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Yishun

Yishun, formerly known as Nee Soon, is a residential town located in the northeastern corner of the North Region of Singapore, bordering Simpang and Sembawang to the north, Mandai to the west, the Central Water Catchment to its southwest, Ang Mo Kio to its south, as well as Seletar and Sengkang to its east and southeast respectively.

Etymology
The name Yishun is the Mandarin Chinese equivalent of "Nee Soon", the given name of Lim Nee Soon (Chinese: 林義順), a prominent industrialist who made his fortune from the rubber and pineapple plantations he had in the area.

Yishun planning area is divided into sub-zones namely Khatib, Lower Seletar, Nee Soon, North Land, Springleaf, Yishun Central, Yishun East, Yishun South and Yishun West. Springleaf and Nee Soon subzones are private housing estates in Yishun.

Sub Planning Areas

 * Khatib
 * Lower Seletar
 * Northland
 * Nee Soon
 * Springleaf
 * Yishun Central
 * Yishun East
 * Yishun South
 * Yishun West

Shopping Malls

 * Northpoint City - The largest shopping mall in the North, it is located beside Yishun MRT station. Previously known as Northpoint Shopping Centre, it underwent its first expansion which was completed in 2009. It included a new building connected to the main shopping mall built on a plot of land next to it. The expansion increased the square footage of Northpoint Shopping Centre and had more shops as well. Additionally, Yishun Community Library moved to its new location, at the top floor of Northpoint Shopping Centre and was renamed Yishun Public Library. The shopping centre was opened in 1992 making it the first modern sub-urban mall in a major housing estate (new town). Currently, sub-urban malls are almost a standard feature in all housing estates. Northpoint Shopping Centre was then renamed Northpoint City. After undergoing a massive expansion in 2017, it is the first shopping mall in Singapore which includes an Integrated Transport Hub (ITH), a condominium called North Park Residences, a Yishun Public Library, connection to Yishun MRT station and Nee Soon Central Community Club. The latest expansion brings the number of shops and restaurants to 500.
 * Junction Nine - The first mixed development in Yishun. Situated at the junction of Yishun Ring Road and Yishun Avenue 9, Junction Nine is a seven-minute walk away from Yishun MRT station with Sheng Shiong Supermarket as one of its anchor tenants.
 * Wisteria Mall - Opened on 28 July 2018, Wisteria Mall is the only heartland mall in the southern part of a mature Yishun estate. Wisteria Mall has Fairprice Finest supermarket and Koufu Food Court as its anchor tenants.

Neighbourhood Centres

 * Chong Pang City - Chong Pang City is located in Neighbourhood 1. It has a collection of shophouses, a hawker centre and a market. There are small and family-run businesses as well as major retailers. Chong Pang City was the largest neighbourhood centre in Yishun until the opening of Northpoint Shopping Centre and Yishun 10.
 * Neighbourhood Centres - There are various neighbourhood centres such as Nee Soon East (Neighbourhood 2) and Khatib Central (Neighbourhood 8). A typical "heartland" neighbourhood centre would consist of stores such as provision stores, eateries (commonly called coffee shops), supermarket chains, mini-marts, clinics, local banks, and salons. In the last few decades, fast food outlets as well as pharmacies have opened in these areas.
 * Blossom Spring @ 461 - A small neighborhood hub that is manage and operate by Prime, located in Yishun Everspring, opened on 6 September 2019.
 * Yishun Park Hawker Centre - Operated by the Timbre Group, the Yishun Park Hawker Centre at Yishun Avenue 11 opened on 20th Sep 2017. The 800-seater hawker centre includes family-friendly features such as a play area, and a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tray return system. It also has top-up kiosks for cashless payments and is due to host arcade games and pinball machines, as well as weekend activities for community bonding.

Leisure Areas

 * ORTO - Formerly known as the Bottle Tree Park, ORTO was closed down mid-2023 to make way for future housing developments. It was Singapore's First 24 Hour Multi Recreational Leisure Park with activities such as prawning, freshwater sports fishing, longkang fishing, jump at Katapult Trampoline Park, drift karting at Maximum Drift Karting Arena, paintball games at Red Dynasty Paintball Park and kick the ball with Uber Sports Futsal. Additionally, ORTO catered for corporate events and weddings.
 * Ground-Up-Initiative (GUI) Kampung Kampus - Boast activities ranging from farming programmes, craft workshops and even camping! This is a family friendly place that is a must to visit.

Learning Spaces

 * Yishun Public Library - Previously named Yishun Community Library, it was previously located at Yishun Street 22 and was relocated to Northpoint City and was renamed Yishun Public Library in 2008 and now features a larger floor area to cater to the different needs of the Yishun population, with books for both children and adults. It underwent renovations in 2018 to better serve the Yishun residents.
 * Tzu Chi Humanistic Youth Centre - Houses areas for youth to flourish. Amenities include plant-based cafe and artisan bakery, Wellness Studio, Arts Studio, Makerspace, Sustainable Workshops, Bookstore cafe, Multi-purpose hall equipped with AV and lighting, Co-working space, Study Area, Classrooms, Youth Volunteer Room, Counselling Rooms and Office Space/Pantry/Conference Room.

Chinese Temples

 * Chee Leng Lian He Miao (慈靈聯合廟) - Chee Hoon Sun Kong (慈云山宫) & Cheow Leng Beo (昭灵庙)
 * Chong Pang Combined Temple (忠邦联合宫) - Dou Mu Gong(汫水港斗母宫), Hong San See(汫水港凤山寺), Kwang Tee Miao(关帝庙) and Hwa Poh Siang Tng(华报善堂) & Fook Poon Tong(复本堂)
 * Chu Siang Wah Sua Temple (聚善华山宫) - Chu Siang Tong (聚善堂) & Wah Sua Keng (华山宫)
 * Hwee San Temple (橫山廟) - Phua Clan Temple, founded in 1907
 * Hock Huat Keng Combined Temple (福发宫) - Hup Choon Kek Hock Huat Keng (合春格福发宫), Tian Hock Dian (天福殿) & Tiow Hoon Tien (朝云殿)
 * Nam Hong Siang Theon (南凤善堂), Seng Pang Tua Pek Kong Keng (成邦大伯公宫) & He Bi Shan Gong (何碧山宫)
 * Teong Siew Wei Ling Dong Shan Temple (长袖威灵东山联合庙) - Teong Siew Kuan (長秀馆), Wei Ling Keng (威靈宫) & Dong Shan Temple (東山廟)
 * Yishun United Temple (义顺镇联合庙) - Guan Loong Sheng Temple (元龍聖廟), Chern Nam Kong Siew Temple (镇南庙广寿堂) & Soon Say Keng Reservoir Tua Pek Kong (顺西宫水池林)

Churches

 * Evangel Family Church
 * Church of Our Lady Star of The Sea
 * Sembawang Tamil Methodist Church
 * Spiritual Grace Presbyterian Church
 * Yishun Christian Church

Hindu Temples

 * Holy Tree Sri Balasubramaniar Temple
 * Sree Maha Mariamman Temple
 * Sri Veeramuthu Muneeswarar Temple

Mosques

 * Masjid Ahmad Ibrahim (Ahmad Ibrahim Mosque)
 * Masjid Darul Makmur (Darul Makmur Mosque)

Gurdwaras

 * Gurdwara Sahib Yishun

Columbarium

 * Yishun Columbarium
 * Teochew Memorial Park

Medical Facilities
Initially named Northern General Hospital, the new general hospital was named Khoo Teck Puat Hospital after receiving a S$125 million donation from the late Mr Khoo's family. Spanning over 3.5 hectares in the Yishun Central Area, the 795-bed general and acute care hospital is managed by Alexandra Health System. Opened in June 2010, KTPH offers a comprehensive range of medical services and specialist care to the community in the north. It overlooks the scenic Yishun Pond.
 * Khoo Teck Puat Hospital (KTPH)

Yishun Polyclinic was located at 30 Yishun Central beside Khoo Teck Puat Hospital and is managed by National Healthcare Group Polyclinic (NHGP). It moved to a new location opposite Nee Soon East Community Club in 2018.
 * Yishun Polyclinic

The new Yishun Community Hospital (YCH) with about 428 beds provides sub-acute, rehabilitative, dementia and palliative care for patients. Opened on December 28, 2015, YCH receives post-surgical, post-stroke patients and patients who are recovering from medical illnesses/trauma from the neighbouring Khoo Teck Puat Hospital (KTPH), other acute hospitals and nursing homes.
 * Yishun Community Hospital

 * Khatib Polyclinic (Opening in 2023)
 * Other Private Clinics and Dental Clinics

Currently, the Yishun estate is well served by the Yishun Polyclinic as well as many private medical clinics and dental clinics situated at void decks.

Country Clubs

 * SAFRA Yishun Country Club - SAFRA Yishun Country Club is a country club owned by SAFRA, which aims to build morale and camaraderie amongst NSmen in Singapore. The club was opened in 2001. It also has a wide range of amenities like a Bowling centre, Gym, Tennis court, Adventure Sports Centre (Rock Climbing), Western and Chinese restaurants, Swimming Pool and a Karaoke Centre. To create various choices among NSmen, SAFRA Yishun Country Club is destined as an Adventure Sports Hub within the group of SAFRA clubhouses. It underwent upgrading works and completed in February 2020.
 * Orchid Country Club - Opened in 1993 located near the scenic Seletar Reservoir. The club aims to improve the social status of its members. Activities there include Paintball. There is also a Chinese restaurant, Bowling alley. Member facilities include a gym, swimming pool, golf driving range as well as tennis courts. They also offer accommodations as well for staycations.
 * Seletar Country Club - Seletar Country Club was opened in 1930. It is strategically located on a hill overlooking the Lower Seletar Reservoir and the Orchid Country Club. Although the country club is named after Seletar, Seletar Country Club is in Yishun planning area according to URA Masterplan.
 * HomeTeamNS Khatib - The club opened in August 2020 and has a wide range of amenities like an Indoor Obstacle Course Hub, Gym, Swimming Pool, Indoor Playground, Karaoke Centre, Bowling. Various restaurants and shops can be found inside the clubhouse too, but referred to its official openings on 10 April 2021. And followed by another HomeTeamNS clubhouse in Bedok Reservoir that officially opened on 4 January 2023.

Incidents
In December 2001, the Singapore embassies attack plot was discovered, and had included plans to bomb Yishun MRT station at several points, including the sewers near the station. This was brought up in a debate during a session of the parliament, during which new security measures were proposed, especially on the MRT system itself.

Yishun Integrated Transport Hub
The old Yishun Bus Interchange was built in 1987 and was closed on 14 March 2015 serving 28 years of service to Singapore residents so as to make way for Northpoint City. The Yishun Temporary Bus Interchange was later opened at a land parcel adjacent to Golden Village Yishun. This interchange operated throughout the construction of the Integrated Transport Hub where it was being built at the old site of the Yishun Bus Interchange. On 8 September 2019, the newly constructed air-conditioned Yishun Integrated Transport Hub (ITH) officially opened its doors facilitating the integration of Yishun Bus Interchange, Northpoint City, North Park Residences, Nee Soon Central Community Club and Yishun MRT station.

Yishun MRT station
Yishun MRT station (NS13) is an elevated Mass Rapid Transit station on the North South line in Yishun, Singapore. The station used to be the terminus of the line between 1988 and 1996 until the North South line Woodlands Extension was completed and opened on 10 February 1996. But currently, certain train services would terminate at this station for the short trip between Yishun and Marina South Pier, which only operates during morning peak hours and early evening hours for weekdays, and late evening hours on all days.

Khatib MRT station
Located south of Yishun MRT station on the North South line, it was formerly named Nee Soon South MRT station, it was renamed to Khatib in January 1987 after Sungei Khatib, a river nearby, and a military base nearby, along with Yishun MRT station which was initially named Nee Soon.

Springleaf MRT station
Springleaf MRT station is on the Thomson–East Coast MRT line and is located next to the row of 2-storey shophouses along Upper Thomson Road. This station serves the nearby housing estates of Springleaf, Springside, Thong Soon Green, Meng Suan and the nearby Nee Soon army camp. The tracks between this station and Woodlands South are the longest on the Line.

Parks, Gardens and other Recreational Facilities
3 major parks:
 * Yishun Park (managed by National Parks Board)– a 13 ha park in the centre of the housing estate. Used to be a rubber estate, it is thickly covered with natural vegetation. Part of the land was developed into the SAFRA Yishun Country Club.
 * Lower Seletar Reservoir Park (managed by NParks and PUB)– this small 3 ha park at the southern edge of the housing estate bordering the northern edge of the reservoir. Under the PUB's Active, Beautiful, Clean Water for all (ABC) programme, there are plans to open up the reservoir to more water sports. Currently there is a smaller water sports rental facility, and occasionally there are dragon boat competitions held there. Viewing benches, riverside deck and possibly a stage will be in the works if the project take off.
 * Khatib Bongsu Nature Park: Khatib Bongsu Nature Park was initially an old Kampong estate. It was the most recent kampong to be demolished, in 2007. It is situated near the mouth of Sungei Khatib. On 4 March 2020, it was announced by the government that Khatib Bongsu Nature Park will be the new nature park covering 40ha by 2030 as part of government efforts to revitalise Singapore's biodiversity. The area is rich with mangrove and mudflat habitat.

Small Parks:
 * Yishun Neighbourhood Park- Bounded by Yishun Ave 2, Ave 7 and St 22 and featuring an open lawn for picnics and facilities such as fitness corner and playgrounds.
 * Nee Soon East Park– Located opposite Block 407 Yishun Avenue 6. Facilities include a basketball court and fitness corner.
 * Yishun Pond Park- Located along Yishun Central, in front of Khoo Teck Puat Hospital. Features a spiral tower called The Spiral@Yishun where visitors can get a bird's eye view of the area.
 * Yishun Park Neighbourhood 8- Located at Blk 810 Yishun Ring Rd. Facilities include fitness corner, playground and a running track. It is undergoing renovation in 2020.
 * Yishun Nature Park- Located at 329 Yishun Ring Road has a basketball court, playground and exercise corner.
 * Rower's Bay Park- Located at Seletar Club Road
 * Yishun Green Link- Located at Yishun Street 61
 * Rockridge Park- Located at Yishun Street 51
 * Springside Park- Located at Springside Place
 * Springleaf Nature Park- Located at 1230 Upper Thomson Road
 * Oasis Waterpark @ Nee Soon East
 * Everspring Park - Located within Yishun Ever spring along Yishun Street 42

Yishun Park Connector:
 * The Yishun Park Connector Network links the Khatib Bongsu Park Connector to the Canberra Park Connector, passing through the Simpang Kiri Park Connector and Canberra-Sembawang Park Connector, and running by Yishun Swimming Complex.

Sports Facilities
Located at the Southern end of the town, the Yishun Stadium was opened on 2 January 1992. In 1993, it played host to the Karate event during the 1993 SEA Games in Singapore. In 1996, it was the home ground for the Sembawang Rangers FC in the S-league. Eventually the team was dropped from the league in 2003. Later on, it hosted the Young Lions in 2005 season, Sporting Afrique FC in 2006 season and currently it is the home for Korean Super Reds FC for the 2007 season. Other than the main stadia with the soccer field and 8-lanes running track, it also houses a ClubFitt gym. The sport hall seats 800 people and it can be use for badminton, basketball or other indoor sports. In 2020, Yishun Sports Hall will be undergoing upgrading works. It will have two covered tennis and multi-sport courts, new cafeteria, air-conditioned table tennis area, a bigger dance studio and bigger gym.
 * Yishun Stadium and Sports Hall:

Opened in 1988, it has a competition pool (with 430 seating), a children pool and a training pool. Together with Yishun Sports Hall, it will be undergoing upgrading works in 2020.
 * Yishun Swimming Complex

 * Nee Soon Sports Centre

The Nee Soon Sports Centre, managed by FutsalArena, operates from 9am to 1am daily.

Industrial Park
The Yishun Industrial Park is a small industrial park situated between Avenues 6 and 7 which comprises some well known companies such as Murata, Philips Lumileds, Agilent, Avago Technologies, ATS, ASM-Frontend, STATS, Inc. and many other smaller companies. Commercial buildings like A’Posh Bizhub, Win5, Northpoint Bizhub, North Spring Bizhub, YS- One and North View Bizhub can be found at the Yishun Industrial Park. It can be reached by Bus service 811 from the Yishun Bus Interchange.

Educational Institutions
There are 10 primary schools, 9 secondary schools, a junior college and an international school.

Primary schools

 * Ahmad Ibrahim Primary School
 * Chong Fu School
 * Huamin Primary School
 * Jiemin Primary School
 * Naval Base Primary School
 * Northland Primary School
 * North View Primary School
 * Peiying Primary School
 * Yishun Primary School
 * Xishan Primary School

Secondary schools

 * Ahmad Ibrahim Secondary School
 * Chung Cheng High School (Yishun)
 * Naval Base Secondary School
 * North View Secondary School
 * Northbrooks Secondary School
 * Northland Secondary School
 * Orchid Park Secondary School
 * Yishun Secondary School
 * Yishun Town Secondary School

Junior College

 * Yishun Innova Junior College

International School

 * GEMS World Academy (Singapore)

Politics

Yishun was a large, single-member constituency starting in Seletar but later hived into Sembawang and along with a dedicated namesake Nee Soon SMC on later years. When the GRC scheme was introduced in 1988, its population size was enough to form into Ang Mo Kio and Sembawang GRC, as well as two smaller SMCs. By 2011, Nee Soon had its dedicated GRC spanning most of Yishun.

The entire Yishun was helmed by the current ruling party, People's Action Party (PAP) on its lifetime except on years between 1963 and 1968 where it was helmed by Barisan Sosialis, a party formed from a fraction of former PAP members, and from 1991 to 1997 with ex-Singapore Democratic Party member (now National Solidarity Party) Cheo Chai Chen. Notable members of parliament that oversees the Yishun area also include current Law and Home Affairs Minister K Shanmugam (which oversees the subregion of Chong Pang), current Education Minister Ong Ye Kung and Derrick Goh (oversees the North Eastern Yishun now known as Nee Soon Link), and Carrie Tan (oversees the southern subregion of Khatib and Lower Seletar Reservoir).

Outside of politics, a member of parliament and is the 8th President of Singapore, Halimah Yacob, was a resident of Yishun. Hui Shiu-hung, a veteran Hong Kong actor, was also a resident.

title: Yishun


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Black Star Line

The Black Star Line (1919−1922) was a shipping line incorporated by Marcus Garvey, the organizer of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), and other members of the UNIA. The shipping line was created to facilitate the transportation of goods and eventually African Americans throughout the African global economy. It derived its name from the White Star Line, a line whose success Garvey felt he could duplicate. The Black Star Line became a key part of Garvey's contribution to the Back-to-Africa movement, but it was mostly unsuccessful, partly due to infiltration by FBI agents. It was only one among many businesses which the UNIA originated, such as the Universal Printing House, Negro Factories Corporation, and the widely distributed and highly successful Negro World weekly newspaper.

The Black Star Line and its successor, the Black Cross Navigation and Trading Company, operated between 1919 and 1922. It stands today as a major symbol for Garvey followers and Pan-Africanists. It is not to be confused with the later Black Star Line, the state shipping corporation of Ghana.

History
The Black Star Line was incorporated as a Delaware corporation on June 27, 1919. Having a maximum capitalization of $500,000, BSL shares were sold at UNIA conventions at five dollars each.

The first directors of the Black Star Line were Marcus Garvey, Edgar M. Grey, Richard E. Warner, George Tobias, Jeremiah Certain, Henrietta Vinton Davis, and Janie Jenkins. The officers of the corporation were President Marcus Garvey, First Vice President — Jeremiah Certain, Second Vice President Henrietta Vinton Davis, Treasurer George Tobias, Secretary Richard E. Warner, Assistant Secretary Edgar M. Grey and Assistant Treasurer Janie Jenkins. Six months after incorporation the board of directors voted to increase the Black Star Line market capitalization to $10 million (equivalent to $ million in ).

The Black Star Line surprised all its critics when, only three months after being incorporated, the first of four ships, SS Yarmouth was bought with the intention of renaming it Frederick Douglass. Yarmouth was a collier in the First World War, and was in poor condition when the Black Star Line bought her. Once reconditioned, Yarmouth sailed for three years between the US and the West Indies as the first Black Star Line ship with an all-black crew and a black captain. Later Joshua Cockburn, the captain of Yarmouth, was accused of receiving a "kick back from the purchase price".

Yarmouth was not the only ship that BSL bought in poor condition and completely oversold. Garvey spent another $200,000 for more ships (equivalent to $ million in ). One, Shady Side, sailed the "cruise to nowhere" on the Hudson River one summer and sank the next fall because of a leak. Another was the steam yacht Kanawha, once owned by Henry Huttleston Rogers. Booker T. Washington had been an honored guest aboard the ship when it was owned by his friend and confidant, Rogers. However, Rogers had died in 1909, and the once well-maintained yacht had also served in the first World War. After having been renamed Antonio Maceo by the Black Star Line, it blew a boiler and killed a man.

Besides oversold and poorly conditioned ships, the Black Star Line was beset by mismanagement and infiltration by agents of J. Edgar Hoover's Bureau of Investigation (the forerunner to the Federal Bureau of Investigation), including the first African-American agent hired by the bureau, James Wormley Jones, who became an intimate of Garvey, and other agents who − according to historian Winston James − sabotaged it by throwing foreign matter into the fuel, damaging the engines. On its first commission, the Yarmouth brought a shipment of whiskey from the US to Cuba (before Prohibition) in record time, but because it did not have docking arrangements in Havana, it lost money sitting in the docks while the longshoremen had a strike. A cargo-load of coconuts rotted in the hull of a ship on another voyage because Garvey insisted on having the ships make ceremonial stops at politically important ports.

In 1919, J. Edgar Hoover and the BOI charged Marcus Garvey and three other officers with mail fraud. The prosecution stated that the brochure of the Black Star Line contained a picture of a ship that the BSL did not own. The ship pictured was Orion, which in the brochure was renamed Phyllis Wheatley. The BSL was trying to buy the ship at the time, but did not own her yet. The fact that the ship was not owned yet by the BSL constituted mail fraud. "In 1922, Garvey and three other Black Star Line officials were indicted by the US government for using the mails fraudulently to solicit stock for the recently defunct steamship line." On the witness stand, Garvey admitted that $600,000 ($0 in 2024) had been "blown to the wind". The jury convicted only Garvey, but not the other three officers, and he was sentenced to five years in prison. In 1927, President Calvin Coolidge deported Garvey back to Jamaica.

The Black Star Line ceased sailing in February 1922. The Shady Side was abandoned on mudflats at Fort Lee, New Jersey. The company's losses were estimated to be between $630,000 and $1.25 million ($0 in 2024).

In popular culture

 * Reggae singer Fred Locks re-introduced the Black Star Line to a Jamaican audience with his 1976 hit "Black Star Liner" (which has been called one of "the most important songs in reggae music of the 1970s"), portraying Garvey as a Moses-like prophet: "Seven miles of Black Star Liners coming in the harbor [...] I can hear the elders saying. These are the days for which we've been praying ... Marcus Garvey told us that the Black Star Liners are coming one day for us".
 * The 1977 reggae album by Culture, Two Sevens Clash, featured a song called "Black Starliner Must Come".
 * A 1978 reggae song named "Black Star Liner" by The Regulars (later renamed to Reggae Regular) appears to still be a popular song on YouTube. Also Black Slate on their album Amigo recorded a song called "Freedom Time (Black Star Liner)", with references to Marcus Garvey and "seven miles of Black Star Liner".
 * The Black Star Line was also commemorated by blues singers such as Hazel Meyers and Rosa Henderson; by the musical group Brand Nubian (on their 1993 album In God We Trust); and by Ranking Dread with "Black Starlina" on his Kunta Kinte Roots album.
 * "Train to Zion" by Linval Thompson (writer) and U Brown featured the lines: "Train to Zion is coming / Don't want no one to miss it / It's the Black Star Liner / It's going to Zion..."
 * Black Star Liner was the name of a British electronic group, who won a Mercury Music Prize nomination in 1999 for their album Bengali Batam Youth Foundation.
 * "Marcus Senior" by Burning Spear on their Marcus' Children album, contained lyrics about the struggle Marcus Garvey endured.
 * Spanish singer-songwriter Javier Ruibal sings about the North American slaves' dream of going back to their plundered and subdued Africa, in his song "Black Star Line". Ruibal sings along with Chico Cesar and the song was released on his 2018 album "Paraisos Mejores".
 * Black Star is the group name adopted by Mos Def and Talib Kweli for their work as a duo. Their 1998 album Mos Def & Talib Kweli Are Black Star, was a reference to Garvey and the Black Star Line.
 * In the Xenowealth series of future science fiction novels by Caribbean-American author Tobias Buckell, the Black Starliner Corporation is an interstellar shipping company responsible for resettling marginalized, primarily Black, emigrants from Earth on a number of terraformed planets.
 * The BlackStar Film Festival, a Philadelphia film festival focused on films about and by black, brown and indigenous people from around the world, was named after the shipping company.
 * Black Star Line Festival, founded in 2022 by the artist Chance the Rapper was inspired by the shipping company.

Legacy
The flag of Ghana adopted a black star as an homage to their own shipping line, The Black Star Line, which was the national shipping corporation of Ghana.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Black Star Line


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Film look

Film look (also known as filmizing or film-look) is a process in which video is altered in overall appearance to appear to have been shot on film stock. The process is usually electronic, although filmizing can sometimes occur as an unintentional by-product of some optical techniques, such as telerecording. The effect is the exact opposite of a process called VidFIRE.

Differences between video and film

 * Frame rate: 24 frames per second for film, 30 or 40 frames per second for old SD video. Modern video cameras shoot 24 and up as well.
 * Shutter angle: Shorter (90° to 210°) for film, often ~350° for old video. Modern video cameras have adjustable electronic, or – in Arri's video cameras – mechanical shutters.
 * Dynamic range: film and video systems have widely varying limits to the luminance dynamic ranges that they can capture. Modern video cameras are much closer to the dynamic range of film, and their use is better understood by directors.
 * Field of view and depth of field: Depth of field is tangentially related to the size of the image plane, however, it is a popular misconception that the image plane is directly related to DOF. Smaller image planes (whether film or sensor) require a proportionally smaller lens to achieve a similar field of view. This means that a frame with a 12 degree horizontal field of view will require a 50 mm lens on 16 mm film, a 100 mm lens on 35 mm film, and a 250 mm lens on 65 mm film. And a 250 mm lens delivers much shallower DOF than a 50 mm lens does. It follows that standard lenses on most consumer video cameras with small sensors provide much larger depth of field than 35 mm film. Digital cinema cameras like the Red One or Panavision Genesis, as well as some digital SLR cameras with video capabilities, (such as the Canon EOS 5D Mark II), have sensors roughly equal in size to 35 mm film frames and thus show the same field of view characteristics.
 * Photo-chemical color-timing/grading: only possible with film; white balance adjustment for video performs a similar function.
 * Noise type: film grain noise generally differs both statistically and visually from digital sensor noise. However, artificial noise can be added to video, to simulate film grain.
 * Jump & Weave: Images projected from film do not always align properly from frame to frame when projected on screen due to minor variations in sprocket hole size.

Frame rate
Today, most digital cinematography video cameras in use feature 24p format (24 progressive frames per second).

When shooting with old cameras, 50 Hz interlaced video (usually used with most forms of PAL and SECAM) can be relatively easily processed to give 25 progressive frames per second, which is the framerate that the PAL/SECAM telecine process also uses. Every two video fields can be "blended" together, every other field can be decimated and the remaining fields can be shown for double the length (this noticeably reduces vertical resolution), or a motion estimation process can be applied to achieve one frame out of every two fields. This technique is sometimes called Field-removed video or FRV. Some modern PAL video cameras do offer the ability to produce 25 frame-per-second progressive video, negating the requirement of post-processing the video to get a temporal similarity to film.

On the other hand, it is much more complicated to convert 60 Hz interlaced video (used with NTSC and PAL-M) to a framerate resembling that of film. Doing the same as PAL/SECAM filmizing will yield 30 frame-per-second video, which is significantly faster than film. Two out of every five fields could be dropped (and 3:2 Pulldown can be applied to the remaining fields), but any motion after this process will look very uneven. Sophisticated computer motion estimation and field blending is usually used to convert NTSC video to 24 frames-per-second – something which could not have been done until recently, and still does not yield as realistic results as PAL filmizing conversion.

Many computer editing programs can de-interlace video to give it more of a film look. An interlaced frame is actually the combination of two fields, one providing the odd-numbered scan lines and the other the even-numbered. Interlacing results in a type of motion blur known as "combing", and also shows "interline twitter" where vertical details approach the resolution limit, neither of which occur in film. De-interlacing can remove or reduce these artifacts, resulting in an appearance closer to that of film.

Some inexpensive consumer editing programs achieve de-interlacing by deleting one of the fields. The result gives half the vertical resolution of the original frame, and sometimes adds a jagged effect to the picture.

Shutter angle
For each frame, video cameras normally expose their sensor as long as they can, while film cameras only expose the negative up to half this time, so that they can transport the negative in the remaining time. Many video cameras now allow adjusting the shutter timing manually, though, so this is no longer a big concern.

Dynamic range
Old video technology only had a 5 stop exposure dynamic range. Modern HD video cameras have up to 14 stops. The exposure range is therefore less of an issue than before, although there is still a popular belief that video is considerably worse than film in the shoulder of the gamma curve, where whites blow out in video, while film tends to overexpose more evenly and gracefully.

Grading
The footage may also be graded to have more of a "filmic look." In the US, this process is often referred to as color timing.

Jump and weave
In a standard film projector, each frame of film is positioned, or registered by being held motionless against a rectangular opening, known as the gate, for a fraction of a second. While in the gate, light passes through the image in the frame, to be projected onto the screen. As soon as the shutter cuts off the light, either sprockets or a device called a claw is used to move the film rapidly so that the next frame can be registered in the gate before the shutter opens again. However, the pins on the sprockets (or the claw) do not fit the sprocket holes in the film perfectly. There must be some slight clearance to allow the pins to enter and leave the sprocket holes without undue friction or binding. This discrepancy means that each frame cannot be positioned perfectly within the gate each time; the frame may be slightly too high or low (jump) or to the left or right (weave). This introduces unintended motion from frame to frame as the film is projected. This discrepancy can increase as the film becomes worn with use, causing the sprocket holes to become more and more enlarged, thus allowing more error in frame position.

When film is scanned so that an electronic (video) copy can be made, various means are used to help ensure that the variations in frame position as a result of sprocket hole wear are minimized. The more effective these means are, the less of a 'film look' the result will have. On the contrary, if this compensation is reduced or disabled, the resulting electronic copy may exhibit more jump and weave, giving the result a sense of constant jitter.

Filmized productions
US productions most often use actual film for prime time dramas and situation comedy series and filmizing is more common outside North America. Video production is cheaper than film.

Television series, specials, Soap operas, Sitcoms and films that have been filmized include:

 * A.N.T. Farm (high-definition video)
 * All My Children (2006–2009)
 * Alys (high-definition video)
 * Bad Girls
 * Brookside
 * Choo Choo Soul
 * Coast
 * Derry Girls
 * Doctor Who (2005 onwards)
 * Drake & Josh (season 1 used FilmLook processing'')
 * Family Affairs
 * Footballers' Wives
 * Good Luck Charlie (high-definition video)
 * Grange Hill
 * Hall of Mirrors (2001 film)
 * Hannah Montana (only Season 4)
 * Heartbeat
 * Holby City
 * Hollyoaks
 * Home and Away (high-definition video, since 2003)
 * Hot in Cleveland (high-definition video)
 * iCarly (high-definition video)
 * Last of the Summer Wine
 * MTV Video Music Awards (2002, 2003 and 2006 editions)
 * Neighbours (high-definition video, since 2007)
 * Night and Day (high-definition video since recent seasons.)
 * Outnumbered
 * Reba
 * Red Dwarf Remastered
 * Red Dwarf VII
 * Salute Your Shorts
 * Sam & Cat
 * Sonny with a Chance (high-definition video)
 * Spaced
 * Survivor (beginning with Gabon)
 * The League of Gentlemen
 * The Mighty Boosh (Series 1)
 * The Office (high-definition video)
 * The Suite Life on Deck (season 1 episodes used FilmLook processing)
 * The Young and the Restless (used on the April 2, 2008 episode)
 * Trollied
 * True Jackson, VP
 * Tyler Perry's House of Payne (high-definition video)
 * Undressed
 * Victorious (high-definition video)
 * WWE SmackDown (June 12, 2009 edition. Used since September 26, 2019–present.)

Many digitally-shot Television and film productions have been filmized during mastering.

Limitations
Footage that has been shot with the knowledge that it will be subsequently electronically filmized is usually shot in a very different way, with film-style lighting and framing. Regardless, there have been several attempts to process ordinary videotape to look like film, usually with little success. Notable examples include Red Dwarf Remastered – digitally remastered versions of the first three series of Red Dwarf. As well as being filmized, the episodes had been cropped to widescreen and had all their special effects remade.

BBC hospital drama-soap Casualty also flirted briefly with the filmizing process in the mid-1990s, but it was quickly dropped after viewer complaints that the show "looked wrong." The same happened with Emmerdale where it was used for 7 episodes in October 2002 before being quietly dropped.

The fantasy series Neverwhere was a video-based production which suffered as a result of having been shot and lit with filmization in mind. The decision to filmize was later reversed, resulting in a negative response to the film-style lighting which came across poorly on the unprocessed video footage.

Filmizing success stories include The League of Gentlemen, Spaced, The Office and Heartbeat, all of which can fool most people into believing they were shot on film. On 25 November 2007 an episode of Heartbeat was broadcast without filmizing and the show's producers later admitted this was a post-production error. This error caused alarm amongst the show's fans amidst fears that a permanent switch to video was being made indicating the success of the filmizing technique on this production.

The Fox show Arrested Development used an elaborate post-production process to adjust colors and brightness levels to match those of film stock.

The 1970s BBC TV show Porridge provides a stark example of the visual differences between film and videotape. The show employed videotape for scenes inside Fletcher's cell, whereas film was used for scenes outside of the cell. The difference in lighting style and frame rate is very noticeable. Many British television series from the 1960s through the 1980s used videotape for interior scenes and film for exterior shots due to equipment limitations. This was parodied in the 'Society for Putting Things on top of Other Things' sketch in Monty Python's Flying Circus (Series 2, Episode 5).

title: Film look


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Ian Hanomansing

Ian Harvey Hanomansing is a Trinidadian-Canadian television journalist with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). He formerly hosted CBC News Network Vancouver on CBC News Network, and reports for CBC Television's nightly newscast, The National.

On August 1, 2017, he was named a co-anchor of The National, and currently anchors the show on Fridays and Sundays. He also served as interim host of CBC Radio One's weekly call-in show Cross Country Checkup from 2020 to 2022, while regular host Duncan McCue was on sabbatical, and was named permanent host of the program in 2022.

Early life
Hanomansing was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago to Indian parents and grew up in Sackville, New Brunswick with parents Eunice and Harvey, along with his sister Ria. He got his first job coming out of high school in 1979 at a radio station in Amherst, Nova Scotia. He attended Mount Allison University for his undergraduate education and graduated in 1983 with a degree in political science and sociology. He studied law at Dalhousie Law School and graduated in 1986.

Broadcasting career
His broadcast media career began at CKDH in Amherst, Nova Scotia in the summer after his graduation, followed by work at CKCW in Moncton, New Brunswick and at CHNS in nearby Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1986 he joined the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. He worked for CBC bureaus in the Maritimes and Toronto, Ontario before moving to Vancouver, where he was a network reporter and hosted the now-defunct programs Pacific Rim Report, Foreign Assignment, and Times 7 (a joint venture with The New York Times) and also hosted a summer series on CBC Radio One, Feeling the Heat.

From 2000 to 2007, he was the anchor of the national segment of the defunct newscast Canada Now; following that program's cancellation, he was the co-anchor of CBC News: Vancouver, CBUT's supper hour newscast, from 2007 to 2010. He returned to his former role as network reporter for The National in 2010 and from 2012 to 2017 he hosted CBC News Now with Ian Hanomansing, which was broadcast live from CBC Vancouver on weeknights. On August 1, 2017, he was named as one of four new co-hosts of The National, CBC's flagship news broadcast alongside Adrienne Arsenault, Rosemary Barton and Andrew Chang. In 2020, he was named the Friday and Sunday anchor of the programme.

Hanomansing has developed and hosted a series of innovative live news specials including "Downtown Drugs", in November 1998, from Vancouver's Downtown Eastside during a public health emergency declared after a high number of fatal overdoses. In March 2005, "Crime on the Streets" was broadcast, in part, from Stoney Mountain Institution in Manitoba. It is believed to be the only live national news special from a Canadian federal penal institution. It won a national Justicia Award for Excellence in Legal Reporting, as well as a Jack Webster Award.

In 2006, Hanomansing also designed Big League Manager, an NHL-licensed board game. His game was voted a "Best Bet" by the Canadian Toy Testing Council.

Awards and honours
Hanomansing received an honorary degree, Doctor of Laws honoris causa (LLD), from Mount Allison University in 2003. On November 28, 2008 Hanomansing won the Gemini Award for Best News Anchor, beating Kevin Newman and Peter Mansbridge. in 2010, Hanomansing was one of the recipients of the Top 25 Canadian Immigrant Awards presented by Canadian Immigrant Magazine. In March 2016, he won the Canadian Screen Award for Best National News Anchor over Peter Mansbridge, Lisa LaFlamme and Heather Hiscox.

title: Ian Hanomansing


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Vida Samadzai

Vida Samadzai (born 22 February 1978) is an Afghan-American actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder who was Miss Afghanistan 2003. As the first Afghan woman to participate in an international beauty pageant since 1974, her appearance in a red bikini in the 2003 edition of Miss Earth pageant created controversy in her native country. She was a contestant on the popular reality show Bigg Boss in 2011.

Biography
Samadzai was born and raised in Kabul, Afghanistan, and moved to the United States in 1996. She graduated from California State University at Fullerton and became a citizen of the U.S. Samadzai also helped found a US-based women's charity that seeks to raise awareness of women's rights and education in the Afghanistan.

After placing as the third runner up in Susan Jeske's first Ms. America International pageant in 2002, she applicated for consideration in the new Miss Earth pageant in 2003 and was selected as Afghanistan's representative from abroad, as there were no beauty queen contests in Afghanistan. Although she did not hold the title of a "Miss Afghanistan", this made her the first Afghan woman to take part in an international beauty contest since Zohra Daoud had been crowned Miss Afghanistan in 1974. Her participation in the Miss Earth beauty pageant was condemned by the Afghan Supreme Court, saying such a display of the female body goes against Islamic law and Afghan culture. In particular, traditionalists objected to her appearance in a red bikini during the pageant's press presentation. She was given a special "Beauty for a Cause" award at that year's Miss Earth competition.

The following year, Samadzai returned to the pageant and was among the 11 jurors who helped choose Priscilla Meirelles as Miss Earth 2004. On coronation night, the young women's rights activist wore a gown, saying: "I don't know if they'll have a problem this time because I'm not showing any skin or wearing a swimsuit". On May 1, 2005, Vida Samadzai won Susan Jeske's little known Ms. America 2005-06 pageant.

title: Vida Samadzai


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Arab diaspora

Arab diaspora is a term that refers to descendants of the Arab emigrants who, voluntarily or as forcibly, migrated from their native lands to non-Arab countries, primarily in the Americas, Europe, Southeast Asia, and West Africa.

Immigrants from Arab countries, such as Sudan, Syria and the Palestinian territories, also form significant diasporas in other Arab states.

Overview
Arab expatriates contribute to the circulation of financial and human capital in the region and thus significantly promote regional development. In 2009 Arab countries received a total of US$35.1 billion in remittance in-flows and remittances sent to Jordan, Egypt and Lebanon from other Arab countries are 40 to 190 per cent higher than trade revenues between these and other Arab countries. Large numbers of Arabs migrated to West Africa, particularly Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Nigeria. Since the end of the civil war in 2002, Lebanese traders have become re-established in Sierra Leone.

According to Saudi Aramco World, the largest concentration of Arabs outside the Arab World is in Brazil, which has 9 million Brazilians of Arab ancestry. Of these 9 million Arabs, 6 million are of Lebanese ancestry, making Brazil's population of Lebanese equivalent to that of Lebanon itself. However, these figures are contradicted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), which is the agency responsible for official collection of statistical information in Brazil. According to the 2010 Brazilian census conducted by IBGE, there were only 12,336 Lebanese nationals living in Brazil and other Arab nationalities were so small that they were not even listed. The Brazilian census does not ask about ancestry or family origin. There is a question about nationality and, according to the Brazilian law, any person born in Brazil is a Brazilian national by birth and right for any purpose, nationally or internationally - not an Arab. The last Brazilian census to ask about family origin was conducted in 1940. At that time, 107,074 Brazilians said they had a Syrian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Iraqi or Arab father. Native Arabs were 46,105 and naturalized Brazilians were 5,447. In 1940, Brazil had 41,169,321 inhabitants, hence Arabs and their children were 0.38% of Brazil's population in 1940.

Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela, Mexico and Chile. Palestinians cluster in Chile and Central America, particularly El Salvador, and Honduras. The Palestinian community in Chile is the fourth largest in the world after those in Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan. Arab Haitians (a large number of whom live in the capital) are more often than not, concentrated in financial areas where the majority of them establish businesses. In the United States, there are around 3.5 million people of Arab ancestry.

In the 2010 Indonesian census, 118,886 people, amounting to 0.05% of the population of Indonesia, identified themselves as being of Arab ethnicity.

title: Arab diaspora


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Montlake Playfield

Montlake Playfield is a 27-acre (100,000 m²) park and playfield on Portage Bay in the Montlake neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, USA.

Originally a 20-foot-deep peat bog, the playfield site was first developed as part of a dahlia farm. The farm extended considerably further south than the present playfield: its southernmost part was south of Lynn Street, the land used to build St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church. In the late 1920s, the principal of Garfield High School declared the need of a playfield and community center, and the farm was chosen. After some controversy and condemnation proceedings, the playfield was dedicated in 1935.

In 1960, to remedy flooding, the playfield began to be raised with fill, including dirt from the excavation of State Route 520 through Montlake. The ground remains uneven and boggy to this day.

title: Montlake Playfield


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Parkinson

Parkinson may refer to:

 * Parkinson (surname)
 * Parkinson (TV series), British chat show, presented by Sir Michael Parkinson
 * Parkinson, Queensland, suburb of Brisbane, Australia
 * The Parkinsons (fl. early 20th century), American father-and-son architects
 * The Parkinsons (band), a Portuguese punk rock band
 * The Parkinsons, a broadcasting partnership of Michael Parkinson and his wife Mary
 * Donald Parkinson, founder and editor-in-chief of Cosmonaut Magazine

title: Parkinson


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William Boyce Thompson

William Boyce Thompson (May 13, 1869 – June 27, 1930) was an American mining engineer, financier, prominent in the Republican party, philanthropist, and founder of Newmont Mining. Thompson was one of the early twentieth century mine operators that discovered and exploited vast copper deposits that revolutionized Western American mining, and reaped tremendous fortunes. The William Boyce Thompson School in Yonkers, New York, is named after him.

History
Born in Virginia City, Montana Territory and raised in Butte, he was schooled in the rough mining towns of southwest Montana - but also at Phillips Exeter Academy and the Columbia School of Mines. During the 1890s he joined his father, William, one-time mayor of Butte, in Montana mining and lumber ventures, before moving east to become a mine promoter and stockbroker. His first success, the Shannon Copper Company – where he opened mines, built a smelter, and a railroad between them – is now part of Arizona's vast Morenci open pit, largest in the United States. Joining the brokerage firm of Hayden, Stone & Co. during the early 1900s he expanded his promotions: to Ely, Nevada, where he helped organize the Nevada Consolidated, which eventually became a part of the multinational Kennecott Copper Company (Guggenheims), of which he was a director; Mason Valley where he opened old copper mines and built his smelter town which was named Thompson, Nevada after him (now a ghost town); and most fortuitously in the 1910s opened the Magma mine at Superior, Arizona, which became a major copper producer; and the promotion of the incredibly rich Inspiration Copper Company at Inspiration, Arizona, near Miami, Arizona, during the 1910s (absorbed by the "Anaconda crowd" in 1912, but with Thompson retaining a 15% share); all made him fabulously wealthy. He had built a considerable fortune developing low grade, large scale porphyry copper deposits at the same time he got lucky with his high-grade Magma mine, which proved a phenomenal bonanza. He retired from the New York stock exchange in 1915 and later created his own holding company, Newmont Mining Corporation, to which he transferred his many mining interests. By the time of his death, Newmont Mining was a major factor in world copper production. Today, Newmont is the largest gold producer in the United States but continues the legacy of Thompson to explore and bring into production new ore deposits.

Thompson's promotions and financial holdings were scattered from Canada to Peru. They included Indian Motorcycle Co. He financed lead, zinc and coal mines, street railways, and handled the sensational Midvale Steel financing during the War when the stock rose from 290 to 500. He promoted the great Nipissing silver deposit at Cobalt, Ontario, Canada for the Guggenheims and reaped a quick million dollars return. He refinanced American Woolen Co. and Tobacco Products Co., launched Cuba Cane Sugar Co., got control of Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Co., organized Submarine Boat Corp. and the Wright-Martin Aeroplane Co. He was a director of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. By the 1920s he was a director of Sinclair Oil and promoter of Gulf Sulphur, but all these were diversions from his main interest in mining copper.

In 1925, when planning to scout mining properties in South Africa, he became ill and returned home halfway through the trip, his last, lingering illness. Rotund, good-natured, bald, a tireless worker, a devoted family man, Thompson chewed tobacco, underpaid his employees (though equivalent to pay given by his contemporaries) and, as one of the greatest gamblers of his time, discharged them for gambling.

He was prominent behind the scenes in the Republican party, a presidential elector, party chair, as well as served on the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1914 to 1919 and was twice (1916 and 1920) a delegate to the Republican National Convention. In 1921, he declined nomination for a cabinet post under President Warren G. Harding. He was head of and principal supporter of the President Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Association from 1919 until his death.

In 1912, he built the W. B. Thompson Mansion at Yonkers, New York. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

During the 1920s, near Superior, Arizona, he built his winter mansion, Picket Post House, overlooking the beautiful desertscape and gardens he created at what is now the magnificent Boyce Thompson Arboretum State Park. The Mediterranean style home is occasionally open for tours through the arboretum.

In 1925, Thompson ordered a luxurious private railroad car, named the Alder, from the Pullman Company. The car was later used by ASARCO and in 1971 was owned by the National Railways of Mexico.

Thompson died from pneumonia in 1930 and was buried at the Sleepy Hollow Cemetery. A 1935 biography of Boyce-Thompson, The Magnate, by Herman Hagedorn, the presidential biographer of Theodore Roosevelt, profiles his life.

His portrait was painted by the Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury (1862–1947) about 1920-5, and was donated to the New York Chamber of Commerce around 1948/9 by the artist's friend, the soprano Jessica Dragonette (died 1980) who had acquired it from the artist's estate; she claimed in her autobiography 'Faith is a Song' (1951) that she offered it to Thompson's daughter who set a fee for the privilege of destroying the portrait. The portrait is now in the New York State Museum at Albany.

Russia
He visited Russia before the revolution and again in 1918 just after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the effects of crop failure and starvation were rampant. Thompson was a member of an American Red Cross relief mission that also hoped to encourage formation of a democratic government in Russia. He was awarded the honorary title of colonel by the American Red Cross.

The objective of the mission was to enlarge the business opportunities in Russia for him and Wall Street associates and saw firsthand the suffering of the people and the inability of the social democratic government headed by Alexander Kerensky to feed the hungry. Along with assisting the Provisional government in dealing with the famine, Thompson also endeavored to shape post-Revolutionary Russia's political landscape in a manner favorable to Wall Street. Thompson, wholly sympathetic with Kerensky and his provisional government, provided $1 million of his own to a propaganda campaign intent on keeping Russia involved in the war against the Central Powers and the populace loyal to the Provisional government, in spite of growing popular sentiment against the war and Kerensky's mounting unpopularity. With the help of Thompson, the Committee of Civic Education in Free Russia was created by the Provisional government to oversee the Bolshevik propaganda drive, with pro-Kerensky Russian revolutionary Catherine Breshkovsky at the organization's head. According to W.B. Thompson biographer Hermann Hagedorn, the aim of the propaganda disseminated by the Committee was to "beg the Russians in terms which the simplest could comprehend to obey the government and resume the war, not to save the Allies but to save the Revolution." Despite Thompson's generous funding, the Committee was largely unsuccessful and could not compete with the anti-war propaganda of the Russian radicals, specifically that of the Bolsheviks. The million given to the Committee by Thompson was quickly exhausted and no alternative source of funding could be provided by the struggling Provisional government, prompting Breshkovsky to appeal to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson for support. Thompson assisted Breshkovsky in this endeavor by reaching out to President Wilson himself but ultimately neither message had any effect and were unsuccessful in securing further funding for the Committee. Despite desperate attempts by Thompson and his cohorts to support Kerensky in the face of both reactionary and radical opposition, the Provisional government was overthrown in the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks came to power, but this did not prove to be an immediate set-back in Thompson's plans for Russia. Thompson and his compatriot Raymond Robins attempted to deal with the new Bolshevik government despite the protests of indignant American diplomats and businessmen that the Bolsheviki were merely paid agents of the German Kaiser and not true representatives of Russian democracy. Based on his own observations of Russia's political climate, Thompson was of the opinion that the new Bolshevik government was certain to remain in power and that official Allied recognition & support of the Bolsheviks would allow Russia to be kept in the bounds of commercial custom and therefore become less radical as a result. According to him, "if [we] leave Russian radicalism to itself to grow like a cancer, it is going to be a menace to the world." Thompson spoke favorably of the Bolsheviks but with some reservations, stressing that he believed the Bolsheviks would "soon learn that capital and labor must go hand in hand" and continue the war against Germany. Nevertheless, Thompson's predictions did not come true. The Bolsheviks withdrew from the war, ceasing hostilities with the German Empire and the other Central Powers through the ratification of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918. While the Soviet Union allowed foreign investments, free trade, and concessions for a time during the era of the New Economic Policy, this retreat towards capitalism and the accommodation to foreign capitalists that it permitted was promptly ended by Joseph Stalin and the beginning of the first five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union.

There is a persistent theory, most prominently outlined in "Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution" by Antony Sutton that W.B. Thompson gave considerable sums of money to the Bolsheviks. This is a misconception that can be traced back to Thompson's own time, originally appearing in newspapers asserting his support for the Bolsheviks. As pointed out by W.B. Thompson biographer Hermann Hagedorn, when the press uncovered Thompson's financial support for Kerensky and the Committee of Civic Education in Free Russia, they "jumped to the conclusion that he [actually] had given the money to the Bolsheviki for propaganda purposes" likely due to Thompson's controversial public opinions on the Bolsheviks and their role in the future of Russia.

Plant research
In 1920, he decided to establish the Boyce Thompson Institute, and endowed it with $10 million, a veritable fortune in the 1920s. He hoped that this "seed" money would enable the institute to acquire the very best scientists, equipment, and supplies and then to develop relationships with industry and the government to help finance research.

Other causes
He donated money for parks and libraries at many of his mining camps, including the Thompson-Hickman Memorial Library in his birthplace, Virginia City; his wife Gertrude Hickman Thompson officially transferred the building to the city in 1918. He donated $50,000 for a park in Butte.

To his alma mater, Phillips Exeter Academy, Thompson donated $2 million during his lifetime. His donations created the Boyce Thompson science building, a new gymnasium in 1923, squash courts, a baseball field, sports cage, The Exeter Inn, and other facilities. He willed $1 million to Phillips Exeter.

Thompson also bequeathed a significant gem and mineral collection to New York's American Museum of Natural History.

His wife, Gertrude Hickman, and daughter, Margaret Thompson, inherited the balance of his wealth. In 1941, The Alder, Boyce-Thompson's 265 ft. motor-yacht, was given to the U.S. Navy to aid the war effort.

Boyce-Thompson family
The Boyce-Thompson family listed by ancestry/generation:
 * William Boyce Thompson (1869–1930) (m. Gertrude Hickman)
 * Margaret Thompson Biddle (1897–1956) (1st m. 1916 Theodore Schulze II div. unk.) (2nd m. 1931 Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle, Jr. div. 1936)
 * Theodore Schulze III (1920–1962) (m. Joyce Ward)
 * Joyce Schulze
 * Charles Schulze
 * Peter Schulze
 * Margaret "Peggy" Boyce Schulze (1921—1964) (1st m. 1939 Prince Alexander zu Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst) (2nd m. Morton Downey)
 * Catherine Hohenlohe (1942)
 * Christian-Conrad Hohenlohe (1945)

Legacy

 * Boyce Thompson Arboretum State Park - Sonoran Desert Arboretum
 * Boyce Thompson Institute
 * Thompson Park, Butte, Montana

Fortunately for future historians, Thompson began writing his reminiscences before his death. However, a word of caution about Hermann Hagedorn's The Magnate, William Boyce Thompson and His Time (1935) based on this material. Journalist Hagedorn at times writes more hagiography than biography. For example, his depiction of George E. Gunn is libelous—Gunn was not a lowly miner/prospector born in Nevada and working in Montana when "discovered" by Thompson as a worthy partner. Gunn, an Ohian who attended Oberlin and Ohio State University, had worked his way up to mine superintendent when he met Thompson in Helena. The two later became a powerful team (not as Hagedorn writes) after they met again while Gunn was with Guggenheim Exploration, mine finders, and Thompson with Hayden, Stone & Company brokerage. Their Gunn-Thompson partnership was searching in all the major new porphyry districts and developed a number of the major mines by the time heart disease impacted Gunn's abilities, then his death a year later March 11, 1913. Gunn the mine finder was a perfect match for Thompson the broker and high wheeling financier. Gunn had the talent in Salt Lake City on his staff or as consultants next door to find the mines—Mason Valley, Inspiration, Magma, for example—while Thompson had the connections to finance the developments. Again, many of the tall tales Hagedorn relates about the pre-1913 era, especially about Gunn, need correctives: Gunn's eyes were not gray they were blue and one needs to discount the rest of Hagedorn's description of his intellect and appearance; he was not buried by an ex-con and the boys, but by the Masonic lodge he had long been a member of and by a reverend, Hagedorn to the contrary. Same could be said of Hagedorn's depictions of and roles of Philip Wiseman, Henry Krumb, Fred Flindt, Walter Aldridge and others. For a more balanced but still dated account see A. B. Parsons, The Porphyry Coppers.

title: William Boyce Thompson


text:
Talk:Mit Abu El Kom

Proposed for deletion
Mit Abu al-Kum, al-Minufiyah, Egypt was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP

 * Untranslated after 2 weeks on Pages needing translation into English. Only comment there was:
 * Arabic, short--Fenice 14:29, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Jmabel|Talk 23:30, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Has finally been translated. -- Cyrius|✎ 21:55, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Jmabel | Talk 23:04, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep translated version. RickK 23:24, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)

End archived discussion -- Graham ☺ | Talk 16:23, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC) Please more information about this city. Qadeer Nil (talk) 21:45, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mit Abu El Kom


text:
User talk:Vanished user lkjsdkf34ij48fjhk4

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Proposed deletion of File:Oklahoma-city-myriad-gardens.jpg

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FedEx Ground

FedEx Ground, a subsidiary of the FedEx Corporation, is an American ground package delivery company headquartered in Moon Township, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh. The company began as Roadway Package System (RPS), founded in 1985 by transportation company Roadway Services Inc., later renamed Caliber System. FedEx bought Caliber in 1998 to complement its existing FedEx Express business and rebranded Caliber's RPS package delivery service FedEx Ground in 2000.

FedEx Ground provides US and Canada domestic services as well as international services between the two, branded FedEx International Ground. Its services are cheaper than the time-definite services offered by FedEx Express and its drivers are primarily owner/operators, independent contractors who control individual delivery routes and territories. In addition to its core commercial package services, the company's services include FedEx Home Delivery, a US residential delivery service, and FedEx Ground Economy (formerly FedEx SmartPost), a low-cost parcel consolidation service.

History

When RPS was founded on March 11, 1985, it intended to out-compete UPS Ground by focusing on efficiency and structuring itself for lower costs. One result of this drive for efficiency was RPS' use of barcodes on packages allowing it to track and sort shipments much more effectively. After an intensive effort to shift its operations to use the new technology, RPS became the first company able to track a package through the delivery cycle.

Its parent company, RSI, already owned a number of transportation companies including national less than truckload (LTL) carrier Roadway Express. This backing allowed RPS to grow quickly and by 1988 it was operating 130 terminals covering 70% of the US. After RSI spun off Roadway Express in 1995 and changed its name to Caliber System, RPS was its largest subsidiary.

In 1997, Fred Smith, founder of FedEx, contacted Dan Sullivan, co-founder of RPS and now president of Caliber System, about merging the two companies. FedEx, which at the time only offered air services, was under pressure from UPS which offered both air and ground services. By acquiring RPS, FedEx would get a fully fledged ground network to complement its existing air services. The acquisition of Caliber System was finalized in January 1998.

In preparation for this major acquisition, FedEx had reorganized as a holding company, FDX Corporation, in October 1997. When its acquisition of Caliber was finalized, FDX was the parent of both FedEx and Caliber's subsidiaries. It then embarked on significant reorganization to merge its existing business with the new subsidiaries. As part of this effort, it made broad changes to branding for the new acquisitions in 2000. FDX Corporation changed its name to FedEx Corporation, Federal Express was renamed FedEx Express, RPS became FedEx Ground, Caliber's same-day-critical trucking subsidiary, Roberts Express, became FedEx Custom Critical, and its LTL freight carrier, Viking Freight was re-branded FedEx Freight in 2001.

FedEx Ground launched a US residential delivery service, FedEx Home Delivery Service, in 2000. It was later renamed FedEx Home Delivery. In 2004, FedEx acquired New Berlin, Wisconsin-based parcel consolidator Parcel Direct from magazine and catalog printer Quad Graphics for $120 million. Following the acquisition, Parcel Direct was renamed FedEx SmartPost and became a subsidiary of FedEx Ground.

On January 14, 2013, FedEx named Henry Maier CEO and President of FedEx Ground, to take effect after David Rebholz retired on May 31, 2013.

Until 2018, most FedEx Ground US operations were five days per week but this was expanded to six in September 2018 due to the rise in demand driven by e-commerce. Its US services were expanded again during the 2019 holiday peak season to seven days per week, a change which became permanent for the majority of the US population year-round in January 2020.

FedEx Ground

FedEx Ground is the division's core package delivery service which delivers daily to all 50 US states with delivery timeframes of 1-5 days for the Contiguous United States and 3-7 days for Alaska and Hawaii. Its FedEx International Ground service ships packages between the United States and Canada and within Canada.

Given its focus on deliveries to commercial locations, FedEx ground had operated on a five-day a week schedule (Monday-Friday). However, in 2018, it changed its year-round operating schedule to six-days a week (Monday-Saturday) for most US locations and subsequently to seven-days a week in January 2020.

FedEx Home Delivery
FedEx Home Delivery is a residential delivery service available in the US. It was launched as FedEx Home Delivery Service in 2000 delivering five days a week, Tuesday through Saturday. In 2020, the service expanded to seven days a week to most of the US. The maximum per package weight was also increased from 70 pounds to 150 pounds at the same time bringing it inline with the FedEx Ground limit.

FedEx Ground Economy

FedEx Ground Economy is a subsidiary of FedEx Ground which provides a parcel consolidation service most commonly used for residential deliveries of small, lightweight parcels. It is cheaper than ground package delivery but speeds are generally one to two days slower. Parcels are trackable but delivery dates are not guaranteed. The service is available only to shippers who meet certain requirements and have a SmartPost contract in place with FedEx.

Ground Economy was originally Parcel Direct, founded in 1998 by Quad Graphics to provide delivery services for its catalog publishing customers. Since its founding, Parcel Direct had expanded both its network of hub facilities and its parcel services buying Commerce, California-based parcel delivery company PaqFast, Inc. in early 2004. When FedEx acquired it in 2004, Parcel Direct had 12 distribution hubs across the US and 450 employees.

Parcel Direct's parcel consolidation model relied on "zone skipping", a logistics approach where packages are transported most of the way to their destination through the carrier's network and handed over to the USPS for delivery. This reduces costs by allowing bulk transportation of parcels between hubs and not requiring it to maintain its own final mile delivery network.

Under FedEx, Parcel Direct was rebranded FedEx SmartPost and continued to grow its hub network, reaching 26 nationwide by 2021. Pickups from smaller shippers are performed by FedEx Ground which transfers them into the SmartPost network at the nearest hub. Dedicated FedEx SmartPost trailers pick up from larger shippers and transport shipments directly into the network.

Initially, all final mile deliveries were handled by the USPS. However, starting in 2019, FedEx began shifting SmartPost deliveries to its own Ground and Home Delivery networks and in 2020 said it had completed the shift and was delivering nearly all SmartPost packages itself. FedEx rebranded the service FedEx Ground Economy in 2021.

Branding

In the early 2000s, most FedEx operating units used variants of the FedEx logo with a purple Fed followed by Ex in various colors. Only the FedEx Express unit used the original color combination of a purple Fed and orange Ex. The FedEx Ground logo used a green Ex under this branding. In August 2016, FedEx announced that it would be standardizing all its operating units to use the purple Fed and orange Ex previously used by FedEx Express. While the rebranding began in 2016, FedEx said it expected it to take until 2021 for all other color variants to be phased out across all operating units.

title: FedEx Ground


text:
Jim Breithaupt

James Roos Breithaupt  (September 7, 1934 – August 29, 2018 ) was a Canadian politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1967 to 1984 as a member of the Liberal Party. He won a total of five elections, and was the longest serving former Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) for Kitchener since Canadian Confederation in 1867.

Background
Breithaupt was born in Kitchener, and was educated at the University of Western Ontario, the University of Toronto and Osgoode Hall Law School. He was called to the Ontario Bar in 1962, and worked as a barrister and solicitor. He was named a Queen's Counsel in 1975. Breithaupt was also active in the Canadian Army. An artillery and infantry officer, he was the Commanding Officer of The Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada from 1971 to 1973 and then was the Senior Staff Officer to the Major General Reserves for Canada, completing 24 years of militia service.

He was the vice-chairman of the Board of Governors of Waterloo Lutheran University, and suggested the new name of "Wilfrid Laurier University" in 1973. He was then vice-chairman of the Waterloo Lutheran Seminary Board for a further six years. Between 1952 and 1982, he spent a total of thirty years on campus as a student, lecturer, Board Member and Vice-Chairman.

Politics
Breithaupt was elected to the Ontario legislature in Kitchener at the 1967 provincial election, defeating New Democratic Party candidate Morley Rosenberg by 52 votes. He was re-elected with increased majorities in the elections of 1971, 1975, 1977, and 1981. Breithaupt served as financial and justice critic in the Liberal shadow cabinet for a number of years, and was Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee from 1968 to 1975, when he became the House Leader for the Liberal Opposition.

Liberal leader Stuart Smith resigned following the 1981 election, and Breithaupt entered the campaign to succeed him at the 1982 Ontario Liberal leadership convention. He was initially seen as one of the front-runners in a field of five candidates, but was kept off the campaign trail by a car accident. His wife, Jane, represented him at campaign meetings and rallies. Breithaupt placed fourth on the first ballot, and withdrew from the race. The winner was David Peterson.

Breithaupt resigned from the legislature on November 1, 1984, and was appointed chairman of the Ontario Law Reform Commission.

Later life
From 1989 to 1993, he was chairman of the Commercial Registration Appeal Tribunal.

He was the chairman of the Corps of Commissionaires(Great Lakes Division), which employs some 1,200 former Service personnel. He was also the vice-chairman of the Last Post Fund (Ontario Branch) which attends to the funerals and burial of veterans without financial resources. He was the chairman of the German Pioneer's Day Committee locally in Kitchener-Waterloo for four years, and was a Deputy Judge in the Small Claims Courts of Kitchener, Cambridge, Woodstock, Stratford and Hamilton since 1993.

Breithaupt is a life member of the Waterloo Historical Society and was its President from 1996 to 1998. He was the Chairman of the Peace Monument 1871 Committee in Kitchener, and Chairman of the World Horseshoe Tournament in 1997. He organized and wrote the Memorial Plaques at the Waterloo Cenotaph in 1994 and 1995 and gathered the photos of those killed for the memorial displays, and he wrote the text for the plaque at the Kitchener Cenotaph.

Actively involved for the past 40 years with St. John's Ambulance, he was Chairman of the Kitchener-Waterloo Branch (1967–1971) and went on to become President of the Ontario Council of the Order of St. John (1989–1991). He was a Knight of Justice for the Order of St. John and has his own grant of personal arms.

The Government of Poland has made him a Knight of Merit. He was a member of Branch 412 (Polish) and 165 (Fort York) of the Royal Canadian Legion, the Toronto Artillery Officers Association, and the Royal Canadian Military Institute.

Breithaupt died at Grand River Hospital's Freeport Site on August 29, 2018, at the age of 83.

title: Jim Breithaupt


text:
Talk:Kringle

Deletion request
Note: For the archived deletion debate for this article see Talk:Kringle/delete. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 16:29, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Remark of 2004
In Australia, kringles are made in a shape a bit like a pretzel, and I was told by a Norwegian friend that the name kringle comes from fact that this looks like a letter K or C (he didn't seem too sure which to say) in an old traditional alphabet. Can anyone confirm this source of the name? Andrewa 23:42, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Not Australia but Austria. I heard from an employee at one of the Kringle distributers (Racine, WI) that some Austrian chefs had created the Kringle, but the Scandinavians did not like the pretzel-shaped pastry (extra dough in the middle) and asked that the pastry be laid flat. -bel
 * No, none of the several predating alphabets have a similar sound for the "K" rune, and besides, the symbolic meaning of these was often negative. According to DSO online, the all-comprehensive danish dictionary, the now defunkt verb to "kringle" means to entangle, which pretty much describes the shape.Dkviking 17:10, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * There's been comment on VfD that kringles were a speciality of a small area in the USA. I first ate one in the 1960s in Sydney, they were a curiosity then certainly but very popular. The shop that made them has now closed, but there are at least three independent bakers in the immediate area that still make them. Bonza tucker, mate. Andrewa 01:16, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The shape predates danish civilisation, in that ancient celtic breads for religious ceremonies were the first to be shaped like a pretzel around the year 1000BC.Dkviking 17:10, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * In danish the word is also used as an adjective 'kringlet', meaning something interwoven and quirky. Whether it is named after the bread or vice-versa I do not know. Carewolf 11:30, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Pronunciation?
Anyone care to add a pronunciation guide? I'm curious whether it's 'KRING-uhl' or 'KRING-luh'. — Morganiq 20:48, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * I grew up pronouncing it "kring-luh", but I also was told this is a Swedish and/or Norwegian dessert. Our family makes them in a figure 8 shape and is best smeared with butter.

figure 8 shape if definately wrong, since it's a different symbol (don't get me started)Dkviking 17:10, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm from Racine, WI and we pronounce it "kring-uhl." Of course, we also say pronounce "bag" as "bayg," so I'm not sure if that's the official pronunciation. 70.92.21.128 (talk)Rubinia  —Preceding comment was added at 04:57, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Official Danish pronunciation would be closest to 'KRING-luh' (or perhaps 'KRENG-luh'), but in certain local dialect 'KRING-uhl' may be used. Swedish use 'KRING-lah'. --Mojowiha (talk) 14:55, 3 January 2013 (UTC)
 * As a Dane, I will add that the R is pronounced differently than in English. With a roll in the back of the mouth instead of the front part of the mouth in English. If I can learn how to type them, I can put up the respective "pronunciation signs", if one wish to pronounce Kringle in Danish? The "luh" part above, is pronounced as "lu" in "lurk". A common ending in Danish. RhinoMind (talk) 23:01, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

7:29, 21 December 2021
 * My grandmother was Swedish as was my grandfather and father. We pronounced it much the same as it sounds like the Danes do. The r is rolled not like a Mexican r roll, a little softer the "ing" almost rings and the word ended in a "la". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.116.63.155 (talk) 01:32, 22 December 2021 (UTC)

Picture
It's a shame that this article only has a photo of a sign and not of the actual food. I'll actually be getting some kringle in the mail by around Christmastime (woohoo!) so I can add a photo. If anyone is still watching this article and gets this message, feel free to give me a nudge if December rolls around and I haven't added a photo yet (otherwise I might forget and eat it--the kringle, not the photo). r ʨ anaɢ (talk) 03:10, 3 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Hello! We are still waiting for the photo :-) Did you eat it before taking a photo perhaps? I agree that the article is seriously missing a proper picture. RhinoMind (talk) 23:04, 6 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I have bought and photographed a Kringle (of the Danish pastry kind) here in Denmark and will put up some photos soon, if the quality is ok that is. I'll be back with some kringle! . RhinoMind (talk) 21:34, 16 November 2014 (UTC)

Similarities to Pretzels
Hi folks, I guess that this article could be merged with the one on pretzels, couldn't it? Both are nearly the same. Best regards, GeoTrinity (talk) 10:22, 9 June 2018 (UTC)

 * I fully agree on this. As it seems nothing has happened in years I now then made the proper merger proposal. Gemena (talk) 20:05, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kringle


text:
Category:Galliformes

The Galliformes is an order of birds containing the turkeys, grouse, quails and pheasants. About 256 species are found worldwide.

title: Category:Galliformes