text:
Tiziano Terzani

Tiziano Terzani (14 September 1938 – 28 July 2004) was an Italian journalist and writer, best known for his extensive knowledge of 20th century East Asia and for being one of the very few western reporters to witness both the fall of Saigon to the hands of the Viet Cong and the fall of Phnom Penh at the hands of the Khmer Rouge in the mid-1970s.

Early life
Terzani was born in Florence to poor working class parents. His mother was a hatmaker and his father worked in a mechanic work shop. He attended the University of Pisa as a law student and studied at the prestigious Collegio Medico-Giuridico of the Scuola Normale Superiore, which today is Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies. After graduating, he worked for Olivetti, the office equipment producer. In 1965 he went on a business trip to Japan. This was his first contact with Asia and his first step towards his decision to change his life radically and explore Asia. During these years he again began writing for l'Astrolabio. He then resigned from Olivetti and moved to New York to study at Columbia University at the School of International and Public Affairs in order to study Chinese language and culture.

Career as a journalist
After a first stint as journalist within Il Giorno, in 1971 he moved to Singapore as a reporter, with his German-descent wife, Angela Staude, and their two small children, as the Asian correspondent for the German weekly Der Spiegel. He then offered his collaboration to the Italian daily newspapers Corriere della Sera and La Repubblica. In the meantime, on a semi-secret level, he sent regular information about East Asian politics to the Banca Commerciale Italiana, which was headed by Raffaele Mattioli.

Terzani knew much about the historical and political background of Asia, but had also a deep interest in the philosophical aspects of Asian culture. Though an unbeliever, he always looked in his journeys for the spiritual aspects of the countries he was visiting. He lived for years at a time in Beijing, Tokyo, Singapore, Hong Kong, Bangkok and New Delhi. While staying in Hong Kong working as a journalist, he had a name in Chinese, 鄧天諾 (Deng Tiannuo) (meaning: "heavenly/godly promise"). His stay in Beijing in the 1980s came to an end when he was arrested and expelled in 1984 from the country for "counter-revolutionary activities". He stopped using his Chinese name after this incident. Based on his experiences in China, he wrote La Porta Proibita (Behind The Forbidden Door).

Books and essays
Terzani's experiences in Asia are described in articles and essays in newspapers, as well as in the several books that he wrote. In his first book, Pelle di leopardo (Leopard Hide) (1973), he describes the last phases of the Vietnam War. The following recollection, ''Giai Phong! The Fall and Liberation of Saigon'', recounts the takeover of Vietnam's capital by the Vietcong and the scramble of the last Westerners to escape with American helicopters; he stayed there for some time and witnessed the changes. Two years later he nearly died while trying to document the new "Democratic Kampuchea": the Khmer Rouge tried to execute him after his arrival in the border town of Poipet, and he saved his life only by his knowledge of the Chinese language. In what is perhaps his most well-known book, Un indovino mi disse (A Fortune-Teller Told Me), Terzani describes his travels across Asia by land and sea following the advice and warning from a fortune teller in Hong Kong that he must avoid airplanes for the whole year of 1993. One chapter of the book is entirely dedicated to Ferdynand Ossendowski, Polish traveller. Ryszard Kapuściński wrote about this book "A great book written in the best traditions of literary journalism... profound, rich and reflective". Kapuściński and Terzani shared the same vision of journalism. After 9/11 he wrote Lettere contro la guerra (Letters Against the War). The book was born as a response to the anti-Islamic invectives published by the Italian journalist and author Oriana Fallaci on the daily Il Corriere della Sera on 29 September 2001.

Final work and death
In his last book Un altro giro di giostra (One More Ride on the Merry-go-round), in 2001, Terzani deals with his illness, a bowel cancer which eventually led to his death in 2004, but not before he had travelled and searched through countries and civilizations, looking for a cure and for a new vision of life. A short excerpt from his book: "...after a while, the goal of my journey was not the cure for my cancer anymore, but for the sickness which affects all of us: mortality" Terzani spent the early 2000s in confinement on the mountainous Himalayas region, in a small hut that he rented in order to meditate and work on his books. He only seldom visited his family in Italy, but had to desist from his isolation when his sickness advanced too much. He returned to Italy, spending the last months of his life with his wife and grown son in Orsigna, a little village in the Apennine Mountains in the province of Pistoia that he considered "his true, last love".

Terzani died on 28 July 2004, aged 65. His last memories are recorded in an interview for Italian television entitled "Anam", an Indian word that literally means "the one with no name", an appellative he gained during an experience in an ashram in India.

Legacy and Biopic
His testament-book La fine è il mio inizio (The End Is My Beginning), co-authored with his son Folco, was published posthumously in March 2006 and sold 400,000 copies in 4 months. According to The Times its supposedly New Age theme has been allegedly attacked by Vatican and certain Roman Catholic sources, such as the newspaper Avvenire. However, reading the articles related to Terzani in Avvenire shows just the contrary view: "Terzani is more Christian than a New Age guru". It is underlined there that his experiences as a student (shishya) in the ashram of Swami Dayananda in 2004 have not persuaded him to "convert" to Hinduism, and that he was generally skeptical about New Age (e.g. in Un altro giro di giostra, 2004).

His books are being translated into many languages: German, French, Polish, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Turkish, Slovenian, Japanese, Chinese, Russian, Hungarian, Romanian and published in India (in English), Thailand (English), Brazil (Portuguese) and Argentina (Spanish).

The movie The End Is My Beginning was based on the book of the same name, depicting his last days (summer 2004, when he succumbed to cancer), when he is narrating to his son Folco the adventures of his life, his travels, and his philosophical views on life and death. The role of the ailing, retired Terzani, now living in the mountains of Tuscany dressed and groomed just like an Indian sadhu, is played by Swiss-German actor Bruno Ganz and that of his son by Italian actor Elio Germano. The movie, an art-house German-Italian production, was not expected to be a blockbuster but received positive reviews in the European press. "In this film [see below], your father has a Franciscan spirit in some ways... «I think it's a wonderful compliment. I understood what the Franciscan spirit really is by working alongside Mother Teresa in Calcutta, caring for the dying».

Books published in English

 * Giai Phong! The Fall and Liberation of Saigon (Giai Phong! La liberazione di Saigon, 1976, reprinted also in Thailand in 1997 as Saigon 1975: Three Days and Three Months)
 * Behind The Forbidden Door: Travels in Unknown China (La porta proibita, 1985)
 * Goodnight, Mr Lenin: A Journey Through the End of the Soviet Empire (Buonanotte, signor Lenin, 1993)
 * A Fortune-Teller Told Me: Earth-bound Travels in the Far East (Un indovino mi disse, 1997)
 * Letters Against the War (Lettere contro la guerra, 2002)
 * One More Ride on the Merry-Go-Round (Un altro giro di giostra, 2016)

Books published in Italian

 * Pelle di leopardo. Diario vietnamita di un corrispondente di guerra 1972-1973, 1973
 * Giai Phong! La liberazione di Saigon (Giai Phon! The Liberation of Saigon), 1976
 * La porta proibita (The Forbidden Door), 1984
 * Buonanotte, signor Lenin (Goodnight Mr Lenin), 1992
 * Un indovino mi disse (A Fortune Teller Told Me), 1995
 * In Asia (Asia), 1998
 * Lettere contro la guerra (Letters Against The War), 2002
 * Un altro giro di giostra (One More Ride on the Merry-Go-Round), 2004
 * La fine è il mio inizio (The End Is My Beginning), 2006
 * Fantasmi: dispacci dalla Cambogia (Ghosts: Despatch from Cambogia), 2008
 * Un’idea di destino: Diari di una vita straordinaria (An Idea of Destiny: Diaries of an Extraordinary Life), 2014

title: Tiziano Terzani


text:
User:Tezkah

Bollocks Bollocks Bollocks!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Tezkah


text:
Brian Dooley (writer)

Brian Dooley (born 16 April 1971) is an English television writer.

He is best known for creating the sitcom The Smoking Room, which debuted on BBC Three in 2004, before it was transferred to BBC Two, and for which he received a BAFTA in 2005. He also appears in the series as Ben from the post room.

Education
Dooley was educated at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge University.

Career
In 2007, Dooley contributed to the Doctor Who short story collection Short Trips: Snapshots. It was announced in Doctor Who Magazine issue 406 that he would write two episodes of series 3 of the Doctor Who spin-off The Sarah Jane Adventures, but his script, which formed the basis of Mona Lisa's Revenge, was rewritten to the extent that only Phil Ford was credited.

Other credits include Monkey Dust, The Sketch Show, Being Human and its IPlayer spin-off Becoming Human and plays for Radio Four.

title: Brian Dooley (writer)


text:
Christoph von Graffenried, 1st Baron of Bernberg

Christoph von Graffenried, 1st Baron of Bernberg (15 November 1661 – 27 October 1743) was a Swiss nobleman and explorer who was one of the founders of New Bern, North Carolina. Born in Worb Castle in the Canton of Bern, he played a major role in the colonisation of North America by German and Swiss settlers. In c. 1716, von Graffenried published a memoir entitled Relation of My American Project, which recounted his life in both Switzerland and North America.

Early life

Christoph von Graffenried was born on 15 November 1661 in Worb Castle in the Swiss canton of Bern. He was the son of Anton von Graffenried and Catherine Jenner. His father was lord of Worb and a minor government official. Von Graffenried studied at both Heidelberg University and Leiden University before visiting England c. 1680. While in England, he came to know John Colleton and other Lords Proprietors of Carolina. In 1683, he returned home and on 25 April 1684 he married Regina Tscharner, with whom he had thirteen children.

New Bern colony

As his family grew, Von Graffenried found that his salary as a local government official and income from his estate were insufficient to cover expenses and growing debts. Around 1708, he became acquainted with the explorer-adventurer Franz Ludwig Michel who persuaded him to join an initiative to mine American silver deposits and establish a colony of Swiss refugees who were either poor or religiously persecuted. In 1709, Von Graffenried met with his former contacts in England and the Lords Proprietors of Carolina granted the Swiss venture 19,000 acres along the Neuse and Trent rivers in Carolina, including 5,000 acres purchased by Von Graffenried himself. As a significant landowner, Von Graffenried was named a "Landgrave of Carolina" and was later granted the provincial title, "Baron of Bernburg." In addition, Queen Anne provided £4,000 to pay for the transportation of 100 German Palatine families that had fled to England to escape the War of the Spanish Succession.

In January 1710, Von Graffenried sent 650 Palatine settlers to Carolina under the leadership of John Lawson, the provincial surveyor general. Lawson had recently returned from Carolina in order to publish his book, A Voyage to Carolina. Lawson was knowledgeable of the country and promised to guide the settlers to the best sites for their communities. Their voyage was hindered by a series of winter storms and it was thirteen weeks before they landed in Virginia and then proceeded overland to Carolina. Hardship and disease took a heavy toll on the group and half of the original 650 colonists died before reaching their destination.

In July, Von Graffenried sailed with a contingent of about 150 Swiss colonists. Their crossing was relatively uneventful and after landing at Hampton, Virginia, in September, he joined Michel and Lawson in the Neuse-Trent area. He quickly laid out a town at the fork of the Trent and Neuse Rivers and christened it New Bern. When a local tribe complained that the land belonged to them, Graffenried negotiated a settlement and purchased the site of the new town from the tribe. The craftsmen in the group were assigned to the town while the farmers were given 250-acre plots in the outlying areas up the Trent River.

Despite a quick start to their settlement, the colonists were in desperate need of food and other supplies. The deputy governor of North Carolina was supposed to provide funds to purchase what was needed but a religious and political dispute between factions in the Carolina government meant that no money was forthcoming. Von Graffenried appealed unsuccessfully to the lords proprietors, other investors, and the colonial legislature for support. In the summer of 1711, an outbreak of yellow fever hit the colony and several settlers died, including two Swiss servants in Von Graffenried's household.

Meanwhile, relations between colonists and Native Americans in the region continued to deteriorate. The Natives resented the steady encroachment of Europeans on their territory and felt abused in their trading deals with the settlers. Perhaps their greatest grievance was the native slave trade that flourished in the frontier regions—Native children in particular were kidnapped and sold into slavery by white slave traders. Von Graffenried's new colony was not a specific target of this resentment and in later years, Von Graffenried would insist that he treated the Indians justly.

Von Graffenried was apparently unaware of how seriously relations with the Tuscarora had deteriorated. In September 1711, he and John Lawson began an exploratory journey up the Neuse. They hoped the river might provide a route for trade with Virginia. The trip was planned to last about two weeks and they brought along two Black slaves and two Native guides. The route took the group through the heart of Tuscarora territory. The Natives captured Von Graffenried, Lawson, and their Black slaves and subjected Von Graffenried and Lawson to a lengthy series of trials. Eventually, it was decided they were both guilty of crimes against the Tuscarora people and should be killed. Von Graffenried defended himself, saying that he had no part in any quarrels with the Natives and that he was under the protection of the Queen of England who would surely avenge his death. Ultimately, the Tuscarora spared Von Graffenried but killed Lawson. The manner of his death is unknown.

In negotiations with Native tribes on Virginia's border, Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia interceded on behalf of Von Graffenried and demanded his release. Von Graffenried was freed after six weeks of captivity. When he finally reached New Bern, he found it abandoned and in flames. On September 22, 1711, while Graffenried was held captive, the Tuscarora and their allies had attacked white settlers in the region. The conflict became known as the Tuscarora War. Sixty Swiss and Palatines in New Bern and the surrounding area were killed and fifteen taken captive. The survivors fled New Bern and sought shelter at a fort built by plantation owner William Brice.

The colonists were surprised to see that Graffenried was still alive but they had lost confidence in his leadership and he never regained full authority. His refusal to seek revenge for the Native attacks was met with resentment. Some of the settlers followed him back to New Bern but others remained at the Brice plantation. A dispute over ownership of some blacksmith tools nearly led to open warfare between the factions. The disaffected colonists filed a protest with the colonial government and Graffenried was forced to appear before the assembly to defend his actions.

During the winter of 1711–1712, Graffenried and the remaining loyal settlers barricaded themselves in the town of New Bern and made plans to move their settlement to Virginia. When supplies ran low, Graffenried went to Albemarle County and obtained a shipload of corn, gunpowder and other provisions. Unfortunately, the ship caught fire on the voyage back to New Bern and the supplies were lost. In the spring of 1712, Graffenried traveled to Virginia to scout for a new settlement site around the falls of Potomac. Before leaving, he arranged with Franz Michel to transport any willing colonists to Virginia by ship.

In Virginia, the baron contracted French-Canadian explorer and adventurer, Martin Chartier, to serve as a guide. In addition to locating a suitable site for settlement, Graffenried was anxious to find a source of silver that was rumored to exist in the region. Chartier took him to Sugarloaf Mountain and then to the Shenandoah Valley, where they visited Massanutten Mountain, the supposed site of silver mines which the baron hoped would repair his fortune. However, they found no trace of silver.

When it became apparent that Michel would not be transporting any colonists (he later claimed his ship was not seaworthy), Graffenried decided to return to North Carolina. On his return, he stopped to confer with Governor Edward Hyde just as an epidemic of yellow fever was sweeping the province. The disease hit the governor's household and Graffenried became ill but recovered, while the governor was not so fortunate and died.

Graffenried tried for a while longer to find some way of reviving his colonial venture but his investors had lost faith in him and creditors were threatening to have him arrested and thrown into debtors' prison. On Easter, 1713, he sailed for England, after mortgaging all the company landholdings to Thomas Pollock of Chowan County. He returned to Switzerland in 1714.

Later life
Late in 1714, Graffenried returned to Worb bankrupt and broken in spirit. It was several days before he could bring himself to face his father who had been critical of his efforts from the start. Perhaps in an effort to defend himself from critics, Graffenried soon wrote a manuscript entitled Relation of My American Project, detailing his exploits in America. He wrote at least three versions, one in German and two in French.

In 1731, Anton von Graffenried sold to his son Christoph the management of the estate which went with the office, reserving for himself the revenues of the office. The management of the estate was not very lucrative, but the father thought he had made a rather generous settlement for his spendthrift son. Later, when Anton became Mayor of Murton he wanted a representative in Iverton; and although Christoph did not relish the place, still to please his wife he ran for it and was elected. In 1730 at Anton's death the estate of Worb came to Christoph without encumbrance, and he held it till 1740, when he retired in favor of his sons. Three years later, in 1743, Graffenried died and was buried in the choir of the Church at Worb.

His son, Christoph, emigrated to America and married Barbara Tempest Needham, of Hertfordshire, England. Their offspring founded the American branch of the family, which adopted the French version of the name, De Graffenried. The family became prominent in both Virginia and Tennessee.

Selected works

 * Relation of My American Project (c. 1716)


text:
Talk:Wohlen–Dietikon railway line

from VfD:

Another one of Pumpie's "translations" using Babelfish. I simply don't have time to keep an eye on all my German articles. Please delete. --Voyager ch 21:18, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gibberish. Spank user.   — Gwalla | Talk 01:51, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep -- I've just rewritten it into something more nearly approximating English. -- Arwel 16:56, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Needs cleanup, not deletion. Factitious 06:57, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Intrigue 18:14, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Well, I've eliminated every single trace of Babelfish nonsense and did some minor rewriting. Being the author of the German original, I'm now very pleased with the result. Deletion is not necessary anymore. --Voyager ch 23:55, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

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title: Talk:Wohlen–Dietikon railway line


text:
List of mayors of Portland

List of mayors of Portland may refer to:

 * List of mayors of Portland, Maine
 * List of mayors of Portland, Oregon

title: List of mayors of Portland


text:
Air launch

Air launching is the practice of releasing a rocket, missile, parasite aircraft or other aircraft payload from a mother ship or launch aircraft. The payload craft or missile is often tucked under the wing of the larger mother ship and then "dropped" while in flight. It may also be stored within a bomb bay, beneath the main fuselage or even on the back of the carrier aircraft, as in the case of the D-21 drone. Air launching provides several advantages over ground launching, giving the smaller craft an altitude and range boost, while saving it the weight of the fuel and equipment needed to take off on its own.

History
One of the earliest uses of air launching used an airship as a carrier and docking station for biplane parasite fighters. These planes would connect to their mothership through a trapeze-like rig, mounted to the top of the upper wing, that attached to a hook dangling from the bottom of the dirigible above. Fighters could be both launched and retrieved this way, giving the airship the speed and striking power of fixed-wing craft, while giving the fighters the range and lingering time of an airship. With advances in airplane technology, especially in range, the value of a dirigible mothership was reduced and the concept became obsolete.

The parasite fighter concept was later revived several times, in an attempt to solve the problem of how to protect bombers from fighter attack. The Convair B-36 was used to air launch several prototype fighters for defense, but none offered performance that could match ground-launched fighters. Even the largest bomber ever mass-produced was too small a mothership for the jet age. Docking also presented its own plethora of problems.

Air launch is the standard way to launch air-to-surface missiles and air-to-air missiles and is mainly used for rocket-powered craft, allowing them to conserve their fuel until lifted to altitude by a larger aircraft. The B-29, B-50, and B-52 have all served in the carrier role for research programs such as the Bell X-1 and X-15.

In the 1960s the SR-71 aircraft was used to launch the Lockheed D-21/M-21 drone to speeds of up to Mach 3. However, this added a degree of difficulty due to the shock wave pattern around an aircraft at supersonic speeds. After three successful tests, the fourth resulted in a collision with the carrier aircraft, in which both craft were destroyed and one crew member drowned. The project was subsequently abandoned.

During the development of the Space Shuttle orbiter in the 1970s, NASA used two modified Boeing 747 airliners, known as the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, to launch the Space Shuttle Enterprise, a crewed atmospheric test vehicle used to test the orbiter's approach and landing capabilities. These aircraft were subsequently used throughout the Space Shuttle Program to transport the shuttles across long distances.

The Pegasus launch vehicle became the first air-launched orbital rocket when it was launched on April 5, 1990 by the private company Orbital Sciences Corporation (now a part of Northrop Grumman), from a NASA-owned B-52 Stratofortress. It has flown more than 40 times since, launched mostly from the company's own Lockheed L-1011 known as Stargazer. Orbital Sciences was developing the Pegasus II launcher that would have dropped from the purpose-built Scaled Composites Stratolaunch. Pegasus's capacity to low Earth orbit was projected to be 13,500 pounds (6,100 kg).

In the early 2000s, the B-52 was used to launch the X-43 hypersonic testbed aircraft. Recently, the air launch method has gained popularity with commercial launch providers. The Ansari X-Prize $10 million purse was won by a team led by Burt Rutan and Paul Allen for the successful launch of SpaceShipOne twice in a row in 2 weeks, which where the criteria.

In 2010, the SpaceShipTwo launch vehicle began launching. It was the successor the SpaceShipOne launch vehicle, which was retired in 2004. The first SpaceShipTwo aircraft, the VSS Enterprise flew 35 flights successfully from 2010 to 2014. However, on 31 October 2014, the vehicle was destroyed in-flight after an unintentional feathering. Michael Alsbury was killed and Peter Siebold was severely injured. In 2016, another ship, the VSS Unity conducted it's maiden flight, which went smoothly. The VSS Unity conducted 20 test flights. The last one reached space, but without commercial crew onboard. On 11 July 2021, SpaceShipTwo launched 6 people to space. 2 were pilots and the rest tourists. Virgin Galactic repeatedly announced plans to refly the SpaceShipTwo. These plans have been delayed by more than a year and a half. It is currently expected to fly no earlier than the second quarter of 2023.

In 2021, Virgin Galactic announced plans for a SpaceShipThree. This would provide point-to-point transportation across the world. Two ships, the VSS Imagine and VSS Inspire are planned. In 2022, Virgin Galactic announced plans for the new Delta-class launch vehicle. This would be able to reach orbit. It is expected to launch in 2026.

title: Air launch


text:
Talk:Chief Joseph

Contradiction
After a five-day siege only 30 miles from the Canadian border, he surrendered Chief Joseph formally surrendered on 5 October 1877 in the Bear Paw mountains of Montana, 40 miles south of Canada (near Havre, Montana).

Those two lines are clearly contradictory, but they're both in the article, so which is right?

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Illuvatar (talk • contribs) 22:20, October 5, 2004

 * Here's the coordinates of the Bear Paw Battlefield where Chief Joseph surrendered: 48° 22' 38" N  109° 12' 35" W.  I'm sure there's a way to figure out what the distance to the Canadian border is, but it'll need to be someone who is more concerned with an answer. -- RobLa 04:45, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * they could have moved 10 mile before signing the treaty after all he did want to find his missing people. so moving a 10 miles away to sign the treatry makes it no longer contradictory. -- User:Drachenkonig 00:04, February 10, 2005

@noy

Same Event Mentioned Twice?
"In 1877, after the cavalry threatened to attack, Chief Joseph and other leaders began the journey to the reservation. On a night that Chief Joseph was away from camp, a young Nez Perce man and his friends, avenging the killing of his father, attacked and killed a white settler."

"But, in a reversal of policy in 1877...As they began their journey to Idaho, Chief Joseph learned that three young Nez Perce men, enraged at the loss of their homeland, had massacred a band of white settlers."

Both happened in 1877, and may be the same thing. Anyone have any confirmation or denial of this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Swwarmuth (talk • contribs) 01:44, February 23, 2005

Eighteen billion Indians?
"With 2,000 U.S. soldiers in pursuit, Chief Joseph led 18,642,916,000 Nez Perce toward freedom at the Canadian border."

That can't possibly be right. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.61.98.70 (talk • contribs) 14:52, May 4, 2006

 * Always check the page history for vandalism when questions like this arise. Katr67 21:02, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Is "band" appropriate?
The American Heritage Dictionary defines "band" also as "a group of people", yet in common use (apart from musicians) it is used for outlaws mostly. Is it proper to call Indian warriors "bands"? Are groups of indigenous people invaded by settlers "bands"? Is a Native American Indian glad to read this here, or maybe even in History books (if it is also used there too -I am not familiar)? Hoverfish 06:41, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I know that in Canada the term has (had?) meaning, certainly no suggestion of illegal activity. See : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations "A First Nation is a legally undefined term that came into common usage in the 1980s to replace the term "Indian band". Elder Sol Sanderson says that he coined the term in the early 1980s.[1] A band is defined as "a body of Indians for whose collective use and benefit lands have been set apart or money is held by the Canadian Crown, or declared to be a band for the purposes of the Indian Act" [2]. There are currently over 600 First Nations governments or bands in Canada. Roughly half of these are located in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia." --mgaved 10:40, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It's pretty much the same as the "warbands" of ancient German tribes. Aran|heru|nar 14:00, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Thank you, very enlightening the First Nations article (warbands redirects to "warrior society", which hasn't been created yet). Another help was Band societies, where I will link the first mention of band in the article to. It may be usefull to more readers not familiar with this use of the term. Hoverfish 17:16, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

This is informational.
This is informational about chief Joeseph, don't you think? Thomasreay 00:05, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Reverting a large addition to the article
By this edit, an anon added a big chunk of text at the end of the article, making no attempt to integrate it. I suspected a copyvio, but, at least according to one website, it's from a 1918 book that's now in the public domain. I haven't reviewed it line-by-line to see what, if anything, might be worth incorporating in the article in proper faashion. JamesMLane t c 16:53, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Savings Bonds
Might be a minor point, but Chief Joseph is depicted on currently issued US Savings Bonds. Series I, $200. 66.191.19.68 (talk) 18:00, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Gold Rush Mentioned in Background Section
Which gold rush was it? A small one in the Washington/Oregon area that doesn't have any particular name? I was just curious why no one mentioned it, as seemed to be the cause of the U.S. government's desire for re-negotiation of the 1855 reservation treaty. Vervaine (talk) 19:37, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

PEOPLE NEED TO SIGN MORE ON THIS PAGE!
What more to say? --96.25.177.149 (talk) 19:15, 27 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Well... you could say
 * THERE'S NO BUSINESS LIKE WIKIPEDIA BUSINESS
 * LIKE NO BUSINESS I KNOW
 * EVERYTHING ABOUT IT IS APPEALING
 * EVERYTHING THE TRAFFIC WILL ALLOW
 * NO WHERE CAN YOU GET THAT HAPPY FEELING...TA DA
 * You could say that, just like Ethel Merman.

7mike5000 (talk) 16:07, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

Surrender quotation
''The popular legend deflated, however, when the original pencil draft of the report was revealed to show the handwriting of the later poet and lawyer Lieutenant Charles Erskine Scott Wood, who claimed to have taken down the great chief's words on the spot. In the margin it read, "Here insert Joseph's reply to the demand for surrender."

It's not clear to me how the second sentence necessarily negates the historicity of the "I will fight no more forever" quotation. Does this sentence mean that Wood made it up? Or that it was his later recollection of Chief Joseph's statement? (Could he possbily have written it on another piece of paper at the time?) To what extent are we saying that the sad, noble words attributed to Chief Joseph are apocryphal?

Sca (talk) 21:34, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I find this paragraph confusing. What is the conclusion of scholars? Are we supposed to be persuaded and led to a conclusion? The final interpretation should come from the literature, but it is missing. Instead, the argument is by innuendo. Also, there is a hint of "debunking" energy here. 76.118.180.76 (talk) 06:29, 17 December 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't care for the current wording, either. "popular legend" isn't encyclopedic language. Barring more conclusive evidence, I'd prefer a more neutral presentation: "Some doubt has been raised about the accuracy of the quotation. When the original pencil draft ..." As for the accuracy of the quote, I believe it's entirely possible that LT Wood accurately recorded the quote in another document, and the margin note is nothing more than an editing mark used as a reminder to insert the proper quote. 68.103.21.75 (talk) 01:59, 7 March 2019 (UTC)

other people's names
Hello, do you know: What does Heyoon Yoyikt mean? Is Jean-Louise Sound of Running Feet? How to write Sound of Running Feet in the native language? IsaacDragonBlack (talk) 15:57, 20 September 2013 (UTC)

Beal's book
It's very odd that Merrill Beal's respected account, I Will Fight No More Forever: Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce War (University of Washington Press, 2000), is not cited among sources. Added to books & films section. Sca (talk) 15:04, 31 December 2014 (UTC)

Map
The map does not claim to represent the difference in size between the 1855 reservation and the 1863 reservation, but rather the difference between the "Ehemaliges Stammesgebiet" (Original tribal territory) and the 1863 reservation. It is of course possible that the green "original tribal territory" area and the 1855 reservation are coextensive, I have asked the image's creator about the source of the image and what exactly the green area represents.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 17:57, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I think you may be right that the map is almost correct for original lands. I'm looking up maps and here is what I am finding, we may want to tweak boundaries...

 * 1) the commons map appears to have the eastern boundary correct (basicially what's now the Idaho-Montana line) but the western boundary looks like the 1855 reservation line. The present-day reservation boundaries appear correct, though.
 * 2) Map of original boundaries, original reservation and Idaho rez boundaries  (doesn't show Colville rez)
 * 3) another map and the treaty.
 * Actually the green area on the map doesnt correspond to either the original lands or the 1855 land if the CRITFC map (which is much more informative than ours and apparently more accurate too) is to be trusted. We should get someone to create a similar map for this article.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 22:49, 1 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Who? (All ears!) Montanabw (talk)  02:46, 2 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Maybe the nice people at the graphics lab.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 02:56, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 11:29, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Mesopotamian tablet claim
If it's ever needed, here's a Smithsonian article on it. Doug Weller  talk 18:55, 2 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Full reference here. Doug Weller  talk 18:57, 2 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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File:Chief Joseph-1877.jpg
This is clearly a drawing, right? Look at the hair, that's not how hair looks in photos, it's too perfect: that's a high-quality illustration. I've found an actual photo. Adam Cuerden (talk)Has about 8.8% of all FPs. 12:40, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chief Joseph


text:
Shettleston

Shettleston (Shuttlestoun, Baile Nighean Sheadna) is an area in the east end of Glasgow in Scotland.

Toponymy
The origin of the name 'Shettleston' is not clear and, like many place-names of possibly medieval origin, has had a multitude of spellings. A papal bull of 1179 refers to "villam filie Sedin" - the residence of Sedin's son or daughter. A Gaelic derivation suggests "the daughter of Seadna".

History
Like several areas of Glasgow, Shettleston was originally a small village on its outer edge, lying within Lanarkshire. Today Shettleston - the heart of a local authority ward of the same name - lies between the neighbouring areas of Parkhead to the west, and Baillieston to the east, and is about 2.5 miles from the city centre. Informally, it incorporates the neighbourhoods of Budhill, and Greenfield immediately to the north, although they fall within another Scottish Parliament constituency and Glasgow City Council ward; however, the Sandyhills neighbourhood to the south-east has the same administration as Shettleston in all respects. The area is well served by public transport, lying on the A89 road.

Shettleston railway station on the North Clyde line of the ScotRail local railway network provides a direct link to Glasgow Queen Street. It once was linked to Hamilton by the North British Railway, but this line has long since been closed.

In the late 1970s into the mid 1980s, Shettleston, like many other districts in the East End, benefited greatly from the Glasgow Eastern Area Renewal (GEAR) initiative, and much regeneration took place during this period. The area's housing stock was substantially upgraded with tenements being sandblasted and internally refurbished, and coal fires were replaced with gas central heating. There was also support for small business with a new industrial estate on Annick Street in 1980. Landscaped areas were created on sites where derelict housing and industrial buildings that were beyond repair had been demolished. GEAR also saw several of Shettleston's major public buildings replaced with new structures - a new police station in 1983, whilst several medical and dental practices were brought under one roof in a new medical centre in 1985. Early 1986 saw the opening of the long awaited new building for Eastbank Academy.

In the early years of the 21st century, Shettleston was identified as the only place in the United Kingdom where life expectancy was falling. The reasons for the decline included poor diet and remarkably high smoking rates; neighbouring Easterhouse does not fare much better.

Shettleston was badly affected by the 2002 Glasgow floods.

Education
Shettleston contains three non-denominational schools; Eastbank Academy, founded in 1894 serves as the area's main secondary school, and was rebuilt in the mid 1980s and then expanded in the early 2000s. Two of its feeder primary schools, namely Eastbank Primary School (originally part of Eastbank Academy, but became fully independent in 1968), and Wellshot Primary School - lie within its notional boundaries. St Paul's RC Primary School is also located in the nearby Sandyhills area. The John Wheatley College originally existed in the area from 1989 to 2007 (in the former Eastbank Academy buildings), before it moved to its present site in Haghill.

Now defunct schools in the area include Shettleston Nursery on Old Shettleston Road, and St Mark's (RC) Primary School.

Churches
Shettleston has a number of churches of all denominations, St Paul's (RC), Shettleston Baptist Church, St Serf's Episcopal Church, Shettleston Trinity Church, Shettleston New Church of Scotland (formerly Eastbank Parish Church), Romanian Orthodox Church in Shettleston Old Parish Church Halls, the Shettleston Old Church Halls was home to a number of community groups, including the 94th Glasgow (1st Shettleston) Company of the Boys' Brigade, founded in 1893. The church closed and parishioners were amalgamated with the Church of Scotland in Tollcross, due to building falling into disrepair in 2016 and as of 2017, is currently up for sale. In 2018 the 94th Glasgow Boys' Brigade moved base to Shettleston New Church near Aldi and Tesco on Old Shettleston Road/Annick Street. St Barnabas RC Church in Darleith St, Shettleston am sure is still an active Church.

Sport
Glasgow United (formerly Shettleston Juniors) is the local football club, having been founded in 1903 and play in the West of Scotland Football League Conference B.

Military cadet associations
Both units have their headquarters in Killin Street, Shettleston.
 * 1089 (7th Glasgow) Squadron, Air Training Corps.
 * 'E' Platoon (Royal Highland Fusiliers), 'Normandy' Company, Glasgow & Lanarkshire Battalion, Army Cadet Force. (Colloquially known as the 'Beardmore Cadets').

Notable people

 * Junior Campbell, pop musician with 1960s band 'The Marmalade', and composer of the music for Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends.
 * Stephen Fullarton (1919-2008), International Brigades paramilitary soldier in the Spanish Civil War.
 * Janey Godley, comedian.
 * Cliff Hanley (1922-1999), wrote the lyrics of Scotland's anthem Scotland the Brave.
 * Peter McAleese (1942-2024), soldier.
 * Archie Macpherson Sports journalist/football commentator.
 * Alistair MacLean (1922-1987), 20th century novelist.
 * James Beaumont Neilson (1792-1865), engineer, created hot blast iron smelting.
 * Charles Wilson, former editor of The Times.

title: Shettleston


text:
WNGC

WNGC (106.1 FM) is a radio station in North Georgia that plays country music; it was at 95.5 from 1968-1999. It is owned by Cox Media Group and is part of Cox Radio. Its city of license is Arcade with studios in Athens. Its transmitter is in Lula, Georgia.

Station history
Prior to December 1996, 106.1 was light rock Mix 106 before switching to country and calling itself "South 106". In the spring of 1999, WSTE built a new tower because at the time they were still in competition with WNGC---just before the two stations would merge. The purpose of the deal was to try to reach a larger audience and give the two Atlanta country stations WKHX "Kicks" 101.5, and WYAY (Y106 at 106.7) some competition.The studios had moved from Toccoa to Gainesville and finally to Athens, but its signal was hard to pick up in the Atlanta area beyond Gwinnett.

While WNGC's city of license is Arcade, the transmitter is located in Lula (in northern Hall County). WNGC's 106.1 signal can be heard in northeast metro Atlanta, Greenville, South Carolina, and as far as Asheville, North Carolina, but the main coverage area is northeast Georgia and the Athens metro area (where the studios are located). Attempts were made in 2001 to move the transmitter to Sugar Hill, but those plans were scrapped.In July 2005 WNGC added former Kicks 101.5 morning host Moby and his syndicated morning show.

In January 2008, it was announced that WNGC was sold (along with sister stations WGMG, WPUP, WRFC, and WGAU) to Cox Radio in Atlanta. On March 7, 2008, WNGC started running ads inviting former Eagle 106.7 listeners to switch to 106.1 WNGC, as WYAY had become an oldies station. In February 2009, WNGC became an affiliate of the Motor Racing Network (MRN) and the Performance Racing Network (PRN), and began carrying coverage of NASCAR Sprint Cup Series racing on weekends.

On June 29, 2015, WNGC began simulcasting on WTSH-FM, rebranding as "106.1/107.1 Your Georgia Country".

On September 24, 2018, WNGC ended the simulcast with WTSH-FM, which switched to a simulcast of regional Mexican-formatted WLKQ 102.3 FM Buford.

Callsigns for 106.1

 * WLET 1978-1985
 * WZLI 1985-1992
 * WLET 1992-1997
 * WSTE 1997-1999
 * WNGC 1999-Now

Previous frequencies for WNGC

 * 95.5 (as WGAU-FM 1962-1968, WNGC 1968-1999)
 * 102.5 (as WGAU-FM 1957-1962)
 * 99.5 (as WGAU-FM 1948-1957)

Former air staff

 * Sabrina Gibbons, former Program Director and On Air Personality, is currently Midday News Anchor on WSB AM750/WSBB-FM 95.5 in Atlanta
 * Tim Cicciarelli, former Morning Show Host, now runs a video production company in Athens
 * Scott Howard, former Sports Director and Morning Show Sidekick, became The Voice of the Georgia Bulldogs after Larry Munson retired
 * Kevin Steele, former Program Director, now Air Personality at WKHX, Atlanta.
 * George Mason Dixon, former Afternoon Show Host, retired from WDUN in 2011
 * Mike Wooten, former News Director, left to become spokesman for the Clarke County School District and is now Operations Manager at WRGC Radio at Georgia College and State University in Milledgeville
 * Paul Rea, former host of The Paul Rea Midday is News Director for multiple stations in the Oconee River Broadcasting Group
 * Deborah Reece, former On Air Announcer, is now the Afternoon Show Host on Kiss 104.1 FM Atlanta
 * Jeff Batten, former On Air Announcer, now owns North Georgia stations WJBB 107.1, WCHM 96.7, WJUL 97.7 and WJRB 95.1

The Georgia Bulldogs
WNGC-FM is one of many stations that carry The University of Georgia football games (along with sister WRFC), something it has done since 1991. Until 2005 WNGC was also the home of UGA men's basketball, which can now be heard on sister station WRFC and on 103.7, Chuck FM.

Previous logo
(WNGC's logo under previous simulcast with WTSH)

title: WNGC


text:
Narayangaon

Narayangaon is a town in the Junnar taluka of the Pune district of Maharashtra state, India. Water is abundant because of its proximity to the major dams, the western ghats, and the Sahyadri mountain range.

Geography
Narayangaon is located 656 m (2,152 ft) above sea level on the western margin of the Deccan plateau. It is situated on the leeward side of the Sahyadri mountain range, which forms a barrier from the Arabian sea. Narayangaon is on the bank of the river Meena. A wide hill range in the south separates the town from the adjoining Ambegaon taluka.

Narayangaon can be reached from major cities via road. It is situated on Pune-Nasik National Highway 50. It is 77 km north of Pune, 132 km south of Nasik and around 176 km east of the state capital, Mumbai.

Historic importance
Shivneri Fort, the birthplace of Shivaji, who founded and ruled the Maratha Kingdom during the 17th century, is 16 km away from Narayangaon. Two of the Ashtavinayak Ganapati, Lenyadri and Ozar, are located nearby. Historical Nane ghat is a place from where trading to the Mumbai market was being done since around 8th century. It is around 35 km west of Narayangaon. Lenyadri, Manmodi, Tulja, Shivneri are the caves in nearby areas which have existed since the Buddhist era.Narayangaon is also Famous For Maharashtrian folk Dance Lavani.all Tamasha Mandals(Teams) Starts Their New season of performances from Narayangaon.an alternative Name For Narayangaon is "Tamasha Pandhari".

Tourism
Junnar taluka is noted for the presence of 27 leopards in a 500sq m area. The leopard rehabilitation center in Manikdoh, around 25 km west of Narayangaon, is becoming a tourist attraction ever since its establishment. Malshej Ghat, a tourist destination in the western ghats, is a 45-minute drive away.

A number of commercials and films have used Narayangaon as a backdrop. Visitors explore the architectures of medieval periods such as Adilshahi in nearby places. Caves, dams in nearby areas can also be explored by tourists.

Forts
Shivaji was born at Shivneri Fort, 16 km west of Narayangaon. Shivneri fort is one of the most noted historic places in Maharashtra (India).

The Narayangad fort is about 8 km north-east of Narayangaon, and is believed to be the origin of the town's name.

Ganpirbaba, Chawnd, Nimgiri, Dhakoba, Hadsar, Jivdhan, Harishchandra are other important forts nearby, some of which have become great attractions for trekking. Nature lovers can visit these forts for the natural environment and the rare species of plants found nearby.

Temples
Goddess 'Muktabai' (Muktaai) (मुक्ताबाई\मुक्ताई) is the Gram-Daivat (root deity) of Narayangaon. Muktabai Temple is situated on the bank of Meena river. It has recently undergone major renovation.

The yatra of Goddess Muktaai starts after the day of 'Varuthini, Ekadashi. This is one of the biggest yatra in Maharashtra state. People come from different parts of the state to enjoy this festival.

Lord Ram temple was established in the era of Peshwas. It is situated at the centre of town. The temple was given to the Brahman Sangh in the 1990s. It was later renovated. The festival of Ramnavami is celebrated every year in the temple.

Hanuman temple is one of the oldest in town.

Shambhu Mahadev temple is a branch of Shikhar Shingnapur Mahadev temple. The khandoba temple near Abhinandan Collection is believed to be Thaan of Naldurga Khandoba situated at Naldurga in Osmanabad district.

Two of the Ashtavinayak Ganapatis are located nearby:
 * Shri Girijatmaka of Lenyadri, situated nearly 17 km to the northwest
 * Vigneshwara Temple, Ozar, situated nearly 9 km to the north. VIP facilities are available for tourists coming to this and nearby places. New Bhaktabhavan was built having air conditioned suites in all lodging facilities.

Also a Lord Shiva temple named 'Kapardikeshwar' is in Otur, 15 km north to the Narayangaon. Lord Khandoba temple is situated near Wadaj, 12 km west from the town.

Farming
As the town is surrounded by dams and the western ghats, and Shyadri mountain range is in its proximity, water is abundant in Narayangaon and surrounding places. Farming is a major income source here, and mainly includes vegetables and sugar canes. In the last few years, farmers here are also trying for other sources of income. Narayangaon has emerged as a major export place of table grapes. Grapes from here are exported mainly to the Middle East and Europe.

Tomato market
At the Narayangaon market, the trader or his representative comes to the farmer and quotes a price. No middlemen involved and the deal is struck. The farmer gets his money right on the spot.

The turnover of the tomato market has increased from Rs 3 crore in 2004 to more than Rs 150 crore in 2013. 600–700 farmer groups of 20 people who work on supply of tomatoes to Pune, Ahmednagar, Thane and Raigad. Around 200 truckloads of tomatoes also go to the North every day. Due to its specific climatic conditions, Narayangaon supplies more than 60% of tomatoes consumed in the country during the four months of the rainy season.

Proximity to dams
Narayangaon is close to the five major dams. The nearest is Yedgaon Dam on the Kukadi river, about 9 km to the north. Wadaj Dam on the river Meena is 16 km to the west. Pimpalgaon Joge Dam on Pushpavati is 30 km to the northwest, and Manikdoh Dam on the river Kukadi, is 25 km to the northwest. Chilewadi Dam on the river Mandvi, is 25 km to the north.

Science
The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope is located 9 km to the east. It is the world's largest array of radio telescopes at metre wavelengths. It is operated by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, a part of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai.

VSNL's (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd.) major project is located at Arvi, 5 km away from the town.

Narayangaon yatraotsav
Narayangaon is considered to be the center for the performing folk art tamasha. Narayangaon yatraotsav (Narayangaon fair) is the largest trade fair dedicated to it. Troupes from all over Maharashtra congregate to the fare during which performances are booked by patrons by payment of advances. Sant Sahadubaba Bhau Waykar, famously known as Chakankar Baba hails from Narayangaon's Gunjalwadi.

Famous Narayangaon People's
Amol Kolhe Vithabai Bhau Mang Narayangaonkar Mangala Bansode Shri Guruvary Rajaram Parshuram Sabnis

title: Narayangaon


text:
Allan Lawrence (politician)

Allan Frederick Lawrence, (November 8, 1925 – September 6, 2008) was a Canadian politician and served as both a provincial and federal cabinet minister.

Provincial politics
After practicing as a lawyer, Lawrence became a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. His membership started when he won a 1958 provincial by-election in the downtown Toronto riding of St. George for the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario. In 1968, Premier John Robarts brought him into cabinet as Minister of Mines.

He ran to succeed Robarts as party leader at the 1971 leadership convention. Lawrence lost to Bill Davis by 44 votes on the fourth ballot. Davis reunited the party by inviting many of Lawrence's key workers, including Hugh Segal and Norman K. Atkins, onto his team to create the Big Blue Machine that helped the party remain in power for a further 14 years.

Davis appointed Lawrence as his Attorney-General in 1971. In 1972, Lawrence resigned his seat in the Ontario legislature to enter federal politics.

Federal politics
Lawrence was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1972 federal election as the Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for the rural Ontario riding of Northumberland—Durham. He served as an MP throughout the decade.

When the party won the 1979 federal election, Prime Minister Joe Clark appointed Lawrence to the Cabinet as Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs and Solicitor-General. The Clark government fell in a motion of no confidence after several months and was defeated in the 1980 election. Lawrence was re-elected in his riding and returned to the opposition benches.

He ran again in the 1984 election but, despite the Conservative victory that year, was passed over for a cabinet appointment by Brian Mulroney. Lawrence retired from politics at the 1988 election.

Later life
Lawrence retired to the small town of Cobourg, Ontario, with his wife, Moira. He died on September 6, 2008, at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto. He was 82 years old.

title: Allan Lawrence (politician)


text: User talk:82.35.78.177

title: User talk:82.35.78.177


text:
Talk:Birmenstorf

from VfD:

Just another "collaboration" of Pumpie and Babelfish. Get rid of this nonsense. --Voyager ch 21:26, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * According to this: http://www.swisspolitics.org/en/politnavigator/index.php?page=whoiswho_politiker_daten&politiker_id=555, http://usa.myswitzerland.com/en/infra.cfm?rkey=1636&CFID=20616701&CFTOKEN=63700885 - Birmenstorf is a real town. Keep. WhisperToMe 22:55, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * It's been fixed up, so keep. I made a few little improvements just now, but a few parts could use further clarification. My only concern is that these fixes just encourages Pumpie. -R. fiend 15:30, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, this is most certainly a real place. We have U.S. places with far less inhabitants. Lupo 15:37, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Needs cleanup, not deletion. Factitious 06:57, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Intrigue 18:14, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

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title: Talk:Birmenstorf