text:
Heilbad Heiligenstadt

Heilbad Heiligenstadt is a spa town in Thuringia, Germany. It is the capital of the Eichsfeld district.

Geography
Heiligenstadt is approximately 14 km east of the tripoint where the states of Thuringia, Hesse and Lower Saxony meet. It lies on the upper course of the river Leine (a tributary of the Aller) that flows through the town from east to west and is joined near the centre of the town by the Geislede.

South of the town is the Iberg, a 453.2 m tall peak located in the Heiligenstadt Stadtwald, which forms part of the Naturpark Eichsfeld-Hainich-Werratal.

Local subdivisions
The municipality of Heilbad Heiligenstadt consists of the central town and the following villages (Ortsteile):
 * Bernterode
 * Flinsberg, the geographical centre of Germany.
 * Glasehausen
 * Günterode
 * Hohes Kreuz
 * Kalteneber
 * Rengelrode

History

 * Heiligenstadt was first mentioned in 973.
 * In 1022 it was acquired by the archbishop of Mainz.
 * In 1227, the town received town rights from the archbishop of Mainz.
 * In 1333 it was destroyed by fire.
 * In 1525 it was captured by Henry the Middle, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
 * In 1540 Heiligenstadt became the capital of Eichsfeld.
 * In 1581 a Jesuit college was established, operating until 1773.
 * In the Thirty Years' War of 1618–1648, the city was devastated several times.
 * In 1803 it came into possession of Prussia.
 * In 1929 the salt-water hydropathic baths were built and in 1950 the town was designated a spa.
 * On 9 November 1938, the town synagogue was desecrated. The event is commemorated in a plaque on the building, which is now a residence.
 * In October 1989, demonstrations began in Heiligenstadt as part of the Peaceful Revolution in East Germany.
 * In 1994, Heiligenstadt became the capital of the new district of Eichsfeld, formed by the amalgamation of the districts of Heiligenstadt and Worbis.

Historical Population
Population (31 December):
 * Data since 1994: Thüringian state office of statistics

Name of the town
Despite the official designation of the town as a spa in 1929 and a 1950 decision by the town council to append the word Soleheilbad (salt-water spa) to its name, it remained officially "Heiligenstadt" (literally Holy City) during the East German years. In 1990 the city government still used only Heiligenstadt.

However, the post office used Heilbad Heiligenstadt, as did postcard companies and the local savings bank. In fact between 1950 and 1990, the town had the distinction of being referred to in three different ways: as Heiligenstadt, Heilbad Heiligenstadt, or Heiligenstadt (Eichsf.) (for Eichsfeld).

In 1990, the town council and especially the mayor began expanding the spa business and it took on increasing importance. In addition, after German reunification, there were several Heiligenstadts in Germany. Initially the government declined to rename the town Heilbad Heiligenstadt because of a lack of evidence that it was a spa, but the town lodged an appeal and used the one and a half years before an official visit and the relative lack of oversight immediately after reunification to create spa facilities and integrate the word Heilbad into official usage. Permission for the renaming was then granted since the town was evidently a spa and using that name.

Theatre

 * Eichsfeld Kulturhaus

Museums

 * Theodor Storm Literary Museum
 * Eichsfeld Heimatmuseum (local history collection)
 * Heiligenstadt (Ost) Station Museum
 * The Borderland Museum Eichsfeld is located a few miles outside the city of Heiligenstadt and deals with the inner-German border and the history of the GDR

Buildings and monuments

 * Mainz Schloss, seat of the administrator for Eichsfeld when it was a dominion of the Archbishopric of Mainz
 * Klausmühle (1748 Fachwerk mill on the site of the birthplace of Tilman Riemenschneider)
 * Einheitsdenkmal German Unity Monument in front of the town administration building, 2009

Churches and chapels

 * St. Aegidius, also known as the Neustädter Kirche (new-town church): begun in the 13th century
 * St. Mary's, also known as the Altstädter Kirche (old-town church), Liebfrauenkirche (Our Lady's) and Propsteikirche (abbey church): a 14th-century monastic foundation which replaced a 13th-century Romanesque building
 * St. Anne's chapel, possibly built as an ossuary, facing the north portico of St. Mary's
 * St. Martin's, also known as the Bergkirche (mountain church)
 * Monastery of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer and St. Gerhard's church, also known as the Paterkloster
 * St. Nicholas', also known as the Klausbergkirche
 * Klöppelsklus
 * Convent of the Sisters of Mary Magdalene Postel, with convent church and school church

Cemeteries

 * The Jewish cemetery in Ibergstraße was last used for burial in 1940. The deportation of six Jewish residents to Theresienstadt concentration camp in September 1942 put an end to a Jewish community in the town which was first mentioned in writing in 1212 and which had built a synagogue and their own school in the 19th century.
 * The Soviet cemetery and monument in Dingelstädter Straße commemorate 70 Soviet prisoners of war and impressed workers who died in the town due to forced labour during World War II.

Parks

 * Heinrich Heine Kurpark (spa park)

Regular events
Heiligenstadt, like the rest of Eichsfeld, is traditionally Roman Catholic, so there are several annual religious events, in particular the procession through the old town on Palm Sunday with life-size figures from the Passion of Christ, which attracts numerous believers from the region and the rest of Germany.

Ibergrennen
The Ibergrennen is an annual road race held since 1994 on the last weekend in June on Landesstraße 2022 (Holzweg) in the western foothills of the Iberg. Sponsored by the German Mountain Cup and German Mountain Championship, it has included sports and touring cars since 1998, when the road surface was renewed and the barriers reinforced. In 2000, the course was extended from 1.96 km to 2.05 km. The climb remains 200 m. It is thus one of the shortest mountain race routes in Germany, but not without challenges.

The drivers' encampment is traditionally set up near the centre of Heiligenstadt, next to a filling station and a supermarket which is open on Sundays.

The first race was held in 1925, but only for motorcycles.

Honorary citizens

 * Johann Vinzenz Wolf (1743–1826), Jesuit historian
 * 1991: Hugo Dornhofer, Christian labour union official and CDU politician

Natives

 * Tilman Riemenschneider (c. 1460–1531), sculptor
 * Johann Melchior Birkenstock (1738–1809), Austrian politician and school reformer
 * Josepha von Siebold (1771–1849), gynaecologist, the first credentialled midwife in Germany.
 * Eduard Strecker (1822–1894), politician
 * Ludwig Loewe (1837–1886), politician
 * Helene Keßler (1870–1957), writer, under the pseudonym Hans von Kahlenberg
 * Siegfried Loewenthal (1874–1951), chief justice in West Berlin 1945–1951, honorary citizen of Heiligenstadt 1948–1951
 * Horst Sannemüller (1918–2001), violinist and leader of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra
 * Wilhelm Friese (1924–2008), professor of Scandinavian studies
 * Karl-Hermann Steinberg (1941-2021), chemist and politician
 * Wolfgang Thüne (born 1949), Olympic medallist in gymnastics
 * Joachim Knape (born 1950), professor of rhetoric
 * Bernhard Germeshausen (born 1951), Olympic medallist in bobsleigh
 * Dietrich Klinge (born 1954), sculptor and graphic designer
 * Angelika Weiz (born 1954), singer
 * Dieter Althaus (born 1958), politician (CDU) Ministerpresident of Thuringia 2003–09
 * Peter Pysall (born 1960), handball player and coach
 * Sebastian Haupt (born 1985), skeleton racer

Others

 * Saint Aureus of Mainz (5th century), Bishop of Mainz: some of his remains were reinterred in Heiligenstadt and he is the patron saint of the town.
 * Burchard of Worms (c. 965–20 August 1025), consecrated Bishop of Worms in Heiligenstadt in 1000.
 * Adolf I of Nassau (1353–1390), Archbishop of Mainz, died in Heiligenstadt.
 * Athanasius Kircher (1602–1680), Jesuit scholar, taught in Heiligenstadt.
 * Hadrian Daude (1704–1755), Jesuit theologian, taught in Heiligenstadt.
 * Friedrich Christian Adolf von Motz (1775–1830), Prussian statesman, was Director of Finance in Heiligenstadt.
 * Heinrich Heine (1797–1856), poet and journalist, was baptised a Protestant in Heiligenstadt in June 1825.
 * Johann Carl Fuhlrott (1803–1877), natural historian, taught in Heiligenstadt.
 * Heinrich Maria Waldmann (1811–1896), theologian and teacher in Heiligenstadt, a representative in the Frankfurt Parliament of 1848/49.
 * Theodor Storm (1817–1888), author, judge in Heiligenstadt from 1856 to 1864.
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Grimme (1827–1887), author and botanist, was director of the Catholic gymnasium in Heiligenstadt.
 * Werner Hagedorn (1831–1894), surgeon, educated in Heiligenstadt.
 * Anton Thraen (1843–1902), astronomer, educated in Heiligenstadt.
 * Karl Wisniewski (1844–1904), composer, worked in Heiligenstadt from 1885 on.
 * Hermann Iseke (1856–1907), poet
 * Andreas Huke (1876–1962), politician, worked and lived in Heiligenstadt.
 * Ludolf Hermann Müller (1882–1959), Protestant Bishop of Saxony, had been a minister in Heiligenstadt.
 * Karl Paul Haendly (1891–1965), author and politician, died in Heiligenstadt.
 * Erich Gerberding (1921–1986), actor, member of the Heiligenstadt theatre.
 * Johannes Dyba (1929–2000), Bishop of Fulda, educated in Heiligenstadt.
 * Joachim Meisner (born 1933), Archbishop of Cologne, previously chaplain at St. Egidius' church in Heiligenstadt.
 * Georg Sterzinsky (born 1936), Archbishop of Berlin, previously chaplain at St. Egidius' church in Heiligenstadt.
 * Heinz-Josef Durstewitz (born 1945), Catholic dissenter in the GDR, now Provost of Heiligenstadt.
 * Reinhard Hauke (born 1953), Auxiliary bishop of Erfurt, previously chaplain at St. Egidius' church in Heiligenstadt.
 * Manfred Grund (born 1955), politician, active in Heiligenstadt.

title: Heilbad Heiligenstadt


text:
National Lawyers Guild

The National Lawyers Guild (NLG) is a progressive public interest association of lawyers, law students, paralegals, jailhouse lawyers, law collective members, and other activist legal workers, in the United States. The group was founded in 1937 as an alternative to the American Bar Association (ABA) in protest of that organization's exclusionary membership practices and conservative political orientation. They were the first predominantly white US bar association to allow the admission of minorities to their ranks. The group sought to bring more lawyers closer to the labor movement and progressive political activities (e.g., the Farmer-Labor Party movement), to support and encourage lawyers otherwise "isolated and discouraged," and to help create a "united front" against Fascism.

The group declares itself to be "dedicated to the need for basic and progressive change in the structure of our political and economic system ... to the end that human rights shall be regarded as more sacred than property interests." During the McCarthy era, the organization was accused of operating as a communist front group.

1930s
On December 1, 1936, nearly 25 East Coast lawyers met at the City Club of New York to discuss creation of a new group counter to the conservative American Bar Association. United Auto Workers general counsel Maurice Sugar was instrumental in calling the meeting. Lawyers present included: Morris Ernst, Robert Silberstein and Mortimer Reimer of the Lawyers Security League, ACLU attorney Osmond Fraenkel, IJA-US founder Carol Weiss King, and union lawyer Henry Sacher. The group agreed on an aim to unite "all lawyers who regarded adjustments to new conditions as more important than the veneration of precedent, who recognize the importance of safeguarding and extending the right of workers and farmers upon whom the welfare of the entire nation depends, of maintaining our civil rights and liberties and our democratic institutions." The group elected Frank P. Walsh, member of the New York State Power Authority, as its first president.

The National Lawyers Guild was founded in Washington, D.C., at a convention held from February 19–22, 1937, at the Hotel Washington. Individuals particularly instrumental in the creation of the organization included Harold I. Cammer and George Wagman Fish, among others. Other founding members included Frank P. Walsh, Albert Wald, Morris Ernst, Jerome Frank, as well as the general counsels of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations. Another co-founder was Abraham Unger of New York City. Other charter members included John McTernan and Ben Margolis of Los Angeles. Another early member was Bartley Crum, defender of the Hollywood Ten. The first Executive Secretary of the organization was Mortimer Riemer. President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent a letter of support:

I am sure that the results of this meeting will be worth while. It is a time for progressive and constructive thinking, and having known most of you intimately for many years, I have every confidence that your deliberations will affect the welfare of your own profession and the well-being of the country at large. I send to you my hearty felicitations and warm personal regards.

According to Victor Rabinowitz, head of the NLG in the 1960s, the original membership of the organization came from two camps — established liberal attorneys with a labor-oriented perspective and "a militant segment of the bar, mostly young and sometimes radical." The National Lawyers Guild was the nation's first racially integrated bar association. Among the NLG's first causes was its support of President Roosevelt's New Deal, which was opposed by the American Bar Association (ABA). NLG assisted the emerging labor movement, and opposed the racial segregation policies in the ABA and in society in general. Following the Nazis' invasion of the Soviet Union, the Guild gave its support to President Roosevelt's wartime policies, including that of Japanese American internment.

According to historian Harvey Klehr, the NLG was allied with the Communist Party; in the 1930s a significant number of NLG founders had been members or fellow travelers of the Communist Party USA, including Riemer and Joseph Brodsky of the CP's International Labor Defense auxiliary. During the McCarthy era, the NLG was accused by Attorney General Herbert Brownell Jr. as well as the House Un-American Activities Committee of being a Communist front organization.

In 1937, Allan R. Rosenberg joined the NLG and remained a member as late as 1956 during his second appearance before HUAC.

In 1937, Ferdinand Pecora was a founding member of the NLG. On March 1, 1938, Pecora become NLG president, noted as a "forceful speaker." Pecora resigned from the NLG during its third annual convention in 1939 after the vote against his resolution disavowing communists failed to carry in the national vote.

By 1939, Assistant Secretary of State Adolf A. Berle was a Guild member. According to the NLG's A History of the National Lawyers Guild 1937–1987, two factions arose as early as 1940. External events driving these factions included the Spanish Civil War (started 1936), the Hitler-Stalin Pact (1939), and the Russian invasion of Finland (1940). One faction, led by Berle and Ernst, supported New Deal policies. The other, led by Osmond Fraenkel and Thomas I. Emerson, supported freedom of speech and press as well as Anti-Fascism (seen at the time as a Popular Front stance, thus pro-Communist). Other issues supported by Fraenkel, Emerson, the National Executive Board and many chapters included: support for Loyalist Spain, criticism of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI, and support for labor unions. Berle and Ernst recommended anti-communist oaths, which Fraenkel and Emerson opposed. Many Berle and Ernst supporters left the NLG by 1940. During the NLG's 1940 convention, newly elected president Robert W. Kenny of California and secretary Martin Popper of New York sought to persuade members to return. During a phone call from Kenny, Berle gave him a short list of lawyers to leave as a simple matter of "cleaning house": Kenny rejected the request. David Scribner, civil rights and labor lawyer, was a member of both the IJA and the NLG.

1940s
Federal Bureau of Investigation director J. Edgar Hoover repeatedly tried to get successive Attorneys General to declare the NLG a "subversive organization," but without success.

In 1944 the Special House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) chaired by Texas Congressman Martin Dies Jr. published a brief history of the NLG in its massive and controversial "Appendix — Part IX" cataloging so-called "Communist Front Organizations" and their supporters. This report charged that the NLG, despite being promoted as a "professional organization of liberal lawyers" had proven itself by its actions to be "just one more highly deceptive Communist-operated front organization, primarily intended to serve the interests of the Communist Party of the United States..."

The 1944 HUAC history asserted that the NLG was merely "a streamlined edition of the International Juridical Organization", a Communist Party mass organization established in 1931. The document charged that "the National Lawyers Guild has faithfully followed the line of the Communist Party on numerous issues and has proven itself an important bulwark in defense of that party, its members, and organizations under its control." Particularly damning in HUAC's eyes was the NLG's reversal of position on the war in Europe after the June 22, 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union by the forces of Nazi Germany, with an October resolution by the previously anti-war organization offering "unlimited support to all measures necessary to the defeat of Hitlerism" and supporting the Roosevelt administration's policy of "'all out aid' and full collaboration with Great Britain, the Soviet Union, China, and other nations resisting Fascist aggression."

1950s
In January 1950, the NLG published a report for US President Harry S. Truman that accused the FBI of "systematic search by illegal methods" into the politics of thousands of private citizens, reported the Washington Post. The report focused on FBI methods used against Soviet spy Judith Coplon. The report recommended that the President stop such practices. It also recommended that the President appoint a committee of private citizens to investigate the FBI. Contributors to the report were NLG president Clifford J. Durr, Frederick K. Beutel, Thomas I. Emerson, O. John Rogge, James A. Cobb, Joseph Forer, and Robert J. Silberstein.

On September 21, 1950, HUAC responded with Report on the National Lawyers Guild: Legal Bulwark of the Communist Party. The HUAC report accused the NLG of playing a part in "an overall Communist strategy aimed at weakening our nation's defenses against the international Communist conspiracy." The report advocated that Guild members be barred from federal employment in light of the organization's alleged subversive character.

From 1951 to 1954, Earl B. Dickerson served as the first black president of the National Lawyers Guild. Dickerson was instrumental in contesting the proposed classification of the National Lawyers Guild as a "subversive organization."

In 1954, the NLG New York chapter elected Frank Serri as president. Other officers included: Hubert T. Delany, Osmond K. Fraenkel, Leo J. Linder, Harold M. Phillips, David L. Weissman, Julius Cohen, and Simon Schachter. Directors included: Bella Abzug, Gloria Agrin, Michael B. Atkins, Benjamin H. Booth, Edward J. Cambridge, Harold Cammer, William B. Cherevas, George H. Cohen, Frank Donner, Issac C. Donner, Stanley Faulkner, Royal W. France, Nathan Frankel, Doris Peterson Galen, Murray Gordon, Charles Haydon, Lazaar Henkin, Bernard L. Jaffe, H. Leonard King, Rhoda Lakes, Mendel Lurie, Edward J. Malament, Stanley J. Mayer, Basil Pollitt, Samuel Rosenberg, Arnold E. Rosenblum, Barney Rosenstein, Simon Rosenstein, Mildred Roth, Harry Sacher, Arthur Schutzer, Elias M. Schwarzbart, Moses B. Sherr, Kenneth L. Shorter, Leonard P. Simpson, Lorna Rissler Wallach, and Henry R. Wolf.

In 1958, the US Government determined that the NLG could not be declared subversive.

1970s–1990s
Again in 1974, the US Government determined that the NLG could not be declared subversive.

In 1977, at the request of Arab-American lawyers, the NLG sent a delegation to the occupied Palestinian Territories and published its findings in a 1978 report: "Treatment of Palestinians in Israeli-Occupied West Bank and Gaza".

In 1989 the FBI admitted its continued efforts to investigate and disrupt the NLG in the period from 1940 to 1975.

2000s
In 2005, NLG member Lynne Stewart was found guilty of violating Special Administrative Measures imposed on her client Omar Abdel Rahman and was sentenced in 2010 to 10 years in prison. The NLG mounted a campaign on her behalf.

In 2011, lawyers associated with the NLG became involved in the Occupy movement in the United States, making use of temporary restraining orders on behalf of encamped activists in an effort to forestall the forced dispersal of their sites by law enforcement. Charging that the Occupy movement was the subject of a "coordinated national crackdown," NLG lawyers filed actions in Boston, New York City, San Diego, Fort Myers, Atlanta, and other cities seeking the temporary prohibition of site removal efforts.

Structure
Past guild presidents have included Dobby Walker (the first female President of the NLG, first serving in 1970 and member of the 1972 "Dream Team" that successfully defended Angela Davis using innovative litigation techniques that are now mainstream), Marjorie Cohn (a law professor at Thomas Jefferson School of Law and author), and Azadeh Shahshahani (the first woman of color to be President of the NLG and a human rights attorney who defends the rights of immigrants and Muslims in the United States South). Heidi Boghosian served as its Executive Director for 15 years, from 1999 to 2014.

Membership and structure
Full membership in the NLG is open to lawyers, law students, legal workers (including legal secretaries, legal investigators, paralegals, law collective members, and jailhouse lawyers). Prior to the 1972 NLG National Convention, held in Boulder, Colorado, membership was only open to lawyers. Members now include labor organizers, tribal sovereignty activists, civil liberties advocates, civil rights advocates, environmentalists, and G.I. rights counselors.

As of 2003, the NLG consisted of 42 local chapters grouped in 9 geographic regions.

Pooja Gehi is the current Executive Director.

Program and committees

The NLG web site lists the following as their main purposes:
 * to eliminate racism;
 * to safeguard and strengthen the rights of workers, women, farmers and minority groups, upon whom the welfare of the entire nation depends;
 * to maintain and protect our civil rights and liberties in the face of persistent attacks upon them;
 * to use the law as an instrument for the protection of the people, rather than for their repression.

The NLG has historically been noted for championing of progressive and left-wing causes. It has supported the Stolen Lives Project, which documents police brutality.

Currently, the NLG opposes the PATRIOT Act, corporate globalization, the World Trade Organization, and has called for the adoption of "the Plan of Action from the 2001 UN World Conference Against Racism, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance." The NLG also helps to train and provide legal observers for political demonstrations. The NLG has supported Palestinian rights and a number of other causes. With the Center for Constitutional Rights, the NLG published a revised Jailhouse Lawyers Handbook, and annually distributes thousands of copies to inmates seeking legal information and resources.

In November 2007, the NLG passed a resolution calling for the impeachment of then President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney.

Most of the work of the Guild is done by committees, project and task forces. These include

 * Anti-racism Committee
 * Anti-Sexism Committee/Women's Caucus
 * Environmental Justice Project
 * International Committee
 * Africa Subcommittee
 * Cuba Subcommittee
 * Free Palestine Subcommittee
 * Haiti Subcommittee
 * International Labor Justice working group
 * Korean Peace Project
 * Mideast Subcommittee
 * Philippines Subcommittee
 * Task Force on the Americas
 * United Nations Subcommittee

 * Labor and Employment Committee
 * Legal Workers Committee
 * Mass Defense Committee
 * Military Law Task Force
 * National Immigration Project
 * National Police Accountability Project
 * Next Generation Caucus
 * NLG Center for Democratic Communications
 * NLG Sugar Law Center for Economic Justice
 * Prison Law project
 * Queer Caucus
 * TUPOCC (The United People of Color Caucus)

The NLG is affiliated with the International Association of Democratic Lawyers.

Chapters
Before mid-March 1937, within two weeks of its founding, the NLG formed chapters in New York City, Newark, Detroit, Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, St. Louis, and Chicago.

As of 2022, NLG regional chapters include:

 * Northwest Region:
 * Idaho
 * Montana
 * Oregon: Eugene/Southern Oregon, Portland
 * Washington: Seattle, Whatcom-Skagit
 * Far West Region:
 * California: Central Valley, Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco/Bay Area
 * Southwest Region:
 * Arizona: Central, Southern
 * Colorado
 * Nevada: Las Vegas
 * New Mexico: Texoma Region
 * Oklahoma
 * Texas: Austin, El Paso, San Antonio
 * Southern Region:
 * Alabama
 * Arkansas
 * Florida: Central, Gainesville, South
 * Georgia: Atlanta and Greater Atlanta
 * Kentucky
 * Louisiana
 * North Carolina
 * Tennessee: Chattanooga, Knoxville
 * Midwest Region
 * Illinois: Chicago
 * Indiana
 * Kansas: Kansas City
 * Minnesota
 * Missouri: Kansas City, St. Louis
 * Wisconsin: Madison, Milwaukee
 * Mideast Region:
 * Michigan
 * Ohio
 * Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh
 * Mid-Atlantic Region:
 * Maryland
 * New Jersey & Delaware
 * Pennsylvania: Central, Philadelphia
 * Virginia: Central
 * Washington, DC
 * Northeast Region:
 * Connecticut
 * Massachusetts
 * New York: Albany, Buffalo, Hudson Valley, New York City, Rochester
 * Rhode Island
 * Vermont and New Hampshire

Funding
The NLG is a dues-paying membership organization, with income-based sliding scale rates ranging from $25 to $800 per annum used in 2020.

Journals
The first journal of the NLG was the National Lawyers Guild Quarterly, first issued in December 1937 and then terminated in July 1940. This was succeeded in October 1940 by a new quarterly called Lawyers Guild Review, which was published continuously through the year 1960. The publication's editorial office was moved to Los Angeles and its name was briefly changed from 1961 through 1964 to Law in Transition, followed by a change in 1965 to Guild Practitioner. In 2009, the journal once again changed name to National Lawyers Guild Review, shortening to NLG Review.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: National Lawyers Guild


text:
Talk:Cadborosaurus

Untitled
I don't know about plagiarism, but the claims being made in the article sound hokey. Are there any references to back them up? What 'scientific journal' contains the juvenile caddy photos? Who did the 'three pairs of human hands' that supposedly held the specimens belong to?

64.131.172.157 20:26, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

This article is a mess! I can't even help it! It looks like it was Plagarised! Can someone more experienced deal with this? --Gamingboy 19:39, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)

Clearly plagarized.
Should I just delete it myself or is there a procedure for this?

Wandering Librarian

 * Where was this copied from if it was plagiarized? Before deleting, generally it is marked for deletion and sometimes a discussion about deletion will occur beforehand, to establish a consensus.  If this indeed is plagiarization, I would be more than happy to rewrite it completely to solve the problem; and better yet, if I see a possible specimen next time I am out and about, I will be sure to snap a clear high resolution photo (if it exists).  Nonprof. Frinkus 04:43, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Two centuries of documented surface sightings, independently by many pobservers, along 3000 miles of N. American Pacific coastal waters, a type specimen with a published 3-week curatorial record before its loss, 3 subsequent juvenile specimens-in-hand, and a sidescan sonar image of a large (14 m) animal on the bottom of Lake Okanagan scacely constitutes plagiarism. The original external morphological description (1995) meets all ICZN (1999) requirements for formal publication, in a refereed scientific journal, of a new zoological species, no life stage of which can be identified with a previously known animal species, living or fossil.

Taxobox?
Since Caddy's been formally described and named, should he be given a taxobox?

 * Indeed not, as it is a nomen nudum. Pictures do not form a valid specimen — especially as they probably are of a squid tentacle :o).--MWAK 11:22, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * That tentacle looks somewhat too long for a squid - giant squid are only supposed to have a maximum overall size of 13 meters. On another note, the Globster article mentions something about the evidence being destroyed by the scientific community, but this article says nothing about the 1937 incident.  Shouldn't there be a mention? Esn 01:23, 24 December 2006 (UTC)
 * There would have to be proof that it was deliberately destroyed. My personal suspicion (OR alert!) is that it was 'lost' after being exhibited in America, probably by someone who 'didn't believe in sea monsters'. Totnesmartin 15:01, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

I think this whole article needs a do over, the whole thing is pretty much just 5 huge sentences.

Rewrite
I rewrote the whole article! Ornithomimus 15:16, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Bat out of hell?
It seems to me that if most spacecrafts and space debris burn up at speeds of under the low 10s of thousands of km/hr in our upper atmosphere, which is considerably less dense than that of the lower atmosphere, it is unlikely that a biological entity of any type we know could survive speeds of anything even close to 100,000 km/hr. If air has the density of 1.2 kg/m cubed, and a rock burns to dust in our atmosphere before reaching the ground at say 20,000 km per hour, then it seems highly improbable that, on its own, a living creature could survive higher speeds under water, in which the density of matter is in theory 1000kg/m cubed (give or take some due to salt and mineral content).

To the editors
To all the editors of the Cadborosaurus Willsi page,

I am a college student taking part in a study connecting Psychology and Philosophy relating to supernatural phenomena. I chose this article to add pertinent information from reliable resources. Unfortunately, due to certain technical difficulties (and my own lack of Wikipedia knowledge), I was unable to post my planned edits. I hope that I can help add to this article by instead offering constructive criticism and other comments to help this article grow.

First off, what I notice (and what has been mentioned previously on the discussion page) is the lack of citing. There are numerous cases where information is vague and un-cited. While I appreciate the lack of documented accounts of "Caddy's" existence I think more research needs to be done (and cited) in the way of the eye-witness statements.

Next, a more noticeable (and more easily fixed) problem is the lack of organization. The information about "Caddy" (cited or not) would flow a lot easier if distinct categories or headings were placed in the article to better separate the information. For example, the current article could have the following headers (besides a starting paragraph): Appearance, Habitat, and Reported Sightings.

Coming from a slightly skeptical standpoint, the pictures shown on the article are slightly outdated and are of very low quality. With today's technology I would expect that higher quality photos or other visual/auditory examples would be accessible.

It is mentioned in the article that "Caddy" has been related to the Giant Oarfish(Regalecus glesne). For the article to remain a neutral standpoint, the similarities and differences between the two.

Also mentioned earlier on the discussion page is the possible scientific accuracy of "Caddy's" suggested speed. Has this been corrected? Proved true or false one way or the other?

More research needs to be done on recent sightings. With the huge amount of ocean traffic in the Pacific Northwest region from commercial fishing, cargo, and human transport, there is bound to be a more recent and better documented sighting of "Caddy". The problem that still arises is our ability to verify any of these claims.

Lastly, through my research into "Caddy" I noticed a lack of reliable sources, making meaningful edits to the page difficult. One book that was recommended to me was "Unsolved Mysteries of the Sea" by Lionel Fanthrope. The book was published by a reputable publisher, so the information could be easily integrated (by someone a bit more versed in the ways of Wikipedia than myself) into the article.

Though these are merely my opinions about the article, I hope that it was in any way helpful to the growth of the article!

-Agntmonkey and TSchmidt

Agntmonkey (talk) 03:25, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Move
This should be moved to Cadborosaurus, as it is the common name, but also because binomials aren't used in titles when a genus is monotypic. In any case, such acceptance of the binomial, and therefore validity of the animal, is "fringe". FunkMonk (talk) 05:53, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

Requested move 12 October 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Jenks24 (talk) 09:04, 20 October 2015 (UTC)

Cadborosaurus willsi → Cadborosaurus – Mainly known by the single name, the species name gives unwarranted scientific legitimacy. FunkMonk (talk) 03:37, 12 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Support Per nom. Cadborosaurus is a more concise title (there is also WP:MONOTYPICFAUNA mentioned in the thread above this RM, but I'm not sure that really has bearing on this dubiously named "species") Plantdrew (talk) 21:33, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Cadborosaurus


text:
City of Palms Park

City of Palms Park is a baseball stadium in Fort Myers, Florida. It served as the spring training home of the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB) from its opening in 1993 to 2011. It has hosted college baseball games for Florida SouthWestern State College since 2014. The stadium's name is taken from the city's official nickname.

History
City of Palms Park was built in 1992 to be the spring training home of the Boston Red Sox. It has a seating capacity of 8,000 people. It was also the home of the Red Sox' Rookie-level team in Minor League Baseball, the Gulf Coast League Red Sox, who played a season lasting from June through August each year.

Player Development Complex
The Player Development Complex is where the Red Sox trained and practiced before the exhibition season began at City of Palms. It also housed all the Minor League Baseball affiliates and coaches the entire month of March, and it is where players were reassigned as they trimmed the roster down during spring training. Once spring training ended, extended spring training ran from April through the beginning of the Gulf Coast League season. Instructional league took place there from September to October.

This complex includes five baseball fields with bullpens and eight batting tunnels. The clubhouse includes a meeting room, conference room, kitchen, six offices, a players locker room with showers, a trainer/therapy room, a hydrotherapy room, laundry room, an umpire locker room, coaches locker room, and an expanded weight training room that was added in 2004–05.

Red Sox departure
The Red Sox had a lease with Fort Myers for City of Palms Park through 2019, however, team ownership had been considering exercising an early exit in their contract, allowing them to leave following 2009 spring training. On October 28, 2008, the Lee County commission voted 3–1 to approve an agreement with the Boston Red Sox to build a new spring training facility for the team in south Lee County. That new facility became known as "JetBlue Park", and in February 2012, the Boston Red Sox moved their spring training operations into the newly constructed JetBlue Park at Fenway South located on County Road 876 (Daniels Parkway) in Fort Myers.

Post-Red Sox usage
Lee County has owned the stadium since 2003, when the City of Fort Myers transferred ownership due to the cost of upkeep. Since 2014, the stadium has been used by the baseball team of Florida SouthWestern State College, and it is also used for some amateur baseball games. The City of Fort Myers occasionally uses the venue for concerts.

In addition to City of Palms Park and JetBlue Park, there are two other spring training facilities in Fort Myers. The Minnesota Twins train in Hammond Stadium on the southern end of Fort Myers. Terry Park Ballfield (also known as the Park T. Pigott Memorial Stadium) in East Fort Myers is the former spring training home of the Philadelphia Athletics, Cleveland Indians, Pittsburgh Pirates and Kansas City Royals. Terry Park has not been used for spring training since 1987.

Possible demolition
The cost to maintain the ballpark each year is $500,000, yet the facility only creates $32,000 in revenue annually. In the fall of 2019, Lee County officials received a request from the City of Fort Myers to demolish the stadium, so the land could be given back to the city for use in a redevelopment project.

title: City of Palms Park


text:
User:Nadavspi/Resurrection Through Carnage

Resurrection Through Carnage, released 2002 under Century Media Records, is the second release (but the first full album release) of Swedish death metal group Bloodbath.

Track listing

 * 1) Ways To The Grave - 4:09
 * 2) So You Die - 3:19
 * 3) Mass Strangulation - 3:32
 * 4) Death Delirium - 5:06
 * 5) Buried By The Dead - 3:14
 * 6) The Soulcollector - 3:37
 * 7) Bathe In Blood - 4:11
 * 8) Trail Of Insects - 4:36
 * 9) Like Fire - 4:34
 * 10) Cry My Name - 4:40

Recorded February - May 2002. Produced and engineered by Dan Swanö and Bloodbath. All songs written by Bloodbath.


text:
Talk:Omne vivum ex ovo

Should be on VfD: It's untrue. First, the "ovum" theory of life is not the rebuttal to the theory of spontaneous generation. It is, instead, the belief that all life originates in a single egg (one). The idea is that that each female has a fully formed microscopic being within her eggs, and each of these microscopic beings who are female have submicroscopic eggs within them containing the next generation, etc. The Ovum theory of life was one view of human generation from the Renaissance to the 18th century. The other, which goes back to the Classical era, was the homunculus theory, a spermatazoic model, where the male sperm contained a tiny human that would go and lodge in an egg to incubate. Both of these theories, however, are entirely independent of the argument about spontaneous generation.

Ancients weren't stupid. They knew exactly the connection between mating and breeding, and to think even for a moment that they thought that any higher animal life was spontaneously generated is absurd. The theory of spontaneous generation was fanciful to each generation that believed it, and it was resorted to only when they could not find females or males of a creature or when they could not see any breeding. Thus, they thought that crocodiles, biting flies, and the like, where hatching takes place in the absence of parents and where there is insufficient sexual dimorphism in adults to be apparent, were spontaneous generation candidates.

Finally, genetics is very late, and people rejected spontaneous generation long, long, long before microscopes were sufficiently powerful to track genes. I.e. this whole article is someone's misreporting.

Omne vivum ex ovo is attributed to William_Harvey (1578–1657) and according to Farley (1977; p.12) - "But it was the suggestion of the Ova, stemming from William Harvey,  that led eventually to late seventeeth-century pre-existence theories and the necessary  denial of spontaneous generation." Omne vivum ex ovo mirrors Rudolf Verchow's formula - Omnis Cellula e Cellula that is an attack on Spontaneous Generation. Spontaneous Generation was not abandoned by experiment or latin phrases but by the realisation the even the simplest life forms are astoundingly complex - Diamond Dave 26/01/2006 18.00

Farley, J., 1977. The spontaneous generation controversy from Descartes to Oparin. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN: 0-8018-1902-4

Duplicate?
Isn't this article redundant given that we have biogenesis? Aragorn2 16:04, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Omne vivum ex ovo


text: User talk:66.77.209.1

title: User talk:66.77.209.1


text:
User talk:J ackie

Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics! You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages. The Wikipedia directory is also quite useful. In addition, you might want to add yourself to the new user log; if you made any edits before getting an account, you may wish to assign those to your username.

By the way, an important tip: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments.

Finally, here are some open tasks:

Hope to see you around the Wiki! And if you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (hopefully!)]] 17:19, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:J ackie


text:
Talk:Apache Indian (musician)

Untitled
There are sometimes elements of hip hop in apache indian's music (MAKE WAY FOR THE INDIAN for example is a rap track, actually), but he is not a rapper, he's a ragga dee jay/toaster and now also a reggae singer as far as i know. wathiik

I agree --> changed.

Shane 01:19, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Make Way For The Indian. Release Date???
In the wikipedia article for apache indian, the release date of his album "make way for the indian" is shown as 1995. But according to the official website of Apache indian the date for the release of that album is 2004. Though personally i am sure i have listened to this album much before 2004. may be even bedore 1999. does anybody know the actual date for the release of this album?

Fatal Eyes

 * According to the esteemed All Music Guide website, the year was 1995 - see |INDIAN&sql=11:hzfixqy5ld6e~T2.

 * Derek R Bullamore 14:09, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Neutrality?
The article on Apache Indian reads like his own CV, not like an encyclopedia entry. It seems as if it was written by himself when applying for a job.

Lenny Bronstein (talk) 20:32, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Requested move 7 July 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (non-admin closure) Safari Scribe Edits! Talk! 05:48, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

Apache Indian → Apache Indian (musician) – This isn't the primary topic of this term. That would be Apache. Referring to individuals of that ethnicity, or the ethnicity in general. Thus this title should redirect to Apache, and this article should be shifted to a disambiguated title. -- 64.229.90.32 (talk) 05:04, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Support. This would help clarify things, since otherwise the title is confusing. Yuchitown (talk) 15:21, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support, undoing a move from 2007. I'm stunned that this has been here for this long before being challenged.  Apache is the primary topic. 162 etc. (talk) 18:53, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support. Rather straightforward. Walrasiad (talk) 09:16, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support although Google returns more results for the musician the generic term probably has more long-term significance so probably DAB.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:11, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per nom and retarget to Apache. -- Necrothesp (talk) 10:35, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Support per nom
 * Urchincrawler (talk) 04:02, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Apache Indian (musician)


text:
Heinz 57

Heinz 57 is a synecdoche of the historical advertising slogan "57 Varieties" by the H. J. Heinz Company located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It was developed from the marketing campaign that told consumers about the numerous products available from the Heinz company.

Usage
Henry J. Heinz introduced the marketing slogan "57 pickle Varieties" in 1896. He later claimed he was inspired by an advertisement he saw while riding an elevated train in New York City (a shoe store boasting "21 styles"). The reason for "57" is unclear. Heinz said he chose "5" because it was his lucky number and the number "7" was his wife's lucky number. However, Heinz also said the number "7" was selected specifically because of the "psychological influence of that figure and of its enduring significance to people of all ages". Whatever the reasons, Heinz wanted the company to advertise the greatest number of choices of pickles. In fact by 1892, four years before the slogan was created, the Heinz company was already selling more than 60 products.

The first product to be promoted under the new "57 varieties" slogan was prepared horseradish. By 1940, the term "Heinz 57" had become so synonymous with the company the name was used to market a steak sauce, which had a taste similar to ketchup. Because of this, its advertising campaign in the late 1980s and early 1990s used the slogan "It's like ketchup with a kick".

1934 Cookbook products

 * 1) Heinz Oven-Baked Beans – Pork and Tomato Sauce
 * 2) Heinz Oven-Baked Beans – Pork no Tomato Sauce
 * 3) Heinz Oven-Baked Beans – Tomato Sauce no Pork
 * 4) Heinz Oven-Baked Red Kidney Beans
 * 5) Heinz Cream of Asparagus Soup
 * 6) Heinz Cream of Celery Soup
 * 7) Heinz Cream of Mushroom
 * 8) Heinz Cream of Green Pea Soup
 * 9) Heinz Cream of Oyster
 * 10) Heinz Cream of Tomato Soup
 * 11) Heinz Bean Soup
 * 12) Heinz Beef Broth
 * 13) Heinz Clam Chowder
 * 14) Heinz Gumbo Creole
 * 15) Heinz Mock Turtle Soup
 * 16) Heinz Scotch Broth
 * 17) Heinz Noodle Soup
 * 18) Heinz Pepper Pot Soup
 * 19) Heinz Vegetable Soup
 * 20) Heinz Consommé
 * 21) Heinz Onion Soup
 * 22) Heinz Mince Meat
 * 23) Heinz Puddings—Date, Fig, and Plum
 * 24) Heinz Peanut Butter
 * 25) Heinz Cooked Spaghetti
 * 26) Heinz Cooked Macaroni
 * 27) Heinz Pure Jellies
 * 28) Heinz Apple Butter
 * 29) Heinz Gherkins—Sweet or Sour
 * 30) Heinz Mixed Pickles—Sweet or Sour
 * 31) Heinz Chow Chow Pickle
 * 32) Heinz Sweet Mustard Pickle
 * 33) Heinz Dill Pickles
 * 34) Heinz Fresh Cucumber Pickle
 * 35) Heinz Strained Foods
 * 36) Heinz India Relish
 * 37) Heinz Sandwich Spread
 * 38) Heinz Pickled Onions—Sweet and Sour
 * 39) Heinz Spanish Queen Olives
 * 40) Heinz Stuffed Spanish Olives
 * 41) Heinz Ripe Olives
 * 42) Heinz Pure Spanish Olive Oil
 * 43) Heinz Tomato Ketchup
 * 44) Heinz Chili Sauce
 * 45) Heinz Beefsteak Sauce
 * 46) Heinz Pepper Sauce—Red or Green
 * 47) Heinz Worcestershire Sauce
 * 48) Heinz Prepared Mustard—Brown or Yellow
 * 49) Heinz Evaporated Horseradish
 * 50) Heinz Mayonnaise
 * 51) Heinz Pure Malt Vinegar
 * 52) Heinz Pure Cider Vinegar
 * 53) Heinz Distilled White Vinegar
 * 54) Heinz Tarragon Vinegar
 * 55) Heinz Rice Flakes
 * 56) Heinz Breakfast Wheat
 * 57) Heinz Tomato Juice

Bottle design
The relatively high viscosity and thixotropic nature of ketchup can make pouring it from a glass bottle somewhat difficult and unpredictable, and several urban legends surrounding this phenomenon have arisen. According to one popular folk remedy, repeatedly hitting the "57" mark on a glass Heinz ketchup bottle makes the ketchup pour out more quickly and easily. The New York Times suggests this is a matter of intentional design, with Heinz having placed the "57" mark on that particular spot of the bottle as a target for consumers to hit. According to the Heinz website, only 11% of people know this trick.

In popular culture
In bingo in the United Kingdom, a commonly used call for "57" is "Heinz variety".

In draw poker, "Heinz 57" is a variant where 5s and 7s are wild cards.

A mongrel dog with more that two distinct breeds in its bloodline may be referred to as a "Heinz 57"

In UK betting terminology, a 'Heinz' refers to a full-cover bet of doubles and upwards, consisting of six selections. It is known as a Heinz because there are 57 multiples (15 doubles, 20 trebles, 15 fourfolds, 6 fivefolds and 1 sixfold) within the bet.

The Heinz 57 is also a nickname for British Rail Class 57 locomotives.

When Pittsburgh-based Heinz purchased the naming rights of Heinz Field in 2001, they signed a deal to pay the Pittsburgh Steelers $57 million until 2021.

Former NHL player Steve Heinze requested to wear #57 when he was drafted by the Boston Bruins. However, the Bruins general manager Harry Sinden denied his request, stating that only Ray Bourque (#77) could wear an unorthodox number. Instead, Heinze wore #23 in Boston. He was granted #57 when he joined the Columbus Blue Jackets and he wore it for the remainder of his NHL career.

title: Heinz 57


text:
Ruta

Ruta (commonly known as rue) is a genus of strongly scented evergreen subshrubs, 20–60 cm tall, in the family Rutaceae, native to the Mediterranean region, Macaronesia and southwest Asia. About ten species are accepted in the genus. The most well-known species is Ruta graveolens (rue or common rue).

The leaves are bipinnate or tripinnate, with a feathery appearance, and green to strongly glaucous blue-green in colour. The flowers are yellow, with 4–5 petals, about 1 cm diameter, and borne in cymes. The fruit is a 4–5-lobed capsule, containing numerous seeds.

Species
, Plants of the World Online accepted ten species:
 * Ruta angustifolia Pers.
 * Ruta chalepensis L.
 * Ruta corsica DC.
 * Ruta graveolens L.
 * Ruta lamarmorae Bacch., Brullo & Giusso
 * Ruta lindsayi Turrill
 * Ruta microcarpa Svent.
 * Ruta montana (L.) L.
 * Ruta oreojasme Webb
 * Ruta pinnata L.f.

Medicinal uses
Extracts from rue have been used to treat eyestrain, sore eyes, and as insect repellent. Rue has been used internally as an antispasmodic, as a treatment for menstrual problems, as an abortifacient, and as a sedative. Ruta graveolens and Ruta chalepensis are often confused in scientific literature.

Traditional uses
Since medieval times, rue has been used as an additive to wines (both white and red) to enhance its flavour and its keeping properties. The Dutch name wijnruit, translates as wine rue. In Italy, rue is added to grappa to produce Grappa alla Ruta. Rue's toxicity has long been known but since it appears to be slight it has been used as an additive in wine for a long time.

In Brazil, according to folk tradition said to have been brought by West African slaves, the rue plant – locally called arruda, in Portuguese – is claimed to protect against the evil eye.

Traditionally, it has various health benefits including, digestive aid as it helps in stimulating digestion and alleviating stomach issues. Its anti-inflammatory properties help in curing joints pain and arthritis. It is used to regulate menstrual cycle and helps in relieve menstrual cramps. It also helps in reducing muscle spasms and cramps.

Precautions
Caution should be taken with using rue topically. Applied to the skin with sun exposure, the oil and leaves can cause blistering. Some people are much more sensitive than others. Exposure to common rue, or herbal preparations derived from it, can cause severe phytophotodermatitis, which results in burn-like blisters on the skin. The mechanism of action is currently unknown.

title: Ruta


text:
Kreuzebra

Kreuzebra is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the town Dingelstädt.

title: Kreuzebra


text:
Charles Kelman

Charles David Kelman (May 23, 1930 –June 1, 2004) was an American ophthalmologist, surgeon, inventor, jazz musician, entertainer, and Broadway producer. Known as the father of phacoemulsification, he developed many of the medical devices, instruments, implant lenses and techniques used in cataract surgery. In the early 1960s, he began the use of cryosurgery to remove cataracts and repair retinal detachments. Cryosurgery for cataracts remained in heavy use until 1978, when phacoemulsification, a procedure Kelman also developed in 1967, became the modern standard treatment. Kelman was given the National Medal of Technology by President George H. W. Bush and recognized as the Ophthalmologist of the Century by the International Congress of Cataract and Refractive Surgery in Montreal, Canada. He was also inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in Akron, Ohio, and received the 2004 Lasker Award.

Born in New York, Kelman graduated from Tufts University and earned his medical degree from University of Geneva before returning to New York to intern at Kings County Hospital and complete his residency at Wills Eye Hospital in Philadelphia. He was later an attending surgeon at the Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat Hospital and the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and maintained a private practice. Kelman served as clinical professor of ophthalmology at New York Medical College and individually taught his techniques to many surgeons around the world.

Kelman pursued a career as an entertainer alongside his medical career. He began playing the harmonica at a young age and performed on a radio show, The Horn and Hardart Children's Hour. He later learned to play the clarinet and saxophone. As a teenager, he formed a big band, began composing music, and played in his high school band and as first clarinet on the New York All-City Orchestra. While in medical school in Geneva, he appeared on two jazz radio shows and one on television. After returning to New York, he recorded a song, "Telephone Numbers", released by Chancellor Records to some success in national billboard charts. After inventing phacoemulsification, in part to promote the procedure, he began appearing regularly on television, first on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in 1975. He developed a musical comedy routine which he performed on television as well as in Atlantic City, Las Vegas, and Carnegie Hall in New York, alongside several notable jazz musicians and entertainers. He co-produced several Broadway musicals and wrote at least two off-Broadway musicals.

Early life and education
Charles David Kelman was born on May 23, 1930, in Brooklyn, New York, to Eva and David Kelman. He grew up in East New York before the family moved to Forest Hills, Queens. His father was a Jewish immigrant from Greece who never received the proper compensation and recognition for his inventions, including the first tar-free cigarettes and cellophane Christmas wreaths. He inspired his son's desire to proudly seek recognition of his own inventions.

Charles began playing music at four years old, when he learned to play his first instrument, the harmonica. He began playing regularly for The Horn and Hardart Children's Hour radio show. Kelman also learned to play the saxophone and clarinet, receiving professional training from musicians in the big band era. While attending Forest Hills High School, he played in the high school band and as the first clarinet of the New York All-City Orchestra.

He dreamed of stardom in music, however, he said that, when he was 17 years old, his father told him to bring his saxophone to the basement of their house and play for him. Charles played a song by Jimmy Dorsey after which his father asked if he had played as well as Dorsey. When Charles admitted he had not, his father announced: "You'll be a doctor."

Kelman attended Boston's Tufts University and graduated in just two years to earn a B.S. degree in 1950. He then studied medicine at the University of Geneva and, after learning that his father was diagnosed with cancer, accelerated his studies with the hope of having his father see him becoming a doctor. He obtained his M.D. degree in 1956, but not before his father's death the year before. After interning at Kings County Hospital, he did his residency at Wills Eye Hospital in Philadelphia.

As an ophthalmologist and surgeon
In 1960, Kelman started an ophthalmology private practice and began to experiment with the use of cryosurgery. His first invention in 1962 was the cryoprobe which he used to freeze a cataractous lens before removal in intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE), which removed the lens with the capsule intact. While the technique has not been in heavy use since 1978 and the advent of other techniques such as extracapsular cataract surgery (ECCE) which Kelman helped develop, ICCE remains a viable surgical option. In 1963, Kelman then developed the use of cryopexy to treat retinal detachment.

In 1964, he applied for a research grant from the John A. Hartford Foundation to further investigate freezing techniques in eye surgery and, in an addendum to the application, proposed "a method for removing a cataract through an incision small enough so that no hospitalization will be required." He received a three-year grant from the foundation. The idea for his next invention came to Kelman after seeing an ultrasonic device at his dentist's office. Kelman envisioned using a similar device that vibrates to break up a cataractous lens and remove it without a large incision.

Kelman named the procedure phacoemulsification, a technique that has become standard treatment for cataracts. With medical instrument manufacturer Cavitron (which was later acquired by Coopervision), he devised an ultrasonic surgical instrument with an aspiration and irrigation system. He began testing the procedure on animals in April 1966. In 1967, Kelman secretly conducted his first surgery on a blind patient, awaiting enucleation, who volunteered knowing that the procedure would not bring back his vision. His first patient's eye became infected and was removed. However, he was successful on subsequent attempts. He had made further improvements on the instrument, increasing the vibration speed from 20,000 cycles per second to 40,000 cycles per second and creating a smaller hand instrument. On July 25, 1967, Kelman and his co-inventor Anton Banko filed a patent application to register a phacoemulsification device for cataract surgery. Kelman began a novel business relationship with the manufacturer to produce the device.

After publishing "Phaco-emulsification and Aspiration—A New Technique for Cataract Removal: A Preliminary Report" in the American Journal of Ophthalmology, he began teaching courses to surgeons interested in learning this new technique. One of his students was Eric Arnott, a British ophthalmologist who introduced the procedure to the UK. Kelman's developments allowed the incision necessary for ECCE to be reduced from 11–12 mm to 3 mm and minimized recovery time. This new surgery method removed the need for an extended hospital stay and made the surgery less painful. The technique and similar tools have also been adopted and used in neurosurgery to remove tumors from the brain and spinal cord, and subsequently ushered a trend of minimally-invasive outpatient surgical procedures.

Phacoemulsification initially faced significant criticism and skepticism in the 1970s. The National Eye Institute labeled the procedure as experimental, allowing insurance companies not to cover the procedure. Kelman's critics said the procedure was "ridiculous" or "malpractice". At 1973 Welsh Cataract Symposium, surgeons presented results of negative outcomes from the procedure with actual patients paraded as evidence. In 1974, the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) sponsored a comparative study of phacoemulsification, which found that the procedure was as effective as ICCE. Kelman decided to promote the procedure to the general public and, on February 21, 1975, appeared on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. The first International Congress on Phacoemulsification and Cataract Methodology sponsored by Foundation for Ophthalmic Education was held the same year and the procedure began to gain wider acceptance.

While many ophthalmologists accepted phacoemulsification and the small incision required as the best method for removing cataracts, they still needed to widen the incision to 6 mm to insert a replacement artificial intraocular lens (IOL). While Kelman in 1975 began developing IOL that could fit in smaller incisions, this issue was only overcome when Thomas R. Mazzocco invented the silicone IOL in the early 1980s. What became known as the "Mazzocco taco" could be folded and inserted in the same small incision used for phacoemulsification. When the foldable IOL was approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration in 1984, the clear advantage of Kelman's phacoemulsification was fully realized. That same year, the Kelman Satellite Teleconference was presented at the annual AAO conference, allowing the more than 400 in attendance to observe a live broadcast of Kelman performing five procedures.

Kelman treated many celebrities including Joe Frazier, Lionel Hampton, Rex Harrison, Ann Miller, Jan Peerce, and William B. Williams. Hedy Lamarr, who Kelman treated in October 1980, said "I was blind for more than seven years. But I'm fine now. Dr. Kelman gave me my sight back. He gave me my eyes." In 1992, The New York Times estimated that Kelman's innovation "shaved $7 billion a year from the nation's hospital bill." At various times in his career, Kelman served as clinical professor of ophthalmology at New York Medical College and as an attending surgeon at the Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat Hospital and the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary. He published numerous articles, papers, and scientific book chapters, as well as a lay book, Cataracts: What You Must Know About Them, published by Crown Publishers in 1982. Later in his career, he invented a way to create collagen from a patient's skin to avoid allergic reactions. He continued to practice medicine, perform surgery, and teach alongside his career as an entertainer. Kelman held more than 100 patents for his instruments and innovations, and became known as the father of phacoemulsification. Cataract surgery with phacoemulsification is one of the most common surgeries in the world with more than 9.5 million such procedures performed each year around the world as of 2011.

As an entertainer
Kelman began composing music in high school and started a big band as a teenager. He continued his musical pursuits throughout his college education. While attending medical school in Geneva, he regularly performed on two jazz radio shows and another on television. He co-wrote "Le Petit Déjeuner (Paroles et Musique de François Charpin et Charles Kelman)" which was later recorded by the French singer Jean Sablon.

Using the stage name Kerry Adams, he recorded "Telephone Numbers", which was released by Chancellor Records to some success in national billboard charts in 1960. The song's success was cut short by the craze created by "The Twist" that would change the pop music genre. After this, Kelman believed his singing career had come to an end and began to focus on his medical career.

Just as his medical practice flourished, Kelman's celebrity grew after appearing on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in 1975, where he sang a song about a blind girl and promoted his surgical innovations. He continued to appear regularly on television shows hosted by Merv Griffin, Barbara Walters, Oprah Winfrey and David Letterman. As well as singing and playing the saxophone, he developed a musical comedy routine which he also performed in Atlantic City and Las Vegas, opening for or performing alongside the Spinners, Glen Campbell, James Darren, Dizzy Gillespie, Lionel Hampton and Regis Philbin. He also rented out Carnegie Hall for several benefit concerts in the mid-1970s.

Kelman co-produced several musicals on Broadway, including Can-Can (1981), Triumph of Love (1997), and The Sound of Music (1998–1999), and was a member of the Friars Club in New York. He recorded an album, Moonlight Serenade, released in 1992 by Columbia Records. The Marrano, a musical he wrote based on a premise that the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus was Jewish, also previewed in Cape Cod in 1992. His latest musical, The Right Pair of Shoes, was due to premiere in 2004 at the Caldwell Theatre in Boca Raton, Florida.

Awards and honors
In 1970, Kelman was awarded by the American Academy of Achievement. In 1982, he was a recipient of the Congressional Salute in the U.S. Senate, 97th Congress, in Washington, D.C. In 1985, Kelman presented the first American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS) Innovator's Lecture. The lecture series was named in his honor in 2003. He also delivered the ASCRS's Binkhorst Lecture in 1989, the Ridley Medal Lecture at the International Congress of Ophthalmology in 1990, and the Arthur J. Bedell Memorial Lecture at Wills Eye Hospital in 1991.

In June 1992, Kelman was awarded the National Medal of Technology from President George H. W. Bush. The same year, he had received the Distinguished Service Award from Tufts University and the Inventor of the Year Award from the New York Patent, Trademark and Copyright Law Association. At the July 1994 International Congress of Cataract and Refractive Surgery in Montreal, Canada, he was recognized as the Ophthalmologist of the Century.

In 1999, Kelman was selected as one of the ten most influential ophthalmologists of the 20th century by the ASCRS and became president of the society. The following year, he received a Doctor of Letters from Thomas Jefferson University's Wills Eye Hospital Retina Service and the hospital also named its research facility the Charles D. Kelman Laboratory and Library. In 2003, Kelman received the Laureate Recognition Award from the AAO and the annual AAO Charles D. Kelman Lecture was established in 2005. In February 2004, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in Akron, Ohio. He was also awarded the 2004 Lasker Award, with the jury making an exception to the rules to allow the award to be given posthumously.

In January 2010, the New York public television station WLIW aired a documentary titled Through My Eyes: The Charlie Kelman Story; his autobiography published in 1985 was also titled Through My Eyes.

Personal life and death
Kelman was an avid golfer and learned to fly a helicopter later in life. He and his first wife Joan Kelman (later Bernstein) had three children: David Joseph (who died in 2003), Lesley, and Jennifer. With his second wife Ann, he had three sons: Evan, Jason, and Seth. In 1996, Kelman moved to Boca Raton, where he died of lung cancer on June 1, 2004, at the age of 74.

title: Charles Kelman


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Category:Security identifier types

Security identifier types are the various methods by which a security product or issue is identified. They are each managed and distributed by different organizations.

title: Category:Security identifier types


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Sly Cooper and the Thievius Raccoonus

Sly Cooper and the Thievius Raccoonus (known as Sly Raccoon in the PAL region) is a 2002 action stealth video game developed by Sucker Punch Productions and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2, and serves as the first installment in the Sly Cooper series. The game follows the titular Sly Cooper and his gang, Bentley the Turtle and Murray the Hippo, as they seek out criminals known as the Fiendish Five to recover the pages of the "Thievius Raccoonus", the book of the accumulation of all of Sly's ancestors' thieving moves.

Sly Cooper and the Thievius Raccoonus was praised for its technical achievements, particularly its use of a variation on cel-shading rendering, which is used to create a film noir feel while still rendered as a hand-drawn animated film, although was criticized for being too short. The game was followed by three sequels: Sly 2: Band of Thieves (2004), Sly 3: Honor Among Thieves (2005), and Sly Cooper: Thieves in Time (2013). It was remastered alongside its initial two sequels and compiled as The Sly Collection for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita. The game was digitally re-released on PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 on June 11, 2024 and included trophy support, save states, region swapping, and rendering options.

Gameplay

Sly Cooper is a third person platforming video game which incorporates stealth elements; as noted by an Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine retrospective, the game "tries to mix one-hit-kill arcade action with Splinter Cell sneaking". The player controls Sly Cooper, the title character, as he moves between each uniquely themed lair of the Fiendish Five and the sub-sections of those lairs, avoiding security systems and the watchful eyes of enemies. While Sly is equipped with a cane to attack his foes, he can be defeated with a single hit, so the player is urged to use stealth maneuvers and the environment to evade or silently neutralize potential threats.

To assist in these stealth moves, the environment contains special areas colored with blue sparkles of light, identified in the game as Sly's thief senses. The player can trigger context-sensitive actions in these areas, such as shimmying along a narrow ledge or wall, landing on a pointed object such as an antenna or streetlight, climbing along the length of a narrow pole or pipe, or using the cane to grapple onto something. The player must avoid detection by security systems and enemies, otherwise, an alarm will sound and the player will either have to destroy the alarm, avoid or defeat foes alerted by the alarm or hide for several seconds until the alarm resets. The game uses a dynamic music system that changes depending on the state of alarm in the area: the music will increase in volume and pacing when Sly attacks or is detected, and then will quiet down as the disturbance goes away.

Each sub-section of a lair contains a number of clue bottles that, when collected, allow Sly to access a safe in the level that contains a page from the Thievius Raccoonus. These pages grant Sly new moves to aid in movement, stealth, or combat, such as creating a decoy or dropping an explosive hat. Defeating each of the bosses also gives Sly moves, and these abilities are typically necessary to pass later levels. Coins are scattered about the levels and are also generated by defeating enemies or destroying objects. For every 100 coins collected, Sly gains a lucky horseshoe that is the color blue and when you have two horseshoes, it turns to gold. It will allow him to take extra hits, or if he currently has one, an extra life. If Sly collapses and loses a life, the current sub-level will be restarted or at a special "repeater" that acts as a checkpoint; if the player loses all of Sly's lives, they must restart that boss's lair from the beginning. Besides the regular gameplay, there are mini-games that include driving levels (based on Murray), shooting levels to protect Murray as he ascends certain levels, and a cyber-tank game representing a hacking attempt by Bentley. One notable boss battle includes a rhythm-based sequence similar to Dance Dance Revolution.

Levels can be returned at any time to gain additional coins or to seek out special moves. When a level is completed, all of the clue bottles are collected and the secret move is found, the player can then attempt a "Master Sprint", a timed sprint through the level to try to beat a set time. The player can unlock additional artistic content by completing all the levels in this fashion. For each level that has the "Master Sprint" completed, a developer's commentary for that level is unlocked.

Plot
Sly Cooper is an anthropomorphic raccoon and the last member of the Cooper Clan, a long line of master thieves who primarily steal from other criminals. On his 8th birthday, Sly was to inherit an ancient book known as the Thievius Raccoonus, which containing his family's secrets to help him become a master thief. On the night, however, a group of criminals known as the "Fiendish Five" invaded his home and murdered Sly's parents; then stole pages out from the Thievius Raccoonus before spreading across the world to forge their own criminal empires. This resulted in Sly being raised in an orphanage, where he forms a gang with two boys who become his lifelong best friends and eventual partners in crime: Bentley, a turtle technician, who plays the role of the brains of the gang, and Murray, a hippopotamus who acts as their getaway driver. The three leave the orphanage together at age sixteen to start their lives becoming international vigilante criminals, naming themselves the "Cooper Gang." In addition, Sly swears to avenge his family by tracking down the Fiendish Five and recover the pages of the Thievius Raccoonus.

Two years later, the Cooper Gang head to Paris, France and infiltrate Interpol headquarters to find the secret police file containing information about the Fiendish Five. During the heist, they are ambushed by Inspector Carmelita Fox, an Interpol police officer who has a history of hunting down the Cooper Gang. The gang manages to steal the police file and successfully escapes from her and the rest of the cops. The Cooper Gang use the files to track the Fiendish Five to their respective hideouts around the globe. These include Sir Raleigh, a frog pirate in Wales who built a storm machine to sink ships and steal their treasure; Muggshot, an American bulldog gangster in Utah who took over an entire city with his army of goons; Mz. Ruby, a alligator mystic in Haiti attempting to raise an undead army; and the Panda King, a giant panda explosives expert in China using fireworks to destroy and extort villages. Sly defeats each member of The Fiendish Five and takes back their pages of the Thievius Raccoonus, then leaves them for Carmelita to arrest. After defeating four members, the Cooper Gang discovers the location of the Five's leader; an elusive Owl named Clockwerk.

The Cooper Gang breaches Clockwerk's lair in a Russian volcano and discover that he had captured Carmelita, who Sly decides to rescue. Despite their opposition, Sly and Carmelita agree to a temporary alliance to defeat Clockwerk. During their battle, Clockwerk reveals to Sly that he is in fact hundreds of years old and utterly hates the Cooper Clan, having turned himself into an immortal robot empowered by his own hatred of the clan centuries ago. Clockwerk further explained the motivation behind killing Sly's parents, stealing the pages of the Thievius Raccoonus and sparing Sly was to prove that the Cooper Clan was nothing without the Thievius Raccoonus, but Sly disagrees with him, stating that it took great thieves to create the book and not the other way around. After the battle is over and Clockwerk is defeated, Carmelita ends the truce by attempting to arrest Sly, but agrees to give him a ten-second head start. Instead of running, Sly kisses her at the last second while also handcuffing her to a rail, running off with his gang in celebration as Carmelita (initially touched by the kiss) angrily swears to hunt him down. Sly, Bentley, and Murray make it back to their hideout and continue to pull off new heists with the fully recovered Thievius Raccoonus. But after the credits, one of Clockwerk's eyes flashes open, indicating that he is still alive.

Development and release
Sly Cooper and the Thievius Raccoonus was developed by Sucker Punch Productions, the second game created following Rocket: Robot on Wheels for the Nintendo 64 in 1999. The concept of Sly Cooper began shortly after their previous game, and took three years to develop.

Sucker Punch decided to use Maya to develop the game. Brian Flemming of Sucker Punch called the rendering style "Toon-shading", comparing the detailed backgrounds with cel-shading foregrounds to that of animated films. Sucker Punch Productions wanted Sly and his world to look illustrated, and "one step away from a flattened graphic style." To prevent slowdowns with framerates, the team "had at least one engineer working on nothing but performance for the entire development of Sly." The game art team "collected hundreds of photos and drawings of areas that looked like the worlds [they] wanted to create" to generate the backgrounds. The characters themselves underwent up to "six or eight major revisions" before the designs were finalized.

The music was composed by Ashif Hakik. The music was inspired by the artwork from the game and stated that "Stylistic influences came from a combination of instrument choices and musical character defined and inspired by the locales in the game, and similar composer works like Yoko Kanno and her work on Cowboy Bebop, Henry Mancini, and Carl Stalling." He continued to note that "the interactive music engine we used made us consider the gameplay for each specific level a sort of starting point that would influence the way the music would be written."

Sly Cooper and the Thievius Raccoonus was released in North America on September 24, 2002. It was released in Australia and Europe as Sly Raccoon in 2003 on January 16 and January 17, respectively.

Reception
Sly Cooper and the Thievius Raccoonus received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Most reviewers praised the unique look of the game. GameSpot noted that "The game has a fantastic sense of style to its design that is reflected in everything from the animation to the unique use of the peaking fad, cel-shaded polygons." Many reviews also appreciated the ease of learning the controls and gameplay; IGN stated that "Sly is incredibly responsive, and though his size seems a little large at times due to his long arms and legs and the cane he carries, skillfully jumping and hitting enemies with precision is a quick study." Several reviewers appreciated the fluidity of the game between actual play, cutscenes, and other features. The game was also praised for being a game that was accessible to both adults and children.

A common detraction of the game was its length; as commented by GameSpot's review, "The main problem is that just as you're getting into a groove and really enjoying the variety seen throughout the different levels, the game ends." The length was defended by Sucker Punch's developers; Brian Flemming noted that there was additional content to be unlocked at several levels, including "for each [Master Sprint] you complete, you get bonus commentary from the designers, artists, and programmers here at Sucker Punch, something that people have reacted to really positively." The game was also cited as being too easy, with GameSpot stating that "The game's relative ease combined with a very short length prevents Sly Cooper from becoming the next big platformer. But it's great while it lasts." However, Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine noted that in regards to the difficulty "There's a pleasant old-school feel to Thievius Raccoonus; the enemies are merciless but a bit stupid, and the platforming challenges come on strong and ramp up steadily in difficulty as the levels go by." Reviewers also noted some framerate slowdowns in latter levels of the game, as well as some camera control issues.

Sales and accolades
For their "Best and Worst of 2002" awards, GameSpot nominated the game for "Best Game No One Played on PlayStation 2" and "Best Platformer". For IGN's Best of 2002, Sly Cooper was the runner-up for "Best Platformer" and nominated for "Special Achievements for Graphics". In 2003, GameSpy ranked 22 in their "25 Most Underrated Games of All Time". In 2008, IGN ranked the game 21 in its "Top 25 PS2 Games". During the 6th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences awarded Sly Cooper with "Outstanding Achievement in Animation" and "Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction", along with a nomination for "Console Platform Action/Adventure Game of the Year".

The game sold over 400,000 copies within a year since its release and was republished under Sony's "Greatest Hits" line in 2003. By July 2006, Sly Cooper and the Thievius Raccoonus had sold 800,000 copies and earned $21 million in the United States. Next Generation ranked it as the 78th highest-selling game launched for the Sixth generation of video game consoles.

Sequels and other appearances
The game has yielded three sequels, Sly 2: Band of Thieves (2004), Sly 3: Honor Among Thieves (2005) and Sly Cooper: Thieves in Time (2013). Sly Cooper won "Best New Character" and was nominated for "Excellence in Visual Arts" at the 2003 Game Developer's Conference for 2002. The character of Sly Cooper has also been come to be considered as a mascot for the PlayStation systems, alongside both Ratchet & Clank and Jak & Daxter. This has led to collaboration between the development teams for all three series, Sucker Punch, Insomniac Games, and Naughty Dog,

title: Sly Cooper and the Thievius Raccoonus


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Jenna von Oÿ

Jenna von Oÿ (born Jennifer Jean von Oy; May 2, 1977 ) is an American actress, singer and author. She played the role of Dorothy "Six" LeMeure in the 1990 sitcom Blossom and Stevie Van Lowe in the 1999 sitcom The Parkers.

Early life and career
Born in Danbury, Connecticut to Gloria and Frank von Oy, Jenna attended Newtown High School and began her acting career as a child in regional stage productions and commercials. Von Oÿ made her television acting debut in 1986 in an episode of ABC Weekend Special, which was followed by guest roles on Tales from the Darkside and Kate & Allie. From 1990 to 1991, she co-starred in the short-lived CBS sitcom Lenny.

From 1990 to 1995, von Oÿ appeared in the role of the fast-talking Six Lemeure in the series Blossom. After the series ended, she attended film school at the University of Southern California and was an active member of the Kappa Alpha Theta sorority for two years before dropping out to return to acting. In 1999, she won the role of Stevie Van Lowe, Kim Parker (Countess Vaughn)'s sidekick in The Parkers.

During the run of The Parkers, von Oÿ also provided the voice of Trinket St. Blaire in the animated series Pepper Ann. After The Parkers ended its run in 2004, von Oÿ appeared in the 2005 television film, Marsha Potter Gets a Life. Later that year, she guest-starred in an episode of Cold Case and parodied Alexis Bledel's character Rory Gilmore in the Family Guy episode "Perfect Castaway".

In addition to television, von Oÿ has also appeared in the feature film Born on the Fourth of July (1989) opposite Tom Cruise. She has also provided the voices of Stacey in A Goofy Movie (1995) and Gracie in the direct-to-DVD feature Dr. Dolittle 3 (2006).

In June 2000, von Oÿ recorded a demo compact disc in an attempt to launch a recording career in country music. Her debut album, Breathing Room, was released on September 18, 2007.

Personal life
She married computer-data consultant Brad Bratcher in Newtown, Connecticut, in October 2010 but the couple has since divorced. They have two daughters, born in 2012 and 2014. She publicly came out as gay in 2023.

Discography

 * Breathing Room (2007)
 * Coffee & Men (An EP for Childish Adults) (2009)

title: Jenna von Oÿ


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Colossal Adventure

Colossal Adventure is a text based adventure game published by Level 9 Computing in 1982. It was originally released for the Nascom.

Gameplay
Colossal Adventure is an expanded version of the original Adventure by Will Crowther and Don Woods. Over 70 additional locations were added.

Development and release
Colossal Adventure was the first commercial game from Level 9.

It was later released as the first game in the Jewels of Darkness trilogy.

Reception
Allan J. Palmer for Page 6 said "Great Scott (Adams?)! Level 9 Computing have a winner here in this excellent rendition of the original Crowther/Woods mainframe Adventure game."

Steve Cooke for Personal Computer Games said "Although by contrast with some programs available on other machines this program looks a little dated, it shines out like a star in an empty sky as far as Lynx owners are concerned."

John Conquest for Big K said "Even by Level 9's present standards, Colossal Adventure is not the best game available, nor the most engrossing, the most difficult, the most fun, or indeed the most anything."

Stuart Menges for Acorn User said "Colossal Adventure is one of the best in its class. I would recommend it to any adventurer." Philip Garritt for Acorn User said "The program [...] is good value and will give many hours of entertainment."

What MSX? said "Level 9 is the number one software house for adventures, and this is the number one title. MSX owners start here."

Micro Adventurer referred to the game as a "first-class version" of the original Adventure, while Amstrad Action said "it's still the best and lengthiest version of this text-only classic available for a micro".

Crash considered the game "Recommended."

A retrospective review in The Spectrum Show said "If you want the granddaddy of all adventures, this is the one to get, closely followed by the Abersoft one that was bought by Melbourne House and released as Classic Adventure."

Reviews

 * Your Computer - September 1983
 * Home Computing Weekly - Jun 11, 1985
 * Home Computing Weekly - Aug 30, 1983
 * Happy Computer - Feb, 1984

title: Colossal Adventure


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Category:Defence companies

This category contains articles about companies involved in the full range of defense contracting from military vehicles to naval vessels to military aircraft and satellites.

title: Category:Defence companies


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Country park

A country park is a natural area designated for people to visit and enjoy recreation in a countryside environment.

History
In the United Kingdom, the term country park has a specific meaning. There are around 250 designated country parks in England and Wales attracting some 57 million visitors a year, and another 40 or so in Scotland. Most country parks were designated in the 1970s, under the Countryside Act 1968, with the support of the former Countryside Commission. In more recent times there has been no specific financial support for country parks directly and fewer have been designated.

Most parks are managed by local authorities, although other organisations and private individuals can also run them. The 1968 Countryside Act empowered the Countryside Commission to recognize country parks. Although the Act established country parks and gave guidance on the core facilities and services they should provide it did not empower the designation of sites as country parks, as it was left to local authorities to decide whether to endorse a site calling itself a country park.

In England, country parks can be accredited by Natural England, and some also have Green Flag status.

Purpose
The purpose of a country park is to provide a place that has a natural, rural atmosphere for visitors who do not necessarily want to go out into the wider countryside. Visitors can enjoy a public open space with an informal atmosphere, as opposed to a formal park as might be found in an urban area. For this reason country parks are usually found close to or on the edge of built-up areas, and rarely in the wider countryside.

Amenities
A country park usually has some more formal facilities, such as a car park, toilets, maybe a cafe or kiosk, paths and trails, and some information for visitors. Some have much more, with museums, visitor centres, educational facilities, historic buildings, farms, boating, fishing, and other attractions.

Many larger country parks organise entertainment for visitors, and are venues for firework displays, shows and fairs and other large, outdoor events.

There is not necessarily any public right of access to country parks, and visitors are usually subject to byelaws when they enter the park. Some charge for car parking, some are free.

These parks vary tremendously from one to another, and really have only their purpose in common: to provide easy access to the countryside for those living in the towns and suburbs. They do not necessarily have any great nature conservation interest, although often this is the case.

Hong Kong
In Hong Kong a large part of the territory's countryside is officially designated as country parks. Most of these are reservoir watersheds, serving the dual purpose of providing recreational facilities and contributing to Hong Kong's water supply.

title: Country park


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D Magazine

D Magazine is a monthly magazine covering Dallas–Fort Worth. It is headquartered in Downtown Dallas.

D Magazine covers a range of topics including politics, business, food, fashion and lifestyle in the city of Dallas. The first issue was published in October 1974 by its founders, Wick Allison and Jim Atkinson.

History
D Magazine was founded in 1974 by two University of Texas graduates, Wick Allison and Jim Atkinson. Both had a vision of giving Dallas an independent city magazine with an impact that would serve readers’ interests. They developed their concept after-hours while Allison, a Dallas native, attended graduate school at Southern Methodist University and Atkinson reported on KERA’s daily Newsroom program. Their vision was backed financially by young Dallas business people who shared their belief in the need for a strong city magazine.

The magazine received an early boost from Neiman Marcus founder Stanley Marcus, who sent a letter to 200,000 Neiman Marcus cardholders in the Dallas area, urging them to subscribe to the new magazine. It is a member of the City and Regional Magazine Association (CRMA).

The magazine was not well received by everyone. In 1975 then-mayor Wes Wise sued the magazine for libel. That same year the Dallas Restaurant Association sent a letter to its members urging an advertising boycott of the magazine because of its critical dining reviews. In 1990, American Express purchased the magazine, but the new ownership was not successful. In 1996, original founder Wick Allison repurchased the magazine with a group of investors, and in 2003 became the sole owner.

The editors and staff writers of D also publish FrontBurner, a blog about things relating to Dallas. In 2000, Allison launched a sister magazine, D Home, for the home furnishings industry, and in 2003 a magazine for local brides called D Weddings. By 2007 there were five more magazines under the D brand, serving various communities of interest, as well as nine associated community weeklies serving affluent neighborhoods in Dallas.

In 2008, D Magazine laid off 19% of its staff and closed three of its newspapers due to shrinking revenue from advertising. The magazine laid off an additional 12% of its staff in 2009.

D Magazine Partners also publishes D Home, D CEO, Dallas/Fort Worth Medical Directory, D Weddings, Private School Handbook, and Dmagazine.com, a daily resource for best restaurants in Dallas, recommendations for things to do, local news, and commentary on life in Dallas.

title: D Magazine


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Administrative divisions of the Komi Republic

Komi Republic is divided into 12 raions or districts.


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Category talk:History of the United States

earlier comment
Why do we have a category named "War on terror" (with the quotation marks) and another named War on terror (without the quotation marks)? They seem redundant and should be merged into one.

Cleanup
Many articles need to be put into subcategories. -- Beland 09:19, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. -- Beland 02:12, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

United States wars v. Military history of the United States
Is it just me, or should United States wars be made a subcategory of Military history of the United States, rather than a direct subcategory of United States history? Set up as it is presently, it would seem that every US war would have to be assigned both to US wars and to Mil Hist of US. If US wars was made a sub of Mil Hist, one would only have to assign war articles to the war category, and they would inherit the Mil Hist category.

Also, I for one would have a lot easier time remembering the name of Mil Hist if it was United States Military History rather than the present Military history of the United States (besides, it's shorter). It there a way to get consensus on this, and if so, a way to make the change globally?

(Of course, while we're at it, what about making it either U.S. throughout, or United States.)

Mwanner 23:47, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

Cross-referencing
It would be nice if there were subcategories that cross-referenced articles by time period. -- Beland 02:12, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

I am considering subcategories by region/perhaps up to 12 sections, such as "History of New England," "History of the Ohio Valley," "History of the Great Basin." In many ways, this organization would be easier than state based sorting, as so many regions were settled/organized before the arbitrary state lines were drawn and so have common histories. Suggestions welcome. WBardwin 4 July 2005 00:15 (UTC)

new set of US History categories
I am thinking about creating a new supercategory named 'Periods of United States history'. This supercategory would be comprised of 'History of United States (nnnn-nnnn)' categories, named to match the existing 'History of United States (nnnn-nnnn)' articles. These categories would include its matching named article and all other US history articles that pertain to that period of time in U.S history. I believe that this set of categories would help those trying to read or write on any particular period of U.S. history. I would not change anything in the existing US history category structure. Questions/ideas? Thanks Hmains 22:36, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Nickel
Not that I have some kind of vendetta against the Buffalo Nickel, but what does it contribute to Category:History of the United States? --mordicai. 01:46, 24 March 2007 (UTC)