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Wine and food pairing

Wine and food matching is the process of pairing food dishes with wine to enhance the dining experience. In many cultures, wine has had a long history of being a staple at the dinner table and in some ways both the winemaking and culinary traditions of a region will have evolved together over the years. Rather than following a set of rules, local cuisines were paired simply with local wines. The modern "art" of food pairings is a relatively recent phenomenon, fostering an industry of books and media with guidelines for pairings of particular foods and wine. In the restaurant industry, sommeliers are often present to make food pairing recommendations for the guest. The main concept behind pairings is that certain elements (such as texture and flavor) in both food and wine interact with each other, and thus finding the right combination of these elements will make the entire dining experience more enjoyable. However, taste and enjoyment are very subjective and what may be a "textbook perfect" pairing for one taster could be less enjoyable to another.

While there are many books, magazines and websites with detailed guidelines on how to pair food and wine, most food and wine experts believe that the most basic element of food and wine pairing is understanding the balance between the "weight" of the food and the weight (or body) of the wine. Heavy, robust wines like Cabernet Sauvignon can overwhelm a light, delicate dish like a quiche, while light-bodied wines like Pinot Grigio would be similarly overwhelmed by a hearty stew. Beyond weight, flavors and textures can either be contrasted or complemented. From there a food and wine pairing can also take into consideration the sugar, acid, alcohol and tannins of the wine and how they can be accentuated or minimized when paired with certain types of food.

History
Wine has had a long history of being served as an accompaniment to food. The early history of wine has it origins as another dietary staple and a beverage that was often more sanitary than the local drinking water supply. There is little evidence that much serious thought was given to pairing particular dishes to particular wines with most likely whatever wine was available being used. However, as culinary traditions in a region developed, so too did local winemaking tradition.

Many pairings that are considered "classics" today emerged from the centuries-old relationship between a region's cuisine and their wines. In Europe, lamb was a staple meat of the diet for many areas that today are leading wine regions. The red wines of regions such as Bordeaux, Greece, Rioja, Ribera del Duero, Rhone and Provence are considered classic pairings with the lamb dishes found in the local cuisines of those regions. In Italy, the intimate connection between food and wine is deeply embedded in the culture and is exemplified by the country's wine. Historically, Italians rarely dined without wine and a region's wine was crafted to be "food friendly", often with bright acidity. While some Italian wines may seem tannic, lean or tart by themselves they often will show a very different profile when paired with boldly flavored Italian foods.

There have been some historical anecdotes that have related to food and wine pairing before modern times. One anecdote often attributed to British wine merchants is "Buy on an apple and sell on cheese" meaning that if a wine tastes good when paired with a raw, uncooked apple it must be truly good and pairing any wine with cheese will make it more palatable to the average consumer and easier to sell. The principles behind this anecdote lies in the food pairing properties of both fruit and cheeses. Fruits that are high in sugar and acidity (such as the malic acid in green apples) can make wines taste metallic and thin bodied. In contrast, hard cheeses such as cheddar can soften the tannins in wines and make them taste fuller and fruitier.

Another historical anecdote, still repeated today, is "White wine with fish; Red wine with meat". The root of this adage rests on the principle of matching the body (weight) of the wine with the weight of the food. Meat was generally heavier and "red" in color so it was assumed that a red wine (which was usually heavier than white wine) paired better. Similarly fish was generally light and "white" in color so it was often paired with white wine. This adage has become outdated somewhat due to the variety of wine styles prevalent in modern winemaking where there are now many "heavy" white wines such as "New World" oaky Chardonnay that can have more body than lighter reds such as Pinot noir or Italian Merlots.

Another older idea was "to pair strong cheeses with strong wines," for example, asiago, a sharply flavored cheese, with Zinfandel, a dark red wine with fruit tones.

Modern history
In recent years, the popularity and interest in food and wine pairings have increased and taken on new connotations. Industries have sprung up with print publications and media dedicated to expounding on the principles and ideals of pairing the perfect wine with the perfect dish. In the restaurant industry, there is often a dedicated individual or staff of sommeliers who are trained to recommend wine pairings with the restaurant's fare. The origins of this recent phenomenon can be traced to the United States in the 1980s when the wine industry began to advertise wine-drinking as a component of dining rather than as just an alcoholic beverage meant for consumption and intoxication. Winemakers started to emphasize the kind of food dishes that their wines would go well with, some even printing pairing suggestions on back wine labels. Food magazines began to suggest particular wines with recipes and restaurants would offer multi-course dinners matched with a specific wine for each course.

Today there are multiple sources for detailed guidelines and tips on food and wine pairing. But many wine drinkers select wine pairings based on instinct, the mood of the meal or simply a desire to drink a particular wine at the moment they desire to eat a particular meal. The subjective nature of taste makes it possible to drink any kind of wine with any kind of food and have an enjoyable experience. Wine expert Mark Oldman has noted "Food and wine pairing can be like sex and pizza: even when it's bad, it can still be pretty good" and gives the example of wedding cake with a dry sparkling wine. A very dry wine with a very sweet food is, according to Oldman, "the equivalent of nails on a chalkboard" and is not a "good pairing" according to most guidelines but the atmosphere of the occasion and the subjective nature of taste can trump any rule or guideline. Today, many wine experts and advocates in the realm of food and wine pairing try to focus on the more objective physical aspects of food that have an effect on the palate, altering (or enhancing) the perception of various aspects of the wine.

Matching weight
In food and wine pairings, the most basic element considered is "weight"-the balance between the weight of the food (a heavy, red sauce pasta versus a more delicate salad) and the weight or "body" of the wine (a heavy Cabernet Sauvignon versus a more delicate Pinot grigio). In wine tasting, body is determined primarily by the alcohol level of the wine and can be influenced by the perceptions of tannins (from the grape skins or oak) and extract (the dissolved solids in the wine derived from winemaking processes like extended maceration and sur lie aging). An oaked Chardonnay from a warm wine region, such as Australia will be "heavier" in body than a stainless steel fermented Chardonnay from a cooler wine region such as Chablis. Pairing heavy wines with light dishes or vice versa, can result in one partner overwhelming the other. The "weight" of a food can also be described in terms of the intensity of its flavors – such as delicate and more subtle flavors versus dishes that have more robust and hearty flavors. A key to pairing upon this principle is to identify the dominant flavor of the dish. Sauces can be the dominant flavor instead of the meat or main component. While poached fish is usually light bodied and better served with a light white, if the fish is served with a heavy cream sauce it could be better balanced with a fuller bodied white wine or light red.

Weight is also especially important when considering the wine style to pair with one of the most classic wine pairing dishes: cheese. Cheeses come in a wide range of flavors and textures, and it is important to consider the qualities of each in order to choose the right wine to pair. Soft, rindless cheeses which have not been aged usually sport a delicate texture and mild, tangy flavor, which will go best with dry or even off-dry white wines, along with light-bodied red wines and rosés. For example, fresh mozzarella or burrata will pair well with Italian Pinot Grigio, while a fresh goat cheese will go nicely with Riesling from the Finger Lakes or Germany. Creamy cheeses with a bloomy rind, like Camembert or Brie, will go beautifully with a traditional method sparkling wine, like Champagne or Cava. The acidity of these wines cuts the richness of the cheese, while the yeasty autolytic aromas and medium body complement the creaminess of the latter. Semi-soft cheeses like Gruyere are best with full-bodied white wines with some oak age, like a Meursault or Viognier. And finally, hard cheeses with some age on them, like a nutty Parmesan or Cheddar tend to go with equally nuanced and nutty Sherry or a full-bodied and complex red wine, like a Bordeaux or Barolo.

Weights of wine
Below is a rough guideline of the various weights of wines. Winemaker and regional style as well as oak treatment can cause a wine to be lighter or heavier in body. For example, Pinot noir can vary from being very light to more medium bodied. Another example is the influence of regional climates. Warmer climate wine regions tend to produce wines with higher alcohol levels and thus more fuller bodied wines so that a Sauvignon blanc from California may have a heavier weight than a Sauvignon blanc from the Loire.

 * Lighter whites: Pinot gris, Pinot blanc, Riesling, Sauvignon blanc, Chablis, Champagne and sparkling wines, Gruner Veltliner, Vinho Verde
 * Medium to heavy whites: Oaked Sauvignon blanc, Alsatian wines, Albarino, White Bordeaux (Semillon), White Burgundy, Rhone whites (Viognier, Roussanne, Marsanne), Tămâioasă Românească and New World Chardonnay
 * Lighter reds: Beaujolais, Dolcetto, some Pinot noir
 * Medium reds: Chianti, Barbera, Burgundy, Chinon, Rioja, Cabernet franc, Merlot, Malbec, Zinfandel, some Pinot noir
 * Heavier reds: Syrah, Brunello di Montalcino, Cabernet Sauvignon, Port, Barbaresco and Barolo

Focus of the pairing
While a perfect balance where both food and wine are equally enhanced is theoretically possible, typically a pairing will have a more enhancing influence on one or the other. Master Sommelier Evan Goldstein notes that food and wine pairing is like two people having a conversation: "One must listen while the other speaks or the result is a muddle". This means either the food or the wine will be the dominant focus of the pairing, with the other serving as a complement to enhance the enjoyment of the first. In regards to weight and intensity, if the focus of the pairing is the wine then a more ideal balance will be a food that is slightly lighter in weight to where it will not compete for attention with the wine but not too light to where it is completely overwhelmed. If the focus of the pairing is to highlight a dish then the same thought would apply in pairing a wine.

Complement and contrast
After considering weight, pairing the flavors and texture can be dealt with using one of two main strategies — complement or contrast.

The first strategy tries to bring wine together with dishes that complement each other such as an earthy, Burgundian Pinot noir with an earthy, mushroom dish.

The second strategy operates under the truism that "opposites attract" and brings together food and wine that have contrasting traits such as a crisp, acidic Sauvignon blanc and a fish with a creamy lemon sauce. The crisp acidity of the wine serves as a contrast that can cut through the creaminess of the sauce and give a different, refreshing sensation for the palate as opposed to what a complementary pairing, such as a creamy, buttery Chardonnay, would bring. For most of history, the "complementary strategy" was the prevailing thought on food and wine pairing. In the 1980s, as more people started to discover and experiment with pairings, the idea of using contrast started to gain more favor. It follows the same idea that the "salty/sweet" pairing does in cooking (such as salty peanut butter with sweet jelly).

The same food may be complemented contrasted: a hard, nutty cheese such as Hirtenkase should have "a nutty, slightly sweet wine with it,"  a full bodied red wine.

Physical properties of wine
While it is often said that "taste is subjective", there are quantifiable taste characteristics (like bitter, sweet, salty or sour) that can be perceived and measured as low, moderate or high — such as measuring the sweetness of honey or the saltiness of oysters. Flavors, such as butterscotch, char and strawberry, are more personal and can not be quantifiable. Flavors are either perceived to be present or not. The perception of flavors is linked to our sense of smell, while tastes come from the sensory glands of the taste buds. Though individual sensitivity to the different taste "senses" can vary, wine experts will often recommend pairings based on these more objective measurements rather than the more subjective concept of "flavors". In wine there are three basic tastes-bitter, sweet and sour. These three tastes can each be identified with a primary component of the wine-tannins (bitter), residual sugar (sweet) and acidity (sour). A fourth component, alcohol, is identified in wine tasting with a perception of "heat" or hotness in the back of the mouth and is the primary factor influencing the body of the wine. The residual heat of the alcohol can be considered in food pairing with some ingredients minimizing the heat of the wine while some will accentuate it.

Acidity
Acidity is a dominant player in any food and wine pairing due to the pronounced and complex ways that it can heighten the perception of flavors. In wine tasting, acidity is perceived by a mouth watering response by the salivary glands. This mouth watering can also serve to stimulate the appetite. In wine there are three main acids that have their own associated flavors – malic (green apples), lactic (milky) and tartaric (bitter). In dishes that are fatty, oily, rich or salty, acidity in wine can "cut" (or standout and contrast) through the heaviness and be a refreshing change of pace on the palate. In cooking, acidity is often used in similar fashions such as a lemon wedges with a briny seafood dish such as oysters. The acidity of the lemon juices can make the oysters seem less briny. A wine that is less tart than the dish it is served with will taste thin and weak. A wine that comes across as "too tart" on its own may seem softer when paired with an acidic and tart dish. The complementing "tartness" of the food and wine cancels each other out and allows the other components (fruit of the wine, other flavors of the food) to be more noticeable.

Sweetness
The sweetness of wines is determined by the amount of residual sugar left in the wine after the fermentation process. Wines can be bone dry (with the sugars fully fermented into alcohol), off-dry (with a hint of sweetness), semi-dry (medium-sweet) and dessert level sweetness (such as the high sugar content in Sauternes and Tokays). Sweet wines often need to be sweeter than the dish they are served with. Vintage brut champagne paired with sweet, wedding cake can make the wine taste tart and weak while the cake will have off flavors. In food pairings, sweetness balances spice and heat. It can serve as a contrast to the heat and alleviate some of the burning sensation caused by peppers and spices, e.g. in Thai or Sichuan cuisine. It can accentuate the mild sweetness in some foods and can also contrast with salt such as the European custom of pairing salty Stilton cheese with a sweet Port. Sweetness in a wine can balance tartness in food, especially if the food has some sweetness (such as dishes with sweet and sour sauces).

Bitterness
The astringency associated with wine is usually derived from a wine's tannins. Tannins add a gritty texture and chalky, astringent taste. It can enhance the perception of "body" or weight in the wine. Tannins are normally derived from the skins, seeds, and stems of the grapes themselves (leached out during the maceration process) or from contact with oak during barrel aging. Tannins react with proteins. When paired with dishes that are high in proteins and fats (such as red meat and hard cheeses), the tannins will bind to the proteins and come across as softer. In the absence of protein from the food, such as some vegetarian dishes, the tannins will react with the proteins on the tongue and sides of the mouth – accentuating the astringency and having a drying effect on the palate. Various cooking methods, such as grilling and blackening can add a bitter "char" component to the dish that will allow it to play well with a tannic wine, while fish oils can make tannic wines taste metallic or off. Astringent tannic wines like Barolo and Cabernet Sauvignon can overwhelm a lot of foods but can be softened by fatty foods with a lot of proteins such as hard cheeses or meats. The dry tannins also serve as a cleansing agent on the palate by binding to the grease and oils left over in the mouth. Spicy and sweet foods can accentuate the dry, bitterness of tannins and make the wine seem to have off flavors.

Alcohol
Alcohol is the primary factor in dictating a wine's weight and body. Typically the higher the alcohol level, the more weight the wine has. An increase in alcohol content will increase the perception of density and texture. In food and wine pairing, salt and spicy heat will accentuate the alcohol and the perception of "heat" or hotness in the mouth. Conversely, the alcohol can also magnify the heat of spicy food making a highly alcoholic wine paired with a very spicy dish one that will generate a lot of heat for the taster.

Other pairing principles
Beyond the basic guidelines listed above, food pairings can dive even further into matching several layers of texture and flavors. The term "bridge ingredients" refers to ingredients and flavors that have certain affinities in wine pairing (such as slow-cooked onions with creamy wines, etc.). It can also refer to using particular herbs and spices perceived in the wine (such as rosemary in some Cabernet Sauvignon) and adding them to the dish as an ingredient. Their presence in a dish may increase the likelihood that the certain wines will pair well.

The above principles can be used for pairing wines with Asian cuisine. Pair for the flavor of the dish – whatever the 'main ingredient' may be – it is not the meat, seafood, or vegetables that stand out as the predominant flavor. Rather the true flavor of the dish is determined by the cooking method (for example, the toasty flavors of a stir fry), the sauce (from curries to sweet-and-sour), the use of seasonings (such as ginger and coriander leaves to mask fishy tastes), or the blending of ingredients to form new flavors (as in sukiyaki or satay). Indeed, it may result from a combination of any of these elements. Also, note that in the case of an Asian meal, several dishes are served at the same time and are shared by everyone present. The wine chosen for such a meal has to be versatile.

title: Wine and food pairing


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Bernard Punsly

Bernard Punsly (July 11, 1923 – January 20, 2004) was an American actor who later left show business to become a physician.

His last name was often spelled incorrectly in film credits as Punsley.

Early life and acting career
Punsly was born on July 11, 1923, in New York City. In 1935, he auditioned for a part in the play Dead End, because he thought it might be fun. The success of the play led to a number of its child actors being cast in a 1937 film adaptation, Dead End, including Punsly. Its success led to the group appearing in a series of "Dead End Kids" films. He later appeared in an offshoot group of those films starring what were dubbed the "Little Tough Guys". Punsly worked with well known stars such as Ronald Reagan, James Cagney, Pat O'Brien, John Garfield, and Humphrey Bogart in these films.

After acting
Even as an actor, Punsly was known to read medical books in his spare time. He joined the army after his last film, Mug Town, where he received medical training. He served in the Army Air Forces from March 1943 to March 1946. Upon discharge from the army, Punsly entered the Medical College of the University of Georgia, subsequently obtaining his medical degree in 1949. He returned to California and set up a medical practice in Torrance, never returning to show business.

He became chief of staff in the South Bay Hospital in Redondo Beach, California.

Personal life
Punsly married Marilyn "Lynne" Kufferman in 1950. and had two children, Brian and Richard.

He died of cancer on January 20, 2004, at age 80, in a hospital in Torrance, California.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bernard Punsly


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Cop Land

Cop Land is a 1997 American neo-noir crime drama film written and directed by James Mangold. It stars Sylvester Stallone, Harvey Keitel, Ray Liotta, and Robert De Niro as the main cast, with Peter Berg, Janeane Garofalo, Robert Patrick, Michael Rapaport, Annabella Sciorra, Noah Emmerich, and Cathy Moriarty in supporting roles. Stallone portrays the sheriff of a small New Jersey town who comes into conflict with the corrupt New York City police officers living in the community. The film received positive reviews and grossed $63.7 million on a $15 million budget.

Plot
The town of Garrison, New Jersey is home to a cadre of policemen from the NYPD's 37th Precinct: Lt. Ray Donlan, Det. Leo Crasky, and officers Gary Figgis, Jack Rucker, Frank Lagonda, and Joey Randone. Exploiting a loophole in department regulations allowing them to live outside the city by being designated "auxiliary transit cops", Donlan and his group are effectively untouchable by the NYPD's Internal Affairs division and are further protected by Sheriff Freddy Heflin. Unable to fulfill his lifelong dream of joining the NYPD due to deafness in one ear after nearly drowning while rescuing a woman years earlier, Heflin idolizes Donlan and refuses to help IA investigator Lt. Moe Tilden in his attempt to build a case against the dirty cops.

One night, Donlan's nephew, Officer Murray Babitch, is sideswiped by two African-American teens while driving across the George Washington Bridge. One of the teens points what looks like a weapon at Babitch just as his tire blows out from a glass puncture; a frightened Babitch shoots them both dead. Donlan, Rucker, and Crasky show up and try to plant a gun in the teens' car, only to get caught by a paramedic. In desperation, Donlan convinces Babitch to fake his suicide before hiding him in Garrison with a promise that he will set him up with a new identity.

Randone's wife Liz — the woman Heflin saved from drowning — visits Heflin at his home and they confess their feelings for each other. Meanwhile, Figgis is kicked out of Donlan's circle, and his house burns down soon after with his girlfriend inside; Heflin lets him stay at his home thinking that Donlan tried to kill him. Fearing that Babitch will expose him, Donlan unsuccessfully tries to drown his nephew. Babitch then goes to Heflin for help but flees when he sees Figgis. While on patrol, Randone is attacked and thrown over the edge of a building; Donlan deliberately lets him fall in retaliation for Randone's affair with his wife Rose.

Tired of being pushed around by Donlan and his men, Heflin visits Tilden to offer his help with the investigation, only to learn that the mayor, under pressure from Donlan's allies in the police union, has ordered IA to cease investigating. As Heflin leaves, he steals discarded IA files that reveal Donlan's ties to the mob. Donlan used those connections to create a safe haven in Garrison while trafficking drugs through the 37th Precinct, even having a cop who sought to testify against him stabbed to death in his jail cell.

Heflin brings the files to his deputies Cindy and Bill, but Cindy, tired of the corruption in Garrison, resigns from her post. Rucker tries to intimidate Heflin over his IA visit at a carnival pistol game, but he's surprised to find that Heflin is a crack shot. While later sharing dinner, a rattled Liz chides Heflin for digging into Donlan and accuses him of trying to take Randone's place in her life. Resigned, he walks away from her.

After Lagonda threatens him at gunpoint, Heflin looks into the fire at Figgis' house and realizes that it was arson. Figgis admits that he started the fire to commit insurance fraud so he could leave Garrison and start over. The two men argue, and Figgis abandons Heflin and drives away. Heflin goes to Rose and convinces her to reveal where Babitch is hiding, planning to hand him over to Tilden. After sending Bill away for his own protection, Heflin walks Babitch over to his car but is ambushed by Rucker who fires a gun next to his good ear, leaving him completely deaf. Discombobulated, Heflin follows him as he drives Babitch over to Donlan's residence.

In the ensuing shootout, Heflin kills Lagonda and Rucker; Crasky wounds him in the shoulder before Figgis suddenly appears and guns Crasky down. Inside, Donlan tries to shoot Heflin in the back before Figgis distracts him, resulting in Heflin fatally shooting him in the chest. The two men drive Babitch to One Police Plaza and deliver him to Tilden. Figgis turns state's evidence, resulting in sweeping arrests and indictments across the union, the mob, and the 37th Precinct. Heflin undergoes medical treatment to fix his good ear and returns to his old job in Garrison.

Cast

 * Sylvester Stallone as Sheriff Freddy Heflin
 * Harvey Keitel as Lieutenant Ray Donlan
 * Ray Liotta as Officer Gary "Figgsy" Figgis
 * Robert De Niro as Lieutenant Moe Tilden
 * Peter Berg as Officer Joey Randone
 * Janeane Garofalo as Deputy Sheriff Cindy Betts
 * Robert Patrick as Officer Jack Rucker
 * Michael Rapaport as Officer Murray "Superboy" Babitch
 * Annabella Sciorra as Liz Randone
 * Noah Emmerich as Deputy Sheriff Bill Geisler
 * Cathy Moriarty as Rose Donlan
 * John Spencer as Detective Leo Crasky
 * Frank Vincent as PDA President Vince Lassaro
 * Malik Yoba as Detective Carson
 * Arthur Nascarella as Officer Frank Lagonda
 * Victor Williams as Officer Russell Ames
 * Edie Falco as Berta (Bomb Squad Agent)
 * Mel Gorham as Monica Lopez
 * Paul Herman as carnival worker
 * Paul Calderón as Hector (GWB Paramedic)
 * Vincent Laresca as Robert (GWB Paramedic)
 * Method Man as Shondel (rooftop perp)
 * Deborah Harry as Delores (4 Aces bartender)
 * Frank Pellegrino as Mayor
 * John Ventimiglia as Officer V
 * Robert John Burke as Officer B
 * John Doman as Lassaro’s aide
 * Tony Sirico as Salvatore "Toy" Torillo (photo only)

Production
Garrison is based on Mangold's hometown of Washingtonville, New York, located about 60 mi from New York City. Mangold grew up in a development called Worley Heights, where many of the residents were current and former NYPD police officers. Stallone gained 40 lb to portray the beaten-down sheriff of Garrison.

The principal shooting location for the film was Edgewater, New Jersey.

Music
The film's soundtrack features two songs from Bruce Springsteen's 1980 album The River: "Drive All Night" and "Stolen Car", songs by other artists, and an original score from Howard Shore. One additional song, Blue Öyster Cult's "Burnin' for You", was added to the soundtrack of the director's cut, first released on home video in 2004.

The score by Howard Shore was performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra and released as Cop Land: Music from the Miramax Motion Picture in 1997. The soundtrack released on CD contained twelve tracks, with a runtime of 40:11 minutes.

Theatrical
Cop Land premiered at the Ziegfeld Theater in New York City on August 6, 1997. Some of the film's cast members attended, including Stallone, Keitel, Liotta, Sciorra, Moriarty and Rapaport.

Stallone's understated performance was praised by critics and he received the Best Actor award at the Stockholm International Film Festival. Cop Land was also screened at the 54th Venice Film Festival in the Midnight line-up. Earlier in May 1997, the film was accepted into the main competition at the Cannes Film Festival, but Miramax declined the invitation due to re-shoots that were needed for the film, including footage of Stallone 40 pounds heavier.

Home media
Cop Land has been released on VHS, Laserdisc and DVD numerous times since 1998. The US laserdisc release had the theatrical cut in letterboxed (non-anamorphic) widescreen with special features consisting of an audio commentary with director James Mangold on the left analogue channel and chapter 16 of the laserdisc containing deleted scenes. The initial extras-free DVDs had the theatrical cut in non-anamorphic widescreen, while subsequent issues, including various "Collector's Editions" on DVD and Blu-ray, have favored the director's cut. StudioCanal's French and German region B-locked Blu-rays exclusively feature both the 101-minute theatrical cut and 116-minute director's cut.

Extras include an audio commentary (with James Mangold, Sylvester Stallone, Robert Patrick, and producer Cathy Konrad), "The Making of an Urban Western" featurette, a storyboard comparison, two deleted scenes and the theatrical trailer.

The two deleted scenes primarily show the racism in the town of Garrison. One scene involves all the resident police officers chasing down a pair of black motorists, and the other shows Heflin's deputy pointing out that the majority of the tickets issued in Garrison go to black motorists on charges that suggest racial profiling.

Box office
The film had a record opening weekend for Miramax with a gross of $13.5 million and went on to gross $44.9 million in the United States and Canada and $63.7 million worldwide.

Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 75% based on 67 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Cop Land gifts its star-studded cast with richly imagined characters while throttling the audience with carefully-ratcheted suspense, although this potboiler lacks the moral complexity of the crime classics that it harkens to." On Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100 based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars and wrote, "There is a rough balance between how long a movie is, how deep it goes and how much it can achieve. That balance is not found in Cop Land and the result is too much movie for the running time". On the other hand, Gene Siskel praised the movie, especially the screenplay, as "one to be savored."

Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that "the strength of Cop Land is in its hard-edged, novelistic portraits, which pile up furiously during the film's dynamic opening scenes ... Yet if the price of Mangold's casting ambitions is a story that can't, finally, match its marquee value, that value is still inordinately strong. Everywhere the camera turns in this tense and volatile drama, it finds enough interest for a truckload of conventional Hollywood fare. Whatever its limitations, Cop Land has talent to burn".

Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "B−" rating, and Owen Gleiberman wrote, "Stallone does a solid, occasionally winning job of going through the motions of shedding his stardom, but the wattage of his personality is turned way down—at times, it's turned down to neutral. And that pretty much describes Cop Land, too. Dense, meandering, ambitious yet jarringly pulpy, this tale of big-city corruption in small-town America has competence without mood or power—a design but not a vision". In her review for The Washington Post, Rita Kempley wrote, "With its redundancy of supporting characters, snarled subplots and poky pace, Cop Land really might have been better off trading the director for a traffic cop".

Rolling Stone magazine's Peter Travers praised Stallone's performance: "His performance builds slowly but achieves a stunning payoff when Freddy decides to clean up his town... Freddy awakes to his own potential, and it's exhilarating to watch the character and the actor revive in unison. Nearly down for the count in the movie ring, Stallone isn't just back in the fight. He's a winner". In his review for the San Francisco Chronicle, Mick LaSalle also liked Stallone's work: "His transformation is more than a matter of weight. He looks spiritually beaten and terribly sad. He looks like a real person, not a cult-of-the-body film star, and he uses the opportunity to deliver his best performance in years".

Legacy
With its dark tone and all-star dramatic cast, Cop Land was a shift from Stallone's recent comic efforts which were critical and box office bombs (1991's Oscar and 1992's Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot). Additionally, Cop Land was to show Stallone in a completely different light, both physically (his 40 lb weight gain got a lot of press coverage), as well as artistically, by letting him showcase his acting skills.

The film posted solid box-office takings, got good reviews, and Stallone received positive critical notices for his performance. Yet Stallone has said the film was bad for his career. In a 2019 interview Stallone called Mangold "the best director I ever worked with [but the film] actually worked in reverse. It was pretty good critically, but the fact that it didn't do a lot of box office, again it fomented the opinion that I had my moment and was going the way of the dodo bird and the Tasmanian tiger."

James Mangold said the hype due to the casting "overscaled the movie" and added: "I'm very proud of the movie and the ideas in it, but one of the things that was difficult for me at the time was that I'd imagined the lead being someone you hadn't heard of before, so that their extension into a hero would be less Hollywood.".

title: Cop Land


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Under the Roof of One China

Under the Roof of One China is a political principle introduced by James Soong in regard to the relationship between Taiwan and the World Health Organization.

In 2003, during the 2004 Republic of China presidential election campaign, both Mainland China (People's Republic of China) and Taiwan (Republic of China) had an epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) at the same time. Taiwan, being one of the most endemic areas, did not receive advice from the World Health Organization (WHO) because it lost its UN seat in 1976. Taiwan claims that the lack of direct communication precluded proper handling of the disease and caused unnecessary deaths on the island.

In May 2003, James Soong, the Vice Presidential candidate under Lien Chan, criticized the ruling party for not being able to participate in WHO and thus receiving no international assistance on controlling the spread of SARS. Soong proposed that once elected, he would not challenge the One-China principle set by the People's Republic of China but at the same time would seek international participation in different international organizations. He named this cross-strait policy "Under the Roof of One China". Soong believed that with this principle, he would be able to lead Taiwan to obtain a seat in WHO. Political opponents questioned how he could guard the sovereignty of Taiwan and accept Taiwan as a part of China at the same time. The principle was subsequently abandoned by him and his running mate in the 2004 presidential election.

title: Under the Roof of One China


text:
Anthony Price

Alan Anthony Price (16 August 1928 – 30 May 2019) was an author of espionage thrillers. Price was born in Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, England. He attended The King's School, Canterbury and served in the British Army from 1947 to 1949, reaching the rank of captain. He read history at Merton College, Oxford, from 1949 to 1952, and was awarded an MA in 1956. Price was a journalist with the Westminster Press from 1952 to 1988, as well as the editor of the Oxford Times from 1972 to 1988. He was the author of nineteen novels in the Dr David Audley/Colonel Jack Butler series. These books focus on a group of counter-intelligence agents who work for an organization loosely based on the real MI5.

Price died in Blackheath, London from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on 30 May 2019, at the age of 90.

Novels

 * The Labyrinth Makers (1970) UK; (1971) US; winner of Silver Dagger Award.
 * The Alamut Ambush (1971) UK; (1972) US
 * Colonel Butler's Wolf (1972) UK; (1973) US
 * October Men (1973) UK; (1974) US
 * Other Paths to Glory (1974) UK; (1975) US; winner of Gold Dagger Award, and shortlisted for the Dagger of Daggers, a special award given in 2005 by the Crime Writers' Association(CWA) to celebrate its 50th anniversary.
 * Our Man in Camelot (1975) UK; (1976) US
 * War Game (1976) UK; (1977) US
 * The '44 Vintage (1978) UK & US
 * Tomorrow's Ghost (1979) UK & US
 * The Hour of the Donkey (1980) UK & US
 * Soldier No More (1981) UK; (1981) US
 * The Old Vengeful (1982) UK; (1983) US
 * Gunner Kelly (1983) UK; (1984) US
 * Sion Crossing (1984) UK & US
 * Here Be Monsters (1985) UK & US
 * For the Good of the State (1986) UK; (1987) US
 * A New Kind of War (1987) UK; (1988) US
 * A Prospect of Vengeance (1988) UK; (1990) US
 * The Memory Trap (1989)

Short stories

 * A Green Boy – first published in Winter's Crimes 5 (1973)
 * The Boudicca Killing – first published in Winter's Crimes 11 (1979)
 * The Berzin Lecture – first published in Winter's Crimes 15 (1983)
 * The Chinaman's Garden – first published in John Creasey's Crime Collection 1984 (1984)
 * The Road to Suez – first published in The Rigby File (1989), ed. Tim Heald

Non-fiction

 * The Eyes of the Fleet: A Popular History of Frigates and Frigate Captains 1793–1815 (1990)

title: Anthony Price


text:
Jennifer Flavin

Jennifer Lee Flavin Stallone ( Flavin; born August 14, 1968) is an American model and entrepreneur. She is married to Sylvester Stallone.

Early life and career
Jennifer Flavin was born in Los Angeles, California, and grew up in West Hills, a district of Los Angeles. She is one of seven children. She has four brothers (Tom, Pat, Shannon, and Mitch) and two sisters. She was 11 years old when her mother became widowed and had to raise all seven of the Flavin children alone.

She graduated from El Camino Real High School in Woodland Hills, another district of Los Angeles; and then she began modeling with the representation of Elite Modeling Agency at the age of 19. She went on to appear as herself in reality shows, including Good Day Live, American Gladiators, and The Contender – a boxing reality television series that also features Stallone. She also made a brief appearance in the 1990 film Rocky V.

At present, she is a co-owner of Serious Skin Care, a company which sells beauty treatments and cosmetics via the home shopping network, ShopHQ.

Personal life
In 1988, Flavin met Sylvester Stallone in California at a Beverly Hills restaurant. They were in a relationship until 1994, when Stallone wrote her a letter saying that he was having an affair with model Janice Dickinson, and that he was the father of her infant daughter. However, after DNA tests had shown that he was not the father, the relationship ended.

Flavin reconciled with Stallone in 1995. They were married on May 17, 1997, in a civil ceremony at The Dorchester Hotel in London, followed by a chapel ceremony at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire. They have three daughters, including actress and model Sistine Stallone.

On August 19, 2022, Flavin filed for a divorce from Stallone in the state of Florida. However, on September 23, Flavin and Stallone announced that they had reconciled.

title: Jennifer Flavin


text:
Richard Hoggart

Herbert Richard Hoggart (24 September 1918 – 10 April 2014) was an English academic whose career covered the fields of sociology, English literature and cultural studies, with emphasis on British popular culture.

Early life
Hoggart was born in the Potternewton area of Leeds, one of three children in an impoverished family. His father, Tom Longfellow Hoggart (1880–1922), the son of a boilermaker, was a regular infantry soldier and housepainter who died of brucellosis when Hoggart was a year old, and his mother Adeline died of a chest illness when he was eight. He grew up with his grandmother in Hunslet, and was encouraged in his education by an aunt. Emulating his elder brother, Tom, the first of the family to go to a grammar school, he gained a place at Cockburn High School which was a grammar school, after his headmaster requested that the education authority reread his scholarship examination essay. He then won a scholarship to study English at the University of Leeds, where he graduated with a first class degree. He served with the Royal Artillery during World War II and was discharged as a staff captain.

Career
He was a staff tutor at the University of Hull from 1946 to 1959, and published his first book, a study of W. H. Auden's poetry, in 1951. His major work, The Uses of Literacy, was published in 1957. Partly autobiography, the volume was interpreted as lamenting the loss of an authentic working class popular culture in Britain, and denouncing the imposition of a mass culture through advertising, media and Americanisation.

He became Senior Lecturer in English at the University of Leicester from 1959 to 1962. Hoggart was an expert witness at the Lady Chatterley trial in 1960, and his argument that it was an essentially moral and "puritan" work, which merely repeated words he had heard on a building site on his way to the court, is sometimes viewed as having had a decisive influence on the outcome of the trial.

While Professor of English at Birmingham University between 1962 and 1973, he founded the institution's Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies in 1964 and was its director until 1969. Hoggart was Assistant Director-General of UNESCO (1971–1975) and finally Warden of Goldsmiths, University of London (1976–1984), after which he retired from formal academic life. The Main Building at Goldsmiths has now been renamed the "Richard Hoggart Building" in tribute to his contributions to the college.

Hoggart was a member of numerous public bodies and committees, including the Albemarle Committee on Youth Services (1958–1960), the Pilkington Committee on Broadcasting (1960–1962), the Arts Council of Great Britain (1976–1981) and the Statesman and Nation Publishing Company Ltd (1977–1981). He was also Chairman of the Advisory Council for Adult and Continuing Education (1977–1983), and the Broadcasting Research Unit (1981–1991), as well as a Governor of the Royal Shakespeare Company (1962–1988).

In later works, such as The Way We Live Now (1995), he regretted the decline in moral authority that he held religion once provided. He also attacked contemporary education for its emphasis on the vocational, and cultural relativism for its tendency to concentrate on the popular and meretricious.

Personal life
One of his two sons was the political journalist Simon Hoggart, who predeceased him by three months, and the other is the television critic Paul Hoggart. He was also survived by a daughter, Nicola. In The Chatterley Affair, a 2006 dramatisation of the 1960 trial made for the digital television channel BBC Four, he was played by actor David Tennant.

Death
In later life he suffered from dementia. He died at a nursing home in London on 10 April 2014, aged 95.

Auden: An Introductory Essay
Hoggart wrote a "critical study" of the "whole range of Auden's works." This "range" included "the earlier poems of the thirties, the plays, and the long poems."

Works

 * Auden (Chatto, 1951) ISBN 0-7011-0762-6 biography of W. H. Auden.
 * The Uses of Literacy: Aspects of Working Class Life (Chatto and Windus, 1957) ISBN 0-7011-0763-4.
 * Teaching Literature (Nat. Inst. of Adult Education, 1963) ISBN 0-900559-19-5.
 * Higher Education and Cultural Change: A Teacher's View (Earl Grey Memorial Lecture) (Univ.Newcastle, 1966) ISBN 0-900565-62-4.
 * Contemporary Cultural Studies: An Approach to the Study of Literature and Society (Univ. Birmingham, Centre for Contemp. Cult. Studies, 1969) ISBN 0-901753-03-3 paper is based on a lecture given to the annual conference of the American Association for Higher Education at Chicago on 20 March 1978.
 * Speaking to Each Other: About Society v. 1 (Chatto and Windus, 1970) ISBN 0-7011-1463-0.
 * Speaking to Each Other: About Literature v. 2 (Chatto and Windus, 1970) ISBN 0-7011-1514-9.
 * Only Connect: On Culture and Communication (Reith Lectures) (Chatto and Windus, 1972) ISBN 0-7011-1865-2.
 * After Expansion, a Time for Diversity: The Universities Into the 1990s (ACACE, 1978) ISBN 0-906436-00-1.
 * An Idea and Its Servants: UNESCO from Within (Chatto and Windus, 1978) ISBN 0-7011-2371-0.
 * An English Temper (Chatto and Windus, 1982) ISBN 0-7011-2581-0.
 * The Future of Broadcasting by Richard Hoggart, Janet Morgan (Holmes & Meier, 1982) ISBN 0-8419-5090-3.
 * British Council and the Arts by Richard Hoggart et al. (British Council, 1986) ISBN 0-86355-048-7.
 * The Worst of Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression in Britain by Nigel Gray, Richard Hoggart (Barnes & Noble Imports, 1986) ISBN 0-389-20574-5.
 * An Idea of Europe (Chatto and Windus, 1987) ISBN 0-7011-3244-2.
 * A Local Habitation, 1918–40 (Chatto and Windus, 1988) ISBN 0-7011-3305-8; first volume of Hoggart's "Life and Times" describing his working-class childhood in Leeds.
 * Liberty and Legislation (Frank Cass Publishers, 1989) ISBN 0-7146-3308-9.
 * A Sort of Clowning: Life and Times, 1940–59 (Chatto and Windus, 1990) ISBN 0-7011-3607-3
 * An Imagined Life: Life and Times, 1959–91 (Chatto and Windus, 1992) ISBN 0-7011-4015-1.
 * Townscape with Figures: Farnham – Portrait of an English Town (Chatto and Windus, 1994) ISBN 0-7011-6138-8.
 * A Measured Life: The Times and Places of an Orphaned Intellectual (Transaction Publishers, 1994) ISBN 1-56000-135-6.
 * The Way We Live Now: Dilemmas in Contemporary Culture (Chatto and Windus, 1995) ISBN 0-7011-6501-4 republished as The Tyranny of Relativism: Culture and Politics in Contemporary English Society (Transaction Publishers, 1997) ISBN 1-56000-953-5.
 * First and Last Things: The Uses of Old Age (Aurum Press, 1999) ISBN 1-85410-660-0.
 * Between Two Worlds: Essays, 1978–1999 (Aurum Press, 2001) ISBN 1-85410-782-8.
 * Between Two Worlds: Politics, Anti-Politics, and the Unpolitical (Transaction Publishers, 2002) ISBN 0-7658-0097-7.
 * Everyday Language and Everyday Life (Transaction Publishers, 2003) ISBN 0-7658-0176-0.
 * Mass Media in a Mass Society: Myth and Reality (Continuum International Publishing Group – Academi, 2004) ISBN 0-8264-7285-0.
 * Promises to Keep: Thoughts in Old Age (Continuum) ISBN 978-0826487148.

title: Richard Hoggart


text:
Half-Mute

Half-Mute is the debut studio album by American post-punk band Tuxedomoon, released on March 15, 1980, by Ralph Records. It was their first long-form record, after two EPs, 1978's No Tears and 1979's Scream with a View. Half-Mute was reissued on CD in 1985 by Cramboy, bundled together with Scream with a View. The album's cover art is by Patrick Roques.

Personnel
Adapted from the Half-Mute liner notes.

Tuxedomoon
 * Steven Brown – alto saxophone, soprano saxophone, keyboards, synthesizer, drum programming, lead vocals
 * Peter Dachert (as Peter Principle) – bass guitar, guitar, synthesizer, drum programming
 * Blaine L. Reininger – violin, guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, synthesizer, drum programming, spoken word (A2)

Production and additional personnel
 * Jim Renney – engineering
 * Patrick Roques – cover art
 * Tuxedomoon – production, arrangement

title: Half-Mute


text:
User:Meitnerium~enwiki

Hi everybody, Bonjour à tous

J'adore Latex

$$\Psi(x)=\sqrt{L \over 2}sin({n \pi x \over L})$$

(Bon, la fonction d'onde d'une particule dans une boîte n'est pas impressionnante, mais le fait d'utiliser latex directement dans un site en php/mysql l'est (je crois?)...)

fr:Utilisateur:Meitnerium

title: User:Meitnerium~enwiki


text:
1,000,000

1,000,000 (one million), or one thousand thousand, is the natural number following 999,999 and preceding 1,000,001. The word is derived from the early Italian millione (milione in modern Italian), from mille, "thousand", plus the augmentative suffix -one.

It is commonly abbreviated:
 * in British English as m (not to be confused with the metric prefix "m" milli, for $$, or with metre),
 * M,
 * MM ("thousand thousands", from Latin "Mille"; not to be confused with the Roman numeral = 2,000),
 * mm (not to be confused with millimetre), or
 * mn, mln, or mio can be found in financial contexts.

In scientific notation, it is written as $1$ or 106. Physical quantities can also be expressed using the SI prefix mega (M), when dealing with SI units; for example, 1 megawatt (1 MW) equals 1,000,000 watts.

The meaning of the word "million" is common to the short scale and long scale numbering systems, unlike the larger numbers, which have different names in the two systems.

The million is sometimes used in the English language as a metaphor for a very large number, as in "Not in a million years" and "You're one in a million", or a hyperbole, as in "I've walked a million miles" and "You've asked a million-dollar question".

1,000,000 is also the square of 1000 and also the cube of 100.

Visualizing one million
Even though it is often stressed that counting to precisely a million would be an exceedingly tedious task due to the time and concentration required, there are many ways to bring the number "down to size" in approximate quantities, ignoring irregularities or packing effects.
 * Information: Not counting spaces, the text printed on 136 pages of an Encyclopædia Britannica, or 600 pages of pulp paperback fiction contains approximately one million characters.
 * Length: There are one million millimetres in a kilometre, and roughly a million sixteenths of an inch in a mile (1 sixteenth = 0.0625). A typical car tire might rotate a million times in a 1200 mi trip, while the engine would do several times that number of revolutions.
 * Fingers: If the width of a human finger is 22 mm, then a million fingers lined up would cover a distance of 22 km. If a person walks at a speed of 4 km/h, it would take them approximately five and a half hours to reach the end of the fingers.
 * Area: A square a thousand objects or units on a side contains a million such objects or square units, so a million holes might be found in less than three square yards of window screen, or similarly, in about one half square foot (400–500 cm2) of bed sheet cloth. A city lot 70 by 100 feet is about a million square inches.
 * Volume: The cube root of one million is one hundred, so a million objects or cubic units is contained in a cube a hundred objects or linear units on a side. A million grains of table salt or granulated sugar occupies about 64 mL, the volume of a cube one hundred grains on a side. One million cubic inches would be the volume of a small room $8 1/3$ feet long by $8 1/3$ feet wide by $8 1/3$ feet high.
 * Mass: A million cubic millimetres (small droplets) of water would have a volume of one litre and a mass of one kilogram. A million millilitres or cubic centimetres (one cubic metre) of water has a mass of a million grams or one tonne.
 * Weight: A million 80 mg honey bees would weigh the same as an 80 kg person.
 * Landscape: A pyramidal hill 600 ft wide at the base and 100 ft high would weigh about a million short tons.
 * Computer: A display resolution of 1,280 by 800 pixels contains 1,024,000 pixels.
 * Money: A U.S. dollar bill of any denomination weighs 1 g. There are 454 grams in a pound. One million dollar bills would weigh 1 Mg or 1 tonne (just over 1 short ton).
 * Time: A million seconds, 1 megasecond, is 11.57 days.

In Indian English and Pakistani English, it is also expressed as 10 lakh. Lakh is derived from for 100,000 in Sanskrit.

1,000,001 to 1,999,999

 * 1,000,003 = Smallest 7-digit prime number
 * 1,000,405 = Smallest triangular number with 7 digits and the 1,414th triangular number
 * 1,002,001 = 10012, palindromic square
 * 1,006,301 = First number of the first pair of prime quadruplets occurring thirty apart ({1006301, 1006303, 1006307, 1006309} and {1006331, 1006333, 1006337, 1006339})
 * 1,024,000 = Sometimes, the number of bytes in a megabyte
 * 1,030,301 = 1013, palindromic cube
 * 1,037,718 = Large Schröder number
 * 1,048,576 = 10242 = 324 = 165 = 410 = 220, the number of bytes in a mebibyte (previously called a megabyte)
 * 1,048,976 = smallest 7 digit Leyland number
 * 1,058,576 = Leyland number
 * 1,058,841 = 76 x 32
 * 1,077,871 = the amount of prime numbers between 0 and 16777216(2^24)
 * 1,084,051 = fifth Keith prime
 * 1,089,270 = harmonic divisor number
 * 1,111,111 = repunit
 * 1,112,083 = logarithmic number
 * 1,129,30832 + 1 is prime
 * 1,136,689 = Pell number, Markov number
 * 1,174,281 = Fine number
 * 1,185,921 = 10892 = 334
 * 1,200,304 = 17 + 27 + 37 + 47 + 57 + 67 + 77
 * 1,203,623 = smallest unprimeable number ending in 3
 * 1,234,321 = 11112, palindromic square
 * 1,246,863  = Number of 27-bead necklaces (turning over is allowed) where complements are equivalent
 * 1,256,070 = number of reduced trees with 29 nodes
 * 1,262,180 = number of triangle-free graphs on 12 vertices
 * 1,278,818 = Markov number
 * 1,290,872 = number of 26-bead binary necklaces with beads of 2 colors where the colors may be swapped but turning over is not allowed
 * 1,296,000 = number of primitive polynomials of degree 25 over GF(2)
 * 1,299,709 = 100,000th prime number
 * 1,336,336 = 11562 = 344
 * 1,346,269 = Fibonacci number, Markov number
 * 1,367,631 = 1113, palindromic cube
 * 1,413,721 = square triangular number
 * 1,419,857 = 175
 * 1,421,280 = harmonic divisor number
 * 1,441,440 = colossally abundant number, superior highly composite number
 * 1,441,889 = Markov number
 * 1,500,625 = 12252 = 354
 * 1,539,720 = harmonic divisor number
 * 1,563,372 = Wedderburn-Etherington number
 * 1,594,323 = 313
 * 1,596,520 = Leyland number
 * 1,606,137 = number of ways to partition {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} and then partition each cell (block) into subcells.
 * 1,607,521/1,136,689 ≈ √2
 * 1,647,086 = Leyland number
 * 1,671,800 = Initial number of first century xx00 to xx99 consisting entirely of composite numbers
 * 1,679,616 = 12962 = 364 = 68
 * 1,686,049 = Markov prime
 * 1,687,989 = number of square (0,1)-matrices without zero rows and with exactly 7 entries equal to 1
 * 1,719,900 = number of primitive polynomials of degree 26 over GF(2)
 * 1,730,787 = Riordan number
 * 1,741,725 = equal to the sum of the seventh power of its digits
 * 1,771,561 = 13312 = 1213 = 116, also, Commander Spock's estimate for the tribble population in the Star Trek episode "The Trouble with Tribbles"
 * 1,864,637 = k such that the sum of the squares of the first k primes is divisible by k.
 * 1,874,161 = 13692 = 374
 * 1,889,568 = 185
 * 1,928,934 = 2 x 39 x 72
 * 1,941,760 = Leyland number
 * 1,953,125 = 1253 = 59
 * 1,978,405 = 16 + 26 + 36 + 46 + 56 + 66 + 76 + 86 + 96 + 106

2,000,000 to 2,999,999

 * 2,000,002 = number of surface-points of a tetrahedron with edge-length 1000
 * 2,000,376 = 1263
 * 2,012,174 = Leyland number
 * 2,012,674 = Markov number
 * 2,027,025 = double factorial of 15
 * 2,085,136 = 14442 = 384
 * 2,097,152 = 1283 = 87 = 221
 * 2,097,593 = Leyland prime
 * 2,124,679 = largest known Wolstenholme prime
 * 2,144,505 = number of trees with 21 unlabeled nodes
 * 2,177,399 = smallest pandigital number in base 8.
 * 2,178,309 = Fibonacci number
 * 2,222,222 = repdigit
 * 2,266,502 = number of signed trees with 13 nodes
 * 2,274,205 = the number of different ways of expressing 1,000,000,000 as the sum of two prime numbers
 * 2,313,441 = 15212 = 394
 * 2,356,779 = Motzkin number
 * 2,405,236  = Number of 28-bead necklaces (turning over is allowed) where complements are equivalent
 * 2,423,525 = Markov number
 * 2,476,099 = 195
 * 2,485,534 = number of 27-bead binary necklaces with beads of 2 colors where the colors may be swapped but turning over is not allowed
 * 2,515,169 = number of reduced trees with 30 nodes
 * 2,560,000 = 16002 = 404
 * 2,567,284 = number of partially ordered set with 10 unlabelled elements
 * 2,646,723 = little Schroeder number
 * 2,674,440 = Catalan number
 * 2,692,537 = Leonardo prime
 * 2,704,900 = initial number of fourth century xx00 to xx99 containing seventeen prime numbers {2,704,901, 2,704,903, 2,704,907, 2,704,909, 2,704,927, 2,704,931, 2,704,937, 2,704,939, 2,704,943, 2,704,957, 2,704,963, 2,704,969, 2,704,979, 2,704,981, 2,704,987, 2,704,993, 2,704,997}
 * 2,744,210 = Pell number
 * 2,796,203 = Wagstaff prime, Jacobsthal prime
 * 2,825,761 = 16812 = 414
 * 2,890,625 = 1-automorphic number
 * 2,922,509 = Markov prime
 * 2,985,984 = 17282 = 1443 = 126 = 1,000,00012 AKA a great-great-gross

3,000,000 to 3,999,999

 * 3,111,696 = 17642 = 424
 * 3,200,000 = 205
 * 3,263,442 = product of the first five terms of Sylvester's sequence
 * 3,263,443 = sixth term of Sylvester's sequence
 * 3,276,509 = Markov prime
 * 3,294,172 = 22×77
 * 3,301,819 = alternating factorial
 * 3,333,333 = repdigit
 * 3,360,633 = palindromic in 3 consecutive bases: 62818269 = 336063310 = 199599111
 * 3,418,801 = 18492 = 434
 * 3,426,576 = number of free 15-ominoes
 * 3,524,578 = Fibonacci number, Markov number
 * 3,554,688 = 2-automorphic number
 * 3,626,149 = Wedderburn–Etherington prime
 * 3,628,800 = 10!
 * 3,748,096 = 19362 = 444
 * 3,880,899/2,744,210 ≈ √2

4,000,000 to 4,999,999

 * 4,008,004 = 20022, palindromic square
 * 4,037,913 = sum of the first ten factorials
 * 4,084,101 = 215
 * 4,100,625 = 20252 = 454
 * 4,194,304 = 20482 = 411 = 222
 * 4,194,788 = Leyland number
 * 4,202,496 = number of primitive polynomials of degree 27 over GF(2)
 * 4,208,945 = Leyland number
 * 4,210,818 = equal to the sum of the seventh powers of its digits
 * 4,213,597 = Bell number
 * 4,260,282 = Fine number
 * 4,297,512 = 12-th derivative of xx at x=1
 * 4,324,320 = colossally abundant number, superior highly composite number, pronic number
 * 4,400,489 = Markov number
 * 4,444,444 = repdigit
 * 4,477,456 = 21162 = 464
 * 4,636,390  = Number of 29-bead necklaces (turning over is allowed) where complements are equivalent
 * 4,741,632 = number of primitive polynomials of degree 28 over GF(2)
 * 4,782,969 = 21872 = 97 = 314
 * 4,782,974 = n such that n | (3n + 5)
 * 4,785,713 = Leyland number
 * 4,794,088 = number of 28-bead binary necklaces with beads of 2 colors where the colors may be swapped but turning over is not allowed
 * 4,805,595 = Riordan number
 * 4,826,809 = 21972 = 1693 = 136
 * 4,879,681 = 22092 = 474
 * 4,913,000 = 1703
 * 4,937,284 = 22222

5,000,000 to 5,999,999

 * 5,049,816 = number of reduced trees with 31 nodes
 * 5,096,876 = number of prime numbers having eight digits
 * 5,134,240 = the largest number that cannot be expressed as the sum of distinct fourth powers
 * 5,153,632 = 225
 * 5,221,225 = 22852, palindromic square
 * 5,293,446 = Large Schröder number
 * 5,308,416 = 23042 = 484
 * 5,496,925 = first cyclic number in base 6
 * 5,555,555 = repdigit
 * 5,623,756 = number of trees with 22 unlabeled nodes
 * 5,702,887 = Fibonacci number
 * 5,761,455 = The number of primes under 100,000,000
 * 5,764,801 = 24012 = 494 = 78
 * 5,882,353 = 5882 + 23532

6,000,000 to 6,999,999

 * 6,250,000 = 25002 = 504
 * 6,436,343 = 235
 * 6,536,382 = Motzkin number
 * 6,625,109 = Pell number, Markov number
 * 6,666,666 = repdigit
 * 6,765,201 = 26012 = 514
 * 6,948,496 = 26362, palindromic square

7,000,000 to 7,999,999

 * 7,109,376 = 1-automorphic number
 * 7,311,616 = 27042 = 524
 * 7,453,378 = Markov number
 * 7,529,536 = 27442 = 1963 = 146
 * 7,652,413 = Largest n-digit pandigital prime
 * 7,777,777 = repdigit
 * 7,779,311 = A hit song written by Prince and released in 1982 by The Time
 * 7,861,953 = Leyland number
 * 7,890,481 = 28092 = 534
 * 7,906,276 = pentagonal triangular number
 * 7,913,837 = Keith number
 * 7,962,624 = 245

8,000,000 to 8,999,999

 * 8,000,000 = Used to represent infinity in Japanese mythology
 * 8,108,731 = repunit prime in base 14
 * 8,388,607 = second composite Mersenne number with a prime exponent
 * 8,388,608 = 223
 * 8,389,137 = Leyland number
 * 8,399,329 = Markov number
 * 8,436,379 = Wedderburn-Etherington number
 * 8,503,056 = 29162 = 544
 * 8,675,309 = A hit song for Tommy Tutone (also a twin prime with 8,675,311)
 * 8,675,311 = Twin prime with 8,675,309
 * 8,877,691 = number of nonnegative integers with distinct decimal digits
 * 8,888,888 = repdigit
 * 8,946,176 = self-descriptive number in base 8
 * 8,964,800  = Number of 30-bead necklaces (turning over is allowed) where complements are equivalent

9,000,000 to 9,999,999

 * 9,000,000 = 30002
 * 9,150,625 = 30252 = 554
 * 9,227,465 = Fibonacci number, Markov number
 * 9,256,396 = number of 29-bead binary necklaces with beads of 2 colors where the colors may be swapped but turning over is not allowed
 * 9,261,000 = 2103
 * 9,369,319 = Newman–Shanks–Williams prime
 * 9,647,009 = Markov number
 * 9,653,449 = square Stella octangula number
 * 9,581,014 = n such that n | (3n + 5)
 * 9,663,500 = Initial number of first century xx00 to xx99 that possesses an identical prime pattern to any century with four or fewer digits: its prime pattern of {9663503, 9663523, 9663527, 9663539, 9663553, 9663581, 9663587} is identical to {5903, 5923, 5927, 5939, 5953, 5981, 5987}
 * 9,694,845 = Catalan number
 * 9,699,690 = eighth primorial
 * 9,765,625 = 31252 = 255 = 510
 * 9,800,817 = equal to the sum of the seventh powers of its digits
 * 9,834,496 = 31362 = 564
 * 9,865,625 = Leyland number
 * 9,926,315 = equal to the sum of the seventh powers of its digits
 * 9,938,375 = 2153, the largest 7-digit cube
 * 9,997,156 = largest triangular number with 7 digits and the 4,471st triangular number
 * 9,998,244 = 31622, the largest 7-digit square
 * 9,999,991 = Largest 7-digit prime number
 * 9,999,999 = repdigit

title: 1,000,000


text:
Humanx Commonwealth

The Humanx Commonwealth is a fictional interstellar ethical/political entity featured in the science fiction novels of Alan Dean Foster. The Commonwealth takes its name from its two major sapient species, who jointly inhabit Commonwealth planets and administer both the political and religious/ethical aspects. They are the mammalian Humans of the planet Earth and the insectoid Thranx which dwell upon Hivehom. The Commonwealth is described as a progressive, well-intentioned liberal democracy spanning many star systems, and is somewhat similar to the United Federation of Planets from Star Trek. The Humanx Commonwealth is notable for its portrayal of a human–alien relationship that is not just mutually beneficial but symbiotic, allowing an amalgamation of the two species.

Commonwealth Stories

 * Midworld (1975)
 * Cachalot (1980)
 * Nor Crystal Tears (1982)
 * Voyage to the City of the Dead (1984)
 * Sentenced to Prism (1985)
 * The Howling Stones (1997)
 * Drowning World (2003)
 * Quofum (2008)

Stories featuring Flinx (a.k.a. Philip Lynx)

 * The Tar-Aiym Krang (1972)
 * Bloodhype (1973)
 * Orphan Star (1977)
 * The End of the Matter (1977)
 * Snake Eyes (short story) (1978)
 * For Love of Mother-Not (1983)
 * Flinx in Flux (1988)
 * Mid-Flinx (1995)
 * Reunion (2001)
 * Side Show (short story) (2002)
 * Flinx's Folly (2003)
 * Sliding Scales (2004)
 * Running from the Deity (2005)
 * Trouble Magnet (2006)
 * Patrimony (2007)
 * Growth (Short Story) (2008)
 * Flinx Transcendent (2008)
 * Strange Music (2017)

Icerigger trilogy

 * Icerigger (1974)
 * Mission to Moulokin (1979)
 * The Deluge Drivers (1987)

Founding of the Commonwealth

 * Phylogenesis (1999)
 * Dirge (2000)
 * Diuturnity's Dawn (2002)

Timeline

 * Nor Crystal Tears (-89 AA) prequel
 * Phylogenesis (-60 AA) Founding of the Commonwealth 1
 * Dirge (-35 AA) Founding of the Commonwealth 2
 * Diuturnity's Dawn (0 AA) Founding of the Commonwealth 3
 * Voyage to the City of the Dead (106 AA)
 * The Emoman (?? AA but before Icerigger) Short story
 * Midworld (445 AA)
 * Icerigger (548 AA) Icerigger 1
 * For Love of Mother-Not (548 AA) Pip and Flinx 1
 * The Tar-Aiym Krang (549 AA) Pip and Flinx 2
 * Mission to Moulokin (549 AA) Icerigger 2
 * Orphan Star (550 AA) Pip and Flinx 3
 * The Deluge Drivers (550 AA) Icerigger 3
 * Chilling (550 AA) Icerigger short story
 * The End of the Matter (551 AA) Pip and Flinx 4
 * Snake Eyes (551 AA) Pip and Flinx short story
 * Flinx in Flux (551 AA) Pip and Flinx 5
 * Mid-Flinx (552 AA) Pip and Flinx 6
 * Reunion (553 AA) Pip and Flinx 7
 * Sideshow (554 AA) Pip and Flinx short story
 * Drowning World (554 AA)
 * Quofum (555 AA)
 * Flinx's Folly (557 AA) Pip and Flinx 8
 * Sliding Scales (557 AA) Pip and Flinx 9
 * Growth (558? AA) Pip and Flinx short story
 * Running from the Deity (558 AA) Pip and Flinx 10
 * Bloodhype (558 AA) Pip and Flinx 11
 * Trouble Magnet (558 AA) Pip and Flinx 12
 * The Howling Stones (558 AA)
 * Patrimony (559 AA) Pip and Flinx 13
 * Sentenced to Prism (571 AA)
 * Cachalot (572 AA)
 * Flinx Transcendent (? but after Patrimony) Pip and Flinx 14
 * Strange Music (? but after Flinx Transcendent) Pip and Flinx 15

Adaptations
In 1987, Steve Jackson Games published the GURPS Humanx sourcebook for their GURPS roleplaying game. Scheduled for 2023, Battlefield Press International will be releasing a new game for popular RPG systems.

title: Humanx Commonwealth


text:
User talk:Graben~enwiki

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title: User talk:Graben~enwiki


text:
Zhong Hui

Zhong Hui (225 – 3 March 264), courtesy name Shiji, was a Chinese calligrapher, essayist, military general, and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the younger son of Zhang Changpu with Zhong Yao, who served as the Grand Tutor in the Wei imperial court. He was already known for being insightful, intelligent and knowledgeable since he was young. Zhong Hui rose to prominence in the 250s when he became a close aide to Sima Zhao, the regent and de facto ruler of Wei. He advised Sima Zhao on how to deal with the Third Rebellion in Shouchun from 257 to 258 and was highly regarded by the latter. With Sima Zhao's help, Zhong Hui steadily moved up the ranks and became one of the key figures in the Wei government.

In 263, the Wei imperial court ordered Zhong Hui, Deng Ai and Zhuge Xu to lead separate armies to attack and conquer Wei's rival state, Shu Han. During and after the campaign against Shu, Zhong Hui framed Zhuge Xu and Deng Ai for cowardice and treason respectively, and seized command of their troops. By the time Shu surrendered to Wei in 263, Zhong Hui was in full control of all the Wei military forces in Shu territory. In 264, with backing from Jiang Wei, a former Shu general, Zhong Hui started a rebellion against Sima Zhao. However, the revolt failed when Zhong Hui's plan to purge several Wei officers – because he was worried that they would not support him – was leaked out. The officers escaped from custody, regrouped with their men, mutinied against Zhong Hui, and killed him and Jiang Wei.

Early life and career
Zhong Hui's ancestral home was in Changshe County (長社縣), Yingchuan Commandery (潁川郡), which is located east of present-day Changge, Henan. He was the younger son of Zhong Yao, who served as the Grand Tutor (太傅) in the Wei imperial court. At a young age, he was already known for being insightful and intelligent. His mother, Zhang Changpu, was known for being very strict with her son and for her influential role in his early education.

The Wei official Jiang Ji wrote in one of his works that one can tell what a person's character is like by observing his/her eye pupils. When Zhong Hui was four years old, his father sent him to meet Jiang Ji, who noted that the boy was extraordinary. By the time Zhong Hui reached adulthood, he was already famous for being hardworking, well read, and versed in different types of arts. During the Zhengshi era (240–249) of the reign of Cao Fang, he served as a Gentleman Cadet of the Imperial Library (秘書郎) and was later promoted to Attendant Gentleman of the Palace Writers and Masters of Writing (尚書中書侍郎). He was awarded the title of a Secondary Marquis (爵關內) when Cao Mao ascended the throne in 254.

Zhong Hui studied the Yijing. After his death, a 20-volume book titled Dao Lun (道論) was discovered in his house. The book, which was believed to be written by Zhong Hui, discussed either Legalist or Logician philosophy even though its title suggests it was about Taoism. When he reached adulthood, his fame placed him on par with the philosopher Wang Bi, who was about the same age as him.

Gaining the attention of Sima Shi
The Shiyu recorded an incident about how Zhong Hui came to the attention of the Wei regent Sima Shi. Sima Shi instructed Yu Song (虞松), the Prefect of the Palace Writers (中書令), to draft a memorandum. He was not satisfied after reading Yu Song's draft and ordered him to rewrite. Yu Song was unable to think of a better way to write the memorandum after racking his brains and felt gloomy. Zhong Hui noticed Yu Song looked troubled, so he offered to help him and changed five words in the memorandum. Yu Song was pleased after looking through Zhong Hui's edits and he presented the revised draft to Sima Shi later. After reading it, Sima Shi asked him, "You didn't make these changes. Who edited it?" Yu Song replied, "Zhong Hui. I've been wanting to recommend him to you, my lord. Now that you asked, I shan't keep him to myself anymore." Sima Shi said, "He's capable of shouldering greater responsibilities. Summon him." When Yu Song informed Zhong Hui that Sima Shi wanted to meet him, Zhong asked him about Sima's abilities, to which Yu replied, "He's learned, wise and multi-talented." Zhong Hui stayed at home for about ten days, during which he refused to meet any visitors and carefully thought about what he would say to Sima Shi. On the day he met Sima Shi, he entered Sima's residence early in the morning and left only at midnight. After Zhong Hui left, Sima Shi remarked, "He's truly a great talent capable of assisting rulers."

Pei Songzhi cast doubts on the Shiyu account. He felt that it was unlikely that Yu Song had to recommend Zhong Hui to Sima Shi, because Sima would most probably have already at least heard of Zhong due to the following reasons. First, Zhong Hui came from an elite family background. Second, he was already famous when he was still a youth. Third, he started serving in the Wei government as soon as he reached the age of adulthood. Pei also believed that it was impossible for anyone to be able to tell, simply by reading a piece of writing, that a person who edited a few words in it is capable of shouldering greater responsibilities.

Sima Zhao's rise to power
In 255, when the Wei generals Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin started a rebellion in Shouchun (壽春; present-day Shou County, Anhui), Sima Shi led Wei imperial forces to suppress the revolt, with Zhong Hui accompanying him as an assistant officer. Sima Shi's younger brother, Sima Zhao, followed behind with another army to support them. Sima Shi died in Xuchang after the rebellion was suppressed. He was succeeded by Sima Zhao, who took over command of his troops. At the time, the Wei emperor Cao Mao ordered Sima Zhao to remain in Xuchang and Fu Jia to lead the armies back to the imperial capital, Luoyang. Zhong Hui conspired with Fu Jia to urge Sima Zhao to disregard the emperor's order and lead the troops to a garrison at the south of the Luo River (雒水) near Luoyang. Sima Zhao became the new regent and continued to remain in control of the Wei government as his brother did before him. Zhong Hui was appointed as a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate (黃門侍郎) and awarded the title "Marquis of Dongwu Village" (東武亭侯) with 300 taxable households in his marquisate.

Helping to suppress Zhuge Dan's rebellion
In 257, the Wei imperial court summoned the general Zhuge Dan, who was stationed in Shouchun, to return to Luoyang to serve as the Excellency of Works (司空). At the time, Zhong Hui was practising filial mourning because his mother recently died. However, he immediately stopped mourning and went to warn Sima Zhao when he foresaw that Zhuge Dan would disobey the order. Sima Zhao felt that it was troublesome to change the order since it had already been sent out so he did not take any action. Zhuge Dan started a rebellion in Shouchun later. Zhong Hui accompanied Sima Zhao as he led imperial forces to attack the rebels.

When Zhuge Dan rebelled in Shouchun, Sun Chen, the regent of Wei's rival state Eastern Wu, ordered the general Quan Yì (全懌) and others to lead Wu forces to support Zhuge Dan. Quan Yì had disagreements with his relatives Quan Hui (全輝) and Quan Yí (全儀), who were in the Wu capital, Jianye (建業; present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu). Quan Hui and Quan Yí brought along their families and followers and defected to Wei. When Zhong Hui received news about their defection, he suggested to Sima Zhao to ask Quan Hui and Quan Yí to write a secret letter to Quan Yì and lie to him that Sun Chen was displeased by Quan Yì's failure to conquer Shouchun and wanted to execute Quan Yì's family, hence they decided to defect to Wei. Quan Yì became fearful so he brought along his troops and surrendered to Sima Zhao. Without support from Wu, Zhuge Dan's rebels were defeated by Sima Zhao's forces and Shouchun was taken back by Wei. Zhong Hui was more highly regarded than before by Sima Zhao due to the success of his plan. His contemporaries also compared him to Zhang Liang, a strategist who served under the Han dynasty's founder, Emperor Gao.

After Zhong Hui returned to Luoyang, the Wei imperial court offered him the position of Minister Coachman (太僕), but he turned down the offer and chose to be a clerk in Sima Zhao's office. He was one of Sima Zhao's close aides. Later, the imperial court wanted to enfeoff him as the "Marquis of Chen" (陳侯) to honour him for his contributions in suppressing Zhuge Dan's rebellion, but he declined to accept the marquis title. The court respected his decision and appointed him as the Colonel-Director of Retainers (司隷校尉) instead. Zhong Hui was still heavily involved in politics in the imperial court even though he did not serve in the court. He also played a major role in instigating Sima Zhao to execute Ji Kang.

Strategic planning and opening moves
Between 247 and 262, Jiang Wei, a general from Wei's rival state Shu Han, led a series of military campaigns to attack Wei's western borders, but failed to make any significant territorial gains. Sima Zhao felt that Shu was growing weak and lacking in resources after all the campaigns, hence he wanted to launch a large-scale invasion of Shu to eliminate it. Among those he consulted, only Zhong Hui agreed that Shu could be conquered. Zhong Hui assisted Sima Zhao in formulating a strategy for the conquest of Shu.

In the winter of 262–263, Zhong Hui was appointed General Who Guards the West (鎮西將軍) and granted imperial authority to manage military affairs in the Guanzhong region. Sima Zhao also mobilised military forces from the various provinces in Wei and ordered Tang Zi to oversee the construction of warships in preparation for an invasion on Wei's other rival state, Eastern Wu.

In the autumn of 263, the Wei imperial court issued an edict ordering Deng Ai and Zhuge Xu to lead 30,000 troops each and attack Shu from two directions: Deng Ai's force would pass through Gansong (甘松; southeast of present-day Têwo County, Gansu) and Tazhong (沓中; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County, Gansu), and engage Jiang Wei's army; Zhuge Xu's force would pass through Wujie Bridge (武街橋; northwest of present-day Wen County, Gansu) and block Jiang Wei's retreat route. Zhong Hui led another army, numbering some 100,000 men, and entered Shu territory via the Xie Valley (斜谷; southwest of present-day Mei County, Shaanxi) and Luo Valley (駱谷; southwest of present-day Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi).

Zhong Hui ordered Xu Yi, a son of the veteran Wei general Xu Chu, to oversee the construction of a road leading into Shu. However, when the road turned out to be poorly built, Zhong Hui disregarded Xu Yi's background and had him executed for failing his mission. The Wei army was shocked at Zhong Hui's audacity.

Engagements with Shu forces
In response to the Wei invasion, the Shu government ordered its armed forces to refrain from engaging the enemy and instead retreat to Hancheng (漢城; east of present-day Mian County, Shaanxi) and Lecheng (樂城; east of present-day Chenggu County, Shaanxi) and hold their positions. Liu Qin (劉欽), the Administrator of the Wei-controlled Weixing Commandery (魏興郡; around present-day Ankang, Shaanxi), led his army through the Ziwu Valley (子午谷; east of present-day Yang County, Shaanxi) towards the Shu-controlled Hanzhong Commandery. The Shu officers Wang Han (王含) and Jiang Bin (蔣斌) defended Hancheng and Lecheng respectively with 5,000 troops each. Zhong Hui ordered his subordinates Xun Kai (荀愷) and Li Fu (李輔) to lead 10,000 men each to attack Hancheng and Lecheng, while he led his main army towards Yang'an Pass (陽安口; also known as Yangping Pass, in present-day Ningqiang County, Shaanxi). Along the way, he sent his men to pay respects on his behalf at Zhuge Liang's tomb (at the foot of Mount Dingjun, Mian County, Shaanxi). When he arrived at Yang'an Pass, he ordered Hu Lie (胡烈) to lead the attack on the pass. Hu Lie succeeded in capturing the pass and the supplies stored there by Shu forces.

Jiang Wei retreated from Tazhong towards Yinping (陰平; northwest of present-day Wen County, Gansu), where he rallied his troops and prepared to reinforce Yang'an Pass. However, he retreated to a fort at Baishui (白水; in present-day Qingchuan County, Sichuan) when he heard that Yang'an Pass had been captured by Wei forces. He rendezvoused with the Shu generals Zhang Yi, Liao Hua and others and moved to defend their position at the fortified mountain pass Jiange (劒閣; also known as Jianmen Pass, in present-day Jiange County, Sichuan). Zhong Hui wrote a long address to the Shu forces, urging them to give up resistance and surrender to Wei.

Deng Ai pursued Jiang Wei to Yinping, where he formed a group of elite soldiers from among his troops and took a shortcut to Jiangyou (江由; north of present-day Jiangyou, Sichuan) through Deyang Village (德陽亭; northwest of present-day Jiange County, Sichuan), and approached Mianzhu, which was near the Shu capital Chengdu. He asked Zhuge Xu to join him. Zhuge Xu had received orders to block Jiang Wei's advance and was not authorised to join Deng Ai in his mission, so he led his force to Baishui County to rendezvous with Zhong Hui. Zhong Hui ordered Tian Zhang (田章) and others to lead a force to bypass the west of Jiange and approach Jiangyou. Along the way, they encountered three groups of Shu ambushers, defeated them and destroyed their camps. Deng Ai let Tian Zhang lead the vanguard and clear the path.

Fall of Shu
When Zhong Hui and Zhuge Xu arrived near Jiange, Zhong Hui desired to seize control of Zhuge Xu's command, so he secretly reported to the Wei imperial court that Zhuge Xu displayed cowardice in battle. As a result, Zhuge Xu was stripped of his command and sent back to the Wei capital Luoyang, while Zhong Hui took command of his army. Zhong Hui then ordered an attack on Jiange but failed to conquer the mountain pass because the Shu forces put up a strong defence, so he retreated.

In the meantime, Deng Ai and his men reached Mianzhu, where they defeated a Shu army led by Zhuge Zhan, who was killed in action. When Jiang Wei learnt of Zhuge Zhan's death, he led his forces east towards Ba Commandery (巴郡; present-day Chongqing). Zhong Hui led his army to Fu County (涪縣; present-day Mianyang, Sichuan) and ordered Hu Lie (胡烈), Tian Xu, Pang Hui and others to lead troops to pursue Jiang Wei. At the same time, Deng Ai and his men had arrived outside Chengdu. The Shu emperor Liu Shan surrendered to Deng Ai without putting up a fight, and then gave orders to Jiang Wei to surrender to Zhong Hui. Jiang Wei headed to Fu County, where he ordered his men to lay down their arms and surrender to Zhong Hui.

Following the successful conquest of Shu, Zhong Hui wrote a memorial to the Wei imperial court to report his contributions and urge the government to pacify and restore peace in Shu through benevolent governance. He also gave strict orders forbidding his troops from plundering and pillaging the Shu lands, and treated the former Shu officials in a respectful manner. He got along very well with Jiang Wei.

In the winter of 263–264, the Wei imperial court issued a decree to praise Zhong Hui for his contributions in the conquest of Shu. Zhong Hui was appointed Minister over the Masses, promoted from a village-level marquis to a county-level marquis, and had the number of taxable households in his marquisate increased to 10,000. His two (adoptive) sons were each granted a village marquis title and 1,000 taxable households in their marquisate.

Arresting Deng Ai
Zhong Hui had long harboured the intention of rebelling against Wei. When he saw that Deng Ai behaved in an autocratic manner even though his military command was authorised by the Wei imperial court, he secretly reported to the court that Deng was plotting a rebellion. He was skilled in imitating people's handwriting. After intercepting a report written by Deng Ai to the Wei imperial court, he edited the report to make it sound arrogant and demanding. At the same time, he also destroyed a letter from Sima Zhao to Deng Ai. The Wei government fell for Zhong Hui's ruse and ordered Deng Ai to be arrested and transported back to Luoyang in a prison cart. Sima Zhao was worried that Deng Ai would not submit, so he ordered Zhong Hui and Wei Guan to arrest Deng Ai. With Zhong Hui and his troops following behind, Wei Guan went to Deng Ai's camp in Chengdu and used Sima Zhao's letter of authorisation to order Deng's soldiers to put down their weapons. Deng Ai was arrested and placed in a prison cart.

Planning
Zhong Hui had been wary of Deng Ai, so after Deng was arrested, he immediately assumed command of the Wei forces in the former Shu territories. He was overwhelmed by feelings of megalomania after seeing that he wielded great power in his hands, so he decided to rebel against Wei. He came up with a strategy for capturing the Wei capital, Luoyang, in the following sequence:
 * 1) Jiang Wei would lead a vanguard force out of the Xie Valley (斜谷) to attack the city of Chang'an. Zhong Hui would follow behind with the main army and provide support.
 * 2) After capturing Chang'an, the army would be split into two groups – infantry and cavalry. The infantry would sail along the Wei and Yellow rivers towards Meng Ford (孟津) near Luoyang while the cavalry would ride towards Luoyang on land. Zhong Hui estimated that the journey would take five days.
 * 3) The infantry and cavalry would rendezvous outside Luoyang and attack the city together.

Zhong Hui received a letter from Sima Zhao, which read: "I fear Deng Ai might not submit. I have ordered Jia Chong to lead 10,000 infantry and cavalry into the Xie Valley and station at Lecheng. I will lead 100,000 troops to garrison at Chang'an. We will be meeting each other soon." After reading the letter, Zhong Hui was shocked and he told his close aides, "When His Excellency ordered me to arrest Deng Ai, he knew I was capable of accomplishing the task alone. However, now, since he has brought his troops here, he must be suspecting me. We should take action quickly. If we succeed, the Empire is ours. If we fail, we can retreat back to Shu Han and do as Liu Bei did before us. It is widely known that my plans have never failed once since the Shouchun rebellions. How can I be contented with such fame?"

Mutiny
Zhong Hui arrived in Chengdu on 29 February 264. The following day, he summoned all the high-ranking officers and former Shu officers to the old Shu imperial court in the name of holding a memorial service for the recently deceased Empress Dowager Guo. During the service, he showed them an imperial decree and claimed it was issued by the empress dowager before she died. In the decree, Empress Dowager Guo wanted all those who were loyal to Wei to rise up against Sima Zhao and remove him from power. The decree was actually a fake one written by Zhong Hui. Zhong Hui sought the officers' opinions, asked them to sign on a list if they agreed to carry out the empress dowager's dying wish, and then instructed his close aides to take over command of the various military units. He then had all the officers detained in their respective offices with the doors shut, and ordered the gates of the city to be closed and tightly guarded.

Qiu Jian (丘建), an officer serving under Zhong Hui, used to be a subordinate of Hu Lie (胡烈). Hu Lie recommended him to Sima Zhao. Zhong Hui favoured and regarded Qiu Jian highly and requested for him to be transferred to his unit. Qiu Jian sympathised with Hu Lie, who was detained alone inside a room, so he approached Zhong Hui and said that each of the detained officers should have a servant to attend to their personal needs. Zhong Hui agreed. Hu Lie lied to his servant and wrote a letter to his sons, in which he claimed he heard from Qiu Jian that Zhong Hui was planning to purge the officers not from his own unit by luring them into a trap and killing them. The rumour spread like wildfire among all the detained officers. When Zhong Hui's men received news about the rumour, they suggested to their superior to execute all the officers holding the rank of Cavalry Commandant of the Standard (牙門騎督) and above. Zhong Hui could not decide on what to do.

Around noon on 3 March 264, Hu Lie's sons and subordinates started beating the drums and their soldiers followed suit. After that, they rushed towards the city gates in a disorderly manner because they had no one to lead them. Around the time, Jiang Wei was collecting his armour and weapons from Zhong Hui when they heard shouting and received news that a fire had broken out. Moments later, it was reported that many soldiers were crowding near the city gates. Zhong Hui was surprised and he asked Jiang Wei, "Those men are causing trouble. What should we do?" Jiang Wei replied, "Kill them." Zhong Hui then ordered his men to kill the officers who were still detained in their offices. Some of the officers used pieces of furniture to block the doors. Zhong Hui's men rammed the doors but could not force them open. A while later, there were reports of people climbing up the city gates on ladders and of people setting fire to buildings. Chaos broke out and arrows were fired in all directions. The detained officers broke out of captivity, regrouped with their men, and attacked Zhong Hui and Jiang Wei. Zhong Hui and Jiang Wei fought the mutinying soldiers and slew about five or six of them, but were eventually overwhelmed and killed by them. Zhong Hui was 40 years old (by East Asian age reckoning) when he died. Hundreds of lives were lost in the mutiny.

Sima Zhao's foresight
Initially, when Sima Zhao wanted to put Zhong Hui in charge of leading the Wei army to conquer Shu, Shao Ti (邵悌) warned him that Zhong Hui might rebel against Wei because he was in command of an army of thousands, was single, and had no family to worry about. Sima Zhao laughed and said he understood Shao Ti's concern very well, but chose to let Zhong Hui lead the Wei army because he had faith in Zhong's ability to conquer Shu. He also predicted that Zhong Hui would not succeed even if he rebelled because of two reasons. First, the people of Shu would not support Zhong Hui because they were already fearful after witnessing the fall of Shu. Second, the Wei forces would not support Zhong Hui because they were already exhausted and homesick after the campaign.

Later, after Zhong Hui secretly accused Deng Ai of plotting a rebellion, Sima Zhao wanted to lead his forces to station at Chang'an. Shao Ti told Sima Zhao that there was no need for him to go to Chang'an because Zhong Hui was capable of arresting Deng Ai on his own since he had five to six times more troops than Deng Ai. Sima Zhao replied, "Have you forgotten what you said previously? Why are you asking me not to go (to Chang'an) now? Please keep secret what we spoke about. I treat people with trust and respect. As long as they remain loyal to me, I will not doubt them. Jia Chong recently asked me, 'Are you suspicious of Zhong Hui?' I replied, 'If I send you on a mission today, do you think I doubt you?' He could not respond to my reply. Everything will be settled when I arrive in Chang'an." By the time Sima Zhao reached Chang'an, Zhong Hui had already been killed in the mutiny, just as Sima Zhao foresaw.

Family and relatives
Zhong Hui's father, Zhong Yao, was a prominent politician and calligrapher who held the position of Grand Tutor (太傅) in the Wei imperial court. Zhong Hui's mother, Zhang Changpu, was one of Zhong Yao's concubines and was known for her virtuous conduct, wisdom, and influential role in her son's early education.

Zhong Hui's elder half-brother, Zhong Yu (鍾毓), died in the winter of 263. Zhong Hui made no response to the death of his brother. Zhong Yu had four sons: Zhong Jun (鍾峻), Zhong Yong (鍾邕), Zhong Yi (鍾毅) and Zhong Chan (鍾辿). Zhong Yi was raised as Zhong Hui's adoptive son because Zhong Hui was single and had no children. Zhong Yong was killed along with his uncle Zhong Hui during the mutiny and his family members were executed. In the aftermath of Zhong Hui's failed rebellion, Zhong Jun, Zhong Yi and Zhong Chan were implicated, arrested and placed on death row for their relations to Zhong Hui. However, Sima Zhao took into consideration that Zhong Yao and Zhong Yu had rendered meritorious service to Wei, hence he decided to let them preserve their posterity. He made the Wei emperor Cao Huan issue an imperial decree, which pardoned Zhong Jun and Zhong Chan and restored them to their original official positions and titles. Zhong Yi, however, was executed because he was Zhong Hui's adoptive son and was hence not eligible for the pardon.

It is believed that Sima Zhao decided to spare Zhong Jun and Zhong Chan because Zhong Yu once warned him that Zhong Hui was manipulative and should not be placed in positions with great power. Sima Zhao laughed, praised Zhong Yu for his honest advice, and promised that he would spare Zhong Yu's family if Zhong Hui really did commit treason.

Chen Shou
Chen Shou, who wrote Zhong Hui's biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), praised him as "knowledgeable and skilled with numerological operations", as he mentioned Zhong Hui was once as famous as the philosopher Wang Bi when they were young. He then lumped Zhong Hui together with Wang Ling, Guanqiu Jian, and Zhuge Dan in his criticism: "They were famous for their various talents, which helped them rise to high positions. It was a pity that they were overly ambitious, had morally crooked ideas, and failed to recognise the hidden pitfalls around them. These resulted in their downfalls and the extermination of their families. Can it be any more fatuous than this?"

Xiahou Ba
The Shiyu recorded that when the Wei general Xiahou Ba defected to Shu, the Shu officials asked him, "What does Sima Yi do best?" Xiahou Ba replied, "Solidifying his family's position in Wei." They asked him again, "Who are the talents in the Wei capital?" Xiahou Ba replied, "There's one Zhong Shiji. Wu and Shu should be worried if he's in charge of the Wei government."

The Han Jin Chunqiu mentioned that the Shu general Jiang Wei also asked Xiahou Ba, "Now that Sima Yi is in control of the Wei government, is he still planning to launch any campaigns against Shu and Wu?" Xiahou Ba replied, "He focuses on strengthening his family's control of the Wei government and doesn't have time to bother about external affairs. However, there's one Zhong Shiji. He may be young, but he'll definitely become a threat to Wu and Shu in the future. Despite so, even the most extraordinary people can't control him." Xiahou Ba was proven right 15 years later because Zhong Hui was one of the key figures in the Wei conquest of Shu.

Pei Songzhi added the Shiyu account to support what Xi Zuochi wrote in the Han Jin Chunqiu.

In popular culture
Zhong Hui is first introduced as a playable character in the seventh instalment of Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series.

title: Zhong Hui