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Daniel Mongiardo

Frank Daniel Mongiardo (born July 4, 1960) is an American physician and politician from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Mongiardo is a Democrat and was the 54th lieutenant governor of Kentucky from 2007 until 2011. He was a member of the Kentucky State Senate from 2001 to 2007. He also ran for the U.S. Senate in 2004, narrowly losing in the general election to Jim Bunning and again in 2010, losing in the primary election to Jack Conway.

Personal life and career
Mongiardo was born to Italian immigrants in Hazard, Kentucky. His father, Jimmy, owned a whiskey store and coin laundry, for many years, before retiring, and his mother, Katherine, died in 1988 of colon cancer. Mongiardo attended Transylvania University and received his medical degree at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine in 1986. From 1986 to 2000, Mongiardo worked as an ear, nose, and throat surgeon, performing his residency in Lexington. Mongiardo helped open a free health clinic and became chief of staff at the Hazard Appalachian Hospital. He entered politics in 2000 and was elected to the state senate, after defeating incumbent Glenn Freeman in an expensive and bitter Democratic primary with 49.1 percent of the vote and then winning the general election with 70 percent of the vote.

Mongiardo was reelected to a redrawn district in 2002 that covers Bell, Harlan, Leslie, and Perry counties with 65.6 percent of the vote. In this campaign, Mongiardo, argued his opponent, Johnnie L. Turner, had used images of Mohamed Atta in a television advertisement to compare Atta to him. In the Kentucky Senate, Mongiardo worked to bring water projects to his district, pressed for legislation to establish an electronic medical network, and voted against a constitutional amendment that would allow the legislature to limit the payment of punitive damages in medical malpractice cases. Mongiardo continued his private practice and married Allison Patrick in Covington, Kentucky in 2008. Their first child, Kathryn, was born on December 22, 2009, their second child, Cannon, was born on September 28, 2011, and third child, Barron, was born August 30, 2014.

2004 U.S. Senate race
Mongiardo ran in the 2004 U.S. Senate election to unseat incumbent first-term Senator Jim Bunning, a former Major League Baseball player. He won the primary election with 64.9 percent of the vote and made health care his top campaign priority. Although early polls showed Mongiardo at a significant disadvantage against Bunning, who had more name recognition and campaign funds, Mongiardo was able to make large gains, on account of several missteps committed by Bunning and other Kentucky Republicans, including Bunning's admission not to have read newspapers articles on the Iraq war and claims made against Mongiardo regarding his staff's violence against Bunning's wife, his sexual preference, and his physical likeness to Saddam Hussein's sons, for the last of which Bunning later apologized. Mongiardo responded with statements about his co-sponsorship of a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage in Kentucky and his intent to vote in favor of a Federal Marriage Amendment, and he argued that Bunning was removed from the interests of families. Mongiardo gained support from national Democratic organizations, but he lost the bitterly contested election, 49.3 percent to 50.7 percent. Mongiardo was ahead with as much as 80 percent of the returns in. However, the western portion of the state broke strongly for Bunning, providing the ultimate margin of victory.

Lieutenant governor
Former Kentucky Lieutenant Governor Steve Beshear chose Mongiardo as his running mate for the 2007 gubernatorial election in Kentucky. They won the Democratic primary election on May 22, 2007, with 41 percent of the vote against several tickets, including Bruce Lunsford and Greg Stumbo, and Steve Henry and Renee True, and with enough votes to avoid a June runoff. Beshear-Mongiardo were elected over incumbent Republican Governor Ernie Fletcher on November 6, 2007, winning with 58.7 percent of the state vote. Mongiardo did not risk losing his seat in the state senate, because Kentucky holds its constitutional officer elections in odd years.

In September 2008, Mongiardo claimed that some rural voters would not support Barack Obama, because of unfamiliarity with Obama, ignorance, or race. Mongiardo had endorsed Obama, who had supported him in the 2004 U.S. Senate election. Republican Kentucky State Senate President David L. Williams demanded Mongiardo apologize. Mongiardo argued that if Williams suggested racism was not an issue, he was "out of touch."

2010 U.S. Senate race
In January 2009, Mongiardo announced that he would be running for the U.S. Senate seat currently held by incumbent Jim Bunning. Mongiardo called for Bunning to withdraw from reelection, questioning his ability to represent the state, because of controversial statements made about the health of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Bunning's reportedly strained relationship with other Republican senators. Bunning later announced that he would not run in 2010. Mongiardo was narrowly defeated in the Democratic Primary by the Attorney General of Kentucky Jack Conway.

Under a bill changing the selection process of candidates for Lieutenant Governor, which was proposed to the Kentucky House of Representatives, Mongiardo could seek reelection as Lieutenant Governor, even if he lost the Democratic primary to the U.S. Senate in 2010. Governor Steve Beshear, however, privately indicated his desire to assemble his 2011 reelection team prior to the conclusion of the 2010 election cycle. On July 19, 2009, Beshear named Louisville Mayor Jerry Abramson as his running mate in for reelection in 2011.

On January 20, 2009, Mongiardo appeared on the Tonight Show, where he lost an inaugural trivia contest to Hooters girls.

title: Daniel Mongiardo


text: User talk:130.111.253.91

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:130.111.253.91


text:
Bialy (bread)

Bialy, originally from the city of Białystok in Poland, is a traditional bread roll in Polish Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine.

Overview
A chewy yeast roll bearing similarity to the bagel, the bialy has a diameter of up to 15 cm. Unlike a bagel, which is boiled before baking, a bialy is simply baked, and instead of a hole in the middle it has a depression. It is also usually covered with onion flakes. Before baking, the depression is sometimes filled with diced onion and other ingredients, such as garlic, poppy seeds, or bread crumbs.

Variations
The bialy was brought to the United States by Polish Jewish immigrants in the late 1800s, and became a staple of Jewish bakeries in the Northeastern United States. Bialys became a popular breakfast bread in New York City and its suburbs, especially among American Jews. Bialys are often made by bagel bakeries, but the bialy has failed to reach mainstream popularity. Preparing bialys in the traditional manner is time-consuming, so many bakeries now use dough mixers, as is common in bagel making. Bialys are considered an iconic New York City food, and can be difficult to find outside that area, but frozen bialys are sold under a number of brand names, such as Ray’s New York, in supermarkets across the US.

In popular culture
Former New York Times food writer Mimi Sheraton wrote The Bialy Eaters: The Story of a Bread and a Lost World, a 2000 book dedicated to the bialy and its role as a symbol of the Jewish heritage of Białystok.

title: Bialy (bread)


text:
E. H. W. Meyerstein

Edward Harry William Meyerstein (11 August 1889 – 12 September 1952) was an English writer and scholar. He wrote poetry and short stories, and a Life of Thomas Chatterton.

Early life and education
Meyerstein was born in Hampstead, London, the only son of Edward William Meyerstein and his wife Jessy Louise Solomon. His father was a merchant and stockbroker who was generous benefactor to the Royal Free Hospital became High Sheriff of Kent and was knighted in 1938. Meyerstein was educated at Holly Hill, Hampstead, and then went to board at St Cyprian's School, Eastbourne. At St Cyprian's, he met the future painter Cedric Morris, started collecting manuscripts from local bookshops and won the Harrow History Prize. With this under his belt, his mother then sent him to Harrow. Brought up as a Protestant, he was baptised before going to Harrow, with George Adolphus Storey the painter as his godfather. After Harrow, he went to Magdalen College, Oxford, where he had many friends including Wilfred Rowland Childe and John Wain. His verse was published in Oxford Poetry 1910–13 and later volumes.

Career
After Oxford, Meyerstein spent some time in Germany before starting work in the manuscript room of the British Museum. In the autumn of 1914 he enlisted in the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, but was discharged as "not likely to become an efficient soldier".

He returned to the British Museum where he stayed until Armistice Day 1918. He was becoming increasingly discontented with regular work, but a visit from his mother became the final straw and he resigned. Here he based his short novel "Bollond", which although written in 1920 remained unpublished until 1958, after his death. It is the story of a young man's misadventures adrift in the West End of London in the last months of the War. Reginald Bollond, the central character, unwittingly attracts the attention of a series of homosexuals, including a cocaine dealer who wants to set him up as a rent boy. Meyerstein decided to develop his writing and his collections and his interests in the arts. He became a Fellow of Magdalen College and considered himself a man of letters thereafter. Apart from occasional holidays in the English countryside and in Europe, he spent most of his life in his rooms at Greys Inn Place. He wrote "A Life of Thomas Chatterton" – the promising poet who committed suicide at an early age – in 1930 and produced various works of poetry which were published in collections. Occasional music criticism also appeared under his name in the journal Music Survey.

Legacies
He made important bequests to his college and the British Library (including part of a Mozart manuscript). He also made significant bequests to the English Language and Literature Faculty and the Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty at Oxford University. These bequests provide funds to this day. His will also established the Chatterton Lectures on Poetry: an annual lecture to be given by a lecturer, under the age of 40, on the life and works of a deceased English poet (interpreted as 'a deceased poet who wrote in the English language'). An inaugural lecture on Meyerstein himself was delivered in 1955 by the historian Lionel Butler, husband of Gwendoline Butler. He is buried at St John-at-Hampstead in the churchyard.

Inner life

 * "I suspect – but you mustn't tell anybody – that I was born out of Jane Austen by Apuleius." E. H. W. M.

The Daily Telegraph commenting on Meyerstein's autobiography "Of My Early Life" noted "Out of this strange obsessed life came strange obsessed novels and poems which could have been written by nobody else". John Wain in his own autobiography "Sprightly Running", recalled of the neurotic poet that he emerged from Oxford with a backward looking, almost Johnsonian determination to dig in and cherish the old values while the tide of modernism swept over him. He described him as a disconcerting friend, with a taste for rather cruel or sinister jokes and recorded some strange miserly habits such as reusing old Christmas cards. Meyerstein himself in his autobiography makes no secret of his taste for flagellation. His editor Rowland Watson quotes a letter recording a beating by an assistant master at his Prep school (a good-looking Bristolian). While the master said his conceit must be whipped out of him, Meyerstein comments "Poor man – he was only whipping it in, had he but known". His passion for collecting extended to an extraordinary collection of whips from many countries, which were discovered under his bed after his death and burned.

Works

 * Symphonies (1915) poems
 * Grobo (1925)
 * The Pleasure Lover: Being some account of the early life and fortunes of Terence Duke (1925)
 * A Life of Thomas Chatterton (1930)
 * New Symphonies (1933) poems
 * The Pageant and Other Stories (1934)
 * Selected Poems (1935)
 * Séraphine (1936, Richards Press) novel
 * A Boy of Clare (1937) poems
 * Eclogues (1941, Richards Press) poems
 * Adventures by Sea of Edward Coxere (1945) editor
 * The Delphic Charioteer (1951) poems
 * Tom Tallion (1952) novel
 * Verse Letters to Five Friends (1954)
 * Of My Early Life (1957) autobiography
 * Bolland and Other Stories (1958)
 * Some Poems (1960)

title: E. H. W. Meyerstein


text:
Brown Book (album)

Brown Book is an album by Death in June, released in 1987.

"To Drown A Rose" was released as a 10" single, backed with non-album tracks "Europa: The Gates of Heaven" and "Zimmerit". This single was later re-released as part of the 1989 compilation The Corn Years. The song features Rose McDowall on lead vocals.

The album is named after an index of West Germans who were previously involved in Germany's National Socialist government, compiled by East German authorities and published in 1965. Numerous songs on the album make extensive use of quotations from literature, including Jean Genet's 1948 novel Funeral Rites ("To Drown a Rose", "The Fog of the World"), and Yukio Mishima's 1969 novel Spring Snow ("Touch Defiles").

The sale of Brown Book has been prohibited in Germany since 2005 due to the title track's sampling of the "Horst-Wessel-Lied", the anthem of the Sturmabteilung. In response to the proposed ban, Douglas P. submitted statements to the German authorities explaining large passages of his work, including noting that the sample of "Horst-Wessel-Lied" was juxtaposed against samples from the film The World that Summer. The samples in question included that of a Jewish grandmother describing her "suicidal fatalism", and homophobic statements from her lover, an SA officer.

Personnel

 * Composed by: Death in June, John Balance (track B2)
 * Featuring: Bee, David Tibet (as "Tibet 93"), Gary Carey, Iain O'Higgins (as "Jan O'"), Ian Read, John Balance, Rose McDowall
 * Performer: Douglas P.

title: Brown Book (album)


text: Category:Towns in Northumberland

title: Category:Towns in Northumberland


text:
USS Flasher (SS-249)

USS Flasher (SS-249) was a Gato-class submarine which served in the Pacific during World War II. She received the Presidential Unit Citation and six battle stars, and sank 21 ships for a total of 100,231 tons of Japanese shipping, making her one of the most successful American submarines of the War. She was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the flasher.

Construction and commissioning
Flasher′s keel was laid down 30 September 1942 by Electric Boat Company, Groton, Connecticut. She was launched on 20 June 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Eleanor Saunders — wife of Lieutenant Commander Willard A. Saunders, commanding officer of the submarine USS Muskallunge — and commissioned 25 September 1943, Lieutenant Commander Reuben T. Whitaker in command.

First and second war patrols, January – May 1944
Flasher arrived at Pearl Harbor from New London 15 December 1943 to prepare for her first war patrol, for which she sailed 6 January 1944. Bound for her patrol area off Mindoro, she sank her first target 18 January, sending a 2,900-ton former gunboat Yoshida Maru to the bottom. Adding to what would be the greatest total of enemy tonnage credited to an American submarine in World War II, she sank the freighter Taishin Maru (1,723 tons) off Manila 5 February, and sank two cargo ships of the same convoy on 14 February. Flasher arrived at Fremantle, Australia 29 February to refit. The 2 vessels sunk 14 February 1944 were the Minryo Maru (1,679 tons) and the Hokuan Maru (3,712 tons). See. (The Hokuan Maru probably rammed and sunk the USS Grayling (SS-209) 9 September 1943.)

Action-bound once more, the submarine departed Fremantle 4 April 1944 for the coast of French Indochina on her second war patrol. On 29 April she contacted the French aviso Tahure guarding a freighter (Song Giang Maru, 1065 grt) off the Hon Doi Islands, and sank both. After sinking a large cargo ship (Teisen Maru) in the Sulu Sea 9 May, Flasher set course for Fremantle, arriving 28 May for refit until 19 June.

Third and fourth war patrols, June – October 1944
Flasher made her third war patrol in the South China Sea, where on 28 June 1944 she contacted a heavily escorted convoy of 13 ships. She made a cautious approach, undeterred by the escort, and shortly after midnight 29 June, broke into the convoy to sink a freighter (Nippo Maru 6,079 tons) and badly damage a large passenger cargo ship. Her next victim was a freighter (Koto Maru 3,557 tons), sunk 7 July. Twelve days later, Flasher sighted cruiser Ōi escorted by a destroyer. Two attacks, each followed by a heavy depth charge retaliation from the destroyer, sufficed to sink the cruiser, a fact confirmed several hours later when a periscope observation revealed only the destroyer in sight. Seven days later, she sank another important target, a merchant tanker (Otoriyama Maru 5,280 tons), and the same day damaged another tanker (Tosan Maru) later sunk by one of her sisters. With all her torpedoes gone, Flasher put back for Fremantle, where she replenished and refitted between 7 August and 30 August. During her fourth war patrol, in the Philippines, Flasher headed a coordinated attack group which included two other submarines, USS Hawkbill (SS-366) and USS Becuna (SS-319). Although she was on lifeguard station during the air attacks preliminary to the invasion of the Philippines during part of this patrol, Flasher sank three ships, a former light cruiser (Saigon Maru 5,350 tons) on 18 September, a transport and hospital ship (Ural Maru 6,374 tons) on 27 September, and a cargo ship (Taibin Maru 6,886 tons) on 4 October. She returned to Fremantle 20 October.

Fifth and sixth war patrols, November 1944 – April 1945
Lieutenant Commander George W. Grider took command of Flasher on 31 October 1944.< Heading the same attack group, Flasher departed on her fifth war patrol 15 November 1944, bound for Cam Ranh Bay. On 4 December one of her companions reported a tanker convoy, and Flasher set a converging course. As she made her approach in a heavy downpour, a destroyer suddenly loomed up before her, and Flasher launched her first spread of torpedoes at this escort. The destroyer (Kishinami) was stopped by two hits, and began listing and smoking heavily. Flasher got a spread of torpedoes away at a tanker before she was forced deep by a second destroyer, which dropped 16 depth charges. Rising to periscope depth, Flasher located the tanker burning and covered by yet a third destroyer. Speedily reloading, she prepared to sink the destroyer and finish off the tanker, and though almost blinded by rainsqualls, she did so with a salvo of four torpedoes, two of which hit the destroyer (Iwanami), and two of which passed beneath her, as planned, to hit the tanker (Hakko Maru 10,022 tons). Once more, counter-attack forced Flasher down, and when she surfaced she found no trace of the two damaged destroyers. The tanker, blazing away, was still guarded by three escorts until abandoned at sunset, when Flasher sank her with one torpedo. The two destroyers, both found after the war to have been sunk, were Kishinami and Iwanami.

Flasher contacted another well-guarded tanker convoy on the morning of 21 December 1944, and she began a long chase, getting into position to attack from the unguarded shoreward side. In rapid succession, Flasher attacked and sank three of the tankers (Omurosan Maru 9,204 tons, Otowasan Maru 9,204 tons, and Arita Maru 10,238 tons), receiving no counter-attack since the enemy apparently believed he had stumbled into a minefield. One of these tankers was the largest Flasher sank during the war. The other two tankers had displacements similar to each other, were tied for third largest.

Refitting at Fremantle once more between 2 January and 29 January 1945, Flasher made her sixth war patrol on the coast of Indochina. Contacts were few, but on 21 February she sank a sea truck by surface gunfire, and 4 days later sank a cargo ship (Koho Maru 850 tons) with torpedoes. She completed her patrol upon her arrival at Pearl Harbor 3 April 1945, and sailed a few days later for a West Coast overhaul.

Post-war
Bound for Guam on a seventh war patrol at the close of the war, Flasher was ordered back to New London, where she was decommissioned and placed in reserve 16 March 1946, Grider relinquishing command of her that month. She was attached to the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. On 1 June 1959 Flasher was struck from the Naval Vessel Register. She was sold for scrap on 1 June 1963.

Commemoration
Flasher′s conning tower was removed and placed on display as a memorial at the entrance to Nautilus Park, a Navy housing area in Groton, Connecticut. It was then moved to the intersection of Thames Street and Bridge Street in Groton, where it is the centerpiece of a World War II memorial that honors the 52 U.S. submarines and their crews lost during the war. Its upkeep was originally the responsibility of the Submarine Veterans of World War II organization and was then transferred to U. S. Submarine Veterans, Inc.

Awards
Flasher received the Presidential Unit Citation for her brilliantly successful third, fourth, and fifth war patrols. For her six war patrols, each designated "Successful", she received six battle stars.

title: USS Flasher (SS-249)


text: Category:Towns in Cheshire

title: Category:Towns in Cheshire


text:
Talk:L'Oréal

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150502221904/http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html to http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://web.archive.org/web/20100424192639/http%3A//www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/anitas-163652m-sellout-470379.html

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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what's in a name?
what's the word L'oreal mean? I used to think Oreo, but that's probably wrong.Feldercarb (talk) 17:53, 14 June 2019 (UTC)

Skin whitening detail
Regarding the change: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27Or%C3%A9al&type=revision&diff=964110165&oldid=963604713&diffmode=source firstly the change to "affirmed" adds bias as it is a strong word (meaning "emphatically state"), suggesting the extent of the company's feeling about the statement (which we do not know/cannot back up with a source). It is more accurate to say this was a claim by the company (something they are stating but cannot necessarily be backed up by a neutral observer). Secondly (and I think this would have been better as two separate changes) the changes to the skin whitening section remove essential context - you have said that the skin whitening creams have been criticised but removed a point about the reason for this criticism which was supported by a citation. Apologies but I took the liberty of undoing the change as you by deletion were undoing someone else's change. Evertent (talk) 20:51, 4 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Undid here https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27Or%C3%A9al&diff=971218517&oldid=971212759&diffmode=source Evertent (talk) 20:54, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

Paravision link appears to be incorrect
Currently links to: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravisi%C3%B3n which is a television network in Paraguay and may have been created in 2005, https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravisi%C3%B3n. I believe the article is talking about Paravision International, which is a different company that was created far earlier. I don't believe the company has an English or French page but it is referenced on this one https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StudioCanal and https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Frydman. Link should probably just be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Coystags (talk • contribs) 23:25, 12 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:L'Oréal


text: User talk:129.137.169.224

title: User talk:129.137.169.224


text:
Category:Towns in Cumbria

See also Category:Villages in Cumbria.

title: Category:Towns in Cumbria


text:
Geoffrey Pyke

Geoffrey Nathaniel Joseph Pyke (9 November 1893 – 21 February 1948) was an English journalist, educationalist, and inventor.

Pyke came to public attention when he escaped from internment in Germany during World War I. He had travelled to Germany under a false passport, and was soon arrested and interned.

During the Second World War, Pyke proposed the newly invented material, pykrete, for the construction of the ship Habakkuk.

Early life
Pyke's father, Lionel Edward Pyke, was a Jewish lawyer who died when Pyke was only five, leaving his family with no money. His mother quarrelled with relatives and made life "hell" for her children. She sent Pyke to Wellington, then a public school mainly for the sons of Army officers. At his mother's insistence, Pyke maintained the dress and habits of an Orthodox Jew. He became an atheist when he was thirteen. The persecution he suffered instilled in him a hatred of and contempt for "The Establishment". After two years at Wellington, he was withdrawn, tutored privately and then admitted to Pembroke College, Cambridge, to study law.

First World War
At the outbreak of the First World War, Pyke quit his studies to become a war correspondent. He persuaded the editor of the Daily Chronicle to send him to Berlin. He used the passport obtained from an American sailor by travelling via Denmark. In Germany, he conversed with local Germans, and eavesdropped on other people's conversations, witnessing the mobilisation of Germans for war with the Russian Empire.

In early October, 1914, after six days in Germany, Pyke was arrested in his bed-sitting room, and was taken away leaving a letter written in English on his desk. Confined to a small cell in solitary confinement, he believed that he might not be executed after all; remarking that "the German government was not going to waste 4d on my keep if it was going to be faced with burial expenses on the fifth day". During captivity, he reflected on hunger:

"Hunger – real hunger – not your going without afternoon tea, or no-eggs-at-breakfast sort of affair – can, when a man is utterly without occupation, make life one continual aching weary desire. If the desire is not satisfied, or does not abate of its own accord (as it very often does), it can have disastrous effects on a man's mind. It has been known to make men think very seriously about the rights of property, and a few have become so unbalanced as to become socialists."

During confinement, Pyke longed for books, writing material and socialising. When allowed out for exercise, he moved around the yard and exchanged words with other inmates. He pieced together poems from memory – If by Rudyard Kipling and Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll – and recited them loudly in the darkness. During this time, Pyke questioned his sanity.

In January 1915, he was transferred to another prison where he was able to mix with other prisoners and buy newspapers, learning that thousands of foreigners had passed through this prison for a period of quarantine before being transferred to the internment camp at Ruhleben. Five days later, he was transferred to a third prison in Moabit, and then to the internment camp at Ruhleben.

At Ruhleben, Pyke met fellow graduates from Oxford and Cambridge. They supplied him with extra clothes, food, books and other amenities. Pyke soon became ill and he nearly died of double pneumonia and food poisoning, but recovered in summer. Despite illness, he thought about the possibility of escape and repeatedly questioned fellow inmates. Most were pessimistic about escape, but an Englishman, Edward Falk, agreed despite the low success rate of other attempts. Pyke compiled statistical data on previous escapes, and together with Falk, made a decision to escape, following a regime of calisthenic exercise to prepare. On the afternoon of 9 July 1915, Pyke and Falk crept into a hut and hid under tennis nets, using glare from the sunset to blind the patrolling guard. Successful, they waited until dark and climbed over the perimeter fences.

Pyke and Falk took a tram into Berlin, buying clothes and camping equipment and then traveled west. Within 80 mi of the Dutch border, they decided to walk, traversing barbed wire fences and quagmire. Approaching the border, they consumed what remained of their food and discarded their equipment apart from some rope made from string, deciding to cross the Dutch frontier. As they rested, they were discovered by a soldier and tried to talk their way out of the encounter, only to discover the soldier was Dutch and they were already 50 yd inside the Netherlands. From here, made their way to England. Pyke visited his news editor to confess that his mission had failed. However, the editor told Pyke that the story of his escape, based on a long telegraph report Pyke had sent from Amsterdam, had become one of the biggest Fleet Street scoops of the war. Pyke was the first Englishman to get into Germany and out again, and he was encouraged to write a series of articles for the Chronicle. Pyke refused, citing lost interest in being a war correspondent. He divided his time between lecturing on his experiences and writing for the Cambridge Magazine, edited by Charles Kay Ogden.

Pyke arranged for some food parcels to be sent to friends in Ruhleben; the boxes contained details of his method of escape concealed in false bottoms. Although his parcels arrived, no prisoner attempted to repeat his methods. As an escaped prisoner of war, he was exempt from conscription and his views had begun to drift towards pacifism. He wrote a memoir of his experiences, To Ruhleben – And Back, and published in 1916. Because the war was still on at that time, Pyke omitted some details of his escape from his account. To Ruhleben – And Back was republished in 2002. In March 1918, Pyke met Margaret Amy Chubb, they were married within three months of meeting.

Malting House School

Between the First and Second World Wars, Pyke attempted a number of money-making schemes, speculating on the commodity market, using his own system of financial management and working through a number of different stockbrokers to avoid attention and higher stock broking charges. The Pykes had a son, David Pyke (1921–2001), and Pyke became preoccupied by the question of his son's education. In October 1924, to create an education that differed from his own and promoted curiosity whilst equipping young people to live in the twentieth century, he set up an infants' school in his Cambridge home. His wife, Margaret, was a strong supporter of the school and its ideas. Pyke recruited a psychologist, Susan Sutherland Isaacs, to run the school, and although Pyke had many original ideas regarding education, he promised her that he would not interfere.

Pyke continued with his city speculations which funded the Malting House School. "The greater his gains, the more he invested until he began to see himself and the people who ran the Great Ormond Street office as a gang of economic corsairs, youthful Bloomsbury intellectual buccaneers slashing through the City and coming away with all its money, and with it endowing a worthwhile work. Certainly, no individual in the strange company ever made any noticeable personal profit, and Pyke's high salary was always paid immediately into the Malting House account."

The Malting House School was based on the theories of the American philosopher and educationist John Dewey. It fostered the individual development of children; children were given great freedom and were supported rather than punished. The teachers were seen as observers of the children, who were seen as research workers. For a short time, The Maltings was a critical if not a commercial success; it was visited by many educationists and it was the subject of a film documentary. Pyke had ambitious plans for the school and began to interfere with the day-to-day running, whereupon Susan Isaacs left The Maltings.

In 1927, Pyke lost all his money and became bankrupt. The Malting House School was forced to close, Margaret Pyke had to take a job as a headmistress's secretary; she left Geoffrey although they were never divorced. Already suffering from periodic fits of depression and burdened with huge debts to his brokers, he withdrew from normal life altogether and survived on donations from close friends.

Work against antisemitism
In 1934, Pyke opposed the wave of antisemitism in Nazi Germany, citing humanitarian reasons. Pyke campaigned for Christian leaders to make simultaneous public statements condemning the Nazis, raising money to set up an organisation to combat anti-Semitism. He wrote a number of magazine articles on the irrationality of prejudice and started work on a book. In his published letters and articles, Pyke insisted that it was necessary to collect data and this struck a chord with other thinkers who would – giving full credit for the germ of an idea to Pyke – go on to establish the Mass Observation project that set out to document the lives of ordinary Britons.

Voluntary Industrial Aid for Spain
During the Spanish Civil War, Pyke founded the Voluntary Industrial Aid for Spain (VIAS) organisation, encouraging individuals with little money to contribute their time and skills instead. This was opposed by trade unionists who believed that unpaid work might set a dangerous precedent, but Pyke persisted. By October 1938, twenty-five vehicles had been sent to Spain including two mobile blood transfusion units, and by the end of the war, more than seventy vehicles had been contributed. Organised by Trade Unions, workers were, with the assistance of sympathetic employers who lent the use of machines and premises, able to produce useful items of equipment. Pyke also invented a motorcycle sidecar to carry medical supplies or a patient. He raised funds to pay for American-built Harley-Davidson motorcycles that were then plentifully available second-hand, and persuaded workers to make the sidecars free of charge with the results being sent out to Spain.

Pyke also assisted in arranging for the manufacture of mattresses for the Spanish government, for the collection of redundant horse-drawn ploughs for Spanish farmers, and bundles of hand-tools for use by labourers. He published aggressive propaganda brochures pointing out that British workers were not to consider their contributions a form of charity while Spanish people were fighting and dying for their fellow workers. To answer a shortage of bandages and dressings in Spain, he suggested that sun-dried peat moss sewn into muslin bags could be used as a substitute for cotton dressings. Soon, moss collected by volunteers in Britain was on its way to Spain.

Spying on Nazi Germany
In 1939, before the outbreak of the Second World War, Pyke considered the problem of finding out what the German people actually thought of the Nazi regime. His idea was to perform an opinion poll in secret by sending volunteers to Germany to interview ordinary people. He would train the volunteers personally. The plan was that the interviewers should pose as golfers on a tour of Germany and that interviews should be informal, with the questions being inserted into everyday conversation; the first German city to be targeted would be Frankfurt. Pyke travelled to Frankfurt where he met Peter Raleigh. Raleigh suggested that there were enough of Pyke's golfers in Germany to challenge the Frankfurt golf club to a match. Pyke concluded that this would be an excellent idea, and put this new plan into action.

By 21 August, Pyke had ten interviewers working in Germany. On 25 August, following hints from contacts at the Foreign Office, Pyke recalled all his agents and they arrived back in England over the following few days. Pyke's original idea had been to present Hitler with an account of the true feelings of the German people, but this did not materialise with the outbreak of war. Raleigh and Patrick Smith did make a broadcast on the newly formed BBC World Service in which they contrasted the mood in Germany with that in London, and Pyke prepared a report for the War Office.

Pyke tried to generate interest in his opinion poll results and in repeating the exercise in Germany using people from neutral countries. He got little support, but did attract the attention of Conservative Member of Parliament Leo Amery. Amery did think that Pyke's idea was worthwhile and privately convinced others including Clement Attlee and Sir Stafford Cripps. Pyke's friends concluded that nothing would come of the scheme and persuaded Pyke to let the matter drop.

Military inventions
Pyke then wrote on grand strategy and worked on a number of ideas for practical inventions. Inspired by the sight of barrage balloons, he conceived the idea of using them to mount microphones allowing the location of aircraft to be ascertained by triangulation. Pyke was unaware that the development of radar provided a much better means of achieving this effect.

Operation Plough / First Special Service Force
With the invasion of Norway, Pyke considered the problem of transporting soldiers rapidly over snow. He proposed the development of a screw-propelled vehicle based on an old patent called the Armstead snow motor. This consisted of a pair of lightweight cylinders, shaped like very large artillery shells, to support the weight of the vehicle. These cylinders have a spiral flange that digs into the snow; when the cylinders turn (in opposite directions), the vehicle is propelled forwards. Pyke envisaged that a small force of highly mobile soldiers could occupy the attentions of many enemy soldiers who would be required to guard against possible points of attack.

Initially, Pyke's idea was rejected. Then, in October 1941, Louis Mountbatten replaced Roger Keyes as Chief of Combined Operations. This changed the character of the department and Mountbatten allowed unusual talents and ideas. Conservative Member of Parliament Leo Amery wrote to Mountbatten recommending that Pyke's Norway scheme, originally rejected by Keyes, be re-examined and that Mountbatten should take Pyke onto his staff. Mountbatten valued Pyke's ideas, and for liberalising other staff, eventually adopted the plan. The scheme became Operation Plough. When presented to Prime Minister Winston Churchill, he noted in the minutes of the meeting:Never in the history of human conflict will so few immobilize so many.

Pyke's snow vehicle project was superseded by Canadian development of the Weasel tracked personnel carrier, produced first for the American-Canadian commando unit the First Special Service Force, which trained first for Norway but was actually deployed in Italy. The US built hundreds of these as the M29 vehicle.

Project Habakkuk
In April 1942, Pyke was presented with the problem of how to prevent the icing of ships in Arctic waters. He took the problem to Max Perutz at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge; Pyke knew that Perutz had previously worked on the physical properties of snow with regard to the difficulties of Operation Plough. Perutz proposed a solution and in a footnote his memorandum noted that:

"It is not only this country but the whole world which, as compared with knowledge of other natural phenomena, lacks knowledge of snow and ice.

This is fortunate, for whoever gets there first may get a great advantage."

In September 1942, Pyke sent a 232-page memorandum to Mountbatten detailing his ideas. It suggested a number of uses for ice and for super cooled water (water that has been cooled below its freezing point while remaining liquid) and the suggestion of the construction of gigantic aircraft carriers from ice that was either frozen naturally or artificially. Whereas conventional aircraft carriers were restricted to relatively small, specialised aircraft, these could launch and land conventional fighters and bombers. As such, they could provide air cover for convoys in mid-Atlantic, staging posts for long flights over seas or as launch pads for amphibious assaults on France or Japan. A biography of Pyke by David Lampe indicates that he had decided to use ice reinforced with wood fibres, but other accounts make it clear that this is not the case. Pyke was not the first to suggest a floating mid-ocean stopping point for aircraft, nor the first to suggest that such a floating island could be made of ice, German scientist Dr. A. Gerke of Waldenburg in Germany proposed the idea and carried out some preliminary experiments in Lake Zurich in 1930.

Pyke's memorandum included a couple of cover notes. The first requested that Mountbatten should read the suggestions himself before allowing it to fall into the hands of "that damned fool Lushington". The second, longer, note asked that Mountbatten read the first thirty pages of the memorandum before deciding whether it was worthwhile to continue "It may be gold: it may only glitter. I can't tell. I have been hammering at it too long and am blinded". Mountbatten handed it to Brigadier Wildman-Lushington, and Lushington with the assistance of J. D. Bernal, concluded that Pyke's main proposals were feasible. In December 1942, Prime Minister Churchill issued a directive that research on the project should be pressed forward with the highest priority and he expressed the opinion that nature be allowed to do as much of the work as possible.

The project to build a large aircraft carrier of pykrete was known as Project Habakkuk, and Pyke was sent to Canada with a personal introduction from Winston Churchill to Mackenzie King. While he was away, an Admiralty committee headed by the Chief of Naval Construction sent a memorandum about Habakkuk to Mountbatten. Pyke returned from Canada. Pyke's original memorandum mentioned other applications for pykrete such as building landing ships for the prospective invasion of Japan and for quickly constructing fortifications at a beachhead by spraying an existing building with pykrete liquid that would freeze into a thick layer. Many of these ideas relied upon a misplaced faith in the qualities of supercooled water which he thought could be used as a weapon of war: pumped from a ship it could be used to instantly form bulwarks of ice or even be sprayed directly onto enemy soldiers. However, such ideas were according to Max Perutz, impractical.

In September 1943, Pyke proposed a slightly less ambitious plan for pykrete vessels to be used in support of an amphibious assault. He proposed a pykrete monitor 200 ft long and 50 ft wide mounting a single naval gun turret; this could be self-powered or towed to where it would be used. He also suggested the use of pykrete to make breakwaters and landing stages. At the time, Max Perutz thought the ideas were practical and that the preceding research on pykrete was sufficiently advanced to allow Pyke's plan to be executed. The plan was not put into action, but for the allied invasion of Normandy a system of preconstructed concrete breakwaters and landing stages called Mulberry was employed. Pyke's plans hint that he had some knowledge of the Mulberry plans, perhaps through his contacts with Bernal, who was one of Mulberry's progenitors.

Men in pipes
In late 1943, Pyke submitted to Mountbatten a memorandum, nearly fifty pages long, explaining his ideas for a solution to the problem of unloading stores from ships where no proper port facilities are available and few roads inland. This circumstance was common in the Pacific War theatre and fundamental to the 1943 decision to invade France by landing on the beaches of Normandy, with no harbours and a 24-foot tide. Pyke's idea was to use pipes of the type that were used to transport fuel from ship to shore, to move sealed containers that would contain any type of sufficiently small material objects. Pyke suggested that 4 or pipes would handle smaller equipment and larger objects could be passed through two-foot pipes. Furthermore, there was no reason why the pipes should stop at the shore, they could be extended inland as required. Bernal gave a cautious endorsement to the idea, adding that it would require a great deal of investigation. Pyke's idea was similar to the cleaning brushes that are sometimes forced along pipes by the pressure of the fluid and to the pipeline pigs which today are used for cleaning and telemetry.

Pyke then proposed that his idea for "Power-Driven Rivers" could be extended to the transport of personnel. The pipes would need to be at least two feet in diameter and the pressures would have to be high. He worked out ideas for supplying the passengers with oxygen and suggested that the problem of claustrophobia might be alleviated by travelling in pairs and by the use of barbiturate drugs. "The whole experience (of riding in a pipe) however should be far less unpleasant, and take very much less time to become used to, than parachute jumping, or being bombed."

Pyke proposed that this system could be used to move people from ship to shore, from island to island, through swamps and over mountains and anywhere where conventional transport was difficult. The idea was never used.

After World War II
After World War II, Pyke's inventions continued. One suggestion for the problems of energy-starved post-war Europe was to propel railway wagons by human muscle power – employing 20 to 30 men on bicycle-like mechanisms to pedal a cyclo-tractor. Pyke reasoned that the energy in a pound of sugar cost about the same as an equivalent energy in the form of coal and that while Europe had plenty of sugar and unemployed people, there was a shortage of coal and oil. He recognised that such a use of human muscle power was in some ways distasteful, but could not see that the logic of arguments about calories and coal were unlikely to be sufficiently persuasive.

Pyke was given a commission to look into the problems of the National Health Service and, characteristically, made his contribution as a part of a minority report. He remained eager to convey his unconventional ideas, and continued to both write and broadcast them. He campaigned against the death penalty, and for government support of UNICEF.

Death and legacy
On the evening of Saturday 21 February 1948 in Steele's Road, Hampstead, Pyke shaved his beard and consumed a bottleful of sleeping pills. His landlady found his body the following Monday morning. The coroner gave a verdict of suicide at a moment of mental unbalance. Before consuming the pills, he had written private letters that made it clear that his death was premeditated. An obituary in The Times praised him and lamented his passing, beginning with the words: "The death of Geoffrey Pyke removes one of the most original if unrecognised figures of the present century."

John Bernal, who knew Pyke well, wrote: "He remained always the knight-errant, from time to time gathering round him a small band of followers but never a leader of big movements. Because of the very greatness of his ideas most of his life was one of frustration and disappointment, but he has left behind to all who knew him and were indirectly affected by him the vision he created for making all things possible."

title: Geoffrey Pyke


text: Category:Towns in Greater Manchester

title: Category:Towns in Greater Manchester


text:
Talk:Solomon ibn Gabirol

references in Wikipedia

 * google &as_sitesearch=wikipedia.org&as_q=gabirol
 * en: Links to Solomon Ibn Gabirol
 * fr: Links to fr:Salomon ibn Gabirol
 * google &as_sitesearch=fr.wikipedia.org&as_q=gabirol will does not find it at the moment Gangleri 17:24, 2004 Oct 18 (UTC)

no original research
Hi. I saw that you recently tagged this article for possible "original research". Could you be more specific? I'm currently doing major edits / additions to the page, and so far, all my edits have been directly and explicitly citing the "Davidson" source, down to the specific page number. So, if you were referring to my additions as possible OR, that's not the case. —Boruch Baum (talk) 17:31, 12 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Hi Boruch Baum. There are several paragraphs and even entire section without inline citations/unreferenced and as such seemed to me like possible original research. I'll assume good faith and remove it, but adding these would be a good idea. Otherwise great job on the article.  Rob van  vee  19:53, 13 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Solomon ibn Gabirol


text:
Lessig

Lessig is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Adolph Lessig (1869–1935), American union leader
 * Lawrence Lessig (born 1961), American academic, attorney, and political activist

title: Lessig


text:
Category:Towns in Buckinghamshire

Towns in the county of Buckinghamshire, England.

See also: Category:Hamlets in Buckinghamshire, Category:Villages in Buckinghamshire

title: Category:Towns in Buckinghamshire


text:
Daniel Pope Cook

Daniel Pope Cook (1794 – October 16, 1827) was a politician, lawyer and newspaper publisher from the U.S. state of Illinois. An anti-slavery advocate, he was the state's first attorney general, and then became a congressman. He is the namesake of Cook County, Illinois.

Early life
Daniel Pope Cook was born in Scott County, Kentucky, into an impoverished branch of the prominent Pope family of Kentucky and Virginia. Cook moved to Kaskaskia, Illinois in 1815 and took a job as a store clerk, but soon began to read law under the supervision of his uncle, Nathaniel Pope.

Career
Territorial governor Ninian Edwards appointed young Cook the territorial Auditor of Public Accounts in 1816, so Cook moved to Edwardsville, Illinois, and purchased The Illinois Herald newspaper (with Daniel Blackwell) from Matthew Duncan, renaming it The Western Intelligencer. Uncle Nathaniel Pope became a delegate to the U.S. Congress from the Illinois Territory, so upon the election of James Monroe as president, Cook moved to Washington, D.C. to establish his career in the nation's capitol. In 1817 Cook travelled to London to deliver dispatches and bring back John Quincy Adams, the country's representative to Great Britain, whom President Monroe appointed to serve as secretary of state. The two men became closely acquainted during the long voyage back.

Shortly after Cook returned from England, tired of service as a mere dispatch-bearer, he moved back to Illinois, where he became an ardent supporter of statehood. Cook used his newspaper and new appointment as clerk to the territorial house to influence the Territorial Legislature, which unanimously passed a resolution urging statehood (and forbidding slavery) on December 10, 1817. Cook also lobbied his friends back in Washington and Virginia, and his uncle conveyed the territorial resolution to the U.S. Congress on January 16, 1818. After both the U.S. Senate and House agreed, President Monroe on April 18, 1818, signed the law authorizing Illinois to hold a convention to adopt a state constitution and elect officers. On December 3, 1818, President Monroe then signed the law admitting Illinois as the 21st state. Despite his successful advocacy of statehood, Cook was unsuccessful in his first attempt to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, losing to John McLean by only 14 votes for the short term remaining after Illinois became a state. However, the new state's legislature appointed Cook as the first attorney general of Illinois. Cook also had briefly served the territory as judge of the western circuit.

Again running for Congress in 1818, Cook defeated McLean in the general election, and again in 1820 (after a debate over slavery), 1822 and 1824, thus serving as the second representative from Illinois (although the first to serve a full term). While in Congress, Cook served on the Committee on Public Lands and later on the Ways and Means Committee. He secured a grant of government lands to aid in the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. In the 1824 election, Cook also helped defeat a proposed convention to legalize slavery in Illinois, and at year's end helped elect John Quincy Adams as President (by one vote when the election was thrown to the House). Cook, in ill-health, campaigned little in 1826, and while he again scored more votes than McLean, the pro-slavery Jacksonian Democrat, Joseph Duncan, won the election. The following spring, President Adams sent Cook on a diplomatic mission to Havana, Cuba, but that did not restore his health. He returned to Edwardsville, and asked to be taken back to his birthplace in Kentucky.

Family
On May 6, 1821, Cook married Julia Catherine Edwards, the daughter of his mentor Ninian Edwards (who was related by marriage to the Pope family of Kentucky). After Daniel Cook died, Julia Cook moved back to Belleville, Illinois, but only survived her husband by three years. Their son, John Cook (born 1825), remained true to the family's anti-slavery principles and became mayor of Springfield, Illinois, in 1855, brigadier general for Union forces in the Civil War and state representative for Sangamon County, Illinois.

Death and legacy
Daniel Cook, who always suffered from poor health, died on October 16, 1827, at the age of 32 in Scott County, Kentucky. Four years after his death, the home county of Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, was named in his honor. He was buried in Kentucky, then reburied with the Lamb family (relatives of his son's wife) in 1866 in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois.

title: Daniel Pope Cook


text: Category:Towns in Bedfordshire

title: Category:Towns in Bedfordshire


text:
Category:Towns in Wiltshire

This category lists articles relating to towns in the English county of Wiltshire. For a list of places in Wiltshire, see List of places in Wiltshire.

title: Category:Towns in Wiltshire


text:
Putney Debates

The Putney Debates, which took place from 28 October to 8 November 1647, were a series of discussions over the political settlement that should follow Parliament's victory over Charles I in the First English Civil War. The main participants were senior officers of the New Model Army who favoured retaining Charles within the framework of a constitutional monarchy, and radicals such as the Levellers who sought more sweeping changes, including one man, one vote and freedom of conscience, particularly in religion.

Alarmed by what they viewed as the dangerous radicalism and increasing power of the New Model Army, in March 1647 the Presbyterian moderates who dominated the Long Parliament ordered the army to disband, a demand which was refused. In June, the army removed Charles from the custody of Parliament and in August established its headquarters at Putney, just outside the City of Westminster in South West London. Its senior officers or "Grandees" hoped the debates would end political divisions with the Agitators who represented the rank and file, and allow them to reach consensus on a peaceful settlement. Collectively, the two sides were grouped together into the Army Council.

The debates began on 28 October 1647 at St. Mary's Church, Putney and continued until 8 November, when senior officers including Thomas Fairfax, Oliver Cromwell, and Henry Ireton, grew concerned at the possible impact on military discipline and closed them down. The most contentious item was that of the right to vote: the Grandees wanted to restrict it to property-owners, but this was challenged by the Leveller spokesman, Colonel Thomas Rainsborough, who encapsulated his and the Levellers' position by saying:

 * " ...for really I thinke that the poorest hee that is in England hath a life to live as the greatest hee; and therefore truly, Sir, I thinke itt's cleare, that every man that is to live under a Governement ought first by his owne consent to putt himself under that Governement; and I do think that the poorest man in England is not at all bound in a strict sense to that Government that he hath not had a voice to put Himself under." (Putney Debates record book 1647, Worcester College, Oxford, MS 65. Spelling and capitalisation as in the original manuscript.)

Background
Earlier that summer Sir Thomas Fairfax, Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Oliver Cromwell (then Member of Parliament for Cambridge and second-in-command), Henry Ireton (Cromwell's son-in-law) and other officers, known as the "Grandees", attempted to negotiate an inclusive settlement with Charles I of England in the aftermath of the First English Civil War. Termed the Heads of Proposals, these included provisions for social justice, but the monarchy and House of Lords would have retained a power of veto over the House of Commons. It also stipulated the king would be restored before the issues of the soldiers' indemnity for acts committed during the war and their arrears of pay were entrenched in law. This clear compromise position was contrary to the New Model Army's Declaration on 14 June and consequently the Heads lost the support of those seeking social reform (at the time generally called Levellers and radicals).

Sometime before October 1647, five of the most radical cavalry regiments elected new Agitators – known as the New Agents – to represent their views. The New Agents issued a political manifesto: The Case of the Armie Truly Stated. The fundamental ideas of the Case of the Armie came to be reflected in a written constitutional draft: the Agreement of the People.

The Putney Debates came about as a result of the publication of the Case of the Armie. According to the author of a book called A Call to all the Soldiers of the Armie (a work usually ascribed to John Wildman), Ireton was so incensed by the Case of the Armie that the New Agents were invited to debate the Case of the Armie before the General Council of the Army.

Debates

The radicals wanted a constitution based upon one man, one vote, biennial Parliaments and a re-organisation of parliamentary constituencies. Authority was to be vested in the House of Commons rather than the King and Lords. Certain "native rights" were declared sacrosanct for all Englishmen: freedom of conscience, freedom from impressment (conscription) into the armed forces and equality before (when judged under or seeking a judgement under) the law.

Since Sir Thomas Fairfax was unwell and could not be present, Cromwell chaired the debates. He flatly refused to accept any compromise in which the King was overthrown, while his son-in-law, Henry Ireton, pressed the case that his own The Heads of the Proposals covered all of the concerns raised by the New Agents in The Case of the Armie. The New Agents accepted the meeting, sending Robert Everard (identified on the first day of the Putney Debates as 'Buff Coat') and another New Agent from Col. Whalley's Regiment only identified as 'Bedfordshire Man' (this was possibly Trooper Matthew Weale, a signatory of the Case of the Armie and the Agreement of the People). Other members of the Army present were Colonel Thomas Rainsborough, a successful commander in the Civil War, and lately MP for Droitwich, his brother Major William Rainsborough, and the Agitators Edward Sexby and William Allen. The New Agents also brought John Wildman and Maximillian Petty, two civilian advisors who had been involved with Army affairs since at least July 1647.

The debates opened on 28 October and were transcribed by secretary William Clarke and a team of stenographers. From 2 November however, all recording ceased. The debates were not reported and Clarke's minutes were not published at the time. They were lost until 1890 when they were rediscovered at the library of Worcester College, Oxford, and subsequently published as part of the Clarke Papers.

Cromwell and Ireton's main complaint about the Agreement was that it included terms for near universal male suffrage, which Ireton considered to be anarchy. Instead, they suggested suffrage should be limited only to landholders. The Agitators, on the other hand, felt they deserved the rights in payment for their service during the war. Thus Thomas Rainsborough argued: For really I think that the poorest hee that is in England hath a life to live, as the greatest hee; and therefore truly, Sr, I think itt clear, that every Man that is to live under a Government ought first by his own Consent to put himself under that Government; and I do think that the poorest man in England is not at all bound in a strict sense to that Government that he hath not had a voice to put Himself under.

And Ireton, for the Grandees: no man hath a right to an interest or share in the disposing of the affairs of the kingdom... that hath not a permanent fixed interest in this kingdom.

Conclusion
The debates concluded with the understanding that a modified version of the Agreement, approved by a committee chosen mainly from the ranks of the Army's officers, would be the basis of any future constitutional settlement and that it would be presented to the Army itself at a mass meeting. However, the Agitators wanted to discuss the future of the King, leading the Grandees, fearing a complete breakdown of discipline in the Army, to propose on 8 November that the Agitators and New Agents return at once to their regiments to restore order, thereby suspending the meetings. This was reinforced on 11 November when King Charles escaped from Hampton Court Palace, apparently fearing (possibly on the advice of Oliver Cromwell) that the Grandees could easily lose control of the more radical elements in the Army. The King's flight brought all debate to an end as the New Model Army was faced with a more immediate threat. On the same day, the General Council drafted a new manifesto to be presented at the mass meeting which contained, among other provisions, a clause in which the members of the army would sign a declaration of loyalty to Lord Fairfax and the General Council (and hence making further agitation when ordered to desist a mutinous offence).

The presentation itself was split from one mass meeting to three smaller ones. Those regiments invited to the first meeting on 15 November agreed with the manifesto, but two regiments arrived uninvited and objected, sparking the Corkbush Field mutiny. Fairfax and Cromwell suppressed the mutiny and at the other two meetings the other regiments agreed to the terms in the manifesto.

On 7 December 1647, at a meeting in Windsor the General Council drew up a non-political petition to present to Parliament called the Humble Representation of the General Council of the Army (which requested that Parliament pay the soldiers arrears and secure the future funding of the army), and a month later, on 8 January 1648, the General Council voted to terminate itself.

The symbolic importance of the debates may have been a factor, 36 years later, following the Restoration of the monarchy, when King Charles II chose Putney Heath as the site of a parade of 6,000 soldiers, in October 1684.

title: Putney Debates


text:
Talk:Our Town

Untitled
No spoilers follow the warning; in fact, not much seems to follow the warning at all. Vivacissamamente 03:06, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Sorry for adding my edits in three different segments instead of all at once. I kept noticing more things after I edited. omtay38 23:24, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

A request for a video link
I'd like to see a link to a video of the play, Our Town. Free would be best. For example, a high school computer class could work with a high school drama class and link from Wikipedia to the on-demand video. Having an actual play to watch is worth a million words.

Kaydell Leavitt — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.135.154.96 (talk) 13:47, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * My school put on Our Town last year, and I believe it was videotaped. (I played Howie Newsome.) Not sure what the licensing situation would be, but I might be able to get it posted somewhere. -Fadookie Talk 06:16, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The play is still under copyright, so you would have to get permission from the playwright's estate, which I am doubtful they would be willing to give. I'm afraid renting/library borrowing are your choices--Natcase 13:16, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Plot summary changes
I made a few changes to the plot summary- there were some details out of order and some that didn't do a good job of telling what really happens in the play. The end of Act 3 was especially confusing. They were errors that to me seemed obvious to someone who's read or seen the play. There were also a few minor grammar problems. I am a very new Wikipedian so I hope there's not a protocol or something on how to edit plot summaries-- I thought I'd just throw this out there. TysK 02:43, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * also there is no act three summary! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.28.130.182 (talk) 00:11, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Factual Changes
Please see the reference I added to the Afterword by Tappan Wilder. The play was not finished at the MacDowell Colony but at Columbia University Club in NYC. The play was first perfomed (once) in Princeton and then subquently in Boston before moving to New York. Early reviews were unfavorable. JJ 16:38, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Honors of the Play
Before I delete this latest addition, can someone tell me what "Honors of the Play" is supposed to mean? JJ 23:05, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Historical Background
I've been compiling a bit of information about the relationship between Thornton Wilder and Samuel Steward during the run of a production of Our Town at Ohio State, and the following references may be of some interest to other students interested in the history of the work. They may be helpful in resolving the question of where the work was "completed" as well (there appears to be some argument above, these are primary sources).

The Letters of Gertrude Stein and Thornton Wilder ISBN: 0300067747 Pages 168-72: a conversation where Wilder first mentions "Our Town", a work in progress, to Stein. Stein repeatedly encourages Wilder to meet Samuel Steward, then traveling to Zurich to meet with Thomas Mann.

Dear Sammy: Letters from Gertrude Stein & Alice B. Toklas ISBN: 0395253403 Page 32: A conversation about Steward's influence on Wilder during the drafting of the third act. GS: "Sammy, do you know he liked you? [...] You walked all night in the rain with him and he struck a match on you, he said, and wrote the whole third act the next day while you were sleeping." SS: "I might have guessed that, from the way he kept pumping me."

Steward was a professor of English at Ohio State University, the library there has a number of Steward's works available for review among their rare books and manuscripts special collections. Dhimelright 17:56, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Addendum: Steward was on the faculty at OSU during the final year of his PhD, but never held a post as a professor at OSU. --Dhimelright 02:53, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Dubious assertion?
The current version asserts: "The Stage Manager, traditionally played by a single person, was turned into an ensemble of girls, acting both as narrators and a sort of Greek chorus, reacting to situations unfolding around them and ultimately working their way into the action as characters."

I have seen no published version of Thornton Wilder's OUR TOWN that supports this assertion. I have seen the role of Stage Manager portrayed by an actress, but not by an "ensemble of girls" although some director in some production may well have altered Wilder's play in this manner. However such a production is far from usual. Certainly the December, 2002, Broadway production featuring Paul Newman as Stage Manager had no such ensemble of girls. Unless support for this assertion can be produced, I propose reverting the change. Frankatca 02:43, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I removed the statement. The play's text does not include this happening, and I doubt that any production would have implemented the chorus. Enam Esru 14:00, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Enam, you are correct that this is not from the Our Town text. But I think I may know where they are getting it from Wilder's Pullman Car Hiawatha has something like a "chorus" in it, and they may have gotten some of their information from that. They could have also fount that in one of Wilder's other works, also. He tends to use interesting events like that to convey a point. In fact, "Our Town" is arguably one of his most "normal" works, as it has few events involving nearly-supernatural, overseeing characters. Anyway, thanks for making the edit! I just wanted to share my guess as to where the author might have gotten their information, as you seemed to be wondering. Happy editing! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Unitof (talk • contribs) 01:05, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

Neutrality Disputed?
How is the neutrality disputed? I see no discussion here.70.97.157.47 (talk) 18:09, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Ansh666 (talk) 03:32, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed. This article is NOT written as an advertisement. The Neutrality diputation should be removed. Frankatca (talk) 20:13, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

Stage Manager
in the analysys part "all that education for nothing," Wilder says is incorrect because in the play it is actualy the Stage Manager who says that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.207.199.32 (talk) 04:28, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Time period
You might consider adding a sentence or two about the period during which the play was written & first produced -- the Great Depression along with the totalitarian violence in Germany, Italy, Japan & Russia, especially the rise of Hitler and the USSR famine & the purges of Stalin, all very anxious-making, even on this side of the pond. This adds an extra yearning for the "simpler" times, though they were perched in 1913, as Wilder & his audience well-knew, on the verge the horrific trench slaughter of WWI. Oh, by the way, I added that the music for the movie was written by Aaron Copeland. He wrote an orchestral suite from this music, which has been often recorded, and is written in the same style as his 3rd symphony & Appalacian Spring. Rather nice. Dave Young, 6/6/08. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.53.16.2 (talk) 02:12, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

Character List
I am relatively new to Wikipedia editing and standards, but should the character list for plays utilize some form of bulleting or some other method so that there is more distinction between the characters in the list? For some of them are hard to tell whether the next line is a continuation of the previous line, or a new character. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gbmodern (talk • contribs) 01:09, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

Mention of Specific Performances
To the authors of these edits: thank you for your input! One aspect of the value that Wikipedia brings as an encyclopedia is that anyone can freely edit articles, contributing to the dissemination of knowledge. To aid in this end, Wikipedia has generally accepted policies that all information must be both verifiable and notable; these standard policies were adopted to keep Wikipedia from becoming little more than a newspaper or public announcement board. After some basic searching, we could not find any information from a verifiable source that confirmed the factuality and/or notability of this information. If you can confirm both the fact of this information and its notability through a reliable source, feel free to edit the article to reflect this, adding back the deleted information and appropriately citing the source. If you need help to do this, please leave a note here and someone will be glad to assist! — Preceding unsigned comment added by James Arthur Reed (talk • contribs) 22:08, 11 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Instance #1: The edits made from IP address 152.23.66.178 (talk) refer to a specific performance that does not fulfill the standards of Notability. I have reverted these edits. Ibadibam (talk) 20:18, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Instance #2: The edit made from IP address 141.123.223.100 (talk) on 22:09, 8 July 2011 (UTC) refers to a specific performance that does not fulfill the standards of Notability and Verifiable. I have reverted this edit.  Jim Reed   (Talk)  22:08, 11 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Instance #2.2: This material was re-posting by Creed90952 (talk) on 14:27, 14 July 2011 (UTC). I have reverted this edit and left a message on the user's talk page explaining Wikipedia's notability policy. This appears to be an account created for the sole purpose of re-posting this material. This is the 2nd revert of this material.  Jim Reed   (Talk)  20:32, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

Synthesis
The last three paragraphs of the Background section read like the user who wrote them applied his/her own interpretations, which would either be synthesis or original research, since there is no citation. Therefore, I deleted it. Also, this is called the Background section but most of it is actually the Synopsis, and should be separated out at such. Mmyers1976 (talk) 20:49, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

Off-Broadway
I recall seeing Our Town produced in the second incarnation of the Circle in the Square theatre. It was notable for having Frank Craven repeat his performance as the Stage Manager. Cannot find a reference. Did I dream it? Anyone? Bluefox79830 (talk) 08:37, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

New Edits Coming Soon
Hello, I am a college student who is going to edit this page as an assignment for one of my classes. I will leave a link to my sand box here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Colterlena/sandbox

If anyone has any comments then please let me know. Colterlena (talk) 19:46, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Welcome, User:Colterlena! Feel free to edit boldly, but be aware that this page is well-watched; some users may not always agree with individual edits. The normal process here (in the case of disagreement) is something we call bold, revert, discuss. I've left a few links on your talk page which gives a new user information about pillars, policies and guidelines. Please feel invited to visit the teahouse, a talkspace devoted to welcoming new editors and helping them get started. BusterD (talk) 21:25, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

Copyright?
Is this work still under copyright? I'm not sure if I'm reading it right, but the copyright appears to have expired in 2014. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.49.224.189 (talk) 02:26, 2 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Article comparing the play to the city of Sioux Center, Iowa
I found an opinion article where a person compared the play to the city of Sioux Center, Iowa. Not sure if it's significant enough to list, but I found it at https://www.nwestiowa.com/opinion/delap-our-town-compares-to-sioux-center/article_b7e24410-3532-11e9-9be6-5750ac01d84f.html WhisperToMe (talk) 06:29, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Our Town


text:
Tiara of Saitaferne

The Tiara of Saitaferne (also Saitaphernes or Saitapharnes) is a tiara in gold sheet, acquired by the Louvre in 1896, afterwards demonstrated to be fake by its creator, Israel Rouchomovsky.

History
On April 1, 1896, the Louvre announced that it had purchased a gold tiara that had belonged to the Scythian king Saitapharnes. The museum had purchased the artifact for 200,000 gold French francs. A Greek inscription on the tiara read "The council and citizens of Olbia honor the great and invincible King Saitapharnes". To the experts at the Louvre, the tiara confirmed an episode dating to the late 3rd-century BCE or early 2nd-century BCE. According to the story, Saitapharnes had besieged the Greek colony of Olbia and was convinced to leave the city in peace only through the offering of expensive gifts.

Shortly after the Louvre exhibited the tiara, a number of experts challenged its authenticity. Among them was the German archaeologist Adolf Furtwängler who noted many stylistic problems with the tiara's design and questioned the lack of aging apparent on the artifact. For several years, the Louvre defended the authenticity of its treasure and even prepared a magnificent book on the treasure. Eventually, news of the story reached Odesa.

In 1894, two years before the Louvre acquisition, two dealers, Schapschelle Hochmann and his brother Leiba, had commissioned Israel Rouchomovsky (fr), a skilled goldsmith from Odesa, to make the tiara. They let him believe that it was intended as a gift for an archaeologist friend and provided Rouchomovsky with details from recent excavations to aid his design. It wasn't until news of the Louvre scandal reached him that Rouchomovsky learned of the fate of his creation. He traveled to Paris in 1903 and presented himself as the maker of the tiara. Experts at the museum refused to believe him until he demonstrated the ability to reproduce a portion of the crown. Embarrassed, the museum hid the object away in storage. The Louvre had been fooled in one of the greatest archeological scandals of the century; Rouchomovsky, on the other hand, became famous for his work and earned a gold medal at the Paris Salon of Decorative Arts. He lived in Paris until his death in 1934.

In 1954, the tiara was included in a "Salon of Fakes" at the Louvre. In 1997, the Israel Museum in Jerusalem borrowed the Tiara of Saitapharnes from the Louvre for an exhibition on Israel Rouchomovsky. In 2009, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta borrowed the tiara for a Louvre exhibition. In 2014, a memorial plaque was unveiled on the wall of Rouchomovsky's workshop in Odesa where the tiara was created. The "LWL-Museum für Archäologie" in Herne, Germany borrowed the tiara for the opening weeks of their new exhibition Irrtümer & Fälschungen der Archäologie (English: Errors & Forgeries in Archaeology) in March 2018.

A copy of the tiara is on display in the British Museum. As of 2009, another was on display at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art.

title: Tiara of Saitaferne


text: User talk:64.105.84.61

title: User talk:64.105.84.61


text: Category:Towns in West Sussex

title: Category:Towns in West Sussex


text:
Talk:O'Reilly Open Source Convention

Untitled
I started the history section. Hoping others fill in with more detail. -- tbc (talk) 23:34, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:O'Reilly Open Source Convention


text:
List of stock market crashes and bear markets

This is a list of stock market crashes and bear markets. The difference between the two relies on speed (how fast declines occur) and length (how long they last). Stock market crashes are quick and brief, while bear markets are slow and prolonged. Those two do not always happen within the same decline.


text:
Category:Towns in Devon

Settlements in Devon that officially have the status of a town and a town council.

title: Category:Towns in Devon


text: User talk:208.182.75.11

title: User talk:208.182.75.11


text:
John Pope Cook

John Pope Cook (June 12, 1825 – October 13, 1910) was an Illinois politician and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He served in the Western Theater and played a prominent role in securing the Union victory at the Battle of Fort Donelson, helping to force the surrender of the defenders.

He was the second Congressman from Illinois. In 1855 he was Mayor of Springfield and 1856 he became the Sheriff of Sangamon County. In 1861 he gathered troops after the bombardment of Confederate of Fort Sumter and after that became colonel of the 7th Illinois Volunteer Infantry.

In 1864 he got a promotion to brigadier general.

Early life
Cook was born in Belleville, Illinois, to a well-connected political family. His maternal grandfather, Ninian Edwards, was a United States senator and the Governor of Illinois. His father was Daniel Pope Cook, who was a member of the United States House of Representatives at the time. Following Daniel's death at the age of 33, his widow, Julia Catherine Edwards Cook, moved with their only child, John, back to Belleville, where she died three years later, leaving Cook as an orphan.

Cook received a good education and entered the practice of law. He was elected mayor of Springfield, Illinois, in 1855. Cook was the captain and commander of a military company called the Springfield Grays. He also served as quartermaster general of the Illinois militia.

Civil War
During the early days of the Civil War, Cook's militia company enlisted in Federal service in April 1861. They formed the nucleus of Company I of the 7th Illinois Volunteer Regiment, of which Cook was appointed colonel. At the Battle of Fort Donelson, he commanded the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, District of Cairo, Department of the Missouri. During the Confederate breakout attempt on February 15, General Ulysses S. Grant concluded the Confederates must have weakened the opposite flank to reinforce their assault. This weakened sector lay across from the Federal brigades of Cook and Jacob G. Lauman. Lauman's brigade was intended as the main thrust while Cook's brigade would make a feint to draw away fire. Cook's troops nevertheless managed to capture a key Confederate artillery battery, which paved the way for the subsequent collapse of the defensive line in his sector. After the battle he was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on March 22, 1862, with Senate confirmation on March 24, 1862, to rank from March 21, 1862. Cook remained in command of his brigade for a short time after Fort Donelson. Though still a colonel he was assigned to command the 6th Division in the Army of the Tennessee. This commanded was promptly turned over to Brig. Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss who would lead the division at Shiloh. Cook meanwhile was transferred to brigade command in the Washington defenses.

Cook later oversaw the military Department of Iowa and Dakota Territory. In the winter of 1862–63, he organized a campaign against the Sioux Nation, with Sioux City, Iowa, as his base of operations. In the spring of 1863, he was relieved by Brig. Gen. Alfred Sully. In November 1864, he was assigned command of the military District of Illinois, replacing Eleazar Paine, who had resigned the position. Cook was mustered out of the volunteers on August 24, 1865. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Cook for appointment to the brevet grade of major general, to rank from August 24, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the nomination on March 12, 1866.

Years after the war
Following the war, Cook returned home and was elected as Sangamon County's representative in the Illinois General Assembly, in 1869, as a Republican.

Cook died in his home near Ransom, Michigan, in 1910, and is interred at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois.

title: John Pope Cook


text: Category:Towns in Kent

title: Category:Towns in Kent


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Panacide

Panacide was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 6 votes to delete. Postdlf 05:44, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Panacide
According to the article, a fictional drug alledgedly (I can't find confirmation) from some random TV movie that we don't have an article for, making this an orphan. Niteowlneils 17:37, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, possibly stick it in Fictional chemical substance [[User:Xezbeth| Xezbeth ─┼─ ]] 18:01, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Trivia. Geogre 19:16, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Clearly non-notable, if we don't even have a page on the movie. Nadavspi 00:35, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, does not even deserve a mention. Andre ( talk )A| 14:01, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no redirect. --Improv 13:58, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Viz

Viz or VIZ may refer to:

 * Aerovis Airlines (ICAO: VIZ), a cargo airline based in Kyiv, Ukraine
 * Viz., a synonym for “namely”
 * Viz (comics), a British adult comic magazine
 * Viz: The Game, a computer game based on the comic
 * Viz Media, an American manga and anime distribution and entertainment company
 * "Viz", a song from the 2004 Le Tigre album This Island
 * Visualization (disambiguation), the practice of creating visual representations of complex data and information
 * Vizcaya station (Station code: VIZ), a Metrorail metro station in Miami, Florida, United States

title: Viz


text:
RT.X100

The RT.X100 Pro Suite was a real-time PCI video editing card manufactured by Matrox Corporation. With the use of Adobe Premiere it enabled a real time preview on TV or Video Monitor. It was generally bundled with Adobe Premiere Pro (video editing software), Adobe Audition (digital audio editor), and Adobe Encore DVD (for the creation of DVDs). The RT.X100 Pro Collection added a copy of Adobe After Effects (special effects software). It was released in 2003 and meant to replace the Matrox RT2500.

title: RT.X100