text:
Giuseppe Cambini

Giuseppe Maria Gioacchino Cambini (Montelupo Fiorentino, 8 april 1746–Netherlands? 1810s? or Paris? 1825?) was an Italian composer and violinist.

Unconfirmed information
Information about his life is scarcely traceable. Louis-Gabriel Michaud, French scholar and François-Joseph Fétis, Belgian musicologist, drafted his biography, and Cambini himself speaks about his past in an article published in Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung in 1804. However, all of these documents are full of errors and, therefore, need to be verified. It is not possible to confirm his personal data (only Fétis indicates his date of birth ), nor his first studies. It is possible he is connected in some way to father Giovanni Battista Martini, and, more possibly to Filippo Manfredi, who was almost certainly his violin teacher. Fétis wrote about his unfortunate operatic debut in Naples in 1766, after which, during his return to Livorno by the sea, Cambini was kidnapped by pirates, who treated him terribly until his liberation by a Venetian aristocrat. The narration by the Belgian holds much resemblance to a story in the poetic periodical Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique, a fact that reduces its reliability. In the article found in Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung in 1804, Cambini claims to have played the viola in a string quartet with Luigi Boccherini, Pietro Nardini and his teacher Manfredi for six months in 1767. If what he says is true, this quartet would represent the first formation of this emerging genre in Italy, if not in all of Europe. For many years, this information fostered a gigantic legend about the importance of the role of Cambini in defining the string quartet. Actually, he was one of the many (even if one of the most prolific) who, in the same period, contributed to the development of the genre.

First years in Paris
The first information that we have that is certain is his arrival in Paris at the beginning of the 1770s, where he remained for 20 years,  and composed oratorios, concert compositions, as well as chamber, symphonic, and theatrical compositions (there are almost 14 operas, of which at least 12 were performed in Paris. In addition, there are some ballets that aroused the admiration of Christoph Willibald Gluck  ), and he performed his violin concertos (during the Concert Spirituel and the Concerts des Amateurs, managed by François-Joseph Gossec). More than 600 compositions were published with his name in the French capital until 1800 (above all by the Venier, Berault and Sieber publishers, see also the section Sources), of which more than 80 are symphonies concertante (he wrote more of these than any other French composer of the time, becoming a champion of the genre).

Polemic with Mozart
His success in composing for the sinfonia concertante genre inspired the rivalry of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who in 1778 accused Cambini of having obstructed the performance of his Sinfonia Concertante for Four Winds KV 297b at the Concert Spirituel, because Cambini was jealous of its perfection. The skepticism with regard to Cambini is not observed from any other composer who dealt with him. Conversely, Gluck, in the same years, often recommended him as an upstanding and honest man. Therefore, it is probable that the Salisburg expressed exaggerated feelings toward Cambini.

Alternating Parisian fame
The accusation by Mozart is not especially valid partially because the power of Cambini in Paris did not reach the level that Mozart claimed. In fact, the musical press paid less than gratifying attention to Cambini's vast production. He was cited relatively few times in the contemporary critiques, and his career as a violinist is less appreciated than other contemporary soloists of the time. His greatest successes, as aforementioned, were the sinfonie concertanti and his quartets, which even Mozart praised. His easy style, attractive and brilliant, open only just enough to innovation, rendered him a sort of protector of the galant Parisian style, and many of his pieces were favorably accepted in London as well as in America (some actively participated in defining the so-called forma sonata ), but his theatrical works, operas, were almost always torn to shreds. Moreover, from 1785 it was affirmed in France of the more complex Viennese style, to which he tried to awkwardly join, undermining his fame, and damaging his reputation in the press of the German area.

The Revolution
In 1788, he became manager of the Théâtre Beaujolais, and he worked there during the revolutionary turmoil until 1791. His endurance permitted continuity of a high-quality operatic offering even in the years of the Republic. During the time of the Terror, beginning in 1791, he directed the Théâtre Louvois, which due to the economic crisis caused by the war was forced to close in 1794. The crisis affected many, as well as the estate of Cambini, and it constrained him to find very different work opportunities. Beginning in 1794, he accepted a salary from the chemist and entrepreneur Armand Séguin, for whom he gave private concerts and composed more than 100 quartets. He composed revolutionary and patriotic anthems for the newborn Republic. He taught violin, voice and composition privately. In addition, he transcribed opera arias of other authors for any buyer. He accepted editorial commissions (in 1795, the editor Gavreaux asked him to attend to the reprinting of methods for violin by Francesco Geminiani, and in 1799 Nademann and Lobry hired him to edit one for flute).

Oblivion
At the beginning of the 1800s, Cambini signed contracts with periodicals and magazines, including the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung and Tablettes de Polymne, which published his articles until 1811. From that moment, Cambini disappears without leaving any trace in any documents. Michaud affirms that he died in Holland in 1818, information that satisfies scholars and has a certain amount of credibility, while Fétis recounts his painful and tragic admission to a mental hospital in Bicêtre, where he was found dead in 1825.

Autographs
All 100 known autographs are in the United States of America, at the Library of Congress in Washington D.C. and at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.

Manuscripts
The largest collection of manuscripts of Cambini's compositions are found in Prague, in the music history department of the National Czech Museum of Music. Following, in order of the number of preserved copies are: the Benediktinerstift der Bibliothek und Musikarchiv die Seitenstetten in Austria (the majority however are without a date)), the Conservatorio Benedetto Marcello di Venezia (Torrefranca and Correr Collection), and the Biblioteca di Archeologia e Storia dell'Arte di Palazzo Venezia in Rome (Vessella Collection). Smaller Italian collections are in the Pasini Collections at the Conservatorio Luca Marenzio in Brescia, at the Conservatorio Cherubini of Florence, at the Conservatorio Paganini di Genoa, at the Biblioteca Estense di Mantova, at Casa Verdi in Milan, at the Conservatorio San Pietro a Majella in Naples, and at the Biblioteca Casanatese di Roma (Marefoschi Collection and more). The Musical Documentation Center of Tuscany preserve three manuscripts of single parts of other chamber music compositions in the Venturi Music Collection in Montecatini Terme. Cities around the world that preserve at least five manuscripts are: Basel (Universitätsbibliothek), Cheb (Státní okresní archiv), Keszthely (Helikon Kastélymúzeum Könyvtára), Leutkirch im Allgäu (Fürstlich Waldburg-Zeilsches Archiv), Lille (Bibliothèque Municipale), Lund (Universitetsbiblioteket), New Haven (Music Library at Yale University), Prague (Biblioteca Nazionale Ceca), Steinfurt (Fürst zu Bentheimsche Musikaliensammlung Burgsteinfurt Collection, managed by Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität within the Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek di Münster), Stockholm (Musik- och teaterbiblioteket) and Västerås (Stadsbibliotek).

Printed editions
The Conservatoire de Paris and the Bibliothèque Nationale de France are the institutions that preserve the majority of the printed editions during Cambini's life, followed by the British Library of London, the Rossijskaja Gosudarstvennaja Biblioteka of Moscow, the Fürst zu Bentheimsche Musikaliensammlung Burgsteinfurt of Steinfurt, the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde of Vienna, the Biblioteca Nacional of Spain, the Kongelige Bibliotek of Copenhagen, the Biblioteca Estense of Modena, and the Biblioteca Nazionale Universitaria of Turin (in the Foà and Giordano collection).

Operas

 * Les romans (ballet-héroïque, libretto by L.-C.-M. de Bonneval, 1776 at the Académie Royale de Musique of Paris)
 * Rose et Carloman (comédie-héroïque, libretto by A.D. Dubreuil, 1779)
 * La statue (comédie, libretto by M.-R. de Montalembert, 1784)
 * La bergère de qualité (comédie, libretto by M.-R. de Montalembert, 1786)
 * Le tuteur avare (opéra bouffon, libretto by J.-L. Gabiot de Salins, 1788)
 * La croisée (comédie, 1788, Beaujolais)
 * Colas et Colette (opéra bouffon, 1788, Beaujolais)
 * Le bon père (opéra bouffon, libretto by J.-F. Le Pitre, 1788, Beaujolais)
 * La prêtresse du soleil (drama, 1789, Beaujolais)
 * La revanche, ou Les deux frères (comédie, libretto by P.U. Dubuisson, 1790, Beaujolais)
 * Adèle et Edwin (opéra, 1790, Beaujolais)
 * Nantilde et Dagobert (opéra, libretto di P.-A.-A. de Piis, 1791, Louvois)
 * Les trois Gascons (opéra, libretto by Cambini, 1793, Louvois)
 * Encore un tuteur dupé (comédie, libretto by P.-J.-A. Roussel, 1798, Montansier)

Doubted attribution

 * Alcméon (tragédie lyrique, libretto by A.D. Dubreuil, 1782, never performed)
 * Alcide (opéra, libretto by A.D. Dubreuil, 1782, never performed)
 * L'Amour et la peur, ou L'amant forcé d'être fidèle (opéra-comique, libretto by Cambini, 1795)

Sacred music

 * Le sacrifice d'Isaac (French oratorio, 1774)
 * Joad (French oratorio, 1775)
 * Samson (oratorio, libretto by Voltaire, 1779; lost)
 * Le sacrifice d'Abraham (oratorio, 1780; lost)
 * 5 masses
 * Miserere, motet à grand choeur (1775, lost)
 * Some other motets

Anthems and revolutionary songs

 * Hymne à l'être suprème (1794)
 * Hymne à l'égalité (1794)
 * Hymne à la Vertu (1794)
 * Hymne à la Liberté (1794)
 * Hymne à la Victoire (1794)
 * Ode sur Bara et Viala (1794)
 * Ode sur nos victoires (1794)
 * Ronde Républicaine (1794)
 * Le pas de charge républicain – Air de combat (1794)

Instrumental music

 * Concerto for viola and orchestra
 * 3 symphonies for strings, 2 oboes and 2 horns, op.5 (1776)
 * 3 symphonies à grand orchestre for strings, flute, 2 oboes, bassoon and 2 horns (1787)
 * 3 symphonies for strings, 2 oboes and 2 horns (1788)
 * 82 concert symphonies (of which 76 are published and 52 currently available)
 * 110 quintets for 2 violins, viola, 2 violoncellos (maybe 114), of which 84 are complete (preserved at the Washington Library)
 * 149 quartets for strings (1773-1809)
 * At least 104 trios
 * At least 212 duets
 * 5 Quartets for harpsichord, violin, oboe and violoncello
 * 6 sonatas for violino and bass
 * Petits airs variés for violin
 * 12 sonatas for flute and bass
 * 6 sonatas for harpsichord/fortepiano and violin, op.21 (1781)
 * Air de Marlborough avec variations for fortepiano/harpsichord and violin obbliged
 * 6 sonate for harpsichord/fortepiano and flute
 * Marche des Marseillois et la Carmagnole variées for flute and bass (1794)
 * Variations sur le Hymne du siège de Lille (L'amour dans le coeur d'un Français) (1794) for two violins Variations sur le Hymne "Vos aimables fillettes" (1794) for two violins Variations sur Cadet Roussel (1794) for two violins
 * Petits airs connus variés for flute and bass
 * Air variés for flute, op.6
 * Différens solfèges d'une difficulté graduelle (1783)

Articles

 * Nouvelle méthode théorique et pratique pour le violon (c. 1795)
 * Méthode pour la flûte traversière suivie de vingt petits airs connus et six duo à l'usage des commençans (1799)
 * Ausführung der Instrumentalquartetten, «Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung» (1803-1804)
 * 2 articles in «Correspondance des professeurs et amateurs de musique» (1804)
 * Über den Charakter, den die italienischen und deutschen Musik haben, und die französische haben sollte, «Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung» (1804-1805)
 * 6 articles in Les tablettes de Polymnie (1810-1811)

Recordings
Around 1936, the Quartet of Rome (Francesco Montelli and Oscar Zuccarini, violins; Aldo Perini, viola; Luigi Silva, violoncello), recorded Quartetto in Re maggiore by Cambini adapted by Fausto Torrefranca. The 78 rpm disc of the first publication are preserved at the Istituto centrale per i beni sonori e audiovisivi di Roma, and are digitalized on Internet Culturale.

title: Giuseppe Cambini


text:
Wayne Township, Ohio

Wayne Township, Ohio, may refer to:
 * Wayne Township, Adams County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Ashtabula County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Auglaize County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Belmont County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Butler County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Champaign County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Clermont County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Clinton County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Columbiana County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Darke County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Fayette County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Jefferson County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Knox County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Mercer County, Ohio (paper township, now part of Celina, Ohio)
 * Wayne Township, Monroe County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Montgomery County, Ohio (defunct, now Huber Heights, Ohio)
 * Wayne Township, Muskingum County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Noble County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Pickaway County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Tuscarawas County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Warren County, Ohio
 * Wayne Township, Wayne County, Ohio
 * Noble Township, Auglaize County, Ohio, named Wayne Township while it remained a part of Mercer County prior to the creation of Auglaize County in 1848

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wayne Township, Ohio


text:
Monte Alegre do Sul

Monte Alegre do Sul is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 7,736 (2015 est.) in an area of 110 km². The elevation is 748 m.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1948.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Religion
Christianity is present in the city as follows:

Catholic Church
The Catholic church in the municipality is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Amparo.

Protestant Church
The most diverse evangelical beliefs are present in the city, mainly Pentecostal, including the Assemblies of God in Brazil (the largest evangelical church in the country), Christian Congregation in Brazil, among others. These denominations are growing more and more throughout Brazil.

title: Monte Alegre do Sul


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Reithy

In order to remain listed at Requests for comment, at least two people need to show that they tried to resolve a dispute with this user and have failed. This must involve the same dispute, not different disputes. The persons complaining must provide evidence of their efforts, and each of them must certify it by signing this page with ~. If this does not happen within 48 hours of the creation of this dispute page (which was: 18:33, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)), the page will be deleted. The current date and time is:, 29 July 2024 (UTC).

 * (Reithy | talk | contributions)

Statement of the dispute
''This is a summary written by users who dispute this user's conduct. Users signing other sections should not edit here.''

Description
Reithy has been repeatedly vandalizing articles related to the Libertarian Party. Despite plenty of warnings and requests to stop, he has refused to do so. He has also vandalized a user page and used personal attacks in edit summaries.

Evidence of disputed behavior
(provide diffs and links)
 * Repeatedly vandalized United States Libertarian Party on October 11 and 12, resulting in (otherwise unnecessary) page protection:, , , , , (a small sampling). Personal attack in edit summary:
 * Vandalized Michael Badnarik on October 10:
 * Vandalized User:Pstudier on October 11:
 * Vandalized Ron Paul on October 11:

Applicable policies
{list the policies that apply to the disputed conduct}
 * Vandalism
 * Neutral point of view
 * No personal attacks

Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute
(provide diffs and links)
 * Requests to stop on his talk page from RadicalSubversiv, Rhobite, and Stormie:, , (his vandalism continued the next day)
 * Discussion at Talk:United States Libertarian Party

Users certifying the basis for this dispute
(sign with ~ )
 * RadicalSubversiv E 18:33, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Rhobite 20:51, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

Other users who endorse this summary
(sign with ~ )
 * Simoes 21:27, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * pstudier 23:14, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Stormie 00:50, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Chuck F 06:49, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Nat Krause 16:46, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Maurreen 18:33, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Scottbeck 22:01, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * RickK 23:45, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delirium 14:47, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Sarge Baldy 06:37, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * fvw 13:22, 2004 Oct 16 (UTC)
 * Johnleemk | Talk 08:07, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Geoff Canyon 20:01, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * M Carling 16:13, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Response
This is a summary written by the user whose conduct is disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the above summary is biased or incomplete.

I am a new user who stumbled onto writing about the Libertarian Party, which is really interesting to me.

The article as I found it was a highly misleading, partisan advertisement for the Libertarian Party containing puffery and obscure details like whose home the Party was founded in. It was utterly weird and totally partial.

I attempted to add some degree of neutrality and realism to the article. I was surprised and offended that this was immediately reverted without comment and without taking my more neutral language into consideration.

Borne of frustration about this, I stupidly retaliated by injecting some humor to the debate with unjustified references to Richard Nixon, Pablo Escobar et al. It was my intention to revert these, as necessary.

For this stupidity I apologise. And totally promise not to succumb to such temptation again. If my language in the edits commentary is too robust, I also apologise, it was borne of frustration. For my initial and subsequent efforts to write a more balanced article, I make no apology and will persist in making the article more balanced. Reithy 14:51, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):

Outside view
This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute.

{Add summary here, but you must use the endorsement section below to sign. Users who edit or endorse this summary should not edit the other summaries}

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):

It's pretty clear to me that the issue isn't so much about the actual content Reithy is adding to the articles, but the personal attacks and inflammatory language he uses in his discussions about the edits. I found myself agreeing with most of the edits themselves, but I was appalled by the tone of his comments on the discussion pages and in the edit history comments. Such immature behavior is decidedly hurtful to Wikipedia, since it detracts from any meaningful discussion of the actual issues at hand. Jerde 01:12, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

His edits seem to be more of an attempt to get personal attacks in than any attempt to edit articles in good faith. For example, he changed the "History" section label to "History of a minor party", which is ridiculous—our "history" section in the article on the United States is just labeled "History", not "History of a large country". The rest is mostly the same, rife with attacks on other editors and edit summaries about how the articles he's editing are about "clowns". Clearly he has no good faith interest in creating an encyclopedia, merely in using it to attack people he happens to dislike. --Delirium 18:51, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

Listing Libertarian Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates and one of the founders of the party on VfD as "vanity" is not editing in good faith. Deleting all but the most minimal amount of information from these people's articles is not editing in good faith. RickK 08:20, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

209.102.125.180 15:52, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Discussion
All signed comments and talk not related to a vote or endorsement, should be directed to this page's discussion page.

title: Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Reithy


text: User talk:66.31.169.149

title: User talk:66.31.169.149


text:
User talk:Redfox379

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Redfox379


text:
User talk:Sebastiaan~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sebastiaan. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sebastiaan~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:54, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:39, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sebastiaan~enwiki


text:
User talk:Checking

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Checking


text:
Monte Alegre

Monte Alegre may refer to:

Places in Brazil:

 * Campina do Monte Alegre, São Paulo
 * Monte Alegre, Pará
 * Monte Alegre, Rio Grande do Norte
 * Monte Alegre dos Campos, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Monte Alegre de Goiás, Goiás
 * Monte Alegre de Minas, Minas Gerais
 * Monte Alegre do Piauí, Piauí
 * Monte Alegre de Sergipe, Sergipe
 * Monte Alegre do Sul, São Paulo

or:

 * Monte Alegre (ship)

title: Monte Alegre


text:
Kilan

Kilan is a city in the Central District of Damavand County, Tehran province, Iran.

Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 3,038 in 913 households. The following census in 2011 counted 2,981 people in 902 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 2,882 people in 927 households.

Overview
The name is derived from the Tati tribe of Kailan/Khailan/Gailan who were settled in this region during the Tati period. Only a few still speak Tati language (Iran). The local folklore, however, produces a folk etymology for the now mysterious name as meaning "king's place."

The earliest human settlement near Kilan is the Neolithic site of Qaleh Asgar located about 1.2 km southeast of Kilan. The site was excavated by Enayatolah Amirlou, who assigned it to the Epipaleolithic period. A reexamination of archaeological finds by Fereidoun Biglari showed that the site is Neolithic and dates back to about 8000 years ago.

A remarkably high 75% of the inhabitants of the city have academic degrees.

title: Kilan


text: User talk:66.211.222.18

title: User talk:66.211.222.18


text:
KXTV

KXTV (channel 10) is a television station in Sacramento, California, United States, affiliated with ABC. Owned by Tegna Inc., the station maintains studios on Broadway, just south of US 50 at the south edge of downtown Sacramento, and its transmitter is located in Walnut Grove, California.

KXTV was the second station built in Sacramento proper, signing on in 1955; it served as Sacramento's CBS affiliate for four decades before changing to ABC in 1995. Its early history was dominated by a battle between local newspaper interests and a group of non-broadcasting business owners for the right to operate the channel, which was won by the latter. Owned in turn by Corinthian Broadcasting and Belo before being acquired by Tegna's forerunner Gannett in 1999, the station slowly rose to a second place in local news ratings before falling back to third in the late 2000s.

A long channel 10 battle
The first application for channel 10 in Sacramento was filed on May 7, 1948, by the McClatchy Broadcasting Company, owner of The Sacramento Bee newspaper and radio stations KFBK and KFBK-FM. The application was put on hold during the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)'s four-year freeze on television licenses; when the freeze ended, McClatchy refiled for channel 10. By October, the FCC had received eight applications for Sacramento's various TV channels, and joining McClatchy in seeking channel 10 was a consortium known as Sacramento Telecasters, Inc. Sacramento Telecasters consisted of mostly private business interests outside of broadcasting. One owner was Robert S. Breuner of the Breuners Home Furnishings chain; his store had sold televisions when San Francisco stations went on the air, only to have many of them returned because San Francisco stations were not sufficiently received in Sacramento. Also present in the consortium was John Schacht, general manager of radio station KMOD in Modesto, California.

The battle between McClatchy and Sacramento Telecasters that ensued was a long and comparatively high-profile hearing. Both groups originally proposed to build a transmitter facility at Pine Hill, 29 mi east of Sacramento in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. However, the site was owned by the state, and the California Department of Forestry had announced it would only permit one mast to be built at Pine Hill. Where McClatchy expressed concern over the lack of broadcast expertise in most of the ownership, KMOD's public service record, and the possibility that the economic interests involved in Sacramento Telecasters might withdraw their advertising from other stations, Sacramento Telecasters contended that McClatchy—with its ownership of newspapers and broadcasting properties covering areas from Bakersfield in the south to Red Bluff in the north—was overly dominant in the region. Each group had selected a site for planned studios: McClatchy would build television facilities next to the new building for The Bee at 22nd and Q streets, while Sacramento Telecasters announced it would construct at 30th and L streets.

FCC hearing examiner Thomas Donahue issued his recommendation on November 10, 1953. He found in favor of McClatchy, citing its long record in broadcasting including five years of training personnel in television, though noting that both applications were unobjectionable. Sacramento Telecasters immediately objected to the initial decision, with president William P. Wright telling the Associated Press, "The men in Sacramento Telecasters believe that all seven members of the FCC are entitled to rule on this apparent departure which would prevent any possibility of new blood entering the field of communications, regardless of qualifications." The next month, the firm filed a 55-page objection and 113 pages of supporting briefs urging the commission to overturn the initial decision, its argument hinging on the question of diversification of media ownership. Sacramento Telecasters received a lift when the FCC's broadcast bureau recommended its application over that of McClatchy in April 1955. Its lead attorney, P. W. Valicenti, called the Sacramento Valley "McClatchy land"; McClatchy attorneys countered this characterization, highlighting the presence of 28 non-McClatchy daily newspapers and several other radio stations in town.

On October 4, 1954, the FCC unanimously overturned the initial decision and granted a construction permit to Sacramento Telecasters, which it deemed a newcomer that "warrants a substantial preference" over McClatchy despite the latter's public service record with its existing stations. The company then announced it would begin construction on its proposed new station. McClatchy announced it would challenge the decision in federal appeals court, but Telecasters announced it would go ahead with building the station. It did, however, make two modifications to its plans; site availability concerns surrounding Pine Hill led to its replacement with a new site at Logtown, south of El Dorado, and the studios would be built on 7th Avenue. The facility, formerly the headquarters of the California Highway Patrol, was partially rebuilt to house two studios and eight offices.

On March 20, 1955, KBET-TV—promoted as "Your Best Bet in TV" —began broadcasting with an opening program headlined by comedian Johnny Carson and its first night of programs from CBS; it was Sacramento's second station and the city's first VHF outlet, preceded by KCCC-TV (channel 40). However, for nearly three years after broadcasting began, the station's fledgling operation continued to be challenged by McClatchy. In addition to continuing to argue that the FCC was unfair to newspapers in denying its application and looked upon them with a "jaundiced eye", an argument unanimously rejected by a three-man panel, the newspaper company added a new argument related to its decision to change the transmitter site from Pine Hill to Logtown, which reduced the station's coverage area and were a downgrade from the original proposals for both companies. McClatchy found more success in this line of argument; in October 1956, the appeals court ordered the commission to hold hearings on the KBET-TV tower site change. After the Supreme Court of the United States refused to hear appeals from McClatchy and from Sacramento Telecasters, a hearing was slated in October.

However, a petition by McClatchy to enlarge the issues to be considered in the tower site hearing such as to force a review of the comparative merits of its original 1952 application alongside that of Sacramento Telecasters was not looked on favorably. As a result, on February 10, 1958, McClatchy announced it would not pursue any further legal action in the case, "reluctantly" discontinuing its battle. The FCC examiner appointed for the tower site hearing then recommended the commission reaffirm the tower site change. McClatchy would eventually succeed at entering the Sacramento/Stockton television market in 1964, when it purchased Stockton station KOVR.

Corinthian ownership
In November 1958, after a month of negotiations, Sacramento Telecasters agreed to sell KBET-TV to the Great Western Broadcasting Corporation—a subsidiary of the J. H. Whitney Company of New York City, which operated the Corinthian Broadcasting group of television stations—for $4.55 million. The call sign was changed to KXTV on April 27, 1959. The station moved to its present tower site at the start of 1962, having jointly constructed it with KOVR and KCRA-TV.

The primary event in the early years of Corinthian operation was a strike that began on September 26, 1960, and stretched more than two years. The strike was touched off when management ordered two directors to leave the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA); 10 AFTRA members and another 32 of NABET joined the action. The strike lasted more than two years and featured a secondary boycott of the station led by the unions, leading to the loss of several advertising contracts; at various times, both parties were found to be guilty of unfair labor practices. In a final ruling at the end of 1964, the National Labor Relations Board found that unions were allowed to engage in publicity other than picketing and thus that their actions were protected. This was affirmed in 1966.

Corinthian purchased a studio site at 400 Broadway in downtown Sacramento to relocate KXTV in 1965; the 7th Avenue site was in the path of the proposed Interstate 5 freeway. The station moved on January 15, 1968, and the property was then sold to the state of California. In 1971, Corinthian merged with Dun & Bradstreet, a publisher of trade and technical publications and directories.

Belo ownership and affiliation switch to ABC
The Corinthian group was sold to the A. H. Belo Corporation in 1984. Belo immediately made significant changes at the station to bolster its sagging ratings and local image. The present Walnut Grove tower was built in 1986.

On March 6, 1995, KXTV switched its affiliation to ABC, in a swap with KOVR-TV, which joined CBS. The affiliation switch was precipitated by Belo including KXTV in a renewal with its two ABC affiliates.

Over Belo's 15-year ownership of the station, it moved from third to second place in local news ratings, and the staff was expanded by 30 percent to 175 employees.

Gannett/Tegna ownership
In 1999, Belo traded KXTV and $55 million to the Gannett Company in exchange for KVUE, an ABC affiliate in Austin, Texas. The deal allowed Belo to enter the Texas state capital, a market of significant strategic importance to the Dallas-based company, and gave it a presence in two-thirds of Texas TV households. The deal closed in July, and the general manager of KVUE moved to Sacramento to run KXTV.

In 2000, the station constructed the News10 Weather Tower, which was finished by October but first lit on August 24, 2001, owing to the energy crisis in the state at the time. In addition to providing microwave transmission capabilities for the station—which had to trim trees at homes in the Land Park neighborhood prior to its installation —it originally functioned as a weather beacon with lighted LED elements on the top to indicate features of the weather forecast. As a result of the energy crisis, solar panels were installed on the roof to power the facility. In addition to weather, the tower was lit purple after each Sacramento Kings and Sacramento Monarchs win. While no longer lit, the tower still is used for KXTV's microwave needs, cellular service, and to broadcast KXTV's Sacramento UHF replacement translator.

KXTV became the broadcast television partner of the Kings midway through the 2002–03 season when a dispute erupted between the Kings and KMAX-TV (channel 31), who had been airing the team's games since 1988, over special editions of its morning show that the franchise felt traded on the team's name without its permission. As with its arrangement with that station, the Kings bought air time from KXTV, produced the telecasts, and sold the advertising; 25 games were telecast on KXTV in the first season. Several Monarchs women's basketball games were added in 2005. In 2009, the Kings moved all of their games to Comcast SportsNet (now NBC Sports California).

On June 29, 2015, Gannett's broadcasting and digital divisions split from the newspaper division under the Tegna Inc. name. Two months later, the station retired the long-running "News10" moniker to brand as "ABC 10", primarily to improve its ability to promote entertainment programming.

News operation
Local news was instituted from the station's beginning, with radio newsman Hank Thornley as the first anchor on KBET-TV, and slowly expanded through the 1960s. Even though at one point in the early 1970s KXTV briefly eclipsed it, the station has spent most of its history a distant second or third to KCRA-TV, the Sacramento area's traditional news leader. At times, not even KXTV and KOVR-TV combined could equal KCRA's news ratings.

Known under such names as The Big News, Channel 10 News, Newservice 10, and Eyewitness News, the "News 10" name was adopted in 1984 with Belo's takeover of the station. The 40-person news staff, the smallest in the market at the time, was expanded. Ratings rose and came closer to challenging KCRA. However, between 2006 and 2010, ratings fell, and KOVR surpassed KXTV in morning and early evening news.

In 2022, KXTV and reporter Brandon Rittiman were honored with a Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award for a series on the role electrical utility PG&E played in sparking the Camp Fire in 2018.

Non-news programming
From the late 1980s to early 1990s, KXTV produced two nationally syndicated magazine programs: Scratch (which was aimed at young adults) and Pulse (which covered medical news), as well as Biba's Italian Kitchen, hosted by local restaurateur Biba Caggiano.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Kiran Chetry (now with CNN)
 * Dana Jacobson (last with ESPN and now with CBS Sports Radio)

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

KXTV began broadcasting its digital signal on UHF channel 61 in 1999. The station shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 10, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television; channel 61 was removed from television use as part of the transition, and the digital signal relocated to VHF channel 10.

In 2014, KXTV filed to build a digital replacement translator broadcasting with 15 kW on UHF channel 36, located on the Weather Tower, to improve reception in the immediate Sacramento area. Construction of the translator was completed in October 2018.

Though it does not host any additional subchannels, KXTV is part of Sacramento's ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) deployment on KQCA, which began operating in July 2021.

title: KXTV


text:
GEMM

GEMM may refer to:

 * General matrix multiply, one of the Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms
 * Genetically engineered mouse model
 * Gilt-edged market maker
 * Global Electronic Music Marketplace, a former online music market
 * CFU-GEMM, granulocyte-erythrocyte-monocyte-megakaryocyte colony forming unit

title: GEMM


text:
Monte Alto, São Paulo

Monte Alto (Portuguese for "High Hill") is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil founded on May 15, 1881. The population is 50,772 (2020 est.) in an area of 347 km². The elevation is 735 m. Its motto is (from Latin) Mons Altus Semper Altius (High Hill Always Higher). The sanctuary and mausoleum to the Brazilian popular saint, Menina Izildinha, is located in the city, And it's a birthplace for the professional football player, Vitor Bueno.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Monte Alto, São Paulo


text: User talk:129.21.168.51

title: User talk:129.21.168.51


text:
Template talk:Latin periods

I'd propose to add Humanist Latin to this template, since it is largely separate from Medieval Latin and New Latin:

-- Smerdis of Tlön 18:43, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Latin periods


text:
.32-20 Winchester

The .32-20 Winchester / 7.94x33mmR, also known as .32 WCF (Winchester center fire), was the first small-game lever-action cartridge that Winchester produced. It was initially introduced as a black-powder cartridge in 1882 for small-game, varmint hunting, and deer. Colt produced a single-action revolver chambered for this cartridge a few years later.

The name .32-20 refers to the 32 caliber bullet of .312 in and standard black-powder charge of 20 gr.

Performance
This cartridge was sometimes used for deer hunting in the past, and William Lyman, the designer of rifle sights, said of it: "For large game, of course, a .32-20 W.C.F. cartridge is rather small, but it comes nearer to being an all-around cartridge in my opinion than any other." Many now consider it too light and low-powered for deer and better suited to small game and metallic silhouette. It has a good reputation for accuracy in rifles as well as the few handguns that have been chambered for it. Because of its low power, it destroys very little meat, making it a good hunting round for appropriately sized game, up to about 100 yd. Although it is an inexpensive cartridge to reload, care must be taken by the reloader because of the extremely thin walls of the cartridge case. Energy and pressure levels for handloading are determined based on the strength and condition of the firearm action to be used. Because most firearms chambered for this cartridge are older (e.g. early model Winchester Model 73 and 92 rifles as well as older Colt and Smith & Wesson revolvers) factory ammunition usually has reduced pressures from what can be achieved through handloading. Most factory ammunition exhibits ballistics of about 1200 ft/s and 325 ft.lbf of energy at the muzzle with a 100 gr bullet from an 18 to 20 inch rifle barrel. The performance characteristics of the cartridge listed in the sidebar should be considered maximum performance parameters obtainable, and even then only with a modern weapon designed for higher pressure loads. Factory-type loads - and reloads mimicking factory type loads - are the safe maximum loads for use in older firearms. Few, if any, companies still manufacture firearms in this caliber.

Daughter cartridges
The .25-20 Winchester cartridge is simply a necked-down version of the .32-20. In addition, the .218 Bee was created using the .32-20 as its parent cartridge.

The .32-20 cartridge case has been used to create usable ammunition for the Nagant M1895. This is accomplished by removing .01" from the rim thickness and sizing the case in a specific reloading die (Lee Nagant 3 die set). The ammunition produced is functional and easy to reload; however, .32-20 brass does not provide a gas seal as it is not long enough to protrude past the Nagant cylinder. The .32-20 cartridge case can also be used to create 8mm French Ordnance ammunition for use in the Modèle 1892 revolver.

Currently, the .32-20 is used and modified by shooters in the UK and Australia for the .310 Cadet cartridge. Modifications involve length resizing and in most cases reducing the rim thickness. Due to the .310 using a heeled projectile, the neck thickness is not too much of a concern, after first being case length resized to 1.075" (27.3 mm). Most .310 cadet chambered rifles need to have the rim of the .32-20 case reduced from 0.065" to under 0.045" (1.7 mm to 1.14 mm), to allow proper head spacing and operation of rifle. However, in the instance of a lever action .32-20 fitted with a .310 barrel, the rifle will cycle better without the case rim thickness being reduced. As home reloading is the main option for the .310, many shooters play with different case length reduction of the .32-20, anywhere from 0.875  to 1.185  (22.23 mm to 30.10 mm).

title: .32-20 Winchester


text:
Monte Aprazível

Monte Aprazível is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population is of 25,373 inhabitants, and the area is 496.9 km2.

Known as "The Dream's Dam City", because of a dam located nearby the city center.

Monte Aprazível belongs to the Mesoregion of São José do Rio Preto and is located 475 km from the city of São Paulo.

History
Monte Aprazível was founded by Captain Porfírio de Alcântara Pimentel, who was born in the city of Areias, São Paulo. On December 18, 1914, the district is created, and on December 23, 1924, the municipality is established with the emancipation from Rio Preto.

1936 shooting
On December 18, 1936, a Brazilian farmer supposedly killed 16 people in Monte Aprazível, Brazil. A Japanese colonist named Fiorky had caught the man's 10-year-old son in his orchard stealing fruit and cut off his hand with an axe. The boy returned home, told his father about the incident, and died shortly thereafter, whereupon the farmer took a shotgun and hid by the roadside, shooting every Japanese passing by. He was arrested by police after shooting dead 16 of them, including the sons of the man who had killed his son.

According to some reports the farmer shot dead every Japanese passing by, because he had difficulties of recognizing Fiorky, the Japanese colonist who killed his son. Another report states that the farmer first killed the Japanese colonist, then murdered every member of the family of Fiorky, among them four children and three women.

The story, which was widely published by newspapers, was later found to be baseless. The newspaper O Jornal contacted the regional police station of Rio Preto, inquiring about the incident, and the respective authorities declared that the incident lacked veracity and nothing abnormal had happened in Monte Aprazível, or Novo Oriente.

Economy
The Tertiary sector and the Industry are the economic basis of Monte Aprazível. Commerce, services and public administration corresponds to 49% of the city GDP. The Secondary sector is 45.5% of the GDP, and the Primary sector corresponds to 5.5%.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Transportation

 * SP-310 Rodovia Feliciano Sales Cunha
 * SP-377 Rodovia Deputado Bady Bassitt

title: Monte Aprazível


text:
.38-40 Winchester

The .38-40 Winchester (10.17x33mmR) is actually a .40 caliber (10 mm) cartridge shooting .401 in (10.2 mm) caliber bullets. The cartridge was introduced by Winchester in 1874 and is derived from their .44-40 Winchester. This cartridge was introduced for rifles, but in its reintroduction for cowboy action shooting it has seen some popularity as a revolver cartridge. It is not particularly well suited to hunting larger game, but it was popular when it was introduced, along with the previous .44-40 Winchester, for deer hunting. It can be used successfully on smaller game animals, and for self-defense. Current loadings are intended for revolvers.

Design and history

It is unclear why this cartridge was introduced, as it is very similar to the .44-40 from which it was derived. It has approximately 110 ft.lbf less muzzle energy, and has a muzzle velocity about 110 ft/s less than the .44-40. The bullet differs by only .026 inches in bullet diameter and 20 gr in standard bullet weight from the original .44-40. The goal may have been to reduce recoil while maintaining a similar bullet sectional density. One unusual design element of this cartridge is that factory ammunition was loaded with a different case profile than the standard chamber for this cartridge, factory ammunition having a much longer neck than the standard chamber. Most reloading dies are designed to size fired brass to the chamber specification rather than that of the original factory ammunition case profile.

The renewed interest in this caliber can be explained by the increasing popularity of cowboy action shooting and metallic silhouette shooting. Several single-action revolvers have recently been chambered for this cartridge, including the Ruger Vaquero. Most modern reloading data for this cartridge is found in the handgun section of reloading manuals.

Performance
Though introduced as an "all-around" cartridge, traditional sources suggest the .38–40 performs inadequately on deer. Ballistically, commercial 'cowboy' loads are similar to the much newer .40 S&W, sharing the same bullet diameter, bullet weight, and similar velocity. A limited number of hunting loads are available commercially, which produce about 25% more muzzle energy than the more common target ammunition.

Synonyms

 * .38-40
 * .38-40 WCF
 * .38 CFW
 * .38 WCF

title: .38-40 Winchester


text:
.44-40 Winchester

The .44-40 Winchester, also known as .44 Winchester, .44 WCF (Winchester Center Fire), and .44 Largo (in Spanish-speaking countries), was introduced in 1873 by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. It was the first metallic centerfire cartridge manufactured by Winchester, and was promoted as the standard chambering for the new Winchester Model 1873 rifle. As both a rifle and a handgun caliber, the cartridge soon became widely popular, so much so that the Winchester Model 1873 rifle became known as "The gun that won the West."

History
When Winchester released the new cartridge, many other firearm companies chambered their guns in the new round. Remington and Marlin released their own rifles and pistols which chambered the round, Colt offered an alternative chambering in its popular Single Action Army revolver in a model known as the Colt Frontier Six-Shooter, and Smith & Wesson began releasing their Smith & Wesson New Model 3 chambered in .44-40. Settlers, lawmen, and cowboys appreciated the convenience of being able to carry a single caliber of ammunition which they could fire in both pistol and rifle. In both law enforcement and hunting usage, the .44-40 became the most popular cartridge in the United States, and to this day has the reputation of killing more deer than any other save the .30-30 Winchester.

The cartridge was originally sold as .44 Winchester. When the Union Metallic Cartridge Co. (UMC) began selling their own version of the cartridge, it adopted the name .44-40 (shorthand for .44 caliber and the standard load at the time of 40 gr of black powder), as it did not want to offer free advertising for one of its competitors. Over time, the name stuck, and eventually Winchester adopted the .44-40 designation for the round after World War II. Winchester uses the designation "44-40 Winchester" on packaging.

Technical background
The initial standard load for the cartridge was 40 gr of black powder propelling a 200 gr round-nose, flat-point bullet at roughly 1245 ft/s. Winchester catalogues listed velocities of 1300 ft/s by 1875. In 1886, UMC also began offering a slightly heavier, 217 gr, bullet at 1190 ft/s, also with 40 gr of black powder. Winchester soon began to carry the 217-gr loading, as well, but in 1905, UMC discontinued the heavier load. In 1895, Winchester introduced a 200 gr cartridge bulk loaded with 17 gr of DuPont No. 2 smokeless powder and a  bullet for 1300 ft/s, and in 1896, UMC followed suit with a 217-gr bullet at 1235 ft/s. Soon, both companies were offering the cartridge with lead "metal patched" (i.e. copper-jacketed with lead points), and full metal jacket versions. Taking advantage of the stronger-action designs of the Winchester model 1892 and the Marlin 1894 lever-action rifles, in 1903, Winchester began offering a higher-performance version of the loading called the Winchester High Velocity (WHV), with a velocity of 1540 ft/s using a 200-gr copper-jacketed bullet from a 24 in barrel length, UMC and Peters Cartridge Company soon introduced equivalents. Over the years, a number of different bullet weights and styles have been offered, including 122, 140, 160, 165, 166, 180, and 217 gr in lead, soft- and hollow-point, full metal case, blanks, and shot shells. The most common current loading is a 200-gr bullet at 1190 ft/s.

By 1942, more modern cartridges had all but eclipsed the .44-40, but it regained some popularity in the 1950s and 1960s when Colt began once again to manufacture the Single Action Army and Frontier. More recently, the .44-40 has had a resurgence due to the popularity of metallic silhouette and cowboy action shooting, which inspired the introduction of a low-velocity 225 gr gallery load, the heaviest factory bullet ever available for the cartridge.

In Popular Culture
In the TV Series Little House on the Prairie, Season 2 Episode 12, Mr. Edwards buys his son a Winchester 94 chambered in .44-40.

title: .44-40 Winchester


text: File:Liar Liar poster.JPG

title: File:Liar Liar poster.JPG


text:
.45 Winchester Magnum

The .45 Winchester Magnum is a .45 caliber rimless cartridge intended for use in semi-automatic pistols. The cartridge is an externally lengthened .45 ACP with a thicker web to withstand higher operating pressures. The 45 Win Mag is nearly identical in dimensions and loading to the .45 NAACO developed by the North American Arms Corporation for their Brigadier pistol, developed to supply to the Canadian Army after World War II. The army ultimately did not adopt the pistol and its non-NATO standard ammunition.

The cartridge has been primarily used by small game hunters and metallic silhouette shooters.

Specifications
Although the .45 Winchester Magnum may be based on the .45 ACP and have the same Rim and Base dimensions, the .45 Winchester Magnum has no parent case. The .45 Winchester Magnum case is redrawn with thicker walls and longer case. The thicker wall dimensions of the .45 Winchester Magnum are designed to accommodate a higher internal pressure (40,000 cup) than that of the .45 ACP (18,000 cup [21,000psi or 140MPa]).

General comments
The .45 Winchester Magnum had been on the drawing board for two years before its introduction, in 1979, by Winchester. The cartridge did not gain much popularity due to the intermittent availability of the Wildey and LAR Grizzly pistols. The cartridge was chambered in the Thompson-Center Contender single shot pistols. The cartridge was also chambered for the Freedom Arms Model 83 single-action revolver via an available optional cylinder.

The .45 Winchester Magnum gained a following among IHMSA competitors as it provided the power and performance necessary to knock down targets at an extended range. The cartridge has been used by handgun hunters and is among the few semi-automatic pistol (as opposed to revolver) cartridges which have been adopted for this sport.

title: .45 Winchester Magnum


text:
.480 Ruger

The .480 Ruger (12.1×33mmR) is a large, high-power revolver cartridge, introduced in 2003 by Ruger and Hornady. It was the first new cartridge introduced by Ruger, and when introduced, was the largest-diameter production revolver cartridge, at .475 in.

Design
The .475 Linebaugh was introduced around 1988, for a custom, five-shot Ruger Blackhawk single-action revolver. The .475 is a wildcat cartridge made by cutting a .45-70 case to a length of 1.4 in, and necking it to accept a .475 bullet. The .475 Linebaugh is an immensely powerful cartridge, almost as powerful as the .454 Casull, the most powerful production revolver cartridge at the time (the .475 generates about 1,800 ft-lbs of energy. The .454 can generate around 2,000 ft-lbs). The .475-diameter bullet allows bullet weights over 400 gr, a feat not possible with the .45 caliber cartridge cases, and the terminal ballistics of the heavy bullet, even when loaded to moderate velocities, were impressive. The .475 Linebaugh was designed for handgun hunting of large game, such as bear, where deep penetration is required for a quick, humane kill, and the heavy, cast Keith-style semiwadcutter bullets out of the .475 Linebaugh penetrated very well.

History
When Ruger began to design their new cartridge, they started with the .475 Linebaugh super-magnum cartridge but went a different direction. Rather than using the Blackhawk, Ruger chose to chamber the new round in the double-action Super Redhawk, and designed the cartridge to fit in a 6-shot cylinder. The Super Redhawk was already the only 6-shot .454 Casull revolver in production, as all other makers used 5-shot cylinders to keep the cylinder walls thicker to handle the high pressures. The .480 Ruger uses lower pressures than the .454 Casull, at 48,000 psi, so the .454 Casull can produce higher velocities and more energy. Although, with much lighter bullets than available in .475 caliber. The .480 case was also .115 inches shorter than the .475 Linebaugh, at 1.285 inches, the same as the .44 Magnum. The .480's large diameter rim is also turned down, which is required to fit the 6 cartridges in the Super Redhawk's cylinder without interference.

The .480 Ruger is viewed by some as a ".475 Special", a slightly downgraded version of the super-magnum cartridge. In fact, .480 Ruger rounds will fit and function in a .475 Linebaugh revolver, just as a .44 Special will fit and function in revolvers chambered for the .44 Magnum. Reviewing the .480's ballistics, however, reveals this is somewhat misleading, as this "Special" reference may cause one to consider the .480 a low-powered target round when in actuality it is much closer to its more powerful cousin the .475 Linebaugh than the .44 Special is to the .44 Magnum. The .480 Ruger operates at a maximum pressure of 48,000 psi, whereas the Linebaugh has a maximum pressure of 50,000, showing how close indeed the two cartridges are. Depending on load, the .480 Ruger can easily reach within 150 ft/s of the .475 Linebaugh, making it a very formidable hunting cartridge for large and dangerous game.

The initial response to the .480 Ruger was mixed, as many reviewers compared it unfavorably to the more powerful .475 Linebaugh or .454 Casull, and wondered why Ruger had bothered to introduce a lower-powered cartridge. (This was based on muzzle energy alone, with no regard to either bullet diameter or weight, or to TKO, as was evident in the sales literature and magazines of the times, which compared the new 325 gr load's muzzle energy to the muzzle energy of other handgun hunting cartridges.) Indeed, the first factory load, a 325 gr bullet at 1350 ft/s, is nearly within reach of the .44 Magnum. However, with bullets of 400 gr and higher, the .480 Ruger starts to show more potential. The standard .44 Magnum powders, in similar amounts, will push a 400 gr bullet at over 1300 ft/s (thus yielding a TKO factor around 35.28 vs. 34.62 for a 325 gr 454 Casull at 1650 ft/s). This provides 1500 ft.lbf of muzzle energy, about 50% more than commercial .44 Magnum loads, showing the .480 Ruger's good efficiency with the heavy bullets. The lower velocities and lower pressures mean the .480 Ruger has less felt recoil and muzzle blast than the higher-pressure super-magnums.

Usage
The .480 is a well-balanced cartridge, providing a lot of energy without the recoil of larger hard-kicking rounds. It has been stated by many gun writers that the .44 Magnum is typically the most powerful handgun an average person can master. The .480's original Hornady loading of a 325 gr JHP, easily surpasses factory loadings for the .44 Magnum, with very similar recoil in handguns of like weight. As a point of reference, the factory 325 gr bullet of the .480 Ruger has the same approximate sectional density as a 265 gr projectile in the .44 Magnum, which has been proven adequate for very large game species with hard cast or all copper or copper alloy bullets of similar weight. Phil Shoemaker, a very experienced Alaskan brown bear hunting guide with decades of experience, has used 260 gr hard cast bullets in his .44 magnum revolver for bear protection in Alaska. Essentially, the .480 Ruger is like a 22 percent bigger .44 magnum since it shoots bullets of similar sectional densities to the same approximate velocities as the .44 magnum with comparable barrel lengths, and the increase in sectional area of .475 caliber bullets over .44 caliber bullets is 22 percent.

The future of this round remains unsure. Magazine articles and online forums were, for a brief while, replete with discussions about the potential of the cartridge. However, lackluster sales and a limited number of firearms available in this caliber have shown it to have only moderate popularity. Handloaders reported getting phenomenal performance out of the round, rubbing shoulders with the .475 Linebaugh and easily equaling and even eclipsing the Taylor Knockout Value (TKO) of the .454 Casull, with less recoil, muzzle blast and noise due to the .480's lower pressures. Still, for the most part, the round was seen as not doing anything new, and available loads limited its potential for the non-handloader to mere deer hunting (for which many calibers already exist to serve that need).

After Smith & Wesson introduced its .500 S&W in 2003, and .460 S&W Magnum in 2005, the .480 fell even further into obscurity as it could not compete with the glitz of these new mega-cartridges. Revolvers chambered in .460 S&W Magnum can usually accept .454 Casull, .45 Colt, and .45 Schofield rounds as well (in the same way that a .475 Linebaugh revolver can take .480 Ruger), a useful cost-saving feature that can increase the appeal of the .460 over the .480 for some shooters, especially for practice sessions where full-power rounds are not necessary.

There were many handgunners that disliked the heavy Super Redhawk and waited for Ruger to release the cartridge in their Super Blackhawk single-action. This did not occur until August 2015, when a Bisley Super Blackhawk model in .454 Casull and .480 Ruger, was announced as a distributor exclusive through Lipsey's.

title: .480 Ruger


text:
Monte Azul Paulista

Monte Azul Paulista is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 18,968 (2020 est.) in an area of 263 km2. The elevation is 611 metres.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Monte Azul Paulista


text:
Talk:Poland/Archive 1

Early discussion
1. Could somebody please update party leaders ? 2. Could somebody please tell me how to use things like html ć in wiki ? in re: #2: generally you just paste in the code; acceptable characters, characters not allowed, others not universally supported etc. are discussed at Wiki special characters.

Did Poland sign an agreement to allow German language to the native population of Pomerania, Silesia , West and East Prussia and for them to be able to change their names back to their original German names again ? ? ? . Okay, I'm just wondering how the heck I'm able to edit your web page. For some reason it just doesn't sound like very good planning to have your web-page open to editing by the pulic. Anyway, have a nice day! ~Squirrelboy~ 8/24/02 -- Huh ? There are two-language town names in Opolskie. Are you talking about this ? German native population (living before World War II in Pomerania, Silesia etc.) of western and northwesternparts of Poland was mostly deported to Germany after World War II. Very few German-speaking people live in Poland nowadays (less than 1 %). According to Polish law everyone has right to change her/his name if she/he proves that she/he has important reason to do so - for example if he wants to have German name. In Poland everyone has right to speak in his native language, every ethnic minority has right to establish their schools, there are also schools for German minority. Poland has signed many international treaties which guarant human rights, including rights of ethnic minorities. Now I understand libertarians - one of my best friends is a serious one, but 'slave' and 'conscript army' are not synonymous unless conscription is for life or until you literally pay your way out. Please don't think I'm defending conscript armies, by the way! I think they're appalling social tools. I'm just asking for a considered rewrite. "Conscription" is kind of slavery. You are denied all liberty, taken from home, forced to do things you don't want to, and they can send you to death if they want to. If it's not slavery, then what is ? In some countries it is just for a year or two, but in many countries in history, most of slave soldiers never returned home. The very definition of slaves is that they can be sold -- they're property. Conscript soldiers can't. -- Paul Drye re: comparative area of late C16 Poland-Lithuania and Russia: I checked this on a map before amending it, szopen, and it looked clear to me that European Russia under Ivan IV and his immediate successors ruled a larger area than Rzeczpospolita at its height (1.2m sq km?). I'll try to get hold of some figures, but it's worth remembering how vast (2-3m sq km?) the Russian area is, even when limiting oourselves to Europe. User:David Parker
 * Thank you. That would be interesting. "Poland greates state in Europe" is so often repeated in bunch of books, newspapers and so on, that i've never tried to validate that claim.
 * However territorial peak for Poland was, IIRC, in early 17 century.
 * Anyway, i will try ti search in my own reliable books szopen

What happened to the list of international organizations -- Interpol, the Zangger Committee, and so on -- that Poland belongs to? Has someone unilaterally decided that that list is boring and deleted it? --the Epopt

The article now has the template from WikiProject Countries placed on it. I hope it is to everyone's liking, and feel free to add to it, but there's one detail that may need some attention. We've generally used English names, where available, for political entities such as provinces or in this case voivodships. Currently the voivodships we have articles on use Polish titles, instead of English ones, though they do mention them in their text. In some cases the voivodship mostly corresponds to a region that has a separate article, but does have the same name, such as Greater and Lesser Poland. Corresponding articles are listed next to each other in the subdivisions section and I would like to ask the Polish Wikipedians if they can assist in either converting and merging these articles to their English names, or to make clear if this is not at all possible. Thanks. -Scipius 00:33 Dec 8, 2002 (UTC)
 * I suppose this voivodship issue is a little confusing. IMO the corresponding articles should not be merged. Masovia and Mazowieckie are quite different things the former is geographic and historical entity that roughly corresponds, if territory is concerned, to the latter. Masovia has always been there and Mazowieckie is a rather recent political phenomen that can go away with the next government in office. On the other hand I wonder if there are common naming conventions for voivodships in the English speaking countries. --Kpjas Sun, 8 Dec 2002 10:57:22 +0100
 * Thanks. I suppose this means we should therefore better move "Mazowieckie" to "Masovia Voivodship", as well as the others, or do you think just "Masovia (voivodship)" would be enough? I take it the -kie suffix somehow denotes the voivodship element, so we need to represent that in English via a full word. -Scipius 19:29 Dec 8, 2002 (UTC)
 * To clarify a little these convoluted matters of Polish voivodships. To be honest Mazowieckie and friends are plain misnomers that were put into Wikipedia carelessly by someone. Mazowieckie is an adjective derived from Mazowsze and it is additionally an ellipsis it should read Voivodship Mazowieckie (mind, Polish word order) to be precise. At least it is used this way formally in Polish.  Ideally and quite consistently it would be to follow your proposal and move them to Masovia Voivodship etc but not all have these historical-geographical regions to let us form titles like in the Masovia example. All in all, though it is rather ugly I'd vote for Mazowieckie (voivodship in Poland). I think it would be consistent and clear for speakers of English. What do you think ? --Kpjas Sun,  8 Dec 2002 21:34:24 +0100
 * Well, I did notice that Lodzkie refers to Lodz. Don't cases that do not currently correspond to a historic region perhaps correspond with a city or something else? In that case we could call them after that, Voivodship, for consistency with the others. Normally, we should use English terms, and when none are available we use the native ones, but since the -kie titles are only adjectives, we may "anglicise" them a bit further and make it  Voivodship. I would not use your last suggestion as a title, for the simple reason that the English (or rather Latinised) region names are more familiar to non-Polish speakers. I assume the voivodship names are meant to invoke an association with the regions in Polish, so why not preserve that in English? "Greater Poland" certainly was a lot clearer to me than Wielkopolskie. -Scipius 20:53 Dec 8, 2002 (UTC)
 * My voice is not by any means decisive but I would agree with your line of thinking that the article names about Polish voivodships should be as much understandable as possible to speakers of English. We ought to leave all polonisms behind. Please make your list of the articles about voivodships and post it here. --Kpjas Tue, 10 Dec 2002 16:46:08 +0100

It mostly like it is now in the article, but here a full proposal (not all of them have articles at the moment, of course): If you could fill in those with a ?, if possible. If not, then we'll just have to use the Polish name, no problem. -Scipius 20:30 Dec 10, 2002 (UTC)
 * Wielkopolskie > Greater Poland voivodship in Poland
 * Kujawsko-Pomorskie > Kujavia-Pomerania voivodship in Poland
 * Malopolskie > Lesser Poland voivodship in Poland
 * Lodzkie > Lodz voivodship in Poland
 * Dolnoslaskie > Lower Silesia voivodship in Poland
 * Lubelskie > ? voivodship in Poland
 * Lublin voivodship in Poland (changed Voivodship to voivodship)
 * Lubuskie > ? voivodship in Poland
 * Lubusz voivodship in Poland (reluctantly it seems to me as cryptic as it was)
 * Mazowieckie > Masovia voivodship in Poland
 * Opolskie > Opole voivodship in Poland
 * Podkarpacie > ? voivodship in Poland
 * Subcarpathian voivodship in Poland (I seem to like this one but nonetheless it might be a little misleading)
 * Podlasie > ? voivodship in Poland
 * Podlasie voivodship in Poland (I'm at a loss here is there an English name for this geographic region)
 * Pomorskie > Pomerania voivodship in Poland
 * Swietokrzyskie > ? voivodship in Poland
 * Kielce voivodship in Poland (it might prove misleading, take care)
 * Slaskie > Upper Silesia voivodship in Poland
 * Warminsko-Mazurskie > Warmia-Masuria voivodship in Poland
 * Zachodniopomorskie > Western Pomeranian voivodship in Poland
 * To complicate matters even worse see : http://directory.google.com/Top/Regional/Europe/Poland/Voivodships/ Kpjas Wed, 11 Dec 2002 11:27:35 +0100

--- These are propositions. Feel free to comment, or change. SC
 * 1) Lubelskie > Lublin Voivodship
 * 2) OK
 * 3) Lubuskie > Lubusz Voivodship
 * 4) No
 * 5) Podkarpacie > Podkarpatian Voivodship
 * 6) Subcarpathian is better
 * 7) Podlasie > Podlasian Voivodship
 * 8) No
 * 9) Pomorskie > Pomeranian Voivodship
 * 10) Swietokrzyskie > Holy Cross Voivodship
 * 11) No,no,no
 * 12) Slaskie > Silesian Voivodship
 * 13) No let's be consistent -> Upper and Lower Silesia
 * 14) Warminsko-Mazurskie > Warmio-Masurian Voivodship
 * 15) No
 * 16) Zachodniopomorskie > West Pomeranian Voivodship
 * 17) seems to be nice but Western Pommerania might be as well
 * Ad 2) this one is tricky because this historically Polish region takes it's name from the city of Lubusz, which is currently located in Germany under the name "Lebus", but "Lebusian voivodship" ain't gonna fly.
 * Ad 5)and 9) changed "Pomerania" to "Pomeranian" and "Western" to "West".
 * Ad 7) Upper Silesia exists as a region but not as a voivodship, so it's a Silesian Voivodship.

Kpjas! I am being consistent. But there is no such thing as Upper Silesian voivodship. Just like in USA there is no state of "East Virginia". I know, there is a region called Upper Silesia but part of it lies in the Opolskie voivodship! Subcarpathian is cool, but if you want to be consistent, you would have to call Podlaskie - "Subsylvanian" - and nobody would recognize it then! SC --- I'd like to thank you both for your suggestions, I've learnt a bit more Polish ;). As for my view on the proposals, Kpjas, I don't think we should use the "in Poland" bit in the title. As far as I know, a voivodship is already most commonly associated with Poland, so it's a little redundant. I quite like the idea of making the region names into adjectives themselves (Pomerania > Pomeranian), since that seems to be the case in Polish as well (likewise Masovian Voivodship). As for Slaskie, it does appear confusing. The Polish name obviously doesn't contain an "Upper" part, but one look at the region/voivodship homepage makes clear the two concepts are somewhat mixed together. I would slightly prefer "Silesian Voivodship", because it is a more accurate translation. As for the others, I see that a literal translation may create some potentially unwanted unclarity. How's about we use "Subcarpathian Voivodship" for Podkarpacie because it refers to the Carpathians, which people may know and also locates the province in the south, but use the Polish names for Swietokrzyskie and Podlasie, since they do not refer to regions with a common English name and the direct translations completely disassociates them from their Polish names. I would also go for "Lubusz Voivodship", given the history of the western voivodships and, finally, I would like to know whether Warminsko-Mazurskie should perhaps be "Warmian-Masurian Voivodship". -Scipius 20:40 Dec 11, 2002 (UTC)

OK on all! 22:15 Dec 11, 2002 (UTC) SC -- OK. It seems all reasonable but this task of choosing names is a little tricky. I hope we've managed to avoid making confusion in minds of those poor English speaking folk ;-) Kpjas Thu, 12 Dec 2002 15:36:59 +0100
 * I'd say we're good to go. I'll start work on moving the articles and editing their articles. If you have any comments on my edits, don't hesitate to tell me. -Scipius 22:56 Dec 14, 2002 (UTC)
 * Well, done. There are likely many references to the Polish names in other articles dealing with Polish affairs which need to be changed. Given they are now redirects there's no hurry, one could also do this should there be a need to edit such an article for a different reason. -Scipius 00:15 Dec 15, 2002 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your efforts in making Polish voivodships at least slightly more understadable for the English speaking audience. BTW History of Poland article is also a mess ;-) Kpjas Sun, 15 Dec 2002 12:21:21 +0100
 * You're welcome, Kpjas. As for the history article, I'm sorry, but my work on the WikiProject Countries is currently on hold while we discuss a new direction, which may mean restructuring that article. -Scipius 13:57 Dec 15, 2002 (UTC)

82.82.118.163 in a change log said 'My grandfather i. e. was allowed to leave Poland in 1959. He had to stay, because there were no mining experts in West Poland. He was not allowed to settle to West Germany.'
 * While I don't deny that some Germans were forced to labour in Poland, I can't allow such statements as many Germans being forced to labour in Poland. Many in context of milions Germans expulsed must mean about 100 thousand of Germans doing forced labour. You are quoting anectodal evidence and hearsay. Point me to a book or official webpage. Also, I believe, if your grandfather were force to stay in Poland until 1959 it is almost sure that he was a Polish citizen (although of German of Slezian ethnicity), and as such could be not allowed to leave Poland. Przepla 17:45, 1 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Another thought. Why don't you write about yours grandfather in German expulsion after World War II, and make a link to it Poland? Przepla 18:02, 1 Nov 2003 (UTC)

- @przepla many does not mean minimum 100.000 or more. Who told you that ? Also, why "as such [polish citizen] could be not allowed to leave Poland" cant, even if he was a polish citizen which is not proven (hearsay, guess etc, you know) he be allowed to leave poland ? So what - is this something obvious and natural not to be allowed to leave a country, evene mor IF he was a citizen of that country ? Dont think so. CHris
 * You didn't understood me. I wrote: "Many in context of millions Germans". The word many means something like 30%-50% of total value. Even if about 10000 Germans were forced to labour in Poland it does not constitute many when talking about millions. And yes, it was something obvious and natural in Poland during communist government (1945-1989) to not to be allowed to leave country, if one was Poland's citizen -- Lech Walesa was not permitted to leave country to receive Nobel Peace Prize, John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla) had problems leaving the country to Rome. Basically until 1989 Poland was a country occupied by Soviets. I don't oppose the fact of Germans forced labour in Poland -- I know nothing about it. I oppose using the word many. I should also for the sake of NPOV insert fragment about literally millions many of Poles working in Germany to the Germany main article, since 82.82.118.163 want to insert it to Poland main article. Naturally I won't do that since that fact belongs to Nazi Germany article. Przepla 23:11, 5 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Why Warsaw is the largest city of Poland
Okay, I put Warsaw as the largest city because it is the largest city proper. Katowice may have a larger metropolitan area (and even then, that is debated), but individually, Warsaw is the largest city WhisperToMe 04:10, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Edits by Fvincent
<< "Rzeczpospolita" is the exact translation from latin res publica (republic): "rzecz" -- thing, matter, concern, affair, "pospolita" -- common, i.e., "common matter", "common thing". >>... The immediately following piece <<"Common" is as in House of Commons vs. House of Lords; pospolstwo -- common people.>> was deleted. After this the preceding sentence becomes unclear. Today it is not immediately seen why "publica" --> "pospolita" is the exact translation, because in modern Polsih language the predominant meaning of "pospolity" is "ordinary", "commonplace". So I added this (deleted) sentence because I felt some clarification is due here. How about restoring it or supplying a better explanation, if you don't like mine? Mikkalai 19:22, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

National motto
As far as I know there is no national motto in Poland. Bóg, honor, ojczyzna used to be somehow popular as a banner motto for many WWII military units, but there is no reference to the slogan in any post-WWII polish law or decree. And, as Poland is not a theocracy, I doubt anyone would put God in any official motto these days. I suggest User:Cautious stopped editing it.Halibutt 15:09, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I concur. There is no such law that making this motto by any means legal and official. Bóg, honor, ojczyzna should be placed in neglected Military of Poland or perhaps creating Polish military traditions would do. National motto in this place of the article should be defined in constitution, and it is not I am reverting to previous. Please do not insert it anymore, Cautious. Przepla 15:26, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Never mind, Halibutt already removed it. Przepla 15:28, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Prime Minister
The article at Leszek Miller says that he is no longer Prime Minister. So, who is, then? RickK 23:01, 1 May 2004 (UTC) Acc. to http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,53600,2051856.html Miller is still the PM and will remain in the post until 14:00 02.05.2004. Marek Belka will then officially become the new Polish PM. --tsca 23:28, 2004 May 1 (UTC)
 * According to what I found on google, Miller has resigned but the new PM has not been appointed yet. Andris 23:15, May 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Should we list the Prime Minister position as vacant, then? RickK 23:17, 1 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I would wait for a day, in case if someone from Poland responds on this page. They might know it better. If there no response by tomorrow, list as vacant. Andris 23:22, May 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Strictly speaking, the letter of resignation is currently at President's desk, who will accept this resignation later today. Polish constitution says that until next PM is appointed the previous one is still exercising his or her duties. So PM's post in almost never vacant. Przepla 23:49, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Christianization -- POV?
Isn't mentioning christianization date in country table POV? Przepla 11:22, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * In what sense? IMO the christianization in our cultural area was more of a political fact than a religious statement. As such it was equal to entering the community of modern states. Also, take note that all European countries were christianized so there's not much place for any hidden agendas. Halibutt 16:57, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * That's reasonable. Thanks. Przepla 20:02, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Although the issue's settled, I feel like adding that it is treated by the Polish as a key date in the founding of their country as a nation. Krupo 00:23, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)

Sad about Culture/ buildings etc.
It is a bit sad that there is a link under Culture of Poland with nothing in it. The history and politics are all very well but some good pictures of architecture and countryside and something about the cultural heritage would make the article much better...can anyone help? --BozMo|talk 09:55, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC) --- I edited Politics part correcting a few errors. The members of Sejm are elected by a proportional vote (not majority). The members of Senate are elected in a different way but is not strictly by majority, either. The constitution does not stipulate about 5% limit (it's in a separate election law). There are no guaranteed seats for ethnic minorities (they are excempt from 5% limit but they must pass the regional vote). Poszwa 20:41, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject Polish Voivodships

 * I started WikiProject Polish Voivodships some time ago to settle the naming conventions for Polish Voivodships, powiats/counties and gmina/communes. Please participate. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 13:13, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)

-- It is strange that no history is given from the 10th century to the 16th century. Nothing happened in Poland during this period? User:sca 24 Sept 04 http://www.poland.pl/
 * Polish history is *huge*. See History_of_Poland for more. Krupo 00:22, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Poland/Archive 1


text:
Bad Mojo

Bad Mojo is an adventure video game by Pulse Entertainment, released in 1996. The player is cast as Roger Samms, an entomologist planning to embezzle money from a research grant to escape his sordid life above an abandoned bar. An accident with his mother's enchanted locket unleashes a curse — the titular bad mojo — that turns him into a cockroach. The storyline in Bad Mojo is loosely based on Franz Kafka's 1915 novella The Metamorphosis; Roger Samms' name is an imperfect anagram of the lead character's in Metamorphosis (Gregor Samsa), and a cat called Franz appears in the game. The gameplay consists of guiding the cockroach through a series of puzzles.

Got Game Entertainment re-released the game in December 2004 as Bad Mojo Redux, packaging it with a DVD containing a variety of extra material.

Plot
The story takes place in 1995 in a rundown bar owned by Eddie Battito. Roger, one of Eddie's tenants, has stolen a million dollars worth of loan money from a science corporation he had previously worked for and is planning to leave for Mexico City to start a new life. But after a small argument with Eddie, he remembers a little trinket that he had gotten in his early childhood: a cockroach-patterned locket that belonged to his deceased mother, Angelina. Upon its discovery, the locket transforms Roger's soul into a cockroach, and transports him to a mysterious sewer system connected to every section of the bar. His adventure takes him to the basement (which is also Eddie's bedroom), the bathroom, the kitchen, the bar room, Roger's room and finally his research room. As the roach (Roger) explores a world filled with danger at every turn, including rats, garbage disposals, and his own pet cat, Franz, he is constantly being guided by his mother's spirit, who serves as an oracle.

The game explores the sad past of both Roger and Eddie, revealing that Roger had been abandoned to an abusive nun, was the center of bullying as a young man, and was never taken seriously by his superiors. Eddie has had just as bad a life, having his beloved wife die during childbirth and giving up his son out of grief and his livelihood stumbling. Eddie does not realize that his wife, Angelina, was Roger's mother, nor does Roger know that Angelina was Eddie's wife. During Roger's exploration, he is forced to extinguish the pilot light to a gas stove in the kitchen to save a baby cockroach that, in turn, assists him in jamming the garbage disposal with a spoon. This act eventually causes the whole bar to be filled with gas. Roger must then set off a smoke detector to wake Eddie and then finally reach the locket in his own unconscious body's hand. With both men safely out of the bar when it explodes, Roger and Eddie discover that they are, in fact, father and son, which was exactly as the oracle planned.

There are four possible endings to the storyline. If Eddie makes it out and Roger doesn't (if Eddie is warned of the fire but Roger is left on the floor), Eddie ends up as a homeless drunk. If Roger makes it out and Eddie doesn't, Roger tries to flee the country but is caught, charged with Eddie's murder, and remanded to an asylum for the criminally insane. If neither make it out, the ghost of Angelina narrates, telling of the death of both men, the destruction of the bar for urban renewal and that the ghosts of all three souls haunt the area where their dreams died. If both of them make it out, Eddie recognizes the cockroach locket (that contains a photo of Angelina) and they reconcile as re-united father and son before both reveal the truth about their past. The family is reunited and they travel together to Mexico with the embezzled money, which Eddie uses to buy a new bar while Roger sets up a small lab to study roaches.

Gameplay
The game begins in an underground hub with pipes to all the different rooms, which are sealed except one. By navigating from one room to another, the player unlocks the pipe to that room for easier backtracking. Roger is controlled solely using the directional arrow keys. As a cockroach, he can move small objects like cigarettes and bottle tops or weigh down precariously placed items.

In each room, there are hazards to avoid, lethal barriers to get around and puzzles to solve. The presence of hazards and ways to navigate to certain areas can be determined by observing other cockroaches. The player has four lives. A life is lost when Roger makes contact with anything deadly. When all lives are depleted, the player is sent back to the underground hub and must start the last room reached from the beginning (although the state of objects stays as the player last changed them).

A symbol of a flaming eye can often be found near living creatures, such as other cockroaches. Touching the eye causes the creature to provide hints to progress through visions and verse (voiced by Angelina). Background objects tell more about the characters and their history.

Development
Bad Mojo's development was troubled: director Vinny Carrella noted that there was "a pall over the production" and "no happiness, just pain". The original designer Drew Huffman came up with concept of having a small character in the gameplay due to the technical slowdowns on computers at the time. To begin with, the game was codenamed the "Booger Project". Huffman and Vincent Carella were brainstorming the game with Phill Simon taking inspirations from their experience with cockroach infestations, Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis and the 1946 film It's a Wonderful Life. The puzzles that were implemented focused on realism and the capabilities of a cockroach.

For graphics, the team used a mixture of CG and live action. It took a lot of study and modelling to get realistic looking roach graphics in the game animating the walk cycles frame by frame. About 720 screens in the game were produced. Parts of the cutscenes were created using Swivel 3D.

Some elements in the game required some specialists. A professional cat wrangler and trainer was hired to move the cat on the set and insurance was also required for the cat. The German cockroaches were provided by the Carolina Biological Supply Company. Controlling the roaches required a freezer to slow down their activity. The rat was caught and killed by an exterminator. The live catfish were bought from a fishmonger in Chinatown, San Francisco. During the production, a few animals were harmed, including a tarantula.

The game features a substantial electronic music soundtrack composed and performed by the American electro-industrial artist Xorcist, which has also written soundtracks for other CD-ROM games, notably Iron Helix.

Release
By early 1996, a demo of the game was released featuring a trailer, text plot and a short gameplay with only five screens of the basement.

The game was planned for development for the Sega Saturn. Shortly after the release of the game for PC, Acclaim Entertainment announced they would publish a port of the game for the Saturn. However, it was never released, and it has not been confirmed that development on it ever began.

Got Game Entertainment re-released the game in December 2004 as Bad Mojo Redux. All in-game videos were remastered from original footage. Redux runs in truecolor only, opposed to the 1996 release which required only 256-color mode. This change makes the videos clearer and more colorful. The re-release also came with a bonus DVD, which contained a making-of, art galleries and other bonuses. This DVD was omitted from the UK release.

The game was distributed by Nightdive Studios, who released the game in the digital storefront Steam on July 3, 2014, while GOG.com added it to their store on 22 May 2014.

On 2019, Xorcist released a vinyl soundtrack of the game´s soundtrack.

Reception
According to co-producer Alex Louie, the original 1996 release of Bad Mojo was commercially successful. Following the game's launch, Macworld reported that it was "selling steadily." By February 1997, roughly 12 months after its release, its sales had reached 175,000 units. Louie said in 2004 that he was "pretty sure we sold over 200,000 units" by the end of Bad Mojo's shelf life. It also received accolades from critics. Inside Mac Games nominated Bad Mojo as its pick for 1996's best adventure game, but ultimately presented the award to Titanic: Adventure Out of Time. Conversely, the editors of Macworld gave Bad Mojo their 1996 "Best Role-Playing Game" award. Steven Levy of the magazine called it "an amazing experience". In 2011, Adventure Gamers named Bad Mojo the 30th-best adventure game ever released.

Arinn Dembo, writing for Computer Gaming World, gave the game 4 stars. MacAddict magazine gave the game its highest rating of "Freakin' Awesome", with reviewer Kathy Tafel praising the game's world as "rich" and saying that it was "both amusing and disgusting." A reviewer for Maximum opined that the game's unique and eerie story and presentation make it a compelling experience in spite of the limited gameplay. However, he felt that the lack of longevity was a major downside. A reviewer for Next Generation commented that "Bad Mojo isn't the best graphic adventure, but it's got something that counts a long ways - peculiarity. ... no other adventure has been as willing to show the savage gruesomeness of mankind's sloth."

The editors of PC Gamer US presented Bad Mojo Redux with their "Best Adventure Game 2004" award. Chuck Osborn of the magazine wrote that it "remains as inventive and resourceful as ever — and [is] ultimately better than any other adventure released this year."

title: Bad Mojo