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Avengers Disassembled

"Avengers Disassembled" is a 2004 crossover storyline published by Marvel Comics involving the Avengers, Fantastic Four, Captain America, Spider-Man and Thor. The beginning of Brian Michael Bendis's Avengers run, it depicts the destruction of the existing traditional roster and the exile of several key members of the team. The storyline includes a number of subplots, some of which take place before and/or after the main events, which include other changes to the status quo: Iron Man once again closeting his secret identity, Spider-Man developing organic web-shooters (as in the contemporary Sam Raimi film trilogy), and the death of Thor and Asgard in one final Ragnarok.

The main story, Chaos, ran in Avengers #500-503 and a special epilogue, Avengers Finale. The series would lead to a massive relaunch of the Avengers family of titles: New Avengers, New Thunderbolts, Captain America, and Iron Man; and the launch of Young Avengers.

Avengers
Jack of Hearts, who had been dead before the storyline, arrives at Avengers Mansion. The zombified hero explodes, damaging the mansion. Scott Lang is killed in the blast. The Vision pilots an Avengers Quinjet into the partially damaged Avengers Mansion, causing more damage.

Elsewhere, Wanda Maximoff arrives at the United Nations, where she speaks with Captain America, who announces that he is ending their fledgling relationship. Tony Stark suddenly becomes drunk and belligerent despite not having imbibed any alcohol at an important UN meeting to decide if the Avengers should have their security clearance revoked following the events of Secret War. After Tony drunkenly attempts to pick a fight with the Latverian ambassador, the Avengers UN charter is revoked; Iron Man leaves Hank Pym in the lurch to respond to the "Code White" from Avengers Mansion.

Leaving the crashed Quinjet, Vision warns the Avengers of a mysterious plan to destroy the team and then vomits up eggs that spawn Ultron drones that attack the Avengers. She-Hulk becomes consumed with bloodlust, tearing Vision in half, killing him, and brutally assaulting Wasp and Captain America.

She-Hulk is subdued by Iron Man and Captain America and Hank Pym joins them and rushes Wasp to the hospital. Returning, Hank reveals to Cap and the team of Iron Man's drunken outburst at the UN and the UN's decision to revoke their charter. All past members of the Avengers gather at the mansion, fearing that Ultron may be behind the attack. Suddenly an armada of Kree soldiers appear in the sky and attack Manhattan. In the ensuing battle, Hawkeye's arrows are hit, causing their explosives to go off. In his dying moments, Hawkeye takes out a Kree battleship in the blast after taking flight with a commandeered Kree jet pack.

In the wake of Hawkeye's death, Doctor Strange appears for the first time since the Dark Dimension invasion several months earlier. He explains to the Avengers that the inexplicable events—Tony's sudden inebriation, She-Hulk and Vision's loss of control, Jack of Heart's resurrection, and the enemies they have encountered—are magical and that their trail leads to Wanda. A flashback reveals that Wanda has lost her sanity after an errant comment about motherhood from the Wasp triggered a suppressed memory of Wanda's lost twin children, William and Thomas. The children were magical constructs Wanda created in an impossible conception between her and the Vision. They were lost when both children were magically absorbed by the villain Master Pandemonium, and the memory was suppressed by Wanda's mentor, Agatha Harkness, reasoning that the children were unnatural constructs and better for Wanda to forget. The reawakened memory has caused Wanda to lose her sanity and blame the Avengers for the loss of her children. Strange reveals that the abilities previous ascribed to Wanda's "chaos magick" are actually uncontrolled manifestations of her ability to warp reality, and that she must be taken down immediately before she threatens the world in her current mental state.

The Avengers visit the home of Agatha Harkness, and find her long dead, having been killed by Wanda. The Avengers find Wanda, who summons an army of the Avengers' past enemies to destroy them, including a version of Rogue, Red Skull, and a group of SS troops. Doctor Strange uses the Eye of Agamotto to put Wanda into a coma. Before the Avengers can decide what to do or how to deal with their losses, Magneto arrives to retrieve Wanda from the Avengers, much to Captain America's dismay and horror. Reluctantly, he allows Magneto to take his daughter with him after he vows to help her with the assistance of Charles Xavier.

In the aftermath, the Avengers disband, but reminisce about their numerous triumphs and memories of one another. Pietro Maximoff arrives and apologizes for Wanda, letting them know that Xavier is attempting to fix Wanda's mind, before speeding away. The remaining members accept their losses, discuss Wanda's history, and struggle with forgiveness. Ultimately, they toast to their fallen comrades, including Wanda. As they leave the destroyed headquarters, they are greeted by a civilian vigil, bearing candles and signs expressing gratitude for the heroes.

Iron Man
After rescuing Force from the corrupt senators who have been trying to kill Tony Stark since he became U.S. Defense Secretary, Iron Man finds himself targeted by an impostor who murders his longtime love interest Rumiko Fujikawa. Iron Man eventually defeats his impersonator and brings down the ring of corrupt senators who organized the murder and blackmailed Force. Realizing that his loved ones are being targeted by his enemies, Stark gives a press conference where he announces that he is resigning as Defense Secretary and will no longer actively be Iron Man, in favor of returning to "subordinates" filling the role for him.

Thor
A mystic force that is the living embodiment of Ragnarok has begun slaying the Asgardian Gods in rapid succession. Investigating the genocide of his people, Thor discovers that the universe itself is seeking to eliminate the Asgardians for cheating death by surviving countless previous attempts by the universe to fulfill Ragnarok and wipe out the Asgardians. Ultimately Thor allows himself to be destroyed, as all known Asgardians are destroyed.

Captain America and Falcon
Captain America and Falcon are in the midst of an international scandal between a naval intelligence operation (ONI) and a Drug Cartel with ties to A.I.M when Cap starts having hallucinations; some of them involving encounters with his fellow Avenger Wanda Maximoff A.K.A. the Scarlet Witch. Meanwhile, Falcon is gifted a new enhanced costume from Wakanda and uses it to escape the feds. Captain America discusses his past, most notably his guilt from the death of Bucky, with Scarlet Witch and she eases his trouble. While they engage in a romance, Cap cites that he can not give her the normal life she desires due to his own emotional issues. His apparent romance with the Scarlet Witch ceases just prior to the UN meeting to retain their UN Charter. Wanda, oddly tells him she has no recollection of their romance, indicating that Cap hallucinated the whole thing. Cap later believes that due to the events of "Avengers Disassembled", Wanda was responsible for his visions and Falcon's aggressive behavior.

Spectacular Spider-Man
Peter Parker finds himself locked in a desperate battle with Adrianna "Ana" Soria (aka "The Queen"), a mysterious villainess with the ability to control her minions with powerful pheromones. During their first confrontation, a captive Peter is forcefully kissed by the Queen, causing him to mutate into a grotesque human-spider hybrid over the course of many days. As he attempts to return himself to normal, it's ultimately revealed that the Queen's powers are the result of an American military experiment from World War II, and she has returned to seek revenge on the US government for abandoning her after the war.

In his final confrontation with the Queen, Peter stops her from destroying all human life in New York City with a biological bomb. In the course of the battle, he is fully transformed into a monstrous spider, but the transformation has the unintended side-effect of making him pregnant—allowing him to give birth to a perfect replica of his old human self, with all of his memories fully intact. In his new form, Peter possesses the ability to shoot organic webbing from his wrists, eliminating the need for his homemade "web-shooters".

Fantastic Four
While the Avengers face the destruction of their mansion and the invading Kree armada, Wizard and the Frightful Four launch a surprise attack on the Fantastic Four, defeating the heroes and seizing control over the Baxter Building. The Fantastic Four regroup.

Captain America
Following the events of "Disassembled", Captain America is naturally depressed and rekindles a relationship with Diamondback (Rachel Leighton). Meanwhile, the Red Skull conspires with a corrupt SHIELD agent to kill Captain America using Diamondback, but his plan backfires. During these events Steve realizes his love for Rachel.

Aftermath
In the wake of "Avengers Disassembled", two new Avengers series were created. The New Avengers title replaced the Avengers title (with a new No. 1 in December 2004) which ended with issue No. 503 and Avengers Finale (November 2004). This new title continued with the creative team of writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist David Finch. The other title, premiering February 2005, was Young Avengers, which featured teenage heroes, each of whom (except Hawkeye) related in some way to the legacy of the Avengers. This series was written by Allan Heinberg, a writer for The OC, with art by Jim Cheung. The group was revived by its creators in July 2010 with the bimonthly series Avengers: The Children's Crusade which is a follow-up to Disassembled and House of M.

The Scarlet Witch's storyline continued in the pages of Excalibur, where Magneto and Professor X tried helping her, to no avail. This in turn led into the House of M mini-series and crossover, also written by Bendis.

The event is now considered by Marvel editors as the first part of a long series of events, which includes House of M, Decimation, Planet Hulk, Civil War, The Initiative, Endangered Species, World War Hulk, Messiah Complex, Divided We Stand, Secret Invasion, Manifest Destiny, Dark Reign, Messiah War, Utopia, Nation X and Necrosha. All these grim events lead up to Siege written by Brian Michael Bendis in 2010, which ushers in a new Heroic Age for Marvel, and X-Men: Second Coming by Christopher Yost and Craig Kyle, which sees the slow rebirth of Earth's Mutant population.

As for the Avengers killed during Disassembled saga, they have all returned to life in separate events. Hawkeye was rematerialized by Wanda during the House of M story. Ant-Man was rescued by the time-traveling Young Avengers during The Children's Crusade, as Stature brings him away from the range of Jack of Hearts' explosion. Ant-Man is thus brought to the present along with the Young Avengers. The Vision is successfully rebuilt by Tony Stark after Fear Itself, and Jack of Hearts is restored by a team of scientists of Project Pegasus: during an assault of a pack of zombified clones of Squadron Supreme, a source of zero-point energy aggregates taking the corporeal form of Jack Hart.

List of crossover issues

 * Avengers #500–503 (main story)
 * Avengers Finale (epilogue)
 * Captain America #29–32 (aftermath)
 * Captain America and the Falcon #5–7 (prologue)
 * Fantastic Four #517–519 (aftermath)
 * Iron Man #84–85 (prologue) and #86–89 (aftermath)
 * Spectacular Spider-Man #15–20 (prologue)
 * Excalibur #8 (parallel story)
 * Thor #80–81 (prologue) and #82–85 (parallel story)

Although not bannered as a part of the crossover, the events of Stormbreaker: The Saga of Beta Ray Bill are a direct sequel to the story in Thor.

New Avengers Disassembled
Although not directly connected with the previous storyline, Bendis's 5th arc on New Avengers is titled "New Avengers: Disassembled", a reference to "Avengers Disassembled". It deals with the events of the Civil War (in which superheroes were forced to register with the government or be arrested) on the New Avengers, and how the team's varying opinions have caused them to break apart. The first three issues featured Captain America, Jessica Drew and Luke Cage's opinions on the matter, all who have heavily weighed against the registration. The next two featured the Sentry and Iron Man, both of whom were for registration. (New Avengers #21-25)

Avengers: The Initiative Disassembled
Like the 5th arc of Bendis's New Avengers, the storyline of Avengers: The Initiative also references Avengers: Disassembled, complete with a banner reminiscent of the original. Issue No. 21, the first in the Dark Reign event, centers on the aftermath of the failed Skrull invasion, and the revelation that the shape-shifting aliens had infiltrated and corrupted the Fifty-State Initiative and Camp Hammond, where the registered heroes were trained. Most disturbingly, Camp Hammond and the Initiative were largely under the supervision of the legendary Avenger Henry Pym, but Pym had in fact been replaced by a Skrull years earlier. This is an opportunity for "top cop" Norman Osborn, the newly appointed director of H.A.M.M.E.R. (formerly S.H.I.E.L.D.) to radically redefine how the Initiative will fit into the new order—to his own advantage. Thus, the whole structure (and much of the cast) of Avengers: The Initiative is disassembled. (Avengers: The Initiative #21-25)

Avengers/New Avengers: End Times
Bendis's last Avengers and New Avengers storylines used a red smashed Avengers symbol and a black text box with white text in same font as the Disassembled logo on the front covers of each issue of those stories. (Avengers #31-34, New Avengers #31-34)

Ultimates Disassembled
The 6th story arc of the 4th series of The Ultimate Comics series The Ultimates used the Disassembled name complete with the black box white text logo.

What If?
On November 1, 2006, Marvel released a "What If?" special showing a different outcome to the storyline. In this alternate reality, the Beast, sensing something wrong, investigates afterward. He and Warbird go to see Dr. Strange who claims to have no knowledge of what occurred. Strange uses his abilities to see the event, claiming that is not really him ("Of course there's chaos magic...I would never use the Eye that way."). They deduce that Wanda used her magics to make everyone believe Strange had defeated her and Magneto then took her away. The Beast eventually figures out that Captain America, his mind suffering long-term damage from his years in ice, had pushed Wanda to do this, using the deaths to power her. They remake Genosha into a mutant paradise and Magneto fights to defend his daughter from the Avengers and the X-Men, who all end up dead as the Scarlet Witch's spell is interrupted by Rogue. In the end, Wanda and Cap allow themselves to be taken to oblivion to stop any more harm being done. Only Rogue, Ms. Marvel, Beast, Falcon, Cyclops, Iron Man and Doctor Strange are left – they were the ones who were directly confronting Cap and Wanda – and a guilt-ridden Beast, learning from Uatu that Cap would have recovered from his illness and abandoned his manipulative relationship with the Witch as he became leader of a new team of Avengers if Beast had done nothing, realizes that he should have left everything alone.

Earth-5012
In an alternate world, the Avengers were never disassembled, but were subsequently captured by an alien race called the Trellions when the Vision detected the arrival of their agent Titannus, a brainwashed Skrull super-soldier, accompanying him on a mission to rescue his dying lover only to learn that he had been brainwashed with a fake story to lure the Avengers into a trap. The Wasp was quickly killed, Hank Pym - apparently another Hulk in this reality - was announced missing in action, and Captain America was executed to break their spirit, the reserve Avengers taking five years to rescue them and another five to beat back the Trellions sufficiently to stop them trying to re-conquer Earth. At some point, Reed Richards apparently attempted to conquer the world, Iron Man taking on a Doctor-Doom-like apparel to oppose him, killing the Human Torch before Richards sent him to Earth-616 prior to Titannus's arrival on that Earth. This Iron Man has since become the villain Iron Maniac, being kept in stasis in a Helicarrier, while the Titannus of Earth-616 was defeated by a team assembled by Doctor Strange when he detected Titannus's arrival only after Titannus had destroyed most of Tokyo in a rampage, his violent approach leaving the heroes less inclined to trust him than they had been in this world.

Great Lakes Avengers: Misassembled
The GLA miniseries, GLA: Misassembled (2005), written by Dan Slott and pencilled by Paul Pelletier, provided a tongue-in-cheek reference to Avengers Disassembled. In a move which satirized the comic book deaths in that book, it was announced that a character would die in each GLA issue. Dinah Soar, the newcomer Grasshopper, the squirrel Monkey Joe, and Doorman are all killed, and Mr. Immortal commits suicide. However, Doorman was resurrected almost immediately acquiring the powers of Deathurge, Monkey Joe was replaced with an identical squirrel called Tippy Toe and Mr. Immortal stayed dead for only a few seconds. Three other Grasshoppers appeared in later issues of GLA, and were all killed in the space of few pages, continuing the parody.

Bongo Comics Free-For-All
A Bongo Comics Free-For-All (Free Comic Book Day Special) has Comic Book Guy reading, Archie Disassembled. The following quotes: Big Ethel kills Moose to get Jughead's attention? Oh, Brian Michael Bendis, you've done it again.

Cable & Deadpool #12
Deadpool (to Agent X): "Dude, anyone wearing a harness rig has a failsafe release to prevent it from catching on fire and forcing you to fly into Kree spaceships and blow up. I mean, duh, who doesn't know that?"

title: Avengers Disassembled


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American Stars 'n Bars

American Stars 'n Bars is the eighth studio album by Canadian folk rock songwriter Neil Young, released on Reprise Records in 1977. Compiled from recording sessions scattered over a 29-month period, it includes "Like a Hurricane", one of Young's best-known songs. It peaked at #21 on the Billboard 200 and received a RIAA gold certification.

Background
Following the release of his album, Zuma, in November 1975, and a subsequent international spring tour with Crazy Horse, Young rekindled his partnership with Stephen Stills. Following the album Long May You Run, and a promotional tour that Young abandoned, he continued touring with Crazy Horse in the United States, then spent the first half of 1977 off the road. After recording several country rock compositions at sessions in April 1977, he assembled additional tracks from a variety of earlier recording dates to make up the second side of the new album.

"Homegrown" and "Star of Bethlehem" had initially been slated for his album Homegrown, which was shelved at the time. Both of those songs, along with "Like a Hurricane", "Hold Back the Tears", and "Will to Love", had also been slated for the unreleased Young album project, Chrome Dreams. Seven of the nine tracks feature his regular backing band Crazy Horse, and another, "Star of Bethlehem", features country music star Emmylou Harris. Songs from the April 1977 sessions are all in a country-styled vein, while the tracks from the second side are all in their original forms from their respective recording sessions (spanning 1974-1976).

Writing
"The Old Country Waltz" tells the tale of listening to a live band in a bar while drinking to get over the loss of a loved one. It was previously recorded on piano and harmonica in August 1976 during the Hitchhiker session.

"Saddle Up the Palomino" features sexually suggestive lyrics and was likely written in 1974 or 1975 during the Homegrown sessions. A handwritten song list on the Neil Young Archives website from that era includes a song titled "Carmelina". It is credited to Young, bassist Tim Drummond and Louisiana songwriter and friend Bobby Charles who was part of Young's social scene in Malibu in 1975.

"Hold Back the Tears" had previously been recorded in February 1977 as a solo performance with Young playing guitar, keyboards and percussion. This version would see release on Chrome Dreams in 2023. Its lyrics find Young consoling a friend over the loss of a relationship and counseling that the next love may be just around the corner.

"Bite the Bullet", which also features suggestive lyrics, combines the emerging genres of outlaw country and punk rock. It was written in July 1976 in Charlotte, North Carolina during the Stills-Young tour, and made its live debut that month.

"Star of Bethlehem"'s lyrics are about coming to terms with the end of a relationship. The song was originally intended to conclude the shelved album Homegrown in 1975. Its lyrics are inspired by Young's breakup with Carrie Snodgress. Young would debut the song on tour with CSNY with an additional verse. In a 1975 Cameron Crowe interview for Rolling Stone, Young indicated a fondness for the track and an eagerness to release it, singling out the "beautiful harmonies" of Emmylou Harris.

In "Will to Love," Young tells "the story of a salmon swimming upstream. Laden with my own feelings of love and survival." Young has performed the song only once, the night he recorded at his home in front of a roaring fire.

"Like a Hurricane" is one of Young's signature songs, written and recorded in November 1975 during rehearsals for his first tour with a reformed Crazy Horse with Poncho Sampedro. Its lyrics describe being in a tempestuous romance, as Young describes in a 2020 post to his website: "She had so much love he couldn't handle it. She was always a step away but he loved her forever. He just couldn't reach her. But he did, and she never forgot that." Young remembers writing it in a September 1982 interview: "I wrote it on an organ, on the string synthesizer. I remember the night I wrote it, I stayed up all night playing it after I wrote it. It always had a feeling to me that it was going to take off. It was never going to be a peaceful little song." He elaborates in Special Deluxe: "'We were between bars on Skyline Boulevard, which ran along the very ridge of the Santa Cruz Mountains high above Redwood City, when we pulled over at Skeggs Point Scenic Lookout to park and enjoy some cocaine. The fog was rolling across the ridge, blanketing the beautiful view of the flats with its shimmering lights. There was a newspaper in the backseat with me and I picked up a felt-tip marker, one of my favorite writing tools, and scratched out a few words. Later that night when I got back to the ranch, I sat down at the electric organ I had built. It was made by combining an old antique-white painted and art-decorated ornate wooden pump organ I had received from Dean Stockwell in Topanga with a Univox Stringman analog string synthesizer plugged into a Fender Deluxe amplifier from the early fifties. The unearthly sound resonated in my little cabin for hours and hours while I uncovered the melody and chords that dwelled in those lyrics I had written in Taylor’s DeSoto. Over and over I played the themes and refrains, cascading and blissfully distorted, until I could not stay awake and the sun was rising.'"

"Homegrown", a lighthearted tribute to marijuana, was first recorded as the title track of the unreleased Homegrown album.

Recording
Side two of the album consists of recordings made in various studios over the previous two years.

"The Star of Bethlehem" was recorded in December, 1974 at Quadrafonic Sound Studios during sessions for Homegrown. According to a post on the Neil Young Archives website, Ben Keith and Emmylou Harris would overdub the background vocals for the track at Harris' L.A. home.

"Homegrown" and "Like a Hurricane" were recorded in November 1975 with Crazy Horse at Young's ranch during rehearsals for a short tour of Northern California, his first with the reconstituted band with guitarist Poncho Sampedro. The group recorded "Hurricane" at Young's ranch shortly after Young wrote the song. The take on the album is the initial run through of the song with Crazy Horse. Young remembers in Waging Heavy Peace: "'Like a Hurricane' is probably the best example of Old Black's tone, although if you listen too closely, it is all but ruined by all the mistakes and misfires in my playing. That was a memorable recording, though, for the feeling that comes out of our instrumental passages. I always record every note played, whether it is a run-through or not, and the recording of 'Like a Hurricane' is a great illustration of why I do that. When you do that, you catch everything. Most often the first time something is played is the defining moment. That is what I like to capture in my recordings. It is a strict rule that my engineers are there to record everything. The master recording I used for the final version of the track was the run-through when I was showing the Horse how the song went. That is why it just cuts on at the beginning. There was no beginning. There was no end. It is one of those performances you can never repeat; the cherry, the original expression of the song, the essence. We just kept wailing on those changes until we couldn't move anymore.'" Young had recently undergone vocal surgery and was unable to record a live vocal. Vocals were overdubbed in January 1976 at Village Recorders in Los Angeles. He explains in Special Deluxe: "'I did a few recordings in LA around that time. One of them was just an overdubbed vocal sketch that I put on a track I had cut at the ranch with the Horse a few months earlier. I was still on voice rest when we cut it, so the song had been recorded without a vocal. The instrumental passages on this recording are some of our best Crazy Horse moments, with Poncho playing a great part on the Stringman keyboard, an amazing analog string synthesizer. It is a very emotional ride. Two months later, I overdubbed all the vocal parts at a studio called Village Recorders. Ben Keith was there at the board, helping me. I loved that track. I knew I had to finish it. The Horse was cosmic. Those sketches are the vocals we used on the final record of 'Like a Hurricane.'"

"Will to Love" was recorded in April 1976, at Young's home in front of a roaring fire, the only time he has performed the song. He would later mix the recording and add overdubs during a full moon session at Indigo Ranch in Malibu. He details the song's production in his memoir Waging Heavy Peace: "'Sitting on the floor late at night, I recorded in front of the fireplace with the cassette on the hearth, three feet from the fire, and you can hear the crackling and hissing of the fire as I played my old Martin guitar and sang 'Will to Love'. The recording stands alone in my work for its audio vérité style, a live sketch of a massive production number with only the highlights presented, fragments of parts, the sound of the fire, the underwater sound created by vibrato.'"

He further recalls mixing the track and adding overdubs at Indigo Ranch Recording studio eight months later with his producer David Briggs: "'I had asked David to get me a lot of instruments, including drums, an electric bass, a vibraphone, some of my old amps including my Magnatone with the stereo vibrato, and a few other things. I told David that I simply wanted to play back the cassette through the Magnatone with vibrato so it would sound like I was underwater at times during the song, when I was taking the point of view of the salmon. That was the first thing we did. Then I started layering on instruments, one at a time. Instruments came and went, indicating their presence without the cumbersomeness of staying. I played some drums during one section, just following the muse. Then I sang all of the choruses, filling them in so that I was singing on top of myself, and added the releases as well."

Finally, Young and Briggs mixed the song that same night, and played back the results to Young's great satisfaction: "'Somewhere in the middle of that night, we did a mix. That was the perfect way to work. Get it all at once. Put it on tape and mix it immediately while the image is fresh. As the last chords died away, I felt Mr. Briggs's strong hands massaging my back as I sat in front of the console with my own head in my hands, my eyes closed and covered, just listening. The sound was cascading over me and all around me, and I was swimming in it. Our work was done. That memory is one of my favorite moments and is the perfect example of a great life with my friend David, who guided me and assisted me in every trip I decided to take through the world of music.'"

The songs on side one were recorded in a single day at Young's ranch on April 4, 1977. The April 1977 sessions featured Crazy Horse augmented by an ad hoc grouping dubbed "The Bullets": pedal steel guitarist and longtime Young collaborator Ben Keith, violinist Carole Mayedo, and backing vocalists Linda Ronstadt and Nicolette Larson. Young had previously recorded with Ronstadt on Harvest. Young recruited Larson after reaching out to other singers and several had recommended her. The three met at Young's Malibu home where he introduced the two singers to twenty of his songs he had available to record. Larson tells Cameron Crowe in December 1978: "I didn't know much about Neil Young, but we went over and sat by the fireplace and Neil ran down all the songs he had just written, about twenty of them. We sang harmonies with him and he was jazzed." Sessions were held at the white house on Young's ranch. The musicians were under the impression that they were rehearsing while the takes used on the album were being recorded. Recalls Larson: "We worked out the songs in a room of his house. And just when we had the songs down, Neil said, 'Thanks a lot...we've got the album.' He was recording all the rehearsals secretly in another room."

Album cover
The album cover was designed by actor and Young's close friend Dean Stockwell, who had also written the screenplay that inspired After the Gold Rush. It features Connie Moskos, then the girlfriend of producer David Briggs, drooping with a bottle of Canadian whisky in her hand and an intoxicated Young with his face pressed against the glass floor.

Release
American Stars 'n' Bars was released May 1977. It was released after the compilation Decade had already been compiled. Young and producer David Briggs decided that the compilation should be delayed so that "Like a Hurricane" could appear on its own album, not just on a three-record set. Briggs and Young called manager Elliot Roberts to adjust the release dates with the record company accordingly. Briggs would relate the decision in a contemporary radio interview: "'We did Decade first. We put it together. It's 33 great songs covering ten years. We had done 'Hurricane', which is off the Stars 'N Bars earlier before we put together the Decade album. We were on the road, on a gig, and we were driving between Houston and Madison, Wisconsin. We said to ourselves, 'Wow, 'Hurricane', that's a really good cut. It should have its own album to be on instead of being released with 32 other songs. We had already pressed 500,000 copies of Decade. We were on the road in Neil's bus. We were rapping about it and we went, 'wow man, that's not right'. So at three in the morning we called up, from the bus, on the road, to Neil's manager and said, 'Hey man, I don't think we should put Decade out until we put 'Hurricane' out on its own record. Why don't you call up Warners and tell them so?''"

Reception
Initially receiving favorable reviews, the album was described as a "sampler...of Young's various styles", even a "hodgepodge." Paul Nelson, reviewing the album for Rolling Stone commented about the mixed selection of songs and styles, and praised the "gale-force guitar playing" of "Like a Hurricane":"The album can almost be taken as a sampler, but not a summation, of Young's various styles from After the Gold Rush and Harvest (much of the country rock) through On the Beach (the incredible 'Will to Love') to Zuma ('Like a Hurricane' is a worthy successor to 'Cortez the Killer' as a guitar showcase) with a lot of overlap within the songs."

According to William Ruhlmann, in a review for AllMusic,"Neil Young made a point of listing the recording dates of the songs on American Stars 'n Bars; the dates even appeared on the LP labels. They revealed that the songs had been cut at four different sessions dating back to 1974. But even without such documentation, it would have been easy to tell that the album was a stylistic hodgepodge, its first side consisting of country-tinged material featuring steel guitar and fiddle, plus backup vocals from Linda Ronstadt and then-unknown Nicolette Larson, while the four songs on the second side varied from acoustic solo numbers like 'Will to Love' to raging rockers such as 'Like a Hurricane.' 'Will to Love' is a particularly spooky and ambitious piece, extending the romantic metaphor of a salmon swimming upstream across seven minutes. The album's centerpiece however, is 'Like a Hurricane,' one of Young's classic hard rock songs and guitar workouts, and a perpetual concert favorite."

It was finally released on compact disc, as an HDCD, on August 19, 2003, as part of the Neil Young Digital Masterpiece Series along with On the Beach, Hawks & Doves, and Re-ac-tor.

Personnel
Side one (credited to Neil Young, Crazy Horse and the Bullets)

 * Neil Young – guitar, vocals
 * Frank "Poncho" Sampedro – guitar
 * Billy Talbot – bass
 * Ralph Molina – drums
 * Ben Keith – pedal steel guitar
 * Carole Mayedo – violin
 * Linda Ronstadt – backing vocals
 * Nicolette Larson – backing vocals

Side two

"Star of Bethlehem"

 * Neil Young – guitar, vocals, harmonica
 * Ben Keith – dobro, vocals
 * Tim Drummond – bass
 * Karl T. Himmel – drums
 * Emmylou Harris – vocals

"Will to Love"

 * Neil Young – guitar, vocals, organ, piano, vibraphone, drums

"Like a Hurricane" (credited to Neil Young and Crazy Horse)

 * Neil Young – guitar, vocals
 * Frank "Poncho" Sampedro – Stringman, vocals
 * Billy Talbot – bass
 * Ralph Molina – drums, vocals

"Homegrown" (credited to Neil Young and Crazy Horse)

 * Neil Young – guitar, vocals
 * Frank "Poncho" Sampedro – guitar, vocals
 * Billy Talbot – bass
 * Ralph Molina – drums, vocals

Additional roles
 * Neil Young, David Briggs, Tim Mulligan, Elliot Mazer – production
 * Dean Stockwell – cover art
 * Elliot Roberts – direction

Charts
Year End Album Charts

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: American Stars 'n Bars


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Magdelín Martínez

Magdelín Martínez Castillo (born February 10, 1976, in Camagüey, Cuba) is a Cuban-born female triple jumper, competing internationally for Italy.

Biography
She originally represented Cuba. She won the bronze medal at the 1999 Pan American Games. She jumped 14.27 metres in 1998 and 14.40 metres in 2000.

She met future husband, Giuseppe Piccotti, while he was holidaying in the Caribbean. When he fell ill, she was quick to supply him with medicine, and it all went from there. After moving to Italy she wanted to take up jumping again but even though she was jumping personal bests she felt a little closed off from her colleagues, and accepted with good spirits that she would have to become an Italian. She naturalised in July 2001 and competed for Italy at the 2001 World Championships in Edmonton. She finished fourth, having set a personal best of 14.59 metres in the qualification.

The next year she finished sixth at the 2002 European Championships. In 2003, she finished fifth at the 2003 World Indoor Championships before winning the bronze medal at the 2003 World Championships. At the end of the season she finished fifth at the first World Athletics Final. In 2004, she finished fifth at the World Indoor Championships, seventh at the Olympic Games and fifth at the World Athletics Final. She also jumped two career bests: 15.03 in the triple jump in the Rome Golden Gala, and 6.67 in long jump in Rieti. In 2005, she won the silver medal at the European Indoor Championships, finished eighth at the World Championships and seventh at the World Athletics Final.

2006 was a mediocre year. Her season's best was 14.25 metres, down from 15.03 in 2004 and 14.69 in 2005. She competed at the 2006 European Championships, but did not reach the final. However, she made a small comeback in 2007 to finish seventh at the 2007 World Championships. Her season's best jump was 14.71 metres. The next year she competed at the 2008 Olympic Games without reaching the final.

title: Magdelín Martínez


text:
Henrik Larsen

Henrik Larsen (born 17 May 1966), nicknamed Store Larsen (Big Larsen), is a Danish football manager and former professional player, who played as a midfielder. He was last the manager of Lyngby Boldklub.

He was the joint top scorer at the UEFA Euro 1992 which he won with the Denmark national team. He was also part of the Danish squad at Euro 96 where he played his last national team game. In all, he played 39 national team matches and scored five goals.

Club career
Larsen was born in Lyngby. He started his career in Denmark for Taarbæk IF and then later Lyngby Boldklub. He won the 1985 Danish Cup trophy with Lyngby, and made his Danish national team debut in February 1989. In April 1990, he agreed a move abroad to play for Italian club Pisa Calcio, who were leading the promotion battle in the secondary Serie B division. Larsen was named Man of the Match, as he won the 1990 Danish Cup with Lyngby, before moving to Italy in June 1990. He joined Pisa in the Serie A championship, but in his first year at the club, Pisa were relegated to the Serie B again. As Serie B regulations only allowed two foreign players in the team, Larsen had to look for playing time elsewhere, when the club preferred Argentinians Diego Simeone and Jose Chamot.

After the Euro 92 tournament, Larsen moved back to Pisa in the Serie B. Simeone had been sold, but following the first few league games for the club, Larsen was put on sale. A number of European clubs were interested in him, but Pisa's pricetag of DKK 50 million kept all interest at bay. Larsen eventually moved to Aston Villa FC in England on a loan deal in January 1993. His stay in Aston Villa was short, as he had trouble forcing his way into the team under manager Ron Atkinson. In March 1993, he was told by Atkinson he wasn't needed, but as Pisa didn't want him back, he stayed at Villa's reserve team until May 1993.

He was loaned out to German club Waldhof Mannheim in the 2. Bundesliga in 1993, where he played well. He returned to Denmark in 1994, to play for Lyngby on a season-long loan deal. Larsen was set free from his Pisa contract in February 1995, when his transfer rights were given to Lyngby. He was called up for the Danish squad for Euro 96, by national manager Møller Nielsen. He took part in all Denmark's three matches, before ending his national team career when Denmark were eliminated. After Euro 96, he moved to league rivals FC Copenhagen, with whom he won the 1997 Danish Cup. He ended his career in 1999.

International career
Larsen went on a season-long loan deal back in Lyngby, where he helped the club win the 1992 Danish Superliga championship. He was selected for the Danish team to compete at the Euro 92 tournament. He started the tournament as a substitute, but Larsen went on to score three goals at Euro 92, including both goals in the 2–2 semi-final draw against the Netherlands. He scored at his attempt in the ensuing penalty shootout, and played full-time when he and the Danish national team won the final against Germany.

Coaching career
Following his retirement, he became assistant coach at FC Copenhagen, before managing Ølstykke FC. He was head coach of the Faroe Islands national team until 2005, as well as associated coach of the talent team in Lyngby Boldklub, for whose old boys team he is also playing. In 2006, he was caretaker manager in Holbæk B&I, before signing on with Køge Boldklub in June 2006 and was here coach until June 2008. Larsen was named as the new head coach from Lyngby Boldklub on 15 July 2008 and was then fired after eight months on 30 March 2009. He was the new assistant manager at the Danish football club Randers FC, when the season 2009–10 started, together with another Danish football legend Flemming Povlsen. They were both assistant managers for the Randers FC manager John Faxe Jensen but the trio was fired on 6 October 2009.

Personal life
In 1998, he announced he was marrying an English sports reporter, Sacha Crowther, whom he had met at the UEFA European Championship two years earlier.

Player
Lyngby Boldklub
 * Danish Cup: 1984–85, 1989–90
 * Danish Superliga: 1991–92

Copenhagen
 * Danish Cup: 1996–97

Denmark
 * European Championship: 1992

title: Henrik Larsen


text:
Marie-José Nat

Marie-José Benhalassa (22 April 1940 – 10 October 2019), known professionally as Marie-José Nat, was a French actress. Among her notable works in cinema were the sequel films Anatomy of a Marriage: My Days with Jean-Marc and Anatomy of a Marriage: My Days with Françoise (1963), directed by André Cayatte. In 1974, she received a Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress for her performance in the film Violins at the Ball.

Early life and family
Benhalassa was born in Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud, to a Kabyle Berber father, Abdelkader Benhalassa, and a Corsican mother, Vincentine (Biancarelli).

In 1960, she married the actor Roger Dumas and divorced him in 1962. She then married French director Michel Drach with whom she had three sons, David, Julien and Aurélien. They divorced in 1981. She had a relationship of several years with the actor Victor Lanoux. On 30 September 2005 she married the painter, writer and songwriter Serge Rezvani in her third marriage.

She died in Paris of cancer at age 79.

Training
After secondary studies at the Ajaccio high school, Benhalassa entered the cours Simon in Paris.

Marie-José Benhalassa
Benhalassa began her career as a cover-girl and haute-couture model. In 1955, she won a competition from the magazine Femmes d'aujourd'hui which allowed her to become Jean-Claude Pascal's partner in a photo comics entitled L'amour est un songe.

Marie-José Nat
Denys de La Patellière offered her her first major role in 1959 in Rue des prairies alongside Jean Gabin, in which she played his daughter. The following year, she performed in a comedy sketch by René Clair alongside Claude Rich and Yves Robert, and obtained a major role in La Vérité by Henri-Georges Clouzot, playing Brigitte Bardot's rival opposite Sami Frey.

In 1965, she married filmmaker Michel Drach; they had three children and divorced in 1981. She starred in several of her husband's films: Amelie or The Time to Love (1961), Elise, or Real Life (1970) and Les violons du bal (1974), inspired by his childhood experiences during World War II. She was also known for Train of Life (1998), Litan (1982) and The Dacians (1966) with Jean Sorel, Jean-Louis Trintignant, Victor Lanoux and Bernadette Lafont as acting partners.

In 2001, Nat was a member of the jury at the 36th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival in 2001, and at the 24th Cabourg Film Festival in 2010.

She was the very first person to appear on the front cover of Télé 7 Jours in its current name on 26 March 1960.

Awards and honours
Nat was awarded Best Actress at the 1974 Cannes Film Festival for her performance in Violins at the Ball, and the film was nominated for the Golden Palm award.

She was made a chevalier of the Légion d'honneur on 31 December 2004, chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite on 18 November 2002 and promoted to the rank of officer on 14 November 2011, commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres as a member of the conseil de l'ordre of which she was a member from 1 March 2001 until April 2012

Theatre

 * 1958: Virage dangereux by John Boynton Priestley, directed by Raymond Rouleau, Théâtre Michel
 * 1959: Blaise by Claude Magnier, directed by Jacques Mauclair, Théâtre des Nouveautés
 * 1966: Médor by Roger Vitrac, directed by Maurice Jacquemont, with Bernard Noël, studio des Champs-Élysées
 * 1984: Désiré by Sacha Guitry, directed by Jean-Claude Brialy, with Jean-Claude Brialy an Bernadette Lafont, Théâtre Édouard VII
 * 1985: Voisin voisine after Jerome Chodorov directed by Pierre Mondy, with Victor Lanoux, Théâtre du Palais-Royal, then in 1986 at Théâtre Montansier
 * 1990: Avec ou sans arbres by Jeannine Worms, directed by Albert-André Lheureux, with Henri Garcin, Théâtre Hébertot

Film
Among her notable works in cinema were the sequel films Anatomy of a Marriage: My Days with Jean-Marc and Anatomy of a Marriage: My Days with Françoise (1963), directed by André Cayatte.

 * Crime and Punishment (1956) - La jeune fille du bal (uncredited)
 * Women's Club (1956)
 * Donnez-moi ma chance (1957) - Rosine
 * Happy Arenas (1958) - Violette
 * Vous n'avez rien à déclarer? (1959) - Lise
 * Secret professionnel (1959) - Elvire
 * Rue des prairies (1959) - Odette Neveux
 * Vive le duc! (1960) - Cécile
 * Love and the Frenchwoman (1960) - The bride (segment "Mariage, Le")
 * The Truth (1960) - Annie Marceau
 * The Menace (1961) - Josépha
 * Amelie or The Time to Love (1961) - Amélie
 * The Seven Deadly Sins (1962) - La jeune femme (segment "Colère, La")
 * Sentimental Education (1962) - Anne Arnoux
 * Anatomy of a Marriage: My Days with Jean-Marc (1964) - Françoise Dubreuil
 * Anatomy of a Marriage: My Days with Françoise (1964) - Françoise Dubreuil
 * La bonne occase (1965) - Béatrice
 * A Woman in White (1965) - Claude Sauvage
 * Dacii (1966) - Meda - Decebalus' Daughter
 * Diamond Safari (1966) - Electre
 * Mon amour, mon amour (1967) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 * Le Paria (1969) - Lucia
 * L'Opium et le Bâton (1969) - Farroudja
 * Elise, or Real Life (1970) - Elise Le Tellier
 * Embassy (1972) - Laure
 * Kruiswegstraat 6 (1973) - Françoise Verbrugge
 * Violins at the Ball (1974) - Elle (La femme et la mère de Michel) / Michel's wife
 * Dis-moi que tu m'aimes (1974) - Charlotte Le Royer
 * The Simple Past (1977) - Cécile
 * La disubbidienza (1981) - Mrs. Manzi
 * Anna (1981) - Anna
 * Litan (1982) - Nora
 * Black River (1991) - Mme Ginette
 * Le nombril du monde (1993) - Oumi
 * La nuit du destin (1997) - Mme Slimani
 * Train of Life (1998) - Sura
 * Colette, une femme libre (2004, TV Mini-Series) - Sido
 * Le cadeau d'Elena (2004) - Elena

Nat also worked extensively in television series and dramas.

title: Marie-José Nat


text:
IE Domain Registry

The .IE is the domain name registry for the .ie country code top-level domain. Their work includes protecting, supporting and promoting the web presence of all .ie domain names. They administer and manage the .ie namespace in the public interest.

Founded in 1991, they spun out of UCD and became a private company in July 2000. While still operating as an independent private company, they liaise with government departments, governing bodies, trade associations as required and abide by internet best practice principles. They have no shareholders and are owned by the directors. Being limited by guarantee is a common structure for global domain registries. Surpluses are added to opening reserves. Directors don’t have a beneficial interest in the reserves of the company.

They operate on a not-for-profit basis and are a member of the Council of European National Top-Level Domain Registries (CENTR). They are also a member of the Internet Neutral Exchange and of the RIPE NCC.

The IE Domain Registry operates a managed registry model for Ireland's national .ie domain. This means that every application for a .ie domain name is checked to make sure that the applicant has a real connection with Ireland. Applicants can provide just one document to prove identity and connection to Ireland. Information on supporting documentation is outlined here.

The .ie ccTLD has a Registry – Registrar model. Becoming a .ie Registrar requires that the applicant has over 200 registered .ie domains or is at least the billing contact on over 200 .ie domains, provides a 2,500 Euro bond, passes a credit check and has a demonstrable knowledge of IE Domain Registry domain naming policies and technical procedures.

In 2004, The Commission for Communications Regulation (Comreg) was to take over the regulation and control of Ireland's domain name .ie.The legislation covering this change was signed into law in 2007. In effect, the move has ComReg regulating while IE Domain Registry continues to run the .ie ccTLD.

In March 2006, IE Domain Registry, the company leading the IENUM consortium, won the competition to provide a commercial registry for the supply of ENUM (Electronic Numbering) services in Ireland. The IE Domain Registry's partner in the IENUM consortium is Internet Privatstiftung Austria (IPA), the Austrian organisation which operates the .at domain name and provided the first ENUM commercial registry service in the world.

In 2014, the Policy Advisory Committee (PAC) was set up by the Board of IE Domain Registry. The PAC was set up to provide advice on policy issues concerning Ireland’s Internet top-level domain, .ie. The PAC makes formal recommendations to the Board for approval.

The PAC follow a 10-step framework known as the .ie Policy Development Process (PDP). The PDP is designed to be bottom-up and consensus-driven. This means that anyone can suggest a policy change and if there is agreement amongst stakeholders, the policy change can be implemented. Further information on the PDP can be found here.

The PAC has supported the below policy change requests:- The Terms of Reference for the Policy Advisory Committee (PAC), including the PAC membership of eligible organisations, can be found here:

·       Terms of Reference

·       Members of the PAC

The PAC has held four public consultations to gather the opinions of the wider Irish internet community and to ensure that these are taken into consideration during the policy development process. The PAC has also held four additional consultations with other stakeholders deemed to be most impacted by policy change requests to ensure their input is considered.

IE Domain Registry has modernised the registration process over the last number of years. Registering a .ie domain is now more automated with .ie registrations typically going live within an hour or less during weekdays. A web interface for .ie Registrars and an API which enables them to integrate .ie registration procedures with their systems are partially responsible for the more efficient registration process.

The rules for registering .ie domain names were changed on 21 March 2018. This change removed the need to explain why an applicant wants a particular name (also called ‘claim to the name’) when registering a .ie domain name. This made the registration process easier and faster.

Previously, an applicant registering a .ie domain had to prove they had a valid claim to the desired domain and a real, tangible connection to the island of Ireland. Those registering a .ie domain still have to prove their connection to Ireland but no longer need to explain their claim to a name.

IE Domain Registry acted as a ‘Registrar of last resort’ for individuals and companies who for whatever reason, chose not to deal directly with a Registrar. On 31 March 2020, the direct registration service was terminated. On this date, all direct customers were transferred to an accredited .ie Registrar, 101 Domain. 101 Domain was selected after a transparent tender and independently managed auction process.

The drivers for this decision included the declining size of the direct portfolio, the fact that it is common practice in the ccTLD sector - registries are selling/exiting (incl. Finland, Sweden & UK), and IE Domain Registry could not grow the direct portfolio, given its self-imposed restrictions on marketing/promotion motivated by the need to avoid even the perception of competition with Registrars.

In the context of requiring Directs to transfer, IE Domain Registry was satisfied that there would be no adverse issues arising or risks regarding consumer choice, efficient markets and intensity of competition:-

·      There are over ~130 accredited. ie Registrars, providing a range of services, with bundled options and at differing price points.

·      There is a mix of national and international Registrars, and many are ICANN accredited

·      Efficient market exits – with strong, ethical, professional Registrars

·      A ‘Registrar of last resort service’ is not needed in Ireland

ComReg Takes Over IEDR Policy Functions
Under the Communication Regulations (Amendment) Bill 2007, the Communications Regulator (ComReg) has taken over most of the policy functions of IEDR. The legislation was passed by the Oireachtas and came into force on 15 May 2007 with the signing of the Communications Regulation (Amendment) Act, 2007 (Commencement) Order, 2007 – (S.I. No. 224 of 2007).

According to the Regulatory Impact Analysis, the legislation puts in place legal instruments for the regulation of the private sector company (IEDR) which is currently administrating .ie ccTLD. This move to protect the .ie ccTLD and provide the mechanisms to transfer the administration of .ie ccTLD away from IEDR if required makes this legislation very powerful and effectively changes IEDR to being a service company from its previous position of making policy and administrating the .ie ccTLD.

The legislation gives ComReg complete power over .ie ccTLD policy decisions: designating the authority to register .ie domains; setting renewal periods and conditions; revoking registrations, registration conditions; pricing of .ie domains and appeals against revocation of registrations. IEDR, however, still provides the day-to-day administration of .ie ccTLD.
 * Communication Regulations (Amendment) Bill 2007
 * Regulatory Impact Analysis

title: IE Domain Registry


text:
Naman Keïta

Naman Keïta (born 9 April 1978 in Paris, France) is a track and field athlete, who takes part in the 400 m hurdles and 4 x 400m relay, competing internationally for France. He won the 4x400m relay gold medal at the 2003 World Championships in Paris, France. He was the bronze medalist in the 400 metres hurdles at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece. Besides, he won a gold medal and a bronze medal in the 4x400 m relay at the European Athletics Championships.

Personal
Keïta was born in Paris to a Malian father and an Algerian mother. His hobbies are cooking and jazz music.

Career
Naman Keïta started running while in primary school. He worked for six months as a postman, before stopping to focus his energies on the World Championships and Olympic Games. He is able to use a 12 stride pattern between the hurdles. He competed internationally for Mali until the end of 1999, when he switched his allegiance to France.

He finished fourth in the 400 m hurdles final at the 2006 European Athletics Championships.

Keïta tested positive for a prohibited substance (testosterone) while taking part in the 2007 World Athletics Championship in Osaka, Japan. He was suspended from all competitions for two years by the Fédération française d'athlétisme in October 2007, with the suspension taking effect from 1 Sep 2007.

title: Naman Keïta


text:
Alex Kapranos

Alexander Paul Kapranos Huntley (born 20 March 1972) is a Scottish musician. He is best known as the lead singer and lead guitarist of Scottish rock band Franz Ferdinand. He has also been a part of the supergroups FFS and BNQT.

Early life
Alexander Paul Kapranos Huntley was born on 20 March 1972 in Almondsbury, South Gloucestershire, the son of an English mother and Greek father. As a two-month-old he moved to Sunderland, moving to Scotland when he was 7. He attended the University of Aberdeen to study Theology. After dropping out, he continued studying at the University of Strathclyde, gaining a BA. In 2005, he was awarded Strathclyde's Alumnus of the Year.

Kapranos worked as a chef, barman, music promoter, driver, welder and IT lecturer prior to his success in music. From the early 1990s, he was a fixture of the Glasgow music scene, running live nights at The 13th Note Café, most notably The Kazoo Club.

Performing
While working at the Glasgow's Anniesland College in late 90's, Alex Kapranos played in some of city's popular bands, including The Blisters (later known as The Karelia), The Amphetameanies and The Yummy Fur. He is also known to have contributed to the noise act Urusei Yatsura and Lung Leg recordings.

After dropping "Huntley" from his name, Kapranos formed Franz Ferdinand in 2001. The band was composed of Kapranos, Nick McCarthy (rhythm guitar, keyboards, vocals), Paul Thomson (drums, backing vocals) and Bob Hardy (bass). The band saw chart success after their second single "Take Me Out" was released on 12 January 2004 and reached Number 3 in the UK Charts followed by their debut album Franz Ferdinand (released 9 February 2004), which debuted on the UK album chart at Number 3.

The band went on to win the 2004 Mercury Music Prize and two Brit Awards in 2005 for Best British Group and Best British Rock Act.

In 2015, the Franz Ferdinand collaborated with American band Sparks to form a supergroup named FFS.

Also in 2015 Kapranos joined the supergroup BNQT.

In 2019 British band All We Are released a single "Heart Attack" with Alex Kapranos.

In 2020 Kapranos released an English-French cover of "Summer Wine" with Clara Luciani.

Producing
Kapranos produced Men's Needs, Women's Needs, Whatever—the third album by British indie rock group The Cribs in Vancouver, B.C., released on 14 May 2007. He also produced their single-only track "Don't You Wanna Be Relevant?", which was featured with "Our Bovine Public" (from Men's Needs, Women's Needs, Whatever) as a double A-side.

Kapranos makes a cameo appearance in the video for "Our Bovine Public".

His remix of the single "New in Town" by British pop singer Little Boots was featured on various formats of the singles release.

He produced the debut album by British indie rock band Citizens!, Here We Are, which was released by Kitsuné on 28 May 2012.

He produced the second album of Scottish guitarist RM Hubbert, Thirteen Lost & Found. In 2019, he produced the single "Pista (Great Start)" by London-based band Los Bitchos, which he described thus: "Truly international with cumbia beats, Turkish psychedelia, a hint of Swedish pop and a touch of shoegaze shimmer. More than anything, they put you in a really good mood when you listen to them. Celebratory trills and whoops energise the vibrant Dick Dale-esque guitars and brass, making for a blistering escape to a rip-roaring desert session."

Writing
In September 2005, Kapranos began "Soundbites", a weekly food column for G2 in The Guardian newspaper, which detailed his culinary adventures as Franz Ferdinand traversed the globe on their world tour. Sound Bites: Eating on Tour with Franz Ferdinand, a book of the column and unreleased material illustrated by Andy Knowles, was released in 2006.

Sound Bites: Eating on Tour with Franz Ferdinand was read by Kapranos on BBC Radio 4's Book of the Week for 4–8 December 2006, described as "his account about what he ate while touring the world."

Narration
Kapranos narrated the 2008 BBC Scotland documentary Edwyn Collins: Home Again on the recovery of Orange Juice singer Edwyn Collins.

Also in 2008, Kapranos narrated the BBC Radio 1 documentary The Story of Kraftwerk.

Film
In 2016, Kapranos took part in a documentary about Glasgow music, and Chemikal Underground Records, called Lost in France. The film was directed by Niall McCann and brought Kapranos (along with members of The Delgados, Mogwai and others) to Mauron, Brittany, to recreate a gig they played when Kapranos was in his earlier band, The Karelia. The film features Kapranos playing live with Stuart Braithwaite of Mogwai, and other musicians such as Emma Pollock and RM Hubbert, and Holy Mountain, as well as interviews with Kapranos and his old label-mates. Lost in France premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival to wholly positive reviews and was called "Funny, vital and sobering" by Scotland's arts publication, The Skinny.

Kapranos was interviewed for Edgar Wright's 2021 documentary film The Sparks Brothers, centered around the band Sparks, with whom Franz Ferdinand formed supergroup FFS.

Radio presenting
From 7 August to 11 September 2022, Kapranos presented a six part Sunday night radio programme titled "The Alex Kapranos Show" on Absolute Radio.

Personal life
In his spare time, Kapranos enjoys crafting abstract furniture in his carpentry workshop.

In June 2005, Kapranos was detained for around an hour by officials at Domodedovo Airport in Moscow after being mistakenly identified as belonging on a U.S. "no-fly" list. This occurred due to the surname on his passport, Huntley, also having been previously used as an alias by the former MI6 agent Richard Tomlinson. Tomlinson had been fired, imprisoned, and labelled a security risk after circulating to publishers a draft of a book on MI6. Kapranos was released after officials determined that he did not fit Tomlinson's description.

Growing up in Sunderland, he supported the local football club Sunderland A.F.C.

Kapranos has asthma and is allergic to peanuts.

Kapranos dated singer Eleanor Friedberger for a few years (he dedicated the song "Eleanor Put Your Boots On" to her). Since 2019, he has been in a relationship with French musician Clara Luciani. Luciani announced her pregnancy with the couple's first child in May 2023. They married in Scotland at the end of May 2023. The pair welcomed a son in September 2023.

title: Alex Kapranos


text:
List of ships of the line of the Order of Saint John

Malta was ruled by the Order of Saint John as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1530 to 1798. The islands of Malta and Gozo, as well as the city of Tripoli in modern Libya, were granted to the order by Spanish Emperor Charles V in 1530, following the loss of Rhodes. The Ottoman Empire managed to capture Tripoli from the Order in 1551, but an attempt to take Malta in 1565 failed.

The Maltese navy was small but competent and was constantly involved in naval warfare since its inception. Their greatest achievement came during the Great Siege of Malta of 1565. Their independence (and fleet) lasted until 12 June 1798, when Napoleon Bonaparte, during his campaign against the Ottoman Empire, captured Malta with little bloodshed, along with the entire remaining Maltese navy. All remaining Maltese ships were added to the French Navy. Some of these ships were later captured by the Royal Navy when they recaptured Malta in 1800, bringing an end to the history of the Maltese navy.


text:
Talk:Boundary (cricket)

Fixed Links
I went ahead and fixed a bunch of dupe and/or broken links here, and cleaned up the grammar a little bit. And while I agree that much of this article needs to be sourced, I, being from the USA, don't have many decent sources to go on. Anybody with some good sources, please help us clean this up!

Palironsat 06:25, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

I've merged this page together with the four (cricket) and six (cricket) pages. There was a lot of duplication (particularly between the four and six pages) and I thought it would be better to have just one page. Jongarrettuk 09:15, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Just changed the Sanath Jayasuriya 11 sixes record, it was actually done in April 1996 and not in the 1994/95 season as it says. Also I've added 2 six related records by Shahid Afridi. --Zohab 10:28, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Also someone should make sure that the Chris Cairns record is updated, because Adam Gilchrist is only 2 sixes behind him and will most likely break this record in the current test matches against the West Indies. --Zohab 10:37, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

There are a lot of statements in this article without sources, and I suggest it may not be very accurate. MilesDependent 11:14, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Sources and article structure
Would anyone object to sourcing some of the statements of achievements from Wisden? I'll start compiling; I'd appreciate another point of view.

As to the structure of the article, it seems like it needs to explain the 2nd meaning of the word boundary, which is the scoring of 4 or 6 runs by causing the ball to cross the boundary (first def'n) rope. --AndrewHowse 22:11, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Records
Is Mascarenhas' five sixes in the final over in England's one day test win over India on 5 September 2007 a record? --Legis (talk - contribs) 14:18, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It might be a record for a ODI in England, but it's not the ODI record - Gibbs scored 6 sixes for S Africa in the 2007 World Cup, and that's noted in the article somewhere I think. --AndrewHowse 14:51, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
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From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 16:52, 8 December 2013 (UTC)

Accuracy or pedantry?

 * There were seven boundaries and three sixes in the innings" is common usage, which meaning is easily understood. I don't quite understand the purpose of the prim correction which follows this. Aside from anything else, it would sound ridiculous for a commentator to say. Hanoi Road (talk) 20:07, 28 May 2020 (UTC)

To add to this, the laws themselves say "Boundary 4" and "Boundary 6". GreekApple123 (talk) 17:44, 19 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boundary (cricket)


text:
Morava K-theory

In stable homotopy theory, a branch of mathematics, Morava K-theory is one of a collection of cohomology theories introduced in algebraic topology by Jack Morava in unpublished preprints in the early 1970s. For every prime number p (which is suppressed in the notation), it consists of theories K(n) for each nonnegative integer n, each a ring spectrum in the sense of homotopy theory. published the first account of the theories.

Details
The theory K(0) agrees with singular homology with rational coefficients, whereas K(1) is a summand of mod-p complex K-theory. The theory K(n) has coefficient ring

 * Fp[vn,vn−1]

where vn has degree 2(pn − 1). In particular, Morava K-theory is periodic with this period, in much the same way that complex K-theory has period 2.

These theories have several remarkable properties.
 * They have Künneth isomorphisms for arbitrary pairs of spaces: that is, for X and Y CW complexes, we have
 * $$K(n)_*(X \times Y) \cong K(n)_*(X) \otimes_{K(n)_*} K(n)_*(Y).$$

 * They are "fields" in the category of ring spectra. In other words every module spectrum over K(n) is free, i.e. a wedge of suspensions of K(n).
 * They are complex oriented (at least after being periodified by taking the wedge sum of (pn − 1) shifted copies), and the formal group they define has height n.
 * Every finite p-local spectrum X has the property that K(n)∗(X) = 0 if and only if n is less than a certain number N, called the type of the spectrum X. By a theorem of Devinatz–Hopkins–Smith, every thick subcategory of the category of finite p-local spectra is the subcategory of type-n spectra for some n.

authors: Я сошла с ума

title: Morava K-theory


text:
Complex cobordism

In mathematics, complex cobordism is a generalized cohomology theory related to cobordism of manifolds. Its spectrum is denoted by MU. It is an exceptionally powerful cohomology theory, but can be quite hard to compute, so often instead of using it directly one uses some slightly weaker theories derived from it, such as Brown–Peterson cohomology or Morava K-theory, that are easier to compute.

The generalized homology and cohomology complex cobordism theories were introduced by using the Thom spectrum.

Spectrum of complex cobordism
The complex bordism $$MU^*(X)$$ of a space $$X$$ is roughly the group of bordism classes of manifolds over $$X$$ with a complex linear structure on the stable normal bundle. Complex bordism is a generalized homology theory, corresponding to a spectrum MU that can be described explicitly in terms of Thom spaces as follows.

The space $$MU(n)$$ is the Thom space of the universal $$n$$-plane bundle over the classifying space $$BU(n)$$ of the unitary group $$U(n)$$. The natural inclusion from $$U(n)$$ into $$U(n+1)$$ induces a map from the double suspension $$\Sigma^2MU(n)$$ to $$MU(n+1)$$. Together these maps give the spectrum $$MU$$; namely, it is the homotopy colimit of $$MU(n)$$.

Examples: $$MU(0)$$ is the sphere spectrum. $$MU(1)$$ is the desuspension $$\Sigma^{\infty -2} \mathbb{CP}^\infty$$ of $$\mathbb{CP}^\infty$$.

The nilpotence theorem states that, for any ring spectrum $$R$$, the kernel of $$\pi_* R \to \operatorname{MU}_*(R)$$ consists of nilpotent elements. The theorem implies in particular that, if $$\mathbb{S}$$ is the sphere spectrum, then for any $$n>0$$, every element of $$\pi_n \mathbb{S}$$ is nilpotent (a theorem of Goro Nishida). (Proof: if $$x$$ is in $$\pi_n S$$, then $$x$$ is a torsion but its image in $$\operatorname{MU}_*(\mathbb{S}) \simeq L$$, the Lazard ring, cannot be torsion since $$L$$ is a polynomial ring. Thus, $$x$$ must be in the kernel.)

Formal group laws
and showed that the coefficient ring $$\pi_*(\operatorname{MU})$$ (equal to the complex cobordism of a point, or equivalently the ring of cobordism classes of stably complex manifolds) is a polynomial ring $$\Z[x_1,x_2,\ldots]$$ on infinitely many generators $$x_i \in \pi_{2i}(\operatorname{MU})$$ of positive even degrees.

Write $$\mathbb{CP}^{\infty}$$ for infinite dimensional complex projective space, which is the classifying space for complex line bundles, so that tensor product of line bundles induces a map $$\mu : \mathbb{CP}^{\infty} \times \mathbb{CP}^{\infty}\to \mathbb{CP}^{\infty}.$$ A complex orientation on an associative commutative ring spectrum E is an element x in $$E^2(\mathbb{CP}^{\infty})$$ whose restriction to $$E^2(\mathbb{CP}^{1})$$ is 1, if the latter ring is identified with the coefficient ring of E. A spectrum E with such an element x is called a complex oriented ring spectrum.

If E is a complex oriented ring spectrum, then

 * $$E^*(\mathbb{CP}^\infty) = E^*(\text{point})x$$

 * $$E^*(\mathbb{CP}^\infty)\times E^*(\mathbb{CP}^\infty) = E^*(\text{point})x\otimes1, 1\otimes x$$

and $$\mu^*(x) \in E^*(\text{point})x\otimes 1, 1\otimes x$$ is a formal group law over the ring $$E^*(\text{point}) = \pi^*(E)$$.

Complex cobordism has a natural complex orientation. showed that there is a natural isomorphism from its coefficient ring to Lazard's universal ring, making the formal group law of complex cobordism into the universal formal group law. In other words, for any formal group law F over any commutative ring R, there is a unique ring homomorphism from MU*(point) to R such that F is the pullback of the formal group law of complex cobordism.

Brown–Peterson cohomology
Complex cobordism over the rationals can be reduced to ordinary cohomology over the rationals, so the main interest is in the torsion of complex cobordism. It is often easier to study the torsion one prime at a time by localizing MU at a prime p; roughly speaking this means one kills off torsion prime to p. The localization MUp of MU at a prime p splits as a sum of suspensions of a simpler cohomology theory called Brown–Peterson cohomology, first described by. In practice one often does calculations with Brown–Peterson cohomology rather than with complex cobordism. Knowledge of the Brown–Peterson cohomologies of a space for all primes p is roughly equivalent to knowledge of its complex cobordism.

Conner–Floyd classes
The ring $$\operatorname{MU}^*(BU)$$ is isomorphic to the formal power series ring $$\operatorname{MU}^*(\text{point})cf_1, cf_2, \ldots$$ where the elements cf are called Conner–Floyd classes. They are the analogues of Chern classes for complex cobordism. They were introduced by.

Similarly $$\operatorname{MU}_*(BU)$$ is isomorphic to the polynomial ring $$\operatorname{MU}_*(\text{point})\beta_1, \beta_2, \ldots$$

Cohomology operations
The Hopf algebra MU*(MU) is isomorphic to the polynomial algebra R[b1, b2, ...], where R is the reduced bordism ring of a 0-sphere.

The coproduct is given by

 * $$\psi(b_k) = \sum_{i+j=k}(b)_{2i}^{j+1}\otimes b_j$$

where the notation 2i means take the piece of degree 2i. This can be interpreted as follows. The map

 * $$ x\to x+b_1x^2+b_2x^3+\cdots$$

is a continuous automorphism of the ring of formal power series in x, and the coproduct of MU*(MU) gives the composition of two such automorphisms.

title: Complex cobordism


text:
Nail polish

Nail polish (also known as nail varnish in British English or nail enamel) is a lacquer that can be applied to the human fingernail or toenails to decorate and protect the nail plates. The formula has been revised repeatedly to enhance its decorative properties, to be safer for the consumer to use, and to suppress cracking or peeling. Nail polish consists of a mix of an organic polymer and several other components that give it colors and textures. Nail polishes come in all color shades and play a significant part in manicures and pedicures.

History
Nail polish originated in China and dates back to 3000 BCE. Around 600 BCE, during the Zhou dynasty, the royal house preferred the colors gold and silver. However, red and black eventually replaced these metallic colors as royal favorites. During the Ming dynasty, nail polish was often made from a mixture that included beeswax, egg whites, gelatin, vegetable dyes, and gum arabic.

In Egypt, the lower classes wore pale colors of nail polish, whereas high society painted their nails a reddish brown with henna. Mummified pharaohs also had their nails painted with henna.

In Europe, Frederick S. N. Douglas, while traveling in Greece in 1810–1812, noticed that the Greek women used to paint their nails "dingy pink", which he understood as an ancient custom. Early nail polish formulas were created using basic ingredients such as lavender oil, carmine, oxide tin, and bergamot oil. It was more common to polish nails with tinted powders and creams, finishing off by buffing the nail until left shiny. One type of polishing product sold around this time was Graf's Hyglo nail polish paste.

In Victorian era culture it was generally considered improper for women to adorn themselves with either makeup or nail coloring, since natural appearances were considered more chaste and pure. In the 1920s, however, women began to wear color in new makeups and nail products, partly in rebellion to such prim customs of their recent past. In 1920s France, a big pioneer of nail polish was the hairstylist Antoine de Paris, whose cosmetic company produced some of the first modern polishes, and he himself shocked the newspapers by wearing each nail painted a different color.

Since the 1920s, nail colors progressed from French manicures and standard reds to various palettes of color choices, usually coordinated with the fashion industry's clothing colors for the season. By the 1940s the whole nail was painted; before that, it was fashionable to leave the tips and a half-moon on the nail bed bare.

Ingredients

Modern nail polish consists predominately of a film-forming polymer dissolved in a volatile organic solvent. The most common polymer is nitrocellulose, although the more expensive cellulose acetates such as CAB are claimed to give better performance. In gel nail varnish, the polymer is usually some sort of acrylate copolymer. The solvents are commonly butyl acetate or ethyl acetate. Low levels of various additives are included to give the desired finish:
 * Plasticizers to yield non-brittle films. diethylphthalate, dibutylphthalate and camphor are typical.
 * Dyes and pigments. Representative compounds include chromium oxide greens, chromium hydroxide, ferric ferrocyanide, stannic oxide, titanium dioxide, iron oxide, carmine, ultramarine, and manganese violet.
 * Opalescent pigments. The glittery/shimmer look in the color can be conferred by mica, bismuth oxychloride, natural pearls, and aluminum powder.
 * Adhesive polymers ensure that the nitrocellulose adheres to the nail's surface. One modifier used is tosylamide-formaldehyde resin.
 * Thickening agents are added to maintain the sparkling particles in suspension while in the bottle. A typical thickener is stearalkonium hectorite. Thickening agents exhibit thixotropy, their solutions are viscous when still but free-flowing when agitated. This duality is convenient for easily applying the freshly shaken mixture to give a film that quickly rigidifies.
 * Ultraviolet stabilizers resist color changes when the dry film is exposed to sunlight. A typical stabilizer is benzophenone-1.

Base coat
This type of nail polish is a clear, milky-colored, or opaque pink polish formula that is used specifically before applying nail polish to the nail. Its function is to strengthen nails, restore moisture to the nail, and help polish adhere to the nail. It prevents staining and extends the lifespan of the manicure. Some base coats are marketed as "ridge fillers", and can create a smooth surface, de-emphasizing the ridges that can appear on unbuffed nails. Some base coats, called "peel off base coats", allow the user to peel off their nail polish without using a remover.

Top coat
This type of nail polish is a clear colored polish formula that is used specifically after applying nail polish to the nail. It forms a hardened barrier for the nail that can prevent chipping, scratching and peeling. Many topcoats are marketed as "quick-drying." Topcoats can help the underlying colored polish dry quickly as well. It gives the polish a more finished and desired look and may help to keep the polish on longer.

Gel
Gel polish is a long-lasting variety of nail polish made up of a type of methacrylate polymer. It is painted on the nail similar to traditional nail polish, but does not dry. Instead it is cured under an ultraviolet lamp or ultraviolet LED. While regular nail polish formulas typically last two to seven days without chipping, gel polish can last as long as two weeks with proper application and home care. Gel polish can be more difficult to remove than regular nail polish. It is usually removed by soaking the nails in pure acetone (the solvent used in most nail polish removers) for five to fifteen minutes, depending on the formula.

In fashion
Traditionally, nail polish started in clear, white, red, pink, purple, and black. Nail polish can be found in a diverse variety of colors and shades. Beyond solid colors, nail polish has also developed an array of other designs, such as crackled, glitter, flake, speckled, iridescent, and holographic. Rhinestones or other decorative art are also often applied to nail polish. Some polish is advertised to induce nail growth, make nails stronger, prevent nails from breaking, cracking, or splitting, and even to stop nail biting.

French manicure
French manicures are designed to resemble natural nails, and are characterized by natural pink or nude base nails with white tips. French manicures were one of the first popular and well-known color schemes. French manicures may have originated in the eighteenth-century in Paris but were most popular in the 1920s and 1930s. However, the traditional French manicures were much different from what we know today. They were generally red, while leaving a round crescent shape at the area near the cuticle blank to enhance the lunula of the nail, known now as a half-moon manicure.

With the modern French manicure, trends involving painting different colors for the tips of the nails instead of the white. French tip nails can be made with stickers and stencils. It is still typically done by hand through painting with polish or gel, or sculptured with acrylic.

Nail art

Nail art is a creative way to paint, decorate, enhance, and embellish nails. Social media has expanded to a nail art culture by allowing users to share pictures of their nail art. Women's Wear Daily reports nail polish sales hit a record US$768 million in the United States in 2012, a 32% gain over 2011. Several new polishes and related products came on to the market in the 2020s as part of the explosion of nail art, such as nail stickers (either made of nail polish or plastic), stencils, magnetic nail polish, nail pens, glitter and sequin topcoats, nail caviar (micro beads), nail polish marketed for men, scented nail polish, and color changing nail polish (some which change hue when exposed to sunshine, and ranges which change hue in response to heat).

Western world

Nail polish in the Western world was more frequently worn by women, going in and out of acceptability depending upon moral customs of the day. It is less common for men to wear nail polish, and can be seen as a divergence from traditional gender norms. Uses include clear polish to protect nails from breakage or impart a well-groomed sheen, and colored polish on fingernails and toenails. Professional baseball players, especially catchers, may wear nail polish on the field.

Finishes
There are 18 principal nail polish finishes:

 * Shimmer
 * Micro-shimmer
 * Micro-glitter
 * Glitter
 * Frost
 * Lustre
 * Creme
 * Iridescent
 * Opalescent
 * Matte (a formula of nail polish, or a topper placed on top of a coat of normal nail polish, that has a matte finish when dried)
 * Duochrome
 * Jelly or translucent (clear nailpolish with a tint, usually a natural or neon colour)
 * Magnetic (nail polish with metallic particles that react to specially shaped magnets for nail art)
 * Crackled (a topper placed on a coat of nail polish, which crackles on top of said coat)
 * Glass-flecked
 * Holographic (glitter nail polish that reflects all colours when light is shone on them)
 * Prismatic micro-glitter or shimmer
 * Fluorescent (Glow-in-the-Dark, Neon)

Nail polish remover

Nail polish remover is an organic solvent that may also include oils, scents, and coloring. Nail polish remover packages may include individual felt pads soaked in remover, a bottle of liquid remover used with a cotton ball or cotton pad, or a foam-filled container into which one inserts a finger and twists it until the polish comes off. The choice of remover type depends on the user's preference, and often the price or quality of the remover.

The most common remover is acetone. Acetone can also remove artificial nails made of acrylic or cured gel.

An alternative nail polish remover is ethyl acetate, which often also contains isopropyl alcohol. Ethyl acetate is usually the original solvent for nail polish itself.

Acetonitrile has been used as a nail polish remover, but it is more toxic than the aforementioned options. It has been banned in the European Economic Area for use in cosmetics since 17 March 2000.

Health concerns
The health risks associated with nail polish are disputed. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "The amount of chemicals used in animal studies is probably a couple of hundred times higher than what you would be exposed to from using nail polish every week or so. So the chances of any individual phthalate producing such harm [in humans] is very slim." A more serious health risk is faced by professional nail technicians, who perform manicures over a workstation, known as a nail table, on which the client's hands rest – directly below the technician's breathing zone. In 2009, Susan Reutman, an epidemiologist with the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Division of Applied Research and Technology, announced a federal effort to evaluate the effectiveness of downdraft vented nail tables (VNTs) in removing potential nail polish chemical and dust exposures from the technician's work area. These ventilation systems have potential to reduce worker exposure to chemicals by at least 50%. Many nail technicians will often wear masks to cover their mouth and nose from inhaling any of the harsh dust or chemicals from the nail products.

According to Reutman, a growing body of scientific literature suggests that some inhaled and absorbed organic solvents found in nail salons such as glycol ethers and carbon disulfide may have adverse effects on reproductive health. These effects may including birth defects, low birth weight, miscarriage, and preterm birth.

Nail polish formulations may include ingredients that are toxic or affect other health problems. One controversial family of ingredient are phthalates, which are implicated as endocrine disruptors and linked to problems in the endocrine system and increased risk of diabetes. Manufacturers have been pressured by consumer groups to reduce or to eliminate potentially-toxic ingredients, and in September 2006, several companies agreed to phase out dibutyl phthalates. There are no universal consumer safety standards for nail polish, however, and while formaldehyde has been eliminated from some nail polish brands, others still use it.

Regulation and environmental concerns
The U.S. city of San Francisco enacted a city ordinance, publicly identifying establishments that use nail polishes free of the "toxic trio" of dibutyl phthalate, toluene, and formaldehyde.

Nail polish is considered a hazardous waste by some regulatory bodies such as the Los Angeles Department of Public Works. Many countries have strict restrictions on sending nail polish by mail. The "toxic trio" are currently being phased out, but there are still components of nail polish that could cause environmental concern. Leaking out of the bottle into the soil could cause contamination in ground water. Chromium(III) oxide green and Prussian blue are common in nail polish and have shown evidence of going through chemical degradation, which could have a detrimental effect on health.

title: Nail polish


text:
Denel Dynamics

Denel Dynamics, formerly Kentron, is a division of Denel SOC Ltd, a South African armaments development and manufacturing company wholly owned by the South African Government. It underwent a name change from Kentron to Denel Aerospace Systems in early 2004 and later to Denel Dynamics. Denel Dynamics is located in Centurion, South Africa. Several sites are operating according to ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 certified.

Key products
Kentron developed the ARD-10 loitering drone for the South African Defence Force in the 1980s, however with the end of the South African Border Wars it did not enter service. Kentron sold the designs to Israel Aerospace Industries which used them to develop the IAI Harpy which was first tested in 1989. The designs were sold to Iran Aviation Industries Organization in 2004/5 and used by Shahed Aviation Industries to develop the Shahed 131 and Shahed 136 drones.

UN arms embargo violation
Four South Africans working for Kentron were arrested in March 1984 in Coventry and charged with violation of the UN arms embargo – which outlawed the export of arms and military equipment to apartheid South Africa.

The Coventry Four were granted bail against a deposit of £200,000 and a guarantee by a diplomat from the South African embassy who waived his diplomatic immunity. They were allowed to return to South Africa on condition that they appeared at their trial in England in August 1984. In the event, South African foreign minister, Pik Botha, refused to allow them to return for their trial.

title: Denel Dynamics


text:
Talk:Daniel Sickles

Untitled
I merged two articles and deleted one. Its talk page had the following:

I apologize for my unfamiliarity with this process, but I was interested in further information, and found these related websites: (input by 12.222.7.23) (User:Mksmith)

http://www.medalofhonor.com/DanielSickles.htm http://www.civilwarhome.com/sicklesbio.htm http://www.ehistory.com/uscw/features/people/bio.cfm?PID=66

Thanks, Lou I 09:23, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Date of birth
Why did the date of birth change from 1825 to 1819??? Because Find-A-Grave gives it 1825. Lincher 03:08, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Keneally's American Scoundrel says 1819. So does Tagg's Generals of Gettysburg. And Congress: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/bibdisplay.pl?index=S000402. And Arlington: http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/dsickles.htm Hal Jespersen 15:34, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Find-a-Grave is not an RS per Wikipedia policy.Parkwells (talk) 21:50, 4 December 2015 (UTC)

Teresa's Affair
I had always heard that it was not "blatantly public" at all - do we have sources for this?--TurabianNights 14:58, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I added a footnote. I don't think it is necessary to go into the details of the affair in the article, but it was well-known to their acquaintances and Key would publicly signal Teresa from Lafayette Park by waving a handkerchief. I would call that reasonably blatant. Hal Jespersen 17:14, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

From what I recall, and I once did a lot of research on Sickles, the handkerchief waving incident occurred only once--on the day of Key's murder. In fact, Sickles saw Key waving the handkerchief and ran out and shot him. The murder itself is better described in the Wikipedia entry for Teresa Bagioli Sickles. The "blatantly public" aspect of the affair was that Key and Teresa were frequently seen alone together in society by mutual friends. But this was with Sickles' knowledge. Sickles was neglectful of his wife and grateful that Barton Key took an interest in her, although Key had told Sickles that he thought of Teresa as a daughter. During their affair, Barton Key and Teresa met for sex in a house on 15th Street. Apparently all the neighbors were aware that two "society" people, a man and a women, arrived separately and used the house for their romantic meetings. In this respect, it was blatantly public--to the neighbors of the house in that poor mostly black neighborhood. Rob043055 15:45, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Go ahead and make improvements to the article, but please cite secondary sources (not your recollections of research) for your claims. The article needs more footnotes anyway. Hal Jespersen 16:56, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Newt Gingrich's Grant Comes East
In the alternate history novel Grant Comes East, Newt Gingrich and Willaim R. Forstchen do a great hatchet job on Sickles, portraying him as a tool of Tammany Hall. Any truth to that? In the Gingrich/Forstchen universe, the South won at Gettysburg, but it didn't prove to be the end of the Civil War, and in fact, Ulysses S. Grant is called east to take command of the newly-formed Army of the Susquehannah to fight Lee. Sickles, who was not wounded at Gettysburg, violently puts down riots in New York City in order to show the elite of New York that he is their hero, and uses Tammany Hall to push for his being made Commander of the decimated Army of the Potomac, so that he can wrest control of the army from Grant, become a hero, and become elected President in 1864. It's important to remember, though, that Sickles and Tammany were Democrats, after all, and we know Newt's feelings for Democrats. User:Zoe|(talk) 23:33, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I have read all three books of the trilogy and found them greatly entertaining. As to your question, I think many New York politicians of the era were in bed with Tammany Hall and we know from real history that Sickles was a pretty slippery character, so I think the authors took a reasonable leap of imagination. Hal Jespersen 00:45, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Alternate History is "fiction", which is defined as "something invented by the imagination or feigned; specifically : an invented story". So no there is no truth in "Grant Comes East". It is just one more book, in a 150 year long tradition which is called the Lost Cause of the Confederacy; although in this particular alternate history the Confederacy still loses.  Nick Beeson (talk) 00:36, 11 August 2017 (UTC)

Layout
Does anybody know how to get the quote box to show up on the right, adjacent to the long info box? It would fit nicely there if possible. Currently it gets pushed down into the Civil War section instead of in the Trial section where it belongs which is quite confusing. Thanks in advance. -Cwenger (talk) 23:36, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Fixed, I think. See if that suffices. Hal Jespersen (talk) 01:39, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

 * That is certainly an improvement. Thanks Hal! -Cwenger (talk) 15:20, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Quote from McPherson
Is "Sickles's unwise move may have unwittingly foiled Lee's hopes." the actual quote from McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era or does it have "Sickles' "?

Graeme Cook (talk) 08:37, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I just checked. The article punctuates it exactly as Jim wrote it. Apparently professors at Princeton used the Chicago style guide as well. :-) Hal Jespersen (talk) 00:21, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

Hanna
The reference to Gettysburg Medal of Honor Recipients by Charles Hanna was inserted by me. It is very troubling, because almost 2.5 pages are quoted without change, or little change, without attribution. I do not know how long this text has been here, but however long, it was too long for it to be here without attribution.

Would some editor please read the original and rewrite this article to remove these huge quotes? Please.

You can find the text on the web. Nick Beeson (talk) 00:23, 11 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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== Looks like this is backwards. ". In both of these cases, it is easy to imagine the disastrous battle turning out very differently for the Union if Hooker had heeded his advice. — Charles Hanna, [19]" ==

Hooker lost because Sickles didn't heed his advice, but the subject quote is mixed up.50.66.161.123 (talk) 21:05, 19 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daniel Sickles


text:
File:Photo of Huang Yuanyung.JPG

 * 徐星翰.(2002年12月27日）. 人民網>>圖片>>時政圖片. Retrieved Oct. 2, 2004.

title: File:Photo of Huang Yuanyung.JPG


text:
User:Edgeworth

I'm awesome (compare with Chris Daley).

title: User:Edgeworth


text:
Peacham (disambiguation)

Peacham is a town in the U.S. state of Vermont

Peacham may also refer to:
 * Henry Peacham (born 1546), was an English curate, best known for his treatise on rhetoric titled The Garden of Eloquence first published in 1577
 * Henry Peacham (born 1578), son of Henry Peacham (born 1546), was a poet and writer, known today primarily for his book, The Compleat Gentleman, first printed in 1622

title: Peacham (disambiguation)


text:
Norwegian Association of Audiovisual Translators

The Norwegian Association of Audiovisual Translators (Norsk audiovisuell oversetterforening, NAViO) is an association organizing mainly translators dealing with subtitling for the cinema, television, video, DVD and Internet markets.

NAViO was established in 1997. Close to 140 translators have joined the association out of approximately 180 active translators in Norway (2007).

Main objectives
NAViO's main objectives are to
 * unite translators working within the audiovisual media,
 * protect the common economic interests of its members,
 * promote professional development and social exchange for its members,
 * work for the recognition of subtitlers as professionals and
 * make visible the cultural importance of the work performed by translators within the audiovisual media.


text:
RGS

RGS is the abbreviation of:

 * Burgos Airport, Spain, by IATA airport code
 * Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd
 * Raffles Girls' School (Secondary)
 * Redland Green School, Bristol
 * Regulator of G protein signaling
 * Reigate Grammar School
 * Remote Graphics Software, remote desktop protocol by Hewlett Packard
 * Restless genital syndrome, also known as persistent genital arousal disorder, a spontaneous, persistent, and uncontrollable genital arousal in women, unrelated to any feelings of sexual desire
 * RGS Atalanta, a revival of the Atalanta automobile after the World War II
 * Rio Game Show, original name of Brasil Game Show (BGS)
 * Rio Grande Southern Railroad, reporting mark RGS
 * Ripon Grammar School
 * Rosgosstrakh
 * Royal Geographical Society
 * Royal Grammar School (disambiguation), several schools in the United Kingdom
 * Rangasthalam, 2018 Indian film, abbreviated as RGS

title: RGS


text:
Talk:Bevelle

What do you guys think? Is it accurate enough? I think I did a wonderful job of changing this article from an ugly stub-duckling to a beautiful swan!

The majority of the plot details were taken from the history lesson with Maechen on Mount Gagazet.

I am very tired right now, but I may soon add more information on the current state of Bevelle.

PiccoloNamek 09:43, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

Why was this reopened?
Everyking and I already agreed it would be best to have it re-direct to Spira.

title: Talk:Bevelle