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WJR

WJR (760 AM) is a commercial radio station in Detroit, Michigan, owned by Cumulus Media, with a news/talk radio format. Most of WJR's broadcast studios, along with its newsroom and offices, are in the Fisher Building in Detroit's New Center area. A tower atop the Fisher Building relays WJR's audio to the transmitter site, and at one time WJR-FM (currently WDVD) also used this tower. There is an additional satellite studio in the Wintergarden of the GM Renaissance Center in downtown Detroit.

WJR is a Class A clear channel station, operating with 50,000 watts, the maximum power for AM stations in the United States, around the clock. WJR's 1934 transmitter building — which has been called "one of the best Art Deco transmitter buildings ever" — and transmitter tower are located near (and visible from) the intersection of Sibley and Grange Roads in Riverview, Michigan.

Due to WJR's low transmitting frequency and high power, omnidirectional signal, plus the region's mostly flat land and good ground conductivity, the station has unusually large daytime coverage, equivalent to that of a full-power FM station. Its daytime signal provides at least secondary coverage to most of the southern Lower Peninsula, as well as almost half of Ohio (with Cleveland and Toledo getting city-grade coverage) and slivers of Indiana and Pennsylvania. At night it can be heard throughout much of eastern North America with a good radio.

WJR programming is streamed via the web, and is simulcast on WDVD's 96.3 FM HD2 subchannel. WJR is also licensed to broadcast a digital hybrid (HD) signal.

WJR is Michigan's primary entry point station for the Emergency Alert System.

Programming
WJR airs a mix of local and nationally syndicated talk shows and local sports. As of June 2023, the station operates a fully local lineup during the daytime hours, with Paul W. Smith (the station's longtime morning host) hosting the lunch-hour time slot, Guy Gordon in morning drive, late morning hosts Kevin Dietz and Tom Jordan, and afternoon personalities Chris Renwick and Mitch Albom. Brokered programming airs in the early fringe time slot. It is the Detroit outlet for Westwood One syndicated talk shows Mark Levin, Ben Shapiro and Red Eye Radio. WJR is the flagship station of the Michigan State Spartans football and men's basketball and was the flagship for the Michigan Panthers professional football team. Late nights and weekends, world and national news from Fox News Radio begins each hour.

In 2006, WJR picked up the nationally syndicated Handyman Show with Glenn Haege, which originates from Detroit, and previously aired on WXYT and WDFN. The Handyman Show is a nationally syndicated show, originating from WJR's own studios, as is also the case with several other weekend shows such as The C.A.R. Show and The Real Estate Insiders. Music programming on WJR has been phased out almost entirely over the past two decades. As of June 2014, the only music-oriented show on the station was the Renfro Valley Gatherin', aired early Sunday mornings.

WCX
WJR traces its history to May 4, 1922. Effective December 1, 1921, the U.S. government for the first time adopted regulations formally defining "broadcasting stations". The wavelength of 360 meters (833 kHz) was designated for entertainment broadcasts, while 485 meters (619 kHz) was reserved for broadcasting official weather and other government reports. On May 4, 1922, the Detroit Free Press newspaper was issued a license, with the randomly assigned call letters of WCX, for operation on both broadcasting wavelengths.

WCX made its debut, broadcasting from the Free Press Building, on the same day it was licensed. The inaugural broadcast included an address by Michigan governor Alex J. Groesbeck. 1922 saw a rapid expansion in the number of broadcasting stations, most sharing the single entertainment wavelength of 360 meters, which required progressively more complicated time sharing schedules among stations in the same region. The Detroit News, which operated station WWJ, bristled at having to suffer the "handicap" of being required to give up some airtime to WCX, which had, in the words of the News, decided to "break in".

In late September 1922 a second entertainment wavelength, 400 meters (750 kHz), was made available for "Class B" stations, which had higher powers and better quality equipment and programming. Both WCX and WWJ qualified to use this new wavelength on a timesharing basis, and WCX ended use of the 485 meter "market and weather" wavelength. In early 1923 the United States further expanded the broadcast station frequencies into a band running from 550 to 1350 kHz. The Class B frequency of 580 kHz was designated for use by qualified stations in the "Detroit/Dearborn" area, and both WCX and WWJ were assigned to this frequency.

On December 8, 1924, WCX opened studios atop the new Book-Cadillac Hotel in downtown Detroit, with transmitter facilities on the roof. Hometown poet Edgar A. Guest and the Jean Goldkette orchestra participated in the program. In January 1925, WWJ's reassignment to 850 kHz left WCX as the sole station remaining on 580 kHz.

WJR-WCX
On August 20, 1925, the Jewett Radio & Phonograph Company received a license for a new station, WJR. The company also took over WCX, consolidating operations in Pontiac, Michigan, as WJR-WCX on 580 kHz.

Goodwill Station ownership

On January 1, 1927, the station was taken over by George A. Richards, a local Oakland-Pontiac automobile dealer. Richards would later also assume control of WGAR in Cleveland and KMPC in Los Angeles. WJR adopted the slogan "The Goodwill Station" and on May 9, 1927, began carrying programs from the recently formed NBC Blue network.

In mid-1927 the joint stations moved to 680 kHz. On November 11, 1928, the Federal Radio Commission implemented a major AM band reorganization, under the provisions of its General Order 40. This reallocation divided stations into three classes, which became known as "Clear", "Regional" and "Local". WJR-WCX was assigned as the sole North American occupant of the clear channel frequency of 750 kHz.

On December 16, 1928, the station moved from the newspaper's offices to its current location in the Fisher Building in uptown Detroit, and began identifying as "WJR Detroit, from the Golden Tower of the Fisher Building". In 1929 the license was transferred to "WJR, Goodwill Station, Inc.", and on April 22, 1929, "WCX" was formally dropped from the dual call sign, with the station becoming just WJR. In 1931, WJR raised its power to 10,000 watts. The station switched network affiliation from NBC Blue to CBS on September 29, 1935, and at the same time station officials formally dedicated WJR's new 50,000 watt transmitter. On March 29, 1941, the station moved from 750 to 760 kHz, in accordance with the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement frequency reallocations.

Although station owner George A. Richards purchased the Detroit Lions professional football team in 1934, WJR did not begin to broadcast their games until the 1938 season.

WJR signed on an FM outlet in 1948 at 96.3 MHz. This station was known as WJR-FM until 1982, when it became WHYT. The station is now WDVD.

Capital Cities ownership
Richards died in May 1951, and in 1964 Goodwill Stations was sold to Capital Cities Communications, which later merged with ABC and still later with the Walt Disney Company. Upon the sale, WJR's slogan became "The Great Voice of the Great Lakes". Also in 1964, WJR acquired full rights to Detroit Tigers baseball games, with announcers Ernie Harwell and George Kell, who had begun broadcasting Tiger games in 1960. Previously, WJR had carried only night games with day games on WKMH and WJBK. The station became the flagship of the Tiger Baseball Network.In the late 1960s, WJR also became the flagship station for Detroit Red Wings hockey and Detroit Pistons basketball.

The station's advertising campaigns and jingles included "W-J-R ... Radio 76 ... Cares About Detroit" and "This is America's finest - AM stereo 76". J. P. McCarthy regularly stated, in a nonchalant way, "This is the world's greatest radio station, WJR Detroit", with a manner that made it seem like the most obvious of facts.

WJR broadcast in AM stereo, using the C-QUAM system, from 1982 to 2006, and was received in stereo at great distances at night. WJR's Detroit Tigers home games were broadcast in stereo, as were the Thanksgiving Day Parades.

For much of its history, WJR served as a powerhouse in Michigan sports radio. However, in 2001, the station lost its longtime flagship rights to the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Red Wings, both of which moved to CBS-owned WXYT and WXYT-FM. Then, in 2005, the station dropped its status as the flagship station for Michigan Wolverines football and basketball in favor of a flagship rights deal with the Michigan State Spartans. WJR had served as flagship for Michigan State prior to 1976.

Cumulus Media ownership
WJR was sold with other ABC Radio stations to Citadel Broadcasting on June 12, 2007. Citadel merged with Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011.

WJR broadcast an HD Radio signal for about a two-year period (2006–2008) (also on WDRQ's HD2 digital subchannel), eventually eliminating night time HD radio use, then dropping it completely on both WJR and WDRQ-HD2, returning to only its signal.

On November 20, 2015, WJR announced it would take over as flagship station of the Detroit Lions in 2016, with the team moving over from WXYT-FM. The live sporting events meant that regular programming might be pre-empted. (During parts of the season when Michigan football and Tiger baseball were both on, Tiger baseball took precedence, and if a Michigan football game was either just beginning or really good when Tiger baseball came on, an announcement would come on as the football game faded out, stating the need to switch due to contractual obligations. Otherwise, the announcement would just simply state the station is leaving the Michigan game for the Tigers. Either way, listeners were directed to CKLW in nearby Windsor, Ontario, for the conclusion of the game.)

On December 18, 2020, the Detroit Lions announced that Audacy signed a deal for WXYT-FM to become the flagship station for the 2021 NFL season after a five-year partnership.

For many years, WJR aired Rush Limbaugh in early afternoons. Following Limbaugh's death in 2021, Dan Bongino took over the noon to 3pm time slot on WJR and many other Cumulus stations. Bongino's show is distributed by Westwood One, which is the national syndication arm of Cumulus Media. Following disputes with Westwood One and Cumulus over a COVID-19 vaccine mandate, Bongino announced plans to end his Cumulus radio show at the end of his contract 18 months in the future. Cumulus began phasing his show out of its stations' lineups, including WJR in June 2023. At that time, WJR announced a new lineup of local personalities weekdays from 5am to 8pm. Morning show host Paul W. Smith would move to early afternoons in place of Bongino, with Guy Gordon who previously hosted afternoons moving to morning drive. New shows hosted by Chris Renwick and Sean Baligian were also added to the schedule.

Father Coughlin broadcasts
Father Charles Coughlin was a local Roman Catholic priest, whose controversial weekly radio sermons largely originated at WJR. At the height of his popularity, Coughlin reported receiving thousands of letters daily. He was also extremely polarizing, described by one biographer as "a man of kindness and beautiful understanding", while another labeled him "the father of hate radio".

Father Coughlin made his radio debut on October 17, 1926, speaking over WJR via a microphone installed by the station at the altar at the Shrine of the Little Flower. His commentaries initially addressed perceived social ills, opposing prohibition, divorce and birth control as damaging to American society. During the Great Depression he moved heavily into political issues. On October 5, 1930, he began a weekly broadcast carried over the CBS network that originated at that network's Detroit affiliate, WXYZ. But a year later CBS dropped him for being too divisive, by implementing a ban on commercially sponsored religious programs. With the assistance of WJR station manager Leo Fitzpatrick, Father Coughlin responded by forming his own network, with WJR as the key station. "The Golden Hour" broadcasts began on October 4, 1931, initially on about 20 stations. By October 16 of the next year this expanded to 26 stations, said at the time to be "the largest independent network ever arranged", and by early 1938 the network had grown to 58 stations.

Coughlin's fervent anti-communism led to the perception that he was in favor of the rise of fascism in Europe, and he was accused of being anti-Jewish. Although initially supported by the local church hierarchy, his personal attacks on political figures eventually resulted in official restrictions and rebukes. In 1939 the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) adopted a code of conduct that included restrictions on controversial commercial broadcasts, which was seen as primarily directed toward Coughlin, and WJR vice president John F. Pratt argued that "the provision on controversial subjects seems to many of us the first shackle on freedom of speech on the radio". The NAB code led to a loss of participating stations, and this, combined with subject matter restrictions imposed by his church superiors, resulted in Coughlin ending his radio broadcasts.

WJR personalities
Past WJR personalities included J.P. McCarthy, Jimmy Launce, Warren Pierce, Mike Whorf, Murray Gula, Joel Alexander, Jay Roberts, Charles Coughlin and many others. WJR Program Directors during the Capital Cities era included Joe Bacarella, Curt Hahn and AC radio consultant Gary Berkowitz.
 * Mitch Albom, novelist and Detroit Free Press sports writer . WJR was the flagship station when The Mitch Albom Show (formerly Albom in the Afternoon) was nationally syndicated.
 * Frank Beckmann, former midday talk show host (also the play-by-play voice for University of Michigan football from 1981 to 2013). WJR was the flagship station for Michigan football from 1977 to 2005. Beckmann formerly called Lions and Tigers games for the station.
 * Paul Carey, former Detroit Tigers and Detroit Pistons announcer
 * Father Charles Coughlin, Roman Catholic priest, and social and political commentator
 * Guy Gordon, early afternoon drive host, former WXYZ-TV and WDIV-TV reporter and anchor.
 * Edgar A. "Bud" Guest II, host of "The Sunny Side of the Street" and "Guest House".
 * Karl Haas, German-born musicologist who hosted the classical music magazine Adventures in Good Music (later originating from Cleveland station WCLV)
 * Ernie Harwell, former Detroit Tigers announcer (when WJR was the Tigers' flagship station).
 * Lloyd Jackson Sr., Assistant News Director and News Anchor and host of The Big Story
 * Kevin Joyce, former conservative talk show host
 * Bruce Martyn, former Detroit Red Wings announcer
 * J.P. McCarthy, former morning host
 * Jack Paar, Tonight Show host
 * Van Patrick, former sports director and announcer
 * Bob Reynolds, former Detroit Lions and Michigan State football announcer
 * Jay Roberts, host of the overnight music program Night Flight 760
 * Paul W. Smith, current morning host
 * Ted Strasser, host of the adult standards program Patterns in Music
 * Grace Lee Whitney, actress-singer, later "Janice Rand" on Star Trek.
 * Mike Whorf, host of the music magazine Kaleidoscope, which focused on various music genres, themes, and eras

title: WJR


text:
Heavyweights

Heavyweights is a 1995 American comedy film directed by Steven Brill and written by Brill with Judd Apatow, and starring Tom McGowan, Aaron Schwartz, Shaun Weiss, Tom Hodges, Leah Lail, Paul Feig, Kenan Thompson, David Bowe, Max Goldblatt, Robert Zalkind, Patrick LaBrecque, Jeffrey Tambor, Jerry Stiller, Anne Meara, and Ben Stiller (in a dual role). The film follows a fat camp for kids that is taken over by a fitness entrepreneur as its campers work to overthrow him.

Though the film was initially met with mixed reviews, it found a following on home video and cable TV airings and has since become a cult film.

Plot
When school ends for the summer, Gerry Garner is told by his parents that they are sending him to Camp Hope, a weight loss camp for boys. Initially reluctant, Gerry meets enthusiastic camp counselor Pat, and befriends the other campers, who have smuggled in enough junk food for the entire summer. The first night at Camp Hope brings the revelation that the original owners, the Bushkins, have declared bankruptcy and the camp has been bought by fitness entrepreneur Tony Perkis Jr., who plans to transform the camp’s weight loss program into a best-selling infomercial.

Tony replaces the camp’s beloved activities, including go-karts and ”the Blob”, with a punishing exercise regimen. Pat is replaced by the strict new counselor Lars and the campers endure a painful softball game against their more athletic, over-competitive rivals Camp MVP. When Tony purges the cabins' hidden food caches, camper Josh stands up for Gerry by taunting Tony and is sent home without a refund, which prompts the other campers to theorize about what happened to Josh after this. Tony arranges a dance with the girls' summer camp named Camp Magnolia to humiliate the boys into losing weight, but counselors Tim, Pat, and camp nurse Julie convince everyone to enjoy themselves together. Josh returns to Camp Hope revealing that his lawyer father has threatened to sue Tony for kicking his son out without a refund.

Gerry and his friends sneak into Tony's office in search of their confiscated snacks, and learn that Tony has intercepted all the campers’ letters to their families, including the letter that Gerry wrote to his grandmother. They discover a secret food stash used by most of the camp, leading them to gain weight, and Tony forces the boys on a 20-mile hike, preparing to endanger their lives for the sake of fitness. The boys trick Tony into falling into a pit and imprison him at camp in a makeshift cell, electrified with a bug zapper. With Pat, Julie, and Tim on their side, the campers take back control of Camp Hope, tying up Lars in the woods with Tony's other counselors, and celebrating with a binge eating bonfire party. Lars ultimately sides with the campers due to threats of deportation.

The next morning, Pat rallies the campers to take responsibility for themselves and start losing weight and they all start a healthier regimen while making Camp Hope fun again. The boys' parents arrive for visiting day and are shown a video documenting Tony's cruelty, which is interrupted by Tony, having escaped his cell. Exchanging blows with Gerry's father, he attempts a series of backflips but knocks himself out. As Tony is taken away, Western Pennsylvania lamp store guru Tony Perkins Sr. arrives and promises to refund everyone’s money, but announces that the camp will be closed. The boys ask for the camp to stay open. Pat – with 18 years' experience and the support of Gerry and the others – agrees to assume responsibility for Camp Hope, which Tony Sr. allows.

Under Pat's leadership, the campers restore their favorite activities, and prepare to face Camp MVP in their annual competition. Camp MVP takes the lead in the first event, an obstacle course, but Camp Hope catches up in the second round, a test of knowledge. In the final go-kart race, Gerry wins the competition for Camp Hope. Demonstrating that having fun is more important than winning, Pat throws the trophy in the lake and seals his romance with Julie with a kiss. As Camp Hope celebrates their victory, Gerry thanks Pat for the best summer of his life.

During the credits, Pat, the campers, and Lars sing the "Camp Hope" song.

In a post-credits scene, Tony is now an unsuccessful door-to-door salesman selling healing crystals.

Cast

 * Aaron Schwartz as Gerald "Gerry" Garner, a boy who enrolls at Camp Hope.
 * Ben Stiller as
 * Tony Perkis Jr., a fitness entrepreneur who takes over Camp Hope.
 * Tony Perkis Sr., Tony's father and a Western Pennsylvania lamp store guru whose fortune Tony used to buy and fund the camp.
 * Tom McGowan as Patrick "Pat" Finley, a counselor at Camp Hope.
 * Tim Blake Nelson as Roger Johnson
 * Jeffrey Tambor as Maury Garner, the father of Gerry.
 * Joseph Wayne Miller as Samuel "Salami Sam" Dampier
 * Jerry Stiller as Harvey Bushkin, the original owner of Camp Hope.
 * Anne Meara as Alice Bushkin, the original owner of Camp Hope and Harvey's wife.
 * Shaun Weiss as Josh Birnbaum, a camper at Camp Hope.
 * Kenan Thompson as Roy Murphy, a camper at Camp Hope.
 * David Bowe as Chris Donnelly
 * Leah Lail as Julie Belcher, Camp Hope's new camp nurse.
 * Paul Feig as Tim Orford
 * Tom Hodges as Lars, a foreign counselor who works for Tony.
 * Max Goldblatt as Phillip Grubenov
 * Robert Zalkind as Michael Simms
 * Patrick La Brecque as Dawson
 * Nancy Ringham as Mrs. Garner, the mother of Gerry.
 * Allen Covert as Kenny Parry, the cameraman.
 * Cody Burger as Cody Farley
 * David Goldman as Nicholas Wales
 * Judd Apatow as Homer Schulz
 * Lauren Michelle Hill as Josie, the angelic girl.
 * Peter Berg as the chef (uncredited)

Production
Heavyweights was filmed over the course of two months in North Carolina at 2 separate camps, Camp Pinnacle and Camp Ton-A-Wandah. Filming started on March 28, 1994 and finished on May 25, 1994.

Soundtrack
The film's original score was composed by J.A.C. Redford. A soundtrack was not released, but the film featured eleven songs:

Reception
Heavyweights received mixed reviews from critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 38% based on 8 reviews, with an average score of 5/10. On Metacritic, the film received a score of 42 based on 16 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A−" on scale of A to F.

According to Stephen Holden of The New York Times, "Heavyweights is really two movies in one, and they don't mesh. One movie is a no-holds-barred spoof of a Tony Little- or Susan Powter-style fitness merchant [...] The other movie is a conventional family comedy that pokes lighthearted fun at the chubby young campers." In a positive review, Hal Hinson of The Washington Post wrote, "Make no mistake about it, Disney's 'Heavyweights' is the best movie about calorically challenged pubescent boys at summer camp ever made. Bar none."

In 2012, on the release of the Blu-ray, critic Brian Ordorff gave the film a grade of "B" and wrote: "Time has been kind to the discarded fat camp movie, finding Heavyweights more digestible these days, after years spent processing the askew sense of humor shared by Apatow and Company."

Box office
The film made $17.6 million at box office and was not successful theatrically, though the film has garnered a cult following.

Home media
Heavyweights was released on VHS on August 15, 1995, LaserDisc on February 20, 1996, and released on DVD on March 4, 2003. Heavyweights was released on Blu-ray on December 11, 2012. It was also included on Disney+ in November 2019.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Heavyweights


text:
United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.

United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 U.S. 304 (1936), was a decision of the United States Supreme Court concerning the foreign affairs powers of the president of the United States. It held that the President, as the nation's "sole organ" in international relations, was therefore innately vested with significant powers over foreign affairs, far exceeding those permitted in domestic matters or accorded to the U.S. Congress. The Court's majority reasoned that although the U.S. Constitution does not explicitly provide for such authority, the powers are implicit in the President's constitutional role as commander-in-chief and head of the executive branch.

Curtiss-Wright was the first decision to establish that the President's plenary power is independent of congressional permission. It is credited with providing the legal precedent for further expansions of executive power in the foreign sphere.

Background
In June 1932, the Chaco War broke out between Paraguay and Bolivia. Both belligerents were poor and relied on outside military assistance, which aroused interest among American armament manufacturers. However, in response to national antiwar sentiment, widespread revulsion at the conduct of the war, and diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom and the League of Nations, the US government sought to terminate any developing arms trade.

To that end, on May 24, 1934, the US Congress approved a joint resolution providing that "if the President finds that the prohibition of the sale of arms and munitions of war in the United States to those countries engaged in conflict in the Chaco may contribute to the establishment of peace between those countries," he was authorized to proclaim an embargo on American arms shipments to the belligerents with violators subject to a fine, imprisonment, or both. The same day, US President Franklin Roosevelt signed the joint resolution and issued a proclamation reaffirming its language and establishing an embargo. On November 14, 1935, that proclamation was revoked.

Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. was indicted for violating both the joint resolution and the embargo by conspiring to sell aircraft machine guns to Bolivia. It demurred to the indictment by arguing that the embargo and proclamation were void, as Congress had unconstitutionally delegated legislative power to the executive branch and thus given the President "unfettered discretion" to make a decision that should have been determined by Congress.

Issues
The defendant raised several issues for consideration by the Court:
 * 1) Did the joint resolution passed by Congress grant unconstitutional authority and legislative power to the President in violation of the non-delegation doctrine?
 * 2) Was the President required by considerations of due process to make findings of fact in support of the proclamation?
 * 3) Did the revocation of the May 1934 proclamation eliminate the penalty for its violation?

Decision
In a 7–1 decision authored by Justice George Sutherland, the Court ruled that the U.S. government, through the President, is categorically allowed great foreign affairs powers that are independent of the US Constitution:

"The ['powers of the federal government in respect of foreign or external affairs and those in respect of domestic or internal affairs'] are different, both in respect of their origin and their nature. The broad statement that the federal government can exercise no powers except those specifically enumerated in the Constitution, and such implied powers as are necessary and proper to carry into effect the enumerated powers, is categorically true only in respect of our internal affairs."

The Constitution does not explicitly state that all ability to conduct foreign policy is vested in the President, but the Court concluded that such power is given implicitly since the executive of a sovereign nation is by its very nature empowered to conduct foreign affairs. The Court found "sufficient warrant for the broad discretion vested in the President to determine whether the enforcement of the statute will have a beneficial effect upon the reestablishment of peace in the affected countries." In other words, the President is better suited to determine the actions and the policies that best serve the nation's interests abroad:

"It is important to bear in mind that we are here dealing not alone with an authority vested in the President by an exertion of legislative power, but with such an authority plus the very delicate, plenary and exclusive power of the President as the sole organ of the federal government in the field of international relations–a power which does not require as a basis for its exercise an act of Congress, but which, of course, like every other governmental power, must be exercised in subordination to the applicable provisions of the Constitution."

By contrast, Congress lacks such an inherent role under the Constitution, which accords broad discretion to the President alone because of the vastness and the complexity of international relations.

Legacy
The ruling not only upheld export limitations on the grounds of national security but also established the broader principle of executive supremacy in national security and in foreign affairs; this was one of the reasons advanced in the 1950s for the nearly successful attempt to add the Bricker Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

The Court has not recognized the full scope of executive power suggested by Justice Sutherland's sweeping language; consequently, it has sometimes presented contradictory rulings about foreign policy powers between the President and the Congress. In Federal Energy Administration v. Algonquin SNG, Inc. (1976), the Court validated presidential restrictions on oil imports based on the very broad congressional language that delegated apparently unlimited regulatory authority to the executive branch.

Despite its controversy, Curtiss-Wright is among the Supreme Court's most influential decisions. Most cases involving conflicts between the executive and legislative branches involve political questions that the courts refuse to adjudicate. Therefore, the sweeping language of Curtiss-Wright is regularly cited to support the executive branch's claims of power to act without congressional authorization in foreign affairs, especially if there is no judicial intervention to interpret the text's meaning. However, the Supreme Court in the 2015 Zivotofsky v. Kerry decision made clear that Curtiss-Wright was incorrect in describing presidential power over foreign affairs as "plenary and exclusive". The Court in Zivotofsky wrote that: "United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 U. S. 304, 320, does not support a broader definition of the Executive’s power over foreign relations that would permit the President alone to determine the whole content of the Nation’s foreign policy. The Executive is not free from the ordinary controls and checks of Congress merely because foreign affairs are at issue."


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The Few

The Few were the airmen of the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the aviators of the Fleet Air Arm, Royal Navy (RN) who fought the Battle of Britain in the Second World War. The term comes from Winston Churchill's phrase "Never, in the field of human conflict, was so much owed by so many to so few." It also alludes to Shakespeare's famous speech in his play, Henry V: "We few, we happy few, we band of brothers..."

Aircrew
Nearly 3,000 men were awarded the "Battle of Britain" clasp. As six of the seven longest surviving veterans of the battle (Squadron Leader John Hart, Flight Lieutenant Archie McInnes, Flight Lieutenant Maurice Mounsdon, Air Vice-Marshal John Thornett Lawrence, Wing Commander Paul Farnes and Flight Lieutenant William Clark) died between June 2019 and May 2020 as of 8 May 2020, only one survivor of The Few is still living (Flying Officer John Hemingway).

By one tally, British RAF aircrew numbered 2,353 (80%) of the total of 2,927 flyers involved, with 407 Britons killed from a total of 510 losses. The remainder were not British, many coming from parts of the British Empire (particularly New Zealand, Canada, Australia, and South Africa), as well as exiles from many conquered European nations, particularly from Poland and Czechoslovakia. Other countries supplying smaller numbers included Belgium, France, Ireland (serving in the RAF as Ireland was officially neutral, but heavily biased towards the allies), Southern Rhodesia and the United States.

Legacy
Winston Churchill summed up the effect of the battle and the contribution of RAF Fighter Command, RAF Bomber Command, RAF Coastal Command and the Fleet Air Arm with the words, "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few". Pilots who fought in the battle have been known as The Few ever since; at times being specially commemorated on 15 September, "Battle of Britain Day". On this day in 1940, the Luftwaffe embarked on their largest bombing attack yet, forcing the engagement of the entirety of RAF 11 Group in defence of London and the South East, which resulted in a decisive British victory that proved to mark a turning point in Britain's favour.

As of 2022, there is only one surviving member of the group still alive, John Hemingway. The Horrible Histories song called “The Few” commemorates these airmen and women, including Sir Douglas Bader.

Memorials

The aircrew are remembered on the Battle of Britain Memorial, Capel-le-Ferne, Kent, and their names are listed on the Battle of Britain Monument in London. The Battle of Britain Roll of Honour is held in Westminster Abbey in the RAF Chapel, and is paraded annually during the Service of Thanksgiving and re-dedication on Battle of Britain Sunday.

There is a preserved Hawker Hurricane fighter aircraft known as "The Last of The Many"—a reference to the 1942 film The First of the Few starring Leslie Howard as R.J. Mitchell, designer of the Spitfire—which flies as part of the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, along with a Supermarine Spitfire that flew in the Battle (one of five Spitfires in the Memorial Flight). As the Hurricane was the last production model of that type, it did not itself fly in the Battle.

In 2022 a sculpture, the Spirit of the Few Monument, was unveiled at the Kent Battle of Britain Museum.

Statistics
The Battle of Britain was considered officially by the RAF to have been fought between 10 July and 31 October 1940.
 * RAF pilots claimed to have shot down about 2,600 German aircraft, but figures compiled later suggest that Luftwaffe losses were more likely nearer 2,300.
 * Of 2,332 Allied pilots who flew fighters in the Battle, 38.90 per cent could claim some success in terms of enemy aircraft shot down.
 * The number of pilots claiming more than one victory amounted to no more than 15 per cent of the total RAF pilots involved.
 * To be proclaimed an "ace" a pilot had to have five confirmed victories. During the Battle of Britain just 188 RAF pilots achieved that distinction – eight per cent of the total involved. A further 237 of those RAF pilots claiming successes during the Battle became "aces" later in the war.
 * There were four pilots who were "ace in a day" in the Battle of Britain: Archie McKellar (British), Antoni Głowacki (Polish), Ronald Fairfax Hamlyn (British) and Brian Carbury (New Zealander).

Leading aces
The leading aces of the Battle of Britain (between 10 July and 31 October 1940) were:

Other notable Battle of Britain pilots

 * Willie McKnight, 17 + $1/2$ kills by 18 September 1940, 6 + $1/2$ kills during the Battle
 * David Moore Crook
 * Alan Deere
 * Harbourne Stephen
 * Paddy Finucane
 * Toni Glowacki, (Ace in a Day)
 * A.G. "Sailor" Malan
 * Albert Gerald Lewis
 * Stanisław Skalski
 * John Hemingway, last surviving pilot of the Battle of Britain

In popular culture
The Few, a novel by Alex Kershaw, tells the stories of the men who flew in the Battle of Britain. , a Hollywood film similarly named The Few was in preparation for release in 2008, based on the story of real-life U.S. pilot Billy Fiske, who ignored his country's neutrality rules and volunteered for the RAF. A Variety magazine outline of the film's historical content was said in The Independent to have been described by Bill Bond, who conceived the Battle of Britain Monument in London, as "Totally wrong. The whole bloody lot."

"One of the Few", a sony by British band Pink Floyd from their album The Final Cut (1983), describes a war veteran's return from the battlefield, specifically a pilot from the Battle of Britain, to pursue teaching, which connects to "The Hero's Return", another song from the album which is sung from the veteran's perspective.

title: The Few


text:
Malott, Washington

Malott is a census-designated place (CDP) in Okanogan County, Washington, United States, within the Greater Omak Area. The population was 487 at the 2010 census.

Malott sits on the western bank of the Okanogan River and has bridge access to U.S. Route 97. It has a general store, bar and church. The community took its name from L.C. Malott, who first settled in the area in 1886. The town was established in 1890 and platted in 1909. Originally a stopover point with a hotel, most of the town was destroyed by flooding in 1938 after a dam burst on Loop Loop Creek. Malott was evacuated in July 2014 due to the approaching Carlton Complex wildfires.

The city of Okanogan lies 9 mi to the northeast.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Malott has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dsb" on climate maps.

title: Malott, Washington


text:
Traveller's cheque

A traveller's cheque is a medium of exchange that can be used in place of hard currency. They can be denominated in one of a number of major world currencies and are preprinted, fixed-amount cheques designed to allow the person signing it to make an unconditional payment to someone else as a result of having paid the issuer for that privilege.

They were generally used by people on holiday in foreign countries instead of cash, as many businesses used to accept traveller's cheques as currency. The incentive for merchants and other parties to accept them lies in the fact that as long as the original signature (which the buyer is supposed to place on the cheque in ink as soon as they receive the cheque) and the signature made at the time the cheque is used are the same, the cheque's issuer will unconditionally guarantee payment of the face amount even if the cheque was fraudulently issued, stolen, or lost. This means that a traveller's cheque can never 'bounce' unless the issuer goes bankrupt or out of business. If a traveller's cheque were lost or stolen, it could be replaced by the issuing financial institution.

The financial institutions issuing traveller's cheques earn income in a number of ways. Firstly, they charge a fee on sale of such cheques. In addition, they can earn interest for the period that the cheques are uncashed, while not paying any interest to the cheque holder, making them effectively interest-free loans. Also, the foreign exchange rate commonly used on traveller's cheques (generally based on rates applicable at the time of purchase) is less favourable compared to other forms of obtaining foreign currency, especially those on credit card transactions (which use a rate applicable at the transaction date). In addition, the setup cost and the cost of issuing and processing traveller's cheques is much higher than for credit card transactions. The cheque issuer carries the exchange rate risk, and normally pays a fee to hedge against the risk.

Their use has been in decline since the 1990s, when a variety of more convenient alternatives, such as credit cards, debit cards, money transfer services, pre-paid currency cards, and automated teller machines that accept foreign cards, became more widely available and easier for travellers to use. Also, as interest rates sharply declined in many developed countries in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, traveller's cheques became much less profitable to issue and thus many issuers scaled back advertising and promoting their use while others stopped selling them altogether. Traveller's cheques are no longer widely accepted and cannot easily be cashed, even at the banks that issued them. The alternatives to traveller's cheques are generally cheaper and more flexible. Travel money cards, for instance, provide features similar to traveller's cheques but offer greater ease and flexibility.

Terminology
Legally, the parties to traveller's cheque transactions are as follows. The organisation that produces a traveller's cheque is the obligor or issuer. The bank or other place that sells it is the agent of the issuer. The natural person who buys the cheque is the purchaser. The entity to whom the purchaser hands the cheque in payment for goods or services is the payee or merchant. For purposes of clearance, the obligor is both maker and drawee.

History
Traveller's cheques were first issued on 1 January 1772 by the London Credit Exchange Company for use in 90 European cities, and in 1874, Thomas Cook was issuing "circular notes" that operated in the manner of traveller's cheques.

American Express developed a large-scale international traveller's cheque system in 1891, to supersede the traditional letters of credit. It is still the largest issuer of traveller's cheques today by volume. American Express's introduction of traveller's cheques is traditionally attributed to employee Marcellus Flemming Berry, after company president J. C. Fargo had problems in smaller European cities obtaining funds with a letter of credit.

Between the 1850s and the 1990s, traveller's cheques became one of the main ways that people took money on holiday for use in foreign countries without the risks associated with carrying large amounts of cash.

Several brands of traveller's cheques have been marketed; the most familiar of those were Thomas Cook Group, Bank of America and American Express.

Declining use
The convenience and wider acceptance of such alternatives as credit and debit cards and the wider availability of ATMs has led to a significant decline in the use of traveller's cheques since the 1990s. In addition, security concerns of retailers has led to many businesses ceasing to accept them, in turn making them less attractive to travellers. This has led to complaints about the difficulty that holders have in using them. In much of Europe and Asia, traveller's cheques are no longer widely accepted and cannot be easily cashed, even at the banks that issued them.

Since traveller's cheques do not earn interest, one of the main incentives financial institutions have to sell traveller's cheques is that they effectively represent an interest-free loan from the purchaser to the seller. The sustained decline in interest rates in most of the developed world since the early-to-mid 1990s has substantially reduced the profitability of traveller's cheques for their issuers. Financial institutions have responded to this development by charging new fees for traveller's cheques, increasing existing fees, or by exiting the business altogether.

Purchasing cheques for later use
Travellers' cheques are sold by banks and agencies to customers for use at a later time. Upon obtaining custody of a purchased supply of traveller's cheques, the purchaser immediately signs each cheque. The purchaser also receives a receipt and other documentation that should be kept in a safe place other than where they carry the cheques. Traveller's cheques can usually be replaced if lost or stolen, assuming the owner still has the receipt issued with the purchase of the cheques showing the serial numbers allocated.

Cashing cheques
To cash a traveller's cheque to make a purchase, the purchaser would, in the presence of the payee, date and countersign the cheque in the indicated space.

Denomination and change
Traveller's cheques are available in several currencies such as US dollars, Canadian dollars, pounds sterling, Japanese yen, Chinese yuan and euros; denominations usually being 20, 50, or 100 (× 100 for yen) of whatever currency, and are usually sold in pads of five or ten cheques, e.g., 5 × €20 for €100. Traveller's cheques do not expire, so unused cheques can be kept by the purchaser to spend at any time in the future. The purchaser of a supply of traveller's cheques effectively gives an interest-free loan to the issuer, which is why it is common for banks to sell them "commission free" to their customers. The commission, where it is charged, is usually 1–2% of the total face value sold.

Any change for a purchase transaction would be given in the local currency.

Deposit and settlement
A payee receiving a traveller's cheque would follow its normal procedures for depositing cheques into its bank account: usually, endorsement by stamp or signature and listing the cheque and its amount on the deposit slip. The bank account will be credited with the amount of the cheque as with any other negotiable item submitted for clearance.

In the United States, if the payee is equipped to process cheques electronically at point of sale (see: Check 21 Act), they would still take custody of the cheque and submit it to a financial institution, particularly to avoid any confusion on the part of the purchaser.

Security issues
One of the main advantages traveller's cheques provide is the replacement if lost or stolen.

However, this feature has also created a black market where fraudsters buy traveller's cheques, sell them at 50% of their value to other people (such as travellers) and falsely report their traveller's cheque stolen with the company from which the cheque was obtained. As such, the fraudster gets back the value of the traveller's cheque and also makes 50% of the value as profit.

The widespread problem of counterfeit traveller's cheques has caused a number of businesses to no longer accept them or to impose stringent safeguards when they are used. It is a reasonable security procedure for the payee to ask to inspect the purchaser's picture ID; a driving licence or passport should suffice, and doing so would most usefully be towards the end of comparing the purchaser's signature on the ID with those on the cheque. The best first step, however, that can be taken by any payee who has concerns about the validity of any traveller's cheque, is to contact the issuer directly; a negative finding by a third-party cheque verification service based on an ID cheque may merely indicate that the service has no record about the purchaser (to be expected, practically by definition, of many travellers), or at worst that they have been deemed incompetent to manage a personal current account (which would have no bearing on the validity of a traveller's cheque).

Some purchasers have found the process of filing a claim for lost or stolen cheques is cumbersome, and have been left without recourse after their cheques were lost or stolen.

Alternatives
The widespread acceptance of credit cards and debit cards around the world starting in the 1980s and 1990s significantly replaced the use of traveller's cheques for paying for things on holiday.

In 2005, American Express released the American Express Travelers Cheque Card, a stored-value card that serves the same purposes as a traveller's cheque, but can be used in stores like a credit card. It discontinued the card in October 2007. A number of other financial companies went on to issue stored-value or pre-paid debit cards containing several currencies that could be used like credit or debit cards at shops and at ATMs, mimicking the traveller's cheque in electronic form. One of the major examples is the Visa TravelMoney card.

title: Traveller's cheque


text:
Norwegian romantic nationalism

Norwegian romantic nationalism (Nasjonalromantikken) was a movement in Norway between 1840 and 1867 in art, literature, and popular culture that emphasized the aesthetics of Norwegian nature and the uniqueness of the Norwegian national identity. A subject of much study and debate in Norway, it was characterized by nostalgia.

Background
The context and impact of Norwegian romantic nationalism derived from recent history and the political situation. Following the Black Plague, Norway became dependent on Denmark and Copenhagen was made capital of both countries in a personal union. Subsequently, there was a brain drain of talented people from Norway to Denmark, who studied in Copenhagen and became intellectuals and cultural icons in Denmark, most famously Ludvig Holberg. After more than 400 years as a dependent lesser part in the Denmark-Norway union treated as a cultural backwater by the absentee government in Copenhagen, the only uniquely Norwegian culture was found among the farmers and peasants in rural districts in Norway; Norway had in 1814 gained a partial independence in a personal union with the Kingdom of Sweden.

For Norwegians, having reasserted their political aspirations in 1814, the question of a distinct Norwegian identity became important. As urban culture gained prominence also in the rural districts, the rich cultural heritage of the Norwegian countryside came under threat. As a result, a number of individuals set out to collect the artifacts of the distinctly Norwegian culture, hoping thereby to preserve and promote a sense of Norwegian identity.

Leading proponents
The best-known such collectors in the 1840s and 1850s were:
 * Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe, who collected fairy tales and stories from most of the country;
 * Magnus Brostrup Landstad and Olea Crøger, who collected folk songs particularly in upper Telemark;
 * Ludvig Mathias Lindeman who collected folk tunes and laid the foundations for a separate Norwegian hymn tradition, distinct from the Danish and German psalms which until then had the greatest influence on Norwegian high music;
 * Ivar Aasen, a linguist who conducted analyses of vocabulary, idioms, and grammar mostly from Western Norway and the mountainous valleys on the assumption that the original seeds of a Norwegian language were to be found there. He synthesized a grammar, vocabulary, and orthography for a separate Norwegian language that became the origin of Nynorsk. (See Norwegian language)

These achievements had an enduring impact on Norwegian culture and identity, an impact that can be witnessed in the influence on visual arts, classical music and literature, represented by e.g.:

 * Painters Adolph Tidemand, Hans Gude, J.C. Dahl, August Cappelen;
 * Writers Jørgen Moe, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, and also Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson and Henrik Ibsen in the beginning of their careers;
 * Composers Ole Bull and Edvard Grieg.

Later developments
In the waning days of the national romantic movement, efforts were renewed to collect rural buildings, handcrafts and arts. Arthur Hazelius, the founder of Nordiska Museet in Stockholm gathered (and arguably rescued) large collections and sent them to Sweden.

The last king of union between Sweden and Norway, Oscar II, was a supporter of this new wave of collecting, starting one of the oldest outdoor museums, the origins of Norsk Folkemuseum. He supported the manager of the Royal domains at Bygdøy, Christian Holst in his efforts to gather old buildings from the rural districts. Among the buildings that are still at the museum, the Gol stave church, moved here in the beginning of the 1880s, is the most prominent. Soon after other pioneers started equal efforts to rescue important pieces of traditional Norwegian architecture and handicraft. Anders Sandvig started the museum Maihaugen at Lillehammer. Hulda Garborg started the collecting of traditional folk costumes (bunad) and dances.

This effort is still underway, but became more systematic as other cultural movements took the center stage in Norway in the late 19th and early 20th century. Romantic nationalism has had an enormous impact on the Norwegian national identity. The Askeladden character from the fairy tales is considered being an integral part of the Norwegian way. On the Norwegian Constitution Day even in cities like Oslo and Bergen, a great proportion of people dress up in bunad for the parade, unthinkable 100 years ago.

title: Norwegian romantic nationalism


text:
Talk:Powderfinger

Pantera support?
I'd heard from several different people that Powderfinger were openers for Pantera during one of the latter's Australian tours. How true is this? --LoofNeZorf (talk) 06:17, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

According to this article (http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/music/powderfinger-silverchair-tour/story-e6frexl9-1111113733201), Silverchair and Powderfinger first met in 1994 when they were both supporting Pantera. Not sure if it's really neccessary to the article though.

FAR?
A user has suggested that this article should be put up for Featured Article Review. Here are the stated concerns:
 * There are numerous single line paragraphs, which can easily be integrated into other paragraphs, this may indicate a poor quality prose.
 * More specifically, the history section just looks like a list of events that occurred, it barely flows if at all. At the moment, the problem seems to be most prominent in the 1998-2003 and 2010 sections, however the other sections may need to be improved to meet FA standards.

 * Numerous claims lack references, including
 * "Golden Rule debuted at number 1 on the ARIA albums chart."
 * "Their song "Drifting Further Away" features on the fifth season Grey's Anatomy episode 'Stairway to Heaven', which aired on 21 January 2009."
 * to name just a few.

 * Lead violates WP:LEAD. The article currently has around 56,000 characters including references and templates, hence there's no reason why the lead can't comply with the mentioned guideline.
 * There are numerous dead links.

End copying. Nikkimaria (talk) 13:52, 2 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Pursuant to the above, I intending making a number of major edits to this article to stave off the possibility of a FAR leading to a demotion. Consequently the article will look unfinished until the process is complete. Other editors are invited to add constructive work during this time.shaidar cuebiyar (talk) 10:21, 7 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I've been at this for over a week and its starting to get into shape. To help me, I'm adding a set of FA tools:

 * Hopefully I can finish up my major edits within the next week.shaidar cuebiyar (talk) 20:48, 15 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I've done my major editing and added a new Afterwards section updating former members activities since disbandment. Other editors are requested to check for style and other faults which may remain.shaidar cuebiyar (talk) 09:12, 16 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Powderfinger


text:
Network analysis

Network analysis can refer to:
 * Network theory, the analysis of relations through mathematical graphs
 * Social network analysis, network theory applied to social relations
 * Network analysis (electrical circuits)

title: Network analysis


text:
Barocius (crater)

Barocius is an ancient lunar impact crater that is located in the rugged southern highlands of the Moon. It was named after Italian mathematician Francesco Barozzi. It lies just to the southeast of the large crater Maurolycus. To the southwest of Barocius is Clairaut, and to the south-southeast lies Breislak.

The rim of Barocius has been worn and eroded by countless subsequent impacts. Of these the most notable is Barocius B which lies across the northeast rim, and intrudes into Barocius C. There is a remnant of a crater, Barocius W, that lies just inside the southwest interior wall. On the interior floor is a low central peak offset to the north of the floor midpoint.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Barocius.

title: Barocius (crater)


text:
Ranseur

A ranseur, also called roncone, was a polearm similar to the partisan used in Europe up to the 15th century. It was still seen in court as a ceremonial weapon through the 17th century.

Often thought to be a derivation of the earlier spetum, the head of a ranseur consists of a spear-tip affixed with a cross hilt at its base. Often this hilt is crescent-shaped, giving it an appearance similar to that of a trident. Generally, the hilts do not have a cutting edge, unlike the double-edged partisan. Ranseurs are generally 6 ft in length or longer.

The spearing function of the weapon is apparent but not always effective against armor of great protection. The deflection includes the trapping of opponents' weapons in the space below the main blade, where a twist of the shaft can apply pressure from that moment on at long range, and of pulling mounted opponents from the saddle.

title: Ranseur


text:
Chevrolet Classic

General Motors used the Chevrolet Classic nameplate for the following vehicles: Notably, the latter two Chevrolet Classics are the past generation versions of the Malibu that are continued to be produced for fleet sales, as the current generations are sold though retail.
 * The second generation Chevrolet Corsa, produced in Argentina and Brazil from 2002 to 2016
 * The fifth generation Chevrolet Malibu, produced in the United States from 2004 to 2005 for use by fleets and car rental companies.
 * The sixth generation Chevrolet Malibu, produced in the United States for 2008 for use by fleets and car rental companies.
 * The seventh generation Chevrolet Malibu, to be produced in the United States for 2013 for use by fleets and car rental companies. GM shelved plans for the seventh generation Malibu Classic where the company decided to commence production of the eighth generation - the ninth generation Impala introduced in the 2006 model year took the place of the Chevrolet Classic as the Impala Limited.

title: Chevrolet Classic


text:
Ernst Hinterberger

Ernst Hinterberger (17 October 1931 – 14 May 2012) was an Austrian writer of novels, particularly detective novels, plays and successful sitcoms. His first TV scripts were unusual for their use of genuine Vienna dialect.

Life
Ernst Hinterberger was born and died in Vienna. He was the son of an unemployed typesetter, who died when Ernst was seven. He completed training as an electrician, then from 1950 to 1952 he trained at the Vienna Police School to be a police officer, but had to leave a few weeks after beginning work because he suddenly needed glasses, which was not acceptable at the time. Following his time with the police, he first worked as a labourer. In 1958 he married and attended the City of Vienna's Library School, following which he worked for ten years as a librarian in adult education centres. After these libraries were closed in 1968, he worked in shipping in a factory until his retirement in 1991. He was unwilling to rely on writing to provide his entire income. He has lung damage from the factory work.

Hinterberger discovered literature in the 1950s through the Bavarian author Oskar Maria Graf; he began writing when he was 24 or 25 years old.

Since approximately 1954, Hinterberger had lived in a 44 square metre city-owned flat on the Margaretengürtel in Vienna. His first wife, Margarete ("Gerti") died in 2001 after 45 years of marriage, nine months before the 2002 publication of his book ''Ein Abschied. Lebenserinnerungen'' ("A Farewell: Life Memories"). In that book he said he was resigned and wanted nothing more to do with the world. Hinterberger had since remarried, to Karla.

Hinterberger was a practising Buddhist and had written poems in Chinese style, but they have never appeared in German. He was cremated at Feuerhalle Simmering. His ashes are buried in Vienna Central Cemetery.

Ein echter Wiener geht nicht unter
Hinterberger's Edmund "Mundl" Sackbauer, (anti-)hero of the television series Ein echter Wiener geht nicht unter, came to typify the Viennese renter in the German-speaking world.

Sackbauer is a complainer who is actually a good man at the bottom of his heart, but is always giving in. In contrast, the original figure in Hinterberger's mid-1960s book Das Salz der Erde on which he based the series is a pitiful man in the throes of midlife crisis, who notices while on holiday in Italy that his control over his family is dissolving. At the end of the book he leaves his wife, fails in his attempt to revive his self-confidence in a bordello, and is last seen uncertain whether in his outburst of emotion he has killed the prostitute or whether she is only injured.

In 2008 Echte Wiener – Die Sackbauer-Saga, a film based on the series, also written by Hinterberger, appeared.

Books (selection)

 * 1965 Beweisaufnahme ("Taking Evidence"), novel
 * 1966 Salz der Erde ("Salt of the Earth"), novel
 * 1975 Wer fragt nach uns: Geschichten von kleinen Leuten, armen Hunden und Aussenseitern ("Who Asks for Us: Stories of Little People, Poor Dogs and Outsiders"), historical novel
 * 1977 Das Abbruchhaus ("The Demolition House"), novel
 * 1984 Jogging, detective novel
 * 1988 Superzwölfer ("Super Twelver"), detective novel
 * 1989 Kleine Leute ("Little People"), novel
 * 1991 Das fehlende W ("The Missing W"), detective novel
 * 1992 Und über uns die Heldenahnen ... ("And Above Us the Heroic Ancestors . . ."), detective novel
 * 1993 Alleingang ("Walking Alone"), detective novel
 * 1993 Kleine Blumen ("Little Flowers"), detective novel
 * 1993 Von furzenden Pferden, Ausland und Inländern ("Of Farting Horses, Foreign Countries and Natives"), novel
 * 1997 Zahltag ("Pay Day"), detective novel
 * 1998 Die dunkle Seite ("The Dark Side"), detective novel
 * 2002 Ein Abschied. Lebenserinnerungen ("A Farewell: Life Memories")

Plays

 * Im Käfig ("In The Cage")
 * Immer ist ja nicht Sonntag ("After All It's not Always Sunday")
 * Die Puppe ("The Doll")
 * Offene Gesellschaft ("Open Society")
 * Swimmingpool

Television

 * 1975–79 Ein echter Wiener geht nicht unter ("A Genuine Viennese Does not Go Under"), 24-episode sitcom
 * 1992–99 Kaisermühlen-Blues, 64-episode sitcom – resulted in the spin-off of:
 * 2000–05 Trautmann (Trautman is a detective figure in Kaisermühlen-Blues)

Awards

 * City of Vienna Achievement Award, 1971
 * Anton Wildgans Prize of Austrian Industry, for Wer fragt nach uns, 1974
 * Golden Romy, Kurier TV Star, 1993
 * Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1994
 * Gold Award for Service of the City of Vienna, 1996
 * Ehrenkieberer ("Honorary Cop"), award from the Vereinigung der Bundeskriminalbeamten Österreichs, shared with Wolfgang Böck, 2001
 * Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class, 2003
 * Goldener Rathausmann ("Gold Town Hall Man") of the City of Vienna, 2007
 * Buchliebling Lifetime Award, 2009
 * Axel Corti Prize for lifetime achievement, 2010

title: Ernst Hinterberger


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Burckhardt (crater)

Burckhardt is a lunar impact crater that is located in the northeast part of the Moon. It lies between the craters Geminus just to the north and Cleomedes to the south.

Burckhardt lies across two slightly smaller craters on opposite sides, producing a triple-crater formation. Burckhardt E is overlaid by the southwest quadrant of Burckhardt, while Burckhardt F is overlaid by the northwest quadrant. The rim of Burckhardt is generally circular but somewhat irregular in form. There is a central rise near the midpoint of the crater floor.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Burckhardt.

title: Burckhardt (crater)


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User:Justinc

Hello, my name is Justin Cormack.

On Commons I am also commons:User:Justinc and I am also fr:User:Justinc.

I am on a (mostly) wikibreak for work reasons. I scan the mailing list and read email though.

 * I'll go and play with words and pictures, I'll admit I'm feeling strange.

Stop Press
Big purge of my watchlist. I have removed 1500 pages from it. Why? Its about quality control. I cannot watch that many things so I was ignoring most changes anyway. 2006 is about improving Wikipedia. Next stage is for me to list and categorise the articles I am able to usefully improve. Then check them for basic things (like references, pictures etc). Then they will start going to Good articles and then maybe even WP:FA. So some things have dropped under the radar for them moment. Whats left is French, German and Piedmont wine; London; architects, sculptors etc associated with London; history of cuisine; lambic beer; and a few bits and pieces; no doubt the details will change but these are the areas I have large piles of books on.

Grade I Listed Buildings in London
We should have articles for all these, will start with Camden. See User:Justinc/Grade I listed buildings in Camden.

 * One of four Grade 1 listed buildings in the London Borough of Newham is the House Mill at Three Mills. Corrected: Gordo 18:23, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * That seems a bit thin for Newham, I'd want to go to 2* if that's the only one. No churches? I know this info is hard to find on a borough by borough basis, though. I have for Hackney, definitely, The Empire, St Augustine's Tower, and The Geffrye (which has an entry), but I wouldn't be surprised if there were others. Good project, though, will look to doing Hackney when I have more time. Tarquin Binary 18:09, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Thats remarkable. I emailed Westminster and they have 200, but they couldnt send me a list; Camden has quite a lot. I will look for another in Newham. Justinc 23:23, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Hey there is a grade II listed cattle trough (I only have bad pictures of it, need to retake). . Better not do grade II yet, stick to I and II* Justinc 23:30, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I think we really need pictures of all. Lambeth local studies library had a list of all listed buildings in the borough - I'll try and do Southwark. I suggest that bits of outer London may need a team effort. Secretlondon 10:44, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Although there is Category:Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_London, it might be helpful to set it up as a wiki page, organised by boroughs, that we can all add to, redlinked or not. Oh - and Tower Hamlets is pretty rich, of course - but once again, haven't a definitive list. Tarquin Binary 12:13, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * We don't need to use the category - we can make a page outside the main name space. Maybe under UK Wikipedians' notice board? Secretlondon 16:43, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Sounds good. Got all of 4 in Hackney now, though St Leonard's Church seems to still be graded 'A', guess they never updated it. Couple more candidates, but this stuff actually isn't that easy to verify on the web. I think adding to that page piecemeal would be better than nothing. I've a friend who does work with English Heritage who might be able to get me some up-to-date Islington info, though... Tarquin Binary 18:06, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * If you sign up to [Image of England you can search by borough (a bit fiddly). Doesnt seem to work if you dont sign up. Otherwise the boroughs are obliged to give you the info, but Westminster would only do it if I went to a council office. I was going to make a list with redlinks, but after doing Camden it seemed too messy - individual listings are very small (eg many on Bedford Square when one article will do for now as the information that you can find is basically that they are all the same). Maybe a scrappy project page would be good though, with sources by borough, might put one together under the notice board. BTW I emailed the Images of England people at English Heritage and said I had photos of lots of buildings that they didnt and its very odd. If you sign up they will give you a list of local buildings to photograph. One photo of each only, and the only accept 35mm negative film (unclear of they want prints or negatives or both). They have been going for six years and hardly have any of the grade I buildings in Camden (though they are doing the grade IIs of which there are thousands its true). I think they need to get wiki. [[User:Justinc|Justinc]] 22:45, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * ok have started UK Wikipedians' notice board/Listed buildings. Will add Lambeth soon. Have some pictures and refs for some missing ones too. Grade II includes phone boxes (and cattle trougs) and stuff so not sure about doing it. But maybe one day... Justinc 00:50, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Images
I keep my pictures at Commons:Category:User:Justinc. I have had much helpful criticism of these; please join in. I am interested in discussing anything with respect to illustrating wikipedia, requests for pictures, and so on. I am interested in how London should be illustrated, and have been collecting pictures on commons, such as Commons:Category:London municipal architecture and Commons:Category:Channel Tunnel Rail Link. I try to illustrate all sorts of articles, from Fortunato Depero and William Butterfield to Pop Goes the Weasel and even Janet Street-Porter. Requests for pictures of anything in London, or food are especially welcome. Note I keep some pictures at Flickr; these are not tagged as free but I will upload them to Commons as free pictures if requested unless they contain recognisable people who object.

Wiki
I heard User:Jimbo speak at FOSDEM 2005.

I went to the fourth London meetup Wikipedia:Meetup/London4 where I took some pictures, of which the non awful ones are at User:Justinc/MeetupLondon4. If you want to know what I look like you can find me on this picture and this and just peering into this.

I stood as an administrator and was successful; thanks for your support. I now have a shiny new mop and bucket, in order to clean up any mess left on the floor.

Sometimes I read and write to wikiEN-l.

This is a wiki, you can edit this page.

Places
I was born in Highbury, London in 1969, grew up in Dartmouth Park and still live near there, in Kentish Town, not far from Kenwood House, St Pancras Old Church and several other places which I should write about and illustrate. My local tube station is South Kentish Town tube station, so I walk a lot. The local river is the scenic River Fleet that runs right past the front door.

Work is in Clapham Common (so I get to see South London) or around the place; no longer in Karlsruhe much.

Education
My academic background is in Economics (at King's College, Cambridge) and Computer Science (Imperial College). I also visited MIT for a while. So you will find me poking around in bits of Economic History, functional programming and things like that.

I went to some schools too, but they are probably not notable so I will wikilink them to the wrong things: Highbury Quadrant, Gospel Oak, William Ellis for the curious.

The rest of my education I found down the back of the sofa. If it was yours I can give it back.

I have large numbers of books, especially cookery books, wine, and history of eating and restaurants. I should write more articles about these. I always try to add references to articles, as should everyone else. But sometimes I forget, but you can always ask me for them and I will grovel and add them.

Work
I have had several different careers, currently working in Computer programming. I use Linux, and other flavours of Unix, and work with flashing lights and excessive numbers of computers.

Food
Food, wine and beer are some of my interests. I work in Germany quite frequently, and know about German wine but have yet to turn it into a featured article. My travels in search of interesting foods have covered France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Hungary, Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, The Netherlands, Finland, Italy, Greece, Estonia, Republic of Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, Croatia, Eire and Bulgaria in Europe, and Turkey, India, Morocco, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, USA and Japan outside.

I am not very good at food photography yet. Must try harder.

My ongoing thankless task of adding all the Category:French wine AOCs goes in fits and starts and often stops. But I did get rid of the redlinks for grape varieties in most of them the other day.

This is part of fixing classification and adding structure to all the wine articles. I think thats where I started in editing wikipedia, back in October 2004. Food and drink are still very badly covered, so please help add things there if you know anything about eating.

The other thing that is needed is better overview and historical articles. I keep delaying these so I can read all the extra books I have bought. Unfortunately someone is dropping fascinating books on the history of food and diet in the second hand bookshops of London on a regular basis.

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title: User:Justinc


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Monona

Monona could refer to any of the following.

Geographical locations: Points of interest
 * Monona County, Iowa, a county in Iowa, United States
 * Monona, Iowa, city in Clayton County, Iowa, United States
 * Monona Township, Clayton County, Iowa, township in Clayton County, Iowa, United States
 * Monona, Wisconsin, a suburb of Madison in Dane County
 * Monona Grove High School, a high school in Monona, Wisconsin
 * Lake Monona, a lake in Dane County, Wisconsin
 * Monona Terrace, a convention center in Madison, Wisconsin

title: Monona


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Category:Cryptozoology

Cryptozoology is a pseudoscience that aims to prove the existence of entities from the folklore record, such as Bigfoot or chupacabras, as well as animals otherwise considered extinct, such as non-avian dinosaurs. This category contains articles relevant to the history and development of the pseudoscience.

title: Category:Cryptozoology


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User talk:0101LAUsk

"Shattering" is usually used to describe an extremely shocking and unbelievable news which has drawn great attention and discussion. e.g. the 911 incident.

title: User talk:0101LAUsk


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Delambre (crater)

Delambre is a lunar impact crater that lies to the southwest of Mare Tranquillitatis, in the central highland region. To the west is the crater pair of Theon Junior and Theon Senior, the latter being more distant and located to the northwest.

It is 52 kilometers in diameter and 3.5 kilometers in depth. It was named for Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre, an 18th-century French astronomer.

The rim of Delambre has a terraced interior, with a tiny craterlet lying along the northern rim. In the south is a low cut forming a slight notch. The crater interior has an irregular surface. It has high walls, with some peaks reaching 15,000 feet. Delambre was photographed by the uncrewed probe Ranger 8 on its descent towards Mare Tranquillitatis. Delambre is from the Upper Imbrian epoch, which lasted from 3.8 to 3.2 billion years ago.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Delambre.

title: Delambre (crater)


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Antimatter weapon

An antimatter weapon is a theoretically possible device using antimatter as a power source, a propellant, or an explosive for a weapon. Antimatter weapons are currently too costly and unreliable to be viable in warfare, as producing antimatter is enormously expensive (estimated at $6 billion for every 100 nanograms), the quantities of antimatter generated are very small, and current technology has great difficulty containing antimatter, which annihilates upon touching ordinary matter.

The paramount advantage of such a theoretical weapon is that antimatter and matter collisions result in the entire sum of their mass energy equivalent being released as energy, which is at least two orders of magnitude greater than the energy release of the most efficient fusion weapons (100% vs 0.4–1%). Annihilation requires and converts exactly equal masses of antimatter and matter by the collision which releases the entire mass-energy of both, which for 1 gram is ~9×1013 joules. Using the convention that 1 kiloton TNT equivalent = 4.184×1012 joules (or one trillion calories of energy), one half gram of antimatter reacting with one half gram of ordinary matter (one gram total) results in 21.5 kilotons-equivalent of energy (the same as the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki in 1945).

Cost
, the cost of producing one millionth of a gram of antimatter was estimated at US $62 billion. By way of comparison, the cost of the Manhattan Project (to produce the first atomic bomb) is estimated at US$23 billion in 2007 prices. As such, Hui Chen of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory dismissed concerns about antimatter bombs in 2008 as "unrealistic".

Antimatter catalyzed weapons
Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion proposes the use of antimatter as a "trigger" to initiate small nuclear explosions; the explosions provide thrust to a spacecraft. The same technology could theoretically be used to make very small and possibly "fission-free" (very low nuclear fallout) weapons (see pure fusion weapon).

In popular culture
An antimatter weapon is a part of the plot of the Dan Brown book Angels & Demons and its film adaptation, where it is used in a plot to blow up the Vatican City.

The Ground Zero expansion pack of the video game Quake II requires the protagonist to manufacture an Antimatter Bomb in the Munitions Plant to achieve the final objective.

title: Antimatter weapon