text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/User:Emax

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - kept

User:Emax
See the contributions of User:Emax. He has written tons of substub articles about non-notable Polish nobility families. I got tired of putting the vfd header and creating a VfD page for every single one of them. RickK 19:33, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Let them get on with it - they're not doing any harm.  Wikipedia has plenty of space.  Polish nobility seems as legitimate to me as nintendo characters.--Tomheaton 19:55, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. as Tom said.  delete only if patently nonsensical. --Whosyourjudas (talk) 20:12, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Deleting his user page is not the answer. --Improv 20:33, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Let me make it clear that I'm not trying to get his User page deleted, but each and every one of the substub family articles he's written. RickK 21:49, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and politely ask the user to stop being the B-Nobility Bandit—but any substubs he's posted on genuinely notable (whether equivalent articles exist in the Polish Wikipedia might be a good standard) subjects should stay; hopefully he'll be willing to help clean them up.  —Triskaideka 20:51, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. My vote is with TomHeaton above! — Bill 23:27, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep all - substubs are not the spawn of satan as some users appear to believe. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 23:33, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I think the substubs he has been making are quite pernicious, actually. They are not informative and seem to be hosts for images.  Do we know that each and every one is unencumbered by copyright?  I don't.
 * Maybe the images, but maybe not their blazons. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 07:21, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * [continued] Are the noble houses he's documenting still extant, or are they historical? It seems like a clans database kind of thing.  However, while I support speedy deleting radical substubs (hint), the articles probably have to stay.  They're very ugly, though. Geogre 00:43, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - We're currently working on a template for Polish szlachta coats of arms (since that's what the pages in question will be about) and it will be ready soon. It will be an English version of the Polish Wikipedia pl:Herb szlachecki series. As such it is far from being ready, but listing the User who started this serious work for deletion seems like an absurd to me. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 19:49, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * How many times do I have to tell you people that I DID NOT LIST THE USER WHO STARTED THIS FOR DELETION????? RickK 23:13, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

The Steve 03:08, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Come on, RickK. You should know better than that.  If you're tired of listing them, let someone else do it.
 * 1) Don't list users here.  If you want to delete his contribs, list his contribs
 * 2) If you can't be bothered to list the substubs that should be deleted, then I can't be bothered to check them all, and will assume good faith.
 * 3) Deleting all of one user's contributions all the unspecified contributions RickK doesn't like, good and bad, is both foolish and bad policy.  Find the ones you object to and list them here.
 * Keep Seem to be valid encyclopedia entries. DCEdwards1966 17:33, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

Fine. I'll list each and every one of them. It will probably take me two hours to do so, and so I won't do it tonight, but I'll spend the long, tedious hours to do so. When did I say to delete every one of the user's contributions? As I've said TWICE now above, I'm talking about all of the non-content substubs which contain nothing but a sentence saying it's a Polish noble family and includes a copy of some coat of arms. I'll do it tomorrow. but I'll list them all here instead of in several individual deletion pages. RickK 06:21, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia is not a paper. Therefore, the inforamtion about Coat of Arms and their bearers, which would not find place in paper encyclopedia, may find their place in wikipedia. At least this was one of the slogans which brought me to wikipedia few years ago.
 * Rick, that seems a real waste of your energy! Surely as a community we don't have anything against Polish nobility? Like the French and others, the Poles are very big on their own noble houses, so these articles serve a purpose; plus little by little we'll wind up having a large heraldic database in here, which — leaving the Polish question and the notability of the houses aside — will find all those escutcheons and blazons useful. — Bill 13:37, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I have nothing against Polish nobility. I DO have something against articles which have no content except saying that it's a family name.  These articles have NO content.  If they were filled in with names of important members of the families, and a history of the name and its importance in Polish history, then fine, they would be worth keeping.  How about if I write an article that has no content except for some picture and a single line that says "The xxx family is a noble xxx family."  Is that worth keeping?  RickK 19:19, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. User has made some good contributions. I personally think that some of the family name articles would make more sense as categories, but that's not really relevant. I also disagree with massive package-votes.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:06, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep - Note that for example "Polkozic" is not a page about family, but about Coat of Arms and clan, whole family of families. E.g. My family has been signing by "Polkozic" once, despite having no relations to any other mentioned families (and is not listed on the page, BTW :)) ), However, keep and make them more comprehensive. The link to article explaining the details of Polish heraldry and nobility, with explanation how the CoA was created etc would be better. Therefore i understand RickK concerns, however i ask for patience and time for them to develop into something better  Szopen
 * As I said, we're working on a "Polish heraldry" project, with a CoA page template (probably all those pages will be moved from, for instance, Nieczuja to Nieczuja Coat of Arms or something along these lines. The reason they are placed where they currently are is that we are still uncertain whether to treat the CoA separately from their families/clans/groups (herbowni). Just give me some time, gentlemen. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 16:49, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Suggestion: if participants in this project were to mention it on their user pages, or in the edit summaries for these new substubs they create, it might help to head off any future attempts to delete them. People will probably be less likely to object to substubs if there's some indication that someone will take responsibility for turning them into real articles.   —Triskaideka 17:07, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

OK, I decided to just list the pages that I had already put the VfD header on until I see a consensus, and if the consensus is to delete, I'll work on more of his articles. Oh, and then if these get kept, I'll be writing an article at Jones that contains no content other than "Jones is a Welsh family name". RickK 19:21, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC):
 * Rick, have you read User:Szopen and User:Halibutt's posts above?--Tomheaton 19:32, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes. How do their comments change the fact that these are substubs with no content?  RickK 00:17, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)

Topor - Szreniawa - Syrokomla - Rawicz (Szlachta) - Polkozic - Ogonczyk - Odrowaz - Lodzia - Labedz - Swinka

 * They will be changed to full articles in two or three days. Does it explain a bit? [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 07:20, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Look OK to me; given the breadth of the project, some are bound to be stubs for a while. One of the difficult parts is the blazoning: many of these arms are nonstandard according to the rules of French and English heraldry on which the language of English blazon is predicated; odd charges, colors à enquerre, etc. but just from the heraldry angle alone, this is beginning to look more and more valuable. (Give up, Rick! You'll win other battles, and good ones too.) — Bill 18:12, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * KEEP. Further evidence of atrocities instigated by the wiki-nazis.   Just look at this place. Radman1 14:21, 18 Oct 2004 (PST)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Gordon Van Gelder

Gordon Van Gelder (born 1966) is an American science fiction editor. From 1997 until 2014, Van Gelder was editor and later publisher of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, for which he has twice won the Hugo Award for Best Editor Short Form. He was also a managing editor of The New York Review of Science Fiction from 1988 to 1993, for which he was nominated for the Hugo Award a number of times. In 2015, Van Gelder stepped down as editor of Fantasy & Science Fiction in favor of Charles Coleman Finlay, but remains publisher of the magazine.

Biography
He was born in 1966. After graduating from Princeton University (where he edited a science fiction magazine called Infinity), Van Gelder started working as an editorial assistant at St. Martin's Press in 1988, later rising to full editor. In January 1997, he became the editor of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction upon the resignation of Kristine Kathryn Rusch. He continued working at St. Martin's until October 2000, when he bought the magazine from Edward L. Ferman to become its publisher.

During his tenure, F&SF became the second longest-running science fiction magazine, surpassing Amazing Stories in total number of issues published. It is exceeded only by Astounding/Analog. Van Gelder also began focusing on the publication of themed anthologies drawing from the magazine's back list rather than the best-of annuals published when Ferman was the magazine's publisher. He later edited a collection of notable stories from F&SF, The Very Best of Fantasy & Science Fiction, published by Tachyon Publications.

Van Gelder has made some behind-the-scenes changes to F&SF. While the Fermans published the magazine through Mercury Press, Van Gelder founded his own press, Spilogale Inc., named for a genus of spotted skunk. He has also moved the editorial offices from New York City to Jersey City, New Jersey. Van Gelder currently lives in Hoboken, New Jersey. He has been an administrator of the Philip K. Dick Award since 1995 and an administrator of the World Fantasy Award since 2014. In 2011, OR Books released an anthology edited by Van Gelder, Welcome to the Greenhouse: Science Fiction on Climate Change, with an introduction by journalist Elizabeth Kolbert.

Family
Richard Van Gelder, his father, was Curator of Mammalogy at the American Museum of Natural History. Lawrence Van Gelder, an uncle of Van Gelder, was a senior editor at The New York Times until his retirement in 2008.

Van Gelder is also distantly related to noted Jazz recording engineer Rudy Van Gelder.

Articles

 * F&SF editorials.
 * "A Few Thoughts on Jack Cady's The Off Season" October 1, 2015.
 * "The New Yorker Festival Panel ‘Nouveau Science Fiction’ " Locus magazine, November 2015.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gordon Van Gelder


text:
Idstein

Idstein is a town of about 25,000 inhabitants in the Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis in the Regierungsbezirk of Darmstadt in Hesse, Germany. Because of its well preserved historical Altstadt (Old Town) it is part of the Deutsche Fachwerkstraße (German Timber-Frame Road), connecting towns with fine fachwerk buildings and houses. In 2002, the town hosted the 42nd Hessentag state festival.

Location
Idstein lies in the Taunus mountain range, about 16 km north of Wiesbaden. The town's landmark is the Hexenturm (Witches' Tower), a 12th-century bergfried and part of Idstein Castle.

The Old Town is found between the two brooks running through town, the Wolfsbach in the east and the Wörsbach in the west, on a high ridge reaching up to 400 m above sea level. This comes to an end in the Old Town's north end with the castle and palace crags, behind which the two brooks run together. On the Wolfsbach, remnants of the like-named, now forsaken village can still be made out. The estate agent Gassenbach in the town's south goes back to an old settlement called Gassenbach; for the last few years, it has belonged to the Domäne Mechtildshausen, an organic farming operation.

West of town, beyond the Wörsbach valley, lies another high ridge with peaks ranging from the Hohe Kanzel (592 m) to the Roßberg (426 m) and the Rügert (402 m) to the Rosenkippel (379 m); to the south, the Galgenberg (348 m) forms another high area over to the Dasbach Heath. Just under the western heights run the Autobahn A 3 and the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line (in the Idsteintunnel along the slope).

On the other side of the Rügert are the constituent communities of Oberauroff and Niederauroff in the valley of the Auroffer Bach.

North of Idstein, the Wörsbach valley reaches into the Goldener Grund, fertile cropland that stretches all the way to the Lahn valley.

Neighbouring communities
Idstein borders in the north on the town of Bad Camberg (Limburg-Weilburg) and the community of Waldems (Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis), in the east on the community of Glashütten (Hochtaunuskreis), in the southeast on the town of Eppstein (Main-Taunus-Kreis), in the south on the community of Niedernhausen, in the southwest on the town of Taunusstein and in the west on the community of Hünstetten (all three in the Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis).

Constituent communities
The town is made up of a main town bearing the same name as the whole and eleven other, formerly independent villages:

Until 1977, Idstein belonged to the Untertaunuskreis (district seat, Bad Schwalbach), which in the course of district reform was merged with the Rheingau-Kreis into the new Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis. With about 25,700 inhabitants, Idstein is the second biggest town in the district (after Taunusstein).

History
Idstein, which had its first documentary mention in 1102 as Etichenstein, was granted town and market rights in 1287 by King Rudolph of Habsburg. Besides the above-mentioned Hexenturm near the old Nassau castle, the town has a mediaeval town centre with many timber-frame buildings. The town's oldest preserved house was originally built in 1410.

From the documentary mention in 1102 until 1721, Idstein was, with interruptions, residence of the Counts of Nassau-Idstein and other Nassau lines. One of the Counts, Adolf of Germany, was, as a compromise candidate, the Holy Roman Emperor from 1292 to 1298, later falling in battle against the anti-king Albrecht I of Habsburg.

The Nassau Counts' holdings were subdivided many times among heirs, with the parts being brought together again whenever a line died out. This yielded an older Nassau-Idstein line from 1480 to 1509, later merging once again with Nassau-Wiesbaden and Nassau-Weilburg and, from 1629 to 1721, a newer Nassau-Idstein line.

In the 17th century, Count Johann of Nassau-Idstein persecuted witches in Idstein.

In 1721, Idstein passed to Nassau-Ottweiler, and in 1728 to Nassau-Usingen, thereby losing its status as a residence town, although it became the seat of the Nassau Archives and of an Oberamt.

Nassau-Usingen was united with Nassau-Weilburg in 1806 into the Duchy of Nassau, becoming a member of the Confederation of the Rhine. After the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Prussia annexed the Duchy as the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau.

The residential palace from the 17th century is used by the Pestalozzischule as a school building. It was expanded with a new building below the palace.

From the late 18th century to the mid 20th, Idstein was the centre of an important leather industry. During the Second World War, many women became forced labour for work in the tanneries. In 1959, the dominant tannery in the middle of the town core was shut down for economic reasons. The lands right at the edge of the Old Town lay empty and were used until the 1980s as a carpark. Today, new shops and apartments surround the Löherplatz, which is now a marketplace.

The private Kalmenhof clinic in Idstein was drawn into the Nazi Euthanasia programme. Under Action T4, the Kalmenhof served as a way station for Hadamar killing centre. After the gassings at Hadamar came to an end in the face of public protests, especially from the churches, the Kalmenhof itself, in the course of Aktion Brandt, became a killing institute; patients here were murdered with poison injections.

Shortly after the war, reports of young wards being mishandled came to light.

Eleven formerly independent villages were merged as of 1971 into Idstein, under the framework of municipal reform.

Population development
(as of 31 December)

Coat of arms
The town's arms might be described thus: Azure a round castle wall embattled with two portcullises open, the wall enclosing two towers, the whole Or, with peaked roofs gules, between the portcullises an inescutcheon azure with a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules among six billets Or.

The inescutcheon is the arms borne by the House of Nassau. The town's flag also bears this design set against orange and blue, Nassau's colours.

Twin towns – sister cities
Idstein is twinned with:

 * Heusden, Netherlands
 * 🇮🇹 Lana, Italy
 * 🇹🇷 Şile, Turkey
 * 🇷🇺 Uglich, Russia
 * 🇧🇪 Zwijndrecht, Belgium

Transport
Idstein has an interchange on the Autobahn A 3 north of Wiesbaden between Niedernhausen and Bad Camberg, and a railway station with direct connections to Limburg an der Lahn, Frankfurt am Main and Wiesbaden.

The building of a bypass, Bundesstraße 275, lessened the traffic in the historic Old Town. However, the traffic volume in the town core is still very high.

At intersections in the town core, roundabouts have improved the traffic flow, in some places noticeably. The Südtangente (south "tangent" road), which had been planned since 1981, was completed in 2009, reducing traffic in town further. It links two new development areas. Of the €9,000,000 for the project, roughly 60% was borne by the state of Hesse.

Local transport
Within Idstein town limits are two railway stations on the Main-Lahn Railway (Main-Lahn-Bahn), Idstein and Wörsdorf. Hourly trains serving the Frankfurt/Wiesbaden–Niedernhausen–Limburg line run into the evening. In Niedernhausen there is also a transfer point with S-Bahn line S2 towards Dietzenbach through the Frankfurt and Offenbach S-Bahn tunnels.

The Idstein town bus (de Idstaaner) serves 3 lines:
 * 221 Railway station–Eisenbach–Taubenberg–Gänsberg–ZOB Schulgasse–Railway station (formerly 401)
 * 222 Railway station–ZOB Schulgasse–Gänsberg–Taubenberg–Eisenbach–Railway station (formerly 402)
 * 223 (booster line) Railway station–Dasbach–Heftrich–Niederrod (formerly 403)

The town bus is run by ORN (Omnibusverkehr Rhein-Nahe). It uses mainly Midi low-floor buses built by MAN. Most journeys made by bus 223 are arranged in response to demand.

Moreover, many regional buses also serve Idstein, linking important areas not served by the town bus as they go.
 * 220 Idstein–Niedernhausen–Oberjosbach (formerly 5460)
 * 224 Idstein–Ehrenbach–Görsroth–Idstein
 * 225 Railway station–ZOB–Nassauviertel–Hünstetten–Neuhof–(Wiesbaden)
 * 226 Railway station–ZOB–Nassauviertel–Wallrabenstein–Ketternschwalbach (formerly 103)
 * 227 Görsroth–Idstein
 * 230 Idstein–Esch–Bad Camberg (formerly 5465)
 * 233 Idstein/Bad Camberg–Esch–Wüstems
 * 239 Idstein–Waldems
 * 271 ZOB–Railway station–Am Wörtzgarten–Neuhof–Platte–Wiesbaden main railway station (formerly 5461)

Since timetable changes in July 2007, many journeys, particularly on weekends or in the evening, have been served by demand-responsive buses.

Bus services in the countryside around Idstein (the Idsteiner Land) are likewise run by ORN, which contracts the work out to companies such as Omnibus Mester from Eppstein-Bremthal, Omnibus Weber, Paul-Reisen or Wahl-Reisen (all from Hünstetten).

Established businesses
Roughly 200 small and midsize businesses, mainly in crafts and retail sales, characterize Idstein's business life; four out of every five have fewer than ten employees.

Among the bigger businesses in town are, for instance, Motorola Solutions Germany GmbH, Serviceware SE, Jack Wolfskin, DG-Verlag (distribution and logistics), ERNST SCHMITZ Logistics & Technical Services GmbH, Black & Decker Deutschland GmbH, INGENIUMDESIGN, Hochschule Fresenius gGmbH, Lebensmittelmärkte Uwe Georg e.K. and Titleist.

Another important employer and factor in the economy is the Landeswohlfahrtsverband Hessen (Hesse State Welfare Federation) with its SPZ (paediatric centre) Kalmenhof, an institution aiding youths and people with handicaps.

As an historically important and modern middle centre and the heart of the Idsteiner Land, Idstein has at its disposal a multi-faceted retail structure. Its location on the Frankfurt/Wiesbaden – Limburg railway and the A 3 and a great number of commuters put the great shopping centres in Limburg an der Lahn and Wiesbaden as well as those throughout the Frankfurt Rhine Main Region in direct competition with the local retailers.

Major building projects
In the course of the 2002 Hessentag, many great building (and sometimes conversion) projects were undertaken. The building of the connecting road Tiergartenspange reduced traffic in the Old Town.

Three new building areas have been developed:
 * Nassau-Viertel (mixed-use area in the town's northwest along Bundesstraße 275)
 * South bypass road
 * Taunusviertel (in the town's southeast)

Major building projects since Hessentag

 * New building work on the Grundschule Auf der Au (primary school) and the Erich-Kästner-Schule (completed 2005)
 * New building work on the police station (inner town, completed 2006) in connection with conversion work on the Amtsgericht (court, still in progress)
 * New building work on the Campus Europa Hochschule Fresenius (college in the inner town, under construction)
 * New building work on the Tournesol-Allwetterbad (swimming pool) with biomass power station in the Nassau-Viertel
 * New building work on the health centre/hospital
 * Kappus-Anlage (at the "railway station roundabout"): doctors' centre and discount market (completed 2008)
 * Ramp onto the A 3 from Bundesstraße 275 towards Frankfurt (completed: April 2008)

Public institutions

 * Idstein Protestant parish
 * Idstein St. Martin Catholic parish
 * Idstein volunteer fire brigade
 * Idstein youth centre

State institutions

 * Amtsgericht (court)
 * Technisches Hilfswerk (THW)
 * Sozialpädagogisches Zentrum Kalmenhof (State Welfare Federation institution)

Education

 * Taubenbergschule (primary school)
 * Alteburgschule Heftrich (primary school)
 * Franz-Kade-Schule (Wörsdorf primary school)
 * Limesschule (cooperative comprehensive school with Hauptschule and Realschule branches)
 * Grundschule Auf der Au (primary school)
 * Erich Kästner-Schule (school for those in need of learning help)
 * Pestalozzischule (Gymnasium)
 * Hochschule Fresenius (college)
 * Volkshochschule Rheingau-Taunus (folk high school)

Hospital
In 2008, the hospital moved into a new €22,000,000, 90-bed building on an 18000 m2 plot on Robert-Koch-Straße. The state provided a subsidy of €17,200,000 (earlier, €3,000,000 came from the district, which had forgone part of the buying price for the former district hospitals at Idstein und Bad Schwalbach).

Swimming pool
A partly prefabricated all-weather pool came into being (after some delays) in spring 2010 in the Nassau-Viertel for €19,000,000. The town is subsidizing the more than €2,500,000 plot on Bundesstraße 275 and the yearly €500,000 operating costs. For the manufacturer, it is, with its cupola, biomass power plant and natural bathing pond a demonstration project near Frankfurt Airport.

Unionskirche
The Unionskirche, whose outer appearance is quite plain, holds within its splendour. The building history of the church, originally consecrated to Saint Martin of Tours as a monastery church, reaches back to the 13th century. In the mid 14th century a new building in the Gothic style arose, which was remodeled in the 17th century.

In 1553 Idstein turned Lutheran. The church was decorated in Baroque style in the 17th century, unusually rich for a Protestant church. The ceiling in the main nave was thoroughly covered with large-scale oil paintings from the Dutch school of Rubens. Several well known works by Rubens form the basis of scenes from the life of Christ on the walls and ceiling; for example The Wedding at Cana on the south wall is largely based on Rubens's painting The Feast of Herod which hangs today in the National Gallery of Scotland in Edinburgh.

The church's name refers to the church union declared in Idstein in 1817 whereby the Reformed and Lutheran churches in the Duchy of Nassau united to the Protestant Church in Nassau, today the Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau.

Residence palace
The Renaissance-style Schloss was built in 1614–1634 by Jost and Henrich Heer (Höer) for Count Ludwig (d. 1627) and his son Count Johann (d. 1677) by incorporating older building materials. It stands on a craggy massif between the town's two brooks. It is believed that the crags on which the palace is built were already built up in the 11th century.

A bridged gap in the crags separates it from the old castle area from the 11th century; through this gap today runs an important road.

During the time when the last Idstein prince, Georg August Samuel von Nassau-Idstein (1665–1721), was ruling, the building was given its interior design under Maximilian von Welsch's guidance. The now partly missing ceiling stucco was done by Carlo Maria Pozzi. At the main entrance door is a great alliance coat of arms of Count Johann and his consort from about 1635.

The palace has been home to the Pestalozzischule since 1946 and may be visited on guided tours.

Castle and Hexenturm
The castle in the area stretching from the gateway arch building on the town side to the bridge over to the Schloss arose between 1497 and 1588. With the remodelling done on the palace itself in the 17th century, this area also underwent far-reaching changes, partly losing its defensive functions, which, it is worth noting, were no longer up to date anyway.

The castle's keep, known as the Hexenturm, 42 m tall, walls more than 3 m thick, even given overall diameter of just under 12 m, is Idstein's oldest building. Dendrochronological borings show that work began on the tower as early as 1170 (not, as had long been assumed, about 1350). It received its "butter churn" shape, built in stages, about 1500. (Building researchers see in it a rare time capsule, because in the 20th century, almost nothing was changed beyond the last work in 1963, which entailed nothing more than some new plastering outside and small touch-ups with cement inside).

No witches or warlocks were ever imprisoned in the Hexenturm. However, on a cliff wall at the foot of the keep, a plaque has been placed in memory of those murdered after being accused of witchcraft. Idstein was notorious for its witch trials about 1676.

Other historic buildings
The old town core is small. It is distinguished by a many timber-frame buildings, some opulently painted and decorated, in which the Rhenish influences on the Hessian-Franconian timber-frame building style can already be seen. Therefore, Idstein is part of the German Framework Road. The town core stretches between the castle area with its Hexenturm and the Höerhof, the representative timber-frame building built in 1620–1626 by the palace building master on the heights across from the Schloss. The painter Ernst Toepfer bought the property in 1911 and restored the building. Today, the Höerhof is a stylish hotel and restaurant with an idyllic inner courtyard.

Right at the Nassau castle's gateway arch building, standing over König-Adolf-Platz, is the Town Hall (Rathaus) from 1698, in a rather odd way over the passage that separates the Old Town from the castle. Also worth mentioning is the carillon (Glockenspiel). A rockslide from the crags destroyed the Town Hall in 1928, but it was rebuilt between 1932 and 1934.

König-Adolf-Platz is seamlessly ringed by representative timber-frame houses, mainly dating from about 1600. To the Town Hall's left stands the Schiefes Haus ("Crooked House"), which was renovated a few years ago, and which Nicolay, the major of the town militia, had built in 1527. On the way out of the square towards the Unionskirche, is the richly adorned Killingerhaus built in 1527, which has served as a museum and tourism office since 1987. It is one of Germany's most important timber-frame houses with regards to art history. According to one story, the building was originally built in Strasbourg, and when the owner moved to Idstein, he brought the house with him.

The rest of the old downtown core is also characterized by its many timber-frame houses and estate complexes from the 16th and 17th centuries, some of which have been lavishly renovated. This is particularly so along the Obergasse ("Upper Lane"), which leads from König-Adolf-Platz out of the town and meets the old town wall on the Höerhof heights. Somewhat below that stands the Stockheimer Hof, which was built in the late 16th century as the seat of the Lords of Stockheim. After they died out, ownership passed to the family von Calm between 1768 and 1776, giving the property on which it stands its current name, Kalmenhof. Until 2005, the timber-frame building was being used by the Sozialpädagogisches Zentrum SPZ Kalmenhof. On the way from the Killingerhaus to the Höerhof, one house has a humorous Dog Latin inscription. "Sita vsvilate inis taberce inis" (which is actually a misspelling of Sieht aus wie Latein, ist aber keines – "Looks like Latin, but is not").

As a last witness to the former leather industry, the Gerberhaus ("Tanners' House") stands at Löherplatz below the Unionskirche; it is the former storage shed on the Wörsbach. Löherplatz was, beginning in the Middle Ages the place where the tanneries and leather processing works were found owing to the demand for water, and also the need to have the works outside town given the attendant stench that went forth from them. The Gerberhaus, after a thorough renovation, nowadays serves as an exhibition and cabaret event venue.

Stretching east of the old town core from the marketplace, which itself dates from about 1700, is a Baroque town expansion. Its streets match the ideals of town building at that time with right-angled intersections, the timber-frame houses lining them pragmatic and far less decorated than in the town core. Building "sins" and great changes have been avoided, and instead, restoration is what was more often done, thereby preserving an impressive, unbroken ensemble of these buildings.

St. Martin

As the former neogothic Catholic parish church St. Magdalena was too small for a growing population after World War II, a new church St. Martin was built instead, designed by the architect Johannes Krahn, resembling a Roman basilica with open sandstone walls and a band of windows below the ceiling, consecrated in 1964. In 2006 a new organ was installed by Orgelbau Mebold.

Limes
The municipal area was crossed by the Limes Germanicus, a line of frontier forts begun in AD 86 by the Romans which stretched from near Bonn on the Rhine to near Regensburg on the Danube. It divided the Roman Empire from the unconquered Germanic tribes. The area of the town that stands today lay on the Germanic side. Bearing obvious witness to the Limes is a replica of a watchtower towards Niedernhausen near Dasbach on the Dasbacher Höhe (heights). Even the Dasbach churchtower supposedly stands on the foundation of a Roman watchtower. Within the limits of neighbouring Taunusstein is likewise found such a replica near Orlen, right beside the remains of the castrum Zugmantel.

Near the outlying centre of Heftrich stood the castrum Alteburg, of which, however, nothing more is to be seen.

On 15 July 2005, the Upper-Germanic-Rhaetian Limes (the Limes Germanicus) was raised to World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

War cemetery
During the Second World War there were two reserve hospitals in Idstein – one in the castle and one in the Kalmenhof. When, towards the end of the war, it was no longer possible to transfer people who had died in the hospital to their hometowns, they were buried in the Idstein cemetery. After the end of the war, the Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge built a central memorial in Idstein, where all war dead from the district of Untertaunus were to be reburied.

There are a total of 250 graves on the Idstein war cemetery. Of those buried there, 234 people are known by name. 10 dead are civilians. There are also six graves with fallen soldiers and Russian prisoners of war from the First World War. Most of the dead at the Idstein war cemetery died after the fighting ended. There is evidence that prisoners from the Rhine meadow camps ("Rheinwiesenlager") came to the Idstein military hospitals.

Regular events
As a yearly event highlight, the Hessen-Jazz Festival or more recently Idstein JazzFestival has been drawing thousands of visitors for 20 years into the Old Town's laneways. On three days, during the first weekend in the Hesse summer holidays, up to 75 different jazz groups on a dozen stages play from Friday evening to Sunday live in an open-air concert.

The Unionskirche is the location for choral concerts of the Idsteiner Kantorei conducted by Carsten Koch twice a year, such as Orff's Carmina Burana and Bach's Weihnachtsoratorium in 2009. For the annual European Heritage Days the "Nassauische Kammerphilharmonie" has performed a Sinfoniekonzert on the occasion of the Tag des offenen Denkmals, including a series of Beethoven's symphonies. The Rheingau Musik Festival staged concerts here with Elizabeth Parcells, Chanticleer and ensemble amarcord, among others.

In the church St. Martin an annual choral concert is performed by the combined choirs Chor St. Martin and the chamber choir Martinis, conducted by Franz Fink, such as Bach's St Matthew Passion in 1998 with Elisabeth Scholl, Andreas Scholl and Max van Egmond and again in 2009 with Andreas Pruys and Klaus Mertens. The concert of 2011 was Handel's Messiah, with soloists Katia Plaschka, Andreas Scholl, Ulrich Cordes and Markus Flaig. Other concerts in the church have included music of Graham Waterhouse, the duo propram of Giora Feidman and organist Matthias Eisenberg in 2008 and a concert of Kalevi Kiviniemi in 2010.

Although the town of Idstein hosts only a small vineyard, whose wines are not for sale but poured at special occasions, there is nonetheless a yearly wine festival, mainly presenting wines from the near Rheingau.

Every other year, in the spring, the Idsteiner Hexenmarkt (Witches' Market) is held in the castle and palace area, an event with medieval crafts and entertainment.

In the summer, from June to August on the third day of each of those months, the Alteburger Markt is held in Idstein-Heftrich, on the site of the Roman castrum Alteburg.

The youth centre in Idstein offers a monthly event plan with hip hop, metal, DJ night and punk rock, offering at irregular intervals, for instance live concerts by local bands.

Since 2003, the "Monkey Jump Festival" has been held annually. A great number of bands perform in the town's various pubs and restaurants during the festival.

Since 2004, the Idstein Women's Day Frauen in Balance ("Women in Balance") has been held annually at the Gerberhaus, in collaboration with the Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis equality commissioner.

Sons and daughters of the town

 * Ferdinand Abt (1877–1962), sculptor
 * Johann Andreas Benignus Bergsträsser (1732–1812), entomologist and Rector of the University of Hanover
 * Carl Jakob Frankenbach (1861–1937), painter and illustrator
 * Henriette Maria Luise von Hayn (1722–1782), poet
 * Patrick van Hecke, alias Dirrrty Franz, namesake of the German crunk group Dirrrty Franz & die B-Side Boyz
 * Karl Hill (1831–1893), operatic baritone, who created Klingsor in Parsifal in Bayreuth
 * Wilhelm August Kobbé (1802–1881), diplomat
 * Gerhard Krum (born 1947), politician
 * Marx Löwenstein (1824–1889), German-American multimillionaire
 * Henriette Charlotte of Nassau-Idstein (1693–1734), consort of Maurice Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg
 * Klaus-Peter Sattler (born 1941), composer
 * Walther Schultze (1893–1970), dermatologist
 * Wilhelm Snell (1789–1851), professor of jurisprudence and politician in Switzerland
 * Helfrich Bernhard Wenck (1739–1803), historian and educator
 * Friedrich August Wilhelm Wenck (1741–1810), historian
 * Stefanie Werner (born 1970), renowned architect in New York

People connected with Idstein

 * Adolf of Nassau (c. 1255–1298), used Idstein Castle as one of his two main residences before 1292, when he became King of the Romans
 * Arnold I, Count of Laurenburg (died c. 1148), was from 1124 Vogt of Idstein
 * Johann Baptist Friedrich Anton von Franqué (1796–1865), physician
 * Wilhelm Fresenius (1913–2004), chemist and industrialist
 * Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg (c. 1255–1313), was the consort of Adolf of Nassau
 * William August Kobbé (1840–1931), U.S. Army general, was the son of Wilhelm Kobbé, born in Idstein
 * Gustav Kobbé (1857–1918), American author of The Complete Opera Book, was another son of Wilhelm Kobbé
 * Christiane Kohl, soprano, grew up in Idstein
 * Karlhans Krohn (1908–2003), sport teacher; popularizer of the game peteca, spent his later years in Idstein
 * Karl Christian von Langsdorf, mathematician, geologist, and engineer, attended the Gymnasium in Idstein
 * Wolf Meyer-Erlach (1891–1982), theologian, college teacher, university rector; 1951–1963 parish administrator in Idstein-Wörsdorf
 * Sebastian Stoskopff (1597–1657), Alsatian painter, lived and died in Idstein
 * Werner Schuster (1939–2001), physician, health informatics specialist and politician
 * Ernst Toepfer (1877–1955), painter, lived for parts of his life in Idstein and died there

Honorary citizens

 * Erivan Haub (born 1932), owner of the Tengelmann Group, lived for some years in Idstein. nominated 2008
 * Hermann Müller (1935–2013), former mayor of Idstein

title: Idstein


text:
Succinate dehydrogenase

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) or succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (SQR) or respiratory complex II is an enzyme complex, found in many bacterial cells and in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. It is the only enzyme that participates in both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. Histochemical analysis showing high succinate dehydrogenase in muscle demonstrates high mitochondrial content and high oxidative potential.

In step 6 of the citric acid cycle, SQR catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol. This occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane by coupling the two reactions together.

Subunits
Mitochondrial and many bacterial SQRs are composed of four structurally different subunits: two hydrophilic and two hydrophobic. The first two subunits, a flavoprotein (SdhA) and an iron-sulfur protein (SdhB), form a hydrophilic head where enzymatic activity of the complex takes place. SdhA contains a covalently attached flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor and the succinate binding site and SdhB contains three iron-sulfur clusters: [2Fe-2S], [4Fe-4S], and [3Fe-4S]. The second two subunits are hydrophobic membrane anchor subunits, SdhC and SdhD. Human mitochondria contain two distinct isoforms of SdhA (Fp subunits type I and type II), these isoforms are also found in Ascaris suum and Caenorhabditis elegans. The subunits form a membrane-bound cytochrome b complex with six transmembrane helices containing one heme b group and a ubiquinone-binding site. Two phospholipid molecules, one cardiolipin and one phosphatidylethanolamine, are also found in the SdhC and SdhD subunits (not shown in the image). They serve to occupy the hydrophobic space below the heme b. These subunits are displayed in the attached image. SdhA is green, SdhB is teal, SdhC is fuchsia, and SdhD is yellow. Around SdhC and SdhD is a phospholipid membrane with the intermembrane space at the top of the image.

==== Table of subunit composition ====

Ubiquinone binding site
Two distinctive ubiquinone binding sites can be recognized on mammalian SDH – matrix-proximal QP and matrix-distal QD. Ubiquinone binding site Qp, which shows higher affinity to ubiquinone, is located in a gap composed of SdhB, SdhC, and SdhD. Ubiquinone is stabilized by the side chains of His207 of subunit B, Ser27 and Arg31 of subunit C, and Tyr83 of subunit D. The quinone ring is surrounded by Ile28 of subunit C and Pro160 of subunit B. These residues, along with Il209, Trp163, and Trp164 of subunit B, and Ser27 (C atom) of subunit C, form the hydrophobic environment of the quinone-binding pocket Qp. In contrast, ubiquinone binding site QD, which lies closer to inter-membrane space, is composed of SdhD only and has lower affinity to ubiquinone.

Succinate binding site
SdhA provides the binding site for the oxidation of succinate. The side chains Thr254, His354, and Arg399 of subunit A stabilize the molecule while FAD oxidizes and carries the electrons to the first of the iron-sulfur clusters, [2Fe-2S]. This can be seen in image 5.

Redox centers
The succinate-binding site and ubiquinone-binding site are connected by a chain of redox centers including FAD and the iron-sulfur clusters. This chain extends over 40 Å through the enzyme monomer. All edge-to-edge distances between the centers are less than the suggested 14 Å limit for physiological electron transfer. This electron transfer is demonstrated in image 8.

Assembly and maturation
All subunits of human mitochondrial SDH are nuclear encoded. After translation, SDHA subunit is translocated as apoprotein into the mitochondrial matrix. Subsequently, one of the first steps is covalent attachment of the FAD cofactor (covalent flavinylation). This process is enhanced by succinate dehydrogenase assembly factor 2 (SDHAF2; also called Sdh5 in yeast and SdhE in bacteria) and by some of the Krebs cycle intermediates. Fumarate most strongly stimulates covalent flavinylation of SDHA. Through studies of the bacterial system, the mechanism of FAD attachment has been shown to involve a quinone:methide intermediate. In mitochondrial, but not bacterial, assembly, SDHA interacts with a second assembly factor called succinate dehydrogenase assembly factor 4 (SDHAF4; called Sdh8 in yeast) before it is inserted into the final complex.

Fe-S prosthetic groups of the subunit SDHB are being preformed in the mitochondrial matrix by protein complex ISU. The complex is also thought to be capable of inserting the iron-sulphur clusters in SDHB during its maturation. The studies suggest that Fe-S cluster insertion precedes SDHA-SDHB dimer forming. Such incorporation requires reduction of cysteine residues within active site of SDHB. Both reduced cysteine residues and already incorporated Fe-S clusters are highly susceptible to ROS damage. Two more SDH assembly factors, SDHAF1 (Sdh6) and SDHAF3 (Sdh7 in yeast), seem to be involved in SDHB maturation in way of protecting the subunit or dimer SDHA-SDHB from Fe-S cluster damage caused by ROS.

Assembly of the hydrophobic anchor consisting of subunits SDHC and SDHD remains unclear. Especially in case of heme b insertion and even its function. Heme b prosthetic group does not appear to be part of electron transporting pathway within the complex II. The cofactor rather maintains the anchor stability.

Succinate oxidation
Much is known about the succinate oxidation mechanism, which involves the transfer of a proton and a hydride. A combination of mutagenesis and structural analysis identifies Arg-286 of the SDHA subunit (E. coli numbering) as the proton shuttle. Crystal structures of the enzymes from multiple organisms shows that this is well poised for the proton transfer step. Thereafter, there are two possible elimination mechanisms: E2 or E1cb. In the E2 elimination, the mechanism is concerted. The basic residue or cofactor deprotonates the alpha carbon, and FAD accepts the hydride from the beta carbon, oxidizing the bound succinate to fumarate—refer to image 6. In E1cb, an enolate intermediate is formed, shown in image 7, before FAD accepts the hydride. Further research is required to determine which elimination mechanism succinate undergoes in Succinate Dehydrogenase. Oxidized fumarate, now loosely bound to the active site, is free to exit the protein.

Electron tunneling
After the electrons are derived from succinate oxidation via FAD, they tunnel along the [Fe-S] relay until they reach the [3Fe-4S] cluster. These electrons are subsequently transferred to an awaiting ubiquinone molecule within the active site. The Iron-Sulfur electron tunneling system is shown in image 9.

Ubiquinone reduction

The O1 carbonyl oxygen of ubiquinone is oriented at the active site (image 4) by hydrogen bond interactions with Tyr83 of subunit D. The presence of electrons in the [3Fe-4S] iron sulphur cluster induces the movement of ubiquinone into a second orientation. This facilitates a second hydrogen bond interaction between the O4 carbonyl group of ubiquinone and Ser27 of subunit C. Following the first single electron reduction step, a semiquinone radical species is formed. The second electron arrives from the [3Fe-4S] cluster to provide full reduction of the ubiquinone to ubiquinol. This mechanism of the ubiquinone reduction is shown in image 8.

Heme prosthetic group
Although the functionality of the heme in succinate dehydrogenase is still being researched, some studies have asserted that the first electron delivered to ubiquinone via [3Fe-4S] may tunnel back and forth between the heme and the ubiquinone intermediate. In this way, the heme cofactor acts as an electron sink. Its role is to prevent the interaction of the intermediate with molecular oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). The heme group, relative to ubiquinone, is shown in image 4.

It has also been proposed that a gating mechanism may be in place to prevent the electrons from tunneling directly to the heme from the [3Fe-4S] cluster. A potential candidate is residue His207, which lies directly between the cluster and the heme. His207 of subunit B is in direct proximity to the [3Fe-4S] cluster, the bound ubiquinone, and the heme; and could modulate electron flow between these redox centers.

Proton transfer
To fully reduce the quinone in SQR, two electrons as well as two protons are needed. It has been argued that a water molecule (HOH39) arrives at the active site and is coordinated by His207 of subunit B, Arg31 of subunit C, and Asp82 of subunit D. The semiquinone species is protonated by protons delivered from HOH39, completing the ubiquinone reduction to ubiquinol. His207 and Asp82 most likely facilitate this process. Other studies claim that Tyr83 of subunit D is coordinated to a nearby histidine as well as the O1 carbonyl oxygen of ubiquinone. The histidine residue decreases the pKa of tyrosine, making it more suitable to donate its proton to the reduced ubiquinone intermediate.

Inhibitors
There are two distinct classes of inhibitors (SDHIs) of complex II: those that bind in the succinate pocket and those that bind in the ubiquinone pocket. Ubiquinone type inhibitors include carboxin and thenoyltrifluoroacetone. Succinate-analogue inhibitors include the synthetic compound malonate as well as the TCA cycle intermediates, malate and oxaloacetate. Indeed, oxaloacetate is one of the most potent inhibitors of Complex II. Why a common TCA cycle intermediate would inhibit Complex II is not entirely understood, though it may exert a protective role in minimizing reverse-electron transfer mediated production of superoxide by Complex I. Atpenin 5a are highly potent Complex II inhibitors mimicking ubiquinone binding.

Ubiquinone type inhibitors have been used as fungicides in agriculture since the 1960s. Carboxin was mainly used to control disease caused by basidiomycetes such as stem rusts and Rhizoctonia diseases. In the 1980s simple benzanilides were found to have comparable activity to carboxin and a number of these were marketed, including benodanil, flutolanil and mepronil. More recently, other compounds with a broader spectrum against a range of plant pathogens have been developed including boscalid, fluopyram, fluxapyroxad, pydiflumetofen and sedaxane. Some agriculturally important fungi are not sensitive towards members of the new generation of ubiquinone type inhibitors.

FRAC has a working group for SDHIs and recommends resistance management practices.

Role in disease
The fundamental role of succinate-coenzyme Q reductase in the electron transfer chain of mitochondria makes it vital in most multicellular organisms, removal of this enzyme from the genome has also been shown to be lethal at the embryonic stage in mice.

All SDHx mutations can lead to tumorogenesis in chromaffin cells, causing neuroendocrine tumors such as paraganglioma, pheochromocytoma, renal carcinoma, and Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GISTs). SDHA, SDHB, SDHD, and SDHAF1 can cause Mitochondrial complex II deficiency which can lead to Leigh syndrome, mitochondrial encephalopathy, and optic atrophy. SDHB mutations are the most penetrant for paraganglioma and pheochromocytoms and both SDHD and SDHAF2 mutations have some maternal imprinting effects.

Mammalian succinate dehydrogenase functions not only in mitochondrial energy generation, but also has a role in oxygen sensing and tumor suppression; and, therefore, is the object of ongoing research.

Reduced levels of the mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), the main element of complex II, are observed post mortem in the brains of patients with Huntington's Disease, and energy metabolism defects have been identified in both presymptomatic and symptomatic HD patients.

title: Succinate dehydrogenase


text:
Kosmos 212

Kosmos 212 (Космос 212 meaning Cosmos 212) was one of a series of Soviet Soyuz programme test spacecraft whose purpose was to further test and develop the passenger version. Scientific data and measurements were relayed to earth by multichannel telemetry systems equipped with space-borne memory units. Kosmos 212 and Kosmos 213 automatically docked in orbit on 15 April 1968. Both spacecraft landed on Soviet territory.

Mission
On 14 April 1968 at 10:00:00 GMT, the Soyuz 11A511 s/n Ya15000-09 booster and Kosmos 212 were set up at Site 31/6 of Baikonur Cosmodrome and the planned mission could be carried out. Kosmos 212 was operated in a low Earth orbit, it had a perigee of 186 km, an apogee of 225 km, an inclination of 51.7°, and an orbital period of 88.75 minutes, and had a mass of 6000 kg.

 * Number of orbits: ~80

title: Kosmos 212


text:
Działosza coat of arms

Działosza is a Polish coat of arms. Hińcza Rogow coat Działosza - Knight of Rogowa, treasurer court and crown [1], who lived between the fourteenth and the fifteenth century, the late approx. 1416, mentioned include in the annals of Jan Dlugosz as one who in 1400, together with John Naszonem of Ostrowiec and Castellan Śrem John of Obichowa and team knight and fleet auxiliary, he was sent by King Władysława Jagiełłę with the message to Celje, Count Herman II Cylejskiego to the Polish behalf ruler ask his hand ward, countess Anna [2], [3]. Entrusted with the mission Hińcza comrades conscientiously fulfilled, as evidenced by the arrival of the young countess to Kraków [2] and her subsequent marriage z Jagiełłą.

In 1404 years he received a life sentence from the King Castle in Krzepice, along with the office of the governor Krzepicki [4]. From 14 December 1404 to 14 July 1406 was Castellan rozpierskim [5].

In 1410, during the Battle of Grunwald Hińcza Rogow he was a member of the royal guard [1]. Ofka married, father of five children: three sons: Henry, James (zm.1431) and John and two daughters, Margaret wife of Przecław Kobylany and his wife Anne of Zygmunt Nowosielec. [6]

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:

title: Działosza coat of arms


text: Template:Law-stub

title: Template:Law-stub


text:
Franklin Township, Ohio

Franklin Township, Ohio, may refer to:

 * Franklin Township, Adams County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Brown County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Clermont County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Columbiana County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Coshocton County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Darke County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Franklin County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Fulton County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Harrison County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Jackson County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Licking County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Mercer County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Monroe County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Morrow County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Portage County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Richland County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Ross County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Shelby County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Tuscarawas County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Warren County, Ohio
 * Franklin Township, Wayne County, Ohio

title: Franklin Township, Ohio


text:
Category:Articles to be expanded

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Progress
Progress so far:
 * As of 3 March 2024, there are 72,746 articles in this category
 * As of 2 July 2022, there were 76,900 articles in this category after removing articles added by Expand language.
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 * As of 28 February 2017, there were 133,602 articles in this category.
 * As of 29 July 2014, there were 121,217 articles in this category.

title: Category:Articles to be expanded


text: Template:Germany districts Thuringia

title: Template:Germany districts Thuringia


text:
Talk:Hacker ethic

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Both A and B
Could it be possible to say the hacker ethic is "both A and B" instead of "either A or B"? --Papyromancer 19:40, 2004 Oct 13 (UTC)
 * No. The second ethic is more grey hat ("Deface if you want to, just don't cause any permanent damage"-ish), the first more white hat.
 * I guess one could also say that the first one defines white hat hacker ethics, the second one defines black hat hacker ethics (although black hat hackers might reduce that sentence to the part about fun and exploration) and the mix of both would represent grey hat hackers.
 * Either way, there are multiple definitions and they shouldn't be mixed by saying hacker ethic is both -- it really is either the first or the second or both, depending on which hacker subculture (that'd be a sub-subculture then) you ask.
 * I don't think the sentence "[..] hacker ethic is either: [..] and/or [..]" works, tho, so that might need a bit of rephrasing. What about "hacker ethic is either [..] or [..] or the combination of both" or something along those lines? I'm sure some native speakers could come up with a better version than that. -- Ashmodai 02:57, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

This article should be revised in order to eliminate redundancy.

history of the term
Let me pontificate here for just a few sentences.

The term "Hacker Ethic" predates 1984 when somebody wrote it down in a book. I was a computer science student at the University of California at Berkeley in the late 1970s, and we were all taught that term at that time. It may have indeed been handed down by Richard M. Stallman of MIT, but in the '60s of early '70s, because it was extremely well known and used throughtout the Computer Science academic community at my time at Berkeley. I am not going to make a federal case about it -- it does matter, after all, who first publishes something outside of that academic community, I suppose. However, it was indeed written down in internal manuals and publications at Berkeley, and I dare say at all other Computer Science think tanks in the country, if not throughout the western world.

Second, in the original sense of the term Hacker Ethic, there was never a concept of a "black hat". The very concept of hacker was good. A hacker was one who had great powers to make computers do what they ought to do, all for good. They could control any computer any way they wanted to. There was never a conception of doing so with any but altruistic or benificent intentions. Hackers were heroes. They furthered the Hacker Ethic, that computers were supposed to benefit mankind, and that computing ought to be available and plentiful, and software that made the computer do more things was to be shared freely, so that people's computer, that they paid a lot of money for, after all, would actually do more of what it was supposed to do in the first place. To hold one's computer for ransom by refusing to provide software to make it do what it was supposed to do in the first place was wrong. To try to bankrupt people by charging exorbitant rates for every new functionality was wrong, even unthinkable. Hackers returned the power to the people by making that computer do their's, the owner's, bidding, not the bidding of some software vendor. The term "hacker" was reserved for the very best, not just any standard-issue programmer. It was a term of honor. It was always "white hat".

The way that the general over-culture has come to use the term "hacker" is a shame. They really ought to use the term "cracker", which is what hackers of the original sense of the term have suggested. Anybody purporting to suggest that a "black hat" subculture exists within hacker culture has no clue what a hacker really is. Such a person is a Cracker, and all that "black hat" culture is Cracker Culture. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Qodesh (talk • contribs) 18:25, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

I intended to sign the above pontification. I blew it. That shows my lack of skill. I am not a hacker. I hardly was ever even good enough as a computer programmer to be able to appreciate the greatness that was a true hacker's work. -Qodesh (72.89.67.237 (talk) 19:14, 27 November 2007 (UTC))

 * aputtu That is interesting. I did some research into the term "hacker ethic" since 2002 and hasn't been able to come across usage of the term before Levy (1984). From what I understand, the term "hacker ethic" does not make sense as such to Stallman, despite that ethics is a main concern to him. That the term "hacker ethic" may have been handed down by Stallman could seem likely at first glance, but I don't really think that it is the case. Ethics and hacking is different traits according to Stallman, and he does not apply the term hacker ethics onto what he does himself. The original version of The Jargon File (maintained by the old school guys) doesn't include terms like "ethic" or even the word "social" - talk about hardcore geek, was my first reaction studying it. The closest I got to ethics were the entry ""The Right Thing" - which is used very broadly to all kinds of ethical-irrelevant actions as well. A comparison of The Jargon File and The New Hacker's Dictionary edited by Eric S. Raymond shows that Raymond has added a whole social dimension to the hackers selfconception that at least didn't appear in the Jargon file. In a online live-session (was it for Newsweek, can't recall) I got to ask Steven Levy whether he had coined the term, which he said he did - I can't find the session online anymore however. It is therefore interesting to hear that the term "hacker ethic" was in use at Berkeley, and I would love to hear more about it. For historical reasons it would be very interesting to know more about Bill Gosper's conception of hacking and ethics, since he is said to have influenced the hacker culture profoundly at the MIT AI Lab back in the 60's.

Folks,

I'm not a hacker either - just interested in the culture and how the minds of hackers, good software engineers, and programmers work. I work at an hardware and software design company. I'm surrounded by folks who love to hack (that is, solve problems). One doesn't have to be a hacker to write or quote others' description of hacking.

If you feel that this entry is redundant - please, add your knowledge and information!

I think the "white hat" and "black hat" terminology is very confusing. Am I supposed to think of Linux when I read that?

Thanks!

TSWcontentlady (talk) 11:56, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Finnish mythology?
1th of June 2008, aputtu: The following sections makes absolutely no sense to me. I think it is a bad joke, but even if it wasn't it still does't make any sense to me:
 * Both Himanen and Torvalds were inspired by the Sampo Finnish mythology. The Sampo, described in the Kalevala, was a magical artifact constructed by Ilmarinen, the blacksmith god, that brought good fortune to its holder; nobody knows exactly what it was supposed to be. The Sampo has been interpreted in many ways: a world pillar or world tree, a compass or astrolabe, a chest containing a treasure, a Byzantine coin die, a decorated Vendel period shield, a Christian relic, etc. In the Kalevala, compiler Lönnrot interpreted it to be a quern or mill of some sort that made flour, salt, and gold out of thin air.

where is the reference? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 177.12.27.197 (talk) 00:34, 15 July 2015 (UTC)

FAR TOO MANY CAPITAL LETTERS!
This article seems to have sat here for a long time with tons and tons of incorrect capitals that I finally fixed in this edit. Doesn't anyone who works on this article ever look at WP:MOS or know about standard Wikipedia conventions? Michael Hardy (talk) 20:28, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Class project has unbalanced the article?
Over 3 - 5 November this article was considerably expanded by a number of new editors as part of a class project. While these edits were made in good faith, I think the need to "put something in" has led to excessive detail and has not improved the article, and unless objections are expressed here I am minded to revert it to this version by Linuxguymarshall at 23 October. Comments welcome. JohnCD (talk) 17:11, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Referenced work seems opinion-oriented, not factual
This page seems to suffer from a lack of distinction between the point of view of certain experts and fact. For example:
 * Levy notes that, at other universities, professors were making public proclamations that computers would never be able to beat a human being in chess. Hackers knew better. They would be the ones who would guide computers to greater heights than anyone expected.

If the paraphrasing is accurate, the referenced work seems to be more opinion-oriented than factual; rather than a history book, it's a review. These views should be decoupled from facts—and ultimately, the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dmyersturnbull (talk • contribs) 08:40, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

Female hackers?
There is no mention whatsoever of female hackers. The earliest hackers seemed to be exclusively male, but women entered the scene at some point, and are a significant minority today. Coverage should be added for people like Radia Perlman, for example. Reify-tech (talk) 14:49, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Re "today": may not be relevant: whether the "hacker ethic" described in the article applies to contemporary communities is very doubtful... Equinox ◑ 13:22, 19 May 2023 (UTC)

Grand merge
I've just merged this article to hacking (innovation), which was formerly titled Hacker (programmer subculture). Please see the discussion at talk:hacking (innovation) for the rationale and a plan for moving forward. Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward) - talk 11:01, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Looks like it was unmerged, and fwiw I approve of the unmerging. The page needs work but I am not sure a merge is the answer. It seems to give a great deal of weight to Levy, for instance, probably a good idea in the history section, and sure, he's a published and objective source. But surely there are others. Elinruby (talk) 21:42, 5 November 2011 (UTC)

Focused on computers
You can't blame this article for being completely focused in computers but the term hacker is not limited to this context. There are "life hackers", "biohackers" (who use gadgets as a means, not as a finality) and overall any other area where "playful cleverness" can be applied to as by Stallman's quote in the article. I'm not sure how to add this information in though - a new section with just one paragraph seems less than ideal and just a note on the introduction while every other sections focuses on computers would also be awkward. If there is an article on Wikipedia about non-computer hacking in general maybe we could add a section with an "main article: xxx" template? 201.27.72.206 (talk) 13:32, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

Why teach hacking?
YOU CANT TEACH HACKING! and there is no such thing as white/black hackers there are hackers and there are cybercriminals!! do not follow the military and media propaganda BS. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rek2 (talk • contribs) 18:33, 11 July 2020 (UTC)

Ashiu33 (talk) 23:07, 15 February 2017 (UTC)-
 * http://www.vocativ.com/23530/ice-phishing/
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KwJyKmCbOws
 * https://tedsummaries.com/2015/03/24/ymir-vigfusson-why-i-teach-people-how-to-hack/
 * http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/ethical-hacker
 * http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/essentialguide/How-to-hone-an-effective-vulnerability-management-program
 * This is a talk by Richard Stallman. It's not directly about hacking but it's probably the best overview on FOSS ever made, by the most prominent figure on the FOSS community himself. FOSS products and philosophy are tightly interwoven, since the first is a direct "evolution" of the hacker ethos - so I figured I might drop this here as well to add to the list https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ag1AKIl_2GM
 * 177.139.23.253 (talk) 02:01, 16 March 2017 (UTC)

I plan on adding a topic on why teach hacking. Ymir Vigfusson has a fascinating ted talk about why he teaches hacking and I hope to expand on it.

Why Teach Hacking? Hacking can be extremely dangerous. In this digital age and our reliance on technology, we are vulnerable to these types of attacks. One way to combat this, however, is to teach students to hack with the hopes that they become white hat hackers. The movement of ethical hacking has gained traction through different programs such as the L0pht and GhettoHackers and courses have become integrated into university and college level curriculum. Prevent the Development of Black Hat Hackers: Often times, students become intrigued by the technical prowess that computers possess. As Joe Gervais, a security researcher and an application security engineer, pointed out, students who are intellectually curious enough may start to experiment with computers without thinking of the ethical repercussions of their actions. He points out that there are a lot of classes that exist for more gifted students in areas such as math, reading, etc. However, there doesn’t seem to be courses that can address the curiosity that a young hacker may have. Hacking courses can create a moral compass for young hackers. They require a constructive environment that allows them to satiate their desire to understand computers. Students in this class have the ability to learn what they are passionate about while also understanding the ethical boundaries that should not be encroached upon. However, the integral part of the curriculum would be to prevent the development of black hat hackers. Creating the next generation of white hack hackers: There seems to be a lack of skilled cyber security experts. However, there doesn’t seem to be curriculums that teaches individuals the skills required to protect security systems from malicious attacks. Teaching hacking is a plausible way to fill the gap in the supply and the demand of hackers who are capable of implementing defensive measures against attacks. Ymir Vigfusson is a major advocate for educating students about hacking. Ymir is a professor is a professor at the School of Computer Science at Reykjavik University and an assistant professor in Emory University’s math and science department. Ymir points out that teaching hacking can be a way for students to better understand the computer security. He believe that hackers have a unique mindset where they are constantly thinking about how they can get through cyber security. However, defenders, or the ones providing the cyber security are only thinking of ways to keep people out. The defenders have a tough job and are required to think of all that ways that a hacker can get in. However, hackers just need to identify one path that can bypass the system. Ymir brings up the analogy of a homeowner buying an expensive steel door for their home, believing that they are secure. By-passers walking by, however, will notice the door but see that the windows are open. An individual working in cyber security that also has a background in hacking will have the vision of both the owner of the house and the by-passer, where they will be able to look for weaknesses in the system and prevent malicious hackers from exploiting these flaws. Sources: https://www.tripwire.com/state-of-security/security-data-protection/cyber-security/hacker-high-why-we-need-to-teach-hacking-in-schools/ https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/08/07/teaching_students_hacking/

Ashiu33 (talk) 03:31, 29 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Protect younger people
One important thing is missing in Hacker Ethics: whatever you do, always protect younger people, no matter what religion, no matter what race, no matter what skin color, no matter if right wing, middle wing or right wing, no matter if male, female, non-binary, no matter if Little Pony or Baby Dragon. One can morally hardly do something wrong if protecting younger people, and it would also be a mindset that would find global acceptance and would lead to global coexistence. Protecting does not mean, that you later are allowed to take their goods or their virginity, just because you helped. If you live that Categorical Imperative in an altruistic way it would give you meaing in your live. 178.82.215.219 (talk) 22:18, 31 December 2019 (UTC) Landev FailDef (talk) 05:26, 23 December 2020 (UTC) FailDef (talk) 16:55, 24 April 2020 (UTC)

BugReport Hacker Ethic paragraph "Info shall be free"
"ALL DATA/INFORMATION SHALL BE FREE" ist technically maybe not completely correct. ALL HELPFUL DATA should be free. If data helps to save peoples lifes it would be an insult to humanity if you need to pay for.

CounterExample: Distributing cyber-weapons for free is maybe not the best idea (euphemism)

31.10.132.168 (talk) 18:52, 3 December 2023 (UTC) Landev

title: Talk:Hacker ethic


text:
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User talk:ReconTanto

RE: Czech translation: Sorry, ReconTanto, I can read and understand 80% of easy czech text since it is similar to Russian(my native tongue), Polish, which I know better than Czech, and Bulgarian. But I could not call myself a good Czech translator. Try to find somebody in Czech part of wikipedia to help you.

And you probably meant Chechen language article that I created not Czech language.

Disambig article
Hi. Please do not add additional wikilinks to an entry on a disambig page that already has a (non-redlink) link to the disambiguated article. This is one instance where normal Wikipedia procedure is reversed, and minimal internal links are recommended, to allow someone searching for the correct link to concentrate on the right ones. If you want information, please look at Disambiguation. Cheers and happy editing. MadMaxDog 10:26, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:ReconTanto


text: File:Hellalive.jpeg

title: File:Hellalive.jpeg


text:
Code injection

Code injection is a class of computer security exploits in which a vulnerable computer program is tricked into misinterpreting external data as part of its code. An attacker thereby introduces (or "injects") code into the program and changes the course of its execution. The result of successful code injection can be disastrous, for example, by allowing computer viruses or computer worms to propagate.

Code injection vulnerabilities occur when an application sends untrusted data to an interpreter. Injection flaws are most often found in SQL, LDAP, XPath, NoSQL queries, OS commands, XML parsers, SMTP headers, program arguments, etc. Injection flaws tend to be easier to discover when examining source code than via testing. Scanners and fuzzers can help find injection flaws.

Injection can result in data loss or corruption, lack of accountability, or denial of access. Injection can sometimes lead to complete host takeover.

Certain types of code injection are errors in interpretation, giving special meaning to user input. Similar interpretation errors exist outside the world of computer science such as the comedy routine "Who's on First?". In the routine, there is a failure to distinguish proper names from regular words. Likewise, in some types of code injection, there is a failure to distinguish user input from system commands.

Code injection techniques are popular in system hacking or cracking to gain information, privilege escalation or unauthorized access to a system. Code injection can be used malevolently for many purposes, including: Code injection attacks in Internet of Things could also lead to severe consequences like data breaches and service disruption.
 * Arbitrarily modifying values in a database through SQL injection. The impact of this can range from website defacement to serious compromise of sensitive data.
 * Installing malware or executing malevolent code on a server by injecting server scripting code (such as PHP or ASP).
 * Privilege escalation to root permissions by exploiting shell injection vulnerabilities in a setuid root binary on UNIX, or Local System by exploiting a service on Microsoft Windows.
 * Attacking web users with HTML/script injection (Cross-site scripting).

In 2008, 5.66% of all vulnerabilities reported that year were classified as code injection, the highest year on record. In 2015, this had decreased to 0.77%.

Benign and unintentional use
Code injection may be used with good intentions; for example, changing or tweaking the behavior of a program or system through code injection can cause the system to behave in a certain way without any malicious intent. Code injection could, for example:
 * Introduce a useful new column that did not appear in the original design of a search results page.
 * Offer a new way to filter, order, or group data by using a field not exposed in the default functions of the original design.
 * As regards programs like Dropbox, add special parts that could be used to connect to online resources in an offline program.
 * Utilize the Linux Dynamic Linker to define a function with the same name as certain libc functions, link that function as a library, and override the use of the libc function.

Some users may unsuspectingly perform code injection because input they provide to a program was not considered by those who originally developed the system. For example: Another benign use of code injection could be the discovery of injection flaws themselves, with the intention of fixing these flaws. This is known as a white hat penetration test.
 * What the user may consider a valid input may contain token characters or character strings that have been reserved by the developer to have special meaning (perhaps the "&" in "Shannon & Jason," or quotation marks as in "Bub 'Slugger' McCracken").
 * The user may submit a malformed file as input that is handled gracefully in one application, but is toxic to the receiving system.

Preventing problems
To prevent code injection problems, utilize secure input and output handling, such as:
 * Using APIs that, if used properly, are secure against all input characters. Parameterized queries (also known as "Compiled queries", "prepared statements", "bound variables") allows for moving user data out of string to be interpreted. Additionally Criteria API and similar APIs move away from the concept of command strings to be created and interpreted.
 * Enforcing language separation via a static type system.
 * Input validation, such as whitelisting only known good values, this can be done on client side using JavaScript for example or it can be done on the server side which is more secure.
 * Input encoding, e.g. escaping dangerous characters. For instance, in PHP, using the   function to escape special characters for safe output of text in HTML, and   to isolate data which will be included in an SQL request, to protect against SQL Injection.
 * Output encoding, i.e. preventing HTML Injection (XSS) attacks against web site visitors
 * is a flag for HTTP Cookies that, when set, does not allow client-side script interaction with cookies, thereby preventing certain XSS attacks.
 * Modular shell disassociation from kernel
 * With SQL Injection, one can use parameterized queries, stored procedures, whitelist input validation, and more to help mitigate Code Injection problems.

The solutions listed above deal primarily with web-based injection of HTML or script code into a server-side application. Other approaches must be taken, however, when dealing with injection of user code on the user machine, resulting in privilege elevation attacks. Some approaches that are used to detect and isolate managed and unmanaged code injections are:
 * Runtime image hash validation – capture a hash of a part or complete image of the executable loaded into memory, and compare it with stored and expected hash.
 * NX bit – all user data is stored in a special memory sections that are marked as non-executable. The processor is made aware that no code exists in that part of memory, and refuses to execute anything found in there.
 * Canaries – randomly place values in a stack. At runtime, a canary is checked when a function returns. If a canary has been modified, the program stops execution and exits.  This occurs on a Stack Overflow Attack.
 * [In C]Code Pointer Masking (CPM) – after loading a (potentially changed) code pointer into a register, apply a bitmask to the pointer. This effectively restricts the addresses to which the pointer can refer.

SQL injection
SQL injection takes advantage of the syntax of SQL to inject malicious commands that can read or modify a database, or compromise the meaning of the original query.

For example, consider a web page that has two fields to allow users to enter a user name and a password. The code behind the page will generate a SQL query to check the password against the list of user names: If this query returns any rows, then access is granted. However, if the malicious user enters a valid Username and injects some valid code in the Password field, then the resulting query will look like this: In the example above, "Password" is assumed to be blank or some innocuous string. " " will always be true and many rows will be returned, thereby allowing access.

The technique may be refined to allow multiple statements to run, or even to load up and run external programs.

Assume a query with the following format: If an adversary has the following for inputs:

the query will be parsed to be:

The result is that the table  will be removed from the database. This occurs because the  symbol signifies the end of one command and the start of a new one. signifies the start of a comment.

Cross-site scripting
Code injection is the malicious injection or introduction of code into an application. Some web servers have a guestbook script, which accepts small messages from users, and typically receives messages such as: Very nice site! However a malicious person may know of a code injection vulnerability in the guestbook, and enters a message such as: If another user views the page then the injected code will be executed. This code can allow the attacker to impersonate another user. However this same software bug can be accidentally triggered by an unassuming user which will cause the website to display bad HTML code.

HTML and script injection is a popular subject, commonly termed "cross-site scripting" or "XSS". XSS refers to an injection flaw whereby user input to a web script or something along such lines is placed into the output HTML, without being checked for HTML code or scripting.

Many of these problems are related to erroneous assumptions of what input data is possible, or the effects of special data.

Server Side Template Injection
Template engines are often used in modern Web application to display dynamic data. However, trusting non validated user data can frequently lead to critical vulnerabilities such as Server Side Template Injections. While this vulnerability is similar to Cross-site scripting, template injection can be leverage to execute code on the web server rather than in a visitor's browser. It abuses a common workflow of web applications which often use user inputs and templates to render a web page. The example below shows the concept. Here the template  is replaced with data during the rendering process. An attacker can use this workflow to inject code into the rendering pipeline by providing a malicious. Depending on the implementation of the web application, he could choose to inject  which the renderer could resolve to. Note that the actual web server has evaluated the malicious code and therefore could be vulnerable to Remote code execution.

Dynamic evaluation vulnerabilities
An  injection vulnerability occurs when an attacker can control all or part of an input string that is fed into an   function call. The argument of " " will be processed as PHP, so additional commands can be appended. For example, if "arg" is set to " ", additional code is run which executes a program on the server, in this case " ".

Object injection
PHP allows serialization and deserialization of whole objects. If untrusted input is allowed into the deserialization function, it is possible to overwrite existing classes in the program and execute malicious attacks. Such an attack on Joomla was found in 2013.

Remote file injection
Consider this PHP program (which includes a file specified by request):

The example might be read as only color-files like  and   could be loaded, while attackers might provide   causing PHP to load the external file.

Format specifier injection
Format string bugs most commonly appear when a programmer wishes to print a string containing user supplied data. The programmer may mistakenly write  instead of. The first version interprets  as a format string, and parses any formatting instructions it may contain. The second version simply prints a string to the screen, as the programmer intended.

Consider the following short C program that has a local variable char array  which holds a password; the program asks the user for an integer and a string, then echoes out the user-provided string. If the user input is filled with a list of format specifiers such as , then  will start reading from the stack. Eventually, one of the  format specifier will access the address of  , which is on the stack, and print   to the screen.

Shell injection
Shell injection (or command injection ) is named after Unix shells, but applies to most systems which allow software to programmatically execute a command line. Here is an example vulnerable tcsh script: If the above is stored in the executable file, the shell command   will attempt to execute the injected shell command   instead of comparing the argument with the constant one. Here, the code under attack is the code that is trying to check the parameter, the very code that might have been trying to validate the parameter in order to defend against an attack.

Any function that can be used to compose and run a shell command is a potential vehicle for launching a shell injection attack. Among these are, , and.

Client–server systems such as web browser interaction with web servers are potentially vulnerable to shell injection. Consider the following short PHP program that can run on a web server to run an external program called  to replace a word the user sent with some other word.

The  in the above composes a shell command that is then executed by the web server. Since part of the command it composes is taken from the URL provided by the web browser, this allows the URL to inject malicious shell commands. One can inject code into this program in several ways by exploiting the syntax of various shell features (this list is not exhaustive):

Some languages offer functions to properly escape or quote strings that are used to construct shell commands: However, this still puts the burden on programmers to know/learn about these functions and to remember to make use of them every time they use shell commands. In addition to using these functions, validating or sanitizing the user input is also recommended.
 * PHP:  and
 * Python:

A safer alternative is to use APIs that execute external programs directly, rather than through a shell, thus preventing the possibility of shell injection. However, these APIs tend to not support various convenience features of shells, and/or to be more cumbersome/verbose compared to concise shell-syntax.

title: Code injection


text:
Kosmos 213

Kosmos 213 (Космос 213 meaning Cosmos 213) was one of a series of Soviet Soyuz programme test spacecraft whose purpose was to further test and develop the passenger version. Scientific data and measurements were relayed to earth by multichannel telemetry systems equipped with space-borne memory units. Kosmos 212 and Kosmos 213 automatically docked in orbit on April 15, 1968. Both spacecraft landed on Soviet territory.

Mission
On 15 April 1968 at 09:34:18 GMT, the Soyuz 11A511 s/n U15000-06 booster and Kosmos 213 were set up at Site 1/5 of Baikonur Cosmodrome and the planned mission could be carried out. Kosmos 213 was operated in a low Earth orbit, it had a perigee of 193 km, an apogee of 245 km, an inclination of 51.4°, and an orbital period of 89.16 minutes, and had a mass of 6000 kg.

title: Kosmos 213


text:
Hamilton Township, Ohio

Hamilton Township, Ohio, may refer to:
 * Hamilton Township, Butler County, Ohio, a former township now the city of Hamilton, Ohio
 * Hamilton Township, Franklin County, Ohio
 * Hamilton Township, Jackson County, Ohio
 * Hamilton Township, Lawrence County, Ohio
 * Hamilton Township, Warren County, Ohio

title: Hamilton Township, Ohio