text:
Talk:Obstruction of justice in the United States

American Law & British Law
The Perverting the course of justice article says that the offence applies in British law. this article is written from a US perspective. Is it therefore safe to assume that this article is particular to the United States? Is 'obstruction of justice' the American equivalent of the British offence of 'perverting the cource of justice'? And if so, shouldn't the article state that the offence applies in United States jurisdictions, and have a 'see also' perverting the course of justice? Also, where the article refers to a common law state, is this a refernce to a state in the United States, or a nation state? -- Adz 04:53, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Scooter Libby Details...
Search the web for "Mike Nifong rogue prosecutor" for current examples of possible abuse of power which can be construed as obstruction of justice and and possible criminal prosecution

Go to www.adbmich.org and search "bribe" for specific examples of obstruction of justice by judicial tyranny(Wikiywry1947 13:42, 9 April 2007 (UTC)).

There needs to be a more detailed description of the charges and circumstances surrounding Scooter Libby's conviction. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jordinho (talk • contribs) 00:41, 30 March 2007 (UTC).

Conrad Black - Not Typical Obstruction?
From the statements in this article, it seems that the example of Conrad Black isn't a typical case of obstruction of justice, as the evidence wasn't altered or destroyed, simply "borrowed" and returned. I'm thinking this should be mentioned, but I'm not sure how to phrase it without seeming POV. Malcolmst 11:27, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

This article is confusing messy
In the U.S. alone there are 51+ criminal law jurisdictions. Some states have no offense called "obstruction of justice." Most people who talk of "Obstruction of Justice" are talking about U.S. Federal prosecutions. However there actually is no single federal crime by that name. Title 18, Chapter 73 of the United States Code is entitled "Obstruction of Justice" and the term is routinely applied to the offenses thereunder which are actually 19 or so separately sectioned crimes (including 18 USC § 1507 called "Picketing or parading") none of which is named "obstruction of justice." http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sup_01_18_10_I_20_73.html These offenses deal mostly with bribing or threatening jurors, witnesses or investigators or with interference with subpoenas, court orders, and falsification of certain records. Though §§ 1503 and 1505 have some sweeping language, most sections are much more particular than one might suppose. Overall, the federal statute has little similarity with the claims strewn by this article. Of course, this federal statute is not necessarily the end-all be-all of "Obstruction of Justice"--there are tons of other laws out there. That's my other point. This article makes no effort to specifically describe what actual crimes it says are "Obstruction of Justice." It certainly doesn't well describe the federal law cited above, nor the laws of the State of New York, for example. It fails to explain what jurisdictions, if any, actually have an offense by that name or offenses that acre commonly referred to by that name. It is just a collection of misplaced notions written by some clueless people.

This sentence from the article makes no sense as is. "However, in most common law jurisdictions, the right to remain silent used to allow any person questioned by police merely to refuse to answer questions posed by an investigator without giving any reason for doing so." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.114.252.54 (talk) 21:57, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

I'm not saying that there aren't words of generic or semi-generic legal meaning, but this article doesn't even try to say what the actual scope of the term is or what senses it might be used in.

As for the wrongheadedness of citing to U.S. v. Binion--which deals with the USSG only, please go look at my diatribe on that sad article's talk page. Criticality (talk) 09:12, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

Check
This looks like it belongs out.-Stevertigo (w | t | e) 22:42, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

Severe mistake:
Under victimless crimes you have issues that have a victim in relation and fall under the heading of forms of Tort. Adultery is one of these, it is not victimless, being it a form of contractual fraud.

Suicide and masterbation on the other hand are not crimes at all, but could fall under loitering, trashing (like throwing sperm around), or public/private nuissance. The allegation of a crime is indirect, not direct. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.91.93.21 (talk) 21:02, 23 November 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 June 2017
Donald Trump has not been convicted of Obstruction of justice Wes Lennon (talk) 23:43, 9 June 2017 (UTC)

 * @Wes Lennon: Trump is not (currently) mentioned in the article. No change is needed. —C.Fred (talk) 23:45, 9 June 2017 (UTC)

 * does anyone have plans to add loretta or hillary?107.77.210.76 (talk) 00:10, 10 June 2017 (UTC)

 * If you can find a reliable source saying they've been investigated for the crime or convicted of it, you can add it. --ChiveFungi (talk) 01:09, 10 June 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 June 2017
Notable Examples (of Obstruction of Justice) Bullet 6 REMOVE 'Donald Trump' as no source is possible, no justification, no truth in listing the name there 2001:56A:76D7:6400:31DC:C355:CD13:3CE4 (talk) 12:44, 11 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Donald Trump isn't mentioned in the article at all. --ChiveFungi (talk) 13:02, 11 June 2017 (UTC)

Comey's testimony clears President Trump of "collusion" and "obstruction of justice" and should therefore be removed from this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.110.145.183 (talk) 19:30, 11 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Uh, no, even if Trump were mentioned in this article. --Izno (talk) 16:42, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 June 2017
Remove Donald Trump as a notable example of obstruction of justice. He is not under investigation, has not been charged with this or any other crime nor been convicted of any crime. This inclusion of his name is just a political attempt at attacking him and smearing his name while at the same time devaluing this site. Patchesbennett (talk) 16:13, 12 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. Izno (talk) 16:41, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 14 June 2017
"Donald Trump" is not currently a notable example of obstruction of justice and there are no sources cited or information provided to substantiate this conjecture. "Donald Trump" should be removed from this article and should never have been added by an anonymous House staffer in the first place. 173.19.226.104 (talk) 16:59, 14 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. Izno (talk) 17:19, 14 June 2017 (UTC)

Donald Trump...
Guys, this is notable examples of Obstruction of Justice, not notable examples of people being investigated for obstruction of justice. Leave Trump out of the article until he is found guilty or at very least it becomes CLEAR he is being investigated seriously and not just tangentially. I agree with the IPs. It's like 'one of these is not like the others.' ‡ Єl Cid, Єl Caɱ̩peador  ᐁT₳LKᐃ  13:57, 21 June 2017 (UTC)

 * "not notable examples of people being investigated for obstruction of justice". From the section: "Richard Nixon was being investigated for obstruction of justice" (nowhere does it mention that Nixon was convicted - and indeed the Richard Nixon article doesn't say that he was ever convicted of it). The section title is "Notable examples" not "Notable convictions". It seems the Donald Trump case is a notable case. It's been widely covered in reliable sources. --ChiveFungi (talk) 14:41, 21 June 2017 (UTC)

What's the consensus here? Does he belong in this article, or not?

In my opinion he does. The case has been reported by reliable sources. It's a very important case. And the subject himself has acknowledged that he's under investigation. --ChiveFungi (talk) 16:58, 24 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't follow politics much, so I don't know exactly what has been reported in the news, but based on the reference that is used to support the contested text, I don't think it would be appropriate at all to include this. The cited article appears to be speculation based on anonymous sources.  That is insufficient, in my opinion, and it would constitute a WP:BLP violation to include it in this article at the very least unless/until there is an official statement from an investigator saying that Trump is being investigated for the crime of obstruction of justice.  Even then, I'm not sure it would be appropriate to include it unless there is something more than the fact that they are just looking into it.  Best would be to wait until specific charges of wrongdoing are made by investigators.  There is also a clear distinction between Trump and Nixon.  Nixon was not merely investigated, he was disbarred for obstruction of justice. Deli nk (talk) 17:58, 24 June 2017 (UTC)

I understand the argument that in 2017 it was unclear whether Trump deserved a mention here. But in light of Volume 2 of the Mueller Report, it seems pretty clear to belong now as a notable investigation, so I added a section on Trump about a week ago. An unregistered user removed it as incorrect (commenting "Donald Trump never was investigated on obstruction of justice" which seems wrong). Another user removed references to Trumps' pardons for obstruction of justice as irrelevant (I also disagree with this since the resolution of the cases is important). Thoughts on reverting these edits? Milhouse10000 (talk) 03:08, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

 * I've added information on the pardons of Libby and Black (and Nixon who was pre-emptively pardoned). Will re-add information on Trump unless there is any objection. Milhouse10000 (talk) 12:05, 11 June 2019 (UTC)

It should definitely be included. Even if Trump somehow gets completely exonerated, it's probably the most widely-discussed obstruction investigation in history (other than maybe Watergate) and highly relevant to the article. Also agree that the pardons should be included simply as a BLP matter, since the pardoned people are legally not guilty of obstruction anymore. Toohool (talk) 17:36, 13 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Re-added! Milhouse10000 (talk) 08:33, 16 June 2019 (UTC)

Orange Man Bad! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:8800:6F00:80D5:9561:7CFF:2994 (talk) 15:23, 9 May 2020 (UTC)

Banner should be removed
The article is forthright about being a concept most fleshed out in US Jurisdictions. I think it unnecessary to have a banner which states that it may unduly represent US law. That is covered in the topic sentence. I am a Leaf (talk) 22:40, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Boud (talk) 14:59, 11 May 2024 (UTC) Maybe could give some arguments for and against (without either obstructing this proposal or perverting its course ;)). There is obviously a strong overlap in the concepts. Boud (talk) 15:01, 11 May 2024 (UTC)

The proposal is to merge obstruction of justice with perverting the course of justice (with obstruction of justice as the primary name). Arguments for or against a merger include: Boud (talk) 23:22, 11 May 2024 (UTC)
 * for: at least for ordinary intuition, it appears that the two concepts are essentially the same (even though the lead of obstruction of justice currently has the un-sourced statement Common law jurisdictions other than the United States tend to use the wider offense of perverting the course of justice, i.e. it asserts that obstruction of justice is a more specific subset of perverting the course of justice);
 * for (circumstantial evidence): there are currently 13 other national language versions of obstruction (+ simple English); 5 other national language versions of peverting; and only 1 language of these (Arabic) is in common apart from English; this suggests that editors of other language Wikipedias didn't know which one to choose and (mostly) arbitrarily chose one and ignored the other; this arbitrariness risks weakening synergy between the different language Wikipedias;
 * for: (overlaps with previous point): this is an encyclopedia about the world that happens to be written in English, not an encyclopedia about the English-speaking world; unless we have a properly sourced explanation of how obstruction and perverting are substantially different, rather than differing in the details of implementation in different jurisdictions, we make the task for adding material about non-English speaking countries difficult - pl:Poplecznictwo is (currently) uniquely about the concept in Polish law (Article 239 Para 1 of the Polish Criminal Code); fr:Entrave à l'exercice de la justice covers the concept in French law better than in other countries (Articles 434-7-1 to 434-23-1 of the French Criminal Code); in what way are either of these not about perverting the course of justice? how would someone choose which of the two articles to add the PL and FR legal definitions and notable incidents to in the English Wikipedia?
 * against: we don't seem to have any high quality legal sources that state that the two should be considered the same, so a merge could be seen as original research;
 * against: the separation between countries is natural, and reduces the time scale in the future when a WP:SPLIT could be needed as the content of the two articles expands.
 * Oppose. On the face of it, the two topics are not the same thing. We certainly should not be merging the single offence, which originated from English common law (and from nowhere else), and which criminalizes a wider range of conduct (perverting the course of justice) into the set of statutory offences (principally under chapter 73 of 18 USC) which criminalize a narrower range of conduct (obstruction of justice) just to Americanize the topic. In any event, obstruction of justice in the US is an independently notable national law. As a general rule, the more important laws of individual large countries usually satisfy GNG independently, and we will normally have an article for each country. Obstruction of justice is appropriate as an article on the US laws which are independently notable, because they satisfy independently GNG, see eg     and the numerous other sources on the US law of obstruction of justice. That article could be moved to Obstruction of justice in the United States (or something like that) to clarify what it is really about, and I think that might be the best approach. I do not support adding offences from Roman law countries like Poland and France, into an article about a common law offence, unless they really can be proved with reliable sources to be the same offence (which seems unlikely because they are from countries that do not have common law, and are therefore unlikely to have independently evolved an identical offence to common law countries). James500 (talk) 05:10, 15 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Just to clarify (I'm not suggesting that you're wrong), since on a quick read it sounds surprising: in the first sentence, are you saying that perverting the course of justice is a wide range of conduct covered by a single offence in English common law, while obstruction of justice is a narrow(er) range of conduct covered by several different offences in US law?Regarding the similar laws, e.g. in Poland and France (and the ICC's comment, which I started as a section of perverting ...), would it make sense to create a third, broader, world-wide overview article? For a non-lawyer, all of these seem to be variations on "attacking the referee". The broad overview article would clarify the context of different legal traditions and different specific implementations and history of court cases - with sources, of course - for the whole world (as sources become available). There would need to be a good title - e.g. something that is descriptive without any formal legal meaning, or whatever term is used by people studying law who describe this overview. Based on your suggested title change, maybe after a move for Obstruction... to become Obstruction of justice in the United States, the overview article could then be Obstruction to justice - if that can be considered to include perverting ..., or at least place perverting ... in the wider context. Boud (talk) 20:52, 15 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The US law consists of a set of offences each of which covers a very specific form of behaviour that is prohibited: see chapter 73. The English offence covers any behaviour whatsoever likely and intended to produce a certain result. If a form of behaviour that is not listed in chapter 73 is likely and intended to obstruct justice, it is not an offence under that statute (whereas it would be in England). Statutory offences tend to be narrower in scope, and lengthier in detail, because they are more specific. The English common law offence will have been exported to other common law countries in the former British Empire, so they will have had the same offence (unless and until they replaced it with a new statutory offence).
 * The overall topic is in England typically called offences against the administration of justice (presently a redirect) or offences against public justice or offences against justice or etc. I don't know if it is possible to be more specific than that. Blackstone's Criminal Practice speaks of "Offences Akin to Perversion of the Course of Justice", even in English law (but notice the kindred offences are not the same offence). As for non-anglophone countries, you would really need to find a book on comparative law that covers this area. There is an International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, but I cannot find a volume on criminal law. I suggest that offences against public justice may be the best page name for an international overview article.
 * The WP:COMMONNAME for the English offence is "perverting the course of justice". Perverting the course of justice in English law also satisfies GNG, as you can see from the chapters in "Archbold" and "Blackstone"  and "Stone"  and "Card, Cross and Jones", and all the other books on this subject, and periodical articles like  . James500 (talk) 00:10, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅. I have moved the page to Obstruction of justice in the United States, which eliminates any potential overlap between the two pages. I will create an overview article on offences against public justice as soon as I have time. James500 (talk) 03:05, 22 May 2024 (UTC) ✅. There is now an overview article. James500 (talk) 22:18, 26 May 2024 (UTC)


text: Talk:Mount Louis

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Mount Louis


text:
National Loktantrik Party

The National Loktantrik Party (English: National Democratic Party, abbreviated as NLP), is a political party India. It was formed on 15 December 1995 by Dr. Masood Ahmad. The party had an MP in the Lok Sabha named Baleshwar Yadav from Padrauna Lok Sabha in 14th Lok Sabha.

The National Loktantrik Party (NLP), also known as the National Democratic Party, is a political party in India that was established on 15 December 1995 by Dr. Masood Ahmad. The party has played a significant role in the Indian political landscape, advocating for democratic values and representing the interests of its constituents.

History:

Founded over two decades ago, the National Loktantrik Party emerged as a platform for individuals committed to fostering democratic principles and working towards the betterment of the nation. Dr. Masood Ahmad, a prominent figure in Indian politics, played a pivotal role in the formation of the party, laying the foundation for its subsequent growth and development.

Political Representation:

The party secured parliamentary representation with Baleshwar Yadav, who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) in the Lok Sabha. Baleshwar Yadav represented the Padrauna Lok Sabha constituency during the 14th Lok Sabha, contributing to the party's presence and influence in national legislative affairs.

Leadership:

As of the latest available information, Ch. Jamsheed Ali holds the position of National President of the National Loktantrik Party. Additionally, Dr. Suhail Chaudhary serves as the National President (Executive), playing a crucial role in the party's executive functions. Under their leadership, the NLP continues to pursue its objectives and engage in political activities aimed at addressing the concerns of the public.

Party Ideology and Objectives:

The National Loktantrik Party is dedicated to upholding democratic values and principles in the Indian political system. With a commitment to social justice, economic development, and the welfare of the people, the party strives to address the diverse needs of the population it represents.

Current Activities:

The party remains actively involved in political activities, advocating for policies and initiatives that align with its core values. As India's political landscape evolves, the National Loktantrik Party continues to engage in discussions, debates, and collaborative efforts to contribute to the nation's progress.

It's important to note that the information provided here is based on the latest available data, and the party's activities and leadership may have evolved since the knowledge cutoff date in January 2022. For the most up-to-date information, it is recommended to refer to official party communications and reliable news sources.

National-level

 * Jamshed Ali - National President
 * Dr.Suhail Chaudhary- National President (Executive)
 * Dr. Rehana - Vice President
 * B.P Singh - Vice President
 * Fahimuddin - General Secretary
 * Ravikant Sharma - General Secretary
 * Rubina Akhter - National General Secretary
 * Mohd Usman - Additional Secretary
 * Sajid Hussain - Additional Secretary
 * Thavar Singh Ratod - National Executive Member
 * Dr.Naeemuddin - Treasurer

Wings
State-Level
 * Youth Cell
 * Kissan Cell
 * Labour Cell
 * Women's Cell
 * Prabhddh Prakosht
 * Transgender Cell
 * Teacher Cell
 * Doctors Cell
 * Professional Cell
 * Christian Board
 * Ambedkar Vahini

Uttar Pradesh
 * Advocate Hakumat Singh - State President J&K.
 * Shri Mohd Yaqub Danoo- Youth President J&K.
 * Shri Imtiyaz Ahmad Najar - Sr. vice President Prabhari Ladakh.
 * Shri Danish Shah -General Secretary J&K
 * Lucky Ali - General Secretary J&K.
 * Shri Ishfaq Ali - District President Srinagar.
 * Shri Abid Nazir - District President Kargil.

 * Shri Akaram - District President Bijnor.

title: National Loktantrik Party


text:
User talk:Dianahdez

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title: User talk:Dianahdez


text:
Bra & Wessels

B&W (Bra & Wessels) was a chain of Swedish department stores founded in 1977 by a merger of Wessels and Bra. The chain was bought by KF (Kooperativa Förbundet) in 1990 and in 2001 renamed as Coop Forum.

title: Bra & Wessels


text:
EMC E3

The EMC E3 was a 2,000 hp, A1A-A1A passenger train locomotive that was manufactured by Electro-Motive Corporation of La Grange, Illinois. The EMC demonstrator #822 was released from La Grange for test on September 12, 1938. The cab version, or E3A, was manufactured from September 1938 to June 1940, and 17 were produced. The booster version, or E3B, was manufactured in March 1939 and September 1939, and 2 were produced. The 2,000 hp was achieved by putting two 1,000 hp, 12-cylinder, model 567 engines in the engine compartment. Each engine drove its own electrical generator to power the traction motors. The E3 was the fourth model in a long line of passenger diesels of similar design known as EMD E-units.

Compared with passenger locomotives made later by EMD, the noses of the E3, E4, E5, and E6 cab units had pronounced slants when viewed from the side. Therefore, these four models have been nicknamed "slant nose" units. Later E models had the more vertical "bulldog nose" of the F series. E3 demonstrator 822 was built with a nose identical to earlier EA and E1A units, but later locomotives in the series featured an elevated headlamp mounted in a nacelle, distinct from the flush profile mounting of the earlier units. 822 was modified in a similar fashion prior to delivery to the Kansas City Southern Railway.

Engine and powertrain
The E3 introduced a 12-cylinder version of the 567 series Diesel engine, with two being used for a total of 2,000 hp at 800 rpm. Earlier E-units had used two Winton 201A prime movers, but that engine was ill-suited to railroad use and was unreliable. The 567, which was specifically designed for railroad motive power applications, is a mechanically aspirated, two-stroke 45-degree V-type with 567 cuin displacement per cylinder, and remained in production until 1966. Two direct current generators, one per engine, provide power to four traction motors, two on each truck, in an A1A-A1A arrangement. This truck design was used on all E-units and on MP 7100, CB&Q 9908, and Rock Island AB6 power cars. EMC/EMD has built all of its major components since 1939.

Surviving example
The only remaining E3 is ex-Atlantic Coast Line Railroad E3A #501. It was formerly owned by the late Glen Monhart, and operated on excursions in Wisconsin. Today, it is owned by the North Carolina Dept. of Transportation Rail Division, and is on long-term loan to the North Carolina Transportation Museum, in Spencer, North Carolina. It is stored in operating condition, and is run occasionally. In January 2013, NCDOT transferred ownership of the engine to the NC Department of Cultural Resources, Spencer Shops parent organization.

title: EMC E3


text: Category:St. Lawrence County, New York

title: Category:St. Lawrence County, New York


text:
Research Science Institute

The Research Science Institute (RSI) is an international summer research program for high school students. RSI is sponsored by the Center for Excellence in Education (CEE) and hosted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. RSI brings together the top STEM talent from around the world for the opportunity to conduct original scientific research, cost-free, for six weeks during the summer before their final year of high school.

History
The Research Science Institute was founded in 1984 by Admiral H.G. Rickover and Joann P. DiGennaro. It was originally called the "Rickover Science Institute" until the 1986 session, when it was renamed to its current name. The original name is also the source of the nickname of RSI attendees, "Rickoids".

Program
RSI is run by CEE president Joann P. DiGennaro and Executive Vice President Maite P. Ballestero. 100 students from several countries (generally, two-thirds of the students are from the United States and one-third from other countries) are selected to participate in the six-week summer program. More than 1,700 applications are received each year, making RSI one of the most selective summer programs in the United States.

The first week of RSI is composed of tutorials and seminars on contemporary research of interest by esteemed Professors from top universities, many of whom are alumni. The next four weeks are centered on individual research projects through mentors in the Boston area, the majority being at labs at MIT, Harvard and other local universities. The last week is devoted to paper and presentation writing, following by the RSI Final Symposium, and encore presentations, which features the top 10 presentations decided by academic staff at RSI. After that, the top 5 presentations are determined by a panel of industry leaders in research and STEM.

The RSI Distinguished Lecture Series, which continues throughout the program, brings distinguished professors, scientists, and industry leaders in STEM, including a number of Nobel laureates, many of whom are RSI alumni, to speak to RSI students in evening lecture-style format. In recent years, the RSI Distinguished Lecture Series has included Nobel Prize-winning physicist Wolfgang Ketterle, Nobel Prize-winning chemist Dudley Herschbach, Nobel Prize-winning geneticist Phillip Sharp, evolutionary biologist Pardis Sabeti, mathematician and chess master Noam Elkies, Akamai Technologies co-founder and CEO Tom Leighton, and mathematician Michael Sipser. RSI's staff is generally composed primarily, if not entirely, of alumni, with recent Rickoids (RSI alumni, from the Institute's original name) filling in as counselors and TAs and older alumni taking administrative, lecturing, or tutoring positions.

Location
Though it has convened at various locations (including two years, 1990 and 2004, when the program was held concurrently on both coasts of the US, at UC San Diego and The George Washington University in 1989-1991, and Caltech and MIT in 2004), the Institute is most often associated with MIT, where it has been held every summer since 1992, for various reasons including availability of local mentorships (with Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard Medical School all within a few minutes of central campus) and convenience of facilities. The program participants were housed in East Campus through 2003, Simmons Hall from 2004-2013, Fariborz Maseeh Hall from 2014-2017, MacGregor House in 2018, and Baker House in 2019. In 2020 and 2021, however, RSI went fully virtual due to the COVID-19 pandemic. RSI returned to in-person in 2022, and participants were housed in Next House. In 2023, participants were housed again in Baker House.

Similar programs in other countries
In 2006, a new program, RSI-Fudan, (Chinese name: 未来科学家夏令营) was held at Fudan University in Shanghai, China for Chinese students. Thirty-five local students were selected from key high schools to participate in the program and the staff was composed with previous Rickoids and CEE/Fudan affiliates from both the U.S. and China. Five years later, in 2011, another new program, the Saudi Research Science Institute, or SRSI, was founded, and held at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Thuwal, Saudi Arabia. In the first year of SRSI (2011), twenty-five scientifically talented students were selected and attended a six-week session modeled on RSI. The number of students was increased to forty in 2012 and 2013 and to forty-five in 2014. In the summer of 2015, the inaugural RSI Tsinghua was held in Beijing for the very first time. As an official cooperation between the CEE and Tsinghua University, this program held research experiences for 34 outstanding high school students in China. In Sweden, Research Academy for Young Scientists (RAYS) takes place annually for 21 incoming high school seniors who are most qualified in STEM.

In 2009, Center for Excellence in Education started the first chapter in India in the city of Chennai, It was called Research Science Initiative-Chennai. It is an intensive four-week program held at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. This was in collaboration with the PSBB Group of Schools, IIT Madras, Chennai Mathematical Institute, SASTRA University and other leading institutions in the fields of science and technology. This was with the support of all secondary schools in Chennai from where the students were selected. After a pilot program in 2009, it was expanded the following year with Ms. Joann P. DiGennaro presiding over the valediction.

A similar program, Summer Research School in mathematics and informatics, has been running in Bulgaria since 2001. It is intended for high school students with profound interests in mathematics, informatics (computer science) and IT. At first, the program was attended each year by 40 Bulgarian students but now in accepts international students. In 2016 the Summer Research School was attended by 50 students, of whom 9 were international. The program is organized by the High School Student Institute of Mathematics and Informatics.

The Science Research Programme in Singapore was modeled after RSI.

Alumni
Fields Medalist Terence Tao attended RSI in 1989. ActBlue was founded by two 1994 RSI participants, Benjamin Rahn and Matt DeBergalis. Pinterest co-founder Ben Silbermann and American physicist Jeremy England attended RSI in 1998. Broad Institute and MIT neurobiologist, optogenetics pioneer, developer of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method, and "35 Innovators Under 35" laureate Feng Zhang attended RSI in 1999.

As of 2022, 191 finalists, 697 semifinalists, and 12 1st-place winners in the Regeneron Science Talent Search have been RSI alumni. In the Siemens Competition, 243 finalists and semifinalists, and three 1st-place winners have been RSI alumni. As of 2022, 13 Rhodes Scholars and 15 Marshall Scholars have been RSI alumni.

Here is the complete list of "Rickoid of the Year" winners since the award's inception:

title: Research Science Institute


text:
Osteocyte

An osteocyte, an oblate shaped type of bone cell with dendritic processes, is the most commonly found cell in mature bone. It can live as long as the organism itself. The adult human body has about 42 billion of them. Osteocytes do not divide and have an average half life of 25 years. They are derived from osteoprogenitor cells, some of which differentiate into active osteoblasts (which may further differentiate to osteocytes). Osteoblasts/osteocytes develop in mesenchyme.

In mature bones, osteocytes and their processes reside inside spaces called lacunae (Latin for a pit) and canaliculi, respectively. Osteocytes are simply osteoblasts trapped in the matrix that they secrete. They are networked to each other via long cytoplasmic extensions that occupy tiny canals called canaliculi, which are used for exchange of nutrients and waste through gap junctions.

Although osteocytes have reduced synthetic activity and (like osteoblasts) are not capable of mitotic division, they are actively involved in the routine turnover of bony matrix, through various mechanosensory mechanisms. They destroy bone through a rapid, transient (relative to osteoclasts) mechanism called osteocytic osteolysis. Hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate is deposited around the cell.

Structure
Osteocytes have a stellate shape, approximately 7 micrometers deep and wide by 15 micrometers in length. The cell body varies in size from 5–20 micrometers in diameter and contain 40–60 cell processes per cell, with a cell to cell distance between 20–30 micrometers. A mature osteocyte contains a single nucleus that is located toward the vascular side and has one or two nucleoli and a membrane. The cell also exhibits a reduced size endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, and cell processes that radiate largely towards the bone surfaces in circumferential lamellae, or towards a haversian canal and outer cement line typical of osteons in concentric lamellar bone. Osteocytes form an extensive lacunocanalicular network within the mineralized collagen type I matrix, with cell bodies residing within lacunae, and cell/dendritic processes within channels called canaliculi.

Development
The fossil record shows that osteocytes were present in bones of jawless fish 400 to 250 million years ago. Osteocyte size has been shown to covary with genome size; and this relationship has been used in paleogenomic research.

During bone formation, an osteoblast is left behind and buried in the bone matrix as an "osteoid osteocyte", which maintains contact with other osteoblasts through extended cellular processes. The process of osteocytogenesis is largely unknown, but the following molecules have been shown to play a crucial role in the production of healthy osteocytes, either in correct numbers or specific distributions: matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP-1), osteoblast/osteocyte factor 45 (OF45), Klotho, TGF-beta inducible factor (TIEG), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), E11 antigen, and oxygen. 10–20% of osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes. Those osteoblasts on the bone surface that are destined for burial as osteocytes slow down matrix production, and are buried by neighboring osteoblasts that continue to produce matrix actively. Palumbo et al. (1990) distinguish three cell types from osteoblast to mature osteocyte: type I preosteocyte (osteoblastic osteocyte), type II preosteocyte (osteoid osteocyte), and type III preosteocyte (partially surrounded by mineral matrix). The embedded "osteoid-osteocyte" must do two functions simultaneously: regulate mineralization and form connective dendritic processes, which requires cleavage of collagen and other matrix molecules. The transformation from motile osteoblast to entrapped osteocyte takes about three days, and during this time, the cell produces a volume of extracellular matrix three times its own cellular volume, which results in 70% volume reduction in the mature osteocyte cell body compared to the original osteoblast volume. The cell undergoes a dramatic transformation from a polygonal shape to a cell that extends dendrites toward the mineralizing front, followed by dendrites that extend to either the vascular space or bone surface. As the osteoblast transitions to an osteocyte, alkaline phosphatase is reduced, and casein kinase II is elevated, as is osteocalcin.

Osteocytes appear to be enriched in proteins that are resistant to hypoxia, which appears to be due to their embedded location and restricted oxygen supply. Oxygen tension may regulate the differentiation of osteoblasts into osteocytes, and osteocyte hypoxia may play a role in disuse-mediated bone resorption.

Function
Although osteocytes are relatively inert cells, they are capable of molecular synthesis and modification, as well as transmission of signals over long distances, in a way similar to the nervous system. They are the most common cell type in bone (31,900 per cubic millimeter in bovine bone to 93,200 per cubic millimeter in rat bone). Most of the receptor activities that play an important role in bone function are present in the mature osteocyte.

Osteocytes are an important regulator of bone mass. Osteocytes contain glutamate transporters that produce nerve growth factors after bone fracture, evidence of a sensing and information transfer system. When osteocytes were experimentally destroyed, the bones showed a significant increase in bone resorption, decreased bone formation, trabecular bone loss, and loss of response to unloading.

Osteocytes are mechanosensor cells that control the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts within a basic multicellular unit (BMU), a temporary anatomic structure where bone remodeling occurs. Osteocytes generate an inhibitory signal that is passed through their cell processes to osteoblasts for recruitment to enable bone formation.

Osteocytes are also a key endocrine regulator in the metabolism of minerals such as phosphates. Osteocyte-specific proteins such as sclerostin have been shown to function in mineral metabolism, as well as other molecules such as PHEX, DMP-1, MEPE, and FGF-23, which are highly expressed by osteocytes and regulate phosphate and biomineralization. Osteocyte regulation can be linked to disease. For example, Lynda Bonewald determined that osteocytes make FGF23, which travels through the bloodstream to trigger the release of phosphorus by the kidneys. Without enough phosphorus bones and teeth soften, and muscles become weak, as in X-linked hypophosphatemia.

Sclerostin
Osteocytes synthesize sclerostin, a secreted protein that inhibits bone formation by binding to LRP5/LRP6 coreceptors and blunting Wnt signaling. Sclerostin, the product of the SOST gene, is the first mediator of communication between osteocytes, bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts, critical for bone remodeling. Only osteocytes express sclerostin, which acts in a paracrine fashion to inhibit bone formation. Sclerostin is inhibited by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and mechanical loading. Sclerostin antagonizes the activity of BMP (bone morphogenetic protein), a cytokine that induces bone and cartilage formation.

Pathophysiology
Osteonecrosis refers to the classic pattern of cell death and complex osteogenesis and bone resorption processes. Osteocyte necrosis (ON) initiates with hematopoietic and adipocytic cellular necrosis along with interstitial marrow edema. ON happens after about 2 to 3 hours of anoxia; histological signs of osteocytic necrosis do not display until about 24 to 72 hours after hypoxia. ON is first characterized by pyknosis of nuclei, followed by hollow osteocyte lacunae. Capillary revascularization and reactive hyperemia slightly take place at the periphery of the necrosis site, followed by a repair process combining both bone resorption and production that incompletely changes dead with living bone. Nouveau bone overlays onto dead trabeculae along with fragmentary resorption of dead bone. Bone resorption outperforms formation resulting in a net removal of bone, deformed structural integrity of the subchondral trabeculae, joint incongruity, and subchondral fracture.

Clinical significance
Clinically important research of gel based in vitro 3D model for the osteocytic potentiality of human CD34+ stem cells has been described. The results confirm that the human CD34+ stem cells possess unique osteogenic differentiation potential and can be used in the early regeneration of injured bone. Osteocytes die as a consequence of senescence, degeneration/necrosis, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and/or osteoclastic engulfment. The percentage of dead osteocytes in bone increases with age from less than 1% at birth to 75% after age 80. Osteocyte apoptosis is thought to be related to decreased mechanotransduction, which possibly leads to the development of osteoporosis. Apoptotic osteocytes release apoptotic bodies expressing RANKL to recruit osteoclasts.

Mechanical loading increases osteocyte viability in vitro, and contributes to solute transport through the lacuno-canalicular system in bone, which enhances oxygen and nutrient exchange and diffusion to osteocytes. Skeletal unloading has been shown to induce osteocyte hypoxia in vivo, this is when osteocytes undergo apoptosis and recruit osteoclasts to resorb bone. Microdamage in bone occurs as the result of repetitive events of cycling loading, and appears to be associated with osteocyte death by apoptosis, which appear to secrete a signal to target osteoclasts to perform remodeling at a damaged site. Under normal conditions, osteocytes express high amounts of TGF-β and thus repress bone resorption, but when bone grows old, the expression levels of TGF-β decrease, and the expression of osteoclast-stimulatory factors, such as RANKL and M-CSF increases, bone resorption is then enhanced, leading to net bone loss.

Mechanical stimulation of osteocytes results in opening of hemichannels to release PGE2 and ATP, among other biochemical signaling molecules, which play a crucial role in maintaining the balance between bone formation and resorption. Osteocyte cell death can occur in association with pathologic conditions such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, which leads to increased skeletal fragility, linked to the loss of ability to sense microdamage and/or signal repair. Oxygen deprivation that occurs as the result of immobilization (bed rest), glucocorticoid treatment, and withdrawal of oxygen have all been shown to promote osteocyte apoptosis. It is now recognized that osteocytes respond in a variety of ways to the presence of implant biomaterials.

title: Osteocyte


text:
Why England Slept

Why England Slept (1940) is the published version of a thesis written by John F. Kennedy in his senior year at Harvard College. Its title is an allusion to Winston Churchill's 1938 book While England Slept, which also examined the buildup of German power. Kennedy's book examines the failures of the British government to take steps to prevent World War II and its initial lack of response to Adolf Hitler's threats of war.

Rather than castigating the popular appeasement policy that the British government then pursued, it is notable for taking the uncommon stance that if Great Britain had confronted Nazi Germany earlier it would have been far more disastrous for her than the delay caused by the appeasement policies of Chamberlain and other British leaders.

Publication
The book was originally intended to be no more than a college thesis. It was rated magna cum laude by Professor Henry A. Yeomans and cum laude plus by Professor Carl J. Friedrich. However, Kennedy's father, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., keen to elevate his son's reputation, encouraged Kennedy to convert the thesis into book form and publish it. He then enlisted the highly influential publishing magnate Henry Luce to write the foreword, and his friend Arthur Krock, former bureau chief of The New York Times, to assist in redrafting the thesis, which had originally been titled "Appeasement At Munich."

The historian Garry Wills claimed that the assistance amounted to rewriting and retitling the manuscript and finding an agent for its publication. As United States ambassador to the United Kingdom, Kennedy Sr. supported British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement during the late 1930s. His stance furthering appeasement would eventually cause Kennedy Sr.'s removal as English ambassador, and prove disastrous for his future political aspirations. By contrast, John F. Kennedy broke with his father's support for appeasement, and was moved when he witnessed firsthand the Luftwaffe's bombings of Britain.

Reception
After it was published in 1940, the book sold 80,000 copies in the United Kingdom and the United States and collected $40,000 in royalties for Kennedy. Income from the British sales were donated to Plymouth, a British city that had recently been bombed by the Luftwaffe. Kennedy bought a Buick convertible with the income from the book's North American sales.

Analysis
The book addressed Kennedy's belief in the need for objective and detached calculation in foreign policy decisions. Kennedy historian and foreign relations professor Fredrik Logevall believed the book demonstrates JFK's "commitment to an unsentimental realism in international affairs". Kennedy is telling future policy makers that "foreign threats cannot be dealt with by ignoring them or wishing them away... they must be confronted by clearheaded and informed calculation".

title: Why England Slept


text:
West Adams, Los Angeles

West Adams is a neighborhood in the South Los Angeles region of Los Angeles, California. The area is known for its large number of historic buildings, structures and notable houses and mansions. It contains several Historic Preservation Overlay Zones as well as designated historic districts.

History
West Adams is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city of Los Angeles, with most of its buildings erected between 1880 and 1925, including the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library. West Adams was developed by railroad magnate Henry E. Huntington and wealthy industrialist Hulett C. Merritt of Pasadena. It was once the wealthiest district in the city, with its Victorian mansions and sturdy Craftsman bungalows, and a home to Downtown businessmen, as well as professors and academicians at the nearby University of Southern California.

1880s - 1890s
In 1887, the Los Angeles Herald announced that the forthcoming St. James Park neighborhood would have a stone entrance to "rival the Arc de Triomphe" and would be eventually be surrounded by "the most costly residences yet erected on this coast". Named by George King and his wife, the couple donated the parkland to the city in commemoration of their many trips to London. The gated community of Chester Place was developed in 1889 On October 24, 1901, Edward L. Doheny purchased number 8 Chester Place for $120,000 cash.

In 1890, "St. Margaret's School for Girls" moved from Pasadena to the city of Los Angeles. On October 1, 1890, the school opened at the corner of 23rd and Scarff Streets. Occupying the empty Marlborough Hotel, the school adopted the name of its new location and was renamed the "Marlborough School for Girls". It remained in West Adams for 26 years before relocating to Hancock Park in 1916.

1900s - 1910s
In 1906, residents of the "exclusive West Adams" section experienced a water shortage because the new pipe from the Ivanhoe reservoir was not completed on time. The new reservoir would hold nearly "a billion gallons" of water. In September of that year, a Los Angeles Times reporter wrote: "The growing popularity of apartment houses is causing them to encroach on grounds heretofore exclusively reserved for high-class residences". He was reporting on "one of the handsomest apartment-houses in the city", which was designed by Thornton Fitzhue and was to be built on the southern side of St. James Park. . Landowner John R. Powers completed another apartment building in St. James Place in 1909, with an entrance also on Scarff Street. Designed by George W. Wryman, it was divided into four apartments of seven rooms each; the venture represented an investment of $35,000.

In 1913, the Times announced that the Monarch Hotel was to be built in the "fashionable residence district" of West Adams. By 1916, the Los Angeles Times stated that the area was "already known for its private parks and handsome homes". At that time, improvements to the boulevard were being spearheaded by five prominent residents including Isidore B. Dockweiler, William May Garland and Edward L. Doheny. After convincing thirty-five other residents to help with funding, the old street paving between Figueroa and Hoover streets was replaced with asphalt surface. Adams Boulevard was now 65 feet wide and in the middle were a series of islands planted with flowers, shrubs and mature palms. Six-cluster electroliers were installed on both sides of Adams Street, which were exact duplicates of those that lined Lake Shore Drive in Chicago. Adams Boulevard was now a "magnificent concourse" and "one of the most popular drives in Los Angeles".

1920s - 1930s
In 1921, the Automobile Club announced that it would build a new headquarters at Figueroa and Adams. Architects Sumner Hunt and S.R. Burns designed a building of "attractive Spanish design" that would be a "distinctive structure for the West Adams district".

In 1925, silent screen star Ramon Novarro purchased a home in "the exclusive West Adams district" for $12,000 and spent an additional $100,000 on renovations.

In 1927, during the prohibition era, the Times reported that the vice squad raided a "luxurious fourteen rooom mansion in the exclusive West Adams district". The mansion, located at 2234 Adams Street, contained "the most extensive and elaborate moonshine production plant" they had seen in many months.

In 1931, during the Great Depression, the recently organized "West Adams Relief Committee" provided work for twenty men for ninety days. Married men with families who lived in the district would and were registered voters would be paid $2 a day.

Though West Adams had previously been described as "fashionable" and "exclusive", in 1937 the Times wrote: "St James Place, Chester Place, Scarff Street - those place-names mean little to present day Angelinos. Yet they spell an aristocratic Los Angeles of the past, and to a good extent, the present. They are of the wealthy Los Angeles of a past generation, and a visitor to the neighborhood will find evidence of its elegance, if somewhat frayed and faded in spots."

1940s - 1950s
African-Americans began to move in around this time. Notable residents included Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company president Norman O. Houston, actress Hattie McDaniel, civil rights activists John and Vada Sommerville, actress Louise Beavers, band leader Johnny Otis, performers Pearl Bailey and Ethel Waters.

In December 1945, some of the white residents filed a lawsuit against 31 Black residents—including Hattie McDaniel. McDaniel held workshops to strategize for the case and gathered around 250 sympathizers to accompany her to court. Judge Thurmond Clarke left the courtroom to see the disputed neighborhood and threw out the case the following day. He said, "It is time that members of the Negro race are accorded, without reservations or evasions, the full rights guaranteed them under the 14th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Judges have been avoiding the real issue too long." McDaniel’s case would go on to set a precedent that later impacted the 1948 Shelley v. Kramer Supreme Court Ruling which in summary states that “holding that state courts may not enforce racially restrictive covenants.”

In 1949, the headquarters building of the Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company opened. The building is a late-period Moderne structure designed by architect Paul Williams. It was once described "…as the finest building to be erected and owned by" African-Americans in the nation"

1960s - 1970s
Starting in 1961, construction of the ten-lane Santa Monica Freeway (Interstate 10) tore through West Adams' core, with the freeway routed east to west just north of Adams Boulevard. Its construction resulted in the taking by eminent domain, and demolition, of numerous West Adams homes, including a number of mansions owned by African Americans. The construction resulted in substantial displacement of West Adams residents, including the relocation of much of the area's affluent Black families. As the Los Angeles Sentinel reported:"The road could have been built without cutting through the so-called Sugar Hill section. However, in order to miss Sugar Hill, it was 'said' that the route would have to cut through fraternity and sorority row area around USC. Sorority and fraternity row still stands and Sugar Hill doesn't, so you know who won out!"As in many other American cities during the heyday of Interstate Highway Act construction, interstate highway rights of way were disproportionately routed through predominantly African American communities, causing substantial displacement of residents and steep declines in neighborhood viability.

In 1971, Los Angeles Metropolitan Medical Center opened as the city’s first black-owned hospital. According to the LA Weekly, "In the 1970s and '80s it was a thriving, vital part of the West Adams community."

1980s - present day
In 2000, the Alpha Gamma Omega sorority house, a Craftsman structure built in 1911 and located in the West Adams district, received a Preserve L.A. grant from the Getty Trust.

In 2004, homes were demolished and lots were cleared in the West Adams district for what was then referred to as "Central High School No. 2". The Times reported that "a century-old neighborhood of houses and businesses" were demolished to make room for a new $130 million 15-acre high school. West Adams Preparatory High School opened in the fall semester of 2007 with a final budget of $176 million.

In 2007, the city approved the "West Adams Streetscape Enhancement Program" proposed by LANI (Los Angeles Neighborhood Initiative). Improvements included the installation of four "gateway markers" at the corners of Adams Boulevard and Western Avenue and Adams Boulevard and Vermont Avenue. Additionally, 58 magnolia trees were planted along Adams Boulevard between Western and Vermont Avenues, along with additional trees clustered near the gateway markers.

In 2011, the Times reported on neighbors pushing back against crime and wrote: "The neighborhood around them at Western Avenue and Adams Boulevard might be blighted, but they are not about to cede to urban ills their graceful streets of century-old bungalows, well-tended lawns and curbside jacarandas and towering palms."

In 2016, then-rep.(D-Los Angeles) and now mayor Karen Bass, said "I tour people through the area all the time and they are surprised when they see beautiful homes, because it's not the perception of the neighborhood." That same year, an empty West Adams Hospital was transformed into a temporary art gallery.

The City of Los Angeles

Beginning in 2000, the Eighth District Empowerment Congress began working on the "Naming Neighborhoods Project" to identify and name the communities with the neighborhood council area. Through research, a meeting with an urban historian, and numerous community meetings, sixteen neighborhoods, including the neighborhood of West Adams, were submitted to City Council in October 2001 and approved in February 2002.

At that time, the city was directed to install "West Adams" neighborhood signs on Vermont, Western and Adams Boulevards

West Adams is bounded by Western Avenue on the west, Vermont Avenue on the east, Jefferson Boulevard on the south and the Santa Monica Freeway on the north. Additionally, the area is marked with large concrete "gateway markers" at Western and Adams and Vermont and Adams.

Los Angeles Times and other sources
According to the Los Angeles Times, West Adams is bounded by Figueroa Street on the east, West Boulevard on the west, Pico Boulevard on the north and Jefferson Boulevard on the south. (Previously, the Times defined West Adams with a slightly smaller boundary: Vermont Avenue on the east, Crenshaw Boulevard on the west, Venice Boulevard on the north, and Jefferson Boulevard on the south.)

The book Images of America - West Adams by Don Lynch, Suzanne Tarbell Cooper, and John Kurtz states that West Adams stretches "roughly from Figueroa Street on the east to West Boulevard on the west, and from Pico Boulevard on the north to Jefferson Boulevard on the south."

Historic districts
More than 70 sites in West Adams have received recognition as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument, a California Historical Landmark, or listing on the National Register of Historic Places. In recognition of their outstanding architectural heritage, there are several Historic Preservation Overlay Zones within West Adams, including:

(listed in alphabetical order)

 * Harvard Heights
 * Lafayette Square
 * Jefferson Park
 * Menlo Avenue-West Twenty-ninth Street Historic District
 * North University Park Historic District
 * Twentieth Street Historic District
 * Van Buren Place Historic District
 * Western Heights
 * West Adams Terrace

Tracts and neighborhoods
West Adams is home to one of the largest collections of historic houses and small mansions west of the Mississippi River and contains many diverse architectural styles including: Queen Anne, Shingle, Gothic Revival, Transitional Arts and Crafts, American Craftsman/Ultimate Bungalow, Craftsman Bungalow, Colonial Revival, Renaissance Revival, Mediterranean Revival, Spanish Colonial Revival, Mission Revival, Egyptian Revival, Beaux-Arts and Neoclassical styles. West Adams boasts the only existing Greene and Greene house left in the city of Los Angeles.

Kinney Heights
Kinney Heights was developed around 1900 by developer Abbot Kinney, for whom it is named. It was a suburban tract of large wealthy Craftsman style houses at what was then the western edge of Los Angeles. The houses featured amenities like "beveled-glass china cabinets, marble fireplaces and mahogany floors". It was accessible to downtown via streetcar and attracted upper-class families.

Twentieth Street Historic District
The Twentieth Street Historic District consists of a row of bungalows and Craftsman-style houses in the 900 block on the south side of 20th Street.

Charles Victor Hall tract
The West Adams Neighborhood Association covers the historic Charles Victor Hall tract, dating to 1894, bounded by Western Avenue on the west, Adams Boulevard on the north, Normandie Avenue to the east, and south to Jefferson Boulevard.

Demographics
In 1985, West Adams was a predominantly "Black middle-class area with growing Latino and Korean segments, plus a mix of Hungarians, Poles, Japanese, USC students and an increasing young professional and gay population."

In 2007, it was noted that African-American gays were "eschewing the overpriced and completely gentrified territory of West Hollywood" and were instead moving to West Adams.

In 2014, the Times stated that "after a recent wave of Latino immigration", young professionals were purchasing homes in the neighborhoods west of USC, including the "stately Victorian and Craftsman mansions of West Adams" and the "smaller Craftsman bungalows" of Jefferson Park.

According to Mapping L.A., Mexican (29.2%) and Salvadoran (5.7%) were the most common ancestries in 2000. Mexico (37.4%) and El Salvador (25.1%) were the most common foreign places of birth.

Education
The schools within the West Adams neighborhood include:
 * 32nd Street / USC Performing Arts Magnet, LAUSD, 822 W. 32nd St.
 * John W. Mack Elementary School, LAUSD, 3020 S. Catalina St.
 * Norwood Street Elementary, LAUSD, 2020 Oak St.
 * Vermont Avenue Elementary School, LAUSD, 1435 W. 27th St.
 * Camino Nuevo Elementary No. 3, Charter, 1723 Cordova St.
 * West Adams Preparatory High School, LAUSD, 1500 W. Washington Blvd.

Recreation and parks

 * Loren Miller Recreation Center, 2717 Halldale Avenue
 * Richardson Family Park, 2700 S. Budlong Avenue

Transportation
The Metro E Line from Downtown Los Angeles to Santa Monica include stations in West Adams: Vermont/Expo and Expo/Western.

Fire department
West Adams has one fire station in the neighborhood. The Los Angeles Fire Department operates Station 26, located at 2009 S. Western Avenue.

Police department
Police services in West Adams are provided by the Los Angeles Police Department's Southwest Division.

Neighborhood councils
The West Adams district is served by multiple neighborhood councils.

 * United Neighborhoods of the historic Arlington Heights, West Adams, and Jefferson Park Community Neighborhood Council (West Adams, Arlington Heights, Jefferson Park)
 * Empowerment Congress North Area Neighborhood Development Council (West Adams area)
 * Mid-City Neighborhood Council (Lafayette Square, Victoria Park and Wellington Square)

Notable places

 * Forthmann House – 1102 W. 28th Street. Designated Historic-Cultural Monument 103 on October 4, 1972.
 * Frederick Hastings Rindge House - 2263 Harvard Boulevard. Designated Historic-Cultural Monument 95 on February 23, 1972.
 * John B. Kane Residence - 2122 Bonsallo Avenue. Designated Historic-Cultural Monument 500 on June 12, 1990.
 * Ray Charles Offices and Memorial Library - 2107 Washington Boulevard. Designated Historic-Cultural Monument 776 on January 21, 2004.

Notable people
(in alphabetical order)
 * Ray Charles, singer
 * Busby Berkley, choreographer
 * Louise Beavers, actress
 * Pearl Bailey, actress
 * Ben Carter, actor
 * Clementina D. Griffin, school principal, aviator
 * Lionel Hampton, musician
 * Leila Holterhoff, singer, linguist, psychoanalyst
 * Norman O. Houston, president of Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company
 * Little Richard, singer
 * Joe Louis, boxer
 * Hattie McDaniel, actress, the first African-American to win an Academy Award.
 * Tim Moore, vaudeville comedian; star of CBS-TV's situation comedy, Amos 'n' Andy.
 * Ramon Novarro, silent screen star
 * Ivy Pochoda, author
 * Ethel Waters, actress

In media

 * Visiting... with Huell Howser Episode 110.

In literature

 * These Women by Ivy Pochoda

title: West Adams, Los Angeles


text:
Ali Nasir Muhammad

Ali Nasir Muhammad Al-Husani (علي ناصر محمد الحسني; born 31 December 1939, in Mudiyah, Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen) is a former leader of South Yemen who served as General Secretary of the Yemeni Socialist Party between 1980 and 1986. He was twice president of South Yemen and once the Prime Minister. He served as the Prime Minister from 2 August 1971 until 14 February 1985 and as Chairman of the Presidential Council from 26 June 1978, after the ouster and execution of Salim Rubai Ali, until 27 December 1978.

In April 1980, South Yemeni president Abdul Fattah Ismail resigned, officially for health reasons, and moved to Moscow. His successor was Ali Nasir Muhammad, who was generally seen as a more pragmatic and moderate leader than his predecessor. Mohammad was less committed to Marxist-Leninist ideology than Ismail and relaxed various socialist policies in the PDRY. His rule was also marked by his moderate approach towards foreign affairs, as evidenced by his less interventionist stance towards both North Yemen and neighbouring Oman and attempts to improve relations with the West. On January 13, 1986, a violent struggle began in Aden between Ali Nasir's supporters and supporters of the returned Ismail, the South Yemen Civil War. Fighting lasted for more than a month and resulted in thousands of casualties, Ali Nasir's ouster, and Ismail's death. Ali Nasir's term had lasted from 21 April 1980 to 24 January 1986. Some 60,000 people, including the deposed Ali Nasir, fled to North Yemen. He was succeeded by Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas. Ali Nasir was a member of the National Front, ar. الجبهة القومية (NF) as well as the Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP - الحزب الاشتراكي اليمني) after the YSP was formed from the UPONF in October 1978. During the 1994 Civil War in Yemen, he pushed his supporters to operate alongside the forces of Sana'a government and against the recently re-established Democratic Republic of Yemen, seeking revenge for his ouster. The southern secession was repressed in July 1994 after the surrender of Aden and Mukalla strongholds.

The former president became an opposition figure in the 2011 Yemeni uprising, being named to a 17-member transitional council intended by some anti-government factions to govern Yemen during a prospective transition from the authoritarian regime led by President Ali Abdullah Saleh to a plural democracy. This council was opposed by the Joint Meeting Parties, the main opposition coalition, which also supported Saleh's removal from power and a transition to democracy.

In February 2015, there were media reports that Muhammad was being considered as a prospective interim leader of a "presidential council" after the collapse of the government.

Notable people

 * Hassan Al-Salami, Minister of Education (1982–1986)

title: Ali Nasir Muhammad


text:
User:Danny/Gangnihessou

Gangnihessou!! What a beautiful name. My goal is now to have this article translated into every language. I need your help.

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title: User:Danny/Gangnihessou


text: Category:Lindsay Lohan albums

title: Category:Lindsay Lohan albums


text:
Speak (Lindsay Lohan album)

Speak is the debut studio album by American actress and singer-songwriter Lindsay Lohan, released on December 7, 2004, by Casablanca Records.

Speak was the first high-seller from Casablanca in several years, selling one million copies in the United States. Speak received mixed reviews from music critics, with the most sympathetic critics commenting that Lohan "isn't a bad singer, but not an extraordinary singer either." In the United States, Speak peaked at number four on the Billboard 200 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In Germany, Speak debuted at number 53 and took four weeks to complete its chart run.

The first two singles from Speak, "Rumors" and "Over", were both successes, with "Over" topping Billboard's Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart where it stayed for three weeks. It also did well internationally in countries such as Australia, Ireland and the United Kingdom. "Rumors" peaked at number six on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart and also did well in Australia and Germany, where it reached number 14. The accompanying music video for "Rumors" was nominated for "Best Pop Video" at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards. Both songs received heavy airplay on MTV's Total Request Live. The third and final single, "First", was released to promote the 2005 film Herbie: Fully Loaded. "First" earned small success in Australia and Germany. Lohan promoted the album by performing the singles in a number of live appearances. Plans for a tour in Taiwan were planned, but were later scrapped.

Background
Lohan planned on releasing an album in the summer of 2001, according to her official website, llrocks.com. No album was released in 2001, but Lohan had begun recording demo tracks with Emilio Estefan Jr. He and his wife, Gloria, signed Lohan a five-album production deal in September 2002. "I am extremely excited to be working with Emilio. I am surrounded by a group of very talented people whom have made me feel like part of their family", Lohan said to the press. Also in September, Lohan landed the role as the daughter in Disney's 2003 remake of Freaky Friday, which required her to learn how to play the guitar and to sing. Lohan recorded a song for the soundtrack, "Ultimate", which was released to Radio Disney to help promote the film. It peaked at number 18 on Radio Disney's Top 30. Lohan announced that the song was separate from her singing career, since many teen idols such as Hilary Duff and Raven-Symoné were expanding their careers from acting to singing.

In 2003, Lohan recorded four songs including a Radio Disney hit, "Drama Queen (That Girl)", that were released for the soundtrack to the 2004 film Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen. Lohan began writing the tracks on her album in April 2004. "I write a lot of lyrics and I'm involved in the producing process, because it's like, if I'm singing it, I want it to be something that I can relate to", Lohan said. "I'm just trying to feel it out and see where it goes. I'm playing guitar and I also love to dance, so [the music will be] somewhere along the lines of hip-hop and rock." She had begun working with Diane Warren and Randy Jackson, who were going to help write and produce her album. Warren wrote the song "I Decide" for Lohan, which was originally going to be on her album. When Lohan decided not to collaborate with Warren and Jackson, "I Decide" was instead released on the soundtrack to the 2004 film The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement and on Radio Disney.

By 2004, Lohan's deal with Emilio Estefan Jr. had been cancelled and Lohan began looking for producers for her album. When asked by MTV about what label she would be working with, Lohan said, "I met with Jive, Universal and I spoke to someone at Bad Boy the other day, which would be kind of cool, but we'll see what happens." In the summer, Lohan revealed that she had signed a deal with Casablanca Records, whose parent company is Universal Music Group. Kara DioGuardi and John Shanks both wrote and produced ten of the tracks, six with Lohan. Cory Rooney produced her first single, "Rumors," with Taryll and T. J. Jackson, sons of Tito Jackson.

Recording
Production on the album and the film were halted on October 21, 2004, when Lohan was rushed to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, reportedly for exhaustion and a high fever of 103 degrees. Lohan ended up having a kidney infection and was also in the middle of a family crisis when her father Michael was arrested earlier that year. After staying in the hospital for six days, Lohan was released and returned to set to finish filming the film and recording her album. "I was over-scheduling myself", Lohan said in her appearance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, "It's important to say no." Her album's original release date was in November, but was pushed back to December 7 to let Lohan finish recording her album after her hospital stay.

According to Rodney Jerkins, Lohan recorded a track written by him titled "Extraordinary." The song, which is a rock song, never made it to the final cut of the album. "We're just waiting to get into the studio and cut it. I know her schedule is crazy hectic as well as mine. So we're going to find that day where we can get it and cut it, probably out here in L.A. or whatever. It should be fun, because she's got this whole thing about, you know, this little bad-girl image that everyone's trying to put on her, you know what I mean? Basically, the record that we did is basically saying, you know, 'I'm not ordinary. Bottom line, I'm different.'"

Composition
Speak features different styles of music such as pop rock, dance-pop, arena rock and soft rock ballads. "I wanted to have a mixture like that because I love those kinds of club tracks that you can listen to before you go out at night with all your friends. And I also wanted stuff that was a little bit more rock that you could get into if you were like angry or depressed or sad or that. I wanted to be able to touch upon all those feelings and I wanted to speak about all different things, too, which is why I titled the album Speak", Lohan said in an interview with IGN. The lead single, "Rumors", has been called a "bass-heavy, angry club anthem" by Rolling Stone.

In the opening tracks on the album, Lohan sings about her relationship with her boyfriend, possibly Valderrama. The Madonna-esque title track is about communicating with her boyfriend, while "Magnet" states that she keeps coming back for more from him. IGN said that "Over", the second single, "begins like a Cure track, complete with mournful acoustic guitar and haunting piano-tuned synth."

Critical reception
Speak received mixed reviews from music critics. CD Universe said "'Speak' proves that Lohan has the mettle and talent necessary to compete with other young pop superstars." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic was very critical of the album, saying it "was recorded quickly and rushed into the stores" such that "the whole thing is a slick, ugly nadir of 2000s pop culture." He called her music "a blend of old-fashioned, Britney-styled dance-pop and the anthemic, arena rock sound pioneered by fellow tween stars Hilary Duff and Ashlee Simpson. [However,] Lohan stands apart from the pack with her party-ready attitude and her husky voice."

IGN gave the album a mixed review, stating, "As with her contemporaries—Britney, Christina, Ashlee, Avril, Hilary—it remains to be seen if she will transcend the generic pop princess model and grow into a mature, insightful artist. For now, Speak offers up sugar coated, prefab pop that is easily digested, but just as easily forgotten." Entertainment Weekly also gave the album a C, stating "The Mean Girls star's debut album has some guilty pleasures: "Rumors" dramatically slams the very stalkerazzi who made her a household name, while the tween-slumber-party-friendly "Over" is perfect for singing into your curling iron in front of the mirror. But somewhere, Avril Lavigne — whose influence is clearly at work here — is rolling her eyes." People music critic Chuck Arnold gave the album a "promising" review, stating that the album is a "competent collection of teen pop."

Commercial performance
Speak debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart with first week sales of over 261,000 copies and also marks Lohan’s highest weekly sales. It was certified platinum by the RIAA and has sold over 1,100,000 copies in the United States.

Promotion
To promote Speak, Lohan did several performances in the United States. Lohan appeared on Sessions@AOL on December 2, where she performed "Rumors", "Over" and "Speak". Her first televised appearance was on Good Morning America on December 6, as a part of the Women Rule Concert Series. While she sang "Over" with no problems, her mouth did not move for a second during the performance of "Rumors". Lohan denied that she was lip synching, claiming that there was a backing track because she had fallen ill recently and that the song had to be enhanced from an electric-pop song to an acoustic version. Kim Jakwerth, of Casablanca Records, supported this statement by saying, "She did not lip-synch. Lindsay sang 100 percent live. Her band played 100 percent live. The background singers were 100 percent live. Yes, on the first song there were background tracks, which were not on the second song." To further promote the album, Lohan also made appearances on TEENick on December 3, MTV's TRL on the day of the album's release, Live with Regis and Kelly on December 9, the Z100 Jingle Ball on December 10, and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on December 13.

On December 14, Lohan performed "Over" and "Speak" at Yahoo's Live@Launch, where she also shared an interview. Her second televised appearance was on The Ellen Show on December 16, where she performed "Over". Her third and final televised appearance in promotion for the album was on December 31, where she performed "Rumors" on MTV's Iced Out New Year's Eve 2005. On May 14, 2005, Lohan performed at KIIS-FM's Wango Tango. She performed "First" and "Speak", and shared the bill with other popular performers such as Kelly Clarkson, The Black Eyed Peas and Gwen Stefani. In between songs, Lohan mentioned that this was a rare live performance. In an interview, Lohan mentioned the possibility of touring in Japan: "I start shooting my next movie Lady Luck which will come out 2005 as well probably just a little bit later. Then hopefully more singles to come. I'll be recording another album by then. Maybe touring in Japan and everywhere. That'll be nice." While she didn't tour in Japan, Lohan was scheduled to tour in Taiwan after learning that her album had been certified Gold. "I would love to (tour Taiwan). I haven't toured at all at this point, but I would really love to do that. It's a great feeling to know that people in other places and other countries are aware of my music and what I do", Lohan told to reporters.

Singles
"Rumors" was released as the album's lead single on September 21, 2004. It peaked at number six on Billboard ' s Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. Its accompanying music video received heavy airplay on MTV's TRL. "Rumors" was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) due to strong digital downloads. The song was nominated for "Best Pop Video" at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards. "Over" was released as the second single on December 14, 2004. It spent three weeks at number one on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, but was less successful than "Rumors". "Over" was the first and only single that was released in the United Kingdom. Its music video was also played substantially on TRL, before having to be retired. Both received substantial radio airplay.

The album's title track, "Speak", was supposed to be released as the third single. Lohan even promoted the song by playing it at Sessions@AOL. Francis Lawrence was supposed to direct the music video. "First" was released instead on May 10, 2005. It was also the first single released from the Herbie: Fully Loaded soundtrack. "First" became a hit in Latin America and parts of Europe, but was unsuccessful on US charts.

Track listing
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes

Notes
 * undefined signifies a co-producer

Credits and personnel

 * Dave Audé – engineer
 * Chris Avedon – engineer
 * Lauren Bialek – production coordination
 * Charlie Bisharat – violin, concertmaster
 * Sandy Brummels – creative director
 * Denyse Buffam – viola
 * David Campbell – string arrangements
 * Roberto Cani – violin
 * Andreas Carlson – guitar, backing vocals, producer, engineer
 * Vinnie Colaiuta – drums
 * Larry Corbett – cello
 * Mario Diaz de Leon – violin
 * Kara DioGuardi – backing vocals, producer
 * Peter Wade Keusch – mixing, co-producer, engineer
 * Kalle Engstrom – bass, keyboards, programming, producer, engineer
 * David Eriksen – drums, backing vocals, producer, engineer, keyboard programming
 * Charlie Falk – guitar
 * Lars Fox – engineer
 * Armen Garabedian – violin
 * Berj Garabedian – violin
 * Lior Goldenberg – mixing
 * Alan Grunfeld – violin
 * Jimmy Harry – producer
 * George Holz – photography
 * Ted Jensen – mastering
 * Suzie Katayama – cello
 * Peter Kent – violin
 * Jason Lader – keyboard programming
 * Lindsay Lohan – lead vocals
 * Kristian Lundin – keyboards, programming, producer, engineer
 * Darrin McCann – viola
 * Tommy Mottola – executive producer
 * Jamie Muhoberac – keyboards
 * Pablo Munguia – engineer
 * Anna Nordell – backing vocals
 * Börge Petersen Överlei – guitar
 * Shelly Peiken – backing vocals
 * Herb Powers – mastering
 * Bill Richards – product manager
 * Matthew Rolston – photography
 * Cory Rooney – keyboards, backing vocals, producer
 * Jeff Rothschild – drums, programming, engineer, mixing
 * John Shanks – guitar, drums, bass, keyboards, producer, mixing
 * Martin Sjolie – engineer, assistant producer
 * Harry "Slick" Sommerdahl – bass, drums, keyboards, engineer
 * Joe Spix – hand lettering
 * Sarah Thornblade – violin
 * Mark Valentine – engineer
 * Dave Way – mixing
 * Christopher J. Wormer – guitar

title: Speak (Lindsay Lohan album)


text:
Protasis

In drama, a protasis is the introductory part of a play, usually its first act. The term was coined by the fourth-century Roman grammarian Aelius Donatus. He defined a play as being made up of three separate parts, the other two being epitasis and catastrophe. In modern dramatic theory the term dramatic arc has substantially the same meaning, though with slightly different divisions.

title: Protasis


text:
Talk:Speak (Lindsay Lohan album)

personnel
i removed the personnel info simply b/c it was way too much. if someone disagrees, feel free to put it back. Gflores Talk 05:11, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Merging from the single articles
To quote user:FuriousFreddy: if a song article is nothing but a recounting of how the song was made, and how well it did, without explaining that it was, in some way, important and influential to the music industry, there's really no reason for it. Just write good album articles, and selected articles on the important singles and album tracks, and let's keep the encyclopedia balanced. Encyclopedias aren't supposed to be "complete"; they are supposed to provide overviews and guide users to further information on a subject if they want to go beyond the standard level. Something like a Lindsay Lohan fan wiki would be a fine place to have an article on every Lohan song, but a general-purpose encyclopedia is not. See Requests for comment/Pop music issues and Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Music/Notability and Music Guidelines/Songs. Why write dozens of short articles on singles, with no chances of actual expansion short of padding and marketing-report material (chart positions), when they can be combined into one album article? Extraordinary Machine 00:03, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Indonesia Chart?
I deleted the information about how the 3 singles did on Indonesia chart, because there's no cd-single sold in Indonesia, and Indonesia don't have any official chart like Billboard Chart in the US or Oricon Chart in Japan. There's gotta be someone who want to make everybody believe that cd-singles are sold in Indonesia...What a dumb person..

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