019, the party cancelled its presidential preference poll and committed all of its primary delegates to Trump. In January 2021, party chair Shirlene Ostrov and vice-chair Edwin Boyette resigned after Boyette used the party's Twitter account to post a series of tweets praising the QAnon conspiracy theory and describing its adherents as patriots.

Economics
Hawaii Republicans advocate for limited government, lower taxes, decentralized control of public schools, and improving the state's business climate. Republicans generally support business plans and efforts to assist companies in the state in competing against businesses in other states. They typically support interstate and international commerce. For example, former Lieutenant Governor Duke Aiona pushed to keep the National Football League's Pro Bowl in Hawaii, and former Governor Linda Lingle proposed tax reduction incentives to businesses to encourage job creation, such as hotel renovations.

Environment
In the Reform Party, a pre-statehood group that after annexation was largely sympathetic toward the Republican Party, Lorrin Thurston was a strong supporter of the formation of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. In the 21st century, Governor Lingle proposed a Clean Energy Initiative to promote renewable energy, with the goal of making the state 70% energy self-sustainable by 2030. The initiative planned to use solar, wind, ocean, geothermal, and biomass as energy resources with a phased reduction in fossil fuel use.

Religion
Despite the influence of the early missionaries and despite recent national trends, the Republican party in Hawaii steadily lost its Christian overtone over time. After annexation, Christians proselytized immigrants contracted to work in Hawaii's growing sugar industry. This change was, in large part, brought on by Farrington v. Tokushige (1927), a U.S. Supreme Court case brought by approximately 100 Japanese, Korean, and Chinese language schools, a number of which were Buddhist religious schools, against Republican Governor Wallace R. Farrington and the Republican government. It sought to overturn laws limiting the material taught in private schools, including Buddhist philosophy. The court found the laws unconstitutional and in violation of parents' Fifth Amendment right to choose the education of their children. Duke Aiona, a Republican, presented a proclamation to the president of the Junior Young Buddhist Association in 2004 and attended the 2010 lantern festival.

The Party became hesitant to associate itself with religion, with members citing the negative effects of the party's association with the Christian Coalition. The Coalition swelled Republican membership by 50%, but gave rise to infighting; by 1993 the party had lost legislative seats.

Congress

 * Charles Djou, United States Representative from Hawaii's 1st district (2010–2011)
 * Pat Saiki, United States Representative from Hawaii's 1st district (1987–1991)
 * Hiram Fong, United States Senator (1959–1977)
 * Mary Elizabeth Pruett Farrington, Delegate to the United States House from Hawaii Territory's at-large district (1954–1957)
 * Joseph Rider Farrington, Delegate to the United States House from Hawaii Territory's at-large district (1943–1954)
 * Samuel Wilder King, Delegate to the United States House from Hawaii Territory's at-large district (1935–1943)
 * Victor S. K. Houston, Delegate to the United States House from Hawaii Territory's at-large district (1927–1933)
 * Henry Alexander Baldwin, Delegate to the United States House from Hawaii Territory's at-large district (1922–1923)
 * Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole, Delegate to the United States House from Hawaii Territory's at-large district (1903–1922)

State officials

 * Linda Lingle, Governor (2002–2010)
 * Duke Aiona, Lieutenant Governor (2002–2010)
 * William F. Quinn, Governor (1957–1962)
 * James Kealoha, Lieutenant Governor (1959–1962)
 * Samuel Wilder King, Territorial Governor (1953–1957)
 * Duke Kahanamoku, Sheriff of Honolulu (1932–1961)
 * Lawrence M. Judd, Territorial Governor (1929–1934)
 * Wallace Rider Farrington, Territorial Governor (1921–1929)
 * Walter F. Frear, Territorial Governor (1907–1913)
 * George R. Carter, Territorial Governor (1903–1907)
 * Sanford B. Dole, Territorial Governor (1900–1903)

State legislative leaders

 * Senate Minority Leader: Kurt Fevella
 * House Minority Leader: Lauren Matsumoto
 * House Minority Floor Leader: Diamond Garcia

title: Hawaii Republican Party