text:
Talk:Flag of Israel

Interpretation of Colours is IR
It just sources a bunch of random Jewish religious texts which ascribe significance to various colours and claims that therefore that is the interpretation of the colours of the flag. It provides no value and should be deleted. 188.64.206.54 (talk) 04:23, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

 * We have an article Blue in Judaism... AnonMoos (talk) 20:01, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 16 August 2022
Switch positions of "Flag-of-Israel-4-Zachi-Evenor.jpg" and "Buchenwald-released-palestine-bound.gif" Kxeon (talk) 19:03, 16 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: What's the purpose of this request? A justification for why the Buchenwald image should be first is that it is a historically important image, and the Evenor image is bland (and bland enough to have some justification for removal). SWinxy (talk) 05:07, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

Colours
The Colour "תכלת" is called azure in English as such the flag colour are azure and white and not blue and white, Use Blue and White terminology by Israelis isn't real evidence to the actual official colours of the flag there is legal document that reference the colour in Hebrew and translation isn't that hard

It is dark azure! Multiverse Union (talk) 20:30, 24 October 2022 (UTC)

 * There's a whole article devoted to the meaning of that word... -- AnonMoos (talk) 11:16, 26 October 2022 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 13 October 2023
we need to add about the palistine war Iiioioioiooo (talk) 18:12, 13 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: If you can provide well-sourced information related to the flag, please do provide it here. You are likely looking for 2023 Israel-Hamas war and the numerous related articles. Tollens (talk) 19:51, 13 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Iiioioioiooo -- What is the relevance of the current conflict to the flag? Please explain... AnonMoos (talk) 20:11, 13 October 2023 (UTC)

Colours section
The "Colours" section of the article is completely empty except for a table containing the specific values of the colors of the flag, which appears to be wholy unsourced?

I'm not a Hebrew speaker, let alone a native one, but I have an interest in historical linguistics and it's my understanding that legislation simply describes the flag of a תְּכֵלֶת (təḵēleṯ) color, which in Modern Hebrew refers to a sky blue color, but historically refered to an indigo-like color extracted from a species of sea snail. It feels like this information should be in the article.

If the flag has no legal specifications for its color, than the table should be removed, if it has, then those specifications should be sourced. Pescavelho (talk) 12:16, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

 * We have a whole article on Tekhelet... AnonMoos (talk) 08:59, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I feel like it merits mention in this article anyways, the Colours section is completely empty otherwise. Regardless, my issue is mostly that the color table in this article, which lays out specific color codes, cites no sources. Normally I'd just add an Unreferenced section template but the page is protected so I'm bringing this up in the talk page. Pescavelho (talk) 16:18, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The International Flag Book in Color, by Christian-Fogd Pedersen, noted that the shade of blue on the national flag is variable. 73.75.170.176 (talk) 19:01, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flag of Israel


text:
Eduard Vogel

Eduard Vogel (7 March 1829 – February 1856) was a German explorer in Central Africa.

Early career
Vogel was born in Krefeld. He studied mathematics, botany and astronomy at Leipzig and Berlin, studying with Encke at the latter institution. In 1851, he was engaged as assistant astronomer to director John Russel Hind at George Bishop's private observatory in London. That year August Heinrich Petermann introduced Vogel to the Royal Geographical Society.

Africa commission
In 1853 Petermann arranged for Vogel to be chosen by the British government to join the Richardson, Overweg and Barth expedition with supplies. That expedition had been sent to Africa in 1849 to find a trade route that bypassed the Arabs. Vogel was to be a replacement for Richardson who had died two years earlier and was tasked to make geographical and meteorological observations and to collect botanical specimens. In 1853, the expedition was in the western Sudan.

Vogel sailed from England on 20 February 1853. The day Vogel left London, news had arrived that Overweg had also died, leaving Barth on his own.

Meeting Barth
On 25 July, Vogel left Tripoli with a caravan to catch up with Barth. Vogel arrived at the end of the Trans-Saharan trade route, Kuka, the capital of Bornu on 13 January 1854. Vogel's specimens, and the fact that both expedition engineers were soldiers, made the king there suspicious of his intentions, and Vogel's movements were severely restricted.

Instead of waiting for Barth to return, on 19 July, Vogel joined a steamboat expedition heading up the Niger and Benue Rivers to the Mandara Mountains where he was imprisoned by the king of Mora who had received a message about the suspicious stranger from Bornu. Vogel eventually escaped to Marghi in Nigeria where he waited for news of Barth. Upon hearing of a change of king in Bornu, Vogel returned to wait for Barth, whom he met December 1854.

By some accounts Vogel was disliked by the other members of the expedition due to his poor attitude, difficult personality and unwillingness to learn Arabic, the lingua franca of north Africa. The arrival of Barth helped defuse some of the conflict, although one of the two engineers refused to travel any further while Vogel was part of the expedition. Barth himself contemplated getting rid of Vogel and stealing his equipment.

Further exploration
Vogel left Barth, and taking one engineer and four servants headed for Bauchi where he ingratiated himself with the Emir by killing a man the Emir disliked. He then became the first European to cross the Muri mountains angering the Tangale people in the process as he desecrated their shrines by sleeping in them during the journey. He penetrated south to the upper course of the Benue, returning to Kuka 1 December 1855. From this date, the notes of his expedition cease.

Death
Vogel left Kuka for the Nile Valley, leaving his engineer, MacGuire, with his notes and specimen collections. Vogel got as far as Wadai (also spelled Ouaddai) in southern Sudan. MacGuire may have known of Vogel's fate but was killed by brigands while returning to Tripoli. Several search expeditions were organized to ascertain Vogel's fate and to recover his papers, but it was not until 1873 that Gustav Nachtigal, on reaching Wadai, learnt of the circumstances of Vogel's February 1856 death in Wara, the capital of Wadai.

Nachtigal's account was that Vogel's odd habit of existing almost solely on eggs and writing with a pencil rather than the expected ink was of concern to the Sultan's advisors who had advised the Sultan to kill him "just in case". The sultan was hesitant but Vogel then climbed Mount Treya which was sacred and off limits to all but the highest officials. Vogel was beaten to death by Kubartu with iron tipped cudgels. According to Nachtigal, Kubartu were a Wadai clan consisting of musicians and executioners.

Family
His sister Elise Vogel Polko was a popular German novelist. She published his notes in her Erinnerungen an einen Verschollenen (1863). Another resource is Adolf Pahde's Der Afrikaforscher Eduard Vogel. Hamburg, 1889 (first published Krefeld, 1886).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eduard Vogel


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Carl Pavano

Carl Anthony Pavano (born January 8, 1976) is an American former professional baseball player. A right-handed pitcher, Pavano played in Major League Baseball from 1998 to 2012 for the Montreal Expos, Florida Marlins, New York Yankees, Cleveland Indians, and Minnesota Twins. He was a member of the 2003 World Series champions and appeared in the 2004 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. He signed with the Yankees in 2005, where he became known for his frequent injuries during his four year stint with the team.

Amateur career
Born in New Britain, Connecticut, Pavano graduated from Southington High School in Southington, Connecticut, the alma mater of former major league pitcher Rob Dibble. Pavano's retired jersey (number 14) still hangs (unretired as of 2011). At Southington, Pavano led the baseball team to a state championship in 1994. Pavano initially committed to play college baseball at Louisiana State.

Boston Red Sox
Pavano was selected by the Boston Red Sox in the 13th round (355th overall) of the amateur draft. In 1996, with the A level Michigan Battle Cats, he was 6–6 with a 3.44 ERA in 22 starts. This earned him a number of honors including Baseball America first team Minor League All-Star, Double-A All-Star, Eastern League All-Star & Pitcher of the Year and Red Sox minor league player of the year. In 1997, with the AA Trenton Thunder, he was 16–5 with a 2.63 ERA in 26 starts and was selected as a Triple-A All-Star.

Montreal Expos
In November, he was sent to Montreal, along with pitcher Tony Armas Jr., in a trade that brought Pedro Martínez to Boston. Pavano made his Major League debut on May 23, 1998 by starting and pitching seven strong innings against the Philadelphia Phillies. He allowed one run and struck out six while allowing no walks. He recorded his first win on June 2, 1998 when he pitched 7.1 innings, also against the Phillies. Pavano is well known for giving up Mark McGwire's 70th home run in the 1998 season. He pitched four and one-half seasons for the Expos, making 78 starts and had a record of 24–35 and an ERA of 4.83.

Florida Marlins
Pavano was traded to the Florida Marlins in the middle of the season (with Graeme Lloyd, Mike Mordecai and Justin Wayne) for Cliff Floyd, Wilton Guerrero and Claudio Vargas.

Despite having been plagued by injuries, Pavano became an important part of Florida's starting rotation and had a highly successful postseason in for the World Series champion Marlins. He started Game 4 of the Series against the Yankees, holding New York to one run over eight innings in a game the Marlins would go on to win, 4–3, in extra innings.

Pavano followed up his playoff exploits with his best season to date in, posting an 18–8 record and a 3.00 ERA.

New York Yankees
Pavano became a free agent following the season and, despite receiving bigger offers from Boston, Detroit, and Cincinnati, chose to accept a four-year contract worth $39.95 million with the New York Yankees on December 20, 2004.

Pavano began the 2005 season with quality starts in seven of his first 10 appearances, compiling a 4–2 record and a 3.69 ERA. However, in June of that year, he injured his right shoulder and went on the disabled list. Pavano made 17 starts and finished 4–6 with a 4.77 ERA. The Yankees expected him to be healthy for the 2006 season, but Pavano began the season on the disabled list after bruising his buttocks in a spring training game. He did not pitch at all in the Majors in 2006, making only minor league rehab starts. On August 15, 2006, Pavano broke two ribs in an automobile accident after he hit another vehicle with his Porsche in West Palm Beach, Florida. His girlfriend at the time, Gia Allemand, was with him in the car. However, he did not tell the Yankees about the incident until August 28, the day they informed him that they planned for him to come off the disabled list to play that Thursday.

In spring training in 2007, Yankees pitcher Mike Mussina said that Pavano needed to prove that he wanted to pitch for the team. Mussina said he did not believe he was the only Yankee who felt this way. "It didn't look good from a player's and teammate's standpoint," Mussina said of Pavano's injuries. "Was everything just coincidence? Over and over again? I don't know." Manager Joe Torre explained that the amount of work Pavano needed to do in repairing his clubhouse image was "sizable." Later that season, after ace Chien-Ming Wang injured his right hamstring late in spring training, the Yankees chose Pavano to start on Opening Day against the Tampa Bay Devil Rays at Yankee Stadium. On April 15, 2007, Pavano was placed on the 15-day DL with what was described as an "elbow strain". On May 23, 2007, it was reported that Pavano would opt for Tommy John surgery on his elbow.

In December 2007, the Yankee organization asked Pavano to accept a minor league contract to clear space on their 40-man roster. Pavano's agent, Tom O'Connell, stated that Pavano would consider the request, but he later turned it down. O'Connell also stated that Pavano's rehabilitation was going faster than expected and he might be available to pitch at the Major League level by mid-summer 2008.

On July 29, 2008, Pavano made his first rehab start since his Tommy John surgery for the Charleston RiverDogs, allowing one hit and one walk in two scoreless innings.

Pavano made his first start of the 2008 season during the Yankees series against the Baltimore Orioles on August 23, 2008, pitching five innings, giving up three earned runs on seven hits, one walk and five strikeouts in the 5–3 Yankees win. He made his second start of the season against the Toronto Blue Jays on August 29 and was victorious, pitching six strong innings in the Yankees' 2–1 win.

Since his first stint on the disabled list, Pavano did not endear himself to his Yankee teammates, and he stated that he would not visit the team when they played in Tampa Bay, near where he was rehabilitating. Meanwhile, Pavano's agent Tom O'Connell believed that Pavano would still be a desired commodity on the free-agent market that winter, even with his injury history. "Carl's a 1–2 starter. Those guys don't grow on trees. Those guys are very rare, 200-inning guys are very rare in this game, and they're the ones that make the money. And he did it two years in a row, before he got hurt, and I'm sure he's going to do it again," O'Connell said.

During a game Pavano started on September 14, he allowed three earned runs and five hits before he left the mound in the sixth inning following a visit by the trainer and manager Joe Girardi. Pavano was pitching to Eric Hinske with one out and a runner on first when he got the mound visit. After a short discussion, Pavano walked off the field as the sellout crowd showered him with boos. It was reported as a "left hip injury."

Due to his repeated injuries with the Yankees, the New York media began derisively referring to Pavano as "American Idle." During his time with the Yankees, he pitched a combined 26 MLB games over four seasons, compared to 31 with the Marlins in 2004.

Cleveland Indians
On January 6, 2009, Pavano signed a one-year deal with the Cleveland Indians worth $1.5 million with a possible $5.3 million in incentives.

Minnesota Twins
On August 7, 2009, Pavano was traded to the Minnesota Twins, for whom he lost the clinching third game against the Yankees in the 2009 American League Division Series (ALDS).

Following the season, Pavano filed for free agency, but later accepted the Twins' offer through salary arbitration. He ended up having his best season since 2004. During the stretch from May 29 to August 13, Pavano compiled a record of 11–2 with an ERA of 2.79, including twice throwing back-to-back complete games in which one was also a shutout. He went 17–11 with an ERA of 3.75 over the course of the season (in which he also threw 221 innings) and helped the Twins run away with the Central Division title. However, in the playoffs Pavano lost Game 2 of the 2010 ALDS to the Yankees at Target Field 5–2, and the Twins were swept in three games to end the season.

For 2010, Pavano was named the Twins' Pitcher of the Year, receiving the Joseph W. Haynes Award.

On January 19, 2011, Pavano agreed to a two-year, $16.5 million contract with the Twins. He was paid $8 million in 2011 and $8.5 million in 2012, along with up to $500,000 in incentives.

Pavano was the Opening Day starter for the Twins on April 1, 2011, giving up seven earned runs over 4+ innings in a 13–3 loss to the Toronto Blue Jays.

On May 1, 2011, after performing poorly against the Kansas City Royals, Pavano took a bat to a trashcan in the Minnesota Twins dugout after being removed in the sixth inning of a 10–3 loss. Pavano responded by saying "That's as frustrated as I can get. It actually felt pretty good. I just kept whaling away with it. The (bat) wouldn't break. I couldn't break a bat in the dugout and I couldn't break any out there (on the mound). It was embarrassing." Pavano's stats as of his May 8 start were 2–4 and an ERA of 6.64, the highest of any Twins pitcher at this point in the season. However, on May 13, 2011, Pavano threw $5 1/3$ scoreless innings against the Blue Jays but got the no decision in the Twins 2–0 loss. His pitching continued to improve through late May and early June. Pavano recorded his 100th win in a complete game two-run performance on June 3 against Kansas City, and he pitched another complete game win 12 days later against the White Sox. Pavano continued the season with mixed success. He finished with a 9–13 record and a 4.30 ERA, closing out the Twins' season with a shutout of Kansas City Royals. Of the five starting pitchers for the Twins in 2011, Pavano was the only one who remained in the rotation for the entire season. Francisco Liriano, Brian Duensing, Nick Blackburn, and Scott Baker all missed starts due to injuries.

Pavano was again the opening day starter for the Twins in 2012. He took the loss after allowing four runs on five hits in seven innings pitched against the Baltimore Orioles.

He announced his retirement from baseball on February 26, 2014.

Analyst
Pavano served as an analyst for Fox Sports Florida for Miami Marlins pre- and postgame shows starting with the 2014 season. He was dropped in 2017.

Pitching style
Pavano was a sinkerballer. He threw his sinker and less-used four-seam fastball in the mid-to-upper 80s. He also had a slider and changeup, the former primarily used against right-handed hitters and the latter primarily against lefties.

title: Carl Pavano


text:
Beacon Hill, Leicestershire

Beacon Hill, near Loughborough, in Leicestershire, England, is a popular country park. It is one of several beacon hills in the United Kingdom. It is part of Beacon Hill, Hangingstone and Outwoods Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Description
The park consists of over 135 ha of grassland and woodland and offers recreational walking, and some short climbs. With a maximum height of 248 m, it is the second highest point in Leicestershire after Bardon Hill, although the OS map shows Birch Hill, which is near Copt Oak to be 254m.

An extinct volcano, in Whitwick, 4 mi to the west, was responsible for the fine-grained igneous rocks that the hill consists of. Beacon Hill was the site of a Bronze Age hill fort. Today a toposcope indicates landmarks which can be seen from the summit. These include Lincoln Cathedral and the hills of the Peak District.

Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station is aligned so that, seen from the summit, only two of its eight cooling towers are visible.

On a clear day Belvoir Castle can be seen as well as the hills in the Peak District. Derby, Nottingham, and the tower of Lincoln Cathedral can be seen  with a pair of binoculars. Loughborough is seen below the hill as is Beaumanor Hall. You can also hear and see steam trains on the Great Central Railway which has stations at Loughborough, Quorn and Woodhouse.

It was featured on the 2005 TV programme Seven Natural Wonders as one of the wonders of the Midlands. There are some very interesting rocks on the summit.

Nearby are two small woods both accessible to the public. Jubilee Wood is 2 mi north-west of the lower Beacon hill car park on the Woodhouse Eaves to Nanpantan road and the Outwoods which is adjacent to Jubilee Wood. The park has been awarded the Green Flag Award.

Native tree collection
The park contains a collection of native trees, first planted in 1996. Many of the trees are labelled, and there are several boxes that provide audio commentary on the biology and historical interest of selected tree species at the push of a button.

Access
There are car parks top and bottom, accessible from Beacon Road or Breakback Road, with a pay on exit barrier system, accepting cash and card. For access by public transport, buses between Leicester and Loughborough via Anstey serve Woodhouse Eaves. Service 154 operated by Centrebus runs Monday to Friday and Kinchbus service 123 on Saturdays.

Features and activities
Beacon Hill Country Park has picnic areas, walking routes, a barbecue site (seasonal), horse tracks and permanent orienteering markers. Each August the park opens for a country fair.

title: Beacon Hill, Leicestershire


text:
Talk:Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven

Untitled
Very small typo, don't know how to correct: ...commanders at the Battle of Wittstock in 163], ... Maybe it should be 1631 ? -- Nickj 09:15, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The Capture of Edinburgh Castle
Surely the entry is wrong in so much as Leslie took Edinburgh Castle on behalf of the Scottish Parliament and against the King's Royalist forces! — Preceding unsigned comment added by T140 (talk • contribs) 13:43, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Russia
Is this the same Leslie who served in Muscovy (of which there's no mention)? Njál 17:34, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Absolutely not. That's a different person, Alexander Leslie of Auchintoul. 83.5.162.102 23:02, 16 April 2007 (UTC) woofgrrr

 * Is there an article for Auchintoul, found a couple sources not in his existing biographies elsewhere? Is there interest in creating one?Thugcat (talk) 10:31, 30 December 2014 (UTC)Thugcat

Leslie Family History link
The following has been removed from the article to this page:

The above site is a COMMERCIAL site, soliciting money for access. At first you see a detailed genealogical record of Leslie's, then abruptly you're thrown to a new page soliciting "a small fee" for continued access, or by making a "meaningful contribution" to the site. I don't think Wikipedia articles are the right place to insert links to Commercial sites soliciting contributions of any kind...
 * Leslie Family history

(See history for originator of this remark) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ragbin (talk • contribs) 12:19, 14 August 2008 (UTC)


text:
Kangra district

Kangra district is the most populous district of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. Dharamshala is the administrative headquarters of the district.

History
Kangra is known for having one of the oldest serving Royal Dynasty in the world, the Katoch of the Kangra State. In 1758, Raja Ghamand Chand was appointed nazim or governor of Jullundur Doab under the Afghans. Ghamand Chand was a brave and strong ruler who restored the prestige of Kangra. As he was unable to capture Kangra Fort, he built another fort at Tira Sujanpur on the left bank of the Beas, almost opposite to Alampur on a hill overlooking the town. He died in 1774 and was succeeded by his son, Tegh Chand, who died too soon in 1775. Ghamand Chand's grandson, Raja Sansar Chand (r. 1775–1823) established the supremacy of Kangra over all the surrounding hill states. During his reign, Kangra became a major centre for the arts and several palaces were built.

In 1805, the neighbouring hill states rebelled, with the aid of the Gurkha army. Raja Sansar Chand was forced to seek the help of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of the Sikh Empire. The Gurkha army was expelled but Ranjit Singh also annexed the most fertile part of the Kangra valley, reducing the Katochs of Kangra as well as the neighbouring rajas to the status of vassals. Kangra was annexed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Sikh Empire in 1810.

Kangra became a district of British India in 1846, when it was ceded to British India at the conclusion of the First Anglo-Sikh War. The British district included the present-day districts of Kangra, Hamirpur, Kullu, and Lahul and Spiti. Kangra District was part of the British province of Punjab. The administrative headquarters of the district were initially at Kangra, but were moved to Dharamshala in 1855.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Kangra district had population of 1,510,075. The district has a population density of 263 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.77%. 5.71% of the population lives in urban areas. Kangra district has a sex ratio of 1012 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 85.67%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 21.15% and 5.60% of the population respectively.

District highlights of 2011 Census
 * Kangra district has the highest number of 3,869 villages among the 12 district of the state.
 * Kangra district stands 1st position in terms of its working force having total workers of 675,170 persons against 3,559,422 working persons of the state.
 * Kangra district occupies 1st rank among the districts of the state in terms of literate population. It has a literate population of 1,152,640 persons.
 * The economy of Kangra district is mainly depends on agriculture. It has returned 303,007 persons as cultivators and holds the 2nd position among the districts of the state
 * All the inhabited villages of the district enjoy the facility of electricity and potable drinking water.
 * Kangra district is also known for its attractive tourist destinations. Dharamsala, Kangra, Palampur, Baijnath, Jawalamukhi and Masroor are the famous places of tourist interest in the district. McLeodganj in Dharamsala is a seat of the Dalai Lama has become a place of international fame since 1966.
 * Central University of Himachal Pradesh at Dharamsala in Kangra district was established on 20 March 2009 under the Central University Act 2009(No.25 of 2009) of Indian Parliament.

The native people are the Kangri people and the native language is Kangri, which is very similar to Dogri. The majority of the people are Hindu, although many Tibetans and others who follow Buddhism have also settled here recently. There are also other minorities such as Sikhs, Muslims, and Christians.

Jhamakda is a folk dance of Kangra. It is exclusively performed by women. It features percussion instruments and songs.

Language
At the 2011 Census, 70.88% of the population in the district spoke Kangri, 14.92% Pahari, 5.55% Hindi, 2.64% Gaddi and 2.06% Punjabi as their first language.

Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary
Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary is located at an altitude of 1600 m going up to 4400 m, Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1994 by the Wildlife Department of Himachal Pradesh Government. It is situated in Kangra district. The wildlife sanctuary is covered by snow-clad mountains from three sides. The flora of Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary includes deodar, rhododendron, oak, spruce, pine, and mixed conifers. This wildlife sanctuary is home to animals such as red fox, black bear, leopard sambar, Asiatic lion, angora rabbit, and deer. It covers an area of 982.86 sq.km.

Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary
Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary covers an areas of 207.95 sq. km. in Kangra district. It is spread through the submerged area between Pong Dam Terrace (Talwara) to the bridge on Beas River at Dehra. It was created in1975, by building the highest earthfill dam in India on the Beas River in the wetland zone of the Siwalik Hills.

Education

 * Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya
 * Central University of Himachal Pradesh
 * College for Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarah
 * Government College of Teacher Education Dharamshala
 * Himachal Pradesh Board of School Education
 * Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur
 * National Institute of Fashion Technology, Kangra

Schools

 * Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kangra
 * Mount Carmel High School, Gaggal, Himachal Pradesh
 * Sacred Heart Sr. Sec. School (Sidhpur)
 * Sherab Gatsel Lobling School

Notable people

 * G. S. Bali - Indian politician
 * Captain Vikram Batra, PVC - Indian army officer, recipient of Param Vir Chakra
 * Didi Contractor - architect
 * Captain Saurabh Kalia - Indian Army
 * The 14th Dalai Lama - spiritual and religious leader of Tibetan people
 * Kishan Kapoor - Indian politician
 * Major General Siri Kanth Korla, PVSM, DSO, MC - Indian Army officer
 * Chander Kumar - Indian politician
 * Shanta Kumar - Indian politician
 * Karnail Rana - Himachali folk singer
 * Major Somnath Sharma, PVC - Indian Army officer, recipient of Param Vir Chakra
 * Anuj Sharma - Singer, second Indian Idol runner-up
 * Shriya Sharma - Film actress
 * Sobha Singh - painter
 * Tenzin Palmo - Buddhist nun
 * Shivya Pathania - Television actress
 * Nora Richards - Irish playwright
 * Sudhir Sharma - Indian politician
 * General Vishwa Nath Sharma, PVSM, AVSM, ADC - 14th Chief of Army Staff, Indian Army
 * Brigadier Sher Jung Thapa, MVC - Indian Army officer, recipient of Maha Vir Chakra, known as "Hero of Skardu"
 * Gautam Chand Sharma 'Vyathit' - writer and folklorist

title: Kangra district


text:
Baseline Road (Ottawa)

Baseline Road (Ottawa Road #16) is a road in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Baseline runs from Richmond Road (almost directly over Highway 416) east in a straight line until it ends at the Heron Road Bridge over the Rideau River and Rideau Canal when it becomes Heron Road. Before the 2001 City of Ottawa amalgamation, Baseline formed the border of the city of Ottawa and Nepean. The street is named for its location as the baseline for Nepean Township. When Nepean Township was surveyed, Baseline formed the northern boundary of Nepean's six north–south concessions. Currently, Baseline is a major east–west street, and in the late 1990s it became so busy that Hunt Club Road had to be extended west of the Rideau River to alleviate pressure.

Points of interest on Baseline include the Queensway Carleton Hospital, the Boy Scouts Museum, Algonquin College and the Central Experimental Farm.

Baseline Road is a four-lane principal arterial road for its entire length, except between Centrepointe Drive and Navaho Drive, where it is a five-lane/six-lane arterial (three eastbound lanes and three westbound lanes – a bus lane is present from Constellation west to Centrepointe in lieu of the third westbound lane). The speed limit is 60 km/h for most of its length except a short section west of Greenbank Road, where it is 70 km/h.

Ramsayville Road in southeast Ottawa used to be called Base Line Road before 2003. The name had to be changed when the former city of Gloucester amalgamated with the city of Ottawa, to avoid confusion.

In the future, Baseline Road will have bus lanes between Navaho Drive and Prince of Wales Drive to speed up transit service in this stretch (OC Transpo bus route 88) due to consistent heavy traffic.

Major intersections

 * (Richmond Road / Robertson Road) &
 * Cedarview Road
 * Valley Stream Drive & John Sutherland Drive (the latter provides access to Queensway Carleton Hospital)
 * Sandcastle Drive
 * Monterey Drive
 * Morrison Avenue
 * Guthrie Street
 * Greenbank Road
 * Centrepointe Drive & Cobden Road
 * Centrepointe Drive & Highgate Road
 * Woodroffe Avenue
 * Navaho Drive
 * Clyde Avenue
 * Merivale Road
 * Fisher Avenue
 * Prince of Wales Drive (east of Prince of Wales, Baseline Road becomes  Heron Road)

title: Baseline Road (Ottawa)


text:
Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh

Hamirpur district is in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The headquarters of the district are in the town of Hamirpur. With an area of 1118 km2, it is the smallest district of Himachal Pradesh.

History
Carved out from Kangra District in 1972, Hamirpur District is closely associated with the Katoch dynasty. It was part of the old Jalandhar-Trigarta empire. Panin referred to the people of this kingdom as great warriors and fighters. The Katoch dynasty predominated during the period of Raja Hamir Chand, who ruled from 1700 to 1740 and built the fort at Hamirpur The present town derived its name from this ruler.

Economy
The Army is the largest employer for residents of Hamirpur, who form large bulks of the Dogra Regiment, Jammu and Kashmir Rifles regiment, the Grenadiers, the Rajput regiment, Hodson's Horse and Scinde Horse. Thousand of locals also serve in the Indian Air Force, Indian Navy, and paramilitary forces. The Indian Army conducts an open army rally under the Hamirpur Army recruitment office every year, where thousands of youngsters try to join the Indian Army.

Geography
Hamirpur district is situated between 31°25′N and 31°52′N and between 76°18′E and 76°44′E. Hamirpur (town), the district headquarters, is situated at an altitude of 780 m with the highest point being the Awah Devi peak at an altitude of 1250 m. The district shares borders with the neighbouring districts of Mandi to the east, Bilaspur to the south, Una to the west, and Kangra to the north. The River Beas separates Hamirpur from Kangra and is a parent river to two tributaries, namely Maan Khad and Kunah Khad ('Khad' is a word used to describe a rivulet) flowing across either side of Hamirpur district, to the adjacent Sutlej. Hamirpur district has a considerable amount of pine forests and it is also surrounded by Shivalik Ranges. Hamirpur is also home to mango trees.

It has highest Road density amongst all the districts in India.

Climate

Hamirpur has the quintessential 'hill-station' weather found in most of Himachal Pradesh. During winter, the climate is very cold. Woollen clothing is required from August up to the end of March. During summers, the temperature often crosses 40 °C and cotton is recommended. It does not normally snow in the district but in January 2012 (after 44 years) and February 2019 some parts of Hamirpur district were reported to receive moderate snowfall.

Divisions
The divisions Hamirpur, Barsar, Nadaun, Sujanpur and Bhoranj comprise the district.

Hamirpur district divided into 8 tehsils:

There are five Vidhan Sabha constituencies in this district: Barsar, Hamirpur, Sujanpur, Nadaun and Bhoranj. All of these are part of the Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency.
 * Hamirpur Sadar
 * Nadaun
 * Sujanpur
 * Barsar
 * Bhoranj
 * Tauni devi
 * Dhatwal (Bijhari)
 * Galore
 * Lamblu(sub tehsil)

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Hamirpur district has a population of 454,768, giving it a rank of 550th-largest in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 407 PD/sqkm, the highest in the state. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 10.19%. Hamirpur has a sex ratio of 1095 (i.e.- females for every 1000 males) again highest in the state, and a literacy rate of 88.15%, the highest in the state. 6.91% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 24.02% and 0.67% of the population respectively.

A large proportion of the people in this district serve in the defense services, thus also known as “Veer Bhoomi” (English: Land of the heroes).

At the 2011 Census of India, 76% of the population declared their first language to be Pahari, 14.1% chose Hindi, 3.55% – Kangri, and 0.75% – Dogri.

Famous Temples

 * Baba Balak Nath Temple, Doetsidh: It is one of the most famous temples of Himachal Pradesh, and is thronged by pilgrims from all over Himachal and Punjab. It is popularly known as "Baba" and "Deotsidh" among the people of Himachal and Punjab. Only males are allowed to go near the main idol of Baba Balak Nath, while women and girls can pay their homage to baba from a distance.
 * Gasota Mahadev Temple

Politics
Politics in Hamirpur district is dominated by the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party.

title: Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh


text:
Talk:Beacon

Untitled
This should really be the primary usage of beacon, plus link to a DAB page with all the other uses of the word on.

Beacon signals
a good overview on beacon signals: what, why, how and where has been published in IEEE Computer, October 2001.

applications in cellular networks, WLANs, GPS, serach-and-rescue systems, mobile robotics and local tracking systems are discussed.

Wolfgang.Belau@astrium.space.net

Byron Hall trivia
I removed this: World famous animal rights activist, Byron hall, once famously quoted " its not a kangaroo man, its a beacon!" How was this relevant to the article? I don't even know who Byron Hall is, or what his quote even means. Feel free to put it back, but please outline why it would be relevant. --GSchjetne (talk) 11:11, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

The Byron Hall stuff was re-inserted by 58.105.150.119 on 11 June 2008 at 06:59. At the same time, a similar statement was inserted by user Joshlongstaff on the Kangaroo page. Considering that Joshlongstaff is the very same user that originally added the Byron quote on the beacon page on 25 March 2008, I have enough evidence to sentence Byron Hall to oblivion for being blatant vandalism. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.65.233.55 (talk) 14:22, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Trojan War beacons, Aeschylus
One of the most famous monologues in Greek theatre is that of the Watchman in the opening of Agamemnon by Aeschylus, where the character describes the sequence of beacon-fires that leapt "from mountain to mountain" bringin the news of Troy's taking; various beacon-summits are named, but at least some of it seems worth quoting here...but I don't have a copy/translation worth using (many are online).Skookum1 (talk) 18:09, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Lord of the Rings
I think the passage about beacons in the books are incredibly unnecessary. Why not write about every book that mentions a beacon? I guess some LOTR-nerd have been Wikiing too much. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Swesob (talk • contribs) 13:59, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

Paul Revere
The article currently refers to "Paul Revere's Ride, a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (historic use of a lantern as a signal, akin to a beacon)". I don't think this is appropriate, as the term "beacon" usually describes a waymark for a direction in the sense of a compass heading. The famous lanterns in the Old North Church are not used to give a direction, but to relay information. The event is therefore more akin to a signaling with an Aldis Lamp or Heliograph. I vote for the removal of said sentence. --BjKa (talk) 10:01, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Beacon. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130729142629/https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/LRCBeaconReport.pdf to https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/LRCBeaconReport.pdf

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Split article and use for disambiguation page.
The question of translating this article has arisen on Norwegian WP. We have no one name for a beacon in Norwegian. We have different names for different beacons. Would very much like to have the article split between the different meanings of the word beacon an consequently split between different Wikidata items. This is Wikipedia in English but in this case the English language covers up the fact that the article have turned out to be an unmarked disambiguation page. See Beacon (disambiguation) (which lacks quite a few beacons), Electric beacon, Sea mark, Marker beacon, Phryctoria (which is wrongly linked to w:dk:Bavn Swedish and Norwegian Vete (or lacks so much information that the link is difficult to understand), Lärmfeuer (with company), Sector light and so on. I probably could find further beacons if i looked closer at all the possible translations of beacon from English to Norwegish. --ツツDyveldi ☯ prat  ✉ post 19:56, 31 May 2017 (UTC)

 * A "beacon" is commonly known as "fyr" in Norwegian, with various words prefixed and appended. Some words are for more specific types of beacons, but I'm not sure they apply here, this is English Wikipedia. Jeblad (talk) 22:32, 31 May 2017 (UTC)
 * No, Jeblad and please read what other people write before you try to answer, especially what was written on Norwegian WP about Norwegian. A Lighthouse (fyr) is a beacon, but beacon has fare more meanings and usages than that. --ツツDyveldi ☯ prat  ✉ post 05:01, 1 June 2017 (UTC)

Apology
I have made disruptive edits on this Wikipedia page in the past. I am sorry. I was much younger and made the edit at a friend's house for two reasons. First, I wanted to show that anyone can edit wikipedia (my friend didn't believe it), but secondly, because I thought it would be funny. It was not funny. I now understand the purpose of Wikipedia, and I will aim to make useful edits in the future. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.101.227.169 (talk) 17:42, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beacon


text:
List of Aten asteroids

This is a list of Aten asteroids, a group of near-Earth objects. , there are 1125 known Atens, most of which remain provisionally designated without a number, as they have not been observed at two or more oppositions. The list is divided into named members, brightest, notable and other record holding Aten asteroids. For a list of existing articles, see Aten asteroids (category).

Named Atens
, a total of fourteen Aten asteroids have received a name. They are listed in chronological order of discovery.

The February 15, 2013 Earth encounter shortened 367943 Duende orbital period to about 317 days, changing its orbital class from Apollo to Aten.

Brightest Atens
The following lists Aten asteroids thought to be larger than 2 kilometers across. Assuming an albedo of 0.15, this converts to an absolute magnitude of about 16.2

Record-holding Atens
The following is a list of current records for Aten asteroids

title: List of Aten asteroids


text:
Midwest Unrest

Midwest Unrest was a small collective in Chicago formed by anarchists and anti-capitalists in a planning meeting for that city's mobilization to the protests against the Free Trade Area of the Americas summit in Miami in November 2003. Midwest Unrest organized a pre-mobilization consulta, and took part in the week of protests that was met with a style of repression now often referred to as the Miami model. It then organized a protest locally against the Central American Free Trade Agreement that December, and became something of a fixture of citywide and anti-fascist protests in Chicago. Additionally, as a result of connections made via the anti-FTAA consulta, it attempted to formalize networking with similar groups regionally.

The collective experienced internal conflict the next August over allegations of rape that were leveled against one of its members, who was then expelled from the group.

More recently, the Midwest Unrest collective participated in a citywide campaign to prevent threatened service cuts and fare increases by the Chicago Transit Authority. Through aggressive agitation in public hearings, meetings and flyering, the group pushed the Fare Strike tactic set for December 15 of 2004. The CTA postponed its decision for six months in what many community groups in the city heralded as a victory.

As of 2006, the Midwest Unrest collective has disbanded.

title: Midwest Unrest


text:
Annabel Lamb

Annabel Lamb (born 28 September 1955) is an English singer-songwriter.

Career
Annabel Lamb has released eight albums to date. She had a British Top 30 hit in 1983 with her cover version of The Doors song, "Riders on the Storm", her only hit in the UK Singles Chart. She appeared performing the song on Top of the Pops later that year. Her debut album, Once Bitten, included a guest appearance by Marillion vocalist, Steve Hogarth on keyboards. Her second album, The Flame, spent one week at Number 84 in the UK Albums Chart in April 1984. She has been diverse at times, her earlier albums showing new wave, synth-pop, experimental rock, jazz and ethnic influences.

Lamb has been a session singer and musician for Toni Basil and Tina Charles. As well as her recording and touring career, Lamb has co-written songs with many other artists, notably the song "Amazed Are We" for Maxi Priest. Amongst her influences, she lists James Taylor, Bonnie Raitt, Jane Siberry, Fairport Convention, and Paul Brady.

Lamb has a son, Henry Brill, with her former producer and husband, Wally Brill. She toured throughout Europe since 2008 with Kiki Dee and Carmelo Luggeri as a backing vocalist.

Albums

 * Once Bitten (1983) – including "Red for Danger"
 * Once Bitten (1983) – second release, different cover, including "Riders on the Storm"
 * The Flame (1984) – reissued on CD in 2010 by Cherry Red, including bonus tracks and B-sides
 * When Angels Travel (1986)
 * Brides (1987)
 * Justice (1988)
 * Heartland (1988) – compilation album
 * Refugee (1989)
 * Flow (1993)

title: Annabel Lamb


text:
Dickey Chapelle

Georgette Louise Meyer (March 14, 1919 – November 4, 1965) known as Dickey Chapelle was an American photojournalist known for her work as a war correspondent from World War II through to her death in the Vietnam War.

Early life
Chapelle was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and attended Shorewood High School. By the age of sixteen, she was attending aeronautical design classes at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She soon returned home, where she worked at a local airfield, hoping to learn to pilot airplanes instead of designing them. However, when her mother learned that she was also having an affair with one of the pilots, Chapelle was forced to live with her grandparents in Coral Gables, Florida. There, she wrote press releases for an air show, which led to an assignment in Havana, Cuba.

A story on a Cuban air show disaster that Chapelle submitted to The New York Times got her noticed by an editor at Transcontinental and Western Air (TWA), which prompted her to move to New York City. Working at the TWA publicity bureau, she began to take weekly photography classes with Tony Chapelle, who became her husband in October 1940. She eventually quit her job at TWA to compile a portfolio, which she sold to Look magazine in 1941. In April 1941, she was hired by Lear Avia to handle press liaison work for the New York office, according to a press release from the company. Later, after fifteen years of marriage, she divorced Tony, and changed her first name to Dickey. She changed her name because she looked up to polar explorer Admiral Richard Byrd. Richard's nickname was Dickey.

Breakthrough
Despite limited photographic credentials Chapelle managed to become a war correspondent photojournalist during World War II for National Geographic, and with one of her first assignments, was posted with the Marines during the battle of Iwo Jima. She covered the battle of Okinawa as well. By the end of the war, she had written many war-related articles in addition to nine books, mostly about women in aviation.

After the war, she traveled extensively and worked in many active war zones. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Chapelle was captured and jailed for over seven weeks. She later learned to jump by parachute, and when in war zones preferred to travel directly with the troops. After being told, on jumping out of a helicopter, that there was no reason to close her eyes, she adopted the motto "Only you can frighten you". Chapelle won many awards for photojournalism, and earned the respect of both the military and journalistic community. Chapelle "was a tiny woman known for her refusal to kowtow to authority and her signature uniform: fatigues, an Australian bush hat, dramatic Harlequin glasses, and pearl earrings."

Later life
Despite early support for Fidel Castro, Chapelle was an outspoken anti-Communist, and loudly expressed these views at the beginning of the Vietnam War. Her stories in the early 1960s extolled the American military advisors who were already fighting and dying in South Vietnam, and the Sea Swallows, the anticommunist militia led by Father Nguyễn Lạc Hoá.

Dickey never got any special treatment because of her sex. Chapelle was killed on November 4, 1965, while on patrol with a Marine platoon during Operation Black Ferret, a search and destroy operation 16 km south of Chu Lai, Quảng Ngãi province, South Vietnam. The lieutenant in front of her kicked a tripwire boobytrap, consisting of a mortar shell with a hand grenade attached to the top of it. Chapelle was hit in the neck by a piece of shrapnel metal which severed her carotid artery and she died soon afterwards. Her last moments were captured in a photograph by Henri Huet. Her body was repatriated with an honor guard consisting of six Marines, and she was given a full Marine burial. There is now a monument near the site of her death. The group of Marines who dedicated the memorial marker. It says "She was one of us and we will miss her".

She became the first female war correspondent to be killed in Vietnam, as well as the first American female reporter to be killed in action.

Awards

 * Overseas Press Club's George Polk Award for best reporting in any medium, requiring exceptional courage and enterprise abroad.
 * National Press Photographers Association 1963 "Best Use of Photographs by a Newspaper" award for her photograph of a combat-ready Marine in Vietnam which appeared in the Milwaukee Journal newspaper.
 * Distinguished Service Award, presented by the U.S. Marine Corps Combat Correspondents Association.
 * Milwaukee Press Club inducted her into the hall of fame on the 50th anniversary of her death.

Legacy

 * The Marine Corps League, in conjunction with the United States Marine Corps, honors her memory by presenting the Dickey Chapelle Award annually to recognize the woman who has contributed most to the morale, welfare and well being of the men and women of the United States Marine Corps.
 * In 1966, a memorial was put near the site of her death, with a plaque with the message: "She was one of us and we will miss her."
 * Chapelle is one of the women featured in the documentary film No Job for a Woman: The Women Who Fought to Report WWII (2011).
 * The Milwaukee Press Club inducted Chapelle into their Hall of Fame in October 2014.
 * In 2015, Milwaukee PBS produced a documentary about her titled Behind the Pearl Earrings: The Story of Dickey Chapelle, Combat Photojournalist.
 * The Marine Corps Combat Correspondents Association posthumously awarded her The Brigadier General Robert L. Denig Sr. Memorial Distinguished Service Award (DSA) in August 2015.
 * In 2017, Chapelle was declared an honorary Marine at the Marine Corps Combat Correspondents Association's annual dinner.
 * Chapelle is commemorated by the 2001 Nanci Griffith song Pearl's Eye View (The Life of Dickey Chapelle) from the album Clock Without Hands.
 * In February, 1992, the first biography of Chapelle, Fire in the Wind: The Life of Dickey Chappelle, by Roberta Ostroff, was published by Ballantine Books.
 * In July, 2023, another biography of Chapelle, First to the Front: The Untold Story of Dickey Chapelle, Trailblazing Female War Correspondent, by Lorissa Rinehart, was published by St. Martin's Press.

Books

 * Needed: Women in Government Service (as Dickey Meyer). New York: R. M. McBride (1942)..
 * Girls at Work in Aviation (as Dickey Meyer). New York: Doubleday, Doran (1943)..
 * How Planes Get There. Young America's Aviation Library. New York: Harper (1944)..
 * What's a Woman Doing Here?: A Reporter's Report on Herself. Young America's Aviation Library. New York: William Morrow and Company (1962).

Contributions

 * "How Castro Won" (1962). In: Osanka, Franklin Mark, and Samuel P. Eluntington (1962). Modern Guerrilla Warfare: Fighting Communist Guerrilla Movements, 1941-1961. New York: Free Press of Glencoe. pp. 325–335.

title: Dickey Chapelle


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Glossary of matrix theory

Glossary of matrix theory was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Not really a glossary at all, it has languished for over a year with no significant content; apparently a pressing issue needs to be decided before work can begin. It seems to me that its existence might actually be preventing the development of a glossary, since it leads readers/linkers into thinking that (a) there is a glossary there, or (b) a discussion is going on somewhere to decide what to do with the page (which, as far as I can tell, has not been the case). A red link on the title and a listing on Requested articles might do better to encourage development of this glossary. - dcljr 09:34, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I think this can be deleted - list of matrices is an adequate substitute. Charles Matthews 09:47, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: no content, not needed. Wile E. Heresiarch 18:24, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. A category for matrix math might not be a bad way to provide similar pointers though. --Improv 07:42, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Neutral. I am the creater. I just want a unified approach to all branches of mathematics. We have glossaries on topology, linear algebra, ring theory, group theory, etc.  Maybe delete it now and let me create a real article later when I have more free time. --wshun 01:19, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Republic of South Maluku

South Maluku, also South Moluccas, officially the Republic of South Maluku, is a former unrecognised secessionist republic that originally claimed the islands of Ambon, Buru, and Seram, which currently make up most of the Indonesian province of Maluku.

Dutch conquest exerted colonial control across the archipelago in the 19th century, establishing a unitary administration. The borders of present-day Indonesia were formed through colonial expansion finalised in the 20th century. After the occupation by the Japanese Empire during World War II ended in 1945, nationalist leaders on Java unilaterally declared Indonesian independence. Early organised indigenous resistance came from the South Moluccas with support and aid from the Dutch government and military. The South Moluccan rebels initially clung on to an early post-colonial treaty prescribing a federal form of statehood. When that treaty, agreed between the Dutch government and the Indonesian government in December 1949, was broken, they unilaterally declared a fully independent Republic of South Maluku (RMS) in April 1950. The South Moluccan leaders based their decision on the treaty, which stipulated autonomy for each of the states of the federation.

After the defeat of the RMS on Ambon by Indonesian forces in November 1950, the self-declared government withdrew to Seram, where an armed struggle continued on until 2 December 1963. The government-in-exile moved to the Netherlands in 1966, following resistance leader and president Chris Soumokil's capture and execution by Indonesian authorities. The exiled government claimed their continued existence, with John Wattilete as its incumbent president since April 2010. However, unlike the Free Papua Movement, the group has never carried acts of violence against the Indonesian government in the present day. The Republic of South Maluku has been a member state of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) since 1991.

History
Original settlers

The original settlers of the Moluccan Islands were similar to neighbouring islands like West Papua, East Nusa Tengarra and East Timor. They were ancestors of the Aboriginal Australians, then the ancestors of the Papuans, and lastly the Austronesian settlers from the Philippines by way of Taiwan. Like the rest of what is now Indonesia, the first settlers were Australoid. Today many Maluku tribes still are ethnically Melanesian and closely represent the original settlers, most of these are what can be considered highlander communities that live in the mountain areas. In contrast, much of the coastal areas have seen a change in the make-up of the population since the original inhabitants have often mixed with the later influx of Austronesian migrations – ultimately causing modern day Moluccans to have a varying degree of Melanesian paternal and Austronesian maternal ancestry. It is widely considered that this area was the place of origin for the Polynesian expansion, and the genetic makeup of the people, cultural and linguistic background, alongside their outrigger canoe (catamaran and trimaran) technology, only further support this.

European conquest of the South Moluccas
The Maluku Islands were the only place in the world that grew the prized spices of clove and nutmeg, making it a prime destination for European traders during the Age of Exploration. At one point, cloves were worth their weight in gold, and Portuguese, Spanish, British and Dutch traders all fought to control the incredibly profitable spice trade monopoly. Eventually, the traders of the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) emerged as the dominant merchant power in Maluku. Through an effective combination of force and diplomacy, the VOC achieved a structure of indirect rule in northern Maluku and direct rule in southern Maluku.

Throughout much of the VOC era (17th and 18th centuries), the south Moluccans resisted Dutch dominance. The Banda Islands were only subdued after the indigenous power structure and organisation of trade and politics was destroyed with the extermination and eviction of the Bandanese population in 1621. To repress the autonomous traders of East Seram, the VOC organised 'Hongi' raiding expeditions with warrior bands from other south Maluku islands. During 'Hongi' raids, houses and vessels were burnt, cash crops were uprooted and most wealth was looted by the 'Hongi' warriors. Survivors who escaped had to start from scratch and, during two centuries of resistance, the East Seramese increasingly suffered impoverishment. However, their independent trading network was never completely destroyed.

From 1780 to 1802, the people of Seram joined an alliance of North Moluccan, Papuan and British forces in a combined revolt. Resistance leader prince Nuku (the exiled Sultan of Tidore) established himself on Seram and aimed at uniting the North and South Moluccas under his leadership. His raiders targeted South Moluccan islands under the Dutch sphere of influence. When the British left the arena in 1802 his plans were foiled and the Dutch restored their dominance.

Maluku islanders staged various rebellions during the Dutch colonisation of the Indonesian archipelago in the 19th century following the collapse of the VOC. In a famous revolt on the south Maluku island Saparua, the Dutch fort was taken by the rebel leader Pattimura, a former sergeant in the army of Britain, who had ruled the islands for a short time before returning them to the Dutch in 1816. After reinforcements were sent from the colonial capital Batavia, the insurgents were captured and Pattimura was executed in 1817.

During the independence movement of Indonesia, Indonesian republicans included South Maluku as part of the independent Indonesia they declared in 1945. Indonesia's struggle to secure its independence lasted from 1945 until 1949. After international pressure, the Dutch acknowledged a federal Indonesian republic on 27 December 1949. In the first instance, the Netherlands only acknowledged the independence of Indonesia as a federation of autonomous states, of which one was South Maluku.

On 25 April 1950, demobilised ex-Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) soldiers and other South Moluccan men who remained loyal to the Dutch crown, staged a revolt and proclaimed an independent "Republic of South Maluku" (Indonesian: Republik Maluku Selatan). On 17 August 1950, the Indonesian President, Sukarno, proclaimed the restoration of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia. Indonesia's liberal democratic system of government, whereby the cabinet would be accountable to the House of Representatives, was retained. This was a source of political instability in the young republic, with frequent changes in government until the rise of the New Order.

South Moluccan career soldiers of the colonial army
A relatively large number of the professional soldiers serving in the Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) were recruited among the population of Ambon and the surrounding South Moluccan islands. The South Moluccan islands were among the first to come under European influence in the 16th century. The Protestant mission had been more successful there than elsewhere in the East Indies; half the Ambonese population adhered to the Calvinist branch of Protestantism.

As early as 1605 armed Dutch merchantmen of the VOC captured the Portuguese fort at the location of Ambon city in the South Moluccas. It was an area already strongly influenced by the Portuguese (Portuguese family names, religion and language were common) and the Dutch developed it into the first secure base of the Dutch East India Company (VOC).

During the era of the VOC, the Moluccans were not only forced to trade with the VOC only, but also to focus solely on the production of cloves. After the downfall of the VOC and the collapse of the trade in cloves, they were fully dependent on the colonial structure and found occupation in the colonial army. The Ambonese were regarded as fierce fighters, reliable soldiers and absolutely loyal to the Dutch Crown. It was precisely this reputation that made them unpopular with other Indonesian nationalities. All of this put them in a difficult position during both the Japanese occupation and the Indonesian national revolution. During the Japanese occupation in the Second World War, most of the Moluccan soldiers were only briefly interned as prisoners of war (POWs). Initially, the Japanese occupation force decided to release them from military duty and send them home. However, the Japanese quickly discovered their miscalculation when the Moluccans became among the most active in the resistance movement against them. Throughout the occupied Dutch East Indies, Moluccan soldiers created underground resistance cells aiding the Allied forces. Some of these cells were active in gathering intelligence; other sleeper cells hid weapons in strategic locations waiting to take up arms during an Allied invasion. The Japanese secret police (Kempeitai) responded by torturing and beheading any suspect, which usually did not deter the Moluccans. After the capitulation of the Imperial Japanese Army to the Allied forces, the Moluccan soldiers acted equally defiantly towards the Indonesian revolutionaries trying to fill the power vacuum left by the Japanese. Smaller scale conflicts in the Bersiap period between regrouped Moluccan fighting units and Permuda groups usually left the well-trained Moluccan fighters victorious. In their efforts to subdue the counter revolutionary RMS movement on Ambon, the newly established Tentara Nasional Indonesia (Republican Indonesian army, TNI) encountered the military prowess of the Moluccan special troops. The heavy fighting triggered them to create their own special troops. At that time the Moluccan special troops' only contemporaries were the Gurkha units of the British Indian Army.

Disbanding the colonial army
During the Indonesian National Revolution, the Dutch had to disband the reinstated KNIL, and the native soldiers had the choice of either being demobilised or joining the army of the Republic of Indonesia. Due to a deep distrust of the Republican leadership, which was predominantly Javanese Muslim, this was an extremely difficult choice for the Protestant Ambonese, and only a minority chose to serve with the Indonesian Army. Disbanding proved a complicated process and, in 1951, two years after the transfer of sovereignty, not all soldiers had been demobilised. The Dutch were under severe international pressure to disband the colonial army and temporarily made these men part of the regular Dutch army, while trying to demobilise them in Java. Herein lay the source of the discontent among the Moluccan soldiers as, according to the KNIL policy, soldiers had the right to choose the place where they were to be discharged at the end of their contract. The political situation in the new Republic of Indonesia was initially unstable and, in particular, controversy over a federal or centralised form of the state resulted in armed conflicts in which Ambonese ex-KNIL men were involved. In 1950 an independent Republic of the South Moluccas (Indonesian: RMS, Republik Maluku Selatan) was proclaimed at Ambon. The RMS had strong support among the Ambonese and former Moluccan KNIL soldiers. As a consequence the Moluccan soldiers located outside the South Moluccas demanded to be discharged at Ambon. But Indonesia refused to let the Dutch transport these soldiers to Ambon as long as the RMS was not repressed, fearing prolonged military struggle. When after heavy fighting the RMS was repressed at Ambon, the soldiers refused to be discharged there. They now demanded to be demobilised at Seram, where pockets of resistance against Indonesia still existed. This was again blocked by Indonesia.

Invasion of Ambon
At the time of the proclamation, 1,739 KNIL troops, including 1,080 Ambonese, were stationed at Ambon. These soldiers became the backbone of the Armed Forces of RMS (APRMS). After a naval blockade by the Indonesian navy, Federal Indonesia Armed Forces (APRIS) invaded Ambon on 28 September 1950. The APRMS fled from the town of Ambon before the invading Indonesian troops had taken up positions in old Dutch fortifications in the hills overlooking the town. From here they waged guerrilla warfare. The TNI took control of northern half of the island, but were halted by fierce Ambonese resistance at the one-kilometre wide isthmus, which links the southern half. On 5 November, the city of Ambon fell to APRIS. The RMS government went to Ceram in December to continue the RMS battle in the form of a guerrilla war.

Demobilisation of the Moluccan soldiers to the Netherlands
The Dutch government finally decided to transport the remaining men and their families to the Netherlands. They were discharged on arrival and 'temporarily' housed in camps until it was possible for them to return to the Moluccan islands. In this way around 12,500 persons were settled in the Netherlands, more or less against their will and certainly also against the original plans of the Dutch government. The reaction of the Dutch government to the settlement of the Moluccan soldiers was exactly the opposite of the reaction to the Indo repatriates. Whereas the latter were defined as fellow-citizens who had to be integrated as quickly and as fully as possible, the Moluccans were considered to be temporary residents who had to be repatriated to Indonesia. They were 'temporarily' housed in camps, mostly in rural areas and near small towns. A special agency was set up to manage all matters concerning these temporary residents, the 'Commissariaat Ambonezenzorg' (CAZ). the camps included the former Nazi transit camp Westerbork.

To deal with all kinds of daily matters the CAZ created 'representatives' in the camps who regulated the lives of the inhabitants in accordance with the rules. These representatives were (mostly) recruited from among the non-commissioned officers, who were in this way able, to a certain extent, to re-establish their status in the new circumstances. The housing situation in the camps resembled in many ways the barracks of the colonial army, where the soldiers were housed, together with their families, under the direct supervision of non-commissioned officers. This specific housing situation contributed greatly to the isolation of the Moluccan population from Dutch society. The camps, and later the neighbourhoods, became enclaves where the schools, though officially Dutch in programme and language, became exclusively Moluccan and where access to the labour market was geographically often restricted. Even when it became more and more obvious that there was no possibility to repatriate the ex-servicemen to Indonesia, the Dutch government did not formulate a radically different policy.

There was little integration from these camps into the wider Dutch population. The purported government-in-exile was not recognised by the government, but due to Dutch antipathy to Indonesian authorities, did not face serious opposition in its activities. Following the settlement of the West New Guinea dispute in 1963, after which the Netherlands ceded Netherlands New Guinea to Indonesia, Dutch relations with Indonesia improved, and the South Moluccan movement lost support. A small number returned to Indonesia as part of a voluntary repatriation, but some of these returned due to the difficulty of adjusting.

This situation dragged on until 1970 when the CAZ was finally dissolved and normal ministerial and other agencies became responsible. The Dutch government had at last admitted that the Moluccans were not temporary residents and that their future lay in the Netherlands. Still, in 1968 more than 80 per cent of the Moluccans were still without official citizenship, i.e. stateless. The ex-soldiers were deeply frustrated by the demise of the colonial army. The KNIL had offered not only an income, but also a whole way of life in which their status was secure. They had always been loyal to the Dutch Crown and had felt betrayed when their services were no longer rewarded. In response they had pinned their hopes on an independent RMS and had expected that the Dutch would help them to realise it.

These feelings continued and were even strengthened in the years of isolated settlement in the Netherlands. There seemed to be only one worthwhile ideal and that was the creation of the RMS. But whatever the merits of this ideal, the Moluccans in the Netherlands could do nothing to bring its realisation any nearer. Moreover, the isolated situation in the camps and neighbourhoods had given rise to a type of expressive leadership that could only manifest itself in opposing and confronting the CAZ and the Dutch in general.

South Moluccan terrorist action in the Netherlands
This situation led to growing tension and to splits within the RMS movement. The older generation of leaders of the RMS movement saw their authority challenged. Finally the crisis in the Ambonese communities exploded in a decade of violence against internal rivals and Dutch society. A series of terrorist attacks started in 1970 with a raid on the residence of the Indonesian ambassador in Wassenaar. The Dutch reaction to this attack was restrained. The attackers received mild sentences and were still seen as misguided idealists. Within the Moluccan community the 'boys of action' gained great prestige. This fuelled further terrorist actions in 1975 and 1977. As with the attack in Wassenaar, the aims of these actions were not very clear; apart from restoring unity within the RMS movement, it is difficult to see any concrete objectives in the vague rhetoric and impossible political demands made by the attackers. Attacks on a train and on a village school in 1977 led to a final escalation of the violence. The Dutch government saw no other way out than to use military force to end the action. Meanwhile, support for this kind of action within the Moluccan community was ebbing. Instead of reuniting the Moluccans in the Netherlands, this radicalism threatened to lead to more division. When, in 1978, a group of youngsters raided the seat of the provincial government in Assen, they received not the slightest support.

Second and third generation Moluccans in the Netherlands
Towards the end of this period of terrorist violence, the Dutch government had already dropped the idea that the Moluccans were temporary residents, but had not been able to create a channel of communication through which to discuss and implement policy measures that opened a way to the future. The social situation left much to be desired; school attainment was low and unemployment high. Earlier attempts to set up a communal platform for the government and Moluccan representatives had not been successful, because of antagonism within the Moluccan communities and impossible political demands made at the outset by the Moluccans. In 1976 a platform was formed where government policy measures could be discussed with representatives of the Moluccan community, the IWM (Dutch abbreviation for: Inspraakorgaan Welzijn Molukkers). In 1978 a substantial White Paper ("De Problematiek van de Molukkers in Nederland") was sent by the government to parliament. It offered measures to enhance Moluccan participation in Dutch society, in particular in the fields of education and the labour market.

The IWM has proved a valuable communication channel for communal projects. A case in point was the plan to create thousands of jobs for Moluccans in government service. The primary goal was to combat high unemployment, but a secondary goal was to open up a particular section of the labour market where Moluccans were significantly underrepresented. The recognition that employment, education and social welfare in general were important fields where the situation of the Moluccan population, and especially of the new generation, had to be improved, was a positive development. Partly because the second generation was already much more oriented to Dutch society, partly as a result of the policy of affirmative action, participation in the labour market and in the school system developed positively after 1980. Levels of educational attainment rose, unemployment levels were lower and the jobs fulfilled were also somewhat higher in scale. In general the second-generation Moluccans made a great leap forward in this period, compared to the first 'soldier generation'.

The situation of the Moluccans in the Netherlands is at present remarkably different from that in 1970. Practically all Moluccans are now Dutch citizens. This makes it more difficult to give the precise number of Moluccans in the Netherlands, though research shows that there are to date about 40,000 persons who can be classified as Moluccan. A majority of this population identifies itself to a certain extent with the Moluccan islands where their families once came from, but this identification seems less and less an impediment to integration in Dutch society. In this sense the Moluccans have at last become 'normal immigrants'.

Notwithstanding Moluccan integration into modern Dutch society has halted terrorist radicalisation, up to the 1990s the Netherlands were reminded yearly of the traumatic side of their colonial past, when celebrations of the RMS independence declaration frequently resulted in angry sentiments or even serious rioting in the streets of the capital.

In the 1950s and 1960s Moluccan musicians made their mark together with artists from the Indo community. In the 1980s, bands like Massada were popular. Massada's hit song "Sajang e" is the only song in the Malay language to reach number one in the Netherlands. Also from the South Moluccan community in the Netherlands is the singer songwriter Daniel Sahuleka. In Indonesia, many famous musicians are ethnic Moluccans, like pop star Glenn Fredly, who toured the Netherlands in 2008 and acknowledged Daniel Sahuleka as one of his main inspirations. In the 21st century, new generations of South Moluccans in the Netherlands have chosen ways to manifest their heritage and express themselves, by performing traditional Tifa music and Cakalele dances, but also by expressing themselves with contemporary music like hip-hop. In addition, in Dutch football many South Moluccans in the Netherlands have made names for themselves, including Simon Tahamata and Bobby Petta, as well as Denny Landzaat and Giovanni van Bronckhorst, whose mothers are Moluccan.

Events in the Netherlands
The Indonesian ambassador to the Netherlands, Yunus Effendi Habibie, told Radio Netherlands Worldwide in 2009 that Indonesia was pleased that the exiled Moluccan government is no longer striving for an independent state. According to the ambassador, Moluccans already have autonomy, so the present situation need not be changed. He rejects full Moluccan independence. Habibie's comments come in response to a decision by the designated new president of the Moluccan government-in-exile, John Wattilete's words that an independent Moluccan state is no longer its absolute priority. Although independence is still the ultimate goal, he says he would be satisfied with a form of autonomy similar to that introduced in Aceh. "The most important thing is that Moluccans themselves are in charge."

John Wattilete became RMS president in April 2010. He is the first to come from the second generation of Moluccans in the Netherlands and is regarded as more pragmatic than previous leaders. However one day before Indonesian President Yudhoyono's planned state visit to the Netherlands, the first such visit since 1970, Wattilete issued legal proceedings to have him arrested upon entering the country. Although legal experts called this action senseless and without much chance of success, Yudhoyono cancelled his visit the next day.

Events in Indonesia
The South Moluccan people are predominantly Christian, unlike most regions in Indonesia which are overwhelmingly Muslim. The South Moluccan Republic, however, was also supported by some Moluccan Muslims in the region at that time. Today the memory of the RMS and its separatist objectives still resonates in Indonesia. Moluccan Christians, during the sectarian violence of 1999–2002 in the Moluccas, were accused by Muslim groups of having independence as their goal. This accusation has been useful in galvanising Muslims to fight (Laskar Jihad), and the situation has not been aided by the fact that some diaspora Moluccan Christian groups have taken up the RMS banner.

In the Moluccas, the Malino II Accord was signed to end conflict and create peace in the Moluccas, asking Moluccans "to reject and oppose all kinds of separatist movements, among others the Republic of South Moluccas (RMS), that threaten the unity and sovereignty of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia". However, during the visit to Ambon of the Indonesian president in the summer of 2007, RMS sympathisers disturbed ceremonies by performing the Moluccan war dance and hoisting the RMS flag.

Since 1999, a new organisation known as the Maluku Sovereignty Front (FKM) has operated in Ambon, stockpiling weapons and flying the RMS flag in public places. The leader of the FKM organisation, Alex Manuputty, has fled to the United States, but continues to support independence.

On 26 October 2020, three activists were jailed for three years after being charged with treason for flying the RMS flag.

On 9 May 2024, a teenager named Khoider Ali Ringirfuryaan alias "Dede" who was 15 years old was detained by Maluku Regional Police for carrying the Benang Raja flag of the Republic of South Maluku during the watch together (nonton bareng) play-off match 2024 Paris Olympics between Indonesia U23 against Guinea U23 at Merdeka Field, Ambon. This sparked controversy in Indonesia, especially in Maluku Province and the Moluccans community in the Netherlands. The Government of the Republic of South Maluku through its official Instagram account expressed its concern over the arrest of a 15 year old teenager and condemned the Government of Indonesia.

Exile
The main stronghold of the rebellious RMS group on Ambon was defeated by Indonesian forces in November 1950, while a smaller scale guerrilla struggle continued on Ceram until 1962. The defeat on Ambon however resulted in the flight of the self-declared RMS government from the islands, and the formation of a government in exile in the Netherlands. The following year some 12,000 Moluccan soldiers accompanied by their families went to the Netherlands, where they established a "Republic of the South Moluccas" government-in-exile.

During their exile parts of the RMS movement have committed terror attacks in the Netherlands. Most research argues that the attacks were caused by frustration over the lack of support from the Dutch government.

The first attack took place in 1970 at the Indonesian Ambassador's house at Wassenaar, during which a Dutch policeman was shot and killed. This attack was followed up in 1975 with the hijacking of a train at Wijster which was spontaneously supported by another, improvised, attack on the Indonesian consulate in Amsterdam. Three hostages were executed in the train and one Indonesian man was mortally wounded while trying to escape the consulate. In 1977 another train was hijacked, this time at De Punt, supported by a primary school hijack at Bovensmilde. These actions were ended with force by marines of the Bijzondere Bijstands Eenheid (BBE) in which six hijackers and two hostages died. The last action took place in 1978 when the provincial building in Assen was occupied. This action too was ended by BBE marines.

From the 1980s no such actions re-occurred.

Junus Effendi Habibie, the previous Indonesian ambassador to the Netherlands and brother to the third president of Indonesia, has said that he would do all he can to facilitate the repatriation of first generation Moluccans to their homeland, if they would stop aiming at an independent state.

Presidents
Dr. Chris Soumokil J.D. was the RMS president in 1954 who went into hiding and led the armed guerrilla struggle on Seram island. He was only captured by the Indonesian Army in Ceram on 2 December 1962. Brought to trial before a military tribunal in Jakarta, he was sentenced to death and executed under President Suharto's rule on 12 April 1966.

The first president in exile was Prof. Johan Manusama (1966–1993).

The government-in-exile continues to exist, with Frans Tutuhatunewa M.D. as head of state (1993–2010). However it no longer advocates violent action towards either the Netherlands or Indonesia. The president in exile has said that the young generations should focus on their education and development opportunities in the Netherlands if they want to potentially support and develop the South Moluccas.

John Wattilete became RMS president in April 2010. He is the first to come from the second generation of Moluccans in the Netherlands and is regarded as more pragmatic than previous leaders.

Flag
The RMS flag is vertical blue, white, green, red (1:1:1:6) and has proportions 2:3. It was first hoisted 2 May 1950 at 10.00 AM. Two days later the government gave the explanation of the flag. Blue symbolises the sea and loyalty, white stands for purity, peace and the white beaches, green the vegetation, and red the ancestors and blood of the people.

Coat of arms
The RMS coat of arms depicts the white Moluccan dove called 'Pombo'. The white dove is seen as a symbol of positivity and a good omen. The 'Pombo' is shown, about to start flying, the wings half opened and in its beak a peace branch, the chest tattooed with a crossed 'parang', 'salawaku' and spear.

The blazon of the RMS coat of arms state the words 'Mena – Moeria'. This slogan is derived from the original Melanesian Moluccan language. Since ancient times it is yelled by the steerer and paddlers of the traditional Moluccan rowing boats called 'Kora Kora', to synchronise their strokes during off shore expeditions. It literally means 'Front – Back', but is also translated as 'I go – We follow' or 'One for all – All for One'.

Anthem
The RMS anthem is called "Maluku tanah airku", which translates to English as "Maluku my homeland," and was written by Chris Soumokil and O. Sahalessy in the Malay language, with Melanesian Moluccan words mixed in.

Original text Oh Maluku, tanah airku, Tanah tumpah darahku. Ku berbakti kepadamu Slama hari hidupku. Engkaulah pusaka raya Yang leluhur dan teguh. Aku junjung selamanya Hingga sampai ajalku. Aku ingat terlebih Sejarahmu yang pedih.

Oh Maluku, tanah airku, Tanah datuk-datukku. Atas via dolorosa Engkau hidup merdeka. Putra-putri yang sejati Tumpah darah bagimu. Ku bersumpah trus berbakti Serta tanggung nasibmu. Aku lindung terlebih Sejarahmu yang pedih.

Mena-Muria, printah leluhur Segenap jiwaku seru. Bersegralah membelamu Seperti laskar yang jujur. Dengan prisai dan imanku Behkan harap yang teguh. Ku berkurban dan berasa Karena dikaa ibuku Ku doakan terlebih Mena-Muria, hiduplah!

English translation Maluku, my homeland, My land of origin. I devote my strength to thee As long as I may live. Thou art my great heritage Uplifted above all. I will always honour thee Until my dying day. I will recall in memory Above all thy harrowing history.

Maluku, my homeland, Land of my ancestors. Through this road of suffering Will we reach liberty. Thy true sons and daughters Have shed their blood for thee. I am sworn to dedication To keep thy future safe. Above all I will protect thee And thy harrowing history.

Onwards without fear, the higher call I yell wholeheartedly. I hasten to defend thee As an army just and true. With shield and faith And above all in great resilience I will sacrifice and struggle. For thou art my cradle And above all I will pray That our sacred call may forever live.

title: Republic of South Maluku


text:
Chicago Coalition Against War & Racism

Chicago Coalition Against War & Racism (CCAWR) was formed in September 2001 to protest the imminent United States invasion of Afghanistan. As of 2018, they had changed their name to Chicago Committee Against War and Racism. CCAWR gained a foothold in Chicago street politics and rose to prominence when it organized a rally at Federal Plaza the day after the U.S. invaded Iraq on March 20, 2003.

Activism and protests
During the March 20 protest, about 10,000 Chicagoans marched and took over Lake Shore Drive in a direct action that led to national news. The Chicago Police Department reported that 543 people were arrested in the protest and that 353 of them were charged, mainly with reckless behavior. In April 2003, as a result of those arrests, the Chicago chapter of the National Lawyers Guild filed a class action lawsuit against the city and the police department for what it claimed was the "unlawful arrest and imprisonment of hundreds of people". The lawsuit alleged that the police used illegal tactics like "herding, sweeping and pinning" of the bystanders and protesters. The city agreed to pay $6.2 million to the arrested protesters to settle the lawsuit.

In 2002, they were part of a protest at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, against "Israel's treatment of Palestinians" and the local police department who had questioned at least three Arabs. On the 8th anniversary of the U.S. war and occupation of Iraq, the CCAWR was part of 1500 protesters who were demonstrating against the U.S. military getting involved in Libya. The group was one of the main organizers that arranged protests during the 2012 Chicago summit, a meeting that included heads of state and heads of government of NATO. Thousands of protesters showed up to express their opposition to NATO.

In 2018, on the 50th anniversary of the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, the CCAWR organized a protest on a wide range of issues, like the wars in the Middle East to the "funding of the military at the expense of public services". In 2021, members of the organization demonstrated at Federal Plaza, "demanding the Biden administration move forward with policies that will end the war in Yemen during his first 100 days in office".

title: Chicago Coalition Against War & Racism


text:
Gholam Nabi Nasher

Ghulam Nabi Nasher (10 May 1926 – 25 June 2010) was the son of Loe Khan Nasher and grandson of Sher Khan Nasher. He was an ethnic Pushtun, the hereditary Khan of the Kharoti (Ghilzai) tribe, born in Qarabagh, Ghazni. Ghulam Nabi Nasher was the Mayor of Kunduz and later he was elected for two terms as a Senator from Kunduz. During the time of King Zaher Shah, he served as the president for the upper house (house of Lords) of the Afghan Parliament. He was an avid philanthropist and bequeathed his home in Falls Church VA to the local Islamic center.

title: Gholam Nabi Nasher