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John Sasso

John Sasso (born 1946/1947) is an American Democratic political operative who ran the 1988 election bid by Michael Dukakis.

Life and career
Sasso was born in New Jersey. Initially a teacher, he began his political career as an organizer for Congressman Gerry Studds, and gained note as an organizer for Ted Kennedy in the 1980 Iowa primaries. Having worked on Michael Dukakis's 1982 campaign for Massachusetts Governor, Sasso served as his Chief of Staff from 1983 to 1987; Dukakis then appointed him as campaign manager for his presidential bid, after Sasso persuaded the governor that he could win nationally. Sasso was primarily responsible for creating the strategy and organization that allowed Dukakis to win the Democratic nomination in a crowded field.

Before the first primaries, however, Sasso was identified as the person responsible for the distribution of a videotape showing similarities between a speech by Sen. Joseph Biden, a Dukakis rival for the nomination, and British politician Neil Kinnock, leading to Sasso's forced resignation from the Dukakis campaign.

With Dukakis trailing George H. W. Bush by double digits in the polls, however, Dukakis recalled Sasso to the campaign just before Labor Day. Ultimately, resistance to Sasso's resuming management of the campaign from the still official "campaign manager", Susan Estrich, a Harvard Law School Professor, hampered Sasso's efforts to turn the campaign's fortunes around. Still, the gap was closed to around 53–47 by voting day.

Following the campaign, Sasso became a consultant with an array of major national clients, while continuing to be called upon as a top strategist within the Democratic Party. He was reputed to be ready to head up New York Governor Mario Cuomo's presidential campaign had Cuomo run in 1992, but Cuomo declined to enter the race.

2004 Campaign season
In 2004 John Kerry brought Sasso in as "the man on the plane" during his own ill-fated presidential campaign, and Sasso emerged from the campaign as one of the few campaign operatives whose reputations were burnished by his role on the campaign. Just prior to that involvement, also at Kerry's request, Sasso had taken on a major role for the Democratic National Committee.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Sasso


text:
Trąby coat of arms

Trąby (, "Horns") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by many szlachta (noble) families under the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
The origin of the horn motif lies in the extent of lands conceded being determined by the distance a horn could be heard in all directions.

Blazon
Argent three bugle horns in triangle the mouthpieces conjoined in fess point Sable garnished, virolled and corded Or.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:
 * Prince Jan Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski (1885–1954) — Ukrainian diplomat and heraldry historian
 * Kristinas Astikas
 * Radvila Astikas
 * Zbigniew Brzeziński
 * Teodor Narbutt, historian, military engineer
 * Radziwiłł family
 * Tadeusz Jordan-Rozwadowski, Austrian & Polish General & Politician, first chief of the modern Polish General Staff 1918-1919 & 1920–1924, major contributor to victory at the Battle of Warsaw, one of the founders of the modern Polish state.
 * Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski
 * Mikołaj Trąba
 * Russanowski Trąba
 * Rusianowski Trąba

Gallery
Variations

title: Trąby coat of arms


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Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems

The Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) is an integrated compendium of twenty one encyclopedias.

The first Earth Summit of 1992, held in Rio de Janeiro, issued a document that is now famous as Agenda 21. This document refers to the Earth's life support systems, considering the whole of our planet as a grand intensive care unit that supports all forms of life (both natural and human-engineered systems). The Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) is based on this concept and the above definition of 'life support systems'. It is intended to be a source of knowledge conveniently accessible at a single location, knowledge that could be useful in providing an understanding of global systems and issues with the potential to render decisions well informed to ensure the ability of our planet to support life. Unlike most encyclopedias, the contents of which are alphabetically arranged, EOLSS has a thematic organization (Theme Level, Topic Level and Article Level where Theme Level - Presentations of broad perspectives of major subjects; Topic Level - Presentations of perspectives of the special topics within the subjects and Article Level - In-depth presentations of the subjects in various aspects. Some themes have a three level structure and some two level structure. The EOLSS web of knowledge is woven over a hierarchical structure through cross reference links.). It can be regarded as an 'encyclopedia of encyclopedias (now 21 in number, presenting a wide range of major foundation subjects in a process of gradual development, from a broad overview to great detail under the following categories: - Earth and Atmospheric Sciences

- Mathematical Sciences

- Biological, Physiological and Health Sciences

- Biotechnology

- Tropical Biology and Conservation Management

- Social Sciences and Humanities

- Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources

- Control Systems, Robotics and Automation

- Chemical Sciences Engineering and Technology Resources

- Water sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources

- Desalination and Water Resources (DESWARE)

- Energy sciences and Engineering and Technology Resources

- Environmental and Ecological sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources

- Food and Agricultural Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources

- Human Resources Policy, Development and Management

- Natural Resources Policy and Management

- Development and Economic Sciences

- Institutional and Infrastructural Resources

- Technology, Information and System Management Resources

- Land Use, Land Cover and Soil Sciences

- Area Studies (Africa, Brazil, Canada And USA, China, Europe, Japan, Russia)

Within these twenty one on-line encyclopedias, there are hundreds of Themes, each of which has been compiled under the editorial supervision of a recognized world expert or a team of experts such as an International Commission specially appointed for the purpose. Each of these 'Honorary Theme Editors' was responsible for selection and appointment of authors to produce the material specified by EOLSS. On average each Theme contains about thirty chapters. It deals in detail with interdisciplinary subjects, but it is also disciplinary, as each major core subject is covered in great depth by world experts. The EOLSS is different from traditional encyclopedias. It is the result of an unprecedented global effort that has attempted to forge pathways between disciplines in order to address contemporary problems” said UNESCO Director General Koïchiro Matsuura. “A source-book of knowledge that links together our concern for peace, progress, and sustainable development, the EOLSS draws sustenance from the ethics, science and culture of peace. At the same time, it is a forward-looking publication, designed as a global guide to professional practice, education, and heightened social awareness of critical life support issues. In particular, the EOLSS presents perspectives from regions and cultures around the world, and seeks to avoid geographic, racial, cultural, political, gender, age, or religious bias.”

It is regarded as the largest comprehensive professional publication carrying state-of-the-art, thematically organized subject matter for a wide audience at the university level with contributions from thousands of experts from over 101 countries. It is an authoritative resource for education, research and policy making in the 21st century.

title: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems


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Țuică

Țuică is a traditional Romanian spirit that contains ~ 24–86% alcohol by volume (usually 40–55%), prepared only from plums. Other spirits that are produced from other fruit or from a cereal grain are called "rachiu" or "rachie". Țuică is also the foundational element for creating the traditional Romanian vinars from different spirited fruits. In 2013, Romania produced 1.3 e6hl of țuică.

It is considered Romania's national drink.

Preparation
Traditionally, țuică is prepared from early summer (after winemaking is complete). The plums must be left for fermentation (macerare) for 6–8 weeks, in large barrels (butoaie or căldări or putini).

According to both tradition and Romanian standards (SR), distillation must be done in a copper still (cazan, pictures at ), using a traditional fire source (generally wood, but also charcoal).

The temperature is controlled traditionally by interpreting the sounds that the still makes and by tasting the brew at different points in the process. Usually, this process results in two grades of țuică:

 * normal: distilled once, the last to come from the still; between 24–40% alcohol.
 * very strong: distilled twice, generally a quarter of the production, and the first to come out of the still; about 50–65% alcohol by volume, stronger than palinka; called pălincă de prune, fățată, întoarsă, or horincă depending on the region; the most famous țuică served before a meal; in rural regions, it is customary to serve this drink to a guest.

After distillation, țuică may be left to age between six months and ten years in mulberry aging barrels (the result is pearlescent yellow, has a strong aroma, and is known as "old țuică", țuică bătrână), or it may be consumed immediately ("fresh țuică", țuică proaspătă). The people preparing țuică are sometimes referred to as țuicari, căzănari, or cazangii, but this varies according to geographical region. Mixed with water, țuică should never turn white or opaque. There are several different classifications of țuică based on aging duration, with varieties such as old, selected, superior, etc.

Types and Terminology
The term "țuică" is defined as a spirit made from plums, although it is also colloquially used to refer to all distilled beverages. The term "palincă" is a generic term for any type of fruit brandy, while "palincă de prune" refers specifically to plum brandy.

Țuică is prepared using traditional methods both for private consumption and for sale. Although this was illegal in the past, the government tolerated the practice due to the traditional character of the beverage. Some communities have acquired production licences and produce it legally. Home distillation in Romania is legal provided the distiller pays an excise tax and produces no more than 50 L/yr per household.

The names "horincă" and "turț" are used in the regions of Maramureș and Oaș as synonyms for țuică. These terms are occasionally used in other areas of northern Transylvania. This is codified in the Romanian law "Order No. 368/2008 approving the Rules on the definition, description, presentation and labelling of traditional Romanian beverages".

A commercial famous presentation is "țuică cu fruct". This is a glass bottle of țuică containing a whole plum fruit. It is obtained by hanging empty bottles on trees in spring or early summer and growing the fruit inside the bottle.

Consumption
Normally, țuica is only consumed before the meal (traditionally every meal). In most cases, only a shot-sized amount is served, and it is generally sipped. The drink is also present in all traditional parties (agape) such as weddings, baptisms, hunting parties, harvest festivals, religious holidays, family reunions, and wakes. In most of rural Romania, țuică is the usual drink to hold a toast with, rather than wine. Usually it is drunk before a meal, as it increases appetite.

A modern portrayal of a modern village inhabitant almost always includes a bottle of țuică. For rural families producing țuică for their own consumption (not commercial) the output can amount between ~ 10 - 200 litres per family per year, as the plum tree is the most widely present tree in Romanian orchards (see also Agriculture in Romania). Țuică is sometimes used as part of a small remuneration package for favors or "daily work" (informal or between friends).

Romania is the largest plum producer in the European Union and among the top plum producers in the world. According to the Romanian Ministry of Agriculture, around 65,000 ha are cultivated with plum trees, and 80% of production is transformed into țuică.

title: Țuică


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La Pucelle: Tactics

La Pucelle: Tactics is a tactical role-playing game developed by Nippon Ichi Software for the PlayStation 2. It was released in Japan in January 2002, and in North America by Mastiff in May 2004. The game was ported to the PlayStation Portable in Japan on November 26, 2009 as La Pucelle Ragnarok. The Ragnarok version was later ported to Windows and Nintendo Switch as part of the NIS Classics Volume 3 in 2022.

Gameplay
Combat in the game is on an isometric map of varying size and shape. Each battle begins with a set number and arrangement of enemies, a base panel and Dark Portals scattered randomly around the map. Combat takes place on a separate screen and involves the attacker, their target and adjacent friendly units. Attackers and targets have one chance to attack.

Dark portals are gates to the Dark World, releasing a stream of dark energy which runs in one direction until it meets a character, enemy or obstacle. Although obstacles stop the energy, the stream will be redirected in the direction faced by a character. A character facing opposite to a stream of dark energy will stop it like an obstacle. If left uncovered for several rounds, a dark portal will release a new enemy on the map.

Purification is La Pucelle members' ability to use the power of Poitreene. In battle, purification closes dark portals and converts monsters. When a dark portal is purified, the character's purification power is subtracted from the portal's hit points. If the purification power is greater, the portal is closed. If a stream of dark energy more than 15 panels long intersects itself it activates a miracle, a massive attack affecting the entire line and anything within the loop made by the energy. This purifies any dark portals within the loop. When converted, monsters join the party after they're defeated. Each purification increases the chance of a monster converting.

A monster which has joined the party can be trained. Training consists of actions chosen by the player from a randomly generated list after finishing a map. A trained monster can be used in battle or sent to the Dark World, where they are used in wars between the Demons.

Each level has a Dark Energy Index measuring its dark energy. Acts during battle (such as leaving dark portals unpurified, attacking allies and opening presents) increases dark energy, and purifying the map decreases it. When the Index reaches 100, a portal opens which can be used to enter the Dark World (a series of randomly generated levels full of enemies and dark portals). The strength of Dark World enemies varies; the higher the Dark Energy Index, the stronger the enemies.

The PSP release included bonus content such as playable characters from the Disgaea series and the ability to retain characters/equipment restarting the game to enjoy the different chapter endings without losing progress. It also featured a new storyline exploring what it means to become an Overlord.

Plot and characters
La Pucelle takes place in a kingdom named Paprica. The story centers on a small church, the Church of the Holy Maiden, in the city of Pot a Feu. In addition to the normal role of a church it has a group of trained demon hunters, La Pucelle. Two of La Pucelle's newest members are Prier, a sixteen-year-old girl, and her twelve-year-old brother Culotte.

The Dark Prince, favored servant of the fallen angel Calamity, will reportedly rise to scourge the land. When the prince rises a warrior, the Maiden of Light, will challenge him and restore the balance of light and darkness. Prier hopes to be the Maiden of Light.

The game's story is divided into chapters. Each chapter has a number of endings, depending on information discovered by La Pucelle. Its characters are:
 * Prier — apprentice Demon Hunter and the game's Byronic heroine.
 * Culotte — Prier's younger brother, who tries to act more mature than his sister.
 * Alouette — Prier and Culotte's teacher.

 * Croix - former freelance demon hunter who joins La Pucelle.
 * Eclair — princess of Paprica and close friend of Prier and Culotte.
 * Homard — leader of the Chocolat gang.
 * Yattanya — former Chocolat gang leader.
 * Chocolat gang — group of air pirates.
 * Monya-Monya — pilot of the Chocolat pirate airship.
 * Papillon — fairy with a crush on Homard.
 * Father Salade — founder of the Church of the Holy Maiden and La Pucelle.
 * Noir — head of the Church Of The Divine Mother, church of about two-thirds of Paprica's population.

Most of the names in the game are French. La Pucelle was a nickname given to Joan of Arc. Some names are religion-related (Prier, to pray and Croix, cross), some others are food-related (Salade, salad; Chocolat, chocolate; Homard, lobster and Mount Champignon, mushroom) and the rest are unrelated to either (Papillon, butterfly; Noir, black; Allouette, lark; Eclair, lightning and Culotte, pants).

Release
La Pucelle: Tactics was released in North America with nearly every cross removed, included those on Prier and Alouette's clothing; the shape of Croix's gun and the spell animations (except holy panels) were altered. The Dark World was originally hell. Croix's cigarette was removed from his character portraits and sprites. Mastiff explained the changes in an interview with 1UP.com before the game's release; according to Bill Schwarz of the company: "There are well organized forces that work hard to punish software makers and sellers for what they consider religious transgressions. As a very small and brand new publisher without deep pockets we need to pick and choose our battles. Had we thought the crosses were meaningful we would have fought. But they weren't. And we'd much rather have the game widely available then [sic] face disappointed gamers who cannot find the title. It was the right decision, though as we grow as company we may make different calls in the future".

Reception
When La Pucelle: Tactics was released in Japan, Famitsu gave its PlayStation 2 version a score of 33 out of 40. Elsewhere, the PS2 version received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

Legacy
Prier is a hidden boss in Disgaea: Hour of Darkness. In Disgaea, Prier (Priere in this game) is the overlord of an alternate netherworld. She appears again in Disgaea 2: Cursed Memories as a hidden boss, and in the PSP port Dark Hero Days she is a playable character. Prier is a downloadable character for Disgaea 3: Absence of Justice, Disgaea 4: A Promise Unforgotten, and Disgaea 5: Alliance of Vengeance.

title: La Pucelle: Tactics


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Glycolipid

Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond. Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response and in the connections that allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues. Glycolipids are found on the surface of all eukaryotic cell membranes, where they extend from the phospholipid bilayer into the extracellular environment.

Structure
The essential feature of a glycolipid is the presence of a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide bound to a lipid moiety. The most common lipids in cellular membranes are glycerolipids and sphingolipids, which have glycerol or a sphingosine backbones, respectively. Fatty acids are connected to this backbone, so that the lipid as a whole has a polar head and a non-polar tail. The lipid bilayer of the cell membrane consists of two layers of lipids, with the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane made up of the polar head groups, and the inner part of the membrane made up of the non-polar fatty acid tails.

The saccharides that are attached to the polar head groups on the outside of the cell are the ligand components of glycolipids, and are likewise polar, allowing them to be soluble in the aqueous environment surrounding the cell. The lipid and the saccharide form a glycoconjugate through a glycosidic bond, which is a covalent bond. The anomeric carbon of the sugar binds to a free hydroxyl group on the lipid backbone. The structure of these saccharides varies depending on the structure of the molecules to which they bind.

Glycosyltransferases
Enzymes called glycosyltransferases link the saccharide to the lipid molecule, and also play a role in assembling the correct oligosaccharide so that the right receptor can be activated on the cell which responds to the presence of the glycolipid on the surface of the cell. The glycolipid is assembled in the Golgi apparatus and embedded in the surface of a vesicle which is then transported to the cell membrane. The vesicle merges with the cell membrane so that the glycolipid can be presented on the cell's outside surface.

Glycoside hydrolases
Glycoside hydrolases catalyze the breakage of glycosidic bonds. They are used to modify the oligosaccharide structure of the glycan after it has been added onto the lipid. They can also remove glycans from glycolipids to turn them back into unmodified lipids.

Defects in metabolism
Sphingolipidoses are a group of diseases that are associated with the accumulation of sphingolipids which have not been degraded correctly, normally due to a defect in a glycoside hydrolase enzyme. Sphingolipidoses are typically inherited, and their effects depend on which enzyme is affected, and the degree of impairment. One notable example is Niemann–Pick disease which can cause pain and damage to neural networks.

Cell–cell interactions
The main function of glycolipids in the body is to serve as recognition sites for cell–cell interactions. The saccharide of the glycolipid will bind to a specific complementary carbohydrate or to a lectin (carbohydrate-binding protein), of a neighboring cell. The interaction of these cell surface markers is the basis of cell recognitions, and initiates cellular responses that contribute to activities such as regulation, growth, and apoptosis.

Immune responses
An example of how glycolipids function within the body is the interaction between leukocytes and endothelial cells during inflammation. Selectins, a class of lectins found on the surface of leukocytes and endothelial cells bind to the carbohydrates attached to glycolipids to initiate the immune response. This binding causes leukocytes to leave circulation and congregate near the site of inflammation. This is the initial binding mechanism, which is followed by the expression of integrins which form stronger bonds and allow leukocytes to migrate toward the site of inflammation. Glycolipids are also responsible for other responses, notably the recognition of host cells by viruses.

Blood types
Blood types are an example of how glycolipids on cell membranes mediate cell interactions with the surrounding environment. The four main human blood types (A, B, AB, O) are determined by the oligosaccharide attached to a specific glycolipid on the surface of red blood cells, which acts as an antigen. The unmodified antigen, called the H antigen, is the characteristic of type O, and is present on red blood cells of all blood types. Blood type A has an N-acetylgalactosamine added as the main determining structure, type B has a galactose, and type AB has all three of these antigens. Antigens which are not present in an individual's blood will cause antibodies to be produced, which will bind to the foreign glycolipids. For this reason, people with blood type AB can receive transfusions from all blood types (the universal acceptor), and people with blood type O can act as donors to all blood types (the universal donor).

Types of glycolipids

 * Glycoglycerolipids: a sub-group of glycolipids characterized by an acetylated or non-acetylated glycerol with at least one fatty acid as the lipid complex. Glyceroglycolipids are often associated with photosynthetic membranes and their functions.  The subcategories of glyceroglycolipids depend on the carbohydrate attached.
 * Galactolipids: defined by a galactose sugar attached to a glycerol lipid molecule. They are found in chloroplast membranes and are associated with photosynthetic properties.
 * Sulfolipids: have a sulfur-containing functional group in the sugar moiety attached to a lipid. An important group is the sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerols which are associated with the sulfur cycle in plants.
 * Glycosphingolipids: a sub-group of glycolipids based on sphingolipids. Glycosphingolipids are mostly located in nervous tissue and are responsible for cell signaling.
 * Cerebrosides: a group glycosphingolipids involved in nerve cell membranes.
 * Galactocerebrosides: a type of cerebroseide with galactose as the saccharide moiety
 * Glucocerebrosides: a type of cerebroside with glucose as the saccharide moiety; often found in non-neural tissue.
 * Sulfatides: a class of glycolipids containing a sulfate group in the carbohydrate with a ceramide lipid backbone. They are involved in numerous biological functions ranging from immune response to nervous system signaling.
 * Gangliosides: the most complex animal glycolipids. They contain negatively charged oligosacchrides with one or more sialic acid residues; more than 200 different gangliosides have been identified. They are most abundant in nerve cells.
 * Globosides: glycosphingolipids with more than one sugar as part of the carbohydrate complex. They have a variety of functions; failure to degrade these molecules leads to Fabry disease.
 * Glycophosphosphingolipids: complex glycophospholipids from fungi, yeasts, and plants, where they were originally called "phytoglycolipids". They may be as complicated a set of compounds as the negatively charged gangliosides in animals.
 * Glycophosphatidylinositols: a sub-group of glycolipids defined by a phosphatidylinositol lipid moiety bound to a carbohydrate complex.  They can be bound to the C-terminus of a protein and have various functions associated with the different proteins they can be bound to.
 * Saccharolipids

title: Glycolipid


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Worldspan

Worldspan is a provider of travel technology and content and a part of the Travelport GDS business. It offers worldwide electronic distribution of travel information, Internet products and connectivity, and e-commerce capabilities for travel agencies, travel service providers and corporations. Its primary system is commonly known as a Global Distribution System (GDS), which is used by travel agents and travel related websites to book airline tickets, hotel rooms, rental cars, tour packages and associated products. Worldspan also hosts IT services and product solutions for major airlines.

Recent events
In December, 2006, Travelport, owner of the Galileo GDS, Gullivers Travel Associates (GTA) and a controlling share in Orbitz, agreed to acquire Worldspan. However, at the time, management of Travelport did not commit to the eventual merging of the two GDS systems, saying that they were considering all options, including running both systems in parallel. On August 21, 2007, the acquisition was completed for $1.4 billion and Worldspan became a part of Travelport GDS, which also includes Galileo and other related businesses. On September 28, 2008, the Galileo and Apollo GDS were moved from the Travelport datacenter in Denver, Colorado to the Worldspan datacenter in Atlanta, Georgia (although they continue to be run as separate systems from the Worldspan GDS).

In 2012, Worldspan customers were migrated from the TPF-based FareSource pricing engine to Travelport's Linux-based 360 Fares pricing engine already used by Galileo and Apollo. Although the three systems share a common pricing platform, they continue to operate as separate GDS.

History
Worldspan was formed in early 1990 by Delta Air Lines, Northwest Airlines, and TWA to operate and sell its GDS services to travel agencies worldwide. Worldspan operated very effectively and profitably, successfully expanding its business in markets throughout North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. As a result, in mid-2003, Worldspan was sold by its owner airlines to Citigroup Venture Capital and Ontario Teachers' Pension Fund which in turn sold the business to Travelport in 2007.

Worldspan was formed in 1990 by combining the PARS partnerships companies (owned by TWA and Northwest Airlines, Inc.) and DATAS II, a division of Delta Air Lines, Inc. One of Worldspan’s predecessors – TWA PARS – became the first GDS to be installed in travel agencies in 1976. ABACUS, an Asian company owned by a number of Asian airlines, owned a small portion of Worldspan, and Worldspan owned a small portion of Abacus. Worldspan and Abacus entered into a series of business and technology relationships. These relationships were terminated after Abacus engaged in fraudulent and deceptive practices, for which Worldspan received a sizable judgement in an arbitration in London.

title: Worldspan


text:
Wadwicz coat of arms

Wadwicz is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
A knight called Wadwicz was dispatched twice in a delegation by King Boleslaw Krywousty or "Wrymouth," 1102-1138. While returning the second time this knight was plunged into the depths during a storm at sea, and he drowned. In reward for his services King Boleslaw bestowed this shield upon his successors.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:

 * Jan Mężyk z Dąbrowy
 * Pietrasz Montygerdowicz
 * Adam Naruszewicz

title: Wadwicz coat of arms


text:
James Cooper

James Cooper may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * James Fenimore Cooper (1789–1851), American writer
 * James Cooper (artist) (fl. 1940), African-American cane carving artisan
 * James Cooper (producer), British podcaster

Politics

 * James Cooper (Pennsylvania politician) (1810–1863), American soldier and politician
 * James Cooper (Northern Ireland politician) (1882–1949), MP in the Northern Ireland Parliament for Fermanagh and Tyrone
 * James Cooper (Ontario politician) (1900–1979), Canadian politician

Others

 * James Fairlie Cooper (1814–1869), American soldier and minter
 * James Graham Cooper (1830–1902), American surgeon and naturalist
 * James Cooper (VC) (1840–1889), British soldier
 * James Cooper (minister) (1846–1922), Church of Scotland minister and church historian
 * James Scott Cooper (1874–1931), Canadian businessman and noted bootlegger
 * James Cooper (shoe merchant), 19th-century Canadian shoe merchant who built James Cooper House
 * James Cooper (pitcher) (born 1919), American baseball player
 * James Cooper (coach) (born 1982), American college baseball coach

title: James Cooper


text:
Amadeus (film)

Amadeus is a 1984 American period biographical drama film directed by Miloš Forman, and adapted by Peter Shaffer from his 1979 stage play of the same name, in turn inspired by the 1830 play Mozart and Salieri by Alexander Pushkin. Set in Vienna, Austria, during the latter half of the 18th century, the film is a fictionalized story of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart from the time he left Salzburg, described by its writer as a "fantasia on the theme of Mozart and Salieri". Mozart's music is heard extensively in the soundtrack. The film follows a fictional rivalry between Mozart and Italian composer Antonio Salieri at the court of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor. The film stars F. Murray Abraham as Salieri and Tom Hulce as Mozart. Abraham and Hulce were both nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, with Abraham winning the award.

Amadeus was released by Orion Pictures on September 19, 1984, thirteen days after its world premiere in Los Angeles on September 6, 1984. Upon release, it received widespread acclaim and was a box office hit, grossing over $90 million. Amadeus was nominated for 53 awards and received 40, including eight Academy Awards (including Best Picture and Best Director), four BAFTA Awards, four Golden Globe Awards (including Best Motion Picture – Drama and Best Director), and a Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film. , it was the most recent film to have more than one nomination in the Academy Award for Best Actor category. In 1998, the American Film Institute ranked it 53rd on its 100 Years... 100 Movies list. In 2019, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
In the winter of 1823, aged composer Antonio Salieri is committed to a psychiatric hospital after attempting suicide, during which his servants overhear him confess to murdering Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. A young priest, Father Vogler, approaches Salieri and tells him to confess his sins and find God's peace. Salieri plays two of his own melodies for Vogler, who is unfamiliar with them, and then one of Mozart's, which the priest recognizes at once. Salieri begins his confession by saying that he idolized Mozart from childhood. Salieri recounts that he prayed to God that if He allowed Salieri to become a famous composer, he would—in return—promise his faithfulness, chastity and diligence. Soon after, his father, who had not been supportive of his musical desires, chokes on his food and dies and Salieri takes as a sign that God has accepted his vow. By 1774, Salieri had become court composer to Emperor Joseph II in Vienna.

Seven years later, at a reception in honor of Mozart's patron, the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, Salieri anxiously awaits meeting his idol. Guessing his identity, he is shocked to discover that the transcendentally talented Mozart is obscene, silly, and immature. Salieri, a devout Catholic, cannot fathom why God would endow such a great gift onto Mozart instead of him and concludes that God is using Mozart's talent to make Salieri a mediocrity. Salieri renounces God and vows to take revenge on Him by destroying Mozart.

Meanwhile, Mozart's alcoholism ruins his health, marriage, finances, and reputation at court, even as he continues to produce brilliant work. Salieri hires a young girl to work as Mozart's maid and thereby discovers that Mozart is working on an opera based on the play The Marriage of Figaro, which the Emperor has forbidden, owing to its subversive theme. When Mozart is summoned to court to explain, he manages to convince the Emperor to allow his opera to premiere, despite Salieri's attempts at sabotage. When Mozart is informed that his father has died, he writes Don Giovanni in his grief.

Salieri recognizes the dead commander in the opera as symbolic of Mozart's father and concocts a scheme: he leads Mozart to believe that his father has risen to commission a Requiem. He then plans to kill Mozart once the piece is finished and premiere it at Mozart's funeral, claiming the work as his own, forcing God to listen as Salieri is acclaimed. Meanwhile, Mozart's friend Emanuel Schikaneder invites him to write an opera for his theatre. Mozart obliges, despite his wife Constanze's insistence that he finish the Requiem, as the opera is a riskier venture. After arguing with Mozart, Constanze leaves with their young son, Karl.

The opera in question, The Magic Flute, is a great success, but the overworked Mozart collapses during one performance. Salieri takes him home and persuades him to continue writing the Requiem, offering to take the bedridden Mozart's dictation; the two lay down the opening of the Confutatis together. The next morning, Mozart thanks Salieri for his friendship and Salieri admits that Mozart is the greatest composer he knows. Constanze returns and, appalled at Mozart working with Salieri, demands that Salieri leave immediately. After putting away the Requiem into a cabinet, she finds that Mozart has passed away; he is unceremoniously buried in a mass grave.

Back in 1823, Vogler is too shaken to absolve Salieri; Salieri then surmises that God preferred to destroy His beloved Mozart rather than allow Salieri to share in the smallest part of his glory. He calls himself the "patron saint" of mediocrities; he promises, with bitter irony, to speak for Vogler and the other mediocrities of the world before God. As Salieri is wheeled down a hallway, absolving the hospital's other patients of their inadequacies, Mozart's laughter rings in the air.

Production
Kenneth Branagh writes in his autobiography Beginning that he was one of the finalists for the role of Mozart, but was dropped from consideration when Forman decided to make the film with an American cast. Mark Hamill, who replaced Tim Curry as Mozart towards the end of the stage play's Broadway run, read with many actresses auditioning for the part of Mozart's wife Constanze. However, Forman ultimately decided not to cast him due to his association with the character of Luke Skywalker, feeling that audiences would not believe him as the composer. Meg Tilly was cast as Mozart's wife Constanze, but she tore a ligament in her leg the day before shooting started. She was replaced by Elizabeth Berridge. Simon Callow, who played Mozart in the original London stage production of Amadeus, was cast as Emanuel Schikaneder, the librettist of The Magic Flute.

The film was shot on location in Prague and Kroměříž. Forman was able to shoot scenes in the Count Nostitz Theatre in Prague, where Don Giovanni and La clemenza di Tito debuted two centuries before. Several other scenes were shot at the Barrandov Studios and Invalidovna building, former "hôtel des invalides", built in 1731–1737.

Forman collaborated with American choreographer Twyla Tharp.

Tom Hulce reportedly used John McEnroe's mood swings as a source of inspiration for his portrayal of Mozart's unpredictable genius. He claimed he did not find Mozart's signature laugh until he downed a bottle of whiskey.

Critical reception
Amadeus holds a score of 89% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 151 reviews, with an average rating of 8.9/10. The site's consensus states: "Amadeus' liberties with history may rankle some, but the creative marriage of Miloš Forman and Peter Shaffer yields a divinely diabolical myth of genius and mediocrity, buoyed by inspired casting and Mozart's rapturous music."

Giving the film four out of four stars, Roger Ebert acknowledged that it was one of the "riskiest gambles a filmmaker has taken in a long time," but added that "there is nothing cheap or unworthy about the approach," and ultimately concluded that it was a "magnificent film, full and tender and funny and charming". Ebert later added the film to his Great Movies list. Peter Travers of People magazine said that "Hulce and Abraham share a dual triumph in a film that stands as a provocative and prodigious achievement." Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic put it on his list of films worth seeing.

In one negative review, Todd McCarthy of Variety said that despite "great material and themes to work with, and such top talent involved," the "stature and power the work possessed onstage have been noticeably diminished" in the film adaptation. The film's many historical inaccuracies have attracted criticism from music historians.

Box office
The film grossed $52 million in the United States and Canada and by November 1985, while still in theatres overseas, had grossed over $90 million worldwide to date.

Accolades
The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards, winning eight (including Best Picture). At the end of the Oscar ceremony, Laurence Olivier came on stage to present the Oscar for Best Picture. As Olivier thanked the academy for inviting him, he was already opening the envelope. Instead of announcing the nominees, he simply read, "The winner for this is Amadeus." An AMPAS official quickly went onstage to confirm the winner and signalled that all was well before Olivier then presented the award to producer Saul Zaentz. Olivier (in his 78th year) had been ill for many years, and it was because of mild dementia that he forgot to read the nominees. Zaentz then thanked Olivier, saying it was an honour to receive the award from him, before mentioning the other nominees in his acceptance speech: The Killing Fields, A Passage to India, Places in the Heart and A Soldier's Story. Maurice Jarre won Best Original Music Score for his scoring of A Passage to India. In his acceptance speech for the award, Jarre remarked "I was lucky Mozart was not eligible this year".

The film along with The English Patient, The Hurt Locker, The Artist, and Birdman are the only Best Picture winners never to enter the weekend box office top 5 after rankings began being recorded in 1982. The film peaked at No. 6 during its 8th weekend in theaters. Saul Zaentz produced both Amadeus and The English Patient.

Historicity
From the beginning, writer Peter Shaffer and director Miloš Forman both were open about their desire to create entertaining drama only loosely based on reality, calling the work a "fantasia on the theme of Mozart and Salieri".

The idea of animosity between Mozart and Salieri was popularized by Alexander Pushkin in 1830 in his play Mozart and Salieri. In it, Salieri murders Mozart on stage. The play was made into the opera Mozart and Salieri by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov 67 years later, which in turn had its first screen adaptation by silent-film director Victor Tourjansky in 1914.

Another significant departure in the film is the portrayal of Salieri as a pious loner trapped in a vow of chastity when in reality he was a married family man with eight children and at least one mistress.

Mozart was indeed commissioned to compose a Requiem Mass by an anonymous benefactor. In reality, the patron turned out to be Count Franz von Walsegg, who was grieving after the death of his wife.

Alternative version
Amadeus premiered in 1984 as a PG-rated movie with a running time of 161 minutes. Director Miloš Forman introduced an R-rated version with nearly 20 minutes of restored footage. This version was released by the studios as a Director's Cut on September 24, 2002. Forman justified why those scenes were cut in the first place in the 1995 supplemental material for Pioneer's deluxe LaserDisc. However, he explained why the scenes were eventually restored in a subsequent 2002 interview with The A.V. Club: "When you finish a film, before the first paying audience sees it, you don't have any idea. You don't know if you made a success or a flop when it comes to the box office. And in the '80s, with MTV on the scene, we are having a three-hour film about classical music, with long names and wigs and costumes. Don't forget that no major studio wanted to finance the film, for these reasons. So we said, 'Well, we don't want to be pushing the audience's patience too far'. Whatever was not directly connected to the plot, I just cut it out. But it was a mutual decision [to limit the running time]. I wanted the best life for the film myself... Well, once we are re-releasing it on DVD, it doesn't matter if it is two hours and 40 minutes long, or three hours long. So why don't we do the version as it was written in the script?"

Film credits

 * Music conducted and supervised by Neville Marriner
 * Music coordinator: John Strauss
 * Orchestra: Academy of St Martin in the Fields, conducted by Neville Marriner
 * Choruses
 * Academy Chorus of St Martin in the Fields, conducted by László Heltay
 * Ambrosian Opera Chorus, conducted by John McCarthy
 * The Choristers of Westminster Abbey, conducted by Simon Preston
 * Instrumental soloists
 * Piano Concerto No. 22 in E-flat major, K. 482: Ivan Moravec
 * Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor, K. 466: Imogen Cooper
 * Adagio in C minor for Glass Harmonica, K. 617: Thomas Bloch with The Brussels Virtuosi, conducted by Marc Grauwels
 * Parody backgrounds: San Francisco Symphony Chorus
 * "Caro mio ben" by Giuseppe Giordani: Michele Esposito, soprano

Original soundtrack recording
The soundtrack album reached No. 1 in the Billboard Classical Albums Chart, No. 56 in the Billboard Popular Albums Chart, has sold over 6.5 million copies and received thirteen gold discs, making it one of the most popular classical music recordings of all time. It won the Grammy Award for Best Classical Album in 1984.
 * Disc 1
 * 1) Mozart: Symphony No. 25 in G minor, K. 183, 1st movement
 * 2) Giovanni Battista Pergolesi: Stabat Mater: "Quando corpus morietur" and "Amen"
 * 3) Early 18th Century Gypsy Music: Bubak and Hungaricus
 * 4) Mozart: Serenade for Winds in B-flat major, K. 361, 3rd movement
 * 5) Mozart: The Abduction from the Seraglio, K. 384, Turkish Finale
 * 6) Mozart: Symphony No. 29 in A major, K. 201, 1st movement
 * 7) Mozart: Concerto for Two Pianos in E-flat major, K. 365, 3rd movement
 * 8) Mozart: Great Mass in C minor, K. 427, Kyrie
 * 9) Mozart: Symphonie Concertante in E-flat major, K. 364, 1st movement
 * 10) Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 15 in B-Flat, K. 450, 3rd movement
 * Disc 2
 * 1) Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 22 in E-flat major, K. 482, 3rd movement
 * 2) Mozart: The Marriage of Figaro, K. 492, Act III, "Ecco la Marcia"
 * 3) Mozart: The Marriage of Figaro, K. 492, Act IV, "Ah, tutti contenti"
 * 4) Mozart: Don Giovanni, K. 527, Act II, Commendatore scene
 * 5) Mozart: Zaide, K. 344, Aria, "Ruhe sanft"
 * 6) Mozart: Requiem, K. 626, Introitus (orchestral introduction)
 * 7) Mozart: Requiem, K. 626, Dies irae
 * 8) Mozart: Requiem, K. 626, Rex tremendae majestatis
 * 9) Mozart: Requiem, K. 626, Confutatis
 * 10) Mozart: Requiem, K. 626, Lacrimosa
 * 11) Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor, K. 466, 2nd movement

All tracks on the album were performed specifically for the film. According to the film commentary by Forman and Schaffer, Marriner agreed to score the film if Mozart's music was completely unchanged from the original scores. Marriner did add some notes to Salieri's music that are noticeable at the beginning of the film, as Salieri begins his confession.

The aria "Ruhe sanft" from the opera Zaide does not appear in the film.

More Music from the Original Soundtrack
In 1985 an additional album with the title More Music from the Original Soundtrack of the Film Amadeus was issued containing further selections of music that were not included in the original soundtrack release.
 * 1) Mozart: The Magic Flute, K. 620, Overture
 * 2) Mozart: The Magic Flute, K. 620, act 2, Queen of the Night aria
 * 3) Mozart: Masonic Funeral Music, K. 477
 * 4) Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor, K. 466, 1st movement
 * 5) Antonio Salieri: Axur, re d'Ormus, Finale
 * 6) Mozart: Eine kleine Nachtmusik (Serenade No. 13 for Strings in G major), K. 525, 1st movement, arranged for woodwind octet by Graham Sheen
 * 7) Mozart: Concerto for Flute and Harp in C major, K. 299, 2nd movement
 * 8) Mozart: Six German Dances (Nos. 1–3), K. 509
 * 9) Giuseppe Giordani: "Caro mio ben"
 * 10) Mozart: The Abduction from the Seraglio, K. 384, Chorus of the Janissaries (Arr.) and "Ich möchte wohl der Kaiser sein" ("Ein deutsches Kriegslied"), K. 539 (Arr.)

The Masonic Funeral Music was originally intended to play over the closing credits, but was replaced in the film by the second movement of the Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor (included on the Original Soundtrack Recording).

Director's Cut soundtrack
In 2002, to coincide with the release of the Director's Cut of the film, the soundtrack was remastered with 24-bit encoding and reissued with the title Special Edition: The Director's Cut – Newly Remastered Original Soundtrack Recording on two 24-karat gold CDs. It contains most of the music from the previous two releases, but with the following differences.

The following pieces were added for this release: The following pieces, previously released on More Music from the Original Soundtrack of the Film Amadeus, were not included:
 * Salieri's March of Welcome turned into "Non più andrai" from The Marriage of Figaro (includes dialogue from the film)
 * Adagio in C minor for Glass Harmonica, K. 617 (from a new 2001 recording)
 * Masonic Funeral Music, K. 477
 * Six German Dances (Nos. 1–3), K. 509

TV series
A TV series adaptation of the original Shaffer play starring Will Sharpe and Paul Bettany will air on Sky TV in late 2024.

title: Amadeus (film)


text:
Haji Ali Dargah

The Haji Ali Dargah is a mosque and dargah or the monument of Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari located on an islet off the coast of Worli in the southern Mumbai.

An exquisite example of Indo-Islamic Architecture, associated with legends about doomed lovers, the dargah contains the tomb of Haji Ali Shah Bukhari. Bukhari was a Sufi saint and a wealthy merchant from Uzbekistan. Near the heart of the city proper, the dargah is one of the most recognisable landmarks of Mumbai.

Background

The Haji Ali Dargah was constructed in 1431 in memory of a wealthy Muslim merchant, Sayyed Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari, who gave up all his worldly possessions before making a pilgrimage to Mecca. Hailing from Bukhara, in present-day Uzbekistan, Bukhari travelled around the world in the early to mid 15th century, and eventually settled in present-day Mumbai.

According to legends surrounding his life, once the saint saw a poor woman crying on the road, holding an empty vessel. He asked her what the problem was, she sobbed that her husband would thrash her as she stumbled and accidentally spilled the oil she was carrying. He asked her to take him to the spot where she spilt the oil. There, he jabbed a finger into the soil and the oil gushed out. The overjoyed woman filled up the vessel and went home.

Later, Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari had a recurring and disturbing dream that he had injured Earth by his act. Full of remorse and grief from that day he started keeping unwell. Then with the permission of his mother, he traveled to India with his brother and finally reached the shore of Mumbai – near Worli or at some place opposite the present tomb. His brother went back to their native place. Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari sent a letter with him to their mother informing her that he was keeping good health and that he had decided to reside at that place permanently for the spread of Islam and that she should forgive him. Until his death he kept spreading knowledge about Islam to the people and his devotees would regularly visit him. Before his death he advised his followers that they should not bury him at any proper place or graveyard and should drop his shroud ('kafan') in the ocean such that it should be buried by the people where it is found. His wish was obeyed by his followers. That is why the Dargah Sharief is built at the very site where his Shroud came to rest in the middle of the sea where it perched on a small mound of rocks rising above the sea. The Tomb and Dargah Sharief were built in the years to come.

On Thursdays and Fridays, the shrine is visited by an enormous number of pilgrims. Irrespective of faith and religion, people visit the dargah to get the blessings of the holy saint. Sometimes, especially on Fridays, various Sufi musicians perform a form of devotional music called Qawwali at the dargah.

Structure

The Dargah is built on a tiny islet located 500 meters from the coast, in the Haji Ali Bay, in the vicinity of Worli. The edifice is a brilliant specimen of the Indo-Islamic style of architecture. The islet is linked to the city precinct of Mahalakshmi by a narrow causeway, which is nearly a kilometre (0.62 mile) long.

The accessibility to the dargah is dependent on the tides. As the causeway is not bound by railings, when the causeway gets submerged during high tide it becomes inaccessible. Therefore, the dargah is accessible only during low tide. This walk on the causeway, with the sea on both sides, is one of the highlights of a trip to the shrine.

The whitewashed structure occupies an area of a marble courtyard contains the central shrine. The tomb within the mosque is covered by a brocaded red and green chaddar (tomb cover sheet). It is supported by an exquisite silver frame, supported by marble pillars. The main hall has marble pillars embellished with artistic mirror work: blue, green, yellow chips of glass arranged in kaleidoscopic patterns interspersed with Arabic patterns which spell the ninety-nine names of Allah. As per the Muslim traditions separate praying rooms for ladies and gents are provided here to pay their respects. During the high tide, the dargah seems completely isolated with no access.

Repair and renovation
The six-hundred-year-old dargah structure constantly erodes, due to saline winds and the impact of 80,000 visitors per week. While extensive renovations were carried out in 1960 and 1964, the most recent structural upgrade of the dargah started in October 2008. The dargah will be beautified with first and second quality white marble, which will be brought from Makrana, Rajasthan, the same place from where marble for the Taj Mahal was brought.

The repair and structural work is envisaged to take twenty-four months to be conducted in two phases. "Phase One" will involve reconstruction of the mosque and minarets, "Phase Two" will involve renovation of the sanitarium building. When the reconstruction work is complete, the holy shrine will have the feel of a taj right in Mumbai's brackish sea water.

Haji Ali for all movement
'Haji Ali for all' is a feminist movement launched by Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan and Bhumata Brigade to secure equal 'right to pray' even near sanctum sanctorum i.e. traditional patriarchal prohibited area. On 26 August 2016, the Bombay High Court ruled that women could enter the sanctum sanctorum. Women were allowed to enter the shrine on 29 November 2016, after a ban imposed on them in June 2012.

Popular culture

 * "Piya Haji Ali" song, from movie Fiza, was filmed in Haji Ali Dargah.
 * Mumbai Meri Jaan, a 2008 Indian film, set a scene here.
 * The climax of the super hit Hindi movie Coolie (1983) was shot in Haji Ali Dargah.
 * There are several references to the Haji Ali mosque in Shantaram, the 2003 novel by Gregory David Roberts.

title: Haji Ali Dargah


text:
Petrifying well

A petrifying well is a well or other body of water which gives objects a stone-like appearance. If an object is placed into such a well and left there for a period of months or years, the object acquires a stony exterior.

Nature
If an object is placed into such a well and left there for a period of weeks or months the object acquires a stony exterior. At one time this property was believed to be a result of magic or witchcraft, but it is an entirely natural phenomenon and due to a process of evaporation and deposition in waters with an unusually high mineral content.

This process of petrifying is not to be confused with petrification, wherein the constituent molecules of the original object are replaced (and not merely overlaid) with molecules of stone or mineral.

Examples
Notable examples of petrifying wells in England are the spring at Mother Shipton's Cave in Knaresborough and Matlock Bath, in Derbyshire. In Ireland, such wells were noted by John Rutty on Howth Head, among other locations.

title: Petrifying well


text:
User talk:Peedaa

TESTING

title: User talk:Peedaa


text:
Zadora coat of arms

Zadora (Płomień, Płomienie, Płomieńczyk) is a Polish coat of arms which was used by many szlachta families in the former territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
The earliest mentions of the coat of arms originate from the late 14th century, as well as origins in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the Union of Horodło in 1413.

Blazon
Within a blue field is the singular head of a silver lion facing left, with flames issued from its mouth. There is a silver helm, upon which a blue torse sits with blue and white mantling originating from it. Resting on the torse is a golden crown, crested with the similar head of the silver lion, with flames also issuing from its mouth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this Coat of Arms include:
 * Lanckoroński family
 * Zbigniew z Brzezia
 * Przecław Lanckoroński
 * Stanisław Lanckoroński
 * Mykolas Kęsgaila
 * Stanislovas Kęsgaila
 * Mykolas Kęsgaila
 * Stanislovas Kęsgaila

title: Zadora coat of arms


text:
User:Masterhomer/College Algebra

=Introduction= I am currently enrolled in College Algebra at Florida Atlantic University, and I am attempting to use Wikipedia to take notes and perhaps maybe others can improve my notes. I made this page because I want to help my fellow students pass what I believe is a ridiculously difficult class. This project has nothing to do with Wikipedia but will be mergred in some way or another. All content is under the licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License, and you are free to modify as you wish. In fact, it's quite beneficial to create rather then to absorb information if you are to learn anything.

What's this?
What is Wikipedia? Information on Wiki technology

College Algebra Notes
Polynomials Exponents_and_Radicals Inequalities Functions

Cheat Sheets
''Note: "Cheat Sheet" is a urban term for a simplifcation. I do not condone cheating.'' College Algebra Exam 3

Wikipedia Resources
Mathematics Portal

title: User:Masterhomer/College Algebra


text:
David Pringle

David Pringle (born 1 March 1950) is a Scottish science fiction editor and critic.

Pringle served as the editor of Foundation, an academic journal, from 1980 to 1986, during which time he became one of the prime movers of the collective which founded Interzone in 1982. By 1988, he was the sole publisher and editor of Interzone, a position he retained until he sold the magazine to Andy Cox in 2004. For $2 1/2$ years, from 1991 to 1993, he also edited and published a magazine entitled Million: The Magazine About Popular Fiction.

Interzone was nominated several times for the Hugo award for best semiprozine, winning in 1995. In 2005, the Worldcon committee gave Pringle a Special Award for his work on Interzone.

Pringle is a scholar of J. G. Ballard. He wrote the first short monograph on Ballard, Earth is the Alien Planet: J. G. Ballard's Four-Dimensional Nightmare (Borgo Press, 1979) and compiled J. G. Ballard: A Primary and Secondary Bibliography (G. K. Hall, 1984). He also published a newsletter, first titled News From The Sun then JGB News, from 1981 until 1996.

He worked as a series editor for Games Workshop, in 1988–1991, commissioning shared world novels and short stories based on their Warhammer and Dark Future games.

Pringle has written several guides to science fiction, including Science Fiction: The 100 Best Novels, The Ultimate Guide to Science Fiction, and Modern Fantasy: The 100 Best Novels. His books are less American-oriented and more British-oriented than many similar works. He has also edited two large reference books, St James Guide to Fantasy Writers and St James Guide to Horror, Ghost and Gothic Writers; plus a number of anthologies and illustrated coffee-table books about genre writing.

title: David Pringle


text:
Trzaska coat of arms

Trzaska is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
During a battle around the turn of the eleventh century, enemy forces rushed towards King Boleslaw I The Brave of Poland. One of the King's knights rushed to the aid of the king, but as he struck the enemy his sword broke near hilt. The King gave the knight his sword, with which the knight fought off the enemy, but near the end of the fight, that sword too broke near the hilt. After the battle, the knight returned the sword to King Boleslaw. For his courage, the knight received a shield from the King exhibiting two broken swords and a crescent moon.

The house name Trzaska (root word Polish: "trzaskać". Trzaska literally means, he who hits hard or slams. The name was given to the knight after the king noticed the powerful blows that broke both the knight's swords and the enemies shields.

The King also gave the knight a monastery in Lublin, where members of the knight's house ruled the abbots for three generations. The monastery to this day uses the Trzaska shields as its seal. The alternate names for Trzaska (Lubiewa and Lubiewo) are derived from the name of Lublin, a city in Lesser Poland.

Blazon
"Azure, two swords Argent in pale hilted and pommeled Or, conjoined at the blade's midpoint and debruised of a crescent at a fess point, also Or. For a crest, a panache of peacock plumes, all proper, charged with the arms of the shield." There is a new moon, as it were, not full, with both ends upward, yellow in a blue field, and two chipped sword pommels with crosses and hilts, of which one is in the middle of the moon, and the other beneath it. On a helmet above a crown is a peacock's tail, with the same moon and pommels.

Note: That is how Paprocki described it in his Gniazdo cnoty (Nest of Virtue), pages 45 and 1187, and in O herbach (Of Clan Shields), page 265; also Okolski in vol.3, page 240, and in Klejnoty (Crests), page 87.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
 * Agenor Gołuchowski (father)
 * Agenor Maria Gołuchowski

title: Trzaska coat of arms


text:
Kosmos 133

Kosmos 133 (Космос 133, meaning "Kosmos 133"), Soyuz 7K-OK No.2, was the first uncrewed test flight of the Soyuz spacecraft, and first mission of the Soyuz programme, as part of the Soviet space programme.

Launch
Launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome aboard the maiden flight of the Soyuz 11A511 s/n U15000-02 launch vehicle. Kosmos 133 was planned "all up" test, to include an automated docking with a second Soyuz spacecraft (Soyuz 7K-OK No.1), which was scheduled for launch the day after Kosmos 133.

Mission
Kosmos 133 was operated in a low Earth orbit, on 28 November 1966, it had a perigee of 171.0 km, an apogee of 223.0 km, an inclination of 51.9°, and an orbital period of 88.4 minutes.

Return
Problems found during ground testing of the second spacecraft resulted in its launch being delayed, and it was destroyed when its launch vehicle exploded on its launch pad following a scrubbed launch attempt in December 1966. Before this, the attitude control system (ACS) of Kosmos 133 malfunctioned, resulting in rapid consumption of orientation fuel, leaving it spinning at 2 rpm. After large efforts by ground control and 5 attempts at retrofire over two days, the craft was finally coming down for a landing. Due to the inaccuracy of the reentry burn, it was determined that the capsule would land in China. The self-destruct command was given and the satellite exploded 30 November 1966 at 10:21 GMT.

The fireball passed over west Japan and was recorded by photos and a sketch. Kōichirō Tomita identified that it was the Kosmos 133 spacecraft (30 November 1966).

title: Kosmos 133


text:
List of Ford transmissions

List of automatic, dual clutch automatic, and manual transmissions and transaxles used in vehicles manufactured by Ford Motor Company.

Automatic

 * 1950–1965 Ford-O-Matic
 * 1958–1979 Cruise-O-Matic
 * MX/FX
 * 1968–1981 FMX—A hybrid of the FX and MX
 * 1964–1981 C4
 * Most small block V8 powered cars of the 1960s and 1970s in the North American market
 * 1966–1996 C6
 * Most big-block V8 powered cars/trucks of the 1960s and 1970s in the North American market, All Fseries trucks without O/D, 80 thru 96 (97 For F250HD, F350, and F-Superduty models)
 * 1974–1989 C3—Light-duty, smaller than the C4
 * 1982–1986 C5—Improved C4, with a lock-up converter
 * 1985–1994 A4LD—C3 with overdrive
 * 1989–1998 E4OD—C6 with overdrive
 * 1999–2004 4R100—Replaces the E4OD transmission
 * 1995–2001 4R44E—Electronically controlled A4LD, light-duty
 * 1995–1997 4R55E—Electronically controlled A4LD, heavy-duty
 * 1997–Current 5R44/5R55 Series—5-speed 5R44E/5R55E/N/S/W based on the 4R44E/4R55E, Bordeaux Automatic Transmission Plant / Sharonville Ohio transmission plant
 * Lincoln LS and Ford Thunderbird
 * Ford Falcon (Australia)
 * 2005–2010 Ford Mustang V6, GT
 * 1980–1993 AOD—Ford's first 4-speed automatic transmission, based on the FMX but with a torque-splitting feature.
 * 1992–  AOD-E—Electronic AOD
 * 1993–2008  4R70W—Strengthened AOD-E with lower 1st and 2nd gear ratios
 * Application vary by year
 * Ford F-Series
 * Ford Crown Victoria
 * Mercury Grand Marquis
 * Lincoln Town Car
 * Ford Mustang
 * Ford Expedition
 * Ford E-Series
 * 2003–2008  4R75E & 4R75W
 * Applications vary by year
 * 4.2L, 4.6L, & 5.4L (2v & 3v)
 * F150
 * Ford E-Series Van
 * Ford Expedition
 * Ford Panther platform
 * Ford Crown Victoria
 * Mercury Grand Marquis
 * Lincoln Town Car
 * Ford Mustang (GT and Mach 1)
 * Mercury Marauder
 * Ford Police Interceptor
 * AXOD family—Van Dyke Transmission
 * 1986–1991 AXOD—4-speed transaxle
 * Ford Taurus, Lincoln Continental, Mercury Sable
 * 1991–1993 AXOD-E—4-speed electronic transaxle
 * Ford Taurus, Lincoln Continental, Mercury Sable
 * 1994–2003 AX4S—4-speed electronic transaxle
 * Ford Taurus, Ford Windstar, Lincoln Continental, Mercury Sable
 * 1995–2007 AX4N/4F50N—4-speed electronic transaxle
 * Ford Freestar, Ford Taurus, Ford Windstar, Lincoln Continental, Mercury Monterey, Mercury Sable
 * 1980–1994 FLC—3-speed hydraulic transaxle
 * Ford Escort, Ford Tempo, Mercury Topaz, Ford Taurus, Mercury Sable, and Ford EXP
 * 1989–1997 4EAT-G—4-speed Mazda design transaxle
 * Ford Probe
 * 1990–2003 F-4EAT—4-speed electronic transaxle—Mazda transaxle
 * Ford Escort, Mercury Tracer
 * 2000-2013 4F27E—Strengthened 4-speed F-4EAT
 * Ford Focus, Ford Transit Connect
 * 1994–2007 CD4E—4-speed transaxle, Batavia Transmission—Replaces the 4EAT-G transaxle
 * Ford Contour, Ford Escape, Ford Mondeo, Ford Probe, Mercury Cougar, Mercury Mariner, Mercury Mystique, Mazda Tribute, Mazda 626.
 * 2003.5–2010 5R110W – 5-speed automatic with Tow/Haul mode – Replaces 4R100 in Super Duty trucks
 * Ford Super Duty
 * 2011–present 6R140 - 6-speed automatic with Tow/Haul mode - Replaces 5R110W in Super Duty trucks.
 * Ford Super Duty
 * 2020–present 10R140 - 10-speed automatic with Tow/Haul Mode - Replaces the 6R140 in Super Duty trucks.
 * Ford Super Duty
 * 2005–present Aisin AWF-21 6-speed
 * Lincoln MKZ (2006–2010), Ford Fusion AWD (2007–2009), Land Rover LR2
 * 2005–2007 ZF-Batavia CFT30—Continuously variable transaxle (CVT)
 * Ford Freestyle, Ford Five Hundred, Mercury Montego
 * 2005–2016 6R60 ZF 6-speed transmission
 * Ford Falcon (BF, FG)
 * Ford Territory (AWD)
 * 2006-2009 Ford FNR5 transmission - A 5 speed automatic from Mazda, uses Ford FNR5 fluid
 * Ford Fusion, Mercury Milan
 * 2006–2007 6R60 6-speed transmission
 * Ford Explorer, Mercury Mountaineer
 * 2007–present 6R80 6-speed transmission
 * Ford Expedition, Lincoln Navigator, Ford F-Series, 2011 Ford Mustang (V6 & GT), 2011 Ford Territory, 2011 Ford Ranger (Note: Global excluding USA)
 * 2007–present 6F50—6-speed transaxle, Van Dyke Transmission
 * Ford Edge, Ford Explorer, Lincoln MKX, Lincoln MKS, Ford Taurus, Ford Flex, Lincoln MKT, Lincoln MKZ (2010–Present)
 * 2009–present 6F35—6-speed transaxle, Van Dyke Transmission
 * Ford Escape, Ford Fusion, Ford Focus, Ford C-Max, Ford Kuga (in the Focus, C-Max and Kuga it is used with the 1.5 L4 Ecoboost. Also used with the ford escape in 2.0 L4 GTDI variant, and rated for vehicles up to 3.0L)
 * 2009–present 6F55—6-speed transaxle (designed for use with the 3.5L Ecoboost V6)
 * Lincoln MKS, Ford Flex, Ford Taurus SHO, Lincoln MKT, Ford Explorer Sport (2013–present), Ford Police Interceptor Utility
 * 2013–present HF35 Hybrid and Plug in Hybrid transaxle.
 * Ford Fusion HEV, Ford Fusion Energi PHEV, Ford C-Max HEV, Ford C-Max Energi PHEV, Lincoln MKZ Hybrid.
 * 2017–present 10R80 longitudinal Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission
 * 2017 Ford F-150 (including Ford Raptor), Ford Expedition, Ford Mustang
 * 2017–present 6F15—6-speed transaxle (designed for use with the 1.0 EcoBoost to replace the DPS6 Powershift transmission)
 * Ford EcoSport, Ford Focus, Ford C-Max
 * 2017–present 8F35 8-speed transverse transmission (1.5 EcoBlue, 2.0 Duratorq, 2.0 EcoBoost)
 * Ford Edge, Ford Escape (2020), Ford Focus, Ford Maverick (2.0 EcoBoost), Ford S-MAX, Ford Taurus
 * 2017–present 8F40 8-speed transverse transmission (2.0 EcoBlue)
 * Ford Edge, Ford Focus, Ford S-MAX, Ford Galaxy, Ford Mondeo, Ford Kuga
 * 2018–present 8F24 8-speed transverse transmission (1.0 and 1.5 EcoBoost)
 * Ford Focus
 * 2018–present 8F57 8-speed transverse transmission for higher torque (2.7 V6 EcoBoost)
 * Ford Edge ST, Ford Explorer, Ford Fusion, Ford Taurus
 * 2020–present 8F SelectShift® 8-speed transverse transmission (2.0 and 2.3 EcoBoost)
 * Lincoln Corsair,
 * Lincoln Zephyr (China)
 * 2021–present HF45 Hybrid and Plug in Hybrid transaxle.
 * Ford Escape/Kuga FHEV / PHEV, Ford Maverick HEV, Lincoln Corsair.

Dual-clutch automatics
These are dual-clutch transmissions.

 * 2008–present 6DCT150 Ford Powershift 6-speed wet clutch
 * Ford Fiesta
 * 2008–present 6DCT250 Ford Powershift (DPS6) 6-speed dry clutch
 * Ford EcoSport, Ford Fiesta, Ford Focus.
 * The 2012-2016 DPS6 Powershift transmission was used in the 2012–2016 Ford Focus and 2011–2016 Ford Fiesta sedans. This transmission is the subject of a massive number of lawsuits alleging Ford lied in order to sell cars Ford knew had defective transmissions.
 * 2008–present 6DCT450 Ford Powershift (MPS6) 6-speed wet clutch
 * Ford Focus, Ford Mondeo, Ford Kuga, Ford Galaxy, Ford Fiesta, Ford C-Max, Ford S-Max
 * Getrag Transmissions
 * 2020 7DCT300
 * Ford Puma
 * Ford Fiesta
 * 2017–present 7DCL750 Getrag - 7-speed
 * Ford GT (2nd gen. V6)
 * Tremec Transmissions
 * 2020–present Tremec TR-9070 7-speed
 * Shelby GT500

Manual

 * Ford Design 3-speed OD Transmission w. Hurst Shifter.jpg-1967 Ford/Mercury HED 3-speed transmission (non-syncro first gear)
 * 1968- Ford Type E (aka Built or 2000e) 4-speed transmission Came in Anglia 105E, Cortina MkI, Lotus Cortina MkI, Cortina MkII to up to '68, Consul Classic, Consul Capri, Corsair, Escort TC, Mexico Mk1 and RS1600 MkI.
 * 1976–1985 BC or BC4
 * 1982–1995 BC5
 * 1995–present IB5
 * MT75
 * Ford Sierra, Ford Granada, Ford Escort Cosworth, Ford Scorpio, Ford Transit
 * 1981–1994 MTX-III
 * 1989–1995 MTX-IV
 * MTX-75, "Cologne" transmission
 * Ford Contour, Ford Escort, Ford Focus, Ford Mondeo, Jaguar X-Type, Mercury Cougar
 * Toploader
 * RUG SROD (Single Rail Over drive) 3-Speed+OD 83-86 F-150 78-84 Fairmont/Granada (SBF only)
 * Type 9 (or Type N, T-9)
 * Ford Capri 1.6, 2.0 1983 onwards, Capri 2.8 1982 onwards, Ford Sierra 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, Sierra XR4i, Sierra XR4x4 2.8, Merkur XR4Ti
 * New Process 435 heavy duty 4 speed  transmission
 * Clark / Tremec 4 speed OD  and SROD
 * Tremec or Borg-Warner transmissions
 * Borg-Warner T-18/T-19 transmissions - circa 1966–1991 Ford F-Series
 * Borg-Warner T-10 transmission – 1957–1965
 * Borg-Warner T-5 transmission – Ford Sierra; 1983–1995 Ford Mustang; 2005–2009 Mustang V6
 * Tremec T-170/T-175/T176/T177 1984-1990+? F-series
 * Tremec T-45 transmission – 1996–1999 Mustang Cobra, 1996–2000 Mustang GT
 * Tremec T-56 transmission – 2000 Cobra R and 2003–2004 Mustang Cobra, Ford Falcon (BF) I6T and 5.4l V8 BF MK1 - BF MK11
 * Tremec TR-3160 transmission – Mustang GT350, Mustang Mach 1, 2024– Mustang Dark Horse
 * Tremec TR-3650 transmission – 2001–2010 Mustang GT; 2003–2004 Mustang Mach 1
 * Tremec TR-6060 transmission – 2007–2014 Ford Shelby GT500, Ford Falcon (FG) I6T, 5.4L and 5.0L supercharged V8
 * Getrag transmissions
 * Getrag MT-285 6-Speed Manual - 2002-2004 Focus SVT
 * Getrag MT-82 - 2011–present Mustang GT
 * Getrag MMT6 - 2013–2018 Focus ST, 2003-2012 Focus ST220 (non-US), 2017–2018 Focus RS, Volvo C30, C70, S40, S60, S80, V50, V60, V70, Ford Transit (front-wheel drive, non-US), Ford Mondeo, Ford S-Max
 * Getrag iB6 - Ford Fiesta, Ford Fusion with 1.6L EcoBoost, Ford Focus with 1.0L EcoBoost, and numerous non-US market models including S-Max, Mondeo, Focus ST (petrol and diesel),
 * Getrag MT1550 - 2021-present Bronco (2.3L only)
 * Mazda M5OD transmissions
 * M5OD-R1 – Ford Ranger, Bronco II, Explorer, Aerostar.
 * M5OD-R1HD – Ford Ranger (4.0L V6 only)
 * M5OD-R2 – Thunderbird Super Coupe, Ford F-150, Bronco (except with 351 cuin V8)
 * Toyo Kogyo (Early Mazda)
 * TK 4 4 speed manual (No Overdrive) (Ranger, Bronco II 83-85, Aerostar 85)
 * TK 5 5 speed manual (With overdrive) (Ranger, Bronco II 85-87, Aerostar 85-87)

 * Mitsubishi FM145/FM146 5 speed (overdrive) (Ranger/Bronco II 86-92 with 2.0L, 2.3L, and 2.9L engines only)

 * ZF Transmissions
 * S5-42- Late 80’s and early 90’s F-250+
 * S5-47- Mid 90’s to 2000 F-250+
 * ZF 5 DS-25-2- Pantera, GT40
 * S6-650- 2000-2003 F250+
 * S6-750-  2003-2006 F250+

title: List of Ford transmissions


text:
Rudolf Benesh

Rudolf Benesh (16 January 1916 – 3 May 1975) was a British mathematician who created the Benesh Movement Notation for dancing.

Biography
Rudolf Benesh was son of a Czech father and an Anglo-Italian mother. He worked as a mathematician while his wife Joan was a dancer in Sadler's Wells ballet in the late 1940s. She was having difficulty with her attempts to write and then decipher dance steps. He then devised a dance notation system while at work in the office. He wrote some lines to represent a movement of someone at a desk, then asked someone else to decipher them. The system evolved in the period 1947 to 1955. Dame Ninette de Valois announced that the Royal Opera House would be using the Benesh Movement Notation. In the following year, Rudolf and Joan wrote An Introduction to Benesh Dance Notation.

In 1957 the first dance notated with the system was Stravinsky's Petroushka. Faith Worth was the first professional Benesh notator. In 1962 the Benesh Institute of Choreology was established. In 1968 some dances of the Australian Aboriginal dancers of Northern Territory were notated by a group of anthropology students. Joan and Rudolf also wrote Reading Dance: The Birth of Choreology. The Royal Academy of Dance, in conjunction with the University of Surrey, produced software in the 1990s for inputting the notation and printing it out.

title: Rudolf Benesh


text:
Category:Exotica

Exotica is a musical genre, named for the 1957 Martin Denny record album of the same title, popular during the late 1950s to mid-1960s, typically with the middle-aged suburban set who came of age during World War II. The musical colloquialism exotica means very precisely tropical ersatz: the non-native, pseudo-experience of Oceania (Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Southeast Asia).

title: Category:Exotica


text:
Mahalakshmi Temple, Mumbai

Mahalaxmi Temple is a Hindu temple, dedicated to Mahalakshmi the central deity of Devi Mahatmyam, located in Mumbai, India. It is one of the most famous temples of the city of Mumbai. The temple was built in 1831 by Dhakji Dadaji (1760–1846), a Hindu merchant. The Mahalaxmi temple contains images of the Tridevi goddesses Mahakali, Mahalakshmi, and Mahasaraswati.

title: Mahalakshmi Temple, Mumbai


text:
Topór coat of arms

Topór (Polish for "axe") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta (noble) families in medieval Poland and under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
The topór coat of arms is one of the oldest szlachta armorial bearings, found on a wax seal dated to 1282. Before the Union of Horodło in 1413, it's believed approximately 220 Polish szlachta families in and around Kraków, Lublin and Sandomierz used these arms.

Under the Union of Horodło the coat of arms was represented by Maciej z Wąsosza, the Voivod of Kraków, and by Jan Butrym, a Lithuanian boyar. After the Union of Horodło the topór coat of arms was transported to Lithuania and adopted by Jan Butrym. Due to its antiquity it was sometimes referred to as Starża, an Old-Polish word meaning "old age".

Blazon
Gules an axe proper. For a crest, issuant from a ducal coronet an axe proper in bend.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:
 * House of Bogdanowicz
 * Jan Jerzy Grabowski
 * House of Matuszewski: Szymon Piotr Stefan Matuszewski
 * Joey Największy z Gueltjakia
 * Cyprian Norwid
 * House Okulicz
 * House of Ossoliński: Jerzy Ossoliński, Franciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński, Anna Teresa Ossolińska, Józef Kajetan Ossoliński, Jan Zbigniew Ossoliński, Krzysztof Ossoliński
 * House of Starza Szolayski: Adam Prince Starza Szolayski, Wanda Princess Starza Szolayska, Gerda Starza Szolayska
 * House of Tarło, Teofilia Tarło, Zygmunt Tarło, Jan Tarło, Andrzej Tarło, Pawel Tarło, Jadwiga Tarło, Stanisław Tarło, Jan Karol Tarło, Barbara Tarło
 * House of Tęczyński: Zbigniew Tęczyński, Jan Magnus Tęczyński
 * Eustachy Trepka
 * Józef Zabiełło
 * House of Zemło

title: Topór coat of arms


text:
Talk:Petrifying well

Untitled
Knaresborough, prophecy, England are links to be worked into this entry, which lacks context and a certain minimal breadth of vision. The mineral is calcium carbonate or is it not? Wetman 18:44, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Gallery removal and image change
The article gallery was removed, and the lead photo changed without discussion. IMO, the "teddy bear" image is completely unreadable (and I am a visual person). While it is shot at an interesting angle, it's really hard to tell what it is until one deciphers the single recognizable teddy bear. The gallery was really helpful in understanding the phenomenon of petrifying well, and removal of it was a net loss for reader comprehension. I suggest that the gallery is restored and the lead image is exchanged for a better one. Courtesy ping for discussion. Netherzone (talk) 18:56, 25 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks, and hello. The article didn't have a lead image, I think a photo that illustrates the "petrification" effect is probably the best thing to open with? I had to look around on Flickr to find something. The picture shows about a dozen teddy bears all hanging from strings, so maybe improving the caption would help.
 * The gallery images of the waterfall itself all seemed fairly similar to me, which WP:GALLERY discourages, with the exception of File:Petrifying Well top 05.jpg which is also hard to read, particularly the scale of it. I thought I'd kept the most useful one, in that it's a fairly wide shot where the petrified objects are still visible. --Lord Belbury (talk) 19:04, 25 May 2021 (UTC)
 * , Hi, and thank you for the quick response. I too will look for a better detail image, what I found on Flickr did not seem to have the type of license that the Flickr-to-Commons tool accepts. Will continue to look. There is this image that could be cropped to show petrified objects Petrifying Well 02.jpg  The focus is a little soft, but it might work if there isn't a free-use image on Flickr. I could do the cropping if you are agreeable to it.
 * Re: the gallery, keeping the wide-shot was a good choice to retain. The other images we can do without, meaning we would have one detail and one wide-shot. Sound good? Netherzone (talk) 19:51, 25 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Re: the gallery, keeping the wide-shot was a good choice to retain. The other images we can do without, meaning we would have one detail and one wide-shot. Sound good? Netherzone (talk) 19:51, 25 May 2021 (UTC)

 * The Flickr search you want is something like https://www.flickr.com/search/?license=4%2C5%2C9%2C10&text=%22petrifying%20well%22, which has "Commercial use & mods allowed". There's not a lot there, that I can see: I did also find File:Petrified Stone Bike (14989268726).jpg which is a clear and in-focus shot of a "petrified" bicycle, and possibly better than the unfocused crop you suggest? --Lord Belbury (talk) 12:38, 26 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Petrifying well


text:
Talk:Dam Palace

The final article will be based on the Dutch (Wikipedia) original below. (Feel free to help translate, providing you can read Dutch of course)

Bouw en stadhuistijd
Architects suggested several designs to replace the dilapidated Gothic town hall. De Vrede van Münster in 1648 bracht zo'n euforie met zich mee dat het meest ambitieuze plan werd uitgevoerd. The building was executed on a scale never seen before in Europe. It became the largest bestuurlijke building of Europe of its time. Het gebouw rust op 13.659 palen. Het "achtste wereldwonder" werd de parel in de kroon van Amsterdam. Het gebouw moest de rijkdom en het aanzien van de stad Amsterdam weerspiegelen. Het gebouw werd geheel opgetrokken uit Bentheimer zandsteen (oorspronkelijk zeer licht gekleurd) en met name in het interieur veel marmer. Jacob van Campen liet zich inspireren door de Romeinse bestuurlijke paleizen. Voor de burgemeesters van Amsterdam, die zich de consuls van een nieuw Rome waanden, werd een nieuw Capitool gebouwd. Het stadhuis van Jacob van Campen is Nederlands belangrijkste historische en culturele monument van de Gouden Eeuw.

De ontwerper van het stadhuis was Jacob van Campen, maar de technische uitvoering werd verzorgd door stadsbouwmeester Daniël Stalpaert. Jacob van Campen kwam in 1654 in conflict met het stadsbestuur, waarna Daniël Stalpaert de volledige leiding kreeg. Het beeldhouwwerk werd gemaakt door Artus Quellijn en zijn medewerkers. In 1655 werd het stadhuis feestelijk ingehuldigd, maar was toen nog niet voltooid: pas in 1665 was het gebouw gereed, terwijl aan de inrichting van de vertrekken tot aan het begin van de 18de eeuw werd gewerkt.

Van stadhuis tot paleis
The building was used as a town hall till 1808. After that, king Lodewijk Napoleonturned it into his palace. De galerijen werden door houten wanden in vertrekken verdeeld. Aan de voorzijde werd een balkon aangebracht. Uit deze periode stammen ook de fraaie Empire meubelen die in het paleis zijn te zien. In de 20e eeuw werd het gebouw meerdere malen gerestaureerd, waarbij de verbouwingen van Lodewijk Napoleon ongedaan werden gemaakt. Het gebouw werd in zijn oorspronkelijke staat teruggebracht. Na de restauratie in 1960 werd het gebouw beperkt opengesteld voor het publiek.

Afbeelding:damkoepel.jpg

Stijl en vorm
Het paleis is een monumentaal gebouw, sober van versiering, maar helder van opzet, in de stijl van het Hollands classicisme van Jacob van Campen. Het beeldhouwwerk mocht nergens de aandacht afleiden van het grootse geheel.

De compositie van de gevel is harmonieus en voldoet aan de ideale klassieke verhoudingen. De zware sokkel draagt twee pilasterorden die beide een hoog en een laag venster beslaan, overeenkomend met een hele en een halve verdieping erachter. In navolging van Vincenzo Scamozzi is een Corinthische orde boven een Composiete geplaatst. De middenpartij met het fronton komt iets naar voren, evenals de hoekpaviljoens.

De heldere structuur van het gebouw is zo overheersend dat het fraaie beeldhouwwerk nauwelijks opvalt. We zien de festoenen op grachtenhuizen overal in de stad nagevolgd. Het meest indrukwekkend zijn de timpanen met beeldhouwwerk in marmer en de bronzen beelden op de frontons.

De koepel wordt bekroond door een windwijzer in de vorm van een koggeschip, het oude symbool van de stad Amsterdam. Volgens het oorspronkelijke plan zou de koepel bekroond worden door acht beelden: de acht windrichtingen. Dit plan is niet uitgevoerd.

Boven de middenpartij rijst een hoge koepel op, van waaruit men de aankomst van de schepen op het IJ kon zien. Opvallend is het ontbreken van een monumentale ingangspartij. De zeven onversierde bogen op straatniveau (zonder stoep) was letterlijk een lage drempel, om duidelijk te maken dat het stadhuis van iedereen was.

''This page is based on an article on the website of the Amsterdam buro of Monuments and archaeology. Bureau Monumenten & Archeologie.

title: Talk:Dam Palace


text:
J. Francis McComas

Jesse Francis McComas (June 9, 1911 – April 19, 1978) was an American science fiction editor. McComas wrote several stories on his own in the 1950s using both his own name and the pseudonym Webb Marlowe.

He entered publishing in 1941 as a salesman and editorial representative, spending two years in New York with Random House. He returned to California in 1944, working as the Pacific Coast editorial representative for Henry Holt and Company. For Simon & Schuster he became their Northern California sales manager and general editorial representative.

McComas was the co-editor, with Raymond J. Healy, of one of the first major American anthologies of science fiction, Adventures in Time and Space (1946). Within a few years, he was the co-founding editor, with Anthony Boucher, of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction. He edited the magazine from its inception in 1949 as The Magazine of Fantasy. In the fall of 1954 he left the magazine as an active editor but continued in the role of advisory editor until 1962.

During the 1950s, McComas reviewed science fiction for The New York Times.

He left to the San Francisco Public Library his collection of 3,000 volumes of fiction and 92 science fiction magazines dating from the 1920s.

title: J. Francis McComas


text:
Southend Central railway station

Southend Central railway station is on the London, Tilbury and Southend line and is one of two primary stations serving the city of Southend-on-Sea, Essex. The city's other main station is called Southend Victoria which is the terminus of a branch line off the Great Eastern Main Line. Southend Central is 35 mi down the line from London Fenchurch Street via Basildon and it is situated between Westcliff and Southend East stations. Its three-letter station code is SOC.

It was opened in 1856 by the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway and was the eastern terminus of the line until 1888, after which the line was later extended to Shoeburyness. The station and all trains serving it are currently operated by c2c.

Description
Southend Central has four platforms:
 * Platform 1 is a bay platform; trains may terminate at this formerly disused platform if platform 4 is not available for use or when engineering works are taking place between Southend Central and Shoeburyness; it has an operational length for 12-coach trains.
 * Platform 2 is typically for eastbound services to Shoeburyness; it has an operational length for 12-coach trains.
 * Platform 3 is typically for westbound services to London Fenchurch Street via Basildon; it has an operational length for 14-coach trains.
 * Platform 4 is a bay platform typically for westbound services to London Fenchurch Street via either Ockendon or Rainham; it has an operational length for 12-coach trains.

In 1922 there were two other bay platforms and carriage sidings to the south of platform 4 and a goods shed and goods sidings to the north of platform 1. The bay platforms (5 and 6) were extant in 1981 although the track had been lifted. The area was subsequently redeveloped as a car park.

Facilities at the station include a partially sheltered bicycle storage rack and a car park. The ticket office has two serving positions, one of which is fully accessible, and uses the Tribute ticket issuing system.

Following the successful refurbishment of Benfleet railway station, c2c implemented a similar project at Southend Central. The work cost £460,000 and was jointly funded by c2c and Southend Borough Council. It involved the complete refurbishment of the ticket office and toilets and the construction of a new forecourt on the north side of the station (leading to platform 2) opposite the University of Essex Southend campus, with new steps and handrails on both sides of the canopy, and a new glass roof and lighting over the bicycle parking area. It was completed in 2007 after around four weeks of work.

When the London Underground's District line operated a seasonal non-stop excursion train service between 1910 and 1939 through to the Southend area, Southend Central was the second station to be called at after departing Upminster.

There was formerly a through siding, provided with overhead line electrification, to the north of the down (Shoeburyness-bound) line between Southend Central and Southend East. This was still in use in 1969.

Services
As of the June 2024 timetable the typical Monday to Friday off-peak service is:
 * 4 tph (trains per hour) westbound to London Fenchurch Street via Basildon (2 tph all stations and 2 tph semi-fast)
 * 2 tph westbound to London Fenchurch Street via Tilbury Town and Ockendon
 * 4 tph eastbound to Shoeburyness.

title: Southend Central railway station


text:
Darwin machine

A Darwin machine (a 1987 coinage by William H. Calvin, by analogy to a Turing machine) is a machine that, like a Turing machine, involves an iteration process that yields a high-quality result, but, whereas a Turing machine uses logic, the Darwin machine uses rounds of variation, selection, and inheritance. In its original connotation, a Darwin machine is any process that bootstraps quality by using all of the six essential features of a Darwinian process: A pattern is copied with variations, where populations of one variant pattern compete with another population, their relative success biased by a multifaceted environment (natural selection) so that winners predominate in producing the further variants of the next generation (Darwin's inheritance principle).

More loosely, a Darwin machine is a process that uses some subset of the Darwinian essentials, typically natural selection to create a non-reproducing pattern, as in neural Darwinism. Many aspects of neural development use overgrowth followed by pruning to a pattern, but the resulting pattern does not itself create further copies.

Darwin machine has been used multiple times to name computer programs after Charles Darwin.

References and external links

 * William H. Calvin (1987), "The brain as a Darwin Machine", Nature 330:33-34.
 * William H. Calvin (1997) "The Six Essentials? Minimal Requirements for the Darwinian Bootstrapping of Quality," Journal of Memetics 1:1.
 * George B. Dyson (1998), Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence (Perseus 1997)(1998) ISBN 0-7382-0030-1.
 * J. M. Manier (1996), Reason and Instinct (Robert Wright's The Moral Animal and Henry Plotkin's Darwin, Machines and the Nature of Knowledge). THEORY AND PSYCHOLOGY. 6 (2): 347–348. ISSN 0959-3543
 * Henry Plotkin (1994), Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge (Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-19280-X
 * Henry Plotkin & Nicholas S. Thompson (1995), Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge. Contemporary Psychology. 40 (12), 1179.
 * E. A. Smith (1995), Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge (Henry C. Plotkin). Politics and the Life Sciences : the Journal of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences. 14 (2), 296. ISSN 0730-9384

title: Darwin machine


text:
Hamilton Township, Warren County, Ohio

Hamilton Township is one of the eleven townships of Warren County, Ohio, United States. It is located in the south central portion of the county. The population was 30,587 at the 2020 census.

Geography
Located in the southern part of the county, it borders the following townships:
 * Union Township - north
 * Salem Township - northeast
 * Harlan Township - east
 * Goshen Township, Clermont County - southeast
 * Miami Township, Clermont County - southwest, south of Symmes Township
 * Symmes Township, Hamilton County - southwest, north of Miami Township
 * Deerfield Township - west

The village of Maineville is near the center of the township. Parts of the township have been annexed by South Lebanon in the north and Loveland in the south. The communities of Zoar, Cozaddale, Murdock, Hopkinsville, Dallasburg, and Fosters are located here.

History
Hamilton Township was one of the four original townships of Warren County, created on May 10, 1803. It is named for Alexander Hamilton, as are similar townships, in Franklin, Jackson, and Lawrence counties statewide.

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

Public services
Most of the township is in the Little Miami Local School District, but parts are in the Loveland City, Kings Local, and Goshen Local School Districts. The township is primarily served by the Little Miami and South Lebanon telephone exchanges, but parts lie in the Morrow and Butlerville exchanges. Mail is delivered through the Maineville, Loveland, Goshen, South Lebanon, and Morrow post offices.

Transportation
The major roads are US Route 22/Ohio 3, also known as the 3C Highway and originally known as the Cincinnati, Montgomery, and Hopkinsville pike. The Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad, which was absorbed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, ran through the southeast corner of the township, while the Little Miami Railroad followed the Little Miami River through the township. This is now the Little Miami Bike Trail.

title: Hamilton Township, Warren County, Ohio


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Srzeniawa coat of arms

Srzeniawa is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
 * House of Kmita
 * Piotr Kmita Sobieński
 * Mikołaj Kurowski – Catholic hierarch, Great Chancellor of the Crown of Poland, Primate of Poland
 * Wacław Potocki
 * Elżbieta Sieniawska
 * Stanisław Stadnicki
 * Wacław Potocki
 * House of Lubomirski (Srzeniwa without Cross)

Related coat of arms

 * Drużyna coat of arms

title: Srzeniawa coat of arms