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Glycemic load

The glycemic load (GL) of food is a number that estimates how much the food will raise a person's blood glucose level after it is eaten. One unit of glycemic load approximates the effect of eating one gram of glucose. Glycemic load accounts for how much carbohydrate is in the food and how much each gram of carbohydrate in the food raises blood glucose levels. Glycemic load is based on the glycemic index (GI), and is calculated by multiplying the weight of available carbohydrate in the food (in grams) by the food's glycemic index, and then dividing by 100.

Description
Glycemic load estimates the impact of carbohydrate intake using the glycemic index while taking into account the amount of carbohydrates that are eaten in a serving. GL is a GI-weighted measure of carbohydrate content. For instance, watermelon has a high GI, but a typical serving of watermelon does not contain many carbohydrates, so the glycemic load of eating it is low. Whereas glycemic index is defined for each type of food, glycemic load can be calculated for any size serving of a food, an entire meal, or an entire day's meals.

Glycemic load of a 100 g serving of food can be calculated as its carbohydrate content measured in grams (g), multiplied by the food's GI, and divided by 100. For example, watermelon has a GI of 72. A 100 g serving of watermelon has 5 g of available carbohydrates (it contains a lot of water), making the calculation (5 × 72)/100=3.6, so the GL is 3.6. A food with a GI of 90 and 8 g of available carbohydrates has a GL of 7.2 (8 × 90/100=7.2), while a food with a GI of just 6 and with 120 g of carbohydrate also has a GL of 7.2 (120 × 6/100=7.2).

For one serving of a food, a GL greater than 20 is considered high, a GL of 11–19 is considered medium, and a GL of 10 or less is considered low. Foods that have a low GL in a typical serving size almost always have a low GI. Foods with an intermediate or high GL in a typical serving size range from a very low to very high GI.

One 2007 study has questioned the value of using glycemic load as a basis for weight-loss programmes. Das et al. conducted a study on 36 healthy, overweight adults, using a randomised test to measure the efficacy of two diets, one with a high glycemic load and one with a low GL. The study concluded that there is no statistically significant difference between the outcome of the two diets.

Glycemic load appears to be a significant factor in dietary programs targeting metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and weight loss; studies have shown that sustained spikes in blood sugar and insulin levels may lead to increased diabetes risk. The Shanghai Women's Health Study concluded that women whose diets had the highest glycemic index were 21 percent more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than women whose diets had the lowest glycemic index. Similar findings were reported in the Black Women's Health Study. A diet program that manages the glycemic load aims to avoid sustained blood-sugar spikes and can help avoid onset of type 2 diabetes. For diabetics, glycemic load is a highly recommended tool for managing blood sugar.

The data on GI and GL listed in this article is from the University of Sydney (Human Nutrition Unit) GI database.

The GI was invented in 1981 by Dr Thomas Wolever and Dr David Jenkins at the University of Toronto and is a measure of how quickly a food containing 25 or 50 g of carbohydrate raises blood-glucose levels. Because some foods typically have a low carbohydrate content, Harvard researchers created the GL, which takes into account the amount of carbohydrates in a given serving of a food and so provides a more useful measure. Liu et al. were the first to show that based on their calculation, the glycemic load of a specific food—calculated as the product of that food's carbohydrate content and its glycemic index value—has direct physiologic meaning in that each unit can be interpreted as the equivalent of 1 g carbohydrate from white bread (or glucose depending on the reference used in determining the glycemic index). It became immediately apparent that such direct physiological quantification of glycemic load would allow patients with diabetes to do "glycemic load" counting as opposed to the conventional “carbohydrate counting” for monitoring the glycemic effect of foods. The concept of glycemic load addresses the concern about rating foods as good or bad solely on the basis of their glycemic index. For example, although the glycemic index for carrots is 19 raw and 47 boiled, the glycemic load for one serving of carrots is small because the amount of carbohydrate in one serving of carrots is minimal (≈7 g carbohydrate). Indeed, ≈700 g carrots (which provides 50 g carbohydrate) must be eaten to produce an incremental glucose response of bread (50-95) Source :

List of foods and their glycemic load for a 100 g serving

 * All numeric values provided in the table are approximate. Note that 100 g may not represent a typical serving size. For example, a typical rice serving would be 150–200 g with a corresponding increase in GL, whilst a banana may weigh more than 100 g. Reference tables which give GL by typical serving size will show different values.

title: Glycemic load


text: Category:Jim Wells County, Texas

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Jim Wells County, Texas


text: User talk:67.165.241.190

title: User talk:67.165.241.190


text:
Þjóðólfr of Hvinir

Þjóðólfr ór Hvini (anglicized as Thjódólf of Hvinir or Thiodolf; fl. late 9th–early 10th c. AD), was a Norwegian skald, said to have been one of the court-poets of the Norwegian king Harald Fairhair. His name suggests that he was from the region of Hvinir (Kvinesdal). Two skaldic poems, Haustlǫng (Autumn-long) and Ynglingatal (Enumeration of the Ynglingar), are generally attributed to him.

Saga account
According to Heimskringla, he fostered Harald's sons Sigurd Hrisi, Halfdan Long-Leg, Gudröd the Radiant, Ragnvald Rettilbein.

Works
Both Haustlǫng and Ynglingatal are ascribed to Þjóðólfr of Hvinir from a relatively early period. They were preserved, along with some other of his verses, by the 13th-century Icelandic writer Snorri Sturluson in the Prose Edda. A third poem, Hrafnsmál, is also attributed to him by Snorri, although scholars rather think that it was composed by another of Harald Fairhair's court-poets named Þórbjǫrn Hornklofi.

Þjóðólfr composed Ynglingatal for Ragnvald Heidumhære, a chieftain from Vestfold (Oslofjord). The poem tells about the lives of the Ynglingar, a dynasty of kings from Uppsala, and forms the basis for Snorri's Ynglinga saga.

What we have preserved of Haustlǫng is centred on two mythological scenes: Loki's betraying of Iðunn, the Æsir's "old-age cure", who was snatched from them by the jǫtunn Þjazi in eagle form; and Thor's victorious combat against the strongest of the jǫtnar, Hrungnir. If as seems likely it was composed in emulation of Bragi inn gamli's Ragnarsdrápa, it will have had two further episodes.

title: Þjóðólfr of Hvinir


text: File:Ceiling and chandelier of the Castro Theater, San Francisco.jpg


text:
User:Thenetblob

thenetblob is a worm of bacteria found on the internet, and is the leading cause of insanity and hilarious laughter (in the form of a "giggle") among users of the internet

here we see thenetblob in it's natural habitat:

Diet
thenetblob's diet consists of tacos(this includes burritos and other late night foods)and information from the internet. Thenetblob has the curious ability to suck information straight from a URL and transforming it through his "abionical glands"

Nest
Thenetblob's nest normally consists of Google, Wikipedia, and other sources of net info.

title: User:Thenetblob


text:
Adventist University of the Antilles

The Antillean Adventist University (AAU) (in Spanish: Universidad Adventista de las Antillas) (UAA) is a private, Seventh-day Adventist university in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system. The university developed from the merging of two educational institutions: Puerto Rico Academy established in 1946; renamed in 1957 as the Colegio Adventista Puertorriqueño, and Antillian College which moved to Puerto Rico as a result of the Cuban Revolution. In 1989, the school's higher education program was accredited by the Council of Higher Education of Puerto Rico on August 18, 1989.

The university is sponsored by and affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and is situated within 284 acre of mountainous land with a view of the Atlantic Ocean. AAU offers undergraduate studies in arts and sciences, and graduate studies in arts.

History
Antillean Adventist University has its roots in Cuba of the early 1900s. After a disrupted educational attempt in 1911, the school became established in 1923. In 1939, the Inter-American Division of Seventh-day Adventists decided to move the campus to Santa Clara from Bartle, Oriente Province and to upgrade the institution to that of a junior college. It was the only educational institution in the Antillian Union which offered courses in Spanish above the primary grades. At the time, the Antillian Union of Seventh-day Adventists included the Bahamas, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Haiti, and Jamaica.

The Battle of Santa Clara
The Cuban Revolution's decisive Battle of Santa Clara in December 1958, took place within a few miles of Antillian College. Walter J. Brown, then president of the college, provided an eyewitness account for the Adventist flagship journal, the Review and Herald. The battle took place in the last days of December, 1958. Bombing had destroyed transportation routes causing two hundred of the college's students to remain on campus during the Christmas season. Across the road from the college was Central University.

On Saturday, December 27, the college cancelled all their many activities off campus. Special prayers were offered for protection and the return of peace to the nation. Around midnight, Saturday night, two barbudos from Ernesto (Che) Guevara column were posted to guard the college's building. Others had taken over the university across the highway from them. The college folk went to see these famous "men from the hills." The two bearded and armed barbudos were very tired, yet confident of their cause. They soon discovered that the college folk were not hostile to them. Charles R. Taylor, of the Bible department, obtained a sleeping bag. The two soldiers took turns sleeping in it. The college folk went to the university entrance. There they found a large number of rebels. The rebels were tired and hungry but friendly. They were offered cold milk from the college dairy, for which they expressed their gratitude.

Brown further recounted, "We walked to the university campus and there found the commander, Dr. Ernesto (Che) Guevara (who had previously been befriended by Adventist), with an assistant looking over the map of the city. He soon came over and spoke with us, requesting the school to provide food for doctors, nurses, and others who might be coming through during the next few days. When we indicated that we had a problem in obtaining milk and food, he indicated that we were now in the Free Territory of Cuba, and that the rebel soldiers would see to it that we received all that was necessary.... At noon of that first day, about one hundred men came in for dinner. Mrs. Pena, our acting matron, had them sit at the tables. Then she explained the procedure in our cafeteria, adding that it is our custom always to ask God to bless the food before we begin to eat. She asked Mr. Santos, our food-factory manager, to pray. As he started, the rebels, who had been sitting down, stood up, turned in Mr. Santos' direction, and stood in complete silence during the prayer."

On Wednesday, December 31, the Battle came to the college. They watched a bomber swoop past the university and heard a plane head for the college. It dropped its bomb on College land. For just over an hour planes made machine-gun attacks on the campus. The girls, several teachers, and the rebels who had been eating in the dining room, found protection in the laundry located in the girls' dorm basement. The boys fled to the shower rooms in the basement of their dorm. Married families and teachers hid in the lower floor of the new industrial building. Still other students and faculty members, together with some rebels, crowded into the hallways under the reinforced concrete floor of the new library.

The farm manager was on horseback bringing in the cows for milking. A plane went after him. His assistant and a student were out in the field plowing. Because of their tractor's noise they did not realize that they were being machine-gunned until after the plane had roared by. Professor Taylor was having his own private devotions in a bamboo grove when he saw a plane head for him. He jumped into a nearby ditch. When the plane persisted in its aim, he swam up the creek, with only his head above water, and remained so until the shooting was over. Everyone prayed. There were no injuries among the people, or the animals. That night the government fell and Castro had won. The rebel doctors and troops were still with them on Thursday, January 1, 1959. One hundred and eighty ate supper with them that night.

A few days later, in a celebration across the road at the university, the college's choir took part. (Che) Guevara came and the new premier, Fidel Castro, also was in the audience.

Move to Puerto Rico
On New Year's Day, 1959, it seemed that the college would be able to continue on with its program in Cuba as the new Cuban leadership allowed it to operate with no restrictions. However, three years later after all other religious institutions had been closed or severely restricted, the new Cuban government closed the school, December 15, 1961. For the 1961–1962 school year, Antillian College had two campuses; one in Cuba, the other in Puerto Rico. By March, 1962, the Cuban government allowed a seminary to continue operating on the Cuban campus. The Puerto Rican campus experienced some rapid growth as the flow of students for the new school year shifted to that school.

History since 1961
Antillean Adventist University celebrated 60 years of its founding in a rebranding ceremony on Wednesday, November 17, 2021, where it presented its new official name: Antillean University.

title: Adventist University of the Antilles


text: Category:Minor league baseball teams

title: Category:Minor league baseball teams


text:
Roy Peterson

Roy Eric Peterson, OC (14 September 1936 – 30 September 2013) was a Canadian editorial cartoonist who drew for The Vancouver Sun from 1962 to 2009.

Biography
Peterson was born in Winnipeg and studied in Vancouver at the Kitsilano Secondary School and the Vancouver School of Art. Along with the Sun, his work often appeared in Maclean's magazine, where he would illustrate the columns of Allan Fotheringham. He has also illustrated the covers of many of Fotheringham's books.

The Vancouver Sun laid off Peterson in 2009.

Peterson died in West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, on 30 September 2013, aged 77, of complications from Parkinson's disease. He was survived by five children and nine grandchildren. His longtime wife, Margaret, had predeceased him in 2004.

Awards
In 2004 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and Peterson won seven National Newspaper Awards for his work, the most in the history of the awards.

title: Roy Peterson


text:
Talk:Balvanera

Ratings

 * Who rates this article? Who needs these ratings?

 * Unless this madness stops, I will be more and more wary of contributing. elpincha 11:29, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I rated this article based on the discussions that you can reach by clicking the links on the WikiProject banner and criteria influenced by that discussion and by criteria across Wikipedia. Barrios were determined to be of mid-importance unless they have a particular notability, e.g. La Boca.

 * These ratings and the banner are to help focus the work of the WikiProject overall, so that articles considered most important to an encyclopedia can be brought up to a decent quality and to identify areas of weakness, etc, just as other WikiProjects are doing. But obviously editors can ignore them and do their own thing as they wish, so there's no need to consider it 'madness' or reduce your contribution. Indeed, if you think there is a problem, please discuss it at the WikiProject pages. Thanks, Martín (saying/doing) 11:57, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Unless everybody recognizes Once as the most important barrio in the world, surely more than Boca, I will boycott Wikipedia. Mirá como tiemblo.

 * Now seriously. The abundance of tags and templates detracts from the fun, makes it look more serious than it really is, and intimidates the casual editor. Of course, if that is the purpose... elpincha 12:30, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

 * You can completelly ignore the tags. They are just to help some of us find important topics that should be expanded or improved. Besides, they are in the talk pages, so the casual editor won't pay much attention to it anyway. What's more, you actually got a B, you should be happy! (you'll have to make a bigger effort to get an A). Mariano (t/c) 12:44, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Che Mariano watch your typing, "omre". :) Sebastian Kessel Talk 14:57, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * You mean I haev toa ctually raed waht I tpye? Mariano (t/c) 06:32, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

More on this article's rating
Once is far more important than Boca in almost every respect (save football and tourist appeal), and it should certainly be a top-five barrio. There goes the importance.

The Balvanera article, imho, is the best article on any BsAs barrio as of today (I am willing to hear other opinions). I do not think there is a lot of room for improvement (see my to-do lists below). Of course I may be wrong, even hugely wrong, but I'd rather people tell me what is wrong/missing, as opposed to slapping me (oops, the article) with a B.

At some points, being concise instead of delving into the little stuff is a virtue, yet some Wikipedia articles are misjudged based only on their light weight. Some short articles should remain so, as opposed to loading trivial facts and personal-life information.

BTW, it is common Argie practice, e.g. in University exams, to give students low grades on a whim. That is one item in which we lag behind everybody else... Isn't it time to repeal this nasty habit? elpincha 13:12, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I guess you haven't read the assessments of the project. The B thing was a game-word between to qualification system used at the Editorial Team and the common grade, and obviously a joke. You can propose Balvanera for Good Article or Featured Article, what will allow us toimprove the qualification used in the WPARgentina tag.
 * Regarding the Importance of the neighbourhood, consider that this is the English wikipedia, and it seams to me that Balvanera is not exactly a must have for an Encyclopedia. Nevertheless, I'm open to hear on the importance of the barrio neighbouring mine. Mariano (t/c) 13:31, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The B-class is really the highest we can give - Good Article status is determined by the peer review process. I would make a guess that this would fail the process at the moment due to its lack of references through the article and perhaps a lack of pictures and maybe even length (Buenos Aires just failed). A lack of references has mostly caused me to rate articles as start-class but I gave Balvanera the benefit of the doubt due to its length and style, which I like, plus some external links. Another obstacle to Good Article status can be over-zealous ownership by one or more editors - it can be a rough process, even more so than the simple 'B' without comment I placed here.
 * I hold by Balavanera's mid-importance but I am of course happy to discuss it further. This affects everything else too, though - Belgrano, Puerto Madero, Montserrat and a dozen provincial capitals and bigger cities would also have a claim. I also think that availability of verifiable sources is a limiting factor on Importance, but this may not apply in this case and hasn't been discussed. Martín (saying/doing) 13:58, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

To Do

 * Link to Colectivo
 * Some elegant way of saying that North of Cordoba it's no longer Balvanera (not the way it's written in the Sp version!!)
 * Coverage of other faculties in Balvanera (e.g. Psychology on Hipolito Yrigoyen st)
 * Other notable residents (Gardel, Macedonio, please add more... Dringue lived in elpincha's building, Uriburu St)

Reference to La Perla (heard in Tanguito version)

 * En el baño de La Perla del Once compusiste La Balsa...
 * En el baño de La Perla del Once compusiste La Balsa...
 * [...]
 * Estoy muy solo y triste aquí en este mundo abandonado...
 * (Original version said: (...) en este mundo que es de mie...)

Somebody reconstruct the link to Spanish article?
Thanks elpincha 02:26, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

To do (Aug 2006)

 * "Todos los vecinos de Balvanera hemos muerto en esas elecciones tan bravas" (Macedonio)
 * "Recuerdo fue en Balvanera..." (Borges)
 * "Larrea... esquina Sarmiento" (Virus)
 * Sanidad escolar, Saavedra 15.
 * Cinelandia, Lavalle & Ayacucho
 * Haham Chehebar

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 23:24, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

El Molino
It has already been discussed, but El Molino is not a café. It is a tea room. elpincha (talk) 11:27, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Balvanera


text:
Dungloe

An Clochán Liath, known in English as Dungloe (sometimes misspelled as Dunglow; ), is a town on the west coast of County Donegal in Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. It is the main town in The Rosses and the largest in the Donegal Gaeltacht. Dungloe developed as a town in the middle of the 18th century, and now serves as the administrative and retail centre for the west of County Donegal, and in particular The Rosses, with the only mainland secondary school for the area.

Name
There is a river at the bottom of the town and years ago the only crossing was over a grey granite slab lying in the riverbed, hence the Irish name of the town, An Clochán Liath, which means the grey stepping-stone. The bridge was built in 1782. The name An Clochán Liath was formerly anglicised as Cloghanlea. The name Dungloe or Dunglow is believed to come from the Irish Dún gCloiche. This name came into common English usage in the later years of the 18th century when the monthly fair, formerly held at Dún gCloiche (five miles north of the nascent town) was transferred to An Clochán Liath. In time the name of the fair and that of the town were subsumed. Today, An Clochán Liath is the only officially recognised name of the town.

Irish language
The Comprehensive Linguistic Survey of the Gaeltacht (revised) found that only 21.4% of the population of the area spoke Irish on a daily basis. Despite being officially within the Gaeltacht, Irish is not the everyday language of the majority of residents. Just over one-fifth of the population are daily Irish speakers. Nevertheless, there are Irish-speaking areas outside the town and Irish is to be heard regularly in the town.

Administration
Dungloe is home to the Dungloe District Court, which covers the west and south-west areas of County Donegal. The local council offices are situated in the Public Services Centre on the Gweedore Road, including an Intreo centre, Citizens Information centre and Donegal County Council office.

There is a Garda station, Donegal County Council office, and a fire station, located on the Main Street.. Also, there are several convenience stores, supermarkets, cafes, pubs and restaurants. The town is the headquarters of The Rosses' indigenous supermarket chain, The Cope. The Dungloe Community Hospital campus also contains a hospital, mental health services and a day centre for the elderly.

A visitor centre to Daniel O'Donnell was opened in 2012 in the town's former National Irish Bank building. The visitor centre closed in 2019.

Tourism
The town attracts tourists during July and August when the annual Mary From Dungloe International Festival takes place. It was founded in the 1960s and it has attracted 'special guests' over the years including Daniel O'Donnell, Cliff Richard, Gay Byrne and Sharon Shannon. Dungloe Bay and its surrounding hills have also attracted tourists to Dungloe. There is also a festival dedicated to the socialist writer Peadar O'Donnell in Dungloe each autumn. A little to the north of the town is the site of the ancient church of Templecrone.

Transport
The town is serviced by a regional Bus Éireann route and several TFI Local Link routes, as well as a number of private bus companies, both of which provide a link to national Bus Éireann routes through Donegal Town and Letterkenny, and to the north of the county and Derry also.

In 1903, the town was linked, through Dungloe railway station, to the Londonderry and Lough Swilly Railway. However, the station was closed on 3 June 1940 as part of a process that saw the closure of all railways in the county. The company continued to provide coach services to the town via the Lough Swilly Bus Company in the aftermath of the closure of the railways, however this ended in April 2014.

Religion and popular culture
By the standards of a rural Gaeltacht area, Dungloe has a significant Protestant minority, many of whom are Presbyterian. This is a result of the Plantation of Ulster in the seventeenth century. However, the town has a large Catholic majority.

Dungloe is mentioned in FX series Sons of Anarchy as the source of the motorcycle club's weapons from the True IRA, a fictional representation of the Real IRA.

The song Mary from Dungloe by Emmet Spiceland.

People

 * Tony Boyle (born 1970) – All-Ireland winning Gaelic footballer
 * Alexander Campbell (1833–1877) – American businessman
 * Paddy "the Cope" Gallagher (1871–1966) – businessman
 * John O'Donnell (1910–1954) – Gaelic footballer
 * Peadar O'Donnell (1893–1986) – republican Marxist
 * Adrian Sweeney (born 1976) – All-Star Gaelic footballer
 * Goats Don't Shave, Irish folk group

title: Dungloe


text:
Template talk:Communism sidebar

Subtler color
Subtler color usage in the template (Special:Diff/911103593). See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Templates. --MarioGom (talk) 14:48, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

Unified with Template:Communism
I have unified the communism navbox and sidebar, so they do not need to be synchronized manually. Content should be edited now at Communism and not here. : You did some recent changes to sidebar contents that might have been lost (sorry!), if I missed them, you can apply changes to Communism. --MarioGom (talk) 15:35, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Communism sidebar


text: Category:Lawrence County, Ohio

title: Category:Lawrence County, Ohio


text:
Necking

Necking can refer to:

 * Making out, a term for heavy kissing of the neck or petting of that area
 * Necking (engineering), the process by which a ductile material deforms under tension forming a thin neck
 * Necking (electronics), thinning of traces in PCB layouts
 * Necking, a behavior of giraffes
 * Necking up or necking down, methods of modifying a firearm cartridge to make a wildcat cartridge or a new production cartridge (e.g. the US .60 caliber T17 round being shortened and necked up to create the 20×102 mm M61 Vulcan cannon cartridge)

title: Necking


text:
Alfred Traeger

Alfred Hermann Traeger (2 August 1895 – 31 July 1980), known as Alf Traeger, was an Australian engineer and inventor, chiefly known for the development of the pedal radio used by both the School of the Air and by the Royal Flying Doctor Service.

Early life and education
Traeger was born at Glenlee, near Dimboola, Victoria, and raised near and in Adelaide, South Australia, the son of South Australian-born parents. His paternal grandparents had been German migrants to the young colony in 1848.

Traeger attended Balaklava Public School, about 92 km north of Adelaide, then Martin Luther School in Flinders Street, Adelaide, followed by two years at Adelaide Technical High School (now Glenunga International High School). From 1912, aged 16, he spent three years at the South Australian School of Mines and Industries, studying mechanical and electrical engineering, earning an Associate Diploma.

At the age of 12, he built a telephone from the farmhouse to a shed, making all of the components himself. He had built his own radio transmitter before graduation from college.

Early career
He first worked for the Metropolitan Tramways Trust and the Postmaster-General's Department, but his application to join the Australian Flying Corps in World War I was refused.

Around 1923 Traeger joined Hannan Bros, repairing motor vehicle generators and other electrical goods. He developed an interest in radio, and obtained an amateur radio operator's licence and built his first pedal transmitter-receiver.

Inventions and business success
He was instrumental in the establishment and early success of the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia. During the 1920s, he was contacted by Rev John Flynn to assist in experiments which were to enable remote families access to medical treatment by using radio equipment, on the way to setting up his Australian Inland Mission Aerial Medical Service. From 1926 Traeger worked for Flynn. Northern Territory radio experiments and the first official flight for the service took place in 1928. Traeger returned to Adelaide and worked on a transceiver for the network, which had to be small, cheap, durable and easy to operate. He found that a person could drive the generator using bicycle pedals, and he built his transceiver into a box. His famous "pedal wireless" was a pedal-operated generator which provided power for a transceiver. He divided his time between his workshop and the outback, where he also taught radio operating and Morse code.

The first pedal sets were introduced in Queensland in 1929, which had an immediate impact on the isolation felt by people living in remote places. In 1933 Traeger invented a typewriter Morse keyboard as an accessory to the pedal sets, widely used before the invention of telephony. Over time, emergency call systems linked country-dwellers with hospitals, and sets were used by the School of the Air, doctors, ambulances, councils, taxis, airlines and ships.

His first workshop was in the eastern suburb of Kensington Gardens, in 1937 moving to a larger premises at 11 Dudley Road, Marryatville, where it continued to function until his death in 1980.

Traeger's invention, along with the ideas and drive of educator Adelaide Miethke, were pivotal in the development of the School of the Air.

He made subsequent refinements to this system: an alphanumeric keyboard was developed which enabled unskilled operators to type their message in plain language, and later developed a voice-capable transceiver. He was assisted by his younger brother, Johann Gustav Traeger, and his father, Johann Hermann Traeger.

The Traeger Transceivers company was founded, and radios were exported to a number of countries: in 1962 pedal sets were sold to Nigeria; in 1970 an educational radio network was sold to Canada. Traeger continued inventing: he designed a turbine-driven car and used solar power to convert salt water to fresh water.

Family and later life
He married Olga Emilie Schodde on 11 November 1937, who died in 1948, after the couple had two daughters. On 2 August 1956 he married a young widow, Joyce Edna Mibus, née Traeger (no relation), with whom he had a son and another two daughters.

He died on 31 July 1980 in the eastern suburb of Rosslyn Park and was buried in Centennial Park Cemetery.

Honours and legacy
Traeger was awarded an OBE in 1944.

At the Traeger Park sports field in Alice Springs, a plaque and the Royal Flying Doctor Service aeroplane commemorate him.

The electoral district of Traeger (a vast rural and remote electorate created in the 2017 Queensland state electoral redistribution) was named after him in recognition of the significant contribution he made to people living in remote and rural areas in Queensland.

A plaque marks the site of the Traeger workshop at 11 Dudley Road, Marryatville, commissioned by the Kensington & Norwood Historical Society in 1998.

In 1999, the Wakefield Regional Council in South Australia commissioned a sundial and plaque to be placed at the southern entrance to Balaklava. Funding for the project came from the History Trust of South Australia, Wireless Institute of Australia, the 4WD enthusiasts' associations and the council. The memorial was unveiled on Australia Day, with his widow Joyce Traeger and other family members in attendance.

In 1999, the model of the transceiver known the "Traeger Scout" was still in production, with little change to its design except for the colour of the case since the first model produced. Following the closure of Traeger Transceivers, the model was continued as the "Tracker Scout", made in Adelaide by Tracker Communications; after they closed, Scout Communications (part of Oz Electronics Manufacturing) in Brisbane continued manufacture.

The Traeger Emergency Roadstrip is on the Stuart Highway in Far North of South Australia.

title: Alfred Traeger


text:
Lebesgue space

Lebesgue space may refer to:

 * Lp space, a special Banach space of functions (or rather, equivalence classes of functions)
 * Standard probability space, a non-pathological probability space

title: Lebesgue space


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Allele (band) (0th nomination)

Allele (band)
No evidence of notability, googling doesn't turn up anything. Tuf-Kat 20:04, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. not notable -R. S. Shaw 00:24, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)
 * Delete: Band vanity and my #1 Wikipeeve: they couldn't think of anything to say about the band, but they sure as shooting decided that each member needed an article. Geogre 03:18, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:66.66.130.224

title: User talk:66.66.130.224


text: Category:Swedish table tennis players

title: Category:Swedish table tennis players


text: Category:Olympic table tennis players by country


text: Category:Olympic table tennis players for Sweden


text:
User:Calvena

Calvena means "The bald one." It is the nom de plume of a UK gynaecologist who has an interest in teaching the next generation of specialists.

title: User:Calvena


text: Category:Military strategy

title: Category:Military strategy


text: Category:Olympic table tennis players by year


text:
Talk:Publisher

I do not know whether, on the one hand, our article on ASCII is wrong or it's inclusion in this list is wrong, but the article does not justify calling it a major publisher. Also, I don't see why we should single out two genuinely major general Japanese publishers as "notable for manga". I'm not majorly involved in this article, so I leave it to someone else to make decisions on this, just flagging it. -- Jmabel | Talk 20:08, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)

I think the whole idea of maintaining a list of "notable minor publishers" is an exercise in futility. This article includes Fantagraphics but not Marvel Comics. I suggest either a List of publishing companies or, better, just removing the second half of this article. -leigh (φθόγγος) 00:55, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

Let's try again, having read the article more closely. There is a List of publishers, which renders the majority of this article completely irrelevant. Let's move the list under the (somewhat bizarre) heading "France" into a French heading on List of publishers and remove all the lists from this article. Well, maybe keep the major publishers, as lists don't generally rank by importance. -leigh (φθόγγος) 00:58, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

Music publisher
Independent Music Group (an independent music publisher in the United Kingdom) was added to the list of majore publishers, which is certainly wrong, and I've removed it. However, it may belong in Wikipedia someplace, so I'm leaving this note here in case anyone wants to follow up. -- Jmabel | Talk July 9, 2005 04:45 (UTC)

Content
This looks nothing like an encyclopædia entry. First of all, is this list only inclusive of text publishers? What about music, games, software, etc? I don't know what I'm supposed to be reading about. Secondly, there's not much to read; it's a list. Unless I want to click on every (or at least several) entries I have no idea what these companies are about. As I indicated, it looks like only text publishers. But how am I to know?--Dustin Asby 00:25, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Microsoft Publisher
If someone were to look for Microsoft Publisher it would be easier to look for Publisher. However Publisher at the moment is a redirect to publishing. Looking through the options avaliable, i'm not sure a disambugation is the right option, as there is either just Publishing or Microsoft Publisher.

What should be done here? --Gnu32 08:10, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * If you think this merits doing, you can make a page Publisher (disambiguation) and use Otheruses2 on the Publishing article, referencing that disambiguation page. - Jmabel | Talk 23:43, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Publisher


text:
Category:Table tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics

This category includes table tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.


text:
Gambara

Gambara (Brescian: Gàmbara), not to be confused with Gambarana, is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. Bordering communes are Asola (MN), Fiesse, Gottolengo, Isorella, Ostiano (CR), Pralboino, Remedello and Volongo (CR).

Physical geography
Gambara is bordered by the rivers Mella and Chiese, tributaries of the nearby river Oglio. The town is located on the right side of the Gambara river.

title: Gambara


text:
M303

M303 or M-303 may refer to:

 * M303 Special Operations Forces demolition kit
 * FN 303, a semi-automatic non-lethal launcher manufactured by Fabrique Nationale de Herstal

title: M303


text:
User talk:Ouse

Hi!

title: User talk:Ouse


text:
Gardone Riviera

Gardone Riviera (Gardesano: Gardù de Riera) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. It is situated on the western shore of Lake Garda. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

Twin towns
Gardone Riviera is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Arcachon, France, since 1980
 * 🇮🇹 Pescara, Italy, since 2010

Main sights

 * The Vittoriale degli Italiani is a former residence of the poet Gabriele D'Annunzio. He donated it to the Italian State before his death. It is now a national monument and houses a MAS fast military ship and the plane on which D'Annunzio raided Vienna.
 * The English band King Crimson recorded in its auditorium the songs "Three of a Perfect Pair" and "Blastic Rhino" for the album Heavy ConstruKction recorded (June 21, 2000).
 * The Giardino Botanico Fondazione André Heller is a botanical garden maintained by artist André Heller.

title: Gardone Riviera


text:
Fontmell Magna

Fontmell Magna is a village and civil parish in Dorset, England. It is situated in the Blackmore Vale, close to the chalk hills of Cranborne Chase, on the A350 road 5 mi south of Shaftesbury and 8 mi north of Blandford Forum. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 734.

Toponymy
The name Fontmell derives from a Celtic river-name meaning 'spring by the bare hill', and Magna—meaning great—distinguishes this settlement from Fontmell Parva (parva meaning small), which is a few miles southwest in Child Okeford parish. In 877 Fontmell Magna was recorded as Funtemel, in 1086 in the Domesday Book it was Fontemale, and in 1391 it was Magnam Funtemell.

History
Evidence of early human presence occurs in the east and northeast of the parish in the form of earthworks on the chalk hills: these consist of three cross-dykes, a barrow and a mound that is also possibly a barrow.

In 932, King Æthelstan granted an estate at Fontmell to the nuns of Shaftesbury Abbey under the condition that they would sing 50 psalms after Prime and offer masses at Terce, for the king's intention.

Of settlements existing within the parish today, the earliest is the main village, which originated before the Norman Conquest. The Domesday Book of 1086 recorded that Fontemale was in Sixpenny Hundred; it had 3 mills, 68 households, and the estate's lord and tenant-in-chief was Shaftesbury Abbey. A land survey made by the abbey in about 1130–35 shows that the Fontmell Magna estate had 65 tenants, of whom 41 were villeins, each holding between half and one yardland, and the rest were cottagers, each with about four acres. The number of mills had increased to four. A second survey made in about 1170–80 shows the population had increased to 80 tenants, of whom 55 were villeins.

To the west of the main village, the hamlet of Bedchester is also of pre-Conquest origin, though the settlement furthest west in the parish, Hartgrove, wasn't recorded before 1254. Hill Farm, over the chalk hills in the east of the parish, first appears in records in 1333.

Governance
For local government purposes, since 1 April 2019, the village comes under the unitary authority of Dorset Council.

Fontmell Magna is in The Beacon electoral ward, which extends to Cann in the north, Sutton Waldron in the south and Guy's Marsh in the west. The ward, which had a population of 2,277 in the 2011 census, is part of the constituency of North Dorset, and is currently represented in the UK parliament by the Conservative Simon Hoare.

Geography
The parish covers 3200 acres and extends from the dip slope of Cranborne Chase in the east, to the area around the settlement of Hartgrove in the Blackmore Vale in the west. From west to east the underlying geology comprises Kimmeridge clay around Hartgrove, a ridge of Lower Greensand east of the Twyford Brook, Gault and Upper Greensand from the valley of the Fontmell Brook eastwards, and then the high chalk escarpment of Cranborne Chase. The chalk hill just outside the village to the east, Fontmell Down, is a nature reserve.

Climate
The Met Office has a climate station at Fontmell Magna. Between 1981 and 2010 it recorded an average of 857.3 mm of rain per annum, and average temperatures between 1.6 and 7.8 °C in January, and 11.4 and 21.7 °C in July.

Demography
In the 2011 census Fontmell Magna civil parish had 334 dwellings, 319 households and a population of 734.

The population of the parish in the censuses between 1921 and 2011 is shown in the table below:

Notable buildings
There are 45 structures within Fontmell Magna civil parish that have been listed by Historic England for their architectural or historical interest. There are no structures listed as Grade I – the designation of highest significance – but the parish church is designated as Grade II*. All the other listings are Grade II. In 1906 Sir Frederick Treves described the church as "one of the handsomest in Dorsetshire".

Notable residents
Lieutenant Philip Salkeld V.C., who was awarded the Victoria Cross for his role in blowing open the Kashmir Gate in Delhi, India, in 1857, was born and grew up in Fontmell Magna, where his father was the rector.

In 1930, art collector Lord Ivor Spencer-Churchill bought the Springhead estate near Fontmell Magna. In 1934, writer and rural revivalist Rolf Gardiner and his wife Marabel bought a cottage on the estate, which they farmed. Gardiner was active in Dorset society, becoming a member of Dorset County Council between 1937–1946, High Sheriff of Dorset 1967–68, President of the Dorset Federation of Young Farmers Clubs 1944–46, a Chairman and then President of the Dorset branch of the Council for the Protection of Rural England between 1957-1972 as well as other rural and landscape committees and working parties.

The Gardiners' son, orchestral conductor Sir John Eliot Gardiner CBE FKC, was born in Fontmell Magna in 1943.

The village was also home to cinematographer Oswald Morris (1915–2014) in the last twenty years of his life.

title: Fontmell Magna


text:
Elections in Odisha

Elections in Odisha are conducted in accordance with the Constitution of India. The Assembly of Odisha creates laws regarding the conduct of local body elections unilaterally while any changes by the state legislature to the conduct of state level elections need to be approved by the Parliament of India. In addition, the state legislature may be dismissed by the Parliament according to Article 356 of the Indian Constitution and President's rule may be imposed.

Main Political Parties

 * BJD: Biju Janta Dal
 * BJP: Bharatiya Janata Party
 * INC: Indian National Congress
 * CPI: Communist Party of India
 * CPI(M): Communist Party of India (Marxist)
 * AIFB: All India Forward Bloc
 * Swatantra Party
 * Janata Party
 * Janata Dal

1952
Chief Minister(s): Nabakrushna Choudhury, Harekrushna Mahatab (Both INC)

1957
Chief Minister: Harekrushna Mahatab (INC)

1961
Chief Minister(s): Biju Patnaik, Biren Mitra, Sadashiva Tripathy (All from INC)

1967
Chief Minister: Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo, Swatantra Party

1977
Chief Minister: Nilamani Routray, JP

1980
Chief Minister: Janaki Ballabh Patnaik, INC

1985
Chief Minister(s): Janaki Ballabh Patnaik, Hemananda Biswal (All from INC)

1990
Chief Minister: Biju Patnaik, JD

1995
Chief Minister(s): Janaki Ballabh Patnaik, Giridhar Gamang, Hemananda Biswal (All from INC)

2000
Chief Minister: Naveen Patnaik, BJD

2004
Chief Minister: Naveen Patnaik, BJD

2009
Chief Minister: Naveen Patnaik, BJD

2014
Chief Minister: Naveen Patnaik, BJD

2019
Chief Minister: Naveen Patnaik, BJD

2024
Chief Minister: Mohan Charan Majhi, BJP

title: Elections in Odisha


text: Category:Figure skaters by nationality

title: Category:Figure skaters by nationality


text:
Drymen

Drymen (from Druiminn ) is a village in the Stirling district of central Scotland. Once a popular stopping place for cattle drovers, it is now favored by visiting tourists given its location near Loch Lomond. The village is centred around a village green, which is an unusual feature in Scottish villages but more common in other parts of the United Kingdom.

Location
Drymen is located west of the Campsie Fells and enjoys views to Dumgoyne on the east and to Loch Lomond on the west. The Queen Elizabeth Forest reaches down to the village edge, and the whole area is part of the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park (the first national park in Scotland).

History
There is remains of a medieval motte-and-bailey castle in the village.

In the 18th and 19th centuries Drymen was used as a stopover point for Highland cattle drovers as they made their way to and from markets in central Scotland.

One mile from Drymen is the ruins of the country house Buchanan Castle, owned by the Duke of Montrose, which was also used as a hospital in World War II, and which housed Nazi senior officer Rudolf Hess. At one time the estate was also home to the seat of Clan Graham.

The Clachan Inn, which was first licensed in 1734 claims to be one of the oldest pubs in Scotland. The first licensee of the inn is said to be Rob Roy MacGregor's sister Mistress Gow.

Village today
Despite the growth in the numbers of villagers commuting to Glasgow to work, there remains an agricultural tradition in the area. Every year, in early summer, an agricultural show is held in the fields around the Endrick Water.

It is often used as an overnight stop for hikers on the West Highland Way, and forms the western end of the Rob Roy Way. There are a couple of pubs and a walkers' shop.

In 2019 planning permission was given for a residential development for over eighty new homes. As part of the development a financial contribution was made for improvements for the local primary school to increase its capacity.

Notable people

 * Duncan Macfarlan, minister of Drymen church and principal of the University of Glasgow.
 * Catherine Roy, decorated World War I military nurse.
 * Billy Connolly, lived in the village during the 1970s.

title: Drymen


text:
Gardone Val Trompia

Gardone Val Trompia (Brescian: Gardù de Altrompia) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy, northern Italy. It is bounded by the comunes of Marcheno and Sarezzo. It is located in the Trompia valley. Gardone received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on 21 September 2001.

Commerce
It is home to the major small arms manufacturers FAMARS and Fabbrica d'Armi Pietro Beretta. Among several regional makers of replica black powder firearms (such as A. Uberti, Srl., and Chiappa Firearms), the Davide Pedersoli company leads in production of over 75 types of historical black powder muzzle loading and breech loading firearms and is also known as the dominant brand in black powder shooting competitions worldwide.

Twin towns
Gardone Val Trompia is twinned with:
 * 🇧🇫 Nanoro Department, Burkina Faso

People

 * Bartolomeo Beretta (c. 1490 – c. 1565), founder of Beretta

title: Gardone Val Trompia


text:
Pigge

Pigge or Lapigge is a village in the Italian province of Perugia in east central Umbria, stretching from the plain of the Clitunno river up the lower SW flank of Mt. Serano, at 297 m above sea-level. It is a frazione of the comune of Trevi, which is 3 km NNW. Its population was 463 in 2003.

History and main sights
Until at least the middle of the 20th century, the town's name was regularly Lapigge, still the technically correct form but rapidly falling out by apocope of a perceived article la ("the"). The origin of the toponym is in fact *Lapidie, from a stone bridge (Latin: pons lapideus) which in Roman times carried the Via Flaminia over the Clitumnus river.

Lapigge's oldest church is that of the former convent of S. Arcangelo, already mentioned in 1177 as a dependency of San Pietro in Bovara, but suspected by scholars to be considerably older, probably of the Lombard period. It has been much reworked over the centuries; over the main altar a fresco of the Umbrian school can be seen, depicting the Madonna and Child, attributed to Bartolomeo da Miranda. In 1646, an apparition of the Virgin Mary launched the church as a Marian sanctuary; the elegant Baroque belfry and the adjacent cloister date from the 17th century.

The church of S. Bernardino is a small single-apsed building in the Romanesque style, much reworked in the 17th and 18th centuries, with remains of a fresco of the Adoration of the Magi dated 1575.

The single-room hexagonal church of S. Maria del Ponte in the lower part of town, though in its present form dating to the 16th century and reworked in the 18th, replaces a medieval church; a medieval church of S. Bartolomeo has also disappeared.

title: Pigge


text:
Agriculture in the Soviet Union

Agriculture in the Soviet Union was mostly collectivized, with some limited cultivation of private plots. It is often viewed as one of the more inefficient sectors of the economy of the Soviet Union. A number of food taxes (prodrazverstka, prodnalog, and others) were introduced in the early Soviet period despite the Decree on Land that immediately followed the October Revolution. The forced collectivization and class war against (vaguely defined) "kulaks" under Stalinism greatly disrupted farm output in the 1920s and 1930s, contributing to the Soviet famine of 1932–33 (most especially the Holodomor in Ukraine). A system of state and collective farms, known as sovkhozes and kolkhozes, respectively, placed the rural population in a system intended to be unprecedentedly productive and fair but which turned out to be chronically inefficient and lacking in fairness. Under the administrations of Nikita Khrushchev, Leonid Brezhnev, and Mikhail Gorbachev, many reforms (such as Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign) were enacted as attempts to defray the inefficiencies of the Stalinist agricultural system. However, Marxist–Leninist ideology did not allow for any substantial amount of market mechanism to coexist alongside central planning, so the private plot fraction of Soviet agriculture, which was its most productive, remained confined to a limited role. Throughout its later decades the Soviet Union never stopped using substantial portions of the precious metals mined each year in Siberia to pay for grain imports, which has been taken by various authors as an economic indicator showing that the country's agriculture was never as successful as it ought to have been. The real numbers, however, were treated as state secrets at the time, so accurate analysis of the sector's performance was limited outside the USSR and nearly impossible to assemble within its borders. However, Soviet citizens as consumers were familiar with the fact that foods, especially meats, were often noticeably scarce, to the point that not lack of money so much as lack of things to buy with it was the limiting factor in their standard of living.

Despite immense land resources, extensive farm machinery and agrochemical industries, and a large rural workforce, Soviet agriculture was relatively unproductive. Output was hampered in many areas by the climate and poor worker productivity. However, Soviet farm performance was not uniformly bad. Organized on a large scale and relatively highly mechanized, its state and collective agriculture made the Soviet Union one of the world's leading producers of cereals, although bad harvests (as in 1972 and 1975) necessitated imports and slowed the economy. The 1976–1980 five-year plan shifted resources to agriculture, and 1978 saw a record harvest. Conditions were best in the temperate chernozem (black earth) belt stretching from Ukraine through southern Russia into the east, spanning the extreme southern portions of Siberia. In addition to cereals, cotton, sugar beets, potatoes, and flax were also major crops. Such performance showed that underlying potential was not lacking, which was not surprising as the agriculture in the Russian Empire was traditionally amongst the highest producing in the world, although rural social conditions since the October Revolution were hardly improved. Grains were mostly produced by the sovkhozes and kolkhozes, but vegetables and herbs often came from private plots.

History
Leon Trotsky and the Opposition bloc had advocated a programme of industrialization which also proposed agricultural cooperatives and the formation of collective farms on a voluntary basis. According to Fitzpatrick, the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated the position of the Left Opposition on such matters as industrialisation and collectivisation. Other scholars have argued that the economic programme of Trotsky differed from the forced policy of collectivisation implemented by Stalin after 1928 due to the levels of brutality associated with its enforcement.

During the Russian Civil War, Joseph Stalin's experience as political chief of various regions, carrying out the dictates of war communism, involved extracting grain from peasants, including extraction at gunpoint from those who were not supportive of the Bolshevik (Red) side of the war (such as Whites and Greens). After a grain crisis during 1928, Stalin established the USSR's system of state and collective farms when he moved to replace the New Economic Policy (NEP) with collective farming, which grouped peasants into collective farms (kolkhozy) and state farms (sovkhozy). These collective farms allowed for faster mechanization, and indeed, this period saw widespread use of farming machinery for the first time in many parts of the USSR, and a rapid recovery of agricultural outputs, which had been damaged by the Russian Civil War. Both grain production, and the number of farm animals rose above pre-civil war levels by early 1931, before major famine undermined these initially good results.

At the same time, individual farming and khutirs were liquidated through class discrimination identifying such elements as kulaks. In Soviet propaganda, kulaks were portrayed as counter-revolutionaries and organizers of anti-Soviet protests and terrorist acts. In Ukraine the Turkic name "korkulu" was adopted, which meant "dangerous". The word itself is foreign to Ukraine. According to the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia, struggle with kulaks in Ukraine was taking place more intensely than anywhere else in the Soviet Union.

Coincidentally with the start of First "pyatiletka" (5 year plan), a new commissariat of the Soviet Union was created, better known as Narkomzem (People's Commissariat of Land Cultivation) led by Yakov Yakovlev. After the speech on collectivization that Stalin gave to the Communist Academy, there were no specific instructions on how exactly it had to be implemented, except for liquidation of kulaks as a class. Stalin's revolution was one of the factors which led to the severe Soviet famine of 1932–33, better known in Ukraine as the Holodomor. Official Soviet sources blamed the famine on counterrevolutionary efforts by the kulaks, though there is little evidence for this claim. Another contributing factor to the famine suggested by some historians, was poor weather conditions and poor harvests. The famine started in Ukraine in the winter of 1931 and despite the lack of any official reports the news spread by word of mouth rapidly. During that time restrictions on rail travel were set by authorities. Only next year in 1932-33 the famine spread outside of Ukraine to agricultural regions of Russia and Kazakhstan, while the "news blackout continued". The famine led to the introduction of the internal passport system, due to the unmanageable flow of migrants to the cities. The famine finally ended in 1933, after a successful harvest. Collectivization continued. During the second five-year plan Stalin came up with another famous slogan in 1935: "Life has become better, life has become more cheerful." Rationing was lifted. In 1936, due to a poor harvest, fears of another famine led to famously long breadlines. However, no such famine occurred, and these fears proved largely unfounded.

During the second five-year plan, under the policy of "cultural revolution", the Soviet authorities established fines that were collected from farmers. Citing Siegelbaum's Stakhanovism in her book Everyday Stalinism, Fitzpatrick wrote: "...in a district in the Voronezh Region, one rural soviet chairman imposed fines on kolkhoz members totaling 60,000 rubles in 1935 and 1936: "He imposed the fines on any pretext and at his own discretion - for not showing up for work, for not attending literacy classes, for 'impolite language', for not having dogs tied up... Kolkhoznik M. A. Gorshkov was fined 25 rubles for the fact that 'in his hut the floors were not washed'".

Khrushchev Era 1955-1963
Nikita Khrushchev was a top expert on agricultural policies and looked especially at collectivism, state farms, liquidation of machine-tractor stations, planning decentralization, economic incentives, increased labor and capital investment, new crops, and new production programs. Henry Ford had been at the center of American technology transfer to the Soviet Union in the 1930s; he sent over factory designs, engineers, and skilled craftsmen, as well as tens of thousands of Ford tractors. By the 1940s Khrushchev was keenly interested in American agricultural innovations, especially on large-scale family-operated farms in the Midwest. In the 1950s he sent several delegations to visit farms and land grant colleges, looking at successful farms that utilized high-yielding seed varieties, very large and powerful tractors and other machines, all guided by modern management techniques. Especially after his visit to the United States in 1959, he was keenly aware of the need to emulate and even match American superiority and agricultural technology.

Khrushchev became a hyper-enthusiastic crusader to grow corn (maize). He established a corn institute in Ukraine and ordered thousands of hectares to be planted with corn in the Virgin Lands. More than 1.5 million people went to Kazakhstan, the Volga Region, Siberia, and the Ural Mountains. In 1955, Khrushchev advocated an Iowa-style corn belt in the Soviet Union, and a Soviet delegation visited the U.S. state that summer. The delegation chief was approached by farmer and corn seed salesman Roswell Garst, who persuaded him to visit Garst's large farm. The Iowan visited the Soviet Union, where he became friends with Khrushchev, and Garst sold the USSR 5000 ST of seed corn. Garst warned the Soviets to grow the corn in the southern part of the country and to ensure there were sufficient stocks of fertilizer, insecticides, and herbicides. This, however, was not done, as Khrushchev sought to plant corn even in Siberia, and without the necessary chemicals. The corn experiment was not a great success, and he later complained that overenthusiastic officials, wanting to please him, had overplanted without laying the proper groundwork, and "as a result corn was discredited as a silage crop—and so was I".

Khrushchev sought to abolish the Machine-Tractor Stations (MTS) which not only owned most large agricultural machines such as combines and tractors but also provided services such as plowing, and transfer their equipment and functions to the kolkhozes and sovkhozes (state farms). After a successful test involving MTS which served one large kolkhoz each, Khrushchev ordered a gradual transition—but then ordered that the change take place with great speed. Within three months, over half of the MTS facilities had been closed, and kolkhozes were being required to buy the equipment, with no discount given for older or dilapidated machines. MTS employees, unwilling to bind themselves to kolkhozes and lose their state employee benefits and the right to change their jobs, fled to the cities, creating a shortage of skilled operators. The costs of the machinery, plus the costs of building storage sheds and fuel tanks for the equipment, impoverished many kolkhozes. Inadequate provisions were made for repair stations. Without the MTS, the market for Soviet agricultural equipment fell apart, as the kolkhozes now had neither the money nor skilled buyers to purchase new equipment.

In the 1940s Stalin put Trofim Lysenko in charge of agricultural research, with his crackpot ideas that flouted modern genetics science. Lysenko maintained his influence under Khrushchev, and helped block the adoption of American techniques. In 1959, Khrushchev announced a goal of overtaking the United States in the production of milk, meat, and butter. Local officials kept Khrushchev happy with unrealistic pledges of production. These goals were met by farmers who slaughtered their breeding herds and by purchasing meat at state stores, then reselling it back to the government, artificially increasing recorded production. In June 1962, food prices were raised, particularly on meat and butter, by 25–30%. This caused public discontent. In the southern Russian city of Novocherkassk (Rostov Region), this discontent escalated to a strike and a revolt against the authorities. The revolt was put down by the military. According to Soviet official accounts, 22 people were killed and 87 wounded. In addition, 116 demonstrators were convicted of involvement and seven of them executed. Information about the revolt was completely suppressed in the USSR, but spread through Samizdat and damaged Khrushchev's reputation in the West.

Drought struck the Soviet Union in 1963; the harvest of 107500000 ST of grain was down from a peak of 134700000 ST in 1958. The shortages resulted in bread lines, a fact at first kept from Khrushchev. Reluctant to purchase food in the West, but faced with the alternative of widespread hunger, Khrushchev exhausted the nation's hard currency reserves and expended part of its gold stockpile in the purchase of grain and other foodstuffs.

Agricultural labour

Stalin's campaign of forced collectivization relied on propiska to keep farmers tied to the land. The collectivization was a major factor explaining the sector's poor performance. It has been referred to as a form of "neo-serfdom", in which the Communist bureaucracy replaced the former landowners. In the new state and collective farms, outside directives failed to take local growing conditions into account, and peasants were often required to supply much of their produce for nominal payment.

Also, interference in the day-to-day affairs of peasant life often bred resentment and worker alienation across the countryside. The human toll was very large, with millions, perhaps as many as 5.3 million, dying from famine due largely to collectivisation, and much livestock was slaughtered by the peasants for their own consumption. In the collective and state farms, low labor productivity was a consequence for the entire Soviet period. As in other economic sectors, the government promoted Stakhanovism as a means to improve labor productivity. This system was thrilling to a few workers who had both the talent and the vanity to make everyone else's performance look bad, but it was generally regarded as dispiriting and a form of apple polishing by most workers, especially in the later decades of the union, when socialist idealism had become moribund among the rank-and-file. It also tended to be destructive of the state's capital equipment, which was thrashed and soon trashed instead of being well maintained.

The sovkhozy tended to emphasize larger scale production than the kolkhozy and had the ability to specialize in certain crops. The government tended to supply them with better machinery and fertilizers, not least because Soviet ideology held them to be a higher step on the scale of socialist transition. Machine and tractor stations were established with the "lower form" of socialist farm, the kolkhoz, mainly in mind, because they were at first not trusted with ownership of their own capital equipment (too "capitalist") as well as not trusted to know how to use it well without close instruction. Labor productivity (and in turn incomes) tended to be greater on the sovkhozy. Workers in state farms received wages and social benefits, whereas those on the collective farms tended to receive a portion of the net income of their farm, based, in part, on the success of the harvest and their individual contribution.

Although accounting for a small share of cultivated area, private plots produced a substantial share of the country's meat, milk, eggs, and vegetables.

The private plots were also an important source of income for rural households. In 1977, families of kolkhoz members obtained 72% of their meat, 76% of their eggs and most of their potatoes from private holdings. Surplus products, as well as surplus livestock, were sold to kolkhozy and sovkhozy and also to state consumer cooperatives. Statistics may actually under-represent the total contribution of private plots to Soviet agriculture. The only time when private plots were completely banned was during collectivization, when famine took millions of lives.

Efficiency or inefficiency of collective farming
The theme that the Soviet Union was not getting good enough results out of its farming sector, and that the top leadership needed to take significant actions to correct this, was a theme that permeated Soviet economics for the entire lifespan of the union. In the 1920s through 1940s, the first variation on the subject was that counter-revolutionary subversive wrecking need to be ferreted out and violently repressed. In the late 1950s through 1970s, the focus shifted to lack of technocratic finesse, with the idea that smarter technocratic management would fix things. By the 1980s, the final variation of the theme was a bifurcation between people who wanted to substantially shake up the nomenklatura system and those who wanted to double down on its ossification.

After Stalin died and a troika belatedly emerged, Georgy Malenkov proposed agricultural reforms. But in 1957, Nikita Khrushchev achieved a purge of that troika and began proposing his reforms, of which the Virgin Lands Campaign is the most famous. During and after Khrushchev's premiership, Alexei Kosygin wanted to reorganize Soviet agriculture instead of increasing investments. He claimed that the main reason for inefficiency in the sector could be blamed on the sector's infrastructure. Once he became the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, he was able to direct the 1965 Soviet economic reform.

The theory behind collectivization included not only that it would be socialist instead of capitalist but also that it would replace the small-scale unmechanized and inefficient farms that were then commonplace in the Soviet Union with large-scale mechanized farms that would produce food far more efficiently. Lenin saw private farming as a source of capitalist mentalities and hoped to replace farms with either sovkhozy which would make the farmers "proletarian" workers or kolkhozy which would at least be collective. However, most observers say that despite isolated successes, collective farms and sovkhozes were inefficient, the agricultural sector being weak throughout the history of the Soviet Union.

Hedrick Smith wrote in The Russians (1976) that, according to Soviet statistics, one fourth of the value of agricultural production in 1973 was produced on the private plots peasants were allowed (2% of the whole arable land). In the 1980s, 3% of the land was in private plots which produced more than a quarter of the total agricultural output. i.e. private plots produced somewhere around 1600% and 1100% as much as common ownership plots in 1973 and 1980. Soviet figures claimed that the Soviets produced 20–25% as much as the U.S. per farmer in the 1980s.

This was despite the fact that the Soviet Union had invested enormously to agriculture. Production costs were very high and the USSR had widespread food shortages even though the country had a large share of the best agricultural soil in the world and a high land/population ratio.

The claims of inefficiency have been criticized by Neo-Marxist Economist Joseph E. Medley. Statistics based on value rather than volume of production may give one view of reality, as public-sector food was heavily subsidized and sold at much lower prices than private-sector produce. Also, the 2–3% of arable land allotted as private plots does not include the large area allocated to the peasants as pasturage for their private livestock; combined with land used to produce grain for fodder, the pasture and the individual plots total almost 20% of all Soviet farmland. Private farming may also be relatively inefficient, taking roughly 40% of all agricultural labor to produce only 26% of all output by value. Another problem is these criticisms tend to discuss only a small number of consumer products and do not take into account the fact that the kolkhozy and sovkhozy produced mainly grain, cotton, flax, forage, seed, and other non-consumer goods with a relatively low value per unit area. This economist admits to some inefficiency in Soviet agriculture, but claims that the failure reported by most Western experts was a myth. He believes the above criticisms to be ideological and emphasizes "the possibility that socialized agriculture may be able to make valuable contributions to improving human welfare".

In popular culture
Soviet culture presented an agro-Romantic view of country life. After the fall of Soviet Union, it has been recreated tongue-in-cheek in the albums and videos of the Moldovan group Zdob şi Zdub.

Research
The Tsar's Petrovskaya Agricultural Academy was taken over during the Revolution and renamed the Moscow Agricultural Institute. (Today known as the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy.) One of its graduates was Nikolai Vavilov, who would go on to contribute greatly - albeit controversially during Stalin's rule. Vavilov was greatly disliked by Lysenko but after his death was recognised as a hero to Soviet agricultural research and indeed to agricultural science worldwide.

Under Supreme Soviet legislation the experimental plots/fields of agricultural research and agricultural educational institutions were inviolable, not to be seized and repurposed even by state agencies. Exceptions could be made rarely and only by the USSR or Republic governments themselves.

title: Agriculture in the Soviet Union


text:
Pete Dawkins

Peter Miller Dawkins (born March 8, 1938) is an American business executive and former college football player, hockey player, military officer, and political candidate. Dawkins attended the United States Military Academy, where he played as a halfback for the Army Cadets football team from 1956 to 1958. As a senior in 1958 he won the Heisman Trophy, the Maxwell Award, and was named as a consensus All-America. After graduating from the Military Academy in 1959, he studied at the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar. Dawkins served as an officer in the United States Army until he retired in 1983 with the rank of brigadier general. He received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member and Supreme Allied Commander Europe, General Bernard W. Rogers, USA in 1983. He was a Republican candidate for United States Senate in 1988. Dawkins has held executive positions with Lehman Brothers, Bain & Company, Primerica, and Citigroup.

He is the only person in history to have held the titles of Brigade Commander, Football Team Captain, Class President, Star Man (top 5% of the class), Heisman Trophy winner, and Rhodes Scholar. The Thayer Hotel referred to him as the most decorated cadet in the history of the United States Military Academy.

Following Johnny Lujack's death on July 25, 2023, Dawkins is the oldest surviving winner of the Heisman Trophy. He is the lone survivor among the first 27 recipients (1935–1961).

Early life, education and athletic career
At age 11, Dawkins was successfully treated for polio with aggressive physical therapy. After earning a scholarship, Dawkins entered Cranbrook School in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. There he was an all-league quarterback, and captain of the baseball team. He graduated from Cranbrook in 1955.

Accepted by Yale University, Dawkins chose instead to attend the United States Military Academy at West Point. He earned high honors, serving as First Captain, president of his class, captain of the football team, and a "Star Man" in the top five percent of his class academically. A cadet is considered outstanding if he attains one of these positions. Dawkins was the only cadet in history to hold all four at once. He was featured in Life Magazine and Reader's Digest. Even before his graduation, many predicted he would make general and perhaps even be Army Chief of Staff. Dawkins began his playing career at West Point under head football coach Earl Blaik as a fourth string quarterback before being cut from the position. Later playing as a halfback during his junior and senior season, Dawkins saw great success and eventually won the Heisman Trophy and the Maxwell Award and was a consensus All-America selection in 1958. Dawkins was also an assistant captain for the hockey team. At Oxford, he won three Blues in rugby union and is credited with popularizing the overarm throw (originally called the "Yankee torpedo pass") into the lineout.

Dawkins graduated with a BSc from the Military Academy in 1959 with a very high class standing, and was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship. He earned a BA at Brasenose College, Oxford in 1962 in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (promoted to an MA in 1968, per tradition) and later earned a Master of Public Affairs in 1970 and a PhD in 1977 from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University with the dissertation The United States Army and the "Other" War in Vietnam: A Study of the Complexity of Implementing Organizational Change.

Military career
After being commissioned from the academy and completing his tenure as a Rhodes Scholar, Dawkins finished Infantry School and Ranger School before being posted for duty in the 82nd Airborne Division. He received two Bronze Stars for Valor for his service in Vietnam and held commands in the 7th Infantry Division and 101st Airborne. From 1971 to 1972, Dawkins, while a lieutenant colonel, was the commander of the 1st Battalion 23rd Infantry, 2nd Infantry Division, Camp Hovey, Korea. In addition to being an instructor at the academy, he was a White House Fellow in the 1973–74 class. During that time, he was chosen to work on a task force, charged with changing the U.S. Army into an all-volunteer force. During the mid-1970s Colonel Dawkins was brigade commander of the 3rd ( "Golden Brigade") of the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, North Carolina that included the 1st and 2nd 505th and 1/508th battalions. In the late 1970s he was 3rd Brigade Commander (War Eagle Brigade, which included the 1/503, 2/503, and 3/187 Infantry Battalions) of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) at Fort Campbell with the rank of colonel. After serving as the Brigade Commander he became the Chief of Staff for the 101st Airborne Division and was subsequently promoted to brigadier general. In 1966 Dawkins appeared in uniform on the cover of Life Magazine and participated in a segment of the U.S. Army "Big Picture" film series, "A Nation Builds Under Fire." This was a short documentary reviewing United States progress in South Vietnam, narrated by actor John Wayne.

Business career
At the conclusion of his 24-year career in the Army, Dawkins retired with the rank of brigadier general in 1983. Following his retirement from the Army, Dawkins took up a position as a partner in the Wall Street firm Lehman Brothers, later becoming vice-chairman of Bain & Company. In 1991, he moved on to become chairman and CEO of Primerica. Dawkins was a senior partner at Flintlock Capital Asset Management and is currently a senior advisor for Virtu Financial.

Political career
Sometime before April 1987, Dawkins established residence in Rumson, New Jersey. He ran for the U.S. Senate as a Republican against New Jersey's incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator, Frank Lautenberg, in 1988. The race was notable for the negative tone that emerged from both sides and for Lautenberg's criticism of Dawkins's lack of roots in the state. Dawkins lost in the general election by an eight-point margin.

Electoral history

 * United States Senate election in New Jersey, 1988
 * Frank Lautenberg (D) (inc.), 53.55%
 * Pete Dawkins (R), 45.18%

title: Pete Dawkins


text:
The Rosses

The Rosses (officially known by its Irish language name, Na Rosa; in the genitive case Na Rosann) is a traditional 'district' in the west of County Donegal in Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. The Rosses has a population of over 7,000 centred on the town of Dungloe, which acts as the educational, shopping and civic centre for the area. Defined by physical boundaries in the form of rivers, as well as history and language use, the area has a distinctive identity, separate from the rest of County Donegal. The extensive district lies between the parish and district of Gweedore to the north and the town of Glenties to the south. A large part of the Rosses is in the Gaeltacht, which means that Irish is the spoken language. The Rosses, Cloughaneely and Gweedore, known locally as "the three parishes", with 16,000 Irish speakers, together form a social and cultural region different from the rest of the county, with Gweedore serving as the main centre for socialising and industry. Gaeltacht an Láir is another Irish-speaking area.

Irish language
The following is a list of electoral divisions in the area with the percentage that speak Irish:

 * 1) An Clochán Liath (1,785) (15%)
 * 2) Anagaire (2,138) (55%)
 * 3) Arainn Mhor (529) (62%)
 * 4) Inis Mhic an Doirn (1,410) (9%)
 * 5) An Duchoraidh (78) (34%)
 * 6) Leitir Mhic an Bhaird (650) (19%)
 * 7) An Machaire (615) (15%)
 * 8) Cro Bheithe (170) (60%)

Culture
Once a predominantly Irish-speaking area, over recent generations English has become increasingly common. Irish is still used extensively in some areas including parts of the island of Arranmore, the townland of Ranafast and the village of Annagry. In some areas, like the hills around Dungloe, around Loughanure and in pockets of Doochary and Lettermacaward, the Irish language is predominant.

The area fields a number of sports teams, both in soccer and Gaelic football. Keadue Rovers from the lower Rosses have traditionally been the area's strongest soccer team, and there are also teams in Arranmore (Arranmore United F.C.) and in Maghery (Strand Rovers F.C.). An Clochán Liath have traditionally been the strongest in Gaelic football, winning seven County Championships between 1930 and 1958. There are also teams in Mullaghderg (Naomh Muire), and in Lettermacaward (Na Rossa).

There is a strong tradition of songwriting in the area, Seán McBride (1906–1996) from Cruit Island wrote the popular song "The Homes of Donegal".

There are connections between the people of the Rosses and Scotland, Glasgow in particular, due to the economic need for emigration in the past and the strong ties forged over the generations as a result. Many people from the Rosses, in common with people from other parts of County Donegal, have also settled in the City of Derry, especially since the late 1840s.

Geography
The area is bounded by the River Gweebarra to the south, the Gweedore River (known locally as the Crolly River) to the north, the Derryveagh Mountains and the Gweebarra River (Doochary Bridge) to the east and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The name comes from "Ros", the Irish word for headland. The area presents a rocky barren landscape, studded with a myriad of lakes and inlets of the sea. Lakes include Lough Anure, Lough Craghy, Dunglow Lough and Lough Meela.

Transport
The Rosses boasts Donegal's only airport at Carrickfinn. Various coach companies serve the area.

History
The Rosses has been inhabited since time immemorial, and the ancient church of St Crona in Termon near Dungloe has been dated to the 6th century AD. It was the site of a monastery founded by St. Crona, a cousin of the Royal Saint called Columcille, founder of the monastic settlement at Iona, and was the centre of the parish of Templecrone. In the 16th century, a number of ships from the Spanish Armada sank off or landed off its coast.

Economy
Historically the Rosses has relied heavily on hospitality, tourism and the fishing industry as the mainstays of its economy. The area has its own indigenous supermarket chain called The Cope which has been quite successful. There is very little manufacturing industry in the Rosses apart from a few companies located in Dungloe.

Tourism
The area claims a large proportion of Donegal's tourist income, due to its renowned scenery and its many festivals, including the Mary From Dungloe International Festival. There is a very strong tradition of marching bands emanating from the region; the area boasts many All-Ireland championship bands in all grades and disciplines.

Notable people

 * Declan Bonner, member of 1992 All-Ireland winning Donegal team
 * Packie Bonner, former Ireland and Celtic goalkeeper
 * Tony Boyle, 1992 All Star and member of 1992 All-Ireland winning Donegal team
 * Joseph Duffy, UFC mixed martial artist
 * Pat "the Cope" Gallagher, former TD and former MEP
 * Goats Don't Shave, folk band
 * Adrian Hanlon, member of 2012 All-Ireland winning Donegal panel
 * Niall Ó Dónaill, lexicographer
 * Daniel O'Donnell, singer
 * Peadar O'Donnell, socialist and author
 * Margo, singer
 * Seosamh Mac Grianna, author
 * Carl McHugh, footballer for Motherwell
 * Séamus Ó Grianna, author
 * Skara Brae, folk band
 * Adrian Sweeney, 2003 All Star footballer

Townlands

 * Acres
 * Annagry (Anagaire)
 * Arlands
 * Belcruit
 * Braade (An Bhráid)
 * Burtonport (Ailt an Chorráin)
 * Carrickfinn (Carraig Fhinne or Carraig Fhinn)
 * Cloughlass
 * Crickamore
 * Crolly (Croithlí)(half of which is situated in Gweedore)
 * Derrynamansher (Doire na Mainséar)
 * Doochary (An Dúchoraidh)
 * Drumnacart Mountain Pasture
 * Dungloe (An Clochán Liath)
 * Keadue (Céideadh)
 * Kerrytown
 * Kincasslagh (Cionn Caslach)
 * Lackenagh
 * Lettermacaward/Leitir (Leitir Mhic an Bhaird)
 * Loughanure (Loch an Iúir)
 * Maghery (An Mhachaire)
 * Meenagowan (Min A Ghabhann)
 * Meenaleck
 * Meenbanad
 * Mullaghduff (Mullach Dubh)
 * Ranafast (Rann na Feirste)
 * Roshine
 * Tullyillion

Islands

 * Arranmore (Árainn Mhór)
 * Cruit (An Chruit)
 * Eighter (An tÍochtar)
 * Inishal (Inis Saille)
 * Inishcoo (Inis Cú)
 * Inishfree (Inis Fraoigh)
 * Inishkeeragh (Inis Caorach)
 * Owey (Oileán Uaighe)
 * Rutland (Inis Mhic an Doirn)

title: The Rosses


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Video game proponent

The result of the debate was delete [added by Andre🚐 22:42, 15 August 2022 (UTC) for afdstats]

Video game proponent
This is a personal rant by one Wikipedia user, but written as if it were describing a larger movement. See No original resarch, Wikipedia is not a soapbox, etc. Taco Deposit | Talk-o Deposit 20:16, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Google test finds 746, and all of the first three pages were wikipedia/mirrors (gave up after three). D.  Joe D 02:02, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: You know, I've never cared much about censoring videogames, but this article makes me want to.  If passtimes are infecting imaginations to such a degree as to make people think that this is something to fight for, instead of poverty, environmental protection, civil rights, and the erosion of freedom, then I'm for banning videogames.  However, I am not willing to believe that many have been so infected.  Geogre 03:22, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I can vouch that the majority of video game players are not fanatics (the same, really, can be said for just about any group). Some important issues apply to videogames, such as censorship, but it's delusional to say that videogames are in danger of being banned, or that they are more important than other people. --Slowking Man 06:19, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've been a computer game player since I got a computer, although I've never played those that people want to ban (always thought they should have explicit sex and not explicit violence). Heck, ever computer hardware upgrade I've ever done was for a new game.  But, dagnabbit, people ought to get out more. Geogre 14:47, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Essay. --Improv 05:59, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Personal essay, and irrdeemably POV. Delete. --Slowking Man 06:19, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Along with articles on Breathing proponents, Sunshine proponents and Proponent proponents.--NathanHawking 08:34, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)
 * Delete. I've been waiting for this one, actually. I've done extensive work on video game controversy to make it as NPOV as possible, including removing this phrase and link from the article. Incidentally, if I'm missing any POV, edit that sucker up for me. Ian Pugh 18:26, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge anything verifiable to Video game controversy and redirect. — siro  χ  o  20:04, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: essay. Wile E. Heresiarch 22:14, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Intrigue 23:30, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to video game controversy. -Sean Curtin 00:48, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV essay, original research, non-encyclopedic. Andre ( talk )A| 19:31, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:Olympic table tennis players for Argentina


text:
Gargnano

Gargnano (Gardesano: Gargnà) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. It is situated on the western shore of Lake Garda. The municipal territory includes the artificial Valvestino Lake, created in 1962.

History
The name of the village appears for the first time in a document of 937 as Garniano, perhaps derived from the Latin stem Garenius. Passages of the Roman historian Titus Livius and inscriptions on headstones testify to the presence of Etruscans, Celts, Cenomani and Romans.

From 1350 to 1426 the territory of Gargnano was a dominion of the Visconti of Milan, later a dominion of the Republic of Venice.

In 1866 Gargnano was bombarded by the Austrian navy during the fighting on Lake Garda which formed part of the Third Italian War of Independence.

Notable residents

 * Giovanni Beatrice, called Zanzanù, and Eliseo Baruffaldo, brigands of the 17th century
 * Pietro Bellotto, Baroque painter
 * Lorenzo Fiorini, Domenico Pattuccelli and Tommaso Chiaromonte, volunteers in the southern army of Giuseppe Garibaldi during the military campaign of 1860
 * Alexander Bettoni Cazzago, soldier, partisan and horseman. Won the Siena Square dressage competition in 1942. As colonel of the Third Regiment of the Savoy Cavalry in 1942 he led charges in the Russian campaign that are among the last uses of cavalry in modern warfare.
 * Erika Blanc, actress
 * Cesare Lievi, theatre director, poet and dramatist
 * Benito Mussolini, during the Italian Social Republic (the Republic of Saló) lived in the Villa delle Orsoline (Villa Feltrinelli)
 * D. H. Lawrence, novelist lived in Gargnano from 18 September 1912 to 30 March 1913 with Frieda Weekley von Richthofen
 * Uto Ughi, violinist
 * Oscar Ghiglia, guitarist
 * Giuseppe Maria Bernini, Capuchin friar and missionary

title: Gargnano


text:
Atlantic University College

Atlantic University (AU) is a private college in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. It was founded in 1981 by Colonel Ramón M. Barquín. It is one of the only colleges or universities in the Caribbean specializing in digital arts education in all of its forms.

History
Atlantic University is a non-profit institution and is located in the heart of Guaynabo, facing the city's central plaza.

It is the first university founded in Guaynabo and is located in the city's historical district, which preserves the distinctive Spanish colonial-style architecture that characterized Puerto Rico's towns and cities in earlier times.

Atlantic University was founded in response to Guaynabo's need for a local institution of higher education, as well as the growing demand for digital arts expertise in the commercial sector.

AU's core programs were first offered in 1981, and now include a growing range of bachelor's and master's degree programs.

The institution officially changed its name to Atlantic University on August of 2023.

Administration
AU is a private institution of higher education operated by Atlantic University, Inc., a non-profit corporation established under the laws of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and registered with the U.S. State Department.

Accreditation and licensing
Atlantic University authorized by the Puerto Rico Education Council and accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges to award bachelor's, and master's degrees. AUC is also approved for students with educational benefits in the different G.I. Bill programs.

Memberships
Atlantic University is a member of the following associations:

 * Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities (HACU)
 * Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA)
 * American Association of Hispanics in Higher Education (AAHHE)
 * Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD)
 * Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CT Program)
 * International Game Developers Association (IGDA)
 * Printing Industries of America (PIA)
 * Asociación Puertorriqueña de Investigación Institucional
 * Puerto Rico Chamber of Commerce
 * Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association
 * Asociación de Educación Privada

Departments

 * General Education
 * Business Administration
 * Digital Cinematography Sciences
 * Digital Graphic Design
 * Digital Animation Sciences
 * Video Game Art and Design Sciences
 * Graduate Studies

title: Atlantic University College


text:
Gavardo

Gavardo (Brescian: Gaàrt) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. As of 2011 Gavardo had a population of 11,786.

Cyclist Marco Frapporti and Italian football striker Cristiana Girelli were born here.

title: Gavardo