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Rail transport in New South Wales

The Australian state of New South Wales has an extensive network of railways, which were integral to the growth and development of the state. The vast majority of railway lines were government built and operated, but there were also several private railways, some of which operate to this day.

Organisation
During the 20th century, the railways have always been run by a state-owned entity, which has undergone a number of different minor name changes, including the New South Wales Railways, New South Wales Government Railways, Department of Railways. From 1972, it was part of the Public Transport Commission and from 1980, the State Rail Authority. In 1989, the SRA was split into CityRail, CountryLink and FreightCorp, the latter business being sold in 2001 to Pacific National.

Three government entities currently have responsibility for the New South Wales heavy rail lines. They are:
 * Transport Asset Holding Entity – asset owner
 * Sydney Trains – infrastructure operator, maintainer, and operator of suburban train services, and
 * NSW TrainLink – operator of regional train services

Since 2003, the NSW interstate, Sydney metropolitan freight, Hunter Valley coal, and country branch line networks have been run by private operators. Until January 2012, these networks were all operated by the Australian Rail Track Corporation, however control of the Country Regional (branch line) Network moved to John Holland in January 2012. In January 2022, UGL commenced a 10 year contract to operate the Country Regional Network.

History
New South Wales' railways date from 10 December 1831 when the Australian Agricultural Company officially opened Australia's first railway, located at the intersection of Brown and Church Streets, Newcastle. Privately owned and operated to service the A Pit coal mine, it was a cast-iron fishbelly rail on an inclined plane as a gravitational railway.

Many proposals for routing the proposed lines were put forth, researched, surveyed and reported on. Three main routes for the Main Southern line were reported on by Mr Woore. There were three main routes researched for crossing the Blue Mountains requiring much effort just for the surveys.

The first public line was built from Sydney to Parramatta Junction (actually in Granville) and opened in 1855. The first six stations were; Sydney, Newtown, Ashfield, Burwood, Homebush, and Parramatta. The first common-carrier railway to operate in Australia, however, was the Melbourne & Hobson's Bay Railway Company, in Victoria, which opened on 12 September 1854, over a year before the Sydney–Parramatta Railway in NSW, which opened on 26 September 1855.

After two decisions to change the rail gauge, problems in raising capital and difficulties in construction, the line was opened in 1854, and lines have been built to standard gauge ever since. The Main Southern line was built in stages from Parramatta Junction to the Victorian border at Albury between 1855 and 1881 and connected to the Victorian Railways at a break-of-gauge in 1883.

The standard gauge connection from Albury to Melbourne was opened in 1962, completing the Sydney–Melbourne railway. Lines were built to connect the ports of Sydney and Newcastle to the rural interior, and the Main Western line was built from Parramatta Junction line to the north west of the state, reaching Bourke between 1860 and 1885. The Main North line was built from Newcastle to Wallangarra on the Queensland border and connecting with Queensland Railway's line to Brisbane at a break of gauge between 1857 and 1888. Sydney and Newcastle were connected in 1889.

Much of the construction of the Main Western, Main Southern, and Main North lines were completed under the supervision of John Whitton, considered the Father of New South Wales railways, Engineer-in-Charge for the New South Wales Railways, serving between 1856 and 1899.

Construction of the shorter and single-gauge North Coast railway line between Sydney and Brisbane commenced in 1905 and was completed with the opening of the Grafton Bridge in 1932. The last main line was completed to Broken Hill in 1927, connecting with the South Australian Railways at a break of gauge. In 1970, the South Australian section was standardised, completing the Sydney–Perth standard gauge link. Meanwhile, branch lines proliferated over the settled east of the state, including the Illawarra line to Wollongong and Bomaderry completed in 1893. In 1926 work began on electrifying Sydney's urban railways and connecting them together via new lines.

Sydney suburban network

The first company to start rail transport in New South Wales was the Sydney Railway Company which was incorporated on 10 October 1849 with the aim of building a railway from Sydney to Parramatta. Capital was raised, shares were sold, and a route was surveyed. The first sod was turned by Mrs Keith Stewart (daughter of the Governor) at Cleveland Paddocks (an area between the southern end of the current Sydney station and Cleveland Street) on 3 July 1850.

The original engineer appointed was Francis Webb Sheilds, an Irishman. He persuaded the New South Wales legislature to pass an Act on 27 July 1852 requiring all railways in the colony to be of gauge. This was the gauge in use in Ireland and is now referred to as broad gauge. After Sheilds resigned because of the difficulties, a Scot named James Wallace was appointed. Wallace persuaded the legislature to repeal the previous act and replace it, on 4 August 1853, with one requiring a gauge of – the current standard gauge of. (Unfortunately for Australia, the legislation requiring the broad gauge had been noted in the colonies of Victoria and South Australia and some rolling stock ordered.)

The Sydney Railway Company encountered many troubles: engineers came and went; real estate required became expensive and difficult to acquire; money, supplies and manpower ran short, partly because of a gold rush. Eventually the property of the Sydney Railway Company was transferred to the government of New South Wales on 3 September 1855.

The line opened on 26 September 1855, from Sydney to Parramatta Junction (near Granville station), with stations at Newtown, Ashfield, Burwood and Homebush. The Sydney terminal station was on the south side of Devonshire Street, just south of the current Central station. Although the vicinity was sometimes referred to as Redfern, it was not near the current Redfern station. This line is still the core line of the Sydney suburban rail system.

Sydney's suburban rail network further developed from main line railways constructed in the 19th century, together with branches built in the late 19th and early 20th century. The existing network was electrified from 1926 at 1500 V DC under a plan by John Bradfield (in the 1920s and 1930s) and later modifications to his plan. In 1932, the Sydney Harbour Bridge was completed and the key inner city line from Central to Town Hall, Wynyard, Milsons Point and North Sydney was opened. In 1956, the Circular Quay station opened, completing the City Circle. The underground Eastern Suburbs railway was completed to Bondi Junction in 1979. In 2000, the line to Sydney Airport and Wolli Creek was opened, with the Epping to Chatswood Rail Link being opened in 2009. The most recent addition to the suburban network is the South West Rail Link, opened in 2015.

A branch line was built from Clyde to Camellia in 1888 and extended to Carlingford in 1896 by private companies. The line went bankrupt in 1896 and the Government purchased and reopened it in 1900. This line was Sydney Trains' Carlingford line which is closed and being converted to light rail.

Another branch was built from Lidcombe to Regents Park in 1912 and extended to join the Main Southern Line at Cabramatta in 1924, creating an alternative route to Liverpool.

Main Southern line

An extension of the line from Parramatta Junction to Liverpool was opened on the first anniversary of the Sydney–Parramatta line – 26 September 1856. It was extended to Campbelltown in 1858, Picton in 1863, Mittagong in 1867, Marulan in 1868, Goulburn in 1869, Yass Junction in 1876, Binalong in November 1876, Galong, Harden- Murrumburrah and Cootamundra in 1877, Junee in 1878, Wagga Wagga in 1879, Uranquinty, The Rock and Henty in 1880 and Albury in 1881.

Victorian Railways broad gauge line from Wodonga was extended to Albury station in 1883. The standard gauge connection from Albury to Melbourne was completed in 1962. A branch line was opened from Goulburn to Queanbeyan (1885) and Cooma (1887) and an 8 km line from Queanbeyan completed the connection to Canberra in 1914.

Main Western line

The Main Western line was extended from Granville to the current Parramatta station and Blacktown in 1860 and Penrith in 1863. It was built over the difficult topography of the Blue Mountains by using zig zag railways at Lapstone (opened in 1867) and Lithgow (opened in 1869). Both of these sections were replaced by deviations, using tunnels by 1913. The line was extended to Bathurst (1876), Orange (1877), Dubbo (1881), and Bourke (1885).

Broken Hill line
A section of the current main line from Sydney to Broken Hill, was built from Orange to Molong (1885), Parkes (1893), Condobolin (1898) and Trida (1919). A separate section of standard gauge line was also opened from Menindee to Broken Hill in 1919, which met the gauge Silverton Tramway at a break-of-gauge opened in 1888.

At Cockburn, the Silverton Tramway connected with the South Australian Railways system to Port Pirie and via a break of gauge at Terowie to Adelaide. The final missing link between Trida and Broken Hill was completed in 1927. In 1969 the Broken Hill – Port Pirie was standardised, completing the Sydney – Perth standard gauge link.

Illawarra line
The Illawarra line was opened in stages progressively southward from Sydney starting in 1884 and reaching Wollongong in 1887 and Bomaderry, near Nowra in 1893. A branch line was built from Sydenham to Belmore in 1895, Bankstown in 1909 and Regents Park in 1928, which became part of the Bankstown Line of the Sydney Trains transport network.

Main North line

The first section of the Main North line was built in the Hunter Valley by the New South Wales Government Railways in 1857. It was extended north to Wallangarra in various stages, reaching the Queensland border and connecting with Queensland Railway's Southern line to Brisbane at a break-of-gauge in 1888. The final section between Strathfield and Newcastle was completed by the opening of the Hawkesbury River railway bridge in 1889.

North Coast line
The North Coast railway line was built between 1905 and 1932, and when completed, bypassed the Main North line and provided a quicker route up the eastern seaboard. The first part of the North Coast line was built between Casino and Grafton in 1905, as an extension of a line from Murwillumbah. It was extended from Casino to Kyogle in 1910 and South Brisbane in 1930. The section from Maitland junction to South Grafton was opened progressively between 1911 and 1922. The Clarence River at Grafton was the most difficult river to cross, and was the last section to be opened in 1932, upon completion of the Grafton Bridge.

Light rail
Light rail systems operate in Sydney and Newcastle. Some metropolitan heavy rail lines have been partially or substantially converted to light rail.

In Sydney, the Inner West Light Rail incorporates much of the former Rozelle–Darling Harbour Goods Line. Most of the Carlingford line and a portion the Sandown line, the latter leading to a depot, were incorporated into the Parramatta Light Rail. Meanwhile, the CBD and Southeast Light Rail was built anew.

The Newcastle line was truncated and part of the corridor utilised by the Newcastle Light Rail.

The Royal National Park branch, a former heavy rail line running from Loftus into the Royal National Park, is now operated by the Sydney Tramway Museum.

Private railways
A number of private lines were built to connect the South Maitland coalfields (discovered in 1886) with the Great Northern Railway at East Greta Junction near Maitland. By 1918 most of these had been merged into the South Maitland Railway.

A narrow gauge railway was built by South Australian Railways from Port Pirie to Broken Hill, in 1888 to serve its silver and lead mine, which was becoming the largest and richest of its kind in the world. Since the New South Wales Government would not allow the South Australia Railways to cross the border, the last 30 km was built by a private company as a tramway, the Silverton Tramway from Cockburn to Broken Hill. In 1970 the line was replaced by a standard gauge South Australia government line, completing the standard transcontinental gauge line from Sydney to Perth.

The Byron Bay Train is a passenger service in Byron Bay using a 620 class railcar converted for solar operation.

A number of other private railways have been built in New South Wales to serve coal mines, steel works, notably the Port Kembla steel works, formerly operated by BHP (now BlueScope) and quarries, especially in the first half of the 20th century.

Though both networks are publicly owned, services on Sydney's light rail network are operated by Transdev and Sydney Metro services are operated by Metro Trains Sydney.

Foreign railways
Because parts of New South Wales are closer to adjacent states than the state owned railway, foreign lines of different gauges have extended short distances into New South Wales.

These include:
 * Silverton Tramway from South Australia to Broken Hill via Silverton – gauge
 * Queensland Railways' South Coast line from Queensland to Tweed Heads – gauge. This line operated from 1903 to 1961 when the Qld Government closed the line
 * Several hundred metres of gauge from the break-of-gauge station at Wallangarra, Queensland into yards in Jennings, NSW which remains in place

The Deniliquin line was the first gauge line to be extended into the state. Permission was granted to the Deniliquin & Moama Railway Company by the New South Wales Government in 1874 to construct a line 45 mi long line from Moama to Deniliquin, connecting with the Victorian Railways system at the Murray Bridge, near Echuca and the line was opened in 1876. This was followed in 1906 when an agreement was made between both states for the Victorian Railways Tocumwal line to be extended north into Tocumwal. Opened in 1908, both states shared construction costs for the line but the profit (or loss) would be Victoria's.

The final stage was in 1917 when the Border Railway Commission (made up be representatives of both states) recommended favourably on the construction of four additional Victorian lines into New South Wales, culminating in the 1922 Border Railways Acts of both states. The Deniliquin & Moama Railway Company was taken in 1923 at a cost of £165,000. New construction included the Balranald, Oaklands, Stony Crossing, and Lette lines. Only the Deniliquin and Oaklands lines are still open for traffic. Balranald was closed in stages from 1986 to 2008. Stony Crossing line was closed beyond the Victorian border in 1943. The Lette line was never opened. Construction, which began in 1926, reached Koorakee before further work was abandoned in 1943.

title: Rail transport in New South Wales


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Mariko Kouda

Mariko Kouda (國府田 マリ子) is a Japanese actress, voice actress, J-pop singer and radio personality. She graduated from Kasukabe Kyōei High School and went on to major in Communications at Tamagawa University in Machida City, Tokyo, graduating in 1990. Kouda has had at least one song appear on the program Minna no Uta.

She was a member of the J-pop voice acting group, Drops, until they disbanded. They were most well known for singing the ending theme to the anime Doki Doki School Hours although they did perform a couple of concerts one of which was released on DVD.

She works for the talent management firm Aoni Production. Her most notable roles include Okinu from Ghost Sweeper Mikami, Miki Koishikawa from Marmalade Boy and Shaorin from Mamotte Shugogetten.

Television animation

 * Anime World Fairytales (Gretel)
 * Black Jack (Rei Asato)
 * Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo (Ruby, Denbo)
 * Chance Pop Session (Reika)
 * CLAMP School Detectives (Miyuki)
 * Crayon Shin-chan (Young Witch Marie)
 * Detective Academy Q (Mitsuru Hōshō)
 * Digimon Savers (Sayuri Daimon)
 * Doraemon (Yukari Aozora, Maho, girl)
 * Fortune Quest (Max)
 * Ghost Sweeper Mikami (Okinu)
 * Goldfish Warning! (Shuko)
 * Gun X Sword (Vivian)
 * HappinessCharge PreCure! (Queen Mirage)
 * Haunted Junction (Hanako Hasegawa)
 * Jibaku-kun (Kuinsheru)
 * Kaginado (Nayuki Minase)
 * Kamisama Kazoku (Fumiko Komori)
 * Kanon (Nayuki Minase)
 * Kemono Friends (Moose)
 * Kyōryū Bōkenki Jura Tripper (Ojō)
 * Mamotte Shugogetten (Shaorin)
 * Marmalade Boy (Miki Koishikawa)
 * Masamune-kun's Revenge (Momo)
 * Meiken Lassie (Priscilla)
 * Monster Farm (Holly)
 * Nintama Rantarō (Yuki)
 * Nyaruko: Crawling With Love (Luhy Distone)
 * One Piece (Kaya)
 * Panpaka Pants (Croli)
 * Pokémon (Sakura)
 * Princess Connect! Re:Dive (Misato)
 * Rosario + Vampire Capu2 (Mako Yakumaru)
 * Shūkan Storyland (Nami)
 * Smile PreCure! (Ikuyo Hoshizora)
 * The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz (Dorothy)
 * Tanoshii Willow Town (Annie)
 * Ultraman Kids: 30,000,000 Light Years in Search of Mother (Nōji)
 * Vampire Knight (Juri Kuran)
 * Welcome to Demon School! Iruma-kun Season 3 (Vepar)
 * Xenosaga (Febronia)

OVA

 * Denshin Mamotte Shugo Getten! (Shaorin)
 * Dirty Pair Flash (Yuri)
 * Dragon Half (Lufa)
 * Galaxy Fraulein Yuna (Shiori)
 * Gall Force Revolution (Catty Nebulart)
 * Gestalt (anime) (Suzu)
 * Harukaze Sentai V Force (Natsuki Aoi)
 * Hozuki's Coolheadedness (Toyotama-hime)
 * Idol Project (Mimu Emiruton)
 * Kanon (Nayuki Minase)
 * Maps (Hoshimi Kimizuka)
 * Miyuki-chan in Wonderland (Miyuki)
 * Ryūki Denshō (Myū)
 * Shonan Junai Gumi (Namiki Ibu)
 * Special Drama Fantasian na Nichijō (Madoka)
 * Spectral Force (Azerea)
 * The Super Dimension Fortress Macross II: Lovers, Again (Amy)
 * Tattoon Master (Nima)
 * Tekkaman Blade II (Yumi Francois)
 * Twinbee:Winpī no 1/8 Panic (Madoka)
 * Twinbee Paradise (Madoka)
 * Virgin Fleet (Ise Haruoshimi)

Theatrical animation

 * A·LI·CE (Maria)
 * Dragon Quest: Dai no Bōken (Gome)
 * Ghost Sweeper Mikami (Okinu)
 * Marmalade Boy (Miki Koishikawa)
 * Spring and Chaos (Toshi)

Video games

 * Aoi Namida (Mana Fujihara)
 * BS Zelda no Densetsu: Inishie no Sekiban (Princess Zelda)
 * Doki Doki Pretty League (Chiaki Nonohara)
 * Dōkyūsei (Yui Sakuragi)
 * Dragon Shadow Spell (Prinveil)
 * Dragon Knight III (Marie)
 * FIST (Masumi Dotsuki)
 * Free Talk Studio ~Mari no Kimama na O-Shaberi~ (Mari Kousaka, Natsumi Kawai)
 * Galaxy Fraulein Yuna series (Shiori)
 * Granblue Fantasy (Gabriel)
 * Hot Shots Golf (Nanako and Ayaka)
 * Kanon (Nayuki Minase)
 * Langrisser I & II (Liana, Lána)
 * Makeruna! Makendō 2 (Madonna)
 * Medarot NAVI (NAVI, Navi-Commun)
 * Megami Paradise II (Lilith)
 * Mitsumete Knight (Ann)
 * Otome-teki Koi Kakumei★Rabu Rebo!! (Natsumi)
 * Popful Mail (Mail (PC-Engine version))
 * Project X Zone 2 (Dr. Chizuru Urashima)
 * Puyo Puyo CD 2 (Trio the Banshee)
 * Ryūki Denshō: Dragoon (Myū)
 * Super Real Mahjongg P IV (Aina)
 * Twinbee Paradise (Madoka)
 * Twinbee RPG (Madoka)
 * Xenosaga (Febronia)

Dubbing

 * Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper (Serafina)
 * Freaks and Geeks (Lindsay Weir)
 * Jawbreaker (Marcie Fox)
 * Stressed Eric (Maria Gonzalez, Various)

Live action

 * Eat & Run (Marie)
 * Looking For
 * Setsunai
 * Voice

Radio

 * Banana Hōsōkyoku Young Radio Grand Prix
 * Chikada Haruo no Lion Package Song
 * Doyō no Yoru Desu: Uha Uha Daihōsō Anime Street
 * Furumoto Shinnosuke no Parachute Yūgekitai
 * Kobayashi Yutaka no Super Gang Nouveau
 * Kouda Mariko no Come On Funky Lips!
 * Kouda Mariko no Doki Doki On Air
 * Kouda Mariko no Game Museum
 * Kouda Mariko no GM (part of OBC's V-Station)
 * Kouda Mariko no Nebusoku Radio: Yume ha Sora Iro
 * Kouda Mariko no Taisetsu ni Oboerumono no ga Issho nara Ii yo ne
 * Kore ga Sō na no ne, Koneko-chan
 * MBS Radio Ore-tachi Yattemāsu Getsuyōbi
 * Mō Sugu Ore-tachi xxx Yattemāsu
 * Nazo Nazo Dreamin'
 * Ore-tachi Yattemāsu
 * Ore-tachi xxx Yattemāsu
 * Ore-tachi xxx Yattemāsu Next
 * Shao & Taisuke no Kon'ya mo Sugo Getten
 * Tensai! Hayamimi Radio-kun: Kouda Mariko no Honjitsu mo Game Sanmai
 * Twinbee Paradise
 * Twinbee Paradise 2
 * Twinbee Paradise 3
 * TV Game Radions R
 * Uha Uha Daihōsō Anime Street
 * Ultra Mania Banzai
 * Voice of Wonderland

Other

 * CD Data FANet Artist Information: Kouda Mariko
 * Idol on Stage
 * Minna no Uta: Ame nochi Special
 * Music Jump
 * Music Voice: Seiyū Idol Daishūgō
 * Seishun Adventure: Majo-tachi no Tasogare
 * Yūshoku Banzai CX

Konami Music

 * Bokura no Suteki (written by Masami Tozawa/ composed by Katsuki Maeda) / Harmony (composed by Miki Matsubara), 1994
 * Mimikaki wo shiteiru to (written by Masami Tozawa/ composed by Toshio Kamei) / Dare no Sei demo nai Futari (written by Masami Tozawa/ composed by Miki Matsubara), 1995
 * Watashi ga Tenshi dattara ii noni (written by Yoshiko Miura, Mariko Kouda/ composed by Miki Matsubara) / Machibuse (written/composed by Yumi Matsutōya), 1996
 * Yume wa Hitori mirumono janai (composed by Miki Matsubara) / Owaranai Encore (composed by Akio Minami), 1996
 * Egao de aishiteru (written/composed by Tomoko Tane) / Dore dake aisareru ka janakute (composed by Miki Matsubara),1997
 * Kaze ga tomaranai (written/composed by Tomoko Tane) / Soba ni iru kara (written/composed by Mariko Kouda), 1997
 * Ame nochi Special (composed by Miki Matsubara) / Iidasenakute (composed by Uni Inoue), 1997
 * Looking For (composed by Marron Nagatsuki) / Ōzora no Achira e (composed by Tatsuya Nishiwaki), 1998
 * Cobalt (composed by Hideshi Hachino) / Sha-La-La~Futari~ (composed by Miki Matsubara), 1998
 * Taisetsu ni Omoerumono ga issho nara ii yone (composed by Marron Nagatsuki) / Ganbare! Rōnin (composed by Uni Inoue), 1998
 * Matte imashita (written/composed by Tomoko Tane) / Taiyō de ikō! (composed by Kaori Okui), 1999

King Records
On King Records
 * Chikyū no Omoi～Hoshi no Omoi～ / Ame Agari no Asa ni / Setsuna.
 * Clear / Nemuri no Umi
 * Hachimitsu / Sekaichū no Post / Natsu Iro no Hana
 * Hana / Machi ni Kesarenaimono / Hifumi yo
 * Jiyū na Tsubasa / Daisuki Nandamono!
 * Kara no Te no Hira / Namida Kumo no Ue ni / Nichiyōbi no Taikutsu
 * Kimi ga Iru Sora / Yasashii Tsuki
 * Kokoro no Yajirushi / Asa Iro no Wappen / Eki made no Michi wo
 * Monshirochō / Deatta Goro ni / Fukukaze no Naka de
 * Niji ga Yonderu / Koi ha Bōken
 * Sabishigari ya no Koi / Wasurenai de～Forever We're Together～ / Henachoko
 * Sono Toki made / Spice / Boku no Seikatsu
 * Ta·ra·ra / Serial to Kiss / Haruka～To My Mother & Father on the Earth～
 * Wish (as Shaorin)

Drama

 * CD Drama: Eiyū Densetsu III: Shiroki Majo (Kurisu)
 * Dengeki CD Bunko: Samurai Spirits (Nakoruru)
 * Falcom Special Box '97 CD Drama: Eiyū Densetsu III vs. Brandish VT (Kurisu)
 * Kishō Seireiki 1: Shūchū Gōu no Tsubishikata (Yumemi, Naiasu, Suhichimi, Ugaia)
 * Kishō Seireiki 2: Tadashii Taifū no Okoshikata (Yumemi, Naiasu, Suhichimi, Ugaia)
 * Kishō Seireiki 3: Shōryō-san to no Sugoshikata (Yumemi, Naiasu, Suhichimi, Ugaia)
 * Popful Mail Paradise (Kachūsha)
 * Popful Mail: The Next Generation (Kachūsha)
 * TARAKO Pappara Paradise (Kachūsha)
 * Tinkle Saver NOVA (Hayana Suzuna)
 * Zelda no Densetsu Sound & Drama (Zelda)

Albums

 * Aitakute
 * B Side Collection
 * Daisuki na Uta
 * Happy! Happy! Happy!
 * Kiss (mini album)
 * Kono Sora kara Kikoeru
 * Mariko Kouda Concert Tour '95–'96: Owaranai Encore
 * Metronome
 * My Best Friend (best album)
 * My Best Friend 2 (best album)
 * My Best Friend 3 (best album)
 * Nande Datteba!?
 * Neiro Enpitsu Jūni Iro
 * Pure
 * Pure Energy (selection album)
 * Sora
 * Twinbee Vocal Paradise featuring Mariko Kouda (best album)
 * Vitamin Punch!
 * Vivid
 * Yatte Miyō

Other albums

 * Eru Sanku: Koiki na Kanajo-tachi (vol.1-5)
 * GS Mikami Utsukushiki Dōbōsha (vol.1-5)
 * Honki ni Shinai de / Itsuka May Be
 * Idol Project Special CD (included in limited edition of game)
 * Kimi ga Daisuki / Happy Birthday Present
 * Kuchibiru ni Promise
 * Made in Heaven: Ai no Bride
 * Melody: Dakishimete / Story
 * Minna Chikyū no Nakama-tachi: Pink no Wani
 * Mitsumete Knight Original Soundtrack (only includes Ann's game version of the song which is slightly different from the full version)
 * Mitsumete Knight ~Vocalize~ (contains Ann's full version of her song)
 * Moment
 * Saigo no Yakusoku / Kyō no Owari ni
 * Seiyū Grand Prix Club Special '95 '96
 * Sunday Island
 * Tenshi no Sugao (OVA insert CD single)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mariko Kouda


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title: User:Libber


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Heping

Heping may refer to:

 * Heping, Taichung (和平區), a district in Taichung, Taiwan

Places in Mainland China

 * Heping District, Tianjin (和平区)
 * Heping District, Shenyang (和平区), Liaoning
 * Heping County (和平县), of Heyuan, Guangdong

Subdistricts

 * Heping Subdistrict, Shaoguan, in Zhenjiang District, Shaoguan, Guangdong
 * Heping Subdistrict, Gaobeidian, Hebei
 * Heping Subdistrict, Handan, in Congtai District, Handan, Hebei
 * Heping Subdistrict, Wuhan, in Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei
 * Heping Subdistrict, Baotou, in Donghe District, Baotou, Inner Mongolia
 * Heping Subdistrict, Ulan Hot, Inner Mongolia
 * Heping Subdistrict, Xuzhou, in Quanshan District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu
 * Heping Subdistrict, Meihekou, Jilin
 * Heping Subdistrict, Anshan City, in Tiedong District, Anshan, Liaoning
 * Heping Subdistrict, Fushun, in Wanghua District, Fushun, Liaoning
 * Heping Subdistrict, Fuxin, in Haizhou District, Fuxin, Liaoning
 * Heping Subdistrict, Zibo, in Zhangdian District, Zibo, Shandong
 * Heping Subdistrict, Taiyuan, in Wanbailin District, Taiyuan, Shanxi
 * Heping Subdistrict, Tacheng, Xinjiang
 * Heping Subdistrict, Xiangtan, a subdistrict of Yuhu District, Xiangtan City, Hunan

Towns

 * Heping, Shaowu, Fujian
 * Heping, Zhangping, Fujian
 * Heping, Wuwei, in Liangzhou District, Wuwei, Gansu
 * Heping, Yuzhong County, Gansu
 * Heping, Shantou, in Chaoyang District, Shantou, Guangdong
 * Heping, Teng County, Guangxi
 * Heping, Huishui County, Guizhou
 * Heping, Yanhe County, in Yanhe Tujia Autonomous County, Guizhou
 * Heping, Qiongzhong County, in Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County, Hainan
 * Heping, Tailai County, Heilongjiang
 * Heping, Wudalianchi, Heilongjiang
 * Heping, Guiyang County, Hunan
 * Heping, Huai'an, in Qingpu District, Huai'an, Jiangsu
 * Heping, Fenxi County, Shanxi
 * Heping, Changxing County, Zhejiang

Townships

 * Heping Township, Yuexi County, Anhui
 * Heping Township, Longxi County, Gansu
 * Heping Township, Longsheng County, in Longsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County, Guangxi
 * Heping Township, Sanjiang County, in Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County, Guangxi
 * Heping Township, Tongren City, Guizhou
 * Heping Township, Zhaoyuan County, Heilongjiang
 * Heping Township, Hengyang, in Zhuhui District, Hengyang, Hunan
 * Heping Township, Faku County, Liaoning
 * Heping Township, Huangyuan County, Qinghai
 * Heping Township, Anyue County, Sichuan
 * Heping Township, Nanjiang County, Sichuan
 * Heping Township, Xinlong County, Sichuan
 * Heping Township, Zigong, in Da'an District, Zigong, Sichuan
 * Heping Township, Yunxiao County, Zhejiang

Historical eras

 * Heping (河平, 28BC–25BC), era name used by Emperor Cheng of Han
 * Heping (和平, 150), era name used by Emperor Huan of Han
 * Heping (和平, 354–355), era name used by Zhang Zuo, ruler of Former Liang
 * Heping (和平, 460–465), era name used by Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei

title: Heping


text:
Talk:Marek Kamiński

Untitled
What was so special about his climbs of Kilimanjaro to be denoted as "expedition" worthy? RedWolf 06:50, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Marek Kamiński


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Talk:Lorentz–Lorenz equation

Lorenz in German is pronounced the same as Lorentz in Dutch... -- Myria 06:50, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

If LorenTz "derived the formula independently in 1870", he was obviously a bright lad! (As the linked Wikipedia article shows) he was only born in 1853.

Lorenz and his work are often confused with that of the more famous H A Lorentz. In this case, it *might* be a doubled attribution of a single derivation. Note the closeness of dates, 1869 and 1870. An alternative suggestion is that Lorenz (the older man, without a 't') first *publicized* the formula in 1869 (e.g. at a physics conference), and had it published the following year (e.g. in a journal). Further research could yeasay or naysay this.

(The article may be derived from "The Hutchinson Encyclopedia; September 22, 2003; 191 Words  ... the mathematical relationship between the refractive index and the density of a medium was published by Lorenz in 1869 and by Hendrick Lorentz (who discovered it independently) in 1870, and is therefore called the Lorentz-Lorenz formula . Using his electromagnetic ...") 212.219.231.1 11:36, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

A more natural explanation is that the mentioned dates are just wrong. The original publications seem to be the following: Both authors then published their findings in 1880 in Wiedemanns Annalen: --ulm (talk) 14:08, 28 May 2009 (UTC)
 * L. Lorenz: "Experimentale og theoretiske Undersögelser over Legemernes Brydningsforhold". Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter. 5. Reihe. 8. p. 205. 1869 und 10. p. 485. 1875.
 * H.A. Lorentz: "Over het verband tusschen de voortplantingssnelheid van het licht en de dichtheid en samenstelling der middenstoffen". Verhandelingen der Akad. van Wet. te Amsterdam, Deel 18, 1878.
 * L. Lorenz: "Ueber die Refractionsconstante", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Vol. 247 (1880), Issue 9, p. 70–103,.
 * H.A. Lorentz: "Ueber die Beziehung zwischen der Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit des Lichtes und der Körperdichte", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Vol. 245 (1880), Issue 4, p. 641–665.

title: Talk:Lorentz–Lorenz equation


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Staphylococcal enteritis

Staphylococcal enteritis is an inflammation that is usually caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with staph enterotoxin. The toxin, not the bacterium, settles in the small intestine and causes inflammation and swelling. This in turn can cause abdominal pain, cramping, dehydration, diarrhea and fever.

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobe, coccal (round shaped) bacteria that appears in grape-like clusters that can thrive in high salt and low water activity habitats. S. aureus bacteria can live on the skin which is one of the primary modes of transmission. S. aureus can cause a range of illnesses from minor skin infections to Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning enteritis. Since humans are the primary source, cross-contamination is the most common way the microorganism is introduced into foods. Foods at high risks are those prepared in large quantities. Staphylococcus aureus is a true food poisoning organism. It produces a heat stable enterotoxin when allowed to grow for several hours in foods such as cream-filled baked goods, poultry meat, gravies, eggs, meat salads, puddings and vegetables. It is important to note that the toxins may be present in dangerous amounts in foods that have no signs of spoilage, such as a bad smell, any off color, odor, or textural or flavor change.

Enteritis is the inflammation of the small intestine. It is generally caused by eating or drinking substances that are contaminated with bacteria or viruses. The bacterium and/or toxin settles in the small intestine and cause inflammation and swelling. This in turn can cause abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, fever, and dehydration. There are other types of enteritis, the types include: bacterial gastroenteritis, Campylobacter enteritis, E. coli enteritis, radiation enteritis, Salmonella enteritis and Shigella enteritis.

Symptoms and signs
Common symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning include: a rapid onset which is usually 1–6 hours, nausea, explosive vomiting for up to 24 hours, abdominal cramps/pain, headache, weakness, diarrhea and usually a subnormal body temperature. Symptoms usually start one to six hours after eating and last less than 12 hours. The duration of some cases may take two or more days to fully resolve.

Pathogenesis
S. aureus is an enterotoxin producer. Enterotoxins are chromosomally encoded exotoxins that are produced and secreted from several bacterial organisms. It is a heat stable toxin and is resistant to digestive protease. It is the ingestion of the toxin that causes the inflammation and swelling of the intestine.

Diagnosis
For the detection of Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning which can lead to staphylococcal enteritis a stool culture may be required. A stool culture is used to detect the presence of disease-causing bacteria (pathogenic) and help diagnose an infection of the digestive tract. In the case of staphylococcal enteritis, it is conducted to see if the stool is positive for a pathogenic bacterium.

Prevention
Staphylococcal enteritis may be avoided by using proper hygiene and sanitation with food preparation. This includes thoroughly cooking all meats. If food is to be stored longer than two hours, keep hot foods hot (over 140 °F) and cold foods cold (40 °F or under). Ensure to refrigerate leftovers promptly and store cooked food in a wide, shallow container and refrigerate as soon as possible. Sanitation is very important. Keep kitchens and food-serving areas clean and sanitized. Finally, as most staphylococcal food poisoning are the result of food handling, hand washing is critical. Food handlers should use hand sanitizers with alcohol or thorough hand washing with soap and water.

Tips for hand washing:

1. Wash hands with warm, soapy water before and after handling raw foods.
 * a. First, wet your hands.
 * b. Add soap to your hands.
 * c. Rub both sides for at least 20 seconds.
 * d. Rinse thoroughly.
 * e. Air dry, or dry your hands with a clean towel or paper towel.
 * d. Rinse thoroughly.
 * e. Air dry, or dry your hands with a clean towel or paper towel.
 * e. Air dry, or dry your hands with a clean towel or paper towel.
 * e. Air dry, or dry your hands with a clean towel or paper towel.

2. Always wash your hands after using the bathroom, after changing a baby's diaper, after touching pets or other animals, and after sneezing or coughing

3. Properly dress or glove.

Treatment
Treatment is supportive and based upon symptoms, with fluid and electrolyte replacement as the primary goal. Dehydration caused by diarrhea and vomiting is the most common complication. To prevent dehydration, it is important to take frequent sips of a rehydration drink (like water) or try to drink a cup of water or rehydration drink for each large, loose stool.

Dietary management of enteritis consists of starting with a clear liquid diet until vomiting and diarrhea end and then slowly introduce solid foods. It is also important to avoid foods that are high in fiber or are possibly difficult to digest.

title: Staphylococcal enteritis


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Chaoyang District

Chaoyang District may refer to the following locations in the People's Republic of China:

 * Chaoyang, Beijing (北京市 朝阳区)
 * Chaoyang, Changchun (吉林省 长春市 朝阳区), Jilin
 * Chaoyang, Shantou (广东省 汕头市 潮阳区), Guangdong

title: Chaoyang District


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User talk:Mayank0007

Countries around the world are experiencing different problems related to economic growth. One article i read somewhere stated that economic growth also depends on the spending attributes of countries.

American economy believes in the power of spending and is running into huge deficits and on the other hand Japanese culture is such that people there prefer to save. The aversion to spending is to such an extent that there is hardly any expenditure even when the real savings rate is NEGATIVE!!

One suggestion to induce the public to expend more could be....

Start minting coins of higher denomination... There is a little bit of human psychology involved here. When spending on something; its much easier to pay up a few change coins rather than breaking a note!!

Its just a thought. Others views are deeply desired!!

title: User talk:Mayank0007


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User:Sketch

Mainly active in ja.wikipedia.org

User page on ja.wikipedia.

ja:利用者:Sketch

title: User:Sketch


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Talk:White army

Stop making this disambiguation a redirect. --Tomtom 06:58, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:White army


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Queen's College, Hong Kong

Queen's College, Hong Kong was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP

I read that high schools are supposed to be notable if they have 2,000 students or more but since this school never had more than 2,000 students at any one time I suspect that it needs to be deleted. --JuntungWu 06:59, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Exactly where did you read this? I'm still searching, so far in vain, for any evidence of consensus or policy regarding articles on high schools. As far as I know, every high school article is case-by-case on its own merits. Some of us try to have consistent personal criteria for voting on these articles, but they are personal. It is really helpful when people label such opinions as such, as -Iceaxejuggler has done below. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 14:38, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Looks notable to me (famous alumni, one of the first founded there, etc.) Keep--Samuel J. Howard 11:39, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Famous alumni and first government founded are also notable Size isn't everything. :) Keep. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 12:13, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * To be honest I am just worried from reading all of the talk about high schools having a high barrier for survive "Votes for Deletion" that this article (that I am hoping to work on later) may not survive the cull. --JuntungWu 14:50, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Also seems fine to me, regardless of the answer to my question on the talk page. Recommend a Keep. - RedWordSmith 17:29, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. High schools have a high bar to meet to be notable. --Improv 19:18, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Seems to establish notability, keep — siro  χ  o  20:54, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Not a great list of alumni, one really, really famous one and a couple I haven't heard of. But since I suspect he makes the school notable for, ooh, about a billion people, it's a keep. Average Earthman 10:50, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I guess you mean Sun Yat-Sen. Indeed politically, Henry Fok Ying Tung maybe the most powerful Hongkonger in modern China. -wshun 01:37, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Don't listen to all the naysayers who seem to claim that there's a policy on school notability. There isn't. It's just their personal opinion. -- Necrothesp 09:31, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think we should keep all schools.  --Iceaxejuggler 10:07, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * K Wiki is not paper, but some day it might be. Notable schools only, please.  But being the first of its kind is notable enough, as is the particularly well-known (to grossly understate a point) alumnus. Chris 06:36, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It is notable.  Besides that: Hail, Alma Mater! long live to Queen's College... ^_^ -- Felix Wan 20:18, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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William Russ

William Russ (born October 20, 1950) is an American actor and television director. He played Alan Matthews on the sitcom Boy Meets World (1993–2000) and appeared in the television series Wiseguy, the soap operas Another World and The Young and the Restless and the feature films The Right Stuff (1983), Pastime (1990) and American History X (1998).

Career
Russ' acting first began on the New York stage before he embarked onto a television and film career. In 1977, he had his first supporting role in Death Bed: The Bed That Eats. This film would not be officially released until 2003.

During the 1980s, Russ found work in more supporting roles such as Crisis at Central High (1981), a television film also starring Academy Award winning actress Joanne Woodward, The Border (1981), The Right Stuff (1983) as Slick Goodlin, St. Elsewhere (1986) and Crime Story (1986).

He continued finding work in both television and film. He also guest-starred in the television series Miami Vice in the notable 1985 episode "Evan" as the title character, an ATF agent who shared a history with Don Johnson's character, Sonny Crockett. He made fourteen appearances on the 1987–1990 crime drama Wiseguy as Roger Lococco.

Russ received critical acclaim when he starred in Pastime (1991) as Roy Dean Bream, a veteran minor league hurler who mentors a young phenomenon. The role earned him a nomination at the 1992 Independent Spirit Awards for "Best Male Lead."

In 1993, he was cast as Alan Matthews on the television sitcom Boy Meets World. Russ played this role until the series ended in 2000. Russ also directed several episodes of the series during the last three seasons. His other television directing credits include directing one episode of both Lizzie McGuire and Rude Awakening.

However, he continued performing in other series and films throughout his time on Boy Meets World, primarily television films. In 1998, he performed as Danny and Derek Vinyard's father in the critically acclaimed American History X. Later, he starred in the short-lived television serial drama Mister Sterling.

In fall 2009, it was announced that Russ would be cast as the new character Tucker on The Young and the Restless. Russ' time on the show was short, however, as it has been announced the role of Tucker was being recast with Stephen Nichols replacing Russ in the role.

Russ is the star of the comedy web series Home at Last. In the series, he portrays "Bob", a homeless man who moves in with the son he abandoned at birth.

In 2014, Russ reprised his role of Alan Matthews from Boy Meets World on its spinoff Girl Meets World. In season 2, he joined the production crew, and directed one episode, being the only cast member to direct episodes of both Boy Meets World and Girl Meets World.

Awards and nominations
Independent Spirit Awards
 * 1992: Nominated, "Best Male Lead" – Pastime

title: William Russ


text:
User:Drux

So I was (when I first wrote this) relatively new to Wikipedia, and will try to become a good citizen over time.

These days I am mainly editing and polishing articles about authors whose books I have enjoyed.

title: User:Drux


text: Category:Animation anthology series

title: Category:Animation anthology series


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Category talk:Christmas characters

Religious characters
The inclusion of real objects of worship and veneration here as "Christmas characters" is a little concerning, though perhaps necessary -- referring to Jesus, Lucy of Syracuse, Saint Nicholas, Three Wise Men (and the surely soon to come Mary, mother of Jesus and Saint Joseph, of course) Mpolo 07:13, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)

Other characters
Kris Kringle is missing

Missing Characters
Blitzen the Reindeer, and other Reindeers, are also missing. 76.93.198.189 (talk) 15:20, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Christmas characters


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Joseph Mitchell (writer)

Joseph Quincy Mitchell (July 27, 1908 – May 24, 1996) was an American writer best known for his works of creative nonfiction he published in The New Yorker. His work primarily consists of character studies, where he used detailed portraits of people and events to highlight the commonplace of the world, especially in and around New York City.

Early life
Mitchell was born on July 27, 1908, on his maternal grandfather's farm near Fairmont, North Carolina, and was the son of Averette Nance and Elizabeth Amanda Parker Mitchell. He had five younger siblings: Jack, Elizabeth, Linda, Harry, and Laura. Mitchell's father, a fourth generation cotton and tobacco farmer, was a Southerner steeped in the values of the Baptist church, and he tried to instill these values into his children. As his eldest son, Averette hoped that Mitchell would someday take over the family business and continue the family's legacy.

Mitchell's adventurous personality as a child contradicted his father's staunch work ethic and traditional Southern values. From a young age, Mitchell was deeply touched by nature. He loved to climb trees, and it was one of the few activities that allowed an outlet for his young imagination to develop. He also tended to escape to the swamps surrounding his father's property as often as he could, as it allowed him to feel connected to the world around him. Mitchell stated, "the water mesmerized me; everything in it interested me, still or moving, dead or alive."

Education
Mitchell left home and attended college at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1925. As a journalism major, he was "a solid if not superior student," and he was successful in humanities courses such as history, language, music, and literature and explored classes in nearly every subject. Aside from his studies, he began writing for the campus literary magazine and newspaper as a sports reporter. Because he had no aptitude for mathematics, he was unable to successfully finish his degree. He left college and moved to New York City in 1929.

Family
On February 27, 1932, he married Therese Jacobsen, a reporter and photographer. They remained married until her death in 1980, and had two daughters, Nora and Elizabeth.

Mental health
Joseph Mitchell suffered from depression all of his life. An unsteady relationship with his father and his lack of belonging in his two homes of North Carolina and New York left Mitchell isolated and listless for much of his life. He lived in an era of psychology that focused purely on anxiety, and doctors regarded depression as a severe side effect of existing anxiety. However, symptoms of this condition did not clearly manifest in his life until late in his career. Many of Mitchell's coworkers, as well as his biographer, Thomas Kunkel, tell of the toll the subjects of his works had on him, specifically his greatest subject, Joe Gould. Mitchell once remarked to Washington Post writer David Streitfeld, "You pick someone so close that, in fact, you are writing about yourself. Joe Gould had to leave home because he didn't fit in, the same way I had to leave home because I didn't fit in. Talking to Joe Gould all those years he became me in a way, if you see what I mean." Even with Joe Gould as a way to explore his own reality, Mitchell began to attract characters with similar attributes. In a feature within The New Yorker magazine, Charles McGrath notes that "the critic Stanley Edgar Hyman first pointed out that the people Mitchell wrote about more and more resembled himself: loners, depressives, nostalgists, haunters of the waterfront, cherishers of arcane information. The characters in his pieces began to share a similar voice; they all sounded a little like Mitchell."

From 1964 until his death in 1996, Mitchell would go to work at his office on a daily basis, but he never published anything further, other than the "Author's Note" introducing Up in the Old Hotel. Although he struggled to publish, he did write hundreds of pages of manuscripts for several pieces, including his own memoir, which Thomas Kunkel used extensively in writing Mitchell's biography. After he died, his colleague Roger Angell wrote:"Each morning, he stepped out of the elevator with a preoccupied air, nodded wordlessly if you were just coming down the hall, and closed himself in his office. He emerged at lunchtime, always wearing his natty brown fedora (in summer, a straw one) and a tan raincoat; an hour and a half later, he reversed the process, again closing the door. Not much typing was heard from within, and people who called on Joe reported that his desktop was empty of everything but paper and pencils. When the end of the day came, he went home. Sometimes, in the evening elevator, I heard him emit a small sigh, but he never complained, never explained."While his battle with mental illness continued in the workplace, he was known by his family as a dependable and caring father and husband at home. Therese Jacobson and their children, Nora and Elizabeth, retained nothing but fond memories of their father, even though they knew he was struggling in his career.

Death
In 1995, Mitchell was diagnosed with lung cancer after he began experiencing back pain. The cancer eventually spread and metastasized in his brain. On May 24, 1996, Mitchell died at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in Manhattan at the age of 87. He was laid to rest in Floyd Memorial Cemetery in his hometown of Fairmont, North Carolina next to his wife. On his gravestone his daughters inscribed a quote from Shakespeare's seventy-third sonnet, one of his favorite lines in literature: "Bare ruined choirs, where late the sweet birds sang."

Career
Mitchell came to New York City in 1929, at the age of 21, with the ambition of becoming a political reporter. He worked for such newspapers as The World, the New York Herald Tribune, and the New York World-Telegram, at first covering crime and then doing interviews, profiles, and character sketches. In 1931, he took a break from journalism to work on a freighter that sailed to Leningrad and brought back pulp logs to New York City. He returned to journalism later that year and continued to write for New York newspapers until he was hired by St. Clair McKelway at The New Yorker in 1938. He remained with the magazine until his death in 1996.

His book Up in the Old Hotel collects the best of his writing for The New Yorker, and his earlier book My Ears Are Bent collects the best of his early journalistic writing, which he omitted from Up in the Old Hotel. Mitchell's last book was his empathetic account of the Greenwich Village street character and self-proclaimed historian Joe Gould's extravagantly disguised case of writer's block, published as Joe Gould's Secret (1964). Mitchell served on the board of directors of the Gypsy Lore Society, was one of the founders of the South Street Seaport Museum, was involved with the Friends of Cast-Iron Architecture, and served five years on the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. In August 1937, he placed third in a clam-eating tournament on Block Island by eating 84 cherrystone clams. In 2008, The Library of America selected Mitchell's story "Execution" for inclusion in its two-century retrospective of American True Crime. The February 11, 2013, edition of The New Yorker includes a previously unpublished portion of Mitchell's unfinished autobiography entitled "Street Life: Becoming Part of the City."

Character study
Seen throughout Joseph Mitchell's oeuvre is his distinct focus on the underdog characters, or the laymen of NYC, and the focus on unexpected characters. For example, Mazie is a central focus for a New Yorker article bearing her name. “Mazie” first appears in the print edition of the December 21, 1940, issue of The New Yorker. The piece, later published in Mitchell's collection of essays in Up in the Old Hotel, creates and canonizes Mazie, a woman who worked in the ticket booth of The Venice theater. Mitchell's meticulous reporting skills result in an account of Mazie complete with factual details, close observation, and direct quotations. Critics believe Mazie resembles Mitchell himself: they share an affinity for remembering small facts and giving attention to the overlooked members of society. Mazie P. Gordon is tough and blunt. Detective Kain of the Oak Street Police Station declares that Mazie “has the roughest tongue and the softest heart in the Third Precinct. In Mitchell's profile, her life is confined to the ticket booth of the movie theater where she socializes with “bums” that come and go from the surrounding flophouses. Direct conversations detail her interactions with her community.

Mitchell was open to taking on the challenge of profiling the female central character of Mazie. The writing process was challenging until his central character would give him “the revealing remark.” The 1938 World Telegram description of Mazie P. Gordon reveals she was known as “Miss Mazie” to the men she interacted with around the Venice Theatre. She is blonde, kind, and has exaggerated hair and makeup. Two years later, when Mitchell profiled Mazie in The New Yorker, some critics called Mitchell an anthropologist in his description. Mazie becomes more than just a blonde and kind woman, and instead is shown to be complex and strong-willed. Mitchell's close observation of Mazie set a new standard for writers and reporters. Mitchell's curiosity without judgement inspired writers to continue Mazie's legacy.

The character of Mazie is popularized by the novel Saint Mazie by Jami Attenberg. She encountered “Mazie” through Mitchell's collection of his magazine pieces, and used Mitchell's profile to fashion Mazie into a fictional character. Ultimately, Mazie archetypes Mitchell's distinct characteristics that intrigue readers. Much of this intrigue, for all of Mitchell's underdog characters, comes from the access he provides into the lives of the people that the readers of the New Yorker wouldn't normally meet. The Rivermen, for instance, would be irrelevant people to most of NYC citizens until Mitchell brings them into focus for the readers. In yet another way, Rats on the Waterfront (Thirty-Two Rats From Casablanca) tells a compelling story where the central character is not even human. Mitchell's focus on these unlikely characters gives his nonfiction a very distinct character.

Time and passing
The term "Mitchell time" was coined by novelist Thomas Beller to describe the gauzy effect in Mitchell's writings. He goes on to further describe Mitchell's temporal dimension as a "strange and twilight place where a density of historical fact and the feeling of whole eras fading from view are sharply juxtaposed with the senses of cinematic immediacy related in the present tense." Mitchell's distinctive voice can be seen in many, if not all, of his works. The most notable example of "Mitchell time" is seen in the story Mr. Hunter's Grave where the narrative tells of the overlapping of many eras occurring in one small location.

Landscape study
Joseph Mitchell was born in North Carolina, yet throughout the majority of his writing career he centered his writing around New York City and its subjects. He brought a distinct and unique style of reporting to NYC that stemmed from his Southern upbringing. Mitchell was said to have brought the ultimate Southern courtesy of accepting “people on their own terms”. Although he was a Brooklyn police reporter at first, by the time he moved to work in Harlem he began to connect with the “raffish side” of the NYC borough and it was here that his deep affection for NYC and its people started to blossom. Scholars claim that Mitchell's 1959 collection entitled The Bottom of the Harbor is his best and most “elegiac account of New York”. It is here that Mitchell references not only the underdog characters of NYC, but also the underdog places - such as the Fulton Fish Market; a reoccurring place of study in this water based collection. For example, Dragger Captain is “the story of an old salt in the fleet out of Stonington, Connecticut, that supplies the Fulton Fish Market with flounder”. But it is once again Mitchell's character selection in The Bottom of the Harbor that allows him to portray NYC in his signature matte style. The subjects "are mainly old men, they are custodians of memory, their stories a link with the history of a city that has always been mercantile at heart." Additionally, Mitchell liked to visit the Edgewater Cemetery, which was the inspiration for one of his most famous articles - Mr. Hunter’s Grave. From North Carolina he “brought an interest in wildflowers” and these flowers “could be found most easily in overgrown cemeteries around New York City.” Mitchell managed to discover these quaint everyday places as he would often set off to work in his New Yorker office, but instead, he would carry on walking, taking in NYC and its landscape. Indeed, much of Mitchell's work was conceived due to his enchanted meandering of NYC where he “walked the city incessantly. . . little escaped his notice”

"Up in the Old Hotel"
In Joseph Mitchell's feature "Up in the Old Hotel'," Mitchell explores the Fulton Fish Market of New York, specifically Sloppy Louie's Restaurant. He features the owner of the space, and explores the character in full before adventuring up the old elevator shaft with Louie and exploring the abandoned and sectioned-off old hotel space.

In his opening, Mitchell surveys the personality of the man he has this experience with, setting the mood for the entire piece. Louie is an Italian immigrant who worked for years in restaurants around the city until The Crash of 1929, when the property that is now his restaurant finally came into his price range. It was never the flashiest or nicest building, but it was near the market and was successful in housing a small restaurant. Louie is constantly experimenting with his dishes, making his shop the place to stop and try a new kind of fish, or other seafood. Growing up in a small Italian fishing village himself, he does not shy away from different flavors and possibilities with his fish. He's a humble and gentlemanly man who adds an air of propriety and humility to everything he does; he works the same as any of his employees to keep his restaurant running, doing the same jobs, and always keeps a white cloth folded over his arm for the sake of class, even when he's only running the register. He maintains relationships with his regular customers, like Mitchell, and fosters business relationships with the fishermen that bring their catches to the dock for sale at the Fulton Market.

"Up in the Old Hotel" isn't just the story of Louie, or Sloppy Louie's, but about the closed-off elevator shaft that not even Louie has ever traveled up into. This comes about over breakfast, when Louie tells Mitchell he may need to add extra tables to the second floor of his place to make up for the growing lunch crowds coming in. When Mitchell points out he has four empty floors above them, Louie explains that only the first two floors have stairs to access them, and the rest of the building is closed off. Out of pure curiosity, Mitchell agrees to be the man who will go up to the unused four floors with Louie for the first time, when the opportunity arises. The elevator shaft, the equipment, nor the space above have not been used or even really touched since it was closed off, making it a particularly risky endeavor for both of the men, and upon realizing it is safe to use, they travel up to the old hotel that hasn't been seen by anyone in  decades.

Up on the first blocked floor, the two men find the remains of what was once a high-end hotel, finding bureaus with playing cards, hangers, mirrors, and the sign to the reading room. The environment itself is depressing to Mitchell, and he decids the leave immediately, so neither of the men bother to go to the floor above them.

This feature by Mitchell really clings to his notions of the passage of time, and the coming change in New York, and the rest of the world.

"Mr. Hunter's Grave"
"Mr. Hunter's Grave" was published by The New Yorker on September 22, 1956. To this day, the piece remains one of Mitchell's biggest journalistic successes, with an array of positive reviews. "Mr. Hunter's Grave" was republished in one of Mitchell's collections, Up In The Old Hotel, which was released in 1992. The article is based on an encounter Joseph Mitchell had with an African-American man named George Hunter, who lived in Sandy Ground, a black community in Staten Island, one that is credited with being the oldest, established, free black community in the United States.

This article in particular begins with what one could consider a “typical Mitchell day” and allows for the reader to get closer to Mitchell, in a sense. One day, Mitchell wakes up, admittedly feeling stressed from his surroundings, packs a couple sandwiches, and decides to go down to Staten Island to explore the cemeteries. Mitchell walks the reader through a number of cemeteries he enjoys walking in on days like that day, which include places such as “Woodrow Methodist Church on Woodrow Road in the Woodrow community, or to the cemetery of St. Luke’s Episcopal Church on the Arthur Kill Road in the Rossville community, or to one on the Arthur Kill Road on the outskirts of Rossville” before leading the reader to The South Shore, a more rural part of Staten Island, where trees tend to dominate, and a place where some of the oldest graveyards can be found, (Mitchell). Mitchell continues his exploration of several graveyards, stopping at gravestones, studying them, reading the names off them, and moving vines and dirt from certain ones he ponders upon. Mitchell begins to grow weary, preparing to leave the graveyard off of Rossville until he notices a wildflower that catches his attention, drawn to the grave of a Rachel Dissoway, which is when Mitchell is noticed by the rector of the graveyard, Mr. Brock.

The two men discuss Mitchell's interest in wild flowers, particularly peppergrass, which leads to Mr. Brock telling Mitchell about a cemetery in a black community off of Bloomingdale Road. Mr. Brock gives Mitchell the contact of a Mr. G. Hunter, who is the chairman of trustees of the Methodist Church in the community, Sandy Ground, where Mitchell would like to go look for peppergrass. Mitchell, using the information given to him by Mr. Brock, contacts Mr. Hunter, and sets up a time to meet the man at his house that coming Saturday morning, for him to explore Sandy Ground.

On Saturday morning, Mitchell arrives at Mr. Hunter's home, where he is greeted by Mr. Hunter, who at the time of his arrival is icing a cake. In the time while Mitchell is at Mr. Hunter's home, Mitchell learns a great deal about the history of Sandy Ground. While in the kitchen, the two men discuss various things, such as the wildflower pokeweed. The older women of Sandy Ground, including Mr. Hunter's mother, believed that its roots had healing properties, even though others generally regard them as poisonous. Following this, there's commentary about what kind of wood Mr. Hunter's house is built of, and talk about how much he despises flies while the two men are sitting on the porch (as well as a discussion about the history of Sandy Ground, which started due to the wanting of oysters). Following the incident with the flies, Mr. Hunter and Mitchell begin their trip to the graveyard.

On the way to the graveyard, Mitchell discusses more discussion regarding Mr. Hunter's family and himself, including the fact that Mr. Hunter wasn't born in the South, but his mother was; more so, his mother was a slave from Virginia, and her mother before her. After Mr. Hunter's mother's slavery days, she moved to Brooklyn, where she met and married his father, although after his father served a sentence, the family moved to Sandy Ground, hoping to get work by harvesting oysters. After his father's death, Mr. Hunter's mother married a man from Sandy Ground, who Mr. Hunter did not much care for, but goes into the history of his step family nonetheless. Mr. Hunter then goes on to discuss how he too became a drunk, and several jobs he had such as a bricklayer and a business owner, before marrying his first wife. Mr. Hunter reveals that he was married twice, and lost both his wives. He also reveals that he had a son who died.

After this revelation, the two men enter the cemetery. They discuss different roots, some of which Mitchell is familiar with, and one he is not, until they come across a grave that Mr. Hunter says is his Uncle's. Mr. Hunter, while Mitchell explores a little more, works on getting the vines off the gravestone, so the two men can better observe it. Following this, the two men stop at a number of different graves, with Mr. Hunter narrating short life stories of each individual they tend to stop at. The routine of stopping, narrating, and continuing comes to a cease upon the two men reaching Mr. Hunter's plot, where he will actually not be buried due to a mishap, which Mr. Hunter explains clearly and emotionally, admitting it outraged him. Taking two steps further, Mr. Hunter shows Mitchell where he will be buried in all actuality, stating, “'Ah, well, (…), it won’t make any difference'” ending the article, (Mitchell).

The article, like many others acquired a level of scrutiny following the publication of a Mitchell biography written by Thomas Kunkel in 2015. Kunkel's biography brought to light several fascinating facts about Joseph Mitchell's life, however, some of the information opened a wormhole, specifically the revelation that certain pieces of Mitchell's articles were fabricated and the period of time of which the events took place shortened. Many critics, it appears, were distraught, including Michael Rosenwald, a writer for the Columbia Journalism Review. Following the publication of the book, Rosenwald wrote an article entitled, “‘I Wish This Guy Hadn’t Written This Book’”.

In this article, Rosenwald explores his own relationship with Mitchell, stating how the man influenced both himself and other generations of writers and how his favorite article by him is "Mr. Hunter's Grave", then goes into his disappointment about what was put in the Kunkel biography, stating, “For me, learning these things was like a kid discovering his favorite baseball player whacked long home runs while juicing on steroids,” showing the betrayal he felt. Rosenwald's article includes the opinion of another well respected journalist, Gay Talese, who Rosenwald is friends with. Upon reading the biography, and hearing about it himself, Rosenwald records that Talese said something along the lines of, “'To hear that one of the guys I grew up admiring did things I don’t think I’d want to be accused of doing, it’s troubling and sad'”.

"Dragger Captain"
In January 1947 "Dragger Captain" appeared in The New Yorker in two parts. In this profile Mitchell talks to and follows 47-year-old Ellery Thompson who is captain of a dragger boat named Eleanor. The Eleanor works out of Stonington port in Connecticut. Mitchell chooses Ellery Thompson as he is “the most skillful and the most respected of the captain in the Stonington fleet”. Mitchell and Captain Thompson soon find that they have compatible personalities, allowing Mitchell to accompany Ellery during his drags. Throughout the article we gradually learn more about Ellery as a person and not just a dragger captain. Ellery's brother, Morris, died at sea trying to combat poor sailing conditions to try and make a living. Ellery has to then drag for his own brother's body, giving us an insight as to the reason why Ellery looks upon life “with a droll world-weariness”.

But Ellery is also a kind and thoughtful man. For example, unlike other draggers, he keeps the best lobster he catches for himself and his crew. When the oceanographers from Yale University sail with him on the Eleanor one day a month he flies an “old Yale pennant”. The article closes with Frank, one of Ellery's two crew mates, telling an interesting folk tale. The story is about Old Chrissy, “an old rascal of a woman that was the head of a gang of Block Island wreckers”. The gig was that Chrissy and her crew would lure ships in “with false lights, & they killed the sailors & the passengers, so there wouldn't be any tales told”. On one occasion she unknowingly lures in her own son's ship. But, she chooses to “clout him on the head. ‘A son’s a son,’ she said, ‘but a wreck’s a wreck”.

“Dragger Captain” was met with much critical acclaim. So much so, that the rights were acquired by Warner Brothers and it was rumored that they were going to “develop it for Gary Cooper”. Thompson was promised 10% of any proceeds by Mitchell. Ultimately though, nothing came of the rumors with Mitchell calling it “studio commissary gossip” and stating that “the only truth in it is that a writer has been assigned to try and work out a script on dragger finishing, using the Profile as background”.

Joe Gould's Secret
In Joe Gould's Secret (1965), Mitchell expanded upon two earlier New Yorker profiles, “Professor Sea Gull” (1942) and “Joe Gould’s Secret” (1964), concerning Joe Gould, an eccentric bohemian living in New York City. Following Gould's death, Mitchell embarks on a search for the massive book Gould had long claimed to be writing, An Oral History of Our Time. Mitchell soon learns that the purportedly nine-million-word work of oral history does not exist. However, he finds that Gould is a popular and central figure within a number of New York circles. Extending Mitchell's abiding concerns with the anti-hero and the New York landscape, Joe Gould's Secret also captures the essence of Gould's non-existent oral history by preserving the life and voice of Joe Gould.

Gould's writing is digressive and self-referential; however, Mitchell's writing in Joe Gould’s Secret diverges from his previous works. Mitchell often speaks in first person while offering personal accounts and memories revolving around the plot. Furthermore, Gould's nonexistent “Oral History” is an attempt to capture the voices of the plebeian class, or the anti-heroes. Mitchell's entire work, especially Joe Gould’s Secret, captures the selfsame essence. His work often revolves around character study, in which he captures Joe Gould's profile. Gould struggles with writing and rewriting the first few chapters of his “Oral History” because of writer's block. Ironically, Mitchell, himself, is struggling with a degree of writer's block in which he was unable, later in life, to continue his previous writing output.

Critical reception
Critical reviews of Mitchell's works are almost overwhelmingly positive. Many critics have labeled Mitchell "the best reporter in the country" and marked him as the writer with whom "any writer with aspirations in literary journalism...has to reckon with," and the writer that "transform[ed] the craft of reporting into art". William Zinsser states that Mitchell serves as the "primary textbook" for "nonfiction writers of any generation". Critics credit Mitchell's strength as a writer to his "skills as an interviewer, photographic representation of his characters and their speech, deadpan humor, and graceful, unadorned prose style". Critics also note that it is Mitchell's "respect and compassion for his subjects" that allows him to explore uncomfortable themes like "mortality, change, and the past". Throughout Mitchell's career, he has been praised for his "ear for dialogue and eye for detail, genuine interest in the lives of his subjects, rhythmic, simple prose". For many critics, Mitchell serves as the model writer for "generations of nonfiction writers" In the latter part of Mitchell's career, critics began to note that the tone of his writing had become "increasingly nostalgic" but that he retained his "earthly sense of humor and obvious delight in making new discoveries about New York". One notable literary critic, Noel Perrin, notes that "Mitchell described the life and even the very soul of New York as perhaps no one else ever has". Other critics question Mitchell's legacy as a journalist because of his tendency to "cross a line" between fiction and nonfiction, often "shaping the facts" of his stories to offer "the core 'truth' of the story" rather than "its interior factuality". One critic asks, "knowing [Mitchell] fabricated and embellished, how should we view his legacy?"

In popular culture
In 2000, Joe Gould's Secret, a feature film directed by Stanley Tucci and written by Howard A. Rodman, was released. It focuses on the relationship between Mitchell (played by Tucci) and Joe Gould (Ian Holm) during the 1940s.

Mitchell is portrayed in The Blackwell Series, an indie computer game series revolving around paranormal themes. In the second game of the series, the player encounters Mitchell during the prolonged writer's block of his later years. In the third game of the series, the player encounters ghosts of both Mitchell and Joe Gould.

Mitchell is referenced by the editor of the Baltimore Sun, Gus Haynes, in the last episode of the HBO drama The Wire. Steve Earle's song "Down Here Below", from Washington Square Serenade, mentions Mitchell directly saying, “I saw Joe Mitchell's ghost on a downtown 'A' train. He just rides on forever now that the Fulton Fish Market's shut down."

1931–1939

 * Comment With E.B. White Comment (January 16, 1931)
 * Comment With E.B. White Comment (August 12, 1932)
 * High Hats' Harold D. Winney & Joseph Mitchell The Talk of the Town (June 9, 1933)
 * Reporter at Large They Got Married in Elkton A Reporter at Large (November 3, 1933)
 * Home Girl Profiles (February 23, 1934)
 * Reporter at Large. Bar and Grill. A Reporter at Large (November 13, 1936)
 * Mr. Grover A. Whalen and the Midway A Reporter at Large (June 25, 1937)
 * The Kind Old Blonde Fiction (May 27, 1938)
 * Reporter at Large A Reporter at Large (August 19, 1938)
 * Mrs. Bright and Shining Star Chibby Fiction (October 28, 1938)
 * I Couldn't Dope it Out Fiction (December 2, 1938)
 * Christmas Story A Reporter at Large (December 16, 1938)
 * Obituary of a Gin Mill A Reporter at Large (December 30, 1938)
 * Downfall of Fascism in Black Ankle County Fiction (January 6, 1939)
 * The Little Brutes! A Reporter at Large (February 3, 1939)
 * Dignity. The Talk of the Town (February 10, 1939)
 * All You Can Hold For Five Bucks. A Reporter at Large (April 7, 1939)
 * Plans The Talk of the Town (April 14, 1939)
 * Hotfoot The Talk of the Town (April 21, 1939)
 * The Catholic Street A Reporter at Large (April 21, 1939)
 * Houdini's Picnic A Reporter at Large (April 28, 1939)
 * More Plans The Talk of the Town (April 28, 1939)
 * Uncle Dockery and the Independent Bull Fiction (May 5, 1939)
 * Windsor's Friends With Russell Maloney The Talk of the Town (May 19, 1939)
 * The Hospital Was All Right Fiction (May 19, 1939)
 * A Mess of Clams A Reporter at Large (July 21, 1939)
 * Goodbye, Shirley Temple Fiction (September 8, 1939)
 * Mr. Barbee's Terrapin A Reporter at Large (October 20, 1939)
 * The Markee Profiles (October 27, 1939)
 * Sunday Night Was a Dangerous Night Fiction (November 24, 1939)

1940–1949

 * I Blame it All on Mamma Fiction (January 5, 1940)
 * Santa Claus Smith of Riga, Latvia, Europe A Reporter at Large (March 22, 1940)
 * The Old House at Home Profiles (April 14, 1940)
 * Lady Olga Profiles (July 26, 1940)
 * Evening with a Gifted Child A Reporter at Large (August 23, 1940)
 * Second-Hand Hot Spots Profiles (September 13, 1940)
 * Mazie Profiles (December 14, 1940)
 * New Resident. With Eugene Kinkead & Harold Ross The Talk of the Town (January 24, 1941)
 * Mr. Colborne's Profanity-Exterminators Profiles (April 25, 1941)
 * But There is No Sound A Reporter at Large (September 12, 1941)
 * The Tooth Profiles (October 24, 1941)
 * King of the Gypsies Profiles (August 7, 1942)
 * Professor Sea Gull Profiles (December 4, 1942)
 * Comment Comment (April 23, 1943)
 * A Spism and a Spasm Profiles (July 16, 1943)
 * The Mayor of the Fish Market Profiles (December 24, 1943)
 * Rebate. With F. Whitz The Talk of the Town (February 25, 1944)
 * Thirty-Two Rats from Casablanca A Reporter at Large (April 21, 1944)
 * Coffins! Undertakers! Hearses! Funeral Parlors! A Reporter at Large (November 17, 1944)
 * Solution. (March 2, 1945)
 * Mr. Flood's Party A Reporter at Large (July 27, 1945)
 * Dragger Captain. Profiles (December 27, 1946)
 * Dragger Captain: Professors Abroad Profiles (January 3, 1947)
 * Incidental Intelligence With Brendan Gill The Talk of the Town (August 15, 1947)
 * The Mohawks in High Steel A Reporter at Large (September 9, 1949)

1950–1964

 * The Bottom of the Harbor Profiles (December 29, 1950)
 * The Cave Profiles (June 20, 1952)
 * Comment With Brendan Gill Comment (May 6, 1955)
 * The Beautiful Flower Profiles (May 27, 1955)
 * Three Men With Brendan Gill The Talk of the Town (April 20, 1956)
 * Mr. Hunter's Grave Profiles (September 14, 1956)
 * Observer With John McCarten The Talk of the Town (November 14, 1958)
 * The Rivermen Profiles (March 27, 1959)
 * Joe Gould's Secret - I Profiles (September 11, 1964)
 * Joe Gould's Secret Profiles (September 18, 1964)

2000–2015

 * Takes Takes (May 28, 2000)
 * Street Life Personal History (February 3, 2013)
 * Days in the Branch Personal History (November 24, 2014)
 * A Place of Pasts Personal History (February 9, 2015)

title: Joseph Mitchell (writer)


text:
Medicine Hat (provincial electoral district)

Medicine Hat was a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada, mandated to return members to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1905 to 1971, and again from 1979 to 2019. The electoral district was named after the City of Medicine Hat.

History
The electoral district of Medicine Hat has existed in two iterations. The Medicine Hat electoral district was one of the original 25 electoral districts contested in the 1905 Alberta general election upon Alberta joining Confederation in September 1905. The district was carried over from the old Medicine Hat electoral district which returned a single member to the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories from 1888 to 1905. The member for the Northwest Territories seat, William Finlay would be elected in the 1st Alberta general election. Upon the electoral district's formation, it covered a large portion of rural south east Alberta. The district shrunk until it became an urban only riding surrounding the City of Medicine Hat.

The district was abolished in the 1971 electoral district re-distribution to become part of Medicine Hat-Redcliff, which was abolished in 1979 and once again became the Medicine Hat electoral district.

Under the 2004 Alberta electoral boundary re-distribution, the constituency covered the portion of the city north of the South Saskatchewan River, the Trans-Canada Highway and Carry Drive. The rest of the city and surrounding area was part of the Cypress-Medicine Hat constituency.

The 2010 electoral boundary re-distribution saw minor changes made to align the riding with new boundaries of Medicine Hat.

The Medicine Hat electoral district was dissolved in the 2017 electoral boundary re-distribution, and portions of the district would incorporate the Brooks-Medicine Hat to the North, and Cypress-Medicine Hat to the South for the 2019 Alberta general election.

Representation history
The provincial electoral district of Medicine Hat has a long history that goes back to 1888 under the old Medicine Hat, North-West Territories electoral district. The district was carried over when the province of Alberta was created in 1905.

The first election in 1905 saw former North-West Territories Assembly member William Finlay win the district in a hotly contested race. Finlay was re-elected in 1909 and resigned in 1910 so cabinet minister Charles Mitchell could have a seat in the Legislature.

Mitchell only held the district for one term before being defeated by Conservative Nelson Spencer in the 1913 election. Spencer's win was considered an upset. Spencer was re-elected by acclamation under Chapter 38 of the Elections Act in 1917 for serving in the Canadian Army during World War I. He retired from the Legislature in 1921 and moved to British Columbia.

The Liberal government passed a law in 1921 that turned Medicine Hat into a two-member constituency during the 5th Legislature. The two seats were won by United Farmers candidate Peren Baker who headed the polls and William Johnston, a Dominion Labor Party candidate who finished second. Baker was confirmed to a cabinet post by acclamation in a ministerial by-election on December 9, 1921.

Johnson died in 1925, vacating his seat. The by-election saw former Speaker of the Legislature Charles Pingle win the district for the Liberal party.

The district was once again mandated to return two members in 1926. This time they were elected through Single transferable voting. Pingle stood for re-election. Baker moved to the Cypress electoral district. Liberal Pingle and Conservative J.J. Hendricks were elected in this election. This was the first - and only - election held in this district using STV. Before the next general election the vote district was re-drawn smaller and only given one member and the method of election was changed to Instant-runoff voting.

Pingle died in 1928, forcing another by-election. Liberal candidate Hector Lang retained the seat for the party. He was re-elected in 1930 and was defeated, when he ran for a third term in 1935, by Social Credit candidate John Robinson.

Robinson held the district for five terms, being re-elected in 1940, 1944, 1948 and 1952. He was appointed Minister of Industries and Labour by Premier Ernest Manning in 1948 and held that post until his death in 1953.

The by-election in 1953 saw John Robinson's wife Elizabeth Robinson retain the seat for Social Credit. She held the district for three terms before dying in 1961.

The last by-election held in the district in 1961 saw Harry Leinweber become the third member of Social Credit to win the district. He was re-elected in 1963 and 1967 before retiring in 1971.

Medicine Hat was redistributed to include the town of Redcliff in 1971 boundary redistribution. The new riding was called Medicine Hat-Redcliff. The electoral district of Medicine Hat was re-created in 1979 containing just the city of Medicine Hat.

The first election in the new Medicine Hat district saw former Medicine Hat-Redcliff incumbent Jim Horsman won the district in a landslide winning a 10,000 vote margin over the second place candidate. He would improve on that victory winning his biggest margin in the 1982 general election finishing almost 12,000 votes ahead of second place. He was also re-elected in 1986 and 1989 before retiring in 1993.

Rob Renner was elected as a Progressive Conservative candidate for the first time in the 1993 general election. He was re-elected in 1997, 2001, 2004 and 2008.

Blake Pedersen was elected as a Wildrose candidate in 2012. On December 17, 2014, he was one of nine Wildrose MLAs who crossed the floor to join the Alberta Progressive Conservative caucus.

Bob Wanner was elected as a New Democratic Party (NDP) candidate in 2015.

1921 by-election
Due to laws existing in the Legislative Assembly Act a series of ministerial by-elections were needed to confirm members appointed to the Greenfield government. Seven by-elections in total were called for an election day of December 9, 1921. This was set for one week after the 1921 Canadian federal election.

The by-election writ was dropped on November 16, 1921, United Farmers incumbent Perren Baker who had been appointed as Minister of Education ran unopposed and was acclaimed at the nomination deadline held on December 2, 1921. The timing of the by-elections was deliberately chosen to coincide with the federal election to ensure that opposition candidates would be unlikely to oppose the cabinet ministers.

1925 by-election

 * 1) William McCombs was a candidate jointly nominated by the United Farmers of Alberta and the Dominion Labor Party. The party percent change is reflected from the combined party percentages in the 1921 general election.

1926
Two Members elected through STV. Pingle and Hendricks both elected.

1948 electrification lebiscite
District results from the first province wide plebiscite on electricity regulation.

1957 liquor plebiscite
On October 30, 1957 a stand-alone plebiscite was held province wide in all 50 of the then current provincial electoral districts in Alberta. The government decided to consult Alberta voters to decide on liquor sales and mixed drinking after a divisive debate in the Legislature. The plebiscite was intended to deal with the growing demand for reforming antiquated liquor control laws.

The plebiscite was conducted in two parts. Question A asked in all districts, asked the voters if the sale of liquor should be expanded in Alberta, while Question B asked in a handful of districts within the corporate limits of Calgary and Edmonton asked if men and woman were allowed to drink together in establishments.

Province wide Question A of the plebiscite passed in 33 of the 50 districts while Question B passed in all five districts. Medicine Hat just barely voted in favour of the proposal with the difference between Yes and No being four votes. Voter turnout in the district was slightly below the province wide average of 46%.

Official district returns were released to the public on December 31, 1957. The Social Credit government in power at the time did not considered the results binding. However the results of the vote led the government to repeal all existing liquor legislation and introduce an entirely new Liquor Act.

Municipal districts lying inside electoral districts that voted against the Plebiscite were designated Local Option Zones by the Alberta Liquor Control Board and considered effective dry zones, business owners that wanted a license had to petition for a binding municipal plebiscite in order to be granted a license.

2004
On November 19, 2004 a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.


text:
User talk:RoyaI

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Hadal 07:19, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Please stop moving articles to inappropriate titles. If you continue you will be blocked from editing. -- Hadal 07:20, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:RoyaI


text:
Allan, Saskatchewan

Allan is a town in west central Saskatchewan, Canada, about 65 kilometres south-east of Saskatoon.

History
Allan was incorporated as a village on June 9, 1910, though the first homesteaders, consisting of nine families travelling together, first started arriving in 1903. It was incorporated as a town in 1965. Those nine families finally settled in what is now the district of Allan in early June 1903 after rejecting several previous land claims with which they were unhappy.

Allan & District Communiplex
The town of Allan renamed the hockey rink in the Allan & District Communiplex to the Logan Schatz Memorial Rink in 2019. This was done in remembrance to Logan Schatz, the Humboldt Broncos captain who was from Allan and died in the Humboldt Broncos bus crash. Schatz is remembered as a natural leader, a good skater, and will be forever remembered by Allan and its surrounding communities.

Allan has a senior men's hockey team, called the Allan Flames.

Allan Swimming Pool
Allan Swimming Pool is a seasonal outdoor pool in Allan that operates from mid-June through September long weekend. The pool offers various swimming activities and programming from public swimming, Red Cross Swimming Lessons, and Royal LifeSaving Society Bronze Star, Medallion & Cross Program.

Allan Golf & Country Club
Allan Golf & Country Club is a 9-hole golf course in Allan that was opened in 1959.

Allan Community Heritage Society and Museum
Allan Community Heritage Society and Museum, housed in two buildings, is a free-to-access seasonal museum open from mid-May through mid-September. The displays change every year thanks to families in the community and surrounding areas who donate artifacts and items, and they have collected over 3000 photographs from families within the local area.

Transportation
Allan is located about 10 kilometres south of Estlow (which is on Highway 16) at the confluences of Highways 397, 763, and 764.

Just over 14 kilometres south of town, in the RM of Blucher, is the Allan Aerodrome.

The Canadian National Railway runs along the south side of town.

Education
Allan Composite School, ran by Prairie Spirit School Division, offers schooling from PreKindergarten to Grade 12.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Allan had a population of $625$ living in $266$ of its $279$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $644$. With a land area of 1.8 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Notable people

 * Jared Cowen – Professional hockey player

title: Allan, Saskatchewan


text:
Talk:OS-9

This discussion page is for the article OS-9 which is about an operating system produced by Microware in Iowa. The Macintosh OS (version 9) is another thing altogether.

Why the revert?
The article claims that OS-9 beat Apple by a number of years regarding the production of a multitasking OS with protected memory and a GUI. Apple had all of those things with its Lisa, a system that was in development for many years before it was released in 1983. Please provide proof that OS-9 beat Apple by providing dates in the article and citations.
 * BASIC09 (and so OS-9 development) were contracted for by Motorola during 6809 development. The first development version of the Lisa was based on the 6809 and perforce required chips for the development effort. Since Lisa was bloated, and repeatedly delayed, the time sequence suggested is prima facie plausible. The earliest version of OS-9 was available (for Gimix hardware, IIRC) in early 1982, unless my memory is lying to me. ww 06:34, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

What's the best free browser for OS 9?
Note that this section does not belong here. It refers to the Macintosh operating system, not the OS-9 of this article. It really should be moved. ww 06:36, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Moved from Reference desk. • Benc • 07:25, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks! Intrigue 03:37, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * As far as I can tell, the latest version of Mozilla provided for OS 9 is 1.2.1, which you can get at http://ftp.mozilla.org/pub/mozilla.org/mozilla/releases/mozilla1.2.1/mozilla-macos9-1.2.1-full.bin

 * WAMCOM creates MacOS classic binaries, apparently based on Mozilla 1.3.1, so that's more recent. That's at http://wamcom.org/latest-131/

 * --Kundor 04:57, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Try iCab too . adamsan 11:54, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * And don't forget Opera, which still has Mac OS Classic versions. {Ανάριον} 10:51, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Thanks! The Wikipedia mainpage crashes my iMac when I open it with IE5.3 for Mac... Intrigue 15:58, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The discussion page itself exemplifies the supposedly nonexistent confusion between Mac OS9 and OS-9. Nice bit of irony there.

OS-9 Easter Eggs
To Do: OS-9 Easter Egg section. (XCC compiler, SCF, and hidden messages in the kernel/modules.) --Allen Huffman 19:32, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

hard disk reference
I removed the following:

The major limitations (in both access time and maximum capacity) is that no mass storage other than floppy disk were supported by Radio Shack, nor did Radio Shack ever release a version of the CoCo with better hardware (that is, more hardware resources). Hard disks were available only from third party sources. Radio Shack continued to emphasize the games orientation for the machine until it was discontinued.

This statement is false. Tandy sold an MFM hard disk controller. I remember it was listed in the 1988 radio shack catalog. Oregonerik (talk) 22:02, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Unjustified Notability Guideline. Old != Non-Notable
Please consider removing the 'does not meet notability guidelines' notice on this article. It has adequate references. Even if OS-9 has for the most part fallen by the wayside of OS history, the fact that it is no longer in heavy use does not mean one should ignore its history. Microware, as a player in the 1980s and 1990s RTOS market, and computing systems such as the Tandy Color Computer, the Sharp X68000, Philips' CD-I etc. were significant during their time for those not isolated to working in the IBM PC sphere. It was widely used in many industrial control systems (Allen-Bradley manuals for their OS-9 systems are still widely available on the internet as one example) and at CERN (I will research and add references if required). If the criterion for Wikipedia entries on operating systems is confined to mainstream PC 'notability', then one should also consider removing the articles for BeOS, VxWorks, PSOS, microRTX, u/COS, QNX, and any other OS of which most non-technical people have never heard. Russtopia (talk) 08:00, 26 November 2012 (UTC)
 * WP:42. Notability means there are enough reliable sources so that a reasonably complete article can be written based on them. Arguing about neither WP:OLDAGE, WP:POPULARITY or that WP:OTHERCRAPEXISTS helps establish that. Right now there is only one actual citation in the article. If you can find more, please go ahead and do so. And please, start new topics on the bottom. Keφr (talk) 08:38, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:OS-9


text:
Allan

Allan may refer to:

People

 * Allan (given name), a list of people and characters with this given name
 * Allan (surname), a list of people and characters with this surname

 * Allan (footballer, born 1984) (Allan Barreto da Silva), Brazilian football striker
 * Allan (footballer, born 1989) (Allan dos Santos Natividade), Brazilian football forward
 * Allan (footballer, born 1991) (Allan Marques Loureiro), Brazilian football midfielder
 * Allan (footballer, born 1994) (Allan Christian de Almeida), Brazilian football midfielder
 * Allan (footballer, born 1997) (Allan Rodrigues de Souza), Brazilian football midfielder

Places

 * Allan, Queensland, Australia
 * Allan, Saskatchewan, Canada
 * Allan Water (Ontario), a river
 * Allan, the Allaine river's lower course, in France
 * Allan, Drôme, town in France
 * Allan, Iran (disambiguation), places in Iran
 * Bridge of Allan, Central Scotland, a town on Allan Water
 * Allan Water, a river in Central Scotland
 * Allan Water, Scottish Borders, a tributary of the River Teviot

Other uses

 * Allan, a Clan Grant split (or sept)
 * Ahlawat or Allan, an ethnic clan in India
 * Allan, a 1966 film directed by Donald Shebib
 * "Allan" (song), a 1988 song recorded by the French artist Mylène Farmer
 * Allan (magazine), Japanese magazine
 * Allan of Rotterdam, a former train and tram manufacturer in the Netherlands
 * Allan valve gear

title: Allan