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Aultsville, Ontario

Aultsville is a ghost town in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is one of Ontario's Lost Villages, which were permanently flooded by the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1958. The town was founded as Charlesville in 1787 by United Empire Loyalists and reached its peak in 1880, when it had 400 residents. It was the second largest town flooded by the new Seaway in 1958, with a population of 312 at the time. Before it was flooded, the abandoned buildings were burned to study the effects of fire on houses.

Families and businesses in Aultsville were moved to the new town of Ingleside before the seaway construction commenced. Some just north of Upper Canada Village where it now stands had three addresses in one week. Some walks, lanes, and yards can still be seen today. The historic train station, built in the 19th century by the Grand Trunk Railway, was moved to Upper Canada Village where it remains today.

Aultsville was named after Samuel Ault, a local businessman who represented Stormont County in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and the House of Commons of Canada.

The Holstein-Friesian breed of cattle were first imported into Canada through Aultsville by a local resident. Michael P. Cook became the first importer of Holsteins into Ontario in 1881 when he imported two bulls and ten cows from Europe. This shipment of cattle founded the base of the Holstein breed here today, which is now the most popular dairy breed.

The road which currently leads into Upper Canada Migratory Bird Sanctuary was once a part of Aultsville Road, the village's main street. The road leads directly into the river, where you can still see sidewalks and foundations remaining from the town when the water levels of the St. Lawrence are low.

History
Prior to being occupied by Europeans, Aultsville and the surrounding area was home to many Native American settlements. When the Loyalists arrived, the land was divided and distributed with little thought given to the Native populations. The Natives were forced out of the area early into the settlement's history.

Loyalist settlement and the 18th century
Aultsville, Ontario, was first settled in the late 1700s by a small group of five disbanded soldiers of the King's Royal Regiment of New York; these men were Loyalists who likely acquired the land here via grants for their loyalty to the Crown. Upon its initial settlement, the Loyalists called the settlement Charlesville, the origin of this name is unknown. Shortly after, the village became referred to as Aultsville after Samuel Ault, a relative of one of the first five men to settle here and a prominent political figure. The Ault family dammed the creek upon their arrival and established a saw mill on their property; the village essentially grew around this mill. The first store and tavern were present in the village in the 1700s, established in 1787 by a Loyalist settler named Richard Loucks. The tavern was referred to as Loucks tavern, and was a large wooden building. The tavern doubled as a courthouse and village jail, with a pillory located inside for locking up criminals.

By the end of the 18th century, Aultsville had already established its own post office with the first post master listed as one John Bockus. The post office remained in operation until 1957, when it closed for the flooding of the Seaway.

19th century – World War I
By 1840, the population of Aultsville had risen to 120 individuals, and many more pioneer businesses and tradespeople were established in the area. The area continued to prosper on its own into the 1850s, however when the Grand Trunk Railway was established here in 1856 the village saw a boom in population; the village grew to a population of 400 residents by 1870.

Many businesses operated in Aultsville in the mid-1800s, according to both histories and business directories from the era. The clay soil in the village allowed for brickyards and pottery works to be established. Many pioneer trades such as a blacksmith shop, shoemaker, carriage shop and tannery were also active in the village. Two more saw mills were also eventually erected in the village. The community was also home to an Oddfellows lodge, community hall and Masonic lodge. During the mid-19th century, a small ferry operated in Aultsville in the St. Lawrence River called the Aultsville Ferry. The ferry was a small, primitive wooden ferry which operated between Aultsville and Louisville Landing, New York during the summer months. Many disputes arose between the American and Canadian sides regarding the ferry, as it was in direct competition with the American ferry.

Around 1860, Aultsville became home to its own school, referred to as the Aultsville Common School. This school served the elementary grades of the village. At some point closer to the 20th century, Aultsville established its own secondary school. This school is referred to in records as both Aultsville High School and Aultsville Continuation School. It is possible the school served as both at different periods; the difference between the two being that continuation schools served both elementary and secondary students. The secondary school and elementary school both operated until the 1950s, closing due to the flooding of the village. Aultsville High School had many sports teams including a hockey and baseball team, as well as a Cadet's Corps.

Near the end of the 19th-century, two taverns were operating in the area; Cook's tavern, and the Riverview Hotel. The Riverview Hotel served as an inn, and had a restaurant and tavern on site to serve patrons. Cook's tavern, also called Cook's tavern and livery had the same services. Both of these inns served the many stage coaches and carriages travelling along the King's Highway. Cook's tavern was later moved to Upper Canada Village to be preserved from the flooding.

20th century
By the turn of the century, Aultsville had added three more general stores, three cheese factories, another garage, four service stations, and a bank to its list of businesses. A grist mill in Aultsville was built around 1929. The mill contained metal grinding plates which ran on an electric motor; the mill mostly ground the local farmers personal grain supplies. In later years, the grist mill was used as an egg grading office. The first cheese factory was known as Croil's and McCullough's factory, and was located near the train station; cheese made here was shipped as far away as Montreal. Later this cheese factory became the Edward's Cheese Factory, and two more factories opened in the village both of which were also operated by the Edward family. These cheese factories were powered by steam, using coal-fired boilers to heat cheese vats. The cream for these factories was cooled and kept cool using a primitive cold-storage method; ice was cut during the winter months from the St. Lawrence River and insulated with sawdust.

After World War II the village began to decline, many businesses closed and industries ceased operations. This was due to the fact roads in the area improved as had means of transportation; it was now feasible to travel to nearby communities for necessities. Additionally, many of the pioneer industries which once sustained Aultsville were becoming obsolete. By the mid-1950s, only one cheese factory, a bank, a general store and the schools remained in operation. In 1958, the decision was finally made to construct the seaway, and the village was scheduled for demolition. The trees were cut from the town and the buildings of Aultsville burned in a controlled fire to test the effects of fire on buildings. Around July 1, 1958, Aultsville began to be flooded along with the other Lost Villages, the process taking around 4 days.

The St. Lawrence Seaway Project and its effects
Before studying the actual relocation of Aultsville and its populace, it is important to understand the development of the St. Lawrence Seaway Project first. Roughly sixty years was spent negotiating and planning the actual expansion of the St. Lawrence Seaway between the years of 1895 up until 1954; the later date being the final ratification from Canada and affected provinces as well as the United States and its affected States. The primary intention for the newly expanded waterway and flooding of 20,000 acres, was to transport tonnage in the millions of raw materials including but not limited to iron ore, grain, coal, wood pulp and petroleum.

The first major delay took place during the First World War in 1914 until 1918. The study of Boundary Waters for Navigation and Power was put aside as resources were mainly directed towards the allied war effort.

It was not until 1939 when the Second World War started that the full benefits were realized of a larger seaway. Increased hydro needs as well as a recognition of the importance to national security put pressure on legislatures to get the project underway; however, a second major delay of the project happened in October 1942 (a year after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor) when President Roosevelt declared that the St. Lawrence project was to be halted immediately due to a shortage of men and metal.

After World War II many negotiations and minor delays took place until the final proposals and developments in 1954. Furthermore, not until the Canadian government started the initial phases of planning and construction, that the United States finally participated in the joint expansion of this international project.

It is noted that the Commission in Ontario made decisions for the location of new highways towns and parks without first approaching the local residents of Aultsville, or the other Lost Villages. According to the Lost Villages Historical Society, the residents of Aultsville knew the flooding was inevitable after decades of uncertainty when all of the trees in the community were cut down. The governments assumed there would be little repercussion since there were plans to relocate nearly 6,500 people six miles west of Cornwall, Ontario; the new towns would have new and upgraded infrastructures such as modern sewer systems and roadways. This was not necessarily the case, as many of the residents could not afford to move to or live in these upgraded towns even after selling their land and receiving the additional aid provided. In all, 600 homes were evacuated in both Canada and the United States along with many hundreds of farms (200 in Canada alone).

Fire testing and burning
In 1958, before the flooding of the Seaway, six houses and two larger buildings were scheduled to be burned in the vacant village of Aultsville. This was an important study headed by National Research Council Canada's Division of Building Research to study the effects of controlled burning structures. Contributors to this project were the British Joint Fire Research Organization, the US Federal Civil Defense Authority, the Ontario Fire Marshal and staff, and lastly the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario. The director was G.W. Shorter who was Head of Fire Section (for his division) as well Assistant Director N.B. Hutcheon.

In the General Report, significant observances are made from the Smoke and Sound Measurements and the Temperature Measurements, to the Ventilation Rate Measurements and the Radiant Temperature of Openings. Other sections of the study also included Radiometer Measurements, Resistance Thermometer Measurements, a Gas Analysis, and to conclude, the Summary Report. The purpose of these created fires was to determine the survival of the occupants, spread by radiation, and ventilation rates; listed in the study as a, b, and c. The study was also used to validate evidence of time-temperature curves – normally used for performing fire resistance tests. The section under Survival of Occupants writes about whether or not noise of a fire would be useful to people upstairs in a house before the time in which survival would become unattainable. Smoke detectors were not common until the 1960s, and were used primarily in museums, art galleries, and electronic equipment protection.

Locally, the fires became known as the St. Lawrence Burns and were watched by spectators who once occupied the village. Aultsville's volunteer fire chief observed several of the burns, including that of his own home. According to George Hickey, who was a teacher at the local high school and considered somewhat of a local historian, not many of the residents were aware of the scheduled burns. For many, the burns were considered devastating to watch after already losing their homes to the Seaway.

The National Film Board of Canada filmed all of the controlled fires at Aultsville and produced a 20-minute documentary about them called Setting Fires For Science. Additionally, Donald Brittain wrote and directed a series of films called St. Lawrence Burns, No. 1–8 about the fires.

Churches and burial grounds
At one point, Aultsville was home to three churches: an Anglican, a United and a Presbyterian church. The Anglican church was known as St. Paul's Anglican Church, with its congregation first being mentioned in the Synod journals in 1876. In 1887, a brick church was constructed to house the congregation. St. Paul's was consecrated by a Bishop Charles Hamilton on December 19, 1900. In 1925, the church was severely damaged by fire, but was rebuilt within a year. The church was demolished in 1958 in preparation for the flooding of the Seaway. St. Peter's church in the newly formed community of Ingleside was erected to replace it and a few other churches demolished at the time. The Presbyterian church in Aultsville was known as the Immanuel Presbyterian church. This church was constructed in 1899 and opened in February 1900. The church was demolished in 1957 in preparation for the flooding of the village; St. Matthew's Presbyterian Church in Ingleside was constructed to replace it. The United church was called the Trinity United Church and was a Methodist church located within the village. Like the other churches, it was also demolished in the 1950s in preparation for the Seaway's construction.

The United church, called Trinity United Church, had a cemetery located on its property simply referred to as the Old Burying Ground. The church was constructed in 1860 and was closed and demolished in 1957.

In the early years of the settlement until the 1900s, it was common for people to bury their dead on their property. According to local residents, grave robbing was a common problem in the village, with one individual in particular being known for padding his horse's hooves in order to sneak around fresh graves at night. It was also common practice to bury the dead with tins or other items that would produce a sound when disturbed.

Before the expansion of the St. Lawrence Seaway, Aultsville underwent a process to preserve its old burial sites. Detailed records of eroding grave markers were made. It was during this preservation time that researchers uncovered many birthplaces of former British Loyalists who migrated to Canada before and after the American Revolution. The tombstones and graves were moved from the village to be preserved, being encased into a brick wall and becoming part of the pioneer memorial located near Upper Canada Village. Other towns that had burial grounds preserved here included Dickinson's Landing, Farran's Point and Wales.

Grand Trunk train station
Aultsville's train station was first a Grand Trunk Railway Inc. station located along the Grand Trunk line. The first station located here was built around 1856, the same year the railway opened. The original station was made of wood, and quickly became outgrown by the village. Some records indicate the building was used as an outbuilding for the new station. The second Aultsville station, which still stands, was built between 1866 and 1889. This station is a square, red building of wood construction, built based on blueprints supplied by the railway for their "Standard No. 1" chain of stations; the blueprints were slightly altered to suit the community. In 1923 the Grand Trunk Railway was saved by the government's absorption, better known as the Canadian National Railway (CNR); Aultsville station became a part of their estate in this year. In the 1930s, the station was partially rebuilt after a westbound train jumped the tracks, destroying the outbuildings and scraping the corner of the station.

During the 1950s Canadian National Railway relocated some of its track away from the rising flood waters. In preparation for the flooding of the Seaway, the building was donated to the St. Lawrence Parks Commission and moved to its current location. The train station now sits near Upper Canada Village along one of the only remaining original sections of railway from the Grand Trunk line left in its original place. In recent years the station has been home to a British Home Child exhibit.

title: Aultsville, Ontario


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Peter of Tarentaise

Peter of Tarentaise or Pierre de Tarentaise may refer to:

 * Peter I of Tarentaise, archbishop (1132–1140) and popular saint; see Tiglieto Abbey
 * Peter II of Tarentaise, archbishop (1142–1174), Cistercian abbot and canonized saint
 * Pope Innocent V (c. 1225–1276), born Peter of Tarentaise

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Peter of Tarentaise


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Alexis Stewart

Alexis Gilbert Stewart (born September 27, 1965) is an American television host and radio personality. She is the only child of Martha Stewart and her ex-husband Andrew. She was the co-host of Whatever with Alexis and Jennifer on Sirius Satellite Radio, and Whatever with Alexis and Jennifer on the Hallmark Channel alongside co-host Jennifer Hutt.

Personal life
Stewart was born in Manhattan. She graduated from Putney School in Putney, Vermont, in 1983. She earned a bachelor's degree in English at Barnard College at Columbia University in 1987. Her mother, Martha Stewart, had also attended Barnard.

In 1997, Stewart married John Robert Cuti, a lawyer and former lead guitarist for The Inflatables. Cuti served as a trial lawyer during Martha Stewart's ImClone stock trading case, alongside her lead attorney Robert Morvillo. Stewart and Cuti separated before Martha Stewart was indicted in June 2003 but were not divorced until mid-2004, after the trial was over.

Stewart has a daughter Jude (born 2011) and son Truman (born 2012), both through gestational surrogacy.

Career
Stewart previously co-hosted Whatever with Alexis and Jennifer on Sirius Satellite Radio and as of September 13, 2010, also on television on the Hallmark Channel. Stewart and former radio partner Jennifer Hutt talked about topics ranging from pop culture to personal relationships. The show was billed as being about "whatever" the two women are thinking, reading, or hearing.

Stewart and Hutt's TV show, Whatever, Martha, premiered on the Fine Living Network on September 16, 2008. The second season premiered on September 23, 2009. On Whatever, Martha, Stewart and Hutt made fun of old Martha Stewart Living episodes and attempt to cook or create one of Martha Stewart's projects to see how difficult the projects are to complete. In one episode, Martha appears on the show and makes fun of herself and her guests.

The third season of Whatever with Alexis and Jennifer, which ran as Whatever, You're Wrong!, premiered on the Hallmark Channel on April 8, 2011. Whatever, Martha also premiered on the Hallmark Channel on April 8, 2011. On June 7, 2011, Stewart posted on her Whatever blog that her last day on Whatever would be that Friday, June 10.

title: Alexis Stewart


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Category:Christmas films

This is a list of Christmas films.

title: Category:Christmas films


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Corporal of Bolsena

The Corporal of Bolsena dates from a Eucharistic miracle in Bolsena, Italy, in 1263 when a consecrated host began to bleed onto a corporal, the small cloth upon which the host and chalice rest during the Canon of the Mass. The appearance of blood was seen as a miracle to affirm the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, which states that the bread and wine become the Body and Blood of Christ at the moment of consecration during the Mass. Today the Corporal of Bolsena is preserved in a rich reliquary at Orvieto in the cathedral. The reddish spots on the cloth, upon close observation, show the profile of a face similar to those that traditionally represent Jesus Christ. It is said that the miraculous bleeding of the host occurred in the hands of an officiating priest who had doubts about transubstantiation, Peter of Prague. The "Miracle of Bolsena" is regarded by the Roman Catholic Church as a private revelation, meaning that Catholics are under no obligation to believe it although they may do so freely. Pope Urban IV makes no mention of it in the bull by which he established the feast of Corpus Christi, although the legend of the miracle is set in his lifetime and is claimed by its partisans to have determined him in his purpose of establishing the feast. The contemporary biographers of Urban are silent: Muratori, Rerum Italicarum scriptores, (vol. III, pt. l, 400ff) and Thierricus Vallicoloris, who, in his life of the pope in Latin verse, describes in detail all the events of the pontiff's stay at Orvieto, referring elsewhere also to the devotion of Urban in celebrating the Mass, and to the institution of the Feast of Corpus Christi, without at any time making allusion to a miracle at Bolsena.

The miracle of Bolsena is related in the inscription on a slab of red marble in the church of St Christina, and is of later date than the canonization of St. Thomas Aquinas (1323). The oldest record of the miracle is in the enamel representations of it that adorn the front of the reliquary made by Sienese goldsmith Ugolino di Vieri in 1337–1338.

In 1344 Clement VI, referring to this matter in a brief, uses only the words propter miraculum aliquod ("on account of some miracle") (Pennazzi, 367); Gregory XI, in a brief of 25 June 1377, gives a short account of the miracle; and abundant reference to it is found later (1435), in the sermons of the Dominican preacher Leonardo Mattei of Udine ("In festo Corp. Christi", xiv, ed. Venice, 1652, 59) and by Antoninus of Florence (Chronica, III, 19, xiii, 1), the latter, however, does not say (as the local legend claims) that the priest doubted the Real Presence of Christ in the Holy Eucharist, but, merely that a few drops from the chalice fell upon the corporal. For the rest, similar legends of the "blood-stained corporal" are quite frequent in the legend collections of even earlier date than the fourteenth century, and coincide with the great Eucharistic polemics of the ninth to the twelfth centuries.

The Feast of Corpus Christi is one of the major public holidays for the city of Orvieto, during which the Corporal of Bolsena is paraded around the city with much fanfare.

The left half of a large fresco in the Apostolic Room of the Vatican Palace, titled The Mass at Bolsena, was painted by the Renaissance painter Raphael.

Because of its red pigmentation, caused by expression of the dye prodigiosin, and its ability to grow on bread, S. marcescens has been proposed as a naturalistic explanation of medieval accounts of the "miraculous" appearance of blood on the Corporal of Bolsena. In 2015, while performing a preservation study on the tissue, further analysis with UV light have confirmed the presence of blood on the corporal.

title: Corporal of Bolsena


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The Forbidden Love EP

The Forbidden Love EP is an EP by indie rock band Death Cab for Cutie, released October 24, 2000, on Barsuk Records.

The songs "405 (Acoustic)" and "Company Calls Epilogue (Alternate Take)" are an acoustic version and remix, respectively, of two songs from Death Cab for Cutie's second album, We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes, which was released earlier the same year.

Artwork
Regarding the EP's cover, Benjamin Gibbard noted that he "always wanted to have a release and have that photo be the cover and we took the pictures a long time ago when we were in college. When we pulled them out they didn't look like what we thought they were going to look and they didn't look as good. So we had to kind of change the contrast and make it look really shitty. To be perfectly honest it didn't turn out as good as we wanted it to. But it's an EP. It serves a purpose, and I think the label wishes they could have done more. It's not aesthetically our best release, but it's okay."

Track listing
All songs written by Ben Gibbard.

title: The Forbidden Love EP


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History of the Polish Army

The Polish Army (Wojsko Polskie) is the name applied to the military forces of Poland. The name has been in use since the early 19th century, although it can be used to refer to earlier formations as well. Polish Armed Forces consist of the Army (Wojsko Lądowe), Navy (Marynarka) and Air Force (Lotnictwo) branches and are under the command of the Ministry of National Defense (Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej).

Kingdom of Poland (10th century–1569)
The first Polish Army was created in the 10th-century kingdom of Poland, under the Piast dynasty. The prince's forces were composed of a group of armed men, usually mounted, named drużyna. Their key role was the protection of the monarch and supporting the taxation effort. Their organisation was similar to other such armed units of other Slavic rulers, and were often of foreign origin.

With time, the early tribal warriors gave rise to knights and eventually, by the 15th century, the whole social class of the szlachta or Polish gentry. The Polish gentry formed a distinct element within the ancient tribal groupings. This is uncertain, however, as there is little documentation on the early history of Poland, or of the movements of the Slavonic people into what became the territory so designated.

Around the 14th century, there was little difference between those called knights and those referred to as szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), and thereby became the kingdom's privileged social class. It was they who were obliged to build and support castles as well as to keep peace and order on territory they were assigned.

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)

The armies of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, or the First Polish Republic, were commanded by four hetmans. The armies comprised:
 * Wojsko kwarciane: Regular units with wages paid from taxes (these units were later merged with the wojsko komputowe)
 * Wojsko komputowe: Semi-regular units created for times of war (in 1652 these units were merged with the wojsko kwarciane into a new permanent army)
 * Pospolite ruszenie: Szlachta levée en masse
 * Piechota łanowa, piechota wybraniecka and piechota dymowa: Units based on peasant (later, townsfolk) recruits
 * Registered Cossacks: Troops made up of Cossacks, who were recruited until 1699; included many infantry
 * Royal guard: A small unit whose primary purpose was to escort the monarch and members of his family
 * Mercenaries: As with most other armies, hired to supplement regular units
 * Private armies: Usually paid for and equipped by magnats or cities

Some units of the Commonwealth used fairly unusual tactics. These units included:
 * Husaria: heavy cavalry armed with lances; their charges were extremely effective until advances in firearms in the late 17th century substantially increased infantry firepower.
 * Cossacks: general name for all Commonwealth units of light cavalry, even if they did not contain a single ethnic Cossack; fast and maneuverable like oriental cavalry units of Ottoman Empire vassals, but lacking the firepower of European cavalry such as the Swedish rajtars.
 * Tabor: military horse-drawn wagons, usually carrying army supplies. Their use for defensive formations was perfected by the Cossacks, and to a smaller extent by other Commonwealth units.

Army without a country (1795–1918)
After partitions of Poland, during the period from 1795 until 1918, Polish military was recreated several times in Poland during uprisings like the November Uprising of 1830 and the January Uprising in 1863, and outside Poland like during Napoleonic wars (Polish Legions in Italy). The Congress Kingdom of Poland, ruled by Russian Tsars with a certain degree of autonomy, had an Army in the years 1815-1830 which was disbanded after the unsuccessful insurrection.

Large numbers of Poles also served in the occupiers' armies: Austro-Hungarian (before 1867 Imperial Austrian), Imperial Russian and German armies (before 1871 Prussian). However, these powers took care to spread Polish soldiers all over their armies and as a rule did not form predominantly Polish units.

During World War I, the Polish Legions were set up in Galicia, the southern part of Poland under Austrian occupation. They were both disbanded after the Central Powers failed to provide guarantees of Polish independence after the war. General Józef Haller, the commander of the Second Brigade of the Polish Legion, switched sides in late 1917, and via Murmansk took part of his troops to France, where he created the Blue Army. It was joined by several thousand Polish volunteers from the United States. It fought valiantly on the French front in 1917 and 1918.

Second Polish Republic and World War II (1918–1945)
When Poland regained independence in 1918, it recreated its military which participated in the Polish–Soviet War of 1919-1922 and in World War II, 1939–1945. During the German occupation of Poland, a number of resistance movements were created, of which the Home Army was the most significant.

People's Republic of Poland (1947–1989)
The Polish armed forces, then known as Polish People's Army, were part of the Soviet-controlled Warsaw Pact. Polish units took part in occupying Czechoslovakia in response to the Prague Spring in 1968. The command post for the invasion was actually located on Polish soil, at Marshal Ivan Yakubovsky's Legnica headquarters.

Third Polish Republic (1989–present)
After January 1990 the name of the armed forces was changed to 'Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland,' to accord with the Polish State's new official name.

In March 2003 the Polish Armed Forces took part in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, deploying 1500 personnel, special forces and a support ship (see Polish involvement in the 2003 invasion of Iraq).

Following the destruction of Saddam's regime the Polish Land Forces supplied a brigade and a division headquarters for the 17-nation Multinational Division Central-South, part of the U.S.-led Multi-National Force – Iraq. At its peak, Poland had 2,500 soldiers in the south of the country. Poland deployed about ten attack and transport helicopters as part of its force in Iraq between 2004 and 2008.

The troop number was reduced to 900 in 2006. Of the 900 soldiers, only 80 ever left their Forward operating base to conduct operations.

title: History of the Polish Army


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Halloween (disambiguation)

Halloween is an annual celebration on October 31.

Halloween may also refer to:

Film

 * Hallowe'en (1931 film), a Toby the Pup cartoon
 * Halloween (franchise), an American horror franchise including films and related merchandise
 * Halloween (1978 film), a film by John Carpenter
 * Halloween (2007 film), a remake by Rob Zombie
 * Halloween (2018 film), a sequel to the 1978 film by David Gordon Green

Literature

 * Halloween (children's book), a 2002 children's book by Jerry Seinfeld
 * Halloween (novel), a 1979 novelization of the 1978 film
 * "Halloween" (poem), a 1785 poem by Robert Burns
 * Halloween (MÄR), a character in MÄR
 * "Halloween", an issue of W.I.T.C.H.
 * "Halloween", a chapter of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
 * Halloween, a character in Nick Sagan's Idlewild book series

Groups

 * Halloween (band), an American heavy metal band formed in 1983

Albums

 * Halloween (soundtrack) (1979)
 * Halloween (Frank Zappa album) (2003)
 * Halloween (G.G.F.H. album) (1994)
 * Halloween (Mannheim Steamroller album) (2003)
 * Halloween (Two Steps from Hell album) (2012)
 * Halloween (EP), a 2009 EP by Zombie Girl
 * Halloween, a 1977 album by Pulsar

Songs

 * "Halloween" (Dave Matthews Band song), 1998
 * "Halloween" (Dead Kennedys song), 1982
 * "Halloween" (Matt Pond PA song), 2005
 * "Halloween" (Misfits song), 1981
 * "(Every Day Is) Halloween", by Ministry, 1984
 * "Halloween", by Aqua from Aquarius, 2000
 * "Halloween", by Ash, a B-side of "A Life Less Ordinary", 1997
 * "Halloween", by the Dream Syndicate from The Days of Wine and Roses, 1982
 * "Halloween", by Helloween from Keeper of the Seven Keys, Pt. 1, 1987
 * "Halloween", by Japan from Quiet Life, 1979
 * "Halloween", by King Diamond from Fatal Portrait, 1986
 * "Halloween", by Phoebe Bridgers from Punisher, 2020
 * "Halloween", by Siouxsie and the Banshees from Juju, 1981
 * "Halloween", by Sonic Youth, a B-side "Flower", 1986
 * "Halloween", by Zoogz Rift from Water II: At Safe Distance, 1987
 * "Halloween", from Be More Chill (Musical)

Compositions

 * Hallowe'en (Ives), a 1907 composition for string quartet and piano by Charles Ives

Television episodes

 * "Halloween" (7th Heaven)
 * "Halloween" (8 Simple Rules)
 * "Halloween" (The Amazing World of Gumball)
 * "Halloween" (American Horror Story)
 * "Halloween" (Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!)
 * "Halloween" (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)
 * "Halloween" (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
 * "Halloween" (Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman)
 * "Halloween" (The Fitzpatricks)
 * "Halloween" (Frasier)
 * "Halloween" (Life Goes On)
 * "Halloween" (Malcolm in the Middle)
 * "Halloween" (Mike Hammer, Private Eye)
 * "Halloween" (Modern Family)
 * "Halloween" (The New Lassie)
 * "Halloween" (The Office)
 * "Halloween" (Phil of the Future)
 * "Halloween" (Riverdale)
 * "Halloween" (Teen Titans Go!)
 * "Halloween" (That '70s Show)
 * "Halloween" (Thomas & Friends)
 * "Halloween" (Totally Spies!)
 * "Halloween" (Wizards of Waverly Place)
 * "Halloween" (Yes, Dear)
 * "Halloween" (Yo Gabba Gabba!)
 * "Halloween", an episode of Bananas in Pyjamas
 * "Halloween", an episode of Fireman Sam
 * "Halloween!", an episode of Oobi
 * "Halloween", an episode of My So-Called Life
 * "Halloween", an episode of Suddenly Susan
 * "Halloween", an episode of You Can't Do That on Television

Video games

 * Halloween (video game), a 1983 release on the Atari 2600 by Wizard Video
 * Feud (video game) or Halloween, a 1987 cross-platform adventure game by Bulldog

Other uses

 * Hallowe'en (clipper), an iron clipper ship launched in 1870
 * Halloween (horse), a British-trained racehorse active in the 1950s
 * Halloween (wrestler) or Manuel Ortiz (born 1971), professional wrestler

title: Halloween (disambiguation)


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User talk:Scottporad

Homeopathy question
Hi, Scott. Usually a member of the Welcoming Committee leaves a message for new participants, but as they're apparently a little behind, I copied and modified one of the form messages:

Hi Scottporad, and welcome to Wikipedia.

Thank you for finding the time to sign up and contribute to our little project. If you're in doubt about anything, you might want to check out some of these pages:

 * Welcome, newcomers - a general introduction, and a good starting point
 * The help center and FAQs
 * The Manual of Style - a guide to the community's writing conventions
 * Glossary - if you run into any jargon you don't understand

It's also a good idea to sign the new user log and add a little about yourself.

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If you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask me at my talk page, or at the Help desk or Village Pump.

But above all, make sure you be bold when contributing, and have fun!

OK, end of form intro. :)

Now, as to your point about Homeopathy: Yes, one could say that anything is controversial, but some are much more controversial than others. I think it's appropriate to make clear immediately that homeopathy is controversial, given that it's not accepted by the scientific establishment. To introduce it as a "system", without qualification, would give a false impression. An example from outside medical sciences: If you look at punctuated equilibrium, which is one version of evolution, you see it's characterized as a "theory", because some scientists support it and some don't. I don't think homeopathy rises even to that level.

There's also a particular concern among many people at Wikipedia about appearing to give medical advice. We have a standard disclaimer, but I think it's especially important that we not appear to give an imprimatur to medical views that don't conform to the prevailing professional standards for treatment. That may explain why we give more prominence to the controversial nature of homeopathy than to that of, for example, astrology. JamesMLane 00:36, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of DoStuff Media

A tag has been placed on DoStuff Media, requesting that it be deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under two or more of the criteria for speedy deletion, by which articles can be deleted at any time, without discussion. If the page meets any of these strictly-defined criteria, then it may be soon be deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been tagged are:
 * It seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion.) Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Business for more information.
 * It appears to be about a person, organization (band, club, company, etc.), individual animal, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. (See section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion.) Such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here.  SAMI  talk 07:05, 19 November 2014 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of DoStuff Network

A tag has been placed on DoStuff Network requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organization or company, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Bikeroo (talk) 07:49, 19 November 2014 (UTC)

Nomination of DoStuff Network for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article DoStuff Network is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/DoStuff Network until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

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Unspecified source/license for File:Toadkill.png
PD-self

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This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:01, 25 April 2020 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of User:Scottporad/Five element acupuncture

A tag has been placed on User:Scottporad/Five element acupuncture requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section U5 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to consist of writings, information, discussions, and/or activities not closely related to Wikipedia's goals. Please note that Wikipedia is not a free web hosting service. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such pages may be deleted at any time.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. MrLinkinPark333 (talk) 18:50, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

Dolly.com (company) moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Dolly.com (company), is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. Celestina007 (talk) 20:56, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Dolly.com (company) (October 8)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Timtrent was:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.

 * If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Dolly.com (company) and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
 * If you now believe the draft cannot meet Wikipedia's standards or do not wish to progress it further, you may request deletion. Please go to Draft:Dolly.com (company), click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window, add "Db-g7" at the top of the draft text and click the blue "publish changes" button to save this edit.
 * If you do not make any further changes to your draft, in 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.
 * If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Dolly.com_(company) Articles for creation help desk], on the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Timtrent&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Dolly.com_(company) reviewer's talk page] or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.

Fiddle Timtrent Faddle Talk to me 21:21, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Dolly.com (company) (October 10)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Wingwatchers was:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.

 * If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Dolly.com (company) and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
 * If you now believe the draft cannot meet Wikipedia's standards or do not wish to progress it further, you may request deletion. Please go to Draft:Dolly.com (company), click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window, add "Db-g7" at the top of the draft text and click the blue "publish changes" button to save this edit.
 * If you do not make any further changes to your draft, in 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.
 * If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Dolly.com_(company) Articles for creation help desk], on the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Wingwatchers&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Dolly.com_(company) reviewer's talk page] or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.

Wingwatchers (talk) 04:25, 10 October 2021 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Dolly.com (company)

Hello, Scottporad. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Dolly.com".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. If you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 05:36, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Liz, I am disappointed in Wikipedia. It would seem that the editorial rules are applied selectively, arbitrarily and subjectively.  This does not build trust or confidence in the quality of the material.  In fact, just the opposite.  I have been a long-time financial contributor to Wikipedia. Scott (talk) 13:34, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Scottporad


text:
Dickinson's Landing, Ontario

Dickinson's Landing is an underwater ghost town in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is one of Ontario's Lost Villages, which were permanently flooded by the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1958.

Families and businesses in Dickinson's Landing were moved to the new town of Ingleside before the seaway construction commenced.

History
In approximately 1669, Dickinson's Landing was founded by French explorer La Salle as a trading post at the rapids that were known as Long Sault. There was a natural formation of a long low shelf of land at the water's edge that facilitated mooring of watercraft. Later, during the days of the stagecoach, the small hamlet provided a place where weary travelers could stop and rest, whether they arrived by land or river. In 1860, the Prince of Wales, Albert Edward visited Dickinson's Landing, stopped at the train station and took a ride over Long Sault rapids in a steam. Albert Edward would later become King Edward VII. As the then prince had walked from a wharf onto the steamer, the local citizens requested a remembrance of his visit and therefore the post office in Dickinson's Landing was renamed "Wales" in honor of his visit.

The first practicing medical practitioner was a woman whom the town's residents referred to as Granny Hoople. She learned her craft after living amongst the Native Americans for seven years. She had been taken captive after the Native Americans burned her childhood home, killed her parents, took her brother captive and then killed him after he became a troublemaker with them. In 1811, an actual medical doctor, named Dr. Archibald moved to the hamlet.

The Landing provided income to its residents by having a cheese factory (that had been home to a tannery), a cooper shop, two shoemakers, a shop that fabricated buggies, furniture and coffins. In 1863, a Catholic church, named Our Lady of Grace, was erected.

St. Lawrence Seaway construction
During the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway, a number of Canadian towns alongside the St. Lawrence River were flooded in a 20,000 acre planned flood to allow for the expansion of the St. Lawrence River. Several of those towns, including Aultsville, Farran's Point, Dickinson's Landing and Wales were planned to be eliminated and residents and structures were moved to two newly created towns named, Ingleside and Long Sault. Those towns are now referred to as the "Lost Villages". In addition to the relocation of buildings, the project called for movement of roads, and railroad tracks. Two significant towns, Iroquois and Morrisburg had sections built on higher ground. The flooding officially began on what became known as Inundation Day which was scheduled for 1 July 1958.

The widening project of the St. Lawrence River, had been planned since 1941 and included cooperation between both the American and Canadian sides of the river. The agreement, signed 19 March 1941, detailed plans for Ontario Hydro and American power companies to significantly increase the power potential by 1.1 million horsepower, each, from the development of an international rapids section of the seaway. This was desired to improve wartime power demands although the construction occurred well after the war ended. This was in part, due to the fact that the United States Congress did not ratify these plans due to more immediate concerns posed by the Pearl Harbor Attack and other interests. The original plans further called to reduce the severity of the rapids at Long Sault by effectively flooding the rapids. Further, a deep water canal was planned for the American side to permit ocean-going vessels to travel further inland. The plans required the Canadian side of the river to take the brunt of the flooding as the shore line in Ontario was shallower than in New York State.

title: Dickinson's Landing, Ontario


text: User talk:62.132.1.121

title: User talk:62.132.1.121


text:
Category:Christmas songs

Songs about Christmas, about the celebration of Christmas, or relating to cultural elements surrounding Christmastime (such as Christmas films).

title: Category:Christmas songs


text:
Farran's Point, Ontario

Farran's Point is an underwater ghost town in the province of Ontario, Canada. It is one of Ontario's Lost Villages, which were permanently flooded by the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1958.

Families and businesses in Farran's Point were moved to the new town of Ingleside before the seaway construction commenced. The small village is submerged under shallow water; portions of sidewalks and foundations can be seen when the water of the St. Lawrence River is low.

It is the birthplace of NHL Hockey Hall of Famer Cy Denneny.

History
While legend has it that Jacob Farrand, a United Empire Loyalist, was the first settler at Farran’s Point and that the family changed the spelling of the name in subsequent years, research has proven that this is just a legend. Farrand was granted land in the Township of Williamsburg, not the Township of Osnabruck, and he spent many years of his life in the Town of Cornwall.

Research indicates that it was Charles Curtis Farran Sr., an immigrant to Upper Canada from Dublin, Ireland, in the 1790s, whose name is associated with the naming of the village of Farran’s Point. In 1808, he married Catherine Baker, daughter of Adam Baker Sr U.E.L. He operated an inn in the vicinity of the canal that was eventually constructed along the St. Lawrence at Farran’s Point in 1847. An Order in Council granted Catherine the property at Farran’s Point on January 26, 1808 as the daughter of a Loyalist.

It was Charles Curtis Farran, affectionately known as C.C., and later on the Kerr brothers, George and Joseph, who were responsible for the village’s early growth. C.C. Farran owned several mills that included a grist mill, located at the lock, a carding mill, sawmill, and shingle mill. He also owned a general store, as well as a large tract of land north of the village and west of where the Grand Trunk Railway Station was eventually built. Farran built a power station near the rapids on the St. Lawrence in front of the village. In the early 1800s, several mills were established by Farrand's son and members of the Kerr family within the village, including a grist mill, a carding mill, two sawmills and a shingle mill. Additionally, Farran built a general store and a power station near the rapids.

Joseph Kerr, a newcomer from Ireland, was also a mill owner who went on to become very prosperous. Joseph, along with his brothers, George, Thomas and William, owned two sawmills, a grits mill, farms and a large general store with branches a Wales and Aultsville. All the brothers were active in politics. Joseph Kerr served the community as Reeve and both Joseph and George were active at the provincial level. The huge Kerr home, built on a corner lot that included a store on the east side, was often referred to as Buckingham palace.

The success of the Farran and Kerr operations attracted a number of other businesses to the area and by the mid 1800s the little community boasted a population of around 300 and a post office had been established. The mills were located along the shoreline at the south end of  the village. The business district was situated further north with most of the businesses located either on Mill Street, which ran north from the Farran Mills, or on the north side of the highway, Known locally as Main Street. The community was bounded on each side by property owned by the Kerr brothers. In 1847, a small canal and lock was opened in the village to allow vessels to navigate the rapids in the village easily. Sometime in the 1850s, the Grand Trunk railway was built through the village and shortly after, a railway station and stationmaster's dwelling were built in the community.

At the end of the nineteenth century, the village contained two hotels; the Baker Stage Coach Inn and a second hotel run by a man named Edward Denney. At this time, the village also boasted a bakery, a millinery shop, and a couple of taverns on top of the preexisting mills. Two general stores were in operation, as well as a blacksmith shop, tinsmith, livery stable and a marble works.

Farran's Point was home to two churches; a Roman Catholic church called St. Francis of Assisi Church, and St. John's Presbyterian Church. St. John's church was established around the 1870s; this church was a donation from C. C. Farran (son or grandson of the first C. C. Farran). Formerly, the building that became the church was a stagecoach stop located west of the village which was moved into Farran's Point. St. John's served multiple denominations as it was the only church in the town.

In conjunction with the construction of the Saint Lawrence Seaway Project that started in 1954, the Moses-Saunders Power Project was also built. When construction of these structures was completed, inundation began on July 1, 1958 and resulted in the formation of an artificial widening and deepening in the river which was named Lake St. Lawrence. Inundation of the river caused a dozen villages including Farran's Point, now collectively known as "The Lost Villages", to be flooded.

title: Farran's Point, Ontario


text: Category:Christmas music

title: Category:Christmas music


text:
Wales, Ontario

Wales is a ghost town in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is one of Ontario's Lost Villages, which were permanently flooded by the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1958. The town was named for the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) who visited the area during his Canadian tour of 1860. Wales was built on the land grant of Dr. James Stuart, of the King's Royal Regiment of New  York. From 1810 to 1957, five generations of the Stuart family lived on this property.

Families and businesses in Wales were moved to the new town of Ingleside before the seaway construction commenced.

Wales, about two miles away from the old shoreline, was the only inland town affected by the flooding, as the community was located in a creek valley below the new waterline.

title: Wales, Ontario


text:
Mille Roches, Ontario

Mille Roches is an underwater ghost town in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is one of Ontario's Lost Villages, which were permanently flooded by the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1958.

Families and businesses in Mille Roches were moved to the new town of Long Sault before the seaway construction commenced.

Mille Roches was the birthplace of Levi Addison Ault, born into a well-known and established family in the town, who moved to Cincinnati, Ohio as an adult and became a successful businessman and the city's commissioner of parks in the early 1900s. Ault also donated a large parcel of family-owned land on Sheek's Island, which became Ault Park.

Ethnic history of Mille Roches and the region
Eastern Ontario was always a highway or corridor through which people moved, a corridor used by migration and conquest. Prior to European colonization, the Mohawks and Six Nations Iroquois settled and raided through the St. Lawrence valley. The French and British fought over the waterway, and after the American revolution, in 1812–14, it became a battleground between Americans and Canadians. At various times, much like the rest of Eastern Ontario, it also became a home for migrants looking to escape authorities or find safe haven from overseas conflicts.

Early settlement is largely undocumented, though oral histories and early accounts suggest that settlers, traders and farmers lived in the area long before formal recognition.

When the local population emerged into registered and recorded history, the regional population was already a mixture of French Canadian, Ojibwe and Mohawk residents. To this was added an influx of American English loyalists and refugees from the Thirteen Colonies (now the United States), French Canadian and Acadian migrants, and, later, Scottish and Irish immigrants and refugees. These different groups mixed and integrated over time, with family names and histories reflecting a blending of different backgrounds that was generally typical of Eastern Ontario, especially the "United Counties" of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, but also true of the general area of Loyalist settlement east of Kingston.

Smaller but noted contributions in the region were made by others, from Jewish traders, craftsmen and merchants to former slaves. John Baker, for example, who died in 1871 at the age of 93, was said to be the last Canadian born into slavery. Slavery was ended in the colony of Upper Canada in stages, beginning in 1793 when importing slaves was banned and culminating in 1819, when Upper Canada Attorney-General John Robinson declared any slaves living in Canada were now free. Most of these former slaves settled and integrated into the communities where they were freed. By 1833, all slaves in British North America and the Empire were free, the first major power in world history to abolish slavery. This affected even the village of Milles roches, as a place where former slaves settled.

The aftermath of the American Revolution resulted in the formal division of Upper and Lower Canada (later, Ontario and Quebec) to accommodate loyalists fleeing persecution in the new United States. Distribution of land throughout Southern Ontario brought major change to Eastern Ontario. Cornwall (and the surrounding area), originally called "Royal Township #2" and "Johnstown", was a rough place, and bred a local culture of self-reliance. Mille Roches' settlers and residents were more effectively integrated into the increasingly tight-knit region after the Loyalist arrival, with Cornwall as its economic centre.

Integration and community
Mille Roches, like many of the local communities, was unusual in Canada at the time for being quite socially integrated. Characterized by a mix of economic migrants, refugees and opportunists, the local population was a blend of different social classes and ethnic backgrounds. The interdependence demanded by isolation and the lack of either support or interference from authorities meant that villagers in the region were obliged to rely on each other for support.

The original native population was remarkably welcoming, and the Iroquois were especially known for integrating newcomers and adapting to change. Many people in the region have some native ancestry as a result, and family bonds have long linked the formal reservations and the surrounding area.

Growth and development
Among many other sites, Mille Roches was originally an obstacle for water navigation up the St. Lawrence river. Rapids prevented the deep-bottomed hulls of ocean-going ships from moving inland into the Great Lakes basin. Boats would have to unload, their contents carted and carried overland, and then be re-loaded. Calls for building a canal at this spot on the river came very early.

The area immediately around Mille Roches had been used as a source of attractive, highly prized and sought-after black stone for a long period before being formally settled by Europeans. North of the townsite were limestone quarries, which had already been in use by suppliers in Montreal, and the name of the town in French refers to either the large numbers of rocky formations in the area or the rapids which prevented river navigation.

With resource development, mall farmsteads started appearing early in the history of European settlement in Ontario as migrants filtered into the region, and much of this settlement is undocumented.

From 1780 to 1830, after formal recognition resulting from Loyalist settlement, development was slow but steady and a substantial village emerged. Growth was spurred by the use of water power and spawned the development of a large number of mills. Combined with the valuable local stone deposits, the result was a mini-boom in grain milling, stone cutting and milling, and textile operations, and other businesses that could benefit from water power. In August, 1835, its people were rewarded with their own post office.

The Cornwall Canal was built in 1834, to facilitate travel to the upper St Lawrence basin and the Great Lakes. Unfortunately, the canal cut the town off from the mainland, creating an island in the middle of the river. Over time, the village expanded to the north, eventually forming one town that was split in the middle into "old" Mille Roches on one side of the canal and "new" Mille Roches on the mainland to the north. The canal's course caused the decline of the village and the area only improved with the arrival of railways in the 1850s.

The Ault family was an example of the burgeoning prosperity of the area. They ran textile mills. It was this family into which Levi Addison Ault was born. Mille Roches was also known for niche businesses, including the very respected Brooks Furniture Company, as well as a range of talented craftspeople in many industries.

Canal and lock construction in the late 1800s and early 1900s brought work, large boats and electric power generation stations. Railway connections provided much-needed connections to other local communities for public services, such as high schools, which were located largely in Cornwall.

Independence and enterprise
As it was a transit corridor linking greater economic powers, Eastern Ontario has long been a region known for independence and enterprise. One inevitable aspect of being a major trade route and border zone is smuggling. This has a remarkably long tradition, but formal recognition and notoriety increased in the 1920s, during the Prohibition period in US history. Smuggling remains a major local concern, even today. Current plans in Cornwall and the area call for dismantling its reputation as "smugglers' alley".

This history of independence is partly the result of isolation and self-reliance. Governments have typically neglected the area, treating it as little more than a transit corridor. This began very early, even in the 1830s, and prior to this the Loyalist settlers had themselves been forced to be more or less completely self-reliant.

"The original 516 settlers arrived in Royal Township #2 with minimal supplies and faced years of hard work and possible starvation. Upon their departure from military camps in Montreal, Pointe Claire, Saint Anne, and Lachine in the fall of 1784, loyalists were given a tent, one month’s worth of food rations, clothes, and agricultural provisions by regiment commanders. They were promised one cow for every two families, an ax, and other necessary tools in the near future. For the next three years, bateaux crews delivered rations to the township, after which residents were left to fend for themselves."

In a foreshadowing of what was to come over a century later, in 1834, after the building of the first canal, "Old Mille Roches" had been cut off from the mainland. A delegation of townspeople eventually forced the government to provide compensation, after significant pressure, but this was insufficient to fully redress the damage that had been done. By the 1850s, the town had recovered and the entire region was developing, but an ominous precedent had been set.

Inundation and obliteration
By the 1910s, Mille Roches was a prosperous, well-to-do town with a diverse economy and a growing population, linked into a broad social and commercial network of villages and towns throughout Eastern Ontario.

Starting in the 1920s, plans began for damming the St. Lawrence to build a massive hydro-electric power plant and an artificial body of water that was navigable for ocean-going ships. This would bury much of the local landscape under an artificial lake. As negotiations between governments continued for two decades and more, local land values plummeted as a result of the project's apparent inevitability. By "Inundation Day", on July 1, 1958, which was also the Dominion Day ( Canada Day ) holiday, many landowners complained that market value compensation was insufficient, since the Seaway plan had already depressed property values in the region. These complaints were never addressed, a sad parallel to the poor treatment the locals had been given more than a century earlier.

Many of the houses were moved to one of the new villages constructed along the new rivershore. Long Sault, named in memory of the former rapids, still maintains many of the homes from Mille Roches that were moved to new sites in the town, as well as a museum devoted to the history of The Lost Villages.

Under water, divers have explored what remains of the old power generation plant and the paper mill, but while the foundations remain, most of the buildings were removed or demolished.

Today, nothing of the village remains above water. A beach in on the Long Sault Parkway park, based on a chain of islands, is named after the village. From these former highlands, the view overlooks a broad bay, on the far end of which is the site of the village, now lost under Lake St. Lawrence.

title: Mille Roches, Ontario


text:
Moulinette, Ontario

Moulinette is an underwater ghost town in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is one of Ontario's Lost Villages, which were permanently flooded by the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1958. Families and businesses in Moulinette were moved to the new town of Long Sault before the seaway construction commenced. The village was located as a strip community along Highway 2, on the St. Lawrence River. At the time of the flooding, Moulinette had a population of around 311 residents. The community would have been located in what is now South Stormont township.

Moulinette was settled in the late 1700s by United Empire Loyalists of the King's Royal Regiment from New York. In the nineteenth century many pioneer industries and businesses were established in the village. The origin of the name Moulinette is disputed; it is thought to have originated either from the French term for "little mill" as a reference to the many mills located in the village or from the French word "moulinet", meaning reel or winch as a reference to French ships who navigated the nearby rapids using winches.

History
The land which Moulinette occupied was originally given as a land grant to a Sir John Johnson around 1784, however the land ended up in the possession of one of his relatives, Adam Dixson (sometimes recorded as Dixon) who settled the land here. Upon his arrival, Dixson constructed a dam, which ran from the nearby Sheek's Island to the mainland, in order to generate power; immediately following this, he established a grist mill. The village of Moulinette grew surrounding this mill and dam, and Dixson is credited as its founder. The community had its own post office by the 1830s, and by 1840, the village boasted 100 residents. Two churches had been constructed to serve the community, and many pioneer businesses had been established. During this period, the village had a sawmill, a foundry, a carding machine, a general store and a tavern. Additionally, a brewery operated around this time, however three years after its construction in 1840, it burned and was not rebuilt. The town also had two woollen mills, located on the nearby island.

By the end of the nineteenth century, the construction of the Cornwall Canal allowed Moulinette to prosper as a village. The flooding of the canal had submerged part of the village and the nearby Sheek's Island; the woollen mills were lost to the flood. During this time, a flour mill and another saw mill were built to replace the lost mills. The village was now home to two hotels, called the Lion and the Pea Green; as well as two general stores, two wharves, a cheese factory, barber shop and an elementary school.

In the beginning of the 1900s, the population had raised to around 311 individuals and the village remained relatively unchanged; many businesses were still established and some businesses had changed to better suit the times such as the blacksmith shop which became a garage. The community relied heavily on tourism with three tourist homes, a motel, and tourists cabins being in operation on top of the two existing hotels.

By 1957, businesses had ceased operations and homes had been relocated to Long Sault in preparations for the floods. The barber shop, called Zina Hill's Barber Shop, and the Grand Trunk railway station were relocated to the Lost Villages Museum and are now used as exhibit buildings.

St. Lawrence Seaway project and demise
After over half a century of planning, negotiations and development, the St. Lawrence Seaway project became a reality, which called for nine communities along the Canadian side of the St. Lawrence River, including Moulinette, to be permanently relocated then flooded. The intention of the Seaway project was to expand the waterway, allowing ocean-going vessels to travel the St. Lawrence River and replacing the system of locks and canals; this would translate into potentially millions of tonnes of goods being easily transported by ship down the river.

The undertaking was plagued with many delays. From the planning phase, started in 1895, through to commencement of the project in 1954, Canada and the US both disagreed with different parts of the development plans and both World Wars caused further delays. During World War I, both countries' governments were simply too preoccupied to deal with the development plans, and during and immediately after World War II, plans were halted due to a lack of supplies and men. The project became a reality when the Canadian government began the initial phases of planning and construction, essentially forcing the United States to begin to participate. After 59 years, 1954 saw the plans finalized on both sides of the river and Seaway construction could finally commence. Nine communities would be lost.

It has been noted that the Commission in Ontario made these plans without consulting those who lived within the village. The government made the decision to move and flood the villages with little thought given to the residents of Moulinette and the surrounding villages and towns. The Canadian government assumed there would be little repercussion, as there were plans in place to relocate all of the residents to newly upgraded towns with newer, improved infrastructure. This was not necessary the case, as many residents could not afford to move to or live in the new towns despite land sales and government aid. > Some homes and businesses were moved to the new towns of Ingleside and Long Sault, and some flooded. Additionally, the church and a few other buildings such as the barber shop were moved to become a part of Upper Canada Village and the Lost Villages Museum.

Churches and cemeteries
Moulinette was formerly home to two churches, the Christ Anglican Church and the Moulinette Methodist Church, which later became St. Andrew's United church. The Moulinette Methodist Church was constructed around 1834 on land donated by the church's Reverend, Stephen Brownell. In 1871, a wooden steeple was added to the brick church. In 1925, the church joined with the United Church of Canada and was renamed St. Andrews United. As early as 1830, an Anglican congregation was formed in Moulinette with services being conducted out of private homes or other buildings. In 1836, Adam Dixson donated land to be used as church grounds as well as burial ground, the church, Christ Anglican Church, was constructed shortly after. The church was in use while being built as Dixson's wife died during the construction and her funeral became the first service to be held in the new building. The white, frame, church underwent renovations in 1902 when it was enlarged. In 1925 the church purchased St. George's Hall from Milles Roches to be used for church activities and in 1931 more land was donated to extend the burial grounds. In preparation for the flooding of the Seaway, a new Christ Church was built in the new town of Ingleside in the 1950s to accommodate the congregation. The church was secularized on June 24, 1957, by Bishop Ernest Reed, and then moved to Upper Canada Village for preservation. The church was restored and sits on site as part of the open air museum.

Prior to the flooding of the Seaway, the cemetery accompanying Christ Church was fully transcribed and recorded. The Christ Church Anglican cemetery's graves were moved in the 1950s and stones encased in the brick wall of the pioneer memorial near Upper Canada Village where they currently remain.

title: Moulinette, Ontario


text:
Woodlands, Ontario

Woodlands is an underwater ghost town in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is one of Ontario's Lost Villages, which were permanently flooded by the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1958.

The village was founded in 1784 by German-speaking United Empire Loyalist from New York. It had a population of about 70 people at the time of its flooding. It was known, in the 1950s, for the cottages that lined the road adjacent to the then bank of the St Lawrence River.

Families and businesses in Woodlands were moved to the new town of Ingleside before the seaway construction commenced.

title: Woodlands, Ontario


text:
Santa Cruz, Ontario

Santa Cruz is an underwater ghost town in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is one of Ontario's Lost Villages, which were permanently flooded by the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1958.

Families and businesses in Santa Cruz were moved to the new town of Ingleside before the seaway construction commenced.

title: Santa Cruz, Ontario


text:
Maple Grove, Ontario (ghost town)

Maple Grove is an underwater ghost town in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is one of Ontario's Lost Villages, which were permanently flooded by the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1958.

Families and businesses in Maple Grove were moved by Ontario Hydro to the new town of Long Sault before the seaway construction commenced. On August 10, 1954, prime minister Louis St. Laurent, premier Leslie Frost and various U.S. officials turned the first shovelful of earth in Maple Grove. Jeremiah French came from Vermont and arrived at Maple Grove in 1784. He started out with nothing more than a tiny settlers' cottage which over time expanded into a huge flour and saw mills operation.

title: Maple Grove, Ontario (ghost town)


text: User talk:131.107.71.224

title: User talk:131.107.71.224


text:
Lugang

Lugang or Lukang may refer to:

 * Lugang, Shantou (胪岗镇), a town in Chaonan District, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
 * Lugang station (芦港站), a railway station in Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
 * Lukang, Changhua (鹿港鎮), an urban township of Changhua County, Taiwan, Republic of China
 * Lukang Ai Gate (鹿港隘門)
 * Lukang Artist Village (鹿港藝術村)
 * Lukang Culture Center (鹿港公會堂)
 * Lukang Folk Arts Museum (鹿港民俗文物館)
 * Lukang Kinmen Hall (鹿港金門館)
 * Lukang Longshan Temple (鹿港龍山寺)
 * Lukang Rimao Hang (鹿港日茂行)
 * Lukang Tianhou Temple (鹿港天后宮)
 * Lukang Wen Wu Temple (鹿港文武廟)

 * See also
 * Lu Gang (born 1970), Chinese weightlifter
 * Lu Guang (disambiguation), several people

title: Lugang


text:
User:ClockworkTroll/welcome

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
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 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

title: User:ClockworkTroll/welcome


text:
Samzhubzê, Xigazê

Samzhubzê District (also spelled Sangzhuzi District, Samdruptse District) is a district in the Tibet Autonomous Region of the China, and the administrative center of the prefecture-level city of Shigatse (Tibetan Pinyin: Xigazê). Prior to 2014 it was known as the county-level city of Shigatse. It was the ancient capital of Ü-Tsang province and is the second largest city in Tibet with an estimated population of 117,000 in 2013. Samzhubzê is located at the confluence of the Yarlung Tsangpo River and the Nyang River (Nyang Chu or Nyanchue), about 250 km southwest of Lhasa and 90 km northwest of Gyantse, at an altitude of 3840 m.

History
In the 17th century, the city and the dzong was called Samdrubtsé (one of the transliterations of the current name). It was the capital of the Tsang.

In the 19th century, the "Tashi" or Panchen Lama had temporal power over Tashilhunpo Monastery and three small districts, though not over the town of Shigatse itself, which was administered by two Dzongpön (Prefects) appointed from Lhasa. The Tibetan territory was divided into 53 prefecture districts called Dzongs.

There were two Dzongpöns for every Dzong—a lama (Tse-dung) and a layman. They were entrusted with both civil and military powers and are equal in all respects, though subordinate to the generals and the Chinese Amban in military matters. However, there were only one or two Ambans representing the Qing (Manchu) Chinese emperor residing in Lhasa, directing a little garrison, and their power installed since 1728, progressively declined to end-up as observer at the eve of their expulsion in 1912 by the 13th Dalai Lama. In 1952, shortly after the peaceful liberation of Tibet, Shigatse had a population of perhaps 12,000 people, making it the second largest town in Tibet.

In 1959, Shigatse was made the administrative center of an eponymous special district (专区) of Tibet. In 1970 the special district was upgraded to a prefecture and the town designated a county. In 1986 the county became a county-level city, and when the prefecture was again upgraded to a prefecture-level city in 2014, the county-level city was redesignated a district and given the new name of Samzhubzê. On 26 June 2014 Rikaze region upgraded to prefecture-level Rikaze city, the original county-level Rikaze city renamed Samzhubzê District.

Geography and climate
Samzhubzê lies on flat terrain surrounded by high mountains, and the urban area is located just south of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The city lies at an elevation of around 3840 m, and within its administrative area there are five peaks higher than 5500 m. The city's administrative area ranges in latitude from 29° 07' to 29° 09' N and in longitude from 88° 03' to 89° 08' E.

Samzhubzê has a monsoon-influenced, alpine version of a humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb), with frosty, very dry winters and warm, wet summers. Temperatures are relatively moderate for the Tibetan Plateau, as the annual mean temperature is 6.48 °C. Barely any precipitation falls from November to March, when the diurnal temperature variation can frequently exceed 20 C-change. Nearly two-thirds of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August alone. Sunshine is abundant year-round, totaling 3248 hours annually.

Samzhubzê is rich in medicinal herbs, with more than 300 varieties of commonly used medicinal plants, such as Cordyceps, Bayberry, Tianma, Snowdrop, Rhodiola Rosea, Rhubarb, etc.

Administrative divisions

Shigatse administers two subdistricts and ten townships.

Tashilhunpo

Samzhubzê contains the huge Tashilhunpo Monastery, founded in 1447 by Gendun Drup, the First Dalai Lama. It is the traditional seat of the Panchen Lamas. Until the Chinese arrived in the 1950s, the "Tashi" or Panchen Lama had temporal power over three small districts, though not over Samzhubzê itself, which was administered by a dzongpön (general) appointed from Lhasa. In the 2nd week of the 5th lunar month (around June/July), Tashilhunpo Monastery is the scene of a 3-day festival and a huge thangka is displayed. The imposing castle, Samdrubtse Dzong or "Shigatse Dzong", was probably built in the 15th century. It looked something like a smaller version of the Potala Palace in Lhasa, and had turret-like fortifications at the ends and a central Red Palace. It used to be the seat of the kings of Ü-Tsang and the capital of the province of Ü-Tsang or Tsang.

The castle was totally dismantled, rock by rock, by hundreds of Tibetans at the instigation of the Chinese in 1961. Between 2005 and 2007, the building was reconstructed, financed by donations from Shanghai. Such "Preservation and Reparation Project of Sangzhutse Fortress of Shigatse City" was completed in May 2007 and was designed by the Construction Design Institute of Shanghai Tongji University. Old photographs served as a basis for the reconstruction, which was executed in concrete. Afterwards, the exterior was to be wainscotted with natural stones. The dzong, which in the 17th century served as a model for the construction of the Potala Palace, is set to become a museum for Tibetan culture.

Nearby attractions include:
 * Shalu Monastery
 * Narthang, the first printing establishment in central Tibet
 * Mount Everest

Infrastructure and transport

 * Samzhubzê is the hub of the road network between Lhasa, Nepal and western Tibet.
 * Construction started in 2010 of the Lhasa–Shigatse Railway to Samzhubzê and was completed in 2014. Start operated on 15 August 2014. A further extension to the Nepalese border is planned.
 * The nearest railhead in India is the station of New Jalpaiguri, a suburb of Siliguri, West Bengal.
 * Shigatse Peace Airport began operations on 30 October 2010 and was Tibet's fifth commercial airport. It is located 43 kilometres from central Shigatse at Jangdam Township at an altitude of 3,782 metres. The airport is designed to handle up to 230,000 passengers annually by 2020.
 * China National Highway 318

title: Samzhubzê, Xigazê


text:
User talk:Apollocn

Please, do tests in Sandbox. Don't mess up the articles like you did for Wikipedia:How to link to Wikimedia projects. -213.169.21.213 20:41, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Apollocn


text: User talk:Vessbot

title: User talk:Vessbot


text: User talk:Cat Glass

title: User talk:Cat Glass


text:
User talk:Anaru97

Bold text'"Anaru" is the Maori word for the name Andrew.The Maori are the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand. They are intelligent,very good at sport and musical. They have largely intermarried with the European population of New Zealand. There are about 600 thousand Maori. They came to New Zealand 900years ago from Raratonga.The Maori language is close to the Tongan language.

title: User talk:Anaru97


text:
User talk:Elektrohed

Non-free use disputed for Image:Nypirg logo1.GIF
Thanks for uploading Image:Nypirg logo1.GIF. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 06:19, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Michigan Campaigns
A tag has been placed on Michigan Campaigns requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organization or company, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for organizations and companies. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag - if no such tag exists then the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate and adding a hangon tag is unnecessary), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. — Timneu22 ·   talk 00:52, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

January 2011
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to 4chan, did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. --Tryptofish (talk) 23:25, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

You have been blocked indefinitely from editing for abuse of editing privileges. If you would like to be unblocked, you may appeal this block by adding the text, but you should read the guide to appealing blocks first. Materialscientist (talk) 06:10, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Elektrohed