text:
Bonifacio Ondó Edú

Bonifacio Ondó Edú-Aguong (16 March 1922 – 5 March 1969) was an Equatoguinean politician who served as the Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea from 1964 to 1968 while it was still under Spanish colonial rule, as Spanish Guinea. He played a leading role in the country's independence, and led the National Union Movement of Equatorial Guinea from 1959 until his death.

He took office when the country gained autonomy in 1964, and ran in the country's first presidential election in 1968, losing in the run-off. He handed power over to newly elected president Francisco Macías Nguema on 12 October 1968 (the day of independence). He was imprisoned and officially committed suicide only a few months later. Another account says he returned in 1969 from exile in Gabon and was killed.

Early and personal life
Bonifacio Ondó Edú-Aguong, a member of the Fang people,  was born in 1922,  in Evinayong, Spanish Guinea. Ondó Edú married Edelvina Oyana, also a member of the Fang people, and the two were the parents of a large family. Ondó Edú has been described as "of profound religious-Catholic convictions."

During the 1950s, emerging groups of African nationalists began pushing for independence from Spain. However, after the murder of several independence leaders such as Acacio Mañé Ela and Enrique Nvo and the arrests of 24 others in 1959, many nationalists chose to flee into exile and continue the movement abroad, including Ondó Edú. He founded the party Unión Popular de Liberación de Guinea Ecuatorial (UPLGE) ("People's Liberation Movement of Equatorial Guinea") in Libreville, Gabon, in October 1959.

On 15 December 1963, Spain held an autonomy referedum, with 62.5% of eligible Equatoguinean voters voting yes for autonomy. That same year, Spain began allowing open political activity in Equatorial Guinea, which led to several Equatoguinean political parties being formed. Ondó Edú's UPLGE became the moderate Movimiento de Unión Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (MUNGE) ("National Unity Movement of Equatorial Guinea"), in November of that year.

Prime minister of Spanish Guinea
When Spanish Guinea was granted autonomy in 1964, a provisional council was created to govern the country. Ondó Edú became the Prime Minister (or President) of the council on 1 January 1964. His Deputy (or Vice President) was Francisco Macías Nguema of the political party Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE). The council included politicians from Spanish Guinea's various ethnic groups, including Fang, Bubi, and Ndowe people.

In foreign policy, Ondó Edú established good relations with Gabon and its president Léon M'ba (also a Fang). He visited Libreville in May 1965, and was given a warm reception, being referred to as the "President of Equatorial Guinea" by the local press.

Ondó Edú was his party's presidential candidate in the 1968 general election. He campaigned as a moderate who supported continued ties with Spain after independence, while his main opponent, Macías Nguema, was vocally critical of further Spanish involvement in Equatoguinean affairs post-independence. Ondó Edú had the support of then-Deputy Prime Minister of Spain Luis Carrero Blanco, the wider Spanish government, businessmen, the middle class, and various local ethnic groups. His official symbol was a gazelle. In the first round, he received 31,941 votes (34.84%). In the second round, he received 40,254 votes (37.08%). In both rounds, he came in second to Macías Nguema, who won 36,716 votes (40.05%) in the first round and 68,310 votes (62.92%) in the second round. Macías Nguema ultimately won the elections.

On 11 October 1968, Ondó Edú was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella The Catholic by Minister of Information and Tourism Manuel Fraga on behalf of the Spanish government.

On October 12 1968, Ondó Edu transferred power to president-elect Macías Nguema. Fraga signed Equatorial Guinea's Declaration of Independence later that day, officially making the country independent from Spanish rule. Equatorial Guinea became the 44th independent African nation.

Exile and death
After the end of his term, Ondó Edú, fearing for his life, once again fled into exile in Gabon. Macías Nguema, who quickly began establishing a dictatorship, requested that Gabonese President Omar Bongo extradite Ondó Edú back to Equatorial Guinea, but Bongo refused. However, the Spanish government complied, and forcibly returned Ondó Edú to the country. He was arrested upon his return, and according the Equatoguinean government's official account, he committed suicide on March 5, 1969. However, according to one account, Ondó Edú was tortured in Black Beach prison for ten days by Mariano Mdemendongo, a member of the national guard, before finally being executed. His wife was also reportedly killed on Macías Nguema's orders the same year he was.

title: Bonifacio Ondó Edú


text:
Talk:Vijay Bhardwaj

from VfD:

Not a significant cricketer. Alren 23:33, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstain for now - played one-day cricket for India briefly in 1999 but apparently has done little since. Capitalistroadster 06:54, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Vijay Bhardwaj


text:
Gaira

Gaira is a small town on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Near the port of Santa Marta, it is also well known for El Rodadero, one of the most popular beaches in Colombia.

title: Gaira


text: Category:French attack aircraft

title: Category:French attack aircraft


text: User talk:68.211.85.248

title: User talk:68.211.85.248


text:
Codress message

In military cryptography, a codress message is an encrypted message whose address is also encrypted. This is usually done to prevent traffic analysis.

title: Codress message


text:
Mark Wirtz

Mark Philipp Wirtz (3 September 1943 –7 August 2020) was a German-French pop music record producer, composer, singer, musician, author, and comedian. Wirtz is best known for the never-completed A Teenage Opera concept album, a project he devised while working under contract to EMI at Abbey Road Studios with Beatles engineer Geoff Emerick. The first single from the planned album, "Excerpt from A Teenage Opera" by Keith West, was a number 2 hit on the UK Singles Chart in September 1967 and encapsulates Wirtz's signature style, described by Mojo magazine as "Phil Spector scoring Camberwick Green". Another track produced and arranged by Wirtz, the 1966 single "A Touch of Velvet - A Sting of Brass" credited to The Mood-Mosaic featuring the Ladybirds, became well-known in Germany as the theme tune for the Radio Bremen television show Musikladen, and was used by some radio stations and DJs in the United Kingdom as an ident, notably Dave Lee Travis on Radio Caroline.

Early life
Wirtz was born in Strasbourg, and raised in Cologne, Germany. He moved to England in 1962.

Early career (1960s)
Mark Wirtz began his music career while studying art at London's Fairfield College of Arts and Sciences. According to a former flatmate, "Three things already stood out in him at the age of seventeen: his prodigious talent as an artist – he could paint original work in the style of any of the grand masters; his natural ability as a musician – he could pick out any tune on the piano by ear; and his zany sense of humour – he idolized the comedian Jerry Lewis."

He was studying drama at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art when his college rock band, The Beatcrackers, were signed to a recording contract in 1963 as Mark Rogers and the Marksmen by EMI producer Norman Newell. They recorded a single, "Bubble Pop". By 1965 Wirtz had started his first independent production company, and worked with Marlene Dietrich as well as releasing his own instrumentals under various pseudonyms. In 1966, he wrote and produced the single "A Touch of Velvet - A Sting of Brass", an orchestral production credited to The Mood-Mosaic with vocals by the Ladybirds, which became a popular theme tune on pirate radio stations.

In 1967, Wirtz accepted EMI veteran producer/A&R chief Norrie Paramor's offer to join EMI Records as in-house producer. Working at Abbey Road Studios alongside the Beatles and Pink Floyd, often with engineer Geoff Emerick, Wirtz wrote and produced landmark recordings by artists such as Keith West, Tomorrow, and Kippington Lodge. He reached global success with his production of "Excerpt from A Teenage Opera" (also known as "Grocer Jack"), recorded by Keith West. Though never completed or released as an entire work, the idea of a rock opera became influential.

Wirtz was married to singer Ross Hannaman for a period of time. Together, they wrote and recorded the song "Barefoot and Tiptoe" under the name The Sweetshop, erroneously believed to have been from A Teenage Opera. Wirtz and Hannaman divorced in 1969, at which time Wirtz teamed up with poetry writer Maria Feltham to record Wirtz's concept album, Philwit and Pegasus, for composer Les Reed's Chapter One label.

In 1969, his creative freedom restricted by drastic changes in A&R policy, Wirtz resigned his post at EMI Records to return to independent production. Associations with Larry Page's Penny Farthing label, Samantha Jones, and Kris Ife followed, during which Wirtz formed a co-writing partnership ("Learning 2 Live With Love", MWET/Spyderbaby (2005); "One Night Stand", MWET/Anthony Rivers (2005), and the Cooking For Cannibals soundtrack album (2007).

1970s
In 1970, Wirtz moved to Los Angeles to accept an invitation by his fellow expatriate producer and friend Denny Cordell to work with him at Hollywood's Shelter Records. In 1973, Wirtz signed a writer/artist/producer contract with Capitol Records for whom he recorded two albums, Balloon and Hothouse Smiles. Both were released under the name "Marc Wirtz".

In 1975, dropped by Capitol for his refusal to tour or perform publicly, he signed with producer Tom Catalano and veteran publisher Dan Crewe's RCA-distributed TomCat label, a short-lived association because of the label folding only weeks after Wirtz's first single release, "We Could Have Laughed Forever". Having become a parent in the same year, Wirtz dropped his "loose cannon" career pursuits and, under the name of Marc Peters, became a freelance session arranger/conductor in partnership with several producers, including Kim Fowley and Jimmy Bowen. He subsequently created numerous pop, R&B and country songs that featured an array of artists as diverse as Helen Reddy, Leon Russell, Vicky Leandros, Kim Carnes, Dean Martin, and Anthony Newley.

In 1979, signed by Russ Regan to Interworld Music/CBS Records as writer and producer, Wirtz produced his third solo album, Lost Pets, sequentially joined by guitarists Richard Bennett and John Beland, keyboard players Alan Lindgren and Tom Hensley, drummers Billy Thomas and Denny Seiwell, and bassists David Hungate and Les Hurdle. However, the production was never finished due to Wirtz's decision to concentrate on his family, leading to a 20-year hiatus from the music business.

Hiatus from music
During those years, after savings had run out and royalties had dwindled, Wirtz took on a gamut of jobs, including telemarketer, waiter, maître d', bloodstock agent, interpreter, voice-over artist, seminar leader and eventually sales manager for a Geneva merger and acquisition firm.

While taking acting classes during off-times and in the pursuit of a new career as a novelist, Wirtz also realized a lifelong ambition to be a comedian by studying and performing at Hollywood's Groundlings Improv Theater, to eventually take his first steps onto the stages of Hollywood's comedy clubs, including The Comedy Store and The Improv.

In 1996, Wirtz moved to Savannah, Georgia, where he became an award-winning freelance magazine columnist/critic, writing about food and drama, while publishing his first novels, Sisyphus Rocks and Love Is Eggshaped, as well as selling paintings in a Savannah gallery.

Later years and death
In 2004, giving in to the plea from his daughter Nicole (by now resident in Spain) to produce her rock-band-leader boyfriend's debut album, Wirtz flew to Barcelona and returned to the studio for the first time in many years to produce Les Philippes' Philharmonic Philanthropy. Before year's end, the band's album was No. 1 in the independent label charts. Wirtz continued his rebounded studio activities by subsequently producing his own Mark Wirtz Eartheatre solo album Love Is Eggshaped, Spyderbaby UK's Glassblower CD, and Anthony Rivers' Marked Confidential.

In January 2006, Wirtz found a path back into comedy by collaborating with Jacksonville, Florida's "Jax Comics" group of working comedians, initially working out at the Comedy Zone, then moving on by touring the southeast's comedy clubs in the development of his stand-up comedy act. In 2010, Wirtz produced an all-new solo studio album, Lost Pets 2, scheduled for international release by PoppyDisc Records in October 2010.

Wirtz died on the morning of 7 August 2020 from Pick's disease.

title: Mark Wirtz


text:
Nino Cocchiarella

Nino Cocchiarella (born 1933) is an American philosopher who is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Indiana University Bloomington. He is best known for his work in formal logic and ontology.

Among his important articles are:
 * "Nominalism and Conceptualism as Predicative Second Order Theories of Predication", Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, vol. 21 (1980)
 * "Richard Montague and the Logical Analysis of Language", in Contemporary Philosophy: A New Survey, vol. 2, Philosophy of Language/Philosophical Logic, G. Fløistad, ed., Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague (1981)
 * "The Development of the Theory of Logical Types and the Notion of a Logical Subject in Russell's Early Philosophy", Synthese, vol. 45 (1980).

His books include Logical Investigations of Predication Theory and the Problem of Universals (1986); Logical Studies in Early Analytic Philosophy (1987); Formal Ontology and Conceptual Realism, New York, Springer (2007); and ''Modal Logic. An Introduction to its Syntax and Semantics'' (with Max Freund), Oxford, Oxford University Press (2008).

title: Nino Cocchiarella


text:
Nudelman-Rikhter NR-30

The Nudelman-Rikhter NR-30 was a Soviet autocannon widely used in military aircraft of the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact. It was designed by A.E. Nudelman and A. A. Rikhter, entering service in 1954.

Description
Prior to the introduction of the NR-30, most Soviet autocannon were of 23 or 37 mm calibre and often used in combination. For instance, the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 was equipped with two NR-23's and a single N-37. The two were mismatched; the NR-23 was a rapid-fire weapon with relatively low explosive power, while the N-37 was extremely powerful, typically able to destroy a bomber with a single hit, but with very a low firing rate which made it unsuited to firing at manoeuvring targets like fighters. Moreover, the two had very different ballistics which meant that long-range fire would result in one or the other set of guns being properly aimed.

The NR-30 was an attempt to solve this problem by introducing a single weapon that could serve in both roles. It was essentially an enlarged version of the NR-23 using the same short recoil mechanism firing a new 400 gram 30 mm round that was roughly twice the mass of the earlier NR-23 and slightly less than half that of the N-37. While not capable of destroying a bomber in a single hit, it made up for this by improving the firing rate to 900 cycles per minute, beyond that of the NR-23. Muzzle velocity increased to 800 m/s, besting both the NR-23 and N-37.

Its total firepower, the product of per-round energy and firing rate, was better than either of the earlier weapons. This demanded the use of a muzzle brake with an integrated flame damper to prevent airframe damage from its firing. In fighters, wing mountings were more common than the nose mounts of the earlier designs. This often required small sections of stainless steel to be fitted to the wing skinning to protect it.

Aircraft typically carried a load of 70 shells for each gun. There were 20 different types of ammunition available; the most used were AP and HEI, the latter of 40–48 g HE internal charge, several times larger than 20 mm ammunition. An unusual munition was the Chaff dispenser PRL, with 48,000 chaff particles internally; it is not known how it was used.

The NR-30 was also remarkably light, about one-third lighter than the N-37 while offering higher firepower. The GSh-301 is the only lighter 30 mm gun.

The NR-30 was used mainly in the MiG-19, early MiG-21 models, the Sukhoi Su-7, and the Sukhoi Su-17. It was also used on the Shenyang J-6, the Chinese copy of the MiG-19, with a third gun in the nose. The Chinese manufactured their own version, the Type-30, basically similar though with slightly different characteristics.

Ammunition specifications

 * Caliber: 30x155mm (belted) with a brass case
 * Projectile weight: 410 grams (14½ oz), 840 g (1 lb 13½ oz) complete
 * Launch charge: 95 g to 99 g of 6/7fl VBP smokeless powder
 * Types of ammunition: HEI, AP, TP, Chaff dispensers

Users

 * Soviet Union
 * Russian Federation
 * 🇨🇳 China
 * 🇦🇱 Albania - Used in the J-6C aircraft from 1962 until 2005.
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan - Used in the Shenyang F-6C from 1965 until 2002.

title: Nudelman-Rikhter NR-30


text:
User talk:Chmod007/monobook.css

you might want to take a look at mine too :) Nicholas

title: User talk:Chmod007/monobook.css


text:
Multiple encryption

Multiple encryption is the process of encrypting an already encrypted message one or more times, either using the same or a different algorithm. It is also known as cascade encryption, cascade ciphering, multiple encryption, and superencipherment. Superencryption refers to the outer-level encryption of a multiple encryption.

Some cryptographers, like Matthew Green of Johns Hopkins University, say multiple encryption addresses a problem that mostly doesn't exist: Modern ciphers rarely get broken... You’re far more likely to get hit by malware or an implementation bug than you are to suffer a catastrophic attack on AES. .... and in that quote lies the reason for multiple encryption, namely poor implementation. Using two different cryptomodules and keying processes from two different vendors requires both vendors' wares to be compromised for security to fail completely.

Independent keys
Picking any two ciphers, if the key used is the same for both, the second cipher could possibly undo the first cipher, partly or entirely. This is true of ciphers where the decryption process is exactly the same as the encryption process (a reciprocal cipher) —the second cipher would completely undo the first. If an attacker were to recover the key through cryptanalysis of the first encryption layer, the attacker could possibly decrypt all the remaining layers, assuming the same key is used for all layers.

To prevent that risk, one can use keys that are statistically independent for each layer (e.g. independent RNGs).

Ideally each key should have separate and different generation, sharing, and management processes.

Independent Initialization Vectors
For en/decryption processes that require sharing an Initialization Vector (IV) / nonce these are typically, openly shared or made known to the recipient (and everyone else). Its good security policy never to provide the same data in both plaintext and ciphertext when using the same key and IV. Therefore, its recommended (although at this moment without specific evidence) to use separate IVs for each layer of encryption.

Importance of the first layer
With the exception of the one-time pad, no cipher has been theoretically proven to be unbreakable. Furthermore, some recurring properties may be found in the ciphertexts generated by the first cipher. Since those ciphertexts are the plaintexts used by the second cipher, the second cipher may be rendered vulnerable to attacks based on known plaintext properties (see references below).

This is the case when the first layer is a program P that always adds the same string S of characters at the beginning (or end) of all ciphertexts (commonly known as a magic number). When found in a file, the string S allows an operating system to know that the program P has to be launched in order to decrypt the file. This string should be removed before adding a second layer.

To prevent this kind of attack, one can use the method provided by Bruce Schneier:

 * Generate a random pad R of the same size as the plaintext.
 * Encrypt R using the first cipher and key.
 * XOR the plaintext with the pad, then encrypt the result using the second cipher and a different (!) key.
 * Concatenate both ciphertexts in order to build the final ciphertext.

A cryptanalyst must break both ciphers to get any information. This will, however, have the drawback of making the ciphertext twice as long as the original plaintext.

Note, however, that a weak first cipher may merely make a second cipher that is vulnerable to a chosen plaintext attack also vulnerable to a known plaintext attack. However, a block cipher must not be vulnerable to a chosen plaintext attack to be considered secure. Therefore, the second cipher described above is not secure under that definition, either. Consequently, both ciphers still need to be broken. The attack illustrates why strong assumptions are made about secure block ciphers and ciphers that are even partially broken should never be used.

The Rule of Two
The Rule of Two is a data security principle from the NSA's Commercial Solutions for Classified Program (CSfC). It specifies two completely independent layers of cryptography to protect data. For example, data could be protected by both hardware encryption at its lowest level and software encryption at the application layer. It could mean using two FIPS-validated software cryptomodules from different vendors to en/decrypt data.

The importance of vendor and/or model diversity between the layers of components centers around removing the possibility that the manufacturers or models will share a vulnerability. This way if one components is compromised there is still an entire layer of encryption protecting the information at rest or in transit. The CSfC Program offers solutions to achieve diversity in two ways. "The first is to implement each layer using components produced by different manufacturers. The second is to use components from the same manufacturer, where that manufacturer has provided NSA with sufficient evidence that the implementations of the two components are independent of one another."

The principle is practiced in the NSA's secure mobile phone called Fishbowl. The phones use two layers of encryption protocols, IPsec and Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP), to protect voice communications. The Samsung Galaxy S9 Tactical Edition is also an approved CSfC Component.

Examples
The figure shows from inside to outside the process of how the encrypted capsule is formed in the context of Echo Protocol, used by the Software Application GoldBug Messenger. GoldBug has implemented a hybrid system for authenticity and confidentiality.

 First layer of the encryption:  The ciphertext of the original readable message is hashed, and subsequently the symmetric keys are encrypted via the asymmetric key - e.g. deploying the algorithm RSA. In an intermediate step the ciphertext, and the hash digest of the ciphertext are combined into a capsule, and packed together. It follows the approach: Encrypt-then-MAC. In order for the receiver to verify that the ciphertext has not been tampered with, the digest is computed before the ciphertext is decrypted.

 Second layer of encryption:  Optionally it is still possible, therefore to encrypt the capsule of the first layer in addition with an AES-256, - comparable to a commonly shared, 32-character long symmetric password. Hybrid Encryption is then added to multiple encryption.

 Third layer of the encryption:  Then, this capsule is transmitted via a secure SSL/TLS connection to the communication partner

title: Multiple encryption


text:
User:M.L

home wiki: M.L @ de.wikipedia.org (meta)

title: User:M.L


text: Talk:Friction, Baby

title: Talk:Friction, Baby


text:
Friction, Baby

Friction, Baby is the third studio album by Better Than Ezra, released in 1996.

The album's title comes from a television interview with Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones. When asked how he and Mick Jagger stayed together for so long, Richards took a long drag from his cigarette and said "friction, baby." This may also be a reference to the fact that the band had replaced its original drummer, Cary Bonnecaze, between the recording of their previous album and this one.

The album produced two hits on the Billboard modern rock charts: "King of New Orleans" and "Desperately Wanting." "Desperately Wanting" also narrowly missed the Billboard Top 40, peaking at #48. The third and fourth singles, "Long Lost" and "Normal Town," failed to chart.

Critical reception
In its review, The A.V. Club called Friction, Baby "a batch of low-impact pop cheese that's too mindlessly catchy not to be likable."

Track listing

 * 1) "King of New Orleans" – 4:07
 * 2) "Rewind" – 3:07
 * 3) "Long Lost" – 3:40
 * 4) "Normal Town" – 3:39
 * 5) "Scared, Are You?" – 4:06
 * 6) "Return of the Post Moderns" – 2:54
 * 7) "Hung the Moon" – 3:46
 * 8) "Desperately Wanting" – 4:37
 * 9) "Still Life with Cooley" – 3:58
 * 10) "WWOZ" – 4:20
 * 11) "Happy Endings" – 2:43
 * 12) "Speeding Up to Slow Down" – 4:09
 * 13) "At Ch. Degaulle, Etc." – 6:37
 * 14) * "Mejor de Ezra" (3:17) starts at 3:20 into the track.

On early copies of the album, the hidden track "Mejor de Ezra" is contained in the pregap. Later copies of the album tack this secret track onto the end of the album.

All songs were composed by Kevin Griffin.

Personnel

 * Kevin Griffin – Guitar, Vocals
 * Tom Drummond – Bass
 * Travis McNabb – Drums

Additional personnel

 * Joan Wasser – Violin
 * Peter Holsapple – Piano, Organ, Mandolin
 * Anthony Dagrade – Saxophone, Clarinet, Flute
 * Jamil Sharie – Trumpet
 * Mark Mullins – Trombone
 * Matthew Perrine – Tuba
 * Lawrence Sieberth – Piano

title: Friction, Baby


text: File:Smetroidbox.jpg

title: File:Smetroidbox.jpg


text: User talk:68.46.231.197

title: User talk:68.46.231.197


text:
King World

King World Productions, Inc. (also known as King World Entertainment, King World Enterprises, or simply King World) was a production company and syndicator of television programming in the United States founded by Charles King (1912–72) that was active from 1964 to 2007.

Following his death, it was run by his son Roger until it was acquired by CBS in 1999 and merged with CBS Paramount Domestic Television to form CBS Television Distribution (now CBS Media Ventures). Following Roger King's death, the company continues to exist on paper as an intellectual property holder and under the moniker of KWP Studios Inc. to hold the copyrights for television shows like Rachael Ray, which aired from September 18, 2006 to July 28, 2023.

Founding with The Little Rascals
The division was started in 1964 by Charles King (1912–1972). It was a company that expressly handled television distribution of the Hal Roach-produced Our Gang short comedy films from the 1930s. When Roach lost the rights to the name Our Gang (it was retained by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio, who bought the series from Roach in 1938), the shorts were retitled as The Little Rascals.

It was through this acquisition that the comedy shorts made from 1929 through 1938 have been made available to audiences for the past fifty years. King World later co-produced an animated TV special with Muller-Rosen Productions and Murakami-Wolf-Swenson in 1979 called The Little Rascals Christmas Special and later co-produced an 1982–1984 animated The Little Rascals TV series with Hanna-Barbera. King died in 1972 and the company was taken over by King's children: Roger M. King (1944-2007), Michael (1948-2015), Robert (1940-2020), Diana (1949-2019), Richard (1941-2020), and Karen.

1980s expansion
In 1983, the company acquired the syndication rights to NBC's daytime game show Wheel of Fortune. Merv Griffin, the show's creator and producer, had shopped the program to various other studios prior to reaching a deal with King World. King World also would acquire the rights to distribute Griffin's own long-running talk/variety program from Metromedia's syndication division. A year later, Griffin announced plans to revive another of his game show creations, Jeopardy!, and King World agreed to distribute that program as well.

In 1984 King World formed an ad-sales barter division called Camelot Entertainment Sales. Later that year president Robert King left the company to form The Television Program Source; a television syndication company that was founded as a joint venture between King, Alan Bennett, and Columbia Pictures Television. King World also purchased television and film distributor Leo A. Gutman, Inc. whose titles included the theatricals Joan of Arc, Anna Karenina and the Sherlock Holmes and East Side Kids series; and two 1960s television westerns, Branded and The Guns of Will Sonnett.

In 1986, King World signed Oprah Winfrey to a syndication deal and agreed to distribute her Chicago-based daytime talk program nationally, resulting in the premiere of The Oprah Winfrey Show in September of that year. The acquisitions paid off, and Oprah, Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune became three of the most popular shows in the history of television syndication, drawing high ratings consistently well into the 21st century. In particular, the success of Oprah eventually led to the creation of the spin-off series Dr. Phil, Rachael Ray, and The Dr. Oz Show.

Other acquisitions
On February 11, 1985, King World formed the King World Enterprises division to develop joint-venture programs with advertisers and station groups and to handle international distribution for King World and Camelot. In 1987, King World's Camelot Entertainment Sales entered into an agreement with Buena Vista Television, whereas Camelot would sell all national spots for all programming produced by Buena Vista Television, which included Siskel & Ebert, DuckTales, Disney Magic I and Win, Lose or Draw, and Camelot was willing to accept the lower figure because DuckTales represented King World's first foray into the animated strip business, and Disney Magic I marked King World to the barter movie operation business for the first time.

In 1988, the company made its only foray onto television stations when it bought out WIVB-TV in Buffalo for $100 million. King World ended up selling the station to LIN TV Corporation in 1995.

Former King World-owned stations
Stations are arranged in alphabetical order by state and city of license.

1990s: King World Direct and KWP
In the 1990s, King World operated an "As Seen on TV" VHS service called King World Direct.

Stuart Hersch, a lawyer by trade, was the financial expert who helped to take the company public, making it one of the hottest stocks on Wall Street at the time. The company traded as "KWP". King World had virtually no debt and generated hundreds of millions of dollars in revenues after going public.

Television stations that broadcast King World programming had first choice on any series King World offered to distribute.

On November 25, 1991, King World acquired the Hollywood Squares format rights from Orion Pictures after Orion closed down its television division. In 1995, it made a partner deal with Columbia TriStar Television to launch game shows.

In 1996, King World began co-distributing Geraldo (later The Geraldo Rivera Show) with Tribune Entertainment, and would continue co-distributing the show until its cancellation in 1998.

On September 28, 1998, King World acquired the worldwide leasing rights to the solo-developed game shows by Merrill Heatter Productions for a limited time.

Acquisition by CBS
In April 1999, King World was acquired by CBS. On January 19, 2000, Eyemark Entertainment, the successor to Westinghouse Broadcasting following the CBS/Westinghouse Electric Corporation merger, was folded into King World. The sale was first discussed on March 28, 1999, for $3 billion. After the network purchased King World, CBS was bought by Viacom always in 1999; such buyout was reversed at the end of 2005, when King World became part of the post-split CBS Corporation as well as all of Viacom's former TV production and distribution operations.

In its latter days, King World was considered the syndication branch of the CBS network (a role Viacom actually first served upon its creation), having succeeded Eyemark in that role. King World, however, distributed newer CBS shows such as Everybody Loves Raymond while the older shows were syndicated by corporate affiliate CBS Paramount Television, the successor to the original distributor Viacom Enterprises. Additionally, from 2000 to 2006, King World distributed archive programs from Group W, such as The Mike Douglas Show.

On September 26, 2006, CBS announced that King World and CBS Paramount Television's syndication operations would be combined to form the CBS Television Distribution Group (CTD). Roger King was announced as CEO of the new entity and retained that position until suffering a stroke on December 7, 2007, and dying the next day. Paul Franklin currently serves as President of CTD.

For one year, the King World on-screen identity was kept for the programs it distributed at its closure. However, most of the programs handled by King World were distributed under CTD. On September 27, 2007, CBS Television Distribution introduced a new closing logo to replace the old logos of King World, CBS Paramount Domestic Television, and its predecessors. CBS Television Distribution was renamed CBS Media Ventures in 2021.

Programming
King World was responsible for the highest rated shows in syndication for over two decades. They also had the television rights to a large library of theatrical films. When it was acquired by Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 2000, it distributed a number of CBS-produced series for syndication, such as Everybody Loves Raymond (ancillary rights to this series are owned by HBO), CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: NY, and CSI: Miami. King World turned part of its attention to producing in-house newsmagazines including American Journal and Inside Edition.

title: King World


text:
Bruce Peterson

Bruce A. Peterson (May 23, 1933 – May 1, 2006) was an American aeronautical engineer, and test pilot for NASA.

Early life and education
Peterson was born on May 23, 1933. A native of Washburn, North Dakota, he attended the University of California at Los Angeles from 1950 to 1953, and California Polytechnic State University from 1958 to 1960. While at UCLA he held a job as an aircraft assembler for Douglas Aircraft Company. Peterson graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from Cal Poly in 1960.

Flight experience and NASA career
Following attending UCLA, Peterson enlisted as a naval aviation cadet and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Marine Corps in 1954. He was released from active duty three years later. Upon receiving his bachelor's degree from Cal Poly, Peterson joined NASA in August 1960 as an engineer at the Dryden Flight Research Center. After graduating from the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School (Class 62C) at Edwards Air Force Base, California, and transferring to flight operations in 1962, he was assigned as one of the project pilots on the Rogallo paraglider research vehicle (Paresev) program. He made his first Paresev research flight on March 14, 1962. He was injured when the craft crashed from a height of about 10 feet (3 m) during a ground tow flight. Always the consummate engineer, his first question after impact was, "What happened to the lateral stick forces?"

As a NASA research pilot, he flew a wide variety of airplanes, including the F5D-1, F-100, F-104, F-111A, B-52, NT-33A Variable Stability Trainer, the wingless lifting bodies and numerous general aviation aircraft as well as several types of helicopters and sailplanes.

On May 10, 1967, during the sixteenth glide flight of a lifting body Northrop M2-F2, a landing accident severely damaged the vehicle and seriously injured Peterson. After an extensive hospitalization, he recovered from his injuries but lost sight in one eye due to a secondary infection while in the hospital. He also made 17 NASA M2-F1, 2 other M2-F2 and 1 Northrop HL-10 lifting body flights.

Portions of M2-F2 footage including Peterson's spectacular crash landing were used for the 1973 TV movie and subsequent series, The Six Million Dollar Man during the opening credits of every episode. Peterson complained he disliked having his accident repeatedly replayed on television so often.

Despite his injuries, Peterson continued to fly NASA support missions, occasional research flights and continued his Marine Reserve flying duties until 1971. During his flying career, Peterson logged more than 6,000 flight hours in nearly 70 types of aircraft.

Peterson continued at Dryden as a research project engineer on the F-8 Digital Fly-By-Wire program of the late 1960s and early 1970s. He later assumed responsibility for safety and quality assurance for Dryden until his retirement in 1981.

Post-NASA career
He then joined the Northrop Corporation, where he assumed responsibility for safety and quality assurance for testing the B-2 Advanced Technology Bomber. From 1982 until 1994 Peterson worked in Northrop's B-2 division (Advanced Systems Division) in Pico Rivera, California, at Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California, and at Edwards Air Force Base, becoming manager of system safety and human factors.

Later life and death
Peterson resided in Orange County, California, and Ocean Springs, California, until his death on May 1, 2006, at age 72, after a long illness.

Organizations and special honors
Peterson was a fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots and 2002 recipient of the Tony LeVier Flight Test Safety Award. He was honored by NASA with an Exceptional Leadership Award for his work on preparations for the first Space Shuttle landing at NASA Dryden in April 1981. In 2003 he was inducted into the Lancaster, California Aerospace Walk of Honor.

title: Bruce Peterson


text:
List of places in Cambridgeshire

This is a list of cities, towns and villages in the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It includes places in the former county of Huntingdonshire, now a district of Cambridgeshire.

A

 * Abbotsley
 * Abbots Ripton
 * Abington Pigotts
 * Alconbury
 * Alconbury Weston
 * Aldreth
 * Alwalton
 * America
 * Arrington
 * Ashley

B

 * Babraham
 * Balsham
 * Barham
 * Bar Hill
 * Barnwell
 * Barrington
 * Bartlow
 * Barton
 * Barway
 * Bassingbourn
 * Benwick
 * Blackhorse Drove
 * Bluntisham
 * Bottisham
 * Bourn
 * Boxworth
 * Brampton
 * Brington
 * Broughton
 * Brinkley
 * Buckden
 * Buckworth
 * Burrough Green
 * Burwell
 * Bury
 * Bythorn

C

 * Caldecote (Huntingdonshire)
 * Caldecote (South Cambridgeshire)
 * Cambourne
 * Cambridge
 * Camps End
 * Cardinal's Green
 * Carlton
 * Castle Camps
 * Catworth
 * Caxton
 * Chatteris
 * Cherry Hinton
 * Chesterton, Cambridge
 * Chesterton, Huntingdonshire
 * Chettisham
 * Cheveley
 * Childerley
 * Chippenham
 * Chittering
 * Christchurch
 * Coates
 * Coldham
 * Collett's Bridge
 * Colne
 * Conington
 * Coppingford
 * Comberton
 * Commercial End
 * Coton
 * Cottenham
 * Coveney
 * Covington
 * Croxton
 * Croydon

D

 * Denton
 * Deeping Gate
 * Diddington
 * Ditton Green
 * Doddington
 * Dogsthorpe
 * Downham
 * Dry Drayton
 * Dullingham
 * Duxford

E

 * Earith
 * East Hatley
 * Easton
 * Eastrea
 * Eaton Ford
 * Eaton Socon
 * Ellington
 * Elm
 * Elsworth
 * Eltisley
 * Elton
 * Ely
 * Euximoor
 * Eye
 * Eye Green
 * Eynesbury
 * Eynesbury Hardwicke

G

 * Gamlingay
 * Girton
 * Glatton
 * Godmanchester
 * Gorefield
 * Grafham
 * Grantchester
 * Graveley
 * Great Abington
 * Great Chishill
 * Great Eversden
 * Great Gransden
 * Great Gidding
 * Great Paxton
 * Great Shelford
 * Great Staughton
 * Great Wilbraham
 * Guilden Morden
 * Guyhirn

H

 * Haddenham
 * Haddon
 * Hail Weston
 * Hamerton
 * Hardwick
 * Harlton
 * Harston
 * Haslingfield
 * Hatley
 * Hatley St George
 * Hauxton
 * Hemingford Abbots
 * Hemingford Grey
 * Heydon
 * Highfields
 * Hildersham
 * Hilton
 * Hinxton
 * Histon
 * Holme
 * Holywell
 * Horningsea
 * Horseheath
 * Houghton
 * Huntingdon

I

 * Ickleton
 * Impington
 * Isleham

J

 * Jesus Lane

K

 * Kennett
 * Keyston
 * Kimbolton
 * Kings Ripton
 * Kingston
 * Kirtling
 * Knapwell
 * Kneesworth

L

 * Landbeach
 * Leighton Bromswold
 * Leverington
 * Linton
 * Litlington
 * Little Abington
 * Little Chishill
 * Little Ditton
 * Little Downham
 * Little Eversden
 * Little Gidding
 * Little Gransden
 * Little Ouse
 * Little Paxton
 * Littleport
 * Little Shelford
 * Little Thetford
 * Little Wilbraham
 * Lode
 * Lolworth
 * Long Meadow
 * Longstanton
 * Longstowe

M
Morborne
 * Madingley
 * Manea
 * March
 * Melbourn
 * Meldreth
 * Mepal
 * Midloe
 * Milton
 * Molesworth
 * Murrow

N

 * Needingworth
 * Newton-in-the-Isle
 * Newton, South Cambridgeshire
 * Northstowe

O

 * Oakington
 * Offord Cluny
 * Offord D'Arcy
 * Oldhurst
 * Old Weston
 * Orwell
 * Over

P

 * Pampisford
 * Papworth Everard
 * Papworth St Agnes
 * Parson Drove
 * Perry
 * Peterborough
 * Pidley
 * Pondersbridge
 * Prickwillow
 * Pymoor

Q

 * Queen Adelaide

R

 * Rampton
 * Ramsey
 * Ramsey Forty Foot
 * Ramsey Heights
 * Ramsey Mereside
 * Ramsey St Mary's
 * Reach
 * Ring's End

S

 * Sawston
 * Sawtry
 * Saxon Street
 * Shepreth
 * Shingay
 * Shudy Camps
 * Sibson
 * Snailwell
 * Soham
 * Somersham
 * Southoe
 * Spaldwick
 * Stapleford
 * Steeple Gidding
 * Steeple Morden
 * Stetchworth
 * Stibbington
 * Stilton
 * St Ives
 * St Neots
 * Stonea
 * Stonely
 * Stow-cum-Quy
 * Stow Longa
 * Streetley End
 * Stretham
 * Stuntney
 * Sutton
 * Sutton Gault
 * Sutton-in-the-Isle
 * Swaffham Bulbeck
 * Swaffham Prior
 * Swavesey
 * Swingbrow

T

 * Tadlow
 * Tetworth
 * Teversham
 * The Raveleys
 * The Stukeleys
 * Tholomas Drove
 * Thorney
 * Thorney Toll
 * Thriplow
 * Tilbrook
 * Tips End
 * Toft
 * Toseland
 * Trumpington
 * Turves
 * Tydd St Giles

U

 * Upend
 * Upton (Huntingdonshire)
 * Upton (Peterborough)
 * Upware
 * Upwood

W

 * Warboys
 * Wardy Hill
 * Waresley
 * Washingley
 * Waterbeach
 * Water Newton
 * Welches Dam
 * Wendy
 * Wentworth
 * Westley Waterless
 * Weston Colville
 * Weston Green
 * Westry
 * Westwick
 * West Wickham
 * West Wratting
 * Whaddon
 * Whittlesey
 * Whittlesford
 * Whittlesford Bridge
 * Wicken
 * Wilburton
 * Willingham
 * Wimblington
 * Wimpole
 * Winwick
 * Wisbech
 * Wisbech St Mary
 * Wistow
 * Witcham
 * Witchford
 * Wood Ditton
 * Woodditton
 * Woodhurst
 * Woodwalton
 * Woolley
 * Wothorpe
 * Wyton

Y

 * Yaxley
 * Yelling

title: List of places in Cambridgeshire


text:
SuperValu (Canada)

SuperValu is a chain of franchised and independent grocery stores in Canada that currently operates in the province of British Columbia and Alberta.

Background
Founded in British Columbia in 1951 by Loblaw Companies Limited as a chain of independently-owned supermarkets supplied by Loblaws' wholesale subsidiary, Kelly Douglas & Company. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, many SuperValu stores were created from former Loblaws corporate stores as the banner expanded across western Canada. Loblaw Companies Limited (through its Westfair Foods division) still supplies SuperValu stores and owns the SuperValu name.

In the mid-1970s, a larger version of SuperValu was created - dubbed the Real Canadian Superstore, these warehouse-sized grocery stores were closer to department stores in scope. Today, only a handful of smaller SuperValu stores remain, all in British Columbia. Most others have either been rebranded to other Loblaw banners, such as Extra Foods, Your Independent Grocer or expanded into Real Canadian Superstore outlets (or the related Real Canadian Wholesale Club). Atlantic SuperValu stores have since been replaced by the larger Atlantic Superstore.

title: SuperValu (Canada)


text:
Prayer in Hinduism

Prayer (प्रार्थना) is considered to be an integral part of the Hindu religion; it is practiced during Hindu worship (puja) and is an expression of devotion (Bhakti). The chanting of mantras is the most popular form of worship in Hinduism. The Vedas are liturgical texts (mantras and hymns). Stuti is an umbrella term for religious literary creations, but it literally means "praise."

The Hindu devotional Bhakti traditions place a focus on repetitive prayer, known as japa. Prayer is centred on the personal forms of gods and goddesses, such as Vishnu's avatars, most notably Rama and Krishna, Shiva, or Shiva's sons such as Kartikeya and Ganesha, as well as Mahadevi, the supreme goddess, and her forms, such as Lakshmi or Kali.

The human aspire to the highest truth, the underlying monism of Hinduism, pertaining ultimately to the one Brahman, began before the ritual process, before the invocation of diverse deities for the fulfilment of varied needs. The Gayatri Mantra was part of all Vedic ceremonies and is still invoked in Hindu temples all over India and other countries around the world today, exemplifying its essence.

Bhakti yoga
Described in the Bhagavad Gita, bhakti yoga is the path of love and devotion. On bhakti yoga: "".... those who, renouncing all actions in Me, and regarding Me as the Supreme, worship Me... of those whose thoughts have entered into Me, I am soon the deliverer from the ocean of death and transmigration, Arjuna. Keep your mind on Me alone, your intellect on Me. Thus you shall dwell in Me hereafter.""

- Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 12, Verses 6-8

It is essentially the process of enlightenment found through worship of the Devas (or Devi, the feminine form of Deva), in whatever form one envisions. Prayer is achieved through puja (worship) done either at the family shrine or a local temple. We can see from Krishna's injunction that prayer is fundamental to Hinduism, that to dwell constantly on the Divine is key to enlightenment. Prayer repetition (through mantras) using malas (Hindu prayer beads) are a strong part of Hinduism.

The devotionalist Bhakti movement originates in South India in the Early Middle Ages, and by the Late Middle Ages spread throughout the subcontinent, giving rise to Sant Mat and Gaudiya Vaishnavism.

Gayatri mantra
The Gayatri mantra is Hinduism's most representative prayer. Many Hindus recite it on a daily basis, not only contemplating its straightforward meaning, but also dwelling on and imbibing its sound, regarded to be pregnant with spiritual meaning. For this reason nearly all Hindu prayers and mantras are sung. The Gayatri mantra was first recorded in the Rigveda which was composed in Sanskrit about 2500 to 3500 years ago, and by some reports, the mantra may have been chanted for many generations before that.

Om! Earth, Sky, Heaven. We meditate on the brilliant light of the Sun: May it illuminate our minds!

— Rigveda 3.62.10

ॐ भूर्भुवस्व: तत्सवितुर्वरेण्यम् । भर्गो देवस्य धीमहि । धियो यो न: प्रचोदयात् ॥

Perspectives
Mahatma Gandhi stated that:""Prayer is the very soul and essence of religion, and therefore prayer must be the very core of the life of man.""

title: Prayer in Hinduism


text:
Category:Anglicans

This category includes articles on people who are or were members of the Anglican branch of the Christian Church

title: Category:Anglicans


text:
The Other Boleyn Girl

The Other Boleyn Girl (2001) is a historical novel written by British author Philippa Gregory, loosely based on the life of 16th-century aristocrat Mary Boleyn (the sister of Anne Boleyn) of whom little is known. Inspired by Mary's life story, Gregory depicts the annulment of one of the most significant royal marriages in English history (that of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon) and conveys the urgency of the need for a male heir to the throne. Much of the history is highly distorted in her account.

Reviews were mixed; some say the book was a brilliantly claustrophobic look at palace life in Tudor England, while others are troubled by the lack of historical accuracy.

The novel was twice adapted into films of the same name.

It was followed by a sequel called The Queen's Fool, set during the reign of Henry's daughter, Queen Mary. The Queen's Fool was followed by The Virgin's Lover, set during the early days of Queen Elizabeth I's reign.

Plot
In 1521 England, Queen Catherine of Aragon's failure to provide King Henry VIII a male heir has strained their marriage. Thomas Boleyn and his brother-in-law, Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, plan to install Boleyn's youngest daughter Mary, wife of courtier William Carey, as the king's mistress. Mary's sister Anne, who recently returned from the French court, and brother George help Mary prepare, and Henry soon takes a liking to Mary. Meanwhile, Queen Catherine becomes displeased with the situation, as she considered Mary one of her dear ladies-in-waiting. Before long, Mary becomes pregnant with the king's child.

Both the Howard and Boleyn families receive lands and titles as a reward for their service, elevating their status amongst the other noble families of the royal court. Anne catches the eye of Henry Percy, heir presumptive to the Duchy of Northumberland, and marries him in secret. Percy, however, is set to marry Mary Talbot, the daughter of the Earl of Shrewsbury. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey discovers and forbids the union. Anne's family sends her to Hever Castle as punishment for the potential scandal.

Mary gives birth to a daughter in 1524 and names her Catherine. While disappointed, the king becomes determined to impregnate her with a son, and Mary soon becomes pregnant again. George marries Jane Parker, another of the queen's ladies-in-waiting, but their marriage is unhappy. Anne returns to court on her family's orders to ensure Henry is not distracted from Mary. Instead of doing as she's told, Anne seduces the king and wins him over. Mary eventually gives birth to a son, who she names after the king. She realizes, however, it is not enough as everyone will consider the child illegitimate.

As Mary focuses her attention on her children and starts losing favor with Henry, her family begins supporting Anne in her quest to win the king over. Anne puts pressure on Henry to set Queen Catherine aside, refusing to give in to his desires until they are married. Henry, however, finds himself unable to do so with religious opposition. With Anne entertaining the king, Mary is tasked with sleeping with him to prevent his attention from going elsewhere. She visits her children every summer at Hever and soon reconciles with her husband.

Eventually, Queen Catherine stands trial for the validity of her marriage to Henry. The king believes she consummated her previous marriage with his dead brother, Prince Arthur, and did not come into their marriage a virgin. The Queen is banished, and Anne, now engaged to marry Henry, adopts Mary's son to ensure she has a male heir to the throne. Mary, meanwhile, loses her husband to the sweating sickness. Anne's determination to become queen reaches new heights while George becomes the subject of suspicions that he is engaging in relationships with male courtiers.

Essex landowner William Stafford begins courting Mary, who becomes attracted to him because of his love for her children and the possibility of living the simple country life he can offer her. Anne suffers a decline in popularity during her travels abroad, culminating in the King and Queen of France, who do not tolerate her position, refusing to meet her. She eventually sleeps with Henry after he grants her a title and marries him when he installs a new archbishop and proclaims himself Head of the Church of England. Anne gives birth to a daughter in 1533, who she names Elizabeth. Mary marries William but receives orders to stay at court until Anne gives birth to a son. Anne, however, starts to lose the king's favor after several miscarriages and stillbirths.

Henry suffers an injury to his leg while jousting in 1536, and his time recovering stokes worries that public sentiment is turning. Meanwhile, Anne grows increasingly paranoid, convinced she has lost the support of her family and the country and that Henry is in love with her lady-in-waiting, Jane Seymour. She rejoices in her new pregnancy after hearing news of Queen Catherine's death but soon miscarries. Henry discovers the child was born severely malformed and begins courting Jane Seymour as rumors that Anne is a witch spread.

Mary makes plans with William to travel for the country to avoid the turmoil. Before they can do so, Henry places Anne and George under arrest on charges of adultery and incest due to widespread belief that they slept together to give Anne her much-needed son. Anne later presents herself before the Privy Council, which finds her guilty. George and his lover are also convicted and beheaded.

Anne is sent to the scaffold on the promise that her punishment is exile to a nunnery. As it becomes clear that King Henry will not be attending, Mary realizes that he intended to execute Anne, who dies by beheading. Mary leaves London with William and both children the same day.

Characters

 * Mary Boleyn/Carey/Stafford: The main character of the story, told from her point of view. Mary is portrayed as an innocent, sexually naïve, young girl who, forced by her family, engages in an affair with Henry VIII under the influence of her sister Anne and her brother George. The novel begins when Mary is thirteen and ends just days after Anne's execution.
 * Anne Boleyn: Anne is Mary's elder, more ambitious, sister (although research suggests that she was the younger of the two girls). Anne makes her first appearance at the beginning of the story when she is fifteen. At first, she is instructed to guide Mary in seducing Henry, but later steals Henry's affections when she aims to overthrow Catherine as queen. Anne is portrayed as coldhearted and selfish, but will occasionally show affection to Mary and her family.
 * George Boleyn: George is the eldest Boleyn child, and eventually Viscount Rochford. He is shown as caring and supportive to Mary, particularly when she is forced to stop her affair with Stafford. It is implied that he is sexually attracted to Anne, and is conducting an affair with Francis Weston. At the end of the book, George is executed, along with the others accused of committing adultery with Anne.
 * Henry VIII: King of England, Henry first beds Mary, but is diverted by Anne, who refuses him sexual favors unless he makes her Queen. Though well-meaning, Henry is shown to be easily persuaded by Anne, and quick-tempered.
 * William Carey: Mary's first husband, he dies half-way through the story from an outbreak of the sweating sickness.
 * William Stafford: Mary's second husband who pursues Mary, and on the voyage to France, the two begin an affair. Later in the novel, they are married in secret, and have one daughter together, Anne (named in honor of the Queen). William genuinely loved Mary, and her two elder children, and was willing to help her retrieve her son Henry from Anne's wardship. At the end of the novel, she and William leave for the country with the three children.
 * Catherine of Aragon: Queen Consort of England, she has been married to Henry VIII for two decades but they have only one daughter together. A strict Catholic, she puts religious pressure on the King to not divorce her.

Historical accuracy
Mary Boleyn was the sister of the more famous Anne Boleyn. As such, she is usually mentioned in the numerous biographies that have been written about Anne, but never in any substantial detail. Mary, unlike Anne, has been claimed to be the mistress of two kings – Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England. She was born sometime between 1499 and 1508. A popular but unverifiable legend suggests that Mary was considered the prettier of the two sisters while Anne was witty, intelligent and charismatic. Mary was married twice, first to William Carey, and second to William Stafford. She died in her early forties in 1543.

Areas of disputed historical accuracy include the following:
 * Birth order and early lives of the siblings. Many histories, including Eric Ives's biography of Anne Boleyn, present evidence that Mary was the elder sister, and the eldest of the Boleyn children, whereas The Other Boleyn Girl presents Mary as the youngest of her siblings. George is portrayed as being born in 1503, Anne in 1507, and Mary in 1508. However, most historians agree Mary was born around 1500, Anne about 1501 and George about 1507, so that Anne was the younger of the two sisters. Mary's grandson knew she was the eldest, according to the claim he made to his great-grandfather's titles, which he based on Mary having been the eldest, and which was certainly believed by his cousin, Elizabeth I, who offered him the titles in 1596.
 * Sexuality of George Boleyn. The book depicts George Boleyn as being homosexual, in love with Francis Weston, but sexually attracted to his sister Anne and willing to commit incest with her. American academic Retha Warnicke postulated George Boleyn and his associates might have been homosexual, but no contemporary evidence supports the theory. However, George Cavendish in "Metrical Visions" wrote that he was a notorious seducer of women. Also, no contemporary records mention Anne Boleyn giving birth to a deformed foetus, which Gregory depicts and the characters interpret as possible evidence of incest.
 * Paternity of Mary Boleyn's children. It has long been rumoured that Henry VIII fathered one or both of Mary Boleyn's children, originating from a report made in 1531 by an anti-Boleyn prior and Catherine of Aragon adherent, who had never seen the boy. There is some debate, with Sally Varloe, G. W. Bernard (author of The King's Reformation), and Joanna Denny (author of Anne Boleyn: a new life of England's tragic Queen and Katherine Howard: a Tudor conspiracy) arguing that he may have been Henry Tudor's son. Some writers, such as Alison Weir, consider it unlikely that Henry Carey (Mary's son) was fathered by the King.
 * Role of Thomas and Elizabeth Boleyn. The Other Boleyn Girl depicts Mary's parents as devoid of affection for their daughters, and eager to use both as sexual pawns for political gain. Sources such as Anne Boleyn by Marie-Louise Bruce (1972) suggest that Mary's parents did not encourage her sexual escapades and were horrified when she was sent home from France in disgrace.
 * Anne Boleyn's wardship of Henry Carey. Anne Boleyn took on Mary's son as her ward after his father's death during an outbreak of sweating sickness and supplied him with an education at a respectable Cistercian monastery. This was a common practice in the Tudor nobility and one very similar to the situation faced by dozens of young aristocratic children, including Anne and Mary's cousin, Katherine Howard, who was raised by her grandmother when her father was penniless. Anne's actions are usually seen as kind by contemporaries and historians, but the novel presents it differently: Anne "steals" Mary's son the year after Henry VIII has made it clear that he intends to marry her, to make herself more politically attractive to the king. It is shown both as a cruel act and as an adoption in the modern sense, in which the child's caretakers are considered his legal and social parents. Anne secured Mary a highly respectable pension of £100 a year.
 * Sexual experience of Mary Boleyn. Mary is depicted in The Other Boleyn Girl as a sexually inexperienced young girl when she begins her affair with the king. In fact, however, she acquired a reputation for promiscuity at the court of Francis I of France, who stated that he had known her "per una grandissima ribalda, infame sopra tutti [a great slut, infamous above all]." Although Francis called her "the English mare," and estimated how often he had ridden her, Mary was never one of his favoured maitresse en titre. Due to her sexual laxness, she appears to have been recalled from the French court in 1519, shaming the Boleyn family. Genealogist Anthony Hoskins contradicts Mary Boleyn's reputation for having been sexually active at an early age; denies that Mary was extensively educated at the French court like her sister; and declares that "It is now established that it was Anne Boleyn, and not her sister Mary, who lived at the Flemish and French courts as a child," as if this fact had not been known for centuries. Hoskins further speculates that the French king's comments on Mary's reputation were not based on her early behaviour, claiming that he possibly had met her in 1520 at the Field of Cloth of Gold. In fact, both Mary and Anne spent time at the French court.
 * Motivations and characterisation of Anne Boleyn. The Guardian described Anne as having been presented as "a scheming trollop," and expressed incredulity at such a characterisation. In The Other Boleyn Girl, Anne Boleyn is presented as cold, vindictive, ruthlessly ambitious, vain, and given to physical violence; this is not supported by contemporary accounts. She was certainly complex: highly intelligent, fluently bilingual, politically astute, artistically gifted, loyal to her family, generous to friends, and known for her charm and elegance, notwithstanding arrogance and a notorious temper when stressed. During her time abroad, she was reported to have been sweet and kind. Feminist scholars objected to Gregory's characterisation and praise Anne Boleyn as a feminist icon.
 * Incest between Anne and George Boleyn. Historically, Anne Boleyn was charged by Henry's appointed officials of committing incest with her brother. The novel heavily implies but does not state that Anne, convinced that Henry VIII could not give her a healthy son, resorts to incest with her brother. Both the 2003 BBC production of The Other Boleyn Girl and the 2008 film starring Natalie Portman depict the two attempting but not committing incest. None of the sources Gregory listed in her bibliography questions Anne Boleyn's innocence. Gregory used two biographies of Anne, one by the American historian Retha Warnicke and another source by Marie-Louise Bruce (1972). Both these writers insisted that Anne was innocent, as did books by David Loades, Alison Weir, and Lacey Baldwin Smith that Gregory had used when researching the story. There is no evidence supporting Gregory's assertion that Anne had three miscarriages. Gregory ignores the argument that part of the reason Anne was executed was because of her political and religious leanings, which her brother shared and supported.

Adaptations

 * The Other Boleyn Girl (2003), telefilm directed by Philippa Lowthorpe
 * A 90-minute television drama based on the novel was broadcast by the BBC in 2003. It had a relatively low production budget of £750,000 and was filmed using modern camera techniques, with much of the script improvised. Jodhi May played Anne Boleyn, Natascha McElhone played Mary, Steven Mackintosh played George, Jared Harris played Henry VIII, and Philip Glenister played Stafford. It received mixed reviews.
 * The Other Boleyn Girl (2008), film directed by Justin Chadwick
 * A 2008 feature film adaptation starred Scarlett Johansson as Mary, Natalie Portman as Anne, Jim Sturgess as George, Eric Bana as Henry VIII and Eddie Redmayne as Stafford. In Translating Henry to the Screen, a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film, screenwriter Peter Morgan discusses the dilemma he faced in adapting Philippa Gregory's 600-plus-page novel for the screen. He ultimately decided to use it merely as a broad guideline for his script, which Gregory felt perfectly captured the essence of her book, although many plot elements were eliminated, diminished, or changed. Among the more notable deviations in the film, Mary's marriage to William Stafford, a major part of the book, is mentioned only in a note just before the closing credits, there is no mention of Anne's "stealing" Mary's son to keep a grip on the king's favour (there was a scene designed to vaguely cover that, but it was cut from the film), Anne becomes pregnant with Elizabeth after being raped by Henry, Anne and George decide against committing incest, Mary adopts Elizabeth at the end of the film. In addition to this, the character of Elizabeth Boleyn is almost the opposite of that in the book and she is portrayed as protective of her daughters against their father and uncle and critical of the family's social climbing at the expense of their moral integrity.

title: The Other Boleyn Girl


text:
Great Barrington

Great Barrington may refer to:

Places

 * Great Barrington, Gloucestershire, a village in England
 * Great Barrington, Massachusetts, a town in the United States
 * Great Barrington (CDP), Massachusetts, the main village in the town

Document

 * Great Barrington Declaration, a 2020 open letter generally opposing COVID-19 lockdowns and restrictions

title: Great Barrington


text:
Talk:Node (networking)

Untitled
The disambiguation page tell us, "Node, in information technology, a device connected to a network, such as a computer or router." Indeed. What more is there to say? Not much more than a paragraph-worth. But the same could also be said about nodes in linked lists: we define them, describe them, perhaps give some history, and we're done. What is essential and important is that node is a synonym for vertex, with its origins in its botanical sense, and that when we call something a node we are saying that we would like to deal with it abstractly as a point with arcs to other points. What is confusing is that this structure of nodes and links, often called a graph, is also often called a network, so Node (networking) suggests to me that what I will read is a discussion of applied graph theory.

Why must each sense have its own page? We can isolate the graph theoretic node, or just link to Graph (mathematics) after a cursory discussion of it. But nodes in botany, programming, and telecommunications would be better treated in one article than many, at least at first. Once they outgrow the page, they could split off, but as is this structure sprawling from the disambiguation page is overkill. - Jrn 23:56, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC), revised 05:23, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

A node is also related to sound...--74.140.140.245 (talk) 00:23, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

Here another, unrelated meaning is described. Andres 06:59, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

I took out the info on sound nodes and pasted it below. It should be either in a separate page on sound nodes or in a large page on various nodes, but nfwfwfwot on the computer node page.--Mikebrand 16:22, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * A node is also related to sound, as the acoustics within a room or area and where sound levels rise in clarity. Example: Positioning of speakers or mainly bass drivers, to give a drone free sound there for increasing the overall clarity. By placing the speakers or driver in these areas where the sound levels rise (naturel acoustical effects of the room). Can be done by placing a speaker/driver where the listener sits and walk around the room listening for the sound level to become "boom" free, i.e the sound levels rise. This is a "node" and this is the acousticaly the best place to position the speaker/driver. This effect is mostly more suited to base drivers on surround sound set ups.

About.com is wrong
About.com is referenced to source the claim that nodes are the same as hosts on a TCP/IP network. That claim I've never seen anywhere else and I believe it is wrong. All hosts are nodes, but not all nodes are hosts. Not even on IP-networks. Level 2 switches are also nodes.--itpastorn (talk) 09:26, 17 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Adding to my own statement. This source is almost word for word identical with the glossary in CCNA, and defines node in three ways: Letter N at Total Telecom Glossary. (CCNA has the first and last.) I will attempt (given time) to rewrite the article accordingly.--itpastorn (talk) 13:38, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

useful links and info
In preparation for my rewrite I am gathering useful info here:--itpastorn (talk) 15:09, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

"We define nodes as hosts, routers, Ethernet switches, or any other device where the input and output links can have different characteristics."

- Defining Network Capacity (informational RFC)

"any device that is directly connected to the network, usually through Ethernet cable; nodes include file servers and shared peripherals."

- Sunrise Computer Glossary

"In a communications system, a node is a network junction or connection point. Every terminal, computer, hub and switch is a node"

- PC Mag: Definition of: node - that includes hubs (sic!)

There are many additional meanings on the PC mag site. I am unsure if WP covers them all (such as nodes on cluster).--itpastorn (talk) 15:09, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Merger

 * I agree. Merge!--itpastorn (talk) 15:55, 24 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Me too. :) Actually I suggested it. Mange01 (talk) 21:48, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * No Merging this with telecommunication may not be appropriate. Network nodes can be independent of telecommunication ones.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Srinivasbt (talk • contribs) 11:38, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

High Importance
How can this article be considered "high importance" if the Talk page clearly indicates this article is pointless and a merger is even suggested to include nodes in all possible fields. I would love to contribute to get an article from the quality level "start" to "C" or higher, but then we do need some concrete pointers on what is missing or whether or not the article is even needed.

Tommiie (talk) 09:43, 27 June 2017 (UTC)

 * I don't think anyone questions the importance of the concept, it's just that coverage of the concept is spread out our repeated in many places (Networking hardware, Communication endpoint, Terminal (telecommunication), End system, Data terminal equipment, Data circuit-terminating equipment, Node (computer science), Host (network)). I think what we are struggling with is how to best organize this coverage. ~Kvng (talk) 13:12, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

 * That makes sense. But isn't that inherent to Wikipedia? The same applies for Multicast, Multicast address, IP Multicast et cetera. Tommiie (talk) 14:17, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Yes, this is not a unique problem. Anything you can do to improve this would be appreciated. ~Kvng (talk) 20:50, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Node (networking)


text:
Bargello (needlework)

Bargello is a type of needlepoint embroidery consisting of upright flat stitches laid in a mathematical pattern to create motifs. The name originates from a series of chairs found in the Bargello palace in Florence, which have a "flame stitch" pattern.

Traditionally, Bargello was stitched in wool on canvas. Embroidery done this way is remarkably durable. It is well suited for use on pillows, upholstery and even carpets, but not for clothing. In most traditional pieces, all stitches are vertical with stitches going over two or more threads.

Traditional designs are very colourful, and use many hues of one colour, which produces intricate shading effects. The patterns are naturally geometric, but can also resemble very stylised flowers or fruits.

Alternative names
A number of alternative names are used by different scholars, including:

Because of the potential for confusion, most books written in English refer to the technique simply as "Bargello".
 * Florentine work - after the fact that the Bargello Museum is in Florence.
 * Hungarian point (punto unghero) - in Italian, Bargello is known as "Hungarian Point", indicating that the Florentines believed the technique originated in Hungary. However, English embroidery vocabulary also includes a diamond-shaped stitch called Hungarian point, so few English-language books use this term to refer to Bargello.
 * Flame stitch (punto fiamma) - a type of Bargello motif in which zig-zag or flames are created. The chairs in the Bargello Museum do use flame stitch motifs, but curved motifs are also common (see below). These curved Bargello motifs would normally not be "flame stitch", but would be called Bargello.
 * Irish stitch - a term found in early modern British sources, equated with Bargello. Lady Anne Clifford mentioned working Irish stitch cushion covers in her diary.

History
As with many traditional crafts, the origins of Bargello are not well documented. Although early examples are from the Bargello Museum in Florence, there does exist documentation that a Hungarian connection is possible. For one thing, the Bargello Museum inventory identifies the chairs in its inventory as "17th century with backs and seats done in punto unghero (Hungarian Point)". In the 18th century, Queen Maria Theresa of Hungary stitched Bargello and her work has been preserved in the Hungarian National Museum.

Petschek also cites legend of Hungarian noblewomen practicing the craft, including a Hungarian princess marrying into the de Medici family, and a princess Jadwiga (Hedwig) of Hungary who married into the Jagiełło dynasty of Poland.

It is unknown if those were distinct developments or if they influenced each other. Both Bargello and Hungarian Point tend to be colorful and use many hues of one color, which produces intricate shading effects. The patterns are naturally geometric, but can also resemble very stylized flowers or fruits.

Bargello technique
Bargello refers not to just a stitching technique, but also to motifs created by the change of colors in the stitches. This section describes the vertical stitch, and how it is combined with color and "stepping" to create different motifs.

Vertical stitches
Most agree that traditional Bargello pieces incorporate a series of all vertical stitches (vs. diagonal stitches). The basic unit is usually a vertical stitch of four threads, but other heights are possible.

Some Bargello pieces use only one height of stitch, but even the earliest pieces (such as chairs in the Bargello museum) combine different heights of stitches.

Stepping
Bargello patterns are formed when vertical stitches are stepped, or offset vertically, usually by two threads (i.e., halfway down a unit of four threads). The patterns in the steps combined with color changes determines how the overall pattern will emerge.

Flame (sharp) vs. curved motifs
If vertical stitches are stepped down quickly, the design forms sharp points or zig-zags. This type of Bargello motif is often known as flame stitch. Flame stitch can be found on the Bargello Museum chairs.

If steps are gradual, then the design will appear to be curved. Traditional curved Bargello motifs include medallions and ribbons.

Traditional Bargello motifs
There are many identified motifs possible, but some common ones include:

Flame zigzag (sharp)
Stitches step sharply across the design.

Diamonds (sharp)
Stitches step sharply across the designs and color changes cause diamonds to appear.

Ribbons (curved)
Stitches are gradually stepped in different colors.

Medallions (curved)
Stitches are gradually stepped and color changes cause spheres or medallions to appear.

Modern Bargello
Since the revival of Bargello in the 1960s, the technique has evolved in different directions. Although traditional Bargello is still stitched, modern designers have expanded the repertoire of design possibilities.

Four-way and eight-way Bargello
Traditional Bargello is executed with just a vertical stitch in one direction, but Dorothy Kaestner created a style of Bargello called four-way Bargello. In this technique, the canvas is first divided diagonally into quarters. Then the same motif is worked in horizontal stitches in two opposite areas, and vertical stitches in the remaining two areas. The resulting design frequently resembles a kaleidoscope effect.

Kaestner describes the origin of the technique:

"My first piece of four-way Bargello was started approximately ten years ago [in the early 1960s]. I placed a mirror on a Bargello design in a way that showed me how it would look if I mitered [turned] a corner. This intrigued me so much, I graphed a design starting in the center and mitering all four corners."

This concept has been expanded to eight-way Bargello, or Bargello stitches in eight directions (horizontal stitches, vertical stitches and diagonal stitches).

Bargello band samplers
Designers of band samplers may include a band of a Bargello motif among other sampler stitches. Unlike traditional Bargello, these bands are stitched with the same stranded cotton, silk or linen embroidery thread used in band samplers.

Bargello quilts
In addition to Bargello embroidery, there are now Bargello quilts in which the patterns used in Bargello embroidery are constructed with strips of fabric of the same height but different widths.

Bargello quilts are strip-pieced; the fabric is cut into long strips and sewn together in graduated color groups. The strips are cut into rows of squares and rectangles, and sewn together to form different patterns.

title: Bargello (needlework)


text:
Claverton Pumping Station

Claverton Pumping Station in the village of Claverton, in the English county of Somerset, pumps water from the River Avon to the Kennet and Avon Canal using power from the flow of the river. It is a Grade I listed building, having been upgraded from Grade II in 2019.

The pumping station was built by John Rennie between 1809 and 1813 to overcome water supply problems on the canal. It uses a 24 ft wide wooden breastshot water wheel to drive two Boulton and Watt 18 ft long cast iron rocking beams, which power lift pumps to raise water 48 ft up to the canal. The pumping station has undergone several modifications since its initial construction, including revising the wheel into two sections each 12 ft wide separated by a 9 in gap. The station's operational life ended in 1952, by which time its maintenance and repair had become uneconomical in the light of falling traffic on the canal.

In the 1960s and 1970s restoration was carried out by students from the University of Bath and the Kennet and Avon Canal Trust, who replaced and repaired the buildings and equipment and returned the pumping station to a functional state by 1978. It is now owned by the Canal and River Trust and maintained by the Claverton Pumping Station Trust CIO, open to the public as an industrial heritage museum.

Description
At Claverton, the Kennet and Avon Canal is cut into the side of the Avon valley 48 ft above the River Avon. The pumping station is in a pump house built of Bath Stone, which is at river level and separated from the canal by the Wessex Main Line. It was designed by John Rennie and built by Fox of Bristol. The pump house has a slate hipped roof. The wheelhouse projects to the west of the pump house and has weatherboard sides. The east gable wall has three doors allowing access to the wheel itself.

Water is diverted from the river by Warleigh Weir, about 200 yd upstream. The water flows to the pumping station down a 30 ft wide leat, which is crossed by a single segmental arch bridge with a central keystone. The water passes over depressing sluices which can be raised or lowered by hand cranking, and then powers a breastshot water wheel. The 24 ft wide wheel is in two sections, each 12 ft wide and 17 ft in diameter, with a 9 in gap between them. The wheel has 48 wooden starts on each of the six cast iron rims. These starts support 96 float boards each of which is 13 in by 1 in by 12 ft, and is paired with a 11 in seal board bolted directly to the rim. The original timber selection for the wheel is not known, but since 1983 the starts have been made from Iroko due to its longevity even in conditions where it is cycled between submerged and dry due to intermittent running. The breastshot wheel is vertically mounted, and falling water strikes the blades. Breastshot wheels are less efficient than backshot or overshot wheels, but more efficient than undershot wheels.

At full power the wheel uses 2 tons (2 tonnes) of water per second and rotates five times a minute. The water wheel drives a flexible coupling to a pit wheel with a diameter of 16 ft, which has 408 (204 pairs) hand-fitted wooden teeth that mesh with a 5 ft cast iron gear, increasing the speed to 16 rpm. From there, cranks drive vertical connecting rods that transfer the energy to two 18 ft long cast iron rocking beams made by Boulton and Watt. Each beam drives an 18 in diameter lift pump, which also takes its supply from the mill leat. Each pump stroke raises 50 imperial gallons (230 litres) of water to the canal via 150 ft of 19 in diameter cast iron pipe. With the sluice fully depressed the flow is 73 ft3/s and due to the build-up of spent water in the tail-race the working head is reduced to 4 ft, giving a potential power of 34$3/4$ hp. The output power, calculated from the water lifted into the canal per minute, is 24 hp representing an efficiency of 62%.

Construction
The idea of an east to west waterway link across southern England was first mentioned in Elizabethan times, between 1558 and 1603, to take advantage of the proximity of the rivers Avon and Thames, only 3 mi apart at their closest. Plans for a waterway were shelved until the early 18th century. In 1723 the Kennet Navigation through Reading opened. The Avon navigation from Bristol to Bath was opened in 1727. In 1788 the so-called "Western Canal" was proposed to improve trade and communication links to towns such as Hungerford, Marlborough, Wiltshire, Calne, Chippenham and Melksham. The following year the engineers Barns, Simcock and Weston submitted a proposed route for this canal, although there were doubts about the adequacy of the water supply. The name was changed from Western Canal to Kennet and Avon Canal to avoid confusion with the Grand Western Canal, which was being proposed at the same time.

In 1793 a further survey was conducted by John Rennie, and the route of the canal was altered to take a more southerly course through Great Bedwyn, Devizes, Trowbridge and Newbury. The proposed route was accepted by the Kennet and Avon Canal Company. In July 1793 Rennie suggested further alterations to the route, including the construction of the Bruce Tunnel in the Savernake Forest. On 17 April 1794 the Kennet and Avon Canal Act received the Royal Assent and construction began.

The new route added several locks to the canal, making water supply problems more severe. Because of the way the system of locks works, water is lost from the upper part of a canal each time a vessel passes through. This is a particular issue for the pound between Bradford Lock at Bradford on Avon and the Bath Locks, where a series of locks need to be opened each time a vessel passes. Most lock gates are not watertight, therefore some water leaks from the higher levels of the canal to those lower down. The water has to be replaced, or eventually the upper levels of the canal would not hold enough water to be navigable. Canals are usually fed by diverting water from streams and rivers into their upper parts, but if no suitable source is available or sufficient, a pumping station, such as the one at Claverton, can be used to maintain the water level. Crofton Pumping Station, to the east near Great Bedwyn in Wiltshire, was built to supply water to the summit pound of the canal; it opened in 1810 but, unlike Claverton, was powered by steam.

Protracted negotiations over water rights with the owners of Saltford Brass Mill and around 30 other mills on the river between Bath and Bristol delayed construction until 1809; the wheel was installed in March 1810. Further delays relating to obtaining specific items of machinery meant that the pumping station did not open until early 1813, and until then boats were prohibited from using Bath Locks during periods of low rainfall.

Operation and decline
The pumping station operated continuously, providing water for the increasing traffic on the canal. The width of the water wheel, which was supported at either end, meant that the middle of the wheel sagged, putting strain on the bearings and stays. In the 1840s the trussing was changed from stays to tension rods to strengthen and lighten the wheel, along with improvements to the pumps. The changes to the wheel were unsuccessful, and in the 1850s a central bearing was added, dividing the wheel in two.

The opening of the Great Western Railway in 1841 led to a significant decline in the canal's traffic, even though the canal company lowered tariffs. In 1852 the railway company took over the canal's operation. In 1877 the canal recorded a deficit of £1,920 and never subsequently made a profit. The Somerset Coal Canal and Wilts & Berks Canal, which each supplied some of the trade to the Kennet and Avon, including freight from the Somerset coalfield, closed in 1904 and 1906 respectively. At Claverton various minor repairs were needed to the wheel and pump, and the wheel had to be levelled at regular intervals during the later part of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The 408 "green oak" teeth on the pit wheel also had to be replaced several times.

In 1926, following a loss of £18,041 the previous year, the Great Western Railway sought to close the canal by obtaining a Ministry of Transport Order, but the move was resisted and the company charged with improving its maintenance of the canal. After the Second World War the Transport Act 1947 meant that control of the canal passed to the British Transport Commission, but by the 1950s large sections had been closed because of poor lock maintenance following a breach in the bank west of the Avoncliff Aqueduct. Claverton Pumping Station ceased operation in 1952, after the failure of a number of the pit wheel's oak teeth. The British Transport Commission installed a 6 in centrifugal pump to maintain the statutory minimum water level.

Restoration
After its closure the pumping station lay derelict until the late 1960s, when the Kennet and Avon Canal Trust proposed to the British Waterways Board that students from the University of Bath conduct a survey and report on the viability of returning the pumping station to working order. Work started in 1969 with engineering students from Bath providing the labour under the supervision of John Butt, and the trust providing the funding. Within the building, rotten woodwork was replaced and electric lighting installed. To allow work on the sluices and the waterwheel the leat was dammed. Specialist wood and metal work was undertaken by apprentices from the British Aircraft Corporation at Filton. By 1972 some progress had been made; John Butt retired and Derrick Dudden took over as restoration manager, with more volunteers from the Canal Trust helping to provide the labour. Silt was removed from the pond, hatches replaced and the waterwheel restored. The 408 oak teeth on the pit wheel were replaced and the pumps overhauled with new rope packing. By February 1976 all the machinery was working and water could be pumped from the river to the canal. The pumping station was formally re-opened in 1978.

In 1981, British Waterways installed two 75 hp electric pumps and presented the old diesel pump to the Kennet and Avon Canal Trust for preservation. Wessex Water Authority agreed to the extraction of 1000000 impgal per day from the Avon at Claverton to be pumped east; the cost of the pumps was £175,000.

From 2012 to 2016 the pumping station underwent another restoration of the woodwork, which involved replacing all 288 starts on the waterwheel, and all 96 float and seal boards, as well as the 408 oak teeth of the pit wheel.

Claverton Pumping Station was awarded a National Transport Trust Red Wheel, recognising its historical importance to transport heritage in the United Kingdom. The restoration work received an Engineering Heritage Award from the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and won first place in the Heritage and Conservation category of the Living Waterways Awards 2019.

Present day
The pumping station is maintained by volunteers and is open regularly except during winter maintenance periods. Depending on volunteer numbers, the wheel may be either static or pumping. Pumping days are advertised in advance, but are always subject to river conditions and ageing machinery. There is also a working model of the pumping station in the pumphouse.

title: Claverton Pumping Station


text:
User talk:Physicsbluff713

test

title: User talk:Physicsbluff713


text:
RVI

RVI may mean:

 * Radio Vlaanderen Internationaal, a Belgian radio broadcasting service
 * Rapid Visual Imaging, a technique used in moving media
 * Residual Value Insurance
 * Renault Véhicules Industriels, a French truck and bus manufacturer (today Renault Trucks)
 * The Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle upon Tyne, England
 * Rexx Variable Interface
 * Roberston Ventilation Industries
 * Rapid Virtualization Indexing, an AMD technology
 * Remote visual inspection
 * Recently viewed items
 * Rostov-on-Don Airport (IATA airport code)
 * Routed VLAN Interface

title: RVI


text:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina

The United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina (in case citations, E.D.N.C.) is the United States district court that serves the eastern 44 counties in North Carolina. Appeals from the Eastern District of North Carolina are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

Jurisdiction and offices
The District has three staffed offices and holds court in six cities: Elizabeth City, Fayetteville, Greenville, New Bern, Raleigh, and Wilmington. Its main office is in Raleigh. It is broken down into four divisions. The eastern division is headquartered in Greenville and handles cases from Beaufort, Carteret, Craven, Edgecombe, Greene, Halifax, Hyde, Jones, Lenoir, Martin, Pamlico, Nash and Pitt counties.

The southern division is based in Wilmington and serves the counties of: Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, Duplin, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender, Robeson, and Sampson. Its cases are heard in Wilmington.

The northern and western divisions are based in Raleigh. The western covers: Cumberland, Franklin, Granville, Harnett, Johnston, Vance, Wake, Warren, Wayne, and Wilson counties. Its cases are heard in Fayetteville, Greenville, and New Bern. The northern division presides over cases from: Bertie, Camden, Chowan, Currituck, Dare, Gates, Hertford, Northampton, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Tyrrell and Washington counties. Its cases are heard in Elizabeth City.

Pleadings are accepted for all divisions in any of the offices in Raleigh, Greenville, New Bern, or Wilmington.

History
The United States District Court for the District of North Carolina was established on June 4, 1790, by. On June 9, 1794, it was subdivided into three districts by, but on March 3, 1797, the three districts were abolished and the single District restored by , until April 29, 1802, when the state was again subdivided into three different districts by.

In both instances, these districts, unlike those with geographic designations that existed in other states, were titled by the names of the cities in which the courts sat. After the first division, they were styled the District of Edenton, the District of New Bern, and the District of Wilmington; after the second division, they were styled the District of Albemarle, the District of Cape Fear, and the District of Pamptico. However, in both instances, only one judge was authorized to serve all three districts, causing them to effectively operate as a single district. The latter combination was occasionally referred to by the cumbersome title of the United States District Court for the Albemarle, Cape Fear & Pamptico Districts of North Carolina.

On June 4, 1872, North Carolina was re-divided into two Districts, Eastern and Western, by. The presiding judge of the District of North Carolina, George Washington Brooks, was then reassigned to preside over only the Eastern District. The Middle District was created from portions of the Eastern and Western Districts on March 2, 1927, by.

On July 6, 2021, under Public Law 117-26,, portions of Hoke, Moore, Scotland, and Richmond counties within the Fort Bragg Military Reservation and Camp Mackall were transferred into the Eastern District from the Middle District to end the previous situation where Fort Bragg was covered by two different districts.

U.S. attorneys for the Eastern District

 * Richard C. Badger (1872–1878)
 * J. W. Albertson (1878–1882)
 * W. S. O. Robinson (1882–1885)
 * Fabius H. Busbee (1885–1889)
 * Charles A. Cooke (1889–1893)
 * Charles B. Aycock (1893–1898)
 * Claude M. Bernard (1898–1902)
 * Harry Skinner (1902–1910)
 * Herbert F. Seawell (1910–1913)
 * Francis D. Winston (1913–1916)
 * James O. Carr (1916–19)
 * Thomas D. Warren (1919–20)
 * E. F. Aydlett (1920–21)
 * Irvin B. Tucker (1921–30)
 * Walter H. Fisher (1930–34)
 * James O. Carr (1934–45)
 * Charles F. Rouse (1945–46)
 * John H. Manning (1946–51)
 * Charles P. Green (1951–53)
 * Julian T. Gaskill (1953–61)
 * Robert H. Cowen (1961–69)
 * Warren H. Coolidge (1969–73)
 * Thomas P. McNamara (1973–76)
 * Carl L. Tilghman (1976–77)
 * George M. Anderson (1977–1980)
 * James L. Blackburn (1980–81)
 * Sam Currin (1981–1987)
 * J. Douglas McCullough (acting 1987-88)
 * Margaret Currin (1988–1993; wife of Sam Currin)
 * J. Douglas McCullough (acting 1993)
 * Janice McKenzie Cole (1994–2001)
 * Frank Whitney (2002–2005)
 * George Holding (2005–2011)
 * Thomas Walker (2011–2016)
 * John Stuart Bruce (acting 2016)
 * Robert Higdon Jr. (2017–2021)
 * Michael F. Easley Jr. (2021–present)


text:
Iditarod River

The Iditarod River is a 325 mi tributary of the Innoko River in the U.S. state of Alaska. The river begins north of Chuathbaluk and the Russian Mountains and flows northeast and then west to meet the larger river near Holikachuk.

Iditarod is an Anglicization of the Deg Hit’an (Athabascan) name for the river, Haiditirod or Haidilatna, which is probably an English version of the name of a village on the river, that may have corresponded with the village called Iditarod in the 1900s.

title: Iditarod River


text:
Moss (disambiguation)

Moss is a small, soft, non-vascular plant that does not have flowers or seeds.

Moss may also refer to:

United Kingdom

 * Moss, Argyll and Bute, a location in Scotland
 * Moss, Highland, a location in Scotland
 * Moss, South Yorkshire, England
 * Moss, Wrexham, a location in Wales
 * Moss Valley, Wrexham, Wales
 * The Moss, a brook in England

United States

 * Moss Landing, California or Moss, California
 * Moss, Mississippi
 * Moss, Tennessee
 * Moss, West Virginia
 * Moss Hill (Massachusetts), a mountain in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
 * Mount Moss, a mountain in Colorado

Elsewhere

 * Moss (Martian crater)
 * Moss, Norway

People

 * Moss (given name)
 * Moss (surname)

Fictional characters

 * Maurice Moss, a character from the British sitcom The IT Crowd
 * Moss people, forest-dwelling creatures in German folklore
 * Moss Man, a fictional character from the Masters of the Universe franchise
 * Moss, Olimar's dog in Pikmin 4

Music

 * Moss (Mike Gordon album), a 2010 album by Mike Gordon
 * Moss (Maya Hawke album), a 2022 album by Maya Hawke
 * Moss (band), a UK doom metal band
 * "Moss", a song by the Smashing Pumpkins from Atum: A Rock Opera in Three Acts, 2023
 * MoSS, Canadian rapper

Other arts, entertainment, and media

 * Moss (video game), a 2018 video game
 * "Moss", a strip in the British comic Buster
 * Moss, a Korean webtoon by Yoon Tae-ho
 * Moss (film), a 2010 South Korean film, an adaptation of the webtoon
 * Moss, a 2018 American film by Daniel Peddle

Plants

 * Clubmoss, a pteridophyte plant
 * Spanish moss, a flowering bromeliad plant that grows hanging from tree branches
 * Spikemoss, a pteridophyte plant

Other uses

 * Moss (language), a musical language designed by Jackson Moore
 * Moss Bros, a menswear outfitters in the United Kingdom
 * Moss Brothers Aircraft, an English aircraft manufacturer (1936–1955)
 * Moss FK, a Norwegian football club
 * Tupolev Tu-126 (NATO reporting name: Moss), a Soviet AWACS aircraft
 * A common term for a peat bog in northern England and Scotland
 * Moss people – beings in German folklore

title: Moss (disambiguation)