text:
Mo Yan

Guan Moye (born 5 March 1955 ), better known by the pen name Mo Yan, is a Chinese novelist and short story writer. Donald Morrison of U.S. news magazine TIME referred to him as "one of the most famous, oft-banned and widely pirated of all Chinese writers", and Jim Leach called him the Chinese answer to Franz Kafka or Joseph Heller. In 2012, Mo was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work as a writer "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary".

He is best known to Western readers for his 1986 novel Red Sorghum, the first two parts of which were adapted as the Golden Bear-winning film Red Sorghum (1988). He won the 2005 International Nonino Prize in Italy. In 2009, he was the first recipient of the University of Oklahoma's Newman Prize for Chinese Literature.

Early life
Mo Yan was born in February 1955 into a peasant family in Ping'an Village, Gaomi Township, northeast of Shandong Province, the People's Republic of China. He is the youngest of four children with two older brothers and an older sister. His family was of an upper-middle peasant class background. Mo was 11 years old when the Cultural Revolution was launched, at which time he left school to work as a farmer. In the autumn of 1973, he began work at the cotton oil processing factory. During this period, which coincided with a succession of political campaigns from the Great Leap Forward to the Cultural Revolution, his access to literature was largely limited to novels in the socialist realist style under Mao Zedong, which centred largely on the themes of class struggle and conflict.

At the close of the Cultural Revolution in 1976, Mo enlisted in the People's Liberation Army (PLA), and began writing while he was still a soldier. During this post-Revolution era when he emerged as a writer, both the lyrical and epic works of Chinese literature, as well as translations of foreign authors such as William Faulkner and Gabriel García Márquez, would make an impact on his works.

In 1984, he received a literary award from the PLA Magazine, and the same year began attending the People's Liberation Army Arts College, where he first adopted the pen name of Mo Yan. He published his first novella, A Transparent Radish, in 1984, and released Red Sorghum in 1986, launching his career as a nationally recognized novelist. In 1991, he graduated from the creation graduate class of Lu Xun School of Literature, and obtained a master's degree in literature from Beijing Normal University.

Pen name
"Mo Yan" – "don't speak" in Chinese – is his pen name. Mo Yan has explained on occasion that the name comes from a warning from his father and mother not to speak his mind while outside, because of China's revolutionary political situation from the 1950s, when he grew up. It also relates to the subject matter of Mo Yan's writings, which reinterpret Chinese political and sexual history.

In an interview with Professor David Wang, Mo Yan stated that he changed his "official name" to Mo Yan because he could not receive royalties under the pen name.

Works
Mo Yan began his career as a writer in the reform and opening up period, publishing dozens of short stories and novels in Chinese. His first published short story was "Falling Rain on a Spring Night", published in September 1981.

In 1986, the five parts that formed his first novel, Red Sorghum (1987), were published serially. It is a non-chronological novel about the generations of a Shandong family between 1923 and 1976. The author deals with upheavals in Chinese history such as the Second Sino-Japanese War, the 1949 Communist Revolution, and the Cultural Revolution, but in an unconventional way; for example from the point of view of the invading Japanese soldiers.

His second novel, The Garlic Ballads, is based on a true story of when the farmers of Gaomi Township rioted against a government that would not buy its crops. The Republic of Wine is a satire around gastronomy and alcohol, which uses cannibalism as a metaphor for Chinese self-destruction, following Lu Xun. Big Breasts & Wide Hips deals with female bodies, from a grandmother whose breasts are shattered by Japanese bullets, to a festival where one of the child characters, Shangguan Jintong, blesses each woman of his town by stroking her breasts. The book was controversial in China because some leftist critics objected to Big Breasts' perceived negative portrayal of Communist soldiers.

Extremely prolific, Mo Yan wrote Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out in only 42 days. He composed the more than 500,000 characters contained in the original manuscript on traditional Chinese paper using only ink and a writing brush. He prefers writing his novels by hand rather than by typing using a pinyin input method, because the latter method "limits your vocabulary". Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out is a meta-fiction about the story of a landlord who is reincarnated in the form of various animals during the Chinese land reform movement. The landlord observes and satirizes Communist society, such as when he (as a donkey) forces two mules to share food with him, because "[in] the age of communism... mine is yours and yours is mine."

Pow!, Mo Yan's first work to be translated into English after receiving the Nobel Prize is about a young storytelling boy named Luo who was famous in his village for eating so much meat. His village is so carnivorous it is an obsession that leads to corruption. Pow! cemented his writing style as “hallucinatory realism”. Another one of his works, Frog, Yan's latest novel published, focuses on the cause and consequences of China's One-Child Policy. Set in a small rural Chinese town called Gaomi, the narrator Tadpole tells the story of his aunt Gugu, who once was a hero for delivering life into the world as a midwife, and now takes away life as an abortion provider. Steven Moore from the Washington Post wrote, “another display of Mo Yan’s attractively daring approach to fiction. The Nobel committee chose wisely.”

Impact of works
Mo Yan's ability to convey traditionalist values inside of his mythical realism writing style in The Old Gun has allowed insight and view into the swift modernization of China. This short story by Mo Yan was an exemplary example of the "Xungen movement" Chinese literary movement and influenced many to turn back to traditional values. This movement portrayed the fear of loss of cultural identity due to the swift modernization of China in the 1980s.

Mo Yan's masterpieces have been translated into English by translator Howard Goldblatt. Goldblatt has effectively transmitted Chinese culture to target audiences by using a domestication technique augmented with foreignization.

He was among a group of 100 artists who celebrated the 75th Anniversary of the Yan'an Talks in 2012 by hand copying the text of the talks. Upon his receipt of the Nobel Prize later that year, some Chinese writers and artists criticized him for being subservient to the Chinese government. Mo stated that he had no regrets for participating in the Yan'an Talks celebration.

Influences
Mo Yan's works are predominantly social commentary, and he is strongly influenced by the social realism of Lu Xun and the magical realism of Gabriel García Márquez. In terms of traditional Chinese literature, he is deeply inspired by the folklore-based classical epic novel Water Margin. He cites Journey to the West and Dream of the Red Chamber as formative influences. Mo Yan's writing style has also been influenced by the Six Dynasties, Chuanqi, notebook novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and especially by folk oral literature. His creation combines all of these inspirations into one of the most distinctive voices in world literature.

Mo Yan, who himself reads foreign authors in translation, strongly advocates the reading of world literature. At a speech to open the 2009 Frankfurt Book Fair, he discussed Goethe's idea of "world literature", stating that "literature can overcome the barriers that separate countries and nations".

Style
Mo Yan's works are epic historical novels characterized by hallucinatory realism and containing elements of black humour. Mo Yan's language is distinguished by his imaginative use of colour expressions. A major theme in Mo Yan's works is the constancy of human greed and corruption, despite the influence of ideology. Using dazzling, complex, and often graphically violent images, he sets many of his stories near his hometown, Northeast Gaomi Township in Shandong province. Mo Yan says he realised that he could make "[my] family, [the] people I'm familiar with, the villagers..." his characters after reading William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury. He satirizes the genre of socialist realism by placing workers and bureaucrats into absurd situations.

Mo Yan's writing is characterised by the blurring of distinctions between "past and present, dead and living, as well as good and bad". Mo Yan appears in his novels as a semi-autobiographical character who retells and modifies the author's other stories. His female characters often fail to observe traditional gender roles, such as the mother of the Shangguan family in Big Breasts & Wide Hips, who, failing to bear her husband any sons, instead is an adulterer, becoming pregnant with girls by a Swedish missionary and a Japanese soldier, among others. Male power is also portrayed cynically in Big Breasts & Wide Hips, and there is only one male hero in the novel.

List of works
Mo Yan has written 11 novels, and several novellas and short story collections.

This is a complete list of Mo Yan's works published as a collection in 2012 in China (after Mo Yan received the Nobel Prize).

Novels

 * 《红高粱家族》 Red Sorghum (1986)
 * 《天堂蒜薹之歌》 The Garlic Ballads (1988)
 * 《十三步》 Thirteen Steps (1988)
 * 《食草家族》 The Herbivorous Family (1993)
 * 《酒国》 The Republic of Wine: A Novel (1993)
 * 《丰乳肥臀》 Big Breasts & Wide Hips (1995)
 * 《红树林》 Red Forest (1999)
 * 《檀香刑》 Sandalwood Death (2001)
 * 《四十一炮》 Pow! (2003)
 * 《生死疲劳》 Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out (2006)
 * 《蛙》 Frog (2009)

Short story and novella collections

 * 《白狗秋千架》 White Dog and the Swing (30 short stories, 1981–1989)
 * 《与大师约会》 Meeting the Masters (45 short stories, 1990–2005)
 * 《欢乐》 Joy (8 novellas; six of them are published in English as Explosions and Other Stories)
 * 《怀抱鲜花的女人》 The Woman with Flowers (8 novellas, 2012 )
 * 《师傅越来越幽默》Shifu, You'll Do Anything for a Laugh (9 novellas, 2001; one of them, Change, is published independently in English)
 * 《晚熟的人》A Late Bloomer (12 novellas and short stories, 2020 )

Other works

 * 《会唱歌的墙》 The Wall Can Sing (60 essays, 1981–2011)
 * 《我们的荆轲》 Our Jing Ke (play)
 * 《碎语文学》 Broken Philosophy (interviews, only available in Chinese)
 * 《用耳朵阅读》 Ears to Read (speeches, only available in Chinese)
 * 《盛典:诺奖之行》 Grand Ceremony

Awards and honours

 * 1998: Neustadt International Prize for Literature, candidate
 * 2005: Kiriyama Prize, Notable Books, Big Breasts and Wide Hips
 * 2005: International Nonino Prize
 * 2005: Doctor of Letters, Open University of Hong Kong
 * 2006: Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize XVII
 * 2007: Man Asian Literary Prize, nominee, Big Breasts and Wide Hips
 * 2009: Newman Prize for Chinese Literature, winner, Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out
 * 2010: Honorary Fellow, Modern Language Association
 * 2011: Mao Dun Literature Prize, winner, Frog
 * 2012: Nobel Prize in Literature

Honorary doctorate

 * 2013: The City University of New York, United States
 * 2013: Fo Guang University, Taiwan
 * 2014: Sofia University, Bulgaria
 * 2014: The Open University of Hong Kong, China
 * 2014: The University of Macau, China
 * 2017: Hong Kong Baptist University, China

Adaptations
Several of Mo Yan's works have been adapted for film:

 * Red Sorghum (1987) (directed by Zhang Yimou)
 * The Sun Has Ears (1995) (directed by Yim Ho, adaptation of Grandma Wearing Red Silk)
 * Happy Times (2000) (directed by Zhang Yimou, adaptation of Shifu: You'll Do Anything for a Laugh)
 * Nuan (2003) (directed by Huo Jianqi, adaptation of White Dog Swing)

title: Mo Yan


text:
User:Btdansby

Bennett Taylor Dansby (born March 6, 1975) is an artist originally from Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Son of Surada Linn Dansby and Wade Ferguson Dansby. Currently residing in Berkeley, California with his wife Regina Maria Longinotti.

Has been a practicing artist since 1990. Primary medium is film photography but also trained in sculpture, drawing and painting. Graduated in 2002 from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Studied under Beth Grabowski, Joyce Rudinski, Jeff Whetstone, Tammy Rae Carland, Dennis Zaborowski, Juan Logan, and Yun-Dong Nam.

AWARDS

2002  John Hope Franklin Award : Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University

2001 Alexander Julian Prize

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Btdansby


text:
Haicheng, Liaoning

Haicheng is a county-level city in central Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China, located about 120 km southwest of the provincial capital Shenyang. It is under the administration of Anshan City, the seat of which lies 36 km to the northeast.

Haicheng has an area of 2576 km2 and as of the 2020 census, a decreasing population of 1,067,905 inhabitants (1,232,739 in 2020).

The infamous warlord General Zhang Zuolin was born in Haicheng.

Haicheng earthquake of 1975
On 4 February 1975, an earthquake measuring 7.3 on the Richter Scale hit the city of Haicheng, which at the time had approximately 1 million residents. However, seismologists sent out warnings about this earthquake a day earlier and ordered evacuations. Because of this correct prediction, many lives were saved. This was the first successful earthquake prediction in history. Further aiding the prediction, cats and other animals are also said to have acted strangely in the days leading up to the earthquake. There are some questions as to the validity and accuracy of these reports, which are discussed in detail in the Haicheng Earthquake Prediction link below.

Administrative divisions
Haicheng has four subdistricts and 23 towns:

Subdistricts:
 * Haizhou Subdistrict (海州街道)
 * Xinghai Subdistrict (兴海街道)
 * Xiangtang Subdistrict (响堂街道)
 * Dongsi Subdistrict (东四街道)

Towns:
 * Gushan Manchu Town (孤山满族镇)
 * Chagou (岔沟镇)
 * Jiewen (接文镇)
 * Shimu (析木镇)
 * Mafeng (马风镇)
 * Pailou (牌楼镇)
 * Yingluo (英落镇)
 * Bali (八里镇)
 * Maoqi (毛祁镇)
 * Wangshi (王石镇)
 * Nantai (南台镇)
 * Ganquan (甘泉镇)
 * Datun (大屯镇)
 * Xiliu (西柳镇)
 * Ganwang (感王镇)
 * Zhongxiao (中小镇)
 * Niuzhuang (Newchwang) (牛庄镇)
 * Teng'ao (腾鳌镇)
 * Gengzhuang (耿庄镇)
 * Xisi (西四镇)
 * Gaotuo (高坨镇)
 * Wangtai (望台镇)
 * Wenxiang (温香镇)

title: Haicheng, Liaoning


text:
Talk:Most-perfect magic square

Move!
Dear friends, please note that Most-perfect magic square should be used and Most-perfect square and Talk:Most-perfect square should be redirected. See google "most-perfect magic square" and google "perfekte magische quadrate". Regards Gangleri 18:32, 2004 Oct 9 (UTC)

Templates

 * Hello! I created some templates to illustrate some special properties of the 4x4 type Most-perfect magic squares.
 * With the availability of (meta:Help:inputbox) and its expected improvements "one click previews" for these properties could be generated without overloading the page.
 * Please let me know if you have some time to generate more of the required templates and to work on this page. Please drop a note at meta:examples. Thanks in advance. Best regards Gangleri | [ Th] | T 09:45, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Tip: to see how to use the templates, edit this item. Templates used are listed at the bottom of the page -- LarryLACa 18:33, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Comments on Jain Squares
You ask on Meta:Babel about if their is some interest in the Jain magic squares.

I guess that there is some call for a curtural note on the use of these squares in Jain tradition, with some references and explaining a bit more about the cultural and cosmological significance.

A few Q's:

Whats the significance of 384 is it the number of different Jain squares?

Some of the examples show negative numbers and are hence not technically Most Perfect Magic Squares.

I didn't really understand the special properties of the squares, "fractional mirroring NW - SE" etc. Are these ways to generate new squares?

I suggest that the info be removed from Meta:Babel, its not really appropriate there. Also see the editoral guidlines, for what should and should not be included.

Pfafrich 09:50, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

some notes about analysis methods for magic squares
note: instead of last transformation its "negative" transformation n -> (2n - magical constant) can be used
 * From the mathematical point of view many different representations are equivalent:
 * 1) either using "standard" values from 1 to n2
 * 2) using the transformation n -> (n -1) and "working with squares containing the values 0 to n2 - 1
 * 3) for n eaven: using the transformation n -> (magical constant - 2n) and obtaining consecutive odd values from - n2 + 1 to n2 - 1

 * 1) for n odd: -t, -(t-1), ..., (t-1), t where t = -(n^2-1)/2

Selecting either representation is a mather of personal prefference: "Good loves / likes / enjoys odd numbers." is attributed to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: "numero deus impari gaudet".

construction method for 4n type squares
For 4n type squares a construction method can be specified where the "odd" numbers apear in consecutive order and their sign follows another "repetitive pattern": -15	13	11	-9 7	-5	-3	1 -1	3	5	-7 9	-11	-13	15 Starting with 63	61	59	57	55	53	51	49 47	45	43	41	39	37	35	33 31	29	27	25	23	21	19	17 15	13	11	9	7	5	3	1 1	3	5	7	9	11	13	15 17	19	21	23	25	27	29	31 33	35	37	39	41	43	45	47 49	51	53	55	57	59	61	63 placing the "pattern" for the signs in the center x			x x	x x			x x	x and expanding it -1		-1			-1		-1 -1		-1	-1		-1	-1		-1			-1		-1	-1		-1	-1		-1	-1		-1			-1		-1	-1		-1	-1		-1	-1		-1			-1		-1	-1		-1	-1		-1	helps you generate -63	61	-59	57	55	-53	51	-49 47	-45	43	-41	-39	37	-35	33 -31	29	-27	25	23	-21	19	-17 15	-13	11	-9	-7	5	-3	1 -1	3	-5	7	9	-11	13	-15 17	-19	21	-23	-25	27	-29	31 -33	35	-37	39	41	-43	45	-47 49	-51	53	-55	-57	59	-61	63 using now either n -> (magical constant - n)/2 or n -> (magical constant + n)/2 generates either a magic square or its complement in the second case 64	2	62	4	5	59	7	57 9	55	11	53	52	14	50	16 48	18	46	20	21	43	23	41 25	39	27	37	36	30	34	32 33	31	35	29	28	38	26	40 24	42	22	44	45	19	47	17 49	15	51	13	12	54	10	56 8	58	6	60	61	3	63	1 Beside the main and secondary diagonal a parallel of each will sum(e) to the magic constant too. Many 2x2 subsquares will add to magic constant/2.

notes:
 * 1) For n=1 the square generates the Yang Hui square which has the same Frénicle standard form is "table of Jupiter". Some years ago I found the / an example for n=2 in a book (written in German) about Kabbalah beside another 8x8 magical square.

notes about prefferences:
 * 1) While some people are "impressed" by great numbers others (as me) might be impressed about "nothing" – zero playing a major role in indian culture.
 * 2) All magic squares (also those where higher numbers are involved) when represented in odd value notation have the magic constant equal to zero.
 * 3) The "magic" of the arangement relates to the equilibrium. If transformations will be applied to a sqaure nothing is "added" and only a rearangment is performed preserving the equilibrium and possibly some other properties like transforming a pandiagonal magic square in another pandiagonal or a most perfect into another most perfect.
 * 4) the second example was build some years ago as an exercise using the odd value representation in order to find some greather magic squares starting from a known Jain square
 * Regards Gangleri | [ Th] | T 05:12, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Compare with examples of Fabrizio Pivari: 4 x 4 jupiter.gif, 8 x 8 mercury.gif etc.
 * Regards Gangleri | [ Th] | T 14:32, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

method of generating most-perfect magic squares of order 2n

 * The method described below does neither cover the general case of squres of order 4n nor does it generate all magic squares for order 2n of any order higher then 4 (22). Nevertheless it is possible to generate a number of 2n!*22n most-perfect magic squares.
 * The method is useing neither exhaustive tests nor recursions to distinguish "matchs" / "does not match". Recursion is used either to identify "usefull neighbour values" for a given start value – this requires log2(22n) = 2n steps – or recursion is used (mainly) to "fill gaps" on raws and / or columns for the 1st requirement: Each 2×2 subsquare sums to 2s, where s = n² − 1.
 * Because the / some 4x4 sqaures where known long time ago in India and the method is straight forward it is very likely that it has been / equivalent variants of it have been known long time ago and records could still be found.
 * So far I was not able to read about the work of Dame Kathleen Ollerenshaw and David Brée on these topics. Beside printed books and articles http://www.magic-squares.com/ is often mentioned in link collections on magical sqaures but unfortunatelly the original content is not available any more on that site since more years.
 * As the described algorithm was found due to own observations it should be concluded that it could have be found (long time) before. Various approaches can be used for analysis of (magic) squares. In the following the squares are refered using values from 0 to 22n-1. No proof is provided. Would be happy for any feedback on this and related topics. Gangleri | [ Th] | T 09:01, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I strongly suggest you do not add content based on your own original observations without finding a corroborating authoritative source. See No original research. That's not to say you have to add the opposite - just don't talk about this for now. Deco 02:10, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

algorithm
The algorithm is based on some observations about the 4x4 most-perfect magic squares reffered also as Jain squares. There the neighbour values of a given value are always the same. See all 384 squares and the "neighbourship" table at meta:. Beside the transformations of mirroring and rotations used to obtain the Frénicle standard form also "arbitrary shifting" would "generate" 4x4 most-perfect magic squares. "Repeating the squares" is probably an old technique and "understanding" them as a subset of the "endless plain" should be nothing new.

There is no doubth that the transformations mirroring, rotation and shifting will preserve neigbourship (up, down, left, right). This experience is known from day to day live regarding handling of solid objects. But the "neighbourship relation" is preserved also in the other 4x4 most-perfect magic squares. (The "nontrivial" sqaures derived from a first square can be obtained in many ways by a playing child: exchanging column 1 and 3; dividing the 4x4 sqaure in four 2x2 subsquares and rotating, mirroring them using some patterns etc.) The number of 384 different squares also includes this (384 = 4!*16) because for an arbitrary given value (one of 16) the neigbours can be placed in 4! different ways.

The "neighbourship property" was probably known long time ago eighter for individual values or assuming some training and praxis they can be memorized for more / all values. About the relation between "neigbourship" and representation of these in binary notation I can make only speculative assumptions. I was told that magic sqaures of order 4x4 where embeded in magic sqaures of higher order and that some of these where related to "universes" assigned to different (indian) deities.

The main questions would be
 * 1) which are the "usefull neighbour values"
 * 2) how (when and where) to place them

a) from neighbourship (using the representation of the quare with values from 0 to 22n - 1) it could be seen that for a given $start_value and its complement $start_value_complement = 22n - 1 - $start_value the calculation of the $relevant_values can be done with $no_of_neighbours                      = 0; $next_neighbour                         = 0; $neighbour_difference                   = 1; while ( $neighbour_difference < $complement_reference )    {    if ( bcmod($start_value_complement, 2 * $neighbour_difference) < $neighbour_difference )        { $relevant_values[$no_of_neighbours] = $start_value_complement + $neighbour_difference; }        else        { $relevant_values[$no_of_neighbours] = $start_value_complement - $neighbour_difference; }    $no_of_neighbours++;    $neighbour_difference = $neighbour_difference * 2; } For a square of order 2n 2n neighbours will be identified this way.

 * about the formula: basicaly the "usefull neighbour values" of $start_value are all values where the value for only one binary position of $start_value_complement is "toggled" ("0" changes to "1" or "1" changes to 0''")
 * example: assumed we are constructing a square where values higher then 16 are used we take a value $start_value and calculate $start_value_complement
 * we divide $start_value_complement by 32 and look if the remainder is smaller then 16
 * if so we take $start_value_complement + 16 as a "usefull neighbour value" else we take $start_value_complement - 16
 * this is done for each of the 2n binary positions – 09:34, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

note: for the description presented below it is important to understand the mapping of working areas relative to an "endless plane" where content is repeated; this can be achieved with indexing using modular arithmetic

b) now the question is about how to place the values;

b1) select a random location b in the square of order 2n and place value $start_value; place its complement according to the requirement from the definition: "All pairs of integers distant n/2 along a (major) diagonal sum to s."

b2) select one of the 16 4x4 subsqaures to which b can belong

b3) filling the square selected at b2)

b3.1) select one of the 2n neighbours of $start_value and place it as a "neighbour" (up, down, left, right) of $start_value inside the subsquare selected at b2); place the complement accordingly

b3.2) select another of the remaining 2n neighbours of $start_value and place it as a "neighbour" (up, down, left, right) of $start_value inside the subsquare selected at b2); positions already "occupied" can not be used again; place the complement accordingly

b3.3) note that depending on b3.1) and b3.2) a value can be computed;
 * if the $start_value and the two "neighbours" are located either on the same row or the same column of the 4x4 subsqaures selected in b) the value for the "remaining" place in that row / column should be computed as 2s - available values;
 * if this is not the case the value for the "remaining" place will be computed to follow the first requirement from the definition

b3.4) select another of the remaining 2n neighbours of $start_value and place it as a "neighbour" (up, down, left, right) of $start_value inside the subsquare selected at b2); positions already "occupied" can not be used again; place the complement accordingly

 * after this selection all values of the 4x4 subsqaures selected in b) can be computed according to the description from b3.3); in parallel the complement values of the newly compluted values are identified and located to follow the first requirement from the definition

c) for squares of order higher then 8 the following intermediate steps are made as long as there are more then two "usefull neighbour values" left over; c) will not apply for squares of order 8

c1) initial step:
 * the number of remaining neighbours of $start_value is now 2n - 4
 * the 4x4 subsquare is refered from now on as "coherent area of identified values" and can grow in arbitrary directions
 * inside the 4x4 subsqaures selected in b) a position (one of 16) can be selected and the "coherent area of identified values" can grow in arbitrary directions (up, down, left, right) relative to this subsquare unless a quarter of the original square is filled by selected / computed values and another quater is filled with the complement of these values
 * possible places to locate the next "neighbour" now are the postions on the same row closest to the 4x4 subsquare (left, right) or the postions on the same column closest to the 4x4 subsquare (up, down); these are initial "valid neighbour positions"

c2) select another of the remaining neighbours of $start_value and place it at a "valid neighbour position" of the "coherent area of identified values"; place the complement to fulfill / to follow the first requirement from the definition

c3) the newly selected location will belong to a raw or column where values are selected or computed already; the task is to "duplicate the lenght" of that raw / column "segments"; to perform this task the difference between the two ends of this segment is calculated; this difference is used with alternated sign to compute the remainig values of the segment with double lenght; together with newly identified vales their complement value is inserted to fulfill / to follow the second requirement from the definition

c4) once a segment is "doubled" all values belonging to the smallest subsquare / subsrectangle containing this segment and an coherent segment of already selected / computed values can be computed to fulfill / to follow the first requirement from the definition; the complement values are located / inserted to fulfill / to follow the second requirement from the definition

c5) depending of the order of the square and of the selection at c2) or at previous iteration steps it is either
 * possible to expand the coherent area in the same direction as selected at c2) or in a direction selected at another previous iteration unless its length reaches n/2;
 * in other words: onece one of the directions of the pairs (up, down) or (left, right) was selected the other is not available any more and expansion stops at n/2 in this direction; expansion might still be possible in another direction
 * possible to chose one of the two perpendicular directions to the one selected at c2) or used repeatedly at c2) as long as no such direction was selected before at another iteration step
 * only two "usefull neighbour values" have left; this is the exit condition for c)

d) the positions of the last two "usefull neighbour values" are a sort of "strategical positions" which can be identified already in squares of order 8; their position is given relative to the two quarters of the original subsqaure:

if the area with the values selected and / or computed already is maped to the subsquare with values in the cells i, j and 0 <= i <= n/2 - 1 and 0 <= j <= n/2 - 1 (and the complented values located in the cells i, j and n/2 <= i <= n - 1 and n/2 <= j <= n - 1) their position will be step d) of the algorithm allows only the selection of one of the two "usefull neighbour values" and one of the two "valid neighbour positions"
 * 1) n/2, n/2 - 2
 * 2) n/2 - 2, n/2

about the unique binary pattern

 * To be continued after feedback from meta:Help talk:Table. Regards Gangleri | [ Th] | T 19:59, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Only Three Squares, Only One Pattern

Only Three Squares, Only One Pattern shows that the 4x4 most-perfect magic squares have only one underlaying pattern. To ilustrate this please take a look at the binary representation of one of these squares:

We can see that each of the colors occur only two times in each row, each column and in each of the diagonals. We can verify how the pattern relates to all of the broken diagonals and to the 16 2x2 subsquares using wrap around. In all these "entities" we have each color only two times. This means that you can change the coding of the pattern:

a) changing "a div 8 = 1 with "a mod 2 = 1" and vice versa would give the square: 1	15	 4	10 6	 8	 3	13 11	 5	14	 0 12	 2	 9	 7 If we "change" only the weights for the binary representation we will have 4! permutations and the values "0" and "15" will be always fixed.

b) changing "a mod 2 = 1 with "a mod 2 = 0" and vice versa would give the square: 9	14	 5	 2 7	 0	11	12 10	13	 6	 1 4	 3	 8	15 We can see that doing this there are 16 times more possibilities. Gangleri | [ Th] | T 22:34, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

more advanced (/ general?) method for the generation of most-perfect magic squares of order 2n
A good approach to understand the method described below would be to visit the page The 8x8 Pan-Magic Squares. However it is about constructing panmagic squares and not most-perfect magic squares (the last term seems to be used the first time by Henry Ernest Dudeney – see ).

The site is using the representations of the squares with values from 0 to n2 and the term "carpets". We should note that for the generation of most-perfect magic squares no carpet containing a 2x2 subsquare like 1 1 1 1 can be used (in general). If that carpet would be used together with the value 22n-1 the sum of this subsquare would be for this carpet already 22n+1 which is greather then 2(22n-1) – this is 22n+1 - 2 – the maximum sum allowed for a 2x2 subsquare inside the final most-perfect magic square. Requirement a) would be that such a pattern would never occur.

Note that not all listed (panmagic) carpets fulfill "for every cell a the cell located at n/2 rows and n/2 columns is the complement of a". This would be requirement b) which is a requirement from the definition of most-perfect magic squares.

Clasifying the carpets who fulfills a) and b) we find some which can be decomposed M   M c(M) c(M) – lets talk about as "type v" (v from vertical) – and others which can be decomposed as M c(M) M c(M) – lets talk about as "type h" (v from horizontal) – where c(M) is a subsquare replacing all values with their binary complement.

The task mentioned at the page is to find all carpets and to find a way how to select the "usefull subsets" to generate the squares of the required type.

It can be noticed that if you take two of the carpets A and B which fulfill a) and b) the following can happen:

 * c1) the number of cells where the value in both carpets is 0 is 22n - 2
 * c2) the number of cells where the value in both carpets is 1 is 22n - 2
 * c3) the number of cells where the value A is 0 the value B is 1 is 22n - 2
 * c4) the number of cells where the value A is 1 the value B is 0 is 22n - 2

Last condition is fulfilled automatically if c1) and c2) and c3) is fulfilled.

This would be requirement c). Note this is a "symmetrical" condition. Note that neither the pair (A, A) nor pair (A, c(A)) fullfils c). Take some time to understand that you may "swap" to raws which are in a distance of n/2 raws in a carpet of "type v" (up to n/2 such "independend and commutative" transitions are possible) and you may "swap" to colums which are in a distance of n/2 colums in a carpet of "type h" (up to n/2 such "independend and commutative" transitions are possible) but not vice versa – columns in a distance of n/2 columns in a carpet of "type v" have the same content and raws in a distance of n/2 raws in a carpet of "type h" have same content too.

"Swaping" two raws which are in a distance of n/2 or two columns which are in a distance of n/2 is a usefull technique to be used with squares which fulfill b) and can be used to expand the first algorithm described on this page. The total number of these transitions (for squares) is "n" – not to be confused with the discussion from above relating to carpets. The algebraic closure of the composition should be handeled later.

Please note that if we take a carpet of "type v" and "swap" only two raws the values for 3/4 of all cells will be unchanged while 1/4 will "toggle" to the complement of these cells.

To identify the / all carpets of "type h" respective all of "type v" we should remember that the final goal here is to generate a "most perfect magic square". Similar to requirement a) we should realise that every raw and column must contain exactly n/2 cells with value "0" and exactly n/2 cells with value "1".

A (general?) solution to construct carpets of "type h" would be as follow: a00   a01    a02    a0(n/2)    c(a00) c(a01) c(a02) c(a0(n/2)) c(a00) c(a01) c(a02) c(a0(n/2)) a00   a01    a02    a0(n/2) Only these two raws would be used to fill the carpet. The number of such carpets is 2n/2. If this is the general solution it should be possible to proof it (with mathematical induction ?).

The carpets of "type v" are the transposed of the carpets of "type h". Note that the transposition is an isomorphism transition, the number of such carpets is 2n/2 too. The number of zeros and ones in the raws of "type v" is balanced, else they would be of no use.

There are some interesting properties:

 * Every carpet A and its transposition fulfills c).
 * Every pair of carpets (A, B) where A is of "type h" and B is of "type v" (or vice versa) fullfills c).

selecting "usefull subsets" of carpets
To describe the general case lets take first carpet A from the 2n/2 of "type h" as the "first" carpet. The first values in A represents as "a00   a01    a02    a0(n/2)".

Let us take as second carpet a carpet of "type h" where half of the values of "a00   a01    a02    a0(n/2)" are preserved and the other half of the values is exchanged with their complement. For n=3 we would have 6 (3!) carpets to choose from.

To understand the method lets continue with the case n=3. As 3rd carpet we select a carpet of "type h" to filfill the following conditions:
 * we preserve one of the two values preserved in the second selection together with one of the two values we have exchanged with its complement in the second selection
 * the other two values are exchanged with their complement

There are 4 (22) possibilities to do so. We see that all pairs of these three carpets fulfill c) and it would not be possible to find another carpet of "type h" which would fulfill c) in combination with the three already found.

We have the coice to select other three carpets of "type v" in a similar way. Then we can assign (binary) "weights" to the carpets. By multiplying the "weights" with the carpets and adding all results together we get a new square. Due to construction we have generated a most-perfect magic square.

In order to count the generated squares we should note that the way / the order we selected the "usefull" set of carpets is not relevant when we generate the squares.

Regards Gangleri | [ Th] | T 10:29, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

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what third property ?
The article starts: ... satisfying the additional three properties and that's all. There is no third property, and neither 1° nor 2° are of the form " XXX and YYY ". — MFH:Talk 00:06, 21 October 2018 (UTC)

Nasik square historical article
hi! is a reference to a historical article about most perfect magical squares. regards 62.246.132.211 (talk) 17:09, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Most-perfect magic square


text:
Carl Ludvig Engel

Carl Ludvig Engel, or Johann Carl Ludwig Engel (3 July 1778 – 14 May 1840), was a German architect whose most noted work can be found in Helsinki, which he helped rebuild. His works include most of the buildings around the capital's monumental centre, the Senate Square and the buildings surrounding it. The buildings are Helsinki Cathedral, The Senate (now the Palace of the Council of State), the Helsinki City Hall, and the library and the main building of Helsinki University.

Biography
Carl Ludvig Engel was born in 1778 in Charlottenburg, Berlin, into a family of bricklayers. It was probably as a bricklayer apprentice that he first came in contact with his future profession as an architect. He trained at the Berlin Institute of Architecture after which he served in the Prussian building administration. The stagnation caused by Napoleon's victory over Prussia in 1806 forced him and other architects to find work abroad. In 1808, he applied for the position as town architect of Tallinn, Estonia. He got the job and in this way came into the vicinity of St. Petersburg and its neoclassical Empire style. Finland was also close by and was soon to experience a new governmental phase as a Grand Duchy under Russian rule.

Engel started working in Tallinn in 1809, but just after a few years he was forced to move on again because of a lack of assignments. From this period in Estonia, a palace on Kohtu street 8 in Tallinn survives (today housing the Estonian Chancellor of Justice) and, possibly, Kernu manor.

From 1814 to 1815, he worked for a businessman in Turku, Finland, and this way he came in contact with Johan Albrecht Ehrenström, who led the project of rebuilding Helsinki. The city had just been promoted to be the new capital of the new Grand Duchy of Finland. Ehrenström was searching for a talented architect to work at his side and this meeting proved to be decisive for Carl Ludvig Engel's future career. At this stage Engel did not however stay in Finland. In March 1815 he travelled to St. Petersburg where he got private employment.

In 1816 Engel was planning on returning to his city of birth, but at the same time Ehrenström got approval for his plan to get Engel to Helsinki. Engel's plans for Helsinki had been shown to Czar Alexander I and in February Engel was appointed architect of the reconstruction committee for Helsinki. Engel probably thought that this would once again be a temporary job, but instead Helsinki came to be his life's work.

In 1819–1820, when Engel's first creations were nearing completion, his status as a kind of head architect of the Grand Duchy was established when he received more and more building assignments, both private and public, in other parts of Finland. The final confirmation came when he in 1824 was appointed head of the statewide Intendant's Office, responsible for all key state buildings throughout the country, a position he was offered - but first refused because he still had hopes of returning to Prussia - following the resignation of its first head, the Italian-born architect Carlo Bassi, and which he retained until his death. Among his other key works from this period are Helsinki Old Church in Kamppi completed in 1826. He designed the first theater of Helsinki, Engels Teater, in 1827, though this was a rather modest building. He was also responsible for the new city plan for Turku after most of it was wiped out by the Great Fire of Turku in 1827.

Engel died on 14 May 1840 in Helsinki.

title: Carl Ludvig Engel


text:
Henry Cobham

Henry Cobham may refer to:

 * Henry de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham (1260–1339), English peer
 * Henry Cobham (diplomat) (1537–1592), English MP for Kent
 * Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham (1564–1618), English peer

title: Henry Cobham


text:
List of administrative divisions of Liaoning

Liaoning, a province of the People's Republic of China, is made up of the following three levels of administrative division.

Administrative divisions
All of these administrative divisions are explained in greater detail at Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China. This chart lists only prefecture-level and county-level divisions of Liaoning.


text:
Talk:Simeon II of Bulgaria

On Simeon's return to Bulgaria
The official biography at http://www.government.bg/English/PrimeMinister/Biography/ has Simeon return to Bulgaria in 1996. --Palnatoke 18:39, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * He didn't return, he only came on a recognizance mision. Ditto in 1999. It was in 2001 that he came "for good"(?). --Vladko 16:08, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Debate
Isn't he the ONLY prime minister never to have taken part in a debate? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.116.139.141 (talk • contribs) 06:42, 4 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I doubt Robert Walpole took part in election debates. I have amended the sentence. Adam 4 July 2005 06:57 (UTC)

 * This is ridiculous. The question is-since there have been debates shown on TV, has there ever been another prime minister who has not taken part in a debate? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.116.139.141 (talk • contribs) 16:18, 4 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I think not. If anyone can show me an example... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.116.139.141 (talk • contribs) 19:37, 4 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I want to ask the person who non-stop erases THE FACT that simeon has never taken part ina debate:why do you do it?IT'S TRUE. anonymous from bulgaria —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.200.15.141 (talk • contribs) 09:36, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * TO THE GUY WHO ERASES THE THING ABOUT THE DEBATES:
 * If you don't believe call every media in Bulgaria you want!They'll tell you!And why don't you answer when I ask you?Where are you from,North Korea???-Anonymous from BG —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.200.15.141 (talk • contribs) 17:16, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey,what are you some kind of Idiots? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.200.15.141 (talk • contribs) 20:33, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Page location
I'm wondering - is the current page location appropriate. Two points: 1) generally naming standard is to use the highest title someone attained, even if they cease to hold it. Thus Juliana of the Netherlands was there during her life, not at Princess Juliana of the Netherlands.  2) My understanding was that in Bulgaria, he is normally called "King Simeon" or "the King" in everyday speech. I think this page ought to be at Simeon II of Bulgaria. john k 4 July 2005 15:44 (UTC)

 * First of all, Simeon is not a king. The title of Bulgarian and Russian monarchs is called "tsar". About the second issue-Simeon is a typical Bulgarian name. Do you know other monarchs from other countries carrying the same name? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.116.139.141 (talk • contribs) 16:18, 4 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Who has written the above anonymous comment?

 * Anyway, John, I have had nothing to do with this particuar naming decision, but I can understand it from the viewpoint that Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Simeon Sakskoburggotski) is how he recently has wanted to be known. And it is used of him - as a Prime Minister, etc. Very similar case as Michael Ancram. This is also basically because he is alive. (I have no doubt that after his death, he will go to the heading fitting to the kingship... - and possibly also if he himself decides to be known again as former monarch, not as politician, when living.) I am quite ready to give a living person's own wishes some weight. Personally, I regard that surname as artificial and bad form. I think that as monarch, he should not have a surname, and as politician, he should have made a more elegant choice. But those are my thoughts, and they do not change how he is known, nor how he wants to be known. Juliana in both roles had clearly been an easy case, as our readers do not generally know that the heading gives signals - a heading Juliana of The Netherlands is an easy place also for someone who wants to find a princess of that name Actually, thinking of a reader's viewpoint, these conflicts about headings are a bit ridiculous, sort of bureaucratizing that fits to archchamberlain-etiquettemasters, but actually the rules of headings are intended basically to pre-empt conflicts between articles crowding into same place, and to help disambiguate re anonymous commentator's points, Simeon is basically a biblical name, as usual in Bulgaria as in many other countries. The title difference Tsar - King has no bearing in the heading, as none of those will be written in the heading. Explanation of such belongs to the text of the article, where there is sufficient space to explain both titles. 217.140.193.123 4 July 2005 17:22 (UTC)

 * As long as he is prime minister the page should be here. Once he leaves office he should be referred to as King of Bulgaria as per standard naming conventions. Fear ÉIREANN[[Image:Flag of Ireland.svg|25px]] (talk) 4 July 2005 21:20 (UTC)

 * Well, I bet this will happen next week since he is going to get his ass kicked directly to Madrid from where he came!-Bulgarian citizen 5 July 2005 11:13 EET —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.116.139.141 (talk • contribs) 08:14, 5 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually I think he should be listed as Simeon Sakskoburggotski while he is active as a politician, then revert to Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria after his death. Adam 05:20, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

The right thing to refer to him is as 'Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha' since he is of German origin and he is not an active monarch. It would be closest to the truth. And it is true that he hasn't participated in debates. Why do you erase it?-Spartan,Bulgaria —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.50.17.121 (talk • contribs) 17:58, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Stupid anonymous party-political edits will be reverted. Adam 23:59, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Absolutely. We are debating what name to use for him. If you want to mount personalised rants against the former prime minister and king, join a political party or write to newspapers. Don't write them in encyclopædias. FearÉIREANN[[Image:Ireland coa.png|15px]]\(caint) 00:23, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I think I made it clear about the name. Why are you not talking about this then? And why do you think you're competent enough to say that the information is untrue? You can read, for example, an interview with politician Sergei Stanishev of May 18, 2005 in which he comments on the issue.-Spartan, Bulgaria —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.50.17.121 (talk • contribs) 06:21, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Can someone clarify what is going in Bulgaria? Who, today, 1 August, is Prime Minister? Was Stanishev ever sworn in as PM? Has Sakskoburggotski resigned or is he still in office? Adam 07:22, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, Stanishev was sworn as Prime Minister, but the proposed cabinet hadn't yet undergone a vote. The National Union Attack locked away three of their deputies who had voted in favour of Stanishev, and so the cabinet was voted 117 'in favour' and 119 'against'. So, now it's up to the second largest party-NMS II to create a cabinet. As far as Sakskoburggotski is concerned, he de facto remains Prime Minister until a new Cabinet is formed. Generally, that's all.-Spartan, Bulgaria 18:18, 3 August 2005 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.50.17.121 (talk • contribs) 15:19, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Can someone explain why Sakskoburggotski has not been a candidate for the National Assembly at either this election or the previous one? Can one be PM of Bulgaria without being elected to the legislature? Adam 12:29, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Dear Adam,
 * I'm afraid everyone in Bulgaria is asking this question. However, no one has dared to answer it, and, very surprisingly, the media also haven't raised it. Sakskoburggotski also refused to participate in debates, although he was invited by several political leaders. When a journalists asks the members of the party over these issues, they just smile and say "Uh...The time will come" or sth. like that. As of your second question-yes, one can be Prime Minister without having been elected to the parliament. This in order to make it possible for people who are not related to any party to become members of the government. - Deyan from Bulgaria —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.50.17.121 (talk • contribs) 14:06, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for that. I have placed full results of the election at oblast level at my website if anyone is interested. Can someone in Bulgaria help me? The oblast of Sofia-Grad is divided into three districts for electoral purposes. Can someone direct me to a map showing those districts? Adam 00:53, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

For some reason Adam has deleted references to the Bulgarian Royal Family being in line to the British throne, because they are "not on the page" of the order of succession. The order of succession to the British throne does not END at the bottom of the Wikipedia page - there are some 4000 people on the list, and the Bulgarian Royal Family ARE in the line of succession, and there should be mention of it in Wikipedia. Rhyddfrydol 21:10, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Presuambly we should therefore add such a box to every biographical article at Wikipedia, since logically the entire human race is somewhere in the order of succession to the British throne - and indeed all the other thrones as well. This is absurd, and I will continue to delete absurdities. Adam 00:31, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * It is not absurd - King Simeon and the Bulgarian Royal Family are direct decendants of Electoress Sophia - and this should be recognised. Rhyddfrydol 18:51, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Why? In 2001 Boris was 2,805th in line of succession to the British throne. By now he's probably about 3,000th in line. I think this meets any reasonable definition of unimportant information. Adam 00:11, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I would agree that the succession information does not need to appear on the page, but the idea that the "entire human race" is in the line of succession is just plain wrong. Under British and Commonwealth law, the line of succession comprises the non-Catholic descendants of Sophia, mother of George I. It therefore contains a finite number of people, so that it would indeed be a fairly simple (if time-consuming and rather tedious) thing if Wikipedia decided it wanted to mark every heir to the British throne as such on their page.

Referendum for abolition of monarchy
There is a weird term used for the referendum - "rigged". Webster says it means "equipped with sails", and I can hardly apply such a term to a person (though ships are referred as "she" :-)). So am going to remove it.

I have heard about "dispute" whether the referendum was correct, fair, etc. The problem for me is that all those were coming from people losing a lot on such a change - the royal family (obviously), former politicians (more or less puppet under Boris III reign), and people otherwise affected by communist regime (seizure of land/property). However I have never heard about real facts, as we are hearing them now.

I fully agree the regime was not very democratic at that time but the problem is that royal family was who put Bulgaria in so called First and Second National Disasters (1st: Balkan/WW I; 2nd: WW II). So the nation being tired of externally pushed royal family seems quite reasonable. And I am well aware that in the school I was taught "official" communist tweaked history.

Back to the question - who can provide any real facts (not POV) on this referendum? I think importance of it is big enough to be worth few more words. Thanks, Goldie (tell me) 09:10, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

 * In reply: You should buy a new dictionary. "Rig: to manage or manipulate in some fraudulent or underhand manner." (Shorter Oxford). Which is what communist regimes in eastern europe did with both elections and referendums in the postwar years. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Adam Carr (talk • contribs) 10:02, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Dear Mr. Unsigned, are you assuming such behavior as a direct consequence of them being communist regimes in general, or you have some specific facts about Bulgarian referendum? I would be grateful if you direct me to them. BTW: are you selling dictionaries? The fact that I do not know your language does not automatically mean I am stupid. 10x, Goldie (tell me) 15:08, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

 * If you "do not know [our] language," perhaps it would be better not to make corrections on the basis of your limited knowledge of it.

 * As to the substantive question, is "rigged" an accurate way to describe the referendum? I am not knowledgeable enough about this subject to say for sure.  I would strongly suspect it was rigged, which is not to say that the monarchy wouldn't have lost anyway.  But I have no specific knowledge.  For now, we should simply say that supporters of the monarchy have generally said that the referendum was rigged, since we don't know whether or not this is factually true. john k 15:59, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems that Adam is venting his frustration on other Wikipedians, and lacking facts is abusing the discussion. Yes, sweetheart, I do have Oxford dictionary (both Student & Advanced, and am reading it rather often) at home but right now am travelling abroad and have access only to online Webster (how many words do you know in Bulgarian?). However I do understand Wikipedia as information source and not as an essay in High English, or a display of self-esteem.
 * Thank you for the calm answer, John. As I wrote, it is interesting to collect some information on this subject. I've posted already same question on Bulgarian Wikipedia. If I get an answer there I will integrate it here. -- Goldie (tell me) 23:26, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

Adam 00:17, 23 November 2005 (UTC)
 * My apologies for not signing my earlier posting.
 * I don't know any Bulgarian, which is why I don't presume to edit the Bulgarian Wikipedia. If Bulgarians choose to edit the English Wikipedia, they must expect their English to be corrected.
 * Your stupid sarcasm is quite unnecessary and unhelpful.

 * I was born after the referendum so I cannot claim either that it was "rigged" (I know the meaning of this word) or not. From what I have read in the contemporary newspapers, I can see that there were no political forces calling for the preservation of monarchy, and that there were Western observers in the country. Moreover, almost simultaneously a similar referendum was held in Italy (another defeated Axis country). The result was that Simeon's relatives lost the Italian throne, and not even they claim that the referendum was "rigged".--Vladko 05:18, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * As I said, I would not be surprised if the monarchy would have lost a fair election. But that does not mean that the election in Bulgaria was fair.  The western powers had no especial interest in kicking out Umberto II.  His defeat was clearly a result of the repugnance felt by many in Italy at the House of Savoy's collaboration with the Fascists.  On the other hand, the Bulgarian monarchy was much less tainted by associated with the Nazis.  At the same time, there were Soviet troops in Bulgaria, and the Soviets (and their Communist allies) were very keen to get rid of the monarchy, and not known to be scrupulous about respecting democratic rights to self-determination.  Whether or not a majority of the Bulgarian population supported the monarchy (as I said, I have no idea, and it seems probably that they did not), it seems highly unlikely to me that the Soviets and their Bulgarian communist allies would really have left the decision in the people's hands. And one can certainly rig an election one was going to win anyway. john k 05:24, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Template
This is extremely ugly: Born: 16 June 1937; Died: Living  Someone should fix the template so that it doesn't say "Died" when someone is still alive. Adam 22:53, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Title
Per Wikipedia:Naming conventions (names and titles)#Monarchical titles, Section 7, the correct article title should be Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha until his death. Upon death, the article title should be changed to Simeon II of Bulgaria. He's alive and well :) Any objections? The name Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is well-known and widely used, although he's indeed more often called Simeon II, and that's why I'd like to discuss the move first. Todor→Bozhinov 14:03, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * You concede that he is more well-known as Simeon II. I feel the same as it currently stands is fine. Charles 16:21, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

CleanupConfusing
Someone who knows more about this should separate more on the post-Prime-Minister (Defeat) phase of Simeon II's career. Cwolfsheep 02:15, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Fix the featured article blurb
In the feature blurb on the main page it says he is THE ONLY monarch to regain power through democratic means but in the article itself it says he is ONE OF ONLY A FEW. Please fix it.L0b0t 15:45, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Not sure he's "one of a few". I don't know if Napoleon III counts, really. If I recall correctly, he was president and then monarch (Emperor). That's quite different than the other way around. Have I erred? I don't really know much about Cambodian rulers. I'll have a peek though. -- LV (Dark Mark)  20:32, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The article on Norodom Sihanouk is pretty clear but mainly I was just hoping to get some agreement between article and featured blurb.L0b0t 23:57, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Threw me at first, too, but then I realized it was OK. (And it wasn't a Featured Article, it was an On This Date. ;-)) The text said that he was the only monarch to regain power by election to a different office, which disambiguates his situation from both Sihanouk (re-elected King) and Napoleon III (elected first, emperor later). I think this list ignores people like Emperor Bokassa, though. --Dhartung | Talk 00:08, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * You learn something new every day. Thanks for taking the time to help. L0b0t 03:20, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * De nada! Just for completeness's sake, I ran a Google search on "regnal titles" and "political offices" (the headings for succession boxes) and found Zog of Albania, Alexander of Bulgaria, Napoleon I, Sir George Young, 6th Baronet, and Henry VIII of England. (There may be a few more that don't have boxes.) Zog is the most interesting case. But Simeon remains unique as defined above. --Dhartung | Talk 04:10, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Age at ascension
"Simeon II of Bulgaria or Simeon of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (born June 16, 1937) is a Bulgarian politician and former king, as the last Tsar of Bulgaria from 1943 to 1946. "

listen, i don't know anything about this guy, but doesn't it looks strange that he was tzar during WWII at the age of 6!?!?. expecially that he was PM just a couple of years ago. please make sure this data is correct. tnks84.94.98.27 08:31, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * As Simeon's father Boris III of Bulgaria died in 1943, Simeon did indeed become Tsar at the age of six. I am pretty sure that Bulgaria's was under the rule of regents, but Simeon was "The Tsar". Prsgodd e ss187 11:12, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Take a look at this 1943 Bulgarian bank note :-) - Evv 21:48, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Renaming of this article to Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
Please see the guidelines on naming of ex-monarchs here.

Specifically, Rule #7 which states:
 * "Former or deposed monarchs should be referred to by their previous monarchical title with the exception of those who are still alive and are most commonly referred to by a non-monarchial title; all former or deposed monarchs should revert to their previous monarchical title upon death; for example, Constantine II of Greece not ex-King Constantine II or Constantine Gluckberg, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom not the Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, but Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha not Simeon II of Bulgaria."

You will see I have placed in bold the relevant section, but please read the rules in detail if you have reservations about my proposal. I am going to be bold and do this as I think its the correct course of action, based on pre-existing guidelines and also common sense. --SandyDancer 14:15, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

This is a sad, sad day. Just look at what his Party's called, maybe then you'll see how he is better known.--Couter-revolutionary 14:39, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Seems he's known as several things, but he certainly isn't a King, is he? --SandyDancer 16:37, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * At least do a move right when you do it. You didn't even move the talk page. Charles 18:05, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry. I am relatively new to Wikipedia and this was the first time I carried out a move. --SandyDancer 18:24, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The move page features a check box to include the talk page in the move. I wouldn't worry too much because there have been worse cases (masses of triple/quadruple redirects with talk pages redirecting to other talk pages). I'm going to revert the move of this page and try to move it all as one thing. Charles 00:55, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I tried and couldn't. SD, you should contact an administrator and explain the situation and ask for him to match the talk page to the article. Charles 01:01, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Simeon II of Bulgaria


text:
Tarnobrzeg County

Tarnobrzeg County (powiat tarnobrzeski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, south-eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Tarnobrzeg, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The only towns in Tarnobrzeg County are Nowa Dęba, which lies 18 km south of Tarnobrzeg, and Baranów Sandomierski, 15 km south-west of Tarnobrzeg.

The county covers an area of 520.02 km2. As of 2019 its total population is 53,115, of which the population of Nowa Dęba is 11,152, that of Baranów Sandomierski is 1,456, and the rural population is 40,507.

Neighbouring counties
Apart from the city of Tarnobrzeg, Tarnobrzeg County is also bordered by Sandomierz County to the north, Stalowa Wola County to the east, Kolbuszowa County and Mielec County to the south, and Staszów County to the west.

Administrative division
The county is subdivided into four gminas (two urban-rural and two rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

title: Tarnobrzeg County


text:
User talk:Btdansby

ClockworkTroll 18:40, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi. I've moved the content you posted at "Bennett Taylor Dansby" to User:Btdansby, which is the standard place for Wikipedians to introduce themselves. If that was not your intent, you may want to review Auto-biography, What is an article, and Votes_for_deletion. One of your other edits seems to indicate you might want to review Copyrights as well. If you have any questions, please feel free to respond on my Talk page. Niteowlneils 21:59, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Btdansby


text:
Cascia

Cascia is a town and comune (municipality) of the Italian province of Perugia in a rather remote area of the mountainous southeastern corner of Umbria. It is about 21 km from Norcia on the road to Rieti in the Lazio (63 km). It is also very close to Terni.

History
The modern territory of Cascia was the home of the Roman settlement of Carsulae, destroyed in the 1st century BC by an earthquake. In the Middle Ages it was sacked by the Byzantines and the Lombards, and was later a fief of the Trinci family. It was occupied by Papal troops in the 15th century, and thenceforth it was a Papal town until the unification of Italy in 1860.

Cascia was the home of Saint Rita of Cascia, who was born in the nearby frazione of Roccaporena in 1381 and died there in 1457. After her canonization in 1900, a large shrine, with the Basilica of Santa Rita da Cascia, was built in Cascia, which is still an important place of pilgrimage; and the house where she was born may still be visited.

The town also is home to the frescoed 14th-century church of Sant’Antonio Abate.

Frazioni
Atri, Avendita, Buda, Castel San Giovanni, Castel Santa Maria, Cerasola, Chiavano, Civita, Colforcella, Collegiacone, Colmotino, Coronella, Fogliano, Logna, Maltignano, Ocosce, Onelli, Opagna, Poggio Primocaso, Roccaporena, San Giorgio, Santa Anatolia, Trognano, Villa San Silvestro, Santa Trinità, Fustagna, Piandoli, Giappiedi, Capanne di Collegiacone, Sciedi, Valdonica, Capanne di Roccaporena, Tazzo, Manigi, Serviglio, Colle Santo Stefano, Puro, Palmaiolo.

title: Cascia


text:
Category:Firefighters

Firefighters control and extinguish fires or respond to emergency situations where life, property, or the environment is at risk. Duties may include fire prevention, emergency medical service, hazardous material response, search and rescue, and disaster management.

title: Category:Firefighters


text:
Talk:Johannes Semper

Untitled
What does 'old style' mean for his date of birth? Should this not link to an article describing what it means? --KayEss 18:42, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Johannes Semper


text:
Rzeszów County

Rzeszów County (powiat rzeszowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, south-eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Rzeszów, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains six towns: Dynów, 28 km south-east of Rzeszów, Boguchwała, 8 km south-west of Rzeszów, Głogów Małopolski, 16 km north of Rzeszów, Sokołów Małopolski, 24 km north of Rzeszów, Tyczyn, 8 km south of Rzeszów, and Błażowa, 17 km south-east of Rzeszów.

The county covers an area of 1218.8 km2. As of 2019 its total population is 168,614, out of which the population of Boguchwała is 6,179, that of Głogów Małopolski is 6,654, that of Sokołów Małopolski is 4,193, that of Tyczyn is 3,824, that of Błażowa is 2,139, and the rural population is 139,496.

Neighbouring counties
Apart from the city of Rzeszów, Rzeszów County is also bordered by Nisko County to the north, Leżajsk County to the north-east, Łańcut County, Przeworsk County and Przemyśl County to the east, Brzozów County to the south, Strzyżów County to the south-west, Ropczyce-Sędziszów County to the west, and Kolbuszowa County to the north-west.

Administrative division
The county is subdivided into 14 gminas (one urban, five urban-rural and eight rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

title: Rzeszów County


text:
Nigel Heseltine

Nigel Heseltine (3 July 1916 – 1995) was an English author of travel books, short stories, plays, and poetry, as well as an agronomist for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Biography
Heseltine was born in London in 1916, the son of composer Philip Heseltine, better known as Peter Warlock. His mother is often reported to be Philip Heseltine's wife, Minnie Lucy Channing, an occasional model for Augustus John, nicknamed "Puma". His birth was not registered until 1930. However, in his memoir Capriol for Mother, Heseltine states that his mother was a Swiss woman, a friend of Juliette Huxley. There is no record of his birth in the hospital where it allegedly took place, and for the first year of his life he was raised by foster-parents. He spent most of his childhood in Wales with Warlock's mother and Welsh stepfather at Cefn Bryntalch, Llandyssil, and attended Shrewsbury School.

In 1937 he travelled on foot across Albania and wrote of his experience in Scarred Background. In 1938 he married Natalia Borisovna Galitzine or Galitzina, an aristocrat in Budapest. He married four more times. During World War II he was in Dublin, working as a playwright for the Olympia Theatre company of Shelagh Richards (1903–1985).

In the 1950s he was based in Rome working as an agronomist for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. During this time he travelled widely across Africa, eventually settling in Madagascar for twelve years, and then on Rodrigues as Resident Commissioner. Later he wrote several books about Africa, including From Libyan Sands to Chad (an account of crossing the Sahara) and Madagascar.

Towards the end of his career he was employed by the Department of Aboriginal Affairs of Western Australia, travelling extensively in the Outback. He retired in Perth, where he died in 1995.

Works

 * Scarred Background (a Journey Through Albania) (1938)
 * Violent Rain: a Poem The Latin Press (1938)
 * The Four-Walled Dream: Poems The Fortune Press (1941)
 * Dafydd ap Gwilym, Selected poems (1944, Cuala Press) translator
 * Tales of the Squirearchy, Druid Press, 1946
 * The Mysterious Pregnancy: a novel (published as Inconstant Lady in the U.S.A.) 1953
 * From Libyan Sands to Chad (1959)
 * Remaking Africa (1961)
 * Twenty-five Poems, Dafydd ap Gwilym (1968, Piers Press, reprint of 1944 book) translator
 * Madagascar (1971)
 * Capriol for Mother (1992), a memoir of Peter Warlock and his family by his son
 * A Day's Pleasure and Other Tales (2023), reprint of Tales of the Squirearchy and previously unpublished or uncollected stories

title: Nigel Heseltine


text:
Runesocesius

Runesocesius was a deity whose name appears on an inscription from the region of Évora, the Roman Ebora in modern Portugal in the area inhabited by the Celtici in Lusitania. He has generally been thought of as a Lusitanian god.

Discovery & interpretation
At the close of the 19th Century, a Roman dedication was discovered and examined by Portuguese archaeologists near Évora. The inscription was in Latin and read SANCTRVNESOCESIOSACRVGLIC ... QVINTCINV ... BALS. In a paper submitted to the French Société des Antiquaires this was interpreted as Sancto Runeso Cesio Sacrum G. Licinius Quinctinus Balsensis: a dedication by Gaius Licinius Quinctinus of Balsa to a previously unknown god, Runesus Cesius. The name was interpreted as Celtic, with "Cesius" an allograph for gaesius and hence deriving from the roots *runa- and *gaiso- meaning "the Mysterious One of the Javelin (or Spear)"

An alternative reading, as a single word Runesocesius, was proposed by J M Blazquez-Martinez in the light of the element -eso- being a recurring one in Lusitanian names.

Significance
Blazquez-Martinez also observed that whereas there were large numbers of deities recorded in the Northern Lusitanian and Gallaecian regions, only the names of Endovelicus, Ataegina and Runesocesius appeared in the South, beyond the Tagus river, which some have supposed must have meant particular importance was attached to these three. The character of the Celtici and other peoples in this region and their affiliation as Lusitanian, Celtic or Tartessian/Turdetanian remain a complex issue. The name itself and its meaning remain subject to interpretation. C. Licinius Quinctinus' home in Balsa lay further South in what was, while part of the Roman province of Lusitania, outside the area of Lusitanian epigraphy and Lusitanian-Gallaecian theonyms, in the Tartessian or Turdetanian speaking part of the Iberian Peninsula. Runesocesius could therefore be seen as significant to the Lusitanians, Celtiberians or Turdetani, or to all three.

title: Runesocesius


text:
Sucellus

In Gallo-Roman religion, Sucellus or Sucellos was a god shown carrying a large mallet (or hammer) and an olla (or barrel). Originally a Celtic god, his cult flourished not only among Gallo-Romans, but also to some extent among the neighbouring peoples of Raetia and Britain. He has been associated with agriculture and wine, particularly in the territory of the Aedui.

Sculptures
He is usually portrayed as a middle-aged bearded man wearing a wolf-skin, with a long-handled hammer, or perhaps a beer barrel suspended from a pole. His companion Nantosuelta is sometimes depicted alongside him. When together, they are accompanied by symbols associated with prosperity and domesticity.

In a well-known relief from Sarrebourg, near Metz, Nantosuelta, wearing a long gown, is standing to the left. In her left hand she holds a small house-shaped object with two circular holes and a peaked roof – perhaps a dovecote – on a long pole. Her right hand holds a patera which she is tipping onto a cylindrical altar. To the right Sucellus stands, bearded, in a tunic with a cloak over his right shoulder. He holds his mallet in his right hand and an olla in his left. Above the figures is a dedicatory inscription and below them in very low relief is a raven. This sculpture was dated by Reinach, from the form of the letters, to the end of the first century or start of the second century.

Inscriptions
At least eleven inscriptions to Sucellus are known, mostly from Gaul. One (RIB II, 3/2422.21) is from Eboracum (modern York) in Britain.

In an inscription from Augusta Rauricorum (modern Augst), Sucellus is identified with Silvanus:

 * In honor(em) /
 * d(omus) d(ivinae) deo Su/
 * cello Silv(ano) /
 * Spart(us) l(ocus) d(atus) d(ecreto) d(ecurionum)

The syncretism of Sucellus with Silvanus can also be seen in artwork from Narbonensis.

Roles and Duties
In Italy, Silvanus was said to protect forests and fields. He presided over the boundaries of properties, together with a host of local silvani, three for each property. These were the silvanus of the home, the silvanus of the fields, and the silvanus of the boundaries. Silvanus also takes care of flocks, guaranteeing their fertility and protecting them from wolves, which is why he often wears the skin of a wolf. When moving north into Gaul, Silvanus was syncretically merged with Sucellus to form the conflated Sucellus-Silvanus. It was Sucellus who carried the mallet and bowl. It has been suggested that the mallet was for construction and the erection of fence-posts (establishing boundaries), but this is far from certain. Green claims that Sucellus may also relate to a chthonic deity, especially in maintain boundaries between the living and dead.

Etymology
In Gaulish, the root cellos can be interpreted as 'striker', derived from Proto-Indo-European *-kel-do-s whence also come Latin per-cellere ('striker'), Greek klao ('to break') and Lithuanian kálti ('to hammer, to forge'). The prefix su- means 'good' or 'well' and is found in many Gaulish personal names. Sucellus is therefore commonly translated as 'the good striker.'

An alternate etymology is offered by Celticist Blanca María Prósper, who posits a derivative of the Proto-Indo-European root *kel- ‘to protect’, i.e. *su-kel-mó(n) "having a good protection" or *su-kel-mṇ-, an agentive formation meaning "protecting well, providing good protection", with a thematic derivative built on the oblique stem, *su-kel-mn-o- (and subsequent simplification and assimilation of the sonorant cluster and a secondary full grade of the root). Prósper suggests the name would then be comparable to the Indic personal name Suśarman-, found in Hindu mythology.

title: Sucellus


text:
User talk:GoingRampant

User talk:GoingRampant/archive

title: User talk:GoingRampant


text: Category:Union County, Oregon

title: Category:Union County, Oregon