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Neurodiversity

Neurodiversity is a framework for understanding human brain function that recognizes the diversity of human cognition as a biological fact. The neurodiversity paradigm argues that diversity in human cognition is normal and that some conditions classified as mental disorders are differences and disabilities that are not necessarily pathological.

The neurodiversity movement started in the late 1980s and early 1990s with the start of Autism Network International. Much of the correspondence that led to the formation of the movement happened over autism conferences, namely the autistic-led autreat, penpal lists, and Usenet.

The framework grew out of the disability rights movement and builds on the social model of disability, arguing that disability partly arises from societal barriers, rather than attributing disability purely to inherent deficits. It instead situates human cognitive variation in the context of biodiversity and the politics of minority groups. Some neurodiversity advocates and researchers argue that the neurodiversity paradigm is the middle ground between a strong medical model and a strong social model.

The neurodiversity paradigm has been controversial among disability advocates, with opponents arguing it risks downplaying the suffering associated with some disabilities, and that it calls for the acceptance of things some would wish to be treated.

History
The word neurodiversity first appeared in publication in 1998, in an article by American journalist Harvey Blume, as a portmanteau of the words neurological diversity, which had been used as early as 1996 in online spaces such as InLv to describe the growing concept of a natural diversity in humanity's neurological expression. The same year, it was published in Judy Singer's sociology honors thesis, drawing on discussions on the independent living mailing list that included Blume. Singer has described herself as "likely somewhere on the autistic spectrum".

Blume was an early advocate who predicted the role the Internet would play in fostering the international neurodiversity movement. In a New York Times piece on June 30, 1997, Blume described the foundation of neurodiversity using the term neurological pluralism. Some authors also credit the earlier work of autistic advocate Jim Sinclair in laying the foundation for the movement. Sinclair's 1993 speech "Don't Mourn For Us" emphasized autism as a way of being, claiming "it is not possible to separate the person from the autism."

The Neurodiversity Movement grew largely from online interaction. The internet's design lent well to the needs of many autistic people. People socialized over listservs and IRCs. Some of the websites used for organizing in the Neurodiversity Movement's early days include sites like Autistics.Org and Autistic People Against Neuroleptic Abuse. Core principles were developed from there. Principles such as advocating for the rights and autonomy of all people with brain disabilities with a focus on autism. The main conflicts from the beginning were about who the real experts on autism are, what causes autism, what treatments are appropriate, and who gets to call themselves autistic. During the 2000s, people started blogs such as Mel Baggs' Ballastexistenz and Kevin Leitch's Left Brain Right Brain. Eventually, Autistic Self Advocacy Network (ASAN) was started by Ari Ne'eman and Scott Robertson to further align the Neurodiversity Movement with the greater Disability rights movement. ASAN led the Ransom Notes Campaign to successfully remove stigmatizing disability ads posted by the NYU Child Study Center. This was a massive turning point for the Neurodiversity Movement.

From there, the Neurodiversity Movement continued to grow with the formation of more organizations in the early 2010s such as Autistic Women & Nonbinary Network and The Thinking Person's Guide to Autism. More autistic people were appointed to federal advisory boards like Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee and National Council on Disability. There were various campaigns like the ongoing #StopTheShock related to the use of aversive treatment at Judge Rotenberg Center and various protests against Autism Speaks. Various flashblogs popped up during the 2010s to support campaigns. Annual traditions were formed such as Disability Day of Mourning and Autistics Speaking Day.

Damian Milton notes that, in 2014, Nick Walker attempted to define neurodiversity, the neurodiversity movement, and the neurodiversity paradigm. Walker tied neurodiversity to the idea that "all brains are to a degree unique". She also defined the movement as a rights movement, and the paradigm as a broader discussion of diversity, cultural constructions and social dynamics.

In recent years, the concept of neurodiversity has gained traction among members of the scientific community, who have argued that autism researchers have sometimes been too ready to interpret differences as deficits. It has also been suggested that there are both ethical and practical risks in attempting to reduce or suppress autistic traits through interventions, as some recent studies have indicated that higher levels of masking are generally associated with poorer mental health outcomes among autistic people, including suicidality. Researchers have found that psychoeducation based on the medical model is associated with higher stigma. Similarly, some researchers and advocates also argue that a medicalizing approach can contribute to stigma and that the persistent focus on biological research in autism is at odds with the priorities of those in the autism community.

Autistic self-advocate and researcher Ari Ne'eman has suggested a trait-based approach, where elements of the medical (or pathology) model can be applied in treating certain traits, behaviors, or conditions that are intrinsically harmful (e.g. self-injury behaviors, epilepsy, or other co-occurring health conditions), while neurodiversity approaches can be applied to non-harmful or adaptive autistic traits (e.g. stimming, intense interests) of the same individual. In recent years, both new intervention strategies and neurodiversity-based reforms of existing intervention strategies have been developed.

Neurodivergent
Following the rise of the autism rights movement in the 1990s, many autistic advocates, including Kassiane Asasumasu, recognized that a wide variety of people experienced the world in ways similar to autistic people, despite not being autistic. As a result, Asasumasu coined the related terms neurodivergent and neurodivergence circa 2000.

According to Asasumasu, neurodivergent/neurodivergence refers to those "whose neurocognitive functioning diverges from dominant societal norms in multiple ways". She intended for these terms to apply to a broad variety of people, not just people with neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and dyslexia. She further emphasized that it should not be used to exclude people but rather to include them. This term provided activists a way to advocate increased rights and accessibility for non-autistic people who do not have typical neurocognitive functioning.

Neurodivergent has been used in multiple ways since Asasumasu's conception, especially to refer specifically to individuals diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders. It is also used as an umbrella term used to describe people with atypical mental and behavioral traits, such as mood, anxiety, dissociative, psychotic, personality, and eating disorders. Under the neurodiversity framework, these conditions are often referred to as "neurodivergencies", in an effort to move away from the medical model of disability (sometimes referred to in the neurodiversity community as the "pathology paradigm" ).

Neurotypical
Neurotypical (an abbreviation of neurologically typical, sometimes NT) is a neologism widely used in the neurodiversity movement as a label for anyone who has a typical neurotype and fits into the norm of thinking patterns. Thus, neurotypicals are anyone who is not autistic, diagnosed with ADHD, dyslexia, anxiety, or any other condition that would be considered neurodivergent. The term has been adopted by both the neurodiversity movement and some members of the scientific community.

Term
Early definitions described neurotypicals as individuals who do not have autism and do not meet the criteria to be diagnosed with autism. Early uses of NT were often satirical, as in the Institute for the Study of the Neurologically Typical, but it has been adopted by the neurodiversity movement, too, and is now used in a serious manner.

People with any form of neurocognitive or mental disorder, whether congenital or acquired, have also sometimes been excluded from the neurotypical label, particularly in academic studies for specific disorders that use neurotypical control groups. In this sense, the term is now contrasted to neurodivergent.

Some people prefer the term allistic, which unambiguously means "not autistic".

The National Autistic Society of the United Kingdom describes the word as "mainly used by autistic people so may not be applicable in, for example, the popular press".

Double empathy problem theory
The theory of the double empathy problem argues that autistic people do not lack empathy as often supposed by people who see autism as pathological. Rather, the experiences of autistic and non-autistic people are so different that it is hard for one to understand how the other thinks; for example, non-autistic people may not understand when an autistic person is overwhelmed.

It was originally conceived in 2012 by autistic scholar Damian Milton. One study comparing the conversations and socialization of autistic groups, non-autistic groups, and mixed groups found that autistic people were more able to build rapport with other autistic people than with non-autistic people, and at a level similar to the purely non-autistic group.

The double empathy problem theory implies there is no simple fix that can help each group better empathize with each other. Moreover, attempting to "treat" an autistic person by teaching them to empathize with non-autistic people could generate mental health issues and feelings of inferiority and self-blame. The same risks do not apply when seeking to teach non-autistic people, because their allistic neurology is not stigmatized. The advantage of the theory is reducing pathologization of autistic people by identifying that everyone struggles to empathize with different neurotypes. It can also help neurotypical individuals to better understand how neurodivergent people think and empathize and to recognize their own limitations in empathizing with autistic people. Jaswal and Akhtar (2019) highlight the difference between being socially uninterested and appearing socially uninterested, and challenge preconceived notions of a lack of social motivation. For example, testimonies from autistic individuals report that avoiding eye contact serves an important function of helping them to concentrate during conversation, and should not be interpreted as expressing social disinterest.

Within disability rights movements
The neurodiversity paradigm was developed and embraced first by autistic people, but has been applied to other conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental speech disorders, dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyspraxia, dyscalculia, dysnomia, intellectual disability, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), Tourette syndrome, and sometimes mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and, somewhat more controversially, personality disorders such as antisocial personality disorder. Neurodiversity advocates who support those with autism, ADHD, dyslexia, and other neurodevelopmental disorders do not agree in framing medical interventions as a way to "cure" or "fix" these individuals. Rather, they promote support systems such as inclusion-focused services, accommodations, communication and assistive technologies, occupational training, and independent living support. The intention is for individuals to receive support that honors human diversity and feel that they are able to freely express themselves. Other forms of treatment may cause them to feel as though they are being coerced or forced to adapt to social norms, or to conform to a behavioral standard or clinical ideal.

Proponents of neurodiversity strive to reconceptualize autism and related conditions in society by acknowledging that neurodiversity does not require a cure, changing the language from the current "condition, disease, disorder, or illness"-based nomenclature, "broadening the understanding of healthy or independent living", acknowledging new types of autonomy, and giving neurodivergent individuals more control over their treatment, including the type, timing, and whether there should be treatment at all.

Activists such as Jennifer White-Johnson have helped bring attention to the neurodiversity movement, by creating symbols of protest and recognition, including a combination of the black power fist and infinity symbol.

A 2009 study separated 27 students with conditions including autism, dyslexia, developmental coordination disorder, ADHD, and having suffered a stroke into two categories of self-view: "A 'difference' view—where neurodiversity was seen as a difference incorporating a set of strengths and weaknesses, or a 'medical/deficit' view—where neurodiversity was seen as a disadvantageous medical condition". They found that, although all of the students reported uniformly difficult schooling careers involving exclusion, abuse, and bullying, those who viewed themselves from the "difference" view (41% of the study cohort) "indicated higher academic self-esteem and confidence in their abilities and many (73%) expressed considerable career ambitions with positive and clear goals". Many of these students reported gaining this view of themselves through contact with neurodiversity advocates in online support groups.

A 2013 online survey which aimed to assess conceptions of autism and neurodiversity suggested that conception of autism as a difference, and not a deficit, is developmentally beneficial and "transcend[s] a false dichotomy between celebrating differences and ameliorating deficit".

Neurodiversity advocate John Elder Robison argues that the disabilities and strengths conferred by neurological differences may be mutually inseparable. "When 99 neurologically identical people fail to solve a problem, it's often the 1% fellow who's different who holds the key. Yet that person may be disabled or disadvantaged most or all of the time. To neurodiversity proponents, people are disabled because they are at the edges of the bell curve, not because they are sick or broken."

Neurodiversity and education
Diversity in the education system is not always observed from a neurodiverse perspective. There are several models that are used to understand disability. One is the medical model of disability that views people with disabilities as needing to be treated or cured. Another is the social model of disability putting emphasis on the way that society treats people with disabilities. The social model argues that people with disabilities experience more difficulties from society than the disability alone.

Nachman and colleagues reviewed several articles published by two-year community colleges and found some discrepancies in the way that they perceived and categorized "disabled" students and "non-disabled" students. They found that all of the articles were attempting to normalize disability. Many of them put distinct separation between typical and atypical learners as well as their potential academic achievement. Nachman also found that many of the articles showed a lack of autonomy for neurodivergent students. They had little power in regard to academic choices and classroom management.

Another study explored minority stress through the lens of transgender and gender diverse students who were neurodivergent. The researchers found that these students were likely to experience multiple forms of oppression rather than just one. Some of those types include gender related oppression and oppression related to their neurodivergence. The students who had a higher level of minority stress due to stigma awareness were expected to have lower academic performance and higher risk of psychological distress.

Career preparation that is specifically targeted for neurodivergent students is lacking. There are several programs, such as supported employment, that exist to help assist neurodivergent individuals in finding and obtaining a job but not many of those programs exist within schools. This can make it difficult for neurodivergent students to find a career path that they feel is attainable for them.

Universities and educational institutions could constitute a place of fulfillment and development for neurodivergent people. According to an article published in 2023, universities and post-secondary establishments would show more tolerance towards neurodivergent people. Furthermore, this kind of environment gives rise to independence and autonomy and can thus lead to kindness and understanding. This is why implementing strategies based on the concept of compassion could be an asset for educational institutions and therefore mask this difference that exists between people. Neurodivergent students in higher education also report a need for non-academic supports, such as social mentorships and resources for strength-based interventions in order to further assist neurodivergent students in the social aspects of college life.

Neurodiversity and the workplace
Neurodivergent individuals are subjected to bias when applying and interviewing for job positions. Specifically, neurodivergent individuals can have their social engagement style compared to neurotypical individuals, which can affect their ability to obtain a job position. Stigmas against neurodivergence (especially against autistic individuals) and cognition challenges in social situations can hinder an individual's ability to perform well in a traditional job interview. Organizations such as Specialisterne aim to use neurodivergent employees' particular skills – such as pattern recognition, detection of deviations, attention to detail, analytical thinking, and extended focus – in the workforce, as well as educate companies on supporting neurodivergent employees.

In a systematic review that considered developmental dyslexia as "an expression of neurodiversity", it was suggested that neurodiversity is not yet an established concept in the workplace, and therefore, support from social relationships and work accommodations is minimal. Furthermore, another systematic review that focused on pharmacological and combined pharmacological/psychosocial interventions for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder found that there were few workplace-based intervention studies, and suggested that additional research needs to be conducted to figure out how to best support neurodivergent employees in the workplace.

A study conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic suggested that neurodivergent individuals would benefit from remote work as it allowed them to engage in their interests, but that social engagement is still necessary for productivity and performance. Another study supported these findings and stressed the need for redesigned work and social conditions to be more inclusive for individuals with autism.

In social media
The increase of representation of the neurodiversity movement in the media came about with changes in the technology of the media platforms themselves. The recent addition of text-based options on various social media sites allow disabled users to communicate, enjoy, and share at a more accessible rate. Social media has a two-fold benefit to the neurodivergent community: it can help spread awareness and pioneer the neurodiversity movement, and it can also allow members of the communities themselves to connect.

Social media as a platform
Media platforms allow the connection of individuals of similar backgrounds to find a community of support with one another. Online networking and connections allows for the user to decide their level of comfort with interactions, and allow them to retain control of a relationship with another user. For the neurodivergent community, the use of social media to create relationships has proven a useful tool for those with difficulty in social situations. By connecting neurodivergent users, media platforms provide 'safe spaces' that are helpful in forming relationships. Some media developers have created platforms such as Blossom, which are designed specifically to connect neurodivergent users and families.

Social media as a driving force
Social media also allows users to spread awareness about the neurodiversity movement. Increasing awareness about disorders has been shown to increase the amount of factual information spread. The spread of information through social media exposure can assist the neurodiversity movement in educating the public about understanding disabilities such as autism and sifting out misinformation. By sharing neurodivergent experiences from a first hand perspective, social media can educate the public and destigmatize certain disorders, but negative portrayals of neurodivergence can have an obstructive impact on members of the community.

Challenges within media
Although representation of the neurodivergent community has grown with the help of social media platforms, those users are often criticized and misunderstood. Social media has not entirely removed the social barriers that restrict inclusion of neurodivergent peoples. Some have reported needing to conform to the mainstream view of their disability to be seen as "authentic" users. Doing so has indirectly made it more difficult for neurodivergent users to grow platforms. Non-disabled users evaluating the authenticity of neurodivergent users based on stereotypes shows that the neurodiversity movement has not reached its goal of inclusion.

Medicine and healthcare
Medical and healthcare professionals have begun to acknowledge neurodivergence among employees. Specifically, more groups are being created that are centered around advocacy and peer support among medical and healthcare professionals who associate themselves with neurodiversity, such as the Autistic Doctors International created by Dr. Mary Doherty. Another approach is the implementation of a 5-minute video summary (5MVS) for medical learners and physicians who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It consists of a 5-minute recorded video summary in which an engaging speaker presents the relevant information from a scientific article about ADHD using a brief PowerPoint presentation shared using videoconferencing technology. The researchers state that providing this educational tool for helping medical learners and physicians with ADHD acquire relevant information from scientific articles could help in addressing their inattention, impulsivity and/or hyperactivity, and improve their development of critical appraisal skills when working in healthcare.

Similarly, healthcare systems may benefit from hiring neurodiverse individuals to gain a unique perspective when caring for patients. Some healthcare staff agree that inviting neurodiverse individuals to join patient advisory groups and/or hire them as staff are essential steps to acceptance and integration in the workforce. Neurodiverse people's unique strengths can be vital to health system innovation and improvement efforts. One example of the push toward this is the Stanford Neurodiversity Project, in which one of their goals is to discover the strengths of neurodiverse individuals and make use of their talents to increase innovation and productivity of their society, such as working in the field of healthcare and medicine.

Neurodiversity has also recently been investigated as a new way of working within neurodevelopmental clinics in the UK. A team of researchers in Portsmouth, England, have created an approach in aiding neurodiverse individuals known as PANDA, or the Portsmouth Alliance Neurodiversity Approach. This approach may help medical and healthcare professionals facilitate understanding, communication and early support for children who may identify as being neurodiverse.

Therapy
Neurodiversity and the role it plays in therapeutic settings has been a central focal point in recent years. Many therapists and mental health professionals have pushed for more inclusive psychotherapeutic frameworks appropriate for neurodivergent individuals. One example is neurodivergence-informed therapy, which reframes dysfunction as interconnectedness among society rather than strictly individual, advocating for acceptance and pride in the neurodiversity community, and the push for therapists to pursue humility regarding the knowledge and education associated with individuals who identify as neurodivergent. Similarly, neurodiversity affirming therapy supports neurodivergent differences, rather than viewing them as something that should be "cured", and to offer ways to support the individual with difficult areas, while still appreciating their needs and strengths.

Therapeutic programs and interventions are also being investigated for the neurodivergent community. Self-determination programs to help neurodivergent individuals achieve goals in their life has been founded to be successful, with neurodivergent participants finding it to be "appropriate, acceptable, and feasible". Various approaches (e.g., eye-tracking, longitudinal data, computational modeling) in understanding perceptual decision-making in neurodivergent individuals are also being studied and the implications it may have in the therapeutic environment in working with the neurodivergent population.

Another form of therapeutic intervention in that has been investigated in neurodivergent individuals is the use of Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions (NDBIs). NDBIs have been shown to have positive effects on language and social-communication while, at the same time, respecting individuals’ needs and autonomy. One of the key goals in this type of intervention is putting the focus of therapy on the neurodivergent individual themselves in the creation of intervention goals, procedures, and outcomes. In doing so, they are likely to be seen as more acceptable, useful, and effective to that individual.

In addition to support from neurodiversity advocates for affirming therapies, concerns have been raised about the role of certain approaches such as applied behavior analysis. Neurodiverse individuals and activists tend to emphasize the tendency of these interventions to set a goals-focused approach that, to a neurodivergent patient, might seem to center societal participation rather than the goals of the individual. In this sense, concerns from neurodivergent individuals tends to argue that these interventions aim to enforce conformity with expectations of society rather than addressing the needs of the person receiving the treatment. While a large body of research on the role of ABA seems to support its efficacy in long term outcomes, there remains concerns with the measures used in determining social validity by those who have raised these concerns. In addition to advocates from within the neurodivergent community, some behavioral analysts have begun to reconsider the role of these therapies with the context of a neurodiversity framework.

Reception and controversies
Further information: Controversies in autism § Advocacy initiatives

The neurodiversity paradigm is controversial in autism advocacy. The dominant paradigm, the medical model of disability holds that neurodivergent individuals have medical conditions which should be treated. The neurodiverse paradigm, under the understanding that differences in neural function are natural variations in function, suggests that not all conditions that would be classified as neurodiverse need medical intervention. A prevalent criticism about application of the neurodiversity paradigm to autism comes from the understanding that – even with a framework of natural variance that neurodiversity includes – individuals with functional difficulties would continue to have challenges. Some critics of the neurodiversity paradigm, such as family members that are responsible for the care of an autistic individual, consider it detached from the needs of individuals that would continue to be functionally disabled through the frame of natural variation.

A common criticism is that the neurodiversity paradigm is too widely encompassing and that its conception should exclude those whose functioning is more severely impaired. In response, autistic advocate Nick Walker suggested that neurodiversity refers specifically to "pervasive neurocognitive differences [...] intimately related to the formation and constitution of the self", in contrast to medical conditions such as epilepsy.[undue weight? – discuss]

"Critiques of the Neurodiversity Movement", a 2020 review, raised two concerns regarding the term neurotypical:

 * Many people who do not have an autism diagnosis have autistic traits (known by researchers as the "broad autism phenotype"), so there is no clear bimodal distribution separating people with and without autism. In reality there are not two distinct populations, one "neurotypical" and one "neurodivergent".
 * "Neurotypical" was a dubious construct, because there is nobody who could be considered truly neurotypical, and there is no such standard for the human brain.

title: Neurodiversity


text: Category:Hutchinson County, Texas

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Hutchinson County, Texas


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Brown's representability theorem

In mathematics, Brown's representability theorem in homotopy theory gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a contravariant functor F on the homotopy category Hotc of pointed connected CW complexes, to the category of sets Set, to be a representable functor.

More specifically, we are given

 * F: Hotcop → Set,

and there are certain obviously necessary conditions for F to be of type Hom(—, C), with C a pointed connected CW-complex that can be deduced from category theory alone. The statement of the substantive part of the theorem is that these necessary conditions are then sufficient. For technical reasons, the theorem is often stated for functors to the category of pointed sets; in other words the sets are also given a base point.

Brown representability theorem for CW complexes
The representability theorem for CW complexes, due to Edgar H. Brown, is the following. Suppose that: Then F is representable by some CW complex C, that is to say there is an isomorphism
 * 1) The functor F maps coproducts (i.e. wedge sums) in Hotc to products in Set: $$F(\vee_\alpha X_\alpha) \cong \prod_\alpha F(X_\alpha),$$
 * 2) The functor F maps homotopy pushouts in Hotc to weak pullbacks.  This is often stated as a Mayer–Vietoris axiom: for any CW complex W covered by two subcomplexes U and V, and any elements u ∈ F(U), v ∈ F(V) such that u and v restrict to the same element of F(U ∩ V), there is an element w ∈ F(W) restricting to u and v, respectively.
 * F(Z) ≅ HomHotc(Z, C)

for any CW complex Z, which is natural in Z in that for any morphism from Z to another CW complex Y the induced maps F(Y) → F(Z) and HomHot(Y, C) → HomHot(Z, C) are compatible with these isomorphisms.

The converse statement also holds: any functor represented by a CW complex satisfies the above two properties. This direction is an immediate consequence of basic category theory, so the deeper and more interesting part of the equivalence is the other implication.

The representing object C above can be shown to depend functorially on F: any natural transformation from F to another functor satisfying the conditions of the theorem necessarily induces a map of the representing objects. This is a consequence of Yoneda's lemma.

Taking F(X) to be the singular cohomology group Hi(X,A) with coefficients in a given abelian group A, for fixed i > 0; then the representing space for F is the Eilenberg–MacLane space K(A, i). This gives a means of showing the existence of Eilenberg-MacLane spaces.

Variants
Since the homotopy category of CW-complexes is equivalent to the localization of the category of all topological spaces at the weak homotopy equivalences, the theorem can equivalently be stated for functors on a category defined in this way.

However, the theorem is false without the restriction to connected pointed spaces, and an analogous statement for unpointed spaces is also false.

A similar statement does, however, hold for spectra instead of CW complexes. Brown also proved a general categorical version of the representability theorem, which includes both the version for pointed connected CW complexes and the version for spectra.

A version of the representability theorem in the case of triangulated categories is due to Amnon Neeman. Together with the preceding remark, it gives a criterion for a (covariant) functor F: C → D between triangulated categories satisfying certain technical conditions to have a right adjoint functor. Namely, if C and D are triangulated categories with C compactly generated and F a triangulated functor commuting with arbitrary direct sums, then F is a left adjoint. Neeman has applied this to proving the Grothendieck duality theorem in algebraic geometry.

Jacob Lurie has proved a version of the Brown representability theorem for the homotopy category of a pointed quasicategory with a compact set of generators which are cogroup objects in the homotopy category. For instance, this applies to the homotopy category of pointed connected CW complexes, as well as to the unbounded derived category of a Grothendieck abelian category (in view of Lurie's higher-categorical refinement of the derived category).

title: Brown's representability theorem


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Jon Hensley

Jon Hensley (born August 26, 1965, in Browns Mills, New Jersey) is an American actor, singer and songwriter, best recognized for his portrayal of Holden Snyder on the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns, a role he held from 1985 until the series finale on September 17, 2010. He later portrayed Dr. Meade on The Bold and the Beautiful from 2012 to 2013.

Career
Hensley's first television role was in 1985 on the daytime drama One Life to Live as Brody Price. That role was short-term, but led to Hensley being cast in the role for which he is best known, the role of rebellious farmhand Holden Snyder on As the World Turns.

Hensley started on the series in 1985, and became a popular player when the character of Holden and his "wrong side of the tracks" love affair with rich Lily Walsh (Martha Byrne) set the stage for much story in the 1980s and early 1990s.

Hensley ended his first stint in 1988. During his first break from the show, Hensley studied at the National Shakespeare Conservatory 8-week summer session in Kerhonkson, New York, in 1989.

Hensley returned to the series in 1990 and continued on until 1995. He returned again in 1997, where his character eventually resumed his relationship with Lily. The couple is considered to have reached "supercouple" status and are recognized as one of the serial's most recognized supercouples.

Outside of daytime, Hensley has starred in the USA Network television movie Wounded Heart, and made appearances on Beverly Hills, 90210, and Almost Perfect.

Hensley returned to daytime in May 2012 in the recurring role of Dr. Meade on the CBS daytime soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful.

Personal life
Hensley met co-star Kelley Menighan, who portrayed the role of Emily Stewart on As the World Turns, and the couple were married on May 25, 1996. They have three children, two daughters and a son. In 2015, Hensley and Menighan were divorced.

In the 1990s and early 2000s, Hensley was a resident of Old Tappan, New Jersey.

title: Jon Hensley


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Mike Smartt

Mike Smartt OBE is a British journalist and broadcaster, and was the founder and editor-in-chief of BBC News Online, the BBC's Internet news service. With Project Director Bob Eggington, he led the team that launched the service in 1997, and held the post of editor-in-chief of BBC News Interactive, which also encompassed interactive television news, until 2004. During this time, News Online won all four interactive news BAFTA awards (the category was scrapped after the fourth win) and most of the world's online news prizes, including the US-based so-called Webby "internet Oscars" on a number of occasions.

Originally, many had doubts about the feasibility of the web service, including Smartt's friend and BBC World Editor John Simpson, who described the project as sounding "quite nerdy". Later Simpson conceded that News Online had become one of the main outlets for his work. At the 2003 European Online Journalism Awards, Smartt received an award for outstanding contribution to online journalism in Europe, and in 2004 he was appointed an OBE for services to broadcasting.

Before being placed in editorial charge of the launch of the online service, he was, for 20 years, a correspondent for BBC Television News covering major news stories at home and abroad. He was also, during the late-1980s, a main co-presenter on the BBC Six O'Clock News and the BBC Nine O'Clock News and an occasional presenter of all the other BBC News output on TV.

Mike started his career at the Corporation at "BBC Radio Humberside" in the early 1970s as a News Producer and very occasional rock music DJ, following some years learning the craft of journalism on newspapers. During the late 1970s and early 1980s he was the BBC's staff reporter and a presenter of BBC North's (Leeds) regional TV news programme, Look North.

Smartt, who spent more than 30 years at the BBC, was succeeded by Pete Clifton at News Interactive. He now consults, lectures and writes about journalism and interactive news and is also editor-in-chief of World Press Photos Online magazine Enter.

title: Mike Smartt


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Talk:John André

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 14 January 2020 and 7 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): GeofferyGiles.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 01:18, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Year of birth
This website says he was born in 1751, and that his monument in Westminster Abbey gives his age as 29. Richard75 (talk) 16:32, 1 September 2020 (UTC)
 * It says 1751 in one place, 1750 in another! DuncanHill (talk) 02:14, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

André`s attempted land travel
OK, he meets Benedict Arnold at what we call Treason House, at Haverstraw. The "Vulture" is forced to retreat to where he can't reach it, so he's left with trying to get to British lines via land travel. The article says he's stopped near Tarrytown; how did he get across the Hudson to get there? Presumably he's riding the extra horse which Arnold had brought along; did he travel a little north and provide acceptable pass to get across via King’s Ferry at Stony Point? Carlm0404 (talk) 04:15, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

I see, in Benedict Arnold article on Wikipedia: "Arnold wrote out passes for André so that he would be able to pass through the lines, and he also gave him plans for West Point.[97]" So Andre did indeed have some sort of pass? Carlm0404 (talk) 04:31, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

Seen on hmdb.org (Stony Point, NY) and apparently providing yes for my question; "Having met with Arnold near Haverstraw in the early morning of September 22nd, Andre crossed at King’s Ferry in the evening in a futile attempt to return to British lines." Carlm0404 (talk) 05:10, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * dmfvjvjvkvvevfvfvgbrrbgvr ohohohh 198.232.183.108 (talk) 18:44, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

23rd of Foot (Royal Welsh Fusiliers)
"At age 20, he entered the British Army and joined the 23rd of Foot (Royal Welsh Fusiliers) in British Canada in 1774 as a lieutenant."

Army Lists show that Andre was commissioned Lieutenant in the 7th Royal Fusiliers on 24th September 1771 and remained subaltern in that regiment until Jan 18, 1777 when he was promoted Captain in the 26th Regiment. He never served in the 23rd RWF [CORRECTION: see below] and is the only officer surnamed 'Andre' in the Army Lists until 1779. JF42 (talk) 08:55, 7 September 2022 (UTC)

The amendment of this biographical detail on 06:38, 30 September 2022 by Chiraq Bears slightly misquotes the cited entry in the Biographical Dictionary of America, which reads: On March 4, 1771 he entered the British army as second lieutenant, was on a leave of absence in Germany nearly two years, and in 1774 re-joined his regiment in America

That source's reference to "March 4th 1771" contradicts the information in the Army List re. the date of Andre's commission in the 7th on 24 Sept 1771. In relation to that anomaly and to the original point re 23rd Fusiliers above, the confusion is resolved by a handwritten note in the National Archives copy of the Army List for 1771 reads "Fm 23d Regt...John Andres [SIC] 24 Sept. 71." That same Army List shows that Andre had been commissioned into the 23rd on 25 January 1771.

An entry in the London 'Gazette' for 6th April 1771 notes in a War Office announcement of April 1st, under the heading '23rd Foot,' John Andre to be Second Lieutenant, vice Beckwith; by Purchase...

Evidently, Andre, having been first commissioned in the 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers, as was customary in that period soon exchanged into the more fashionable 7th Royal Fusiliers.

Where the Biographical Dictionary of America reference to 'March 4, 1771' originated is not clear; ditto, its other unsourced information.

Amending accordingly. JF42 (talk) 09:46, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

He was taken to sand's mill not sands hill.
Can somebody fix that? 70.19.79.126 (talk) 14:11, 26 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:John André


text:
User talk:Xinelo

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title: User talk:Xinelo


text:
Fifehead Magdalen

Fifehead Magdalen is a small village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England. It lies within the Blackmore Vale, about 3 mi south-southwest of Gillingham and 5 mi west of Shaftesbury. It is sited on Corallian limestone soil and surrounded by Oxford Clay, about 1/4 mi from the west bank of the River Stour. Its name means "the place of five hides dedicated to [St] Magdalene". In 2013 the estimated population of the parish was 80. The village was a venue for stave dances.

Parish Church of St. Mary Magdalene
The Parish Church, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene after whom the village is named, dates mostly from the 14th century. However its most striking feature is the small "Newman chapel" built onto the north side of the nave sometime around 1693. It is believed to cover a vault containing the mortal remains of several members of the Newman family who were Lords there for many centuries. At first the family leased the Fifehead Tudor manor house from the Abbey of St Augustine's of Bristol, perhaps since 1408, but then bought the estate in the early 15th century. The chapel was almost certainly commissioned by Col. Richard Newman (1620–1695) whose father Richard (1584–1664) and grandfather Thomas (d.1649) are memorialised on plaques mounted on the chapel's east wall, and whose son Richard (1650–1682) who predeceased him, is memorialised on the west wall.

On the north wall of the chapel is a later and much larger monument to Richard's grandson Sir Richard Newman of Fifehead, Preston Hall and Evercreech (1676–1721), his wife Frances, his son Sir Samwell Newman (c.1696–1747) and three daughters, Frances, Barbara and Elizabeth. This magnificent monument was created by the famous Westminster sculptor Sir Henry Cheere and dates from between 1747 (when Sir Samwell Newman died) and 1763 (when his sister Barbara died).

In the churchyard, nearby the entrance gate, is the tombstone of Thomas Newman who died in April 1668, believed to be the great-uncle of Sir Richard Newman.

Notable residents

 * Sir William Erle

title: Fifehead Magdalen


text:
Arnon Grunberg

Arnon Yasha Yves Grunberg (born 22 February 1971) is a Dutch writer of novels, essays, and columns, as well as a journalist. He published some of his work under the heteronym Marek van der Jagt. He lives in New York. His work has been translated into 30 languages. In 2022 he received the PC Hooftprijs, a Dutch literary lifetime achievement award. His most acclaimed and successful novels are Blue Mondays and Tirza. The New York Times called the latter ‘grimly comic and unflinching (…) while not always enjoyable, it is never less than enthralling’. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung described him as ‘the Dutch Philip Roth’.

Early life
Grunberg was born Arnon Yasha Yves Grünberg on 22 February 1971 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. He grew up in a family of Jewish immigrants, originally from Germany. His mother was a survivor of the Auschwitz concentration camp. Grunberg attended the Vossius Gymnasium in Amsterdam, but was expelled from the school in 1988. Before publishing his first novel, he held various odd jobs, and tried his hand at acting in a short film by Dutch avant-garde film maker Cyrus Frisch. From 1990 to 1993, Grunberg ran his own publishing house, Kasimir, which was financially unsuccessful.

Novels
Grunberg made his literary debut in 1994 with the novel Blue Mondays (Blauwe maandagen), which won the Anton Wachter Prize for best debut novel. Critics hailed it as a "grotesque comedy, a rarity in Dutch literature." In 2000, he was the first to win this debut prize again, but this time under his heteronym Marek van der Jagt, for the novel The Story of My Baldness (De geschiedenis van mijn kaalheid).

The much-acclaimed novel Tirza, about a father's obsessive love for his graduating daughter, was Grunberg's first novel to be made into a movie, Tirza, in 2010, after winning the Dutch Libris Prize and the Belgian Golden Owl in 2007. This book has been translated into fourteen languages and has received critical acclaim in the New York Times, LA Times and Le Figaro, among others. A 2010 national poll of literary critics, academics and writers held by the magazine De Groene Amsterdammer elected Tirza as the "most important novel of the 21st century," over Jonathan Littell's The Kindly Ones and Ian McEwan's Saturday. In 2009, Grunberg won the Constantijn Huygens Prize for his entire body of work and in 2011 he received the Frans Kellendonk-prijs.

In September 2008, Grunberg published his seventh novel, Onze Oom (Our Uncle). The story is about a girl who is like a dead person among the living and a major who tries to overcome his shame by leading an insurgent army. Grunberg incorporated his experiences in the army in Afghanistan into this book. Since then, Grunberg has published various novels, including Skin and Hair in 2010 (Huid en Haar), The Man without Illness (De Man Zonder Ziekte) in 2012 and Birthmarks (Moedervlekken) in 2016, which were translated into French and German, among other languages. These books also received considerable acclaim. Le Monde called The Man without Illness 'a wonderful gateway to the work of Arnon Grunberg, [who is] one of the most fascinating writers of his generation'. His work is also available in Portugal, Hungary, Israel, Turkey and Brazil.

Journalism and essays
In addition to his many novels, he has written newspaper and magazine columns, essays, poetry, scenarios and plays. Through his essays, opinion articles and lectures, Arnon Grunberg has made a major contribution to the public debate in international media about issues such as migration policy, discrimination, racism and human trafficking. His essays have appeared in The New York Times, Le Monde, Liberération, The Times, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Courrier International, Revista Contexto and Süddeutsche Zeitung.

Grunberg is also known for his literary journalism and periods of complete immersion into diverse aspects of society. He has been embedded with Dutch troops in Afghanistan and Iraq, and visited Guantánamo Bay. He has spent time with and written about masseurs at a Romanian resort, patients in a Belgian psychiatric ward, dining-car waiters on a Swiss train, and an ordinary Dutch family on vacation. In 2009 his reports were published in a book called Chambermaids and Soldiers (Kamermeisjes en Soldaten), followed by Slaughters and Psychiatrists (Slachters en Psychiaters) in 2021. The latter contains his reports from 2009 until 2020. Dutch newspaper De Volkskrant praised the book: “Grunberg can not only sketch an unknown world with a few sharp strokes of the pen, but also bring it to vivid life."

Grunberg states he writes because he wants to know ‘how people do something like living their life’: "Everything is field research: friendship, sex, love, and work. It is only by writing about it that you can escape from it."

Academic and scientific research
In 2008 Grunberg became a writer-in-residence and guest lecturer at the Leiden University and Wageningen University and Research Centre. In October 2014, he became an honorary fellow at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Amsterdam. His lectures focused on issues related to privacy and surveillance, and together with his students, he developed a video game. The lecture series coincided with an exhibit on the author's life and work, the materials for which were sourced from his literary archives, which were on loan to the university library's Special Collections department, making them a unique, "living" archive.

In an attempt to understand the creative process, Grunberg wrote his latest novel Het Bestand (which, in Dutch, can refer to both a computer file and a truce) while scientists were measuring his brain activity, emotions, and subjective feelings. Using screen capture and physiological measurements such as EEG, GSR and ECG, and subjective questionnaires for the author, scientists correlated the writing of emotionally charged passages with physiological activity. The second stage of the experiment took place in October and November 2015 in the GrunbergLab at the University of Amsterdam, where volunteers' brain activity was measured while they were reading the novel in a controlled environment.

Awards

 * 1994 Anton Wachter Prize for Blauwe maandagen
 * 1996 Gouden Ezelsoor for Blauwe maandagen
 * 2000 Anton Wachter Prize for De geschiedenis van mijn kaalheid as Marek van der Jagt
 * 2000 AKO Literature Prize for Fantoompijn
 * 2002 Golden Owl Literature Prize for De mensheid zij geprezen
 * 2004 AKO Literature Prize for The Asylum Seeker
 * 2004 Ferdinand Bordewijk Prize for The Asylum Seeker
 * 2007 Golden Owl Literature Prize for Tirza
 * 2007 Libris Prize for Tirza
 * 2009 Constantijn Huygens Prize for his entire oeuvre
 * 2017 Gouden Ganzenveer
 * 2021 P.C. Hooft Award for "his enormous contribution to Dutch Literature"
 * 2022 Johannes Vermeer Prize

Selected bibliography

 * Novels
 * (1994) Blauwe maandagen; English translation: Blue Mondays (1997)
 * (1997) Figuranten; English translation: Silent Extras (2001)
 * (1998) De heilige Antonio (The Saint of the Impossible)
 * (2000) Fantoompijn; English translation: Phantom Pain (2004)
 * (2000) De geschiedenis van mijn kaalheid as Marek van der Jagt; English translation: The Story of My Baldness (2004)
 * (2001) De Mensheid zij geprezen, Lof der Zotheid 2001 (Praised be Mankind, Praise of Folly 2001)
 * (2002) Gstaad 95–98 as Marek van der Jagt
 * (2003) De asielzoeker (The Asylum Seeker)
 * (2004) De joodse messias; English translation: The Jewish Messiah (2008)
 * (2006) Tirza; English translation: Tirza (2013)
 * (2008) Onze oom (Our Uncle)
 * (2010) Huid en Haar (Tooth and Nail)
 * (2012) De man zonder ziekte (The Man Without Illness)
 * (2015) Het bestand (The Cache)
 * (2016) Moedervlekken (Birthmarks)
 * (2018) Goede Mannen
 * (2020) Bezette Gebieden
 * (2021) De dood in Taormina

 * Stories
 * (2001) Amuse-Gueule; English translation: Amuse-Bouche (2008)
 * (2004) Grunberg rond de wereld (Grunberg Around the World)
 * (2009) Kamermeisjes & Soldaten: Arnon Grunberg onder de mensen (Chambermaids & Soldiers: Arnon Grunberg Among the People)
 * (2013) Apocalyps

 * Essays
 * (1998) Troost van de slapstick (The Comfort of Slapstick)
 * (2001) Monogaam (Monogamous), as Marek van der Jagt
 * (2001) Otto Weininger Of bestaat de jood? (Otto Weininger or Does the Jew Exist?), as Marek van der Jagt
 * (2013) Buster Keaton lacht nooit (Buster Keaton Never Laughs)
 * (2013) Why the Dutch Love Black Pete

 * Filmscript
 * (1998) Het 14e kippetje (The 14th Chicken)

 * Plays
 * (1998) You are also very attractive when you are dead
 * (2005) De Asielzoeker (The Asylum Seeker), adapted by Koen Tachelet
 * (2015) Hoppla, wir sterben, premiere 29. April 2015, Münchner Kammerspiele

title: Arnon Grunberg


text:
Diplomatic corps

The diplomatic corps (corps diplomatique) is the collective body of foreign diplomats accredited to a particular country or body.

The diplomatic corps may, in certain contexts, refer to the collection of accredited heads of mission (ambassadors, high commissioners, nuncios and others) who represent their countries in another state or country. As a body, they usually only assemble to attend state functions like a coronation, inauguration, national day or State Opening of Parliament, depending on local custom. They may also assemble in the royal or presidential palace to give their own head of state's New Year greeting to the head of state of the country in which they are based.

The term is sometimes confused with the collective body of diplomats from a particular country—the proper term for which is diplomatic service. The diplomatic corps is not always given any formal recognition by its host country, but can be referenced by official orders of precedence.

In many countries, and especially in Africa, the heads and the foreign members of the country offices of major international organizations (United Nations agencies, the European Union, the International Committee of the Red Cross, agencies of the African Union, etc.) are considered members—and granted the rights and privileges—of the diplomatic corps.

Diplomatic vehicles in most countries have distinctive diplomatic license plates, often with the prefix or suffix CD, the abbreviation for the French corps diplomatique.

Dean of the diplomatic corps
In most countries, the longest-serving ambassador to a country is given the title Doyen of the Diplomatic Corps (Doyen du Corps Diplomatique). The doyen is often accorded a high position in the order of precedence. In New Zealand, for example, the doyen takes precedence over figures such as the deputy prime minister and former governors-general.

In many countries that have Catholicism as the official or dominant religion, the apostolic nuncio (the diplomatic representative of the Holy See) serves as doyen by virtue of his office, regardless of seniority; in other cases, the nuncio is treated as an ordinary ambassador of the Holy See and has no special precedence. The Congress of Vienna and the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations provided that any country may choose to give nuncios a different precedence than other ambassadors.

The diplomatic corps may also cooperate amongst itself on a number of matters, including certain dealings with the host government. In practical terms, the doyen of the diplomatic corps may have a role to play in negotiating with local authorities regarding the application of aspects of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and diplomatic immunity, such as the payment of certain fees or taxes, since the receiving country is required "not to discriminate between states". In this sense, the doyen has the role of representing the entire diplomatic corps for matters that affect the corps as a whole, although this function is rarely formalized.

title: Diplomatic corps


text:
Nolle prosequi

Nolle prosequi, abbreviated nol or nolle pros, is legal Latin meaning "to be unwilling to pursue". It is a type of prosecutorial discretion in common law, used for prosecutors' declarations that they are voluntarily ending a criminal case before trial or before a verdict is rendered; it is a kind of motion to dismiss and contrasts with an involuntary dismissal.

Application in United States law
Nolle prosequi as a declaration is most often used in criminal cases, but in jurisdictions making use of nolle prosequi in civil lawsuits, it is used by a plaintiff that voluntarily drops its claims. In civil cases, a retraxit or a motion for voluntary dismissal may be made by a plaintiff instead of a declaration of nolle prosequi, depending upon the custom and rules of a given jurisdiction.

Decision-maker
Nolle prosequi as a declaration can be made by a prosecutor in a criminal case either before or during trial, resulting in the prosecutor declining to further pursue the case against the defendant. Courts seldom challenge applications for nolle prosequi. In the United States, judges will usually sign a dismissal order prepared by the prosecution or make a docket entry indicating the disposition of the case to be nolle prosse after a declaration or motion by the prosecution.

In criminal cases in the United States, it has been held improper for a court to enter an order of nolle prosequi on its own, without a motion by the prosecutor, but as to sentencing discrepancies involved in a sentence recommendation, a trial judge is authorized to reject an underlying guilty plea based upon concerns of fairness and justice or because it is presented after the plea cutoff date. The notes to Rule 48 of the US Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (FRCRP) draw attention to the effect of the rule as contrasting with common law. Rule 48 now mandates that prosecutors seek leave of the court before they dismiss a case via filing a nolle prosequi.

Reason
The declaration may be made because the charges cannot be proved because vital witnesses have become unavailable or uncooperative, the evidence is too weak to carry the burden of proof, the evidence is fatally flawed in light of the claims that are brought, the prosecutor becomes doubtful that the defendant is guilty, the defendant's innocence is proven, or the defendant has died. It has also been used when a federal criminal charge is brought up against a defendant when the prosecutor on a state charge for the same offense no longer wishes to pursue the case. Usually, that happens when the state prosecutor is content with the sentence on the federal charge and has no need to go any further with the original case.

Timing
In criminal cases, nolle prosequi declarations are made generally after an indictment as long as adjudication on the merits has not occurred or, in some jurisdictions, as long as a trial has not commenced. In civil cases, nolle prosequi declarations are made either before the trial begins or before a judgment on the merits is rendered, depending on the rules of the jurisdiction.

Legal effect
The entry of a nolle prosequi is not an acquittal. Since the principle of double jeopardy therefore does not apply, the defendant may later be indicted on the same charge again.

Application in civil cases
In civil cases, a nolle prosequi or voluntary dismissal may be entered as to one of several counts or claims, or as to one of several defendants, or both. In any jurisdiction, whether a motion for voluntary dismissal or a declaration of nolle prosequi is used, federal and state rules of civil procedure generally govern when, how, and why claims may be voluntarily dismissed and apply different rules to different types of claims and to whether a court may give leave to dismiss a matter with or without prejudice.

Similarity to a declination of prosecution
Nolle prosequi is similar to a declination of prosecution, which is an agreement not to prosecute made before any charges are brought or suit has been filed. A declination of prosecution may be made by an attorney or may be made as an agreement between the aggrieved party and the claimant.

In contrast, nolle prosequi is usually made after a decision to prosecute has already been made. A declination of prosecution may be made for many reasons, such as weak evidence or a conflict of interest.

Application and legal effect in English law
The power of entering a nolle prosequi is now rarely used, mostly in cases where a defendant is permanently physically or mentally unfit to appear in court, or when an ordinary member of the public has brought private criminal proceedings which the Attorney General considers it is not in the public interest to continue. In practice, where a prosecution is not to be taken forward due to flaws identified in the evidence or the prosecution no longer being in the public interest, the prosecutor will generally offer no evidence and the court will acquit the defendant.

In the past, a nolle prosequi was also used to protect a person who was given immunity from prosecution. A nolle prosequi acts as an indefinite adjournment to the case, not an acquittal. While terminating the proceedings, it does not bar the defendant from being indicted again, but there is no known case of this happening in the century before 1957, or since.

However, in the Al-Yamamah arms deal, the Director of the Serious Fraud Office was pressured by the Attorney General to terminate an investigation into a claim that BAE Systems had bribed influential persons in Saudi Arabia to secure a profitable defence contract. Although initial pressure from BAE on the grounds of economic damage and the disruption of friendly relations with Saudi Arabia was resisted both by the Director and the Attorney General, further pressure from the Prime Minister, under pressure from the Saudi government which threatened to end co-operation against terrorism, resulted in the Director agreeing to halt the investigation. The Director's decision was challenged by several public interest organisations, and their challenge succeeded in the Divisional Court but failed in the House of Lords on the basis that the Director would have known that the Attorney General could stop any prosecution agreed to by the Director by entering a nolle prosequi, and so his decision not to prosecute was reasonable and lawful.

Decision-maker and timing
Only the attorney general can enter a nolle prosequi, acting in the public interest. The attorney general is not answerable to the courts but to Parliament for how this power is exercised. It can be entered at any stage after an indictment has been signed and before a Crown Court judgment is made. A nolle prosequi will usually be requested from the attorney general by the defence but an application can also be made by the prosecution.

Canada
The equivalent power in Canada is a Crown-directed stay of charges. This causes the prosecution to be suspended for a period of one year before an outright dismissal; in practice stayed prosecutions are almost never recommenced.

Ireland
The power of entering a nolle prosequi in the Republic of Ireland rests with the Director of Public Prosecutions, and its use is normally in cases where there are problems with the evidence that would make it difficult for the case to proceed. The director may in theory pursue the prosecution later, but this rarely, if ever, happens. As the accused enjoys the presumption of innocence that all accused people enjoy until they are convicted, an entry of a nolle prosequi is equated with innocence. This power is quite widely used: 376 cases of rape, about one-quarter of the total of indictments for this offence, were ended by an entry of a nolle prosequi in 2013.

Australia
Although there are differences in practice between the different states and territories, the attorney-general, solicitor-general or designated law officer in each may enter a nolle prosequi, with the effects that the indictment is not proceeded with and the accused person is discharged. Although the general practice is not to revive the proceedings, this may be done if important new evidence comes to light or where it is in the interests of justice to do so. It is not uncommon for a nolle prosequi to be entered because the evidence available to the prosecution is often not reviewed by senior prosecuting counsel, and found to be inadequate a few days before the trial date, or a witness refuses to testify.

Attempts by the prosecution to enter a nolle prosequi in order to avoid a trial which has started from reaching its conclusion, for example, where a jury may have signalled their likely verdict, where the case has gone badly for the prosecution or where the prosecutor has proceeded without an unavailable witness, have been regarded by the Australian courts as an abuse of process, as the prosecution may hope to reinstate the charges before a different jury or with the missing witness. This rule applies even if entering the nolle prosequi was not challenged when it was done. A number of other cases have been brought before the Australian courts, claiming that the reinstatement of charges after entry of a nolle prosequi is an abuse of process in other circumstances. None has succeeded, as the relevant circumstances did not constitute abuse, but the appellate court stated that there could be case where making a charge following the entering of a nolle could be oppressive and so an abuse of the court process.

India
In India this power is guided by Section 321 of Criminal Procedure Code which enables the public prosecutor or the assistant public prosecutor to withdraw from the prosecution of any person either generally or in respect of any one or more of the offences for which he is tried. For doing so, consent of the court is necessary.

Nigeria
An attorney-general is the chief law officer both of the Federation of Nigeria and of each Nigerian state, and is also a government minister there. Under the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria, the federal attorney-general has powers to institute or to take over and continue any criminal proceedings, and to discontinue them at any stage before a final judgement is delivered. The last power gives statutory authority to the practice of nolle prosequi, which has existed in Nigeria since the colonial era. It is not necessary for the attorney-general to ask for the consent of the court hearing the case, as was confirmed by the Federal Appeal Court in 1981. During the Second Nigerian Republic of 1979–1983, the state attorneys-general also had the power to issue a nolle prosequi, and abused this power in a few notorious cases, but this power is now only available to the federal attorney-general.

Ghana
The Attorney-General of Ghana has statutory power to issue a nolle prosequi under the Ghanaian Criminal Procedure Code of 1960, which acts to discontinue any criminal proceedings before a final judgement is made. A nolle prosequi was issued in several cases in 2001, when criminal libel cases brought against several journalists by one political party when in power were discontinued after a change of government. A number of cases have been brought on whether there are any restrictions on the attorney-general's discretion when issuing a nolle prosequi. These have concluded that nolle prosequi terminates a case in favour of the accused, without preventing new proceedings being issued later, and that the attorney general is answerable neither to the court in which the case was discontinued nor to any appellate court. However, these cases predate the 1992 Constitution of Ghana, which gives the Supreme Court oversight of any discretionary power vested in any person, although no case has been brought against any Attorney-General of Ghana for failure to use his discretion fairly, despite claims of political bias in the use of nolle prosequi.

South Africa
In South Africa, the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) is responsible for bringing criminal prosecutions on behalf of the state. In cases where the NPA decides not to proceed with a prosecution, a private individual with a direct interest may in terms of Section 7 of the Criminal Procedure Act bring a private criminal prosecution against an individual. The private prosecutor must first apply for a nolle prosequi from the Director of Public Prosecutions (to confirm that the State does not intend to proceed with a trial), and bring the private prosecution within three months.

Notable cases and other references

 * The prosecution of Jefferson Davis for treason was dropped in 1868 after a declaration of general amnesty by President Andrew Johnson.
 * The trial of the prime suspect for the 1902 Peasenhall murder in Suffolk in England was stopped by the Attorney General after two juries failed to reach a verdict.
 * In 1924, Connecticut prosecutor Homer Stille Cummings dismissed charges against Harold Israel, a vagrant accused of murdering a popular priest in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Cummings destroyed the evidence his own office had compiled against Israel in a 90-minute courtroom presentation. The case became the basis of the 1947 film Boomerang!
 * In 1925, prosecutors elected to dismiss murder charges against the remaining ten defendants in the case of People vs. Ossian Sweet. It involved a black family that had defended its home against a white mob. They were defended by attorney Clarence Darrow, who was retained by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The trial was presided over by Detroit Recorder's Court Judge Frank Murphy, who went on to become an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. After an initial mistrial, Henry Sweet (Ossian's brother, who admitted he fired the shot) was acquitted by a jury on grounds of self-defense; the dismissals of the charges against the ten remaining defendants followed.
 * In 1957, John Bodkin Adams, who worked in Eastbourne, England, was tried for the murder of an elderly widow, Edith Alice Morrell and indicted, but not tried for the murder of another widow, Gertrude Hullett. When he was found not guilty of killing the former, Attorney-General Sir Reginald Manningham-Buller controversially entered a nolle prosequi regarding the latter charge. The trial judge, Mr Justice Devlin, in his post-trial book commented: "The use of nolle prosequi to conceal the deficiencies of the prosecution was an abuse of process, which left an innocent man under the suspicion that there might have been something in the talk of mass murder after all."
 * The Bertie Wooster character in the Jeeves novels by P. G. Wodehouse frequently enters a nolle prosequi when refusing to do something another character is asking him to do.
 * In 1982, a prosecution concerning the play The Romans in Britain by Howard Brenton collapsed after it was demonstrated that what a witness had thought was an erect penis shown on stage during a male rape scene was in fact an actor's thumb. The case had been brought at the urging of the morality campaigner Mary Whitehouse, who had not seen the play; it was ended with a nolle prosequi.
 * In 2004, rape charges against basketball player Kobe Bryant were dropped after the complainant refused to testify.
 * In 2011, as a result of his death, charges against Osama bin Laden were dropped with the filing of a nolle prosequi in a Manhattan federal court by the U.S. Department of Justice.
 * In 2019, subsequent to the Boston straight pride parade, a justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court held that a notice of nolle prosequi could not be denied by a judge. Notice of nolle prosequi was found to be within the prosecutor's right to exercise judgment and manage limited resources. "[The trial court judge's] effort to do so violated the Commonwealth's constitutional rights."
 * While on trial for corruption in September 2022, former South African president Jacob Zuma brought a private prosecution against the state prosecutor in his corruption trial, Billy Downer, and a journalist covering the case, Karyn Maughan. Zuma accused Downer of leaking private information to Maughan, a charge which both denied as they said the information was in the public domain. Zuma received a nolle prosequi as the Director of Public Prosecutions did not believe an offence had been committed. Both Downer and Maughan applied to High Court for the case to be dismissed before trial. In December 2022, Zuma  relied on the same nolle prosequi to bring a private prosecution against his successor Cyril Ramaphosa, accusing him of being an accessory after the fact to Downer and Maughan's alleged actions. The status of this nolle prosequi was contested as there was a dispute whether a nolle prosqui obtained in one case could be applied to another. In January 2023, the Johannesburg High Court stayed the prosecution of Ramaphosa until a later date when a court could consider the validity of the nolle prosequi and other issues raised by Ramaphosa.

External resources

 * U.S. Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, Rule 48.

title: Nolle prosequi


text:
Talk:Lithuanian mythology

Untitled
This page edits Welnias. I need people who can help in Lithuanian and Russian translations to English language. Please contact me if you are interested to help me.

Expansion request
This could still use more research to create an article. Long list of gods is mostly red links.--Stockwell 06:29, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

New version of article
Linaslit has kindly added a lot of useful new material, but it needs extensive copyediting before it's ready to replace the current version. It's now at Lithuanian mythology/temp, so that we can work on it. Could editors work on this new version rather than the current article, so that their effort doesn't need to be duplicated? Thanks. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:18, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

Comments
This sub-title was added in order to discuss such statements as "Lithuanian mythology is one of the oldest examples of pagan religions". It's not true. The list of gods needs not only to be commented, but also more specify definition of the term God in this case. In other way we see Lithuanian mythology here, presented in the level as the mytology was understood in the beginning of the 19th century. Linas Lituanus 18:43, 2005 May 23 (UTC)
 * P. S. See Lithuanian mythology/temp and the previous note by user:Mel_Etitis

The /temp page has now been deleted, and all maetrial added to this article. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 15:26, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Copyedited

 * I've added the first section of the new material. Could you check to make sure that I haven't misrepresented what you were trying to say? There were places where in trying to correct the English I might have inadvertently distorted the intended meaning.
 * I'll get the rest done as soon as possible (it looks as though no-one else is going to join in the near future). Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:01, 23 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank You. I think, all is correct in the first section now, except perhaps "This method of reconstruction is thorny, and none of the attempts has been completed." ("This way of reconstructions is thorny and anyhow isn't finished yet"). I meant, that the reconstruction in generally isn't completed (or that none of reconstructions were recognized as a final solution of the problem) in that my unclear, as I see now, sentence. The variant, as You've written it, is also close to truth, but it can be opposed by supporters of some schools. Linas Lituanus 08:10, 2005 May 25 (UTC) (Well, my attitude towards the pagan doesn't change. I don't think it's wrong, but it has too unclear meaning in common usage, and  discriminates a group of few religions from the others. It's actually not a problem of this article, but  perhaps it's worth to mention LL).

Relations with other mythological systems

 * I'm not sure about "On the other hand, when separate elements have much incommon with other mythological systems, and especially with those of neighbouring cultures. " (In Relations with other mythological systems) Linas Lituanus 07:31, 2005 May 27 (UTC)

 * It was a typing error — I've corrected it, thanks. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:53, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

The elements of Lithuanian mythology
"!-- I can't make out what this means"
 * I see. I tried to do a very short description of myths, not involving into details, but it is hardly understandable. Perhaps I should try to write a more clear version, and then continue this revising, making copyediting easier and more effective? Linas Lituanus 11:16, 2005 May 27 (UTC)

Sea, not see:
 * In the last sentence sea must be instead of see (it was my own misspelling). Thus "The Land over All the Seas" or something like it.Linas Lituanus 11:29, 2005 May 27 (UTC)

 * I've changed that. What did you mean by "the lucid man"? Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:54, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, perhaps it's confusing, but I mean (perhaps it only should be  'a lucid man' in some cases) directly what it means, i. e. light, brilliant. Figuratively it means  'virtuous, moral, chaste man' in our mythology. The direct meaning of the Lithuanian word is bright, lucid, brilliant. I doubt, how to present this thing, although I see that it's hardly understandable for a common reader. Linas Lituanus 20:59, 2005 May 27 (UTC)

Finished
I've now transferred all the new material into the main article. I'm afraid that I gave up on finding an English version of "lucid man" that fitted, so I just omitted it. Perhaps I'll come up with something later (or someone else?). Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:46, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it all is very good. "lucid man" perhaps needs longer explaining instead uf using this phrase. Thanks. Linas Lituanus 11:09, 2005 May 30 (UTC)

List of Lithuanian gods
*For a renewed variant, see Mythic beings in Lithuanian mythology (list), please. *That article may be deleted now, but it's a question, whether it or the second half of the Lithuanian mythology should be deleted / changed. Well, I did it. Few minutes later I tried to log in the Wikipedia, but the server ansvered with an error, and I decided to wait for short time. This name actually is incorrect, considering lists, but the word mythic is taken from a category, "Mythic beings in Lithuanian mythology". (I suppose, that it was made by me, but anyway mythic beings exist in other category, which has that one as subcategory. “Deities, spirits and mythic beings” or like it).

Now, I didn't want to duplicate the information, but I couldn't access the wikipedia (Sorry, for Your time, used to correct the situation). When I log in at least, Your note on deletion had already been added. I had an idea to make a separate article of these sections, leaving in Lithuanian mythology a short list of main deities instead of the existing one, that contains 107 instances and could be expanded twice or more, if all of names of this kind were included. I didn't think anyone is against it.

But we should make our choice now, because integrating of this list into Lithuanian mythology requires to push one step down in the hierarchy of subsections. Now, it seems unfinished without it.

And, if You agree with the idea to make the separate article, perhaps You could suggest the name? Linas Lituanus 15:03, 2005 May 30 (UTC)

 * First, I'm sorry — I'd thought that it was some anonymous editor, which always makes discussion difficult. If I'd realised that it was you, I should have discussed it first.
 * Secondly, it's a lttle worrying that "mythic" is used in categories.
 * Thirdly, could we, instead of separating out the list, make it more manageable, perhaps by using a table? I must admit that I'm not keen on separate list-articles, though sometimes they are needed, of course. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 15:16, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

About “mythic”. My dictionaries (first, Longman contemporary English / 1995) give both mythic and mythical with very fine difference. I understand that mythical is better in this case, but how about mythic? And should we revise these categories in this case?

About the list. I don't like this making of series of lists too and prefer avoid them using categories or simply including a list into an article. Now, I see this case a bit different. We already have 107 items in the list, which may be expanded by any user twice or more. These items are in many cases no more than links to very small articles, mostly stubs and incomplete ones. Many of them, except ones about the main deities aren't worth to exist as articles at all. One or two sentences, saying, that nothing concrete is known aren't worth to have a separate article. My idea was to cancel many of these articles, redirecting them to a bigger compound article, which could give more clear picture of the subject too. This mythic beings in Lithuanian mythology (list) was intended as the first version of such article. (I can add here, that obviously nobody edits these small articles now. I have necessary data almost on every item to write a longer explaining, including possible etymologies and interpretations by later scholars. But I don't find it necessary now for me to go deep in this, when the main things on Lithuanian mythology haven't been said yet. I also want to improve these articles at least not leaving all it as it is now.)

Why didn't I want to use the Lithuanian mythology for it. The main reason is, that this particular problem takes too much place in the article, if we leave the list in it. Shortening the list to 10-20 names would give more clear conception of Lithuanian mythology. But we would offend the NPOV, if we simply delete other items. This information is real, although it isn't the main. That's why I am for separating this list. At least it may be not a list, but a normal article with the note in the section of the Lithuanian mythology the main article is (although I haven't prepared material to write that now, except the list). Linas Lituanus 09:38, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)

I've deleted the first list, as not necessary. Linas Lituanus 10:00, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)

P. S. Concerning the short articles about the items of the list, many links are still red too. Only few of them requires an article immediately. Others could be simply replaced by a short comment in the list itself (at least till somebody will write a full description). ). Linas Lituanus 10:00, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)

The names, that haven't been listed in the new list
These names, haven't been identified by me yet:

 * Au&
 * Baubis
 * Divytis

 * Junda
 * Kaupolius

 * Lada Lasicki or its informer Laskowski had heard the whoop Lado from songs, and decided, that it was an addressing to goddess. By the way, vocative in Lithuanian never ends with o (Polish language affected his understanding with any doubt). But all our later mythologists as if were conspired propose that such goddess had to exist, although more accurate examination shows, that nobody can identify her with any actual mythic personage nor describe more concretely. The first idea perhaps was Narbutt's, who said, that such goddess had to exist, because Greeks had Leda, the Mother of Kastor and Pollux, and Lado "is the same". I don't know where to put this name and how to present it.
 * L&
 * Magyla
 * Maras – it's masculine anthropomorphism of the plague and no more (not a god), I think, (a spirit of nature?).
 * Maro deivės – goddesses of the plague literally, they were actual mythic personages, but the Lithuanian name was different: maro mergos or something like it. I don't find it from my sources.

 * Rag&

 * Var& - mother of Vejopatis

 * & ???
 * &

We should add them, especially ones with real articles somewhere to the new list. Linas Lituanus 10:02, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)

Lack of sources
This article only has 2 references. I've been involved with improving the references of Latvian mythology because they seem to be having the same issues. Does anybody have any possible sources which could be mined for reliable sources for this article? Kind regards, Matt (talk) 23:49, 21 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Now the article has plenty of sources :) -- Ke an (talk) 17:35, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:24, 22 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Lithuania in the map of Pietro Vesconte, 1321.png

title: Talk:Lithuanian mythology


text:
Category:American novelists

Categorization guidelines for American novelists Per current consensus, this category should not directly include any American novelists. All American novelists should be in one or more by-century categories based on when they wrote novels:
 * (1701–1800)
 * (1801–1900)
 * (1901–2000)
 * (2001–2100)

Novelists should also be placed into or  as appropriate, and into any relevant genre or ethnic categories as well. However, a novelist should never only be in a genre, ethnic, or gender-based category – all novelists should be in the century-categories at a minimum.

title: Category:American novelists


text: Category:American short story writers

title: Category:American short story writers


text:
Anton Corbijn

Anton Johannes Gerrit Corbijn van Willenswaard (born 20 May 1955) is a Dutch photographer, film director, and music video director. He is the creative director behind the visual output of Depeche Mode and U2, having handled the principal promotion and sleeve photography for both bands over three decades. His music videos include Depeche Mode's "Enjoy the Silence" (1990), U2's "One" (version 1) (1991), Bryan Adams' "Do I Have to Say the Words?", Nirvana's "Heart-Shaped Box" (1993), and Coldplay's "Talk" (2005). He directed the films "Viva la Vida" (2008); the Ian Curtis biographical film Control (2007), The American (2010); A Most Wanted Man (2014), based on John le Carré's 2008 novel of the same name; and Life (2015), after the friendship between Life magazine photographer Dennis Stock and James Dean.

Early life and family
Anton Johannes Gerrit Corbijn van Willenswaard was born on 20 May 1955 in Strijen in the Netherlands, where his father had been appointed as parson to the Dutch Reformed Church the previous year. His father, Anton Corbijn van Willenswaard (1917–2007), took up the same position in Hoogland (1966) and Groningen (1972), moving his wife and four children with him. His mother, Marietje Groeneboer (1925–2011), was a nurse and was raised in a parson's family. Photographer and director Maarten Corbijn (born 1960) is a younger brother. Grandfather Anton Johannes (Corbijn) van Willenswaard (1886–1959) was an art teacher at Christian schools in Hilversum and an active member in the local Dutch Reformed Church in Hilversum.

Photography
Corbijn began his career as a music photographer when he saw the Dutch musician Herman Brood playing in a café in Groningen around 1975. He took a lot of photographs of the band Herman Brood & His Wild Romance and these led to a rise in fame for Brood and in exposure for Corbijn.

From the late 1970s the London-based New Musical Express (NME), a weekly music paper, featured his work on a regular basis and would often have a photograph by him on the front page. One such occasion was a portrait of David Bowie wearing a loincloth backstage in New York when starring in The Elephant Man. In the early years of London-based The Face, a glossy monthly post-punk life style / music magazine, Corbijn was a regular contributor. He made his name photographing in black-and-white but in May 1989 he began taking pictures in colour using filters. His first venture in this medium was for Siouxsie Sioux. Between 1998 and 2000, in collaboration with the painter Marlene Dumas, he worked on a project called "Stripping Girls", which took the strip clubs and peep shows of Amsterdam as their subject; while Corbijn later exhibited photographs, Dumas took Polaroids which she then used as sources for her paintings.

Corbijn has photographed Jimmy Page and Robert Plant (formerly of Led Zeppelin), Ai Weiwei, Bob Dylan, Joy Division, Tom Waits, Bruce Springsteen, Prāta Vētra, Peter Hammill, Miles Davis, Kate Bush, Björk, Captain Beefheart, Kim Wilde, Marc Almond, Robert De Niro, Stephen Hawking, Elvis Costello, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Morrissey, Peter Murphy, Simple Minds, Clint Eastwood, The Cramps, Roxette, Herbert Grönemeyer, Annie Lennox, and Eurythmics, amongst others. Perhaps his most famous and longest standing associations are with Depeche Mode and U2. Corbijn's work relationship with Depeche Mode began with the filming of a music video for their 1986 single "A Question of Time". Corbijn says that he soon "started to realise that [his] visuals and their music went really well together. Then [he] did some live photos, and it eventually turned into designing the whole live set. That's what [he's] been doing for them since 1993." Corbijn has directed over 20 of the band's music videos, the most recent of his works being 2023's "My Favourite Stranger". He has also designed most of the covers for Depeche Mode's albums and singles from 1990's Violator album and onwards. Corbijn's work with U2 includes taking pictures of the band on their first US tour, taking pictures for their albums The Joshua Tree and Achtung Baby, and directing a number of accompanying videos.

Other album covers featuring work by Corbijn include those for Springsteen, Nick Cave, Siouxsie's second band The Creatures, Bryan Adams, Metallica, Therapy?, The Rolling Stones, Bon Jovi, The Killers, Simple Minds, R.E.M., The Bee Gees, Saybia, Clannad and Moke.

Film directing
Corbijn began his music video directing career when Palais Schaumburg asked him to direct a video. After seeing the resulting video for "Hockey", the band Propaganda had Corbijn direct "Dr. Mabuse". After that he directed videos for David Sylvian, Echo & the Bunnymen, Golden Earring, Front 242, Depeche Mode, Roxette and U2. His first video in colour was made for U2 in 1984 for their single "Pride (In the Name of Love)". In 2005 Palm Pictures released a DVD collection of Corbijn's music video output as part of the Director's Label series.

In 1994 Corbijn directed a short film about Captain Beefheart/Don Van Vliet for the BBC called Some Yoyo Stuff. He made his feature film debut with Control, a film about the life of Joy Division frontman Ian Curtis. It premiered to rave reviews at the Cannes Film Festival on 17 May 2007. The film is based on Deborah Curtis' book Touching from a Distance about her husband and the biography Torn Apart by Lindsay Reade (Tony Wilson's ex-wife) and Mick Middles. Although shown outside the Palme d'Or competition, Control was the big winner of the Director's Fortnight winning the CICAE Art & Essai prize for best film, the "Regards Jeunes" Prize award for best first or second directed feature film and the Europa Cinemas Label prize for best European film in the sidebar. It also received a special mention for the Caméra d'Or prize for best debut feature film. In addition, the film also won the Michael Powell award for best new British feature at the Edinburgh International Film Festival.

In 2010, Corbijn returned as a director with the character-based thriller The American, starring George Clooney.

On 26 October 2011, Corbijn directed a webcast by Coldplay from the Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas in Madrid, Spain.

His film A Most Wanted Man was released in 2014. The John le Carré novel of the same name, which is loosely based on the true War on Terror story of Murat Kurnaz, was set in part in Hamburg, as parts of the film were.

In February 2014, he started filming his next project Life about James Dean and photographer Dennis Stock.

On 23 and 25 July 2018, Corbijn filmed the last two concerts of Depeche Mode's Global Spirit Tour at the Waldbühne in Berlin. Some of this footage, intertwined with the stories of six life-long fans in the audience, became the film Spirits in the Forest, which was released in theaters worldwide on 21 November 2019. In Corbijn's interview with NME he spoke about the origins behind the idea of this film and said that they (him and Depeche Mode) "decided to look at the reason for why Depeche Mode was still growing... they're the biggest cult band in the world. It's unbelievable." He further adds that "it's in the DNA of [Depeche Mode] to have these connection to their fans... there's something unusual about it and the fans go to great lengths", which inspired him to make the film in the style that he did.

Appearances
Author William Gibson refers to a fictitious portrait by Corbijn of the character Hollis Henry in his 2007 novel Spook Country. A Corbijn photograph has served as the author's portrait on many of Gibson's books, including Neuromancer.

Corbijn is the subject of Josh Whiteman's 2009 documentary film Shadow Play: The Making of Anton Corbijn.

In May 2011, Corbijn presented Mandela Landscape, an artwork consisting of Corbijn's portrait of Nelson Mandela stitched by Dutch textile artist Berend Strik. Both the original work and 80 signed art prints were sold to fund the international edition of ZAM Magazine, an independent platform of African talent.

On 19 December 2011, Corbijn was announced as being on the jury for the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival, held in February 2012. At this occasion, the Berlinale Special screened the documentary Anton Corbijn Inside Out (directed by Klaartje Quirijns) at the Haus der Berliner Festspiele.

title: Anton Corbijn


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vosk

Vosk
wtf? -- Graham ☺ | Talk 17:14, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment Had thought of proposing it in my deleting spree of this week-end, but Google revealed me it was something linked to Star Trek. No idea of its importance, hence I abstain --French Tourist 17:24, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Should be a speedy—the complete lack of context makes it pure nonsense. Postdlf 17:51, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Temporal Cold War. Character appeared in the two most recent episodes, "Storm Front", parts I and II (and only those two). Whilst a key part of the plot of those episodes, a minor character in the grand scheme of things, not notable enough for their own page. -- Michael Warren | Talk 17:53, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, I've editted the article to make the context of the subject clear. MichaelW's initial characterization seems to be correct (I personally have not seen Pt II yet). Whether this character needs its own article, I don't know, so I abstain. Niteowlneils 18:13, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It's this week's episode. That's the thing.  It's this week's episode!  (He gets killed in the second episode.)  One more time: this week's episodes.  If people are remembering and wanting information on the character in just 48 months, let's get an article.  Until then, no. Geogre 22:52, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fancruft! --Improv 05:55, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fancruft. jni 12:58, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: fancruft. Wile E. Heresiarch 22:16, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Temporal Cold War, for reasons stated by Michael Warren. The information here about Vosk isn't extensive.  It won't clutter the other article if merged. JamesMLane 08:33, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vosk


text:
Thomas Berger

Thomas Berger may refer to:

 * Thomas Berger (novelist) (1924–2014), American author
 * Thomas R. Berger (1933–2021), Canadian lawyer and jurist

title: Thomas Berger


text: Category:1494 births

title: Category:1494 births


text: Category:1494 deaths

title: Category:1494 deaths