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Keith Raffan

Keith William Twort Raffan (born 21 June 1949) is a former British politician. From 1983 to 1992, he served in the British House of Commons as the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for the Delyn constituency in Wales. Then from 1999 to 2005, he was a Scottish Liberal Democrat Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Mid Scotland and Fife region.

Early life
Raffan was born in Aberdeen and educated at Robert Gordon's College, Trinity College, Glenalmond, and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Prior to entering parliament he was a parliamentary sketchwriter for the Daily Express.

Conservative MP, 1983–1992
Originally a Conservative, Raffan was in the early 1970s a chairman of Pressure for Economic and Social Toryism (a precursor of the Tory Reform Group), thus placing him on the left of the party. At this time he stood unsuccessfully for parliament in two general elections, at Dulwich in February 1974 and East Aberdeenshire in October 1974.

He was elected as Conservative MP for the Welsh seat of Delyn from 1983 to 1992, but his views on issues like drugs put him out of favour with the prevailing leadership of Margaret Thatcher, and he was never made a Minister. Raffan was one of the few Conservative MPs to support the 'stalking horse' leadership challenge of Anthony Meyer (his constituency neighbour in north Wales) against Thatcher in 1989, and he then supported Michael Heseltine's challenge to Thatcher the following year.

Scottish parliament, 1999–2005
Raffan stood down from the House of Commons at the 1992 general election and abandoned the Tories, in part because of his strong support for Scottish and Welsh devolution. He joined the Liberal Democrats that same year, and after working as a broadcaster and public relations consultant in New York and for Welsh TV channel HTV moved to Scotland. In 1998 he stood as the Liberal Democrat candidate in the European Parliament by-election for North East Scotland, and soon afterwards was appointed the Scottish party's chief spokesman on home affairs.

In the 1999 Scottish Parliament election Raffan was elected as a regional list MSP to represent Mid Scotland and Fife. He was one of three Liberal Democrat MSPs – along with Donald Gorrie and John Farquhar Munro – who opposed the coalition with the Labour Party in the Scottish Parliament, and was alone among his Liberal Democrat colleagues in not backing Donald Dewar for First Minister (he abstained from the vote). Noted for his flamboyant and theatrical manner when participating in debate, early in the parliament's first term he gained notoriety for tabling 38 written questions in one day.

Raffan was re-elected at the 2003 Scottish Parliament election, and became a Vice Convener of the Scottish Liberal Democrats. However, in December 2004 he was subject to wide criticism for claiming abnormally large expense costs from the Scottish Parliament, including travel in his Fife constituency at times when he was known to be in Parliament in Edinburgh. The following month he resigned as an MSP, citing ill-health (and not the controversy his expense claims had caused or the accusations of inappropriate sexual and bullying behaviour towards his staff) as the reason.

He faced further criticism after his resignation for working at ITV Wales despite being "too sick to work". He was replaced in his seat by Andrew Arbuckle, who had been next on the Liberal Democrat list for Mid Scotland and Fife in 2003. The Scottish Liberal Democrats have confirmed to the press that Raffan is no longer a party member.

After politics
In the run up to the 2018 local elections, Raffan wrote a letter to the Evening Standard declaring that he was going to vote for the Labour Party in Kensington, where he was living.

He has subsequently left his third political party and now considers himself an independent.

title: Keith Raffan


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Houseboats

Houseboat
Advert, copyvio? Exabyte (talk) 14:48, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Houseboat

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page, if it exists; or after the end of this archived section. The result of the debate was Keep. --Celestianpower 2 July 2005 19:25 (UTC)

Houseboat
This page was listed for deletion by an anonymous user, and I though I'd jump into the fray. I must confess that I think this page is junk (it's just one big ad), but I don't think it should be deleted. I think it should be entirely rewritten, I confess, but I do think that 'houseboat' is a valid topic for an article. Any thoughts as to where I should go with this? -Litefantastic 14:48, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, that anonymous user was me not logged in. I mistakenly listed the article on VFD as Votes for deletion/Houseboats instead of Votes for deletion/Houseboat. The page is not only an advert, it might also be a copyvio . Exabyte (talk) 14:54, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Erm, so re-write it. We definately need an article on houseboat. The Recycling Troll 15:18, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep I have rewritten it as a stub, and I will be the first to admit that it is not even a good stub. It is only just better than what was there before. If I knew anything at all about houseboats I would have made it longer! --Jll 15:59, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep stub. Darksun 16:43, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep the stub. Houseboat has several articles already linked to it. Dsmdgold 16:59, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Valid topic.   — Gwalla | Talk 17:48, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep stub. — Frecklefoot | Talk 17:53, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Good save - a keep now. - TB 22:22, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep present stub. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:17, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Might be stubby, but is indeed a valid topic. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 21:36, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep It's a stub and covers a valid topic... --Asmodai 15:37, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The original advert version, promoting houseboating on Lake Powell, was probably by the anon who inserts similar POV into the Lake Powell article ("After just one visit, you'll see why people keep coming back year after year.").  Despite its unsavory provenance, however, Jll has cleaned it up suitably. JamesMLane 17:33, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. As it now stands, it's a springboard for useful encylopaedic article. — Bill 23:10, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be placed on a related article talk page, if one exists; in an undeletion request, if it does not; or below this section.

New Question about Houseboating I am looking to write a pretty extensive article on houseboating and it has been proposed to be merged with Houseboat. I'd like to figure out which way is better before I write a whole lot. My thought is that houseboating is different from a houseboat just as camping is different from an RV. Any thoughts (my first article)? Thanks! (Cyberwiglet 05:21, 13 June 2006 (UTC))


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Talk:The Raven

Featured picture scheduled for POTD
Hello! This is to let editors know that File:Raven Manet E2 corrected.jpg, a featured picture used in this article, has been selected as the English Wikipedia's picture of the day (POTD) for December 10, 2023. A preview of the POTD is displayed below and can be edited at Template:POTD/2023-12-10. For the greater benefit of readers, any potential improvements or maintenance that could benefit the quality of this article should be done before its scheduled appearance on the Main Page. If you have any concerns, please place a message at Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day. Thank you! — Amakuru (talk) 11:46, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Raven


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User:Fropuff/Spheres

The articles on spheres need some reworking/reorganization. Here is what I propose.

Main articles

 * sphere (with redirects from 2-sphere, and unit sphere) - This article should concentrate on the ordinary 2-dimensional sphere in Euclidean 3-space.
 * n-sphere (with a redirect from hypersphere) - This article should treat the general case with sections on geometry and topology.

Specific spheres

 * 0-sphere
 * 1-sphere → circle
 * unit circle
 * circle group
 * 2-sphere → sphere
 * Riemann sphere
 * 3-sphere
 * 3-sphere group
 * 4-sphere
 * 5-sphere
 * 6-sphere
 * 7-sphere
 * 8-sphere

Algebraic structure

 * circle group (with redirects from U(1), SO(2) and Spin(2))
 * 3-sphere group (with redirects from SU(2), Sp(1), Spin(3), and unit quaternion group)

Topology of spheres

 * Homology sphere
 * Poincaré sphere
 * Homotopy sphere
 * Homotopy groups of spheres
 * Alexander horned sphere
 * Exotic sphere

title: User:Fropuff/Spheres


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Talk:Commodore REU

I quote from the article at http://www.funet.fi/pub/cbm/documents/projects/memory/reu/1764to512kB.html, seventh paragraph, which quotes CBM engineer Fred Bowen:
 * There is a 390 Ohm resistor in the 1700 and 1750 REU's that is not present in the 1764. The resistor's position is located in the upper-left corner of the board, and labelled R4 in the 1764. According to Fred Bowen of Commodore, this resistor "tweaks" the signal that is supplied to the C-128 computer. There are C-64 users that have installed unmodified 1750 REU's without reporting problems. In these installations, larger power supplies rated at 2.5 amps DC are used. Also, there are C-128 owners who have used 1764 REU's without difficulty. Therefore, the presence or absence of this resistor seems to be a non-critical factor for most C-64 or C-128 computers, at least when using the REU with GEOS. Numerous Usenet messages on comp.sys.cbm from Fred Bowen and other CBM engineers in the late 1980s on Usenet make mention of R4, viewable by searching groups.google.com with the phrase "1750 1764 R4". The purpose of R4 was to accomodate very slight differences in the expansion port between the 64 and 128. The 128 benefited from R4; the C64 benefited from it not being there.

So the 1750 and 1700 had the resistor at R4. The 1764 did not. I'm re-correcting the entry. --Dave Farquhar 14:55, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I am baffled how everyone keeps carrying on with the "REU" term. The Cartridge described in this article is called "RAM Expansion _Module_". The term "REU" was coined by GEOS and refers to *any* RAM expansion (also GEOram is a "REU"!). Nowhere in the Manuals appears the term "REU" or "RAM Expansion Unit". see http://www.zimmers.net/anonftp/pub/cbm/manuals/peripherals/1700-1750_Ram_Expansion_Module_Users_Guide.pdf http://www.zimmers.net/anonftp/pub/cbm/manuals/peripherals/1700re10.txt http://www.zimmers.net/anonftp/pub/cbm/manuals/peripherals/1764_Ram_Expansion_Module_Users_Guide.pdf 88.152.174.34 (talk) 15:36, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Commodore REU


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Hiram Runnels

Hiram George Runnels (December 15, 1796 – December 17, 1857) was a U.S. politician from the states of Mississippi and Texas.

He was a Democrat who served as the ninth governor of Mississippi from November 20, 1833, to December 3, 1835.

Biography
Runnels was born in Hancock County, Georgia, on December 15, 1796, to Harmon M. and Hester (Hubert) Runnels. A poor frontier family, the Runnels relocated to Mississippi when Hiram was a child. The family descended from English colonists. The Runnels were the first white people to build a house in what would become Monticello, Mississippi. He married Obedience Smith in 1823.

Although he received a limited education, Runnels worked as a schoolteacher before serving as the state's auditor and treasurer from 1822 to 1830. Runnels also served as a volunteer in the army during various conflicts with Native Americans. He was elected in the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1830. After an unsuccessful run for governor in 1831, Runnels was elected in May 1833 by only 558 votes. Due to the closeness of the result, he did not take office until the following November.

During his tenure as governor, Runnels secured funding for a new statehouse in Jackson, restructured the state militia, signed a ban on the importation of enslaved people for auction and oversaw the formation of sixteen new counties in the land seized from the Chickasaw Indians. A devoted Jacksonian Democrat, Runnels angered his political allies when he refused to order the state militia to support and arm vigilantes who killed and maimed dozens of white and black people suspected of inciting a slave rebellion during the summer of 1835. On the other hand, more conservative voters and Whigs accused Runnels of verbally condoning vigilantism and preventing the militia and local law enforcement officials from suppressing extralegal violence. Facing criticism from Whigs and many Democrats over the affair, Runnels narrowly lost his reelection bid and left office in November 1835.

In 1838, Runnels was appointed president of the newly chartered Union Bank in Jackson, placing him in deeper conflict with other Democrats. When Union Bank collapsed in 1840, the new governor of Mississippi, Alexander McNutt, accused Runnels and others of corruption. Runnels responded by canning the governor in the streets of Jackson. Debates related to the state's central banking system also led to a duel between Runnels and Volney E. Howard, a director at Union Bank, that same year. Despite these conflicts, Runnels was reelected to represent Hinds County in the state legislature in 1841.

Runnels moved to Texas in 1842 and purchased a cotton plantation located on the Brazos River near Houston. He represented Brazoria County during the Convention of 1845. He was elected to the Texas State Senate in 1855 but failed to qualify for office. He was elected to the Senate again in 1857 but died before taking office. The Texas Senate passed a memorial resolution in his honor, and Benjamin F. Tankersly was sworn into office in his stead.

Runnels died in Houston on December 17, 1857, and was buried in Glenwood Cemetery.

Personality
The son of a man who "would fire up and fight anybody and at any time," Runnels's personality reflected the rough-hewn violence of his frontier upbringing. Described as excitable and volatile, his narrow defeat in the 1835 Mississippi gubernatorial race was partially attributed to an emotional outburst against one of his opponents during which he used some very harsh and unparliamentary language.

Legacy
Runnels County, Texas, was named in his honor.

Runnels was the uncle of Texas Governor Hardin Richard Runnels, and William R. Baker, a Texas State Senator was married to Runnels's niece, Hester.

title: Hiram Runnels


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Tarsila do Amaral

Tarsila de Aguiar do Amaral (1 September 1886 – 17 January 1973) was a Brazilian painter, draftswoman, and translator. She is considered one of the leading Latin American modernist artists, and is regarded as the painter who best achieved Brazilian aspirations for nationalistic expression in a modern style. As a member of the Grupo dos Cinco, Tarsila is also considered a major influence in the modern art movement in Brazil, alongside Anita Malfatti, Menotti Del Picchia, Mário de Andrade, and Oswald de Andrade. She was instrumental in the formation of the aesthetic movement, Antropofagia (1928–1929); in fact, Tarsila was the one with her celebrated painting, Abaporu, who inspired Oswald de Andrade's famous Manifesto Antropófago.

Early life and education
Tarsila do Amaral was born in Capivari, a small town in the countryside of the state of São Paulo. She was born to a wealthy family of farmers and landowners who grew coffee, two years before the end of slavery in Brazil. At that time in Brazil women were not encouraged to seek higher education, especially if they came from affluent families. Despite coming from a well-to-do family, Tarsila had her family's support in obtaining higher education. As a teenager, Tarsila and her parents traveled to Spain, where Tarsila caught people's eyes by drawing and painting copies of the artwork she saw at her school's archives. Tarsila attended school in Barcelona, and later trained privately in her hometown under painter Pedro Alexandrino Borges (1864-1942). She also attended the Académie Julian in Paris and studied with other prominent artists (1920-1923).

Career
Beginning in 1916, Tarsila do Amaral studied painting in São Paulo. Later she studied drawing and painting with the academic painter Pedro Alexandrino. These were all respected but conservative teachers. Because Brazil lacked a public art museum or significant commercial gallery until after World War II, the Brazilian art world was aesthetically conservative and exposure to international trends was limited.

It is believed that around this time (1913-1920) Amaral composed a song in A minor for voice and piano named "Rondo D'Amour". The song remained unknown until November 2021, when its sheet music was discovered at her grandniece's house in Campinas. On 25 January 2022, the song was recorded at the theater of the School of Music of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte by three professors of the institution: pianist Durval Cesetti, soprano Elke Riedel and tenor Kaio Morais.

Brazilian modernism
Returning to São Paulo from Paris in 1922, Tarsila was exposed to many things after meeting Anita Malfatti, Oswald de Andrade, Mário de Andrade, and Menotti Del Picchia. These fellow artists formed a group that was named the Grupo dos Cinco. Prior to her arrival in São Paulo from Europe, the group had organized the Semana de Arte Moderna ("Modern Art Week") during the week of February 11–18, 1922. The event was pivotal in the development of modernism in Brazil. The participants were interested in changing the conservative artistic establishment in Brazil by encouraging a distinctive mode of modern art. Tarsila was asked to join the movement and together they became the Grupo dos Cinco, which sought to promote Brazilian culture, the use of styles that were not specifically European, and the inclusion of things that were indigenous to Brazil.

During a brief return to Paris in 1929, Tarsila was exposed to Cubism, Futurism, and Expressionism while studying with André Lhote, Fernand Léger, and Albert Gleizes. European artists in general had developed a great interest in African and primitive cultures for inspiration. This led Tarsila to utilize her own country's indigenous forms while incorporating the modern styles she had studied. While in Paris at this time, she painted one of her most famous works, A Negra (1923). The principal subject matter of the painting is a large figure of a black woman with a single prominent breast. Tarsila stylized the figure and flattened the space, filling in the background with geometric forms.

Excited about her newly developed style and feeling ever more nationalistic, she wrote to her family in April 1923:

"I feel myself ever more Brazilian. I want to be the painter of my country. How grateful I am for having spent all my childhood on the farm. The memories of these times have become precious for me. I want, in art, to be the little girl from São Bernardo, playing with straw dolls, like in the last picture I am working on…. Don't think that this tendency is viewed negatively here. On the contrary. What they want here is that each one brings the contribution of their own country. This explains the success of the Russian ballet, Japanese graphics and black music. Paris had had enough of Parisian art."

Pau-Brasil period
Tarsila spent much of 1923 in Europe with poet Oswald de Andrade. Upon returning to Brazil in December 1923, Tarsila and Andrade then traveled throughout Brazil to find inspiration for their nationalistic art in folk religion and popular ritual. In March 1924, they spent Carnaval in Rio de Janeiro, and in April 1924, they traveled to baroque mining towns in Minas Gerais during Holy Week as part of the "caravana modernista" (modernist caravan). During this period, Tarsila made drawings of the various places they visited, which became the basis for many of her upcoming paintings. Paintings created during this period include São Paulo (1924), Morro de Favela (1924), and Lagoa Santa (1925).

She also illustrated the poetry that Andrade wrote during their travels, including his pivotal book of poems entitled Pau Brasil, published in 1924. In the manifesto of the same name, Andrade emphasized that Brazilian culture was a product of importing European culture and called artists to create works that were uniquely Brazilian in order to "export" Brazilian culture, much like the wood of the Brazil tree had become an important export to the rest of the world. In addition, he challenged artists to use a modernist approach in their art, a goal they had strived for during the Semana de Arte Moderna in São Paulo. In works by both Andrade and Tarsila, the Pau-Brasil movement was a concept that sought to establish a modern art particular to Brazil.

During this time, Tarsila's colors became more vibrant. In fact, she wrote that she had found the "colors I had adored as a child. I was later taught they were ugly and unsophisticated." Her initial painting from this period was E.C.F.B.(Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil), (1924). Furthermore, at the time, she had an interest in industrialization and urbanization, and their impacts on society. Tarsila painted several representations of large cities, like São Paulo, that combined small aspects of the city, like gas pumps, with broader urban scenes. Building on the ideas of the earlier Pau-Brasil movement, she appropriated European styles similar to those of her former teacher, Fernand Léger, but adapted them to the local cityscapes in order to develop modes and techniques that were uniquely Brazilian.

In 1926, Tarsila married Andrade and they continued to travel throughout Europe and the Middle East. In Paris, in 1926, she had her first solo exhibition at the Galerie Percier. The paintings shown at the exhibition, which marked the culmination of her Pau Brasil period, as well as her earlier stay in Paris, included São Paulo (1924), A Negra (1923), Lagoa Santa (1925), and Morro de Favela (1924). Her works were praised and called "exotic", "original", "naïve", and "cerebral", and her use of bright colors and tropical images was commented on.

Antropofagia period
While in Paris in the mid-1920s, Tarsila encountered surrealism. After returning to Brazil, Tarsila began a new period of painting where she departed from urban landscapes and scenery, and began incorporating surrealist style into her nationalistic art. This shift also coincided with a larger artistic movement in São Paulo and other parts of Brazil which focused on celebrating Brazil as the country of the big snake, as part of a broader rediscovery of Amerindian mythology and history.

Tarsila's first painting during this period was Abaporu (1928), which had been given as an untitled painting to Andrade for his birthday. The subject is a large stylized human figure with enormous feet sitting on the ground next to a cactus with a lemon-slice sun in the background. Andrade selected the eventual title, Abaporu, which is an Indian term for "man eats ", in collaboration with the poet Raul Bopp. This was related to the then current ideas regarding the melding of European style and influences. Soon after, Andrade wrote his Anthropophagite Manifesto, which literally called Brazilians to devour European styles, ridding themselves of all direct influences, and to create their own style and culture. Colonialism played a role in her work; Tarsila incorporated this concept into her art. Instead of being devoured by Europe, they would devour Europe themselves. Andrade used Abaporu for the cover of the manifesto as a representation of his ideals. The following year the manifesto's influence continued, Tarsila painted Antropofagia (1929), which featured the Abaporu figure together with the female figure from A Negra from 1923, as well as the Brazilian banana leaf, cactus, and again the lemon-slice sun.

In 1929, Tarsila had her first solo exhibition in Brazil at the Palace Hotel in Rio de Janeiro, and it was followed by another at the Salon Gloria in São Paulo. In 1930, she was featured in exhibitions in New York and Paris. Unfortunately, 1930 also saw the end of Tarsila and Andrade's marriage. This brought an end to their collaboration.

Later career and death
In 1931, Tarsila traveled to the Soviet Union. While there, she had exhibitions of her works in Moscow at the Museum of Occidental Art, and she traveled to various other cities and museums. The poverty and plight of the Russian people had a great effect on her, as seen in her painting Workers (Operarios) (1933). Upon her return to Brazil in 1932, she became involved in the São Paulo Constitutional Revolt against the dictatorship in Brazil, led by Getúlio Vargas. Along with others who were seen as leftist, she was imprisoned for a month because her travels made her appear to be a communist sympathizer.

The remainder of her career she focused on social themes. Representative of this period is the painting Segunda Classe (1931), which has impoverished Russian men, women and children as the subject matter. She also began writing a weekly arts and culture column for the Diario de São Paulo, which continued until 1952.

In 1938, Tarsila finally settled permanently in São Paulo, where she spent the remainder of her career painting Brazilian people and landscapes. In 1950, she had an exhibition at Museum of Modern Art, São Paulo, where a reviewer called her "the most Brazilian of painters here, who represents the sun, birds, and youthful spirits of our developing country, as simple as the elements of our land and nature…". She died in São Paulo in 1973. Tarsila's life is a mark of the warm Brazilian character and an expression of it tropical exuberance."

Legacy
Besides the 230 paintings, hundreds of drawings, illustrations, prints, murals, and five sculptures, Tarsila's legacy is her effect on the direction of Latin American art. Tarsila moved modernism forward in Latin America, and developed a style unique to Brazil. Following her example, other Latin American artists were influenced to begin utilizing indigenous Brazilian subject matter, and developing their own style. The Amaral Crater on Mercury is named after her.

In 2018 MoMA opened a solo exhibition of her work, the eighth retrospective on Latin America artists following exhibitions on Diego Rivera, Cândido Portinari, Roberto Matta, Manuel Álvarez Bravo, Armando Reverón, José Clemente Orozco and Joaquín Torres García.

In August 2022 several of her paintings were recovered in Brazil from criminals who had gained them from an art dealer and collector's widow by deception and force. This included Sol poente, O sono and Pont-neuf.

Major works

 * An Angler, 1920s, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia
 * "A Negra ", 1923
 * Cuca, 1924, Museum of Grenoble, France
 * Landscape with Bull, 1925, Private Collector
 * O Ovo, 1928, Gilberto Chateaubriand, Rio de Janeiro
 * Abaporu, 1928, Eduardo Constantini, MALBA, Buenos Aires
 * Lake, 1928, Private Collection, Rio de Janeiro
 * Antropofagia, 1929, Paulina Nemirovsky, Nemirovsky Foundation, San Pablo
 * Sol poente, 1929, Private Collection, São Paulo
 * Segunda Classe, 1933, Private Collection, São Paulo
 * Retrato de Vera Vicente Azevedo, 1937, Museu de Arte Brasileira, São Paulo
 * Purple Landscape with 3 Houses and Mountains, 1969–72, James Lisboa Escritorio de Arte, São Paulo

Exhibitions

 * 1922 - Salon de la Société des Artistes Français in Paris (group)
 * 1926 - Galerie Percier, Paris (solo)
 * 1928 - Galerie Percier, Paris (solo)
 * 1929 - Palace Hotel, Rio de Janeiro (solo)
 * 1929 - Salon Gloria, São Paulo (solo)
 * 1930 - New York (group)
 * 1930 - Paris (group)
 * 1931 - Museum of Occidental Art, Moscow
 * 1933 - I Salon Paulista de Bellas Artes, São Paulo (group)
 * 1951 - I Bienal de São Paulo, São Paulo (group)
 * 1963 - VII Bienal de São Paulo, São Paulo (group)
 * 1963 - XXXII Venice Bienalle, Venice (group)
 * 2005 - Woman: Metamorphosis of Modernity, Fundacion Joan Miró, Barcelona (group)
 * 2005 - Brazil: Body Nostalgia, The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, Japan (group)
 * 2006 - Salão de 31: Diferenças em processo, National Museum of Fine Arts, Rio de Janeiro (group)
 * 2006 - Brazilian Modern Drawing: 1917-1950, Museum of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro (group)
 * 2006 - Ciccillo, Museum of Contemporary Art of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo (group)
 * 2007 - A Century of Brazilian Art: Collection of Gilbert Chateaubriand, Museum Oscar Niemeyer, Curitiba (group)
 * 2009 - Tarsila do Amaral, Fundación Juan March, Madrid
 * 2017 - Tarsila do Amaral: Inventing Modern Art in Brazil, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago (solo)
 * 2018 - Brasil: Body & Soul, The Guggenheim, New York (group)
 * 2018 - Tarsila do Amaral: Inventing Modern Art in Brazil, Museum of Modern Art, New York (solo)
 * 2019 - Tarsila Popular, São Paulo Museum of Art, São Paulo (solo)

Sources and further reading

 * Congdon, K. G., & Hallmark, K. K. (2002). Artists from Latin American cultures: a biographical dictionary. Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31544-2
 * Lucie-Smith, Edward. Latin American Art of the 20th Century. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2004.
 * Damian, Carol. Tarsila do Amaral: Art and Environmental Concerns of a Brazilian Modernist. Woman's Art Journal 20.1 (1999): 3-7.
 * Barnitz, Jaqueline. Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America. China: University of Texas Press, 2006: 57.
 * Gotlib, Nadia Batella. Tarsila do Amaral: a Modernista. São Paulo: Editora SENAC, 2000.
 * Pontual, Roberto. Tarsila. Groves Dictionary of Art. Ed. Jane Turner. New York: Macmillan, 1996.
 * Amaral, Aracy and Kim Mrazek Hastings. Stages in the Formation of Brazil's Cultural Profile. The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts. 21 (1995): 8-25.
 * Fundación Juan March. Tarsila do Amaral (Catalogue: published in English and Spanish) Madrid: Fundación Juan March (2009), 295 pp. English ISBN 978-84-7075-561-3
 * D'Alessandro, Stephanie and Luis Pérez-Oramas. Tarsila do Amaral: Inventing Modern Art in Brazil.  New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017. ISBN 9780300228618
 * Scott, Andrea. Introducing New York to the First Brazilian Modernist. The New Yorker, 2018.
 * Cardoso, Rafael. The Problem of Race in Brazilian Painting, c. 1850-1920. Art History, 2015: 18–20.
 * Ebony, David. Brazil's First Art Cannibal: Tarsila Do Amaral. Yale University Press Blog, 2017.
 * Jackson, Kenneth David. Three Glad Races: Primitivism and Ethnicity in Brazilian Modernist Literature. Modernism/modernity 1, (1994): 89–112.
 * Latin American Women Artists 1915–1995. Films Media Group, 2003.

title: Tarsila do Amaral


text:
Inline assembler

In computer programming, an inline assembler is a feature of some compilers that allows low-level code written in assembly language to be embedded within a program, among code that otherwise has been compiled from a higher-level language such as C or Ada.

Motivation and alternatives
The embedding of assembly language code is usually done for one of these reasons:

 * Optimization: Programmers can use assembly language code to implement the most performance-sensitive parts of their program's algorithms, code that is apt to be more efficient than what might otherwise be generated by the compiler.
 * Access to processor-specific instructions: Most processors offer special instructions, such as Compare and Swap and Test and Set instructions which may be used to construct semaphores or other synchronization and locking primitives. Nearly every modern processor has these or similar instructions, as they are necessary to implement multitasking. Examples of specialized instructions are found in the SPARC VIS, Intel MMX and SSE, and Motorola Altivec instruction sets.
 * Access to special calling conventions not yet supported by the compiler.
 * System calls and interrupts: High-level languages rarely have a direct facility to make arbitrary system calls, so assembly code is used. Direct interrupts are even more rarely supplied.
 * To emit special directives for the linker or assembler, for example to change sectioning, macros, or to make symbol aliases.

On the other hand, inline assembler poses a direct problem for the compiler itself as it complicates the analysis of what is done to each variable, a key part of register allocation. This means the performance might actually decrease. Inline assembler also complicates future porting and maintenance of a program.

Alternative facilities are often provided as a way to simplify the work for both the compiler and the programmer. Intrinsic functions for special instructions are provided by most compilers and C-function wrappers for arbitrary system calls are available on every Unix platform.

In language standards
The ISO C++ standard and ISO C standards (annex J) specify a conditionally supported syntax for inline assembler: An asm declaration has the form asm-declaration: asm ( string-literal ) ; The asm declaration is conditionally-supported; its meaning is implementation-defined.

This definition, however, is rarely used in actual C, as it is simultaneously too liberal (in the interpretation) and too restricted (in the use of one string literal only).

In actual compilers
In practical use, inline assembly operating on values is rarely standalone as free-floating code. Since the programmer cannot predict what register a variable is assigned to, compilers typically provide a way to substitute them in as an extension.

There are, in general, two types of inline assembly supported by C/C++ compilers:
 * (or ) in GCC. GCC uses a direct extension of the ISO rules: assembly code template is written in strings, with inputs, outputs, and clobbered registers specified after the strings in colons. C variables are used directly while register names are quoted as string literals.
 * in Microsoft Visual C++ (MSVC), Borland/Embarcadero C compiler, and descendants. This syntax is not based on ISO rules at all; programmers simply write ASM inside a block without needing to conform to C syntax. Variables are available as if they are registers and some C expressions are allowed. ARM Compiler used to have a similar facility.

The two families of extensions represent different understandings of division of labor in processing inline assembly. The GCC form preserves the overall syntax of the language and compartmentizes what the compiler needs to know: what is needed and what is changed. It does not explicitly require the compiler to understand instruction names, as the compiler is only needed to substitute its register assignments, plus a few operations, to handle the input requirements. However, the user is prone to specifying clobbered registers incorrectly. The MSVC form of an embedded domain-specific language provides ease of writing, but it requires the compiler itself to know about opcode names and their clobbering properties, demanding extra attention in maintenance and porting. It is still possible to check GCC-style assembly for clobber mistakes with knowledge of the instruction set.

GNAT (Ada language frontend of the GCC suite), and LLVM uses the GCC syntax. The D programming language uses a DSL similar to the MSVC extension officially for x86_64, but the LLVM-based LDC also provides the GCC-style syntax on every architecture. MSVC only supports inline assembler on 32-bit x86.

The Rust language has since migrated to a syntax abstracting away inline assembly options further than the LLVM (GCC-style) version. It provides enough information to allow transforming the block into an externally-assembled function if the backend could not handle embedded assembly.

A system call in GCC
Calling an operating system directly is generally not possible under a system using protected memory. The OS runs at a more privileged level (kernel mode) than the user (user mode); a (software) interrupt is used to make requests to the operating system. This is rarely a feature in a higher-level language, and so wrapper functions for system calls are written using inline assembler.

The following C code example shows an x86 system call wrapper in AT&T assembler syntax, using the GNU Assembler. Such calls are normally written with the aid of macros; the full code is included for clarity. In this particular case, the wrapper performs a system call of a number given by the caller with three operands, returning the result.

To recap, GCC supports both basic and extended assembly. The former simply passes text verbatim to the assembler, while the latter performs some substitutions for register locations.

Processor-specific instruction in D
This example of inline assembly from the D programming language shows code that computes the tangent of x using the x86's FPU (x87) instructions.

For readers unfamiliar with x87 programming, the followed by conditional jump idiom is used to access the x87 FPU status word bits C0 and C2. stores the status in a general-purpose register; sahf sets the FLAGS register to the higher 8 bits of the register; and the jump is used to judge on whatever flag bit that happens to correspond to the FPU status bit.

title: Inline assembler


text:
Embu-Guaçu

Embu-Guaçu is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The population is 69,901 (2020 est.) in an area of 155.64 km2. The elevation is 408 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Embu-Guaçu


text:
Emilianópolis

Emilianópolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 3,227 (2020 est.) in an area of 225 km2. The elevation is 354 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Emilianópolis


text:
User talk:Zoney/Archive05

Hello, this is the fifth of my archive pages (see also my other archives). Please leave responses even to this page, on the main talk page where I and others will see them! Thanks! zoney ♣ talk 15:05, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Dwarf Tossing
It wasn't that I disagreed with your edit's content; merely with the way it screwed up the entry. Formatting, not content, was the problem, and finding a way of fitting the new content into the old format was signifigantly harder then merely reverting. Luc "Somethingorother" French 22:52, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Mailing list
In almost every case, I reply to mailing lists BELOW the text I'm replying to. Unfortunately, Yahoo doesn't allow me to do that, and I don't know what to do about it. If I try to post below the text, my reply gets included in the text which looks like what I'm quote -- I can't get below the quoted text. RickK 21:41, Sep 5, 2004 (UTC)

Deleting user subpages
There's a vote in progress at Wikipedia talk:Deletion of user subpages. Please consider voting. I have also requested that the proposal be frozen for the period of the vote, but this has met with opposition. Your participation in the process would be greatly appreciated. Andrewa 10:23, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I've read the talk page and it's reasonably filled me in. I do feel though that I am stepping into a discussion which I have not been part of. Thus I am loathe to intrude on what seems a potential minefield. Perhaps after another user or two have voted I would feel less awkward about adding my vote. Also, it's unclear to me – as of 6th Sept. is the project page frozen? Ironically, as a proposed policy, would Deletion of user subpages not be better hosted as a user subpage (until fully drafted/agreed upon)? I dislike this thing of "proposals" imitating real policies, despite the disclaimer. zoney ▓  ▒ talk 10:52, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * You're quite right to be confused as to whether the page is frozen or not. So am I. Tim Starling has objected to the freeze, and cancelled the vote but then reinstated the vote but not the freeze. Do you think I should reinstate the freeze? Discussion with him is continuing. Yes, it is a minefield, obviously. I have already attracted blunt criticism from both Tim and Angela.

 * When the vote concludes I will be compiling a lessons learned page, and I'll include your suggestion about user subpages (would you like the credit for it or would you prefer anonymity?). Andrewa 19:23, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * (starting to get worried) I made an off-hand suggestion about partial policies being drafted on user subpages rather than elsewhere - I'd suggest this as policy, but it's probably best mentioned elsewhere. Hey, I'll start a subpage (kidding). Seriously though, feel free to suggest this (where?).
 * I'll abstain from involvement until I've more a clue what's going on and whom I may or may not upset! :o)
 * zoney ▓  ▒ talk 19:52, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * (Starting to relax) Hey, can we bottle this attitude and innoculate a couple of our key sysops with it? I'm concentrating on this policy change as far as my policy and procedures contribution goes for the moment, otherwise I'll have no article editing time left at all and I really need that to stay on track. I'm serious about the lessons learned document as the final part of the process. This will go in there, feel free to raise it elsewhere but I won't until after that. Andrewa 20:44, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Hi
Yes, I'm the same one. Also used to edit en under a different username. I'm focused mainly on Irish topics, but also want to try to keep an eye on style matters like Internet and WWW ( I was the anon you agreed with on the Pump). Keep in touch. I'll be back on ga with bits and pieces too. Filiocht 12:24, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

confederation
Hi Zony, sorry but you have it "arse about face", but you are one of many I have come across. A Federation is a group of states that maintain local control of affairs but have a stong central governemnt which also rerpresents the group internationally as a single sovreign power. Clearly this is what the United States is. A confederation (quoting Websters Third International Dictionary) is "a group of independent nations, states or tribes more or less permanently united by treaty or alliance for joint action" I would say that meets the definition of the EU. Contrast and compare with the Confederation of the Rhine and federal modern day Germany. Dainamo 11:23, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I thought Federation was interchangeable with Confederation... zoney ▓  ▒ talk 11:27, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The prefix "con" is a clue ;) (although admittedly "flammable" and "inflammable" meen the same thing and I've yet to see something "inert and defunked" be described as previously "ert and funked"!)
 * More concise descriptions might be
 * Federation: Selected powers are devolved from central governments to divisional governments
 * Confederation: Selected powers are devolved from divisional governments to a central government. Dainamo 11:44, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

help stubs
Could you help me on 3 stubs i recently created: GPA, Tony Ryan and Clongowes (you seem to be online now and my knowledge of the three is annoyingly limited :-) L UDRAMAN | T 23:36, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * My knowledge of the topics is so limited such that I learnt new facts by reading them :o) Apologies, I don't think I can help! zoney ▓  ▒ talk 23:39, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

cat's eyes
i was thinking of creating a new entry for "raised pavement markers" and merging cat's eyes into it, along with a discussion of bott's dots. any objections? drop me a talk Mactenchi

Thanks - translation
Hey Zoney, thanks very much for your support of my adminship nomination. Are you translating the new press release into Irish? I thought it would be a good idea because then we could release it to Gaelge speaking media (like TnaG) esp if we had a bit about the Ga Wik. I think they'd have a good chance of printing it cos they're generally not brimming with stories :-) Whatcha think? J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 00:25, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * No worries! Links? zoney ▓  ▒ talk 00:32, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I suppose we could start it at somewhere like User:Ludraman/translation (I somehow seem to always be the host for these things :-). I think I'm gonna head to bed soon but I'll make a start. The deadline is the 15th. J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 00:45, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Useless information part 1

 * http://www.unilever.com/brands/hpc/cif.asp
 * http://slcc.strath.ac.uk/scotslawcourse/ip/ip/trade/reckit.html

-- sannse (talk) 21:28, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

TV Naming conventions.
At some point in the past you expressed an opinion on Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (television). I have instigated a new poll on that page. I am hoping that this poll will properly allow all users who have an interest in the subject to express their views fairly before we come to a consensus. I have scrapped the poll that was previously in place on that page because I believe that it was part of an unfair procedure that was going against the majority view. I am appealing to all users who contribute to that page to approve my actions. I would appreciate it if you could take the time and trouble to read the page carefully and express an opinion and vote as you see fit. Mintguy (T) 16:59, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Adminship
Would you accept an adminship nomination? I'd be glad to nominate you if you would accept. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 02:36, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I would second you. --JohnArmagh 06:05, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 13:40, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Nomination accepted. And I'm an Irishman, not an Irishwoman :) zoney ▓  ▒ talk 14:42, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Featured articles
Hi. Wonder if you are up for voting for (or, indeed, objecting to) Samuel Beckett on WP:FAC? No votes after 24 hours. Filiocht 13:48, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

City Maps
Hi their, I have noticed that you have updated the city maps. It is still very much my intention to update them as I have committed to, i.e. in a similar fashion to Cork city. Work committments are just preventing me from doing it at present (i have done very little in the last few days apart from checking) but hope to start into it this weekend. Any thoughts? Djegan 18:27, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Configuration for Africa (dual gauge) diagram.
Thany you for creating this diagram. Can you make a few changes?

Firstly, use the same colors for both diagrams, "Configuration" and "Configuration for Africa": Also, can the Configuration for Africa diagram be split in two, showing the following gauges.
 * 1000mm red
 * 1067mm blue
 * 1435mm green

Configuration for Africa:
 * 1000mm red
 * 1067mm blue

Configuration for Africa World Unified.
 * 1000mm red
 * 1067mm blue
 * 1435mm green "Bonus".

By splitting the digrams, the idea of the bonus is made clear in pictures.

Secondly, can you modify the position of the narrow gauge rails so that 1000mm gauge looks smaller than 1067mm. At the moment the two gauges look the same.

Syd1435 formerly 203.12.97.47

Railway disasters - consolidate lessons learned.
This is something Zoney mightg be interested. Consolidate railway accident pages from which lessons were learned. Armagh, Quintinshill, Glenbrook, Zanthus.

I have started grouping these pages together, you might like to keep a watch.

See "railways", "railways (sic) disasters", "Armagh railway disaster".

Syd1435 19 Sep 2004

Ireland recategorization
>>While there are topics warranting an RoI/NI division, I suggest you reconsider a blanket reorganisation of Irish categories. <<

Perhaps I wasn't clear. I don't want to divide all the Ireland categories into Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. I would just like each category marked, to make it clear whether it applies to the entire island, or to one of the political divisions thereof. For example, "Rail transport in Ireland" is ambiguous, and given common usage, one might assume it applies only to the Republic of Ireland. But if it applies to the whole island, it should be called "Rail transport in Ireland (island)" or "Rail transport on the Island of Ireland". -- Beland 01:48, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Irish holidays
Nice start and very much along the lines of what I was thinking myself. I'm at work too, but have a couple of books in my bag. I hope to ad some more stuff on early foods today. We need some more participants, though. Filiocht 12:41, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Fair point, but meanwhile CoI is a way of gathering stuff. Filiocht 12:59, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Aye, it's something to bear in mind though! zoney ♣ talk 13:04, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Flags of non-sovereign nations
Considering the fact that Montenegro and the Bosniaks can be classified as nations, and there are those who like to believe they are, and the fact that the areas in question are not fully sovereign in the sense of being a separate independent state, I'm restoring them again. I consider the other cases to be likely to be similar. You may not like the situation, but the page does point out the area is controversial. zoney ♣ talk 15:06, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * It is true that Bosniaks may be classified as a nation, but that nation has a fully sovereign country, which is Bosnia and Herzegovina. See Nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina for more information. It is true that Montenegro was a sovereign nation, and that there is movement for it again to be; but there is no difference in language or culture between Montenegrins and Serbs, and so it does not fall under the scope of this article; change article caption if you think that it should. And it is true that there is a movement for bigger autonomy in Vojvodina but it is not tied to any nation -- if it is, to which, Vojvodinians? :))) Nikola 15:20, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Congratulations
Zoney, I have flipped the switch -- you should see the special little buttons that mark you as an administrator. :-) Congratulations on your overwhelming support, and on the fact that you are now the final admin alphabetically (see List of administrators).  I hope you will peruse again the Administrators' reading list before exercising any of your newfound powers -- if I may offer advice, I, as a new admin, always consulted old hands before doing anything for the first time.  It's a lot easier to hit that "protect" or "delete" button when you've already talked it over with someone you trust.  And try not to let the trolls get to you (as they surely will attempt to do) -- if you get frustrated, feel free to drop me a line.  Sometimes it helps just to vent to someone....preferably not the troll, though. :-)  All my best wishes to you, and my congratulations on your dedication and talent that have so completely won the community's trust. Have a great day, Jwrosenzweig 21:34, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Congratulations, zoney! [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 23:03, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well deserved. --JohnArmagh 06:05, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Absolutely. Filiocht 07:32, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Images
Tá fáilte romhat!! I saw about the pics: Ballina and Achill ;) No problem mate, my photos are your photos here in wiki. Where do you live in Ireland? I stayed in August in Swinford, county Mayo. I love your country!! Slán Is tú mo ghrá!

(sorry if I wrote in wrong gaelic.. or english -_- ;)) Kanchelskis

Newbie mistakes from new user
Hello, Zoney! Great to see you made admin status. Congratulations from across the pond! (As well as from near the Ridge Route, as you may remember. . .) (smile)

I have noticed the edits of a new user, Maurreen whom I first encountered when I made a copyedit of McClatchy, a US newspaper chain. She majorly reverted my edits there - which were mostly just style. So far, no harm, no foul, as basketball's Chick Hearn always used to say.

However, I thought to review her edit history, and found that at United States Marine Corps, she totally wiped out all the red links for all the Marine divisions in that article, as well as moving an article (haven't checked this out in detail just yet, may have simply created it) on Famous Marines without leaving any sort of reference to it in the US Marine Corps main article. Whoa, Nelly. . .(perplexed face)

Since I've already sent her a missive on style and summary paragraphing on her earlier McClatchy article (she apparently is a copy editor for one of its newspapers there in the Carolinas), I'd rather not seem to be "ganging up" on this new user. Perhaps you could carry the torch on the issues I've raised, or farm them out to other admins. I'm working very hard to make her welcome, but I fear that she may not understand Wiki collaboration and consensus, and may not understand just how many people worldwide contribute to the English language Wikipedia. As always, dear Zoney, let me know how I may be of more help in this! (grin)

Your fish-loving friend, --avnative 14:52, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC)

Second chance comments
Hey Zoney - great to see you up and around so quickly today! Top of the afternoon to ya!

As far as not understanding what I was trying to get across. . . My mistake in using the new template (new to me, anyways) is *not* to type in the subject/headline ==like this==, as is my usual procedure without this template, but like this instead. I learn new things every day. . . (smile)

As far as seeing what you could do to help out on my original query, wonderful that you would be so kind! Again, thanks for your help. You know, of course, you have mine if you might need it. Happy Trails, --avnative 15:08, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, Zonester - I thought you'd say that. If I may be so meek, I'll wait a while before I do what you suggested - I don't want to seem as though I'm ganging up on a new user and "piling it on."

 * As for what I've been up to lately with your user page, let's just say I have been a real klutz today - and it's not even Friday! LOL!!!  --avnative 16:59, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC)

Hiberno-English
One of my greatest failings (or good traits for some, very few occasions) is slightly too much pride. And even though I've got some spelling "issues" (You've probably noticed my constant misspellings of "Television" as "Telivision" on Bosco/The Den/etc), I'm proud that Ireland uses proper spellings of words, and when an article is partially, or mostly about Ireland, like the crisps one being mainly about Tayto, I think it should use the proper spellings...

I've got a big ego. It probably shows :-)

Kiand 18:39, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I also think this episode shows why you're an admin and I never will be :-). I've created a Crisps now. Crisp probably would have made more sense but I couldn't figure out how to write a decent intro that went from singular to plural...

 * Kiand 12:54, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Irish COTW
Yes, Culture of Ireland was quit a success. See my comments on the voting page re this week. Let's give it a couple of hours. Filiocht 11:44, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

IRC
Can you go on IRC now? J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 17:02, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I hope to be on for a couple hours Thursday from 18:00 onwards... I'm going to be a bit busier than usual. It's a bummer, as I'm unlikely to be able to help much with Geography of Ireland till Friday. Filiocht seems to be doing most of the work. Still, hopefully I can put some time in at the weekend also. Talk later. zoney ♣ talk 22:10, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm filling in what I can but it looks a bit like a data dump. Added a few pics, too. Filiocht 11:21, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Irish todo
I'm in favour of moving the talk page and project page so the todo is on the project page. Filiocht 11:21, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

You, Filiocht, Ropers and I all seem to agree on the move so work away at your leisure. —Rory ☺ 12:54, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zoney/Archive05


text:
Gonville Bromhead

Major Gonville Bromhead VC (29 August 1845 – 9 February 1891) was a British Army officer and recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for valour in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to members of the British armed forces. He received the medal for his part in the defence of Rorke's Drift in January 1879, in which a small British garrison of 139 soldiers successfully repulsed an assault by some 4,000 Zulu warriors. Bromhead was portrayed by Michael Caine in the film Zulu, which depicted the battle.

Born into a notable military family, Bromhead was brought up in Thurlby, Lincolnshire. He entered the 24th Regiment of Foot as an ensign in 1867 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1871. Bromhead's battalion was deployed to southern Africa in 1878 and subsequently served in the Ninth Cape Frontier War and the Anglo-Zulu War. He spent most of the remainder of his career in south Asia, where he was promoted to major in 1883 and saw service in the Third Anglo-Burmese War. He died in 1891 in Allahabad, India, at the age of 45.

Early life
Gonville Bromhead was born on 29 August 1845 in Versailles, France. He was the youngest child born to Maj. Sir Edmund de Gonville Bromhead, 3rd Baronet, and his wife Judith. He came from a notable military family: his great-grandfather, Boardman Bromhead, fought under Major General James Wolfe at Quebec; his grandfather, Sir Gonville Bromhead, was a lieutenant general who fought in the American Revolutionary War; his father was a veteran of the Battle of Waterloo; and his three older brothers were officers in the British Army.

His family resided at Thurlby Hall in Thurlby, Lincolnshire, and he was educated at Magnus Grammar School in Newark-on-Trent. After purchasing an ensign's commission he entered the 2nd Battalion 24th Regiment of Foot on 20 April 1867, and was promoted to lieutenant on 28 October 1871. Nicknamed "Gunny" by his colleagues, Bromhead was an accomplished boxer and cricketer for the regimental team, and was popular with the men under his command. During his career he developed hearing problems which became progressively worse. However, according to historian Ian Knight, contrary to popular belief, Bromhead's deafness did not affect his ability to command his men. Nevertheless, Bromhead was not highly regarded by his commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Henry James Degacher, who privately described him as "hopeless".

On 1 February 1878, Bromhead's battalion was dispatched to the British Cape Colony in response to a request for reinforcements to assist in the Ninth Cape Frontier War. Arriving at East London on 9 March, Bromhead's B Company took part in several offensive operations at the conclusion of the war. During an assault on a Xhosa position in May, the company's commanding officer, Captain A.G. Godwin-Austen, was wounded by a shot accidentally fired by one of his own men. He was consequently sent back to England to recover, and command of the company temporarily passed to Bromhead. In August the battalion was sent to Pietermaritzburg, Natal, to prepare for the invasion of Zululand.

Rorke's Drift
At the outbreak of the Anglo-Zulu War, Bromhead's battalion was assigned to Lord Chelmsford's main invasion column which entered Zulu territory on 11 January 1879. The column crossed the border on the Buffalo River near an isolated mission station named Rorke's Drift, which was used as a staging post, and advanced 10 mi to the east where it set up camp at Isandlwana. However, along with a large contingent of Natal Native Contingent (NNC) troops, Bromhead's company was ordered to stay behind and guard the mission station until they were replaced by a detachment from the 2nd Battalion 4th Regiment which was en route from the rear.

At noon on 22 January the garrison's senior officer, Major Henry Spalding (Chelmsford's quartermaster general), received news of a Zulu presence in the area, and departed from Rorke's Drift in order to ascertain the whereabouts of reinforcements due from Helpmekaar. Consequently, Lieutenant John Chard, a Royal Engineer who had been given the task of maintaining the cable ferry across the river, was left as the senior officer. At around 15:00 a small number of dishevelled horsemen appeared with news that the camp at Isandlwana had been overwhelmed by a Zulu army that was probably on its way to attack Rorke's Drift. Acting Assistant Commissary James Dalton, an experienced former sergeant in the 85th Regiment, persuaded Bromhead and Chard that the best option was to remain at the station rather than make a fighting retreat. Rorke's Drift comprised two single-storey buildings approximately 30 m apart: the western building was being used as a makeshift hospital and the eastern building had been converted into a storehouse. Moving swiftly, the garrison erected a defensive perimeter between the two buildings using 200 lb mealie bags from the storehouse while the hospital walls were loopholed.

The appearance of some 4,000 Zulu warriors approaching the station just after 16:00 caused the contingent of NNC troops to panic and flee, reducing the number of defenders to approximately 139 men. Armed primarily with assegais the Zulus charged at the garrison but were cut down by the British volley fire. Nevertheless, the Zulus pressed on with repeated charges, particularly along a weak point to the north of the hospital where Bromhead and his men became embroiled in fierce hand-to-hand combat with their opponents. At around 18:00, with the thinly manned perimeter becoming increasingly difficult to defend, Chard ordered the defenders to abandon the perimeter around the hospital and withdraw to a smaller second line of defence by the storehouse.

Bromhead took up a position alongside Private Frederick Hitch at the corner of the barricade most exposed to Zulu sniper fire, and "[used] his rifle and revolver with deadly aim" while encouraging his men "not to waste one round". At this point Bromhead had a near miss when, unbeknownst to him, a Zulu warrior jumped the barrier intending to spear him. However, his attacker threw himself back over the wall when Hitch presented his unloaded rifle. Hitch was later shot through the shoulder and after he was bandaged up Bromhead gave him his revolver which enabled Hitch to continue shooting with one arm. Waves of Zulu attacks continued during the night but, by the early hours of the morning, their enthusiasm for battle waned and they departed from the area. British reinforcements arrived later that morning.

Aftermath
Bromhead and the other uninjured survivors remained at Rorke's Drift for several weeks after the battle. Wary of another Zulu attack, the garrison constructed crude stone walls around the perimeter and named the fortification "Fort Bromhead". During this time Bromhead became withdrawn and lethargic, possibly experiencing psychological trauma from the battle. Major Francis Clery, who was garrisoned at Rorke's Drift with Bromhead after the battle wrote, "the height of [Bromhead's] enjoyment seemed to be to sit all day on a stone on the ground smoking a most uninviting looking pipe. The only thing that seemed equal to moving him in any way was an allusion to the defence of Rorke's Drift. This used to have a sort of electrical effect upon him, for he would jump up and off he would go, not a word could be got out of him. When I told him he should send me an official report on the affair it seemed to have a most distressing effect on him."

After news of the disastrous defeat at Isandlwana, the successful defence of Rorke's Drift was celebrated by the British press and public. As the officers in command, Chard and Bromhead were singled out for particular praise. However, some of their fellow officers resented the plaudits bestowed on the pair, believing that they merely performed their duty by defending the outpost. Chelmsford's successor, Lieutenant-General Sir Garnet Wolseley, described the praise as "monstrous". A bemused Clery remarked that "Reputations are being made and lost here in an almost comical fashion... [Bromhead is a] capital fellow at everything except soldiering" while Lieutenant Henry Curling, who was also at Rorke's Drift with Bromhead after the battle, wrote "It is very amusing to read the accounts of Chard and Bromhead... Bromhead is a stupid old fellow, as deaf as a post. Is it not curious how some men are forced into notoriety?" Nevertheless, on 2 May it was announced that as a result of the action Bromhead had been promoted to captain and brevet major, and he had been awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest decoration for gallantry that could be awarded to British troops. The citation for the award was published in the London Gazette:

"THE Queen has been graciously pleased to signify Her intention to confer the decoration of the Victoria Cross on the undermentioned Officers and Soldiers of Her Majesty's Army, whose claims have been submitted for Her Majesty's approval, for their gallant conduct in the defence of Rorke's Drift, on the occasion of the attack by the Zulus, as recorded against their names, viz.:—

For their gallant conduct at the defence of Rorke's Drift, on the occasion of the attack by the Zulus on the 22nd and 23rd January, 1879.

Royal Engineers Lieutenant (now Captain and Brevet Major) J. R. M. Chard

2nd Battalion 24th Regiment Lieutenant (now Captain and Brevet Major) G. Bromhead

The Lieutenant-General commanding the troops reports that, had it not been for the fine example and excellent behaviour of these two Officers under the most trying circumstances, the defence of Rorke's Drift post would not have been conducted with that intelligence and tenacity which so essentially characterised it.

The Lieutenant-General adds, that its success must, in a great degree, be attributable to the two young Officers who exercised the Chief Command on the occasion in question."

Later career and death
On Bromhead's return to England, the villagers of Thurlby presented him with an illuminated address and a revolver, and the citizens of Lincoln awarded him a sword in recognition of his services in the Zulu campaign. He and Chard were invited to dine with Queen Victoria at Balmoral, but Bromhead was fishing in Ireland and did not receive the invitation until the date had passed. The Queen did not invite him again, but instead sent him a photograph of herself. Bromhead was posted to Gibraltar in 1880, and in August was dispatched to India, where he remained until March 1881. He then returned to England, where he attended the School of Musketry, Hythe, between October and December 1882, and gained a First Class Extra Certificate. He returned to India in 1883 with his battalion, which was based at Secunderabad, and was promoted to full major on 4 April that year. From 27 October 1886 to 24 May 1888 he served in Burma, where the battalion took part in the Third Anglo-Burmese War, being used to pacify the north of the region. The battalion was subsequently posted to Allahabad, India, where Bromhead died of typhoid fever on 9 February 1891.

Legacy
Bromhead was buried in the New Cantonment Cemetery in Allahabad. His Victoria Cross medal is owned by his family, and is displayed at the Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh in Brecon in Wales.

Michael Caine, in his first major film role, portrayed Bromhead in the 1964 film Zulu, which was based on the Battle of Rorke's Drift. In the film Caine depicts him as a foppish aristocrat who fought well when the battle began. Bromhead is a main character in Peter Ho Davies's story "Relief", which appeared first in The Paris Review and was later published in Davies's 1997 collection The Ugliest House in the World.

title: Gonville Bromhead


text:
Engenheiro Coelho

Engenheiro Coelho is a municipality in the east of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 21,249 (2020 est.) in an area of 109.94 km². It is located about 158 km from São Paulo and 900 km from Brasília. Engenheiro Coelho was founded on May 19, 1991, from a rural community, therefore, it has kept an agricultural economy mainly based on the cultivation of orange, sugarcane, and cassava.

Education

 * UNASP (Adventist University of São Paulo), which offers many courses from Elementary School to University.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Religion
Christianity is present in the city as follows:

Catholic Church
The Catholic church in the municipality is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Limeira.

Protestant Church
The most diverse evangelical beliefs are present in the city, mainly Pentecostal, including the Assemblies of God in Brazil (the largest evangelical church in the country), Christian Congregation in Brazil, among others. These denominations are growing more and more throughout Brazil.

title: Engenheiro Coelho


text:
Baby Einstein

Baby Einstein (stylized as baby einstein) is an American franchise and line of multimedia products, including home video programs, CDs, books, flash cards, toys, and baby gear that specialize in interactive activities for infants and toddlers under three years old, created by Julie Aigner-Clark. The franchise is produced by The Baby Einstein Company (formerly known as I Think I Can Productions).

The videos show babies, toddlers and preschoolers under three years simple patterns, puppet shows, and familiar objects, such as everyday items, animals, and toys that are often accompanied by reorchestrated classical music written by composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Johann Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, George Frideric Handel, and many others, as well as some traditional rhymes.

The video series is known for its puppets, which are all animals who seldom speak, mostly communicating in simple sounds and their respective animal noises.

The Baby Einstein Company has also released a companion series aimed at preschoolers, called Little Einsteins, but in 2016, they received a new sister show called WeeSchool, which was also created by Clark.

Baby Einstein was introduced to the public in 1996, and remained a small company until Clark sold it to Disney. Between November 7, 2001, and October 13, 2013, Disney owned and operated the Baby Einstein brand. Starting on October 14, 2013, Kids II, Inc. owns and operates the Baby Einstein brand.

History
The Baby Einstein Company was founded in 1996 by former teacher and stay-at-home mom Julie Aigner-Clark at her home in suburban Alpharetta, Georgia, as I Think I Can Productions. According to an interview with Julie Dunn, she wanted her babies to be exposed to classical music, poetry, colors, shapes, and more. Aigner-Clark and her husband borrowed video equipment and invested $15,000 of their own savings to produce the initial product, a VHS cassette they named Baby Einstein and later sold as Language Nursery in 2002 to avoid confusion with the Baby Einstein brand as a whole.

The original video shows a variety of toys and visuals interspersed with music, stories, numbers, and words spoken in English, French, Spanish, Japanese, German, Hebrew, and Russian. Eventually, the video was marketed across the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia. It even won the 1997 Parenting Magazine award for Best Video of the Year. Other videos followed, some featuring the Clarks' two daughters, Aspen and Sierra, as well as other children.

It quickly became a multimillion-dollar franchise; its revenue grew from $1 million in 1998 to $25 million in 2001. Julie Aigner-Clark renamed the company as Aigner-Clark Productions in 1998, then the Baby Einstein Company the following year, and on February 10, 2000, Artisan Entertainment announced they had acquired a minority stake in the company in exchange for a North American home video distribution agreement under the FHE Kids sub-label of Family Home Entertainment.

On November 6, 2001, The Walt Disney Company announced they had acquired The Baby Einstein Company for an undisclosed amount. Julie Aigner-Clark stepped down from directing Baby Einstein videos in 2002. Disney rereleased the Baby Einstein videos previously distributed by FHE Kids, then produced re-edited versions of the Aigner-Clark videos in 2004.

The concept and popularity of Baby Einstein expanded as a Disney property. Educational toys and additional videos were developed. Baby Einstein was also the source of inspiration for a preschool-aimed television series called Little Einsteins, created by the Disney-owned Baby Einstein Company and animated by Curious Pictures. The series began with a direct-to-video film in August 2005, with regular episodes airing on Playhouse Disney starting October of that year.

The success of Baby Einstein was estimated to be nearly $400 million based on revenues. Julie was named "Entrepreneur of the Year" and won various awards, and one in three U.S. households with babies were found to own at least one Baby Einstein product. It received positive media and Aigner-Clark appeared on the Oprah Winfrey Show, Good Morning America, The Today Show, and USA Today, among others. President George W. Bush mentioned the Baby Einstein Company in his 2007 State of the Union address, which Aigner-Clark was invited to attend.

In 2008, Clark, along with actress Jennifer Garner, hosted a tenth anniversary party for Baby Einstein. Clark had also announced plans to launch a toddler brand called Einstein Pals, including a line of videos, but the project been abandoned since 2011.

As a result of Baby Einstein being named after Albert Einstein, royalties had to be paid to Corbis which compensates the Einstein estate. This made Einstein one of the top five earning dead celebrities.

On October 14, 2013, The Walt Disney Company announced they had sold the Baby Einstein brand to Kids II, Inc., a longtime licensee of the property.

FTC complaint
In May 2006, the Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood (CCFC) filed a complaint with the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) against the Baby Einstein Company and similar companies for false advertising. The CCFC alleged false advertising based on an American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation that children under two should be discouraged from watching television. It also cited studies showing that only 6% of parents were aware of that recommendation, whereas 49% thought educational videos were very important in children's intellectual development. In December 2007, the FTC closed the complaint, noting that some of the CCFC's claims did not raise issues under the FTC's substantiation rules. The FTC also considered the redesign of the Baby Einstein website, which removed certain product testimonials and product descriptions, as well as the company's promise to make sure that advertising claims about products' educational and developmental value would be properly substantiated.

Language development
A 2010 study published in Psychological Science demonstrated that children who viewed the videos regularly for one month, with or without their parents, "showed no greater understanding of words from the program than kids who never saw it". On the other hand, children who were taught by their parents improved the most; researchers speculated that this was probably because children learn best "through meaningful gestures and interactive communication with parents". In response to these new findings, Disney offered refunds to parents whose children did not see improvement, even though Bob Iger, CEO of the Walt Disney Company, demanded a retraction (of the press release) when a similarly unsupportive study was announced in 2007.

The 2007 study, based on telephone interviews with parents, had been published in the Journal of Pediatrics and resulted in a lawsuit by the company's founders due to widespread negative media coverage stemming from the article. The press release announcing the study explained that for each hour spent watching baby DVDs/videos, infants understood on average six to eight fewer words than infants who did not watch them. The University of Washington researchers Frederick Zimmerman, Dimitri Christakis, and Andrew Meltzoff had claimed that, among infants aged 8 to 16 months, exposure to "baby DVDs/videos" such as "Baby Einstein" and "Brainy Baby" was strongly associated with lower scores on a Communicative Development Inventory, a standard language development test. The Baby Einstein Company expressed "serious concerns about the many contradictions" in the study. Although University of Washington President Mark Emmert rejected Disney's claims, in 2010, the university settled with the founders, paying out $175,000 in back legal fees and turned over the study's data to the Baby Einstein founders.

In March 2008, the Journal of Pediatrics released a study by Harvard University and the Boston Children's Hospital's Center on Media and Child Health showing that television viewing is, “neither beneficial nor deleterious to child cognitive and language abilities” for children under 2, in a study that examined all television rather than just education DVDs for babies. In January 2010, the founders requested that a judge order the University of Washington to release records for the 2007 study, saying, “Given that other research studies have not shown the same outcomes, we would like the raw data and analytical methods from the Washington studies so we can audit their methodology, and perhaps duplicate the studies". In 2013, the original dataset was reanalyzed by independent scholars who concluded that it was safest to suggest that baby videos had minimal impact on language development and that linking baby videos to decreased language development was not well supported by the data.

title: Baby Einstein


text:
User talk:Zoney/Archives

Hello, this is the full list of my archive pages and archived talk sections. Please leave responses even to this page, on the main talk page where I and others will see them! Thanks! zoney ♣ talk 15:14, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Archive 1 (up to mid-April 2004) Early edit responses, Hunt Museum, Irish breakfast, Between breakfast and Bunratty, Notice board, Dia dhuit, Stairway, Social experiment, Can you translate this for me?, Dublin Wit

Archive 2 (mid-April to end May 2004) History of rail transport in Ireland, 'ligion, Talk:Rail transport in the United Kingdom, Hinduism "NPOV" Edit, European Union, Coupé vs. Coupe, Vocabulary project, Motorway

Archive 3 (July 2004) Colonization, Reason for amending the Irish flag, Zoney: A True Wikipedian, Train station captions, Republic of Ireland: motto, Trunk and non-Trunk N Roads in the Republic, Hino: American or Japanese?

Archive 4 (August 2004) Adminship, MKIII Internationals, E class locos, Irish Railway News, Sig, Derry/Londonderry, city maps, Aer Lingus captions, Metric units, European Union Olympic medals count, for 2004, Something different..., Bush / Ireland, Flags in HTML, -ize is not an Americanism, A-Am sent, flag, Welcome note, Page move, Ridge Route, Jesus as Christ and Messiah

Archive 5 (September 2004) Dwarf Tossing, Mailing list, Deleting user subpages, Hi, confederation, help stubs, cat's eyes, Thanks - translation, Useless information part 1, TV Naming conventions., Adminship, Featured articles, City Maps, Configuration for Africa (dual gauge) diagram., Railway disasters - consolidate lessons learned., Ireland recategorization, Irish holidays, Flags of non-sovereign nations, Congratulations, Images, Newbie mistakes from new user, Second chance comments, Hiberno-English, Irish COTW, IRC, Irish todo

Archive 6 (October 2004) Thank You!, Thanks!, Geography of Ireland, Irish language, Thanks, Thanks for your help!, Irish town stubs, Graph, Irish images, A proposal - your comments requested, Graph, Athlone, Logainmneacha, IRC chat on meetup, Belfast International (Ireland page), Zoney ....? HELP!, NAMBLA, Email, From grid to sport, Question, Sept. 11, Celtic Tiger, Thanks, Inamimate carbon rod

Archive 7 (November/December 2004) Thanks for the warm welcome, Culture of Greece, Econ of Ireland, Thanks for the warm welcome (yes, another one!), VfD, Train toilets, ICTOW, RfA, Architecture, Irish Universities, St. Mary's Cathedral, Bias, River Lee (Ireland), Thanks!!, Style guide, Rail map, STV, Irish Physical Map, St. Johns, Irish cats, EU map on ga.wikipedia.org, Thanks for the barnstar, Hurley, Article Licensing, Money copyright status, Ashgabat???, EU map, Irish places, EU map - Thanks!

Archive 8 (January/February 2005) Status, Honorifics and titles, Editing the EU map, quick question, Derry City Council, N1 and the Boyne River Bridge, M1 motorway, Donnybrook, regional technical colleges, Irish TV station audience shares, Irish towname formatting, CfD: Category:Motor vehicle manufactuers of FOO., Rosslare Europort / Harbour, DYK, Past tense in Selected Anniversary, Please can you help me., National Gallery of Ireland, Western Railway Corridor, Dresden, Western railway, Traditional counties box, wiki-stress: angry, That Leitrim map again... (the Rooskies are coming), January 2005 edit

Archive 9 (March 2005) What worries?, Lough Derg photo, Irish National Flag Vs. Irish Coat of Arms, Declan etc., There should be a warning about the warning..., Question on "Passport free zone", Cheers mate, Beannachtai na Feile Padraig, Cantos, Edit history, Page move vandal, Hey there, Norn Iron, Irish Neutrality

Archive 10 (April-July 2005) When will I be back?, Wikimaps, Vacations are nice, Editing again?, Bye Zoney, Goodbye, Ireland rail network image, Ghaeilge, images, AE map

Archive 11 (July 2005-end 2005) Talk:Banknotes of the Republic of Ireland, Wikipedia:Manual of Style (Ireland-related articles), Biased Edits, Derry, Unionists and Nationalists, Irish Flags, Irish Railways, IRA, thanks re Irish Wikipedians' notice board, Legitimacy of the Republic, Railways map, Republic of the Irish mistake, Wikimedia UK/Wikimania 2006, Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/European Union member states at the 2004 Summer Olympics, Vote to move Lost (2004 television series) to Lost (TV series), Hi their - some images for deletion, Road signs, UL Crest, Carrauntoohill, General Humbert, List of country names in various languages under attack !!!, Because..., Wikipedia:Babel, Londis

Archive 12 (Jan-July 2006) Naming conventions for television shows (again),, Move discussion at Lost, Bank Of Ireland, Save the Game!, The Game, Passover, Newtownmountkennedy, Names of European cities in other languages, British Isles, Proposed Georgia Move, Moving

Archive 13 (July-Dec 2006) JzG, Outer Ring Road, Waterford,, Transwiki request, Northern Ireland mediation, England expects that every man will do his duty, Single Transferable Vote, ITN, Irish placenames, Cork, Check your facts please, Cork poll, Naming convention, Roads in Miles, Leinster flag, Irish History, Harrassment and Racial Slurs

title: User talk:Zoney/Archives


text:
User:Hangjian

Hi! i'm a 17 year old student from Singapore studying for the A levels this year (exams in few weeks time argh!).

My interests are in physics, electronics, robotics, playing the piano, listening to all kinds of music and watching TV. Sounds boring huh?

title: User:Hangjian


text:
Espírito Santo (disambiguation)

Espírito Santo is a state in southeastern Brazil.

Espírito Santo (Portuguese, 'Holy Spirit') may also refer to:

Brazil

 * Espírito Santo, Rio Grande do Norte
 * Espírito Santo, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Espírito Santo do Pinhal, São Paulo state
 * Espírito Santo do Turvo, São Paulo state

Portugal

 * Espírito Santo, a parish of Mértola
 * Espírito Santo, a parish of Nisa
 * Igreja do Espírito Santo (Évora), a church in Portugal

Comoros

 * Espírito Santo, the name given in 1503 to Mayotte

People

 * Guilherme Espírito Santo (1919–2012), Portuguese footballer and athlete
 * Alfredo Espírito Santo (born 1938), Angolan-Portuguese footballer
 * Nuno Espírito Santo (born 1974), Portuguese footballer and manager

Other uses

 * Espírito Santo Financial Group, a Portuguese holding company
 * University of Évora, formerly Universidade do Espírito Santo, Portugal

title: Espírito Santo (disambiguation)