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Maurizio Cattelan

Maurizio Cattelan (born 21 September 1960) is an Italian visual artist. Known primarily for his hyperrealistic sculptures and installations, Cattelan's practice also includes curating and publishing. His satirical approach to art has resulted in him being frequently labelled as a joker or prankster of the art world. Self-taught as an artist, Cattelan has exhibited internationally in museums and Biennials.

In 2011, the Guggenheim Museum in New York City presented a retrospective of his work. Some of Cattelan's better-known works include America, consisting of a solid gold toilet; La Nona Ora, a sculpture depicting a fallen Pope who has been hit by a meteorite; and Comedian, a fresh banana duct-taped to a wall.

Early life and education
Cattelan was born on 21 September 1960 in Padua, Italy. He was raised there by his mother, a cleaning lady, and his father, a truck driver. He started his career in the early 1980s by designing and producing wooden furniture in Forlì (Italy). Cattelan has no formal training in art. He has said that in addition to reading art catalogues, "making shows has been my school".

Art practice
Humour and satire are at the core of Cattelan's work; this approach has often seen him labelled variously as an art scene joker, jester or prankster. He has been described by Jonathan P. Binstock, curator of contemporary art at the Corcoran Gallery of Art "as one of the great post-Duchampian artists and a smartass, too". Discussing the topic of originality with ethnographer, Sarah Thornton, Cattelan explained, "Originality doesn't exist by itself. It is an evolution of what is produced. ... Originality is about your capacity to add." His work was often based on simple puns or subverts clichéd situations by, for example, substituting animals for people in sculptural tableaux. "Frequently morbidly fascinating, Cattelan's humour sets his work above the visual pleasure one-liners," wrote Carol Vogel of the New York Times.

Cattelan's first artwork has been noted as a photo art piece in 1989 entitled Lessico Familiare (Family Syntax), a framed self-portrait in which he is depicted forming a Hand Heart over his naked chest.

In 1992, Cattelan started the Oblomov Foundation (named after Ivan Goncharov's novel Oblomov and its idle main character) which raised ten thousand dollars to offer as a grant to an artist who would undertake not to make or show any work for one year. Since there were no successful applicants, Cattelan used the money for a long holiday in New York.

Cattelan is commonly noted for his use of taxidermy during the mid-1990s. Novecento (1997) consists of the taxidermied body of a former racehorse named Tiramisu, which hangs by a harness in an elongated, drooping posture. Another work utilizing taxidermy is Bidibidobidiboo (1996), a miniature depiction of a squirrel slumped over its kitchen table, a handgun at its feet.

In 1999, he started making life-size wax effigies of various subjects, including himself. One of his best known sculptures, La Nona Ora (1999), consists of an effigy of Pope John Paul II in full ceremonial costume being crushed by a meteor.

Curating
In 1999, he co-curated with Jens Hoffmann the 6th Caribbean Biennial.

In 2002, he co-founded with Ali Subotnick and Massimiliano Gioni "The Wrong Gallery", a glass door leading to a 2.5 square foot exhibition space at 516A½ West 20th street in New York City. After the building housing the gallery was sold, the door and gallery was put on display within the collection of the Tate Modern until 2009.

With long-term collaborators Subotnick and Gioni, Cattelan also curated the 2006 Berlin Biennale. Articles by Cattelan frequently appear in international publications such as Flash Art.

Publishing
From 1996 to 2007, Cattelan collaborated with Dominique Gonzalez-Foster and Paola Manfrin on the publication Permanent Food, an occasional journal consisting of a pastiche of pages torn from other magazines and submissions by artists of similar material. From 2002 he collaborated on the satirical arts journal Charley, a series on contemporary artists.

In 2009, Cattelan teamed up with Italian photographer Pierpaolo Ferrari to create an editorial for W magazine's Art Issue.

In 2010, they founded the magazine Toiletpaper, a bi-annual, picture-based publication. As part of a public art series at the High Line in 2012, Toiletpaper was commissioned with a billboard at the corner of 10th Avenue and West 18th Street in New York, showing an image of a woman's manicured and jeweled fingers, detached from their hands, emerging from a vibrant blue velvet background. In 2014, Cattelan and Ferrari produced a fashion spread for the Spring Fashion issue of New York.

In the project entitled 1968, A Toiletpaper collaboration between Maurizio Cattelan, Pierpaolo Ferrari and the Deste Foundation in Athens, Cattelan celebrates the works and time of Dakis Joannou and his collection of radical design.

Toilet Paper differs from the two previously magazine projects, as its photographs were planned and designated solely for the magazine. The level of originality for this magazine surpassed the others, providing the audience vague, oddly familiar photographs to peruse through. Toilet Paper is a surrealist pantomime of images that the viewer cannot easily trace back to a starting point, while they've most likely been conjured by popular culture. It is a whirlwind of loud colors mixed in with the occasional black-and-white photo: "the pictures probe the unconscious, tapping into sublimated perversions and spasms of violence."

Selected works

 * Working Is a Bad Job (1993): At the 1993 Venice Biennale he leased his allotted space to an advertising agency, which installed a billboard promoting a new perfume.
 * Errotin, le vrai Lapin (1995), in which he persuaded his gallerist Emmanuel Perrotin to wear a giant pink rabbit costume shaped like a phallus to Cattelan's gallery opening
 * Another Fucking Readymade (1996): As a profound example of a found art hall; for an exhibition at the de Appel Arts Center in Amsterdam, he stole the entire contents of another artist's show from a nearby gallery with the idea of passing it off as his own work, until the police insisted he return the loot on threat of arrest.
 * Turisti (1997), taxidermied pigeons and fake pigeon feces exhibited in the Italian Pavilion at the Venice Biennale of 1997
 * In 1997, at the Consortium in Dijon, Cattelan dug a coffin-shaped hole in the floor of the museum's main gallery.
 * Mother (1999); at the 1999 Venice Biennale, Cattelan executed this piece, a project that involved an Indian fakir, who practiced a daily ritual of being buried beneath sand in a small room, with only his clasped hands visible.
 * Untitled (2001), installation created for the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam that depicts the artist peering mischievously from a hole in the floor at a gallery of 17th-century Dutch masters.
 * Him (2001): a sculpture resembling a schoolboy kneeling in prayer, except that the head has been replaced with the realistic likeness of Adolf Hitler.
 * As part of the 2001 Venice Biennale, he erected a full sized HOLLYWOOD sign over the largest rubbish tip on Palermo, Sicily.
 * La rivoluzione siamo noi (We Are The Revolution) (2000), features a miniature Maurizio Cattelan, dangling from a Marcel Breuer–designed clothing rack. In this depiction, Cattelan contrasts the German artist Joseph Beuys statement, "every man is an artist", with his own, "I am not an artist".
 * Don't Forget to Call Your Mother (2000), is a photograph by Cattelan that was utilized as a show invitation card, upon its introduction, by the Marian Goodman Gallery in New York City. "The sign ironically reminds customers of their mothers' worries each time they approach the bar to drink...in mimicking this stern parental directive, the sign draws on attitudes regarding authority, independence, and disobedience" (Susan Thompson).
 * Daddy, Daddy (2008) was initially premiered in the group exhibition theanyspacewhatever (2008–09) at the Guggenheim Museum. The piece was a site-specific installation in a small pool at the bottom of the Frank Lloyd Wright atrium rotunda, where a life-size Pinocchio doll lay face-down, giving the impression that he had jumped or fallen from above. "Cattelan's life-size effigy of a beloved fairytale character lying face down in the museum's fountain reads as a crime scene replete with questions of intent: suicide, homicide, or ill-planned escape?"
 * L.O.V.E. (2011), a 36 ft white marble sculpture middle finger sticking straight up from an otherwise fingerless hand, pointing away from Borsa Italiana in Milan.
 * Turisti (2011), for the 2011 Venice Biennale, was made of 2,000 embalmed pigeons, not to be confused with the similarly-named Turisti (1997).
 * America (2016), an 18-karat solid gold toilet, stolen from an exhibition in England in 2019.
 * Comedian (2019), a banana duct taped to a wall, shown at Art Basel Miami and the edible part then there by the Georgian artist David Datuna (1974-2022) in a performance art called Hungry Artist
 * Blind (2021), a memorial to the victims of the September 11 attacks, featuring black resin monolith representing one of the World Trade Center towers intersected by the silhouette of a jetliner

Retrospectives
A major retrospective titled All, assembling 130 objects of Cattelan's career since 1989, opened in 2011 at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York. On the occasion of the exhibition, Cattelan announced his early retirement.

In 2016 the Monnaie de Paris his retrospective of his work titled Not Afraid of Love.

Biennials
Cattelan has participated in the Venice Biennale (1993, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2011), Manifesta 2 (1998), Luxembourg, Melbourne International Biennial 1999, and the 2004 Whitney Biennial in New York.

Art market
At a Sotheby's auction in 2004, Cattelan's Ballad of Trotsky (1996), a taxidermic horse suspended by ropes from a ceiling, was sold for $2 million, a record for the artist.

Recognition
Cattelan was a finalist for the Guggenheim's Hugo Boss Prize in 2000, received an honorary degree in Sociology from the University of Trento, Italy. In 2004, he was awarded the Arnold Bode prize from the Kunstverein Kassel, Germany. A career prize (a gold medal) was awarded to Maurizio Cattelan by the 15th Rome Quadriennale. On 24 March 2009, at the MAXXI Museum of Rome, singer and musician Elio came to receive the prize, claiming to be the real Cattelan.

Film
A documentary film titled Maurizio Cattelan: Be Right Back was released in 2017. The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival, and played in theaters in 2017. The film, directed by Maura Axelrod, featured curator Massimiliano Gioni standing in for Cattelan. It followed Cattelan's career retrospective at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York.

Television
On the occasion of his 2011 retrospective at the Guggenheim Museum in New York, Cattelan was profiled on the American television program 60 Minutes. In 2016 a documentary about his life and work, The Art World's Prankster: Maurizio Cattelan, aired on BBC.

Controversies
In 2010, Sicilian artist Giuseppe Veneziano created a representation of Cattelan hanged with a noose around his neck and displayed it in the Vatican.

In 2017, when the Trump administration White House requested the loan of a Vincent van Gogh painting from the Guggenheim collection, Landscape with Snow, the museum's chief curator Nancy Spector suggested instead Cattelan's work America, a sculpture of a gold toilet.

On December 7, 2019, Comedian, an artwork created by Cattelan in an edition of three for the 2019 installment of Art Basel Miami Beach consisting of a banana held to a wall by duct tape, sold to an unnamed French art collector for $120,000. The fruit in the work was later summarily eaten by Georgian performance artist David Datuna, who called his piece Hungry Artist. Meanwhile Galerie Perrotin, which was exhibiting another edition of the piece, replaced the fruit and stated that it is an "idea", while Datuna said "it was very delicious". On 27 April 2023 a similar intervention occurred when Noh Hyun-soo, a student from Seoul National University, ate the banana at the Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art. Using the original tape, he then re-affixed the peel back onto the wall. The peel was later replaced by the museum with a fresh banana.

Artist Joe Morford filed a suit against Cattelan for copyright infringement of his 2000 work titled Banana & Orange. Banana & Orange features plastic replicas of the titular fruits duct taped to two green panels. Given Morford's claimed similarities between Comedian and Banana & Orange, Morford pursued a claim of copyright infringement, alleging that Comedian unfairly copied Banana & Orange. Morford further claimed that Cattelan might have seen his work and been influenced by it. On June 9, 2023, judge Robert N. Scolar, Jr., a US district judge for the southern district of Florida, granted Cattelan's motion for summary judgment, closing the case prior to trial.

title: Maurizio Cattelan


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Alfred Percy Sinnett

Alfred Percy Sinnett (18 January 1840 – 26 June 1921) was an English author and theosophist.

Biography
Sinnett was born in London. His father died while he was young, as in 1851 Sinnett was listed as a "Scholar – London University", living with his mother Jane Sinnett, an author and translator, who is listed as a widow and whose occupation is listed as "Periodical Literature"; his older sister Sophia, age 22, was a teacher. Jane's sister Sarah, age 48, was also a teacher.

In 1870 Sinnett married his wife Patience, probably in the London area. He is listed in the 1871 England Census at age 31, as a Journalist, born in Middlesex. His wife Patience is 27, and her mother Clarissa Edenson a "Landowner", is living with them.By 1879, Sinnett had moved to India where he was "... the Editor of The Pioneer, the leading English Daily of India..." He relates in his book, The Occult World that: "...on the first occasion of my making Madame Blavatsky's acquaintance she became a guest at my home at Allahabad and remained there for six weeks..."

In 1880 Helena Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott visited the Sinnetts at their summer home in Simla. The Mahatma Letters, which generated the controversy that later helped lead to the split of the Theosophical Society were mostly written to Sinnett or his wife Patience. The letters started at this time when Sinnett asked Blavatsky whether if he wrote a letter to her Mahatmas, she could arrange to have it delivered.

By 1884 Sinnett was back in England, where that year Constance Wachtmeister states that she met Blavatsky at the home of the Sinnetts in London.

Sinnett asked Charles Webster Leadbeater to come back to England to tutor his son Percy and George Arundale. Leadbeater agreed and brought with him one of his pupils Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa. Using "astral clairvoyance" Leadbeater assisted William Scott-Elliot to write his book The Story of Atlantis, for which Sinnett wrote the preface.

Sinnett was later president of the London Lodge of the Society.

By 1901 Sinnett is listed as an author. His son Percy is also listed as an author and born in India.

Works

 * The Occult World (London: Trubner and Company, 1881)
 * Esoteric Buddhism (London: Trubner and Company, 1883). Describes the concept of Root race, later adopted by Madame Blavatsky.
 * Karma: A Novel (London: Chapman & Hall, 1885)
 * Incidents in the Life of Madame Blavatsky: Compiled from Information Supplied by Her Relatives and Friends (1886)
 * The Rationale of Mesmerism (Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1892)
 * The Growth of the Soul (Theosophical Publishing Society, London and Benares, 1896, 1905)]
 * Occult Essays (Theosophical Publishing Society, London and Benares, 1905)
 * Married by Degrees; A Play in 3 Acts (London, 1911)
 * In the Next World: Actual Narratives of Personal Experiences by Some Who Have Passed On (Theosophical Publishing Society, London, 1914)
 * The Spiritual Powers and the War (Theosophical Publishing Society, London, 1915)
 * Unseen Aspects of the War: Two Articles by A.P. Sinnett (Theosophical Publishing Society, London, 1916)
 * Super-Physical Science (Theosophical Publishing Society, London, 1919)
 * Tennyson an Occultist, As His Writings Prove (Theosophical Publishing Society, London, 1920)
 * The Early Days of Theosophy in Europe (Theosophical Publishing Society, London, 1922) (posthumous)

Literature

 * Autobiography of Alfred Percy Sinnett, Theosophical History Centre Publications, London 1986 ISBN 0-948753-02-1

Letters

 * Helena P. Blavatsky: The letters of H. P. Blavatsky to A. P. Sinnett and other miscellaneous letters, London 1925
 * A. Trevor Barker. The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett London 1926 (ISBN 1-55700-086-7)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alfred Percy Sinnett


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Incredible Crisis

Incredible Crisis, known in Japan as Tondemo Crisis! (とんでもクライシス!), is a PlayStation video game developed by Polygon Magic. The game was published in Japan by Tokuma Shoten on June 24, 1999. Translated versions were released by Titus Interactive in North America and Europe throughout November 2000.

Incredible Crisis follows four members of a working-class Japanese family on their bizarre adventures from their daily routines while trying to get home early for the family's grandmother's birthday. The game consists of several action-oriented minigames strung together and book-ended with pre-rendered cutscenes. The game was directed by Takayuki Watanabe, who designed and scripted the game with Kenichi Nishi, and features music from the Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra.

Gameplay
Incredible Crisis consists of 24 levels (26 in the Japanese version) spread over four main parts, with each part focusing on one of the four members of the Tanamatsuri family: Taneo, Etsuko, Tsuyoshi, and Ririka. Each level revolves around a minigame, some of which are repeated, which the player must clear in order to proceed. These games range from action-based objectives such as dodging obstacles and rhythm games, to puzzle-based objectives such as answering a quiz and finding items that are on sale. Each of these levels has a stress meter that represents how close the player is to failing the level objective which, depending on the minigame, fills from either making mistakes, drawing closer to a pursuing obstacle, or running out of time. A life is lost if the meter becomes completely full, with extra lives earned by performing well after each individual chapter. Minigames that have been played in the main story can be replayed from the main menu.

Plot
At the Tanamatsuri home, it is grandmother Hatsu's birthday. She wants everyone home early for her special day: the day that serves as a reminder that she has been alive for more years than she can remember. However, her family has completely forgotten to make up last-minute birthday promises to Hatsu. The game begins like any other normal day for the family members - father Taneo, mother Etsuko, daughter Ririka, and son Tsuyoshi - until strings of events stand as obstacles in their way of returning to Hatsu's with the presents.

The first chapter revolves around father Taneo, who is working in his office when suddenly he is ordered to dance by his supervisor along with his peers. After doing so in quite a frenzy, his co-workers then run off seemingly in fear of something. Taneo turns round to investigate, when he sees a giant boulder-like statue part (which was being placed onto a statue nearby, but accidentally came off) come crashing through the wall; and is forced to run down corridors from it, until he reaches the safety of an elevator which he uses to descend. The boulder comes crashing from above, shooting debris down while Taneo desperately works on activating an emergency stop. Eventually, the boulder also shoots down onto the elevator, and in an explosion, Taneo is shot out of the window. Falling to certain death, Taneo luckily grabs onto a flagpole - but it cannot take his weight, and thus Taneo falls once more; various things slow his descent, and he lands safely. The boulder emerges again through the building's main entrance, but he easily evades it - not long after though, a piece of the statue which was holding the flagpole lands on his head, knocking him unconscious. He later wakes up in an ambulance, strapped to a stretcher while the paramedics ask him questions to check his thinking state. After answering the questions correctly, they accidentally send Taneo - still strapped to the stretcher - out of the ambulance and into the traffic, due to their over-excitement. However, Taneo successfully dodges the traffic and breaks free of his restraints; but when he does so, he crashes into the boulder from before (which miraculously appears). When he recovers, he is helped by an attractive lady, who soon leaves him. Taneo, seemingly in love, follows her onto a Ferris wheel and gives her an erotic back-massage. Afterwards, she suddenly jumps from the Ferris wheel and onto a helicopter, before pointing out she left a bomb behind Taneo. The bomb explodes, sending Taneo onto the helicopter. Soon he makes it off and sees a UFO, which two navy ships are trying to destroy. However, Taneo commandeers a turret and shoots down their missiles, saving the UFO. Eventually, Taneo himself is shot upon by a missile, exploding the turret and sending him high into the sky - but somehow lands safely and gets onto a boat. He gets curious about a block on the boat and removes it, which unwittingly starts sinking the boat. Taneo and the boat owner successfully block the hole and return to shore, where Taneo decides to take the subway. Once boarding the train, he finds it strangely empty, and the attractive woman from before appears, revealing she has cut the brakes of the train. The train crashes into obstacles on the tracks and finally bursts out of the tunnel, depositing Taneo right outside Hatsu's house.

The second chapter focuses on mother Etsuko, who is out buying ingredients for Hatsu's birthday dinner. She goes to the bank, but finds a robbery underway, and nearly manages to sneak away but is noticed at the last minute. The bank robbers choose Etsuko to investigate the vault, and she is ordered to take a golden piggy bank, which she finds booby-trapped and thus must replace its weight using her groceries. She gives the piggy bank to her captors, whose leader, who reveals herself to be the beautiful lady Taneo would chase after, forces her to open it by inputting musical commands which two of the bank robbers demonstrate. The piggy bank opens and transforms into a device that shoots lasers. Etsuko manages to remove its head using her groceries, causing it to explode and launch her and the robbers through the back wall of the bank and out into the snow. They attempt to shoot Etsuko, but she manages to outrun them by snowboard, then falls into a gorge. Sometime later, Etsuko awakens in a secret military air jet hangar, where she decides to pilot a jet to get back home. After take off, she discovers that a giant bear, with a tag saying "Ririka" attached to it, destroying the city. Piloting the last remaining jet, Etsuko must shoot the bear down. After its defeat, she returns to Hatsu's house to prepare sukiyaki for dinner.

The third chapter features son Tsuyoshi, who is out reading in a park. To his amazement, he witnesses a teddy bear grow to giant size not too far away (the same bear that Etsuko encountered) which gives off pink rays - one of which comes into contact with Tsuyoshi and shrinks him to miniature size. He must then run away from a ravenous antlion while avoiding mudslides, then escape a spider's web, and following an encounter with the unfortunate boat owner who helped Taneo earlier - in which Tsuyoshi, too, unplugs the block and nearly causes the boat to sink -, he has to escape pursuit from a praying mantis, after which a friendly ant leads him through a series of underground tunnels straight to Hatsu's backyard.

The final chapter is told from the perspective of daughter Ririka, who is in class at her private girls' school. While in homeroom, her friend tells her about a new store. Wanting to go there, Ririka makes her classmates switch seats (causing many of them to be knocked out by chalk thrown by the teacher) so she can get to the exit. Riding the subway to Shibuya, she unknowingly comes across the leader of the criminals who would rob the bank where Etsuko was, and later set up Taneo for the fall. She reaches the store and buys four items on sale. When Ririka leaves to return to school, she spots a "take a picture on a bear" photo machine outside a toy store. While she's getting ready to have hers taken, a tiny UFO appears in front of her, upsetting her and causing her picture to be printed on the teddy bear with an angry frown. Ririka yells at the UFO and tries to capture it, but it shoots beams that cause different things to shrink or grow at random, one hitting the teddy bear dispensed out of the machine. It starts growing while Ririka chases the small UFO into a karaoke parlor, where her friend calls her to join them, starting a karaoke sequence (removed from the English version). Ririka then chases the UFO outside, and past a big TV screen where she grabs the UFO. After seeing the mothership on the news on the screen, she calls Taneo and tells him to shoot the missiles heading for the mothership after threatening to never clean her room again. After Taneo agrees, Ririka goes to the screen and plays a game of Simon Says by pressing the colors on the small UFO matching the flashing colors of the mothership, interrupted by a "Please Wait" sign and a news story of the giant teddy bear attacking Tokyo, the bank robbery Etsuko witnessed, and the big boulder, with Ririka's teacher throwing chalk at it. She arrives at a bay and rides the boat that her brother and dad rode, also almost sinking it. After Ririka gets to her destination (and the UFO shrinks the boat, leading to its owner's encounter with Tsuyoshi), she takes a delivery bike leaning against a wall and rides away from a crane/bulldozer manned by the bank robbers and their leader. Managing to outrun the criminals, who meet their fate as the crane runs off the road into the water, Ririka and her bike are lifted into the sky into the mothership (silhouetted briefly against the moon in homage to E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial) and deposited in front of her house, surprising Hatsu for the last time.

Development
Incredible Crisis was developed by Polygon Magic. The design and script was done by Kenichi Nishi, a director at Love-de-Lic and future co-founder of Skip Ltd. known for his unconventional approach to game production. The game's art director was Naozumi Yamaguchi, a former Human Entertainment employee who would later go on to work with Sega on projects such as Phantasy Star Universe.

Titus Interactive acquired the rights to publish the game abroad, and introduced it as their only PlayStation title at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in 2000. Virgin Interactive obtained exclusive rights to distribute the game in Europe. Two minigames, which involve bomb disarming and karaoke respectively, were removed from the localized release of the game, reportedly because they relied too much on kanji and Japanese language, making them difficult to translate. The game's musical score was composed by the Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra. A CD titled ''Tondemo Crisis! Original Soundtrack'', featuring 25 songs from the game, was released in Japan by Avex Trax on July 23, 1999.

Reception
According to Media Create sales records, the PlayStation version sold 70,760 units by the end of 1999, making it the 184th best-selling video game in Japan for that year. Also, Famitsu gave it a score of 29 out of 40. Elsewhere, the same console version received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Eric Bratcher of NextGen said of the game, "It doesn't last long, but everyone on the planet should play Incredible Crisis at least once."

The PlayStation version was a runner-up for GameSpot's annual "Best Game Story" and "Best Puzzle Game" awards among console games. It won the award for "Best Other Game" in both Editors' and Readers' Choice at IGN's Best of 2000 Awards, and was a runner-up for Story. The game was also nominated for the "Most Innovative Game of the Year" and "Game with the Most Laughs" awards at The Electric Playground's Blister Awards 2000, both of which went to Jet Grind Radio and Samba de Amigo, respectively.

Jess Ragan of 1Up.com, in his retroactive review, felt that the game, for its time, was an innovative introduction to mini-game compilation titles. "Incredible Crisis was an important first step for this new genre of games," Ragan stated. "But even with its wacky situations and hyperactive ska music, it's been badly outclassed by Nintendo's Wario Ware series."

title: Incredible Crisis


text:
User talk:Adeldaharma

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Adeldaharma


text:
TypeParameter

In computer programming languages,  is a generic label used in generic programming  to reference an unknown data type, data structure, or class. TypeParameter is most frequently used in C++ templates and Java generics. TypeParameter is similar to a metasyntactic variable (e.g.,  and  ), but distinct. It is not the name of a generic type variable, but the name of a generic type of variable.

The capitalisation varies according to programming language and programmer preference. ,,  ,  , and   are all possible. Alternate labels are also used, especially in complex templates where more than one type parameter is necessary. ,,  ,  ,  ,   are typical alternate labels. Many programming languages are case-sensitive, making a consistent choice of labels important. The CamelCase  is one of the most commonly used.

title: TypeParameter


text:
User:Lornova~enwiki

Hello everybody! I’m Italian and usually I write in the Italian Wikipedia, but I think that I could also contribute to the English edition. I will especially correct inexactnesses on articles concerning Italy. Unfortunately writing in correct English is not so easy for me, so please excuse me for the errors I surely will do!

 * Look at my user page in the Italian edition

user page

title: User:Lornova~enwiki


text:
User talk:Soccer babe14

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Image:Sandy.jpg
Copyright?

Images
Hi. You've uploaded a number of interesting images. I hope you understand that we can't use copyrighted material without permission; unfortunately doing so could threaten the Wikipedia project. It is important to mark images with where they come from. See Copyright and Fair use. If no information is added as to where they come from and their copyright/use status, they are likely to be removed from the articles and deleted. Cheers, -- Infrogmation 15:05, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Soccer babe14


text:
Tomoko Takahashi

Tomoko Takahashi is a Japanese artist. She was born in Tokyo in 1966 and has based in London since the early 1990s. She studied at Tama Art University, Goldsmiths College and the Slade School of Fine Art.

Takahashi's main medium is installation art, often made of found objects, and is generally site-specific. She studied painting at Tama Art University, however, in around 1994, whilst a student at Goldsmiths she developed an interest in working with found objects.

She first came to attention when she won the EAST award at EASTinternational in 1997 and she has exhibited broadly worldwide since. She has exhibited her work at Beaconsfield, London (1998), the Saatchi Gallery in the 1999 New Neurotic realism exhibition, UCLA's Hammer Gallery (2002–03), the Serpentine Galleries in London, the De La Warr Pavilion (2010). and her work has been collected by the Tate.

In 2000 she was shortlisted for the Turner Prize, along with Glenn Brown, Michael Raedecker, and eventual winner Wolfgang Tillmans.

Takahashi's preferred method for her artistic process, specifically for installation pieces, consists of her inhabiting the space in which the art will be collected. She collects scraps and debris from the site, which she often incorporates into the final product. While these scenes generally incite an idea of chaos, Takahashi's attention to detail is a hallmark of her work. Her first installation of this kind was Company Deal (1997), which utilized the waste of an office space to spill over its walls and furniture. Company Deal was commissioned by an advertising agency in Battersea for their office space.

In addition to installations, Takahashi's work has been sold by the auction houses Sotheby's and Christie's. This work includes installations, but also prints, mixed media wall art, and a series of "An Occasional Table."

title: Tomoko Takahashi


text:
Talk:Tint control

colour tint has a different meaning with the tint control in TV,It is a painting term.--Fanghong 01:10, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tint control


text:
Wikipedia:Recipes proposal

 * Note: Recipes are now kept at Wikibooks Cookbook

How recipes and how-to (cooking) should be handled in Wikipedia has been a long term problem. It was discussed on many wiki pages, and on the English mailing lists, as well. Some consensus was reached, which has never been clarified in rules or a recommendation. This proposal aims to fix this, and to propose a set of guidelines, which follow. SweetLittleFluffyThing 01:11, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)''.

 * I made some updates on the 23:33, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC) following some comments. SweetLittleFluffyThing

Scope
The proposal is based on three considerations

 * There is serious controversy about what should be done with recipes. Some consider recipes should be part of the encyclopedia; others support keeping the recipes of dishes, which have a strong cultural background, or are very famous world wide, and moving the other recipes to wikibooks; others, yet, consider any recipe (or even any food article) to be unencyclopedic, and support their simple deletion from the encyclopedia.

 * We currently host a wikibook project, which can host recipes

 * I want bridges to be created between projects, and that any reader coming to wikipedia for a food item or a recipe, be able to quickly and easily find the information he is looking for, whether on wikipedia or on wikibooks. The goal of Wikipedia is not only to gather information, but also to give access to it.

Point 1a
Among articles containing a recipe and/or a how-to, we shall distinguish 3 types of articles.
 * The article also contain encyclopedic information
 * The article does not contain encyclopedic information, but the scope of the article is such that it is likely to happen one day
 * The article is unlikely to become encyclopedic

Point 1b
Point 1b added/modified on the 23:39, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Encyclopedic might be any information which is bringing information useful aside from the pure cooking event.

Rule of thumb : What are reasons for recipes in the encyclopedia?
 * 1) the food is famous and the recipe is one or a few examples of how it is customarily prepared
 * 2) the food is part of the coverage of another encyclopedia topic, such as the cuisine of a region, much like the plants or animals of a region

 * Example 1 : an article on butter is likely to contain information on how butter is made, its composition, health-related problem related to over consumption etc... : it is encyclopedic

 * Example 2 : an article on christmas pudding is likely to be encyclopedic, as it is related to a religious celebration in certain countries and is quite famous.

 * Example 3 : an article on meatball may be considered encyclopedic as well, if only because it report the fact that meatballs are one of these food which may be found in most countries, though with variations.

 * Example 4 : a recipe on honey soup is unlikely to get encyclopedic. It is neither referring to a custom, nor is a famous food, nor is a primary food anywhere. Most likely, this is a family made recipe.

Point 2
All recipes will be transwikied to Wikibooks (made available over there). If an article stays on Wikipedia about that recipe, a direct link to Wikibooks recipe will always be provided.

Point 3a
For all articles containing encyclopedic content, or likely to do in the future, one example of a recipe or how-to will be acceptable. Decision to keep it or not, will be based on consensus.

Point 3b
Added on the 00:11, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC) No variations will be included (so, maximum one recipe). If many variations exist, we try to agree on which one to keep, and we remove the rests of it. If no reasonable agreement may be found, we move them all but are very careful to describe very well the core of the recipe.

Point 4
If an article likely to contain encyclopedic information later in the future and left with no recipe is a stub, it will not be deleted on the ground it is a stub. At the minimum, a short description and a link to the wikibook recipe should be kept.

Point 5
For all articles not containing encyclopedic content, and unlikely to do so in the future, the recipe will be transwikied. A father article will be found. The cleared article will be transformed into a redirect to the father article. The link to the recipe will be preferably left in the father article. Otherwise, it should be left in the equivalent father article on wikibooks. See Fried meatballs (link kept in meatball) for an example, or oyster (links kept on the wikibook article on oyster).

Point 6
Discussion about whether articles are potentially encyclopedic or not (hence whether they should be kept; or content transwikified while the article is transformed in redirect) will be discussed on this page (not on vfd directly).
 * Comment : Gentgeen suggested that these discussions should take place on WikiProject Food and Drink for example rather than here. I think this is a good proposition (see my comment to Gentgeen below). SweetLittleFluffyThing

Discussion
I fail to see how an article on "fried meatballs" is not encyclopedic. anthony (see warning) 01:25, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * for reference, the original article here
 * I'm the author of that version of the article. I don't see how it's not encyclopedic. It's a stub, yes, but there's a lot that can be said about fried meatballs. In fact, my mouth is watering just thinking about it :).  anthony (see warning) 03:07, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I love meatball just as much as you :-) and I would not have seen a problem in keeping it. However, it was meant for deletion. The current issue I am raising is not discussing precisely whether fried meatball is encyclopedic or not, but what to do with articles for which there is a consensus they are NOT encyclopedic. Given current positions of many editors, I doubt very much it will be possible to keep all recipees, I am just trying to find a compromise. ant
 * Ant, your position with regards to my proposal is unclear. We will have the opportunity to discuss the relevance of "encyclopedic". What is your opinion then ? SweetLittleFluffyThing
 * The meatballs example is part of the coverage of Cuisine of Albania, which links to it as an example of the classic cuisine of that country. It's encyclopedic as part of that coverage. Jamesday 03:05, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Since it is controversial that fried meatball are encyclopedic or not, I removed this example and replace it with honey soup•

---

I think that this proposal is a good beginning for dealing with this controversial pproblem. Referring to The Case of the Fried Meatballs only addresses one specific example; adopting the policy should not prejudice the way in which the example is solved. Eclecticology 11:13, 2004 Oct 10 (UTC) --

 * Support Sounds good to me. As of 2004, I feel that sending something to Wikibooks without linking to it is not that different from deleting it. My apologies to all those who are working to build Wikibooks. It may not be deletion in a legalistic sense, but it effectively amounts to the same thing. If the intention of moving recipes to Wikibooks is to build Wikibooks, Anthere's proposal preserves that goal while still making the content apparent and reachable by people whose entry point is Wikipedia. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 12:18, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I intend to help Wikibooks to grow, by strengthening path of communication between all projects. See my proposal below :-) I appreciate that you understand my wish to preserve views of most editors :-) SweetLittleFluffyThing 00:21, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Oppose. What I believe will happen is that we'll have all sorts of articles like Apple Tart or Lasagna, which say things like "Lasagna is an Italian dish", and then point off to Wikibooks, or perhaps just redirect there. I don't think this is desirable -- it's feature creep, and no more appropriate than, say, making Wikipedia a web directory to other sites. I am not, for reference, opposed to people collecting recipies on a Wiki. It sounds like a great idea, and as I'm not a great cook, I'd probably find it really useful. However, I don't think that Wikipedia should become cluttered with such articles, nor with simple descriptions of food, and I see no point in links except for the very very few articles where the food is really really notable. Meatballs are not. Also, the Wikipedia namespace should not become polluted with things that are just links to other namespaces, I feel. I also feel that Wikibooks *may* not be the best place for this kind of thing -- a new mediawiki project would probably be warranted (Wikipies or Wicipies, maybe?). I feel that recipies deserve their own namespace, and would love to see that happen. --Improv 21:30, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I can only disagree with you when you say that food and recipes are just not encyclopedic, but I agree with you multiplication of stubs pages are not necessarily a good idea. This is a point (Point 5) I am adressing to when I suggest that those unlikely to ever be encyclopedic should be transformed into redirect to a mother article and this article contains the recipe link. This will certainly prevent clustering the wikipedia space with stub; We might succeed to find a ground for agreement then :-)
 * As for a new project... well, I think we should rather take care of what is already existing; but well...:-) SweetLittleFluffyThing

-

 * I generally like the idea. We should try to link to as many Wikibook articles as possible, in general, the same way we link to almost all Wikiquote articles (using the template .  There is nothing wrong with using an already existing article to refer people to a page they may be seeking that is part of a sister project.  However we should not create substubs just to point people to Wikibooks.  In this case, the link should be from another page, (the way fried meatballs was done).  — siro  χ  o  01:53, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Good. SweetLittleFluffyThing

---

 * I generally support the idea. Someone (don't remember who, sorry) came up with a template for wikibooks cookbook links at Template:Cookbook, while I modified it for articles with different titles at Template:Cookbookpar.  Over the past few days I've been inserting it wherever a link to the cookbook seemed logical and the cookbook had a page to receive said link.  I have noticed a significant increase in editing at the cookbook, so I'm quite happy with the results compaired to the simple one line external link that had been normal before. A few quibbles I have with the proposed policy:
 * Point 3: I'm opposed to allowing example recipes into food articles. I was just jumping around and found what I think is a very bad article, Chili con carne.  The text of this article is interupted by 6 recipes, one with 5 variations.  Three recipes from Texas, one from New Mexico, one from Cincinnati, and a vegetarian recipe (on an article where the title means Chili with meat).  Additionally, while the article appears long and inclusive (due to the substantial length of the recipes that breakup the narative), there is only passing mention of chile con carne, chile verde, or chile colorado (note the spelling chile vs chili), the Mexican dishes American chilli is decended from.
 * Point 6: The place to determine what dishes are encyclopedic and should have an article should be the WikiProject Food and Drink, or at VfD, not some obscure new page Ant made to hide the discussion. ;)
 * other than those qualifications, I agree with the proposal. Gentgeen 14:04, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Gentgeen says ''Someone (don't remember who, sorry) came up with a template for wikibooks cookbook links at Template:Cookbook, while I modified it for articles with different titles at Template:Cookbookpar.'
 * Nod, I saw, and I appreciate it. I think that however, it is very infortunate that articles in wikibooks do not seem to link to the encyclopedia. I highly regret that. Could we manage for oyster on wikipedia to be linked to oyster in wikibooks ?
 * Another point is, would it be acceptable to you that some recipes are mentionned sometimes in the template ? SweetLittleFluffyThing

Gentgeen says '' The place to determine what dishes are encyclopedic and should have an article should be the WikiProject Food and Drink, or at VfD, not some obscure new page Ant made to hide the discussion. ;)''

 * It was not to hide the discussion, but mostly to separate it from the pit hell which is VfD. The idea is that whether it is encyclopedic or not should not be discussed randomly by deletionists wandering on VfD, but should be discussed among those interested in the topic, and aware of the policies agreed upon the topic. For this reason, another page such as WikiProject Food and Drink suits me just as well as here. I have no problem with this. SweetLittleFluffyThing

Gentgeen says '' I'm opposed to allowing example recipes into food articles. I was just jumping around and found what I think is a very bad article, Chili con carne.''

 * I think you are giving a very extreme example to justify your position. You seem to oppose it only for the reason the whole article would be plagued by several variants and possibly edit wars upon which one is the good recipe. I do not think it is a very good approach. Obviously, the encyclopedia goal would not be to present any variations, but mostly to roughly present a special example, possibly an cooking oddity, or a preparation oddity. I will past you below a comment I made on wikitech-l recently so that you understand better what I mean here Gentgeen.
 * Generally speaking, I do not think variations are acceptable in the sense it could grow to huge. So, I suggest that we add a rule of thumb that no variations will be included (so, maximum one recipe). If many variations exist, we try to agree on which one to keep, and we move all the other ones. If no reasonable agreement may be found, we move them all but are very careful to describe very well the core of the recipe. Would you agree with this ? SweetLittleFluffyThing

---

 * I agree with this proposal; it sounds like a good summary of a policy that has come to informal consensus several times since I joined Wikipedia. It's about time to formalize it into an official policy page.  I think Anthere's done a very good job of putting it in neutral, easy-to-interpret terms.  The one-example-recipe seems sound too, especially if the prominent Cookbook template is used to ensure that additional recipes and information is not overlooked.  Count me as a supporter.  Catherine | talk 17:09, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks :-) SweetLittleFluffyThing

-
 * Hear ye, hear ye. This needs to clearly state that recipes can and should be part of Wikipedia's actual encyclopaedia content. Quite simply, an example recipe on an article about any food item some way notable, is encyclopaedic! It's preposterous to suggest that an actual example recipe for e.g. Christmas pudding should not be included. zoney ♣ talk 16:13, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I understand. Well, just keep in mind that the current situation is most of the time of just plainly deleting recipes. No policy whatsoever will just have for consequences to just validate this situation and to validate somehow deletion of recipes from now on. SweetLittleFluffyThing
 * Hear ye, hear ye is unfortunately not an expression I understand :-))) SweetLittleFluffyThing 19:12, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I oppose this proposal, since it endorses:
 * deleting encyclopedic recipies (the example of meatballs, part of the coverage of the coverage of the cuisine of a Albania).
 * treating removing something from a project as something other than deleting, when it is in fact deleted.
 * stopping a project from being standalone and independent, but instead requiring other projects to be around to see the full work
 * forking content whenever there is an specialised project on a subject, which is also one of the reasons there were objections to the wikispecies proposal.
 * making one project just a link farm to another project on a topic. Jamesday 03:05, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Jamesday said
 * deleting encyclopedic recipies (the example of meatballs, part of the coverage of the coverage of the cuisine of a Albania).

 * I think there is a misunderstanding. Along this proposal, editors decide whether it is encyclopedic or not. If it is decided it is not, then it is redirected. If they decide it is, it is kept. So, the proposal does not endorse anything such as deletion of encyclopedic contente..

 * treating removing something from a project as something other than deleting, when it is in fact deleted.

 * no, it is not in fact deleted, it is put in another place.

 * stopping a project from being standalone and independent, but instead requiring other projects to be around to see the full work

 * You are very correct. Now, the point to solve is whether editors see Wikipedia as close stadalone" version.

 * forking content whenever there is an specialised project on a subject, which is also one of the reasons there were objections to the wikispecies proposal.
 * making one project just a link farm to another project on a topic. Jamesday 03:05, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

About point 6 : Discussion about whether articles are potentially encyclopedic or not (hence whether they should be kept; or content transwikified while the article is transformed in redirect) will be discussed on this page (not on vfd directly).
 * Comment : Gentgeen suggested that these discussions should take place on WikiProject Food and Drink for example rather than here. I think this is a good proposition (see my comment to Gentgeen below). SweetLittleFluffyThing

 * A bad idea IMO. Genteen has been leading the moves to effectively make the encyclopedia a link farm for the wikibooks cookbook, so shifting discussion to a group most likely to favor that work is unlikely to be in the best interests of this work. Jamesday 03:48, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

There are basically two options. With such a proposal, the only thing left to take care of is to decide whether encyclopedic or not.
 * This may be done on vfd
 * Drawbacks : people will vote without knowing the recipe deletion rules
 * Drawbacks : people will vote "keep" or "delete", when the question is "encyclopedic" or not "encyclopédique".
 * Drawbacks, the recipes will get lost in such a big place
 * Benefits : more people likely to know the recipe and realise it is of encyclopedic value
 * Support :

 * This may be done on a specific place (here or on WikiProject Food and Drink).
 * Benefit : people voting are those interested in the topic.
 * Drawbacks : see Jamesday comment
 * Support

--

 * Of course recipes are encyclopedic and belong here. If there are crusading deletionists who for some reason want to make people looking for information about food look in several different places, then the next best thing would be to keep the information within the GFDL corpus and make linking to Wikibooks as easy and transparent as possible. A long term goal would be to have a transparent interface for all 'free information' like Wikipedia, wikibooks, wikitravel etc to make navigation for the user as easy as possible. Mark Richards 17:56, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

-

 * Support This makes sense to me.  It's good to have it clarified. JesseW 15:26, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

[Wikitech-l] Projects linking
http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2004-October/025766.html

For the other issues you mention, I strongly agree we have a serious problem of communication between projects. I do not mean human communication (though...) but just plain communication between information.

Within the dictionary, there is no possibility to access automatically and directly to the same article in other languages. Within wikipedia, there is no possibility to access automatically and directly to wiktionnary. Within wikipedia, there is no possibility to access automatically and directly to wikibooks (this would be especially useful for wikibooks). Etc... We patch the best we can by putting links between our projects as external links, as if each project was independent, while it should NOT be independent, but an interconnected network. This is exactly what I was saying about food and recipees just 3 days ago, we are here not only to create information, but also to make it available. Information stored, but not available proeminently within a couple of click is LOST. It may exist somewhere, but it is of little use. And I find extremely miserable that some of us try to put links to interconnect projects, while others are busy deleting those links (typical example are recipees being transwikies, then links to recipees being removed). Consider the fugu. Dictionnary : The fugu is as a poisonous fish, being used as food, especially in Japan, after poisonous organs have been removed. Add pronunciation. Wikipedia : Full article about the fish itself. Background on fugu cultural weight. Who died eating it. Who are the most famous chef preparing fugu. Decoration. Delicacy etc... Wikibooks : List of recipees and pictures Etc... Contrary to languages, I presume one article in one project should only lead to one article in another project. So, on top of all international links, for each article of each project, there should be the possibility to link to an "sister article" in any other project we have. A nice way to do this would be to add to the tool bar (well, say, the area where interlanguage links are displayed), a little icon of the sister project. The click on the icon would lead to the appropriate page. Then the wikipedia article on Fugu would display It would look good, using small graphics would help readers identify links for navigation from toolbar links, and it would be much useful. It was several time discussed that international links had nothing to do in the body of the article. Nor should categories. Nor should probably interproject links.
 * Link to translations in other languages (other wiktionaries)
 * Link to recipee of fugu (link to wikibooks)
 * Link to biological, environnemental and cultural background (link to encyclopedia)
 * Link to other articles in other languages for more information (other wikipedias)
 * Link to have pronunciation and exact writing in japanese (link to wiktionnary)
 * Link to recipees (link to wikibooks)
 * Link for more biological information (link to Wikispecies)
 * Link to wikinews (last minute : Bush mistakenly poisonned in a japanese restaurant ! )
 * Link to short descriptive of the fish (wiktionnary)
 * Link to biological, environnemental and cultural background (Wikipedia)
 * Link to movie showing how big chef prepare the fish (Wikicommons)
 * all international links, plus
 * a little book icon (to represent wiktionary),
 * plus a little pan (to represent wikibooks)
 * plus a little bee (to represent wikispecies) (or whatever icons)

What about then working on a new special area, which would provide a sort of form, with
 * Wiktionary : "empty space to put the name of the article in wiktionary"
 * Wikibooks : "empty space to put the name of the article in wikibooks"
 * Wikispecies : "empty space to put the name of the article in wikispecies"
 * And an area for all the internlinks ?

Comments

 * Have to chime in with a big I agree on this one too -- this sounds like a fabulous, consistent, space-conserving, project-promoting way for a HUGE amount of information to be available to someone searching for information. Not to mention setting us apart from some of the wiki-clones out there... Catherine | talk 03:36, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

External links is an excellent way to do this already. It's as much part of the article as any other external links, so including it in the article text with the other links seems best. Searches spanning many projects are somewhere on the to do list, so a search in an en project may include all en project results after those for the work where the search is happening. Details of implementation not decided, just accepted as a good idea. Jamesday 03:24, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I think those interproject links are a great idea! We need such an easy way of linking to sister projects. In my humble opinion interproject links are even much more important than interlanguage links! On de.wikipedia.org we have had the same discussion. But no one cares! This is a very important feature. Why do not implement? There are no drawbacks but many advantages! -- hopefully, Melancholie, 00:08, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I invite you to add some points to the feature request I opened then : http://www.bugzilla.wikipedia.org/show_bug.cgi?id=708 SweetLittleFluffyThing

 * The above Link does not work for me.--Purodha Blissenbach 13:40, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed to the basic idea. Some of these Linking could even be automatic. E.g. a Wikipedia article could imho be automatically linked to the identically named Wiktionaly entry, provided, it exists, and vice versa. A template such as in " …" could be used to links an article to WikiSpecies and create a backlink of priority 1 into that language Wiki. etc.
 * As for separating these informations from the article text, when not burried in templates, I consider this a good idea but would not recommend putting them in a separate field for on-screen editing purposes. Rather set a marker where the article text ends and linkage / category info starts. E.g. a single line of (klick Line-symbol twice) or ======= (There is no <h7> or above in html) might do, and can be easily inserted automatically after a software update before any new edit. --Purodha Blissenbach 13:40, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Disambiguation
There's one issue here that should be clarified. Occasionally, the name of a recipe is also the name of some other more important concept unrelated to food (drink names are a very common example, such as screwball). I'd say probably the best thing to do is to have the disambiguation link (whether it's on a disambiguation page, a (disambiguation) page, or the main topic page) point to either the article on the food/drink or the "father" article, which then links to some Wikibooks source, but not to have the disambiguation link be directly to Wikibooks. Any dissent here? Derrick Coetzee 04:59, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I support this. SweetLittleFluffyThing

Relevant recipes

 * pizza
 * Christmas pudding
 * Cheesecake
 * Stollen
 * Mustaccioli
 * Pannettone
 * Lebkuchen
 * Pasta al pomodoro (noodles with tomato sauce)
 * Spaghetti (originally from China as much as I remember)
 * Sushi
 * Sauerkruaut
 * Wienerwürstel (the "Viennese sausages" that are called "Frankfurter" in Vienna)

title: Wikipedia:Recipes proposal


text:
Talk:Westward Ho!

Village not a Town
Westward Ho! although known by many as a Town it is in fact a Village it has never had a market. See here —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bramanfiles (talk • contribs) 12:05, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Novel VS Town Name
Westward Ho! is a Village not a Town. see here The article here says that the town is named for the novel, however the link from the article about exclamation marks implies that the novel took its name from the town. Clearly only one of these can be correct. BigHaz 01:12, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * By now, exclamation mark has been changed to make it clear the town is named after the book. What I want to know is, did the town exist before the book, and if so, what was it called before? If not, when was it founded and under what circumstances? The "History" section of this article is pretty scanty on the history. --Angr/undefined 00:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * According to this the town was established in 1863: Until 1863 Westward Ho! was just pastureland with a few farmhouses and ploughed fields. Bastie 18:03, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Another Westward Ho
There is another Westward Ho. It is located approxamately 10km east of Sundre, Alberta, Canada. It is a small hamlet of about 100 people. This place was named after the book while it was an Oil camp in the late 1950s. The story goes that someone was reading the book at a time when the oil camp needed a name.

Use of 'Torridge'
The first line said
 * Westward Ho! is a seaside town in Torridge, Devon, England, near Bideford.

I don't know anyone who would describe a place as being 'in Torridge'. Yes, it's located in the area administered by Torridge District Council, but 'Torridge' is merely an administrative area, as opposed to being a geographical one (with the exception of the River Torridge, but that isn't a geographical area, it's just the name of a river). And it's certainly not used in normal parlance of those who live nearby.

So I've changed it. Feel free to change back if you feel strongly :-) Guidomax 13:35, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Cut and paste from Reference desk/Humanities of 2007-09-19.

Westward Ho!
If the book Westward Ho! published in 1855 was the cause of the name for the town Westward Ho!, when did the town get named? Did it exist before/what was there? -- SGBailey 23:12, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The settlement now called Westward Ho! is near Bideford in Devon, which was Charles Kingsley's home town. After Kingsley's novel was published in 1855, people came to visit the area he described, which gained the convenient name of Westward Ho! It became more developed after the United Services College was established there in 1874 and kept the name of the book. Xn4 23:26, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * My recollection is that a developer named it Westward Ho! in the hope of selling land and houses there. He failed, and some of the houses were sold cheaply to the newly formed USC. Don't have refs to hand, but will try to dig them out. DuncanHill 23:30, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * There's an article about the development of Westward Ho! in Devon Life, volume 9 (1972) pp. 34-35. Xn4 23:34, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * This from Devon Libraries Local Studies page :
 * "WESTWARD HO [in the parish of Northam] is an entirely modern settlement. Following the publication of Kingsley's book in 1855, a 'company was formed to develop this site as a watering place. The Westward Ho Hotel was built, a church (Holy Trinity) followed in 1870, and by 1872 there were two or three rows of terraces, many scattered villas, and a single line of shops. A golf course was laid out on the Burrows which became known as one of the finest in England. The United Services College for the sons of officers was opened in 1874, and is the mise en scène of Kipling's Stalky& Co. Within the next thirty years much more building took place in a planless way, but worse came in the 20th century. To-day Westward Ho is a sad spectacle of what uncontrolled speculative building can do with a fine site. Many of the buildings are alien to Devon, and most of them could be anywhere else. The golf course remains superb. The Pebble Ridge is a remarkable natural phenomenon nearly 2 m. long, about 50 ft. wide, and 20 ft. high." Carrington's biography of Kipling adds that USC bought a row of twelve lodging houses, and converted them into a school by running a corridor along the length of the terrace.
 * DuncanHill 23:45, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * According to Adrian Room, A Concise Dictionary of Modern Place-Names in Great Britain and Ireland (Oxford 1983), the Northam Burrows (North Devon) Hotel and Villa Building Company was formed in 1863 and the Westward Ho! Hotel opened two years later. "The name had been proposed by a friend of Kingsley, Dr W. H. Acland of Bideford, although it appears that the author had not been consulted and that the friendship between the two men was endangered for a time."  —Tamfang 04:45, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

 * That's a fair description, but it actually isn't quite so terrible as the above might lead you to believe! I'm thinking of another part of England where since I was a child an equally beautiful coastline has been buried under field after field of permanent caravan and 'mobile-home' parks, a lot of which have to suffer the winter weather without any coats of paint when the spring comes... but there you are, we're warned "Never go back!" Xn4 23:56, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Anyone going to revise the Wikipedia article Westward Ho!?--Wetman 04:56, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

End of cut and paste -- SGBailey 07:08, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

Westward Ho! 1947 Foreign Labour Scheme
I'm not sure if anyone is aware of this, but the British Foreign Labour Committee implemented a plan to bring (in total) roughly 78,500 European displaced persons to work in "critical industries" in Britain around 1947. At the very least there should be a disambiguation here.

For reference, see Paul, Kathleen. Whitewashing Britain (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), p 72. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.159.40.28 (talk) 16:31, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Westward Hoe?
Anyone know whether the "ho!" was adapted from "hoe" as in nearby martinhoe, trentishoe, etc? 82.10.108.49 (talk) 22:58, 9 May 2008 (UTC)
 * No. The town was named after the title of a book.  --HighKing (talk) 13:25, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

Use of British Isles
--HighKing (talk) 13:35, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The largest area that can be reliably sourced appears to be "United Kingdom" - see the BISE page for full details. --HighKing (talk) 12:26, 18 November 2010 (UTC)
 * No probs. Ghmyrtle (talk) 13:16, 18 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I've reverted it. There was absolutely no agreement for this at the BISE page and there are plenty of reputable sources stating British Isles; see this for example; . Removal of British Isles in this article must be one of the clearest cases yet of removal purely due to a dislike of the term. LemonMonday    Talk   17:16, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

I thought this was resolved. GoodDay (talk) 21:30, 19 November 2010 (UTC)
 * It was, and LM is in breach of the BISE guidelines. Cailil is dealing with this for now from his Talk page.  If we don't see a revert really soon, I expect this will get escalated (although sometimes I think that we can take AGF too far, it's not like LM is actually trying to participate at BISE, or looking to discuss anything in any detail ...)  Once again, by reverting this article, he's sticking two fingers up at the rest of us.  My patience is running out. --HighKing (talk) 14:16, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * No consensus was reached here or at BISE for changing to British Isles. LM's edit should be reverted immediately. GoodDay (talk) 16:04, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * (edit conflict)I've added a reference to the assertion. To do so is, I believe, completely in keeping with the spirit of BISE and in particular regarding the thread for this article. It was stated that a reference meeting WP:RS for the largest relevant geographical area should be found. I have now done so. I acknowledge that my original action in reverting was not in keeping with the spirit of BISE, but only because I failed to add a reference. Now that a suitable reference has been found I suggest we move on. (just picked up the ec with GoodDay's text). Remember GD, this article originally used British Isles and there was definitely no consensus to change from it. The only consensus was to find a good reference for the largest relevant geo' area. LemonMonday    Talk   16:11, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I've reverted all that back to United Kingdom. Note, it's my only revert, as edit warring isn't in my interest. GoodDay (talk) 16:14, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * (ec again)Sorry GD, I had to revert you because your revert took place while we were both contributing to this Talk page, and I believe my contribution here would affect a decision whether to revert or not. LemonMonday    Talk   16:15, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

Since BISE doesn't have the final say, let's settle things at this talkpage. What's it gonna be United Kingdom or British Isles. Note that both have references. GoodDay (talk) 16:17, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * As we've got conflicting resources? WP:CONSENSUS becomes the decider. We should use United Kingdom as the Hotel is located within the UK. The Hotel doesn't cover Ireland, Isle of Man or Channel Islands. -- GoodDay (talk) 16:22, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * According to TFOWR at BISE it should be the largest geographical area that can be referenced. At the moment that's the British Isles, so perhaps we should draw a line under it now? LemonMonday    Talk   16:23, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * In terms of geographics, UK wouldn't work. Great Britain would suffice. The larger area is preferred? does this mean if a resource was found for Europe (an example) then Europe would be used? GoodDay (talk) 16:26, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * (ec)Yes, I think so. I would disagree with it, for reasons of English language usage, but if a quality reference was found for Europe then according to the current consensus at BISE it would take precedence, unless and until a differing view found favour. LemonMonday    Talk   16:32, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * We'll need a reference for Europe, which like Great Britain, is an undisputed term. If there's none for Europe, then let's use 'Great Britain'. GoodDay (talk) 16:35, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

If LM wishes to reopen this case, he can bring it to BISE, and use the BISE templates to notify other editors. He is familiar with the process. As it is, his actions are disruptive. --HighKing (talk) 16:30, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Having reconsidered, Great Britain would be the best choice, IMHO. GoodDay (talk) 16:38, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

As someone who edited this page long before BISE got involved (because I happen to know the place well), you'd be surprised at how pathetic these arguments seem. The editors on this page really don't care. Sort it out, lads. Ghmyrtle (talk) 16:34, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I understand and sympathize. BISE is supposed to keep this crap from cluttering up the article space, and now it seems, even if it "gets sorted" at BISE, some editors are still allowed to cause disruption. Hopefully it'll get sorted soon. --HighKing (talk) 16:43, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Great Britain would be the best fit. GoodDay (talk) 16:36, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * There isn't currently a reference for GB, and even if there was it would be trumped by the reference for the larger area British Isles, at least according to BISE. LemonMonday    Talk   16:38, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Unless the Hotel is also (which is structural impossible) within Ireland (the island), IoM and CI? then British Isles (a disputed term) is un-acceptable. GoodDay (talk) 16:40, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * GoodDay, you're not helping by fanning the flames here. If LM wishes to reopen the case, he can do what everone else does - take it to BISE. --HighKing (talk) 16:43, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I can't force LM to 're-open' this case at BISE, though I wish he would. GoodDay (talk) 16:45, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Therefore, I've re-opened the case at BISE. GoodDay (talk) 16:52, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

My goodness, really? This goes on? The closure was simple, use the "largest area that can be reliably sourced".
 * Thus if only England can be reliably sourced use that. If only Great Britain can be reliably sourced, used that. If only the United Kingdom can be reliably sourced, use that. If British Isles can be reliably sourced, use that. If Europe can be reliably sourced, use that.

I think this position is a good one, as this is only mentioned due to the rare usage of the punctuation. If someone has found a source for British Isles, that is determined reliable, use British Isles. If someone else finds a source for a higher entity, Western Europe, Northern Europe, Europe, even the European Union, use that, even better. Chipmunkdavis (talk) 17:06, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Come on over to BISE. GoodDay (talk) 17:28, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Hello, just signed up and wasn't expecting this to have been discussed in detail.
 * Is it possible to re-open this edit on the basis that 'The British Isles' is a controversial term so it can't be reliably sourced? Jazzrty (talk) 12:23, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

Lack of exclamation mark on Google Maps
Is it worth mentioning this as an interesting fact? Google maps fails to add an exclamation mark after Ho, thus spelling the village name incorrectly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Harrychown1989 (talk • contribs) 08:17, 28 February 2011
 * Not interesting, not notable; lots of maps contain errors. Ghmyrtle (talk) 09:11, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * And more to the point, its a fabrication as G-maps/G-earth DO use the exclamation point. MrZoolook (talk) 06:16, 2 July 2012 (UTC)

Places whose name includes an exclamation mark
Although WH! is apparently the only place in England/Britain/UK/etc. to rejoice in this particular nomenclature, are there any other locations which end not with a whimper, but with a bang? MinorProphet (talk) 03:46, 6 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha! - as mentioned in the article. Ghmyrtle (talk) 08:36, 6 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Westward Ho!


text:
Henry Roquemore

Henry Roquemore (March 18, 1886 – June 30, 1943) was an American character actor who primarily played bit parts. He appeared in 229 silent and sound films from 1927 until 1943. Many of his roles were uncredited parts in Western movies, but he also appeared in major films including Meet John Doe, The Little Foxes, The Magnificent Ambersons, and the Marx Brothers film Yours for the Asking. He was sometimes credited as Henry Rocquemore.

Career
Born in Marshall, Texas, Roquemore began his career in entertainment by staging local talent shows, for clubs in his hometown of Marshall, Texas. His first role in Hollywood was the Beast in the 1927 silent film Is Your Daughter Safe? and his last was in 1943's Girl Crazy. After the making of first sound film in 1927, he specialized in his fat man roles and was widely sought out by directors, such as Frank Capra and Orson Welles for bit parts; exemplified by the Match King one of Mae West's suitors in 1935's Goin' to Town. His more famous roles include; Jouett Goforth in 1931's Cimarron and in 1941's Woman of the Year as the Justice of the Peace who married Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy.

Personal life and death
Roquemore was married to actress Fern Emmett. He died from a heart attack on June 30, 1943, in Beverly Hills, California, and was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.

Partial filmography

 * The Windjammer (1926)
 * Is Your Daughter Safe? (1927)
 * The Fighting Three (1927)
 * For Ladies Only (1927)
 * Gypsy of the North (1928)
 * The City of Purple Dreams (1928)
 * Stocks and Blondes (1928)
 * The Branded Man (1928)
 * The Law and the Man (1928)
 * Anne Against the World (1929)
 * The Oklahoma Kid (1929)
 * Beyond the Rio Grande (1930)
 * Romance of the West (1930)
 * Westward Bound (1930)
 * Second Honeymoon (1930)
 * The Kid from Arizona (1931)
 * Wild West Whoopee (1931)
 * The Cheyenne Cyclone (1931)
 * Son of Oklahoma (1932)
 * Young Blood (1932)
 * The Fighting Champ (1932)
 * Easy Millions (1933)
 * Breed of the Border (1933)
 * City Limits (1934)
 * Texas Terror (1935)
 * Rainbow's End (1935)
 * The Live Wire (1935)
 * Midnight Phantom (1935)
 * On Probation (1935)
 * Hearts in Bondage (1936)
 * Bank Alarm (1937)
 * Thanks for Listening (1937)
 * Assassin of Youth (1937)
 * Goodbye Broadway (1938)
 * Songs and Saddles (1938)
 * Barefoot Boy (1938)
 * No Greater Sin (1941)

title: Henry Roquemore


text:
Talk:Coat of Arms of Prince William of Wales

The image is obviously wrong. Ornil 01:13, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Colour Tint

Colour tint has a different meaning with the TV tint control. It is a painting team. you may replenish the article from view of painting but not TV.--Fanghong 01:19, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Colour Tint


text:
Talk:The Eagle and Child

Comment
Would a mention of Ganymede in this context render just everyone speechless? Wetman 01:17, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * (3 months later) Not necessarily. The connection occurred to me as soon as I saw the sign. Lee M 02:05, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I was suprised that no mention was made. amyanda 00:12, 14 May 2006 (UTC)amyanda2000

I'm not sure but I think 'the Bird and Babe' is more frequent the 'Bird and the Baby' - I'll ask about a bit before changing.Alf 22:17, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I've only ever heard of it as "Bird and Baby". DJ Clayworth 17:04, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I was suprised to find no mention of it. I'd heard of the connection before, as if it were intended symbolism to the mythology.

 * I've never heard it referred to by any alternative names Jackliddle 12:52, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Is it still owned by St Johns, or did they actually sell it? Trollderella 17:02, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

I've never heard "Bird and Babe" — just "Bird and Baby". And so far as I know St John's still own it (see for details of theeir acquisition of it). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:11, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Good enough for me, Μελ. Alf 21:50, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * My pleasure. I've not been in there for a while (I like the K.A.'s non-smoking room and oatmeal stout). --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:45, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

I think that the part about St John's selling it is incorrect- all though I have nothing to back it up with, except my own memory. I'm fairly sure that University College were the ones selling it, and St John's bought it, in 2003 or 2004. There was, at the time, a motion by the St John's JCR to bet the JCR's money on a horse at very high odds, and thereby raise the £1.2 million to buy it. I didn't edit, because I'm not totally sure- but what is there is unclear, because St John's do own it now. Orientalmoons 20:42, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

Your evidence: http://www.headington.org.uk/oxon/stgiles/tour/west/48_49_eagle.htm. I've changed it. 129.67.55.155 15:38, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Can anyone else add a space between the words 'Hobbit' and 'Fame' in the second paragraph? Not working for me...Alexpg (talk) 20:38, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Inklings
Was Enid Blyton not part of this group? 82.36.88.163 (talk) 17:17, 18 February 2012 (UTC)
 * No. GimliDotNet (talk) 17:30, 18 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes she was. It says so in a book about her.213.205.224.69 (talk) 10:36, 21 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Care to elaborate, which book? GimliDotNet (talk) 11:58, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Claim that it won't be reopening
See, particularly the eighth "reader's comment", which says "As the person who quite literally closed the Eagle & Child, I can absolutely assure you it isn't coming back." Ok, not a reliable source, but sadly it may well be true. Maproom (talk) 08:21, 11 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Absolutely not an RS within the meaning of the act, but the Oxford Times and other local papers will certainly confirm the closure if it's true, and they are reliable sources. Chiswick Chap (talk) 08:30, 11 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Eagle and Child


text: Category:Automobile designers

title: Category:Automobile designers


text:
Pirna

Pirna (Pěrno, ) is a town in Saxony, Germany and capital of the administrative district Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge. The town's population is over 37,000. Pirna is located near Dresden and is an important district town as well as a Große Kreisstadt.

Geographical location
Pirna is located in the vicinity of the Sandstone Mountains in the upper Elbe valley, where two nearby tributaries, Wesenitz from the north and Gottleuba from the south, flow into the Elbe. It is also called the "gate to the Saxon Switzerland" (Ger: Tor zur Sächsischen Schweiz). The Saxon wine region (Ger: Sächsische Weinstraße), which was established in 1992, stretches from Pirna via Pillnitz, Dresden, and Meissen to Diesbar-Seußlitz.

Neighboring municipalities
Pirna is located southeast of Dresden. Neighboring municipalities are Bad Gottleuba-Berggießhübel (town), Bahretal, Dohma, Dohna (town), Dürrröhrsdorf-Dittersbach, Heidenau (town), Königstein (town), Lohmen, Stadt Wehlen (town), and Struppen.

Names

 * Pirne
 * Pěrno

Language
The regiolect spoken in Pirna is Südostmeißenisch, which is part of the Upper Saxon German group of regiolects.

Stone Age
Tools made of flint from the late Paleolithic (about 12,000-8000 BC), at the end of the last ice age, are evidence for the earliest human settlement in the area. Later on, people belonging to the Linear Pottery culture, who farmed grain and cattle, lived here during the Neolithic (5500-4000 BC) because of a good climate and Loess soil. Around 600 AD a Slavic group called the Sorbs, who were fishermen and farmers, succeeded the Germanic tribes in the Elbe Valley, who had lived in the area for a couple of centuries from the 4th century BC on. The name Pirna derives from the Sorbian phrase, na pernem, meaning on the hard (stone) and is also related to the Slavic deity Perun, whose cult was present in all Slavic and Baltic territories. The representation of a pear tree in the coat of arms was a later cryptic representation of the Perun cult, covered up by a fanciful, German-language notion about the town's name ("pear" is Birne in German, which sounds rather like "Pirna" ).

Middle Ages
With the conquest of the Slavic communities and the founding of the Mark by the Germans (Henry the Fowler founded the castle of Meissen in 929), settlement in the Pirna area is again verifiable. The castle in Pirna, which was mentioned for the first time in 1269, probably already existed in the 11th century. In the context of the second Eastern German colonization the town was founded by Henry III, Margrave of Meissen.

The streets are aligned from east to west and north to south forming a chessboard-like system. Only the streets east of the church are not aligned in this form, caused by the nearby Burgberg. In 1233, Pirna was mentioned officially for the first time in a document. In 1293, King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia acquired both town and castle from the Bishop of Meissen. Therefore Pirna belonged to Bohemia until 1405.

Early Modern times
In 1502, the construction of the new church was begun under Meister Peter Ulrich von Pirna.

With the introduction of the Reformation into Saxony in 1539, Anton Lauterbach, a friend of Martin Luther, became pastor and superintendent. In 1544 the strategically important castle was upgraded to a fortress by Maurice, Elector of Saxony. Three years later, it withstood the siege by elector John Frederick, Elector of Saxony in the Schmalkaldic War.

On April 23, 1639, the town was invaded by Swedish troops under the commander in chief of the Swedish army, Johan Banér. During the five-month long siege of the fortress, which was in the end futile, the town was greatly devastated. About 600 people were murdered (Pirnaisches Elend, lit. "Misery of Pirna"). In around 1670, based upon recent military developments, the Sonnenstein fortress was built. Only the powerful stonework still exists today. In 1707, Pirna had debts that related to the Great Northern War of more than 100,000 Thalers.

Prussian Pirna
On August 29, 1756, the small Saxon army fled before the Prussians, who had invaded without declaring war, to the levels between Königstein Fortress and Sonnenstein Castle and capitulated there on October 16, two days after Sonnenstein surrendered. In 1758, Austrian troops and the Imperial Army besieged the fortress.

Napoleonic Pirna
A Kattundruck manufactory for cotton printing opened as the first of its kind in 1774. In 1811 the physician Ernst Gottlob Pienitz opened a very large mental hospital in Castle Sonnenstein. But when on September 14, 1813, French troops occupied the Sonnenstein, they forced the evacuation of 275 patients, seized supplies and tore the roof trusses out to remove a fire threat. In September 1813, emperor Napoleon temporarily lived at the Marienhaus, located at the market. Until Dresden's surrender on November 11 the French defended the fortress. Only in February 1814 the hospital for the mentally ill was able to open again.

Industrial revolution, Imperial Germany and the Weimar Republic
In 1837, steamship travel began on the upper Elbe. A few years later, in 1848, a railway line connecting Dresden and Pirna opened. In 1880, the first section of the Sekundärbahn-type railway line from Pirna to Gottleuba, the Gottleuba Valley railway was opened. The line was closed in 1976. In 1894, another railway line opened was the Pirna–Großcotta railway, connecting Pirna with the Lohmgrund, a major location of Saxonian sandstone quarries. It closed in 1999.

Pirna became an industrial town in 1862 with the building of factories. Mechanical engineering, glass, cellulose and rayon production also expanded. In 1875, the sandstone Elbbrücke was completed. During the First World War Pirna became a garrison and the engineer battalions 12 and 5 of the Royal Saxon field artillery regiment No. 64 were billeted on Rottwerndorfer Straße. In 1922/23, the town incorporated several municipalities including Posta, Niedervogelgesang, Obervogelgesang, Copitz, Hinterjessen, Neundorf, Zuschendorf, Rottwerndorf and Zehista. The population totaled about 30,000 inhabitants.

Nazi Germany and World War II
From early 1940 until end of June 1942, a part of the large mental asylum within Sonnenstein Castle was converted into a euthanasia killing center: the Sonnenstein Nazi Death Institute. It was a testing ground for initial development of certain methods, later generally adopted and refined for usage associated with the Final Solution. A gas chamber and crematorium were installed in the cellar of the former men's sanitary (building C 16). A high brick-wall on two sides of the complex shielded it from outside view. Four buildings were located inside this brick-wall shielding. They were used as offices, living rooms for the personnel, etc. Sleeping quarters for the men responsible for incinerating the bodies were provided in the attic of building C 16. It is possible that other sections of the buildings were also used by Action T4.

From end of June 1940 until September 1942, approximately 15,000 persons were killed in the scope of the mass murder by involuntary euthanasia program and the Sonderbehandlung Action 14f13. The personnel list consisted of about 100 persons. One third of them were reassigned to the extermination camps in occupied Poland, because of their recent experiences in deception, killing, gassing and incinerating of people. There, they were trained by the detachments responsible for organized killing in camps like Treblinka.

These killings ceased after pressure was exerted on the authorities by the local population. During August and September 1942, the Sonnenstein killing center was closed and incriminating installations such as gas chamber installations and crematorium ovens dismantled. After October 1942, the buildings were used as a military hospital.

This part of the town's history was largely unrecognized in Germany until 1989, but after the regime change which was happening during this period, efforts to remember these catastrophic events began. In June 2000 a permanent exhibition opened, and today a small plaque at the base of Sonnenstein Castle together with the Sonnenstein Memorial provide remembrance.

At the end of the war several air raids took place mainly targeting the railway station in Pirna and the Děčín–Dresden Railway. The air raid on April 19, 1945, destroyed all railway tracks and also the bridge over the Elbe. Though there were only strategic targets most of the over 200 dead were civilians.

During the GDR
During the existence of the GDR and its economic model, a so-called planned economy, people mostly worked in publicly owned enterprises: Among other things, Pirna 014 turbines for the 152 jet aircraft developed in the GDR were built at VEB Strömungsmaschinen. All these businesses did not continue to exist for long after reunification, because they were not competitive. The Elbe river was heavily polluted by industry wastewater, especially from the cellulose fiber factory; swimming in the river was no longer possible without dangers to health.
 * the artificial silk factory (which formerly belonged to Hugo Küttner, a well-known artificial silk business owner) established at an industrial zone located near today's B 172
 * the cellulose fiber factory (its location has been between the railway line & the Gottleuba river flowing into the Elbe)
 * the VEB Strömungsmaschinen Pirna (a builder of hydraulic machinery) on the Sonnenstein, originally being founded in 1956 as VEB Entwicklungsbau Pirna
 * the Wismut in Königstein

In the mid-1980s, around 1,700 un-renovated apartments stood empty in Pirna, 400 of them in the old town. Individual particularly badly dilapidated houses were demolished in the period that followed, for example a house on the southeast corner of the market square and the so-called Kern’sche Haus in the Burgstraße. When in 1989 the Teufelserkerhaus was to be torn down as part of demolition measures in the old town, public demonstrations happened with people shouting “Save Pirna”. From this circle, the Kuratorium Altstadt (literally Old Town Board of Trustees) was formed, which provided outstanding services during the period of reconstruction which began after the fall of the Berlin Wall.

After German Re-unification
The de-industrialization in the course of German reunification, unprecedented in the history of the town, was formative. The immediate transition to a market economy led to the shutdown of a considerable part of the structure-determining industrial companies. In the three largest factories of silk, fluid machinery and cellulose fiber alone, more than 5,000 jobs were lost by the mid-1990s as a result of closure and liquidation by the Treuhandanstalt. It is true that new jobs were created in the service industry; however, these alone could not compensate for such a huge loss. The establishment of new jobs in the manufacturing industry turned out to be difficult, not least because of the lack of a federal highway connection.

The reconstruction of the inner town has been advanced considerably since the beginning of the 1990s with intensive funding from the urban development funding programs. In the meantime, over 90% of the 300 buildings in the historic old town have been renovated. The number of inhabitants in the redevelopment area of the old town has doubled since the end of the 1990s, from almost 1,000 to almost 2,000 (as of 2013). The market square and the surrounding alleys have developed into a district quite worth seeing with shops, bars and cafes, as well as other cultural offerings (including the Tom-Pauls-Theater). The renovation of the old town repeatedly brought historical features to light. During the renovation of a house on the market square, for example, an approx. 500-year-old wall painting was uncovered that shows a "wrong" type of wild animal hunting - animals hunting and devouring humans - and which, according to the Saxon State Office for Monument Protection, is unique in this form in Saxony. In addition, valuable wooden beam ceilings were exposed in numerous houses.

In August 2002, the town suffered great damage during the widespread flooding in Europe, reaching its apex on 16 August. Two factors greatly worsened the effect: First, the large earthen structure supporting the railway line acted as a dam, retaining the waters both longer and higher on the towns' side. Second, all the shop-fronts which had been renovated post-unification were practically all kind of sealed in terms of water-tightness: the floodwaters rose outside whilst the shops themselves stayed dry inside; but when reaching certain critical points, the weight of the water then suddenly destroyed these shop-fronts when the windows broke. Ironically, older "leaky" shopfronts did not suffer this fate, as the water built up height and thus pressure equally on both sides. Whilst international media mainly concentrated on the impact upon Dresden the impact upon Pirna was proportionately much worse. Schöna and Bad Schandau were also affected heavily.

In July 2005, Pirna finally received federal highway access via its own connection, when a section from Dresden to Pirna of the Bundesautobahn 17 was completed. The extension to the Czech border was opened to traffic in December 2006.

The inner town and the areas close to the Elbe in Pirna were again affected by severe flooding by the Elbe in June 2013, while still being severe, it failed to meet the record levels of the 2002 flood: The water level of the Elbe reached a height of 9.66 m (2002: 10.58 m). By June 5, 2013, around 7,700 people had to be evacuated, and about 1000 buildings were affected by the water.

Politics
The mayor in Pirna is elected every seven years.

Markus Ulbig (CDU) held this position from 2001 to 2009. He was last confirmed in office on June 8, 2008 with 64.87 percent of the vote. Ulbig was appointed Saxon Interior Minister and the post went to the non-party mayor Christian Flörke. In January 2010 there were new elections in which Klaus-Peter Hanke (Free Voters) was elected with 60% in the second round. In 2017, Hanke was re-elected with 60.5% of the vote in the first round.

In December 2023, Tim Lochner was elected Mayor of Prina. Lochner is independent of a party, but was nominated as a candidate by the right-wing party AfD. It is the first mayor of a city with more than 20,000 inhabitants to be appointed by the AfD.

Administrative incorporations
Villages and other municipalities that were incorporated into Pirna:

 * 1850: Hausberggemeinde
 * 1922/23: Posta, Niedervogelgesang, Zuschendorf, Neundorf, Rottwerndorf, Hinter-Jessen und Copitz
 * 1930: Zehista
 * 1950: Cunnersdorf, Mockethal, Zatzschkepp
 * 1971: Liebethal
 * 1974: Krietzschwitz, Obervogelgesang
 * 1998: Birkwitz-Pratzschwitz, Graupa

Population
Change of population (from 1960, all figures for December 31): 1 October 29 2 August 31

Museums

 * StadtMuseum Pirna - municipal museum
 * Botanischen Sammlungen Landschloß Zuschendorf - botanical collections
 * DDR Museum Pirna - museum devoted to East Germany memorabilia
 * Gedenkstätte Pirna-Sonnenstein - Sonnenstein memorial
 * Richard-Wagner-Stätten, Jagdschloss Graupa - museum dedicated to the German composer Richard Wagner

Music

 * Neue Elbland Philharmonie – 60 musicians and about 160 concerts every year
 * Pirnaer Jazznacht – a repeating event covering jazz music

Art

 * Pirna Art Day - annual day of art

Transport
Pirna station, on the Dresden S-Bahn and the Dresden to Prague railway, is located to the west of the town centre, and is the junction point for the line to Neustadt in Sachsen and Sebnitz. Besides the town's main station, it is also served by Obervogelgesang, Pirna-Copitz and Pirna-Copitz Nord stations. Pirna is also a stop for the Sächsische Dampfschiffahrt ships, including historic paddle steamers, operating on the Elbe between Dresden and the Czech border.

Local and regional bus services are operated by the Regionalverkehr Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge.

Twin towns – sister cities
Pirna is twinned with:

 * 🇩🇪 Baienfurt, Germany (2010)
 * 🇵🇱 Bolesławiec, Poland (1980)
 * 🇮🇹 Capannori, Italy (2016)
 * 🇨🇿 Děčín, Czech Republic (1975)
 * 🇫🇷 Longuyon, France (1980)
 * 🇩🇪 Remscheid, Germany (1990)
 * 🇫🇮 Varkaus, Finland (1961)

Notable people

 * Johann Tetzel (1465–1519), Dominican friar, Grand Inquisitor of Heresy to Poland.
 * Johann Sommer (1542–1574), Transylvanian theologian and chronicler
 * Gertrud Eysoldt (1870–1955), actress and director
 * Siegfried Rädel (1893–1943), communist town delegate
 * Eva Schulze-Knabe (1907–1976), painter
 * Hermann Rosa (1911–1981), sculptor and architect
 * Ute Trekel-Burckhardt (born 1939), operatic mezzo-soprano
 * Francesco Friedrich (born 1990), bobsledder, Olympic winner

Honorary citizens

 * Martin Mutschmann, 1 June 1933 (revoked ?)

title: Pirna