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Papatoetoe

Papatoetoe is a suburb in Auckland, New Zealand. It is the largest suburb in Auckland by population and is located to the northwest of Manukau Central, and 18 kilometres southeast of Auckland CBD.

Papatoetoe was traditionally an important area for Tāmaki Māori, who used a waka portage between the Tāmaki River and Waokauri Creek to reach the Manukau Harbour, as an alternative to the Ōtāhuhu portage to the north. The area developed as a farming community in the 19th century, and grew significantly in the 1950s and 1960s after the Auckland Southern Motorway was constructed. Papatoetoe is now known for its significant population of Indian New Zealanders.

Etymology
Papatoetoe means "grounds where toetoe grows", referring to species of Austroderia grasses that traditionally grew in the area. The name Papatoetoe was first used by English settlers from the 1850s onwards. The spelling Papatoitoi was common in English in the 19th century, and was gradually replaced with Papatoetoe after the local post office began using this spelling.

Geology

Papatoetoe is low-lying flat area in South Auckland, located south of the Auckland isthmus and east of the Māngere peninsula. Some features of the Auckland volcanic field can be found around Papatoetoe, including Kohuora, a tuff ring that erupted an estimated 34,000 years ago, becoming a wetland after the crater gradually filled with water and sediment, and Crater Hill, which erupted an estimated 30,000 years ago. The low-lying volcanic features of South Auckland were collectively known by the name Nga Tapuwae a Mataoho ("The Sacred Footprints of Mataoho") to Tāmaki Māori peoples, referring to the deity who was involved in their creation.

Papatoetoe is a flat area between the catchments of the Manukau Harbour in the west and the Tāmaki River to the north-east. Major waterways in the area include the Waokauri Creek, the Puhinui Creek to the south, and the north-flowing Tāmaki River and Ōtara Creek.

The area was forested before human occupation, and by the 1840s was covered in a mix of fern and scrub, including plants such as kānuka, mānuka and toetoe.

Māori history

The first evidence of Tāmaki Māori in the coastal Manukau Harbour area comes from the 14th century, with evidence of the first settlements later in the 15th century. Papatoetoe formed an important part of the Waokauri / Pūkaki portage, connecting the Manukau Harbour and Tāmaki River, and was often used by Tāmaki Māori to avoid the Te Tō Waka and Karetu portages, controlled by the people who lived at Ōtāhuhu / Mount Richmond. Papatoetoe is within the traditional rohe of Waiohua, including the modern Tainui/Waiohua iwi Te Ākitai Waiohua. A Te Ākitai whakatauki (proverb) defines the boundaries of Papatoetoe:

"'Kohuora ki te uru, Tāmaki moana ki uta, he toetoe hei tipare ki waenganui' 'Kohuora to the west, the shores of the Tāmaki River and a head dress of toetoe in the middle'."

Compared to other parts of Tāmaki Makaurau (the Auckland Region), there are few fortified pā sites in Papatoetoe due to the flat land. There is one known pā in the Papatoetoe area, at Cemetery Crater (Hillside South Park). The pā is known by the name Te Pā-o-te-tū-tahi-atu, a name that describes the pā as temporary, due to the surrounding flat landscape not being ideal for fortifications.

The Waokauri / Pūkaki portage was actively used during the early colonial era until the 1860s, as a way to transport goods to Papatoetoe.

Colonial era

In January 1836 missionary William Thomas Fairburn brokered a land sale between Tāmaki Māori chiefs, Pōtatau Te Wherowhero and Turia of Ngāti Te Rau, covering the majority of modern-day South Auckland between Ōtāhuhu and Papakura. The sale was envisioned as a way to end hostilities in the area, but it is unclear what the chiefs understood or consented to. Māori continued to live in South Auckland, unchanged by this sale. Fairburn was criticised for the sheer size of the purchase, and in 1842 the Crown significantly reduced the size of his land holdings, and the Crown partitioned much of the land for European settlers.

In April 1851, the Tāmaki Bridge was constructed along the Great South Road, spurring growth in the Papatoetoe area. In 1855 the road was metalled, and coach services to Auckland began in 1857 when the road reached as far south as Drury. European settlers began settling in the area from the 1850s, primarily Scottish and Irish Presbyterians. The area was sparsely populated, featuring large country houses such as Hillside, Puhi Nui and Papahinu. The first St Johns Presbyterian Church was built in 1855 (later replaced by wooden Gothic and brick churches). In 1861, Governor George Grey ordered the construction of the Great South Road further into the Waikato, to improve supply lines through swampy and thickly forested country, prior to the Invasion of the Waikato. On 9 July 1863, due to fears of the Māori King Movement, Governor Grey proclaimed that all Māori living in the South Auckland area needed to swear loyalty to the Queen and give up their weapons. Most people refused due to strong links to Tainui, leaving for the south. During this time, the Te Ākitai Waiohua rangatira Īhaka Takaanini was arrested and died on Rakino Island. After the war, the Crown confiscated 1.2 million acres of Māori land around the Waikato, including Waiohua land in South Auckland.

The first local government in the area was the Papatoitoi Highway District, which was defined in 1865 and began meeting from in 1868. In 1875, the Papatoetoe railway station opened, connecting Papatoetoe to Auckland in the north. The new township began developing around the railway station, and by the 1880s dairy farming had become popular in the area.

Suburban growth

Housing estates began developing in Papatoetoe in the early 1900s, primarily to the east of the railway station. These included the Kolmar Estate (1903), Central Estate (1912), the Ideal Estate (1913), Llanforda Estate (1913), Station Estate (1913), and the Green Park Estate (1914). By 1911, the population of Papatoetoe had doubled to 400 people. In March 1912, a temporary military camp was established for the 3rd (Auckland) Regiment at Puhinui.

In 1918, a public hall was constructed for Papatoetoe, and in the following year growth in the area meant that Papatoetoe became a town district. Papatoetoe became one of the fastest growing areas of Auckland in the 1920s, and a second commercial area began to develop in Papatoetoe, at the motor bus service terminus on Great South Road, near the Hunter's tearooms, which developed into Hunters Corner. During the Great Depression, growth slowed in Papatoetoe, and the area became known for poultry farming. In 1929, the Waitemata Brewery opened near Papatoetoe, operated by the Dominion Brewery.

During World War II, the Cambria Park estate was requisitioned by the Public Works Department, who constructed a military camp for 6,000 troops from the United States Army. Middlemore Hospital opened in 1947, intended as a temporary military hospital, later becoming permanent.

Papatoetoe grew large enough to become a borough in 1946. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the Māori Affairs Department of the New Zealand Government encouraged growth in the Papatoetoe area, leading to an influx of Urban Māori moving from rural areas of the country.

The development of the Auckland Southern Motorway led to an explosion in the population of Papatoetoe, with the population increasing four times in the post-World War II period. The motorway opened between Ellerslie and Redoubt Road in 1955. In 1958, the first modern supermarket in New Zealand was opened in Papatoetoe, by Tom Ah Chee, Norm Kent and John Brown, and in 1962 Nestlé opened a factory at Cambria Park in Papatoetoe, becoming a major employer in the area.

Papatoetoe became a city in 1965, and was amalgamated into Manukau City in 1989. In 1991, the Hunters Plaza mall was opened. Population growth had mostly ceased and remained stagnant throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, however a significant increase in population occurred after 2006 due to high rates of immigration and changes to the Auckland Unitary Plan allowing more intensive infill housing on large sections. Papatoetoe has the unofficial title of Auckland's Little India, with 40 percent of the suburb's population being of Indian ethnicity according to the 2018 census.

Local government
The first local government in the area was the Papatoitoi Highway District, which was defined in 1865. This was succeeded by the Papatoetoe Town Board in 1919. In 1946, population growth led to Papatoetoe becoming a borough, and by 1965 Papatoetoe became a city. With the local government reforms of 1989, Papatoetoe was amalgamated into the Manukau City. In November 2010, all cities and districts of the Auckland Region were amalgamated into a single body, governed by the Auckland Council. The old Papatoetoe City Council building is at 91 Cambridge Terrace, Papatoetoe.

Papatoetoe is a part of the Ōtara-Papatoetoe local board, who elect members to the Ōtara-Papatoetoe Local Board, as well as two Manukau ward councillors who sit on the Auckland Council.

Demographics
Papatoetoe covers 11.34 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, the suburb had a smaller boundary, covering 11.10 km2. Using that boundary, Papatoetoe had a population of 43,599 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 5,361 people (14.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 9,411 people (27.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 11,469 households, comprising 22,248 males and 21,354 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.04 males per female, with 9,288 people (21.3%) aged under 15 years, 12,051 (27.6%) aged 15 to 29, 18,405 (42.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 3,852 (8.8%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 19.8% European/Pākehā, 12.7% Māori, 29.1% Pacific peoples, 50.1% Asian, and 2.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 51.6, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 17.9% had no religion, 36.4% were Christian, 1.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 18.2% were Hindu, 6.4% were Muslim, 2.3% were Buddhist and 12.5% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 6,060 (17.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 6,120 (17.8%) people had no formal qualifications. 2,910 people (8.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 17,913 (52.2%) people were employed full-time, 4,278 (12.5%) were part-time, and 1,593 (4.6%) were unemployed.

Papatoetoe Town Centre
In early 2009 planning began to revitalise the town centre in the St. George Street area. The plan envisaged new apartment buildings and nearby sports facilities bringing more business to the area, which had struggled due to competition from shopping malls.

Hunter's Corner
Hunter's Corner has become a popular shopping area for shoppers of Indian origin. Hunter's Corner accounts for 60 retail outlets of which about 40 have some form of Indian flavour.

Hunter's Corner used to be a notorious area for prostitution in the early 2000s due to it being relatively safer compared to similar town centres in South Auckland, however prostitution has largely disappeared in recent times after strong opposition from local residents.

Hunters Plaza
The Hunters Plaza shopping mall opened in 1991 and was upgraded in 2015. It features 47 stores, including Kmart and Countdown.

Transport
Papatoetoe contains two train stations within the suburban limits. These include the Papatoetoe railway station situated in Old Papatoetoe and nearby Puhinui railway station situated in Puhinui Road. Both the Eastern Line and the Southern Line services both train stations. During peak times there is a train approximately every 5 minutes heading towards Britomart. It takes approximately 30 minutes from Papatoetoe railway station into Britomart. The Puhinui Station Interchange was upgraded in July 2021 to provide a rapid transit network to Auckland Airport, as well as forming a connection with Manukau. It takes approximately 10–12 minutes from Puhinui Station to Auckland Airport.

Auckland Southern Motorway and Southwestern Motorway connect Papatoetoe with Auckland City and Manukau. Southwestern Motorway interchanges are on Puhinui Road to the south and Massey Road in Māngere East to the north. The Southern Motorway interchange is on East Tamaki Road.

Association football
Papatoetoe is home to Papatoetoe AFC who compete in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Division 1A. Papatoetoe is home to Papatoetoe United who play from the sports complex on Great South Road and are affiliated with Auckland Football Federation.

Cricket
Papatoetoe is home to the Papatoetoe Cricket Club who play in the Auckland Cricket Championship.

Rugby league
Papatoetoe is home to the Papatoetoe Panthers who are affiliated with the Auckland Rugby League.

Rugby union
Papatoetoe Rugby Football Club was established in 1946 and plays home matches at the Papatoetoe Sport Complex on Great South Road.

Tennis
Papatoetoe is home to two tennis clubs, Papatoetoe Tennis Club located at Papatoetoe Sports Complex and Sunnyside Tennis Club located in the Sunnyside Domain. Both clubs are affiliated to Auckland Tennis. Sunnyside Tennis Club was formed originally as Puhunui Tennis Club in 1955.

Primary education
Papatoetoe has five primary schools in its zone:
 * Holy Cross School is a Catholic full primary school (years 1–8) integrated with the state system. Founded in 1953, it has a roll of.
 * Papatoetoe Central School is a state contributing primary school (years 1–6) with a roll of . Founded in 1857, the school moved to its current site in 1872.
 * Papatoetoe East School is a state contributing primary school (years 1–6). It was established in 1958 and currently has a roll of.
 * Papatoetoe South School is a state contributing primary school (years 1–6). It has a roll of.
 * Papatoetoe West School is a state contributing primary school (years 1–6) which opened in 1949. It has a roll of.

In addition, Papatoetoe North School, Puhinui School and South Auckland Seventh-day Adventist School could be considered to be in Papatoetoe.

Papatoetoe has one intermediate school:
 * Papatoetoe Intermediate School is a state school for years 7–8 with a roll of.

Kedgley Intermediate is on the boundary of the Papatoetoe area.

Secondary education
Papatoetoe has two secondary schools:
 * Papatoetoe High School.is a state secondary school (years 9–13) with a roll of.
 * Aorere College.is a state secondary school (years 9–13) with a roll of.

All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of

Papatoetoe Historical Society
Papatoetoe Historical Society was established in 1988 with the aim to gather the historical artifacts and information from the Papatoetoe district. The collection held includes a collation of information on Local Body members, schools as they developed, the origin and meaning of street names, women of the district (book available), people of the surrounding farming district, newspaper cuttings and information on local organisations. The society has also developed an archive collection which includes photographs, books, booklets, plans and posters. These collections can be viewed at the Papatoetoe Historical Society museum, currently being set up at the Papatoetoe Chambers, 35 St George St, Papatoetoe following its relocation from The Depot. In 2012, Papatoetoe celebrated 150 years of civic life. The Papatoetoe 150 was initiated by the Papatoetoe Historical society to increase awareness of history and promote community organisations.

Notable people

 * Douglas Al-Bazi, refugee from Iraq
 * Len Brown - Former Mayor of Auckland
 * Barry Crump – Author, poet
 * David Dallas – Hip Hop Artist
 * Dillon Boucher - NZ Basketball Player, lived in Papatoetoe and went to Papatoetoe High School
 * Ricki Herbert – Soccer player – Played National Level for the All Whites and is their current coach. Also played for New Zealand in Soccer World Cup Finals 1982
 * Phil Goff – Mayor of Auckland, Former Labour Party Leader, Foreign and Defence Minister, lived in Papatoetoe and attended Papatoetoe High School
 * Mike King - Mental Health Advocate
 * Kyle Jamieson - NZ Cricketer, lived in Papatoetoe
 * Keven Mealamu - Former All Black. Lived in Papatoetoe and attended Aorere College
 * Trevor Meale – Cricketer
 * David Shearer - Former Labour Party Leader, lived in Papatoetoe and attended Papatoetoe High School
 * Ish Sodhi - NZ Cricketer, lived in Papatoetoe and attended Papatoetoe High School
 * Tyree Tautogia – Part of highly successful rap group Smashproof
 * Gary Troup – Played club cricket in Papatoetoe going on to represent New Zealand 1976 – 1986
 * Heather Matthews (née Thompson) – Silver Medalist 1978 Commonwealth Games (3000 m). MBE – Services To Sport, Papatoetoe Sports Person of the Year.
 * Dei Hamo - Musician, attended Aorere College, referenced Papatoe in his top charting track We Gon' Ride.

Attractions

 * Murals in Old Papatoetoe
 * "Picnic Scene" by Ron van Dam (near Wallace Road corner)
 * "Papatoetoe General Store" by Christine Trout (Papatoetoe Mall)
 * "Bottle O" by Christine Trout (Papatoetoe Mall)
 * "Cameos" by Claudia Pond-Eyley (near Town Hall)
 * "Old Papatoetoe Logo" by Ron van Dam (near Shirley Road)
 * "St George St – 1930" by Merv Appleton (Rangitoto Road)

 * Historical cemeteries at Manukau Memorial Gardens and St John's Presbyterian Church.
 * Historic landmarks including
 * Old Railway Station
 * Cambria House and associated historic gardens (Puhinui Road)
 * Old Children's home (now in Wyllie Road)

title: Papatoetoe


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Ace Troubleshooter

Ace Troubleshooter, often shortened to Ace, was an American pop punk band. Formed in December 1995 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, they released five albums through Tooth & Nail Records.

Background
Formed in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the band gained attention in 1996 by winning a national battle of the bands competition, sponsored by Sam Goody. Warne came up with the band's name after reading the phrase, ace troubleshooter, in a history book.

The Ace Troubleshooter lineup changed several times, they started as a three-piece: John Warne, Josh Abbott and Matt Pacyga. They added Isaac Deaton as the second guitarist in 1998. Only two original members, John Warne and Josh Abbott, remained when the band came to an end. They had both played in the short-lived band Guerilla Rodeo shortly before Ace disbanded.

Relient K was often known as the "brother band" to Ace Troubleshooter. The two bands performed multiple tours together, and the members were all friends with each other. Dave Douglas, the drummer for Relient K, filled-in as a guitarist for a short time. Warne filled in as bassist for Relient K when Brian Pittman first left. Relient K's Matt Thiessen said in 2000 that they were allowed by Ace to live on their bus, as Relient K was just starting out.

In February 2005 Toby David posted the announcement of the band's breakup on their message board. Warne left to play bass guitar for Relient K. Abbott went on to play for My Red Hot Nightmare.

Members
Final line-up
 * John Warne – lead vocals, guitar (1995–2005)
 * Josh Abbott – drums (1997–2005)
 * Toby David – guitar (2003–2005)
 * Joe Krube – bass guitar, backing vocals (2003–2005)

Former members
 * Matt Pacyga – bass guitar (1997–1999)
 * Cody Oaks – bass guitar (1999–2001)
 * Isaac Deaton – guitar, backing vocals (1998–2003)
 * Dave Douglas – guitar, backing vocals (2001)
 * Jimmy Taylor – guitar (2001)
 * Ben Dewey – bass (2001–2003)

Discography

 * Back in the Shootin' Match (1996)
 * Don't Stop a Rockin' (1999)
 * Ace Troubleshooter (2000)
 * The Madness of the Crowds (2002)
 * It's Never Enough (2004)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ace Troubleshooter


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Waltham, New Zealand

Waltham is an inner suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand, located approximately 2 km south-east of the city centre. State Highway 76, part of Christchurch's ring road system, and known there as Brougham Street, runs through the suburb, as does the Lyttelton Line rail corridor.

Approximate boundaries of the suburb are Waltham Road, Moorhouse Avenue, Ferry Road, Ensors Road, and the Ōpāwaho / Heathcote River. Waltham was originally part of the Sydenham borough and was incorporated into the City of Christchurch in 1903 when the borough was ended. In the early 1980s local residents and the Christchurch city council tried to name the western part of the suburb, Charleston, between Ferry Road and Ensors Road. This was done to maintain the residential nature of the area against perceived industrial expansion. The attempt was partly successful and that area today is referred to as both Waltham and Charleston.

The full suburb is a mixture of residential and both light and heavy industry.

History
An early Christchurch settler, Charles Prince, owned a large house, called Waltham House, on nearby Colombo Street South. In 1866 a meeting of local residents was held at the house and it unanimously agreed to name the district of the present day suburb, Waltham.

The Christchurch gasworks was located at the inner boundary of Waltham until its closure around 1980.

Waltham was home to a malt works and a collection of warehouses on Waltham road. These were demolished and redeveloped into 88 two and three bedroom townhouses after the 2011 Christchurch earthquakes.

Demographics
Waltham comprises three statistical areas. Waltham and Charleston are primarily residential. Lancaster Park is an L-shaped area which extends north on the western side of Nursery Street to Cashel Street.

Residential areas
The residential areas cover 0.95 km2. They had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

The residential areas had a population of 3,339 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 327 people (10.9%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 417 people (14.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,461 households, comprising 1,725 males and 1,614 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.07 males per female, with 474 people (14.2%) aged under 15 years, 996 (29.8%) aged 15 to 29, 1,560 (46.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 306 (9.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 69.6% European/Pākehā, 13.7% Māori, 6.5% Pasifika, 18.3% Asian, and 4.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 31.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 50.1% had no religion, 31.4% were Christian, 0.7% had Māori religious beliefs, 4.2% were Hindu, 0.9% were Muslim, 1.0% were Buddhist and 4.8% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 636 (22.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 531 (18.5%) people had no formal qualifications. 237 people (8.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,611 (56.2%) people were employed full-time, 372 (13.0%) were part-time, and 153 (5.3%) were unemployed.

Lancaster Park
The Lancaster Park statistical area covers 1.12 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Lancaster Park had a population of 243 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 24 people (11.0%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 15 people (−5.8%) since the 2006 census. There were 72 households, comprising 153 males and 87 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.76 males per female. The median age was 34.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 24 people (9.9%) aged under 15 years, 66 (27.2%) aged 15 to 29, 141 (58.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 12 (4.9%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 54.3% European/Pākehā, 12.3% Māori, 7.4% Pasifika, 30.9% Asian, and 3.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 44.4, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 48.1% had no religion, 34.6% were Christian, 3.7% were Hindu, 1.2% were Muslim, 1.2% were Buddhist and 3.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 30 (13.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 33 (15.1%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $24,200, compared with $31,800 nationally. 15 people (6.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 120 (54.8%) people were employed full-time, 27 (12.3%) were part-time, and 18 (8.2%) were unemployed.

Education
Waltham School is a full primary school for years 1 to 8, with a roll of students. The school opened in 1891.

Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Waitaha is a composite school for years 1 to 13, teaching in the Māori language. It has a roll of students. The school was established in 1987.

Both of these are coeducational state schools. Rolls are as of

Waltham summer pool
The Waltham swimming pools were badly damaged in the 2011 Christchurch earthquakes. The pools were reopened in January 2015 after repair work that was estimated to cost $3.2 million dollars. Repair work included upgraded signage, a re-sized plant room, fencing, painting, landscaping and roofing,

The outdoor pools are open over summer each year. The complex includes a nine lane 33 metre swimming pool, a toddler pool and a waterslide.

title: Waltham, New Zealand


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File:Tv sam and friends.jpg

A sketch from the television series Sam and Friends in which Kermit and Harry the Hipster make their thoughts appear above their heads. Harry: "Man, you're just a beginner. I'm an old pro at this stuff. Watch!" Kermit: "Hey! A real watch!" Harry: "With moving parts, no less." Kermit: "Gee! Have you taken this course already?"

title: File:Tv sam and friends.jpg


text:
Sam and Friends

Sam and Friends is an American live-action and puppet sketch comedy television series and a lead-in to The Tonight Show created by puppeteer Jim Henson and his eventual wife Jane Nebel. It was aired live twice daily as a local series in Washington, D.C., on WRC-TV in black and white, and later color, on weeknights from May 9, 1955, to December 15, 1961. However, most of the original episodes were never recorded, and are considered lost. A few surviving episodes can be viewed at the Paley Center for Media but many can also be found on video websites like YouTube, such as those digitally archived by The Jim Henson Company. Some have been documented by either the Henson Archives or newspaper articles published while the show was still on air.

Plot
The series focused mostly on Sam, a bald-headed, big-eared human who escaped the harshness of everyday life with the help of abstract friends that he created based on parts of his life. His friends included Yorick, Harry the Hipster, Professor Madcliffe, Chicken Liver, and a lizard-like character named Kermit (who later evolved into Kermit the Frog).

Early in its run, the show mostly featured the puppets lip-syncing to popular songs of the day (if the song was by a female performer, the puppet would wear a wig while singing). Later, formal sketches were drawn up, many spoofing well-known television shows at the time, including the series which followed Sam and Friends in the Washington market, The Huntley–Brinkley Report.

A popular early sketch that would be used often in subsequent Henson productions was "Glowworm", in which a character, often Kermit, would nibble on what looked like a worm, but would ultimately turn out to be the tongue or nose of the monster Big V, who would devour him.

Bob Payne once substituted for Jim Henson while he was in Europe. Jerry Juhl also worked on the show toward the end of its run where he substituted for Jane Henson. Starting in 1959, advertisements for Esskay Meats would appear at the end of the show, as well as Wilkins Coffee (the latter featured two Muppets created exclusively for the spots, "Wilkins" and "Wontkins").

While Payne, Juhl, and Jane Henson all puppeteered in the series alongside him, Jim Henson provided all of the voices himself (unless the voices were taken from a record).

Characters

 * Sam (performed by Jim Henson) – A bald-headed humanoid-like character who is the main character. Only footage of him lip-syncing to a song currently survives. His head was made from papier-mâché.
 * Kermit (performed by Jim Henson) – A reptilian-amphibious creature. He was prominently featured in many sketches that lead him to popularity, though he would not be referred to as a frog until a decade later.
 * Harry the Hipster (performed by Jim Henson) – A beatnik. He resembled a black sock puppet with shades and spoke in a hip slang. Harry was one of the first Muppets designed and built by Jim Henson.
 * Yorick (performed by Jim Henson) – A voracious puppet that resembled a rock head. Yorick has been known for appearing with supporting Muppets, whom he would attempt to eat. His puppet was made of papier-mâché with a tube in his mouth that allowed him to swallow things.
 * Professor Madcliffe (performed by Jim Henson) – A tall-headed professor with big eyes and a mustache. He had a loud and energetic personality. He made most of his appearances in commercials.
 * Chicken Liver (performed by Jim Henson) – A humanoid character with a tall head and a big nose. He has been described as "a dramatic storyteller", and believed that the show lacked culture.
 * Hank and Frank – Two bald humanoids that served as the show's bit players. They took on the roles of Chet Huntley and David Brinkley in a spoof interview with Kermit.
 * Mushmellon – A small yellow monster with a permanent grimace. He was a favorite among younger audiences.
 * Icky Gunk – A sinister-looking green snake-like character sporting a pair of arms.
 * Henrietta (performed by Jerry Juhl) – A pink female creature of indeterminable species.
 * Moldy Hay – A humanoid character with orange-red skin, a big nose, and hair over his eyes.
 * Omar (performed by Jim Henson) – A beaked humanoid with a papier-mâché face. He was described as "the nomadic type".
 * Pierre the French Rat (performed by Jim Henson) – He was one of Jim Henson's first puppets. Pierre was embodied as a puppet made from plastic wood.
 * Bernice (performed by Bob Payne) - A female humanoid.

Surviving episodes

 * Powder-Burn (August 20, 1959): A pun-filled Gunsmoke parody with Marshall Dilly (Chicken Liver) preparing for a showdown with Black Bart (Yorick) which results in a game of chess.
 * Poison to Poison (October 29, 1959): Lip-synching to the Spike Jones track "Poisen to Poisen", Harry the Hipster (as "Ed Burrow") interviews Chicken Liver (as Alfred Hitchcock) in his rather horrifying home.
 * The Westerners (circa November 1960): Lip-synching to a recording of Bob and Ray's act The Westerners, Kermit and Chicken Liver play two cowboys who are having a little trouble getting off their horses.
 * Huntley and Brinkley (January 6, 1961): In a parody of The Huntley-Brinkley Report, Kermit hosts an interview with NBC News anchormen Chet Huntley and David Brinkley (as Hank and Frank).
 * Visual Thinking (circa April 1961): In a mix of puppetry and animation, Harry demonstrates the Art of Visual Thinking to Kermit—and what it does to you once it gets out of control.
 * Weather Warehouse (September 29, 1961): Harry demonstrates to a skeptical Kermit his new business for selling weather, and gives him a tour of the warehouse.
 * Chef Omar (November 13, 1961): Omar prepares a chef salad, which blows up in his face when he serves it flaming.
 * Final Episode (December 15, 1961): Kermit sings a song, then discusses the end of the series with Harry—who blows up all the scenery and equipment since they won't need it anymore.

Songs

 * C'est Si Bon (January 19, 1959): In a French village setting, Moldy Hay lip-synchs to Stan Freberg's rendition of "C'est Si Bon", with Hank and Frank repeating his dialogue too literally as a backup choir.
 * Glow Worm (circa April 1961): Humming along to "The Glow-Worm", Kermit is bugged by some inchworm-like fingers and is later met with a human hand.
 * A Horse Named Bill: Kermit lip-synchs and plays the banjo to a recording of "A Horse Named Bill."
 * Hunger is From (February 12, 1960): Lip-synching to "Hunger is From", Yorick details his midnight snacking while eating a plate full of food.
 * I've Got You Under My Skin (195?): Icky Gunk (sporting a blonde, curly wig), and Hank and Frank serve as chorus singers in a lip-synched rendition of Stan Freberg's "I've Got You Under My Skin" while Kermit, in spoken dialogue, messes up the lyrics.
 * Singin' in the Rain (November 19, 1959): A little girl Muppet lip-synchs to an uptempo version of "Singin' in the Rain" as water begins to pour. Eventually, she is submerged in a water-filled bucket.
 * That Old Black Magic (January 26, 1959): Kermit and Sam lip-synch to a recording of "That Old Black Magic" by Louis Prima and Keely Smith. To date, this is the only surviving Sam and Friends episode to feature Sam himself.
 * Miss Cone (December 9, 1960): An animated episode made with cutouts and synced to the titular song by Ken Nordine and The Frank Katz Group.

In popular culture
Sam and Friends is mentioned in chapter 2 of Kermit the Frog's book Before You Leap, under the heading of "My First Big Splash".

Yorick made a cameo in a Sesame Street sketch in Season 1.

Henrietta appeared in The Muppets on Puppets during Rowlf the Dog's mixed-up fairy tale sketch portraying the fairy godmother. In this appearance, Henrietta was also performed by Jerry Juhl.

Sam, Harry the Hipster, and Yorick appeared in The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years.

In Spring 2010, early puppet characters were rejoined in Henson Alternative's Stuffed and Unstrung, for two musical pieces that aren't improvised and no cuss words.

In August 2010, Jane Henson donated ten puppets from the show (including the original Kermit) to the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History.

In July 2016, Hyattsville, Maryland, installed a memorial to Jim Henson in the city's Magruder Park, featuring a large planter embossed with images of characters from Sam and Friends and benches inscribed with quotes from Henson.

Yorick made a visual appearance in the 2021 Muppet Babies episode "Summer's Disaster-Piece", where he replaces the head on Thomas Gainsborough's painting The Blue Boy.

title: Sam and Friends


text:
Papanui

Papanui is a major suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. It is situated five kilometres to the northwest of the city centre. Papanui has a population of 3,645 consisting predominantly of Pākehā (NZ European & Others) 86.9%, Asian 7.6%, Māori 5.3%, Pacific peoples 3.1%, Middle Eastern/Latin American/African 0.7% (2013 census). The suburb is located at the junction of three busy thoroughfares; Papanui Road leading to the city, the Main North Road that leads to North Canterbury and Harewood Road that leads to Christchurch International Airport. However, as with most Christchurch suburbs, Papanui has no defined borders.

Over the last 160 years Papanui has developed into a major suburban centre and is a satellite centre for Government and City Council services. These include the central government 'Super Centre' in Winstone Avenue, Housing New Zealand in Restell Street and the Council Service Centre and Library on Langdons Road. The area has two high schools and five primary schools. There is little farm land left in the suburb with most of it having been developed into residential and commercial properties.

Etymology
The Māori name Papanui literally translated means 'Big plain' (papa means flat and nui means big), a name which would aptly suit most of central Christchurch, which is one of New Zealand's flattest cities. Another meaning, equally applicable to the district in the early days, is a platform set in the branches of a tree to accommodate a bird-spearer. A third meaning for the word Papanui comes from a Māori Legend and refers to a large funeral pyre. According to the legend, Tuhaitara, a Ngāi Tahu princess, sent her eldest son, Tamarairoa to Papanui to kill her former husband Marukore. But Marukore was aware of his son's intentions and when Tamarairoa and his younger brother arrived, Marukore killed them both and burnt their bodies on a huge pyre.

Pre-European
Before European settlement Papanui, like much of Christchurch, was mostly marshy ground covered with native flax, toetoe and raupō brush. There was an abundance of forest birds which were hunted for food by the area's Māori inhabitants. It is believed in 1800 possibly as many as 5000 Māori lived in Canterbury, but from disease like measles and influenza, introduced through the early whaling settlements on Banks Peninsula, and through tribal wars the number had fallen to around 500 in 1840. While most of the plains in the South Island of New Zealand were deforested by either the Māori or the so-called moa hunters in the mid-1300s, Papanui Bush was one of the few stands of pine and tōtara left in the Canterbury region at the time of European colonisation.

European colonisation
The Canterbury Association's surveyor Captain Joseph Thomas and his team of surveyors arrived in Lyttelton (originally named Port Cooper) on 15 December 1848 on the ship Fly. They began to survey the Port Hills and Canterbury Plains around what would become Christchurch and its suburbs. As chief agent for the association Thomas was also responsible for preparing the infrastructure for the arrival of the first settlers at Lyttelton in December 1850. The First Four Ships, Charlotte Jane, Randolph, Sir George Seymour and Cressy landed 773 colonists. By the first anniversary of the first landing fifteen more ships had arrived bringing the colonist population to 3,000. By 1876 the estimated population of the city and suburbs was around 23,000 with the number increasing to 44,000 by 1886.

Papanui Bush
When the pilgrims first began to settle in Christchurch in the early 1851, Papanui Bush attracted a number of sawyers who made a living from milling tōtara and pine timber for construction and fire wood. Near the bush a settlement sprung up along on the old Māori track leading north to Kaiapoi which eventually became the Main North Road. The settlement soon boasted a hotel, store, blacksmiths, clothing shop, butchers, chemist, dispensers, and a school room appeared in 1853. Due to the pressing need for building materials in Christchurch, Papanui Road was one of the first roads built outside the city boundaries. The Papanui Bridge was also built over the Avon River in March 1852 to allow the timber to be brought by bullock drawn wagons directly into the Market Square near the city centre. In 1857 sawmilling had attracted a population of 692 to the Papanui village compared with 953 in Christchurch in the same year.

Farm land
By 1857 most of the trees in the area were felled and market gardening and orchards began to flourish. The land around Papanui proved to be remarkably fertile for farming once ditches and drains were dug to relieve the swampy areas. Gradually more immigrants settled in Papanui, crops were sown and sheep and dairy farms were established in the surrounding areas. Exports of wheat and wool soon became the main source of income for the province. From the mid-1880s frozen mutton shipments, from the nearby Canterbury Frozen Meat Company in Belfast, to the U.K. grew steadily and eventually surpassed other exports to become the main export earner. In the 1890s butter shipments joined the export trade with the Fernleaf brand becoming as well known as 'Canterbury Lamb'. As settlement of Christchurch continued farms were sold for residential and commercial developments with Papanui being transformed into a suburb which became part of Christchurch city in 1923.

Hotels
One of the first buildings in the area was the Sawyers Arms Hotel which was opened by an American named Robert Carr. The hotel was built on the Main North Road near the corner of Sawyers Arms Road which derived its name from the hotel. Henry Roil was also "mine host" at the hotel in the early years as a partner of Carr's. The hotel burnt down twice, firstly in November 1874 and was reopened by the current licensee John Wild in June 1875. The second fire occurred in September 1898 and was rebuilt by the licensee John Cooper and was renamed The Phoenix (the beautiful bird rising from the ashes) for its third incarnation. This building was finally demolished in February 1989 in a Supermarket redevelopment with the site eventually being encompassed by the Northlands Shopping Centre.

The Papanui Hotel was originally built in the early 1850s as a parsonage for the Reverend Bradley. The building was bought in 1859 by William Meddings, a local blacksmith and store keeper, who opened it as a hotel. In 1865 the hotel was bought by William Lawrence who rebuilt the front section in 1871. Lawrence passed the hotel on to his son William in 1898, and it is believed it remained in the Lawrence family ownership until 1906. The grounds boasted gardens, lawns, fruit trees, walkways and a skittle bowling alley. In 1957 a new public and lounge bar complex was built on the corner of the Main North Road and Winstone Avenue adjacent to the old building which was finally demolished in March 1969 having served as a landmark for 110 years.

2010–2011 earthquakes
Papanui's location in the north western area of the city saved it from the worst of the liquefaction that was suffered by the eastern and southern areas. The Papanui Building (the first photo on this page) at 1 Main North Road was severely damaged by the first two main earthquakes and demolition commenced on 23 February 2011, the day after the second earthquake. All of the churches in the area were damaged to some extent. The St Paul's Vicarage was particularly badly damaged and has been demolished. St Paul's Anglican Church is still under repair with the scaffolding now being removed from the bell tower. A source close to the parish says it will reopen in September 2013. St Giles Presbyterian Church was also un-repairable and has been demolished. Only the parish centre now remains there. The status of St Joseph's Catholic Church and the Papanui North Methodist Church repair or demolition has still not been resolved. The Sanitarium factory was also significantly damaged and although production was halted for a while it is online with repairs being made. Many of the older shops in the Papanui Village were substantially damaged and demolished.

Demographics
Papanui comprises four statistical areas. Papanui North, Papanui West and Papanui South are primarily residential, and Northlands is mostly commercial.

Residential Papanui
The residential areas of Papanui, comprising the statistical areas of Papanui North, Papanui West and Papanui East, cover 2.43 km2. They had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

The residential areas had a population of 7,260 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 30 people (0.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 276 people (4.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 2,796 households, comprising 3,333 males and 3,927 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.85 males per female, with 1,182 people (16.3%) aged under 15 years, 1,359 (18.7%) aged 15 to 29, 3,018 (41.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,704 (23.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 78.3% European/Pākehā, 8.0% Māori, 3.3% Pasifika, 15.4% Asian, and 2.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 26.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 44.2% had no religion, 44.7% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.4% were Hindu, 1.1% were Muslim, 1.0% were Buddhist and 2.0% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 1,470 (24.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,095 (18.0%) people had no formal qualifications. 960 people (15.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 2,688 (44.2%) people were employed full-time, 801 (13.2%) were part-time, and 195 (3.2%) were unemployed.

Northlands
Northlands covers 0.63 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Northlands had a population of 123 at the 2018 New Zealand census, unchanged since the 2013 census, and an increase of 3 people (2.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 57 households, comprising 54 males and 69 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.78 males per female. The median age was 41.5 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 18 people (14.6%) aged under 15 years, 24 (19.5%) aged 15 to 29, 57 (46.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 27 (22.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 73.2% European/Pākehā, 9.8% Māori, 2.4% Pasifika, 22.0% Asian, and 4.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 31.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 41.5% had no religion, 36.6% were Christian, 2.4% were Muslim, 2.4% were Buddhist and 2.4% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 21 (20.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 15 (14.3%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $32,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 12 people (11.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 51 (48.6%) people were employed full-time, 15 (14.3%) were part-time, and 6 (5.7%) were unemployed.

Economy
From the 2013 census, the median income in Papanui is NZ$34,100 compared to a median of $24,800 for Christchurch. In the higher income bracket, 34.0% of the population earns more than $50,000 compared to 27.1% which is the Christchurch average. Most of the population is employed in retail, distribution, sawmills, the apparel industry and the meat works. Unemployment in Papanui is currently low — 3.4% according to figures from the Ministry of Social Development (end of 2007).

Industry
For much of the 20th century, Papanui was a light industrial area. In 1900, Edward Halsey, a baker trained at Sanitarium in Michigan in the United States, emigrated to New Zealand and began making health foods in a wooden shed in Papanui, including Granola, New Zealand's first breakfast cereal. Halsey's business was successful, and the Sanitarium Health Food factory was built on the side of Halseys shed in 1919. It is still in operation today; however it was rebuilt in 1966 after being destroyed in a fire. Over recent decades Sanitarium's Harewood Road factory has been awarded many honours for its prize winning gardens.

The building of the Firestone (now Bridgestone) tyre factory, in Langdons Road, was commenced on land, some of which was a 5-acre orchard purchased from the Cone family, in 1945. Firestone produced New Zealand's first pneumatic tyre in 1948. This factory remained the only tyre manufacturer in the South Island. On 23 October 2009, it was announced that Bridgestone's Australia and New Zealand manufacturing operations were to close. The announcement affected 275 jobs in Christchurch. In November 2010 the company has returned 3.2 acres of the former orchard land alongside the railway line to the city to be used as a public wetlands.

The delicatessen meat company, Verkerks, built a factory on Vagues Road in 1961, and has been stocking the small goods shelves ever since.

Though both of these factories are still in operation today but not so for the Ovaltine factory on the Main North Road and the Birdseye Frozen Foods factory which used to be sited next to the railway line in Harewood Road.

Retail
The original Papanui shopping village is located at the Papanui Junction.

Northlands Shopping Centre opened in Papanui in 1967. It covers 32,201 m2, with 103 shops and 1,251 carparks. The mall's anchor tenants are The Warehouse, Pak'nSave, Countdown and Farmers.

Churches
The area is home to one of the oldest parishes on the Canterbury plains. Established in 1853, St Paul's Anglican Church on Harewood Road was enlarged twice before being rebuilt using Kauri timber in 1877 to the design of the notable architect Benjamin Mountfort. In 1880 a peal of five bells was presented to the church by Mr J T Matson. This was the first ring of bells suitable for change ringing to be installed in New Zealand and is the only ringable set in the country of eight bells housed in a wooden tower. St Paul's has the additional distinction of being the only parish church in New Zealand with bells for change ringing – the other rings are in cathedrals. The original ring of five bells was ordered in 1878. Some time later, ringing was suspended because the tower was no longer strong enough but a new one was constructed in 1912 and it was again strengthened in 1981 by an internal steel frame. The set is a light weight ring for change ringing with the tenor at 317 kg which protects the tower. A sixth bell was added in 1970 and two more in 1983.

The second oldest church in the area is the Papanui Methodist Church which was established in 1859. The second church was built in 1870 and the third and present church was opened in 1913 on the corner of Harewood Road and Chapel Street.

This was followed By St Giles Presbyterian Church which was first built in 1877 on the Main North Road three doors past the current Catholic church. In 1895 the church was further enlarged but this eventually proved to be insufficient and in 1924 a new church was built on the corner of Papanui Road and Frank Street.

St Joseph's Catholic Church conducted services in the St Josesph's School Chapel, designed by Mr Jacobson and built on Vagues Road, from 1878 until the current church was built on the corner of the Main North Road and Vagues Road in March 1922. The Parish was formally established in 1924 with Fr Hanrahan as the first incumbent priest.

The Papanui Baptist Church was established in 1958 and is located on Sawyers Road opposite to Morrison Avenue.

The Papanui Seventh-day Adventist Church is located on Grants Road adjoining the Christchurch Adventist School.

Parks
There are numerous reserves and parks within the suburban boundaries, the two most notable of these are as follow:

The Papanui Domain sited on Sawyers Arms Road where the Papanui Bush was clear felled in the 1850s. It is predominantly used for rugby league and softball, with the rugby league clubrooms adjoining on the southern boundary. In the early days it was also used for cycle racing.

St James Park, most likely named after its road frontage, is predominantly used for croquet, cricket and soccer. It is probably one of the most beautiful parks in the city with tree lined walkways and gardens. The park in the heart of Papanui is probably the best location to see overwintering monarch butterflies. On a warm sunny late autumn or early winter's day head to the children's play ground and look into the largely leafless old trees. There you will see monarchs clustering together often holding on to the remaining leaves for support. It ís a great spot for a picnic beneath the trees with monarchs fluttering in the air above.

Landmarks
In the 1920s the residents wanted a fitting memorial to the fallen soldiers of World War I. Duly the Memorial Hall and Library (pictured above) was built and opened in the heart of Papanui 1923. This building served as the Town Hall, library and picture theatre for over 50 years, until it was demolished in the late 1970s with the land reverting to a reserve. In 1997 the Returned Services Association prevailed upon the council to redevelop the site as a war memorial reserve and to include the names of the fallen soldiers from World War II.

Transportation
From the first days of colonisation horses and bullocks provided the pulling power for wagons, drays, coaches, cabs, vans, traps, gigs and carts of all dimensions. This gave rise to stable, blacksmith, farrier and saddlery businesses in the Papanui area. Hitching posts and water troughs were common place especially at 'watering holes' like the Papanui Hotel.

When Canterbury's first railways were built the Main North Line was opened through Papanui on 27 April 1872. The current Railway Station, though planned and designed in 1872 was not opened until 1900. In the 28 intervening years a 25x8 foot shed did 'Station' duty. A tram line was laid on Papanui Road in 1880 terminating at the Papanui Railway Station. The first Trams were steam and horse drawn until the introduction of electric trams on the Papanui line in 1905.

The Northcote extension to St Bede's College was opened on 28 February 1913 and closed on 30 September 1930. With the exception of the first few tram-cars, which were brought from the United States, the trams were made by a local firm, Boon & Co. The last tram to Papanui ran in 1954 with the trams being replaced by bright red buses run by the Christchurch Transport Board (later Red Bus Ltd.).

Policing
As the city expanded a police station was built in Papanui in proximity to the railway line on the corner of Winstone Ave. It was opposite to the current railway station in Restell Street and was opened on 8 October 1879. The buildings erected were a watch house with two cells, and a six-room cottage at a cost of £824. The Papanui police area was huge at that time and went westward to Sheffield and Colgate. The first officer in charge was Constable Daniel Flanagan and he held the post for nearly seven years.

In 1949 the police operations were moved to 103 St James Avenue using the existing house on the section (dating from 1925) and the original watch house(1879). In 1959 a new police station and residence was opened on Papanui Road just south of the Blighs Road intersection. In 1979 the senior sergeant's residence was converted into offices with a CIB office being opened in the same year. Detective Sergeant Roy Powell was the first appointee. The first policewoman stationed at Papanui, in September 1978, was Constable Diane Smith.

For Papanui residents in the 1950s and 1960s the name 'Handlebar Harry' will bring back memories of a tall policeman on a push bike. Constable Ronald Miles was the local enquiry officer and had the habit of riding the streets of Papanui with his typewriter strapped to the handlebars of his cycle. However it was not the position of the typewriter that earned him the nickname, it was his wonderful 'Jimmy Edwards' style flowing moustache.

The current police station is opposite Langdons Road on the corner of the Main North Road and Mary Street and was opened on 30 October 1991.

As an interesting foot note the Watch House has survived the years and can now be seen amongst Lady Isaac's collection of heritage buildings at McArthurs Road, Harewood.

Parks
St James Park was originally 'glebe land' belonging to St Paul's church and was divorced from the main church property by the laying of the Main North Railway line in the early 1870s. It is believed to have been farmed by James Triggs, the St Paul's Church verger, and part of it was developed as a cricket ground by the Papanui Cricket Club under the captaincy of John Matson with the permission of Rev. Lorenzo Moore. By 1874 the new incumbent at St Paul's, the Rev Brittan, had joined the Cricket Club as a player, but had also leased some of the land to Mr Jackson, another club member, for stock grazing. The land appears in an 1880 map as a cricket ground, but was later abandoned by the cricket club and sold to Ivorys Cool Stores in 1916. The land was purchased by the City in 1924 after residents, led by Rev Griffin, petitioned the council for a park and has both main entrances sited on St James Avenue. It was named in a Public Notice drawn up by the Christchurch City Council Bylaws and Finance committee chaired by Councilor Andrews on 30 April 1924. Rev Griffin did not live to see the park opened, and as a mark of respect Memorial Gates and a rose garden we jointly funded by the residents and the Council in his honour.

Education
The main educational centre is Papanui High School opened in 1936 which is located adjacent to the rear of Northlands Shopping Centre on Langdons Road. It has a roll of students.

The other high school in the area is St Bede's College, a Catholic state-integrated school which was established in 1911 on Ferry Road and relocated to its current site on the Main North Road in 1920 as a day and boarding school. It has students.

Papanui Primary School was established in 1871 on Winters Road. The school was rebuilt further along Winters Road on 6 acre of land in September 1926. It has students. Paparoa Street Primary School opened in 1953. It has students.

St Joseph's Primary School (Catholic) opened on Vagues Road in 1878. Christchurch Adventist School opened on Grants Road in 1925. They have rolls of and  students, respectively. Loreto College (Catholic) opened on Windermere Road in 1930 but was closed in 1978.

All these schools except St Bede's and Loreto are coeducational. Rolls are as of

title: Papanui


text:
Mairehau

Mairehau is a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. It is located four kilometres north of the city centre, close to the edge of the urbanised central city area. Much new development is being carried out on the northern edge of Mairehau.

The suburb was named after Rose Mairehau (Maire) Hutton (née Rhodes), daughter of Arthur Rhodes, who in turn was Mayor of Christchurch in 1901–1902 and a major local property owner.

Demographics
Mairehau, comprising the statistical areas of Mairehau North and Mairehau South, covers 3.48 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, Mairehau had a larger boundary, covering 3.61 km2. Using that boundary, Mairehau had a population of 6,870 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 360 people (5.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 1,089 people (18.8%) since the 2006 census. There were 2,547 households, comprising 3,321 males and 3,549 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.94 males per female, with 1,335 people (19.4%) aged under 15 years, 1,350 (19.7%) aged 15 to 29, 2,976 (43.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,206 (17.6%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 84.7% European/Pākehā, 10.3% Māori, 4.0% Pasifika, 8.4% Asian, and 2.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 20.0, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 51.4% had no religion, 38.0% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.9% were Hindu, 1.0% were Muslim, 0.5% were Buddhist and 2.1% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 1,167 (21.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 966 (17.5%) people had no formal qualifications. 894 people (16.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 2,781 (50.2%) people were employed full-time, 738 (13.3%) were part-time, and 186 (3.4%) were unemployed.

Education
Mairehau High School is a secondary school for years 9 to 13. It has a roll of. The school opened in 1961.

Mairehau School is a full primary school catering for years 1 to 8. It has a roll of. The school opened in 1953. Birch Grove School closed and merged with Mairehau School in 2004. Glenmoor School closed in 2014.

St Francis of Assisi Catholic School is a state-integrated full primary school catering for years 1 to 8. It has a roll of. The school opened in 2016 as the result of a merger between Our Lady of Fatima School and St Paul's School.

All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of

title: Mairehau


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nair, A K

Nair, A K
Non-notable. Promotion. Mikkalai 01:40, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Lack of notability -- Chris 73 Talk 01:46, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Dsmdgold 04:31, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a resume storage website. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 04:33, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Bi-Polar French-Fry

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Gazpacho 01:53, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
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Cyberllama
Wikipedia gets many new articles that are advertisements, editing tests, or have very little content. Your new article cyberllama seemed to be right on the edge between those cases and what are considered valid articles. If you would like it to become a full-fledged article, I encourage you to add information to it. Thanks. Gazpacho 01:53, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bi-Polar French-Fry


text:
Talk:Liu Di

Untitled
This article was listed on Votes_for_deletion, and the consensus was keep: see Votes_for_deletion/Liu_Di

title: Talk:Liu Di


text:
Talk:Scottsdale Fashion Square

This article was listed on Votes_for_deletion, and the consensus was keep: see Votes for deletion/Scottsdale Fashion Square

Removal of Irrelevant Content
I just removed several sections/paragraphs on areas near, but not part of the Mall. They don't belong in this article. However, they would be good in an article on Scottsdale itself.

But this article isn't about Scottsdale, it's only a about a Mall that's located there.

I tagged this article to draw attention to what you are reading now. If anyone can justify restoring what I deleted, by all means do so, but as they were, they just did not seem relevant. --angrykeyboarder (a/k/a:Scott) (talk) 11:57, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Much of the region is heavily influenced by SFS and Waterfront and 5th Ave shops are often lumped together with the shopping mall. Scottsdale Fashion Square has become more of a shopping region term, used by the City of Scottsdale. A lot of old town Scottsdale is referred to as Fashion Square area (when referring to retail or dining.) Since almost all the recent development boom was ignited after the luxury boom at Fashion Square, its role and influence on these shops is irrefutable. The sections on Southbridge/Waterfront are definitely most relevant. Most tourists also know that, and companies such as Southwest and other travel companies liike AAA refer to the area as the Scottsdale FAshion Square shopping area. Steel87 (talk) 06:56, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

 * But this article is still about a Shopping Mall and not a shopping district/region. --angrykeyboarder (a/k/a:Scott) (talk) 06:55, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

I removed retail stores that have no current plans, or have not signed a lease thus far. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.180.155.14 (talk) 22:09, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070514052222/http://www.fashionsquare.com/leasing.asp to http://www.fashionsquare.com/leasing.asp
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title: Talk:Scottsdale Fashion Square


text:
Talk:List of Great Books

Why is the list of required reading at one particular college, out of thousands of colleges in the world, worthy of an article? Note that Great Books of the Western World already exists - that is a "list of great books" which had widespread influence, not just on a single campus, and it covers most of the works on this list.

Should there be a "list of great books" article for every university that compiles one? Should there be a "list of great mathematical problems" article and a "list of great chemical experiments" article required at this particular school? If not, why not?

In other words, I think this article should be deleted, but I wondered what kind of response that would get from people who are watching the page. - DavidWBrooks 01:45, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid I must strongly disagree. The St. John's Program is unique among all lists of great books in that it is the only one that has consistently refused to bow to any revision whatsoever. The "Great Books of the Western World," by contrast, added Waiting for Godot, even though 52 years isn't nearly enough time to determine whether or not any work is significant (when was the last time anyone read The Magnificent Ambersons, for instance?)

 * I don't know when the last time anyone read it was, but I read it about five years ago and I enjoyed it. Dpbsmith (talk) 01:20, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * By contrast, the St. John's list really provides a feel for the best works of the western world. It and Harold Bloom's canon are the only ones that have been resolute in pursuit of this noble goal.  I didn't/don't even go to St. John's, by the way, but I have enormous respect for this program.) --zenohockey 01:34, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Then, at the very least, this article needs to be renamed: "List of great books" is far too sweeping. (Chinese scholars, for example, might disagree!) How about "Great Books Program (St. John's College)"? (I'm a sysops and so I can Move it to a new name when/if we agree on one)

 * P.S. I read "The Magnificent Ambersons" about five years ago. Haven't seen the movie yet, though. - DavidWBrooks 15:58, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Annapolis vs. Santa Fe?
It's a great shame that this list isn't sourced. I can't figure out whether the lists used at Annapolis and Santa Fe are actually slightly different or not. The Santa Fe list has been merged into St. John's College, U. S.. I'm not sure what to do with this one, yet. Dpbsmith (talk) 01:18, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I hope that at some point we start using normal orthography (upper and lower case) for the authors of these books....some of which aren't books. - Nunh-huh 01:34, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Recent history is that an article entitled List of Great Books, Santa Fe came up for VfD. It survived. That article was created with "normal orthography" for the authors, but in most cases only the last names were used ("Freud", "Dubois" for W. E. B. Dubois, etc.). There was quite a bit of work done by various editors in Wikifying and eliminating double redirects, so that "Dubois" was still displayed as "Dubois" but linked as "W. E. B. Dubois." I came in at the VfD discussion, arguing that the list itself was valuable but should be part of the St. John's College article, not an article by itself. Among other things that puts it into context with the college's history and curriculum, etc.

 * After it survived VfD I decided to merge it. And started to unscramble a small can of worms. To begin with, there were almost identical articles for St. John's University, Annapolis and St. John's University, Santa Fe. Since the college presents itself as a "single college with two campuses" and since much of the information, particularly on the educational philosophy and description, is common to both, as is much of the history, I thought the two articles should be merged, which I've done, and have removed most of the important double-redirects thereby created.

 * Now, this article, whose existence I hadn't discovered, needs to be dealt with.

 * The funny orthography is almost certainly the result of its being copied from this web page.

 * Now, that in itself raises the question of whether it's a copyvio. In the case of the Santa Fe list, since I wanted to keep the list, I did what I thought was appropriate: I raised the question in the VfD discussion, and I also posed it as a question on the Copyright Problems page, but did not put a copyvio tag on the page itself. When several days elapsed with no reply in the Copyright Problems page and a noncommittal comment in the VfD discussion, I decided not to pursue that actively, but the question remains in my mind. My feeling is that whether or not a such a list is copyrightable, it's almost inconceivable that anyone would make a fuss about it.

 * Now, as for this list. My belief is that both campuses use the same book list and that the differences between this one and the Santa Fe list are probably not real or are not significant.

 * I think the right thing to do is to convert this list into a redirect to St. John's College, U. S. as the present title is no good. and random lists of Great Books floating around without context do not appeal to me. Then crosslink all the articles on Great Books, Harvard Classics, Western canon, Great Books of the Western World, St. John's College, U. S., Educational perennialism, etc. etc. so that anyone interested in comparing the various lists can find them.

 * But I don't want to convert it to a redirect until I can figure out what its relation to the Santa Fe list really is.

 * My personal guess is that they're both copied from the website but at different times, and there may be minor differences from year to year both in the list itself and the level of detail at which the list is presented. But that's just a guess. Dpbsmith (talk) 02:19, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Annapolis list = Santa Fe list
Ah. Compare and  which are "the" reading list according to the Annapolis and Santa Fe websites, respectively. They are identical. Clearly the intention is that the two colleges only use on reading list. I'm going to make sure the St. John's College, U. S. article matches what's currently on the website, describe it as the St. John's list, and make this list redirect to St. John's College, U. S.. Dpbsmith (talk) 02:28, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Mercilessly refactored
OK. This is now a redirect to Western canon. Because the phrase Great Books really refers to the same thing as the Western canon. This article was one particular list of great books = one attempt to define the Western canon, namely the St. John's College reading list. It now redirects to Western canon and that article now contains links to three specific lists of great books near the top, so people who are searching for a List of Great Books should find what they seek. I've verified that St. John's two campuses use the same list, the list at [[St. John's College, U. S. has now been brought into conformity with the college's website, and the version that I started editing from had the authors' names with the usual (mixed-case) orthography, i.e. Freud rather than FREUD. Dpbsmith (talk) 03:16, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Seems like a good solution: linking to the lists institutions maintain (and change from time to time) is more than reasonable...we don't have to reproduce them within Wikipedia. - Nunh-huh 04:07, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, but that's not quite what I did. There were within WIkipedia four articles that I'm aware of that contain actual canonical lists of Great Books:

 * Harvard Classics,
 * Great Books of the Western World
 * "List of Great Books" (this article), and
 * List of Great Books, Santa Fe (which had been nominated for Vfd).

 * List 1 is an out-of-print print publication, hence stable. List 2 is an expensive current print publication whose contents have changed slowly.

 * Lists 3 and 4 were, essentially, two different copies of the same list from the St. John's College website. Of the two, list 4 was in much better shape as regards Wikification.

 * What I did was basically to merge-and-redirect both 3 and 4 into St. John's University, U. S. and update the single list to reflect what the St. John's website shows as of 2005.

 * In the case of St. John's, I think that having the actual list within Wikipedia is reasonable even if it is not kept perfectly up-to-date because: the changes are slow, and appear to be mostly slotting in different 20th-century works and/or fictional works; because St. John's curriculum is almost unique and this level of detail is appropriate; and because it is interesting to display the actual list as one example of what one authoritative source regards as the Western canon.

 * Sort of like giving the list of Books of the Bible for both the King James and Douay versions...

 * I think having the actual St. John's list is acceptable because a) it's valuable even if slightly out of date, and b) the organization of their website has changed even within the last year or so and an external link probably won't be stable. That is, in the year 2009, assuming nobody keeps the list updated, it will be perfectly useful anyone but an actual St. John's student to have the list as of 2005. Nobody is going to care that they replaced George Eliot with Jane Austen. On the other hand, a broken link will not be useful. Dpbsmith (talk) 12:59, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Great Books


text:
Peter Archer

Peter Archer may refer to:
 * Peter Archer, Baron Archer of Sandwell (1926–2012), British Labour peer and politician
 * Peter Archer (actor) (1943–2000), Australian entrepreneur and martial arts champion
 * Peter Archer (author), author of several Forgotten Realms novels
 * Peter Archer, member of Australian rock band Crow

title: Peter Archer


text:
Cud

Cud is a portion of food that returns from a ruminant's stomach to the mouth to be chewed for the second time. More precisely, it is a bolus of semi-degraded food regurgitated from the reticulorumen of a ruminant. Cud is produced during the physical digestive process of rumination.

Rumination
The alimentary canal of ruminants, such as cattle, giraffes, goats, sheep, alpacas, and antelope, are unable to produce the enzymes required to break down the cellulose and hemicellulose of plant matter. Accordingly, these animals rely on a symbiotic relationship with a wide range of microbes, which largely reside in the reticulorumen, and which are able to synthesize the requisite enzymes. The reticulorumen thus hosts a microbial fermentation which yields products (mainly volatile fatty acids and microbial protein), which the ruminant is able to digest and absorb. This allows the animals to extract nutritional value from cellulose which is usually undigested.

The process of rumination is stimulated by the presence of roughage in the upper part of the reticulorumen. The chest cavity is stretched, forming a vacuum in the gullet that sucks the semi-liquid stomach content into the esophagus. From the esophagus it is taken back to the mouth with retro peristaltic movements. When the stomach content, or the cud, arrives in the mouth of the ruminant, it is pushed against the palate with the tongue to remove excess liquid, the latter is swallowed and the solid material is chewed thoroughly so the cattle can extract the minerals present in the cud brought to the surface during rumination. The function of rumination is that food is physically refined to expose more surface area for bacteria working in the reticulorumen, as well as stimulation of saliva secretion to buffer the rumen pH.

When food has been degraded sufficiently it passes from the reticulorumen through the reticulomasal orifice to the omasum followed by the abomasum to continue the digestion process in the lower parts of the alimentary canal. No enzymes are secreted in the rumen. Enzymes and hydrochloric acid are only secreted from the abomasum (fourth stomach) onwards, and ruminants function from that point onwards much like monogastric animals, such as pigs and humans.

Chemistry
The reticulorumen has an optimum pH of 6.5 for the microbe population to thrive. Consumption by ruminants of an insufficiently fibrous diet leads to little cud formation and therefore lowered amounts of saliva production. This in turn is associated with rumen acidosis, where the rumen pH can fall to 5 or lower. Rumen acidosis is associated with a lowered appetite which leads to still lower rates of saliva secretion. Eventually, a collapse of the microbial ecosystem in the rumen will occur because of the low pH. Acute rumen acidosis can lead to death of the animal, and will occur if the animal is allowed to eat a diet with no roughage but high levels of highly digestible starchy concentrate. Some dairy cows in intensive systems of milk production may have sub-acute acidosis because of the high rates of cereals in their diets relative to an insufficient amount of forage. However, most producers provide adequate fodder in the form of hay to prevent this.

Jewish dietary laws
Jewish dietary laws state that an animal that chews the cud and has a cloven hoof is acceptable for consumption. Any animal that doesn't chew the cud and have a cloven hoof is unclean.

Cuisine
Goat cud is sometimes an ingredient in Pinapaitan.

title: Cud


text:
Urban revolution

In anthropology and archaeology, the urban revolution is the process by which small, kin-based, illiterate agricultural villages were transformed into large, socially complex, urban societies.

Overview
Australian archaeologist V. Gordon Childe introduced the term "urban revolution" in the 1930s. Childe also coined the term "Neolithic Revolution" to describe the earlier process by which hunter-gatherer societies domesticated crops and animals and began a farming lifestyle. Childe was the first to synthesize and organize the large volume of new archaeological data in the early-20th century in social terms. Whereas previous archaeologists had concentrated on chronology and technology, Childe applied concepts and theories from the social sciences to interpret archaeological finds. Childe first discussed the urban revolution in his 1936 book, Man Makes Himself, and then in his 1950 article in the journal Town Planning Review brought the concept to a much larger audience. In that paper, he presented a 10-point model for the changes that characterized the urban revolution:

 * 1) In point of size the first cities must have been more extensive and more densely populated than any previous settlements.
 * 2) In composition and function the urban population already differed from that of any village … full-time specialist craftsmen, transport workers, merchants, officials and priests.
 * 3) Each primary producer paid over the tiny surplus he could wring from the soil with his still very limited technical equipment as tithe or tax to a deity or a divine king who thus concentrated the surplus.
 * 4) Truly monumental public buildings not only distinguish each known city from any village but also symbolise the concentration of the social surplus.
 * 5) But naturally priests, civil and military leaders and officials absorbed a major share of the concentrated surplus and thus formed a "ruling class".
 * 6) Writing.
 * 7) The elaboration of exact and predictive sciences – arithmetic, geometry and astronomy.
 * 8) Conceptualized and sophisticated styles
 * 9) Regular “foreign” trade over quite long distances.
 * 10) A state organisation based now on residence rather than kinship.

Childe's own work highlighted the urban revolution which he identified as occurring in Mesopotamia in the course of the 4th millennium BCE.

Although sometimes interpreted as a model of the origins of cities and urbanism, Childe's concept in fact describes the transition from agricultural villages to state-level, urban societies. This change, which occurred independently in several parts of the world, is recognized as one of the most significant changes in human sociocultural evolution. Although contemporary models for the origins of complex urban societies have progressed beyond Childe's original formulation, there is general agreement that he correctly identified one of the most far-reaching social transformations prior to the Industrial Revolution, as well as the major processes involved in the change.

title: Urban revolution


text:
Glenhaven, New South Wales

Glenhaven is a semi rural suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 32 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district in the local government areas of The Hills Shire and Hornsby Shire, part of the Hills District region.

History
The area was originally called Sandhurst, which remains Glenhaven's most prominent street. Crego Road, which runs off Sandhurst is the highest. There was some confusion with mail because of a suburb in Melbourne with the same name. A public meeting was held to have the name changed to reflect its valley location. The upper portion of the valley was known as "The Glen", and the lower portion as "The Haven", hence the choice Glenhaven.

Glenhaven is on the route of the Great North Road that linked Parramatta with the Hunter Valley. John Evans, one of the first settlers in the area, used a bullock team to drag timber, and the route he used became known as Evans Road. The area had many wild flowers, including waratahs, Christmas bush, boronias, native roses, and a variety of orchids which thrived there.

Sandhurst Post Office opened on 11 July 1892 and was renamed Glenhaven on 1 January 1893. It closed in 1972.

Schools
Glenhaven has one school
 * Glenhaven Public School

Transport
Glenhaven is served by four CDC NSW bus routes:
 * 603 from Rouse Hill Town Centre to Parramatta via Castle Hill and vice versa services most of the suburb.
 * 637 to Castle Hill services the eastern portion of the suburb
 * 638 to Castle Hill services the eastern portion of the suburb
 * 652X service to the Queen Victoria Building via West Pennant Hills and the M2 runs during peak hour.

The Metro line from Chatswood to Tallawong is the serving train line with the closest station being Hills Showground.

Housing
Glenhaven is a leafy suburb with large homes on large blocks of land. On the east side of Old Northern Road semi-rural acreages are present, as well as a retirement village and the Flower Power Garden Centre. Since half the suburb is located on a ridge 180-200m high, the higher terrain homes have picturesque panoramas of the Blue Mountains looking out to the west.

Demographics
According to the 2016 census, the small suburb of Glenhaven had a population of 6,501 people. Of these:

 * Sex distribution: 48.5% were male and 51.5% were female.
 * Age distribution: The median age was 45 years, compared to the national median of 38 years.
 * Ethnic diversity: 73.4% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 5.1%, New Zealand 1.7% and South Africa 1.7%. 84.2% of people spoke only English at home.
 * Religion: The most common responses for religion were Catholic 30.0%, Anglican 23.6% and No Religion 19.3%.
 * Finances: The median household weekly income was $2,259, compared to the national median of $1,438. The median mortgage payment in Glenhaven is $2,685	 per month, compared to the national median of $1,755.

Notable residents

 * John Marks, former Australian tennis player
 * Delta Goodrem, singer and actress
 * Dieter Brummer, actor
 * Brian Houston, pastor
 * Nathan Hindmarsh, rugby league player
 * Greg Page, original Yellow member of The Wiggles
 * Lleyton Hewitt and Bec Hewitt

Glenhaven Rural Fire brigade
Glenhaven Rural Fire Brigade is a volunteer fire brigade with the New South Wales Rural Fire Service. It currently has approximately 50 members. The brigade has a Category 1 tankers, a Category 7 tanker and a personnel carrier.

title: Glenhaven, New South Wales


text:
Smart Tag

Smart Tag is the former name of a transponder-based electronic toll collection system implemented by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). It was launched as Fastoll on April 15, 1996. Fastoll was rebranded as Smart Tag in 1998, and was placed under the umbrella of Smart Travel. In November 2007, the Smart Tag brand name was retired in favor of E-ZPass Virginia, several years after the Smart Tag system became a part of the E-ZPass network.

Originally, Smart Tag only operated at certain toll roads and crossings in Virginia. The system became interoperable with the E-ZPass toll collection system on October 27, 2004, although Richmond Metropolitan Authority owned toll roads—Boulevard Bridge, the Downtown Expressway, and the Powhite Parkway (excluding the extension)—did not begin accepting E-ZPass until August 3, 2005; E-ZPass integration had been delayed due to damages from Tropical Storm Gaston. Smart Tag branded transponders operate throughout the E-ZPass network, and E-ZPass branded transponders operate at all E-ZPass Virginia (formerly Smart Tag) toll collection points.

Roads and crossings that accept Smart Tag/E-ZPass Virginia/E-ZPass:

 * Dulles Toll Road from Falls Church to Dulles International Airport (DC suburbs).
 * Dulles Greenway, a privately owned highway from Dulles to Leesburg.
 * Downtown Expressway in Richmond.
 * Powhite Parkway and Powhite Parkway Extension in Richmond and Chesterfield County.
 * Boulevard Bridge (the "Nickel Bridge", though it costs 45 cents now) in Richmond
 * Pocahontas Parkway in Chesterfield and Henrico County.
 * Chesapeake Expressway in Chesapeake.
 * George P. Coleman Bridge, across the York River near Newport News (U.S. Highway 17).
 * Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel
 * Any road or crossing in the E-ZPass network.

title: Smart Tag


text:
Portland Rose Festival

The Portland Rose Festival is an annual civic festival held during the month of June in Portland, Oregon. It is organized by the volunteer non-profit Portland Rose Festival Foundation (named the Portland Rose Festival Association until the 2000s) with the purpose of promoting the Portland region. It includes three separate parades, along with a number of other activities.

History
The Portland Rose Society, founded by Georgiana Pittock and friends in 1888, began with a backyard rose show in Pittock's garden. The annual fundraising event drew more crowds each year. By 1904, the rose society was hosting its annual rose show along with additional festivities, including a parade and pageant. In 1905, Portland Mayor Harry Lane is remembered for his rousing speech at the Lewis and Clark Exposition, telling the large crowd that Portland needed a "festival of roses". In 1906, the first Rose Festival and Flower Parade was held in Portland. Pittock and neighbors contributed roses from their gardens to decorate floats, wagons, people and horses for the parade. In 1907, the Portland Rose Festival Association was incorporated and Portland hosted its first official Portland Rose Festival.

The Grand Floral Parade is the centerpiece of the festival and the second largest all-floral parade in the United States  after the Tournament of Roses Parade. More than 500,000 spectators line the route, making this flower parade the largest single-day spectator event in Oregon. The first parade, in 1907, was called the Rose Carnival, but eventually came to be known as the Rose Festival Parade and later still the Grand Floral Parade. The 1907 festival also included an "electric parade" with illuminated floats; this evolved into the Merrykhana Parade but after a two-season suspension was renamed the Starlight Parade in 1976.

Since 1930 a queen has been selected from a court of high school seniors from each school in the area. The members of the court are called princesses. For a brief period starting in 1997 they were officially called "ambassadors", but the term "princesses" was reinstated in January 2007. A college scholarship is awarded to a 14-member "royalty". Starting in 2009, the Rose Festival Foundation opened one place on the court to someone from a school outside the Portland city limits. There are drivers for the Princesses, who are chosen from each high school. The first African American driver (escort) was Sam Whitney from Benson High School in 1954. A Junior Rose Festival, focused on children, began unofficially in 1921, on the city's east side, and included its own parade and junior court. It became an official part of the Rose Festival in 1936. The festival's annual Junior Parade takes place in the city's Hollywood district. The Junior Parade has grown to an event involving nearly 10,000 children, making it the world's largest parade for children.

During Fleet Week, ships from United States Navy, Coast Guard, Army Corps of Engineers and the Royal Canadian Navy dock along the seawall of Tom McCall Waterfront Park.

The festival also hosts the Starlight Parade, a fireworks display, and carnival rides along the Portland waterfront, among other events. Dragon boat races on the Willamette River have been included every year since 1989.

The Golden Rose Ski Classic is an annual ski race originating in 1936. It is the oldest known organized ski race in America, and is the only USSA-sanctioned summer race.

An air show was added to the Rose Festival in 1988 and remained part of the festival through 2002. Held at the Hillsboro Airport, it was named the Rose Festival Air Show, with the name generally preceded by a sponsor's name, but after the 2002 and 15th show the Rose Festival Association decided to discontinue its relationship with the event. In 2003, the show was reorganized as the Oregon International Air Show, with different sponsors and no longer a Rose Festival event.

No festival was held in 1917 and 1918 because of World War I or from 1942 through 1945 because of World War II. From 2007 to 2016, the festival began with the 82nd Avenue of Roses Parade. The parade was cancelled in 2017, but returned in 2018. COVID-19 pandemic concerns canceled the 2020 and 2021 parades, but the parade would return in 2022.

Awards

 * 2007, 2011: the International Festivals and Events Association named the Portland Rose Festival the best in the world

title: Portland Rose Festival


text:
2MCE

2MCE FM Bathurst is a local community radio station, located on the campus of Charles Sturt University in Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia. It broadcasts to the communities of Bathurst and Orange and their surrounds.

2MCE FM is supported by CSU's School of Information and Communication Studies in conjunction with the local community, and operates two frequencies:
 * 92.3 MHz in the Bathurst area, broadcasting from a transmitter atop Mount Panorama, with a power output of 1,000 watts.
 * 94.7 MHz in the Orange area, broadcasting from a transmitter atop Mount Canobolas, with a power output of 500 watts.

History
The station is one of Australia's oldest non-metropolitan licensed community radio stations. The station began full-time broadcasting in May 1976. Run by dedicated staff and members of the community, the early broadcasts came from a 170 watt transmitter and a bizarre aerial on top of the library.

A 1 kW transmitter was installed on Mount Panorama in 1977, and replaced in 1994. A translator service to Orange (with a separate transmitter on Mount Canobolas) came on-line in 1987.

In 1989 renovations increased the number of studios from one small studio to three somewhat larger work areas, located on the university's Bathurst campus. The studios are also used by students for their course work, and feature broadcast-standard tools and equipment.

Facilities
The station includes two broadcast studios plus three production studios. A separate studio houses a newsroom and produce the nationally networked news service for community stations, the National Radio News.

Name
The "2" in the callsign is the New South Wales prefix for radio stations. The "MCE" in the callsign stands for the University's Bathurst antecedent, Mitchell College of Advanced Education, now Charles Sturt University.

Notable former broadcasters

 * Samantha Armytage – Seven News presenter and Weekend Sunrise co-host
 * Chris Bath – Seven News journalist and presenter
 * Tara Brown – Nine Network, 60 Minutes presenter
 * Jon Casimir – producer of Enough Rope and God On My Side; co-creator, producer and writer of The Gruen Transfer; responsible for the creation of The Sydney Morning Herald's news website, smh.com.au
 * Anna Coren – CNN International journalist and presenter
 * Andrew Denton – (ABC Australia) producer and host of Enough Rope (gold Logie Nominee), producer of The Gruen Transfer
 * Melissa Doyle – Seven Network Sunrise presenter
 * Amanda Keller – 2WS FM radio announcer, host of Network Ten's The Living Room
 * Deborah Knight – Ten News news presenter
 * Allison Langdon – Nine News reporter
 * Hamish MacDonald – former Al Jazeera English and Ten News presenter and reporter
 * Philippa McDonald – senior reporter, ABC TV News
 * Mark Reddie – Sydney Reporter, ABC News Breakfast
 * Marguerite McKinnon – freelance journalist and writer
 * Jessica Rowe – Seven News presenter
 * Jacinta Tynan – Sky News Australia journalist and presenter
 * Monique Wright – Seven Network Sunday Night reporter

title: 2MCE


text: File:LdSH(RC) badge.png

title: File:LdSH(RC) badge.png