text:
Talk:Television Centre, London

TVC as output source
'Most BBC national and international TV output comes from Television Centre' - this is surely not true these days, since channel playout has been done from Red Bee up the road for several years now, and only a minority of programmes come from studios within TVC. -SP

 * I seriously doubted this assertion when first I came across it some months ago, but supposed that whoever had put it there knew what they were talking about. Can someone in a position to confirm or refute please do so, or do we have to ring the press office? Wingspeed (talk) 13:50, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Only two years later I've edited it to more closely reflect reality although there is room for improvement, mentioned and cited is something about broadcast stopping from TVC in 2013, in actually stopped with the commission of the broadcast centre in 2005. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kejoxen (talk • contribs) 12:25, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

Shape etc
The building design (from the air) was inspired by the shape of a question mark drawn on a piee of paper. The curved part of the '?' allowed studios to be built at exactly equal distances from the CAR (Central Apparatus Room) before broadcast. These days, thanks to digital signals, exactly identical distances are no longer required, as signals can easily be delayed by fractions of a second in order to achieve good 'mixes'.
 * Previous comment by User:195.10.45.154 -- please sign with 4 squiggles.
 * Not sure about that, CAR is behind trhe south hall lifts on the 2nd or 3rd floor, not under the fountain. Any reference? I was told the design of the site (allegedly done on the back of an envelope with the questionmark thing) was to allow heavy lorries to get to every studio, yet have maximum space for studios and other offices. 80.175.189.41 15:06, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Methinks that it's one of several reasons - CAR was roughly mid-point meaning that as each studio needed to be connected to it by equal length cable runs (for timing purposes) you only needed to coil up the spare cable under the floor for the closer studios! If it had been at one end of the chain, then you would have had to "lose" lots more cable somewhere - that's how I understood it anyway. I've also aded a link in the "power cuts" section to the most famous power cut of all - BBC 2 opening night. Zir 23:18, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Nevertheless, this speculation was added by an anonymous user in August 2021. I have removed it. PBUK (talk) 12:55, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

I have removed the statement that the power cut, causing the Today programme to drop off the air, lead to an alert among Britain's nuclear submarines. I think this is sensationalist. A few arguments:
 * 1) The story that a sure sign of nuclear attack is the absence of Radio 4's Today states that it must be several days, not 15 minutes.
 * 2) The story itself is the assertion of one man only and not widely accepted.
 * 3) Sources of this report, e.g. do not seem to have the true facts regarding the operation of the UK's nuclear deterrent straight, so the accuracy of the entire story could be questioned.
 * 4) Regarding the story itself, I doubt that this is the only way a nuke sub. commander can determine if the country is under attack. An ICBM will give a warning of at least three or four minutes, more than enough time for an alert to be broadcast to the submarine on patrol.
 * 5) Again, it is sensationalist.

There must be room for Roy Castle tap-dancing round the fountain (and breaking a world record) in this article. Jooler 18:52, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * The submarines (allegedly) monitor 198Khz Longwave for a carrier, not a specific show. The carrier did not fall silent. Any extrapolation of this to "must listen to a certain show" is completely untrue, and its not like most of the UKs submarines anywhere within range of getting Radio 4 on longwave in the first place (it gets flaky on the Irish west coast, let alone Iraq...) --Kiand 17:10, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It's a funny story though, and amazing that a newspaper would even accept it. So, sub commanders on the other side of the world would listen to Today. How? And if Today goes silent for several days, they can decide to strike at "the enemy" on their own? Which enemy? Would they know? Also, from what I've read, UK nuclear weapons are under the control of the US, i.e. not even if Tony would want to, could he use them without Dubya's consent. Now that's scary... Thomas Blomberg 19:08, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not going to enter into that kind of discussion or we'll be here all night ;)
 * But commanders the other side of the world, or even the other side of the med, won't get Radio 4 anyway. Unless they surface and shove up a Worldspace antenna, and I'm not even sure its on Worldspace anymore... Additionally, whats to stop "the enemy" from taking over the 198 transmitter and using "voice doubles" or even the real presenters bribed/forced/whatever... its a nice story and I'm sure it'd have worked in WWII when the subs didn't go too far from home and the BBC had their vaguely insane anti-jamming transmission system, bunker studios, etc, etc. But they don't now; they have a single LW transmitter on 198.

 * See Letters of last resort. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.29.18.220 (talk) 16:03, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

TC1 "largest television studio in Europe"
Studio 1 is big, but even when it opened in 1964 it was smaller than Rediffusion's studio 5 at Wembley. MMC's studio complex at Cologne has seven studios with usable floor areas larger than the usable 810 m2 of TC1, including three studios twice the size, and one even larger with a usable floor area of 2118 m2 (studio 30/31).

Changing the claim to read "second largest television studio in Britain". -- Jheald 16:28, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Removal of recent event picture
You say you have had admin clarification, please can you actually post it here please, otherwise I'll assume you're just pushing your own POV.  BRIANTIST  (talk) 14:55, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
 * No problem, look here. The Islander 15:58, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Evolution or Revolution
Think that I prefer the former - so no scrapping please or I'll take my ball home (BBC_Television_centre.JPG that is) seriously tho'....

One or two errors have crept in:

 * "foundation stone marked 'BBC 1956'.... which commemorates the start of construction" - it doesn't, see as it's under the stairwell and clock in the doughnut - and Stages 1 & 2 were built well before this time.

 * "concrete doughnut" might just be a Woganism - certainly he popularised the term - you don't hear staff using it.

 * "at the time of its design (TVC) signal phase was integral to colour images" - excuse me but telly was black and white until the late 1960s - this building was conceived in the late forties - colour didn't enter the design process.

 * "Recently Television Centre has been home to many programmes not made for the BBC, etc..." - this is just becoming scrappy!

Could go on but I'll stop there as I'm beginning to sound like Mr. Angry! Grrrrr Zir 17:08, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Certainly agree with the last two points you make, Zir, so have removed the offending text. I seriously don't know how I ignored the colour TV contribs - should have noticed the obvious flaw in that logic, and as for the last statement, though the relevant text is correct (ish - I'm fairly sure that the BBC have hired out TVC studios for ages, not just recently), it was very poorly worded. The Islander 20:14, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, when John Birt (pah!) created BBC Resources in 1998 the general idea was to hire out facilities to the tv industry.

 * I've tweaked the "BBC 1956" to read better (or just different) and ref-ed it Zir 00:22, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Use of the term 'filmed'
I've just replaced the use of the term 'filmed' with 'recorded or transmitted' in the studios section, since this is more accurate - extremely rarely where any productions filmed (ie using a film camera) at Television Centre - they were normally either recorded (eg onto videotape), or transmitted live, both using multiple video cameras. Tonys (talk) 16:34, 22 November 2013 (UTC)

Why was it abandoned??? Copyedit (minor)
Was it because, after 50 years, the building had become obsolete??? Did the BBC move to a smaller facility and it was more cost effective??? Why???User:JCHeverly 21:16, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on BBC Television Centre
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Blacklisted Links Found on BBC Television Centre
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Trimmed the lead; material may need review
The lead was way too big, so I've summarized and removed the below material.

It looks like most of this is already covered in the "Development" section, but someone may want to review if there are parts worth re-integrating into the body of the article. (Taking this much out didn't break any refs, so there may be unique refs that should be restored.)

== It was announced on 21 September 2010 that the BBC would cease broadcasting from Television Centre in 2013. On 13 June 2011 the BBC announced that Television Centre was on the market, and that it was "inviting bid proposals from people looking for a conventional, freehold property or those interested in a joint venture", suggesting that it may yet remain connected to the BBC.

In July 2012 it was announced that the complex had been sold to property developers Stanhope plc for around £200 million and that the BBC would retain a continued presence at Television Centre through its commercial subsidiaries BBC Studios and Post Production (BBC Studioworks since 2016) and BBC Worldwide. BBC Studios and Post Production (relocated to Elstree Studios) was due to move back to Television Centre to operate Studio 1, 2 and 3 in 2015, but it was announced in July 2014 that it had agreed with the developers, Stanhope, to move back in 2017, at the same time as other key tenants, to enable the most efficient overall site construction programme to take place. BBC Worldwide moved into office space in the Stage 6 building following extensive refurbishment in 2015.

The radio and television news departments moved to Broadcasting House in central London, the home of BBC Radio, as part of a reorganisation. BBC News moved to new facilities in Broadcasting House on 18 March 2013, but TVC remained in active use with many programmes being taped in the studios until it closed for redevelopment officially on 31 March 2013. BBC TVC was one of the largest such facilities in the world and was the second-oldest operational television studio in the United Kingdom, after Granada Studios where Granada Television was based for many decades.

Stanhope said in April 2014 that the new Television Centre development would "pay homage to the original use of the building" and retain original features of the buildings including the "doughnut", atomic dot wall and Helios statue. The new Television Centre will be opened up to the public and will offer entertainment and leisure facilities, including a new branch of members' club Soho House, offices aimed at the creative sector and approximately 1,000 new homes, together with pedestrian access through the site providing connectivity with the local area, including Hammersmith Park. The refurbished Studios 1, 2 and 3 reopened in September 2017 and, since the closure of ITV's London Studios, have been the studio base for Good Morning Britain, Lorraine, This Morning and Loose Women.

--NapoliRoma (talk) 10:25, 23 November 2019 (UTC)

Move to consolidate
Hi all, I'm proposing the redevelopment section of the article is moved and merged with the history section, as it is currently somewhat unhelpful to have the recent history of the building at the opposite end to the modern history with loads of technical information in between. Tvcameraop (talk) 13:24, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

I suppot the proposed change. Senator2029 “Talk” 23:13, 28 July 2020 (UTC)
 * , thanks for the agreement. I've now gone ahead and merged with the history section, alongside additional changes such as consolidation of the external links (some into the body of the article). Tvcameraop (talk) 11:08, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Television Centre, London


text:
Wuhan University

Wuhan University (WHU; ) is a public university in Wuhan, Hubei, China. It is affiliated with and funded by the Ministry of Education of China. The university is part of Project 985, Project 211, and the Double First-Class Construction.

History
In 1926, National Wuchang University, National Wuchang University of Commerce, Hubei Provincial Medical University, Hubei Provincial University of Legislation, Hubei Provincial University of Liberal Arts, and the private Wuchang Zhonghua University were merged into National Wuchang Sun Yat-sen University (also known as National Second Sun Yat-sen University). The school has an undergraduate department and 6 subjects including liberal arts, science, law, economics, medicine, and preparatory courses, 17 departments, and 2 departments.

In 1928, the Nanjing National Government officially established the National Wuhan University based on the former National Wuchang Sun Yat-sen University, with four colleges: liberal arts, law, science, and engineering.

In 1949, National Wuhan University was taken over by the Communist Party and renamed Wuhan University.

Academics
In 2018, Wuhan University's student body consisted of 29,405 full-time undergraduates and 19,699 full-time master's degree candidates, 7,163 Ph.D candidates and 2,453 international students.

Reputation and rankings
Wuhan University is ranked in the top 200th global universities by major international universities rankings, including the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the QS World University Rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the Center for World University Rankings, and the U.S. News & World Report.

China
Wuhan University is ranked among the top 10 universities in China.

In 2016, CUAA ranked it the 4th.

In 2015, CUAA ranked it the 4th and Wu Shulian ranked it the 7th.

In 2014, CUAA ranked it the 5th and Wu Shulian ranked it the 7th.

World
In 2022, QS World University Rankings ranked it 194th in the world and 8th in China.

In 2024, U.S. News & World Report ranked it 108th in the world, 21st in Asia and 11th in China.

In 2022, Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked it between # 101-150 in the world and 15th in Asia. In 2020, it ranked 23rd in Greater China (including Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan).

It came 157th in the 2022 Times Higher Education World University Rankings where it ranked 25th in Asia and 8th in China.

Internationally, Wuhan University is regarded as one of the most reputable Chinese universities by the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings where it ranked 126th globally in 2023.

In Q4 2020, it was ranked 7th globally and 1st among Asia and Oceania universities by the amount of venture capital funding raised by unicorn startups founded by its alumni.

Research
Regarding scientific research output, the Nature Index 2023 ranked Wuhan University the No.14 university in the Asia Pacific region, and 33rd in the world among the global universities. The 2023 CWTS Leiden Ranking ranked Wuhan University 22nd in the world by total publications and 45th in the world based on the number of their scientific publications belonging to the top 1% in their fields for the time period 2018–2021.

Campus
The university has rolling physical features with the scenic Luojia Hill and the beautiful East Lake. Its campus is heavily wooded and green, with fragrant flowers everywhere year-round. Wuhan University is widely known as one of the most beautiful universities in China, especially for its cherry blossom garden. A cherry blossom festival is held every spring.

Most stylish old buildings were designed by F. H. Kales (1899–1979). Educated in MIT, Kales was a pioneer to blend western architectural styles with traditional Chinese elements, which is most evident from his roof designs.

Wuhan University boasts a campus covering an area of 5508 mu and has a floor area of 2.42 square kilometres. The university's libraries have a collection of approximately 5.4 million volumes and subscriptions to more than 10,000 Chinese and foreign periodicals.

Cooperation
Wuhan University has established cooperative relationship with more than 300 universities and research institutes in over 40 countries and regions.

 * School of Information Management at Wuhan University signed a cooperation agreement with Royal School of Library and Information Science in Denmark in 2009.
 * Wuhan University has collaborated with Duke University and the city of Kunshan to establish Duke Kunshan University.

Notable alumni
As of 2017 at least 29 billionaires had graduated from Wuhan University, ranking third place in the South Central China region and 9th nationally.

 * Guo Moruo, Chinese author, poet, historian, archaeologist, and government official from Sichuan, China
 * Bin Jiang, professor, in GIS at Högskolan i Gävle (HIG)
 * Chen Tanqiu, Chinese revolutionary, founding member of the Chinese Communist Party
 * Shen Congwen, Chinese writer
 * Wen Yiduo, Chinese poet and scholar
 * Li Long Lam, archaeologist
 * Li Siguang, founder of geomechanics
 * Ling Shuhua, Chinese modernist writer whose short stories became popular during the 1920s and 30s
 * Wan Exiang, professor of international law at Wuhan University, vice president of the Supreme People's Court of China, and vice president of the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang
 * Wang Yanyi, Chinese immunologist and current Director General of the Wuhan Institute of Virology
 * Su Xuelin, Chinese author and scholar
 * Xiaokai Yang, Chinese-Australian economist
 * Wang Tieya, eminent Chinese jurist and former judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
 * Li Haopei, Chinese jurist, diplomat and academic
 * Chao Yao-dong, Taiwanese politician, economist and former Minister of Economic Affairs (1981–84)
 * Wu Mi, one of the founders of Chinese comparative literature
 * Chi Li, contemporary Chinese writer
 * Zheng Lihui, Chinese gymnast, was part of the Chinese team that won the gold medal in the team event at the 2000 Summer Olympics
 * Xiao Hailiang, Chinese diver who became an Olympic champion in the 3m Springboard Synchronized event at the 2000 Summer Olympics
 * Li Da, Chinese marxist philosopher
 * Karim Massimov, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (2007–2012)
 * Lei Jun, founder of Xiaomi Tech, one of China's largest technology companies
 * Liu Jingnan, GPS engineer, member of Chinese Academy of Engineering, former president of Wuhan University
 * Xiaolin Wu, computer engineer
 * Yi Zhongtian, writer, historian and professor at Xiamen University
 * Tiare Aguilera Hey, Rapa Nui politician
 * Wang Zhi'an, journalist and former China Central Television television host
 * Chiao-Min Chu, engineer and a fellow member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wuhan University


text:
Beechingstoke

Beechingstoke is a small village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England. It lies in the Vale of Pewsey about 5 mi west of Pewsey and the same distance east of Devizes. The parish includes the hamlet of Broad Street and the northern part of the village of Bottlesford.

The River Avon and its small tributaries form parts of the west, south and northeast boundaries of the parish.

History
Marden Henge, a large Neolithic earthwork, is just over the south-west border of the parish. The Domesday Book of 1086 records a manor called Bichenestock, with 14 households and one mill, held by Shaftesbury Abbey. In 1541 the king transferred the land to the Dean of Winchester, who held it until 1845.

The house known as The Manor (previously Stoke Manor), at the east end of the village, has a west wing from the early 18th century and a later west wing, both in brick under thatched roofs. Stoke Farmhouse, in the centre of the village, is from 1820–1840, in brick and slate with a cast iron porch.

In 1862 the Reading to Taunton railway was built close to Beechingstoke village and became the northern boundary of the parish. There was a station at, just outside the parish to the north of Broad Street, but it closed in 1966 making the nearest station.

Parish church
The earliest known record of the Church of England parish church of Saint Stephen is from 1291. Of the mediaeval church building, only the 14th-century chancel arch and surrounding wall survive. The nave was rebuilt in 1693 and the chancel in 1791. In 1848 the 1791 east window was moved to Wilsford school and a new 15th-century style one made by Wailes was inserted in the chancel in its place. The church was largely rebuilt again in 1861 under the direction of the architect S.B. Gabriel of Bristol, who altered the east window to a 14th-century style and inserted a new west window. The church is Grade II listed, as is the nearby Old Rectory of c. 1830.

Rectors include Edward Tufnell (1846 to 1858), who was later the first bishop of Brisbane, Australia. The benefice was held in plurality with that of Woodborough with Manningford Bohune from 1951, and in 1961 the benefices were united. Wilcot, Huish and Oare were added to the union in 1972 and a team ministry established; today Beechingstoke is part of the Vale of Pewsey group of churches.

Local government
Beechingstoke is a civil parish with an elected parish council. It is in the area of the Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which is responsible for all significant local government functions, and is represented in the council by Paul Oatway, who succeeded Brigadier Robert Hall in 2013.

Amenities
There is no school in the parish. A National school was built near the church shortly before 1859 but closed around 1872 when the school at nearby Woodborough was opened.

title: Beechingstoke


text:
Nerve (disambiguation)

A nerve is a part of the peripheral nervous system.

Nerve or Nerves may also refer to:

Mathematics

 * Nerve of a covering, a construction in mathematical topology
 * Nerve (category theory), a construction in category theory

Film and television

 * Nerves (film), a 1919 film by the Austrian director and novelist Robert Reinert
 * "Nerve" (Farscape), a 2000 episode of Farscape
 * Nerve (2013 film), a 2013 Australian psychological thriller film
 * Nerve (2016 film), a 2016 American drama thriller film

Books

 * Nerve (magazine), a Liverpool-based arts and social issues magazine
 * Nerve (Francis novel), a 1964 novel by Dick Francis
 * Nerve (Ryan novel), a 2012 young adult thriller by Jeanne Ryan

Computing

 * Nerve Software, a video game developer
 * Nerve (website), a website and magazine

Artists

 * The Nerves, an American power pop band
 * Nerve, an American band founded by Jojo Mayer.
 * Nerve, an industrial rock band that Junkie XL was a member of

Songs

 * "nerve", by Bis from Brand-new idol Society, 2011
 * "Nerve", by Blindside from Blindside, 1997
 * "Nerve", by Charlotte Church from Two, 2013
 * "Nerve", by Don Broco from Automatic, 2015
 * "Nerve", by Half Moon Run from Dark Eyes, 2012
 * "Nerve", by Soilwork from Stabbing the Drama, 2005
 * "Nerve", by The Story So Far from The Story So Far, 2015
 * "Nerves", by Bauhaus from In the Flat Field, 1980
 * "Nerves", by Maths Class, 2008
 * "Nerves", by Silkworm from Firewater, 1996
 * "The Nerve", by George Strait from Carrying Your Love with Me, 1997
 * "The Nerve", by Kaiser Chiefs from Education, Education, Education & War, 2014

Other uses

 * Nerve (botany), another word for the vein of a leaf

title: Nerve (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:NikosP

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Manual of Style

 * Γεια σου φίλε, and welcome to Wikipedia! Consider adding yourself to the Wikipedians/Greece list, and don't hesitate to ask for any help you may need. Etz Haim

Demographics of Greece
Could you please explain on Talk:Demographics of Greece why you delete the part about the Greek Helsinki Monitor Report? Boraczek 08:43, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:NikosP


text: User:Rail

title: User:Rail


text: Category:Concentration camps

title: Category:Concentration camps


text:
Roger Northwode

Sir Roger de Northwode (c. 1230 – 9 November 1286) held the posts of Warden of the Cinque Ports and Baron of the Exchequer.

He was a son of Sir Stephen de Northwode, Knight and his wife, Joan. Both parents were born before 1178. He may have been born earlier than 1230, possibly circa 1215. He married twice: first to Bona (probably de Waltham) and second to Juliana.

Some confusion exists over when he received his knighthood, as it is cited that in September 1265, when he served as steward of the Archbishop of Canterbury, he was also "a knight commissioned in Kent to take the lands of the rebels into the king's hands".

It has also been stated that (again) in September, but of 1275, he received his knighthood. Therefore, he was knighted sometime between September 1265–75; this much is certain, and he was thereafter commissioned on numerous public services. Specifically he was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and held this office until about the turn of 1259. He was also Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports after 1255 but before 1258 when he was replaced by Nicholas de Moels.

de Northwode 'took an interest in the old monastery of St. Sexburge for it had been long neglected. He made many repairs and donated to the monastery, "wherefore among the servants of God, he is to this day called the restorer of that house."'

title: Roger Northwode


text:
Talk:Suprnova.org

Suprnova vs. SuprNova
i'm making a (half-assed) attempt to standardize the case used in the article for 'Suprnova'. it switches back and forth constantly, even when not used in a domain name (e.g. it might be okay to use "Suprnova.org" and "SuprNova", but shouldn't just switch between "Suprnova" and "SuprNova"). i don't know what is preferable, if there is any rational for one or the other please say so. i am choosing 'Suprnova', mostly just because that's what's used in the article's name. - Shadowsill (talk) 01:53, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

Completely Messed Up - Lock It
The article has clearly been changed in favor of suprnova (whatever the hell that is). it should be fixed by someone who knows what they're doing and then locked. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.93.177.210 (talk) 18:25, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

dead again
since the pirate bay was shutdown 24 Aug 2009, suprnova seems to be dead too. --94.0.156.126 (talk) 00:49, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Suprnova.org


text:
Patani, Indonesia

Patani is a coastal region in North Maluku, Indonesia, located on the eastern peninsula of Halmahera. Tepeleo is the biggest town in the area which is located within the Central Halmahera Regency. The area is perhaps most well known for its high-quality nutmeg, although cocoa, copra, palm oil and coconut crab are known to be produced in the region.

The area is subject to large-scale mining and industrial farming, where the general population typically engage in fishing, subsistence farming and tourism (due to the widespread natural beauty). It is generally understood that education, employment and wealth can only be found by leaving the area to pursue educational opportunities elsewhere due to the low levels of local education, wealth and the lack of local post-education pathways.

The Sultan of Tidore is thought to have social influence over this area where the area was absorbed into the Tidore Kingdom in the 6th century. As a consequence, the general population is overwhelmingly understood to identify as Islamic, although Islam is typically interwoven with pre-Islamic traditional cultural and religious practices. There is thought to be widespread suspicion to outsiders due to the past religious conflict in the early 2000s.

title: Patani, Indonesia


text: Talk:Demographics of Papua New Guinea

title: Talk:Demographics of Papua New Guinea


text:
Boot image

A boot image is a type of disk image (a computer file containing the complete contents and structure of a storage medium). When it is transferred onto a boot device it allows the associated hardware to boot.

The boot image usually includes the operating system, utilities and diagnostics, as well as boot and data recovery information. It also includes those "applications" used organization-wide. A specialized image for a particular type of user or department is called typically a departmental boot image. Building such an image can take days or weeks, and involve complex decisions about licensing and permissions - including which passwords to store in the boot image and which to require users to type in - and requires experts in software integration to do.

However, once built, the boot image can be simply copied onto devices, patched within reasonable limits, and remains disposable in case of any problems (viruses in particular). This is possible because unlike other hard drive images (which may contain any data, et al.), pure boot images contain no mission-critical data. By definition a pure boot image contains no data that cannot be reproduced from configurations or off-the-shelf executables. In particular end-user data is not part of a boot image, although some operating systems require that a copy of user preferences or configuration files be kept within the boot image itself, e.g. Microsoft Windows registry. Utilities like Norton Ghost keep a backup copy of the boot image, for quick re-imaging (often called re-installation) in the event of a problem, thus avoiding the need to diagnose a specific problem with a specific machine.

As virtual machine
Some virtual machine infrastructure can directly import and export a boot image for direct installation to "bare metal", i.e. a disk. This is the standard technique for OEMs to install identical copies of an operating system on many identical machines: The boot image is created as a virtual machine and then exported, or created on one disk and then copied via a boot image control infrastructure that also makes virtual machine copies. The VMware vCenter Converter for instance lets users "convert physical machines to virtual machines - for free" as part of that company's suite of products to make images easier to back up and manage. Equivalents exist for Xen and other VM systems.

Goals
By keeping the boot image entirely separate and disposable, and mandating boot image control, organizations seek to keep their total cost of operations (including its total cost of ownership component) low. Often such organizations look at uptime as a service.

One goal of boot image control is to minimize the number of boot images used by an organization to reduce support costs. It includes at least:
 * Specifying the machine hardware to minimize unneeded machine diversity and minimize the resultant number of boot images.
 * Upgrading new machine specifications at low additional cost ensures that they will remain useful long past their normal life. Extending the life of desktop machines will reduce the incursion of off-spec machines later in the life-cycle, improving standardization, reducing support costs, minimizing e-waste.
 * Organizing the network so that boot images can be efficiently supported, independent of data. Data must not be dependent on boot devices. Use networks to store data on secure servers.
 * Hardware acceptance testing on each new machine confirms that it is fit for use in a standardized boot image environment.
 * Boot image installation to ensure that only supportable standardized boot images are used.
 * Troubleshooting and help desk functions employ standardized tests to identify the source of problems: boot, software, or hardware.
 * Desktop system recovery tools and procedures for failed desktop units. These would use backup copies of a boot image created with utilities such as Norton Ghost. In a large organization with many compatible machines, rapid recovery by replacing with a backup boot image may only take a few minutes, with considerable cost savings.
 * Data backup and recovery procedures ensure data is stored in the right place so that it can be recovered promptly in crisis situations.
 * Installing services for the disabled with a single boot image in a manner that is ubiquitous and cost effective, meeting the needs of all staff regardless of disability, with available technology services.
 * Remote work and secure off-site system access procedures.
 * Facilitating worker transfer by changing boots or authorizations instead of moving machines.
 * Using thin clients for off-spec machines to eliminate the need for special boot images.

Many organizations use thin clients for applications which require high security, involve unreliable users or repurpose older machines for continued use.

A cascading strategy involves re-imaging older, off-spec machines to thin client boot images so that they may continue in use for some less demanding or more access-controlled applications.

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Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato

The Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato is a grand tourer sports car designed by Zagato and produced between 1960 and 1963. Introduced in October 1960 at the London Motor Show, it was effectively a DB4 GT, lightened and improved by the Zagato factory in Italy, by Ercole Spada. Initially, the factory planned to produce 25 cars, but demand was not as strong as expected and production was reduced to 20.

The popularity of the original DB4 GT Zagato resulted in two subsequent waves of cars based on DB4s being rendered into "Zagatos" through the cooperation of Aston Martin and the Zagato works in Italy. They are known as "Sanction II" and "Sanction III" cars. Also, an unauthorised industry of modifying original DB4 GTs into "Zagato" replicas has arisen.

Engine
Although the specification of the engine was changed and upgraded throughout their racing history, the Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato predominantly featured a 3.7-litre aluminium twin-spark straight 6-cylinder engine with a 9.7:1 compression ratio, higher than the DB4 GT engine.

The engine produced 314 hp, and had a 0 to 60 mi/h acceleration of 6.1 seconds and a top speed of approximately 154 mph.

Body
Ercole Spada at Zagato transformed the DB4 GT into a smaller, more aerodynamic, super-lightweight car. Many steel components were replaced with the more lightweight and heat-resistant aluminium components. All non-essential elements disappeared, such as the bumpers. With the help of Perspex and aluminium components, more than 100 lb was shed from the DB4 GT.

Racing history
Four of the original Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato's chassis, No.s 0191, 0193, 0182 (1 VEV) and 0183 (2 VEV), were built to a lightened DP207/209 specification especially for racing. The DP209 cars have a lower roofline, larger rear wings, a reshaped tail and a flatter, longer front end.

The first major race using an Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato was around Easter in 1961 at Goodwood. Driven by Stirling Moss, the car finished 3rd, behind an Aston Martin DB4 GT and the winning Ferrari 250 GT.

The most prominent DB4 GT Zagatos, affectionately known by the registration plates they share, 1 VEV and 2 VEV, were both raced under John Ogier's Essex Racing Stable, with assistance from the Aston Martin factory. Both the Zagatos raced in the 1961 24 Hours of Le Mans. However a repeat of the 1959 Le Mans victory was not to be, with both cars retiring. In July 1961 at a British Grand Prix Support race, the Zagato had its first victory with 2 VEV taking the last lap lead from a Jaguar E Type.

2 VEV crashed into a spa in 1962 and was rebuilt to the lightweight DP209 specification. After a car accident in 1993, the car was returned to the 1962 specification.

Chassis 0200 raced in the 1962 24 Hours of Le Mans; however, a blown piston after $9 1/2$ hours forced the car to retire.

Sanction II Zagatos
In 1988, four unutilised chassis numbers were put to use. With the approval of Aston Martin, four DB4 chassis were appropriately uprated to GT specifications. These chassis were then sent to Zagato's Milan workshop to be bodied like the originals, with a smaller oval grille, without the stock DB4 GT's rear tail fins, and with a smoothed out rear end. To familiarise the workforce with construction techniques of the 1960s, an original DB4 GT Zagato was sent there to be dismantled. These "Works-Approved Replicas" were known as the "Sanction II" cars. They were outwardly identical, but several changes were effected in the interest of better handling. Each of these cars sold for over $1,000,000. Differences from the "originals" include a larger engine capacity, increased from 3.7 to 4.2 litres, and a smaller wheel diameter, reduced from 16 inches to 15. The first of the four GT-specification rolling chassis was delivered to Zagato in January 1989 and the fourth in April of the same year, with all four being completed in July 1991. All four cars were then given their own chassis numbers, fitting for the 1960s.

Comparison of Sanction I to Sanction II
Rolls-Royce Phantom in 1961 cost £7,000, in 1988 - $300,000.

Sanction III Zagatos
The Zagato factory still had two spare body shells left over after producing the Sanction II Zagatos. In 1992, Richard Williams approached the executive chairman of Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd, Walter Hayes, and sought approval for the spare body shells to be used to create two further "Sanction" cars. Walter Hayes gave his approval and the body shells along with two neglected Aston Martin DB4s (chassis No.s DB4/344/R and DB4/424/R) were completed to form a pair of Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato "Sanction IIIs" in the year 2000.

Aston Martin Continuation Series
In April 2019, Aston Martin Works (the heritage division of Aston Martin) started building a run of 19 DB4 GT Zagatos. The cars can only be purchased as part of the "DBZ Centenary Collection" pack which also includes an Aston Martin DBS GT Zagato. Instead of the original 3.7-litre straight-six, the recreations from Aston Martin Works use a 4.7-litre engine now making around 400 bhp. Aston Martin Works manufactured Continuation Series which captures the essence of Aston Martin's illustrious heritage.

Replicas
Various replica cars have been constructed based on DB4 and DB4 GT chassis. These replica (or recreation) cars bear a resemblance to the original Zagatos, but were not made by Zagato.

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New World wine

New World wines are those wines produced outside the traditional winegrowing areas of Europe and the Middle East, in particular from Argentina, Australia, Canada, Chile, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States (primarily California). The phrase connotes a distinction between these "New World" wines and those wines produced in "Old World" countries with a long-established history of wine production, essentially in Europe, most notably: France, Italy, Germany, Spain and Portugal.

Early wines in the Americas
Alcoholic beverages were made by indigenous peoples of the Americas before the Age of Discovery. Indigenous peoples are known to have used maize, potatoes, quinoa, pepper tree fruits and strawberries to make alcoholic beverages. Despite the existence of species of the genus Vitis (to which Vitis vinifera belongs) in Venezuela, Colombia, Central America and Mexico, indigenous peoples did not ferment these species and therefore did not make wine.

Spanish settlers in the Americas initially brought Old World animals and plants to the Americas for self-consumption in their attempt to reproduce the diet they had in Spain and Europe. A further stimulus for the production of New World wine in Spanish America might have been that European wines exported to the Americas were in general not transported in bottles nor sealed with cork which made them prone to be sour.

Attempts to grow vines in the Americas began in Hispaniola during the second voyage of Columbus in 1494. Ferdinand II of Aragon, King of Spain, banned the planting of vines in Hispaniola in 1503. After the establishment of vines in Hispaniola in early 16th century vineyards were successfully established in Mexico in 1524. Hernán Cortés, conqueror of Mexico, promoted the establishment of vines and made it in 1524 a requirement for Spanish settlers that wanted to acquire land in the Mexican Plateau to establish vineyards in their lands. The growing of vines in Peru is known to have been ventured by Bartolomé de Terrazas and Francisco de Carabantes in the 1540s. The latter established vineyards in Ica from where vines then were taken into Chile and Argentina.

The most common of the early grapes was a black grape called Mission (Spanish: Misión) which was planted in Mexico and subsequently also in Texas, and later in California. Grapes of the same stock were planted in Peru where it received the name Negra peruana (Peruvian black) and from this came the most common Chilean grape: the País. This Chilean grape was introduced into what is now Argentina where it came to be known as Criolla chica. These grapes are supposed to have originated from Spain but there is also a possibility that they originated from Italy as they resemble very much the variety Mónica grown in Sardinia as well as Spain.

In the second half of the 16th century, the demand for wine among Spanish settlers caused a surge in Spanish wine exports to Mexico and Cuba. However, this was not the case for Peru, Chile, and Argentina, where cultivation of vineyards had proven to be a success and, thus, required fewer imports of Spanish wines. Relative to Peru and Chile, Spanish settlers in Mexico established very few vineyards by comparison.

In the 16th and 17th century the principal winegrowing area of the Americas was in the central and southern coast of Peru, specifically in the area of Ica and Pisco. Apart from Peru and Chile Paraguay developed despite its high temperatures into a wine-making area in the 16th century. Hernando Arias de Saavedra who visited the city of Asunción in 1602 said there was 187 vineyards totalling 1.768.000 individual plants. Other sources cite 2.000.000 and 1.778.000 plants around the same time. Paraguayan wine was exported downstream to Santa Fe and from there to the Platine market. Paraguayan wine is also known to have reached Córdoba in central Argentina.

Changes in the Americas and opening of South Africa
In 1595 the Spanish Crown banned the establishment of new vineyards in the Americas, but this order was largely ignored. The ban sought to protect Iberian wine from competition by Peruvian wine and can be considered an example of commodity mercantilism. Moreover, the Spanish Crown banned the export of Peruvian wine to Panamá and Guatemala in 1614 and 1615 respectively. The enforcement of the restrictions on wine growth and trade in the Spanish Empire was in general lax. The only market in the Americas the Spanish Crown managed – to some degree – to secure for Iberian wine was Mexico.

The growth of mining in Potosí in present-day Bolivia, which became the largest city in the Americas in the 17th century, created a constant demand for wine which was supplied mainly from Peru. In Potosí part of salaries were paid with wine. Furthermore, Peruvian wine growers supplied the city of Lima, the most important political centre in South America in the 16th and 17th centuries. In Chile wine demand was guaranteed by the Army of Arauco, a permanent army financed with silver from Potosí which fought native Mapuches. In the view that Parauguayan wine could not compete in these three markets Paraguayans abandoned winegrowing and sought instead income from tobacco and yerba mate exports. In the 18th century practically no winegrowing occurred in Paraguay.

In 1687 the whole southern coast of Peru was struck by the 1687 Peru earthquake which destroyed the cities of Villa de Pisco and Ica. The earthquake destroyed wine cellars and mud containers used for wine storage. This event marked the end of the Peruvian wine-boom. The suppression of the Society of Jesus in Spanish America in 1767 caused the Jesuit vineyards in Peru to be auctioned at high prices but new owners did not have the same expertise as the Jesuits contributing to a production decline. Peruvian wine-making was further challenged by the fact that production of pisco, also made from grapes, rose from being exceeded in the early 18th century by wine to represent 90% of the grape beverages prepared in Peru in 1764. Even after the shift to pisco making vineyards in Peru encountered economic troubles since in the late 18th century the Spanish Crown lifted the ban on the production of rum in Peru which was cheaper to make but of lower quality than pisco.

The decline of Peruvian wine even caused Peru to import some wine from Chile as it happened in 1795 when Lima imported 5.000 troves (Spanish: botijas) from Concepción in southern Chile. This particular export showed the emergence of Chile relative to Peru as a wine-making region. Eduard Friedrich Poeppig claimed, as some others did before him, that the wines from Concepción were the best of Chile, likely due to the less arid climate of southern Chile.

The New World imported wine from the early days of European colonisation, particularly for religious purposes. Perhaps the first significant example of the trade going the other way was Constantia from South Africa, which by the 18th century had become a firm favourite among European royalty.

New World wines in the Industrial Age
Vine cuttings from the Cape of Good Hope were brought to the penal colony of New South Wales by Governor Phillip on the First Fleet (1788). An attempt at wine making from these first vines failed, but with perseverance, other settlers managed to successfully cultivate vines for winemaking, and Australian made wine was available for sale domestically by the 1820s. In 1822 Gregory Blaxland became the first person to export Australian wine, and was the first winemaker to win an overseas award. In 1830 vineyards were established in the Hunter Valley. In 1833 James Busby returned from France and Spain with a serious selection of grape varieties including most classic French grapes and a good selection of grapes for fortified wine production.

Early Australian winemakers faced many difficulties, particularly due to the unfamiliar Australian climate. However they eventually achieved considerable success. "At the 1873 Vienna Exhibition the French judges, tasting blind, praised some wines from Victoria, but withdrew in protest when the provenance of the wine was revealed, on the grounds that wines of that quality must clearly be French." Australian wines continued to win high honours in French competitions. A Victorian Syrah (also called Shiraz) competing in the 1878 Paris Exhibition was likened to Château Margaux and "its taste completed its trinity of perfection." One Australian wine won a gold medal "first class" at the 1882 Bordeaux International Exhibition and another won a gold medal "against the world" at the 1889 Paris International Exhibition.

Chilean wine begun to modernize in 1851 when Silvestre Ochagavia imported cuttings of French varieties. Silvestre Ochagavia is credited with introducing the varieties Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot noir, Cot, Merlot, Semillon and Riesling into Chile. Other wealthy wine growers followed suite. By the 1870s the wine industry was the most developed area of Chilean agriculture.

The region of Mendoza, or historically Cuyo, experienced an unprecedented wine-boom in the 19th century and early 20th century which turned it into the fifth winegrowing area of the world and the first in Latin America. The establishment of the Buenos Aires-Mendoza railroad in 1885 ended the lengthy and costly trade with carts that connected these two regions of Argentina and sparked development of vineyards in Mendoza. Furthermore, massive immigration to Río de La Plata mainly from Southern Europe increased demand and bought know-how to the old-fashioned Argentine wine industry. The vineyards of Mendoza totalled 1.000 ha in 1830 but grew to 45.000 in 1910, surpassing Chile which had during the 19th century had a larger areas planted with vines and a more modern industry. By 1910 around 80% of the area of Argentine vineyards were planted with French stock, mainly Malbec.

During the 19th century Peruvian wine-making went further into decline. Demand in industrialized Europe caused many Peruvian winegrowers to shift the land use from vineyards to lucrative cotton fields, contributing further to the decline of the wine and pisco industry. This was particularly true during the time of the American Civil War (1861–1865) when the cotton prices skyrocketed due to the Blockade of the South and its cotton fields. Also in South Africa did wine making suffer a stunning blow in the 1860s with the implementation of the Cobden–Chevalier Treaty in 1860 that forced South African wines to compete with French wines in Britain and resulted a doubling of French wine imports to Britain. South African vineyards also suffered a second setback after the arrival of the Phylloxera plague in the 1880s.

20th century
Chilean wine exports to Argentina were hampered by the lack of effective land transport and a series of war scares. This situation changed after the Pactos de Mayo were signed in 1902 and the inauguration of the Transandine Railway in 1909, making war unlikely and trade across the Andes easy. Governments agreed to sign a free trade agreement. Argentine winegrowers association, Centro Vitivinícola Nacional, dominated by European immigrants protested vigorously against the free trade agreement since Chilean wines were considered a threat to the local industry. The complaints of Argentine wine growers in conjunction with that of cattle farmers in Chile ended up tearing down the plans for a free trade agreement.

Style
Since New World vineyards are generally in hotter climates than those of Central-Northern Europe – in fact some major New World regions are irrigated desert – New World grapes tend to be riper. Thus New World wines tend to be correspondingly more alcoholic and full-bodied. Critics such as Robert M. Parker, Jr. have influenced New World producers and consumers towards a fruitier style, with more use of new oak. However, in recent years there has been a reaction against some of the very oaky, alcoholic styles that typified late 1980s Australian Chardonnays for example, as cooler vineyards have been identified and winemakers have become more sophisticated and more restrained.

Varietal labelling

Traditionally New World wine used names of well-known European regions, such as Burgundy, Champagne, Sherry, Port, and Hock. This gave consumers a general idea of how the wine might taste. This changed as winemakers developed the confidence to develop their own styles of wine such as Grange. Europeans producers objected to the use of their regional names, and writers such as Frank Schoonmaker in the US encouraged the use of varietal names as used on Alsace wine. One reason was that unlike Europe, there was no history of particular localities being associated with particular styles of wine, and winemakers might buy in grapes from many sources. Indeed, wines such as Grange specifically ignored the origin of the grapes in order to achieve a more consistent style. So led by winemakers such as Robert Mondavi, varietal labelling became common during the 1960s and 1970s, and has since spread to most of Eastern Europe and much of Western Europe.

Subsequently, New World winemakers have 'rediscovered' the art of blending wines, with blends such as Shiraz/Cabernet Sauvignon, Semillon/Sauvignon blanc and the Rhone combination of Grenache, Shiraz and Mourvedre ("GSM") all becoming more common. And as New World viticulturists have better understood the soils and climates of their vineyards, terroir has come to the New World, with the 'terra rossa' of Coonawarra known for its Cabernet Sauvignons, and the Eden Valley and Clare Valley and Chile's Bío-Bío Valley for Riesling.

Marketing
Being less dependent on geography, New World wines have placed more emphasis on branding as a marketing tool, following the example set by Germany's Blue Nun and Portugal's Mateus Rosé, brands created in 1927 and in 1942 respectively. One particular style of branding has been the 'critter wines' that use animals on their labels. Without the partible inheritance of the Napoleonic code to worry about, New World vineyards tend to be very much bigger than those in Burgundy for example, which has allowed economies of scale and a better ability to negotiate with mass market retailers. With supermarkets selling an increasing proportion of wine in many markets, New World producers are better positioned to take advantage of this trend towards high volumes and low margins.

Ownership
The greater size of New World wine companies has made them attractive targets for multinational drinks companies seeking to exploit the trend towards drinking wine rather than beer or spirits. Thus, the Foster's Group bought up both Beringer Blass (a holding company for Wolf Blass, Mildara Wines and many others) and Southcorp Wines (holding company for Penfolds, Lindeman's, Wynns and many others). Pernod-Ricard have bought Montana Wines, Diageo own Blossom Hill, and Constellation Brands have a portfolio that span the New World, from Ravenswood and Vincor to Nobilo and Hardys.

Argentina

Argentina is the world's fifth biggest wine producer though it has traditionally had a high domestic consumption (in 2006, Argentines averaged over 40 litres per capita in one year). It has a long tradition of winemaking under the Spanish, going back to 1557, but the industry has been influenced by more recent immigrants, notably Italians and also Germans. Exports increased during the mid-1990s following the success of their neighbours in Chile, and accelerated after the economic crisis of 2002.

The long history of viticulture in Argentina has brought forth the evolution of many local varieties, but perhaps the most typically Argentine grape is the Torrontés, which makes an aromatic white wine. However, Argentines love red wine to go with their famous steaks. Malbec has proven to be the most successful variety in export markets, with Barbera and "Bonarda" (now known to be Corbeau, a minor variety from Savoie) being blended into more affordable wines.

The Mendoza Province, which is Argentina's main producer, has also gained recognition from the wine tourism business due to important investments in new wineries and hotel accommodations. Other producing areas include San Juan, Salta, La Rioja, Catamarca, Rio Negro and the Buenos Aires wine region.

Australia

Vine cuttings from South Africa were brought on the First Fleet (1788), and though the settlers took time to adapt to the new conditions, wine exports began in 1822. As mentioned above, by the 1880s Australian wines were winning prizes in Europe. Phylloxera struck in eastern winegrowing regions from the 1870s, leading to the destruction of many vineyards. With South Australia free from Phylloxera it contains some of the oldest continuously harvested vineyards on earth.

Penfolds Grange and others led the revival of interest in table wines, which culminated in 2000, when Australia sold more wine to the United Kingdom than did France.

While some Australian wines, their Chardonnays in particular, have previously been criticized for being over-oaked and over-ripe, Australian winemaking is now some of the most sophisticated in the world, with vineyards increasingly planted in cooler climates, such as Pinot noir in Tasmania, and unoaked wines becoming popular. Several regional specialities have emerged, notably Shiraz in the Barossa Valley, Cabernet Sauvignon in Coonawarra, Riesling in the Eden Valley and Clare Valley, and Hunter Valley Sémillon. Rutherglen Muscats are perhaps the finest fortified wines of the New World.

Canada

Canada followed a similar path to the eastern United States – early attempts to grow Vitis vinifera failed, leading to a significant export industry based on Vitis labrusca and Vitis riparia, fortified to disguise the 'foxy' aromas. The country had its own version of Prohibition until 1927, and after it ended red tape inhibited the industry until 1974. In the following years improved viticulture and grape varieties allowed a substantial expansion of the industry in the 1990s, centered around the parts of Southern Ontario warmed by the Great Lakes, and in the Okanagan Valley of southern British Columbia. While there has been some progress with red wines from the Bordeaux varieties and Pinot noir, Canada's most successful wines are ice wines made from grapes such as Riesling, Vidal, and even Cabernet Franc.

Chile

As in Argentina, Chilean viticulture dates back to the Conquistadores. The Bordeaux varieties arrived in the mid-19th century, although for a long time many of the vines thought to be Merlot were in fact Carménère, and the latter has become something of a signature grape. It is the seventh biggest producer of wine in the world; traditionally quantity was favored over quality, and red tape discouraged improvement. Under the Pinochet reforms of the 1980s, investments were made in wineries and vineyards, and exports began in earnest in the mid-1990s. Traditionally Chilean vineyards were in semi-arid areas irrigated by water from the Andes, but there has been increasing interest in cooler areas such as the Leyda Valley (becoming known for its Pinot noir) and the Bío-Bío Valley, which suits Riesling and Gewürztraminer.

Chile is notable for being one of the few vine-growing regions to be free of phylloxera.

Colombia
The wine history of Colombia was different from other countries in the region. Wine was mainly produced for religions reasons by Catholic priests in monasteries across the country. Due to the restrictions to allow European immigrants to enter the country after the independence from Spain, the wine industry didn't develop like in other South American countries. Beer and Aguardiente became more popular drinks than wine. There are a few areas in Colombia that produce fine wine of excellent quality, but the majority of the wine is consumed locally. Villa de Leyva is a small region, north of Bogota, which is known for its Mediterranean climate and the wine produced in these areas is of very high international standards. El Valle del Cauca, south of Bogotá, is also a well known winery area. Wines in Colombia tend to be sweeter due to the climate of the Andes, hot weather and constant rain.

Mexico

Mexico is the oldest wine-making region in the Americas.

In 1549, Spanish explorers and settlers came across a fertile valley in the present-day state of Coahuila where they encountered native vines and founded the Mission of Santa María de las Parras or "Holy Mary of the Vines". In 1597, the Hacienda de San Lorenzo was established by the Spanish settler Don Lorenzo García, where he founded, along with other Spanish missionaries, Casa Madero – the oldest winery house in the Americas.

Many of the vines from Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila and other places in Mexico were the first to be exported and cultivated in what is now California, as well as other provinces in Northern New Spain and other Spanish colonies in South America. In 1699, the King of Spain – alarmed by competition from the New World – prohibited wine production in New Spain, with the exception of wines for the church. The prohibition lasted until the Mexico's independence from Spain in 1810.

As of the 2013, about 90% of Mexican wine is produced in the northwestern state of Baja California, neighboring the wine-producing region of California in the U.S., particularly in the Valley of Guadalupe, Ensenada Municipality.

New Zealand
The New Zealand viticulture industry was started in a small way by Croatian immigrants at the end of the 19th century, but it was not until the 1970s that it began to flourish. Several factors came together at that time - Britain's entry into the European Economic Community in 1973 ended favourable terms of agricultural trade, while New Zealanders themselves developed a taste for wine as local alcohol licensing laws changed and cheap air travel exposed them to different cultures.

Various grapes were tried in the early years, but it was in the 1980s that New Zealand developed the distinctive style of Sauvignon blanc that became its trademark. Since then the Burgundy grapes of Chardonnay and Pinot noir have been developed in cooler, more southerly vineyards, with considerable success. More recently there has been increasing popularity for the 'aromatic' white varieties such as Gewürztraminer and Riesling, with Auslese styles also being attempted.

Peru
The first grapevines were brought to Peru shortly after its conquest by Spain. Spanish chroniclers from the time note that the first vinification in South America took place in the hacienda Marcahuasi of Cuzco. However, the largest and most prominent vineyards of the 16th and 17th century Americas were established in the Ica valley of south-central Peru. In the 1540s, Bartolomé de Terrazas and Francisco de Carabantes began vineyards in Peru. The latter established vineyards in Ica, which Spaniards from Andalucia and Extremadura used to introduce grapevines into Chile.

In 1687 the whole southern coast of Peru was struck by the 1687 Peru earthquake which destroyed the cities of Villa de Pisco and Ica. The earthquake destroyed wine cellars and mud containers used for wine storage. This event marked the end of the Peruvian wine-boom.

In 2008, there were some 14000 ha of grape plantations in Peru, including table grapes, and some 610000 hl of wine was produced, with an increasing trend in both plantations and wine production. Most vineyards are located on the central coast, around Pisco and Ica, where most of Peru's winemaking and distillation takes place.

South Africa
Wine was first produced in South Africa by the founder of Cape Town in 1659, and by the late 18th century Constantia, made from Muscat de Frontignan (Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains), was popular among European royalty. However the vineyards were decimated by phylloxera and the KWV cooperative that ran most of the industry since 1918 gave little encouragement to produce quality wine. The end of apartheid sparked a wave of investment and innovation in the vineyards of the Cape, although there remains large areas of undistinguished grape varieties such as Colombard. Stellenbosch and Paarl can produce world-class wines from the Bordeaux varieties, Shiraz and also from Pinotage, a variety bred locally from Pinot noir and Cinsaut. South Africa is also the second home of Chenin blanc, known until the mid-20th century as Steen; Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains is known locally as red and white Muscadel, and is once again being used to make Constantia.

United States
Although wine is made throughout the United States, 90% of it comes from California. The Gallo Winery runs an industrial facility in Modesto, California that produces the majority of the state's wine exports. Most of the rest is split between Washington state and New York state, followed by Oregon. California's earliest grape vines were imported from New Spain, or Mexico, which in turn were brought by Spanish explorers and settlers. North America has several native species of Vitis, from which wine has been made for a long time in the east of the country, although the 'foxy' aromas of wines produced from these species are not to everyone's taste. The Catawba variety led the way for winemaking from native species, first in Ohio and later in the Finger Lakes area of New York. California followed a similar path to Latin American countries, with Spanish missionaries starting the first vineyard of vinifera vines in 1769, and later immigrants from Bordeaux and Italy bringing their native grapes with them. Soon a thriving industry developed, particularly in the Napa Valley, which was stopped in its tracks by phylloxera and, uniquely, Prohibition (1920–1933).

One interesting consequence of Prohibition was that vineyards were replanted with lower quality grapes such as Alicante Bouschet that could survive transportation to home winemakers, and this tradition of home winemaking changed taste preferences from a dry style before Prohibition to a much sweeter style. In general Prohibition had a devastating effect on commercial winemaking in the country, which only started to recover in the late 1960s and 1970s under major industry pioneers such as Ernest and Julio Gallo, Robert Mondavi and the world-class viticultural scientists at the University of California, Davis. The latter institution has played a leading role in the recovery of wine in the United States, in particular identifying just what vines were actually planted (notably California's signature grape, the robust red Zinfandel, which was found to be Croatia's Crljenak Kaštelanski), and encouraging the use of better clones of the traditional European varieties. In the 1970s, geographical appellations were designated as American Viticultural Areas.

In the years after Prohibition, the domestic market demanded cheap 'jug wines' and sweet fortified wines. These tastes led to local styles such as White Zinfandel (a sweet rosé) and "bum wines". Interest in traditional European varieties increased after Mondavi reinvented Sauvignon blanc in a dry, heavily oaked style called Fumé Blanc, leading to the innovations that triumphed so spectacularly in Paris in 1976. While California is known for its Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinfandel and Chardonnay in particular, it produces such a massive amount of wine that just about every grape variety ends up being grown there to a greater or lesser extent. For instance, the "Rhone Rangers" have raised awareness of the Rhone varieties, notably Viognier, and there has been speculation that climate change will force California to look further south in Europe for grape varieties. The Northwest states of Oregon and Washington are known for their Pinot noirs and Rieslings while New York continues to produce wine mostly from Vitis labrusca varieties and hybrids.

title: New World wine


text:
Talk:Jerry Sanders (businessman)

Surely this could be better
I am not a big fan of the officious pedants that cite wiki rules like old school marms. However, I have to agree with the non-encyclopedic nature of this article. It would be fine if this were a less important figure, but it is jarring that somebody like this has a bio that looks so different from the norm. The friendly tone and puffy nature seems over-familiar to the point of disrespect. Jerry Sanders cast quite the shadow back in the day and he deserves better. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DeepNorth (talk • contribs) 07:54, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

sort of Hollywood?
Jerry was sort of Hollywood? The hell is that supposed to mean? I thought at first it made him a good salesperson for whatever reason, I'm going to boldly remove it, but if anyone wants to put it back, sure. I just don't get it myself. Sameerkale 02:13, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Nice article, but...
Nice article, but its tone is very un-encyclopedic, which makes me suspect it's been lifted from somewhere. Anyone? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Palefire (talk • contribs) 12:40, 7 October 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed, it is quite the puff piece. It could stand to be trimmed by a Wiki sword Hooperbloob 08:13, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Moved discussion appropriate text here from article proper
The following text was just removed from the article; both comments were unsigned. --Derek 17:23, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Just a note about objectivity: The above reads as if it were written by Jerry Sanders. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.106.10.228 (talk) 17:23, 29 June 2005 (UTC)
 * 8/30/05: Nah. I wrote most of it.  I worked for AMD for 13 years and I just admire the hell out of him. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.21.86.116 (talk) 05:17, 31 August 2005  (UTC)

 * Jerry surely had a hand in writing it, how else did you know about the beating he received? The article was almost entirely to accurate for him not to have been involved. — Preceding unsigned comment added by The1kid (talk • contribs) 04:11, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

I agree that it's a puff piece, but looking at the Wikipedia policies, it doesn't seem to be proper to mention his various political shenanigans in the actual article. He was real buddy-buddy with the father Bush. My own experience at AMD was actually late in 1988. The grapevine was full of coming layoffs, but nothing happened. Turned out Jerry was waiting until after the election because he didn't want to create any bad economic news for his good buddy. Right after the election, they suddenly came through and chopped off the heads. I was very junior and on contract, so I expected mine to go, too, but my boss was clever fellow and slid me through--pending his imminent departure for law school. Shanen (talk) 08:21, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

I added a link to a profile/biography from sfgate.com, it references the beating in enough detail for a citation and can probably be used as a reference for much of the content here although the whole thing needs to be edited to encyclopedic type language. Also you can see what was meant by "hollywood" from the sections of that article titled A New Company, The Finer Things, and Big Gestures. Maracle 22:53, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

He was a very generous and interesting person. I was an employee for a year in 1978. He parked a Corvette in the lobby and said that when we made $98M he would give the car away. This was called the 'Run to the Sun' or somesuch. An hourly employee whose beater car had just died in manufacturing won it. Later that year at the company dinner he gave away two $10,000 checks, one to an exempt employee and one to a non-exempt. Once, when standing side by side in the men's room I asked him why his Ferrari he had thin red and green stripes horizontally around his white Ferrari. He said it made it look less like a refrigerator. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bub1947 (talk • contribs) 18:30, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

Hogan's Heroes
see Talk:Sherman_Fairchild --192.28.65.210 (talk) 23:58, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

Children
This is garbled: "Jerry Sanders has four children (three from his first marriage and one from his second), three who are now adults and one who is currently living with him and his wife, Tawny, and his daughter Paris." I would fix it, but it's not sourced. Kendall-K1 (talk) 14:04, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

Puffery and lack of sourcing
This article has been in poor shape for a long time (see above). The subject is unquestionably notable, but a large portion of this article is unsourced hagiography. I am going to delete many paragraphs of unsourced material - about half the article - in a few days, unless someone improves the writing and sourcing, or comes here and convinces me not to. --MelanieN (talk) 16:02, 26 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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What about his parents and multiple siblings?
Never saw anything about his family, Parents nor Siblings? 72.217.117.200 (talk) 23:52, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jerry Sanders (businessman)