text:
KVIE

KVIE (channel 6) is a PBS member television station in Sacramento, California, United States. The station is owned by KVIE, Inc., a community-based non-profit organization. KVIE's studios are located on West El Camino Avenue in the Natomas district of Sacramento, and its transmitter is located in Walnut Grove, California.

After years of interest in educational television in the Sacramento area, KVIE began broadcasting in February 1959, airing evening educational programs from PBS predecessor National Educational Television and daytime instructional output for schools. Originally located in studios in Sacramento used by a previous UHF station that had become outdated and run down by the 1980s, KVIE relocated to its present studios in 1990. KVIE's local programming has focused on topics including agriculture and activity at the California state capitol.

Construction
Channel 6 was allocated for educational use in Sacramento in 1952 after the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) lifted its four-year freeze on new TV station applications in 1952. The next year, the first interest was expressed in the educational channel by a consortium of school officials in 15 Superior California counties. In 1955, it joined forces with a similar group in the Stockton area, the Delta-Sierra Educational Television Corporation, after previously forming a joint study committee with the Stockton group. The combined group, Central California Educational Television (CCET), had board members from Ceres in the south to Chico in the north and represented a total of 20 counties. Both groups continued to also exist separately.

In October 1957, CCET approved a fundraising project to raise necessary money for staffing. The fund drive needed to raise money from the community to support matching funds from the Fund for Adult Education; John C. Crabbe, one of KVIE's founders, traveled the region and gave 92 speeches in 90 days. This drive raised $205,000, enough to qualify for the matching funds. In April, KOVR extended an offer to the station, which was accepted, to use facilities it had acquired when it purchased the assets of UHF station KCCC-TV the year prior on Garden Highway; KOVR would also carry demonstration programs to present educational television to the area until the station launched.

The FCC granted CCET a construction permit on July 30, 1958. The consortium invited proposals for call signs, selecting KVIE (for "Valley Information and Education" as well as containing VI, the Roman numeral for 6). The pilot programs on KOVR ended in December 1958 in preparation for the launch of channel 6.

Early years
KVIE began broadcasting on February 23, 1959, with evening educational programming. The first educational programs for schools were broadcast at the end of March. In 1964, KIXE-TV began broadcasting to the Northstate; KVIE programs were received by microwave at Chico State College, local programs and identifications were added, and the result was transmitted to the region. Founding manager and director John C. Crabbe resigned in 1968 at the request of the board of directors over budgetary issues; this was later rescinded, and he resigned the next year instead. While bickering with the consortium of schools using its instructional programming and financial issues confronted KVIE at this time, 1970 also saw the station move its transmitter to Walnut Grove, giving its broadcasts parity with the market's three VHF commercial stations. Previously, limited power and the orientation of many Sacramento-area TV antennas away from KVIE's transmitter near Placerville and toward Walnut Grove hindered reception.

KVIE steadily increased its local programming. Most of its early efforts centered around activities at the state capitol. The station televised the full 14-hour death penalty hearing for Caryl Chessman, a man who was convicted for a series of crimes in the late 1940s, and also aired governors' press conferences and legislative hearings at a time when longform coverage of such events was rare on television.

The 1970s were turbulent times for station leadership. Art Paul succeeded Crabbe in 1970, and while he was successful at managing KVIE's finances—an issue in Crabbe's last years—station board members desired to increase local programming, and there were objections to several decisions and use of station funds. The board of directors recommended not rehiring Paul when his contract expired. Instructional programs also went by the wayside in 1978 as a result of Proposition 13, which capped and reduced property taxes and severely restricted new tax increases; schools could no longer afford the programs as a result of declining tax receipts.

Under John Hershberger, general manager from 1979 to 1994, KVIE renewed its emphasis on local program production, which had been a sore point under Paul. KVIE supporter organization Friends of Six, in a unique attempt to help raise funds for the station, opened At Six, a restaurant in the Sierra 2 performing arts center. The cafe lasted a year, beset by management turnover and poor advertising, and its closure left the station out $35,000 in money it gave for setup costs.

A new building and digitalization
The Garden Highway building, which had been constructed by KCCC-TV in stages in the early 1950s, was no longer adequate for KVIE after several decades of use and decay. In 1984, the station conducted studies to identify a site for a new station facility. KVIE had to lease other office space, and during the winter, portable toilets were necessary because the plumbing did not always work. Fundraising efforts began in 1985; at the same time, it was announced that KVIE would move to a new tower being erected by KTXL (channel 40) in Walnut Grove. Ground was broken on the present Natomas studios in 1988, and the station moved in in January 1990. In Hershberger's final years, the station made three controversial rounds of layoffs, totaling 31 positions, in response to a soft economy, but KVIE's finances improved despite the recession.

After three years during which KVIE was led by former CBS News executive Van Gordon Sauter, who launched several new TV programs including California Heartland and Central Valley Chronicles, David Hosley's nine-year tenure as general manager was dominated by the construction of digital transmission facilities and the upgrading of the physical plant. Early in his tenure, in July 1999, KVIE managed the highest prime time rating of any public television station in the United States, surpassing KQED in San Francisco, which had attracted the most viewers for seven consecutive years.

David Lowe became KVIE's general manager in 2008; at the nadir of the Great Recession, membership fell to 40,000 but had increased to 50,000 by 2018. That year, the station and Lowe received a "Pillar of Public Service" award from America's Public Television Stations for testing datacasting of earthquake early warning alerts to businesses and public agencies.

Local programming
In addition to PBS programming, KVIE produces in-house programs for distribution locally, regionally and nationwide. Having the widest distribution is America's Heartland, a program covering agriculture issues nationally that debuted in 2005; this replaced the similarly themed California Heartland, which aired for nine seasons.

As the public television station in the state capital, KVIE has also historically produced public affairs programs of statewide interest. Until its cancellation in the early 1980s, the statewide political roundtable California Week in Review originated at the station. From 2002 to 2007, it was one of four co-producers of the statewide newsmagazine California Connected. More recently, Inside California Education, aired statewide, profiles issues facing the state's education system.

KVIE's local programs include Viewfinder, a documentary series; KVIE Arts Showcase, an arts magazine; Rob on the Road, a series of regional travel profiles; and Studio Sacramento, covering public affairs issues in the region.

Funding
In fiscal year 2021, KVIE raised $16.75 million in revenue, nearly half of the total coming from membership contributions. Funds from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting account for 11 percent of revenue.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
KVIE ended regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 6, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 53, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to VHF channel 9, using virtual channel 6.

As part of the SAFER Act, KVIE kept its analog signal on the air until July 12 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters.

title: KVIE


text:
Kaori Mizuhashi

Kaori Mizuhashi (水橋 かおり) is a Japanese voice actress who is employed by Arts Vision. Her major voice roles include Mami Tomoe in Puella Magi Madoka Magica, Kuki Shinobu in Genshin Impact, Lava and May in Arknights, Vivio Takamachi in Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha ViVid, Laharl in Disgaea: Hour of Darkness, Minami Shimada in Baka and Test, Ōgi Oshino in Monogatari, and Miyako in Hidamari Sketch.

Biography
Mizuhashi was born in Sapporo, Hokkaido. As a child she liked reading aloud books, especially lines of dialogue. When her turn to read script at Japanese language class came, she felt strangely motivated. She debuted in 1996 with the game Legend of the Valkyrie. In October 2000, she landed her first regular anime role in Hiwou War Chronicles, and in 2001 her recognition received a boost when she starred as the leading role Haruno Kasumi in the NHK anime Kasumin.

Anime television

 * 1999
 * Eden's Bowy – Nyako Mikenika

 * 2000
 * Karakuri Kiden Hiwou Senki – Machi

 * 2001
 * Kasumin – Kasumi Haruno
 * Angelic Layer – Hijiri Shibata, Tomo's sister
 * Haré+Guu – Couple-Woman
 * Little Snow Fairy Sugar – Pepper
 * Hellsing – Integra Hellsing (child)
 * Magical Meow Meow Taruto – Nachos

 * 2002
 * Ai Yori Aoshi – Taeko Minazuki
 * Inuyasha – Shiori
 * Kiddy Grade – Mercredi
 * G-On Riders – Mako
 * Full Metal Panic! – Madoka Tsuge
 * MegaMan NT Warrior series – Meiru Sakurai

 * 2003
 * Ai Yori Aoshi ~Enishi~ – Taeko Minazuki
 * Kaleido Star – Rosetta Passel
 * Kaleido Star: New Wings -Extra Stage- – Rosetta Passel
 * The Big O – Tami
 * Scrapped Princess – Zefiris
 * Stratos 4 – Kiriko Aoki
 * Kimi ga Nozomu Eien – Akane Suzumiya  (credited as Tomomi Uehara)
 * Mirmo! – Tomon

 * 2004
 * Grenadier - The Senshi of Smiles – Teppa Aizen (child)
 * Futakoi – Sara Shirogane
 * Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha – Yūno Scrya

 * 2005
 * Aria the Animation – Ai, Hime M. Granzchesta
 * Victorian Romance Emma – Vivian Jones
 * Fushigiboshi no Futagohime – Altessa
 * Futakoi Alternative – Sara Shirogane
 * Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha A's – Yūno Scrya

 * 2006
 * Aria the Natural – Ai, Hime M. Granzchesta
 * Utawarerumono – Sakuya
 * La Corda d'Oro – Lilli
 * Chocotto Sister – Chitose Serikawa
 * Fushigiboshi no Futagohime Gyu! – Altessa
 * Makai Senki Disgaea – Laharl, Big Sis Prinny

 * 2007
 * Kimikiss pure rouge – Narumi Satonaka
 * Genshiken 2 – Chika Ogiue
 * Da Capo II – Maya Sawai
 * Hidamari Sketch – Miyako
 * Prism Ark – Fel, Hans
 * Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha StrikerS – Vivio, Sein, Yūno Scrya

 * 2008
 * Aria the Origination – Ai, Hime M. Granzchesta
 * To Love-Ru – Aya Fujisaki
 * Hidamari Sketch ×365 – Miyako
 * Wagaya no Oinari-sama. – Mubyō

 * 2009
 * Queen's Blade: Wandering Warrior – Elina
 * Queen's Blade: Inheritor of the Throne – Elina
 * Tayutama: Kiss on my Deity – Yumina Takanashi
 * Phantom: Requiem for the Phantom – Sanae Kubota

 * 2010
 * Baka and Test: Summon the Beasts – Minami Shimada
 * Hidamari Sketch ×Hoshimittsu – Miyako
 * Fortune Arterial – Kaya Sendo

 * 2011
 * Baka and Test: Summon the Beasts 2 – Minami Shimada
 * Hidamari Sketch ×SP – Miyako
 * Digimon Xros Wars – Miho Sudou
 * Puella Magi Madoka Magica – Mami Tomoe, Tatsuya Kaname, Walpurgisnacht, Walpurgisnacht's minions

 * 2012
 * Accel World – Purple Thorn/Purple King
 * Love, Elections & Chocolate – Mifuyu Kiba
 * Daily Lives of High School Boys – Emi
 * Muv-Luv – Akane Suzumiya
 * Busou Shinki – Ines

 * 2013
 * Senran Kagura – Yagyu
 * Photo Kano – Hikari Sanehara
 * Monogatari Series Second Season – Ougi Oshino
 * Hidamari Sketch x Honeycomb – Miyako

 * 2014
 * Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers – Janet Van Dyne / Wasp
 * La Corda d'Oro Blue Sky – Haruto Mizushima
 * Hanamonogatari – Ougi Oshino
 * Grisaia no Kajitsu – Michiru Matsushima
 * Girl Friend Beta – Kinoko Himejima
 * Minna Atsumare! Falcom Gakuen – Tio
 * Saki: The Nationals – Haru Takimi
 * Tsukimonogatari – Ougi Oshino

 * 2015
 * Grisaia no Meikyuu - Michiru Matsushima
 * Grisaia no Rakuen - Michiru Matsushima
 * Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha ViVid – Vivio Takamachi
 * Owarimonogatari – Ougi Oshino

 * 2016
 * Aokana: Four Rhythm Across the Blue - Irina Avalon
 * Shōnen Maid – Mie Hino
 * ViVid Strike! – Vivio Takamachi

 * 2017
 * Marvel Future Avengers – Janet Van Dyne / Wasp
 * Owarimonogatari 2nd Season – Ougi Oshino

 * 2018
 * Zoku Owarimonogatari – Ougi Oshino

 * 2019
 * Circlet Princess – Ayumu Aizawa

 * 2020
 * Magia Record: Puella Magi Madoka Magica Side Story – Mami Tomoe

 * 2021
 * Gekidol – Tomoko Hinata

 * 2022
 * Aru Asa Dummy Head Mike ni Natteita Ore-kun no Jinsei – Kaori Asakusa

Anime film

 * Laid-Back Camp Movie – Saki Shima

Original video animation (OVA)

 * First Kiss Story – Manami Orikura
 * Akane Maniax – Akane Suzumiya
 * Ghost Talker's Daydream – Miku
 * Hellsing – Integra Hellsing (child)
 * Quiz Magic Academy – Maron
 * Carnival Phantasm – Len and White Len
 * Baka to Test to Shōkanjū: Matsuri – Minami Shimada
 * Hidamari Sketch: Sae & Hiro's Graduation – Miyako
 * WataMote – Kotomi Komiyama
 * Thus Spoke Kishibe Rohan – Ikkyū (ep. 3)
 * Alice in Deadly School – Yonari Kaihara

Video games

 * 1998
 * First Kiss Story – Manami Orikura
 * The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time – Navi

 * 1999
 * Little Witch Parfait – Cocotte Kirsch

 * 2001
 * Akane Maniax – Akane Suzumiya
 * Kimi ga Nozomu Eien – Akane Suzumiya
 * First Kiss Story II – Manami Orikura
 * La Pucelle: Tactics – Culotte
 * Melty Blood – Len & White Len, Act Cadenza announcer

 * 2003
 * Ai Yori Aoshi – Taeko Minazuki
 * Disgaea: Hour of Darkness – Laharl

 * 2004
 * Futakoi – Sara Shirogane
 * Kimi ga Nozomu Eien Special Fandisk – Akane Suzumiya
 * Phantom Brave – Marona

 * 2005
 * Futakoi Alternative: Koi to Shōjo to Machinegun – Sara Shirogane
 * Makai Kingdom: Chronicles Of The Sacred Tome – Pram, Marona, Laharl
 * Battle Stadium D.O.N – Sakura Haruno
 * Tales of Legendia – Norma Biatty/Beatty

 * 2006
 * Omake Data D.C. II: featuring YUN2! – Yun Sakura
 * Disgaea 2 – Hanako, Laharl
 * Higurashi Daybreak – Natsumi Kimiyoshi
 * Muv-Luv – Akane Suzumiya
 * Muv-Luv Alternative – Akane Suzumiya

 * 2007
 * Gekkou no Carnevale – Lunaria
 * Dragoneer's Aria – Ulrika Ekland/Mary Murphy
 * The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass – Ciela
 * Soul Nomad – Shauna

 * 2008
 * Prinny: Can I Really Be The Hero? – Asagi, Prinny Laharl
 * Hoshiuta and Hoshiuta: Starlight Serenade – Renge Yamabuki (as Karen Aozora)
 * Prism Ark – Fel

 * 2009
 * Tayutama: Kiss on my Deity – Yumina Takanashi
 * Tokimeki Memorial 4 – Rui Nanakawa

 * 2010
 * Busou Shinki Battle Masters – Altines
 * Hyperdimension Neptunia – Nisa
 * Kiniro no Corda 3 — Haruto Mizushima
 * Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha A's Portable: The Battle of Aces - Yūno Scrya
 * Senran Kagura – Yagyu
 * The Legend of Heroes: Trails from Zero — Tio Plato

 * 2011
 * Grisaia no Kajitsu: Le Fruit de la Grisaia – Michiru Matsushima
 * Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha A's Portable: The Gears of Destiny - Yūno Scrya, Vivio Takamachi
 * The Legend of Heroes: Trails to Azure — Tio Plato

 * 2012
 * Grisaia no Meikyū: Le Labyrinthe de la Grisaia – Michiru Matsushima
 * The Legend of Nayuta: Boundless Trails – Nayuta Herschel
 * Photo Kano – Hikari Sanehara

 * 2013
 * Grisaia no Rakuen: Le Eden de la Grisaia – Michiru Matsushima

 * 2015
 * JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Eyes of Heaven – Aya Tsuji

 * 2016
 * Aokana: Four Rhythm Across the Blue – Irina Avalon
 * Kiniro no Corda 4 — Haruto Mizushima
 * Harmonia — Shiona

 * 2017
 * Granblue Fantasy — Medusa
 * Magia Record: Puella Magi Madoka Magica Side Story - Mami Tomoe
 * The Legend of Heroes: Trails of Cold Steel III - Tio Plato, Roselia Millstein

 * 2018
 * The Alchemist Code — Laharl
 * The Legend of Heroes: Trails of Cold Steel IV - Tio Plato, Roselia Millstein

 * 2019
 * Azur Lane — PLAN Chang Chun, PLAN Tai Yuan, USS Essex (CV-9)
 * Crash Fever — Bi Gan
 * Arknights - Lava/Purgatory, May

 * 2020
 * Fate/Grand Order: Waltz in the Moonlight/Lostroom — Miss Crane

 * 2021
 * Blue Archive — Michiru Chidori

 * 2022
 * Genshin Impact — Kuki Shinobu
 * A Certain Magical Index: Imaginary Fest — Aleister Crowley (young girl)

 * 2024
 * Puyo Puyo Quest - Mami Tomoe
 * Touhou Spell Carnival - Aya Shameimaru

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kaori Mizuhashi


text:
Talk:John Howard/Archive 1

CopyEdit
No offence but...

"Self-proclaimed as the "most conservative leader the Liberal Party has ever had", Howard's political vision combines a lassiez-faire economic policy, including tight reins on government spending, tight restrictions on welfare (including "work for the dole" schemes requiring the unemployed to participate in make-work projects) and demanding with highly conservative, even reactionary social views, being strongly supportive of stay-at-home mothers, unsympathetic towards multiculturalism, opposed to an Australian republic (Australia's notional head of state is the British monarch), opposed to an apology to Australia's indigenous people for the stolen generation, opposed to a treaty, or any formal document, between Australia's indigenous people and the government."

...is very difficult to read. I'm going to edit it for clarity, but I've copied it here in case anyone disputes my modifications. - MMGB

Asian Leaders thoughts
SJK - I'm no fan of Howard, but the statement "many asian leaders came to consider him a racist" is too inflammatory without suitable references to back it up (not that I actually disagree with you).

 * I'm fairly sure Mahathir and the odd Indonesian politician has said so. Mahathir, of course, is a paragon of ethnic tolerance, freedom, the rule of law, and is an all-round nice guy - NOT. I'll try to dig up a specific reference.  I didn't put the claim in the article, though.  --Robert Merkel

2001 Election Result
Congrats to the Libs, boo-f'n-hoo to Labor who could have won, but didnt. Not surprisingly, the ALP will once again be lead by a former ACTU presiden, crean. in 3 yrs crean vs. costello will be awesome.... - dh

 * I'm sure we've each got our opinions on the last election but could we please try and keep this directly relevant to the article? --Robert Merkel

Mabo
The characterisation of the Mabo decision is totally wrong.

Mal Colston
This article needs serious work. It is unambiguously POV at some points. And you cannot accuse a prime minister of 'bribing' someone, unless there is clear and unambiguous evidence. Has black and white evidence been shown? The most you can say is that he was accused of bribing someone. . . JTD 04:58 Feb 13, 2003 (UTC)
 * Ooops, sorry, I somehow hadn't watchlisted the article and so missed this. The facts go something like this:

 * Mal Colston had been appointed Deputy President of the Senate (against convention, which dictated that the Opposition should fill that role) in 1990.
 * Once the Liberals won government, Colston expected the ALP to support his continuation as deputy president. Instead, they nominated Sue West (they claimed they wanted young blood, but see this Crikey article).
 * The Liberals cut a deal with Colston, agreeing to elect him deputy president (again flounting convention) if he quit the ALP. Once sitting as an independent, he supported the government on all of the controversial senate votes. Seeing as he was elected as an ALP party list candidate, not as Mal Colston, this represented a massive breach of faith with the electorate.
 * The role of deputy president is the inducement which Colston received to support the government; it has both symbolic and monetary value (about a $10K per annum pay rise)

 * "Bribe" seems to me to be a good NPOV description of these events. --Pde 02:27 Mar 16, 2003 (UTC)

Using the term bribe is by definition POV because the allegation of bribery is one of the most serious allegations that can be made. Unless it has been demonstrated to 'anambiguous' legal level you cannot possibly state it - to bribe it is a criminal offence and you cannot state it in the absence of a criminal proesecution. All the evidence you quote is purely circumstantial. Don't get me wrong, I do think it amounted to a bribe. But no encyclopædia can state unambiguously that a prime minister bribed another politician unless it has been proven. What Howard did stinks to high heaven but still you cannot possibly call it a bribe in the absence of unimpeachable proof. All you can say, to match the basic standards of NPOV, was that allegations of bribery were leveled against him over 'x', while stating why such allegations were made. To state more than that in the absence of criminal prosecution is unambiguously POV and apart from opening wiki to the theoretical prospect of prosecution for libel, breaks the fundamental principles at the heart of NPOV. State the evidence and leave the reader to reach a conclusion. Don't act as judge and jury youself. (I know from personal experience of Irish polticians who tried to bribe people, but I cannot say that. All I can say is that the 'allegation' was made in view of the evidence.) It is an extremely delicate issue,  and no encyclopædia can say it. It wouldn't stand a chance of hell of being stated in Encyclopæedia Brittanica or the World book. We cannot exercise lower standards and expect be taken seriously. STÓD/ÉÍRE 03:08 Mar 16, 2003 (UTC)

 * OK, I think you're right. I've included the main facts; I might get round to writing up Mal Colston soon (he is actually facing criminal prosecution, though not for receiving bribes :). -- Pde 02:07 Mar 19, 2003 (UTC)

Details
Frankly, Australian politics bores my unmentionables off, but there seem to be two major problems with this entry that need to be rectified:
 * 1) Despite a lengthy and clearly anti-Howard section on the illegal immigration thing, it doesn't seem to bother mentioning the fake babies overboard scandal. This is ridiculous!
 * 2) It credits Howard with reversing the long-established East Timor policy. In this, he followed a long, long way behind Labor, in particular (of all people!) Shadow Foreign Minister Laurie Brereton.

I dread the thought of delving into names and dats and details of this stuff - if there is a subject that bores me rigid, it's Australian politics - so, please, can someone fix it? Tannin 06:53 Feb 13, 2003 (UTC)

Keep it Clean
One thing puzzles me. Most of the Australian pages I have visited are viciously POV. I know Australian parliamentary debates are notorious for their brutal language, but please don't let the low standards of Australian politicians impact on the standards used on Wiki. (So far, in trying to NPOV Aussie articles, I'm been accused of being a monarchist (by republicans), a republican (by monarchists) and other things! Obviously I'm a monarchist-republican, or should that be a republican-monarchist? Or maybe I'm just getting the balance right, and some on both sides don't like that.) So please, people, just because you hate Howard's guts, you adore the monarchy, you want to burn Buckingham Palace down and live, eat, breath and have sex while dreaming of an Australian republic, try to show some balance when writing pages on Wiki. JTD 18:17 Feb 13, 2003 (UTC)

One Nation
A summary by Pde when changing this page was "One Nation is NPOV-xenophobic (see talk)". Well, I haven't seen anything on talk yet, but I thought I might jump in anyway. Xenophobia implies irrationality, something supporters of ONP would certainly reject. It's not fair to call an entire political party irrational, and certainly not NPOV. BTW, check your user talk page, Pde. -- Tim Starling 09:19 Mar 15, 2003 (UTC)

Hi Tim, my edit wasn't quite finished when I had to fly out of the house ;). The justification I was going to give was:

On the subject of whether One Nation is xenophobic, or "allegedly xenophobic": many definitions of the term are comparative; in the Australian political spectrum, One Nation expresses a greater distrust for foreigners than the other electable parties, and has a higher proportion of racist members (not all of their members are racist, of course). Describing an individual is xenophobic may be significantly more POV than describing a political grouping in this way; the claim about individuals involves putting thoughts in their head; the claim about political parties is statistical. -- Pde 02:27 Mar 16, 2003 (UTC)

 * You think just because a conclusion involves statistics it's automatically NPOV? It's your interpretation of the statistics which is under question here, not the statistics themselves. Australia has more diabetics than most countries, does that make Australia diabetic? China has a greater m:f ratio than most countries, by your argument does that mean China is male? ;) Of course the numbers are different here, but in order to make such a generalisation, you would have to show not just that a majority of ONP members are xenophobic, but that an overwhelming majority, including the party's leadership, is xenophobic, leading to a xenophobic party culture. Your "greater relative frequency" definition is counterintuitive when applied to the general case.

 * Also, you're confusing xenophobia with racism. Xenophobia is an irrational fear or hatred of foreigners. Racism implies no such irrationality, in the definition of the word at least.

 * I should mention that I'm not a supporter of One Nation -- my political views are left of centre. -- Tim Starling 06:22 Mar 16, 2003 (UTC)

 * Okay, I think you're right (and I wasn't going to suspect you of racism :). I think my objection to "accused of xenophobia" was really that it wasn't calling a spade a spade.  I've changed the wording to widely perceived as racist or xenophobic, which seems to be an accurate description of the situation. -- Pde 02:07 Mar 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * That sounds fine to me. And I'm still waiting for a reply from you on your talk page. -- Tim Starling 02:18 Mar 19, 2003 (UTC)

Tampa
Regarding the Tampa incident, some person is seeking to obfusicate the key issues of this affair by adding phrases attempting to show how nasty the assylum seekers were in "threatning the ship". This information is not relevant, even if true which is highly doubtful (references?). The key issues as they relate to Howard's term as Prime Minister (which is supposed to be the subject of the article) are:
 * Australian Government request rescue
 * Australian Government refuses permission to land
 * Australian Government uses military force to resolve situation

"Australian rescue services urged the ship to pick up the refugees, and then refused the Tampa safe harbour. The message now is that they couldn't care less and do not intend to adhere to international agreements," - Norway's Foreign Office press spokesman Karsten KlepsvikKlepsvik quoted in Aftenposten Interactive: http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article.jhtml?articleID=186143

Please spare me these pathetic apologies about how nasty the asylum seekers were and how they "should have been taken to Indonosia" - this is just rubbish and buys completely into the government's propaganda line the most famous example of which was the totally fictious "children overboard" incident.

For some related reading see: http://sievx.com/ http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article.jhtml?articleID=536750 http://www.susannassoapbox.com/nsattampa.html (satire)

-- Sydneysider.

 * I thought the summary of the Tampa issue was relatively unbiased and succint. You say only three issues related to the article should have been mentioned, but I would disagree: if we were to tell it the way you want it told, it would not be clear why Howard came out of it so popular. We say "by some reports, they threatened the ship" -- and indeed there were reports of that (whether they were true or not is another matter). But can you deny that those reports had some role in shaping public opinion on the matter? Overall, the tone seems to come out against the Government's action: for example, the attribution of public support to "distrust of asylum-seekers from Asian countries" alludes to the continuing xenophobia in the Australian public, which I would say is truly at the root of this issue. -- Tim Starling 23:50 May 14, 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks. You make excellent points. I probably still feel that the paragraph lacks succintness - there are many other bits of information and mis-information that could be worked in to "broaden" the view of the incident - but we are missing the forest for the trees. Also if the reports were false they should be described as such. Anyway I will come back and have another look at it when I have more time. Thanks again - Sydneysider

Another aspect of the article which should be highlighted is the indication of the asylum seekers as being "illegal": "..Australians ... were hostile to illegal immigration.." As a counter-argument to this I would like to quote Boat-People.org:

"Under Australian Law and International Law a person is entitled to make an application for refugee asylum in another country when they allege they are escaping persecution. Article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution."

''People who arrive on our shores without prior authorisation from Australia, with no documents, or false documents are not illegal. They are asylum seekers - a legal status under International Law.''

''Many Asylum Seekers are forced to leave their countries in haste and are unable to access appropriate documentation. In many cases oppressive authorities actively prevent normal migration processes from occurring.''

'''Illegals' are people who overstay their visas. The vast majority of these in Australia are from western countries, including 5,000 British tourists."''

--ozwegian 12:50, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Howard vs Peacock
Firstly, when the article mentions that, in 1985, Howard 'challenged' Peacock, what do we mean by this? Howard did not launch a challenge in the sense that he never contested a ballot against Peacock. Nor, as far as I'm aware, was Howard ever seriously considering running against Peacock. Peacock felt threatened by Howard and bungled an attempt to remove him from the Deputy Leadership position (he spilt the DL position, expecting Howard to challenge for the leadership - Howard simply recontested for his old position, putting Peacock in an untenable position and forcing him to resign).

 * It's slightly before my time, but if that is the true picture please edit the article to reflect it (I suppose I could get The End of Certainty and have a look...)

1998 Election
Secondly, about the financial figures in the 1998 election - again, I thought that the ALP actually outspent the Coalition (not particularly odd - it routinely happens in state elections nowadays), but that a tax-reform lobby group spent millions of dollars running a parallel campaign to the Coalition.

 * Dunno. I do remember "Australians For Tax Reform" (aka the Business Council of Australia).  Lexis-Nexis might be able to answer that one.

Work-for-the-Dole
Thirdly, I seem to recall Peter Reith and Tony Abbott saying at various times that the work-for-the-dole program was not intended to create new jobs (however, I can't back that up, so I'll have to dig out a quote from somewhere).

Merric

For edits like these, which sound reasonably uncontroversial to me (particularly if you can cite sources) just go ahead and make them. --Robert Merkel 06:09, 18 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I concur. Tannin 08:25, 18 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Adam Rewrite
Hi Adam,

in your extensive rewrite, you took out a few aspects of the article which I'd written in. Inevitably, I'd like to discuss a few of these:

''The Liberal Party was in a precarious internal state before the 1996 election. Although the Liberals had once been the "natural party of governance" in Australia, ruling for all but three years from 1949-1983, they had at that point lost five successive elections. When Howard regained the helm in 1995, he was their third leader in two years.'' ''The strategy for the 1996 election was to moderate the harsh image which had harmed the Liberals at the previous (1993) election. They released policies and pledges which were significanctly more environment- and welfare- friendly than their previous election platforms. The incumbent Prime Minister Paul Keating, was perceived as lacking empathy with the broader public with his intellectualised "big-picture" approach to politics and combination of harsh political tactics and perceived elitist tastes.''

The rewrite doesn't seem to capture the fact that the Liberals were genuinely desperate, that the party was close to falling appart, and the fact that there was something brilliantly disingenuous about the '96 Liberal platform (note: someone who's read more than me might be able to shed some light on whether it is Howard, or his advisors, who deserve the credit for this).

The article now says:

''Soon after taking office Howard took control of the domestic political agenda, sometimes in unexpected ways. ''

This sentence doesn't seem very enlightening. Is this talking about anything other than the gun control issue? Did Howard "take control of the agenda" more than any other newly elected Prime Minister? How much of the agenda was due to Howard and how much to the rest of Cabinet?

The revised version no longer mentions some significant aspects of the government's first term - the importance of Mal Colston's vote (without which numerous pieces of legislation would not have been passed), the reversal of popularity after Cheryl Kernot's defection, or the fact that Australian universities were to start charging full fees for the first time since the 1970s.

That section of the article should probably also mention Brian Harradine...

You also removed the reference to database-driven campaigning in marginal seats. Can you confirm or deny that the Liberals gained a very significant advantage as a result of this? If, as I've heard, these Rovean techniques were in use, they would have been worth at least a few percentage points, thus being a major factor in the '98 election victory.

-- Pde 03:41, 12 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Dear Pde: My feeling, after having either written or edited all the other Prime Minister articles, was that the Howard article was too long and too digressive and contained too much material which strayed too far from the biographical. Of course Howard's biography has to be placed in its political context, or it makes no sense to non-Australian readers, but an article on John Howard is nevertheless not a History of the Howard Government. That was why I pruned quite a lot of the discussions about policies and political events which (in my opinion) did not cast light on the central subject of the article.

You may feel I have gone too far, and if so you are free to work some of that material back into the text, but hopefully in a way which doesn't bog the reader down in side-issues.

On the particular points you raise:
 * I didn't think either the Colston saga or the Kernot defection was sufficiently relevant to Howard's biography. Foreign readers find the Australian parliamentary system difficult enough to follow, let alone trying to explain the balance of power in the Senate. In this article it is a distraction from the subject.

 * Well, maybe the two cases are very different. I think Colston should be included, because the affair was so central to the spirit (and outcomes) of the first term.  But I agree that there's a John Howard vs. History of the Howard Government issue.  Which is an aspect of the issue you pointed out before, on the structure of political articles...

 * The material about the 1996 campaign is I suppose more debateable, although I don't in fact think the Liberal Party was about to disintegrate, any more than the ALP is now. Part of the historian's job is to critically reassess short-sighted media overstatement with the benefit of hindsight.
 * I agree that the sentence you quote is weak, it was my attempt to lead into your discussion of the 1996-98 policy agenda. Feel free to replace it. :)
 * Both parties use database driven campaign techniques and there's nothing particularly sinister about them. In any case I don't think Liberal Party campaign tactics are relevant to this article unless Howard invented them himself, which he didn't.

 * Of course both parties use them now -- and whether they're good or bad for democracy is a question beyond the scope for this article (digression: I couldn't find an article on election campaigns, so I created a stub). The story I heard was that in 1998, the Liberals had started using databases, while the ALP had not.  If that was in fact the case, it may have been quite important to JH's career.

Finally I'm sorry if I have butchered your copy too severely. I'm still getting used to people doing it to me.

 * No problem, I guess the challenge of wiki collaboration is to move from the moment of "Oh no! They've butchered it" to agreement on a better text :) -- Pde 08:35, 12 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Adam 04:31, 12 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Working-class
"Many working-class voters backed the Howard line on illegal immigrants and asylum-seekers, while the party's middle-class supporters strongly opposed it."

Can somebody please clean this up? I really don't like any discussion of 'class'. It is wrong to make any distinction between socio-economic groups in such an obviously belittling manner. -- Mark Ryan 06:40, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Mark, it can be perfectly sensible NPOV commentary to describe things in terms of class (or race, or religion, for that matter), provided there is actually a statistical basis for the claim. I don't know enough to comment on the facts in this particular case, though.  And it's important to not confuse correlation with causation. -- pde 01:53, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * OK. Thanks for clearing that up for me. Anyway, I had interpreted the old paragraph wrong, thinking it was referring to working and middle-class supporters of the Liberal Party, not the ALP. It makes a whole lot more sense now. :-) -- Mark Ryan 02:53, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * The amusing thing is, I was under the same impression until I was actually trying to reword it. -- pde

Simon Crean
Simon Crean is no longer leader of the opposition. The page should be modified to reflect that. he kept his lead in the opinion polls over the new Labor leader, Simon Crean.. Reference: http://www.alp.org.au/

 * Done. - Mark 13:12, 2 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Category
I have deleted the "Catgeory: Australian Liberal Party MHRs" for the following reasons: Adam 13:09, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * It is the Liberal Party of Australia, not the Australian Liberal Party.
 * They are MPs, not MHRs.
 * A "category" with only one person in it is useless - there are 68 Liberal federal MPs - are you going to tag all of them?
 * We already have a perfectly good List of members of the Australian House of Representatives - why do we need to duplicate this, in a less useful form?

 * To each of your points:
 * Then change it. Why delete?
 * Then change it. Why delete?  (I used MHR to refer to the lower house specifically; I didn't know if MP's referred to MHRs and senators as a group, or just MHRs)
 * Yes, past and present. It will never happen if people keep removing them.
 * In groups like this, categories are becoming a replacement for many (though not all) list articles.
 * The one thing I would change about what I have done, is have each person in separate categories: eg. John Howard, rather than in Australian Liberal Party MHRs, is a member of
 * Liberal Party of Australia politicians (includes all federal Liberal politicians, past or present, upper or lower house)
 * Australian MHRs (or MPs) (includes all federal politicians, past or present, House of Reps)
 * Current Australian politicians (may think of a better name) for politicians still in parliament.

 * Your habit of deleting things that you don't like isn't going to help Wikipedia. Fix, don't delete. Chuq 23:46, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Some things can only be fixed by being deleted. What is the point of creating "category" articles which merely duplicate, in an inferior form, what already exists? Go and do something original rather than trying to redo what other people have already done. Adam 00:36, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

East Timor
I find it astonishing that Adam Carr would revert my edit with the comment: "(rvt comments about Timor which are (a) matters of opinion and (b) not relevant to this article)". His version said:
 * Australia led pressure on Indonesia to uphold that country's offer to East Timor of a referendum on independence, and later contributed a significant peacekeeping/policing force to protect the inhabitants against pro-Indonesian militias. Most Australians and the rest of the Western world viewed this as a moral, principled stand. Howard reversed a decades-old bi-partisan foreign policy of appeasement towards Indonesia which had hitherto been followed by governments of both persuasions.

The formulation "Most Australians and the rest of the Western world viewed this as a moral, principled stand" is most certainly a matter of opinion -- for which no evidence is offered. My correction:

 * On the one hand, some in Australia and the rest of the Western world viewed this as a moral, principled stand. However, critics observe that the motivation for this intervention may have been less than altruistic: instead of negotiating with a relatively strong and determined government of Indonesia over rights to the oil and gas resources in the Timor Sea, Australia now is able to deal with a powerless and desperate government in East Timor. According to the British-based non- governmental humanitarian group Oxfam, Australia's thirst for petroleum poses a threat to East Timor's independence [http:// www.atimes.com/atimes/ Southeast_Asia/ FE22Ae02.html (Asia Times)]

-- is an attempt to balance the article with an opposing (and documented) view. If opposition to Howard's East Timor policy is "not relevant", than surely the dubious assertion that the whole world admires it cannot be relevant, either. --172.192.173.23

Just for the record, the line "the rest of the Western world viewed this as a moral, principled stand" was not written by me. I agree that it is too sweeping and could be deleted. However, the line "instead of negotiating with a relatively strong and determined government of Indonesia over rights to the oil and gas resources in the Timor Sea, Australia now is able to deal with a powerless and desperate government in East Timor" is even more sweeping, and much more tendentious. Many more people in Australia would subscribe to the former statement than to the latter. The correct solution is probably to delete all opinionated statements about Timor. This is not after all an article about Timor, and a statement of the fact that Howard did what he did will probably suffice here. Adam 04:24, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Newspaper Article
Hey, I e-mailed a Newspaper Article on him to the Canberra Sunday Times. User:Patricknoddy User talk:Patricknoddy 8:02 August 22, 2004 (EDT)

Letter
I got a letter from him. --Patricknoddy 21:14, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)User:Patricknoddy --Patricknoddy 21:14, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)User talk:Patricknoddy 17:14 August 31, 2004 (EDT)

 * What did it say? - Ta bu shi da yu 13:22, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Could we setup a temporary block on a specific network range?
I notice in the history there has been quite a bit of vandalisation from the following netblock:

inetnum:     211.26.0.0 - 211.27.255.255 netname:     INTERNETPRIMUS descr:       Primus Telecommunications descr:       Internet Services Network country:     AU admin-c:      jp21-ap tech-c:      rc35-ap mnt-by:      APNIC-HM mnt-lower:   MAINT-PRIMUS-AU status:      ALLOCATED PORTABLE remarks:     -+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ remarks:     This object can only be modified by APNIC hostmaster remarks:     If you wish to modify this object details please remarks:     send email to hostmaster@apnic.net with your organisation remarks:     account name in the subject line. remarks:     -+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ changed:     hm-changed@apnic.net 20030930 source:      APNIC

person:      Jeff Pace nic-hdl:     JP21-AP e-mail:      netops@primus.com.au address:      L3 1 Alfred Street address:     Circular Quay address:     Sydney NSW Australia address:     2000 phone:       +61-2-9423 2400 fax-no:      +61-2-9423 2410 country:     AU changed:      netops@primus.com.au 20030724 mnt-by:      MAINT-PRIMUS-AU source:      APNIC

person:      Richard Coombe nic-hdl:     RC35-AP e-mail:      netops@primus.com.au address:      Level 3 address:     1Alfred Street address:     Circular Quay address:     Sydney  NSW  2000 phone:       +61-2-9423 2400 fax-no:      +61-2-9423 2410 country:     AU changed:      netops@primus.com.au 20030724 mnt-by:      MAINT-PRIMUS-AU source:      APNIC

(from http://www.apnic.net/apnic-bin/whois.pl)

Could we block this for a while? (I may yet regret this as I may be in the same network range at work... still) - Ta bu shi da yu 04:36, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * iPrimus and Primus-AOL combined make one of Australia's largest ISPs. Are you suggesting blocking the entire ISP? - Mark 07:14, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Yup. Only for a short while. I was putting this out there temporarily to see what happens. Probably not practical. - Ta bu shi da yu 09:12, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

No mention of Medicare
Didn't Howard vote against Medicare and brand it a waste? Why doesn't this article mention that? - Ta bu shi da yu 04:49, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Because, in my understanding, it is not realy relevant to this article. Xtra 09:54, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, I disagree. In 1987, John Howard was recorded as saying that bulk billing will not be permitted for anyone except pensioners and the disadvantaged. Also, try the following quote from Margo Kingston' website:
 * JOURNALIST: But Mr Howard, you used to oppose Medicare.
 * PRIME MINISTER: Yes, I did.
 * See http://webdiary.smh.com.au/archives/000294.html.
 * So, perhaps this should still be added. - Ta bu shi da yu 05:48, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I think it is relevant, given that Howard has been posing lately as Medicare's best friend. The fact is that Howard doesn't beliece in universal health insurance and never has, and if he ever gets the chance he will abolish it (like if he should ever get control of the Senate, for example). Adam 06:50, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I think your being a tad cynical adam. I can guarantee you that Howard will not abolish medicare even in the event of a senate majority. it is irrelevant to this article, plus i doubt anything could be written on that topic that was not POV. incidentaly, what are these fake greens how to votes that i have been hearing about? Xtra 13:31, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Across Melbourne Ports and some other seats the Libs had a squad of teenage girls dressed in green t-shirts and caps handing out a green-coloured HTV saying "vote for a green Australia" or variants of that. This was clearly designed to deceive Green voters, especially first-time voters, into voting Liberal, and led to angry scenes at several booths. This is all photographed and documented, and will lead to legal action. Adam 02:26, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Menzies
That bit about 2012 being when Howard passes Menzies is wrong - Menzies was PM for a total of 18 years, 5 months and 12 days so Howard will pass him on August 24, 2014. PMA 09:17, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Excelled academically?
From the Sydney Morning Herald: Howard scored As in English and modern history in the Leaving Certificate and Bs in Latin, chemistry and economics. He failed general maths. These are reasonable marks but I wouldn't say Howard excelled academically as the article states. Is it reasonable to put these marks in the article or should the statement just be removed?

 * The statement should be removed. Adam 06:50, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

FTA
I guess there should be a sentence or two about the FTA with the USA, right in the middle of the current last paragraph of the third term.

Reverting edits
It appears that some people are reverting edits that aren't vandalism without giving any reason why they are doing this. The text was reverted "These criticisms came from conservative figures such as ex-Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser and political commentator Robert Manne, as well as critics from the military, public service and Howard's own personal staff." to "These criticisms came from conservative figures such as ex-Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser and political commentator Robert Manne, as well as the more usual critics on the left." Why was this done? No explanation was given! It's ironic that both statements are pretty POV and have unattributed critics though. - Ta bu shi da yu 14:12, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I must say I agree with your factual version more that the clearly POV original. Mark Hurd 15:45, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

ministries
those ministries seem a bit bulky compared to the article. could they be made their own article with a link here? Xtra 06:50, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * They're already in a list of Australian ministries that Adam just created. I also agree that they bloat the article. Ambi 06:58, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

It's not my fault that he has been in power so long or has appointed so many ministers. All the other PM articles now have similar lists. Adam 07:02, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I guess the point is that they bloat the article - if that's the case for this one, it's most probably the case for most other Prime Ministers, particularly those who have served more than one term. Note that I've not seen this repeated elsewhere (none of the US Presidents have their administration in their article, none of the UK Prime Ministers have their cabinet there, etc.) Ambi 08:26, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Yes they do. Adam 08:32, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

whether they do or not, adam. wouldn't it make more sense just to have a link to your article of the ministries. don't think that i don't apreciate your work, because i do, but it really looks silly here. Xtra 08:45, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

That is an entirely subjective statement, with which I disagree, and I don't see why your opinion about what looks silly is any more determinative than mine. Contra Ambi, I am bringing the Australian PM articles into conformity with the US President and UK PM articles, which do indeed give Cabinet lists. Mine are just more comprehensive, which is what an encyclopaedia is supposed to be. Adam 08:57, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

that now looks much better adam. Xtra 00:37, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I think the separate articles look good too. Also as the info isn't duplicated from the Australian Commonwealth ministries 1901-2004 article, theres no chance of the info getting out of sync. -- Chuq 01:11, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Freemason
We should mention somewhere that he is a Freemason. http://www.nobbys.net.au/~gumtree/mmma15.htm

That website makes it clear that he is NOT a Freemason. Adam 14:09, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

2nd longest serving
Howard will become the 2nd longest serving PM on 21 December. Adam 02:57, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

personal website
sorry, but i had to remove the link, because the spam filter wouldnt let me save it with the link still there. Xtra 13:14, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

John Howard misleads Parliament
Xtra has removed my new paragraph:

 * In 2003 it was revealed that Howard had misled Parliament in September 2002, when he had been asked whether any comminication had occurred between the government and any representative of ethanol producers prior to a granting Manildra, a major Liberal Party donor, with more than $20 million a year in subsidies. Howard denied in the house that any communication had taken place but it was subsequently revealed that he had met with Dick Honan, the chairman of the Manildra Group of companies, on the 1st of August, 2002.

He/she also removed references to support this paragraph:

 * Margo Kingston (August 12, 2003), Howard meets Honan: You be the judge whether he lied about it, The Sydney Morning Herald
 * Mark Riley (August 14, 2003), Ethanol uproar engulfs Howard, The Sydney Morning Herald

There is no reason why the above facts cannot be included in the article. Please provide an explanation as to why you think these facts should be included. It is a significant event in Howard's Prime Ministership.

 * i did not mean to remove those articles. but the paragraph promotes presumption based on speculation. Xtra 03:47, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The paragraph is entirely factual. I also supplied references but you removed those also. The references contain extracts from Hansard which clearly support the paragraph. The facts are well known - Howard did deny in Parliament that he had had contact and it is know that he did in fact have a meeting. I can and will supply more references. Please re-instate the paragraph and its the supporting references. Please note that it is Wikipedia policy to cite sources "If you consult an external source while writing an article, citing it is basic intellectual honesty" --Wm 04:20, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

You can only make the statement "Howard misled Parliament" if (a) he has admitted it, or (b) a court or equivalent body has found it proved. Otherwise it has to be described as an allegation. Adam 04:35, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Is this a Wikipedia rule? If so, can you please provide a reference? Obviously, this would be a good guide in a ambiguous case. However there is no doubt whatsoever that Howard misled Parliament. Please note the following additional reference: PM has misled Parliament Editorial (August 14, 2003) - The Sydney Morning Herald --Wm 04:46, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * A further reference is facsimile of the Record of Meeting: Manildra Group, 1st August 2002, The Sydney Morning Herald that was obtained by FOI request - this records the meeting that contradicts Howard's claims. --Wm 04:53, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

It doesn't matter how many people accuse him of misleading Parliament, or how eminent they are. If the allegation is contested, it can only be described as an allegation. Has Howard admitted misleading Parliament? Has he been censured by the House for doing so? Has a court found that he did so? No. Therefore, while you can say he misled Parliament, and I may agree with you, an encyclopaedia cannot say so. Adam 05:04, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Let me repeat my questions. "Is this a Wikipedia rule? If so, can you please provide a reference?". It is a simple matter of fact that Howard misled Parliament. I have no doubt that the huge majority of facts presented in Wikipedia have never been proven in a court of law. If I say that the John Howard is Prime Minister of Australia, has that been proven in a court of law? Obviously not - the facts in this case are just as clear, Howard did mislead Parliament because he denied that he had had a contact when if fact he had. There can be no dispute.

 * Let me put in another way: If the wording becomes:
 * In 2003 after Howard denied when he had been asked in Parliament whether any communication had occurred between the government and any representative of ethanol producers prior to a granting Manildra, a major Liberal Party donor, with more than $20 million a year in subsidies, it was subsequently revealed that in fact he had met with Dick Honan, the chairman of the Manildra Group of companies, on the 1st of August, 2002.
 * In this (rough) re-wording, it is clear that Howard has misled Parliament, there are no mis-representations of fact. All that has happened is that the meaning has been buried by avoid using the M work (mislead) - but he did mislead Parliament, absolutely without any doubt. Note: there is a difference between lying and misled, the first implies intent, but the second is neutral in that it does not imply intent. --Wm 05:26, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * do you have actual evidence. if so present it. otherwise, say it was an accusation and shorten the paragraph - it is too long winded.
 * This seems a rather disingenous comment - I have already presented several references which include quotes from Parliamentary transcripts and a document facsimile and and editorial from the SMH that quite cleary states as its heading Howard Misled Parliament - the question is, can you provide any sources that deny that Howard misled Parliament? As to the length of the paragraph, I am quite happy to have other people edit (this is Wikipedia!) it if they can shorten it without removing any of the facts it contains --Wm 06:20, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, my suggestion is to make it:
 * In 2003 Howard denied when he had been asked in Parliament whether any communication had occurred between the government and any representative of ethanol producers prior to a granting Manildra, a major Liberal Party donor, with more than $20 million a year in subsidies. It was subsequently alleged by Margo Kingston in the Sydney Morning Herald that he had in fact met with Dick Honan, the chairman of the Manildra Group of companies, on the 1st of August, 2002.
 * This way you are stating who is making the allegations, and you don't remove any of your material. This is proper sourcing. If you do this, then make sure you add the reference to the References section, as per cite your sources. - Ta bu shi da yu 08:13, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your efforts. The major problem with this version is that it is make it sound like Kingston broke the story. I believe that if you read the source documnents, you will realise that in fact it was initially revealed in Parliament. Second, the use of the word "alleged" is unecessary and obfuscates the simple fact. If Howard made a statement in Parliament that he hadn't had such a meeting and in fact he had had one (which in demonstrated as true by the Parliamentary record and FOI documents) - how then can it be said that he did not mislead Parliament? --Wm 21:16, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * maybe:
 * In 2003 Howard was accused of misleading Parliament in September 2002, when he had been asked whether any comminication had occurred between the government and any representative of ethanol producers prior to a granting Manildra, with $20 million a year in subsidies to produce ethanol. Howard denied that any communication had taken place but it was subsequently revealed that he had met with Dick Honan, the chairman of the Manildra.

 * that may do, if that is factually acurate.
 * I will go probably go with a slighty modified version of this for now. However it is incomplete. Not only was Howard accussed of misleading Parliament, he did in fact mislead Parliament. It is a case of not being able to plainly state the truth. --Wm 06:20, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * many companies donate to political parties, manildra isn't in the liberal top ten. Xtra 05:37, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not a helpful comment. What does it mean? - that they are in the top 20? --Wm 06:20, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * i dont know. i only know the top ten. Xtra 21:57, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Criticism from Valder and others
The article states:

Although some long-time Howard enemies in the Liberal Party such as former leader John Hewson and former federal president John Valder criticised Howard over Iraq, the great majority of Liberals continued to support his actions.

I have some problems with this:

The point that is being lost amongst a little obfuscation and wishy-washy "facts" is that very strong criticism of Howard has come from within very senior members of his own party and that this level of criticism is unusual. Particularly, it seems highly significant that such a senior Liberal as John Valder (former federal president of the party) should suggest that Howard is a "war criminal" (see reference).

By saying that this and other criticisms are coming from "long-time Howard enemies", this wording seems to suggest that somehow these criticisms are more motivated by personal animosity than any concern or relevance to the issues. Thus the passage strays from NPOV:

 * 1) To what extent can John Valder be regarded as a "long-time" enemy of Howard? Can we have some sources for this?
 * 2) Why has Malcolm Fraser been omitted from the list? Is he also to be regarded as "long-time" enemy?

The passage ssys: the great majority of Liberals continued to support his actions

What is a "Liberal"? - A member of the Liberal party or a person who voted for the government? If the former how does this account for a dramatic drop in the membershop of the party over the lifetime of the current electoral success? If the later, then it is rather misleading or at best ambiguous- better to say "continued to command strong electoral support"

Reference:
 * Howard is war criminal, says former colleague (smh)

 * John Howard is a war criminal (cpa.org.au but is quoting The Guardian)

--Wm 00:58, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

the passage as it stands it true. most liberals support howard. those who have attacked him, have tended to be factional enemies. Xtra 01:13, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * But you haven't answered the questions raised. First, what is meant by a "Liberal"? - is this meant to refer to members of the Liberal Party? - in which case the text should be made explicit. However, if this is what is meant it is is misrepresenting the situation to state this unqualified statement because membership of the party has (apparently) dropped dramatically: John Valder said that Liberal Party membership had dropped from an estimated 103,000 in 1983, to about 10,000 in both NSW and Victoria. Liberal Party members were walking away "in disillusionment". (see my second reference above) --Wm 04:36, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, we need to find support for this idea that Valder and Howard are "factional enemies" - I am very skeptical about this, I believe they are old friends: But John is a friend of mine in the past. I valued his support and his friendship. Even though he's very critical of me now I find it impossible to bear him any deep malice. (John Howard - Interviewed by Laurie Oakes on August 15 2004 - Transcript --Wm 05:03, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Howard/Archive 1


text:
Cowboy hat

The cowboy hat is a high-crowned, wide-brimmed hat best known as the defining piece of attire for the North American cowboy. Today it is worn by many people, and is particularly associated with ranch workers in the western and southern United States, western Canada and northern Mexico, with many country, regional Mexican and sertanejo music performers, and with participants in the North American rodeo circuit. It is recognized around the world as part of Old West apparel.

The cowboy hat as known today has many antecedents to its design, including Mexican hats such as the sombrero, the various designs of wide-brimmed hat worn by farmers and stockmen in the eastern United States, as well as the designs used by the United States Cavalry.

The first western model was the open-crowned "Boss of the Plains", and after that came the front-creased Carlsbad, destined to become "the" cowboy style. The high-crowned, wide-brimmed, soft-felt western hats that followed are intimately associated with the cowboy image.

History
The concept of a broad-brimmed hat with a high crown worn by a rider on horseback can be seen as far back as the Mongolian horsemen of the 13th century. The hat has a tall crown that provides insulation, and a wide brim that provides shade. Hot and sunny climates inspire designs with very wide brims such as the sombrero of Mexico.

It is not clear when the cowboy hat received its name. However, European-Americans in the Western United States originally had no standard headwear. People moving West wore many styles of hat, including top hats, bowlers, Civil War headgear such as cavalry and slouch hats, and sailor hats.

Contrary to popular belief, it was the bowler and not the cowboy hat that was the most popular in the American West, prompting Lucius Beebe to call it "the hat that won the West". The working cowboy wore wide-brimmed and high-crowned hats. The hats were most likely adopted from Civil-War-era slouch hats that were commonly worn by Confederate soldiers who lacked the official uniform and kepi hat of the Confederate army, and may have also been influenced by the Mexican vaqueros before the invention of the modern design. John Batterson Stetson is credited for originating the modern-day American cowboy hat. The original "Boss of the Plains", manufactured by Stetson in 1865, was flat-brimmed, had a straight sided crown, with rounded corners. These light-weight, waterproof hats were natural in color, with four-inch crowns and brims. A plain hatband was fitted to adjust head size. The sweatband bore Stetson's name. While only making one style of hat, they came in different qualities ranging from one-grade material at five dollars apiece to pure beaver felt hats for thirty dollars each. J.B. Stetson was the first to market the "Boss of the Plains" to cowboys, and it has remained the universal image of the American West. The charisma of the West was carried back East when adventurers returned in the expensive "Boss of the Plains"-style hat. In the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, a hat was an indispensable item in every man's wardrobe. Stetson focused on expensive, high-quality hats that represented a real investment for the working cowboy and a statement of success for the city dweller.

The cowboy hat has been adopted as a regional identifier among Māori tribes living in Gisborne District of New Zealand's North Island collectively called "Ngā Kaupoi" ("The Cowboys") for their native adoption of horses; one of its resident politicians, Rawiri Waititi, is well known for his hat-donning appearance.

Design
Modern cowboy hats are made of fur-based felt, straw or, less often, leather. They are sold with a tall, rounded crown and a wide flat brim. They have a simple sweat band on the inside to stabilize the fit of the head, and usually a small decorative hat band on the outside of the crown. Hats are customized by creasing the crown and rolling the brim. Hats are also sold pre-creased and pre-rolled. Often a more decorative hat band is added. In some places, "stampede strings" or "wind strings" are also attached. Hats can be manufactured in virtually any color, but are most often seen in shades of beige, brown and black. Beginning in the 1940s, pastel colors were introduced, seen often on hats worn by movie cowboys and rodeo riders. "Today's cowboy hat has remained basically unchanged in construction and design since the first one was created in 1865 by J.B. Stetson."

Modern designs
The modern cowboy hat has remained basically unchanged in construction and underlying design since the Stetson creation. The cowboy hat quickly identified its wearer as someone associated with the West. "Within a decade the name 'John B. Stetson' became synonymous with the word 'hat' in every corner and culture west of the Mississippi River." The shape of the hat's crown and brim were often modified by the wearer for fashion and to protect against weather by being softened in hot steam, shaped, and allowed to dry and cool. Because of the ease of personalization, it was often possible to tell where a cowboy hat was from, right down to which ranch, simply by looking at the crease in the crown. Common modern hat creases include the classic Cattleman crease, Cool Hand Luke, Minick, Brick, and the Gus.

Later as the mystique of the Wild West was popularized by entertainers such as Buffalo Bill Cody and western movies starring actors such as Tom Mix, the Cowboy hat came to symbolize the American West. John Wayne christened them "the hat that won the West". The Boss of the Plains design influenced various wide-brimmed hats worn by farmers and ranchers all over the United States. Later designs were customized for law enforcement, military and motion pictures.

The first American law-enforcement agency to adopt Stetson's western hat as part of their uniform was the Texas Rangers. The Texas Legislature designated the cowboy hat as the official "State Hat of Texas" in 2015.

Ten-gallon hats
Some cowboy hats have been called "ten-gallon" hats. The term came into use about 1925. There are multiple theories for how the concept arose.

One theory is that the term "ten-gallon" is a corruption of the Spanish modifier tan galán, which loosely translates as "really handsome" or "so fine". For example, "un sombrero tan galán" translates as "such a fine hat".

Another theory is that the term "ten-gallon" is a corruption of the Spanish term galón, which means "galloon", a type of narrow braided trim around the crown, possibly a style adapted by Spanish cowboys. When Texas cowboys misunderstood the word galón for "gallon", the popular, though incorrect, legend may have been born. According to Reynolds and Rand, "The term ten-gallon did not originally refer to the holding capacity of the hat, but to the width of a Mexican sombrero hatband, and is more closely related to this unit of measurement by the Spanish than to the water-holding capacity of a Stetson."

Early print advertising by Stetson showed a cowboy giving his horse a drink of water from a hat. The Stetson company notes that a "ten-gallon" hat (equivalent to 10 usgal) only holds 3/4 usgal.

Calgary White Hat
The Calgary White Hat is a white felt cowboy hat which is the symbol of both the Calgary Stampede annual rodeo and the city of Calgary. Created by Morris Shumiatcher, owner of Smithbilt Hat Company, it was worn for the first time at the 1946 Stampede. In the early 1950s, Mayor of Calgary Donald Hugh Mackay began presenting the white hat to visiting dignitaries, a tradition that the office of the mayor continues to this day. Thousands of tourists and groups also participate in "white hatting ceremonies" conducted by Tourism Calgary and by volunteer greeters at the Calgary International Airport. In 1983, the Calgary White Hat was incorporated into the design of the flag of Calgary.

title: Cowboy hat


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South Auckland

South Auckland (Te Tonga o Tāmaki Makaurau or Tāmaki ki te Tonga ) is one of the major geographical regions of Auckland, the largest city in New Zealand. The area is south of the Auckland isthmus, and on the eastern shores of the Manukau Harbour. The area has been populated by Tāmaki Māori since at least the 14th century, and has important archaeological sites, such as the Ōtuataua stonefield gardens at Ihumātao, and Māngere Mountain, a former pā site important to Waiohua tribes.

The area was primarily farmland until the mid-20th century, when the construction of the Auckland Southern Motorway led to major suburban development, and the establishing of Manukau City, which was later amalgamated into Auckland. Large-scale state housing areas were constructed in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to significant Urban Māori and Pasifika communities developing in the area. The presence of 165 different ethnicities makes South Auckland one of the most diverse places in New Zealand but also one of the most socio-economically deprived.

Definition
South Auckland is not a strictly defined area. It primarily refers to the western and central parts of the former Manukau City, which existed between 1989 and 2010, and surrounding areas of Franklin. Major areas of South Auckland include Māngere, Manukau, Manurewa, Ōtāhuhu, Ōtara, Papakura and Papatoetoe. A strict definition sometimes used for South Auckland includes just the Māngere-Ōtāhuhu, Manurewa, Ōtara-Papatoetoe, Papakura local board areas.

The term South Auckland was first used in the 1880s, to refer to areas of the southern Auckland Province, such as Cambridge, Ngāruawāhia, Te Awamutu, or Hamilton. The first references to modern South Auckland come from 1962, in discussions for the creation of Manukau City. The term began developing negative connotations in the 1970s, with non-residents associating the term with deprivation, crime and violence. From 1989, many organisations began using the term Counties Manukau as an alternative way to describe South Auckland.

The name South Auckland is often used imprecisely by the press or politicians, to describe lower socio-economic areas south of the Auckland City Centre. Some areas of the Auckland isthmus occasionally referred to as South Auckland are Onehunga,  Penrose,  Mount Wellington,  and Panmure. Some Howick ward suburbs to the east are often called South Auckland, including Flat Bush and East Tāmaki. Towns south of Auckland are also often referred to as South Auckland, including Pukekohe   and Waiuku,   and occasionally some towns in the northern Waikato Region, such as Pōkeno and Tuakau.

Natural history

South Auckland is an area on the eastern shores of the Manukau Harbour, and the upper headwaters of the Tāmaki River. Many features of the Auckland volcanic field are found in South Auckland, such as Māngere Mountain, Matukutūreia and the Pukaki Lagoon. Many of the mountains of South Auckland have been quarried, such as Matukutūruru, Maungataketake and Ōtara Hill (either entirely or partially). Some of the northern-most features of the older South Auckland volcanic field can be found in the area, such as Pukekiwiriki and the Hūnua Falls.

Both the Manukau Harbour and the Tāmaki River are drowned river valley systems. The Manukau Harbour formed between 3 and 5 million years ago when tectonic forces between the Pacific Plate and Australian Plate uplifted the Waitākere Ranges and subsided the Manukau Harbour. It began as an open bay, eventually forming as a sheltered harbour as the Āwhitu Peninsula developed at the harbour's mouth. Over the last two million years, the harbour has cycled between periods of being a forested river valley and a flooded harbour, depending on changes in the global sea level. The present harbour formed approximately 8,000 years ago, after the Last Glacial Maximum.

Historically, much of inland South Auckland was composed of wetlands. Many areas of remnant native bush are found in South Auckland, such as the taraire forest at Kirks Bush in Papakura, and areas of the Auckland Botanic Gardens in Manurewa.

Early Māori history
The Auckland area was an early location visited by many of the Māori migration canoes, including the Matahourua, Aotea, Mātaatua, Tainui, Tākitimu, Tokomaru, Te Wakatūwhenua and Moekākara waka. Some of the earliest stories about the region involve Te Tō Waka, the portage at Ōtāhuhu, that allowed waka to cross between the east coast and the Manukau Harbour, where only 200 metres of land separated the two. The crossing of the Tainui waka is memorialised in the name of Ngarango Otainui Island in the Māngere Inlet, where the wooden skids used to haul the waka were left after the trip was made, and other waka including the Matahourua, Aotea, Mātaatua and Tokomaru all have traditional stories associated with the portage.

Portages remained important features Tāmaki Māori. In South Auckland, the Waokauri and Pūkaki portages at Papatoetoe was used to avoid Te Tō Waka, controlled by the people who lived at Ōtāhuhu / Mount Richmond. The Papakura portage connected the Manukau Harbour at Papakura in the west to the Wairoa River in the east, likely along the path of the Old Wairoa Road, and Te Pai o Kaiwaka at Waiuku connected the Manukau Harbour to the Waikato River in the south.

Tāmaki Māori peoples settled the eastern coastline of the Manukau Harbour as early as the 14th century. Settlements in the area were based on what resources were available seasonally, such as Manukau Harbour fish and shellfish.

In the 15th century, Tāmaki Māori people created extensive garden sites at Ihumātao, Wiri and the slopes of Māngere Mountain. These garden sites used Polynesian agricultural techniques and traditions, with the stone walls acting acted as boundaries, windbreaks and drainage systems for the crops grown in the area, which included kūmara (sweet potato), hue (calabash gourds), taro, uwhi (ube yam), tī pore (Pacific cabbage tree) and aute (the paper mulberry tree). The environment-modifying techniques used in the Ōtuataua Stonefields allowed early Tāmaki Māori to propagate crops which were not suited to a cooler climate.

A number of early Tāmaki Māori iwi and hapū are associated with South Auckland. Ngā Oho was used as a unifying name for Tāmaki Māori who descended from the Tainui and Te Arawa migratory waka. Descendants of Tāhuhunui-o-te-rangi, captain of the Moekākara waka, settled around Ōtāhuhu and adopted the name Ngāi Tāhuhu, while descendants of Tāiki, a Tainui ancestor of Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, named the Tāmaki River after himself (Te Wai ō Tāiki) and settled on the eastern shores of the river alongside the descendants of Huiārangi (of the early iwi Te Tini ō Maruiwi), including the shores of Te Waiōtara (the Ōtara Creek). Over time, Ngā Riki emerged as a group who settled between Ōtāhuhu and Papakura, and Ngā Oho was used to describe the people who lived around Papakura.

Many of the volcanic features of South Auckland became fortified pā sites for Tāmaki Māori, notably Māngere Mountain, Matukutūruru, Matukutūreia and Pukekiwiriki. There are few pā sites inland from the coasts, due to the flat land being unsuitable for fortified sites. The pā is known by the name Te Pā-o-te-tū-tahi-atu, a name that describes the pā as temporary, due to the surrounding flat landscape not being ideal for fortifications.

In the early 17th century, the area became a part of the rohe of Te Kawerau ā Maki.

Waiohua

In the 17th century, three major tribes of Tāmaki Makaurau, Ngā Iwi, Ngā Oho and Ngā Riki, joined to form the Waiohua under the rangatira Huakaiwaka. The union lasted for three generations, and was centred around the pā of Maungawhau and later Maungakiekie on the Auckland isthmus. Other Tāmaki Māori groups such as Ngāi Tāhuhu were considered either allies of Waiohua, or hapū within the union.

Māngere Mountain / Te Pane-o-Mataaho / Te Ara Pueru was a major pā for the Waiohua, a confederacy of Tāmaki Māori iwi. The mountain complex may have been home to thousands of people, with the mountain acting as a central place for rua (food storage pits). Paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki stayed at Māngere seasonally, when it was the time of year to hunt sharks in the Manukau Harbour. To the south, the twin peaks of Matukutūreia and Matukutūruru were home to the Ngāi Huatau hapū of Waiohua, settled by Huatau, daughter of Huakaiwaka.

Around the year 1740, a conflict between Ngāti Whātua and Waiohua led to the death of paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki, who became the major occupants of the Tāmaki isthmus and Māngere. Ngāti Whātua was significantly smaller than the Waiohua confederation and chose to focus life at Onehunga, Māngere and Ōrākei. Gradually, the Waiohua people who had sought refuge with their Waikato Tainui relatives to the south, re-established in the South Auckland area, mainly in a disbursed circuit around the Manukau Harbour. During this time, the tribal identities of Te Ākitai Waiohua, Ngāti Tamaoho and Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua developed. Ngāti Whātua people who remained in the area and interwed with Waiohua developed into the modern iwi Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei. By the 19th century, most Tāmaki Māori peoples moved away from fortified pā and favoured kāinga closer to resources and transport routes.

In the 1820s, the threat of Ngāpuhi war parties from the north during the Musket Wars caused most of the Tāmaki Makaurau area to become deserted. Ngāti Whatua and Waiohua relocated to the Waikato under the protection of Pōtatau Te Wherowhero. A peace accord between Ngāpuhi and Waikato Tainui was reached through the marriage of Matire Toha, daughter of Ngāpuhi chief Rewa was married to Kati Takiwaru, the younger brother of Tainui chief Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, who settled together on the slopes of Māngere Mountain. Ngāti Whātua returned to the Māngere-Onehunga area by the mid-1830s, re-establishing a pā on Māngere Mountain called Whakarongo. During the 1840s, Waiohua descendant tribes returned to their papakāinga (settlements) at Ihumātao, Pūkaki, Papahīnau, Waimāhia and Te Aparangi. Māngere-Onehunga was the main residence of Auckland-based Ngāti Whātua until the 1840s.

Colonial era

In January 1836 missionary William Thomas Fairburn brokered a land sale between Tāmaki Māori chiefs, Pōtatau Te Wherowhero and Turia of Ngāti Te Rau, covering the majority of modern-day South Auckland between Ōtāhuhu and Papakura. The sale was envisioned as a way to end hostilities in the area, but it is unclear what the chiefs understood or consented to. Māori continued to live in South Auckland, unchanged by this sale. The Fairburn Purchase was criticised for the sheer size of the purchase, and in 1842 the Crown significantly reduced the size of his land holdings, and the Crown partitioned much of the land for European settlers.

On 20 March 1840, Ngāti Whātua chief Apihai Te Kawau signed the Treaty of Waitangi at Orua Bay on the Manukau Harbour, inviting Lieutenant-Governor William Hobson to settle in Auckland, hoping this would protect the land and people living in Tāmaki Makaurau. In the winter of 1840, Ngāti Whātua moved the majority of the iwi to the Waitematā Harbour, with most iwi members resettling to the Remuera-Ōrākei area, closer to the new European settlement at Waihorotiu (modern-day Auckland City Centre). A smaller Ngāti Whātua presence remained at Māngere-Onehunga.

In 1846, the Wesleyan Methodist Church established a mission at the foot of Maungataketake, near Ihumātao. The following year, Governor George Grey established the village of Ōtāhuhu. The village was created as a way to protect the township of Auckland, and was settled by retired British soldiers of the Royal New Zealand Fencible Corps. Grey also asked Pōtatau Te Wherowhero (then known as a powerful chief and negotiator, but later the first Māori King) to settle at Māngere Bridge as a second defensive site, which developed into a Ngāti Mahuta village. Papakura was established in the late 1840s by a small group of settler families.

The South Auckland area flourished in the 1850s, when Manukau Harbour and Waikato tribes produced goods to sell or barter at the port of Onehunga, primarily corn, potato, kūmara, pigs, peaches, melons, fish and potatoes. Ōtāhuhu developed as an agricultural centre and trade hub, with the Tāmaki River becoming one of the busiest waterways in New Zealand by the late 1850s.

In April 1851, the Tāmaki Bridge was constructed along the Great South Road, spurring growth in the Papatoetoe area. By 1855, the Great South Road was extended as far south as Drury. Coal mining became a major industry in Drury during this time, and in 1862 one of the first tramways in New Zealand was constructed to transport coal from the mine to the Manukau Harbour.

Invasion of the Waikato

In 1861, Governor George Grey ordered the construction of the Great South Road further into the Waikato, due to fears of potential invasion of Waikato Tainui. On 9 July 1863, due to fears of the Māori King Movement, Governor Grey proclaimed that all Māori living in the South Auckland area needed to swear loyalty to the Queen and give up their weapons. Most people refused due to strong links to Tainui, leaving for the south before the Government's Invasion of the Waikato. Small numbers of people remained, in order to tend to their farms and for ahi kā (land rights through continued occupation). Most Māori occupants of the area felt they had no choice due to their strong ties to Tainui and Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, and were forced to flee to the south. While fleeing, Te Ākitai Waiohua rangatira Ihaka Takanini and his family were captured by his former neighbour, Lieutenant-Colonel Marmaduke Nixon, and taken prisoner on Rakino Island, where Ihaka Takanini died.

During the war, many stockades and redoubts were constructed by the Crown troops. Early skirmishes between the Crown and Kīngitanga forces happened in the forested land around Drury and Pukekohe areas, including the Defence of Pukekohe East in September 1863.

After the war, the Crown confiscated 1.2 million acres of Māori land around the Waikato, including Waiohua land in South Auckland. The former residents of the Manukau Harbour began returning to the area in 1866, with the Native Compensation Court returning small portions of land in 1867. Most land was kept by the crown as reserves, or sold on to British immigrant farmers.

Farming communities

Small farming communities such as began developing in the area in the latter 19th century along the Great South Road corridor. In 1875, the North Island Main Trunk began operating in South Auckland, linking the South Auckland area to Auckland and the Waikato by train, and leading to development along this corridor. The first Māngere Bridge was opened in 1875, linking Māngere to Onehunga. The township of Woodside in modern-day Wiri dwindled in importance after the railway opened, slowly being overtaken by neighbouring Manurewa. Much of South Auckland was known for wheat production, until the 1880s when dairy farming became popular.

The first local governments in the area, were established in the 1860s in order to better fund roading projects. During the 1890s, the wetlands of South Auckland were a major location for kauri gum digging. Papakura township was adjacent to the large Ardmore Gumfield (also known as the Papakura Gumfield), which stretched from Manurewa to Clevedon. By the 1900s, Auckland gumfields and swamps began being converted into farmland and orchards. In 1890, the Māori King, Tāwhiao, had a residence constructed for his family members at Māngere Bridge, where members of the family including Mahuta Tāwhiao, Tumate Mahuta and Tonga Mahuta stayed while attending schools in Auckland.

The first Chinese New Zealanders arrived in South Auckland in the 1910s, Between the 1920s and 1940s, significant portions of South Auckland were used for Chinese-owned and operated market gardens. In 1911, the first controlled powered flight in New Zealand took place in Takanini. The flight took place inside a single paddock within the racecourse of the now-defunct Papakura Racing Club. The flight was piloted by Vivian Walsh and was carried out in a Howard Wright 1910 Biplane, the parts for which were imported from England in 1910 and assembled by members of the Auckland Aeroplane Syndicate.

During the 1920s, Papatoetoe and Manurewa became some of the fastest growing areas of Auckland. These were joined by Māngere East, which developed after the opening of the Otahuhu Railway Workshops in the late 1920s. During World War II, the Papakura Military Camp was established as an important base for the New Zealand Army. Areas of Papatoetoe and Manurewa were used as military camps for the United States Army. Middlemore Hospital opened in 1947, originally intended to be a temporary military hospital.

In the 1950s, Chinese New Zealand gardeners Fay Gock and Joe Gock began cultivating kūmara (sweet potatoes) at their farm beside the Pūkaki Creek, using plants donated to them by their neighbours at Pūkaki Marae. The Gocks developed a disease-resistant variety of kūmara that became the modern Owairaka Red variety.

Suburban development

The development of the Auckland Southern Motorway in the mid-1950s led to an explosion in the population of Papatoetoe and Manurewa. In 1958, the first modern supermarket in New Zealand was opened in Papatoetoe, by Tom Ah Chee, Norm Kent and John Brown, and in 1967 the third American-style mall in Auckland was opened, Southmall Manurewa.

In 1960, the Manukau Sewage Purification Works (now Māngere Wastewater Treatment Plant) was opened in the Manukau Harbour, using algae-based oxidation ponds, around Puketutu Island. A new purpose-built Auckland Airport was opened in Māngere 1966 to replace the dual commercial and military airport at Whenuapai. The construction of the airport led to significant reclamation of the Manukau Harbour, and the volcanic scoria of Maungataketake and Puketutu Island was quarried for construction material.

South Auckland's demographics rapidly changed from the 1950s to the 1970s. Between the 1940s and 1960s, Māori living in rural areas were encouraged to move to cities by the Māori Affairs Department, in order to create a larger industrial labour force. Urban Māori populations first settled in the inner suburbs of Auckland and areas close to factories; often areas with poor housing. To counter overcrowding in the central suburbs, the New Zealand Government undertook large scale state housing developments, creating planned suburbs in Ōtara and Māngere in the 1970s, and adding large areas of state housing around Manurewa and Papatoetoe. Large-scale immigration of Pasifika New Zealanders began in the 1950s and 1960s, typically from primarily from Western Samoa (modern-day Samoa), Tonga, the Cook Islands and Niue. By the mid-1970s, gentrification caused many Pasifika communities to relocate away from the central suburbs, moving to areas such as South Auckland.

In 1965, Manukau City was formed by the amalgamation of the Manurewa Borough and Manukau County. The new city decided to create a new commercial and administrative centre, leading to the development of Manukau in a previously rural area between Manurewa and Papatoetoe. After the construction of Manukau, South Auckland from Ōtāhuhu to Papakura became a continuous part of the urban sprawl of Auckland.

In the mid-1970s, construction on State Highway 20 (commonly known as the Southwestern Motorway) began in South Auckland, including a new motorway bridge to be built alongside the existing Māngere Bridge. Construction was halted by May 1978, when workers organised a labour strike over insufficient redundancy payments. The partially constructed bridge was picketed for a period of two and a half years, becoming the longest continuous labour strike in the history of New Zealand. The Auckland Botanic Gardens opened in Manurewa in 1982, the same year as, Rainbow's End a theme park in Manukau. Over time, Rainbow's End expanded to become the largest theme park in New Zealand.

In the 1989 local government reforms, Manukau, Papatoetoe and Howick in East Auckland amalgamated into the Manukau City, and in 2010 all areas of the Auckland Region were merged into a single unitary body, administered by Auckland Council. By the 2010s, areas of South Auckland such as Papatoetoe had developed as major areas for South Asian communities.

Between 2016 and 2020, Ihumātao was occupied by protesters, who were concerned at the construction of a housing development on the archaeological site, and called for the land to be returned to mana whenua. In late 2020, the New Zealand Government purchased the site, with no decision being made on the future of the land.

Areas south of Papakura began developing into new suburban housing in the late 2010s. The first of these was Paerata Rise north of Pukekohe, joined by Auranga, an area of coastal Karaka. A major development is planned for the Drury-Ōpaheke area, to be developed in stages from the 2020s through to the 2050s. Three new train stations will be constructed in the area between Papakura and Pukekohe. In the 2010s, a light rail line was proposed to link the Auckland City Centre to Māngere. In the 2040s, the Auckland Council plans to create a new regional park on Puketutu Island. Much of the island was quarried in the 1950s, and is slowly being refilled with biosolids. At the end of this process, the quarried peaks will be reformed.

Demographics
South Auckland covers 166.94 km2 and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

South Auckland had a population of 316,878 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 42,378 people (15.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 57,651 people (22.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 78,903 households, comprising 158,331 males and 158,547 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.0 males per female, with 79,629 people (25.1%) aged under 15 years, 80,154 (25.3%) aged 15 to 29, 129,459 (40.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 27,636 (8.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 26.9% European/Pākehā, 21.0% Māori, 41.1% Pacific peoples, 26.1% Asian, and 2.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 38.5, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 25.3% had no religion, 48.6% were Christian, 2.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 8.0% were Hindu, 3.6% were Muslim, 1.5% were Buddhist and 5.3% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 34,152 (14.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 49,143 (20.7%) people had no formal qualifications. 23,367 people (9.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 120,102 (50.6%) people were employed full-time, 26,430 (11.1%) were part-time, and 14,052 (5.9%) were unemployed.

Local government

Road boards were the first local government in South Auckland in the 1860s, which were established across the Auckland Province due to a lack of central government funding for road improvements. In South Auckland, over 20 road boards were established to administer upkeep for major arterial connections, some of which included the Drury Road Board, Mangere Road Board, Awhitu Road Board and the Hunua Road Board. In 1876, the Manukau County was established as the local government for South Auckland. In 1881, the Town District Act allowed communities of more than 50 households to amalgamate into a town district. Large town districts were able to form boroughs, which had their own councils and a greater lending power. The county was split into two bodies in 1912: the Manukau County Council and a new body, the Franklin County Council. Between 1912 and 1955, seven areas of South Auckland split from the Manukau, Franklin or Eden Counties to form independent boroughs: Pukekohe and Ōtāhuhu in 1912, Manurewa in 1937, Papakura in 1938, Papatoetoe in 1946 and Waiuku and Tuakau in 1955.

In the early 1960s, a movement began to amalgamate the various town and borough councils in South Auckland into a single city, which became known as the Manukau City. Churchill was an early name proposed for the city, which was disparaged at the time. The city formed in 1965, and later that year was joined by Papatoetoe City, after the Papatoetoe borough grew in population. Papakura became recognised as a city in 1975, and in 1986 Ōtāhuhu joined with Mount Wellington to form a unified city, known as Tamaki City. With the 1989 local government reforms, Manukau, Papatoetoe and Howick in East Auckland merged to form a larger Manukau City, while Tamaki City was amalgamated into Auckland City along with the rest of the Auckland isthmus.

On 1 November 2010, Manukau City and Franklin District were merged with the surrounding areas of Auckland to form a single local government area, managed by the Auckland Council as a unitary authority. Within the new system, South Auckland was primarily split into five areas which elect a local board: Māngere-Ōtāhuhu, Manurewa, Ōtara-Papatoetoe, Papakura and Franklin. Ōtāhuhu, previously administered by the Auckland City to the north, was again a part of a South Auckland local government body, and a number of southern and eastern townships within the former Franklin District became part of the Waikato and the Hauraki districts in the Waikato Region, including Tuakau, Pōkeno, Pukekawa, Whakatīwai and Pūkorokoro / Miranda.

In addition to local boards, a number of councillors represent South Auckland on the Auckland Council. Voters in the Māngere-Ōtāhuhu and Ōtara-Papatoetoe areas vote for two councillors as a part of the Manukau ward, and people in the Manurewa and Papakura areas vote for two Manurewa-Papakura ward councillors. Franklin area residents vote for a single Franklin ward councillor.

National government
Traditionally, South Auckland has strongly supported the Labour Party in general elections. Notably, the general electorates of Māngere, Panmure-Ōtāhuhu and Manurewa are three of Labour's safest seats. However, after the 2023 election, Labour lost the electorate of Takanini which is considered to be a marginal seat.

Notable people
People who hail from South Auckland include Olympic champion John Walker, mountaineer Edmund Hillary, and former Prime Minister David Lange. Many successful sportspeople are South Aucklanders, including rugby players Jonah Lomu and Eric Rush, rugby league player Ruben Wiki, heavyweight boxers David Tua and Joseph Parker, cricketer Daryl Tuffey, kickboxer Mark Hunt, indycar racer Scott Dixon, and shot-putter Valerie Adams. Prominent entertainers from South Auckland include musicians Young Sid, Savage, Pauly Fuemana, and P-Money.

title: South Auckland


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User talk:Octoferret

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Octoferret


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User talk:Sandeep.chandna

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ClockworkTroll 05:47, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC).

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 05:47, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sandeep.chandna


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User:Siliconer

Hello, I am a first-year doctoral student in the Graduate School of Science at the Unversity of Tokyo.

I am majoring in organoheteroatom chemisty, and mainly I investigate organosilicon compounds.

title: User:Siliconer