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Optic disc

The optic disc or optic nerve head is the point of exit for ganglion cell axons leaving the eye. Because there are no rods or cones overlying the optic disc, it corresponds to a small blind spot in each eye.

The ganglion cell axons form the optic nerve after they leave the eye. The optic disc represents the beginning of the optic nerve and is the point where the axons of retinal ganglion cells come together. The optic disc in a normal human eye carries 1–1.2 million afferent nerve fibers from the eye toward the brain. The optic disc is also the entry point for the major arteries that supply the retina with blood, and the exit point for the veins from the retina.

Structure
The optic disc is located 3 to 4 mm to the nasal side of the fovea. It is a vertical oval, with average dimensions of 1.76mm horizontally by 1.92mm vertically. There is a central depression, of variable size, called the optic cup. This depression can be a variety of shapes from a shallow indentation to a bean pot—this shape can be significant for diagnosis of some retinal diseases.

Function
The optic disc or optic nerve head is the point of exit for ganglion cell axons leaving the eye. Because there are no rods or cones overlying the optic disc, it corresponds to a small blind spot in each eye.

Clinical significance
Almost all eye structures can be examined with appropriate optical equipment and lenses. Using a modern direct ophthalmoscope gives a view of the optic disc using the principle of reversibility of light. A slit lamp biomicroscopic examination along with an appropriate aspheric focusing lens (+66D, +78D or +90D) is required for a detailed stereoscopic view of the optic disc and structures inside the eye.

A biomicroscopic exam can indicate the health of the optic nerve. In particular, the eye care physician notes the colour, cupping size (as a cup-to-disc ratio), sharpness of edge, swelling, hemorrhages, notching in the optic disc and any other unusual anomalies. It is useful for finding evidence corroborating the diagnosis of glaucoma and other optic neuropathies, optic neuritis, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy or papilledema (i.e. optic disc swelling produced by raised intracranial pressure), and optic disc drusen.

Women in an advanced stage of pregnancy with pre-eclampsia should be screened by an ophthalmoscopic examination of the optic disc for early evidence of a rise in intracranial pressure.

Pale disc
A normal optic disc is orange to pink in colour and may vary based on ethnicity. A pale disc is an optic disc which varies in colour from a pale pink or orange colour to white. A pale disc is an indication of a disease condition.

Imaging
Traditional colour-film camera images are the reference standard in imaging, requiring an expert ophthalmic photographer, ophthalmic technician, optometrist or ophthalmologist for taking standardised pictures of the optic disc. Stereoscopic images offer an excellent investigative tool for serial follow-up of suspected changes in the hands of an expert optometrist or ophthalmologist.

Automated techniques have also been developed to allow for more efficient and less expensive imaging. Heidelberg retinal tomography (HRT), scanning laser polarimetry and optical coherence tomography are computerised techniques for imaging various structures of the eyes, including the optic disc. They quantify the nerve fiber layer of the disc and surrounding retina and statistically correlate the findings with a database of previously screened population of normals. They are useful for baseline and serial follow-up to monitor minute changes in optic disc morphology. Imaging will not provide conclusive evidence for clinical diagnosis however, and the evidence needs to be supplanted by serial physiological testing for functional changes. Such tests may include visual field charting and final clinical interpretation of the complete eye examination by an eye care physician. Ophthalmologists and optometrists are able to provide this service.

Blood flow in the retina and choroid in the optic disc region can be revealed non invasively by near-infrared laser Doppler imaging. Laser Doppler imaging can enable mapping of the local arterial resistivity index, and the possibility to perform unambiguous identification of retinal arteries and veins on the basis of their systole-diastole variations, and reveal ocular hemodynamics in human eyes. Furthermore, the Doppler spectrum asymmetry reveals the local direction of blood flow with respect to the optical axis. This directional information is overlaid on standard grayscale blood flow images to depict flow in the central artery and vein.

A systematic review of 106 studies and 16,260 eyes compared the performance of the imaging techniques, and found that all three imaging tests performed very similarly when detecting for glaucoma. The review found that in 1,000 patients subjected to imaging tests, with 200 having manifest glaucoma, the best imaging tests would miss 60 cases out of the 200 patients with glaucoma, and incorrectly refer 50 out of 800 patients without glaucoma.

Abnormalities

 * Megalopapilla: a non-progressive condition in which the optic disc is enlarged (diameter exceeding 2.1 mm) with no other morphological abnormalities.
 * Morning glory disc anomaly: a unilateral congenital deformity resulting from failure of the optic nerve to completely form in utero. The term was coined in 1970 by Kindler, noting a resemblance of the malformed optic nerve to the morning glory flower.
 * Optic pit: congenital excavation of the optic disc resulting from a malformation during development of the eye.

title: Optic disc


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GE Honda Aero Engines

GE Honda Aero Engines LLC is a joint venture between GE Aerospace and Honda Aero based in Cincinnati, Ohio. GE Honda is headed by Melvyn Heard of GE Aerospace and Shinji Tsukiyama of Honda Aero. Formed in 2004, the company plans to create jet engines in the 1000 to 3500 lbf thrust class, suitable for the business aviation industry.

Products

 * GE Honda HF120

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: GE Honda Aero Engines


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User:NightThree

Hey everyone, I'm a student at the University of Maine. More later. For now, head to justinrussell.com.

title: User:NightThree


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Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography

The Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography, officially the S. A. Gerasimov All-Russian University of Cinematography (Всероссийский государственный институт кинематографии имени С. А. Герасимова, meaning All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography named after S. A. Gerasimov), a.k.a. VGIK, is a film school in Moscow, Russia.

History
The institute was founded in 1919 by the film director Vladimir Gardin as the Moscow Film School and is the first and oldest film school in the world. From 1934 to 1991 the film school was known as the All-Union State Institute of Cinematography (Всесоюзный государственный институт кинематографии).

Film directors taught at the institute include Lev Kuleshov, Marlen Khutsiev, Aleksey Batalov, Sergei Eisenstein, Mikhail Romm and Vsevolod Pudovkin.

Since 1986, the school has been named after the film director and actor Sergei Gerasimov.

The founding of the institute was authorized by V. I. Lenin in 1919. Its work in the early years was hampered by a shortage of film stock. It has a history as one of the oldest film schools in existence; many film directors have taught at the institute. During the period of the Soviet Union it was a requirement of the state to attend VGIK in order to be allowed to direct a film. . More recently, its alumni were drawn both from the USSR (Soviet Union) and from other socialist and other countries, though it was a requirement for students to first learn Russian prior to attending. It is among the few film schools which offer scriptwriting courses.

Notable alumni
Notable alumni include:

 * Tengiz Abuladze
 * Sitora Alieva
 * Dhimitër Anagnosti
 * Natalya Andrejchenko
 * Anders Banke
 * Siddiq Barmak
 * Aimée Beekman
 * Vladimir Beekman
 * Sergei Bondarchuk
 * Lucian Bratu
 * Valentin Chernykh
 * Sofiko Chiaureli
 * Revaz Chkheidze
 * Grigory Chukhray
 * Yuri Chulyukin
 * Souleymane Cissé
 * Frank Daniel
 * Georgi Djulgerov
 * Maciej Drygas
 * Dimitri Devyatkin
 * Nikolai Ekk
 * Natalya Fateyeva
 * Yan Frid
 * Aleksandr Fyodorov
 * Leonid Gaidai
 * Aleksei Alekseivich German
 * Marina Goldovskaya
 * Anatoli Golovnya
 * Stanislav Govorukhin
 * Zheng Guo'en
 * Lyudmila Gurchenko
 * Iris Gusner
 * Alexander Gutman
 * Jerzy Hoffman
 * Rustam Ibragimbekov
 * Otar Iosseliani
 * Viktor Ivanov
 * Roman Karmen
 * Shapi Kaziev
 * Edmond Keosayan
 * Ilya Khrzhanovsky
 * Marlen Khutsiev
 * Naum Kleiman
 * Elem Klimov
 * Andrei Konchalovsky
 * Alim Kouliev
 * Larisa Kronberg
 * Lev Kulidzhanov
 * Eldar Kuliev
 * Tamila Koulieva-Karantinaki
 * Savva Kulish
 * Leida Laius
 * Anton Lapenko
 * Pavel Lebeshev
 * Jay Leyda
 * Roman Liberov
 * Việt Linh
 * Sergei Loznitsa
 * Oleg Makara
 * Mohammad Malas
 * Vladimir Menshov
 * Rachel Messerer
 * Márta Mészáros
 * Nikita Mikhalkov
 * Aleksandr Misharin
 * Alexander Mitta
 * Kira Muratova
 * Vladimir Nakhabtsev
 * Rodion Nakhapetov
 * Khodzha Kuli Narliyev
 * Georgy Natanson
 * Rufina Nifontova
 * Mikko Niskanen
 * Rashid Nugmanov
 * Arsha Ovanesova
 * Yuri Ozerov
 * Sergei Parajanov
 * Aleksandr Petrov
 * Juris Podnieks
 * Gennadi Poloka
 * Galina Polskikh
 * Ami Priyono
 * Vsevolod Pudovkin
 * Andres Puustusmaa
 * Irma Raush
 * Eduard Rozovsky
 * Eldar Ryazanov
 * Samson Samsonov
 * Abderrahmane Sissako
 * Mikhail Schweitzer
 * Karen Shakhnazarov
 * Giorgi Shengelaia
 * Eldar Shengelaya
 * Larisa Shepitko
 * Vasily Shukshin
 * Sjumandjaja
 * Lyubov Sokolova
 * Aleksandr Sokurov
 * Elena Solovey
 * Sergey Solovyov
 * Sjumandjaja
 * Andrei Tarkovsky
 * Viktoriya Tokareva
 * Alexei Uchitel
 * Jonas Vaitkus
 * Mikhail Vartanov
 * Natalya Vavilova
 * Luz Valdez
 * Oleg Vidov
 * Gheorghe Vodă
 * Eduard Volodarsky
 * Konrad Wolf
 * Francheska Yarbusova
 * Valentina Yermolova
 * Vadim Yusov
 * Vytautas Žalakevičius

Faculty
In 2015-2016, the Institute featured the following faculties:

 * Directing Faculty
 * Acting Faculty
 * Arts Faculty
 * Filming Faculty
 * Animation and Multimedia Faculty
 * Scripting and Film Studies Faculty
 * Production and Economics Faculty
 * Inter-faculty departments and labs:
 * Department of History and Philosophy
 * Department of Cultural Theory, History and Esthetics
 * Laboratory of Film Drama
 * Laboratory of Painting and Drawing
 * Laboratory of Arts
 * Laboratory of International Film History
 * Laboratory of Classical and Stop-motion Animation
 * Laboratory of Computer Graphics and Multimedia

title: Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography


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List of birds of Oklahoma

This list of birds of Oklahoma includes species documented in the U.S. state of Oklahoma and accepted by the Oklahoma Ornithological Society's Bird Records Committee (OBRC). As of May 2022, there were 488 species on the official list. Of them, 114 are classified as accidental, seven have been introduced to North America, two are known to be extinct, and two others might be extinct. An additional 16 species are classed as either hypothetical or of uncertain origin. Two additional accidental species have been added from other sources.

This list is presented in the taxonomic sequence of the Check-list of North and Middle American Birds, 7th edition through the 62nd Supplement, published by the American Ornithological Society (AOS). Common and scientific names are also those of the Check-list, except that the common names of families are from the Clements taxonomy because the AOS list does not include them.

Unless otherwise noted, all species listed below are considered to occur regularly in Oklahoma as permanent residents, summer or winter visitors, or migrants. These tags are used to annotate some species:

 * (A) Accidental - Species considered rare or accidental by Bird Checklists of the World (the OBRC does not annotate its list with this category)
 * (I) Introduced - a species introduced to North America by the actions of humans, either directly or indirectly
 * (E) Extinct - a species that no longer exists
 * (H) Hypothetical - "species seen in the state and supported only by written documentation" per the OBRC
 * (UO) Uncertain origin - species whose provenance is unknown

Ducks, geese, and waterfowl
Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae

The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils.

 * Black-bellied whistling-duck, Dendrocygna autumnalis (A)
 * Fulvous whistling-duck, Dendrocygna bicolor (A)
 * Snow goose, Anser caerulescens
 * Ross's goose, Anser rossii (A)
 * Greater white-fronted goose, Anser albifrons
 * Brant, Branta bernicla
 * Barnacle goose, Branta leucopsis (A)
 * Cackling goose, Branta hutchinsii
 * Canada goose, Branta canadensis
 * Mute swan, Cygnus olor (I) (UO)
 * Trumpeter swan, Cygnus buccinator
 * Tundra swan, Cygnus columbianus (A)
 * Wood duck, Aix sponsa
 * Baikal teal, Sibirionetta formosa (H)
 * Garganey, Spatula querquedula (A)
 * Blue-winged teal, Spatula discors
 * Cinnamon teal, Spatula cyanoptera (A)
 * Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata
 * Gadwall, Mareca strepera
 * Eurasian wigeon, Mareca penelope
 * American wigeon, Mareca americana
 * Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos
 * Mexican duck, Anas diazi (A)
 * American black duck, Anas rubripes (A)
 * Mottled duck, Anas fulvigula
 * Northern pintail, Anas acuta
 * Green-winged teal, Anas crecca
 * Canvasback, Aythya valisineria
 * Redhead, Aythya americana
 * Ring-necked duck, Aythya collaris
 * Greater scaup, Aythya marila (A)
 * Lesser scaup, Aythya affinis
 * Surf scoter, Melanitta perspicillata (A)
 * White-winged scoter, Melanitta deglandi
 * Black scoter, Melanitta americana (A)
 * Long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis (A)
 * Bufflehead, Bucephala albeola
 * Common goldeneye, Bucephala clangula
 * Barrow's goldeneye, Bucephala islandica
 * Hooded merganser, Lophodytes cucullatus
 * Common merganser, Mergus merganser
 * Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator
 * Masked duck, Nomonyx dominicus (A)
 * Ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis

New World quail
Order: GalliformesFamily: Odontophoridae

The New World quails are small, plump terrestrial birds only distantly related to the quails of the Old World, but named for their similar appearance and habits.

 * Northern bobwhite, Colinus virginianus
 * Scaled quail, Callipepla squamata

Pheasants, grouse, and allies
Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae

Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings. Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans.

 * Wild turkey, Meleagris gallopavo
 * Gunnison sage-grouse, Centrocercus minimus (H) (A)
 * Sharp-tailed grouse, Tympanuchus phasianellus (H)
 * Greater prairie-chicken, Tympanuchus cupido
 * Lesser prairie-chicken, Tympanuchus pallidicinctus
 * Ring-necked pheasant, Phasianus colchicus (I)

Grebes
Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae

Grebes small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.

 * Least grebe, Tachybaptus dominicus (A)
 * Pied-billed grebe, Podilymbus podiceps
 * Horned grebe, Podiceps auritus
 * Red-necked grebe, Podiceps grisegena (A)
 * Eared grebe, Podiceps nigricollis
 * Western grebe, Aechmorphorus occidentalis
 * Clark's grebe, Aechmorphorus clarkii (A)

Pigeons and doves
Order: ColumbiformesFamily: Columbidae

Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.

 * Rock pigeon, Columba livia (I)
 * Band-tailed pigeon, Patagioenas fasciata
 * Eurasian collared-dove, Streptopelia decaocto (I)
 * Passenger pigeon, Ectopistes migratorius (E)
 * Inca dove, Columbina inca
 * Common ground dove, Columbina passerina
 * White-winged dove, Zenaida asiatica
 * Mourning dove, Zenaida macroura

Cuckoos
Order: CuculiformesFamily: Cuculidae

The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.

 * Groove-billed ani, Crotophaga sulcirostris (A)
 * Greater roadrunner, Geococcyx californianus
 * Yellow-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus
 * Black-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus erythropthalmus

Nightjars and allies
Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Caprimulgidae

Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs, and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically colored to resemble bark or leaves.

 * Lesser nighthawk, Chordeiles acutipennis
 * Common nighthawk, Chordeiles minor
 * Common poorwill, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii (A)
 * Chuck-will's-widow, Antrostomus carolinensis
 * Eastern whip-poor-will, Antrostomus vociferus

Swifts
Order: ApodiformesFamily: Apodidae

The swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have very long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.

 * Chimney swift, Chaetura pelagica
 * White-throated swift, Aeronautes saxatalis (H) (A)

Hummingbirds
Order: ApodiformesFamily: Trochilidae

Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards.

 * Mexican violetear, Colibri thalassinus (A)
 * Rivoli's hummingbird, Eugenes fulgens (A)
 * Blue-throated mountain-gem, Lampornis clemenciae (H) (A)
 * Ruby-throated hummingbird, Archilochus colubris
 * Black-chinned hummingbird, Archilochus alexandri
 * Anna's hummingbird, Calypte anna (A)
 * Costa's hummingbird, Calypte costae (A)
 * Calliope hummingbird, Selasphorus calliope
 * Rufous hummingbird, Selasphorus rufus (A)
 * Broad-tailed hummingbird, Selasphorus platycercus
 * Broad-billed hummingbird, Cynanthus latirostris (A)

Rails, gallinules, and coots
Order: GruiformesFamily: Rallidae

Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. The most typical family members occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.

 * King rail, Rallus elegans
 * Virginia rail, Rallus limicola
 * Sora, Porzana carolina
 * Common gallinule, Gallinula galeata (A)
 * American coot, Fulica americana
 * Purple gallinule, Porphyrio martinicus (A)
 * Yellow rail, Coturnicops noveboracensis
 * Black rail, Laterallus jamaicensis

Limpkin
Order: GruiformesFamily: Aramidae

The limpkin is an odd bird that looks like a large rail, but is skeletally closer to the cranes.

 * Limpkin, Aramus guarauna (A)

Cranes
Order: GruiformesFamily: Gruidae

Cranes are large, long-legged, and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances".

 * Sandhill crane, Antigone canadensis (A) (According to eBird records, this species is widespread and common during migration.)
 * Common crane, Grus grus (A)
 * Whooping crane, Grus americana

Stilts and avocets
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Recurvirostridae

Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.

 * Black-necked stilt, Himantopus mexicanus
 * American avocet, Recurvirostra americana

Plovers and lapwings
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Charadriidae

The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.

 * Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola
 * American golden-plover, Pluvialis dominica
 * Killdeer, Charadrius vociferus
 * Semipalmated plover, Charadrius semipalmatus
 * Piping plover, Charadrius melodus
 * Wilson's plover, Charadrius wilsonia (A)
 * Snowy plover, Charadrius nivosus (A) (According to eBird records this species is a regularly occurring summer resident.)
 * Mountain plover, Charadrius montanus

Sandpipers and allies
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Scolopacidae

Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.

 * Upland sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda
 * Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus (A)
 * Eskimo curlew, Numenius borealis (Possibly E) (A)
 * Long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus
 * Hudsonian godwit, Limosa haemastica
 * Marbled godwit, Limosa fedoa
 * Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres
 * Red knot, Calidris canutus
 * Ruff, Calidris pugnax (A)
 * Stilt sandpiper, Calidris himantopus
 * Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea (H) (A)
 * Sanderling, Calidris alba
 * Dunlin, Calidris alpina
 * Purple sandpiper, Calidris maritima (A)
 * Baird's sandpiper, Calidris bairdii
 * Least sandpiper, Calidris minutilla
 * White-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis
 * Buff-breasted sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis
 * Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos
 * Semipalmated sandpiper, Calidris pusilla
 * Western sandpiper, Calidris mauri
 * Short-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus
 * Long-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus
 * American woodcock, Scolopax minor
 * Wilson's snipe, Gallinago delicata
 * Solitary sandpiper, Tringa solitaria
 * Lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes
 * Willet, Tringa semipalmata
 * Spotted redshank, Tringa erythropus
 * Greater yellowlegs, Tringa melanoleuca
 * Wilson's phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor
 * Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus
 * Red phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius

Skuas and jaegers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Stercorariidae

Skuas and jaegers are in general medium to large birds, typically with gray or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They have longish bills with hooked tips and webbed feet with sharp claws. They look like large dark gulls, but have a fleshy cere above the upper mandible. They are strong, acrobatic fliers.

 * South polar skua, Stercorarius maccormicki (A)
 * Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus
 * Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus
 * Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus

Gulls, terns, and skimmers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Laridae

Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds and includes gulls, terns, kittiwakes, and skimmers. They are typically gray or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet.

 * Black-legged kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla (A)
 * Sabine's gull, Xema sabini (A)
 * Bonaparte's gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia
 * Black-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus
 * Little gull, Hydrocoloeus minutus (A)
 * Laughing gull, Leucophaeus atricilla (A)
 * Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan
 * Heermann's gull, Larus heermanni (A)
 * Short-billed gull, Larus brachyrhynchus (A)
 * Ring-billed gull, Larus delawarensis
 * California gull, Larus californicus
 * Herring gull, Larus argentatus
 * Iceland gull, Larus glaucoides (A)
 * Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus (A)
 * Glaucous-winged gull, Larus glaucescens
 * Glaucous gull, Larus hyperboreus (A)
 * Great black-backed gull, Larus marinus (A)
 * Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus (A)
 * Least tern, Sternula antillarum
 * Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia
 * Black tern, Chlidonias niger
 * Common tern, Sterna hirundo
 * Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea (A)
 * Forster's tern, Sterna forsteri
 * Royal tern, Thalasseus maximus (A)
 * Black skimmer, Rynchops niger

Loons
Order: GaviiformesFamily: Gaviidae

Loons are aquatic birds, the size of a large duck, to which they are unrelated. Their plumage is largely gray or black, and they have spear-shaped bills. Loons swim well and fly adequately, but are almost hopeless on land, because their legs are placed towards the rear of the body.

 * Red-throated loon, Gavia stellata (A)
 * Pacific loon, Gavia pacifica (A)
 * Common loon, Gavia immer
 * Yellow-billed loon, Gavia adamsii

Storks
Order: CiconiiformesFamily: Ciconiidae

Storks are large, heavy, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long stout bills and wide wingspans. They lack the powder down that other wading birds such as herons, spoonbills and ibises use to clean off fish slime. Storks lack a pharynx and are mute.

 * Jabiru, Jabiru mycteria (A)
 * Wood stork, Mycteria americana

Frigatebirds
Order: SuliformesFamily: Fregatidae

Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black, or black-and-white, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have colored inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.

 * Magnificent frigatebird, Fregata magnificens
 * Great frigatebird, Fregata minor (A)

Boobies and gannets
Order: SuliformesFamily: Sulidae

The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium-large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.

 * Brown booby, Sula leucogaster (A)
 * Northern gannet, Morus bassanus (H) (A)

Anhingas
Order: SuliformesFamily: Anhingidae

Darters are cormorant-like water birds with very long necks and long, straight beaks. They are fish eaters which often swim with only their neck above the water.

 * Anhinga, Anhinga anhinga (A)

Cormorants and shags
Order: SuliformesFamily: Phalacrocoracidae

Cormorants are medium-to-large aquatic birds, usually with mainly dark plumage and areas of colored skin on the face. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed.

 * Double-crested cormorant, Nannopterum auritum
 * Neotropic cormorant, Nannopterum brasilianum

Pelicans
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Pelecanidae

Pelicans are very large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak Like other birds in the order Pelecaniformes, they have four webbed toes.

 * American white pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
 * Brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis (A)

Herons, egrets, and bitterns
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Ardeidae

The family Ardeidae contains the herons, egrets, and bitterns. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more secretive. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills.

 * American bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus
 * Least bittern, Ixobrychus exilis
 * Great blue heron, Ardea herodias
 * Great egret, Ardea alba
 * Snowy egret, Egretta thula
 * Little blue heron, Egretta caerulea
 * Tricolored heron, Egretta tricolor
 * Reddish egret, Egretta rufescens (A)
 * Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis
 * Green heron, Butorides virescens
 * Black-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax
 * Yellow-crowned night-heron, Nyctanassa violacea

Ibises and spoonbills
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Threskiornithidae

The family Threskiornithidae includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings. Their bodies tends to be elongated, the neck more so, with rather long legs. The bill is also long, decurved in the case of the ibises, straight and distinctively flattened in the spoonbills.

 * White ibis, Eudocimus albus (A)
 * Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus
 * White-faced ibis, Plegadis chihi (A)
 * Roseate spoonbill, Platalea ajaja (A)

New World vultures
Order: CathartiformesFamily: Cathartidae

The New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures, but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution. Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers. However, unlike Old World vultures, which find carcasses by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carcasses.

 * Black vulture, Coragyps atratus
 * Turkey vulture, Cathartes aura

Osprey
Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Pandionidae

Pandionidae is a family of fish-eating birds of prey possessing a very large, powerful hooked beak for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. The family is monotypic.

 * Osprey, Pandion haliaetus

Hawks, eagles, and kites
Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Accipitridae

Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight.

 * White-tailed kite, Elanus leucurus
 * Swallow-tailed kite, Elanoides forficatus
 * Golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos
 * Northern harrier, Circus hudsonius
 * Sharp-shinned hawk, Accipiter striatus
 * Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii
 * American goshawk, Accipiter atricapillus
 * Bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus
 * Mississippi kite, Ictinia mississippiensis
 * Common black hawk, Buteogallus anthracinus (A)
 * Harris's hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus
 * Gray hawk, Buteo plagiatus (H) (A)
 * Red-shouldered hawk, Buteo lineatus
 * Broad-winged hawk, Buteo platypterus
 * Swainson's hawk, Buteo swainsoni
 * Zone-tailed hawk, Buteo albonotatus (A)
 * Red-tailed hawk, Buteo jamaicensis
 * Rough-legged hawk, Buteo lagopus
 * Ferruginous hawk, Buteo regalis

Barn-owls
Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae

Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.

 * Barn owl, Tyto alba

Owls
Order: StrigiformesFamily: Strigidae

Typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.

 * Western screech-owl, Megascops kennicottii
 * Eastern screech-owl, Megascops asio
 * Great horned owl, Bubo virginianus
 * Snowy owl, Bubo scandiacus (A)
 * Burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia (A)
 * Barred owl, Strix varia
 * Long-eared owl, Asio otus
 * Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus
 * Northern saw-whet owl, Aegolius acadicus (A)

Kingfishers
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Alcedinidae

Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails.

 * Ringed kingfisher, Megaceryle torquata (A)
 * Belted kingfisher, Megaceryle alcyon

Woodpeckers
Order: PiciformesFamily: Picidae

Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.

 * Lewis's woodpecker, Melanerpes lewis
 * Red-headed woodpecker, Melanerpes erythrocephalus
 * Acorn woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivorus
 * Golden-fronted woodpecker, Melanerpes aurifrons
 * Red-bellied woodpecker, Melanerpes carolinus
 * Williamson's sapsucker, Sphyrapicus thyroideus
 * Yellow-bellied sapsucker, Sphyrapicus varius
 * Red-naped sapsucker, Sphyrapicus nuchalis
 * Downy woodpecker, Dryobates pubescens
 * Ladder-backed woodpecker, Dryobates scalaris
 * Red-cockaded woodpecker, Dryobates borealis
 * Hairy woodpecker, Dryobates villosus
 * Northern flicker, Colaptes auratus
 * Pileated woodpecker, Dryocopus pileatus
 * Ivory-billed woodpecker, Campephilus principalis (A) (The OBRC classes this species as "possibly extinct", but see its page for the controversy surrounding it.)

Falcons and caracaras
Order: FalconiformesFamily: Falconidae

Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey, notably the falcons and caracaras. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.

 * Crested caracara, Caracara plancus
 * American kestrel, Falco sparverius
 * Merlin, Falco columbarius
 * Gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus
 * Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus
 * Prairie falcon, Falco mexicanus

New World and African parrots
Order: PsittaciformesFamily: Psittacidae

Parrots are small to large birds with a characteristic curved beak. Their upper mandibles have slight mobility in the joint with the skull and they have a generally erect stance. All parrots are zygodactyl, having the four toes on each foot placed two at the front and two to the back. Most of the more than 150 species in this family are found in the New World.

 * Monk parakeet, Myiopsitta monachus (I) (UO) (A)
 * Carolina parakeet, Conuropsis carolinensis (E)

Tyrant flycatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Tyrannidae

Tyrant flycatchers are Passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, are rather plain. As the name implies, most are insectivorous.

 * Dusky-capped flycatcher, Myiarchus tuberculifer (H) (A)
 * Ash-throated flycatcher, Myiarchus cinerascens
 * Great crested flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus
 * Great kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus (A)
 * Couch's kingbird, Tyrannus couchii (A)
 * Cassin's kingbird, Tyrannus vociferans
 * Western kingbird, Tyrannus verticalis
 * Eastern kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus
 * Scissor-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus forficatus
 * Olive-sided flycatcher, Contopus cooperi
 * Western wood-pewee, Contopus sordidulus
 * Eastern wood-pewee, Contopus virens
 * Yellow-bellied flycatcher, Empidonax flaviventris
 * Acadian flycatcher, Empidonax virescens
 * Alder flycatcher, Empidonax alnorum (A)
 * Willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii
 * Least flycatcher, Empidonax minimus
 * Hammond's flycatcher, Empidonax hammondii
 * Gray flycatcher, Empidonax wrightii (A)
 * Dusky flycatcher, Empidonax oberholseri
 * Western flycatcher, Empidonax difficilis
 * Black phoebe, Sayornis nigricans (A)
 * Eastern phoebe, Sayornis phoebe
 * Say's phoebe, Sayornis saya (A)
 * Vermilion flycatcher, Pyrocephalus rubinus (A)

Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Vireonidae

The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are typically greenish in color and resemble wood-warblers apart from their heavier bills.

 * Black-capped vireo, Vireo atricapilla (A)
 * White-eyed vireo, Vireo griseus
 * Bell's vireo, Vireo bellii
 * Gray vireo, Vireo vicinior
 * Yellow-throated vireo, Vireo flavifrons
 * Cassin's vireo, Vireo cassinii
 * Blue-headed vireo, Vireo solitarius
 * Plumbeous vireo, Vireo plumbeus
 * Philadelphia vireo, Vireo philadelphicus
 * Warbling vireo, Vireo gilvus
 * Red-eyed vireo, Vireo olivaceus

Shrikes
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Laniidae

Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey.

 * Loggerhead shrike, Lanius ludovicianus
 * Northern shrike, Lanius borealis

Crows, jays, and magpies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Corvidae

The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers, and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.

 * Canada jay, Perisoreus canadensis (H) (A)
 * Pinyon jay, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus
 * Steller's jay, Cyanocitta stelleri
 * Blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata
 * Woodhouse's scrub-jay, Aphelocoma woodhouseii
 * Clark's nutcracker, Nucifraga columbiana (A)
 * Black-billed magpie, Pica hudsonia
 * American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos
 * Fish crow, Corvus ossifragus
 * Chihuahuan raven, Corvus cryptoleucus
 * Common raven, Corvus corax

Tits, chickadees, and titmice
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Paridae

The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.

 * Carolina chickadee, Poecile carolinensis
 * Black-capped chickadee, Poecile atricapilla
 * Mountain chickadee, Poecile gambeli
 * Juniper titmouse, Baeolophus ridgwayi
 * Tufted titmouse, Baeolophus bicolor
 * Black-crested titmouse, Baeolophus atricristatus

Penduline-tits
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Remizidae

The penduline-tits are a group of small passerine birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores.

 * Verdin, Auriparus flaviceps

Larks
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Alaudidae

Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.

 * Horned lark, Eremophila alpestris

Swallows
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Hirundinidae

The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.

 * Bank swallow, Riparia riparia
 * Tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor
 * Violet-green swallow, Tachycineta thalassina (A)
 * Northern rough-winged swallow, Stelgidopteryx serripennis
 * Purple martin, Progne subis
 * Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica
 * Cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
 * Cave swallow, Petrochelidon fulva (A)

Long-tailed tits
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Aegithalidae

Long-tailed tits are a group of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They make woven bag nests in trees. Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects.

 * Bushtit, Psaltriparus minimus

Kinglets
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Regulidae

The kinglets are a small family of birds which resemble the titmice. They are very small insectivorous birds. The adults have colored crowns, giving rise to their name.

 * Ruby-crowned kinglet, Corthylio calendula
 * Golden-crowned kinglet, Regulus satrapa

Waxwings
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Bombycillidae

The waxwings are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter.

 * Bohemian waxwing, Bombycilla garrulus (A)
 * Cedar waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum

Silky-flycatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Ptiliogonatidae

The silky-flycatchers are a small family of passerine birds which occur mainly in Central America, although the range of one species extends to central California. They are related to waxwings and like that group, have soft silky plumage, usually gray or pale-yellow. They have small crests.

 * Phainopepla, Phainopepla nitens (H) (A)

Nuthatches
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sittidae

Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails, and powerful bills and feet.

 * Red-breasted nuthatch, Sitta canadensis
 * White-breasted nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis
 * Pygmy nuthatch, Sitta pygmaea
 * Brown-headed nuthatch, Sitta pusilla

Treecreepers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Certhiidae

Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees.

 * Brown creeper, Certhia americana

Gnatcatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Polioptilidae

These dainty birds resemble Old World warblers in their structure and habits, moving restlessly through the foliage seeking insects. The gnatcatchers are mainly soft bluish gray in color and have the typical insectivore's long sharp bill. Many species have distinctive black head patterns (especially males) and long, regularly cocked, black-and-white tails.

 * Blue-gray gnatcatcher, Polioptila caerulea

Wrens
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Troglodytidae

Wrens are small and inconspicuous birds, except for their loud songs. They have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous.

 * Rock wren, Salpinctes obsoletus (A)
 * Canyon wren, Catherpes mexicanus
 * House wren, Troglodytes aedon
 * Winter wren, Troglodytes hiemalis
 * Sedge wren, Cistothorus platensis
 * Marsh wren, Cistothorus palustris
 * Carolina wren, Thryothorus ludovicianus
 * Bewick's wren, Thryomanes bewickii

Mockingbirds and thrashers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Mimidae

The mimids are a family of passerine birds which includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalization, especially their remarkable ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. The species tend towards dull grays and browns in their appearance.

 * Gray catbird, Dumetella carolinensis
 * Curve-billed thrasher, Toxostoma curvirostre
 * Brown thrasher, Toxostoma rufum
 * Sage thrasher, Oreoscoptes montanus
 * Northern mockingbird, Mimus polyglottos

Starlings
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sturnidae

Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are medium-sized passerines with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.

 * European starling, Sturnus vulgaris (I)

Thrushes and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Turdidae

The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.

 * Eastern bluebird, Sialia sialis
 * Western bluebird, Sialia mexicana
 * Mountain bluebird, Sialia currucoides (A)
 * Townsend's solitaire, Myadestes townsendi (A)
 * Veery, Catharus fuscescens
 * Gray-cheeked thrush, Catharus minimus
 * Swainson's thrush, Catharus ustulatus
 * Hermit thrush, Catharus guttatus
 * Wood thrush, Hylocichla mustelina
 * American robin, Turdus migratorius
 * Varied thrush, Ixoreus naevius (A)

Old World sparrows
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passeridae

Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small plump brownish or grayish birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.

 * House sparrow, Passer domesticus (I)

Wagtails and pipits
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Motacillidae

Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws, and pipits. They are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country.

 * American pipit, Anthus rubescens
 * Sprague's pipit, Anthus spragueii

Finches, euphonias, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Fringillidae

Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.

 * Evening grosbeak, Coccothraustes vespertinus
 * Pine grosbeak, Pinicola enucleator (A)
 * House finch, Haemorhous mexicanus
 * Purple finch, Haemorhous purpureus
 * Cassin's finch, Haemorhous cassinii
 * Common redpoll, Acanthis flammea (A)
 * Red crossbill, Loxia curvirostra (A)
 * White-winged crossbill, Loxia leucoptera (A)
 * Pine siskin, Spinus pinus
 * Lesser goldfinch, Spinus psaltria
 * Lawrence's goldfinch, Spinus lawrencei (A)
 * American goldfinch, Spinus tristis

Longspurs and snow buntings
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Calcariidae

The Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds that were traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas.

 * Lapland longspur, Calcarius lapponicus
 * Chestnut-collared longspur, Calcarius ornatus
 * Smith's longspur, Calcarius pictus
 * Thick-billed longspur, Rhynchophanes mccownii
 * Snow bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis

New World sparrows
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passerellidae

Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae. Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns.

 * Cassin's sparrow, Peucaea cassinii
 * Bachman's sparrow, Peucaea aestivalis
 * Grasshopper sparrow, Ammodramus savannarum
 * Rufous-collared sparrow, Zonotrichia capensis (A)
 * Black-throated sparrow, Amphispiza bilineata
 * Lark sparrow, Chondestes grammacus
 * Lark bunting, Calamospiza melanocorys (A)
 * Chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina
 * Clay-colored sparrow, Spizella pallida
 * Field sparrow, Spizella pusilla
 * Brewer's sparrow, Spizella breweri
 * Fox sparrow, Passerella iliaca
 * American tree sparrow, Spizelloides arborea
 * Dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis
 * White-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys
 * Golden-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia atricapilla (A)
 * Harris's sparrow, Zonotrichia querula
 * White-throated sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis
 * Sagebrush sparrow, Artemisiospiza nevadensis
 * Vesper sparrow, Pooecetes gramineus
 * LeConte's sparrow, Ammospiza leconteii
 * Nelson's sparrow, Ammospiza nelsoni (A)
 * Baird's sparrow, Centronyx bairdii
 * Henslow's sparrow, Centronyx henslowii (A)
 * Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis
 * Song sparrow, Melospiza melodia
 * Lincoln's sparrow, Melospiza lincolnii
 * Swamp sparrow, Melospiza georgiana
 * Canyon towhee, Melozone fuscus
 * Rufous-crowned sparrow, Aimophila ruficeps
 * Green-tailed towhee, Pipilo chlorurus
 * Spotted towhee, Pipilo maculatus
 * Eastern towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus

Yellow-breasted chat
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Icteriidae

This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers (Parulidae) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there. It was placed in its own family in 2017.

 * Yellow-breasted chat, Icteria virens

Troupials and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Icteridae

The icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colorful passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Most species have black as a predominant plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red.

 * Yellow-headed blackbird, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
 * Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus
 * Eastern meadowlark, Sturnella magna
 * Western meadowlark, Sturnella neglecta
 * Orchard oriole, Icterus spurius
 * Hooded oriole, Icterus cucullatus (A)
 * Bullock's oriole, Icterus bullockii
 * Baltimore oriole, Icterus galbula
 * Scott's oriole, Icterus parisorum (A)
 * Red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus
 * Shiny cowbird, Molothrus bonariensis
 * Bronzed cowbird, Molothrus aeneus (A)
 * Brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater
 * Rusty blackbird, Euphagus carolinus
 * Brewer's blackbird, Euphagus cyanocephalus
 * Common grackle, Quiscalus quiscula
 * Great-tailed grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus

New World warblers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Parulidae

The wood-warblers are a group of small often colorful passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are more terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.

 * Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla
 * Worm-eating warbler, Helmitheros vermivorum (A)
 * Louisiana waterthrush, Parkesia motacilla
 * Northern waterthrush, Parkesia noveboracensis
 * Golden-winged warbler, Vermivora chrysoptera (A)
 * Blue-winged warbler, Vermivora cyanoptera (A)
 * Black-and-white warbler, Mniotilta varia
 * Prothonotary warbler, Protonotaria citrea
 * Swainson's warbler, Limnothlypis swainsonii (A)
 * Tennessee warbler, Leiothlypis peregrina
 * Orange-crowned warbler, Leiothlypis celata
 * Nashville warbler, Leiothlypis ruficapilla
 * Virginia's warbler, Leiothlypis virginiae
 * Connecticut warbler, Oporornis agilis (A)
 * MacGillivray's warbler, Geothlypis tolmiei
 * Mourning warbler, Geothlypis philadelphia
 * Kentucky warbler, Geothlypis formosa
 * Common yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas
 * Hooded warbler, Setophaga citrina (A)
 * American redstart, Setophaga ruticilla
 * Cape May warbler, Setophaga tigrina (A)
 * Cerulean warbler, Setophaga cerulea (A)
 * Northern parula, Setophaga americana
 * Magnolia warbler, Setophaga magnolia
 * Bay-breasted warbler, Setophaga castanea
 * Blackburnian warbler, Setophaga fusca
 * Yellow warbler, Setophaga petechia
 * Chestnut-sided warbler, Setophaga pensylvanica
 * Blackpoll warbler, Setophaga striata
 * Black-throated blue warbler, Setophaga caerulescens (A)
 * Palm warbler, Setophaga palmarum
 * Pine warbler, Setophaga pinus (A)
 * Yellow-rumped warbler, Setophaga coronata
 * Yellow-throated warbler, Setophaga dominica
 * Prairie warbler, Setophaga discolor (A)
 * Grace's warbler, Setophaga graciae (H) (A)
 * Black-throated gray warbler, Setophaga nigrescens
 * Townsend's warbler, Setophaga townsendi
 * Golden-cheeked warbler, Setophaga chrysoparia (H) (A)
 * Black-throated green warbler, Setophaga virens
 * Canada warbler, Cardellina canadensis
 * Wilson's warbler, Cardellina pusilla

Cardinals and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cardinalidae

The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.

 * Hepatic tanager, Piranga flava (A)
 * Summer tanager, Piranga rubra
 * Scarlet tanager, Piranga olivacea (A)
 * Western tanager, Piranga ludoviciana (A)
 * Northern cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis
 * Pyrrhuloxia, Cardinalis sinuatus
 * Rose-breasted grosbeak, Pheucticus ludovicianus
 * Black-headed grosbeak, Pheucticus melanocephalus (A)
 * Blue grosbeak, Passerina caerulea
 * Lazuli bunting, Passerina amoena (A)
 * Indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea
 * Painted bunting, Passerina ciris
 * Dickcissel, Spiza americana

title: List of birds of Oklahoma


text:
The Great Terror (book)

The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties is a book by British historian Robert Conquest which was published in 1968. It gave rise to an alternate title of the period in Soviet history known as the Great Purge. Conquest's title was also an evocative allusion to the period that was called the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution (French: la Terreur and from June to July 1794 la Grande Terreur, "the Great Terror"). A revised version of the book, called The Great Terror: A Reassessment, was printed in 1990 after Conquest was able to amend the text, having consulted the opened Soviet archives. The book was funded and widely disseminated by Information Research Department, who also published Orwell's list collected by Conquest's secretary Celia Kirwan.

One of the first books by a Western writer to discuss the Great Purge in the Soviet Union, it was based mainly on information which had been made public, either officially or by individuals, during the Khrushchev Thaw in the period 1956–1964, and on an analysis of official documents such as the Soviet census. It also drew on accounts by Russian and Ukrainian émigrés and exiles dating back to the 1930s. The book was well received in the popular press but its estimates started a debate among historians. Conquest defended his higher estimates of 20 million, which are supported by some historians and other authors in the popular press, while other historians said that even his reassessments were still too high and are considerably less than originally thought.

Synopsis
The first critical inquiry into the Great Purge outside the Soviet Union had been made as early as 1937 by the Dewey Commission, which published its findings in the form of a 422-page book entitled Not Guilty (this title referred to the people who had been charged with various crimes by Joseph Stalin's government and therefore purged); the Dewey Commission found them not guilty. The most important aim of Conquest's The Great Terror was to widen the understanding of the purges beyond the previous narrow focus on the Moscow Trials of disgraced All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) leaders, such as Nikolai Bukharin and Grigory Zinoviev. The question of why these leaders had pleaded guilty and confessed to various crimes at the trials had become a topic of discussion for a number of Western writers and had underlain books, such as George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four and Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon. According to the book, the trials and executions of these former Communist leaders were a minor detail of the purges, which together with man-made famines had led to 20 million deaths according to his estimates. In the appendix of the original 1968 edition, Conquest estimated that 700,000 legal executions took place during 1937 and 1938, which was roughly confirmed by the 681,692 executions found in the Soviet archives for these two years. In the preface to the 40th anniversary edition of The Great Terror, Conquest wrote that he had been "correct on the vital matter—the numbers put to death: about one million" but lowered other figures, saying that the total number of deaths brought about by the various Soviet terror campaigns "can hardly be lower than some 13 to 15 million."

In the book, Conquest disputed the assertion made by Nikita Khrushchev and supported by many Western leftists, namely that Stalin and his purges were an aberration from the ideals of the October Revolution and were contrary to the principles of Leninism. Conquest posited that Stalinism was a natural consequence of the system established by Vladimir Lenin, although he conceded that the personal character traits of Stalin had brought about the particular horrors of the late 1930s. Neal Ascherson wrote: "Everyone by then could agree that Stalin was a very wicked man and a very evil one, but we still wanted to believe in Lenin; and Conquest said that Lenin was just as bad and that Stalin was simply carrying out Lenin's programme." Conquest sharply criticized Western intellectuals for what he described as their blindness towards the realities of the Soviet Union, both in the 1930s and in some cases even in the 1960s. He described figures, such as Beatrice Webb and Sidney Webb, George Bernard Shaw, Jean-Paul Sartre, Walter Duranty, Bernard Pares, Harold Laski, Denis Pritt, Theodore Dreiser, and Romain Rolland, as dupes of Stalin and apologists for his regime for denying, excusing, or justifying various aspects of the purges. A widespread story recounts that when he was asked to provide a new title for an anniversary edition, after his initial findings were verified by the opened Soviet archives, Conquest allegedly replied: "How about I Told You So, You Fucking Fools?" According to Conquest, this never happened and was a joking invention of writer Kingsley Amis.

Reception, impact, and debates
The Great Terror was the first comprehensive research of the Great Purge, which took place in the Soviet Union between 1934 and 1939 according to Conquest. Many aspects of his book remains disputed by Sovietologist historians and researchers on Russian and Soviet history. Many reviewers at the time were not impressed by his way of writing about the Great Terror, which was in the tradition of great men history. In 1995, investigative journalist Paul Lashmar suggested that the reputation of prominent academics such as Conquest was built upon work derived from material provided by the Information Research Department. In 1996, historian Eric Hobsbawm praised The Great Terror as "a remarkable pioneer effort to assess the Stalin Terror" but said that this work and others were now obsolete "simply because the archival sources are now available." According to Denis Healey, The Great Terror was an important influence, "but one which confirmed people in their views rather than converted them."

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the opening up of the Soviet archives, Conquest's estimates of death tolls and other aspects of his research were challenged by several historians, including J. Arch Getty, Gábor T. Rittersporn, Hobsbawm, and Vadim Rogovin. Michael Ellman and Getty in particular criticised Conquest for relying on hearsay and rumour as evidence, and cautioned that historians should instead utilize archive material. Ellman distinguished between historians who base their research on archive materials, and those like Conquest whose estimates are based on witnesses evidence and other data that is unreliable. Historian Stephen G. Wheatcroft said that Conquest's victim totals for Stalinist repressions are too high, even in his reassessments. Wheatcroft stated that historians relied on Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn to support their estimates of deaths under Stalin in the tens of millions but research in the state archives vindicated the lower estimates, while adding that the popular press has continued to include serious errors that should not be cited, or relied on, in academia. Historian Timothy D. Snyder wrote that it is still taken for granted that Stalin killed more people than Adolf Hitler but the estimates of 6–9 million for the Stalin regime are considerably less than originally thought, while those for Nazi Germany are higher and in line with previous estimates.

Other historians, such as Stéphane Courtois and Steven Rosefielde, agree with Conquest and maintain their original, higher estimates, while Robert Gellately put more recent estimates at 10–20 million. Among other authors published by the popular press who agree with Conquest's estimates are Stalin biographer Simon Sebag Montefiore, perestroika architect and former head of the Presidential Committee for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev, and the director of Yale University's Annals of Communism series Jonathan Brent. Historian Dmitri Volkogonov, who was special adviser for defence issues to the Russian President Boris Yeltsin until 1994, is also broadly in agreement with Conquest. In 1997, Conquest stated: "We are all inclined to accept the Zemskov totals (even if not as complete) with their 14 million intake to Gulag 'camps' alone, to which must be added 4–5 million going to Gulag 'colonies', to say nothing of the 3.5 million already in, or sent to, 'labour settlements'. However taken, these are surely 'high' figures." In the preface to the 40th anniversary edition of The Great Terror (2007), Conquest wrote: "Exact numbers may never be known with complete certainty, but the total of deaths caused by the whole range of Soviet regime's terrors can hardly be lower than some fifteen million."

title: The Great Terror (book)


text:
Talk:John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden

Untitled
Was he known as "John Jeffreys", or should this be moved to John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden? Proteus (Talk) 20:44, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden


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Fred Child

Fred Child (born March 30, 1963) is an American radio host. Since 2000, he has been the host of the classical music radio program Performance Today on American Public Media. He is also the announcer and commentator for the PBS program Live from Lincoln Center.

Early life and education
Child was born in Huntsville, Alabama. He moved to Portland, Oregon, while still a young child, and began studying classical piano. He attended Oregon State University, where he was first exposed to radio work while hosting a jazz program on the student-run campus radio station.

Career
After graduation from university, Child was host, announcer, producer, and programmer for Oregon Public Broadcasting for ten years, including five years (1990–94) on his two-hour weekend program of World Music called Music Confluence. Child then moved to New York City and worked at WNYC, where he became music director, director of cultural programming, and also host of the program Around New York. He worked at WNYC until 2000, when he was chosen to replace Martin Goldsmith as host of Performance Today, when Goldsmith stepped down to pursue writing.

In addition to Performance Today, Child is the host of NPR's Creators @ Carnegie; a contributor to NPR's All Things Considered; and a host for live broadcasts of important concert events from New York City, Los Angeles, and London. He also appears on-stage doing pre-concert talks for the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, New York's Lincoln Center, the Aspen Music Festival, and the Washington Performing Arts Society.

Child is also a keen musician, playing the piano, guitar, marimba, and bagpipes. His group, Balafón Marimba Ensemble, once opened for the Grateful Dead at Oakland Coliseum.

Personal life
In 2016, Child married Chinese-American composer Wang Jie.

Discography

 * Balafón Marimba Ensemble, Shanachie Records 67002 (1990) (as guest artist)

title: Fred Child


text:
GE Honda HF120

The GE Honda HF120 is a small turbofan for the light business jet market, the first engine to be produced by GE Honda Aero Engines.

Development

Succeeding Honda's original HF118 prototype, the HF120 was undergoing testing in July 2008, with certification targeted for late 2009. The first engines were produced at GE's factory, but in November 2014 production shifted to Burlington, North Carolina. The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) awarded Part 33 certification to the HF120 turbofan engine in December 2013, and production certification in 2015.

Design
The engine has a wide-chord swept fan, two-stage low-pressure compressor and counter rotating high-pressure compressor based on a titanium impeller, for a 2,050 lbf takeoff thrust. The HF120 engine's components interact with greater efficiency by incorporating 3D aerodynamic design, and its effusion-cooled combustor design emits low NOx, CO and HC. Noise levels are quieter than Stage 4 requirements.

In May 2016 time between overhaul was 2,500 h, which was expected to mature to 5,000 h; a midlife hot-section inspection is not required, and it is expected to remain on wing 40% longer than other engines and have lower operating costs.

Operational history
Besides the HondaJet, HF120 was announced as a retrofit to the Cessna CitationJet CJ1 by Sierra Industries, in partnership with GE Honda.

In addition, Spectrum Aeronautical has announced it is planning to use HF120 for its upcoming S-40 Freedom.

Applications

 * Honda HA-420 HondaJet
 * Spectrum S-40 Freedom

title: GE Honda HF120


text:
1902 in Norwegian football

The 1902 season was the first season of competitive football in Norway. This page lists results from Norwegian football in 1902.

title: 1902 in Norwegian football


text:
The Corbomite Maneuver

"The Corbomite Maneuver" is the tenth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. Written by Jerry Sohl and directed by Joseph Sargent, it first aired on November 10, 1966. In the episode, the Enterprise encounters a massive and powerful alien starship and its unusual commander. The episode has been well-received and frequently appears on lists of the best episodes in the series.

Casting
The episode features a then 7-year-old Clint Howard – brother of actor and director Ron Howard – who plays the alien at the end (with an overdubbed voice provided by Walker Edmiston).

This was the first regular episode produced after the two pilots and the first to include DeForest Kelley as Dr. Leonard McCoy, Nichelle Nichols as Lt. Uhura (in a yellow uniform rather than red) and Grace Lee Whitney as Yeoman Rand. Because episodes were not aired in production order (a trait throughout the entire run of the original series), audiences had already been introduced to these three nine weeks earlier, in the series' debut episode, "The Man Trap".

Plot
The USS Enterprise, commanded by Captain James T. Kirk, finishes a third day of star mapping when novice navigator Lt. Dave Bailey spots a large spinning multi-colored cube floating in space. He advocates attacking it with phasers. Kirk instead orders the ship to back away from the object. The cube pursues them, emitting harmful radiation, and Kirk reluctantly destroys it.

As Kirk is having lunch in his quarters, a gigantic glowing sphere approaches the Enterprise, filling the bridge viewscreen even at low magnification. Commander Balok identifies his ship as the Fesarius, the flagship of the "First Federation", explaining that the destroyed cube was a border marker. Balok ignores Kirk's greetings and announces that he will destroy the Enterprise for trespassing into First Federation territory and destroying the marker buoy. He gives the crew ten minutes to pray to their deities. First Officer Spock obtains a visual of Balok, a blue-skinned humanoid with constantly shifting facial features. Bailey succumbs to hysteria, and Kirk orders him off the bridge. Dr. McCoy rebukes Kirk, arguing that Bailey's outburst was a result of Kirk putting too much pressure on him, and pointing out that he warned Kirk of Bailey's condition ahead of time. The argument inspires Kirk to try bluffing Balok. He tells Balok that the Enterprise contains "corbomite", a substance that automatically destroys any attacker, and claims he has little regard for the fact that the Enterprise would also be destroyed in the exchange. While Kirk awaits a response, Bailey contritely asks permission to resume his duties, which Kirk grants. Balok demands proof of corbomite's existence, but when Kirk refuses, he does not destroy the Enterprise. Instead, a small tug ship detaches from the Fesarius and tows the Enterprise deep into First Federation space, where Balok states the crew will be interned on an Earth-like planet and the Enterprise destroyed. Intuiting that the tug ship's tractor beam cannot be as powerful as that of the Fesarius, Kirk orders the Enterprise to engage the engines at right angles to their course. Just as its engines are about to explode from overload, the Enterprise breaks free. This apparently disables the alien vessel, as the crew picks up a distress call which its mother ship does not answer.

Though recognizing this may be a trap, Kirk, McCoy, and Bailey form a boarding party to render assistance. They beam over and discover that the "Balok" on their monitor was an effigy (creature design by Wah Chang). The real Balok, looking like a hyperintelligent human child, enthusiastically welcomes them aboard. He explains that he was merely testing the Enterprise and its crew to discover their true intentions. As Kirk and company relax, Balok expresses a desire to learn more about humans and their culture, and suggests they allow a member of their crew to remain on his ship as an emissary of the Federation. Bailey happily volunteers, and Balok gives him a tour of his ship.

Production
The episode was the first episode of the regular series to be produced, after the two pilots, "The Cage" and "Where No Man Has Gone Before", which had been made in 1964 and 1965. It was shot at a different stage, in Hollywood. Sets were transferred from Desilu's Culver City location, where later in the series a new engine room set would be constructed for a following episode ("The Enemy Within" production 005). Shooting started on May 24, 1966. The episode was held back until November due to the amount of special effects scenes that were not completed, becoming the 10th episode to be broadcast. NBC preferred planet-based stories which were ready to air before "The Corbomite Maneuver" because the miniature footage was not completed or ready when the series premiered.

Reception
In 2009, Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode an 'A' rating, describing it as "TOS [The Original Series] at its best—gripping, well-paced, and thematically coherent," and noting the ending's note of optimism.

In 2010, SciFiNow ranked this the sixth-best episode of the original series.

Io9 rated it the 14th best of all Star Trek episodes, in 2014.

In 2015, WIRED magazine did not recommend skipping this episode in their binge-watching guide for the original series.

In 2016, The Hollywood Reporter rated "The Corbomite Maneuver" the 45th best television episode of all Star Trek franchise television prior to Star Trek: Discovery, including live-action and the animated series but not counting the movies. In 2016, they ranked this episode as the 16th greatest episode of the original series.

In 2017, Business Insider ranked "The Corbomite Maneuver" the 8th best episode of the original series.

In 2017, Den of Geek praised this episode as one of the "most thoughtful episodes of the entire franchise" and noting how it set the trend for bizarre first contact situations.

In 2018, PopMatters ranked this the 9th best episode of the original series.

Howard was very impressed with the acting opportunities in the franchise, having appeared multiple times in other Star Trek series: "Oh, sure. I'm an actor and I love gainful employment. Virtually every job offer gets a legitimate consideration from me, but the fact that it's Star Trek is a yes at the drop of a hat. How many people have been on shows 50 years ago and are still being asked to be in incarnations of the same franchise?" When auditioning for George Lucas the filmmaker immediately cited Howard's role as Balok years earlier, amazing the actor.

In 2018, Collider ranked this the 19th best episode of the original television series.

In 2019, Nerdist included this episode on their "Best of Kirk" binge-watching guide.

In 2021, Den of Geek ranked this the number three episode of the original series, remarking "Like a good bottle of tranya, this episode only improves with time".

Parody

 * At the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear on October 30, 2010, Jon Stewart used the imaginary threat of "corbomite" in bottled water to illustrate how media figures (personified by Stephen Colbert) create and magnify fears in the public.

title: The Corbomite Maneuver


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Classification Office (New Zealand)

The Office of Film and Literature Classification (Te Tari Whakarōpū Tukuata, Tuhituhinga), branded as the Classification Office (Te Mana Whakaatu), is an independent Crown entity established under Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993 responsible for censorship and classification of publications in New Zealand. A "publication" is defined broadly to be anything that shows an image, representation, sign, statement, or word. This includes films, video games, books, magazines, CDs, T-shirts, street signs, jigsaw puzzles, drink cans, and slogans on campervans. The Chief Censor, Caroline Flora, is the chair of the Office.

Films must be given a classification before they can be exhibited or supplied to the public. This is done either by the Film and Video Labelling Body or the Office.

Any person may submit any publication for classification by the Office, with the permission of the Chief Censor. However, the Secretary for Internal Affairs, the Comptroller of Customs, the Commissioner of Police, and the Film and Video Labelling Body may submit publications for classification without the Chief Censor's permission. The courts have no jurisdiction to classify publications. If the classification of a publication becomes an issue in any civil or criminal proceeding, the court must submit the publication to the Office.

Any person who is dissatisfied with a decision of the Office may have the relevant publication, but not the Office's decision, reviewed by the Film and Literature Board of Review.

The Office also has a role in providing information to the public about classification decisions and about the classification system as a whole. It conducts research and produces evidence-based resources to promote media literacy and help people to make informed choices about the content they consume.

Classification law
The Office classifies material based on whether it is likely to be "harmful" or "injurious to the public good." Specifically: "a publication is objectionable if it describes, depicts, expresses, or otherwise deals with matters such as sex, horror, crime, cruelty, or violence in such a manner that the availability of the publication is likely to be injurious to the public good." The Censorship Compliance Unit of the Department of Internal Affairs is responsible for the enforcement of the FVPC Act.

In 2000 the Court of Appeal of New Zealand decided in Living Word Distributors Limited v Human Rights Action Group (Wellington) [2000] NZCA 179 (a case involving two videos produced by Jeremiah Films) that the juxtaposition of the words "sex, horror, crime, cruelty or violence" tends to point to activity rather than to the expression of opinion or attitude. On this interpretation, the Office had jurisdiction to restrict or ban publications describing or depicting sexual activities, but not those describing only an attitude or opinion about sex. The same interpretation required publications to describe or depict horror activities, criminal activities, cruel activities, and violent activities, rather than just an opinion or attitude about those things, for the Office to be able to classify them.

The Court of Appeal explicitly ruled that the phrase "matters such as sex" is strongly indicative of sexual activities and does not include sexual orientation. This made it more difficult for the Office to restrict or ban publications that simply exploited the nudity of children or portrayed classes of people as inherently inferior, but did not show any of the specified types of activity, notwithstanding the fact the FVPC Act directs the censors to give "particular weight" to these things when deciding whether or not to restrict or ban a publication. It also made it difficult for the Office to restrict publications simply containing offensive language or to ban videos of persons taken without their knowledge or consent, such as "upskirt" videos, on the ground of invasion of privacy, again because neither type of publication shows any of the specified types of activity. In 2005, Parliament amended the FVPC Act, and commenced amendment of the Crimes Act, to restore the Office's jurisdiction over all of these matters except for publications that simply portray classes of people as inherently inferior.

Under the FVPC Act material that promotes, supports, or tends to promote or support the following is deemed objectionable (banned):
 * Sexual exploitation of children
 * Coercion
 * Extreme violence, torture, and/or cruelty
 * Bestiality
 * Necrophilia
 * Urophilia
 * Coprophilia

In 2019, the Labour Government announced a regulatory change to bring commercial video on demand content from services like Netflix and Lightbox under the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993. This change, which came into force on 1 February 2022, requires major streaming services operating in New Zealand to rate content using an approved self-rating system. The Office approves these systems but they are developed and run by streaming services themselves.

Also on 1 February 2022, the Act was amended to give the Chief Censor the ability to issue urgent interim classification assessments for publications which are "likely to be objectionable", effectively banning them temporarily. This power was used by Acting Chief Censor Rupert Ablett-Hampson to urgently assess a manifesto attributed to the perpetrator of the 2022 Buffalo, New York mass shooting, and a livestream of the attack. Both publications were later permanently banned.

Chief Censor
The chairperson of the Classification Office is the Chief Censor, a position that is selected by the Governor-General on the recommendation of the Minister of Internal Affairs with the agreement of the Minister of Women's Affairs and the Minister of Justice.

The Chief Censor has the power to "call in" publications that have not come to the Office for classification, requiring the publisher to submit the publication for classification.

List of Chief Censors

 * William Jolliffe 1916–1927
 * W. A. Tanner 1927–1937
 * W. A. von Keisenberg 1938–1949
 * Gordon Mirams 1949–1959
 * Douglas McIntosh 1960–1976
 * Bernard Tunnicliffe 1977–1983
 * Arthur Everard 1984–1990
 * Jane Wrightson 1991–1993
 * Kathryn Paterson 1994–1998
 * Bill Hastings 1999–2010
 * Andrew Jack 2011–2017
 * David Shanks 2017–2022
 * Caroline Flora 2022–present

13 Reasons Why
Chief Censor Andrew Jack used his call-in power to classify the Netflix series 13 Reasons Why in 2017 and his successor David Shanks called in the second series in 2018. The Chief Censors were concerned that New Zealand audiences needed to be warned about rape and suicide in the series. New Zealand has the highest youth suicide rate in the OECD.

The series was given a specially created RP18 classification which means that someone under 18 must be supervised by a parent or guardian when viewing the series, which Netflix was required to display.

A Star Is Born
A Star Is Born (2018) was not classified by the Classification Office when it released in New Zealand. It had been rated an M in Australia so was automatically cross-rated M (Unrestricted, suitable for 16 years and over) in New Zealand by the Film & Video Labelling Body. At that stage, it carried a descriptive note 'Sex scenes, offensive language and drug use.' The Chief Censor required that the warning note be updated to include 'suicide' after receiving complaints from members of the public, including health care providers. The film contains a scene depicting a suicide by hanging; this is the most common method of suicide in New Zealand.

The Film & Video Labelling Body issued a new certificate to be displayed and alerted exhibitors to the note change so that they could update their information. Where possible, the distributor must update the label on all advertising.

The March 15 attack publications
Chief Censor David Shanks called in the livestream video of the Christchurch mosque shootings on 15 March 2019. The Office classified the full 17 minute footage as objectionable on 18 March 2019 due to its depiction and promotion of extreme violence and terrorism.

A 74-page publication (referred to as The Great Replacement) reportedly written by the perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings was also called in by Chief Censor David Shanks. It was officially classified as objectionable in New Zealand on 23 March 2019.

The publication was found to provide justification for the Christchurch mosque shootings and to promote further acts of murder, terrorist violence, and extreme cruelty against identified groups of people. The objectionable classification was not due to the racist and extremist views expressed in the publication but due to the high likelihood of serious and fatal harm resulting from the continued availability of the publication.

Both decisions were reviewed by the Film and Literature Board of Review which also found the publications to be objectionable for the same reasoning as the Office. Publications found to be objectionable are illegal to possess or distribute in New Zealand without the express authority of the Office. The decisions of the Office and the Board of Review are only applicable to New Zealand and the publications continue to be legally available in other parts of the world.

Research
The Classification Office undertakes research about entertainment media content, media impacts, classification and censorship. Recent projects have investigated young New Zealanders experiences and views about sexual violence in entertainment media, and online pornography.

Community engagement
The Classification Office also regularly convenes panels that are demographically representative of New Zealand as a whole to assist it with the classification of particular publications. It has convened public panels to assist it with the classification of films such as Baise-moi, Salo, Monster's Ball, Irréversible, Silent Hill, Du er ikke alene, Lolita, 8MM and Hannibal.

More frequently, the Office consults experts to assist it with the classification of various publications. For example, religious experts were consulted to assist with the classification of The Passion of the Christ, experts in road safety were consulted on Mischief Destroy, the Children's Commissioner on Ken Park and The Aristocrats, homeopathic practitioners on drug manufacturing books written by Steve Preisler, and rape crisis centres and psychologists on Irréversible and an edition of the University of Otago student magazine Critic.

Each year the Office consults media studies students in its high school programme called Censor for a Day, during which an unreleased film is shown to high school students, who are then asked to classify it applying the criteria in the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993. The students' classification is compared with, and usually identical to, the film's actual classification. Films used for Censor for a Day have included BlacKkKlansman, Get Out, Blockers, and Super Dark Times.

The Office works with a Youth Advisory panel of diverse young people aged 16–19 who provide a youth voice on media in New Zealand. Meetings are held once a month and are around two hours long. During the meetings, panel members express their views and perspectives on issues to do with potential media harms that impact on young people in New Zealand and the way the Classification Office responds to those issues. After a robust discussion, the panel members brainstorm what potential tangible outcomes could look like.

The panel regularly participate in classification assessments of upcoming feature films. Recently they helped with the classification of Boy Erased, Good Boys, and Booksmart. Their discussion is summarised in the classification decisions for those films.

Labels
The FVPC Act gives the Classification Office the power to classify publications into three categories: unrestricted, restricted, and "objectionable" or banned. Unrestricted films are assigned a green or yellow rating label. Restricted films are assigned a red classification label.

Since early 2013 some DVDs and Blu-rays released in New Zealand have had the rating label printed on the cover to prevent the removal of the label, which is illegal.

New Zealand has used a colour-coded labelling system since 1987. The colours are intended to resemble the messages conveyed by a traffic light: a green label means that nothing in the film, video or DVD should inhibit anyone from viewing it; a yellow label means proceed with caution because the film, video or DVD may have content that younger viewers should not see; and a red label means stop and ensure that no one outside the restriction views the film, video, DVD or computer game. It is an offence to supply age-restricted material to anyone under the age shown on the label.

The current classification system was introduced in 1993, harmonising the previously different standards for film and video. The following classifications are currently in use:

The RP18 rating is the newest rating, having been created in April 2017 specifically for the drama series 13 Reasons Why.

The Film and Video Labelling Body may award films, videos and DVDs an unrestricted classification of (G, PG or M) based on their Australian classification, or British classification if no Australian classification exists. The Office is the only body who may award restricted ratings.

title: Classification Office (New Zealand)


text:
Maria Damanaki

Maria Damanaki (Μαρία Δαμανάκη; born 31 May 1952) is a Greek politician. She is a former president of the Synaspismos party of the left and former state member of the Hellenic Parliament within the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). She served as the Global Managing Director for Oceans at The Nature Conservancy. In this capacity leads a global team focused on how the world manages its oceans, including sustainable fisheries management, large-scale protection and restoration of coral reefs and other ecosystems, coastal resilience, and mapping and quantification of the full value of the world's oceans to people.

Early life and education
Damanaki was born in Agios Nikolaos, Crete, in 1952, and studied chemical engineering in the National Technical University of Athens.

Political career
As a student, Damanaki became a member of the Communist Youth of Greece, the youth section of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), but also became actively involved in the antidictatorial struggle and took part in the Athens Polytechnic uprising. Damanaki was the voice of the famous "Εδώ Πολυτεχνείο" ("This is the Polytechnic") radio broadcast from within the uprising, calling Greek citizens out to support; she was arrested and tortured by the regime.

Member of the Greek Parliament, 1977–1993
From 1977 to 1993 Damanaki was consistently elected member of the Hellenic Parliament, first with the Communist Party and then with Synaspismos, the new party she became president of in 1991. This made her Greece's first female party president, preceded by being the first woman elected as Vice President of Parliament in 1986.

Damanaki was a candidate for mayor of Athens twice, in 1994, supported by Synaspismos, and in 1998, supported by both Synaspismos and PASOK; in the latter year she came second, defeated by Dimitris Avramopoulos, supported by the conservative party of New Democracy.

European Commissioner, 2010–2014
In November 2009 Damanaki was nominated as the representative of Greece in the European Commission and on 27 November 2009 was elected as the Commissioner-designate for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, serving from 2010 to 2014. She served for four years as European Union Commissioner for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries.

In her role as Commissioner, the EU was able to bring fish populations back to healthier levels—from five sustainable stocks in 2010 to up to 27 in 2014. In just the next five years, the continuation of her fisheries policy efforts could lead to 15 million more tons of fish in the sea, 30 percent more jobs in Europe and the equivalent of over US$2 billion in additional revenue. She also introduced and implemented the Blue Growth agenda for Seas and Oceans in Europe, which aimed to create 1.6 million new jobs and the equivalent of US$750 billion in revenue by 2020 in sectors such as coastal tourism, ocean energy, and marine biotechnology. In addition, she established legislation to create a common framework for Marine Spatial Planning to map and better manage maritime activities across EU countries.

Writings
Damanaki is also the writer of four books "The female face of power" (Το θηλυκό πρόσωπο της εξουσίας) in 1995, "The return of Politics" (Η επιστροφή της Πολιτικής) in 2001, "The return of politics – the European perspective" in 2004, and "The university in transition" in 2006.

Other activities

 * European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), Member

title: Maria Damanaki


text:
Ordzhonikidze

Ordzhonikidze was the surname of Soviet political leader Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze, after whom several places in the USSR were named.

Ordzhonikidze may refer to:

People

 * Ordzhonikidze (surname)

Armenia

 * Vahan, Armenia, formerly, Ordzhonikidze, a town

Azerbaijan

 * Orconikidze, Beylagan, Azerbaijan, formerly Ordzhonikidze, a village
 * Nərimankənd, Gadabay, Azerbaijan, also known as Ordzhonikidze, a village and municipality
 * Orconikidze, Shaki, Azerbaijan, also called Ordzhonikidze, a village

Russia

 * Ordzhonikidze, former name of the city of Vladikavkaz, the capital of North Ossetia-Alania

Kazakhstan

 * former name of the village of Denisovka, Kazakhstan

Ukraine

 * former name of the city of Yenakiieve, Ukraine, from 1937 to 1943 (as Ordzhonikidze, Stalino Oblast)
 * former name of the city of Pokrov, Ukraine
 * Ordzhonikidze, Crimea, an urban settlement of Feodosiya, Crimea (since the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea fully controlled by Russia)

Georgia

 * Bambora, formerly Ordzhonikidze, a village in the Gudauta District of Abkhazia (status of Abkhazia is disputed)

Other uses

 * Ordzhonikidze, a Sverdlov-class cruiser
 * Ordzhonikidze Yard, another name for Baltic Shipyard in Leningrad

title: Ordzhonikidze


text: Talk:Chromotherapy

title: Talk:Chromotherapy