text:
George Hawkins (politician)

George Warren Hawkins (born 1946) is a New Zealand local government politician and former Labour Party Member of Parliament.

Hawkins held public office for 36 years. He was Mayor of Papakura from 1983 to 1992, the Member of Parliament for Manurewa from 1990 to 2011, and a member on the Manurewa and Papakura local boards from 2010 to 2019. Between 1999 and 2005, he served as Minister of Police, Minister of Civil Defence, Minister of Internal Affairs, and Minister of Ethnic Affairs in the Fifth Labour Government.

Early life and family
Hawkins was born on 15 May 1946 in the Auckland suburb of Mt Eden. He has two brothers.

He attended Dominion Road Primary School, Mount Albert Grammar School (1960–1963) and then Auckland Teachers' College. Before entering politics, he was an art teacher at Rosehill College and had also been a photographer for the Auckland Star newspaper. He later became a company director.

Hawkins met his wife, Jan, at teacher's college. They have two sons. The eldest, also named George Hawkins, is an elected member on the Papakura Local Board. Their youngest son died in an accident in 1989.

Early political career
In the 1970s Hawkins became an anti-nuclear activist and he joined the Labour Party. He became chair of Labour's Papakura branch. In early 1977 he stood as a candidate for the Labour Party nomination in the Mangere by-election, but he lost out to future prime minister David Lange. Later that year Hawkins stood for the nomination for the nearby seat of, but was again unsuccessful.

Alongside Geoff Braybrooke, Hawkins unsuccessfully contested a seat on the Papakura City Council in 1974. He tried again in 1977 and in a by-election thereafter, but was not successful until the 1980 election.

Mayor of Papakura
After a three-year term as a councillor, Hawkins was elected Mayor of Papakura in 1983. He was elected unopposed to his third term as mayor, of the enlarged Papakura district, in 1989, and was succeeded by his brother, David, in 1992.

As mayor, Hawkins advocated for a toll free telephone exchange between South Auckland and Auckland City. While he was a supporter of the fluoridation of water, he voted to remove fluoride from the Papakura water supply in 1987 in line with the outcome of a community referendum. In 1990, Hawkins instigated the building of a theatre in Papakura, later named the Hawkins Theatre.

Opposition, 1990–1999
In 1990 Hawkins was selected to succeed Roger Douglas as the Labour candidate for the seat of Manurewa, beating Alan Johnson, a town planner and opponent of Douglas. He served as MP for Manurewa from when he was first elected to Parliament in the 1990 general election until his retirement in 2011.

Hawkins was perceived to be among the right wing of the Labour Party. In his maiden statement, he praised Douglas and Michael Bassett, and the economic and local government reforms they oversaw during the previous administration. He also proposed the relocation of New Zealand's parliament from Wellington to Auckland. Labour leader Mike Moore appointed Hawkins as the party's spokesperson for local government and urban affairs; he was also assigned to the internal affairs and local government committee and the planning and development committee. Between 1993 and 1999, he was police spokesperson and sat on the justice and law reform committee.

Through the 1990s, he was aligned with Mike Moore and Phil Goff and was part of their attempted coup to relieve Helen Clark of the Labour leadership in 1996. With them, he formulated the Labour Party's tougher law and order policies that were taken into the 1999 election, which included zero-tolerance policies proposing that district commanders be sacked if they fail to meet crime-reduction targets. As police spokesperson, Hawkins was critical of the development and cost overruns of the Integrated National Crime Information System (INCIS), which was eventually abandoned in 1999.

In July 1992 Hawkins was hospitalized suffering from an infection and exhaustion. While in hospital he suffered a pulmonary embolism, leading him to an extended convalescence. He later decided to retire from the Papakura mayoralty to ease his workload. During the period he suffered a stroke, which would leave him with a speech impediment. At the time Hawkins (and others) thought bad health would end his career. He continued on, however, stating "But it [his condition] made me think that some things are really worth fighting for."

Minister in the Fifth Labour Government
Hawkins was appointed Minister of Police, Minister of Civil Defence, and Minister of Ethnic Affairs in December 1999. He was additionally appointed Minister of Internal Affairs in November 2000 and, in lieu of the ethnic affairs portfolio, Minister of Veterans' Affairs after the 2002 general election. Hawkins' tenure as minister ran through until after the 2005 general election, when he opted not to continue.

As police minister, Hawkins oversaw a crackdown on burglary. In 2000, he ordered police to respond to burglaries within 24 hours and introduced new legislation enabling police to conduct DNA testing of burglary suspects and collect fingerprints of children aged 10 and over without parental consent. The fingerprint proposal was criticised by Hawkins' colleague, junior minister Tariana Turia. Early reports indicated that the burglary policies were having some success despite not meeting the targets set, but violent crime continued to rise. Hawkins suggested that the rise in crime was an effect of the previous government's stricter social welfare policies. In 2001 Hawkins appointed the first woman and first civilian deputy police commissioner, Lyn Provost. In 2002, amid a shortage of police in Auckland, he announced plans to hire civilians to respond to burglaries.

Hawkins was also criticised for being too involved in police operations, which are supposed to be independent of politicians, including for suggesting police trainees pay their own way, banning police officers from carrying cell phones, giving directions on the investigation into the murders of Ben Smart and Olivia Hope, and determining what colours to paint police cars. A new police amendment bill proposed the police minister to have greater powers of direction over the police commissioner. Police association president Greg O'Connor described the bill as "compromising the ability of police to act independently." The bill was eventually abandoned.

Hawkins received responsibility for citizenship as associate internal affairs minister in July 2000 and was assigned the full portfolio that November. The reshuffle gave him responsibility for the New Zealand Fire Service, in addition to the police and civil defence. He initiated a review of the fire service in 2004, which had been described as "financially ailing" with a $100m funding shortfall in 2001. Hawkins was also responsible for gambling and building regulations. He was seen as "pro-gaming" but progressed government policy to prevent the building of any new casinos in New Zealand and established a new Gambling Commission. Despite initially obfuscating on the issue, he commissioned an inquiry into the leaky homes crisis in September 2002 and established a mediation service for victims of the crisis in October 2002. When it was revealed he had known about the crisis for several months before taking any action, there were calls for his resignation; eventually responsibility for the issue was reassigned to the commerce minister, Lianne Dalziel.

Hawkins also came under further pressure in the police portfolio in 2004 and 2005 when issues with the police 111 telephone system were reported, when senior officers were accused of sexual misconduct, and when large amounts of pornography were discovered on police hard drives. Ahead of the 2005 general election, Hawkins—despite being the 11th-ranked cabinet minister—was placed 25th on the Labour Party list in what was described as a "clear message" about his future with the party after the election. In response, Hawkins withdrew his name from the party list, won his Manurewa electorate by a 12,000-vote margin, and proactively ended his ministerial career by issuing a post-election statement that he would not accept reappointment as a minister.

Later parliamentary career
After withdrawing from the ministry in 2005, Hawkins became a backbencher, sitting on the finance and expenditure committee, the government administration committee, and the social services committee. Audrey Young of The New Zealand Herald reported that Hawkins was regarded by colleagues as a quiet maverick, asking written questions of ministers in the same manner that Opposition MPs would do.

In June 2008, Hawkins introduced the Sale of Liquor (Objections to Applications) Amendment Bill. The bill aimed to address over-consumption of alcohol by enabling communities to challenge liquor licensing applications. Hawkins was successful in having the bill introduced into Parliament without a ballot, and it was referred to the social services committee on 2 July 2008. The bill returned to the House for its second reading in 2010, where it was defeated when the government preferred to consider that proposal in its own alcohol reform bill. Speaking on the bill, Hawkins said he had changed his position on alcohol over his career and, having voted for the alcohol purchase age to be 18 in 1999, would instead vote for the age to be 20.

Hawkins twice, in 2005 and 2010, introduced legislation on behalf of Manukau City Council (later Auckland Council) to more strongly regulate street prostitution within its district. Both bills were defeated, with the select committee that considered the second bill determining that it was not required because councils could already create by-laws related to prostitution.

Calls for Hawkins to retire continued after he left the ministry. These intensified in 2007 when Hawkins took two months off to have an operation for bowel cancer. He believed many in the Labour Party coveted his safe electorate seat and stated of many of the visitors he received in hospital: "They didn't want to hold your hand, they wanted to take your pulse." With Daniel Newman, who worked in his local office, Hawkins lobbied to make boundary changes ahead of the 2008 general election that were intended to improve his already strong majority in Manurewa. The changes also made the nearby seats of Botany and Papakura safer for the National Party. At the election, Hawkins' majority was cut by more than half.

Following the defeat of the Labour government in 2008, Hawkins was appointed housing spokesperson by Clark's successor as leader, Phil Goff. In a 2009 reshuffle, he was reassigned to the local government portfolio. In the 2008–2011 term, Hawkins sat as a member of the primary production committee, the local government and environment committee, and the Auckland governance legislation committee.

In 2010, Hawkins announced his run for a seat on the new Manurewa Local Board and said if he was successful he would resign from Parliament. After winning the seat, he refused to say whether he would force a by-election or simply retire at the 2011 general election. Hawkins threatened to call a by-election if an EPMU-backed candidate was selected over his preferred successor. Initially, Hawkins favoured Labour list MP Shane Jones but later gave his allegiance to his former advisor Ian Dunwoodie. In the end, Louisa Wall won the nomination with Hawkins' blessing and he retired from Parliament at the election, giving his valedictory statement on 29 September 2011.

Local board member
In 2010 Hawkins returned to local government when he was elected a member of the Manurewa Local Board on the Manurewa Action Team ticket. He won a second term at the 2013 local elections before changing to Papakura Action Team ticket to successfully contest the Papakura Local Board in 2016. He retired in 2019 and was succeeded on the board by his son, George Hawkins.

Honours and awards
On 15 December 2005, Hawkins was granted retention of the title The Honourable, in recognition of his term as a member of the Executive Council.

In the 2013 New Year Honours, Hawkins was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for services as a member of Parliament.

title: George Hawkins (politician)


text:
George Curzon (actor)

 * For the British statesman, see George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston.

Commander Chambré George William Penn Curzon (18 October 1898 – 7 May 1976), known as George Curzon, was a Royal Navy commander, actor, and father of the present Earl Howe.

Curzon, born in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England, was the only son of diplomat The Hon. Frederick Curzon-Howe (a son of The 3rd Earl Howe) and his wife, the actress Ellis Jeffreys. Curzon trained for the Navy at the Royal Naval College, Osborne, on the Isle of Wight, and first saw action in the First World War. He retired from the Navy as a lieutenant commander, then served as a King's Messenger before turning to the West End stage in 1930.

Curzon then went to America and appeared on the New York stage in the play Parnell before entering films. He was given a minor role as a police constable in Basil Dean's Escape (1930). His first major role came in 1935 when he appeared as the title role in Sexton Blake and the Bearded Doctor. He reprised this role in Sexton Blake and the Mademoiselle (1935) and Sexton Blake and the Hooded Terror (1938). He appeared in several films directed by Alfred Hitchcock before he moved to the United States and Hollywood, most notably Young and Innocent, where he played a musician and murderer who was caught by his nervous eye-twitch, in a famous long crane shot devised by Hitchcock.

A brief interruption came to Curzon's acting career in 1939 when, after playing a minor role in Hitchcock's Jamaica Inn, he again enlisted in the Navy during World War II. He later starred in various other films from 1947 until 1965.

Curzon had two children from his second marriage, Frederick Richard Penn (b. 1951) and Emma Charlotte (b. 1953). His son succeeded to his kinsman's title of Earl Howe in 1984 (long after the death of Curzon himself in 1976) and his daughter was granted the rank of an earl's daughter a year later (i.e. Lady Emma).

Filmography

 * Escape (1930) as Constable
 * Chin Chin Chinaman (1931) as Colley
 * Murder at Covent Garden (1932) as Belmont
 * The Impassive Footman (1932) as Simpson
 * After the Ball (1932) as Peter Strange
 * Her First Affaire (1932) as Carey Merton
 * Strange Evidence (1933) as Stephen Relf
 * Trouble (1933) as Captain Vansittart
 * The Scotland Yard Mystery (1934) as Dr. Charles Masters
 * Java Head (1934) as Edward Dunsack
 * The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934) as Gibson
 * Lorna Doone (1934) as King James II
 * Widow's Might (1935) as Champion
 * Sexton Blake and the Bearded Doctor (1935) as Sexton Blake
 * Admirals All (1935) as Ping Hi
 * Two Hearts in Harmony (1935) as Lord Sheldon
 * Sexton Blake and the Mademoiselle (1935) as Sexton Blake
 * Mozart (1936) as Lorenzo Da Ponte
 * The White Angel (1936) as Mr. Sidney Herbert
 * Young and Innocent (1937) as Guy
 * Strange Boarders (1938) as Sir Charles
 * A Royal Divorce (1938) as Barras
 * Sexton Blake and the Hooded Terror (1938) as Sexton Blake
 * Q Planes (1939) as Jenkins
 * The Mind of Mr. Reeder (1939) as Welford
 * Jamaica Inn (1939) as Captain Murray
 * Jassy (1947) (uncredited)
 * Uncle Silas (1947) as Sleigh
 * The First Gentleman (1948) as Duke of York
 * That Dangerous Age (1949) as Selby
 * For Them That Trespass (1949) as Clark Hall
 * Sing Along with Me (1952) as Mr. Palmer
 * The Cruel Sea (1953) as Admiral At Party
 * Harry Black (1958) as Mr. Philip Tanner
 * Woman of Straw (1964) as Second Executive (uncredited)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: George Curzon (actor)


text:
Felix Adler (professor)

Felix Adler (August 13, 1851 – April 24, 1933) was a German American professor of political and social ethics, rationalist, influential lecturer on euthanasia, religious leader and social reformer who founded the Ethical Culture movement.

Early life
Felix Adler was born in Alzey, Rhenish Hesse, Grand Duchy of Hesse, Germany, the son of a rabbi, Samuel Adler, a leading figure in European Reform Judaism, and Henrietta Frankfurter. The family immigrated to the United States from Germany when Felix was six years old so that his father could accept the appointment as head rabbi at Temple Emanu-El in New York.

Adler attended Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School and graduated from Columbia University in 1870 with honors. He continued at Heidelberg University where he studied as part of his training to become a rabbi. He received a PhD from Heidelberg in 1873. While in Germany, he was strongly influenced by neo-Kantianism, especially the notions that one cannot prove or disprove the existence of a deity or immortality, and that morality can be established independently of theology.

Academic career
When Adler returned to New York at the age of twenty-three, he was asked to give a sermon at Temple Emanu-El, where he was meant to follow in his father's footsteps as rabbi of the congregation. His sermon, "The Judaism of the Future", shocked the congregation, as he did not once mention God. Adler introduced his concept of Judaism as a universal religion of morality for all of humankind. The sermon was his first and last at Temple Emanu-El.

In 1874, after it had become clear that he would not become a rabbi, members of his father's congregation helped Adler gain a teaching position at Cornell University as a nonresident Professor of Hebrew and Oriental literature. He was popular with his students, with whom he discussed his novel religious ideas while illuminating contemporary labor struggles and power politics. He was attacked as an atheist for his views, and in 1876 Cornell declined to accept the grant that had paid Adler's salary. In 1902 Adler was given the chair of political and social ethics at Columbia University, where he taught until his death in 1933. There he opposed the formation of a Zionist student club, considering it to be a "divisive force".

New York Society of Ethical Culture
In 1876, Adler at age 26 was invited to give a lecture expanding upon his themes first presented in the sermon at Temple Emanu-El. On May 15, 1876, he reiterated the need for a religion, without the trappings of ritual or creed, that united all of humankind in moral social action. To do away with theology and to unite theists, atheists, agnostics and deists, all in the same religious cause, was a revolutionary idea at the time. A few weeks after the sermon, Adler started a series of weekly Sunday lectures. In February 1877, aided by Joseph Seligman, president of Temple Emanu-El, Adler incorporated the Society of Ethical Culture.

Adler talked about "deed, not creed"; his belief was that good works were the basis of ethical culture. In 1877 the Society founded the District Nursing Department, which organized a team of nurses who visited the homebound sick in poor districts. A year later, in 1878, the Society established a Free Kindergarten for working people's children. Because it served the working poor, the kindergarten provided basic necessities for the children when needed, such as clothing and hot meals. It evolved over time into the Ethical Culture Fieldston School.

Well known as a lecturer and writer, Adler served as rector for the Ethical Culture School until his death in 1933. Throughout his life, he always looked beyond the immediate concerns of family, labor, and race to the long-term challenge of reconstructing institutions, such as schools and government, to promote greater justice in human relations. Cooperation rather than competition was the higher social value. He gave a series of six lectures on "The Ethics of Marriage" for the Lowell Institute's 1896–97 season.

Adler was the founding chairman of the National Child Labor Committee in 1904. Lewis Hine was hired as the committee's photographer in 1908. In 1917 Adler served on the Civil Liberties Bureau, which later became the American Civil Liberties Bureau and then the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). In 1928 he became president of the Eastern division of the American Philosophical Association. He served on the first executive board of the National Urban League.

Tenement house reform
As a member of the New York State Tenement House Commission, Adler was concerned not only with overcrowding but also by the increase in contagious disease caused by overcrowding. Though not a proponent of free public housing, Adler spoke out about tenement reform and the rents, which he considered exorbitant. Jacob Riis wrote that Adler had "clear incisive questions that went through all subterfuges to the root of things."

In 1885 Adler and others created the Tenement House Building Company in order to build "model" affordable tenements; they rented for $8–$14/month. By 1887 the company had completed six model buildings on the Lower East Side of Manhattan for the sum of $155,000. Critics favored legislation and regulations to improve tenement conditions, but the model tenement was a progressive step.

American foreign policy
By the late 1890s, with the increase in international conflicts, Adler switched his concern from domestic issues to the question of American foreign policy. While some contemporaries viewed the 1898 Spanish–American War as an act to liberate the Cubans from Spanish rule, others perceived the U.S. victories in the Caribbean and the Philippines as the beginning of an expansionist empire. Adler at first supported the war but later expressed concern about American sovereignty over the Philippines and Puerto Rico. He believed that an imperialistic rather than a democratic goal was guiding U.S. foreign policy. Ethical Culture affirms "the supreme worth of the person", and Adler superimposed this tenet on international relations, believing that no single group could lay claim to superior institutions and lifestyle.

Unlike many of his contemporaries during World War I, Adler did not believe that the defeat of the German Empire would make the world safe for democracy. He thought peace depended on representative democratic governments being non-imperialistic and their curbing the arms race. He opposed the Versailles Treaty and the League of Nations. As an alternative, Adler proposed a "Parliament of Parliaments", elected by the legislative bodies of the different nations and representing different classes of people, rather than special interests, so that common interests would prevail over national differences.

Philosophy
Adler developed an original philosophy with a foundation in those of Immanuel Kant and G.W.F. Hegel that developed and transformed these roots. He considered philosophy not just a guide of life but key to improving society and the human condition appropriate to a respect for essential human dignity. Rejecting Kant's metaphysics he embraced his stress on the intrinsic worth and dignity of the person. Combining a supreme moral principle similar to Kant's with his own detailed ideas of self-realization, he emphasized free development of the individual in relation to societal concerns and fellowship. He preceded John Dewey in a concern for the "problems of men" instead of philosophical technicalities. While his ideas shared some aspects of pragmatism he was better described as "an ethical idealist with great practical reforming zeal" he promoted an idealist version of moral perfectionism. He was however realistic and not sentimental acknowledging that man has done evil knowingly and deliberately.

Adler's ethics combined an appeal to universal principles with moral particularism, which holds that the unique circumstances of a particular case must be carefully considered to determine the moral choice in that case. Adler believed that moral laws could not be applied in the same way to varied and unique individuals but that moral principles applied to all. He saw a need to balance essential general principles with consideration of the particular specific circumstances. He developed his own version of what he called Kant's "formula" which was, "Treat every [person] as a spiritual means to thine own spiritual end and conversely."

He proposed a "supreme ethical rule" which he stated as follows: "So act as to elicit the unique personality in others, and thereby in thyself", or "Act so as to elicit the best in others and thereby in thyself." He thought by doing so one would transcend both egoism and altruism. His position was that virtue is and must be its own reward or else it is not really virtue. He characterized a virtuous act as one, "in which the ends of self and of the other are respected and promoted jointly", coordinating Kantian universalistic imperative ethics with a type of perfectionism. He took ethics seriously and felt it "must run like a golden thread through the whole of a [person's] life". He felt consequentialism particularly utilitarianism was inappropriate in ethics as it attempts to apply quantitative measures to something of a qualitative nature.

Adler's social philosophy opposed commercialism. He claimed, "The root disease that afflicts the world at the present day is the supremacy of the commercial point of view." His thought prized public works and the use of reason to develop ultimate ethical standards. Adler published such works as Creed and Deed (1878), Moral Instruction of Children (1892), Life and Destiny (1905), The Religion of Duty (1906), Essentials of Spirituality (1908), An Ethical Philosophy of Life (1918), The Reconstruction of the Spiritual Ideal (1925), and Our Part in this World. He made use of ideas from Judaism, as well as the philosophies of Kant and Ralph Waldo Emerson, mixed with certain socialist ideas of his time. He believed that the concept of a personal god was unnecessary and thought that the human personality was the central force of religion. He believed that different people's interpretations of religions were to be respected as religious in themselves. The Ethical Culture movement was open to people of diverse beliefs. Ethical Culture societies were formed in the late nineteenth century in numerous cities in the United States, for instance, Philadelphia and St. Louis.

Books

 * Updated in 1915 to include a third lecture.
 * Updated in 1915 to include a third lecture.
 * Updated in 1915 to include a third lecture.
 * Updated in 1915 to include a third lecture.

title: Felix Adler (professor)


text:
Phil Heatley

Philip Reeve Heatley (born 5 April 1967) is a New Zealand politician. He is a member of the National Party. From 2008 until January 2013, he was a member of cabinet, holding the portfolios of Fisheries, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Energy and Resources, and Housing, before being replaced in a cabinet reshuffle by Prime Minister John Key. Heatley retired from Parliament in 2014.

Early years
Heatley was born in Whangārei. Before entering politics, Heatley completed a master's degree with Honours in Horticultural Engineering at Massey University. He has undertaken short-term study and work as a volunteer with an international relief agency on a hospital ship. He was an agricultural engineer in the dairy industry, surveying and designing farm buildings, land drainage and irrigation systems. He authored two published environmental engineering manuals. He is currently a Fellow of the Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand (IPENZ).

Member of Parliament
From the 1999 election until his retirement at the, he was the MP for the electorate. In Opposition, Heatley was a member of Parliament's Primary Production Committee, Regulations Review Committee and Transport and Industrial Relations Committee and has been National's spokesman on Forestry, Fisheries, Regional Development, Early Childhood Education and Energy.

He became Minister of Housing and Minister of Fisheries in the Fifth National Government in 2008 and remained Minister of Housing and became Minister of Energy and Resources in 2011, the beginning of the Government's second term.

In 2009 he introduced the Unit Titles Bill, modernising the 1972 legislation that regulates the way apartment blocks and multi-unit developments are managed. The Act came into force in April 2010. He also introduced the Residential Tenancies Amendment Bill to update existing rental laws and extend them to cover tenants in boarding houses not previously having protection. The legislation was passed in 2010.

Following 'errors' found in his expense reports, he resigned all portfolio positions in February 2010. He was reinstated to his ministerial portfolios the following month after a report which cleared him of any deliberate wrongdoing.

In 2011 he imposed change to the way Housing New Zealand delivered state housing including introducing a 'reviewable tenancy' that put an end to a 70-year 'state house for life' principle. A one-year suspension period to prevent anti-social tenants from reapplying for a state house, measures to prevent fraud and a commitment to insulate every state house and resource third sector providers of social housing also came into force.

Heatley's fisheries portfolio role was renamed from April 2010. As Minister of Fisheries and Aquaculture, in 2010 Heatley introduced the Aquaculture Legislation Amendment Bill (No 3) to streamline consenting, help manage competing demand for coastal space, and to deliver on the Maori Commercial Aquaculture Settlement to iwi. The legislation was passed in 2011. Together with then Labour Minister, Kate Wilkinson, he initiated a Ministerial Inquiry into the operation of Foreign Charter Vessels (FCVs) in New Zealand's EEZ. This followed allegations of the failure of some FCVs to provide for proper crew working conditions and vessel safety standards. Heatley, as Minister of Fisheries and Aquaculture, was succeeded by David Carter as Minister of Primary Industries following the 2011 post-election cabinet reshuffle. The inquiry was concluded in 2012 and the Fisheries (Foreign Charter Vessels and Other Matters) Bill was tabled later that year.

In December 2011 Heatley became Minister of Energy and Resources. In 2012 he introduced the Crown Minerals (Permitting and Crown Land) Bill amending the Crown Minerals Act 1991 to 'promote', not simply manage, exploration and production of oil, gas and mineral resources. The legislation created a two-tiered permit system for the more complex, higher-return petroleum and mineral activities and the lower-return small business and hobby mineral operations. Amendments were also included in response to the report of the Royal Commission on the Pike River Coal Mine disaster. The legislation was passed in 2013. In February 2012, he introduced a new 'block offer' process for awarding oil and gas exploration permit areas across New Zealand, including in its EEZ. Blocks on offer are confirmed following consultation with iwi and local authorities and a competitive tender is undertaken to finally allocate permits. This replaced a 'priority in time' process.

In 22 January 2013 Cabinet reshuffle, Heatley lost his ministerial portfolio Energy and Resources to Simon Bridges and Housing to Nick Smith.

Post-ministerial career
On 31 January 2013 Heatley was granted the right to retain the title of The Honourable for life in recognition of his term as a Member of the Executive Council of New Zealand. Hon Phil Heatley was a member of the Parliament's Social Services Committee (2013–2014) and its Local Government and Environment Committee (2013–2014). In early November 2013 he announced he would be retiring from politics at the 2014 general election to "move on to fresh challenges and opportunities in the private sector". In September 2015 he joined the Northland Regional Council.

title: Phil Heatley


text:
Dave Hereora

David Murray Hereora (9 August 1956 – 5 August 2014) was a New Zealand trade unionist and politician. He was a list MP for the Labour Party from 2002 to 2008.

Early life
Hereora was born in 1956. He was a worker at Affco Meatworks and became a trade union organiser.

Political career
Hereora was first elected to Parliament in the 2002 election, standing against National's Judith Collins in Clevedon but nevertheless entering Parliament as a list MP. He was Māori Vice-President of the Labour Party. Hereroa served until 2008 as Chair of the Māori Affairs Select Committee.

In 2008, Judith Collins won the Papakura electorate. After leaving Parliament Hereora returned to union organising, working with the Service & Food Workers Union in mediation talks at the Papakura Griffin Foods manufacturing plant.

He died on 5 August 2014. Labour leader David Cunliffe paid tribute, saying that Hereora "dedicated his life to the fight for low income workers."

title: Dave Hereora


text:
Amarok (software)

Amarok is a free and open-source music player for Linux, macOS, Windows, and other Unix-like operating systems. Amarok is part of the KDE project, but it is released independently of the central KDE Software Compilation release cycle. Amarok is released under the terms of the GPL-2.0-or-later.

History
Amarok is one of the oldest Linux music players in active development, being started in 2003. The program was originally stylized as amaroK, after a Mike Oldfield album of the same name. The artwork references Amarok, a wolf in Inuit mythology. The app's capitalization was changed to Amarok in June 2006.

A new major version of Amarok, version 2.0, was released on December 12, 2008. On June 3, 2009, version 2.1 was released, which reintroduced some of the 1.4 features which had been missing from the initial 2.0 release, and introduced some features such as native ReplayGain support.

Version 3.0 of Amarok was released in April 2024, after a six year hiatus of major updates. It ported the application to Qt5 and added support for FFmpeg 5, along with other smaller changes. A port to Qt6, the newest version of the Qt library, is scheduled for later in the year.

Features
Amarok supports a wide variety of music formats due to the use of audio engines. It can retrieve cover art information and lyrics from the internet It includes a sidebar that displays the user's music collection, saved playlists, and internet radio stations on the left and the active playlist on the right. Amarok can also display the Wikipedia entry for the band or album in the sidebar. Other features include dynamic playlists, bookmarking, file tracking, and smooth fade-out settings.

Amarok includes integration with online music services such as Last.fm, OPML Podcast, Jamendo, Magnatune, and Ampache.

Amarok can be used to manage music on iPods and other MP3 players.

Notable forks

 * Clementine is a fork of Amarok 1.4 that ported it to the Qt 4 framework.
 * Strawberry is a fork of discontinued Clementine 1.4 with additional improvements and fixes.
 * Exaile is a GTK+ fork of Amarok 1.4.

title: Amarok (software)


text:
User talk:Tyskjohan

On your trail ;-)
I have a rather strong feeling I know who you are... ;-) BTW, Swedish National Union of Students Vice Presidents 1997-1998 were Helena Kaså and Sara Winnfors (now Bjursell). Oh, and good work on ESIB! Alarm 11:14, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tyskjohan


text:
Joseph Alden

Joseph Alden (January 4, 1807 – August 30, 1885) was an American academic and Presbyterian pastor.

Education
Alden was born in Cairo, New York, on January 4, 1807, and he began there to teach school when fourteen years of age, in order to pay his way through college. He was thus enabled to attend Brown University, from 1826 to 1827, and received his bachelor's degree from Union College in 1829, going on to studied theology at Princeton Theological Seminary until 1831.

He received the degree of D.D. from Union College in 1839, and that of LL.D. from Columbia University in 1857.

Career
He was tutor at the College of New Jersey, from 1831 to 1833, when was ordained to the ministry of the Congregational Church, July 3, 1834, and became a pastor at Williamstown, Massachusetts, from 1834 to 1836. He was also a teacher in the Dedham Public Schools. In 1834 he married Isabel G. Livingston, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Gilbert R. Livingston, of Philadelphia, and three years later, he became father of a son, William Livingston Alden.

Dr Alden was professor of rhetoric, political economy, and history at Williams College from 1835 to 1852, professor of mental and moral philosophy in Lafayette College, from 1852 to 1857, when he became president of Jefferson College, from 1857 to 1862. He was stated supply, Boiling Spring, New Jersey, from 1863 to 1865, editor N.Y. Observer in 1866, and principal of the State Normal School at Albany, New York (now University at Albany, SUNY), from 1867 to 1882.

Dr Alden has long been prominently before the public as a leading educator and writer on educational topics, he services both literary and administrative entitle him to the high rank which he holds as the head of one of the oldest and strongest of the state institutions for the education and training of teachers. He died in New York City, on August 30, 1885. He interred with his wife at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

Works
Dr Alden besides his large work as an educator has been diligent in the use of his pen writing almost constantly for the periodical press and sending out at intervals instructive volumes for the benefit of his generation, were his earlier works were mostly for the young. Besides over seventy Sunday School library books, the most well known were Christian Ethics or The Science of Duty (1866), The Science of Government (1867), and Thoughts on the Religious Life (1879, with an introduction by William Cullen Bryant ).

title: Joseph Alden


text:
User:CloudSurfer/Drug names

fluoxetine (Prozac®)

paroxetine (Paxil®, Aropax®)

sertraline (Zoloft®)

chlorpromazine (Largactil®, Thorazine®)

haloperidol (Serenace®)

title: User:CloudSurfer/Drug names


text:
Deer Lake

There are several places named Deer Lake in Canada and the United States:

Canada

 * By province
 * Deer Lake (British Columbia)
 * Deer Lake (Newfoundland and Labrador), a large lake in western Newfoundland
 * Deer Lake, Newfoundland and Labrador, a town located on Deer Lake
 * Deer Lake Regional Airport, an airport located in the town of Deer Lake
 * Deer Lake First Nation, Northern Ontario
 * Deer Lake Airport, north of Deer Lake, Ontario
 * Deer Lake/Keyamawun Water Aerodrome, located on Deer Lake, Ontario
 * Deer Lake Water Aerodrome, airport located on Deer Lake, Ontario

United States

 * By state
 * Deer Lake (Connecticut), a lake in Killingworth
 * Deer Lake (Florida), a lake in Highlands County
 * Deer Lake State Park, Walton County, Florida
 * Deer Lake (Lake County, Illinois), near Antioch, Illinois
 * Deer Lake (Michigan), a lake in Marquette County
 * Deer Lake (Independence Township, Michigan), a lake in Oakland County
 * Deer Lake, Minnesota, an unorganized territory in Itasca County
 * Deer Lake (Itasca County, Minnesota), a lake located in Itasca County
 * Deer Lake (New York), a lake located in Delaware County
 * Deer Lake, Pennsylvania, a borough in Schuylkill County
 * Deer Lake (Taylor River), a lake in King County, Washington
 * Deer Lake (Washington), a lake in Stevens County

title: Deer Lake


text:
UK Notified Bodies

UK Notified Bodies (UK NoBos) are UK bodies authorised to assess the compatibility of works or equipment with Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI) as part of the system to effectively and safely allow the interoperability of railway services within the European Union.

UK Notified Bodies may be appointed by ministers of HM Government under The Railways (Interoperability) (Notified Bodies) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000/1674) in six railway TSI areas: Control Command and Signalling, Energy, Infrastructure, Maintenance, Operations and Rolling Stock. The European Railway Agency maintains a list of TSIs and their status.

The UK Department for Transport publishes a list of Notified Bodies.

Notified Bodies are accredited by UKAS to operate under a schedule covering the TSIs.

title: UK Notified Bodies


text:
Talk:Methods of obtaining knowledge

Order of list
OK. How should the list be ordered? Since Wikipedia is supposed to be NPOV, I think a better reason than feeling insulted is needed; otherwise, it would seem to be just as reasonable to see this positioning as an insult to people of religious faith. To avoid a revert war, could we agree that a better way of explaining the position of revelation in the list would be that it is used only by a subset of people.

I also wonder whether reason or logic should be moved lower, since (by the explanation on the page) it depends on the other sources of knowledge. I'm not sure where on the list is best for it...I can see an argument for it being last, because all of the other sources can be used as the base for the logic...but I don't really think it needs to be that low.

In short this comes to: how do we order all the list (not just revelation) in a neutral way? - Cafemusique 11:11, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

About to your first paragraph: I agree with you; revelation is a correct way to obtain knowledge only "according to some people"; and in fact that's what I added. And since it's not the main way for most people and is completely wrong for many, I felt it didn't belong to the top of the list, so I moved down.

About your second paragraph: yes, reason or logic could be moved lower because it's possible only if some knowledge has been obtained first by other methods. It makes sense. We both feel it shouldn't be at the bottom, however. I would suggest second place, before modelling (which maybe comes right after logic and deduction in a temporal scale).

If the wording in my comment was too strong I apologize; however I should highlight that I still endorse the substance of what I said. Thanks, --positron 11:59, 2004 Oct 16 (UTC)

Logic and mathematics do not always require any knowledge to be acquired from other sources. For example, the rules of arithmetic or syllogisms can be deduced without any reference to the real world. - Kappa 12:07, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Right, not always even if probably quite next to always; I guess that the first person to think of, say, subtraction in arithmetics and syllogism in logic deduced from practical cases: if I have three apples and I eat one I am left with two. If all men are mortals and Socrates is a man then Socrates is a mortal... I guess that those element of knowledge were obtained by generalization, recognizing some pattern which also occours in different cases; a form of reasoning based on previously gained knowledge, in my opinion. --positron 12:21, 2004 Oct 16 (UTC)

I think that, as a general rule, the use of logic and reason requires knowledge from other sources. The main exception would be knowledge about logic, reason, and theory. - Cafemusique 12:30, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Emotion
Isn't emotion another way of obtaining knowledge? For instance, you know that you love your daughter because of the emotions she causes you to have (i.e. you feel anger when she messes up, you feeling happy when she succeeds, you feeling sad (and maybe even mad) when something bad happens to her, etc.). So shouldn't emotion be added to this page as a Method of obtaining knowledge?--SurrealWarrior 22:06, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

About the ways of obtaining knowledge
When I was studying argumentation over 2 decades ago there were either 4 or 5 basic ways of knowing, depending on the source. They were observation, reasoning, authority, and intuition according to all reputable sources I studied; with the debatable fifth one being divine revelation. In the article, testimony (with authority as a subset) versus authority as a top-level way is touted as one of the main ways. That makes sense to me, for what that's worth, since not all credible witnesses have to be authorities. Basically, though, I thought that it was important to the article that someone mention that intuition is one of the traditional ways of knowing.PMELD5 (talk) 03:25, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Reference
The only reference in this article is another encyclopedia and a defunct at that. It should be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.150.48.86 (talk) 15:01, 10 September 2014 (UTC)

"Revelation" section under "Methods"
The phrase "although there is no evidence to support this claim." seems out of place in this section, given that it's specifically talking about a method of obtaining knowledge that differs from evidence, which has already been listed under "observation or experience". The converse of this—adding something like, "although there has been no divine revelation of its usefulness," in the "observation or experience" section—makes the incongruity obvious. I nominate that it be removed. Trevor (talk) 16:14, 20 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that wasn't very neutral, nor well reasoned. I rewrote the passage. -- Beland (talk) 23:43, 6 May 2018 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Methods of obtaining knowledge. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210700/http://www.internet-encyclopedia.org/wiki.phtml?title=Methods_of_obtaining_knowledge to http://www.internet-encyclopedia.org/wiki.phtml?title=Methods_of_obtaining_knowledge

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:40, 26 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Methods of obtaining knowledge


text:
Couper Collection

The Couper Collection is an internationally exhibited collection of artwork and installations by the British artist Max Couper, as well as a venue for: exhibitions and events by other artists; and youth art education projects.

Based in Hove, Sussex since 2022, the Couper Collection for many years exhibited its art in a floating gallery on converted barges, moored on the banks of the Thames in Battersea, London.

Between 2001 and 2003 the Collection was a Focus Site of the London String of Pearls Golden Jubilee Festival, Patron HRH Prince Charles.

The Couper Collection Diamond Jubilee Bridge was launched in a ceremony during the sailby of HM The Queen and HRH The Prince of Wales during the 2012 Thames Jubilee Pageant.

Works
Major works by Max Couper and the Couper Collection include:

 * Couper's new artwork & costumes at Galerie Verbeeck Van Dyke, Antwerp (2021)
 * Couper Collection's children's art exhibitions with the National Portrait Gallery London (2002)
 * Couper's Thames Fleeting Opera with the Royal Opera House and Judi Dench (2000)
 * Couper's exhibition at The Museum of Contemporary Art (MuHKA), Antwerp (1996)
 * Couper's exhibition at the Sprengel Museum, Hanover (1997)
 * Couper's exhibition at the Lehmbruck Museum of sculpture, Duisburg (1997)

Challenged mooring rights & closure 2014-2022
In 2006, the Couper Collection was involved a dispute with Hutchison Whampoa and the Port of London Authority regarding a land claim at Albion Riverside and Foster and Partners's plans to remove the charity's barges. Foster's lawyers, Farrer & Co, put in objections to the UK Land Registry. Max Couper claimed "ancient mooring rights", but in 2013 Justice Arnold ruled that the barges should be removed, and Hutchison Whampoa sought to enforce the ruling with a further High Court order to "dispose of or destroy" the gallery. The PLA offered alternative mooring sites, which Couper declined.

The litigation was long, and complex. Proceedings were first issued in 2006. The final judgement in the litigation was later in 2017, when Couper attempted to sue his solicitors and counsel in the earlier proceedings.

The vessels have been sold.

The Collection was re-incorporated in 2020 as a not-for-profit Community Interest Company (CIC). Registered as The Couper Collection Sussex CIC, its current directors in 2023 are Tim French MBE, Max Couper and Magdalena Couper.

title: Couper Collection


text:
Johan Gadolin

Johan Gadolin (5 June 1760 –15 August 1852) was a Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist. Gadolin discovered a "new earth" containing the first rare-earth compound yttrium, which was later determined to be a chemical element. He is also considered the founder of Finnish chemistry research, as the second holder of the Chair of Chemistry at the Royal Academy of Turku (or Åbo Kungliga Akademi). Gadolin was ennobled for his achievements and awarded the Order of Saint Vladimir and the Order of Saint Anna.

Early life and education
Johan Gadolin was born in Åbo (Finnish name Turku), Finland (then a part of Sweden). Johan was the son of Jakob Gadolin, professor of physics and theology at Åbo. Johan began to study mathematics at the Royal Academy of Turku (Åbo Kungliga Akademi) when he was fifteen. Later he changed his major to chemistry, studying with Pehr Adrian Gadd, the first chair of chemistry at Åbo.

In 1779 Gadolin moved to Uppsala University. In 1781, he published his dissertation Dissertatio chemica de analysi ferri ("Chemical dissertation on the analysis of iron"), under the direction of Torbern Bergman. Bergman founded an important research school, and many of his students, including Gadolin, Johan Gottlieb Gahn, and Carl Wilhelm Scheele, became close friends.

Career
Gadolin was fluent in Latin, Finnish, Russian, German, English and French in addition to his native Swedish. He was a candidate for the chair of chemistry at Uppsala in 1784, but Johann Afzelius was selected instead. Gadolin became an extraordinary professor at Åbo in 1785 (an unpaid position). Beginning in 1786, he made a chemical "grand tour" of Europe, visiting universities and mines in various countries. He worked with Lorenz Crell, editor of the journal Chemische Annalen in Germany, and with Adair Crawford and Richard Kirwan in Ireland.

Gadolin was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1790.

Gadolin became the ordinary professor of chemistry at the Royal Academy of Turku in 1797, after the death of Pehr Adrian Gadd. He retained the position until his retirement in 1822. He was one of the first chemists who gave laboratory exercises to students. He even allowed the students to use his private laboratory.

Chemical achievements
Gadolin made contributions in a variety of areas.

Although he never visited France, he became a proponent of Antoine Lavoisier's theory of combustion. Gadolin's Inledning till Chemien (1798) was the first chemistry textbook in the Nordic countries that questioned the theory of phlogiston and discussed the role of oxygen in combustion in a modern way.

Studies of heat
Gadolin studied the relationship of heat to chemical changes, in particular, the ability of different substances to absorb heat (specific heat) and the absorption of heat during state changes (latent heat). This thermochemical work required extremely precise measurements. Gadolin published important papers on specific heat by 1784, and on the latent heat of steam in 1791. He demonstrated that the heat of ice was equal to the heat of snow, and published a standard set of heat tables.

"The best series of experiments on the distribution of heat among different bodies was performed before the year 1784 by Professor Gadolin of Åbo, who, rejecting the notion of Capacity, introduced the unexceptionable expression, Specific Heat. One of the most beautiful consequences derived from this theory, was the determination of the absolute zero or lowest point in the scale of Heat."

Yttrium, the first rare-earth element
Gadolin became famous for his description of the first rare-earth element, yttrium. In 1792 Gadolin received a sample of black, heavy mineral found in a quarry in a Swedish village Ytterby near Stockholm by Carl Axel Arrhenius. By careful experiments, Gadolin determined that approximately 38% of the sample was a previously unknown "earth", an oxide which was later named yttria. Yttria, or yttrium oxide, was the first known rare-earth metal compound—at that time, it was not yet regarded as an element in the modern sense. His work was published in 1794.

The mineral that Gadolin examined was named gadolinite in 1800. The element gadolinium and its oxide gadolinia were named after Gadolin by its discoverers.

In an earlier paper in 1788 Gadolin showed that the same element can show several oxidation states, in his case Sn(II) and Sn(IV) 'by combining itself with larger or smaller amounts of the calcinating substance'. He described the disproportionation reaction:

 * 2 Sn(II) Sn(0) + Sn(IV).

Analytical chemistry
Having established the composition of Prussian blue, Gadolin suggested a method for precipitating ferrous iron as ferro ferricyanide, preceding the work of Gay-Lussac by forty years.

Reports of many of Gadolin's chemical investigations appeared in German in Crell's Chemische Annalen für die Freunde der Naturlehre, Arzneygelahrheit, Haushaltungskeit und Manufacturen. In 1825 he published Systema fossilium analysibus chemicis examinatorum secundum partium constitutivarum rationes ordinatorium, a system of mineral classification based upon chemical principles. The introduction outlines Gadolin's theories, and the text presents mineral species in a systematic ordering.

One of Gadolin's latest studies was the chemical analysis of the Chinese alloy pak tong in 1810 and 1827. Also known as alpacca or German silver, it was a less expensive silver substitute often containing copper, zinc, nickel, and tin.

Gadolin is also famous for publishing one of the earliest examples of counter-current condensers. In 1791 he improved a condenser design of his father's by using the "counter-current principle". By requiring water coolant to flow uphill, the effectiveness of the condenser was increased. This principle was later used by Justus Liebig, in what is today usually referred to as a Liebig condenser.

Awards
Gadolin was knighted and is registered under number 245 in the Finnish House of Nobility. He was also awarded the Order of Saint Vladimir and the Order of Saint Anna. His heraldic device was:

"Argent, on a bend Azure with two mullets Or between a rose Gules and crystals Proper."

Later life
Johan Gadolin married first, at age 35, Hedvig Tihleman, with whom he had nine children. After his wife's death he married, at age 59, Ebba Palander. Gadolin retired as professor emeritus in 1822 at age 62, a mandatory age of retirement. He moved to a country estate where he lived for another 30 years. He died in Mynämäki, Finland on 15 August 1852.

The Great Fire of Turku of 1827 started in a bakery and damaged or destroyed much of the town of Åbo. Gadolin's laboratory and collection of minerals near the cathedral were destroyed.

title: Johan Gadolin


text:
Safiyya bint Huyayy

Safiyya bint Huyayy (صفية بنت حيي ) was a Jewish woman from the Banu Nadir tribe. After the Battle of Khaybar in 628, she was widowed and taken captive by the early Muslims and subsequently became Muhammad's tenth wife. Like all other women who were married to Muhammad, Saffiya was known to Muslims as a Mother of the Believers. Their marriage produced no children and ended with Muhammad's death in Medina in 632.

Early life
Safiyyah was born in Medina to Huyayy ibn Akhtab, the chief of the Jewish tribe Banu Nadir. Her mother, Barrah bint Samawal, was from the Banu Qurayza tribe. Her maternal grandfather was Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya, a celebrated pre-Islamic Arabian Jewish poet from the Banu Harith tribe. According to a source, she was married off to Sallam ibn Mishkam, who later divorced her.

When the Banu Nadir were expelled from Medina in 625, her family settled in Khaybar, an oasis 153 kilometers from Medina. Her father and brother went from Khaybar to join the Meccan and Bedouin forces besieging Muhammad in Medina during the Battle of the Trench. When the Meccans withdrew Muhammad besieged the Banu Qurayza. After the defeat of the Banu Qurayza in 627 Safiyya's father, a long-time opponent of Muhammad, was captured and executed by the Muslims.

In 627 or early 628, Safiyya was married to Kenana ibn al-Rabi, treasurer of the Banu Nadir; she was about 17 years old at that time. Muslim sources claimed that Safiyya is said to have informed Kenana of a dream she had in which the moon had fallen from the heavens into her lap. Kenana interpreted it as a desire to marry Muhammad and struck her in the face, leaving a mark which was still visible when she first had contact with Muhammad.

Battle of Khaybar
In May 628, Muhammad and the Muslims invaded Khaybar, and several Jewish tribes (including the Banu Nadir) were defeated and surrendered. Some of the Jewish tribes were allowed to remain in the city on the condition that they give half of their annual produce to the Muslims. The land itself became the property of the Muslim state. This settlement, according to Stillman, did not extend to the Banu Nadir tribe, who were given no mercy.

Safiyya's then-husband, Kenana ibn al-Rabi, who was the custodian of the Banu Nadir's treasure, was summoned by Muhammad to reveal its location. Despite Kenana's professed ignorance, a Jew disclosed his habitual presence around a particular ruin. Consequently, Muhammad ordered excavations in that area, uncovering a portion of the treasure. When questioned about the remaining wealth, Kenana refused to divulge. Muhammad then ordered Zubayr ibn al-Awwam to torture him with hot steel applied to his chest until he was almost dead. Muhammad subsequently took him to Muhammad ibn Maslama, who beheaded him in revenge for his brother Mahmud, who had been killed in the battle.

Dihya al-Kalbi, one of Muhammad's companions, requested a slave from the captives, and Muhammad granted him the choice. Dihya thus went and took Safiyya. Witnessing this, another companion informed Muhammad, highlighting Safiyya's beauty and her status as the chief mistress of Banu Qurayza and the Nadir. The companion believed she was fit only for Muhammad, leading Muhammad to give the order to call them.

When Safiyya was delivered, she came along with another woman. Confronted with the sight of the headless corpses of the beheaded Banu Nadir men, the woman cried out wildly, smacked herself in the face, and poured sand on her head. Muhammad ordered that what he considered a "she-devil" be taken away. He directed that Safiyyah be placed behind him, with his cloak covering her, indicating to the Muslims that He had chosen her for himself, and told Dihya to take any other slave girl from the captives. It was reported that Dihya got seven slaves in exchange. Muhammad married Safiyya.

Marriage to Muhammad
According to Muhammad al-Bukhari, Muhammad stayed for three days between Khaybar and Medina, where he consummated his marriage to Safiyya. His companions wondered if she was to be considered a slave or a wife. The former speculated that they would consider Safiyya as Muhammad's wife, and thus a "Mother of the Believers".

Muhammad advised Safiyya to convert to Islam, she accepted and agreed to became Muhammad's wife. Safiyya did not bear any children to Muhammad.

Regarding Safiyya's Jewish descent, Muhammad once said to his wife that if other women insulted her for her Jewish heritage and were jealous because of her beauty, she was to respond: "My father (ancestor) Harun (Aaron) was a prophet, my uncle (his brother) Musa (Moses) was a prophet, and my husband (Muhammad) is a prophet."

Consummation
Regarding the consummation of their marriage and her 'idda (waiting period), several authentic hadith addressed this topic.

Her marriage was nullified after her husband was killed and she was taken as a slave, which is different from a divorce or normal death of a husband. Because of this, consummation was based on istibra' (assurance of being free of pregnancy via menses) rather than 'idda. Numerous authentic hadith reports describe this:

Legacy
After Muhammad's death, she became involved in the power politics of the early Muslim community, and acquired substantial influence by the time of her death. In 656, Safiyya sided with caliph Uthman ibn Affan, and defended him at his last meeting with Ali, Aisha, and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. During the period when the caliph was besieged at his residence, Safiyya made an unsuccessful attempt to reach him, and supplied him with food and water via a plank placed between her dwelling and his.

Safiyya died in 670 or 672, during the reign of Mu'awiya I, and was buried in the Jannat al-Baqi graveyard. She left an estate of 100,000 dirhams in land and goods, one-third of which she bequeathed to her sister's son, who followed Judaism. Her dwelling in Medina was bought by Muawiyya for 180,000 dirhams.

Her dream was interpreted as a miracle, and her suffering and reputation for crying won her a place in Sufi works. She is mentioned in all major books of hadith for relating a few traditions and a number of events in her life serve as legal precedents.

title: Safiyya bint Huyayy


text:
The Souls

The Souls was a small loosely-knit but distinctive elite social and intellectual group in the United Kingdom from 1885 to the turn of the century. Many of the most distinguished British politicians and intellectuals of the time were members. The original group of Souls reached its zenith in the early 1890s and had faded out as a coherent clique by 1900.

Formation
The group formed as a response to the damper on social life caused by the political tension of the Irish Home Rule debate. Existing social circles were rent by angry arguments between proponents and opponents of the Gladstone ministry's efforts in 1886 to bring about full Home Rule. Many people in society wanted a salon where they could meet without fighting about politics. Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, a member of the group, described the aims and objectives of The Souls, and above all, of what they wanted to avoid."In my disappointment about Egypt I turned with redoubled zest to my social pleasures of the year before, and at this time saw much of that interesting group of clever men and pretty women known as the Souls, than whom no section of London Society was better worth frequenting, including as it did all that there was most intellectually amusing and least conventional. It was a group of men and women bent on pleasure, but pleasure of a superior kind, eschewing the vulgarities of racing and card-playing indulged in by the majority of the rich and noble, and looking for their excitement in romance and sentiment."

The name reportedly came from Lord Charles Beresford, who said: "You all sit and talk about each other's souls—I shall call you the 'Souls'".

Members
The original Souls included the following people. It is important to note that most or perhaps all of the women in this list were members of The Souls on their own merits before they married other members.

The Balfours

 * Arthur Balfour (1848–1930), Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 1902–1905
 * Edith Sophy Balfour (1865–1948), who was Alfred Lyttelton's second wife. A novelist, playwright, World War I-era activist, and Justice of the Peace, in August 1917 she was among the first people honoured with the Order of the British Empire by King George V, for her work with refugees.

The Wyndhams
Percy Wyndham, his wife, Madeline Caroline Frances Eden Campbell, their two sons and three daughters and the children's spouses were all original members of The Souls. Through their mother, the children were descended from Irish nationalist Lord Edward FitzGerald. Wyndham commissioned the now-famous painting of his daughters, The Wyndham Sisters by John Singer Sargent. The trio are the centre of the 2014 book Those Wild Wyndhams by Claudia Renton.

 * Hon. Percy Scawen Wyndham (1835–1911) was a soldier, Conservative Party politician, collector and intellectual. He held the same seat in Parliament from 1860 to 1885.
 * Madeline Caroline Frances Eden Campbell Wyndham, (1846–1920) married the Hon. Percy Scawen Wyndham in 1860. Through her, their children were descended from Irish nationalist Lord Edward FitzGerald.
 * George Wyndham, (1863–1913), the Wyndhams' elder son, served in the Coldstream Guards, became private secretary to Arthur Balfour and in 1889, was elected unopposed to a seat in the House of Commons that he held until his death in 1913. He served as Under-Secretary of State for War, Chief Secretary for Ireland, and then was taken into the Cabinet and sworn a member of the Privy Council in 1902. He furthered the 1902 Land Conference and saw the transformative Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903 into law. Within years of the Acts, former tenants owned most of the land, thanks to support from government subsidies.
 * Guy Percy Wyndham (1865–1941), the Wyndham's second son, was an officer in the British army
 * Madeline Pamela Constance Blanche Wyndham, (1869–1941), the Wyndham's second daughter, married British Army officer Charles Adeane. After retiring from the Army, he was Justice of the Peace and Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire from 1915 until his death in 1943. In 1917, he was appointed President of the Royal Agricultural Society. The couple had seven children, two sons and five daughters. Their eldest daughter, Pamela, was the mother of professional jazz musician and broadcaster Humphrey Richard Adeane Lyttelton, also known as Humph.
 * Pamela Adelaide Genevieve Wyndham Glenconner Grey (1871–1928), the senior Wyndhams' youngest child, was an author and editor. In 1919, Wyndham published Edward Wyndham Tennant: Memoirs of his Mother... her memories of her war-poet son, killed on the Somme in 1916. She published poems, prose and children's literature, and edited poetry and prose anthologies. She numbered among her friends Henry James, Oscar Wilde, Edward Burne-Jones, and Edith Olivier. Her first husband was Margot Asquith's brother, Edward Tennant, 1st Baron Glenconner. They had five children, including Stephen Tennant (1906–1987), known as the brightest of the Bright Young Things of 1920s London, and his elder brother, David Tennant (1902–1968) who founded the Gargoyle Club in Soho in 1925. Her second marriage, in 1922, to the eminent British Liberal statesman Sir Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, had no issue.
 * Mary Constance Charteris, Lady Elcho (1862–1937), eldest daughter of Percy and Madeline Wyndham. She married Hugo Charteris, Lord Elcho, in 1883. They had seven children. One son died very young. Their eldest son, Captain Hugo Francis Charteris, Lord Elcho, married Lady Violet Catherine Manners, the daughter of Violet Manners, Duchess of Rutland (see below) and Henry Manners, 8th Duke of Rutland, in 1911. He and his brother Yvo Alan Charteris, were killed in action during the Great War. Their eldest daughter, Lady Cynthia Mary Evelyn Charteris, a prolific writer, married poet Herbert Asquith, second son of Prime Minister H. H. Asquith. Their youngest child, Lady Irene Corona Charteris, married Ivor Windsor-Clive, 2nd Earl of Plymouth, son of Albert and Roberta Windsor-Clive, also members of The Souls.

The Custs

 * Henry "Harry" Cust (1861–1917) served as a Member of Parliament for the Unionist Party, as Justice of the Peace for Bedfordshire, as Deputy Lieutenant of Bedfordshire, and as Justice of the Peace for Lincolnshire. He had a reputation as a brilliant conversationalist and a philanderer. Violet Manners, Duchess of Rutland, was his mistress, and her daughter, Lady Diana Cooper, née Manners, was his child. In 1892, William Waldorf Astor invited Cust to edit the Pall Mall Gazette. He made it the best evening journal of the period, in part by enlisting such contributors as Rudyard Kipling and H. G. Wells. Cust rejected Astor's own submissions and disagreed with his politics: Astor dismissed him in February 1896. Among Cust's own works is the poem  "Non nobis ".  During World War I, Cust was active in propaganda on behalf of the British Government. In August 1914 he founded the Central Committee for National Patriotic Organizations. He married  'Nina' Welby in 1893.
 * Emmeline 'Nina' Mary Elizabeth Welby (1867–1955), was an English writer, editor, translator and sculptor. She married fellow Soul Harry Cust in 1893. She aided him in much of his work, as when she helped with correspondence for the Central Committee for National Patriotic Organisations.

The Grenfells

 * William Grenfell, 1st Baron Desborough (1855–1945) was a British athlete, sportsman, public servant and politician. Desborough was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1907, advancing to Knight Commander in 1908 and Knight Grand Cross in 1925. In 1928, he was admitted as a Knight of the Order of the Garter. He sat in the House of Commons from 1880 to 1905, when he was raised to the peerage. He was President of the Thames Conservancy Board from 1904 to 1937. He served with the London Chamber of Commerce, the Royal Agricultural Society, was a steward of Henley Royal Regatta, served as a Justice of the Peace and a Deputy Lieutenant. In 1919, the Desborough Committee investigated the causes of the London Police Strike of August 1918. Its recommendations resulted in the enactment of the influential Police Act of 1919. He was President of the Central Association of Volunteer Training Corps, a voluntary home-defence militia, from November 1914 until it was disbanded in 1920. From 1924 to 1929 he was Captain of the Queen's Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard. From 1919 to 1929 he was chairman of the Pilgrims of Great Britain. He planned and oversaw the construction of the Desborough Cut, an artificial navigation channel on the River Thames, which was opened in 1935. He married Ethel "Ettie" Fane in 1887. (See below.) They had three sons and two daughters. Their eldest son, the poet Julian Grenfell, was killed in action in 1915. Their second son, Gerald William Grenfell, was killed about two months later. Their third son, Ivo George Grenfell, died in 1926 after a car accident. With no surviving male heirs the barony became extinct after Grenfell's death.
 * Ethel 'Ettie' Grenfell, née Fane, Lady Desborough (1867–1952) was the daughter of the Hon. Julian Fane, a diplomat and poet, the fifth and youngest son of John Fane, 11th Earl of Westmorland, and Lady Adine Eliza Anne Cowper, daughter of George Cowper, 6th Earl Cowper. Lady Adine died in 1868, a few months after the birth of a son (who did not live to adulthood). Fane died in 1870, leaving Ettie an orphan. She was 20 years old when she married William Grenfell. They welcomed gatherings of The Souls and many others to Taplow Court. Lady Desborough was a well-known celebrity and hostess whose guest lists included Henry Irving, Vita Sackville-West, Edward VII when Prince of Wales, H. G. Wells, Patrick Shaw Stewart, Edith Wharton, Oscar Wilde and Winston Churchill. From 1911 on, Ettie served periodically as Lady of the Bedchamber to Mary of Teck, Queen Consort to George V. She was said to be the confidante of six Prime Ministers: Rosebery, Balfour, Asquith, Baldwin, Chamberlain and Churchill. The Grenfells' lives were marked by the loss of all three sons, two in the Great War and one in an automobile accident in 1926. In 1915, their son Julian was fatally wounded when a splinter from an exploding shell landed in his brain. Ettie received the news from their daughter, who was serving as a nurse in France. Ettie and William travelled to Boulogne, France to be with their son. It took Julian 13 days to die, with his mother, father and sister at his side.

The Windsor-Clives

 * Robert Windsor-Clive, 1st Earl of Plymouth (1857–1923), was a Conservative politician. He was the founding President of the London Society.
 * Alberta Victoria Sarah Caroline Windsor-Clive, née Paget, Countess of Plymouth (1863–1944), his wife.

Others

 * George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston (1859–1925), Viceroy of India 1899–1905
 * Margot Asquith, née Tennant (1864–1945): a British socialite, author, and wit, she married H. H. Asquith, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in 1894 and became Countess of Oxford and Asquith in 1925 when her husband was granted a peerage.
 * Laura Tennant, Margot's sister (1862–1886), who married Alfred Lyttelton in 1885 and died a year later giving birth to their son (who died in 1888).
 * Lucy Graham Smith, another of Margot's sisters (1860–1942), who lived in Easton Grey House (Wiltshire) and later Sindlesham House (Berkshire).
 * St. John Brodrick (1856–1942): a Conservative and Irish Unionist Alliance politician, he served in many important positions and was sworn into the Privy Council in 1897. At his father's death in 1907, he became 9th Viscount Midleton. In the 1920 New Year Honours he was made 1st Earl of Midleton.
 * Hugo Richard Charteris, Lord Elcho (1857–1937) was a Scottish Conservative politician. He married Mary Constance Wyndham in 1883, They had seven children. Hugo was the fifth son, but by 1914 he was the eldest survivor, and he succeeded his father, becoming the 11th Earl of Wemyss and the 7th Earl of March. He served as Lord-Lieutenant of Haddingtonshire from 1918 to 1937.
 * Alfred Lyttelton (1857–1913): the 12th child of the 4th Baron Lyttelton, he displayed versatility at sport, excelling at both football and cricket. Lyttelton took up the law. He married Laura Tennant in 1885. She died in 1886, bringing their son into the world. The child died in 1888. In 1892, he married Edith Sophy Balfour. In 1895, he was elected to the House of Commons as a Liberal Unionist. In 1900 he was appointed Queen's Counsel and was sent to South Africa as chairman of the committee planning reconstruction following the Boer War. He served as Colonial Secretary from 1903 to 1905.
 * Henry White, U.S. diplomat (1850–1927) and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd 'Daisey' White.
 * Violet Manners, Duchess of Rutland (1856–1937).

The Coterie
The Coterie, often considered to be the second generation of The Souls, was a celebrated group of intellectuals, a mix of aristocrats, politicians and art-lovers, most of whom were killed in the First World War. There were children of The Souls among them, notably Lady Diana Manners, daughter of Violet Manners, Duchess of Rutland. Officially the youngest daughter of the 8th Duke of Rutland, she was in fact the daughter of Harry Cust. She married one of the Coterie's few survivors, Duff Cooper, later British Ambassador to France. After his death, she wrote three volumes of memoirs. Raymond Asquith, eldest son of Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, was a member of the Coterie, but not out of sympathy with his stepmother, Margot Tennant Asquith. He was killed on the Somme.

title: The Souls


text:
Gadolin

The Gadolin family is a Finnish noble family, whose members held significant positions in the history of Finland.

Notable members

 * Jakob Gadolin (1719-1802), Finnish Lutheran Bishop and Johan Gadolin's father
 * Johan Gadolin (1760-1852), Finnish chemist
 * Alexander Gadolin (1868-1939), Finnish jurist

title: Gadolin


text:
SNC-Lavalin Rail & Transit

SNC-Lavalin Rail & Transit is an international rail consultancy company. Headquartered in Derby, England, it is a subsidiary of AtkinsRéalis.

The company was originally formed as Interfleet Technology in April 1994 during the privatization of British Rail. Initially operating as a subsidiary of the British Railways Board, Interfleet became an independent entity following a management buyout in 1996. By 2011, the company had expanded to 22 offices worldwide and generated a turnover exceeding £50 million, engaging in thousands of assignments annually.

In 2011, SNC-Lavalin acquired Interfleet, leading to its rebranding as SNC-Lavalin Rail & Transit in January 2016. The company now has regional subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, North America, Scandinavia, and Australasia, with offices in several major cities globally.

SNC-Lavalin Rail & Transit offers a comprehensive range of services across the railway system, including rolling stock, infrastructure, signalling, communications, testing, and software development. Their clients span governmental and regulatory agencies, private manufacturers, operators, and investors. Notable projects include high-speed freight wagon design, modifications to British Rail Class units, technical analysis for Norwegian high-speed railways, and significant roles in the UK's InterCity East Coast franchise and Australia's Inland Rail programme.

Formation and early years
Interfleet Technology was formed during April 1994 as part of the wider privatisation of British Rail. Interfleet originated from the former InterCity Fleet Engineering division of the British Rail engineering and technical headquarters, which managed the rolling stock operated by the then InterCity sector of British Rail. Between April 1994 and March 1996, the company traded as a subsidiary of the British Railways Board; however, in March 1996, Interfleet was privatised in a management buyout.

At the time of privatisation, Interfleet employed 99 staff and had one office in Derby; turnover was approximately £5 million. Having opted to pursue international clients, Interfleet established a series of regional offices for the purpose of supporting the individual needs of local markets, providing their services as consultants and subject experts. Interlink's day-to-day operations emphasised the speed and effectiveness of communication with its varied client base.

By April 2011, Interfleet had expanded considerably, totaling 22 offices spread across the globe, and was reportedly generating a turnover in excess of £50 million. According to Rollin, the company was engaged in excess of two thousand assignments per year on behalf of various clients at this time.

Acquisition and rebranding as SNC-Lavalin Rail & Transit
During October 2011, it was announced that Interfleet would be acquired by SNC-Lavalin.

During May 2013, it was announced that Interfleet had been appointed to provide various services for the Intercity Express Programme, including direct technical support to Hitachi, assessment and certification services for compliance to relevant European and British legislation, as well as inspections and a production quality management audit in both Britain and Japan.

In January 2016, Interfleet Technology was re-branded as SNC-Lavalin Rail & Transit. In conjunction with this rebranding, it was also integrated with other entities, including SNC-Lavalin's Transit Engineers in Vancouver and Toronto along with the Transport Systems team in Montreal; these became a single organisation that operated under the new brand.

Former logo
The company logo for Interfleet has also changed throughout its history as shown below.

Organisational structure and regional offices
The international SNC-Lavalin Rail & Transit divisional unit has regional subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, North America, Scandinavia and Australasia. The divisional unit has offices in Australia (Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney), Canada (Burlington, Montreal, Toronto & Vancouver), Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur), Norway (Oslo), Sweden (8 locations including Gothenburg, Malmö and Stockholm), the United Kingdom (Derby (HQ)), Edinburgh, Glasgow, Birmingham, London and Manchester) and the United States (Philadelphia & New York City) and 1,000 staff.

Service areas
SNC-Lavalin Rail & Transit provides services across the railway system, the major elements of which include rolling stock, infrastructure, signalling, communications, testing, and software development. The company works throughout all stages of the asset lifecycle, from feasibility, specification and procurement, through operations, maintenance and renewal. Services offered range from strategic railway management through to engineering and detail technical services.

Clients and assignments
SNC-Lavalin Rail & Transit works throughout the international rail industry. Clients include governmental and regulatory agencies and private clients including manufacturers and maintainers, operators and owners as well as banks, investors and international development agencies. Assignments undertaken range from day-to-day engineering and technical support, through to management of major projects such as new train procurement and strategic support to bidders for passenger rail franchises.

During the early 2000s, the company provided testing in conjunction with the KTH Royal Institute of Technology into the design of high speed freight wagons suitable for speeds of up to 160km/h. Around the same timeframe, Interfleet also shaped the bogie design of the new British Rail Class 185 diesel multiple unit; roughly one decade later, it designed the modifications for the mid-life refreshes of the similar British Rail Class 444 and British Rail Class 450 electric multiple units.

During September 2010, Interfleet was appointed to perform technical and safety analysis in support of the design of envisioned high speed railways being planned in Norway.

During November 2015, SNC-Lavalin Rail & Transit, in partnership with Arup Group and Ernst & Young, was appointed by the Department for Transport as its operator of last resort to takeover the operations of any train operating company in the United Kingdom at short notice should it be required. This function had previously been handled by Directly Operated Railways. In June 2018, the partnership trading as London North Eastern Railway took over the InterCity East Coast franchise from Virgin Trains East Coast.

During the late 2010s and early 2020s, SNC-Lavalin Rail & Transit has been heavily involved in Australia's Inland Rail programme; activities have included project management and the production of a framework for information management, contract compliance and resource management.

By late 2021, the company had secured a key role in European Train Control System (ETCS) deployment in Britain, providing both consultancy and signalling systems integrator functions; it has also been appointed as the Railway Systems Integration Partner for the East Coast Digital Programme as well as to deliver and operate the National ETCS Test Verification Validation and Integration Laboratory.

title: SNC-Lavalin Rail & Transit


text:
Mott MacDonald

The Mott MacDonald Group is a management, engineering and development consultancy headquartered in the United Kingdom. It employs +18,000 staff in 150 countries. Mott MacDonald is one of the largest employee-owned companies in the world.

History
Mott MacDonald was formed in 1989 through the merger of Mott, Hay and Anderson and Sir M MacDonald & Partners. Mott, Hay and Anderson was a transportation engineering consultancy responsible for projects such as the London Underground while Sir M MacDonald & Partners was a water engineering consultancy with projects that included the Aswan Dam. The merger made Mott MacDonald one of the first international engineering, management, and development consultancies.

Mott, Hay & Anderson
Mott, Hay and Anderson was founded as a private partnership between Basil Mott and David Hay in 1902, with the original firm name of Mott & Hay. Prior to forming the original partnership, Mott and Hay had spent time building London tube railways and Hay had worked on the Blackwall Tunnel. Both engineers had worked together since 1888 on the City & South London Railway under Sir Benjamin Baker and James Henry Greathead. Early projects included the reconstruction and extension of the City and South London Railway (C&SLR), the building and extension of the Central London Railway, the construction of lifts beneath St Mary Woolnoth church at Bank tube station, the underpinning of Clifford's Tower, the reconstruction of Southwark Bridge and the widening of Blackfriars Bridge. Mott and Hay employed a young engineer called David Anderson as resident engineer for the latter project.

The firm also advised on proposals for underground railways in Sydney, Africa, and Russia. David Anderson was made a partner in 1920 after returning from army service. The firm was thereafter known as Mott, Hay and Anderson. During the 1920s, it designed the rolling bridge over the River Dee at Queensferry, the Tyne Bridge in Newcastle and the Trent Bridge in Nottingham. It also designed the enlargement of the City & South London Railway tunnels and their extension past Camden Town and Clapham South to form the Northern line of the London Underground.

Both founding partners died in 1938, at which time most of the construction projects stopped. During the 1940s after World War II, it began expanding and working on additional projects, some of which including repairing of roads and bridges damaged or destroyed during the war, and, later, included the Victoria line of the London Underground and Australia's Melbourne Underground Rail Loop. The firm continued in these fields until the merger with Sir M MacDonald & Partners in 1989, at which time it was also working on the Channel Tunnel between the United Kingdom and France beneath the English Channel.

Sir M MacDonald & Partners
Sir M MacDonald & Partners was named after Murdoch Macdonald, a British civil engineer and later politician. The company formed out of affairs relating directly to British infrastructure development in Egypt between 1890 and 1930, in particular MacDonald's involvement with Aswan Low Dam, starting in 1898. MacDonald was involved in the original construction of the Aswan Dam and later became an advisor to the Egyptian Ministry of Public Works after the dam was completed in 1902. He became closely associated with the development and first heightening of the Aswan Low Dam for the development of hydroelectricity.

MacDonald retired from his service with the Egyptian government in 1921 and returned to Britain where he began a partnership with Archibald MacCorquodale. In 1927, the two were later joined by PH East (also an engineer in the Egyptian government from 1907 to 1926) and Oswald Longstaff Prowde, at which time the name of the company was changed to Sir M MacDonald & Partners. One of the first major projects of the partnership included the second heightening of the Aswan Low Dam, which continued from 1929 through design and construction stages until 1933. The firm continued on projects through its merger with Mott, Hay and Anderson in 1989.

Post-merger
Mott MacDonald began to expand after the 1989 merger. Early acquisitions included the consultancies of Husband & Company as well as James Williamson & Partners. These acquisitions brought Mott MacDonald's total staffing to 3,300. Its 1994 acquisition of Ewbank Preece expanded its reach into the power and telecommunication fields, with its 2000 purchase of Cambridge Education Associates expanding its education consultancy. Additional early acquisitions included India-based firm Dalal Consultants in 2001, cost consultants Franklin + Andrews in 2002 and health practice HLSP in 2003. In 2007, Mott MacDonald bought Dutch firm Euroconsult BMB who specialized in international development and natural resource management. 2008 marked the first year that Mott MacDonald earned more internationally than it did in the United Kingdom, earning it recognition by New Civil Engineer as the International Consultant of the Year. Its top two international projects for that year were the Delhi Metro in India and Macau City of Dreams in China. The same year, the firm had 7,021 staff assigned to overseas projects, with 6,669 working overseas.

Mott MacDonald purchased Fulcrum Consulting in 2009 as a way of expanding its sustainable energy consultancy in the building sector. Fulcrum was a building services engineer consultancy and a founding member of the UK Green Building Council, specializing in green and eco-friendly engineering and design. Fulcrum was responsible for projects such as the Darwin Centre and considered a pioneer of low-energy building techniques. MacDonald also expanded to open principal offices in Turkey, Kazakhstan, Albania, and Serbia while opening smaller offices in throughout Africa. It also purchased Merz & McLellan, a South African electrical engineering consultancy. 2009 also marked the opening of Mbombela Stadium, a stadium in South Africa for which Mott MacDonald designed the roof. In 2010 it added South African healthcare and development specialist HDA, and Australian engineering consultancy Hughes Trueman to its portfolio. In 2011 Mott MacDonald purchased Australian firm Mortimer Project Management and opened an office in Auckland, New Zealand.

Mott MacDonald continued to expand its international presence in April 2013 with the purchase of Habtec Engenharia Ambiental, a Brazil-based environmental consultancy with 80 people. Later the same month, it purchased PD Naidoo & Associates, a consultancy based in South Africa with 550 people. The acquisitions added to the company's previous purchases of Canadian consultancy Engineering Northwest, oil and gas firm Procyon, and the oil and gas operations of Mouchel.

In 2014 Mott MacDonald acquired AWT, a specialist water technology and consulting company based in New Zealand and Australia.

In 2014 Mott MacDonald acquired its UK water industry design and build joint venture partner Bentley Holdings Ltd (including its subsidiary company JN Bentley Ltd). The move was a natural progression in the highly successful 15 year partnership between the companies through the joint venture Mott MacDonald Bentley.

In 2015 Mott MacDonald and Hatch have announced that the Hatch Mott MacDonald (HMM) joint venture will be separated into two distinct businesses. HMM’s Canada business will become part of Hatch while HMM’s US business will become part of Mott MacDonald. HMM’s pipelines business, which operates in both Canada and the US, will also join Mott MacDonald.

Projects
Mott MacDonald has worked on many notable projects. It was the design engineer for Heathrow Terminal 5 sub-structures and foundations, as well as providing rail assurance services, tunnelling advice and project and program management. The project began in 2002, with construction being completed in 2008.

Mott MacDonald was the engineer and worked with Denton Corker Marshall on the design of the Manchester Civil Justice Centre which was completed in 2007. The Centre was the largest court complex in the United Kingdom built in a century and has won 26 awards for its design, including the Major Project of the Year Award in 2008 from Building.com. The Centre was designed and constructed to have minimal impact on the environment and included a narrow form, acoustic privacy, and natural ventilation. It was also featured in the book Microgeneration: Low Energy Strategies for Larger Buildings for its sustainability features.

In 2012, Mott MacDonald was chosen as the concept designer for engineering the New Mosaic Stadium.

Girls’ Education South Sudan (GESS) was launched in 2012/13 in an initiative to assist the education of girl's in South Sudan. South Sudan became an independent country in 2011 whewn it was estimated that only 10% of women could read and write. Over the years partners like UKaid and the European Union have stopped their activity but GESS has continued. The project has grown to involve 300 staff in 3,000 schools. Akuja de Garang was a GESS team leader working with Mott MacDonald. She was awarded an MBE for her advocacy and her work.

Mott MacDonald was chosen to be part of the design-build team for a $41 million bridge rehabilitation project announced by New York Governor Andrew Cuomo in January 2014. The project is scheduled to repair bridges in Niagara County in the western part of New York.

The $125 million contract for engineering the single bore tunnel segment of the Silicon Valley BART extension was awarded to a joint venture bid placed by Mott MacDonald and San Francisco based PGH Wong Engineering in January 2019.

Since 1998, Mott MacDonald has been providing waste water management for Union Pacific. In January 2018, a Mott MacDonald employee distracted by a cell phone call left a tank unattended for an hour while working at the railroad's Albina Yard in Portland, Oregon, United States. The tank overflowed and released several thousands gallons of oil into the environment according to US attorneys. 1,800 gallons of the released oil was estimated to have been lost into the Willamette River. The former employee Robert LaRue Webb II was convicted with violating the Clean Water Act in October 2019 and was sentenced to a probation and a fine for negligently causing the oil release. The clean up and emergency response cost the railroad over $500,000. United States Coast Guard, EPA and Oregon Department of Environmental Quality assisted with the clean up.

title: Mott MacDonald


text: File:Sargentwyndhams.jpg

title: File:Sargentwyndhams.jpg


text:
Talk:Einstein-Rosen Bridge

Time travel
Time travel will be possible after 100 years. Because governments will see there economical problems, World War's and more

Maybe is the government already busy with finding out how you can time travel ? . Because every the US Government give some 100 millions for secret operations

The human will very soon searching possibilities of time travel but you know the oil is gone sone and other importent things also

Attention! Possible copyright violation

http://www.earth62.net/whatis/enstienbridge.htm

Morover I don't know whether the information on this page makes much sense.

--Daniel Arteaga 12:05, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Einstein-Rosen Bridge


text:
Frigyes Riesz

Frigyes Riesz (Riesz Frigyes,, sometimes known in English and French as Frederic Riesz; 22 January 1880 – 28 February 1956) was a Hungarian mathematician who made fundamental contributions to functional analysis, as did his younger brother Marcel Riesz.

Life and career
He was born into a Jewish family in Győr, Austria-Hungary and died in Budapest, Hungary. Between 1911 and 1919 he was a professor at the Franz Joseph University in Kolozsvár, Austria-Hungary. The post-WW1 Treaty of Trianon transferred former Austro-Hungarian territory including Kolozsvár to the Kingdom of Romania, whereupon Kolozsvár's name changed to Cluj and the University of Kolozsvár moved to Szeged, Hungary, becoming the University of Szeged. Then, Riesz was the rector and a professor at the University of Szeged, as well as a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. and the Polish Academy of Learning. He was the older brother of the mathematician Marcel Riesz.

Riesz did some of the fundamental work in developing functional analysis and his work has had a number of important applications in physics. He established the spectral theory for bounded symmetric operators in a form very much like that now regarded as standard. He also made many contributions to other areas including ergodic theory, topology and he gave an elementary proof of the mean ergodic theorem.

Together with Alfréd Haar, Riesz founded the Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum journal.

He had an uncommon method of giving lectures: he entered the lecture hall with an assistant and a docent. The docent then began reading the proper passages from Riesz's handbook and the assistant wrote the appropriate equations on the blackboard—while Riesz himself stood aside, nodding occasionally.

The Swiss-American mathematician Edgar Lorch spent 1934 in Szeged working under Riesz and wrote a reminiscence about his time there, including his collaboration with Riesz.

The corpus of his bibliography was compiled by the mathematician Pál Medgyessy.

title: Frigyes Riesz


text:
Talk:European Students' Union

Re. section 'Full Members'
Is the order here significant? If they are in order of affiliation (by date) then this should be stated, if the order is random then it should be sorted, I suggest alphabetically by name or by country. Robert Crowdy 11:54, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Re: copyright
I am the coyright holder by virtue of being the president of ESIB. But maybe we should write something shorter?

--Johan 11:33, 2004 Oct 16 (UTC)

what the hell...
did happen to the article? Looks like it was deleted but I cant imagine any reaseon? Fairfis

why on earth...
has this article been removed totally? I don't really feel like writing it from scratch again! Johan 13:42, 2004 Dec 8 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on European Students' Union. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070626184702/http://www.esib.org/cocoblog/ to http://www.esib.org/cocoblog

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:29, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on European Students' Union. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160504022936/http://www.esu-online.org/structures/electedrepresentatives/ to http://www.esu-online.org/structures/electedrepresentatives/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160506042626/http://www.esu-online.org/about/associates/ to http://www.esu-online.org/about/associates/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:10, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:European Students' Union


text: Category:Hemphill County, Texas

title: Category:Hemphill County, Texas