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Pasteur Bizimungu

Pasteur Bizimungu (born April 1950) is a Rwandan politician who served as the third President of Rwanda, holding office from 19 July 1994 until 23 March 2000.

Bizimungu had previously held several positions under President Juvenal Habyarimana throughout the 1980s. He joined the Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) rebel group against Habyarimana in 1990 following the death of his brother seemingly under the orders of Habyarimana's government. After the RPF's victory in the Rwandan Civil War in 1994 which ended the Rwandan genocide, Bizimungu became the new president of the country with RPF commander Paul Kagame as vice-president and minister of defense, who was seen as the country's de facto leader throughout his presidency. Bizumungu's presidency was marked by the reconstruction of the country in the wake of the civil war and genocide, as well as the country's support for rebel groups in the First Congo War from 1996 to 1997, and the Second Congo War from 1998 to 2003. Following a series of disputes with Kagame, Bizimungu resigned in 2000, whereupon he was succeeded by Kagame. The following year, Bizimungu founded the Party for Democratic Renewal, which was immediately banned by Kagame's new government. In 2004, Bizimungu was sentenced to fifteen years in prison for attempting to form a militia, inciting violence, and embezzlement, but was pardoned three years later by Kagame.

Early life
A Rwandan, Bizimingu was born in the Gisenyi prefecture of Rwanda. According to the academic Filip Reyntjens, Bizimungu had ties to radical anti-Tutsi groups as a student in the 1970s, but later joined the RPF. He served as President of Rwanda after the 1994 genocide.

Relationship to MRND
In the 1980s and 1990s, Bizimungu worked within the MRND government which ruled Rwanda until 1994. Prior to 1990, Bizimungu had close ties to Hutu president Juvénal Habyarimana. During this period, he held several positions, including director-general of Electrogaz, the national electricity company.

In 1990 he joined the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) after his brother, a colonel in the Rwandan Armed Forces, was murdered. At the time, the RPF was just beginning its invasion of Rwanda from Uganda, starting the Rwandan Civil War. Bizimungu lived in exile in Belgium, serving as the party's information officer. In 1993, he helped negotiate the 1993 Arusha Accords.

After Habyarimana's death in a plane crash on 6 April 1994, ethnic extremists unleashed the Rwandan genocide.

Presidency
In July 1994 the RPF gained control of the country and established a national unity government. The de facto RPF leader, Paul Kagame, was chosen as vice president, and Bizimungu became president.

During Bizimungu's administration, many believed that he was merely a figurehead, and Kagame held the real power. Bizimungu soon found himself in conflict with Kagame over what Bizimungu argued was unjustified repression of dissent. Critics accused Bizimungu of corruption, alleging that he had blocked Parliament's attempts to censure corrupt ministers, refused to pay compensation to evicted residents on one of his building sites, and dodged Rwandan taxes by registering two of his trucks in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Bizimungu resigned in March 2000 in a dispute over the make-up of a new cabinet, and Kagame became president.

Weeks before Bizimungu resigned, his adviser, Assiel Kabera, was killed outside his home by men in military uniforms. It has been alleged that Kabera, a genocide survivor, was killed on the orders of Paul Kagame.

Party for Democratic Renewal
In May 2001, Bizimungu founded a new political party, the Party for Democratic Renewal (PDR), known as Ubuyanja in Kinyarwanda. It was almost immediately banned by the government, which accused it of being a radical Hutu party. Bizimungu was arrested, and Amnesty International named him a prisoner of conscience.

He was placed under house arrest for continuing the operations of the party on 19 April 2002 and charged with endangering the state. On 7 June 2004 he was sentenced to 15 years in prison for attempting to form a militia, inciting violence, and embezzlement. He received a five-year sentence for each of these convictions, which were to run consecutively.

On 17 February 2006, Bizimungu's appeal, based on the fact that he was convicted of crimes different from those with which he was initially charged, was denied by the Supreme Court.

He was released on 6 April 2007, having been pardoned by Kagame. Kagame gave no explanation of the pardon. As of April 2011, PDR co-founder and later co-defendant Charles Ntakirutinka remained in prison, and was named an Amnesty International "priority case." However, he was released on 1 March 2012 after serving his full ten-year sentence.

Family
Bizimungu's wife is Séraphine Utamuliza. He has one son, and two daughters, Alexander Tabara, Nicole Tamara, and Carine Cyuzuzo.

title: Pasteur Bizimungu


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Atlantis (1913 film)

Atlantis is a 1913 Danish silent film directed by August Blom, the head of production at the Nordisk Film company, and was based upon the 1912 novel by Gerhart Hauptmann. It starred an international cast headlined by Danish matinée actor Olaf Fønss and Austrian opera diva Ida Orloff. The film tells the tale of a doctor who travels to the United States in search of a cure for his ailing wife and of the tragic sinking of an ocean liner after it strikes an object at sea. Released only one year after the sinking of the RMS Titanic, the film drew considerable attention as well as criticism due to similarities to the actual tragedy.

The high production costs for Atlantis were not equaled by box office returns at that time. However, the film went on to become the most watched film for Nordisk Film and has been hailed by film historian Erik Ulrichsen as a Danish masterpiece and "one of the first modern films."

Plot
Dr. Friedrich von Kammacher (Olaf Fønss), a surgeon, is devastated after his wife develops a brain disorder and is institutionalized. On the advice of his parents, von Kammacher leaves Denmark to gain some respite from his wife's illness. Von Kammacher travels to Berlin, where he meets a young dancer named Ingigerd Hahlstrom (Ida Orloff) and the doctor becomes fond of her and very interested in her. However she has a large number of admirers and thus Von Kammacher gives up on her. However, while in Paris he sees an advertisement in the paper that she is going to New York with her father and decides to follow her. Von Kammacher buys a first class ticket on the same liner as Ingigerd, the SS Roland.

Aboard the ship, von Kammacher learns Ingigerd has a boyfriend with her and thus he backs down. Shortly after, he is called to treat a young Russian-Jewish woman with seasickness and they nearly get romantically involved but class stops this from happening.

Halfway across the sea the Roland strikes an unseen object which causes massive flooding and dooms the ship. The passengers panic as the ship sinks into the Atlantic. Von Kammacher finds Ingigerd passed out in her cabin from shock and carries her to a lifeboat. He goes back and searches in vain for her father but when he can't find him, von Kammacher returns to the lifeboat and holds Ingigerds hand as the lifeboat pulls away. The liner sinks so rapidly that many of the lifeboats are never launched and several passengers are swept into the sea and drowned. By morning, von Kammacher's lifeboat is still floating and ten souls still alive. They are spotted by a cargo liner Hjortholm and saved.

Survivors arrive in New York, von Kammacher tries to tell her that he loves her and wants a life with her in New York but she refuses to be tied down by one man. He gives up on her and they go their separate ways. Von Kammacher is impressed by an art gallery and takes an interest in fine art. Through the artistic community, he is introduced to a kind and pleasant sculptor Miss Eva Burns, and they develop a friendship. Dr. Schmidt, who is a friend of von Kammacher, offers him the use of a mountain cabin near Handon, where it is hoped that Friedrich will find some peace and solace. While he is in the mountains, a telegram from Denmark arrives with information that von Kammacher's wife has died. Upon hearing the news, Friedrich falls critically ill. Eva takes it upon herself to tend to him in the mountain cabin. As she nurses him back to health, their relationship blossoms. Happiness returns to Friedrich's life as he realizes Eva will be a good mother for his children.

Production
Due to the large number of cast, extras, and locations, and the amount of equipment, Blom took the unusual step of employing two assistant directors for filming. The first was Robert Dinesen who later had his own successful career as a director with Nordisk Film in Denmark and Germany. The second assistant was the young Hungarian director Mihály Kertész, who under the name Michael Curtiz became one of the most well-known Hollywood directors through films such as Casablanca and White Christmas. Curtiz also appeared in Atlantis in a small supporting role.

To film the shipboard scenes, Nordisk Film chartered the Danish ocean liner C. F. Tietgen. However, the Atlantis sinking scene used a large-scale model and about 500 extras as swimmers, and was filmed in the bay off Køge, Denmark.

Blom filmed two endings for the movie—one happy and one tragic. The alternate tragic ending, in which the Doctor dies at the end, was made in particular for the Russian market. It was believed that the Russians had a preference for sad endings.

Titanic myth
Some sources claimed that the sinking ship scenes were inspired by the Titanic sinking which had occurred the previous year. However, Blom based his film entirely on Gerhardt Hauptmann's 1912 novel, Atlantis. Hauptmann's novel was published in serialized form in the Berliner Tageblatt a month before the Titanic disaster. Nevertheless, due to the film's release only one year after the Titanic sinking, Atlantis became associated with the Titanic. In Norway, the film was banned because authorities felt it was in poor taste to turn a tragedy into entertainment.

Casting
Because his original story was partly autobiographical, Hauptmann's contract with Nordisk Film required two roles be acted by the actual people who were their inspiration. A letter from Nordisk Film to Fred A. Talbot of England explained, "...the part of "Ingigerd" and the armless virtuoso "Arthur Stoss" were played by the very same persons, who where [sic], so to speak, used as models by Gerhart Hauptmann, when he wrote his famous novel. These two artists, Miss Ida Orloff and Mr. C. Unthan (these are their real names) were his traveling companions on the trip across the Atlantic." Orloff had had a romantic relationship with Hauptmann beginning several years earlier when she was a 16-year-old cabaret dancer. Reviewers of Atlantis criticized the choice of Orloff because, by the time of filming, she was no longer a svelte athletic dancer who could embody the eroticism of the part. Nevertheless, Nordisk Films had been forced to cast her.

The other required actor was Carl Herman Unthan (credited as Charles Unthan), a Prussian violinist who had been born without arms and learned to use his feet as hands. He played the role of Arthur Stoss, an armless virtuoso. Although his abilities were impressive, critics of Atlantis felt his appearance in the film was simply extraneous and non-integral to the story.

Another notable actor in Atlantis was Torben Meyer who went on to a long Hollywood career as a comedic character actor, usually playing a thick-accented waiter or maitr'de. Some film historians have also spotted Danish comedian Carl Schenstrøm, later the tall half of the Pat and Patachon comedy team, playing a waiter in the film. Although Schenstrøm was employed at Nordisk Film at the time, his participation has not been fully established.

Cast

 * Olaf Fønss as Dr. Friedrich von Kammacher
 * Ida Orloff as Ingigerd Hahlstroem, artistic danser
 * Ebba Thomsen as Eva Burns, sculptor
 * Carl Lauritzen as Dr. Schmidt
 * Frederik Jacobsen as Dr. Georg Rasmussen
 * Charles Unthan as Arthur Stoss, armless virtuoso
 * Torben Meyer as Willy Snyders, artist
 * Cajus Bruun as Friedrich's Father
 * Michael Curtiz as Hans Fuellenberg, Friedrich's Colleague (credited as Mihály Kertész)
 * Marie Dinesen as Friedrich's Mother
 * Lily Frederiksen as Angle', Friedrich's Wife
 * Thomas P. Hejle as Office Worker
 * Alma Hinding as Russian Immigrant
 * Musse Kornbech as Young Canadian Woman
 * Svend Kornbeck as Ship's Captain
 * Bertel Krause as Artist's Agent
 * Emilie Otterdahl as Lady at Fancy Dress Ball
 * Albrecht Schmidt as Eva's Father
 * Christian Schrøder as Ingigerd's Father
 * Franz Skondrup as Stoss's Waiter/Helper
 * Alfred Stigaard as Crewman Wilhelm

American distribution
Distribution of the film in the United States began in 1914 through the Great Northern Film Company. Like many American films of the time, Atlantis was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. The Chicago Board of Censors required cuts in two scenes with nude statues where the sex was visible.

Restored version
Atlantis was restored and released on laserdisc in 1993 and in DVD format in 2005. The restoration was created through a high definition scan of a restored negative and the tinting was recreated using an abbreviated version from The National Film Center in Japan. The restored version also was made with combined subtitles in Danish and English. Extra material on the DVD included the two-minute alternative ending originally filmed for Russian audiences and the 15-minute surviving fragment of August Blom's and Holger-Madsen's 1914 film Liebelei.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Atlantis (1913 film)


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2-8-0

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-8-0 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, usually in a leading truck, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles, and no trailing wheels. In the United States and elsewhere, this wheel arrangement is commonly known as a Consolidation, after the Lehigh and Mahanoy Railroad’s Consolidation, the name of the first 2-8-0.

The notation 2-8-0T indicates a tank locomotive of this wheel arrangement, the "T" suffix indicating a locomotive on which the water is carried in side-tanks mounted on the engine rather than in an attached tender.

The Consolidation represented a notable advance in locomotive power. After 1875, it became "the most popular type of freight locomotive in the United States and was built in greater quantities than any other single wheel arrangement."

Overview
Of all the locomotive types that were created and experimented with in the 19th century, the 2-8-0 was a relative latecomer.

The first locomotive of this wheel arrangement was possibly built by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR). Like the first 2-6-0s, this first 2-8-0 had a leading axle that was rigidly attached to the locomotive's frame, rather than on a separate truck or bogie. To create this 2-8-0, PRR master mechanic John P. Laird modified an existing 0-8-0, the Bedford, between 1864 and 1865.

The 2-6-0 Mogul type, first created in the early 1860s, is often considered as the logical forerunner to the 2-8-0. However, a claim is made that the first true 2-8-0 engine evolved from the 0-8-0 and was ordered by the United States' Lehigh and Mahanoy Railroad, which named all its engines. The name given to the new locomotive was Consolidation, the name that was later almost globally adopted for the type. According to this viewpoint, the first 2-8-0 order by Lehigh dates to 1866 and antedates the adoption of the type by other railways and coal and mountain freight haulers.

From its introduction in 1866 and well into the early 20th century, the 2-8-0 design was considered to be the ultimate heavy-freight locomotive. The 2-8-0's forte was starting and moving "impressive loads at unimpressive speeds" and its versatility gave the type its longevity. The practical limit of the design was reached in 1915, when it was realised that no further development was possible with a locomotive of this wheel arrangement.

Usage
As in the United States, the 2-8-0 was also a popular type in Europe, again largely as a freight hauler. The type was also used in Australia, New Zealand, and Southern Africa.

Australia
The 2-8-0 locomotive was used extensively throughout Australia. It served on the broad gauge,  and  narrow gauge and was employed mostly as a freight locomotive, although it was often also employed in passenger service in Victoria.

The first Australian locomotive class with this wheel arrangement were the Queensland Railways C13 and C15, built as goods locomotives in 1879 by Baldwin Locomotive Works. Another lot of Consolidation engines consisted of 20 standard-gauge New South Wales Government Railways (NSWGR) J Class engines, which arrived from Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1891. The Js remained in service until 1915, when they were withdrawn. Wartime shortages between 1916 and 1920 had six engines re-entering service after being shopped and fitted with superheaters. The last engine of this class was finally withdrawn in 1934 and all were scrapped by 1937.

The next batch of NSW 2-8-0 locomotives to appear, between 1896 and 1916, was the T class engines. The class was delivered from one local and several overseas builders, 151 locomotives from Beyer, Peacock & Company, 84 from North British Locomotive Company, 10 from Neilson & Company, 30 from Clyde Engineering in Australia, and five from Dübs & Company. During World War II, 14 of these locomotives were equipped with superheaters, which raised their tractive effort from 28777 lbf to 33557 lbf.

From 1899, the Victorian Railways (VR) also used a range of broad-gauge 2-8-0 locomotives.
 * The first of these locomotives were the Baldwin-built V class. These engines were built at Phoenix Foundry in Ballarat. By 1930, they had disappeared from the VR.
 * The VR's next type was the 26 C class engines, which saw freight and passenger service.
 * In 1922, a smaller and lighter 2-8-0, the K class, was introduced for branchline freight and later also passenger services.
 * Finally, the VR introduced sixty light 2-8-0 J class engines in 1954. These also worked both freight and passenger services.

The first 2-8-0 engines in private service on the Midland Railway of Western Australia arrived in 1912. These were gauge locomotives. The five in the class operated until 1958. All were gone by 1963.

In 1912, some of the NSWGR T class types were also purchased by the private East Greta Railway, later to become the South Maitland Railway, but these were converted to 2-8-2 tank locomotives. The class proved to be successful throughout its long service life, until being retired from government revenue service in 1973.

During 1916, Commonwealth Railways acquired eight K class for the Trans-Australian Railway.

In 1924, a private coal company, J & A Brown in NSW, obtained three ex-British military Railway Operating Division ROD 2-8-0 locomotives. Brown later ordered another 10 of these locomotives, but only nine of that order arrived in Australia. The last was withdrawn in 1973.

Belgium
To compensate for wartime losses, Belgian railways acquired 300 2-8-0 locomotives in 1946. They were built in North America, 160 by Montreal Locomotive Works in Canada, 60 by the Canadian Locomotive Company, and 80 by the American Locomotive Company in the United States. These machines proved to be very reliable and were used for mixed traffic until the end of the steam era, when number 29.013 hauled the last scheduled steam passenger train from Ath to Denderleeuw on 20 December 1966.

This locomotive survived in preservation and is used on special excursions. On 16 December 2006, number 29.013 re-enacted the last 1966 run on the same route.

Canada
The Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) N-2-a, b, and c class locomotives were a class of altogether 182 Consolidation type locomotives, built by Montreal Locomotive Works between 1912 and 1914. They were numbered in the range from 3600 to 3799 and were used almost everywhere around the system. The order for these engines came about when CP needed bigger locomotives for their mainline since their current engines were wearing out and were too small for the loads that were being hauled. Most of the class were converted to oil-firing in later years.

One of the locomotives, No. 3716, is run and maintained in Summerland, BC as part of the Kettle Valley Steam Railway.

Finland
Finland had five tender locomotive classes with a 2-8-0 wheel arrangement, the classes Tk1, Tk2, Tk3, Tv1, and Tv2. The class Tk1s were numbered from 271 to 290 and were nicknamed Amerikan Satikka.

The class Tk2s were numbered 407 to 426 and 457 to 470. They were nicknamed Satikka. Three were preserved, No. 407 at Närpes, No. 418 at Junction City, Oregon, in the United States, and No. 419 at Haapamäki. The class Tk3s were numbered 800 to 899, 1100 to 1118, and 1129 to 1170. They were built by Tampella, Lokomo, and Frichs. The class Tv1s were numbered 594 to 617, 685 to 741, 900 to 948, and 1200 to 1211. They were built by Tampella and were nicknamed Jumbo. Four were preserved, No. 609 at Haapamäki, No. 933 at the Veturi museum at Toijala, No. 940 at Lapinlahti and No. 943 at Ylivieska. The class Tv2s were numbered from 618 to 637. They were nicknamed Wilson. Only No. 618 was preserved, also at Haapamäki.

Finland had only one tank locomotive class with a 2-8-0 wheel arrangement, the class M1 consisting of one solitary locomotive numbered 66. It was not preserved.

Germany
The 2-8-0 wheel arrangement enjoyed a brief period of popularity in Germany during the era of the Länderbahnen or State Railways, from about 1840 to 1920, prior to the establishment after the First World War of the Deutsche Reichsbahn, the German National Railways. Under the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (DRG) classification system, all 2-8-0 locomotives were assigned to class 56 (Baureihe or BR 56), with different types receiving subclassifications. The earliest type was the Prussian G73 of 1893.

Indonesia
In response to the increasing need for freight and passenger transports on the Buitenzorg–Bandung–Banjar line, the Java Staatsspoorwegen at the time ordered 42 Consolidation locomotives from 4 different engine manufacturers, including Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works (SLM), Hanomag, Hartmann and Werkspoor, came in 1914, 1915 and 1921, classified as SS Class 900 (901–942). These locomotives were made to fulfill the requirements that submitted by SS, being able to haul 550 tons of freight with speeds of up to 50 km/h (31 mph) or 30 km/h (18.6 mph) on lines with a gradient of 4% or 1 in 25. In order to be able to negotiate 150 meters curve radius, the leading wheels adopted Adam axle system which could enable to turn radially by 70 mm. As for the fourth driving wheels, adopted Golsdorf axle system (patented by Karl Golsdorf), this make the outer driving wheels able to move laterally by 100 mm. As by result, it's not only able to turn at 150 meters curve radius, but speeds up to 75 km/h (46.6 mph) was made possible from its initial of 50 km/h (31 mph). Based on record in 1938, the SS Class 900/DKA 50s ever been used to haul the Eendaagsche Express or One Day Express train on Bandung–Banjar southern-west line replacing the SS Class 1250 (DKA DD52) due to resource and asset saving policies during Great Depression and  SS Class 1700/DKA C30s which were considered to be inefficient in serving the increasingly congested volume of freights and passenger transport. In 1939, the Eendaagsche Express shortened the time journey for Bandung–Yogyakarta–Surabaya to only 11 hours. These locomotives worked on Bandung–Purwakarta–Batavia line and also assigned to work the eastern express trains in East Java on Banyuwangi–Surabaya line in tandem with SS Class 1100 (DKA C27). To make the SS 900s have the characteristics of express locomotive, each unit received the modification of two pair of smoke deflectors. In the need of increasing freight transport in South Sumatra, the Java Staatsspoorwegen allocated 4 of them to serve coal transport from Bukit Asam to Kertapati. Not quite a long, the South Sumatra division of SS or so called Zuid-Sumatra Staatsspoorwegen (ZSS) were also ordered 11 of these from two German engine manufacturers, 5 were imported from Hartmann in 1925 and the rest of 6 from Hanomag in 1926.

Preservation
During Japanese occupation in 1942, all Dutch East Indies railway locomotives were renumbered based on Japanese numberings, this including the SS Class 900s were renumbered to D50s and this numbering system still used after the Independence of Indonesia by Djawatan Kereta Api (DKA) or Department of Railways of the Republic of Indonesia up to now. During Indonesian National Revolution some of SS Class 900/DKA D50 were used among the others to haul trains belonging to Republican fighters and the Dutch military. In some records, some of them were destroyed in action due to the conflict. While the SS911 or DKA D50 11 was captured by 2nd Company of 1e Bataljon, 15 Regiment Infanterie of Dutch Marines during Operation Kraai in Yogyakarta. After the acknowledgement of Indonesian sovereignty by Dutch in 1949, the SS Class 900 were transferred to Djawatan Kereta Api. In 1976, most of D50s were found regularly in Jember, East Java which many of them had been dumped out and seemed to be derelict. While the rest of them are still used regularly in South Sumatra pulling some coal trains. Out of 61 units, only DKA D50 11 (ex-SS911) survived and now preserved as static display in Transportation Museum of Taman Mini Indonesia Indah.

Italy
In Italy, the state-controlled railways company Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), after comparing two models of 2-8-0 engine in 1906 (a simple-expansion [simplex] locomotive purchased from Baldwin and a compound type assembled by German and Italian builders) opted for a simplex 2-8-0 as basic power for its freight and mixed trains. Production of such locomotives, classified Gr. 740 in Italy, began in 1911 and stopped four years later when Italy entered the First World War.

Thereafter, Italian industry was devoted to producing military equipment, so FS bought locomotives from North American firms. From 1917 to 1922, American Locomotive Company and Montreal Locomotive Works built 400 2-8-0 locomotives for Italy but only 393 were delivered. The FS classified these engines as Gr. 735 and used them for freight and passenger services. After the war, the supply of Italian-built Gr. 740 resumed. Both Gr. 740 and Gr 735, very similar in performance, remained in service until the end of the 1960s.

Japan
The Baldwin supplied the first three 2-8-0 9000 class locomotives for export to Japan in 1893, in use of Hokkaido Colliery and Railway Company, which were taken over Japanese Government Railway under Railway Nationalization Act of 1906.

Among several classes, most successful examples were 770 of JNR Class 9600, built from 1913 to 1926. Some independent shortlines had equivalent locomotives to 9600 both factory-new and secondhand from JNR, the last example was Yubari Colliery and Railway No. 21, built in 1941 by Kawasaki. Despite obsolescence and early replacement by 2-8-2 D51, 9600s were still widely utilized thanks to high performance and appropriate route availability. The last example, No. 79602, kept longevity until March 1976, making the very final steam traction in service on JNR. No. 79602 was nearly preserved, however, sadly, subsequently destroyed by arson attack at Oiwake MPD.

New Zealand
Several 2-8-0 locomotives were supplied to New Zealand by the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia in the United States. Six O Class locomotives were built for the New Zealand Railways in 1885.

The Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company, which operated the Wellington-Manawatu line, had four similar locomotives built by Baldwin, two in 1888, one in 1894 and one in 1896. The WMR locomotives of 1894 and 1896, No. 12 and No. 13, were Vauclain compound locomotives, the first in New Zealand and the first narrow-gauge compounds in the world. While standard gauge compounds usually had the low-pressure cylinder mounted below the high-pressure cylinder on each side, this was often reversed on narrow-gauge locomotives, which had the larger low-pressure cylinders mounted above the high-pressure cylinders to provide greater clearance at platforms.

In 1908, when the WMR was nationalized, these locomotives were classified into three NZR subclasses because of detail differences, the two 1888 locomotives as OB class, the 1894 locomotive as OA class, and the 1896 locomotive as OC class.

North Korea
The Korean State Railway have locally built 500-series (used by rubber recycling plant ) and 810 series Japanese built narrow gauge (762mm) 2-8-0 locomotives. The 810 series was likely retired in 2006 and 500-series may still be operating.

Russia
In Russia, the 2-8-0 wheel arrangement was represented by the prerevolutionary Sch (Shuka-pike) class. These two-cylinder compound locomotives without superheaters were declared the standard Russian freight locomotive in 1912, but since they were relatively low-powered, they were only useful on easier lines without steep gradients such as the Saint Petersburg-Moscow route.

South Africa
Five 2-8-0 locomotive classes saw service in South Africa, all of them initially acquired by the Cape Government Railways (CGR), which classified all but two as 8th Class. All of them were variations on the same design, used saturated steam, and had cylinders with overhead slide valves, actuated by inside Stephenson valve gear.
 * In 1901 and 1902, the CGR placed 16 Consolidations in service. Designed by H.M. Beatty, chief locomotive superintendent of the CGR from 1896 to 1910, they were ordered from the Schenectady Locomotive Works in the United States and partly delivered by Schenectady in 1901, with the remainder delivered from the newly established American Locomotive Company in 1902. Conceived as mixed-traffic locomotives, they had bar frames and narrow fireboxes. In 1912, when these locomotives were assimilated into the South African Railways (SAR), they were designated Class 8X.
 * In 1902, the CGR also placed a single experimental tandem compound Consolidation in service, based on its Schenectady/ALCO-built 8th Class. Delivered by ALCO in 1902, the locomotive was not classified and was simply referred to as the Tandem Compound. In 1912, it was designated Class Experimental 2 on the SAR.
 * In 1903, the CGR received a second experimental tandem compound Consolidation from ALCO. It was similar to the earlier one, but with a larger fire grate and an increased heating surface which enhanced its steaming ability. It also remained unclassified and was also simply referred to as a Tandem Compound. In 1912, it was designated Class Experimental 3 on the SAR.
 * Also in 1903, the CGR received four more Consolidations from Kitson and Company of Hunslet in Leeds. They were very similar to the earlier Schenectady and ALCO-built Consolidations, but with the boiler pitch raised by 2 in. Coupled with a shallow firebox, this enabled the grate to be extended out sideways over the fourth set of drivers, resulting in a grate area of 30.9 sqft compared to the 20 sqft of the previous model. In 1912, they were designated Class 8Y on the SAR.
 * In 1904, the CGR placed its last eight Consolidations in service. These were ordered from the North British Locomotive Company of Glasgow in Scotland and were very similar to the previous four Kitson-built locomotives, but slightly larger in boiler and firegrate area dimensions. In 1912, these eight were designated Class 8Z on the SAR.

While subjecting the Consolidations to exhaustive testing on all types of traffic and under varying conditions, some trouble was experienced with the leading pony truck and it was dropped in favour of a four-wheeled bogie in later orders for more eighth class locomotives. All subsequent Cape eighth class locomotives were therefore built with a 4-8-0 Mastodon wheel arrangement.

South West Africa
In 1907 and 1910, the Staatsbahn Keetmanshoop (Keetmanshoop State Railway) in German South West Africa placed 21 tank locomotives in service. After the first World War, when all railways in the territory came under the administration of the South African Railways in 1922, five locomotives of the batch of 1910 survived. They were not classified or renumbered, but were referred to as the eight-coupled tanks.

In 1911, nine tender locomotives were placed in service by the Staatsbahn Lüderitzbucht-Keetmanshoop (Lüderitzbucht-Keetmanshoop State Railway). After the first World War, all nine locomotives came onto the roster of the SAR, where they were referred to as the eight-coupled tenders.

Sweden
The unusual M3t Turbine Steam Locomotive was of this type. 90 of the Swedish E (0-8-0) class were rebuilt between 1935 and 1951 and given a lead truck, designated the class E2.

Turkey
Turkey was a neutral country during the Second World War and to retain Turkish goodwill, Great Britain supplied several locomotives to the Turkish Railways, where they were classified 8F.

Two of these 8F class locomotives were brought back from Turkey early in 2011 and one of them is on display at the National Railway Museum in Shildon, England.

United Kingdom
The 2-8-0 gradually became the standard heavy-freight steam locomotive type in the United Kingdom during the first half of the 20th century, largely replacing the 0-6-0 which had been used in that role since the mid 19th century. The first 2-8-0 to be built in Britain was the Great Western Railway's 2800 Class, with 84 locomotives built between 1903 and 1919, followed by a further 83 of the very similar GWR 2884 Class between 1938 and 1942. In 1904, George Whale of the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) began to rebuild some of his predecessor's Class B 0-8-0 compound locomotives to 2-8-0, classes E and F.

With coal trains increasing in size and scale, the GWR needed to develop a more powerful locomotive to meet these requirements, on what were relatively short haul routes. Thus in 1906, Chief Engineer G.J. Churchward took the basic design of his GWR 2800 Class, and adapted it. After proposing a 2-8-2T design, Churchward developed the UK's first 2-8-0 tank engine, the 4200 class.

In 1911, John G. Robinson of the Great Central Railway (GCR) introduced his very successful GCR Class 8K for heavy freight. 129 of these were originally built by the GCR. During the First World War, the design was adopted by the Ministry of Munitions and it became the standard locomotive of the Railway Operating Division of the Royal Engineers as the ROD 2-8-0. Altogether, 521 of these ROD locomotives were built during the war. After the war, large numbers of these were purchased by the LNWR and GWR, while some were also sold to a private Australian coal company, J&A Brown in New South Wales. Altogether, 273 were purchased by the LNWR during the early 1920s.

Other successful 2-8-0 designs were built in the UK. The GNR Class O1 and O2 were introduced by Nigel Gresley of the Great Northern Railway in 1913 and 1918, respectively, and the Class 7F by Henry Fowler of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway in 1914. Whilst most British 2-8-0 designs were intended for heavy freight, the GWR 4700 Class were designed for heavy mixed-traffic work, but were initially employed mainly on fast overnight freight trains; later they were used on express excursions in the summer.

The most successful British 2-8-0 class was the Class 8F, designed in 1935 by William Stanier for the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. By 1946, 852 had been built. During the Second World War, the War Department originally chose the class 8F as its standard freight locomotive, and large numbers of them saw service overseas, notably in the Middle East.

The Class 8F was superseded after 1943 by the cheaper WD Austerity 2-8-0 for war service. A total of 935 of these were built and again, many saw service overseas.

United States

In the United States, only a few railroads purchased Consolidation types when Baldwin Locomotive Works first introduced its version. Even the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, which eventually had nearly 180 2-8-0 locomotives in regular service by 1885, did not purchase any of this type until 1873. The Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway, which eventually became part of B&O, purchased 15 of this type from Brooks Locomotive Works in 1883.

The 2-8-0 design was given a major boost in 1875, when the Pennsylvania Railroad made it their standard freight locomotive, and 1875 was also when the Erie Railroad began replacing its 4-4-0s in freight service with 2-8-0s. The railroads had found that the 2-8-0 could move trains twice as heavy at half the cost of its predecessors. From a financial standpoint at the time, the choice of the 2-8-0 as new freight locomotive was therefore clear.

The S160 Class of the United States Army Transportation Corps was built by American manufacturers and was designed for use in Europe for heavy freight work during the Second World War. A total of 2,120 of this class was built and they worked on railroads across the world. Production of the 2-8-0 type in the United States totalled more than 23,000 locomotives, of which 12,000 were export versions.

Preservation
Great Northern Railway Consolidation No. 1147 is on display in a park in Wenatchee, Washington.

Great Northern Railway Consolidation No. 1246 is in storage in southern Oregon.

Maine Central class W 2-8-0 locomotives numbered 501 and 519 were officially property of the European and North American Railway (E&NA) as a condition of the lease of that company by the Maine Central Railroad. While all other Maine Central steam locomotives were scrapped when replaced by diesel locomotives, these two survived as a lease obligation until Maine Central purchased E&NA in 1955. The advantages of preservation were recognized by that date, so No. 501 is awaiting restoration to operating condition at the Conway Scenic Railroad in Conway, New Hampshire, and No. 519 was on display at the Steamtown National Historic Site in Scranton, Pennsylvania.

Southern Pacific No. 895, a 2-8-0 Consolidation locomotive built by ALCO in 1913 is on static display at Roseland Park in Baytown, Texas. SP No. 895 was retired after 44 years of service and donated by Southern Pacific Railroad to the Robert E. Lee High School Key Club, then towed on temporary tracks to its current location at Roseland Park in April, 1957.

Baltimore & Ohio No. 545 "A.J Cromwell", built in 1888, is preserved at the B&O Railroad Museum in Baltimore, Maryland.

The Southern Pacific Railroad's locomotive No. 2562 was built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1909, serial No. 29064. It is on exhibit in the Arizona Railway Museum in Chandler, Arizona. The locomotive and its tender are listed in the National Register of Historic Places, reference No. 09000511.

The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad's class 759 locomotive No. 761 was built around 1890. When active, it was used on the railroad's mainline between Chicago and the west. No. 761 is plinthed next to the historic Wickenburg, Arizona, train depot that is now the town's visitor center.

Santa Fe class 769 locomotive No. 769 is currently on static display in Madrid, New Mexico, but is awaiting a future restoration to run on the Santa Fe Southern Railway.

Denver and Rio Grande Western No. 346 is operational at the Colorado Railroad Museum. Rio Grande No. 318 is also on static display at the same museum.

Denver and Rio Grande Western No. 315 is operational and owned by the Durango Historical Society.

The Colorado & Southern (C&S) narrow-gauge No. 60 is on display in Idaho Springs, Colorado, while C&S No. 71 is in Central City, Colorado.

A Ks1 class 2-8-0, No. 630, is run and maintained in Chattanooga, Tennessee, by the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum. In 2014, this locomotive participated in the Norfolk Southern 21st Century Steam program.

In 1962, the Arcade & Attica Railroad purchased an ALCO-build locomotive from the Boyne City Railroad in Michigan. The locomotive, now numbered 18, is billed as the last operating steam excursion in New York State.

Three out of the four SC-1 hogs from the Lake Superior and Ishpeming survived being scrapped. Engine No. 33 has been restored by the Hocking Valley Scenic Railway, before being purchased by the Age of Steam Roundhouse in Sugarcreek, Ohio, where it operates today. Engine No. 35 has been on static display at the Illinois Railway Museum in Union, Illinois since 1985.

In 1991, the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad, based in Cumberland, Maryland, acquired SC-1 class No. 734. The locomotive was restored to operating condition and cosmetically changed to look like an original Western Maryland 2-8-0. The locomotive was renumbered 734 in honor, so to speak, of the H-7 (Nos. 701-764) class of 2-8-0 that the Western Maryland harbored and of which none was preserved, although it has an overall appearance of an H-8. Over the years it was overworked and according to the WMSR 734 is in very poor mechanical condition. It was pulled from service officially in 2016. As of 2023, Mountain Thunder, as No. 734 is nicknamed, is awaiting funds for evaluation to determine if overhaul and restoration is possible.

In the late 1980s, four ex-LS&I 2-8-0s were purchased by the Grand Canyon Railway based in Williams, Arizona. They were Nos. 18, 19, 20, and 29. Only No. 29 remains in Williams, undergoing its 1,472-day inspection, while No. 18 is undergoing a rebuild at the Colebrookdale Railroad in Boyertown, Pennsylvania, No. 19 is on static display in Frisco, Texas, and No. 20 is on static display in Allan, Texas.

Other preserved Ex-LS&I 2-8-0s include No. 21, which is being rebuilt in Baraboo, Wisconsin, No. 22, which is on static display at the Mid-Continent Railway Museum in North Freedom, Wisconsin, No. 23, which is being rebuilt at the Empire State Railway Museum in Phoenicia, New York, and No. 24, which is on static display at the National Railroad Museum in Green Bay, Wisconsin.

UPRR No. 561 is on static display along US Highway 81 in Columbus, Nebraska.

UPRR No. 423 is on static display on 10th street in Gering, Nebraska.

UPRR No. 6072 is on static display at Wyman park in Fort Riley, Kansas.

Baldwin Locomotive Works No. 40, built in December 1925 for the Lancaster and Chester Railroad in South Carolina, and later purchased by the Cliffside Railroad in North Carolina, now pulls scenic excursion trains at the New Hope and Ivyland Railroad in New Hope, Pennsylvania, which opened in August, 1966.

Great Western No. 60, built in August 1937 by the American Locomotive Company in Schenectady, New York, is currently operated on the Black River and Western Railroad in Ringoes, New Jersey. No. 60 originally operated on the Great Western Railway of Colorado.

Baldwin Steam Locomotive No. 1702, built in 1942 for the United States Army, was purchased by the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad (GSMR) of Bryson City, North Carolina, in the mid-1990s for use on its scenic railway excursions. After a decade of service, No. 1702 was retired in 2004. In October 2012, a partnership formed between GSMR and Swain County to provide funding to restore the locomotive. In 2013, a complete restoration was launched and the locomotive returned to service during summer 2016.

Pennsylvania Railroad No. 1187, of the class R, later H3, is on display at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania in Strasburg, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. This class is described in detail in the book Set Up Running: The Life of a Pennsylvania Railroad Engineman 1904-1949.

The Valley Railroad, operating in Connecticut as the Essex Steam Train and Riverboat, has one 2-8-0, No. 97 built in 1923 by the American Locomotive Company’s Cooke Machine Works in Paterson, New Jersey for use in Cuba. It stayed at Cooke until the Works’ closure in 1926 and started service on the Birmingham and Southeastern Railroad in Alabama as No. 200. It ran various excursions on the Vermont Railway and New Haven Railroad in the late 1960s under a private owner. No. 97 arrived in Essex in 1970 initially operating between 1973 and 2010. It returned to service in October 2018.

Virginia & Truckee No. 29 is currently operational on the Virginia and Truckee Railroad headquartered in Virginia City, Nevada.

Two USATC General Pershing locomotives survive in the United States. No. 28 is currently undergoing repair to run again at the Texas State Railroad in Palestine, Texas, and No. 101 is on static display at the National Railroad Museum in Green Bay, Wisconsin.

title: 2-8-0


text:
Talk:2-8-0

delisted
Lack of inline cites; arguably lack of broad coverage--Ling.Nut 21:41, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Too much detail on Australia?
Is the section on Australian 2-8-0s too long?

If every other country had such detail on their various classes of 2-8-0 locomotives, this would end up being an extremely long article. I note also that there is no linking to articles on other pages. Eg, Victorian Railways 2-8-0 locomotives are described, but instead of a link to the Victorian Railways K class there is a comment that these locomotives "are described elsewhere".

I feel that unless there is something very compelling about a certain country's implementation of a particular locomotive type (eg, Great Britain's various record-breaking Pacifics) that justifies the extra verbage, the country-specific description should perhaps be kept to a paragraph or two at most and all the various detail described in other, more specific pages (eg individual pages on locomotive classes).

Zzrbiker 23:15, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Seems reasonable to me. Links to the relevant class articles should be used where appropriate.  Slambo (Speak)  11:50, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Hi guys, I constructed the Australian section. For a country that operated hundreds of 2-8-0s on various state and private railways in numerous classes(well after the USA and UK abolished steam)and for Aussie workshops that re-built these locos in numerous guages and still has operational 2-8-0s, I figured the 'land-down-under' deserves a bit of coverage. There are comments the 2-8-0 article was too USA-centric. Is it now to Aussie-centric? God is this because we beat everyone in the cricket? ( I loath cricket). I might point out that the overall article lacks citations - I also put in the bits about Swengel's book and the first 2-8-0 orders and the evolution of the loco from the 0-8-0, which contradicts several other uncited claims in the article. As I'm a new comer to Wikipedia I'm unsure of the linking process to other articles - would appreciate some help there. Tonyob 07:50, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Nothing wrong with a "bit" of coverage. Key issue here is that we should be aiming to restore this article to Good Article status, and taking note of the criteria according to What is a good article?. Point 3b: "it stays focused on the main topic without going into unnecessary details (no non-notable trivia)" is probably not being adhered to when we list all of the builders of the NSWGR T class - and the numbers of the locomotive that each built - in a general article on the 2-8-0 locomotive type.
 * Similarly, it would be of little interest or value for someone from an international audience researching different locomotive types to know that an inexpensive HO model of the V class is available, or read a short history of the superheater arrangements and boiler pressures of the NSWGR J class. This is the sort of information that should be spun off into a separate article on the NSWGR J class, where for someone researching that locomotive such information is of value. If no articles exist on the NSWGR J class, perhaps you could write one or request one be written (see WikiProject_Trains/Todo/Write).
 * If articles already exist on the locomotives, just link to them by using the double square bracket tags, eg. 4-8-2 renders as 4-8-2. If you're new to all of this, please note the Sandbox for testing your edits.
 * While it's good to see your facts being supported with references, could I also suggest that you note the Wikipedia guidelines for citation of references, particularly Footnotes. Zzrbiker 02:14, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Zzrbiker - thanks for the constructive comments. I'm happy for the Aussie sub section to be tightened and edited. Thanks also for the direction on linking and where to find citations. Will improve my stuff. Tonyob 07:35, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

The section on Australia also is incorrect in it's details, and contains omissions. The NSWGR J-class was not the first 2-8-0 locomotives to operate in Australia. The South Australian Railways took delivery of a pair of 2-8-0's from Baldwin Locmotive Works in the year 1881. The locomotives were originally the M-class, but at some undetermined time were changed to O-class. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 14.2.41.201 (talk) 10:59, 3 January 2014 (UTC)

Italy
"After wartime, took again the supplying of Italian built Gr. 740. Both Gr. 740 and Gr 735, very similar about their performances, stayed on truck until the end of sixties of last century." does not make any sense! Also wrong spelling "truck" instead of "track" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.136.145.151 (talk) 11:07, 20 August 2015 (UTC)

Canadian 2-8-0's
Hello,

I was wondering about 2-8-0's in Canada. I noticed a lot about them in Australia and Africa, but nothing in Canada. This should be fixed. I made a quick edit pointing to an article that I wrote about CP's larger 2-8-0's, but I know there are and can be a larger article about them in both the 2-8-0 page and Canadian railways in general. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BC Model Railroading (talk • contribs) 02:48, 30 September 2016 (UTC)
 * @ BC Model Railroading - Yes, Canada is absent, waiting for someone (a Canadian perhaps?) to add a paragraph or two on Canadian Consolidations. Plonking a bare wikilink into the middle of the United States section is, however, not the way to do it. A short extract from the article you linked to, say from the article's lead, under a heading between Belgium and Finland would be a much better way. Have a go at it, friend! - André Kritzinger (talk) 13:17, 30 September 2016 (UTC)

Another one
Based on a Postcard photo it would appear that the Georgia state railroad museum has an engine with that wheel configuration. Dies anyone have more info on that? 71.213.46.36 (talk) 15:29, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:08, 22 February 2023 (UTC)
 * USATC-5740 locomotive.jpg

title: Talk:2-8-0


text:
Wikipedia talk:Ownership of content

Statements
Am i allowed to add extra examples in the statements section? Sangsangaplaz (talk) 13:48, 23 November 2023 (UTC)
 * For policy pages like this, it is best to propose changes and get consensus for them first. Most substantive changes to policy pages are reverted.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  20:29, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

"Ownership of articles" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ownership_of_articles&redirect=no Ownership of articles] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Toadette ( Let's discuss together! ) 19:04, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

Positive implications
This page mainly talks about the negative sides of now owning content namely that authors and subjects can't control the content etc but I think we should also talk about the positive sides namely the lack of responsibility due to now owning content. Namely for example that the author of an article doesn't generally have an ongoing duty to watch the page for vandalism, updates or a need to change the content due to a change in consensus that occurred after the article was created as long as the content was acceptable at the time the article was created, see WP:MESS. Also that subjects do not have a responsibility to maintain the article for policy violations, inaccuracies or vandalism.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 19:28, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I've added this as there has been no objects in a few weeks though maybe it could be improved.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:53, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

"Routine adminstration" with Linter
Hi, I started a discussion at WP:Helpdesk about whether user pages are somehow different from other pages, even sacrosanct? I ended up WP:OWN#User pages, which says "Usually others will not edit your primary user page, other than to address significant concerns (rarely); or to do routine housekeeping, such as handling project-related tags, disambiguating links to pages that have been moved, removing the page from categories meant for articles, replacing non-free content by linking to it, or removing obvious vandalism or BLP violations."" The concise answer from Wikipedia talk:Linter was Could this perhaps be clearly stated in the 'Background' section in the Project page, and elsewhere?  MinorProphet (talk) 16:57, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Ownership of content


text:
Talk:2-8-0/to do

 * Add a photo or two of 2-8-0 locomotives
 * Elaborate on the technical details of this locomotive type
 * Reduce the US-centricity of this page. 2-8-0s were popular in Britain, for example.
 * Write section on Canadian 2-8-0's

title: Talk:2-8-0/to do


text:
Cameo (apple)

'Cameo' is a cultivar of apple, discovered by chance by the Caudle family in a Dryden, Washington orchard in 1987. Its parentage is uncertain; it may be a cross between 'Red Delicious' and 'Golden Delicious', since it was found near orchards of those fruits; it also appears similar to the original 'Delicious' cultivar. It is bright red striped over creamy orange, firm and crisp with an aromatic flavor. It is among the top nine most grown apples in Washington state.

title: Cameo (apple)


text:
User:Tez

Tez (aka Terry) did a few minor edits in 2002, but is newly enamoured of Wikipedia, has joined properly, and is intending to contribute a little more constructively and substantially in the future.

About Tez
Interests include most of science, philosophy, democracy, raves, procrastination, and people (in particular friends - hmmm, that page needs some expansion...).

A geek-wannabe - he really should know more about this 'puter stuff considering how much time he spends on them, professionally and for fun.

He is based in Melbourne, Australia.

title: User:Tez


text:
User:Editor B

I live in New Orleans. I produce a television series called ROX.

Other interests include:

 * Anarchism
 * Bread
 * Contemplation
 * Ecology
 * Feminism
 * Green Party
 * Internet
 * Paganism
 * Science Fiction
 * Web
 * Writing

More about me at BartEverson.com

Here on Wikipedia, I've started exactly one article from scratch: Lafitte Greenway

title: User:Editor B


text:
The Cope

The Cope, or the Templecrone Agricultural Co-operative Society (Comharchumann Talmhaíochta agus Sóisialta Theampall Cróine), is a co-operative retail chain indigenous to The Rosses area of County Donegal in Ireland. Founded in 1906, it has a number of normal supermarkets as well as a full department store, a builders merchants and an agricultural division.

The name comes from the inability of one of the founder shareholders to say Co-Op - as he could pronounce Cope, the name The Cope was adopted. For the same reason, some people use the term to refer to the group in the U.K. named The Co-operative Group.

Outside of Donegal, the name is perhaps best known for being the semi-official nickname of a local politician Pat "the Cope" Gallagher, who is a former Minister of State. His family were connected to the foundation of the co-operative.

The founder of the chain, Patrick Gallagher (grandfather of the above, and known as Paddy "the Cope"), featured on a 48c Irish stamp released on 16 January 2006, depicted in front of the group's first Dungloe store.

The supermarket section of its flagship Dungloe department store was destroyed in a fire in April 2006, although a reduced supermarket service was resumed within two weeks from elsewhere on the site. Construction of a new supermarket began in January 2007 and has since been completed. Initially co-branded as a Vivo store, and latterly a Eurospar, it has since returned to only Cope branding.

The Cope has branches in the town of Dungloe, as well as Annagry, Falcarragh and Kincasslagh villages. They formerly had branches in Burtonport and Narin, but they have been closed; with the former branch in Lettermacaward now operated privately. The Narin branch was re-opened on its original site for Summer 2019 only.

The Dungloe store is a full service department store, with the Falcarragh branch also carrying some homewares and hardware in addition to the food business. The Dungloe and Kincasslagh stores host the An Post post office for their communities, while the separate Dumgloe hardware/agricultural store carries Topline Hardware franchise branding.

title: The Cope


text:
2-2-0

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-2-0 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and no trailing wheels. This configuration, which became very popular during the 1830s, was commonly called the Planet type after the first locomotive, Robert Stephenson's Planet of 1830.

Equivalent classifications
Other equivalent classifications are:
 * UIC classification: 1A (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
 * French classification: 110
 * Turkish classification: 12
 * Swiss classification: 1/2

Great Britain
After early experience with the 0-2-2 configuration on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, Robert Stephenson decided to build a locomotive with cylinders inside the frames, for which a 2-2-0 was preferable. The first such locomotive was Planet, built in 1830 and the company went on to build a further eighteen examples for the railway. In 1835 five examples were supplied to the London and Greenwich Railway. After 1836 Edward Bury built sixty-nine bar frame 2-2-0 locomotives for the London and Birmingham Railway. The steam roller and traction engine company Aveling and Porter built a number of 2-2-0 locomotives, some of which were convertible traction engines.

North America
Tom Thumb, the first American-built steam locomotive used on a common-carrier railroad, built by Peter Cooper in 1830 was a gear-driven 2-2-0, but the type was not perpetuated.

Ireland
The Dublin and Kingstown Railway used 2-2-0 in 1834 including Hibernia designed by Richard Roberts and built by Sharp, Roberts and Company, and Vauxhall built George Forrester and Company.

Russia
The first Russian-built steam locomotive was a 2-2-0 built by the Cherepanovs (father and son) in 1833-1834.

Decline of the 2-2-0
By 1840 the 2-2-0 tender type had largely been superseded by the 2-2-2 configuration. However, there are a few examples of later tank engines, thus William Bridges Adams of the Fairfield Locomotive Works (51.5312°N, -0.0219°W) in Bow supplied a 2-2-0 well tank to the Roman Railway in 1850. Also Dugald Drummond of the London and South Western Railway introduced his C14 class 2-2-0T in 1906, for Auto trains, but this design was not successful and several of the locomotives were rebuilt to 0-4-0.

title: 2-2-0


text:
Norinco

China North Industries Group Corporation Limited, doing business internationally as Norinco Group (North Industries Corporation), and known within China as China Ordnance Industries Group Corporation Limited, is a Chinese state-owned defense corporation that manufactures commercial and military products. Norinco Group is one of the world's largest defense contractors.

The company's subsidiary, China North Industries Corporation, or simply Norinco, markets Norinco Group's products internationally, and is also involved in domestic civil construction and military defense projects.

Some of Norinco's international customers include Pakistan, Zimbabwe, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where it negotiated arms-for-minerals deals, as well as Venezuela.

History
Established in 1980 with the approval of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, Norinco is an enterprise group engaged in both products and capital operation, integrated with research and development, manufacturing, marketing and services. Norinco mainly deals with defense products, petroleum and mineral resources development, international engineering contracting, optronic products, civilian explosives and chemical products, sporting arms and equipment, vehicles and logistics operation.

U.S. sanctions
In 1993, the import of most Norinco firearms and ammunition into the United States was blocked under new trade rules when China's permanent normal trade relations status was renewed. The prohibition did not apply to sporting shotguns or shotgun ammunition, however. In 1994, U.S. Customs agents conducted a sting operation named Operation Dragon Fire against Atlanta-based importers of Norinco firearms as well as Poly Technologies. Seven officials were arrested after agreeing to smuggle 2,000 fully automatic Chinese-made variants of AK-47s to undercover agents the officials believed may have been connected to the American Mafia. At least one official, Hammond Ku, attempted to sell Chinese-produced tanks and rocket launchers to the undercover agents.

In August 2003, the Bush administration imposed sanctions on Norinco for allegedly selling missile-related goods to Iran. These sanctions led to a prohibition on imports into the US of the remaining types of firearms and ammunition not covered by the 1993 ban.

In November 2020, Donald Trump issued an executive order prohibiting any American company or individual from owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People's Liberation Army, which included Norinco Group. In June 2021, Joe Biden issued Executive Order 14032 expanding the scope of the national emergency declared in order 13959.

Russian invasion of Ukraine
In March 2023, Politico reported that Norinco shipped assault rifles, drone parts, and body armor to Russia between June and December 2022.

title: Norinco


text: User talk:68.68.194.69

title: User talk:68.68.194.69


text:
Whiz Kids (TV series)

Whiz Kids is an American science fiction adventure television series that originally aired on CBS from October 5, 1983, to June 2, 1984. The show was created by Philip DeGuere, who had also created the detective series Simon & Simon for CBS in 1981, and Bob Shayne and produced by Universal Television. DeGuere also served as executive producer.

The series starred Matthew Laborteaux, Todd Porter, Jeffrey Jacquet and Andrea Elson as the titular “whiz kids”, a group of teenagers who became amateur detectives using computer technology to solve mysteries. The show also starred Max Gail as an investigative reporter and A Martinez as the commanding officer of the local police precinct's detective squad.

Although the series experienced a notable backlash from critics for its portrayal of teenage computer hackers, the program garnered four Youth in Film Award nominations for its young stars, as well as a fifth nomination as "Best New Television Series" of 1983.

CBS cancelled Whiz Kids after one season, with 18 episodes produced.

Conception
Philip DeGuere stated in several 1983 interviews he conceived Whiz Kids after recognizing the importance of computers in his work as a television producer and believed the "new" technology could make an interesting premise for a series. Prior to the series' premiere in October 1983, the premise of teenage computer geniuses hacking into other computers was often compared to, and thought to have been inspired by, that of the film WarGames, which had been released in May 1983 and became a hit during that summer. However, DeGuere repeatedly stated that his idea for the show was originally conceived in 1981 and was subsequently validated when Time magazine named the computer its 1982 "Man of the Year."

Although DeGuere maintained he originated the series idea in 1981, Bob Shayne revealed in an early 2020 podcast interview that the original concept of the show was his "Hardy Boys done right" idea and was pitched to Universal Television in late 1982, with DeGuere adding the computer aspects as well as the series title in the pitch meeting. The series was intended to be shopped to ABC and NBC to compete with CBS's news program 60 Minutes and appeal to a juvenile audience.

The go-ahead was given to write a script and begin developing a pilot before this had even been shopped to a network. CBS unexpectedly picked up the show and in January 1983, commissioned a $2 million pilot which DeGuere and Shayne delivered three months later. CBS was impressed and greenlit the series, announcing it at the May upfronts. When explaining the decision to build the show around high school-age characters, DeGuere stated, "We specifically cast them at an age where it would be fun to watch them grow. [...] If the show clicks, we'll follow them right through college."

Development
In an attempt to keep the innovative premise plausible, DeGuere hired technical advisors and a computer analyst to supervise and provide input on the stories. When describing the cutting-edge technology that would be depicted on the show, DeGuere stated, "We will be technically accurate without being boring. [...] Whiz Kids is a benign futuristic environment, a year or two ahead of actual computer development. [...] Essentially, the stories are human-centered with every precaution being taken not to allow the computer to take on capabilities beyond the realm of reality, which would spoil the integrity of the stories."

In June 1983, four months prior to the series premiere on CBS, the pilot sparked controversy after it was screened for critics, affiliates, and advertisers at a Phoenix press conference. In response to criticism from advertisers, station owners, and critics, CBS executives had several meetings with the program's producers over the summer to emphasize that storylines should be changed so that access to other computers would be portrayed as being obtained "through legal means." As a result, small changes were made to the original pilot, and two additional adult characters were written into all subsequent episodes: a police detective and a newspaper reporter. These two served to provide the teens with a moral compass as well as access to what would otherwise be considered "classified" information. Specific plotlines were also developed to show the consequences of illegal activities.

Cast

 * Matthew Laborteaux as Richie Adler
 * Todd Porter as Hamilton "Ham" Parker
 * Jeffrey Jacquet as Jeremy Saldino
 * Andrea Elson as Alice Tyler
 * Melanie Gaffin as Cheryl Adler
 * Max Gail as Llewellyn Farley
 * A Martinez as Lieutenant Neal Quinn
 * Madelyn Cain as Irene Adler
 * Linda Scruggs as Ms. Vance

Premise
Richie Adler (Matthew Laborteaux) is a tenth-grader who lives with his mother, Irene (Madelyn Cain) and younger sister, Cheryl (Melanie Gaffin). His parents are divorced, and his father works overseas as a telecommunications engineer to several firms. Richie is an advanced computer user and receives most of his equipment from his father, who acquires obsolete equipment that is scheduled to be scrapped. Richie collects this equipment and assembles it to form "Ralf", his pet name for his computer system. Ralf has multiple components and capabilities, including a camera that produces a facial identification system.

Richie and his teenage friends, Hamilton "Ham" Parker (Todd Porter), Jeremy Saldino (Jeffrey Jacquet) and Alice Tyler (Andrea Elson) routinely encounter mysteries which they attempt to solve using Richie's computer skills and Ralf's power, often tapping into other computer systems, corporate, governmental and private. The cases often involve money-hungry criminals working inside business corporations or government. Guidance is provided by Llewellen Farley (Max Gail), a reporter for the fictional newspaper the LA Gazette, whose stories are often exposés of crime and corruption. Farley has a cantankerous but mutually beneficial relationship with Lieutenant Neal Quinn (A Martinez) who is head of the local detective unit.

In most episodes, the three groups — the police (mostly led by Quinn), the media (usually Farley), and the Whiz Kids — all contribute to cracking a case and in bringing the criminals to justice. Their relationship is often conflicted, as Quinn must keep Farley from getting too much insider information, while Farley and Quinn both attempt to keep the teens out of danger. However, each case is never solved by one group alone, and they are all usually forced by circumstance to work together, each drawing from their own particular strengths and fields of expertise.

Broadcast
In June 1983, CBS network executives were reportedly planning for Whiz Kids to air in a Saturday night timeslot on their schedule. By August, CBS had reconsidered this and instead had the series targeted as its Wednesday night leadoff program when it was slated to premiere in the fall. However, Philip DeGuere had expressed concerns about a September premiere competing with late-season baseball and was instead advocating for a late October premiere. In mid-September, the decision was made to delay the planned premiere by one week. Whiz Kids premiered on CBS on Wednesday, October 5, 1983, at 8:00 PM Eastern, facing off against the hit action drama The Fall Guy on ABC and the popular reality show Real People on NBC. At midseason, with its ratings faltering, Whiz Kids was moved from Wednesdays to Saturdays to replace the medical drama Cutter to Houston, which had been cancelled after poor ratings for its seven episodes. The first episode after the move aired on Saturday, January 7, 1984.

Keeping the same 8:00 PM time slot it had on Wednesday, Whiz Kids now had competition from two other series aimed at younger viewers, since NBC counterprogrammed the hour with the popular sitcoms Diff’rent Strokes and Silver Spoons. Those two series managed to keep the younger audience that CBS was targeting with the move, and the show also performed poorly against ABC's offering in the same timeslot in T. J. Hooker.

After the fifth episode in the new timeslot aired on February 4, 1984, CBS removed Whiz Kids from the regular programming lineup, a move that effectively cancelled the series. The remaining five episodes were burned off randomly over the next four months, with the eighteenth and last airing on June 2, 1984.

International syndication
After its cancellation, Universal offered reruns of Whiz Kids to local stations in the United States for a number of years to air as part of their weekend schedules.

The series was broadcast in the United Kingdom by ITV, and began on 10 March 1984 in a Saturday teatime slot, except for TVS who broadcast the series on a later date and UTV which broadcast the series in a Sunday teatime slot. The series was concluded on 14 July 1984. Whiz Kids screened in New Zealand on TVNZ in 1984. In Japan, it was broadcast by NHK called Maikon Daisakusen (マイコン大作戦, meaning "Microcomputer's big operations") in 1984.

In Finland, the series was broadcast on Mainos-TV (MTV3) under the title Tietokonejengi (Computer Gang) in 1984.

In France, the series was broadcast on Antenne 2 (now France 2) under the title Les Petits Génies (The Little Geniuses) from April 1 until June 24, 1984. In Quebec, it was broadcast on TVA network in 1985.

In Germany, the series was broadcast on RTL Plus under the title Computer Kids from January until April 1989.

In Italy, the series was broadcast on Italia 1 under the title I Ragazzi del Computer (The Computer Guys) from 1985 until 1990.

In Argentina, the series was broadcast on ATC (now TV Pública) a year after its premiere in USA, under the title La Pandilla de la Computadora (The Computer Gang).

Technology
Ralf itself (or 'himself' as Richie's friends call it) is a conglomeration of different machines and special effects work. In Episode 11, Richie complains that a potential Ralf-substitute does not have a disk drive, 48k, interrupts, or error correction, implying Ralf has at least these. In Episode 17, Richie mentions that Ralf it's "a 64k homebrewed computer". A collection of 5.25 inch floppy disks can be seen in several episodes. Ralf also has a modem. The pilot shows Ralf as having a digital camera and a bitmapped color graphics display. Ralf's speech synthesis capabilities are also displayed in several episodes. Prior to the premiere episode, DeGuere described the technology behind Ralf's speech capabilities, saying "Ralf has a Votrax voice synthesizer chip. When it 'talks', it's really a computer, not an actor's voice that viewers will hear."

Activities engaged in by the teenagers on the series include wardialing, editing hexadecimal machine code in a hex editor, brute force password cracking, denial-of-service attacks, facial recognition, speech recognition and speech synthesis, image enhancement, social engineering, and even computer dating.

The series prominently features a variety of computer equipment from the 1970s and 1980s that act as props in the show. Some of these machines include, a Gavilan portable computer, a Heath Hero robot kit, an Apple II, an Apple IIe, a Dynalogic Hyperion, an IMSAI PCS 80/30, an Enigma Machine, Commodore PET (in a classroom of the kids' school), an IBM 3279 terminal painted in black (pilot episode), and a TRS-80 Model 100.

Several pioneer companies of the personal computer industry were listed in the credits as providing technical support. Some are still around (as of 2010) but many have disappeared. They include, Apple Computer, Autodesk, Bytec Comterm, Computer Components Unlimited, Commodore Business Machines, Heath/Zenith Data Systems, CTT Data Systems, Heath Co., Dale Wilson / Code Right, GRiD Systems Corporation, Hitachi America, Interlisp, Microbot, Magnavox, Mattel Electronics, Photonics Technology, RadioShack, Action Computer Enterprise, Televideo Systems, Atari home computer division (makers of Atari 8-bit Computers), Paul Lutus, Proton Corporation, Tycom Corporation, Office Systems by Xerox Corp and Xerox Electro-Optical Company.

Music
While electronic musical pieces make up most of the background music for the show, a number of riffs are based on classical music. The main theme is an arrangement of the first movement of Mozart's Piano Concerto #21 in C Major, and excerpts play throughout the series. Rossini's overture from the Barber of Seville is also used repeatedly. Tchaikovsky's 'Love Theme' from Romeo and Juliet is used in one episode to cue Richie's romantic involvements.

Critical reception
The pilot received mixed to negative reviews, with most critics acknowledging that younger viewers would probably like the show, but expressing concern regarding the example(s) set for them. Chicago Tribune critic Marilynn Preson wrote, "Mostly it will be children and teens and young adults who may come to love this series [and] that's a big part of the problem. [...] These cute kids illegally access and search their school's computer, the private files of the county clerk's office and the computer system of a large newspaper in Los Angeles. [...] Instead of appealing, the first episode pilot of Whiz Kids is appalling."

New York Times critic John J. O'Connor felt similarly, writing "Whiz Kids is a kiddie show, the kind of product that should be shown on Saturday mornings or late afternoons. Richie and his friends are constantly hopping on and off their bicycles as, with the help of a local newspaper reporter, they set about solving rather far-fetched mysteries. Using such computer devices as "image recognition program," they "access" programs ranging from school schedules to the Southern California Title and Survey Commission. [CBS] is insisting that Whiz Kids will be all fun and games and that it will not give youngsters any questionable ideas. Coming on the heels of the recent movie WarGames, that remains to be seen."

Associated Press critic Fred Rothenberg echoed the sentiment, writing "Whiz Kids does not make a whimper on the sex-and-violence scale, yet it may be more dangerous to children than anything on television this season. [O]ur adolescent heroes – sort of Hardy Boys high on silicon chips – engage, willy-nilly, in assorted illegal activities: computer tampering, driving without licenses and grave-robbing. Even though some of this law-breaking may be construed as adolescent pranks, and all of it is done in the name of crime-fighting, none of it serves well as TV role model behavior."

Pittsburgh Press critic Barbara Holsopple perceived the same problems, writing "The season's most disturbing new series debuts tonight. Before the hour is through, Whiz Kids glorifies theft by computer, breaking and entering, and car theft by underage drivers. [...] Yes, the young actors are talented and clever and cute, [but] Whiz Kids glorifies crime. It makes heroes of its young criminals. It's [sic] premise is rooted in the message that anybody's computer system is fair game so long as the end justifies the means. And with an 8 P.M. time slot and a cast of young people, its target audience is children."

Montreal Gazette writer Mike Boone gave the series premiere its one positive review, writing "To enjoy Whiz Kids – and I think a lot of people will – viewers will have to suspend disbelief and buy the show's rather far-out premise. [...] The Whiz Kids are a likeable bunch, even when they are casually invading data banks to access private information. Although it was a murder story, the debut episode was admirably devoid of real violence. And viewers of all ages who are intrigued by computers are going to love watching Ralf do his stuff. When you consider the types of TV programs aimed at young viewers in recent seasons, Whiz Kids represents a giant leap forward in intelligence and sophistication. It is one of the better shows of the new season."

In an interview published in the February 1984 issue of Starlog, series co-creator and executive producer Philip DeGuere responded to the controversies and criticism leveled at the show, stating "My show has received a great deal of criticism which has offended me. [...] We are dealing with minors and, therefore, are subject to forms of criticism which are not applied to features or other series not dealing with minors. Some people think that a teenager-who-does-something is a much more potent role model for teenagers than an adult. I don't agree, I don't think a teenager will be more influenced by Matthew Broderick in WarGames than Tom Selleck in Magnum, P.I., or Dustin Hoffman in Tootsie."

Teen reception
Despite the reception from adult critics, the series established its young stars, particularly Matthew Laborteaux and Todd Porter, as popular teen idols of the mid-1980s, with pinups and articles appearing in numerous teen magazines, including 16 magazine, Bop and Teen Beat, among others. While Laborteaux had already garnered notoriety among teen audiences for his role as Albert Ingalls on the NBC family frontier drama, Little House on the Prairie, Whiz Kids launched Porter as a new fixture in the various teen magazines of the era. Prompted by reader response to the 15-year-old, in the spring of 1984 Teen Beat reported of Porter's newfound popularity, writing "With the success of Whiz Kids, [Porter's] life as an average American kid is over. Now, he's going to have to deal with the problems and bonuses of being a genuine teen heartthrob."

Related media
On October 27, 1983, "Ralf" and the teenage Whiz Kids made a crossover appearance on DeGuere's other executive produced detective series, Simon & Simon. In the episode, entitled "Fly the Alibi Skies", the adolescent crime-solvers use Ralf to assist the Simon brothers in capturing a murderer by hacking into a computer network linked to the San Diego International Airport. This "special appearance" by the teenage stars followed the preceding night's episode of Whiz Kids, entitled "Deadly Access" in which Jameson Parker made a crossover appearance as his Simon & Simon character, A.J. Simon.

Whiz Kids is frequently seen on Mexican television throughout the second season of the HBO series Eastbound & Down.

DVD release
The show has been released on DVD in France with EAN 3348467301948. The release contains only 13 of the 18 episodes: 1-9 and 11–14. The conversion to PAL was poorly done and there is a lot of frame blending and chroma flickering. Both French and the original English audio are included except on episodes 8, 9, and 11 from disk 3 which have only French audio. The opening credits have been retitled in French.

To date, the show has not been released in the United States, and there are currently no plans to do so.

title: Whiz Kids (TV series)


text: User talk:66.31.120.24

title: User talk:66.31.120.24


text:
Phil Rudd

Phillip Hugh Norman Rudd (born Phillip Hugh Norman Witschke Rudzevecuis, 19 May 1954) is an Australian drummer, best known as the drummer of AC/DC across three stints (1975–1983, 1994–2015, 2018–present). On the 1977 departure of bass guitarist Mark Evans from AC/DC, Rudd became the only Australian-born member of the band. In 2003, he entered the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with the other members of AC/DC. In 2014, Rudd released his first solo album, Head Job. Due to ongoing legal problems in New Zealand, where he is a resident, Rudd was unable to join the band for the 2015 Rock or Bust World Tour and was replaced by Chris Slade. On 30 September 2020, AC/DC confirmed that Rudd would be rejoining the band for their comeback album Power Up.

AC/DC
In 1974 Rudd was told about AC/DC's rhythm section auditions by his former Coloured Balls bandmate Trevor Young (no relation to AC/DC's Young brothers). Rudd asked Buster Brown bassist Geordie Leach to accompany him to the auditions, but Leach refused due to other commitments. Rudd auditioned and was hired immediately. Rudd's drumming style suited the band's style of music and became an integral part of AC/DC's sound from 1975 to 1983. The band relocated to the United Kingdom in 1976 and followed a heavy schedule of international touring and recording.

A letter written by AC/DC vocalist Bon Scott to his sister Valerie during the 1978 Powerage tour claims Rudd suffered “a bit of a nervous breakdown & had to spend a lot of time with a shrink. It was really bad but luckily he got over it quickly enough not to upset the band. We had to treat him with kid gloves for a bit but he's ok now.” The letter was later purchased at an auction by the Western Australian government in 2019, which intended to display the letter at the State Library of Western Australia.

First dismissal from AC/DC and hiatus from music
AC/DC vocalist Bon Scott died in 1980, an event that left close friend Rudd deeply saddened. He eventually parted ways with the band in 1983 following the recording of the Flick of the Switch album. The split was partly the result of his own personal problems as well as a conflict with the band's rhythm guitarist and founder Malcolm Young, which allegedly escalated to become physical. Rudd had completed his contributions to the album, and although session drummer B.J. Wilson was recruited to help complete the recording, Wilson's drum parts were ultimately not used. Simon Wright was later hired as Rudd's permanent replacement, and featured in the music videos released to promote the album.

After his firing, Rudd retired to Tauranga, New Zealand where he purchased a helicopter company. Rudd's departure from AC/DC didn't become widely known until the eve of their US and Canada tour in 1983. In the last few pages of Circus Magazine's October 1983 edition it stated "Phil Rudd exits AC/DC [...] to spend more time with his family and his cars". Rudd married a New Zealander, Lisa O'Brien, in 1983. Guitarist Angus Young was quoted in the same article as saying "We're a rowdy bunch, but we don't fight with each other". Vocalist Brian Johnson added in a Hit Parader interview from the same period that "You couldn't find a more solid person or drummer than Phil Rudd. None of us would have to work if we didn't want to [...] Phil chose that option".

On his years away from AC/DC, Rudd has said, "I raced cars, flew helicopters, became a farmer and planted some crops. I lived in New Zealand which was great; nice and quiet with nobody bothering me." Rudd also continued to play drums, "when I wanted to rather than when I had to", and built his own recording studio.

Return to AC/DC (1994-2015)
When AC/DC toured New Zealand in 1991 in support of their Razors Edge album, they called Rudd to see if he would be interested in joining them for a casual jam session. Rudd accepted their offer. Though there was no discussion of him rejoining the group at the time, Rudd was invited to permanently rejoin AC/DC in 1994 following the recording of the "Big Gun" single for the Last Action Hero movie soundtrack.

AC/DC welcomed Rudd back after Chris Slade's term as the band's drummer. The band praised Slade for his performance and technical ability, but maintained that a certain groove had been missing from AC/DC's music since Rudd's departure in 1983. After rejoining the band, he performed on five AC/DC studio albums, Ballbreaker, Stiff Upper Lip, Black Ice, Rock or Bust and Power Up, with Black Ice being the band's biggest hit on the charts since For Those About to Rock We Salute You in 1981.

Due to legal problems culminating in his house arrest, Rudd was replaced by former AC/DC drummer Chris Slade for the band's 2015-2016 Rock or Bust tour.

In September 2020, AC/DC posted a photo on social media listing the band's new lineup, including Rudd on drums, as well as a photo featuring him, Angus, Brian Johnson, Cliff Williams and Stevie Young reunited.

Head Job European tour (2017)
Rudd's first solo album, Head Job, was released on 29 August 2014. New Zealand musicians Allan Badger (bass guitar and vocals) and Geoffrey Martin (guitar) performed on the album alongside Rudd.

Rudd started a tour of Europe in 2017 with the Phil Rudd Band that included Badger, Martin with British bass guitarist John Proctor and New Zealand guitarist Mike "Mutt" Furness. The tour began in Oslo, Norway on 31 March 2017 and visited Sweden, Finland, the UK, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The latter part of the tour was rescheduled for 2018 and then cancelled.

Power Up and AC/DC Return (2018-present)
It was officially confirmed on 30 September 2020 that Rudd had rejoined AC/DC, after two years of rumours that he, along with fellow band mates Brian Johnson and Cliff Williams, would be returning. However, Rudd sat out of the band’s 2023 performance at Power Trip as well as their subsequent Power Up Tour in 2024. It was later revealed that Rudd’s absence from these performances was a result of him opting to stay home with his partner, who is currently battling stage four breast cancer. His role was filled in on the tour by American drummer Matt Laug.

Personal life
Born on 19 May 1954 in Melbourne, Rudd came from a German and Irish background; his stepfather was Lithuanian. He began playing drums in his teens and became serious about pursuing a career in music. He played in several bands in Melbourne before joining Buster Brown with future Rose Tattoo vocalist Angry Anderson. They went on to release one album, Something To Say, in 1974, before Rudd left to join the Coloured Balls with Lobby Loyde.

Rudd married New Zealander Lisa O'Brien in 1983. They have five children. The pair separated in 2006.

Drug conviction and appeal
On 1 December 2010, Rudd was convicted of possessing 25 g of marijuana on his boat in Tauranga, New Zealand, but later had his cannabis conviction quashed on the grounds that it would have stopped him from continuing to tour with AC/DC.

Restaurant
On 30 July 2011, it was announced that Rudd had purchased and would open a marina restaurant at Bridge Marina in Tauranga, where he resides. He named it "Phil's Place", and planned to sell seafood and steak. The restaurant closed temporarily in July 2012, and reopened on 10 April 2013. In 2014, Rudd was ordered to pay more than $70,000 to three former employees for unjustified dismissal. On 5 May 2019 Phil's Place changed ownership, and was renamed "Salinity Restaurant and Bar".

Death threats and drug charges
On 6 November 2014 Rudd was arrested and charged with attempting to procure a murder, threatening to kill, possession of methamphetamine and possession of cannabis, following a police raid on his home. The charge of attempting to procure a murder was withdrawn the following day. On 21 April 2015 he pleaded guilty to the remaining charges, with the exception of one of the two threatening to kill charges, which was dropped.

His ongoing legal problems led to the recruitment of AC/DC's former drummer Chris Slade in time for the band's Rock or Bust World Tour. In an interview on 13 November 2014, Angus Young had stated that AC/DC had experienced problems with Rudd earlier in the year when recording Rock or Bust, and that his situation had taken the band by surprise. Rudd had also missed video and photo shoots. Young said, "He's got to sort himself out I think... At this point it's kind of a question mark. But if we're touring, there will be a drummer in place, put it that way." In the same interview, Young also said, "Phil created his own situation. It's a hard thing to say about the guy. He's a great drummer, and he's done a lot of stuff for us. But he seems to have let himself go. He's not the Phil we've known from the past." In May 2015, Rudd stated that he hoped to return, but said that he had no contact from the band, adding, "I'm sure they're having a great old time... I've seen the error of my ways... It's onward and upward from here."

On 9 July 2015, Rudd was sentenced to eight months' home detention and ordered to pay NZ$120,000 in reparation. His appeal to be discharged without conviction was rejected. A subsequent appeal of the sentence to the High Court was dismissed. In a 2016 interview, Rudd said that since completing his home detention that March, he was seeing a psychiatrist weekly and had given up the "crazy shit". He also revealed he planned to tour Europe to promote his album Head Job.

In November 2023, Rudd announced the sale of his personal memorabilia, including drum kits and drumsticks from renowned performances, to support the New Zealand Breast Cancer Foundation. Motivated by his partner Toni Wilson's fight against terminal stage 4 breast cancer, Rudd's initiative aimed to raise funds and awareness for the disease.

title: Phil Rudd


text:
Talk:Amateur radio

Amateur Radio in Portugal
Hi,

I added this section in the Amateur Radio page:

''Contrasting with the usually welcoming nature of amateur radio, Portugal codified laws specifically aimed at preventing newcomers from using the spectrum, mandating a full radio silence for the Categoria 3 (entry-class license), on autonomous operation, and restricting the upgrade to the Categoria 2 (intermediate-class license, allowed to transmit) after a minimum wait period of 2 years and a maximum period of 5 years, after which the entry-class license is revoked and the process must restart. .''

You removed it due to the analysis being original research.

Considering that everything else is a direct citation from the law, is the analysis you refer to that the laws were specifically aimed at preventing newcomers? Would the removal of this passage cease to violate the WP:NOR?

The following are extra references, but I didn't include them due to two of them being petitions that have no real value other than reflecting the fact that these laws are preventing newcomers, and the third is simply an argument about the constitutionality of this law regarding free speech:
 * http://rep.pt/wp/?p=1125
 * https://peticaopublica.com/pview.aspx?pi=P2012N26434
 * http://www.netureza.pt/pipermail/cluster/2013-March/035743.html

The following, more serious reference regards a parliament hearing with an amateur radio association in which these points are discussed:
 * https://www.parlamento.pt/ActividadeParlamentar/Paginas/DetalheAudiencia.aspx?BID=100280

About the law itself, and as stated in the hearing above, Portugal is the only country in the CEPT which forbids transmissions from entry-level licensees, and this resulted in the number of new licenses dropping to fewer than 200 in 3 years. I believe this fact should be noted, even if I'm not the one writing about it (because yes, I personally chose not to become an amateur radio specifically because of this law).

Thanks, and have a nice year — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.242.157.152 (talk • contribs)

 * Yes, opinions about the effects of a government policy would need to be cited to a WP:SECONDARY source, i.e. a journalist or editorial staff of a WP:RS third party source such as a news organization or trade journal. WP:PRIMARY sources (like statutes, petitions, etc.) may only be used for basic uncolored facts. Also I could be wrong, but I believe the issue of non-autonomous operation restrictions to entry level class licenses may be covered in the Amateur_radio section of this article, e.g. A few countries may issue special licenses to novices or beginners that do not assign the individual a call sign but instead require the newly licensed individual to operate from stations licensed to a club or organization for a period of time before a higher class of license can be acquired. Best regards, - LuckyLouie (talk) 21:13, 6 January 2019 (UTC)

Pecuniary
I think this may be an archaic or very uncommon word in English.

The only time I've ever encountered this word is WRT to the definition of Ham Radio. I had to look up this word when I first encountered it.

I think "for-profit" conveys the modern understanding of this term better.

108.200.234.93 (talk) 11:56, 6 December 2019 (UTC)
 * It's linked to wiktionary on first occurrence, in the first para, and is exactly right as used. It should be left as is. -Roxy, the PROD. . wooF 12:42, 6 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Agree, it's part of a direct quote, plus there is a parenthetical explanation right next to it. - LuckyLouie (talk) 16:41, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

°ء°
°ذز ءيو° — Preceding unsigned comment added by 154.159.237.125 (talk) 11:38, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

AllStarLink page
In the Amateur radio Article there is a redlink to AllStarLink under the "Modes by activity" section. I created a page about AllStarLink but am not sure how to link it to this link in Amateur radio. Does anyone know how to do that? The wiki editor seemed to want to only allow me to create a whole separate article rather than a sub-page / sub-article of Amateur Radio. As a result the wiki moderators are saying the article doesn't meet notability criteria. Yet AllStar is used by about 50,000 hams - which seems pretty notable to me within the context of ham radio. There have been articles about AllStar in CQ Magazine, on the ARRL website and dozens of other websites, thus there are indeed reliable and independent sources that I cited. My Draft article/page is here: Draft:AllStarLink Any suggestions would be much appreciated. Thanks, David NR9V David Gleason (talk) 05:04, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

 * @David Gleason I left a note at WT:WikiProject Amateur radio requesting input so hopefully someone will reply here but unfortunately it does not appear to an active project. Will see.  S0091 (talk) 21:31, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amateur radio


text:
Industrial manslaughter

Industrial manslaughter, for example in Australian Capital Territory law, is a crime where the action or inaction of an employer results in the death of an employee. Industrial manslaughter usually has a much broader scope than standard criminal manslaughter.

Industrial manslaughter legislation is a common demand of trade unions, to allow the criminal prosecution of owners and employers for workplace deaths.

Implementation
The Australian Capital Territory has provisions for industrial manslaughter introduced in 2004. ACT Crimes Act 1900 (A1900-40) R32 13 July 2004 p44

In 2017, industrial manslaughter became an offence in Queensland in their workplace health and safety legislation, the Work Health and Safety Act 2011.

Despite the offence existing in four jurisdictions as of 2020, there have been no successful prosecutions.

Demands for Industrial manslaughter in NSW
In New South Wales provisions for industrial manslaughter were demanded by the trade union movement after the adolescent building industry worker Joel Exter fell off a domestic roof and died. Joel's union, the CFMEU conducted a significant campaign around his death. The Labor Party (ALP) government of NSW under Bob Carr denied that industrial manslaughter provisions were necessary as Workcover already has provisions for dealing with industrial death. The trade union movement argued that the manslaughter provisions of Workcover were ineffective, as reflected by a lack of prosecution of employers for workplace death.

Party positions on Industrial Manslaughter
The NSW Liberal Party does not believe specific industrial manslaughter provisions to be necessary.

The NSW section of the Australian Greens believes that industrial manslaughter should be a federal crime.

Victoria Passes Workplace Manslaughter Legislation
The Victorian Parliament passed the Workplace Safety Legislation Amendment (Workplace Manslaughter and other matters) Bill 2019 on 26 November 2019 and is expected to come into effect on a day to be proclaimed or, at the latest, 1 July 2020.

title: Industrial manslaughter


text:
Talk:2-2-0

Norry
A Norry is a 2-2-0, isn't it? Should we mention it here?--Geogast (talk) 20:44, 27 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:2-2-0