text:
Takagi existence theorem

In class field theory, the Takagi existence theorem states that for any number field K there is a one-to-one inclusion reversing correspondence between the finite abelian extensions of K (in a fixed algebraic closure of K) and the generalized ideal class groups defined via a modulus of K.

It is called an existence theorem because a main burden of the proof is to show the existence of enough abelian extensions of K.

Formulation
Here a modulus (or ray divisor) is a formal finite product of the valuations (also called primes or places) of K with positive integer exponents. The archimedean valuations that might appear in a modulus include only those whose completions are the real numbers (not the complex numbers); they may be identified with orderings on K and occur only to exponent one.

The modulus m is a product of a non-archimedean (finite) part mf and an archimedean (infinite) part m∞. The non-archimedean part mf is a nonzero ideal in the ring of integers OK of K and the archimedean part m∞ is simply a set of real embeddings of K. Associated to such a modulus m are two groups of fractional ideals. The larger one, Im, is the group of all fractional ideals relatively prime to m (which means these fractional ideals do not involve any prime ideal appearing in mf). The smaller one, Pm, is the group of principal fractional ideals (u/v) where u and v are nonzero elements of OK which are prime to mf, u ≡ v mod mf, and u/v > 0 in each of the orderings of m∞. (It is important here that in Pm, all we require is that some generator of the ideal has the indicated form. If one does, others might not.  For instance, taking K to be the rational numbers, the ideal (3) lies in P4 because (3) = (−3) and −3 fits the necessary conditions.  But (3) is not in P4∞ since here it is required that the positive generator of the ideal is 1 mod 4, which is not so.) For any group H lying between Im and Pm, the quotient Im/H is called a generalized ideal class group.

It is these generalized ideal class groups which correspond to abelian extensions of K by the existence theorem, and in fact are the Galois groups of these extensions. That generalized ideal class groups are finite is proved along the same lines of the proof that the usual ideal class group is finite, well in advance of knowing these are Galois groups of finite abelian extensions of the number field.

A well-defined correspondence
Strictly speaking, the correspondence between finite abelian extensions of K and generalized ideal class groups is not quite one-to-one. Generalized ideal class groups defined relative to different moduli can give rise to the same abelian extension of K, and this is codified a priori in a somewhat complicated equivalence relation on generalized ideal class groups.

In concrete terms, for abelian extensions L of the rational numbers, this corresponds to the fact that an abelian extension of the rationals lying in one cyclotomic field also lies in infinitely many other cyclotomic fields, and for each such cyclotomic overfield one obtains by Galois theory a subgroup of the Galois group corresponding to the same field L.

In the idelic formulation of class field theory, one obtains a precise one-to-one correspondence between abelian extensions and appropriate groups of ideles, where equivalent generalized ideal class groups in the ideal-theoretic language correspond to the same group of ideles.

Earlier work
A special case of the existence theorem is when m = 1 and H = P1. In this case the generalized ideal class group is the ideal class group of K, and the existence theorem says there exists a unique abelian extension L/K with Galois group isomorphic to the ideal class group of K such that L is unramified at all places of K. This extension is called the Hilbert class field. It was conjectured by David Hilbert to exist, and existence in this special case was proved by Philipp Furtwängler in 1907, before Takagi's general existence theorem.

A further and special property of the Hilbert class field, not true of smaller abelian extensions of a number field, is that all ideals in a number field become principal in the Hilbert class field. It required Artin and Furtwängler to prove that principalization occurs.

History
The existence theorem is due to Takagi, who proved it in Japan during the isolated years of World War I. He presented it at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1920, leading to the development of the classical theory of class field theory during the 1920s. At Hilbert's request, the paper was published in Mathematische Annalen in 1925.

title: Takagi existence theorem


text:
Alids

The Alids are those who claim descent from Ali ibn Abi Talib (عَلِيّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب; c. 600–661 CE), the fourth Rashidun caliph ((r. 656 – 661)) and the first imam in Shia Islam. Ali was also the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The main branches are the Hasanids and Husaynids, named after Hasan and Husayn, the eldest sons of Ali from his marriage to Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad. As the progeny of Muhammad, they are revered by all Muslims. The Alids have led various movements in Islam, and a line of twelve Alids are the imams in Twelver Shia, the largest Shia branch.

Children of Ali
In addition to seventeen daughters, various sources report that Ali had eleven or fourteen, or eighteen sons. His first marriage was to Fatima, daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who bore Ali three sons, namely, Hasan, Husayn, and Muhsin, though the last one is not mentioned in some sources. Muhsin either died in infancy, or was miscarried after Fatima was injured during a raid on her house to arrest Ali, who had withheld his pledge of allegiance from the first Rashidun caliph Abu Bakr ((r. 632 – 634)). The former report appears is Sunni sources and the latter in Shia sources. Hasan and Husayn are recognized as the second and the third Imams in Shia Islam, their descendants being known as the Hasanids and the Husaynids, respectively. They are revered by all Muslims as the progeny of Muhammad and honored by nobility titles such as Sharif and Sayyid. Ali and Fatima also had two daughters, namely, Zaynab and Umm Kulthum. After the death of Fatima in 632 CE, Ali remarried and had more children. Among them, the lineage of Ali continued through Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiya, Abbas ibn Ali, and Umar al-Atraf, their descendants were honored by the title Alawi (lit. 'of Ali'). Respectively, they were born to Khawla al-Hanafiyya, Umm al-Banin, and Umm Habib bint Rabi'a (al-Sahba).

Umayyads era ((r. 661 – 750))
Mu'awiya seized the rule after the assassination of Ali in 661 and founded the Umayyad Caliphate, during which the Alids and their supporters were heavily persecuted. After Ali, his followers (shi'a) recognized as their imam his eldest son Hasan. After his death in 670, they turned to his brother Husayn, but he and his small caravan were massacred by the Umayyads in the Battle of Karbala in 680. Soon followed the Shia uprising of al-Mukhtar in 685 on behalf of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiya. Many more Shia revolts followed afterward, led not only by the Alids but also by other kinsmen of Muhammad.

The main movements in this period were the now-extinct Kaysanites and the Imamites. Named after a commander of al-Mukhtar, the Kaysanites energetically opposed the Umayyads and were led by various relatives of Muhammad. Their majority followed Abu Hashim, the son of Ibn al-Hanafiya. When Abu Hashim died around 716, this group followed Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abd-Allah, the great-grandson of Muhammad's uncle Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. The Kaysanite movement thus aligned itself with the Abbasids, that is, the descendants of Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. On the other hand, the Imamites were led by the quiescent descendants of Husayn through his only surviving son, Ali Zayn al-Abidin, their fourth imam. His son Zayd ibn Ali was an exception for he led a failed uprising against the Umayyads around 740. The followers of Zayd went on to form the Zaydites, for whom any learned Hasanid or Husaynid who rose against tyranny was qualified as imam.

Abbasids era ((r. 750 – 1258))
To overthrow the Umayyads, the Abbasids had rallied the support of the Shia in the name of the Ahl al-Bayt, that is, the family of Muhammad. But many Shias were disillusioned when the Abbasid al-Saffah ((r. 750 – 754)) declared himself caliph, as they had hoped for an Alid leader instead. The Abbasids soon turned against their former allies and persecuted the Alids and their Shia supporters. In response, Shia doctrinally limited its leadership to the Alids, many of whom revolted against the Abbasids, including the Hasanid brothers Muhammad ibn Abd-Allah and Ibrahim. Some Alids instead took refuge in remote areas and founded regional dynasties in the southern shores of the Caspian sea, Yemen, and western Maghreb. For instance, the revolt of the Hasanid Husayn ibn Ali al-Abid was suppressed in 786 but his brother Idris escaped and founded the first Alid dynasty in Morocco. Similarly, a number of Zaydite rules appeared in northern Persia and in Yemen, the latter of which has survived to the present day.

Some quiescent imams of the Imamites were also probably killed by the Abbasids. For example, their seventh imam, Musa al-Kazim, spent years in the Abbasid prisons and died there, possibly poisoned by order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid ((r. 786 – 809)), who also had "hundreds of Alids" killed. Caliph al-Ma'mun ((r. 813 – 833)) later attempted a reconciliation by appointing in 816 as his heir Ali al-Rida, the eighth imam of the Imamites. But other Abbasids revolted in opposition in Iraq, which forced al-Ma'mun to reverse his policies and Ali al-Rida died around that time, likely poisoned. Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari, the tenth and eleventh imams of the Imamites, were held in the capital Samarra under strict surveillance. Most Imamite sources report that both were poisoned by the Abbasids. Their followers also believe that the birth of their twelfth imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, was hidden for fear of Abbasid persecution and that he remains in occultation by divine will since 874, until his reappearance at the end of time to eradicate injustice and evil. They became known as the Twelvers.

Meanwhile, the only historic split among the Imamites happened after the death in 765 of their sixth imam, the quiescent Ja'far al-Sadiq, who played a key role in formulating Imamite doctrines. Some claimed that his designated successor was his son Isma'il, who had actually predeceased al-Sadiq. These followers permanently separated and later formed the Isma'ilites. Some of them denied the death of Isma'il but their majority accepted the imamate of his son Muhammad ibn Isma'il. His death around 795 was denied by the majority of his followers, who awaited his return as the Mahdi, while a minority traced the imamate in his descendants. The Isma'ilites actively opposed the Abbasids, and their efforts culminated in the establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate ((r. 909 – 1171)) in North Africa, although some have questioned the Isma'ilite ancestry of the Fatimid caliphs.

The abortive Zanj rebellion against the Abbasids was ignited in Iraq and Bahrain in the mid-ninth century by Ali ibn Muhammad Sahib al-Zanj, who claimed descent from Abbas ibn Ali. The poetry by descendants of Abbas ibn Ali is collected in al-Awraq, compiled by the Turkic scholar al-Suli. One of his descendants was Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Alawi, who reached fame as a poet and scholar during the reigns of Harun al-Rashid and al-Ma'mun.

Alid dynasties
Several dynasties have claimed descent from Ali, often through his son Hasan. The Hasanid dynasties include the Idrisites and Sharifs of Maghreb in North Africa, and Hammudids in Andalusia, located in modern-day Spain. The Fatimid Caliphate claimed a Husaynid descent.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alids


text: User talk:68.81.108.25

title: User talk:68.81.108.25


text:
William S. Pye

Vice Admiral William Satterlee Pye (9 June 1880 – 4 May 1959) was a U.S. Navy officer who served during World War I and World War II, but never saw combat action. His last active-duty appointment was as President of the Naval War College, in 1942–1946. His awards included the Navy Cross for his distinguished service as a staff officer during World War I.

Career through World War I
Pye was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on 9 June 1880. Entering the United States Naval Academy in 1897, he graduated in 1901 and was commissioned an Ensign in June 1903. One of his classmates was Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King. From 1901 through 1915, he served in several ships, among them five battleships and an armored cruiser, and was also assigned to the staffs of the Naval Academy and Naval War College. In 1915–1916 he placed the new destroyer USS Jacob Jones (DD-61) into commission. He relinquished command of Jacob Jones before her 1917 deployment to Europe with the US entry into World War I, and joined the staff of the Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet. He served in that position through the war, receiving the Navy Cross "for exceptionally distinguished and valuable service on the staff of the commander in chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, in addition to excellent performance of his routine staff duties in preparing a series of orders for the conduct of battleship and fleet, based upon the best thought and experience of the United States fleet and British fleet during the late war."

Interwar years
Pye served in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations in 1919–1921, and was executive officer of the battleship USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) in 1922–1923. Late in 1923, Pye served as a destroyer division commander. His division was the second in line at the Honda Point Disaster, and two of his destroyers were among those lost. He returned to Washington, D.C., for service at the Navy Department, which lasted into 1927. In the next five years, he commanded the minelayer USS Oglala (CM-4), had more Navy Department service, and was head of the U.S. Naval Mission to Peru. Captain Pye commanded the battleship USS Nevada (BB-36) in 1932–1933.

Promoted to the rank of rear admiral, Pye served as chief of staff to Commander Scouting Force, attended the Naval War College, had further Navy Department service, and was Commander Destroyers in both the Scouting Force and Battle Force of the Pacific Fleet. With the temporary rank of Vice Admiral, he was Commander Battleships, Battle Force in 1940 and Commander Battle Force (COMBATFOR) in 1941.

World War II and post-war years
He is perhaps best known for his 6 December 1941 remark that "The Japanese will not go to war with the United States. We are too big, too powerful, and too strong." Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 and the subsequent relief of Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet (CINCPAC) Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, Vice Admiral Pye became Acting CINCPAC on 17 December. He had reservations about Kimmel's plan to send a relief force including the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga (CV-3) to the aid of Wake Island, but continued with the plan until 22 December. Then – after reports of additional landings on Wake – Pye decided the operation was too risky and recalled the relief force. This decision was highly controversial, as it amounted to abandoning the Wake Island garrison, which had defeated a Japanese landing on 11 December.

On 31 December, Pye relinquished command of the Pacific Fleet to Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. Pye became commander of Task Force One (TF 1), comprising the remaining operational battleships of the Pacific Fleet augmented by three battleships from the Atlantic Fleet, now based in San Francisco. During the Battle of Midway, Pye received orders for the seven old battleships (USS Colorado (BB-45), USS Idaho (BB-42), USS Maryland (BB-46), USS Mississippi (BB-41), USS New Mexico (BB-40), USS Pennsylvania (BB-38), and USS Tennessee (BB-43)), the escort carrier USS Long Island (CVE-1), and eight destroyers of TF 1 to sortie to patrol off of the West Coast against possible Japanese attack there should the carrier forces at Midway be defeated. Such fears proved unfounded, and TF 1 then remained on training and patrol duties between Hawaii and the West Coast until Pye was relieved in October 1942 at the age of 62. He never commanded operating forces again, and was relegated to administrative positions. On 2 November, Pye became President of the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, and also commanded the Naval Operating Base there. He officially retired on 1 July 1944, but was recalled to active duty as President of the War College, and promoted to permanent Vice Admiral. He continued at the War College until retiring from active duty on 1 March 1946. Pye died at Bethesda, Maryland, on 4 May 1959. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery, United States.

Pye's oldest son, LT William Satterlee Pye, Jr., was killed in a plane crash in 1938. His youngest son, Lieutenant Commander John Briscoe Pye, served on the submarine USS Swordfish (SS-193) on her 13th and final war patrol. Swordfish was lost with all hands on 12 January 1945, off Kyushu, Japan.

Navy Cross citation

"The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Commander William Satterlee Pye (NSN: 3794), United States Navy, for exceptionally distinguished and valuable service on the Staff of the Commander in Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, in addition to excellent performance of his routine staff duties in preparing a series of orders for the conduct of battleship and fleet, based upon the best thought and experience of the United States fleet and British fleet during the late war."

Legion of Merit citation

"The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Legion of Merit to Vice Admiral (Retired) William Satterlee Pye (NSN: 3794), United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States as President of the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, from 2 November 1942 until 2 March 1946, and as Commandant, Naval Operating Base, Newport, Rhode Island, from 2 November 1942 until 1 July 1944. The supervision of the Naval War College and the Command of the Naval Operating Base was a dual task of unusual severity due to an intensified and accelerated course of study at the Naval War College and due to the general stress of wartime activity at the Naval Operating Base. Vice Admiral Pye by his sound judgment, initiative and untiring efforts maintained both the Naval War College and the Naval Operating Base during the critical war time period, upon high levels of operating efficiency. Realizing the necessity of furnishing large numbers of officers trained in the fundamental concepts of Naval warfare and in the exercise of command, Vice Admiral Pye designated and established the wartime Command and Preparatory Staff Courses at the Naval War College. Under his able leadership over 600 Naval Officers received advanced training in these streamlined courses and their services were a distinct contribution to the ultimate triumph of our victorious fleet. Under the supervision of Vice Admiral Pye in his capacity as Commandant of the Naval Operating Base, the major function of the Naval Training Station was changed, in the early months of 1944 from that of training thousands of enlisted personnel, integrating them into efficient operating teams for our powerful fighting units afloat. A large share of the credit for the success of the pre-commissioning program was due to the untiring and careful attention of Vice Admiral Pye in its establishment and during the formative stages of its development. Vice Admiral Pye's outstanding professional attainments, his loyalty and patriotism, and his ideals of service have been an example and inspiration to all, both staff and student body who were fortunate enough to be associated with him at either the Naval War College or the Naval Operating Base."

title: William S. Pye


text:
User talk:Lemondscream

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ClockworkTroll 22:40, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hide

 * In 1988, hide along with the rest of X-japan starred in an american movie of the title 'Tokyo Pop'. This movie stars Carrie Hamilton (Carrie fisher's daughter), and the fellow members of X (Now called X-japan). For a summary of the movie go to.

That was wrong in the fact that Carrie is the daughter of Carol Burnett. Fixed. --Alexander.stohr 14:14, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lemondscream


text:
User talk:Rand~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
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ClockworkTroll 22:40, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rand. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rand~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:18, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:57, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rand~enwiki


text:
User talk:Riddhill

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
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ClockworkTroll 22:40, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Seal asi.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Seal asi.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Project FMF (talk) 20:51, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Riddhill


text:
User talk:Andycurtis

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
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ClockworkTroll 22:40, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Your image
Hello Andy, your image of the Triple Divide Pass (Image:Triple-pass-divide-thumb.jpg) has been nominated for featured picture. I like it a lot but was wondering if you might have a larger resolution version available? In general we prefer images of at least 1024 pixels wide, the larger the better, with not too heavy JPEG compression. If you want to you can use the upload form to overwrite the previous version by using the same filename. Thanks, [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 08:16, Nov 23, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andycurtis


text:
User talk:Dbrwr

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

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ClockworkTroll 22:40, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dbrwr


text:
Talk:Total Immersion

Comment
I have no commercial or other links with this subject, but my swimming times have improved dramatically since reading the book! I hope it helps others too.

TonyClarke 22:41, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

What about language total immersion???
What about language total immersion??? There's a language learning program here in Brazil called "Total Immersion" (Imersão Total). I don't know if this method exists in other places, but I've seen it here in different schools. I don't even know if it's copyrighted, or who developed it. It's supposed to have the student totally immersed in the language, only speaking or listening in the supposed language. The teacher and even other employees of the school would only speak to students in that language, even beginner students. This is supposed to make the student to learn faster, and getting used to being surrounded by that idiom. The method is manily used for people who need to learn very quickly for a trip, or maybe going live somewhere else.
 * that's not related.

The wiki article for the language learning program is Language Immersion. However, I have definitely heard the method referred to as Total Immersion. I propose that a disambiguation link be set up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.114.134.203 (talk) 23:46, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

moved from article
I've moved this text from the article, because it no longer fits, but it may be possible to reuse some of it later. CarolGray 19:10, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

At this point, it may become desirable to work with the truly great swimmers and coaches at the Olympic level who can teach "warp drive" techniques. A rough guideline for this level involves triathletes down to around 60 minutes in an Ironman swim of 3,800 meters, or perhaps 23-24 minutes in the Olympic-distance swim of 1,500 meters. These are sub-standard times compared to even high-school competitive swimmers or masters swimmers over age 50, though they would allow an amateur to win their division in big triathlons.

Neutral point of view
I have tried very hard to make this article NPOV. Here on the talk page, I would like to say that learning this technique has changed my weekly swim from a chore that I ought to do for my health into a highlight I look forward to. It is satisfying to swim as sleekly as I possibly can, instead of the grind of counting lengths and watching the clock. CarolGray 12:18, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

The first few sections of the article did not give it the NPOV that it should have. First, I changed where it was stated that swimming was a necessary skill, to beneficial to make it sound a little more neutral and to help with ethos. Also, it was stated that a person could not fully enjoy swimming without having the total immersion skills, which was incorrect. A person could enjoy a relaxing in a pool without using any total immersion techniques. I changed it to say that a person could reap the benefits of swimming more easily if using total immersion. I also added references to the article. That should help with the neutrality of the article, since there were only two previous sources from the same author. Kcahilla 12:57, 5 December 2007

Glenn Mills' Involvement
I would like to see a piece on the initial involvement of Glenn Mills concerning the creation of TI. I have heard that originally both Terry and Glenn created TI together, and when Glenn began to disagree with the direction Terry's coaching methods were headed, he left.

However, I do not feel that I could write this section because I have been coached by both coaches, and whereas Glenn's style of coaching improved my strokes and times, Terry's did not, and in fact had negative effects on my races. Because of this, I would like to refrain from editing the article, because I believe my bias would affect my ability to add this section in a neutral manner. --NPswimdude500 02:04, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Glenn Mills was not involved in the creation of TI, nor did he influence the development of TI methodology, particularly as we teach it now. However, during his brief involvement with TI his computer and video production skills allowed us to accelerate our rate of new product deverlopment.

I made Glenn's acquaintance via a swimming message board in 1996, after TI had been in business for seven years and was very well established in both swimming and triathlon circles. We had established a web site a year or two earlier and when I learned that Glenn had web and production skills I offered him a job as our web manager and video producer -- along with teaching at workshops. He remained with TI for three years. He eventually chafed at subordinate status in the company, preferring to be the lead person in his own company. Posted by Terry Laughlin, 12 June 2007

Wording
The beginning of this article does not read like an encylopedic article, but rather as promotion for the content. It would be nice if someone with knowledge of the subject could rectify that. 194.144.27.252 09:28, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Surely this is just a glorified advert?
This whole article reads like an advert for TI swimming... screw impartiality! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.145.224.217 (talk) 15:49, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Agree with the previous post. Does TI really warrant its own article? There are many coaching methods; why present this one alone? Move to delete. Madgenberyl (talk) 22:24, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

mess
this article, is quite frankly a mess, i have added what i believe to be the correct tags--UltraMagnus (talk) 22:15, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

Improvement
This article was pretty much a trainwreck compared to Wikipedia's standards. I've removed a lot of the article that simply didn't feel like it fit here; marketing materials aren't useful. I've added a few of the pointers from Terry's breaststroke videos. I'm removing the "This article is written like an advertisement." tag at the top. I'm removing the "refers to self-published sources", as it looks like most of those were pulled, I'm editing the whole thing, and I certainly didn't publish anything on the topic. This could definitely use further touchups, but it's getting there. If anyone has any first-hand knowledge of their fly and backstroke coaching, that couldn't hurt to add in. Dean (talk) 21:12, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Front Quadrant Swimming
The paragraph describing front quadrant swimming reads: "an imaginary quadrant along the swimmer's body with the head and shoulders at the center of the 4 quadrants." Problem: based upon the above words alone, I can't conjure a mental image of 'front quadrant swimming'. I say this despite the fact that I (1) am a swimmer, (2) have done TI and have made a living off of visualization. Solution: use an image. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.130.11.197 (talk) 18:27, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

"Natural"
Recommend removing every instance of "natural" and replacing with more descriptive term(s). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.130.11.197 (talk) 18:36, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

Touchups
I spent a few hours reorganizign some of this material to match some current teachings and added many external references from triathlon & swim coaches who have inteviewed the founder, as well as an external trade show that features Total Immersion swimming demos annually. I will probably edit this further. I am a swim coach and a total Immersion certified coach. I tried to keep the edits neutral but more informative than what was previously here.

I would advise that future editors add a "Total Immersion Swimmers" section to include TI swimmers & coaches at all levels with notable accomplishments including USA Swimming, NCAA, USMS and USA Triathlon wins & awards to add credibility and recognition. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.235.28.189 (talk) 03:25, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

Gravity and bouyancy
"Making use of gravity as a propelling force" certainly leads to "total immersion", but I doubt it helps as a swimming technique. Diving, maybe. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.193.211.121 (talk) 23:49, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Both gravity and bouyant forces are vertically directed forces—gravity is downwards, buoyancy upwards—no way can they contribute to horizontal propulsion. Dger (talk) 20:13, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Yup. Contrary to elementary physics. I'll delete it. AndyTheGrump (talk) 19:25, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

 * I translated this into German and tried to make sense of it. Obviously the author means that weight shifts help to create momentum. Shifting the point of gravity during swimming has to do with gravity (and bouyancy, for that matter) and can support propulsive movements of arms and legs. Gravity and bouyancy forces are vertically directed for sure, but if you "screw" yourself through the water, you can make use of it for propulsion. Best--Olag (talk) 08:09, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

 * A post on the founder's website] refers to precession, however, I'm not convinced this entirely applies to the self-generated movement of people. Location (talk) 18:27, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

 * I think there is no hint in Laughlin's book that he means that. Actually in the chapter about propulsion he cites the formula Force = Mass x Acceleration to suggest that whole body movements (or: gravity shifts) from the core of the body may result in stronger and more efficient propulsion than "unconnected" and hectic movements of arms and legs.--Olag (talk) 21:01, 23 December 2012 (UTC)

Is this topic notable by Wikipedia standards?
Is this topic actually notable by Wikipedia standards? The only claims in the article which might suggest that it is are in the 'Notable Total Immersion swimmers' section - but that merely asserts that the swimmers are notable - and even it was verifiable from reliable sources that (a) the swimmers were 'notable', and (b) they used the 'total immersion' technique, it would be irrelevant - notability cannot be proven by endorsement. What this article needs, per WP:GNG is verifiable evidence of "significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject". It also needs extensive rewriting, not least to remove the promotional hype, and the violations of WP:NOTHOWTO. AndyTheGrump (talk) 19:40, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

 * I completely agree. As I mentioned to Dger earlier, I am having difficulty finding "significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject" per WP:GNG. There are a few references in the article, but only #10 touches on the actual technique and it's not a good one in that it is a blog post and primary source material. Location (talk) 19:43, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:06, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Total Immersion


text:
User talk:Zetawoof

Book script
Alright, after a ton of books were deleted after that last round of BPRODing. I think it would be a good idea to run the script again to get an up-to-date list. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 04:26, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Done! Zetawoof(ζ) 05:10, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

 * There's been a huge category-cleanup recently, and it's been a while since the script ran. Mind running it again? I might have a few suggestions for a script update following the next run. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 05:11, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Certainly. Done. Zetawoof(ζ) 06:30, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

Possible to do it again? It's been a while. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 08:31, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Also this might interest you. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 08:32, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Done. Zetawoof (ζ) 14:42, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

Mind running it again? Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 13:57, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Done. Zetawoof (ζ) 02:30, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

hi
I noticed you had a livejournal. I do as well. I have some very important notes on there. Is my stuff safe on there or can the site shut down or something? Pass a Method  talk  15:00, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm really not sure what you're asking. Zetawoof (ζ) 03:42, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

Kerckhaert logo
We gave our permission to use the Kerckhaert-logo on Wikipedia. For the permission, see: http://www.kerckhaert.com/en/permission.aspx —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.176.143.217 (talk) 06:49, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

File:Ambox breakage.png listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Ambox breakage.png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Cloudbound (talk) 19:04, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:Top of the Pops 2003.jpg)
Thanks for uploading File:Top of the Pops 2003.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Hazard-Bot (talk) 04:02, 14 June 2013 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:Ambox breakage.png
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Ambox breakage.png, has been listed at Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you object to the listing for any reason. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 22:52, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Ambox breakage.png

The file File:Ambox breakage.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Old orphaned esoteric file."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ~ Rob 13 Talk 17:44, 14 April 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zetawoof


text:
User talk:Nickeveritt

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 22:41, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nickeveritt


text: User talk:63.205.40.134

title: User talk:63.205.40.134


text:
The New Soldier

The New Soldier was published as both a hard and soft cover book in October, 1971, by Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Principally a photographic essay accompanied by text, the work was edited by David Thorne and George Butler, with a section written by John Kerry. The work includes photographs captured by many photographers across five days in April, 1971.

Overview
The New Soldier documents what VVAW called Operation Dewey Canyon III. This pseudo-operation, "a limited incursion into the country of Congress", was basically a series of demonstrations, marches and street theatre designed to protest US involvement in the war in Vietnam. In one activity, Vietnam War combat veterans, wearing uniforms and carrying unloaded weapons, enacted for astonished visitors to Washington, DC, the actions common to descending upon and sweeping a Vietnamese village for enemy combatants. This theatre was performed on Constitution Mall, under heavy police supervision. This was only one of several events participated in by hundreds of Vietnam Veterans and not a few Gold Star Mothers from across the country.

The New Soldier documents two events of emotional significance. In one, war veterans queue up in a long line to return their medals and decorations to the U.S. government. They hurled them upon the steps of Congress. This was a shocking scene on American television.

A second event was a worship service held at the main gate to Arlington National Cemetery. The desire had been to hold the service on the actual hallowed grounds but the Vietnam Veteran demonstrators were locked out of Arlington. Marines guarded the gates with loaded weapons and kept them pointed outward. The worship service had to be conducted with the clergyman's back to those Marines. To some readers, a shortcoming of The New Soldier is that the words spoken by this Vietnam War battlefield chaplain, a United Methodist clergyman, were not included in the volume. That sermonette has not been lost to American history (see link below).

The book contains excerpts of testimony by veterans at the Winter Soldier Investigation on war crimes committed during the Vietnam War and a portion of the Fulbright Hearing testimony given by John Kerry to the Senate committee.

The New Soldier documents a most unusual event in American history: returned veterans of a foreign war appearing en masse in the nation's capital to demand that the war be stopped. Only 5000 copies of the book were printed, consequently, the book is considered a collector's item.

title: The New Soldier


text: User talk:65.122.24.71

title: User talk:65.122.24.71


text:
Freedom Charter

The Freedom Charter was the statement of core principles of the South African Congress Alliance, which consisted of the African National Congress (ANC) and its allies: the South African Indian Congress, the South African Congress of Democrats and the Coloured People's Congress. It is characterised by its opening demand, "The People Shall Govern!"

History
After about a decade of multi-faceted resistance to white minority rule, and in the wake of the Defiance Campaign of 1952, the work to create the Freedom Charter was in part a response to an increasingly repressive government which was bent on stamping out extra-parliamentary dissent. In 1955, the ANC sent out 50,000 volunteers into townships and the countryside to collect "freedom demands" from the people of South Africa. This system was designed to give all South Africans equal rights. Demands such as "Land to be given to all landless people", "Living wages and shorter hours of work", "Free and compulsory education, irrespective of colour, race or nationality" were synthesised into the final document by ANC leaders including Z.K. Mathews, Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein, Ethel Drus, Ruth First and Alan Lipman (whose wife, Beata Lipman, hand-wrote the original Charter).

The Charter was officially adopted on Sunday 26 June 1955 at a gathering of about 3,000 people, known as the Congress of the People in Kliptown, Soweto. The meeting was broken up by police on the second day, although by then the Charter had been read in full. The crowd had shouted its approval of each section with cries of "Africa!" and "Mayibuye!" Nelson Mandela escaped the police by disguising himself as a milkman, as his movements and interactions were restricted by banning orders at the time.

The document signified a major break with the past traditions of the struggle; this was no longer a civil rights movement seeking to be accommodated in the existing structures of society, but called for a fundamental restructuring of all aspects of South African society. The document is notable for its demand for and commitment to a non-racial South Africa, and this has remained the platform of the ANC. As a result, ANC members who held pro-African views left the ANC after it adopted the charter, forming the Pan Africanist Congress. The charter also calls for democracy and human rights, land reform, labour rights, and nationalisation.

After the Congress was denounced as treason, the South African government banned the ANC and arrested 156 activists, including Mandela, who were put on trial in the 1956 Treason Trial, in which all were acquitted. The Charter continued to circulate in the revolutionary underground and inspired a new generation of young militants in the 1980s.

When the ANC finally came to power after democratic elections in 1994, the new Constitution of South Africa included many of the demands of the Freedom Charter. It addressed directly nearly all of the demands for equality of race and language.

The original document is housed at Liliesleaf Farm, now a museum.

Freedom Charter
We, the People of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know: that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of all the people; that our people have been robbed of their birthright to land, liberty and peace by a form of government founded on injustice and inequality; that our country will never be prosperous or free until all our people live in brotherhood, enjoying equal rights and opportunities; that only a democratic state, based on the will of all the people, can secure to all their birthright without distinction of colour, race, sex or belief; And therefore, we, the people of South Africa, black and white together - equals, countrymen and brothers - adopt this Freedom Charter. And we pledge ourselves to strive together, sparing neither strength nor courage, until the democratic changes here set out have been won.

The People Shall Govern!
Every man and woman shall have the right to vote for and to stand as a candidate for all bodies which make laws; All people shall be entitled to take part in the administration of the country; The rights of the people shall be the same, regardless of race, colour or sex; All bodies of minority rule, advisory boards, councils and authorities shall be replaced by democratic organs of self-government.

All National Groups Shall Have Equal Rights!
There shall be equal status in the bodies of state, in the courts and in the schools for all national groups and races; All people shall have equal right to use their own languages, and to develop their own folk culture and customs; All national groups shall be protected by law against insults to their race and national pride; The preaching and practice of national, race or colour discrimination and contempt shall be a punishable crime; All apartheid laws and practices shall be set aside.

The People Shall Share in the Country's Wealth!
The national wealth of our country, the heritage of all South Africans, shall be restored to the people; The mineral wealth beneath the soil, the banks and monopoly industry shall be transferred to the ownership of the people as a whole; All other industry and trade shall be controlled to assist the well-being of the people; All people shall have equal rights to trade where they choose, to manufacture and to enter all trades, crafts and professions.

The Land Shall Be Shared Among Those Who Work It!
Restrictions of land ownership on a racial basis shall be ended, and all the land redivided amongst those who work it, to banish famine and land hunger; The state shall help the peasants with implements, seed, tractors and dams to save the soil and assist the tillers; Freedom of movement shall be guaranteed to all who work on the land; All shall have the right to occupy land wherever they choose; People shall not be robbed of their cattle, and forced labour and farm prisons shall be abolished.

All Shall Be Equal Before The Law!
No one shall be imprisoned, deported or restricted without a fair trial; No one shall be condemned by the order of any Government official; The courts shall be representative of all the people; Imprisonment shall be only for serious crimes against the people, and shall aim at re-education, not vengeance; The police force and army shall be open to all on an equal basis and shall be the helpers and protectors of the people; All laws which discriminate on grounds of race, colour or belief shall be repealed.

All Shall Enjoy Equal Human Rights!
The law shall guarantee to all their right to speak, to organise, to meet together, to publish, to preach, to worship and to educate their children; The privacy of the house from police raids shall be protected by law; All shall be free to travel without restriction from countryside to town, from province to province, and from South Africa abroad; Pass Laws, permits and all other laws restricting these freedoms shall be abolished.

There Shall Be Work And Security!
All who work shall be free to form trade unions, to elect their officers and to make wage agreements with their employers; The state shall recognise the right and duty of all to work, and to draw full unemployment benefits; Men and women of all races shall receive equal pay for equal work; There shall be a forty-hour working week, a national minimum wage, paid annual leave, and sick leave for all workers, and maternity leave on full pay for all working mothers; Miners, domestic workers, farm workers and civil servants shall have the same rights as all others who work; Child labour, compound labour, the tot system and contract labour shall be abolished.

The Doors of Learning And of Culture Shall Be Opened!
The government shall discover, develop and encourage national talent for the enhancement of our cultural life; All the cultural treasures of mankind shall be open to all, by free exchange of books, ideas and contact with other lands; The aim of education shall be to teach the youth to love their people and their culture, to honour human brotherhood, liberty and peace; Education shall be free, compulsory, universal and equal for all children; Higher education and technical training shall be opened to all by means of state allowances and scholarships awarded on the basis of merit; Adult illiteracy shall be ended by a mass state education plan; Teachers shall have all the rights of other citizens; The colour bar in cultural life, in sport and in education shall be abolished.

There Shall Be Houses, Security And Comfort!
All people shall have the right to live where they choose, to be decently housed, and to bring up their families in comfort and security; Unused housing space to be made available to the people; Rent and prices shall be lowered, food plentiful and no one shall go hungry; A preventive health scheme shall be run by the state; Free medical care and hospitalisation shall be provided for all, with special care for mothers and young children; Slums shall be demolished, and new suburbs built where all have transport, roads, lighting, playing fields, creches and social centres; The aged, the orphans, the disabled and the sick shall be cared for by the state; Rest, leisure and recreation shall be the right of all; Fenced locations and ghettoes shall be abolished, and laws which break up families shall be repealed.

There Shall Be Peace And Friendship!
South Africa shall be a fully independent state, which respects the rights and sovereignty of all nations; South Africa shall strive to maintain world peace and the settlement of all international disputes by negotiation-not war; Peace and friendship amongst all our people shall be secured by upholding the equal rights, opportunities and status of all; The people of the protectorates-Basutoland, Bechuanaland and Swaziland-shall be free to decide for themselves their own future; The right of all the peoples of Africa to independence and self-government shall be recognized and shall be the basis of close co-operation.

Let all who love their people and their country now say, as we say here:

'THESE FREEDOMS WE WILL FIGHT FOR, SIDE BY SIDE, THROUGHOUT OUR LIVES, UNTIL WE HAVE WON OUR LIBERTY.'

Adopted at the Congress of the People, Kliptown, South Africa, on 26 June 1955.

title: Freedom Charter


text:
Guitar Center

Guitar Center is an American musical instrument retailer chain headquartered in Westlake Village, California. It operates 304 locations and is the largest company of its kind in the United States.

The company oversees several subsidiaries, including Musician's Friend, AVDG, Music & Arts, Woodwind & Brasswind, and Giardinelli.

History
Guitar Center was founded in Hollywood in 1959 by Wayne Mitchell as The Organ Center, a retailer of electronic organs for home and church use. In 1964, after a supplier required him to carry Vox guitar amplifiers, to continue receiving organs, Mitchell added the amplifiers to his inventory and renamed the store The Vox Center, leveraging the Beatles association with the Vox brand. In the late 1960s, as other brands like Marshall gained popularity, Mitchell renamed the store Guitar Center.

By 1972, Guitar Center had expanded to eight locations, including stores in San Francisco, San Diego and suburbs of Los Angeles. In the late 1970s, Ray Scherr, the General Manager of the San Francisco store, purchased the company from Wayne Mitchell.

The 1980s saw a resurgence in "guitar rock," led by bands such as Van Halen Van Halen and an influx of Japanese-produced instruments. This period brought significant growth in guitar sales, prompting Guitar Center to expand nationwide, eventually becoming the largest musical instrument retailer in the United States.

Scherr sold the company in 1996. The following year, with 30 stores on the West Coast and in Michigan, Ohio, and Florida, Guitar Center made an initial public offering of stock and opened more new locations.

In 2000, Guitar Center acquired mail order and e-commerce retailer Musician's Friend for $50 million, and claimed the merged company was the world's largest seller of musical instruments. Musician's Friend became a wholly owned subsidiary, with its headquarters remaining in Medford, Oregon.

In 2005, Guitar Center Inc. acquired Music & Arts, the largest band and orchestra dealer in the United States, and merged it with their American Music Group chain of band and orchestral stores. The company was renamed Music & Arts. The same year, Guitar Center, Inc., started The Fender Music Foundation, a nonprofit organization that supported music education.

In 2006, Guitar Center acquired four stores in Texas from the South Texas and Central/South American company, Hermes. In the same year, Activision partnered with Guitar Center, and all purchases made during game play of Guitar Hero, beginning with the second installment, were made in a virtual Guitar Center store.

In February 2007, the Musician's Friend division acquired assets of the Indiana-based company Dennis Bamber, Inc., which included band and orchestra retailer Woodwind & Brasswind, plus Music 123 and Lyons Music.

In June 2007, Guitar Center agreed to a $1.9 billion buyout from Bain Capital, totaling $2.1 billion including debt. The deal was led by Goldman Sachs and amounted to a per-share price of $63, or a 26% premium on the June 26 closing price. The deal was approved by shareholders on September 18, 2007, and closed October 9, 2007.

In mid-2009, Guitar Center opened its first rehearsal and lessons studio facility in Woodland Hills, California, consisting of eight studios with backline, ranging in size from 350-550 sqft.

In 2011, Musician's Friend's headquarters operations were moved to Guitar Center's facilities in Westlake Village, California. In the same year, Guitar Center began offering equipment rentals in one of their San Diego stores. Rental departments were extended to ten other locations, with plans to offer rentals across the country.

In May 2013, Standard & Poor's cut its debt rating on Bain Capital-owned Guitar Center Holdings Inc. to "junk bond" status, citing struggles with "weak operating trends." The corporate credit rating on the company dropped from B to 'CCC+'.

In April 2014, Ares Management took a controlling stake in Guitar Center. Bain Capital, Guitar Center's former owner, retained partial ownership of the company, along with representation on the board. According to Mike Pratt, the retailer's previous chief executive, the deal would reduce Guitar Center's total debt and provide it with the resources to expand and invest in its business.

In August 2014, Guitar Center opened a new 28,000-square-foot flagship location in Times Square in New York City. The opening included a concert featuring The Roots. The Guitar Center Times Square location became the permanent home of Eric Clapton's Blackie Fender Stratocaster, which had been purchased at a Christie's Crossroads Centre auction in 2004 for $959,000.

In April, 2017, Moody's Investors Service revised the outlook on Guitar Center's B2 rating to negative. In the face of flat sales in the musical instrument industry as a whole, Guitar Center became overwhelmed by its $1 billion debt.

Guitar Center filed for bankruptcy in 2020 and the Times Square location was closed. On November 13, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Guitar Center announced that it planned to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection after negotiating a debt-cutting deal with key investors and lenders. Guitar Center said it had received up to $165 million in new equity, and lenders agreed to reduce its debt by around $800 million. The company emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy on December 23, 2020, after a reorganization deal added additional equity and debt capital.

Guitar Center Legends Collection
In 2004, the Guitar Center began a "Legends Collection" with guitars made famous by Eric Clapton, Stevie Ray Vaughan, and U2's the Edge. The Centre purchased Clapton’s “Blackie” Fender Stratocaster for $959,500, his vintage Gibson “ES-335” for $847,500, and Vaughan’s “Lenny” Stratocaster for  $623,500, a total of over $2.4 million, in the Clapton Crossroads Centre charity auction at Christie's, New York. The Edge’s cream white Gibson Les Paul Custom was purchased for $240,000 at the Music Rising Charity Auction in 2007. The collection has been exhibited in a tour of musical events and Guitar Center locations, such as the one held at Madison Square Garden as part of Clapton’s Crossroads Guitar Festival in April 2013. In August 2014, Clapton’s Blackie and ES-335 were moved to a new permanent location in Times Square. Clapton's cherry red Gibson 335 was used to record Cream’s versions of "Badge" and "Crossroads (from their final live performance in November 1968), and other historical performances over 40 years. Steve Ray Vaughan’s "Lenny" was used to record his classic love songs, including "Lenny" and "Riviera Paradise". The Edge's cream-colored 1975 Les Paul Custom, faded from its original white, had been used for U2's stage and studio performances. All the proceeds from the sale of these guitars went to Clapton’s Crossroads Center charity.

In 2005, the Edge, producer Bob Ezrin, Gibson, and the Guitar Center Music Foundation (now known as the Fender Music Foundation) established Music Rising, a charity to benefit musicians whose lives had been disrupted by Hurricane Katrina. In 2007 The Edge donated his guitar to be auctioned for the charity and It was sold for $240,000 to Guitar Center ($288,000 including Buyer's Premium).

Guitar Center's Drum-Off
From 1988 through 2016, Guitar Center conducted an annual search for the next great undiscovered drummer. Developed to spotlight the drumming community, the Drum-Off was the music retailer’s longest running artist-discovery program.

The process of Guitar Center’s Drum-Off began with three rounds of preliminary competitions at each of Guitar Center's 250+ locations nationwide, with each contestant allowed five minutes of set up time and three minutes to perform. One winner from each store final competition advanced to one of 30 quarterfinal competitions, and one winner from each quarterfinal competition advanced to one of five semifinal competitions, during which contestants were allowed five minutes to perform. The winners from each of these five semifinal competitions qualified to compete in front of a live audience and a panel of celebrity judges at Guitar Center's Drum-Off finals in Los Angeles, California.

In the finals, each contestant was required to perform on a 5-piece acoustic drum kit complete with hardware, cymbals, cowbell, throne and the option to incorporate a Roland SPD-30 Octapad (the SPD-30 was not included in 2016). Contestants were evaluated by a panel of independent and credible judges on the following criteria: skills & technique, groove, originality, stage presence, and overall performance.

Guitar Center discontinued their sponsorship of the annual contest in 2017.

Hollywood's RockWalk
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Debuting in 2010, each episode of Guitar Center Sessions showcases exclusive live performances by noteworthy artists captured in hi-definition at Guitar Center's iconic Hollywood, California location. Past guests include Linkin Park, Saint Motel, Wiz Khalifa, Billy Idol, The 1975, Sum 41, Weezer, Smashing Pumpkins, Peter Gabriel, Alanis Morissette, 311, Megadeth, Snoop Dogg, Soundgarden, Seether, The Cult, Cake, Jakob Dylan, Tame Impala, Rodrigo y Gabriela, Bush, Ben Folds Five, Korn, Joan Jett, Cheap Trick, Skylar Grey, Peter Frampton, Frank Turner, J Balvin, Coheed and Cambria, Debbie Harry, Kraftwerk and Jane's Addiction. Guitar Center Sessions is hosted by Nic Harcourt, and was created, developed and produced by Guitar Center exclusively on DirecTV. Guitar Center Sessions has won several awards, including a Lumiere Award from the International 3D Society for the episodes featuring Jane's Addiction and Peter Gabriel. To celebrate Guitar Center's 50th anniversary, Linkin Park performed on October 24, 2014, with the performance first airing via DirecTV on December 5, 2014.

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The At: Guitar Center web series (formerly At: Guitar Center podcast) features interviews and intimate performances with some of the biggest names in music. Some past guests have included Travis Barker, Sevendust, T-Pain, Joe Bonamassa, The Crystal Method, Buddy Guy, Elmer Bernstein, Daughtry, Jimmy Cliff, Meiko, Lee Jong-suk, Rza, Steve Vai, Joe Satriani, Brandi Carlile, and Minus the Bear. The podcast is hosted by Nic Harcourt and is available on the iTunes, Zune and BlackBerry networks and on the Guitar Center website.

Connections Made by Guitar Center
Connections Made by Guitar Center, a collaboration between 88.5 KCSN Los Angeles and Guitar Center, was a weekly one-hour radio program hosted by radio host Nic Harcourt featuring new music from both signed and unsigned artists from across the globe and musical spectrum.

Albums recorded at Guitar Center

 * No Stairway by Glassine
 * Live at Guitar Center by Noah Wall

title: Guitar Center


text: User talk:64.68.189.169

title: User talk:64.68.189.169


text:
Talk:J. Gresham Machen

I've added in some notes from my dissertation but this page needs a lot more work and volunteers. Mark V McCullagh

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title: Talk:J. Gresham Machen


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Fires of Eden (novel)

Fires of Eden is a novel by American writer Dan Simmons, published in 1994. It centres on the history and mythology of Hawaii, the moral and ethical issues of the United States occupation of Hawaii, and various other issues.

Overview
Fires of Eden takes place around the adventures of two different generations, a woman and her niece. The aunt's story is told as a series of journal entries, said journal being in her niece's possession. The book also uses as a main character Samuel Clemens, better known as Mark Twain. Additionally, this novel features two characters from Simmons' Summer of Night (1991), Cordie Cook and Mike O'Rourke; the latter has only a "bit part" near the end.

title: Fires of Eden (novel)


text:
Talk:German modal particles

Should this page exist? Should we have Japanese nouns about and with a list of Japanese nouns, or Bengali counting words? There is nothing different between the function of modal particles in German and in other languages. A list of German modal particles definitely does not belong here, any more than does a list of Navajo noun classifiers.

Information on learning German modal particles is not objective, as all information on Wikipedia should be (NPOV). Saying that they "should be learned" or "must be learned" any certain way, or that they're difficult or easy to learn, is not NPOV and does not belong at Wikipedia.

With all the false information and the list and the POV information (and the information that's just a duplication of Modal particle) removed, this article amounts to almost nothing. Modal particles in German are uninflected- this is true for modal particles in most (but not nessecarily all) languages. The German word for "modal particle" does not belong here, but rather here.

Reply to the anon
This has absolutely nothing to do with POV or NPOV. German modal particles are peculiar to the language, quite unlike that of English. If you don't know that difference, you should not criticise or vandalize an article. The procedure surely is to place it on the Vfd page with giving your reasons for doing so and not blank it as you are doing. Dieter Simon 01:06, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Just because you know German does not make you an expert on the language. German modal particles are not in any way "peculiar to the language", and English has modal particles as well.
 * And as noted above, a list does not belong here, even if this article does.
 * In addition, the point above about NPOV is very valid. You have said something is difficult to learn, and that it "should be learned" or "must be learned" in a certain way. That is extremely POV and does not belong at Wikipedia.
 * Also as was said before, duplication of information at other, more generalised articles is frowned upon.
 * Just because an anonymous contributor says something on a talkpage, does not mean you get to not respond to their individual points and tell them off.
 * And exactly when was it that anybody blanked this page?
 * Please, think of the kittens. --Node 05:48, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, and also, edits are rarely vandalism if the accompanying edit summary intelligently describes an even somewhat valid reason for making such an edit. If you want to discuss such edits, please do not run around accusing people of vandalism when they have given clear, intelligent reasons for what they did in the edit summary and the talkpage. --Node 05:58, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

If you think it should not be there place the article on the Vfd pages with suitable annotations. Do not just delete the article. Let other Wikipedians vote on it as is the way to do it. Oh, and by the way I have reverted the article.Dieter Simon 18:13, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Nobody deleted OR blanked the article. --Node 20:28, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I repeat, if you think this article should be removed, Mark, than please put it on the Vote for deletion page, give your reasons and wait for the vote of the Wikipedians to come in. I shall be more than happy to delete it myself if the verdict goes against it, but until such a time I will not argue with you but revert it every time you remove, delete or blank the text Dieter Simon
 * And I repeat, I have not removed, deleted, or blanked this page AT ALL. --Node 04:00, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Umm, guys...don't you have anything more productive to do than going into an edit war over an issue as pressing as German modal particles :P ? For the time being, let's try and forget who did what to the article and concentrate on the article itself instead...I'm inclined to say it is well-written and well-researched, so there's no harm in letting it stay, but I see node's and the anon's point abou the topic being a bit fringe. Full disclosure: I'm a native German and know a fair share of other langauges, and I tend to agree that German modal particles are indeed a peculiarity of that language - the question being, are they enough of a peculiarity to merit an elaborate article. I'm willing to discuss. -- Ferkelparade π 23:47, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll go along with that. As well as live and let live. It's only I could'nt understand the removing of text, without leaving something better in its place. Thanks anyway. Dieter Simon 01:09, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * This had been moved out of context, as one can see by the signature dates. Have now moved it to where it should be to make sense. Dieter Simon
 * Sorry, that was probably my fault...I replied to Node's statement, it was not my intention to put your last entry out of context. I'm still waiting for some real disussion of the article's merits, though :P -- Ferkelparade π 01:05, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, I am sorry. Modal particles are peculiarly, especially modal in German, while there are no modal particles so called in English. There are (grammatical) particles in English which include sentence connectors and interjections which include modal aspects, namely particles of mood or attitude on the part of the speaker, but they are still not called modal particles. Interjections and their alases, oh's, ah's, vrooms, etc., as well as sentence connectors with their howevers, buts, stills, etc. do reflect the speaker's attitude. In German, there is a whole series of particles which (about thirty- odd) which are on the whole quite untranslatable in themselves, but which have a function to change the sentence into how the speaker conceives the previous part of a conversation and as it has been conceived by the speaker. The article has as much a right to be there in an encyclopedia as so many other lists, I think. Dieter Simon 01:26, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * And you know this how? From your authority from years of linguistic studies?
 * I will assert that you are wrong, and that there are in fact modal particles in the English language.
 * For example, "However", "If not", sentence-final "is it not" and other reflexive words and phrases, "indeed", "apparently", "thus", and even according to some "I think".
 * All of these are modal. Some of them can be used in a sentence without anything before or after it (which is not generally the case with "however", "thus"...), but they are still modal particles, although not in the strictest sense. Also, tone indicates modality most of the time in English, and these different modal particles I have specified have different meanings depending on the tone.
 * If somebody tells you they have a nice-looking car, would you like to see it? and when shown it you see it and say "A nice-looking car, indeed" and say "indeed" as " in deed" (low-low to low-middle), it means you think it is far from the truth. If their car is nicer than you had expected, and say "indeed" as "in DEE eed " (high-middle to middle-high to high-low), it means you have been surprised by it being nicer than you expected.
 * Also, spoken English has more modal particles. For example, my father often says "æææ, this is stupid" or just starts a sentence with "æææ" (it's actually nasal, a nasal æ doesn't regularly occur in English) which signifies he is frustrated at the factuality of the sentence. "mmm, I'm not sure" shows that you considered it (but stronger than if you just said "hmm") Alternatively, "mmm" said in a different tone can express... not sure how to explain... well, for example if you told me "15 people died yesterday when they got eaten by bunny rabbits", and I said "mmm, that sucks", the "mmm" signifies that... well, that although I may not care directly about the fact stated previously, I am recognising that it is unfortunate.
 * In additon, your assertion that German modal particles are never inflected implies that they aren't inflected tonally either, which I find very hard to believe.
 * As regards your assertion about lists... the What Wikipedia Is Not article says that we aren't trying to teach people to speak foreign languages. Thus, relevant translations are OK, but lists of words in a foreign language belong at Wiktionary instead. --Node 06:30, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Yes, Mark, you are absolutely right about all the examples you are citing, they are indeed (that word again) particles with a modal aspect. The only problem I have is that you'd be hard put to find any article with the header English modal particle, or find it even in texts. After all, I mentioned the modality of English particles in grammatical particle, that sentence connectors, interjections, and even sentence substitutes have this aspect. But if an unitiated person were to try look up English modal particle, or even modal particle with an English reference, they'd find it probably impossible to so in books of grammar or linguistics. There wouldn't be one, probably, because linguists, etc., don't normally use the expression. Dieter Simon 23:06, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * The real question here is whether or not any of these serve the sole purpose of indicating modality. Not all of these would fit that description, but I did a simple test to see and I think in the end the list of real modal particles in English is: sentence-final "is it not" and variations/contractions thereof, both aspects of sentence-final "indeed" that I described above, "mmm" (there are a few more aspects than I described above, most of them indicated tonally but some contextually), nasal "æææ", sentence-final "I think", etc.
 * As to whether or not scholars call them modal particles... from my experience, "English modal particles" are discussed in hushed tones and people glance from side to side to make sure nobody knows they're talking about such a thing. English has many many modal particles, the only thing is that most (but not all) of them are not used in written English, at least not normally.
 * There are some articles which refer to English modal particles as if they for sure exist, but don't actually say much about them, instead concentrating on other topics; then there is Karin Aijmer's research, and I believe a gentleman wrote a book on modality in English in which he has a whole chapter on "English modal particles". --Node 02:03, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

As for uninflected words, all it means is they do not adopt affixes as in kiss/kissed/kissing or laufen/gelaufen, nor do they change their vowels or consonants as in will/would. One more thing, I am not really trying to teach anybody anything, it's merely if they are trying to look something up in an encyclopedia, they might as well find something that gets as near to the truth as possible. Whether I have achieved that in any of my articles, I don't know. Dieter Simon
 * "uninflected" indicates that something is not inflected. Inflection can refer to morphology, but it can also refer to tonal inflections (which are often modal in English) and morphonology, as well as facial inflections which aren't exactly related to a language in the same way as the others (unless it is a signed language) but can be relevant nonetheless.
 * Of course you are not trying to teach anybody anything, but long lists of words, especially in non-English languages, are generally frowned upon here and belong more properly at Wiktionary. --Node 02:03, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * It looks as though I might be eating my words at some time soon, as discussions about English modal particles are in fact taking place. One should, however, bear in mind that some of these discourses would hardly have reached the books yet, they are still in the research stage: Karin Aijmer is discussing an English modal particle as being represented by the phrase "I think", as in "the car belongs to him, I think." Yes, she is definitely referring to it as an English modal particle. It looks as if things are going your way, Mark. We should, however bear also in mind, that we in Wikipedia are not a research foundation. Dieter Simon 23:58, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The article is full of falsehoods. Also, whether or not we have an article on German modal particles, /a list is not appropriate for Wikipedia/. --Node 02:56, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Umm, okay...do you have any specific references for calling the article's claims "falsehoods"? You may well be right, but if we're going to have a discussion, you'll have to provide a bit more than a blanket statement. You might read the article linked as a reference for the kind of evidence I am looking for. Don't get me wrong here, I' not necessarily saying you are wrong with your claims, but I'm curious just what makes you think the article as it stands now is so horribly false and POV.
 * On the topic of lists: I agree that the example list may be a bit excessive, but on the other hand, Wikipedia is not paper, and a list of particles illustrating the article's point does not really hurt. -- Ferkelparade π 17:18, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * If you believe in live and let live, then you don't believe in Wikipedia, where anybody can edit anybody else's compositions. --Node 02:56, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I do believe in Wikipedia. That's why I also believe it should be improved rather than merely having text removed from articles. This is just an observation. Dieter Simon 23:43, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * As I noted before, this is not a requirement and it seldom happens. If I add to the end of this article "German cats hate modal particles, and you should never let a cat near them lest they scratch your eyes out", would you replace it with something useful or would you just revert my changes? If you replace it with something useful, then my only question for you is this, why didn't you add it before I added that crap? And if you just revert it, I have no problem with that, nor do policies, nor should you. If, on the other hand, I said something that could easily be modified to make it truthful, or was telling falsehoods that were directly parallel with a certain fact, it would probably be better to replace it. --Node 02:03, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The list of German modal particles is a finite one, it does not go on and on, and cannot be inlarged ad infinitum. Its reason of being in Wikipedia has been explained time and time again, and therefore I defend its being here. If it should be removed then put it in the Vfd pages. Dieter Simon 01:18, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * VfD only applies to an entire page, not part of a page. Regardless of whether or not the list is finite, it is against policy to include such a list in an article on Wikipedia, and you should move it to Wiktionary instead, though you're free to link a list from this article. --Node 02:10, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Ok, show me which policy prescribes and proscribes lists. Dieter Simon 23:39, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * And I will show you two policies, one that says Wikipedia is not a dictionary (that's what Wiktionary is for), and another that says we aren't trying to teach people slang or how to speak a foreign language, when combined they mean that a list in this article, at least at the length you have (two or three examples would be OK), belongs on Wiktionary or Wikibooks, and not on Wikipedia. --Node 08:17, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

This is getting too ridiculous. Ah well, I think it's time to be grown-up about this, and terminate this pointless exchange. Goodbye. Dieter Simon 19:15, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Peculiar for German, but not unique. Spoken dutch uses a lot of modal particles in the same way as German. Andries (talk) 13:58, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Most multilingual people I know would agree that there are lot of German words that are supposed not have a valid meaning - exactly those modal particles. That these words convey information on the context of the speech, rather than its content, often goes unnoticed, even for German native speakers. A fair amount of my former English teachers would have agreed that English does not have these 'filler words', which is, of course, utter nonsense. The point is that these words are used quite excessively in German, are regarded as peculiar to German, and are considered part of the Standard German language.

--- Note that modal particles like "I think" not only have meaning, but also content. This is the likely reason why English is rumoured not to have these particles. In contrast to English, the German particles are syntactically treated as adverbs and are fully integrated into the main clause. --- Wikipedia does not teach languages, but may provide an impression of these languages. Compare for example Chinese honorifics. Or do you think that the article Etiquette in Asia should be deleted? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.201.72.159 (talk) 09:28, 13 April 2013 (UTC)

Aber?
In response to the above old discussion, I would like to say that this page was really helpful. However, should we add "aber" to the list? zb "Du redest aber schon deutsch"? Very similar to doch in that it implies a positive response to a previous negative comment. --Liface 13:05, 7 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, "aber" is a modal particle as a near-equivalent of "doch", when it is not used as conjunction. Take examples such as: "Das versteht er aber nicht", or "ich konnte es aber nicht". Definitely OK, put it in by all means. Dieter Simon 00:26, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * "On the contrary, you speak very good German!" seems not to be a good translation of "Du sprichst aber schon gut Deutsch!". The meaning of "aber" actually depends on which part of the sentence is emphasised. If "schon" is stressed, the translation is ok. If "gut" and "Deutsch" are stressed, "aber" does not mean "on the contrary", but is rather an expression of surprise (like "Wow, your German is really good!") --78.34.132.9 (talk) 17:56, 11 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Aber used as a particle has a number of translations. Duden tells you:
 * 1. drückt eine Verstärkung aus, "expresses an intensification or strengthening", as in ja, aber gern, or alles, aber auch alles würde er tun. "Yes, indeed, I'd love to". "He would do anything, absolutely anything".
 * 2. nur emphatisch zur Kennzeichnung der gefühlsmäßigen Anteilnahme des Sprechers, "emphatically as indication of emotional sympathy on the part of the speaker, as in du spielst aber gut.
 * So your above example does not mean On the contrary, you speak very good German, but just "Don't you speak German well", or "You really speak good German, don't you".
 * Hope this helps. Dieter Simon (talk) 22:34, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

Ja
Additionally to "you know"/"everyone knows"/"I already told you" the particle "ja" (combined with an exclamation mark) can be used to express the speakers own astonishment or surprise:
 * "Das ist ja transparentes Aluminium!" - "Wow, that is transparent aluminium!"

Maybe someone familiar with both languages English and German wants to add this? --82.83.226.86 (talk) 10:01, 16 December 2021 (UTC)

List of German modal particles
Maybe the list should be an article on its own. It is incomplete - e.g. na is missing. Should modal pronouns, e.g. mir go there too? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.37.153.181 (talk) 14:13, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:German modal particles