text:
Talk:Victor Chang

DYK
I've put this on Template:Did you know. - Ta bu shi da yu 10:41, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Semi protected status
I think we should apply a semi protected status for this page due to vandalism by some anonymous editors —Preceding unsigned comment added by Healerl (talk • contribs) 15:05, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

wow!@
Even I am surprised at how fast these ACOTW articles are growing! Great work guys! -- Chuq 23:54, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

This article looks a lot like this: http://victor-chang.biography.ms/ ? I am not implying anything, just thought someone might be interested.. Commking
 * They're a Wikipedia mirror (one of hundreds, if not thousands). They're taking our content - not vice versa. Ambi 14:38, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Facts to put into the article
Hi. I don't have the time to incorporate these facts into the article, can somebody do that for me? My source is Australia Through Time, details of which are on User talk:Chuq.

 * Chang was murdered by Chiew Seng Liew, who was 48 and was arrested at Tullamarine Airport in Melbourne.
 * Jimmy Tan, 39, was an accessory to the murder.
 * The investigation lasted 10 days, and had police raids on 15 properties across Melbourne, and "over 30" people were questioned.
 * Chang was shot twice in the head with a .32 calibre pistol at 8.00am in the street in Mosman on his way to work
 * Apparently he argued with the offenders in the street for 12 minutes before the shots were fired
 * The article suggests the argument was people trying to get someone jumped up the transplant waiting list
 * Between 1984 and 1990, the St Vincent's heart transplant unit performed 197 heart transplants and 14 joint heart-lung transplants.
 * Dr Chang's unit was highly successful, with 90% of transplant recipients living for at least a year after the transplant.

Hope that helps. - Mark 01:02, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * So Chiew Seng Liew was convicted of the murder, and Jimmy Tan was convicted of being an accessory? There seems to be a real dearth of information about Chang's murder online. (p.s. I can't see anything about Australia Through Time on User talk:Chuq?) —Stormie 01:36, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * I also can't find anything there, and I don't remember writing anything on that page either! -- Chuq 01:43, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Aha, it's actually on User talk:Ta bu shi da yu! :-) —Stormie 02:20, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Whoops! Sorry :) - Mark 03:54, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * And they were arrested for murder/accessory to murder. I am not sure if they were convicted. Stay tuned. - Mark 03:56, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I'm going to have a look around on the membership-only databases that I have access to through school. I should be able to turn up the facts surrounding his murder. Ambi 12:08, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * There's been no action here for a couple of days - what's happening?! I didn't turn up anywhere near as much as I'd have liked, but I haven't given up yet. I've still got the newspaper articles to go through, now. Ambi 08:35, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I've put this on Template:Did you know. - Ta bu shi da yu 10:41, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Photos
I've contacted the Victor Chang institute for permission to use some of the photos on the institute's website in the Wikipedia. - Aaron Hill 11:48, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks a bunch. I think we're going to have to get awfully used to this. Out of curiosity, did you mention anything about licenses in there? When I contacted the Wilderness Society over Franklin Dam, I specifically asked them for a public domain or free-license image, to get around the problems we've been having with Wikipedia-specific permission and noncommercial licenses of late. Ambi 12:02, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * No, I didn't but thats a good point, I'll do that in the future. We probably won't get a response until Tuesday (optimistically) or later (realistically) due to the Institute's base in NSW and the Labour Day holiday there and in SA. - Aaron Hill 14:02, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't forget the ACT has this holiday also. I should know, I'm a Sydney-sider who has to work today because of the rest of the states. Grr. - Ta bu shi da yu 20:58, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Nice one, Aaron. I was going to do that but you beat me to it. :-) —Stormie 09:23, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * I haven't got a response from the Media and PR person I emailed though... Hopefully soon... - Aaron Hill 00:43, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

Added
Added birth/death to releveant dates & years

Also Australia Through Time inforamtion --ZZ 09:35, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Good work on that ZZ :) Ta bu shi da yu 02:09, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Also added to the contraversal List of murdered people --ZZ Also can someone explain to what the purpose of the "|Chang, Victor" is in categorisations, its been buggig me a while and I can't find anything in documentation.

Funeral speech
I wont have time to do any wikiwork till monday, however in todays research on victor chang i discovered the funeral speech given by his daugter reprinted in The Sydney Morning Herald, Its a great source, put i have  two questions, what should i do with it (i think putting it on wikisource and including a link would be best.) what can i do with it. coyrightwise, is a public speech (for it was a public funeral) a pd document?

btw, i have the books i mentioned before, and from what ive read so far they are quite interesting and ill be able to add quite a bit to this aritcle. The bellman 13:29, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * As far as the speech goes, I think all you can do is link it. Thanks for getting the books - as I've said, I'll do anything that I can to help, but without much time, other people are going to have to fill in the details.

 * By the way, the |Chang, Victor in the category section means that it gets sorted under "C" instead of "V" in the category itself. Ambi 06:57, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I worked that out later this evening while scurrying through stub classification schemes--ZayZayEM 10:43, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The source of the speech is from the SMH in 1991 (which is unavalible online without a subscription), so i cant link to the article, my question is whether a public speech is pd, and thus able to be put in wikisource (or maybe even project Gutenberg) and linked to from there. I think i shall ask on the mailing list.

 * btw, i might not have as much time as i thought i would on monday to do some additions, but ill try. The bellman 10:11, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

extortion attempt
The article says "Chang was murdered on 4 July 1991, following an extortion attempt on his family." But then at the end of the same paragraph it says "The entire incident was allegedly related to issues surrounding transplant waiting lists." What is the source for this? If it's an allegation, then who alleged it? My understanding is that it was an extortion attempt and nothing to do with the transplant list. - paxman 23:07, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Update: Murderers Release 'on hold'
I have updated with the murderer Lim NOT being released. I also added the murderers 'alternate' names. --220.101.28.25 (talk) 01:23, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

Update: Murderer Released - Not yet Deported
I have reverted the incorrect information that Lim has been deported. He has been released from jail. He has NOT has been deported, yet. At least 12 hours too early! See wp:CRYSTAL, wp:RECENTISM & wp:NEWS --220.101.28.25 (talk) 08:00, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Apparently he has just been deported in the last few minutes. But putting it in 12 hours early is NOT on!. See http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/chang-killer-deported-from-australia/story-e6frfku0-1225836245922 AAP March 02, 2010 6:54PM --220.101.28.25 (talk) 08:14, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Deportation Cancelled !
Latest WP:RS (??) is LIM has NOT been deported. The flight @ 3.40pm (AEDT), was cancelled for "technical reasons", but cancellation was not reported for several hours! See: (≈00.31 3 March 2010 AEDT) 220.101.28.25 (talk) 13:31, 2 March 2010 (UTC)
 * http://www.news.com.au/national/chang-killer-deported-from-australia/story-e6frfkx0-1225836251303, or
 * http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/changs-killer-to-be-deported-wednesday-20100302-pdug.html

Deported
Lim has finally been deported @ 4:18 pm (0518 GMT), 3 March 2010
 * http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=99892 --220.101.28.25 (talk) 12:17, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

Edit request from Healerl, 28 May 2010
Ann's maiden name is Simmons. This is a fact recorded in Vanessa Chang's biography on her father 'Victor Chang: a tribute to my father'.

Hence I request that (nee Simmons) be added after Ann, as I have attempted to do before.

Change 'In London, he met and married his wife Ann.' to 'In London, he met and married his wife Ann (nee Simmons).

For a reference on the internet, please see www.cambridge.edu.au/Education/resource/work_1_539471.pdf

Healerl (talk) 12:46, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done  Giftiger Wunsch    [TALK]  21:43, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Victor Chang. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100821040531/http://www.victorchang.edu.au/pdfs/SchoolDrVictorChang.pdf to http://www.victorchang.edu.au/pdfs/SchoolDrVictorChang.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090911134820/http://www.victorchang.edu.au/public/Supporters.cfm?cid=55 to http://www.victorchang.edu.au/public/Supporters.cfm?cid=55
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090918224813/http://www.victorchang.edu.au/public/WorldClassFacility.cfm?cid=38 to http://www.victorchang.edu.au/public/WorldClassFacility.cfm?cid=38

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:35, 20 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Victor Chang


text:
Oliver Trask

Oliver Trask is a fictional character on the FOX television series The O.C., portrayed by Taylor Handley. Oliver appeared in the series' first season as a thorn in Ryan Atwood and Marissa Cooper's relationship, soon developing a severe obsession with the latter. After holding Marissa captive at gunpoint in his penthouse, Oliver was arrested and sent to a rehabilitation clinic.

Concept and creation
Oliver was created by Josh Schwartz, whose concept for the character was "based on a guy...a friend of mine dated who faked having cancer to [hang on to her]." Schwartz said of the guy "That kind of desperation and loneliness was really fascinating to me, and that's what inspired the Oliver character."

Characterization
Taylor Handley says of his character that "Oliver is very intelligent, (...) and intelligent people are good manipulators." Handley also elaborated that "[his] character is very needy due to his past" which would take some of Marissa's attention away from Ryan, and that, by request, he dyed his hair dark for the show to give "a more sinister look".

Oliver used to go to a school referred to as "Pacific". At his former school Oliver was obsessed with a girl and cut his wrists. She had a restraining order filed against him, and later attended rehabilitation.

Storylines
According to Schwartz the storyline was "designed as a six-episode arc where we would bring in a character whose circumstances coming into this world were not unlike Ryan's".

Season 1
Oliver Trask is a rich kid who lives in the penthouse of a hotel. His parents own a chain of hotels, and are largely absent from his life. He left his last school, Pacific High, because a girl took out a restraining order against him, after he became obsessed with her. Oliver eventually attempts suicide because she rejects him. He meets Marissa Cooper (Mischa Barton) at therapy, and falls for her and transfers to Harbor to get close to her. Marissa initially thinks of him as merely a casual friend, and so doesn't notice anything sinister in his constant presence in her life. Marissa's boyfriend, Ryan Atwood (Ben McKenzie), doesn't trust him, and warns Marissa about her new friend's intentions. Marissa and many of their friends dismiss Ryan's warnings as jealousy; Luke Ward (Chris Carmack) believes him, however, having taken an instant dislike to Oliver.

In the episode "The Truth", Oliver invites Marissa to his parents' penthouse hotel room. Once there, he becomes possessive and threatening, and refuses to let Marissa leave, producing a gun and threatening to kill himself when she calls Ryan in tears. Ryan bursts in and pleads with Oliver to put the gun down for Marissa's sake. Oliver does so, and is led away in police custody.

Reception
TV Guide described Oliver as a "clichéd plot device" and a "cookie-cutter villain", but Schwartz said that reception was mixed with viewers loving the character as "someone that we love to hate." Other reception noted that he was irritating but "addicting person to watch", that he "was able to exude as much hate that a writer could place on a single character", and that he was an "audience-infuriating nut". Entertainment Weekly included him their list of "21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever", commenting: "Oliver (Taylor Handley) was around for only six episodes, but it seemed like much longer. Just the mention of Oliver's name still makes us brood."

Effect
Oliver's appearance lasted only a few episodes - from "The Best Chrismukkah Ever" (Season 1, Episode 13) to "The Truth" (Season 1, Episode 18). However, the character's actions had long term implications. Already existing trust issues between Ryan and Marissa were exacerbated by the conflict over Oliver's true colors. It is argued by Seth in "The Ties that Bind" (Season 1, Episode 27) that Marissa's relationship with Oliver may have driven Ryan to seek solace with Theresa, resulting in the scandal over Theresa's pregnancy and marriage that arises in the final episodes of the show's first season and into the second season.

Rumors
It was rumoured that Oliver would return for the finale of season two. These rumours were untrue (though in the second season finale, after Seth hears a door bell ring he quips: "With the way things are going right now, I bet that's Oliver." This could have been a reference to these rumors, but was more likely due to how badly things seemed to be going for the characters.) Schwartz made repeated references to Oliver's return. He is quoted as stating that a return was the alternative option to the lesbian storyline between Marissa and Alex. After the finale for that season aired, rumors then arose that Oliver would return in the third season with Kirsten, who was in rehab for alcoholism. However, this never happened, although in the third season finale when Marissa apologizes to Ryan for all the craziness, Ryan assures that he would not have done anything different, "except for maybe Oliver," to which Marissa laughed and said "me too."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Oliver Trask


text:
User:Tom-/Wikipedia IE issues

This is a tracking page for a few IE issues I'm debugging (some Wikipedia-specific, some MonoBook-specific, some MediaWiki specific).

CSS
 * IE always tries to load http://en.wikipedia.org/style/monobook/null?"{ - bug 622, with a fix
 * Loaded due to use of hack in IEFixes.css
 * As far as I can see, IEFixes.css is pointless - we can just use conditional comments in :

 * Initially returns 200 OK, but wastes a request (although only returns 283 bytes)
 * Cached on subsequent page loads so not a huge issue
 * Problems with small browser window and page tabs. Bug 288, should be easily fixable with a hack or two.
 * Fix: use  to display tabs, patched IE60Fixes.css submitted

Images
 * Images currently redirect (302 Moved Temporarily) to upload.wikipedia.org, which causes problems with caching.
 * IE always re-checks the redirect, but doesn't re-download the entire image - but this wastes many requests and means images are never displayed instantly from cache.
 * IE doesn't seem to take notice of Expires or Cache-Control headers in tests, although they should indicate if the response is cachable.

Slow loading

Bit of a complicated one. IE won't render anything on a page until all external CSS has been downloaded. This means it's important to load all CSS as soon as you can, or there's a noticable delay in rendering if CSS isn't cached.

MediaWiki loads /w/wiki.phtml?title=-&action=raw&gen=css which then redirects to another CSS file - but IE sends HTTP requests for all images and other content before the URL for the other CSS file becomes known, meaning all images have to download before the page is rendered at all.

If that double-@import could be killed off, IE would render the first page loaded much, much quicker than it currently does.

Not a full list - more to come...

title: User:Tom-/Wikipedia IE issues


text:
Talk:Parasitic gap

Untitled
The first sentence could be better. I'm not sure what a parasitic gap is exactly so can't change it. dpen2000 10:46, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * How about: `A parasitic gap is a gap that is dependent on another gap' as a first sentence? It's a paraphrase from Elisabet Engdahl's article `Parasitic Gaps' Linguistics and Philosophy 6, 1983 5-34.  Seems a fairly straightforward bit to include. Googlefish 00:39, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Does anyone have a source for Nissenbaum being Chomsky's student?

 * I did some looking around and found this link: http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/8842/1/48567805.pdf .  It's a pdf of Nissenbaum's thesis.  The supervisors are N. Chomsky and D. Pesetsky.  This may indicate that Nissenbaum was indeed a student of Chomsky, though I'm not sure if this source is acceptable. Googlefish 01:02, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Needs work
This page conflates several theories of pgs, some incorrectly. GPSG/HPSG treat pgs as ATB dependencies (using the SLASH feature or its equivalent), not as fronted null pronouns. Chomsky 82 may treat them this way, but Chomsky 86 (Barriers) doesn't: there it's a null op analysis. Nissenbaum also uses a null Op analysis if memory serves (to trigger lambda-abstraction), and has new exx of covert mvmt licensing pgs, very important. Anybody feel like incorporating these? If there are no takers, I may try myself. Mundart (talk) 08:18, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

Removed the passive example
The passive example actually violated the EPP (sentences need subjects), but passives are not infact bad:

1) The document was filed without being read 2) Which document was filed without being read

The Spanish equivalent of the original passive (~ the document was filed without reading / which document was filed without reading) is fine because in Spanish it doesn't violate the EPP due to Spanish having null subjects.

Augur (talk) 21:06, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

Wrong and misleading counter example
*Which book did she review War and Peace without reading __.

This sentence is ungrammatical for independent reasons. A better example would be:

She reviewed War and Peace without reading ___.

I changed it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Raban (talk • contribs) 15:12, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

Editing
Hello, I am a student at the University of British Columbia and am enrolled in a syntax course in which our assignment is to help to edit a Wikipedia page. I have been doing research over the course of the past month on parasitic gaps and hope to help improve the page. Please do not hesitate to let me know of any errors or discrepancies in the edits that I will be making.

Thank you, Kaitlyn — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kvandervelden (talk • contribs) 22:07, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parasitic gap


text: User talk:212.219.207.43

title: User talk:212.219.207.43


text: Category:History of Bulgaria

title: Category:History of Bulgaria


text:
Ludwig Reichenbach

Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach (8 January 1793 – 17 March 1879) was a German botanist, ornithologist and illustrator. It was he who first requested Leopold Blaschka to make a set of glass marine invertebrate models for scientific education and museum showcasing, the successful commission giving rise to the creation of the Blaschkas' Glass sea creatures and, subsequently and indirectly, the more famous Glass Flowers.

Early life
Born in Leipzig and the son of Johann Friedrich Jakob Reichenbach (the author in 1818 of the first Greek-German dictionary) Reichenbach studied medicine and natural science at the University of Leipzig in 1810 and, eight years later in 1818, he the now Professor became an instructor before, in 1820, he was appointed the director of the Dresden natural history museum and a professor at the Surgical-Medical Academy in Dresden, where he remained for many years. Together with Carl Friedrich Heinrich Schubert he started in 1822 to edit and distribute his first exsiccata work ''Lichenes exsiccati collecti atque descripti auctoribus L. Reichenbach et C. Schubert. Die Flechten in getrockneten Exemplaren, gesammelt und beschrieben von L. Reichenbach und C. Schubert''. Later on he published several other exsiccatae, an example being Flora Germanica exsiccata sive Herbarium normale plantarum selectarum criticarumve, in Germania propria vel in adjacente Borussia, Austria et Hungaria, Tyroli, Helvetia Belgiaque nascentim, concinnatum editumque a Societate Florae Germanicae curante.

Glass sea creatures

Director of the natural history museum in Dresden, Professor Reichenbach was faced with an annoying yet seemingly unsolvable problem of showing invertebrate marine life. Land-based flora and fauna was not an issue, for it was a relatively simple matter to exhibit mounted and stuffed creatures such as gorillas and elephants, their lifelike poses attracting and exciting the museums' visitors. Invertebrates, however, by their very nature, posed a problem. In the 19th century the only method practised for showcasing them was to take a live specimen and place it in a sealed jar of alcohol. This killed it but, more importantly, time and a lack of hard parts eventually rendered the specimen little more than a colorless floating blob of jelly, making it neither pretty nor an effective teaching tool. Prof. Reichenbach wanted something more, specifically 3D colored models of marine invertebrates that were both lifelike and able to stand the test of time. In 1863, he "saw an exhibition of highly detailed, realistic glass flowers created by a Bohemian Lampworker, Leopold Blaschka, at an exhibition hosted by Prince Camille de Rohan;" and it was the Prince who first introduced Reichenbach to Leopold Blaschka.

Enchanted by the botanical models and positive that Leopold held the key to ending his own showcasing issue, in 1863 Reichenbach convinced and commissioned Leopold to produce twelve model sea anemones. These marine models, hailed as "an artistic marvel in the field of science and a scientific marvel in the field of art," were exactly what Prof. Reichenbach needed and, at last, provided an outlet for the wonder Leopold had felt all those years ago when observing the phosphorescent ocean life. The key fact, though, was that these glass marine models were, as would soon be acknowledged, "perfectly true to nature," and as such represented an extraordinary opportunity both for the scientific community and the Blaschkas themselves. Knowing this and thrilled with his newly acquired set of glass sea creatures, Reichenbach advised Leopold to drop his current and generations long family business of glass fancy goods and the like in favor of selling glass marine invertebrates to museums, aquaria, universities, and private collectors. Advice which would prove wise and fateful both economically and scientifically, for Leopold did as the Dresden natural history museum director suggested. A decision which swiftly sparked the Blaschkas' highly lucrative mail-order business of selling Glass sea creatures to interested parties across the globe. Poetically, though Reichenbach did not know it, many years later his showcasing problem and manner of finding the Blaschkas would be repeated by Harvard Professor George Lincoln Goodale - Goodale getting the idea for the creation of the Glass Flowers from Harvard's own collection of Glass sea creatures.

Sadly, however, the original six glass sea anemones purchased by Ludwig Reichenbach in 1863 as well as the rest of that first collection was destroyed in the Bombing of Dresden in World War II.

Later career
He was later the founder of the Dresden botanical gardens and joint founder of Dresden Zoo. The museum's zoological collection was almost completely destroyed by the fire in the Zwinger palace during the constitutional crisis of 1849, but Reichenbach was able to replace it within only a few years. This collection is the basis of that seen in the museum today. Reichenbach was a prolific author and able botanical artist. His works included Iconographia Botanica seu Plantae criticae (1823–32, 10 vols.) and Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie (1851–54).

Honors
He was honoured by having several plants and animals named after him including Iris reichenbachii Heuff., Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Bor. (syn. V. sylvatica (Hartm.) Fr. ex Hartm. and V. sylvestris Lam. p.p.) (the slender wood violet). Dr. Reichenbach oversaw a world-famous botanical garden in Dresden with a great collection of cacti, and Echinocactus reichenbachii a beautiful cactus of the south-central U.S. and northern Mexico was named in his honor. Reichenbach's sunbird (Anabathmis reichenbachii) is also named after him. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation '''  Rchb. ''' when citing a botanical name. Finally, he was also the father of Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, equally a botanist and an eminent orchid specialist.

Death
Reichenbach died in 1879 and was interred in the Trinity Cemetery in Dresden Johannstadt. The tomb, however, was cleared after abandoning the right to use. However, the cemetery administration had not awarded the grave site, so that at the initiative of the Senckenberg Natural History Collections in Dresden, a stele was erected, which was unveiled on September 11, 2011.

Publications

 * Lepidoptera Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung (1817)
 * Flora germanica excursoria (1830–32, 2 tomes)
 * Flora exotica (1834–36)
 * Flora germanica exsiccata (1830–45); Exsiccata
 * Übersicht des Gewächsreichs und seiner natürlichen Entwickelungsstufen (1828)
 * Handbuch des natürlichen Pflanzensystems (1837)
 * Das Herbarienbuch (1841)
 * Abbildung und Beschreibung der für Gartenkultur empfehlenswerten Gewächse (1821–26, with 96 plates)
 * Monographia generis Aconiti (1820, with 19 plates)
 * Illustratio specierum Aconiti generis (1823–27, with 72 plates)
 * Iconographia botanica s. plantae criticae (1823-1832, with 1,000 plates)
 * Iconographia botanica exotica (1827–30)
 * Regnum animale (1834–36, with 79 plates)
 * Deutschlands Fauna (1842, 2 tomes)
 * Vollständigste Naturgeschichte des In- und Auslandes (1845–54, 2 volumes in 9 tomes with more than 1,000 plates)
 * Vollständigste Naturgeschichte des In- und Auslandes (1845–54, 2 volumes in 9 tomes with more than 1,000 plates)

title: Ludwig Reichenbach


text:
NFAS

NFAS can mean:

 * Non-Facility Associated Signalling, a Primary Rate Interface configuration whereby multiple T1 carriers share a signaling channel (or D channel).
 * National Field Archery Society, a UK field archery organisation
 * National Football Association of Swaziland, former name of the Eswatini Football Association
 * Nuclear Field 'A' School (U.S. Navy), an introductory training academy for Electronics Technician Nuclear Power (ETN), see Electronics technician (United States Navy)

title: NFAS


text:
File:Girlfriend in a Coma.png

Summary
The sleeve of Girlfriend in a Coma by The Smiths (single, August 1987). Cover star: British playwright Shelagh Delaney. Apart from the title track, the single included B-sides Work is a Four-Letter Word (a cover of a Cilla Black song) and I Keep Mine Hidden (twelve inch edition only), the last song ever written or recorded by The Smiths.

Girlfriend in a Coma was the lead single off the band's fourth album, Strangeways, Here We Come, and reached #13 in the British charts. Douglas Coupland named his 1998 book of the same title after the song.

title: File:Girlfriend in a Coma.png


text:
Talk:Walter Aolari

from VfD: Article non-notable and was flagged for cleanup. This article is associated with an unsuccessful candidate whose attempt is already documented in the associated election results.
 * Delete. Came sixth and last in the 203 Vaughan Riding with a distinctly unimpressive 192 votes (0.38%). If someone is getting less than 1% of the vote we shouldn't even begin to contemplate the merest possibility of considering them the slightest bit notable. Average Earthman 12:47, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yet another unnotable election candidate. If a notable person, this article doesn't indicate why. Jallan 17:47, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable enough. The Recycling Troll 20:57, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Candidates for federal legislatures are notable. Dsmdgold 21:24, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Otherwise we get 1,000 stubs everytime a country has an election - candidature in itself is not notable. Jongarrettuk 22:35, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep We're unlikely to get 1,000 stubs after every election for the simple reason that there isn't sufficient interest for such articles to be created. Those that *are* created are fair commentaries on figures who have chosen to enter the public sphere; I see no reason to delete this information.  CJCurrie 23:38, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Lacking notability for an encyclopedia, and the article is also nothing more than a substub with name, employment, and "run for election". -- Chris 73 Talk 00:49, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * I notice a certain trend around VfD: unelected political candidates for minor parties are notable for their candidacy alone, if they're American. Ten minutes of searching gave me Beau Gunderson, Jerry Kohn, Tim Smith, Tom Bailey, Andrés Soto, Gayle McLaughlin, Nicole Sarmiento and Rick Griffin, and I'm sure countless others would show up if I kept looking. But if they're Canadian, watch the deletes come out of the woodwork. Keep as equally notable to anyone on that list, or VfD that list too. Bearcat 02:33, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, those are new articles, that've never been VfD'd, so you can't call shenanigans yet. I say VfD a couple of them, then speedy delete the rest, citing precedent. GWO 15:08, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Lost pathetically, had no impact. Lord Bob 16:57, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless there is other evidence of notability. Rossami 03:09, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. See comments for Magnus Thompson. Why are we still adding these pages to VfD when similar pages are open for debate? Let's settle this in one place, and then apply the policy across the board instead opening up a dozen VfDs.Kevintoronto 15:59, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - unelected candidate with no other evidence of notability. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:42, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - SimonP 04:23, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion'

title: Talk:Walter Aolari


text:
Talk:Copper/Archive 1

Untitled
Elementbox converted 15:14, 2 July 2005 by Femto (previous revision was that of 10:21, 2 July 2005).

Picture Caption Not Correct
The citation of the picture showing an open pit copper mine in Chile claims it is the largest open pit copper mine in the world. This is not correct. See http://www.kennecott.com/about_kennecott.html

71.36.69.136 18:22, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

I give up
User:Vsmith absolutely don't want to know who's producing copper and putting it on the market. All the other metals have that information. Steel has it, all of them has it. But not this one. - Jerryseinfeld 03:15, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Info on producers is OK, but - I'm certain Phelps Dodge isn't the only one out there. At least back in the '70s when I worked in the copper industry, PD had lots of competition. Your edits looked like a promotion for a single big company - so I reverted. If iron and other metals have similar promotion like info they should be cleaned up also. I'll check 'em out when I get time. -Vsmith 14:44, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Nope. I just checked a dozen or so metals from Al to Zn - no company commercials found. Steel did - it isn't a primary metal. Doesn't now. -Vsmith 16:11, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Image error
You may have seen the recent comments about the wrong no. of neutrons on copper. I have reported the error (see recent history) to the person who posted the image, so hopefully we will get copper with only 34 neutrons on it. Walkerma 16:03, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Opening Paragraph
There should be a brief physical description at the top, including color, malleability, ductility, etc.

Toxicity
Two points I would like to see added:

The toxicity of copper is largely related to redox cycling and the catalysis of reactive oxygen species production (hydroxyl radical for example)(aka free radicals).

There is growing evidence that copper may play a signifcant role in the aggregation of protein plaques in the neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer's and CJD, vCJD.

Molecular Aspects of Medicine 26 (2005) 405-420

Copper is not a cumulative poision, right? So if someone got sick from an overdose of copper, they will recover as long is the dose was not fatal? Arsenic will not do that? Also, if a toxic level of Copper Sulfate is ingested, it will trigger a vomit reflex and thus not be absorbed, right? Jokem (talk) 20:08, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

photograph of "copper" ??
under PHYSICAL PROPERTIES the yellow coloured nugget shown at left as an example of copper is actually a GOLD nugget! the colour and surface texture are obvious! A copper photo should be found and this one deleted (or moved to a gold page)

 * Agreed - looks more like gold to me, therefore removed image link. Also need a better image of native copper than the one below - maybe I'll get my camera out and do it someday :-) - Vsmith 17:23, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Horsehoe crab?
If I'm not mistaken, most (all?) invertebrates use copper instead of iron as an oxygen transporter. It's misleading to mention the horseshoe crab, as it implies that this specie is unique in this respect.

Occurence
I'd like to know how abundant copper is as a resource. How much is still left to be mined? (83.118.38.37 01:37, 19 January 2006 (UTC))
 * Copper supply is not at risk during the immediate future. For an article on a recent study, see:    Rklawton 18:47, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * An older source predicts that we've already run out:  Rklawton 19:03, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

In the late 1960s, Paul Ehrlich's bestseller The Population Bomb predicted famines that would kill hundreds of millions in the 1970s as the world's population passed the sustainability point. The landmark 1972 Limits of Growth study by the Club of Rome predicted that if consumption continued to exponentially expand, the world would run out of gold by 1981, mercury by 1985, zinc by 1990, petroleum by 1992, and copper, lead and natural gas by 1993.

The Olympic Dam Copper deposit in South Australia has a mine life of close to 100 years at the moment, and we are still finding more. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.167.15.163 (talk) 02:00, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Cu for wire bonding
I do not agree with the fact that Cu is used for wire bonding. Cu will suffer from fast oxidation which will make the bonding fragile. Any comments of experts?

Also just mentioned on the wire bonding page, apparently it is stored in sealed packages before use.--KingCarrot 15:33, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

In Reply

Copper is the most common form of cable used for electrical wiring, aluminium and steel are used on larger camble sizes. The conductor is covered in a coloured pvc or lsf sheath protecting the metal from oxidation. Typical sizes of cable are 1.0mm3, 1.5mm3, 2.5mm3, 4.0mm3, 6.0mm3, 10.0mm3, 25.0mm3. From 4.0mm3 the cable tends to be stranded to allow for flexability without damage. Larger sizes ans smaller sizes exist but these are the ones I have dealt with.

No incomplete d-shell?
Question. Cu: [Ar] 3d10 4s1 (more stable than [Ar] 3ds9 4s2) It has a COMPLETE d-shell but it is still classed as a transition metal - why is this?

Answer. Cu2+ (a common ion of Copper) has the electron arrangment: [Ar] 3d9 It has an INCOMPLETE d-shell thus copper is transitional.

 * How rigid is that definition? Gotta have some flex to fit reality. Cu isn't the only exception to the rule. Consider Palladium [Kr] 4d10 with no 5s and a full 4d.
 * I'd say they're both transition metals with configurations that fail to strictly comply with our overly rigid def. Vsmith 01:36, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Smelting etc
The present article contains no information as to how copper is smelted. Furthermore, the section on mining seems to be limited to prehistoric mining in the Brtiish Isles. Should there not be something about the rest of the world and about more modern periods. Perhaps these should appear in some kind of satellite article. Peterkingiron 23:01, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Copper was traditionally smelted from the sulphide ores like chalcopyrite; in recent times, ie the last 20 years Copper Oxide have been an increasingly common source via the SX/EW process.--Oswalia 12:30, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * See the links under Occurrence. Vsmith 02:16, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I had missed those, but they seem only to deal with present day techniques, not historic ones. Peterkingiron 22:43, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Price
Any chance someone could add something on the copper market, and what are perceived to be the main influences on it?

The recent price charts seem quite extraordinary, at least.

Copper is first and foremost the electrical metal. Thus its usage and the growth of usage depends largely on electricity demand, and by implication, GNP growth. Copper supply underwent a revolution in the 1980's and 1990's with the conversion of many abandoned spoil heaps containing Copper Oxides into worthwhile sources of cheap metal. With global GNP rising and the supply revolution having been completed, there is little marginal supply and no good replacement; hence the price action in the last year or so.

RandomP 09:21, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I presume that this is the result of industrialisation in the Peoples Republic of China. This has transformed the market for several minerals and the metals made from them.  For example, it has saved several steelworks that were earmarked for closure.  However, mining and metal industries tend to be cyclical.  There is a glut, so capacity is cut by closing older works; then capacity is too little and the price rising.  That stimulates more works to be built, but ends off with excess capacity.  I am not an expert in that and so have refrained from amending the article.  Peterkingiron 22:03, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. It would be nice to include a mention of it.

Jak722 21:18, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Homoeopathy
In the h. you use copper against cramps, asthma and other spasmodic dieseases like (cramp) cough. Copper has the latin name cuprum. Usual you take pills D4 or D6. Ampoules have normally D8. --Fackel 00:41, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Copper content in U.S. coins
The numbers in this article for the copper content of U.S. coins are completely wrong. Or rather these numbers do not agree with the official numbers given by the U.S. mint, here: http://www.usmint.gov/faqs/circulating_coins/index.cfm?printer=no&flash=yes&action=faq_circulating_coin Presumably all these percentages are by weight.

Correct numbers:

 * U.S. Pennies are  2.5% copper by weight (Balance zinc 97.5%).
 * U.S. Nickels are 75.0% copper by weight (Balance nickel 25.0%).
 * U.S. Dimes are   91.7% copper by weight (Balance nickel 8.3%).
 * U.S. Quarters are 91.7% copper by weight (Balance nickel 8.3%).

I am working on an edit with citation and stuff now, but it may take a while I am still figuring out how to do that. Buck Leupitsthlaw 19:58, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

I decided to go ahead and make the edit. Also decided that citation wasn't necessary since the U.S. Pennies,U.S. Nickels, U.S. Dimes, U.S. Quarters pages contain adequate citations to the U.S. Mint. Also, now the numbers in the copper article agree with those articles, wrt U.S. coins. Buck Leupitsthlaw 20:26, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

That seems interesting. It could also be noted that pennies are now actually worth more than one cent because of their value as copper.Slartibartfast1992 01:40, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Toxicity
Could anyone confirm that copper powder is more toxic than Beryllium powder when inhaled (or ingested) 8-)--Light current 11:09, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Units
Howabout standard units of measure... i.e m^3 instead of cm^3? wouldn't that be much clearer?

chalkos
on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogen it says that chalkos is "ore". It can't be both, can it?
 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by Victorclaessen (talk • contribs)

 * Why not? Assuming the ores known by the Greeks on Cyprus were copper sulfide ores, then chalkos could be both. Vsmith 12:10, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Chalkos is indeed the Classical Greek for Copper, and sometimes its alloys such as brass and bronze. Chalcogen should therefore mean copper-forming; if this is indeed the name for oxygen, sulphur, selenium, tellurium and polonium, there is something odd about that chemical term.  Apparently the person who coined the term did intend it to mean 'ore forming', but this seems to me a case of bad etymology; copper is the oldest base metal, but not the only one.  Peterkingiron 23:06, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Complete history
I find no mention of the massive deposits of copper in Northern Michigan. 13 Billion pounds of copper and 16 million ounces of silver have been taken from the area since 1845.(http://www.exploringthenorth.com/redmetal/tours.html) Prior to that is is estimated that 1.5 billion pounds had been minned since about 5000 BC.(http://www.exploringthenorth.com/cophistory/cophist.html)

Can we be more specific than, "In Greek times..." under the 'history' heading?! Very uncool.

"Copper band corrosion"
Base for additions : band, corrosion and this copper article.

I'm not even sure what this is supposed to be about. Does it mean "band" as in "wedding band" or "conduction band" or what? Why does this deserve a whole section in this article? —Keenan Pepper 23:58, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

GA
I've put the GA on hold for 7 days. Issues include:
 * Expansion of intro - Lead section
 * Sorted Blood red sandman 16:16, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Several tags still in article
 * unsourced information removed Blood red sandman 16:18, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Cleanup references, preferably to all in-line refs
 * someone else is going to have to do this - I hit upon problems trying Blood red sandman 16:25, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorted - all but two are now footnotes, and I think the other two are better left as is anyway - Blood red sandman 16:42, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Pics in Applications section need organizing
 * I agree, but I'm at a dead loss about what should be done. Any sugestions? Blood red sandman 16:28, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Fixed pics, I think I can live with em like that.  Jo  e  I  18:04, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Historical copper mining section - I see no modern mining section, why distingush historical, and Britian and US were the only two countries to mine copper?
 * I've done a little bit of sorting, but it could be better - Blood red sandman 16:26, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * A "see also" section would be nice.
 * What sort of articles should I include here? Other elemental metals? Seems a bit vague Blood red sandman 16:28, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * A see also isn't mandatory, just something I like to see. Most relevent links would probably be covered in the article or category.

Good luck  Jo  e  I  01:10, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Seems all major issues have been resolved. I see no reason why this article shouldn't be GA.  Good Job :)   Jo  e  I  04:13, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Micro Structure?
I think this article should include something about the micro-structure of copper. i.e. I think it would be a good idea if there was a diagram showing a lattice of copper atoms.

Copper has a microstructure of a face centred cubic metal crystal, as illustrated below:

This image should be included in the article.--BusinessMan1 20:14, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

I think that the article should include a crystallographic image of copper! i.e. Light microscope image; A Scanning Eletron Microscope (SEM) or Transmision Electron Microscope (TEM) image might be better! -- KLD - 23 June 2008, 17:00 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.141.15.34 (talk) 14:49, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

antiseptic
I heard on a television show once that copper can kill bacteria in water. I still have the tape of it. --Metallurgist 03:18, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Quick question
How is copper mined and extracted? Is it by open pit or underground mining?

Pece Kocovski 00:51, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Either way, depending on the best way of mining the deposit. Sometimes copper is a byproduct of mining for gold. --TruthbringerToronto (Talk | contribs) 06:25, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

In Butte, MT the Berkeley pit was an-open pit copper mine.
 * In Butte, it started out as open-stope underground mining. I think they tried block-caving at one point, and ended up mostly open-pit (in the Berkeley). The Contenental pit is still active.BSMet94 20:22, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Illegal commandeering?
Is it worth mentioning in here that the current ridiculously high price of (Whatever the really good grade copper is called) is is causing numerous thefts of the stuff? 68.39.174.238 00:39, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It's certainly interesting, if you can get a reputable article - but the comment would fit better in an article on (whatever really good grade copper is called) itself! This article has to be very broad, and probably shouldn't include such details, IMHO. Walkerma 04:59, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Secondary Metal Recyclers & Copper Theft might be a good ref.--Stone (talk) 21:29, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Molecular formula
All this information about the atom copper is really nice but I don't believe it mentions the molecular formula for solid copper. Anyone know what it is? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.182.167.18 (talk • contribs)
 * Copper is not a molecule, it is an element, its symbol/formula is 'Cu'. Hope this helps.  --Dirk Beetstra T  C 23:22, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Extraction - merge proposal
We appear to be developing two parallel articles, some rather incomplete details of copper mining here and a much fuller article on copper extraction. I would suggest that the section on mining here should be largely removed, leaving a brief general statement covering occurence, mining and extraction. I would appreciate comments before I start interfering. Peterkingiron 18:26, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Toxicity
I recently read about several manifestations of copper toxicity, and the industrial applications that caused them. The two that stick out in my mind are the smothers, a condition described by copper smelters, and vintner's lung (unsure of name accuracy), which is caused by the copper-sulfate sprays used as antifungicides by the wine industry. The source is Copper Deficiency and Toxicity by Charles A. Owen, Jr. I'll write something up and post it here... Stacydreis 21:22, 15 March 2007 (UTC)stacydreis

B-Class
GA class is not part of project assessment scales, and GAs are not tracked by WP Bot 1.0. The assessment level has been set to B class. --Cryptic C62 · Talk 21:12, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The system changed... --Cryptic C62 · Talk 02:48, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

How does Cu get there?
I believe that the article states that Cu is obsorbed in the gut and then treats several symptoms (im paraphrasing) but it never said what foods Cu comes from this could be a viable part of information, why is it not in here, and what are the foods it comes from? Chuck61007 02:36, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

"i am the best"
is it just me or did someone add random "i am the best" statements in the article Fralexandr 22:17, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Yep - vandalism like this happens all the time. It's fixed now.  Feel free to step in and revert it whenever you notice.  --Ed (Edgar181) 22:33, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

DENSITY? -
$$Insert formula here$$ Is it me or has a spastic quoted density in gcm-3? I didn't know that was SI! cm is not a measurment of anything - it's french and not in a good way. please correct this to kgm-3. Such a small point but one which should be addressed. Only teachers use cm as a measure. And they also told me that gravity was created because of the saturns rings! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.54.174.70 (talk • contribs) 09:30, 31 May 2007

 * Density is usually quoted in g cm−3 in chemistry - it makes the numbers less cumbersome. Also, sort your abusive language out!

 * Ben 19:06, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Green color?
Hi.

What exactly is being referred to here?

"In its liquified state, a pure copper surface without ambient light appears somewhat greenish, another characteristic shared with gold."

Does this refer to the incandescence color, since that's all you're going to see without ambient light (You need to drown out the incandescence in order to see the "real" color, which means BRIGHT light.)? Should that be mentioned? It doesn't seem 100% clear the way it is. mike4ty4 07:35, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Tests for Copper (II) ion
I think the equation for the reaction of copper (II) ions with aqueous ammonia is wrong. It has 22 H atoms on the left and 24 on the right. --Alistair

Reaction to oils on skin
Is it posible that copper reacts to oils found on your fingers? If so then perhapps it should be added to the article. 8th sinn 19:54, 9 September 2007 (UTC)8th sinn8th sinn 19:54, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

GA Sweeps Review
I am rereviewing this article in accordance with WikiProject Good Articles Sweeps Review, to see if it continues to meet the Good Article criteria. Sadly, I can't say that the article currently meets the criteria, and will be delisted. There are a wide number of significant issues with the article, mostly prose and reference citation issues. Most obviously, the 'applications' section is just a collection of lists, and should be written as prose. There is also a WP:MSH issue with the link in the subsection header for piping. With the exception of the coinage subsection, and two other minor citations, the material in this section is largely unreferenced and unverified. While a lot of it is relatively obvious to most (e.g. copper wiring, copper pipes), statements such as the specific amount of copper in the statue of liberty should be sourced, as should some of the lesser known uses of copper.

The history section is reasonably well written but is also largely uncited, with the exception of one paragraph. Where did this information come from?

In the 'copper mining in britain and the US' section, it would be good to eliminate the bulleted list under the britain/ireland part, writing prose similar to the US part. This also doesn't seem to establish a very worldwide view, focusing solely on three countries. Certainly, copper is mined and used in other nations as well. This should be expanded.

The remaining sections are also seriously underreferenced as well, with most of them containing zero sources. The 'Tests for copper(II) ion' section looks mainly like a collection of equations, with very little context to its significance. More actual prose should be provided to show the significance of this.

The images, particularly the ones at the right side near the bottom of the article, could be better reorganized within sections. At times, they appear to be just stacked right on top of the other with not much correlation to the text, as if there's too many images and editors don't want to throw any out.

I'd currently assess this article as a good, solid B-class article, but not as a GA. Please renominate it at WP:GAC when this issues are resolved and it meets the GA criteria. Dr. Cash 18:24, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

different shear modulu in 2 article?
Here, the shear modulus of copper is 48 GPa but in Shear_modulus the shear modulus of copper is 63.4 GPa Which is correct? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.189.248.193 (talk) 03:14, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Beware estimates of remaining copper resources, especially from environmentalists
They rarely understand what reserves and resources mean. Availability of most metals and minerals is price dependent. As the price rises, more and more previously uneconomic mineralised rock becomes worth mining and geologists go out and find yet more. The U S Geological Survey, a most reputable organisation, currently puts world reserves (economic ore) at 490 million tonnes copper, the reserve base (including rock that could well become economic) at 940 million tonnes copper and total global land based resources at over 3 billion tonnes copper plus 700 million tonnes in deep sea nodules. There is plenty of it around. Remember those Club of Rome estimates in, I think, 1974? Mafestel (talk) 17:27, 13 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Furthermore, if there is a known reserve sufficient for 15-20 years, mining companies have little incentive to search for new ore sources. Peterkingiron (talk) 23:39, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

And also recycling becomes more economical. Jokem (talk) 20:04, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Copper Age
The Copper Age section states that the oldest findings where in northern iraq or (without reference), but the literature stats that Çayönü tepesi has the oldest relicts of cold formed native copper and that the first significant amount of metalurcic evidence was found in Çatalhöyük and another article states that all anatolian copper from 7th millenium BC was made from hammered native copper but two things from Catal Hüyük and Yarim Tepe I. # --Stone (talk) 13:04, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Feel free to update that part with referenced information. Nergaal (talk) 14:04, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I will do! But basically I dropped the info here not to lose the references I already found.--Stone (talk) 14:22, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I would strongly discourage the expansion of this section. This article is about Copper (as an element) and has to cover all aspects.  I have added a "main" template, to direct to the place where expansion should take place, if this is to be done.  An article such as this should not be overburdened with detail.  Peterkingiron (talk) 11:40, 17 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Right, but the statment first copper artefacts are ....BC old and are found in .... is worth for the main article on copper! Most of the rest of the Copper history is to long and can go into an article History of Copper.--Stone (talk) 12:20, 17 July 2008 (UTC)
 * No objection, but a brief summary of such an article should be kept in this one. Peterkingiron (talk) 16:58, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

dihydrophil hydratase
There are only google hits which are from wiki for dihydrophil hydratase, and google scholar finds nothing so what is this enzyme like and whats its real name?--Stone (talk) 11:16, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

toxicology
the two references: will be included soon.--Stone (talk) 14:04, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

production
The production is focusing only on the economics and the price of copper, and the rest is the crystall ball predictions of peak copper. The productions methodes like bacterial leching and eletctro plating should at least be mentioned.--Stone (talk) 13:10, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
 * There certainly should be a short section on this, with what is at present a cross-reference used as "main" article, but you should bear in mind this is a general article on the element. The right place for detail is in such sub-articles.  Nevertheless several sections need significant editing, to sort out a lot of minor additions.  Peterkingiron (talk) 22:22, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Copper as an insulator?
Under the heading 'Modern period' is the following statemement: "In the early 1800s, it was discovered that copper wire could be used as an insulator," Should this read 'conductor'? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tctwood (talk • contribs) 05:17, 22 July 2008 (UTC)
 * This is something very wrong with this section, but I do not know what the correct answer is. The fact that this is associated with several red links makes me think that it has been added by an inexperienced editor: we may have vandalism or WP:OR.  Peterkingiron (talk) 22:25, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Image error
The picture is wrong

because the metal contains Cu+ not Cu2+ Jcwf (talk) 21:21, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Columbus?
A cite is needed for the claim that Columbus's ships used copper plating. Especially since the text implies that copper plating started in the 17th century, and copper sheathing of ships in the 18th century. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.96.108.47 (talk) 18:31, 4 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Added ref to the claim. --Wizard191 (talk) 18:56, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

Copper link to Alzheimers.
Perhaps someone with more time can add a section about the discoverd link between copper and Alzheimers. (to those who have some resistence to this, most things can be harmful if there is a vulnerability or excess of...ie water)

 * Research as recent as 2007, conducted by Dr R. Squitti, Head of the Laboratory of Biology of AFaR and of the Laboratory of Neurobiology in the University "Campus Biomedico" added, "'Free' copper may be intrinsically toxic to older persons due to its oxidative activity, small size and ability to cross the blood brain barrier and enter the central nervous system in an unregulated fashion, similar to elevated 'free' copper's effects in other diseases of copper metabolism, such as Wilson's disease."

Thanks

--Caesar J.B. Squitti: Son of Maryann Rosso and Arthur Natale Squitti (talk) 17:11, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

 * More guesses.
 * Bork (talk) 14:17, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 20:21, 2 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Copper/Archive 1


text:
Time in New Zealand

Time in New Zealand is divided by law into two standard time zones. The main islands use New Zealand Standard Time (NZST), 12 hours in advance of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) / military M (Mike), while the outlying Chatham Islands use Chatham Standard Time (CHAST), 12 hours 45 minutes in advance of UTC / military M^ (Mike-Three).

During summer months – from the last Sunday in September until the first Sunday in April – daylight saving time is observed and clocks are advanced one hour. New Zealand Daylight Time (NZDT) is 13 hours ahead of UTC, and Chatham Daylight Time (CHADT) 13 hours 45 minutes ahead.

New Zealand's associated states – the Cook Islands and Niue – and the dependent territory of Tokelau use several different time zones at their own discretion.

History
On 2 November 1868, New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed nationally, and was the first country to do so, about fifteen years before any other. Chatham Island was 45 minutes ahead of mainland New Zealand [twelve hours and fifteen minutes ahead of Coordinated Universal Time]. It was based on longitude 172° 30′ East of Greenwich, $11 1/2$ hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Time (NZMT).

In 1941, during the Second World War, clocks were advanced half an hour, to reduce electric power use making New Zealand 12 hours ahead of GMT. This change was made permanent from 1946 by the Standard Time Act 1945, at which the time at the 180°E meridian was made the basis for New Zealand Time. NZST remained half an hour ahead of NZMT, and the Chatham Islands 45 minutes ahead of NZST.

In the late 1940s the atomic clock was developed and several laboratories began atomic time scales. A new time scale known as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) was adopted internationally in 1972. This was based on the readings of atomic clocks, updated periodically in accordance with time variations in the Earth's rotation by the addition or deletion of seconds (called leap seconds). The Time Act 1974 defines New Zealand Standard Time as 12 hours in advance of UTC.

In 2011, the New Zealand dependency of Tokelau moved its time zone forward by 24 hours, by skipping 30 December to be in the UTC+13:00 time zone, the same zone as New Zealand daylight saving.

Daylight saving time (DST)
Starting in 1909, a member of Parliament, Sir Thomas Kay Sidey annually put forward a bill to advance the clocks an hour from September to the following March and the Summer Time Act 1927 succeeded. In 1927, clocks were advanced by an hour from first Sunday in November to the first Sunday in March. This proved unpopular, so the Summer Time Act 1928 revised this to a half-hour shift from 14 October 1928 (second Sunday) to 17 March 1929 (third Sunday), then the Summer Time Act 1929 permanently fixed this half-hour shift to run from the second Sunday in October to the third Sunday in March every year. In 1933, the period was extended from the first Sunday in September to the last Sunday in April. This continued until the Second World War, when emergency regulations in 1941 extended daylight saving to cover the whole year with annual re-applications until the Standard Time Act 1945 made the abandonment of NZMT permanent in 1946, so that 180° becomes the base longitude and what was called NZ Summer Time (NZST) became NZ Standard Time.

The Time Act 1974 empowered the governor-general to declare by Order in Council a period when daylight saving time is to be observed. This was a one-hour shift (on top of the earlier half-hour shift) from the first Sunday in November to the last Sunday in February, promptly changed the next year by The New Zealand Time Order 1975 which fixed the period of observance from the last Sunday in October to the first Sunday in March.

In 1985 a comprehensive survey was undertaken by the Department of Internal Affairs. Public attitudes towards NZDT (New Zealand Daylight Time) and its effects on work, recreation and particular groups of people in society were surveyed. The survey indicated that 76.2% of the population wanted NZDT either continued or extended.

The survey also concluded that opinion on the topic differed little between sexes, and that support for NZDT was generally higher in urban centres. Daylight saving was famously opposed in the small Northland dairy farming community of Ararua, which refused to adjust its clocks for some years. Support for shortening or abolishing NZDT was always in the minority in the areas surveyed.

As a consequence of the survey and further feedback from the public, in 1988 the Minister of Internal Affairs arranged for a trial period of extended NZDT to be held from the second Sunday in October 1989 to the third Sunday in March 1990. The Minister invited the public to write to him with their views on the five-week extension.

The Daylight Time Order 1990 declared that NZDT would run from 02:00 NZST on the first Sunday in October to 03:00 NZDT on the third Sunday in March.

On 30 April 2007 the government announced that it had extended the daylight saving period from 24 to 27 weeks. From September 2007, daylight saving is now observed from the last Sunday in September until the first Sunday in April. From 30 April 2007, DST begins at 02:00 NZST on the last Sunday in September each year, and ends at 03:00 NZDT (or 02:00 NZST as defined in the 1974 Act) on the first Sunday in April.

New Zealand time, including DST, is used by several Antarctic bases that are supplied from New Zealand. This results in the oddity that the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station sets its clocks an hour further ahead during the southern summer, when the sun is constantly above the horizon, than in the southern winter, when the sun is constantly below the horizon. The extreme geographic position of the base means that no possible adjustment of the daily activity cycle can have any effect on the amount of sunlight received during those activities. However, the arrangement presumably makes real time communications with New Zealand more practical, particularly in dealing with offices.

The other countries in the Realm of New Zealand – Cook Islands, Niue, and Tokelau – do not maintain DST. Two of them are on the other side of the International Date Line and have 22–24 hours time difference to New Zealand.

The following table lists recent and near future starting and ending dates of daylight saving time in the main islands of New Zealand:

Standards
New Zealand standard time is maintained by the Measurement Standards Laboratory (MSL), part of New Zealand Government. New Zealand standard time is based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). UTC is kept within 200 nanoseconds of the international atomic time scale maintained by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris.

It is disseminated by various means, including time pips broadcast on Radio New Zealand, speaking clock and Network Time Protocol.

Dependencies and associated states
There are two associated states of New Zealand in the Pacific Ocean, both on the other side of the International Date Line:
 * The Cook Islands are in the UTC−10:00 time zone or Military W (Whiskey) and do not observe daylight saving time. Clocks in the Cook Islands are 22 or 23 hours behind New Zealand: at noon on Thursday in New Zealand, it is 13:00 or 14:00 on Wednesday in the Cook Islands.
 * Niue is in the UTC−11:00 time zone or Military X (X-ray) and does not observe daylight saving time. Clocks in Niue are 23 or 24 hours behind New Zealand: at noon on Thursday in New Zealand, it is noon or 1 pm on Wednesday in Niue.

The New Zealand dependency of Tokelau is in the UTC+13:00 time zone or Military M' (Mike Prime) and does not observe daylight saving time. Clocks in Tokelau are set to the same time as or 1 hour ahead of New Zealand: at noon on Thursday in New Zealand, it is 12:00 or 13:00 on Thursday in Tokelau.

The Ross Dependency, McMurdo Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica maintain NZST/NZDT.

title: Time in New Zealand


text:
Parlay X

Parlay X was a set of standard Web service APIs for the telephone network (fixed and mobile). It is defunct and now replaced by OneAPI, which is the current valid standard from the GSM association for Telecom third party API.

It enables software developers to use the capabilities of an underlying network. The APIs are deliberately high level abstractions and designed to be simple to use. An application developer can, for example, invoke a single Web Service request to get the location of a mobile device or initiate a telephone call.

The Parlay X Web services are defined jointly by ETSI, the Parlay Group, and the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). OMA has done the maintenance of the specifications for 3GPP release 8.

The APIs are defined using Web Service technology: interfaces are defined using WSDL 1.1 and conform with  Web Services Interoperability (WS-I Basic Profile).

The APIs are published as a set of specifications.

In general Parlay X provides an abstraction of functionality exposed by the more complex, but functionally richer Parlay APIs. ETSI provide a set of (informative not normative) Parlay X to Parlay mapping documents.

Parlay X services have been rolled out by a number of telecom operators, including BT, Korea Telecom, T-Com, Mobilekom and Sprint.

title: Parlay X


text:
Mick Mars

Robert Alan Deal (born May 4, 1951),  known professionally as Mick Mars, is an American musician best known as the former lead guitarist and co-founder of the heavy metal band Mötley Crüe. He is known for his aggressive, melodic solos and bluesy riffs.

Early life
Mars was born Robert Alan Deal, in Terre Haute, Indiana, in 1951. Soon after, his family moved to Huntington, Indiana. Before he was nine years old, his family relocated again, this time to Garden Grove, California. He realized he wanted to become a musician at only three years of age, when his parents took him to see country singer Skeeter Bonn at a local 4-H Fair in Indiana. "He was wearing a bright-orange outfit with rhinestones all over the place, and a big white Stetson hat. I went, 'I'm doing that. That's what I want to do.'"

Early career
His parents bought him his first guitar at age 12 and he began a relentless practice routine, thinking only of becoming a successful musician. He began at age 14 as bassist in a Beatles cover group called The Jades before switching to lead guitar. He dropped out of high school and began playing guitar in a series of unsuccessful blues-based rock bands throughout the 1970s.

In his early 20s, he took a job in an industrial laundromat operating heavy machinery while moonlighting with his band Wahtoshi in the local club circuit. After recovering from a serious injury to one of his hands suffered in a workplace accident, he quit to focus on music full time. In 1973, he joined a cover band called White Horse and soon began to be recognized as an accomplished guitarist. "He could copy parts note for note. You give him "Highway Star" and he could nail Ritchie Blackmore's riffs," said ex-White Horse bassist Harry Clay.

Former White Horse drummer Jack Valentine says that Mars began using various aliases in the 1970s such as Zorky Charlemagne as a means of avoiding the police, as he was behind on child-support payments to ex-girlfriend Sharon, the mother of two of his children. "Any time we got pulled over by the cops for a taillight or whatever, and the cops saw his ID, they’d throw him in jail. We'd have to figure a way to get him out," recalled Valentine.

White Horse had a promising future, and Mars (still known as Bob Deal) began drawing comparisons to another young guitarist named Eddie Van Halen of a rival club band named Mammoth. "Mick Mars and Eddie Van Halen were the two hottest guitar players in LA. There probably weren't two better guitar players on the planet," said Valentine. Mars eventually left White Horse when the band decided to play disco music in the hopes of achieving greater success.

He then joined a pop group called Video Nu-R and released the singles "Gypsy Woman/You Drive Me Crazy" in 1978 and "Work, Work/Decadence Plus" in 1979. These singles marked Mars' recording debut.

Mötley Crüe
After nearly a decade of frustration on the California club circuit, he made the decision to reinvent himself. He shaved off his trademark mustache, changed his legal name from Bob Deal to Mick Mars, and dyed his hair jet black, hoping for a fresh start. In April 1980 he placed an ad in the LA newspaper The Recycler, describing himself as "a loud, rude and aggressive guitar player" in need of a band. Nikki Sixx and Tommy Lee, who were putting together a new band which would soon become Mötley Crüe, contacted him and hired him after hearing him play. Lee opened the door and recalled "he's standing there looking like Cousin Itt from The Addams Family" and immediately turned to Sixx and said "This is our guy, he's perfect, he's disgusting and scary".

The name Mötley Crüe came about at the suggestion of Mars. In the early days of White Horse, someone had referred to the band as a "motley looking crew" and Motley Crew was a name they had initially considered using. Sixx liked the name and subsequently altered it to Mötley Crüe.

One of the most influential heavy metal groups of the 1980s, Mötley Crüe has sold over 100 million albums worldwide. They have also achieved seven multiplatinum and five platinum US certifications, nine Top 10 albums on the Billboard 200 chart, twenty-two Top 40 mainstream rock hits, and six Top 20 pop singles.

While Mötley Crüe gained a well deserved reputation for partying, Mars was never a fan of drugs. "I went, 'Please don't ever, ever do smack. You can't make music when you're falling down'," he told his bandmates when heroin began to enter the picture. He did, however, develop a serious drinking problem after joining the band.

During the recording of their Dr. Feelgood album in 1989 Mars reportedly used so many amplifiers on his guitar that sounds of his guitar could be heard on the recordings of Aerosmith's album Pump, which was being recorded in the same studio at the time:

"Steven Tyler was doing vocals with producer Bruce Fairbairn next door, and I remember them yelling at me, 'You've gotta turn your stuff down, Mick! It's leaking into our vocals.' I didn't turn down, though. I just told them, 'Hey, that's the way I play – loud, so yeah, I'm all over the record they were doing. Somewhere in the mix, you'll hear me."

When the band made the decision to fire vocalist John Corabi and reunite with original vocalist Vince Neil in 1997 for Generation Swine, Mars was not involved in the decision making process. "They had no respect for Mick," Corabi said. "Mick was just the grumpy old bastard to them. [Sixx and Lee] gave Mick shit about his finances and the girls he dated. He'd been dealing with over 20 years of this." Mars refers to the Generation Swine era as his only regret as a member of Mötley Crüe, as the band erased much of what he recorded in the studio and hired session guitarists instead. Mars also claims that he had little involvement in 2000's New Tattoo, saying "I didn't write any of those songs, since I wasn't invited. I think I got one lick on that album." Sixx has denied this claim, saying that "This is during the period that [Mars] had disintegrated into opiate addiction."

On 2008’s Saints of Los Angeles, guitarist DJ Ashba recorded the vast majority of the guitar parts, though his work was uncredited. Sixx has said that the band had no choice, claiming that "Mick was struggling to play his parts."

Mötley Crüe reunited in 2018 and started touring again in 2022. However, several years away from the band had convinced Mars that he never wanted to tour again. He made it clear to his bandmates that he was open to recording again but could not handle another world tour, as he could no longer move his head from side to side and was permanently hunched over.

Mars says he has never had a close offstage relationship with any of his Mötley Crüe bandmates. "(Sixx) has only ever visited me two or three times at the most," he says. "Tommy came over once, and Vince just came over once, even though he lived just around the corner from me in Venice Beach. It's just the way we worked," he says.

Retirement and lawsuit against Mötley Crue
On October 26, 2022, Mars announced his retirement from touring with Mötley Crüe. The next day, the band confirmed that John 5 had taken his place. That same week, they announced Mars' complete retirement from the band, supporting his decision, with John 5 taking his place starting with the 2023's The World Tour with Def Leppard.

On April 6, 2023, Mars sued the band, alleging that the group were trying to "unilaterally" get Mars removed from the lineup. Later that day, the band released a statement stating that, whilst Mars hadn't been fired, he isn't touring with the group. Mars would state:

"Those guys have been hammering on me since '87, trying to replace me, they haven't been able to do that, because I'm the guitar player. I helped form this band. It's my name I came up with, my ideas, my money that I had from a backer to start this band. It wouldn't have gone anywhere."

Mars refused to sign a severance agreement that would divest him of those and other future interests, in return for a five percent stake in the group's 2023 tour, which is going on without him.

Solo career
In February 2023, amidst the controversies surrounding the band lawsuit, Mars began work on a solo album again, titled The Other Side of Mars, produced by Cory Marks in Los Angeles. Marks has described the album, saying: "The rock world is in for something weird, special, great and loud."

Mars stated that plans surrounding a solo album had previously been discussed since 2014. The album, titled The Other Side of Mars, was released on February 23, 2024.

The first single from the album, "Loyal to the Lie", was released on October 31, 2023.

Family
With his girlfriend and later wife Sharon, Mars has a son (Les Paul) and a daughter (Stormy), both born in the 1970s. Sharon would later walk out on him with the children after a workplace accident left him unable to provide for the family or play guitar. He fathered a third child, Erik, with a woman named Marcia Lea Martell (nee Tucker), while playing in the band White Horse. At one point, with three children and little success as a musician, Mars' well-being suffered. "He was a real sad guy," said ex-White Horse drummer Jack Valentine. "Looking into his eyes, I just saw this world of sorrow. He had such a hard life." Later he was married to Emi Canyn from 1990 to 1994. His current wife since 2013 is former model Seraina Schönenberger. Mars says he's been financially destitute three times in his life. "One was before (Mötley Crüe) formed. Two was the first wife, and three was the second wife. They drained my bank accounts. I lost my house. I lost cars. I lost guitars. I lost everything," he remembers.

In 1989 Martell filed a "Complaint For Breach of Oral Agreement, Injunctive Relief, and Negligent and Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress" against Mars, claiming that he intentionally and maliciously neglected their son's emotional needs due to his refusal to meet or communicate with the boy despite their son's desires.

Mars has nine grandchildren and at least one great-grandchild, though he doesn't know the exact number.

Mars currently resides in Nashville, Tennessee with Schönenberger. He has a relationship with his son, Les Paul, but is estranged from his other children.

Health
For all of his professional career, Mars has openly struggled with ankylosing spondylitis, a chronic, inflammatory form of arthritis that mainly affects the spine and pelvis. He says the pain began when he was 14 years old, with sharp pain at the top of his tailbone. He did not get a proper diagnosis until he was 27, and the condition has caused him a great deal of pain and increasingly impaired his movement throughout his life. He has said that although the condition can be quite painful, he is grateful that ankylosing spondylitis rarely affects the hands and feet; "That meant I could play guitar, and that's what mattered most." Mars said in Mötley Crüe's 2001 autobiography, The Dirt:

"My hips started hurting so bad every time I turned my body that it felt like someone was igniting fireworks in my bones. I didn't have enough money to see a doctor, so I just kept hoping that I could do what I usually do: will it away, through the power of my mind. But it kept getting worse."

By late 2001, the excruciating pain caused by ankylosing spondylitis led to addiction issues with Oxycontin, Vicodin, and Lortab. He was also drinking heavily and taking as many as 45 Advil a day. Mars rarely left his home or even went outside during this period. "I used to see giant reptile aliens at the end of my bed," he says. Sixx claims that Mars eventually moved into his house and that he "actually had to spoon-feed [Mars] since he was so fucked up."

Over the years, the illness has caused his lower spine to seize up and freeze completely solid, "... causing scoliosis in [his] back and squashing [him] further down and forward until [he] was a full 3 in shorter than [he] was in high school." Mars reported in 2013 that his neck is so stiff he could not even turn his head, preventing him from driving a car. The condition led to hip-replacement surgery at the end of 2004. In spite of the pain, Mars refuses to use a cane or a wheelchair, saying "If I can't get up there myself, I'm not doing it."

Influences
Mainly influenced by the Blues rock music of the 1960s, he has pointed out the likes of Eric Clapton and Jimi Hendrix as influences: "When I started out on the guitar, I was influenced by people like Michael Bloomfield, Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton and Jimi Hendrix. Those guys sort of taught me how to play 'real' guitar. But again, with riffs, you have to look into your soul and see what comes out."Mars also claims that the albums: Axis: Bold as Love (1967), Truth (1968), Having a Rave Up with the Yardbirds (1965), Disraeli Gears (1967), Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (1970), Bad Company (1974), Band of Gypsys (1970), Led Zeppelin II (1969), and various songs by Mike Bloomfield helped "change his life". Former Mötley Crüe vocalist John Corabi has said that Mars was a big fan of Leslie West and Jeff Beck; "To Mick, it was about kicking you in the chest and having this ungodly sound."

Other works
Mars has contributed songwriting to John LeCompt, a former member of Evanescence and the other band members of Machina, and to the Swedish band Crashdïet. Their second album, The Unattractive Revolution, was released on October 3, 2007, and featured two songs co-written by Mars.

Mars played guitar on the title track of Hinder's 2008 album Take It to the Limit, and contributed a guitar solo to the song "Into the Light" by Papa Roach, on their 2009 album Metamorphosis. Mars also contributed a guitar solo to the song "The Question" on Rock Star: Supernova runner-up Dilana's U.S. debut album Inside Out. In 2010 he co-wrote a song with Escape the Fate for the band's self-titled album, which was instead withheld from the album and reserved for a later release. Mars co-wrote and appears in the music video of the song "Boss's Daughter" by Pop Evil on their 2011 album War of Angels.

In November 2019, Mars released a new song, "The Way I'm Wired", with Black Smoke Trigger. Mars was also featured on the hit single "Outlaws & Outsiders" by Cory Marks.

Equipment
Mars in his early career used guitars that were popular at the time: Kramer, and other Superstrats; on occasion he used a black Gibson Les Paul, and sometimes a B.C. Rich. However, according to an interview published in September 2009, Mars' main stage guitars for that tour were Fender Stratocasters with an "HSH" (humbucker, single coil, humbucker) configuration. He frequently used a Stratocaster modified from components of 1963, 1964, and 1965 models with J.M. Rolph pickups and a licensed Floyd Rose bridge system turning it into a Superstrat.

Solo

 * The Other Side of Mars (2024)

With Mötley Crüe

 * Too Fast for Love (1981)
 * Shout at the Devil (1983)
 * Theatre of Pain (1985)
 * Girls, Girls, Girls (1987)
 * Dr. Feelgood (1989)
 * Mötley Crüe (1994)
 * Generation Swine (1997)
 * New Tattoo (2000)
 * Saints of Los Angeles (2008)

With Hear 'n Aid

 * Hear 'n Aid (1986)

title: Mick Mars


text:
Ernest Rhys

Ernest Percival Rhys (17 July 1859 – 25 May 1946) was a Welsh-English writer, best known for his role as founding editor of the Everyman's Library series of affordable classics. He wrote essays, stories, poetry, novels and plays.

Early life
Rhys was born in Islington in north London, the son of John Rees (his spelling) and his English wife Emma Percival of Hockerill. Shortly afterwards his father set up in the wine and spirits trade, working for Walter Gilbey in premises in Nott Square, Carmarthen, where before marriage he had been in training for the ministry. The family was in Carmarthen for a number of years, and had a Welsh-speaking maid. In 1865 John Rees was transferred to another Gilbey shop, in Newcastle upon Tyne.

After home education with a governess, Rhys spent two years at Bishop's Stortford Grammar School as a boarder, leaving in poor health. He then attended a Newcastle school run by a German master, acquiring some German and French. He then spent a desultory period working in his father's office. In 1876 he took up an apprenticeship as a mining engineer, or "coal viewer". Against the wishes of his father, Rhys did not apply to the University of Oxford.

Rhys worked through his apprenticeship in the Durham coalfield. He passed his mining engineer examination. At this period he lived in a pit village in Lower Weardale, and wrote extensively, poetry and prose, without being published. He set up a library, a book group and a programme of lectures. He described the miners' life in his story collection Black Horse Pit (1925).

On his own account, Rhys owed his first literary commission, and his interest in poetry, to Joseph Skipsey, whom he knew in Newcastle in the early 1880s. He was employed by the Walter Scott Publishing Co. of Newcastle. Initially he edited the works of George Herbert for its Canterbury Poets series. After that he was employed doing editorial work on its Camelot Series, of reprints and translations. Rhys later wrote that the approach was based on the mistaken idea that he was the academic John Rhys.

Early associations
Rhys had connections to the Fabian Society, and the Socialist League led by William Morris, though he did not join the League. He was a friend of Percival Chubb (1860–1960), eventually President of the American Ethical Union. In his early life, Chubb was a disciple of Thomas Davidson, founder of the Fellowship of the New Life, and indirectly of the Fabian Society. Chubb with Rhys at the start of the 1880s mixed in these circles, and also with the Social Democratic Federation. Rhys kept up during the decade with socialists such as Edward Carpenter.

Rhys was one of a number of British socialists who visited Walt Whitman; it followed a postal introduction in 1885 by William Michael Rossetti.

In London
Turning to writing in London as a profession from 1886, Rhys built up a steady reputation as a reviewer for periodicals. The American journey on which the meeting with Walt Whitman occurred is described in Everyman Remembers, Rhys's autobiography. It was also the occasion of his encounter with Edmund Clarence Stedman in New York, and dates to 1887/8. He and Stedman became correspondents. In 1890, he was sharing rooms in Hampstead with Arthur Symons.

Rhys married his wife Grace in 1891. She began to write herself after the marriage, which produced five children. Initially they lived in a cottage on Moel y Gamelin near Llangollen, but it proved impractical for the literary life, and they returned to London. Their first home there was in the Vale of Health area of Hampstead, having according to Rhys a literary association with Leigh Hunt, who moved to the unsalubrious Vale in 1816. They moved on from "Hunt Cottage", but within Hampstead so-called, to a house in Hermitage Lane, now Childs Hill, which they named "Derwen". The Rhyses there held a form of literary salon. In 1906, Rhys persuaded J. M. Dent the publisher to start out on the ambitious Everyman's Library project. When Rhys died in London on 25 May 1946, 983 Everyman titles had been produced.

London associations
In 1887 Rhys met W. B. Yeats at a Sunday political gathering called by Morris; he later introduced Yeats to the duo Michael Field. It was at a garden party held by Yeats that Rhys first met Grace Little, his future wife.

In February 1890 Rhys was a founder member of the Rhymers' Club in London. In June of that year he met the poet John Davidson at a Sunday gathering in Hampstead held by William Sharp. Davidson became a recruit to the Rhymers' Club. In its early form, the club was for "Celtic" poets. That restriction changed in January 1891, with a meeting at the base of the Century Guild of Artists in Fitzroy Street. Rhys also attended Yeats's evenings in the Woburn Buildings, St. Pancras, meeting there Maud Gonne and the young Rupert Brooke.

Chapter XIX of Everyman Remembers describes an occasion at Rhys's home attended by Yeats, Davidson, Ezra Pound, Ford Madox Hueffer and D. H. Lawrence. It has been argued that this gathering, dated to 1909, must be a conflation of events, since chronology makes it implausible that Davidson and Lawrence were both there. That year, Rhys and Ernest Radford were 1890s figures invited to the founding meeting of the poets' club set up by F. S. Flint and T. E. Hulme.

The Rhyses also knew Arthur Waugh and his family, who included the authors Alec Waugh and Evelyn Waugh; Grace became a close friend of Arthur's wife Catherine. They had settled at Hillfield Road in West Hampstead, having earlier lived off the Finchley Road. Alec Waugh was Ernest Rhys's first biographer in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Evelyn Waugh, on the other hand, came to dislike the Rhys style of family and literary entertainment, by 1920.

Works

 * The Great Cockney Tragedy (1891)
 * A London Rose: and other rhymes (1894) poems
 * The Fiddler of Carne (1896) prose fable, derivative of Fiona Macleod, according to Sutherland, as was The Whistling Maid
 * Welsh Ballads (1898) poems
 * The Whistling Maid (1900), historical novel set in Wales
 * The Man at Odds (1904), historical novel of smuggling on the Welsh coast
 * Gwenevere: Lyric Play (1905)
 * Lays of the Round Table (1905) poems
 * The Masque of the Grail (1908)
 * Enid: a lyric play written for music (1908)
 * London: The Story of the City (1909)
 * Lyric Poetry (1913) criticism
 * English Fairy Tales (1913) with Grace Little Rhys
 * The Leaf-Burners (1918) poems
 * The Growth of Political Liberty (1921)
 * Lost in France (1924) poems
 * Black Horse Pit (1925) short story collection, worked up from pieces originally published in The Nation and the Manchester Guardian
 * Everyman Remembers (1931) autobiography
 * Rhymes for Everyman (1933) poems
 * Letters from Limbo (1936)
 * Song of the Sun (1937) poems
 * Wales England Wed (1940) autobiography

As editor

 * with John Gwenogvryn Evans, The Text of the Bruts from the Red Book of Hergest (1890) editors
 * Literary Pamphlets Chiefly Relating to Poetry from Sidney to Byron (1897) editor
 * Lays of the Round Table and Other Lyric Romances (1905) editor
 * Fairy Gold: A book of Old English Fairy Tales (1906) editor
 * A Century of English Essays (1913) editor
 * The New Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics (1914) editor
 * Browning & His Poetry (1918) editor
 * The Golden Treasury of Longer Poems (1921) editor
 * The Growth of Political Liberty: A Source Book of English History (1921) editor
 * The Haunters and the Haunted: Ghost Stories and Tales of the Supernatural (1921) editor
 * 31 Stories by Thirty and One Authors (1923) editor
 * Volume 8 of Library of World’s Best Literature Ancient and Modern, Thirty Volumes, edited by Charles Dudley Warner, R. S. Peale and J. A. Hill, publishers, 1897, contains a rather long section (47 pages, pp. 3403–3450), devoted comprehensively to Celtic literature, written by William Sharp and Rhys.

title: Ernest Rhys


text:
James Harris (grammarian)

James Harris, FRS (24 July 1709 – 22 December 1780) was an English politician and grammarian. He was the author of Hermes, a philosophical inquiry concerning universal grammar (1751).

Life
James Harris was born at Salisbury, Wiltshire, the son of James Harris (1674–1731) by his second marriage to Elizabeth (c. 1682–1744), daughter of Anthony Ashley Cooper, 2nd Earl of Shaftesbury. He was educated at the Salisbury Cathedral School, and Wadham College, Oxford. On leaving university he was entered at Lincoln's Inn as a student of law, though he was not intended for the Bar. The death of his father in 1733 brought him an independent fortune and Malmesbury House in Salisbury's Cathedral Close. Harris became a county magistrate. He was Member of Parliament for Christchurch from 1761 until his death, and Comptroller to the Queen from 1774 to 1780. He held political office under George Grenville: in January 1763 he became a lord of the admiralty, and in April that year a lord of the treasury. He retired from his post with Grenville in 1765.

Harris was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1763. He died at Malmesbury House on 22 December 1780, and was buried on 28 December in Salisbury Cathedral, where there is a memorial to him in the north transept.

Associations
Harris was a lover of music and a friend of Handel. He directed concerts and music festivals at Salisbury for nearly fifty years. He adapted the words for a selection from Italian and German composers (subsequently published by the cathedral organist Joseph Corfe). He wrote a number of pastorals. One of them, Damon and Amaryllis was produced by David Garrick at Drury Lane, as debut piece for the singer Thomas Norris. Norris was originally a Salisbury chorister, and a protégé of Harris. In 1741 John Robartes, 4th Earl of Radnor gave him the collection of Handel's music made by Elizabeth Legh (1694–1734). One correspondent of Harris was Lord Monboddo, who disclosed in a 1772 letter to him some early evolutionary thought. Samuel Johnson found Harris uncongenial, saying he was "a sound, solid scholar," but "a prig" and "a coxcomb" who "did not understand his own system" in Harris's work Hermes.

The music historian Charles Burney, on the other hand, esteemed him as a writer on music. Harris, his wife and daughter attended a high-powered domestic concert at Burney's house in May 1775, of which a vivid description by the 22-year-old Frances (Fanny) Burney survives: "I had the satisfaction to sit next to Mr. Harris, who is very chearful [sic] and communicative, and his conversation instructive and agreeable." His daughter Louisa ("a modest, reserved, and sensible girl") was asked to sing, and Harris accompanied her.

Works
Interested in the Greek and Latin classics, Harris sought out manuscripts and printed editions that influenced his writings, as did the works of the 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, his uncle. Harris published in 1744 Three Treatises — on art; on music, painting and poetry; and on happiness. In 1751 appeared the work by which he became best known, Hermes, a philosophical inquiry concerning universal grammar. In the direction of prescriptive grammar, it influenced Robert Lowth's English grammar of 1762.

Harris also published Philosophical Arrangements and Philological Inquiries. His works were collected and published in 1801, by his son James who prefixed a brief biography.

Hampshire Record Office holds Harris's papers. Letters from his wife Elizabeth are also extant.

Family
Harris married Elizabeth, daughter of John Clarke of Sandford, Somerset, in 1745. They had two sons and three daughters. James Harris, 1st Earl of Malmesbury, the diplomat, was his elder son.

title: James Harris (grammarian)