text:
Eric Bristow

Eric John Bristow (25 April 1957 – 5 April 2018), nicknamed "The Crafty Cockney", was an English professional darts player and one of the most recognisable and successful players of the 1980s. He was ranked World No. 1 by the World Darts Federation a record five times, in 1980, 1981 and 1983–1985. He was a five-time World Champion, a five-time World Masters Champion a four-time World Cup singles champion and twice winner of the News of the World Darts Championship. He won 22 WDF and BDO Major titles, 62 individual career titles and 20 titles in team events, a total of 82 overall.

In 1993, Bristow was one of sixteen top players who broke away from the British Darts Organisation (BDO) to form their own organisation, which became the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC).

He retired from competitive darts in 2007 and subsequently worked as a commentator and pundit on Sky Sports darts coverage.

Early career
In 1957, Bristow was born in the London Borough of Hackney, where his father was a plasterer and his mother worked as a telephone operator. He left school at age 14.

Bristow won his first world championship in 1980, defeating fellow Londoner Bobby George. Bristow retained his title in 1981 and won it again in 1984, 1985 and 1986. He also suffered a shock defeat in a final during the 1980s, when the relatively unknown Keith Deller beat him in the 1983 final; he had also lost to Steve Brennan in the previous year's first round. As well as his five world titles, Bristow also finished as runner-up on five occasions, the last in 1991.

The nickname Crafty Cockney was given to Bristow when he visited an English pub of that name in 1976 during a visit to Santa Monica, California. Bristow wore a shirt (which he received from the same pub) depicting a uniformed British policeman, a Union Flag and the title Crafty Cockney whenever he took part in a tournament.

Achievements
Bristow emerged as the most successful and consistent darts player of the 1980s, reigning as number one in the world rankings during most of the period from 1980 until 1987. Television began showing increased interest in the sport in the late 1970s, with the first world championship occurring in 1978. This, allied to the fact that a governing body had been formed in January 1973, enabled him to make a very successful living. Cocky and arrogant, he invariably irritated opponents before and during matches with his gamesmanship. Crowds would often boo Bristow when he was on stage, no less so than in Scotland, an atmosphere in which he revelled.

During the 1982 Arrows Chemicals British International Championship match in Scotland, Bristow was subject to what Darts World Magazine called "the most sustained barrage of jeering witnessed at a Darts match". He played to the crowd during his game with Harry Patterson; following a treble 20, he turned to the crowd only to be greeted with boos; his next dart was a treble 20, after which he turned to the crowd who met him with even more boos and jeers; lastly, his third dart was only a single 20, but the crowd applauded and Bristow merely grinned.

As well as his world championship exploits, Bristow also lifted the prestigious Winmau World Masters crown five times (1977 beating Paul Reynolds, 1979 beating Canadian Allan Hogg, 1981 beating defending champion John Lowe, 1983 beating Mike Gregory and 1984 beating Keith Deller). He also reached the final in 1989, losing to Peter Evison.

Bristow was a winner of the World Cup Singles on four occasions (1983 beating Jocky Wilson, 1985 beating Tony Payne, 1987 beating Bob Sinnaeve and 1989 beating Jack McKenna) and won the News of the World Darts Championship in 1983 beating Ralph Flatt and 1984 beating Ian Robertson (becoming only the second man in 57 years to successfully defend that title) together with countless other major tournaments including the British Open and Swedish Open three times each and the North American Open on four occasions.

Dartitis
During the Swedish Open in November 1986, Bristow found himself unable to let go of his darts properly – a psychological condition known as dartitis, similar to the yips in golf. He was never quite the same player again, but did regain the number-one ranking briefly in late 1989 and early 1990 before losing his form again. He reached the semi-finals of the 1997 WDC World Darts Championship at the Circus Tavern, where he narrowly lost to Phil Taylor 4–5 in sets.

Mentoring Phil Taylor
In the 1980s, Bristow came across Phil Taylor, then a raw young darts talent in Stoke-on-Trent. He sponsored him with about £10,000 to fund his development in the game, on the understanding that the money would be repaid. Taylor went on to usurp his mentor as the greatest darts player ever.

Later career and retirement
Bristow's form deteriorated in the early 1990s and he was dropped from the Merseyside team in 1992. Bristow had joined Merseyside, his third county, in 1988, after previously playing for London from 1976 to 1980 and for Staffordshire from 1980 to 1988. With Merseyside, Bristow played with his international teammate Kevin Kenny, and after being dropped by Merseyside, he was dropped from the England national side later the same year. The split within darts saw Bristow become a founding member of the Professional Darts Corporation.

At the World Matchplay event in Blackpool, Bristow made six appearances without winning a match. His swansong came in a classic semi-final at the 1997 PDC World Championship, which he lost to his protégé, Phil Taylor. Bristow's last appearance came at the World Championships in 2000, ending his 23-year run of playing in a world championship. He stopped playing professionally after the event.

From late December 1993, until November 2016, when he was dismissed, he worked mainly as a spotter, a pundit and an occasional commentator for Sky Sports during televised PDC tournaments, while continuing to travel and play on the exhibition circuit. Bristow returned to TV screens as a player in 2008 on Setanta Sports to compete in the BetFred League of Legends tournament, beating Bobby George 7–5 in the opening match. Bristow failed to maintain his form, however, and did not win another match in the tournament, failing to qualify for the semi-finals and finishing bottom of the League of Legends table. In 2004, Bristow played John Lowe, with Bristow showing glimpses of his old form in winning the match 6 legs to 1.

Personal life
Bristow was educated at Hackney Downs Grammar School from 1968 to 1971, having passed his eleven-plus exam. He left grammar school at the age of 14.

From 1978 to 1987, Bristow was in a relationship with former darts player Maureen Flowers. In 1989, he married Jane Higginbotham (born 1962). They had two children, a daughter and a son. They divorced in 2005 after 16 years of marriage, and he was later in a relationship with Rebecca Gadd until his death.

In 1979, Bristow was the subject of a film directed by Scottish filmmaker John Samson entitled “Arrows.” The 30-minute short got its cinema release as the supporting feature for the 1980 British gangster film The Long Good Friday.

Bristow was awarded the MBE in 1989 for his services to sport.

In 2005, Bristow was accused of assaulting his wife. North Staffordshire magistrates ordered him to stay away from the family home in Milltown Way, Leek, Staffordshire and he was remanded on conditional bail. Bristow was alleged to have punched her in the face during a drunken row in their bedroom on 29 April 2005. He was subsequently cleared of the charges.

In 2012, Bristow participated in the reality show I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! He was voted out on 29 November 2012, finishing fourth out of 12 celebrities.

On 29 November 2016, Bristow was sacked by Sky Sports following a series of tweets in which he responded to the United Kingdom football sexual abuse scandal centred around the football coach and convicted child sex offender, Barry Bennell. Bristow suggested the victims should have "sorted out" the perpetrators when they were older. According to him, "Dart players tough guys footballers wimps". Bristow was condemned by some social media users, including alleged victims of Bennell, for his comments. Bristow apologised for his comments the following day. In a statement, he compared himself to a "bull in a China shop" and "appreciated my wording was wrong and offended many people".

Bristow's father, George, was an Arsenal supporter. George and Eric would go together to Arsenal games in the 1960s and the first half of the 1970s. Despite Eric going to many Arsenal games with his father, Eric became a supporter of Chelsea from the late 1960s until the end of his life.

Death
Bristow died on 5 April 2018 after a heart attack while attending a Premier League Darts event at the Echo Arena in Liverpool. Bristow had finished playing some VIPs at a promotional event and was walking back to his car when he collapsed and was rushed to hospital. Bristow's death was announced during the match between Peter Wright and Daryl Gurney. The crowd paid tribute to Bristow.

Speaking to BBC Radio Two, Bobby George said: "In the afternoon, I was doing a show at a pub opposite the Premier League (darts) building, and he just came in, said 'hello' and had a pint, then said 'see ya'. I said 'see ya' because I was working... he went across the road, and two-and-a-half hours later, he was gone."

BDO

 * 1978: 1st round (lost to Conrad Daniels 3–6 legs)
 * 1979: Quarter-finals (lost to Alan Evans 1–3 sets)
 * 1980: Winner (beat Bobby George 5–3)
 * 1981: Winner (beat John Lowe 5–3)
 * 1982: 1st round (lost to Steve Brennan 0–2)
 * 1983: Runner-up (lost to Keith Deller 5–6)
 * 1984: Winner (beat Dave Whitcombe 7–1)
 * 1985: Winner (beat John Lowe 6–2)
 * 1986: Winner (beat Dave Whitcombe 6–0)
 * 1987: Runner-up (lost to John Lowe 4–6)
 * 1988: Semi-finals (lost to John Lowe 2–5)
 * 1989: Runner-up (lost to Jocky Wilson 4–6)
 * 1990: Runner-up (lost to Phil Taylor 1–6)
 * 1991: Runner-up (lost to Dennis Priestley 0–6)
 * 1992: 2nd round (lost to Martin Phillips 2–3)
 * 1993: 2nd round (lost to Bob Anderson 0–3)

PDC

 * 1994: Group Stage (lost to Rod Harrington 1–3 & beat Sean Downs 3–2)
 * 1995: Group Stage (lost to Rod Harrington 0–3 & lost to Shayne Burgess 0–3)
 * 1996: Group Stage (lost to Dennis Priestley 0–3 & beat Richie Gardner 3–2)
 * 1997: Semi-finals (lost to Phil Taylor 4–5 & lost 3rd Place Match to Peter Evison 2–4)
 * 1998: Group Stage (lost to Dennis Priestley 0–3 & lost to Steve Raw 0–3)
 * 1999: 1st round (lost to Peter Manley 0–3)
 * 2000: 1st round (lost to Steve Brown 2–3)

Independent major finals: 2 (2 titles)
Note

title: Eric Bristow


text:
Chiana

Chiana may refer to:

 * Chiana Valley, or Valdichiana, in Tuscany and Umbria, Italy
 * Chiana (river), or Chiani, the river of the Valdichiana, Italy
 * Chiana, Iran, or Chianeh, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
 * Chiana, a community in Kassena-Nankana West District, Upper East Region, Ghana
 * Chiana Senior High School, in Chiana, Ghana
 * Chiana (Farscape), a fictional character in the TV series Farscape

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chiana


text:
Poronia coat of arms

Poronia is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:

title: Poronia coat of arms


text:
Późniak coat of arms

Późniak or Przestrzał is a Polish coat of arms.

title: Późniak coat of arms


text:
Samson coat of arms

Samson is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
 * Henryk Samsonowicz
 * Felix Dzerzhinsky

title: Samson coat of arms


text:
G.728

G.728 is an ITU-T standard for speech coding operating at 16 kbit/s. It is officially described as Coding of speech at 16 kbit/s using low-delay code excited linear prediction.

Technology used is LD-CELP, low-delay code excited linear prediction. Delay of the codec is only 5 samples (0.625 ms). The linear prediction is calculated backwards with a 50th order linear predictive coding filter. The excitation is generated with gain scaled VQ. The standard was finished in 1992 in the form of algorithm exact floating point code. In 1994 a bit exact fixed point codec was released. G.728 passes low bit rate modem signals up to 2400 bit/s. Also network signaling goes through. The complexity of the codec is 30 MIPS. 2 kilobytes of RAM is needed for codebooks. Mean opinion score for G.728 is 3.61.

The essence of CELP techniques, which is an analysis-by-synthesis approach to codebook search, is retained in LD-CELP. The LD-CELP however, uses backward adaptation of predictors and gain to achieve an algorithmic delay of 0.625 ms.

RealAudio 28.8 is a reduced-bitrate variant of this standard, using 15.2 kbit/s.

title: G.728


text:
Świat coat of arms

Świat (Polish for "World") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta (noble) families under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:

title: Świat coat of arms


text:
Świeńczyc coat of arms

Swieńczyc is a Polish Coat of Arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this Coat of Arms include:
 * Stalewski
 * Grabiański
 * Święcki

title: Świeńczyc coat of arms


text:
Talk:Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours

Untitled
When you say "is the genealogy correct?", what specifically are you referring to? There have been a number of errors in the Medici pages caused by the repetitive names - e.g. I just fixed the death date of Giovanni di Bicci, whom someone had confused with Giovanni di Cosimo. I could easily believe there is another one somewhere! However, AFAIK everything on this page is correct at the moment. I do know there is some historical controversy as to whether Alessandro is the son of Lorenzo II or Cardinal Giulio; Wikipedia is currently going with the theory that he's of Giulio, but I personally have no strong views either way. Noel 14:30, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * As for me, I was just struggling to disentangle second-hand sources. "Correct at the moment" is good to hear! Wetman 22:10, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Different sources (e.g. Hibbert, Britannica) give different birth years for him - some say 1478, other 1479. Some geneaology sources give both. I throw up my hands! If someone can get a definitive answer, feel free to fix it. Noel 18:01, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll make it 1478/1479 til we can establish whether this is simply the familiar Old Style/New Style contradiction about the start date of the year. Wetman 22:10, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The Raphael portrait that's spoken of - which museum is it in? People aren't thinking of this famous Medici portrait by Raphael, are they? Noel 18:01, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Oops. The version that's so familiar-- simply because I'm a New Yorker-- is the 16th-century studio copy at the Met. I thought the original was famous, though I've only known the copy all this time. The triple portrait is indeed a better-known painting, I agree. Wetman 22:06, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I wonder where the original is? I don't recognize it (but then again Renaissance art is not my strong suit). I tried doing a web search for it, but there was too much other stuff in the results. This page shows a better image, if you want to link to it. Noel 22:50, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Sometimes "famous" originals get lost, like Michelangelo's Leda but stay famous through copies and prints and interpretations. (That link doesn't look good on my browser: tobacco-red). But this "famous" needs to drop out of the entry. Wetman 00:33, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress which affects this page. Please participate at Talk:Lorenzo de' Medici (1463–1503) - Requested move and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 11:01, 23 January 2012 (UTC)


text:
Kaba, Hungary

Kaba is a town in eastern Hungary, in the county of Hajdú-Bihar. The town is located along the Hungarian Route 4, approximately 190 km from Budapest, the capital city and 32 km west from Debrecen, the county seat.

A 3 kg meteorite landed near Kaba in 1857.

Twin towns – sister cities
Kaba is twinned with:

 * 🇷🇴 Aleșd, Romania
 * 🇷🇴 Cetariu, Romania

title: Kaba, Hungary


text:
Świerczek coat of arms

Świerczek is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this Coat of Arms include:

title: Świerczek coat of arms


text:
Barbara Guest

Barbara Guest, née Barbara Ann Pinson (September 6, 1920 – February 15, 2006), was an American poet and prose stylist. Guest first gained recognition as a member of the first generation New York School of poetry. Guest wrote more than 15 books of poetry spanning sixty years of writing. In 1999, she was awarded the Frost Medal for Lifetime Achievement by the Poetry Society of America.

Guest also wrote art criticism, essays, and plays. Her collages appeared on the covers of several of her books of poetry. She was also well known for her biography of the poet H.D., Herself Defined: The Poet H.D. and Her World (1984).

Early, education
Born in Wilmington, North Carolina and raised in California, Guest attended UCLA, and then earned a B.A. in General Curriculum-Humanities in 1943 at UC Berkeley. She worked as an editorial associate at ARTnews magazine from 1951 to 1959.

Poetry
Barbara Guest wrote more than 15 books of poetry spanning sixty years of writing. "Her poems begin in the midst of action," wrote Peter Gizzi in his introduction to a collection of her work, "but their angle of perception is oblique." Her poems are known for their abstract quality, vivid language, and intellectualism. She believed that the subject of the poem finds itself through the writing of the poem and through the poet's imagination. "Disturbing the conventional relations of subjects and objects, of reality and imagination, is one of Guest's signature gestures," noted Gizzi.

Among her most well-known poems are "Parachutes, My Love, Could Carry Us Higher," (MP3) "Wild Gardens Overlooked by Night Lights, (MP3)" "Roses," and "Photographs."

Quotes
"The subject matter finds itself...You find the subject as you proceed with (writing) the poem."

"Poetry is where the concrete object is bathed in a new atmosphere lifted out of itself to become a fiction. The poet is not there only to share a poetic communication but to stimulate an imaginative speculation on the nature of reality."

"The poet wishes to align the contents of the poem with the vision which directs it. When this occurs, we say of a poem that it has wings. It is possible that words may occur in a fixed space and sequences so that they are called words of a poem. We say this poem is made of words. It is true many poems are constructed solely of words. These are the words that sit on paper without vision. We have all read these poems and we know after we have read them, we feel curiously bereft. Our expectations of enoblement by the poem have been disappointed by the lackluster condition of the poem. We decide that this poem is not very inspired. And what do we mean by this? We desired inspiration that the poem contained within it, the spirit of poetry. We have learned that words are only utensils. They are inorganic unless there is a spirit within the poem, to elevate it, to give it wings so that the poem may soar above the page and enter our consciousness where we may, if we wish, give it a long life."

"(Imagination) is something fluid which can twist itself into a poem."

Selected bibliography

 * The Location of Things (Tibor de Nagy, 1960)
 * Poems: The Location of Things, Archaics, The Open Skies (Doubleday & Company, 1962)
 * The Open Skies (1962)
 * The Blue Stairs (Corinth Books, 1968)
 * I Ching, with lithographs by Sheila Isham (Mourlot Graphics, 1969).
 * Moscow Mansions (Viking, 1973)
 * The Countess from Minneapolis (Burning Deck Press, 1976)
 * Seeking Air (Black Sparrow, 1977; reprint, Los Angeles: Sun & Moon Press, 1997; Grand Iota, 2021)
 * The Türler Losses (Montréal: Mansfield Book Mart, 1979)
 * Biography (Burning Deck, 1980)
 * Quilts (Vehicle Edition, 1981)
 * Herself Defined: The Poet H. D. and Her World (Doubleday & Company, 1984)
 * Musicality, with June Felter (1988)
 * Fair Realism (Sun & Moon Press, 1989)
 * The Nude, Warren Brandt (Art Editions, New York, 1989)
 * Defensive Rapture (Sun & Moon Press, 1993)
 * The Altos, with artist Richard Tuttle (San Francisco: Hank Hine Publisher, 1993)
 * Selected Poems (Sun & Moon Press, 1995)
 * Stripped Tales, featuring art by Anne Dunn (Kelsey St. Press, 1995)
 * Quill Solitary, Apparition (The Post-Apollo Press, 1996)
 * Seeking Air (Sun & Moon Press, 1997)
 * Etruscan Reader VI (with Robin Blaser and Lee Harwood) (1998)
 * Outside of This, That is, with illustration by Trevor Winkfield (Z Press, 1999).
 * Strings, with artist Ann Slacik (Paris, France, 1999)
 * The Luminous, with artist Jane Moorman (Palo Alto, California, 1999)
 * Rocks on a Platter (Wesleyan, 1999)
 * If So, Tell Me (Reality Street Editions, UK, 1999)
 * The Confetti Trees (Sun & Moon, 1999)
 * Symbiosis, with artist Laurie Reid (Berkeley: Kelsey Street Press, 2000)
 * Miniatures and Other Poems (Wesleyan University Press, 2002)
 * Forces of Imagination: Writing on Writing (Kelsey Street Press, 2003)
 * Durer in the Window: Reflexions on Art (Roof Books, 2003)
 * The Red Gaze (Wesleyan University Press, 2005)
 * Fallschirme, Gebliebter. Ausgewählte Gedichte (German, Bilingual Edition, luxbooks, 2008)
 * The Collected Poems of Barbara Guest (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2008)

See

 * List of poets from the United States

title: Barbara Guest


text:
Tab, Hungary

Tab (Tabau) is a town in Somogy County, Hungary, and the seat of Tab District. It is situated approximately 175 km South West of Budapest and 22 km from Lake Balaton.

History
Tab was first mentions as villa Thob in an official document from 1211. In 1320 the settlement belonged to a church dedicated to Saint Peter. Between 1285 and 1386 it was in the hands of the Ugali family under the name Thob. Their surname had been eternalized by the medieval village of Ugajpuszta which is now part of Tab. Later the settlement belonged to István Rozgonyi, the ispán of Bakony and his wife, Cecília Szentgyörgyi between 1428 and 1435. In 1438 the Batthyány and Fajsz families owned it. Before the Turkish occupation it belonged to László Ewleweldi and Demeter Tharródy.

It was first attacked by the Turks in 1542, but it fell finally later between 1551 and 1553. Then Tab became part of the Nahiye of Törökkoppány. Most of its residents died or fled to other parts of the country, some moved into the woods and swamplands. According to the tax registration of the Ottoman Porte between 1573 and 1574 there were 12 tax payer households in Tab. There were occasionally fights between the Hungarian and Turkish forces. Ferenc Nádasdy and György Zrínyi with the papal garrisons attacked once the Agha of Törökkoppány and chased the Turks away for a short time.

After the Liberation of Buda in 1689 Tab became part of the Habsburg Empire. Several noble families (e.g. Fajszky, Mérey, Lengyel, Nyitray, Gussits, Nagy de Felsőbükk, Révay etc.) who had previously lands here reclaimed them, therefore they moved into the villages near Tab.

It is known from the census of 1715 that Tab welcomed Hungarians, Germans and Slovaks from 1712 on in larger numbers. Tab had one of largest Jewish communities in Somogy County which is also proven by the fact that one of the most prestigious synagogue of Somogy County was built here in 1762. Tab stood on none of the important national or international trade routes, but the local authorities thought that the settling of the Jewish community could have a strong impact on the economic development of the settlement. Between 1798 and 1800 with the financial help of the Diocese of Veszprém the local church was restored and expanded. Its sanctuary and the nobles' oratorio was decorated by the fresco of Franz Xaver Bucher in 1799. The church was built in Baroque style however the main and side altars as well as the pulpit and the desks were made in Rococo.

Tab became a market town in 1847. In 1871 it was classified as the seat of its district. According to the 1853 census of Somogy County the town had a population of 2,090 residents of which 973 were Hungarians (46.6%), 625 Jews (29.9%), 428 Slovaks (20.5%) and 64 Germans (3.0%).

At the end of the 19th century the town experienced a rapid development in infrastructure, trade and industry. Jakab Zuckermandel established a printhouse there. Ignác Pallós founded a steam brick and tile factory which employed the labor of Tab and the surroundings every year from autumn until spring. The first newspaper of the town started in 1909 under the name Tab és Vidéke (Tab and its Region). In 1913 the Otthon Coffeehouse started to project movies. A credit institute was founded. The sporting association of Tab was formed in 1914.

In the First World War 754 people from Tab served as soldier. After the war the nuns of the Szociális Missziótársulat started beside religious and moral lessons for the younger and older generations also handcraft, housekeeping and nursing courses. In 1928 the Népművelő Testvérek Társasága continued their work. They established a kindergarten and a folk house. A new journal was founded under the name Népapostol in 1930 which existed until 1933. There were three primary schools: a Catholic, a Lutheran and a Jewish.

In the Second World War a huge number of Polish refugees arrived to Tab. In March 1944 a ghetto was formed for the Jewish residents of Tab. The Soviets arrived on December 2, 1944.

Main sights

 * Roman Catholic Church – as a famous fresco by Franz Xaver Bucher, a replica of the Holy Crown of Hungary by Alajos Erényi and a walled crypt (opened on June 10, 2007)
 * Ferenc Nagy Gallery
 * Welsersheimb Mansion
 * Statue of Saint Stephen of Hungary (2000)

Notable residents

 * Bernat Rosner (born 1932), Hungarian Holocaust survivor
 * Norbert Pap (1969–), Hungarian geographer–historian, founder of the Balkan Research Group, leader of the Zrinski-Suleiman Research Group
 * Samuel Miklos Stern (1920–1969), Hungarian-British Orientalist
 * Ferenc Nagy (1920–1998), Hungarian woodcutter artist
 * Gyula Takáts (1911–2008), Hungarian poet, author, translator, teacher
 * Zeno Welser von Welsersheimb (1835–1921), Austrian Minister of Defence (1880–1905)
 * Gerő Buzás (1904–1987), Hungarian Roman Catholic priest, author

Twin towns

 * Dettenhausen – 🇩🇪
 * Szímő – 🇸🇰 Slovakia
 * Pered – 🇸🇰 Slovakia
 * Tusnádfürdő –

title: Tab, Hungary


text:
G.722

G.722 is an ITU-T standard 7 kHz wideband audio codec operating at 48, 56 and 64 kbit/s. It was approved by ITU-T in November 1988. Technology of the codec is based on sub-band ADPCM (SB-ADPCM). The corresponding narrow-band codec based on the same technology is G.726.

G.722 provides improved speech quality due to a wider speech bandwidth of 50–7000 Hz compared to narrowband speech coders like G.711 which in general are optimized for POTS wireline quality of 300–3400 Hz. G.722 sample audio data at a rate of 16 kHz (using 14 bits), double that of traditional telephony interfaces, which results in superior audio quality and clarity.

Other ITU-T 7 kHz wideband codecs include G.722.1 and G.722.2. These codecs are not variants of G.722 and they use different patented compression technologies. G.722.1 is based on Siren codecs and offers lower bit-rate compressions (24 kbit/s or 32 kbit/s). It uses a modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) audio coding data compression algorithm. A more recent G.722.2, also known as AMR-WB ("Adaptive Multirate Wideband") is based on ACELP and offers even lower bit-rate compressions (6.6 kbit/s to 23.85 kbit/s), as well as the ability to quickly adapt to varying compressions as the network topography mutates. In the latter case, bandwidth is automatically conserved when network congestion is high. When congestion returns to a normal level, a lower-compression, higher-quality bitrate is restored.

Applications
G.722 is an ITU standard codec that provides 7 kHz wideband audio at data rates from 48, 56 and 64 kbit/s. This is useful for voice over IP applications, such as on a local area network where network bandwidth is readily available, and offers a significant improvement in speech quality over older narrowband codecs such as G.711, without an excessive increase in implementation complexity. Environments where bandwidth is more constrained may prefer one of the more bitrate-efficient codecs, such as G.722.1 (Siren7) or G.722.2 (AMR-WB).

G.722 has also been widely used by radio broadcasters for sending commentary-grade audio over a single 56 or 64 kbit/s ISDN B-channel (the least significant bit is dropped on 56 kb circuits).

G.722 works by having the inbound voice signal pass through a digital filter that splits the audio signal into 0 Hz-to-4 kHz and 4 kHz-to-8 kHz audio bands. These sub-bands are then encoded using sub-band ADPCM. Most of the human voice energy is concentrated in the lower half of the audio band (0–4 kHz), so 48 kbit/s of the bandwidth is dedicated to the lower sub-band and the other 16 kbit/s is allocated to the higher sub-band.

RTP encapsulation
G.722 VoIP is typically carried in RTP payload type 9. Note that IANA records the clock rate for type 9 G.722 as 8 kHz (instead of 16 kHz), RFC 3551 clarifies that this is due to a historical error and is retained in order to maintain backward compatibility. Consequently, correct implementations represent the value 8,000 where required but encode and decode audio at 16 kHz.

Whilst G.722 allows for bitrates of 64, 56 and 48 kbit/s, in practice, data is encoded at 64 kbit/s, with bits from the lower sub-band being used to encode auxiliary data. The greater the number of bits allocated to aux data, the lower the bit rate.

e.8

title: G.722


text:
Trzy Gwiazdy coat of arms

Trzy Gwiazdy (Polish for "Three Stars") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta (noble) families under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:

 * "Inés" and "de León" (Heraldaria)

title: Trzy Gwiazdy coat of arms


text:
Tata, Hungary

Tata (Totis; Dotis) is a town in Komárom-Esztergom County, northwestern Hungary, 9 km northwest of the county town Tatabánya.

Location
Tata is located in the valley between the Gerecse Mountains and Vértes Mountains, some 70 km from Budapest, the Hungarian capital city. By virtue of its location, it is a railway and road junction. Motorway M1 (E60, E75) from Vienna to Budapest passes through the outer city limits, and the railway line Budapest–Vienna goes through the city.

Climate
Tata's climate is classified as oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb). The annual average temperature is 10.9 C, the hottest month in July is 21.4 C, and the coldest month is 0.0 C in January. The annual precipitation is 589.4 mm, of which July is the wettest with 69.6 mm, while February is the driest with only 30.6 mm. The extreme temperature throughout the year ranged from -22.7 C on December 28, 1996 to 39.1 C on August 8, 2013.

Demographics
According to the 2001 census, the town has 23,937 inhabitants: 93.3% Hungarians, 1.6% Germans, 0.6% Roma, 0.2% Slovaks and 6.5% other.

History
The area has been inhabited since prehistoric times; archaeological findings date back to 50,000 BCE. Later it was a Roman settlement.

The first known mention of Tata is from 1221. Its name may come from the name of Lombard king Tato. Its castle was built by the Lackfi family and had its prime under Matthias Corvinus, who had it rebuilt in a Renaissance style.

In 1526 when the disastrous battle with the Turks happened and Louis II died in the battlefield, Count György Cseszneky was the castellan of the Castle Tata. The plundering Ottoman army ransacked the area, but Cseszneky successfully defended the castle.

During the Ottoman occupation, the castle of Tata was an important fortress. It was captured in 1543 by the Turks. During this period the castle had many different owners until it was burned down by the Habsburgs in retaliation for the Rákóczi's War of Independence.

In 1727, Count József Esterházy bought Tata and the surrounding villages. The town prospered, in 1765 it already had a secondary school.

According to the article in the Pallas Lexicon about Tata in 1851, the town was a "pretty and developing village in the Tata district of Komárom comitatus; 895 buildings, 6925 mostly Hungarian residents (3633 Roman Catholics, 2518 Lutherans and 673 Israelites), centre of the district, with secondary school, railway station, post office. Tata and the adjoining village Tóváros (4257 residents) are built around a large lake, Tata on the hillside, and Tóváros on the plain. Between them, there are the Esterházy mansion and an old castle with an archive and a gallery which included a painting of Leonardo da Vinci. The theatre was built in 1889. The mansion is surrounded by the English garden (140 hectares)."

In 1938, the village of Tóváros was annexed to Tata. So thus, the city was renamed Tatatóváros but only for a short while; one year later, it was named Tata again.

During World War II, Tata was captured by Soviet troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front on 19 March 1945 during the course of the Vienna Offensive.

Tata was granted town status in 1954.

Main sights

 * Castle next to the Öreg-tó (Old Lake)
 * The Esterházy Palace
 * Heroes' Square with World War I monument and synagogue
 * Kossuth Square with town hall
 * The parish church of Tata
 * The Capuchin church
 * Calvary Hill
 * Lookout tower
 * Water mills
 * Belfry
 * The English Park
 * False ruins
 * Fényes Bath
 * Turkish Mescid

Notable people

 * Móric Fischer de Farkasházy (1799–1880), porcelain-manufacturer, one of the founders of the Herend Porcelain manufactory in 1839
 * Csilla Földi (born 1968), retired weightlifter
 * Lívia Járóka (born 1974), politician (Fidesz), first Romani woman to be elected to the European Parliament
 * Dávid Korányi, political adviser
 * Dóra Lőwy (born 1977), former team handball player and Olympic medalist
 * Joci Pápai (born 1981), singer, representative for Hungary at Eurovision in and
 * Zsófia Tóth (born 1989), triathlete
 * Slavko Wolf (1862–1936), Croatian lawyer, chess player and writer.
 * Zoltan Bathory (Born 1978), founder and rhythm guitarist of Five Finger Death Punch.

Twin towns – sister cities
Tata is twinned with:

 * Alkmaar, Netherlands (1985)
 * 🇩🇪 Gerlingen, Germany (1987)
 * 🇫🇷 Dammarie-lès-Lys, France (1993)
 * 🇮🇹 Arenzano, Italy (1994)
 * 🇸🇰 Svodín, Slovakia (1997)
 * 🇮🇹 Montebelluna, Italy (2000)
 * 🇷🇴 Sovata, Romania (2002)
 * 🇵🇱 Pińczów, Poland (2004)
 * 🇨🇿 Bystřice, Czech Republic
 * 🇷🇸 Kanjiža, Serbia

title: Tata, Hungary


text:
Himetric

Himetric is a resolution-independent unit of length. Its role is similar to the twip, but it is one hundredth of a millimetre. It is mainly used in Object Linking and Embedding and derived technologies such as ActiveX, Active Template Library and Visual Basic up to version 6.

title: Himetric


text:
G.722.1

G.722.1 is a licensed royalty-free ITU-T standard audio codec providing high quality, moderate bit rate (24 and 32 kbit/s) wideband (50 Hz – 7 kHz audio bandwidth, 16 ksps (kilo-samples per second) audio coding. It is a partial implementation of Siren 7 audio coding format (which offers bit rates 16, 24, 32 kbit/s) developed by PictureTel Corp. (now Polycom, Inc.). Its official name is Low-complexity coding at 24 and 32 kbit/s for hands-free operation in systems with low frame loss. It uses a modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) audio data compression algorithm.

G.722.1 Annex C (or G.722.1C) is a low-complexity extension mode to G.722.1, which doubles the algorithm to permit 14 kHz audio bandwidth using a 32 kHz audio sample rate, at 24, 32, and 48 kbit/s. It is included in the official ITU-T Recommendation G.722.1. The name of this annex is Annex C – 14 kHz mode at 24, 32, and 48 kbit/s. It is an implementation of the mono version of Polycom's Siren 14 audio coding format.

G.722.1 is the successor to PT716plus developed by PictureTel Corp. (now Polycom, Inc.), which has been used in videoconferencing systems for many years. As ITU-T Recommendation G.722.1, it was approved on September 30, 1999 after a four-year selection process involving extensive testing. G.722.1/Annex C was approved by ITU-T on May 14, 2005.

G.722.1 is a transform-based compressor that is optimized for both speech and music. The G.722.1 algorithm is based on lapped transform technology, using a Modulated Lapped Transform (MLT), a type of MDCT. The computational complexity is quite low (5.5 floating-point MIPS) for an efficient high-quality compressor, and the algorithmic delay end-to-end is 40 ms.

The numbering of the wideband ITU audio codecs is sometimes confusing. There are three principal codecs, which are unrelated, but all carrying the G.722 label. G.722 is the original 7 kHz codec, using ADPCM and operating at 48–64 kbit/s. G.722.1, another 7 kHz codec, operates at half the data rate while delivering comparable or better quality than G.722, but is a transform-based codec. G.722.1 Annex C is very similar to G.722.1, but provides twice the audio bandwidth, 14 kHz. And G.722.2, which operates on wideband speech and delivers very low bitrates, is an ACELP-based algorithm.

Licensing
G.722.1 is available under a royalty-free license by Polycom Corporation, who owns all rights. Licensees also receive the right to use Polycom's 16 kbit/s decoder extension of G.722.1, as well as G.722.1 Annex C, and Polycom's IP within the new 20 kHz ITU fullband codec, G.719.

title: G.722.1


text:
Talk:Barbara Guest

Untitled

 * This article is part of WikiProject Poetry. See that page for further information.

title: Talk:Barbara Guest


text:
G.726

G.726 is an ITU-T ADPCM speech codec standard covering the transmission of voice at rates of 16, 24, 32, and 40 kbit/s. It was introduced to supersede both G.721, which covered ADPCM at 32 kbit/s, and G.723, which described ADPCM for 24 and 40 kbit/s. G.726 also introduced a new 16 kbit/s rate. The four bit rates associated with G.726 are often referred to by the bit size of a sample, which are 2, 3, 4, and 5-bits respectively. The corresponding wide-band codec based on the same technology is G.722.

The most commonly used mode is 32 kbit/s, which doubles the usable network capacity by using half the rate of G.711. It is primarily used on international trunks in the phone network and is the standard codec used in DECT wireless phone systems. The principal application of 24 and 16 kbit/s channels is for overload channels carrying voice in digital circuit multiplication equipment (DCME). The principal application of 40 kbit/s channels is to carry data modem signals in DCME, especially for modems operating at greater than 4800 bit/s.

History
G.721 was introduced in 1984, while G.723 was introduced in 1988. They were folded into G.726 in 1990.

G.727 was introduced at the same time as G.726, and includes the same bit rates, but is optimized for packet circuit multiplex equipment (PCME) environment. This is achieved by embedding 2-bit quantizer to 3-bit quantizer and same for the higher modes. This allows dropping of the least significant bit from the bit stream without adverse effects on speech signal.

Features

 * Sampling frequency 8 kHz
 * 16 kbit/s, 24 kbit/s, 32 kbit/s, 40 kbit/s bit rates available
 * Generates a bitstream, therefore frame length is determined by packetization time (typically 80 samples for 10 ms frame size)
 * Typical algorithmic delay is 0.125 ms, with no look-ahead delay
 * G.726 is a waveform speech coder which uses Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM)
 * PSQM testing under ideal conditions yields mean opinion scores of 4.30 for G.726 (32 kbit/s), compared to 4.45 for G.711 (μ-law)
 * PSQM testing under network stress yields mean opinion scores of 3.79 for G.726 (32 kbit/s), compared to 4.13 for G.711 (μ-law)
 * 40 kbit/s G.726 can carry 12000 bit/s and slower modem signals, while 32 kbit/s G.726 can carry 2400 bit/s and slower modem signals well and 4800 bit/s with some more degradation than clear channel codecs.

Endianness and payload type
Since the byte order for data protocols in the context of the internet was generally defined as big endian and called simply network byte order, as stated (among others) by the deprecated RFC 1700, the deprecated RFC 1890 did not explicitly define the endianness of the predecessor of G.726, G.721, in RTP either. Instead of that, in the deprecated RFC 1890, the use of big endian by the term network byte order was generally stated for all mentioned codecs again: ""For multi-octet encodings, octets are transmitted in network byte order (i.e., most significant octet first)." — IETF, the deprecated RFC 1890, section 4.2"

The payload type for G.721 was defined by the deprecated RFC 1890 as 2, thus. In drafts for newer version of this RFC, it was reused for G.726, i.e..

Contrary to that the ITU explicitly defined the byte order in its recommendations regarding G.726 or respectively ADPCM, but in two different ways. Recommendation X.420 states, that it shall be little endian, respecting recommendation I.366.2 Annex E it should be big endian. This led to contradicting decisions in various implementations, as some manufacturers opted for little endian and others for big endian. The consequence was, that these implementations were incompatible, as decoding using the wrong byte order results in a heavily distorted audio signal. Therefore the unclear definition was fixed by the RFC 3551, which replaces RFC 1890. Section 4.5.4 in RFC 3551 defines the classical MIME-types G726-16, 24, 32 and 40 as little endian and introduces new MIME types for big endian, which are AAL2-G726-16, 24, 32 and 40. The payload type was changed to dynamic, in order to prevent confusion. Instead of payload type 2 a dynamic payload in the range from 96 to 127 shall be used:

""Note that the "little-endian" direction in which samples are packed into octets in the G726-16, -24, -32 and -40 payload formats specified here is consistent with ITU-T Recommendation X.420, but is the opposite of what is specified in ITU-T Recommendation I.366.2 Annex E for ATM AAL2 transport. A second set of RTP payload formats matching the packetization of I.366.2 Annex E and identified by MIME subtypes AAL2-G726-16, -24, -32 and -40 will be specified in a separate document." — IETF, RFC 3551, section 4.5.4"

""Payload type 2 was assigned to G721 in RFC 1890 and to its equivalent successor G726-32 in draft versions of this specification, but its use is now deprecated and that static payload type is marked reserved due to conflicting use for the payload formats G726-32 and AAL2-G726-32 (see Section 4.5.4)" — IETF, RFC 3551, section 6"

Newer implementations respect the RFC 3551 and clearly distinct between G726-xx (little endian) and AAL2-G726-xx (big endian). The Gigaset C610 IP DECT phone, e.g., generates the following code in its SIP INVITE:

→ dynamic payload type 96 and G.726 according to X.420, thus little endian, as defined in RFC 3551 → dynamic payload type 97 and G.726 according to I.366.2 Annex E, thus big endian, as defined in RFC 3551 → static payload type 2 and G.726 with unpredictable endianness, like G.721 according to the deprecated RFC 1890

title: G.726


text:
Parliament House, Melbourne

Parliament House is the meeting place of the Parliament of Victoria, one of the parliaments of the Australian states and territories.

Located on Spring Street on the edge of the Hoddle Grid, the grand colonnaded front dominates the vista up Bourke Street. Construction began in 1855, and the first stage was officially opened the following year, with various sections completed over the following decades; it has never been completed, and the planned dome is one of the most well known unbuilt features of Melbourne. Between 1901 and 1927, it served as the meeting place of the Parliament of Australia, during the period when Melbourne was the temporary national capital. The building is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.

Site
The Victorian gold rush and population boom led calls for greater democracy and a home for political debate in Victoria. Prior to the Colony of Victoria acquiring self-government in 1851, Governor Charles La Trobe instructed Surveyor General Robert Hoddle to select a site for the colony's new parliament to meet. Hoddle selected a site on the eastern hill at the top of Bourke Street, which commanded a view over the entire city. It was not until April 1854 that Eastern Hill, the current Spring Street site, was formally agreed to due to ongoing disagreements over the best location.

Design
The exact sequence of events is unclear, with a number of architects and designs chosen and rejected in succession, with the final result possibly based on earlier work. The first design appeared as early as 1851 by then Colonial Architect Henry Ginn; however, the Legislative Council then decided to have a competition in 1853, which Ginn took as a slight and resigned. A design by Smith & Pritchard won first prize, but this was soon set aside as well. The Colony's newly arrived Chief Engineer (from Nov 1855 Commissioner of Public Works) Captain Pasley was asked to prepare a design by April 1854, possibly for a unicameral building, which may have been soon reworked into one for a bi-cameral Parliament, which had just been decided upon. A design was published in c1854 showing a restrained Palladian building much like the then recently started State Library of Victoria; this design was credited to Knight & Kerr "under the general directions of Captain Pasley". John Knight and Peter Kerr had just formed a partnership, and Knight may possibly still have been an architect within the Public Works Department at this time, while also practicing privately. This design was also apparently deemed unsuitable, and Knight & Kerr were employed separately to create a much grander design by 1855, which was perhaps mainly a reworking of the 1854 design. This design is extraordinarily impressive and elaborate for a fledgling colony, albeit one flush with the results of the recent gold rush. It featured a columned screen on at least three sides, with end and central bays set forward, statuary atop the cornice, grand stairs, and a tall multi-stage columned and domed tower. Images of this design were also published, and photographs exist of a model of the scheme. Knight & Kerr are credited with the design of the first stages of Parliament House when construction commenced in 1855.

Chambers: 1855–1856
It was decided to construct the building in stages, owing to its vast size and cost, so construction began in December 1855 on only the two chambers, one for the Victorian Legislative Assembly and a smaller more ornate chamber for the Victorian Legislative Council. Construction progressed rapidly and on 25 November 1856, the first session of the Victorian Government in the new chambers was opened, to great acclaim.

Library and Eastern Wing: 1858–1860
Construction of the Library and eastern wing began in 1858 and was completed in 1860. There was much debate about an appropriate stone for the exterior, with a desire to use stone from Victoria, though none could be found that were known to be entirely suitable. Bluestone was rejected as too dark and sombre, local granite as too expensive, even Carrara marble was considered, but freestone from Bacchus Marsh was chosen. This proved to decay rapidly and large parts had to be replaced with stone from Tasmania within a few years. With the library complete, the two legislative chambers were joined at the rear, resulting in a `U-shaped' building. The classical architectural detail of the east facade were noted as the first expression of Peter Kerr's vision for the building. No further construction took place for 18 years; however, the first set of electrical bells used to call members to divisions were installed circa 1877.

Queen's Hall, Vestibule and Proposed Dome: 1879–1882
In 1876 a Royal Commission was formed to recommend the next steps. It tabled several changes, including the addition of a large dome, and the appointment of Peter Kerr as leading architect, and a resumption of construction. Kerr produced new plans for the completion of the building in 1877, replacing the tower with a dome, and replacing the complex external architecture with a simpler design dominated by a long colonnade. This is the design that is widely known and referred to as the 'original' design.

Though a radical simplification of the 1855 design, the main facade bears a strong similarity to Leeds Town Hall, designed 1853, and completed 1858, which is somewhat smaller and less elaborate. The dome however is quite different to Leeds’ square columned tower, which is however similar to the 1855 Melbourne tower, designed about the time a tower was added to the Leeds Town Hall design.

The Great Hall (renamed Queen's Hall in 1887) and vestibule were completed in 1879, with the Commission continuing to produce reports on the progress. Their report of 1878 noted the progress on the construction of the Queens Hall and Vestibule (up to the base of the proposed dome), and that there was still no agreement on a suitable stone for the exterior.

Queen's Hall was used for formal receptions and banquets, while the Vestibule offered a formal entry to Parliament House, though the grand front steps were not to be completed for another decade.

West Front and Stairs 1881–1891
Planning for the construction of the grand classical colonnaded front of the building facing Bourke Street as envisaged in the 1877 plan was to follow on immediately after the completion of the previous section, but construction was delayed by the ongoing desire to find a suitable Victorian stone for the exterior. Work in interiors progressed, with the imported Minton tiled floor of the Vestibule laid in 1888, spelling out a quote from Proverbs 11:14: "Where no Counsel is the People Fall; but in the Multitude of Counsellors there is Safety". Eventually sandstone from Mt Difficult in the Grampians National Park was decided upon, and a quarry was opened up. The colonnade with the grand front entry stairs was completed in 1889, and final interior decoration was completed in 1890. Final elements like the ornate wrought-iron fence around the grounds and the elaborate cast-iron lamps and the bronze lions of the entry stairs were completed over the next year. A contract for the north wing was let in 1890, with the dome to follow, but the boom years of the 1880s were over, and the subsequent economic depression of the 1890s meant no further work was started.

Refreshment Rooms 1927–1929
After the Federal Parliament relocated to Canberra in 1927, the Federal Government paid for the last major addition, the refreshment rooms occupying the northeast corner. The exterior followed the 1877 design, and it was completed in 1929.

Temporary home of Federal Parliament
From 1901 to 1927, Parliament House was the first home of the Commonwealth of Australia's Federal Government, since the new capital city envisaged in the Australian Constitution did not yet exist and there were long delays in finding a site and commencing construction. During these years the Victorian Parliament met in the Royal Exhibition Building in Carlton.

Many of the major events of the early federal period took place in this building, including the formation of the Federal Parliamentary Australian Labor Party, the "fusion" of the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party into the first Liberal Party in 1909, the declaration of the Great War in 1914, and the split in the Labor Party over conscription in 1916.

Modern use and developments
The building resumed its original use as the Victorian Parliament chambers in 1928. Parliament House was then listed on the Victorian Heritage Register in 1982 and celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2005–6.

Several modern governments have expressed interest in completing Pasley and Kerr's original design by constructing the dome but were deterred by the substantial cost. Notably, the 1992 Kennett government established a committee to examine building the dome. Kennett and the then Opposition Leader John Brumby reached an agreement in 1996 for the building to be completed by the turn of the century. The idea was then abandoned by Kennett when he learned the original site of the sandstone mined for the building, now within Grampians National Park, could not be re-mined.

From 2016 to 2018, a $40 million two-storey office building was constructed in the gardens of Parliament House for MPs' use. The building is embedded into the landscape to specifically reduce its impact on Parliament House and other nearby buildings. The new building is called the Members Annexe and contains 102 offices for members of the Parliament of Victoria. The building was designed by Peter Elliott Architecture and Urban Design. The annexe is deliberately sunk to preserve the view of Parliament House. Its pincer shape ensures quick access for members to return to the legislative chambers within four minutes when votes are called.

The stairs on the west front of Parliament House are frequently used by protestors and activitists to draw attention to contentious issues. Notable protests that used the stairs as a gathering point and podium for speeches include the 2020 Black Lives Matter protest and several anti-lockdown protests during the COVID-19 pandemic, While individuals or groups are not required to obtain permission from the City of Melbourne to hold a protest on the stairs of Parliament House, the City of Melbourne encourages notifying Victoria Police of planned activities in advance.

title: Parliament House, Melbourne


text:
Tura, Hungary

Tura is a town in Pest County, Hungary. In 2001 Tura became a city.

Geography
Tura lies between the Great Plain and Mátra Hills, in the Galga Valley.

Communications
The Bagi Junction of the M3 motorway and primary route 32 (from Jászfényszarú) serve the town.

Express and stopping trains of the Hungarian State Railways serve the town on the Budapest—Hatvan—Miskolc line.

Around the end of the 19th and start of the 20th centuries the MÁV (Hungarian State Railways) employed more and more people in Tura and it became a railway town.

History
The first mention of Tura is as Thwra in a charter (Varadi Regestrum) of 1220. At that time the Ákos family owned the town. In 1425 one of the family's descendants, Miklós Ördög Prodavizi, gave the estate to King Sigismund (Zsigmond) in exchange for other properties.

A charter of 1523 mentions that the settlement levied its own taxation. In 1544, after the capture of Buda by the Ottoman Empire three years earlier, Tura came under Turkish rule. The town was never emptied and its church survived that period. Even though in 1594 Simon Forgách won in battle against the Turkish army, the Turkish still ruled Tura for centuries more. In 1633–34 the settlement was mentioned as a Turkish town with two taxable lands. At the end of Turkish rule there were only 61 families in the town.

In the 18th century Tura's population started to grow because of agriculture. Trade improved and people sold their goods in the Buda, Pest, Miskolc, Hatvan, Vác and Gyöngyös markets. In 1740 Tura was Antal Hévizi Nagy’s land and it became a duty-free town. At that time there were 59 taxable houses.

Until 1873 Tura was owned by the Esterházy family, but they sold it to Baron Sigismund Schossberger. On 20 July 1849 one of the biggest battles of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 took place in Tura, between Mór Perczel's and Alexander Petrovich Tolstoy’s troops. In 1910 there were 900 houses and 4759 inhabitants.

Economy
Tura had a leading role in agriculture. In the Alsó-Galga (Lower Galga) animal breeding and fruit cultivation was significant. Collective farming started in 1949. Later on, industrialisation started to improve too. At one time there were 200 employees. In the 1990s the collective farms started to be privatised and new owners rented them out.

The main industries are vegetable and flower cultivation and the Galga-Coop plc sells the goods at the local market or in Budapest.

In April 2024, the Hungarian oil company MOL found new crude oil deposits near the town.

Landmarks

 * Roman Catholic church
 * Lake Kónya
 * Schossberger Castle (by Miklós Ybl, built in 1883). The building is in the middle of a 10 ha park
 * Baroque granary (built in 1808) near the castle
 * 200 years old Roman Catholic Church. There are some Gothic ruins under the church
 * Folk museum, opened in 1989
 * Obelisk to honour the battle of 1849, standing 8 m high
 * Dora Mill
 * Town hall, built in 1902
 * Nature reserve
 * Hot spa.

Events

 * Rock festival (every summer)

Notable people

 * István Bata (1910–1982), military officer and politician.
 * László Gellér (b. 1944), ski champion (competitions in Hungary)
 * George de Hevesy (1885–1966), winner of the 1943 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * Géza Kovács, director of the Hungarian National Philharmonic
 * Lászó Kovács (1908–1962), chorister teacher, the inaugural winner of the Kossuth Prize
 * Mária Maczkó (b. 1961), folk singer and master of folk art
 * József Szaszkó, master of the zither
 * Sándor Sára (b. 1933), film director and documentary film maker, the first director of Duna TV
 * József Szénási, journalist

Tura in folk art
Tura is famous for its folk songs and needlework. Béla Bartók the composer collected more than 150 folk songs in Tura in 1906. His name is on the wall of the Tura Community Centre. The famous embroidery of Tura boasts a long history and was particularly popular after the Second World War, when many clothing designers began using it in their work.

Twin towns – sister cities
Tura is twinned with:
 * 🇷🇴 Sântimbru, Romania (1990)
 * 🇸🇰 Jasov, Slovakia (1993)

title: Tura, Hungary


text:
Closer (Nine Inch Nails song)

"Closer" is a song by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails, released as the second single on their second studio album, The Downward Spiral (1994). Released in May 1994, it is considered one of Nine Inch Nails' signature songs and remains their most popular song. Most versions of the single are titled "Closer to God", a rare example in music of a single's title differing from the title of its A-side ("Closer to God" is also the title of an alternate version of "Closer" featured on the single, which was also released as a separate promotional single for club-play). The single is the ninth official Nine Inch Nails release, making it "Halo 9" in the band's official Halo numbering system.

A promotional single provided by the label to radio stations included both long and short vocal-censored (i.e. silenced profanity) versions. Although the song addresses themes such as self-hatred and obsession, its sexually aggressive chorus led to widespread misinterpretation of the song as an anthem of lust, which helped it become Nine Inch Nails' most successful single up to that time and cemented Trent Reznor's status as an industrial rock icon. Commercially, "Closer" reached No. 41 on the US Billboard Hot 100, No. 25 on the UK Singles Chart, and No. 3 on the Australian Singles Chart. Censored versions of the song and its Mark Romanek-directed music video received substantial airplay on radio and MTV.

Composition
"Closer" has been described as industrial rock   and alternative rock. "Closer" uses elements of funk, avant-garde, and electronic music. The drum track of "Closer" is built around a heavily modified sample of the bass drum from the 1977 Iggy Pop song "Nightclubbing", which was performed by a Roland drum machine. The samples were produced using two Akai S1100 samplers, each with an expander, essentially making up four samplers. The samples were then combined with beats produced by a Roland R-70 drum machine. The production features sound effects such as a bass squelch, synth echo, and feedback growl. Radio edits of "Closer" were created by muting the vocal track for the duration of each deleted obscenity.

Lyrically, "Closer" is a song about self-hatred and obsession; to Reznor's dismay, the song was widely misinterpreted as a lust anthem due to its chorus, which famously includes the lines "I wanna fuck you like an animal / I wanna feel you from the inside". In 2003, VH1 ranked the song at No. 93 in its countdown of the "100 Greatest Songs of the Past 25 Years." The song was ranked at No. 2 on AOL's "69 Sexiest Songs of All Time" due to the explicit frankness of the chorus. Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee, said of the song, "Come on dude: 'I wanna fuck you like an animal'? That's the all-time fuck song. Those are pure fuck beats—Trent Reznor knew what he was doing. You can fuck to it, you can dance to it and you can break shit to it."

Although there were numerous remixes of "Closer", the version titled "Closer to God" was heavily reworked, as the vocals were completely re-recorded and the overall song retained only a few elements from the original version. "Closer to God" was also released as a promotional single separate from "Closer", mainly intended for club-play.

Reception
"Closer" had some radio airplay before it was released as a single. This factor increased within weeks, leading Interscope to release the song as a single in May 1994. When it premiered, the single charted on several US Billboard magazine music listings. Debuting near the bottom spot of the Billboard Hot 100, it barely missed the top 40, peaking at No. 41. It climbed to No. 11 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart, and also went on to reach No. 35 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart and No. 29 on the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales chart. "Closer" was the band's first crossover hit and remains their most popular song to date.

The single was successful in several other countries as well. It charted the highest in Australia, where it rose to No. 3 on the week of November 13, 1994, and was the country's 87th most successful single of 1994. Although "Closer" did not initially appear on Canada's official music chart during its original release, it reached a peak of No. 5 on the Canadian Singles Chart in February 2002. It also did not chart in Denmark until 2007, when it reached No. 12 in July. In the United Kingdom, the single reached No. 25.

The aforementioned "Closer to God" version of the song charted at No. 29 on the Billboard Dance Music/Club Play Singles.

The song was voted in at No. 62 on Triple J's Hottest 100 of all time in 2009, and ranked No. 42 on Pitchfork Media's "Top 200 Tracks of the 90s" in 2010. In 2021, it was listed at No. 270 on Rolling Stone's "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". In 2020, Kerrang and Billboard ranked the song number five and number one, respectively, on their lists of the greatest Nine Inch Nails songs.

Music video
The music video was directed by Mark Romanek and first aired on May 12, 1994, having been filmed in April of that year. It was cut down from its original length to 4:36. Several sections of the video were shot inside the then-abandoned Linda Vista Community Hospital in Los Angeles. The video was popular and helped bolster the success of the band. Set in what appears to be a 19th-century mad scientist's laboratory, the video's imagery involves religion, sexuality, animal cruelty, politics, and terror, including: Several times, Reznor, wearing leather pants, floats and rotates through the air, suspended by invisible wires. There are also scenes of Reznor being blown back by a wind machine while wearing aviator goggles. Romanek has stated: "We made prints, and I personally spent a couple of days dragging them around the parking lot and spraying aerosol shellac and holding lighters under them. We were just making it for art's sake, and YouTube didn't exist then, so it was a pretty ballsy and extravagant thing for Trent to do. But MTV liked it, so that started a long negotiation of how we can get it on the air. I want to go on record about the monkey: That monkey was not in any danger even though he appears to be in distress. The monkey was just munching on bits of banana and enjoying himself. We had an ASPCA person on the set. It wasn't harmed, and actually got paid more than some of the crew."
 * A heart connected to some sort of device; the beat of the heart corresponds to the beat of the song
 * A little girl lounging on a chair
 * A nude, bald woman with a crucifix mask
 * A monkey, scared, panicked, tied to a cross with a picture of Jack Nicholson (photograph taken by David Bailey) on the right.
 * A severed pig's head spinning on some type of machine.
 * A diagram of the vulva/vagina
 * Reznor wearing various fetish gear, such as an S&M mask, ball gag, and long leather gloves while swinging in shackles.

These images were inspired by the work of Joel-Peter Witkin, as well as by the Brothers Quay's animated short film Street of Crocodiles. For the television version, certain removed scenes were replaced with a title card that read "Scene Missing," and the instances of the word fuck being edited out were accompanied by a stop in the video motion, making it appear as if the stop was a result of defective film (this was supposedly done to make sure the flow of the song was not affected). According to Romanek, the video was filmed using "a slightly out of date film stock but it was still a contemporary film stock."

"They had stopped making it three years before and we found some of it. All the new color film stocks have this T-Grain, like little Ts that are interlocking. The film stock we used had the original old granular grain. The new stocks are just really modern looking, really sharp, really contrasty, very fine grain. We didn't want that. Normally you don't want to use that kind of stock because the colors will be off. It does have a shelf life but in this case we didn't care, the more fucked up it was the happier we were."

The unedited version of the video was shown on Playboy TV's music video show Hot Rocks in 1994. In mid-2002, the unedited version aired on MTV2 as part of a special countdown showcasing the most controversial videos ever to air on MTV. This countdown was only shown late at night due to the sexually explicit imagery of "Closer" and several other videos.

In 2006, "Closer" was voted No. 1 in a VH1 Classic poll, "20 Greatest Music Videos of All Time."

In retrospect, Reznor said of the video that "The rarest of things occurred: where the song sounded better to me, seeing it with the video. And it's my song."

The unedited video is included in Closure, The Downward Spiral (DualDisc), Directors Label Volume 4: The Work Of Director Mark Romanek and Vevo, and it is available for download from the United States iTunes Store under the band's page. Behind-the-scenes footage with commentary by Romanek is included in Closure (DVD) and Directors Label. It is also available on YouTube, and was previously flagged there before this restriction was lifted.

Live performances
During the Self Destruct and Fragility tours, bassist Danny Lohner and guitarist Robin Finck joined Reznor and full-time keyboardists James Woolley (during the first half of the Self Destruct Tour) and Charlie Clouser (during the remaining tours) on keyboards for the song, with Reznor performing an extended synth solo. Nine Inch Nails performed the "Closer to God" rendition of the song live during their 1995 tour on numerous occasions, omitting the original song from the setlist when done so.

There are performance videos of "Closer" on And All that Could Have Been and Beside You in Time.

In the tours following the release of With Teeth, Nine Inch Nails performed a shorter version of "Closer" with the keyboard solo played as a guitar solo and a breakdown incorporating a portion of "The Only Time," a track from Pretty Hate Machine. Two performances of this version of the song appear on Beside You in Time.

Formats and track listings
The version of "Closer" on the single is 13 seconds longer than the album version; on the album, the piano tune at the end of the song is abruptly cut off in order to segue into the next track, "Ruiner". On the single, the piano and background sounds of "Closer" are allowed to play out longer.

In addition, the U.S. CD single contains five guest remixes of "Closer", a remix of its fellow The Downward Spiral track "Heresy", an instrumental track "March of the Fuckheads" (unrelated to "March of the Pigs"), and a cover version of Soft Cell's song "Memorabilia", from their 1982 EP Non Stop Ecstatic Dancing. The UK single releases contain the same tracks split between two discs (each sold separately). A cassette single was issued in the U.S. and Australia, pairing "Closer" with the music video version of Nine Inch Nails' previous single, "March of the Pigs" (which was recorded live in the studio by the then-current lineup of the band).

The single's cover artwork was done by photographer Joseph Cultice.

US CD
 * TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 95905–2
 * TVT Records / Interscope Records 0694959052 (Reissue)

US cassette
 * Nothing Records / TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 98263-4

UK CD
 * Island Records CID 596 854 059–2 (Disc 1)
 * Island Records CIDX 596 854 061–2 (Disc 2)

U.K. 12-inch vinyl – Part 1: Further Away
 * Island Records 12IS 596 854 059–1 – UK 12-inch vinyl 1

UK 12-inch vinyl – Part 2: Closer to God
 * Island Records 12ISX 596 854 061–1 – UK 12-inch vinyl 2

Other versions in other formats and countries have the same track listing as the U.S. CD release.

Personnel

 * Trent Reznor – lead and backing vocals, guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, programming, sampling
 * Chris Vrenna – drum samples
 * Flood – special hi-hat programming

Cover versions

 * "Closer" has been covered by many musical acts, including MGMT, Blood on the Dance Floor, Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine, Eric Gorfain, Maroon 5, Maxwell, The Asylum Street Spankers, Asking Alexandria, Rosetta Stone, In This Moment and Japanese Voyeurs.
 * Thirty Seconds to Mars uses samples from "Closer" when they perform "The Fantasy".
 * "Weird Al" Yankovic has paid tribute to "Closer" twice: in "The Alternative Polka" on his album Bad Hair Day, a section of the song was used in which the word "fuck" is replaced with a cartoon sound effect. "Germs" on his Running with Scissors album is a style parody of several Nine Inch Nails songs.
 * The Asylum Street Spankers occasionally perform a bluegrass version, available at the Live Music Archive.
 * In 1995, the Australian novelty act Nine Inch Richards covered the song under the title "Closer to Hogs". Sung in a southern drawl, it combined Trent Reznor's sexually charged lyrics with barnyard animal samples, humorously implying that the song is about bestiality. A video clip of the parody was taken at the Sydney Royal Easter Show. This single peaked at No. 51 in Australia.
 * In 2008, Sy Smith performed the song as part of her "Conflict Tour". In August 2010, Smith performed the song again at "Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Heights Plaza".
 * In 2014, from the compilation album in the Punk Goes 90's 2 has been covered by British rock Asking Alexandria.
 * In 2016, singer-songwriter Father John Misty covered the song live in Chicago during two separate performances.
 * Fellow Interscope act Limp Bizkit parodied "Closer" (as well "The Perfect Drug" and "Burn") in their song "Hot Dog". The chorus goes, "You wanna fuck me like an animal, You'd like to burn me on the inside, You like to think that I'm a perfect drug, Just know that nothing you do will bring you closer to me." Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst said he was a big fan of Nine Inch Nails, who has additionally inspired his music.

title: Closer (Nine Inch Nails song)


text:
Snuff (British band)

Snuff are a British punk rock band formed in Hendon in 1986. The original line-up was Duncan Redmonds on drums and vocals, Simon Wells on guitar and vocals and Andy Crighton on bass, with Dave Redmonds being added to the line-up on trombone before the release of Flibbiddydibbiddydob.

Snuff have released their material through a variety of independent record labels including their own, 10past12records, as well as on Fat Wreck Chords, a label owned by Fat Mike of NOFX.

History
The band signed to the Workers Playtime label and their first release was the Not Listening Anymore EP, which received regular airplay from BBC Radio 1 disc jockey John Peel, and reached number nine in the UK Independent Chart. Their first album was named Snuff Said, but the full album name was Snuffsaidbutgorblimeyguvstonemeifhedidn'tthrowawobblerchachachachachachachachachachachayou'regoinghomeinacosmicambience, which started their habit of playing on their supposed Cockney roots. The album peaked at number three on the UK Indie Chart.

Following up from their first album was the 'mini-album' Flibbiddydibbiddydob, featuring mainly cover versions and TV commercial jingles reworked by the band. The release was the subject of a disagreement with the British Phonographic Industry (BPI); Snuff maintained it was an EP, and as such should be eligible for the UK Singles Chart, but the BPI insisted on classifying it as an album because of the large number of tracks.

In 1991, Snuff split up. During this period all three members applied to be the bassist for Leatherface. The break-up also spawned Guns n' Wankers and Your Mum in '93–'94 and whose lineup included Simon Wells, Loz Wong, Rory Blaney, Paul McMahon and Tony Poole.

Following a reformation of the original line-up in 1994, along with permanent Hammond and trombone, Simon Wells left the band and was replaced by Loz Wong who had played in Guns n' Wankers with Simon. A while later Andy Crighton was replaced by Lee Erinmez (née Batsford) on bass. They released a Christmas single, the theme to "Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?". Steve Lamacq has also featured Snuff on his radio show. Simon Wells has since formed the band Southport, and has played occasionally with Duncan under the name Footballer's Wives.

In 2005, Snuff released a greatest hits double album. Also in 2005, Duncan Redmonds released a self-titled solo project CD, Billy No Mates, and at live shows his solo material is combined with some Snuff and Guns n' Wankers songs. Billy No Mates have two touring bands, one in Japan and one in the UK, and Redmonds has recorded different EP's with each band.

In 2006 a new band called Pot Kettle Black formed. This featured Redmonds on drums, Wells on guitar, and Wes Wasley completing the trio on bass. The line-up played a mixture of old Snuff songs (generally up until Demmamussabebonk) and new material in the same vein. The project was pronounced 'dead' by Redmonds on the 10past12 Records website guestbook in August 2007. Since then, Redmonds has played a series of gigs in Japan with Duncan's Divas, and embarked on solo acoustic gigs in the UK.

In 2008, a brief tour of Japan was announced, featuring gigs in Tokyo. Following this, the band continued to gig in 2009, supporting NOFX in Birmingham and London on their UK tour, and played both the Reading and Leeds Festivals.

Bubble and Squeak
In 2009, Duncan Redmonds released Bubble and Squeak. The album featured collaborations with numerous members of bands on similar labels or tours, including Fat Mike from NOFX, Frankie Stubbs from Leatherface and Ken Yokoyama from the Japanese punk band Hi-Standard, as well as former and current members of Snuff, Billy No Mates and Pot Kettle Black. Notably, the album also included a new track recorded by Guns n' Wankers, the first since bassist Jools Parkin suffered a brain haemorrhage.

Don't Wake Up the Kids
In March 2010, an album titled Don't Wake Up The Kids, which featured acoustic tracks recorded by Duncan Redmonds, Joey Cape of Lagwagon and Ken Yokoyama of Hi-Standard, was released on Inyaface Records. To coincide with the release of the album, Duncan Redmonds and Joey Cape toured Japan, playing a series of acoustic shows.

2011 to present
The band undertook another short tour of Japan in 2011, as well as the recording and release of a tour EP, entitled 5-4-3-2-1 Ding-a-Ling Yahon, which consisted of new songs and Japanese covers. In spring 2012, the band took to the road for a 10-date UK tour, with Oliver Stewart taking over trombone duties from Dave Redmonds. Shows included The Borderline, London, and Trillians, Newcastle. Snuff also appeared at the 2012 Rebellion festival, in Blackpool, alongside bands such as Rancid and SNFU, as well as being lead support for the summer 2012 NOFX UK tour.

In 2012, Snuff recorded their first full-length album since 2003's Disposable Income. The album, titled 5-4-3-2-1 Perhaps?, contains 12 new tracks and was released on 8 January 2013. The vinyl was released in black vinyl, limited edition purple vinyl with green haze (407 copies) and even more limited green vinyl with Fat Record Store labels (100 copies). The album also came as a CD version along with a Japanese issue with exclusive artwork.

In August 2015, Snuff completed a full UK tour supporting Bad Religion. In February 2016, they celebrated '30 Years of Snuff' with a full UK tour.

In September 2019 Snuff released a new album, There's A Lot of It About, on Fat Wreck Chords, recorded in 2018. Lee Erinmez left the band shortly after the recording and was replaced by Dan Goatham. In May 2020 Snuff released a new EP, The Wrath of Thoth.

In 2021 Snuff began recording a brand new album with a small run of UK dates. This marks the return of Dave Redmonds on trombone with his daughter Flo Redmonds adding saxophone and giving the band a three part brass section.

In 2022 Snuff announced a new 10 track album Crepuscolo dorato della bruschetta borsetta calzetta cacchetta trombetta lambretta giallo ossido, ooooooh cosi magnifico!.

Singles

 * "Not Listening" (7"/CD)
 * "1990 Tour Flexi" (7")
 * "Cubical" (7")
 * "That's Fine" (7"/CD)
 * "100% Recyclable Punk" (7")
 * "100% Recyclable Punk" (7") (limited edition of 25 with different sleeve for Japanese tour)
 * "Christmas Single" (Theme from Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? (7"))
 * "Long Ball To No-One" (7"/CD)
 * "Do Do Do EP" (7"/CD)
 * "Gandara and Friends" (7"/CD)
 * "Nick Motown" (7"/CD) ("Schminkie Minkie Pinkie" (US) (7"/CD))
 * "Yuki" (7"/CD)
 * "In The Fishtank" (CD)
 * "Oishe Deh" (CD)
 * "Australian Tour" (7"/CD)
 * "Down By Yurr" (7"/CD)
 * "What's In The Pasties" (CD)
 * "Sweet Days" (7"/CD)
 * "Blue Gravy" (2x7"/CD)
 * "VS Urban Dub" (CD)
 * "Blue Gravy Dub Versions" (CD)
 * "Chocs Away" (CD)
 * "Blue Gravy VS Urban Dub" (CD)
 * "Innafayce" (CD)
 * "A Lover's Concerto" (Digital download only)
 * "5-4-3-2-1 Ding-a-Ling Yahon" (CD)
 * "In the Stocks" (7"/Digital download)
 * “Green Glass Chippings” (Studio Live 7”)

Videos

 * High Octane Video Wounders (DVD/VHS)

title: Snuff (British band)


text:
User:Deanna Earley

Its ME!

http://www.doesnotcompute.co.uk

My pages

 * Himetric
 * National Gas Turbine Establishment
 * Performing Arts Company

Work in progress

 * /App frameworks

title: User:Deanna Earley


text:
Bergstrand (crater)

Bergstrand is a lunar impact crater that lies on the far side of the Moon. It is located just to the southeast of the prominent crater Aitken, and northeast of the walled plain Vertregt.

The rim of Bergstrand is roughly circular, except along the southwest where the larger satellite crater Bergstrand Q intrudes into the outer wall. With one small craterlet covering the southern rim, Bergstrand's outer wall is otherwise only slightly worn. There are a few small craterlets on the mostly flat interior floor.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Bergstrand.

title: Bergstrand (crater)


text:
Geno's Steaks

Geno's Steaks is a Philadelphia restaurant specializing in cheesesteaks, founded in 1966 by Joey Vento. Geno's is located in South Philadelphia at the intersection of 9th Street and Passyunk Avenue, directly across the street from rival Pat's King of Steaks, which is generally credited with having invented the cheesesteak in 1933. The cheesesteak has since become a signature dish for Philadelphia.

After Joey Vento's death in 2011, restaurant ownership was passed to his son Geno Vento.

20th century
Owner Joey Vento started a small grill venue at 9th and Passyunk in 1966 and over time his business gained praise from locals. Joey had a son in 1971 and named him Geno, who from 17 on, worked in his father's business.

According to Vento, the name 'Geno's' was chosen because 'Joe's Steak Place' was already in business. He improvised the name from a broken door on which someone had painted 'GINO' and modified the spelling to prevent confusion with a regional fast food chain called Gino's. Vento later named his own son Geno, who now is in charge of the family business.

21st century
Geno's was awarded Best of Philly for Best Takeout by Philadelphia Magazine in 2000. In April 2004, a branch of the shop opened in Citizens Bank Park, the home of the Philadelphia Phillies. This location was closed in 2006 and replaced with Rick's Steaks (operated by Rick Olivieri, grandson of Pat Olivieri, founder of Pat's King of Steaks).

On August 23, 2011, 71-year-old owner and founder Joey Vento died of a heart attack.

Geno's Steaks has branch locations at Terminal B of Philadelphia International Airport and at Rivers Casino Philadelphia.

On September 20, 2015, Geno's Steaks opened a location at Xfinity Live! Philadelphia.

Description
Geno's menu is very similar to that of Pat's. Geno's does not chop the meat while Pat's does. Geno's claims to have sold up to 4,500 sandwiches daily.

The walls, roof, and interior of Geno's are decorated with memorabilia and hundreds of autographed and framed photos of celebrities who have eaten there.

English sign controversy
In June 2006, a sign on Geno's window gained press notoriety during a national controversy over immigration. The sign reads: "This Is AMERICA: WHEN ORDERING Please "SPEAK ENGLISH"." The Philadelphia Commission on Human Relations filed a discrimination complaint, arguing that Geno's violated the city's Fair Practices Ordinance, which prohibits discrimination in public accommodation, by "denying service to someone because of his or her national origin, and having printed material making certain groups of people feel their patronage is unwelcome." Vento had previously said the signs are directed at the Mexican immigrants in the surrounding neighborhood.

Vento said that no one has been refused service for not speaking English, but said, "If I can't understand you, you might not get the sandwich you thought you ordered."

The Philadelphia Commission on Human Relations found probable cause that the sign is discriminatory. The commission says the sign could make non-English speakers feel unwelcome or discriminated against.

Vento enlisted the aid of the Southeastern Legal Foundation, a public-interest legal organization. In 2006, the Foundation had defended a bar owner cited by the Ohio Civil Rights Commission for a sign reading "For Service, Speak English." That case was settled when the owner removed the sign.

Responding in an interview with Fox News analyst Neil Cavuto, Vento stated that he does not turn away any customer, and therefore does not discriminate. He also vowed to keep his sign displayed no matter how much pressure he receives. He explained to Cavuto that his parents had to learn English when they came to the U.S. He said that if his customers order in any other language, he will give them Cheez Whiz on bread. Vento posed some rhetorical questions: "If one goes into a Puerto Rican neighborhood, how many signs would be seen in English?" and "When one is on the telephone, it may say press 1 for English, press 2 for Spanish; but where is the number for, say, Italian or Korean?"

On March 19, 2008, Philadelphia's Commission on Human Relations ruled that the restaurant did not violate the city's Fair Practices Ordinance.

The sign was quietly removed at some point before the 2016 Democratic National Convention to avoid offense.

title: Geno's Steaks


text:
Davy (crater)

Davy is a small lunar impact crater that is located on the eastern edge of the Mare Nubium. It was named after British physicist Humphry Davy. It overlies the lava-flooded remains of the satellite crater Davy Y to the east, a formation which contains a crater chain designated Catena Davy. To the southeast of Davy is the prominent crater Alphonsus.

The outer rim of Davy is low, and the interior has been partly resurfaced. The perimeter is somewhat polygonal in shape, especially in the western half, and the southeast rim has been overlain by Davy A. The latter is bowl-shaped with a notch in the northern rim. The interior of Davy lacks a central peak, although there are some low central mounds and the rim of Davy Y forms a low ridge leading from the northern outer rim.

Catena Davy
This linear string of 23 tiny craters runs from the midpoint of Davy Y towards the walled basin Ptolemaeus, following a slightly curving course to the east-northeast. It is located at selenographic coordinates 11.0° S, 7.0° W, and has a length of 50 km.

This formation is not believed to be due to secondary cratering because it is not radial to a suitable source crater. The most likely cause is believed to be a single body that broke apart prior to impact due to tidal effects. High resolution images have demonstrated that the craters formed at about the same time since the ejecta from each crater does not overlay neighboring craters. However, there are still some scientists who believe that this chain of craters may be volcanic in origin.

In 1974, six of the craters in the chain were given "unofficial" names for use in connection with NASA's Topophotomap 77D1S1(10). These names, listed below, were later adopted by the IAU. Their positions in the chain are not readily distinguished based on their official coordinates, but they are well identified on the topophotomap.

Catena Davy was considered as a possible early Apollo landing site.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Davy.

title: Davy (crater)


text:
User talk:Monkeyc

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 14:49, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Monkeyc