text:
Talk:Acting President of the United States

Impeachment
I think that we should at least discuss the restoration of impeachment. Certainly the impeachment of the President of the United States is considerably different than an ordinary criminal trial. While certainly the presumption of innoncence should apply, it is noteworthy that in several other nations with presidential systems the president is somewhat or completely constrained in his actions while under impeachment. The presence of these comments in the article is not necessarily an endorsment of this viewpoint but rather an acknowledgement that it definitely exists, and should not be so arbitrarily and capricously eliminated in my view. Rlquall 01:25, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree, the President's powers & duties aren't suspended, when the President is impeached. GoodDay 18:44, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

The "West Wing" scenario
There is a huge difference between what happened on this fictional TV show and anything that is yet to occur in real life. On the show, the President announced his stepping aside in favor of the Speaker in a formal Cabinet meeting while his daughter had been kidnapped in a time of national crisis; the fictional Speaker/Acting President had to order a military attack in which the U.S. forces took casualties, and he served as President for several days before the President's daughter was recovered, not just for the duration of anesthesia for minor surgery. It seems fairly likely that such a person could be regarded as a former President; much less likely that the real-world Cheney would be seen as such, at least based on his career to date and laying aside the considerations that many make that he may already be President to a large extent on a day-to-day basis. A more interesting question the show raised in my opinion was whether a Speaker, President Pro Tem, or other such official would be expected to or likely to resign that previous position only to act as President for only a matter of hours or days as the West Wing character did. Rlquall 01:38, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Considering that, even though the show's priorities are drama and good storytelling, they do actually research constitutional law and have professional consultants fact-checking them, I'd like to see a little more discussion to the aspects of Acting Presidency that the West Wing episodes raised. No, it hasn't happened in real life, but especially considering some of the news stories on the First Family in recent years, it's closer to a possibility than anyone might like.  However, as it is fiction, I defer to others' judgement as to whether it should be expanded upon. Corgi 14:32, 18 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Just a note, an Acting President wouldn't take the presidential oath of office. GoodDay 21:05, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Fictional portrayals
Should we have a section discussing fictional portrayals of the 25th Amendment coming into play? There have been several that I can think of - there is the West Wing example noted above, as well as two examples on 24. Possibly it happened in the film Air Force One, as well, although I don't remember the specifics. john k 00:38, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Mr.President?
Under the sub-section "Authorities", this article says an Acting President is even addressed as Mr.President. Was George H.W. Bush on July 13, 1985 or Dick Cheney on June 29, 2002 addressed as Mr.President? Not publicly and as for privately (no one knows). This "addressed as Mr.President" statement, seems unfounded. Also it would appear arrogant and insulting to the First Family. Mightberight/wrong 21:30, 29 October 2005 (UTC)
 * If you consider the fact that traditionally (as far as I know), a person (in US) is addressed by the highest office they've held to date, for example Clinton would still be address as Mr. President if he's next to the current President as he's the 42nd President of the US, I don't see it as arrogant or insulting. It's probably argued that it is being respectful to address the Acting President as Mr. President, rather than insulting, as he (or she) would be carrying out the power and duties of the office of presidency. One's being respectful of the person, and the position. -- KTC 02:43, 28 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Bill Clinton was President of the USA & all former President's of the USA (to date), are/were addressed as Mr.President. However an Acting President, is still the Vice President of the USA, an Acting President of the USA should still be adressed as Mr/Madam Vice President. If for example Cheney had to serve as Acting President for the rest of Bush's term, He's still Vice President and should be adressed as Mr. Vice President. GoodDay 21:55, 28 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think there's any (known) definite policy on this, but a Vice President, or anyone else serving as Acting President is the President at that particular time, so in my opinion should be addressed as Mr. / Madam President. Part of addressing someone as President is addressing the office in which the person holds (held), in this case it may be so that it's not permanent, but they are still holding / carrying out the power and duties of the office at the time. In a formal meeting, the chairperson would be address as such, this include the time when one have a acting chair because the normal chair is stepping aside temporarily or is unavailable. If VP Cheney is the Acting President when you meet him, he is the President of the USA at that particular time, even if at another time he would be rightfully only VP, so should be address as Mr. President (at that time). How an Ex-Acting President is address is probably a different question and depends on how long that person was AP, and how public it was when it occurs, whether it was the VP that was AP, or a resigned Speaker, President Pro. Temp. ... etc. -- KTC 00:01, 29 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I still must disagree, as Acting President of the USA, one does not hold the office of President of the USA, but rather discharges the powers & duties of that office, while mantaining his/her current office (vice president). During the time Cheney would be Acting President, George W. Bush would still be President of the USA. There can't be 2 Presidents of the USA at the same time. The scenerio would be as follows: George W. Bush, President of the USA & Richard B. Cheney, Vice President of the USA-Acting President of the USA. Although we disagree about this topic, I respect your views. GoodDay 02:18, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Six months after the above discussion, the disputed sentence remains in the article (‘Acting Presidents are addressed as "Mr. President" during their service’). There are arguments pro and con addressing an Acting President as "Mr. [or Madam] President" but they are merely arguments so the Wikipedia article shouldn't make this statement as a fact. I have put in a "" designator but I doubt there is any authoritative source for this one way or another, and therefore the sentence should probably just be deleted. Alternatively, change it to ‘It is not known whether Acting Presidents are addressed as "Mr./Madam President".’ If somebody really wants to research this, then why not make a phone call to the Vice President's press office and ask whether Cheney was addressed as Mr. President during the period in 2002 when the 25th Amendment was invoked for George W. Bush's surgery. Or contact the Dept of State protocol office. --Mathew5000 09:34, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Check out the exchange in this transcript from June 29, 2002. Speaking about Mr. Cheney, Ari Fleischer says: "I'd have to ask his staff if they address him as Mr. Acting President. I don't think they did. It's a mouthful." --Mathew5000 01:03, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Ari Fleischer suggested "Mr. Acting President" as one possibility. I believe that to be the correct form of adress, given that the 25th Amendment says that the Vice-President shall discharge the powers and duties of the office of President as Acting President. Thus, while the Vice-president remains Vice-president during his service in the temporary position of Acting President, Acting President is more than Vice-president, it is a temporary higher rank, in so far as the Acting President, although not being President, has the powers and duties of the president. And given that the text of the 25th Amendment gives a name to the position of the one who acts as President, stating that the Vice-president shall discharge the powers and duties of the presidency as Acting President, I believe that the correct form of adress would be Mr. Acting President. I agree, however, that my opinion, just as others opinions, is speculative, and as such should not be included in the article. Just as the title Mr. President developed out of a personal preference of George Washington, and just as President Tyler imposed his interpretation that the Vice-president should succeed to the title of the presidency upon the death of the elected President, an interpretation that was confirmed by section 1 of the 25th Amendment, only a real-case scenario of someone serving as Acting President for a longer time, and appearing in public while Acting President (something that neither George H.W. Bush nor Cheney did) would solve the question of how an Acting President is to be adressed. For the reasons stated above, it seems to me that Mr. Acting President would be the correct form. But that has no place in the article, as it is original research. --Antonio Basto 17:07, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Such speculation about how an Acting President is adressed is original research and personal opinion, insofar as we don't really know how George H.W. Bush and Cheney were adressed during the brief periods of service as Acting President. An encycopedic article is also not the place for speculation on how would an Acting President be adressed if one were to serve as such for a longer term, in a more high profile situation. The fact is that, so far, Acting Presidents have kept a low profile during the brief hours this office has been into existance, so nobody really knows the answer, and an encyclopedia is no place for personal opinion.--201.17.60.117 17:06, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Presidential Seal?
The article should have the Vice Presidential Seal, as the Acting President is still Vice President of the USA. GoodDay 01:04, 23 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm going based my answer on the above comment and what's been crossed-out and now removed about the seal. The seal is for the office of the President of the USA, not the person. So an Acting President would use the President Seal when he's acting as the President. It would be ridiculous for example, for an (Ex-)Speaker of the House as Acting President to be issuing Executive Order bearing the Seal of the Speaker. He or she would be issuing the order, signing off bills or whatever as the President, under the power of the office of the President, not the Speaker (or whatever) and so uses the Seal of the office. -- KTC 00:17, 29 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure if it's because of my 'pointing it out'. But, it's good to see the Presidential Seal image was removed. GoodDay 21:12, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Removing Pres Clinton mention
Today there was an edit to the section "Other potential invocation situations" that addressed President Clinton. The edit is attempting to add balance to an otherwise absurd bullet point that suggests, without any foundation whatsoever, than an impeached President is or should be unable to discharge the powers and duties of the office to which he was legitimately elected. While several U.S. states have provisions of their Constitutions or laws that prevented an impeached official from the exercise of the duties of his or her office, there is NO corresponding section or intrepretation in the U.S. Constitution.

The edit does a good job, but the fact remains that the inclusion of President Clinton in the "Other potential invocation situations" is improper as it relates to impeachment. The only inclusion of President Clinton in this Section that I would support would be information relating to when President Clinton hurt his knee and underwent repair surgey using local anesthetic.

I'd like to get other thoughts on the subject and inform everyone of my thoughts before I just remove the offending section. If there is a contrary opinion that would object to removing this section, please post here so we can discuss. If not, I will remove the section.JasonCNJ 02:36, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Given the lack of discussion on this topic, I am going to remove the mention from President Clinton as indicated above. If someone notices the removal and objects, I can put it back while we discuss it on here. JasonCNJ 08:09, 3 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree, the US Constitution doesn't suspend a President's powers & duties when he/she is impeached. Andrew Johnson & Bill Clinton governed thoughtout their respective Impeachment Trials. During the Clinton Impeachment Trial, I've never heard any calls for Clinton or Gore+Cabinet to invoke the 25th Amendment. GoodDay 18:50, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Possible Scenarios
Not that I am advocating this to be added, but what happens if the VP was named active president for a time and after the President says he can resume executing his duties, the VP refuses to hand over power? Arbiteroftruth 06:38, 3 January 2007 (UTC)
 * If the VP became "Acting President" under Section 3 of the 25th Amendment which permits the President to self-declare an incapacity, and then the President signs and transmits a letter to the Speaker and Pres Pro Tem of the Senate declaring the inability no longer exists, then the President automatically resumes his powers and duties - there is no capacity for the Vice President to "refuse" to hand over power...he simply doesn't have the power once the resumption letters are transmitted. Orders he gives to the military cannot be followed, orders he gives to the Cabinet secretaries cannot be followed, etc. He can still sit and say "I am Acting President; I refuse to hand over power." but no one will actually ...listen.

 * At all times, though, the Vice President can avail himself of the options in Section 4 of the Amendment. The Vice President and a majority of the Cabinet can transmit a written declaration to the Speaker and the Pres Pro Tem that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office and, upon sending that letter, shall immediately execute the duties as "Acting President." The President can send a letter to Congress saying "I am able to exercise the powers and duties" and begin the resumption of his duties -- but the Vice President and a majority of the Cabinet can send another letter to those same officers declaring their belief that the President is wrong within four days. After receipt of the second letter from the VP and a majority of the Cabinet, Congress has 21 to determine, by a two-thirds vote, that the President is unable to discharge his powers and duties. If Congress does not determine that by a two-thirds vote within 21 days, or if Congress does not come into session within 21 days after getting the last letter, then the President automatically resumes the powers and duties of his office. If Congress, by a 2/3 vote of each House, does agree with the declaration of the Vice President and a majority of the Cabinet, then the Vice President will continue as "Acting President."

 * Given the practice of how a Vice President is selected, a situation involving Section 4 would be somewhat difficult to imagine. The closest we ever came to that occurrance was when President Reagan was shot and was undergoing surgery. At that time, it was fairly clear that the President was incapacited and he was unable to transmit letters declaring so to the appropriate people prior to going under anesthesia. Then-Vice President Bush apparently refused to sign a letter declaring the President incapacited, fearing it would amount to a coup d` etat and be inappropriate. Then-Vice President Bush became de facto Acting President but did not have the powers and duties of the President and did not act as such.

 * Does that answer your question?JasonCNJ 08:06, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Yep. Completely so. The government will simply not listen to the VP's orders upon the President's resumption of duties. That answers my question. Thanks! Arbiteroftruth 04:12, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Now for another scenario. At some point there is no Vice-President. As there have not been recent elections there is no President-elect or Vice-President elect either. Not such an entirely bizarre state of affairs. Then the President dies. At that point the Speaker of the House becomes acting-President for the remainder of the term of the deceased President. He will, if I am correct, not become President, but merely act as President with full Constitutional powers for potentially a period of years! Isn't it a bit odd that under such a scenario this man will not actually become President but just act as such for a prolonged period? Couldn't they have made provisions for such an officer actually succeeding instead of just acting, in cases where there is no 'propper' President? That would be equivalent to the position of the VP, who actually becomes President when the President dies. Also, could such an acting-President as decribed above nominate a Vice-President, who would then take over his job by default the moment he was sworn in as Vice-President? Could the acting-President nominate himself as Vice-President and thereby become a 'propper' President? Or would the acting President perhaps be obliged to nominate a Vice-President (as per Section 2 that establishes a procedure for filling a Vice-Presidential vacancy)?Gerard von Hebel 17:59, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
 * See the Carl Albert article, on how he would have handled such similar situations. I'm with you, the Presidential Succession Act can potentially cause alot of headaches. It would be easier, to simply let the 'next-in-line' official (in the absence of a Vice President) become President. GoodDay 05:02, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Acting Vice President
Could someone take a look at this related article? Perhaps an Afd is in order. GoodDay 04:29, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I have posted on that talk page. Someone just made that up. It's a pretty article; graphs, colors, etc., but that doesn't change the fact that someone just made up that information. JasonCNJ 14:39, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

Question
Ok... the president and VP die 2 weeks into the first term and the Speaker is made the acting President. The Speaker (now the acting POTUS) finishes out the term as the acting president and is elected to the next term as the president? Is this person elgable to be re-elected for another (3rd) term since they have only served one term as the actual presidnet?--Dr who1975 18:09, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * No; the text of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution specifically provides that if you have "acted as President" for more than two years of a term for which someone else was elected, then you yourself can be elected as president only once. --Mathew5000 18:55, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The Speaker of the House would not become Acting President he would become THE PRESIDENT. -- Simmons 123456 05:20 31 July 2015

Simmons, the term "acting president" exists to describe someone in that speaker's position Snitch ninja (talk) 07:45, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

Explaining Expiration of Term as Acting President
John L. Miller made the following addition to the article, which I have reverted: "The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 in Section (d) clause (2) specifically states 'An individual acting as President under this subsection shall act until the expiration of the then current Presidential term, but not after a qualified and prior-entitled individual is able to act, except that the removal of the disability of an individual higher on the list contained in paragraph (1) or the ability to qualify on the part of an individual higher on such list SHALL NOT TERMINATE HIS SERVICE.' (emphasis added) All officers beyond the President and Vice President in the line of succession are included in paragraph (1), therefore it must be concluded that no one beyond an individual qualifying as President or Vice President, or a current President or Vice President who's own disability has been removed, will terminate the service of an Acting President. Thus, there would be no string of Acting Presidents. If the Speaker, President Pro Tempore, and the Secretary of State fail to qualify as Acting President, the Secretary of the Treasury would be Acting President (should he/she qualify). The later meeting of Presidential qualifications by the said Speaker, President Pro Tempore, or Secretary of State would NOT end the Acting Presidency of the Secretary of the Treasury. John L. Miller 23:19, 7 June 2007 (UTC)"

BoiGayzer is incorrect and I have reverted his edit. He mentions, "All officers beyond the President or Vice President in the line of succession are included in paragraph (1)..." but he is incorrect.

3 USC 19 (a) involves the ascension of the Speaker of the House;

3 USC 19 (b) involves the ascension of the President pro tempore of the Senate;

3 USC 19 (c) says that someone acting under (a) or (b) continues to serve until the end of the current term unless a President-elect or Vice President-elect qualifies or the disability of the President and/or Vice President is removed.

3 USC 19 (d)(1) involves the ascension of members of the Cabinet to the Acting Presidency.

3 USC 19 (d)(2) says:

 * An individual acting as President under this subsection shall act until the expiration of the then current Presidential term, but not after a qualified and prior-entitled individual is able to act, except that the removal of the disability of an individual higher on the list contained in paragraph (1) or the ability to qualify on the part of an individual higher on such list SHALL NOT TERMINATE HIS SERVICE." (emphasis added)

That section - 3 USC 19 (d)(2) - limits itself specifically to this subsection -- thus, it limits itself to a Cabinet officer serving as Acting President. Such an Acting President will have his or her term of office terminated by a Speaker or President pro tempore who desires to serve as Acting President but not by a higher ranking Cabinet officer who becomes qualified to serve.

In the example mentioned in the now-reverted edit, the Acting Presidency of the Secretary of the Treasury will be ended by a Speaker of the House or President pro tempore of the Senate who wishes to and is qualified to serve but will not be ended by the qualification/availability of the Secretary of State.

The law itself can be found at Cornell Law school.

Hope this explains my edit to the article. JasonCNJ 14:52, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Appointment of VP by Acting President?
The 25th amendment gives the President the power to appoint a new Vice-President in the case of a vacancy. It also states that, if there is no President, the VP becomes President. So, let's suppose a situation in which the President and VP simultaneously, or in short succession, die. The Speaker of hte House becomes Acting President. Now, as there is a vacancy in the office of Vice-President, does the Acting President have power to appoint a new Vice-President? If so, wouldn't the new Vice-President then become President? Nik42 18:42, 23 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I would say "yes." From the text of the Succession Act and the 25th Amendment it appears that an Acting President of the United States (assuming office due to the death, resignation, or removal of the President & Vice President of the United States) does have the Constitutional and legal ability to nominate a Vice President of the United States, subject to the approval of Congress. Providing Congress consents to the nomination, the newly-confirmed Vice President would supercede the Acting President and be sworn into office as a full-fleged President of the United States. Of course, the standard disclaimer that "this-has-never-happened-so-who-really-knows?" applies. JasonCNJ 01:44, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * You're correct, the Vice President-nominee in such a situation (being nominated by the 'Acting President'), would (upon Congressional confirmation) automatically become President. GoodDay 20:21, 20 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Which begs the question: can a former Speaker of the House who is serving as Acting President due to the lack of both a President and a Vice-president, nominate himself to Congress for appointment as Vice-president under section 2 of the 25th amendment, thereby, upon confirmation and swearing-in, becoming President? Of course, due to the doubtful and speculative nature of such scenarios as far as the interpretation of Constitutional Law is concerned, I don't think they should be included in the article, as it would constitute original research.
 * I agree, there's no knowing of how such events would work out, since the Presidential succession has never gone beyond the Vice President. Trust me, if you check the Archives of this pages' 'talk page', you'll see that these are old debates. GoodDay 17:22, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

What happens to the vice president's office?
I don't know if this is the right place to ask this, but I'm trying to find information and can't find it in this or any article.

If the president is temporarily incapacitated and the vice president becomes acting president, does someone in turn become acting vice president? Is the presidential line of succession invoked here? Or is the office just left empty? I would appreciate it if someone in the know added this information for other people, because all I can find about this topic is that the vice president becomes acting president. Äþelwulf See my contributions. 05:14, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

There is no acting Vice President, as the Vice President has no duties which would need to be filled save presiding over the Senate, which is a role that the Senate already replaces him for most of the time, anyway. I'm not sure if the VP could, as acting president, also preside over the Senate - the Twenty-Fifth Amendment says nothing of the subject. I assume that's a question which will have to be resolved if it ever comes up. john k 05:25, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, if the Senate were voting on a particular bill that the Acting-President-slash-Vice-President supports, it would seem that he could, in his role as V.P., cast the tiebreaking vote in the Senate. In the book/film Advise and Consent, the President dies just as the Senate deadlocks on his nominee for Secretary of State.  The Vice President announces that he will not be breaking the tie, reports the death of his predecessor and confides that he'd rather pick his own Secretary of State.  This shows newfound decisiveness in the man and provides an upbeat ending.  However, it begs the question: as he now has assumed the Presidency, could he have still voted in his former role? WHPratt (talk) 19:35, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

No, the VP does not continue to preside over the senate when he is serving as acting president. The president pro tempore of the senate takes over that role. That's in Article 1 Section 3[5] of the Constitution. Curious georgianna (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 20:04, 7 June 2009 (UTC).

Harry S Truman or Harry S. Truman?
Yes, Harry Truman's middle name is "S"; so it is not necessary to add a period after the 'S'. However, it's not wrong, either. The first letter of his middle name is 'S"; it just happens to be the only letter of his middle name.

Truman himself approved of the use of "Harry S. Truman" during his lifetime. -- Terry Carroll 17:56, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Vice President vs Speaker etc.
Is there any difference, at all, between a President (a Vice President who succeeds on the death of the President) and an Acting President (a Speaker of the House, President Pro Tempore etc. who succeeds), other than semantics? There is obviously a difference between an Acting President who is serving temporarilly, while the President is incapacitated, in that, unlike a President, the Acting President can lose this office upon the Presidents resuming their duties. But what if the President is dead, or impeached etc. ? Is there a difference between holding the powers and duties of the Presidency, and actually being President, other than words? I'm thinking - could the Speaker/Acting President appoint themselves a Vice-President (it seems that, according to the above discussion, this would be a difference)? Could the Acting President be impeached? Would their time as Acting President (which, in theory, could be quite considerable), count with regards to the [22nd Amendment] which bars someone from serving more than two terms? If so, these things should be mentioned in the article. Does anyone have any answers? - 121.208.89.95 (talk) 08:29, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Scholars have been debating for years over how the Presidential Succession Act would be implemented. My guess is this: only until the Act is implemented (which hasn't happened yet), will we know how it will work out. GoodDay (talk) 18:39, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

"To date no one other than a Vice President has acted as President."
What about Ford? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.222.127.42 (talk) 13:57, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
 * What about him? He was Vice President prior to Nixon's resignation.  He'd acquired that position in an unusual manner, via the 25th amendment rather than an ordinary election, but he was still Vice President XinaNicole (talk) 20:07, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

Compensation
Federal law states that a person acting as president shall be paid the presidential salary. Does anyone know if Dick Cheney got a bump in pay the two times he was Acting President? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.214.49.51 (talk) 06:20, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Article 1 Text & Pro Temp Assumptions
The "Origin of the Position" section, misinterprets the text of The Article 1 Section 3, which has nothing to do with succession to the presidency. It addresses the role of the the Vice President IN THE SENATE and the role of the pro temp to act (as president of the senate) in the vice president's absence including when the vice president is unavailable because he is acting in the president's stead.

This misinterpretation seems to have driven some of the other analysis throughout this section, mostly in that it assumes that the pro temp had a constitutionally authorized place in the line of succession even before the succession act. For example, the "presidential disability before 1967" subsection refers to the succession rights of D.R. Atchison, B.F. Wade, etc. This stuff needs to be supported by some kind of scholarly authority.

Speaking of supporting notes, this entire "Origins" section needs a LOT more. It makes a number of claims about "disagreements" and "arguments" without identifying the parties to these disputes and without citing sources. Curious georgianna (talk) 18:34, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

I removed a large part of the Designated survivor section
I removed a large part of the Designated survivor section that was incorrect.

", in which President Pro Tempore Ted Stevens (R-Alaska) or Sen. Robert Byrd (D-West Virginia) was also a designated survivor – he or she would become the Acting President of the United States rather than the surviving Cabinet member. However it is unclear whether another legislator could do so without first being elected to that leadership position by a quorum of their respective house. To date, no one other than a Vice President has acted as President."

This paragraph is incorrect. The 25th Amendment states very clearly that only a Vice President can become President.

See below:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#/media/File:25th_Amendment_Pg1of2_AC.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#/media/File:25th_Amendment_Pg2of2_AC.jpg

Simmons123456 5:57 31/7/2015
 * I restored that material, but also clarified it so it now clearly states that the Speaker of the House, President pro tempore of the Senate, and Cabinet officers can only become Acting President. SMP0328. (talk) 23:50, 31 July 2015 (UTC)

Acting President during impeachment discussed when George W. Bush results in FL were in doubt
I remember that when the Supreme Ct. was considering FL, it was suggested that both Bush and his VP should be impeached for sending it to the Ct. improperly, and that if they were, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi would become Acting President during the impeachment, as they would be unable to carry out their duties, thus immediately becoming the first woman to hold Presidential powers. Could someone sufficiently knowledgeable comment on this? 24.90.104.148 (talk) 05:08, 25 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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What about 20th Amendment?
This article starts out with "The Acting President of the United States is a post that was created after the adoption of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution ...". However, the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution, section 3, contains:

"If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified."

It seems to me that this provides for two cases where someone can be Acting President (though these cases have never happened), and this existed before the 25th Amendment. --4.28.172.154 (talk) 21:25, 23 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you for pointing this out. The article has been updated to take into account the 20th Amendment. Jay Coop · Talk · Contributions 00:11, 24 January 2018 (UTC)

Infobox photos
User:Carlbergman added an infobox to the article, which I think is a good thing, but the photo treatment of the Bush and Cheney images appears ragged and sloppy. They're different sizes, for one thing, and stacked vertically, at least in desktop view. I changed it to use the multiple image template, which is exactly what that template is for, and I think is a big improvement. Carlbergman reverted, with the comment "That looks so much worse".

In the spirit of WP:BRD, having been Bold and been Reverted, I now Discuss. Which is the preferred layout?

 * without the multiple image template (desktop)
 * without the multiple image template (mobile)

 * with the multiple image template (desktop)
 * with the multiple image template (mobile)

This seems to be exactly why we have the multiple image template. if the width parameters need to be tuned, I would certainly be okay with that, of course.

BTW, Carlbergman, when I was trying to copy your edit summary, I accidentally hit "revert" as the still-loading page was shifted under my mouse pointer. I quickly re-reverted myself, but I don't want you to think I was intentionally reverting you there. TJRC (talk) 01:11, 4 April 2018 (UTC)
 * No response in three weeks, so I am restoring the infobox edit. TJRC (talk) 19:28, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

Acting President Recognized in Infoboxes
The two individuals listed on this page served as Acting President. Shouldn't that be reflected in the infobox on those respective pages? This is a request for consensus. -- Sleyece (talk) 15:57, 2 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Serving in the most important office under the U.S. Constitution, however brief, should be reflected in the infobox. -- Sleyece (talk) 15:57, 2 October 2018 (UTC)
 * this isn't the proper place for your request, as it does not pertain to improving this article. Please post your idea at Talk:George H. W. Bush and Talk:Dick Cheney. There it will get on-topic attention. Cheers. Drdpw (talk) 02:32, 3 October 2018 (UTC)
 * This is the proper place for my request, IMO. It is a question of how we infobox this particular office. It's not really about the individuals who have held the position. -- Sleyece (talk) 10:46, 3 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Neither held any position at that time, other then the vice presidency. What the did was hold the powers and duties of the presidency. GoodDay (talk) 23:30, 23 October 2018 (UTC)
 * No, the names of G.H.W.B. & D.C. do not belong in this article's infobox. The template on this page is about the post, rather than the two persons who have briefly acted as president of the United States. Both men are mentioned at the end of the introduction, and are featured prominently in the body of the article. Drdpw (talk) 00:34, 24 October 2018 (UTC)

Acting President should be clarified
The Acting President section for Cheney should be clarified to make it clear it was two separate terms and not one full duration. Dogblock (talk) 23:24, 13 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I've tweaked the table to make it more clear that Cheney was acting president on two separate occasions. Cheers. Drdpw (talk) 16:14, 14 May 2019 (UTC)

Examples of vice president incapable
"The Article II succession clause authorizes Congress to designate which federal officeholders would accede to the presidency in the event that the vice president were unable to do so, a situation which has occurred on three occasions." could we have some sources or just general info on when this happened? or am I misunderstanding. Sure more than 3 presidents have been removed / left / shot early, but has the speaker or other successions even happened? thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Speedyplane2247 (talk • contribs) 15:09, 19 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing out this statement, which was inaccurate, and which has been corrected –such a situation has never arisen. Cheers. Drdpw (talk) 16:29, 19 December 2019 (UTC)

Pointless table
Why do we need a big table with big photos for three instances? Why not just "George H W Bush served as Acting President on while Reagan was undergoing colon cancer surgery. Cheney served as AP twice, first on, second on , while Pres. Bush underwent colonoscopies under sedation." --jpgordon𝄢𝄆 𝄐𝄇 15:14, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I'd have no problem with removing the table. The information in its "Date (time) and reason" column could be put into paragraph form with images of Bush and Cheney positioned to one side or centered below. Drdpw (talk) 16:10, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I've no objections to deletion, since Bush & Cheney (twice) had very brief tenures as acting president. We can always add this back in the future, if a vice president assuming the role of acting president for at least multiple days. GoodDay (talk) 16:17, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Done. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆 𝄐𝄇 18:18, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

Qualifications
Should we mention the qualifications for the presidency & vice presidency are exactly the 'same'? GoodDay (talk) 20:53, 22 October 2021 (UTC)
 * No, as the qualifications for the vice presidency, even though exactly the 'same', are tangential here. Stating "and of the vice presidency" is unnecessary. It enough that the article mentions the qualifications for the presidency. Drdpw (talk) 21:20, 22 October 2021 (UTC)
 * One exception, only the veep succeeds to the presidency & only the veep can assume presidential powers & duties under Sections 3 & 4 of the 25th amendment. As for the 1947 succession act? Nobody 'truly' knows how it'll be invoked, as the presidential powers & duties have 'never' devolved beyond the vice president. Though rare, it's possible that 'nobody' could be eligible to assume the presidential powers & duties, under the 1947 Act. Indeed, scholars have found many contradictions in the 1947 Act. GoodDay (talk) 22:08, 22 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Regardless, the paragraph you edited was about the qualifications stated in Article II, Section 1, Clause 5, which addresses the office of the presidency only. It is the XXII Amendment which provides that no individual constitutionally ineligible to the office of president would be eligible to serve as vice president. Drdpw (talk) 22:41, 22 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I still say we should include the vice presidency. But, have it your way. GoodDay (talk) 22:43, 22 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Then add an additional sentence to the paragraph stating something like: "The Vice President, by virtue of the Twelfth Amendment, is already held to these eligibility requirements." Drdpw (talk) 23:11, 22 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Do as you see fit. GoodDay (talk) 23:19, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

David Rice Atcheson
He was acting President for a day, although this is controversial. Shouldn't this be mentioned?Notwisconsin (talk) 17:10, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

 * No, as there is no truth to the idea that Atchison was the nation's acting president for a day. Though a persistent tale, this myth has been thoroughly debunked by scholars.

"In 1925 historian George Haynes—an authority on the Senate—dismissed the claims of Atchison’s presidency. The clearest indication that Atchison was not president, he noted, was the fact that Atchison’s existing term as senator and, more importantly, as president pro tempore, had ended at noon on March 4. The position of president pro tempore was, in fact, vacant. Atchison was not elected to the position again until the Senate's special session convened at noon on March 5. Minutes later the president and vice president took their oaths. "David Rice Atchison: (Not) President for a Day" November 13, 2020. By Senate Historical Office."

 * It's arguably worth a "see also" entry, though: David Rice Atchison, sometimes claimed to have been acting president for one day. TJRC (talk) 01:36, 20 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Nope. Besides, oath or no oath, Taylor & Fillmore became president & vice president at Noon EST, on 4 March 1849 anyway. GoodDay (talk) 07:05, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
 * You are looking at the situation through a 20th/21st century lens. The fact that the issue (regarding whether Atchison had been the nation's acting president on March 4–5, 1849) arose at all demonstrates that legal and procedural precedents concerning when persons actually cease-to-be and actually become POTUS or VPOTUS were not yet firmly established – wording in the Constitution and in federal law was not so clear-cut. Drdpw (talk) 15:47, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
 * The presidency has never been vacant. Either wise, we'd be reflecting the opposite, every time a re-elected president took his oath of office minutes after Noon EST on inauguration day. Anyways, Atchison wasn't even president pro tempore of the US Senate during the roughly 24 hr window, from when Taylor's & Fillmore's terms began, until when they both took office. GoodDay (talk) 15:53, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Regardless of any 19th century assertions to the contrary, Atchison was never the nation's acting president. therefore, a link to his bio article is not really warranted. Drdpw (talk) 17:00, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Agreed. GoodDay (talk) 19:39, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

Table vs. narrative
For the examples of post-25th Amendment invocations of section 3, it seems far more sensible to have a table than a verbal narrative with separate image gallery. Neutralitytalk 03:13, 20 November 2021 (UTC)
 * There was a table prior to August 2020. It was deleted after a brief discussion (see it up-page). I'm fine with the current layout, and see no reason to add the table back until a vice president assumes the role of acting president for at least multiple days. Drdpw (talk) 03:44, 20 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Need I point out that "we" (by which I mean: not I) should coordinate with Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, eliminating duplication? EEng 04:58, 20 November 2021 (UTC)
 * You need to be a little more specific here, as some duplication of material between the two articles is inevitable. Drdpw (talk) 11:04, 20 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Invocations of 25A Section 3 are a special case of this article's topic, so all the material there on Section 3 should be merged here, leaving just a pointer behind. EEng 14:43, 20 November 2021 (UTC)
 * That conversation is off-topic here in this thread, but sounds like a worthwhile subject for a wp:RFC; non-invocations of the amendment and times when it's invocation has been called for would as well. Drdpw (talk) 15:15, 20 November 2021 (UTC)
 * No, it's not off topic. When the material here's being reworked, that's a great time to do a related task. Unless someone sees a problem with it, what would we need an RfC for? It's not a big deal. Finally, what do you mean by non-invocations of the amendment and times when it's invocation has been called for would as well? EEng 17:54, 20 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I was thinking about the several instances (listed in that article's Section 4 subsection) where invoking the Amendment was contemplated or suggested but not carried out, and Trump's apparent avoidance of invoking Section 3 in 2019. Drdpw (talk) 20:06, 20 November 2021 (UTC)
 * That stuff would remain over there, along with a link saying to come here to find all the instances of actual acting-ness. It makes little sense to have that stuff there and here as well. But having said that... looking now at this article, after you discount the stuff which is really about 25A and its invocations there's really very little left -- just a paragraph about 20A plus the subsection Acting_president_of_the_United_States. So I'm wondering if I have it backwards: perhaps this article should be merged into a combined 25A-and-Acting-President article, with an integrated presentation. <b style="color:red;">E</b><b style="color:blue;">Eng</b> 21:48, 20 November 2021 (UTC)
 * EEng, a combined presentation (merge/redirect) seems like a good idea to me. As for the table vs. narrative question, it seems bizarre to me to have a WP:PROSELINE style textual summary, plus a random image gallery (both of which are discouraged) rather than a clean, integrated table. Neutralitytalk 21:01, 21 November 2021 (UTC)
 * how about this for a clean, integrated table? It puts the bulleted prose paragraphs into table format without the table looking like a standard "list of" table for people who were sworn into a government position; it also eliminates the random/hanging gallery.
 * how about this for a clean, integrated table? It puts the bulleted prose paragraphs into table format without the table looking like a standard "list of" table for people who were sworn into a government position; it also eliminates the random/hanging gallery.

Three vice presidents have served as acting president while the president underwent a medical procedure. Drdpw (talk) 17.05, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

 * That's not really a table; it's just a bullet list with lines drawn around each entry. I'm thinking something more like this.

Vice presidents have served as acting president on four occasions, in each case while the president was under sedation or anesthesia for medical procedures: I've left out the images because they're overused in such stuff. This is just a table of facts. I've also omitted re Harris being the first woman etc etc, because that belongs in her article; there are lots of firsts I suppose we could point out but don't.

The more I look at it, the more apparent it is that almost everything here is already in the 25A article, and what little isn't can be quite comfortably integrated there, leaving this page a redirect. <b style="color:red;">E</b><b style="color:blue;">Eng</b> 00:40, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

 * That is a concise "just the facts" table. Regarding the future of the page itself, lead section material from this article could easily be integrated into the 'Vacancies and succession' section of the POTUS article with the acting president page redirecting there. That is possibly a more apropos redirect target – an issue that can be hashed-out in a move/merge discussion. Drdpw (talk) 02:25, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Well there's the 25A article; the POTUS article section you mention; Presidential Succession Act, and United States presidential line of succession. I'm not exactly sure of the right relationship among all those, but I'm sure this article can be dispensed with, and merging it into 25A seems the best way to do that, subject to later adjustment with respect to those other articles. <b style="color:red;">E</b><b style="color:blue;">Eng</b> 02:36, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
 * The article is alright as is. Let's not attempt to fix something, that isn't broken. GoodDay (talk) 07:01, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
 * , I like your table. Agree that the photos can be dispensed with. Neutralitytalk 18:26, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
 * A table is probably the best alternative for replacing the current (and discouraged) proseline text, and as there appears to agreement for table formatting and for doing away with the photo gallery, I have gone ahead and put the information, minus the pictures, into table format. Drdpw (talk) 20:14, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

I guess I've been outvoted on this one. Oh well. GoodDay (talk) 17:47, 25 November 2021 (UTC)


text:
USS Detroit (CL-8)

USS Detroit (CL-8) was an Omaha-class cruiser light cruiser, originally classified as a scout cruiser, of the United States Navy. She was the fourth Navy ship named for the city of Detroit, Michigan. She spent her first eight years as part of the Scouting Fleet either in the Atlantic or Mediterranean. Her first duty was to assist in the USAAS's first aerial circumnavigation of the world in 1924 and transported the United States Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg, in 1927, from Ireland to France for the negotiations that led to the signing of the Kellogg-Briand Pact. In 1931 she joined the Battle Force, where her home port was San Diego until moving to Pearl Harbor in 1941. Detroit was moored next to her sister USS Raleigh (CL-7) when the Japanese attacked on the morning of 7 December 1941.

Built in Quincy, Massachusetts
Detroit ordered 4 March 1917 with the contract being awarded to Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation's Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts, on 21 August 1917. She was laid down on 10 November 1920 and launched 29 June 1922. Her sponsor was Miss M. Couzens, daughter of James J. Couzens, the Mayor of Detroit, Michigan. Detroit was commissioned on 31 July 1923, with Captain J. Halligan, Jr. in command.

Detroit was 550 ft long at the waterline with an overall length of 555 ft, her beam was 55 ft and a mean draft of 13 ft. Her standard displacement was 7050 LT and 9508 LT at full load. Her crew, during peace time, consisted of 29 officers and 429 enlisted men.

Detroit was powered by four Curtis steam turbines geared steam turbines, each driving one screw, using steam generated by 12 Yarrow boilers. The engines were designed to produce 90000 ihp and reach a top speed of 35 kn. She was designed to provide a range of 10000 nmi at a speed of 10 kn, but was only capable of 8460 nmi at a speed of 10 kn

Detroit's main armament went through many changes while she was being designed. Originally she was to mount ten 6 in/53 caliber guns; two on either side at the waist, with the remaining eight mounted in tiered casemates on either side of the fore and aft superstructures. After America's entry into World War I the US Navy worked alongside the Royal Navy and it was decided to mount four 6-in/53 caliber guns in two twin gun turrets fore and aft and keep the eight guns in the tiered casemates so that she would have an eight gun broadside and, due to limited arcs of fire from the casemate guns, four to six guns firing fore or aft. Her secondary armament consisted of two 3 in/50 caliber anti-aircraft guns in single mounts. Detroit was initially built with the capacity to carry 224 mines, but these were removed early in her career to make way for more crew accommodations. She also carried two triple and two twin, above-water, torpedo tube mounts for 21 in torpedoes. The triple mounts were fitted on either side of the upper deck, aft of the aircraft catapults, and the twin mounts were one deck lower on either side, covered by hatches in the side of the hull.

The ship lacked a full-length waterline armor belt. The sides of her boiler and engine rooms and steering gear were protected by 3 in of armor. The transverse bulkheads at the end of her machinery rooms were 1.5 in thick forward and three inches thick aft. The deck over the machinery spaces and steering gear had a thickness of 1.5 inches. The gun turrets were not armored and only provided protection against muzzle blast and the conning tower had 1.5 inches of armor. Detroit carried two floatplanes aboard that were stored on the two catapults. Initially these were probably Vought VE-9s until the early 1930s when the ship may have operated OJ-2 until 1935 and Curtiss SOC Seagulls until 1940 when Vought OS2U Kingfishers were used on ships without hangars.

Armament changes
During her career Detroit went through several armament changes, some of these changes were to save weight, but others were to increase her AA armament. The lower torpedo tube mounts proved to be very wet and were removed, and the openings plated over, before the start of World War II. Another change made before the war was to increase the 3-inch guns to eight, all mounted in the ship's waist. After 1940, the lower aft 6-inch guns were removed and the casemates plated over for the same reason as the lower torpedo mounts, and in 1944, the upper fore 6-in guns were removed. The ship's anti-aircraft armament were augmented by five twin 40 mm Bofors guns along with 12 20 mm Oerlikon cannons by the end of the war.

Inter-war period
After a shakedown cruise to the Mediterranean, Detroit joined the Scouting Fleet for exercises and maneuvers along the east coast and in the Mediterranean. From September–October 1924, she was on lifeguard station for the USAAS's round-the-world flight, then served as flagship for Commander, Light Cruiser Divisions until 23 November. After overhaul at Boston, she sailed on 2 February 1925 for the west coast and fleet maneuvers along the coast and in Hawaiian waters. She returned to Boston on 10 July with the Scouting Fleet.

As flagship for Commander, Light Cruiser Division 3, from July 1925 to March 1926 and July to December 1926, Detroit continued to participate in maneuvers and fleet problems along the east coast and in the Caribbean. From March–April 1927, she patrolled off the coast of Nicaragua to protect American interests during political disturbances there.

Detroit sailed from Boston on 16 June as flagship for Commander, US Naval Forces in Europe. She made goodwill visits to various ports in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, and received official visits from the Kings of Norway, Denmark, and Spain, and the President of the Irish Free State. She also transported Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg between Ireland and France for the talks which led the following year to the signing of the Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact.

The cruiser returned to Norfolk, Virginia, on 12 September 1928, for duty with the Scouting Fleet, serving as flagship for Commander, Light Cruiser Divisions, from 6 July 1929 to 29 September 1930. In January 1931, she sailed for a combined fleet problem off Balboa, then became flagship for Commander, Destroyer Squadrons, Battle Force on 19 March 1931, based on San Diego, California. In 1931, Captain Nathan Post was placed in command. Detroit's operations included exercises along the west coast and maneuvers in Alaskan and Hawaiian waters. Except for a fleet problem in the Atlantic in 1934, she remained in the Pacific with the Battle Force, operating from her base at San Diego.

In 1941, Detroit's home port became Pearl Harbor. She was moored at her base with USS Raleigh (CL-7) and USS Utah (BB-31) when the Japanese attacked on 7 December. The other two ships bore the brunt of an attack by six torpedo planes. Despite several strafing passes, Detroit was able to get underway safely and set up an anti-aircraft fire which accounted for several planes. Only one of Detroit's crew members was injured during the Japanese attack, Lester Silva, who received a Purple Heart. Once clear of Pearl Harbor she was ordered to sail at once to join up with the light cruisers USS Phoenix (CL-46) and USS St. Louis (CL-49) and two destroyers to investigate the west coast of Oahu for any indications of a landing by the Japanese, then to join the search for the retiring Japanese force.

World War II
Returning to Pearl Harbor on 10 December, Detroit took up convoy escort duty between her home port and the West coast. On one of these voyages (on or after 3 March), she took 9 short tons (260,000 ozt; 8 metric tons) of gold and 13 short tons (350,000 ozt; 12 metric tons) of silver from USS Trout (SS-202) (which had evacuated it from Corregidor) and delivered them to the United States Treasury Department at San Francisco. In September 1942, Detroit escorted two convoys to Naval Station Tutuila in Pago Pago, American Samoa, rescuing the crew of a downed PBY Catalina during one passage.

Detroit sailed from San Francisco on 10 November 1942 for Kodiak, Alaska, to become flagship for Commander, Task Group 8.6 (TG 8.6), and patrol between Adak and Attu Islands to prevent further enemy penetration of the Aleutians. On 12 January 1943, she covered the unopposed landings made on Amchitka to gain a base from which to cut the Japanese Supply line, and after repairs at Bremerton from February–March, returned to patrol duty to intercept reinforcements trying to reach the Japanese garrisons on Kiska and Attu. In April, she bombarded Holtz Bay and Chichagof Harbor on Attu, returning the next month to join in the assault and capture of the island. In August, under the command of Captain H. G. Sickel, she took part in the bombardments of Kiska, then covered the landings of 15 August which revealed that the island had been secretly evacuated.

Detroit remained in Alaskan waters until 1944, operating with the covering group for the western Aleutian bases. In June, she saw action with Task Force 94 (TF 94) during the bombardment of shore installations in the Kuriles. She sailed from Adak on 25 June, and after repairs at Bremerton, arrived at Balboa, Panama on 9 August to serve as temporary flagship of the Southeast Pacific Force. She patrolled on the west coast of South America until December.

Clearing San Francisco on 16 January 1945, Detroit arrived at Ulithi on 4 February for duty with the 5th Fleet. She acted as flagship for the replenishment group serving the fast carrier task forces until the end of the war, and entered Tokyo Bay on 1 September. Detroit was one of two ships present at both Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 and the signing of the Japanese surrender (the other being USS West Virginia (BB-48)). Detroit continued to direct replenishment operations for the Occupation fleet and in addition, the repatriation of Japanese to the home islands from Pacific bases. She left Tokyo Bay on 15 October for the United States with returning servicemen on board, as part of Operation Magic Carpet.

Detroit was decommissioned at Philadelphia on 11 January 1946, and sold for scrap on 27 February.

Awards

 * American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp
 * American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg American Campaign Medal
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with six battle stars
 * World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg World War II Victory Medal
 * Army of Occupation ribbon.svg Navy Occupation Service Medal

Legacy
Detroit Seamount of the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain is named after Detroit.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USS Detroit (CL-8)


text:
List of Allied convoys during World War II by region

This is a List of Allied convoys during World War II by region.


text:
Talk:Islam in the Netherlands

Untitled
Dear Sirs, I am A Saudi Arabian PhD Holder since 30 years. I saw the Interview done today by Mr. Radi Suudi with the Ex-Amsterdam Mayor. I was very impressed with the discussion and would like to communicate with both of them Please send me their e-mails. I do not speak dutch, but I was reading the Arabic Translation. Regards, Dr. Hilmi K. Turky

I removed the "controversy" part because i thought it wasn't NPOV nor factual correct. the deleted part was:

Controversy
The general consensus of the current cabinet (Second Balkenende cabinet) is that they find the threat of Islam quite bothering. Especially the right-wing political VVD are of the opinion that the Islamic community inside the Netherlands must be restricted and have less rights, for example founding Islamic schools. Moreover a member of the second cabinet, Ayaan Hirsi Ali (also a VVD member), became very controversial when she made some comments about Muhammad, the founder of Islam. She accused him of being a tyrant and an abuser of women.

The things i had problems with are: 1. The general consensus of the current cabinet (Second Balkenende cabinet) is that they find the threat of Islam quite bothering.

What is the source of this ? isn't it closer to the truth that they find not islam itself, but extreme islam "quite bothering" as well as some problems caused by som morrocan youth possibly linked to a failing integration?

2. Especially the right-wing political VVD are of the opinion that the Islamic community inside the Netherlands must be restricted and have less rights, for example founding Islamic schools.

the thing some peaople in the VVD wants is restriction on founding religious schools in general. of course, the reason they want to do this is their fear for muslim schools being a obstacle in integration. Wilders, who is not in the VVD anymore, has been quoted recently saying he wants to limit rights for muslims. i do not know wether he said that litterally or it was a quote out of context.

3. Moreover a member of the second cabinet, Ayaan Hirsi Ali (also a VVD member), became very controversial when she made some comments about Muhammad, the founder of Islam. She accused him of being a tyrant and an abuser of women.

one this is basically correct, except Hirsi Ali is not a member of cabinet Balkenende II, but a member of parliament.

1 million
There are one million people with a 'muslim' background in the Netherlands. All Iranians are counted for expamle, but many of them have christian backgrounds. And not all of people that really have muslim backgrounds are practicising muslims. There are less then 500 musks in the country. If similar methods to the ones used to count for example Catholics are used, 200,000 to 300,000 is more likely.

No, the bulk of Dutch Muslims is made up out of Moroccans and Turks, almost all of whom are Muslim, and of whom there are a LOT more than 300,000.

 * This is not true, the number has in fact been declining for several years now. Only 66% of second generation Turks in the Netherlands are muslim, and over 60% of all Iranians are atheist as well. I thought the number of Moroccan atheists was something around 10 to 15%. So in fact you can't say 'allmost all of them are Muslim'. I think the number of around 700.000-800.000 is very reasonable.NeoRetro (talk) 16:22, 16 October 2011 (UTC)

Expansion of page
Hi, I've added a lot of new information to the page, about the countries of origin, geographical spread of Muslim population, income, housing, education and employment, political participation, relations between Muslims and native Dutch, and radicalisation of some young Muslims. I'm done for a while now though! If there are any issues with any of the info I added, I'll gladly adapt though. Thanks to Misheu for already doing some reformatting of the (sub)topics. No-itsme 14:07, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I apologize for butting in all the time.. Had I known you were going to add so much, i would have waited with my little changes. You certainly gave me more ideas for additions to this entry Misheu 19:24, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

 * No, no, your formatting corrections (categorisation in topics/subtopics, spelling) were very useful, thank you. No-itsme 21:20, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

Dutch East Indies
This article fails to mention the Dutch East Indies, today the Republic of Indonesia, which was colonized and governed by the Dutch for 350 years. The Republic of Indonesia is the state with the largest Muslim population in the world and there was only about a century of overlap between the adoption of Islam an the start of colonization. This means that formally from 1800 up to 1949 the Netherlands were the empire/state with the largest Muslim population in the world. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.93.142.210 (talk) 21:01, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Lack of Citation
Sorry about adding a new section in; my edit didn't fit into any of the others. I removed the tables involving muslim demographics by city, including the one regarding baby names, due to a lack of citation for almost two years (since 2012). Wikipedia rules state that I should include the removed portion in the talk page, so here it is.

Dual citizenship.
It is strange that no difference is made between a Dutch born with dual nationality and a foreigner with dual nationality, one of them being Dutch.

It is just as strange, that cabinet members in Dutch congress go out of their way to favour cheap migrant labour, with dual passport, while narry a thought is made about Dutch born, or children of dutch citizens born overseas, with dual citizenship

Seems to me that the Dutch cabinet has a severity of demencia about their own, and favour being bribed in order to migrate to, for example the United States of North America, then to make certain a form of quo is maintained.

Question for these cabinet members would be> Do you REALLY think, that your sons and daughters would not be held to account, that is, if you had them? A clear question, without doubt one that they themselves would refuse to ask themselves.

I suppose most any is awaiting the book: The selling of Europe to the Middle East, by Petroleum Today.

What are those statistics, in reality? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.39.126.16 (talk) 21:17, 9 July 2017 (UTC)
 * What on earth are you talking about. None of the sentences you just posted makes any sense at all.NeoRetro (talk) 06:13, 13 July 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Islam in the Netherlands


text:
Sydney, Lady Morgan

Sydney, Lady Morgan (née Owenson; 25 December 1781? – 14 April 1859), was an Irish novelist, best known for The Wild Irish Girl (1806), a romantic, and some critics suggest, "proto-feminist", novel with political and patriotic overtones. Her work, including continental travelogues, sparked controversy and faced censorship. She counted Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron among her defenders.

Early life
Sydney Owenson was the daughter of Robert Owenson, alias MacOwen, and Jane Hill. Robert Owenson was an Irish Catholic and a professional actor, noted for his comedic performances. He had been raised in London, and while in England he met and married Jane Hill, the Protestant daughter of a trader from Shrewsbury. In 1776 Owenson and his wife returned to Ireland for good. The couple settled in Dublin and Owenson earned a living by performing in theatres around Dublin, Drumcondra, and Sligo. Around 1778 the couple gave birth to Sydney, who was named after her paternal grandmother. The exact date of Sydney's birth remains unknown; one of Sydney's idiosyncrasies was that she was prone to be elusive about her actual age. Later in life, she would claim that she was born on 25 December 1785, a fabrication she maintained to such an extent that even on her death certificate there is no certainty about her age, stating that she was "about 80 years".

Sydney spent the earliest years of her childhood at the Owensons' home at 60 Dame Street in Dublin with her mother Jane and sister Olivia. Sydney was primarily educated by her mother, but she also received tutoring from a young boy named Thomas Dermody, a local prodigy whom their father had rescued from poverty. Her mother died in 1789 when Sydney was about ten years old, and her father sent her and her sister away to private schools to finish their education. Sydney spent three years at a Huguenot academy at Clontarf and then attended a finishing school in Earl Street, Dublin. After completing school Sydney moved with her father to Sligo.

In 1798 the Owenson family was experiencing some financial hardships and Sydney was forced to leave home in search of employment. She was hired as a governess by the Featherstones of Bracklyn Castle, County Westmeath. In this environment, she blossomed into an avid reader, a capable conversationalist, and an unabashed performer of songs and dances. It was at this period in her life that she began her writing career.

Career

She was one of the most vivid and hotly discussed literary figures of her generation. She began her career with a precocious volume of poems. She collected Irish tunes, for which she composed the words, thus setting a fashion adopted with signal success by Thomas Moore. Her novel St. Clair (1804), about ill-judged marriage, ill-starred love and impassioned nature worship, in which the influence of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (specifically his novel The Sorrows of Young Werther) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau was apparent, at once attracted attention. Another novel, The Novice of St. Dominick (1806), was also praised for its qualities of imagination and description.

But the book which made her reputation and brought her name into warm controversy was The Wild Irish Girl (1806), in which she appeared as the ardent champion of her native country, a politician rather than a novelist, extolling the beauty of Irish scenery, the richness of the natural wealth of Ireland, and the noble traditions of its early history. Given the moral and intellectual strengths of her heroine, the novel's embodiment of Irish nationhood, Glorvina, it has also been described as "proto feminist". In Catholic and Liberal circles she often referred as Gloria or Glorvina..

Patriotic Sketches and Metrical Fragments followed in 1807. She published The Missionary: An Indian Tale in 1811, revising it shortly before her death as Luxima, the Prophetess. Percy Bysshe Shelley admired The Missionary intensely and Owenson's heroine is said to have influenced some of his own orientalist productions.

Miss Owenson entered the household of John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Abercorn, and in 1812 — persuaded by Lady Abercorn, the former Lady Anne Jane Gore — she married the philosopher and surgeon to the household, Sir Thomas Charles Morgan, but books continued to flow from her facile pen.

In 1814 she produced her best novel, O'Donnell. She was at her best in her descriptions of the poorer classes, of whom she had a thorough knowledge. Her elaborate study (1817) of France under the Bourbon Restoration was attacked with outrageous fury by John Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review, the author being accused of Jacobinism, falsehood, licentiousness, and impiety. Her heroines were violently removed from what Croker considered their proper sphere as "a useful friend, a faithful wife, a tender mother, and a respectable and happy mistress of a family". Owenson took her revenge indirectly in the novel Florence Macarthy (1818) —translated into French by Jacques-Théodore Parisot—, in which a Quarterly reviewer, Con Crawley, is insulted with supreme feminine ingenuity.

Italy, a companion work to her France, was published in 1821 with appendices by her husband. It was proscribed by the King of Sardinia, the Emperor of Austria and the Pope, but Lord Byron bore testimony to the justness of its pictures of life. The results of Italian historical studies were given in her Life and Times of Salvator Rosa (1823). Then she turned again to Irish manners and politics with a matter-of-fact book on Absenteeism (1825), and a romantic novel with political overtones, The O'Briens and the O'Flahertys (1827). From William Lamb, Viscount Melbourne, Lady Morgan obtained a pension of £300. During the later years of her long life she published The Book of the Boudoir (1829), Dramatic Scenes from Real Life (1833), The Princess (1835), Woman and her Master (1840), The Book without a Name (1841), and Passages from my Autobiography (1859).

In 1838, Sir Thomas and Lady Morgan moved to a new home on the Cubitt estate, Knightsbridge, near Lowndes Square. Lady Morgan began a successful campaign to have a new gate opened into Hyde Park from Knightsbridge, the present day Albert Gate.

Sir Thomas died in 1843, and Lady Morgan died on 14 April 1859 (aged about 82) and was buried in Brompton Cemetery, London.

Legacy
Before her death in 1859, Lady Morgan enlisted the help of her friend Geraldine Jewsbury to help write her memoirs. The two had originally met in 1853 when Jewsbury newly arrived in London. Lady Morgan became friends with Geraldine and helped her live a single life while in London. When Jewsbury wrote her friend's memoirs, she spoke of Lady Morgan's kindness and friendship in which she showed to Geraldine.

Lady Morgan's autobiography and many interesting letters were edited with a memoir by William Hepworth Dixon in 1862.

There is a bust of Lady Morgan in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. The plaque identifying the bust mentions that Lady Morgan was "less than four feet tall."

Another bust by David d'Angers is exhibited in his museum in Angers (France).

Works
For a full list see Ricorso.

Novels

 * St. Clair; or, First Love (1802)
 * The Novice of St. Dominick (1806)
 * The Wild Irish Girl (1806)
 * Woman; or, Ida of Athens (1809)
 * The Missionary: An Indian Tale (1811)
 * O’Donnel: a National Tale (1814)
 * Florence Macarthy: An Irish Tale (1818)
 * The O’Briens and the O’Flahertys: A National Tale (1827)
 * The Princess; or, The Beguine (1835)

Poetry

 * Poems dedicated by permission to the Countess of Moira (1801)
 * Twelve Original Hibernian Melodies (1805)
 * The Lay of the Irish Harp; or, Metrical Fragments (1807)

Drama

 * First Attempt; or, the Whim of the Moment (1807)

Autobiography

 * Passages from My Autobiography (1859)
 * Lady Morgan's Memoirs, Autobiographies, Diaries and Correspondence (1862)

Other

 * A Few Reflections Occasioned by the Perusal of a Work entitled Familiar Epistles (1804)
 * Patriotic Sketches of Ireland (1807)
 * France (1817)
 * Italy (1821)
 * The Life and Times of Salvator Rosa (1824)
 * Absenteeism (1825)
 * The Book of the Boudoir (1829)
 * France in 1829-1830 (1830)
 * Dramatic Scenes of Real Life (1833)
 * Review of Preferment; or, My Uncle the Earl, by Mrs. Gore (1839)
 * Woman and Her Master (1840)
 * The Book Without a Name (with Sir Charles Morgan) (1841)
 * Letter to Cardinal Wiseman (1851)

title: Sydney, Lady Morgan


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Shimba Hills National Reserve

The Shimba Hills National Reserve is a small National Reserve in the former Coast Province of Kenya, 33 km from Mombasa and 15 km from the coast. The reserve is an area of coastal rainforest, woodland and grassland. It is an important area for plant biodiversity – over 50% of the 159 rare plants in Kenya are found in the Shimba Hills, including some endangered species of cycad and orchids. It is also a nationally important site for birds and butterflies.

There are estimated to be approximately 700 elephants in the reserve. This population is unsustainably high – it causes significant damage to vegetation, threatening the endangered plant life. The conflict between humans and elephants has also reached critical levels. North of the reserve, the Mwaluganje Elephant Sanctuary has been established to provide a route for elephants to leave the park. The remainder of the park boundary is fenced to prevent the elephants from invading farmland. The Kenya Wildlife Service has plans to relocate up to 400 elephants from Shimba to Tsavo East National Park in 2005.

Shimba Hills contains Kenya's only population of sable antelope. There are about 100 in the park.

title: Shimba Hills National Reserve


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USS Trenton (CL-11)

USS Trenton (CL-11) was an Omaha-class cruiser light cruiser, originally classified as a scout cruiser, of the United States Navy. She was the second Navy ship named for the city of Trenton, New Jersey. She spent most of her pre-war career moving between the Atlantic and the Pacific. Trenton joined the Special Service Squadron in 1934, for a good-will tour of Latin America. In May 1939, she would join Squadron 40-T in protecting American interests during the Spanish Civil War and not return to the US until July 1940, when she carried the royal family of Luxembourg, fleeing from the Nazi occupation of their country.

Built in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Trenton was authorized on 1 July 1918, and assigned to William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia on 24 January 1919. She was laid down on 18 August 1920, and launched on 16 April 1923, sponsored by Miss Katherine E. Donnelly. Trenton was commissioned on 3 November 1923, with future Admiral, Captain Edward C. Kalbfus in command.

Trenton was 550 ft long at the waterline with an overall length of 555 ft, her beam was 55 ft and a mean draft of 13 ft. Her standard displacement was 7050 LT and 9508 LT at full load. Her crew, during peace time, consisted of 29 officers and 429 enlisted men.

Trenton was powered by four Parsons steam turbines geared steam turbines, each driving one screw, using steam generated by 12 White-Forster boilers. The engines were designed to produce 90,000 ihp and reach a top speed of 35 kn. She was designed to provide a range of 10000 nmi at a speed of 10 kn, but was only capable of 8,460 nmi at a speed of 10 kn

Trenton's main armament went through many changes while she was being designed. Originally she was to mount ten 6 in/53 caliber guns; two on either side at the waist, with the remaining eight mounted in tiered casemates on either side of the fore and aft superstructures. After America's entry into World War I the US Navy worked alongside the Royal Navy and it was decided to mount four 6-in/53 caliber guns in two twin gun turrets fore and aft and keep the eight guns in the tiered casemates so that she would have an eight gun broadside and, due to limited arcs of fire from the casemate guns, four to six guns firing fore or aft. Her secondary armament consisted of two 3 in/50 caliber anti-aircraft guns in single mounts. Trenton was initially built with the capacity to carry 224 mines, but these were removed early in her career to make way for more crew accommodations. She also carried two triple and two twin, above-water, torpedo tube mounts for 21 in torpedoes. The triple mounts were fitted on either side of the upper deck, aft of the aircraft catapults, and the twin mounts were one deck lower on either side, covered by hatches in the side of the hull.

The ship lacked a full-length waterline armor belt. The sides of her boiler and engine rooms and steering gear were protected by 3 in of armor. The transverse bulkheads at the end of her machinery rooms were 1.5 in thick forward and three inches thick aft. The deck over the machinery spaces and steering gear had a thickness of 1.5 inches. The gun turrets were not armored and only provided protection against muzzle blast and the conning tower had 1.5 inches of armor. Trenton carried two floatplanes aboard that were stored on the two catapults. Initially these were probably Vought VE-9s until the early 1930s when the ship may have operated OJ-2 until 1935 and Curtiss SOC Seagulls until 1940 when Vought OS2U Kingfishers were used on ships without hangars.

Armament changes
During her career Trenton went through several armament changes, some of these changes were save weight, but others were to increase her AA armament. The lower torpedo tube mounts proved to be very wet and were removed, and the openings plated over, before the start of World War II. Another change made before the war was to increase the 3-inch guns to eight, all mounted in the ship's waist. After 1940, the lower aft 6 in guns were removed and the casemates plated over for the same reason as the lower torpedo mounts. The ship's anti-aircraft armament were augmented by three twin 40 mm Bofors guns along with 12 20 mm Oerlikon cannons by the end of the war.

Inter-war period
On 24 May 1924, she stood out of New York Harbor for her shakedown cruise in the Mediterranean Sea. On 14 August 1924, while in transit from Port Said, Egypt, to Aden, Arabia, she was ordered to Bushire, Persia. She arrived on 25 August, and took on board the remains of Vice Consul Robert Imbrie. She received and returned the gun salute to the late vice consul and departed the same day. Following stops at Suez and Port Said, Egypt; and at Villefranche, France; Trenton arrived at the Washington Navy Yard on 29 September 1924.

On 20 October 1924, while Trenton was conducting gunnery drills off the Virginia Capes near Norfolk, powder bags in her forward turret exploded, killing or injuring every member of the gun crew. During the ensuing fire, Ensign Henry Clay Drexler and Boatswain's Mate First Class George Cholister attempted to dump powder charges into the immersion tank before they detonated but failed. Ensign Drexler was killed when the charge exploded, and Boatswain's Mate Cholister was overcome by fire and fumes before he could reach his objective. He died the following day. Both men were awarded the Medal of Honor, posthumously.

Later that month, Trenton steamed north to join in the futile search for lost American motor yacht Leif Ericsson, which went missing with three aboard while en route from Bergen, Norway, to the United States. The search was suspended on 12 November as further attempts to locate it were deemed “futile” in light of the heavy weather in the region during the two months since the vessel was last heard from. Lost were William W. Nutting and Arthur Hildebrand, American writers, and Eric Todahal, a painter. Following that mission, the light cruiser operated along the United States East Coast until 3 February 1925, when she departed Philadelphia to join the rest of the Scouting Fleet off Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. After gunnery exercises, the fleet headed for the Panama Canal and transited it in mid-month. On 23 February, the combined forces of the Battle Fleet and Scouting Fleet departed Balboa, Panama, and steamed north to San Diego. En route, the ships participated in a fleet problem, then assembled in the San Diego-San Francisco area. On 15 April, the US Fleet put to sea for the Central Pacific and conducted another battle problem en route — this one designed to test fully the defenses of the Hawaiian Islands. After reaching Hawaiian waters, the Fleet as a whole conducted tactical exercises there until 7 June, when most of the Scouting Fleet headed back toward the Atlantic.

Trenton — in Cruiser Division 2 (CruDiv 2) — sortied with the Battle Fleet on 1 July, for a cruise to the South Pacific and visits to Australia and New Zealand. After stopping at Samoa, the ships visited the ports of Melbourne, Wellington, Sydney, Auckland, Dunedin, and Lyttelton. Late in August, CruDiv 2 turned homeward and steamed via the Marquesas and Galapagos Islands and the Panama Canal to rejoin the Scouting Fleet near Guantanamo Bay on 4 October. After gunnery practice, Trenton returned to Philadelphia on 9 November.

In January 1926, Trenton joined the other units of the Scouting Fleet and returned to Guantanamo for gunnery drills and tactical exercises. On 1 February, she departed Cuba with them, bound for Panama. For the next six weeks, she participated in combined maneuvers with units of both Battle Fleet and Scouting Fleet. In mid-March, the units of the Scouting Fleet returned to their home yards for repairs before leaving for summer training cruises with naval reservists and tactical exercises in the area around Narragansett Bay. In mid-September, she returned to Guantanamo Bay for winter maneuvers.

Trenton participated in maneuvers until just before 25 December, when the units of the Scouting Fleet dispersed to their home ports for the holidays. Early in 1927, she joined the Scouting Fleet in combined maneuvers with the Battle Fleet near Guantanamo Bay. In May, Trenton was called upon to transport Colonel Henry L. Stimson, a special observer in Nicaragua during a period of internal disorder. She embarked Colonel and Mrs. Stimson at Corinto and carried them back to Hampton Roads. Following a review by President Coolidge in June, the various units of the two fleets departed Hampton Roads for their normal summer routines. CruDiv 2, of which Trenton was flagship, operated off Narragansett Bay; then, in the fall, rejoined the Scouting Fleet for gunnery and tactical exercises along the east coast between Chesapeake Bay and Charleston, South Carolina.

In January 1928, Trenton and her division embarked Marines at Charleston and returned to Nicaragua, where they landed to assist in supervising the elections which resulted from Colonel Stimson's visit. She and her sister-ships rejoined the Scouting Fleet at Guantanamo and resumed maneuvers. On 9 March, CruDiv 2 parted company with the Scouting Fleet. The four light cruisers rendezvoused with the Battle Fleet off the California coast and headed for Hawaii, conducting drills en route. After exercises in the Hawaiian Islands, Trenton and USS Memphis (CL-13) cleared Honolulu to relieve CruDiv 3 on the Asiatic Station. During that tour of duty, she entertained Colonel Stimson, this time as Governor General of the Philippines. She participated in joint Army-Navy maneuvers in the Philippines and patrolled the northern Chinese coast. By late March 1929, Trenton was stationed at Zhifu to prevent a possible outbreak of anti-foreigner pogroms due to the Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong. On one occasion, she put a landing force ashore at Zhifu.

In May 1929, Trenton's division was detached from the Asiatic Fleet, and she steamed back to the United States along with Memphis and USS Milwaukee (CL-5). The light cruiser was overhauled at Philadelphia in the latter part of 1929, and then rejoined the Scouting Fleet. For the next four years, Trenton resumed the Scouting Fleet schedule of winter maneuvers in the Caribbean followed by summer exercises off the New England coast. Periodically, however, she was ordered to the Isthmian coast to bolster the Special Service Squadron during periods of extreme political unrest in one or more of the republics of Central America.

In the spring of 1933, Trenton moved to the Pacific and became flagship of the Battle Force cruisers. She operated in the eastern Pacific until September 1934. At that time, the ship returned to the Atlantic side of the Panama Canal to cruise with the Special Service Squadron. Over the next 15 months, Trenton visited ports in the Caribbean, in Central America, and South America as the squadron conducted a good-will cruise to Latin America. In January 1936, she retransited the canal and, after an overhaul at the Mare Island Navy Yard, rejoined the Battle Force until late in the spring of 1939. During that period, she made her second cruise to Australia in the winter of 1937 and 1938, for the sesquicentennial of the first colonization of that continent.

In May 1939, she returned to the Atlantic and, after a stop at Hampton Roads, got underway on 3 June for Europe. There she joined Squadron 40-T, a small American naval force which had been organized in 1936, to evacuate United States citizens from Spain and to protect American interests during the Spanish Civil War. Trenton patrolled the western Mediterranean and waters off the coast of the Iberian peninsula until mid-July 1940, when she returned to the United States. During her homeward voyage, the light cruiser carried Luxembourg's royal family then in flight from Nazi aggression.

World War II
In November, Trenton reentered the Pacific and rejoined the Battle Force, becoming an element of CruDiv 3. From 1941 to mid-1944, the ship served with the Southeast Pacific Force. At the time of America's entry into the war early in December 1941, she was moored at Balboa, Canal Zone. During the early part of 1942, Trenton escorted convoys to Bora Bora in the Society Islands where the Navy was constructing a fuel depot. From mid-1942 to mid-1944, she patrolled the western coast of South America between the Canal Zone and the Strait of Magellan. During one of these sweeps, on 29 August 1943, while patrolling some 150 nm southeast of Tonga, Trenton received a radar contact which lasted for 15 minutes, but the American commander disregarded it as a regular merchant vessel. They actually missed the German raider Michel, which on 11 September intercepted and sank the Norwegian tanker India with all hands.

On 18 July 1944, Trenton headed north for duty in waters surrounding the Aleutians. After stopping for a time at San Francisco, she arrived at Adak, Alaska, on 2 September. A month later, she shifted bases to Attu. In October, Trenton joined USS Richmond (CL-9) and nine destroyers in two sweeps of the northern Kuril Islands — the first from 16–19 October, and the second from 22–29 October — as a diversion during the invasion of Leyte. She returned to the Kurils again on 3 January 1945, to bombard enemy installations on Paramushiru Island, then resumed Alaskan patrols.

For the remainder of the war, Trenton patrolled the waters off Alaska and the Aleutian Islands and made periodic sweeps of the Kuril Islands. On 18 February, she returned to Paramushiru to pound shore installations. A month later, she bombarded Matsuwa. On 10 June, the light cruiser shelled Matsuwa once more and made an anti-shipping sweep before conducting another bombardment during the evening hours of 11 June. From 23–25 June, Trenton, conducted her last offensive operation of the war, an anti-shipping sweep of the central Kuriles. Task Force 94 (TF 94) split into two units. Trenton encountered no enemy shipping, but the other unit sank five ships of a small convoy.

Not long after that operation, the light cruiser steamed south for yard work. She reached San Francisco on 1 August, and the end of the war found her at Mare Island Navy Yard awaiting inactivation overhaul. Early in November, she headed south to Panama. Trenton transited the canal on 18 November, arrived at Philadelphia a week later, and was placed out of commission there on 20 December. Her name was struck from the Navy list on 21 January 1946. On 29 December, she was delivered to her purchaser, the Patapsco Scrap Co. of Bethlehem, Pa., for scrapping.

Awards

 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with one battle star for World War II service

title: USS Trenton (CL-11)


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title: File:Relax single.jpg


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The Grafton Ballroom

The Grafton Ballroom was an entertainment centre in Liverpool, England that on opened on 9 February 1924. it was a purpose-built dance hall able to accommodate 1,200 dancers. It was built next to the Locarno Ballroom which is now known as the Liverpool Olympia. It has for several years been under the same ownership as the Olympia.

Joe Loss, Victor Silvester, Henry Hall, Duke Ellington, Anathema and The Beatles have all played The Grafton.

In late September 2008 the Grafton closed as a dance venue, to be refurbished and reopened as a comedy club.

title: The Grafton Ballroom


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Dorothy Dell

Dorothy Dell (born Dorothy Dell Goff; January 30, 1915 – June 8, 1934) was an American film actress. She died in an auto accident at the age of 19.

Early life and career
Born Dorothy Dell Goff in Hattiesburg, Mississippi to entertainers, she moved with the family to New Orleans, Louisiana, at age 13. She was born into a socially prominent family, and her mother was a descendant of Jefferson Davis. Initially desiring to become a singer, she was discovered by composer Wesley Lord, and soon signed a radio contract. She began entering and winning beauty pageants and at the age of 17 won the title of "Miss New Orleans" in 1930. That same year she attended the International Pageant of Pulchritude in Galveston, Texas, and won the title of Miss Universe (not to be confused with the later Miss Universe founded in 1952). With this success, she established a successful vaudeville act. Although she had received better offers, she decided to enter the vaudeville circuit, because she believed it would enable her to help her friend Dorothy Lamour rise to fame, a promise she had made shortly before winning the Miss Universe title at the Pageant.

After working on the vaudeville circuit for 32 weeks, she moved to New York in 1931. One night, she sang at a benefit and was discovered by Florenz Ziegfeld, who arranged for her to appear on Broadway in the Ziegfeld Follies, and she followed this success with her role in the production of Tattle Tales in 1933. During this time she was closely associated with Russ Colombo, and her celebrity status was elevated by the media attention she received while denying rumors of an impending marriage. Dell and Columbo had met at her Ziegfeld audition; Columbo's manager, Con Conrad, was determined to end their relationship and did so with a series of "publicity only" romances between Columbo and other, more famous actresses.

She moved to Hollywood in December 1933 and was signed to a contract by Paramount Pictures. Initially being contracted for bit parts, she won her first film role over such established contenders as Mae Clarke and Isabel Jewell and made her debut in Wharf Angel (1934). The film was a success and the reviews for Dell were favorable; Paramount began to consider her as a potential star. Her most important and substantial role followed in the Shirley Temple film Little Miss Marker.

Death
On Friday, June 8, 1934, Dell agreed to a car ride to Pasadena with 38-year-old Dr. Carl Wagner, because he insisted that she take some time for relaxation between retakes of Shoot the Works, and to meet his mother, whom he wanted to show "how sweet a little movie star can be." After the meeting, they went to an all-night party at an inn in Altadena, California. Afterward they were going to Pasadena when the car left the highway, hit a telephone pole, bounced off a palm tree and hit a boulder. Dell was killed instantly. Wagner, who was driving between 50 and 70 miles an hour, died six hours later in a hospital.

It has been claimed that she was engaged to Wagner, but this was dismissed by different sources, who believed that she was to be married to caricaturist Nat Carson, whom she met while performing as a chorus girl in Earl Carroll's Vanities. A week before her death, Carson left for work in London and proposed over the telephone. Dell planned on taking off six months for an extended honeymoon vacation. When Carson found out about her death, he decided not to return to Broadway, and he remained in London.

According to news reports, a day before her death, Dell mused: "You know, they say deaths go in cycles of three. First it was Lilyan Tashman, then Lew Cody. I wonder who'll be next?"

Dell was interred in Metairie Cemetery, in New Orleans, Louisiana.

During her life, Dell had claimed several encounters with near-death experiences. As a child, she narrowly escaped death when being attacked by a dog. The dog was killed by her father to save Dell's life. In 1931, while at the Follies, she was invited to board a yacht for a party of Harry Richman. She declined, and the girl who took her place died in an explosion on board. A few weeks later she was critically injured following a car accident and hospitalized for two months. Furthermore, she fell ill with influenza shortly afterwards and broke a leg during a Follies performance.

Legacy
Dell's role in Now and Forever was recast with Carole Lombard, and provided Lombard with one of her earliest significant successes. The news of Dell's death was kept from her dear friend Temple until filming started on the scene in which Temple's character discovers that her father had lied to her about stealing the necklace. When Temple threw herself on the bed and cried bitter tears, the tears were genuine, being connected to her friend's death.

Dorothy Lamour won the title of "Miss New Orleans" in 1931, succeeding her friend Dell who had won the title the previous year.

title: Dorothy Dell


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Hetepheres

Hetepheres is the name of several queens, princesses and noble women from the Fourth dynasty of Egypt.

 * Hetepheres I, wife of Pharaoh Sneferu and mother of Khufu
 * Hetepheres A, daughter of Sneferu, wife of Ankhhaf
 * Hetepheres II, daughter of Khufu, wife of Prince Kawab and pharaoh Djedefre
 * Hetepheres B, daughter of Djedefre
 * Hetepheres C, wife of Baka (son of Djedefre)

Literature

 * Dodson and Hilton: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, London, 2004
 * Wolfram Grajetzki: Ancient Egyptian Queens – a hieroglyphic dictionary, London, 2005

title: Hetepheres