text:
Te Aute College

Te Aute College (Māori: Te Kura o Te Aute) is a school in the Hawke's Bay region of New Zealand. It opened in 1854 with twelve pupils under Samuel Williams, an Anglican missionary, and nephew and son-in-law of Bishop William Williams. It has a strong Māori character.

It was built on land provided by Ngai Te Whatuiapiti, a hapū of the Ngāti Kahungunu iwi. In 1857, a Deed of Gift transferred the land from Te Whatuiapiti to the Crown, with a request that it be granted to the Bishop of New Zealand and his successors.

Establishment
Te Aute is situated within a valley of significant strategic importance to local hapū. The nearby Roto-a-Tara pā had been the key stronghold for Te Whatuiapiti during the Musket Wars, and was still a key settlement during the 1850s. From as early as 1840 the Anglican Bishop William Williams had established a mission station at Gisborne and was proselytizing actively among the East Coast tribes, and William Colenso had established a mission in Napier. Plans to establish a school for the local hapū were in motion from as early as 1851, when large blocks of Māori land in the region were acquired by the Crown. Then, when Colenso was dismissed from his mission in 1851, Williams' nephew Samuel Williams took up residence in the region, and began advancing the plan to establish a school. He met with Te Whatuiapiti representatives at Roto-a-Tara pā on 17 April 1853, accompanied by the Governor Sir George Grey, who provided the Crown's backing for the plan. An agreement was made at that meeting for a school to be established at Te Aute, with the crown supplying 4000 acres of land and Te Whatuiapiti hapū gifting an additional 3397 acres. In recent decades, the original acquisition of the Crown's portion of land gifted for the school has been the subject of a Waitangi Tribunal claim, which is presently in the settlement process.

Early history
After only five years in operation, a fire destroyed much of the college and forced its closure in 1859. Samuel Williams began fundraising for the reconstruction of the college, accumulating £700 by 1870 – in part thanks to financial assistance from an aunt, Catherine Heathcote. Rebuilding began in 1871 and was completed in 1872. The college was reopened in 1872 under John Reynolds as headmaster. It began to grow steadily, with 24 Māori and 3 English boarders in attendance by 1874, and some day pupils.

The college chapel was constructed in 1900, in a design by architect Charles Natusch.

Between 1878 and 1912 Te Aute was led by headmaster John Thornton, who implemented a curriculum developed along the lines of an English grammar school. In 1883 the college was visited by James Pope, the government-appointed inspector of native schools, and received praise for Thornton's curriculum. Pope described the standards reached at Te Aute in mathematics and science as 'equal to those of any secondary school in the country.'

"I tried from the very first to raise the standard of the school, and … conceived the idea of preparing Maori boys for the matriculation examination of the New Zealand University ... I saw that the time would come when the Maoris would wish to have their own doctors, their own lawyers, and their own clergymen, and I felt it was only just to the race to provide facilities for their doing so."

By 1900 Te Aute was renowned for high academic standards and had become pre-eminent among Māori boarding colleges, as it was sending several boys onto university each year.

20th century
In 1906 a Royal Commission of Inquiry was established to investigate the effectiveness of teaching at Te Aute and other Māori boarding colleges. George Hogben, the newly appointed inspector of native schools, recommended that the college discontinue instruction in Latin, euclidean geometry, and algebra, and increase agricultural and manual instruction. His view was that the most academically able students could be sent to ordinary secondary schools, and he predicted that eventually Te Aute would have no role to play in preparing boys for university. Thornton defended the existing academic curriculum, arguing that Māori opinion favoured academic instruction and that Māori parents relied on Te Aute for academic rather than vocational education. Ultimately the commission recommended that greater emphasis be placed on manual and technical instruction in agriculture, and the college's trustees complied under pressure from the Department of Education. In the following years the college's attempted pivot toward vocational instruction began alienating academically gifted students, notably Golan Maaka. In 1922, Maaka became disillusioned with the heavy focus on agricultural instruction and the lack of Māori cultural studies at the college. He left Te Aute as a result and completed his schooling in Dannevirke instead.

In 1918 the college was damaged significantly by fire again. This coincided with the impact of the 1918 influenza epidemic, ultimately forcing the college to close temporarily. Reconstruction planning began immediately, with college trustees opting for more modern brick buildings. While construction planning continued, the college reopened in 1919 under a new headmaster E. G. Loten. Loten was a proponent of agricultural education, and satisfied the Department of Education's wish for an agriculturally intensive curriculum. On 9 September 1922 the foundation stone of the first new brick facility was laid by Churchill Julius, the Archbishop of New Zealand. It was named The Julius Wing and was opened in April 1923. Later that year, the foundation stone of the second brick facility was laid by the Governor General, The Viscount Jellicoe, and the building was named The Jellicoe Wing. The third and final brick facility was the largest – it contained the college library, its assembly hall and its administration offices – and was named after Governor General Sir Charles Fergusson, who laid its foundation stone in 1926 and officially opened it in 1927.

On 3 February 1931, the college was severely damaged by the Hawke's Bay earthquake. There were no deaths, but the top storey of the Jellicoe and Julius wings were levelled, and the tower atop the Fergusson block collapsed. The buildings were repaired and reinforced, but the cost of £7,769 placed an enormous financial burden on the college.

On 27 November 1986, the house of Allen Williams was recognised as a Category I heritage building by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust. Williams was a nephew of Samuel Williams, and the house – known as The Cottage – is the last remaining residential building from the time of the college's foundation.

In 1992 Hukarere Girls' College was closed, and many of its students were permitted to board at Te Aute instead. As a result, the college became co-educational, but later reverted to a boys' school when Hukarere was reopened in 1993.

Young Māori Party
The Young Māori Party established in 1902, which was dedicated to improving the position of Māori, grew out of the Te Aute Students Association, started by former students of the college in 1897. Old boys of Te Aute who were associated with the Young Māori Party include Rēweti Kōhere, Āpirana Ngata, Te Rangi Hīroa, Paraire Tomoana and Māui Pōmare.

Headmasters

 * The Reverend Samuel Williams (1854–1859)
 * John Reynolds (1872–1878)
 * John Thornton (1878–1912)
 * The Reverend J. A. McNickle (1912–1919)
 * E. G. Loten (1919–1950)
 * Richard Webb (1951–1966)
 * Noel Vickridge (1966–1973)
 * The Reverend Phillip Cherrington (1974–1976)
 * Awi Riddell (1977–1989)
 * Ngāhiwi Tangaere (1989–1994)
 * Brian Morris (1995)
 * Darrell Waiti (1996–2001)
 * Lennie Johns (2002–2003)
 * Wikitoria Osborne (acting) (2003–2004)
 * Tom Ratima (2004)
 * Tauira Takurua (2005–2008)
 * Darrell Waiti (2008)
 * Pripi McRoberts Blake (2009–2013)
 * Shane Hiha (2013–2021)
 * Richard Schumacher (acting) (February to August 2022)
 * Rachel Kingi (acting) (August 2022 – present)

Funding
In 1973, the college was again hit by financial difficulties, but a direct appeal for assistance to the Prime Minister, Norman Kirk, secured Te Aute's future. In 1977 an agreement between Te Aute Trust Board and the Government resulted in Te Aute becoming a State Integrated School. 2021

Scholarships
Several scholarship funds have been set up since the college's establishment. In October 1877, Sir Douglas Maclean set up the Te Makarini Trust with an initial endowment of £3,000, which still provides annual scholarships to gifted students. The fund was established in memory of Sir Donald McLean, an influential figure in Māori-settler relations in the mid-1800s and a prominent Hawke's Bay magistrate. In 1908, a legacy of £1,000 from the late Sir Walter Buller was gifted to the Te Aute Trustees for investment, the proceeds of which provided for a scholarship for many of the college's students over the following decades.

Notable alumni

 * Manu Bennett – Film and television actor, appeared in the Starz series Spartacus, Peter Jackson's adaptations of The Hobbit, and The CW series Arrow
 * Jamie Dixon – head coach of the University of Pittsburgh men's basketball team (2003–2016), began his professional coaching career while teaching at Te Aute in 1989
 * Thomas Rangiwahia Ellison – rugby union player, including All Black (1893), also played in the New Zealand Native team (1888–1889). One of the first Māori admitted to the bar, practising as a solicitor and barrister
 * Riki Flutey – rugby union player, including NZ Under 19s (1999), England (2008), British and Irish Lions (2009)
 * Kane Hames – rugby union player, including All Blacks
 * Pakaariki Harrison – Nationally acclaimed master carver
 * Norm Hewitt – rugby union player, including All Blacks (1993–1998)
 * Te Rangi Hīroa (Sir Peter Buck) – anthropologist and historian, medical doctor, and Member of Parliament for the Northern Māori electorate (1909–1914)
 * Taituha Peina Kingi – rugby union player, including All Blacks (early 1920s)
 * Golan Maaka – among the first Māori general practitioners of medicine, pioneer in Māori health
 * Sir Howard Morrison – singer and entertainer who gained fame as part of the Howard Morrison Quartet
 * Sir Sidney Moko Mead – Internationally renowned anthropologist, established the department of Māori studies at Victoria University of Wellington
 * Moana-Nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu – Soldier of the Māori Battalion posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross in 1943
 * Sir Āpirana Ngata – Member of Parliament for the Eastern Māori electorate (1905–1943), Minister of Māori Affairs (1928–1934)
 * Sir Māui Pōmare – Pioneer in Māori health, Member of Parliament for the Western Māori electorate (1911–1930), Minister of Health (1923–1926)
 * Joe Royal – rugby union player, including Māori All Blacks (2013)
 * Sir Pita Sharples – Member of Parliament for Tamaki Makaurau (2005–2014), Minister of Māori Affairs (2008–2014), co-leader of the Māori Party (2004–2013)
 * George Skudder – rugby union player, including All Blacks (1969–1973)
 * Ngataiharuru Taepa – artist
 * Karl Te Nana – rugby union player, including Gold medalist in rugby sevens at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
 * Paraire Tomoana – journalist, historian, and lyricist known for his composition of Pokarekare Ana
 * William Brown Turei – Archbishop and Primate of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia
 * Dudley Tuti – an Anglican bishop in the Solomon Islands
 * Piri Weepu – rugby union player, including All Blacks (2004–2013) and 2011 Rugby World Cup final winner

title: Te Aute College


text:
Airway (aviation)

In the United States, airways or air routes are defined by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in two ways:

"VOR Federal airways and Low/Medium Frequency (L/MF) (Colored) Federal airways"

These are designated routes which aeroplanes fly to aid in navigation and help with separation to avoid accidents. Airways are defined with segments within a specific altitude block, corridor width, and between fixed geographic coordinates for satellites navigation system, or between ground-based radio transmitter navigational aids (navaids; such as VORs or NDBs) or the intersection of specific radials of two navaids.

United States
To guide airmail pilots on their delivery routes, the United States Postal Service constructed the first airways in the United States, the Contract Air Mail routes. These airways were between major cities and identified at night by a series of flashing lights and beacons which pilots flew over in sequence to get from one city to the next. Intermediate fields were located every 30 mi in case of emergencies, with at least two landing strips a minimum of 2000 ft in length, and 600 ft in width. Rotating airways beacons were erected every 10 mi. However, these visual airways required the pilots to be in visual contact with the ground, which precluded flying in fog or clouds. Subsequently, the Department of Commerce funded the development of other means of airway navigation.

The first airways to be delineated by radio frequency were based on the old Low-frequency radio range also called the "Four Course Radio Range" or "A/N" system. The pilot listened for the stronger of the Morse codes transmitters ("· –" for "A" and "– ·" for "N", indicating left or right of the course); the objective was to be centered on course hearing a steady tone (the A and N Morse codes merge to form a steady tone when the receiver is equidistant from both transmitters).

Later airways were based on low/medium frequency ground stations, like the beat frequency oscillator (BFO) and the non-directional beacon (NDB). These L/M frequency airways were the colored airways. Colored airways still exist, mostly in Alaska. There are only a few colored airways remaining in the contiguous United States. There is one colored airway on the coast of North Carolina called G13 (Green 13). Additionally, there are several colored airways connecting to, and transitioning through, the Florida Keys. B9 (Blue 9) connects the Southern Florida mainland to Marathon Key. B646 (Blue 646) connects Mérida, Mexico to Nassau, Bahamas and transitions through the Florida Keys. A portion of B646 connects Key West to Marathon Key and serves as a bypass for aircraft unable to meet the 15,000 foot minimum altitude along that portion of V3. Finally, G765 (Green 765) connects Key West to Cozumel, Mexico. Colored airways are all depicted in brown on low and high altitude charts produced by the FAA's Aeronautical Navigation Products.

Low altitude airways (below 18000 ft MSL) that are based on VOR stations, appear on sectional charts, world aeronautical charts, and en route low altitude charts and are designated with the prefix "V" (pronounced victor, hence, victor airways). High altitude airways (from 18000 ft MSL to FL450) based on VOR stations are called jet routes; they appear on high altitude charts (that usually do not show topography, as the low altitude charts do) and are prefixed by the letter "J". VOR-based routes are depicted in black on low and high altitude charts produced by the FAA's Aeronautical Navigation Products.

With the invention of RNAV routes, airway structure no longer has to be based on ground-based navaids; a new naming convention is used. RNAV routes not based on VOR routes in low altitudes are preceded with the letter "T"; high airway routes are designated with the letter "Q". RNAV routes are depicted in blue on low and high altitude charts produced by the FAA's Aeronautical Navigation Products.

Europe
Airways are corridors 10 nmi wide of controlled airspace with a defined lower base, usually FL070–FL100, extending to FL195. They link major airports giving protection to IFR flights during the climb and descent phases, and often for non-jet aircraft, cruise phase of flight. Historically, they were laid out between VORs; however, advances in navigational technology mean that this is no longer a necessity. Each airway has a designator containing one letter and one to three numbers. All airspace above FL195 is class C controlled airspace, the equivalent to airways being called Upper Air Routes and having designators prefixed with the letter "U". If an upper air route follows the same track as an airway, its designator is the letter "U" prefix and the designator of the underlying airway.

In the UK, airways are all class A below FL195 and, therefore, VFR flights are prohibited.

Air corridor
An air corridor is a designated region of airspace that an aircraft must remain in during its transit through a given region. Air corridors are typically imposed by military or diplomatic requirements. During the Berlin Blockade, for example, pilots flying across Soviet-controlled German airspace were required to maintain very specific positioning within air corridors defined by the commander in charge of the airlift. Subsequent flights, both military and civilian, between West Germany and West Berlin during the Cold War were required to remain within their designated corridor or risk being shot down.

Air corridors should not be confused with airways. Airways are navigational aids which a pilot generally may deviate from when circumstances warrant, while compliance with a designated air corridor is mandatory.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Airway (aviation)


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Voters Outreach of America

Voters Outreach of America is a private voter registration firm, based out of Las Vegas, Nevada, run by Aaron James.  In October 2004, allegations surfaced in several states that the group had collected and submitted Republican voter registration forms while inappropriately disposing of Democratic registration forms. Oregon and Nevada subsequently announced investigations into these allegations. Under state laws in these states, private canvassers must turn in all forms they collect. Similar allegations were made in Western Pennsylvania.

title: Voters Outreach of America


text:
State farm

State Farm is an American insurance company.

State Farm may also refer to:

Agriculture

 * Sovkhoz, or Soviet farm, a state-owned farm in the Soviet Union and some post-Soviet states
 * State Agricultural Farm, a form of collective farming in People's Republic of Poland
 * Volkseigenes Gut, state-owned farm in East Germany
 * Prison farm, a correctional facility where convicts work on a farm

Sports facilities

 * State Farm Arena, in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
 * State Farm Hidalgo Arena, formerly State Farm Arena, now Payne Arena, in Hidalgo, Texas, U.S.
 * State Farm Center, in Champaign, Illinois, U.S.
 * State Farm Stadium, in Glendale, Arizona, U.S.

title: State farm


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User talk:Tlaresch

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Whosyourjudas (talk) 02:50, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Categorisation FAQ
Hi, I reverted your change from British to American spelling because our general policy in this area is to stick with one spelling throughout. Since the title of the page uses British, so should the article. Thanks. Tuf-Kat 07:58, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * No problem -- it's easy to forget and start writing in American without thinking about it. As far as boxers, I think the policy is to not put articles in their parent category (i.e., an American boxer should be in the Category:American boxers, but not in Category:Boxers)... unless the article is the same as the category (i.e. if there was an article on American boxers, it would go in Category:Boxers).  Tuf-Kat 08:08, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

Baseball field
I appreciate your efforts in cleaning up the article. I wonder, though, in what version of baseball, if any, is there an "umpire's box"? The various boxes and lines are to confine the players and coaches to certain areas or places when the ball is pitched. The umpire is under no such restrictions. It is his responsibility to position himself in the best way to make the call. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 02:29, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Hi, Bugs! I didn't put the umpire's box in the article. The article states that there is sometimes an umpire's box drawn, and while I can't say I've seen such a thing, I didn't feel the need to remove the statement. Please do so yourself if you're convinced the article is better without it.

Thanks for your comments and your appreciation!

Tlaresch

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tlaresch


text:
Norman Fawcett

Norman Edward Fawcett (July 29, 1910 – January 26, 1997) was a Canadian politician, who represented the riding of Nickel Belt in the House of Commons of Canada from 1965 to 1968. He was a member of the New Democratic Party.

He was born in Adanac, Saskatchewan. He later settled in Capreol, Ontario, where he worked as a railway conductor and a union activist before entering municipal politics, serving as a municipal councillor and deputy mayor beginning in 1962.

Fawcett won the 1965 Canadian federal election in Nickel Belt following the resignation of Liberal Member of Parliament Osias Godin. He represented Nickel Belt for two and a half years in the 27th Canadian Parliament, and lost his seat to Liberal challenger Gaetan Serré in the 1968 election. Following his defeat, he was re-elected to Capreol's town council as mayor in 1969, serving four years. After two years out of office, he was re-elected to town council in 1975, serving as councillor and deputy mayor until his retirement from politics in 1991.

Following his death in 1997, Raymond Bonin, John Williams, Elsie Wayne, Bill Blaikie and René Laurin delivered statements of tribute to Norman Fawcett in the House of Commons of Canada.

Fawcett's daughter Gaye is married to Elie Martel, who was the Member of Provincial Parliament for Sudbury East from 1967 to 1987. Shelley Martel, Elie Martel's daughter and Fawcett's granddaughter, won election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario upon Elie Martel's retirement, and continued to represent the riding of Nickel Belt until her own retirement from politics in 2007. She was married to former Ontario New Democratic Party leader Howard Hampton.

title: Norman Fawcett


text:
Nisba

The Arabic word nisba (نسبة; also transcribed as nisbah or nisbat) may refer to:
 * Nisba, a suffix used to form adjectives in Arabic grammar, or the adjective resulting from this formation
 * comparatively, in Afro-Asiatic: see Afroasiatic_languages
 * Nisba (onomastics), a word used as an element in an Arabic name

title: Nisba


text:
List of computer technology code names

Following is a list of code names that have been used to identify computer hardware and software products while in development. In some cases, the code name became the completed product's name, but most of these code names are no longer used once the associated products are released.

Symbol and numbers

 * 19H1 — Windows 10 version 1903
 * 4Course — Sun 4 × 1.05 GB 3.5" SCSI2 disks in Dinnerbox+ package
 * 83% — UHU Linux 1.1 Beta 4

A

 * Alder — Windows CE 2.0
 * Apollo — Windows Phone 8
 * Astro — Android 0.9 (internal codename)
 * Aurora — Windows Small Business Server 2011 Essentials
 * Aurora — Sun SPARCstation 5

B

 * B52 Rock Lobster — Commodore Amiga 500
 * Baikal — ASP Linux 7.2
 * Bali — BL440ZX
 * Bali — Sun JavaEngine 1
 * Bamboo — Mandrake Linux 9.1
 * Banias — Intel 1st generation Pentium M processors
 * Banister — Intel 440MX
 * Bantam — Sun SBus FDDI
 * Barak — StartCom Linux 4.0.0-AS
 * Barcelona — AMD Opteron "K10" architecture
 * Barney — Sun StorEdge T3 chassis
 * Barracuda — Opera 11.10 browser (Also A hard drive series from Seagate)
 * Bart — Sun SPARCCompilers 5.x
 * Barton — AMD Athlon XP
 * Batman — Sun ATM SBus card
 * Batphone — Sun SBus card for ISDN
 * Beagle — Novell Linux desktop search and metadata technology due with SLES 10
 * Becks — Apple Macintosh II
 * Beetle — Sun SunRay 100
 * Beefy Miracle — Fedora Linux 17
 * Bender — Android 1.0/1.1 (internal codename)
 * BHA — Apple Power Macintosh 7100/66 ("Butt Head Astronomer" Carl Sagan)
 * Big Electric Cat — Adobe Photoshop 4.0
 * Big Foot — Quantum 5.25" hard drive
 * Big Sur — Apple Font Pack
 * Bigfish — Sun StorEdge 9900 series
 * Bigmac — Sun 100 MBit Ethernet SBus card
 * BigTop — Sun SunPro 3.0 compilers
 * Biltmore — Red Hat Linux 4.2
 * Bimini — BI440ZX
 * Birch — Microsoft Windows CE 2.11
 * Bismillah — Turkix Linux 1.0
 * Blackbeard — Sun PCI SCSI hardware RAID controller
 * Blackbird — Apple Macintosh IIfx
 * Blackbird — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 540
 * Blackbird — Sun UltraSPARC II
 * Blackbird+ — Sun UltraSPARC II 250 MHz
 * Blackbird LC — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 520/520c
 * Blackford — Intel 5000P chipset
 * Blackjack — Sun Netra E1 PCI System Expander
 * Bladerunner — nVidia GeForce 2 Ultra
 * Bladerunner — Sun GUI for Jumpstart profiles
 * Blaze — Sun UltraSPARC II
 * Blaze — Adobe Flash CS3
 * Blue — Windows 8.1
 * Blue — Windows Phone 8.1
 * Blue Box — Apple Mac OS compatibility layer for Rhapsody
 * Bluebird — Mandrake Linux 8.2
 * Bluedog — Sun HPC ClusterTools 3.1
 * Blueringer — Sun 4 MB SBus Token Ring
 * Blueringer II — Sun 16 MB SBus Token Ring
 * Blugu — Apple Workgroup Server 60, 80
 * Bo — Debian GNU/Linux 1.3
 * BOB W — Apple Macintosh PowerBook Duo 210/230
 * Bon Echo — Mozilla Firefox 2.0
 * Bongo — Apple Macintosh Performa/Power Macintosh 5200
 * Bonjour — Turkix Linux 10.0a
 * Bordeaux — Fedora Core 5 Linux
 * Borealis — Sun cPCI QuadFastEthernet
 * Borrow — Blag Linux 10000
 * Braun — Sun JavaStation
 * BraveHawk 200 DC3 — HP-9000 K370/K570 - 898
 * Brazil — Apple Macintosh IIvx
 * Brazil 32 — Apple Macintosh Performa 600
 * BreadboxA — Sun enclosure for Netra NFS
 * Breezy Badger — Ubuntu 5.10
 * Brick — Apple Aluminum MacBook Line Late 2008
 * Bride of Buster — Apple Mac OS 8.1
 * Brimstone — Adobe Photoshop 2.5 for Windows
 * Broadwater — Intel P965 chipset
 * Broadwater G — Intel G965 chipset
 * Broadway — Sun StorEdge Media Central
 * Brokenboring — KDE 3.2
 * Brookdale — Intel i845 chipset
 * Brooklyn — Apple IIx
 * Brooks — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 160
 * Brugge — MCNLive CD Linux released May 3, 2005
 * Bulldozer — codename for the server and desktop processors released on October 12, 2011, by AMD
 * Bullfrog — Sun 4 mm DAT with stacker
 * Bullwinkle — Sun SCSI Expansion Pedestal
 * Bulverde — Intel PXA270 processor
 * Burnaby — XMetaL 3.0
 * Buzz — Debian GNU/Linux 1.1

C

 * CADET — IBM 1620
 * Cairo — Microsoft Windows NT 4.0
 * Calais — Sun Next generation JavaStation
 * Calexico — Intel PRO/Wireless 2100B
 * Calistoga — Intel chipsets for Napa platforms
 * Calvin — Sun SPARCStation 2
 * Camaro — AMD Mobile Duron
 * Cambridge — Fedora Linux 10
 * Camelot — Sun product family name for Arthur, Excalibur, Morgan
 * Camino — Intel i820 chipset
 * Campfire — Sun Ultra Enterprise 4000 and 5000
 * Campfire+ — Sun Ultra Enterprise 4500 and 5500
 * Campus — Sun SPARCStation 1
 * Campus+ — Sun SPARCStation 1+
 * Campus2 — Sun SPARCStation 10
 * Campus2+ — Sun SPARCStation 10SX and 10BSX
 * Canary — Windows Mobile Smartphone 2002
 * Candy — Atari 400
 * Canterwood — Intel 875P chipset
 * Capone — Apple System Software 7.5
 * Captain Rayno — Lunar Linux 1.3.2
 * Carl Sagan — Apple Power Macintosh 7100/66
 * Carmel — Intel i840 chipset
 * Carmel — Sun StorEdge D2 Array
 * Carrera — CPU card in Sun—3/140, 3/150, 3/160, 3/180
 * Cartman — Red Hat Linux 6.1
 * Casanova — Sun SPARCEngine CP1400
 * Cascade0Mb — Ethernet and PCI Bus
 * Cezanne — Ryzen 5000 APUs
 * Cheetah — Apple Mac OS X 10.0
 * Cheetah — Sun UltraSPARC III
 * Cheetah+ — Sun UltraSPARC III Cu
 * Cheeze Whiz — AppleScript
 * Chelan — Windows Embedded Compact 7
 * Chels — Apple IIc
 * Cherrystone — Sun SunFire V440/V480
 * Chicago — Microsoft Windows 95
 * Chilliwack — XMetaL 3.1
 * Chimera — Apple Power Macintosh 5400
 * Chimera — Sun PCi II
 * Chinook — Apple Workgroup Server 95
 * Chivano — Intel processors
 * Chrichton — Sun SPARCEngine Ultra AXmp
 * Chrysalis Client — Sun skinny Solaris OS for Intel-based NC
 * Cinnamon — Apple Macintosh PowerBook Duo 210/230
 * Classic — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 100
 * ClawHammer — AMD Athlon 64 S754 130 nm processor
 * ClickOnce — Microsoft technology to speed application deployment in Longhorn
 * Cloud — Trustix Secure Linux 2.0
 * Clovertown — Intel Xeon 5300 series processors
 * Cobalt — Palm OS 6
 * Cobalt — initial release of Windows 11
 * Cobra — Apple Macintosh IIcx
 * Cobra — Sun 4100, 4/110, 4/150
 * Cobra II — Apple Macintosh IIci
 * Cocoa — Apple Mac OS X API
 * Cold Fusion — Apple Power Macintosh 8100/80
 * Colfax — Ryzen Threadripper
 * Colgate — Red Hat Linux 4.0
 * Colleen — Atari 800
 * Colorado — Sun 150 MHz HyperSPARC HS11
 * Colorado II — Sun 125 MHz HyperSPARC HS21
 * Colorado III — Sun 150 MHz HyperSPARC SM151
 * Colossus — SunSwift SBus
 * Colt 45 — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 145
 * Columbia — Sun 4-Disk 1.3 GB IPI Elite disk tray
 * Columbus — SiS 640
 * Colusa — Intel i860
 * Combo — Sun SPARCStorage MultiPack and MultiPack 2
 * Comet — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 2400c
 * Comet — Microsoft Proxy Server 3.0
 * Companion — Apple Macintosh PowerBook Duo 2300c
 * Condor — Sun 900 MB SMD disk drive
 * Condor1 — G450
 * Condor2 — G800
 * Conroe — Intel desktop processor based on Merom
 * Constantine — Fedora 12 Linux
 * Converse — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 180
 * Cooker — Mandrake Linux current unstable
 * Copenhagen — SOT Linux 2002
 * Copland — Apple Mac OS Rewrite (cancelled)
 * Coppermine — Intel Pentium 3 180 nm processor
 * Copperriver — Intel chipsets based on Grantsdale/Alderwood models
 * Cornbread — Sun Netra NFS server
 * Corona — Microsoft Windows Media Player 9
 * Corona — Sun 19" monitor
 * Cortet — Vulcan elite CPU
 * Cortland — Apple IIGS
 * Corvette — AMD Mobile Athlon 4
 * Covington — Intel Celeron without L2 cache
 * Coyote — Sun Netra st D130
 * Crane — Sun CG9
 * Crescendo — Sun second DOE product
 * Crescendo DC-440 — HP-9000 A400-44 / rp2400
 * Crescendo DC-W2 — HP-9000 A440-6X / rp2430
 * Crescendo 440 — HP-9000 A500-44 / rp2450
 * Crescendo 550 — HP-9000 A500-5X / rp2450
 * Crescendo 650 W2 — HP-9000 A500-6X / rp2470
 * Crescendo 750 W2 — HP-9000 A500-7X / rp2470
 * Crestine — Intel motherboard system logic
 * Crestline — Intel GM965 chipset
 * Crusader — Apple Macintosh LC/Performa/Quadra 63X/640/Power Macintosh/Macintosh Performa 62XX/63XX
 * Crusoe — Transmeta processor
 * Crypto — Sun encryption card
 * Crystal — Sun dual channel FC PCI card
 * Cuba — Sun Netra S220
 * Cupcake — Android 1.5
 * Curley — Sun LX/Classic I/O board
 * Cyclone — Tandem NonStop RISC (Later HP NonStop)
 * Cyclone — Apple Macintosh Quadra 840av
 * Cyclone — Sun 19" monitor
 * Cyclone — Sun Solstice Corporate Client

D

 * Dagwood — Sun
 * Daktari — Sun SunFire V880
 * Dapper Drake — Ubuntu 6.06 LTS
 * Dark Matter — Adobe Photoshop CS
 * Dart LC — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 165
 * Dartanian — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 180
 * Darth Vader — College Linux 2.3
 * Darwin — Apple Macintosh Quadra 900
 * Darwin — Low-Level Unix layer of Apple Mac OS X
 * Darwin — Sun PCI-based Ultra workstations
 * Daybreak — Linux Multi-Disk Howto 0.17
 * Dayton — Yellow Dog Linux 2.3
 * Daytona — Microsoft Windows NT 3.51
 * DBLite — Apple Macintosh PowerBook Duo 210/230
 * Decaf — Sun 14" monitor
 * Deepcove — XMetaL Author 4.0
 * Deepmind — Respond.com
 * Deerfield — Intel processors due 2003
 * dejaVu — Sun PC file viewer
 * Delorean — Sun 72" StorEdge Expansion Cabinet
 * Derringer — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 100
 * Deschutes — Intel Pentium 2
 * Detroit — Microsoft Windows 95's cancelled successor
 * Deuterium — Sun Ultra 60
 * Devel — Arch Linux 0.4
 * Diamond — Sun cPCI FC dual port adapter
 * Diana — Apple IIe
 * Diesel — Adobe Flash CS4
 * Dilbert — Sun SCSI2 RAID5 Storage, StorEdge A1000, StorEdge D1000
 * Dinnerbox — Sun 5$1⁄4$" Full Height Lunchbox
 * Dirty Bird — Lunar Linux 1.0
 * Discovery — Sun 1.3 Gb SCSI disk
 * Discus — Sun ???
 * Dixon — Intel Mobile Pentium 2
 * Dockyard — Ark Linux 1.0
 * Dollhouse Simulator — The Sims
 * Dolphin — Mandrake Linux 9.0
 * Dolphin — GameCube
 * Donut — Android 1.6
 * Dothan — Intel Pentium M 700-series 90 nm processor
 * Dove — Apple IIx
 * Dover — Sun next generation JavaStation
 * Dobra Voda — KDE 3.2 Beta 2 ("dobra voda" is Czech for "good water")
 * DR1 — Apple Rhapsody developer release 1
 * DR2 — Apple Rhapsody developer release 2
 * Dragon — Arch Linux 0.4
 * Dragon — Sun SPARCServer 2000
 * Dragon+ — Sun SPARCCenter 2000E
 * DragonHawk U+ 240 — HP-9000 K380/K580
 * Dublin — Sun Ultra Enterprise E150
 * Duo — an intel CPU core specification
 * Duracell — Sun PDB 1.2 on Ultra Enterprise 2
 * Duraflame — Sun Ultra Enterprise 3000
 * Duraflame+ — Sun Ultra Enterprise 3500
 * Durango — Xbox One
 * Dyne:trax — dyne:bolic Linux 1.2 and 1.3

E

 * Eagle — Apple Hard Disk 400SC
 * Eagle — Sun UltraSPARC IIep
 * Eagle Ridge — XMetaL Author 4.0 SP4
 * East Fork — Intel digital home PC platform
 * Echo Lake — XMAX (XMetaL for ActiveX) 4.0
 * Eclair — Android 2.0/2.1
 * Eclipse — Apple Macintosh Quadra 900
 * Edgy Eft — Ubuntu
 * Edison — C++ Builder for MobileSet
 * Egret — Sun SBus frame buffer
 * Eierspass — grml Linux 0.4
 * Eiger —
 * Eight Ball — Macromedia Flash 8
 * Einstein — Sun Ultra 5 360/440, Ultra 10 440/480
 * ELB — Apple Macintosh Quadra 605
 * Electron — Sun Ultra 1 Model 170E
 * Elf — Apple IIc
 * Elite I — Seagate ST41600N
 * Elixir — Apple Macintosh Performa 6300–6360
 * Elmer — Apple Keyboard II
 * Elsie — Apple Macintosh LC
 * Elsie — Sun SPARCPrinter EC
 * Elsie III — Apple Macintosh LC III
 * Emerald — Microsoft Systems Management Server
 * Emerald — Sun cPCI Dual Differential Ultra SCSI
 * Emerald Bay — Intel EB440BX
 * Emily — TinySofa Enterprise Linux 1.0-U2
 * Emma — AMD processor for mobile devices
 * Enchilada — Sun UltraSPARC IIIi
 * Encompass — Sun Enterprise Manager
 * Endever —
 * Energizer — Sun SPARCServer 1000PDB, SPARCCenter 2000PDB
 * Enigma — Red Hat Linux 7.2
 * Envici — Art
 * Epic — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 1400c
 * Equinox — XMetaL Author, XMetaL Developer, and XMAX (XMetaL for ActiveX) 4.6 Service Pack 1
 * Erickson — Apple Macintosh IIsi
 * Escher — Apple Macintosh PowerBook Duo 270c
 * Espresso — Sun JavaStation JE
 * Esprit — Apple Macintosh Portable
 * Esprit — Turbolinux 7.0S
 * Esther — VIA C7
 * Eszter — UHU-Linux Live 2.2
 * ET — Apple IIc
 * Etch — Debian GNU/Linux 4.0
 * Europa — Microsoft Visual Foxpro 9.0
 * Eveready — Sun E1000 dual AC power grid option
 * Everest — Sun GEM FC-AL PCI card
 * Everest — https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022536/http://liveeverest.vulcan.com/
 * Evo 200 — Apple Macintosh Quadra 700
 * Excalibur — Apple Power Macintosh LC 5400
 * Excalibur — Sun Multiprocessor UltraSPARC III
 * Ezra — Cyrix C3 processor

F

 * F-16 — Apple Macintosh IIfx
 * F-19 — Apple Macintosh IIfx
 * Fafnir — Apple Macintosh SE/30
 * Fairbanks — FB820
 * Falcon — Microsoft Message Transaction Service
 * Fanwood — Intel Itanium 2 1.6 GHz processor
 * Fanwood LV — Intel low voltage Itanium 2 1.3 GHz processor
 * Fast Eddy — Adobe Photoshop 2.0
 * Fast Eddy — Apple built-in CD-ROM drive
 * Fat Mac — Apple Macintosh 512k
 * Fat Timba — Seagate ST410800WD
 * Feint — EnGarde Secure Linux 1.3.0
 * Feisty Dunnart — Linux Kernel 2.6.2
 * Feisty Fawn — Ubuntu 7.04
 * Fernie — XMetaL Developer 4.0
 * Ferrari — Sun 3/F
 * Festen — Mandrake Linux 5.3
 * Fester — RIAA project to announce downloads at RIAA servers
 * FFB — Sun Creator
 * FFB2 — Sun Creator Series 2
 * FFB2+ — Sun Creator Series 3
 * Fiji — FJ440ZX
 * Finestra — EnGarde Secure Linux 1.0.1
 * Fire — Aurox Linux 9.1
 * Fireball — Google Allo
 * Firefly — Arch Linux 0.3
 * Firestorm — Blue Linux 1.0
 * Firetruck — Sun UltraSPARC
 * Fisher — Red Hat Linux 7.0.90 (reference to Carrie Fisher)
 * Five Star — Mandrake Linux 9.2
 * Flagship — Apple Power Macintosh 8100/110
 * Flamingo — Sun VidIO
 * Flapjack — Sun Netra t1 Model 105
 * Flare — Source Mage GNU/Linux 0.7
 * Flipflop — Sun 3.5" floppy drive
 * Flyweight — Sun Netra t1 Model 100
 * Foster — Intel Xeon 180 nm processor (Pentium 4-based)
 * Foster Farms — Apple Macintosh LC II
 * Four Square — Apple Macintosh IIfx
 * Fred — Apple Two-Page Monochrome Monitor
 * Freeport — Apple Macintosh SE
 * Freestyle — Microsoft Windows XP Media Center Edition
 * Freeze — RIAA project to remotely hang computers searching for MP3 files
 * Freon — Microsoft Xbox
 * Freshchoice — SunSwift PCI
 * Freshchoice Lite — SunFastEthernet PCI
 * Fridge — Apple Macintosh Quadra 800
 * Frogger — Apple Freedom Network
 * FroYo — Android 2.2
 * Fuji — Yellow Dog Linux 2.1
 * Full Monty — Sun Directory Services
 * Fullmoon — Sun single IP address cluster
 * Fusion — Microsoft Windows XP add-ons
 * Fusion — Sun UltraSPARC family
 * Future — Magic Linux 1.1

G

 * Gaga — Chinese Linux Extension 1.1
 * Galactica — Sun StorEdge L20, L40, L60
 * Galaxy — Sun SPARCServer 600MP, 630MP, 670MP, 690MP
 * Galiano — XMAX (XMetaL for ActiveX) 4.0 Service Pack 4
 * Galibaldi — D850 GB
 * Galileo — Microsoft Windows CE 3.0, Handheld PC 2000
 * Galileo — Microsoft Enterprise Studio for .NET
 * Galileo — Sun Ultra 10 cancelled replacement
 * Gallatin — Intel Xeon MP or Pentium 4 Extreme Edition w/ 2 MB L3 cache
 * Garfield — Seagate ST1480N
 * Gaston 2 — Intel wireless Ethernet technology
 * Gemini — Sun JavaOS 1.2
 * Gemini — Sun UltraSPARC dual processor CPU due in 2004
 * Gemini-64 — SCO project to adapt UnixWare to 64-bit processors
 * General Protection Fault — Lunar Linux 1.4.0
 * Genesis — Frugalware Linux 0.1
 * Genesis — Sun GE Medical special product
 * Genie — Sun browser-based tool for Solaris
 * Gershwin — Apple Mac OS 9
 * Geyserville — SpeedStep
 * Gideon — KDevelop 3.0
 * Gingerbread — Android 2.3
 * Glenwood — Intel i955X chipset
 * Gobi — Cyrix processor
 * Gobi — IBM 750GX processor
 * Goddard — Fedora 13 Linux
 * Godzilla — Sun Ultra 10 cancelled replacement
 * Golden Gate — Apple IIx
 * Goldfish — Apple 16" Color Monitor
 * Golem — Sun JavaPC Engine RC2
 * Gossamer — Apple Power Macintosh G3
 * Granite Bay — Intel E7205 chipset
 * Grantsdale — Intel i915P and i915G chipsets
 * Green Jade — Apple Macintosh SE/30
 * Green Thumb — TRS-80 Color Computer
 * Greencreek — Intel 5000X chipset
 * Greenwich — Microsoft Office 2003 real-time collaboration
 * Grendelsbane — RPM Live Linux CD 0.9
 * Grimoire — Sorcerer Linux current unstable
 * Grimoire — Source Mage GNU/Linux current
 * Grizzly — Sun SS20 with hyperSPARC
 * Grover — Sun Next generation Darwin 10
 * Gryphon — Microsoft Windows CE 2.01, Palm PC 1.0
 * Guava — Sun PGX64
 * Guinness — Apple Macintosh Portable
 * Guinness — Red Hat Linux 7.0 (reference to Alec Guinness)
 * Guinness — Silicon Graphics Indy Workstation
 * Gumbi — Sun QuadFastEthernet PCI
 * Gumby — Apple IIGS
 * Gutsy Gibbon — Ubuntu 7.10
 * Gypsy — Sun SPARCStation Voyager

H

 * Haarlem — MCNLive CD Linux released February 13, 2005
 * Hades — Annvix Linux 1.0
 * Hadjaha — Gimp 1.2
 * Hailstorm — Blue Linux 2.0
 * HailStorm — Microsoft .Net initiative
 * Hakone — OpenOffice.org 1.1.2
 * Halfdome — Sun SPARCPrinter E
 * Half—Dome — Apple OneScanner
 * Halibut — CVS 1.10
 * Halloween — Red Hat Linux 0.9
 * Halo — Sun SunRay 150
 * Hamlet — Sun SPARCclassic, SPARCclassic X
 * Hamm — Debian GNU/Linux 2.0
 * Hammer — AMD K8 architecture
 * Hammerhead — Sun HPC 2.0
 * Happy Meal — Sun FEPS chip
 * Hardy Heron — Ubuntu 8.04 LTS
 * Harpertown — Intel Xeon 5400 series processors
 * Hastings — PC1066 RDRAM
 * Hawaii — Sun EXB-8500
 * Hawk II — Sun GT Graphics Tower
 * Hawk — Sun EXB-8500
 * Heckel — Seagate ST3610N
 * Hedwig — Red Hat Linux 6.0
 * Heidelberg — Fedora Core Linux 3
 * Hekk — UHU-Linux 1.2-rc1
 * Helios — Mandrake Linux 6.1
 * Helium — Mandrake Linux 7.1
 * Hercules — Sun 24" color HDTV monitor
 * Herkules — UHU-Linux 1.2-beta0
 * Hermes — Microsoft Windows CE 2.11 for Webphones
 * Hoary Hedgehog — Ubuntu 5.04
 * Hobbes — Sun SPARCStation IPX
 * Hobo — Sun 4800b keyboard/mouse for Gypsy
 * Hokusai — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 180c
 * Homer — Arch Linux 0.1
 * Honeycomb — Android 3.0/3.1/3.2
 * Hook 33 — Apple Macintosh LC 550
 * Hook — Apple Macintosh Performa 550
 * Hooper — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 3400c
 * Horizon — Trustix Secure Linux 2.1
 * Hornet — Sun UltraSPARC I
 * HotJava — Sun web browser written in Java
 * Houdini — Adobe Acrobat
 * Hulk Hogan — Apple A/UX 3.0
 * Hummingbird — Sun StorEdge L1000
 * Hurricane — Blue Linux 1.0 RC2
 * Hurricane — Red Hat Linux 5.0
 * Hurricane — Sun 21" monitor
 * Hustenstopper — grml Linux 0.3
 * Hydra — Adobe AIF Toolkit - https://web.archive.org/web/20071127101741/http://labs.adobe.com/wiki/index.php/AIF_Toolkit#Windows
 * Hydra — Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server Edition
 * Hydra — Sun 3/80
 * Hydra96 — HP-9000 G70/I70/H70 - 887/897
 * Hyperbolic — Apple Power Macintosh with an Exponential x704 microprocessor

I

 * Ibis — Sun CG8
 * ICE-T — Sun Java front-end development tool client/server C/C++ apps
 * Ice Cream — SunOS 4.1.1-B
 * Ice Cream Sandwich — Android 4.0
 * Iceberg — BLAG Linux 30000
 * ICSN.com — (I Can't Say Nothing) About.com
 * Igen — Uhu Linux 2.0
 * IIb — Apple IIc (book-sized)
 * IIp — Apple IIc (portable)
 * Ikki — Apple Macintosh II
 * Indigo — Microsoft .NET communication technologies
 * Indium — Lunar Linux 1.5.0
 * Infinite Improbability Drive — TransGaming WineX 3.3
 * Instatower — Apple Macintosh Performa 6400
 * Interface Manager — Windows 1.0
 * Intrepid Ibex — Ubuntu 8.10
 * Irongate — AMD-751 chipset
 * Ironsides — Sun L700 tape system
 * Irwindale — Intel Xeon 90 nm processor w/ 2 MB L2 cache
 * Italy — AMD Opteron 200-series 90 nm dual-core processor
 * Itanium — Intel IA-64 processor
 * Ivory — Sun dual channel FC-AL SBus card
 * Ivy — Sun 17" entry level

J

 * Jackson — Hyper-Threading
 * Jackson Pollock — Apple QuickDraw 32-bit
 * Jade 180 U — HP-9000 T540/T600 - 893
 * Jaguar — Apple Mac OS X v10.2
 * Jaguar — Sun UltraSPARC IV
 * Jaguar — Sun VME/SMD-4 disk controller
 * Jalapeño — Sun ASIC for Nachos/SunVideo
 * Janus — Microsoft Windows 3.1
 * Jasmine — Sun 17" premium monitor
 * Jason — Apple IIc
 * Jasper — Sun StorEdge PCI Dual Ultra3 SCSI Adapter
 * Jaunty Jackalope — Ubuntu 9.04
 * Javelin — Sun 2 CPU PCI midrange workgroup server
 * Jayhawk — Intel Xeon processor based on Tejas; project cancelled
 * Jeckle — Sun 3.5" 535 MB disk
 * Jedi — College Linux 2.1
 * Jedi — Cyrix processor
 * JeDI — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 150 ("Just Did It")
 * Jedy — SiS 5581/5582
 * Jelly Bean — Android 4.1
 * Jeeves — Sun Java-powered Internet Server software (Java Web Server)
 * Jessie — Debian GNU/Linux 8.0
 * Jet — Sun VX, MVX
 * Jiro — Sun Project StoreX
 * John — Conner CFP1080E
 * John — IBM DPES-31080
 * Jonah — Intel 3rd generation Pentium M core (also known as Yonah)
 * Joshua — Cyrix processors
 * JOT — JBA (Software Ltd) Open Toolcase
 * Juhhu! — UHU Linux 1.0
 * Jumanji — Sun StorEdge A7000
 * Juneau — Intel JN440BX
 * Junior — Alt Linux 1.1
 * Junior — Alt Linux 2.0
 * Jupiter — Microsoft Windows CE 2.11, Handheld PC Professional (3.0)
 * Jupiter — Microsoft XML-based web services products
 * Jupiter — SunOS 5.0 (Solaris 2.0)
 * Janak — ja625

K

 * K2 — Adobe Indesign
 * Kaede — Momonga Linux 1
 * Kahlua — Sun 17" entry level monitor
 * Kalamata — Apple silicon
 * Kamion — UHU Linux 1.1
 * Kanga — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 3500
 * Kangaroo — Hewlett-Packard HP-75C
 * Kansas — Apple Power Macintosh 8600 and 9600
 * Karatu — Turbolinux 3.0
 * Karelia — ASP Linux 10
 * Karmic Koala — GNU\Linux Ubuntu 9.10
 * Katana — Sega Dreamcast
 * Katmai — Intel Pentium 3 250 nm processor
 * Kauai — KU440EX
 * Kauai — Sun KJava VM
 * Kelowna — XMetaL Author 4.0 Service Pack 1
 * Ketchup — UHU Linux 1.2-beta2
 * Keystone — HP-9000 rp7410
 * Khepri — IBM two-way processors
 * Kitkat — Android 4.4
 * Kkachi — WOWLinux 7.0
 * Klamath — Intel Pentium 2 350 nm processor
 * Klingon — Seagate ST12400N
 * Kodiak — Microsoft Exchange Server
 * Kodiak — Sun SPARCStation 20
 * KolibriOS — Kolibri Operating System
 * Kollege — KDE 3.3 Beta 2
 * Kona — Seagate ST5660N
 * Kong — Apple Two-Page Monochrome Monitor
 * Kootenay — OEone HomeBase Linux 1.7
 * Kopernicus — KDE 2.0
 * Krakatoa — Sun GUI/deskset tools for JavaStation, HotJava Views
 * Krans — DEC TOPS-20
 * Krum — Tilix Linux 0.5
 * Krups — Sun 2nd Generation JavaStation
 * Kryptonite — AMD K5, K6 processors
 * Kyoto — Turbolinux 1.0
 * Kyrene — Intel processors

L

 * Lady Kenmore — Apple Macintosh Performa 200
 * Ladner — XMetaL Developer 4.0 Service Pack 1
 * LaGrande — Intel's security features in new processors
 * Laguna — Apple Macintosh Portable
 * Lakeport — Intel i945 chipset
 * Landshark — HP 9000 PA-RISC 8600 processor PCX-W+
 * LAW — Apple Power Macintosh 7100/66 ("Lawyers Are Wimps")
 * Laughlin — Fedora Linux 14
 * LCA — (Low Cost Apple) Apple IIe
 * LD50 — Apple Macintosh TV
 * Leadville — Sun StorEdge network foundation software
 * Leary — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 140
 * Legend — SCO OpenServer 6
 * Lego — Sun CG6
 * LegoA — Sun GX CG6
 * Leeloo — Mandrake Linux 5.2
 * Lenny — Debian GNU/Linux 5.0
 * Leo — Sun ZX
 * Leo II — Sun ZX+
 * Leonidas — Fedora Linux 11
 * Leopard — Apple Mac OS X 10.5
 * Liberation — White Box Enterprise Linux 3.0
 * Liberty — Sql Server 2000 (64 Bit)
 * Lightweight — Sun NEBS-compliant Ultra server
 * Lilac — Sun 17" premium color monitor
 * Limbo — Red Hat Linux 7.3.29 / 7.3.93 / 7.3.94
 * Lindenhurst — Intel Chipset
 * Liquid Sky — Adobe Photoshop 7.0
 * Lisa — Apple Lisa
 * Little Big Mac — Apple Macintosh II
 * Littleneck — Sun SunFire 280R
 * Logo — Apple Color StyleWriter Pro
 * Lokar —
 * Lollie — Apple IIc
 * Lollipop — Android 5.1
 * Lonestar — Windows XP Tablet PC 2005
 * Longhorn — Windows Vista
 * Longhorn Server — Windows Server 2008
 * Lorax — Red Hat Linux 6.1 Beta
 * Lorraine — Amiga
 * Lovelock — Fedora Linux 15
 * Love Shack — Apple Macintosh Portable (backlit)
 * Lucid Lynx — Ubuntu 10.04
 * Lumumba — dyne:bolic Linux 1.4
 * Luna — Sun JavaOS 1.1
 * Lunchbox — Sun Desktop Disk Pack
 * Lutra sumatrana — TA-Linux 0.2.0-rc1
 * Luzon — Sun TDMA IWF for Lucent Technologies
 * Lyra — K-DEMar Linux 2.2

M

 * M2 — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 5300
 * M64 — Sun PGX PCI 8-bit color
 * Mac ± — Apple Macintosh SE
 * Macallan — Microsoft Windows CE 5.0
 * Maccabbee — StartCom Linux 3.0.1-AS
 * Mach5 — PowerPC 604e
 * Macintosh — Apple Macintosh
 * Macintosh IIce — Apple Macintosh Quadra 700
 * Macintosh IIex — Apple Macintosh Quadra 900
 * Macintosh IIvm — Apple Macintosh Performa 600
 * Macintosh IIxi — Apple Macintosh IIfx
 * MACIO — Sun Ethernet, Parallel and SCSI ASIC chip
 * Mad Hatter — Sun Java Desktop
 * Madison — IBM x450 server
 * Madison — Intel Itanium 2 130 nm processor w/ up to 6 MB L3 cache
 * Madison 9M — Intel Itanium 2 130 nm processor w/ 9 MB L3 cache
 * Mafalda — Sun SunConnect OSI 8.0
 * Magneto — Sun 66/33 MHz PCI bus card
 * Magnolia — AMD Athlon
 * Magnum — Sun Datacenter Switch 3456
 * Mai Tai — Apple 12" RGB Monitor
 * Main Street — Apple Macintosh PowerBook G3/350-400
 * Maipo — Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
 * Makalu — Rocks Cluster Linux 3.3.0
 * Mako — Sun HPC ClusterTools 3.0
 * Makrolab — Dyne:bolic GNU/Linux 1.x
 * Malibu — Apple Macintosh Portable
 * Mamba — Sun 16-port FC-AL switch
 * Mammoth — Sun EXB-8900
 * Manchester — AMD Athlon 64 X2 dual core processor w/ 2*512 KB L2 cache
 * Mango — Sun PGX32
 * Mango — Windows Phone 7.5
 * Manhattan — Red Hat Linux 5.1
 * Manifest — White Box Enterprise Linux 4
 * Manila — AMD Sempron 90 nm processor (Socket AM2 w/ DDR2-667)
 * Manitoba —
 * Mantaray — Sun-4/370 deskside, 12-slot pedestal system
 * Marathon — Intel 2700G graphics accelerator
 * Marblehead — XMAX (XMetaL for ActiveX) 4.0 Service Pack 1
 * Mark Twain — Apple IIGS
 * Marcato W+ — HP-9000 L3000-5X
 * Mars — SunOS 5.1 (Solaris 2.1)
 * Mars — Sega 32X
 * Marshmallow — Android 6.0
 * Mascarpone — UHU-Linux 1.2-rc3
 * Master — Alt Linux 2.0
 * Matterhorn — Rocks Cluster Linux 3.1.0
 * Matterhorn — Sun ACL 4/52, ETL 4/1000
 * Matterhorn2 — Sun ACL 4/100, ETL 4/1800, StorEdge L1800
 * Matterhorn W2 750 — HP-9000 rp7410
 * Matthew — Cyrix processor
 * Maui — Apple Macintosh SE
 * Maui — MU440EX
 * Maui — Sun EXB-8505
 * MauiXL — Sun EXB-8505XL
 * Maverick Meerkat — Ubuntu 10.10
 * Maxcat — Sun 104-way server
 * McKinley — Intel Itanium 2
 * Meerkat — Sun Serengeti System Controller board
 * Memphis — Microsoft Windows 98
 * Menagine — Apple Workgroup Server 95
 * Mending — Source Mage GNU/Linux 0.8
 * Mendocino — Intel Celeron 250 nm processor with L2 cache
 * Mendocino — AMD SoC for entry level with Zen 2 and RDNA2 architectures on TSMC 6 nm process
 * Merced — Intel Itanium processor
 * Mercury — Intel 430MX
 * Mercury — Microsoft Windows CE 2.0, Handheld PC 2.0
 * Mercury — Sega Game Gear
 * Mercury — Sun encryption card
 * Merl —
 * Merlin — Adobe Photoshop 2.5 for Mac
 * Merlin — IBM OS/2 Warp 4.0
 * Merlin — Hewlett-Packard HP-75D
 * Merlin — Microsoft Windows CE 3.0, Pocket PC 2002
 * Merlin — Sun 18.1" flat panel
 * Merom — Intel Core 2 Duo Mobile processor
 * Metro — Sun Visual Workshop 3.0
 * Midas — Apple Trackpad 1.0
 * Midnight Run — Apple Macintosh SE
 * Midway — Microsoft Xbox
 * Mighty Cat — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 2400c
 * Mikey — Hitachi mini-Microdrive
 * Milan — 3rd generation Epyc
 * Millennium — Microsoft Windows ME
 * Millennium — Sun UltraSPARC V
 * Millington — Intel dual—core two-way Itanium 2 processor due mid-2005
 * Milwaukee — Apple Macintosh II
 * Minnow — Sun Storedge 3310 disk array
 * Mira — Microsoft Windows CE for Smart Displays (cancelled 12/2003)
 * Mishteh — StartCom Linux 3.0.3-ML
 * Mistral —
 * Mobile Triton — Intel 430MX
 * Mohawk 160 — HP-9000 K450
 * Mohawk 180 — HP-9000 K460 - 889
 * Mojave — Cyrix processor
 * Monad — Microsoft Shell
 * Monet — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 165c
 * Montana — Apple Macintosh Classic II
 * Montana — Apple Power Macintosh 8600 and 9600
 * Montara GML — Intel processors
 * Monte Carlo — Sun Netra ct 800
 * Montecito — Intel IA-64 processors
 * Montera — Intel processors
 * Monterey — SCO/IBM/Sequent Unix
 * Montvale — Intel successor to Montecito processors due 2007
 * Monza — Turbolinux 7W
 * Mooch — Tao Linux 1.0-U3
 * Moonbase — Lunar Linux current
 * Moonshine — Sun backplane bus for 12 and 16 slot chassis, also Fedora 7 Linux
 * Moosehead — Silicon Graphics O2 Workstation
 * Morgan — AMD Duron processor
 * Morgan — Sun 1-way UltraSPARC IIIi
 * Moriarty — Sun System Handbook
 * Moses — Apple Mac OS X Server-Based Mac
 * Mother's Day — Red Hat Linux 1.0
 * Mother's Day .1 — Red Hat Linux 1.1
 * Mount Prospect — Intel MP440BX
 * Mousex — Lunar Linux 1.3
 * Moxie — Adobe Flex 3.0
 * Mozilla — Netscape Navigator (since spun off as its own name and browser)
 * Mr. Coffee — Sun 1st generation JavaStation 1
 * Mr. T — Apple Macintosh Plus
 * Mriya — ASP Linux 7.1
 * Mucho Grande — MG8
 * Mulligan — Apple Macintosh Portable (backlit)
 * Mustang — AMD processor
 * Mustang — Red Hat Linux 4.9 / 4.9.1 / 4.96
 * Mustang — Sun Java 2 Standard Edition 6.0 (due 2006)

N

 * N10 — Intel i860 processor
 * N11 — Intel i860XP processor
 * Nachos — SunVideo
 * Nahant — Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3.94
 * Nano — Lunar Linux 1.1.2
 * Napa — Intel Centrino 3rd-generation
 * Naples — 1st generation Epyc
 * Nashville — Microsoft Windows 96 (discontinued)
 * Natoma — Intel 440FX
 * Natty Narwhal — Ubuntu 11.04
 * Nautilus — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 2400c
 * Navigator — IBM 3174
 * Nehalem — Intel's 45 nm Technology Process
 * Nehemiah — Cyrix C4 processor
 * Nell — Sun SBus PCMCIA adapter
 * Neptune — Intel 430NX
 * Neptune — Microsoft Windows 2000 Home Edition (cancelled)
 * Neptune — Sun SPARCEngine EC
 * Neutron — Sun Ultra 1
 * Nevada — Apple Power Macintosh 9500/180-200
 * Nevada — development releases of Solaris
 * Newcastle — AMD Athlon 64 processor with 512 KB L2 cache
 * Newton — Progeny Linux 1.0
 * Niagara — Sun UltraSPARC 8-processor CPU, successor to Gemini, due in 2005
 * Niagra — Sun Tape Backup Tray
 * Nickel — Windows 11 22H2 up to 23H2
 * Nighthawk — Sun TurboSPARC-based SS5
 * Ninevah — Intel Ethernet chip
 * Nitro — Apple Power Macintosh 8500/120
 * Nitro — Nintendo DS
 * Nocona — Intel 64-bit Xeon processors
 * Nodewarrior — Sun SPARCstation ELC
 * NoDo — "Copy&Paste" update for Windows Phone 7
 * Noodle — ROOT GNU/Linux 1.3
 * Nordica — Sun SPARCEngine CP1500
 * North — AppleTalk Internet Router
 * Northbridge — AMD-762
 * Northwood — Intel Pentium 4 130 nm processor
 * Nougat — Android 7.0/7.1
 * Nova — Arch Linux 0.5
 * Nova96 — HP-9000 G60/H60/I60
 * NT 5.0 - Microsoft Windows 2000
 * NuKernel — Apple kernel
 * NV35 — NVidia GeForce FX 5900
 * NV36 — NVidia GeForce FX 5700
 * NV38 — NVidia GeForce FX 5950
 * NX — Nintendo Switch

O

 * Oak — Sun Java
 * OberoN — Linux Smart Card Howto 1.0.4
 * Obi Wan — CollegeLinux 2.5
 * Oceanic — Apple Macintosh IIsi
 * Odem — Intel 855PM chipset
 * Odin — TinySofa Enterprise Server Linux 2.0
 * Odyssey — Microsoft Windows 2000's cancelled successor
 * Odyssey — Mandrake Linux 7.2
 * Odyssey — SiS 740
 * Offcampus — Sun SPARCstation SLC
 * Okinawa — Turbolinux 2.0
 * Omega — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 190/190c
 * Oneiric Ocelot — Ubuntu 11.10
 * Ootpa — Red Hat Linux 8.0
 * Optimus — Apple Macintosh LC 575
 * Orbis — PlayStation 4
 * Orbit — Sun SolarNet PC-X terminal software
 * Orca — Sun E4000/E5000
 * Oreo — Sun Netra j 3.0, Android 8.0/8.1
 * Orion — Microsoft Windows CE 2.11, Palm-sized PC 1.1
 * Orion — Yellow Dog Linux 4.0
 * Orion DT — Intel 450KX
 * Orion ST — Intel 450GX
 * Orleans — AMD Athlon 64 90 nm processor (Socket AM2 w/ DDR2-667)
 * OS04 — grml Linux 0.1
 * Oslo — Sun QIC-2.5 GB 1/4" Tape
 * Osmium — Exchange 5.5
 * Osoyoos — XMetaL Author and Developer 4.0 Trial Version
 * Osprey — Sun Millennium-based workgroup server
 * Othello — Sun cPCI 500 MHz USIIe CPU
 * Otter — Sun Ultra 5
 * Owens — Sun NetDynamics Release/Rev 5

P

 * Pacific — Apple Macintosh IIci
 * Pacifica — AMD processor virtualizat ion features
 * Palermo — AMD Sempron S754 90 nm processor
 * Palladium — Microsoft Next Generation Secure Computing Base (Microsoft Codename Longhorn component)
 * Palomino — AMD Athlon XP/MP 180 nm processor
 * Panama — Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 ES
 * Panda — Sun SS20 with 75 MHz Voyager
 * Panther — Apple Mac OS X 10.3
 * Panther — Sun SPARCEngine Ultra AXi
 * Paramount — SuperSavage
 * Paran — WOWLinux 7.1
 * Paran—R2 — WOWLinux 7.3 Beta
 * Parhelia — G1000
 * Paris — AMD Sempron S754 130 nm processor
 * Paris — Apple Macintosh II
 * Paul — Conner CFP1080S
 * PBox — Sun External Expansion Module
 * Peanuts — Sun low cost 207 MB disk
 * Pegasus — Microsoft Windows CE 1.0
 * Peju — Dell Latitude ST
 * Pendolino — SmoothWall Linux 2.0 Beta 7
 * Penguin — Sun PCi—based SunPC card
 * Penryn — Intel Core 2 "Core architecture" 45 nm die shrink with SSE4
 * Pensacola — Red Hat Linux AS 2.1 / RHEL 2.1 AS
 * Perestroika — Apple A/UX 2.0
 * Perigree — Sun SPARCstation 4
 * Persistence — TinySofa Enterprise Linux 2.0-pre3
 * Peter Pan — Apple Macintosh TV
 * Phantasmal — Source Mage GNU/Linux 0.6
 * Pharaoh — StartCom Linux 3.0.0-DL
 * Phiphi — LinuxTLE 4.1
 * Phenom — Family of AMD processors
 * Phoebe — Red Hat Linux 8.1
 * Phoenix — Apple IIGS
 * Phoenix — Apple Power Macintosh LC 5420/5500
 * Phoenix — Sun SPARCstation IPC
 * Photon — Sun Enterprise Network Array A5000
 * Picasso — Red Hat Linux 3.0.3
 * Pico — Lunar Linux 1.2
 * Pie — Android 9.0
 * Piglet — Red Hat Linux 6.1.92
 * Piglet — Sun real—time MPEG2 decoder
 * Pike's Peak — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 145B
 * Piltdown Man — Apple Power Macintosh 6100/60
 * Pinball — Apple Macintosh LC
 * Pineapple — Sun PCI framebuffer/graphics for U30
 * Ping—Pong — Apple OneScanner
 * Pinnacle — LSI HyperSPARC chip
 * Pinnacle Ridge — Ryzen 2000
 * Pinstripe — Red Hat Linux 6.9.5
 * Pippin — Apple IIc
 * Pipeline HD — Seagate IIc
 * Pismo — Apple PowerBook G3 (version with Firewire Ports)
 * Pizza — Apple IIc+
 * Placer — Intel E7505 chipset
 * Plano — Sun 19" monitor
 * Platinum — Sun next generation Crichton
 * Platte —
 * Pliska — Tilix Linux 0.3
 * Plumas — Intel E7500 chipset
 * Plus — WOWLinux 6.1
 * PlusPlus — Apple Macintosh SE
 * Pluto — Sun SPARCStorage Array Model 101, 102, 112
 * Polaris — Sun3, SPARC, Sun4/E
 * Pommes — ROOT GNU/Linux 1.4 Beta
 * Pomona — Yellow Dog Linux 2.0
 * Pooh — Sun real-time MPEG2 decoder
 * Poppy — Sun 17" entry level
 * Portland —
 * Portola — i752
 * Potato — Debian GNU/Linux 2.2
 * Potomac — Intel Xeon MP
 * Powderhorn — Sun StorEdge L6000
 * Power Express — Apple Power Macintosh G3 Pro
 * Power Surge — Apple Power Macintosh PCI
 * Powerware — Sun SPARCWorks/Accelerator
 * Precise Pangolin — Ubuntu 12.04
 * Prelude — Sun Solaris/Workshop for Objects
 * Prelude W — HP-9000 N4000-36
 * Prelude W 440 — HP-9000 N4000-44
 * Prelude W+ 550 — HP-9000 N4000-55
 * Premise 500 — Apple Macintosh Quadra 900
 * Prescott — Intel Pentium 4 500 series, successor to Northwood
 * Presler — Intel Pentium 4 6×1 series, successor to Prescott-2M
 * Prestonia — Intel Xeon 130 nm processor
 * Primus — Apple Macintosh LC 475
 * Primus — Apple Macintosh Quadra 605
 * Prism — Apple Macintosh LC
 * Private Variables — Lunar Linux 1.3.3
 * Profusion — Intel processors
 * Project A — TRS-80 Model 4P
 * Project Alabama — Avowed (upcoming Obsidian Entertainment RPG)
 * Project Atlantis — Nintendo Game Boy Advance
 * Project Café — Nintendo Wii U
 * Project Chess — IBM PC
 * Project Ganges — ShoppingList.com
 * Project K — Apple eMate 300
 * Project Needlemouse — Sonic The Hedgehog 4 Episode 1
 * Project Pipeline — RxCentric.com Inc.
 * Project R — TRS-80 Model 4
 * Project Reality — Nintendo 64
 * Project X — The Sims
 * Propeller — Apple IIc+
 * Proton — Acorn BBC Model B "Beeb" Microcomputer.
 * Psyche — Red Hat Linux 8.0
 * Psycho+ — Sun UPA to PCI bus bridge
 * Puberty — WOWLinux 6.2
 * Puffin — Google desktop search application
 * Pulsar — Sun Ultra 2
 * Puma — Apple Mac OS X 10.1
 * Puppy — Name of Linux OS
 * Purple — Sun RAID disk storage
 * Python — Seagate ST42400ND
 * P9 — Power Mac G4 Cube

Q

 * Q88 — Apple Mac Mini (headless affordable mac)
 * Q97 — Apple FireWire interface for GarageBand
 * QED — Sun Quad Ethernet
 * Quadra 1000 — Apple Macintosh Quadra 840av
 * Quadro — Sun GX+
 * Quahog — Sun E420R
 * Quantal Quetzal — Ubuntu 12.10
 * Quark — Sun Ultra 30
 * Quasar — Sun Ultra 80
 * Quattro — Windows Home Server
 * QuattroXL — Sun QuadFastEthernet SBus Excel
 * Queen Cake — Android 10
 * Quesnel — XMetaL Author 4.5
 * Quicksilver — Aurox Linux 10.1
 * Quicksilver — Sun SelectMail

R

 * R2	 — Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2
 * Racer — Silicon Graphics Octane
 * Radiance — Sun WebCT
 * Raffica — Apple Macintosh IIsi
 * Raffika — Apple Macintosh IIsi
 * Rage6 — ATI Radeon 7200
 * Raisin — Apple IIc+
 * Rajt! — UHU-Linux 1.2
 * Rambo — Apple IIGS
 * Rampage —
 * Raphsody DC-360 — HP-9000 L1000-36 / rp5400
 * Raphsody DC-440 — HP-9000 L1000-44 / rp5400
 * Raphsody 360 — HP-9000 L2000-36 / rp5460
 * Raphsody 440 — HP-9000 L2000-44 / rp5450
 * Rapier — Microsoft Windows CE 3.0, Pocket PC 2000
 * Raptor — Apple operating system
 * Raptor — IBM z800
 * Raptor — Seagate ST32550N
 * Raring Ringtail — Ubuntu 13.04
 * Raven — IBM RS/6000 7017-S70
 * Raven — Seagate ST3500N
 * Raven Ridge — Ryzen APUs
 * Rawhide — Red Hat Linux unstable development tree
 * RayBan — Apple Macintosh IIsi
 * Razor — Sun E220R
 * Rebound — Apple Macintosh Performa 5200
 * Rebound — Apple Power Macintosh LC 5200
 * Red Sar OS — North Korean Linux distribution
 * Redstone — Windows 10 Anniversary Update
 * Red Pill — Adobe Photoshop CS3
 * Red Velvet Cake — Android 11
 * Regatta — IBM p690
 * Rembrandt — Red Hat Linux 3.0.4 / 3.95
 * Renault — Apple File Exchange
 * Reno — Apple Macintosh II
 * Replacements — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 140
 * Revolution — Nintendo Wii
 * Rex — Debian GNU/Linux 1.2
 * Rhapsody — Apple Mac OS X Server 1.0 and enterprise OS
 * Rialto — Sun StorEdge L280
 * Richmond — XMetaL Developer 4.5
 * Rincewind — VLC Media Player 2.1
 * Ringo — Conner CFP2105E
 * Ringo — Seagate ST32430WC
 * Rio — TinySofa Classic Server Linux 1.1
 * Rio de Janeiro — SOT Linux 2000R3
 * Riviera — Apple Macintosh Portable
 * Road Warrior — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 170
 * Roadracer — Sun graphics card (GXi) for Sun386i
 * Roadrunner — Sun386i, RR150, RR250
 * Roam — Sun remote mail client
 * Rochester — Intel RC440BX
 * Rocky — Sun deskside system enclosure package
 * Rockchip — Apad Processor chip
 * Rome — Yellow Dog Linux 2.2
 * Rome — 2nd generation Epyc
 * Romeo — Sun SPARCEngine CP1400
 * Rosebud — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 100
 * Rosebud — Sun 16" mid-range monitor
 * Rost — UHU-Linux 1.2-rc2
 * Roswell — Red Hat Linux 7.1.90 / 7.1.94
 * Round One Inc. — epinions.com Inc.
 * Royale — Macromedia Flex 1.0
 * Rubicon — Power Mac G4 Cube
 * Rudi — KDE 3.2

S

 * Sabin — Tilix Linux 1.0-Beta1
 * Sabre — Sun MicroSPARC IIep
 * Sabrina — Android 12/12.1
 * Safari — Sun UltraSPARC III
 * Sagres — Ciaxa Magica Linux 8.0
 * Sahara — IBM 750FX processor
 * Salem — SA820
 * Samila — LinuxTLE 5.5
 * Samuel — Cyrix processor
 * Sandy Bridge — Second Generation Intel Core I processor
 * San Diego — AMD Athlon 64/FX S939 90 nm processor
 * Santa Fe — Sun telco processor enhancer
 * Santa Rosa — Intel Centrino 4th-generation
 * Santiago — Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
 * Sapphire — Sun UltraSPARC II
 * Sara — Apple III
 * Sarge — Debian GNU/Linux 3.1
 * Satura — grml Linux 0.2
 * Sawtooth — Apple G4 tower
 * Scimitar —
 * Scorpion — Sun SPARCServer 1000
 * Scud — Sun DSBE/S
 * Sea Lion — Sun Ultra 10
 * Seam — Sun p4bus Greyscale/Mono Frame Buffer
 * Seattle — Intel SE440BX
 * Seattle2 — Intel SE440BX-2
 * Seawolf — Red Hat Linux 7.1
 * Seawolf — Sun StorEdge L180
 * Serengeti — Sun Enterprise Server family
 * Sevar — Tilix Linux 0.4
 * Severn — aborted Red Hat Linux 10 (transferred to the Fedora project)
 * Shadow — Apple Macintosh Quadra 700
 * ShakaZulu — Sun 400M trialngle graphics
 * Shame — RIAA project to distribute viruses in MP3 files
 * Shark — IBM Enterprise Storage Server (ESS)
 * Sharptooth — AMD K6-3 processor
 * Shasta — Rocks Cluster Linux 3.2.0
 * Shasta — Sun 2-way UltraSPARC IIIi
 * Sheffield — Sun Netra ft 1800
 * Sheffield Tesla — Sun Netra ft 1800
 * Shelton — Intel Banias with no L2 cache (aka Banias-0)
 * Sherlock — Apple internet information retrieval application
 * Sherlock — Sun Answerbook viewable via HTML
 * Sherman — Sun SPARCServer Voyager motherboard
 * Sherry — Apple IIc
 * Shillelagh — Source Mage GNU/Linux 0.5
 * Shiloh — Microsoft SQL Server 2000 (8.0)
 * Shiner HE — Apple Network Server 700
 * Shiner LE — Apple Network Server 500
 * Shitake — Zen Linux 1.1
 * Shogun —
 * Show & Tell — Apple Macintosh LC 630
 * Show & Tell — Apple Macintosh Performa 630
 * Show & Tell — Apple Macintosh Quadra 630–638
 * Show Biz — Apple Macintosh Quadra 630–638
 * Shrike — Red Hat Linux 9.0
 * Siberia — ASP Linux 9.2
 * Sibyl — Sun Interface Converter
 * Sid — Debian GNU/Linux unstable development distribution
 * Sidewinder — ATI Radeon2
 * Silence — RIAA project to scan computers for MP3 files and delete them
 * Silverdale — Intel processor virtualization features
 * Silverstone — Turbolinux 8.W
 * Sirius — Sun CPU card in Sun-3/260, 3/280
 * Sirius — Yellow Dog Linux 3.0
 * Sisyphus — ALT Linux
 * Skipjack — Red Hat Linux 7.2.91
 * Skyhawk — Sun cPCI Gigabit Ethernet MMF
 * SLAVIO — Sun external serial port ASIC chip
 * SledgeHammer — AMD Athlon 64 FX S940 processor
 * Slice — Apple Macintosh Color Classic
 * Slink — Debian GNU/Linux 2.1
 * Slipstream — Sun 1/2" HP Front Load Tape Drive
 * Smithfield — Intel Pentium D dual-core processor
 * Snapshot — Sun VideoPix
 * Snark — DEC TOPS-20
 * Snowball — Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11
 * Snow Leopard — Apple Mac OS X 10.6
 * Sobeck — IBM four-way processors
 * Solano — Intel i815 chipset
 * Solano2 — Intel i815E chipset
 * Solarnet — Sun PCLAN admin utilities for PC enterprise users
 * Solstizio — Linux Netwosix 1.1
 * Sonata — Apple Mac OS 9.0
 * Sonoma — Intel Centrino 2nd-generation
 * Sonoma — Sun StorEdge A3000
 * Space Cadet — Apple A/UX 2.0
 * Space Monkey — Adobe Photoshop CS2
 * Space Mountain — Sun ACL 7/100
 * Spam — Sun SX imaging accelerator ASIC on motherboard
 * Sparkle — Sun XM-5301B
 * Sparkler — Sun JDK 1.1.4
 * Spartacus — Apple 20th Anniversary Macintosh
 * Speedbump 610 — Apple Macintosh Quadra 610
 * Speedbump 650 — Apple Macintosh Quadra 650
 * Speedracer — SGI Octane 2
 * Speedway — Sun tools for optimized Java apps
 * SPIFF — Sun Serial Parallel Controller
 * Spike — Apple Macintosh Quadra 700
 * Spike — Blag Linux 9001
 * Spitfire — AMD Duron
 * Spitfire — Sun UltraSPARC I
 * Splash Mountain — Sun StorEdge L11000
 * Spock — Apple Macintosh IIx
 * Sponge — Tao Linux 4
 * Sport16 — Sun SWIS, SWIS/S, DWIS, DWIS/S
 * Sport20 — Sun UDWIS/S
 * Sport8 — Sun SSHA
 * Springdale — Intel i865PE chipset
 * Spruce Goose — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 540
 * Spud — Sun 688 MB drive in expansion pedestal
 * Sputnik — uOS — The Micro Operating System 0.81
 * Sputnik Bluesky — Sun CP2060
 * Sputnik Orion — Sun CP2080
 * Spuzzum — XMAX (XMetaL for ActiveX) 4.5
 * Squeaky — Apple Macintosh II 32-bit ROMs
 * Squeeze — Debian GNU/Linux 6.0
 * SR-71 — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 540
 * Staccato L2 180 — HP-9000 A180c
 * Staccato L2 132 — HP-9000 A132
 * Star Trek — Apple Mac OS for x86
 * Starbuck — Red Hat Linux 5.9
 * Starbucks — Apple Workgroup Server 6150/60, 8150/80, 9150/80
 * Starburst — Sun Solaris 2.5
 * Starcat — Sun SunFire 15000
 * Starfire — Sun Ultra Enterprise 10000
 * Starter — Aurox Linux 8.0
 * Stealth — Apple Macintosh IIfx
 * Steam — Online video game distribution store and gamer network
 * Stenz — Fedora Core Linux 4
 * Stinger — ATI Radeon2
 * Stinger — IBM DB2 8.2
 * Stinger — Microsoft Windows CE 3.0 for Smart Phones (Smartphone 2002)
 * Stinger — Sun 2.1 GB disk card
 * Stingrack — datacenter enclosure for Sun-4/390, 4/490
 * Stingray — Apple Macintosh IIci
 * Stingray — deskside enclosure for Sun-4/330
 * Stingrock — Sun 4/370
 * Stoned Beaver — Linux kernel 2.6.0-test10
 * Stonehenge — Adobe Photoshop CS4
 * StoreX — Sun open disk API architecture
 * Storm — Aurox Linux 9.4
 * Strange Cargo — Adobe Photoshop 5.0 and 5.5
 * Stratos — Apple Macintosh IIx
 * Stretch — Debian GNU/Linux 9.0
 * Suck — RIAA project to DOS sites offering MP3 files
 * Sumatra — SU810
 * Sumatra — Sun SPARCEngine CP1200
 * Summit — Apple Workgroup Server 7250/120, 8550/132
 * Summit Ridge — Ryzen 1000
 * Sunbox — Sun SPARCCluster 1
 * Sunchild — Trustix Secure Linux 2.2
 * SunDials — Sun
 * SunDragon — Sun next generation JavaStation
 * Sunergy — Sun SPARCClassic X
 * SunFiler — Sun E220R + 1 -2 A1000 + Solaris 7 (StorEdge N8200)
 * Sunfire — Sun Ultra Enterprise 6000
 * Sunfire+ — Sun Ultra Enterprise 6500
 * Sunflower — Sun 20" premium color
 * Sunlight — Sun FDDI board
 * SunLink PC — Sun TotalNet Advanced Server software
 * Sunrack — Sun 56" data center cabinet
 * SunRay — Sun SPARC 4/400 series systems
 * SunRay 1 — Syn Network Computer desktop system
 * Sunrise — Aurox Linux 9.0
 * Sunrise — Sun—4/260, 4/280
 * SunScreen — Sun SPF100 hardware/software firewall
 * SunSwift — Sun SBus 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet and Fast/wide SCSI2
 * Sun Valley — Windows 11 user interface
 * SuperFetch — Microsoft technology in Windows Vista to speed application launch
 * SuperGun —
 * Super II — Apple IIe
 * Superior — Sun 20" premium greyscale
 * Supernami — Sun 66 MHz+ microSPARC II chip
 * Susan — OpenLab GNU/Linux 3.2
 * Suzuka — Turbolinux 10D
 * Swift — Sun microSPARC II
 * Swing — Sun Java Foundation Classes
 * Sysyphus — Alt Linux 2.?
 * Strations — The unbeatable warriors

T

 * T-Bird — Red Hat Linux 4.8
 * T-Rex — IBM z990 mainframe computer
 * Tabasco — Sun Redundant Storage Module
 * Tactical Domestic Simulator — The Sims
 * Tadpole — Sun 5 GB 4 mm
 * Taj Mahal — FARA on Steroids Active Measures Analytics
 * Talisker — Microsoft Windows CE 4.0
 * Talon — Sun SunDials
 * Tanglewood — Intel processors due 2006
 * Tango — Update for Windows Phone 7.5
 * Tanner — Intel Pentium 3 Xeon 250 nm processor
 * Tantalus — SOT Linux 2003
 * Tanzania — Apple Power Macintosh 4400/7220
 * Taroon — Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3
 * Tarzan — Sun 2.1 GB Differential SCSI
 * Tattle — RIAA project to scan computers and report them as pirates
 * Taylor3 — Linux Multi-Disk Howto 0.32i
 * Tazmax — Sun Ultra Enterprise 450 (A25)
 * Tazmo — Sun Ultra 450
 * Teddy — Apple IIc ("Testing Every Day")
 * Tehama — Intel i850 chipset
 * Tejas — Intel processors due Q2 2005 and now cancelled
 * Tempest — Apple Macintosh Quadra 660av
 * Tempo — Apple Mac OS 8
 * Teragrid — Distributed Terascale Facility
 * Terminator — Sun Network Terminal Server
 * Tervel — Tilix Linux 0.2
 * Tettnang — Fedora Core Linux 2.0
 * Texas — hacking movement in a Mexican high school operated by PLhackers
 * The Considerable Duck — GNOME 2.0.2 Desktop RC1
 * Thor — Sun S493
 * Thoroughbred — AMD Athlon XP 130 nm processor
 * Thunder Mountain — Sun StorEdge L1000
 * Thunderbird — AMD Athlon processor
 * Thunderbird — Red Hat Linux 4.8 / 4.8.1 / 4.95
 * Threshold — first two public build of Windows 10 (1507 and 1511)
 * Tiger — Apple Mac OS X 10.4
 * Tiger — Sun Java 2 Standard Edition 5.0
 * Tiger Eye —
 * Tiger Mountain — Adobe Photoshop 3.0 for Mac
 * Tillamook — Intel Mobile Pentium with MMX
 * Tikanga — Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5
 * Tim — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 170
 * Tim LC — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 140
 * Tim Lite — Apple Macintosh PowerBook 140
 * Timba — Seagate ST43401ND
 * Timna — Intel processors
 * Tiramisu — Android 13
 * TNT — Apple Power Macintosh 7500 ("The New Tesseract")
 * TNT 100 — HP-9000 T500
 * TNT 120 — HP-9000 T520
 * Today is gonna be the day — T2 Linux 2.1.0-beta
 * Toddy — Sun 14" monitor
 * Tofino — XMetaL Author 4.0 Service Pack 2
 * Togo — Sun SPARCStorage UniPack
 * Togo Tall — Sun SPARCStorage FlexiPack
 * Tonga — Sun Netra ct 400
 * Topaz — Microsoft Systems Management Server
 * Topcat — Sun microSPARC IIi + 256K cache module for Topdog
 * Topdog — Sun Ultra AXe
 * Toro — Sun Differential SCSI Expansion Pedestal
 * Tornado — MSN Messenger Service
 * Toucan — G400
 * Trail — XMetaL 4.5 Service Pack 3 (XMetaL Author, Developer, XMAX and Central)
 * Trailblazer — Apple Power Macintosh LC 5200
 * Traktopel — Mandrake Linux 8.0
 * Transformer — Apple Macintosh Performa 5200
 * Transformer — Apple Power Macintosh LC 5200
 * Threshold — Windows 10
 * TRex — Seagate/IBM DFHP-34320 4.2 GB 1.6" 7200 rpm disk
 * Tribble — Sun SPARCClassicX Rev 2.0 software
 * Trike — Blag Linux 9002
 * Trinity — SiS 5597/5598
 * Trinity — Power Mac G4 Cube
 * Triton — Intel 430FX
 * Triton/TX — Intel 430TX
 * Triton/VX — Intel 430VX
 * Triton2 — Intel 430HX
 * Troy — AMD Opteron 200 series processors
 * Tsunami — Apple Power Macintosh 9500/120
 * Tsunami — Sun microSPARC
 * Tualatin — Intel Pentium III 130 nm processor
 * Tukwila — Intel processors due 2006 (formerly called Tanglewood)
 * Tulip — Sun 15" color monitor
 * Tulloch — Intel i855 chipset
 * Tulsa — Intel Xeon 7100 series
 * Tumwater — Intel processors
 * Tuppen — WeFlow application
 * TurboGX — Sun single SBus GX card with faster 2D/3D vector
 * Turion — AMD CPU name
 * Twiggy — Sun X6002A thin Floppy
 * Twin Castle — Intel E8500 chipset
 * TwinPeaks — Sun Java interface to C/C++ library generator
 * Twister — G100

U

 * Ucluelet — XMetaL Developer 4.0 Service Pack 2
 * Ulysses — Mandrake Linux 7.2
 * UltraLight 2W U+/240 — HP-9000 D390/R390
 * UltraPenguin — Sun port of Linux 2.2 kernel for UltraSPARC
 * Underdog — Sun PCI ATM
 * Underground — WOWLinux 6.2
 * Union Bay — XMetaL 4.6 (XMetaL Author, Developer and XMAX)
 * Unisun — Sun Campus/SPARCstation 1
 * Update 1 — Lycoris Desktop/LX Build 44
 * Update 2 — Lycoris Desktop/LX Build 46
 * Update 3 — Lycoris Desktop/LX Build 142
 * Ural — ASP Linux 9
 * Uzi — Apple Macintosh II

V

 * Vail — Apple Macintosh LC III
 * Valandraud — Vine Linux 3.0
 * Valhalla — Red Hat Linux 7.3
 * Valkyrie — SunOS 4.1.3 (Solaris 1.1 Rev B)
 * Vanadium — Windows 10 version 1909
 * Vancouver — VC820
 * Vanderbilt — Red Hat Linux 4.1
 * Vanderpool — Intel Virtualization Technology
 * Vega — Arch Linux 0.2
 * Vega — Sun StarOffice 5.1
 * Venice— AMD Athlon 64 90 nm processor w/ 512 KB L2 cache
 * Vegas — Sun Aurora Technology 7-slot PCI Expander
 * Venice — Mandrake Linux 5.1
 * Venus — AMD Opteron 100 series processors
 * Venus — Mandrake Linux 6.0
 * Venus — Microsoft Windows CE for WebTV (see also: Microsoft Venus)
 * Venus — Skolelinux 1.0
 * Venus in Furs — Adobe Photoshop 6.0
 * Vermeer — Ryzen 5000
 * Vernon — XMAX (XMetaL for ActiveX) 4.0 Service Pack 2
 * Verne — Fedora 16 Linux
 * Vertex-TX — second generation vulcan elite CPU
 * Vibranium — Windows 10 version 2004
 * Viking — Sun SuperSPARC chip
 * VineSeed — Vine Linux current testing
 * Viper — AMD-756
 * Viper — Turbolinux 8.0S Beta
 * Viper+ — AMD-766
 * Viper — Ross Technology 64-bit SPARC processor
 * Viros — DEC TOPS-20
 * Virtue — Source Mage GNU/Linux 0.9.3
 * Visa — Sun SPARCEngine CP2000
 * Vishera — AMD's Update to Bullzoder Released Oct 2012 Bulldozer (microarchitecture))
 * Vitamin — Mandrake Linux 8.1
 * VLC — (Very Low Cost) Apple IIc
 * VLX — Tandem NonStop 4th Generation (Later HP NonStop)
 * Vostok — ASP Linux 7.3
 * Voyager — Sun SuperSPARC II
 * Vulcan — Seagate ST31200N

W

 * Waghor — LinuxTLE 7.0
 * Walkaround — Google Wave
 * Wall Street — Apple Macintosh PowerBook G3
 * Wallop — Microsoft project that includes blogging, filesharing, etc.
 * Wally — Sun StorEdge D240
 * Walrus — Sun Ultra 10 with 333 MHz
 * Warm Springs — Intel WS440BX
 * Warty Warthog — Ubuntu 4.10
 * Water — Aurox Linux 9.2
 * Watney — Sun SunForum 3.2
 * Wave3 — Sun Solaris 2.6
 * Weed-Whacker — Apple Macintosh IIfx
 * Werewolf — Fedora 8
 * Wheezey — Debian GNU/Linux 7.0
 * Whidbey — Microsoft Visual Studio 2005
 * Whistler — Microsoft Windows XP
 * Whistler — XMetaL Author 4.0 Service Pack 1 Localized (French and German)
 * Whistler Server — Microsoft Windows Server 2003
 * Whitefield — Intel Xeon processors due in 2006, cancelled
 * White Rabbit — Adobe Photoshop CS5
 * Whitney — Intel i810 chipset
 * Whopper — Seagate ST11200N
 * Wide Stinger — Sun 4.2 GB, 8.4 GB disk card
 * Widget — Arch Linux 0.6
 * Wilbur — HP-9000 E35
 * Willamette — Intel Pentium 4 180 nm processor
 * Wildcat — Sun high speed bus interconnect
 * Wildfire — Sun parallel UltraSPARC
 * Wildlife — ROCK Linux 2.0.2
 * Wiley — Sun StorEdge S1
 * Winchester — first floating-head disk drive, IBM, 1973
 * Winchester — AMD Athlon 64 90 nm processor
 * Wind — Aurox Linux 9.3
 * Windermere —
 * Windsor — AMD Athlon 64 X2/FX 90 nm processor (Socket AM2 w/ DDR2-800)
 * Wolfack — Windows NT"Cluster Server"
 * Wolfdale — code name for a processor from Intel
 * Wolverine — Red Hat Linux 7.0.91
 * Wombat — Arch Linux 0.7-beta1
 * Wombat 33 — Apple Macintosh Quadra 800
 * Wonderboy — Trustix Secure Linux 2.2-beta1
 * Woodcrest — Intel Xeon 5100 series processors
 * Woody — Debian GNU/Linux 3.0
 * Wren4 — Seagate 4.2 GB 1.6" 5400 rpm disk
 * Wyoming — Sun full 64-bit version of Solaris
 * Wyvern — Microsoft Windows CE 2.11, Palm-sized PC 1.2

X

 * Xbox — Sun SBus Expansion Subsystem
 * Xena — Sun 21" monitor
 * Xenon — Microsoft Xbox 360 (successor to the Microsoft Xbox)
 * XO — Apple Macintosh Classic

Y

 * Yaeger — Apple Macintosh PowerBook Duo 280c
 * Yamazaki — Windows Embedded CE 6.0
 * Yamhill — Intel processors
 * Yami — Chinese Linux Extension 0.9
 * Yarrow — Fedora Core Linux 1.0
 * Yarrow — Ignalum Linux 9
 * Yellow Box — Apple Rhapsody development platform
 * Yoda — Apple IIc
 * Yonah — Intel Core Duo processor
 * Yosemite — Apple Power Mac G3
 * Yosemite — OS X 10.10
 * Yorkfield — code name for some Intel processors sold as Core 2 Quad
 * Yosemite — Sun Developer Products SPARCCompilers
 * Yukon — Microsoft SQL Server 2005

Z

 * Zambezi — Name of AMD processor's Core
 * Zappa —
 * Zebra — Sun SPARCPrinter
 * Zelda — Apple IIc
 * Zephyr — Sun 64-bit compilers
 * Zeus — Sun developer's release of SunOS based on SVR4
 * Zippy — SunVideo Plus PCI
 * Zircon — Seagate ST31200WC
 * Zircon II — Seagate CFP1060E
 * Zeotrope — AlphaCrhome
 * Zod — Fedora Core 6 Linux
 * Zoltrix — Computer Electronics Brand
 * Zone 5 — Apple Macintosh IIfx
 * Zoot — Red Hat Linux 6.2
 * Zulu — Sun 200M triangle graphics
 * ZX — Sun Leo 24-bit color frame buffer
 * Zydeco — Apple Macintosh Quadra 950

title: List of computer technology code names


text:
Maximum takeoff weight

The maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) or maximum gross takeoff weight (MGTOW) or maximum takeoff mass (MTOM) of an aircraft is the maximum weight at which the pilot is allowed to attempt to take off, due to structural or other limits. The analogous term for rockets is gross lift-off mass, or GLOW. MTOW is usually specified in units of kilograms or pounds.

MTOW is the heaviest weight at which the aircraft has been shown to meet all the airworthiness requirements applicable to it. MTOW of an aircraft is fixed and does not vary with altitude, air temperature, or the length of the runway to be used for takeoff or landing.

Maximum permissible takeoff weight or "regulated takeoff weight", varies according to flap setting, altitude, air temperature, length of runway and other factors. It is different from one takeoff to the next, but can never be higher than the MTOW.

Certification standards
Certification standards applicable to the airworthiness of an aircraft contain many requirements. Some of these requirements can only be met by specifying a maximum weight for the aircraft, and demonstrating that the aircraft can meet the requirement at all weights up to, and including, the specified maximum. This limit is typically driven by structural requirements – to ensure the aircraft structure is capable of withstanding all the loads likely to be imposed on it during the takeoff, and occasionally by the maximum flight weight.

Multiple MTOW
It is possible to have an aircraft certified with a reduced MTOW, lower than the structural maximum, to take advantage of lower MTOW-based fees, such as insurance premiums, landing fees and air traffic control fees are MTOW based. This is considered a permanent modification.

Alternatively, holders of an Air Operator Certificate (AOC) may vary the Maximum Declared Take-Off Weight (MDTOW) for their aircraft. They can subscribe to a scheme, and then vary the weight for each aircraft without further charge.

An aircraft can have its MTOW increased by reinforcement due to additional or stronger materials. For example, the Airbus A330 242 tonnes MTOW variant / A330neo uses Scandium–aluminium (scalmalloy) to avoid an empty weight increase.

Maximum permissible takeoff weight or maximum allowed takeoff weight
In many circumstances an aircraft may not be permitted to take off at its MTOW. In these circumstances the maximum weight permitted for takeoff will be determined taking account of the following:
 * Wing flap setting. See the Spanair Flight 5022 crash
 * Airfield altitude (height above sea-level) – This affects air pressure which affects maximum engine power or thrust.
 * Air temperature – This affects air density which affects maximum engine power or thrust.
 * Length of runway – A short runway means the aircraft has less distance to accelerate to takeoff speed. The length for computation of maximum permitted takeoff weight may be adjusted if the runway has clearways and/or stopways.
 * Runway wind component – The best condition is a strong headwind straight along the runway. The worst condition is a tailwind.  If there is a crosswind it is the wind component along the runway which must be taken into account.
 * Condition of runway – The best runway for taking off is a dry, paved runway. An unpaved runway or one with traces of snow will provide more rolling friction which will cause the airplane to accelerate more slowly. See the Munich air disaster.
 * Obstacles – An airplane must be able to take off and gain enough height to clear all obstacles and terrain beyond the end of the runway.

The maximum weight at which a takeoff may be attempted, taking into account the above factors, is called the maximum permissible takeoff weight, maximum allowed takeoff weight or regulated takeoff weight.

title: Maximum takeoff weight


text:
Kelso Roberts

Archibald Kelso Roberts (September 11, 1898 – October 8, 1970) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1943 to 1948 and again from 1951 to 1967. Both times he represented the downtown Toronto riding of St. Patrick. He served as a senior cabinet minister in the governments of Leslie Frost and John Robarts.

Background
Roberts was born in Belleville, Ontario in 1898. Roberts was married to Lillian Brathwaite and had three sons: Alexander (Alec) Roberts, Frank Kelso Roberts, (May 14, 1939 – July 1, 2003) who became a Judge in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice and a part-time Judge of the Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories, and Greer Roberts.

Politics
He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as the Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) for the Toronto riding of St. Patrick in the 1943 Ontario election that brought the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party to power under George Drew.

Though a backbencher, he ran to succeed Drew in the 1949 provincial PC leadership convention, coming in third place.

In 1955, Drew's successor as Premier of Ontario, Leslie Frost, elevated Roberts to cabinet as Attorney-General. Early in his term, Roberts supported strengthening the Fair Accommodation Practices Act to require restaurants and bars to serve all customers equally, regardless of race or ethnicity.

Roberts ran for the leadership of the party again in 1961 when Frost resigned, and led on the first ballot but then fell behind John Robarts who went on to win on the sixth ballot. Roberts remained Attorney-General until 1962 when he became Minister of Lands and Forests. Kelso had delivered a report that declared organized crime was virtually nonexistent in Ontario; the position was widely ridiculed and likely led to his demotion. "In Canada," he had written, "there's nothing that can be likened to the Mafia, an organization that in Italy was dismantled long ago by Mussolini."

Roberts came under particular criticism when the press reported that he and officers of the Ontario Provincial Police had communicated with organized crime syndicates in Canada and the US. Roberts resisted calls to call a Royal Commission to investigate organized crime in Ontario and examine allegations that his ministry was covering up instances in which it deliberately or through lax procedures assisted organized crime. After the cabinet decided to give in to opposition demands that a Royal Commission be called, Roberts persisted in criticising the commission and interfering with its work until Premier Robarts decided to remove him as Attorney-General and to demote him to ministry of land and forests. The Royal Commission ultimately cleared Roberts and his ministry of wrongdoing but found that organized crime was much more widespread in the province than Roberts had believed.

Roberts retired from cabinet in 1966, and retired from the legislature when the 1967 Ontario election was called. In 1969, he wrote a book, "The Member for St. Patrick - 30 Years of Ontario Political Action." He died in 1970.

title: Kelso Roberts


text:
Charles Bickford

Charles Ambrose Bickford (January 1, 1891 – November 9, 1967) was an American actor known for supporting roles. He was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Song of Bernadette (1943), The Farmer's Daughter (1947) and Johnny Belinda (1948). His other roles include Whirlpool (1950), A Star Is Born (1954) and The Big Country (1958).

Early life
Bickford was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, during the first minute of 1891. His parents were Loretus and Mary Ellen Bickford. The fifth of seven children, he was an intelligent but very independent and unruly child. He had a particularly strong relationship with his maternal grandfather, a sea captain, who was a powerful influence during his formative years. At the age of nine, he was tried and acquitted of the attempted murder of a trolley motorman, who had callously driven over and killed his beloved dog. He attended Foster School and Everett High School.

Always more interested in experiencing life than reading about it, Bickford was considered "the wild rogue" of the family, causing his parents frequent consternation. In his late teens, he drifted aimlessly around the United States for a time. Before breaking into acting, he worked as a lumberjack and investment promoter, and for a short time, ran a pest-extermination business. He was a stoker and fireman in the United States Navy when a friend dared him to get a job in burlesque. Bickford served as an engineer lieutenant in the United States Army during World War I. His first entry into acting was on the stage, eventually including Broadway. This venue provided him with an occasional living and served as the principal training ground for developing his acting and vocal talents.

Acting career
Bickford had intended to attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to earn an engineering degree, but while wandering around the country, he became friends with the manager of a burlesque show, who convinced Bickford to take a role in the show. He debuted in Oakland, California in 1911. Bickford enjoyed himself so much that he abandoned his plans to attend MIT. He made his legitimate stage debut with the John Craig Stock Company at the Castle Square Theatre in Boston in 1912. He eventually joined a road company and traveled throughout the United States for more than a decade, appearing in various productions. In 1925, while working in a Broadway play called Outside Looking In, co-star James Cagney (in his first Broadway role) and he received rave reviews. He was offered a role in Herbert Brenon's 1926 film of Beau Geste, but anxious not to give up his newfound Broadway stardom, refused it, a decision he later came to regret. Following his appearance in the critically praised but unsuccessful Maxwell Anderson-Harold Hickerson drama about the Sacco and Vanzetti case Gods of the Lightning (Bickford was the Sacco character), he was contacted by filmmaker Cecil B. DeMille and offered a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) studios to star in DeMille's first talking picture: Dynamite. He soon began working with MGM studio chief Louis B. Mayer on a number of projects. Bickford became a star after playing Greta Garbo's lover in Anna Christie (1930), but never developed into a leading man. Always independent minded, exceptionally strong-willed, and quick with his fists, Bickford frequently argued and nearly came to blows with Mayer and any number of other MGM authority figures during the course of this contract with the studio. During the production of Dynamite, he punched out his director following a string of heated arguments, primarily related to the interpretation of his character's role. Throughout his early career on both the stage and later films, Bickford rejected numerous scripts and made no secret of his disdain for much of the material he was offered. Not surprisingly, his association with MGM was short-lived, with Bickford asking for and quickly receiving a release from his contract. He soon found himself blacklisted at other studios, though, forcing him to take the highly unusual step (for that era) of becoming an independent actor for several years. His career took another turn in 1935, when he was mauled by a lion and nearly killed while filming East of Java. While he recovered, he lost his contract with Twentieth Century-Fox and his leading-man status owing to extensive neck scarring suffered in the attack, coupled with his advancing age. Soon, he made a very successful transition to character roles, which he felt offered much greater diversity and allowed him to showcase his talent to better effect. Much preferring the character roles that became his forte, Bickford appeared in many notable films, including The Farmer's Daughter, Johnny Belinda, A Star Is Born, and Not as a Stranger. Finding great success playing an array of character roles in films and later in television, Bickford quickly became highly sought-after; his burly frame and craggy, intense features, coupled with a gruff, powerful voice lent themselves to a wide variety of roles. Most often, he played lovable father figures, stern businessmen, heavies, ship captains, or authority figures of some sort. During the 1940s, he was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He served as host of the 1950s television series The Man Behind the Badge.

On April 16, 1958, Bickford appeared with Roger Smith in "The Daniel Barrister Story" on Wagon Train.

Bickford continued to act in projects right up to his death. He guest-starred on The Islanders, The Barbara Stanwyck Show, and The Eleventh Hour. In his final years, Bickford played rancher John Grainger, owner of the Shiloh Ranch, on The Virginian. Bickford was well-liked by both fans and his fellow actors, including series lead James Drury. According to Drury, Bickford, who guest-starred earlier in the series in an unrelated role, wished he could have been on the series from the beginning. According to Paul Green, author of A History of Television's The Virginian, 1962-1971, Bickford's vigorous portrayal of John Grainger helped restore the quality of the show after what some considered a chaotic fourth season.

Two of the actor's late-career, big-screen roles came in the Western The Big Country (1958), as a wealthy and ruthless rancher, with Gregory Peck and Charlton Heston; and in the drama Days of Wine and Roses (1962), as the forlorn father of an alcoholic, with Jack Lemmon and Lee Remick. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ran The Big Country four nights in a row in the White House when it was first released.

Personal life
Bickford married actress Beatrice Ursula Allen (stage name Beatrice Loring) in Manhattan in 1916. The couple had two children, daughter Doris, known as “Bunny”, and son Rex.

Bickford was a practicing Catholic and a Democrat who supported Adlai Stevenson's campaign during the 1952 presidential election.

In 1965, Bickford published his autobiography Bulls, Balls, Bicycles, & Actors.

Death and legacy
Bickford died in Los Angeles on November 9, 1967, at age 76, of pneumonia and a blood infection after being hospitalized for an extended period.

Bickford received two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960. His motion-picture star is located at 6780 Hollywood Boulevard, and his television star is located at 1620 Vine Street.

As actor

 * South Sea Rose (1929) - Capt. Briggs
 * Dynamite (1929) - Hagon Derk
 * Hell's Heroes (1929) - Bob Sangster
 * Anna Christie (1930) - Matt Burke
 * The Sea Bat (1930) - John Dennis aka Reverend Sims
 * River's End (1930) - John Keith / Sgt. John Conniston
 * Passion Flower (1930) - Dan Wallace
 * East of Borneo (1931) - Dr. Allan Randolph
 * The Squaw Man (1931) - Cash Hawkins
 * The Pagan Lady (1931) - Dingo Mike
 * Men in Her Life (1931) - 'Flashy' Madden
 * Panama Flo (1932) - Dan McTeague
 * Scandal for Sale (1932) - Jerry Strong
 * Thunder Below (1932) - Walt
 * The Last Man (1932) - Bannister
 * Vanity Street (1932) - Brian Murphy
 * No Other Woman (1933) - Jim Stanley
 * Song of the Eagle (1933) - Joe (Nails) Anderson
 * This Day and Age (1933) - Louis Garrett
 * White Woman (1933) - Ballister
 * Red Wagon (1933) - Joe Prince
 * Little Miss Marker (1934) - Big Steve Halloway
 * A Wicked Woman (1934) - Naylor
 * A Notorious Gentleman (1935) - Kirk Arlen
 * Under Pressure (1935) - Nipper Moran
 * The Farmer Takes a Wife (1935) - Jotham Klore
 * East of Java (1935) - Red McGovern aka Harvey Bowers
 * Rose of the Rancho (1936) - Joe Kincaid
 * Pride of the Marines (1936) - Steve Riley
 * The Plainsman (1936) - John Lattimer
 * High, Wide, and Handsome (1937) - Red Scanlon
 * Thunder Trail (1937) - Lee Tate
 * Night Club Scandal (1937) - Det. Capt. McKinley
 * Daughter of Shanghai (1937) - Otto Hartman
 * Gangs of New York (1938) - 'Rocky' Thorpe / John Franklyn
 * Valley of the Giants (1938) - Howard Fallon
 * The Storm (1938) - Bob 'Sparks' Roberts
 * Stand Up and Fight (1939) - Arnold
 * Romance of the Redwoods (1939) - Steve Blake
 * Street of Missing Men (1939) - Cash Darwin
 * Our Leading Citizen (1939) - Shep Muir
 * Mutiny in the Big House (1939) - Father Joe Collins
 * One Hour to Live (1939) - Insp. Sid Brady
 * Of Mice and Men (1939) - Slim
 * Thou Shalt Not Kill (1939) - Rev. Chris Saunders
 * Girl from God's Country (1940) - Bill Bogler
 * South to Karanga (1940) - Jeff Worthing
 * Queen of the Yukon (1940) - Ace Rincon
 * Riders of Death Valley (1941, Serial) - Wolf Reade
 * Burma Convoy (1941) - Cliff Weldon
 * Reap the Wild Wind (1942) - Master of the 'Tyfib'
 * Tarzan's New York Adventure (1942) - Buck Rand
 * Mr. Lucky (1943) - Hard Swede
 * The Song of Bernadette (1943) - Father Peyramale
 * Wing and a Prayer (1944) - Capt. Waddell
 * Captain Eddie (1945) - William Rickenbacker
 * Fallen Angel (1945) - Mark Judd
 * Duel in the Sun (1946) - Sam Pierce
 * The Farmer's Daughter (1947) - Joseph Clancy
 * The Woman on the Beach (1947) - Tod Butler
 * Brute Force (1947) - Gallagher
 * The Babe Ruth Story (1948) - Brother Matthias
 * Four Faces West (1948) - Pat Garrett
 * Johnny Belinda (1948) - Black MacDonald
 * Command Decision (1948) - Elmer Brockhurst
 * Roseanna McCoy (1949) - Devil Anse Hatfield
 * Whirlpool (1950) - Lt. James Colton
 * Guilty of Treason (1950) - Joszef Cardinal Mindszenty
 * Riding High (1950) - J.L. Higgins
 * Branded (1950) - Richard Lavery
 * Jim Thorpe – All-American (1951) - Glenn S. 'Pop' Warner
 * The Raging Tide (1951) - Hamil Linder
 * Elopement (1951) - Tom Reagan
 * The Last Posse (1953) - Sampson Drune
 * A Star Is Born (1954) - Oliver Niles
 * Prince of Players (1955) - Dave Prescott
 * Not as a Stranger (1955) - Dr. Dave Runkleman
 * The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955) - Gen. Jimmy Guthrie
 * You Can't Run Away from It (1956) - A.A. Andrews
 * Mister Cory (1957) - Jeremiah Des Plains 'Biloxi' Caldwell
 * The Big Country (1958) - Maj. Henry Terrill
 * Woman on the Run (1959, TV movie)
 * Winterset (1959, TV movie) - Judge Gaunt
 * The 33rd (1959, TV movie)
 * The Unforgiven (1960) - Zeb Rawlins
 * The Gambler, the Nun and the Radio (1960, TV movie)
 * The Farmer's Daughter (1962, TV movie) - Clancy
 * Days of Wine and Roses (1962) - Ellis Arnesen
 * Della (1964) - Hugh Stafford
 * A Big Hand for the Little Lady (1966) - Benson Tropp
 * The Virginian (1966-1967) - Grainger

As himself

 * Screen Snapshots Series 9, No. 20 (1930, short)
 * Screen Snapshots (1932, documentary short)
 * Hollywood on Parade No. B-6 (1934, short)
 * The Dark Wave (1956, documentary short)
 * Now Is Tomorrow (1958, TV movie)

title: Charles Bickford