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Poisonblack

Poisonblack is a Finnish gothic metal band led by singer and guitarist Ville Laihiala.

History
In 2003, the band's first album, Escapexstacy, was on the Finnish national charts for three weeks, peaking at No. 21. They opened for Iron Maiden at the Hartwall Areena in Helsinki on 21 December 2003 for the Dance of Death World Tour.

Singer Juha-Pekka Leppäluoto left in the autumn of 2003 to concentrate on his work with Charon. Ville Laihiala, the band's principal songwriter, assumed vocal duties and has since led Poisonblack out of the gothic genre of their first album and in a musical direction that closely mirrors that of his former band Sentenced.

In 2006, the band toured Europe with Lacuna Coil and their second album, Lust Stained Despair, reached No. 2 in Finland for one week.

In 2008, they released A Dead Heavy Day which hit the Finnish Album Chart in position 6. After this success, they toured Europe with Dark Tranquillity and Fear My Thoughts. In 2010, Poisonblack released Of Rust and Bones, their fourth album. The fifth album, Drive, was released in 2011 on Hype Records and the band's latest album, Lyijy, was released in September 2013 by Warner Music Finland. The album reached No. 4 on the Finnish album chart.

On 23 August 2015, singer Ville Laihiala posted a statement on the band's Facebook page and website stating that the band had broken up. The band played their final show at Oulu, Finland (21-08-2015). JP Leppäluoto joined the band in their final few shows. The final song the band would ever perform would be "The State", before ending their farewell show and tour.

In February 2023, it was announced that Poisonblack is coming back to play some shows in September for Escapexstacy's 20th anniversary. All of the band's members throughout their tenure are reuniting except ex-guitarist Janne Dahlgren and ex-bassist Janne Kukkonen.

Band members

 * Juha-Pekka Leppäluoto – vocals (2001–2003, 2015, 2023)
 * Ville Laihiala – vocals (2003–2015, 2023), guitars (2000–2015, 2023)
 * Antti Leiviskä – guitars (2010–2015, 2023)
 * Janne Markus – guitars (2004–2010, 2023)
 * Antti Remes – bass (2004–2015, 2023)
 * Marco Sneck – keyboards (2000–2015, 2023)
 * Tarmo Kanerva – drums (2000–2015, 2023)

Former members

 * Janne Dahlgren – guitars (2000–2003)
 * Janne Kukkonen – bass (2000–2004)

Tour members

 * Veli-Matti Kananen – keyboards (2008)

Albums

 * Escapexstacy (2003)
 * Lust Stained Despair (2006)
 * A Dead Heavy Day (2008)
 * Of Rust and Bones (2010)
 * Drive (2011)
 * Lyijy (2013)

Video albums

 * A Dead Heavy Day (DVD) (2008)

Singles

 * "Love Infernal" (2003)
 * "Rush" (2006)
 * "Bear the Cross" (2008)
 * "Mercury Falling" (2011)
 * "Scars" (2011)
 * "Home Is Where the Sty Is" (2013)
 * "Down the Ashes Rain" (2014)

Compilation

 * Classics (2009)

title: Poisonblack


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The Old Regime and the Revolution

L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution (1856) is a work by the French historian Alexis de Tocqueville translated in English as either The Old Regime and the Revolution or The Old Regime and the French Revolution.

The book analyzes French society before the French Revolution, the so-called "Ancien Régime", and investigates the forces that caused the Revolution. It is one of the major early historical works on the French Revolution. In this book, de Tocqueville develops his main theory about the French revolution, the theory of continuity, in which he states that even though the French tried to dissociate themselves from the past and from the autocratic old regime, they eventually reverted to a powerful central government.

L'Ancien Régime and the French Revolution
Tocqueville argued that the aim of the French Revolution (1789–1799), while demonstrably anti-clerical, was not so much to destroy the sovereignty of religious faith as to tear down all forms of the Ancien Régime, of which the established church was a foremost symbol, nor to create a state of permanent disorder. The revolution should be read, he maintained, primarily as a movement for political and social reform. Contrary to the views expressed by the participants in the Revolution themselves, there was an increase in neither the power nor the jurisdiction of the central authority. Instead, control of these forms was wrested from the monarchy and transferred in quick succession first to the People themselves and from there to a powerful autocracy. The Revolution never intended to change the whole nature of the traditional society. The chief permanent achievement of the French Revolution was the suppression of those political institutions, commonly described as feudal, which for many centuries had held unquestioned sway in most European countries. The Revolution set out to replace them with a new social and political order, based on the concepts of freedom and equality. In France, both before and after the Revolution, people relied on central authority instead of becoming economically or politically active themselves. By contrast, in the United States, political action permeated to even the lower levels of society. There, private individuals formed the basis of economic and political life, but, in France, the centre of political gravity resided in a chaotic bureaucracy answerable only to the monarchy form of government.

Another theme of the book is the complete dissociation between French social classes, called the Estates, of which there were three – the clergy, the nobility, and the common people. Although this dissociation arose from social divisions imposed by the feudal system, the gradual disintegration of that system after the Middle Ages resulted, paradoxically, in social dissociation becoming increasingly complete. Whereas the feudal lord had at least a partial symbiosis with his tenants, the post-feudal nobility became absentee landlords, left their ancestral estates in the hands of caretakers, and flocked to Versailles; the seat of the monarchy and central government. The nobility accordingly lost all connection with the rural poor (located mostly outside of Paris), while the growing middle class emulated the nobility. By the late 18th century, the separation of classes was complete, breeding the class hatred demonstrated in the Revolution.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Old Regime and the Revolution


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Anatoly Lebedko

Anatoly Vladimirovich Lebedko (Анато́ль Уладзі́міравіч Лябе́дзька ; Анато́лий Влади́мирович Лебе́дько; born 27 June 1961) is a Belarusian politician and pro-democracy activist who is currently the head of the United Civic Party, an opposition party.

Life
Born in the village of Trylies, then part of the Stoŭbtsy Raion within the Minsk Region of the Soviet Union's Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Lebedko emerged in the 1990s as one of the leading critics of Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko, whom Lebedko, along with other opposition leaders and many western governments, considers a dictator.

Lebedko's strident opposition to Lukashenka led to increasingly bitter confrontations with the Belarusian authorities through the late 1990s and into the 2000s. He was arrested numerous times for participating in unsanctioned protests and marches, including the 1999 Freedom March; was charged with libel against Lukashenko several times; and was beaten outside his home by masked men he alleges were connected to Lukashenko. Lebedko appears to have drawn particular ire for his relatively high visibility and frequent contact with groups outside Belarus, who Lukashenko accuses of meddling in Belarus's internal affairs. In particular, one of Lebedko's arrests came shortly after he had spoken on the floor of the United States Senate and at a meeting of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in October 1999, prompting letters of protest from both bodies.

Following an October 2004 election, which combined a referendum on permitting Lukashenko a third term with parliamentary elections, Lebedko led slightly over a thousand opposition protestors into the streets of Minsk on 18-19 October. Lebedko and other opposition leaders charged that the elections were rigged, an accusation echoed by OSCE election monitors. During the second day of protests on October 19, Lebedko was arrested along with two other opposition leaders, Mikola Statkevich and Paval Sieviaryniets, as well as an Associated Press photographer who had been covering the protest. Lebedko's supporters claim he was severely beaten by riot police following his arrest; he ended up in the hospital, reportedly with fractured skull, broken ribs and internal injuries.

At the Congress of Democratic Forces in October 2005, he lost by just a few votes to Alaksandar Milinkievič, who became (with Lebedko's subsequent support) the opposition's primary candidate in the 2006 Belarusian presidential election.

Currently, Lebedko functions as Representative for the Constitutional Reform and Parliamentary Cooperation in the office of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya.

title: Anatoly Lebedko


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Talk:Palestine Children's Relief Fund

Charity Navigator
Does anyone have a login at Charity Navigator? I don't want to bother to register, but the words "For the past three years" need to be changed to the specific years. Besides, the current page only has them with three stars so I'd like to know when they got all four. -- Ricky81682 (talk) 06:22, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

Criticism section
Footnotes 8 and 9, supposedly supporting the assertion that PCRF's reputation has been "harmed" by their association with another charity, don't link to anything. This assertion should be removed until someone can provide support for it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.123.138.162 (talk) 17:42, 15 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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YouTube interview with PCRF founder as a citation
Among my additions to this article was information about the PCRF building a second cancer department in February 2019 in the Gaza Strip, and operating a mental health program in Gaza. I supported these statements with this YouTube interview with Steve Sosebee, the founder of the PCRF, timestamps included. In the video, Sosebee talks about both of the aforementioned items. Though Sosebee cannot visually be seen in the video, it's reasonable to confidently conclude that it is indeed him, considering that it's Sosebee's voice speaking, and that Sosebee retweeted a post by the video uploader that mentions the interview on Twitter, and replying to another. The use of this video as a citation was vetoed by Volteer1, who referred to it as "random youtube vids" that "are anything but RS". While I agree that, in the vast majority of cases, YouTube videos should not be treated as reliable sources, this is an interview with the PCRF's founder. I re-added the video as a citation, noting in the edit summary that it's not exactly "random youtube vids"—again, it's an interview with the PCRF's founder. Despite this, I decided to tag the statements about the PCRF's second cancer department and mental health program as needing additional citations, as I think it would be beneficial (and frankly preferable) to have a secondary source to support those statements. Today, Volteer1 reverted my re-addition of the video as a citation, claiming that "We have no way to verify who it is", and calling the uploader of the video, known online as Vaush, a "random sex pest with a youtube account". I invite Volteer1 and other users to discuss whether the video in question should be used as a source on this article. — Matthew  - (talk) 16:54, 24 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't think we should need to do detective work to reason out and convince ourselves whether or not we should trust videos on social media from accounts we wouldn't otherwise have a reason to trust. Requiring a reliable source really isn't too much to ask here. Even ignoring the the WP:V issues, material that never finds its way to a reliable source is usually not a great candidate for inclusion into an article on Wikipedia. The material itself is probably true and isn't excessively objectionable so I don't have a problem leaving it up while a better source is found, but I don't think following core policy surrounding verifiability and reliable sourcing should really be that controversial. ‑‑Volteer1 (talk) 18:41, 24 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I'll concede that you make a good point about the inclusion of "material that never finds its way to a reliable source". I hadn't really considered that angle. — Matthew  - (talk) 19:19, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

Removing self-serving claim as reference
Reference 12 was found to fall under self-serving claims on the Talk: Vaush. I think it should be removed here too, along with the info it holds up. Rewrite the section with the information provided by Kotaku (Ref 13), as that is a more accepected form of Ref for sourcing money on Wikipedia. Solitaire Wanderer (talk) 14:10, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Palestine Children's Relief Fund


text:
Talk:Shuriken

keeping shuriken and shuriken jutsu pages separate
July 11th, 2006 - major rewrite. With regard to what material should and shouldn't be included in THIS article, I think we need to bear in mind that we have 2 entries that are very closely related: "Shuriken", and "Shuriken jutsu". I think we need to agree that these two categories should be clearly defined as separate, and their relevent pages to include only information relevent to the topic. This way will avoid redundancy. Therefore, I propose that the page entitled "Shuriken" be only about the items themselves, and not the art or the techniques on how to throw them. It should discuss only descriptions of the physical attributes of the shuriken. The page "shuriken-jutsu", as the term suggests, I propose should include only information related to the art, its history, and the schools which taught this art. Only minor mention, if at all, of the blades themselves and their description should appear on this page.

To that end, I have deleted much information on this "shuriken" page, but I intend for it to be added to and included in the "shuriken jutsu" page. ==Taishanglao 14:04, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

deleting a trivia
i deleted this "* The website http://www.freewebs.com/how2beaninja/index.htm has a whole page dedicated to the history and use of shuriken (look under weapons)." due to its irelevance and advertisement of an unnecesary "fact" --Aaronpark 00:14, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Pictures
monkeys I added a picture of some bo-shuriken from my own collection. It'd be nice if someone could find/take some pictures of senban-shuriken as well. The hira-shuriken pictured at the start of the article is nice looking, but is it actually representative of anything which might have seen real use? I've never seen a senban-shuriken that looks anything like that in real training.--Rustedshuriken 03:45, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

I have some pictures, but I don't kow how to upload them... ==Taishanglao 14:04, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Look to the left, you should see an Upload file link in the toolbox below the search box. Follow instructions there to get the image hosted by wikipedia. Then look at the article's source to see how the other images are rendered. --Rustedshuriken 08:25, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Adding to the shuriken pages
Hello, Someone connected with Wikipedia contacted me and asked if I would like to contribute to the Shuriken page on Wikipedia.en. I have been running the Secrets of Shuriken website for several years now, and I guess a website visitor has asked me to contribute. I am in two minds about doing this because 1) I am rather daunted by the prospect of writing a full blown article like many of the other excellent ones here, that is properly formatted in Wikistyle, and 2) I have observed on other topics the sometimes rather heated and abusive squabbling that has gone on as a result of edits being made. These two factors have put me off doing so for more than a year now. However, in the shuriken pages here I do notice many inaccuracies which I feel should be addressed, though to do so may create another heated and abusive discussion as the supporters of said inaccuracies may not agree with the changes, because we all know, we all hold our own beliefs to be the truest...

Should there not be some sort of consensus agreement as to how the material should be determined worthy of inclusion etc, as well as how it should be presented? --Taishanglao 11:28, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Notes on article text
Ri translated as "hidden" or "release"?

There seems to be some argument over the translation of the character ri in shuriken. Many argue that ri is "release", while others say "hidden". The fact is "ri" can be either. The important thing is the character used. Throughout history, shuriken has been written a number of different ways, 手裏剣, 手離剣, 手裡剣, even 打剣 (da ken - hit/throw blade). 裏 is hidden, 離 is release. Historical documents in general appear to settle on the use of 裏"hidden" in their descriptions of shuriken. Only one source I know of and have a copy of, is a Mou En Ryu shuriken densho (scroll) that uses the character 離"release", and Mou En Ryu is an extinct school. Respected shuriken and martial arts researchers such as Kanji Naruse, Fujita Seiko, Iwai Kohoku, Yumio Nawa, Eizo Shirakami, Massaki Hatsumi, Diane Skoss, Billy Hammond, Serge Mol, Mike Finn, ALL use 裏 "hidden" in their descriptions of shuriken. Why is this?

It appears that in very early times, there were many different choices of character for ri in shuriken. In fact, shuriken used be called "shiriken", which means "grasp the blade's end". This was related to throwing of the short sword (kodachi), tanto (knife), and the kozuka "small knife", where the art was akin more to knife throwing than shuriken throwing. There was no element of secrecy or hidden aspect to blade throwing. Later, martial arts innovators introduced methods of throwing needles, arrows, and other objects as a form of combat, and soon after, the idea of concealment became important in gaining the tactical advantage. Common usage of the word "blade hidden in the hand" became prevalent. Factor in that in feudal times, many Japanese were not literate, and others of limited written ability, so often when writing a word they heard, they would often not know the correct character, so would substitute a similar sounding character in its place, a character they did know how to write. This is thought to be the reason for many of the spellings of shuriken. Some schools did deliberately retain the use of 離"release" for their description of shuriken, however, it is thought many of these schools threw the knife, rather than the adapted needles, arrows etc, because in throwing a knife or short sword, it was not really necessary to be concerned about concealment. (However this is not the case with Mou En Ryu, as they used an adapted needle).

Shuriken development tended more towards concealment, secrecy and use of surprise, and later writers tended to more often use the term 裏 "hidden" in their description of shuriken. Schools that survived the turn of the century and the second world war all generally used the term 裏 "hidden" in their writings on shuriken. Today, 手裏剣 is the generally accepted and most prevalent method of writing "shuriken", while 手離剣 is much less so, and the other methods rarely, if at all.

裏 is composed of the morpheme (meaning component) "i", which is "clothing", "to cover", and the phoneme component "ri" (which gives the character its pronunciation). Together the two form the On-yomi reading "ri", which means "reverse", as in opposition to "exposed", or "covered" (like what clothes do). The Kun-yomi reading is "ura", which also means reverse, opposite, hidden, secret, and is used in different situation. Neither of these reading suggest the notion of "release". It is clear the choice of 裏 in shuriken is for its notion of hiding and concealment.

For this article, I therefore believe we should use the generally accepted term 手裏剣, and translate it as "hand hidden blade", even if it is not accepted by a marginal few... ==Taishanglao 03:33, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Senban aren't carpenter's nail removers, they are washers. Nail removers are "kugi-nuki"

"手裏剣; lit: "hand release blade"" - ri 裏 is not "release", its "cover, hide".

"called senban (車剣, also read as shaken" 車剣 is not "senban", it is "shaken", sometimes read as "kuruma ken". Senban is　銛盤

"first bo shuriken were large nails used in the wooden construction of temples and houses" From the literature it appears that the earliest bo shuriken were needles. Japanese needles aren't quite like what we in the west know as needles...they were thick, with a bulbous head, and often an octagonal cross section. There is also evidence to suggest that some styles of early bo-shuriken derived from arrows. The traditional Japanese arrow head was similar in shape to a needle, a bulbous head, with a long, thin shank, about 18cms long. The first documented school of shuriken, Ganritsu Ryu, used a blade that is very similar in shape to early arrow heads.

"Senban shuriken" is a sub group of "hira shuriken". When discussing blades shapes juxtaposed to "bo shuriken", it is more accurate to use the terms "hira-shuriken", or "shaken".

"having sharpened edges would lead to cut fingers." Not a reason for not having sharp edges. (see comment below). Some senban had a sharpened edge along the sides, not just the point. The original senban was just a flat plate of metal, about 2mm thick. The edges were sharpened as much as needed - no hard and fast rule.

"shuriken is thrown by snapping the wrist forward etc..." The snapping of the wrist is more correctly one of the two methods of throwing a bo shuriken. The wrist snapping method is the action of the hand in the "direct hit" method of throwing. The other form of throwing bo shuriken, the "turning hit" method, involves bringing the arm down like a sword cut, and holding the wrist straight, while the blade slides out naturally.

"unlike bo-shuriken, senban shuriken were used as harassment tools rather than as a true throwing knife in" Both bo and hira shuriken were trained to be thrown properly, ie. accurately, and with power. Their purposes were largely the same, that of nuisance, distraction, slowing down, surprise, annoying injury, and gaining advantage to enable better use of a major weapon. Occasionally knife throwing, that of actually throwing tanto, did sometimes result in a kill. Knife throwing was a separate skill to shuriken, although principles of throwing tanto differed insignificantly from those of shuriken. --Taishanglao 14:44, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Shuriken and poison
I somewhat seriously doubt that "the ninja could easily kill himself" is a good reason for not applying poison to shurikens. Either they did so, or there was another reason for not doing it

______

I have heard through a secondary source, that a shuriken given by Kondo Sensei of Daito Ryu to Don Angier Sensei of Yanagi Ryu, when handled, gave a numbing sensation to the fingers. It was thought that the blade had been coated with a poison, of unknown origin, and I am speculating that it was the Japanese variety of Aconite (japonicum or aizuense), which is a known poison of the day. Some have suggested fugu fish which I doubt, as the poison is neutralised by contact with oxygen over 24hrs. There is no hard and fast rule about poison tipped shuriken. Some were, most weren't, depended upon the user and the situation. I agree with the above. "Could easily kill himself" sounds a bit incompetent, considering these people trained with weapons with the purpose to kill... --Taishanglao 02:58, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

From what I've read poison COULD be used but the best thing for a blade to be coated with was rust, which in the days before tetanus shots and antibiotics, proved to be a great deterrant to any opponent. As the article states the shuriken were used as a deterrant and a distractionary aid.

Btw has anyone heard of metsubushi blinding eggs? I think both were used as part of some sort of skill - gotonpo. Hmm... Dessydes 05:46, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

--- The Japanese did not have any concept of tetanus nor associated the infection with rust for a couple of reasons, 1) tetanus was known until the discovery of bacteria in the late 1800's. 2) Rust wasn't as commonly known as in our time because metal was relatively scarce in feudal Japan times, and was used more carefully than we perhaps treat it today, 3) Metal from Pre-industrialised Japan was very poor quality, and very low in iron content (a major factor in rusting), and the unusual smelting process the Japanese developed produced a type of steel that was less prone to rusting than the common steel available today. 4) Your assumption that rust automatically causes infection, worse than or more prevalent than a poison is flawed, because the tetanus bacteria is found in soil, and is transmitted to the body when people's skin is punctured and comes into contact with the bacteria from the ground. So a rusty nail itself will not cause infection, it has to have been decaying in moist soil that has the bacteria present, for it to be any infection risk to someone who is piered with a metal object. The Japanese did not consciously "rust" metal weapons to cause infection.

While I am no expert on medieval poisons, I know of the use of Japanese Aconite, fugu, and another nasty poison which was a blend of 3 everyday substances, I will have to check my notes to recall exactly what they were, but it was something like oyster, chicken blood and horse manure, which when mixed and went off, produced a cocktail of so many bacteria in a single infection, it made it virtually impossible for traditional folk medicine to remedy.

I know of no evidence to suggest "rust" was deliberately used as a poison, so it should not be stated as so in this articles, until you can produce documentation that proves otherwise.

Metsubishi (sight removers) are part of a small arsenal of unusual, secret weapons (hibuki), commonly associated with the Ninja arts, along with caltrops, explosive powders etc. This includes many items that were thrown. Just because shuriken were a thrown weapon used by Ninja, does not automatically mean this article on shuriken should also by default include other Ninja weapons. Lets get objective. --Taishanglao 02:57, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Samurai and ninja
I don't know about you people, but when I think of those two elements of the feudal Japanese culture, I surely won't see them as the same thing. Ever. Reasons are many. The samurai might have been a social class in the ancient Japan, but they also had their code of honor. A set of guidelines they followed to maintain their reputation. They usually served a master, and when they didn't, it was usually because their honor got tainted for some reason (becoming ronins). Ninjas were hired hands. They used to do all kinds of dirty jobs for money. Honor wasn't an aspect of their lifestyle. I don't think many of them would easily kill themselves for failing on a mission.

That's what I know about the subject, and analyzing the Japanese culture, I don't think I'm very mistaken when I say that. That's why I think that it makes no sense to say 'on the other hand, leaving the "other" out implies that ninja were not samurai - and probably most of them were'. It might be better to leave that "other" there for different reasons, but keep in mind that most of the ninjas were probably not samurai. Sure, maybe I'm generalizing too much here, but think about that. – Kaonashi 02:25, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I have not read Karl Fridays writings myself nor his sources, but from what I have been told the historians today pretty much agree that ninja were mainly, if not only samurai. The "hired hinds" thing is largely a myth - the myths about ninjas emergen quite early in Japan, and if you today say "Ninja" to an average Japanese he is quite likely to think of ninja as mythical figures with more or less supernatural powers. Ninjutsu was not only the art of being a spy but also of strategy, how to build fortifications, how to best set fire on a castle - and a person doing ninjutsu is a ninja. The most well known ninja is probably Hattori Hanzo. http://www.samurai-archives.com/hanzo.html IMO there are good reasons to not have a wording that says that ninja and samurai were two different groups, which is how most people would read "ninja and samurai". Ninja was not a class, ninja was a military function regardless of who did it. Habj 19:17, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I agree with the fact that strategy was usually a very important aspect of their work. I think we can kind of associate the ninjas with hitmen, since that's what they pretty much charged for, among other things like you mentioned. However, the thing about "mythical figures"... I think that's more of a Western view of the subject. We tend to think of them a little more than they actually were. I don't think the Japanese really think of them as something fantastic. It's far from their reality nowadays, yes, but they'd know better. Anyway, I didn't ask to change the wording. Just sharing my two cents. =]

– Kaonashi 02:08, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I think it may be more constructive if we steer clear of any arguments and dependance upon distinctions between "samurai" and "ninja" when expanding this Wiki entry, firstly because it's straying off the topic of this entry and will hinder objective discussion of the shuriken art itself, and what's more, there is a Wiki entry for Ninja, so such arguments should be resolved there.

Secondly, using such polarised definitions as "Samurai" and "Ninja" may tend to lead discussion of shuriken into the false notion of "Samurai shuriken" such as bo-shuriken, and Ninja shuriken" such as hira-shuriken, or shaken (stars), when in fact there is no such polarisation when it comes to shuriken shapes and designs. For example Yagyu Shinkage Ryu, known as a "samurai" art, has both a bo-shuriken and a hira shuriken as characteristic blades of this art. Iga Ryu, an art known as a "Ninja" art, uses a bo-shuriken as well as the more commonly known hira-shuriken. To confuse matters even more, a famous sword school, Katori Shinto Ryu, a school one would naturally think of as a "samurai" art, has within its curriculum a collection of techniques called "ninjutsu waza".

Thirdly, labelling practitioners of a shuriken art either a samurai or ninja unncessarily implies certain differences in moral or philosphical applications of the use of the shuriken, such as saying "Ninja only used them for distractions", or "samurai only used them as a secondary weapon to their sword", etc. Shuriken were pieces of metal that had a variety of uses, and the skill and knowledge of the practitioner largely determined how the tool was used in combat. Of course, certain schools developed certain uses for the blades that other schools may not have discovered, but this applies on an individual, case-by-case basis, rather than a general Samurai vs. Ninja delineation.

I believe given these three points above, useage of the terms "samurai" and "ninja" are going to be more problematic than any other choice of terminologies. --Taishanglao 05:34, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

How fast?
How fast did they throw them?

studies are inconclusive.--J.A.B. 20:17, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

What studies are these? More information please. Anyway, what sort of question is this? How fast did the blade travel through air? Or how many could be thrown within a certain space of time? For a start, I think the question is irrelevent. The speed was determined by how fast an individual could throw them, and that depended upon one's training. There blades flew through the air within a certain set of limits, and nothing beyond what one would expect as reasonable. The NHK video footage of Yoshinori Kono sensei of Negishi Ryu, shows them flying a quite slow, curved trajectory across 15' - 20' or so to the target. One could easily see and follow with their eye, the passage of the blade when standing laterally to the trajectory.

Within a number of shuriken jutsu schools, there is a principle called "ikkei goken", which roughly translates as "five blades in one breath". The idea of this principle is to be able throw several blades in rapid succession. Whether one could actually throw throw five blades in one breath or not was not the issue, though quite possibly there were talented individuals who could. The point was that there was a mental attitude, or a frame of mind, that one reach when trying to throw rapidly, a frame of mind which would enable one to break free from the simple notion of one blade being thrown, followed by a pause, a breath, then the next.

Finally, speed, as measured either in meters per second or miles per hour etc., was also not a relevent issue within Japanese martial arts. What was more important was an understanding of a concept concerned with martial distance, called maai, whereby it was important to be able to break inside your opponent's rhythm and strike before they struck you. This ability was based upon distance and timing related to how fast the body could move in and out of range to target, not in terms of measurable speed, but in how quickly one could slide or step with the feet.

Speed was not an issue. --Taishanglao 05:53, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Removed section
I am dubious about this section so I've moved it here. I don't think it should be restored unless sources are provided ''...originally designed by the ninja..

''The name 'Shuriken' literally means 'Hand Release Blade'; [Shu - Hand], [Ri - Release], [Ken - Blade]. Tracing back through history to determine the origins of the ninja's unique throwing weapon is difficult, if not impossible. In theory, it can be seen how the four-pointed Senban shuriken, characteristic of the Togakure Ryu of ninjutsu, was perhaps developed from the four-cornered, iron reinforcing plates that backed up the heads of the used in the joining of timbers in castle and fortress construction.

It's cool though huh?

 * I have actually heard of this origin of the shuriken, and it seems reasonable to me. I'll see if I can't find some references for this later - I'd like to expand this article if I could to include some of the mythical aspects (properly noted as myth, of course) as well as as much factual information as I can find about shurikens.

________________________________

The most common way "shuriken" has been written is 手裹剣 where 裹 "ri" means hidden, or covered, so a literal translation would be "blade hidden in the hand". There are some instances, for example Mo En Ryu documents, that write shuriken as 手離剣 where 離 "ri" means release, giving the translation blade released from the hand. The reason for the mixup is quite complex, but nevertheless very interesting, as the explanation reveals much about the history of the usage of shuriken. The implications are that "blade hidden in the hand" is the correct meaning.

As noted, shuriken were not "originally designed by ninja"; that is also another misconception. According to Japanese lore from the Nihon Shoki, it was Prince Yamato-Takeru who threw a cylindrical vegetable, possibly a radish, into the eye a deer, as the first example in literature of throwing objects as a weapon. The origins of this skill however, appear to go back even earlier, to the Chinese mainland. There is no way of knowing who the "original" designers were. There were plenty of innovators throughout history, but to pinpoint shuriken invention to a particular individual in history is simply futile. --Taishanglao 15:01, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Ninja and Shuriken
Seems to be a slight conflict on the front page as to the use of shuriken by ninja. They did in fact use them (often disguised as carpenters tools). They would allow them to rust and leave them unsharpened until a moment before they wanted to attack. Tetanus was a slow and painful death and it didn't take a large wound from a rusted shuriken to spread it. They were also used in hand to hand combat. One of the four points went between the middle and pointer finger, one above the thumb and the other two on the far sides of the palm. This allowed the ninja to punch and tear holes easily with a flick of the wrist.

Sawing?
The main article makes reference to applying a great deal of spin to a thrown shuriken to allow a saw-like effect to cut tendons. While I don't doubt the ability to cut tendons with a thrown shuriken, I somehow doubt that this was imparted due to the high angular speed. I have several replica shurikens (both 4 and 6 point varieties) and have attempted such sawing actions before. First of all, the amount of spin you would have to impart to achieve this effect would have to be very large for an object of that diameter. Second, in order to specifically cut a tendon using that approach, you would need to have aim and timing bordering on the supernatural. I mean, you are throwing a spinning object at the outer border of a moving target, aiming specifically not to hit that edge dead on, but with the edge of your own disk-like projectile. I'm not saying its impossible, but we should probably get some kind of reference for that, as it sounds like some mystical ninja-skill nonsence.

Also, in reference to the shuriken being used as a distraction, I had also heard of the technique of letting the shuriken rust so as to inflict infected wounds. However, as I heard it, the idea that ninjas did this was not unknown, and so when a ninja made a show of throwing one of these at you, he was really trying to get you to dodge or drop to the ground to avoid the potentially deadly projectile, or just to flinch away. This would give the ninja a few valuable seconds to get away (possibly spreading caltrops behind him) or get close enough to kill you with something else. I can't back this up, but its just my $0.02

________

Removed section: "Sawing" effect

The sentences regarding the "saw" effect were removed because it gives the reader the impression that shuriken were not intended to pierce. This is patently untrue. There are many stories in the historical Japanese literature that describe the use of shuriken being effective because of their piercing effect. To say that "contrary to popular culture, it was not intended to "stick" in the target" is misleading to say the least. Firstly, the previous writer is disregarding bo-shuriken altogether by mentioning the spinning action, as this is obviously referring to hira-shuriken, providing they have sharpened edges (which is also a point in contention). Secondly, there is no documentation to support the notion that hira-shuriken were intended to be used as a "flying circular saw" type object. None of the instructors I have had contact with (mostly Japanese if you need to know), have never mentioned any sawing effect with shuriken at all. Furthermore, the main targets of shuriken were the eyes, throat, hands and feet. These were generally the more exposed parts of the body. The sawing effect cutting tendons etc., sounds to me rather a fantasy, because the body and legs were covered by quite heavy clothing, or at least several layers of it, and the tendons one would try to cut in order to disable the opponent (such as what is achieved in kenjutsu) are somewhat protected by it, and the fact that they are situated on the sides and rear parts of the limbs. The main force in throwing a hira shuriken was forward hitting power, enabling deeper piercing of the tips. THe spinning effect served only to stablise the blade in flight. -- Taishanglao 07:56, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Pop culture and image
I was thinking about that popular culture section. Does it really have place on this article? To me, all those references don't sound any notorious at all. They are actually pretty meaningless. I think the entire section should go away. Also, why did the previous image this article used to have got replaced? I think it was pretty good and showed what a shuriken is pretty well, while the current one is dark, confusing, and also pretty ugly. I vote for the old one to come back.--Kaonashi 23:42, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

I would hazard a guess that the reason the pop culture section is there at all is because most people's knowledge of shuriken extends no further than what they have experienced in the mass media, and therefore the article would probably be better off without it, since the mass media conceptions of shuriken are so far removed from fact. --Taishanglao 12:28, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

I'd like to add that the vampire known as Vancha March in the popular Darren Shan novels uses shurikens as his only weapon of choice.

 * By all means, do so. It'll fit in with all the other references that are in that section. I think you're the first so far to ask permission (major kudos for that, btw).

It is in my opinion that this section should be removed or formed into a seperate article. More factual details are needed for this article not media nonsense. We do not live in a fantasy world.

Shaken and Shuriken
I will admit that I am not an expert on this subject by any stretch of the imagination, however when I compare this article with that on Shaken it seems to me that they're actually talking about the same thing. If that is the case, should the two pieces not be merged together? It is far from clear what the difference is, if there is any difference, between bo-shuriken and shaken. Silverthorn

I am not an expert either (despite my name :P), but the kanji for Shaken translates as wheeled-blade, while Shuriken translates as hand-thrown-blade. Thus shaken is another name for hira-shuriken (not bo-shuriken!), linguistically speaking. This is consistent with my own experience. I recommend merging the two articles, with Shaken redirecting to Shuriken as the latter is the more general term. --Rustedshuriken 08:53, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

-- The info in the first line of Shaken is wrong:

>Shaken (車剣, also read kurumaken) are Japanese throwing blades or spikes.

The spikes are bo-shuriken, the flat circular plates are shaken. Both bo shuriken and shaken (also read as kurumaken, also known as hira-shuriken) are types of shuriken, therefore the term shuriken should be the overarching title.

I agree with Rustedshuriken, it would be better to merge "Shaken" with "Shuriken". I suggest any entries entitles 'shaken', 'hira-shuriken', 'bo shuriken' all redirect to Shuriken, as that is the main term. -- Taishanglao 02:14, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Rust
"Corrosion is also a relentless factor in humid Japan, and the rust may be an effective poison if introduced into the bloodstream. "

I've moved this to talk because it's unsubstantiated and doesn't seem likely to me. Iron oxides are not poisonous in the level that would be present on a weapon. Mrestko 08:16, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Fair enough, but I've also heard it said that the best deterrent was rust rather than any poison, due to back in the day there were no tetanus shots, antibiotis, etc. Dessydes 13:24, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

I agree with the arguement against the rust theory. People back then probbly took care of their weapons to avoid rust, because even though rust might poison the opponent, it would also ruin the blade and make it harder to use.Solon Olrek 19:24, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Legality
I think a section should be added on legal issues: importation, sale, ownership, and carrying on one's person in various English-speaking countries and jurisdictions. The following website contains information about Australian laws pertaining to shuriken, as well as links to laws in Virginia and California in the U.S. and laws in Ireland. (I could not get the actual site to load, but this links to a Google cached copy): |The Law Regarding Shuriken MamaGeek (talk/contrib) 14:37, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

i agree completely with this and will look into it--Aaronpark 00:16, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

(B) Except in a person's dwelling, place of business, or on property under such person's ownership or control, it is unlawful for any person to possess the following:

(1) A firearm or gas or mechanically operated gun;

(2) A bow and arrow, crossbow, or slingshot;

(3) A nunchaku or throwing star; or

(4) A knife as defined in subsection 9-72-010(H).

Source  http://www.ci.broomfield.co.us/code/_DATA/TITLE09/Chapter_9_72_Weapons.html --Aaronpark 00:21, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

In Canada, star shaped shurikens are included in the prohibited arm, and you can't buy/sell/use them. If a Canadian tries to import star shaped shurikns, they will be confiscated at Canadian custom. The law is specific about the star shaped shuriekn, and not applicable to bo-shuriken. 3ken 18:15, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Exactly the same situation in Germany.--Nemissimo (talk) 12:58, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Trivia
In Shinobi games (mega-drive's, at least in Revenge of Shinobi), shurikens are limited, and few (if not with the infinite cheats), making them more a secondary than an primary weapon, thus enforcing the player to stealthy get close to the enemies before they shoot shurikens at you, much more stealthy as a real ninja. 200.230.213.152 04:32, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Hari-gata?
I'm not sure if that's really what needle shuriken are called. The Japanese word for dildo is harigata, so... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 75.31.58.188 (talk) 02:10, 20 December 2006 (UTC).

Needle shaped shuriken are indeed called "hari-gata" shuriken...it depends on the kanji used. In this case, hari means needle, and gata (kata) means shape or form...just like in Karate. Taishanglao 12:33, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

The image used for the "Hira shuriken" section was deleted since no rationale was given. The uploader's description was with a link to the source, but I'm not sure how to fill out the rationale/licensing. This image is also used in this userbox. It was also. --jh51681 01:41, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Espio?
what about espio? in sonic heroes espio uses a shurikin. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.229.131.30 (talk) 03:00, 17 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, he does... He uses massive shuriken that bounces all over the place. But I don't remember him ever doing that in the comics. I assume that Sega made Espio into a ninja-type character due to his chameleon invisibility... But that's not how he was originally. Still, it might be mentionable.
 * -TDF-

Size
Does anyone know what size a shuriken would be? I am not sure... Thanks anyway, -TDF-

legality in the uk?
As i understand it here, it is banned to sell or manufacture shuriken here, however as the definition is strictly that of hira shuriken, bo shuriken can be sold, as long as they are not called shuriken (ridiculous, i know) —Preceding unsigned comment added by UltraMagnus (talk • contribs) 00:52, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Merge
I think the article on shuriken and shaken should be merged. I'm not aware of anything special about the shaken sub-species that it should warrant its own article. As it stands, the current article on shaken is shorter than its section here, and the shaken article refers to the shuriken article for more information.--Xanzzibar (talk) 05:03, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Shaken redirect
I was trying to find information on car inspections in Japan, which are romanized as Shaken. I tried going to the page with that name, figuring I'd end up on a disambiguation page, but instead I got redirected to Shuriken!

Can someone please replace the redirect with a more useful disambiguation page? —Preceding unsigned comment added by PhennPhawcks (talk • contribs) 18:01, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Tellie Tubby
Does the mention of Tellie Tubby belong in this article? I couldn't' find a definition that related it to the subject of shuriken. Kendergirl (talk) 17:23, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

In popular culture (trivia stuff)
Shuriken are popularly believed to have been used by Japanese ninja. They can be seen in a wide range of modern media set in both modern and ancient settings. They have been used by comic book characters such as Batman, Anarky, Elektra, Miho and Bullseye; video games such as Mortal Kombat: Deception, Ninja Gaiden, Tenchu, Shadow Warrior and The Revenge of Shinobi; anime series such as the ninja of Naruto, Jezmine from Conan the Adventurer; and films such as 3 Ninjas. While shuriken are almost always associated with ninja and to a lesser extent other thieves and assassins, they are sometimes seen as wholly separate from that context: for instance, Vancha March, a vampire-warrior from Darren Shan's novels uses shuriken as his only weapon of choice. In Painkiller, the electrodriver gun shoots shuriken and lightning, and it is even possible to fire electrified shuriken. Occasionally, the use of shuriken does not even involve a human throwing them: In the PC game Tyrian 2000, for example, there is a secret mode which features guns that fire shuriken, and in the Nintendo64 game Jet Force Gemini there are shuriken that home in on targets.

In film and television

 * In the 2003 movie The Last Samurai, hira-shuriken appear briefly during the ninja attack on Katsumoto's village. One is shown being thrown by a ninja and striking a samurai target.
 * In the 2002 Japanese Super Sentai series Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger, the sixth and final Ranger to appear was Tenkuu Ninja Shurikenger. (His American-speaking counterpart in the 2003 series Power Rangers: Ninja Storm was known as the Green Samurai Ranger.) The symbol on Shurikenger's Shinobi Medal / Green Samurai Ranger's Power Disc was a green eight-point hira-shuriken. Also in Hurricaneger, the three Hurricaneger fired shuriken from their Hurricane Gyro henshin devices (where in Ninja Storm they are replaced with lasers due to US television regulations).
 * In the anime Naruto, shuriken are many of the characters' primary weapon, along with kunai.
 * In Gamera tai daiakuju Giron (1969) aka Attack of the Monsters (Gamera vs. Guiron), Guiron fires four-point shuriken from the sides of his head.
 * In You Only Live Twice, the character Tiger Tanaka saves James Bond from being killed by Blofeld's gun by means of a throwing star.
 * In Tomorrow Never Dies, the character Wai Lin saves James Bond from being shot by a henchmen using a throwing star.
 * In the film Alien vs. Predator, the predator disc changed from an actual disc into a shuriken-style throwing star.
 * In the film Hot Rod, during a fight scene between Rod and his father, the latter throws a shuriken at Rod that gets embedded in his chest.
 * In the South Park episode "Good Times with Weapons," Kenny is depicted wielding a pair of shuriken, and maiming Butters with them.
 * The character Mai, from the television show Avatar: The Last Airbender seems to be an expert in shurikenjutsu. She has been shown using both bo-shuriken and hiro-shuriken.
 * In Transformers Animated, the cyberninja Prowl uses shuriken formed from the rims of his motorcycle alt.
 * In "The Hunted (1995 film)", Paul Racine (Christopher Lambert) gets assaulted with "Makatao" style Shuriken when he come back to fetch his keys, after his one night stand with Kirina (Joan Chen), in her flat.
 * Later on in the same Film "The Hunted (1995 film)", Takeda (Yoshio Harada), on the way to Okinawa with his wife (Yoko Shimada) and Paul Racine (Christopher Lambert) in a Bullet train, encounters a ninja group of the ruthless killer Kinjo (John Lone), and block all the thrown Shurikens with his Katana.

In games

 * In Shinobi (arcade game), Joe Musashi's primary weapon is the shuriken.
 * In the GamesWorkshop tabletop board game Warhammer 40,000, the Eldar race use guns that shoot razor-sharp rounded shuriken.
 * In Ninja Gaiden 2, shuriken can be used as a secondary weapon.
 * In the game Aero Fighters for the SNES, The FSX fighter jet shoots shuriken shaped lasers, and when you get a certain number of ugrades, tha laers ae shaped like kunai.
 * In Mega Man Zero and Mega Man ZX, Phantom and Model P/Px use shuriken as a weapon. Phantom's signature move is the ability to create a giant shuriken and ride on it, granting him the ability to fly. In ZX, Model P/Px can use the shuriken as a sort of protective boomerang that not only goes forward, but circles around the character for a brief time before disappearing.
 * In The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind, the player can buy and wield "throwing stars" made out of various materials.
 * In Final Fantasy IV, the playable character Edge uses an ability called "throw" to toss various items at opponents, such as shurikens.
 * In Final Fantasy VI, the playable character Shadow uses the same "throw" ability as Edge to toss various items at opponents, such as shurikens.
 * In Final Fantasy VII, Yuffie uses shuriken as her primary weapon, along with a variety of other throwing and improvised weapons.
 * In Final Fantasy IX, Amarant uses the "throw" ability to fling items at opponents, shurikens and pinwheels being some of the strongest.
 * In Mortal Kombat, Noob Saibot uses shuriken as throwing weapons.
 * In No One Lives Forever 2, shuriken are one of the many weapons Cate Archer is able to use.
 * In Shadow Warrior, Lo wang use shuriken as weapon, and states: "I love the shuriken"

In English-language literature

 * In Midnight: A Gangster Love Story by Sister Souljah, the eponymous protagonist's visit to an apple orchard in upstate New York culminates with an unrealistic visit to a nearby blacksmith's shop, where he asks to have a shuriken made to his specifications.
 * In The Day of the Triffids, triffid guns shoot small shuriken that cut off triffid's stingers.
 * In Pride and prejudice and zombies, shuriken are used to fight the unmentionable.
 * In Neuromancer by William Gibson, the protagonist, Case, is fascinated by shuriken. He is later bought one by Molly.
 * IN Sam Noir, the title character's love interest, Jasmine, is killed by four throwing stars in the back.

In music

 * French hip-hop emcee Shurik'n is named after shuriken.

What about Shang-Hi Noon? there is a scene where A Star shaped badge is used as a shuriken is commonly portrayed. 72.49.178.126 (talk) 19:38, 27 November 2010 (UTC)

Other SinoSphere countries.
What about the appearance of Shuriken-stars in other east-Asian countries & Viet-Nam. that is not mentioned in the article.

I recently saw refferences to North-Korean shuriken stars both ancient and modern. --82.134.154.25 (talk) 19:41, 14 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Don't the Chinese have a similar weapon, known as a qanzi?  TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  12:19, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

References for editors to read

 * 1 http://books.google.com/books?id=NoEnMaz0NBIC&pg=PA65&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=xAEfTaC2JISdlgf6raCDDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=false Art of Throwing: Practical Instruction for Better Techniques, Amante P. Marinas, Tuttle Publishing, 2007
 * 2 http://books.google.com/books?id=ZzIXkFec0e8C&pg=PA159&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=xAEfTaC2JISdlgf6raCDDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=false Classical weaponry of Japan: special weapons and tactics of the martial arts, Serge Mol, Kodansha International, 2003
 * 3 http://books.google.com/books?id=bNsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=xAEfTaC2JISdlgf6raCDDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=true Black Belt Jun 1984
 * 4 http://books.google.com/books?id=ZNwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA70&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=xAEfTaC2JISdlgf6raCDDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=false Black Belt Apr 1985
 * 5 http://books.google.com/books?id=sBWasQSsb-UC&pg=PA206&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=xAEfTaC2JISdlgf6raCDDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFIQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=false Samurai fighting arts: the spirit and the practice, Fumon Tanaka, Kodansha International, 2003
 * 6 http://books.google.com/books?id=rJiwHqqF0RoC&pg=PT119&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=rwIfTeumPIKclgeK9Nz-Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=false Ask a Ninja Presents the Ninja Handbook: This Book Looks Forward to Killing You Soon, Douglas Sarine, Kent Nichols, Random House, Inc., 2008
 * 7 http://books.google.com/books?id=-7_YgBjyEE0C&pg=PA99&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=rwIfTeumPIKclgeK9Nz-Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q&f=false Ninja Weapons: Chain and Shuriken, Charles V. Gruzanski, Tuttle Publishing, 1991
 * 8 http://books.google.com/books?id=HfSQ59kjEioC&pg=PA72&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=rwIfTeumPIKclgeK9Nz-Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=false
 * 9 http://books.google.com/books?id=WqSsQBjSypIC&q=shuriken&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=rwIfTeumPIKclgeK9Nz-Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCDgK
 * 10 http://books.google.com/books?id=GsSMsu21CQkC&pg=PA94&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=MAMfTfuDM4P_8AbsyNW2Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=false
 * 11 http://books.google.com/books?id=luDcP8E5SFoC&pg=PA134&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=MAMfTfuDM4P_8AbsyNW2Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBzgU#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=false
 * 12 http://books.google.com/books?id=1j_Ffk3qO0kC&pg=PA132&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=MAMfTfuDM4P_8AbsyNW2Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFIQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=false
 * 13 http://books.google.com/books?id=FPiUff2BGBkC&pg=PA259&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=nwMfTZXXOsKC8gaW9PXYDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=false
 * 14 http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA894&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=nwMfTZXXOsKC8gaW9PXYDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CE0Q6AEwCDge#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=false
 * 15 http://books.google.com/books?id=i0ni1NmbYe0C&pg=PA166&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=SAQfTZSsGYK0lQf514XoCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBDgy#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=false
 * 16 http://books.google.com/books?id=Fdxk3Mbe0ckC&pg=PA61&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=SAQfTZSsGYK0lQf514XoCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCDgy#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=false
 * 17 http://books.google.com/books?id=JXfVINMfbx8C&pg=PA122&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=SAQfTZSsGYK0lQf514XoCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBjgy#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=false
 * 18 http://books.google.com/books?id=MuNLyoXB-8oC&pg=PA61&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=wAQfTbT7BYGglAeqxNG_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwADg8#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=false
 * 19 http://books.google.com/books?id=n1heJafilrAC&pg=PA67&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=GwUfTazUDYG0lQfytcntCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwADhQ#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=true
 * 20 http://books.google.com/books?id=2hOCl1hM6SQC&pg=PT69&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=GwUfTazUDYG0lQfytcntCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAjhQ#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=true
 * 21 http://books.google.com/books?id=_o73NOjb4p4C&pg=RA1-PA127&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=oQUfTa-GFcqr8AbG2bnrDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwADha#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=false
 * 22 http://books.google.com/books?id=BlT-x4vqaC4C&pg=PA100&dq=shuriken&hl=en&ei=oQUfTa-GFcqr8AbG2bnrDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBTha#v=onepage&q=shuriken&f=false — Preceding unsigned comment added by Samuraiantiqueworld (talk • contribs) 10:50, 1 January 2011 (UTC)

historical value has increased?
What is this sentence (under Usage) supposed to mean? "Shuriken are a simple weapon, but their historical value, . . ., has increased." — Preceding unsigned comment added by QuantumOfHistory (talk • contribs) 09:34, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

Error needing correction
The following looks like an error: the well-known "throwing aren't" although what it should be I do not know. Over to you! Muleiolenimi (talk) 14:51, 5 February 2013 (UTC)

Steve Jobs had shuriken confiscated?
There were several reports published by mainstream news outlets that Steve Jobs had ninja stars confiscated in Japan:

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-14/steve-jobs-stopped-at-japan-airport-over-ninja-stars-spa-says.html

http://fortune.com/2010/09/14/report-steve-jobs-stopped-at-japan-airport-for-carrying-ninja-stars/

Should this be included in the article? 69.65.91.78 (talk) 20:01, 7 June 2014 (UTC)

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Folding shuriken
It is one of the classes in group of folding throwers (the other one being fictional glaives). As of now they are toys and collectibles but that could change in the future with the advancement in technology. I believe it deserves it's own section - couple of sentences and an image.

===In fiction

chinese (throwing) stars and swallow tail knives and throwing spike,needle,thorn ?
1. 鏢星 / Chinese Throwing Stars / PIAO HSING / BIAO XING. Throwing stars are 3, 5, & 8 pointed to represent The 3 Forces, 5 Elements, and the 8 Trigrams. source

2. There are also weapons that could be considered a variation of bo-shuriken: THORNS & NEEDLES / 飞针 / FEI CHEN / FEI ZHEN. There are a few types of Needles and Thorns - range from very small needles to metal spikes over half a foot in length. source

3. Also very similar weapon is 燕子飞刀 / Swallow Tail Flying Knives aka Swallow Tail Darts / YEN TZU FEI TAO / YAN ZI FEI DAO. source

4. There is also a weapon called "throwing spike" that looks similar to bo-shuriken or throwing needle. 89.201.235.112 (talk) 09:13, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

question is whether it's the same thing or different from shuriken. Regardless, it should be mentioned in the article. 89.201.201.113 (talk) 18:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shuriken


text:
Meany

Meany is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
 * Edmond S. Meany, American historian, politician, and Mountaineer
 * George Meany, American labor leader, first president of the AFL-CIO
 * Mary K. Meany (1897–2000), American educator and politician
 * Paul Meany, American musician
 * Bugs Meany, a recurring villain in the Encyclopedia Brown series of books

title: Meany


text:
(99907) 1989 VA

' (provisional designation ') is a very eccentric, stony asteroid and near-Earth object, approximately 1 kilometer in diameter. It was discovered on 2 November 1989, by American astronomer couple Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker and Canadian astronomer David Levy at the Palomar Observatory on Mount Palomar, California.

Orbit and classification
It is a member of the Aten asteroid, a subgroup of near-Earth objects that are located in the zone of influence of Venus. It has frequent, relatively close encounters with the Earth, as its minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) is 0.16 AU or about 23 million kilometers. It was the eighth Aten asteroid discovered. Since then the number of Atens has grown to about one thousand known bodies.

This asteroid orbits the Sun with a short orbital period at a distance of 0.3–1.2 AU once every 227 days. The body rotates every two and a half hours around its axis and has a notably high albedo of about 0.40. Its orbit is tilted by 29 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. With an exceptionally high eccentricity of 0.59, it was the most eccentric Aten asteroid known at the time of discovery, more eccentric than previously discovered Aten, 3753 Cruithne. Since then, more eccentric Atens – such as, with an eccentricity of 0.665 – have been discovered. Due to this elongated orbit, the Aten asteroid and near-Earth asteroid also classifies as Earth-crosser, Venus-crosser and Mercury-grazer.

1989 VA was the first asteroid discovered with such a small semi-major axis (0.728 AU, about the same as Venus), breaking 2100 Ra-Shalom's distance record (0.832 AU), which had held for over a decade. It remained the asteroid with the smallest known semi-major axis for five years until the discovery of (0.683 AU), which was the first asteroid discovered closer to the Sun than Venus.

Being so close to Venus, it is also the first asteroid discovered within Venus' zone of influence. This means that it is close enough to Venus for the planet to capture into a co-orbital relationship. Though it is not a Venus co-orbital at the moment, it may become one in the future and may have been one in the past. Currently, the only known Venus co-orbitals are, Zoozve and (as of 18 March 2013). Of the seven known objects in Venus' zone of influence, is the largest at about 1,400 metres. All of these objects, like, have eccentric orbits that cross Mercury's and Earth's orbits as well.

The combination of a small semi-major axis and high eccentricity made the first Aten asteroid discovered to get closer to the Sun (0.295 AU) than Mercury ever does. 2340 Hathor (the second Aten discovered, in 1976) had the smallest perihelion (0.464 AU) earlier, which was about the same distance as Mercury's aphelion (0.467 AU). It was not until (0.277 AU) was discovered that an Aten asteroid with a lower perihelion was found. 's eccentric orbit takes it out past the Earth, where it has encounters of about 0.15 to 0.20 AU about every 3 to 5 years around October–November. It was discovered during its 1989 encounter and was about 0.17 AU away at the time. Further observations were made in October 2002 and during the most recent close encounter in November 2007.

Physical characteristics
In the SMASS taxonomy, is characterized as a Sq-subtype that fall into the broader class of stony S-type asteroids.

Numbering and naming
This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 22 June 2005. As of 2018, it has not been named.

title: (99907) 1989 VA


text:
Frances Howard

Frances Howard may refer to:
 * Frances Howard, Countess of Surrey née de Vere (1516–1577), daughter of the Earl of Oxford and wife of the executed Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey
 * Frances Howard, Countess of Kildare (d. 1628), courtier
 * Frances Stewart, Duchess of Lennox née Frances Howard (1578–1639), daughter of Thomas Howard, Viscount Bindon
 * Frances Carr, Countess of Somerset née Frances Howard (1591–1632), countess of Somerset and dau. of Lord Thomas Howard

 * Frances Howard (actress) (1903–1976), American actress and wife of film producer Samuel Goldwyn
 * Frances Minturn Howard (1905–1995), American poet
 * Frances Drake or Frances Howard (1912–2000), American actress

title: Frances Howard


text: File:The Distillers - Sing Sing Death House.jpg


text:
User talk:Larapod

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page; Editing tutorial; Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article; Naming conventions; Manual of Style

Whosyourjudas (talk) 02:30, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Larapod! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

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 * 1) Michael Chamberlain -

title: User talk:Larapod


text:
User:Splorp

Splorp is the online non de plume of Grant Hutchinson.

More information can be found on his personal site.

http://www.splorp.com/

title: User:Splorp


text:
Baptistery

In Christian architecture the baptistery or baptistry (Old French baptisterie; Latin baptisterium; Greek βαπτιστήριον, 'bathing-place, baptistery', from βαπτίζειν, baptízein, 'to baptize') is the separate centrally planned structure surrounding the baptismal font. The baptistery may be incorporated within the body of a church or cathedral, and provided with an altar as a chapel. In the early Church, the catechumens were instructed and the sacrament of baptism was administered in the baptistery.

Design

The sacramental importance and sometimes architectural splendour of the baptistery reflect the historical importance of baptism to Christians. Beginning in the fourth century, baptisteries in Italy were often designed with an octagonal plan. The octagonal plan of the Lateran Baptistery, the first structure expressly built as a baptistery, provided a widely followed model. The baptistery might be twelve-sided, or even circular as at Pisa.

In a narthex or anteroom, the catechumens were instructed and made their confession of faith before baptism. The main interior space centered upon the baptismal font (piscina), in which those to be baptized were thrice immersed. Three steps led down to the floor of the font, and over it might be suspended a gold or silver dove. The iconography of frescos or mosaics on the walls were commonly of the scenes in the life of Saint John the Baptist. The font was at first always of stone, but latterly metals were often used.

The Lateran baptistery's font was fed by a natural spring. When the site had been the palatial dwelling of the Laterani, before Constantine presented it to Bishop Miltiades, the spring formed the water source for the numerous occupants of the domus. As the requirements for Christian baptisteries expanded, Christianization of sacred pagan springs presented natural opportunities. Cassiodorus, in a letter written in AD 527, described a fair held at a former pagan shrine of Leucothea, in the still culturally Greek region of southern Italy. This shrine had been Christianized by converting it to a baptistery (Variae 8.33). There are also examples of the transition from miraculous springs to baptisteries from Gregory of Tours (died c. 594) and Maximus, bishop of Turin (died c. 466).

History

Baptisteries belong to a period of the church when great numbers of adult catechumens were baptized and immersion was the rule. They did not seem to be common before the emperors Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius made Christianity the state religion in the Edict of Thessalonica (i.e. before the 4th century). As early as the 6th century, the baptismal font was commonly built in the porch of the church, before it was moved into the church itself. After the 9th century, with infant baptism increasingly the rule, few baptisteries were built. Some of the older baptisteries were so large that there are accounts of councils and synods being held in them. They had to be large because a bishop in the early church would customarily baptize all the catechumens in his diocese and the rite was performed only three times a year, on certain holy days. Baptisteries were thus attached to the cathedral and not to the parish churches. In the Italian countryside a pieve was a church with a baptistery on which other churches without baptisteries depended.

During the months when no baptisms occurred, the baptistery doors were sealed with the bishop's seal, a method of controlling the orthodoxy of all baptism in the diocese. Some baptisteries were divided into two parts to separate the sexes; or sometimes the church had two baptisteries, one for each sex. A fireplace was often provided to warm the neophytes after immersion.

Though baptisteries were forbidden to be used as burial-places by the Council of Auxerre (578), they were sometimes used as such. The Florentine Antipope John XXIII (d. 1419) was buried in the Florence Baptistery, facing Florence Cathedral, with great ceremony, and a large and sculpturally important tomb by Donatello and his partner. Many of the early archbishops of Canterbury in England were buried in the baptistery at Canterbury.

According to the records of early church councils, baptisteries were first built and used to correct what were considered the evils arising from the practice of private baptism. As soon as Christianity had expanded so that baptism became the rule, and as immersion of adults gave place to sprinkling of infants, the ancient baptisteries were no longer necessary. They are still in general use, however, in Florence and Pisa.

The Lateran Baptistery must be the earliest ecclesiastical building still in use. A large part of it remains as built by Constantine. The central area, with the basin of the font, is an octagon around which stand eight porphyry columns, with marble capitals and entablature of classical form. Outside these are an ambulatory and outer walls forming a larger octagon. Attached to one side, toward the Lateran basilica, is a porch with two noble porphyry columns and richly carved capitals, bases and entablatures.

The circular church of Santa Costanza, also of the 4th century, served as a baptistery and contained the tomb of the daughter of Constantine. This is a remarkably perfect structure with a central dome, columns, and mosaics of classical fashion. Two side niches contain the earliest known mosaics of distinctively Christian subjects. In one is represented Moses receiving the Old Law, in the other Christ delivers to Saint Peter the New Law charter, sealed with the XP monogram.

The earliest surviving structure that was used as a baptistery is the tomb-like baptistery at Dura-Europas. Another baptistery of the earliest times has been excavated at Aquileia. Ruins of baptisteries have also been found at Salona and in Crete. At Ravenna are two noted baptisteries, decorated with fine mosaics. One was built in the mid-5th century, and the other in the 6th. A large baptistery decorated with mosaics was built in the 6th century at Naples.

In the East, the metropolitan baptistery at Constantinople still stands at the side of the former patriarchal Church of Holy Wisdom. Many others, in Syria for example, were found in late 19th and early 20th-century archaeological research, as were some belonging to churches of North Africa. In France the most famous early baptistery is Baptistère Saint-Jean at Poitiers. Other early examples exist at Riez, Fréjus and Aix-en-Provence. In England, a detached baptistery is known to have been associated with Canterbury Cathedral.

Revival in medieval Italy

In most of Europe the early Christian practice of having a distinct baptistery building, useful when large numbers of adult catechumens were being instructed and then baptised in groups by immersion, had lapsed by the Late Middle Ages, when baptisms were normally of infants, and used sprinkling with holy water rather than immersion. Instead, smaller fonts were placed inside the church. But in north Italy separate baptisteries revived, probably largely as an expression of civic pride, placed beside the cathedral, and often with a separate campanile or bell-tower.

Among the more spectacular Romanesque and Gothic examples, the Florence Baptistery was built between 1059 and 1128, the Pisa Baptistery begun 1152 (replacing an older one) and completed in 1363, the Parma Baptistery was begun in 1196, Pistoia in 1303; all these have octagonal exteriors. The Siena Baptistery was begun in 1316, then left incomplete some decades later.

Famous baptisteries
Famous Italian baptisteries include:
 * Lateran Baptistery, Rome, the most significant and architecturally most influential baptistery in the Christian West, founded by Pope Sixtus III
 * Parma Baptistery
 * Florence Baptistery, Tuscan Romanesque-style structure associated with Florence Cathedral, rebuilt between 1059 and 1150; it contains Ghiberti's Doors of Paradise
 * Pisa Baptistery, circular domed Baptistery of St John clad in white marble in the Piazza del Duomo, Pisa, built in stages from 1152 and combining Romanesque with Gothic.
 * Lomello Baptistery of San Giovanni ad Fontes

Famous French baptisteries include:
 * Baptistery of Fréjus Cathedral
 * Baptistery of Aix Cathedral in Aix-en-Provence
 * Baptistery of Poitiers, reputedly the oldest Christian building in France.

Byzantine baptisteries of the Holy Land: Emmaus Nicopolis

title: Baptistery


text:
Newell's Old Boys

Club Atlético Newell's Old Boys is an Argentine sports club based in Rosario, Santa Fe. The club was founded on 3 November 1903, and is named after Isaac Newell of the English county of Kent, one of the pioneers of Argentine football.

A founding member of Liga Rosarina de Football, the club affiliated to the Argentine Football Association (AFA) in 1939. Since then, Newell's Old Boys has taken part in tournaments organised by the body. The club has won six Argentine Primera División championships plus three National cups throughout their history. Newell's has also been twice Copa Libertadores runner-up (in 1988 and 1992).

The club's football stadium is the Estadio Marcelo Bielsa, named after the team's former player and manager Marcelo Bielsa (twice champion, and runner-up of one Copa Libertadores). Newell's plays the Rosario derby against Rosario Central, a club with which they have a huge historical rivalry.

Newell's is also notable for its youth divisions, being one of the clubs with most national titles in AFA's youth tournaments. Players from the club's youths who have represented Argentina at World Cups are Gabriel Batistuta, Éver Banega, Walter Samuel, Américo Gallego, Jorge Valdano, Gabriel Heinze, Roberto Sensini, Mauricio Pochettino, Lionel Scaloni and Maxi Rodríguez, among others. Lionel Messi also played in the club's youths, but left at a young age to Barcelona to seek treatment for his growth hormone deficiency, while Diego Maradona played briefly for the first team in 1993.

Other sports practised at this club are ice hockey, skiing, snowboarding, ice climbing, basketball, boxing, field hockey, martial arts, roller skating, volleyball and American football.

Origins
Club Atlético Newell's Old Boys was established on 3 November 1903. Claudio Newell was one of the founding members. Newell called teachers, pupils and alumni of the school his father had established to sign the act of foundation of the club. The name chosen paid tribute to Isaac Newell's life. The first president was Víctor Heitz.

The name "old boys" refers to former pupils of a school. In fact, the players of the first football team were graduates of the school Isaac Newell had established, the Colegio Comercial Anglicano Argentino.

The colours of the club were taken from the Colegio Comercial Anglicano Argentino emblem (designed by Isaac Newell himself) that were red and black inspired in the colours of the flag of England and the Flag of the German Empire.

Newell's Old Boys is often referred to as "leprosos" ("lepers"). The club got its nickname, the lepers, after playing in a charity match for a leprosy clinic in the 1920s.

Liga Rosarina (1905–1930)
On 30 March 1905, the Liga Rosarina de Football (Rosarian Football League) was established, following a proposal by Newell's president Heitz, who invited representatives of Rosario Athletic, Rosario Central and Atlético Argentino for that purpose. The main objective was to organise a championship, so a trophy was donated by the intendant of Rosario, Santiago Pinasco. The trophy was later named in his honour. Newell's was the winner of the first edition, having won eight games and finishing unbeaten. The team also scored 39 goals, conceding just 4.

Previously, the historic first Rosarino derby had been held. Newell's won 1–0 with a goal scored by Faustino González. The next year Newell's won its second championship.

In 1907, the Liga Rosarina established a second division. The Copa Santiago Pinasco tournament moved to that division and "Copa Nicasio Vila" (named in honour of then mayor of Rosario) was created to be played by the first division teams. Newell's won the first edition of this trophy, which they won a total 9 times between 1907 and 1930.

The Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires allowed teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario to take part in the competition. Newell's won the 1911 edition defeating Porteño 3–2 at the final. Other trophy were teams of both cities played together was the Copa Dr. Carlos Ibarguren, won by Newell's in 1921, defeating Huracán by 3–0.

The arrival to Primera División
In 1939, Newell's asked the Argentine Football Association to play in the Primera División championship. The AFA accepted the request, so Newell's played its first tournament in 1939, along with Rosario Central which was also added to the competition. Despite playing in the national tournaments, Newell's continued participating in the regional leagues of Rosario, but with youth amateur players. Newell's debuted in the AFA tournaments on 19 March 1939, defeating San Lorenzo by 2–1. The line-up was: Heredia; Gilli, Soneyro; Sisniega, Perucca, Reynoso; Belén, Fabrini, Gómez, Franco, Sánchez.

National titles
Newell's Old Boys have won the Primera División championship six times (1974 Metropolitano, 1987–88, 1990–91, 1992 Clausura, Apertura 2004 and 2013 Final) and were the runners-up of the Copa Libertadores de América twice (1988 and 1992). The 1990–91 championship was contested between the 1990 Apertura (Newell's) and 1991 Clausura (Boca Juniors) champions, which Newell's won in home-and-away matches. Even though the 1990 Apertura was not considered official by itself, it is considered by Newell's supporters to be their "seventh" championship.

Newell's also won a friendly youth mini-tournament called the Little World Cup in 1988, against River Plate, Milan, Juventus, Real Madrid and Manchester United, and is, together with Boca Juniors, San Lorenzo and Racing Club one of the few Argentine clubs that made a long and successful tour in Europe (in 1949), in which they defeated several important teams such as Valencia, Borussia Mönchengladbach, Real Madrid and the Spanish National "A" Team. These are the only major international achievements of the club until now (although several minor international summer tournaments were won, with the 1943 Copa de Oro Rioplatense standing up). So far the club has not won an official international championship.

Newell's Old Boys is one of a very few teams to have had all their players represent the national team in a single game, when they represented Argentina in a Pre-Olympic Tournament with their undefeated reserve team. It finished third in America, after Brazil and Uruguay.

The team has also contributed a great number of players to the Argentina national team, and exported many players to Europe's top leagues, mostly to Italy and Spain. Among its great players were Gabriel Batistuta, Abel Balbo, Jorge Valdano, Américo Gallego, Mario Zanabria, Gustavo Dezotti, Roberto Sensini, Walter Samuel, Mauricio Pochettino, René Pontoni, Gerardo Martino, Ángel Perucca and several more. It has recently produced Argentine internationals Gabriel Heinze, Maxi Rodríguez and Lionel Messi.

The club's president is Dr Ignacio Astore, a former team doctor, who was elected in September 2021.

Colors and badge
The origins of Newell's Old Boys colors can be traced to the 19th century, when Isaac Newell founded the "Colegio Comercial Anglicano Argentino" in 1884. The school's coat of arms had four panels, each depicting a different element, such as Mercury wings, a lamp (representing wisdom), the flag of the United Kingdom, and the flag of Argentina.

The black and red colors used in the coat were extracted from the flags of England (where Newell was born) and the German Empire (country of origin of his wife, Anna Jockinsen).

The red and black colors would be also adopted by the club as its colors. The first NOB emblem was designed by Ernesto Edwards, and (with few variations) has remained since then.

Stadium
The Newell's Old Boys stadium has been in the Parque Independencia neighborhood of Rosario since 1911, and is commonly called El Coloso del Parque (the Colossus of the Independence Park). The capacity was increased from 31,000 to 42,000 in 1997. On 22 December 2009 the stadium was renamed after Marcelo Bielsa, in honour of the former player and coach of the team.

Managers

 * 🇵🇾 Manuel Fleitas Solich (June 1944–45)
 * 🏴 William Reaside (1947)
 * 🇦🇷 René Pontoni (1956–57)
 * 🇦🇷 Ángel Tulio Zof (1965–67), (1969)
 * 🇦🇷 César Luis Menotti (1971)
 * 🇦🇷 Raúl Oscar Belén (1973)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Eulogio Urriolabeitía (1973)
 * 🇦🇷 José Yudica (1976–77), (1978–79)
 * 🇺🇾 Luis Cubilla (1 Jan 1980 – 31 Dec 1980)
 * 🇦🇷 Jorge Solari (1983–87)
 * 🇦🇷 José Yudica (1987–90)
 * 🇦🇷 Marcelo Bielsa (1990–1992)
 * 🇦🇷 Eduardo Luján Manera (1993)
 * 🇦🇷 Roque Alfaro (1993)
 * 🇦🇷 Jorge Solari (1993)
 * 🇦🇷 Mario Zanabria (1 July 1996 – 31 Dec 1997)
 * 🇭🇷 Mirko Jozić (1998)
 * 🇦🇷 Ricardo Dabrowski (1 Jan 1998 – 31 Dec 1998)
 * 🇦🇷 Andrés Rebottaro (1999–00)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Manuel Llop (1 Jan 2001 – 1 Jan 2002)
 * 🇦🇷 Julio Alberto Zamora (2002)
 * 🇦🇷 Héctor Veira (2002–04)
 * 🇦🇷 Américo Gallego (2004)
 * 🇨🇱 Juvenal Olmos (2005)
 * 🇦🇷 Nery Pumpido (1 Oct 2005 – 1 July 2006)
 * 🇦🇷 Pablo Marini (es) (1 March 2007 – Sept 30, 2007)
 * 🇦🇷 R. Caruso Lombardi (Sept 1, 2007 – 2 Aug 2008)
 * 🇦🇷 Fernando Gamboa (1 Aug 2008 – 1 Jan 2009)
 * 🇦🇷 Roberto Sensini (1 Jan 2009 – 10 April 2011)
 * 🇦🇷 Javier Torrente (18 April 2011 – Sept 27, 2011)
 * 🇦🇷 Diego Cagna (Sept 29, 2011 – 22 Dec 2011)
 * 🇦🇷 Gerardo Martino (29 Dec 2011 – 22 July 2013)
 * 🇦🇷 Alfredo Berti (es) (24 July 2013 – 11 April 2014)
 * 🇦🇷 Ricardo Lunari (11 April 2014–14)
 * 🇦🇷 Américo Gallego (2014 – 1 June 2015)
 * 🇦🇷 Lucas Bernardi (16 June 2015 – 15 Feb 2016)
 * 🇦🇷 Diego Osella (Feb 2016–Jun 2017)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Manuel Llop (2017–2018)
 * 🇦🇷 Omar De Felippe (2018)
 * 🇦🇷 🇻🇪 Héctor Bidoglio (2018–2019)
 * 🇦🇷 Frank Darío Kudelka (2019–2020)
 * 🇦🇷 Fernando Gamboa (2020–2021)
 * 🇦🇷 Adrián Taffarel (2021–2022)
 * 🇦🇷 Javier Sanguinetti (2022)
 * 🇦🇷 Gabriel Heinze (2022–2023)
 * 🇺🇾 Mauricio Larriera (2023–)

League

 * Primera División (6): 1974 Metropolitano, 1987–88, 1990–91, 1992 Clausura, 2004 Apertura, 2013 Final

National cups

 * Copa de Honor MCBA (1): 1911
 * Copa Ibarguren (1): 1921
 * Copa Adrián C. Escobar (1): 1949

Regional

 * Liga Rosarina:
 * Copa Nicasio Vila (9): 1907, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1913, 1918, 1921, 1922, 1929
 * Copa Santiago Pinasco (2): 1905, 1906
 * '''Asociación Rosarina:
 * Trofeo Luciano Molinas (4): 1931, 1933, 1934, 1935
 * Copa Estímulo (2): 1925, 1933

Friendly

 * Torneo Internacional Nocturno (1): 1943

title: Newell's Old Boys


text: User talk:24.254.56.98

title: User talk:24.254.56.98


text:
User talk:68.239.116.26

2005 isn't for film releases. You may want to try 2005 in film instead. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 02:34, 2004 Oct 20 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.239.116.26


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Interest on Lawyers' Trust Accounts

Interest on Lawyers' Trust Accounts (IOLTA) is a method of raising money for charitable purposes, primarily the provision of civil legal services to indigent persons, through the use of interest earned on certain lawyer trust accounts. The establishment of IOLTA in the United States followed changes to federal banking laws passed by Congress in 1980 which allowed some checking accounts to bear interest. The Florida Bar Foundation launched the first American IOLTA program in 1981. Today, every state, the District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands operate IOLTA programs.

How it works
Attorneys routinely receive client funds (commonly referred to as "trust money") to be held in trust for future use. If the amount is large or the funds are to be held for a long period of time, the attorney customarily places these funds in an interest-bearing account for the benefit of the client. However, in the case of amounts that are small or are to be held for a short time, it is impractical for the attorney to establish a separate account for each client since the cost of establishing and administering the account would exceed any interest generated, and result in a net loss for the client. Prior to IOLTA, these nominal and short-term funds were combined and placed into a pooled, non-interest-bearing checking account. The reason the accounts were non-interest-bearing is that prior to 1981, commercial banks were prohibited by federal law from paying interest on demand deposits (e.g. checking accounts). In addition, the lawyer could not earn interest on the account because it is unethical for attorneys to derive any financial benefit from funds that belong to their clients.

With the inception of IOLTA, lawyers who handle nominal or short-term client funds that cannot earn net interest for the client place these funds in pooled, interest-bearing accounts, and the interest earned on these accounts is remitted to the state IOLTA program for charitable purposes. Nearly all IOLTA programs in the United States use IOLTA revenue to provide grants to organizations for the purpose of providing legal aid in civil matters to low-income residents; many also use IOLTA revenue for grants to help improve the administration of justice in their states.

Proper management of a lawyer's IOLTA (also commonly referred to as a "trust account") is highly regulated by each respective state bar. As a practical matter proper management of a lawyer's IOLTA or trust account is a key management skill in the operation of a law office which is based on principles of double-entry bookkeeping, with certain additional safeguards designed to enhance the audit trail in the event a lawyer becomes unable or otherwise unwilling to cooperate with bar auditors or an inventory attorney to account for handling of client property. It is incumbent on the owner of a law firm to undertake adequate training for the responsibilities of managing an IOLTA client property trust account. Effective management of client property trust account is required for compliance with bar rules and the efficient and profitable operation of the law firm. States typically require MCLE (Minimum Continuing Legal Education) providers to be accredited by the state's court system.

History
IOLTA programs were first established in Australia and Canada in the late 1960s to generate funds for legal services to the poor and other charitable purposes. In the U.S., IOLTA programs are state-specific, and operate under their own rules and regulations. Most of the U.S. IOLTA programs have been created by Court Rule, while several have been established through state legislatures. In many states the IOLTA program is administered by the charitable arm of the state bar association, whereas some states have created other entities to operate the IOLTA program. IOLTA revenue has become a major source of funding for civil legal services in the United States. It is also, however, an unpredictable revenue stream because IOLTA income is entirely dependent on the current interest rate environment and economic conditions.

Legality
Explicitly, IOLTA applies only to funds that are "nominal in amount or held for a short period of time". So larger amounts of money held for single clients are exempt from the IOLTA program. That means, typically, that client funds eligible for IOLTA involve small amounts of money held for a long time, or significant amounts of money held for a short time. As was the case prior to IOLTA, lawyers must exercise their discretion in determining whether a given client’s trust deposit is of sufficient size or will be held for sufficient duration to justify the cost of being individually invested for a client.

Since IOLTA’s inception, a number of court cases have arisen in which parties argued that IOLTA programs violated the Fifth Amendment by resulting in an unconstitutional taking. This argument was put to rest by the Supreme Court of the United States when it upheld the constitutionality of IOLTA in Brown v. Legal Foundation of Washington, reasoning that there is no "taking" of client money, because the money being held on behalf of the individual client would not have generated any net interest for the client.

Canadian practices
Over a 15-year period, starting in 1971, law foundations were founded in every Canadian province. For the most part they were all founded with a mandate to support the following five areas: In some instances the provincial legislation and/or regulations which direct the foundations also prescribe specific funding formulas which are applied to the five mandates.
 * Legal aid
 * Legal education
 * Legal research
 * Law reform
 * Law libraries

In all provinces IOLTA generated from pooled trust accounts is remitted to the applicable law foundation of the province.

title: Interest on Lawyers' Trust Accounts


text: Category:Strasbourg

title: Category:Strasbourg


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ben Gibbard

Ben Gibbard was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. 11 votes to keep, 1 vote to delete. Postdlf 04:57, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ben Gibbard

 * Delete. Vanity.  Unnotable 27-year old.  Radman1 02:37, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * keep: lead singer of Death Cab for Cutie, a very notable band. --Whosyourjudas (talk) 02:40, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Seems redundant then. Merge, delete and redirect. RaD Man 02:43, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Well known Emo musician. Alkivar 02:41, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. A notable indie musician. Pyrop 04:27, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not redundant, as Gibbard is the lead singer of two notable bands, Death Cab for Cutie and The Postal Service. Another revenge posting by Radman. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 04:32, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. --*drew 04:37, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Sjc 06:00, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. -Definitely- notable. Nadavspi 14:55, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. In two notable bands, and notable on his own too. --Improv 20:05, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * keep and Don't use VfD to make a point — siro  χ  o  09:56, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * It would seem that for some people, "unnotable" means "Well, I've never heard of the guy!" Keep. Bearcat, who thinks Transatlanticism is a fantastic album 23:03, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. A no-brainer. Remove listing from vfd. Gamaliel 05:50, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.