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Bahawal Khan V

Mohammad Bahawal Khan V (1883–1907) was the 11th Nawab of the Kingdom of Bahawalpur, a former princely state of the British Raj, now part of Pakistan. He ruled from 1899 until his death. As Nawab of Bahawalpur, he was entitled to a 17-gun salute.

Biography
Mohammad Bahawal Khan V was the second son by the second wife of Nawab Amir Sir Sadeq Mohammad Khan Abbasi IV Bahadur. In 1899, when he was only fifteen, Nawab Mohammad Bahawal Khan V ascended the throne of Bahawalpur following his father's death. He reigned under a Council of Superintendence until he came of age and was invested with full ruling powers in a ceremony attended by the Viceroy, Lord Curzon himself, at Derawar Fort on 12 November 1903.

In 1902 Nawab Mohammad Bahawal Khan V was invited to London to attend the Coronation of Edward VII and Queen Alexandra at Westminster Abbey. He set out from Karachi, but on the preliminary voyage to Bombay he suffered so severely from sea sickness that on landing there he cancelled the visit.

On 15 February 1907 Mohammad Bahawal Khan V died of illness on a ship while sailing off the coast of Aden. He was succeeded by his only male heir, Sadeq Mohammad Khan V, who was then only 3 years old.

title: Bahawal Khan V


text:
SERM

SERM may refer to:

 * Selective estrogen receptor modulator
 * Structured-Entity-Relationship-Model
 * Search engine reputation management

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: SERM


text:
Lincoln County, Ontario

Lincoln County is a historic county in the Canadian province of Ontario.

The county was formed in 1792. In 1845, the southern portion of Lincoln County was separated to form Welland County.

In some census and election records from the late 19th century, the townships of Caistor and Gainsborough (which can be seen on the map below) were enumerated as part of Monck County, while Grantham and Niagara Townships were enumerated as part of Niagara County. However, neither Monck nor Niagara ever existed as incorporated municipal counties, but rather as electoral districts.

In 1970, Lincoln and Welland Counties were amalgamated to form the Regional Municipality of Niagara.

title: Lincoln County, Ontario


text:
Pan Tau

Pan Tau (Czech for "Mr. Tau") is a character created for a children's television series. There were 33 episodes in 3 series made by the Czechoslovak Television (ČST) in cooperation with Barrandov Studios and the West German TV network Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR). A pilot film was shot in 1966, and 33 episodes were made from 1970 until 1979. The project ended with a feature film in 1988.

The protagonist Pan Tau, who generally didn't speak and communicated through pantomime, was played by Otto Šimánek (1925–1992). The series was written by Ota Hofman and directed by Jindřich Polák. The plot of each episode was generally comical but contained some kind of problem for a child, and here Pan Tau found the way to solve the problem.

Pan Tau always had a gentle expression and a friendly smile, he was elegantly dressed in a stroller, with an umbrella and a white carnation in the lapel. Foremost, he was famous for his magic bowler hat. By tapping on his hat, Pan Tau was able to change his appearance into a puppet, to conjure up miscellaneous objects or to do other magic. His most characteristic behaviour is that he would help children who were experiencing some sort of difficulties in-between their dreams and reality, like finding a place for skiing, settling family problems on Christmas, and even give a boy a good time at a fair when he is supposed to have piano lessons. To adults, he usually remained invisible.

Although Czechoslovakia then was under a Communist regime, this never was very obvious for the viewers. Pan Tau was a popular children's program in several countries at both sides of the Iron Curtain (such as in both West and East Germany and also in the Scandinavian countries), which also appealed to the adult viewers to a certain degree.

Theodor Pištěk designed the costumes for the series.

Ten years after the end of the series, Šimánek again appeared as Pan Tau in a 1988 cinema film. He was also featured in the German singer Nena's 1990 music video for Du bist überall ("You Are Everywhere", from her Wunder gescheh'n studio album), which was shot in Prague.

In 2020 a reboot with Matt Edwards as Pan Tau produced by German broadcaster ARD was broadcast.

Plot summary
Pan Tau makes his first appearance helping a young boy, who is reluctantly attending piano lessons, to overcome his boredom.

Cast

 * Otto Šimánek - Pan Tau
 * Václav Štekl - pianist teacher
 * Vladimír Horka - pianist

Cast

 * Otto Šimánek - Pan Tau
 * Josef Filip - Emil
 * František Filipovský - Shop Owner
 * Jiří Sovák - Emil's Father
 * Slávka Budínová - Emil's Mother
 * Josef Bevyl - Emil's Grandfather
 * Blanka Krátká - Emil's Sister
 * Veronika Renčová - Claudie
 * Jan Werich - Claudie's Grandfather
 * Věra Ferbasová, Věra Tichánková - Claudie's Educators
 * Pavel Landovský - Taxi driver
 * Václav Štekl - teacher
 * Vladimír Hlavatý - School director
 * Miroslav Homola - School inspektor
 * Miloš Kopecký - Owner of losses and finds
 * Václav Trégl - traveler
 * Karel Effa - A migrator
 * Milan Neděla - A migrator
 * Stanislav Fišer - A migrator
 * Václav Kotva - A migrator
 * Jan Libíček - Publican
 * Viktor Maurer - Hunter
 * Václav Neckář - Television repairer

Plot summary
Pan Tau meets dysfunctional family Urban and decides to bring back Alfonz, Father Urban's brother (and a dead lookalike of Pan Tau), from a lonely island Alfonz has fled to in his adventurous youth for a Robinson-like life.

Cast

 * Otto Šimánek - Pan Tau, Alfonz Urban
 * Jiřina Bohdalová - Mother Urban
 * Vladimír Menšík - Father Urban
 * František Filipovský - Grandfather Urban
 * František Peterka - Neighbor
 * Magda Křížková / Šebestová - Kateřina Urban
 * Gustav Bubník - Rudolf Urban
 * Karel Augusta - Secret policeman
 * Svatopluk Beneš - Grandfather's brother
 * Josef Somr - Petr Kalina / Doctor Azor
 * Zdeněk Dítě - uncle Lojzík
 * Eugen Jegorov - Father Kudrna
 * Jiří Kúkol, J. Krafka - Adopted sons
 * Jaroslav Štercl - Porter
 * František Kovářík - Lecturer
 * Jiří Vondráček - Martin (Kateřina Love)
 * Jiří Hrzán - Mafia
 * Jiří Vala - Mafia
 * Bohuml Šmída - Mafia
 * Josef Bláha - Mafia
 * Jindřich Narenta - An employee of the weather institute
 * Josef Kemr - An employee of the weather institute
 * Václav Štekl - An employee of the weather institute
 * Ladislav Potměšil - Driving school teacher
 * Jana Hlaváčová - Teacher / later Alfonso's wife

Cast

 * Otto Šimánek - Pan Tau
 * Vlastimil Brodský - 3. air traffic inspector Málek
 * Josef Bláha - 1. air traffic inspector Kučera
 * Jiří Kodet - Pilot
 * Jiří Lábus - Dispatcher
 * Petr Nárožný - Alenka's Father
 * Michael Hofbauer - Otík Málek
 * Zdena Hadrbolcová - Málek's wife
 * Josef Dvořák - Transport for safari Jan Kalous
 * Zdeněk Srstka - Transport for safari
 * Lenka Termerová - Kalous's wife
 * František Husák - Pilot powdering aircraft
 * Robert Vrchota - Agronomist
 * Jana Brejchová - Wizard Stella
 * Mahulena Bočanová - Her daughter
 * Vladimír Hrubý - Wizard Brehm from Berhm
 * Petr Čepek - Wizard Orlando
 * Václav Štekl - Organizer of the magical festival
 * Antonín (strýček) Jedlička - Backdrop
 * Marie Rosůlková - Grandmother
 * Václav Lohniský - Cook Hurta
 * Helena Růžičková - Cook from the camp near the creek
 * Jan Skopeček - Driver with meat (Mirek's father)
 * Karel Augusta - Drafts
 * Josef Kemr - Grandfather Hanousek
 * Tomáš Vacek - Mirek
 * Julie Jurištová - Terezka / the lead of girls in the pioneer camp
 * Jan Sedláček - Láďa / the lead of boys in the pioneer camp

Episodes

 * Pan Tau a první dobrodružství - Pan Tau and first adventure

First series

 * Pan Tau přichází - Pan Tau is coming
 * Pan Tau naděluje - Pan Tau gives gifts
 * Pan Tau na horách - Pan Tau in the mountains
 * Pan Tau a neděle - Pan Tau Sunday
 * Pan Tau jde do školy - Pan Tau goes to school
 * Pan Tau a samá voda - Pan Tau and a lot water.
 * Pan Tau a Claudie - Pan Tau and Claudie
 * Pan Tau to zařídí - Pan Tau will arrange it
 * Pan Tau a cesta kolem světa - Pan Tau and journey around the world
 * Pan Tau v cirkusu - Pan Tau in the circus
 * Hledá se pan Tau - looking for Pan Tau
 * Pan Tau a tisíc kouzel - Pan Tau and a thousand spells

Second series

 * Pan Tau se vrací - Pan Tau is coming back
 * Pan Tau a robinson - Pan Tau and robinson
 * Pan Tau a příliš velký balón - Pan Tau and too big balloon
 * Pan Tau a pes kozopes - Pan Tau and Dog Goat-Dog
 * Pan Tau a rodinná slavnost - Pan Tau and Family festival
 * Pan Tau jde do práce - Pan Tau go to work
 * Pan Tau pět hrušek a tři jablka - Pan Tau five pear's and Three apple's
 * Pan Tau a černý deštiník - Pan Tau and black umbrella
 * Pan Tau a Velký Ples - Pan Tau and big festival
 * Pan Tau a rosnička - Pan Tau and frog
 * Pan Tau a Aladinova lampa - Pan Tau and Aladin's Lamp
 * Pan Tau a zlatý kufr - Pan Tau and gold suitcase
 * Pan Tau odchází - Pan Tau leaving

Third Series

 * Poplach v oblacích - Alarm in the clouds
 * Lov na Slona - Elephant hunting
 * Noc v safari - Night in safari
 * Pan Tau a kouzelnice - Pan Tau and sorceress
 * Pan Tau na pionýrském táboře - Pan Tau on the pioneer camp
 * A která je ta pravá - And which is the right one?
 * Od zítřka nečaruji - From tomorrow I'm so not using magic

Third Series (7 episodes) was cut into two films - Poplach v oblacích (Czech - Alarm in the clouds, 1 - 3 episodes and episode 4 miss) and Od zítřka nečaruji (From tomorrow I'm so not using magic, 5 - 7 episodes)

Trivia

 * In 1970, a then unknown Ivana Marie Zelníčková (later Ivana Trump) appeared on Pan Tau in Season 1, Episode 3 "Pan Tau na horách" (Pan Tau in the mountains), which was her first television role.

title: Pan Tau


text:
Welland County

Welland County (area, excluding cities was 226,970 acres) is a historic county in the Canadian province of Ontario.

The county was formed in 1845 from Lincoln County. The county was named from the Welland River. The river got its name from John Graves Simcoe who named it after the River Welland which forms a border of Lincolnshire, England. Niagara Falls, and the Townships in this county were among the earliest settlements in Upper Canada.

In some census and election records from the late 19th century, the townships of Pelham and Wainfleet (which can be seen on the map below) were enumerated as part of Monck County. However, Monck never existed as a county in the political sense, but only as an electoral district.

In 1970, Lincoln and Welland Counties were amalgamated to form the Regional Municipality of Niagara.

Historic Townships
Bertie Township, Area 34486 acre. Organized in 1784. Named in honour of Peregrine Bertie, 3rd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven. Community centres: Fort Erie, Bridgeburg and Ridgeway.

Crowland Township, Area 18871 acre. Organized in 1788 and named from an ancient town in Lincolnshire. Veterans of Butler's Rangers were the first settlers. Community centre: Welland.

Humberstone Township, area 29477 acre. Opened in 1787 and named from the Lincolnshire town. Community centre of Gravelly Bay was formed in 1832, renamed Port Colborne was incorporated as a village in 1870, became a town in 1918, merged with the neighbouring Village of Humberstone in 1952, and was re-incorporated as a city in 1966. In 1970, Niagara Region municipal restructuring expanded the city by adding Humberstone Township.

Pelham Township. Area 23394 acre. Opened in 1790 and named in honor of the Duke of Newcastle; Pelham is one half the family name of Pelham-Clinton. Community centre: Fonthill, North Pelham, Ridgeville, and Fenwick.

Stamford Township, Area 20876 acre. Opened in 1784 under the name of Mount Dorchester. John Graves Simcoe changed the name in 1792 honouring an old town in Lincolnshire. Community centres: Niagara Falls (which was first called Clifton), Drummondville and Stamford.

Thorold Township. Area 21853 acre. Settled by Butler's Rangers in 1784, but officially set apart in 1788. Named in honour of Sir John Thorold, M.P. for Lincolnshire (1734–1815). Community centres: Thorold, St. John's, Allanburg, Port Robinson.

Wainfleet Township, Area 49805 acre. Opened in 1798 and named from a town in the Lincolnshire fens. Community centre: Marshville.

Willoughby Township: Area 18711 acre. Opened in 1787 and named from an English Village. Chippawa and others had settled in the region as early as 1784. Navy Island, the scene of William Lyon Mackenzie's exploits in 1837, is within this township.

Source: Province of Ontario -- A History 1615 to 1927 by Jesse Edgar Middleton & Fred Landon, copyright 1927, Dominion Publishing Company, Toronto

title: Welland County


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Külüg Khan

Külüg Khan (Mongolian: Хүлэг; Mongolian script: ; ), born Khayishan (Mongolian: Хайсан ;, Хайсан, meaning "wall"), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Wuzong of Yuan (August 4, 1281 – January 27, 1311), was an emperor of the Yuan dynasty of China. Apart from Emperor of China, he is regarded as the seventh Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. His regnal name "Külüg Khan" means "warrior Khan" or "fine horse Khan" in the Mongolian language.

Early life
He was the first son of Darmabala and Dagi of the influential Khunggirad clan, and the full brother of Ayurbarwada. He was sent to Mongolia to assume an army that defended the western front of the Yuan against Kaidu, de facto ruler of the Chagatai Khanate, and other princes in Central Asia under him. In 1289, Khayishan's force was nearly routed and the Kipchak commander, Tutugh, rescued him from capture by Kaidu's army. In 1301 he clashed with Kaidu, who died from a battle wound. In recognition of the great success, Külüg Khan was given the title of Prince Huaining (懷寧王) in 1304.

When Chapar attacked Duwa, Temür helped the latter and sent an army under Khayishan. In 1306 Khayishan forced Melig Temür, a son of Ariq Böke, who was aligned himself with Kaidu to accept a surrender in the Altai Mountains and pushed Kaidu's successor Chapar westward. For these military achievements he gained a high reputation among Mongol princes and non-Mongol corps. Since his uncle Temür Khan did not have a male heir, he was considered a major candidate for the emperor.

Enthronement
In 1307 when Temür Khan died, Külüg Khan returned eastward to Karakorum and watched the situation. Temür's widow Bulugan of the Bayaud tribe had kept away the Khunggirad-mothered brothers of Khayishan and Ayurbarwada and attempted to set up Ananda, a Muslim cousin of Temür, who was the prince of Anxi. Her alliance was supported by some senior officials of the Secretariat under Aqutai, the Chancellor of the Left. They made Bulugan regent and intended to put Ananda on the throne. Ananda was a popular prince who had successfully defended the Yuan against the Ögedeid and Chagatayid armies and had a bulk of the imperial army under him in Anxi. However, he lacked military power in the imperial capital city and was a Muslim, as opposed to the majority of the Yuan Mongols.

The Darkhan Harghasun, Tura, a great-great-grandson of Chagatai Khan, and Yakhutu, a descendant of Tolui, fought for the candidacy of Darmabala's sons against them. The pro-Darmabalaid faction arrested Ananda and Bulugan by coup and recalled Ayurbarwada and Dagi from Henan. Then, Khayishan decided to hold the coronation ceremony in Shangdu just as his great-grandfather Kublai Khan did and advanced southward with thirty thousand soldiers from Mongolia. He was welcomed by Ayurbarwada, who gave up emperorship, and ascended to the throne, having executed Ananda and Bulugan prior to his succession. Ariq Böke's son, Melig Temür, was also executed because of his support for Ananda.

Khayishan's enthronement at Shangdu on June 21, 1307, was performed properly at a kurultai. After that, he made his younger brother Ayurbarwada the heir apparent, and they promised that their descendants would succeed each other in relay.

Reign

Soon after Khayishan's accession the Classic of Filial Piety (Xiao Jing), one of the works attributed to Confucius, having been translated into the Mongolian language, was distributed throughout the empire. He granted the princes and officials who attended his ceremony lavish gifts in accordance with the amounts set by the previous emperor. Huge amounts, moreover, were spent on the construction of Buddhist temples at Dadu and Shangdu. Fresh honors were decreed to the memory of the old sage, and the characters Da Qing were added to his titles.

His administration was founded on the unstable balance between Khayishan, his younger brother Ayurbarwada and their mother Dagi of the Khunggirad clan. Khayishan appointed Ayurbarwada as Crown Prince on the condition that he would pass the status to Khayishan's son after his succession. He generously gave bonuses to imperial princes and Mongol aristocrats and enjoyed popularity among them. Khayishan freely gave away noble and official titles and filled the government with supernumeraries. Having little regard for the unwritten law of Kublai Khan that only the sons of Khagans could be made princes of the first rank, he granted the Genghisids and the non-Borjigins many princely titles. Meanwhile, his administration was plagued with financial difficulties caused by free-spending policies and longstanding military spending, so he brought back the Department of State Affairs (Shangshu Sheng) for financial affairs in parallel with the Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng) for administrative affairs. He changed the branch offices of the Central Secretariat to those of the Department of State Affairs to strengthen the monopoly in salt and other goods and issued new bills (Jiaochao) called Zhida-yinchao to replace Zhiyuan-chao. His anti-inflation plans did not achieve adequate results in his short reign and dissatisfied Han Chinese officers and commoners. He attempted to push through a new nonconvertible silver currency but was defeated by public resistance.

Although, he first shared with Ayurbarwada the tutorship of the Confucian scholar Li Meng, he apparently was little affected by Confucian culture. He transferred Harghasun to Mongolia as the grand councillor of the left wing of Branch secretariat of Lin-pei despite his great contribution. Khayishan heavily relied on his retainers and commanders he had brought from Mongolia. He gave key posts to them and favored non-Mongol corps including the Kipchak, the Asud (Alans) and the Qanglï. In contrast, he did not reward abundantly the Khunggirad faction who had carried out a coup against Bulughan. Because Tula said something suspicious in rage, Khayishan suspected that he had a further object, and had him tried and put to death.

Khayishan greatly favored Buddhism, so that he ordered the Tibetan Lama Chogdi Osor to translate the sacred books of Buddha. When the Buddhist monks made mistakes except in cases affecting the Yuan dynasty, he refused to punish them. A law was passed that whoever struck a Lama should lose his tongue, but Ayurbarwada repealed it as entirely contrary to precedent. However, Khayishan was the first Khagan to tax the lands held by the Buddhist monks and the followers of Taoism, hitherto exempt.

In order to reduce the cost of supporting the Yuan bureaucracy, he issued an order in 1307 to dismiss the supernumeraries and to bring total number of officials in line with the quota that had been set by his uncle Temür Khan. The order produced no practical results; the number of bureau's chief officials jumped from 6 in Kublai's reign to 32. He also had the building of court officials and a new palace city built at Dadu and Zhongdu (the ruins of Zhongdu in Zhangbei County can be seen until today).

In 1308 the Goryeo king Chungnyeol of Korea died, and Khayishan sent a patent for his successor Chungseon. That year Chapar and other princes of the Khanate of Ögedei came to Khayishan with their submission, permanently ending the threat against the Chagatai Khanate and the Yuan dynasty by Khaidu's sons. During his reign, the Yuan completed the subjugation of Sakhalin, forcing its Ainu people to accept their supremacy in 1308.

The paper became so depreciated in value that in 1309 there was a fresh issue, made to replace that which was the discredited paper, but this also sank rapidly in value, and at length the Emperor, Khaissan, determined upon a recurrence to the ancient money, and accordingly, in 1310, there were struck two kinds of copper coins, having Mongol characters upon them. Some with the inscription, precious money of the Zhida period; and others with this legend, precious money of the Great Yuan. These copper coins were of three sizes: 1 of the value of one li; 2 of the value of ten li; and 3 of coins worth several of those of the dynasties Tang and Song dynasties. Khayishan's court encountered financial difficulties. For example, the total government expenditure for the year 1307 was 10 million ting of paper notes and 3 million dan of grains. By 1310, 10,603,100 ting had been borrowed from the reserves for current expenditures.

Tula's son Kokechu conspired against the Emperor with the high court officials and Buddhist monks in 1310; but their plans were discovered, the monks were duly executed, and Kokechu was exiled to Korea. Arslan, the governor of Dadu and commander of the kheshig, shared same fate with the conspirators. He was executed with several of his companions.

During Khayishan's reign, all Branch Secretariats were renamed Branch Departments of State Affairs. The new major department of state affairs came under Toghta, the grand councillor of the left, Sanpanu and Yueh shi, managers of the government affairs, and Paopa, the assistant administrator of the right.

The selling price of salt licences issued under the state monopoly was raised by 35 percent over the price in 1307. A grain tax surcharge of 2 percent was imposed on the wealthy families of Chiang-nan. The merits of tax collectors were evaluated on the basis of the percentage increase in the taxes they collected the tax quota at the end of Temür's reign. To fight against inflation, Khayishan's administration established granaries in localities and drastically increased the quota for the maritime shipment of grain from Yangtze valley, reaching 2.9 million shih in 1310. Khayishan reduced the number of chief officials in the Secreatariat, the Censorate, the Bureau of Military Affairs, and the Bureau of Transmission as well as supernumeraries in various offices.

Death
After a reign of less than 4 years, Khayishan suddenly died on January 27, 1311. Immediately after his death and Ayurbarwada's succession in 1311, the unsatisfactory Khunggirad faction came together under his mother Dagi and purged pro-Khayishan officials. It also broke Ayurbarwada's promise to appoint Khayishan's son as Crown Prince. His court drove Khayishan's sons Kuśala and Tugh Temür out of the central government. Pro-Khayishan generals cherished grievances until they managed to set up Tugh Temür in 1328 after overthrowing another of Khayishan's relatives, Ragibagh.

Parents

 * Darmabala, posthumously Shunzong (順宗 答剌麻八剌; 1264 – 1292)
 * Dagi (答己; 1262 – 1 November 1322)

Wives, concubines, and children

 * Empress Xuancihuisheng (宣慈惠圣皇后; 1285–1327), personal name Zhenge (真哥)
 * Empress Sugeshili (速哥失里皇后), cousin of Zhenge
 * Concubine Yiqilie (亦乞烈妃子), posthumously Empress Renxianzhangsheng (仁献章圣皇后)
 * Khutughtu, Emperor Mingzong (明宗 忽都篤; 22 December 1300 – 29 August 1329)
 * Concubine Tangwu (唐兀妃子, of the Tanguts), posthumously Empress Wenxianzhaosheng (文献昭圣皇后)
 * Jayaatu, Emperor Wenzong (文宗 札牙笃; 16 February 1304 – 2 September 1332)

title: Külüg Khan


text:
Kenya Broadcasting Corporation

Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC) is the state-run media organisation of Kenya. It broadcasts in English and Swahili, as well as in most local languages of Kenya.

The corporation was launched as a radio service in 1928 when Kenya was a British colony, making it the first radio station in Kenya.

The radio station was launched as the East African Broadcasting Corporation (EABC) which relayed BBC News. In 1964, when Kenya became independent, and the corporation's name was changed to Voice of Kenya.

In 1989, the Kenyan parliament reverted the corporation's name back to Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC).

During the rule of president Daniel arap Moi, KBC became the mouthpiece of the government. Each broadcast opened with a piece on what the president had been doing that day. Under the then president, Mwai Kibaki, KBC took a more objective approach. The corporation helped most of Kenya's notable journalists especially before the liberalization of the airwaves in Kenya. The pioneer broadcasters post independence were Maurice Mwendah (TV), Simeon Ndesanjo (Radio), Dalail Mzee (Radio), Aziz Yakub, (Radio & TV), and Aish Jenneby (TV).

English service broadcasters who pioneered the service were Peter Clare, David Kelly, Hassan Mazoa, Sammy Lui, Norbert Okare, and Martin Billy Mutta, followed later by Peter Njoroge Mwaura, Elizabeth Omolo, Esther Kanyago, Yakub Ishaq, Amos Njogu amongst many.

In the 80s and 90s names such as Khamisi Themor, Leornard Mambo Mbotela, Omuga Kabisae, Ngulamu Mwaviro, John Obong'o Junior and Enacled Araba, were also heard. The English service had its share of KIMC graduates, Serah Kihara, Gladys Erude, John Karani, Wanjiru Kago and Johnstone Omurunga. Opportunities were also accorded to other KBC Technical employees such as Ike Mulembo, William Kiamba, Larry Wambua and others on the English Service.

The modern day KBC boasts of presenters like Rashid Mwamkondo, Cynthia Anyango, Rebecca Cherotich, Beatrice Gatonye, O' Brien Kimani, Isaac Lemoka, Edward Kabasa, Jeff Mwangemi, Catherine Ndonye, John Karani, Jeff Muya, Nick Ndeda, Ann Lemaiyan. Some of the renown producers include award-winning broadcaster Carolyne Gachacha, Geoffrey Onditi, Julia Wanjiku, Weldon Kirui, Nagayo Nura, Wamoyi Merciella, Ben Kamuti among others.

After many decades of dominance in the Kenyan market, KBC has been overtaken in programming content and ratings, especially with the advent of private TV stations and digital satellite television in the early 2000s. These new platforms brought more content options by airing classic TV shows (sitcoms, action thriller series, weekend movie nights), more children's entertainment (more allocation time and wide variety), and more refined local content.

KBC has however fought back and is among the leading stations in Kenya. KBC was particularly praised for being neutral in the coverage of the 2022 general elections. The KBC digital platform is very active and it has given a boost to its traditional media i.e. Radio and Television. The digital department is headed by Jared Ombui who was a presenter at KBC English Service. The newly elected government of President William Ruto promised to help KBC to overcome it's financial challenges. KBC is expected to be upgraded in parastatal rankings. This is expected to boost morale among its staff.

KBC aired the popular Vitimbi comedy and drama show for more than 30 years before the show was taken off air on the national broadcaster in 2015.

History of KBC

 * 1924: English radio broadcasting began. The broadcasts targeted white settlers who monitored news from their home and other parts of the world.
 * The first radio broadcasts targeting Africans came during the Second World War to inform parents and relatives of African soldiers what was happening at the war front.
 * 1953: The first broadcast service was created for Africans. African Broadcasting Services carried programmes in Kiswahili, Dholuo, Kikuyu, Kinandi, Kiluhya, Kikib and Arabic.
 * 1954: Kenya Broadcasting Services was established. Regional stations were set up in Mombasa (Sauti ya Mvita), Nyeri (Mount Kenya Station) and Kisumu (Lake Station).
 * 1961: Kenya Broadcasting Corporation was formed to take over broadcasting services from the government controlled Kenya Broadcasting Services.
 * 1962: Television was introduced in Kenya. The first transmitting station was set on a farm house in Limuru and the station transmitted to a radius of 24 km.
 * 1 July 1964: Kenya Broadcasting Corporation was nationalised into Voice of Kenya through an Act of Parliament.
 * 1971: Television broadcasts are extended to Mombasa, with its own schedule.
 * 1978: Kenya television transitioned to colour.
 * 1980: a new television station opened in Mombasa to relay programmes and produce local dramas, music, cultural and other programmes
 * 1989: the Voice of Kenya changed back to Kenya Broadcasting Corporation through an Act of Parliament.
 * 1989: a contract was signed between KBC and Japan Telecommunications Engineering consultancy service (JETC) for improvement and expansion of the national medium wave frequency radio broadcasting network.
 * 1991: KBC signed a contract with Marubeni Corporation of Tokyo, Japan for upgrading of medium wave transmitting stations and construction of new ones.
 * 1993: KBC embarked on a major modernisation project to upgrade its transmitting station, construct new ones and improve on switching and routing network.
 * 1996: KBC commissioned Metro FM as a 90% music radio.
 * September 2000: KBC commissioned Metro Television as a sports and entertainment channel.
 * December 2000: KBC started Coro FM, transmitting in Kikuyu language to Nairobi and Mount Kenya Region.
 * 2001: Pwani FM was started to cater to the Coast Region.
 * 2009: Signet subsidiary is first launched.
 * 2021: KBC TV rebranded. A line-up of changes were unveiled, including a new logo. The station brought on board fresh faces and returned former news presenters including Catherine Kasavuli, Fayyaz Qureishi, Badi Muhsin, and Pauline Sheghu.

News

 * Good Morning Kenya
 * Lunchtime News
 * Prime Edition
 * Sunday Express
 * Legends Edition
 * News Check
 * Score Card
 * Darubini
 * Darubini Wikendi
 * Tamrini
 * Dira ya Magwiji
 * Kurunzi Mashinani

Sports

 * Sports Check

Soap Opera

 * Corazon miente

Gospel

 * Joy Bringers
 * Sing and Shrine

Soap Opera

 * Tausi

Children's

 * Children's Variety Show

Comedy

 * Classmates
 * Kinyonga
 * Vioja Mahakamani
 * Family Affairs
 * Mahoka
 * Plot 10

Magic

 * Kiini Macho

Annual

 * Ring Us Up

Animated shows

 * The Adventures of Blinky Bill
 * The Adventures of Don Coyote and Sancho Panda
 * The Adventures of Tintin
 * Aladdin
 * Animaniacs
 * Avenger Penguins
 * The Bear, the Tiger and the Others
 * Beast Wars: Transformers
 * Bonkers
 * The California Raisin Show
 * Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels
 * Captain Planet and the Planeteers
 * The Care Bears
 * The Centurions
 * Challenge of the GoBots
 * Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers
 * Count Duckula
 * Danger Mouse
 * Darkwing Duck
 * Denver, the Last Dinosaur
 * Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears
 * Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds
 * Doris
 * Double Dragon
 * The Dreamstone
 * DuckTales
 * The Flintstones
 * The Flying House
 * Freakazoid!
 * Gadget Boy & Heather
 * Galactik Football
 * Gargoyles
 * Hammerman
 * He-Man and the Masters of the Universe
 * Hurricanes
 * Huxley Pig
 * Inspector Gadget
 * Jonny Quest
 * Karate Kommandos
 * Krazy Kat
 * The Little Mermaid
 * Lucky Luke
 * Madeline
 * The Magic School Bus
 * The Magical Adventures of Quasimodo
 * The Magical World of Gigi
 * Mega Man
 * The Mighty Hercules
 * The New Adventures of Flash Gordon
 * The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
 * New Kids on the Block
 * Nilus the Sandman
 * Pingu
 * Popeye the Sailor Man
 * Princess Knight
 * ProStars
 * The Raggy Dolls
 * Rambo: The Force of Freedom
 * The Road Runner Show
 * Roger Ramjet
 * Rupert
 * Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs
 * Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat
 * Samurai Pizza Cats
 * Sandokan
 * Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!
 * She-Ra: Princess of Power
 * SilverHawks
 * Sky Dancers
 * The Smurfs
 * Sonic the Hedgehog
 * Spartakus and the Sun Beneath the Sea
 * Spider-Man
 * Spider-Woman
 * Spiff and Hercules
 * Sport Billy
 * Star Street: The Adventures of the Star Kids
 * Street Fighter
 * Street Sharks
 * Superbook
 * SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron
 * TaleSpin
 * Taz-Mania
 * Team Galaxy
 * Teen Wolf
 * ThunderCats
 * Tic Tac Toons
 * Tom and Jerry
 * Top Cat
 * Transformers
 * Victor & Hugo: Bunglers in Crime
 * Voltron
 * Wacky Races
 * The Wizard of Oz
 * Woody Woodpecker
 * The Woody Woodpecker Show

Children's Programmes

 * The Adventures of Shirley Holmes
 * Akili and Me
 * Atlantis High
 * Bernard's Watch
 * The Borrowers
 * BJ's Teddy Bear Club and Bible Stories
 * Brum
 * Butterfly Island
 * Button Moon
 * The Dooley and Pals Show
 * The KangaZoo Club
 * kappatoo
 * The Longhouse Tales
 * Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book
 * Ocean Girl
 * Perspective
 * Power Rangers
 * Ragdolly Anna
 * Raggs
 * Sesame Street
 * Skippy the Bush Kangaroo
 * Space Academy
 * Spellbinder
 * Super Gran
 * Thomas and Friends
 * Ubongo Kids

Comedy

 * ALF
 * Butterflies
 * Desmond's
 * The Dick Van Dyke Show
 * Dinosaurs
 * Everybody Loves Raymond
 * The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
 * Full House
 * Good Times
 * The Jeffersons
 * The Lenny Henry Show
 * Mind Your Language
 * Monty
 * The New Leave It to Beaver
 * One on One
 * Parker Lewis Can't Lose
 * The Parkers
 * Perfect Strangers

Drama

 * 18 Wheels of Justice
 * 21 Jump Street
 * The Adventures of Sinbad
 * The Bill
 * Boon
 * Conan the Adventurer
 * Crossbow
 * The Crow: Stairway to Heaven
 * Danger Bay
 * Der Fahnder
 * Derrick
 * Doctor Who
 * Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman
 * Five Mile Creek
 * The Flash
 * Flipper
 * The Fugitive
 * Hard Time on Planet Earth
 * Hardcastle & McCormick
 * Hill Street Blues
 * Inspector Rex
 * Kojak
 * Midsomer Murders
 * Miller & Mueller
 * Moonlighting
 * Night Man
 * North of 60
 * The Old Fox
 * One West Waikiki
 * Oz
 * Police Rescue
 * Relic Hunter
 * Remington Steele
 * RoboCop: The Series
 * Star Trek: The Original Series
 * Street Hawk
 * Tarzán
 * The Saint
 * The Legend of William Tell
 * Telematch
 * Tropical Heat
 * V
 * Walker, Texas Ranger
 * Wonder Woman
 * Zorro

News

 * The 700 Club

Telenovelas

 * Escrava Isaura

Soap Opera

 * A Country Practice
 * Dallas
 * Falcon Crest
 * Home and Away
 * Knots Landing
 * Santa Barbara
 * Step by Step

Reality

 * The Oprah Winfrey Show

Anthology

 * Murder Most Horrid

title: Kenya Broadcasting Corporation


text:
Thavil

A thavil (Tamil:தவில்) or tavil is a barrel-shaped percussion instrument from Tamil Nadu. It is also widely used in other South Indian states (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Telangana) as well as in the North and East of Sri Lanka (in the tamil majority area called Tamil Eelam). It is used in temple, folk and Carnatic music, often accompanying the nadaswaram. The thavil and the nadaswaram are essential components of traditional festivals and ceremonies in South India.

In folk music contexts, a pair of wider, slimmer sticks are sometimes used. Thanjavur is famous for thavil, so called Thanjavur Thavil. In Kollywood Filmi songs thavils are mostly used, Notable movies: "Thillaanaa Mohanambal", "Paruthiveeran", "Karagattakaran", "Sarvam Thaala Mayam".

History
Thavil is a traditional musical instrument of the ancient city of Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu. It is an integral part of the Carnatic music in Thanjavur. It is mostly made in Thanjavur and Valayapatti.

Physical components
The thavil consists of a cylindrical shell hollowed out of a solid block of jackfruit wood. Layers of animal skin (water buffalo on the right, goat on the left) are stretched across the two sides of the shell using hemp hoops attached to the shell. The right face of the instrument has a larger diameter than the left side, and the right drum head is stretched very tightly, while the left drum head is kept loose to allow pitch bending. The larger face is higher in pitch than the smaller face.

The modern Thavil has a corpus that is bordered by a steel ring coated in plastic on which the two skins are fixed by metal straps. Both skins can be separately tuned.

Methods of use and posture
The instrument is either played while sitting, or hung by a cloth strap (called nadai) from the shoulder of the player. The right head is played with the right hand, wrist and fingers. The player usually wears thumb caps on all the fingers of the right hand, made of hardened glue from maida flour. The left head is played with a short, thick stick made from the wood of the portia tree. It is not uncommon for left-handed players to use the opposite hands, and some nadaswaram groups feature both a right- and a left-handed thavil player.

Veteran thavilists
Some master thavil players:
 * Thirumulaivayil Muthuveer pillai
 * Thirumulaivayil Shanmugavadivel pillai
 * Valangaiman A. Shanmugasundaram Pillai
 * Kalaimamani Thirucherai.T.G.Muthukumaraswamy Pillai
 * Valayapatti A. R. Subramaniam
 * Haridwaramangalam A. K. Palanivel
 * Vellore Dr. P.R.M. Venkateshan
 * Dakshinamoorthy - Jaffna or Yaazhpaanam, Shri Lanka
 * Needamangalam Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai
 * Thirunageshwaram Subramanian Pillai
 * Bhusurapalli Adisheshaiah
 * Iluppur Panchami
 * Kumbakonam Thangavel Pillai
 * Natchiarkoil Raghava Pillai
 * Needamangalam Shanmugavadivel
 * Valangaiman Shanmugasundaram Pillai
 * Thiruvalaputhur T A Kaliyamurthy
 * Tanjore T R Govindaraj
 * Shanmugam Thavil - Puducherry
 * Thiruppungur T G Muthukumarasamy
 * Mannaarkudi Thiru M.R.Vasudevan
 * Thirumaignanam Narayanasamy Pillai
 * Valiyambakkam V.M Ganapathy
 * Gurumurthy Pandithar - Adelaide

title: Thavil


text:
Temür Khan

Öljeyitü Khan (Mongolian: Өлзийт; Mongolian script: '; ), born Temür (Төмөр ; ; October 15, 1265 – February 10, 1307), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Chengzong of Yuan''', was the second emperor of the Yuan dynasty of China, ruling from May 10, 1294 to February 10, 1307. Apart from Emperor of China, he is considered as the sixth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. He was an able ruler of the Yuan dynasty, and his reign established the patterns of power for the next few decades.

Temür was the third son of the Crown Prince Zhenjin and a grandson of the Yuan Dynasty founder Kublai Khan. During his rule, he achieved the nominal suzerainty of all Mongol states of the time. He showed respect for Confucianism, and called off invasions of Burma, Đại Việt and Japan. However, his reign was beset by corruption and administrative inefficiencies.

Early life
Named Öljeyitü Khan ("Blessed Khan") in the Mongolian language, Temür ("iron") was born the third son of Zhenjin of the Borjigin clan and Kökejin (Bairam-Egechi) of the Khunggirad clan on October 15, 1265. Because Kublai's first son Dorji died early, his second son and Temür's father, Zhenjin, became the crown prince. However, he died in 1286 when Temür was 21 years old. Kublai remained close to Zhenjin's widow Kökejin, who was high in his favor. Like his grandfather Kublai, Temür was a follower of Tibetan Buddhism.

Temür followed his grandfather Kublai to suppress the rebellion of Nayan (Naiyan) and other rival relatives in 1287. Then he and Kublai's official, Oz-Temür, came to guard the Liao River area and Liaodong in the east from Nayan's ally, Qadaan, and defeated him. Kublai appointed Temür the princely overseer of Karakorum and surrounding areas in July 1293. Three Chagatai princes submitted to him while he was defending Mongolia (they fled to Chagatai Khanate soon and returned to Yuan dynasty again during the reign of Temür).

After Kublai Khan died in 1294, Kublai's old officials urged the court to summon a kurultai in Shangdu. Because Zhenjin's second son Darmabala had already died in 1292, only his two sons, Gammala and Temür, were left to succeed. It was proposed that they hold a competition over who had better knowledge of Genghis Khan's sayings. Temür won and was declared the emperor.

Reign
Following in the policies of his grandfather Kublai, Temür was finally able to achieve nominal suzerainty of the entire Mongol realm. However, he failed to improve the corruption and administrative inefficiencies that was endemic during his rule of the empire.

Ideologically, Temür's administration showed respect for Confucianism and Confucian scholars. Shortly after his accession, Temür issued an edict to revere Confucius. Temür appointed Harghasun, who was particularly close to the Confucian scholars, right grand chancellor in the secretariat. Nevertheless, the Mongol court did not accept every principle of Confucianism. Temür bestowed new guards and assets on his mother and renamed her ordo (great palace-tent or camp) Longfugong palace, which became a center of Khunggirad power for the next few decades. Mongol and westerner statesmen were assisted by an array of Chinese administrators and Muslim financiers. The most prominent Muslim statesman was Bayan (Баян), great-grandson of Saiyid Ajall Shams al-Din, who was in charge of the Ministry of Finance. Under Mongol administrators Oljei and Harghasun, the Yuan court adopted policies that were designed to ensure political and social stability. Orders were given that portraits be painted of the khagans and khatuns during the reign of Temür.

The number of the Tibetans in the administration gradually increased. The Khon family of Tibet was honored, and one of them became an imperial son-in law in 1296. Temür reversed his grandfather's anti-Taoist policy and made Taoist Zhang Liusun co-chair of the Academy of Scholarly Worthies. In 1304, Temür appointed the Celestial master of Dragon and Tiger Mountain as head of the Orthodox Unity School. He banned sales and distillation of alcohol in Mongolia in 1297, and the French historian René Grousset applauded his activity in the book, The Empire of the Steppes.

Temür was opposed to imposing any additional fiscal burden on the people. Exemptions from levies and taxes were granted several times for part or all of the Yuan. After his enthronement, Temür exempted Khanbaliq (Dadu, modern Beijing) and Shangdu from taxes for a year. He also exempted the Mongol commoners from taxation for two years. In 1302 he prohibited the collection of anything beyond the established tax quotas. The financial state of the government deteriorated, however, and the draining of monetary reserves greatly weakened the credibility of the paper currency system. Corruption among officials of the Yuan became a problem.

During the last years of Temür, a peace among the Yuan dynasty and the western Mongol khanates (Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate) was achieved around 1304 after the Kaidu–Kublai war that had lasted for more than 30 years and caused the permanent division of the Mongol Empire. Temür Khan was recognized as their nominal suzerain. While the peace itself was short-lived and the war soon resumed, this established the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty over the western khanates that lasted for a few decades.

Foreign Policy: Southeast Asia

Soon after his enthronement in 1294, Temür called off all preparations for further expansions to Japan and the Đại Việt, whose new ruler ignored his grandfather's envoy in 1291. Temür sent his messengers to Japan and Champa to demand submissions. Champa accepted the terms, but the Kamakura shogunate declined, and the Japanese Wokou attacked Ningbo late in his reign. The rulers of Đại Việt, Burma, and Sukhotai visited Khanbaliq to greet him as their overlord in 1295, 1297, and 1300. In response to the visit from the prince of Burma, he aborted the Burmese campaign and said to all his ministers: "They are our friendly subjects. Do not attack their people". Temür also released envoys of Đại Việt to show his goodwill, and the Tran court began to send tributary missions. But Temür's government had to quell rebellions in the southwestern mountainous area, led by tribal chieftains like Song Longji and female leader Shejie in 1296. It took long months for the generals Liu Shen and Liu Guojie to suppress these rebellions.

By the request of the Burmese prince, Tribhuvanaditya, Temür dispatched a detachment of the Yuan army to Burma in 1297. They successfully repelled the Shans from Myanmar. Temür also received envoys from Siam and Cambodia. He dispatched Zhou Daguan to Khmer Cambodia in 1296, and Zhou wrote an account about his journey. In 1299 Athinkaya murdered his brother Tribhuvanaditya, who submitted to Temür in 1297. In 1300, a punitive expedition was launched as the Second Mongol invasion of Burma for dethroning Temür's protectorate, Tribhuvanaditya. The Shan warlords of Babai-Xifu, who were quarreling over the royal succession of Pagan, also raided the Yuan realms. Temür sent his Yunnan-based force in turn to halt the advance of Babaixifu (Lanna Kingdom of Chiangmai) in 1301–1303. Although those campaigns were fruitless, Athinkaya and the Shan lords offered their submission. The costly expedition spurred rebellions of a Yunnan official, Song Longji, and the Gold-Tooths (ancestors of the Dai people) in 1301–03. The revolts were eventually suppressed. After Temür Khan ordered to withdraw his army from Burma, Central and southern Burma soon came under the Thai rulers who paid nominal tribute to the Yuan dynasty.

Death
Because his only son Deshou died a year earlier (January 1306), Temür died without a male heir, in the capital Khanbaliq on February 10, 1307. While he did not use a Chinese regnal name as Emperor during his two eras of Yuánzhēn (元貞) 1295–1297 then Dàdé (大德), 1297–1307, while Kublai had done so before him, posthumously he became Emperor Qinming Guangxiao (欽明廣孝皇帝) with temple name Emperor Chengzong of Yuan. He was succeeded by Khayishan, a son of his deceased elder brother Darmabala, who ruled as Külüg Khan and Emperor Tongtian Jisheng Qinwen Yingwu Dazhang Xiao (統天繼聖欽文英武大章孝皇帝) with later temple name Emperor Wuzong of Yuan and who made a pact before his coronation for his younger brother Ayurbarwada to be crown prince before any progeny of Khayishan, and then for their descendants to alternate rule; though this pact was broken and Khayishan's descendants persecuted by Ayurbarwada's mother after Ayurbarwada succeeded as Buyantu Khan with later temple name Emperor Renzong of Yuan. A bit downstream, the Khan and Emperor title would pass out of both Temür and Darmabala's descendants to one from their brother Gammala who had been older than Temür but lost out as successor in the competition devised to choose between them.

Family

 * Empress Shiriandali, (失怜答里皇后) of the Hongjila clan (弘吉剌氏) from Onggirat, daughter of Oločin Küregen
 * Prince Deshou (德寿, in Muslim sources Tiši Tāyšī or Ṭayšū; 13th century—3 January 1306), named heir apparent
 * Empress Bulugan, (卜鲁罕皇后) of the Baya'ut clan (巴牙惕氏)
 * Empress Huteni, of the Huteni clan (乞里吉忽帖尼)
 * Dagi Khatun (Dākġarī Khatun), widow of Temür's brother Darmabala
 * Unspecified partners produced the following children:
 * Prince Güyüg (Qūyik Tāyšī)
 * Prince Ong Temür (ʿŪng Tīmūr)
 * Prince Maqabalin (Muqābīlān)
 * Princess Chang, personal name Yilihaiya (昌国公主; 益里海雅), first daughter
 * Princess Zhao, personal name Aiyashili (赵国公主; 爱牙失里), second daughter
 * Princess Lu, personal name Puna (鲁国公主普纳), third daughter

title: Temür Khan


text:
Rita Wilson

Margarita Wilson Hanks (October 26, 1956) is an American actress, singer, and producer. Her film appearances include Volunteers (1985), Sleepless in Seattle (1993), Now and Then (1995), That Thing You Do! (1996), Jingle All the Way (1996), The Story of Us (1999), Runaway Bride (1999), It's Complicated (2009), and Larry Crowne (2011), and she appeared in the television series The Good Wife and Girls. Wilson has performed on Broadway and produced several films, including My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002). As a singer-songwriter, Wilson has released the albums AM/FM, Rita Wilson, Bigger Picture, and Halfway to Home. In March 2019, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Early life
Rita Wilson was born Margarita Ibrahimoff in Los Angeles where she grew up. Her mother, Dorothea Tzigkou (Δωροθέα Τζίγκου), was Greek, raised in Sotirë near Dropull i Sipërm in Albania, close to the border with Greece. Her father, Hassan Halilov Ibrahimoff (Хасан Халилов Ибрахимов; 1920–2009), was a Bulgarian Muslim (Pomak) born in Oraio (Breshtene), Greece, close to the border with Bulgaria. Her father's family moved to Bulgaria when he was a child. He moved from Bulgaria to the US in 1949. He converted from Islam to Orthodox Christianity upon his marriage and changed his name to Allan Wilson in 1960, choosing his name after a local street. The family lived in Los Angeles, where Wilson's father worked as a bartender. Wilson was raised in the Greek Orthodox faith. In addition to Bulgarian, her father could speak "Russian, Turkish, Polish, Greek, a little bit of Italian, a little bit of French" according to Wilson's husband Tom Hanks, who said he modeled his portrayal of the character Viktor Navorski in the film The Terminal on his father-in-law.

Film, television, theater

Wilson's career began with a guest appearance on The Brady Bunch in the 1972 episode "Greg's Triangle," where she played Pat Conway, one of the candidates running against Marcia Brady for head cheerleader. She also twice appeared on M*A*S*H in 1982 as Nurse Lacey as well as the sitcoms Three's Company and Bosom Buddies starring her future husband Tom Hanks, and as Hester Rose Crane, the deceased mother of Frasier Crane on Frasier.

In the 1980s, Wilson attended the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in England.

She has appeared in numerous films, including Volunteers, Barbarians at the Gate, The Bonfire of the Vanities, Mixed Nuts, Sleepless in Seattle, Now and Then, That Thing You Do!, Jingle All the Way, Runaway Bride, Invisible Child, The Story of Us, Raise Your Voice, It's Complicated, and Larry Crowne.

On television, she played Susan Borman, wife of astronaut Frank Borman, in the HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon. She guest starred in many series, including Frasier, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and Body of Proof, and had recurring roles on The Good Wife and Girls.

She was instrumental in helping actress-playwright Nia Vardalos get the movie deal for My Big Fat Greek Wedding, which became the highest-grossing independent film of all time and for which she served as a producer. Wilson produced two stage productions of the play, as they were developing the film. A sequel, My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2, which Wilson co-produced and in which she had a supporting role, was released in 2016.

Wilson's own Greek heritage was honored in 2016 when the Greek Postal Service ELTA commemorated her with a stamp along with five others. The other four depicted on stamps were the filmmaker Costa-Gavras, engineer and entrepreneur Peter Diamandis, journalist George Stephanopoulos, and billionaire businessman John Catsimatidis. In 2008, Wilson produced the film Mamma Mia!, and eight years later its sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again.

In 2006, Wilson made her Broadway debut where she performed the role of Roxie Hart in the revival of Chicago. In April 2015, Wilson announced that she was diagnosed with breast cancer and had undergone a double mastectomy and reconstructive surgery. After a one-month hiatus, she returned to Larry David's Fish in the Dark Broadway show. Off Broadway, she played various roles in Nora Ephron and Delia Ephron's play Love, Loss and What I Wore. She reprised her roles in the Los Angeles production at the Geffen Playhouse. Also at the Geffen, Wilson performed in Daniel Margulies' Pulitzer Prize-winning play, Dinner with Friends, directed by Tony Award winner Dan Sullivan. Wilson originated the role of "Mama" in the world premier of Lisa Loomer's play, Distracted, at the Mark Taper Forum, also in Los Angeles.

In March 2020, while filming in Australia, Hanks announced through his Instagram profile that the couple had contracted COVID-19 and were experiencing minor symptoms while he was shooting an upcoming film Elvis (as Colonel Tom Parker) with director Baz Luhrmann in Australia. Before they were returned to quarantine, they were admitted to the Gold Coast University Hospital. On March 27, Wilson and her husband returned home to Los Angeles after they recovered from the virus. The couple decided to donate their blood antibodies for virus research.

Wilson produced the film A Man Called Otto, initially released in December 2022. Wilson became interested in producing the film after watching A Man Called Ove, the Swedish film upon which A Man Called Otto is based. The film was sold to Sony Pictures in February 2022 for $60 million, at that time the largest deal to date at the virtual European Film Market. In December, Wilson launched her production company Artistic Films, with A Man Called Otto as the company's first project.

Music
Wilson's debut solo album AM/FM was released on May 8, 2012, on Decca Records. The album featured classics from the 1960s/70s, including a cover of "Wichita Lineman" that she performed with the song's writer-composer Jimmy Webb. She also performed a duet of "All I Have To Do Is Dream" with former Soundgarden and Audioslave musician Chris Cornell. Additional harmonies on the album come from Faith Hill, Sheryl Crow, Vince Gill, and Patti Scialfa (who also produced the track "Come See About Me" with Ron Aniello).

At the National Christmas Tree Lighting Ceremony in Washington, DC on December 4, 2014, she performed for President Obama and Michelle Obama, and served as co-host of the event.

In 2016, Wilson began writing her own songs with the help of co-writer, the Grammy-nominated Kara Dioguardi. The first song she wrote and sang was "Grateful" (later appearing on the self-titled album, Rita Wilson) with Dioguardi and Jason Reeves. Earlier, in 2014, Wilson wrote the song "Bad Things" with Matt Nathanson, for the Scott Eastwood film Dawn Patrol, in which she also starred.

That same year, her second album, Rita Wilson, was released. Wilson co-wrote all the songs on the album with Dan Wilson, Kara Dioguardi, Jason Reeves, Darrell Brown, Sugarland's Kristian Bush, Richard Marx, Lauren Christy, Mikal Blue, Nathan Chapman, Jason Wade, Stephanie Chapman, Ron Aniello, Jillian Jacqueline, Jessi Alexander, JR Randall, Yugomir Lonich, Blair Daly, and Kelly Archer. The song "Strong Tonight" was performed by Connie Britton on the ABC television show, Nashville, in the opening of the episode in which it was included.

The New York Times said: "Ms. Wilson has a catch in her voice that conveys yearning and potential heartbreak behind a facade of cheer."

To support the release of Rita Wilson, she opened on a tour with Chicago; she has said she is a lifelong fan of the band.

A year later, Wilson presented "Liner Notes: Songwriters, Stories and Music with Rita Wilson and Friends", where she sang, and also invited other singer/songwriters to participate in the event. The show, which took place at the Audrey Skirball Kenis Theater at the Geffen Playhouse in Los Angeles, included Patty Smyth, Desmond Child, Jeff Barry, Kristian Bush, among others.

With her third album, Bigger Picture, Wilson drew directly from her personal life for its theme. The album, released September 28, 2018, reunited her with producer Fred Mollin (Johnny Mathis, Jimmy Webb, and Kris Kristofferson); the pair originally worked together on her debut album AM/FM in 2012. Wilson once again wrote originals such as the title track and others with Kristian Bush and Darrell Brown, as well as new partners The Warren Brothers, Lindy Robbins and Alex Reid. The set also included covers of Cat Stevens' "The Wind" and Burt Bacharach/Hal David's "What the World Needs Now Is Love".

Also, in 2018, Wilson's original song, "Heart Unknown", was used in the indie film, Simple Wedding. She performed the song, which she co-wrote with Josh Alexander, Kara Dioguardi, and Mozella. In addition, she performed "Sometimes Love", co-written with David Hodges, for the independent film Emmett, in which she also stars.

On March 29, 2019, Wilson released her fourth album, Halfway to Home which included "Throw Me a Party", a song inspired by her survival from breast cancer. Other songs were created during a writing workshop that partnered her with Mozella, Mitch Allan (Demi Lovato), Kara DioGuardi (Pink), Liz Rose and Krisian Bush. Halfway to Home was co-produced by Nathan Chapman, who has worked regularly with Taylor Swift. "Halfway to Home finds Wilson pulling from musical traditions that revere deep storytelling (Southern California rock, classic Nashville country), which was a hallmark for her growing up," explained Rolling Stone.

In the course of her music career, Wilson has performed her songs on Ellen, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, The Late Late Show with James Corden, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and Today.

In March 2020 after she and husband contracted the coronavirus while filming in Australia and in self-quarantine and going "stir crazy", she filmed an Instagram video showing her rapping the Naughty by Nature song, "Hip Hop Hooray". The video went viral and reached Naughty by Nature's Vin Rock. After she and husband both fully recovered from virus, the two teamed up for a "Hip Hop Hooray" remix that benefit the MusiCares COVID-19 Relief Fund. In July 2020, Wilson appeared on Jimmie Allen's Bettie James EP, collaborating on the song "When This Is Over" with Tauren Wells and The Oak Ridge Boys. In October 2020, Wilson was featured on the single "Pink" alongside Dolly Parton, Monica, Jordin Sparks and Sara Evans. The single was released in aid of Breast Cancer Research.

On August 24, 2022, Wilson announced her duets album Now & Forever, a collection of 70s covers with male vocalists, through a behind the scenes trailer. Co-produced by Wilson and Matt Rollings, the album features Willie Nelson, Keith Urban, and Elvis Costello among other guests. The album, which was preceded by 3 singles including "Songbird" which she performed with Josh Groban at Radio City Music Hall in April, was released on September 27. To promote the album Wilson performed on Good Morning America with Smokey Robinson and Later with Jools Holland with Jackson Browne, and celebrated the release with a two week residency at Cafe Carlyle. The album was nominated for Self-Released Record of the Year at the 2023 Libera Awards. In December 2023, Barack Obama featured Wilson's song "Crazy Love" with Keith Urban on his list of favorite songs of the year.

In 2022, Wilson collaborated with Sebastián Yatra on the single "Til You're Home" from the soundtrack to the film A Man Called Otto.

On March 29, 2023, Wilson attended the White House's Greek Independence Day celebration hosted by President Biden alongside other prominent Greek-Americans. Wilson led the event's cultural program, performing four songs.

Journalism
Wilson has been a contributing editor to Harper's Bazaar magazine, writing over twenty-one articles. She also started, and was Editor at Large of, a section on The Huffington Post called Huff/Post50, which explored issues and topics relative to people over fifty years old. She has also written for O, The Oprah Magazine.

Personal life

Wilson married actor Tom Hanks in 1988. Hanks already had two children from a previous marriage, Colin and Elizabeth Hanks. She has two sons with Hanks, Chet and Truman. Wilson has three grandchildren.

She is a member of the Greek Orthodox Church.

Activism
In 2015, Wilson signed an open letter on which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures. The letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively. The G7 and AU were expected to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that was to establish new development goals for the generation.

Philanthropy
For over 20 years, Wilson and her husband, Tom Hanks, have been honorary co-chairs along with Steven Spielberg and Kate Capshaw of the Women's Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), specializing in raising money for women's cancers. In 2016, WCRF joined forces with Evelyn Lauder's Breast Cancer Research Foundation. Wilson contributed to the Moffitt Cancer Center by donating "True Hearts" jewelry made of sterling silver and 14k gold.

Wilson has credited Rosie O'Donnell as inspiration for her charitable work, particularly with cancer and children's charities. She and her husband have long supported the Shakespeare Center of Los Angeles, going back to 1989 when Wilson appeared as Celia in a production of As You Like It. Their annual Simply Shakespeare event raises funds to support programs for underprivileged youth. Musicians at the fundraiser have included Paul McCartney, Paul Simon, Jackson Browne, Faith Hill, Tim McGraw, Ben Harper, Reba McEntire, and more.

In 2018, Wilson and Hanks were honored with USC Shoah Foundation's Ambassadors For Humanity award in recognition of their "longstanding commitment to humanitarian causes and support of veterans". The couple also contribute to other charities including AIDS Project Los Angeles, and many more.

Wilson and her husband have also made a significant contribution in helping the people who suffered from the Mati Fire in Greece. This has earned her and Hanks an offer of honorary naturalization in Greece from the Greek President Prokopis Pavlopoulos on December 27, 2019.

Discography
Wilson is credited as co-writer for all tracks on Rita Wilson, Bigger Picture, and Halfway to Home.

title: Rita Wilson


text: Talk:University of Utah

title: Talk:University of Utah


text:
Gadjah Mada University

Gadjah Mada University (ꦈꦕꦮꦶꦪꦠꦒꦗꦃꦩꦢ; Universitas Gadjah Mada, abbreviated as UGM) is a public research university located in Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Officially founded on 19 December 1949, Gadjah Mada University is one of the oldest and largest institutions of higher education in the country, and has been credited as one of the best universities in Indonesia. In the 2024 QS World University Rankings, UGM is ranked 2nd in Indonesia and 263rd in the world.

During the period when native education was often restricted, the institution was the first to open its medicine to native Indonesians when it was founded in the 1940s under Dutch rule.

Comprising 18 faculties and 27 research centers, UGM offers 68 undergraduate, 23 diplomas, 104 master's and specialist, 43 doctorates, and 4 clusters of post-doctoral study programs. The university has enrolled approximately 55,000 students, 1,187 foreign students, and has 2,500 faculty members. UGM maintains a campus of 360 acre, with facilities that include a stadium and a fitness center.

The university is named after Gajah Mada, the leader of the Majapahit Empire of Java in the 14th century, who is also considered to be the nation's first unifier by some historians; The spelling of the university's name still reflects the old Dutch-era spelling.

History
UGM was the first state university in Indonesia, established as Universiteit Negeri Gadjah Mada (UNGM) when Indonesia was still facing threats from the Netherlands, which wanted to regain control. At the time, the capital of Indonesia had moved from Jakarta to Yogyakarta.

UGM was established through Government Regulation (PP) No. 23 of 1949, regarding the merger of colleges to form a university. Although the regulations were dated 16 December, UGM's inauguration took place on 19 December, intentionally chosen to coincide with the anniversary of the Dutch invasion of Yogyakarta, exactly one year before 19 December 1948. The intentional date was meant to show that one year after the Netherlands had invaded the city, the government would establish a nationwide university there.

When it was founded, UGM had six faculties: Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmacy; Law, Economics, Social and Political Sciences; Engineering; Letters, Pedagogy and Philosophy; Agriculture; and Veterinary Medicine.

From 1952 until 1972, the Faculty of Law, Social and Political Sciences was split into two faculties: the Surabaya branch of the Faculty of Law, Social, and Political Sciences, which was integrated into University of Airlangga; and the Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, which was integrated into IKIP Yogyakarta (now Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta).

During its initial years of Dutch resistance, the university taught literature and law in the buildings and other facilities belonging to the palace of Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, who volunteered his palace for the university's use. UGM gradually established a campus of its own in Bulaksumur, on the northern side of Yogyakarta, and now occupies an area of three square kilometres.

Faculties and schools
The UGM main building is called the Balairung, a rectorate building, in Sleman. Nearby is the Grha Sabha Pramana, a large building utilized for graduation ceremonies, with an adjoining square used for sport and recreation. There is also a university library and a sports center, consisting of a stadium, tennis court, and basketball field.

Most of the main campus is located in Sleman, with the small parts (such as part of the Vocational School and part of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences) located within Yogyakarta city.

The UGM administration is divided into 18 faculties, offering study programs from the undergraduate to post-doctoral level. There is also a vocational school offering vocational study programmes.

International Programmes
UGM provides some major programs in English and admits international students. In 2018, 1,334 Asian students, 566 European students, 213 Australian/Oceanian students, 101 North American students, 58 African students, and 12 South American students studied in the 18 faculties of Gadjah Mada University.

Computer Science International Undergraduate Programme
CSIUP began in the 2012 academic year. It offers undergraduate computer science classes in English. It teaches algorithm and software design, intelligent systems, programmable logic and embedded systems, and mobile computing. The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences has been teaching Computer Science courses since 1987 (BSc), 2000 (MSc), and 2003 (PhD), organized jointly by the Department of Mathematics and the Department of Physics, which has also offered courses in Electronics and Instrumentation since 1987 (BSc). In 2010, the Department of Computer Science and Electronics (DCSE) was formed by merging Computer Science resources within the Department of Mathematics with the Electronics and Instrumentation group within the Department of Physics. Students of DCSE have won gold medals in robotics competitions both nationally and internationally (in Korea in 2012 with a humanoid robot, and in the US in 2013 with a legged robot).

Medicine International Undergraduate Programme
In 2002, UGM began offering an English-language-based medicine programme for overseas and Indonesian students to study medicine with an international standard curriculum. The International Medicine Programme is over five years, with the first three and a half years being study and a further one and a half years of clinical rotations. The programme is designed around a problem-based learning approach, making use of small study groups.

Schools

 * UGM Graduate School
 * UGM Vocational School

Business school
In 1988, UGM opened a master's programme in management (MM-UGM), to train students in business practices. The program is a collaboration with the University of Kentucky and Temple University. The Faculty of Economics and Business UGM is ranked among 5% of the world's best business schools after it received an international Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) accreditation. In 2010, UGM opened a similar campus in South Jakarta, Jakarta.

Medical school
The Faculty of Medicine UGM is one of the oldest medical schools in Indonesia, having been established on 5 March 1946. It is ranked number 72 by the Times Higher Education Supplement 2006 for biomedicine.

Engineering school
Before being part of the UGM, the faculty of engineering was already providing engineering education under the name of STT Jogjakarta since 1946. After the UGM establishment meeting on May 20, 1949, STT Jogjakarta changed its name to the Faculty of Engineering of UGM and admitted 205 students. The faculty consists of 3 departments: Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Chemical Engineering. Between 1957 and 1966, the engineering faculty received support from the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). UCLA gave books, equipment, and scholarships to lecturers as well as sent their professors to teach in the faculty of engineering of Gadjah Mada University.

Currently, the faculty of engineering has 8 departments: Architecture & urban planning, civil & environmental engineering, geodetic engineering, chemical engineering, mechanical & industrial engineering, electrical and informatics engineering, nuclear and physic engineering, and geological engineering. Each department has been accredited by ABET (USA), IChemE (UK), ASIIN (Germany), KAAB (South Korea), AUN QA (ASEAN), IABEE (Indonesia), and BAN-PT (Indonesia)

Research Centers
UGM has 24 university-level research and study centers:

Achievements
In 2013, UGM's chemistry undergraduate program received accreditation from the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) in the United Kingdom, the largest European-based international organization devoted to the advancement of chemical science. This is the first international accreditation ever received by the university and was effective from 5 March 2013 to March 2018.

Rankings
The university was the highest-ranked school in Indonesia for 3 consecutive years from 2021 to 2023 in the QS World University Rankings. It was ranked 254th in the world for 2021 and 2022. In 2023, it was ranked 231st in the world.

In 2022, UGM was ranked in the top 50 in the world, according to Times Higher Education (THE) Impact Ranking, using seven criteria of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). THE Impact Ranking this year included 1406 prestigious institutions throughout the world. In the overall assessment this year, UGM ranked 87th in the world. UGM ranked 10th under the No Poverty indicator, 12th under Decent Work & Economic Growth, 20th under Zero Hunger, and 50th under the Peace, Justice, and Strong Institution indicators.

In 2021, UGM ranks 16th in the world for Zero Hunger, 24th in the Partnership for the Goals indicator, 25th in the world for No Poverty indicators, and 26th in the world for the indicator for Mainland Ecosystems (Life on Land). For the Clean Water and Sanitation indicator, UGM ranks 34th in the world, and the Decent Work and Economic Growth indicator ranks 41st in the world. For the Reduced Inequalities indicator, it ranks 49th in the world.

UGM also ranks 51–100 in the world for 5 SDGs, 101-200 for the 2 SDGs, and 201-300 for the other three SDGs.

Student orientation
Every year UGM welcomes new undergraduate students by holding a one-week student orientation session called PPSMB Palapa (Pelatihan Pembelajar Sukses bagi Mahasiswa Baru Palapa, "Training for New Students to be Successful Learners", named after Palapa oath), which involves a short course introducing UGM's common knowledge, values, rules, and soft-skill education. On the last day of the program, there is a closing ceremony where students make a formation of a symbol or logo. In 2018, the students created a formation called Bersatu Nusantara Indonesia ("United Indonesian Archipelago") with the Indonesian national flag, to encourage a spirit of unity across differences in the country. In 2023, PPSMB broke a record for featuring ten different formations with just 30 minutes of preparation.

Community service
UGM organizes a community service called KKN-PPM (short for Kuliah Kerja Nyata-Pembelajaran Pemberdayaan Masyarakat or "Student Community Service-Community Empowerment Learning", in English), which is obligatory for undergraduate students. KKN-PPM is a research-based community service offered three times each academic year, in the middle of both the odd semester and the even semester, and between these two semesters. Not only local students joining the KKN, but also international academicians, including lecturers and students, are involved in KKN-PPM UGM. In 2011, 150 international students participated in KKN-PPM, coming from many countries, such as South Korea, Australia, France, the US, and Norway.

Other activities
The Sports Activities Unit is coordinated by the Secretariat of Joint Sports, and the Arts Unit is coordinated by the Joint Secretariat of Arts.

Sports activities include swimming, diving, inkai karate, kenpō, the Indonesian martial art pencak silat (including the variants of pencak silat merpati putih, self periasi pencak silat, pencak silat pro patria, and pencak silat setia hati terate), taekwondo, judo, hockey, soccer, softball, volleyball, basketball, athletics, equestrian, bridge, badminton, chess, and tennis.

Arts activities include Arts Style Yogyakarta (Swagayugama), Art Style Surakarta, Balinese dance, creative dance, photography, fine arts, Gamma Band, marching band, ‘’keroncong’’, student choir, theatre, and other arts. Other activities include Publisher Student Press Agency, Mapagama, Student Health Unit, Scout, Satmenwa, Cooperative Students "Kopma UGM", and AIESEC.

Spirituality activities include the Unit of Islamic Spirituality (Jama'ah Shalahuddin), Unit of Catholic Spirituality, Christian Spirituality Unit, Hindu Spirituality Unit, Buddhism and Spiritual Unit.

Reasoning activities include the Interdisciplinary Unit of Scientific Reasoning, the Gama Scholar Reasoning Unit, and the English Debating Society.

Transportation
There are sepeda kampus (campus bike) services available inside UGM, with 8 stations and 5 substations across the campus.

UGM campus is also served by Trans Jogja bus stations in several locations, notably near the Faculty of Medicine, Vocational School, and lecturer's eastern housing.

Other facilities
UGM Campus Mosque is a mosque owned by UGM and situated within its campus. It was designed entirely by the students of the UGM Architecture Engineering department. It holds a maximum capacity of 10,000 pilgrims, making it one of the largest mosques in Southeast Asia.

Madya Stadium, the softball/baseball field, and the tennis courts are located in the valley of UGM. The stadium can be used for football, athletics, hockey, and other activities. These facilities are available to UGM students, staff, and the public.

The Student Center Hall is used for sports activities such as basketball, volleyball, badminton, and martial arts, and for exhibitions and artistic performances.

The open field in the valley of UGM can be used for musical performances or other student activities that require a wide open space.

Some of Gadjah Mada University's inventions are displayed in the University Museum along with the university's collections and memorabilia.

UGM also has several student dormitories across Yogyakarta.

Yogyakarta Principles
The Yogyakarta Principles—a set of principles outlined in Geneva, Switzerland, which were intended to apply international human rights law guidelines in support of the human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people—were developed at Gadjah Mada University.

However, the Yogyakarta communities, civil societies, and the Sultanate of Yogyakarta have not subscribed to these principles. The principles were deemed as being against the Constitution of Indonesia and Pancasila ideology by the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD), Islamic and religious groups, and civil prosecutors, attacked the LGBT community as being suspect in "promoting communism or westernization", although the Yogyakarta Principles merely address ending violence, abuse, and discrimination of LGBT people.

2016 student demonstration
In 2016, more than 1000 of UGM's students and staff flocked to the university's headquarters for a demonstration that was said to be the biggest after the 1998 national demonstration. The demonstration went peacefully, with no damage reported by the university, although it got a bit heated when the university's rector, Mrs. Dwikorita Karnawati, claimed that the demonstration was a simulation officially held by UGM. Three factors led to this demonstration: tuition (uang kuliah tunggal) that was deemed too expensive; the university's status as a "state university with corporation status" (PTNBH), which led to the tuition fee rate ruling by the university; and to stop the relocation of so-called "bonbin" canteen located between Faculty of Cultural Sciences and Faculty of Psychology.

2017 sexual assault case
On 5 November 2018, UGM's student publication body BPPM Balairung through its online portal Balairungpress.com published an article containing the account, from a female student ("Agni"), of an alleged rape she experienced at the hands of a male fellow student ("HS") while doing a so-called "student work experience" (Kuliah Kerja Nyata – KKN) program in Seram Island, Maluku in June 2017. However, on 4 February 2019, UGM announced the case was resolved and claimed it concluded with a rather "peaceful" resolution.

When learning of the rape allegation, UGM–KKN officials chose not to forward Agni's accusation to the police. Instead, they were skeptical of Agni's account. Regardless, HS was pulled from the KKN program about a week later because he was deemed to be "incompatible" with other KKN participants.

After Agni returned to Yogyakarta in September 2017, she received a C-grade for the program, apparently in retaliation for the shame her allegation had brought upon an official. Agni then filed a formal complaint about her alleged rape to higher-ranking officials at the university, who raised her grade to A/B but still did not report HS to law enforcement. Instead, the university agreed to pay for the counseling Agni had been seeking to deal with her trauma, as well as requiring HS to go to counseling as well. HS was allowed to take part in another KKN program the semester after the alleged rape, and he is expected to graduate soon.

UGM spokesperson Iva Ariani confirmed the account as told in Balairungpress.com and says that the university is now taking further steps to investigate the rape allegation. She admitted to Kompas that the case was happened, that UGM has "extraordinary empathy" for the victim and also "concerned" about the incident.

2024 tuition fee protest
On 2 May 2024, coinciding with National Education Day, students held a demonstration at UGM's rectorate building that criticized the high tuition fees that didn't match the students' financial capabilities. In a statement given by the Coordinator of the UGM Advocacy Forum, Rio Dewanto, it's revealed that a survey conducted on 722 students from the class of 2023, it was found that 511 or 70.7 percent of students felt that the tuition fees set by UGM are too heavy, and 52.1 percent of students urged that it should be reconsidered.

Vice Rector for Human Resources and Finance, Supriyadi, guarantees that all students can complete their education without having to be constrained by costs. He added that the campus had made a decision letter to assign students as verifiers of tuition determination data in each faculty. In this verification, a team containing students is tasked with re-verifying all data so that tuition determination is more accurate.

University rectors

 * Sukadji Ranuwihardjo – Rector of Gadjah Mada University (1973–1981)
 * Pratikno – Rector of Gadjah Mada University (2012–2014), current Minister of State Secretariat
 * Ova Emilia – Rector of Gadjah Mada University (2022–present)

Education

 * Anies Baswedan – Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia (2014–2016), academician, former Governor of Special Capital Region of Jakarta (2017-2022)
 * Yahya Muhaimin – Minister of Education (1999 - 2001)
 * Bambang Sudibyo – Minister of Education (2004 - 2009) & Minister of Finance (1999 - 2000)

Economics

 * Adrianus Mooy - former Governor of the Central Bank of Indonesia (1988–1993)
 * J Soedrajad Djiwandono – former Governor of the Central Bank of Indonesia (1993–1998), Junior Minister of Trade (1988–1993)
 * Perry Warjiyo – Governor of the Central Bank of Indonesia

Law

 * Mahfud MD - Former Justice of the Constitutional Court, Minister of Coordinating Political, Legal, and Security Affairs of Indonesia (2019–Present)
 * Saldi Isra - Justice of the Constitutional Court (2017–Present)
 * Albertina Ho - former Judge at the General Court, Supervision Board of Corruption Eradication Commission (2019–Present)
 * Abdul Rahman Saleh - former Attorney General of Indonesia and Judge of the Supreme Court.
 * Zainal Arifin Mochtar – Constitutional law lecturer

Health

 * Siti Fadillah Supari – Minister of Health (2004–2009), cardiologist
 * Teuku Jacob - Indonesian Palaeoanthropologist, physician, anatomist
 * Terawan Agus Putranto - former Minister of Health
 * Haryono Suyono - former Coordinating Minister for the Peoples' Welfare
 * Adi Utarini - public health researcher and one of TIME's 100 most Influential People of 2021

Politics

 * Dewa Made Beratha – Governor of Bali (1998–2008)
 * Boediono – Vice President of Indonesia (2009–2014), former Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs, former Governor of the Central Bank of Indonesia
 * Brigida Antónia Correia - East Timor MP (2007–18) & agricultural scientist
 * Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X – 10th and current Sultan of Yogyakarta, Governor of the modern Yogyakarta Special Region
 * Airlangga Hartarto – politician, Minister of Industry (2016 - 2019), Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs (2019–Present)
 * Retno Marsudi – current Minister of Foreign Affairs, former Indonesian Ambassador to the Netherlands (2012–2015)
 * Anies Baswedan – Governor of Jakarta (2017–2022)
 * Fadel Muhammad – Vice President of ASEAN Business Forum, Governor of Gorontalo (2001–2006)
 * Ganjar Pranowo – Politician & Governor of Central Java (2013–2018) & (2018–Present)
 * Amien Rais – former leader of Muhammadiyah
 * Ben Mang Reng Say – politician, founder and rector of Atma Jaya Catholic University
 * Budiman Sudjatmiko – politician
 * Joko Widodo – President of Indonesia, former Governor of Jakarta, former Mayor of Surakarta

Religion

 * Ahmad Wahib – progressive Islamic intellectual

Arts and culture

 * Sapardi Djoko Damono – poet, professor at University of Indonesia
 * Artika Sari Devi – actress, model, Puteri Indonesia 2004 and Top 15 Miss Universe 2005 in Bangkok, Thailand
 * Helmi Johannes – Voice of America (VOA) Indonesia Executive Producer (2005–present)
 * Umar Kayam – author and former President of Jakarta Art Institute
 * Kuntowijoyo – historian, author
 * Eka Kurniawan – author, first Indonesian nominated for the Man Booker International Prize
 * Emha Ainun Nadjib – poet, public speaker
 * Jakob Oetama – founder of Kompas & CEO of Kompas Gramedia
 * Susanto Pudjomartono – second chief editor of The Jakarta Post (1991–2003), Ambassador to Russia (2003–2008)
 * Willibrordus S. Rendra – poet, lyricist, dramatist, and stage writer
 * Putu Wijaya – novelist

Science and technology

 * Marlina Flassy - anthropologist and Dean of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences at Cenderawasih University, where she was the first woman dean, and first indigenous Papuan to lead her faculty.
 * Basuki Hadimuljono — Minister of Public Works & Housing (2014 - 2019) & (2019 - Present)
 * Herman Johannes – Rector, scientist, former Minister of Public Works (1950–1951)
 * Soenarno - Minister of Public Works (2001 - 2004)
 * Djoko Kirmanto — Minister of Public Works & Housing (2004 - 2014)
 * Sutopo Purwo Nugroho—Leading spokesperson on issues about natural disasters in Indonesia
 * Mohammad Sadli – Minister of Mineral Resources (1973–1978), Minister of Labor (1971–1973), Professor of Economics at University of Indonesia
 * Lolo Soetoro – Geographer and stepfather of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States
 * Budi Karya Sumadi — Minister of Transportation (2016 - 2019) & (2019 - Present)

title: Gadjah Mada University


text:
Vikramaditya II

Vikramaditya II (reigned 733 – 744 CE) was the son of King Vijayaditya and ascended the Badami Chalukya throne following the death of his father. This information comes from the Lakshmeshwar inscriptions in Kannada dated 13 January 735 A.D. From inscriptions it has come to be known that even before his coronation, Vikramaditya II, as a crown prince (Yuvaraja), had conducted successful military campaigns against their arch enemy, the Pallavas of Kanchipuram. His most important achievements were the capture of Kanchipuram on three occasions, the first time as a crown prince, the second time as an emperor and the third time under the leadership of his son and crown prince Kirtivarman II. This is attested to by another Kannada inscription, known as the Virupaksha Temple inscription which alludes to the emperor as the conqueror of Kanchi on three occasions and reads Sri Vikramaditya-bhatarar-mume-Kanchiyan-mume parajisidor. The other notable achievement was the consecration of the famous Virupaksha Temple (Lokeshwara temple) and Mallikarjuna Temple (Trilokeshwara temple) by his queens Lokadevi and Trilokadevi at Pattadakal. These two monuments are the centre piece of the UNESCO World Heritage Monuments at Pattadakal. Vikramaditya II was a powerful ruler and was in power for 40 years. In order to maintain peace he entered into marriage alliance with Rashtrakutas.

Wars against Pallavas
Unlike King Vijayaditya, who had ruled till a very old age in a long and peaceful reign of four decades, Vikramaditya II's inscriptions seem to convey an impatience for war. From those inscriptions, historians feel that he nursed a grudge against the Pallavas, who a century ago, under the leadership of Narasimhavarman I, had defeated the Chalukyas and occupied their regal capital Badami, thus bringing to an end the glorious reign of Pulakeshi II and causing humiliation to the Chalukya royal family. From these inscriptions, it is known that nothing short of complete annihilation of the Pallavas (prakrity-amitra) could redeem the lost dignity of the Chalukyas. Vikarmaditya II, armed with this vengeful enthusiasm (mahotsaha), invaded the Pallava country.

Immediately after coming to power, Vikramaditya II saw an opportunity in the ensuing civil war in Kanchipuram and espoused the cause of Chitramaya, against that of Nandivarma II. Vikramaditya II fought many battles with the Pallavas, won three important victories, and occupied Kanchipuram on those occasions. Around 730, as the Chalukya crown prince, assisted by the Western Ganga Dynasty prince Ereyappa, he attacked the Pallava Paramesvaravarman II. The Pallava king had to sue for peace at a great financial loss to his kingdom. The Pallava subsequently tried to mount a counter-attack at the Ganga ally King Sripurusha (731), but was killed in the battle of Vilande. Sripurusha seized the kings insignia, the royal umbrella and earned the title Permanadi. Though this victory to the Chalukyas happened during the rule of King Vijayaditya, the records of Chalukya monarchs give full credit to Vikramaditya II.

Vikramaditya again invaded the Pallava kingdom after 734, aided by the faithful ally, the Western Ganga King Sripurusha, who joined the Chalukyas in this expedition. The earliest mention of this invasion is in the Narwan plates issued on 21 December 741 or 742. The Pallava King Nandivarman was a 13-year-old boy who nevertheless made a valiant but futile attempt to face the invasion. The Pallava king fled Kanchipuram into exile, leaving behind all his regal attributes which included among other things, a prestigious musical drum (katumukha), a musical instrument (samudraghosa) and a mace. Many of his war elephants, a large quantity of precious stones and gold fell into the hands of the victorious Chalukya monarch.

The road to Kanchipuram lay open and Vikramaditya II entered the city victorious. He ensured that the residents of the city were not harmed nor were the beautiful monuments destroyed (from inscription - Kanchim avinasya pravisya). The bounties of war were also returned. Unlike many conquering kings, Vikramaditya behaved in a very honorable way and showed consideration towards both the inhabitants and the city. Many donations were made to local Brahmins and gifts given to the weak and the forlorn citizens. Vikramaditya II had in his moment of revenge transformed himself from an overbearing conqueror to a humble devotee of the deities in the temples of Kanchipuram. The act of returning large amounts of booty to the temples earned him religious merit. All that was then inscribed on a Kannada language inscription on the back of a pillar in the mantapa (hall) of the Kailasanatha temple. His benevolent acts at other temples have also been recorded in his copper plate inscriptions. Vikramaditya thus wiped out the disgrace that had fallen on the Chalukya empire by the occupation of Vatapi a century earlier by the Pallava Narasimhavarman I. Having satiated his quest for revenge, Vikramaditya II returned to Badami. The Chalukyan empire then reached its proportions during the rule of Pulakeshi II.

He overran the kingdoms of Chera, Chola and Pandyas and defeated a Kalabhra ruler as well. Those victories were written in his inscription on the shores of the Indian Ocean. The final invasion of Kanchipuram happened in the final years of the reign of Vikramaditya II, under the leadership of his son Kirtivarma II.

Rule
Vikramaditya II donated 50 nivartanas of land for maintenance of charity house of Dhavala-Jinalaya at Lakshmeshwara, Dharwad district in 735 CE.

title: Vikramaditya II


text:
USS Mingo (SS-261)

USS Mingo (SS-261) — a Gato-class submarine submarine — was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the mingo snapper.

Construction and commissioning
Mingo′s keel was laid down by the Electric Boat Company at Groton, Connecticut. She was launched on 30 November 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Henry L. Pence, and commissioned on 12 February 1943.

Operational history
After shakedown off Long Island, Mingo departed for Naval Station Newport at Newport, Rhode Island, on 1 April 1943 for three weeks of operations with the Naval Torpedo Station. She cleared Naval Submarine Base New London at New London, Connecticut on 16 May 1943 for the Pacific via the Panama Canal Zone.

First and second war patrols
After further training at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Mingo departed on her maiden war patrol on 25 June 1943. She made damaging attacks on three Japanese merchant ships and bombarded Sorol Island off the Palaus before returning to Pearl Harbor for refit.

Her second war patrol — from 29 September-20 November — took her to the Marshalls, Carolines, and Marianas. Her torpedoes damaged a Japanese cruiser. She departed the Hawaiian Islands for overhaul at Mare Island Navy Yard, San Pablo Bay, California. It is likely that her Hooven-Owens-Rentschler diesels were replaced with Fairbanks-Morse Model 38D8⅛ opposed piston engines during this overhaul. The submarine left the West Coast on 3 February 1944 for continued operations in the Pacific.

Third and fourth war patrols
For her third war patrol, Mingo joined the US 7th Fleet in patrolling the South China Sea. She then sailed for Brisbane, Australia, via the Bismarck Sea and Milne Bay, New Guinea, arriving on 9 May. She continued on to Manus, Admiralty Islands on 10 June for further training.

Mingo left Manus for the Philippines on 18 June on her fourth war patrol. On 7 July, she attacked a Japanese high-speed convoy off Luzon and sank the destroyer JAPANESE DESTROYER Tamanami. The submarine put into Fremantle, Australia on 30 July.

Fifth and sixth war patrols
Mingo began her fifth war patrol on 27 August 1944. Although her primary operation was lifeguard duty in support of the US Thirteenth Air Force strikes on the Philippines and Borneo, she sank four coastal freighters. Mingo did a noteworthy job as lifeguard as she rescued 16 B-24 Liberator fliers shot down off Balikpapan, Borneo; six of them from rubber boats in Makassar Strait and the other 10 from the beach of Celebes Island. On 4 October, a U.S. Navy PB4Y-1 Liberator patrol bomber mistakenly attacked her, dropping a 100 lb bomb which landed 100 yd from Mingo, inflicting no damage or casualties. She moored in Fremantle on 13 October.

Her sixth war patrol, mostly reconnaissance duty, took place west of Borneo. On 25 December, Mingo made a night torpedo attack on a Japanese convoy on a run between Singapore and Brunei, Borneo. Beside damaging an escort gunboat, she sank loaded 9,486-ton tanker Manila Maru. The sinking of a maru of that name was prophetic, for the Japanese were only three months away from losing their hold completely on the ship's namesake, the Philippine capital. After assisting two other submarines in successful attacks, she returned to Fremantle on 29 December for repairs.

Seventh war patrol
Mingo took station at the South China Sea again for her seventh and last war patrol from 6 February–10 April 1945. On 14 February, she sailed to Fremantle to repair damage caused by a hurricane in which she had lost two men on 10 February. She departed on 19 February for further patrol off the Gulf of Siam before arriving in the Marianas on 10 April.

En route to Hawaii on 14 August, Mingo received word of the end of hostilities. After a short stay at Pearl Harbor, she sailed for the West Coast.

Japanese service, 1955–1966
On 1 January 1947 Mingo decommissioned at Mare Island and entered the Pacific Reserve Fleet. Recommissioned on 20 May 1955. Mingo was transferred on loan to Japan under the Military Assistance Program and renamed Kuroshio (SS-501) on 15 August. Her initial role was as an underwater training target for surface vessels. She continued to serve the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force as Kuroshio until decommissioned on 31 March 1966. She was sunk as a target in 1973.

Awards
Mingo received five battle stars for World War II service. Five of her seven war patrols were designated "successful".

title: USS Mingo (SS-261)