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Nihil novi

Nihil novi nisi commune consensu ("Nothing new without the common consent") is the original Latin title of a 1505 act or constitution adopted by the Polish Sejm (parliament), meeting in the royal castle at Radom.

Etymology
The Latin expression, "nihil novi" ("nothing new"), had previously appeared in the Vulgate Bible phrase, "nihil novi sub sole" ("there is nothing new under the sun"), in Ecclesiastes 1:9.

"Nihil novi" in this political sense, is interpreted in the vernacular as "Nothing about us without us" (in Polish, "Nic o nas bez nas").

History
Nihil novi effectively established "nobles' democracy" in what came to be known as the Polish "Commonwealth [or Republic] of the Nobility". It was a major component of the evolution and eventual dominant position of the Polish parliament (Sejm).

Nihil novi
The act of Nihil novi was passed in 1505 during a Sejm session in Radom (sejm of Radom (1505)) that lasted from 30 March to 31 May and was held at the royal castle in Radom. It was signed by King Alexander Jagiellon on 31 March and passed by Sejm on 30 May.

The Sejm 's 1505 Act of Nihil novi nisi commune consensu marked an important victory for Poland's nobility over her kings. It forbade the king to issue laws without the consent of the nobility, represented by the Senat and Chamber of Deputies, except for laws governing royal cities, crown lands (królewszczyzny), mines, fiefdoms, royal peasants, and Jews.

Nihil novi invalidated the Privilege of Mielnik, which had strengthened only the magnates, and it thus tipped the balance of power in favor of the Chamber of Deputies (the formally lower chamber of the Parliament), where the ordinary nobility held sway. Nihil novi is often regarded as initiating the period in Polish history known as "Nobles' Democracy," which was but a limited democracy as only male nobility (szlachta) were able to participate (the nobility constituting some ten percent of the Republic's population, still a higher eligible percentage than in much of Europe).

That same year, the nobility further expanded their power by abrogating most cities' voting rights in the Sejm and by forbidding peasants to leave their lands without permission from their feudal lords, thereby firmly establishing a "second serfdom" in Poland.

Text
"Whereas general laws and public acts pertain not to an individual but to the nation at large, wherefore at this General Sejm held at Radom we have, together with all our kingdom's prelates, councils and land deputies, determined it to be fitting and just, and have so resolved, that henceforth for all time to come nothing new shall be resolved by us or our successors, without the common consent of the senators and the land deputies, that shall be prejudicial or onerous to the Commonwealth [or 'Republic'] or harmful and injurious to anyone, or that would tend to alter the general law and public liberty."

title: Nihil novi


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Sentimental Education

Sentimental Education (French: L'éducation sentimentale, 1869) is a novel by Gustave Flaubert. The story focuses on the romantic life of a young man named Frédéric Moreau at the time of the French Revolution of 1848 and the founding of the Second French Empire. It describes Moreau's love for an older woman based on the wife of the music publisher Maurice Schlesinger, who is portrayed in the book as Jacques Arnoux. The novel's tone is by turns ironic and pessimistic; it occasionally lampoons French society. The main character often gives himself over to romantic flights of fancy.

Considered one of the most influential novels of the 19th century, it was praised by contemporaries such as George Sand and Émile Zola, but criticised by Henry James.

Background
Flaubert based many of the protagonist's experiences including the romantic passion on his own life. He wrote of the work in 1864: "I want to write the moral history of the men of my generation—or, more accurately, the history of their feelings. It's a book about love, about passion; but passion such as can exist nowadays—that is to say, inactive."

Part 1
Frédéric Moreau renews his acquaintance with a childhood friend, Deslauriers, who advises him to meet with Dambreuse, a rich Parisian banker. Frédéric leaves for Paris, armed with a letter of recommendation from his neighbour M. Roque, who works for Dambreuse. Despite this, his introduction to Dambreuse is not very successful. In Paris, Frédéric stumbles across a shop belonging to M. Arnoux, whose wife he developed a fascination for when he met her briefly at the start of the novel. However, he does not act on his discovery, and lives idly in Paris for some months. A little more than a year after the start of the story, Frédéric is at a student protest and meets Hussonnet, who works at M. Arnoux's shop. Frédéric becomes one of the friends M. Arnoux who meet at the shop. Eventually, he is invited to dinner with M. and Mme Arnoux. At the same time, his old friend Deslauriers comes to Paris. Frédéric becomes obsessed with Mme. Arnoux. Deslauriers tries to distract him by taking him to a cabaret, where they encounter M. Arnoux and his mistress Mlle Vatnaz. Later, Frédéric is persuaded to return home to his mother, who is having financial difficulties. At home, he meets Louise, the daughter of his neighbour M. Roque. His financial worries are eased by the chance death of an uncle, and he leaves again for Paris.

Part 2
Returning to Paris, Frédéric finds that M. and Mme Arnoux no longer live at their previous address. He searches the city, eventually meeting Regimbart, one of his group of friends. He learns that Arnoux has financial problems and is now a pottery merchant. Arnoux introduces Frédéric to another of his mistresses, Rosanette. Frédéric likes Rosanette, and has Pellerin paint him a portrait of her. Mme Arnoux learns of her husband's infidelity. Frédéric has promised money to Deslauriers, but lends it to Arnoux instead, who is unable to repay him. Deslauriers and Frédéric fall out. In an attempt to resolve the financial situation, Frédéric returns to Dambreuse, who this time offers him a position. However, Frédéric fails to keep his appointment, instead visiting Mme Arnoux at the pottery factory. She is unresponsive to his advances, and on his return to Paris he instead pursues Rosanette. His difficulties mount and eventually he meets again with Deslauriers, who advises him to return home. At home, Frédéric falls in love with and becomes engaged to Louise, his neighbour's daughter. Deslauriers conveys this news to Mme Arnoux, who is upset. Frédéric says he has business to complete in Paris. While there, he meets Mme Arnoux, and they admit their love for each other.

Part 3
In the midst of the revolution, Frédéric's political writings win him the renewed respect of his friends and of M. Dambreuse. Frédéric, living with Rosanette, becomes jealous of her continued friendship with M. Arnoux, and persuades her to leave with him for the countryside. On his return, Frédéric dines at the Dambreuses' house with Louise and her father, who have come to Paris to find him. Louise learns of Frédéric's relationship with Rosanette. Frédéric meets with Mme Arnoux, who explains why she missed their arranged meeting. During this encounter, Rosanette appears and reveals she is pregnant. Frédéric decides to seduce Mme Dambreuse in order to gain social standing. He is successful, and soon afterwards M. Dambreuse dies. Rosanette's newborn child becomes severely ill and lives only a short time. Meanwhile, M. Arnoux has finally been overtaken by his financial difficulties and is preparing to flee the country. Unable to face the loss of Mme Arnoux, Frédéric asks for money from Mme Dambreuse, but is too late to stop M. and Mme Arnoux from leaving. Mme Dambreuse meanwhile discovers his motive for borrowing the money. Frédéric returns to his childhood home, hoping to find Louise there, but discovers that she has given up on him and married Deslauriers instead. Frédéric returns to Paris. Many years later, he briefly meets Mme Arnoux again, swearing his eternal love for her. After another interlude, he encounters Deslauriers and the novel ends the way it began, with the pair swapping stories of the past.

Characters
The characters of Sentimental Education are marked by capriciousness and self-interest. Frédéric, the main character, is originally infatuated with Madame Arnoux, but throughout the novel falls in and out of love with her. Furthermore, he is unable to decide on a profession and instead lives on his uncle's inheritance. Other characters, such as Mr. Arnoux, are as capricious with business as Frédéric is with love. Without their materialism and "instinctive worship of power", almost the entire cast would be completely rootless. Such was Flaubert's judgment of his times, and the continuing applicability of that cynicism goes a long way in explaining the novel's enduring appeal.

Sequence of appearances

 * Frédéric Moreau, the "hero", a young man from provincial France, who begins and ends as a member of the middle class.
 * Jacques Arnoux, publisher, faience manufacturer; also a speculator and a womanizer, "ill nearly all the time and [looks] like an old man" towards the end of the novel, and eventually dies a year before the novel's end.
 * Mme Marie (Angèle) Arnoux, his wife, mother of two children, platonic affair with Frédéric, moves to Rome by the end of the novel. Always virtuous and honorable, completely devoted to her two children.
 * Marthe Arnoux, their daughter
 * M. Roque, land-owner and M. Dambreuse's unsavoury agent; father of Louise Roque.
 * Louise (Elisabeth-Olympe-Louise) Roque, his red-headed daughter, a country-girl; is passionately in love with Frédéric for a time, marries Deslauriers, leaves him for a singer.
 * Charles Deslauriers, Frédéric's close friend. Extremely ambitious but unable to realize his ambitions, he has a jealous, competitive and somewhat parasitical relationship with the more prosperous Frédéric. He is a law student and, after several different positions, he finishes as novel.
 * M. Dambreuse, banker, aristocratic politician, timeserver, financier. Dead in the third part of the novel.
 * Mme Dambreuse, his much-younger, very determined, exquisite wife, with whom Frédéric has an affair and almost marries; after Frédéric breaks with her, toward the novel's end, she marries an Englishman.
 * Baptiste Martinon, law student, a rich farmer's son, a reasonably hard-working careerist ends up a senator by the end of the novel.
 * Marquis de Cisy, nobleman and law student, a dapper youth, father of eight by the end of the novel.
 * Sénécal, math teacher and uncompromising, puritanical, dogmatic Republican; supposedly dead by the end of the novel.
 * Dussardier, A simple and honest shop worker. A committed Republican, he is an active participant in the protests and revolts throughout the book. He dies in the last of these protests we see, run through by Sénécal with his sword.
 * Hussonnet, journalist, drama critic, clown, ends up controlling all the theatres and the whole press.
 * Regimbart, "The Citizen", a boozy revolutionary chauvinist; becomes a ghost of a man.
 * Pellerin, painter with more theories than talent; becomes a photographer.
 * Mlle Vatnaz, actress, courtesan, frustrated feminist with literary pretensions; vanishes by the end of the novel.
 * Dittmer, frequent guest of Arnoux
 * Delmas or Delmar, actor, singer, showman (may also be the singer introduced in Chapter 1)
 * M. and Mme Oudry, guests of the Arnoux
 * Catherine, housekeeper for M. Roque
 * Eléonore, mother of Louise Roque
 * Uncle Barthélemy, wealthy uncle of Frédéric
 * Eugène Arnoux, son of the Arnoux
 * Rosanette (Rose-Annette) Bron, "The Marshal", courtesan with many lovers, e.g. M. Oudry; for a time Jacques Arnoux; later she has a lengthy affair with Frédéric. Their little son falls ill and dies in the third part of the novel.
 * Clémence, Deslauriers' mistress
 * Marquis Aulnays, Cisy's godfather; M. de Forchambeaux, his friend, Baron de Comaing, another friend; M. Vezou, his tutor
 * Cécile, M. Dambreuse's: Officially the "niece" of the Dambreuses, in reality M. Dambreuse's illegitimate daughter. Towards the end of the novel she is married to Martinon. Hated by Madame Dambreuse, but favored by her father, she inherits his fortune after his death (much to Mme. rage).
 * Another "character": Mme Arnoux's Renaissance silver casket, first noted at her house, then at Rosanette's, finally bought at auction by Mme Dambreuse

Allusions
Early in the novel, Frédéric compares himself to several popular romantic protagonists of late 18th-century and early 19th-century literature: Young Werther (1774) by Goethe, René (1802) by Chateaubriand, Lara (1824) by Byron, Lélia (1833/1839) by George Sand and Frank of "La Coupe et les Lèvres" (1832) by Alfred de Musset. His friend Deslauriers also asks Frédéric to "remember" Rastignac from Balzac's Comédie humaine and Frédéric asks Mlle. Louise Roque if she still has her copy of Don Quixote.

Literary significance and reception
Henry James, an early and passionate admirer of Flaubert, considered the book a large step down from its famous predecessor. "Here the form and method are the same as in Madame Bovary; the studied skill, the science, the accumulation of material, are even more striking; but the book is in a single word a dead one. Madame Bovary was spontaneous and sincere; but to read its successor is, to the finer sense, like masticating ashes and sawdust. L'Education Sentimentale is elaborately and massively dreary. That a novel should have a certain charm seems to us the most rudimentary of principles, and there is no more charm in this laborious monument to a treacherous ideal than there is interest in a heap of gravel."

György Lukács in his 1971 Theory of the Novel found L'Education Sentimentale quintessentially modern in its handling of time as passing in the world and as perceived by the characters.

In 2008, American literary critic James Wood dedicated two chapters of his book How Fiction Works to Flaubert’s significance. The first chapter, “Flaubert and the Modern Narrative”, begins as follows, ”Novelists should thank Flaubert the way poets thank spring: it all begins again with him. There really is a time before Flaubert and a time after him. Flaubert established, for good or ill, what most readers think of as modern realist narration, and his influence is almost too familiar to be visible. We hardly remarked of good prose that it favors the telling and a brilliant detail; that it privileges a high degree of visual noticing; that it maintains an unsentimental composure and knows how to withdraw, like a good valet, from superfluous commentary; that it judges good and bad neutrally; that it seeks out the truth, even at the cost of repelling us; and that the authors fingerprints on all this are, paradoxically, traceable but not visible. You can find some of this in Defoe or Austen or Balzac, but not all of it until Flaubert.“

French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, however, found it interesting, and made a map of the novel's social spaces, linking social organization to literary space.

Film, TV, or theatrical adaptations

 * Sentimental Education - 1962 French production directed by Alexandre Astruc, loosely based on the novel
 * Sentimental Education - 1970 British mini-series
 * L'Education sentimentale - 1973 French mini-series

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sentimental Education


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title: File:The Eagles - The Eagles.jpeg


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My Boyfriend's Back (film)

My Boyfriend's Back is a 1993 American zombie horror comedy film directed by Bob Balaban which tells the story of Johnny Dingle (Andrew Lowery), a teenage boy who returns from the dead as a zombie to meet Missy McCloud (Traci Lind), the girl he's in love with, for a date. The film received negative reviews.

The film's title is a reference to the 1963 song of the same name by The Angels (which is used in the promotional trailers, but not featured in the film itself). The original title of the film, Johnny Zombie, was changed shortly before the film's theatrical release. Philip Seymour Hoffman, Matthew McConaughey, and Matthew Fox appear in small roles in the film.

Plot
Johnny Dingle has been in love with Missy McCloud since they were kids. In his senior year of high school, he decides to fake a robbery at Missy's job with his best friend, Eddie. He hopes that by stopping the "robbery" he will impress her and she will go to the prom with him.

During the "robbery" a real robber holds Johnny and Missy at gunpoint. Thinking that the robber is Eddie, Johnny dies taking a bullet meant for Missy. After the funeral, Johnny rises from the grave. He is greeted by Murray the gravedigger, who warns him that he can't leave the cemetery. Johnny ignores him and goes back to his home.

Missy is hesitant to be around Johnny, but changes her mind when her boyfriend Buck and his dim-witted friend Chuck discriminate against him for being a Zombie. They go on a date, which goes well until Missy accidentally rips Johnny's ear off.

Johnny goes to the town doctor, Dr. Bronson, who refers him to a woman named Maggie, the widow of a zombie. She tells Johnny that he needs to eat the flesh of the living to stop decaying.

Johnny and Missy meet up at the library, where he's attacked by Buck and Chuck. Chuck accidentally hits himself in the head with an ax and dies. Johnny eats Chuck's body, invoking the wrath of Chuck's father, Big Chuck.

Missy's father, the town sheriff, tells Johnny to leave town for his own safety. Johnny doesn't listen and returns to Missy at night, but leaves when he bites her arm. He's captured by Dr.Bronson, who attempts to dissect Johnny and create a youth formula from his zombie cells. Johnny escapes when Big Chuck leads a mob to kill him, with Missy and Eddie helping him. He flees to the cemetery, where Murray, his parents, Eddie, and Missy defend him, earning him the town and the sheriff's acceptance. Johnny and Missy dance, but Johnny begins to decay and dies.

In Heaven, he's told by the gatekeeper that he was not meant to die in the robbery, and he is sent back to the moment before the robber entered. The events replay but Johnny survives this time due to the bullet hitting Missy's locket. Johnny and Missy go to the prom as a couple.

Cast

 * Andrew Lowery as Johnny Dingle
 * Traci Lind as Missy McCloud
 * Danny Zorn as Eddie
 * Edward Herrmann as Mr. Dingle
 * Mary Beth Hurt as Mrs. Dingle
 * Jay O. Sanders as Sheriff McCloud
 * Libby Villari as Camille McCloud
 * Matthew Fox as Buck Van Patten
 * Philip Hoffman as Chuck Bronski
 * Paul Dooley as Big Chuck
 * Austin Pendleton as Dr. Bronson
 * Bob Dishy as Murray the Gravedigger
 * Cloris Leachman as Maggie the Zombie Expert
 * Paxton Whitehead as Judge in Heaven
 * Matthew McConaughey as Guy #2
 * Renée Zellweger (scenes cut)

Production
A script, initially consisting mainly of comic sketches about a teenage boy transforming into a zombie, was presented to writer Dean Lorey by a friend, who asked him to develop a cohesive story. In September 1992, Touchstone Pictures initiated development on the project, then titled Johnny Zombie. Actor-director Bob Balaban became involved in October 1992 after receiving the script in August 1992, giving him only a few weeks to prepare for production. Balaban enlisted several actors from his previous collaborations, including Austin Pendleton, Mary Beth Hurt, Cloris Leachman, and Jules Feiffer. The film marked the cinematic debuts of Matthew Fox and Matthew McConaughey. Renée Zellweger's only scene was cut from the film.

Principal photography commenced on November 2, 1992, in the Hill Country region of central Texas, encompassing locations such as Austin, the Georgetown town square, and the C. D. Fulkes Middle School in Round Rock. The eight-week shoot used a budget of less than $10 million. Shortly before its theatrical release, the title was altered to My Boyfriend’s Back, contributing to a trend of recent films adopting titles from popular songs.

Critical reception
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 13% of 23 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 3.4/10. Variety called it "an idiotic offbeat comedy" that "repeats ideas and jokes more effectively used in his 1989 Parents." Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote, "If My Boyfriend's Back is an irredeemably silly movie, it has an engaging lightness of tone and uniformly impeccable performances by a cast that maintains just the right attitude of deadpan parody." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called it "an awful teen horror comedy" and said it "has a disastrous tone of sunny sitcom jauntiness" when it should have focused on dark satire. Mark Caro of the Chicago Tribune wrote, "The movie is full of nonsensical plot twists, embarrassingly broad performances and unappealing characters." Caro criticized the casting of Lowery, calling his character "perhaps the least interesting movie zombie ever". Jeff Shannon of the Seattle Times wrote, "Simply put, absolutely none of it works. The movie utterly fails to set a foundation for its dark fantasy, effectively turning every character into a moron." Ty Burr of Entertainment Weekly rated it "D" and compared it negatively to Heathers. Academic Peter Dendle called it the best of the zombie romantic comedy films of the late 1980s and early 1990s but criticized its use of family-friendly themes as "cheesy" and "saccharine".

Themes
Peter Dendle identifies the themes of the film as being standard teen film tropes. Dingle's urges to eat his date are a metaphor for teenage sexual activity, and his fear of decomposition is teenage anxiety over acne. As a zombie, Dingle is discriminated against and ostracized, which is meant to show zombies as outsiders.

title: My Boyfriend's Back (film)


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Talk:Pelé

"The King of Football" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_King_of_Football&redirect=no The King of Football] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Mazewaxie ( talk  •  contribs ) 13:17, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pelé


text: Template:PD-USGov-Military-Air Force

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Talk:Territorial Waters

I created this page to link with references found on the Pirate Radio page. MPLX/MH 21:24, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC) This page was created in error and is now a Redirect page to Territorial waters. MPLX/MH 23:57, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Territorial Waters


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Talk:National September 11 Memorial & Museum

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Storant.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 04:57, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Previous discussions without headers
Nice PD photo here of the tribute in light memorial

Merge Discussion
This one is obvious: The wining design name is now being used as a synonym for the memorial. patsw 03:46, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * How about merging World Trade Center Memorial into Reflecting Absence, rather than the other way around? I think the first name was mainly used until the winner of the design competition was chosen.  Now, we have a name for the memorial, which seems to be the official name now.  -Aude ( talk | contribs ) 18:13, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Also, I'm aware that the foundation is the "World Trade Center Memorial Foundation". It wouldn't make sense for them to be the "Reflecting Absense Foundation".  But, "Reflecting Absense" is the name for the memorial. -Aude ( talk | contribs ) 18:22, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Reflecting Absence

 * The official spelling is absence.
 * My understanding is that the name Reflecting Absence is the name of the winning design entry and not intended to be a permanent name for the memorial replacing World Trade Center Memorial or it may refer to the twin pools alone which were formerly called twin voids. patsw 04:02, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for changing from British to American spelling. My mistake. I notice that the article has already been merged.  If this article is to discuss both Reflecting Absence and the Memorial Museum, then I think the "World Trade Center Memorial" article name is okay.  Otherwise, I'm not quite convinced, as the WTC Memorial Foundation refers to the The Memorial: Reflecting Absence. -Aude ( talk | contribs ) 17:29, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

One of the criticisms is stated as "The endless downward thundering of the 200-foot-square waterfalls would precisely mimic the motion of the original buildings' collapse — as if the Twin Towers never stopped falling, and never will.". Why is the word precisely in there? Do all things not fall at the same rate? That word is unnecessary, seeing as how me dropping a cardboard box off the side of a building would 'precisely mimic the motion of the original buildings' collapse'. Do you not agree? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.89.114.128 (talk) 23:35, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Why are there no images?
The natural source of images, the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation, Inc., has restricted the usage of their images in a manner that conflicts with the requirements of the Wikipedia. If you want to add one of their images, you might want to discuss it here first. patsw 04:07, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Moving the withdrawn proposals to the end of the article
Putting all the info about the withdrawn proposals at the start of the article is poor placement. It should be moved to the end of the article. patsw 18:04, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Inflated costs
If the entire freedom tower is estimated to cost 1.5 to 2 billion dollars (US) to build, how in the world is the memorial and museum going to cost one billion. The numbers just do not add up. What will the square foot construction cost be to justify collecting one billion US dollars for the project. Is this going to be one more example of a non for profit organization preying on the emotions of the public to swindle their money?

 * This article has a very hostile POV towards the memorial. The estimated cost of the memorial is around $500 million, not $1 billion. (Even at $500 million, it would be the most expensive memorial ever built.)

 * A lot of the cost is for site preparation that is a necessary prerequisite to other construction at the site. This has the effect of making the memorial look more expensive than it is, and other structures less expensive. Marc Shepherd 10:03, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I beleive that the Taj Mahal or Great Pyramids must really be the most expensive memorial 'in world history'. Obviously not in American Dollars but they constitute a far greater use of resources. So, should we remove the reference "which would make it by far the most expensive memorial in world history" not just the citation needed? 23:15, 31 May 2008 (GMT) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.219.218 (talk)

Underground?
I saw on TV that they had gotten rid of the underground areas around the fountains to save money. If this is true, it should be updated on this page. The official page no longer shows those galleries, but doesn't say it's gotten rid of them either. The pictures they show do look like its just going to be an above ground fountain now, however.

 * The underground areas have not been entirely eliminated, but they've been scaled back. Marc Shepherd 10:03, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * If this is true, shouldn't the wikipedia article reflect this, and specify what (if anything) will be underground? I see a picture on the right of the wikipedia page that shows people standing in the gallery beneith the falls.  My understanding is that this gallery has been totally eliminated in the new plan (a terrible shame, imo).  Yet the wikipedia article still shows the picture of the old design with the underground gallery.

 * This whole article is a mess and needs to be redone. I don't have the time to do it myself. Marc Shepherd 14:29, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Memorial and Museum
Currently, the Memorial and Museum section of this article lists the International Freedom Center. Given that the IFC will not be part of the WTCM, it seems its inclusion is inappropriate.

Ordinary Person 04:24, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

No rebuilt WTC?
It's unclear in this article whether a new WTC will be rebuilt, or whether the memorial will take the place of the two towers which fell. I thought there was always a plan to build new, tall buildings on the site to replace the original ones, so as not to lose the value of the real estate. Can a sentence thoroughly explaining this be added to the article, please? Badagnani 02:58, 21 April 2007 (UTC)
 * If you look at the WTC article you will see where the new buildings are in relation to the footprints of the twins. SGGH speak! 10:10, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

water in winter
The article http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/12/nyregion/12memorial.html directly contradicts the claim that there was no way to prevent the water from freezing in winter. Although nozzles would freeze in winter, the solution they came up with does not. I was trying to source the statement and found out it was untrue! I guess providing citations does guard against untrue statements.... Wood Thrush (talk) 04:20, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Special Section for the Survivor Tree?
Since the '9/11 Survivor Tree' is a notable tree on the plaza and survived conditions similar to or worse than the 'Oklahoma City Memorial Survivor Tree', should a short section be made dedicated to the tree like in the Oklahoma City National Memorial article? Stormchaser89 (talk) 06:20, 11 September 2011 (US Central time)

 * I agree, if you can find sources about it then feel free to add it =). - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 01:19, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I added a subsection for "Memorial features" with a subsection of "Survivor Tree." Adding content with sources now. Please feel free to tweak. I think a few more subsections for features would also be useful - e.g., the pools, the plaza. Qwirty (talk) 13:35, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

Architectural plans
There must be official plans of the structure, but all I have been able to find online is "30 foot waterfall" into a "one acre pool." The article should state the depth of the "1 acre pool" as well as the length of the sides of the waterfall. Also, readers might be interested in the size of the central void, and the depth of the central hole. A cross sectional diagram would add to the encyclopedic quality of the article, and would help to explain the circulation of the water. Is this basic information a secret at this point? Edison (talk) 04:36, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

Merge
While working out articles in the September 11 scope, I have found several that seem to cover the same or similar subject matter, too similar for there to be more than one article. I have recently found National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center. It seems to cover the events before this museum and is out of date. I think that if these were merged with care, they could form a very decent article. | help dןǝɥ  | 17:49, 16 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Support Merge The titles are almost the same here, have you checked for doubled content in the two articles? - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 21:44, 16 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Not in detail, but it's obvious these two articles go over the same subject matter. | help dןǝɥ  | 04:28, 17 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Support merge. They're addressing the same topic.  MakeBelieveMonster (talk) 21:53, 17 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Support Merge Merging the two articles would help reduce the confusion of two articles talking about the same topic. Having all of the information on one article is better than having some on one and the rest on another. I highly recommend merging the two.  Wikih101 (talk) 00:40, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I have merged most of the information from the old article into this one. The old article is now just a redirect. Cadiomals (talk) 20:44, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

Design Team
174.116.248.170 (talk) 04:32, 8 November 2011 (UTC) Perhaps the water feature designer for the memorial, Dan Euser, should be included in the box with the Architects/Landscape Architects/Designers.

Dan Euser

DEW Inc

Clean-up and reorganize some sections
As of March 2012, there are two "fundraising sections" which both describe general fundraising. It would probably be good to merge these and find a better section to put the merged content. Also, the "Gallery" near the bottom of the page is a subsection of the "Museum" section, but seems like it should be its own section since it does not seem to apply specifically to the museum construction. Any thoughts? Qwirty (talk) 10:58, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

Broken reference links
I've seen several broken reference links - fixed a few of them. I don't want to just remove them since that seems "rude" but haven't had time yet to find updated links. For a few of the facts cited, though, I believe there may not be a current reference link. Part of the problem, I think, is that some of these links were to the original memorial website, which has moved around a few times over the years. Qwirty (talk) 11:11, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

The "Other 9/11 memorials" section
There were a few edits around 3/31/2012 where this section was removed and put back in. I agree that it doesn't fit very well as current written with the rest of the article, but don't think the content should be lost altogether. How about moving it to Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks and/or formatting it better according to Manual of Style/Lists, either within an existing page or as a standalone list page? My vote would be to incorporate it into the text of Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks where we can work specific list items into that text, and to include any list items which don't fit well into that text as a standalone list section in that page, and then to include a link via a "See also" section from this page. Thoughts? Qwirty (talk) 21:22, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

Highest earners at the National September 11 Memorial & Museum (2009 total compensation)
after a review of the user logs ,, i noticed a delete..

this info should be included in the article, since school children and the likes have had fund raising drives and have saved pennies and dollars and that since the museum now wants $20 to $25 a person for an entrance fee....... this should be part of the museum

 * Joe Daniels, President: $371,307
 * Joe Daniels, President: $371,307

 * Alice Greenwald, Executive VP for Programs: $351,100

 * Joan Gerner, Executive VP, Capital Planning (Left in Spring 2010): $337,143

 * Cathy Blaney, Executive VP, Development: $322,292

 * David Langford, CFO: $224,113

 * Luis Mendes, VP Design and Construction: $221,429

 * Lynn Rasic, Senior VP, Public Affairs: $214,270

 * Noelle Lilien, General Counsel: $193,316

 * Suany Chough, Senior Adviser, Design Construction and Planning: $190,831

 * Allison Bailey, Chief of Staff to President: $171,417 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.12.43.27 (talk) 19:30, 4 May 2013 (UTC)

there should be a discussion on the issue that kids from around the country had bake sales and stood on corners asking for change for a memorial for the thousands killed,,,, why is it that exectutives are paid $500 to $1,000 a day,, ( plus beenfits......... this info should be included in the article....... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.12.43.27 (talk) 19:32, 4 May 2013 (UTC)

a mention of the pay should be in the article
this info has been deleted by wiki stalkers - Ten of the top 12 managers made more than $200,000 in 2011, the latest tax filings show. CEO Joe Daniels collected $336,224 in salary and benefits. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.12.43.27 (talk • contribs)

Separate memorial and museum?
Thoughts on separating the memorial and the museum? This article seems long, and there is surely enough information about both independently. Another Believer ( Talk ) 22:39, 6 July 2014 (UTC)
 * They're part of the same project and structure. I oppose such a split. Epicgenius (talk) 16:40, 29 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose Part of the same structure. David J Johnson (talk) 18:01, 29 August 2014 (UTC)

'93 bombing
Will the memorial honor victims of the '93 bombing, or will there be another memorial to replace the one destroyed on 9/11?96.247.7.59 (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 18:58, 10 November 2014 (UTC)
 * The memorial already honors the six adult victims of the 1993 bombing at the North Pool. (The unborn baby doesn't count, apparently.) Epicgenius (talk) 14:46, 23 November 2014 (UTC)

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Dates need updating!
Subject says most of it. Could someone who has authorization to edit the page please update the year counts? Thank you. Never forget. CarsonG1017 (talk) 00:57, 12 September 2020 (UTC)


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Firebreak

A firebreak or double track (also called a fire line, fuel break, fireroad and firetrail in Australia) is a gap in vegetation or other combustible material that acts as a barrier to slow or stop the progress of a bushfire or wildfire. A firebreak may occur naturally where there is an absence of vegetation or "fuel", such as a river, lake or canyon. Firebreaks may also be man-made, and many of these also serve as roads, such as a logging road, four-wheel drive trail, secondary road, or a highway.

Overview
In the construction of a firebreak, the primary goal is to remove deadwood and undergrowth down to mineral soil. Various methods may be used to accomplish this initially and to maintain this condition. Ideally, the firebreak will be constructed and maintained according to the established practices of sustainable forestry and fire protection engineering, also known as best management practices (BMP). The general goals are to maximize the effectiveness of the firebreak at slowing the spread of wildfire, and, by using firebreaks of sufficient size and density, to reduce the ultimate size of wildfires. Additional goals are to maintain the ecology of the forest and to reduce the impact of wildfires on air pollution and the global climate, and to balance the costs and benefits of the various projects.

These goals can be achieved through the use of appropriate operating practices, many of which can be potentially mutually beneficial to all. In many cases, it may be useful for firebreak upkeep to be maintained along with the harvesting of forestry products, such as lumber and biomass fuel, since the objectives are fundamentally related, in that the basic goals are to remove material from the forest. Furthermore, if done properly, the value of these products can significantly offset the cost of maintaining the firebreak. In addition, these commercial industries and small businesses are helped by a reduction in the property damages caused by wildfires, and reduced risk of investment. The biomass material that is not suitable for dimensioned lumber is suitable to make woodchips for the paper industry and the energy industry. Larger trees are sometimes left in place within some types of firebreaks, to shade the forest floor and reduce the rate of fuel accumulation, and to enhance the landscaping in recreational and inhabited locations.

Prevalence
Forested areas often contain vast networks of firebreaks. Some communities are also using firebreaks as part of their city planning strategy. An example is the city of Revelstoke, British Columbia, including Firebreaks in their Community Wildfire Protection Plan.

Effectiveness
Depending on the environmental conditions, and the relative effectiveness of a given firebreak, firebreaks often have to be backed up with other firefighting efforts. Even then, it is still sometimes possible for fire to spread across a seemingly impenetrable divide. During the worst part of the fire season in southern California, strong Santa Ana winds were observed to blow carpets of burning embers across eight-lane freeways. During the 1988 fires in Yellowstone National Park, hot embers managed to cross the Lewis Canyon, a natural canyon up to a mile wide and 600 feet (180 m) deep. In Australia, firebreaks are less effective against eucalyptus forest fires, since intense fires in tinder-dry eucalyptus forest spread through flying embers, which can be carried by the winds to trigger new blazes several kilometres away. In 2019, goats deployed to graze the nearby flammable vegetation and create a firebreak helped save the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum and Getty Museum from California wildfires.

History
Due to a lack of a standardized firefighting force at the time, the Great Fire of London in 1666 instead saw the Tower of London garrison using gunpowder and fire hooks in a widespread, ad-hoc firebreaking campaign across Central London. Historians believe this to have been one of the major contributing factors to the eventual defeat of the inferno.

The world's most expensive firebreak was created when part of Van Ness Avenue in San Francisco was dynamited to stop the spread of fire resulting from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Firefighting after an earthquake can be especially challenging, because an earthquake can cause water mains to rupture, resulting in a complete loss of water pressure.

title: Firebreak


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Do you like the lower values (better) going up, or should it be going down? --Kbh3rd 21:28, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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Spello

Spello (in Antiquity: Hispellum) is an ancient town and comune (township) of Italy, in the province of Perugia in eastern-central Umbria, on the lower southern flank of Monte Subasio. It is 6 km (4 mi) NNW of Foligno and 10 km (6 mi) SSE of Assisi. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

The old walled town lies on a regularly NW-SE sloping ridge that eventually meets the plain. From the top of the ridge, Spello commands a good view of the Umbrian plain towards Perugia; at the bottom of the ridge, the town spills out of its walls into a small modern section (or borgo) served by the rail line from Rome to Florence via Perugia.

History
Populated in ancient times by the Umbri, it became a Roman colony in the 1st century BC. Under the reign of Constantine the Great it was called Flavia Constans, as attested by a document preserved in the local Communal Palace.

Main sights
The densely inhabited town, built with stone, retains its medieval aspect; the town is enclosed in a circuit of medieval walls built on Roman foundations, including three Roman Late Antique gates (Porta Consolare, Porta di Venere and the "Arch of Augustus") and traces of three more. The town incorporated the remains of an amphitheater.

Among the churches of interest in the town are:
 * Santa Maria Maggiore (known from 1159): The Church was probably built over an ancient temple dedicated to Juno and Vesta. The façade has a Romanesque portal and a 13th-century bell tower, while the pilasters next to the apse have frescoes by Perugino (1512) as well as the later Spello Pietà by the same artist. The most prominent artwork are the Pinturicchio frescoes in the Baglioni Chapel. The Umbrian artist was called to paint it around 1500 by Troilo Baglioni, after he had just finished the Borgia Apartment's decoration. The cycle include an Annunciation, a Nativity and a Dispute with the Doctors, plus four Sibyls in the vault.
 * Sant'Andrea (known from 1025). Church with 14th-century frescoes and an altarpiece by Pinturicchio.
 * San Lorenzo (12th century): Church where San Bernardino da Siena began his sermons in 1438.
 * San Claudio (11th century or earlier), an elegant example of Romanesque architecture with a rose window on the asymmetrical façade. The interior has 14th century votive frescoes from the Umbrian school. It is said to have been built on the remains of a Paleo-Christian cemetery.
 * Tega Chapel (14th century), with Umbrian school 15th-century frescoes, including a Crucifixion attributed to Nicolò Alunno.

Other points of interest include:
 * Palazzo Comunale Vecchio ("Old Town Hall", built in 1270 and enlarged after the end of the Baglioni seigniory, in 1567–1575). It has some frescoed halls, one attributed to the Zuccari brothers. It is faced by a 16th-century fountain.
 * Palazzo dei Canonici - Priory annexed to the church of Santa Maria Maggiore, it now houses the Town's Art Gallery (Pinacoteca Civica). Among the artists featured are the Maestro dell'Assunta di Amelia, Cola Petruccioli, Zaccaria di Filippo Mazzola (brother of Parmigianino), Andrea d'Assisi also called Ingegno, and a Madonna and Child by Pinturicchio.
 * Palazzo Cruciali, built in the early 17th century.
 * Palazzo Baglioni, erected as a fortified mansion around 1359. The Governor's Hall has frescoes from the 16th century.
 * Arch of Augustus (1st century BC-1st century AD).

An ancient roman temple, dating to the 4th century AD, was discovered by researchers in 2023 underneath a carpark in Spello. According to Professor Douglas Boin, who announced the discovery at an Archaeological Society of America meeting in early 2024, the temple dates to Constantine's period and marks the transition of the Roman Empire to Christianity.

In the plain, near San Claudio, are the remains of a semi-excavated Roman amphitheater; and a small valley to the east of the town is remarkable for its traces of Roman centuriation.

Beyond the town proper, the comune's chief monuments are the church of San Silvestro at Collepino, and the church of the Madonna della Spella with late-medieval votive frescoes and graffiti.

Festivals

 * The Infiorate include a whole night of work to create over sixty flower carpets on the Corpus Domini feast.

Twin towns

 * 🇮🇹 Alfonsine, Italy, since 1974

Since 2008 Spello has also a pact of friendship with Accadia, Italy.

The Infiorate

 * Spello's Infiorate
 * Official site
 * "Gruppo infioratori Acquatino"
 * Spello Infiorata

title: Spello


text:
The California Raisins

The California Raisins were a fictional rhythm and blues animated musical group as well as advertising and merchandising characters composed of anthropomorphized raisins. Lead vocals were sung by musician Buddy Miles. The California Raisins were popular from 1986 to 2002 through claymation TV commercials and animated specials, winning an Emmy Award and one nomination.

History
The concept was originally created by advertising firm Foote, Cone & Belding (FCB) for a 1986 Sun-Maid commercial on behalf of the California Raisin Advisory Board when one of the writers, Seth Werner (at the time with FCB in San Francisco) came up with an idea for the new raisin commercial, saying, "We have tried everything but dancing raisins singing 'I Heard It Through the Grapevine'" (the 1968 song popularized separately by Marvin Gaye, Gladys Knight and the Pips and Creedence Clearwater Revival). To their surprise, the commercial became wildly popular, paving the way for several future commercials and opportunities through other media. The commercials were produced by Vinton Studios using their claymation technique, with character designs by Michael Brunsfeld. The following year, the Raisins appeared in the Emmy Award-winning A Claymation Christmas Celebration, singing the Christmas carol "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer".

The California Raisins released four studio albums on Warner Bros. Records, Priority Records, BMG, and ZTT Records between 1987 and 2002, and their signature song, "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", landed on the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at number 84. For three of the four albums the group issued, they were a consistent vocal group, with Buddy Miles handling most of the lead vocals; Ellis Hall and Niki Haris sang occasional leads, and backing vocals were by Howard McCrary, Howard Smith, and Leslie Smith. (One album, Meet The Raisins!, featured completely different vocal performers.) However, the Raisins would continue to make their strongest impression through animated endeavors, and the characters proved popular enough that they were used to endorse Post Raisin Bran cereal.

On November 4, 1988, CBS aired a primetime television special called Meet the Raisins! The musical mockumentary was again created by Vinton Studios, and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award. It also gave the band members individual names and roles: A.C. (vocals), Beebop (drums), Stretch (bass), and Red (guitar/piano).

A Saturday morning cartoon series, The California Raisin Show, debuted the following year, but lasted only 13 episodes. While cel animated by Murakami-Wolf-Swenson, it maintained Will Vinton's creative direction. A sequel to the original CBS special aired in 1990 under the title ''The Raisins: Sold Out! - The California Raisins II''. This special saw the Raisins hiring a new manager with the goal of making a comeback before The California Raisins 2000.

The Raisins were discontinued July 31, 2002, with the collapse of the California Raisin Advisory Board; members of the grape farming industry were growing alarmed at the increased fees, driven by an ever-escalating amount of money being spent on the California Raisins campaign. The structure of the campaign had resulted in all of the profits from the campaign being funneled back to Foote, Cone & Belding for more commercials and merchandise, creating a vicious cycle.

Merchandise
Many of the items created for the campaign have become part of the permanent collection of the Smithsonian Institution. Merchandise sales included toys and Raisins images on nearly every conceivable medium: lunch boxes, notebooks, clothing, posters, bedsheets, and even a Halloween costume, just to name a few. A California Raisins Fan Club began in 1987, which included a Grapevine Gazette newsletter and various memorabilia. Blackthorne Publishing also released a six-issue comic book series entitled The California Raisins 3-D which included 3D glasses; these would later be re-released in the Ultimate Collection trade paperback.

Several California Raisins music albums were also released, featuring classic Motown and rock standards. These albums were included in the Smithsonian collection and were illustrated and art-directed by Helane Freeman, who later became famous for her work on Hannah Montana and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, among other Disney programs.

Perhaps the most memorable piece of California Raisins merchandise, however, came in the form of small, non-poseable California Raisins figures. The Hardee's restaurant chain offered these as part of a promotion for its Cinnamon 'N' Raisin biscuits. Different collections were produced in 1987, 1988, 1991, and finally in 2001 (the latter adding Carl's Jr. due to their late '90s acquisition of Hardee's) for their new stylization. This latest incarnation can still be seen on the California Raisin Marketing Board website.

In the early 1990s, Capcom produced a video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) titled The California Raisins: The Grape Escape, in which the player controlled a California Raisin through five side-scrolling levels battling various evil fruit and vegetable characters that have stolen the Raisins' music. The game was completed and several video game critics reviewed it, but it was never released on the open market.

Box Office Software produced a different, unrelated California Raisins computer game in 1988 for the Apple II, Commodore 64, and PC compatibles. The plot of the game involved Tiny Goodbite having to rescue his friends who have been kidnapped and held in a cereal factory.

Post-popularity and legacy
On March 28, 1997 Entertainment Weekly published "The 50 Best Commercials of All Time" as its cover story. The article ranked The California Raisins' premiere advertisement, "Lunchbox", at #15 with comments by ad agency executive Claude Jacques and described the Raisins as "The coolest wrinkled musicians this side of the Stones."

The vast amount of California Raisins merchandise has made for a substantial collectors' market. It even led to an unauthorized collectibles guide published in 1998, cataloging the many items based on the clay characters.

In 2002, the Food Network program Unwrapped featured a segment on The California Raisins featuring interviews with Will Vinton, David Altschul, and Mark Gustafson of Vinton Studios. Concept illustrations of the Raisins were also featured as interviewees discussed the characters' creation.

An article published by AnimateClay.com in the late 2000s details the whereabouts of the original claymation sculptures used by Vinton Studios. The figures were kept in a box for several years and headed for the trash before being obtained by Webster Colcord, a former employee of Vinton. Several photos were taken providing a close look at the Raisins' internal armatures and detailing their extremely poor condition, including the absence of the A.C. puppet's head.

In 2015, it was announced that a live-action/CGI reboot of the California Raisins would be produced, with president of The Actors Hall of Fame Foundation, Rusty Citron, as one of the people behind the project.

Albums

 * The California Raisins (also known as The California Raisins Sing the Hit Songs) – 1987, Warner Bros. Records, Priority Records, and BMG (US #60 )
 * Sweet, Delicious, & Marvelous – 1988, Warner Bros. Records, Priority Records, and BMG
 * Meet the Raisins! – 1988, Atlantic Records
 * Christmas with The California Raisins – 1988, Warner Bros. Records, Priority Records, and BMG

Singles

 * "What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)" b/w "I Got You (I Feel Good)" – 1988, Purple Vinyl 7"
 * "I Heard it Through the Grapevine" – 1988 (single, Billboard Hot 100 #84)

Awards and nominations

 * A Claymation Christmas Celebration – Primetime Emmy
 * Meet the Raisins! – Primetime Emmy nominee

title: The California Raisins


text:
File talk:Alexa reach measurement for wikipedia.png

Too many data points were posted on Awareness statistics for September, 2004. I took 4 fairly evenly-spaced dates to use for this chart. --Kbh3rd 21:39, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The code

 * 1) !/bin/sh

TMP1="_gpdata1_$$" TMP2="_gpdata2_$$" trap "/bin/rm -f ${TMP1} ${TMP2} ; exit" 0 FILE1="alexareach2.dat" # make alexareach1.dat to plot line for *all* datapoints FILE2="alexareach2.dat"

sed    's/^[   ]*// s/,/ /g s/Jan /January / s/Feb /February / s/Mar /March / s/Apr /April / s/Jun /June / s/Jul /July / s/Aug /August / s/Sep /September / s/Oct /October / s/Nov /November / s/Dec /December / s/[    ][       ]*/ /g /^[    ]*$/d' "${1:-$FILE1}"  > ${TMP1}

sed    's/^[   ]*// s/,/ /g s/Jan /January / s/Feb /February / s/Mar /March / s/Apr /April / s/Jun /June / s/Jul /July / s/Aug /August / s/Sep /September / s/Oct /October / s/Nov /November / s/Dec /December / s/[    ][       ]*/ /g /^[    ]*$/d' "${2:-$FILE2}"  > ${TMP2}

gnuplot <<_EOF_ || exit 1

set timefmt '%d %B %Y' set xdata time set format x "%b\n%y"
 * 1) 22 October 2002   9653

set size .75,.67

set title "Alexa reach measurement for wikipedia" set xlabel " " set ylabel "Reach per million viewers" set grid ytics noxtics
 * 1) set logscale y
 * 2) set yrange [*:] reverse

set terminal png color small set output 'Alexa_reach_measurement_for_wikipedia.png'

set pointsize .5

plot '${TMP1}' using 1:4 title '' with lines \ , '${TMP2}' using 1:4 title '' with points 3

_EOF_


text: User talk:12.13.12.66

title: User talk:12.13.12.66


text:
Chef Boyardee

Chef Boyardee is an American brand of canned pasta products sold internationally by Conagra Brands. The company was founded by Italian immigrant Ettore Boiardi in Milton, Pennsylvania, U.S., in 1928.

History
After leaving his position as head chef at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, Ettore Boiardi opened a restaurant called Il Giardino d'Italia ("The Garden of Italy") in 1924 at East 9th Street and Woodland Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio. The idea for Chef Boiardi came about when restaurant customers began asking Boiardi for his spaghetti sauce, which he began to distribute in milk bottles. Four years later, in 1928, Boiardi opened a factory and moved production to Milton, Pennsylvania, where he could grow his own tomatoes and mushrooms. He decided to anglicize the name of his product to "Boy-Ar-Dee" to help Americans pronounce his name correctly. The first product to be sold was a "ready-to-heat spaghetti kit" in 1928. The kit included uncooked pasta, tomato sauce, and a container of pre-grated cheese.

The U.S. military commissioned the company during World War II for the production of army rations, requiring the factory to run 24 hours a day. At its peak, the company employed approximately 5,000 workers and produced 250,000 cans per day. After the war ended, Boiardi had to choose between selling the company or laying off everyone he had hired. He sold the company to American Home Foods in 1946 for nearly $6 million, and remained as a spokesman and consultant for the brand until 1978. American Home Foods turned its food division into International Home Foods in 1996. Four years later, International Home Foods was purchased by ConAgra Foods, which continues to produce Chef Boyardee canned pastas bearing Boiardi's likeness.

Advertising
In 2018, Barbara Lippert of Advertising Age compared the 1966 Young & Rubicam ad for Beefaroni to The 400 Blows and running of the bulls. The ad features a large group of children running through Venice singing, "Hooray...for Beefaroni!" Lippert believed the ad influenced other famous commercials such as Prince Spaghetti (known for "Anthony! Anthony!") and "Hilltop" for Coca-Cola.

Chef Boyardee is one of the only brands to request to be removed from an episode of Seinfeld. In the 1996 episode "The Rye", Kramer is allowed to operate a Hansom cab for a week, and feeds the horse excess cans of Beefaroni, which causes frequent and foul smelling flatulence. As a result of the request, the name was changed to "Beef-a-reeno".

In 2005, Chef Boyardee was shown in MasterCard's "Icons" commercial during Super Bowl XXXIX, which depicts advertising mascots having dinner together.

title: Chef Boyardee


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Kenneth Alan/Proposed decision

I'd like to thank and commend all those involved in this particular arbitration case for their wise and I would imagine difficult decision to enforce a ban on this user for a period of one year. It is regrettable that such decisions are ever required. Mintguy (T) 21:41, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Nobuzo Tohmatsu

Nobuzo Tohmatsu (等松 農夫蔵) was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II who went on to become an accountant and a namesake of the global auditing firm Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, today the world's largest professional services company.

Biography
Born in Tomioka city, Gunma Prefecture, Tohmatsu graduated from the 6th class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Paymaster Academy in 1917. He was ranked 4th out of a class of 21 cadets. As a midshipman, he served on the battleship Fusō and cruiser Asama. Once commissioned as an ensign, he was assigned to the battleship Hyūga and cruisers Izumo, and Mogami, followed by Shiretoko.

In 1922, he left maritime duty to take up a paymaster position at Sasebo Naval Arsenal; he later (as lieutenant commander) served as an ordnance accountant in both the Shipbuilding and Naval Air Commands. In 1934, he was designated naval attaché to the United Kingdom, where he served until 1936. While in London, he had the honor of being invited to King George V's silver wedding anniversary at Buckingham Palace.

During World War II, Tohmatsu achieved the rank of captain and served as chief of several bureaus in the Navy, including the Bureau of Supply and Bureau of Accounting. He was also briefly a member of the Bureau of Naval Affairs. In May 1945, he became a rear admiral: following Japan's surrender later that year, he assisted Allied occupation officials in accounting for and removing ordnance supplies throughout the country. He resigned from the Navy in August 1946.

Tohmatsu became a certified public accountant in 1952 and joined a Western-owned accounting firm in Tokyo, during an era when locally owned Japanese businesses were still small. Tōmatsu became well-known, partly due to the large number of Japanese accountants who had studied under him during the 1930s and 1940s. He became president of the Japanese CPA Association in 1967.

Around that time, the Japanese government began an initiative to establish subsidized domestic accounting firms. Tohmatsu seized the opportunity and joined accountant Iwao Tomita, one of his former students who had gone on to attend the Wharton School, to form the firm of Tohmatsu & Co. in 1968. Tohmatsu grew along with Japan's economy, and by Tohmatsu's death in 1980 it had become one of the world's largest auditors. In 1975, it merged into Touche Ross, which later became Deloitte & Touche in 1990, and Tōmatsu's name was appended in 1995 to change the name of the firm to “Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu”.

title: Nobuzo Tohmatsu


text:
Tillie's Punctured Romance

Tillie's Punctured Romance is the name of two early comedy films:

 * Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914 film), starring Marie Dressler, Mabel Normand, and Charles Chaplin
 * Tillie's Punctured Romance (1928 film), starring W. C. Fields

title: Tillie's Punctured Romance


text:
MechAssault

MechAssault is a video game released for the Xbox notable for being one of the first games to support Xbox Live online multiplayer. Developed by Day 1 Studios and FASA Studio and published by Microsoft, MechAssault was initiated when Denny Thorley of Day 1 Studios approached Jon Kimmich of Microsoft about developing an original BattleTech game built from the ground up to support console play. "MechAssault" was released in November 2002. A sequel, MechAssault 2: Lone Wolf, was released on December 28, 2004. Both games are set in the BattleTech fictional universe.

Plot
MechAssault takes place in the BattleTech universe, a science-fiction universe that often revolves around pitched battles between human-piloted walking, heavily armed and armored machines, called BattleMechs. The plot of the game centers on an inhabited planet called Helios in the dominion of the Inner Sphere, a powerful coalition of feuding factions in control of large areas of space. The player is a BattleMech pilot (referred to throughout the game as simply "Captain" or, "MechWarrior") in the employment of an elite mercenary organization called Wolf's Dragoons. The player's ship is hired to investigate the cessation of communications from the planet Helios. The Dragoons' ship, the Icarus arrives at the planet and is shot down upon entering the atmosphere, causing the ship to crash-land on the surface of Helios. It is later discovered by the player that a rogue technology-worshipping cult known as the Word of Blake has invaded and conquered Helios, and is under the rule of an iron-fisted fanatic called Commander Strader. The game follows the player as, commanded by elite officer Major Natalia and assisted by inept techie Lieutenant Foster, they fight the military forces of the cult, assist in the liberation of the planet from Word of Blake rule, and assassinate Commander Strader.

Multiplayer
MechAssault was one of the first games on the Xbox to feature the ability to be played on the Xbox Live service. "MechAssault" included many of the basic Live services that are now considered standard on any Live-enabled video game. These features included options for finding and creating online matches, such as the common "Quick Match", which enables a player to find an online match quickly regardless of qualifications. For players who wanted to join a specific type of online session of MechAssault hosted by another player, "Optimatch" allowed the player to specify the criteria for the session they want to join. The player could also create and host an online session of MechAssault. Once the player defined all the characteristics of a game, they could invite other players from their friends list or leave slots open for any online player to join the battle.

MechAssault had several modes of combat in which players could engage, often based around by-now-common forms of online competitive gaming. In Grinder mode (local play only), the player tries to survive as more and more 'Mechs are spawned into the battle. This mode can be played with one or two players. In Destruction mode, the player can choose a 'Mech and fight to the death in deathmatch or team deathmatch. The player or team with the most kills wins. Last Man Standing is a free-for-all with no respawning as a mech. Once a player dies, they respawn as an unarmed infantryman. Gameplay can be either deathmatch or team deathmatch. Capture the flag is a team based game where the opposing team spawn on opposite ends of the map and try to "Capture" the enemy flag without giving up their own.

A fairly common metagame during the height of online popularity was known as "Elemental". A Last Man Standing match, "Elemental" saw only one player choose a Mech while all others chose the Elemental mobile armor, a much smaller and weaker playable class. This was decided by players in voice chat prior to the start of the game. It was later released as an official game type known as "Giant Killers".

Reception
The game received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot said, "If you're going to buy one game with your Xbox Live starter kit, MechAssault is the one to get." In Japan, where the game was ported for release on June 12, 2003, Famitsu gave it a score of 28 out of 40.

By July 2006, the game had sold 750,000 units and earned $26 million in the U.S. NextGen ranked it as the 85th highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country. Combined sales of the MechAssault series reached 1.1 million units.

GameSpot named it the best Xbox game of November 2002, and later presented it with the annual awards for "Best Online Game on Xbox", "Best Shooter on Xbox", and overall "Game of the Year on Xbox". It was a runner-up in the publication's "Best Sound" and "Best Graphics (Technical)" categories.

title: MechAssault


text:
Baker, California

Baker is a census-designated place located in San Bernardino County, California, US. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a total population of 735. Baker's ZIP Code is 92309 and the community is within area codes 442 and 760.

History
Baker was founded as a station on the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad in 1908 and was named for Richard C. Baker, business partner of Francis Marion Smith in building the railroad. Baker later became president of the T&T himself.

Baker was established in 1929 by Ralph Jacobus Fairbanks (1857–1942), who was an American prospector, entrepreneur, and pioneer who established several towns in the Death Valley area of California, including Fairbanks Springs (1904–05) and Shoshone (1910).

It is the site of a vacant, 223-bed for-profit prison formerly operated by Cornell Corrections which experienced a major riot on December 2, 2003, four weeks before it was temporarily closed. It was permanently closed on December 25, 2009. GEO Group purchased Cornell Companies, its owner, on August 12, 2010. It had previously experienced escapes in August and November 1995 and two on July 15, 1997.

Geography and climate
Baker is located at (35.265099, -116.074768). Baker is located in the Mojave Desert at the junction of Interstate 15 and SR 127 (Death Valley Road). Its elevation is approximately 930 ft above sea level, which is much lower than either Barstow or Las Vegas, due to its location at the southern end of the Death Valley geological depression. The Cronese Mountains are located southwest of the community. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 2.7 square miles (7.0 km$2$), all of it land. Summer temperatures in Baker routinely exceed 110 °F; 2007 saw a record of 125 °F.

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Baker had a population of 735. The population density was 273.5 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Baker was 302 (41.1%) White (26.5% Non-Hispanic White), 1 (0.1%) African American, 5 (0.7%) Native American, 10 (1.4%) Asian, 14 (1.9%) Pacific Islander, 380 (51.7%) from other races, and 23 (3.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 502 persons (68.3%).

The Census reported that 731 people (99.5% of the population) lived in households, 4 (0.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 215 households, out of which 122 (56.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 106 (49.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 39 (18.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 23 (10.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 29 (13.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1 (0.5%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 28 households (13.0%) were made up of individuals, and 4 (1.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.40. There were 168 families (78.1% of all households); the average family size was 3.74.

The population was spread out, with 277 people (37.7%) under the age of 18, 80 people (10.9%) aged 18 to 24, 236 people (32.1%) aged 25 to 44, 121 people (16.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 21 people (2.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.1 males.

There were 303 housing units at an average density of 112.7 /sqmi, of which 116 (54.0%) were owner-occupied, and 99 (46.0%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 20.8%. 414 people (56.3% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 317 people (43.1%) lived in rental housing units.

According to the 2010 United States Census, Baker had a median household income of $33,068, with 9.9% of the population living below the federal poverty line.

Economy
Baker's economy is based primarily on tourism. The town is frequently used as a stop for food and fuel by drivers on Interstate 15 between Los Angeles and Las Vegas. Baker is approximately 90 mi southwest of Las Vegas. It is the last town for those traveling on SR 127 north to Death Valley National Park or south to the Mojave National Preserve. Until recently there was one motel in Baker, the Santa Fe Motel, formerly the Wills Fargo Motel, but as of 2023 the motel has closed.

Baker Airport is a small facility owned by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, but it is managed by San Bernardino County Department of airports

State and federal representation
In the California State Legislature, Baker is in, and in.

In the United States House of Representatives, Baker is in.

Since Baker is an unincorporated community of San Bernardino County, County CEO, Leonard X. Hernandez, would be considered the Chief Administrator of Baker.

Water, Sanitary Sewers, Trash Collection Services, Fire Protection, Television Translators, Road Maintenance, Street Lighting, Park and Recreation is administered by the Baker Community Services District

Mars rover test site
The Mars Science Laboratory Team tested an engineering model of the Curiosity rover in the desert near Baker.

Attractions

 * The town's most prominent feature is a 134 ft thermometer, dubbed "the world's tallest thermometer". Its height commemorates the hottest temperature ever recorded on Earth, 134 °F, in nearby Death Valley on July 10, 1913. It was created by Willis Herron, who owned many businesses in Baker and, at one point, was said to have employed half of Baker's population. Hoping to draw more visitors into Baker, Herron partnered with Young Electric Sign Co. in 1991 to build the monument. It originally cost $750,000 to build and was blown over by high winds before it was officially lit. It was quickly rebuilt with a sturdier design. In 2005, Herron sold several of his businesses to Matt Pike in 2005 before passing away in 2007. Visible for miles, Pike temporarily stopped its operation in 2012 due to expensive electric bills of $8,000/month and inaccurate temperature readings. When Herron's widow Barbara learned that the beloved landmark was being considered for demolition, she repurchased and refurbished it. The thermometer was relighted following restoration on July 10, 2014.
 * The thermometer was featured on the television show Strange Inheritance season 1 episode 13 on the Fox Business Network.
 * Alien Fresh Jerky, a quirky store selling various types of jerky and alien-themed merchandise. The store is itself a tourist attraction with statues of aliens and architecture resembling galactic ships. Billboards on I-15 commonly feature the store. In 2020, the store came under fire for controversial racist remarks against Asians.
 * Abandoned structures, such as the tiki-inspired Arnie's Royal Hawaiian Motel (opened in 1957, closed in 2009, formerly known as Grace's Oasis) and Bun Boy Restaurant and Motel (opened in 1926, closed in 2013), are popular amongst urban explorers.
 * Dumont Dunes Off-Highway Vehicle Area, a popular area for ATV riders.
 * Just a few miles to the west along I-15 lies the exit for Zzyzx Road. This dirt road leads to Soda Springs, the site of the health resort established by Curtis Springer in the late 1940s and now the Desert Study Center maintained by the California State University.
 * A yearly race is held called "The Challenge Cup Relay: Baker to Vegas" or commonly referred as "Baker to Vegas" where law enforcement do a relay running race from Baker, CA to Las Vegas, NV. It attracts law enforcement agencies including LAPD, national, and international agencies to participate annually.

In popular culture

 * The Big Empty
 * Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas
 * In the video game Fallout: New Vegas, the fictional town of Novac is located in the Mojave desert near the real-world location of Baker, and features as a main attraction the world's second-largest thermometer.

title: Baker, California


text:
Fear of a Black Hat

Fear of a Black Hat is a 1993 American mockumentary film on the evolution and state of American hip hop music. Written and directed by Rusty Cundieff in his directorial debut, the film stars Cundieff, Larry B. Scott and Mark Christopher Lawrence. Fear of a Black Hat is similar in format to the satirical film about early 1980s heavy metal, This is Spinal Tap. It is told from the point of view of a graduate student who is documenting the hip hop group N.W.H. (which stands for "Niggaz With Hats", a reference to N.W.A.) for a year as part of her thesis.

The title is derived from the 1990 Public Enemy album Fear of a Black Planet. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 1993, and was later theatrically released on June 3, 1994. While critically acclaimed, it was a box office bomb. Its stature has grown in the years since its release and the film has acquired a cult following.

Plot
Nina Blackburn, a sociologist who analyzes hip hop as a form of communication, chooses to make a documentary on the hardcore gangsta rap group called N.W.H. ("Niggaz With Hats") for her graduate thesis. The N.W.H. members are Ice Cold, the main rapper and the intelligent and vulgar backbone of the group; Tasty Taste, the ultra-violent secondary rapper who always seems to be armed with a variety of dangerous assault weaponry; and Tone Def, an esoteric DJ who is talented enough to scratch with his buttocks and his penis (the latter is not shown directly, but humorously implied).

As Nina documents N.W.H. for a year, she becomes familiar with the band members, their beliefs, and their often strange behavior. The members wear outrageous headwear during their performances, because according to N.W.H., hats are a symbol of resistance and revolution since their hatless slave ancestors were too tired from working all day in the sun to revolt. This is a typical example of the bizarre logic the group uses to explain the deeper meanings behind their otherwise crude and base music and images.

A running joke is N.W.H.'s use of over-the-top graphic language (e.g. sex, violence and rantings against the police), which their detractors see as a cheap means to sell records, but in their eyes is essential to conveying a "socially relevant message". They offer jaw-dropping explanations on why songs such as "Booty Juice" and "Come and Pet the P.U.S.S.Y." are in fact deep and socially significant, and that critics obviously do not truly understand the "real meaning". Throughout the movie, it is difficult to tell if the members of N.W.H. truly believe what they are saying, or are just portraying an image.

A lot of time also goes into describing N.W.H.'s feud with another rap group, the Jam Boys. The groups constantly insult and discredit each other, sometimes resulting in the brandishing of weapons. At one point, N.W.H. brings to light evidence that the Jam Boys' lead rapper attended a prep school, directly threatening his street credibility. A macabre running gag involves their white managers dying under mysterious circumstances (the group originally insist that they "wasn't in town when the shit happened"). They explain to Nina that their first few managers were black—in fact, were their relatives—and that they decided switching to white managers would be better for their families and the black community.

N.W.H.'s internal matters turn sour when Ice Cold wants to break away from the group because of his desire to participate in a film, and Cheryl C., a groupie, hooks up with Tasty-Taste. Although she is clearly more interested in his money than in him, Tasty lets her take over his life. When Tasty finds Cheryl and Ice Cold in bed, the group has an argument that leads to the dissolution of N.W.H., with each member launching a solo career. Ice dedicates himself to house music; Tasty makes a diss track in which he curses Ice; and Tone Def becomes a hippie (with obvious references to "flower rappers", such as P.M. Dawn). None of the guys sees much success until they ultimately reunite for a triumphant comeback in which their differences have been set aside, at least for the time being.

Characters
Along with the film's title and its central characters, there are other characters seen briefly who are parodies of real-life prominent figures in hip-hop:

 * Jike Spingleton: a portmanteau of filmmakers John Singleton and Spike Lee (the character criticizes both filmmakers for "stealing" his look and cinematic styles)
 * M.C. Slammer: M.C. Hammer
 * Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme: Salt-N-Pepa
 * Vanilla Sherbet: Vanilla Ice
 * Yo Highness: Queen Latifah
 * Ice Tray, Ice Box, Ice Coffee, Ice Berg, etc.: variations of the name "Ice" and the overuse of it in general in the rap industry.
 * The Jam Boys: The Fat Boys
 * Marty Rabinow: N.W.H.'s manager; his name is similar to Rainbow, which is a joke on Jewish names containing colors (e.g. Goldman, Goldberg, Greenberg, Silverberg); he is also a parody of stereotypical Jewish managers of African-American performers, such as N.W.A's Jerry Heller. Rabinow is portrayed as a decent man whom N.W.H. likes and who provides them with sound, honest management. However, like those who preceded him, Marty dies—as a result of a self-inflicted gunshot under very bizarre comedic circumstances.

Songs

 * "Booty Juice": The song's video spoofs the prototypical hip hop "pool scene" found in many videos, with N.W.H. surrounded by a bevy of scantily clad girls.
 * "Come and Pet the P.U.S.S.Y.": A solo track from Ice Cold's post-N.W.H. group, The Ice Plant. It is based on "Everybody Dance Now" by C&C Music Factory. The main joke is that a petite Asian girl lip-syncs the powerful voice of a heavy-set African-American woman without the latter getting credit for it, a reference to the conflict Martha Wash had with C&CMF in the track "Everybody Dance Now".
 * "Fuck the Security Guards": A send-up of "Fuck Tha Police" by N.W.A.
 * "A Gangsta's Life Ain't Fun": Based on "New Jack Hustler (Nino's Theme)" by Ice-T, spoofing its thinly-veiled admiration for sex, crime, and drugs. This is also mirrored in the title, because the video implies that a gangsta's life is fun. The song is not found on the soundtrack album, as the "Gangsta's Life" segment was only inserted into the VHS and DVD releases of the film.
 * "Guerillas in the Midst": Based on "Guerillas in tha Mist" by Da Lench Mob, the song's backdrop is centered on the 1992 Los Angeles riots.
 * "Grab Yo Stuff": The episode draws upon the 1990 arrest of three members of 2 Live Crew in Broward County, Florida for performing songs from their album As Nasty as They Wanna Be; the group had been warned that performances of certain songs would lead to arrest. N.W.H. sacrifices its artistic integrity/gangsta attitude in order to avoid trouble, changing the song "Grab Yo Dick" into "Grab Yo Stuff" when police threaten to arrest N.W.H. The group is arrested after Ice Cold accidentally hits himself in the groin while on stage and blurts out "My dick."
 * "Granny Said Kick Yo Ass": Tasty Taste's solo single, based on "Mama Said Knock You Out" by LL Cool J.
 * "Ice Froggy Frog": A parody of "Who Am I (What's My Name)?" by Snoop Dogg.
 * "I'm Just a Human": Performed by Tone Def's post-N.W.H. group New Human Formantics, and based on "Set Adrift on Memory Bliss" by P.M. Dawn.
 * "Kill Whitey": Not actually played in the movie, but discussed with Nina Blackburn in an interview regarding N.W.H.'s highly controversial lyrics. The group explains that the title "Kill Whitey" does not actually refer to violence against whites, but instead is a reference to their former manager Whitey DeLuca, who allegedly scammed the band out of a sum of money. He later ended up dead, but the group "wasn't in town when the shit happened." Whitey DeLuca was not actually white, he was "olive-complected", according to Ice Cold.
 * "My Peanuts"': An early Ice Cold solo song based on "My Penis" by N.W.A, which itself is a parody of "My Adidas" by Run-D.M.C.
 * "Wear Yo Hat (Buried and Bald)": Based on Public Enemy songs such as "Don't Believe the Hype" and "Bring the Noise", with Ice Cold and Tasty Taste vocally mimicking Public Enemy's Chuck D. and Flavor Flav.
 * "White Cops on Dope": Only available on the motion picture soundtrack and DVD bonus features. The song is a musical parody of the Tubes' "White Punks on Dope", and is based on the trend of rappers working with rock bands (such as the Run-D.M.C./Aerosmith version of "Walk This Way") in an effort to cross over to mainstream audiences. Ric Ocasek of the Cars is featured on the track.
 * "Santa Claus Is Coming": The only song title mentioned from the group's Christmas album Ho Ho Hoe's. It is intimated that the title is a sexual double entendre rather than a cover of "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town".

Albums

 * P.U.S.S. Why?
 * Straight Outta Da Butt - A parody of N.W.A's Straight Outta Compton
 * Kill Whitey
 * Garden Hoe's
 * Ho Ho Hoe's - a Christmas album
 * Guerillas in the Midst - A parody of Da Lench Mob's Guerillas in tha Mist
 * Fear of a Black Hat - A parody of Public Enemy's Fear of a Black Planet
 * The Black in the Hat Comes Back - the planned reunion album

Soundtrack
The original soundtrack was released by Avatar Records on June 1, 1994. The soundtrack has eleven songs; however, the song from the film A Gangsta's Life Ain't Fun was not included in the soundtrack.

 * 1) Wear Yo Hat - N.W.H.
 * 2) My Peanuts - Ice Cold
 * 3) Guerrillas in the Midst - N.W.H.
 * 4) Booty Juice - N.W.H.
 * 5) F**k the Security Guards - N.W.H.
 * 6) A Gangsta's Life Ain't Fun - N.W.H.
 * 7) Come Pet the P.U.S.S.Y. - The Ice Plant
 * 8) I'm Just a Human Being - New Human Formantics
 * 9) Granny Said Kick Yo Ass - Extreme Use of Force
 * 10) Grab Yo Stuff - N.W.H.
 * 11) White Cops On Dope - N.W.H. feat. Ric Ocasek
 * 12) Ice Froggy Frog - N.W.H.

Release
Fear of a Black Hat debuted at the 1993 Sundance Film Festival to strong critical reception. However, CB4, a film that similarly parodies the hip hop world and starred Chris Rock, was released in March of that year to moderate box office success. A deal to distribute Fear of a Black Hat fell through, delaying the film's release. The film premiered in limited theatrical release on June 3, 1994, more than a year after its Sundance debut. Its worldwide box office take totaled $233,824, making the film a financial flop.

Critical reception
Despite the film's poor box office performance, it was lauded by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 83% based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 62 out of 100 based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote:

Flattering the daylights out of Rob Reiner and his "Spinal Tap" crew, Rusty Cundieff turns "Fear of a Black Hat" into an unapologetic "Spinal Tap" imitation. And there's no point in faulting Mr. Cundieff for such derivativeness, because "Fear of a Black Hat" is too savvy and cheerful to warrant complaints. Anyway, the more the merrier: what "Spinal Tap" did for heavy metal certainly deserves to be done for rap, which is the target this time. If Mr. Cundieff doesn't match the satirical genius of Mr. Reiner's film, he does understand the rules of the game.

Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B− grade, opining that although it "never achieves the dizzying cinema verite swirl that made Spinal Tap such a timeless satire [...] Cundieff has what nearly every commentator on the rap scene has lacked: a first-class bull detector."

In a three-star review, Roger Ebert wrote the film "is not as fearless and sharp-edged as it could be—but it provides a lot of laughs, and barbecues a few sacred cows." He added:A truly uncompromising satire on this subject could probably not be filmed at this time, I suppose. You can almost feel "Fear of a Black Hat" pulling back in sensitive areas; going so far and no further. Nor does the movie really have much to say about the music itself - music which, like the heavy metal of "Spinal Tap", takes itself more seriously than anyone with common sense is likely to take it (rap and heavy metal are both more about attitudes than about melody). But the movie is funny and fresh, and filled with wicked little moments like the uneasy meeting of five or six rappers who all have "Ice" in their names.

A decidedly more mixed review came from Peter Rainer of the Los Angeles Times, who wrote that "the idea is so funny that for a long time the film coasts on our good will. But it should be funnier than it is. Writer-director Rusty Cundieff, who also stars, along with Larry B. Scott and Mark Christopher Lawrence, as one of the three members of the rap group N.W.H., has a loose-limbed comic sense, and there are hilarious bits poking through the tedium. What the movie lacks is any kind of smart, sociological sense. It's a defanged spoof."

The film's reputation has grown since its release, and it has gained a cult following. In August 2023, The Criterion Channel included Fear of a Black Hat as part of its film series celebrating 50 years of hip hop.

Year-end lists

 * Honorable mention – Glenn Lovell, San Jose Mercury News
 * Honorable mention – Howie Movshovitz, The Denver Post
 * Honorable mention – Michael MacCambridge, Austin American-Statesman

title: Fear of a Black Hat