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Dunmore Lang College

Dunmore Lang College is a residential college of Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia.

The college is a non-profit organisation, affiliated with the university. Established in 1972, it was named after John Dunmore Lang, the first Presbyterian clergyman in Sydney. He arrived in Australia in 1823.

An influential figure in the early history of the college was Dorothy Isabel Knox, Principal of the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Pymble, who guided community appeals for suitable accommodation for ladies. Since a site at the University of Sydney could not be found, attention turned to the then new Macquarie University.

Originally a ladies college, Dunmore Lang College soon became co-educational and in recent years a new wing was created expanding the college to accommodate about 260 students and new conference facilities. The college is fully catered and provides rooms with and without ensuites.

Dunmore Lang College is governed by a board of directors.

Facilities
There are three common rooms in the college, one for general students with cable television, pool table, table tennis and couches, one common room is dedicated to senior students and one for postgraduate students. It is also utilized by the whole college when the main common room is being used by the colleges conference clients. The college also has its own library. There is also a room dedicated to Chiropractic study with a Chiropractic bed.

Student association
The college's student association is known as the ADS, which is affiliated with SAM (Students at Macquarie). They organise a variety of events throughout the year, including O-week and Dis-o-week activities and the annual pre-Conception Day party. Conception Day is an annual event at Macquarie University, a day music festival that commemorates the conception of Governor Macquarie.

The ADS also organises the annual sporting competition and debating competition against its neighbour and friendly rival Robert Menzies College.

Staff
Alasdair Murrie-West is the Principal of Dunmore Lang College. The college employs fourteen Resident Advisers to provide 24-hour student pastoral care. A variety of Resident Tutors are also employed to provide academic assistance.

title: Dunmore Lang College


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Hock (anatomy)

The hock, tarsus or uncommonly gambrel, is the region formed by the tarsal bones connecting the tibia and metatarsus of a digitigrade or unguligrade quadrupedal mammal, such as a horse, cat, or dog. This joint may include articulations between tarsal bones and the fibula in some species (such as cats), while in others the fibula has been greatly reduced and is only found as a vestigial remnant fused to the distal portion of the tibia (as in horses). It is the anatomical homologue of the ankle of the human foot. While homologous joints occur in other tetrapods, the term is generally restricted to mammals, particularly long-legged domesticated species.

Horse
The terms tarsus and hock refer to the region between the gaskin (crus) and cannon regions (metatarsus), which includes the bones, joints, and soft tissues of the area. The hock is especially important in equine anatomy, due to the great strain it receives when the horse is worked. Jumping, quick turns or stops, and movements that require collection, are some of the more stressful activities.

Primary joints and bones of the hock
In the horse, the hock consists of multiple joints, namely:
 * Tibiotarsal or tarsocrural joint
 * Proximal intertarsal joint or talocalcanealcentroquartal joint
 * Distal intertarsal joint or centrodistal joint
 * Tarsometatarsal joint
 * Talocalcaneal joint

In the horse, the hock consists of the following bones:
 * Talus
 * Calcaneus
 * Central tarsal bone
 * Fused 1st and 2nd tarsal bone
 * 3rd tarsal bone
 * 4th tarsal bone
 * 2nd metatarsal bone
 * 3rd metatarsal bone
 * 4th metatarsal bone

Equine disease states

 * Horses may suffer from "capped hock", which is caused by the creation of a false bursa, a synovial sac beneath the skin. Capped hock is usually caused by trauma such as kicking or slipping when attempting to stand. In the absence of a wound, it does not require immediate veterinary attention and is usually only of cosmetic significance. On the other hand, a wound into the calcanean bursa is a serious problem. A capped hock is extremely unlikely to be a cause of lameness, even if severe.
 * Osteochondrosis dissecans, or OCD is a developmental defect in the cartilage or of cartilage and bone seen in particular locations on the surface of the tarsocrural joint. This condition is typically discovered when the horse is young, and is one cause of bog spavin.  After surgery to remove bone and cartilage fragments most horses can return to full work.
 * Distension of the tibiotarsal joint with excessive joint fluid and/or synovium is called bog spavin.
 * Degenerative joint disease of the tarsometatarsal and/or distal intertarsal joint is referred to as bone spavin.
 * Curb, or tarsal plantar desmitis, is traditionally considered a sprain of the plantar ligament, which runs down the back of the hock, serving functionally as a tension band connecting the calcaneus, the fourth tarsal bone and the fourth metatarsal bone. Recent work has shown that curb can be caused by damage to one of many soft tissue structures in this region.
 * Stringhalt

Conformational defects
Also see equine conformation

Because the hock takes a great deal of strain in all performance disciplines, correct conformation is essential if the horse is to have a sound and productive working life. Common conformational defects include sickle hocks, post-legged conformation/straight hocks, cow hocks, and bowed hocks. Depending on the use of the horse, some defects may be more acceptable than others.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hock (anatomy)


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Dirt Bike Annie

Dirt Bike Annie was a rock band formed in New York City that played pop punk and power pop music.

Band history
Dirt Bike Annie was formed in 1993 by Adam Rabuck while he was a student at New York University. The band's two other consistent members throughout the years were bassist/vocalist Dan Paquin and guitarist/vocalist Jeanie Lee. Drummers in the band included Mike Yannich (later of The Ergs!), Heth Weinstein (later of Heth and Jed, who during his tenure with the band was called "Dirt Bike Deano"), Tommy Vinton from Too Much Joy, and Dennis Donaghy.

At the top of 1996, Dirt Bike Annie released their first 7" on their own label called Richie Records.

During the early phase of the career of rapper MC Chris, Dirt Bike Annie regularly performed as his backing band under their stage name, 'The Lee Majors'.

In 2003, the band contributed two songs to the Project Gotham Racing 2 soundtrack.

After a decade of touring and releasing records, the group disbanded in 2005 when Lee and Paquin left the band. One of their last shows together was on May 3 of that year, opening for MC Chris at the Continental in New York City. Lee left the band first, and Paquin decided to leave shortly thereafter. At that point, the remaining members decided it best to break up the band for good.

Founder, guitarist and lead singer Adam Rabuck has gone on to form The Impulse International and Rock University at Pennridge High School. Yannich (a.k.a. "Mikey Erg") has been a prolific performer in the punk scene as a songwriter, solo performer, and drummer for countless bands.

In 2010, Rabuck, Paquin and Mike Yannich played a 90-minute reunion set at the Insubordination Fest in Baltimore.

On June 10 2023, Rabuck, Lee, Paquin and Yannich reunited to perform at Bloated Kat Records' Bloated Fest at TV Eye in Queens, NY. It was their first performance with this lineup in nearly 20 years.

The four also contributed to the Whimsyland album, written by Chadd Derkins and released on Bloated Kat Records.

CDs

 * Hit The Rock — Mutant Pop Records, 1999
 * Live Jersey City 2000: Sweatin' to the Oldies — Mutant Pop Records, 2000
 * It Ain't Easy Bein' Single (Vinyl EPs and Rarities) — Dirt Nap Records, 2001
 * The Ellis Island Rendezvous — Stardumb Records, 2002 Split with The Popsters.
 * Show Us Your Demons — Dirt Nap Records, 2003

Vinyl

 * It Ain't Easy Bein' Stupid EP — Richie Records, 1996
 * Choco-Berri Sugar Pops EP — Mutant Pop Records
 * Night of the Living Rock and Roll Creation EP — Knock Knock Records
 * The Wedding EP — Whoa Oh Records Split double EP with the Kung Fu Monkeys.

title: Dirt Bike Annie


text:
DTSS

DTSS may refer to:
 * Downtown Silver Spring
 * David Thompson Secondary School (disambiguation), several in British Columbia, Canada
 * Digital Time Synchronization Service
 * Dartmouth Time Sharing System
 * Digital Time-Stamping Service

title: DTSS


text:
Aquifer test

In hydrogeology, an aquifer test (or a pumping test) is conducted to evaluate an aquifer by "stimulating" the aquifer through constant pumping, and observing the aquifer's "response" (drawdown) in observation wells. Aquifer testing is a common tool that hydrogeologists use to characterize a system of aquifers, aquitards and flow system boundaries.

A slug test is a variation on the typical aquifer test where an instantaneous change (increase or decrease) is made, and the effects are observed in the same well. This is often used in geotechnical engineering settings to get a quick estimate (minutes instead of days) of the aquifer properties immediately around the well.

Aquifer tests are typically interpreted by using an analytical model of aquifer flow (the most fundamental being the Theis solution) to match the data observed in the real world, then assuming that the parameters from the idealized model apply to the real-world aquifer. In more complex cases, a numerical model may be used to analyze the results of an aquifer test.

Aquifer testing differs from well testing in that the behaviour of the well is primarily of concern in the latter, while the characteristics of the aquifer are quantified in the former. Aquifer testing also often utilizes one or more monitoring wells, or piezometers ("point" observation wells). A monitoring well is simply a well which is not being pumped (but is used to monitor the hydraulic head in the aquifer). Typically monitoring and pumping wells are screened across the same aquifers.

General characteristics
Most commonly an aquifer test is conducted by pumping water from one well at a steady rate and for at least one day, while carefully measuring the water levels in the monitoring wells. When water is pumped from the pumping well the pressure in the aquifer that feeds that well declines. This decline in pressure will show up as drawdown (change in hydraulic head) in an observation well. Drawdown decreases with radial distance from the pumping well and drawdown increases with the length of time that the pumping continues.

The aquifer characteristics which are evaluated by most aquifer tests are: Additional aquifer characteristics which are sometimes evaluated, depending on the type of aquifer, include:
 * Hydraulic conductivity The rate of flow of water through a unit cross sectional area of an aquifer, at a unit hydraulic gradient. In US units the rate of flow is in gallons per day per square foot of cross sectional area; in SI units hydraulic conductivity is usually quoted in m3 per day per m2.  Units are frequently shortened to metres per day or equivalent.
 * Specific storage or storativity: a measure of the amount of water a confined aquifer will give up for a certain change in head;
 * Transmissivity The rate at which water is transmitted through whole thickness and unit width of an aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient. It is equal to the hydraulic conductivity times the thickness of an aquifer;
 * Specific yield or drainable porosity: a measure of the amount of water an unconfined aquifer will give up when completely drained;
 * Leakage coefficient: some aquifers are bounded by aquitards which slowly give up water to the aquifer, providing additional water to reduce drawdown;
 * The presence of aquifer boundaries (recharge or no-flow) and their distance from the pumped well and piezometers.

Analysis methods
An appropriate model or solution to the groundwater flow equation must be chosen to fit to the observed data. There are many different choices of models, depending on what factors are deemed important including:

 * leaky aquitards,
 * unconfined flow (delayed yield),
 * partial penetration of the pumping and monitoring wells,
 * finite wellbore radius — which can lead to wellbore storage,
 * dual porosity (typically in fractured rock),
 * anisotropic aquifers,
 * heterogeneous aquifers,
 * finite aquifers (the effects of physical boundaries are seen in the test), and
 * combinations of the above situations.

Nearly all aquifer test solution methods are based on the Theis solution; it is built upon the most simplifying assumptions. Other methods relax one or more of the assumptions the Theis solution is built on, and therefore they get a more flexible (and more complex) result.

Transient Theis solution
The Theis equation was created by Charles Vernon Theis (working for the US Geological Survey) in 1935, from heat transfer literature (with the mathematical help of C.I. Lubin), for two-dimensional radial flow to a point sink in an infinite, homogeneous aquifer. It is simply

 * $$\begin{align}

s &= \frac{Q}{4\pi T}W(u) \\[0.5em] u &= \frac{r^2 S}{4Tt} \end{align}$$

where s is the drawdown (change in hydraulic head at a point since the beginning of the test in units of distance), u is a dimensionless parameter, Q is the discharge (pumping) rate of the well (volume per unit time), T and S are the transmissivity and storativity of the aquifer around the well (distance squared per unit time and dimensionless, respectively), r is the distance from the pumping well to the point where the drawdown was observed, t is the time since pumping began, and W(u) is the "Well function" (called the incomplete gamma function, $$\Gamma(0,u)$$, in non-hydrogeology literature). The well function is given by the infinite series

 * $$\begin{align}

W(u) = \Gamma(0,u) = -\gamma - \ln(u) + u - \frac{u^2}{2 \times 2!} + \frac{u^3}{3 \times 3!} - \frac{u^4}{4 \times 4!} + \cdots \end{align}$$

where γ is the Euler constant (=0.577216...). Typically this equation is used to find the average T and S values near a pumping well, from drawdown data collected during an aquifer test. This is a simple form of inverse modeling, since the result (s) is measured in the well, r, t, and Q are observed, and values of T and S which best reproduce the measured data are put into the equation until a best fit between the observed data and the analytic solution is found.

The Theis solution is based on the following assumptions:
 * The flow in the aquifer is adequately described by Darcy's law (i.e. Re<10).
 * homogeneous, isotropic, confined aquifer,
 * well is fully penetrating (open to the entire thickness (b) of aquifer),
 * the well has zero radius (it is approximated as a vertical line) — therefore no water can be stored in the well,
 * the well has a constant pumping rate Q,
 * the head loss over the well screen is negligible,
 * aquifer is infinite in radial extent,
 * horizontal (not sloping), flat, impermeable (non-leaky) top and bottom boundaries of aquifer,
 * groundwater flow is horizontal
 * no other wells or long term changes in regional water levels (all changes in potentiometric surface are the result of the pumping well alone)

Even though these assumptions are rarely all met, depending on the degree to which they are violated (e.g., if the boundaries of the aquifer are well beyond the part of the aquifer which will be tested by the pumping test) the solution may still be useful.

Steady-state Thiem solution
Steady-state radial flow to a pumping well is commonly called the Thiem solution, it comes about from application of Darcy's law to cylindrical shell control volumes (i.e., a cylinder with a larger radius which has a smaller radius cylinder cut out of it) about the pumping well; it is commonly written as:

 * $$h_0 - h = \frac{Q}{2\pi T} \ln\left( \frac{R}{r} \right) $$

In this expression h0 is the background hydraulic head, h0-h is the drawdown at the radial distance r from the pumping well, Q is the discharge rate of the pumping well (at the origin), T is the transmissivity, and R is the radius of influence, or the distance at which the head is still h0. These conditions (steady-state flow to a pumping well with no nearby boundaries) never truly occur in nature, but it can often be used as an approximation to actual conditions; the solution is derived by assuming there is a circular constant head boundary (e.g., a lake or river in full contact with the aquifer) surrounding the pumping well at a distance R.

Sources of error
Of critical importance in both aquifer and well testing is the accurate recording of data. Not only must water levels and the time of the measurement be carefully recorded, but the pumping rates must be periodically checked and recorded. An unrecorded change in pumping rate of as little as 2% can be misleading when the data are analysed.

Analysis software

 * Water Resources Applications Software from the US Geological Survey
 * Schlumberger Water Services – Pumping test and slug test data analysis software
 * ANSDIMAT – advanced commercial software
 * AQTESOLV – standard commercial software
 * MLU for Windows LT – Free software for pumping test and slug test analysis in one or two aquifer systems
 * VINMOD Multi-Well – Groundwater pollution analysis using pumping tests and pollution parameters from pumped groundwater
 * Hytool - Open source toolbox for pumping and build up tests interpretation on Matlab
 * SmartGEO - advanced commercial software for heterogeneous aquifers characterization, hydraulic tomography and multiple pumping tests

title: Aquifer test


text:
James Reeves (writer)

John Morris Reeves, known as James Reeves (1 July 1909 – 1 May 1978) was a British writer principally known for his poetry, plays and contributions to children's literature and the literature of collected traditional songs. His published books include poetry, stories and anthologies for both adults and children. He was also well known as a literary critic and a broadcaster.

Biography
John Morris Reeves was born in Wealdstone in the London Borough of Harrow, elder son of Albert John Reeves, a company secretary, and Ethel Mary, née Blench. He attended Nevill House school at Eastbourne, then Stowe School, where he won a scholarship to Jesus College, Cambridge. From 1932 to 1952, he taught English in a number of schools and teachers' training colleges, subsequently becoming a freelance author and editor.

His first collection of poems, The Natural Need, was published in 1936 by the Seizin Press, run by Robert Graves and Laura Riding, whose work Reeves's early poetry sometimes resembles. Numerous further volumes by Reeves include The Imprisoned Sea (1949), The Talking Skull (1958), and Poems and Paraphrases (1972). Collected Poems of 1974 is the fullest edition of his verses. His best work characteristically combines intensity of mood with an understated manner to distinctive and sometimes haunting lyrical effect. The rural descriptiveness of his less distinguished poetry is elsewhere the vehicle for an ironic pastoralism voicing his disaffection with urban modernity. His books of poetry for children were collected as The Wandering Moon and Other Poems (1973).

As an editor, Reeves was prolific, producing many anthologies of prose and poetry, as well as selections from the work of John Donne, Gerard Manley Hopkins, John Clare, and others, including Selected Poems of Emily Dickinson (1959). In this latter book, reprinted several times, he chose to add conventional punctuation to the poems, doing away with her characteristic dashes.

title: James Reeves (writer)


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Complex programmable logic device

A complex programmable logic device (CPLD) is a programmable logic device with complexity between that of PALs and FPGAs, and architectural features of both. The main building block of the CPLD is a macrocell, which contains logic implementing disjunctive normal form expressions and more specialized logic operations.

Features
Some of the CPLD features are in common with PALs:
 * Non-volatile configuration memory. Unlike many FPGAs, an external configuration ROM is not required, and the CPLD can function immediately on system start-up.
 * For many legacy CPLD devices, routing constrains most logic blocks to have input and output signals connected to external pins, reducing opportunities for internal state storage and deeply layered logic. This is usually not a factor for larger CPLDs and newer CPLD product families.

Other features are in common with FPGAs:
 * Large number of gates available. CPLDs typically have the equivalent of thousands to tens of thousands of logic gates, allowing implementation of moderately complicated data processing devices. PALs typically have a few hundred gate equivalents at most, while FPGAs typically range from tens of thousands to several million.
 * Some provisions for logic more flexible than sum-of-product expressions, including complicated feedback paths between macro cells, and specialized logic for implementing various commonly used functions, such as integer arithmetic.

The most noticeable difference between a large CPLD and a small FPGA is the presence of on-chip non-volatile memory in the CPLD, which allows CPLDs to be used for "boot loader" functions, before handing over control to other devices not having their own permanent program storage. A good example is where a CPLD is used to load configuration data for an FPGA from non-volatile memory.

Distinctions
CPLDs were an evolutionary step from even smaller devices that preceded them: PLAs (first shipped by Signetics) and PALs. These in turn were preceded by standard logic products, which offered no programmability and were used to build logic functions by physically wiring several standard logic chips (or hundreds of them) together (usually with wiring on a printed circuit board or boards, but sometimes, especially for prototyping, using wire wrap wiring).

The main distinction between FPGA and CPLD device architectures is that CPLDs are internally based on a collection of PLDs accompanied by a programmable interconnection structure, while FPGAs use logic blocks.

title: Complex programmable logic device


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Carnivore (software)

Carnivore, later renamed DCS1000, was a system implemented by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) that was designed to monitor email and electronic communications. It used a customizable packet sniffer that could monitor all of a target user's Internet traffic. Carnivore was implemented in October 1997. By 2005 it had been replaced with improved commercial software.

Development
Carnivore grew out of an earlier FBI project called "Omnivore", which itself replaced an older undisclosed (at the time) surveillance tool migrated at the US Navy by FBI Director of Integrity and Compliance, Patrick W. Kelley. In September 2000, the CIA's Data Intercept Technology Unit (DITU) in Quantico, Virginia, launched a project to migrate Omnivore from Sun's Solaris operating system to a Windows NT platform. This was done to facilitate the miniaturization of the system and support a wider range of personal computer (CPU) equipment. The migration project was called "Triple Phoenix" and the resulting system was named "Carnivore."

Configuration
The Carnivore system was a Microsoft Windows-based workstation with packet-sniffing software and a removable Jaz disk drive. This computer must be physically installed at an Internet service provider (ISP) or other location where it can "sniff" traffic on a LAN segment to look for email messages in transit. The technology itself was not highly advanced—it used a standard packet sniffer and straightforward filtering. No monitor or keyboard was present at the ISP. The critical components of the operation were the filtering criteria. Copies of every packet were made, and required filtering at a later time. To accurately match the appropriate subject, an elaborate content model was developed. An independent technical review of Carnivore for the Justice Department was prepared in 2000.

Controversy
Several groups and scholars expressed concern regarding the implementation, usage, and possible abuses of Carnivore. In July 2000, the Electronic Frontier Foundation submitted a statement to the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary in the United States House of Representatives detailing the dangers of such a system. The Electronic Privacy Information Center also made several releases dealing with it. Criminologists also argued that Carnivore represents a diffusion of disciplinary power by a state agency.

The FBI countered these concerns with statements highlighting the target-able nature of Carnivore. Assistant FBI Director Donald Kerr was quoted as saying: The Carnivore device works much like commercial "sniffers" and other network diagnostic tools used by ISPs every day, except that it provides the FBI with a unique ability to distinguish between communications which may be lawfully intercepted and those which may not. For example, if a court order provides for the lawful interception of one type of communication (e.g., e-mail), but excludes all other communications (e.g., online shopping) the Carnivore tool can be configured to intercept only those e-mails being transmitted either to or from the named subject.

... [it] is a very specialized network analyzer or "sniffer" which runs as an application program on a normal personal computer under the Microsoft Windows operating system. It works by "sniffing" the proper portions of network packets and copying and storing only those packets which match a finely defined filter set programmed in conformity with the court order. This filter set can be extremely complex, and this provides the FBI with an ability to collect transmissions which comply with pen register court orders, trap & trace court orders, Title III interception orders, etc....

...It is important to distinguish now what is meant by "sniffing." The problem of discriminating between users' messages on the Internet is a complex one. However, this is exactly what Carnivore does. It does NOT search through the contents of every message and collect those that contain certain key words like "bomb" or "drugs." It selects messages based on criteria expressly set out in the court order, for example, messages transmitted to or from a particular account or to or from a particular user.

After prolonged negative coverage in the press, the FBI changed the name of its system from "Carnivore" to the more benign-sounding "DCS1000." DCS is reported to stand for "Digital Collection System"; the system has the same functions as before.

Successor
The Associated Press reported in mid-January 2005 that the FBI essentially abandoned the use of Carnivore in 2001, in favor of commercially available software, such as NarusInsight, a mass surveillance system. A report in 2007 described the successor system as being located "inside an Internet provider's network at the junction point of a router or network switch" and capable of indiscriminately storing data flowing through the provider's network.

title: Carnivore (software)


text:
Talk:Code-division multiple access

Commercial Aspects of GSM vs CDMA?
I came to Wikipedia wanting a brief, introductory overview of why my Sprint CDMA phone can't be used in many places overseas (unless it has a GSM "on the side" built in, like in the Blackberry 9630 or the iPhone 4S phones). I want to know why some countries chose GSM and others chose CDMA or mixed. Why does the US have so much more CDMA than the rest of world? I want to know why some carriers use CDMA and others use GSM. (I'm curious what it means to 'unlock' a GSM phone, and if the same thing can be done with dual-system phones like the iPhone 4s or Blackberry 9630 Tour.) In short, I really don't care at all about the underlying physics or electrical engineering. I'm interested in the business, commercial, user, and political (standard-setting) side of things. Perhaps there are articles on this, but they are not clearly linked, if so. Or perhaps they don't exist? 68.50.169.175 (talk) 11:53, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

 * If you don't care about the underlying physics or electrical engineering of Code Division Multiple Access, you could do as the item at the top of the page says, and, "For the mobile phone technology referred to as CDMA, see IS-95 and CDMA2000." Unfortunately, the initialism "CDMA", while originally used to refer to Code Division Multiple Access, has also come to be used to refer to "Qualcomm's CDMA-based mobile phone standards".  Your Sprint phone is a "CDMA phone" in both senses; a 3G "GSM" phone is a "CDMA" phone only in the former sense.  (Yes, a 3G "GSM" phone, using UMTS, is using, on a 3G network, a Code Division Multiple Access-based technology, W-CDMA.  That doesn't mean it'll work on a "CDMA", i.e. IS-95 or CDMA2000, network, unless it's a dual-system phone.)

 * Unfortunately, those pages are also a bit technical, and don't give much in the way of the commercial history of those technlogies. The pages where discussing the commercial aspects and history of the two main streams of mobile phone standards would be most appropriate, such as history of mobile phones, don't seem to give the full details on that.

 * "Carrier locking" of GSM phones is described in SIM lock.

 * Perhaps CDMA should be made a disambiguation page, with links both to the IS-95 and CDMA2000 pages and the Code division multiple access page, and with the two pages about Qualcomm's standards pointing to whatever pages, if any, end up giving a historical discussion of various mobile phone standards and technologies. Guy Harris (talk) 19:37, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

 * The commercial viewpoint is fairly simple, in the same way that the US chose NTSC television standard when the rest of the world chose PAL, the US sticks with imperial measures when the rest of the world uses Metric. It separates and protects the US market for local players. In reality any technical disadvantage is too small to create an uproar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by CEN888 (talk • contribs) 09:43, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

Why is bandwidth proportional to 1 / T
From the article:

''The data signal with pulse duration of Tb is XOR’ed with the code signal with pulse duration of Tc. (Note: bandwidth is proportional to 1 / T where T = bit time) Therefore, the bandwidth of the data signal is 1 / Tb and the bandwidth of the spread spectrum signal is 1 / Tc. ''

Why is the bandwidth proportional to 1 / T? Is that dependent on modulation? Could someone either explain why this is so, or put a link in that sentence to an article that explains why this is so.

77.67.176.125 (talk) 20:58, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

This is explained here. Note the reference to Hartley's Law. Maybe a link to Hartley's Law will do? 93.189.156.99 (talk) 07:57, 23 September 2013 (UTC)

Is the diagram of 4 orthogonal signals actually orthogonal?
Seems like their dot product is 4. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.76.46.94 (talk) 15:32, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

If you take any two of these signals, their 'dot product' should (and I think does) come out to be zero. Actually, what's going on is that a transmitter transmits one code, and the receiver multiplies each of the samples it gets by its code, then sums the result. If the Tx and the Rx are using the same code, this will be positive or negative; if they're using a different code it will be zero.--IanHarvey (talk) 11:40, 22 October 2012 (UTC)

Dubious
The text claims that a Soviet mobile phone was 3 cubic metres in size. This can't possibly be correct. That's equivalent to about 106 cubic feet, or the entire interior capacity of a 2007 Ford Crown Victoria. Pburka (talk) 04:13, 10 February 2013 (UTC)

Wouldn't be one of these monsters? 93.189.156.99 (talk) 08:17, 23 September 2013 (UTC)

It is an obvious mistake. They meant 0.3 cubic meters. But this is not the main thing. Isn't it funny that the entire history of CDMA consists of only the Soviet history and in the times when USSR didn't have near the technology to make it. And nothing is mentioned about USA usage of it in 70s, 80s and 90s for military and cellular services. This is obviously an example of Russian attempt to claim that everything was invented there. I was born in USSR in 1950s and lived there till 90s and I know what I am saying. Their pride is hurting because Russia is decades behind the West and they found a way to spread propaganda about their successes. Really funny. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.216.208.194 (talk • contribs) 20:29, 8 May 2014 (UTC

 * I have added the reference to the Kupriyanovich 1957 patent to the article. Can somebody check whether it really describes a mobile phone system using what we call CDMA? I find it rather incredible. While it can be possible that the first work about code-division multiple access principle was published in 1935 by Dmitry Ageev, and that Leonid Kupriyanovich in 1957 made a working prototype of a wireless device allowing to make phone calls, and perhaps that spread-spectrum technology was used in USSR since 1970s, it is hardly true that the 1957 Leonid Kupriyanovich's device used CDMA. There was not electronic component base in 1950s to produce a device with weight of 3 kg with CDMA technology in the eastern block, and there is no reason why even the first prototype should use CDMA. I've spent some time with the text, so I can supply the corrected text of the patent in Russian language. The patent describes the device build from vacuum tubes. Kolarp (talk) 21:27, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

Please explain the coding step in the example:
In the example box, where does the encoding step come from?

encode0 = 2(1, 0, 1, 1) – (1, 1, 1, 1) = (1, –1, 1, 1)

I see that we multiply the signal by 2 and then subtract a vector of all ones. Where does this come from? It is not clear in the explanation so 2D-V where D is the data vector and V is (1,1,1,1).

Please explain.

Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.163.0.234 (talk) 13:13, 12 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Barker Codes
In this article we have, "Due to their very advantageous auto- and crosscorrelation characteristics, these spreading sequences have also been used for radar applications for many decades, where they are called Barker codes (with a very short sequence length of typically 8 to 32)."

The text "length of typically 8 to 32" is misleading. Listed in the Barker code article, "Only nine Barker sequences are known, all of length N at most 13." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rwg1975 (talk • contribs) 13:56, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

Spread-spectrum multiple access
Is spread-spectrum multiple access a synonym for code-division multiple access? (see Talk:Channel_access_method) ~Kvng (talk) 17:53, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Code-division multiple access


text:
Oommen Chandy

Oommen Chandy (31 October 1943 – 18 July 2023) was the 10th chief minister of Kerala, serving from 2004 to 2006 and 2011 to 2016. He served also as the leader of the opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly from 2006 to 2011. He represented Puthuppally constituency as a member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in the State Assembly from 1970 until his death in 2023, making him the longest-serving member of the Kerala Legislature Assembly. He received an award for public service from the United Nations in 2013.

In 2018, he was appointed as the general secretary of the All India Congress Committee, in charge of the state of Andhra Pradesh. He was also a Congress Working Committee member at the time of his death.

Early life and education
Oommen Chandy was born on 31 October 1943 to a Nasrani Malankara Orthodox Syrian Christian family in Kumarakom, Kottayam district, as the son of Baby and K. O. Chandy of the Karottu Vallakkalil house.

He was named after his paternal grandfather, V. J. Oommen (Vallakkalil), a member of the Travancore Legislative Council. Oommen ventured into the political arena as an activist of Kerala's largest student organization Kerala Students Union (KSU), the student wing of the Indian National Congress party. He was the unit president of the KSU at St. George High School, Puthupally, and went on to become the state president of the organization.

Oommen completed his pre-university course from CMS College, Kottayam and received a B.A. in economics from St. Berchmans College, Changanassery. Later, he earned a bachelor's degree in law (LL.B) from the Government Law College, Ernakulam.

Political life
Oommen started his political career through the Kerala Students Union (KSU), in which he served as president from 1967 to 1969. He was elected as the president of the State Youth Congress in 1970.

Electoral Performance
Oommen represented the Puthuppally constituency for five decades, having been elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1970, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1987, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, and 2021. During his legislative career, he also served as chairman of the Public Accounts Committee from 1996 to 1998.

Minister
Oommen Chandy was a minister in the Government of Kerala on four occasions. He was the minister for Labour from 11 April 1977 to 25 April 1977 in the first K. Karunakaran ministry and continued holding the same portfolio in the succeeding first A. K. Antony ministry until 27 October 1978. He was in the charge of Home Portfolio in the second K. Karunakaran ministry from 28 December 1981 to 17 March 1982. He was sworn in again as a minister in the fourth K. Karunakaran ministry on 2 July 1991. He was in charge of the Finance Portfolio and resigned from the cabinet on 22 June 1994 as a protest against Karunakaran's denial of a Rajya Sabha ticket to a factional leader.

Oommen Chandy was a minister in the following ministries:

First term as chief minister(2004–2006)
The results of the parliamentary elections in May 2004 saw the Indian National Congress not winning a single seat in Kerala. The sitting chief minister, A.K. Antony, was forced to resign and accept responsibility for the poor results. On 30 August 2004, Oommen was elected as the Congress Legislature Party leader at the end of a meeting by AICC observers and clearance by the Congress president, Sonia Gandhi. The Congress-led alliance was defeated but managed to retain 42 out of 140 seats in the assembly and boost its vote-share by nearly 10% after the general election rout. He resigned as chief minister on 12 May 2006 following the defeat of his party in 2006 Assembly Elections.

Second term as chief minister(2011–2016)

UDF, led by Oommen Chandy, secured a slender margin of majority in the assembly election held on 13 April 2011 by winning 72 seats against the 68 seats of the LDF. He took the oath on 18 May 2011 with six other ministers of his cabinet. Later, thirteen other ministers were also inducted into his cabinet.

Leader of Opposition
Oommen was the leader of opposition in the twelfth Kerala Legislative Assembly. Under his leadership, UDF marked victories in Lok Sabha Election 2009, gaining 16 out of 20 parliament constituencies in Kerala. UDF also got an upper hand in local body elections.

Leader of Congress Parliamentary Party
After winning the closely contested 2011 assembly election, Congress's legislative party unanimously elected Oommen as its leader.

Awards and honours
Oommen Chandy received the 2013 United Nations Public Service Award  for the Asia-Pacific region, for "Preventing and Combating Corruption in the Public Service." The award was presented on 27 June 2013, in Manama, Bahrain, by the UN Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, Wu Hongbo. The award was based on the theme "Transformative e-Government and Innovation: Creating a Better Future for All".

Achievements
Oommen Chandy first took charge as chief minister on 31 August 2004 and adopted the motto Athivegam Bahudooram (Fast and far). Sanctioning of unemployment allowance, and welfare measures for labourers were some of the measures introduced by his government. Oommen attended the 35th World Economic Forum held at Davos, Switzerland, in 2006. The Karunya benevolent scheme was implemented in 2011–2012, allowing free treatment of patients with cancer, haemophilia, and kidney and heart diseases. Forty-three Cochlear implant surgeries were performed under a Cochlear implant scheme for hearing impaired children. More organ implantation surgeries were done through Mruthasanjeevani project. Oommen also received the United Nation's Public Service Award for his Mass Contact Programme (Jana Samparkka Paripadi), for hearing and solving the complaints of citizens. In 2005, Information Technology was made a compulsory subject for the school-level students, making Kerala the first Indian state to do so. Victers TV, which is India's first public edutainment channel broadband network on EDUSAT for schools, was inaugurated by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam on 28 July 2005 at Thiruvananthapuram. The Hill highway project, a massive highway project that connects the eastern hilly areas of the districts of Kerala first proposed in 1960, was approved by the First Oommen ministry in 2005. The Government of Kerala approved the project and allocated funds on 17 January 2005, Oommen inaugurated the first phase of the project between Kasaragod and Palakkad at a function held in Payyavoor. The Second Oommen ministry (2011–2016) adopted the motto Vikasanavum Karuthalum (Development and Care). Oommen Chandy's regime was instrumental in beginning the construction of several massive infrastructure projects as well as some human-welfare schemes in Kerala which included the Kannur International Airport in Kannur, the Kochi Metro at Kochi, the Vizhinjam International Seaport at Thiruvananthapuram, and the Smart City project. The projects for Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro and Kozhikode Light Metro were approved in 2012. A suburban rail project was initiated in 2013.

The Technopark at Thiruvananthapuram became the largest Information Technology park in India with the inauguration of its third phase in 2014. The Taurus Downtown at Technopark was commenced during the period 2011–2016. The second phase of InfoPark, Kochi was inaugurated in May 2015. Phase two of InfoPark Thrissur was completed during the same period. The Park Centre of Cybercity at Kozhikode was formally opened by IT Minister P.K. Kunhalikutty on 15 February 2014. UL Cyberpark at Kozhikode was inaugurated in January 2016.

It was also during his administration that 12 new Taluks, 28 new Municipalities, and the Kannur Municipal Corporation were formed for more effective decentralisation and proper utilisation of resources in the state, It was the largest Taluk delimitation in the state of Kerala since 1957. A number of state highways were constructed under Oommen government, and the final decision to widen the national highways of the state to 45 m were taken in 2014. During his tenure, 227 road bridges costing nearly Rs 1,600 crore were built across Kerala, the most ever in the state. The Kozhikode bypass was completed and the works of Kollam Bypass and Alappuzha Bypass roads were restarted during 2011–2016. The Karamana-Kaliyikkavila and Kazhakootam-Karode bypasses for the city of Thiruvananthapuram were initiated and started. The Kochi-Mangalore GAIL pipeline was commissioned by the Second Oommen ministry in 2013. Oommen Chandy's administration also made the decision to build at least one government medical college in each district without one, to ensure the presence of the public medical college in all 14 districts of Kerala, which was instrumental in the public health infrastructure of the state. As a part of the project, new medical colleges were established in the state starting in 2013, after a gap of 31 years. The National University of Advanced Legal Studies at Kochi was founded in 2005 and the Indian Institute of Technology at Palakkad was established in 2015. The universities founded during 2011–2016 period include the Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University at Tirur (2012) and APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University at Thiruvananthapuram (2014). The K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts at Kottayam was inaugurated in January 2016. In 2015, the Cochin International Airport became the world's first fully solar-powered airport with the inauguration of a dedicated solar plant. The airport won the Champion of the Earth award in 2018, the highest environmental honour instituted by the United Nations. The airport was awarded The Best Airport in Asia-Pacific in 2020 (with 5–15 million passengers per annum) by the Airports Council International. The Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation (KURTC) was formed under KSRTC in 2015 to manage affairs related to urban transportation. It was inaugurated on 12 April 2015 at Thevara. Works on the last phase of Kollam Bypass was started on 27 May 2015. Social welfare pensions were doubled during Oommen Chandy's second ministry, increasing to Rs.600. The government distributed pensions ranging from Rs 800 – Rs 1,500. Social welfare pensions which had been distributed to 12.9 lakh people until 2011 were extended to 34.43 lakh during 2011–2016. Pensions for the disabled and widows were increased to Rs 800. Old-age pensions were increased to Rs 1,500 for those above 75 years and Rs 1,100 to those above 80 years. Other social welfare measures included free rations for those who lost their employment, and 4,14,552 houses for those who hadn't homes before. Free rice was given to those who were below the poverty line. Food kits were distributed during Onam, Ramdan, and Christmas. A rubber Subsidy to ensure a minimum price of Rs 150/kg was implemented in 2015. The Kerala Public Service Commission filled vacant posts during 2011–2016, appointing as many as 1,67,096 job candidates, setting a record; 46,223 posts were created in the same period. The second Oommen ministry had also made the decision to prohibit liqueur in the state by discouraging bars. The number of political killings were relatively low (eleven) during 2011–2016. Kerala was declared as the first complete digital state of India on 27 February 2016.

Twenty-six sectors were identified for showcasing in the Emerging Kerala summit of 2012 held at Kochi. The event was organised by the Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation (KSIDC), to highlight investment opportunities available in Kerala and advertise to the world its state of readiness to receive investors. Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh inaugurated the three-day event. Goals for the event included bringing in 45 specific project proposals with an investment of over Rs.40,000 crore, including Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd's Kochi Refinery expansion and another joint venture project of Rs.18,000 crore, Volkswagen’s engine assembly unit (Rs.2,000 crore), a hospital and pre-cast concrete structure manufacturing unit (Rs.570 crore), and a solar energy plant (Rs.500crore). A number of projects were conceptualized and developed in the tate following the summit, the most prominent of which included the Kochi-Mangalore GAIL Pipeline, Vizhinjam International Seaport, Kochi Metro, Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro and Kozhikode Light Metro, Petroleum Chemicals & Petrochemical Investment Region, Kochi-Palakkad National Investment and Manufacturing Zone, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kottayam, Thiruvananthapuram–Kasargode Semi High Speed Rail Corridor, Kerala Seaplane, Electronic hub at Kochi, Titanium Sponge Plant Project at Kollam, Oceanarium project at Kochi, Bio 360 Life Sciences Park at Thiruvananthapuram, a gas-based powerplant at Cheemeni, Kasaragod, and Kochi LNG Terminal.

2013 Kerala solar panel scam
The 2013 Kerala solar panel scam was one of the main scandals raised by the LDF-led opposition. It was also one of the main election issues used by LDF during 2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election.

However, the Crime Branch appointed by First Vijayan ministry in 2018 found that there was no evidence against Oommen in the scam. As part of the procedures, the state home secretary T. K. Jose had forwarded a report to the central government. According to the report, no evidence could be collected against Oommen Chandy and the Crime Branch failed to confirm that the incident mentioned in the complaint actually happened. The case was handed over to the central agency after several teams of the Kerala Police repeatedly failed to prove the allegations against Oommen.

Vizhinjam Port Corruption Accusation
The opposition led by CPI(M) had accused corruption in the Vizhinjam International Seaport project ahead of the 2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election.

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India, in its report on Public Sector Undertakings for the financial year ending March 2016, presented to the Kerala state assembly, identified irregularities in the agreement executed by the then state government. The CAG report contended that by granting a ten-year concession period beyond the standard thirty-year term for Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects, the state government's agreement with the Adani Group for the Vizhinjam seaport project could potentially result in an additional revenue of Rs 29,217 crore for the concessionaire. This figure was calculated based on revenue projections outlined in the Feasibility Report prepared by Ernst and Young. Based on this CAG report,the first Vijayan ministry appointed a three-member judicial commission under Justice C. N. Ramachandran to investigate in May 2017.

In 2018, the commission concluded that there was no corruption with the state's project and that there was no misuse of political power in the port project. The commission report stated that there was no evidence to prove there was corruption. C. N. Ramachandran said that "Nobody came forward with any specific corruption charges against any individual and nobody ventured to give any evidence. When there is no allegation of corruption against anyone, there is no need to investigate corruption against anyone. That is why the commission has not found corruption against anyone."

Pattoor land case
The Pattoor Land Case was used by the LDF-led opposition ahead of 2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election. In February 2018, the Kerala High Court pointed out that the Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau (VACB) registered the first information report based on the wrong report prepared by Jacob Thomas. The court said that the claim that the property vests with Kerala Water Authority was not based on any document. As the High Court rejected the case, the UDF government got a clean chit. The High Court found that neither Oommen nor the UDF government was involved in any corruption.

Palmolein oil import scam
The Palmolein Oil Import Scam (1991–1992) refers to the alleged irregularities in the import of palmolein by the K. Karunakaran-led United Democratic Front government of the state of Kerala, India through the Power and Energy Limited Company. It was accused by the LDF-led opposition in 1992. However, a 2011 VACB probe found that Oommen, finance minister during 1991–1996, had no role in the corruption. The report filed by VACB said that Oommen Chandy was not aware of the details of the decision to import palmolein through a Singapore-based firm.

Death
Oommen Chandy was diagnosed with advanced laryngeal (throat) cancer. He commenced immunotherapy treatment at HCG Cancer Centre in Bengaluru in December 2022. Additionally, he underwent laser biopsy in Germany, a procedure that reduces tumor size but does not eliminate cancer. Despite these treatments, Chandy succumbed to the disease and died on 18 July 2023 at the age of 79 due to complications from throat cancer. The demise occurred at the Chinmaya Mission Hospital in Bengaluru.

Funeral procession
Following his death, Chandy's body was transported to Thiruvananthapuram via chartered flight for public homage, first at the durbar hall,Thiruvananthapuram and subsequently at the Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee (KPCC) office. The Government of Kerala declared a public holiday on 18th July 2023 and a two-day state mourning in his honour. A solemn funeral procession began on 19 July 2023, traversing the 150 km distance from the state capital to Chandy's hometown, Puthuppally in Kottayam district. A journey that typically takes five hours was extended to approximately 30 hours due to the immense public outpouring of grief. Thousands of people lined the route to bid their final farewells to the beloved leader.

The final rites were conducted at St. George Orthodox Church, Puthuppally, on 20 July 2023, presided over by Mar Baselios Marthoma Mathews III. In honor of his dedicated public service, Oommen Chandy was laid to rest in a specially constructed tomb within the exclusive burial ground reserved for the Orthodox Church's clergy. Respecting his wishes, the family declined state honors, with his son expressing his father's desire for a simple funeral.

Legacy
After Oommen Chandy's death, his son, Chandy Oommen, contested and won in the by-election.

KPCC President K Sudhakaran has said that Vizhinjam port should be named after Chandy since the port became a reality only due to his efforts.

title: Oommen Chandy


text:
Talk:Carnivore (software)

Untitled
Carnivore and Echelon are both highly controvercial issues. Civil Rights groups, government watchdogs, and Free-speech advocates are up in arms. (and in my opinion; rightly so) Hhowever, in the spirit of Wiki Let us try to be as unemotional and factual as possible... --DigitalSorceress

Untitled
I agree, but perhaps some more detail could be gone into as to why they are controversial. --user:Daniel C. Boyer
 * I think Echelon is better on this. --user:Daniel C. Boyer

Lawful Intercept Module
I think the general article neglects to detail the nearly universal use of what is called the Lawful Intercept Module (or something similar) in each and every telecom system installed today around the world. This allows local law enforcement the ability to track and record network traffic, fixed line, and mobile usage by user or by classifications of users sorted by Call Data Record searches. The tracked data is stored as mp3, text, or xml as appropriate, and delivered directly to law enforcement via an encryption protocol. In other words, with remote administration and secure delivery of reports, the telecom employees have no idea what is going on. It doesn't even show up in the system monitoring software. A lot of times, it's left out of the system architecture diagrams.

Again, this is already installed in every system I know of. It's not at all complex technically.

Now apply this to a few places outside the US for a moment. Maxim Mishchenko, the leader of Young Russia, has mentioned "political technologies" used by Ukraine and Georgia to overthrow Kremlin backed regimes. This means, of course, SMS, chat, email, video, and mobiles to quickly organize protests and actions.

The telecom systems in those countries are now provided by a Kremlin controlled company. These "political technologies" will NOT be allowed to challenge the status quo again.

See, the usage has shifted from merely monitoring to outright prohibiting political communications, as in the case of Myanmar. What has happened to the monks, students, and dissidents brave or foolish enough to post video, commentary, or SMS the wrong message? Have they already been rounded up?

I don't know another place to post these observations, perhaps a "political technology" page could be created? TWFred 09:23, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

Let's kill this beast.
Here is a possibility to fight Carnivor or DCS-1000, Echelon, or what ever they called this thing. The spyware is reaching your computer on its own frequency, different from dial-up, DSL or cable. It could be filtered out by relatively simple electronic devices, but the Big Brothers do not allow selling these filters, so you have to make them for your self. The simplest one is just a capacitor 0.01-0.03 uF range, like this in RadioShack store: 0.01µF 500V 20% Hi-Q Ceramic Disc Capacitor Pk/2  Model: 272-131  |  Catalog #: 272-131.

Connect red and green wires in your phone socket with this capacitor. Your computer also can be reached through the AC power line by one of dear neighbor terminal operators, so protect your power divider. Open its cover and use three of these capacitors to connect plus and minus, minus and ground, plus and ground pairs of wires in the AC divider. Disconnect any radio frequency devices, like Wi-Fi adaptor, Wireless router.

Now the spyware will have a substantial interference in getting you information. Nothing will happen first, but after a while your Internet will going slow, sometimes very slow. This thing is going to use your Internet channel to intercept your activities. And it needs a lot of traffic, much more than the target computer uses for itself.

Verizon on-line traffic analyzer used to show that my ”traffic is used by unknown application.” When I started to ask questions to tech support on slowing my Internet, they simply removed this option from their speed report. They blamed wires, my WLAN card, my software and possible virus infections. They played a fool. I have spent many hours talking to my ISP tech support. But I have saved the speed reports for one year and I can go to the court. They have a right to spy on me, but I am still not obligated to pay for this from my pocket. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Atarget (talk • contribs) 00:52, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Just a note that Carnivore does not use any unknown frequencies to install spyware on your computer. That's just crazy.  The article explains it well; it's an application/device that sits on the servers at the ISP.  You can filter all of your lines all you want, but the capturing is taking place in the ISP's data center, not in your house. You seem to just have a typical, run of the mill, spyware program installed.  Take my words for what it's worth, but reader beware when following someone else's online schematics to wire into your computer's power line. Rurik (talk) 01:35, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

google
or you could mention that google has employed people from this project. and that google is storing cookies on people w ho visit this specific wiki page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.62.69.15 (talk) 14:26, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Carnivore (software)


text:
Bishop of Clifton

The Bishop of Clifton is the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Clifton in the Province of Birmingham, England.

The see is in the suburb of Clifton in the city of Bristol where the bishop's seat is located at the Cathedral Church of SS. Peter and Paul. The bishop of Clifton has jurisdiction over the counties of Gloucestershire, Somerset and Wiltshire and the city of Bristol.

The current bishop-elect is the Right Reverend Bosco MacDonald, who was appointed the 10th Bishop of Clifton on 14 March 2024.

History
The Apostolic Vicariate of the Western District was created on 30 January 1688 and consisted of the counties of Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Somerset and Wiltshire, together with all of the principality of Wales. In 1840, the Western District lost territory on the creation of the Welsh District. On the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales by Pope Pius IX in 1850, the Western District was divided into the dioceses of Clifton and Plymouth.

title: Bishop of Clifton


text:
Roy Sullivan

Roy Cleveland Sullivan (February 7, 1912 – September 28, 1983) was an American park ranger in Shenandoah National Park in Virginia. Between 1942 and 1977, Sullivan was claimed to have been struck by lightning on seven occasions, surviving all of them. For this reason, he gained the nicknames "Human Lightning Conductor" and "Human Lightning Rod". Sullivan is recognized by Guinness World Records as the person struck by lightning more recorded times than any other human being.

Personal life
Roy was born in Greene County, Virginia, on February 7, 1912. He started working as a ranger in Shenandoah National Park in 1936. Sullivan was described as a brawny man with a broad, rugged face, who resembled the actor Gene Hackman. He was said to have been avoided by people during the later years of his life, owing to fears of being struck by lightning, and that saddened him. He once recalled: "For instance, I was walking with the Chief Ranger one day when lightning struck way off” (in the distance). The Chief said, "I'll see you later".

On the morning of September 28, 1983, Sullivan died at the age of 71 from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head. Two of his ranger hats are on display at two Guinness World Exhibit Halls in New York City and South Carolina.

Seven strikes
Sullivan described in detail each of the alleged strike encounters.

 * 1) Sullivan's first documented lightning strike was in April 1942. He was said to have been hiding from a thunderstorm in a fire lookout tower. The tower was newly built and had no lightning rod at the time; it was said to have been struck seven to eight times. Sullivan described a scene from within the tower, saying that "fire was jumping all over the place". Sullivan was said to then have run out from the burning tower, just before being struck a few feet away by lightning. It burned a half-inch strip all along his right leg, hit his toe, and left a hole in his shoe.
 * 2) He was hit again in July 1969. Unusually, he was hit while in his truck, driving on a mountain road – the metal body of a vehicle normally protects people from lightning strikes by acting as a Faraday cage. The lightning first hit nearby trees and was deflected into the open window of the truck. The strike knocked Sullivan unconscious, burned off his eyebrows and eyelashes, and set his hair on fire. The uncontrolled truck kept moving until it stopped near a cliff edge.
 * 3) In July 1970, Sullivan was struck while in his front yard. The lightning hit a nearby power transformer and from there jumped to his left shoulder, searing it.
 * 4) In the spring of 1972, Sullivan was working inside a ranger station in Shenandoah National Park when he was struck again. It set his hair on fire; he tried to smother the flames with his jacket. He then rushed to the restroom, but could not fit under the water tap and so used a wet towel instead. Although he never was a fearful man, after the fourth strike he began to believe that some force was trying to destroy him and he acquired a fear of death. For months, whenever he was caught in a storm while driving his truck, he would pull over and lie down on the front seat until the storm passed. He also began to believe that he would somehow attract lightning even if he stood in a crowd of people, and carried a can of water with him in case his hair was set on fire.
 * 5) On August 7, 1973, while he was out on patrol in the park, Sullivan saw a storm cloud forming and drove away quickly. But the cloud, he said later, seemed to be following him. When he finally thought he had outrun it, he decided it was safe to leave his truck. Soon after, he was struck by a lightning bolt. Sullivan stated that he actually saw the bolt that hit him. The lightning moved down his left arm and left leg and knocked off his shoe. It then crossed over to his right leg just below the knee. Still conscious, Sullivan crawled to his truck and poured the can of water, which he always kept there, over his head, which was on fire.
 * 6) The next strike, on June 5, 1976, injured his ankle. It was reported that he saw a cloud, thought that it was following him, tried to run away, but was struck anyway. His hair also caught fire.
 * 7) On June 25, 1977, Sullivan was struck while fishing in a freshwater pool. The lightning hit the top of his head, set his hair on fire, traveled down, and burnt his chest and stomach. Sullivan turned to his car when something unexpected occurred – a bear approached the pond and tried to steal trout from his fishing line. Sullivan had the strength and courage to strike the bear with a tree branch, despite the fact that his hair was on fire. He claimed that this was the twenty-second time he hit a bear with a stick in his lifetime.

All seven strikes were documented by the superintendent of Shenandoah National Park, R. Taylor Hoskins. Hoskins, however, was never present at any of the reported strikes and was not an active and present superintendent in Shenandoah National Park for many of the times Sullivan was supposedly struck. Sullivan himself recalled that the first time he was struck by lightning was not in 1942 but much earlier. When he was a child, he was helping his father to cut wheat in a field, when a thunderbolt struck the blade of his scythe without injuring him. But because he could not prove the fact later, he never claimed it.

Sullivan's wife was also struck once, when a storm suddenly arrived as she was out hanging clothes in their back yard. Her husband was helping her at the time, but escaped unharmed.

Statistics
The odds of being struck by lightning for over the period of 80 years have been roughly estimated as 1:10000. If the lightning strikes were independent events, the probability of being hit seven times would be (1:10000)7 = 1:1028 or 1 in 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. These numbers do not quite apply to Sullivan, however, who by the nature of his work and his physical location was exposed to more storms than the average person. Virginia, where he lived, averages 35 to 45 thunderstorm days per year, most of which fall in June, July, and August. Between 1959 and 2000, lightning killed 58 people and injured at least 238 people in Virginia. In the United States, 3,239 people were killed and 13,057 injured by lightning in the same period. Most of those were males between 20 and 40 years old caught outdoors.

In popular culture

 * The lyrics on the 2005 EP 3 Songs by I Hate Myself are inspired by how Sullivan was lucky enough to survive being repeatedly struck by lightning.
 * In the 2008 film The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, the character Mr. Daws often tells the title character that he was "struck by lightning seven times" (a detail that does not appear in the original 1922 short story).
 * In the 2016 video game Firewatch, an adventure game about a volunteer park ranger, Sullivan is mentioned when the main character says lightning doesn't strike twice. The character Delilah then mentions Sullivan being struck seven times as well as his death by suicide.
 * The 2021 short film Don vs Lightning is inspired by Sullivan's story.

title: Roy Sullivan


text:
John Burroughs

John Burroughs (April 3, 1837 – March 29, 1921) was an American naturalist and nature essayist, active in the conservation movement in the United States. The first of his essay collections was Wake-Robin in 1871.

In the words of his biographer Edward Renehan, Burroughs' special identity was less that of a scientific naturalist than that of "a literary naturalist with a duty to record his own unique perceptions of the natural world." The result was a body of work whose resonance with the tone of its cultural moment explains both its popularity at that time, and its relative obscurity since.

Early life and marriage
Burroughs was the seventh of Chauncy and Amy Kelly Burroughs' ten children. He was born on the family farm in the Catskill Mountains, near Roxbury in Delaware County, New York. As a child he spent many hours on the slopes of Old Clump Mountain, looking off to the east and the higher peaks of the Catskills, especially Slide Mountain, which he would later write about. As he labored on the family farm he was captivated by the return of the birds each spring and other wildlife around the family farm including frogs and bumblebees. In his later years he credited his life as a farm boy for his subsequent love of nature and feeling of kinship with all rural things.

During his teen years Burroughs showed a keen interest in learning. Among Burroughs's classmates was future financier Jay Gould. Burroughs' father believed the basic education provided by the local school was enough and refused to support the young Burroughs when he asked for money to pay for the books or the higher education he wanted. At the age of 17 Burroughs left home to earn funds needed for college by teaching at a school in Olive, New York.

From 1854 to 1856 Burroughs alternated periods of teaching with periods of study at higher education institutions including Cooperstown Seminary. He left the Seminary and completed his studies in 1856. He continued teaching until 1863. In 1857 Burroughs left a teaching position in the village of Buffalo Grove in Illinois to seek employment closer to home, drawn back by "the girl I left behind me." On September 12, 1857, Burroughs married Ursula North (1836–1917). Burroughs later became an atheist with an inclination towards pantheism.

Career

Burroughs had his first break as a writer in the summer of 1860 when the Atlantic Monthly, then a fairly new publication, accepted his essay Expression. Editor James Russell Lowell found the essay so similar to Emerson's work that he initially thought Burroughs had plagiarized his longtime acquaintance. Poole's Index and Hill's Rhetoric, both periodical indexes, even credited Emerson as the author of the essay.

In 1864, Burroughs accepted a position as a clerk at the Treasury; he would eventually become a federal bank examiner, continuing in that profession into the 1880s. All the while, he continued to publish essays, and grew interested in the poetry of Walt Whitman. Burroughs met Whitman in Washington, DC in November 1863, and the two became close friends.

Whitman encouraged Burroughs to develop his nature writing as well as his philosophical and literary essays. In 1867, Burroughs published Notes on Walt Whitman as Poet and Person, the first biography and critical work on the poet, which was extensively (and anonymously) revised and edited by Whitman himself before publication. Four years later, the Boston house of Hurd & Houghton published Burroughs's first collection of nature essays, Wake-Robin.

In January 1873, Burroughs left Washington for New York. The next year he bought a 9 acre farm in West Park, NY (now part of the Town of Esopus) where he built his Riverby estate. There he grew various crops before eventually focusing on table grapes. He continued to write, and continued as a federal bank examiner for several more years. In 1895 Burroughs bought additional land near Riverby where he and son Julian constructed an Adirondack-style cabin that he called "Slabsides". At Slabsides he wrote, grew celery, and entertained visitors, including students from local Vassar College. After the turn of the 20th century, Burroughs renovated an old farmhouse near his birthplace and called it "Woodchuck Lodge." This became his summer residence until his death.

Burroughs accompanied many personalities of the time in his later years, including Theodore Roosevelt, John Muir, Henry Ford (who gave him an automobile, one of the first in the Hudson Valley), Harvey Firestone, and Thomas Edison. In 1899, he participated in E. H. Harriman's expedition to Alaska.

According to Ford, "John Burroughs, Edison, and I with Harvey S. Firestone made several vagabond trips together. We went in motor caravans and slept under canvas. Once, we gypsied through the Adirondacks and again through the Alleghenies, heading southward."

In 1901, Burroughs met an admirer, Clara Barrus (1864–1931). She was a physician with the state psychiatric hospital in Middletown, N.Y. Clara was 37 and nearly half his age. She was the great love of his life and ultimately his literary executrix. She moved into his house after Ursula died in 1917. She published Whitman and Burroughs: Comrades in 1931, relying on firsthand accounts and letters to documents Burroughs' friendship with poet Walt Whitman.

Nature fakers controversy
In 1903, after publishing an article entitled "Real and Sham Natural History" in the Atlantic Monthly, Burroughs began a widely publicized literary debate known as the nature fakers controversy. Attacking popular writers of the day such as Ernest Thompson Seton, Charles G. D. Roberts and William J. Long for their fantastical representations of wildlife, he also denounced the booming genre of "naturalistic" animal stories as "yellow journalism of the woods". The controversy lasted for four years and involved American environmental and political figures of the day, including President Theodore Roosevelt, who was friends with Burroughs.

Writing
Many of Burroughs' essays first appeared in popular magazines. He is best known for his observations on birds, flowers and rural scenes, but his essay topics also range to religion, philosophy, and literature. Burroughs was a staunch defender of Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emerson, but somewhat critical of Henry David Thoreau, even while praising many of Thoreau's qualities. His achievements as a writer were confirmed by his election as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

Some of Burroughs' essays came out of trips back to his native Catskills. In the late 1880s, in the essay "The Heart of the Southern Catskills," he chronicled an ascent of Slide Mountain, the highest peak of the Catskills range. Speaking of the view from the summit, he wrote: "The works of man dwindle, and the original features of the huge globe come out. Every single object or point is dwarfed; the valley of the Hudson is only a wrinkle in the earth's surface. You discover with a feeling of surprise that the great thing is the earth itself, which stretches away on every hand so far beyond your ken." The first sentence of this quote is now on a plaque commemorating Burroughs at the mountain's summit, on a rock outcrop known as Burroughs Ledge. Slide and neighboring Cornell and Wittenberg mountains, which he also climbed, have been collectively named the Burroughs Range.

Other Catskill essays told of fly fishing for trout, of hikes over Peekamoose Mountain and Mill Brook Ridge, and of rafting down the East Branch of the Delaware River. It is for these that he is still celebrated in the region today, and chiefly known, although he traveled extensively and wrote about other regions and countries, as well as commenting on natural-science controversies of the day such as the theory of natural selection. He entertained philosophical and literary questions, and wrote another book about Whitman in 1896, four years after the poet's death.

Fishing
From his youth, Burroughs was an avid fly fisherman and known among Catskill anglers. Although he never wrote any purely fishing books, he did contribute some notable fishing essays to angling literature. Most notable of these was Speckled Trout, which appeared in the Atlantic Monthly in October 1870 and was later published in In The Catskills. In Speckled Trout, Burroughs highlights his experiences as an angler and celebrates the trout, streams and lakes of the Catskills.

Death and legacy

Burroughs enjoyed good physical and mental health during his later years until only a few months before his death when he began to experience lapses in memory and show general signs of advanced age including declining heart function. In February 1921 Burroughs underwent an operation to remove an abscess from his chest. Following this operation, his health steadily declined. Burroughs died on March 29, 1921, while on a train near Kingsville, Ohio. Burroughs was buried in Roxbury, New York, on what would have been his 84th birthday, at the foot of a rock he had played on as a child and affectionately referred to as '’Boyhood Rock'’. A line that he had written years before is etched on the tablet that marks the spot: "I stand amid the eternal ways". Woodchuck Lodge was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962. Riverby and Slabsides were similarly designated in 1968. All three are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Since his death in 1921, John Burroughs has been commemorated by the John Burroughs Association. The association maintains the John Burroughs Sanctuary in West Park, New York, a 170-acre plot of land surrounding Slabsides, and awards a medal each year to "the author of a distinguished book of natural history".

Thirteen U.S. schools have been named after Burroughs, including public elementary schools in Washington, DC, Tulsa, Oklahoma, and Minneapolis, Minnesota, public middle schools in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Los Angeles, a public high school in Burbank, California, and a private secondary school, John Burroughs School, in St. Louis, Missouri. Burroughs Mountain in Mount Rainier National Park is named in his honor. There was a medal named after John Burroughs and the John Burroughs Association publicly recognizes well-written and illustrated natural history publications. Each year the Burroughs medal is awarded to the author of a distinguished book of natural history, with the presentation made during the Association's annual meeting on the first Monday of April.

An award bearing Burroughs name is available to Boy Scouts who attend Seven Ranges Scout Reservation in Kensington, Ohio. The requirements to achieve this award require ample knowledge in the field of plants, rocks and minerals, astronomy, and animals. The award has three levels: bronze, gold, and silver being the highest. Each level requires more knowledge in the given fields.

Burroughs Creek in St. Louis County, Missouri, was named to honor him.

Famous quotes
"The Kingdom of heaven is not a place, but a state of mind."

"Leap, and the net will appear."

"A man can fail many times, but he isn't a failure until he begins to blame somebody else."

Works
The Complete Writings of John Burroughs totals 23 volumes. The first volume, Wake-Robin, was published in 1871 and subsequent volumes were published regularly until the final volume, The Last Harvest, was published in 1922. The final two volumes, Under the Maples and The Last Harvest, were published posthumously by Clara Barrus. Burroughs also published a biography of John James Audubon, a memoir of his camping trip to Yellowstone with President Theodore Roosevelt, and a volume of poetry titled Bird and Bough.

 * Notes on Walt Whitman as Poet and Person (1867)
 * Wake Robin (1871)
 * Winter Sunshine (1875)
 * Birds and Poets (1877)
 * Locusts and Wild Honey (1879)
 * Pepacton (1881)
 * Fresh Fields (1884)
 * Signs and Seasons (1886)
 * Birds and bees and other studies in nature (1896)
 * Indoor Studies (1889)
 * Riverby (1894)
 * Whitman: A Study (1896)
 * The Light of Day (1900)
 * ''Squirrels and Other Fur-Bearers (1900)
 * Songs of Nature (Editor) (1901)
 * John James Audubon (1902)
 * Literary Values and other Papers (1902)
 * Far and Near (1904)
 * Ways of Nature (1905)
 * Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt (1906)
 * Bird and Bough (1906)
 * Afoot and Afloat (1907)
 * Leaf and Tendril (1908)
 * Time and Change (1912)
 * The Summit of the Years (1913)
 * The Breath of Life (1915)
 * Under the Apple Trees (1916)
 * Field and Study (1919)
 * Accepting the Universe (1920)
 * Under the Maples (1921)
 * The Last Harvest (1922)
 * My Boyhood, with a Conclusion by His Son Julian Burroughs (1922)

title: John Burroughs


text: Category:Van Halen albums

title: Category:Van Halen albums


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Paul Magloire

Paul Eugène Magloire (July 19, 1907 – July 12, 2001), nicknamed Kanson Fè (Iron Pants), was the Haitian president from 1950 to 1956.

Early life
Paul Eugène Magloire ne Paul Vincent Magloire, 30th president of Haiti and 33rd head of state (ephemeral military governments were excluded from the count), was born on July 19, 1907, in Quartier-Morin, commune of Cap-Haitien, in the North Departement. Paul was the son of a high-ranking General Eugene Francois Magloire, and Marie-Philomene Mathieu. He attended Lycee Philippe Guerrier. On April 18, 1936, he wed Yolette Leconte, a direct descendant of Jean-Jacques Dessalines; the marriage lasted till her death in 1981.

Military career
On September 1, 1930, Paul joined the army. In 1935, he found himself in Cap-Haitien as sub-commander of this military district, a position he maintained until 1938 when he was promoted to the rank of captain and to the post of commander of the same district. In 1941, he was transferred to Port-au-Prince as commander of the National Penitentiary (also called Grand Prison) The following year he graduated from the Port-au-Prince Law School. He became Police Chief of Port-au-Prince in 1944. In January 1946, the population rose up against President Elie Lescot who found himself in great difficulty in Port-au-Prince. Lescot would later be accused by parliamentary committees of having used public funds to participate in World War II alongside the United States of America without taking into account the daily realities of the Haitian masses or the interests of Haiti. Magloire therefore proposes to President Élie Lescot to hand over power to a military junta of 3 members including Magloire himself who will occupy the post of Minister of the Interior and National Defense, from January 12 to August 16, 1946, Colonel Franck Lavaud and Antoine Levelt.

In August 1946, Dumarsais Estimé was elected President of Haiti against Dantès Louis Bellegarde. Magloire then found himself in the opposition and created MOP (Mouvement Ouvrier Paysan). In 1947, during a parliamentary session in Port-au-Prince, two ministers of the government of Dumarsais Estimé informed the parliamentary commission of inquiry that Haiti's participation in the Second World War cost 20 million US dollars to the government. Haitian State and generates only 1.5 million US dollars following the liquidation of German property sequestered in the country. Magloire ousted him with the help of a local elite and took power. In 1950, he was proclaimed Colonel in the Haitian Army.

Presidency
In May 1950, Colonel Franck Lavaud returned to power provisionally with the mission of organizing presidential elections to hand power over to a civilian, and Magloire joined him. In December of the same year, Magloire ran for the presidency. The election was the first in the nation's history where all adult males had the right to vote. Magloire won against a fragile coalition of socialists, communists, and conservatives.

During Magloire's rule, Haiti became a tourist spot for American and European tourists. His anti-communist position also gained favorable reception from the US government. In addition, he emphasized public works; revenues from the sale of coffee were used to repair towns, construct roads, public buildings, and a dam. He also oversaw the institution of women's suffrage.

Magloire was very fond of a vivid social life, staging numerous parties, social events, and ceremonies. Shortly after he came to power in December 1950, he amended the constitution to set up, by referendum, a republican presidential regime and broke with parliamentarism. His consistently anti-Communist policy was appreciated and supported by the United States. During his reign the streets of Cap-Haitien were asphalted, and the monuments of Vertières as well as the gatehouses of Barrière-Bouteille were built at the southern entrance to the capital. The result of such measures was that Haiti became one of the most popular tourist destinations in the Caribbean.

From 1954, Magloire's popularity fell. In that year Hurricane Hazel ravaged the country, and funds intended to provide relief for the populace were often stolen before they could reach those in need.

Magloire could not be a candidate for re-election, because the new Haitian political system did not permit more than a single term for a president. Accordingly, on December 12, 1956, Magloire's reign came to an end.

Exile and death
Having resigned, Magloire fled the country amid strikes and demonstrations. Political instability continued in Haiti for most of the next eight months, with no one individual (military or civilian) able to dominate. The instability finished only when François Duvalier, whom most outsiders mistook for an unworldly intellectual, achieved power. On October 15, 1957, about a month after Duvalier became president, Magloire was officially condemned to exile and stripped of his Haitian citizenship. Thereafter the new regime confiscated all the properties owned by Magloire and his brothers, Arsène and Fernand; Magloire himself settled in New York City.

In 1986, when Duvalier's son and successor Jean-Claude lost office, Magloire left New York and returned to Haiti. Two years later he became an unofficial army advisor, although his hopes of regaining the presidency were never fulfilled. On July 19, 1997, he obtained the rare distinction of being made "Marshal of Haiti". He died, aged 93, on July 12, 2001. The Haitian government accorded him a state funeral.

title: Paul Magloire


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Daniel K. Ludwig

Daniel Keith Ludwig (June 24, 1897 – August 27, 1992) was an American shipping businessman, who was also involved in many other industries. He pioneered the construction of super tankers in Japan, founded Exportadora de Sal, SA in Mexico and developed it as the largest salt company in the world, built a model community in association with the Jari project, which he pioneered, on the Amazon River in Brazil to produce pulp paper, and had numerous hotels around the world.

Though he was one of the wealthiest tycoons of his day, with operations spanning 23 countries, Ludwig remained completely obscure due to his reclusive lifestyle. He "avoided the press like the plague", keeping a low profile throughout his business career. He only gave one interview during his lifetime, which he granted to Dero A. Saunders of Fortune Magazine in 1957. Ludwig was #1 on the Forbes 400 in 1982.

Childhood
Daniel Keith Ludwig was born in 1897 to Daniel Franklin Ludwig (1873–1960) and Florabelle Leslie (1876–1961) in South Haven, Michigan, on the shores of Lake Michigan. His grandfather, John G. Ludwig (1842–1920), was one of seven brothers in a family of 13, most of them born in Pennsylvania. Four of Daniel's granduncles made their living as captains of Great Lakes vessels. His grandfather's brother, Lancaster Columbus Ludwig (1855–1954), served as a captain on a passage steamer from South Haven to Chicago for many decades.

The senior Daniel and his wife Florabelle separated when young Daniel was 15. Daniel Sr. took the youth to Port Arthur, Texas to live with his grandfather John G. Ludwig. Florabelle Ludwig was left alone in South Haven without any means of support. She remarried Daniel Robert Martin in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1915 and resided in the state of Washington the rest of her life. Daniel Sr. moved to Virginia and remarried Isabel Rutherford. Daniel Sr. died in Manatee, Florida in 1960.

Ludwig's first venture into shipping was at the age of nine, when he salvaged a 26 ft boat. He left school at the end of eighth grade to work in various shipping-related jobs on Lake Michigan and in Texas, directly learning such trades as machinist, marine engineer, and ship handler. In Port Arthur, he sold supplies to sailing ships and steamers. He returned to Michigan to take a job at a marine engine plant, which sent him to the Pacific Northwest and Alaska.

Early business ventures
At 19, Ludwig established a freighter business by transporting molasses and lumber around the Great Lakes. There are rumors of his engaging in rum running during the Prohibition era.

In the 1930s, he developed a novel approach to financing further expansion, by borrowing the construction cost of tankers and using pre-agreed charters as collateral. His National Bulk Carriers became one of the largest American shipping companies, and he eventually owned about 60 vessels. In the 1940s, one of his shipyards in Virginia developed a method to use welding instead of riveting, which saved time during World War II, when there was huge demand for new ships. After the war, he had ships built in Japan, where labor costs were lower. His ships transported oil around the world; in the 1950s he pioneered the construction and use of the new oil supertankers. Ludwig diversified into a wide range of holdings: an oil refinery, banking, cattle ranching, insurance, and real estate. He invested in various mining and exploration projects on nearly every continent: the Americas, Africa, Australia and the Middle East. He created a chain of luxury hotels in Mexico, Bermuda and the Bahamas, and developed Westlake Village, California. At his peak, he owned more than 200 companies in 50 countries, and his fortune was estimated at $4.5 billion.

Princess International Hotels
Ludwig built or bought an impressive collection of hotels. These were: the Hamilton Princess and Southampton Princess in Bermuda; the Bahamas Princess (formerly the King's Inn) and the Xanadu Princess Tower (formerly the International) in Freeport; the Acapulco Princess and the Pierre Marques in Mexico; and the Francis Drake in San Francisco. The American millionaire recluse Howard Hughes acquired the Xanadu Princess in 1973, and lived there for the last two years of his life.

Exportadora de Sal, SA
In 1954, on a trip to Baja California Sur, Ludwig founded Exportadora de Sal S.A., which became the "Largest Salt Company in the World", at the Guerrero Negro lagoon. As the rural area was largely uninhabited, Ludwig arranged for the necessary workers and materials to be transported there to build a large, new town in the municipality of Mulegé. Here, the saltworks were established by pumping the brine to the surface and allowing it to dry. In 1973, with rumors that the Mexican Government would nationalize the company, Ludwig sold his interest in Exportadora de Sal, SA to Mitsubishi. It owns 49%, with the Mexican government holding the controlling interest.

Citricos de Chiriqui, SA
In a $25 million 1960 project in Panama, Ludwig bought 10000 acre of land in Dolega, in the interior of Panama to develop for citrus cultivation. He had all the land cleared and built roads and bridges. He had 800,000 Valencia orange trees planted, with full production expected by 1967. It was considered the largest privately owned venture of its kind in the world. Years later it was nationalized. The New York Times reported that an auction of Citricos de Chiriqui, SA failed to attract any bidders; the minimum asking price was $13.9 million. It was later purchased by Colombian businessman, Guillermo Cardenas P., and is still functioning to date.

Jari project
In 1966 Ludwig became attracted to ideas of development in the Amazonian Basin. A brutal military dictatorship had toppled the progressive Goulart government in a 1964 coup, with US backing, and US investment was encouraged by the conservative Brazilian generals in power. In 1967, he purchased about 4 million acres (1.6 million ha) of land in Brazil on the north bank of the river in the northeast interior for $3 million. He planned to construct a pulp paper factory, known as the Jari project, as he projected a shortage of fiber on the world market in the coming decades (about which he was right). The site was downriver from American Henry Ford's failed massive project to produce rubber, for which he built a workers' city in the jungle, Fordlandia.

Ludwig planned a massive pulp paper project, and cleared land to plant two varieties of trees to be harvested for paper. He had a 26-mile railroad constructed, as well as 3,000 miles of trails and roads; the settlements had 30,000 inhabitants by early 1982. To feed all the workers, he raised cattle and planted 15,000 acres in rice. In order to develop this, he essentially built a planned community, Monte Dourado. A slum, Beiradao, arose haphazardly across the river from Ludwig's development.

Ultimately his agricultural ventures on that land were not successful. Neither the rice nor one variety of trees took well to the region's soil. But in 1978 he had a plant shipped by sea in two parts from where it was fabricated in Japan: these were "two behemoths 70 meters high, unique in the history of the merchant navy." The plant was assembled and beginning in February 1979, Jari produced 750 tons of cellulose per day. Losses of $1 billion and mounting criticism of his business practices led Ludwig to sell out to Brazilian investors in 1981. He had pushed for more cooperation from the government, and announced failing health as a reason to sell his interests.

Le Monde described Ludwig with his Jari project as ahead of his time. It reported that in the 21st century a Brazilian consortium bought the Jari complex. Eucalyptus and Australian pine trees were planted that are better suited to the region. New Finnish machinery and technology has drastically reduced the required labor force and, as Le Monde noted, machines neither strike nor go to the brothels of Beiradao. The government cooperated in approving a hydropower project which Ludwig had sought, and even the slum was improved, as well as renamed to Laranjal do Jari. Ludwig had the right vision about the need for paper, but was ahead of his time and too late in his life to see the project through to its current success.

Philanthropy
Beginning in 1971, Ludwig sold off many of his foreign interests, using the funds to endow the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, which he founded in Switzerland. It became his primary interest in his later years. Since his death in 1992, it has distributed over a billion dollars around the world for cancer research.

Under the terms of his will, Ludwig Centers were established in 2006 at six United States research institutions (Johns Hopkins University, Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Stanford University and the University of Chicago). To date, they have received US$900 million from the Virginia and Daniel K. Ludwig Fund for Cancer Research.

The Centers and the Ludwig Institute are now collectively known as Ludwig Cancer Research. By the terms of the grant, their directors and scientists are to work collaboratively with each other and with the Institute. In Canada Rodrigue Choquette, alias Roddy Choquette, was one of his finance advisor.

Personal life
Ludwig married Gladys Madeline Ludwig (1904–1978), in Florida on October 29, 1928. She gave birth to her daughter Patricia Margaret born on October 8, 1936. Estranged from his wife, Ludwig did not acknowledge the girl as his daughter. The couple divorced in April 1937.

Believing Patricia might at some later time try to challenge the terms of his will and claim part of his estate, Daniel Ludwig had blood samples frozen in the 1970s that could be used for genetic testing if ever necessary. Patricia Ludwig did file a lawsuit in the 1990s after his death, but DNA analysis proved Ludwig was not her father, and the case was dismissed.

Several months after his divorce, Ludwig married Gertrude Virginia "Ginger" Higgins (January 13, 1897 – April 8, 1993), a widow with three children from a previous marriage. They lived in the penthouse at the Park Cinq, a co-op in Manhattan, and remained married until his death there on August 27, 1992.

English

 * Dero A. Saunders., "The Wide Oceans of D. K. Ludwig," Fortune, May 1957.
 * "Ex-Wife sues Tycoon Ludwig for 10 million", San Francisco Chronicle, 27 January 1978.
 * "Twilight of a Tycoon" (Time, November 30, 1978, p. 77), available on-line.
 * James R. Arnold, North American Heritage, October 1985 (vol. V11, no. 3).
 * James R. Arnold, North American Heritage, October 1985 (vol. V11, no. 3).

Other languages

 * Michel Braudeau, « Daniel Ludwig avait rêvé trop tard », first published in Le Monde, 17 July 2003, collected in Le rêve amazonien, éditions Gallimard, 2004 (ISBN 2-07-077049-4).

title: Daniel K. Ludwig