text:
Dog communication

Dog communication is the transfer of information between dogs, as well as between dogs and humans. Behaviors associated with dog communication are categorized into visual and vocal. Visual communication includes mouth shape and head position, licking and sniffing, ear and tail positioning, eye gaze, facial expression, and body posture. Dog vocalizations, or auditory communication, can include barks, growls, howls, whines and whimpers, screams, pants and sighs. Dogs also communicate via gustatory communication, utilizing scent and pheromones.

Humans can communicate with dogs through a wide variety of methods. Broadly, this includes vocalization, hand signals, body posture and touch. The two species also communicate visually: through domestication, dogs have become particularly adept at "reading" human facial expressions, and they are able to determine human emotional status. When communicating with a human, their level of comprehension is generally comparable to a toddler.

Dog–human communication

Both humans and dogs are characterized by complex social lives with complex communication systems, but it is also possible that dogs, perhaps because of their reliance on humans for food, have evolved specialized skills for recognizing and interpreting human social-communicative signals. Four basic hypotheses have been put forward to account for the findings.
 * 1) Dogs, by way of their interactions with humans, learn to be responsive to human social cues through basic conditioning processes.
 * 2) By undergoing domestication, dogs not only reduced their fear of humans but also applied all-purpose problem-solving skills to their interactions with people. This largely innate gift for reading human social gestures was inadvertently selected via domestication.
 * 3) Dogs' co-evolution with humans equipped them with the cognitive machinery to not only respond to human social cues but to understand human mental states; a so-called theory of mind.
 * 4) Dogs are adaptively predisposed to learn about human communicative gestures. They come with a built-in "head start" to learn the significance of people's gestures, in much the same way that white-crowned sparrows acquire their species-typical song and ducklings imprint on their own kind.

Dogs tend to be highly responsive to human cues, especially the direction of a gaze and the direction in which a human points. Dogs rely on the gestures of humans more than verbal cues, most importantly eye contact. Eye contact is considered an ostensive cue. A human-dog gaze helps dogs establish stronger relationships by being able to communicate better with humans, as well as other dogs. Dogs will start to act and react much like their owners do. Dogs will pick up on how their owners respond to strangers and non-friendly dogs.

The pointing gesture is a human-specific signal and is referential. Human infants acquire it weeks before the first spoken word. In 2009, a study compared the responses to a range of pointing gestures by dogs and human infants. The study showed little difference in the performance of 2-year-old children and dogs, while 3-year-old children's performances were higher. The results also showed that all subjects were able to generalize from their previous experience to respond to relatively novel pointing gestures. This can be explained as a joint outcome of their evolutionary history as well as their socialization in a human environment.

One study has indicated that dogs are able to tell how big another dog is just by listening to its growl. The research also shows that dogs do not, or cannot, misrepresent their size, and this is the first time research has shown animals can determine another's size by the sound they make. The test, using images of many kinds of dogs, showed a small and big dog and played a growl. Twenty of the 24 test dogs looked at the image of the appropriately sized dog first and looked at it longest.

Depending on the context, a dog's bark can vary in timing, pitch, and amplitude. It is possible that these have different meanings.

Most people can tell from a bark whether a dog was alone or being approached by a stranger, playing or being aggressive, and able to tell from a growl how big the dog is. This is thought to be evidence of human-dog coevolution.

Visual
Dogs communicating emotions through body positioning were illustrated in Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals published in 1872.

In her book On Talking Terms with Dogs, Turid Rugaas identifies around 30 signals that she calls calming signals. The notion of dominance and submission is much debated. In her book, she does not use these terms to differentiate behaviour. She describes calming signals as a way for dogs to calm themselves or other humans/dogs around them. These are some of the signals she identifies: By moving different parts of their bodies, whether facial expressions or postures, dogs can express a wide range of emotions and signals.

Mouth shape

 * Mouth relaxed and slightly open; tongue perhaps slightly visible or draped over the lower teeth – this is the sign of a content and relaxed dog.
 * Mouth closed, no teeth or tongue visible. Usually associated with the dog looking in one direction, and the ears and head may lean slightly forward – shows attention, interest, or appraisal of a situation.
 * Curling or pulling the lips to expose the teeth and perhaps the gums – a warning signal. The other party has time to back down, leave, or show a pacifying gesture.
 * Mouth elongated as if pulled back, stretching out the mouth opening and showing the rear teeth – a submissive dog yielding to the dominant dog's threat.
 * "Smiling:" a calming signal.

Head position

 * A dominant or threatening dog that looks directly at another individual – a threat. It is pointing its weapons (muzzle/teeth).
 * A dominant dog turning its head away from a submissive dog – a calming action, indicating that it is not going to attack.
 * A less dominant dog approaching a dominant dog with its head down, and only on occasion quickly pointing its muzzle towards the higher-status dog – shows no fight is intended.
 * In an alternative interpretation that does not involve dominance and submission, turning the head away is recognized as a calming signal.

Yawn
Similarly to humans, dogs yawn in an attempt to awaken. Dogs will also yawn when under stress, or as a pacifying signal when being menaced by aggression signals from another dog. Yawning, accompanied by a head turned away from the aggressor, can defuse a potentially threatening situation. It is also recognized as a calming signal.

Licking and sniffing
Licking behavior has multiple causes and meanings and should not be simply interpreted as affection. Dogs that are familiar with each other may lick each other's faces in greeting, then sniff any moist membranes where odors are strongest (i.e. mouth, nose, anal region, or urogenital region.) Mating behaviors are characterized by licking in a more vigorous manner than used during greetings. Licking can communicate information about dominance, intentions, and state of mind, and, like the yawn, is mainly a pacifying behavior. All pacifying behaviors contain elements of puppy behavior, including licking. Puppies lick themselves and their littermates as part of the cleaning process, and it appears to build bonds. Later in life, licking ceases to be a cleaning function and forms a ritualized gesture indicating friendliness. When stressed, a dog might lick the air, its own lips, or drop down and lick its paws or body. Lip-licking and sniffing are also recognized as calming signals.

Ears
Dogs' ability to move their ears is different among each breed. In addition, some ears move very little if they are artificially altered or cropped by humans.

 * Ears erect or slightly forward – signals attention or alertness.
 * Ears pulled back flat against the head, teeth bared – signals an anxious dog that will defend itself.
 * Ears pulled back flat against the head, teeth not bared – signals submission.
 * Ears pulled slightly back and slightly splayed – signals indecision, or uneasy suspicion that may become aggression.
 * Ears flickering, slightly forward, then slightly back or downward – signals indecision with a submissive or fearful component.
 * Ears pulled close to the head to give a "round face" – a calming signal.
 * Ears pulled back in varying angles – expresses arousal.
 * Ears flattened or pressed down – indicates fear, anger, or frustration.
 * Ears pressed tightly to the head – expresses extreme fear.
 * Ears held sideways – indicates conflicting emotions due to an unsettling situation.

Eyes
When dogs want to threaten a perceived adversary, they will stare. In contrast, dogs will avoid eye contact if trying to decrease tension. They can communicate emotional states by having "soft" eyes or "hard" eyes. Soft eyes are used when a dog feels relaxed and not threatened. Hard eyes are used when feeling tension and unease about a potentially threatening situation. The eyes are slightly closed, the brow area is wrinkled, and their teeth may be showing. A dog should not be approached when they are communicating this way and should be removed from the high tension situation, if possible.

 * Direct eye-to-eye stare – a threat, expression of dominance, or warning that an attack is about to begin.
 * Eyes turned away to avoid direct eye contact – breaking off eye contact signals submission; it is also recognized as a calming signal.
 * Blinking – a calming signal.

Tail

 * Tail held high – communicates confidence, arousal, and willingness to be approached by other dogs or humans
 * Tail horizontal, pointing away from the dog but not stiff – signals attentiveness.
 * Tail horizontally straight out, stiff, and pointing away from the dog – displays an initial challenge that could lead to aggression if feeling threatened or anxious.
 * Tail up, between the horizontal and vertical position – conveys dominance.
 * Tail up and slightly curved over back – signals confidence; seen in a dominant dog that feels in control.
 * Tail held lower than horizontally but still some distance off from the legs, perhaps with an occasional swishing back and forth – an unconcerned, relaxed dog.
 * Tail down, near hind legs, legs straight, tail swings back and forth slowly – dog feeling unwell, slightly depressed or in moderate pain.
 * Tail down, near hind legs, hind legs bent inwards to lower the body – expresses timidity, apprehension, or insecurity.
 * Tail tucked between legs – expresses fear, anxiety, or nervousness; can also be a ritualized pacifying signal to fend off aggression from another dog. The expression tail between one's legs is used in English about people too.
 * Tail fast wagging – excitement.
 * Slight tail wag, each swing of only a small size – greeting.
 * Broad tail wag – friendly.
 * Broad tail wag, with wide swings that pull the hips from side to side – happy greeting.
 * Slow tail wag with tail at half-mast – unsure of what to do next, insecure.
 * Tail wagging is also recognized as a calming signal.
 * Tail wagging to the left side of the body – the dog senses a negative situation, such as unfamiliar dogs or people.
 * Tail wagging to the right side of the body – the dog feels comfortable and safe.

Dogs are said to exhibit a left-right asymmetry of the tail when interacting with strangers, and will show the opposite right-left motion with people and dogs they know.

Dogs' ability to move their tails can be different among different breeds due to the fact that humans can dock their tails or remove them completely. In addition, some breeds, such as the Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog, are born with extremely short tails, or other breeds, such as the Pembroke Welsh Corgi, may be born without a tail altogether.

Body
Dogs' bodies alone can communicate a lot. By increasing the size and tension of their bodies and making themselves look larger, they can communicate confidence, alertness, or even threat. Actions meant to reduce the size of the body, such as lowering to the floor with tail tucked and lowered ears, can communicate stress, fear, nerves, or a desire to avoid conflicts.

 * Stiff-legged, upright posture or slow, stiff-legged movement forward – dominant dog.
 * Body slightly sloped forward, feet braced – challenge to a dominant dog, conflict may follow.
 * Hair bristles on back of shoulders – possible aggression, may also indicate fear and uncertainty.
 * Lowering the body or cringing while looking up – submission.
 * Muzzle nudge – occurs when a submissive dog gently pushes the muzzle of the dominant dog, showing acceptance.
 * Dog sits when approached by another, allowing itself to be sniffed – signals acceptance of dominance but does not signal weakness.
 * Dog rolls on side or exposes underbelly and completely breaks off eye contact – extreme pacifying or submission signal.
 * Dog sits with one front paw slightly raised – stress, social fear and insecurity. It is also recognized as a calming signal.
 * Dog rolls on its back and rubs its shoulders on the ground – contentment.
 * Dog crouches with front legs extended, rear body and tail up, facing its playmate directly – classic "play-bow" to commence play. It is also recognized as a calming signal.

Auditory
Long-distance contact calls are common in Canidae, typically in the form of either barks (termed "pulse trains") or howls (termed "long acoustic streams"). The long-distance howling of wolves and coyotes  is one way in which dogs communicate.

By the age of four weeks, the dog has developed the majority of its vocalizations. The dog is the most vocal canid and is unique in its tendency to bark in myriad situations. Barking appears to have little more communication functions than excitement, fighting, the presence of a human, or simply because other dogs are barking. Subtler signs such as discreet bodily and facial movements, body odors, whines, yelps, and growls are the main sources of actual communication. The majority of these subtle communication techniques are employed at a close proximity to another, but for long-range communication, only barking and howling are employed.

Barks

 * Barking in rapid strings of 3 or 4 with pauses in between, midrange pitch – alerting call, the dog senses something but not yet defined as a threat.
 * Rapid barking, midrange pitch – basic alarm bark.
 * Barking still continuously but a bit slower and lower pitch – imminent threat, prepare to defend.
 * A prolonged string of barks, with moderate to long intervals between each one – lonely, in need of companionship, often exhibited when confined.
 * One or two sharp, short barks of high or midrange pitch – typical greeting sound, usually replaces the alarm bark when visitor is identified as friendly or the dog feels insecure.
 * Single sharp short bark, lower midrange pitch – annoyance, used by a mother dog disciplining her puppies or by a dog disturbed from its sleep.
 * Single short bark, higher midrange pitch – surprised or startled.
 * Stutter bark, midrange pitch – used to initiate play.
 * Rising bark – indicates having fun, used during play-fighting or when the owner is about to throw an object.

Growls

 * Soft, low-pitched growling that seems to come from the chest – used as a threat by a dominant dog.
 * Soft growling that is not so low-pitched and seems more obviously to come from the mouth – stay away.
 * Low-pitched growl-bark – growl leading to a bark is both a threat and a call for assistance.
 * Higher midrange-pitched growl-bark – higher pitch means less confident, frightened but will defend itself.
 * Undulating growl, going from midrange to high midrange – dog is terrified, it will either defend itself or run away.
 * Noisy growl, medium and higher pitch, with teeth hidden from view – can signal intense concentration, may be found during play-aggression, however knowledge of the whole body language is required for a definitive answer.

Howls

 * Yip-howl – lonely, in need of companionship.
 * Howling – indicates the dog is present, or indicating that this is its territory.
 * Bark-howl, 2-3 barks followed by a mournful howl – dog is relatively isolated, locked away with no companionship, calling for company or a response from another dog.
 * Baying – can be heard during tracking to call pack-mates to the quarry.

Whines and whimpers
Whining and whimpers are short, high pitched sounds designed to bring the listener closer to show either fear or submission on the behalf of the whiner or whimperer. These are also the sounds that puppies make as pacifying and soliciting sounds.
 * Soft whining and whimpering – hurting or scared.
 * Moan or moan-yodel, lower pitched than whines or whimpers – spontaneous pleasure or excitement.
 * Single yelp or high-pitched bark – response to sudden, unexpected pain such as a too-hard play bite.
 * Series of yelps – severe fear or pain.

Screaming
A yelp for several seconds in length much like a human child, then repeated – anguish or agony, a call to the pack-mates for help, is rarely heard. It could be an indication of severe injury. It is recommended to take a dog to a veterinarian immediately if they scream.

Panting
Panting is an attempt to regulate body temperature. Excitement can raise the body temperature in both humans and dogs. Although not an intentional communication, if the dog pants rapidly even though it is not exposed to warm conditions or intense physical activity, then this signals excitement due to stress.

Sighs
Sighs are an expression of emotion, usually when the dog is lying down with its head on its paws. When the eyes are half-closed, it signals pleasure and contentment. When the eyes are fully open, it signals displeasure or disappointment.

Play Sneezing
Play sneezing is another calming signal that dogs use to indicate that they are not being aggressive, or that they are just playing. Play sneezes are not actual sneezes, but more of an expulsion of air that resembles a sneeze, and occur frequently during play.

Olfactory
Dogs have an olfactory sense 40 times more sensitive than a human's and they commence their lives operating almost exclusively on smell and touch. The special scents that dogs use for communication are called pheromones. Pheromones are composed of natural chemicals that mediate olfactory communication with conspecifics. These pheromones that contain chemical signals serve to send information to other dogs about social status, age, sexual or reproductive status, aggressive behavior, and territorial marking. They can serve to either attract or repel other dogs. Pheromone signals are received in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) that is included in the olfactory tract. In order for a dog to detect a stimulus, or odor, the VNO has to be opened. It is opened when a pheromone attaches to the membrane of the nervous cells in the vomeronasal organ. From the VNO, the pheromone signals are sent to the accessory olfactory bulb and transferred to the amygdala. The pheromone will finally be sent to the ventromedial hypothalamus, where the signal is perceived. The Flehmen Response is a behavior in dogs in which the upper lip curves up to reveal to their teeth; this behavior strengthens the intake of pheromones.

Chemical signals are diffused into the environment by anal secretions, pedal glands, urine and fecal deposits, body odor, and rubbing their body on certain items. This is called scent marking, when individuals leave strong smelling scents on specific areas in the environment in order to mark their territory. The scent mark contains chemical messages about the sender. For example, when a female is in estrus, she will urinate more frequently to attract a potential mate. The urine contains information about a female's reproductive status and it also conveys messages to the receiver about the female's location. The compound p-hydroxybenzoate is found in the pheromones that attract a male to a female in estrus.

The most common type of scent marking is urine-marking to identify their territory. Adult males prefer to mark vertical surfaces with urine, using the raised-leg posture. The raised-leg posture provides increased dispersal of the elevated mark, allowing the wind to carry it further. Females; however, tend to utilize a squatting posture and urinate less frequently than males. Additionally, smaller dogs can use a higher leg raise when urinating to embellish their competitive ability.

Overmarking is when an individual covers another's scent mark with its own. Both males and females practice overmarking, although it is more common in males. Overmarking is used to send information about social status and dominance. It enables dogs to find potential mates or acknowledge potential competitors. Such as males may overmark a female's urine to guard a potential mate.

Scratching the ground is a common behavior seen after urination or defecation and is another way in which chemical signals are secreted. Pheromones are excreted from the pedal glands, aiding in territorial marking or adding additional odor to the scent mark. The chances of a dog scratching the ground increases when the individual is aggressively aroused. It is also usually followed by another male counter marking with urine in order to cover the area with their own scent and more prevalent when there is a female in estrus around.

Dogs also receive information about a conspecific by sniffing particular glands. When greeting, dogs tend to be more attentive to the neck, face, inguinal, and peripheral areas. There are specific glands in these areas that produce different odors, such as glands at the corner of the mouth, in the ear pinnae, the preputial and vaginal glands, and anal glands. Dogs gain social information by sniffing particular odors secreted from these areas. Dogs can also gain information from anal secretions. All canines have two symmetric sacs on either side of the anal sphincter that produce anal secretions during defecation. These are important in marking territory and sending information about social status.

title: Dog communication


text:
Trippe

Trippe may refer to:

People with the surname

 * Gavin Trippe (born 1940), English motorcycle racing promoter, journalist, and publisher
 * Leo Trippe (1891–1964), Canadian hardware merchant, farm implement dealer, and political figure
 * Juan Trippe (1899–1981), American airline entrepreneur and founder of Pan American Airlines
 * John Trippe (1785–1810), officer in the United States Navy during the Quasi-War with France and the First Barbary War
 * Robert Pleasant Trippe (1819–1900), American politician, lawyer, and jurist

Other

 * USS Trippe, various United States Navy ships
 * Trippe Holly Grove Cemetery, near McGhee, Arkansas, USA
 * Trippe, Arkansas, city in Desha County, Arkansas with its own junction on Arkansas Highway 159

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Trippe


text:
Neo-Freudianism

Neo-Freudianism is a psychoanalytic approach derived from the influence of Sigmund Freud but extending his theories towards typically social or cultural aspects of psychoanalysis over the biological.

The neo-Freudian school of psychiatrists and psychologists were a group of loosely-linked American theorists/writers of the mid-20th century "who attempted to restate Freudian theory in sociological terms and to eliminate its connections with biology."

Dissidents
The term neo-Freudian is sometimes loosely (but inaccurately) used to refer to those early followers of Freud who at some point accepted the basic tenets of Freud's theory of psychoanalysis but later dissented from it. "The best-known of these dissenters are Alfred Adler and Carl Jung.… The Dissidents."

An interest in the social approach to psychodynamics was the major theme linking the so-called neo-Freudians: Alfred Adler had perhaps been "the first to explore and develop a comprehensive social theory of the psychodynamic self." Following "Adler's death, some of his views…came to exert considerable influence on the neo-Freudian theory." Indeed, it has been suggested of "Horney and Sullivan ... that these theorists could be more accurately described as 'neo-Adlerians' than 'neo-Freudians'."

Post-Freudians
The Independent Analysts Group of the British Psycho-Analytical Society ("Contemporary Freudians") are—like the ego-psychologists (e.g. Heinz Hartmann) or the intersubjective analysts in the States—perhaps best thought of as "different schools of psychoanalytic thought," or as "Post-Freudians…post-Freudian developments." They are distinct from the Kleinian schools of thought and include figures such as Christopher Bollas, D. W. Winnicott, and Adam Phillips.

History
As early as 1936, Erich Fromm had been independently regretting that psychoanalysts "did not concern themselves with the variety of life experience…and therefore did not try to explain psychic structure as determined by social structure." Karen Horney, too, "emphasised the role culture exerts in the development of personality and downplayed the classical driven features outlined by Freud."

Erik H. Erikson, for his part, stressed that "psychoanalysis today is…shifting its emphasis…to the study of the ego's roots in the social organisation," and that its method should be "what H. S. Sullivan called 'participant', and systematically so."

Doctor and psychotherapist Harald Schultz-Hencke (1892–1953) was thoroughly busy with questions like impulse and inhibition and with the therapy of psychoses as well as the interpretation of dreams. He worked with Matthias Göring in his institute (Deutsches Institut für psychologische Forschung und Psychotherapie), and created the name Neopsychoanalyse in 1945. The "Neo-Freudian revolt against the orthodox theory of instincts" was thus anchored in a sense of what Harry Stack Sullivan termed "our incredibly culture-ridden life." By their writings, and "in accessible prose, Fromm, Horney, and others mounted a cultural and social critique which became almost conventional wisdom."

Through informal and more formal institutional links, such as the William Alanson White Institute, as well as through likeness of ideas, the neo-Freudians made up a cohesively distinctive and influential psychodynamic movement.

Basic anxiety
Karen Horney theorized that to deal with basic anxiety, the individual has three options:
 * 1) Moving toward others: Accept the situation and become dependent on others. This strategy may entail an exaggerated desire for approval or affection.
 * 2) Moving against others: Resist the situation and become aggressive. This strategy may involve an exaggerated need for power, exploitation of others, recognition, or achievement.
 * 3) Moving away from others: Withdraw from others and become isolated. This strategy may involve an exaggerated need for self-sufficiency, privacy, or independence.

Basic personality
The neo-Freudian Abram Kardiner was primarily interested in learning how a specific society acquires adaptation concerning its environment. He does this by forming within its members what he names a "basic personality." The "basic personality" can initially be traced to the operation of primary institutions. It ultimately creates clusters of unconscious motivations in the specific individual "which in turn are projected in the form of secondary institutions," such as reality systems. The basic personality finds expression in the secondary institutions.

Criticism
"Fenichel developed a stringent theoretical critique of the neo-Freudians", which informed and fed into the way "Herbert Marcuse, in his 'Critique of Neo-Freudian Revisionism'...icily examines the tone of uplift and the Power of Positive Thinking that pervades the revisionists' writings, and mocks their claims to scientific seriousness."

In comparable fashion, "an article…by Mr Edward Glover, entitled Freudian or Neo-Freudian, directed entirely against the constructions of Mr Alexander" equally used the term as a form of orthodox reproach.

In the wake of such contemporary criticism, a "consistent critique levelled at most theorists cited above is that they compromise the intrapersonal interiority of the psyche;" but one may accept nonetheless that "they have contributed an enduring and vital collection of standpoints relating to the human subject."

Influence, successors, and offshoots
In 1940, Carl Rogers had launched what would become person-centred psychotherapy, "crediting its roots in the therapy of Rank...& in the neo-Freudian analysts—especially Karen Horney." A decade later, he would report that it had "developed along somewhat different paths than the psychotherapeutic views of Horney or Sullivan, or Alexander and French, yet there are many threads of interconnection with these modern formulations of psychoanalytic thinking."

A half-century further on, whether by direct or by indirect influence, "consistent with the traditions of these schools, current theorists of the social and psychodynamic self are working in the spaces between social and political theory and psychoanalysis" once again.

Cultural offshoots
In his skit on Freud's remark that "if my name were Oberhuber, my innovations would have found far less resistance," Peter Gay, considering the notional eclipse of "Oberhuber" by his replacement Freud, adjudged that "the prospect that deviants would have to be called neo-Oberhuberians, or Oberhuberian revisionists, contributed to the master's decline."

Neo-Freudians

 * Alfred Adler
 * Erik Erikson
 * Erich Fromm
 * Frieda Fromm-Reichmann
 * Karen Horney
 * Carl Jung
 * Abram Kardiner
 * Harald Schultz-Hencke
 * Harry Stack Sullivan
 * Clara Thompson

Others with possible neo-Freudian links

 * Franz Alexander
 * Jessica Benjamin
 * Nancy Chodorow
 * Richard Hakim
 * Thomas Ogden
 * David Rapaport
 * Alex Unger

General sources

 * Gunn, Jacqueline Simon, Kyle Arnold, and Erica Freeman. 2015. "The Dynamic Self Searching for Growth and Authenticity: Karen Horney's Contribution to Humanistic Psychology". The Forum of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry 59(2):20–23.
 * Mitchell, S. A., and M. J. Black. 1995. Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought. USA: Basic Books.
 * Thompson, Clara. 1950. Psychoanalysis: Evolution and Development. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons.

title: Neo-Freudianism


text:
Sanak Island

Sanak Island (Sanaĝax ) is an island in the Fox Islands group of the Aleutian Islands in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is located at 54.42972°N, -162.70889°W.

Sanak Island and Caton Island are the largest islands in the Sanak Islands subgroup of the Fox Islands.

Travel to the island is currently done by fishing vessel. The trip takes about five hours to cross the roughly 40 mile distance from King Cove to Sanak.

History
Like many of the other Aleutian Islands, Sanak was inhabited by the Aleut people for thousands of years. In 1828, the administrators of Russian America removed the island's population to the Alaska Peninsula in order to maintain access to the sea otter hunting grounds in surrounding waters.

Two famous shipwrecks, one in 1906 and another in 1943, occurred near Sanak. The U.S. Navy operated a small naval base at Sanak Island during World War II.

Although Sanak is no longer occupied, the island is still owned by its former residents, who visit the island occasionally to harvest the feral cattle that live there.

Archaeology
In 2004, 2006, and 2007 teams of archeologists and ecologists visited Sanak Island to study the effects of long-term human occupation on the island. Over 100 archeological sites were excavated with the oldest sites dating to 5600 years before present.

Researchers, led by investigators from Idaho State University studied both the living plants and animals as well as the remains of food animals such as fish, sea mammals, and shellfish preserved in archeological sites.

title: Sanak Island


text:
Shafiq Rasul

Shafiq Rasul (born 15 April 1977) is a British citizen who was a detainee held at Guantanamo Bay by the United States, which treated him an unlawful combatant. His detainee ID number was 86.

His family discovered his detention when the British Foreign Office contacted them on 21 January 2002. He was released in March 2004, shortly after his return to the United Kingdom, more than three months before Rasul v. Bush was decided.

In August 2004, Rasul, Asif Iqbal, and Ruhal Ahmed, all from Tipton - and known as the 'Tipton Three' - compiled a report on their abuse and humiliation while in US custody.

In Rasul v. Rumsfeld, plaintiffs Rasul, Asif Iqbal, Ruhal Ahmed, and Jamal Al-Harith, four former Guantánamo Bay detainees, sued former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. They charge that illegal interrogation tactics were permitted to be used against them by Secretary Rumsfeld and the military chain of command.

The Hague Justice Portal gives access to the official Court documents related to the Rasul v. Bush case.

In late February 2017, ISIL spokesmen issued a press release, stating that Jamal al-Harith, another former Guantanamo captive, had traveled to Iraq, and had used a suicide bomb to attack a military site there. Rasul denounced the attack, asserted that there was "no excuse" for the attack, and that he had been able to move past his experiences, and didn't understand why al-Harith hadn't.

title: Shafiq Rasul


text:
Silver fulminate

Silver fulminate (AgCNO) is the highly explosive silver salt of fulminic acid.

Silver fulminate is a primary explosive, but has limited use as such due to its extreme sensitivity to impact, heat, pressure, and electricity. The compound becomes progressively sensitive as it is aggregated, even in small amounts; the touch of a falling feather, the impact of a single water droplet, or a small static discharge are all capable of explosively detonating an unconfined pile of silver fulminate no larger than a dime and no heavier than a few milligrams. Aggregating larger quantities is impossible, due to the compound's tendency to self-detonate under its own weight.

Silver fulminate was first prepared in 1800 by Edward Charles Howard in his research project to prepare a large variety of fulminates. Along with mercury fulminate, it is the only fulminate stable enough for commercial use. Detonators using silver fulminate were used to initiate picric acid in 1885, but since have been used only by the Italian Navy. The current commercial use has been in producing non-damaging novelty noisemakers as children's toys.

Structure
Silver fulminate occurs in two polymorphic forms, an orthorhombic one and a trigonal one with a rhombohedral lattice. The trigonal polymorph consists of cyclic hexamers, (AgCNO)6.

Properties
Fulminates are toxic, about the same as cyanides. When pure, silver fulminate is chemically stable, not decomposing after years of storage. Like many silver salts, it darkens with light exposure. It is slightly soluble in cold water and can be recrystallized using hot water. It can also be recrystallized from a 20% solution of ammonium acetate. It is not hygroscopic and can explode when moist or under water; it was reported to remain explosive after 37 years under water. It explodes upon contact with concentrated sulfuric acid or chlorine or bromine, but not when contacting iodine. It is insoluble in nitric acid, but dissolves in ammonia, alkali chlorides, alkali cyanides, aniline, pyridine, and potassium iodide by forming complexes. Concentrated hydrochloric acid decomposes it non-explosively with a hissing noise; thiosulfate also decomposes it non-explosively, and can be used for disposal.

Preparation
This compound can be prepared by pouring a solution of silver nitrate in nitric acid into ethanol, under careful control of the reaction conditions, to avoid an explosion. The reaction is usually done at 80–90 °C; at 30 °C, the precipitate may not form. Only tiny amounts of silver fulminate should be prepared at once, as even the weight of the crystals can cause them to self-detonate. Another way to make silver fulminate is to react silver carbonate with ammonia in solution.
 * 4 Ag2CO3 + 4 NH3 → 4 AgCNO + 6 H2O + 4 Ag + O2

Silver fulminate also forms when nitrogen oxide gas is passed through a solution of silver nitrate in ethanol.

Silver fulminate can be prepared unintentionally, when an acidic solution of silver nitrate comes in contact with alcohol. This is a hazard in some formulations of chemically silvering mirrors.

Novelty explosive
Silver fulminate, often in combination with potassium chlorate, is used in trick noise-makers known as "throw-downs", "crackers", "snappers", "whippersnappers", "pop-its", or "bang snaps", a popular type of novelty firework. They contain approximately 200 milligrams of fine gravel coated with a minute quantity (approximately 80 micrograms) of silver fulminate. When thrown against a hard surface, the impact is sufficient to detonate the tiny quantity of explosive, creating a small salute from the supersonic detonation. Snaps are designed to be incapable of producing damage (even when detonated against skin) due to the buffering effect provided by the much greater mass of the gravel medium. It is also the chemical found in Christmas crackers having first been used for that purpose by Tom Smith in 1860. The chemical is painted on one of two narrow strips of card, with abrasive on the second. When the cracker is pulled, the abrasive detonates the silver fulminate.

A fulminate mixture with 10–20% potassium chlorate is cheaper and more brisant than the fulminate alone.

Silver fulminate and "fulminating silver"
Silver fulminate is often confused with silver nitride, silver azide, or fulminating silver. "Fulminating silver", though always referring to an explosive silver-containing substance, is an ambiguous term. While it may be a synonym of silver fulminate, it may also refer to the nitride or azide, the decomposition product of Tollen's reagent, or an alchemical mixture, which does not contain the fulminate anion.

title: Silver fulminate


text:
Mews

A mews is a row or courtyard of stables and carriage houses with living quarters above them, built behind large city houses before motor vehicles replaced horses in the early twentieth century. Mews are usually located in desirable residential areas, having been built to cater for the horses, coachmen and stable-servants of prosperous residents.

The word mews comes from the Royal Mews in London, England, a set of royal stables built 500 years ago on a former royal hawk mews. The term is now commonly used in English-speaking countries for city housing of a similar design.

After the Second World War, mews were replaced by alleys and the carriage houses by garages for automobiles.

Hawk mews
Mews derives from the French muer, 'to moult', reflecting its original function to confine hawks while they moulted. Shakespeare deploys to mew up to mean confine, coop up, or shut up in The Taming of the Shrew: "What, will you mew her up, Signor Baptista?" and also Richard III: "This day should Clarence closely be mewed up".

The term mews is still used today in falconry circles in English-speaking countries to refer to the housing of the birds of prey used in falconry.

From 1377 onwards the king's falconry birds were kept in the King's Mews at Charing Cross.

Mews stables
The first recorded use meaning stables is dated 1548, after the royal stables were built at Charing Cross, on the site of the royal hawk mews. Those royal stables moved to Buckingham Palace Road in 1820. There were also royal mews at St James's Palace.

The name mews was taken up for domestic stables in the city during the 17th century. The 18th-century Washington Mews in Greenwich Village, New York City matches the London buildings in period, purpose and name.

"Mews" has since been applied to any stable buildings in any space, lane, alley or back street onto which these buildings open, and to any new residential buildings of similar character throughout the English-speaking world that have motor vehicles taking the place of horses and carriages.

London

Mews was applied to service streets and the stables in them in cities, primarily London. In the 18th and 19th centuries, London housing for wealthy people generally consisted of streets of large terraced houses with stables at the back, which opened onto a small service street. The mews had horse stalls and a carriage house on the ground floor, and stable servants' living accommodation above. Generally this was mirrored by another row of stables on the opposite side of the service street, backing onto another row of terraced houses facing outward into the next street. Sometimes there were variations such as small courtyards. Most mews are named after one of the principal streets which they back onto. Most but not all have the word "mews" in their name.

Mews are often found in the boroughs of Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster (particularly Mayfair and Marylebone).

Europe
This arrangement was different from most of Continental Europe, where the stables in wealthy urban residences were usually off a front or central courtyard. The advantage of the British system was that it hid the sounds and smells of the stables away from the family when they were not using the horses. Nevertheless 45 of the buildings in Kerkstraat in Amsterdam were originally the stables and coach houses of houses in Keizersgracht and Prinsengracht, between which it runs.

Stables not known as mews
Mews are not used for large individual non-royal British stable blocks, a feature of country houses. For example, the grand stable block at Chatsworth House is referred to as the stables, not the mews.

Cars
Mews lost their equestrian function in the early 20th century when motor cars were introduced. At the same time, after World War I and especially after World War II, the number of people who could afford to live in the type of houses which had a mews attached fell sharply. One place where a mews may still be in equestrian use is Bathurst Mews in Westminster, near Hyde Park, London, where several private horses are kept. Nearby, the mews' stables have been put to commercial use. Some mews were demolished or put to commercial use, but the majority were converted into homes.

Contemporary movements to revitalise and creatively re-use historical and traditional features of urban environments have also cast some appreciative light on mews. A contemporary presentation of the some 500 former horse stables in the city of London appears in the book The Mews of London: A Guide to the Hidden Byways of London's Past (1982), including individual chapters providing history and walking maps for mews in six districts surrounding (and adjacent to) Hyde Park: Bayswater, Notting Hill, Kensington, Belgravia, Mayfair, and Marylebone.

In 2015 a survey of the mews in London estimated that there were 391 original and surviving mews properties still in existence, and 239 which had been redeveloped. The survey classified an "Authentic Mews" property as "A property in a Mews – a lane, alley, court, narrow passage, cul de sac or back street originally built behind houses in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries to provide access for stables or coach house accommodation (often with associated living accommodation) – that is now most likely to be a modernised residential dwelling, possibly with commercial premises. An Authentic Mews property will still retain the approximate appearance, form and footprint of the original Mews but it may have been re-developed to a degree and no longer retains all original Mews features."

In contemporary urban planning and construction
The use of mews in new urban development is advocated by Leon Krier, who is himself a strong influence on the New Urbanism movement in the United States. (For his foundational contributions to the movement, Krier received the first Athena Medal awarded by the Congress for the New Urbanism in 2006.)

In the Smart Growth, Traditional Neighborhood Development and New Urbanism movements, the term is used frequently, but definitions of the term are rare. The East Village Redevelopment Plan for Calgary, Alberta, Canada, explains that "Mews are narrow, intimate streets that balance the access and service functions of a lane with active building frontages, accessory uses, and a street space shared by cars and pedestrians."

title: Mews


text: Category:Roman sites in Tunisia

title: Category:Roman sites in Tunisia


text: Category:Roman sites in Algeria

title: Category:Roman sites in Algeria


text:
User:Nevalalee

http://nevalalee.wordpress.com

http://twitter.com/nevalalee

title: User:Nevalalee


text: File:Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford - Project Gutenberg eText 13403.png


text:
The Keys to the Kingdom

The Keys to the Kingdom is a fantasy-adventure book series written by Garth Nix, comprising seven books published between 2003 and 2010. The series chronicles the adventures of a boy named Arthur, who becomes involved with a magical world called the 'House'; he is on a quest to take back the House from seven antagonistic 'Trustees'.

Plot
Arthur, a young boy, has a severe asthma attack one day as two mysterious people, one of which is called Monday, give him a 'Key', a magical artifact that saves his life, against Monday's intentions. He discovers there exists a world called the 'House', which is split into seven parts, each ruled by a 'Trustee', of which Monday is one. A divine being known as the 'Architect' has disappeared and left behind a 'Will', leaving the House and the seven Keys to her seven Trustees, but the Trustees have split up the Will and hidden the parts, intent on not letting the Will be fulfilled.

The first part of the Will has managed to break free and, by convenience, has chosen Arthur as the 'rightful heir' who must recover the other lost parts of the Will; this has led to Monday giving up half of his Key to him. In the first book, Arthur defeats Monday and takes control of the first part of the House. Books two to five follow a somewhat regular pattern: in each, Arthur tries to gain control over one part of the House, and ultimately succeeds after various challenges, setting free one part of the Will. Each book features one main antagonist, usually the Trustee of that part of the House, with the exception of one Trustee who wants the Will to be fulfilled but has been overthrown by the other Trustees. Sometimes, the Trustees sow chaos on Earth while he is away in the House.

One important recurring part of the story is Arthur limiting his use of the powerful Keys, as using them too much will turn him into an immortal, and the presence of an immortal on Earth causes harm.

At the end of the sixth book, Arthur has freed the sixth part of the Will but not yet claimed that part of the House, and the sixth Trustee is busy invading the domain of the seventh Trustee. In the seventh book, Arthur ultimately manages to free the last part of the Will, but then everything is destroyed and Arthur faces the divine being known as the 'Architect', who explains that the true purpose of the Will was to let her die and hand over the responsibility of being Architect to him. Having become the new Architect, he recreates the universe as it was, though the House will be made anew. He splits himself into the Architect and a human Arthur, whom he sends back to Earth.

Characters

 * Arthur Penhaligon – A 12-year-old boy who is chosen to take back a magical world called the 'House' from the seven 'Trustees' and free each Trustee's part of the 'Will'
 * Leaf – A 12-year-old human girl who befriends Arthur. She becomes involved with Arthur's adventures in the House.
 * Suzy Turquoise Blue – A female inhabitant of the House, a 'Piper's Child' (meaning she was brought there by the 'Piper') who chooses to work with Arthur and becomes his friend. Has been in the House for centuries, but has the appearance and behaviour of a child.
 * Fred Initial Numbers Gold - Another 'Piper's Child', a cheerful, talkative, happy-go-lucky boy who quickly befriends Arthur.
 * Dame Primus – The personification of the parts of the 'Will' that Arthur has taken back so far at any point in the series.
 * The Trustees – Each named after a day of the week and embodying one of the seven deadly sins; they are the rulers of the seven parts of the House and Arthur's antagonists.
 * The Mariner – A powerful independent inhabitant of the House, an ally to Arthur for most of the series.
 * The Piper – Another powerful independent House creature, boss of the 'Piper's Children'. Intends to take control of the House.
 * The Architect - God figure. Creator of the House and the Secondary realms. Mother of the Mariner and the Piper.
 * The Old One - Prometheus figure, condemned to the "coal cellar" to have his eyes gouged out every 12 hours. Husband of the architect and father of the Mariner, the Piper, and Lord Sunday.

World
Central to the story is the magical world called the House. The house is divided into seven parts, each with its Trustee:

 * The Lower House – ruled by Mister Monday. Contains the prison of the divine being the 'Old One', contains the 'Front Door', which is a dome with many two-way portals including one connected with Earth, and the 'Seven Dials', which allows travel to anywhere in the universe.
 * The Far Reaches – a grand cavern, ruled by Grim Tuesday.
 * The Border Sea – an ocean, formally the domain of Drowned Wednesday but not under her control.
 * The Great Maze – a gigantic, chessboard-like battlefield, ruled by Sir Thursday
 * The Middle House – a giant, thrice-terraced mountain, ruled by Lady Friday
 * The Upper House – the place where sorcerers are trained, ruled by Superior Saturday
 * The Incomparable Gardens – the most important part of the House, a beautiful garden, ruled by Lord Sunday

House time is constant, while time in the universe is malleable; it is even possible to make it flow backwards with a sufficient power, such as a Key. Thus, a day may pass on Earth while half a year passes in the House. The House has 'Elevators' that allow travel between the different parts. There are also attachable 'Wings' which are used as an everyday means of short-distance travel. The House has an internal postal service, but it is notoriously poor.

The original inhabitants of the House are called 'Denizens' and are nearly immortal, though there are a few things that can kill them. Denizens are not supposed to interfere with the normal universe, but they are capable of this to some extent (a Trustee can only go to Earth on their "day") and they do. Apart from original House creatures, there are also the 'Piper's Children' and 'Raised Rats' (a group of anthropomorphic rats), which were both brought into the House by a House creature called the Piper, and so-called 'Nithlings'. Nithlings are creatures that come into existence out of the magical substance 'Nothing'; they can kill Denizens and go to the universe freely. Hordes of Nithlings fight with the Denizens, but there are also Nithlings that are allied with the Denizens and are used, for example, to wreak havoc on Earth.

The substance called 'Nothing' causes damage to things in the House and ultimately wipes it out when the Will is complete. One of the Trustees, Tuesday, makes various things out of it using his Key. The Piper creates an army of so-called 'Newniths' from it.

Books in the series
The title of each book refers to the trustee that Arthur fights in the novel.

Possible film adaptation
In an interview, Garth Nix said that he was willing to sell the rights to studios and directors for an adaptation of the series, if they were "the right person". His reason is that he does not want to sell it to any studio over concerns that the studio would ruin the film. At the 2012 Texas Book Festival, Nix stated that "(I) have no plans for movies but would like to see a card game."

As of 2019, Herschend Entertainment Studios have secured the film and TV rights to the series, with Nix set to act as executive producer alongside Julie Philips, the vice president of Herschend.

title: The Keys to the Kingdom


text:
Bernard-René Jourdan de Launay

Bernard René Jourdan, marquis de Launay (8/9 April 1740 – 14 July 1789) was the French governor of the Bastille. He was the son of a previous governor, and commander of the Bastille's garrison when the prison-fortress in Paris was stormed on 14 July 1789.

Early life
The marquis Bernard-René Jordan de Launay was born on the night of 8/9 April 1740 in the Bastille where his father, René Jourdan de Launay, was governor. At the age of eight, he was appointed to an honorary position in the King's Musketeers (mousquetaires du roi). He subsequently entered the French Guards (gardes-françaises), a regiment that was permanently stationed in Paris except in time of war.

In 1776 de Launay succeeded M. de Jumilhac as Governor of the Bastille. As was the custom with many senior positions under the Ancien Régime, the marquis purchased the office of governor from his predecessor as a form of investment.

The thirteen years that he spent in this position were mostly uneventful, but on 19 December 1778, he reportedly made the mistake of failing to fire the cannon of the Bastille as a salute on the birth of a daughter (Madame Royale) to King Louis XVI. In August 1785, he was given responsibility for the imprisonment of two prime figures in the royal necklace scandal: Cardinal Louis de Rohan and Jeanne de La Motte-Valois. De Launay behaved correctly and considerately with both although the latter was an extremely difficult inmate.

Until 1777, he was Seigneur of Bretonnière in Normandy. He also owned and rented out a number of houses in the rue Saint-Antoine, neighbouring the Bastille.

Role on 14 July 1789
The permanent garrison of the Bastille, under de Launay, consisted of about 82 invalides (veteran military pensioners) no longer considered suitable for regular army service. Two days before 14 July they were reinforced by 32 Swiss grenadiers from the Salis-Samade Regiment. Unlike Sombreuil, the governor of the Hôtel des Invalides, who had accepted the revolutionaries' demands earlier that day, de Launay refused to surrender the prison fortress and hand over the arms and the gunpowder stored in the cellars. He promised that he would not fire unless attacked, and he  tried to negotiate with two delegates from the Hôtel de Ville, but the discussions were drawn out. Part of the impatient crowd started to enter the outer courtyard of the fortress after a small group had broken the chains securing the drawbridge.

After shouting warnings, the garrison opened fire. The besiegers interpreted that as treachery on the part of de Launay. The ensuing fighting lasted about four hours and resulted in about 100 casualties among the exposed crowd but only one death and three wounded amongst the well-protected defenders firing from loopholes and battlements.

With no source of water and only limited food supplies within the Bastille, de Launay decided to capitulate on the condition that nobody from within the fortress would be harmed. In a note passed out through an opening in the drawbridge, he threatened that he would blow up the entire fortress and the surrounding district if those conditions were rejected. De Launay's conditions were rejected but he nevertheless capitulated reportedly after members of the garrison prevented him from entering the cellars in which the gunpowder was stored. At about 5 p.m., firing from the fortress ceased and the drawbridge was suddenly lowered. De Launay was then seized, and his sword and baton of rank were torn from him. He was supposed to have been taken to the Hôtel de Ville by one of the leaders of the insurrection, the soldier Pierre-Augustin Hulin, a future general. However, on the way there, the furious crowd assaulted the governor, beat him and eventually killed him by stabbing him repeatedly with their knives, swords and bayonets and shooting him once. The actual killing was reported to have taken place near the Hôtel de Ville when the struggling de Launay, desperate and abused, cried out "Enough! Let me die!" and kicked an unemployed cook named Desnot in the groin.

After he had been killed, Launay's head was sawn off by Mathieu Jouve Jourdan, a butcher. It was fixed on a pike, carried through the streets for some hours and thrown into the Seine the next day.

Three officers of the Bastille's permanent garrison and two of their veterans were also lynched, and two of the Swiss were unaccounted for. However, most of the defenders were escorted through the mob by French Guards, who had joined the attackers, and were eventually released.

Character
The history writer Simon Schama describes de Launay as a "reasonably conscientious if somewhat dour" functionary, who treated prisoners more humanely than his predecessors had. The Marquis de Sade, who had been transferred from the Bastille to another prison shortly before 14 July, commented that de Launay was "a so-called marquis whose grandfather was a servant".

The officer commanding the Swiss detachment sent to reinforce de Launay, Lieutenant Deflue, subsequently accused his late superior of military incompetence, inexperience and irresolution, which he had allegedly displayed before the siege. Deflue's report, which was copied into the log book of his regiment and has survived, may not be fair to de Launay, who was put in an impossible position by the failure of the senior officers commanding the Royal troops concentrated in and around Paris to provide him with effective support. However Marshal de Broglie, who as Minister of War was in overall charge of the abortive efforts to suppress the disturbances of 1789, had written on 5 July that "there are two sources of anxiety concerning the Bastille; the person of the commandant (de Launay) and the nature of the garrison there".

Family
De Launay had three daughters by two wives. Some of his brother's descendants settled in Russia (see Boris Delaunay and Vadim Delaunay for details).

In popular culture
The killing is described graphically in Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities (Book II, Chapter 21) and also in Hilary Mantel's A Place of Greater Safety.

title: Bernard-René Jourdan de Launay


text: Category:Roman sites in Libya

title: Category:Roman sites in Libya


text:
Talk:Dance Dance Revolution

Untitled
Dancing Stage article merged: See old talk-page here

Madona video clip
I am not 100% sure of it but it seems that the game appear behind Madona in her latest video clip. Maybe worst adding to the page?

 * It was definately in the video for "Hung Up" in the album "Confessions on a Dance Floor". However, she didn't really play the game, it was more of a prop to dance around. Mezzaninex 23:40, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Release dates
Are the current release dates posted correct? I see that the Japanese release date was recently changed so now the article shows that the game came out in the U.S. before it did in Japan, which I find difficult to believe. Are there any sources for these dates? --TheKoG 20:17, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

DDR supernova

I am gathering comments on whether it should be included in the DDR game list. please comment. SYSS Mouse 04:04, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

previous discussions

I added Dance Dance Revolution: Super Nova to the North American section per the annoucement on DDR Freak. I put a release date of unknown since we don't know, but it's probably going to be 2006 as they're talking about location testing already. Lightdarkness 21:19, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I do not think DDR Supernova should be included in the list at this time. Based on the information that was released, the game is not sanctioned by Konami. As this article (implictly) refers to Konami DDR games, Supernova should not be included in the list at this time unless further detail is available. SYSS Mouse 03:59, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Quotes from the second page of the DDRFreak thread state "Konami's developing it, but Betson's distributing it", and "Betson is Konami's official American Distributor. Konami will be designing this, Betson will distribute it". This is likely true, since Konami of America shut down their North American arcade division some time ago. --Poiuyt Man talk 16:22, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It seems that as of today, January 25, 2006, Konami has officially announced Dance Dance Revolution: SuperNOVA for the arcades . From what the press release says, they are planning to include over 300 songs, link mode which allows players to save their stats and edit steps (a set of user-defined steps for a particular song in the game, a very popular feature within the Japanese versions of the game) to a memory device (probably either a PS2 or Xbox memory card or both seeing that there are current domestic home mixes released for those home consoles) probably using the "Edit Mode" feature inclued in the current home mixes and will be a permanent fixture in future American home mixes, and most importantly, a new graphics engine, which is only possible by a hardware upgrade.

 * Also, DDR Freak reports of a keynote address given today at Konami Gamers Day in San Francisco by Yoshihiko Ota, Executive Producer of Dance Dance Revolution, stating the worldwide release schedule of the arcade mix: America will get it this spring, followed by Europe, and finally Japan . In other words, the arcade mix will be the same for all releases. Finally, there is also an offical website for Dance Dance Revolution: SuperNOVA which launched today. I strongly believe that this should be suffice in updating this Wiki so that it includes information on SuperNOVA.--TheLegendOfZaku0079 04:11, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

DDR step technique mislabeled
In the section "songs and difficulty levels", the article lists the Sidestream as a type of step skill. It is a step combo such as Left-Down-Right, where the left and right steps are hit with the same foot. I have never heard of it called a 'sidestream' before in my life; I've exclusively heard people refer to this step as a 'crossover' (seeing that your foot should cross over to the opposite side of the pad if performed properly). Can any other DDR players confirm this, or is it possible that the term "crossover" is just a localized term from my reigon (northeast US)?

I agree. I have always used the terms "Crossover" (for a pattern such as RDL, alternating feet) and "Candle" (for a pattern such as ULD, alternating feet, where your foot crosses the center square), and rarely, if ever have I heard the term "Sidestream." I have changed the article to define these two terms in the stead of Sidestream, feel free to clarify my edit even further if you like! --Rahzel 16:46, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Popular Culture Section is Bloated
The "In Popular Culture" section of this page is getting too long. We don't have room for everyone's favorite DDR television reference, movie quote, or whatever. I think that this section either needs to be deleted entirely (under the reasoning that DDR is becoming more and more popular culture itself) or streamlined to include just a few notable pop culture references. Please reply with your thoughts. Regards, Rahzel 18:04, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I am still awaiting thoughts on this. In the meantime, I don't think we should add any more items to this section unless they are extremely noteworthy--we don't need every single pop culture reference in this section.  --Rahzel 18:44, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm personally a bit of an inclusionist, but as per WP:NOT I think you make a very good case for trimming it down at the very least. (In other words, If I Were King(TM) we'd keep the list -- but I'm not King, and I don't write the checks for Wikipedia, and by my interpretation of the rules, this would be an indiscriminate list of information and therefore not appropriate for Wikipedia -- so I concur and vote to trim down the list. --Jaysweet 19:17, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Suggestion rather than have "pop culture references", why not rewrite the entire section as prose exploring "influence on popular culutre". We seem to have enough details to warrent such a section. LinaMishima 20:16, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
 * That is a fantabulous idea. I'll do it if I have time in the next few days.  --Rahzel 06:10, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I have sort of done this. I have re-written this section to eliminate some of the unnecessary details, and (more importantly) to get rid of the list of "pop culture references" that keeps getting more and more bloated.  I think that this prose-paragraphencapsulates the main idea of what that section should be getting across, without the fanboy-isms.  Rahzel 21:54, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Apparently, no one has done this. Is it going to happen? Over half the references have been deleted! Who picks and chooses which ones are more valid than others? --204.246.229.153 16:09, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * "An interesting website is the popular Flash Flash Revolution. Rather than using a dance mat, the player uses the up, down, left and right controls on the keyboard. The game also gives the user the ability to control how they see the arrows, rather than just the traditional arrows at the top of the screen, they can be viewed from all sides of the field, allowing for an endless array of ways to play." This should be deleted as it is an obvious advertisement and cruft.--71.30.248.202 22:41, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

This section is still getting lots of bloat periodically. I propose that it be completely removed from the article, since it really doesn't add any content, aside from the Billy Matsumoto bit. Thoughts? Rahzel 03:14, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Doubles?
There is no mention of doubles play in the article.

Doubles expands the gameplay from the 4 arrows on one pad to all 8 arrows on both pads. Generally, doubles is reserved for more advanced players or those who are looking for a more challenging experience. Many freestyle players expand from singles to doubles in order to allow for more freedom of movement. Casual players avoid doubles because of the difficult learning curve and higher cost (generally twice) at arcades.

Technique and style should also be discussed.
 * You know, you are quite right! I can't believe I didn't spot this problem last time I looked in here - and I'm almost exclusively a doubles player! LinaMishima 16:57, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

--67.68.161.124 23:05, 15 August 2006 (UTC)Д67.68.161.124 23:05, 15 August 2006 (UTC)samuel

FFR
Flash Flash Revolution is probably the most popular DDR simulator. Dance with Intensity is completely obsolete and is nearly impossible to find, Pydance is used by literally no one in the DDR simulation community, and Text Text Revolution is laughable. The only simulators really even worth mentioning are Stepmania and FFR. Stepmania for serious players and FFR for casual players, as well as some serious players. Why is it that certain people want to erase it from Wikipedia while other jokes are allowed to remain? Afrobean 21:04, 22 December 2006 (UTC) While removing the terrible simulators from the article is perfectly acceptable in my eyes (as they really aren't commonplace at all), FFR deserves to be mentioned due to it's large fanbase, if nothing else. FFR definitely has more appeal to the average person than Stepmania due to it's ease of play (ie it's browser based, so no downloads are required), and I sincerely doubt that as many people play Stepmania as FFR. Afrobean 13:44, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * 100% agreed. - Chardish 02:33, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

I have played both, and I agree that StepMania and FFR are probably the only two worth mentioning. However, I was extremely dissatisfied with FFR as a simulator due to its horrific timing with most songs, the incorrect arrow colors, the extremely strange life bar, and the way it counts extra steps (most commonly known as ghost stepping) as misses. These are quite different from the way the real DDR functions. StepMania emulates the real thing much better.

Definitely keep StepMania. I couldn't really care much for FFR. Anything else could likely be left out.24.8.119.8 22:44, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

I'm all for SM and FFR, but then again the simple fact that others exist tells that they at least deserve a mention. And FFR is extremely iffy on almost everything... but it's a low-brow flash applet, what can you expect? =D ÷ ¿Daisen¡i? ÷ 15:19, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

For the record, it is, for all points and purposes impossible to dance using FFR: sure a pad can be rigged up using Joy2Key, but the game penalizes you for tapping off note (similar to IIDX and Guitar Hero.) It really functions as nothing more than a 4 key keyboard mash game, as opposed to a DDR simulator: it just uses the same keyboard play concept allowed by DWI and SM. DWI is far more worth mentioning than FFR, under this logic, simply because its whole existence was to simulate the gameplay as a whole, a goal which FFR just does not even do: Again, it seems to be nothing more than keyboard mashing in a DDR style. I do not mean any insult or such to FFR by this, I am just trying to say when you look at it, it is honestly not a real simulator to me. Popularity does not make it something it is not. KurisuYamato (talk) 13:57, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

DDR the movie
on imdbpro there is aparently info about a ddr movie. i do not have a pro account, so i cannot see any info on this,though it appears to have a trailer and some movie info. if any one has a pro acocunt it would be super awsome to give a small amount of info about this. also in yahoo espania there is some kinda trailer for a movie about people doing ddr that was released in spain. it also has a imdb page. i dont think it was mentioned in the article. http://imdb.com/title/tt0893400/maindetails http://imdb.com/title/tt0807006/  Owenlars2 05:03, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
 * This movie is mentioned in the article, under the In Popular Culture section. Regards, Rahzel 22:37, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Article needs more info on the music
I love the music. It's definately a unique style, but I dont know what to call it other than DDR music. It a happy bubblegum techno. I hate most techno. DDR is more of a cheery songs remixed/speeded up to a techno beat. I checked the Happy Hardcore article, doesn't mention DDR, but it seems to be a similar genre. Does the style have a name other than 'DDR Music?' Article doesn't even seem to mention the music style, even though if you heard the style you'd say it was DDRish.

 * Me again. I found this: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bemani_musicians Seems its not a genre, but one group of musicians that I like so much.

If I'm not mistaken, the term for music like 'Butterfly' is Happy House. I've only heard one or two songs in DDR that could really qualify as Hardcore (Namely FAXX, I think...), though. Hope that helps~ 24.13.93.171 20:17, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Oh, sorry >< It appears as if the article for the genre itself has gone away @_@ It's essentially house music with a strong Happy Hardcore influence. 24.13.93.171 20:38, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Disambiguation?
At the beginning of the article, it says "For other uses, see German Democratic Republic." Why is that? I would understand if DDR redirected here, but DDR is a disambiguation page itself. It seems unnecessary to me, since nobody's going to type in "Dance Dance Revolution" if they're looking for the German Democratic Republic. However, I don't want to edit it out if there's a good reason to have it there. Thoughts? アンジェリーク★Angelique 22:10, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

I agree completely~ I changed the 'For other uses' box to the disambiguation page, since it seems to make a bit more sense than just the German Democratic Republic. 24.13.93.171 21:23, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Problem with references
I noticed that the first item listed in the references section is the Wikipedia article on beatmania IIDX, and the place where this citation occurs is the section on Japanese arcade releases. This is a problem because Wikipedia is obviously not a reliable source for itself. I'm not sure exactly how to deal with this problem (maybe fact?), so I am posting here to get some input. Thank you. 70.176.124.200 19:30, 16 June 2007 (UTC)
 * To clarify: The problem was a <ref> tag used to link within Wikipedia, which is inadvisable. When I said "Wikipedia is not a reliable source for itself," I was alluding to WP:RSEX and WP:NOR. I have replaced the <ref> tag with the corresponding wikilink. 70.176.124.200 21:39, 19 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I already fixed this. Please disregard the inquiry. Thank you. 70.176.124.200 01:46, 13 July 2007 (UTC)
 * The correct essay page that explains this situation is Don't use internal sources for verification. 70.176.124.200 06:21, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Tournaments? I didn't see any information talking about tournaments (as most Anime and Gaming conventions include them). What is the format? Are they based on score or freestyle dance? I have seen some DDR freestyle on youtube in competitive format but the only tournament I've seen was based on score in Expert mode.

Also I was wondering if there were any organisations of note. I mean if DDR is a sport in Norway, is there a group working on making it a sport here? Or organising a league or team format? (Suddenly it is something I want to do or join). SummerOtaku 16:12, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

DDRBold text neverBold text losesBold text it'sBold text awsomenessBold text —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.66.200.51 (talk) 19:05, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

exercise
the value of ddr as exercise is a topic of debate in some circles. The article currently states that the calories burned have not been measured, but see this article. Some work here may be in order (I'm not really qualified to do it - perhaps someone with expertise will take it on).

Training and Testing Int J Sports Med 2002; 23: 125-129 DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-20132 Aerobic Demands of the Dance Simulation Game B. Tan1, A.  R.  Aziz1, K.  Chua1, K.  C.  Teh1 1 Sports Medicine and Research Centre, Singapore

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the intensity and energy cost of dance simulation in relation to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendations on the quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness, and to assess its safety. Forty subjects (21 males and 19 females, age 17.5 ± 0.7 years) had their heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (V˙O2) measured during maximal treadmill exercise and during a dance simulation game at a self-selected level of difficulty. They were monitored for injuries during and after the study. The results showed a mean HR of 137 beats × min-1 (139 beats × min-1 for males and 136 beats × min-1 for females) and a mean V˙O2 of 24.6 ml × kg-1 × min-1 (25.3 ml × kg-1 × min-1 for males and 23.8 ml × kg-1 × min-1 for females) during the dance simulation game test, with an estimated energy expenditure of 480 W (550 W for males and 410 W for females). The dance intensity only just meets the minimum ACSM guidelines, so dancer-players will need to play for extended periods to improve or maintain cardiorespiratory fitness or to lose weight. No injuries occurred during 201 hours of dance time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Brucefulton (talk • contribs) 20:20, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

List of DDR releases moved
I have moved the list of DDR game releases to the dedicated article, all information that was unique to this page has been verified for accuracy and merged with new and existing information. The main discussion is at Talk:List of Dance Dance Revolution games. AeronPrometheus (talk) 10:59, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Dancing Stage
Does anyone know the official reason for the name change in the European terrortries? more importantly, is there a cite for it? 81.149.182.210 (talk) 02:00, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Konami seems to have simply chosen to have the series go by another name in the European Union. No reason, they're weird like that. Probably the same reason why TwinBee from Japan is called RainbowBell in North America. --AeronPrometheus (talk) 18:51, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Similar games list
Should this be turned into paragraphs, broken off into a seperate article (The "this is partial list" sounds like there's a full list to be found somewhere. There isn't), or deleted and a select few links remain and woven into the paragraphs regarding the subject? I'd like to hear other editor's viewpoint on this. --AeronPrometheus (talk) 04:34, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * What I'm probably going to do is simply delete it. It's a hacked together list that people seem to add to for the sake of adding. The point regarding similar and clone style games could be perfectly made by linking to a select few of these within prose style paragraphs. The rest would need to pass NOTABILITY to even be worth a mention. If no one objects, I'll make the change in the next few days. --AeronPrometheus (talk) 07:25, 21 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Overhauled section. Any complaints or does everyone like it better like this? --AeronPrometheus (talk) 06:32, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Legality of Import Arcade Machines in the USA
No where in the DDR page does it discuss the legality of import machines from japan or other countries. I think this information would be a good inclusion into the article if one can find it. JasonHockeyGuy (talk) 22:25, 15 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree, it would probably SeeAlso to the 3rdMix and Extreme articles since there's a significant amount of information regarding the imports and bootlegs of those two in particular. What else do you see the article lacking? --AeronPrometheus (talk) 04:24, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Pop Culture Legacy
In the future, it might be useful to have a section detailing the impact of DDR on popular culture, including references within other works. Since being released in 1998, DDR has really become ubiquitous - due to the highly accessible nature of the core concept, a large percentage of people (at least in the US) know what it is.--Ebness86 (talk) 23:37, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Songs?
It would be nice if someone could put up the songs and the bands. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.170.181.218 (talk) 01:43, 30 July 2009 (UTC)
 * On that logic...songs are covered in the specific articles for the games. ViperSnake151   Talk  02:19, 30 July 2009 (UTC)
 * And List of Dance Dance Revolution songs, if ever finished, will list them all in one location. æron  phone  home   05:24, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

It is generally accepted
That anyone trying to flout there own abilities by planting their names on the article are terrible people. Remember two things, no one cares to look at the previous history for an article and it's a lot easier for us to revert this vandalism than it is for you to cause it, thank you. ^_^ æron  phone  home   05:24, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Unlisted DDR Games
I recently found on channelbeat.com offering a DDR 8th Plus PCB and DDR solo 7th Mix, true are false? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Silrox9 (talk • contribs) 15:15, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

DDR 8th plus is a bootleg of DDR Extreme that changes graphics and (I believe) allows for in-game overclocking of the CPU to increase song and arrow rate. No new songs are included.

DDRMAX2 7th Mix (Solo) is another bootleg. Hackers removed the hardware checks during installation/boot so that MAX2 (which is normally only found on doubles cabinets) can be installed and played on a Solo machine. Ranatalus (talk) 23:00, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

DDR for PS3!?!?
Anyone know why konami postponed the PS3 version? And, anyone know the status of it? DJAikou (talk) 06:34, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

image requested?
This article is marked as needing a screenshot and other images. However, there are several images already on the page including a game screenshot and a cabinet photograph. Can someone clarify what kind of image the article still needs? Tim Pierce (talk) 13:11, 7 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The only actual screenshot is for an emulator that takes after DDR, there are actually no screenshots from any DDR game in this article. Otherwise there are a lot of good images already in use, yes. æron  phone  home   13:50, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

hey OCD video game nerds
in your long rambling text that you added about the minutiae of every meaningless part of the video game (complete with original charts), there are no citations. wikipedia is not a place for you to write your infinite stream of details on everything Japan and related -- actually it is, but it shouldn't be. maybe if you cited some real articles the text would contain more noteworthy information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.119.79.218 (talk) 06:13, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

"Didder" redirect
"Didder" currently redirects to this article, presumably because it is a slang pronunciation of the abbreviation DDR.

I have doubts about whether this is appropriate. For example, it appears to be an archaic form of the word "dither," as seen in that article in an image of a dictionary page. Does anyone have ideas on changing "didder" to redirect elsewhere or converting it to a disambiguation? SoledadKabocha (talk) 16:49, 15 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Should I also discuss this on Talk:Dither? SoledadKabocha (talk) 18:36, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

Proposed merge with History of Dance Dance Revolution
There aren't enough dedicated articles on "the history" of DDR to warrant its own article. The unsourced stuff should be removed and the rest merged into a history/overview section within the main series article. czar 15:01, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dance Dance Revolution. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080430133304/http://foonmix.nothing.sh/ to http://foonmix.nothing.sh/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:53, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dance Dance Revolution


text: User talk:81.240.180.119

title: User talk:81.240.180.119


text:
Larry Shaw (editor)

Lawrence Taylor Shaw (November 9, 1924 – April 1, 1985) was an American Hugo Award-winning science fiction fan, author, editor and literary agent who usually published as Larry T. Shaw.

Shaw joined a group of science fiction writers known as the Futurians during the early 1940s. From 1948 through the early 1950s, he wrote short fiction before becoming an editor for the magazines If and later Infinity Science Fiction. He published Harlan Ellison's first magazine story "Glowworm" (1955) in Infinity Science Fiction, after Ellison's first sale to EC Comics.

From 1954 to 1955 Shaw edited Rodding and Re-Styling, an automotive sports magazine.

After those magazines terminated during 1958, Shaw edited monster movie magazines, automotive magazines and other material until 1963, when he began editing for Irwin Stein's company Lancer Books. He continued working as an editor until 1975, when he began work mainly as a literary agent. He received a Special Hugo Award during 1984 for lifetime achievement as an editor.

Shaw was married to science fiction and Spur Award-winning Western fiction author Lee Hoffman from 1956 to 1958. He later married Noreen Kane (1930–2005). Shaw died of cancer on April 1 1985.

title: Larry Shaw (editor)


text:
Talk:20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Old talk
An anon replaced "an Israeli Mossad agent" by "Jonathan Glasman". Since the contributor did nothing else useful, I reverted, until clarification. ("Jonathan Glasman" + Mossad and "Jonathan Glassman" + Mossad give 0 google hits. Needs further research. May be it was not mossad, or other type of typo in the name). Mikkalai 17:33, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * In fact, my brief search failed to find any other references to a mossad agent at the congress. If I fail to find an evidence, I think I'll remove this tidbit as well. Mikkalai 17:50, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

A piece removed until documented confirmation: ''However, an Israeli Mossad agent was secretly in attendance of the meeting, and obtained a copy of Khrushchev's speech. Within days the speech was circulated all over the western media, causing a massive embarrassment to the Soviet Union, and many conflicts in global communist movements.'' On the contrary, the speech was soon released first to regional party leadera, and then to the whole country. A week later you didn't have to be a mossad agent. Besides, there were no portable tape recorders. Did this mossad agent stenograph the speech? Mikkalai 00:05, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Quote
After the speech by Khrushchev someone in the audience shouted out and asked what he had been doing at the time. Khrushchev asked for the heckler to identify himself, the audience remained silent. Khrushchev responded "That is what I did, too".

I don't know if that is an urban myth, but if someone can confirm that did happen then I think it should be included in the article.--EchetusXe (talk) 15:56, 1 November 2008 (UTC)


text:
Template:Book-stub

Please avoid using this stub note. Instead, please sort this as either a novel-stub or a nonfiction-book-stub.

title: Template:Book-stub


text:
Lee Hoffman

Lee Hoffman, born Shirley Bell Hoffman, (August 14, 1932 in Chicago, Illinois – February 6, 2007 in Port Charlotte, Florida) was an American science fiction fan, an editor of early folk music fanzines, and an author of science fiction, Western and romance novels.

Career
In 1950–53, she edited and published the highly regarded science fiction fanzine, Quandry. In November 1951, she began publication of Science-Fiction Five-Yearly, which has appeared regularly since then (the 2006 issue ran 58 pages). Hoffman used a gender-neutral name within science fiction fandom, and many believed that she was a man. In 1951, she 'came out' as a leading editor of the science fiction fanzine Quandry at the 1951 World Science Fiction Convention. Briefly married to editor Larry Shaw from 1956 to 1958, she was the assistant editor on the science fiction magazines he edited, Infinity Science Fiction and Science Fiction Adventures. During that same time, she began editing and publishing her folk music publications, Caravan and Gardyloo, which found a readership through Izzy Young's Folklore Center as the folk music scene expanded during the late 1950s.

Hoffman won the Western Writers of America Spur Award for her novel The Valdez Horses (Doubleday, 1967). In Spain, John Sturges directed the 1973 film adaptation, The Valdez Horses/Valdez, il Mezzosangue (aka Chino), starring Charles Bronson and Jill Ireland. Under the pseudonym Georgia York, she wrote historical romances for Fawcett Books during the years 1979 to 1983.

In her autobiographical writings, she described the mid-1960s events that led to her Western novels:
 * Ted White became a very good friend. He was great company, interested in just about everything. He was an excellent artist and an expert in jazz and comic books as well as any number of other subjects. He'd started writing science-fiction professionally, and shared his enthusiasm, inspiring me to try writing a book myself. A Western came most naturally to me. It was a typical horse opera very much in the tradition of the Western paperbacks I'd enjoyed for so long. Don and Jo Meisner critiqued the manuscript for me. Ted read it and encouraged me to submit it.

 * Another friend, Terry Carr, was assistant to the editor, Don Wollheim, at Ace Books. Ace had a reputation for giving new writers a break. I submitted my manuscript to Terry. I hadn't yet gotten a response on it, when Terry phoned and asked me if I "had time" to write a comic Western. I had plenty of time, but wasn't sure I had the ability. Terry had faith that I did. I wrote some chapters and an outline. Ace bought it, and published it ahead of the action Western I'd done first. I couldn't think of titles, so Terry provided names for both of them, The Legend of Blackjack Sam for the comic one, and Gunfight at Laramie for the horse opera.

 * The literary agent, Henry Morrison, was a longtime fan. He handled Ted White and some other friends who had become professional writers. He accepted me as a client. With two sales, and another book in the works I quit working regular hours for other people.

She went on to write seventeen Western novels between the years 1966 and 1977 for several publishers—Ace, Avon, Ballantine, Dell, Doubleday, Dell, NAL/Signet—with various editions in Germany, Italy and the UK.

During that same time period, she wrote four science fiction novels: Telepower (Belmont, 1967), The Caves of Karst (Ballantine, 1969), Always the Black Knight (Avon, 1970) and Change Song (Doubleday, 1972). Her short stories include "Soundless Evening", published in Harlan Ellison's Again, Dangerous Visions (1972).

In 1987, Hoffman was presented the Rebel Award, a lifetime achievement award for a science fiction fan "who has done a great deal for Southern Fandom."

Death
She died in Port Charlotte, Florida of a massive heart attack on February 6, 2007.

title: Lee Hoffman


text:
MD2 (hash function)

The MD2 Message-Digest Algorithm is a cryptographic hash function developed by Ronald Rivest in 1989. The algorithm is optimized for 8-bit computers. MD2 is specified in IETF RFC 1319. The "MD" in MD2 stands for "Message Digest".

Even though MD2 is not yet fully compromised, the IETF retired MD2 to "historic" status in 2011, citing "signs of weakness". It is deprecated in favor of SHA-256 and other strong hashing algorithms.

Nevertheless,, it remained in use in public key infrastructures as part of certificates generated with MD2 and RSA.

Description
The 128-bit hash value of any message is formed by padding it to a multiple of the block length (128 bits or 16 bytes) and adding a 16-byte checksum to it. For the actual calculation, a 48-byte auxiliary block and a 256-byte S-table are used. The constants were generated by shuffling the integers 0 through 255 using a variant of Durstenfeld's algorithm with a pseudorandom number generator based on decimal digits of $\pi$ (pi) (see nothing up my sleeve number). The algorithm runs through a loop where it permutes each byte in the auxiliary block 18 times for every 16 input bytes processed. Once all of the blocks of the (lengthened) message have been processed, the first partial block of the auxiliary block becomes the hash value of the message.

The S-table values in hex are:

{ 0x29, 0x2E, 0x43, 0xC9, 0xA2, 0xD8, 0x7C, 0x01, 0x3D, 0x36, 0x54, 0xA1, 0xEC, 0xF0, 0x06, 0x13, 0x62, 0xA7, 0x05, 0xF3, 0xC0, 0xC7, 0x73, 0x8C, 0x98, 0x93, 0x2B, 0xD9, 0xBC, 0x4C, 0x82, 0xCA, 0x1E, 0x9B, 0x57, 0x3C, 0xFD, 0xD4, 0xE0, 0x16, 0x67, 0x42, 0x6F, 0x18, 0x8A, 0x17, 0xE5, 0x12, 0xBE, 0x4E, 0xC4, 0xD6, 0xDA, 0x9E, 0xDE, 0x49, 0xA0, 0xFB, 0xF5, 0x8E, 0xBB, 0x2F, 0xEE, 0x7A, 0xA9, 0x68, 0x79, 0x91, 0x15, 0xB2, 0x07, 0x3F, 0x94, 0xC2, 0x10, 0x89, 0x0B, 0x22, 0x5F, 0x21, 0x80, 0x7F, 0x5D, 0x9A, 0x5A, 0x90, 0x32, 0x27, 0x35, 0x3E, 0xCC, 0xE7, 0xBF, 0xF7, 0x97, 0x03, 0xFF, 0x19, 0x30, 0xB3, 0x48, 0xA5, 0xB5, 0xD1, 0xD7, 0x5E, 0x92, 0x2A, 0xAC, 0x56, 0xAA, 0xC6, 0x4F, 0xB8, 0x38, 0xD2, 0x96, 0xA4, 0x7D, 0xB6, 0x76, 0xFC, 0x6B, 0xE2, 0x9C, 0x74, 0x04, 0xF1, 0x45, 0x9D, 0x70, 0x59, 0x64, 0x71, 0x87, 0x20, 0x86, 0x5B, 0xCF, 0x65, 0xE6, 0x2D, 0xA8, 0x02, 0x1B, 0x60, 0x25, 0xAD, 0xAE, 0xB0, 0xB9, 0xF6, 0x1C, 0x46, 0x61, 0x69, 0x34, 0x40, 0x7E, 0x0F, 0x55, 0x47, 0xA3, 0x23, 0xDD, 0x51, 0xAF, 0x3A, 0xC3, 0x5C, 0xF9, 0xCE, 0xBA, 0xC5, 0xEA, 0x26, 0x2C, 0x53, 0x0D, 0x6E, 0x85, 0x28, 0x84, 0x09, 0xD3, 0xDF, 0xCD, 0xF4, 0x41, 0x81, 0x4D, 0x52, 0x6A, 0xDC, 0x37, 0xC8, 0x6C, 0xC1, 0xAB, 0xFA, 0x24, 0xE1, 0x7B, 0x08, 0x0C, 0xBD, 0xB1, 0x4A, 0x78, 0x88, 0x95, 0x8B, 0xE3, 0x63, 0xE8, 0x6D, 0xE9, 0xCB, 0xD5, 0xFE, 0x3B, 0x00, 0x1D, 0x39, 0xF2, 0xEF, 0xB7, 0x0E, 0x66, 0x58, 0xD0, 0xE4, 0xA6, 0x77, 0x72, 0xF8, 0xEB, 0x75, 0x4B, 0x0A, 0x31, 0x44, 0x50, 0xB4, 0x8F, 0xED, 0x1F, 0x1A, 0xDB, 0x99, 0x8D, 0x33, 0x9F, 0x11, 0x83, 0x14 }

MD2 hashes
The 128-bit (16-byte) MD2 hashes (also termed message digests) are typically represented as 32-digit hexadecimal numbers. The following demonstrates a 43-byte ASCII input and the corresponding MD2 hash:

MD2("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog") = 03d85a0d629d2c442e987525319fc471

As the result of the avalanche effect in MD2, even a small change in the input message will (with overwhelming probability) result in a completely different hash. For example, changing the letter d to c in the message results in:

MD2("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cog") = 6b890c9292668cdbbfda00a4ebf31f05

The hash of the zero-length string is:

MD2("") = 8350e5a3e24c153df2275c9f80692773

Security
Rogier and Chauvaud presented in 1995 collisions of MD2's compression function, although they were unable to extend the attack to the full MD2. The described collisions was published in 1997.

In 2004, MD2 was shown to be vulnerable to a preimage attack with time complexity equivalent to 2104 applications of the compression function. The author concludes, "MD2 can no longer be considered a secure one-way hash function".

In 2008, MD2 has further improvements on a preimage attack with time complexity of 273 compression function evaluations and memory requirements of 273 message blocks.

In 2009, MD2 was shown to be vulnerable to a collision attack with time complexity of 263.3 compression function evaluations and memory requirements of 252 hash values. This is slightly better than the birthday attack which is expected to take 265.5 compression function evaluations.

In 2009, security updates were issued disabling MD2 in OpenSSL, GnuTLS, and Network Security Services.

title: MD2 (hash function)


text:
Primitive Methodist Church

The Primitive Methodist Church is a Methodist Christian denomination within the holiness movement. It began in England in the early 19th century, with the influence of American evangelist Lorenzo Dow (1777–1834).

In the United States, the Primitive Methodist Church had eighty-three parishes and 8,487 members in 1996. In Great Britain and Australia, the Primitive Methodist Church merged with other denominations, to form the Methodist Church of Great Britain in 1932 and the Methodist Church of Australasia in 1901. The latter subsequently merged into the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977.

United Kingdom
The leaders who originated Primitive Methodism were attempting to restore a spirit of revivalism as they felt was found in the ministry of John Wesley, with no intent of forming a new church. The leaders were Hugh Bourne (1772–1852) and William Clowes (1780–1851), preachers in the Wesleyan Methodist Church. Bourne had joined a Methodist society at Burslem, but business taking him at the close of 1800 to the colliery district of Harriseahead and Kidsgrove, he was so impressed by the prevailing ignorance that he began a religious revival of the district, and Clowes joined him in 1805.

The two preachers heard from Lorenzo Dow of the results of American camp meetings, and held a fourteen-hour camp meeting on May 31, 1807, at Mow Cop on the Staffordshire and Cheshire border, which resulted in many converts. But the Wesleyan Church refused to admit these converts to the church, and reprimanded Bourne and Clowes. Refusing to cease holding open-air meetings, they were dismissed from the church. For a while they took separate paths, but after waiting two years for readmittance to the church, they founded the Primitive Methodists in the year of 1810. Clowes's personality drew a number of strong men after him, and a society meeting held in a kitchen and then in a warehouse became the nucleus of a circuit, a chapel being built at Tunstall in July 1811, and there in February 1812 they took the name The Society of the Primitive Methodists. The name is meant to indicate they were conducting themselves in the way of Wesley and the "original" Methodists, particularly in reference to open-air meetings and allowing female ministry. The last of the women roving preachers died in 1890.

Primitive Methodist workers played an important role in the formative phase of the Trade Union movement in England. They were always the most working class of the main Methodist bodies in Great Britain. They also used women at an early date as ministers ("itinerants") and preachers, a notable development in women's emancipation.

The Primitive Methodist Church formed one of the three streams of Methodism then extant in England. In 1932 it merged with the Wesleyan Methodist Church and the United Methodists to form the Methodist Church of Great Britain. The story of Primitive Methodism is kept alive at Englesea Brook, the museum of Primitive Methodism.

United States
The first missionaries to America arrived in Brooklyn, New York, in 1829. The societies founded in the United States were under the control of the British Primitive Methodist Conference until 1840, when the "American Primitive Methodist Church" was established on September 16. A combining of various organizational structures occurred in May 1975, and the current (2004) official name—The Primitive Methodist Church in the United States of America—was chosen.

The denomination holds an annual conference. A president, elected every four years, is the chief leader of the denomination and their headquarters are located in his home. In 2000 the American body had 79 congregations with 4502 members.

Australia
Primitive Methodist congregations were also established in Australia. In 1902 the Primitive Methodist Church, Wesleyan Methodist Church, Bible Christians and the United Methodist Free Churches formed the Methodist Church of Australasia. In 1977 the Methodist Church of Australasia joined with the Congregational Union of Australia and Presbyterian Church of Australia to form the Uniting Church in Australia.

Beliefs
The Primitive Methodist Church recognizes the dominical sacraments of Baptism and Holy Communion, as well as other rites, such as Holy Matrimony.

Missions
The Primitive Methodist Church in the United States has missions in Spain, Guatemala and other countries throughout the world. Its mission work in Africa dates back to 1897 and its mission work in Guatemala was started in 1921.

Ecumenical relations
The Primitive Methodist Church in the United States, with respect to ecumenism, is a member of the Christian Holiness Partnership, an organization of churches in the Wesleyan–Arminian tradition, and a member of the National Association of Evangelicals.

title: Primitive Methodist Church