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Ukrainian Insurgent Army

The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Українська повстанська армія, УПА, abbreviated UPA) was a Ukrainian nationalist paramilitary and partisan formation founded by the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists on 14 October 1942. During World War II, it was engaged in guerrilla warfare against Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and both the Polish Underground State and Communist Poland. It conducted the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia.

The goal of the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) was to drive out occupying powers and set up an independent government, which would be achieved by a national revolution led by a leader with dictatorial power; OUN accepted violence as a political tool against enemies of their cause. In order to achieve this goal, a number of partisan units were formed, merged into a single structure in the form of the UPA, which was created on 14 October 1942. From February 1943, the organisation fought against the Germans in Volhynia and Polesia. At the same time, its forces fought an evenly matched war against the Polish resistance, during which the UPA carried out an massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, resulting in between 50,000 and 100,000 deaths. Soviet NKVD units fought against the UPA, which led armed resistance against Soviets until 1949. On the territory of Communist Poland, the UPA tried to prevent the forced deportation of Ukrainians from western Galicia to the Soviet Union until 1947.

Organizationally, the UPA was divided into regions. In Western Ukraine the UPA unit was called UPA West; in the centre-southern regions of Podolia, parts of Kyiv region, parts of Zhytomyr region and Odesa – UPA South; in the northern regions of Volhynia, Rivne, parts of Kiev and Zhytomyr regions UPA North was active; in eastern Ukraine, the UPA fled north, as Stalinist dictatorship had executed a number of the UPA's participants. The members of UPA East joined other UPA units in Dnipro and in Chernihiv region. The UPA was a decentralised movement widespread throughout Ukraine with each regions following somewhat different agenda given the circumstances of constant moving front line and a double threat of the Soviet and Nazi powers. The UPA was formally disbanded in early September 1949. However, some of its units continued operations until late 1956. Officially, UPA's last military engagement occurred in October 1956. That month, remnants of UPA fought valiantly on the Hungarian border region to assist the Hungarian Revolution. In March 2019, surviving UPA members were officially granted the status of veterans by the government of Ukraine.

Organization
The UPA's command structure overlapped with that of the OUN-B, local OUN and UPA leaders were frequently the same person. The OUN's military referents were the superiors of UPA unit commanders. The UPA was established in Volhynia and initially limited its activities to this region. Its first commander was the OUN military referent for Volhynia and Polesie, Vasily Ivachiv. In July, the UPA Supreme Command was organized with Dmytro Klyachkivsky at its head.

In November 1943, the UPA adopted a new structure, creating a Main Military Headquarters and the General Staff. Roman Shuchevych headed the HQ, while Dmytro Hrytsai became chief of staff. The General Staff consisted of operations, intelligence, logistics, personnel, training, political education, and military inspectors departments. The area of operations has been divided into three regions: UPA-West, UPA-North and UPA-South. There was also an attempt to create a UPA-East region, including Kiev and Zhytomyr regions, but the project never came to fruition. Similarly, the UPA-South region ceased to exist in the summer of 1944, but continued to appear in documents. Three military schools for low-level command staff were also established.

UPA's largest unit type, the kurin, consisting of 500–700 soldiers, was equivalent to a battalion, and its smallest unit, the rii (literally bee swarm), with eight to ten soldiers, equivalent to a squad. Occasionally, and particularly in Volyn, during some operations three or more kurins would unite and form a zahin or brigade. Organizational methods were borrowed and adapted from the German, Polish and Soviet military, while UPA units based their training on a modified Red Army field unit manual.

In terms of UPA soldiers' social background, 60 percent were peasants of low to moderate means, 20 to 25 percent were from the working class (primarily from the rural lumber and food industries), and 15 percent were members of the intelligentsia (students, urban professionals). The latter group provided a large portion of the UPA's military trainers and officer corps. The number of UPA fighters varied. A German Abwehr report from November 1943 estimated that the UPA had 20,000 soldiers; other estimates at that time placed the number at 40,000. By the summer of 1944, estimates of UPA membership varied from 25,000 to 30,000 fighters, up to 100,000, or even 200,000 soldiers.

Structure
The Ukrainian Insurgent Army was structured into three units: • # UPA-North

• Regions: Volhynia, Polissia.

• # Military District "Turiv"

• Commander – Maj. Rudyj.

• Squads: "Bohun", "Pomsta Polissja", "Nalyvajko".

• # Military District "Zahrava"

• Commander – Ptashka (Sylvester Zatovkanjuk).

• Squads: "Konovaletsj", "Enej", "Dubovyj", "Oleh".

• # Military District " Volhynia-South"

• Commander – Bereza.

• Squads: "Kruk", "H.".

• # UPA-West

• Regions: Halychyna, Bukovina, Zakarpattia, Zakerzonia.

• # Military District "Lysonja"

• Commander – Maj. Hrim, V.

• Kurins: "Holodnojarci", "Burlaky", "Lisovyky", "Rubachi", "Bujni", "Holky".

• # Military District "Hoverlja"

• Commander – Maj. Stepovyj (from 1945 – Major Hmara).

• Kurins: "Bukovynsjkyj", "Peremoha", "Hajdamaky", "Huculjskyj", "Karpatsjkyj".

• # Military District "Black Forest"

• Commander – Col. Rizun-Hrehit (Mykola Andrusjak).

• Kurins: "Smertonosci", "Pidkarpatsjkyj", "Dzvony", "Syvulja", "Dovbush", "Beskyd", "Menyky".

• # Military District "Makivka"

• Commander – Maj. Kozak.

• Kurins: "Ljvy", "Bulava", "Zubry", "Letuny", "Zhuravli", "Bojky of Chmelnytsjkyj", "Basejn".

• # Military District "Buh"

• Commander – Col. Voronnyj

• Kurins: "Druzhynnyky", "Halajda", "Kochovyky", "Perejaslavy", "Tyhry", "Perebyjnis"

• # Military District "Sjan"

• Commander – Orest

• Kurins: "Vovky", "Menyky", Kurin of Ren, Kurin of Eugene.

• # UPA-South

• Regions: Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Zhytomyr Oblast, southern region of Kyiv Oblast, southern regions of Ukraine,

• and especially in cities Odesa, Kryvyi Rih, Dnipropetrovsk, Mariupol, Donetsk.

• # Military District "Cholodnyj Jar"

• Commander – Kost'.

• Kurins: Kurin of Sabljuk, Kurin of Dovbush.

• # Military District "Umanj"

• Commander – Ostap.

• Kurins: Kurin of Dovbenko, Kurin of Buvalyj, Kurin of Andrij-Shum.

• # Military District "Vinnytsja"

• Commander – Jasen.

• Kurins: Kurin of Storchan, Kurin of Mamaj, Kurin of Burevij. The fourth region, UPA-East, was planned, but never created.

Greeting
The greeting "Glory to Ukraine! Glory to the heroes!" (Slava Ukrayini! Heroiam slava!) was used among members of the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) who started using this slogan as a greeting to its members.

Anthem
The anthem of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army was called the March of Ukrainian Nationalists, also known as We were born in a great hour (Зродились ми великої години). The song, written by Oles Babiy, was officially adopted by the leadership of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists in 1932. The organization was a successor of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, whose anthem was "Chervona Kalyna". Leaders of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, Yevhen Konovalets and Andriy Melnyk, were founding members of the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists. For this reason, "Chervona Kalyna" was also used by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.

Flag
The flag of the UPA was a red-and-black banner. The flag continues to be a symbol of the Ukrainian nationalist movement. The colours of the flag symbolize 'red Ukrainian blood spilled on the black Ukrainian earth. Use of the flag is also a "sign of the stubborn endurance of the Ukrainian national idea even under the grimmest conditions."

Awards

 * Cross of Merit
 * Cross of Combat Merit

Military ranks
The UPA made use of a dual rank system that included functional command position designations and traditional military ranks. The functional system was developed due to an acute shortage of qualified and politically reliable officers during the early stages of organization.

UPA rank structure consisted of at least seven commissioned officer ranks, four non-commissioned officer ranks, and two soldier ranks. The hierarchical order of known ranks and their approximate U.S. Army equivalent is as follows:

The rank scheme provided for three more higher general officer ranks: Heneral-Poruchnyk (Major General), Heneral-Polkovnyk (Lieutenant General), and Heneral-Pikhoty (General with Four Stars).

Armaments
Initially, the UPA used the weapons collected from the battlefields of 1939 and 1941. Later they bought weapons from peasants and individual soldiers or captured them in combat. Some light weapons were also brought by deserting Ukrainian auxiliary policemen. For the most part, the UPA used light infantry weapons of Soviet and, to a lesser extent, German origin (for which ammunition was less readily obtainable). In 1944, German units armed the UPA directly with captured Soviet arms. Many kurins were equipped with light 51 mm and 82 mm mortars. During large-scale operations in 1943–1944, insurgent forces also used artillery (45 mm and 76.2 mm). In 1943 a light Hungarian tank was used in Volhynia.

In 1944, the Soviets captured a Polikarpov Po-2 aircraft and one armored car and one personnel carrier from the UPA; however, it was not stated that they were in operable condition, while no OUN/UPA documents noted the usage of such equipment. By the end of World War II in Europe, the NKVD had captured 45 artillery pieces (45 and 76.2 mm calibres) and 423 mortars from the UPA. In the attacks against Polish civilians, axes and pikes were used. However, the light infantry weapon was the basic weapon used by the UPA.

1941

In a memorandum from 14 August 1941, the OUN (B) proposed to the Germans, to create a Ukrainian Army "which will join the German Army ... until the latter will win" (preferable translation: "which will unite with the German Army ... until [our] final victory"), in exchange for German recognition of an allied Ukrainian independent state. At the beginning of October 1941, during the first OUN Conference, the OUN formulated its future strategy. This called for transferring part of its organizational structure underground, in order to avoid conflict with the Germans. It also refrained from open anti-German propaganda activities. A captured German document of 25 November 1941 (Nuremberg Trial O14-USSR) ordered:"'It has been ascertained that the Bandera Movement is preparing a revolt in the Reichskommissariat which has as its ultimate aim the establishment of an independent Ukraine. All functionaries of the Bandera Movement must be arrested at once and, after thorough interrogation, are to be liquidated...'"

1942
At the Second Conference of the OUN-B, held in April 1942, the policies for the "creation, build-up and development of Ukrainian political and future military forces" and "action against partisan activity supported by Moscow" were adopted. Although German policies were criticized, the Soviet partisans were identified as the primary enemy of the OUN (B) and its future armed wing. The "Military conference of OUN (B)" met in December 1942 near Lviv. The conference resulted in the adoption of a policy for accelerated growth for the establishment of OUN-B's military forces. The conference emphasized that "all combat capable population must support, under OUN banners, the struggle against the Bolshevik enemy". On 30 May 1947, the Main Ukrainian Liberation Council (Головна Визвольна Рада) adopted the date of 14 October 1942, the Feast of the Intercession of Mary, the Mother of God, and Ukrainian Cossacks' Day, as the date of the formation of the UIA, and thus marked as its official foundation anniversary.

Germany
Relationship between Ukrainian Insurgent Army and Nazi Germany was complex and diverse, due to intertwined interests between the two nations, plus the decentralised nature of the UPA made it difficult to characterise.

Despite the stated opinions of Dmytro Klyachkivsky and Roman Shukhevych that the Germans were a secondary threat compared to their main enemies (the communist forces of the Soviet Union and Poland), the Third Conference of the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists, held near Lviv from 17 to 21 February 1943, decided to begin open warfare against the Germans (OUN fighters had already attacked a German garrison earlier that year on 7 February). Accordingly, on 20 March 1943, the OUN-B leadership issued secret instructions ordering their members who had joined the collaborationist Ukrainian Auxiliary Police in 1941–1942 to desert with their weapons and join with UPA units in Volhynia. This process often involved armed conflict with German forces trying to prevent this. The number of trained and armed personnel who joined the ranks of the UPA was estimated to be between 4 and 5 thousand.

Anti-German actions were limited to situations where the Germans attacked the Ukrainian population or UPA units. According to German general Ernst August Köstring, UPA fighters "fought almost exclusively against German administrative agencies, the German police and the SS in their quest to establish an independent Ukraine controlled by neither Moscow nor Germany." During the German occupation, the UPA conducted hundreds of raids on police stations and military convoys. In the region of Zhytomyr insurgents were estimated by the German General-Kommissar Leyser to be in control of 80% of the forests and 60% of the farmland. According to the OUN/UPA, on 12 May 1943, Germans attacked the town of Kolki using several SS-Divisions (SS units operated alongside the Wehrmacht who were responsible for intelligence, central security, policing action, and mass extermination), where both sides suffered heavy losses. Soviet partisans reported the reinforcement of German auxiliary forces at Kolki from the end of April until the middle of May 1943.

In June 1943, German SS and police forces under the command of Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, the head of Himmler-directed Bandenbekämpfung ("bandit warfare"), attempted to destroy UPA-North in Volhynia during Operation BB (Bandenbekämpfung). According to Ukrainian claims, the initial stage of the operation produced no results whatsoever. This development was the subject of several discussions by Himmler's staff that resulted in General von dem Bach-Zelewski being sent to Ukraine. He failed to eliminate the UPA, which grew steadily, and the Germans, apart from terrorizing the civilian population, were virtually limited to defensive actions.

From July through September 1943, in an estimated 74 clashes between German forces and the UPA, the Germans lost more than 3,000 men killed or wounded, while the UPA lost 1,237 killed or wounded. According to post-war estimates, the UPA had the following number of clashes with the Germans in mid-to-late 1943 in Volhynia: 35 in July, 24 in August, 15 in September and 47 during October–November. In the fall of 1943, clashes between the UPA and the Germans declined, so that Erich Koch in his November 1943 report and New Year 1944 speech could claim that "nationalistic bands in forests do not pose any major threat" for the Germans.

In the autumn of 1943, some detachments of the UPA attempted to find rapprochement with the Germans. Although doing so was condemned by an OUN/UPA order on 25 November 1943, these actions did not end. In early 1944, UPA forces in several Western regions cooperated with the German Wehrmacht, Waffen-SS, SiPo and SD. However, in the winter and spring of 1944 it would be incorrect to say that there was a complete cessation of armed conflict between UPA and German forces, as the UPA continued to defend Ukrainian villages against the repressive actions of the German administration. For example, on 20 January, 200 German soldiers on their way to the Ukrainian village of Pyrohivka were forced to retreat after a several-hour long firefight with 80 UPA soldiers after having lost 30 killed and wounded. In March–July 1944, a senior leader of OUN-B in Galicia conducted negotiations with SD and SS officials, resulting in a German decision to supply the UPA with arms and ammunition. In May of that year, the OUN issued instructions to "switch the struggle, which had been conducted against the Germans, completely into a struggle against the Soviets."

In a top-secret memorandum, General-Major Brigadeführer Brenner wrote in mid-1944 to SS-Obergruppenführer General Hans-Adolf Prützmann, the highest ranking German SS officer in Ukraine, that "The UPA has halted all attacks on units of the German army. The UPA systematically sends agents, mainly young women, into the enemy-occupied territory, and the results of the intelligence are communicated to Department 1c of the [German] Army Group" on the southern front. By the autumn of 1944, the German press was full of praise for the UPA for their anti-Bolshevik successes, referring to the UPA fighters as "Ukrainian fighters for freedom" After the front had passed, by the end of 1944 the Germans supplied the OUN/UPA by air with arms and equipment. In the Ivano-Frankivsk region, there even existed a small landing strip for German transport planes. Some German personnel trained in terrorist and intelligence activities behind Soviet lines, as well as some OUN-B leaders, were also transported through this channel.

Adopting a strategy analogous to that of the Chetnik leader General Draža Mihailović, the UPA limited its actions against the Germans in order to better prepare itself for and engage in the struggle against the communists. Because of this, although the UPA managed to limit German activities to a certain extent, it failed to prevent the Germans from deporting approximately 500,000 people from Western Ukraine and from economically exploiting Western Ukraine. Due to its focus on the Soviets as the principal threat, the UPA's anti-German struggle did not contribute significantly to the recapture of Ukrainian territories by Soviet forces.

Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
In 1943, the UPA adopted a policy of massacring and expelling the Polish population. The decision of ethnic cleansing of the area east of the Bug River was taken by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army early in 1943. In March 1943, the OUN-B (specifically Mykola Lebed ) imposed a collective death sentence on all Poles living in the former east of the Second Polish Republic, and a few months later, local units of the UPA were instructed to complete the operation soon. Among those who were behind the decision, Polish investigators singled out Dmytro Klyachkivsky, Vasyl Ivakhov, Ivan Lytvynchuk and Petro Oliynyk.

The ethnic cleansing operation against the Poles began on a large scale in Volhynia in late February (or early Spring ) of that year and lasted until the end of 1944. Taras Bulba-Borovets, the founder of the UPA, criticized the attacks as soon as they began: "The axe and the flail have gone into motion. Whole families are butchered and hanged, and Polish settlements are set on fire. The “hatchet men,” to their shame, butcher and hang defenceless women and children.... By such work Ukrainians not only do a favor for the SD [German security service], but also present themselves in the eyes of the world as barbarians. We must take into account that England will surely win this war, and it will treat these “hatchet men” and lynchers and incendiaries as agents in the service of Hitlerite cannibalism, not as honest fighters for their freedom, not as state-builders."

11 July 1943, the Volhynian Bloody Sunday, was one of the deadliest days of the massacres, with UPA units marching from village to village, killing Polish civilians. On that day, UPA units surrounded and attacked 99 Polish villages and settlements in three counties – Kovel, Horokhiv, and Volodymyr. On the following day, 50 additional villages were attacked. In January 1944, the UPA campaign of ethnic cleansing spread to the neighbouring province of Galicia. Unlike in Volhynia, where Polish villages were destroyed and their inhabitants murdered without warning, Poles in eastern Galicia were in some instances given the choice of fleeing or being killed. Ukrainian peasants sometimes joined the UPA in the violence, and large bands of armed marauders, unaffiliated with the UPA, brutalized civilians. In other cases however, Ukrainian civilians took significant steps to protect their Polish neighbours, either by hiding them during the UPA raids or vouching that the Poles were actually Ukrainians.

The methods used by the UPA to carry out the massacres were particularly brutal and were committed indiscriminately without any restraint. Historian Norman Davies describes the killings: "'Villages were torched. Roman Catholic priests were axed or crucified. Churches were burned with all their parishioners. Isolated farms were attacked by gangs carrying pitchforks and kitchen knives. Throats were cut. Pregnant women were bayoneted. Children were cut in two. Men were ambushed in the field and led away.'"In total, the estimated numbers of Polish and Jewish civilians killed in Volhynia and Galicia is between 50,000 and 100,000. Victims of the UPA included Ukrainians who did not adhere to its form of nationalism and so were considered traitors. After the initiation of the massacres, Polish self-defense units responded in kind. Estimates of Ukrainians killed in acts of reprisal range from 2,000 to 30,000. On 22 July 2016, the Sejm of the Republic of Poland passed a resolution declaring the massacres committed by the UPA a genocide.

Post-war

After Galicia had been taken over by the Red Army, many units of the UPA abandoned the anti-Polish course of action and some even began cooperating with local Polish anti-communist resistance against the Soviets and the NKVD. Many Ukrainians, who had nothing to do with earlier massacres against the Poles, seeking to defend themselves against communists, joined the UPA after the war on both the Soviet and Polish sides of the border. Local agreements between the UPA and the Polish post-Home Army units began to appear as early as April/May 1945 and in some places lasted until 1947, such as in the Lublin Voivodeship. One of the most notable joint actions of the UPA and the post-Home Army Freedom and Independence Association (WiN) took place in May 1946, when the two partisan formations coordinated their attack and took over of the city of Hrubieszów.

The cooperation between the UPA and the post-Home Army underground came about partly as a response to increasing communist terror and the deportations of Ukrainians to the Soviet Union, and Poles into the new Soviet-backed Polish regime. According to official statistics, between 1944 and 1956 around 488,000 Ukrainians and 789,000 Poles were transferred. On the territories of present-day Poland, 8,000–12,000 Ukrainians were killed and 6,000–8,000 Poles, between 1943 and 1947. However, unlike in Volhynia, most of the casualties occurred after 1944 and involved UPA soldiers and Ukrainian civilians on one side, and members of the Polish communist Security Office (UB) and Border Protection Troops (WOP). Out of the 2,200 Poles who died in the fighting between 1945 and 1948, only a few hundred were civilians, with the remainder being functionaries or soldiers of the Communist regime in Poland.

German occupation
The total number of local Soviet partisans acting in Western Ukraine was never high, due to the region enduring only two years of German rule (in some places even less). In 1943, the Soviet partisan leader Sydir Kovpak was sent to the Carpathian Mountains, with help from Nikita Khrushchev. He described his mission to western Ukraine in his book Vid Putivlia do Karpat (From Putyvl to the Carpathian Mountains). Well armed by supplies delivered to secret airfields, he formed a group consisting of several thousand men which moved deep into the Carpathians. Attacks by the German Luftwaffe and military forced Kovpak to break up his force into smaller units in 1944; these groups were attacked by UPA units on their way back. Soviet NKVD agent Nikolai Kuznetsov was captured and executed by UPA members after unwittingly entering their camp while wearing a Wehrmacht officer uniform.

Fighting
As the Red Army approached Galicia, the UPA avoided clashes with the regular units of the Soviet military. Instead, the UPA focused its energy on NKVD units and Soviet officials of all levels, from NKVD and military officers to the school teachers and postal workers attempting to establish Soviet administration.

In March 1944, UPA insurgents mortally wounded front commander Army General Nikolai Vatutin, who captured Kiev when he led Soviet forces in the Second battle of Kiev. Several weeks later an NKVD battalion was annihilated by the UPA near Rivne. This resulted in a full-scale operation in the spring of 1944, initially involving 30,000 Soviet troops against the UPA in Volhynia. Estimates of casualties vary depending on the source. In a letter to the state defence committee of the USSR, Lavrentiy Beria stated that in spring 1944 clashes between Soviet forces and the UPA resulted in 2,018 killed and 1,570 captured UPA fighters and only 11 Soviets killed and 46 wounded. Soviet archives show that a captured UPA member stated that he received reports about UPA losses of 200 fighters while the Soviet forces lost 2,000. The first significant sabotage operations against communications of the Soviet Army before their offensive against the Germans was conducted by the UPA in April–May 1944. Such actions were promptly stopped by the Soviet Army and NKVD troops, after which the OUN/UPA submitted an order to temporarily cease anti-Soviet activities and prepare for the further struggle against the Soviets.

Despite heavy casualties on both sides during the initial clashes, the struggle was inconclusive. New large-scale actions of the UPA, especially in Ternopil Oblast, were launched in July–August 1944, when the Red Army advanced West. By the autumn of 1944, UPA forces enjoyed virtual freedom of movement over an area of 160,000 square kilometers in size and home to over 10 million people and had established a shadow government.

In November 1944, Khrushchev launched the first of several large-scale Soviet assaults on the UPA throughout Western Ukraine, involving according to OUN/UPA estimates at least 20 NKVD combat divisions supported by artillery and armoured units. They blockaded villages and roads and set forests on fire. Soviet archival data states that on 9 October 1944, one NKVD Division, eight NKVD brigades, and an NKVD cavalry regiment with a total of 26,304 NKVD soldiers were stationed in Western Ukraine. In addition, two regiments with 1,500 and 1,200 persons, one battalion (517 persons) and three armoured trains with 100 additional soldiers each, as well as one border guard regiment and one unit were starting to relocate there in order to reinforce them.

During late 1944 and the first half of 1945, according to Soviet data, the UPA suffered approximately 89,000 killed, approximately 91,000 captured, and approximately 39,000 surrendered while the Soviet forces lost approximately 12,000 killed, approximately 6,000 wounded and 2,600 MIA. In addition, during this time, according to Soviet data UPA actions resulted in the killing of 3,919 civilians and the disappearance of 427 others. Despite the heavy losses, as late as summer 1945, many battalion-size UPA units still continued to control and administer large areas of territory in Western Ukraine. In February 1945 the UPA issued an order to liquidate kurins (battalions) and sotnya's (companies) and to act predominantly by chotys (platoons).

Spring 1945–late 1946
After Germany surrendered in May 1945, the Soviet authorities turned their attention to the guerrilla wars taking place in Ukraine and the Baltics. Combat units were reorganised and special forces were sent in. One of the major complications that arose was the local support the UPA had from the population. Areas of UPA activity were depopulated. The estimates on numbers deported vary; officially Soviet archives state that between 1944 and 1952 a total of 182,543 people were deported while other sources indicate the number may have been as high as to 500,000.

Mass arrests of suspected UPA informants or family members were conducted; between February 1944 and May 1946 over 250,000 people were arrested in Western Ukraine. Those arrested typically experienced beatings or other violence. Those suspected of being UPA members underwent torture; reports exist of some prisoners being burned alive. The many arrested women believed to be affiliating with the UPA were subjected to torture, deprivation, and rape at the hands of Soviet security in order to "break" them and get them to reveal UPA members' identities and locations or to turn them into Soviet double-agents. Mutilated corpses of captured rebels were put on public display. Ultimately, between 1944 and 1952 alone as many as 600,000 people may have been arrested in Western Ukraine, with about one-third executed and the rest imprisoned or exiled.

The UPA responded to the Soviet methods by unleashing their own terror against Soviet activists, suspected collaborators and their families. This work was particularly attributed to the Sluzhba Bezpeky (SB), the anti-espionage wing of the UPA. In a typical incident in the Lviv region, in front of horrified villagers, UPA troops gouged out the eyes of two entire families suspected of reporting on insurgent movements to Soviet authorities, before hacking their bodies to pieces. Due to public outrage concerning these violent punitive acts, the UPA stopped the practice of killing the families of collaborators by mid-1945. Other victims of the UPA included Soviet activists sent to Galicia from other parts of the Soviet Union; heads of village Soviets, those sheltering or feeding Red Army personnel, and even people turning food into collective farms. The effect of such terrorist acts was such that people refused to take posts as village heads, and until the late 1940s villages chose single men with no dependants as their leaders.

The UPA also proved to be especially adept at assassinating key Soviet administrative officials. According to NKVD data, between February 1944 and December 1946 11,725 Soviet officers, agents and collaborators were assassinated and 2,401 were "missing", presumed kidnapped, in Western Ukraine. In one county in Lviv region alone, from August 1944 until January 1945 Ukrainian rebels killed 10 members of the Soviet active and a secretary of the county Communist party, and also kidnapped four other officials. The UPA travelled at will throughout the area. In this county, there were no courts, no prosecutor's office, and the local NKVD only had three staff members.

According to a 1946 report by Khrushchev's deputy for West Ukrainian affairs A.A. Stoiantsev, out of 42,175 operations and ambushes against the UPA by destruction battalions in Western Ukraine, only 10 percent had positive results – in the vast majority there was either no contact or the individual unit was disarmed and pro-Soviet leaders murdered or kidnapped. Morale amongst the NKVD in Western Ukraine was particularly low. Even within the dangerous context of Soviet state service in the late-Stalin era, West Ukraine was considered to be a "hardship post", and personnel files reveal higher rates of transfer requests, alcoholism, nervous breakdowns, and refusal to serve among NKVD field agents there at that time.

The first success of the Soviet authorities came in early 1946 in the Carpathians, which were blockaded from 11 January until 10 April. The UPA operating there ceased to exist as a combat unit. The continuous heavy casualties elsewhere forced the UPA to split into small units consisting of 100 soldiers. Many of the troops demobilized and returned home, when the Soviet Union offered three amnesties during 1947–1948. By 1946, the UPA was reduced to a core group of 5,000–10,000 fighters, and large-scale UPA activity shifted to the Soviet-Polish border. Here, in 1947, they killed the Polish Communist deputy defence minister General Karol Świerczewski. In spring 1946, the OUN/UPA established contacts with the Intelligence services of France, Great Britain and US.

End of UPA resistance
The turning point in the struggle against the UPA came in 1947 when the Soviets established an intelligence gathering network within the UPA and shifted the focus of their actions from mass terror to infiltration and espionage. After 1947 the UPA's activity began to subside. On May 30, 1947, Shukhevych issued instructions for joining the OUN and UPA in underground warfare. In 1947–1948 UPA resistance was weakened enough to allow the Soviets to begin implementation of large-scale collectivization throughout Western Ukraine.

In 1948, the Soviet central authorities purged local officials who had mistreated peasants and engaged in "vicious methods". At the same time, Soviet agents planted within the UPA had taken their toll on morale and on the UPA's effectiveness. According to the writing of one slain Ukrainian rebel, "the Bolsheviks tried to take us from within...you can never know exactly in whose hands you will find yourself. From such a network of spies, the work of whole teams is often penetrated...". In November 1948, the work of Soviet agents led to two important victories against the UPA: the defeat and deaths of the heads of the most active UPA network in Western Ukraine, and the removal of "Myron", the head of the UPA's counter-intelligence SB unit.

The Soviet authorities tried to win over the local population by making significant economic investments in Western Ukraine, and by setting up rapid reaction groups in many regions to combat the UPA. According to one retired MVD major, "By 1948 ideologically we had the support of most of the population." The UPA's leader, Roman Shukhevych, was killed during an ambush near Lviv on 5 March 1950. Although sporadic UPA activity continued until the mid-1950s, after Shukhevich's death the UPA rapidly lost its fighting capability. An assessment of UPA manpower by Soviet authorities on 17 April 1952 claimed that UPA/OUN had only 84 fighting units consisting of 252 persons. The UPA's last commander, Vasyl Kuk, was captured on 24 May 1954. Despite the existence of some insurgent groups, according to a report by the MGB of the Ukrainian SSR, the "liquidation of armed units and OUN underground was accomplished by the beginning of 1956".

NKVD units dressed as UPA fighters are known to have committed atrocities against the civilian population in order to discredit the UPA. Among these NKVD units were those composed of former UPA fighters working for the NKVD. The Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) recently published information that about 150 such special groups consisting of 1,800 people operated until 1954. Prominent people killed by UPA insurgents during the anti-Soviet struggle included Metropolitan Oleksiy (Hromadsky) of the Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church, killed while travelling in a German convoy, and pro-Soviet writer Yaroslav Halan.

In 1951, CIA covert operations chief Frank Wisner estimated that some 35,000 Soviet police troops and Communist party cadres had been eliminated by guerrillas affiliated with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the period after the end of World War II. Official Soviet figures for the losses inflicted by all types of Ukrainian nationalists during the period 1944–1953 referred to 30,676 persons; amongst them were 687 NKGB-MGB personnel, 1,864 NKVD-MVD personnel, 3,199 Soviet Army, Border Guards, and NKVD-MVD troops, 241 communist party leaders, 205 komsomol leaders and 2,590 members of self-defence units. According to Soviet data, the remaining losses were among civilians, including 15,355 peasants and kolkhozniks. Soviet archives state that between February 1944 and January 1946 the Soviet forces conducted 39,778 operations against the UPA, during which they killed a total of 103,313, captured a total of 8,370 OUN members and captured a total of 15,959 active insurgents. Many UPA members were imprisoned in the Gulag. They actively participated in Gulag uprisings of Norilsk, Vorkuta, and Kengir.

Soviet infiltration
In 1944–1945 the NKVD carried out 26,693 operations against the Ukrainian underground. These resulted in the deaths of 22,474 Ukrainian soldiers and the capture of 62,142 prisoners. During this time the NKVD formed special groups known as spetshrupy made up of former Soviet partisans. The goal of these groups was to discredit and disorganize the OUN and UPA. In August 1944, Sydir Kovpak was placed under NKVD authority. Posing as Ukrainian insurgents, these special formations used violence against the civilian population of Western Ukraine. In June 1945 there were 156 such special groups with 1,783 members.

From December 1945 to 1946, 15,562 operations were carried out in which 4,200 were killed and more than 9,400 were arrested. From 1944 to 1953, the Soviets killed 153,000 and arrested 134,000 members of the UPA. 66,000 families (204,000 people) were forcibly deported to Siberia and half a million people were subject to repression. In the same period, Polish communist authorities deported 450,000 people. Soviet infiltration of British intelligence also meant that MI6 assisted in training some of the guerrillas in parachuting and unmarked planes used to drop them into Ukraine from bases in Cyprus and Malta, were counter-acted by the fact that one MI6 agent with knowledge of the operation was Kim Philby. Working with Anthony Blunt, he alerted Soviet security forces about planned drops. Ukrainian guerrillas were intercepted and most were executed.

Holocaust
The OUN pursued a policy of infiltrating the German police to obtain weapons and training for fighters. In that role, it helped the Germans to carry out the Holocaust. The Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, working for the Germans, played a crucial supporting role in the murder of 200,000 Jews in Volhynia in the second half of 1942. Most of the police deserted in the following spring and joined the UPA. Historian Shmuel Spector estimated in 1990 that the UPA and OUN together hunted down and killed several thousand Jews. With the first antisemitic ideology and acts traced back to the Russian Civil War, by 1940–1941 the publications of Ukrainian terrorist organizations became explicitly antisemitic. German documents of the period give the impression that Ukrainian ultranationalists were indifferent to the plight of the Jews and would either kill them or help them, whichever was more appropriate for their political goals.

According to Timothy D. Snyder, the Soviet partisans were known for their brutality by retaliating against entire villages suspected of working with the Germans, killing individuals deemed to be collaborators, and provoking the Germans to attack villages. The UPA would later attempt to match that brutality. By early 1943, the OUN had entered into open armed conflict with Nazi Germany. According to Ukrainian historian and former UPA soldier Lew Shankowsky, immediately upon assuming the position of commander of the UPA in August 1943, Roman Shukhevych issued an order banning participation in anti-Jewish activities. No written record of this order, however, has been found. In 1944, the OUN formally "rejected racial and ethnic exclusivity". Nevertheless, Jews hiding from the Germans with Poles in Polish villages were often killed by the UPA along with their Polish saviors, although in at least one case, they were spared as the Poles were murdered. Some Jews who fled the ghettos for the forests were killed by members of the UPA.

According to Herbert Romerstein, Soviet propaganda complained about Zionist membership in the UPA, and during the persecution of Jews in the early 1950s, they described the alleged connection between Jewish and Ukrainian nationalists. One well-known claimed example of Jewish participation in the UPA was most likely a hoax, according to sources such as Friedman. According to the report, Stella Krenzbach, the daughter of a rabbi and a Zionist, joined the UPA as a nurse and intelligence agent. She is alleged to have written, "I attribute the fact that I am alive today and devoting all the strength of my thirty-eight years to a free Israel only to God and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. I became a member of the heroic UPA on 7 November 1943. In our group I counted twelve Jews, eight of whom were doctors". Later, Friedman concluded that Krenzbach was a fictional character, as the only evidence for her existence was in an OUN paper. No one knew of such an employee at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where she supposedly worked after the war. A Jew, Leiba Dubrovskii, pretended to be Ukrainian.

Reconciliation
During the following years, the UPA was officially taboo in the Soviet Union, mentioned only as a terrorist organization. Since Ukraine's independence in 1991, there have been heated debates about the possible award of official recognition to former UPA members as legitimate combatants, with the accompanying pensions and benefits due to war veterans. UPA veterans have also striven to hold parades and commemorations of their own, especially in Western Ukraine. This, in turn, led to opposition from Soviet Army veterans and some Ukrainian politicians, particularly from the south and east of the country. Attempts to reconcile former Polish Home Army and UPA soldiers have been made by both the Ukrainian and Polish sides. Individual former UPA members have expressed their readiness for a mutual apology. Some of the past soldiers of both organisations have met and asked for forgiveness for their past misdeeds. Restorations of graves and cemeteries in Poland where fallen UPA soldiers were buried have been agreed to by the Polish side.

2019 official veteran status
In late March 2019 former members of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (and other living former members of Ukrainian irregular nationalist armed groups that were active during World War II and the first decade after the war) were officially granted the status of veterans. This meant that for the first time they could receive veteran benefits, including free public transport, subsidized medical services, annual monetary aid, and public utility discounts (and will enjoy the same social benefits as former Ukrainian soldiers who served in the Soviet Union's Red Army).

There had been several previous attempts to provide former Ukrainian nationalist fighters with official veteran status, especially during the 2005–2009 administration of President Viktor Yushchenko, but all failed. Prior to December 2018, legally only former UPA members who "participated in hostilities against Nazi invaders in occupied Ukraine in 1941–1944, who did not commit crimes against humanity and were rehabilitated" were recognized as war veterans.

Monuments for combatants
Without waiting for official notice from Kyiv, many regional authorities have already decided to approach the UPA's history on their own. In many western cities and villages monuments, memorials and plaques to the leaders and troops of the UPA have been erected. In eastern Ukraine's city of Kharkiv, a memorial to the soldiers of the UPA was erected in 1992. In response, many southern and eastern provinces, although the UPA had not operated in those regions, have responded by opening memorials of their own dedicated to the UPA's victims. The first one, "The Shot in the Back", was unveiled by the Communist Party of Ukraine in Simferopol, Crimea in September 2007. In 2008, one was erected in Svatove, Luhansk oblast, and another in Luhansk on 8 May 2010 by the city deputy, Arsen Klinchaev, and the Party of Regions. The unveiling ceremony was attended by Vice Prime Minister Viktor Tikhonov, the leader of the parliamentary faction of the Pro-Russian Party of Regions Oleksandr Yefremov, Russian State Duma deputy Konstantin Zatulin, Luhansk Regional Governor Valerii Holenko, and Luhansk Mayor Serhii Kravchenko.

Commemoration in Ukraine

According to John Armstrong, "'If one takes into account the duration, geographical extent, and intensity of activity, the UPA very probably is the most important example of forceful resistance to an established Communist regime prior to the decade of fierce Afghan resistance beginning in 1979... the Hungarian revolution of 1956 was, of course, far more important, involving to some degree a population of nine million... however it lasted only a few weeks. In contrast, the more-or-less effective anti-Communist activity of the Ukrainian resistance forces lasted from mid-1944 until 1950.'"

Since 2006, the SBU has been actively involved in declassifying documents relating to the operations of Soviet security services and the history of the liberation movement in Ukraine. The SBU Information Centre provides an opportunity for scholars to get acquainted with electronic copies of archive documents. The documents are arranged by topics (1932–1933 Holodomor, OUN/UPA Activities, Repression in Ukraine, Movement of Dissident). In 2007, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) set up a special working group to study archive documents of the activity of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) to make public original sources.

On 10 January 2008, Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko submitted a draft law "on the official Status of Fighters for Ukraine's Independence from the 1920s to the 1990s". Under the draft, persons who took part in political, guerrilla, underground and combat activities for the freedom and independence of Ukraine from 1920 to 1990 as part of or assisting the Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO), Karpatska Sich, OUN, UPA, and Ukrainian Main Liberation Army would be recognised as war veterans. Since September 2009, Ukrainian schoolchildren take a more extensive course of the history of the Holodomor and the fighters of the OUN and the UPA fighters. Yushchenko took part in the celebration of the 67th anniversary of the UPA and the 65th anniversary of Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council on 14 October 2009.

On 16 January 2012, the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine upheld the presidential decree of 28 January 2010 "About recognition of OUN members and soldiers of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army as participants in the struggle for independence of Ukraine" after it was challenged by the leader of the Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine, Nataliya Vitrenko, recognising the UPA as war combatants. On 10 October 2014, the date of 14 October as Defenders of Ukraine Day was confirmed by Presidential decree, officially granting state sanction to the date of the anniversary of the raising of the Insurgent Army, which has been celebrated in the past by Ukrainian Cossacks as the Feast of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary. The date would be moved to 1 October in 2023 with the move of all Orthodox fixed solemnities to the Revised Julian Calendar, but minor commemorations on the 14th continue as usual it was the date in 1942 wherein the UIA was founded.

On 15 May 2015, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko signed a bill into law "On the legal status and commemoration of the fighters for the independence of Ukraine in the 20th century", including Ukrainian Insurgent Army combatants. In June 2017, the Kyiv City Council renamed the city's General Vatutin Avenue into Roman Shukhevych Avenue. According to Russia's RIA Novosti in 2018, in Kyiv, Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and Zhytomyr, the UPA flag may be displayed on government buildings "on certain holidays". In December 2018, Poroshenko confirmed the status of veterans and combatants for independence of Ukraine for UPA fighters.

On 5 March 2021, the Ternopil City Council named the largest stadium in the city of Ternopil after Roman Shukhevych as the Roman Shukhevych Ternopil city stadium. On 16 March 2021, the Lviv Oblast Council approved the renaming of their largest stadium after Roman Shukhevych.

Popular culture
The Ukrainian black metal band Drudkh recorded a song entitled Ukrainian Insurgent Army on its 2006 release, Кров у Наших Криницях (Blood in our wells), dedicated to Stepan Bandera. Ukrainian Neo-Nazi black metal band Nokturnal Mortum have a song titled "Hailed Be the Heroes" (Слава героям) on the Weltanschauung/Мировоззрение album which contains lyrics pertaining to World War II and Western Ukraine (Galicia), and its title, Slava Heroyam, is a traditional UPA salute.

Two Czech films by František Vláčil, Shadows of the Hot Summer (Stíny horkého léta, 1977) and The Little Shepherd Boy from the Valley (Pasáček z doliny, 1983) are set in 1947, and feature UPA guerrillas in significant supporting roles. The first film resembles Sam Peckinpah's Straw Dogs (1971), in that it is about a farmer whose family is taken hostage by five UPA guerrillas, and he has to resort to his own ingenuity, plus reserves of violence that he never knew he possessed, to defeat them. In the second, the shepherd boy (actually a cowherd) imagines that a group of UPA guerrillas is made up of fairytale characters of his grandfather's stories, and that their leader is the Goblin King.

Also films such as Neskorenyi ("The Undefeated"), Zalizna Sotnia ("The Company of Heroes") and Atentat ("Assassination. An Autumn Murder in Munich") feature more description about the role of the UPA on their terrain. The Undefeated is about the life of Roman Shukhevych and the hunt for him by both German and Soviet forces, The Company of Heroes shows how UPA soldiers had everyday life as they fight against Armia Krajowa, Assassination is about the life of Stepan Bandera and how KGB agents murdered him.

The red-and-black battle flag of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army was a popular symbol among Euromaidan protesters, and the wartime insurgents have acted as a large inspiration for them. Serhy Yekelchyk of the University of Victoria says the use of UPA imagery and slogans was more of a potent symbol of protest against the current government and Russia rather than adulation for the insurgents themselves, explaining "The reason for the sudden prominence of [UPA symbolism] in Kiev is that it is the strongest possible expression of protest against the pro-Russian orientation of the current government."

Films

 * 1951 – Akce B (Czechoslovakia)
 * 1961 – The Artillery Sergeant Kalen (Polish People's Republic)
 * 1962 – Zerwany most (Polish People's Republic)
 * 1968 – Annychka (USSR)
 * 1970 – The White Bird Marked with Black (USSR)
 * 1976 – The Troubled Month of Veresen (USSR)
 * 1977 – Shadows of the Hot Summer (Czechoslovakia)
 * 1983 – The Little Shepherd Boy from the Valley (Czechoslovakia)
 * 1991 – The Last Bunker (Ukraine)
 * 1991 – Carpathian Gold (Ukraine)
 * 1992 – Cherry Nights (Ukraine)
 * 1993 – Memories about UPA (Ukraine)
 * 1994 – Goodbye, Girl (Ukraine)
 * 1995 – Assassination. An Autumn Murder in Munich (Ukraine)
 * 1995 – Executed Dawns (Ukraine)
 * 2000 – The Undefeated (Ukraine)
 * 2004 – One – the soldier in the field (Ukraine)
 * 2004 – The Company of Heroes (Ukraine)
 * 2004 – Between Hitler and Stalin (Canada)
 * 2006 – Sobor on the Blood (Ukraine)
 * 2006 – OUN – UPA war on two fronts (Ukraine)
 * 2006 – Freedom or death! (Ukraine)
 * 2007 – UPA. Third Force (Ukraine)
 * 2010 – We are from the Future 2 (Russia)
 * 2010 – Banderovci (Czech Republic)
 * 2012 – Security Service of OUN. "Closed Doors" (Ukraine)
 * 2016 – Wołyń (Poland)

Fiction

 * Fire Poles (Вогненні стовпи) by Roman Ivanchuk, 2006.

Songs
The most obvious characteristic of the insurgent songs genre is the theme of rising up against occupying powers, enslavement and tyranny. Insurgent songs express an open call to battle and to revenge against the enemies of Ukraine, as well as love for the country and devotion to her revolutionary leaders (Bandera, Chuprynka and others). UPA actions, heroic deeds of individual soldiers, the hard underground life, longing for one's girl, family or boy are also important subject of this genre.
 * Taras Zhytynsky "To sons of UPA"
 * Tartak "Not saying to anybody"
 * Folk song "To the source of Dniester"
 * Drudkh – "Ukrainian Insurgent Army"

Books
English

 * Jeffrey Burds (1997). "Agentura: Soviet Informants' Networks & the Ukrainian Underground in Galicia, 1944–48", East European Politics and Societies v. 11
 * Volodymyr Viatrovych, Roman Hrytskiv, Ihor Derevianyj, Ruslan Zabilyj, Andrij Sova, Petro Sodol'. The Ukrainian Insurgent Army: A History of Ukraine's Unvanquished Freedom Fighters (exhibition brochure). Lviv 2009.
 * Jeffrey Burds (1997). "Agentura: Soviet Informants' Networks & the Ukrainian Underground in Galicia, 1944–48", East European Politics and Societies v. 11
 * Volodymyr Viatrovych, Roman Hrytskiv, Ihor Derevianyj, Ruslan Zabilyj, Andrij Sova, Petro Sodol'. The Ukrainian Insurgent Army: A History of Ukraine's Unvanquished Freedom Fighters (exhibition brochure). Lviv 2009.
 * Volodymyr Viatrovych, Roman Hrytskiv, Ihor Derevianyj, Ruslan Zabilyj, Andrij Sova, Petro Sodol'. The Ukrainian Insurgent Army: A History of Ukraine's Unvanquished Freedom Fighters (exhibition brochure). Lviv 2009.

Ukrainian

 * Антонюк Ярослав Діяльність СБ ОУН на Волині. – Луцьк : "Волинська книга", 2007. – 176 с.
 * Антонюк Ярослав Діяльність СБ ОУН(б) на Волині та Західному Поліссі (1946–1951 рр.) : Монографія. – Луцьк:"Надстир'я-Ключі", 2013. – 228 с.
 * УПА розпочинає активні протинімецькі дії (UIA Start the Active anti-German actions) (За матеріалами звіту робочої групи істориків Інституту історії НАН України під керівництвом проф. Станіслава Кульчицького)
 * Володимир В'ятрович, Ігор Дерев'яний, Руслан Забілий, Петро Солодь. Українська Повстанська Армія. Історія Нескорених. Третє видання. Львів (2011). ISBN 978-966-1594-03-5.
 * Петро Мірчук. Українська Повстанська Армія 1942–1952. Львів 1991. ISBN 5-7707-0602-3.
 * Юрій Киричук. Історія УПА. Тернопіль 1991.
 * С.Ф. Хмель. Українська партизанка. Львів 1993.
 * Іван Йовик. Нескорена армія. Київ 1995. ISBN 5-7707-8609-4.
 * Анатоль Бедрій. ОУН і УПА. New York – London – Munich – Toronto. 1983.
 * Litopys Online. The website of the chronicles of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. Various works.
 * В´ятрович В. М. Друга польсько-українська війна. 1942–1947. – Вид. 2-е, доп. – К.: Вид. дім "Києво-Могилянська академія", 2012. – 368 с.

Polish

 * Wołodymyr Wiatrowycz, Druga wojna polsko-ukraińska 1942–1947, Warszawa 2013, ISBN 978-83-935429-1-8
 * Za to że jesteś Ukraińcem ... : wspomnienia z lat 1944–1947 / wybór, oprac., wstęp i posłowie Bogdan Huk. Koszalin [etc.] : Stowarzyszenie Ukraińców Więźniów Politycznych i Represjonowanych w Polsce, 2012. 400 s. : il. ; 23 cm. ISBN 978-83-935479-0-6
 * Kresowa księga sprawiedliwych 1939–1945
 * Kresowa księga sprawiedliwych 1939–1945
 * Kresowa księga sprawiedliwych 1939–1945
 * Kresowa księga sprawiedliwych 1939–1945

title: Ukrainian Insurgent Army


text: Category:Sufism

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Sufism


text: User talk:68.142.20.28

title: User talk:68.142.20.28


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Trosterudveien

Trosterudveien
Not notable. — Bill 20:33, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Non-notable Norwegian road, delete. --Ianb 21:06, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Almost the archetype of non-notability. --Improv 22:36, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * "The road goes ever on and on..." But this article doesn't. Delete. --Slowking Man 06:54, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: roads have certain common characteristics. The ones with uncommon characteristics might deserve articles.  Geogre 03:36, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Ubiquitin

splitting the article
The article is quite long, I suggest we move the ubiquitination part to its own article.CaffeineWitcher (talk) 18:05, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Previous discussions without headers
Question - Is there a tumor with NF-KB and Ubiquitin affected?

-

Could someone create / find a nice image of this protein? — David Remahl 20:35, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Does it have the same sequence in all eukaryotes? AxelBoldt 02:04, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Is it really 'ubiquitous', as its name implies? ~GMH 05:23, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe that is where the name comes from originally. It is present pretty much everywhere in eukaryotic cells. It is probably as important (if not more important) than phosphorylation in a massive variety of cellular function. "Darwin's Phosphate" has been used to describe it by our lecturer (R.J Mayer who edited the book cited by this article...he likes it a lot). --Sinkingpie 21:09, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Should we be using the term "ubiquitylation"? Is it not generally called "ubiquitination" at present? Jamie 17:20, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I've rewritten the intro to reflect this. -- stillnotelf   is invisible  21:21, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Ubiquitination is in common usage even within the scientifc literature, although ubiquitylation is strictly speaking the correct terminology -- RogerDodger 22:41, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Limpets for ubiquitin antibody?
Why are just keyhole limpets used for making ubiquitin antibody? Links for example: [], []. --Snek01 14:19, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Keyhole limpet haemocyanin is a commonly used immune stimulant - it is attached to the protein/peptide of interest and injected into an animal which then raises an antibody response against the protein.--RogerDodger 22:41, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Ubiquitin in Archaea and the Proteasome
Should we have some mention of ubiquitin in archaebacteria? The protein is relatveily conserved from them to eukaryotes, but the article suggests that it is only important in the latter.

There also seems to be a large emphasis on the proteasome. I think that thought is generally moving away from ubiquitin being simply a signal for degradation. e.g. transcriptional regulation, DNA repair etc. (the book mentioned in further reading has a lot on this sort of stuff). --Sinkingpie 10:20, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I added a mention of mono-ubiquitination to deal with this point... though did not use your examples, so you may want to add those. Gacggt 04:49, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I added the prokaryotic ancestors to Ub. --Enozkan (talk) 04:52, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

VHL
VHL is a member of a complex with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. VHL itself is not an E3 ubiquitin ligase.

Human ubiquitin sequence
The human ubiquitin sequence is:

MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVEPSDTIENVKAKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLVLRLRGG

This section was added by anonymous user 86.6.171.123 on December 18, 2005. Can someone verify what this is, and perhaps explain to a layman what this means, either with a wikilink or a couple of sentences to assure us that it isn't just someone pounding on their keyboard? Neil916 (Talk) 18:47, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

 * This is the amino acid sequence of the mature Ubiquitin. Each one of these letter represents one amino acid. All is legit. Here is the NCBI page for the Ubiquitin precursor that results from the translation of the human UBB (one of the few genes that code for ubiquitin) mRNA - scroll at the very bottom of it where you'll find a small section called "ORIGIN"

 * ORIGIN
 * 1 mqifvktltg ktitleveps dtienvkaki qdkegippdq qrlifagkql edgrtlsdyn
 * 61 iqkestlhlv lrlrgg mqif vktltgktit levepsdtie nvkakiqdke gippdqqrli
 * 121 fagkqledgr tlsdyniqke stlhlvlrlr gg mqifvktl tgktitleve psdtienvka
 * 181 kiqdkegipp dqqrlifagk qledgrtlsd yniqkestlh lvlrlrggc

 * This is the amino acid sequence of the ubiquitin precursor. I have colored the part that is going to be mature ubiquitine, after the precursor gets cleaved, and as you can see it is identical to the one in the article.
 * If you go to the NCBI protein page of another human gene that codes for ubiquitin - UBC - you'll find the same sequence embedded in a different precursor.

 * ORIGIN
 * 1 mqifvktltg ktitleveps dtienvkaki qdkegippdq qrlifagkql edgrtlsdyn
 * 61 iqkestlhlv lrlrggmqif vktltgktit levepsdtie nvkakiqdke gippdqqrli
 * 121 fagkqledgr tlsdyniqke stlhlvlrlr ggmqifvktl tgktitleve psdtienvka
 * 181 kiqdkegips dqqrlifagk qledgrtlsd yniqkestlh lvlrlrggmq ifvktltgkt
 * 241 itlevepsdt ienvkakiqd kegippdqqr lifagkqled grtlsdyniq kestlhlvlr
 * 301 lrgg mqifvk tltgktitle vepsdtienv kakiqdkegi ppdqqrlifa gkqledgrtl
 * 361 sdyniqkest lhlvlrlrgg mqifvktltg ktitleveps dtienvkaki qdkegippdq
 * 421 qrlifagkql edgrtlsdyn iqkestlhlv lrlrggmqif vktltgktit levepsdtie
 * 481 nvkakiqdke gippdqqrli fagkqledgr tlsdyniqke stlhlvlrlr ggmqifvktl
 * 541 tgktitleve psdtienvka kiqdkegipp dqqrlifagk qledgrtlsd yniqkestlh
 * 601 lvlrlrggmq ifvktltgkt itlevepsdt ienvkakiqd kegippdqqr lifagkqled
 * 661 grtlsdyniq kestlhlvlr lrggv

 * I hope that makes it clear for ya. -- Boris 10:31, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Fuction of Ub..
brief note: Ub is not only for labeling of proteins destined for degradation but also for activation of many other enzymes and signal proteins (e.g. TAK1 in JAk-MyD88 Pathway or FANCD2 in RAD51-med. HR). P.S. The editor or author (or somebody else) should correct the introduction... I.S. 77.133.43.210 18:37, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Ubiquitin B
I'm adding content from ProteinBoxBot and made a new page for Ubiquitin B. But glancing at your ubiquitin article, I get the impression there is only one gene for ubiquitin? If that's the case, feel free to merge the Ubiquitin B content and protein box into this article. Forluvoft (talk) 16:35, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

lys 46?
I added the number 46 to the K residue (I got that from lewin genes 7) but took it out as I was told today that main poly-ub site is K48, I do not want to count or search in pubmed, just for a numer. --Squidonius (talk) 00:01, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Hello, K48 is the correct place for ubiquitination. Just have a look at the amino acid sequence and count for the place of the lysine, and you will see that lysine is at 48th position. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.244.182.188 (talk) 14:01, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Removal of merge section tag
Hello. I've removed the merge tag from the ubiquitination section because when I clicked on the link to the article proposed to be merged in I ended up redirected here. Presume someone must have done the merge/redirect already and forgot to remove the tag.163.1.180.235 (talk) 11:07, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Section on Crystal structure of ubiquitin aldehyde and deubiquitinating enzyme
Hi there, do we really need the image of the crystal structure of ubiquitin aldehyde and a deubiquitinating enzyme? It seems out of context, not connected with the main body of the text. If anything, this should probably be moved to an article on deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBS) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rogerdodd (talk • contribs) 08:25, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Cell organelle??
I would suggest that the proteasome is not an organelle. Rather it could be called a molecular machine or similar.

--Felix Tritschler (talk) 10:14, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The proteasome is not an organelle. I am changing it to a large protein complex, but further improvements (such as the suggestion "molecular machine") are welcome. Enozkan (talk) 06:31, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

Dietary Pathways to Higher UBQLN1 Brain Levels In Humans
Give the recent scientific correlation between higher UBQLN1 brain levels and lower incidence of Alzheimers disease, I'm wondering if there is any data or other science on foods that might boost Ubiquitin1 in the brain.

H.Tamahagane 20:42, 1 September 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by H.Tamahagane (talk • contribs)

Orphaned references in Ubiquitin
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Ubiquitin's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "entrez": From UBE2O:  From UBE1DC1:  From BAG1:  From SAE1:  From HSPA14:  From Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1:  From DNAJB9:  From ATG12:

From UBE2E1:

From SUMO3:

From HSPA6:

From HERPUD1:

From Clusterin:

From DNAJA3:

From UBE2E2:

From DNAJC1:

From UBE2C:

From HSPA1B:

From UBQLN2:

From UBE2B:

From DNAJB2:

From DNAJC11:

From HSPA4L:

From DNAJA2:

From FANCL:

From RPS27A:

From DNAJC7:

From FAU (gene):

From UBE2R2:

From DNAJB1:

From UHRF1:

From DNAJA1:

From DNAJC14:

From Ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1:

From DNAJC13:

From DNAJB6:

From UBE2A:

From Histidine ammonia-lyase:

From UBE2L3:

From UBE2E3:

From TMUB2:

From Heat shock protein 47:

From UBL5:

From UBE2D3:

From UBQLN1:

From DNAJB4:

From UBE2G1:

From Ubiquitin D:

From CUL7:

From SAE2:

From UBE2V2:

From SUMO2:

From HSPA1A:

From GroES:

From UBE2D1:

From HSPA4:

From UBE2L6:

From UBE2M:

From UBR1:

From UBE2V1:

From UIMC1:

From UHRF2:

From OASL:

From UBL4A:

From SUMO4:

From SF3A1:

From SMN1:

From UFM1:

From HSPA1L:

From HSPA9:

From UBE1:

From HSPA2:

From Ubiquitin C:

From HLA-B associated transcript 3:

From RAD23A:

From DNAJC10:

From CYLD (gene):

From ATG7:

From UBE1C:

From UBE2N:

From RAD23B:

From TRAP1:

From CDC34:

From DNAJC3:

From UBE1L2:

From DNAJB11:

From UBE2D2:

From DNAJC6:

From UBE2G2:

From USP6:

From BIRC6:

From HSPA8:

From DNAJC19:

From APPBP1:

From DNAJC5:

From SMN2:

From UBE2J1:

From UBE2H:

From UBE1L:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 01:36, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

Disease associations
I removed the following from the section on disease associations, because there is no explanation of how this relates to the ubiquitin pathway:

 * The gene disrupted in Liddle's Syndrome results in disregulation of an epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) and causes hypertension.

If this legitimately is connected with the ubiquitin pathway, please add it back to article, along with an explanation of what the link is.

139.173.54.11 (talk) 19:00, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

Scheme of isopeptide bond
Hello.

It would be really helpful if you could add a scheme (preferably with atom letters not just lines) of isopeptide bond between Lys48 and Gly76.

Thank you very much. Schjora (talk) 21:10, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

Split of variety and function
I have added info and made some major layout changes. I have split the variety+functions section because there was some mention of certain linkages on specific proteins in the monoubiquitin section but not in the lysine chains. The idea was that the types of chains are explained in the variety section and then the specific modifications of proteins could be explained in the functions section with an explanation of the cellular functions that they affect. This will hopefully encourage the expansion of this page because additions to each section should be easier. Also the list of functions that is already on the page is exact copy from here. If the functions section is expanded with journal articles then this can eventually be removed. If there are any issues with anything that I have changed then please let me know. Simon Caulton (talk) 21:41, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

Summary and Intro to tools & techniques
Ubiquitin System: The Next Class of Drug Targets? has interesting info (eg. " ~4,600 human proteins are modified at more than 23,000 sites", "the UPS involves two E1s, ~ 38 E2s, and more than 600 E3 ligases, as well as ~ 100 deubiquitylases (DUBs).") (and context, eg comparison with the extracellular glycosylation processes). - Rod57 (talk) 11:14, 3 March 2017 (UTC)

De-jargonfy and make readable
This article is probably the hardest to read and jargon filled biology article I have come across. It's clear many edits may have been made by those passionate to the field, unfortuantely putting details before significance. It would really be a service if someone could go though with a fine-toothed comb and achieve this. Musa acuminata (talk) 18:42, 18 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ubiquitin


text:
Ethoxylation

In organic chemistry, ethoxylation is a chemical reaction in which ethylene oxide (C2H4O) adds to a substrate. It is the most widely practiced alkoxylation, which involves the addition of epoxides to substrates.

In the usual application, alcohols and phenols are converted into R(OC2H4)_{n}OH, where n ranges from 1 to 10. Such compounds are called alcohol ethoxylates. Alcohol ethoxylates are often converted to related species called ethoxysulfates. Alcohol ethoxylates and ethoxysulfates are surfactants, used widely in cosmetic and other commercial products. The process is of great industrial significance, with more than 2,000,000 metric tons of various ethoxylates produced worldwide in 1994.

Production
The process was developed at the Ludwigshafen laboratories of IG Farben by Conrad Schöller and Max Wittwer during the 1930s.

Alcohol ethoxylates
Industrial ethoxylation is primarily performed upon alcohols. Lower alcohols react to give glycol ethers which are commonly used as solvents, while longer fatty alcohols are converted to fatty alcohol ethoxylates (FAE's), which are a common form of nonionic surfactant. The reaction typically proceeds by blowing ethylene oxide through the alcohol at 180 °C and under 1-2 bar of pressure, with potassium hydroxide (KOH) serving as a catalyst. The process is highly exothermic (ΔH = -92 kJ/mol of ethylene oxide reacted) and requires careful control to avoid a potentially disastrous thermal runaway.

The starting materials are usually primary alcohols as they tend to react 10–30× faster than secondary alcohols do. Typically 5-10 units of ethylene oxide are added to each alcohol, however ethoxylated alcohols can be more prone to ethoxylation than the starting alcohol, making the reaction difficult to control and leading to the formation of a product with varying repeat unit length (the value of n in the equation above). Better control can be afforded by the use of more sophisticated catalysts, which can be used to generate narrow-range ethoxylates. Ethoxylated alcohols are considered to be a high production volume (HPV) chemical by the US EPA.

Ethoxylation/propoxylation
Ethoxylation is sometimes combined with propoxylation, the analogous reaction using propylene oxide as the monomer. Both reactions are normally performed in the same reactor and may be run simultaneously to give a random polymer, or in alternation to obtain block copolymers such as poloxamers. Propylene oxide is more hydrophobic than ethylene oxide and its inclusion at low levels can significantly affect the properties of the surfactant. In particular ethoxylated fatty alcohols which have been 'capped' with ~1 propylene oxide unit are extensively marketed as defoamers.

Ethoxysulfates
Ethoxylated fatty alcohols are often converted to the corresponding organosulfates, which can be easily deprotonated to give anionic surfactants such as sodium laureth sulfate. Being salts, ethoxysulfates exhibit good water solubility (high HLB value). The conversion is achieved by treating ethoxylated alcohols with sulfur trioxide. Laboratory scale synthesis may be performed using chlorosulfuric acid:

The resulting sulfate esters are neutralized to give the salt:

Small volumes are neutralized with alkanolamines such as triethanolamine (TEA).

In 2008, 381,000 metric tons of alcohol ethoxysulfates were consumed in North America.

Other materials
Although alcohols are by far the major substrate for ethoxylation, many nucleophiles are reactive toward ethylene oxide. Primary amines will react to give di-chain materials such as polyethoxylated tallow amine. The reaction of ammonia produces important bulk chemicals such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine.

Applications of ethoxylated products
Alcohol ethoxylates (AE) and alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES) are surfactants found in products such as laundry detergents, surface cleaners, cosmetics, agricultural products, textiles, and paint.

Alcohol ethoxylates
As alcohol ethoxylate based surfactants are non-ionic they typically require longer ethoxylate chains than their sulfonated analogues in order to be water-soluble. Examples synthesized on an industrial scale include octyl phenol ethoxylate, polysorbate 80 and poloxamers. Ethoxylation is commonly practiced, albeit on a much smaller scale, in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries to increase water solubility and, in the case of pharmaceuticals, circulatory half-life of non-polar organic compounds. In this application, ethoxylation is known as "PEGylation" (polyethylene oxide is synonymous with polyethylene glycol, abbreviated as PEG). Carbon chain length is 8-18 while the ethoxylated chain is usually 3 to 12 ethylene oxides long in home products. They feature both lipophilic tails, indicated by the alkyl group abbreviation, R, and relatively polar headgroups, represented by the formula R(OC2H4)_{n}OH.

Alcohol ethoxysulfates
AES found in consumer products generally are linear alcohols, which could be mixtures of entirely linear alkyl chains or of both linear and mono-branched alkyl chains. A high-volume example of these is sodium laureth sulfate a foaming agent in shampoos and liquid soaps, as well as industrial detergents.

Human health
Alcohol ethoxylates are not observed to be mutagenic, carcinogenic, or skin sensitizers, nor cause reproductive or developmental effects. One byproduct of ethoxylation is 1,4-dioxane, a possible human carcinogen. Undiluted AEs can cause dermal or eye irritation. In aqueous solution, the level of irritation is dependent on the concentration. AEs are considered to have low to moderate toxicity for acute oral exposure, low acute dermal toxicity, and have mild irritation potential for skin and eyes at concentrations found in consumer products. Recent studies have found dried AE residues similar to what would be found on restaurant dishes (as effective concentrations from 1:10,000 to 1:40,000) killed epithelial intestinal cells at high concentrations. Lower concentrations made cells more permeable and prone to inflammatory response.

Aquatic and environmental aspects
AEs are usually released down the drain, where they may be adsorbed into solids and biodegrade through anaerobic processes, with ~28–58% degraded in the sewer. The remaining AEs are treated at waste water treatment plants and biodegraded via aerobic processes with less than 0.8% of AEs released in effluent. If released into surface waters, sediment or soil, AEs will degrade through aerobic and anaerobic processes or be taken up by plants and animals.

Toxicity to certain invertebrates has a range of EC50 values for linear AE from 0.1 mg/L to greater than 100 mg/L. For branched alcohol exthoxylates, toxicity ranges from 0.5 mg/L to 50 mg/L. The EC50 toxicity for algae from linear and branched AEs was 0.05 mg/L to 50 mg/L. Acute toxicity to fish ranges from LC50 values for linear AE of 0.4 mg/L to 100 mg/L, and branched is 0.25 mg/L to 40 mg/L. For invertebrates, algae and fish the essentially linear and branched AEs are considered to not have greater toxicity than Linear AE.

Biodegradation
The degradation of AES proceeds by ω- or β-oxidation of the alkyl chain, enzymatic hydrolysis of the sulfate ester, and by cleavage of an ether bond in the AES producing alcohol or alcohol ethoxylate and an ethylene glycol sulfate. Studies of aerobic processes also found AES to be readily biodegradable. The half-life of both AE and AES in surface water is estimated to be less than 12 hours. The removal of AES due to degradation via anaerobic processes is estimated to be between 75 and 87%.

In water
Flow-through laboratory tests in a terminal pool of AES with mollusks found the NOEC of a snail, Goniobasis and the Asian clam, Corbicula  to be greater than 730 ug/L. Corbicula growth was measured to be affected at a concentration of 75 ug/L. The mayfly, genus Tricorythodes has a normalized density NOEC value of 190 ug/L.

Human safety
AES has not been found to be genotoxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic. A 2022 study revealed the expression of genes involved in cell survival, epithelial barrier, cytokine signaling, and metabolism were altered by rinse aid in concentrations used in professional dishwashers. The alcohol ethoxylates present in the rinse aid were identified as the culprit component causing the epithelial inflammation and barrier damage.

title: Ethoxylation


text:
Leo Buscaglia

Felice Leonardo Buscaglia (March 31, 1924 – June 12, 1998), also known as "Dr. Love", was an American author, motivational speaker, and a professor in the Department of Special Education at the University of Southern California.

Life and career
Felice Leonardo Buscaglia was born in Los Angeles, California, on March 31, 1924, into a family of Italian immigrants. He spent his early childhood in Aosta, Italy, before going back to the United States for education. He was a graduate of Theodore Roosevelt High School. Buscaglia served in the U.S. Navy during World War II; he did not see combat, but he saw its aftermath in his duties in the dental section of the military hospital, helping to reconstruct shattered faces. Using G.I. Bill benefits, he entered the University of Southern California, where he earned three degrees (BA 1950, MA 1954, PhD 1963) before eventually joining the faculty. He was known for always getting on the elevator and putting his back to the door and introduce himself saying "This might be the only chance I'll ever get to meet you and I don't want to miss this chance". He would rake the leaves in his yard and put them in a room in his house so he could sit and study them. He was fascinated that God would go to the trouble to make every leaf different. "Imagine how proud he is of us if he goes to that much trouble for a simple leaf on a tree"

He was the first to state and promote the concept of humanity's need for hugs: 5 to survive, 8 to maintain, and 12 to thrive.

Upon retirement, Buscaglia was named Professor at Large, one of only two such designations on campus at that time.

Student's suicide
While teaching at USC, Buscaglia was moved by a student's suicide to contemplate human disconnectedness and the meaning of life, and began a noncredit class he called Love 1A. This became the basis for his first book, titled simply Love. His dynamic speaking style was discovered by the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), and his televised lectures earned great popularity in the 1980s. At one point his talks, always shown during fundraising periods, were the top earners of all PBS programs. This national exposure, coupled with the heartfelt storytelling style of his books, helped make all his titles national bestsellers; five were once on the New York Times bestsellers list simultaneously.

Death
Buscaglia died of a heart attack on June 12, 1998, at his home in Glenbrook, Nevada, near Lake Tahoe, when he was 74.

In popular culture
In a May 12, 1984, Peanuts comic strip, the dog Snoopy is seen strolling towards Charlie Brown and Sally. Snoopy gives them both warm and sincere hugs. Afterwards, Charlie Brown explains their dog's actions to his puzzled sister: "You can always tell when he's been listening to Leo Buscaglia tapes."

Buscaglia's "Dr. Love" moniker, PBS lectures, and philosophy of hugs were referenced in Season 2, Episode 1 of The Americans.

In a April 22, 1991 The Far Side comic strip, a man dressed like a bullfighter awaits the charge of another man with outstretched arms. The caption reads: "In some remote areas of the world, the popular sport is to watch a courageous young man avoid being hugged by a Leo Buscaglia impersonator."

title: Leo Buscaglia


text:
User:JayTau

My name is Jason Swearingen. I am a technie geek living in Washington State, USA (and have lived here my entire life).

I graduated University of Washington (UW) in 2001.

My personal webpage is located at http://www.taocorp.com/users/jasons and the host ( http://www.taocorp.com ) is a company I am COO of.

title: User:JayTau


text:
Talk:Berlaymont building

Untitled
Wasn't this building unused fory quite a long time for asbestos reasons?

The long delay before re-occupying this building, should be mentioned, IMHO.

-- Adhemar

 * To my humble opinion, it appears clear from the article that from 1991 to 2004 the building was not used. But feel free to make this even clearer.. ;)--Edcolins 20:57, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
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Incorrect: "The helipad was replaced by a cupola which houses the Commission's meeting room, looking out over Schuman roundabout."
The helipad of the original building was located in middle, while meeting room is located at the end of one of the wings. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bxlbjorn (talk • contribs) 09:32, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Berlaymont building


text:
55 Broadway

55 Broadway is a Grade I listed building close to St James's Park in London. Upon completion, it was the tallest office block in London. In 1931, the building earned architect Charles Holden the RIBA London Architecture Medal. In 2020, it was announced that it will be converted to a luxury hotel.

History
It was designed by Charles Holden and built between 1927 and 1929 as a new headquarters for the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL), the main forerunner of London Underground.

London Transport occupied the building from 1933 to 1984, followed by its successors London Regional Transport from 1984 to 2000, and Transport for London (TfL) from 2000 to 2020. TfL vacated the building in 2020.

The British Transport Commission (BTC) occupied the eighth and ninth floors from its formation at the end of 1947 until late 1953, when with the abolition of the Railway Executive (RE), the BTC moved into the RE's offices at 222 Marylebone Road.

Description
Faced with Portland stone and covering a site with an irregular footprint, the upper office floors of the building are on a cruciform plan, stepping back towards the central clock tower at the top. The cruciform design afforded the optimum level of natural light to the offices. The ground floor now contains a shopping arcade and has many Art Deco details. Previously, the ground floor was also given over to London Transport offices, including a travel information centre, cash office and a library. The whole building straddles St James's Park tube station, the east and west wings being immediately above the railway tunnel. When finished, it was the tallest steel-framed office building in London, until construction of another Holden building, the University of London's Senate House (based on similar designs and materials).

On each elevation, the pediment above the sixth floor is decorated with a relief, collectively known as 'the four winds', although the four points of the compass are repeated twice for a total of eight reliefs. Each relief was carved by an avant-garde sculptor of the day.

Halfway along the north and east facades are a matched pair of sculptures, Day and Night by Jacob Epstein. The modernism and graphic nakedness of these sculptures created public outrage on their unveiling. Newspapers started a campaign to have the statues removed and one company director, Lord Colwyn, offered to pay the cost. Frank Pick, the managing director of the UERL at the time, took overall responsibility and offered his resignation over the scandal. In the end, Epstein agreed to remove 1.5 in from the penis of the smaller figure on Day and ultimately the furore died down.

The function suite on the 10th floor of the building was formerly set up as a dining room for the chairman and senior executives. At this level, there are also four roof gardens, one of which was dedicated to the wife of a former managing director in recognition of her enthusiasm in encouraging this early form of environmental work.

The building, first listed as Grade II in 1970, was upgraded to Grade I in 2011.

In 2013, it was announced that 55 Broadway would be converted into luxury apartments, once London Underground moved operations from the building in 2015 to their new headquarters in the Olympic Park in Stratford. In May 2014, it was announced that the architects, TateHindle, would lead the redevelopment and, in June 2015, planning permission and listed building consent was granted: however, this was not implemented and the planning permission expired in June 2018.

In September 2019, a long-term lease of the property was sold by TfL for £120 million to Integrity International Group, founded by Tony Matharu.

In May 2020, it was announced that Blue Orchid Hotels, a subsidiary of Integrity International, would convert the structure into a luxury hotel. TfL vacated the building in 2020.

In popular culture
In 2023, the building was used for the filming of the Channel 4 reality TV series Rise and Fall.

Commissioned art work

 * Day and Night, Jacob Epstein
 * North Wind, Alfred Gerrard
 * North Wind, Eric Gill
 * East Wind, Eric Gill
 * East Wind, Allan G. Wyon
 * South Wind, Eric Gill
 * South Wind, Eric Aumonier
 * West Wind, Samuel Rabinovitch
 * West Wind, Henry Moore

title: 55 Broadway


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matti Pitkanen

Matti Pitkanen
Matti, I believe somewhere in Wikipedia there's a rule that we shouldn't write articles about ourselves. Very reluctantly, I think you should withdraw that page. I'll be very fair and give you some good ammunition (especially since you're probably a darn sight more notable than I am): I wrote the page LacusCurtius about my own website; but see the talk page, I was even more reluctant to do that and was urged by blank links prepared for it (by others). Maybe you can get someone else to start the article?? Best, Bill 20:45, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * As far as I can tell, he's a physicist attempting to do philosophy and psychology. Doesn't do a particularly good job at either, and not notable. I'm not so bothered by his writing the page himself, but the other things make it worth my Delete vote. --Improv 22:46, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Article does not present any evidence of notability. Delete on that basis. --Robert Merkel 04:38, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable person. Page is without the usual vanity though, so this could be a start of a biography if he becomes more well known in the future. I wonder, however, would his Topological Geometrodynamics theory (VfD entry) be compatible with the Time cube concept? jni 13:01, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: His theory is not well known in the physics community (he appears to be the only person working on it), and his connection with that theory appears to be the only real content on this page. If the theory takes off, that's the time to add this article. For now, neither this article nor the article about his theory really fit here. --Steuard 20:10, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to User:Matpitka. RickK 07:50, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity page. His papers are unknown/ignored in the scientific community; cited only by himself. See -- Fropuff 19:25, 2004 Oct 11 (UTC)

 * Non Delete. I find no grounds to judge this a vanity page nor believe Pitkanen completely ignored. Nevertheless, as a truce he might consider making this page available to Wikipedia readers as his personal info, not as a main entry page. ´´Marcel´´--209.13.231.33 18:58, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete Not notable enough and vanity page. --French Tourist 07:27, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Non Delete Pitkanen's theory is just the biggest thing to ever hit the scientific exploration into consciousness. I suppose none of you have ever heard of Tucson, Professor David Chalmers, Stuart Hammerof, Penrose etc. Pitkanen is the new Einstein. Incidentally he was banned from posting to scientific journals and lost his position as Professor at the University of Helsinki by some kind of conspiracy. Pitkanen is defintely the new Einstein. But then, most of you won't know this because you are just not able to understand the theory. Yes it is "compatible" with the cube theory, however it is way more sophisticated, matured and practically useable. The prediction capability of the theory is way higher than superstring theory (but then again most of you have probably never heard of that either). Matti I love you! --South African 07:27, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Caton~enwiki

Images and media for deletion

 * I am contacting people who previously helped to vote to delete a generally objectionable photograph by a vote of 88 to 21, and who might be unaware that immediately after that image was voted to be deleted someone posted another which was very similar in content. My objections to this, and the previous image that was voted to be deleted might be based upon reasons far different from any that you have, but I do object to it, and consider the posting of such images to be acts of asinine stupidity, which burdens the project and its major educational aims in ways that they should not be burdened, and can be extremely detrimental to the acceptance and growth of WIkipedia's use and influence. Thus far those who I believe to be in the extreme minority of Wikipedians who would like to include these images, many who have been channeled to the voting page from the article with which it is associated have dominated the voting, 23 to 12 (as of the time that I composed this message). I would like to be somewhat instrumental in shedding a bit more light upon the issue, and if possible, helping to turn the tide against its inclusion. It might also be necessary to begin making an effort to establish an explicit Wikipedia policy against explicite photographic depictions of humans engaged in erotic, auto-erotic, or quasi-erotic activities. To my limited knowledge such images have not been accepted as appropriate anywhere else within this project, and frankly I can agree with those who are casually labeled prudes for opposing their inclusion, that they should not be. Vitally important information that might be unwelcome by some is one thing that should never be deleted, but un-needed images that can eventually prevent or impede many thousands or millions of people from gaining access to the great mass of truly important information that Wikipedia provides is quite another matter. There are vitally important distinctions to be made. Whatever your reasons, or final decisions upon the matter, I am appealing for more input on the voting that is occurring at Wikipedia:Images_and_media_for_deletion. ~ Achilles † 02:13, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Draining law
Hallo, did you start the article and do still take an interest in it? I was wondering if this could not be the core of a new article called "Party funding in Belgium"? We now have quite a "family" of articles on Political finance and Political party funding in a variety of countries. However, Belgium is still missing and it would be nice to have that country, too. Khnassmacher (talk) 14:18, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Caton. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Caton~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:51, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:25, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Caton~enwiki


text:
Judy Carne

Joyce Audrey Botterill (27 April 1939 – 3 September 2015), known professionally as Judy Carne, was an English actress best remembered for the phrase "Sock it to me!" on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In.

Career
Carne was born in Northampton, England. Her parents, Harold and Kathy, were greengrocers in Kingsthorpe.

She received training at the Pitt-Draffen Academy of Dance before being accepted into the prestigious Bush-Davis Theatrical School for Girls in East Grinstead, West Sussex. An instructor at the school began calling her "Judy," telling her that Joyce was not a good professional name. The second part of Judy's stage name was taken from a character named Sarat Carn in the play Bonaventure by English playwright Charlotte Hastings. She made her first British television appearances on the series Danger Man (1961) and episodes of The Rag Trade (also 1961), a BBC sitcom.

She moved to the US not long afterward. Her first regular role was in the sitcom Fair Exchange (1963) as an English teenager who goes to the US to live with an American couple whose daughter (played by Lynn Loring) has gone to live in England. That was followed by The Baileys of Balboa (1964). She later co-starred with Pete Duel in Love on a Rooftop (1966). She made several appearances on the adventure series The Man from U.N.C.L.E.

She had a small part in the ninth episode of the TV series Gidget (1965), guest-starred as Jill in first-season episode 2, "Follow the Leader," and as Floy in second-season episode 3, "Then Came The Mighty Hunter," of 12 O'Clock High (1965), and appeared in an episode of I Dream of Jeannie & Gunsmoke (both in 1966). She appeared in the Bonanza episode "A Question of Strength" (1963) as Sister Mary Kathleen and two episodes of The Big Valley (1967) and guest-starred in episode 11 of the first season of Alias Smith and Jones (1971), an hour-long TV special, "Super Plastic Elastic Goggles" (1971) as a part of the short-lived NBC series, Children's Theater, and the TV adaptation of QB VII (1974). She had roles in the films A Pair of Briefs (1962), The Americanization of Emily (1964), All the Right Noises (1971), and Rachel Amodeo's street movie What About Me (1993) opposite Richard Hell and Johnny Thunders.

On Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In (Monday nights, 1968–1970), Carne gained stardom. Her most popular routine ended with her saying "Sock it to me!," at which point she was doused with water or assaulted in some other way. Carne was a regular in the first two seasons (1968–1969); then, having decided the show had become "a big, bloody bore," made occasional guest appearances in the 1969–1970 season. A cast recording, on the CBS label, (#63490), was released in 1968. Her recording of "Sock It To Me," with "Right Said Fred" on side 2, (Reprise RS 20680), was released in the UK on 9 May 1969.

Carne starred in a revival of the musical The Boy Friend, which opened on Broadway on 14 April 1970 and ran for 111 performances.

In 1993, Judy attended the 25th anniversary of Laugh-In and appeared on a televised Laugh-In Christmas show.

Personal life and death
Carne was married to actor Burt Reynolds from 1963 to 1965 and to producer Robert Bergmann from 3 May 1970 to 1971. Both marriages were brief and childless, and ended in divorce. In 1978, after beating a heroin possession charge, she and her second husband were involved in a car accident. Her neck was broken in the accident, but she recovered. She was later arrested again for heroin possession. In 1986, she was arrested at London's Heathrow Airport and convicted of drug possession. She served two months of a three-month prison sentence in HM Prison Cookham Wood.

Her autobiography, Laughing on the Outside, Crying on the Inside: The Bittersweet Saga of the Sock-It-To-Me Girl (1985), detailed her bisexuality, marriage to and bitter divorce from Burt Reynolds (who unsuccessfully tried to prevent publication), and her experiences with drugs.

Carne moved back to Northamptonshire, England, in the 1980s, living quietly in the village of Pitsford.

She died from pneumonia on 3 September 2015 at a hospital in Northampton.

Political views
Carne supported Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election.

Filmography

 * A Pair of Briefs (1962) as Exotic Dancer (Maid)
 * Bonanza (1963) "A Question of Strength" T5S5
 * The Americanization of Emily (1964) as 2nd Nameless Broad
 * All the Right Noises (1971) as Joy
 * Dead Men Tell No Tales (1971, TV film) as Midge Byrnes
 * QB VII (1974, TV film) as Natalie
 * Only with Married Men (1974, TV film) as Marge West
 * What About Me (1993) as Woman of the Streets

title: Judy Carne