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Stardock

Stardock Corporation is an American software development company founded in 1991 and incorporated in 1993 as Stardock Systems. Stardock initially developed for the OS/2 platform, but was forced to switch to Microsoft Windows due to the collapse of the OS/2 software market between 1997 and 1998. The company is best known for computer programs that allow a user to modify or extend a graphical user interface as well as personal computer games, particularly strategy games such as the Galactic Civilizations series, Sins of a Solar Empire: Rebellion, Elemental: Fallen Enchantress, and Ashes of the Singularity.

Stardock created and maintains WinCustomize, a graphical user interface customization community, and developed the Impulse content delivery system before its sale to GameStop. Many of the skins and themes featured on its site are for software that is part of their Object Desktop windows desktop suite. They are based in Plymouth, Michigan.

History
Stardock was founded by college student Brad Wardell and named after a major city in Raymond E. Feist's Riftwar Cycle. Stardock began as a custom PC maker and expanded into making software.

OS/2 era (1993–2001)
Stardock's initial product was a computer game for OS/2 called Galactic Civilizations. Stardock did not receive the majority of royalties from the initial sales of Galactic Civilizations due to publisher bankruptcy in addition to taking on many of the publisher's responsibilities, but the market had been created for subsequent addon packs including the Shipyards expansion, and Stardock later sold a significant number of licenses to IBM for part of its Family FunPak (under the name Star Emperor). Stardock went on to create OS/2 Essentials, and its successor, Object Desktop, which provided the company with a large base of users.

At about this time, IBM decided to abandon OS/2. However, they did not make this decision public, and Stardock continued to develop applications software and games for the platform, including Avarice and Entrepreneur. With the advent of Windows NT 4, Stardock found that their core user base was slipping away, and was forced to reinvent itself as a Windows developer, but not before it lost most of its money and staff. A key revealing point was the failure of its game Trials of Battle, a 3D hovercraft fighting game, which Stardock expected to sell a million copies and instead sold in the hundreds. Brad Wardell estimates that the death of OS/2 set the company back by about three years.

Windows era (1998–present)
The newer, smaller Stardock was heavily reliant on the goodwill of its previous customers, who essentially purchased Windows subscriptions for Object Desktop in anticipation of the products it would consist of. Having put together a basic package (including some old favorites from the OS/2 era) Stardock began to bring in external developers to create original products.

Stardock's first major Windows success was with WindowBlinds, an application originated by a partnership with developer Neil Banfield. There turned out to be a large market for skinnable products, and Stardock prospered, growing significantly in the following five years. The release of Windows XP stimulated sales in Stardock products, and despite growing competition proportional to the market the company remains in a strong position.

In 2001, they added a widget creation and desktop modification tool, DesktopX, based on Alberto Riccio's VDE. This has not had such a wide uptake as other products; some believe this is because it is harder to use and to create for, others because users do not understand the functionality that it offers. DesktopX competes with Konfabulator and Kapsules in the widget arena. In 2003, Stardock became a Microsoft Gold Certified Partner with their "Designed for Windows" certification of WindowBlinds.

Stardock's success in the Windows game market has been mixed. At first, its titles on Windows were published by third parties: The Corporate Machine (Take 2), Galactic Civilizations (Strategy First), and The Political Machine (Ubisoft). While all three titles sold well at retail, Stardock was unsatisfied with the amount of revenue Windows games developers received. In the case of Galactic Civilizations, publisher Strategy First filed for bankruptcy without paying most of the royalties it owed. This ultimately led to Stardock self-publishing its future titles. Because of the success of its desktop applications, Stardock has been able to self-fund its own PC games and aid third-party developers with their games as well.

In 2010 Q3, Stardock was forced into layoffs due to the unexpectedly poor launch of Elemental: War of Magic. In response to the disappointment of Elemental: War of Magic, Stardock committed to giving the second game of the series, Elemental: Fallen Enchantress to early adopters of War of Magic.

In 2012, Stardock successfully launched Sins of a Solar Empire: Rebellion to positive reviews. This version was co-developed by Stardock and development partner Ironclad Games.

In July 2013, Stardock bought the Star Control franchise from the Atari, SA bankruptcy proceedings and has plans to reboot the franchise. This resulted in the release of Star Control Origins, a prequel to the original Star Control game, which was released in September 2018 to mixed reviews. Throughout development, the original creators of the Star Control license kept the game under tumultuous legal status.

Desktop enhancements and utilities
Stardock's Object Desktop is a set of PC desktop enhancement utilities designed to enable users to control the way their operating system looks, feels and functions. Originally developed for OS/2, the company released a version of it for Windows in 1999. Components of Object Desktop include WindowBlinds, IconPackager, DeskScapes, DesktopX, Fences and WindowFX, as well as utilities such as Multiplicity and SpaceMonger designed to increase productivity and stability on Windows.

Stardock also sells ObjectDock, which provides similar functionality to the dock found in Mac OS X, but with additional capabilities.

In 2012, Stardock added Start8 to Object Desktop, which adds a Start button and Start menu to Windows 8, whose lack of a traditional Start menu in favor of a Start screen received polarizing reception. A similar program, Start10, was created in 2015 to add a Start menu to Windows 10 that looks similar to Windows 7's Start Menu. Start10 was then followed by Start11, which aims to bring back Start menu and task bar functionality removed in Windows 11.

WinCustomize
Stardock owns and operates a number of community-centric websites, the most popular of which is WinCustomize. WinCustomize is best known for providing a library of downloadable content, such as skins, themes, icons and wallpapers for the Microsoft Windows operating systems.

Gameography
Stardock began operating as a game developer with their first title, Galactic Civilizations for the OS/2 platform in 1994. Stardock also published Stellar Frontier in 1995, a multiplayer space strategy/shooter game made by Doug Hendrix.

Stardock found success developing online software subscription services such as Object Desktop for the PC, which allowed them to slowly grow a separate game division. After the release of The Corporate Machine and Lightweight Ninja, Stardock remade Galactic Civilizations for the PC. A successful sequel was self-published by Stardock, allowing them to grow their publishing business for third-party games, including titles such as Sins of a Solar Empire, Demigod, and Ashes of the Singularity.

Digital distribution
Having developed Stardock Central to digitally distribute its own PC titles, the company launched a service called Drengin.net in summer 2003. The original idea was that users would pay a yearly subscription fee and receive new titles as they became available. Initially, Stardock's own titles along with titles from Strategy First were available. A year later, Stardock replaced the subscription model with a new system called TotalGaming.net in which users could purchase games individually or pay an upfront fee for tokens which allowed them to purchase games at a discount. TotalGaming.net targeted independent game developers rather than the larger publishers. In late 2008, new token purchases were discontinued.

In 2008, Stardock announced its third-generation digital distribution platform, Impulse. Stardock's intention was for Impulse to include independent third-party games and major publisher titles and indeed, the service now includes content from a variety of publishers. The platform was sold to GameStop in May 2011.

After the sale of Impulse to GameStop and the lack of success in major sales, Stardock's titles have started to appear on rival digital distribution services such as Steam.

ThinkDesk
ThinkDesk was a productivity application subscription service, launched by Stardock on 14 April 2005 as a utility counterpart to their Object Desktop and TotalGaming.net services. Subscriptions were for one year, after which users could choose to renew or keep the software that they have, including all released upgrades to that date. The service never came out of beta and was discontinued in March 2009.

ThinkDesk components were typically downloaded using Impulse, although if purchased separately they could also be downloaded as executable installers. They included:
 * Multiplicity, which allows the control of multiple PCs with a single keyboard and mouse, in a similar manner to a KVM switch
 * KeepSafe, which automatically kept file revisions for selected directories and file types
 * ThinkSync, which synchronized files and folders between hard drives or across the Internet
 * SecureProcess, which allowed only processes defined as safe to run; an anti-virus/anti-spyware component

Litigation
Stardock has been involved in litigation in relation to their business:

 * In 1998, they were sued by Entrepreneur magazine for use of the trademark name "Entrepreneur" for one of their games. Stardock claimed that their use of this word was not related to the magazine's business, but did not have the money to fight the case—the name was changed to Business Tycoon; a later version was rebranded as The Corporate Machine.
 * In December 2003, TGTSoft sued Stardock and Brad Wardell for declarative relief, claiming that they should be able to use the IconPackager .iptheme file format without charge. Many open source programs do read and write proprietary file formats without paying royalties—for example, OpenOffice.org reads and writes Word, Excel, PowerPoint and other Microsoft Office files. However, Stardock maintained that they should be entitled to royalties or a license fee on such software, particularly as TGTSoft was charging money for their products and because it was considered likely that their users would use the WinCustomize libraries, which are run with help (monetary and otherwise) from Stardock. The case was eventually settled out of court, with TGTSoft licensing the format for use with their products.
 * In 2018, Stardock sued Paul Reiche and Fred Ford in Stardock Systems, Inc. v. Reiche, for trademark infringement. Reiche and Ford countersued for copyright infringement from Stardock continuing to sell Star Control I and II on Steam and GOG. Litigation ended in June 2019 when both sides reached a settlement in which Reiche and Ford agreed not use Star Control in relation to new titles and Stardock agreeing not to use an enumerated list of alien names from Star Control 1 and 2 in future games.  An unusual aspect of the resolution involved the parties negotiating directly without lawyers and exchanging honey for mead.

title: Stardock


text:
Dorset County Division

The Dorset County Division was formed on 24 February 1941. However it did not take over operational commitments from Southern Area until March 10 and it did not finally assume command of its allocated infantry brigades until 24 April. It only had a short existence, being reduced to an administrative headquarters on 24 November at midday. The whole headquarters was disbanded on 31 December.

Background
In 1940, following the Second World War's Battle of France, the United Kingdom was under threat of invasion from Nazi Germany. During the summer, the Battle of Britain dampened this threat. As the year progressed, the size of the British Army increased dramatically as 140 new infantry battalions were raised. During October, with the possibility of a German invasion during 1941, these new battalions were formed into independent infantry brigades that were then assigned to newly created County Divisions (a total of nine such formations were raised).

The County Divisions, including the Dorset County Division, were around 10,000 men strong and assigned to defend the coastlines of threatened sections of the country, including the manning of coastal artillery. These divisions were largely static, lacking mobility as well as divisional assets such as artillery, engineers, and reconnaissance forces. Using the recruits in this manner allowed the regular infantry divisions to be freed up from such duties, undertake training, and form an all-important reserve that could be used to counterattack any possible German landing.

Service
The division was formed on 24 February 1941, however it did not take command of any troops until 24 April. Major-General G. I. Gartlan was given command of the division, and it comprised the 210th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) and 226th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home). The Imperial War Museum comments that the division insignia was "adapted from the arms of Dorchester and the County Council."

The division was assigned to V Corps, and spread out across the western coast of Dorset. Across the county line to the west was the Devon and Cornwall County Division, and likewise to the east was the Hampshire County Division. In reserve, held back from the beaches as a counterattack force, was the 48th (South Midland) Infantry Division to the northwest between the Dorset and the Devon and Cornwall divisions, and the 3rd Infantry Division to the northeast between the Dorset and Hampshire divisions.

Demise
On 22 June 1941, Germany launched a massive attack upon the Soviet Union; this attack all but removed the threat of a German invasion of the United Kingdom. However, the British still had to consider the threat of a German invasion due to the possibility that the Soviet Union could collapse under the German onslaught and the ease in which Germany could transfer troops back to the west. In late 1941, the arrival of autumn and winter weather meant that the threat of invasion subsided. This, coupled with the production of new equipment for the British army, allowed the War Office to begin steps to better balance the army due to the large number of infantry units formed during the preceding year and a half. As part of this reform, the County Divisions were disbanded. The 140 recently raised battalions were, on the whole, transferred to other arms of the British Army to be retrained, primarily within the Royal Artillery or the Royal Armoured Corps.

General officer commanding
Commanders included:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dorset County Division


text:
1997 in Ireland

Events from the year 1997 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President:
 * Mary Robinson (until 12 September 1997)
 * Mary McAleese (from 11 November 1997)
 * Taoiseach:
 * John Bruton (FG) (until 26 June 1997)
 * Bertie Ahern (FF) (from 26 June 1997)
 * Tánaiste:
 * Dick Spring (Lab) (until 26 June 1997)
 * Mary Harney (PD) (from 26 June 1997)
 * Minister for Finance:
 * Ruairi Quinn (Lab) (until 26 June 1997)
 * Charlie McCreevy (FF) (from 26 June 1997)
 * Chief Justice: Liam Hamilton
 * Dáil:
 * 27th (until 15 May 1997)
 * 28th (from 26 June 1997)
 * Seanad:
 * 20th (until 10 July 1997)
 * 21st (from 17 September 1997)

Events

 * 8 January – Russia sought to widen its ban on the importation of Irish beef due to bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
 * 27 February – The new law providing for divorce came into effect.
 * 6 March – Michael Lowry resigned as a member of the Fine Gael party.
 * 7 March – President Mary Robinson met Pope John Paul II in the Vatican.
 * 17 March – The new national independent radio station, Radio Ireland, went on the air.
 * 8 April – Author Frank McCourt was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his book Angela's Ashes.
 * 6 June – In the general election, Fianna Fáil won a plurality of seats and formed a coalition government with the Progressive Democrats. Bertie Ahern replaced John Bruton as Taoiseach, and Mary Harney of the Progressive Democrats became Tánaiste and Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment.
 * 12 June – President Mary Robinson was appointed UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.
 * 16 June – National University of Ireland, Maynooth came into existence with the commencement of the Universities Act, 1997.
 * 25 June – Film makers arrived for two months of shooting at Curracloe, County Wexford to re-create the D-Day Normandy invasion scenes for Steven Spielberg's film Saving Private Ryan.
 * 3 July – Taoiseach Bertie Ahern met United Kingdom Prime Minister Tony Blair for the first time.
 * 6–11 July – Nationalist riots in Northern Ireland: There was violence in nationalist areas of Northern Ireland after an Orange Order parade was allowed down the Garvaghy Road by the Royal Ulster Constabulary in Portadown as part of the Drumcree conflict.
 * 9 July – Counsel for Charles Haughey admitted that the former Taoiseach accepted £1.3 million from businessman Ben Dunne.
 * 20 July – The Irish Republican Army instituted a second ceasefire.
 * 31 August – The British Ambassador to Ireland, Veronica Sutherland, led tributes to Diana, Princess of Wales, killed in Paris.
 * 6 September – Thousands of people queued at the British Embassy in Dublin to sign a book of condolence for Princess Diana. Due to the large turnout, three books of condolence were made available. Taoiseach Bertie Ahern, Tánaiste Mary Harney, Minister for Foreign Affairs Ray Burke, Fine Gael's Nora Owen and Labour's Ruairi Quinn all signed their condolences. Thousands of bouquets and cards were left at the gates of the embassy. Books of condolence were also made available at the Mansion House, Dublin and at City Hall in Cork.
 * 6 September – All flags on state buildings in Ireland flew at half mast as a mark of respect for Princess Diana on the day of her funeral.
 * 7 September – A special service of remembrance for Princess Diana, was held in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, attended by the President Mary Robinson, (on one of her final official engagements as President) and the Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern.
 * 12 September – Mary Robinson resigned as President to assume her new role as UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.
 * 18 September – The converted Collins Barracks in Dublin re-opened to house the National Museum of Ireland's Decorative Arts and History collections.
 * 7 October – Substantial all-party peace talks began in Northern Ireland.
 * 10 October – At a Provisional Irish Republican Army General Army Convention held at Falcarragh, County Donegal, a majority supported the ceasefire.
 * 31 October - Mary McAleese won the presidential election.
 * November – IRA members opposed to the ceasefire, led by Michael McKevitt, met at a farmhouse in Oldcastle, County Meath, and formed a new organisation of Óglaigh na hÉireann, which became known as the Real Irish Republican Army.
 * 1 November – The Hepatitis C Compensation Tribunal Act, 1997, took effect.
 * 7 November – Dick Spring confirmed that he was resigning as leader of the Labour Party.
 * 11 November – Mary McAleese was inaugurated as the eighth President of Ireland, the first time in the world that one woman succeeded another as elected head of state.
 * 13 November – Ruairi Quinn won the leadership of the Labour Party.
 * 30 November – Eileen Costello O'Shaughnessy, a 47-year-old taxi driver from Galway, was killed in a violent attack while working a shift. The crime remains unsolved.
 * 27 December – The Loyalist Volunteer Force leader Billy Wright was shot dead in the Maze prison in Northern Ireland by members of the Irish National Liberation Army.

Arts and literature

 * 3 May – Ireland staged the Eurovision Song Contest, hosted by Ronan Keating and Carrie Crowley. The Irish entry, Mysterious Woman sung by Marc Roberts, came second.
 * 30 June – The American animated comedy series The Simpsons premiered on Network 2 beginning with the final episode of season 1 "Some Enchanted Evening".
 * 4 July – Conor McPherson's play The Weir premièred at the Royal Court Theatre Upstairs in London.
 * 13 July – Neil Jordan's film The Butcher Boy was released in Ireland.
 * 24 November – The first episode aired of the RTÉ television programme, A Scare at Bedtime.
 * 31 December – Jim Sheridan's film The Boxer was released, starring Daniel Day-Lewis.
 * Raidió Teilifís Éireann rebranded its television channel Network 2 as "N2".
 * Danny Osborne's Oscar Wilde Memorial Sculpture was unveiled in Merrion Square, Dublin.
 * John Banville's novel The Untouchable was published.

Association football

 * Shelbourne won the FAI Cup for the fifth time.
 * The first ever League of Ireland match to be broadcast live on television was from Tolka Park between Shelbourne and Derry City on Network 2.

Gaelic games

 * Kerry won the National Football League, beating Cork 3–7 to 1–8 in the final.
 * Kerry won the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship winners for the first time since 1986, following a 0–13 to 1–7 victory over Mayo in the final.
 * Limerick beat Galway 1–12 to 1–9 in the National Hurling League final.
 * Clare beat Tipperary by 0–20 to 2–13 in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship final. It was their second title in three years.

Golf

 * The Murphy's Irish Open was won by Colin Montgomerie (Scotland).

Snooker

 * Ken Doherty became world snooker champion following an 18 frames to 12 victory over Stephen Hendry at the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield.

Births

 * 13 January – Tim O'Mahony, hurler (Newtownshandrum, Cork)
 * 15 January – Alex Cardillo, actor
 * 1 April – Darragh Fitzgibbon, hurler (Charleville, Cork)
 * 13 April – Kelly Thornton, actress
 * 14 May – David Griffin, hurler (Carrigaline, Cork)
 * 25 August – Shane Kingston, hurler (Douglas, Cork)
 * 7 November – Robbie O'Flynn, hurler (Erin's Own, Cork)
 * 23 December – Mark Coleman, hurler (Blarney, Cork)
 * 26 December – Alex Murphy, actor

Full date unknown

 * Aebh Kelly, singer

January to June

 * 5 January – James Comyn, former Justice of the High Court of England (born 1921).
 * 31 January – John Joseph Scanlan, second Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu (born 1906).
 * 2 February – Seán Ó Síocháin, former Gaelic Athletic Association president.
 * February – Reg Ryan, soccer player (born 1925).
 * 17 April – Chaim Herzog, sixth President of Israel (1983–1993) (born 1918).
 * 12 March – William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel, peer and Labour politician (born 1906).
 * 2 May – Robin Kinahan, Unionist politician and businessman (born 1916).
 * 9 May – Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Offaly (born 1974).
 * 23 May – Noel Browne, politician, former Cabinet Minister (born 1915).
 * 24 May – Edward Mulhare, actor (born 1923).
 * 16 June – Michael O'Herlihy, television director (born 1929).
 * 18 June – Julia Clifford, fiddle player and traditional musician (born 1914).

July to December

 * 25 September – Jim Kemmy, Labour Party and Democratic Socialist Party TD (born 1936).
 * 20 December – Jim Gibbons, former Fianna Fáil TD, Member of the European Parliament and Cabinet Minister (born 1924).
 * 29 December – John Graham, Irish Republican Army activist in the 1940s (born 1915).

Full date unknown

 * Mervyn Wall, novelist and dramatist (born 1908).

title: 1997 in Ireland


text:
1996 in Ireland

Events from the year 1996 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Mary Robinson
 * Taoiseach: John Bruton (FG)
 * Tánaiste: Dick Spring (Lab)
 * Minister for Finance: Ruairi Quinn (Lab)
 * Chief Justice: Liam Hamilton
 * Dáil: 27th
 * Seanad: 20th

Events

 * 24 January – The international body proposed six principles of democracy and non-violence ('the Mitchell principles') as conditions for entry to all-party talks in Northern Ireland.
 * 5 February – The Football Association of Ireland appointed Mick McCarthy as manager of the Irish football team.
 * 9 February – A large Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) bomb exploded in the London Docklands area, near Canary Wharf, injuring around forty, and marking the end of a 17-month IRA ceasefire.
 * 11 March – The Hepatitis Tribunal opened in Dublin.
 * 26 April – The fifth People In Need Telethon was held.
 * 7 June – Detective Garda Jerry McCabe was shot dead by the PIRA in Adare, County Limerick.
 * 17 June – The Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was signed into law, repealing the absolute constitutional prohibition of divorce.
 * 26 June – Crime reporter Veronica Guerin was shot dead in her car in Dublin.
 * 4 August – The Proceeds of Crime Act, 1996 was signed into law providing for the seizure of the suspected proceeds of organised criminal activity.
 * 11 September – A new £100 note depicting Charles Stewart Parnell was issued, with a red-and-brown front and a green-and-yellow back, to replace the 68-year-old £100 note.
 * 25 September – The last Magdalene asylum closed, in Waterford.
 * 11 October – The Criminal Assets Bureau Act, 1996 was signed into law providing for the creation of the Criminal Assets Bureau.
 * 31 October – The new Irish language television station TnaG was launched.
 * 29 November – It was revealed that Dunnes Stores paid £208,000 for an extension to Minister Michael Lowry's house.
 * 13 December – On the opening day of a Dublin summit, EU leaders achieved a breakthrough in the argument over preparations for a single European currency.
 * 23 December – French film-maker Sophie Toscan du Plantier was murdered outside her holiday home in Schull, County Cork.
 * Undated
 * Restaurant Patrick Guilbaud was the first in Dublin to be awarded two Michelin stars.

Arts and literature

 * 1 February – Martin McDonagh's black comedy The Beauty Queen of Leenane was premiered by the Druid Theatre Company in Galway.
 * 11 February – The television drama series Ballykissangel first aired. It was made by BBC Northern Ireland and set in a rural Irish community.
 * 18 May – Ireland won the Eurovision Song Contest for the seventh time with The Voice, sung by Eimear Quinn and composed by Brendan Graham.
 * 7 August – Marie Jones' play Stones in His Pockets was premiered in Belfast.
 * 26 September – Enda Walsh's play Disco Pigs was premiered by the Corcadorca Theatre Company at the Triskel Arts Centre in Cork.
 * 31 October – Ireland's first Irish language television station, Teilifís na Gaeilge (TnaG), was launched. On 3 November the soap opera Ros na Rún was first aired on the channel.
 * 6 November – The film Michael Collins was shown in Cork and Dublin.
 * The following novels were published:
 * Evening Class by Maeve Binchy.
 * Reading in the Dark by Seamus Deane.
 * Headbanger by Hugo Hamilton.
 * Lucy Sullivan Is Getting Married by Marian Keyes.
 * The Story of the Night by Colm Tóibín.

Association football

 * St Patrick's Athletic won the League of Ireland.
 * Shelbourne won the FAI Cup.

Boxing

 * 9 March – Steve Collins, "The Celtic Warrior", successfully defended his World Boxing Organization super middleweight title against Neville Brown at the Green Glens Arena, Millstreet, County Cork.

Gaelic football

 * Meath beat Mayo in the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final, after a replay, to win their first title since 1988.

Golf

 * Murphy's Irish Open was won by Colin Montgomerie (Scotland).

Hurling

 * Wexford beat Limerick in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship final. It was their first senior All-Ireland since 1968.

Olympics

 * Swimmer Michelle Smith won three gold medals and one bronze in the Atlanta Olympics.

Births

 * 3 January – Cian Lynch, hurler (Patrickswell, Limerick)
 * 24 January – Seán Finn, hurler (Bruff, Limerick)
 * 26 January – Gary Cully, boxer
 * 2 February – Paul Mescal, actor
 * 5 May – Mark McKenna, actor and musician
 * 29 May – Tom Morrissey, hurler (Ahane, Limerick)
 * 28 October – Una Raymond-Hoey, cricketer
 * 16 November – Brendan Murray, singer
 * 6 December – Ann Skelly, actress
 * 31 December – Barry Nash, hurler (South Liberties, Limerick)

January to June

 * 8 January – Joyce McCartan, community activist.
 * 12 February – James Camlin Beckett, historian.
 * 18 February – Cathal Ó Sándair, writer (born 1922).
 * 9 March – Ollie Walsh, Kilkenny hurler (born 1937).
 * 5 April – Gerry L'Estrange, member of the Seanad, Fine Gael TD.
 * 22 April – Molly Keane, novelist and playwright (born 1904).
 * 24 April – Tomás de Bhaldraithe, Irish language scholar and lexicographer (born 1916).
 * 9 June – Patrick Flynn, Liberal Party of Canada MP (born 1921).
 * 10 June – Peter Raftery, diplomat.
 * 26 June – Veronica Guerin, journalist, murdered by drug dealers (born 1958).

July to December

 * 9 July – Christopher Casson, actor (born 1912).
 * 16 July – Joe Dunn, Jacob's Award-winning documentarian for the Radharc television programme, broadcasting educator, publisher, author (born 1930).
 * 6 August – Havelock Nelson, composer and pianist (born 1917).
 * 18 August – Charles Mitchel, actor and television newsreader, read the first Telefís Éireann news bulletin in 1961 (born 1920).
 * 25 August – Erskine Barton Childers, diplomat writer and broadcaster, son of President Childers (born 1929).
 * August – Kathleen Mills, camogie player (born 1923).
 * 11 November – Liam Naughten, Fine Gael politician, Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann from 1995 until his death. (born 1944).
 * 24 November – Michael O'Hehir, sports commentator and journalist (born 1920).

Full date unknown

 * Seán 'ac Dhonncha, traditional singer (born 1919).

title: 1996 in Ireland


text:
Medical classification

A medical classification is used to transform descriptions of medical diagnoses or procedures into standardized statistical code in a process known as clinical coding. Diagnosis classifications list diagnosis codes, which are used to track diseases and other health conditions, inclusive of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and heart disease, and infectious diseases such as norovirus, the flu, and athlete's foot. Procedure classifications list procedure code, which are used to capture interventional data. These diagnosis and procedure codes are used by health care providers, government health programs, private health insurance companies, workers' compensation carriers, software developers, and others for a variety of applications in medicine, public health and medical informatics, including:
 * statistical analysis of diseases and therapeutic actions
 * reimbursement (e.g., to process claims in medical billing based on diagnosis-related groups)
 * knowledge-based and decision support systems
 * direct surveillance of epidemic or pandemic outbreaks
 * In forensic science and judiciary settings

There are country specific standards and international classification systems.

Classification types
Many different medical classifications exist, though they occur into two main groupings: Statistical classifications and Nomenclatures.

A statistical classification brings together similar clinical concepts and groups them into categories. The number of categories is limited so that the classification does not become too big. An example of this is used by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (known as ICD). ICD-10 groups diseases of the circulatory system into one "chapter", known as Chapter, covering codes I00–I99. One of the codes in this chapter (I47.1) has the code title (rubric) Supraventricular tachycardia. However, there are several other clinical concepts that are also classified here. Among them are paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, paroxysmal junctional tachycardia, auricular tachycardia and nodal tachycardia.

Another feature of statistical classifications is the provision of residual categories for "other" and "unspecified" conditions that do not have a specific category in the particular classification.

In a nomenclature there is a separate listing and code for every clinical concept. So, in the previous example, each of the tachycardia listed would have its own code. This makes nomenclatures unwieldy for compiling health statistics.

Types of coding systems specific to health care include:
 * Diagnostic codes
 * Are used to determine diseases, disorders, and symptoms
 * Can be used to measure morbidity and mortality
 * Examples: ICD-9-CM, ICD-10, ICD-11
 * Procedural codes
 * They are numbers or alphanumeric codes used to identify specific health interventions taken by medical professionals.
 * Examples: CPT, HCPCS, ICPM, ICHI
 * Pharmaceutical codes
 * Are used to identify medications
 * Examples: ATC, NDC, ICD-11
 * Topographical codes
 * Are codes that indicate a specific location in the body
 * Examples :ICD-O, SNOMED, ICD-11

WHO Family of International Classifications
The World Health Organization (WHO) maintains several internationally endorsed classifications designed to facilitate the comparison of health related data within and across populations and over time as well as the compilation of nationally consistent data. This "Family of International Classifications" (FIC) include three main (or reference) classifications on basic parameters of health prepared by the organization and approved by the World Health Assembly for international use, as well as a number of derived and related classifications providing additional details. Some of these international standards have been revised and adapted by various countries for national use.

Reference classifications

 * International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)
 * ICD-10 (10th revision, in use by WHO since 1994)
 * ICD-11 (11th revision)
 * International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)
 * International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI)

Derived classifications
Derived classifications are based on the WHO reference classifications (i.e. ICD and ICF). They include the following:

 * International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition (ICD-O-3)
 * The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders – This publication deals exclusively with Chapter of ICD-10, and is available as two variants;
 * Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines, also known as the blue book.
 * Diagnostic criteria for research, also known as the green book.
 * Application of the International Classification of Diseases to Dentistry and Stomatology, 3rd Edition (ICD-DA)
 * Application of the International Classification of Diseases to Neurology (ICD-10-NA)
 * EUROCAT is an extension of the ICD-10 Chapter, which covers congenital disorders.

National versions
Several countries have developed their own version of WHO-FIC publications, which go beyond a local language translation. Many of these are based on the ICD:
 * ICD-9-CM was the US' adaptation of ICD-9 and was maintained for use until September 2015. Starting on October 1, 2015, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMMS) granted physicians a one-year grace period to begin using ICD-10-CM, or they would be denied Medicare Part B claims.
 * ICD-10-CM was developed by the US' Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), and has been in use in the US since October 2015 – replacing ICD-9-CM.
 * ICD-10-AM was published by Australia's National Centre for Classification in Health in 1998 and has since been adopted by a number of other countries.

Related classifications
Related classifications in the WHO-FIC are those that partially refer to the reference classifications, e.g. only at specific levels. They include:

 * International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC)
 * ICPC-2 PLUS
 * Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System with Defined Daily Doses (ATC/DDD)
 * Assistive products — Classification and terminology (ISO9999:2022). WHO adopted ISO9999 as a related classification in 2003, however, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) remains responsible for maintaining ISO9999.
 * International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP)

Historic FIC classifications
ICD versions before ICD-9 are not in use anywhere. ICD-9 was published in 1977, and superseded by ICD-10 in 1994. The last version of ICD-10 was published in 2019, and it was replaced by ICD-11 on 1 January 2022. 35 of the 194 member states have made the transition to the latest version of the ICD.

The International Classification of Procedures in Medicine (ICPM) is a procedural classification that has not updated since 1989, and will be replaced by ICHI. National adaptions of the ICPM includes OPS-301, which is the official German procedural classification.

International Classification of External Causes of Injury (ICECI) was last updated in 2003 and, with the development ICD-11, is no longer maintained. The concepts of ICECI are represented within ICD-11 as extension codes.

Diagnosis
The categories in a diagnosis classification classify diseases, disorders, symptoms and medical signs. In addition to the ICD and its national variants, they include:

 * Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
 * DSM-IV Codes
 * DSM-5
 * International Classification of Headache Disorders 2nd Edition (ICHD-II)
 * International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD)
 * Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, database of genetic codes
 * Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS)
 * Read codes
 * SNOMED CT

Procedure
The categories in a procedure classification classify specific health interventions undertaken by health professionals. In addition to the ICHI and ICPC, they include:
 * Australian Classification of Health Interventions (ACHI)
 * Canadian Classification of Health Interventions (CCI)
 * Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)
 * Health Care Procedure Coding System (HCPCS)
 * ICD-10 Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-PCS)
 * OPCS Classification of Interventions and Procedures (OPCS-4)

Drugs
Drugs are often grouped into drug classes. Such classifications include:
 * RxNorm
 * Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
 * Medical Reference Terminology
 * National Pharmaceutical Product Index

National Drug File-Reference Terminology (NDF-RT)
National Drug File-Reference Terminology was a terminology maintained by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). It groups drug concepts into classes. It was part of RxNorm until March 2018.

Medication Reference Terminology (MED-RT)
Medication Reference Terminology (MED-RT) is a terminology created and maintained by Veterans Health Administration in the United States. In 2018, it replaced NDF-RT that was used during 2005–2017. Med-RT is not included in RxNorm but is included in National Library of Medicine's UMLS Metathesaurus. Prior 2017, NDF-RT was included in RxNorm. The first release of MED-RT was in the spring of 2018.

The United States Food and Drug Administration requires in its Manual of Policies and Procedures (MaPP) 7400.13 dated July 18, 2013 and updated on July 25, 2018, that MED-RT be used for selecting an established pharmacologic class (EPC) for the Highlights of Prescribing Information in drug labeling. Each EPC text phrase is associated with a term known as an EPC concept. EPC concepts use a standardized format derived from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Medication Reference Terminology (MED-RT). Each EPC concept also has a unique standardized alphanumeric identifier code, used as the machine-readable tag for the concept. These codes enable SPL indexing. The exact EPC text phrase used in INDICATIONS AND USAGE in Highlights might not be identical to the wording used to describe the EPC concept, because the standardized language used for the EPC concept might not be considered sufficiently clear to the readers of the labeling. Each active moiety also may be assigned MOA, PE, and CS standardized indexing concepts, which are also linked to unique standardized alphanumeric identifier codes. MOA, PE, and CS standardized indexing concepts may or may not be related to the therapeutic effect of the active moiety for a particular indication, but they should still be scientifically valid and clinically meaningful. Even if the MOA, PE, and CS standardized indexing concepts are not known with certainty to be related to the therapeutic effect, they may still be useful for identifying drug interactions and permitting other safety assessments for a moiety based upon appropriate and relevant considerations, such as enzyme inhibition and enzyme induction. MOA, PE, and CS concepts are maintained in a standardized format as part of the MED-RT hierarchy. https://www.fda.gov/media/86437/download

The United States Food and Drug Administration Study Data Technical Conformance Guide dated July 2020 states, "6.5 Pharmacologic Class 6.5.1 Medication Reference Terminology 6.5.1.1 General Considerations The Veterans Administration's Medication Reference Terminology (MED-RT) should be used to identify the pharmacologic class(es) of all active investigational substances that are used in a study (either clinical or nonclinical). This information should be provided in the SDTM TS domain when a full TS is indicated. The information should be provided as one or more records in TS, where TSPARMCD= PCLAS. Pharmacologic class is a complex concept that is made up of one or more component concepts: mechanism of action (MOA), physiologic effect (PE), and chemical structure (CS).51 The established pharmacologic class is generally the MOA, PE, or CS term that is considered the most scientifically valid and clinically meaningful. Sponsors should include in TS (the full TS) the established pharmacologic class of all active moieties of investigational products used in a study. FDA maintains a list of established pharmacologic classes of approved moieties.52 If the established pharmacologic class is not available for an active moiety, then the sponsor should discuss the appropriate MOA, PE, and CS terms with the review division. For unapproved investigational active moieties where the pharmacologic class is unknown, the PCLAS record may not be available." https://www.fda.gov/media/136460/download

The United States Food and Drug Administration publishes a Data Standards Catalog that lists the data standards and terminologies that FDA supports for use in regulatory submissions to better enable the evaluation of safety, effectiveness, and quality of FDA-regulated products. In addition, the FDA has the statutory and regulatory authority to require certain standards and terminologies and these are identified in the Catalog with the date the requirement begins and, as needed, the date the requirement ends, and information sources. The submission of data using standards or terminologies not listed in the Catalog should be discussed with the Agency in advance. Where the Catalog expresses support for more than one standard or terminology for a specific use, the sponsor or applicant may select one to use or can discuss, as appropriate, with their review division. Version 7.0 of the FDA Data Standards Catalog dated 03-15-2021, specifies that MED-RT was a required terminology by the White House Consolidated Health Informatics Initiative in various Federal Register Notices beginning as early as May 6, 2004, for NDAs, ANDAs, and certain BLAs beginning on December 17, 2016, and for certain IND's beginning on December 17, 2017. https://www.fda.gov/media/85137/download

Medical Devices

 * Global Medical Device Nomenclature (GMDN), the standard international naming system for medical devices.

Other

 * Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals (CPR)
 * Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC), standard for identifying medical laboratory observations
 * MEDCIN, point-of-care terminology, intended for use in Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems
 * Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA)
 * Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
 * List of MeSH codes
 * Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC)
 * Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)
 * TIME-ITEM, ontology of topics in medical education
 * TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors
 * Unified Medical Language System (UMLS)
 * Victoria Ambulatory Coding System (VACS) / Queensland Ambulatory Coding System (QACS), Australia

Library classification that have medical components

 * Dewey Decimal Classification and Universal Decimal Classification (section 610–620)
 * National Library of Medicine classification

SNOMED
The Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) is the most widely recognised nomenclature in healthcare. Its current version, SNOMED Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT), is intended to provide a set of concepts and relationships that offers a common reference point for comparison and aggregation of data about the health care process. SNOMED CT is often described as a reference terminology. SNOMED CT contains more than 311,000 active concepts with unique meanings and formal logic-based definitions organised into hierarchies. SNOMED CT can be used by anyone with an Affiliate License, 40 low income countries defined by the World Bank or qualifying research, humanitarian and charitable projects. SNOMED CT is designed to be managed by computer, and it is a complex relationship concepts.

ICD
The International Classification of Disease (ICD) is the most widely recognized medical classification. Maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO), its primary purpose is to categorise diseases for morbidity and mortality reporting. However the coded data is often used for other purposes too; including reimbursement practices such as medical billing. ICD has a hierarchical structure, and coding in this context, is the term applied when representations are assigned to the words they represent. Coding diagnoses and procedures is the assignment of codes from a code set that follows the rules of the underlying classification or other coding guidelines. The current version of the ICD, ICD-10, was endorsed by WHO in 1990. WHO Member states began using the ICD-10 classification system from 1994 for both morbidity and mortality reporting. The exception was the US, who only began using it for reporting mortality in 1999 whilst continuing to use ICD-9-CM for morbidity reporting. The US only adopted its version of ICD-10 in October 2015. The delay meant it was unable to compare US morbidity data with the rest of the world during this period. The next major version of the ICD, ICD-11, was ratified by the 72nd World Health Assembly on 25 May 2019, and member countries have been able to report data using ICD-11 codes since 1 January 2022. ICD-11 is a fully digital product with integration of clinical terminology and classification. It allows documentation at any level of detail. It includes extension codes, a terminology system, with medicaments, chemicals, infections agents, histopathology, anatomy and mechanisms, objects and animals, and other elements that serve to describe sources of injury or harm.

Comparison
SNOMED CT and ICD were originally designed for different purposes and each should be used for the purposes for which they were designed. As a core terminology for the EHR, SNOMED CT and ICD-11 provide a common language that enables a consistent way of capturing, and sharing health data across specialities and sites of care. SNOMED is a highly detailed terminology designed for input not reporting, without a specific use case. ICD-11 and SNOMED, are clinically based, and document whatever is needed for patient care. In contrast to SNOMED, ICD-11 allows full clinical documentation while permitting internationally agreed statistical aggregation for specific use cases. The foundation of ICD-11 together with the WHO Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI) and the WHO Classification for Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), comprising also the WHO lists of anatomy, substances and more, are a complete ecosystem for lossless documentation in digital records and at the same time they address specific usecases for data aggregation in a multilingual, freely usable way. SNOMED CT and ICD are used directly by healthcare providers during the process of care, in addition, ICD can be also used for coding after the episode of care, in lower technology environments. SNOMED CT has multiple hierarchy, whereas there is single primary hierarchy for ICD-11 with alternative multiple hierarchies. SNOMED CT concepts are defined logically by their attributes, as is the case in ICD-11, that in addition has textual rules and definitions.

Data Mapping
SNOMED and ICD can be coordinated. The National Library of Medicine (NLM) maps ICD-9-CM, ICD-10-CM, ICD-10-PCS, and other classification systems to SNOMED. Data Mapping is the process of identifying relationships between two distinct data models.

Veterinary medical coding
Veterinary medical codes include the VeNom Coding Group, the U.S. Animal Hospital Codes, and the Veterinary Extension to SNOMED CT (VetSCT).

title: Medical classification


text:
Category:Districts of Switzerland

Switzerland is divided into twenty-six cantons, all of which contain many municipalities. Sixteen of the cantons also have an intermediate set of subdivisions. These have different names in different cantons, but for convenience they are collectively referred to as the districts of Switzerland.

title: Category:Districts of Switzerland


text:
1995 in Ireland

Events from the year 1995 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Mary Robinson
 * Taoiseach: John Bruton (FG)
 * Tánaiste: Dick Spring (Lab)
 * Minister for Finance: Ruairi Quinn (Lab)
 * Chief Justice: Liam Hamilton
 * Dáil: 27th
 * Seanad: 20th

Events

 * 27 January – Taoiseach, John Bruton, and Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams held their first formal peace discussions.
 * 2 February – President Mary Robinson addressed a joint session of the Houses of the Oireachtas.
 * 15 February – English football hooligans rioted at Lansdowne Road stadium in Dublin during a friendly match between Ireland and England. The match was abandoned with Ireland 1–0 ahead. There were over 70 injuries, most of them English. The English fans were escorted out of Ireland by the Army.
 * 22 February – The British Prime Minister, John Major, and the Taoiseach, John Bruton, launched a peace framework document for Northern Ireland.
 * 7 March – Sir Patrick Mayhew, Northern Ireland Secretary, set out the conditions for Sinn Féin to join all-party peace talks, including "the actual decommissioning of some arms."
 * 19 March – Dublin boxer Steve Collins beat world champion Chris Eubank to win the World Boxing Organization super middleweight championship title.
 * 19 May – Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh made a visit to Northern Ireland. On the same day US President Bill Clinton approved a visa for Gerry Adams to enter the United States.
 * 25 May – The last edition of The Irish Press newspaper was published.
 * 31 May – The Prince of Wales began his first official visit to Dublin.
 * 4 June – Ireland qualified for the quarterfinals of the 1995 Rugby World Cup.
 * 13 August – Gerry Adams told a rally in Belfast that the Irish Republican Army (IRA) "haven't gone away."
 * 9 September – David Trimble became leader of the Ulster Unionist Party.
 * 13 September – The Cabinet agreed the wording of a Constitutional Amendment on divorce.
 * 25 September – The Censorship of Publications Board removed a ban on the sale of Playboy magazine, following the magazine's appeal against the prohibition. The National Women's Council of Ireland protested against the removal of the ban, which had existed since 1961.
 * 1 November – Fianna Fáil party teachta dála (member of parliament) Brian Lenihan died aged 64.
 * 2 November – A new blue-coloured £50 note featuring former president Douglas Hyde was issued.
 * 11 November – Neil Blaney, the longest serving member of the Dáil, was buried on the Fanad Peninsula in County Donegal.
 * 21 November – South Africa's deputy-President, F. W. de Klerk, addressed a Forum for Peace and Reconciliation at Dublin Castle.
 * 24 November – In the divorce referendum, citizens voted narrowly to allow divorce. A vote recount two days later confirmed the result.
 * 30 November – American President Bill Clinton and his wife Hillary spent the day in Northern Ireland.
 * 1 December – President Bill Clinton addressed both Houses of the Oireachtas in Dublin. Afterwards, he addressed 80,000 people in College Green. Later, he attended a state dinner at Dublin Castle.
 * 12 December – Plans for a £200 million light rail transit system in Dublin were announced. Eventually to be called Luas, it was to connect the city centre with Sandyford, Tallaght and Ballymun.
 * 16 December – A tribunal was established to compensate victims of Hepatitis C.
 * 21 December – Jack Charlton retired as manager of the Irish football team.

Arts and literature

 * 24 January – The Chieftains' album The Long Black Veil was released. It included collaborations with Van Morrison (on "Have I Told You Lately") and Sinéad O'Connor (on folk songs including "He Moved Through the Fair").
 * 21 April – Sitcom Father Ted, written by Arthur Mathews and Graham Linehan and starring Dermot Morgan and Ardal O'Hanlon, first aired on Channel 4 television in the United Kingdom.
 * 2–23 May – Historical mini-series The Hanging Gale premiered on RTÉ One television.
 * 13 May – Ireland staged the Eurovision Song Contest.
 * 5 October – Poet Seamus Heaney was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.
 * Sebastian Barry's play The Steward of Christendom was produced for the first time.
 * Phil Coulter wrote the anthem "Ireland's Call" to a commission from the Irish Rugby Football Union.
 * Emma Donoghue's novel Hood was published.
 * Anne Enright's first novel The Wig My Father Wore was published.
 * Marian Keyes' first novel Watermelon was published.
 * Patrick McCabe's novel The Dead School was published.
 * Rachel Joynt and Remco de Fouw's sculpture Perpetual Motion was installed on the Naas by-pass.

Association football

 * 15 February – A match between Ireland and England was abandoned in the first half after some of the England fans ripped out seating in the West Stand of Lansdowne Road stadium and hurled it onto the pitch. Ireland had been leading 1–0 before the match was stopped.

Boxing

 * 9 September – Steve Collins, "The Celtic Warrior", successfully defended his World Boxing Organization super middleweight title against Chris Eubank at the Green Glens Arena, Millstreet, County Cork.

Gaelic football

 * 17 September – Dublin were the All-Ireland football Champions following victory over Tyrone.

Golf

 * Murphy's Irish Open was won by Sam Torrance (Scotland).

Hurling

 * Under new manager Ger Loughnane, Clare won the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship for the first time since 1914.

Births

 * 3 February – Orla Gartland, singer-songwriter
 * 11 April – Sycerika McMahon, swimmer
 * 5 August – Evan Finnegan, footballer
 * 6 September – Oisin Murphy, jockey
 * Unknown – Chris Walley, actor

January to June

 * 1 February – Tom O'Reilly, Cavan Gaelic footballer and independent TD for Cavan 1944–1948 (born 1915)
 * 5 February – Des Foley, Gaelic footballer and hurler and Fianna Fáil TD (born 1940).
 * 20 February – Thom McGinty ("The Diceman"), actor, model, and street mime artist (born 1952).
 * 14 March – Gerard Victory, composer (born 1921).
 * 30 March – Harold Marcus Ervine-Andrews, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1940 near Dunkirk, France (born 1911).
 * 30 March – John Lighton Synge, mathematician and physicist (born 1897).
 * 3 April – Jeremiah Newman, Bishop of Limerick.
 * 14 April – Brian Coffey, poet and publisher (born 1905).
 * 24 April – Florrie Burke, soccer player (born 1918).
 * 7 June – Joseph Tomelty, actor and playwright.
 * 14 June – Rory Gallagher, guitarist (born 1948).
 * 25 June – Ernest Walton, physicist, 1951 Nobel Prize for Physics (born 1903).
 * 27 June – Gordon Wilson, peace campaigner (born 1927).

July to December

 * 4 July – Seán Fallon, Fianna Fáil politician, Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann from 1992 until his death. (born 1937)
 * 12 July – Muriel Gahan, promoter of country crafts.
 * 19 July – Paddy Keaveney, Independent Fianna Fáil TD (born 1929).
 * 23 August – Johnny Carey, soccer player and manager (born 1919).
 * 21 September – Frank Hall, journalist and satirist (born 1921).
 * 27 September – Sean Conway, Fianna Fáil senator.
 * 1 November – Brian Lenihan, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister and Seanad Éireann member (born 1930).
 * 8 November – Neil Blaney, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister and MEP (born 1922).
 * 8 December – Philip Lawrence, London-based headmaster stabbed to death outside the gates of his school when he went to help a pupil being attacked by a gang (born 1947).
 * 18 December – Colville Deverell, cricketer and politician (born 1907).
 * 19 December – P. A. Ó Síocháin, journalist, author and lawyer (born 1905).
 * 25 December – James Boucher, cricketer (born 1910).

Full date unknown

 * Niall Ó Dónaill, Irish language lexicographer and writer (born 1908).

title: 1995 in Ireland


text:
1994 in Ireland

Events from the year 1994 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Mary Robinson
 * Taoiseach:
 * Albert Reynolds (FF) (until 15 December 1994)
 * John Bruton (FG) (from 15 December 1994)
 * Tánaiste:
 * Dick Spring (Lab) (until 17 November 1994)
 * Bertie Ahern (FF) (from 17 November 1994 until 15 December 1994)
 * Dick Spring (Lab) (from 15 December 1994)
 * Minister for Finance:
 * Bertie Ahern (FF) (until 15 December 1994)
 * Ruairi Quinn (Lab) (from 15 December 1994)
 * Chief Justice:
 * Thomas Finlay (until 16 March 1994)
 * Liam Hamilton (from 22 March 1994)
 * Dáil: 27th
 * Seanad: 20th

Events

 * 14 April – The Central Bank issued a new £5 note featuring Catherine McAuley.
 * 30 April – Ireland won the Eurovision Song Contest with the song Rock 'n' Roll Kids. The stepdance show Riverdance performed its world premiere during the interval.
 * 20 May – The fourth People In Need Telethon was held.
 * 26 May – Jack Charlton, manager of the Irish football team since 1986, was awarded the freedom of Dublin City.
 * 6 June – Irish D-Day Normandy landings veterans joined Allied leaders at a 50th commemorative ceremony on Omaha Beach.
 * 18 June – Ireland's football World Cup campaign began with a 1–0 win over Italy, one of the favourites to win the tournament. Ray Houghton scored the winning goal.
 * 24 June – Ireland's chances of progressing to the last 16 of the World Cup were left hanging in the balance when they lost 2–1 to Mexico, with John Aldridge scoring the consolation goal.
 * 28 June – Ireland qualified for the next stage of the World Cup with a goalless draw against Norway.
 * 4 July – Ireland were knocked out of the World Cup by the Netherlands when they lost 2–0 in Orlando.
 * 26 July – The Minister for Education, Niamh Bhreathnach, pledged the introduction of free third-level education for everyone over the next three years.
 * 31 August – The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) announced a complete cessation of military operations.
 * 1 September – Transition Year was introduced mainstream to secondary schools.
 * 6 September – Taoiseach Albert Reynolds, John Hume and Gerry Adams held a historic meeting at Government Buildings in Dublin and pledged their commitment to the democratic idea.
 * 30 September – Taoiseach Albert Reynolds and members of the Government waited at Shannon Airport to greet Russian President Boris Yeltsin. He failed to leave the aircraft to meet them and created a diplomatic incident.
 * 13 October – Loyalist paramilitary groups announced a ceasefire six weeks after the PIRA.
 * 2 October – Ulster Television screened a Counterpoint programme, Suffer the Little Children, beginning the exposure of Catholic Church sex abuse cases, initially those of Brendan Smyth involving children.
 * 28 October – The inaugural session of the Forum for Peace and Reconciliation took place in St. Patricks Hall, Dublin Castle.
 * 16 November – The Fianna Fáil-Labour government coalition collapsed.
 * 17 November – Albert Reynolds resigned as Taoiseach. However, the Dáil was not dissolved.
 * 19 November – Bertie Ahern was elected leader of the Fianna Fáil party.
 * 15 December – John Bruton, leader of the Fine Gael party, became Taoiseach of the so-called "Rainbow" government in coalition with the Labour and Democratic Left parties.

Arts and literature

 * 3 January – One of Warner Bros.'s famous animated series Animaniacs made its debut on Network 2.
 * 22 October – The Boyzone debut music album, Said and Done, was released in Ireland.
 * Maeve Binchy's novel The Glass Lake was published.
 * Emma Donoghue's first novel Stir Fry was published.
 * Paddy Breathnach's film Ailsa (starring Brendan Coyle) was released.
 * Colum McCann's short-story collection Fishing the Sloe-Black River was published.

Association football
In the World Cup Finals in the United States, Ireland reached the last 16 before losing 2–0 to the Netherlands, but on the way picked up their first World Cup finals win inside 90 minutes with a 1–0 victory over Italy.

Athletics

 * Eamonn Coghlan became the first person in the world over 40 years of age to run a sub-four minute (indoor) mile.
 * 10 December – Catherina McKiernan won Senior Women's gold in the 1994 European Cross Country Championships, the inaugural event of the series.

Gaelic football

 * 18 September – Down beat Dublin 1–12 to 0–13 in the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final. It was Down's fifth All-Ireland senior title, and their second in four years.

Golf

 * Murphy's Irish Open was won by Bernhard Langer (Germany).

Hurling

 * Offaly beat Limerick 3–16 to 2–13 to win the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship final for the first time since 1985.

Births

 * 20 January – Seán Kavanagh, footballer.
 * 12 April – Saoirse Ronan, screen actress (born in New York City).

January to June

 * 1 January – Raymond Crotty, economist (born 1925).
 * 1 January – Andy McEvoy, soccer player (born 1938).
 * 19 February – Micho Russell, tin whistle player and collector of traditional music and folklore (born 1915).
 * 23 February – Jackie Power, Limerick hurler and Gaelic footballer (born 1916).
 * 12 May – Alfred Lane Beit, British politician, art collector and philanthropist, honorary Irish citizen (born 1903).
 * 13 May – Duncan Hamilton, motor racing driver (born 1920).
 * 21 May – Martin Doherty, member of Provisional Irish Republican Army, shot and killed (born 1958)
 * 27 May – M. J. Molloy, playwright (born 1914).
 * 17 June – Terence de Vere White, lawyer, novelist and biographer (born 1912).
 * 27 June – William Conolly-Carew, 6th Baron Carew (born 1905).

July to December

 * 19 July – Éilis Dillon, author (born 1920).
 * 5 August – Gerry O'Sullivan, Labour Party (Ireland) TD, Minister of State and Lord Mayor of Cork (born 1936).
 * 18 August – Martin Cahill, Dublin criminal, shot and killed (born 1949).
 * 23 September – James Brophy, cricketer (born 1912).
 * 6 December – Máire de Paor, archaeologist (born 1925).
 * 20 December – Stephen Coughlan, Labour Party TD and Mayor of Limerick (born 1910).

title: 1994 in Ireland


text:
1993 in Ireland

Events from the year 1993 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Mary Robinson
 * Taoiseach: Albert Reynolds (FF)
 * Tánaiste:
 * John Wilson (FF) (until 12 January 1993)
 * Dick Spring (Lab) (from 12 January 1993)
 * Minister for Finance: Bertie Ahern (FF)
 * Chief Justice: Thomas Finlay
 * Dáil: 27th
 * Seanad: 20th (from 17 February 1993)

Events

 * 8–17 January – The Braer Storm blew in the North Atlantic.
 * 12 January – Albert Reynolds was elected Taoiseach in Dáil Éireann. A Fianna Fáil–Labour Party coalition government came to power.
 * 10 March – The Gaelic Athletic Association received planning permission for the redevelopment of the Croke Park stadium.
 * 25 March – Castlerock killings: four Catholics were shot dead by the Ulster Defence Association as they arrived for work in Castlerock, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland.
 * 27 May – The first meeting of an Irish head of state with a British monarch took place when President Mary Robinson makes a private visit to Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace.
 * 1 June – Mother Teresa met President Mary Robinson at Áras an Uachtaráin.
 * 24 June – Dáil Éireann passed the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act, decriminalising consensual homosexual acts.
 * 15 July – The Beef Tribunal ended after 226 days.
 * September – The sale of land beside a Dublin convent and the consequent exhumation of at least 133 former residents of a Magdalene asylum from unmarked graves brought the existence of these institutions to wide public attention.
 * 16 September – A new green coloured £10 note was issued depicting the writer James Joyce.
 * 23 October – Shankill Road bombing – Ten people were killed when a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) bomb exploded at a fish shop on the Shankill Road in Belfast.
 * 30 October – Greysteel massacre – The Ulster Defence Association shot 21 people in the Rising Sun Bar in Greysteel, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, during a Hallowe'en party. They chose the pub as it was in a Catholic area.
 * 12 November – The issue of a new, smaller 10 pence coin meant there was no longer a coin equivalent in size to a florin after 22 years.
 * December – Brú na Bóinne became the first UNESCO World Heritage Site designated in Ireland.
 * 15 December – Taoiseach Albert Reynolds and British Prime Minister John Major issued a joint Downing Street Declaration on the future of Northern Ireland.
 * 25 December – Elizabeth II spoke of her hopes for peace in Northern Ireland in her Christmas Day speech to the U.K.
 * 29 December – The IRA announced it would fight on against the British presence in Northern Ireland.

Arts and literature

 * 15 May – Niamh Kavanagh won the Eurovision Song Contest (staged at the Green Glens Arena in Millstreet, County Cork) for Ireland with In Your Eyes, the second of three consecutive Irish wins.
 * 6 August – The television film The Snapper was released.
 * 26–7 August – The band U2 played two concerts at the RDS Showgrounds.
 * 11 November – The final Jacob's Broadcasting Awards ceremony took place in Dublin.
 * 16 December – The world première of the film In the Name of the Father was held at the Savoy Cinema in Dublin.
 * Roddy Doyle was awarded the Booker Prize for his novel Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha.
 * John Banville's novel Ghosts was published.
 * The Irish Film Board was re-established as a funding body under the chairmanship of Lelia Doolan.

Domestic football

 * Shelbourne defeated Dundalk 1–0 at Lansdowne Road to win the FAI Cup.

International football

 * Alan McLoughlin scored as Ireland drew 1–1 with Northern Ireland to qualify for the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the USA.
 * Ireland also went 6th in the world to reach their highest FIFA ranking to date.

Athletics

 * Runner Marcus O'Sullivan won the world indoor 1,500-metre championship for the third time, in Toronto.

Gaelic football

 * Derry beat Cork 1–14 to 2–8 to win the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship for the first time.

Golf

 * The Irish Open was won by Nick Faldo (England).

Hurling

 * Kilkenny beat Galway 2–17 to 1–15 to win their second consecutive All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship.

Mountaineering

 * Pat Falvey and Dawson Stelfox became the first Irish people to reach the summit of Mount Everest.

Births

 * 6 January – Al Porter, entertainer
 * 21 February – Shane Dowling, hurler (Na Piarsaigh, Limerick).
 * 20 April – Dan Morrissey, hurler (Ahane, Limerick)
 * 25 April – Josh van der Flier, Rugby player
 * 6 June – Aisling Franciosi, screen actress
 * 27 June – Rejjie Snow, born Alex Anyaegbunam, hip hop musician
 * 7 July – Ciarán Kilkenny, Gaelic footballer
 * 5 August – Patrick McBrearty, Donegal Gaelic football superstar
 * 13 September – Niall Horan, member of boy band One Direction

Deaths

 * 5 February – Seán Flanagan, Gaelic footballer, captain of winning Mayo All Ireland football teams in 1950s, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister and MEP (born 1922).
 * 11 February – Brian Inglis, journalist, historian and television presenter (born 1916).
 * 15 February – Peter Kavanagh, soccer player (born 1910).
 * 23 March – Denis Parsons Burkitt, surgeon (born 1911).
 * April – Denis Hegarty, public servant.
 * 5 May – Dermot Boyle, Marshal of the Royal Air Force (born 1904).
 * 29 June – Patrick Lindsay, Fine Gael TD and lawyer (born 1914).
 * 28 July – Stanley Woods, motor cycle racer, with 29 Grand Prix wins and 10 Isle of Man TT wins (born 1903).
 * 14 September – Sheelagh Murnaghan, only Ulster Liberal Party Member of Parliament at Stormont (born 1924).
 * 7 October – Cyril Cusack, actor (born 1910).
 * 1 November – Maeve Brennan, short story writer and journalist (born 1917).
 * 15 November – Jimmy McAlinden, soccer player and manager (born 1917).
 * 28 November – Joe Kelly, motor racing driver (born 1913).
 * 29 December – Marie Kean, actress (born 1918).

title: 1993 in Ireland


text: Category:Kent County, Texas

title: Category:Kent County, Texas


text:
Medical Aid for Palestinians

Medical Aid for Palestinians (MAP) is a British charity that offers medical services in the West Bank, Gaza and Lebanon, and advocates for Palestinians' rights to health and dignity. It is in special consultative status with ECOSOC since 2002.

Aim and history
Medical Aid for Palestinians' stated aim is to meet the humanitarian needs of the Palestinian people. The organization and its programmes have been supported by the British public, the UK Government (DfID), the European Union and international aid organizations. They deliver basic health and medical care to Palestinian refugees and they strive to establish permanent medical infrastructure in Palestinian communities by training health care practitioners, teaching medical vocational skills and addressing the requirements of particularly vulnerable groups such as people with disabilities.

MAP was founded in 1982 by Dr Ang Swee Chai, Major Derek Cooper, and his wife, Mrs Pamela Cooper, in the wake of the 1982 Sabra and Shatila massacre in Lebanon. Its president is Baroness Morris of Bolton who succeeded Lord Patten of Barnes and Helena Kennedy, Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws.

MAP was embroiled in controversy due to its founder's comments concerning a white supremacist video by David Duke made in 2017; however in 2018 the organisation has stated it abhors "all forms of prejudice".

In July 2023, due to a reported increase in "attacks on healthcare workers and ambulances by Israeli forces and settlers", MAP diverted from its usual strategy of providing healthcare to supplying bulletproof vests and helmets for the protection of Palestinian health workers. Later that year, in response to the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, the organisation launched an emergency appeal to provide essential healthcare and medical aid in Gaza. The appeal was supported by London mayor Sadiq Khan.

In 2024, an auction, Cinema for Gaza, was organised for MAP, raising over $52,000 on the first day. It included donations from Tilda Swinton, Brian Cox, Ken Loach, Joanna Hogg, Mike Leigh, Ramy Youssef, Maxine Peake, Frankie Boyle, Aisling Bea, Aimee Lou Wood, Peter Capaldi, Karen Gillan and more. The auction, which started on April 2, would end on April 12.

Direct aid
Medical Aid for Palestinians works with local non-governmental organizations and the Palestinian Health Service or provide practical medical support to Palestinians living under occupation or as refugees. Its programs cover the five priority areas in the occupied Palestinian territory and Palestinian refugee communities in Lebanon:
 * Essential primary and public healthcare
 * Women and children's health
 * Emergency preparedness and response
 * Mental health and psycho-social support
 * Disability

Advocacy and campaigns
MAP actively campaigns in the UK to raise awareness about violations of the Palestinian right to health, which is threatened by ongoing conflict, prolonged occupation and displacement. Working in coalition with other NGOs, the scope of MAP's advocacy programme ranges from raising public awareness to advocating on salient issues with governments and policy makers.

title: Medical Aid for Palestinians


text:
Pulham

Pulham is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in south-west England. It is situated in the Blackmore Vale, 7 mi southeast of Sherborne. In the 2011 Census the civil parish had 105 dwellings, 103 households and a population of 269.

Pulham was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, and was once owned by Cirencester Abbey, a connection remembered in the name of Cannings Court Farm (the "Court of the Canons"). Priests from nearby Milton Abbey also used to visit the village church; they resided above the porch in a priests' room, accessed via a staircase within the wall.

Notable people
George Saxby Penfold was Rector of Pulham from 1797 to 1832, but after 1815 held other livings as well.

title: Pulham


text:
1992 in Ireland

Events from the year 1992 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Mary Robinson
 * Taoiseach:
 * Charles Haughey (FF) (until 11 February 1992)
 * Albert Reynolds (FF) (from 11 February 1992)
 * Tánaiste: John Wilson (FF)
 * Minister for Finance: Bertie Ahern (FF)
 * Chief Justice: Thomas Finlay
 * Dáil:
 * 26th (until 5 November 1992)
 * 27th (from 14 December 1992)
 * Seanad: 19th (until 17 December 1992)

Events

 * 20 January – Peter Brooke offered to resign as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland following criticism of his singing on The Late Late Show only hours after an Irish Republican Army (IRA) bomb exploded.
 * 30 January – Charles Haughey resigned as Taoiseach and as leader of the Fianna Fáil party.
 * 31 January – The Government sold the B+I Shipping Line to the Irish Continental Group.
 * 4 February
 * Mary Robinson became the first President of Ireland to visit Belfast.
 * An off-duty Royal Ulster Constabulary officer in Belfast killed three people in a Sinn Féin office before committing suicide.
 * 5 February – Loyalist gunmen killed five Catholics in an attack on a bookmaker's shop in Belfast.
 * 6 February – Albert Reynolds was elected the fifth leader of Fianna Fáil.
 * 11 February – Charles Haughey resigned as Taoiseach and was succeeded by Albert Reynolds.
 * 18 February – Albert Reynolds discussed the situation with other party leaders as the High Court prevented a 14-year-old rape victim from going to Britain for an abortion.
 * 26 February – The Supreme Court lifted the High Court ruling preventing a girl from travelling to Britain for an abortion; it was duly performed.
 * 15 March – Proinsias De Rossa led a breakaway group from the Workers' Party to form what would shortly become Democratic Left. The majority of the breakaway group including De Rossa joined the Labour Party in 1999.
 * 13 April – Two hundred and fifty years after the first performance of Handel's Messiah in Dublin, the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields performed the oratorio at the Point Theatre.
 * 7 May – Bishop Eamon Casey of Galway resigned following the revelation that he was the father of a teenage boy.
 * 8 May – The third People In Need Telethon was held.
 * 9 May – Linda Martin won the Eurovision Song Contest for Ireland with Why Me?. This was the first of three consecutive Irish wins.
 * 31 May – Christy O'Connor Jnr won the British Masters golf tournament.
 * 18 June – A referendum approved the Maastricht Treaty on European Union: 69.1% voted in favour; 30.9% against.
 * 25 June – The issue of a new, smaller 5 pence coin meant that, after 21 years, it was no longer the same size as a shilling.
 * 8 July – President Mary Robinson addressed both houses of the Oireachtas.
 * 23 September – The IRA destroyed the forensic science laboratory in Belfast with a huge bomb.
 * 5 November – The Government lost a confidence motion and the Dáil was dissolved. Two former Taoisigh, Charles Haughey and Garret FitzGerald, announced their retirement from politics.
 * 6 November – A new purple £20 note depicting Daniel O'Connell was issued.
 * 25 November – Three referendums were held on abortion-related issues. The right to abortion-related travel and the right to abortion-related information were supported.
 * 31 December – Unemployment reached record levels: 290,000 people were out of work.

Undated

 * An appearance by Christine Buckley on The Gay Byrne Show brought an "overwhelming response" from others who felt they had been victims of incarceration and abuse in industrial schools.
 * Trustee Savings Bank dropped the previous Cork and Limerick Savings Bank name.

Arts and literature

 * April – Patrick McCabe's novel The Butcher Boy was published.
 * 11 September – Colm Tóibín's novel The Heather Blazing was published.
 * 23 September – The Irish Film Institute opened the Irish Film Centre in Dublin.
 * 30 September – Vincent Woods' play At the Black Pig's Dyke opened at the Druid Theatre Company.
 * 30 October – Neil Jordan's film The Crying Game was released in Ireland and the U.K.
 * Samuel Beckett's first novel, Dream of Fair to Middling Women, was finally published.
 * Maeve Binchy's novel The Copper Beech was published.
 * Eugene McCabe's novel Death and Nightingales was published.

Association football

 * 5 April – Shelbourne won their first League of Ireland Championship for thirty years.

Gaelic football

 * Donegal beat Dublin 0–18 to 0–14 to win their first All-Ireland Senior Football Championship.

Golf

 * Carroll's Irish Open was won by Nick Faldo (England).

Hurling

 * Kilkenny beat Cork 3–10 to 1–12 in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship final.

Olympics

 * 8 August – Michael Carruth won Ireland's first gold medal in 36 years at the Olympic Games in Barcelona. Wayne McCullough won a silver medal.

Births

 * 13 January – Ryan Connolly, footballer
 * 16 January – Matt Doherty, footballer
 * 23 January – Jack Reynor, actor
 * 27 January – Sam Barry, tennis player
 * 26 April – Shane O'Meara, actor
 * 10 May – Sophie Vavasseur, actress
 * 20 May – Jack Gleeson, actor
 * 22 July – George Dockrell, cricketer
 * 27 July – Neil R. Barrett, rugby player
 * 9 September – Damian McGinty, singer and actor
 * 27 September – Ryan O'Shaughnessy, pop singer
 * 18 October – Barry Keoghan, actor
 * 20 October – John Egan, footballer
 * 14 November – Tadhg Furlong, rugby union player
 * 24 November
 * Aaron Barry, footballer
 * Oliver Dingley, diver
 * 25 November – Declan Hannon, hurler (Adare, Limerick)
 * 26 November – Paul Dunne, golfer
 * 2 December – Danielle Galligan, actress
 * 4 December – Emma Eliza Regan, actress

Full date unknown

 * Aisling Dunphy, camogie player

Deaths

 * 9 January – Bill Naughton, playwright and author (born 1910).
 * 20 March – Michael McLaverty, novelist (born 1904).
 * 28 April – Francis Bacon, painter (born 1909).
 * 12 May – Joseph Raftery, archaeologist.
 * 13 May – F. E. McWilliam, sculptor (born 1909).
 * 20 May – James Tully, former Labour Party TD and Cabinet Minister (born 1915).
 * 3 June – Patrick Peyton, the Rosary Priest (born 1909).
 * 6 July – Bryan Guinness, 2nd Lord Moyne, lawyer and poet.
 * 21 July – Aloys Fleischmann, composer and musicologist (born 1910).
 * 17 August – Tom Nolan, Fianna Fáil TD, Minister of State and MEP (born 1921).
 * 23 September – Ivar Ivask, Estonian poet and literary scholar (born 1927).

Full date unknown

 * Benjamin Guinness, 3rd Earl of Iveagh, peer and Seanad member (born 1937).
 * Aidan MacCarthy, doctor, RAF medical officer, captured by the Japanese during the Second World War (born 1914).
 * Matt O'Mahoney, international soccer player (born 1913).
 * Peter Rice, structural engineer (born 1935).
 * Jim Young, Cork hurler (born 1915).

title: 1992 in Ireland


text:
Deep-fried Mars bar

A deep-fried Mars bar (also known as a battered Mars bar) is a Mars-brand chocolate bar covered in batter then deep fried in oil. The dish originated at a chip shop in Scotland as a novelty item. Since various mass media began reporting on the practice in the mid-1990s – often as a critical commentary on how unhealthy the Scottish diet was – the popularity of the dish has spread.

Preparation
The dish is prepared using standard commercial Mars bars. The chocolate bar is typically chilled before battering, to prevent it from excessively melting as it is fried. It is coated in flour batter of the type commonly used for deep-frying fish, sausages, and other similar foods, then immersed in boiling fat or oil, until the batter is cooked.

Origin
The origins of the deep-fried Mars bar are disputed. John Davie claimed to have invented it in 1992 in The Haven Chip Bar (now The Carron) in Stonehaven, near Aberdeen on Scotland's northeast coast. It received rapidly escalating media attention after Aberdeen Evening Express writer Alastair Dalton reported on 23 August 1995, "HOT chocolate has become this summer's sizzler in Stonehaven chip shop. Mars Bars, deep-fried in batter, are being snapped up by sweet-toothed teenagers. The craze started when the school holidays began and has quickly taken hold says Ingram Mowatt (41), owner of The Haven, Allardice Terrace. " The article included a quote from a Mars spokesperson, who said this was the most unusual way they had come across of enjoying a Mars bar. The following day the story was picked up and run in the Daily Record in an article titled "Mars supper, please".

Scottish broadsheets The Herald and The Scotsman ran the story the following day, and the UK broadsheets the day after, each adding their own cultural slant. On the fifth day, Keith Chegwin performed taste tests on The Big Breakfast TV programme and the story was covered by the BBC World Service.

Other chip shops have disputed Carron's claim. Tom Cummings, the former owner of Duncan Street Chip Shop in Banff, stated that he had sold fried Mars bars in the 1980s, and he had copied the recipe from the since defunct Dodie's Chip Shop in Buckie on the Moray Firth coast.

Popularity
After the food was mentioned in 2004 by Jay Leno on NBC's Tonight Show in the United States, The Lancet commissioned the University of Dundee to validate the association between Scotland and the deep-fried Mars bar. It undertook a telephone questionnaire survey of 627 fish and chip shops in Scotland, 62% of which responded, and found:
 * 66 shops (22% of those responding) sold them; three-quarters of those had only been selling them for the past 3 years.
 * An additional 17% had sold them in the past.
 * Average sales were 23 bars per week, although 10 shops reported selling 50—200 per week.
 * The mean price was £0.60 (range £0.30 to £1.50).
 * 76% were sold to children.
 * 15 shops reported health concerns with the food.
 * Many of the shops which did not sell the product refused to do so as it turns the frying oil black.

In 2012, the originating Carron Fish Bar estimated sales of 100–150 deep-fried Mars bars per week, but 70% were sold to visitors who have heard of its reputation.

Culinary influence

In 2000, Scottish chef Ross Kendall included the bars on the menu of Le Chipper restaurant in Paris.

The deep-fried Mars bar has also given rise to the frying of other confections, for example, Reiver's Fish Bar in Duns annually advertises an Easter special of deep-fried Creme Egg. Deep-fried Snickers have also been reported; it is popular at state fairs and similar events. In her 1999 book and television series Nigella Bites, Nigella Lawson includes a recipe for a deep-fried Bounty bar. Deep-fried Moro bars are also sold in New Zealand, where the brand is popular.

Symbol of an unhealthy diet
Since the Daily Record described it as "Scotland's craziest takeaway" in August 1995, the deep-fried Mars bar has become a symbol for ill health, obesity and high-fat diets. The original article was quickly followed up by other UK publications, with the food portrayed to speak eloquently about Scotland's and the wider UK's poor diet, and resultant levels of obesity.

In 2012, the Haven sought an application for the protected geographical indication under the EU's Protected Food Name Scheme. However, Mars wrote to the fish bar asking it to make plain that deep-frying of the bars was "not authorised or endorsed" by Mars, and an agreed disclaimer statement was put up in both the shop and in its menu.

In a 2012 interview, Glasgow restaurateur John Quigley felt that Scotland had been trying to "shake off" its unhealthy image for 20 years, since the media coverage of the deep-fried Mars bar.

title: Deep-fried Mars bar


text:
1991 in Ireland

Events from the year 1991 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Mary Robinson
 * Taoiseach: Charles Haughey (FF)
 * Tánaiste: John Wilson (FF)
 * Minister for Finance:
 * Albert Reynolds (FF) (until 7 November 1991)
 * Charles Haughey (FF) (from 7 November 1991 until 14 November 1991)
 * Bertie Ahern (FF) (from 14 November 1991)
 * Chief Justice: Thomas Finlay
 * Dáil: 26th
 * Seanad: 19th

Events

 * 1 January – Limerick city celebrated 300 years of the Treaty of Limerick.
 * 17 January – There was controversy as the Government allowed United States military aircraft bound for the Gulf War to refuel at Shannon Airport.
 * 24 January – The new Government Buildings in the renovated College of Science were officially opened.
 * 7 February – The Irish Republican Army (IRA) fired mortar bombs at 10 Downing Street in London.
 * 14 March – After being wrongfully jailed for 16 years, the Birmingham Six were freed.
 * 15 March – The Sugar Act provided for privatisation of Cómhlucht Siúicre Éireann, Teoranta, the state-owned sugar beet processor, as Greencore.
 * 16 March – Dublin was officially inaugurated as the year's European Capital of Culture.
 * 22 March – The President, Mary Robinson, against pressure not to do so from the Taoiseach, Charles Haughey, visited the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin where the Dalai Lama opened a Tibetan collection in the library. She was the only head of state in Europe to meet with him during his European trip. The Dalai Lama's first visit to Ireland was in 1973.
 * 10 April – An unarmed IRA volunteer was shot dead in Downpatrick by the Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 * 16 May – Eyre Square Centre opened in Galway.
 * 17 May – First edition of the Liffey Champion, local newspaper for North County Kildare and Lucan.
 * 26 June – The wrongful convictions of the Maguire Seven were quashed.
 * 6 November – Kildare TD Seán Power proposed a no-confidence motion in Taoiseach Charles Haughey's leadership.
 * 7 November – the Minister for Finance, Albert Reynolds, was dismissed from the government over his intention to support the no-confidence motion.
 * 13 November – Jim McDaid, the new Defence Minister, resigned following criticism from the Opposition over his attendance at an IRA funeral.
 * 21 November – Three crew members of the M.V. Kilkenny were drowned as a result of a collision between the Kilkenny and the M.V. Hassel Werder in Dublin Bay.
 * 6 December – Dublin Bus began its 'Nitelink' night bus service, aimed at facilitating revellers returning home from Christmas parties, as well as reducing instances of drink driving.

Arts and literature

 * 25 May – The Irish Museum of Modern Art opened at the Royal Hospital Kilmainham.
 * November – The Dublin Writers Museum opened.
 * The Corcadorca Theatre Company was established in Cork.
 * Roddy Doyle's novel The Van, last of The Barrytown Trilogy, was published.
 * Anne Enright's short story collection The Portable Virgin was published, and won the Rooney Prize for Irish Literature.

Athletics

 * Frank O'Mara won the world indoor 3,000 metre championship for the second time.

Cycling

 * 19 October – Sean Kelly won the Giro di Lombardia.

Gaelic football

 * The All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final finished on a score of Down 1–16 Meath 1–14.

Golf

 * Carroll's Irish Open was won by Nick Faldo (England).

Hurling

 * The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship final finished on a score of Tipperary 1–16 Kilkenny 0–15.

Motor racing

 * Eddie Jordan entered his Jordan team in the World Formula One Championship, becoming the first Irish owned constructor in Formula One.

Births

 * 20 February – Sally Rooney, fiction writer.
 * 28 February – Sarah Bolger, actress.
 * 7 July – Eve Hewson, actress.
 * 16 August – Evanna Lynch, actress.
 * 14 October – Kevin Downes, hurler (Na Piarsaigh, Limerick).
 * 30 October – Nick Sheridan, journalist (d. 2024).

January to June

 * 5 January – Hubert Butler, writer and historian (born 1900)
 * 29 January – Joe Stynes, Irish Republican and sportsman (born 1903).
 * 19 February – Thekla Beere, civil servant (born 1902).
 * 20 April – Seán Ó Faoláin, short story writer (born 1900).
 * 22 May – Valentin Iremonger, poet and diplomat (born 1918).
 * 25 May – John M. Feehan, author and publisher (born 1916).
 * 25 May – Eddie Fullerton, Sinn Féin councillor, killed by the Ulster Defence Association (born 1935).

July to December

 * 18 August – Patrick Joseph Kelly, Bishop of Benin City (born 1894).
 * 17 October – J. G. Devlin, actor (born 1907).
 * 13 November – Francis Blackwood, 10th Baron Dufferin and Claneboye (born 1916).
 * 12 November – Billy Behan, soccer player and Scout (born 1911).
 * 14 November – Bryden Thomson, orchestral conductor (born 1928 in Scotland).
 * 15 November – George Otto Simms, Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin and Archbishop of Armagh (born 1910).
 * 19 November – Michael Lyons, Fine Gael TD and Senator (born 1910).
 * 1 December – Pat O'Callaghan, athlete and Olympic gold-medallist (born 1905).

title: 1991 in Ireland


text:
Durham and North Riding County Division

The Durham and North Riding County Division was a coastal defence formation of the British Army during the Second World War. It existed only from 12 March 1941 until 1 December 1941, when it was redesignated Durham and North Riding Coastal Area and the subordinate brigade headquarters were disbanded. Most of the infantry battalions were then converted to other roles with the Royal Artillery or the Royal Armoured Corps. In its short existence the division had just one general officer commanding, Major-General P. J. Shears. It was under the command from X Corps from formation until 9 April and then under IX Corps.

The divisional sign was a pun on the name of the division's commander and a reference to the wool industry of the area.

Order of battle
County divisions were static infantry-only formations with any supporting arms on loan from other formations. The division/s order of battle was as follows:

 * 215th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home)
 * 7th Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) – left 27 November 1941
 * 8th Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) – left 27 November 1941
 * 9th Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) – left 19 November 1941
 * 12th Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers – to 217 Bde 9 May–23 October 1941; left 21 December 1941
 * 8th Battalion, Royal Ulster Rifles – from 11th Armoured Division 9 May 1941; left 31 May 1941
 * 217th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home)
 * 12th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment – disbanded 17 August 1941
 * 8th Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment – to 224 Bde 24 November 1941
 * 12th Battalion Green Howards – to 11th Armoured Division 9 May 1941
 * 15th Battalion, The Durham Light Infantry – left 17 November 1941
 * 12th Battalion, The Royal Welch Fusiliers – from 215 Bde 9 May 1941; left 23 October 1941
 * 224th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home)
 * 7th Battalion, South Wales Borderers – left 15 November 1941
 * 19th Battalion, Welch Regiment – left 12 May 1941
 * 9th Battalion, The North Staffordshire Regiment – left 15 December 1941
 * 8th Battalion, Royal Ulster Rifles – from 215 Bde 1 August 1941; left 15 December 1941
 * 8th Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment – from 217 Bde 25 November 1941, left 15 December 1941

title: Durham and North Riding County Division