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Menasseh Ben Israel

Manoel Dias Soeiro ; (1604 – 20 November 1657), better known by his Hebrew name Menasseh ben Israel or Menashe ben Israel, also known as Menasheh ben Yossef ben Yisrael, also known with the Hebrew acronym, MB"Y or MBI, was a Jewish scholar, rabbi, kabbalist, writer, diplomat, printer, publisher, and founder of the first Hebrew printing press (named Emeth Meerets Titsma`h) in Amsterdam in 1626.

Life

Menasseh was born in La Rochelle  in 1604, with the name Manoel Dias Soeiro, a year after his parents had left mainland Portugal because of the Inquisition. The family moved to the Netherlands in 1610. The Netherlands was in the middle of a process of religious revolt against Catholic Spanish rule throughout the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648). Amsterdam was an important center of Jewish life in Europe at this time. The family's arrival in 1610 was during the Twelve Years' Truce mediated by France and England at The Hague. In Amsterdam he studied under Moses Raphael de Aguilar.

Menasseh rose to eminence not only as a rabbi and an author, but also as a printer. He established the first Hebrew press in Holland. One of his earliest works, El Conciliador, published in 1632, won immediate reputation; it was an attempt to reconcile apparent discrepancies in various parts of the Hebrew Bible. Among his correspondents were Gerardus Vossius, Hugo Grotius, Petrus Serrarius, António Vieira and Pierre Daniel Huet. In 1638, he decided to settle in Brazil, as he still found it difficult to provide for his wife and family in Amsterdam. He may have visited the Dutch colony's capital of Recife, but did not move there. One of the reasons his financial situation improved in Amsterdam was the arrival of two Portuguese Jewish entrepreneurs, the brothers Abraham and Isaac Pereyra. They hired Rabbi Manasseh to direct a small college or academy (a yeshibah in Spanish-Portuguese parlance of the time) they had founded in the city.

In 1644, Menasseh met Antonio de Montezinos, a Portuguese traveler and Marrano Sephardic Jew who had been in the New World. Montezinos convinced him of his conclusion that the South America Andes' Indians were the descendants of the lost ten tribes of Israel. This purported discovery gave a new impulse to Menasseh's Messianic hopes, as the settlement of Jews throughout the world was supposed to be a sign that the Messiah would come. Filled with this idea, he turned his attention to England, whence the Jews had been expelled since 1290. He worked to get them permission to settle there again and thus hasten the Messiah's coming.

With the start of the Commonwealth, the question of the readmission of the Jews had found increased Puritan support, but it was often mooted under the growing desire for religious liberty. In addition, Messianic and other mystic hopes were then current in England. His book, The Hope of Israel, was first published in Amsterdam in Latin (Spes Israelis) and in Spanish (Esperança de Israel) in 1650. The book was written in response to a 1648 letter from John Dury enquiring about Montezinos' claims. In addition to reporting Montezinos' accounts of Jews in the Americas, the book also expressed the hope that the Jews would return to England as a way of hastening the coming of the messiah. Menasseh also stresses his kinship with parliament, and explains himself as driven by amity for England rather than financial gain.

In 1651 he offered to serve Christina, Queen of Sweden as her agent of Hebrew books. The same year he met Oliver St John and his envoys on his mission to secure an Anglo-Dutch coalition (which would have given Dutch citizens, and thus Jews, privileges to stay and work in England). The English were impressed by learning and manner, and advised him to formally apply for Jewish readmission to England. In 1652 The Hope of Israel was translated from Latin into English by John Dury or one of his associates, and it was published in London by Moses Wall, prefixed with a dedication to the Parliament and the Council of State; his account of descendants of the Lost Tribes being found in the New World deeply impressed public opinion and stirred up many polemics in English literature. This included a debate between Edward Spencer and Moses Wall, an MP and a scholar respectively, on ben Israel's millennial claims and the manner in which the Jews would be converted. Wall and Spencer's letters were printed in later additions of the book. Despite their historic misfortunes and movements, Menasseh characterizes the condition of Jewry at the time by saying: "Hence it may be seen that God hath not left us; for if one persecutes us, another receives us civilly and courteously; and if this prince treats us ill, another treats us well; if one banisheth us out of his country, another invites us with a thousand privileges; as divers princes of Italy have done, the most eminent King of Denmark, and the mighty Duke of Savoy in Nissa. And do we not see that those Republiques do flourish and much increase in trade who admit the Israelites?"

Oliver Cromwell was sympathetic to the Jewish cause, partly because of his tolerant leanings but chiefly because he foresaw the importance for English commerce of the participation of the Jewish merchant princes, some of whom had already made their way to London. At this juncture, the English gave Jews full rights in the colony of Surinam, which they had controlled since 1650. There is some debate among historians concerning whether Menasseh's motives for pursuing the readmission of the Jews by England were primarily political or religious. Ismar Schorsch, for example, has argued that the idea of England being a final place for Jews to inhabit in order to bring about the coming of the Messiah was hardly present in The Hope of Israel (1652), but rather was developed by Menasseh later (1656-57 when he was in London) in order to appeal to English Christians with Millenarian beliefs. Henry Méchoulan, on the other hand, in his later in-depth detailed analysis of the book has striven to show that the Jewish messianic theme in it is also rather fundamental to its initial conception. Steven Nadler, in his 2018 book, which is actually the last word on Menasseh's biography to be published to date, has seemingly also closed the debate on this issue of Menasseh's own messianic beliefs: "They [the sundry European Gentile Millenarians that were in contact with him] especially valued [Menasseh] as Jewish expositor of a common [Jewish-Christian] Messianic vision, wherein the worldly empires will be swept away by a 'Fifth Kingdom' [or Fifth Monarchy] ruled by a savior sent by God."

In November 1655, Menasseh arrived in London. During his absence from the Netherlands, the Amsterdam rabbis excommunicated his student, Baruch Spinoza. In London, Menasseh published his Humble Addresses to the Lord Protector, but its effect was weakened by William Prynne's publication of Short Demurrer. Cromwell summoned the Whitehall Conference in December of the same year.

Some of the most notable statesmen, lawyers, and theologians of the day were summoned to this conference to discuss whether the Jews should be readmitted to England. The chief practical result was the declaration of judges Glynne and Steele that "there was no law which forbade the Jews' return to England" (as they had been expelled by royal decree of King Edward I, and not by formal parliamentary action; Jews remaining in England lived, however, under constant threat of expulsion). Though nothing was done to regularize the position of the Jews, the door was opened to their gradual return. On 14 December 1655, John Evelyn entered in his Diary, "Now were the Jews admitted." When Prynne and others attacked the Jews, Menasseh wrote his major work, Vindiciae judaeorum (1656), in response.

Menasseh ben Israel stayed in England for close to two years after the Whitehall Conference. During this time he tried to obtain written permission for the resettlement of the Jews in England. Although he failed in this endeavour, during his stay he met with a large number of influential figures of the age, including Cambridge theologian Ralph Cudworth, Henry Oldenburg, Robert Boyle and his sister, Adam Boreel, John Sadler, John Dury and Samuel Hartlib, as well as more marginal prophetic figures such as Ambrose Barnes and Arise Evans. Ben Israel's stay was managed by the millenarian philosemite Baptist clergyman Henry Jessey.

Death and burial
In February 1657 Cromwell granted ben Israel a state pension of £100, but he died before enjoying it, at Middelburg in the Netherlands in the winter of 1657 (14 Kislev 5418). He was conveying the body of his son Samuel home for burial.

His grave is in the Beth Haim of Ouderkerk aan de Amstel. and remains intact (headstone and gravestone ).

Writings
Menasseh ben Israel was the author of many works. His major work Nishmat Hayim is a treatise in Hebrew on the Jewish concept of reincarnation of souls, published by his son Samuel six years before they both died. Some scholars think that he studied kabbalah with Abraham Cohen de Herrera, a disciple of Israel Saruk. This would explain his familiarity with the method of Isaac Luria.

The Conciliator was, as above, a work written to reconcile the apparent contradictions in numerous passages throughout the Bible. To achieve this aim, Ben Israel "utilized an astounding range of sources"; primarily the Talmud and the classic Jewish commentaries but frequently quotes from the early Christian authorities as well as Greek and Latin authors of antiquity. Written in Spanish, in Amsterdam, 1632, it was aimed primarily to strengthen the faith of the Marranos in the veracity of the Tanach according to Jewish interpretation. It was translated by Elias Haim Lindo and published by Duncan and Malcolm, in 1842, and again in 1972, with footnotes and introductory material by Sepher-Hermon Press.

His other works include:
 * De Termino Vitae written in Latin 1639, translated into English by Thomas Pocock (London, 1709)
 * De Creatione Problemata XXX, written in Latin ,1635, first English translation introduced by Seymour Feldman translated by Yannik Pisanne and Walter Hilliger. Menasseh Ben Israel, Thirty Problems Concerning Creation, New York, 2023, Shehakol, ISBN 173567379X ; ISBN 9781735673790 and in French ISBN 2494509025
 * De Resurrectione Mortuorum, Book I 1636 - written originally in Spanish but later translated into Latin, 1636 First English Translation, by Walter Hilliger, ISBN 1735673765, and in modern Spanish, ISBN 1735673773, both digital versions available on Sefaria.
 * De la Fragilidad Humana (On Human Frailty) (1642)
 * Nishmat Hayyim Hebrew
 * a ritual compendium Thesouros dos dinim.
 * Piedra gloriosa - with four engraved etchings by his acquaintance Rembrandt, who is also thought by some to have painted his portrait. These are preserved in the British Museum.
 * The Hope of Israel (London 1652). Printed in Lucien Wolf (ed.), Manasseh ben Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell (London 1901), p. 50-51.
 * Vindiciae Judaeorum, Or, A Letter in Answer to Certain Questions Propounded by a Noble and Learned Gentleman: Touching the Reproaches Cast on the Nation of the Jews ; Wherein All Objections are Candidly, and Yet Fully Clear'd. Amsterdam 1656.

Other works can be found in the Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for example:
 * Orden de las oraciones del mes, con lo mes necessario y obligatorio de las tres fiestas del año. Como tambien lo que toca a los ayunos, Hanucah, y Purim: con sus advertencias y notas para mas facilidad, y clareza. Industria y despeza de Menasseh ben Israel

Descendants
Menasseh's wife, Rachel, was a descendant of the Abarbanel family. Menasseh had three children by her. According to family legend, the Abarbanels were descendants of King David, and he was proud of his children's Davidic ancestry. Both of Menasseh's sons predeceased their father. Menasseh's eldest son was Samuel Abarbanel Soeiro, also known as Samuel Ben Israel, who worked as a printer and assisted his father with matters in England. He died in 1657. Menasseh's youngest son, Joseph, died at age 20, in 1650, on a disastrous business trip to Poland. Menasseh also had a daughter, Gracia, born 1628, who married Samuel Abarbanel Barboza in 1646, and died in 1690.

Moses Jacob Ezekiel, the American sculptor, in his autobiography claimed to be a descendant of Menasseh Ben Israel. His claim is unconfirmed.

title: Menasseh Ben Israel


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Category talk:Articles that need to be wikified

This talk page is used for discussion about the category. Any queries regarding wikifying articles or the wikification drive can be posted at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Wikify. The archived pages here relate mainly to the wikification drive prior to WikiProject Wikify being established.

Linking to WikiProject Wikify
Instead of having a guide on how to Wikify the pages, could we just link to WikiProject Wikify instead, where the steps to Wikifying the pages are more in-depth? If there's no response in the next twenty-four hours I'll just change it and see what happens. Voyaging (talk) 05:19, 28 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Support. The explanatory information seems to be a remnant of when this category page was the collaborative hub of the wikification drive, before the WikiProject started up. Some of the discussions on this talk page should probably be archived as well, namely those posted prior to the WikiProject being set up. Cheers. – Liveste (talk • edits) 00:01, 29 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Talk page archived. I've added an explanatory note above. Cheers. – Liveste (talk • edits) 06:40, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Categorization
Since Wikification is a kind of cleanup, I added this category to. If you disagree, feel free to revert. --B. Wolterding (talk) 17:06, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Amounts on Sub Catogories
Where has the total amounts gone on each month that tells you how many pages are to be wikified? Katsp8 (talk) 18:57, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Date autoformatting is no longer encouraged
It's true. See Manual_of_Style_%28dates_and_numbers%29. Editors should consider the disadvantages of applying MediaWiki's autoformatting before doing so. The alternative is to remove it from an article where it is applied inconsistently. TONY  (talk)  03:21, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

backlog?
this doesn't seem to belong in the backlog category, as it's not 1 year or 10,000 articles backlogged? --Dak (talk) 20:20, 5 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed, I see no articles at all here. -- Laura S | talk to me 13:17, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
 * They are in the sub-categories. Rich Farmbrough, 19:33, 30 May 2009 (UTC).

The main problem with the list
It is a total mixture of topics - when most of us are interested in particular areas (and do not have the inclination to trawl through several thousand entries for things we wish to take on). Jackiespeel (talk) 17:27, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

Contested deletion
This page should not be speedily deleted because... (just because it's empty now, that doesn't mean it always will be...better to save it than have to recreate it later) --WQUlrich (talk) 19:56, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Fumé blanc

Should this be written as/classified as a wine type or just a grape synonym? Justinc 14:58, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

It is not a grape variety so removed from that category Justinc 17:57, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fumé blanc


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Talk:Person having ordinary skill in the art

The framework
Here's my proposed framework:

 * Patentability
 * blah ... blah ...
 * Novelty (patent)
 * Utility (patent)
 * Non-obviousness (Let's steal something from patent)
 * (overview ... blah ... blah ...)
 * U.S.: PHOSITA (done)
 * E.U.: blah ... blah ...
 * European legislations before the EPO
 * Japan: blah ... blah ...
 * Other countries: blah ... blah ...
 * other issues ... blah ... blah ...

NPOV issues
I replaced the following paragraph:

Since patent laws around the world are getting more and more similar with each other thanks to the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) and other international intellectual property treaties, the PHOSITA test and its variants are now used in many countries other than the United States.

This is typically US-centric. The PHOSITA test is obvious and has been present in other countries' patent laws from the beginning.

And, the contributer touched, probably unknowingly, a hot political discussion in the EU, concerning whether we want more similarity with US patent law. After all, many aspects of patent laws are similar in most countries of the world with the exception of the US -- most notably the treatment of prior art (most countries do not allow the so-called "lab book proof": prior art only counts when published) and the patentability of algorithms and business procedures (only in the US, whether we want that in the EU is currently a large debate and a disagreement between European Parliament and European Comission)

Simon A. 14:59, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks to your valuable correction. I did this section in a hurry because I really would like to see it expanded (and I just want to finish it so I can post that stupid illustration). I did not have time to check when was the PHOSITA test first legislated in the U.S. I am also unsure of the evolution of this idea in the Continental Europe. Thank you for your correction.

 * The "lab book evidence" is a part of the U.S.-only "first to invent" philosophy. I do hope the U.S. could get rid of it just like the rest of us. It's also amusing to me to see the current requirement of "clear and convincing evidence" to invalidate a patent in court. If they do allow prior art such as "lab book evidence" or those published shortly after the filing date, I think they may want to lower the requirement to "preponderance of the evidence" which is currently proposed by the USITC. -- Toytoy 15:49, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

PHOSITAs outside the United States
Replaced Any reasonable patent legislation should not allow for the patentability of something obvious. with Practically all patent legislations do not allow for the patentability of something obvious.

Sounds more NPOV and I suspect it to be true. About the word 'formulastions', I cannot find it on dictionary.com or on wikipedia. Google suggests 'formulations', and that sounds right to me, so I'll replace it with that. If some other word was meant then correct it :-) --Dyss 19:16, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah, I also forgot, what is that picture supposed to be? --Dyss 19:18, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Useless, that's what. - Montréalais 20:04, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Picture removed. --Edcolins 21:09, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

If I had a hammer, I'd.. uh.. what?
What's the point of the hammer analogy? I find it confusing and unencyclopedic. It is just trying to say that PHOSITA is a concept that is used in many countries and gets the job done? Or is it actually about patenting hammers? Is it necessary? Can it be reworded or clarified? Generally I don't think extended analogy is really very encyclopedic, or often very clear... --Fastfission 04:15, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Also, could someone come up with some examples -- i.e. a hypothetical invention that wouldn't pass PHOSITA hypothetically, or maybe something that people have criticized specifically? Right now it sounds alright but it's hard for me to visualize what level of "obviousness" a PHOSITA might have, a good example might do the trick. --Fastfission 04:19, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I was thinking about the song and got carried away. Now how about some nails? Ha! -- Toytoy 04:56, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

An example (or two or three) would definitely help me to get my mind around this concept. [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 16:46, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

LJ Jacob coined it nerd
called this person a nerd with reference to UK [2004] EWCA Civ 281. The following two articles by Bernard CORBOZ and Graham ASHLEY might be of interest for Swiss and EPO term definitions. --Swen (talk) 13:20, 3 May 2010 (UTC)


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Iacri

Iacri is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 6,295 (2020 est.) in an area of 322 km². The elevation is 499 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Religion
Christianity is present in the city as follows:

Catholic Church
The Catholic church in the municipality is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Marília.

Protestant Church
The most diverse evangelical beliefs are present in the city, mainly Pentecostal, including the Assemblies of God in Brazil (the largest evangelical church in the country), Christian Congregation in Brazil, among others. These denominations are growing more and more throughout Brazil.

title: Iacri


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Iaras

Iaras is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 9,517 (2020 est.) in an area of 401 km². The elevation is 648 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Iaras


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Superpotential

In theoretical physics, the superpotential is a function in supersymmetric quantum mechanics. Given a superpotential, two "partner potentials" are derived that can each serve as a potential in the Schrödinger equation. The partner potentials have the same spectrum, apart from a possible eigenvalue of zero, meaning that the physical systems represented by the two potentials have the same characteristic energies, apart from a possible zero-energy ground state.

One-dimensional example
Consider a one-dimensional, non-relativistic particle with a two state internal degree of freedom called "spin". (This is not quite the usual notion of spin encountered in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, because "real" spin applies only to particles in three-dimensional space.) Let b and its Hermitian adjoint b† signify operators which transform a "spin up" particle into a "spin down" particle and vice versa, respectively. Furthermore, take b and b† to be normalized such that the anticommutator {b,b†} equals 1, and take that b2 equals 0. Let p represent the momentum of the particle and x represent its position with [x,p]=i, where we use natural units so that $$\hbar=1$$. Let W (the superpotential) represent an arbitrary differentiable function of x and define the supersymmetric operators Q1 and Q2 as

 * $$Q_1=\frac{1}{2}\left[(p-iW)b+(p+iW)b^\dagger\right]$$
 * $$Q_2=\frac{i}{2}\left[(p-iW)b-(p+iW)b^\dagger\right]$$

The operators Q1 and Q2 are self-adjoint. Let the Hamiltonian be

 * $$H=\{Q_1,Q_1\}=\{Q_2,Q_2\}=\frac{p^2}{2}+\frac{W^2}{2}+\frac{W'}{2}(bb^\dagger-b^\dagger b)$$

where W' signifies the derivative of W. Also note that {Q1,Q2}=0. Under these circumstances, the above system is a toy model of N=2 supersymmetry. The spin down and spin up states are often referred to as the "bosonic" and "fermionic" states, respectively, in an analogy to quantum field theory. With these definitions, Q1 and Q2 map "bosonic" states into "fermionic" states and vice versa. Restricting to the bosonic or fermionic sectors gives two partner potentials determined by

 * $$ H = \frac{p^2}{2}+\frac{W^2}{2} \pm \frac{W'}{2}$$

In four spacetime dimensions
In supersymmetric quantum field theories with four spacetime dimensions, which might have some connection to nature, it turns out that scalar fields arise as the lowest component of a chiral superfield, which tends to automatically be complex valued. We may identify the complex conjugate of a chiral superfield as an anti-chiral superfield. There are two possible ways to obtain an action from a set of superfields:
 * Integrate a superfield on the whole superspace spanned by $$x_{0,1,2,3}$$ and $$\theta,\bar\theta$$,

or

 * Integrate a chiral superfield on the chiral half of a superspace, spanned by $$x_{0,1,2,3}$$ and $$\theta$$, not on $$\bar\theta$$.

The second option tells us that an arbitrary holomorphic function of a set of chiral superfields can show up as a term in a Lagrangian which is invariant under supersymmetry. In this context, holomorphic means that the function can only depend on the chiral superfields, not their complex conjugates. We may call such a function W, the superpotential. The fact that W is holomorphic in the chiral superfields helps explain why supersymmetric theories are relatively tractable, as it allows one to use powerful mathematical tools from complex analysis. Indeed, it is known that W receives no perturbative corrections, a result referred to as the perturbative non-renormalization theorem. Note that non-perturbative processes may correct this, for example through contributions to the beta functions due to instantons.

title: Superpotential


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Tirumalai Krishnamacharya

Tirumalai Krishnamacharya (18 November 1888 – 28 February 1989) was an Indian yoga teacher, ayurvedic healer and scholar. He is seen as one of the most important gurus of modern yoga, and is often called "Father of Modern Yoga" for his wide influence on the development of postural yoga. Like earlier pioneers influenced by physical culture such as Yogendra and Kuvalayananda, he contributed to the revival of hatha yoga.

Krishnamacharya held degrees in all the six Vedic darśanas, or Indian philosophies. While under the patronage of the King of Mysore, Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV, Krishnamacharya traveled around India giving lectures and demonstrations to promote yoga, including such feats as apparently stopping his heartbeat. He is widely considered as the architect of vinyāsa, in the sense of combining breathing with movement; the style of yoga he created has come to be called Viniyoga or Vinyasa Krama Yoga. Underlying all of Krishnamacharya's teachings was the principle "Teach what is appropriate for an individual." While he is revered in other parts of the world as a yogi, in India Krishnamacharya is mainly known as a healer who drew from both ayurvedic and yogic traditions to restore health and well-being to those he treated. He wrote four books on yoga—Yoga Makaranda (1934), Yogaasanagalu (c. 1941), Yoga Rahasya, and Yogavalli (Chapter 1 – 1988)—as well as several essays and poetic compositions.

Krishnamacharya's students included many of yoga's most renowned and influential teachers: Indra Devi (1899–2002); K. Pattabhi Jois (1915–2009); B. K. S. Iyengar (1918-2014); his son T. K. V. Desikachar (1938-2016); Srivatsa Ramaswami (born 1939); and A. G. Mohan (born 1945). Iyengar, his brother-in-law and founder of Iyengar Yoga, credits Krishnamacharya with encouraging him to learn yoga as a boy in 1934.

Early life
Krishnamacharya was born on 18 November 1888 in Muchukundapura, in the Chitradurga district of present-day Karnataka, in South India, to an orthodox Telugu Iyengar family. His parents were Tirumalai Srinivasa Tatacharya, a well-known teacher of the Vedas, and Ranganayakiamma. Krishnamacharya was the eldest of six children. He had two brothers and three sisters. At the age of six, he underwent the educational sacrament of upanayana. He then began learning to speak and write Sanskrit, from texts such as the Amarakosha and to chant the Vedas under the strict tutelage of his father.

When Krishnamacharya was ten, his father died. At the age of twelve, he went to Mysore, then the largest city in Karnataka, where his great-grandfather, Srinivasa Brahmatantra Parakala Swami, was the head of the Parakala Matha. He continued his studies under his great-grandfather's guidance and at Mysore University.

Education
Krishnamacharya spent much of his youth traveling through India studying the six darśana or Indian philosophies: vaiśeṣika, nyāya, sāṃkhya, yoga, mīmāṃsā and vedānta. In 1906, at the age of eighteen, Krishnamacharya left Mysore to attend university at Banaras, also known as Vārānasī, a city of hundreds of temples and a highly regarded North Indian center of traditional learning. While at university, he studied logic and Sanskrit, working with Brahmashri Shivakumar Shastry, "one of the greatest grammarians of the age". He stated that he learned the Mimamsa from Brahmasri Trilinga Rama Shastri.

In 1914, he once again left for Banaras to attend classes at Queens College, where he claimed that he earned a number of teaching certificates. During the first year he had little or no financial support from his family. In order to eat, he followed the rules that were laid down for religious beggars: he was to approach only seven households each day and offer a prayer "in return for wheat flour to mix with water for cakes". Krishnamacharya eventually left Queens College to study the ṣaḍdarśana (six darshanas) in Vedic philosophy at Patna University, in Bihar, a state in eastern India. He received a scholarship to study Ayurveda under Vaidya Krishnakumar of Bengal.

Krishnamacharya claimed that he was invited to the coronation of the Rajah of Dikkanghat (a principality within Darbhanga), at which he defeated a scholar called Bihari Lal in a debate, and received rewards and honors from the Rajah. He stated that his stay in Banaras lasted 11 years. He further claimed that he studied with the yoga master Sri Babu Bhagavan Das and passed the Samkhya Yoga Examination of Patna, and that many of his instructors recognized his outstanding abilities in yoga, some asking that he teach their children.

The tale of Ramamohana Brahmachari and the Yoga Korunta

Krishnamacharya told his pupils, including Iyengar, "an imagined history, it turns out, of thousands of asanas". Mark Singleton and Tara Fraser note that he provided contradictory descriptions of the facts of his own life, sometimes denying tales he had told earlier, and sometimes mischievously adding new versions. According to one such tale, recounted by Mohan, during the vacations, which would last about three months, Krishnamacharya made pilgrimages into the Himalayas. Krishnamacharya claimed in his Yoga Makaranda that at the suggestion of Gaṅgānāth Jhā, he sought to further his yoga studies by seeking a master named Yogeshwara Ramamohana Brahmachari, who was rumored to live in the mountains beyond Nepal and had supposedly mastered 7000 asanas. For this venture, Krishnamacharya had to obtain the permission of the Viceroy in Simla, Lord Irwin, who was then suffering from diabetes. At the request of the Viceroy, Krishnamacharya travelled to Simla and taught him yogic practices for six months. The viceroy's health improved and he developed respect and affection for Krishnamacharya. In 1919, the Viceroy made arrangements for Krishnamacharya's travel to Tibet, supplying three aides and taking care of the expenses. After two and a half months of walking, Krishnamacharya arrived at Sri Brahmachari's school, supposedly a cave at the foot of Mount Kailash, where the master lived with his wife and three children. Under Brahmachari's tutelage, Krishnamacharya claimed to have spent seven and a half years studying the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali, learning asanas and pranayama, and studying the therapeutic aspects of yoga. He was supposedly made to memorize the whole of the Yoga Korunta in the Gurkha language, though no evidence of that text exists. As tradition holds, at the end of his studies with the guru, Krishnamacharya asked what his payment would be. The master responded that Krishnamacharya was to "take a wife, raise children and be a teacher of Yoga".

According to the tale, Krishnamacharya then returned to Varanasi. The Maharajah of Jaipur called him to serve as principal of the Vidyā Śālā in Jaipur; but as he did not like being answerable to many people, Krishnamacharya shortly returned to Varanasi. In accordance with his guru's wish that he live the life of a householder, Krishnamacharya married Namagiriamma in 1925. After his marriage, Krishnamacharya was forced by circumstance to work in a coffee plantation in the Hasan district. It was after a lecture on the Upanishads in Mysore town hall in 1931 that he attracted the attention as a learned scholar that eventually led to his employment at the palace.

Mysore years

In 1926, the Maharaja of Mysore, Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV (1884–1940) was in Varanasi to celebrate his mother's 60th birthday and heard about Krishnamacharya's learning and skill as a yoga therapist. The Maharaja met Krishnamacharya and was so impressed by the young man's demeanor, authority, and scholarship that he engaged Krishnamacharya to teach him and his family. Initially, Krishnamacharya taught yoga at the Mysore Palace. He soon became a trusted advisor of the Maharajah, and was given the recognition of Asthana Vidwan — the intelligentsia of the palace.

During the 1920s, Krishnamacharya held many demonstrations to stimulate popular interest in yoga. These included suspending his pulse, stopping cars with his bare hands, performing difficult asanas, and lifting heavy objects with his teeth. The Palace archive records show that the Maharaja was interested in the promotion of yoga and continually sent Krishnamacharya around the country to give lectures and demonstrations.

In 1931, Krishnamacharya was invited to teach at the Sanskrit College in Mysore. The Maharaja, who felt that yoga had helped cure his many ailments, asked Krishnamacharya to open a yoga school under his patronage and was subsequently given the wing of a nearby palace, the Jaganmohan Palace, to start the Yogashala, an independent yoga institution, which opened on 11 August 1933.

In 1934, he wrote the book Yoga Makaranda ("Essence of Yoga"), which was published by Mysore University. In the introduction to Yoga Makaranda, Krishnamacharya lists the Sritattvanidhi, a 19th-century treatise containing a yoga section by Maharaja of Mysore, Krishnaraja Wodeyar III (1794–1868) as one of the sources for his book. In The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace, Norman Sjoman asserts that Krishnamacharya was influenced by the Sritattvanidhi and by the Vyayama Dipika, a Western-based gymnastics manual written by the Mysore Palace gymnasts. Mark Singleton argues that he was influenced by the 20th century yoga pioneers Yogendra and Kuvalayananda, and that all three "seamlessly incorporate[d] elements of physical culture into their systems of 'yoga'."

Krishnamacharya, unlike earlier yoga gurus such as Yogendra, "severely criticized his students" including his young brother-in-law, B. K. S. Iyengar. He was equally bad-tempered at home with his family. In the view of the historian of yoga Elliott Goldberg, Iyengar "would never recover from or anywhere near comprehend the damage inflicted on him by Krishnamacharya's abuse" during his teenage years.

In 1940, Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV died. His nephew and successor, Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar (1919–1974), less interested in yoga, no longer provided support for publishing texts and sending teams of teachers to surrounding areas. Following political changes in 1946, around the time that India gained independence, a new government came into being and the powers of the maharajas were curtailed. Funding for the yoga school was cut off, and Krishnamacharya struggled to maintain the school. At the age of 60 (1948), Krishnamacharya was forced to travel extensively to find students and provide for his family. The yogashala in Mysore was ordered to be closed by K.C. Reddy, the first Chief Minister of Mysore State, and the school eventually closed in 1950.

Madras years

After leaving Mysore, Krishnamacharya moved to Bangalore for a couple of years and then was invited in 1952 to relocate to Madras (now Chennai), by a well-known lawyer who sought Krishnamacharya's help in healing from a stroke. By now, Krishnamacharya was in his sixties, and his reputation for being a strict and intimidating teacher had mellowed somewhat. In Madras, Krishnamacharya accepted a job as a lecturer at Vivekananda College. He also began to acquire yoga students from diverse backgrounds and in various physical conditions, which required him to adapt his teaching to each student's abilities. For the remainder of his teaching life, Krishnamacharya continued to refine this individualized approach, which came to be known as Viniyoga. Many considered Krishnamacharya a yoga master, but he continued to call himself a student because he felt that he was always "studying, exploring and experimenting" with the practice. Throughout his life, Krishnamacharya refused to take credit for his innovative teachings but instead attributed the knowledge to his guru or to ancient texts. Although his knowledge and teaching has influenced yoga throughout the world, Krishnamacharya never left his native India. Yoga Journal wrote:

"You may never have heard of him but Tirumalai Krishnamacharya influenced or perhaps even invented your yoga. Whether you practice the dynamic series of Pattabhi Jois, the refined alignments of B. K. S. Iyengar, the classical postures of Indra Devi, or the customized vinyasa of Viniyoga, your practice stems from one source: a five-foot, two-inch Brahmin born more than one hundred years ago in a small South Indian village."

By developing and refining different approaches, Krishnamacharya made yoga accessible to millions around the world.

Approach
Krishnamacharya was a physician of Ayurvedic medicine. He "possessed enormous knowledge of nutrition, herbal medicine, the use of oils, and other remedies". Krishnamacharya's custom as an Ayurvedic practitioner was to begin with a detailed examination to determine the most efficient path to take for a patient. According to Krishnamacharya, even though the source or focus of a disease is in a particular area of the body, he assumed that many other systems in the body, both mental and physical, would also be affected. At some point during or after an initial examination, Krishnamacharya would ask if the patient was willing to follow his guidance. This question was important to a patient's treatment, because Krishnamacharya felt that if the person could not trust him fully there was little chance of his or her being healed.

Once a person began seeing Krishnamacharya, he would work with him or her on a number of levels including adjusting their diet; creating herbal medicines; and setting up a series of yoga postures that would be most beneficial. When instructing a person on the practice of yoga, Krishnamacharya particularly stressed the importance of combining breath work (pranayama) with the postures (asanas) of yoga and meditation (dhyana) to reach the desired goal.

Krishnamacharya "believed Yoga to be India's greatest gift to the world." His yoga instruction reflected his conviction that yoga could be both a spiritual practice and a mode of physical healing. His style of yoga is now known as Vinyasa Krama Yoga. Krishnamacharya based his teachings on the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali and the Yoga Yajnavalkya. Whereas Krishnamacharya was deeply devoted to Vaishnavism, he also respected his students' varying religious beliefs, or nonbeliefs. A former student recalls that while leading a meditation, Krishnamacharya instructed students to close their eyes and "think of God. If not God, the sun. If not the sun, your parents." As a result of the teachings he received from his father and other instructors, Krishnamacharya approached every student as "absolutely unique", in the belief that the most important aspect of teaching yoga was that the student be "taught according to his or her individual capacity at any given time". For Krishnamacharya, the path of yoga meant different things for different people, and each person ought to be taught in a manner that he or she understood clearly.

Krishnamacharya's students included many of 20th century yoga's most renowned and influential teachers: Indra Devi; K. Pattabhi Jois; B. K. S. Iyengar; T. K. V. Desikachar; Srivatsa Ramaswami; and A. G. Mohan (born 1945).

Accomplishment as a scholar
Krishnamacharya was highly regarded as a scholar. He earned degrees in philosophy, logic, divinity, philology, and music. He was twice offered the position of Acharya in the Srivaishnava sampradaya, but he declined in order to stay with his family, in accordance with his guru's wishes.

He also had extensive knowledge of orthodox Hindu rituals. His scholarship in various darshanas of orthodox Indian philosophy earned him titles such as Sāṃkhya-yoga-śikhāmaṇi, Mīmāṃsā-ratna, Mīmāṃsā-thīrtha, Nyāyācārya, Vedāntavāgīśa, Veda-kesari and Yogācārya.

One of Krishnamacharya's most distinctive teachings was about kuṇḍalinī. To him, kuṇḍalinī is not an energy that rises. Rather, it is a blockage that prevents prāṇa (breath) from rising.

Works

 * 1) Yoga Makaranda (1934)
 * 2) Yogaasanagalu (c. 1941)
 * 3) Yoga Rahasya (2004)
 * 4) Yogavalli (Chapter 1 – 1988)

title: Tirumalai Krishnamacharya


text:
Ibaté

Ibaté is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil with a population of 35,472 in 2020 according to IBGE. The city's name comes from the Tupi language and means "dry lake".

Ibaté is located on the east-center of the state, 12 km from São Carlos and 247 km from the city of São Paulo.

History
The origins and development of the city has relation with the coffee production on the region, at the end of the 19th century. The village of São João Batista da Lagoa was founded on January 29, 1893. In 1900 the village was elevated to district, with the name of Vila de Ibaté.

On December 30, 1953, Ibaté was officially established as a municipality.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Ibaté


text:
Talk:List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland

Untitled

 * Discussion moved from Wikipedia talk:Irish wikipedians' notice board:

By just looking at the List of towns in the Republic of Ireland article you can see how many Irish Towns have either short stubs or no article at all. Its a very basic thing - like which is more basic an article on Bosco or Virginia? So im going to start creating new articles and updating existing ones. Only problem is I can't offer that much knowledge other than whats on maps, in the census or easily found on the net for most towns - so I need plenty of help... --CGorman 20:37, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed, but in some cases links may simply need to be updated. It might be a good idea to approach the problem on a county-by-county basis or by significance of town. Also used the

category for each town. Djegan 20:01, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Initial work

 * I've added the category to all 'live' links. I focused on my own county first, filling in towns like Delvin, Rochfordbridge, Tyrrellspass etc. (ableit making extensive use of the  message!). Next I updated some of the links such as Ashbourne, Mallow, Tipperary etc. Then I picked off a few towns at random filling in basic things like the Irish name, location, main roads, railines, and aminities like castles, golf courses etc. The only problem is, whenever I refer to my map, I spot a reasonably large town thats missing! I'll continue adding little bits over the next few weeks (the fact that I got broadband yesterday will help), but I cannot give that much information on many towns. --CGorman 20:42, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Im happy to say all articles at List of towns in the Republic of Ireland now have an article (or at least a short stub) and that they conform to some sort of uniformity. Thanks to Zoney for his help. Anyways, next task is filling in articles for towns still unlisted - (such as those at County Kilkenny and County Cork) and to expand the stubs. --CGorman 19:55, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Expanding the workload
CGorman might be a wee bit upset, but I'm gradually filling out the "List of towns" with more entries, taken from the counties' main towns lists on their pages. I'm fixing up the blue link town articles, but leaving the missing ones missing for now. Some towns are more obscure, but many large ones made their entry onto the page, e.g. Blarney. Finally, I suggest we afterwards turn our attention to the List of towns in Northern Ireland.

If someone could enlighten me as to the Irish for Barleycove (Which I'm not sure counts as a town), I'd be happy.

zoney ♣ talk 10:00, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * CGorman might be a wee bit upset, but I'm gradually filling out the "List of towns" with more entries, taken from the counties' main towns lists on their pages. - well I was going to add those towns to the list aswell anyways... I just had'nt got around to it! Anyways, i'll try and create stubs (with location, irish, and aminities) for those towns... and increasingly villages, soon. For the moment im over at wikibooks... so I probably won't do anything till the weekend. --CGorman 21:01, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, all the red links are gone now - everything has a stub - so now its time to expand the stubs. --CGorman 16:55, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * A lot done, more to do, to copy a phrase :-) I'm sorry I didn't announce this before all those red links were cleared, but I'm actually adding specific categories to the towns now, not just Category:Towns in the Republic of Ireland. There's Category:Towns in Cork for example, eventually I'll have all the counties/towns done. Also, I've only gotten as far as Limerick in copying towns onto the list of towns in the Republic of Ireland page. I'm working down through the counties in the order of the counties template. zoney ♣ talk 20:41, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Well i'll try and keep up with you in creating new stubs! --CGorman 21:45, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Even though zoney is on hiatus and CGorman is more involved with Wikinews than our little world, we've added a whole bunch more town links from the county pages and significant pages of interest. So if anyone wants to take up creating stubs and destubbing existing stubs, adding pictures, infobox, etc.   It's all right here!  -- ℬ astique ▼ talk 12:40, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

 * RE: Irish for Barleycove - Bá na hEornan. --MacTire02 (talk) 10:26, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

Expanded articles
A proud moment for me: I just created a stub for Sallins, the only red link on the list I know anything about. I also added it to the todo list for expansion as it's only three lines. Filiocht 12:40, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

I've put some more information into Lucan, County Dublin and will add more around Dublin when I see relevance of my knowledge. I also linked some more pre-existing Dublin pages I found into the category Category:Towns and suburbs in Dublin. Should I manually add them to List of towns in the Republic of Ireland also? There's a few towns eg Donnybrook which act as a disambig page as well as having information on the Dublin area, not sure whether to include these or split out the Dublin related info into a separate stub. Jlang 14:01, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Half-finished work
I hope you'll note that I've only gotten as far as "M" in checking articles and adding to the to-do list in the appropriate section. I've also been moving "Townname, Ireland" articles to "Townname, County Countyname" for consistency. Anyone else is free to go through some of the remaining town articles to be checked. zoney ♣ talk 16:12, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * This has been finished for a while. I'm adjusting the to-do list as articles are expanded. I'm keeping the ones which have been worked on already, just to show what has been accomplished. zoney ♣ talk 14:03, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * This is a really great piece of work, Zoney. You've done the country proud. Filiocht 14:29, Nov 5, 2004 (UTC)

Stub for Ireland
Please help changing the   tags in these articles to the more useful   .

If anyone knows how to get a software robot to do this, that would be great too. Change any article with the word Ireland and a   tag, then we could revert any incorrect ones (should be very few). Seabhcan 14:04, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The template Ireland-geo-stub is in fact a better one to use, as it avoids a redirect (Ireland-place-stub simply redirects to it. A separate NorthernIreland-geo-stub exists for stub articles dealing with the geography of the six counties. Grutness...  wha?  03:44, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

New town in ireland infobox template
''Updated 2005.05.23. Please disregard previous information!''

Hi all... I created an infobox and am currently working on towns in County Mayo. TIt's at Template:Ireland_town_infobox and the format to use it is as follows:

If you don't have a town crest, don't leave out the "crest_image" field, just leave it blank, like so:

crest_image = | -- ℬ astique ▼ talk 08:45, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I modified the variables with regard to coordinates. Now uses Wiki standard system.  -- ℬ astique ▼ talk 17:36, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I added Irish Grid into the template. Variable "irish_grid"

 * Redid the entire template. All towns that used the previous template are now using Template:ie citytown infobox  ℬ astique ▼ talk 01:29, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

Town populations/Irish 2002 Census
For anyone who is doing a town (or city) article, I've uploaded a list of town population figures, sorted alphabetically, as reported by the 2002 Irish Census. You can find this list here: List of towns in the Republic of Ireland/2002 Census Records

The Original information can be viewed here: Central Statistics Office Ireland

 ℬ astique ▼ talk 03:48, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

The 2006 Census details have been added here List of towns in the Republic of Ireland/2006 Census Records Perryn (talk) 03:44, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Move/rename page
I suggest the page be moved, as it is basically "places" in the Republic of Ireland, not just towns. It includes cities, villages and parts of cities/suburbs/former towns.

If there is some strict definition of a town in ROI, a seperate sublist should be created.

zoney ♣ talk 15:24, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Augher
The link to this town goes to the Augher in Co. Tyrone which is in N. Ireland. Is there another Augher? If so there needs to be disabiguation. Peter Clarke 09:16, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Villages
Can u put in small villages? Techo 09:29, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes. But not mere townlands - they must be a recognised village. (Sarah777 22:50, 8 August 2007 (UTC))

 * And so, and see (Move/rename page) above, can this be renamed to Settlements in RoI, or Towns and Villages, or something more accurate? In the way most people understand the term, most of the places listed are not towns. And this small discussion highlights that villages are explicitly included. I gather that this is more of a worklist than an encyclopedia item but even so. And High priority? For a non-informational, non-encyclopedic item? Skir77 13:32, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I see I made this "high"; must have had a moment of madness! It is a fairly central list as it is referenced in nearly all "settlement" articles in the RoI; but it is a reference list rather than strictly encyclopedic.

 * The best name issue has cropped up before; on a county level the analogous list is sometimes called "Towns in X" and sometimes "Towns and villages in X". So we probably need a general rationalisation. The alternative name for the "parent" list here might be "Villages, towns and suburbs in the RoI" - because, certainly in the case of Dublin, suburbs (many originally separate towns or villages) are also included. (Sarah777 03:23, 26 September 2007 (UTC))

UK towns & villages linked
Why the need for links to burghs in Scotland and towns and villages in England and Wales at the end of this article? Surely this is not relevant? Coolavokig 08:18, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

 * That's a point - I don't really know how they got there or why. But I'd be reluctant to be the one to wield the axe! The "to-do" template is seriously out of date and is protected so I can't edit it - anyone out there got the keys? (Sarah777 08:47, 20 October 2007 (UTC))

 * I raised this issue almost exactly a year ago and apart from the one above from Sarah777 (who agreed with me), nobody has argued the point. Therefore I have now removed these categoreis as not being relevant to the "List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland" - I have left the link to Listo of towns and villages in Northern Ireland as it is, I believe, relevant. Coolavokig (talk) 08:55, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

Eastwall
The current title for this page is List of Towns in Ireland. Eastwall does not fall into this category. As I have not been involved in the creation of this excellent resource I'm unwilling to remove content added by others. damienm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.125.18.3 (talk) 11:45, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Placenames in the Gaeltacht
Should placenames in the Gaeltacht not be in their official Irish language form? As per placenames in India? Calcutta, the common name form, is now located at Kolkata. Therefore shouldn't Belmullet be renamed Béal an Mhuirthead? --MacTire02 (talk) 10:06, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Of course. But this is a simple matter of forcing political POV through majoritarianism (as distinct from the silly Wiki claim that it operates by "consensus"). They can't outvote the Indian editors on EN:Wiki; they can out vote the Irish editors. Sarah777 (talk) 00:29, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Are you asking what the title of a place's own article should be, or what the name used on this list should be? If the former, you can read and contribute at WP:IMOS and MOS:NAME. If the latter, then both names can and should be included here. jnestorius(talk) 04:49, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I debated this on the Spiddal article and was in a minority of one (me) plus the proposer to use the Irish version. Sometimes it's best to cut your losses:) Pleeese don't change the name of the List again - I've just about completed updating the title on hundreds of village/town articles. Sarah777 (talk) 09:57, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Purpose of article
I have removed the following:
 * Note: Please do not add redlinks to this list - it is intended as a list of settlements which have Wiki articles.

as per WP:SELFREF. It is always permitted, and indeed encouraged, for editors to add a redlink in any article if they believe in good faith that the named topic ought to be mentioned in that article and ought to have its own article.

If this list is intended as an aid to editors, then it should be moved out of the article namespace and into WikiProject Ireland, possibly crosslinked to WikiProject Cities.

As it stands I'm sceptical of the value of this article for readers as opposed to editors. Similar information is presented in a more structured manner in Category:Towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland (by county), List of cities, boroughs and towns in the Republic of Ireland (limited to municipalities) and List of towns in the Republic of Ireland by population. This article is just a big list to make one's eyes glaze over. jnestorius(talk) 10:55, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I have restored it and ask that you don't engage in pointless agressive editing by removing it again. Thanks. Sarah777 (talk) 19:38, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

 * My edit was not aggressive; see WP:BRD. Nor was it pointless; I have given my explanation. Would you care to respond, or do you think my points are so obviously wrong as not to be worthy of rebuttal? I will mention another issue: "redlinks" links to Fhhkkj, which seems to be an WP:EASTEREGG; why does it not link to Red link?  BTW, you probably didn't intend to paste part of my commentary when you restored the text. Your edit summary —"deleted without discussion"— was a little misleading. Shall we have a discussion now? jnestorius(talk) 17:53, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

Populated places?!
I see some genius has changed "towns and villages" to "populated places"! Is there any end to the daftness on Wiki? Now Antarctica and most North Sea Oil Rigs are in the same class as Ballybunion or Limerick. Every townland, street, house or camp-site now becomes the same as a town or village. The wacky world of Wiki? Sarah777 (talk) 02:11, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

 * I reckon we must now add St James's Hospital to this list as that is definitely an (over) populated place? Sarah777 (talk) 02:21, 27 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I see you don't like the term "populated places" :) But en.wikipedia is full of this: articles, categories (a looot), templates, etc, etc. Maybe you like more the term "settlement" instead? You can try to change the "global consensus" on this wiki related to "populated places". Good luck! :) --XXN, 13:26, 14 May 2016 (UTC)

 * I am not sure if I take a view on this matter but procedurally there should have been a discussion before moving this. Is anyone aware of one? --John (talk) 22:02, 11 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Nope, and I've moved it back. Bastun Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ! 22:03, 11 May 2016 (UTC)

Title and content
Current title does not reflect the content of the page at 100%: it comprises 1300+ names of settlements in the Republic of Ireland, including Dublin, Cork, Galway, Waterford, and Limerick, which are cities not simple towns. Cities and towns are urban types of settlements, but villages - rural. Why to mix them all in this page under this title? Also, this page is part of the series World populated places, where most article titles start with ″List of populated places in″. Consequently I suggest to move page back to the title "List of populated places in the Republic of Ireland". --XXN, 13:26, 14 May 2016 (UTC)

 * I take it you've not been to many Irish towns :-) Many of them are quite "rural".  A main street and not much else.  "Populated places" seems to lack... definition, precision.  A prison or hospital or boarding school would count.  There is no consistency across other such articles - some list cities, some don't, some only list places with more than 1,000 population, others don't restrict inclusion. This article title works well for Ireland, I would oppose a move. Ping .  Bastun Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ! 13:45, 14 May 2016 (UTC)

 * I find myself in agreement with Bastun! In common English usage there is an obvious difference between a town, village or city and a "populated place". In Ireland, at least, a village is clearly distinct from the surrounding rural area by several criteria, not least local authority recognition. Sarah777 (talk) 19:51, 31 July 2016 (UTC)


text:
Ibirá

Ibirá is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population is 12,518 (2020 est.) in an area of 190 km². Ibirá is known as a tourist resort, due to the thermal waters.

Neighboring municipalities

 * Potirendaba
 * Cedral
 * Uchoa
 * Catanduva
 * Catiguá
 * Elisiário
 * Urupês

Geography
The municipality of Ibirá is situated in the northern part of São Paulo state. Its main river is the Rio do Cubatão, a tributary of the Tietê River.

Transportation

 * SP-310 Highway Washington Luís
 * SP-379 Rodovia Roberto Mario Perosa

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Notable people

 * Evandro Guerra (1981 -), brazilian volleyball player, Olympic Champion

title: Ibirá


text:
User talk:DimaDorfman

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

-- Netoholic @ 15:11, 2004 Oct 5 (UTC)

Thanks! -- DimaDorfman

title: User talk:DimaDorfman


text:
Ibirarema

Ibirarema is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 7,841 (2020 est.) in an area of 228 km². The elevation is 483 m.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1944.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Ibirarema


text:
North Korea national football team

The North Korea national football team (Munhwaeo 조선민주주의인민공화국 국가종합팀 (North Korean romanisation: Josŏn minjujuŭi inmin konghwaguk kukka chonghap thim), recognized as Korea DPR by FIFA) represents North Korea in men's international football and it is controlled by the DPR Korea Football Association, the governing body for football in North Korea. The team represents both FIFA and Asian Football Confederation (AFC).

In their 1966 World Cup debut, North Korea reached the quarter-finals and beat Italy in the group stage, becoming the first men's Asian team in history to make it past the group stage. During the 2006 World Cup Qualifiers, controversy arose when the team's supporters rioted, interfering with the opponents' safe egress from the stadium, because of North Korea's failure to qualify. In 2009, the team qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the second World Cup appearance in their history. North Korea has qualified for the AFC Asian Cup six times; in 1980, when they finished fourth, in 1992, 2011, in 2015, and in 2019. The current team is composed of both native North Koreans and Japanese-born Chongryon-affiliated Koreans.

North Korea's debut and the 1966 World Cup
The North Korea Football Association was founded in 1945. It became a member of the AFC during the confederation's first year of existence in 1954, and has been affiliated with FIFA since 1958. The first official match of the North Korean national football team was played on 22 March 1964 in Rangoon, against Burma, as part of the 1964 Olympic qualifiers. This first match in the history of the North Korean selection ended in a goalless draw. Thanks to their victory over the Burmese in the second leg, the Chollimas reached the next round against Thailand, a two-legged affair also hosted in Rangoon. They won easily (7–0 over the two matches), but were forced to forfeit the final phase of the tournament because the IOC decided to ban any athlete who participated in the GANEFO—which several footballers from the national team did.

In 1965, the national team took part again in GANEFO, and in 1966 World Cup qualification for the first time. That year, FIFA decided to place all the selections entered from Africa, Asia and Oceania in a single qualifying group, with the aim of offering only one place. All registered African countries protested by withdrawing from the competition, leaving only North Korea and Australia. The Australians started as favourites, but the North Koreans won both matches (6–1 and 3–1) and qualified for the final phase. The qualification of North Korea posed a diplomatic problem for the organizing country, the United Kingdom; since the Korean War, they had not recognized the legitimacy of the Pyongyang government and would not fly its flag or play its national anthem. The problem was only partly solved before the start of the competition in July 1966; the North Korean flag was flown alongside those of the other participants, but the national anthem was not played before the team's matches.

In the 1966 FIFA World Cup, they were drawn into group 4, along with the USSR, Italy and Chile, the first time North Korea would face teams from another continent. The Chollimas lost their first game against the Soviets, then managed a 1–1 draw against Chile (Pak Seung-zin scoring North Korea's first goal at a World Cup). The last match, against the Italian double world champions, was crucial, as the winner would obtain their ticket to the quarter-finals. The discipline of Myung Rye-hyun's men managed to secure them a 1–0 win with a goal from Pak Doo-ik. This was the first time an Asian team qualified for the quarter-finals of a World Cup. At the same time, the public began to take an interest in these disciplined players from a closed country. They were cheered on by locals in the town of Middlesbrough, where they were housed, including the team's star players, Pak Seung-zin and Pak Doo-ik. In the quarter-finals, North Korea faced Portugal. After 25 minutes of play, the Koreans led 3–0 (goals from Pak Seung-zin, Yang Seung-kook and Li Dong-woon) but began to lose their discipline. Eusébio went on to score four goals, and José Augusto added another to defeat North Korea 5–3. When the North Korean players returned home, the crowd cheered them on as heroes. Pak Seung-zin remains North Korea's top scorer in the FIFA World Cup with two goals in four games.

Thirty-five years later, British director Dan Gordon, made a film called The Game of Their Lives after finding the seven surviving players of the 1966 side, who had become favourites with the British public and were celebrated as heroes on their return to their country. The film screened in North Korea and South Korea and received the award for Best Sports Documentary from the Royal Television Society.

After the World Cup (1967–1980)
Following the World Cup, North Korea only rarely took part in the qualifying campaigns for the various continental and world tournaments. The Chollimas forfeited the 1968 Olympic qualifiers, and failed to enter the 1968 AFC Asian Cup qualification and 1970 World Cup qualifiers when they refused to face the Israeli team in the second round of the playoffs. Between their World Cup quarter-final and 1971, they played only one friendly against Algeria, losing 3–1 in Algiers. This meeting was the first in the history of the North Korean team against an African side.

The North Koreans played their first official game since 1966 in 1972, as part of the 1972 Olympic qualifiers. They defeated Syria and Iraq, but ended up losing against Iran 2–0 in a play-off match, following 0–0 draws in both of the first two legs. They decided again not to register for the 1972 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers. In May 1973, Pak Seung-zin's men were in Tehran to play the first phase of the 1974 World Cup qualifiers. They were in Group 2, along with host nation Iran, Syria and Kuwait. The team finished third in the group, behind the Iranians, who qualified for the rest of the competition, and Syria.

North Korea took part in Asian Cup qualification for the first time in 1976. Placed in group 4-B, with Japan and Singapore, the Chollimas finished first, then beat Hong Kong in the semi-finals, ensuring their participation in the tournament proper, then beating China in the final match. But, like Saudi Arabia and Thailand, the North Koreans withdrew and missed the opportunity to take part in the continental tournament for the first time.

The following year, under the direction of former striker Pak Doo-ik, the team qualified for the Olympic football tournament for the second time. They finished first during qualification and advanced following a penalty shootout against Indonesia. In Montreal, they were placed in Group 3 with hosts Canada and the USSR. The North Koreans beat Canada 3–1, then lost to the Soviets 0–3, but still qualified for the quarter-finals in second. They failed again at this stage, suffering a heavy 5-0 defeat against future silver medalist team Poland. They played the last half hour with ten men against the Poles, led by Grzegorz Lato and Andrzej Szarmach, who each scored twice.

The following two qualifying campaigns, for the 1978 World Cup and for the 1980 Olympics, were failures. The former was cut short with a withdrawal for diplomatic reasons, the North Koreans finding themselves in the same qualifying group as their southern neighbors, and in 1980, the Chollimas finished in 4th place in Group 3 of the pre-tournament, overtaken by Iran, Singapore and China.

In 1980, this time with Yang Seung-kook on the bench, the North Koreans took part in 1980 AFC Asian Cup qualification which saw successes against Thailand and Malaysia. They finished in second place in Group 1 of the 1980 AFC Asian Cup, behind defending champions Iran. In the semi-finals, they faced South Korea in an event of both sporting and political significance. After opening the scoring early, North Korea conceded two goals by Chung Hae-won in the last ten minutes and saw their journey come to an end in the semi-final, their best performance in the Asian Cup of Nations. The game for third place was a disaster, with a 3–0 defeat against Iran.

From one Asian Cup to another (1981–1992)
In 1980, with former international Han Bong-zin on the bench, the North Koreans moved on to 1982 World Cup qualification. After finishing top of their group (ahead of Hong Kong and Singapore), they eliminated Japan in the semi-finals but lost to China in the group final, ending any hopes of qualification. The following year, the selection participated in the 1982 Asian Games. North Korean progressed through the first round (drawing against Syria and Saudi Arabia and victory against Thailand), then beat Japan in the quarter-finals. They lost in extra time in the semi-finals, against Kuwait. The end of the match was extremely turbulent as the North Korean players attacked Thai referee Vijit Getkaew. The penalties from the AFC were heavy with a two-year suspension, which began as soon as the match ended, therefore they did not even play the match for the bronze medal, which automatically went to Saudi Arabia, the other unfortunate semi-finalists. The immediate consequence of this decision by the AFC, was the disqualification of North Korea from the 1984 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers and from the 1984 Olympic qualifiers which were boycotted by North Korea.

The selection therefore spent almost four years without playing official matches. For the 1986 World Cup qualifiers, they entered Group 4 alongside Japan and Singapore, two nations they had beaten four years previously. This time, it was the Japanese, led by Hiromi Hara, who finished top of the group and continued their qualifying campaign.

In 1988, North Korea did not participate in the 1988 Olympic tournament. North Korea had initially asked to be involved in the Games, a request refused by the International Olympic Committee, resulting in their boycott of the Games. As for the 1988 AFC Asian Cup qualification, North Korea only placed third in their qualifying group, behind Syria and Iran, both of which qualified for the tournament.

In 1990, North Korea took part in the inaugural 1990 Dynasty Cup. North Korea finished in third place. The following year, in the 1990 World Cup qualifiers, North Korea finished top of their first-round pool, winning all three of their home matches. In the final round, North Korea finished last, winning only one game, against Qatar.

Two years later, in 1991, the federation hired a foreign manager for the first time: Hungarian Pál Csernai, the former coach of Bayern Munich. North Korea finished the 1992 AFC Asian Cup qualification in first, ahead of Macao, Hong Kong and Taiwan. It thus qualified for the Asian Cup for the second time, twelve years after its successful debut in Kuwait. Csernai's team were drawn into Group 1, along with hosts Japan, Iran and the United Arab Emirates. This time, their tournament ended in the first round, finishing without a win and with only two goals scored, both by Kim Kwang-min.

North Korea entered 1992 Olympic qualifiers after two consecutive withdrawals. Placed in Group E, Pyongyang was chosen, along with Beijing, to host the qualifying matches. Once again, the final tournament escaped them, finishing in second place behind China. Right after the Games, the team took part in the 1992 Dynasty Cup. Like two years before, the team finished on the third step of the podium, behind Japan and South Korea.

Withdrawal period (1993–2005)
Invigorated by their participation in the final phase of the 1992 Asian Cup, Csernai's men turned to qualification for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. Placed into Group C, North Korea finished undefeated, ahead of Qatar, Singapore, Indonesia and Vietnam. The next round took the form of a single pool bringing together the six winners of the first round, the matches again held in Doha. Unfortunately for the North Koreans, after an inaugural victory against Iraq (3–2), they suffered four defeats in a row. Csernai left his post after the last meeting and left for Europe without returning to Pyongyang, and the federation put the national team on hold for more than four years. During this period, which saw North Korea tumble in the FIFA rankings, they choose not to register for any competition. This period of withdrawal coincided with the North Korean famine (1994–1998), which caused hundreds of thousands of deaths, as well as the official three-year mourning following the death of President Kim Il Sung in 1994 and the accession to power of his son Kim Jong Il.

North Korea made their return to official games in 2000 AFC Asian Cup qualification. Placed into Group 8 along with Thailand, Malaysia and Taiwan, Myong Dong-chan's men only lost to the Thais, and booked their ticket for the final tournament. They continued with the 2000 Olympic qualification but they finished second in their group, failing to advance. Following this, the federation again decided to sideline the team, withdrawing it from the qualifiers for the 2002 World Cup and for the 2003 EAFC.

In 2003, it was with Yun Jong-su on the bench that the North Koreans started the 2004 AFC Asian Cup qualification. After a preliminary round where they defeated the Indian team, the Chollimas finished last in the second round. These playoffs were marked by two incidents: first, during the game against Iran, where the North Koreans left the field as a result of smoke bombs which landed on the field; second, when North Korea refused to issue the Jordanian players visas, leading to the AFC granting Jordan a 3–0 victory and suspending North Korea from all competition in Asia for a year, including the 2007 AFC Asian Cup.

In 2005, the North Koreans returned to the 2006 World Cup qualifiers, twelve years after their last campaign. Placed in Group 5 in the second round, they finished top. In the next round, they saw their journey come to an end, finishing last behind Japan, Iran, and Bahrain. A few months later, North Korea returned to the 2005 East Asian Football Championship, thirteen years after their last participation. In the qualifying round, the North Koreans broke their record for biggest victory with a 21–0 victory against Guam. As in the 1990 and 1992 editions, the Chollimas finished on the podium, in third place, behind China and Japan, whom they beat 1–0 in the first match of the final round.

First title and return to the World Cup (2006–2010)
The sanction imposed by the AFC on North Korea deprived it of participation in the qualifications for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup. With coach Kim Jong-hun at its head, the selection entered the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup, a competition reserved for so-called developing nations by the AFC and whose winner obtained direct qualification for the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. The North Korean selection had a good run which ended on the third step of the podium, after a defeat in the semi-finals against Tajikistan then a big success (4–0) in the third-placed match against Myanmar. In the 2010 World Cup qualifiers, the Chollimas easily dismissed Mongolia (4–1 and 5–1) then finished second behind South Korea, without any defeats or even conceding a goal in the third round. North Korea again finished second behind South Korea in the fourth round, thus qualifying for the World Cup for only the second time. During these qualifiers there were diplomatic incidents with South Korea after Kim Jong-Il refused to have the South Korean national anthem played, or even to fly the flag in the country, the two meetings against the Taeguk Warriors had to be relocated to China. At the end of the year, the North Koreans managed to qualify for the 2008 East Asian Football Championship, after beating Hong Kong. During this four-man final phase played in Chongqing, China, they finished last, with two draws (against Japan and South Korea, who won the tournament, and a defeat against China).

To prepare for the World Cup and get used to the European style of play, the North Korean selection organized a preparation camp in the fall of 2009 in France. On this occasion, they played two friendly matches: against FC Nantes on October 9 at La Roche-sur-Yon (0-0) then against Congo on October 13 at Le Mans (0-0).

In early 2010, a few months before the World Cup, North Korea participated in the 2010 AFC Challenge Cup with the winner automatically qualifying for the final phase of the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. The Chollimas, still led by Kim Jong-hun, had an excellent run in the competition. After finishing top of their first round group, ahead of Turkmenistan, they swept Myanmar 5–0 in the semi-finals before winning, after the penalty shootout, again facing the Turkmens in the final. This success allowed them to secure a place in the continental finals, ten years after their last participation. It was also the first title obtained by the men's national team. The following month, in February, the North Koreans engaged in the 2010 East Asian Football Championship where they entered in the second round. For the first time, they did not reach the final pool, beaten on goal difference by Hong Kong.

With a final pre-tournament ranking of 105th, North Korea were the lowest-ranked team at the 2010 FIFA World Cup. They were drawn in Group G alongside Brazil, Portugal, and Côte d'Ivoire, in what some commentators referred to as a "Group of death". After a respectable 2-1 defeat against Brazil, North Korea were eliminated after losing 7-0 to Portugal, the heaviest defeat in the team's history. After trailing 1–0 at halftime, they conceded six goals in the second half. The match was shown live in North Korea - an exceptionally rare occurrence for a foreign broadcast - but the broadcast was interrupted after Portugal's fourth goal. North Korea went on to lose their final match against Côte d'Ivoire 3-0 to record the worst performance of any team at that year's World Cup.

After the World Cup, Radio Free Asia reported based on anonymous reports that coach Kim Jong-hun had been punished by being sent to forced labor camps, while some players had been subjected to “harsh ideological criticism”. Midfielder An Yong-hak called the story “a hoax”. International observers also doubted the veracity of these reports.

Successes and difficult times (2011–2022)
Six months after the World Cup, the Chollimas entered the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. The team managed to draw 0–0 against the United Arab Emirates and two 1–0 defeats against Iran and Iraq. In the fall, the North Koreans entered the 2014 World Cup qualifiers, with the hope of participating in a second consecutive tournament. They did not enter the competition until the third round, finding themselves in the same group as Japan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (which benefited from the disqualification of Syria). The Chollimas finished in 3rd place of the group. The round featured the first meeting of the Japanese team and their North Korean counterparts in Pyongyang in 22 years. 150 Japanese supporters were allowed to be present but they received four-hour checks upon their arrival at Pyongyang International Airport, an "icy" reception at Kim Il Sung Stadium, where they were warned not to wave Japanese flags, and had their national anthem booed by the North Korean crowd.

In March 2012, the North Koreans defended the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup with the possibility again to qualify for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup. The Chollimas advance to the finals after finishing top of their qualifying group, along with Nepal. In the semi-finals, they beat Palestine and then managed to retain their title, following their success in the final against Turkmenistan. This victory assured them of a second consecutive participation in the AFC Asian Cup, which was a first. The team enjoyed a two-year unbeaten run, after the home defeat against Uzbekistan in the 2014 World Cup qualifiers.The Chollimas played in the second round of the 2013 EAFF East Asian Cup but failed to advance on goal difference, coming second to Australia. In November 2013, the unbeaten streak ended with a loss to Kuwait (2–1). They managed to finish first in the 2015 EAFF East Asian Cup qualifying pool, getting their ticket to the finals for the first time since 2008.

A few weeks before the start of the 2015 AFC Asian Cup, the North Korean federation relieved Yun Jong-su of his duties, following his suspension of one year decided by the AFC. Jong-su was penalized for his unsportsmanlike behaviour towards the referees during the Asian Games soccer tournament final against South Korea. North Korea left the competition at the end of the group stage, after losing their three matches. Following this competition, the team restored its image by winning several friendly matches before finishing on the podium of the 2015 EAFF East Asian Cup, including a prestigious victory over Japan (2–1). In the 2018 World Cup qualifiers, North Korea got off to a flying start by winning their first three games, but failed to qualify for the 3rd round, following a defeat to the Philippines at the very end of the match (2–3, having led 2–1 until the 85th minute) during the final match. North Korea finished in second place in their group with 16 points, but this defeat prevented the Chollima from finishing among the four best runners-up and advancing to the next round. This led to the dismissal of Kim Chang-bok, replaced by Jørn Andersen, the second European coach to manage North Korea after the Hungarian Pál Csernai. The early elimination in World Cup qualifying meant that North Korea had to enter the 3rd qualifying round for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup. This qualifying campaign gave rise to a triple postponement by the AFC of the home match against Malaysia, at the request of the Malaysian Federation, fearing the poisoning of its players if they went to North Korea following diplomatic tensions between the two countries - linked to the assassination of Kim Jong-nam, the North Korean leader's half-brother, at Kuala Lumpur airport on 13 February 2017. The meetings between the two teams were finally held on neutral ground in Thailand, where North Korea needed two victories to give them a chance to qualify, dominating Malaysia (4–1 and 4–1). At the 2017 EAFF E-1 Football Championship, the Chollima failed to win a single match and finished 4th and last in the final round, with two opening losses against Japan and South Korea (0–1 each time) before ending the competition in a draw (1–1) against China.

In the 2019 AFC Asian Cup, the Chollima were swept away by Saudi Arabia (0–4), Qatar (6–0, suffering the second heaviest defeat in its history) and against Lebanon (1–4), leaving the competition with the worst record of the 24 teams involved (three defeats in as many games played, only one goal scored, 14 conceded, and two red cards received). North Korea then participated in the 2nd round of the 2022 World Cup qualifiers and beat Lebanon (2–0) thanks to a double from Jong Il-gwan. North Korea managed to follow up with a narrow victory in Sri Lanka five days later (1–0) with a goal by Jang Kuk-chol before facing South Korea. For the first time since a friendly match in 1990 and for the first time in a qualifier, the meeting between the two Koreas took place in Pyongyang, however the match was not televised live and no Korean supporters or foreign journalists were allowed to attend the match, which ended in a scoreless draw (0–0), leaving the two teams at the top of Pool H tied. Following the match against their rivals, they lost for the first time in their history against Turkmenistan (1–3) but managed to beat Lebanon 2–0. Five days later, they played Lebanon again, drawing 0–0, preserving their chances of qualifying for the next round. However, North Korea withdrew from qualifying due to fears related to the COVID-19 pandemic. FIFA and the AFC announced that all results of matches played by North Korea since the start of the 2nd qualifying round and 2023 AFC Asian Cup were void and would not count towards qualification, thus North Korea would not play in the 2023 Asian Cup, their first miss out from the event since 2007.

Return after a long hiatus (2023–present)
In August 2023, North Korea announced interests in returning to sporting competitions, including football, and has signalled interests to return to the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification, where North Korea found themselves in Group B of the second round against Japan, Syria and Myanmar. The country's move was confirmed by FIFA and the AFC as North Korea sought to enhance its football reputation, already damaged due to the isolation related to the pandemic. After more than 5 years of inactive international football, On 16 November 2023, North Korea played against Syria losing 1–0 to them. On 21 November, North Korea thrashed Myanmar 6–1 at the Thuwunna Stadium with Jong Il-gwan scoring a hat-trick in the match.

On 11 June 2024, North Korea return to the final round of World Cup qualification for the first time since 2010 and return to the AFC Asian Cup for the 2027 edition after missing out in the 2023 edition.

Kit providers
Between 2014 and January 2024, the official kit provider for the North Korean national teams has been the North Korean sports company Choeusu. In January 2024, Chinese sports brand Inlang became the official kit sponsor.

Current squad

 * The following players were called up for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualifiers matches against 🇸🇾 syrian arab republic and on 6 and 11 June 2024 respectively.

 * All caps and goals as of 11 June 2024 after match against .

Recent call-ups
The following players have been called up for the team within the last 12 months and are still available for selection.

 * Notes
 * PRE = Preliminary squad/standby.

Records

 * Players in bold are still active with North Korea.

All-time results
The following table shows North Korea's all-time international record, correct as of 6 June 2024.

 * https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/nordkorea-team/21/
 * FIFA.com

Continental

 * AFC Asian Cup
 * Fourth place (1): 1980
 * Asian Games
 * Gold medal (1): 1978
 * Silver medal (1): 1978
 * AFC Challenge Cup
 * Champions (2): 2010, 2012
 * Third place (1): 2008

Regional

 * EAFF E-1 Football Championship
 * Third place (2): 2005, 2015
 * Dynasty Cup
 * Third place (2): 1990, 1992

Invitational

 * Nehru Cup
 * Champions (1): 1993
 * Third place (1): 1989
 * Hero Intercontinental Cup
 * Champions (1): 2019
 * Qatar International Friendship Tournament
 * Champions (1): 2010
 * VFF Vietnam International Friendly Cup
 * Champions (1): 2010
 * Third place (1): 2008

title: North Korea national football team


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Flax (weapon)
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Ways to improve Turko-Mongol sabers
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Ibitinga

Ibitinga is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 60,600 (2020 est.) in an area of 689 km2 (266 mi2). The elevation is 491 m (1,611 ft). The name comes from the Tupi language, meaning "White Lands". The main rivers near Ibitinga are the Tietê River and its tributaries Jacaré-Pepira River and Jacaré-Guaçu River.

The town is commonly referred to as the "Embroidery National Capital", for its large embroidery industry, which started in the 1960s with immigrants from Madeira Island, and really developed after 1974, when the City Hall promoted the first "Embroidery Fair", at the City Stadium. Year after year, the town has passed from being dependent on agriculture and cattle to its current situation, where the economy mostly depends on embroidery and tourism.

At the Tietê river in Ibitinga, it is also located a dam (the Ibitinga Hydroelectric Power Station) and one lock. This lock, together with many others at other Tietê dams, allows the navigation of Tietê river along most of its length.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Ibitinga