text:
Talk:General Motors LT engine

Some more stuff should be said of the LT1's reverse flow cooling. and a further expansion of ls1 stuff needs to be done. --Ultrapop1 01:48, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

First smallblock in 1970?
The first paragraph makes it sound like GM didn't have a smallblock before 1970. this needs to be corrected or clarified.--Pqdave 16:33, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * You're right. That was old junk text.  What do you think now? --SFoskett 19:13, Jan 11, 2005 (UTC)

Much clearer, good job. --Pqdave 15:09, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Merge?
It looks like the GM Small-Block engine page and this one have a lot of overlap. The Small Block page is already as unwieldy as it is—can someone move the information over here and appropriately link in? --Milkmandan 22:51, 2005 Jan 26 (UTC)

 * I disagree. This page is for the Generation II small-block.  That page is for the Generation I engine.  The GM LS engine page is for the Generation III and IV.  The overlap was intended to be a intro to this article.  --SFoskett 23:31, Jan 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Gotcha—I didn't realize that. Since the connection between the engines seems to be a complex one, maybe this should be stated more clearly in the introduction paragraph for each article? --Milkmandan 01:33, 2005 Jan 27 (UTC)

 * i am late to get on this band wagon seeing how the last post was in 2005. i am in favor of merging the Gen I and Gen II pages together.  why is a simple question. Generation II engines are basically Generation I engines with some block mods in them.  if you wanted to you could take the rotating assemble out of an LT1 and put it into a 95 or new 350 with ease.  Gen IIs aren't that different from Gen Is, but more a further refinement of a Gen I.  it's like having two different pages for the Gen III and IV engines, and all a Gen IV is just a further refinement of a Gen III.  i have since reorganized the Gen I page so its very neat with good flow.  if the merger were to be done it would be fairly easy to do.  But that leaves only one question, what to name the merged page?  the Gen III and Gen IV page is called LS-based series, so what you would you call a Gen I and Gen II page....Ed Cole series or classic SBC series?Gulielmi2002 (talk) 14:50, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

LT series engines respond well to modification
The LT1 and LT4 are readily modified to increase their horsepower, and many owners do so. I believe mention of this aspect would be beneficial, especially considering the rather thorough existing discussion of rated horsepower. The mention of the poorly designed intake and exhaust is true, but seems to detract from the performance aspects of the LT engine applications, and a counterpoint seems appropriate. But, I don't want to be too specific or off-topic. I think something like the below text is a good start, but I would appreciate feedback or editing clean-up, of course:

-- new text added... It has already been noted that the LT engine's reverse cooling system enables high compression, and the factory exhaust system and air inlet systems are not well optimized for performance. The intake manifolds and cylinder head castings are capable of supporting much higher horsepower than factory-equipped engines produced. Even more readily than the typical Gen 1 small block, these aspects of the LT1 and LT4 enable their horsepower to be significantly increased by the addition of high-performance air intake ducting and exhaust systems. Further, upgrading the cylinder head porting and camshaft design with appropriate supporting modifications can enable these engines to produce in excess of 400 naturally aspirated horsepower at the rear wheels, or about 500 horsepower at the flywheel. --

Sources: Various documented engine builds with dyno graphs and race timeslips were reviewed on discussion groups such as camaroz28.com, and the unofficial Z28 forums. The 400 HP number is conservative, especially for the LT4. Drivetrain losses of 15 to 20% are commonly accepted, so with the conservative 400HP number, 500 HP at the crankshaft is a very feasable number.

Example engine build refrence for HP capability: http://www.chevyhiperformance.com/techarticles/4496_500_hp_na_chevrolet_lt1_engine/index.html

Example reference documenting factory cylinder head capability: http://www.chevyhiperformance.com/techarticles/4606_chevrolet_lt1_engine_info/index.html

 * Hilarious. Why do you guys need all those litres? The standard 5.0L Ford block of the same era is also good for 400hp+ flywheel, normally aspirated, IF YOU DO THE RIGHT BUILD, i.e new bottom-end, pistons, heads. Heck a whole new engine is needed for either GM or Ford. Its not exactly a LT1 then is it? 192.197.71.189 16:23, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

-

Response to above comment from user User:192.197.71.189|192.197.71.189, for the purpose of addressing the discrediting nature of that comment:

I have a documented personal LT1 F body build with with measured, SAE corrected 417 HP AT THE WHEELS. The engine was built using a factory block and heads, so a 'whole new engine' is certainly not required with 'the right build' to achieve 400 flywheel HP from the LT1. Far from it. Porting the heads was required, but they are factory pieces.

last time i checked the 5.0L was dropped for the 4.6L in prelude to ford's fears about the Generation II engines and emissions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gulielmi2002 (talk • contribs) 21:55, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

LT5 connection to the 4.6L NorthStar
there should be something mentioned that the 4.6L NorthStar evolved from the LT5. i know that this is said in the 4.6L northstar section and perhapse something needs to be said about this in the LT5 section with some links.Gulielmi2002 (talk) 20:09, 25 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Absolutely! Could you add it? — Mrand Talk • C 21:30, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

ok i have added the detail. i like it because it makes you aware that the LT5 wasn't just some one time thing that it infact lives on in basic design in the Northstar engines. i figured out how to do the links and it links directly to the development section of the Northstar engine series. Gulielmi2002 (talk) 16:26, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

I think it should be added here that one of the differences with gen 2 and gen one is that the gen one is a 2 piece rear main seal crank, and the gen 2 is a one piece rear main seal crank. mainly mark a bump up on the differences on the generations in the engines, also on trasnmistions since the gen 2 started getting electronic controled auto transmission for the 4l60e. derek v —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.192.10.50 (talk) 03:31, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

the Gen I's after 1986 were all one piece rear main seals. in fact the cranks used in the LT1 will fit nicely into an 1986 to 1996 Gen I 305's and 350's.Gulielmi2002 (talk) 15:09, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

LT5 and Northstar - again
There is absolutely no relationship between the LT5 and Northstar. If you have references please post. This 2nd undo is, in Wikipedia terms, a CHALLENGE to the facts of your post. Also notice the template at the top of the article "This article does not cite any references or sources."

Please see the Wikipedia article on citing sources thanks, Toneron2 (talk) 03:00, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

sourse has been posted. the problem is that it is mostly true. it's not that the northstar is a smaller version of the LT5 but does take much of its design from the LT5. it's like saying that the BBCs aren't related to SBCs. in the case of BBCs they share little from the SBCs besides distributors. but look at the history of the BBC you will see that they desend from the W engines which desend directly from the SBC. the W engines have characteristics that are of both SBCs and BBC and some that are unique to the W engines. in this way the SBCs are the ancestors to the BBCs. you can use the LS engine for an other example. looking that the LS engines and the SBCs you would think that they have little to nothing in common, but look a the history they do. the SBCs gave rise to the 90 degree V6 in this case the 4.3L V6 derived from the 350. in the late 80's and early 90's GM wanted to replace the 4.3L with an improved V6 but based on 4.3L with modern improvements. a swedish designer came up with this new protype engine name it the venture V6. the project was dropped but the design of the venture V6 lived on in the LS engines. looking at the blocks of the venture V6 and the LS engines, the LS engines look like the venture V6 with two added cyclinders (reference from an article from hot rod mag early 2000's). the point is GM rarely makes an engine from scratch. Cadilac did the same to the LT5. redused the size, made changes to make it cheaper to mass produce (cost effective), and added some modern improvements all these changes to fit their needs.Gulielmi2002 (talk) 15:47, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Well those are the rules of Wikipedia, so I have to let it stand - however I know from personal experience that the Northstar design was done completely independent from the LT5. Sure they looked at it for inspiration - but they looked at every other DOHC V8 as well. They share absolutely no components and many [|design features are completely different.]
 * The problem comes down to semantics. Is the original 265 related to the LS3? In terms of design they have absolutely nothing in common. Is the original 348 related to the Vortec 8100? Again no appreciable design similarities.
 * However, the 265-LS3 engines have the same purpose - to power cars and trucks - from 4-door passenger cars, 3/4 ton work trucks, and eventually the Corvette. Same with the big block - to power heavier cars and trucks. Although both lines have pedestrian roots there were high performance and very limited edition variants.
 * Of course when GM designs engines it looks at existing designs - but remember they look at competitors designs perhaps even closer.
 * So you have a wide variety of small blocks in use for many different purposes. You have a wide variety of big blocks, again, used in many and varied applications. Therefore, although the designs vary dramatically within the "small" and "big" block groups, they share a common purpose - so correctly they should be grouped into one family through several generations. Same with the Rats. Common purpose: powering all types of vehicles as the V8 option.

 * This being said, that although the designs differ radically, there is a clear evolution within a common purpose. This is however not the case with the LT5 and Northstar. The LT5 shares no appreciable design elements with either mouse or rat which were in production at the same time and continued after the LT5 ceased - it had a different purpose. Same with the Northstar - it shares no appreciable design elements with either mouse or rat and has a different purpose as well.

 * Due to a) No common design and b) no common purpose, neither the Northstar nor the LT5 are considered to be in the same evolutionary chain as either the 265-LS3 or 348-8100. This is clear. I believe it is clear for the LT5 and Northstar as well. Based on component inspection, there are absolutely no common components between the two - and many design characteristics are not shared (see referenced discussion above). They are radically different. However, there are no parts that fit and no appreciable desig characteristics between the 265-LS3 or 348-8100. That leaves purpose to discuss.
 * The purpose of the small block has always been the same. The purpose of the big block has always been the same. The LT5 and the Northstar do not share a common purpose. Therefore, since purpose differentiates the LT5 and Northstar from small and big block evolutionary lines it must also separate the LT5 from the Northstar.

 * The LT5 was developed for a number of reasons. It was intended to be a technological "tour de force" which would place the ZR-1 optioned Corvette as the "king of the hill". It also served to "wake up call" GM powertrain engineering because there was no suitable powertrain engineering capability available. In some sense this led to the LS program. I know this from personal experience. The LT5 was never intended to power high-volume passenger cars - nor was it ever intended to be anything other than a very premium option on America's premier sports car. The purpose of the Northstar was radically different. Again, they looked at the LT5 but also every other design they could get their hands on.

 * The Northstar was developed, from the beginning, to be a high volume, luxury passenger car engine - with the intent of becoming the main powerplant for all Cadillac vehicles. Clearly a radically different purpose than the LT5. Another point is that the LT5 was developed by a very specialized team under the direction of Corvette engineering. The Northstar was developed corporately for the Cadillac marketing division.

 * On one hand, the small block, big block, Northstar, and LT5 were all GM V8s. As was the Oldsmobile V8 which arguably led to them all. Could one put the Oldsmobile at one end of the evolutionary chain and the LS9 at the other? In some sense of course - but it makes sense to further delineate the different iterations. All are pushrod engines (except the two in question). All are 90 degree. All were fitted to many production vehicles. It makes sense to differentiate them by releasing division. Beyond that what is left? Clearly designs differ - but that is a known variable. The only real way to differentiate engines from each other is purpose and then break them down from there. As you have done, bore size is an excellent way to break down the different variants within a particular "family". There are a few problems, although it seems to be the best approach.

 * Therefore, since beyond releasing division purpose is the key criteria for differentiation, the LT5 and Northstar must be differentiated from the small and big block engines, and from each other as well.Toneron2 (talk) 17:47, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

 * to say that there isn't a clear link from the 265 to 8100 vortec is missing the obvious. yes purpose is the reason why these engines are here and why they have certain design aspects, but the common point is design. compare the heads of a SBC, W engine, and BBC and you will see the progression of change from one to the other. if their parts as you are suggesting came from one an other then, their parts should be interchangable. this can be true but most often the case not. good example is the LT1 vs the Gen I 350. they share only pistons, rods, and crank. the heads aren't interchangable but the design is obviously similar if not the same, but for some key design aspects. are these key aspects enough to say that they are so different that they are unrelated,...no. do some research on the net and will see just how close the 283, 327, and 348 are. i am not saying that the 348 is a gen I small block by no means but the w engine share a close relationship with the SBC and the BBC because they are the missing link between the two just look at the design. the same can be said about the Gen I's to LS engines dig deep enough and you will find this.
 * There is a clear link between all the GM V8s. The small block started as the 265 and the big block started as the 348. No dispute there - however just because an engine uses pressed rocker arms doesn't mean it is the same family. I never said their parts came from one another or were interchangeable. No need to go to the net for information - I've worked with Chevrolet and Oldsmobile engines for over 30 years. The Mark I (modern term Gen 1) wasn't "based on" the small block - it has some commonalities but that is very different. It was developed for a different purpose, powering the heavier cars and trucks, but I believe you agree. One could argue that the Mark I and Mark IV are not related - the former having a substantially different design characteristic (the combustion chamber in the block) that is only shared by one or two other designs globally (to my knowledge). But it does spawn a new purpose so under that purpose it is the progenitor of the big block.Toneron2 (talk) 01:06, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

 * the LT5 to northstar this isn't my doing. it was posted on the northstar section long long ago; however you can see there is too much a coincidence between the two. time when one was in production and when the other was in developement. you argrued that they would look at competitors....true but to say that they looked to ford's 4.6l as their design inspiration is ludicrous. why base your design on what your competitors with a similar design when you have a superior design in your pocket. one could argue convergent evolution, but why? why start from scratch having to fix problem on a design when you have already been solved in the LT5? and that it just it. i am not saying the Northstar is what the LT1 is to the Gen I; i am definding the fact that the LT5 is what the 283 is to the 348 for the northstar. if there wasn't an LT5, there wouldn't be a northstar as we know it today. why are the northstar different....purpose but does that mean that they don't share a close relationship...no. that line of thought would say that the LT4 has nothing in common with a SBC 400 which share nothing in common, but look at their histories and design similarities they do. you have a design that is proven to be a winner but because of some aspects of it, it is expensive. what do you do? modify the design to fit your needs which was done doing so doesn't make them 100% unrelated. i do it all the time at my job. i am given a design problem sometimes with a time limit. what do i do...the samething other engineers do, get an existing design and modify it for your needs.
 * Well that's called a circular reference and is not suitable for an encyclopedia. Wikipedia articles are supposed to be written by experts in their fields and supported by referenceable information from a credible source. Someone typing something in an another article is not a credible source. Neither is some non-automotive guy typing something into eHow. But those are the rules. I could type that the small-block was based on an experimental V2 into my blog and reference that here. That doesn't make it fact.
 * There is not enough coincidence between the two. They are completely different other than being DOHC V8s marketed by GM - and implemented for very different purposes. Engineers look at any similar design for inspiration. Period. It doesn't matter who when or what. Designers of the Quad 4 looked to Miller and Offenhauser designs from the 30s. The final design looks more like those engines than Cosworths and Lotuses of the '60s - although the did certainly look at those and I am sure Asian designs as well.
 * Your assumption that "if there wasn't an LT5, there wouldn't be a northstar" is completely false. They are unrelated designs created for unrelated purposes. The 265-LS3 and 348-8100 lines are similar designs with similar purposes as I described. The LT5 and Northstar are radically different designs with radically different purposes. They share nothing.
 * The LT4 and small block 400 are different, yes, but both members of the very diverse Chevrolet small block family due to their history.
 * What you explained about your job, the way you solved a problem by looking at the ways others solved the same problem, is the distinction that needs to be made. There is a big difference between evolving design for the same purpose and creating a new design for a different purpose - even if it shares some attributes - it is a different purpose. Do you look at competitive designs? You would be a fool if you didn't. A good example is the Ford flat-head V8 from 1932. The valve-in-block (or L-head) design obviously wasn't new - in fact it had known issues - however Ford used this old design for a particular purpose: to provide good tourque characteristics at a very low cost to manufacture. Chevrolet had a OHV V8 in 1918! This was actually a Scripps-Booth design but nonetheless featured OHV design. I am certain the designers of the flathead V8 looked at everything they could - including OHV and OHC (Miller/Offy) designs - and said "nope, that doesn't fit our purpose.Toneron2 (talk) 01:06, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * now i have followed the rule with sourcing the matterial and have admitted that it wasn't of my origin but was able to find a source that affirms the infomation. truly the only 100% source for this is a cad engineer to credit or discredit this, but for now this is what we got. i was doubtful too about this unit i saw the similarities in the heads and the block design.

Gulielmi2002 (talk) 23:09, 21 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I know you have followed the rule and I can't remove your contribution. There are also similarities with many other designs. This does not make them all the same family. I will have to do my homework to somehow document my knowledge and experience in the matter.Toneron2 (talk) 01:06, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

Another example. By your logic the engine in the Cosworth Vega led to the Quad 4 which led to the Ecotec - they are all GM DOHC inline-4 engines. This could not be further from the truth. The engine in the Cosworth Vega was a Vega engine topped by a Cosworth DOHC head - designed specifically for a particular, high-performance purpose, limited edition option. The Quad 4 was a completely clean-sheet design created as a higher performance but mass-market application. The Ecotec evolved from a Opel designed SOHC engine which debuted in 1979, again for mass market application. The Cosworth Vega has more similarities with the ZR-1 C4 in terms of purpose. The Quad 4 is a function more of politics - although a great engine. The Ecotec and Northstar have similar purposes (although one for compact & midsize cars vs. large luxury cars) but both intended for high volume production. The LT-5 (and Cosworth Vega) were never intended as such. Toneron2 (talk) 01:46, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I am not insisting that they are of the same family by no means at all. I realize they aren't, but what I am insisting is that the LT5 gave rise to the northstar.  the cosworth engine is a bad example too much time between the cosworth engine and the DOHC ecotecs like my example of the 400 to the LT4.  the good example is the 265, 283, and the 348 (corrected had the 327 in the mix instead of the 265) during the w, x, y prototype program.  i know that the 348 isn't a sbc but its history and design are intertwined with the 283 and the 265.  the same program that gave rise to the 283 gave rise to the 348 two completely different engines.  i know that the northstar isn't the same block as the LT5 one of the best ways to point this out is the bore spacing of the two....it's different (i am not insisting that they are the same block).  however the design of the northstar was heavily influenced by the LT5.  just like the 348 design was heavily influensed by the 265. all of that is what i am advocating, one the design parent of the other.  take what worked and what was best from one engine to the other and change what you need to fit your purpose.Gulielmi2002 (talk) 15:21, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * That is exactly what I am saying. Same company. Shared engineering resources. Similar characteristics - different purposes - therefore different families. This statement applies equally to 265->LS9, 348->8100, Quad4->Twincam, 20NE->LAF, LT5 program, and Northstar program. I yield at this time. I will get back to this when I have time. Thanks for your civility - it has been a pleasure. Perhaps someone else will chime in?Toneron2 (talk) 21:25, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm impressed with the civil discussion. Except for the ehow article (which I do NOT believe is considered a reliable source), I can find no references anywhere that the Northstar was derived from the LT5, and actually found one write-up which explicitly said it was not.  I actually had the mistaken understanding that there was a relationship, but upon further research, can not find any indication that is true.  In fact, applying a bit of logic indicates there was little to no relationship to speak of: when designs morph or evolve, there are usually major hints of the previous design, but there does not appear to be any such hints when comparing the Northstar and LT5.  That, combined with not being able to find such claims, leads me to believe that we should remove the statements from Wikipedia.  Even if the Northstar was derived or evolved from the LT5 design, it was so different that I believe it would stretch the definition of either of those words to the breaking point.  I vote to remove the statement.  — Mrand  Talk • C 19:21, 23 January 2010 (UTC)
 * i am finding evidance for the relationship besides the ehow site. http://www.cadillacfaq.com/faq/answers/pdf/ls6-article.pdf  I do believe one of the best ways to find proof for a given topic is to find evidance against what you are claiming.  i have found several websites for it.  i have also looked at the physical specs of both engines and they are different in every spec from bore spacing, rod length, piston compression height, and probably deck height if i could find that on the northstar.  but i keep on finding comments like this as i search: "Key LT5 features were incorporated in GM V8s of

today, such as the "Premium V8" series ("Northstar" and "Aurora") and the Gen IIIs." i think that the wording needs to be changed to reflect from all of the above.  perhapse it needs to say that the LT5 was a major design influence for the Northstar.Gulielmi2002 (talk) 05:10, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:General Motors LT engine


text:
Antonio Fernós Isern

Antonio Fernós Isern (May 10, 1895 – January 19, 1974) was the first Puerto Rican cardiologist and the longest serving Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico in the United States Congress.

Early years
Fernós Isern was born in San Lorenzo, Puerto Rico, and attended primary and intermediate schools in Caguas. His family moved to Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, during his mid-year in high school. He finished his high school education in the Pennsylvania State Normal School. After completing his pre-medical training, he applied and was accepted to the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the University of Maryland, College Park and earned his doctor's degree in May 1915.

Fernós Isern returned to the island and settled in the city of Caguas where he practiced medicine for two years. Between the years 1918 and 1933 he held various administrative positions in the health services of Puerto Rico. In 1918, he was the Director for the City of San Juan. From 1919 to 1921, Fernós Isern was the Under-Secretary of Health. From 1921 to 1923, he was the Director of Health in the city. From 1923 to 1929, Fernós Isern was once again Under-Secretary of Health. He was the Secretary of Health from 1930 to 1933.

First Puerto Rican cardiologist
In 1933, Fernós Isern resigned as health commissioner and went to New York City where he completed his residency in cardiology at Columbia University and thus became the first Puerto Rican cardiologist. Upon his later return to Puerto Rico, Fernós Isern became a professor at the Public School of Tropical Medicine of Puerto Rico. He had previously served as both assistant professor and associate professor at this institution.

Political career
In 1937, Fernós Isern joined Luis Muñoz Marín to organize the Partido Popular Democrático (Popular Democratic Party). In 1941, he served as the Director of Civil Defense for the San Juan Metropolitan Area. In 1942, he returned to head the Department of Health and the Administration of Public Housing, in addition to serving as Director of the War Effort Office for Puerto Rico. From 1943 to 1946, Fernós Isern was also the acting governor of Puerto Rico during the Governorship of Rexford G. Tugwell, under appointment as Permanent Acting Governor approved by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

Resident Commissioner
In 1946, Jesús T. Piñero, the first Puerto Rican to serve as governor of Puerto Rico, appointed Fernós Isern as his replacement in the position of Resident Commissioner to the U.S. Congress after unanimous endorsement from the island legislature. Fernós Isern was re-elected on four consecutive occasions, serving a total of nineteen years. As Resident Commissioner, Fernós Isern played a very important role in convincing the Government of the United States to give Puerto Ricans the right to govern their island. In 1947, the Crawford Project, allowing Puerto Ricans to elect their governor, was approved by Congress and signed into law by President Harry S Truman.

On June 8, 1950, the United States Senate approved Public Law 600, permitting Puerto Rico to establish its own constitutional local autonomous government. Fernós Isern served as president of the Constitutional Convention which drafted the Constitution of the Commonwealth (Estado Libre Asociado).

Later years
Fernós Isern did not seek re-election in 1964. He returned to Puerto Rico from Washington, D.C., and was elected to the Puerto Rican Senate, serving between 1965 and 1969. After he retired from politics, Fernós Isern returned to the University of Puerto Rico as Resident Scholar where he wrote a monumental political work, in two parts, i.e., El Estado Libre Asociado (The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico) and Filosofía y Doctrina del Estadolibrismo (Philosophy and Doctrine of the Puerto Rican Commonwealth).

Fernós Isern died in San Juan, Puerto Rico, on January 19, 1974, and was buried with full state honors in the Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery located in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Legacy
His memory is honored at the Capitol in San Juan with a bust facing the urn preserving the original Constitution of Puerto Rico. His collected papers are held in trust at the Fernós Isern room at the Inter American University Law School in Hato Rey, San Juan.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Antonio Fernós Isern


text:
Atlas languages

The Atlas languages are a subgroup of the Northern Berber languages of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco. By mutual intelligibility, they are a single language spoken by perhaps 14 million people; however, they are distinct sociolinguistically and are considered separate languages by the Royal institute of the Amazigh culture. They are:
 * Central Atlas Tamazight (Central Atlas Berber), spoken in the central Atlas Mountains
 * Shilha (Tashelhiyt; also rendered Tachelhit, Tasusit; includes Judeo-Berber and perhaps the extinct Lisan al-Gharbi), spoken in southern Morocco
 * Sanhaja de Srair, spoken in the southern part of the Rif
 * Ghomara, spoken in the western part of the Rif
 * Lisan al-Gharbi, formerly spoken in western Morocco.

title: Atlas languages


text:
User talk:Ultrapop1

Hi Everybody! Ultrapop1 23:41, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ultrapop1


text:
Mount Eden

Mount Eden (Maungawhau) is a suburb in Auckland, New Zealand whose name honours George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland. It is 4 km south of the Central Business District (CBD). Mt Eden Road winds its way around the side of Mount Eden Domain and continues to weave back and forth as it descends into the valley; it runs south from Eden Terrace to Three Kings. Mt Eden village centre is located roughly between Valley Road and Grange Road. The domain is accessible on foot from many of the surrounding streets, and by vehicle from Mt Eden Road. The central focus of the suburb is Maungawhau / Mount Eden, a dormant volcano whose summit is the highest natural point on the Auckland isthmus.

Pre-European
In pre-European times Mount Eden was utilised as a fortified hill pā by various Māori tribes. The pā is thought to have been abandoned around 1700 AD after conflict between the resident Waiohua people and the Hauraki tribes The earth ramparts and terraces from this period contribute to the distinctive outline of the hill today.

European settlement
Following a gift of land from Ngati Whatua Orakei Mount Eden began being subdivided and sold off to settlers in 1841. The land was mostly used for farming to support the Borough of Auckland. Due to population growth in Auckland Mount Eden would start having suburban development in the late 1800s. In 1873 Alfred Cucksey established a store in what would later become Mount Eden Village.

The Colonial Ammunition Company, first formed in 1885, was based at Mount Eden. The steel Mount Eden Shot Tower, completed in 1914, was the major supplier of ammunition in New Zealand until World War II, and was classified as a Category I heritage building by Heritage New Zealand in 1983.

Mount Eden is now a "leafy suburb" consisting predominantly of large houses from the first half of the 20th century, many with verdant gardens and large trees. In the 19th century, on the eastern slopes of Mt Eden were constructed several large country houses set in extensive grounds. These included "Harewood House" (since demolished and now the site of the Mater Hospital), Justice Gillies "Rocklands Hall" (now a hostel), Alfred Buckland's "Highwic" (now a museum), the Hellaby family's "Florence Court", Josiah Clifton Firth's "Clifton House" (both still private residences) and Professor Sir Algernon Thomas' "Trewithiel" (the garden is partially preserved in Withiel Thomas Reserve and the reduced house at 114 Mountain Road). Close by the current Government House (the official Auckland residence of the Governor General) is Eden Garden, a ornamental public garden set up in a disused quarry.

In the 1950s and 1960s the inner suburbs became unfashionable and the old houses of the Mt Eden area were comparatively cheap to buy. Mt Eden developed a slightly bohemian image during this time as a community of artists, writers, teachers and university lecturers made it their home. Mt Eden village is still regarded by many as the "Home Of Arts" in Auckland, due to the large amount of creative activity in and around the suburb and the large number of artists who live nearby.

The Presbyterian Boys' Hostel at 22 View Road is a historic building that became the first home for many young men, who moved to Auckland to train in government and industry at low rates of pay.

Transport
In Mt Eden, the plentiful supply of volcanic stone (a suitable material for building roads), as well as the ready supply of labourers from the Mt Eden Prison, allowed for a progressive development of early roads, many of which still exist today as main arterial routes. Toll gates were established on several main roads, including Mt Eden Road and Dominion Road, during the 19th century in order to help pay for their upkeep.

Public transportation extended from the inner city to the surrounding areas in the late 1870s and early 1880s with horse-drawn buses being the first mode of regular public transportation in the late 1870s. In 1881, the long-awaited railway came, connecting Newmarket with Helensville with stops in Mt Eden, Kingsland, Morningside and Mt Albert. At the beginning of the 20th century, trams began connecting Mt. Eden, Balmoral, Kingsland, and Mt Albert with the city. The trams ran for the last time in the 1950s.

Local government
Mt Eden falls within the Epsom constituencies for the national Parliament. In terms of local government, Mt Eden comes under the Albert-Eden Local Board, of Auckland Council. The Albert-Eden Local Board includes the suburbs of Waterview, Point Chevalier, Sandringham, Mount Albert, Morningside, Ōwairaka, Balmoral, Kingsland, Mt Eden, Epsom and Greenlane.

During the 19th century, the planning and maintenance of the main arterial roads (Mt Eden Road and Dominion Road) provided the impetus to form local governing bodies in the area. The Mt Eden Highway Board held its first meeting in 1868; it covered the area of Mt Eden, Eden Valley, Sandringham, and Balmoral. At the time, it was responsible for building and maintaining the roads and dealing with the pigs, horses, cattle, and sheep that freely roamed the area. In 1882 it became the Mt Eden Road Board. In 1906 Mt Eden gained borough status and the Mt Eden Borough Council was formed. In 1989 the Borough Council amalgamated with Auckland City Council in a nationwide local government reorganisation. And in November 2010, the City Council was dissolved and was incorporated into the new larger Auckland Council.

Mayors (1906–1989)

 * Oliver Nicholson, 1906–1918
 * Charles Hudson, 1918–1920
 * John Wisdom Shackelford, 1920–1923
 * Rev. James Leslie Allan Kayll, 1923–1923
 * Ernest Herbert Potter, 1923–1931
 * Thomas McNab, 1931–1938
 * Robert James Mills, 1938–1950
 * Alton Clive Johns, 1950–1959
 * Phillip Guy Dickinson, 1959–1962
 * Ernest Wilfred Turner, 1962–1968
 * Robert Claude Mills, 1968–1974
 * Ronald Athol Gribble, 1974–1977
 * William Noel Barton, 1977–1983
 * Philippa Anne Cunningham, 1983–1986
 * Gordon Brayden Johns, 1986–1989

Demographics
Mount Eden covers 3.92 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, Mount Eden had a larger boundary, covering 3.99 km2. Using that boundary, Mount Eden had a population of 14,697 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 819 people (5.9%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 579 people (4.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 4,959 households, comprising 7,587 males and 7,104 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.07 males per female, with 2,109 people (14.3%) aged under 15 years, 4,098 (27.9%) aged 15 to 29, 7,170 (48.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,326 (9.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 69.3% European/Pākehā, 7.8% Māori, 5.3% Pacific peoples, 23.9% Asian, and 3.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 38.8, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 54.7% had no religion, 29.5% were Christian, 0.4% had Māori religious beliefs, 4.6% were Hindu, 1.3% were Muslim, 1.8% were Buddhist and 2.9% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 6,048 (48.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 795 (6.3%) people had no formal qualifications. 3,462 people (27.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 7,098 (56.4%) people were employed full-time, 1,902 (15.1%) were part-time, and 486 (3.9%) were unemployed.

Education
Auckland Normal Intermediate is a coeducational intermediate school (years 7–8) with a roll of. Mount Eden Normal School is a coeducational contributing primary school (years 1–6) with a roll of. The term "Normal" comes from the French term ecole normale and means these schools assist in the training of teachers. Ficino School is a coeducational full primary private school (years 1–8) with a roll of. Eden Campus is a Teen Parent Unit which provides secondary education to mothers and early childhood education to their children. It is associated with Auckland Girls' Grammar School. Rolls are as of

There are several prestigious secondary schools located in Epsom, adjacent to Mt Eden, including St Peter's College, Epsom Girls Grammar School and Auckland Grammar School. The University of Auckland also has a campus in Epsom, which was previously the Auckland College of Education.

Notable buildings

 * Valley Road Church – First school for the area and was also used as a Church, would later be owned by the Free Methodist Church and become known as the 'Mt Eden Methodist Free Church.
 * Garage and Marriots building – In 1931 this was built as the first garage and petrol station for the area.
 * Essex Road corner building – Italianate building built before 1905 located on the corner of Essex Road and Mt Eden Road.
 * Till & Sons – Built in c. 1905 in an Italianate style this building used to be a bakery.
 * Methodist Church and Sunday School – Built in 1900 as a Church and Sunday school the building would be extended in 1975 and since 2010 has served as a Church and community centre.
 * Crystal Palace Theatre – Built in 1928 for the Hippodrome Theatre Company it originally showed live performances but later moved to screening films.
 * Greyfriars Church – Designed by Thomas Mullions it was built in 1916 and underwent remodelling in 1958.
 * Old Post Office – Built in 1909 the former Post Office the building is no longer a post office.
 * Mt Eden Borough Council and Firestation building – Built in 1913 by Wade and Wade architects. In 1940 the building was expanded. By 1970 the firestation had moved and in 1989 the Mt Eden Borough Council was dissolved as part of local government reforms.
 * Dominion Road Methodist Church – Church built in 1926 and designed by Arthur White.
 * Cuckey's building – Located at the corner of Stokes Road and Mt Eden Road it was built in 1905 to replace the earlier 1873 store.
 * Mount Eden Prison – 19th century Castle-like structure based on English prisons of the period. Built of local volcanic Basalt rock quarried onsite. Designed by Pierre Finch Martineau Burrows.
 * Quaker Meeting House – 113 Mount Eden Road. Arts & Crafts building designed to harmonize with the houses of the area.
 * Marino Gardens – Cnr Mt Eden and Esplanade Roads. An Art Deco Apartment Block. This building won its designer Kenneth W. Aimer a gold medal from the NZ Institute of Architects in 1936.
 * Tram-stop – Mt Eden Road. Built at the entrance to the Mount Eden Domain in 1910 as a Tram Stop, this building was altered to include toilets around 1928. Wooden structure with Marseilles Tile roof.
 * Mt Eden Kiosk – 1920s Tearooms built in the Bungalow Stucco style with Marseilles Tile roof.
 * Mt Eden Pools – 30A Bellevue Road. There has been an indoor swimming pool facility here since the early 20th century. The water comes from rain falling on Mt Eden and having been filtered through the scoria rocks wells up here to feed the swimming baths.
 * Mount Eden Normal Primary School – Valley Road. War Memorial Gates in the classical style.
 * St Barnabas Anglican Church – Mt Eden Road.
 * Louis Aldophus Durrieu House - Mt Eden Road. 19th century wooden house which was the residence of an early settler - A portion of the property was donated by the family to the city as a park.
 * Pan's Garden – Coles Avenue. A residential complex designed by James Chapman-Taylor in the mid 1920s in the 'garden suburb -Californian bungalow' style.
 * Mt Eden Methodist Church – Mt Eden Village. Wooden Gothic Church designed by Arthur White and completed in 1900.
 * The 1958 Mount Eden War Memorial Hall located near the intersection of Dominion and Balmoral Roads.
 * Rocklands Hall – Gillies Avenue. Grand 19th century Country Residence in the French Second Empire style with distinctive tower. The home of Justice Gillies this building once stood in the middle of a large estate. Now a students hostel for the nearby Teachers College.
 * Brightside Hospital. Modern facility on the site of Colonel Owens residence 'Brightside'. Owens had an extensive garden which was noted for its collection of specimen trees & plants. Many of these still grace the grounds of the hospital and surrounding properties.
 * Lynton House – Owens Road. 19th century wooden Gothic House situated high on the southern side of Mt Eden next to the Pines Apartment Block.
 * The Pines Apartment Block. 1970s highrise apartment block on the site of a 19th-century house of the same name. The building of this tall structure on the side of Mt Eden resulted in new Bylaws to protect the volcanic cones of the isthmus.
 * Florence Court – Omana Avenue. Large Italianate Mansion built by the Hellaby family and extended by the Seabrooks. The walled garden is a memorial constructed by the Seabrooks for their son who was killed in the Second World War.
 * Government House – Mountain Road. Residence of the Governor-General since the early 1960s. This property was donated by Sir Frank and Lady Mappin in the 1950s so the "old" Government House in Waterloo Quadrant could be vacated. This house had been built as the residence of a Mr Rose, a partner in a high class furniture manufacturing company, Rose & Heather, a company which is still active.
 * Amohia, 127 Mountain Road. Located next to Government House. The house is typical of those built in the 1880s but it was possibly moved here in 1912. The Auckland industrialist and entrepreneur Joseph James Craig (1860–1916) had this house re-erected here – possibly moved from a site on Symonds Street. Craig had purchased the empty site here in 1907. The Chimney pots, and the bricks in the steps, may have been produced by Craig's extensive Avondale brick works.
 * Whitecliffe – 2 Castle Drive. Originally 45 Mountain Road. A two storied brick mansion built in 1908 for William Elliot, a mining engineer. William Elliot (c.1864–1934) contributed £4000 of the total £9500 cost for the completion of construction of the Wintergardens in the Auckland Domain, as well as £10,000 "for appropriate entrances to the Domain"
 * Firth Castle – Castle Drive. Josiah Firth was quite enthusiastic about cast-concrete and built the tower of this building onto his wooden gothic house (called Clifton House) in 1873–1876. Of solid concrete [no metal reinforcing] this tower was surmounted by a water tank to provide good water pressure for his state of the art bath rooms as well as a private study cum geological & botany museum room for Mr Firth. He also built a similar gothic concrete tower in Matamata where he owned large areas of land which produced mainly grain crops. His sons went on to found the Firth Concrete Company. The house, which once stood in extensive grounds, now long sold off, was divided into flats in the 1960s.
 * Trewithiel – 114 Mountain Road built for Algernon Thomas, first professor of natural sciences at Auckland University College, in 1890. The house was reduced in size in the early 1960s and Thomas's 4 hectares garden was subdivided in the 1940s; a portion of the property was retained as Withiel Thomas Reserve. Thomas was chairman of the Auckland Grammar School Board between 1916 and 1937 and was largely responsible for the layout of the grounds of the nearby Auckland Grammar School.
 * Mercy Hospital – Mater Misericordiae Hospital – Private Hospital run by the Roman Catholic Church. This occupies the site of Harewood House, a grand 19th century Italianate residence.
 * Rannoch – Almorah Place. Large 1920s house built by a Canadian dentist. The extensive gardens to the north of the house were destroyed when the motorway was constructed in the 1970s. The house was built for Frederick John Rayner, a Canadian born American who settled in Auckland in 1900. He was well known as a dentist and was involved with a variety of other activities. He was governing director of Amalgamated Theatres and had logging interests at Piha. From 1932–63 the house was owned by Sir Carrick Robertson, knighted for his services to medicine. He was associated with the foundation of Mater Misericordiae Hospital. Rannoch is currently the home of the art collector Sir James Wallace.
 * Tibbs House – cnr of Mountain and Clive Roads. Former residence of a headmaster of the nearby boys school this Edwardian mansion is now accommodation for boarders and has several modern additions.
 * Auckland Grammar School. Founded in the 1850s this school relocated here in 1916. A collection of Spanish Mission Style buildings by Arnold & Abbott form the centre of this school.
 * Headmasters House – opposite Auckland Grammar. For most of the 20th century Headmasters of Auckland Grammar resided in this house.
 * Stoneways – 46 Mountain Road. Important 1930s Modernist Art-Deco house by William Gummer(1884–1966, designed as his own home. Stoneways featured in an account of the development of architecture in New Zealand in the nineteenth edition of Sir Banister Fletcher’s History of Architecture.
 * 40 Mountain Rd. Two storied residence built around 1910 for Mr William McKenzie Commans.
 * St Peter's College and Christian Brothers House, 1939–1944, designed by William Henry Gummer, architect, extant; 23 Mountain Rd; built on land gifted in 1925 by the Outhwaite family.
 * Whare ra – 26 Clive Road. "House of the Sun" An experimental concrete house built in 1927 for Trevor Lloyd(1863–1937). Lloyd was the cartoonist for the Dominion Newspaper and seems to be the first person to use a kiwi bird as a representation of a New Zealander. The house is an experiment in the modernist Bauhaus style but is built into the hillside like the works of Frank Lloyd Wright. The building has a number of sculptural details using maori motifs.
 * Prison Officers Houses – North side of Clive Road. A group of house built for the staff of the nearby prison. Substantial residences incorporating local volcanic stone quarried by prison labour in the adjacent quarry.

There are three War Memorials in the Mount Eden area;
 * The War Memorial Gates at the Mount Eden Normal Primary School in Valley Road (opposite the former Mt Eden Borough Council Chambers)
 * The War Memorial Gates at the entrance to the Former College of Education (end of Poronui street, designed in 1932 by the Auckland Education Board architect Alan Miller, built of Portland stone left over from building the Auckland War Memorial Museum)
 * The 1958 Mount Eden War Memorial Hall located near the intersection of Dominion and Balmoral Roads.

Mount Eden Prison
Mount Eden Prison was built in a castle style between 1882 and 1917. It is constructed out of the local basalt rock, one of the very few buildings built in this uncompromising material. Built with prison labour it was designed by P.F.M. Burrows and is similar in appearance to Dartmoor Prison in England.

Amenities
Ballantyne Square is a green space located at the corner of Dominion Road and Ewington Ave. The square provides a respite from surrounding urban activity and is distinguished by its large specimen trees. Ballantyne Square was named after the late Doreen Ballantyne, who was a local councillor from 1965 to 1976.

Bellevue Reserve is a recreational space that has a playground and picnic tables. Originally Bellevue Square was the site of a scoria stone pit, quarried by early landowners, James Walters and his father John Walters in the early 1880s. In 1885 the land was vested as a reserve by the Domain Board. It was levelled and landscaped during the 1920s.

Transportation
Mt Eden is well served by trains and buses, and is only 5 km from Auckland’s CBD. The train station is located at the north side of Mt Eden, between Ngahura Street and Fenton Street. Mount Eden Railway Station is a part of the Western Line; trains run regularly into the city and the western suburbs beyond.

The centre of all the shopping and business activities in Mt Eden village is Mt Eden Road, between Oaklands Road and Grange Road. By vehicle Mt Eden can be accessed from the Southern Motorway (SH1) by taking the Green Lane off-ramp, and continuing onto Balmoral Road or from the City end – via Symonds Street and Mt Eden Road. Mount Eden domain is located just north of the village centre along Mt Eden Road.

Notable residents

 * Professor Sir Algernon Thomas (1857–1937), professor of natural sciences at Auckland University College 1883–1914, lived at Trewithiel on Mountain Road from 1890 until his death.
 * Cyril Bassett, – Victoria Cross recipient.
 * Hamish Carter – New Zealand Triathlete that won gold at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
 * James Chapman-Taylor – Architect – designed a set of houses for his family in Valley Road called Pan's Garden.
 * Josiah Clifton Firth (1826–1897) – Businessman – Constructed a concrete castle called Clifton House.
 * Louis Aldophus Durrieu – Settler – lived on Mount Eden Road.
 * William Elliot (c.1864–1934) – Local businessman, Chair of the 1913 Auckland Exhibition.
 * Christine Fletcher Mayor of Auckland and MP
 * Dick Frizzell – Painter
 * Justice Gillies – High Court Judge – Thomas Bannatyne Gillies (1828–1889) Lived at Rocklands Hall on Gillies Avenue.
 * Phil Goff – Mayor of Auckland, Former Labour Party Leader and Foreign and Defence Minister, was born in Mount Eden.
 * William Gummer – Architect – Lived in a house called Stoneways on Mountain Road.
 * Amy Hellaby (Amy Maria Briscoe) Widow of Richard Hellaby (Butchery Empire) lived at Bramcote (now Florence Court) Omana Avenue.
 * Paul Holmes (1950–2013) – Television journalist
 * Trevor Lloyd – Cartoonist for the Dominion Newspaper and seems to be the first to use a kiwi bird as a representation of a New Zealander. Lived in a concrete house he designed himself in Clive Road.
 * Sir Frank Mappin (1884–1975) Orchardist, horticulturist, philanthropist – Lived at Birchlands, Mountain Road.
 * Lady Mappin – Eliza Ruby Thomson (- 1973). Together with her husband in 1969, donated Birchlands to be the current Auckland Government House.
 * Colonel Owens – Landowner – Lived at a house called Brightside in Owens Road.
 * Stanley Palmer – Painter
 * Ian Scott – Artist, lived and worked on Marsden Avenue 1981 until his death
 * Lala Seabrook – Socialite and collector – lived at Florence Court.
 * Philip Seabrook ( – 1972) – Director of Seabrook Fowlds Motor Corporation. Lived at Florence Court, Omana Avenue.
 * Wolfgang Strauss – Health food manufacturer – political refugee.
 * Katherine Styles – illegitimate daughter of Benjamin Disraeli
 * Sir James Wallace – Businessman and Art Collector. Resides at Rannoch, Almorah Place.
 * Karl Wolfskehl (1869–1948) German Poet – political refugee.
 * Brent Wong – Painter

title: Mount Eden


text:
Category:Romance films

The romance film genre contains films in which the central plot revolves around the romantic involvement of the story's protagonists.

This category directly includes articles on the subject of romance films.

Articles about individual films that belong to the romance genre can be found by looking in the subcategories.

title: Category:Romance films


text: User talk:216.93.146.76

title: User talk:216.93.146.76


text:
User:Ultrapop1

Hello all. I'm looking forward to viewing and (lightly)editing articles.--Ultrapop1 01:50, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Ultrapop1


text:
Zenati languages

The Zenati languages are a branch of the Northern Berber language family of North Africa. They were named after the medieval Zenata Berber tribal confederation. They were first proposed in the works of French linguist Edmond Destaing (1915) (1920–23). Zenata dialects are distributed across the central Berber world (Maghreb), from northeastern Morocco to just west of Algiers, and the northern Sahara, from southwestern Algeria around Bechar to Zuwara in Libya. The most widely spoken Zenati languages are Tmazight of the Rif in northern Morocco and Tashawit Berber in northeastern Algeria, each of which have over 3 million speakers.

Kossmann (2013)
According to Kossmann (2013: 21–24), Zenati is a rather arbitrary grouping, in which he includes the following varieties:
 * Riffian (Riffian Berber, or Rif-Berber, local name: Tmaziɣt, north of Morocco); Includes Arzew dialect, in Arzew in western Algeria
 * Eastern Morocco Zenati (north east of Morocco)
 * Iznasen
 * Eastern Middle Atlas: Ait Seghrouchen and a group of dialects including Ait Warain (Ayt Warayn) (north-central Morocco)
 * Western Algerian, west of Algiers (a diffuse group):
 * Beni Snous (Tlemcen) dialect, in western Algeria near the border
 * Jebel Bissa (intelligible with Shenwa)
 * Shenwa (Chenoua), between Tipasa and Ténès in north-central Algeria west of Algiers
 * Beni Messaoud (Shenwa?)
 * Beni Menacer
 * Metmata (of Algeria; distinct from Matmata Berber of Tunisia)
 * etc. (see article)
 * Shawiya (Chaouia), around Batna and Khenchela, south of Constantine in northeastern Algeria
 * Mzab–Wargla (Northern Saharan oases):
 * South Oran and Figuig, in the ksours along the Algerian–Moroccan border and in Figuig in southeastern Morocco
 * Gourara Berber (Taznatit) (Gourara, southwestern Algeria, around Timimoun)
 * Tidikelt and Tuat (Touat, Algeria)
 * Mozabite aka Mzab, Tumzabt (northern Algerian Sahara, near Ghardaia)
 * Wargla (Ouargli aka Tagergrent, Teggargarent), northern Algerian Sahara, near Ouargla
 * Oued Righ Berber (incl. Touggourt; Ethnologue name "Temacine Tamazight") in Oued Righ, around Touggourt and Temacine, Algeria
 * Southeastern Tunisian–Libyan: Djerbi (island of Djerba), Matmata Berber (Matmata), Sened and Zuwara Berber (Zuwara in northwestern Libya)

Features
According to Kossmann (1999:31-32, 86, 172), common innovations defining the Zenati languages include:
 * The vowel a- in nominal prefixes is dropped in a number of words when it precedes CV, where C is a single consonant and V is a full (non-schwa) vowel. For example, afus "hand" is replaced with fus.  (A similar development is found in some Eastern Berber languages, but not Nafusi.)
 * Verbs whose original aorist forms end in -u while their perfect forms end in -a end up with -a in the aorist as well, leaving the aorist / perfect distinction unmarked for these verbs. For example, *ktu "forget", Siwi ttu, becomes Ouargli tta.  (This also affects Nafusi.)
 * Verbs consisting (in the aorist) of two consonants with no vowel other than schwa fall into two classes elsewhere in Berber: one where a variable final vowel appears in the perfect form, and one which continues to lack a final vowel in the perfect.  In Zenati, the latter class has been entirely merged into the former in the perfect, with the single exception of the negative perfect of *əɣ s "want".  For example, Kabyle (non-Zenati) gər "throw", pf. -gər (int. -ggar), corresponds to Ouargli (Zenati) gər, pf. -gru. (This change too also affects Nafusi; Basset (1929:9) gives examples where it appears not to occur in Chenoua.)
 * Proto-Berber *-əβ has become -i in Zenati. For example, *arəβ "write" becomes ari.  (This change also occurs in varieties including the Central Atlas Tamazight dialect of the Izayan, Nafusi, and Siwi.)
 * Proto-Berber palatalised k´ and g´, corresponding to k and g in non-Zenati varieties, become š and ž in Zenati (although a fair number of irregular correspondences for this are found.) For example, k´ăm "you (f. sg.)" becomes šəm. (This change also occurs in Nafusi and Siwi.)

In addition to the correspondence of k and g to š and ž, Chaker (1972), while expressing uncertainty about the linguistic coherence of Zenati, notes as shared Zenati traits: These characteristics identify a more restricted subset of Berber than those previously mentioned, mainly northern Saharan varieties; they exclude, for example, Chaoui and all but the easternmost Riff dialects.
 * A proximal demonstrative suffix "this" -u, rather than -a
 * A final -u in the perfect of two-consonant verbs, rather than -a (e.g. yə-nsu "he slept" rather than yə-nsa elsewhere)

title: Zenati languages


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Talk:TVR Speed Twelve engine

Could we consider moving this to TVR Speed Twelve engine to bring it in line with the other automobile engine articles? --SFoskett 01:53, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

Fine with me.--JonGwynne 21:17, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

When was this engine developed? The article doesn't say. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.224.244.181 (talk) 03:45, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:TVR Speed Twelve engine


text: Category:Rehabilitation medicine

title: Category:Rehabilitation medicine


text: Category:Films about zombies

title: Category:Films about zombies


text:
Talk:Lamborghini Murciélago

End of production
This is turning into a serious issue. It is pretty much a given that Murcie production is now over, but there has been no official announcement of this... or has there? Can someone come forward with an official end of production announcement from Lamborghini? The Murcielago being long in the tooth is not justification for listing it as out of production. Let's clear this up here and now.AniRaptor2001 (talk) 05:12, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

It's typically rare for a car company to define a date so explicitly. You won't see this happen very often, so I think it's best to try and make the article work without it. BabyJonas (talk) 02:10, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

0-60
Lamborghinis official time is 3.2 seconds also it should say road and track tested it and got 0-60 of 2.8 seconds —Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.98.249.243 (talk) 00:22, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

Surely the Official Time should be posted then? Not a claimed time of 2.8 seconds should be shown — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.168.133.155 (talk) 19:56, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

Archived discussions
See the archive for the appropriate discussions:

 * Is it a sports car? It was decided that the discussion should occur over at Talk:sports car
 * Manufacturer There was debate over whether Lamborghini, VW, or Audi should be listed as the "manufacturer".

Engine power units
Under the header 'First Generation' it says; The V12 engine in these cars produced just under 580 pferdestärke (German: "horse strength"), a unit of power commonly used in Europe.

Why is there German in this English article? There is a perfectly proper English word for it; horsepower. I am changing it into horsepower; there is no reason for a lesson in German here. NitroX infinity (talk) 11:15, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Not so fast. "This unit (German: Pferdestärke = horse strength) is no longer a statutory unit, but is still commonly used in Europe, South America and Japan, especially by the automotive and motorcycle industry. It was adopted throughout continental Europe with designations equivalent to the English "horsepower", but mathematically different from the British unit.' It is defined by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)[7] in Braunschweig as exactly: 1 PS = 75 kilopond-meters per second = (75 kp·m/s)×(9.80665 N/kp) = 735.49875 N·m/s ≈ 735.5 N·m/s ≈ 735.5 W ≈ 0.7355 kW ≈ 0.98632 hp (SAE)"

 * The PS and various types of horsepower are not exactly equivalent; model designations such as LP640 come from the PS rating. It is also appropriate to use the German term because Lamborghini is owned by Audi AG, a German automaker. AniRaptor2001 (talk) 19:14, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Protection
Seems like this article has similar problems to the main Lamborghini article with regards to vandalism. Should we think about seeking protection? AniRaptor2001 (talk) 22:03, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

"In Popular Culture"
Should there be a "In Popular Culture"-section which points out that Bruce Wayne, as played by Christian Bale, drives a Murcielago, which, as pointed out under the "Name" section, means "bat"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.231.219.108 (talk) 06:49, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

Yes, I think so. 2600:1012:B044:C73A:B154:62B4:AF7C:A355 (talk) 20:23, 3 July 2017 (UTC)

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Murcielago SV Production
This article still claims that 186 were made, when some big names in the car world have stated 250+ were actually made. This includes John Temerian, Ed Bolian, Shmee150 etc. It’s also been proven by numerous registries across the internet. Should it be changed? ROCKSTAR HELLA (talk) 04:29, 4 April 2022 (UTC)

 * There is no reference for the 186 number, so that can be changed. You will need to provide suitable reference. Also be aware that there is the LP 670–4 SuperVeloce, LP 670–4 SuperVeloce China Limited Edition and LP670 R-SV. References may or may not differentiate between them, so be careful.  Stepho  talk 12:10, 4 April 2022 (UTC)

A "VIN List" for the Murcielago's was posted recently by Ed Bolian on Instagram. He claims to have received the entire vin list from the factory itself. Should this be included? This is a confusing one, since I'm not sure how it falls under the [|Reliable Sources] page. ROCKSTAR HELLA (talk) 08:10, 22 December 2022 (UTC)

 * User generated data collated from data by other users - so that's a solid no, as per WP:RS. It's not from an official source, it's not verified by any official source, it doesn't list any official sources, it has no known/trusted expertise of its own - so it's not verifiable in any way.  Stepho  talk 06:49, 23 December 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Library 100 - Critical Approaches to Information Research
— Assignment last updated by Arman0507 (talk) 03:45, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi Arman, I just wanted to let you know that I reverted your edit. I do appreciate your work, and I hope this doesn't affect your assignment grade. However, the section read in an overly promotional manner and went into far too much detail for such a minute detail about the Murcielago. I could maybe see a sentence or so description talking about it being notable, but multiple paragraphs is just too much space to devote to such a small detail. TKOIII (talk) 16:30, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lamborghini Murciélago


text:
Truth or dare?

Truth or dare? is a mostly verbal party game requiring two or more players. Players are given the choice between answering a question truthfully, or performing a "dare". The game is particularly popular among adolescents and children, and is sometimes used as a forfeit when gambling.

History

The game has existed for hundreds of years, with at least one variant, "questions and commands", being attested as early as 1712:

"A Christmas game, in which the commander bids their subjects to answer a question which is asked. If the subject refuses or fails to satisfy the commander, they must pay a forfeit [follow a command] or have their face smutted [dirtied]."

Truth or dare may ultimately derive from command games such as the ancient Greek basilinda (in Greek: βασιλίνδα). This game is described by Julius Pollux: "in which we are told a king, elected by lot, commanded his comrades what they should perform".

title: Truth or dare?


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Mzab–Wargla languages

The Mzab–Wargla languages or Northern Saharan oasis dialects are a dialect cluster of the Zenati languages, within the Northern Berber subbranch. They are spoken in scattered oases of Algeria and Morocco.

Subclassification

 * Kossmann (2013)

Maarten Kossmann (2013) listed six "Northern Saharan oasis" dialects:
 * South Oranie and Figuig
 * Gurara
 * Tuwat-Tidikelt
 * Mzab
 * Wargla
 * Wad Righ (Tugurt)

In Ethnologue XVI (2009), the "Mzab–Wargla" languages are listed as: Unlike Kossmann, Ethnologue considers the Berber dialect spoken in Tidikelt as a separate branch of the Zenati group, distinct from Tuwat.
 * Ethnologue (2009)
 * Tagargrent (Wargli)
 * Temacine Tamazight (Tugurt)
 * Taznatit ("Zenati": Gurara, Tuwat and South Oran)
 * Tumzabt (Mozabite)

Roger Blench (2006) listed eight varieties:
 * Blench
 * Gurara
 * Mzab, Ghardaia (Mozabite)
 * Wargla
 * Tugurt
 * Seghrušen
 * Figuig
 * Senhaja
 * Iznacen

However, Senhaja is actually an Atlas language.

title: Mzab–Wargla languages


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Pool Sharks

Pool Sharks (also sometimes known as The Pool Shark) is a 1915 silent short film. The film is notable for being the film acting and writing debut of W. C. Fields and also features early instances of stop-motion animation during a game of pool.

Plot summary
Following a standard style of the era, the film is a romantic slapstick comedy short. Fields and his rival (played by Bud Ross) vie over the affections of a woman (played by Marian West). When their antics get out of hand at a picnic, it is decided that they should play a game of pool. Both of them are pool sharks, and after the game turns into a farce, a fight ensues. Fields throws a ball at his rival, who ducks. The ball flies through the window and breaks a hanging goldfish bowl, soaking the woman they are fighting over and leaving goldfish in her hair. She storms into the pool hall and rejects both men.

Production
It was one of two short films Fields made for a company called Gaumont, distributed by Mutual. He and Ross made another short around the same time, His Lordship's Dilemma.

Casting
Fields helped make this film in New York City, taking time off from the Ziegfeld Follies, as publicity for the film pointed out. Vaudeville was Fields' primary vocation, and after completing Pool Sharks and His Lordship's Dilemma it would be nine years before he made his next known film, 1924's Janice Meredith.

Fields wore his obviously fake moustache in this film, as he did in all of his silent films. His character and mannerisms bear some resemblance to Charlie Chaplin's, although the persona Fields later developed in his sound comedies is foreshadowed during the picnic scene, when Fields's character dumps a small child out of a chair so that he can steal it to get closer to the woman he is chasing.

Animation
Fields was an expert juggler. As with his early films, Pool Sharks was intended to highlight a pool ball juggling act that featured in the actor's vaudeville show. In the final film, however, there is only a brief shot of Fields juggling several billiard balls, as his act was largely replaced with several poorly edited stop motion sequences depicting impossible shots, such as the balls jumping off the table and re-racking themselves on the wall. Though innovative for the time, they are poorly animated, with obvious edits, and the animator's hand can actually be seen moving the balls along in one of the frames.

Reaction
Today, Pool Sharks is best remembered as Fields' first film effort. Film historian William K. Everson critiques the film as an "auspicious debut", with Fields' routines and pacing already finely honed.

title: Pool Sharks


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Radiopharmacology

Radiopharmacology is radiochemistry applied to medicine and thus the pharmacology of radiopharmaceuticals (medicinal radiocompounds, that is, pharmaceutical drugs that are radioactive). Radiopharmaceuticals are used in the field of nuclear medicine as radioactive tracers in medical imaging and in therapy for many diseases (for example, brachytherapy). Many radiopharmaceuticals use technetium-99m (Tc-99m) which has many useful properties as a gamma-emitting tracer nuclide. In the book Technetium a total of 31 different radiopharmaceuticals based on Tc-99m are listed for imaging and functional studies of the brain, myocardium, thyroid, lungs, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, skeleton, blood and tumors.

The term radioisotope, which in its general sense refers to any radioactive isotope (radionuclide), has historically been used to refer to all radiopharmaceuticals, and this usage remains common. Technically, however, many radiopharmaceuticals incorporate a radioactive tracer atom into a larger pharmaceutically-active molecule, which is localized in the body, after which the radionuclide tracer atom allows it to be easily detected with a gamma camera or similar gamma imaging device. An example is fludeoxyglucose in which fluorine-18 is incorporated into deoxyglucose. Some radioisotopes (for example gallium-67, gallium-68, and radioiodine) are used directly as soluble ionic salts, without further modification. This use relies on the chemical and biological properties of the radioisotope itself, to localize it within the body.

History
See nuclear medicine.

Production
Production of a radiopharmaceutical involves two processes:

 * The production of the radionuclide on which the pharmaceutical is based.
 * The preparation and packaging of the complete radiopharmaceutical.

Radionuclides used in radiopharmaceuticals are mostly radioactive isotopes of elements with atomic numbers less than that of bismuth, that is, they are radioactive isotopes of elements that also have one or more stable isotopes. These may be roughly divided into two classes:

 * Those with more neutrons in the nucleus than those required for stability are known as proton-deficient, and tend to be most easily produced in a nuclear reactor. The majority of radiopharmaceuticals are based on proton deficient isotopes, with technetium-99m being the most commonly used medical isotope, and therefore nuclear reactors are the prime source of medical radioisotopes.
 * Those with fewer neutrons in the nucleus than those required for stability are known as neutron-deficient, and tend to be most easily produced using a proton accelerator such as a medical cyclotron.

Practical use
Because radiopharmeuticals require special licenses and handling techniques, they are often kept in local centers for medical radioisotope storage, often known as radiopharmacies. A radiopharmacist may dispense them from there, to local centers where they are handled at the practical medicine facility.

Drug nomenclature for radiopharmaceuticals
As with other pharmaceutical drugs, there is standardization of the drug nomenclature for radiopharmaceuticals, although various standards coexist. The International Nonproprietary Name (INN) gives the base drug name, followed by the radioisotope (as mass number, no space, element symbol) in parentheses with no superscript, followed by the ligand (if any). It is common to see square brackets and superscript superimposed onto the INN name, because chemical nomenclature (such as IUPAC nomenclature) uses those. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) name gives the base drug name, followed by the radioisotope (as element symbol, space, mass number) with no parentheses, no hyphen, and no superscript, followed by the ligand (if any). The USP style is not the INN style, despite their being described as one and the same in some publications (e.g., AMA, whose style for radiopharmaceuticals matches the USP style). The United States Pharmacopeial Convention is a sponsor organization of the USAN Council, and the USAN for a given drug is often the same as the USP name.

title: Radiopharmacology


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Category:Wikipedia bots

This category contains pages related to Wikipedia bots – automated or semi-automated programs which run on separate user accounts and do tedious and/or repetitive tasks. See Bot policy for the policy on using bots. Running an automated bot requires approval, which may be requested at Bots/Requests for approval.

Pages that were historically important are categorized in Category:Wikipedia bots (historical) instead.

title: Category:Wikipedia bots


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Carta marina

Carta marina et descriptio septemtrionalium terrarum (Latin for Marine map and description of the Northern lands; commonly abbreviated Carta marina) is the first map of the Nordic countries to give details and place names, created by Swedish ecclesiastic Olaus Magnus and initially published in 1539. Only two earlier maps of the Nordic countries are known, those of Jacob Ziegler (Strasbourg, 1532) and Claudius Clavus (15th century).

The map is centered on Scandia, which is shown in the largest size text on the map and placed on the middle of Sweden. The map covers the Nordic lands of "Svecia" (Svealand) and "Gothia" (Götaland) (both areas in Sweden), "Norvegia" (Norway), Dania (Denmark), Islandia (Iceland), Finlandia (Finland), Lituania (Lithuania) and Livonia (Estonia and Latvia). The map is framed with longitudes and latitudes running from 55° to the Arctic Circle.

The 1.70 m wide by 1.25 m tall map was printed in black and white from nine 55x40 cm woodcut blocks sequenced from west to east and north to south and identified in the center with the letters A through I.

History
The map was created in Rome during 1527–39 by Olaus Magnus (1490–1557), who arrived on a diplomatic visit for the Swedish government and stayed on, likely because his brother Johannes Magnus became involved in a religious feud with King Gustav I of Sweden.

To construct the map, Magnus drew from a variety of ancient sources including Ptolemy's map in Geographia, and contemporary sources such as the work of Astronomer Jacob Ziegler. In addition to cartographic sources, Magnus also relied on the descriptions of sailors and his own observations.

The map was in production for 12 years; the first copies were printed in 1539 in Venice.

Olaus complemented the map with Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus ("A description of the Northern peoples") printed in Rome, 1555. These Latin notes were translated by Olaus into Italian (1565) and German (1567).

Surviving copies
All of the original map's copies passed out of public knowledge after 1574, and the map was largely forgotten – perhaps because few copies were printed and Pope Paul III asserted a 10-year "copyright." It was later widely questioned whether the map had ever existed.

In 1886, Oscar Brenner found a copy at the Hof- und Staatsbibliothek in Munich, where it currently resides. In 1961, another copy was found in Switzerland, brought to Sweden the following year by the Uppsala University Library; as of 2007 it is stored there at the Carolina Rediviva library. The copies differ slightly from each other.

Adaptations
A downscaled adaptation of the 'Uppsala' copy or similar was printed in Rome by Antoine Lafréry in 1572.

Digital copies of the second known 'Uppsala' original

 * "University of Minnesota Carta Marina" - Unknown colored reproduction of the Uppsala original, in jpeg images. The site contains more information on early printing process.
 * "University of Minnesota Carta Marina" - Unknown colored reproduction of the Uppsala original, in jpeg images. The site contains more information on early printing process.

Digital copies of modifications and adaptations

 * Carta Marina, Lafreris edition 1572 at the World Digital Library (Antoine Lafréry's (1512 - 1577) edition from 1572 digitized by the National Library of Sweden in Stockholm. Colored afterwards.
 * Carta Marina, Lafreris edition 1572 at the World Digital Library (Antoine Lafréry's (1512 - 1577) edition from 1572 digitized by the National Library of Sweden in Stockholm. Colored afterwards.

title: Carta marina


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Thomas Jane

Thomas Jane (born Thomas Elliott III; February 22, 1969) is an American actor. He is known for appearing in the films Boogie Nights (1997), Deep Blue Sea (1999), The Sweetest Thing (2002), The Punisher (2004), The Mist (2007), 1922 (2017), and The Predator (2018). Jane's television roles include Mickey Mantle in the television film 61* (2001), and starring in the HBO series Hung (2009–2011) and the Syfy/Amazon Video series The Expanse (2015–2022).

He is the founder of RAW Studios, an entertainment company that releases comic books he has written, the first of which was Bad Planet. He made his directorial debut with the crime thriller Dark Country (2009), in which he also starred.

Early life
Jane was born February 22, 1969, in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Cynthia (née Jane), an antiques dealer, and Thomas Elliott, Jr., a genetic engineer. He is of Irish, Scottish, and some German-Jewish and Native American descent. He attended Thomas Sprigg Wootton High School but dropped out and moved to Hollywood to pursue an acting career. He was initially homeless and lived out of his car, often doing street performances to earn money: "I had two songs in my repertoire that I hammered to death, 'Hey Joe' and 'Knockin' on Heaven's Door'. People used to pelt me with change just to shut me up."

Career
Jane began his acting career with the Indian Telugu language film Padamati Sandhya Ragam (1987), directed by Jandhyala. His early roles included the Hustler in I'll Love You Forever … Tonight (1992), Zeph in Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1992), and Billy in Nemesis (1992). He also had supporting roles in several high-profile films, including The Crow: City of Angels (1996), Boogie Nights (1997), The Thin Red Line (1998), Thursday (1998), and Magnolia (1999). After receiving critical acclaim as baseball player Mickey Mantle in 61*, Jane received offers for leading roles beginning with Andre Stander in the South African film Stander (2003), for which he gained further critical acclaim.

Along with director Jonathan Hensleigh and Avi Arad, Jane has said he was the first and only actor to be asked to play the title role in the film The Punisher (2004). He turned down the role twice, as he did not have much interest in the superhero genre. When they asked him the second time to play the Punisher, Tim Bradstreet's artwork of the character secured his interest. After finding out that the character was not a traditional superhero, but more of an antihero and a vigilante crime fighter, he accepted, became a fan, then trained for several months with Navy SEALs, gaining more than 25 lb of muscle.

In addition to starring in the film, he contributed his voice to the video games The Punisher and Gun. He also co-owns RAW, an entertainment company which he runs with Steve Niles and Tim Bradstreet. RAW Studios, the company's comic-book division, released Bad Planet (written by Jane) through Image Comics. Jane became a spokesperson for Niles and the cover model for comic-book character Cal McDonald in 2006. In addition to his screen work, Jane has appeared several times on stage, and received strong critical reviews as Tom in Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie, and as Chris in Arthur Miller's All My Sons. He has also portrayed a fictionalized version of himself in an episode of the television series Arrested Development.

Jane did not return in the planned sequel to The Punisher. Lions Gate Entertainment had approved a direct sequel due to the strong sales of the film on DVD. However, the project lingered in development for over three years. Jonathan Hensleigh completed a first draft of the script before leaving the project in 2006. John Dahl was in talks to direct the film, but cited his dislike of the script and the reduced budget as his reasons for refusing. In a statement on May 15, 2007, and in two audio interviews, Jane said that he pulled out of the project due to creative differences and the studio's further reduction of the budget. Jane said in June 2007 that Zack Snyder had expressed interest in casting him for the role of the Comedian for the adaptation of Alan Moore's graphic novel Watchmen, but because he was too busy, he turned down the role, which was eventually given to Jeffrey Dean Morgan. The same year he starred in Frank Darabont's adaptation of the Stephen King novella, The Mist. His directorial debut was the 2009 film Dark Country, in which he also played the main character. In 2009, Jane starred with Ving Rhames in the crime film Give 'Em Hell, Malone, which premiered at San Diego Comic Con.

On December 18, 2008, HBO announced it was picking up the black comedy Hung, and Jane was contracted to star in the show. He plays the character of Ray Drecker, a high-school history teacher and basketball coach, who after attending a self-help class while being down on his luck, decides to market the large size of his penis as a path to success. The series was renewed for a second season, which aired in the summer of 2010. The show was renewed for a final season, which aired in fall of 2011.

Jane appeared on the June/July 2010 cover of Men's Fitness magazine. He voiced the character Jonah Hex in an animated short as a companion piece on the Special Edition Blu-ray and two-disc Special Edition DVD release of Batman: Under the Red Hood.

On June 7, 2012, Jane released a digital EP, Don't Come Home, under the pseudonym Rusty Blades. At the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con International, Jane debuted an independently financed Punisher short film, Dirty Laundry, directed by Phil Joanou and co-starring Ron Perlman.

On February 1, 2017, Syfy began a two-episode debut of the second season of its critically acclaimed "murder mystery in space", The Expanse. Jane portrays the lead role of Detective Joe Miller in this futuristic saga, in which humans have colonized both Mars and the Asteroid Belt. The series premiered December 2015, and continued through six seasons, with Jane appearing in the first four of them.

Jane co-starred in Shane Black's The Predator (2018), a direct sequel to the 1987 film Predator and the 1990 film Predator 2.

Personal life
In 1989, Jane married actress Ayesha Hauer, daughter of Rutger Hauer. The couple starred in a number of films together before they divorced in 1995. She had a son from a previous relationship, Leandro Maeder, born on December 14, 1987.

Jane was engaged to Olivia d'Abo from 1998 to 2001.

After meeting through mutual friends in 2001, Jane and actress Patricia Arquette became engaged in 2002. Their daughter, Harlow Olivia Calliope, was born on February 20, 2003. Jane and Arquette subsequently married on June 25, 2006, at the Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo in Venice, Italy.

In January 2009, Arquette filed for divorce from Jane on the grounds of irreconcilable differences, but the couple soon reconciled and Arquette sought to abandon the divorce petition on July 9, 2009. However, on August 13, 2010, Jane's representative announced that Jane and Arquette had decided to proceed with a divorce. The divorce was finalized on July 1, 2011. The pair were granted joint custody of their child.

Jane and former Hung co-star Anne Heche announced that they were in a relationship in 2019; however, they had separated by the time of Heche's death in 2022.

title: Thomas Jane


text:
Aerobie

An Aerobie is a flying ring used in a manner similar to a chakram or flying disc (Frisbee), for recreational catches between two or more individuals. Its ring shape of only about 3 mm thickness makes the Aerobie lighter and more stable in flight than a disc. It can be bent to tune it for straighter flight. Since it has very low drag and good stability, it can be thrown much farther than a flying disc. The Aerobie was used to set two former world records for thrown objects.

Designed in 1984 by Stanford engineering lecturer Alan Adler, the Aerobie has a polycarbonate core with soft rubber bumpers molded onto the inner and outer rims. The outer rim has a spoiler designed to impart stability.

In the 1970s, Alan Adler began attempting to improve the flying disc, considering its design characteristics. He tried streamlining the shape to reduce drag, but this resulted in a disc that was more unstable in flight. Eventually, inspired by British accounts of deadly Indian weaponry and martial arts, he turned his attention to the ring shape of the chakram, a formidable Punjabi weapon used by the Sikh of India. This led to the development of the predecessor of the Aerobie, which was called the "Skyro". About a million of this model were sold. In 1980, it was used to set a Guinness World Record throw of 261 m. It lacked the spoiler rim of the Aerobie. It had low drag but was stable at only a certain speed. The later introduction of the spoiler, which balanced the lift, made the ring stable "over a wide range of speeds". After testing several models, the ideal shape was found, and the Aerobie was produced. Adler founded Superflight, Inc. (later known as Aerobie, Inc.) in 1984.

In 2017, the rights to the Aerobie flying ring and other Aerobie assets were sold to Swimways, a subsidiary of Spin Master, and the company was renamed to AeroPress, Inc.

Currently, the top sport using the Aerobie Pro Ring, is KinFlow, founded by Zach Fisher, based in Los Angeles, CA and played in over 40 LAUSD schools as of June, 2023. 21

Characteristics
The Aerobie allows for throws over unusually long distances. It flies faster and farther than a common flying disc. When well tuned, it can fly in a straight line, "like a puck on an invisible sheet of ice". It does not have the tendency to roll when thrown level, as a flying disc does. But similarly to a disc, an Aerobie can be thrown in a curved path by throwing it in a slant. Its lift depends on its speed relative to the air. Therefore, throwing into the wind makes it fly higher. Throwing with the wind makes it fly lower.

Advantages
The Aerobie's ring shape allows it to be caught in a variety of different ways. For example, it can be caught by thrusting a forearm, the head (when the ring is thrown high), or even a foot through the middle. Games such as "Aerosticks" and Aerogoal are designed specifically for the Aerobie.

Disadvantages, special care
An Aerobie ring does not float in water. It can be easier to lose than a flying disc, especially over long distances: its low profile can make it hard to spot on the ground, and, in particular, it gets caught on tree branches more easily.

The Aerobie is best thrown in a wide open area such as a football or soccer field, away from bodies of water, roofs, trees, roads, etc. Adequate light is important.

World records
The 13 in Aerobie Pro was used to set the Guinness World Record twice for the "longest throw of an object without any velocity-aiding feature". The Aerobie's first Guinness World Record was set by Scott Zimmerman at 1,257 ft in 1986 at Fort Funston, San Francisco. The 1986 record was broken by Erin Hemmings with a throw of 1,333 ft on July 14, 2003 at Fort Funston. Hemmings' Aerobie was airborne for 30 seconds (not an official measurement) and was the first thrown object to break the quarter-mile barrier (402 meters or 1,320 feet).

Previous to the 1986 record, the Aerobie held the world record at 1,046 ft. It does not appear that this was recorded by Guinness. On June 7, 1988, the Aerobie became the first object to be thrown across Niagara Falls with a throw by Scott Zimmerman. In April 1987, Zimmerman threw a silver dollar taped to an Aerobie across the Potomac River.

Since the introduction of the Aerobie, Superflight has offered reward money for various landmark throws. While details of the earlier rewards are unclear, the current reward is $1,000 to anyone who sets the Guinness World Distance Record.

title: Aerobie