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Talk:Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell

A few queries
Three queries that don't need to disturb the FA debate. Ignore if unhelpful. I'd like to hear something about the nature of the narrator. They write as if they and their expected readers inhabit the world described (at a later date), but are otherwise omniscient in the common manner of fictional third person narrators (a literary trick also used in Neil Gaiman's Stardust). Clarke says something on the subject in the reply to the Crooked Timber blog discussion here.

The article compares David Foster Wallace and Pynchon for the footnoting: readers of a British fantasy work might perhaps think either of Terry Pratchett or of The Third Policeman.

The pastiche style (particularly the Dickensian playfulness) reminded me a lot of Leon Garfield. Has Clarke ever mentioned him as an influence? N p holmes (talk) 10:35, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Np, thanks so much for your interest in the article! Unfortunately, what you are coming up against is the same problem I had in writing this article - the dearth of reliable sources. Occasionally I found tidbits on unreliable sites (as you did on the blog), but we can't use those here. You should know that the reviews rarely, if ever, mention the narrator, which is why he (?) is not discussed in the article. One of my frustrations with the reviews was their insistence on focusing on the footnotes and the pastiche and ignoring most of the other elements of the novel, particularly the themes. One problem I noticed with the reviews was that they threw out a lot of names of possible influences, without explaining in any depth why those influences might be reflected in Jonathan Strange. I tried to include the names that appeared most often in the reviews and those that had some sort of explanation. :) I also gave pride of place to Clarke's own ideas regarding her writing process. That said, I don't remember offhand reading much about Pratchett, anything about The Third Policeman, or anything about Garfield. Awadewit (talk) 18:28, 29 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 1) On the narrator, can one not say a little just from the primary source? We allow plot descriptions after all.  I don't think what Clarke writes at Crooked Timber should be seen as an unreliable source (it's her own words and it's not some anonymous blog where someone might be pretending to be interviewing her).  Incidentally from what she says there, the narrator is (unsurprisingly) female. 2) Yes, you wouldn't want to name The Third Policeman if you don't have secondary sources to do so; but perhaps it might be better not to name the other writers either, or to keep the comment more general. But I'll leave it at that. N p holmes (talk) 06:06, 30 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 3) From Google, I see she mentions Garfield here (transcript of an interview at a convention), along with Joan Aiken; but it's too passing a comment to be worth mention. N p holmes (talk) 06:54, 30 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The author's own comments which happen to be published on a blog seem perfectly appropriate. john k (talk) 15:23, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
 * 1a) I don't think we can describe the narrator using the novel. Usually, analytical statements about literature need to be sourced. Everyone would agree there is a narrator, but the tone of the narrator is not necessary something all readers would agree upon.
 * 1b) Blogs are not generally considered reliable sources and FAs need to use only the best sources. There were other blogs I didn't use, upon 's advice here.
 * 2) I named the writers most often listed in the reviews and added as much of an explanation as I could. I privileged listing those with explanations. Awadewit (talk) 23:46, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

List of real people and places
Should not the article have a more extensive list on what people, places, events, etc. in the novel are actually real? Maybe a subarticle?

In any event, for the record, the sale of the library of the Duke of Roxburghe which is an important plot element of Chapter 28 actually happened and Google Books has a contemporary document for it.

Also Colquhoun Grant from Chapter 31 was real. His entry in Wikipedia mentions the novel, but there is no mention of him in the article for the novel. Obviously many other examples could be cited. 68.97.13.204 (talk) 14:05, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I would agree - giving links to the articles on various historical figures who appear in literary works is one of the things that Wikipedia can be great for. john k (talk) 15:22, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
 * We cannot list every character in the novel - there are far too many - the article would simply end up being a list. Awadewit (talk) 15:00, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * It's not about listing every character in the novel, but listing real historical figures who appear in the novel. john k (talk) 17:06, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

Title: Miss J. Austen, Jonathan Strange & Mr. Norrell. By: Bander, Elaine, Persuasions: The Jane Austen Journal Online, 15597520,, Vol. 29, Issue 1 Database: Literary Reference Center "Moreover, Clarke's characters mention actual writers, artists, institutions and public figures of the day, such as Madame d'Arblay (72), Ackermann (136), Castlereagh (165), Canning (176), The Gentleman's Magazine (225), Mr. Beckford, Mr. Lewis and Mrs. Radcliffe (245), Haig and Chippendale's Upholstery (259), Wedgewood (260), Mrs. Edgeworth's Belinda (262), Wellington and the Peninsula campaign (285 ff), Goya (333), the King's madness, the Prince Regent, and the rival Royal Dukes (Ch. 32), Cruickshank and Rowlandson (407), Mr. Jeffrey and The Edinburgh Review (410ff), Brussels on the eve of Waterloo (430ff), the Princesses at Windsor (467), the publisher John Murray (passim), Lord Byron, his friends and his lovers (553ff), D'Israeli's Flim-Flams and Miss Austen's Emma (557)." Woken Wanderer (talk) 01:54, 24 April 2010 (UTC)
 * We use parts of this list (which is not exhaustive) in the "Genre" part of the article, where we integrate the information in a coherent way, explaining why the author references so many real people. Awadewit (talk) 16:17, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

RE: "Should not the article have a more extensive list on what people, places, events, etc. in the novel are actually real?" I would disagree, because I think that the impact that the novel achieves on the reader, or at least the contemporary English reader, is achieved by producing a deliberate alternative history. Without wishing to be affectedly post-modern, least of all with respect to history and/or historical fact, I think this book uses "re-imagining" of "real" history to address 21st century issues in English identity. I'm aware that I'm swimming upstream on this point, given the deletion of the edit I'd made suggesting this line of interpretation, but I think that any entry on this novel must include the socio-cultural theme that England is a fusion of divergent cultural identities, and that this novel inverts the the commonly-held geographical trope that Southern England is the dominant locus of power and model of identity, in this country. Specifically, the novel confronts the "real" men ruling England, and its Empire, with Northern England being a war-winning but, magical Danelaw; complete with its own once and future wizard-king, with whom they have a treaty. — Preceding unsigned comment added by GeoffAyres77 (talk • contribs) 02:02, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

Misleading summary?
I just read the book and I think the summary is misleading. I don't know the etiquette so I won't edit the text.

«At Strange's request, Flora moves with her family to Padua and secludes herself inside her home, along with a mirror given to her by Strange.» It was more like Strange asks Dr Greysteel to get rid of Flora. And the Dr stays with Strange.

Is Lyocell an alternative spelling of Lascelles?

«Strange returns and gives Childermass instructions which allow him to free Lady Pole from the fairy's enchantment. Strange, bringing "Eternal Night" with him, asks Norrell to help him undo Arabella's enchantment by summoning John Uskglass.» makes it look like Strange directly talked with Childermass, when it was by accident, since Drawlight was killed by Lascelles before he could deliver the 3 messages. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:646:4201:7930:AC36:9D87:FD3E:A440 (talk) 05:11, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comment, the plot summary was recently trimmed down by a single editor who may have introduced some errors or misleading passages. Please feel free to make any adjustments you think necessary, I just corrected the Lascelles bit and unlinked Venice, which was linked like six times LOL.— TAnthonyTalk 14:46, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

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Anyone more familiar with the book than I care to add it to this list?
Types of mythological or fantastic beings in contemporary fiction is a page of, well, fantasy works (movie, TV, written, whatever) and the assorted mythological and/or fantastic critters they contain. This book would qualify. Anyone care to add it? Tamtrible (talk) 18:36, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

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Variant covers
The caption of the cover image suggests the book's first edition was released with variant covers. I'd like to see something brief about that in the article since it seems a bit unusual. I did a quick search and it looks like there were at least red and parchment-colored versions in addition to the black, but I didn't find any sources that talk about it. Colintedford (talk) 14:53, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell


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Talk:Hierodule

RE the dispute -- The obvious etymology of the word, and dictionaries like American Heritage, say that "hierodule" means nothing more than "temple slave."

Yep... I was about to raise the problem myself. technically a hieros doulos or "sacred slave" is no more than a slave that is the property of a temple.

To boot, The Mesopotamian priestesses of Inanna, and later Ishtar were definitely Not of servile status. especially not the High Priestess who performed the annual rite of hieros gamos with the king. Of course, there might have been female temple slaves raising revenue by working as temple prostitutes... but all of this is purely conjectural, as no reliable sources on the matter exist ... --Svartalf 02:08, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

I do not see that the external link to Temple Zagduku serves any purpose here, or adds any information relevant to this subject.Babel2675 15:56, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

On "Hierodule" the word, there is the etymology/origin of the word itself, and its definition, and then the argument over the definition. it is infinitely more useful that it be here separately, as a word, than having to hunt for it in the larger realm of "religious prostitution," a complex and multilayered subject which ranges far beyond the Hierodules of Sumeria, or the modern day, especially if one is trying to meet a deadline for a paper. Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lucretius23 (talk • contribs) 18:40, 11 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree that it may stay as it is, separate article. to merge hierodule with religous prostitution does not seem to be of value as this office only included sexual rites in Asia, while in Greece did not, and Venus of Sicily required them to be celibate (based on the Russian version of the article that in turn bases on Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary that is most often consistent when pronouncing facts related to Classical Antiquity Tar-ba-gan (talk) 16:20, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Unreliable: delete!
Based on the above discussion, and that the article contradicts information in the article Nadītu, I think there is no good reason why the current article deserves survival. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 18:00, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

Redirection
The article as it stands is next to useless. However, there COULD be a well-researched article on this page which may not need to be merged into Sacred prostitution. Look at the Dutch article, for example... Moogsi (talk) 00:01, 22 October 2012 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hierodule


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Category:Geography of Indonesia

In addition to specific geographic subcategories, articles are placed into by-province and by-island categories--where province and island are identified in the article.

title: Category:Geography of Indonesia


text:
Matthew Dymond

Matthew Bulloch Dymond, (September 24, 1911 – February 21, 1996) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1955 to 1975 who represented the riding of Ontario. He served as a cabinet minister in the governments of Leslie Frost and John Robarts.

Background
Dymond was born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and emigrated to Canada in his teens, where he completed his high school education. He received his Doctor of Medicine, from Queen's University in 1941 and he did post-graduate work in Kingston and Toronto before joining the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps. He served in Canada, England, and Western Europe with the Surgical Division of Number 10 Canadian General Hospital. After the war, he set up general practice in Port Perry, Ontario, in 1946. Dymond was married to Phyllis Jeanne (January 28, 1903 - March 25, 2002) and they had two daughters, Beverley (Livesay) and Nancy Dymond.

Politics
Dymond started his political career as a Councillor in Port Perry, in 1948, and he later served on the School Board. Dymond won the Progressive Conservative provincial nomination in May 1955 on the fifth ballot, with 3,500 people voting. He won election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the June 1955 provincial election representing the riding of Ontario. He soon joined Leslie Frost's cabinet as Minister of Reform Institutions in 1957. He briefly served as Minister of Transportation before becoming Minister of Health in 1958.

When Frost retired in 1961, Dymond ran in the PC leadership convention, coming in sixth place. He remained Minister of Health in the government of Frost's successor, John Robarts, until his resignation from cabinet in 1969. He oversaw the implementation of the Ontario Health Insurance Plan which is Ontario's version of Medicare. After leaving cabinet, Dymond remained a backbench Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) until the 1975 election when he retired from politics and returned to his medical practice in Port Perry.

title: Matthew Dymond


text:
Boilermaker Special

The Boilermaker Special is the official mascot of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. It resembles a Victorian-era railroad locomotive and is built on a truck chassis. It is operated and maintained by the student members of the Purdue Reamer Club. It is often incorrectly assumed that Purdue Pete is the official mascot of the university.

Inspiration for the Boilermaker Special
Purdue University is a land-grant university (or Agricultural and Mechanical (A&M) university) created through the Morrill Act of 1862. In the 1890s, Purdue became a leader in the research of railway technology. For many years Purdue operated the "Schenectady No. 1", "Schenectady No. 2", and the "Vulclain" on a dynamometer in an engineering laboratory on the West Lafayette campus. The Schenectady was a 4-4-0 type steam locomotive manufactured by the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was a classic Victorian-era design similar in construction to the Western and Atlantic Railroad No. 3 (see The General (locomotive) on display at the Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History). Purdue even operated its own railroad to connect the campus powerplant to a main rail line. The American Railway Association Building, which stands on the West Lafayette campus to the southwest of the Mechanical Engineering Building, is one of the few remaining vestiges of the railroad testing which occurred on the campus. It was constructed in 1926 to test railroad car draft gears. Locomotive research ended in 1938 when the Vauclain's boiler was declared unsafe and the dynamometer was decommissioned.

Creation of the mascot
For many years Purdue did not have a mascot. In 1939, Purdue pharmacy student Israel Selkowitz suggested the school adopt an official mascot to represent Purdue's engineering heritage. He originally proposed a "mechanical man". After much debate, it was decided to build a locomotive on an automobile chassis. This choice allowed the mascot to build on Purdue's engineering and railroading heritage, as well as represent the school's nickname "Boilermakers" in a meaningful way.

The "Boilermaker" nickname came about during the early years of Purdue football. There had been rumors the university enrolled burly boilermakers from the Monon Railroad shops in Lafayette, Indiana as students/football players to help beef up the scrawny football team after a 44-0 victory over Wabash College in 1891. When a railroad operated an extra train independent of the scheduled timetable, it was known as a "special". Thus, the trains which carried Purdue's sporting teams and their fans to other cities for athletic contests were known as "Boilermaker Specials".

Financial support and encouragement to build the first Boilermaker Special were provided by key members of the Purdue University graduating class of 1907, and members of the Purdue Reamer Club from the graduating classes of 1940 and 1941.

Boilermaker Special I
The Boilermaker Special I was introduced in 1940. The locomotive body was constructed by the Baldwin Locomotive Works and installed on a 1939 "Champion" automobile chassis donated by the Studebaker Corporation (South Bend, Indiana). The chassis had a 6-cylinder in-line gasoline engine and a three-speed manual transmission. The gearshift was on the steering column. The cab contained a single bench seat for the driver and one passenger. Although the coal tender area was not designed for passengers, one passenger could sit on top each of the wheel fenders. The cab had two sheetmetal doors, one on each side, each of which had an open window. Although the cab had a windshield, the back only had a window opening with no glass. This meant the wind and weather would enter the cab from the back.

The bell and the whistle on the boiler are believed to have been donated by the Monon Railroad shops in Lafayette. The whistle used exhaust from the engine as its source of compressed gas. Although the cab had marker lights, the only driving light was the single 'cyclops' light mounted high on the front of the boiler. Due to the high placement of the single headlight and a minimal number of other exterior lights, Boilermaker Special I was not driven at night for safety reasons. In honor of the Purdue students and alumni who contributed to the project, the numbers "074041" were later installed in the sides of the headlight.

Boilermaker Special II
In 1953, the Boilermaker Special II was created by installing the original Baldwin body from the Boilermaker Special I on an International Harvester truck chassis. This meant that the Boilermaker Special II was visually identical to the Boilermaker Special I.

After the Boilermaker Special III was introduced, the Boilermaker Special II was scrapped in a Lafayette IN salvage yard. This was personally witnessed by Reamer Club member Roger Brunstrum so that no one could later claim it was purchased from the scrap yard.

Boilermaker Special trailer
A matching trailer was introduced in 1956 to provide seats for about 30 passengers. Passengers boarded the trailer by a set of stairs at the rear of the trailer. One member of the Reamer Club rode the trailer at the stairs to prevent anyone from boarding or exiting the trailer while the trailer was in motion and to communicate with those towing the trailer.

The trailer was similar to a wagon in that the front wheels were steered by a towing yoke. The trailer also had pneumatic brakes which received compressed air from the Boilermaker Special via pneumatic connections adjacent to the trailer hitch. The brakes on the trailer were remotely actuated independently from the brakes on the Boilermaker Special by a hand-operated lever mounted to the right side of the Boilermaker Special's steering column. When it was desired to stop the train, the Pilot had to simultaneously operate the foot brake for the Boilermaker Special and the hand brake for the trailer.

While the trailer did provide additional passenger seating, it was difficult to tow. The brakes worked best when the trailer was fully loaded. When the trailer was lightly loaded, the braking action was excessive, which resulted in the wheels locking and skidding when the brakes were applied. Since the trailer brakes were remotely operated by a hand lever, and the Pilot always had to be ready to operate the brakes, the Pilot had to keep one hand on the trailer brake lever at all times while the Boilermaker Special was moving in the event an emergency stop had to be executed. This meant the Pilot was always driving with only one hand on the steering wheel when the trailer was in use. If the Pilot forgot to operate the trailer brakes when the Boilermaker Special's foot brake was operated, the trailer might jack-knife, particularly if more passengers were seated on one side of the trailer. Also, the steering action of the front trailer wheels was not damped, so the towing speed of the trailer was limited to 25 miles per hour. If the trailer hit a bump when above 25 mph, a stable, rapid, side-to-side oscillation was induced in the front of the trailer that could only be stopped by slowing the trailer below 20 mph. This oscillating motion was very uncomfortable and disturbing to the passengers. Finally, since the front wheels were steered by the towing yoke, the trailer could not be pushed backwards by the Boilermaker Special. It always had to be towed in a forward direction. If it was necessary to move the trailer backwards, the trailer had to be completely disconnected from the Boilermaker Special and manually pushed backwards while being manually steered with the towing yoke.

In later years the trailer was infrequently used. It was retired and scrapped in 1993 when the Boilermaker Special V was introduced. Beginning with Boilermaker Special III, the Boilermaker Special had sufficient seating capacity in the "coal tender" area to accommodate most groups. Boilermaker Special V was neither equipped with a trailer hitch nor pneumatic connections to supply the trailer's brakes. As a result, the trailer could no longer be towed and was no longer needed.

Boilermaker Special III
In 1960, the Boilermaker Special III was introduced. It was built in Detroit by the General Motors Corporation on a 2-ton GMC school bus chassis. It was initially powered by a Buick 6-cylinder gasoline engine connected to a two-speed manual transmission. A single rear axle with dual wheels and a manual-shift, two-speed differential rounded out the drive train. It also featured a pneumatic brake system. A trailer hitch and pneumatic fittings were at the rear of the vehicle to tow the trailer introduced in 1956.

Boilermaker Special III featured an all-new body that was much larger and visually different than the Baldwin-manufactured body used on Boilermaker Specials I and II. The cab and coal tender were constructed of plywood with facings of sheet steel on each side. Forward of the cab, the body was heavy sheet steel and steel plate. The brass bell originally installed on Boilermaker Specials I and II was installed on the boiler. A new headlight was installed at the front of the boiler. It featured a standard automotive 12-volt marker bulb reflected by a large parabolic mirror. It was so bright it could only be used during parades. A locomotive air horn was installed on the top left side of the cab. When the horn was sounded, the Boilermaker Special III could be heard from miles away. To complete the locomotive theme, "steam" could be sprayed from the smokestack. The steam was actually carbon dioxide released by the driver from a fire extinguisher cylinder within the cab and plumbed to a nozzle just below the top of the smokestack.

The body featured a full 12-volt negative ground electrical system powered by an alternator. It supplied power to concealed four-beam headlights, parking/marker lights, brake lights, backup lights, instrument lights, electric windshield wipers, a single-speed heater blower, and a radio/public address system. With this equipment, the Boilermaker Special III was capable of day or night operation on most improved roads, including highways. The original headlight from Boilermaker Special I was initially installed on the back of the coal tender as a rear-facing safety light. It was later removed and installed as the headlight of the Boilermaker IV in 1979 (see below). A white block P was displayed on the front of the boiler directly below the large front headlight. The block P was mounted to a metal mesh screen which allowed external cool air to be drawn through the radiator by the engine's radiator fan.

In the 1970s, the original engine and transmission were replaced with a carbureted Chevrolet 350 cubic inch V-8 and a three-speed automatic transmission. The two-speed differential was locked in high gear and shift mechanism removed. A power steering pump and steering assist cylinder were installed to reduce steering effort. In the early 1980s, a brass whistle was installed next to the brass bell and used the same source of compressed air as the large train horn.

In this final configuration, the Boilermaker Special III weighed about 9,300 pounds (4,218 kg). When it was retired in 1993, it had traveled over 110,000 miles (177,027 km).

Boilermaker X-tra Special IV
In 1979, a small version of the Boilermaker Special was introduced. The Boilermaker Special IV, or "X-tra Special" as it became known, was built on an E-Z-GO electric golf cart chassis. This allowed the mascot to be displayed at indoor functions or on softer surfaces (i.e. a turf athletic field) where its massive gasoline-powered, and later diesel-powered big brother could never go. The headlight was the original headlight used on Boilermaker Special I and II. The top of the smokestack could be removed to allow the X-tra Special to fit inside freight elevators and move through standard height, side-by-side walk-through doors. The IV also featured a white block P on the front of the boiler directly below the headlight, just like the Boilermaker Special III.

Boilermaker Special V
Boilermaker Special V was introduced on September 25, 1993. It was built on a Navistar Low-Profile 4600 chassis and powered by a non-turbocharged V-8 diesel engine. The Navistar chassis was donated by the Navistar International Corporation (formerly International Harvester). The body was primarily constructed of aluminum which was donated by Alcoa, which has an aluminum processing factory in Lafayette, Indiana. The aluminum body was fabricated and installed on the chassis by the Wabash National Corporation, also of Lafayette, Indiana. Like the Boilermaker Special III, the Boilermaker Special V had pneumatic brakes. However, there was neither a trailer hitch nor pneumatic brake fittings at the rear of the vehicle. As a result, the trailer introduced in 1956 could no longer be towed.

The brass bell from Boilermaker Special I and the brass whistle from Boilermaker Special III were installed on the boiler. A five-chime freight train horn from a Norfolk Southern locomotive was installed on the body. The coal tender was large enough to seat up to 14 passengers. The Special was able to "kneel", which allowed children and the elderly easier access to the coal tender. Despite the extensive use of aluminum in the body, the Boilermaker Special V weighed 10,800 pounds (4,900 kg), nearly 1,500 pounds (680 kg) more than the previous version. The Boilermaker Special V was the first to feature an Arabic number "5" on the front of the boiler directly below the headlight.

Boilermaker X-tra Special VI
X-tra Special IV was later disassembled to make way for X-tra Special VI. Joe Peñaloza, a Purdue University graduate, designed the VI. It was built on a Club Car golf cart chassis, which was donated by Angel Hills Golf Course in Rossville, Indiana. The exterior body was made of a fiberglass composite, donated by Brunswick Tech. The structural work was done mainly at Wabash National. The fiberglass body was formed by Dr. Ray Thompson and his aviation composite materials class at the Purdue Airport. The paint was applied by West Coast Customs and donated by Valspar Corp. Pyramids Sign and Design completed all the detail paintwork. Many of the other materials used in the creation of VI were donated. These items include the brass, which was donated by ABC Metals Inc., bagging material was donated by Decomp, specialty foams donated by Diab, resin used before painting donated by Resin Services, and the lights and safety devices were donated by TSD.

The X-tra Special VI was dedicated Saturday October 19, 1996 at the homecoming game against Ohio State at the end of the half time show. The X-tra Special VI was used in both basketball and football games. The last public appearance by the Boilermaker Special VI was on October 7, 2017 at the Minnesota-Purdue football game in West Lafayette Indiana. The VI led the football team onto the field for the start of the game with its replacement, the Boilermaker Special VIII (see below).

Boilermaker Special VII
In 2011, the Boilermaker Special V underwent a significant overhaul with the help of the Wabash National corporation. With over 200,000 miles (321,868 km), it was in need of a new engine, transmission and chassis. In June 2011, the university confirmed the overhauled mascot would indeed be branded as Boilermaker Special VII, which is reflected by the number "7" displayed on the front of the train's boiler. The new design was made by Reamer Alumna Beth (Smart) Miller (F'06). The body was changed slightly to adjust to the new parts, as well as a slight change in the paint scheme. New whistles and bells were also installed, while retaining the original brass bell from Boilermaker Special I. Much to the delight of many Reamer Club Alumni, the Special is outfitted with modern LED lighting on both its running boards as well as its cyclops. Boilermaker Special VII was presented to the university on September 3, 2011 at halftime of the Middle Tennessee State-Purdue football game. It was dedicated on October 1, 2011 at a luncheon which preceded the Notre Dame-Purdue football game.

Boilermaker X-tra Special VIII
On June 16, 2017, the Reamer Club announced the Boilermaker Special VI would be retired and replaced by the Boilermaker Special VIII. The VIII was assembled from a new, heavy-duty Caryall Turf 2 golf cart donated by Club Car and a new body designed and fabricated by the Wabash National corporation. The smokestack on the VIII is shorter than those on the IV and VI so that it no longer needs to be disassembled to drive into freight elevators or pass through doorways. The new X-tra Special made its first public appearance in West Lafayette Indiana at the Minnesota-Purdue football game on October 7, 2017 alongside the Boilermaker Special VI, which was making its final public appearance. The VIII led the football team onto the field, and was later featured in an announcement at the stadium during the third media time-out of the first quarter. The Purdue All-American Marching Band also played a tribute to the Boilermaker Special during their pregame performance. The band formed an image of the X-Tra Special on the field, then played "Wabash Cannonball" as the formation moved across the field. The performance included band members discharging fire extinguishers at the top of the smokestack. A private dedication followed the football game at the Purdue Memorial Union. In attendance were active and honorary members of the Reamer Club, recent pledges, university advisors, Wabash National employees, and Reamer Club alumni representing six decades of membership.

Boilermaker Special IX
On September 15, 2023, after a dinner to celebrate the Reamer Club's 100th anniversary, the Reamer Club announced that a new Boilermaker Special IX will be developed with a goal to be ready for service in the summer of 2025. As with recent new Boilermaker Specials, Wabash National and Navistar International are expected to contribute to the design and construction.

Remnants of retired Boilermaker Specials
Only a few small pieces of Boilermaker Specials I, II, III, and IV remain in existence. The majority of their bodies and chassis were scrapped when they were retired, primarily to prevent any person or group from later claiming ownership of what was once the Boilermaker Special. The fate of Boilermaker Special VI has not yet been disclosed.

The brass bell from the Boilermaker Special I is the same bell that was used on Boilermaker Specials II, III, and V. It is currently installed on Boilermaker Special VII. Pieces of sheetmetal from the Boilermaker Special I body containing the painted words "Purdue" and "Boilermaker Special" were saved when the body of Boilermaker II was scrapped in 1960 and remained on display in the Boilermaker Special garage for many years. The cyclops headlight from Boilermaker Special I was saved by the Reamer Club after it was removed from Boilermaker Special II in 1960. Photographs from the 1960s show it installed on the back of Boilermaker Special III. It was later installed on the front of Boilermaker Special IV in 1979. This headlight was not used Boilermaker Special VI or VIII and has been archived.

Some parts of Boilermaker Special III were saved before it was scrapped. The locomotive headlight's parabolic reflector and trim were installed in a new headlight box and placed at the front of Boilermaker Special V. The single-flute steam whistle, which was installed in the 1980s, was transferred to the Boilermaker Special V as well. Sheetmetal bearing the painted words "Purdue" and "Boilermaker Special" were saved and archived. Finally, a heavy brass plaque, which was installed inside the cab above the windshield to commemorate the 1960 dedication of the Boilermaker Special III, was removed and archived.

The chassis and drive train of Boilermaker Special V were scrapped, while the body was modified and restored and became the body of Boilermaker Special VII.

The cowcatcher from the BMS V is on display in the Purdue Boilermaker Station Welcome Center.

Operation and maintenance
Although it is owned by Purdue University and the State of Indiana, the Boilermaker Special has been operated, maintained, and funded by the men and women of the Purdue Reamer Club since the mascot's introduction in 1940. The club's membership consists entirely of independent Purdue students (those who are not members of a social fraternity or sorority) who represent a wide cross-section of the student body. Within the Reamer Club, a Boilermaker Special Chairperson and a separate X-tra Special Chairperson are elected each semester to oversee the operation and maintenance of the mascots. Only men and women of the Reamer Club may serve as Pilots (engineers) or Co-pilots for the mascots after passing a rigorous training period. The Boilermaker Special is frequently seen around the main campus, at athletic contests, and at local community events where it is used to promote the university. From May through August, it can also be seen around the state of Indiana in various parades and festivals. It spreads school spirit by blowing its train whistle and horn. It also has an external sound system that plays family-friendly music. The members of the Purdue Reamer Club travel with the train to nearly every football game, including bowl games. During the football season, caps bearing the logos of defeated opponents are attached to the Boilermaker Special's cow-catcher.

title: Boilermaker Special


text: Category:Game show hosts

title: Category:Game show hosts


text:
Recklinghausen

Recklinghausen (Westphalian: Riäkelhusen) is the northernmost city in the Ruhr-Area and the capital of the Recklinghausen district. It borders the rural Münsterland and is characterized by large fields and farms in the north and industry in the south. Recklinghausen is the 60th-largest city in Germany and the 22nd-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia.

History
First mentioned in 1017 as Ricoldinchuson, in 1150 the city was the center of the surrounding Vest Recklinghausen. In 1236, Recklinghausen received town privileges. There is record of Jews in the city as early as 1305. As part of the County of Vest, ownership of Recklinghausen changed several times in the 15th and 16th century, and in 1576, the entire county was pawned to the Elector of Cologne. In 1582–83, again in 1586, and again in 1587, the city was plundered by partisan armies during the Cologne War, a feud over religious parity in Electorate of Cologne and electoral influence in the Holy Roman Empire. Recklinghausen was also the site of more than 100 witchcraft trials (1514–1710). The trial activity reached a climax twice: In the time period of 1580/81 and again in 1588/89. The last person to be convicted of witchcraft was Anna Spickermann; after spending 16 months in prison, she was sentenced to death by sword and burned afterward.

c. 1600, the administration of the Vest Recklinghausen was divided into two parts, with the eastern part administered by Recklinghausen. The town of Recklinghausen including the parish of Recklinghausen and the parishes Ahsen, Datteln, Flaesheim, Hamm-Bossendorf, Henrichenburg, Herten, Horneburg, Oer, Suderwich, Waltrop and Westerholt. In 1803-1811 became the capital of a sovereign Principality of the Dukes of Arenberg who retain the title. c. 1815, the Vest was made a Bürgermeisterei, with the town becoming the seat. In 1819, Herten joined the Recklinghausen Bürgermeisterei, and Erkenschwick followed in 1821.

During World War II, in December 1939, the Stalag XX-B prisoner-of-war camp was founded in the city, however, it was relocated after a few days, and from 1941 to 1943, a forced labour camp was operated in the city. As a target of the Oil Campaign of World War II, oil production at Recklinghausen/Forstezung was bombed by the RAF on 15 January 1945; and South Recklinghausen (Recklinghausen Süd) was captured by the US 137th Infantry on 1 April 1945.

Main sights
Recklinghausen is home to a museum of icons, which includes more than 1,000 Orthodox works from Russia, Greece and the Balkan countries, as well as early Coptic Christian art from Egypt. The icon museum – the largest outside the Orthodox world – was founded in 1956 and reopened after renovation in February 2006 for its 50th anniversary.

The Ruhrfestspielhaus (Ruhr Festival Theatre), whose remodeling in 2001 won the German Architecture Award is home of "Die Liegende Nr 5", a famous sculpture by Henry Moore. At the Lohtor in front of a memorial for the victims of World War I, there is a large sculpture made of more than 30,000 bricks by Per Kirkeby.

Annual events
Recklinghausen hosts the annual Ruhrfestspiele (Ruhr Festival), a cultural festival with an international reputation. Every year there is a cultural programme with many national and international theatrical productions starting on 1 May. In 2008 the programme included the play Speed the Plow starring Kevin Spacey and Jeff Goldblum as one of the major productions. The main theatrical stage is the Ruhrfestspielhaus but other theatres in and around Recklinghausen participate.

Transport
The two major motorways crossing the area of the city are the A2 and the A43. The city is connected to the larger waterways by the Rhein-Herne-Kanal. Recklinghausen has two railway stations. The Central Station (Recklinghausen Hauptbahnhof), which is served by Intercity and EuroCity services, and the South Station (Recklinghausen Südbahnhof).

There are two Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn lines - S 2 to Dortmund via Herne - Castrop-Rauxel and S 9 to Hagen via Gladbeck - Bottrop - Essen - Velbert - Wuppertal.

Mayor
The current mayor of Recklinghausen is Christoph Tesche of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Candidate ! Party ! Votes ! % ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 43,707 ! 99.0 ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 435 ! 1.0 ! colspan=3| Total ! 44,142 ! 100.0 ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 92,107 ! 47.9
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christoph Tesche
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union
 * 26,556
 * 60.8
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Andreas Becker
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party
 * 7,286
 * 16.7
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Thorben Terwort
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens
 * 4,031
 * 9.2
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Sascha Menkhaus
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany
 * 2,264
 * 5.2
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Erich Burmeister
 * align=left| The Left
 * 1,493
 * 3.4
 * align=left| Claudia Ludwig
 * align=left| Independent Citizens Party
 * 1,213
 * 2.8
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Irina Oberpichler
 * align=left| Die PARTEI
 * 864
 * 2.0
 * 1,213
 * 2.8
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Irina Oberpichler
 * align=left| Die PARTEI
 * 864
 * 2.0
 * 2.0
 * colspan=7| Source: City of Recklinghausen
 * }
 * }

City council
The Recklinghausen city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! colspan=2| Valid votes ! 43,441 ! 98.4 ! ! ! ! colspan=2| Invalid votes ! 687 ! 1.6 ! ! ! ! colspan=2| Total ! 44,128 ! 100.0 ! ! 56 ! 4 ! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout ! 92,107 ! 47.9 ! 0.4 ! !
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * 16,078
 * 37.0
 * 0.6
 * 21
 * 2
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * 10,924
 * 25.2
 * 12.8
 * 14
 * 6
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * 7,757
 * 17.9
 * 8.3
 * 10
 * 5
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 * 2,861
 * 6.6
 * New
 * 4
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Left (Die Linke)
 * 1,867
 * 4.3
 * 1.7
 * 2
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * 1,561
 * 3.6
 * 0.4
 * 2
 * ±0
 * align=left| Independent Citizens' Party (UBP)
 * 1,477
 * 3.4
 * 3.4
 * 2
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Die PARTEI
 * 614
 * 1.4
 * New
 * 1
 * New
 * colspan=7 bgcolor=lightgrey|
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP)
 * 199
 * 0.5
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| Party of Holistic Democracy (PHD)
 * 103
 * 0.2
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * 199
 * 0.5
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| Party of Holistic Democracy (PHD)
 * 103
 * 0.2
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * colspan=7| Source: City of Recklinghausen
 * }
 * }

Twin towns – sister cities
Recklinghausen is twinned with:

 * 🇮🇱 Acre, Israel
 * 🇵🇱 Bytom, Poland
 * Dordrecht, Netherlands
 * 🇫🇷 Douai, France
 * 🏴 Preston, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇩🇪 Schmalkalden, Germany

Notable people

 * Louis Engelbert, 6th Duke of Arenberg (1750–1820), prince of Recklinghausen
 * Prosper Louis, 7th Duke of Arenberg (1785–1861), 2nd prince of Recklinghausen
 * Fritz Emil Irrgang (1890–1951), Nazi politician and storm trooper
 * Walter Giller (1927–2011), actor
 * Karl Ridderbusch (1932–1997), opera singer
 * Ursula Dirichs (born 1935), actress
 * Rosemarie Koczy (1939–2007), artist and teacher, concentration camp survivor
 * Klaus Schulten (1947–2016), biophysicist
 * Renate Künast (born 1955), politician (Alliance 90/The Greens)
 * Ralf Möller (born 1959), actor
 * Ludger Pistor (born 1959), actor
 * Hape Kerkeling (born 1964), comedian and author
 * Steffen Brand (born 1965), runner
 * Martin Max (born 1968), footballer
 * Mark Dragunski (born 1970), handball player
 * Moguai (born 1973), DJ and producer
 * Frank Busemann (born 1975), decathlete
 * Thomas Godoj (born 1978), Polish-German singer, Deutschland sucht den Superstar winner
 * Nina Jazy (born 2005), swimmer

Mayors since 1809

 * Bürgermeister
 * 1809–1833: Alois Joseph Wulff
 * 1833–1839: Peter Banniza
 * 1840–1842: Karl Boelmann
 * 1843–1850: Franz Bracht
 * 1854–1890: Friedrich Hagemann
 * 1890–1899: Alexander Rensing
 * Oberbürgermeister
 * 1899–1904: Albert von Bruchhausen
 * 1904–1919: Peter Heuser
 * 1919–1931: Sulpiz Hamm
 * 1932–1939: Fritz Niemeyer
 * 1939–1945: Fritz Emil Irrgang, NSDAP
 * 1945–1946: Josef Hellermann, CDU
 * 1946–1948: Wilhelm Bitter, CDU
 * 1948–1952: Joseph Dünnebacke, CDU
 * 1952–1972: Heinrich Auge, SPD
 * 1972–1984: Erich Wolfram, SPD
 * Bürgermeister
 * 1984–1987: Erich Wolfram, SPD
 * 1987–1998: Jochen Welt, SPD
 * Hauptamtliche Bürgermeister
 * 1998–1999: Peter Borggraefe, SPD
 * 1999–2014: Wolfgang Pantförder, CDU
 * 2014–2024: Christoph Tesche, CDU

title: Recklinghausen


text:
Lake Magadi

Lake Magadi is the southernmost lake in the Kenyan Rift Valley, lying in a catchment of faulted volcanic rocks, north of Tanzania's Lake Natron. During the dry season, it is 80% covered by soda and is well known for its wading birds, including flamingos.

Lake Magadi is a saline, alkaline lake, approximately 100 square kilometers in size, that lies in an endorheic basin formed by a graben. The lake is an example of a "saline pan". The lake water, which is a dense sodium carbonate brine, precipitates vast quantities of the mineral trona (sodium sesquicarbonate). In places, the salt is up to 40 m thick. The lake is recharged mainly by saline hot springs (temperatures up to 86 °C) that discharge into alkaline "lagoons" around the lake margins, there being little surface runoff in this arid region. Most hot springs lie along the northwestern and southern shorelines of the lake. During the rainy season, a thin (less than 1 m) layer of brine covers much of the saline pan, but this evaporates rapidly leaving a vast expanse of white salt that cracks to produce large polygons. A single species of fish, a cichlid Alcolapia grahami, inhabits the hot, highly alkaline waters of this lake basin and is commonly seen in some of the hot spring pools around the shoreline, where the water temperature is less than 45 °C.

Lake Magadi was not always so saline. Several thousand years ago (during the late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene in the African humid period), the Magadi basin held a freshwater lake with many fish, whose remains are preserved in the High Magadi Beds, a series of lacustrine and volcaniclastic sediments preserved in various locations around the present shoreline. Evidence also exists for several older Pleistocene precursor lakes that were much larger than the present Lake Magadi. At times, Lake Magadi and Lake Natron were united as a single larger lake.

Lake Magadi is also well known for its extensive deposits of siliceous chert. There are many varieties including bedded cherts that formed in the lake and intrusive dike-like bodies that penetrated through overlying sediments while the silica was soft. The most famous is the "Magadi-type chert", which formed from a sodium silicate mineral precursor magadiite that was discovered at Lake Magadi in 1967.

Magadiite, a rare hydrous sodium-silicate mineral [NaSi7O13(OH)3·4(H2O)], was discovered about 50 years ago in sediments around Lake Magadi, a hypersaline alkaline lake fed by hot springs in the semi-arid southern Kenya Rift Valley. Today this harsh lacustrine environment excludes most organisms except microbial extremophiles, a few invertebrates (mostly insects), highly adapted fish (Alcolapia sp.), and birds including flamingos. Burrows discovered in outcrops of the High Magadi Beds (~25–9 ka) that predate the modern saline (trona) pan show that beetles and other invertebrates inhabit this extreme environment when conditions become more favourable. Burrows (cm-scale) preserved in magadiite in the High Magadi Beds are filled with mud, silt and sand from overlying sediments. Their stratigraphic context reveals upward-shallowing cycles from mud to interlaminated mud-magadiite to magadiite in dm-scale units. The burrows were formed when the lake floor became fresher and oxygenated, after a period when magadiite precipitated in shallow saline waters. The burrows, probably produced by beetles, show that trace fossils can provide evidence for short-term (possibly years to decades) changes in the contemporary environment that might not otherwise be recognised or preserved physically or chemically in the sediment record.

Magadi township lies on the lake's east shore, and is home to the Magadi Soda factory, owned by Tata India since December 2005. This factory produces soda ash, which has a range of industrial uses.

The lake is featured in Fernando Meirelles's film The Constant Gardener, which is based on the book of the same name by John le Carré, and is used as a stand-in for Lake Turkana in the north of Kenya, where the book and film are set.

A causeway that crosses the lake provides access to the area west of the lake (Nguruman Escarpment). Recently accommodation for tourists is provided in air conditioned canvas tents.

title: Lake Magadi


text:
Dick Wolf

Richard Anthony Wolf (born December 20, 1946 ) is an American film and television producer, best known for his Law & Order franchise. Since 1990, the franchise has included six police/courtroom dramas and four international spinoffs. He is also creator and executive producer of the Chicago franchise, which since 2012, has included four Chicago-based dramas, and the creator and executive producer of the FBI franchise, which since 2018, has also become a franchise after spinning off two additional series.

Wolf has also written four books. The first, the non-fiction volume Law & Order: Crime Scenes, is a companion to the Law & Order television series. The Intercept, The Execution, and The Ultimatum are works of fiction in a thriller series featuring an NYPD detective named Jeremy Fisk.

Wolf has won numerous awards, including an Emmy Award, being inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame, and receiving a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Early life and education
Wolf was raised in Manhattan to a Jewish father and a Catholic mother of Irish descent. He was an altar server.

Wolf attended Saint David's School, The Gunnery, and Phillips Academy. He subsequently attended the University of Pennsylvania (class of 1969), where he was a member of the Zeta Psi fraternity.

Advertising
Wolf worked as an advertising copywriter at Benton & Bowles creating commercials for Crest toothpaste, including the slogan "You can't beat Crest for fighting cavities." He is also credited with the campaign "I'm Cheryl, fly me" for National Airlines. Yet despite his success in copywriting, all the while he was writing screenplays in the hopes of a film career. It was at this time that he briefly collaborated on a screenplay with Oliver Stone, who was a struggling screenwriter at the time.

Initial screenwriting success
He moved to Los Angeles after a few years and had three screenplays produced; one of these films, Masquerade (1988), featuring Rob Lowe and Meg Tilly, gained notable acclaim. He started his television career as a staff writer on Hill Street Blues and was nominated for his first Emmy Award for the episode "What Are Friends For?", on which he was the only writer. While working on Hill Street Blues, Wolf became close friends with Tom Fontana, then writing for the series St. Elsewhere, produced in the same building, at the same time. Wolf moved from Hill Street Blues to Miami Vice, where he was a writer and co-producer for the third and fourth seasons.

Law & Order franchise
Wolf's original series Law & Order ran from 1990 to 2010, and was revived in 2022. It has surpassed Gunsmoke as longest-running dramatic show in American television history, making it one of television's most successful franchises. It has been nominated for the most consecutive Emmy Awards of any primetime drama series. Wolf serves as creator and executive producer of the current Law & Order drama series from Wolf Entertainment and NBCUniversal Television – Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (which as of 25 January 2024 is the longest-running scripted primetime drama, having aired 540 episodes, breaking the original Law & Order count of 456 (now 490 through the twenty-third season), and beating both the original Law & Order and Gunsmoke in number of seasons).

Wolf also was creator and executive producer for the four spinoff shows in the franchise that have been canceled – Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Law & Order: Trial by Jury, Law & Order: UK, and Law & Order: Los Angeles. Along with Kevin Arkadie, he co-created the police drama New York Undercover, which ran on the Fox Broadcasting Company Network from 1994 to 1999. He also served as executive producer of the series. He was the creator and executive producer of NBC's courtroom reality series Crime & Punishment, which chronicled real-life cases prosecuted by the San Diego District Attorney's office. Many of Wolf's series have intersected with the Law & Order franchise in some fashion, and the Law & Order series have been adapted into several foreign versions. Wolf's company also produced Twin Towers, the 2003 Academy Award–winning Short Documentary about two brothers, one a policeman and the other a fireman, who were killed in the line of duty on September 11, 2001. Wolf was also involved with When You're Strange, the production of a theatrical documentary about the rock band The Doors.

Organized Crime
On March 31, 2020, Wolf announced that a spin-off series was ordered by NBC to launch in the 2020–21 season, with Christopher Meloni reprising his role as Elliot Stabler from SVU after a nine-year absence. The initial series order was for 13 episodes. On June 2, 2020, it was announced that the series would be called Law & Order: Organized Crime and that showrunner Craig Gore had been fired.

Hate Crimes
Wolf announced that NBC placed an order of 13 episodes for Law & Order: Hate Crimes, a new installment of the franchise. On March 4, 2019, NBC announced that the series would be redeveloped to flesh out the concept and would not be spun out of SVU as announced. On June 5, 2020, the series of Hate Crimes was moved to NBC's streaming service, Peacock, at least partly due to language concerns.

For the Defense
On May 3, 2021, Wolf announced that NBC ordered yet another installment of the franchise, Law & Order: For the Defense, and that its showrunner would be Carol Mendelsohn. It was later announced that the show would not move forward.

Chicago franchise
Wolf developed Chicago Fire, a drama about a group of men and women working at the Chicago Fire Department. The series was picked up by NBC in May 2012, and premiered on October 10, 2012, with meek numbers in the ratings and minimal reviews in the first few weeks before spiking to NBC's #2 scripted drama series, under Revolution. In March 2013, NBC announced intentions for a spin-off of Chicago Fire revolving around the Chicago Police Department. When that series Chicago P.D. premiered, Derek Haas, Michael W. Brandt, and Matt Olmstead became executive producers, under Wolf. Two subsequent shows, Chicago Med which premiered in 2015, and Chicago Justice whose one season began and ended in 2017, followed in Chicago P.D.'s wake.

FBI franchise
In 2018, Wolf became executive producer of the CBS drama FBI, starring Law & Order cast members Jeremy Sisto and Alana de la Garza and also Sela Ward. FBI has since had two spinoffs (FBI: Most Wanted, and FBI: International), giving Wolf his third franchise.

Beginning in the 2021-2022 TV season, all three of Wolf's franchises have their own night of programming: FBI Tuesdays on CBS (original series, Most Wanted, International), Chicago Wednesdays on NBC (Med, Fire, P.D.), and Law & Order Thursdays on NBC (original series revival, SVU and Organized Crime).

Other work
In 2012, Wolf developed the unscripted show Cold Justice, a documentary drama, for TNT. He also has written three novels whose central character is NYPD Detective Jeremy Fisk: The Intercept, The Execution, and The Ultimatum. In 2024, Wolf released a documentary miniseries with Netflix called Homicide: New York.

Future projects
Wolf's future projects for NBC are an American adaption of the United Kingdom psychological legal drama series Injustice as well as a drama series revolving around a satanic cult, tentatively titled The Church. Wolf is writing the latter project with Howard Franklin. Wolf also has an untitled pilot about an insurance investigator on USA Network.

With Wolf pursuing projects other than Law & Order, he and current Law & Order: Special Victims Unit showrunner/executive producer Warren Leight sometimes discuss the future of the Law & Order franchise and revitalizing it; Leight commenting "(Dick Wolf and I) sometimes talk in general terms of where (the franchise) could go. I'm curious to see if there's another iteration somewhere down the line."

In May 2021, NBC ordered a docuseries LA Fire and Rescue. The series will follow the firefighters of the Los Angeles County Fire Department and will be executive produced by Wolf. This series was cancelled by NBC after one season.

Art collecting
In December 2023, the Metropolitan Museum of Art announced the promised gift of over 200 works of art from Wolf, including Old Master paintings, sculptures and drawings, as well as funds to endow two galleries with his name. Wolf reported that his appreciation for art started when he was a child visiting Met on his way home from school.

Honors
Wolf's personal honors include the Award of Excellence from the Banff Television Festival, the 2002 Creative Achievement Award from NATPE; the Anti-Defamation League's Distinguished Entertainment Industry Award, the Leadership and Inspiration Award from the Entertainment Industries Council, the Governor's Award by the New York Chapter of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, the 1997 achievement award from the Caucus for Producers, Writers, and Directors, the 1998 Television Showman of the Year Award from the Publicists Guild of America, the 2002 Tribute from the Museum of Television and Radio, and a 2003 Special Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America. On March 29, 2007, Wolf received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7040 Hollywood Boulevard. In 2013, Wolf was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame. Wolf is also an Honorary Consul general of Monaco and is actively involved in the principality's prestigious annual Television Festival.

Political involvement
It was reported that Wolf contributed to Fred Thompson's campaign for the Republican nomination for president in 2008. The two had worked together since 2002, when Thompson joined the cast of Law & Order playing a district attorney.

In popular culture
Community, a sitcom on NBC from 2009 to 2014 had an episode which parodied Dick Wolf's Law & Order, with the title "Basic Lupine Urology" being a play on his name. Wolf is given a special thanks credit at the end of the episode.

Film

 * Skateboard (1978)
 * No Man's Land (1987)
 * Masquerade (1988)
 * School Ties (1992)
 * Twin Towers (2003)
 * Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (2007)
 * Naked Singularity (2021)
 * 77 (TBA)

Animated

 * Fatherhood (2004–2005)
 * Family Guy (2012); Guest voice in "Ratings Guy"

Foreign

 * Paris enquêtes criminelles (2007–2008)

Thanks

 * Community ("Basic Lupine Urology", 2012)

title: Dick Wolf


text: Category:Longview, Washington

title: Category:Longview, Washington


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Thaddeus Mann

Thaddeus Robert Rudolph Mann CBE FRS (4 December 1908 – 27 November 1993) was a biochemist who made significant contributions to the field of reproductive biology. Mann was born in Lwow, Austria-Hungary (now Ukraine) and was educated at Lwow University. He studied medicine at the Johannes Casimirus University in Lwow, obtaining the degrees of Physician in 1932 and Doctor of Medicine in 1934.

He continued his education at the Molteno Institute, Cambridge on a Rockefeller Fellowship, 1935-1937, and remained at the University of Cambridge during the rest of his career. He died in Cambridge.

Mann began his career in the laboratory of Professor Jacob Karol Parnas (1884-1949) in Poland, where he was involved in research on glycolysis and muscle energy metabolism.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1951.

He was married to Cecilia Lutwak-Mann, an endocrinologist and physiologist.

Publications
Thaddeus Mann published more than 250 papers, and several books.

title: Thaddeus Mann


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Dattatreya

Dattatreya (दत्तात्रेय, ), Dattā or Dattaguru, is a paradigmatic Sannyasi (monk) and one of the lords of yoga, venerated as a Hindu god. He is considered to be an avatar and combined form of the three Hindu gods Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, who are also collectively known as the Trimurti, and as the manifestation of Parabrahma, the supreme being, in texts such as the Bhagavata Purana, the Markandeya Purana, and the Brahmanda Purana, though stories about his birth and origin vary from text to text. Several Upanishads are dedicated to him, as are texts of the Vedanta-Yoga tradition in Hinduism. One of the most important texts of Hinduism, namely Avadhuta Gita (literally, "song of the free soul") is attributed to Dattatreya. Over time, Dattatreya has inspired many monastic movements in Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism, particularly in the Deccan region of India, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himalayan regions where Shaivism is prevalent. His pursuit of simple life, kindness to all, sharing of his knowledge and the meaning of life during his travels is reverentially mentioned in the poems by Tukaram, a saint-poet of the Bhakti movement.

According to Rigopoulos, in the Nath tradition of Shaivism, Dattatreya is revered as the Adi-Guru (First Teacher) of the Adinath Sampradaya of the Nathas, the first "Lord of Yoga" with mastery of Tantra (techniques), although most traditions and scholars consider Adi Nath to be an epithet of Shiva. According to Mallinson, Dattatreya is not the traditional guru of the Nath Sampradaya but instead was co-opted by the Nath tradition in about the 18th century as a guru, as a part of Vishnu-Shiva syncretism. This is evidenced by the Marathi text Navanathabhaktisara, states Mallinson, wherein there is syncretic fusion of the Nath Sampradaya with the Mahanubhava sect by identifying nine Naths with nine Narayanas.

An annual festival in the Hindu calendar month of Mārgaśīrṣa (November/December) reveres Dattatreya and is known as Datta Jayanti.

In Sikh Religion, Guru Gobind Singh has written life history of Dattatreya in his composition called Rudra Avtar including Birth, Spiritual journey includes 24 Gurus and Realization of Akal Purakh.

Life
In the Puranas, he was born in an Indian hermitage to Anasuya and her husband, the Vedic sage, Atri who is traditionally credited with making the largest contribution to the Rigveda. It is said that they lived in Mahur, Nanded District, Maharashtra. Another states that his father lived in the western Deccan region. A third claims he was born in the jungles of Kashmir near the sacred Amarnath Temple. A fourth legend states he was born along with his brothers Durvasa and Chandra, to an unwed mother named Anusuya, In a fifth myth, sage Atri was very old when young Anusuya married him and they sought the help of the trimurti gods for a child. As the trinity were pleased with them for having brought light and knowledge to the world, instantly granted the boon, which led Dattatreya to be born with characteristics of all three.

While his origins are unclear, stories about his life are clearer. He is described in the Mahabharata as an exceptional Rishi (sage) with extraordinary insights and knowledge, who is adored and raised to a Guru and an Avatar of Vishnu in the Puranas. Dattatreya is stated in these texts to having renounced the world and leaving his home at an early age to lead a monastic life. One myth claims he meditated immersed in water for a long time, another has him wandering from childhood and the young Dattatreya footprints have been preserved on a lonely peak at Girnar (Junagadh, Gujarat). and Dattatray make a tapa for 12000 years over there. The Tripura-rahasya refers to the disciple Parasurama finding Dattatreya meditating on Gandhamadana mountain, Near Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu.

Dattatreya is said to have his lunch daily by taking alms at a holy place Pithapuram, Andhra Pradesh, where he was born as Sripada Sri Vallabha (his first avatar).

Self-education: The 24 Gurus of Dattatreya
The young Dattatreya is famous in the Hindu texts as the one who started with nothing and without teachers, yet reached self-awareness by observing nature during his Sannyasi wanderings, and treating these natural observations as his twenty four teachers. This legend has been emblematic in the Hindu belief, particularly among artists and Yogis, that ideas, teachings and practices come from all sources, that self effort is a means to learning. The 24 teachers of Dattatreya are:

Iconography
Dattatreya is typically shown with three heads and six hands, one head each for Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva who represent the Trimurti, the 3 main gods in Hinduism, and one pair of hands holding the symbolic items associated with each of these gods: Japamala and Kamandalu of Brahma, Shakha and Sudarshana Chakra of Vishnu, Trishula and Damaru of Shiva. He is typically dressed as a simple monk, situated in a forest or wilderness suggestive of his renunciation of worldly goods and pursuit of a meditative yogic lifestyle. In paintings and some large carvings, he is surrounded by four dogs and a cow, which symbolise the four Vedas and mother earth who nourishes all living beings.

In very few older medieval temples of Dattatreya show him with just one head, such as the one in Mahur, one at Narayanpur on Pune Satara Road, Near Pune, and another in Pandharpur, both in southern Maharashtra. Very few texts such as Agni Purana describe the architectural features for building murti, and for Dattatreya, it recommends him with one head and two hands. In Varanasi, Nepal, north Himalayan foothill states of India, 15th-century Nath temples of Dattatreya show him with just one face. In most parts of India and world, the syncretic six armed and three faced iconography is more common.

He is the motif of the '"honey bee" Yogin who has realized advaita knowledge. Dattatreya as the archetypal model of syncretism:

"Furthermore, the unfolding of the Dattātreya icon illustrates the development of Yoga as a synthetic and inclusive body of ideologies and practices. Although fundamentally a jñāna-mūrti, Dattātreya is a 'honey bee' Yogin: one whose character and teachings are developed by gathering varieties of Yoga's flowers. For all religious groups whose propensity it is to include ideas, practices, and teaching from the ocean of traditions, Dattātreya is truly a paradigm."

Another distinctive aspect of Dattatreya iconography is that it includes four dogs and a cow. The four dogs represent the Vedas, as trustworthy all-weather friends, company and guardians, while the cow is a metaphor for mother earth who silently and always provides nourishment.

Alternate iconography
Dattatreya's sculptures with alternate iconography have been identified in 1st millennium CE cave temples and archaeological sites related to Hinduism. For example, in the Badami temple (Karnataka), Dattatreya is shown to be with single head and four hands like Vishnu, but seated in a serene Yoga posture (padmasana). Carved with him are the emblems (lañchana) of the Trimurti, namely the swan of Brahma, the Garuda of Vishnu and the Nandi of Shiva. The right earlobe jewelry and hair decoration in this art work of Dattatreya is of Shiva, but on his left the details are those of Vishnu. Rigopoulos dates this Badami sculpture to be from the 10th to 12th century.

A sculpture similar to Badami, but with some differences, has been discovered in Ajmer (Rajasthan). The Ajmer art work is a free statue where Dattatreya is standing, has one head and four hands. In his various hands, he carries a Trishula of Shiva, a Chakra of Vishnu, a Kamandalu of Brahma, and a rosary common to all three. Like the Badami relief work, the Ajmer iconography of Dattatreya shows the swan of Brahma, the Garuda of Vishnu and the Nandi of Shiva carved on the pedestal with him.

Some scholars such as James Harle and TA Gopinatha Rao consider iconography that presents Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva together as Hari Hara Pitamaha to be synonymous with or equivalent to Dattatreya. Antonio Rigopoulos questions this identification, and suggests that Harihara Pitamaha iconography may have been a prelude to and something that evolved into Dattatreya iconography.

Symbolism
The historic Indian literature has interpreted the representation of Dattatreya symbolically. His three heads are symbols of the Gunas (qualities in Samkhya school of Hinduism). The three Gunas are Sattva, Rajas and Tamas. The six hands have ethical symbolism, namely Yamas, Niyama, Sama, Dama, Daya and Shanti (axiology in Yoga and Vedanta school of Hinduism).

The Kamadhenu cow is symbolic Panchabutas, the four dogs are inner forces of a human being: Iccha, Vasana, Asha and Trishna. In these interpretations, Dattatreya is that yogi Guru (teacher) who has perfected all these, rules them rather than is ruled by them, and is thus the Guru Dattatreya is beyond them.

Texts
The Dattatreya Upanishad (tantra-focussed), Darshana Upanishad (yoga-focussed) and particularly the Avadhuta Upanishad (advaita-focussed) present the philosophy of the Dattatreya tradition. Dattatreya is also mentioned in the classic text on Yoga, the Shandilya Upanishad.

Other Upanishads where Dattatreya's name appears in lists of ancient Hindu monks revered for their insights on renunciation are Jabala Upanishad, Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad, Bhikshuka Upanishad and Yajnavalkya Upanishad. Of these, his mention in the Jabala Upanishad is chronologically significant because this ancient text is dated to have been complete between the 3rd century BCE and 3rd century CE.

Tripura Rahasya is also an important ancient text attributed to Dattatreya.

Dattatreya is mentioned in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.

Dattatreya is mentioned in the ancient chapter 9 of the Sattvata Samhita and chapter 5 of the Ahirbudhnya Samhita, both among the oldest layer of texts in the Vaishnava Agama tradition (Pancaratra). Schrader states these texts and the chronology of Dattatreya are older than the Mahabharata, but Rigopoulos disagrees with him on the chronology.

In the Hindu tradition, Dattatreya is the author of Avadhuta Gita, or the "Song of the free". The text's poetry is based on the principles of Advaita Vedanta, one of the subschools of Hindu philosophy.

The extant manuscripts have been dated to approximately the 9th or 10th century, but it may have existed earlier as part of an oral tradition. It consists of 289 shlokas (metered verses), divided into eight chapters.

P.P. Vasudevanand Saraswati Tembe Swami Maharaj has written an extensive literature on Lord Dattatreya and his incarnations including Sripada Srivallabha of Pithapur, Andhra Pradesh and Shri Nrusimhsaraswati Swami Maharaj of Ganagapur, Karnataka. The literature mainly includes Stotras-Hymns that praise lord Dattatreya and various deities, books on Lord Dattatreya.

Dattatreya traditions
Several Hindu monastic and yoga traditions are linked to Dattatreya:

 * Nath sampradaya: The Nath yogis, that metamorphosed into a warrior ascetic group, consider Dattatreya as their theological founder. This group grew and became particularly prominent during the Islamic invasions and Hindu-Muslim wars in South Asia, from about the 14th to 18th century, although the Dattatreya roots of the peaceful Nath yogis go back to about the 10th century. The group was most active in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Nepal. The tradition believes that the legendary Nath sampradaya yogi and Hatha Yoga innovator Gorakshanath was inspired and shaped by Dattatreya. Regional efforts and texts of the Nath tradition such as Yogi sampradaya vishkriti discussed Dattatreya.
 * Avadhuta sampradaya: The nine Narayanas of the Avadhuta sampradaya are attributed to Dattatreya, an idea also found in the Natha sampradaya. A panth started by Pantmaharaj Balekundrikar of Balekundri near Belgavi is related to this. Also a saint named Shri Prabhakar Keshavrao motiwale follows the same path from years, and also Datt sampradaya is followed in his ashram located at kanadia, indore (Madhya Pradesh).
 * Dasanami sampradaya and Shakti pithas: Dattatreya is revered in Dasanami and goddess-oriented Shaktism traditions.
 * Bhakti traditions: Dattatetreya's theology emphasizing simple life, kindness to all, questioning the status quo, self pursuit of knowledge and seeking spiritual meaning of life appealed to Bhakti sant-poets of Hinduism such as Tukaram and Eknath, during an era of political and social upheaval caused by Islamic invasion in the Deccan region of India. They reverentially mentioned Dattatreya in their poems. The use of his symbolism was one of the many syncretic themes of this period where the ideas of Vaishnavism and Shaivism holistically fused in popular imagination.
 * Mahanubhava tradition: Along with Krishna, the Mahanubhava tradition considers Dattatreya as their divine inspiration. The Mahanubhava Panth, propagated by Sri Chakradhar Swami, has five Krishnas, of which Dattatreya is one as their Adi Guru (the original Guru), as well as the early teachers in their tradition (Chakradhar, Gundam, Changdev). They worship Dattatreya as single headed with two arms. He has a temple dedicated in Mahur by this tradition.
 * Gurucharitra tradition: This tradition is named after the Marathi text Gurucharitra consisting of 51 chapters, containing the life stories of 14th-century Datta Avatar Sripada Srivallabha and 15th-century Datta Avatar Narasimha Saraswati. The text was composed by Sarasvati Gangadhara, consists of three sections called Jnanakanda (chapters 1–24), Karmakanda (25–37) and Bhaktikanda (38–51), and is considered a sacred mantra-filled text in the Gurucharita tradition in parts of Maharashtra, north Karnataka and Gujarat. Ganagapur in kalaburagi north Karnataka is an important pilgrimage center in this tradition.
 * Manik Prabhu (Sakalamata) Sampradaya: In this tradition, Dattatreya is worshipped with his Shakti, known as Madhumati. This tradition was started by the 19th century saint Shri Manik Prabhu, who is considered an Avatar of Dattatreya. Manik Nagar is the spiritual headquarters of this Sampradaya. Shri Manik Prabhu also established a Guru Parampara at Maniknagar for the spiritual guidance of devotees. Shri Manik Prabhu and his successors have written many abhangas and bhajans in Marathi & Kannada in praise of lord Dattatreya which are regularly sung at Manik Nagar.
 * Lal Padris: another Hindu yogi group from western India with roots in the 10th-century and with ideas similar to Nath and Kanphata sampradaya, traces Dattatreya as the basis of their spiritual ideas.
 * Around 1550 CE, Dattatreya Yogi taught the Dattatreya philosophy to his disciple Das Gosavi in Marathi. Das Gosavi then taught this philosophy to his two Telugu disciples Gopalbhatt and Sarvaved who studied and translated Das Gosavi's book of Vedantavyavaharsangraha into Telugu language. According to Prof. R. C. Dhere, Dattatreya Yogi and Das Gosavi are the original gurus in the Telugu Dattatreya tradition. Prof. Venkata Rao states that Dattatreya Shatakamu was written by Paramanandateertha who is equally important in his contributions to the Telugu tradition of Dattatreya. He was a proponent of Advaita philosophy and dedicated his two epics, Anubhavadarpanamu and Shivadnyanamanjari to Shri Dattatreya. His famous Vivekachintamani book was translated into Kannada by Nijashivagunayogi and Lingayat saint Shanatalingaswami translated this into Marathi.

Incarnation of Dattatreya

 * Shripad Vallabh
 * Nrisimha Saraswati
 * Swami Samarth
 * Gagangiri Maharaj
 * Sai Baba of Shirdi
 * Manik Prabhu
 * Gajanan Maharaj
 * Shreedhar Swami

title: Dattatreya


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Category:Provinces of Indonesia

The provinces are officially grouped into seven geographical units.

title: Category:Provinces of Indonesia


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Ford HSC engine

The Ford HSC engine is an automobile gasoline engine from the Ford Motor Company, sold from 1984 until 1994. HSC stands for High Swirl Combustion. It was made in two displacements: 2.3 L and 2.5 L, and used in only two model lines: the Ford Tempo/Mercury Topaz and the Ford Taurus/Mercury Sable.

Development
In the late 1970s Ford began planning a new smaller front wheel drive (FWD) compact car that became the Ford Tempo. The Tempo was designed to use a four-cylinder engine, but all production of Ford's 2.3 L Lima OHC four was committed to other product lines. At the same time, the 1983 end of life of Ford's 200 cubic inch Thriftpower Six inline six left unused capacity at the Lima Engine plant. Ford developed a four-cylinder engine that shared some features of the Thriftpower six, topped with a new cylinder head and using other new technologies, while repurposing as much tooling as possible at the Lima plant. To maximize use of existing tooling the new engine shared spindle spacing where possible with the Thriftpower six, resulting in similar cylinder, crankshaft, and tappet bores, as well as crankshaft journal diameters.

Reliability and durability were key design goals for the engine. It was designed for use with an automatic transmission, and was optimized to deliver most of its power at low engine speeds. Extensive efforts were made to reduce losses due to valvetrain friction.

To accelerate development of the combustion chamber shape, a test engine was created using an engine block from a 1980 model year 200 cuin Thriftpower six that was cut, shortened, and brazed together again, resulting in a four-cylinder engine displacing 2.2 L. Since the Tempo's front chassis member spacing was the same as the first generation North American Ford Escort, the engine's transverse package length had to be minimized, which was done by reducing the deck length between the end cylinder bores and ends of the block.

Camshafts, crankshafts, and connecting rods for the engine were produced at Ford's Cleveland Engine Plant #2. Engine assembly took place at Ford's Lima plant, suitably upgraded. A new state-of-the-art engine assembly line was built at Ford's Chihuahua Engine facility in Chihuahua, Mexico.

When the Tempo was released, a turbocharged version of its new engine was said to be in development, but this configuration never became available.

Features
The HSC engine has a cast iron block and head, with a single cam-in-block and two overhead valves (OHV) per cylinder with pushrods and rocker arms.

The cylinder head is a reverse flow design that puts the intake and exhaust ports on the same side of the head. For heat control, the exhaust was mounted on the firewall side of the engine, along with the intake. This left the spark plugs, distributor, fuel pump, oil filter and starter on the front side of the engine, for ease of servicing.

The engine's name derives from it being the first "fastburn" engine offered by Ford. The definition of fastburn in the HSC is that 90% of the intake charge is burned within 15° of crankshaft rotation. To accomplish this, Ford put the spark plug in the center of the combustion chamber to minimize flame-propagation distance, and partially shrouded the intake valves, which accelerated and swirled the intake charge to more quickly fill the combustion chamber. These features were borrowed from Ford's programmed combustion (PROCO) engine research project.

To reduce weight the intake manifold, water pump, and front cover are aluminum. A die-cast aluminum sump stiffens the entire engine assembly to reduce noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH).

For its first year of production all HSCs used a carburetor. Later model year changes added a series of progressively more sophisticated fuel injection systems. All versions of the HSC engine, including the carbureted ones, are managed by Ford's EEC-IV engine control unit (ECU). This model controller added Keep Alive Memory (KAM), which enabled the engine to use adaptive control and self-diagnostics.

From 1985 to 1992 the HSC engine was available in a "High Specific Output" (HSO) version producing 100 hp and 125 lbft, compared to the regular 1985 version's 86 hp and 124 lbft. To increase power Ford enlarged the ports, reshaped both the ports and combustion chambers, and unshrouded the valves. A camshaft with higher lift and longer duration was added. The intake manifold received larger runners and the air cleaner and exhaust system were redesigned to improve flow. The HSO engine is denoted by an "S" in the VIN.

2.3 L
The 2.3 L HSC was introduced in 1984 in the Ford Tempo and Mercury Topaz. Bore and stroke are 3.68 ×, for a total displacement of 2301 cc. This engine produced 90 hp and 125 lbft of torque.

For 1984 HSC engines for US 50 state cars were fitted with a 1-barrel Holley 6149 carburetor, while cars for Canada received a non-feedback Holley Model 1949. In 1985 American-market engines received Central Fuel Injection (CFI), which reduced power to 86 hp. Ford addressed the power decrease in the base engine by releasing the HSO version for performance-oriented variants of the Tempo (GLS) and Topaz (LTS/XR5). A switch to multi-port fuel injection in 1988 raised horsepower to 95 hp. Sequential fuel injection was added for 1992, increasing horsepower to 98 hp. That same year the HSO variant was dropped, as the sportier versions of the Tempo/Topaz received the 3.0 L Vulcan as standard equipment.

Applications:
 * 1984–1994 Ford Tempo
 * 1984–1994 Mercury Topaz

2.5 L
A 2.5 L HSC version appeared in 1986. Its 2496 cc displacement resulted from its longer 3.583 in stroke. The engine block's deck height was raised to 9.4 in from the 8.7 in of the 2.3 L. The extra displacement was deemed necessary for it to serve as a four-cylinder engine option for fleet customers of the new Ford Taurus. This engine used the head and camshaft from the HSO engine and produced 90 hp and 130 lbft. It sold in low volumes (less than 15% of the HSC engines built) and was costly due to the tooling changeover required for the taller deck height. The earliest 2.5 L came standard with electronic multi-port fuel injection. It received sequential fuel injection in 1991, raising output to 105 hp and 140 lbft of torque.

Applications:
 * 1986–1991 Ford Taurus
 * 1986 Mercury Sable

title: Ford HSC engine


text: User talk:70.112.32.100

title: User talk:70.112.32.100


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Aponeurosis

An aponeurosis (: aponeuroses) is a flattened tendon by which muscle attaches to bone or fascia. Aponeuroses exhibit an ordered arrangement of collagen fibres, thus attaining high tensile strength in a particular direction while being vulnerable to tensional or shear forces in other directions. They have a shiny, whitish-silvery color, are histologically similar to tendons, and are very sparingly supplied with blood vessels and nerves. When dissected, aponeuroses are papery and peel off by sections. The primary regions with thick aponeuroses are in the ventral abdominal region, the dorsal lumbar region, the ventriculus in birds, and the palmar (palms) and plantar (soles) regions.

Anterior abdominal aponeuroses
The anterior abdominal aponeuroses are located just superficial to the rectus abdominis muscle. It has for its borders the external oblique, pectoralis muscles, and the latissimus dorsi.

Posterior lumbar aponeuroses
The posterior lumbar aponeuroses are situated just on top of the epaxial muscles of the thorax, which are multifidus spinae and sacrospinalis.

Palmar and plantar aponeuroses and extensor hood
The palmar aponeuroses occur on the palms of the hands. The extensor hoods are aponeuroses at the back of the fingers.

The plantar aponeuroses occur on the plantar aspect of the foot. They extend from the calcaneal tuberosity then diverge to connect to the bones, ligaments and the dermis of the skin around the distal part of the metatarsal bones.

Anterior and posterior intercostal membranes
The anterior and posterior intercostal membranes are aponeuroses located between the ribs and are continuations of the external and internal intercostal muscles, respectively.

Scalp aponeuroses
The epicranial aponeurosis, or galea aponeurotica, is a tough layer of dense fibrous tissue which runs from the frontalis muscle anteriorly to the occipitalis posteriorly.

Pennate muscles and aponeuroses
Pennate muscles, in which the muscle fibers are oriented at an angle to the line of action, typically have two aponeuroses. Muscle fibers connect one to the other, and each aponeurosis thins into a tendon which attaches to bone at the origin or insertion site.

Function
Like tendons, aponeuroses attached to pennate muscles can be stretched by the forces of muscular contraction, absorbing energy like a spring and returning it when they recoil to unloaded conditions. Also serving as an origin or insertion site for certain muscles e.g latissimus dorsi.

title: Aponeurosis