text:
Holloman Air Force Base

Holloman Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base established in 1942 located six miles (10 km) southwest of the central business district of Alamogordo, which is the county seat of Otero County, New Mexico, United States. The base was named in honor of Col. George V. Holloman, a pioneer in guided missile research. It is the home of the 49th Wing (49 WG) of the Air Education and Training Command (AETC).

In addition to hosting several combat wings, Holloman supports the nearby White Sands Missile Range and currently hosts the Royal Air Force RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System) Formal Training Unit (FTU) and the Italian Air Force RPA training courses. The base previously hosted the German Air Force Flying Training Center.

History
Planned for the British Overseas Training program which was not pursued, construction for the USAAF base 6 mi west of Alamogordo, New Mexico, began on 6 February 1942. After the nearby Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range was established by Executive Order No. 9029 (range designation on 14 May), the neighboring military installation was designated Alamogordo Field Training Station (27 May) and Alamogordo Army Air Base (operated by the 359th Base Headquarters beginning on 10 June 1942).

Alamogordo Army Air Field

Alamogordo Army Air Field (Alamogordo AAFld, Alamogordo AAF) was named on 21 November as a Second Air Force installation equipped with aprons, runways, taxiways and hangars. From 1942 to 1945 the AAF had more than 20 different groups for overseas training, initially flying Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses then Consolidated B-24 Liberators. Training began in 1943 and in addition to the range, a detached installation operated by the base was the Alamogordo Gasoline Storage and Pumping Station Annex.

In 1944 the "base operating unit" changed to the 231st Army Air Force Base Unit (25 March) and 4145 AAFBU (24 August), and on 16 April 1945 Alamogordo AAF was relieved of its training mission and assigned to Continental Air Forces to become a permanent B-29 base. Instead, by 30 January 1946, the base was planned to "be manned by a skeleton crew merely as a plane refuelling station, [for] emergency landings, etc.", and it was temporarily inactivated on 28 February 1946. Post-war the AAF was used to support the Alamogordo Guided Missile Test Base which had its first Boeing Ground-to-Air Pilotless Aircraft launch on 14 November 1947.

With the September 1947 formation of the USAF, in late 1947 the Holloman range and the White Sands Proving Ground merged to become the New Mexico Joint Guided Missile Test Range (later renamed White Sands Missile Range), and the renamed Holloman Air Force Base (13 January 1948) supported WSMR launch complexes (Launch Complex 33, etc.) firing of Tiny Tim (the first Army rocket), Rascal, V-2 rocket, Ryan XQ-2 Drone, Falcon, MGM-13 Mace, MGM-1 Matador, and AGM-45 Shrike. The 2754th Experimental Wing was activated on 20 September 1949 to oversee all research and development projects.

Holloman Air Development Center

The Holloman Air Development Center became the base operating unit on 10 October 1952, and the 3500 ft rocket-powered sled was first run on 19 March 1954. On 10 December 1954, Lt Colonel (Dr.) John P. Stapp rode a Holloman rocket propelled test sled, Sonic Wind No. 1, to a speed of 632 mph. The center was renamed the Air Force Missile Development Center on 1 September 1957 and inactivated on 1 August 1970.

Additionally, Captain Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., stepped out of an open balloon gondola at 102,800 ft on 16 August 1960, in an attempt to evaluate techniques of high altitude bailout. Capt Kittinger's jump lasted 13 minutes, reaching a velocity of 614 mph. That jump broke four world records: highest open gondola manned balloon flight, highest balloon flight of any kind, highest bailout, and longest free fall.

The Aero-Medical Field Laboratory at Holloman "conducted space flight training with chimpanzees [in] 1961–1962", including Ham on a suborbital flight launched 31 January 1961, the first great ape in space, and Enos on a 1961 orbital flight as the third great ape to orbit Earth.

Tactical Fighter Wing
The 366th Tactical Fighter Wing arrived on 15 July 1963, making Holloman a Tactical Air Command (TAC) operating base. On 8 April 1966, the 4758th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron (DSES) arrived from Biggs AFB Texas. The squadron evaluated aircraft weapons systems and to provide training for air defense units. Aircraft flown by the 4758th DSES were the B-57 Canberra and F-100 Super Sabre. On 31 October 1970 the squadron was merged with the 4677th DSES at Tyndall AFB Florida.

On 1 August 1970, per Air Force Systems Command Special Order G-94, the Air Force Missile Development Center was inactivated. TAC assumed host responsibilities for Holloman Air Force Base. Associate units and programs transferred to other locations within Air Force Systems Command. The Test & Evaluation activities that remained were the Central Inertial Guidance Test Facility (CIGTF), the High Speed Test Track, the Radar Target Scatter Facility (RATSCAT), and the Target Drone Facility.

These organizations were combined to form the nucleus of a Holloman AFB tenant organization, the 6585th Test Group, with the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, designated as the headquarters for the Test Group.

In 1975, AFSWC was disestablished, and the 6585th Test Group at Holloman became part of the Armament Development and Test Center (ADTC) at Eglin AFB Florida.

Tactical Training Center
Holloman was designated a Tactical Training Center on 1 August 1977 and on 1 October 1993, the Air Force Development Test Center at Eglin AFB was redesignated as the Air Armament Center (AAC).

In 1986, a contract was awarded to Flight Systems Inc. (later Honeywell) to modify 194 surplus Convair F-106 Delta Dart aircraft stored at Davis-Monthan AFB Arizona to the QF-106A target drone configuration. This program came to be known as Pacer Six, and the first flight of a converted drone took place in July 1987. Following the completion of an initial batch of ten QF-106s in 1990, most of the work was transferred to the USAF itself. Much of the conversion work was done before the aircraft were removed from storage at AMARC, with further work being carried out at East St Louis, Illinois.

The QF-106s began operating as a Full-Scale Aerial Target (FSAT) in late 1991 at White Sands Missile Range New Mexico, and later at the Eglin Gulf Test Range in Florida (based at Holloman and Tyndall). A typical mission would employ the QF-106 as a target for an infrared homing missile. The aircraft had burners placed on pylons underneath the wings to act as IR sources for heat-seeking missiles. The intention of the program was for the QF-106 to survive repeated engagements with air-to-air missiles, to make it possible for each QF-106 to last as long as possible before it was destroyed. The last shootdown of a QF-106 (57–2524) took place at Holloman AFB on 20 February 1997. The QF-106 was replaced by the QF-4 Phantom drone.

Today, the 96th Test Group from Eglin Air Force Base Florida is responsible for operational testing and evaluation of new equipment and systems proposed for use by these forces. Current initiatives include advanced self-protection systems for combat aircraft, aircrew life support systems, aerial reconnaissance improvements, new armament and weapons delivery systems, and improved maintenance equipment and logistics support.

366th Tactical Fighter Wing
On 15 July 1963, after serving at Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base, France as a conventional strike force in Europe, the 366th Tactical Fighter Wing moved to Holloman. The move was a result of French president Charles DeGaulle's deep suspicion of "supranational organizations" and his country's shift away from the NATO orbit in the early 1960s that ultimately led to the closure of American air bases in France.

366th TFW was organized as follows:
 * 389th Tactical Fighter Squadron (blue striping)
 * 390st Tactical Fighter Squadron (yellow striping)
 * 391st Tactical Fighter Squadron (red striping)
 * 480th Tactical Fighter Squadron (green striping)

At the time of the wing's arrival at Holloman, they flew the Republic F-84F Thunderstreak, which were former Air National Guard aircraft transferred to France during the 1961 Berlin Crisis as part of Operation Tack Hammer. At Holloman, the wing began converting to the new McDonnell Douglas F-4C Phantom II in February 1965.

Later that year, the wing sent its first squadron to the Republic of Vietnam. The 390th Fighter Squadron was assigned to Da Nang AB, and the 391st went to Cam Ranh Bay AB in early 1966.

On 20 March 1966 the rest of the wing entered the conflict and moved to Phan Rang AB, Republic of Vietnam in support of combat operations in Vietnam. With the transfer of the 366th to Vietnam, the 6583d Air Base Group became the host unit at Holloman.

49th Tactical Fighter Wing

On 1 July 1968, the 49th Tactical Fighter Wing arrived at Holloman Air Force Base from Spangdahlem AB, West Germany, becoming the first dual-based tactical fighter wing. The 6583d Air Base Group was inactivated in place.

Under the dual-basing concept, the 49th, stationed at Holloman, deployed individual squadrons periodically to Europe, fulfilling their NATO commitment. The operational squadrons of the 49th TFW upon its arrival were:
 * 7th Tactical Fighter Squadron (HB/HO, blue)
 * 8th Tactical Fighter Squadron (HC/HO, yellow)
 * 9th Tactical Fighter Squadron (HD/HO, red)

All three squadrons flew the McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II. In 1972 squadron aircraft tail codes were standardized on "HO".

In 1969, the wing participated in its first dual-basing exercise, Crested Cap I, deploying 2,000 personnel and 72 aircraft to NATO bases in Europe. Also in 1969, the 49th earned the coveted MacKay Trophy for the "most meritorious flight of the year", for the redeployment from Germany to Holloman after Crested Cap II. The MacKay Trophy recognized the 49th for the fastest non-stop deployment of jet aircraft accomplished by a wing's entire fleet.

In May 1972 the 49th deployed their F-4 aircraft and 2,600 personnel to Takhli RTAFB Thailand. During this deployment the 49th flew more than 21,000 combat hours over just about every battle zone from An Loc to vital installations in the Hanoi vicinity. During five months of combat, the wing did not lose any aircraft or personnel. The unit received an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat "V" Device for its participation. The 49th TFW officially closed out its Southeast Asia duty on 9 October 1972, turning over Takhli to a former host unit at Holloman, the 366th TFW which was transferred from Da Nang Air Base South Vietnam.

F-15 Eagle era

On 20 December 1977, the wing began converting from the F-4D to F-15A/Bs. The transition was completed on 4 June 1978.

History was made during February 1980, when two pilots from the 49th each flew their F-15s 6,200 miles in just over 14 hours, establishing a record for the longest flight of a single-seat fighter aircraft. The flights required six aerial refuelings, proving the global power of the 49th Tactical Fighter Wing.

In July 1980, the wing acquired the commitment of a primary Rapid Deployment Force unit. This tasking, which lasted for a year, required the wing to be ready to deploy its aircraft, crews, and support personnel on short notice. The wing served with the Rapid Deployment Force until July 1981, when the tasking was transferred to the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing, Langley Air Force Base Virginia.

The 49th demonstrated its capabilities in the fall of 1988, winning top honors at the William Tell air-to-air weapons competition. The wing outdistanced the nearest competitor by more than 2,000 points. The 49th won a variety of awards, including the coveted "Top Gun" for best fighter pilot.

F-117 Nighthawk era

From 1991 to 1993, the 49th underwent a number of transitions. On 1 October 1991, the 49th was redesignated the 49th Fighter Wing as part of an Air Force wide redesignation of units.

On 1 November 1991, the 7th Fighter Squadron ceased F-15 operations, performing a Lead-In Fighter Training (LIFT) mission with Northrop AT-38B Talons, preparing for the transition to the Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk. during most of 1992.

On 1 June 1992 the 8th Fighter Squadron ceased F-15 operations and started flying AT-38B LIFT missions.

The 9th Fighter Squadron ceased F-15 operations on 5 June 1992 and received F-4E aircraft from the 20th Fighter Squadron from the closing George AFB California as the Fighter Training Unit for the German Air Force.

The last F-15 departed Holloman 5 June 1992, ending 14 years of Eagle operations.

On 9 May 1992, four Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk stealth fighters from the Tonopah Test Range Airport Nevada, arrived at Holloman. The 37th Tactical Fighter Wing at Tonopah was inactivated with the transfer of the last F-117s to Holloman on 8 July 1992.

F-117s were initially assigned to the following squadrons:
 * 69th Fighter Squadron -> 8th FS (1 July 1993)
 * 69th Fighter Squadron -> 9th FS (1 July 1993)
 * 417th Fighter Squadron -> 7th FS (1 December 1993)

These squadrons were PCS (moved Permanent Change of Station) to Holloman as part of the 37th Operations Group on 15 June 1992. The formal transfer to the 49th Operations group occurred on 8 July 1992 when the 37th OG was inactivated. In 1993 these squadrons were inactivated with assets transferred to the 7th, 8th and 9th Fighter Squadrons. The 7th was designated a combat training squadron, the 8th and 9th being deployable operational fighter squadrons.

On 1 July 1993, the 20th Fighter Squadron was activated as part of the 49th Operations Group, taking over the F-4Es of the 9th FS. The mission of the 20th FS was to conduct training with the German Air Force. The F-4Es which the 20th FS flew initially were USAF-owned aircraft, however in 1997 the squadron began flying German-owned F-4F aircraft. The F-4Fs, however flew in USAF markings. The 20th Fighter Squadron was inactivated on 20 December 2004 and the F-4Fs sent to Germany.

The 48th Rescue Squadron was activated at Holloman AFB on 1 May 1993 with its six Sikorsky HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters. The personnel of the 48th deployed six times in support of Operations Northern and Southern Watch. Additionally, the 48th saved 33 lives in real-world rescues in the American Southwest. The unit was inactivated on 1 February 1999.

The 8th and 9th Fighter Squadrons deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy and Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany, from 21 February–1 July 1999, in support of Operation Allied Force. Flying more than 1,000 total sorties, pilots flew into heavily defended skies, littered with surface-to-air missiles and anti-aircraft fire. In particular, F-117A pilots bravely trusting in their aircraft's low observable technology struck some of the most valuable, and highly guarded targets in Serbia. The F-117s penetrated the heavily defended areas, which conventional aircraft could not reach, and at least two aircraft were lost.

Global War on Terror

People, airplanes, and equipment of the 49th Fighter Wing played a key role in the continued global war against terrorism and particularly in Operation Iraqi Freedom. The wing's F-117s played a major role, dropping the first bombs against an Iraqi leadership target in Baghdad on 19 March 2003. In all, F-117 pilots flew more than 80 missions and dropped nearly 100 enhanced guided bomb units against key targets.

Approximately 300 people deployed with the air package and provided direct support to the F-117 mission. Additionally, hundreds of other 49th FW personnel were deployed on other missions.

479th Tactical Training Wing
The 479th TTW was activated at Holloman on 1 January 1977 to provide Lead-In Fighter Training (LIFT) training for pilots assigned to fly tactical fighter or attack aircraft. The 479th Flew AT-38B Talons with the following squadrons: Redesignated 433d TFTS (1 September 1983 – 15 November 1991)
 * 416th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (14 March 1979 – 1 September 1983) (grey stripe)
 * 434th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (1 January 1977 – 15 November 1991) (red stripe)
 * 435th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (1 January 1977 – 15 November 1991) (blue stripe)
 * 436th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (1 January 1977 – 15 November 1991) (yellow stripe)

All 479th TTW aircraft carried the "HM" tail code. The LIFT program was sharply cut back in 1991, and the wing replaced by the 479th Fighter Group at Holloman, with the aircraft being consolidated under the 586th Flight Training Squadron.

The 479th was inactivated on 31 July 2000, with squadron resources absorbed by the 49th FW, later being transferred to the 46th Test Group as the 586th Flight Test Squadron.

Base names

 * Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, 14 May 1942
 * Alamogordo Field Training Station, 27 May 1942
 * Alamogordo Army Air Base, c. June 1942
 * Alamogordo Army Air Field, 21 November 1942
 * Holloman Air Force Base, 13 January 1948 – present

Major commands to which assigned

 * B-24J-180-CO Liberator.jpg Second Air Force, May 1942
 * Continental Air Forces, 16 April 1945

 * re-designated as: Strategic Air Command, 21 March 1946

 * Air Materiel Command, 16 March 1947
 * Air Research and Development Command, 2 April 1951

 * re-designated as: Air Force Systems Command, 1 April 1961

 * Tactical Air Command, 1 January 1971
 * Air Combat Command, 1 June 1992 – 28 September 2018
 * Air Education and Training Command, 28 September 2018 – present

Major units assigned

 * World War II station units
 * 359th Base HQ and Air Base Squadron, 10 June 1942 – 25 March 1944
 * 231st Army Air Forces Base Unit, 25 March 1944 – 16 March 1947
 * 206th Army Air Forces Base Unit, 22 August 1944 – 6 June 1945
 * 1073d Army Air Forces Base Unit, 24 August 1944 – 15 January 1945

 * World War II training units

1 August – 2 September 1942; 29 November 1942 – 5 April 1943 (B-24 OTU)
 * 301st Bombardment Group, 27 May – 21 June 1942 (B-17)
 * 303d Bombardment Group, 17 June – 7 August 1942 (B-17)
 * 330th Bombardment Group
 * 392d Bombardment Group, 18 March – 18 July 1943 (B-24)
 * 454th Bombardment Group, 1 June – 1 July 1943 (B-24)
 * 455th Bombardment Group, 1 June – 6 September (B-24)
 * 459th Bombardment Group, 1–28 July 1943 (B-24)
 * 460th Bombardment Group, 1 July – 31 August 1943 (B-24)
 * 449th Bombardment Group, 5 July – 12 September 1943 (B-25)
 * 450th Bombardment Group, 8 July – 20 November 1943 (B-24)

1–31 August 1943; 24 November 1943 – February 1944 (B-24)
 * 465th Bombardment Group, 1 August–September 1943 (B-24)
 * 466th Bombardment Group
 * 36th Fighter Group, 7–26 November 1943 (P-47)
 * 400th Bombardment Group, 19 September – 11 December 1943 (B-24 OTU)
 * 492d Bombardment Group, October 1943 – January 1944 (B-24)
 * 487th Bombardment Group, 15 December 1943 – March 1944 (B-24)
 * 25th Bombardment Group, 6 April – 20 June 1944 (B-24 elements)
 * 680th Bombardment Squadron, 4 December 1944 – 10 May 1945 (B-24)
 * 467th Bombardment Group, 22 August – 8 September 1945 (B-17, YB-29)

 * United States Air Force

27 September 1947 – 20 September 1949
 * 4145th Army Air Forces Base Unit, 16 March 1947
 * Re-designated: 2754th Air Force Base Unit

1 September 1957 – 1 August 1970
 * 2754th Experimental Wing, 20 September 1949
 * Re-designated: 6540th Missile Test Wing, 30 June 1951
 * Re-designated: 6580th Missile Test Wing, 1 September 1952
 * Re-designated: Holloman Air Development Center, 10 October 1952
 * Re-designated: Air Force Missile Development Center

 * 6585th Test Group, 1 August 1970
 * Re-designated: 46th Test Group, 1 October 1992 – 18 July 2012

 * 96th Test Group, 18 July 2012 – present
 * 3089th Experimental Group, 5 October 1949
 * Re-designated: 6540th Missile Test Group, 1 January 1951
 * Re-designated: 6580th Missile Test Group, 1 October 1953
 * Re-designated: 6580th Test Group, 1 September 1954 – 1 February 1955

 * 6580th Test Support Wing, 1 October 1953
 * Re-designated: 6580th Air Base Wing, 1 September 1954
 * Re-designated: 6580th Air Base Group, 1 February 1955 – 1 January 1971

31 October 1970 – 1 July 1974
 * 3225th Drone Squadron, 1 January 1953 – 25 October 1963
 * 6571st Aeromedical Research Laboratory, 1 December 1961 – 31 December 1970
 * 366th Tactical Fighter Wing, 15 July 1963 – 11 March 1966
 * 4758th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, 8 April 1966 – 31 October 1970
 * Re-designated: Det 1, 4677th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron

 * 49th Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 July 1968
 * Re-designated: 49th Fighter Wing, 1 October 1991
 * re-designated: 49th Wing, 30 June 2010 – present

15 October 1983 – 20 November 1998
 * 479th Tactical Training Wing, 1 January 1977 – 31 July 2000
 * 833d Air Division, 1 December 1980 – 15 November 1991
 * Det 1, 82d Aerial Targets Squadron, 1 July 1981 – present
 * Det 1, 475th Weapons Evaluation Group
 * 4th Space Control Squadron, 16 April 1996 – present
 * German Air Force Flying Training Center, 1 May 1996 – 1 April 2019
 * 44th Fighter Group, 1 February 2010 – 11 July 2014
 * 54th Fighter Group, 11 March 2014 – present

Aircraft operated from Holloman

 * World War II

 * B-17E/F Flying Fortress, 1942
 * B-24D Liberator, 1943–1944
 * P-47D Thunderbolt, 1943

 * United States Air Force

 * HH-60G Pavehawk, 1993–1999
 * F-4C/D/E Phantom II, 1963–2004
 * F-15A Eagle, 1977–1992
 * F-117A Nighthawk, 1992–2008
 * F-22A Raptor, 2008–2014
 * F-16C/D Fighting Falcon, 2014–present
 * F-84F Thunderstreak, 1963–1965
 * F-100D Super Sabre, 1963, 1966–1970
 * EB-57 Canberra, 1966–1970
 * T-38A Talon, 1968–1976, 1993–2014
 * AT-38B, 1992–1997
 * MQ-1B Predator, 2009–present
 * MQ-9 Reaper, 2009–present

 * Drone aircraft

 * Sabre
 * QF-100D Super Sabre
 * QF-106A Delta Dart
 * QF-4E/G Phantom II
 * DB-17 Flying Fortress
 * QB-17 Flying Fortress

 * German Air Force

 * F-4E/F Phantom II, 1993–2004
 * Panavia Tornado, 1996–2019

Role and operations
The 49th Wing – host wing at Holloman Air Force Base – supports national security objectives by deploying worldwide to support peacetime and wartime contingencies. The wing provides combat-ready Airmen, and trains General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper pilots (including all Spanish and British Reaper pilots ), sensor operators and F-16 Fighting Falcon pilots. Additionally, the wing delivers Air Transportable Clinics and Basic Expeditionary Airfield Resources while providing support to more than 17,000 military and civilian personnel to include German Air Force Flying Training center operations. The wing has a proud history of service in World War II, Korea, Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia and NATO-led Operation Allied Force. Holloman AFB supports about 21,000 Active Duty, Guard, Reserve, retirees, DoD civilians and their family members.

Holloman is home to the world's longest and fastest high speed test track. The 846th Test Squadron set the world land speed record for a railed vehicle with a run of 6,453 mph (2885 m/s or 10430 km/h), or Mach 8.5 on 30 April 2003.

49th Wing
The 49th Wing is the host unit at Holloman Air Force Base, supporting national security objectives with mission-ready MQ-9 Reapers, Air Transportable Medical Clinic and BEAR (Base Expeditionary Airfield Resources) Base assets. The wing deploys combat-ready and mission-support forces supporting Air Expeditionary Force operations, Overseas Contingency Operations, and peacetime contingencies.

The 49th Operations Group supports national security objectives, as directed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, by utilizing the Air Force's MQ-9 remotely piloted aircraft. The operational squadrons are:
 * 6th Attack Squadron (MQ-9)
 * 9th Attack Squadron (MQ-9)
 * 16th Training Squadron (MQ-9)
 * 29th Attack Squadron (MQ-9)
 * 49th Operations Support Squadron

The Operations Group took over the activities of the inactivated 37th Fighter Wing at Tonopah Test Range Airport when the F-117As were transferred to Holloman in 1993. In addition to the 49th OG, other components of the 49th Wing are:
 * 49th Maintenance Group: Maintains aircraft, propulsion, avionics and accessory systems for the F-22A Raptor, T-38 Talon & MQ-9 Reaper.
 * 49th Mission Support Group: Provides support to all base operations, personnel, and family members.
 * 49th Medical Group: Provides medical services for active duty and retired military members and their families
 * 49th Materiel Maintenance Group: Maintains and deploys all equipment needed to build a "BEAR base" airfield
 * Detachment 1, 82nd Aerial Targets Squadron (From Tyndall AFB, Florida): Maintains and operates QF-16 Full Scale Aerial Target (FSAT) drone aircraft (Tail Code HD).

In February 2006, the Bush administration announced that Holloman would cease to be home to the F-117A Nighthawk. This move coincided with an announcement that the F-117 will be removed from service on or about 2008. On 1 March 2006, it was announced by the United States Air Force that Holloman would be the new home of two squadrons of F-22A Raptors. In May 2014, with the inactivation of the 7th Fighter Squadron, the F-22 mission ceased at Holloman. The Wing's F-22s were transferred to other F-22 wings to bolster their available aircraft.

96th Test Group
As of 18 July 2012, the 46th Test Group was 'reflagged' as the 96th Test Group, under the new 96 TW, stationed at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. The 96th Test Group is an Air Force Materiel Command unit responsible for operational testing and evaluation of new equipment and systems proposed for use by these forces. Current initiatives include advanced self-protection systems for combat aircraft, aircrew life support systems, aerial reconnaissance improvements, new armament and weapons delivery systems, and improved maintenance equipment and logistics support.

Squadrons of the group have been:
 * 586th Flight Test Squadron – Conducts flight testing
 * 746th Test Squadron – Conducts Guidance/Navigational testing to include Internal Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
 * 781st Test Squadron – National RCS Test Facility
 * 846th Test Squadron – Rocket Sled Tests

Aircraft of the 96th Test Group carry the tail code "HT".

54th Fighter Group
In March 2014 the 54th Fighter Group was reactivated at Holloman AFB, NM with a mission to train F-16 aircrew members and aircraft maintenance personnel. The 54th Fighter Group is a geographically separated unit of the 56th Fighter Wing, out of Luke AFB, Arizona.

Components:
 * Operational Squadrons
 * 8th Fighter Squadron, 4 August 2017 – present
 * 311th Fighter Squadron, 1 March 2014 – present
 * 314th Fighter Squadron, 14 July 2015 – present
 * Support Units
 * 54th Operations Support Squadron (OSS), 1 March 2014 – present
 * 54th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron (AMXS), 1 March 2014 – present
 * 54th Maintenance Squadron (MS), March 2014 – present

German Air Force Flying Training Center

In 1992 the German Air Force made Holloman its main pilot training center in the United States. Holloman was chosen due to its weather conditions.

On 1 May 1996, the German Luftwaffe established the German Air Force Tactical Training Center at Holloman.

The German Air Force Tactical Training Center activated at Holloman 1 May 1996. With the activation, 300 German military personnel and 12 Panavia Tornado aircraft joined Team Holloman. German aircrews come to Holloman for approximately three weeks for advanced tactical training and then return to Germany. The German Air Force also conducts a Fighter Weapons Instructor Course for the Tornado. Aircrews for this course come to Holloman for about six months.

there are 650 German military personnel and 25 Tornado aircraft assigned to Holloman AFB.

There are numerous reasons the German Air Force trained at Holloman. The area offers great flying weather and has suitable air space. Other reasons are the proximity of Holloman to the German Air Force Air Defense Center at Fort Bliss, Texas, and the centralizing of German aircrew training at a single location. To facilitate this, there is a memorandum of understanding between the two governments.

By offering NATO allies the benefits of available space at Holloman as well as the use of the Southwest's excellent flying weather, the U.S. can help maintain the strength of NATO's forces without the expense of forward-basing U.S. forces in great numbers overseas.

On 29 September 1999, two Luftwaffe Tornados crashed near Marathon Indian Basin, about 15 mi northwest of Carlsbad. The crash was investigated by Holloman AFB 49th Wing Safety and German Air Force Safety personnel. Both pilots successfully ejected, and were uninjured.

In September 2004, Luftwaffe chief of staff, Klaus-Peter Stieglitz announced a reduction in its training program of roughly 20%.

In March 2013, it was announced that German Air Force units at Fort Bliss will transfer to Holloman later that same year; this was to end the German Air Force presence at Fort Bliss dating back to 1956. In 2015, due to funding constraints on the planned new facilities in Europe, the German Air Force Air Defense school was to stay open at Fort Bliss until 2020. On March 13, 2019, after 27 years in southern New Mexico, the German Luftwaffe ceased flight training at Holloman AFB.

Housing Afghan refugees
Following the US withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021, the Biden administration housed some Afghan refugees in military bases across the country. Up to ~5,000 Afghan refugees at a time were temporarily held at Holloman while awaiting residency processing, with a total of 7,221 having residence at Aman Omid village.

Based units
Flying and notable non-flying units based at Holloman Air Force Base.

Units marked GSU are Geographically Separate Units, which although based at Holloman, are subordinate to a parent unit based at another location.

United States Air Force
Air Education and Training Command (AETC) Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC)
 * Nineteenth Air Force
 * 49th Wing (Host Wing)
 * Headquarters 49th Wing
 * 49th Comptroller Squadron
 * 49th Operations Group
 * 6th Attack Squadron – MQ-9A Reaper
 * 9th Attack Squadron – MQ-9A Reaper
 * 16th Training Squadron
 * 29th Attack Squadron – MQ-9A Reaper
 * 49th Maintenance Group
 * 49th Maintenance Squadron
 * 49th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
 * 49th Maintenance Operations Squadron
 * 49th Medical Group
 * 49th Aerospace Medicine Squadron
 * 49th Medical Operations Squadron
 * 49th Medical Support Squadron
 * 49th Mission Support Group
 * 49th Civil Engineer Squadron
 * 49th Communications Squadron
 * 49th Contracting Squadron
 * 49th Force Support Squadron
 * 49th Logistics Readiness Squadron
 * 49th Security Forces Squadron
 * 54th Fighter Group
 * 8th Fighter Squadron – F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
 * 54th Operations Support Squadron
 * 54th Training Squadron
 * 311th Fighter Squadron – F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
 * 314th Fighter Squadron – F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
 * Tenth Air Force
 * 926th Wing
 * 726th Operations Group
 * 429th Attack Squadron (GSU) – MQ-9A Reaper
 * 944th Fighter Wing
 * 944th Operations Group
 * Detachment 1 (GSU)

Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC)
 * Air Force Test Center
 * Arnold Engineering Development Complex
 * 96th Test Wing
 * 704th Test Group (GSU)
 * 586th Flight Test Squadron – C-12J Huron and T-38C Talon
 * 704th Test Support Squadron
 * 746th Test Squadron
 * 846th Test Squadron
 * Air Force Sustainment Center
 * 635th Supply Chain Operations Wing
 * 635th Materiel Maintenance Group (GSU)
 * 635th Materiel Maintenance Squadron
 * 635th Materiel Maintenance Support Squadron

Air Combat Command (ACC)
 * US Air Force Warfare Center
 * 53rd Wing
 * 53rd Test and Evaluation Group
 * 82nd Aerial Targets Squadron
 * Detachment 1 (GSU) – QF-16C Fighting Falcon
 * Ninth Air Force
 * 93rd Air-Ground Operations Wing
 * 3rd Air Support Operations Group
 * 3rd Weather Squadron
 * Detachment 3 (GSU)
 * Sixteenth Air Force
 * 557th Weather Wing
 * 2nd Weather Group
 * 2nd Weather Squadron
 * Detachment 4 (GSU)

Missile testing sites
Missile testing at Holloman began in 1948. Holloman is known to have been used for 147 major launches from 1948 to 1959, reaching up to 235 kilometers altitude.
 * Holloman NATIV/Navaho launch complex. (32.88639°N, -106.07528°W)

 * The North American Test Instrumentation Vehicle program took place between January–November 1948. Twenty launches were made, six were successful. Program terminated in 1949. SM-64 Navaho missile planned but not tested.

 * Holloman Able-51/ZEL (32.87972°N, -106.06056°W)

 * The Able-51/ZEL site was used to test a MGM‐1 Matador cruise missile in December 1948.

 * Holloman Aerobee (32.89528°N, -106.07139°W)

 * Launches of Aerobee sounding rockets. First use 2 December 1949. Last launch 24 June 1959.

 * Holloman SLED/Snark launch complex. (32.92639°N, -106.14083°W)

 * Used for testing SM-62 Snark. First use 21 December 1950. Last launch 28 March 1952.

 * Holloman JB-2 launch complex (32.8925°N, -106.12333°W)

 * Used for testing Republic-Ford JB-2 cruise missile. First use 3 May 1948. Last launch 10 January 1949.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,076 people, 393 households, and 380 families residing on the base. The population density was 165.7 people per square mile (64.0/km$2$). There were 427 housing units at an average density of 34.1/sq mi (13.2/km$2$). The racial makeup of the base was 73.3% White, 13.2% African American, 0.6% Native American, 2.8% Asian, 0.6% Pacific Islander, 6.4% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 12.4% of the population.

There were 393 households, out of which 67.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 88.8% were married couples living together, 4.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 3.3% were non-families. 2.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 0.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.29 and the average family size was 3.34.

On the base the population was spread out, with 25.0% under the age of 18, 37.0% from 18 to 24, 33.9% from 25 to 44, 3.7% from 45 to 64, and 0.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 152.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 180.4 males.

The median income for a household on the base was $37,206, and the median income for a family was $37,941. Males had a median income of $20,359 versus $15,425 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,568. About 8.3% of families and 11.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.8% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is zoned to Alamogordo Public Schools.

The base hosts Holloman Elementary School (grades K-5), the zoned elementary school; and Hollomon Middle School (grades 6–8), the zoned middle school, both named after the base. The mascot of the middle school is the falcon. Alamogordo High School is the school district's comprehensive high school.

Holloman Middle was formerly Hollomon Junior High School and originally held classes at barracks while the permanent facility was being established. Holloman Elementary opened in 1954. In 1956, 1959, 1965, and 1966 additions were built for the elementary.

When the personnel at the base asked for the school district to completely desegregate for the benefit of its black employees, c. 1949, the school system did so.

Geography
Holloman is located in New Mexico's Tularosa Basin between the Sacramento and San Andres mountain ranges. The base is about 10 mi west of Alamogordo, New Mexico, on U.S. Route 70; 90 mi north of El Paso, Texas; and 70 mi east of Las Cruces, New Mexico. The base covers 59639 acre and is located at an altitude of 4093 ft.

The base is also a census-designated place (CDP), which had a population of 2,076 at the 2000 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 12.7 sqmi, of which, 12.5 sqmi is land and 0.2 sqmi (1.18%) is water. The area of the air force base is 59639 acre.

Environmental contamination
The groundwater below Holloman Air Force Base near Alamogordo first tested positive for hazardous chemicals in 2016. Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFASs) have been found in the groundwater below the base and in wells that were tested off-base.

Archaeological site
An archaeological site that might shed more light on New Mexico’s ancient history has been discovered recently within the boundaries of the air force base. Base officials said geomorphologists and members of the 49th Civil Engineer Squadron environmental flight uncovered a campsite in early March 2024 that is about 8,200 years old and belonged to some of the state's first settlers.

title: Holloman Air Force Base


text:
Geoff Stirling

Geoffrey William Stirling (March 22, 1921 – December 21, 2013) was a Canadian-American businessman and media magnate, best known for his work in his home city of St. John's, Newfoundland.

Life
Stirling was born in St. John's to Edgar Stiling and Ethel (Uphill) Stirling. He attended the University of Tampa, began his media career as a stringer for Time and the Chicago Tribune, and retained close ties to the United States throughout his lifetime, including a second winter home in Arizona in his later years. After his brief time in American media, he spent a brief time in Honduras hunting alligators for skin; he hated the job, but was inspired when he noted that The Miami Herald was available there, leading him to conclude that a Newfoundland newspaper would be viable.

Stirling was a co-founder in the Economic Union Party, a late-1940s political movement that sought closer ties to the United States for the Dominion of Newfoundland, which was then still independent from Canada. It was one of two organizations that unsuccessfully opposed the dominion's confederation into Canada, which eventually occurred in 1949. The leader of the confederation forces, Joey Smallwood, was an established rival of Stirling's, having doubted that Stirling's newspaper would succeed because Smallwood himself had failed. Stirling argued that Smallwood's overtly political polemics had alienated readers and that a newspaper would need to appeal to a broad audience to succeed.

Media businesses
Along with other members of his family, Stirling owned several media outlets in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador under the corporate brand Stirling Communications International. Specifically, the properties are independent television station CJON-DT; radio station CHOZ-FM; and the Newfoundland Herald, a weekly news, gossip and TV listings magazine.

Stirling pioneered many television firsts in North America. CJON-TV (NTV) was the first in Newfoundland to air programs in colour. CJON-TV became the first station to broadcast 24 hours a day in 1972.

Stirling was also the founder of CKGM, an English-language radio station in Montreal. in 1959. He owned the station until 1985.

Personal views
Stirling is regarded as an eccentric for both how he managed his businesses and for how he used his media outlets to promote a variety of personal interests such as eastern mysticism and intestinal health. For example, he devoted many hours of, often unscheduled, broadcast time to conversations with gurus such as Ram Dass and Swami Shyam and to a variety of esoteric subjects ranging from pyramids to unidentified flying objects, a practice which continues today as the station is run by his son G. Scott Stirling. Geoff's grandson, Jesse is the host of the CJON interview program "Meetings with Remarkable People." Many of his past interviews and archives can be seen currently on CJON on Saturday mornings from 2 to 4 am Newfoundland time, under the name "Captain Atlantis Late Night." When he watched his own television station he would sometimes phone Master Control to order that a favorite tape immediately pre-empt the current broadcast or that the technician apply a particular effect to the screen.

Stirling appeared in the 1974 documentary film Waiting for Fidel about a trip he made to Cuba along with former Newfoundland premier Joey Smallwood and director Michael Rubbo. The trio never met the Cuban leader. Many segments of the program involve Smallwood and Stirling discussing what they would like to ask Castro whenever the expected meeting happens. Some of the dialogue occurs while Stirling is demonstrating yoga and standing on his head while he is conversing with Smallwood.

Stirling supervised the creation of the graphic novel Atlantis featuring the superheroes Captain Atlantis (Captain Newfoundland) and Captain Canada, drawing on elements of Canadian history as well as ancient alien astronauts mythology and New Age philosophy. Captain Canada has become a mascot for the NTV station and has appeared in television programs, commercials, and numerous public events.

Later life
In 2001, Stirling was inducted into the CAB Broadcast Hall of Fame; in 2009, he was awarded the Order of Newfoundland and Labrador. In his later years, Stirling split his time between Torbay, Newfoundland and Labrador, and his ranch in Wickenburg, Arizona, where he once owned Wickenburg radio station KSWG. Stirling died at the age of 92 on December 21, 2013.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Geoff Stirling


text: File:Barenaked Ladies - Barenaked for the Holidays.jpg


text:
List of organic reactions

Well-known reactions and reagents in organic chemistry include

0-9

 * 1,2-Wittig rearrangement
 * 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition
 * 2,3-Wittig rearrangement

A

 * Acetalisation
 * Acetoacetic ester condensation
 * Achmatowicz reaction
 * Acylation
 * Acyloin condensation
 * Adams' catalyst
 * Adams decarboxylation
 * Adkins catalyst
 * Adkins–Peterson reaction
 * Akabori amino acid reaction
 * Alcohol oxidation
 * Alder ene reaction
 * Alder–Stein rules
 * Aldol addition
 * Aldol condensation
 * Algar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction
 * Alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution
 * Alkyne trimerisation
 * Alkyne zipper reaction
 * Allan–Robinson reaction
 * Allylic rearrangement
 * Amadori rearrangement
 * Amine alkylation
 * Angeli–Rimini reaction
 * Andrussov oxidation
 * Appel reaction
 * Arbuzov reaction, Arbusow reaction
 * Arens–Van Dorp synthesis, Isler modification
 * Aromatic nitration
 * Arndt–Eistert synthesis
 * Aston–Greenburg rearrangement
 * Auwers synthesis
 * Aza-Cope rearrangement
 * Azo coupling

B

 * Baeyer–Drewson indigo synthesis
 * Baeyer–Villiger oxidation, Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement
 * Bakeland process (Bakelite)
 * Baker–Venkataraman rearrangement, Baker–Venkataraman transformation
 * Baldwin's rules
 * Bally–Scholl synthesis
 * Balz–Schiemann reaction
 * Bamberger rearrangement
 * Bamberger triazine synthesis
 * Bamford–Stevens reaction
 * Barbier reaction
 * Barbier–Wieland degradation
 * Bardhan–Sengupta phenanthrene synthesis
 * Barfoed's test
 * Bargellini reaction
 * Bartoli indole synthesis, Bartoli reaction
 * Barton decarboxylation
 * Barton reaction
 * Barton–Kellogg reaction
 * Barton–McCombie reaction, Barton deoxygenation
 * Barton-Zard Synthesis
 * Barton vinyl iodine procedure
 * Baudisch reaction
 * Bayer test
 * Baylis–Hillman reaction
 * Bechamp reaction
 * Bechamp reduction
 * Beckmann fragmentation
 * Beckmann rearrangement
 * Bellus–Claisen rearrangement
 * Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction
 * Benary reaction
 * Benedict's reagent
 * Benkeser reaction
 * Benzidine rearrangement
 * Benzilic acid rearrangement
 * Benzoin condensation
 * Bergman cyclization
 * Bergmann azlactone peptide synthesis
 * Bergmann degradation
 * Bergmann–Zervas carbobenzoxy method
 * Bernthsen acridine synthesis
 * Bestmann's reagent
 * Betti reaction
 * Biginelli pyrimidine synthesis
 * Biginelli reaction
 * Bingel reaction
 * Birch reduction
 * Bischler–Möhlau indole synthesis
 * Bischler–Napieralski reaction
 * Biuret test
 * Blaise ketone synthesis
 * Blaise reaction
 * Blanc reaction
 * Blanc chloromethylation
 * Blum–Ittah aziridine synthesis
 * Bodroux reaction
 * Bodroux–Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis
 * Bogert–Cook synthesis
 * Bohlmann-Rahtz pyridine synthesis
 * Bohn–Schmidt reaction
 * Boord olefin synthesis
 * Borodin reaction
 * Borsche–Drechsel cyclization
 * Bosch–Meiser urea process
 * Bosch reaction
 * Bouveault aldehyde synthesis
 * Bouveault–Blanc reduction
 * Boyland–Sims oxidation
 * Boyer Reaction
 * Bredt's rule
 * Brook rearrangement
 * Brown hydroboration
 * Bucherer carbazole synthesis
 * Bucherer reaction
 * Bucherer–Bergs reaction
 * Buchner ring enlargement
 * Büchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction
 * Buchwald–Hartwig amination
 * Bunnett reaction
 * Burgess reagent

C

 * Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling
 * Cadogan-Sundberg indole synthesis
 * Camps quinoline synthesis
 * Cannizzaro reaction
 * Carbohydrate acetalisation
 * Carbonyl reduction
 * Carbonylation
 * Carbylamine reaction
 * Carroll reaction
 * Castro–Stephens coupling
 * Catalytic reforming
 * Catellani Reaction
 * CBS reduction
 * Chan–Lam coupling
 * Chapman rearrangement
 * Cheletropic reaction
 * Chichibabin pyridine synthesis
 * Chichibabin reaction
 * Chiral pool synthesis
 * Chugaev elimination
 * Ciamician–Dennstedt rearrangement
 * Claisen condensation
 * Claisen rearrangement
 * Claisen–Schmidt condensation
 * Clemmensen reduction
 * Collins reagent
 * Combes quinoline synthesis
 * Conia reaction
 * Conrad–Limpach synthesis
 * Cook–Heilbron thiazole synthesis
 * Cope elimination
 * Cope rearrangement
 * Corey reagent
 * Corey–Bakshi–Shibata reduction
 * Corey–Fuchs reaction
 * Corey–Gilman–Ganem oxidation
 * Corey–Kim oxidation
 * Corey-Nicolaou macrolactonization
 * Corey–Posner, Whitesides–House reaction
 * Corey-Seebach reaction
 * Corey–Winter olefin synthesis
 * Corey–Winter reaction
 * Cornforth rearrangement
 * Coupling reaction
 * Crabbé reaction
 * Craig method
 * Cram's rule of asymmetric induction
 * Creighton process
 * Criegee reaction
 * Criegee rearrangement
 * Cross metathesis
 * Crum Brown–Gibson rule
 * Curtius degradation
 * Curtius rearrangement, Curtius reaction
 * Cyanohydrin reaction

D

 * Dakin reaction (aka Dakin oxidation)
 * Dakin–West reaction
 * Danheiser annulation
 * Danheiser benzannulation
 * Darapsky degradation
 * Darzens condensation, Darzens–Claisen reaction, Glycidic ester condensation
 * Darzens halogenation
 * Darzens synthesis of unsaturated ketones
 * Darzens tetralin synthesis
 * Davis' reagent, Davis oxidation
 * Davis–Beirut reaction
 * De Kimpe aziridine synthesis
 * Dehydration reaction
 * Dehydrogenation
 * Delépine reaction
 * DeMayo reaction
 * Demjanov rearrangement
 * Demjanow desamination
 * Dess–Martin oxidation
 * Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition
 * Diazotisation
 * DIBAL-H selective reduction
 * Dieckmann condensation
 * Dieckmann reaction
 * Diels–Alder reaction
 * Diels–Reese reaction
 * Dienol–benzene rearrangement
 * Dienone–phenol rearrangement
 * Dimroth rearrangement
 * Di-π-methane rearrangement
 * Directed ortho metalation
 * Doebner modification
 * Doebner reaction
 * Doebner–Miller reaction, Beyer method for quinolines
 * Doering–LaFlamme carbon chain extension
 * Dötz reaction
 * Dowd–Beckwith ring expansion reaction
 * Duff reaction
 * Dutt–Wormall reaction
 * Dyotropic reaction

E

 * E1cB elimination reaction
 * Eder reaction
 * Edman degradation
 * Eglinton reaction
 * Ehrlich–Sachs reaction
 * Einhorn variant
 * Einhorn–Brunner reaction
 * Elbs persulfate oxidation
 * Elbs reaction
 * Electrochemical fluorination
 * Electrocyclic reaction
 * Electrophilic halogenation
 * Electrophilic amination
 * Elimination reaction
 * Emde degradation
 * Emmert reaction
 * Enders SAMP/RAMP hydrazone-alkylation reaction
 * Ene reaction
 * Enyne metathesis
 * Epoxidation
 * Erlenmeyer synthesis, Azlactone synthesis
 * Erlenmeyer–Plöchl azlactone and amino-acid synthesis
 * Eschenmoser fragmentation
 * Eschenmoser sulfide contraction
 * Eschweiler–Clarke reaction
 * Ester pyrolysis
 * Ether cleavage
 * Étard reaction
 * Evans aldol
 * Evans–Saksena reduction
 * Evans–Tishchenko reaction

F

 * Favorskii reaction
 * Favorskii rearrangement
 * Favorskii–Babayan synthesis
 * Fehling test
 * Feist–Benary synthesis
 * Fenton reaction
 * Ferrario reaction
 * Ferrier carbocyclization
 * Ferrier rearrangement
 * Fétizon oxidation
 * Fiesselmann thiophene synthesis
 * Finkelstein reaction
 * Fischer indole synthesis
 * Fischer oxazole synthesis
 * Fischer peptide synthesis
 * Fischer phenylhydrazine and oxazone reaction
 * Fischer glycosidation
 * Fischer–Hepp rearrangement
 * Fischer–Speier esterification
 * Fischer Tropsch synthesis
 * Fleming–Tamao oxidation
 * Flood reaction
 * Folin–Ciocalteu reagent
 * Formox process
 * Forster reaction
 * Forster–Decker method
 * Fowler process
 * Franchimont reaction
 * Frankland synthesis
 * Frankland–Duppa reaction
 * Fráter–Seebach alkylation
 * Free radical halogenation
 * Freund reaction
 * Friedel–Crafts acylation
 * Friedel–Crafts alkylation
 * Friedländer synthesis
 * Fries rearrangement
 * Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement
 * Fujimoto–Belleau reaction
 * Fujiwara–Moritani reaction
 * Fukuyama coupling
 * Fukuyama indole synthesis
 * Fukuyama reduction

G

 * Gabriel ethylenimine method
 * Gabriel synthesis
 * Gabriel–Colman rearrangement, Gabriel isoquinoline synthesis
 * Gallagher–Hollander degradation
 * Gassman indole synthesis
 * Gastaldi synthesis
 * Gattermann aldehyde synthesis
 * Gattermann Koch reaction
 * Gattermann reaction
 * Geminal halide hydrolysis
 * Gewald reaction
 * Gibbs phthalic anhydride process
 * Gilman reagent
 * Glaser coupling
 * Glycol cleavage
 * Gomberg–Bachmann reaction
 * Gomberg–Bachmann–Hey reaction
 * Gomberg radical reaction
 * Gould–Jacobs reaction
 * Graebe–Ullmann synthesis
 * Grignard degradation
 * Griesbaum coozonolysis
 * Grignard reaction
 * Grob fragmentation
 * Grubbs' catalyst in Olefin metathesis
 * Grundmann aldehyde synthesis
 * Gryszkiewicz–Trochimowski and McCombie method
 * Guareschi–Thorpe condensation
 * Guerbet reaction
 * Gutknecht pyrazine synthesis

H

 * Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction
 * Haller–Bauer reaction
 * Haloform reaction
 * Halogen addition reaction
 * Halohydrin formation reaction
 * Hammett equation
 * Hammick reaction
 * Hammond principle or Hammond postulate
 * Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis
 * Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis, Hantzsch pyridine synthesis
 * Hantzsch pyridine synthesis, Gattermann–Skita synthesis, Guareschi–Thorpe condensation, Knoevenagel–Fries modification
 * Hantzsch–Collidin synthesis
 * Harries ozonide reaction
 * Haworth methylation
 * Haworth Phenanthrene synthesis
 * Haworth reaction
 * Hay coupling
 * Hayashi rearrangement
 * Heck reaction
 * Hegedus indole synthesis
 * Helferich method
 * Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation
 * Hemetsberger indole synthesis
 * Hemetsberger–Knittel synthesis
 * Henkel reaction, Raecke process, Henkel process
 * Henry reaction, Kamlet reaction
 * Herz reaction, Herz compounds
 * Herzig–Meyer alkimide group determination
 * Heumann indigo synthesis
 * Hiyama coupling
 * Hydration reaction
 * Hydroamination
 * Hydrodesulfurization
 * Hydrogenolysis
 * Hydrosilylation
 * Hinsberg indole synthesis
 * Hinsberg oxindole synthesis
 * Hinsberg reaction
 * Hinsberg separation
 * Hinsberg sulfone synthesis
 * Hirao coupling
 * Hoch–Campbell ethylenimine synthesis
 * Hock rearrangement
 * Hofmann bromamide reaction
 * Hofmann degradation, Exhaustive methylation
 * Hofmann elimination
 * Hofmann Isonitrile synthesis, Carbylamine reaction
 * Hofmann product
 * Hofmann rearrangement
 * Hofmann–Löffler reaction, Löffler–Freytag reaction, Hofmann–Löffler–Freytag reaction
 * Hofmann–Martius rearrangement
 * Hofmann's rule
 * Hofmann–Sand reaction
 * Homo rearrangement of steroids
 * Hooker reaction
 * Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction
 * Hoesch reaction
 * Hosomi–Sakurai reaction
 * Houben–Fischer synthesis
 * Hudlicky fluorination
 * Huisgen cycloaddition
 * Hunsdiecker reaction, Hunsdiecker–Borodin reaction
 * Hurd-Mori 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis
 * Hydroboration
 * Hydrocarbon cracking
 * Hydrohalogenation

I

 * Indium mediated allylation
 * Ing–Manske procedure
 * Ipso substitution
 * Ireland–Claisen rearrangement
 * Isay reaction
 * Ishikawa reagent
 * trans-cis isomerism
 * Ivanov reagent, Ivanov reaction

J

 * Jacobsen epoxidation
 * Jacobsen rearrangement
 * Janovsky reaction
 * Japp–Klingemann reaction
 * Japp–Maitland condensation
 * Jocic reaction
 * Johnson–Claisen rearrangement
 * Johnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction
 * Jones oxidation
 * Jordan–Ullmann–Goldberg synthesis
 * Julia olefination, Julia–Lythgoe olefination

K

 * Kabachnik–Fields reaction
 * Kharasch–Sosnovsky reaction
 * Keck asymmetric allylation
 * Ketimine Mannich reaction
 * Ketone halogenation
 * Kiliani–Fischer synthesis
 * Kindler reaction
 * Kishner cyclopropane synthesis
 * Knoevenagel condensation
 * Knorr pyrazole synthesis
 * Knorr pyrrole synthesis
 * Knorr quinoline synthesis
 * Koch–Haaf reaction
 * Kochi reaction
 * Koenigs–Knorr reaction
 * Kolbe electrolysis
 * Kolbe nitrile synthesis
 * Kolbe–Schmitt reaction
 * Kornblum oxidation
 * Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement
 * Kostanecki acylation
 * Kowalski ester homologation
 * Krapcho decarboxylation
 * Krische allylation
 * Kröhnke aldehyde synthesis
 * Kröhnke oxidation
 * Kröhnke pyridine synthesis
 * Kucherov reaction
 * Kuhn–Winterstein reaction
 * Kulinkovich reaction
 * Kumada coupling

L

 * Larock indole synthesis
 * Lawesson's reagent
 * Lebedev process
 * Lehmstedt–Tanasescu reaction
 * Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis
 * Letts nitrile synthesis
 * Leuckart reaction
 * Leuckart thiophenol reaction
 * Leuckart–Wallach reaction
 * Leuckart amide synthesis
 * Levinstein process
 * Ley oxidation
 * Lieben iodoform reaction, Haloform reaction
 * Liebeskind–Srogl coupling
 * Liebig melamine synthesis
 * Lindlar catalyst
 * Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation
 * Lombardo methylenation
 * Lossen rearrangement
 * Lucas' reagent
 * Luche reduction

M

 * Maillard reaction
 * Madelung synthesis
 * Malaprade reaction, Periodic acid oxidation
 * Malonic ester synthesis
 * Mannich reaction
 * Markó–Lam deoxygenation
 * Markovnikov's rule, Markownikoff rule, Markownikow rule
 * Marschalk reaction
 * Martinet dioxindole synthesis
 * McDougall monoprotection
 * McFadyen–Stevens reaction
 * McMurry reaction
 * Meerwein arylation
 * Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction
 * Meisenheimer rearrangement
 * Meissenheimer complex
 * Menshutkin reaction
 * Metal-ion-catalyzed σ-bond rearrangement
 * Mesylation
 * Merckwald asymmetric synthesis
 * Metallo-ene reaction
 * Methylation
 * Meyer and Hartmann reaction
 * Meyer reaction
 * Meyer synthesis
 * Meyer–Schuster rearrangement
 * Michael addition
 * Michael addition, Michael system
 * Michael condensation
 * Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction
 * Midland Alpine borane reduction
 * Mignonac reaction
 * Milas hydroxylation of olefins
 * Minisci reaction
 * Mislow–Evans rearrangement
 * Mitsunobu reaction
 * Miyaura borylation
 * Modified Wittig-Claisen tandem reaction
 * Molisch's test
 * Mozingo reduction
 * Mukaiyama aldol addition (Mukaiyama reaction)
 * Mukaiyama hydration
 * Myers' asymmetric alkylation

N

 * Nametkin rearrangement
 * Narasaka–Prasad reduction
 * Nazarov cyclization reaction
 * Neber rearrangement
 * Nef reaction
 * Negishi coupling
 * Negishi zipper reaction
 * Nenitzescu indole synthesis
 * Nenitzescu reductive acylation
 * Newman–Kwart rearrangement
 * Nicholas reaction
 * Niementowski quinazoline synthesis
 * Niementowski quinoline synthesis
 * Nierenstein reaction
 * NIH shift
 * Ninhydrin test
 * Nitroaldol reaction
 * Nitrone-olefin 3+2 cycloaddition
 * Normant reagents
 * Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation
 * Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction
 * Nucleophilic acyl substitution

O

 * Ohira–Bestmann reaction
 * Olah reagent
 * Olefin metathesis
 * Oppenauer oxidation
 * Ostromyslenskii reaction, Ostromisslenskii reaction
 * Overman rearrangement
 * Oxidative decarboxylation
 * Oxo synthesis
 * Oxy-Cope rearrangement
 * Oxymercuration
 * Oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds
 * Ozonolysis

P

 * Paal–Knorr pyrrole synthesis
 * Paal–Knorr synthesis
 * Paneth technique
 * Passerini reaction
 * Paternò–Büchi reaction
 * Pauson–Khand reaction
 * Payne rearrangement
 * Pechmann condensation
 * Pechmann pyrazole synthesis
 * Pellizzari reaction
 * Pelouze synthesis
 * Peptide synthesis
 * Perkin alicyclic synthesis
 * Perkin reaction
 * Perkin rearrangement
 * Perkow reaction
 * Petasis reaction
 * Petasis reagent
 * Peterson olefination
 * Peterson reaction
 * Petrenko-Kritschenko piperidone synthesis
 * Pfau–Plattner azulene synthesis
 * Pfitzinger reaction
 * Pfitzner–Moffatt oxidation
 * Phosphonium coupling
 * Photosynthesis
 * Piancatelli rearrangement
 * Pictet–Gams isoquinoline synthesis
 * Pictet–Hubert reaction
 * Pictet–Spengler tetrahydroisoquinoline synthesis
 * Pictet–Spengler reaction
 * Piloty–Robinson pyrrole synthesis
 * Pinacol coupling reaction
 * Pinacol rearrangement
 * Pinner amidine synthesis
 * Pinner method for ortho esters
 * Pinner reaction
 * Pinner triazine synthesis
 * Pinnick oxidation
 * Piria reaction
 * Polonovski reaction
 * Pomeranz–Fritsch reaction
 * Ponzio reaction
 * Prato reaction
 * Prelog strain
 * Prevost reaction
 * Prileschajew reaction
 * Prilezhaev reaction
 * Prins reaction
 * Prinzbach synthesis
 * Protecting group
 * Pschorr reaction
 * Pummerer rearrangement
 * Purdie methylation, Irvine–Purdie methylation
 * PUREX

Q

 * Quelet reaction

R

 * Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction
 * Raney nickel
 * Rap–Stoermer condensation
 * Raschig phenol process
 * Rauhut–Currier reaction
 * Racemization
 * Reductive amination
 * Reductive dehalogenation of halo ketones
 * Reed reaction
 * Reformatskii reaction, Reformatsky reaction
 * Reilly–Hickinbottom rearrangement
 * Reimer–Tiemann reaction
 * Reissert indole synthesis
 * Reissert reaction, Reissert compound
 * Reppe synthesis
 * Retropinacol rearrangement
 * Rieche formylation
 * Riemschneider thiocarbamate synthesis
 * Riley oxidations
 * Ring closing metathesis
 * Ring opening metathesis
 * Ritter reaction
 * Robinson annulation
 * Robinson–Gabriel synthesis
 * Robinson Schopf reaction
 * Rosenmund reaction
 * Rosenmund reduction
 * Rosenmund–von Braun synthesis
 * Roskamp reaction
 * Rothemund reaction
 * Rupe rearrangement
 * Rubottom oxidation
 * Ruff–Fenton degradation
 * Ruzicka large-ring synthesis

S

 * Saegusa–Ito oxidation
 * Sakurai reaction
 * Salol reaction
 * Sandheimer
 * Sandmeyer diphenylurea isatin synthesis
 * Sandmeyer isonitrosoacetanilide isatin synthesis
 * Sandmeyer reaction
 * Sanger reagent
 * Saponification
 * Sarett oxidation
 * Schiemann reaction
 * Schiff reaction
 * Schiff test
 * Schlenk equilibrium
 * Schlosser modification
 * Schlosser variant
 * Schmidlin ketene synthesis
 * Schmidt degradation
 * Schmidt reaction
 * Scholl reaction
 * Schorigin Shorygin reaction, Shorygin reaction, Wanklyn reaction
 * Schotten–Baumann reaction
 * Seliwanoff's test
 * Semidine rearrangement
 * Semmler–Wolff reaction
 * Seyferth–Gilbert homologation
 * Shapiro reaction
 * Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation
 * Sharpless epoxidation
 * Sharpless oxyamination or aminohydroxylation
 * Shenck ene reaction
 * Shi epoxidation
 * Shiina esterification
 * Shiina macrolactonization or Shiina lactonization
 * Sigmatropic reaction
 * Simmons–Smith reaction
 * Simonini reaction
 * Simonis chromone cyclization
 * Simons process
 * Skraup chinolin synthesis
 * Skraup reaction
 * Smiles rearrangement
 * SNAr nucleophilic aromatic substitution
 * SN1
 * SN2
 * SNi
 * Solvolysis
 * Sommelet reaction
 * Sonn–Müller method
 * Sonogashira coupling
 * Sørensen formol titration
 * Staedel–Rugheimer pyrazine synthesis
 * Stahl oxidation
 * Staudinger reaction
 * Staudinger synthesis
 * Steglich esterification
 * Stephen aldehyde synthesis
 * Stetter reaction
 * Stevens rearrangement
 * Stieglitz rearrangement
 * Stille coupling
 * Stobbe condensation
 * Stollé synthesis
 * Stork acylation
 * Stork enamine alkylation
 * Strecker amino acid synthesis
 * Strecker degradation
 * Strecker sulfite alkylation
 * Strecker synthesis
 * Stereocontrolled 1,2-addition to carbonyl groups
 * Suzuki coupling
 * Swain equation
 * Swarts reaction
 * Swern oxidation

T

 * Tamao oxidation
 * Tafel rearrangement
 * Takai olefination
 * Tebbe olefination
 * ter Meer reaction
 * Thiele reaction
 * Thiol-yne reaction
 * Thorpe reaction
 * Tiemann rearrangement
 * Tiffeneau ring enlargement reaction
 * Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement
 * Tischtschenko reaction
 * Tishchenko reaction, Tishchenko–Claisen reaction
 * Tollens reagent
 * Transfer hydrogenation
 * Trapp mixture
 * Transesterification
 * Traube purine synthesis
 * Truce–Smiles rearrangement
 * Tscherniac–Einhorn reaction
 * Tschitschibabin reaction
 * Tschugajeff reaction
 * Tsuji–Trost reaction
 * Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation reaction
 * Twitchell process
 * Tyrer sulfonation process

U

 * Ugi reaction
 * Ullmann reaction
 * Upjohn dihydroxylation
 * Urech cyanohydrin method
 * Urech hydantoin synthesis

V

 * Van Leusen reaction
 * Van Slyke determination
 * Varrentrapp reaction
 * Vilsmeier reaction
 * Vilsmeier–Haack reaction
 * Voight amination
 * Volhard–Erdmann cyclization
 * von Braun amide degradation
 * von Braun reaction
 * von Richter cinnoline synthesis
 * von Richter reaction

W

 * Wacker–Tsuji oxidation
 * Wagner-Jauregg reaction
 * Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement
 * Waits–Scheffer epoxidation
 * Walden inversion
 * Wallach rearrangement
 * Weerman degradation
 * Weinreb ketone synthesis
 * Wenker ring closure
 * Wenker synthesis
 * Wessely–Moser rearrangement
 * Westphalen–Lettré rearrangement
 * Wharton reaction
 * Whiting reaction
 * Wichterle reaction
 * Widman–Stoermer synthesis
 * Wilkinson catalyst
 * Willgerodt rearrangement
 * Willgerodt–Kindler reaction
 * Williamson ether synthesis
 * Winstein reaction
 * Wittig reaction
 * Wittig rearrangement:
 * 1,2-Wittig rearrangement
 * 2,3-Wittig rearrangement
 * Wittig–Horner reaction
 * Wohl degradation
 * Wohl–Aue reaction
 * Wohler synthesis
 * Wohl–Ziegler reaction
 * Wolffenstein–Böters reaction
 * Wolff rearrangement
 * Wolff–Kishner reduction
 * Woodward cis-hydroxylation
 * Woodward–Hoffmann rule
 * Wulff–Dötz reaction
 * Wurtz coupling, Wurtz reaction
 * Wurtz–Fittig reaction

Y

 * Yamada–Okamoto purine synthesis
 * Yamaguchi esterification

Z

 * Zaitsev's rule
 * Zeisel determination
 * Zerevitinov determination, Zerewitinoff determination
 * Ziegler condensation
 * Ziegler method
 * Zimmermann reaction
 * Zincke disulfide cleavage
 * Zincke nitration
 * Zincke reaction
 * Zincke–Suhl reaction
 * Zinin reduction

title: List of organic reactions


text:
Gorni Kramer

Francesco Kramer Gorni (22 July 1913 – 26 October 1995), known as Gorni Kramer, was an Italian songwriter, musician and band leader.

Biography
He was born Francesco Kramer Gorni in Rivarolo Mantovano, Lombardy. Despite the exotic sound of Gorni Kramer in the Italian language, which led part of his audience to believe he was a foreigner or had adopted a fancy pseudonym, it was his real name. His family name was Gorni, and Kramer his middle name, after the American cyclist Frank Kramer, who won the road race at the 1912 World Championships and made a strong impression on Gorni's father.

Kramer learned music at a very young age, thanks to his father, a musician. The first instrument he learned how to play was the accordion, with which he performed as a child in his father's band.

He then studied double bass at the Parma Conservatory and obtained his diploma in 1930. He started working as a musician for dance bands, then in 1933, aged 20, he formed his own jazz group. This new American musical genre was forbidden by the Italian fascist regime, but Gorni Kramer could get to know it thanks to some fellow musicians who worked on board the liners connecting Europe and North America.

In the middle of the 1930s he became a successful songwriter. He composed the music for "Crapa pelada" – lyrics by Tata Giacobetti – a 1936 hit performed by Alberto Rabagliati. In 1939 he wrote "Pippo non lo sa", one of Trio Lescano's most famous songs. In spite of his songs' popularity, Gorni Kramer and his orchestra were still ignored by the Italian state radio EIAR, who boycotted them because they played jazz.

During World War II he worked with Natalino Otto, a singer also banned by EIAR because of swing. Kramer wrote "Ho un sassolino nella scarpa", one of Otto's greatest hits. In the period he also began a long-lasting cooperation with Quartetto Cetra – for them he wrote memorable songs such as "Nella vecchia fattoria" (the Italian remake of "Old MacDonald Had a Farm"), "In un palco della Scala", "Donna", "Concertino".

In 1949 Gorni Kramer started working for Garinei and Giovannini, a very famous duo of impresarios who authored and produced musical comedies. Writing music for their shows was his main activity for the following ten years. Their most successful productions were Gran Baldoria, Attanasio cavallo vanesio, Alvaro piuttosto corsaro, Tobia candida spia, Un paio d'ali. They featured very popular songs such as "Un bacio a mezzanotte", "Non so dir ti voglio bene", "Le gocce cadono", "Chérie", "Simpatica".

Gorni Kramer debuted on television in 1957 with Il Musichiere music show hosted by Mario Riva. He composed the show's theme song "Domenica è sempre domenica". Other shows ensued: Buone vacanze, Giardino d'inverno, L'amico del giaguaro, Leggerissimo.

In mid-1960s Gorni Kramer gradually reduced his public performances, but he continued to work as a music publisher and a TV author. He died of a heart attack, in Milan in 1995. He was survived by his daughters Teresa and Laura.

title: Gorni Kramer


text:
Halton County, Ontario

Halton County is a former county in the Canadian province of Ontario, with an area of 228181 acre. It is also one of the oldest counties in Canada.

History
Halton County is named after Major William Mathew Halton (1746–1823), a British Army officer, who was appointed in England in 1805 as Secretary to Upper Canada Lieutenant-Governor Sir Francis Gore and spent little time in Canada during his posting (served two terms, 1806–1811 and 1815–1816).

Settlers started to arrive in the area in the early 1780s. The south was first settled by United Empire Loyalists, and the north was settled mainly by immigrants from the British Isles. In 1788, the area became part of the Nassau District, which was renamed the Home District in 1792.

Historic townships

 * Esquesing Township (area 66700 acre). Opened in 1819, the first town meeting was held in 1821 when the population was 424. The name Esquesing was said to come from an Indigenous word meaning "the land of the tall pine(s)", but is more likely to come from the Mississauga word ishkwessin, meaning "that which lies at the end", which was the original name for Bronte Creek. Community centres were Georgetown, Acton, Glen Williams, Stewarttown, Norval, Limehouse.
 * Nassagaweya Township (area 44797 acre). Opened in 1819, its name was derived from the Mississauga word niizhozaagiwan, meaning "having two outlets", which was the original name of the Sixteen Mile Creek. Community centres were Campbellville, Darbyville and Eden Mills.
 * Nelson Township (area 46236 acre) Opened in 1806 and named in honour of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson. Community centre: Burlington.
 * Trafalgar Township (area 67055 acre), opened in 1806, the year after the Battle of Trafalgar. The township was settled in 1807. Community centres were Milton, Oakville, Bronte.

First Nations land surrenders
The lands that eventually formed part of Halton were acquired from the Mississauga Indians as follows:

Municipal organization and evolution
Along with Wentworth County, Halton County was created in 1816 as part of the Gore District, consisting of the townships of Trafalgar, Nelson, Flamborough, and Beverley, together with certain blocks of land on the Grand River and reserved lands to the rear of the townships of Blenheim and Blandford. In 1821, the county was expanded through the addition of the townships of Esquesing, Erin, Nassagaweya, Eramosa, and Garafraxa, together with certain church land.

In 1838, on the creation of Wellington District, the townships of Garafraxa, Nichol, Woolwich, Guelph, Waterloo, Wilmot, Dumfries, Puslinch, Erin and Eramosa were withdrawn from Halton and transferred to it, to be known as Waterloo County.

Upon the passage of the Act of Union 1840, for electoral purposes Halton became two ridings for electing members to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada:

 * East Riding: the townships of Trafalgar, Nelson, Esquesing, Nassagaweya, East Flamborough, West Flamborough, Erin and Beverley.
 * West Riding: the townships of Garafraxa, Nichol, Woolwich, Guelph, Waterloo, Wilmot, Dumfries, Puslinch and Eramosa.

When the East and West Ridings were renamed for their respective counties in 1845, the township of Erin continued to be part of Halton for electoral purposes.

When the Gore District was abolished in 1850, the township of Erin was fully withdrawn and Halton County was united with Wentworth County to form the United Counties of Wentworth and Halton. As a result of a territorial reorganization in 1851, Halton County was reduced in size, with only the townships of Esquesing, Trafalgar, Nassageweya and Nelson remaining, and the union of counties was abolished in 1854.

As settlement progressed, several urban areas developed and were organized into separate villages and towns:

 * Acton: incorporated as a village in 1874, and erected into a town in 1950.
 * Bronte: incorporated as a village in 1952.
 * Burlington: incorporated as a village in 1872, and erected into a town in 1915.
 * Georgetown: incorporated as a village in 1864, and erected into a town in 1921.
 * Milton: incorporated as a town in 1857.
 * Oakville: incorporated as a town in 1857.

In 1861, the County population was about 22,794.

In 1958, Burlington amalgamated with the township of Nelson and annexed part of the township of East Flamborough. Oakville did the same in 1962, through amalgamation with Bronte and the township of Trafalgar. As a consequence, special legislation was passed to provide that votes of members of the county council were to be allocated according to the populations of the respective municipalities, provided that the combined number of votes for Burlington and Oakville would not be greater than the total votes allocated to the remaining municipalities.

In 1974, Halton County was replaced by the Regional Municipality of Halton.

title: Halton County, Ontario


text: Category:Ancient Greeks by occupation

title: Category:Ancient Greeks by occupation


text: Category:Ancient Romans by occupation

title: Category:Ancient Romans by occupation


text:
Jane Wagner

Jane Wagner (born February 26, 1935) is an American writer, director and producer. She is Lily Tomlin's comedy writer, collaborator, and wife.

Early life and education
Wagner was born and raised in Morristown, Tennessee, where she developed an interest in writing. She attended Morristown High School, where she wrote for the school newspaper. At 17, she moved from East Tennessee to New York City, where she studied painting and sculpture at the School of Visual Arts and pursued an acting career.

Career
Early in her life, she toured with the Barter Theatre of Abingdon, Virginia, and later became a designer for such firms as Kimberly-Clark and Fieldcrest.

She made her writing debut with the CBS afternoon special J.T. (1969), for which she won the Peabody Award — and drew the attention of Tomlin, who was looking for someone to help develop the Laugh-In character Edith Ann. It was the beginning of a collaboration that continues to this day.

Wagner has been nominated for Grammy Awards, with Tomlin, for the comic's recorded albums and has won three Emmy Awards and a Writers Guild of America award, also with Tomlin, for the comic's television specials.

She wrote and directed Moment by Moment, starring Tomlin and John Travolta, and wrote The Incredible Shrinking Woman, which starred Tomlin.

The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe won Wagner a Special Award from the New York Drama Critics' Circle and a New York Drama Desk Award. The film adaptation of the play brought Wagner a Cable ACE Award.

Wagner won a second Peabody for the ABC special, Edith Ann's Christmas: Just Say Noel (1996).

Since its launch in 2008, Wagner has been a contributor to wowOwow.com, a website for women to discuss culture, politics and gossip.

Honors, awards and nominations
Annie Award

1997: nominated – Best Individual Achievement: Writing in a TV Production – Edith Ann's Christmas: Just Say Noel

Drama Desk Award

2001: nominated – Outstanding Revival of a Play – The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe

1986: won – Unique Theatrical Experience – The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe

Emmy Award

1993: nominated – Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special – The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe

1981: won – Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Program – Lily: Sold Out

1981: nominated – Outstanding Writing in a Variety, Music or Comedy Program – Lily: Sold Out

1976: won – Outstanding Writing in a Comedy-Variety or Music Special – The Lily Tomlin Special

1976: nominated – Outstanding Comedy-Variety or Music Special – The Lily Tomlin Special

1974: won – Outstanding Writing in Comedy-Variety, Variety or Music – Lily

Peabody Award

1996: won – Edith Ann's Christmas: Just Say Noel

1970: won – J.T.

Tony Award

2001: nominated – Best Revival of a Play – The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe

Lambda Literary Award

2020: won – Lambda Literary Visionary prize

Personal life
Wagner met her future wife, writer Lily Tomlin, in March 1971. After watching the after-school TV special J.T. written by Wagner, Tomlin invited Wagner to Los Angeles to collaborate on Tomlin's comedy LP album And That's The Truth. On December 31, 2013, Wagner and Tomlin married in a private ceremony in Los Angeles after 42 years together.

Works and publications

 * Wagner, Jane, and Gordon Parks, Jr. J.T. New York: Dell, 1971. ISBN 978-0-440-44275-2
 * Tomlin, Lily, and Jane Wagner. On Stage. New York, N.Y.: Arista, 1977. Recorded live at the Biltmore Theatre, New York City. Audio book on LP.
 * Wagner, Jane. Development and Effect of Feminist Consciousness Raising Women's Groups, Los Angeles, Late 1960s Through 1982. Ph.D. Thesis/dissertation. Wright Institute, Los Angeles. 1983.
 * Wagner, Jane, Elon Soltes, Wendy Apple, and Lily Tomlin. Appearing Nitely. Valley Village, Calif.: Tomlin and Wagner Theatricalz, 1992. Recorded live at the Huntington Hartford Theater in Los Angeles, Calif. Originally produced for television in 1978. Video recording.
 * Wagner, Jane. Edith Ann – My Life, So Far. New York: Hyperion, 1994. As told to and illustrated by Jane Wagner. ISBN 978-0-786-86120-0
 * Tomlin, Lily, Jane Wagner, and Anna Deavere Smith. Conversation with Lily Tomlin and Jane Wagner, October 25, 1994. San Francisco: City Arts & Lectures, Inc, 1994. Masonic Auditorium.
 * Wagner, Jane. J.T. New York: Carousel Films, 2000. DVD. Originally broadcast in 1969. Jeannette Du Bois, Theresa Merritt, Kevin Hooks.
 * Tomlin, Lily, and Jane Wagner. And That's the Truth. United States: Universal Music Enterprises, 2003. Recorded live at The Ice House, Pasadena, March 1976. Audio book.
 * Tomlin, Lily, and Jane Wagner. The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe. Tarzana, Calif.: Laugh.com, 2005. 1992 HBO television film. A film adaptation of the Broadway play by Jane Wagner.
 * Wagner, Jane, Marilyn French, and Lily Tomlin. The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe. New York, NY: ItBooks, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers, 2012. Reprint. Originally published: New York : Harper & Row, 1986. Based on the Broadway play written by Wagner starring Lily Tomlin. Includes an Afterword by Marilyn French and Reflections by Lily Tomlin and by Jane Wagner. ISBN 978-0-062-10737-4

title: Jane Wagner


text:
Peel County, Ontario

Peel County is a historic county in the Canadian province of Ontario. Named for Sir Robert Peel, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, the county was organized in 1851. Settlers, however, were in Toronto Township as early as 1807. The Credit River was reserved for the Mississaugas; however, they sold their land and moved to the Bruce Peninsula.

Formation and history
The townships that would eventually constitute Peel were initially part of York County in the Home District, and were designated as the West Riding of York in 1845.

The following communities were organized:

The county was created in 1851, forming part of the United Counties of York, Ontario and Peel. It was given its own provisional county council in 1856, and was formally separated from York in 1860.

However, disputes as to whether the county seat should be Malton or Brampton prompted the provisional council to request that the separation be reversed, and an 1862 Act of the Parliament of the Province of Canada brought that into effect, reviving the United Counties of York and Peel. In 1866, the counties were re-separated.

In 1973, Peel County became the Regional Municipality of Peel, as a result of the Ontario provincial government's regionalization of the rapidly developing counties surrounding Toronto.

title: Peel County, Ontario


text:
Talk:Lolita Lebrón

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 15 January 2020 and 6 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Latinxartandactivism.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:48, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Characterizing Lolita Lebrón as a feminist and socialist
I am not sure this is an accurate description of Lolita Lebrón and the article does not offer any evidence that she considered herself either a socialist or feminist. Margaret Power 21:26, 20 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Look here. --The Eloquent Peasant (talk) 23:12, 20 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lolita Lebrón


text:
Prescott County, Ontario

Prescott County is known as a historic county in the Canadian province of Ontario.

It was created in 1800 from a portion of Glengarry County. It was named in honour of Major General Robert Prescott, Governor of Canada at that time. First settlers were Americans, but not all were Loyalists. In 1820, the county was united with Russell County to form United Counties of Prescott and Russell which is still an upper-tier municipality.

Historic townships

 * Alfred - Named in memory of Prince Alfred, son of King George III, who died as a child of two-years old. Earliest patent was granted to John McKindlay on August 10, 1801. The Township was later merged with North Plantagenet, now Alfred and Plantagenet Township.
 * Caledonia - Earliest patent was to Joshua Hall on April 30, 1808. The township was first part of Longueuil and was organized in 1810. It is now part of The Nation Municipality.
 * East Hawkesbury - Still exists today as a lower-tier municipality known as East Hawkesbury Township. Crown patent granted to Hon. W.O. Powell, February 10, 1797, Col. William Fortune, March 10, 1787, and Sir John Johnson, May 16, 1798.
 * Longueuil - It was a fief held under the seignorial system of the French regime by the descendants of Charles le Moyne de Longueuil et de Châteauguay. In 1796 the township was purchased by American Nathaniel Hazard Treadwell, who declined to take an oath of loyalty and was deported, in 1812, to the United States. In 1830, he returned and his son Charles Platt Treadwell became sheriff of Prescott and Russell. The Township was later merged with West Hawkesbury, now Champlain Township.
 * North Plantagenet - Opened in 1798, first land grant was to Peter Lukin on July 10, 1801. Township was merged with Alfred, now Alfred and Plantagenet Township.
 * South Plantagenet - Now part of The Nation Municipality.
 * West Hawkesbury - Opened in 1798 it has now been merged with Longueuil, and is now known as Champlain Township.

Source: Province of Ontario -- A History 1615 to 1927 by Jesse Edgar Middletwon & Fred Landon, copyright 1927, Dominion Publishing Company, Toronto

title: Prescott County, Ontario


text:
Russell County, Ontario

Russell County is known as a historic county in the Canadian province of Ontario.

It was created in 1800 from a portion of Stormont County. In 1820, the county was united with Prescott County to form United Counties of Prescott and Russell which is still an upper-tier municipality

The county's Cumberland Township became part of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa–Carleton in 1969, and is now part of the single-tier city of Ottawa.

Historic townships

 * Cambridge (SE) - Now part of The Nation Municipality
 * Clarence (NE) - Merged with Rockland to become the city of Clarence-Rockland
 * Cumberland (NW) - Now part of the City of Ottawa
 * Russell Township (SW) - Existing lower-tier municipality.

title: Russell County, Ontario


text: Category:Traditional football

title: Category:Traditional football


text:
Contra proferentem

Contra proferentem (Latin: "against [the] offeror"), also known as "interpretation against the draftsman", is a doctrine of contractual interpretation providing that, where a promise, agreement or term is ambiguous, the preferred meaning should be the one that works against the interests of the party who provided the wording.

Overview
The doctrine is often applied to situations involving standardized contracts or where the parties are of unequal bargaining power, but is applicable to other cases. The doctrine is not, however, directly applicable to situations where the language at issue is mandated by law, as is often the case with insurance contracts and bills of lading.

The reasoning behind this rule is to encourage the drafter of a contract to be as clear and explicit as possible and to take into account as many foreseeable situations as it can. Eric Posner claimed: "The contra proferentem rule, for example, might encourage the drafter to be more explicit and to provide more details about obligations. This may reduce the chance that the other party will misunderstand the contract; it also may facilitate judicial interpretation of the contract." Uri Weiss claimed: "The Contra Proferentem rule motivates the less risk-averse drafter to refrain from manipulating the other side by making the contract unclear. Thus, the two parties can agree that the less risk-averse side will formulate the contract, thus reducing the cost of the transaction. Without this rule, there might be a moral hazard problem".

Additionally, the rule reflects the court's inherent dislike of standard-form take-it-or-leave-it contracts also known as contracts of adhesion (e.g., standard form insurance contracts for individual consumers, residential leases, airline contracts of carriage, etc.). The court perceives such contracts to be the product of bargaining between parties in unfair or uneven positions. To mitigate this perceived unfairness, legal systems apply the doctrine of contra proferentem; giving the benefit of any doubt in favor of the party that did not provide the contract.

Contra proferentem also places the cost of losses on the party who was in the best position to avoid the harm. This is generally the person who drafted the contract. An example of this is the insurance contract mentioned above, which is a good example of an adhesion contract. There, the insurance company is the party completely in control of the terms of the contract and is generally in a better position, for example, to avoid contractual forfeiture.

Codification
The principle is codified in international instruments such as the UNIDROIT Principles and the Principles of European Contract Law, and in some examples of national law:
 * in United Kingdom law, with respect to consumer contracts, under Section 69 of the Consumer Rights Act 2015, which states "If a term in a consumer contract, or a consumer notice, could have different meanings, the meaning that is most favourable to the consumer is to prevail".
 * in the Brazilian Civil Code, which states that any legal transaction should be interpreted in a way that benefits the party who did not write the terms (article 113, § 1º, IV).
 * California Civil Code §1654, enacted in 1872, states "In cases of uncertainty ... the language of a contract should be interpreted most strongly against the party who caused the uncertainty to exist")
 * South Korea's ACT ON THE REGULATION OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS §5 states "If the meaning of terms and conditions is not clear, it shall be construed in favor of customers."

Numerous other states have also codified the rule.

title: Contra proferentem


text:
User talk:Norm/Thornbury

Thornbury is a historical market town in South Gloucestershire, 11 miles north of Bristol, with a population of around 12,000 people. It is twinned with Bockenem in Germany. South Gloucestershire council headquarters is in Thornbury. It is a Britain in Bloom award winning town and also has its own competition, Thornbury in Bloom.

History
Thornbury's history dates back to around the 9th century, with a settlement of "Thornbyrig". The Domesday Book noted a village called "Turneberie" that had 103 residents.

The town charter was created in 1252. The 750th anniversary was recently celebrated, with a "750" flower bed planted on Grovesend Road. St Mary's church is the oldest surviving building in the town.

Thornbury once had a railway line and station. The remains of the railway are now housing and industrial estates, a bypass road and a long footpath. More remains of the line can be found at Tytherington quarry around one mile from the north of the town.

Thornbury used to have a bustling market, however the site closed down in the late 1990's. Recently, a smaller market on another site was set up in a car park near the United Reform Church. The older site remains derelict but there are plans to sell the land for housing devleopment.

Amenities
Thornbury features a high street, a shopping centre, two supermarkets and many smaller shops around the town. The town has 5 churches: St Mary's church, Christ the King, The Methodist church, United Reform Church and Hackett Church.

Industries
An Industrial estate is located to the south of the town. One of the biggest industries there is Essilor, a company who manufactures lenses for glasses.

B4061
The B4061 starts on an A38 junction at Alveston and goes through Thornbury, Morton and eventually forks off leading to either Milbury Heath or Whitfield near Falfield. The road has many names on various sections

High Street
The High Street has many shops and places of historical interest such as the Bristol and West house, the old police station and town hall.

 * Bristol road

Others

 * Midland and Morton way. The fast backbone roads of Thornbury. Seperated by a roundabout, these roads connect the North and the South of Thornbury.

 * Gillingstool Grovesend road. Long straight road that leads from the A38 to the Town Centre.
 * Castle Street.
 * The Plain

Education
There are several schools in Thornbury. The two most notable are Gillingstool Primary which dates back to the 1800's (known for its school bell) and the former grammar school (Thornbury Grammar School), which is now a sixth form centre for Castle School, Thornbury's secondary school. Other schools include Crossways, New Siblands, Christ the King, St Marys, Shelings and Manorbrook.

Tourist Attractions
Thornbury's best known famous attraction is its castle (now a hotel). St Mary's church is near the castle.

The town pump has been sited on a small roundabout at the bottom of the high street. It has a distinctive sign saying "To Gloucester" with a pointing hand. The original pump was infamously removed in 1924 due to its state and it was considered a "road hazard" by the council. In 1984 a new one was built and was painted gold in 2002 to celebrate the golden jubilee.

A footpath called Streamside Walk, which starts at Gillingstool primary school, passes over several roads and bridges, passes Thornbury hospital, Manorbrook primary school and on to the north of Thornbury where the stream carries on beyond the town. There is also another, less well known stream that runs through the north east of Thornbury and merges at an old mill.

Other attractions include the Munday Playing Fields Filnore Woods, Armstrong and Cossham halls, Thornbury Museum and the borough stone, which was replaced in 1997. Recently a heritage trail was set up offering information signs about historical places of interest.

Famous residents

 * Richard de Clare
 * Handel Cossham
 * John Wesley

Pictures of Thornbury
Thornbury Castle, seen from the top of St Mary’s Church tower on a church open day The Castle roof (the two brick chimneys are dated at 1514) Detail of the two chimneys, showing remarkable brick sculturing The interior of St Mary’s Church (the parish church of Thornbury) Detail of the intricate stonework at the top of St Mary’s church tower The Council offices (Thornbury lies within South Gloucestershire) The lower end of High Street and the pump (surrounded by flowers, on the right) The pump The Barrel public house in St Mary's Shopping Centre St Mary’s Shopping Centre

title: User talk:Norm/Thornbury


text:
Niagara (electoral district)

Niagara was a federal electoral district in the Canadian province of Ontario, which was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1883. It is sometimes also considered one of Ontario's historic counties, as it was listed in some post-Confederation census records as a county of residence.

Niagara consisted of the Lincoln County townships of Niagara and Grantham, including the towns of Niagara-on-the-Lake and St. Catharines.

The electoral district was abolished in 1882 when it was merged into Lincoln and Niagara riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Electoral history

 * }

 * }

 * }

On election being declared void:

 * }

 * }

On election being declared void:

 * }

Mr. Hughes was disqualified; subsequently the Court struck off four votes from Mr. Hughes' list for bribery, thus giving the seat to Mr. Plumb by a majority of two.

title: Niagara (electoral district)


text:
Sega Superstars

Sega Superstars is a party video game developed by Sonic Team for the PlayStation 2. It was published by Sega and released in Europe on October 22, 2004; in North America in November 2, 2004; and in Japan in November 11, 2004. The game features several minigames based on various Sega titles that are controlled using the EyeToy peripheral. Upon release, the game received "average" review scores from critics.

Gameplay
Gameplay is similar to that of EyeToy: Play, in which players use their body to play a variety of minigames. However, while that game only picked up player's movement, Sega Superstars uses a more advanced system. Before the start of each game, a setup screen with an orange area is shown. In order to start the game, players have to stand in a position where the orange area won't pick up any movement and select the continue button. This method determines what area is the background, allowing EyeToy to pick up the player's position, as opposed to just what areas are moving. This is particularly prominent in games like Puyo Puyo, which uses the player's entire body.

Sega Superstars features 12 minigames, each based on different Sega franchises. Rings earned in each game can be used in a Chao Garden mode, in which players raise Chao from the Sonic the Hedgehog series.
 * Sonic the Hedgehog - Using their hands, players must guide Sonic through a tube, collecting rings and Chaos Emeralds while avoiding bombs.
 * Super Monkey Ball - Players use their arms to control Ai-Ai as he rolls in a ball through a maze, aiming to reach a goal without falling off the stage.
 * Samba de Amigo - Players move their hands over one of the six circles in time to the music.
 * Space Channel 5 - Playing as Ulala, players must copy dance moves given by the Morolian opponents by hitting monitors with their arms.
 * NiGHTS into Dreams - Using their arms as if they were flying, players guide NiGHTS through a series of rings and collectables.
 * The House of the Dead - Players use their body to attack zombies that appear on-screen, being careful not to hit any hostages.
 * Virtua Fighter - Players fight against various fighters, following command prompts to attack them while also defending against their attacks.
 * Billy Hatcher - Players must use rolling motions to help Billy Hatcher roll a giant egg around and clear each level.
 * Puyo Pop Fever - Players use their entire body to funnel colored Puyos into their respective departments, being careful not to accidentally roll in a bomb.
 * ChuChu Rocket! - Players use their hands to activate mechanisms and guide ChuChus to a rocket while protecting them from a hungry cat.
 * Virtua Striker - Players play as a soccer goalkeeper and try to catch incoming footballs.
 * Crazy Taxi - Players attempt to make as much movement and noise as possible to attract the attention of a taxi.

Development
Before Sega Superstars, few games had made use of the EyeToy. As such, the game was developed as a product that would combine the novelty of this accessory with the familiarity of Sega's first-party franchises to extend the long-term viability of the PlayStation 2 console. It was announced in April 2004 and exhibited at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) and Tokyo Game Show events of that same year.

Reception
The game received "average" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of two nines and two sevens for a total of 32 out of 40.

title: Sega Superstars


text:
Barenaked for the Holidays

Barenaked for the Holidays is a holiday-themed studio album released by Canadian band Barenaked Ladies on October 5, 2004. The album includes Christmas and Hanukkah songs as well as "Auld Lang Syne", which is traditionally sung on New Year's Eve. There are also several songs that are simply about the winter season. The album was the first album recorded at Steven Page's studio, Fresh Baked Woods and was the first released independently by Barenaked Ladies' Desperation Records label (and distributed by the Warner Music Group). It was the band's first studio album for which a "naked track" (recorded in the nude) was not recorded. This album achieved Gold status in Canada.

Barenaked Ladies also collaborated with fellow Canadian artists Sarah McLachlan ("God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen", originally recorded in August 1996) and a then relatively unknown Michael Bublé ("Elf's Lament").

Production
While the album contains some faithful interpretations of traditional songs, much of the album plays true to Ladies' off-kilter spirit. "Jingle Bells" begins as a slow, faithful rendition before breaking into an up-tempo version, including the "Batman smells..." lyric variation, and Page breaking down laughing. Several existing songs are included in the form of keyboard interludes; "Happy Birthday to You" is included as a hidden track in the form "Happy Birthday Jesus". The song "Deck the Stills" is an adaptation or parody of the song "Deck the Halls" with the lyrics "Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young" repeated in place of the real lyrics (it was an in-joke with the band at the time to use these lyrics in other songs).

The album also includes the Band Aid charity song, "Do They Know It's Christmas?", all the royalties from which the band donates to the Stephen Lewis Foundation. The collaboration with Sarah McLachlan for "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen" was released on a prior compilation, Christmas Songs, in 2000. Finally, the album includes seven songs written by the band.

The album was a popular release during the Christmas season of 2004, and reached No. 64 in the regular Billboard album charts. Barenaked Ladies promoted the album with the Barenaked for the Holidays Tour in 2004 and 2005.

Former member Steven Page later admitted that the album was not his idea, and that a holiday themed album was not what he wanted to do following Everything to Everyone.

E.P. Version
An E.P. of Hanukkah-themed songs named the Barenaked for Hanukkah E.P. was released as a digital download on November 15, 2005. It contains a live version of "Hanukkah, O Hanukkah" from the band's Toronto concert on November 20, 2004, as well as the album versions of "Hanukkah Blessings" and "I Have a Little Dreidel". It was certified gold in Canada.

Barenaked on a Stick
Barenaked on a Stick is a 128MB USB flash drive that contains the Holidays CD, live songs and ad libs, a demo recording, videos of the album recording, promo photos and buddy icons for instant messaging programs. It was sold initially at the 2005 holiday concert tour, and then through Nettwerk's online store, and though Amazon.com. The USB stick was part of a product test by the band to see if there was a market for releasing albums on reusable media. Their next album Barenaked Ladies Are Me was also released on USB flash drive, as were subsequent live recordings.

Rock Band
The song "Hanukkah Blessings" was released on the Rock Band music store on December 23, 2008.

Personnel
Barenaked Ladies
 * Steven Page – vocals, guitar
 * Ed Robertson – vocals, guitar
 * Jim Creeggan – bass, vocals
 * Tyler Stewart – drums, percussion, vocals
 * Kevin Hearn – keyboards, piano, accordion, vocals

Additional personnel
 * Michael Bublé – vocals
 * Kelly Maureen McKenna – mandolin, guitar, vocals
 * Sarah McLachlan – vocals

Production
 * Jeremy Darby – engineer
 * Michael Phillip Wojewoda – mixing
 * Ted Jensen – mastering
 * Don Garbutt – digital editing
 * Paul Forgues – assistant
 * Rob Menegoni – technical assistance
 * Keith Rudyk – technical assistance
 * Barenaked Ladies – arranger
 * Andrew MacNaughton – photography
 * John Rummen – artwork

title: Barenaked for the Holidays