text:
Talk:Inuktitut

Comments
I'm having a bitch of a time separating this from Inuvialuk. Sources seem to vary tremendously; we say that Inuktitut is official in the NWT, but it have sources saying it isn't spoken west of Hudson Bay. So, should we just combine the two articles? — kwami (talk) 15:46, 21 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Of the 11 official languages in the NWT, 3 are Inuit languages, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun and Inuinnaqtun (also official in Nunavut). This map from the GNWT says that most Inuktitut speakers live in Yellowknife. CambridgeBayWeather (talk) 18:00, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

I think it depends on what time/era you are talking about. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.13.96.82 (talk) 03:00, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

Pigiarniq ≠ ᐱᓄᐊᕐᓂᖅ
ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓂᖅ ＝Pigiarniq (ᒋ = gi) ᐱᓄᐊᕐᓂᖅ ＝Pinuarniq (ᓄ = nu) --Kmoksy (talk) 17:23, 2 October 2015 (UTC)
 * ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓂᖅ (http://www.ch.gov.nu.ca/pdf/installingfontsandkeyboard_inuk.pdf) is true Inuktitut orthography --Kmoksy (talk) 17:28, 2 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree that Pigiarniq is ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓂᖅ, as that is how it is listed on Tiro Typework's Resources page. I have also added two other fonts to that listing: Uqammaq ᐅᖃᒻᒪᖅ and Euphemia ᐅᕓᒥᐊ.  However, I did not make a mention that Euphemia is also now included as standard UCAS-range font on Microsoft's operating systems, but I did provide a link to an article that speaks to that. CJLippert (talk) 21:20, 16 April 2019 (UTC)

Template
Note that the lang-iu template is currently broken and italicizes its text. Someone should fix that. — Llywelyn II   17:51, 18 August 2019 (UTC)

Use of the word “suffixes” under Grammar
Would it not be more accurate to use the word “affixes” as Inuktitut uses infixes in addition to suffixes? For example isn’t saying that Inuktitut has hundreds of distinct affixes more accurate than hundreds of distinct suffixes? Nissele (talk) 21:08, 28 April 2021 (UTC)

Siglitun
Exceptions are made for the Siglitun dialect in the phonology section, but that's a dialect of Inuvialuktun, not Inuktitut. I believe the notes about Siglitun should be moved to the Inuvialuktun page, but I'm open to hearing why they are listed here. AnyGuy (talk) 00:34, 28 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inuktitut


text:
Johnstown Inclined Plane

The Johnstown Inclined Plane is a 896.5 ft funicular in Johnstown, Cambria County, in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The incline and its two stations connect the city of Johnstown, situated in a valley at the confluence of the Stonycreek and the Little Conemaugh rivers, to the borough of Westmont on Yoder Hill. The Johnstown Inclined Plane is billed as the "world's steepest vehicular inclined plane". It can carry automobiles and passengers, up or down a slope with a grade of 71.9%. The travel time between stations is 90 seconds.

After a catastrophic flood in 1889, the Johnstown Inclined Plane was completed in 1891 to serve as an escape route from floods in the valley, as well as a convenient mode of transportation for residents of the new communities above the valley. It was operated by Cambria Iron Company and its successor Bethlehem Steel until 1935, when it was sold to the borough of Westmont. The incline was briefly shut down in 1962 when its supply of power from Bethlehem Steel was terminated.

Twice in its history, the Johnstown Inclined Plane fulfilled its role as a means of evacuation from floods—once in 1936 and again in 1977. The incline was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and was designated a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark in 1994. It had major renovations in 1962 and from 1983 to 1984.

Design
The Johnstown Inclined Plane was designed by Hungarian-American engineer Samuel Diescher, who had also designed the Duquesne, Castle Shannon and Fort Pitt Inclines in Pittsburgh. The funicular consists of a parallel set of broad gauge railroad tracks with a 70.9% grade or an angle of 35 degrees and 28 minutes from the horizontal. The incline is 896.5 ft long and ascends 502.2 ft vertically to the top of Yoder Hill and the borough of Westmont, the station of which is at an elevation of 1693.5 ft above sea level. The rails are supported by 720 14 ft railroad ties made from Southern Yellow Pine. The incline is illuminated at night by 114 high-pressure sodium-vapor lamps mounted along the sides of tracks. There was a stairway between the tracks with 966 steps; this was removed c. 1963. Two cars traverse the slope; as one descends, the other ascends and acts as a counterweight. The cars are 15 ft wide, 15 ft tall, and 34 ft long, and are large enough to carry either 65 people, 6 motorcycles, or an automobile. While the cars are open to the elements, an enclosed seating area with a bench is situated along the outer side of the incline. The cables connecting the cars are 2 in, 6×36 right regular lay, steel wire rope. They are wound around a 3 ST, 16 ft drum that connects the cars. The cable on the north track is 1075 ft long, while the south cable is 7 ft shorter. Each car weighs 22 ST, but they and the cables can carry an additional load of 15 ST. A 400 hp electric motor drives the drum, simultaneously winding and unwinding the cable, to propel the incline. The Johnstown Inclined Plane is unusual in that the motor and winch are located at a 90-degree angle to the incline instead of directly underneath it. Operation of the incline is controlled via a foot pedal located in a booth in the upper station.

An emergency brake engages if the air pressure needed to control the incline is insufficient; the brake also engages if a dead man's switch is tripped in the operator's booth. In addition to the hauling cables, a 972 ft safety cable capable of withstanding 165 ST is also connected to the cars.

Background and construction
Inclines are common in Europe, and immigrants, like the German, Slavic, and Welsh people who settled near Johnstown, remembered them from their native lands and brought the concept to the United States. The earliest inclines in the United States were a series of 10 that were built in the 1830s as part of the Allegheny Portage Railroad. The portage railroad carried canal boats over the Allegheny Mountains to connect the canals from Pittsburgh to the ones from Philadelphia. Pittsburgh at one time also had "at least 17" inclines—some carried passengers, others freight, while another two inclines (like the Nunnery Hill Incline) were curved.

On May 31, 1889, the South Fork Dam collapsed upstream of Johnstown on the Little Conemaugh River. The resulting deluge devastated the city, killing 2,209 people. As the city rebuilt, the Cambria Iron Company started work on a residential development atop Yoder Hill. To provide easy transportation on the steep slope for residents of the new community of Westmont, the company constructed an inclined plane. In addition to being a convenient mode of transportation, the Johnstown Inclined Plane doubled as an escape route in event of flood. Diescher was hired by Cambria Iron to design the incline. The rails used in the incline were manufactured in Johnstown at Cambria Iron, and many of the construction tools handcrafted there. The 232 ft Inclined Plane Bridge was built to span the Stoneycreek River to provide access to the lower station of the incline. Originally named the Cambria Inclined Plane, the Johnstown Inclined Plane opened on June 1, 1891 and cost $133,296 to build. The convenience the incline provided stimulated a rapid growth of population in Westmont and made the borough one of the country's first suburbs. Over 40 million trips were taken on the incline in its first 80 years of operation.

Use
The incline's original steam engine was disconnected on January 6, 1912, and replaced with an electric motor. The cars used on the incline were originally double-deckers, but were reconfigured into a single-decker design in 1921. The double-decker cars had horses and wagons riding on the main, upper deck and passengers riding in a compartment below. Only one human fatality has occurred at the incline; it was determined that the incident was not caused by the incline itself. There were two incidents in the 1920s when horses aboard the incline became spooked and leapt from the car onto the tracks. Bethlehem Steel, the successor to Cambria Iron, sold the Johnstown Inclined Plane to the borough of Westmont in April 1935. On March 17, 1936, nearly 4,000 people were evacuated from Johnstown to higher ground via the incline as the Stoneycreek and Conemaugh Rivers overflowed their banks. The floodwaters continued downstream and eventually reached Pittsburgh. From February 1938 to July 1953, the Johnstown Traction Company operated transit buses from Johnstown to Westmont with the "fully loaded public buses" being carried by the incline. Bethlehem Steel stopped supplying electricity to the Johnstown Inclined Plane when the factory switched to "an incompatible power system", forcing the incline to close on January 31, 1962. Because of public pressure to keep the incline operating, it was reopened in July 1962 after extensive renovation, in which the electric motor was rewound, ties were replaced, and the cars were repainted.

The Johnstown Inclined Plane was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 18, 1973. On July 20, 1977, the incline was again used as an escape route, evacuating residents from the valley amid rising floodwaters. It also carried "boats, emergency personnel, and equipment down to the valley to aid in rescue operations". The incline was again sold for $1 by Westmont borough on March 8, 1983, to the Cambria County Transit Authority, now CamTran. CamTran initiated a $4.2 million renovation on September 7, 1983, replacing "the incline's foundation piers, structural steel, and track." The renovations were completed on August 22, 1984, and the incline was rededicated on September 6. It was designated an Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) in September 1994. A footbridge spanning Pennsylvania Route 56 between the incline and Vine Street was opened around the same time. On September 1, 2000, the incline was closed when the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) undertook an $2.3 million renovation of the bridge and its access road. It was reopened in April 2001, but again closed in September to allow PennDOT to finish repairs to the bridge deck. The repairs were completed on December 14, 2001. A strong thunderstorm disrupted power to the incline on April 16, 2010, stranding the cars and two passengers almost halfway down the slope. The rescue took three hours, and ended when firefighters rappelled down the tracks to reach the car. The Johnstown Inclined Plane was closed from September 9 to October 14, 2010, for the installation of a new 9000 lb "hoist brake shaft." From October 29 to October 31, 2012, CamTran shut down the incline fearing power outages due to the passage of Hurricane Sandy. During the annual Thunder in the Valley motorcycle rally, two resistors failed and stopped the incline near the stations on June 28, 2014. Repairs took approximately a month after consultants diagnosed the failure. Sensor issues briefly disrupted service in August 2014 and, again, December 2014 forcing the incline to start its winter maintenance period early.

Refurbishment
In 2021, the incline closed for a two year project to extensively renovate the incline at a cost of more than $12 million. The refurbishment included restoration of the cars, a complete overhaul of the mechanical and electrical systems, and replacement all the track ties. The project was funded by a variety of state and federal grants, and donations from local foundations.

Current operations
With the growing usage of the automobile and construction of new roads, ridership on the incline diminished. It was losing $25,000 a year by 1961. Since the 1980s, the incline has become one of the main tourist attractions in Johnstown, with people visiting the incline to "ride for fun, nostalgia and novelty." Primarily used for tourism, the incline's use by commuters, who bike or walk to work, has also increased. CamTran's Route 18 transit bus offers connections between the incline and downtown Johnstown. , the cost for a ride on the incline is $3 or $5 for a roundtrip. The one way fare for automobiles $8. The incline takes around 90 seconds to travel between stations. The same trip takes 10 minutes by automobile. In 2021, the Johnstown Inclined Plane had an annual ridership of 20,193 passengers, a decrease of 50.5 percent from the previous year.

The upper station has a gift shop selling souvenirs and snacks. A visitor center is located adjacent to the station. The mechanical room housing the incline's hoisting mechanism can be viewed from windows in the gift shop and the visitor center lobby. An observation deck providing views of the incline, the city, and the valley is located on the opposite side of the station from the visitor center. Two hiking trails and several mountain bike trails allow visitors to recreate on the hillside. One of the hiking trails is a sculpture trail, with works created in 1989 by local artist James Wolfe, who used remnants of the Bethlehem Steel factory in Johnstown. The mountain bike trails are a series of downhill style trails that all end at the lower Inclined Plane Station. They are unique in that they are one of the only trail systems with lift service provided by public transportation.

Explanatory notes

 * A. Various other sources often use 71.9 percent as the grade of the incline.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Johnstown Inclined Plane


text:
User:Conny

Welcome!

I'm the user Conny from East-Germany. More information available on my german userpage.

& de:Benutzer:Conny simple:User:Conny

title: User:Conny


text:
Wolfgang Flür

Wolfgang Flür (born 17 July 1947) is a German musician, best known for playing percussion in the electronic group Kraftwerk from 1973 to 1987. Flür claims that he invented the electric drums the group used throughout the 1970s. However, patent records dispute this, citing Florian Schneider and Ralf Hütter as the creators.

Background
In the 1960s, Flür played an acoustic drum kit in the Düsseldorf band The Spirits of Sound, along with guitarist Michael Rother, who would also go on to play in Kraftwerk, and who would later form Neu! with Kraftwerk drummer Klaus Dinger.

Post-Kraftwerk
In 1997, Flür founded the band Yamo and released the album Time Pie, a collaboration with Mouse on Mars. Yamo's next release, the 12" I Was a Robot, reached number 6 in the German club charts. Collaborations with Pizzicato Five and Der Plan founding member Pyrolator were announced, and the lyrics to a song called "Greed" appeared in Flür's autobiography, but this material remains unreleased.

In 2000, Flür published his autobiography, Ich war ein Roboter (English version: I Was a Robot). The book covers his youth, early career as a musician, sexual escapades, and some of his activity within Kraftwerk. Hütter and Schneider filed a lawsuit against Flür, causing a temporary halt of the publication and revision of parts that included disputed accounts of his time with the band. Recently, Flür has been seen DJing in clubs, playing tech house and electro. He has also played electronic percussion with the German synthpop band Dyko in live shows and on their 2009 cover of Kraftwerk's "Autobahn". He has also performed under the moniker "Musik Soldat".

Japanese singer Maki Nomiya's 2005 album Party People included the song "Yamate Line," with songwriting and co-production credited to Flür/Yamo.

On 16 October 2015, Flür released his first solo album under his own name, entitled Eloquence.

Flür announced three new collaboration albums, the first of which, "Magazine 1", to be released in February 2022.

On 4 September 2020, Flür collaborated with German dance act U96 to release Transhuman, it featured 3 new songs from Flür, the only songs he's released in 5 years.

On 12 May 2021, Kraftwerk was announced as one of the inductees of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Flür being one of the inductees along with Schneider, Hütter and Karl Bartos.

Wolfgang's second solo album, Magazine 1, was released on 4 March 2022, and included collaborations with Peter Duggal, Peter Hook, Maps, Carl Cox, Claudia Brucken and Midge Ure.

A third solo album from Flür is planned for September 2024, titled Time. It will feature collaborations with Thomas Bangalter, Peter Hook, Juan Atkins, and more.

Albums

 * Eloquence: Complete Works (2015)
 * Magazine 1 (2022)
 * Time (2024)

With Kraftwerk

 * Autobahn (1974)
 * Radioaktivität (1975)
 * Trans-Europa Express (1977)
 * Die Mensch-Maschine (1978)
 * Computerwelt (1981; Flür is depicted on the cover plays on the record and plays live on tour concerts)
 * Electric Café (1986; Flür is depicted on the cover but does not play on the record)

Albums

 * Time Pie (1996)

EPs

 * Musica Obscura (1997)

Singles

 * "Guiding Ray" (1996)
 * "Stereomatic" (1996)
 * "I Was a Robot" (2004)

Collaborations

 * Maki Nomiya – "Yamate Line" (featured on the album Party People, 2005)
 * Dyko feat. Wolfgang Flür – "Autobahn" (B side to the single "In Ordnung", 2009)
 * Empire State Human feat. Wolfgang Flür/Yamo – "Melancholic Afro" (featured on the album Audio Gothic, 2009)
 * Giorgio Li Calzi feat. Wolfgang Flür – "Freakin' Out" (featured on the compilation Switched on Bob: A Tribute To Bob Moog, 2009)
 * Cultural Attaches feat. Wolfgang Flür – "Golden Light" (featured on the Lazy Summer Vol 2 compilation, mixed by Chris Coco; 2011)
 * U96 feat. Wolfgang Flür – "Zukunftsmusik" (featured on the album "REBOOT"; 2018)
 * U96 feat. Wolfgang Flür – "Hildebrandslied" (featured on the album "REBOOT"; 2018)
 * Anni Hogan feat. Wolfgang Flür – "Golden Light" "Silk Paper"  (featured on the album Lost In Blue, 2019)
 * U96 feat. Wolfgang Flür – "Transhuman" (2020)
 * Newmen feat. Wolfgang Flür - Futur I  (featured on the album Futur II  (2021)

Videography

 * Romantic Warriors IV: Krautrock

title: Wolfgang Flür


text:
Category:Flies

A fly (plural flies) is any species of insect of the order Diptera. The larva of a fly is commonly called a maggot.

title: Category:Flies


text:
Gangaramaya Temple

Gangaramaya Temple (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ගංගාරාම මහාවිහාරය śrī gangārāma mahāvihāraya, Tamil: ஸ்ரீ கங்காராம மகாவிகாரம் Srī Gaṅgārāma Makāvikāram) is one of the most important temples in Colombo, Sri Lanka, being a mix of modern architecture and cultural essence. Located on the Beira Lake, it was completed in the late 19th century.

Architecture
The temple's architecture demonstrates an eclectic mix of Sri Lankan, Thai, Indian, and Chinese architecture.

This Buddhist temple includes several imposing buildings and is situated not far from the placid waters of Beira Lake on a plot of land that was originally a small hermitage on a piece of marshy land. It has the main features of a Vihara (temple), the Cetiya (Pagada) the Bodhitree, the Vihara Mandiraya, the Seema malaka (assembly hall for monks) and the Relic Chamber. In addition, a museum, a library, a residential hall, a three storeyed Pirivena, educational halls and an alms hall are also on the premises.

Most notable for tourists is the architecture of Seema Malaka, which was built with donations from a Muslim sponsor to the design of Geoffrey Bawa.

Famous incumbents
It was the home for erudite scholars such as Ratmalana Sri Dharmarama Thero, Waskaduwa Sri Subhuti Thero, Weligama Sri Sumangala Thero, Welivitiye Dhammaratna Thero, and Pandit Batuwantudawe.

History
Don Bastian (de Silva Jayasuriya Goonewardane, Mudaliyar), a 19th-century shipping merchant who was seeking suitable land to build a temple for the Matara Sri Dharmarama thero, bought a beautiful tract belonging to three Moors, and filled and prepared the land at great expense. The land was bordered on two sides by the Moragoda Ela and the Pettigala Ela was used to build the temple, which was subsequently named the Padawthota Gangaramaya Viharaya. The Mudaliyar, with the assistance of the people built a great 'Chaitya' (Dagaba) of 30 Riyans, and built a great decorative arch (thorana) and a 'Sandakada pahana' modeled on the ones found at Anuradhapura, at the entrance to the temple. A 'Bo' sapling brought from the great Sri Maha Bhodiya in Anuradhapura, was planted with his own hands and nurtured. He also built a three-storied preaching hall, walls, railings and the moat around the temple.

Present day activities
Today Gangaramaya serves as a place of Buddhist worship and a learning centre. The temple is involved in Buddhist welfare work including old peoples' homes, a vocational school and an orphanage. The temple is uniquely attractive and tolerant of members of many different religions. It has been instrumental in establishing the Buddhist temple on Staten Island (US) the Buddhist Center in New York and the Buddhist Centre in Tanzania, thus helping to propagate the Dhamma in other countries.

title: Gangaramaya Temple


text:
Mungana affair

The Mungana affair involved the sale to the Government of Queensland, Australia, in 1922, of some mining properties in the Chillagoe-Mungana districts of northern Queensland, at a grossly inflated price. At that time, Ted Theodore was Premier of Queensland and William McCormack, was member for Cairns and a former Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. Both men represented the Australian Labor Party. McCormack was later premier of Queensland, from 1925 to 1929, and Theodore entered federal politics in 1927.

Following the 1929 Queensland state election, the new conservative Queensland Government appointed a Royal Commission to investigate the sale of properties owned by the Mungana Mining Co. On 4 July 1930, the Commission reported. It found that, at the time of the sale in 1922, Theodore and McCormack each secretly held 25% ownership of the properties. It declared that Theodore and McCormack were guilty of "fraud and dishonesty", and abuse of ministerial position. That forced Theodore's immediate resignation from his role as Federal Treasurer. McCormack, who had quit the Labor leadership following his government's 1929 electoral defeat, resigned from Queensland Parliament in February 1930, the month the Royal Commission was set up.

The Queensland Government did not charge either man with any criminal offence. However, it signalled its intention to take civil action to retrieve the difference between the selling price of the mines and their estimated worth. After considerable delay, civil proceedings began on 22 July 1931. A "not guilty" verdict was handed down on 24 August.

title: Mungana affair


text:
Wikipedia talk:Danny's contest/Danny's contest 1

Start date
Perhaps the creation date of the article should be limited? If an article was created a month ago is it eligible? A cut-off date would ensure that the article is new but what would be the situation with substubs?. violet/riga (t) 08:33, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Should I just write a stub?
Since you consider the author to be the first contributor it would seem to mean that if I create a 2 line stub which someone else expands to 3 pages then I will get the prize? SimonLyall 10:18, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Is it ok if I add this example to my proposed new policy When creating new policy and rules, don't be too over-specific because people will automatically pick holes, find loopholes and attempt to game the system (Actually that policy is at How to create policy)?

 * You seem to be betting awfully heavily that someone is going to come along and fix up your stubs for you. In the vast majority of stub cases, this is not the case. →Raul654 18:01, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * It does happen, though. I fixed up Hey Jude (which though not stubby wasn't exactly featured material either) into a featured article. I do admit it's rare, but in case this happens... Johnleemk | Talk 19:09, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Anyone using such an anti-social, counter-productive tactic would be disqualified, I hope? This is a friendly competition; the real winner will be Wikipedia as a whole. • Benc • 10:58, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

General comments

 * Shouldn't a barnstar or just a word of thanks be enough? There is, of course, the trouble of mailing a T-shirt to the winner.  [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 04:32, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * One can always let the winner choose. -- Emsworth 16:02, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I absolutely love this idea, and am now looking for some good requested articles to write. We have plenty of mechanisms in place for collaboration, but this is the first I've seen for competition. If this contest were to include pages in the Wikipedia namespace, Danny's contest should win its own award. :-) • Benc • 10:51, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Questions
Just a few questions, to satisfy my own curiosity:
 * How were the judges selected?
 * At random by me.

 * Is there any limit on the number of articles one may submit?
 * No.

 * Will this contest be repeated?
 * Quite possiby. Depends on my bank account, other sponsors, etc.

 * Will there be any special image of a medal which the winner could display on his or her user page?
 * Good idea. I will look into it. Danny 18:24, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Special gold, silver and bronze barnstars? --Joe D 15:58, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

-- Emsworth 16:07, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Another question: if we collaborate with another user, can the first author specify that the prize be split (e.g., shirt for me, mug for you) when submitting the article? Another good way to "cheat", I guess, unless this contest is only for solo efforts. • Benc • 10:53, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Colloboration like that is a great idea. That is definitely acceptable. Danny 11:03, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Expansion of stubs
So, this contest is not about expanding the random stub? Not even a new stub? I was disappointed when my (in small scale) planned submission Childhood amnesia was created as a stub today (I put it on Reqs some days ago) :-/ ✏ Sverdrup 18:57, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

On a similar line, I was rather disappointed that my article [ which I will not disclose, lest anybody "steal" it :p ] might not qualify. It was once an article, but was then merged with another article and is now a redirect. -- Emsworth 19:13, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * This was just the sort of point I was hinting at above (though I think Raul may have misinterpreted me).
 * A simple rule like "If you contribute substantially on a topic within the next $QUALIFYING_TIME_PERIOD, list it below. The judges will pick what the judge to be the best contribution and award it the Danny Prize." Leave it to the judges to pontificate on what weight to attach to the various features of the contribution (stub -> good article conversions, new articles, picking a requested articles). Pcb21| Pete 19:45, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

All of that could be the basis for a future contest, but as far as this contest goes, the crietria is new articles. Future contests might be held for stub improvement, best picture, etc. All in good time. Danny 19:48, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Data dumps

 * Does turning a pure data dump (from CIA) into an article count? [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 23:52, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry, not in this contest. My next contest may be transforming a stub or a datadump into a great article, but this time, we're working on new articles. Danny 00:09, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * OK. Maybe next time an interesting project would be turing a "Geography of..." data dump into a featured article. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 04:06, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

What Google Likes
Since What Google Likes is technically part of Requested articles, do those count for the contest? Or should we just "cheat" as recommended by the contest? -- McGravin 21:57, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

The Rape of the Sabines
Satanovski 03:56, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * As I can see, there is clearly a problem with my article (and other ones). First of all, the name is not the best (should be "The Rape of the Sabine Women"), but it was picked straight from the "Wanted" list. Secondly, I beleive, this is research and compilation, but not a copyright infringment.

 * Somebody has taken the old saw of "stealing from one source is plagiarism, stealing from many is research" a little too seriously. -- Cyrius|✎ 04:28, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

If there is dicussion about artist - we are OK. If we trying to define "Art"... Without clear definitions Cyrius will put Terrorist Training Camp under Educational Institution heading. By the way. Cyrius, I did not mean to vandalise your User page.Satanovski 04:51, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I will propose a "new saw": "article of User:Cyrius - article, article of somebody else - copyright infringement". However, as Encyclopedia (and good one, I should say), Wikipedia only wins, if there will be clearly defined words for:
 * research
 * compilation
 * plagiarism
 * copyright enfringement

 * I have no idea what you're trying to say here. -- Cyrius|✎ 04:55, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Under what criteria my article - "copyright infrigement"?Satanovski 05:05, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * You copied it from several sources. That's still plagiarism. Johnleemk | Talk 05:49, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * First of all, I did not copied it, as anybody can see. Secondly, was the article about Jacques-Louis David (or the same ) based on personal knowledge? Satanovski 06:09, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Anybody can see that you did copy the material. You just copied from multiple sources and mixed it together. -- Cyrius|✎ 16:26, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Cyrius. Please consult the Webster's dictionary for the meaning of the word "copy". Your problem - misunderstanding of simple definitions. If you can not write anything yourself (as anybody can see from User:Cyrius), this is not a reason to enforce your own misunderstandings on others.Satanovski 01:36, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * You do not understand copyright law if you think one must make a verbatim duplicate of the copyrighted material in order to violate its copyright. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:34, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * If I do not understand the Copyright Act, explain it to me. But first read definition of the word "copy" in Webster's, than in any law dictionary, than try to read Cpyright Act and related documents and court cases... And only than bring your knowledge to public. Are you a lawyer? By the way, sorry about my English - I am in the process of studying it. Satanovski 04:11, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * There is more. You, Cyrius, reverted my Areopagus as a copyvio, despite in the link, submitted by you, the only similarity to my article is the word "Areopagus" (Nice link though. How you get it?).
 * You, Cyrius, reverted my submission to David Alfaro Siqueiros as a copyvio. Once User:Everyking reverted it for one simple reason: he did not know, that Siqueiros was involved in assasination of Leon Trotsky. With my submission User:Everyking became more educated, but you, Cyrius, reverted it.
 * When you, Cyrius, started your cry for copyvio, another member of the "Welcome Committy", User:The Anome, happily reverted my submissions to Marc Chagall and put unplesant message on my page. Funny, but today somebody (not me) put my submission back, because it is useful for the particular artist. However User:The Anome reverting nothing. Cyrius! Do you know why? I told you before - you have problems with definitions. Can you define for me Double Standard? I know something about Double Standard - it stinks. Satanovski 10:17, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Here's some help — copyright, fair use, plagiarism. Johnleemk | Talk 11:38, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you. Satanovski 12:05, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * In accordance with Wikipedia articles The Rape of the Sabines is not plagiarism and surely not copyright infrigement. Cyrius, read definitions!!! In my opinion, it is compilation, based on extensive research, even with more or less original idea. fair use irrelevant. Raw though, because I planned to use the week, which left to the deadline of the competition, to work on my "Sabine". Satanovski 12:45, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * In case you didn't see my point, your article, the Rape of the Sabines, even if based on several sources, if you did not modify the words sufficiently to meet the standards of originality stated in copyright, it is plagiarism. And I quote from the latter article: "For instance, it is legal for a student to copy several paragraphs (or even pages) of text from a public domain book, such as Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and then directly add these quotations to his or her own paper. However if these quotations were not clearly identified as to his or her source, then the student would be guilty of plagiarism, using another writer's work as if it were his or her own." Several sentences in the article were not modified and were taken verbatim from your sources. Thus, it was a copyright violation. A compilation is a derived work, and is not original work in itself. It was not based on extensive research, because instead of rephrasing the concepts written by other authors, you took their words verbatim and threw them together. That is not research — it is mass plagiarism. Johnleemk | Talk 12:47, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * "A compilation is a work formed by the collection and assembling of preexisting materials or of data that are selected, coordinated, or arranged in such a way that the resulting work as a whole constitutes an original work of authorship." Text taken by me straight from the Copyright Office of US (Public Domain?) As you can see, "...work formed by the collection and assembling of prexisting materials...selected...or arranged in such a way that the resulting work as a whole constitutes an original work of authorship" Secondly, how you get the idea, that "several sentences in the article were not modified" and "took their words verbatim and threw them together"? What "verbatim" and where "together"? Not only senteces were modified enough from feminist article to representation of Roman mithology in art works in 1400-1700, but (I hope) there is absolutely differen meaning.Satanovski 13:37, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Stop lying. Compare this and . You lifted whole sentences from the latter link. And even so, you did not credit the authors of the webpages concerned, nor even let people know you based the articles (although all you did was take sentences from separate links and throw them into paragraphs) on outside webpages. And furthermore, read the notice below whenever you edit: "By submitting your work you promise you wrote it yourself, or copied it from public domain resources — this does not include most web pages." And even if public domain, as I said above, including whole sentences without crediting the original author remains plagiarism. If the webpages aren't public domain or under the GFDL, which we have no reason to believe, it's still a copyright violation. Johnleemk | Talk 13:57, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I never told that story about "The Rape of the Sabines" is my own story. I never told that I used my own recollections, or tales of my grandparents. I told that I did use about 7 different sources to write the article, including the source your are mentioning. However, I put your own sentence "stop lying" in Vivisimo - 141 hits. In regular MSN serch - 939529 hits. Did you borrow it? Now look:

User:Johnleemk Copyright Office, US
 * "A compilation is a derived work, and is not original work in itself".
 * "...or arranged in such a way that the resulting work as a whole constitutes an original work of authorship."

Who is lying? You telling "it is not", Copyright Office of US telling "yes, it is". The problem is - definition. Try to use definitions closer to its origin - will be easier to talk. Moreover, "lying" is not the best word in discussion. Lets go to basics, i.e. Webster's Dictionary: 1. Plagiarize - a)to take and pass off as one's own (the ideas, writings, etc. of another). b)to take ideas, writings, etc. from and pass them off as one's own. 2. Plagiarizm - the act of plagiarizing. Surely, I did not use the idea of the Diane Wolfthal. When I did  use parts of her sentences (not much), does it amounts to her writings? We may check difinition for writing.

"...if you did not modify the words sufficiently to meet the standards of originality stated in copyright, it is plagiarism". Do you remember? This is your, User:Jonleemk, definition for the plagiarizm. What the "standards of originality"? What is it? If you will use my (sorry, Webster's) difinition for "plagiarizm", you will see, that no matter how much you "modify the words", if you take and pass off as your own ideas or writings, you in trouble. If you are using "standards of originality", you in trouble again - you do not know, what are you talking about. Satanovski 16:32, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I said "whole sentences". Is "stop lying" more than one sentence? Hell, you're just being pedantic. If you have to resort to technicalities to prove your case (which would be invalidated in one of the most technicality-based places, a court of law), I don't see how any reaosnable argument can argue with you. You passed off several different authors' works as your own. You did not credit them on the page. They did not agree to let you republish their works in any form. While technically a compilation is a new, derived piece of work, it is not necessarily any less subject to copyright law than any other piece of writing. And unless all the authors from which you plagiarised placed their work into the public domain or let their work be used under any circumstances, you have broken the law by republishing it, lifting several sentences from each of their works (even the most liberal author will at the most let you republish his/her work as long as credit is given). You are resorting to technicalities. I don't give a crap whether your "work" is "original" or not, because by any standards of copyright law. How about we make this easy? You email every author from which you stole their writing, and ask them if they mind it. Note that compilations of written works need permission of the author(s) involved. Did you ask their permission? If not...I'm tempted to tell you to [expletive] off, but, never mind. Johnleemk | Talk 16:57, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * From the beginning I did not like to be involved in any kind of discussions. But User:Johnleemk in his age put it hundred percent right: you just don't give a crap (in regard to?) any standards of copyright law.Satanovski 17:16, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Au contraire, it is you who have presumed that the authors gave you their permission to compile their works together without even giving them credit. Johnleemk | Talk 07:58, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Getting worried or excited
I am slowly getting worried by the number of articles listed here :-) Mais que diable allait elle faire dans cette galère !.

You may start corrupting me on my user page by offering me flowers. SweetLittleFluffyThing 17:50, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * As somebody on the page said, I'm worried about there being only one prize. There are so many good articles! Johnleemk | Talk 18:04, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * It's difficult to keep myself from nominating more of my own writings (e.g. Passenger car, Rotary snowplow, Brooks Locomotive Works). I've got many more in the works, but I'd better let my entries stand.  B-)  slambo 18:57, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * Has judging started/finished yet? Johnleemk | Talk 13:03, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * We did a miss America style elimination and narrowed the field down to our favorite 7 or 8 articles, yes. We haven't yet sorted those out, though. →Raul654 13:09, Oct 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * Excellent, though looking at the field I'm pretty sure I know which articles those are. ;-) Can't wait for the final results. Kinda' sad there's only one prize, though (and I'm almost certain I know who's going to win). Johnleemk | Talk 13:11, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Everyone knows it's Economy of Africa that's going to win, duh... ;) Dysprosia 13:21, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Actually, because the entries were all excellent, I have decided to institute prizes for 2nd and 3rd place too. (unsigned comment by Danny)
 * Hurrah! Will editors be eligible for more than one placing? :-p Johnleemk | Talk 14:03, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Yes, but there are no more additions now. We will announce the winners later today. Danny 14:09, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Cool, I can't wait. I'm giddy with excitement! Johnleemk | Talk 14:17, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text: File:Wielkie Oczy Commune.png

title: File:Wielkie Oczy Commune.png


text:
Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom

The Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom was a committee formed in 1859 to enquire into the ability of the United Kingdom to defend itself against an attempted invasion by a foreign power, and to advise the British Government on the remedial action required. The appointment of the Commission had been prompted by public concern about the growing military and naval power of the French Empire and was instigated by the Prime Minister, Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, who came to be closely associated with the project. In the following year, the Commission's report recommended a huge programme of fortification to defend the country's arsenals and naval bases. Many of the recommendations were acted upon; however, the great expense, the length of time taken to complete the various works and their perceived usefulness were all subjects of critical political, press and public debate.

Background
In the late 1850s, there were serious concerns that France might attempt to invade the United Kingdom. The recent period had seen great improvements in gunnery (with Rifled Muzzle Loader (RML) and Rifled Breech Loader (RBL) designs) and the widespread introduction of steam propulsion in ships. In 1858, France began a programme to increase their fleet to have 150 steamships, four of which would be ironclads, the first of which, La Gloire, superior to anything in the British inventory, was launched in 1859. Belatedly, the British response was the iron-hulled HMS Warrior (1860), but several obsolete wooden ships of the line were building at the same time. When Palmerston returned to power in 1859, public concern over this naval arms race, combined with Napoleon III's aggressive intervention in the Second Italian War of Independence, allowed him to act on his conviction that Britain's coastal defences were inadequate to prevent invasion if the Royal Navy was lured elsewhere.

The Commissioners
The Commission consisted of six eminent naval and military officers, plus a civilian architect:
 * Major-General Sir Henry David Jones CB (Chairman)
 * Major-General Duncan Alexander Cameron
 * Rear Admiral George Augustus Eliot
 * Major-General Sir Frederick Abbott, Indian Army
 * Captain Astley Cooper Key, Royal Navy
 * Lieutenant-Colonel John Henry Lefroy, Royal Artillery
 * James Fergusson Esquire

The Secretary of the Commission was Major William Jervois of the Royal Engineers, a progressive military engineer who held the post of Assistant Inspector-General of Fortifications. Although not appointed as a Commissioner, Jervois seems to have had considerable influence on the conduct of the Commission. Amongst the Commissioners themselves, Cooper Key was an expert in the latest advances in naval gunnery, while Lefroy was an experienced and knowledgeable artillery officer who had been one of the founders of the Royal Artillery Institution. Fergusson was an expert in the history of eastern architecture, but had also published books entitled; An Essay on a Proposed New System of Fortification: with Hints for its Application to our National Defences (1849), The Peril of Portsmouth; or, French Fleets and English Forts (1852) and Portsmouth Protected: a Sequel to the Peril of Portsmouth (1856).

Terms of Reference
Formulated by Lord Palmerston and the Secretary of State for War, Sidney Herbert, the Commission's brief was as follows: "Inquiries may be made by Our Commissioners into the condition and sufficiency of the Fortifications existing for the Defence of Our United Kingdom, and examination had into all Works at present in progress for the improvement thereof, and consideration given to the most effective means of rendering the same complete, especially to all such Works of Defence as are intended for the protection of Our Royal Dockyards, in case of any hostile attack being made by foreign enemies, both by sea and land." An attached memorandum directed the attention of the Commissioners to the works already under construction at Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight, Plymouth, Portland, Pembroke and Chatham; they were further asked to consider how the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich might best be defended.

Investigations
Starting on 3 November 1859, the first phase of the Commission's work was a series of interviews with technical experts and senior military and naval officers. One specialist was Captain Cowper Phipps Coles, the hero of the Siege of Taganrog and an expert in the bombardment of fortifications from the sea. He was so enraged by the numerous questions posed by the Commissioners that he was twice asked to leave the room so that he could recover his composure. Perhaps because of this, the Commission failed to enquire about Coles's pioneering design for a revolving gun turret, which he had patented in that year. Another interviewee was General John Fox Burgoyne, who had conducted the Siege of Sevastopol and was the current Inspector-General of Fortifications. Burgoyne's opinion was that the defence of the dockyard at Portsmouth was of primary importance and it could be protected from bombardment by the fortification and garrisoning of the Isle of Wight and also Portsdown Hill, the ridge which overlooks Portsmouth from the north. Burgoyne also believed that the coast between Portsmouth and the Thames was vulnerable to invasion and that every small harbour there needed to be fortified. Sir William Armstrong, the artillery designer and manufacturer, was questioned at length about the current capabilities of modern rifled artillery and likely future developments. Armstrong's opinion was that his latest guns would be able to defeat some features of current fortification, such as the Carnot wall, but that the maximum range of artillery would be unlikely to exceed 5 mi in the future.

The Commission also conducted a series of visits to the sites in question, before convening to produce a report of their findings. Perhaps because the Commissioners were all respected experts in their own fields, they were apparently able to work together amicably.

The Report
The Report of the Commissioners was published on 7 February 1860. The Commissioners concluded that the fleet, standing army and volunteer forces, even combined, did not provide sufficient defence against invasion. Further, that the coastline which they considered to be at risk, the 700 mi from the Humber to Penzance, could not feasibly be completely fortified and therefore recommended that "the fortifications of this country should be confined to those points... whose possession would give him sure bases for operations". A detailed plan and costing was produced for each location which required defences, including forts which were already under construction, resulting in a massive programme. The total expenditure projected for the purchase of land and construction costs (including some funds that had already been agreed but not yet provided) was as follows: Also included in the costings were the total of £500,000 for the armament of these works (a sum that was to prove hopelessly optimistic) and £1,000,000 for the construction of floating batteries, giving a grand total of £11,850,000. The Commissioners further suggested that a force of volunteer artillerymen be raised to man the guns in the new works.

However the commission left “extended commerce” and consequently the food supply of Great Britain, to the protection of the fleet. This topic was then addressed by the Royal Commission Appointed to Enquire into the Defence of British Possessions and Commerce Abroad.

Implementation
The government, although broadly in agreement with the report, thought that it was too ambitious to be accepted by Parliament in its original form, and therefore set about reducing the number of planned works while attempting to retain the objectives of the scheme for each locality. Planned forts that were not proceeded with included fifteen at Plymouth, ten at Pembroke, six at Portsmouth and four at Chatham; the floating batteries were also dispensed with, resulting in a total saving of £3,930,000. Palmerston finally laid the Fortification Bill before an astonished House of Commons on 23 July 1860. Opposition came from those who believed that there was no threat from France and those who believed that greater security should be achieved by further spending on the navy. The chief opponents were the Radical Richard Cobden and his ally, William Ewart Gladstone, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, who between them had recently concluded the Cobden–Chevalier Treaty, a Free Trade agreement with France. The bill was accepted as the Fortifications (Provisions for Expenses) Act 1860, providing an initial sum of two million pounds and later payments financed by loans to a total of nine million.

By the time the fortifications were completed in the 1880s it was clear that the French had not seriously planned to invade. The Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 removed the threat and the forts became known as Palmerston's Follies. As a key purpose of fortification is deterrent, this judgement was harsh, but with the rapid development of warship design during the period, the time taken to plan and implement the works would always have caused problems with ensuring that the defences were capable of defeating a French attack force.

The works
The types of fortification constructed as a result of the Royal Commission fell into two main categories; coastal batteries and land forts.

Coastal batteries
The main purpose of the coastal batteries was to provide protected positions for heavy coastal artillery which would be able to engage enemy warships and troopships. In some places, for instance high on a cliff, the guns could be mounted in a barbette or open gun pit. However, where the batteries were close to the shoreline and could be engaged directly by enemy gunfire, each heavy gun was mounted in a casemate, a vaulted chamber with embrasure for the gun to fire through which was pierced through an armoured shield. Since being mounted in an enclosed space limited the traverse of the gun, casemates were arranged in a long curved row so that the guns of the battery could follow the progress of a passing enemy ship, each weapon engaging it in turn. The rear of the battery was closed either by a simple wall pierced with loopholes, or by a more elaborate defensible building which doubled as a barracks for the garrison. The intention of these rearward defences was that they would be strong enough to prevent the battery being taken by enemy infantry but weak enough to be demolished should the battery fall into enemy hands. In two forts, Fort Darnet and Fort Hoo, the casemates formed a complete circle; other circular works were built as sea forts with foundations on the sea-bed and entirely surrounded by water. A number of the Royal Commission coastal works were upgrades of existing fortifications, such as the 16th century Pendennis Castle at Falmouth.

Land forts
The landward fortifications were intended to prevent an enemy force who may have landed at an undefended beach from marching overland and assaulting a dockyard from the rear, or simply bombarding it. These forts were built in the new polygonal style without the traditional bastions and generally sited so as to form a "ring fortress", so that each fort could support its neighbour with artillery fire. Construction of some landward forts at Portsmouth and Plymouth had already begun in the 1850s and work on the ring fortress at Chatham was not started until 1875, resulting in very different designs as military theories changed over the decades.


text: Category:Sheaf theory

title: Category:Sheaf theory


text:
Intracoastal City, Louisiana

Intracoastal City (Ville Intercôtière) is an unincorporated community in Vermilion Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is situated on the west bank of the Vermilion River at its junction with the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and has various port facilities and some permanent residents.

Intracoastal City is approximately 13 miles (21 km) south of Abbeville, the Vermilion Parish seat. It is part of the Abbeville Micropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Acadiana region of Louisiana.

On September 4, 2011 Tropical Storm Lee made landfall south-west of the area.

On July 13, 2019 Hurricane Barry made landfall in the area.

Culture
Its facilities include heliports, a shrimp docking facility, and dry docks. As it stands on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico somewhat remote from major settlements, it is often used by the National Hurricane Center as a breakpoint for tropical cyclone warnings and watches which affect the bayous of eastern Louisiana but not the west of the state. It also plays a major part in Louisiana's oil and gas industry by supporting offshore personnel, platforms and drilling rigs.

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Intracoastal City has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

title: Intracoastal City, Louisiana


text:
User:Fqsik/test

this is only test page

Wielkie Oczy

title: User:Fqsik/test


text:
All Saints DLR station

All Saints is a Docklands Light Railway (DLR) station in Poplar in East London. The station is named after nearby All Saints, a Church of England parish church dating from 1821 to 1823. The station entrance is on the East India Dock Road, the high street of Poplar and is opposite Chrisp Street Market while adjacent to the Poplar Baths, it also has two rail sidings directly west of the station forming part of Poplar DLR depot.

On-train announcements for trains approaching the station describe it as "All Saints for Chrisp Street Market".

History
There was a previous station on the same site, called Poplar station, which was served by the North London Railway. The location of this station can be seen in the bottom-right hand corner of the Map of Poplar, 1885.

Serco announced that from 24 August 2009, the frequency on the Stratford to Lewisham branch would be reduced at peak times to one train every seven minutes, from the current five-minute frequency. This was to accommodate a flyover that increased frequencies by 30 seconds on the Bank to Lewisham line.

Service
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour from All Saints is:
 * 12 tph to Stratford
 * 12 tph to Canary Wharf

Additional services call at the station during the peak hours, increasing the service to up to 16 tph in each direction, with up to 8 tph during the peak hours extended beyond Canary Wharf to and from Lewisham.

Nearby places of interest

 * All Saints Church
 * Balfron Tower
 * Chrisp Street Market
 * Poplar Recreation Ground Memorial
 * Robin Hood Gardens

Connections
London bus routes 15, 108, 115, D6, N15, N551 serve All Saints DLR station.

title: All Saints DLR station


text:
Growl (software)

Growl is a deprecated global notification system and pop-up notification implementation for the Mac OS X and Windows operating systems. Applications can use Growl to display small notifications about events which may be important to the user. This software allows users to fully control their notifications, while allowing application developers to spend less time creating notifications and Growl developers to concentrate on the usability of notifications. Growl can be used in conjunction with Apple's Notification Center that is included in Mac OS X 10.8 (Mountain Lion) and higher.

Details
Growl is installed as a preference pane added to the Mac OS X System Preferences. This pane may be used to enable and disable Growl's notifications for specific applications or specific notifications for each application. Each notification provides some information, such as "Download Finished" or the name of the current iTunes track. The software comes with multiple display plugins, providing the user with different style options for presenting the notifications. Display plugins include visual styles as well as the ability to send notifications via email, SMS, or push notifications. Additional third-party plugins or scripts exist to add Growl notifications to iChat, Mail, Thunderbird, Safari, and iTunes.

Application developers may make use of the Growl API to send notifications to their users. Growl includes bindings for developers who use the Objective-C, C, Perl, Python, Tcl, AppleScript, Java, and Ruby programming languages.

Adobe installation
The Growl website listed applications that install Growl without the user's permission, including Adobe Creative Suite 5. Adobe published a blog post apologizing for installing Growl on users' systems without permission, and says that they are "actively working to mitigate the problem". Adobe added an article to their knowledge base explaining what notifications CS5 sends and how to remove Growl.

title: Growl (software)


text:
Category talk:Korean composers

Untitled
The two articles presently in this category give no indication whether these composers were "classical" or not (and I'm not acquainted with the music of these composers what would have allowed me to interpret this): so unless these articles give some more explanation to justify the "classical" epithet, I see no need to create the category "Korean classical composers". So: --Francis Schonken 08:43, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I remove recategorisation instruction (This category has been titled incorrectly. It is being corrected to Korean classical composers), and put a category definition instead.
 * Recategorize to "composers by nationality"

title: Category talk:Korean composers


text:
.um

.um was the Internet country code top-level domain for the United States Minor Outlying Islands. It was administered by the United States Minor Outlying Islands Registry. Until late 2006 USMIR was housed at the University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute (USC-ISI), which was the original administrator of .us prior to NeuStar absorbing that role.

In January 2007, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers reportedly dropped the .um domain from the master list of domain names in response to the domain's being unused and USC-ISI's desire to divest itself of responsibility for the domain. In November 2007 at the registry website of www.nic.um a message stated "Registration is CLOSED at this time. We are only accepting Registrar Accounts." Links to a brief description of each of the individual American islands were also given. In December 2007, registration was opened on an experimental basis with an "Annual Account Maintenance" fee of $1,200 and a $30 annual domain registration.

Since the USC-ISI divested itself of this registry, in late 2006, EP.NET hosted USMIR and continued to administer it. According to the www.nic.um site at that time, the TLD was no longer affiliated with USC-ISI and had spun off the venture into an independent company, USMIR, which has the same contact information as that of the limited liability company EP.net. Accessing the website without the "www" subdomain returned a copy of the main site for EP.net.

Some .um websites, like 'hotel.um' and 'co.um' appeared after the TLD registry opened; however, as of April 20, 2008, the .um domain has been removed from the DNS root zone. It appears ICANN took the action of removing .um from the root since USC-ISI requested this. Whether USMIR will refund domain owners is not known. According to the revocation report on the IANA website, the U.S. DOC has approved the removal and has also instructed ICANN not to reassign the domain without prior approval from the U.S. Department of Commerce.

title: .um


text:
Battersea Dogs & Cats Home

Battersea Dogs & Cats Home (now known as Battersea) is an animal rescue centre for dogs and cats. Battersea rescues dogs and cats until their owner or a new one can be found. It is one of the UK's oldest and best known animal rescue centres. It was established in Holloway, London, in 1860 and moved to Battersea in 1871.''

The non-government funded organisation cares for an average of 240 dogs and 145 cats across all three centres at any one time. The charity has cared for more than 3.1 million dogs and cats over its history.

History
Battersea was established in Holloway in 1860 by Mary Tealby (1801–1865). She called it "The Temporary Home for Lost and Starving Dogs". Initially the home was in her scullery but as the number of dogs delivered to her grew she hired some nearby stables funded by herself, her brother and Sarah Major. In 1860 the RSPCA agreed to assist and the committee meetings were held at the RSPCA offices at 12 Pall Mall. The Times ran a story ridiculing the idea of opening a "home" for dogs when there were homeless people in London. It accused Tealby of "letting her zeal ...outrun her discretion". Its most impressive supporter in the 1860s was Charles Dickens. He wrote about a "remarkable institution" that had saved "over a thousand" dogs in 1860. He noted that the dogs were cared for but if necessary humanely disposed of. By 1864 the finances were sound and they were handling 2,000 dogs that year.

Battersea started taking in cats from 1883, but its name remained Battersea Dogs Home until 2002.

During World War II, then manager Edward Healey-Tutt advised against people euthanising their pets because of fear of food shortages. Throughout the war Battersea fed and cared for over 145,000 dogs.

In 1979, Battersea acquired Bell Mead Kennels, which is now known as Battersea Old Windsor in Berkshire and in 1999, Battersea bought a centre in Kent, now known as Battersea Brands Hatch.

In 2002, the name was changed from Battersea Dogs Home to include cats in its name - Battersea Dogs & Cats Home.

To mark its 150th anniversary in 2010, the charity's London Cattery was opened by HRH the Duchess of Cornwall. Royal Mail released a set of stamps featuring a series of dogs and cats that had been adopted by staff. It also launched a commemorative book, A Home of Their Own, which charts the history of the Home. This includes a look at prominent people who have adopted animals such as Elton John, who credited his dog Thomas with helping him through a rough period. Starting in 2011, Battersea implemented the "Staffies. They're Softer Than You Think" campaign to educate the public on the misconceptions about the Staffordshire Bull Terrier.

On 17 March 2015, Queen Elizabeth II unveiled a plaque to officially open the intake kennels named after their founder, Mary Tealby kennels. In 2016, a new state of the art Veterinary Hospital was opened at the London centre.

In 2018, the charity rebranded as just "Battersea" "to be here for every dog and cat". The charity's public affairs work involved spearheading the campaign to increase maximum sentences from six months to five years for the worst animal cruelty crimes in England and Wales. Battersea has been campaigning since 2017.

The charity also launched the Battersea Academy, and launched a campaign "Rescue Is My Favourite Breed" in 2019.

The Chief Executive is Peter Laurie, who took over from Claire Horton CBE January 2021.

Patronage
In 1885, Queen Victoria became patron of the home, and it has remained under royal patronage ever since. Queen Camilla is the current patron, and Prince Michael of Kent is the President.

Media
In 1862, Charles Dickens published an article about the home for his magazine All the Year Round. He called it an "extraordinary monument of the remarkable affection with which the English people regard the race of dogs".

TV programmes
Battersea has featured on many television programmes and documentaries. The Channel 4 programme Pet Rescue which aired in 1997 featured Battersea Dogs & Cats Home. BBC One programme Animal Rescue Live was broadcast live for a week at Battersea in July 2007. The programme was presented by Matt Baker and Selina Scott.

ITV's For the Love of Dogs is filmed at Battersea. The show won multiple awards including four National Television Awards for 'Factual Entertainment' and was nominated for a BAFTA in 2013. Presented by Paul O'Grady from its inception in 2012 to his death in 2023, from 2024 it was helmed by Alison Hammond. In October 2023, Battersea announced that they would be naming a new veterinary hospital after O'Grady, and a "tribute fund" set up in his honour would go towards "life-saving and transformative medical procedures" for dogs and cats which need specialist care and treatment.

Ambassadors

 * David Gandy (2012–2023)
 * Paul O'Grady MBE (2012–2023)
 * Dame Jacqueline Wilson (2013–)
 * Amanda Holden (2013–)
 * Anthony Head and Sarah Fisher (2018–)
 * Tom Hardy (2019–)
 * Alison Hammond (2024–)

Notable alumni

 * Larry – Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office (2011–)
 * Palmerston – Chief Mouser of the Foreign & Commonwealth Office (2016–2020)
 * Gladstone – Chief Mouser of HM Treasury (2016–)

Transport
Battersea Power Station tube station is located adjacent to the site on Battersea Park Road, and is served by the Northern line. Battersea Park station for National Rail and Queenstown Road station for National Rail services are located 3 minutes and 7 minutes walk away respectively.

title: Battersea Dogs & Cats Home


text:
Wikipedia:Quarantine

''This proposal is a work in progress. Once it is in a mature and developed state I shall plug it on various related pages. Until then please feel that you can contribute.''

The quarantine proposal would change the current system in two ways. It would allow an article to be tagged with the following tag.

template:Quarantine

This would (as mentioned in the text) have the consequence that this article would not be picked up by our mirrors. Also in the search function on wikipedia the quarantined pages would have a separate section. Having a quarantine tag (and some code in mediawiki that recognises it) will allow further measures to be taken with regard to quarantined pages whenever the community agrees.

The second change is to create a deletion context for pages. Hence Meme would have a talk page Talk:Meme and a deletion page Deletion:Meme (if someone decided it should be put up for deletion). A deletion tag should be created which includes the quarantine tag allowing propoganda or vanity to be efficiently quarantined and simultaneously put up for deletion. The voting for or against a given page's deletion could then occur entirely on the deletion context of that page. If a single page is put up for deletion more than once then the deletion context of that page will hold the history of previous attempts to delete that page. Further if a page is deleted the deletion context page may be allowed to hang around to allow people to view the reason.

Vfd would then become just a special page linking the pages up for deletion in order of submission.

I. Introduction
The purpose of this page is to propose the categorization of some specific deletion candidates according to field of knowledge.

I) VfD is too long, and VfD is overwhelmed
Every few days, someone on the Village Pump will argue that VfD is too long. VfD reaches over 40kb routinely, even when there is not a contentious debate on it. Indeed, it is so long that some people do not list articles there, and many more do not go to vote there. This proposal will not reduce the lengthy debates. Nor will this proposal eliminate the vital deliberative nature of VfD, but it is designed to make VfD easier to use by moving a few specific deletion entries elsewhere.

On September 23, 2004, there were thirty-one new nominations to VfD for the single day. Of these thirty-one, almost all were proper deletion candidates and received nearly unanimous "delete" or "redirect" votes. The nominators to VfD were acting appropriately, and yet it was extremely difficult for voters to consider all of the candidates. The sheer volume of nominations can make it virtually impossible to reason together and consider articles carefully, case by case, which is what VfD is for.

How can we cut down on the number of nominations? We may not be able to; however, we may be able to: (1) make it easier to work on those nominations by identifying some specific cases that often crop up (2) cut down on debate by bringing similar cases together on the same page.

ii) "You mean this isn't a speedy delete?" and the use of precedent
Inevitably, VfD gets hit with articles that are obvious deletes. They rack up ten to fifteen "delete" votes with no "keep" votes but that of the author, and someone will say, "This is really a speedy delete candidate." In some cases, that person is correct. In most cases, that person is not correct because the article is an obvious delete but not a speedy delete. Now, why is the delete obvious? Because there has been precedent for it before.

There are a number of articles that come up for deletion all the time. For example, computer societies in United States cities that are not known outside that city, high schools, obscure patent-holders, etc. Now, on these articles, precedents have been established by the deletion articles that fail to meet certain standards, and by the keeping of other articles that did meet certain standards.

iii) Experts in specific fields
Some articles are very specific to certain fields and require someone knowledgeable in that field to properly evaluate them. This can apply to mathematics or scientific fields like biology, chemistry, or physics. It can apply to other types of academic fields, like philosophy. It can also apply to genres like comic books. It is clear that each Wikipedia editor is knowledgeable about certain fields (or knows the VfD standards of certain fields well from frequent editing within that field) and not so knowledgeable about others. Articles listed on VfD in specific fields of knowledge tend to see the same people voting on them. This proposal will hopefully encourage such "experts" to look at articles within their fields of knowledge.

title: Wikipedia:Quarantine


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List of MLS drafts

This is a list of Major League Soccer drafts. Types of Major League Soccer drafts include the MLS SuperDraft, the MLS supplemental draft and the MLS expansion draft.

Inaugural draft

 * 1996 MLS Inaugural Allocations
 * 1996 MLS Inaugural Player Draft

College drafts

 * 1996 MLS College Draft
 * 1997 MLS College Draft
 * 1998 MLS College Draft
 * 1999 MLS College Draft

Supplemental drafts

 * 1996 MLS supplemental draft
 * 1997 MLS supplemental draft
 * 1998 MLS supplemental draft
 * 1999 MLS supplemental draft
 * 2003 MLS supplemental draft
 * 2005 MLS supplemental draft
 * 2006 MLS supplemental draft
 * 2007 MLS supplemental draft
 * 2008 MLS supplemental draft
 * 2011 MLS supplemental draft
 * 2012 MLS supplemental draft
 * 2013 MLS supplemental draft

SuperDrafts

 * 2000 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2001 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2002 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2003 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2004 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2005 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2006 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2007 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2008 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2009 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2010 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2011 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2012 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2013 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2014 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2015 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2016 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2017 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2018 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2019 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2020 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2021 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2022 MLS SuperDraft
 * 2023 MLS SuperDraft

Contraction drafts

 * 2002 MLS Allocation Draft
 * 2002 MLS Dispersal Draft
 * 2014 MLS Dispersal Draft

Expansion drafts

 * 1997 MLS Expansion Draft
 * 2004 MLS Expansion Draft
 * 2006 MLS Expansion Draft
 * 2007 MLS Expansion Draft
 * 2008 MLS Expansion Draft
 * 2009 MLS Expansion Draft
 * 2010 MLS Expansion Draft
 * 2011 MLS Expansion Draft
 * 2014 MLS Expansion Draft
 * 2016 MLS Expansion Draft
 * 2017 MLS Expansion Draft
 * 2018 MLS Expansion Draft
 * 2019 MLS Expansion Draft
 * 2020 MLS Expansion Draft
 * 2021 MLS Expansion Draft
 * 2022 MLS Expansion Draft

Re-entry drafts

 * 2010 MLS Re-Entry Draft
 * 2011 MLS Re-Entry Draft
 * 2012 MLS Re-Entry Draft
 * 2013 MLS Re-Entry Draft
 * 2014 MLS Re-Entry Draft
 * 2015 MLS Re-Entry Draft
 * 2016 MLS Re-Entry Draft
 * 2017 MLS Re-Entry Draft
 * 2018 MLS Re-Entry Draft
 * 2019 MLS Re-Entry Draft
 * 2020 MLS Re-Entry Draft
 * 2021 MLS Re-Entry Draft
 * 2022 MLS Re-Entry Draft
 * 2023 MLS Re-Entry Draft

title: List of MLS drafts


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Category talk:Polish composers

Not clear whether all composers in this category (and its present subcategory) can be labeled classical (e.g. Wojciech Kilar - appears to be a very prolific film composer, can anyone tell whether this is generally "classical")?

For the time being I recategorize, and replace recategorization instruction by a category definition.

--Francis Schonken 08:55, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Curious, it lacks one of the greatest Polish composers still alive: Penderecki !!!!!!!!!!!!!! Inadmissible! Robert Chevarier — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:E35:2E54:D420:588:FFBE:C920:1710 (talk) 11:10, 26 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Polish composers


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Category:Abnormal psychology

ro:Categorie:Psihologia anormalului

title: Category:Abnormal psychology


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Mark Baker (Australian politician)

Mark Horden Baker (born 31 December 1958) is an Australian politician. He was elected as a Liberal Party of Australia member of the Australian House of Representatives in October 2004, for the Division of Braddon, Tasmania. He was educated in Tasmania, and holds various trade and academic qualifications.

In the past, his community involvement has included member of both the Devonport and Launceston Chamber of Commerce; the Motor Neurone Disease Association of Tasmania; he has also been a board member of the Tasmanian Football Club in 2002. In 2002 Mark was elected President of the Road Trauma Support Team Tasmania. He has worked as a carpenter/joiner, a teacher, and most recently, as a financial adviser. He was defeated for reelection in 2007 by Labor's Sid Sidebottom but held the swing against him to just 2% in the face of a nationwide swing to the ALP of 6%.

title: Mark Baker (Australian politician)


text:
Perak honours list

Perak is one of the states in Malaysia that awards honours and titles.

2010

 * Muhyiddin Yassin is the sole recipient of Darjah Kebesaran Seri Paduka Sultan Azlan Shah (SPSA), which carries the title Dato' Seri Diraja.
 * Zaki Azmi is the sole recipient of Darjah Seri Paduka Cura Si Manja Kini (SPCM), which carries the title Dato' Seri.
 * 3 recipients of Darjah Seri Panglima Taming Sari (SPTS), which carries the title Dato' Seri Panglima.
 * 4 recipients of Darjah Seri Paduka Mahkota Perak (SPMP), which carries the title Dato' Seri.
 * 7 recipients of Darjah Datuk Paduka Cura Simanja Kini (DPCM), which carries the title Dato'.
 * 3 recipients of Darjah Datuk Pahlawan Taming Sari (DPTS), which carries the title Dato' Pahlawan.
 * 46 recipients of Darjah Datuk Paduka Mahkota Perak (DPMP), which carries the title Dato'.

2009

 * 2 recipients of Darjah Seri Panglima Taming Sari (SPTS), which carries the title Dato' Seri Panglima.
 * 4 recipients of Darjah Seri Paduka Mahkota Perak (SPMP), which carries the title Dato' Seri.
 * 2 recipients of Darjah Datuk Paduka Cura Simanja Kini (DPCM), which carries the title Dato'.
 * 9 recipients of Darjah Datuk Pahlawan Taming Sari (DPTS), which carries the title Dato' Pahlawan.
 * 33 recipients of Darjah Datuk Paduka Mahkota Perak (DPMP), which carries the title Dato'.

2007

 * 1 recipient of Darjah Seri Paduka Cura Si Manja Kini (SPCM), which carries the title Dato' Seri.
 * 1 recipient of Darjah Seri Panglima Taming Sari (SPTS), which carries the title Dato' Seri Panglima.
 * 4 recipients of Darjah Seri Paduka Mahkota Perak (SPMP), which carries the title Dato' Seri.
 * 3 recipients of Darjah Datuk Paduka Cura Simanja Kini (DPCM), which carries the title Dato'.
 * 9 recipients of Darjah Datuk Pahlawan Taming Sari (DPTS), which carries the title Dato' Pahlawan.
 * 40 recipients of Darjah Datuk Paduka Mahkota Perak (DPMP), which carries the title Dato'.

2006

 * 1 recipient of Darjah Seri Panglima Taming Sari (SPTS), which carries the title Dato' Seri Panglima.
 * 6 recipients of Darjah Seri Paduka Mahkota Perak (SPMP), which carries the title Dato' Seri.
 * 3 recipients of Darjah Datuk Paduka Cura Simanja Kini (DPCM), which carries the title Dato'.
 * 6 recipients of Darjah Datuk Pahlawan Taming Sari (DPTS), which carries the title Dato' Pahlawan.
 * 44 recipients of Darjah Datuk Paduka Mahkota Perak (DPMP), which carries the title Dato'.

2005

 * 1 recipient of Darjah Seri Panglima Taming Sari (SPTS), which carries the title Dato' Seri Panglima.
 * 5 recipients of Darjah Seri Paduka Mahkota Perak (SPMP), which carries the title Dato' Seri.
 * 2 recipients of Darjah Datuk Paduka Cura Simanja Kini (DPCM), which carries the title Dato'.
 * 7 recipients of Darjah Datuk Pahlawan Taming Sari (DPTS), which carries the title Dato' Pahlawan.
 * 31 recipients of Darjah Datuk Paduka Mahkota Perak (DPMP), which carries the title Dato'.

2004

 * 1 recipient of Darjah Kebesaran Seri Paduka Sultan Azlan Shah (SPSA), which carries the title Dato' Seri.
 * 3 recipients of Darjah Seri Panglima Taming Sari (SPTS), which carries the title Dato' Seri Panglima.
 * 1 recipients of Darjah Seri Paduka Mahkota Perak (SPMP), which carries the title Dato' Seri.
 * 23 recipients of Darjah Datuk Paduka Mahkota Perak (DPMP), which carries the title Dato'.

2003

 * Abdullah Ahmad Badawi is sole recipient of Darjah Kebesaran Seri Paduka Sultan Azlan Shah (SPSA), which carries the title Dato' Seri.
 * 2 recipients of Darjah Seri Panglima Taming Sari (SPTS), which carries the title Dato' Seri Panglima.
 * 3 recipients of Darjah Seri Paduka Mahkota Perak (SPMP), which carries the title Dato' Seri.
 * 3 recipients of Darjah Datuk Paduka Cura Simanja Kini (DPCM), which carries the title Dato'.
 * 6 recipients of Darjah Datuk Pahlawan Taming Sari (DPTS), which carries the title Dato' Pahlawan.
 * 40 recipients of Darjah Datuk Paduka Mahkota Perak (DPMP), which carries the title Dato'.

2000

 * 2 recipients of Datuk Seri Paduka Sultan Azlan (SPSA), which carries the title Dato' Seri.
 * 8 recipients of Darjah Seri Paduka Mahkota Perak (SPMP), which carries the title Dato' Seri.
 * 4 recipients of Datuk Paduka Cura Simanja Kini (DPCM), which carries the title Dato'.
 * 8 recipients of Darjah Datuk Pahlawan Taming Sari (DPTS), which carries the title Dato' Pahlawan.
 * 42 recipients of Darjah Datuk Paduka Mahkota Perak (DPMP), which carries the title Dato'.

title: Perak honours list


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María Martha Serra Lima

María Martha Serra Lima (December 19, 1942 -November 2, 2017) was an Argentine canción melódica singer.

Life and work
Born in Buenos Aires to a family of auto dealership proprietors, Serra Lima was first signed on to a record label in 1977, and became famous across Latin America and in Spain during the 1970s and 1980s. Known for her contralto vocal texture and her repertoire of love ballads and boleros, she collaborated extensively with singer-songwriters from elsewhere in Latin America, particularly Mexican standards such as Los Panchos and Armando Manzanero; among her best-known, non-Hispanic interpretations is that of Paul Anka's My Way. Her albums became hits in Mexico, Puerto Rico, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, and elsewhere in the region, apart from her home country.

She shared the stage with numerous major international singers, done multiple international tours and won many awards through her career as a singer. Serra Lima sold in excess of 10 million albums in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Discography

 * María Martha Serra Lima (1978)
 * Personal (1979)
 * Entre nosotros (1980)
 * Estilo (1982)
 * Sentir (1983)
 * Esencia romántica 2 (1984)
 * Plenamente (1985)
 * El viaje (1986)
 * ¡10 años contigo! (1987)
 * Matices (1989)
 * Mis boleros (1989)
 * Quién soy (1990)
 * Lo mejor de mí (1991)
 * Como nunca (1993)
 * Símbolo de amor (1994)
 * Cosas de la vida (1995)
 * Para estar contigo (1996)
 * Esencia romántica 3 (1998)
 * Baladas de amor (2001)
 * Intensa (2004)
 * Con el alma (2011)

title: María Martha Serra Lima


text: User talk:203.134.172.144

title: User talk:203.134.172.144


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Grattan massacre

The Grattan Massacre, also known as the Grattan Fight, was the opening engagement of the First Sioux War, fought between the United States Army and Lakota Sioux warriors on August 19, 1854. It occurred east of Fort Laramie, Nebraska Territory, in present-day Goshen County, Wyoming.

A small detachment of soldiers entered a large Sioux encampment to arrest a man accused of killing a migrant's cow, although such matters by treaty were to be handled by the US Indian agent. After one of the soldiers fatally shot Chief Matȟó Wayúhi (Conquering Bear), the Sichangu Lakotas returned fire and killed 29 soldiers, Lieutenant John Grattan, and a civilian interpreter.

Background
From 1845-1856, the Great Plains suffered a severe drought. Conditions of this drought dramatically reduced grass coverage, and Kiowa tribes recorded few to no bison on the Plains by the late 1840s. The lack of bison, in turn, caused hunger and starvation among the Plains American Indians. By 1853, U.S. Indian Agents noted, "many of the Cheyennes, Arapahoes, and Sioux, in a starving condition, on account of the scanty supply of buffalo[.]"

Late in summer of 1854, about 4,000 Sichangu and Oglala were camped east of Fort Laramie, in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of 1851. On August 17, a cow belonging to Mormon Christian J. Larsen (chaplain of the Hans P. Olsen Company of Danish immigrants) traveling on the nearby Oregon Trail, strayed and was killed by a visiting Miniconjou (Sioux) named High Forehead. Larsen barely noticed the incident in his journal, writing, "We passed a large encampment of Indians before we reached 'Fort Laramie'. They shot one of our cows, that was lame, and we let them have the meat. They also shot one, belonging to Hans Monsen, and it came into our camp, wounded, where we had it butchered."

Lt. Hugh Fleming, the senior officer of the small garrison, consulted with the chief, Matȟó Wayúhi, also known as Conquering Bear, to discuss the loss of livestock. Lt. Fleming was either unaware, or chose to ignore that these matters were supposed to be handled by the local Indian agent according to the terms of the Treaty of 1851. The Indian agent in this case was John Whitfield, who was due to arrive within days with annuities with which restitution could be made.

Despite knowing that the matter was not under the purview of the military, Conquering Bear still attempted to negotiate with Lt. Fleming, offering a horse from his personal herd or a cow from the tribe's herd; however, Larsen, the owner of the cow, reportedly persisted in demanding $25 instead. Lt. Fleming asked the Sioux to arrest High Forehead and deliver him to the fort, which Conquering Bear refused; he had no authority over the Miniconjou and did not want to violate his people's tradition of hospitality. The day's talk ended in stalemate.

On August 19, 1854, Second Lieutenant John Lawrence Grattan of the U.S. 6th Infantry Regiment, a recent graduate of West Point and supernumerary waiting for a vacancy in the regiment, led an armed detachment into the Indian encampment to take custody of High Forehead and bring him back to the fort. Grattan was inexperienced and described as contemptuous of the Lakotas' ability as warriors. This was his first (and only) encounter with the Sioux.

A commander at Laramie later recalled, "There is no doubt that Lt. Grattan left this post with a desire to have a fight with the Indians, and that he had determined to take the man at all hazards." In Grattan's party were a sergeant, a corporal, 27 privates, and a French-Indian interpreter named Lucien Auguste; the military forces had two artillery pieces in addition to arms.

Events
By the time the detachment reached the encampment, Auguste was intoxicated from drinking along the way, as he feared the encounter. Grattan broke his bottle and scolded him. Auguste was not well liked by the Sioux; he spoke only broken Dakota and had little grasp of other dialects. As they entered the encampment, he began to taunt the Sioux, calling their warriors women, and saying the soldiers were not there to talk, but to kill them all. James Bordeaux, who owned the nearby trading post and observed the encounter, later recounted Auguste's comments.

Historians estimate the encampment had some 1,200 warriors among the total 4,800 population. According to Bordeaux, Lt. Grattan began to realize the risk and stopped to discuss the situation with the trader. Bordeaux advised him to talk directly with Conquering Bear and let him handle the situation. Grattan seemed to understand and continued on into the encampment. Going first to the lodge of High Forehead, he ordered him to surrender to the US forces. High Forehead said he would die first.

Grattan went to Conquering Bear, saying the Sioux should arrest the guilty party and turn him over. Conquering Bear refused but tried to negotiate, offering a horse as compensation for the cow. Bordeaux reportedly said the interpreter Auguste taunted the Sioux, and failed to fully or accurately translate Conquering Bear and Grattan's comments, as there seemed to be confusion between them. Conquering Bear asked for the trader Bordeaux to act as interpreter, as the Sioux trusted him and his language ability. Called by the Sioux, Bordeaux rode to the meeting place; later he said he could see the situation was out of hand. As Grattan pressed Conquering Bear, numerous Sioux warriors moved into flanking positions around the soldiers. Bordeaux returned to the trading post, where he told associates to arm themselves, as a fight was brewing.

Ending the discussion, Grattan began walking back to his column. A nervous soldier fired his gun, shooting a Sioux. The warriors started shooting arrows while leaders tried to take control. Conquering Bear was mortally wounded and died nine days later near the Niobrara River. The Sichangu Sioux warriors, led by Spotted Tail, then a rising war chief within their people, quickly killed Grattan, 11 of his men, and the interpreter. A group of some 18 soldiers retreated on foot trying to reach some rocks for defense, but they were cut off and killed by overcoming warriors led by Red Cloud, a rising war chief within the Oglala Sioux. One of Grattan's soldiers survived the immediate situation but later died of his wounds.

Conquering Bear was the only Lakota who was killed. The Sioux spared Bordeaux, both because he was married to a Sichangu Sioux woman and because he had a friendly relationship with the tribes.

Aftermath
The enraged warriors "rampaged throughout the night, swearing to attack other whites." They rode against Fort Laramie the next morning but withdrew; they looted the trading post but did not harm Bordeaux. On the third day after the US attack, the Sichangu and Oglala abandoned the camp on the North Platte River and returned to their respective hunting grounds.

On the fourth day, the military asked Bordeaux to arrange a burial party. His team went to the scene and found that the slain soldiers had been ritually mutilated. Grattan's body was identified by his watch and was returned to the trading post for burial. The remains of the troops were interred at the site in a shallow mass grave. The soldiers' remains were later exhumed (unburied) and re-interred at Fort McPherson National Cemetery, where a white marble monument was erected in their memory. Grattan's remains were moved later and reinterred to Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery in Kansas. A historical marker was later erected about one-half mile from the site of the events.

The U.S. press called the event the "Grattan Massacre." Accounts generally ignored the US soldiers' instigation of the event by their failures: first, to leave it up to the Indian agent to settle, as called for in the treaty; and second, shooting chief Conquering Bear in the back.

When news of the fight reached the War Department, officials started planning retaliation to punish the Sioux. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis characterized the incident as "the result of a deliberately formed plan."

Col. William S. Harney was recalled from Paris in April 1855 and sent to Fort Kearny, where he assembled a command of 600 troops, consisting of men from the 6th Infantry, 10th Infantry, 4th Artillery, and his own 2nd US Dragoons. In total, he had four mounted companies led by Lt. Col. Philip St. George Cooke and five companies of infantry under Major Albemarle Cady. They set out on August 24, 1855, to find the Sioux and exact retribution. Harney was quoted as saying, "By God, I'm for battle—no peace."

Warned by Thomas S. Twiss of the Indian Bureau that the army had put a force in the field, half of the Lakota who were camped north of the Platte River went into Fort Laramie for protection as "friendlies". The other half, generally led by Conquering Bear's successor Little Thunder, remained at large. They considered themselves peaceful but knew that Harney was out with a force. They continued to harbor warriors sought by the army.

Harney engaged them in the Battle of Ash Hollow (also known as the Battle of Bluewater Creek) on September 3, 1855. U.S. soldiers killed 86 Sichangu Sioux, half of them women and children, in present-day Garden County, Nebraska. The New York Times and other newspapers recounted the battle as a massacre because so many women and children were killed. The village of 230 persons was caught between an assault by the infantry and a blocking force by the cavalry. Spotted Tail, principal war chief of the Sichangu, was surprised while unarmed and taking part in the parley; he was seriously wounded four times and two bullets passed through his chest, but still he killed or wounded 13 "long knives".

Harney returned to Fort Laramie with 70 prisoners, most of them women and children, including Spotted Tail's mother, wife and three children, and the wife of Iron Shell (Maza Pangeska). To make the Sichangu Women and children free, Harney claimed the delivery of the leaders of Grattan Fight, and Spotted Tail, Red Leaf (Waba Sha), Long Chin (Iku Hanska) and, some days later, Standing Elk (Hehaka Najin) and Red Plume (Wiyaka Sha), went to Fort Pierre, esorted by Iron Shell and the whole Sichangu crowd. On October 25, the three warriors sought by the expedition surrendered, were held for a year at Fort Leavenworth (where Spotted Tail was reached by his wife several months later), and were released.

Harney ordered the tribes to send representatives to a treaty council at Fort Pierre in March 1856, where a treaty was signed on terms dictated by the War Department. Twiss tried to undermine the treaty, and Harney had him removed from office, although he did not have the authority to do so; George W. Manypenny, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, successfully lobbied the Senate to reject the treaty, and Twiss was reinstated.

Harney's actions against the Lakota restrained them for nearly ten years. The US was soon involved in the American Civil War, and did not have resources to fight on the Great Plains.

Historians such as Griske believe the following nearly quarter-century of intermittent warfare on the Great Plains was triggered by the Grattan massacre. Others suggest numerous factors, especially US desire for control of lands that were Sioux territory, that contributed to make warfare inevitable.

In addition, Red Cloud admitted to having been present in the battle where thirty people died.

title: Grattan massacre


text:
Stawell

Stawell may refer to:

People

 * John Stawell (1600–1662), English MP
 * Baron Stawell, a historical English barony (1683–1755 and 1760–1820)
 * Ralph Stawell, 1st Baron Stawell (c. 1640–1689), son of John
 * Mary Bilson-Legge, 1st Baroness Stawell (1725/26–1780)
 * Henry Bilson-Legge, 2nd Baron Stawell (1757–1820)
 * William Stawell (1815–1889) Australian colonial statesman

Places

 * Stawell, Victoria, Australia, named after William
 * Stawell Underground Physics Laboratory, located in the Stawell gold mine
 * Stawell, Somerset, England

Other uses

 * HMAS Stawell, a Bathurst class corvette named after the Australian settlement
 * Stawell School, once a private school for girls on Mount Lofty, South Australia

title: Stawell


text:
User:Ta bu shi da yu/norants

Hello, your experiment on Wikipedia in the article was succesful and has now been reverted. In future, if you would like to make a political statement, may I advise a discussion site like Kuro5hin? Alternatively, you could always create a user account and write what you think in there. If you are unsure why Wikipedia is an inappropriate forum for rants, please see Neutral Point of View. Thanks! -

title: User:Ta bu shi da yu/norants


text:
Category talk:Swedish composers

Untitled
Several composers in this category are not even categorized as "Classical composers", let alone that such categorization would be in accordance with the article text.

For the time being, I remove recategorization instruction, and recategorize.

--Francis Schonken 09:06, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Swedish composers