text:
Charles A. Duelfer

Charles A. Duelfer is Chairman of Omnis, Inc., a consulting firm in aerospace, defense, intelligence, training, and finance. He is a regular commentator in the media on intelligence and foreign policy and is the author of Hide and Seek: The Search for Truth in Iraq.

Duelfer was the former Special Advisor to the Director of Central Intelligence on Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. He led the Iraq Survey Group (ISG) that conducted the investigation of the scope of Iraq's WMD. The ISG was an intelligence organization of over 1700 military and civilian staff that investigated Iraq WMD programs. The ISG's definitive work, known as the Duelfer Report, described in detail the relationship of the Saddam Regime to WMD and was presented to the President and Congress in October 2004. It was published with previously classified addenda in 2005.

From 2005-2008, Duelfer was CEO of Transformational Space, Inc., a small space launch vehicle company that worked under NASA and DARPA contracts to develop a new vapor-pressurized liquid fuel engine.

Previously, Duelfer was the Deputy Executive Chairman and then Acting Chairman of the UN Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) from 1993 until its termination in 2000. The Commission was established following the Gulf War by the UN Security Council to monitor and eliminate Iraq's WMD.

Before joining UNSCOM, Duelfer was Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for arms control and multilateral defense matters. From 1990 to 1992, he was in charge of defense trade matters as the director of the Center for Defense Trade and Deputy to the Assistant Secretary of State for politico-military affairs. In this capacity, he had responsibility for arms transfers, munitions licensing, and conventional arms control. From January to March 1991, he directed the State Department's Task Force in support of Operation Desert Storm.

Duelfer's 25 years of government service involved policy and intelligence in the Middle East, Africa, Central America, and Asia, and in the areas of nuclear weapons and space programs. Duelfer joined the Politico-Military Bureau of the State Department in 1983 and was responsible for special regional activities including conflicts in Chad, Libya, and Grenada as well as ongoing strategic verification, space, and strategic defense issues. In 1984, he became Deputy Director of the Office of International Security Policy and was responsible for European, Africa, and Latin America regions. He became Director, with responsibility for regional security issues worldwide, in 1985. During this period, Duelfer also worked with the special coordinator for counterterrorism to develop, implement, and exercise the State Department's terrorism response system. Before joining the Department of State, Duelfer worked at the White House Office of Management and Budget (1977-1983), where he was responsible for Department of Defense strategic nuclear forces and space programs.

Duelfer holds a BA from the University of Connecticut and a MSc from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

title: Charles A. Duelfer


text:
Men's college

In higher education, a men's college is an undergraduate, bachelor's degree-granting institution whose students are exclusively men. Many are liberal arts colleges.

United States
In the United States, co-education did not become prevalent until 1900. Prior to that, the majority of private colleges and universities were sex-segregated. There are few remaining men's colleges in the U.S. today. Many of these are religious, vocational institutions.

Notable cases
United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515 (1996)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Men's college


text:
User talk:Astronloner

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Whosyourjudas (talk) 02:47, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

p.s. You don't need to create an article for you username; use your user page for information about yourself.

title: User talk:Astronloner


text:
Talk:SECAM

Untitled
This article has much "general" information about how television signals are modulated, which compares SECAM to other television systems. Shouldn't this information go in another article (like Broadcast television system) instead? It's very interesting and informative but I don't think it's in the right place. Neckro 02:50, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Agreed, that's the best goddamn technical description of analog television signals I've ever read in my life. It's definitely worthy of an article of its own. Props to The_Anome and User:81.249.107.119. I suspect User:The_Anome simply failed to log in for that edit but who knows?? BrownstoneKnockn (talk) 02:39, 13 December 2018 (UTC)

Speculation
Nonetheless, SÉCAM was partly developed for reasons of national pride.

Do we have indications of that? David.Monniaux 09:59, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Many press articles of the era and recent literature about the subject document that the choice of SECAM vs PAL was a complicated political issue. Of course national pride was but one ingredient. Anorak2 04:32, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * At the time SECAM was developed, the only established colour system was NTSC. PAL was still in development and had not yet seen the light of day.  At the time, SECAM was developed solely to avoid the colour problems that plague NTSC. 20.133.0.13 (talk) 07:02, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Was that role of national pride unusual at the time? In today's context, it looks ridiculous, but at the time there were parallel and incompatible developments in the U.S., Britain, Germany, and France; only Japan, as far as I can see, had the foresight to simply adopt a standard developed elsewhere, and that is in keeping with their industrial tradition. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.229.144.35 (talk) 13:34, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Ridiculous in today's context how exactly? There is a perfectly-good DVB standard from Europe, yet the US and Japan each came up with their own proprietary, incompatible systems for no better reason than the "not invented here" syndrome. The cost of patent licensing could well add as much as $US40 to the price of an ATSC-compatible TV set (and all new TV tuners in US interstate commerce have been required to have ATSC since at least 2007), benefiting Zenith, Dolby Labs and a few other companies (or their successors). The Japanese ISDB system, as a mess of DRM, is no better. So once again we have three pointless, incompatible standards. Plus ça change, plus ç'est pareil... --66.102.80.212 (talk) 16:36, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

History

 * The first colour television sets cost 5000 Francs.

This information is useless without saying something about how much was one French Franc worth in 1967. Please provide some info, be it 1967 average salary, exchange rate with 1967 US dollar, inflation-adjusted value in 2005 euros or cost of a typical black and white television set. Taw

 * Addition: It seems to me that saying that SECAM is only used in France at the top, and then listing a whole bunch of countries at the bottom, is a little misleading.

NTSC option
The previous version said "and because of frame rate differences (50 versus 60 Hz) and the requirement for compatibility with monochrome TV receivers, it was not possible for Europeans to adopt NTSC" This is not true as stated. Of course it would not have made sense to adopt the 525 lines/60 Hz system in Europe, but it would have been perfectly possible to introduce NTSC colour encoding on top of the European 625/50 systems. 625/50/NTSC signals were indeed tested in Germany and the UK, and AFAIK the UK seriously considered to introduce it as standard there. It was a matter of preference not to go for that system eventually, but to use PAL or SECAM instead. I changed the text accordingly. Anorak2 04:25, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Addition: Someone edited my comment to the effect that the UK tested 405/25/NTSC signals. Both are true, they tested NTSC with both formats at different times. Anorak2 11:00, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Accent
I was under the impression that accents generally aren't placed above upper-case letters in French. Is the title of this article correct? Fourohfour 13:38, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Accents aren't required on upper case vowels, but allowed. The French version of this article uses both SÉCAM and SECAM inconsistently. But in non-French texts it's more common to omit the accent, IMHO. Regards Anorak2 17:08, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

 * This is a tricky issue. The accented ‘e’ comes from the second letter in the word séquential.  It is customary (and, I do believe, proper) to omit all accents on capital letters in French.  A Google search in French for “SECAM” (Google ignores accents) shows that “SECAM” is overwhelmingly used over “SÉCAM”, though the French language Wikipedia uses both, with the page named «Séquentiel couleur à mémoire».  I do not think the page should be named “SÉCAM”, as that is not commonly used—“SECAM” should be used (as opposed to «Séquentiel couleur à mémoire», for consistency with NTSC and PAL).—Kbolino 07:39, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The article name is SÉCAM (correctly, from the French expression). Whatever is used, it should be consistent. That is why I changed SECAM to SÉCAM in a number of instances. If anyone would write a bot to change all instances, either way, that's fine with me, but I would prefer it as it is. MH 16:39, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It never was "proper" to drop accents in capitals. The usage was tolerated in the previous century very simply because typography (and older typewriters) couldn't handle the accents. This said, the accent-less "SECAM" is indeed in common use.
 * Urhixidur 12:00, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

How to Type the letter É in SÉCAM ?
If you want to use "É" instead of "E" in a SÉCAM, then use these keyboard stroke / keys : Press "S". Then press ... Alt + 0201 (it means, first press the "Alt" (Alternative/Alternate) key in your keyboard, and keep it pressing with your left hand, then press the digits 0 2 0 1 in sequence, one by one, in the right-side numeric keypad). Then press "C", "A", "M". Then you will get SÉCAM. To make it a linkable word (to goto this article,) use two third brackets at the beginning and end of the name, like this 'SÉCAM', then you will get linkable SÉCAM. If you want to link to this (English) article through URL, then use below code ... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9CAM or, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%89CAM For this type of other characters, see Windows Alt keycodes. ~ Tarikash.

 * To do it in Linux, hold down Alt Gr, and press the ; button, followed by the compatable letter of choice, in this case "E". —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 195.137.112.253 (talk • contribs).

 * Or, on Macintosh, hold down the "Option" ("Alt") key, press "e" (which "arms" the accent acute), release "Option", and press "E" (or any other letter compatible with accent acute). Et voila!

 * Atlant 21:41, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Of course the French don't usually bother with accents on capital letters and particularly on 'SECAM'. 20.133.0.13 (talk) 14:25, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

 * On any unix-like system with a configured compose-key: Press the Compose-Key, then press E, then press single-quote. --2001:5C0:1400:A:0:0:0:435 (talk) 17:30, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

SECAM is a dead system now
Contrary to what many people think there are no SECAM DVDs. I've called shops in France and Russia, which was the core-nations of this system, and they assured me they used PAL now with the transition from VHS to DVD. Later I bought two DVDs from each country and these was PAL that played OK on my R2 PAL player. Third proof is of course to go to Ebay and search for french and russian DVDs. Look then at the bigger backcover scans and it's written PAL on all of them. (All this confusion surrounding SECAM DVDs comes from the DVD Demystified page which is unclear on this point). After the slow death of the videocassette, SECAM is a dead system now. All SECAM countries have changed system to PAL now, except Cuba who has changed to NTSC for geographical reasons. And after the four South American countries using the local videosystems PAL-M and PAL-N, changed to NTSC with the introduction of DVD, there are only PAL and NTSC left on DVD.

Stein Sundqvist 84.210.117.113

 * Your whole search for "SECAM DVDs" was pointless, and you're drawing false conclusions from the answers you got. "SECAM", "PAL" and "NTSC" are strictly speaking meaningless terms when applied to digital media, because they are encoding schemes for analogue video signals. DVDs contain neither NTSC nor PAL nor SECAM signals. They contain digital information of various frame rates and pixel resolutions. The most common ones are 30 frames at 480 scan lines and 25 frames at 576 scan lines. These are commonly labelled "NTSC" and "PAL" respectively, but that does not mean they contain PAL or NTSC signals in the sense of the word. 25/576 discs could as well be commonly called "SECAM" and that would be just as correct (or wrong) as calling them "PAL discs". It is just not very common to do so. Likewhise 30/480 discs could as well be named "PAL-M" instead of "NTSC" using the same logic, it is just uncommon to do so.

 * Not quite right. While the terms SECAM and PAL cannot strictly be applied to DVDs, as they owe nothing to these two colour encoding standards, the term NTSC can quite correctly be applied to DVD disks of North American origin.  The term 'NTSC' not only defines a colour encoding standard, it also specifies the timings of the video signal. 20.133.0.14 10:10, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The only place where true NTSC/PAL/SECAM signals exist with DVDs is when a DVD players plays them back and converts them into an analogue signal for viewing on conventional television sets. Players sold in PAL countries will convert 25/576 discs to analogue PAL signals, players sold in SECAM countries will convert the same discs to analogue SECAM signals (at least optionally, usually they can play them in PAL too).

 * DVD players that outputs SECAM encoded analogue signals are extremely rare. 20.133.0.14 10:10, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

 * It is true that a lot of former SECAM countries (notably in former eastern europe) have converted to PAL broadcasts in the 1990s. Not all have though, for example Russia, Ukraine and certainly France continue to broadcast in SECAM.

 * Meanwhile broadcasts are becoming all digital. The process is already gone quite far in the UK and Germany amongst others. When this process will be finished, all analogue standards will be dead, because digital signals are neither PAL nor SECAM. They are "DVB" of which there exist three variants for satellite, terrestrial and cable distribution. The resolution of DVB remains 25/576 for the time being and will therefore remain compatible with conventional PAL and SECAM equipment (the DVB boxes output PAL or SECAM signals). Analogue signals (PAL and SECAM) will probably continue to exist in domestic equipment for compatibility for quite a while. The standard is capable of HDTV resolution too, but that is another issue.

 * Incidentally, Cuba was never SECAM.

 * Anorak2 08:18, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Regarding the 2nd paragraph: I never heard of, or seen DVD players outputting a SECAM signal in France, but I know that at least some cable and satellite boxes can output a SECAM signal for recording on the VCR. Overall, i have the impression that Stein Sundqvist did not fully read the SECAM article, as these issues are discussed there.Adam Mirowski 17:53, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The early Samsung DVD-709 player sold in the UK can be hard-switched between PAL and SECAM for 25fps discs. Nick Cooper 11:46, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Theres a Samsung/Polsat digital satellite reciever with a feature to select PAL or SECAM on its Composite video output. Given that Poland used to use SECAM it is presumably intended for older TV sets. Regarding the alleged obsolecence of SECAM it will be around for as long as there is still analouge television broadcasting in any SECAM countries. After that it will be pretty much dead but the exact same can be said regarding PAL and NTSC2. 213.40.219.141 (talk) 11:03, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

SÉCAM is still used on analog cable tv, in areas where analog cable still exists. But it is sourced from digital sources. SÉCAM died on satellite AB3 the last day of 2011. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.209.75.71 (talk) 13:13, 30 March 2012 (UTC)

SECAM dvd
SECAM was used for TV and VCR (and VHS tapes) until the mid 1990s. what you have to know is first the french tvs were SECAM only, then they became PAL/SECAM (as were the VCRs), hence the DVD players PAL (Z2 PAL/NTSC) sold in france. as you can see SECAM is almost abandonned technology by now, and PAL is the euro standard. tv and vcr had PAL/SECAM switch option (remote control or set up), while the digital devices introduced since the late 90s have a PAL/NTSC switch option. hope it helps. Paris By Night 15:30, 4 January 2007 (UTC)
 * DVD players are only PAL or NTSC (DVD players sold in france are PAL as zone 2 PAL idem to UK)
 * french air tv channels (ground) are still SECAM until the end of this decade.
 * modern tvs sold in france are PAL/SECAM/NTSC.
 * in the early 90s game consoles sold in france were SECAM! i speak for the sega Master System (i remember the mainboard had a SECAM card). sega console packs sold in france ALWAYS had péritel cable (by default), while nintendo, sony and microsoft devices were sold with RCA with a crappy SCART adaptor (which doesn't produce RGB picture but a fuzzy shitty picture).
 * digital still camera sold in france are PAL/NTSC
 * cellular phones in france with video function are PAL/NTSC

 * Strictly speaking, digital formats are neither PAL nor SECAM. Therefore PAL is on the way out too. DVD players, DVB boxes etc. generate an analogue signal internally only. Anorak2 14:18, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

It might also be noted that there is not a single DVD authoring program which allows the user to author 'SECAM' DVDs, it is only possible to author NTSC or PAL DVDs. With no exceptions, a DVD for the French market will be authored as PAL (and will play fine in all PAL territories). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.250.213.212 (talk) 15:02, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

 * This may be because there is no such thing as a 'SECAM' DVD. But then there is no such thing as a PAL DVD either.  DVD does not use any analogue colour encoding scheme being, as the are, digital. 86.143.182.112 (talk) 09:50, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

SECAM crap? you jealous!
 what you didn't mention is french tvs have built-in Péritel (SCART aka EUROSCART), a cool RVB (french for RGB) connector  that most of you have probably never seen. the truth is SECAM picture on a tv w/Péritel kicks ass! your RCA connector that you have on PAL/NTSC devices is actually the crappiest stuff outhere with fuzzy edges and ugly green and red pictures. actually french probably had the best (smooth and clear) picture until the HD era. a Péritel section should be created in this article to complete the overview.
 * gives something like RCA > S-VHS > Péritel (sécam-RGB) > HD Paris By Night 15:30, 4 January 2007 (UTC)
 * btw i'm not sure the russian had Péritel (SCART) connectors as it was a french technology and the russian were our ennemies during the cold war. if a russian here could confirm or infirm this, it would be useful. i think the russian had SECAM w/RCA tvs. Paris By Night 15:36, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

 * You are (alas) confused. First, there is no such thing as "SECAM-RGB". Thru SCART/Péritel, one can transmit different signals, notably SECAM or RGB. RGB is like the signals used between a computer and a VGA monitor and has little to do with broadcast television. Your digital-cable, satellite or digital-terrestrial box will generally produce RGB signals, and this is why it looks great on a "SECAM" television set. But the greatness results from the RGB abilitity of the set, which is independent of SECAM. It is just that since 1/1980 the French have required that all newly sold sets are really dual-standard, and can act as RGB computer monitors. BTW, to see how SECAM-thru-Péritel looks like, watch your VHS tapes. Or connect the television set to the "VCR" scart connector of the cable/satellite box, and select "SECAM" as VCR type in the menus. In this situation, whether Russians had or not SCART is irrelevant. Adam Mirowski 15:17, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

 * On the contrary, there is no reason to mention SCART here, I think SECAM has nothing to do with SCART, except both are originally French. I think most European TVs have built in SCART connector, regardless of TV norm used, as mentioned on SCART page. I have only seen non-SCART TVs in UK and Ireland. Saying that French had the best picture is a bit misleading, as for transmission in France the SECAM-L norm is used, which is inferior to at least East European SECAM-D/K (see broadcast television system) due to positive video modulation in SECAM-L, so at least Russia has better norm. But you could say, that in many European and non-European countries, where SCART is used, a very good picture can be obtained from VCRs and DVD players that supportes RGB output. Incidentally, I think it is not true, too. My current NTSC-J TV has no SCART but RGB and some kind of YUV device can be connected by CINCH connectors. It is not very convenient, because together with all these video and audio inputs and outputs, my TV has about 30 CINCH connectors in the back, what would be possible to unite into roughly three SCART connectors, one of which would be RGB-capable. 165.93.121.231 11:45, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Old British and Irish televisions (until the mid 1980s) usually didn't have SCART and came with a vast array of different manufacturer-specific connections ranging from DIN plugs to RCA connectors. SCART became the norm in both countries from the late 1980s onwards and it's extremely rare to find anything other than an antique TV with out it. Satellite boxes, cable boxes, games consoles all connected via SCART until HDMI arrived. That being said, the SCART discussion is really for another article. It has nothing to do with SECAM. SCART is just a structured cabling system that was used for connecting analogue televisions and other AV devices. It was normally used to carry RGB and stereo sound on individual wires. Using it with composite video like SECAM or PAL sort of defeats the purpose of using it as you ended up with less clear pictures than component video (RGB).

SCART did however have one nice feature that HDMI lacks : the ability to control the AV output of the television and automatically switch the TV to the correct input when you power up your cable box / sat box etc.--95.44.82.237 (talk) 09:32, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

 * You are mentioning some colour problems with PAL and NTSC, like reddish or greenish picture. I think, I can compare all three norms very well, as I have been using all three for prolonged period. I can not support your claim that PAL is worse than SECAM, but definitely NTSC is much worse. When we switched from SECAM to PAL around 1989, it was slight increase in quality, although not too big. There was definitely no problem with colors in PAL. A very old SECAM-only TVs imported from Soviet Union had some problems with colors. But, clearly that was because they were already older technology in the time of switching to PAL. Now I live in Japan, and I realized that some modern NTSC TVs have completely green or red picture as these SECAM-only TVs thrown out almost 20 years ago. There is tilt control button on remote, that should fix that, but it is usually not sufficient. For instance, my TV is very pink, and I am not able to make it green enough with that button. Some TVs here have exactly opposite problem. I must say, while there was not big difference between PAL and SECAM, the color performance of NTSC (especially with old TVs) is pathetic, compared to both PAL and SECAM. I have asked Japanese people, and they claim, that my TV is normal. Obviously, they got used to frequent color shift on TV, so it is not problem for long term users, but after one year I can still see it. 165.93.121.231 11:45, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

 * SCART has nothing to do with SECAM or PAL, it is just a standard for connectors and controllers. In times when remote controllers were wired, SCART was a cool feature to control a TV, but who cares now? Also, in times when computer tape streamers were expensive, a VHS with SCART connector could work as an inexpensive tape streamer, fully controlled from a computer and recording whopping 2GB of data onto one VHS cassette. AFAIK, SCART was never modified for digital, so it is a dead standard now. In some Russian TVs and VCRs SCART was used, in other it was not used. It was never part of SECAM standard. Mikus (talk) 23:26, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm from Catalonia/Spain. I only want to add that as of Jan 1 2009 all DVDs, DVB decoders set-top-boxes, TVs, VHS recorders (very rare now) and game consoles have the SCART connector, it is very widely used. It surely does not have nothing to do with SECAM because we have the PAL standard. Hope it helps a little. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.19.238.93 (talk) 23:56, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

Analogue video tape formats Natively supporting Secam
Does anyone have a list of which analogue video tape formats ever supported SECAM of any variant? (Digital not relevant for same reasons as DVD). Please update / correct this list:

 * Secam recorded onto the tape:
 * VHS
 * Beta (Betamax)
 * Umatic (**UmaticSP and Umatic Hi-band unknown**)
 * N1700 (VCR-LP)
 * V2000 ??

 * Secam not recorded onto the tape but converted to PAL or not supported at all:
 * SVHS
 * Video8
 * Hi8
 * N1500 (VCR)
 * SVR
 * CVC
 * V-Cord

 * I removed Betacam because it is neither PAL not SECAM. It uses a unique colour encoding system for the tape that is closer to SECAM than PAL (in that it only records one channel per line - the other being recovered from the previous line). Betacam equipment does exist in the SECAM variant, but doesnt fall into either list.20.133.0.14 10:10, 5 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Well OK, but what was important was that a SECAM recording on BetacamSP is no different to a PAL recording on BetacamSP. A SECAM BetacamSP machine is not required for successful playback of a tape recorded on a SECAM BetacamSP recorder, a PAL player will do.  81.138.156.60 14:10, 28 September 2007 (UTC)
 * SVR have been sold in france.
 * Standard VCR also did secam with the N1481.
 * As well as V2000. 2A01:E0A:9B1:A500:9CDC:69E2:18FF:1B26 (talk) 22:31, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

Updates welcome. Colin99 13:06, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

 * SVHS is not "unknown", it is already discussed in the article. N1700 did support SECAM.
 * I don't know what are "rare machines": up to the 1990s there were not many multistandard
 * VCRs. (From the marketing point of view, VCRs sold in France were cheap SECAM-only or
 * more expensive SECAM+PAL. Then SECAM+PAL+NTSC-mono arrived and finally the NTSC-stereo
 * feature was added.) Does having an internal converter count as "support", was it "rare"?
 * Some info at
 * http://www.picsound.be/services/les_formats_video_que_nous_traitons_2.html Adam Mirowski 15:19, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

By "unknown", I meant unknown to me, I was asking the question. So I've updated it in the list. Also removed "rare", it either is or isn't then (I used the rare tag because some formats such as V2000 may have supported SECAM on just one model). I've also taken some information from the web link you provided. However I would take issue with the labels of "proprietary format" which that author has stuck on almost everything including Video8! What we don't know about then is BetacamSP and N1500 in particular, and some variants of Umatic. Thanks for your help in compiling this list, when it's finally tied down it could join the main article.Colin99 23:11, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Having read some more, I see that SVHS and Hi8 decks did not RECORD in secam. So I've altered the heading to "natively" support secam, as opposed to convert to PAL and maybe back. I see you did mention this above. So SVHS and Hi8 move to the not supported group.

The point of all this is to find what selection of video recorders would be required in order to play any tape from anywhere in the world. So "standard" PAL S-VHS and Hi8 decks will play SECAM recordings. Is this your understanding? Colin99 19:00, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * There's no such thing as SVHS or Hi8 SECAM recordings. SVHS or Hi8 machines sold in SECAM countries are PAL and produce PAL tapes. The machines "support" SECAM by transcoding it to PAL prior to recording, but that is entirely a hardware issue and not a property of the tape format. It can be done with any format capable of PAL - using an external transcoder if the VCR doesn't have one -, therefore it's meaningless to make a list of formats which "support" this method. All do. Anorak2 03:50, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Some SVHS recorders could transcode PAL back to SECAM, even theoretically mine, except that this feature - documented in the manual - is not actually implemented in the apparatus. It is a SVHS+DVD combo and I guess they saved on costs by eliminating a pretty useless feature, given that DVD does not output SECAM.
 * It has the standard feature of transcoding NTSC to PAL: setting this on PAL tapes gives quite funny effects, as the tape speed changes and the image is warped. It prolly can transcode SECAM to PAL from SECAM tapes too, but this is hard to guess because my TV set automatically adapts to both formats and does not even say which signal it gets.
 * BTW, why is Video8 still in the "supported" list above. The article says it was not supported. Adam Mirowski 23:39, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Some SVHS recorders could transcode PAL back to SECAM Sure, my point was that this is not a property of the tape format, but a feature of specific machines.

 * It prolly can transcode SECAM to PAL from SECAM tapes too, but this is hard to guess because my TV set automatically adapts to both formats and does not even say which signal it gets. With a trained eye you can tell SECAM by the typical artefacts it produces: red & blue noise mostly at sharp edges, like here: http://www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk/World-TV-Standards/SECAM-Flare.jpg Anorak2 10:14, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm, this picture seems to rather show the effect of a poorly constructed video overlay, in a satellite box. I never saw such problems on my VCRs when they were overlaying information on the signal and I don't think I saw them in satellite boxes either for analog secam signals for public channels. Adam Mirowski 12:26, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It's actually an artefact of the SECAM decoding process wherever it occurs, the overlaying is not its cause (merely an example where the artefacts are very pronounced due to the sharp edges of the computer generated characters). I have those streaks on all SECAM VHS tapes I own (some from East German TV, some from France), I remember them from SECAM broadcasts wheren they were still on air here, and even nowadays I occasionally see them on PAL stations when they happen to play archived SECAM footage which must inevitebly have gone through a SECAM dedoder at some stage. Anorak2 16:46, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Corrected Video8 as pointed out. As mentioned earlier, the point of this list is to catalogue a list of formats for which a SECAM video recorder/player is required in order to play a tape recorded in a SECAM country.  I wonder now whether V2000 and N1700 machines record a SECAM signal, or if they too transcoded to PAL.  Anyone know the answer?  Colin99 20:05, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Problem with a country mentioned
According to this article, Greece uses the SECAM-B&G standard. However, according to the 2005 edition of the WRTH, Greece uses the PAL-B&G standard, not the SECAM-B&G standard. Is it right to assume that Greece made the transition from SECAM to PAL? -Daniel Blanchette 17:17, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Greece is among the countries who migrated from SECAM to PAL. The process has been finished some time ago, they're all PAL now. Anorak2 08:55, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

The "SECAM has no dot crawl" nonsense
I think the paragraph about dot crawl in SECAM is technically inaccurate and generally misleading. I wrote it originally (mea culpa), anonymously, together with many other parts of this article, but made wrong guesses. When I started feeling something is fishy about this stuff, I was hoping someone more qualified would correct this, but it has been almost 2 years now. If this article is supposed to become GA-class, this should be fixed.

In my current opinion SECAM is even worse at dot crawl than PAL or NTSC. I think that the complex FM spectrum prevents any miraculous comb-style intermixing of the baseband luminance signal and of the chrominance subcarriers. (BTW, the article should finally say that SECAM uses different sub-carrier frequencies for Red and Blue signals.) The old books I have do discuss the interference of both signals, and say how SECAM uses tricks to minimize the visual impact (I forgot the details since, the books are burried somewhere currently after my recent move; the presence of 2 different subcarrier frequencies might be part of that scheme). But I am not sure if this was really implemented this way, because it might not work so well. So I am afraid that in real implementations, if a color signal is transmitted, a SECAM receiver will simply cut out the top of the spectrum to get the luminance undisturbed. For B&W this is not necessary. I wonder what happens at the transmitter. I guess that the top of the luminance does not need cutting there, as the FM chrominance subcarrier is not that easily disturbed.

PAL lovers, do not rejoice too soon! I am not sure SECAM is actually worse than PAL here as far as broadcast TV is concerned. Given that PAL receivers do not have comb-filters in general, they also must plainly cut out the high-frequencies or just display the dot-crawl.

BTW, if one carefully observes the classic Philips PM5544 test pattern in PAL and SECAM versions, one can notice that the series of vertical line patterns which go denser and denser from left to right, and which allows to appreciate the horizontal resolution of the receiver is different. In SECAM, after the middle point, it goes less dense again.

That SECAM is unable to play the comb-filter trick, might be a major reason why DVD players do not output it. Indeed, whatever tricks are used, it will not offer better horizontal resolution on DVD than than on broadcast, while with PAL/NTSC and a comb-filter, one might hope to "go to 11" more easily. But then it is easier and better to just use RGB signals.

Additionally, someone has speculated that the introduction of SCART in France (compulsory for sets sold after January 1981, or maybe already January 1980), and especially the presence of RGB input had something to do with the fact that the frequency modulation of SECAM is problematic with set-top boxes. SCART has been devised around the same time as the Antiope teletext system. People probably noticed it was hard to take a SECAM signal, decode teletext and insert it back into the color signal (for subtitles) before giving it to the TV set. So they considered passing the SECAM signal unchanged but have the "fast switching" feature in SCART to insert RGB areas here and there. Adam Mirowski 16:19, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Can't say much about the frequency considerations, but one obvious drawback concerning cross-luminance is that the SECAM carrier is always at full amplitude and thus causes distortion in all regions of the image, whereas in PAL and NTSC its amplitude is reduced to zero in non-coloured regions of the image, and therefore crosstalk is reduced. I remember watching SECAM signals on East German television, they used to completely switch off the SECAM carrier (the switching was visible) when showing black&white movies for this reason. Anorak2 18:41, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I remember these transitions as well, but only because the "tint" of the image changed, rather than because the image was less distorted. Yesterday, I tried to visually compare two versions of a cable channel, one in SECAM, the other one digital, transmitted as RGB to the TV set. This was on a live talk-show, with a very good picture, and on a classic TV set, without any kind of digital processing, 100 Hz, etc, which can alter the picture. It appears that dot crawl is indeed visible in SECAM, along edges, but only when objects move, so it is akin to motion blur. Once people stop moving significantly, it becomes invisible and the image is not very different from the RGB signal which of course has never any problem. I still need to compare with the PAL signal generated by the set-top box instead of RGB and maybe with the SECAM signal the box can only generate on the "VCR" SCART socket. Adam Mirowski 14:45, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Monochrome Systems
I could be great to have more information on Monochrome systems : B G H, L L', D K, ...

 * Maybe, but not in an article on a specific colour system. 20.133.0.13 (talk) 07:26, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

pov
this article lacks sources, contains oriented sections (original francophobe searches about facetious english acronyms: come on, only the british speak english in europe, so don't try to generalize the old english perfidy to "other euro coutries"), titles like "why SECAM in France" etc are stupid: WHY NOT? its like the french had to use NTSC. Louis Augustin Le Prince invented motion picture film (long before Thomas Edison) and the Frères Lumière invented theaters, so the french were able to create their own system. also the french article about SECAM insists on Mitterand's role, while the english article focus on de gaulle. the french wanted to be independent from the US (cultural/economic) imperialism but were in the same time ennemies of the russian. the section reads like the french were with the chinese and the russian together against the american, this is historically false and an anglo-american view instead. the french were (and still are under chirac) against the us hegemony but they were allies against the communists (last evidence is the 1st vietnam war involving the french). the forementionned sections need to be neutralized and sourced. Paris By Night 16:45, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Regarding the "why": it can be costly and inefficient to develop one's own original technology (but there can be some strong benefits at the end). Regarding the Russians: Business is business. It is important for a country to export, products, technology, culture, whatever. Look at all the trading done by democratic countries with commies and dictatorships. Only specific stuff is embargoed. Adam Mirowski 15:44, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Change of Map
Union of Myanmar is coloured on the map as having SECAM standard, but in the text it is stated that it is having PAL standard. Not sure which exactly which is true, but either the map or the text (both for PAL and SECAM) should be changed. cheerio minidoc —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.99.203.19 (talk) 12:17, 22 January 2007 (UTC).

Unhelpful country listing
Whatever the technical reasons (EBU-related?) for not listing them there, most lay readers will be looking for Libya, Morocco and Tunisia under "Africa", not under "Europe". A similar problem applies to Syria, which again is not in Europe. Either the countries should be listed under their "layperson's understanding" region, or, if they're left where they are, there needs to be much, much better explaining of why in the section itself. 86.143.52.241 01:58, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Indeed, the country listing is rather weird. Among other things, why would Ukraine and Mongolia be placed in Eurasia, whereas the former is fully in Europe, while the latter is fully in Asia. And Bulgaria is quite clearly not in Central Europe. Humanophage 20:12, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Another oddity is the remark for France simulcast in PAL (ADSL). What does that mean? France certainly doesn't broadcast PAL terrestrially. "ADSL" could refer to IPTV. If so that isn't PAL either as it's a digital format. Anorak2 07:34, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

SECAM 3 and SECAM 4 (NIR)
The Soviets experimented with "SECAM 4" (NIR) in the late sixties before deciding to stick with the inferior but widely established "SECAM 3". There is more on SECAM on the German Wikipedia page on SECAM (see here)but I dont have enough German to make sense of it :-(

Anyone know what SECAM 1 and 2 were (819 line experimental versions perhaps ??) ?80.229.222.48 06:26, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

SECAM 4 is similar to NTSC, except that phase modulation is omitted every other line and used with a delay line as a reference. I believe SECAM 1 and 2 used amplitude modulation instead of frequency modulation of the chroma subcarrier. Also they didn't use different subcarrier frequencies for the R-Y and B-Y signals unlike SECAM 3 83.252.128.11 09:03, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Color carrier
The para about color signal insertion appears inaccurate - it's a superimposed carrier, not in "empty space". Needs fixing, you can rm tag after that. --Janke | Talk 08:55, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I have removed the template. That section could be written a lot more clearly, but the point being made is correct.  The "empty space" being referred to is the space in the frequency domain between the harmonics of the line scan rate (frequency shifted up to start at the carrier frequency).  Because of the line rate repetitive nature of a television signal, the greater part of the transmitted power is in these harmonics and the space in between has very little signal.  Similarly, the colour information has peaks and troughs of power occuring at the same frequency spacing.  However, because there is a free choice of the exact frequency of the colour sub-carrier, it can be arranged that the peaks of the chroma signal lie exactly in the troughs of the luminance signal and vice versa.  This requirement translates to the colour sub-carrier frequency must be an odd number of half line frequencies which explains why colour sub-carrier frequencies are always a strange unhandy inexact number.  Of course, this is not unique to SECAM, the NTSC and PAL systems did the same trick, so it cannot be held up as an advantage of SECAM over other systems.  The original concept was that luminance and chroma would be separated with comb filters which vastly reduce the artefacts of composite video systems, but this was not taken up by manufacturers prior to the digital age because it was found to be too expensive with the technology available to television manufacturers at the time.  Sp in ni  ng  Spark  00:12, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Development (cheeky meanings of SECAM)
NTSC was considered undesirable in Europe because of its tint problem requiring an additional control, which SECAM and PAL solved. The joke was that "SECAM" stood for «System Essentially Contrary to the American Method» versus NTSC «Never Twice the Same Color» whilst «Peace At Last» could only be obtained through the PAL system I had heard (possibly in the early 1980s) - when I hung out with video people, who were possibly early Digital TV advocates - that "SECAM" stood for Silly Europeans Continuing American mistakes - this phrase seemed to be in common use in New England at the time, as I recall.

This seems to ignore the fact that the 'color/tint' problem was solved by PAL and SECAM. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.185.15.204 (talk) 10:15, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

The early PAL TV that my parents bought sometime circa 1973 had a tint control. I suspect that this had something to do with the instability of valves (vacuum tubes) over time. And I heard:

PAL = “Pray and Learn” SECAM = “Suprème Effort Contre les AMericains”

 * I heard PAL = both "Pray And Look" and "Perfection At Last".Richard E (talk) 11:24, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

 * The German Telefunken company (originators of PAL) refused to licence Japanese manufacturers to produce PAL TV receivers in an attempt to prevent them from taking sales from German manufacturers (in practice European, but Telefunken was only interested in Germany). Sony managed to find a work around where they reversed the Y-R signal in alternate lines effectively converting the colour signal to a slightly unothodox NTSC signal.  They then decoded it using a modified NTSC decoder.  The tint control was required because they had removed the ability for the PAL system to correct differential phase distortion errors (the source of colour changes in such systems).  The poor colour performance of these popular trinitron based TV sets impacted on the perception of the colour performance of PAL in general and Telefunfen were forced to reverse their edict. 20.133.0.13 (talk) 14:17, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

FWIW Jhlister (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 04:31, 10 February 2009 (UTC).

 * PAL and SECAM TVs never had tint control like NTSC to correct hue errors that occurred during transmission (because they don't).

 * What you might have seen: Some early colour television sets had controls to alter the overall colour balance of the picture tube. This control was not to correct some transmission error but to adjust colour according to taste ("warmer" == more red, "colder" == more blue) and could be seen in televisions of all systems. As it was more confusing rather than helpful to most consumers, it was omitted in later generations of television sets. Anorak2 (talk) 09:44, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Some early Sony PAL televisions did have a tint control. Without researching this further, I can only recall that it had something to do with the way the single-gun Trinitron worked (and possibly avoidance of royalty payments by using a single-phase detector circuit). Pro hib it O ni o ns  (T) 10:05, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * That is what I tried to explain. There were some televisions where you could adjust the colour balance of the picture tube according to taste. It has nothing to do with PAL. I don't know how they were labelled. Even if they used the word "tint" for these, its function was different from the NTSC tint control. Anorak2 (talk) 10:17, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * From memory, early Sony PAL sets (in the UK at least) were actually NTSC receivers with conversion on the front. Thus they had a hue/tint control. Richard E (talk) 11:25, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Inside Akai CT-20WKD been control SECAM gray.--217.23.186.85 (talk) 17:08, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

Secam on 819
Was SECAM ever used (even experimentally) on 819 line broadcasts ? 213.40.112.230 (talk) 11:44, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes it was originally developed for the 819 system, but never used (except experimentally in the late 1950s). The 819 system remained black&white until its shutdown. Anorak2 (talk) 12:27, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Indeed it was but it was not deployed for 2 reasons:
 * The bandwidth requirements for a colour 819 system were greater than could be tolerated and would have required unnecessarily powerful transmitters
 * Europe was adopting a standardised TV system of 625 lines which the French had to fall in with (though they didn't let that prevent them from using positive video modulation to prevent French citizens from receiving 'unsuitable' foreign broadcasts).
 * 20.133.0.13 (talk) 14:23, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

What SECAM stands for
This article says that SECAM stands for séquentiel couleur à mémoire. What about all the sources, going back decades, that say it stands for système électronique couleur avec memoire?

President Lethe (talk) 19:20, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

The "SECAM fires" problem
This article leads to the conclusion that SECAM is technically superior to PAL for long-distance reception. However, SECAM is prone to an annoying artifact called "SECAM flames" or "fires": if RF reception is not 100% perfect, red and blue stripes appear next to bright or oversaturated objects. There is a reference in German here, along with technical info and some vivid screenshots. A reference to this disadvantage should be included in the "Problems with the standard" section of the article.

I live in Greece and I remember that when the first private TV networks appeared on air (using PAL) in 1989, the state-run ERT TV, which used SECAM, couldn't stand in comparison because of the lower quality when RF transmission was weak (and it was, there are too many mountains here), so it switched to PAL three years later. SECAM was originally chosen in 1979 because of politics - allegedly due to the strong ties between Greek PM Constantine Karamanlis and French President Giscard d'Estaing (Greek source: ). There is also a screenshot from Greek TV exposing this artifact to a lesser extend, but since it was apparently captured from VHS, it's not too reliable.--87.203.209.231 (talk) 12:37, 11 April 2009 (UTC)Yannis

 * I have little doubt that that comment was added by a French person. The French have always had a national pride in their inventions and always regard them as being superior to any others.  They certainly develop things that are different.

 * The reality is that from a transmission and reception standpoint, both SECAM and PAL have both their advantages and disadvantages with little to choose between them. The inabiliy to easily process SECAM video in the studio has swung most TV authorities in favour of PAL.  It is interesting to note that the basic principle of SECAM (recording one colour signal per line) have cropped up in other TV systems.  The professional BetaCam system does this as well as the European version of the DV digital video format. 86.143.182.112 (talk) 10:02, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

The professional Betacam system does no such thing. It records the two colour difference signals for every line, by time compessing them by a factor of 2:1 then recording both sequentially on each line. Wmck (talk) 18:35, 28 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Not to mention the ubiquitous DVD. 86.166.69.208 (talk) 17:50, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Interesting to note how you managed to answer a point nearly four years before it was made.

 * European versions of Betacam and DVD (not to mention DV tape) only record one colour difference signal per line. This is because the vertical colour resolution of both PAL and SECAM (the formats to which the signals were originally designed to be converted for playing or transmission) only feature half the vertical colour resolution of the original NTSC system and consequently, there nothing to be gained by recording both colour difference signals on each line. So called NTSC DVD discs as well as DV tapes record both colour difference signals but at half the horizontal resolution compared with so called PAL discs and tapes. 86.146.209.237 (talk) 16:26, 24 June 2020 (UTC)

Countries which migrated from SECAM to PAL
Various countries (mostly former Eastern bloc but elsewhere too) migrated from SECAM to PAL particularly during the 1990's. Was this always for technical reasons or did politics play a role and were there not protests from owners of oler (SECAM only) sets who could now only watch in B&W ? 84.13.206.199 (talk) 00:54, 18 February 2012 (UTC)

Wrong image
Uhm, anyone notice that the image on the top left is either wrong, or has the wrong caption (PAL)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.139.196.68 (talk) 09:34, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

MESECAM VHS tapes the same as PAL tapes?
If you consider not the VHS machines but only the recorded tapes as such - is then MESECAM the same as PAL?

What I mean is: if you put a PAL VHS tape in a MESECAM VHS machine (that's set to MESECAM mode), would you get a correct color playback on a SECAM TV set? Also, if you put a MESECAM VHS tape in a PAL machine (that's set to PAL mode if applicable), would you get a correct color playback on a PAL TV set?

Thanks for clarifying this! -- 92.226.89.102 (talk) 00:29, 31 October 2012 (UTC)

 * No, the MESECAM VHS format for recording SECAM is not directly compatible with PAL equipment, although some PAL VHS machines - particularly those made by Panasonic (e.g. the F55 and F77) - were "unofficially" MESECAM compliant. In other words, although there was no mention of MESECAM on the machine (i.e. under the VHS symbol) or in its manual, it would nonetheless record in MESECAM from a SECAM source, and play back correctly to a SECAM compatible TV set. Nick Cooper (talk) 11:28, 4 August 2014 (UTC)

Deleted mentions about Venezuela
Venezuela never used SECAM standards in color television. From the beginnings of TV in my country, TV stations only could broadcast in the N-Monochrome Standard (625 lines, 50 Hz and frequency bands for TV broadcasting in All-America). Then, the mains frequency was 50 Hz. In the period 1963-1968, the mains frequency was changed to 60 Hz and the monochrome standard changed to M Standard, in consequence. The first experimental color TV broadcastings in my country began in 1969. Later, the Venezuela government adopted the NTSC-M color standard by its compatibility with the old programs recorded in monochrome and the TV set introduced via smuggling for some users.

--Ramjar (talk) 03:50, 4 August 2014 (UTC)

Can this be simplified?
''This insertion is possible because the spectrum of the monochrome TV signal is not continuous (for most typical video content), hence empty space exists which can be utilized. This typical lack of continuity results from the discrete nature of the signal, which is divided into frames and lines. (Strictly speaking, monochrome video does use the full spectrum, if arbitrary and unconstrained movement of subjects and/or cameras is permitted. Therefore, all of these color systems compromise luma quality to some extent in exchange for the addition of color—i.e. all of these color signals look worse at some time or other than they would if the color signal were absent.) ''

This lengthy explanation confuses me, so I suspect it does others as well. Perhaps it can be simplified?

I was under the impression that the frequency was related to resolution. That is, higher frequency components of the signal represent smaller features on the display, or at least more rapid change of those features along a given horizontal line. Is that correct?

If so, it would see that this statement could be simplified this way:

"The original frequency allocation for each channel of monochrome TV signal provides considerable bandwidth. On most television sets of the era, the highest frequency portions of this signal, corresponding to rapid changes in intensity (and thus resolution), cannot be displayed due to limitations of the hardware.

Color systems take advantage of this by using these high-frequency portions of the channel to send the color signal instead of additional luminescence. On a black and white television this results in a slight randomization of the signal, but on most sets this is too small to be seen. On a color set, this information is extracted into separate circuitry and used to decode the color signal."

Maury Markowitz (talk) 21:01, 22 December 2016 (UTC)

Unsourced contents about China and former Yugoslavia
China never used SECAM in formal broadcasting, you can google it simply, and both of China and former Yugoslavia adopted PAL. please stop adding them to this article without sources, otherwise they'll need to be removed again. --Corchorifolius (talk) 14:17, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I've added to the article an official source for SECAM users in the late 1990s (Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-6 - Conventional Television Systems, Appendix 1 To Annex 1) . China and Yugoslavia are listed as PAL. 4throck (talk) 14:55, 18 July 2023 (UTC) 4throck (talk) 14:55, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
 * What about replacing it with CCIR Rep.624-3 (1986)? which was the report file before the migration to PAL. Corchorifolius (talk) 09:35, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the reference! I think it's best to mention both reports, the article will be more complete that way. 4throck (talk) 12:00, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

Some SECAM countries
Is any instance of SECAM usage in following countries that removed in from the Countries and territories that use SECAM section are true or false?: Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Lebanon and Liberia. HarmonZach (talk) 00:25, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:SECAM


text: User talk:218.111.159.76

title: User talk:218.111.159.76


text:
User talk:Bkn125

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Bkn125


text:
User talk:Jonathunder/archive11

Please stop your unreasonable deletion of photos
I have noticed you deleted Image:Senator klobuchar.jpg. I uploaded that picture and put up the license there. It is her official senatorial photo shot by congressional staff, from, so it is not fair use but rather public domain as official photo of other incumbent senators you can find in any senator article. Your deletion is irresponsible and reckless, please stop. Thanks! Wooyi 22:38, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

An editor has asked for a deletion review of Image:Senator_klobuchar.jpg. Since you closed the deletion discussion for this article or speedy-deleted it, you might want to participate in the deletion review. Wooyi 00:58, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
 * ''Commented at the review, where deletion was endorsed. Jonathunder 15:19, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:Mnclink
Template:Mnclink has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. --•  master_son  Lets talk  18:27, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:Mnclist
Template:Mnclist has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. --•  master_son  Lets talk  18:27, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

USRD Newsletter - Issue 2

 * Want to help on next month's newsletter? Don't want to receive these in future? Don't want it subst'd next time? – It's all here.  T M F Let's Go Mets - Stats 23:26, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Lazarus and Dives RFC
An RFC has been filed to determine whether or not the position of the Jesus Seminar should be included in Lazarus and Dives. Your comments would be most welcome. --Joopercoopers 22:25, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

?
Don't reveal it please. It was Deimos and a low number. Afterwards, I branched away from math articles and really got attacked, just like in the RFA. Haveaquestion 14:54, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Survey Invitation
Hi there, I am a research student from the National University of Singapore and I wish to invite you to do an online survey about Wikipedia. To compensate you for your time, I am offering a reward of USD$10, either to you or as a donation to the Wikimedia Foundation. For more information, please go to the research home page. Thank you. --WikiInquirer 22:34, 3 March 2007 (UTC)talk to me

Moving Eggert Jonsson
The correct name is "Eggert Gunnþór Jónsson". Icelandic player, Icelandic name. Thank you.-- Hús  ö  nd  18:16, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Furthermore, I'm not harassing Gene Nygaard. Gene has a long history of disruption and I act on behalf of Wikipedia's policies and quality.-- Hús  ö  nd  18:20, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm as familiar with Wikipedia naming conventions and policies as anyone. On the English Wikipedia there is a strong preference for using the English alphabet in article titles, though there can be reasonable disagreement in some cases. Saying Gene has "a long history of disruption" is simply not true at all: he is an outstanding contributor with probably more good edits than you and I put together. Jonathunder 18:28, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
 * He is indeed an outstanding contributor when he doesn't use his unreasonable diacritics usage rhetoric. The English alphabet allows the usage of diacritics, especially when the subject inherently contains them. Gene has been warring against many editors who fortunately have been fixing his attempts to jeopardize Wikipedia's quality by persistently trying to remove diacritics where they rightfully belong. Regards, Hús  ö  nd  18:44, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I would also like to call to your attention that Wanda Gág's correct name does contain an accent, as you can see written through the article since its very creation and here. Unlike Gene, I don't go moving articles without a valid reason. -- Hús  ö  nd  18:49, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
 * "Rightful" and "correct" use of diacritics are proscriptive words, and not Wikipedia policy in any way. Using the most common name in English is. Jonathunder 19:30, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
 * This is being discussed at AN/I. Your comment would be appreciated.  — bbatsell   ¿?   ✍  21:28, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

USRD Newsletter - Issue 3

 * Want to help on next month's newsletter? Don't want to receive these in future? Don't want it subst'd next time? – It's all here.

Active user verification
Hello,. Due to the high number of inactive users at WP:USRD, we are asking that you verify that you are still an active contributor of the project. To do so, please add an asterisk (*) after your name on WikiProject U.S. Roads/Newsletter/List. Users without one by the next issue in 2 weeks will be removed off the list and off the respective road projects as well. If you have any questions, please contact me on my talk page. Thanks.  V 6 0  VTalk · VDemolitions 20:17, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

U.S. Roads Inactivity notification
You have been declared an inactive user and your name will be removed from the newsletter distribution and the projects you were a member of. '''If this is in error, please contact me on my talk page. Do not restore your name to the list. Regards, Rschen7754''' (talk - contribs) 21:06, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

Question for you
Hi Jonathunder! I hope you're well. I was just looking at our MN meet photos and thinking what a fun, albeit fast, meeting it was! I'd love to do it again. :) I have a question I was hoping you could help me answer (seeing as how I appointed you my Favorite Admin). I keep a list of articles I've contributed to on my user page just for fun. I noticed tonight that one of the links has turned red -- that is, the page it points to is gone. It was an article on an ex-Menudo member, Cesar Abreu. Is there some way I can find out what happened to it? It was a few paragraphs long, as I recall. I contributed that he was with the touring show of CATS that came through Mpls. I'm not heartbroken that it's gone, but I am curious. How do I find out where it went and what if I wanted it back? Thanks! Hope you and yours are well! Estreya 01:08, 25 March 2007 (UTC)
 * There was a discussion at Articles for deletion/César Abreu which concluded the subject was not quite notable enough for a bio article of his own, at this point in time. There are ways that decision could be changed, but it probably wouldn't happen without some additional sources as to the gentleman's claim to fame. Regards. Jonathunder 20:43, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Mayo Medical Center Image
Hello. Thought you might want to see this: Image_talk:MayoMedicalCentersign2006-05-14.JPG. (It appears to have been posted in the wrong place.) Kablammo 02:59, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Minneapolis
Hello. Does Minneapolis, Minnesota look all right to you? Please pardon this form letter that is going to about a dozen people whose user name I recognize from some Wikipedia edit (could have been recent or in the past year). I expect to close peer review by nominating Minneapolis to featured article candidate in a day or two unless other editors have more work they'd like to do. In case the links help, places to make a difference are to edit in place, comment in the peer review, comment on the talk page, support or oppose when and if it gets to featured article candidate, or work on a child article linked from the following template. -Susanlesch 00:00, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Image:SourdoughPancakes.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:SourdoughPancakes.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. BigDT 18:54, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Image:1915 Dance by Rodchenko.jpg
Hello, Jonathunder. An automated process has found and removed a fair use image used in your userspace. The image (Image:1915 Dance by Rodchenko.jpg) was found at the following location: User talk:Jonathunder/archive7. This image was removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image was replaced with Image:Example.jpg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. Please find a free image to replace it with. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 22:57, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Courthouses
I like this picture of the Faribault County Courthouse. It's pretty cool stonework, isn't it?

I don't know if you already have it, but the Minnesota Historical Society has a book entitled Courthouses of Minnesota. It has lots of pictures of courthouses across Minnesota, plus plenty of text explaining the history of the courthouses, their architecture, and lots more.

By the way, if you have any courthouse pictures that are on the List of Registered Historic Places in Minnesota and we don't have articles for them yet, let me know. I've sort of ran behind in creating NRHP articles in Minnesota, so I should get back to them. --Elkman (Elkspeak) 04:34, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Here's another information source on courthouses: Courthouses and Locations Directory at the Minnesota Judicial Branch. It has the history for just about all the courthouses in Minnesota, although the entry for the Hennepin County Government Center is rather bland.  No, wait, the building itself is rather bland.  --Elkman (Elkspeak) 23:22, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for the welcome, still learning the ins and outs! Gtadoc 17:43, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Keillor photo
Just to let you know, that Keillor photo I had put up there was recent; it was taken from a show of his I had just attended that very night I uploaded it on April 21st. Just FYI. Admiralthrawn 1 05:01, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Minneapolis

 * Well, other people deserve the credit for that: I have made only some small edits to that article. In fact real life has kept me busy this summer, so I haven't been editing much at all. Jonathunder 02:40, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Rochester category
There is now a Rochester Category and userbox, I'm not sure if you're actually from there. But FYI Mangledorf 20:33, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Requests for adminship/Elonka 2
Thank you for your support in my Request for Adminship. Unfortunately the nomination did not succeed, but please rest assured that I am still in full support of the Wikipedia project, and I'll try again in a few months! If you ever have any questions or suggestions for me, please don't hesitate to contact me. Best wishes, --Elonka 07:03, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

RfD nomination of Wp:an/i
I have nominated for discussion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you.  Mel sa  ran  22:12, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I noticed that you voted to keep the Wp:an/i and Wp:afd redirects at the Redirects for deletion page. I also voted to keep these redirect pages. I thought that if they were removed, then I would not automatically get to the pages I was looking for if I happened to type all lowercase letters, which would be pretty inconvenient. However, it turns out I was wrong. The software will automatically send someone to the appropriate page, even if they type all lowercase, and even if the redirect pages are deleted. It's just like a redirect, but without the redirect page. Deleting them will remove needless clutter in mainspace searches. With this knowledge, I wonder if you might consider changing your vote to delete. Thanks, and have a good day. Nick Graves 18:12, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * No. There are many links that rely on those redirects, including edit summaries which cannot be changed without a great deal of effort. Those would stop working if the redirects were deleted. Redirects are cheap, and fixing something that isn't broken is not a good use of resources. Jonathunder 03:11, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

List of Minnesota state parks
Hello, I'm trying to get List of Minnesota state parks to featured status, all I need is for people to review the facts about the parks. I made a work list of parks split into groups of 7 on the talk page, any help would be appreciated. Thanks! -Ravedave 04:02, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

1006 Summit Ave
I understand your logic for renaming the Minn Gov Residence to mansion. However the correct name is M G Residence. I think we should use the correct name. I understand most people probably say mansion as oppose to residence, however this is a case that I think wikipedia can "educate" people by using the correct name and not the genric "mansion" in the page title. Smith03 01:51, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Replied on the article's talk page. Jonathunder 03:09, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

USRD Inactivity check and news report
Hello, Jonathunder. We had a few urgent matters to communicate to you:
 * 1) Please update your information at WikiProject U.S. Roads/Participants, our new centralized participant list. Those who have not done so by October 20th will be removed.
 * 2) There are important discussions taking place at WT:USRD relating to whether WP:USRD, WP:HWY, or the state projects should hold the "power" in the roads projects.

Regards, Rschen7754 (T C) 23:22, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Meetup RSVP
 Minnesota Meetup Sunday, 2007-10-07, 1:00 p.m. (13:00) Pracna on Main 117 Main SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota Map Please pass this on! RSVP here.  Spam delivered by -Susanlesch 15:14, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Minnesota meetup message
You're missing a handful of  tags to close off the style changes. I left a message to one of the people you "spammed" and my text was tiny and right adjusted. I stuck in three  s and it seemed to fix it.— Ryūlóng  ( 竜龍 ) 00:51, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Radio Story
Thanks for the info on the meet-up. It was useful. I'm not trying to do a sweeping story on Wikipedia as a whole. What I'm hoping to talk about is how we can look at Wikipedia as a powerful example of grassroots democracy. The show I work for is doing a whole episode looking at various examples of democracy in our everyday lives. Wikipedia would be another one of those examples. Therefore, I most interested in talking to people about how well they think Wiki functions democratically (and of course I mean that loosely) and what are the limits of this kind of grass roots democracy. Could you imagine it working in other areas of life? Why isn't everything run this way? Those kinds of questions. Does that make sense? Feel free to e-mail me if you have thoughts on this. I'm trying to do phone interview this week before the gathering so I know what type of questions to ask and answers to expect. --Sandboxes unite 20:29, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

USRD inactivity notification
You have been declared inactive at USRD. If this is in error, feel free to restore yourself to the list, but only if you are truly active at USRD. Regards, Rschen7754 (T C) 21:20, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

To the opposers in my RfA
I would like to apologise for my intemperate comments during the Melsaran affair. I accept that I should have expressed myself more civilly, and should have waited for the ArbCom to explain themselves rather than jumping to conclusions and condemning them. I can honestly say that I regret my reaction.

In my defence, I would like to reiterate that I did not use the admin tools in any way in relation to the Melsaran affair. I am completely aware that it would be a very bad idea to wheel-war with ArbCom, and I can honestly say that I would never do so.

For what it's worth, I genuinely don't dislike the ArbCom. I respect the fact that they have to make tough decisions, and I understand that sometimes these decisions must be made in secret. It is true that I have a natural aversion to authority and secrecy; this is part of my character. But in future I will do my best to treat the arbitrators with more respect and to assume good faith on their part.

I served this community for seven months as an administrator, with very little criticism. I believe that I can continue to help Wikipedia by serving as an administrator. I ask you to look at the beneficial contributions I've made to the encyclopedia; I believe that the good I can do outweighs the problems with my somewhat combative nature.

Please give me a second chance. WaltonOne 14:00, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Franz Josef Strauss
Might I ask you to take a look at the new discussion going on at Franz Josef Strauß? Yes, it is an ancient topic (the use of ß on en-wiki), but this is one of the most prominent articles in which this issue is of significance. Given your experience, your input would be very much appreciated. Unschool (talk) 01:39, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Season's Greetings
Season's Greetings!

title: User talk:Jonathunder/archive11


text:
Camperdown

Camperdown may refer to:

Places

 * Australia
 * Camperdown, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney
 * Camperdown, Victoria, a town in Western Victoria
 * Camperdown railway station

 * Canada
 * Camperdown Signal Station, operated 1797–1925, located on Portuguese Cove, Nova Scotia

 * England
 * Camperdown, Tyne and Wear, a village in the Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside

 * Netherlands
 * Kamperduin, a village in the province of North Holland, on the North Sea coast

 * Scotland
 * Camperdown, Dundee, a suburb of Dundee

 * South Africa
 * Camperdown, KwaZulu-Natal, a town

Other uses

 * Battle of Camperdown, a naval battle fought between the Dutch and British fleets in 1797 off the Dutch coast near Kamperduin
 * HMS Camperdown, four ships of the Royal Navy named after the battle
 * Camperdown Elm (or "Weeping Elm"), a type of tree
 * Camperdown Works, a historic jute works in Dundee

title: Camperdown


text:
Canonicalization

In computer science, canonicalization (sometimes standardization or normalization) is a process for converting data that has more than one possible representation into a "standard", "normal", or canonical form. This can be done to compare different representations for equivalence, to count the number of distinct data structures, to improve the efficiency of various algorithms by eliminating repeated calculations, or to make it possible to impose a meaningful sorting order.

Filenames
Files in file systems may in most cases be accessed through multiple filenames. For instance in Unix-like systems, the string " " can be replaced by " ". In the C standard library, the function  performs this task. Other operations performed by this function to canonicalize filenames are the handling of  components referring to parent directories, simplification of sequences of multiple slashes, removal of trailing slashes, and the resolution of symbolic links.

Canonicalization of filenames is important for computer security. For example, a web server may have a restriction that only files under the cgi directory  may be executed. This rule is enforced by checking that the path starts with  and only then executing it. While the file  initially appears to be in the cgi directory, it exploits the   path specifier to traverse back up the directory hierarchy in an attempt to execute a file outside of. Permitting  to execute would be an error caused by a failure to canonicalize the filename to the simplest representation, , and is called a directory traversal vulnerability. With the path canonicalized, it is clear the file should not be executed.

Unicode
In Unicode, many accented letters can be represented in more than one way. For example, é can be represented in Unicode as the Unicode character U+0065 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E) followed by the character U+0301 (COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT), but it can also be represented as the precomposed character U+00E9 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE). This makes string comparison more complicated, since every possible representation of a string containing such glyphs must be considered. To deal with this, Unicode provides the mechanism of canonical equivalence. In this context, canonicalization is Unicode normalization.

Variable-width encodings in the Unicode standard, in particular UTF-8, may cause an additional need for canonicalization in some situations. Namely, by the standard, in UTF-8 there is only one valid byte sequence for any Unicode character, but some byte sequences are invalid, i.e., they cannot be obtained by encoding any string of Unicode characters into UTF-8. Some sloppy decoder implementations may accept invalid byte sequences as input and produce a valid Unicode character as output for such a sequence. If one uses such a decoder, some Unicode characters effectively have more than one corresponding byte sequence: the valid one and some invalid ones. This could lead to security issues similar to the one described in the previous section. Therefore, if one wants to apply some filter (e.g., a regular expression written in UTF-8) to UTF-8 strings that will later be passed to a decoder that allows invalid byte sequences, one should canonicalize the strings before passing them to the filter. In this context, canonicalization is the process of translating every string character to its single valid byte sequence. An alternative to canonicalization is to reject any strings containing invalid byte sequences.

URL
A canonical URL is a URL for defining the single source of truth for duplicate content.

Use by Google
A canonical URL is the URL of the page that Google thinks is most representative from a set of duplicate pages on your site. For example, if you have URLs for the same page (for example  and  ), Google chooses one as canonical. Note that the pages do not need to be absolutely identical; minor changes in sorting or filtering of list pages do not make the page unique (for example, sorting by price or filtering by item color).

The canonical can be in a different domain than a duplicate.

Internet
With the help of canonical URLs, a search engine knows which link should be provided in a query result.

A canonical link element can get used to define a canonical URL.

Intranet
In intranets, manual searching for information is predominant. In this case, canonical URLs can be defined in a non-machine-readable form, too. For example in a guideline.

Misc
Canonical URLs are usually the URLs that get used for the share action.

Since the Canonical URL gets used in the search result of search engines, they are in most cases a landing page.

Search engines and SEO
In web search and search engine optimization (SEO), URL canonicalization deals with web content that has more than one possible URL. Having multiple URLs for the same web content can cause problems for search engines - specifically in determining which URL should be shown in search results. Most search engines support the Canonical link element as a hint to which URL should be treated as the true version. As indicated by John Mueller of Google, having other directives in a page, like the robots noindex element can give search engines conflicting signals about how to handle canonicalization

Example:

All of these URLs point to the homepage of Wikipedia, but a search engine will only consider one of them to be the canonical form of the URL.

XML
A Canonical XML document is by definition an XML document that is in XML Canonical form, defined by The Canonical XML specification. Briefly, canonicalization removes whitespace within tags, uses particular character encodings, sorts namespace references and eliminates redundant ones, removes XML and DOCTYPE declarations, and transforms relative URIs into absolute URIs.

A simple example would be the following two snippets of XML: The first example contains extra spaces in the closing tag of the first node. The second example, which has been canonicalized, has had these spaces removed. Note that only the spaces within the tags are removed under W3C canonicalization, not those between tags.

A full summary of canonicalization changes is listed below:
 * The document is encoded in UTF-8
 * Line breaks normalized to #xA on input, before parsing
 * Attribute values are normalized, as if by a validating processor
 * Character and parsed entity references are replaced
 * CDATA sections are replaced with their character content
 * The XML declaration and document type declaration are removed
 * Empty elements are converted to start-end tag pairs
 * Whitespace outside of the document element and within start and end tags is normalized
 * All whitespace in character content is retained (excluding characters removed during line feed normalization)
 * Attribute value delimiters are set to quotation marks (double quotes)
 * Special characters in attribute values and character content are replaced by character references
 * Superfluous namespace declarations are removed from each element
 * Default attributes are added to each element
 * Fixup of  attributes is performed
 * Lexicographic order is imposed on the namespace declarations and attributes of each element

Computational linguistics
In morphology and lexicography, a lemma is the canonical form of a set of words. In English, for example, run, runs, ran, and running are forms of the same lexeme, so we can select one of them; ex. run, to represent all the forms. Lexical databases such as Unitex use this kind of representation.

Lemmatisation is the process of converting a word to its canonical form.

title: Canonicalization


text: User talk:205.188.116.138

title: User talk:205.188.116.138


text:
HMCS Halifax

Several Canadian naval units have been named HMCS Halifax.

 * HMCS Halifax (K237) (I) was a Flower-class corvette that served in the Second World War.
 * HMCS Halifax (FFH 330) (II) is the lead ship for the Halifax-class frigates.

Battle Honours
 * Atlantic, 1942–45
 * Arabian Sea

title: HMCS Halifax


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Grace Christian High School

Grace Christian High School was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

This entity is not notable. -- WOT 03:02, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * delete: non-notable; first google hit is wikipedia mirror Whosyourjudas (talk) 03:06, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  RickK 05:14, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. jni 05:59, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. High school, fails to meet high standards for notability. --Improv 15:23, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable; although with good wishes. — Bill 16:11, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable school.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:44, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mark Richards 17:32, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep this - schools are good topics for articles. Intrigue 17:05, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Schools are fair game for articles, I think.  I think that Wikipedia should be open to obscure knowledge, as long as that knowledge has some value.  --L33tminion 19:48, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * D One school is very like another. Merge and redirect to "school".  Oh, wait, there's no new information here. Chris 00:13, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Stars & Stripes (America's Cup syndicate)

Stars & Stripes (Team Dennis Conner) is the name of an America's Cup syndicate operated by Dennis Conner and its racing yachts, which are among the most famous in the world. The name "Stars & Stripes" refers to the nickname often used for the flag of the United States. TDC was registered under the flag of the San Diego Yacht Club (SDYC).

12-metre class yachts
The well funded Sail America Foundation commissioned four 12-metre yachts to support a campaign led by Dennis Conner, representing the San Diego Yacht Club, to win back the America's Cup in the 1987 competition in Fremantle, Australia.
 * Stars & Stripes 83 (US 53) built in 1985 by Geraghty Marine, designed by Chance/Nelson/Pedrick.
 * Stars & Stripes 85 (US 54) built in 1985 by Robert E. Derektor Inc., designed by Chance/Nelson/Pedrick. Proved to be faster than Stars & Stripes 83.
 * Stars & Stripes 86 (US 56) built in 1986 by Robert E. Derektor Inc., designed by Chance/Nelson/Pedrick. Designed with a different keel and more sail area.
 * Stars & Stripes 87 (US 55) built in 1986 by Robert E. Derektor Inc., designed by Chance/Nelson/Pedrick. Designed and built with the experience gained from the first three designs.  Stars & Stripes 87 won the trials to select the challenger and went on to defeat the Australian defender Kookaburra III in a four-race sweep to win the Cup back for the USA.

The movie Wind is loosely based on Dennis Conner's experience, from the 1983 America's Cup loss to his America's Cup win in Perth, and on a number of events that occurred on various competitor boats throughout the match races of the 1987 America's Cup. For artistic reasons, the 12-metre Stars & Stripes 87 was dramatized in the film as Geronimo.

During the 2017 Hurricane Irma, Stars & Stripes 87, the third iteration of the Stars & Stripes sustained major damage in Sint Maarten. A total of five 12 meter yachts were damaged, sunk, or were dismasted. It had previously sunk, in 2002 when the rudder shaft broke while the crew was training.

Catamaran-hull yachts

The surprise challenge by Sir Michael Fay caught the San Diego Yacht Club unprepared. They initially rejected the challenge, but were compelled to respond when Mr. Fay brought the matter before the New York courts. The court's decision was handed down in November 1987, leaving little time to prepare for the 1988 challenge race.

As the challenge used the original Deed of Gift as its basis, the design requirements specified only that she be a single masted yacht no more than 90 feet at the waterline. The San Diego Yacht Club and Dennis Conner's syndicate chose to respond with an assuredly faster multi-hull design. Conner enlisted the help of designers Morrelli, Chance & Hubbart & MacLane, and aircraft manufacturer Scaled Composites. Two Stars & Stripes cats were built, one with a conventional soft sail (Stars & Stripes S1), and the second with a wing mast (Stars & Stripes H3) built by Scaled Composites. The wing masted boat proved to have superior performance, and so was used in the defense.

To no one's surprise, Stars & Stripes dominated its match races with KZ 1, the challenger from New Zealand. Following the race the New Zealand team sued and initially won the America's Cup trophy in a court case. The decision was reversed on appeal, and the San Diego Yacht Club retained the Cup.

After the 1988 America's Cup, the wing masted catamaran was bought by Mexican yachtsman Victor Tapia and currently sails in Mexico. The soft sail yacht was bought by Steve Fossett and used to set speed records in various yacht races. The soft sail yacht suffered a dismasting during a Mackinac race which resulted in her being stored for several years. In 2015, Freddie Mills acquired the vessel and has re-rigged and re-commissioned her as a private racing yacht operating out of Newport, Rhode Island. In October 2017 Stars & Stripes (soft sail) was acquired by Key Lime Sailing Club and Cottages in Key Largo to be used for day charters and racing.

2008 Port Huron to Mackinac race
Fossett's Stars & Stripes yacht was entered in the 84th running of the annual Port Huron to Mackinac Boat Race to Mackinac from Port Huron, Michigan, and was favored to win and set a new record time. An experienced Chicago sailor Donald Wilson captained the yacht, chartering it from a Florida businessman for both the Port Huron and Chicago to Mackinac races. The same yacht previously competed in the 74th running of the Port Huron regatta (1998) but was unable to complete the race after the mast broke off near Alpena, Michigan. The yacht was again dismasted mid-race in heavy winds while leading a rival multihull yacht Earth Voyager, which then went on to finish the race in record time.

1992
Conner's 1992 IACC AC yacht, Stars & Stripes USA-11 lost the defender series final, the Citizen Cup, to Bill Koch's America3 USA-23.

1995
Conner's 1995 AC yacht, Stars & Stripes USA-34 won the defender series, the Citizen Cup against Young America USA-36 and Mighty Mary USA-43, by use of tactics. However, it was considered to be the slowest of the three defending yachts, partially due to an old sail inventory, and also a result of neglecting important recommendations from the design team. The defender can choose which boat to use, so Team DC selected Young America, considered the fastest defender, instead of Stars & Stripes in the America's Cup final, losing to Team New Zealand. Dennis Conner did not run a two boat campaign due to cost, so there was no second Stars & Stripes.

2000
Conner again ran a one-boat campaign, entering Stars & Stripes USA-55. Eliminated in the semi-final repechage after an unexpected loss against America True.

2003
Conner's $5 million 2002 entrant, Stars & Stripes USA-77, was sunk on July 23, 2002, when a rudder broke during preparations for the 2002–2003 races to select the challenger for the America's Cup. The boat was raised out of 55 ft of water just outside Long Beach Harbor. Conner's luck that year would not improve, as Alinghi and Oracle BMW Racing, two well financed boats, would contest for the spotlight. Conner had a backup and training vessel available, Stars & Stripes USA-66, which he raced until USA-77 could be repaired.

2007
Conner announced that he could not raise sufficient funds for another Cup challenge.


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Adelaide

The WikiProject Adelaide is a project aims to organise and improve articles related to Adelaide, the capital of South Australia.

(For the State, there is also WikiProject South Australia. )

Articles maintained by this WikiProject are grouped in Category:WikiProject Adelaide articles by using the Adelaide=yes parameter within the WP Australia template.

Usage:

Parentage
The parents of this WikiProject are WikiProject Cities and WikiProject Australian places (WP:AUSTPLACES).

Quality operations

 * Quality operations: A bot-generated daily log which lists articles Reassessed, Assessed and Removed.

Popular pages

 * Popular pages: A bot-generated monthly list of pageviews, useful for focused cleanup of frequently viewed articles.

Active
To join WikiProject Adelaide, edit this section and add * and any comments to the following list of members in alphabetical order by username.

Inactive

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Member userbox
You may place User WikiProject Adelaide on your user page to display the following userbox:

This template will add your user page to:
 * Category:WikiProject Adelaide participants

Tasks
Some Wikipedians have formed a project to better organise information in articles related to Adelaide. This page and its subpages contain their suggestions; it is hoped that this project will help to focus the efforts of other Wikipedians. If you would like to help, please inquire on the talk page and see the to-do list there.

Also visit the Australian Wikipedians' noticeboard for collaboration on Australian articles in general.

Useful templates

 * - talk-page notice for Project related articles - replaces
 * Adelaide-stub - Adelaide-related stub notice
 * Adelaide-geo-stub - Adelaide geography stub
 * Template:Adelaide tasks - the open-tasks list shown on page
 * Template:Local Government Areas of South Australia - Local Government Areas of South Australia navigation box
 * Template:Electoral districts of South Australia - South Australian Electoral Districts navigation box
 * Template:Premiers of South Australia - Premiers navigation box
 * Template:Geolinks-AUS-suburbscale links to various types of maps for the External links section
 * Template:Infobox Australian place for all places including towns, suburbs, and LGAs.
 * Template:Adelaide Hills to be placed at the bottom of articles concerning the Adelaide Hills.
 * Template:Infobox Australian road - infobox for articles about roads, streets, highways, etc.

Useful categories
The following Adelaide-related topics can be turned into an encyclopaedic article called List of Adelaide topics which is part of Category:Topic lists.

Pictures
In order to create a gallery from which Wikipedians can source pictures of Adelaide for use in articles, please list GFDL-licensed or fair use pictures here.

If you require pictures, or would like to help with sourcing them, then take a look a this page.

Watchlist
We have a list of all of our articles at Wikipedia:WikiProject Adelaide/Watchlist, for the purpose of being able to see how they have recently been changed through the recent changes list.

Tools

 * Main tool page: toolserver.org

 * Reflinks - Edits bare references - adds title/dates etc. to bare references
 * Checklinks - Edit and repair external links
 * Dab solver - Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
 * Peer reviewer - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Adelaide