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Ambato, Ecuador

Ambato (full form, San Juan de Ambato; Quechua: Ampatu Llaqta) is a city located in the central Andean valley of Ecuador. Lying on the banks of the Ambato River, the city also sits beneath several tall mountains. It is the capital city of the Tungurahua Province, situated at an elevation of 2,577 meters above sea level. It is variously nicknamed "City of Flowers and Fruits", "Land of the Three Juan's", and "Garden of Ecuador." Ambato's inhabitants are called Ambateños or Guaytambos (after a type of native peach that the valley is famous for producing). The current mayor of Ambato is Diana Caiza.

The city has been fully or partially destroyed by earthquakes several times in its history, most recently on 5 August 1949, when the city and its cathedral were almost completely devastated. The city was rebuilt in the following two years. In honour of the tenacity of their residents, Ambato celebrates "The Festival of Fruits and Flowers" during Carnival in February. Today, the Festival of Fruits and Flowers is one of the most important festivities in Ecuador.

The city is referred to as "Land of the Three Juan's" as it was the birthplace of three notable Ecuadorians: Juan Montalvo, a noted essay writer of the 19th century, Juan León Mera, the author of the country's national anthem, and Juan Benigno Vela, a key figure in the Ecuadorian independence movement. The city is well known for its production of fruit, tanneries, food products and textiles. It also serves as a major transportation hub, especially for travelers moving south on the Pan-American Highway.

History
The city of Ambato was founded in its present location on December 6, 1698 as the Seat of Ambato, on the request of Ambateños to the Royal Audience of Quito. Prior to its founding, on 20 June, the former Ambato settlement was destroyed by an earthquake and landslide which killed thousands. The settlement was relocated to higher ground at its present location. For the next century, Ambato grew slowly into an important mountain center. The city was to play a pivotal role in the Ecuadorian War of Independence. On October 9, 1820, the citizens of Guayaquil, along with help from a number of Venezuelans and Colombians, declared independence from the Spanish monarchy. The group raised an army (known as the Junta de Guayaquil), and began to move against Spanish forces in Quito. On their way to Quito, Ambato was one of the first cities to be liberated. The city formally declared its separation from Spain on November 12, 1820.

After liberating Ambato, the Junta de Guayaquil then turned their attention to Quito. Under the command of Colonel Luis Urdaneta, the army had liberated most of the central highland region, but Quito and the northern highland region were still under the authority of the Royal Audience. Field-Marshal Melchor Aymerich, acting President and commander of the Royalist army took swift action and ordered forces to march on the Urdaneta's army stationed in Ambato. Urdaneta's army met the Royalists, led by Colonel Francisco Gonzaelz at the First Battle of Huachi just outside Ambato on 22 November 1820 and were soundly defeated. Urdeneta retreated and Gonzalez entered Ambato.

A year later, the reformed patriots, under Antonio José de Sucre, left their position in Babahoyo to retake the highlands. In September 1821, the forces left the city, marching to reconquer Guaranda. On 12 September 1821, Sucre met the same fate as Urdeneta in the Second Battle of Huachi. Aymerich's forces defeated Sucre in the same plains that now form the neighborhood of Huachi, just southeast of downtown Ambato. Sucre returned to Guayaquil once more.

In 1822, the tide began to turn for Ambato and the rest of the towns in the central mountains. After two attempts to take the highlands, Sucre and the revolutionaries had built a network of spies and a dedicated spirit of liberation. They had also had some luck; in 1821, the Spanish monarch, Fernando VII had sent his own commander, General Mourgeon to lead the royalist defense in Quito. Mourgeon arrived in November only to fall terminally ill in the spring of 1822. At the same time, Sucre was marching his army south to Macará to meet up with Peruvian forces sent by General José de San Martín. From Loja they moved north retaking Riobamba in April. Ambato was retaken soon after and the royalists were soon defeated at the Battle of Pichincha.

During the early years of the Republic of Ecuador the city served as an important cultural and economic center. Several times, Ambato served as the setting for rewriting of constitutions and continued to produce excellent artists and thinkers like Montalvo and Mera.

On 5 August 1949, the city was struck by a devastating earthquake. It is estimated that more than 6,000 people died, and thousands more were left homeless and destitute by the disaster. Much of the city's colonial center was completely ruined, including the cathedral that many considered on par with Cuenca's Iglesia de El Sagrario. The city was rebuilt with significant help from international aid organizations and the Ecuadorian government. The new modernist cathedral was inaugurated on 12 December 1954.

Geography
Ambato lies in the main valley of the Central Cordillera, the highest of the Andean mountain ranges. The city itself is carved into the side of Cerro Casigana, the mountain that dominates the north end of the city. From Ambato, it is possible to see many snow-capped volcanoes including Cotopaxi, Tungurahua, Carihuairazo, and the largest mountain in Ecuador, Chimborazo. Tungurahua lies about 40 kilometers to the southeast. The threat of eruption from the volcano is constant. On May 16, 2006, Tungurahua erupted, covering the city with a thick layer of ash.

The Ambato River cuts through the north end of the city. It is not a very wide or deep river, but can cause significant flooding during periods of heavy rainfall. Throughout the years, the river has cut a deep basin into the land, creating the need for better bridges. In October 2008, the City of Ambato finished the long-awaited Juan Leon Mera bridge, connecting downtown Ambato to the neighborhoods of Ficoa and Atocha. The span of the Ambato River cost the city $5.5 million.

Economy
Given its central location, Ambato is an important industrial hub for Ecuador. Vehicle bodywork, especially for large transport vehicles is one of the largest employers in the city. In 2010, it was announced that Venezuela will overhaul the metal frames of almost 65% of their transportations and much of that work is to be done in Ambato. Leather tanning also makes up a significant portion of Ambato's economic output. Many of the leather goods are sold in nearby Quisapincha or exported. Other areas of economic development include textiles, glass fabrication, foodstuffs, and shoes.

As a transportation hub, Ambato also depends on small tourist sector. Though not as charming or cosmopolitan as larger cities like Quito or Guayaquil, or as attractive as smaller cities like Baños or Otavalo, Ambato's attractions include the modern cathedral and the Mera house. Tourists often use Ambato as a base for visiting nearby towns like Quisapincha or Píllaro. The Monday market also brings tourists and locals alike as the streets fill with food and clothing vendors. Many consider Ambato to be a quintessential 21st-century Ecuadorian city: proud of its history, but eager to emerge as a leader in industry and technology.

The Festival of Fruits and Flowers
The Festival of Fruits and Flowers is held every year in Ambato to commemorate the anniversary of the earthquake that destroyed the city on August 5, 1949, where 6000 people died. The festival was created on 29 June 1950. Although the earthquake was in August, the festival is celebrated in February to fall closer to Carnival. The rich volcanic soil of the area are home to a large number of farms and a great diversity of agricultural products. Ambatenos refer to the city as the "land of the three Juanes,". Ambateños are commonly referred to as Guaytambos or Patojos -.

Parque Juan Montalvo
In the center of the city is the emblematic Montalvo Park. Named after the Ambato-born writer, Juan Montalvo, the park was built in 1905 and has served as a social gathering spot for the people of Ambato since. The park was designed by local architect Pedro Durini. It lies at the meeting point of four important streets in Ambato: Montalvo, Sucre, Bolivar, and Castillo. It also sits in the shadow of the modern cathedral which has served as a symbol of the new Ambato. The statue of Juan Montalvo at the center of the park was built in Italy by Pietro Capurro. It was inaugurated in 1911. The mausoleum where Juan Montalvo is buried is just down the street. The park is currently undergoing a $450,000 renovation to restore the gates and walkways that surround the park.

Quinta Juan León Mera
Home to one of Ambato's most famous residents, the Quinta Juan León Mera was the villa-style house of writer Juan León Mera. Located on the north bank of the Ambato River in the neighborhood of Atocha, the house was built in 1874. It is now open to the public. Famous for its gardens, which are supposed to contain over 257 species of flowers, the house also posts well-maintained colonial furniture and paintings. The properties surrounding the Quinta hold now a new Botanic Garden with native and foreign species. Gardens were created inspired on the continents.

La Catedral
The very modern, white cathedral is downtown Ambato is perhaps the most recognizable symbol of the city. The cathedral is built on the site of the original chapel that was constructed in 1689. This was destroyed in an earthquake later and a much larger church was built only to be destroyed again in the 1797 Riobamba earthquake. A new church was built of the same design but again, an earthquake claimed the structure in the 1949 Ambato earthquake. The new cathedral was inaugurated in 1954 and sits across the street from Parque Juan Montalvo.

Central Library
Located right next to the Casa de Portal is the city's newest and largest library. The three-story library is part of the city's plan to rejuvenate the downtown area around Parque Montalvo. The library contains over 70,000 titles and has many computer stations for users. The official name is the "Library of the City and Province", as it serves both the city of Ambato and the larger province of Tungurahua.

Parque Cevallos
Within walking distance of Parque Montavlo, Parque Pedro Fermín Cevallos is a leafy space located on one of downtown Ambato's main thoroughfares, Calle Cevallos. Two of Ambato's most well-known schools are located on the edges of the park: a high school, Colegio Bolivar, and an elementary school, Escuela de la Providencia. In the last few years, concerns about security in the park have led city leaders to re-think the space. In July 2010, plans were made to replace many of the trees and lawns with an open plaza. The plans also called for the building of an underground parking lot beneath the square to alleviate some of Ambato's downtown parking woes. In August 2010, Mayor Barona announced that those plans had not been met with sufficient enough public support and appeared to be dead.

Parque de la Familia
Parque Provincial de la Familia, or "Provincial Park of the Family", is a large gathering spot located about 7 miles above Ambato. Though the park itself is not within city limits, Ambateños pack the park on weekends. Maintained by the provincial government of Tungurahua, the park is actually just outside the community of Quisapincha. In addition to walking paths, there are open fields, basketball and volley courts, as well as a large garden features an impressive amount of native species. On clear days, the park also affords the visitor excellent views of the city of Ambato and the constantly smoking Tungurahua volcano.

Ficoa
One of the most affluent sections in the city, the neighborhood of Ficoa lines the north bank of the Ambato River across from Miraflores. The trees of Ficoa are famous for their production of succulent fruits, including peaches, pears, and a local variety of citrus. Ficoa is also home to many small restaurants which serve typical Ambateño dishes, such as llapingachos, and fritada.

Miraflores
Traditionally considered the most influential neighborhood, Miraflores abuts the downtown on the west side. Miraflores used to be the location of the train depot, connecting it with the city of Quito and giving it a very important position in the city. Without a passenger train through Ambato, Miraflores is now a residential neighborhood, so named because of its many flowers.

Atocha
Perhaps the oldest of Ambato's neighborhoods, Atocha is famous for being the home to the Quinta Juan León Mera and thus, being an important part of Ambateño and Ecuadorian culture. Together with Ficoa, Atocha makes up the north end of the city. Atocha is also known for the production of colada morada, a purple, spiced drink that is traditionally consumed with bread. Around Carnival, Ambateños flock to Atocha for the drink.

Ingahurco
Small quiet neighborhood in Ambato, home to the industrial corporation Plasticaucho Industrial S.A. Ambato's bus terminal is located in Ingahurco which sits right next to Technical University of Ambato (Universidad Tecnica de Ambato).

Transportation
As an important transportation hub, Ambato is connected with other cities through Ecuador's widely used bus system. Although there used to be a train service running through Ambato from Quito to Riobamba, this service has long since closed. Ambato has an airport, the Chachoan Airport in the Izamba neighborhood, but it is not used for commercial flights. The city's main bus terminal is located in the Ingahurco neighborhood, which lies on the north side of downtown. This main terminal, or Terminal Terrestre (as it is known in Spanish), serves some of the country's numerous bus operators. There are plans to renovate the aging bus terminal, making it the main terminal in a network of terminals around the city. As it stands, travelers can also catch buses traveling to the south from unlabeled stops along the Pan-American Highway.

Universidad Técnica de Ambato
The main public university in Ambato, "la Técnica" or "la U" was created on April 18, 1969, in accordance with Ecuadorian law. A technical university, la Técnica offers courses in the many fields of the sciences and humanities. There are three campuses located in Ambato: the main campus is located across from the main bus terminal in the Ingahurco neighborhood, another campus lies to the west in the Huachi neighborhood, and finally a third location is further afield in the Querocacha located in the Cevallos Canton.

Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador (PUCE) - Sede Ambato
"La Catolica" is a branch of Quito's Catholic University. The Ambato campus was created on 13 January 1982, by the bishop of Ambato, Monseñor Vicente Cisneros. The university wasn't completed until 1994 when classes first began. Even though, the languages courses were the very first goal of the new campus. The university offers courses in both undergraduate and graduate levels as well as open courses of English and French.

Universidad Regional Autonoma de los Andes (UNIANDES)
It is a private university in Ambato.

High schools
Ambato contains a wide selection of public and private high schools. In Ambato, all high school students must wear uniforms. Formerly, many of the high schools in Ambato were either all-girls or all-boys schools, but most schools have begun to accept members of the opposite sex. Some of the most well-known high schools in Ambato include:
 * Colegio Instituto Tecnológico Superior Bolivar
 * Instituto Superior Tecnologico Docente Guayaquil
 * Centro Educativo Diosesano San Pio X
 * Colegio de La Inmaculada
 * Colegio Técnico Rumiñahui
 * Colegio Menor Indoamerica
 * Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán
 * Unidad Educativa Mayor Ambato
 * Colegio Técnico Atahualpa
 * Colegio Universitario Juan Montalvo
 * Unidad Educativa Bilingüe Atenas
 * Centro Educativo Bilingue Internacional CEBI
 * Instituto Técnico Superior Hispano America
 * Colegio Técnico Superior Tirso de Molina
 * Liceo Policial Galo Miño
 * Colegio Natalia Vaca
 * Institulo Agropecuario Luis A. Martinez
 * Unidad educativa Bolivar
 * Unidad Educativa Celite

Sports
Ambateños enjoy a variety of sports, but none so much as soccer. Ambato plays host to three professional teams, playing in Ecuador's highest leagues: Macará, Técnico, and Mushuc Runa. Macará and Técnico currently play in Serie A and Mushuc Runa in Serie B. All three teams play in the centrally located Estadio Bellavista, and Mushuc Runa also maintains one of the world's highest altitude practice stadiums in the Chibuleo community about 20 minutes outside of Ambato, although as it exceeds FIFA altitude rules it is not used for Series fixtures. None of the three teams has been wildly successful in Ecuador or beyond, however they maintain a loyal following of spectators. Matches between Macará and Técnico U. are known as El Clásico Ambateño (English: The Ambato Derby). In 2007 both derby teams briefly played in Serie A for the first time in over ten years, and they have been regular fixtures of Serie A in the years since. In general, Ambato has at least one team in Serie A at any given time, and in 2018 Macará has led the series.

There are many other sports popular among Ambateños including basketball, tennis, swimming, and Ecuavolley. Ecuavolley is a variation of volleyball, played specifically in Ecuador. It features three players per team on a small court with a high net. Players normally use a soccer ball in place of a volleyball. Ecuavolley is popular in Ambato and the surrounding regions, where it is played both on formal courts in city parks as well as on the side streets of barrios. The Plaza de toros Monumental is located in Ambato. The bullring has a capacity of 11,000 and it opened in 1963.

Basketball is also gaining popularity in Ambato. There is a very fierce rivalry in basketball between two of Ambato's largest high schools, Colegio Nacional Bolívar and Colegio Técnico Guayaquil. These games are usually hosted in the Coliseo Cerrado de Deportes, the large coliseum across the street from Estadio Bellavista. The Coliseo Cerrado is also the venue for the beauty pageant portion of the Festival of Fruits and Flowers.

Notable people

 * Anita Velastegui (born 1942), Ecuadorian Army officer
 * Juan Benigno Vela (born 1843), Politician, Writer, Journalist.
 * Juan León Mera (born 1832), Novelist, Writer, Painter, Politician.
 * Juan Montalvo (born 1832), Writer

title: Ambato, Ecuador


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Administrative divisions of Russia in 1717–1719

This is a summary of the administrative divisions of Russia from 1717-1719.

Major events

 * December 3 (November 22 in the Julian calendar), 1717 — Astrakhan Governorate was formed on the southern lands of Kazan Governorate.
 * December 3 (November 22), 1717 — Nizhny Novgorod Governorate abolished; its territory merged with Kazan Governorate.

Subdivisions (as of 1718)

 * Archangelgorod Governorate (Архангелогородская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 18.5 lots (доли).
 * Astrakhan Governorate (Астраханская губерния)
 * Subdivided into lots.
 * Azov Governorate (Азовская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 7.5 lots.
 * Kazan Governorate (Казанская губерния)
 * Subdivided into lots.
 * Kiev Governorate (Киевская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 5 lots.
 * Moscow Governorate (Московская губерния)
 * Subdivided into lots.
 * Riga Governorate (Рижская губерния)
 * Subdivided into lots.
 * St. Petersburg Governorate (Санкт-Петербургская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 32.2 lots.
 * Siberian Governorate (Сибирская губерния)
 * Subdivided into 9 lots.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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AMAG

AMAG may stand for:

 * American Mission for Aid to Greece, Cold War mission established under the Truman Doctrine
 * Austria Metall AG, an Austrian metal manufacturer.
 * AMAG Automobil- und Motoren AG, a Swiss automobile importer.
 * Asian Martial Arts Games
 * AMAG Technology, a US manufacturer of access control and video security systems. Originated as "American MAGnetics"
 * AMAG Pharmaceuticals

title: AMAG


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Sway (dance)

The term sway has a specific meaning in the technique of ballroom dances. Sway describes a dancer's body position in which the entire body gracefully deflects from the vertical, normally away from the standing foot and the direction of movement. Entrance to and exit from this position are matters of fine technical detail and differ in various dance figures.

Sway may be an element of both stationary and moving dance figures. In moving figures, sway is commonly achieved as a natural result of body swing, but small amounts from other sources may be useful as an inflection. Sway comes primarily from an incline of the entire body, but a portion may also come from gradual bending of the trunk. It is customary to consider any bending of the trunk to occur more as a stretching of one side of the rib cage more than as a compression of the other side. This description helps to produce sway without the body line breaking awkwardly at the waist. Substantial abdominal strength may be needed to fully utilize this technique.

Possible angles of sway range from having the upper body substantially trailing the lower through a movement, to having the upper body a very small amount in advance. The purposes of sway are both better control of dance motion and aesthetics.

title: Sway (dance)


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Oswaldo Guayasamín

Oswaldo Guayasamín Calero (July 6, 1919 – March 10, 1999) was an Ecuadorian painter and sculptor of Kichwa and Mestizo heritage.

Early life
Guayasamín was born in Quito, Ecuador, to a native father and a Mestiza mother, both of Kichwa descent. His family was poor and his father worked as a carpenter for most of his life. Oswaldo Guayasamín later worked as a taxi and truck driver. He was the eldest of ten children in his family. When he was young, he enjoyed drawing caricatures of his teachers and the children that he played with. He showed an early love for art. He created a Pan-American art of human and social inequalities which achieved international recognition.

He graduated from the School of Fine Arts in Quito as a painter and sculptor. He also studied architecture there. He held his first exhibition when he was 23, in 1942. While he was attending college, his best friend died during a demonstration in Quito. This incident would later inspire one of his paintings, Los Niños Muertos (The Dead Children). This event also helped him to form his vision about the people and the society that he lived in.

Career
Guayasamín started painting from the time he was six years old. He loved to draw from that age. Starting from watercolors and transforming all the way through to his signature humanity pieces, his art career had many highlights. Although tragedy molded Guayasamín's work, it was his friend's death that inspired him to paint powerful symbols of truth in society and injustices around him. While his interest was seldom with his school work, he began selling his art before the time that he could even read. After his attendance at the School of Fine Arts in Quito, his career took off.

La Galería Caspicara, an art gallery opened by Eduardo Kingman in 1940, was one of the first places that Guayasamín was featured. His themes of oppression in the lower social classes allowed him to stand out and gain more recognition. El Silencio in particular, was a painting from this showcase that stood out. It marks a shift in Guayasamín's work from storytelling to focusing on his subjects symbolizing all human suffering.

Guayasamín met José Clemente Orozco while traveling in the United States of America and Mexico from 1942 to 1943. They traveled together to many of the diverse countries in South America. They visited Peru, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and other countries. Through these travels, he observed more of the indigenous lifestyle and poverty that appeared in his paintings.

Oswaldo Guayasamín won first prize at the Ecuadorian Salón Nacional de Acuarelistas y Dibujantes in 1948. He also won the first prize at the Third Hispano-American Biennial of Art in Barcelona in 1955. In 1957, at the Fourth Biennial of São Paulo, he was named the best South American painter.

In 1988, the Congress of Ecuador asked Guayasamín to paint a mural depicting the history of Ecuador. Due to its controversial nature, the United States government criticized him because one of the figures in the painting shows a man in a Nazi helmet with the lettering "CIA" on it.

The artist's last exhibits were inaugurated by him personally in the Luxembourg Palace in Paris, and in the Palais de Glace in Buenos Aires in 1995. In Quito, Guayasamín built a museum that features his work. His images capture the political oppression, racism, poverty, Latin American lifestyle, and class division found in much of South America. Guayasamín dedicated his life to painting, sculpting and collecting. He was an ardent supporter of the communist Cuban Revolution in general and Fidel Castro in particular. He was given a prize for "an entire life of work for peace" by UNESCO. His death on March 10, 1999, was considered a great loss to Ecuador and occurred in the midst of a political and socioeconomic crisis, with the day marked by strikes by the indigenous people (whom he spent his life supporting) and other sectors of society. Guayasamín himself suffered personally in the last months of his life, after his 27-year-old grand-daughter Maita Madriñan Guayasamín, her 4-year-old daughter Alejandra and her 4-month-old son Martín (both Guayasamín's great-grandchildren) were killed in the crash of Cubana de Aviación Flight 389 in Quito in August 1998

He is still lauded as a national treasure and has been likened to the Michelangelo of Latin America by the Spanish art historian José Camón Aznar. In 2002, three years after his death, a building co-designed by Guayasamín, La Capilla del Hombre ("The Chapel of Man"), was completed and opened to the public. The Chapel is meant to document not only man's cruelty to man but also the potential for greatness within humanity. It is co-located with Guayasamín's home in the hills overlooking Quito.

title: Oswaldo Guayasamín


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User talk:Mndrix

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text:
File:Hombourg-Haut village.jpg

Hombourg-Haut village I took this photo myself

title: File:Hombourg-Haut village.jpg


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Hombourg-Haut

Hombourg-Haut (Oberhomburg) is a commune located in the department of Moselle, region of Grand Est, in the cultural and historical region Lorraine, north-eastern France.

Hombourg-Haut is an old medieval fortress town, built in the thirteenth century by the bishops of Metz. The old village lies at the foot of the imposing collegiate church in a green and wooded landscape.

Nowadays, the city has several neighbourhoods: the old Hombourg, the old village of Hellering, urban areas with HLMs built in the 1950s-1960s and residential district. The inhabitants of the commune are known as Hombourgeois and Hombourgeoises.

Middle Ages
After a bitter dispute over the ownership of the castle of "Hombourg-Bas" (the old castle) between the Duke of Lorraine and the bishop of Metz, the latter prevailed end of the 12th century. Hombourg remained the property of the prelates of Metz until the 16th century. In 1270, the bishop, Jacques of Lorraine, decided to build a new and splendid castle on the opposite elongated hill, probably from 1245 on.

This castle became the main seat of the bailiwick of Hombourg/St-Avold. It was the residence of the bishops' representatives and sometimes of the prelates themselves. In front of the castle, Jacques of Lorraine got a fortified town built, surrounded by a long wall, today's "Vieux-Hombourg". Jacques granted his new town privileges and rights and in 1254, he founded a collegiate church with 13 capitular canons that was run until 1743. The collegiate got a new church built in 1300 which took almost a century to complete.

Industrial revolution and steel production
In 1758, Charles de Wendel founded an ironworks at the banks of the Roselle. That was the beginning of the industrial era of Hamburg-Haut. The ironworks was taken over by the d'Hausen family during the First Empire. The Gouvy family from Saarland bought the factory in 1850 and transformed it into a modern steel plant. Providing employment to generations of Hombourg's inhabitants, the Gouvy steel mill also supported music, sports, youth movements and other leisure activities. The Münch family continued the work of the Gouvys when they bought the factory in 1935, offering work to almost 250 employees. The plant ceased opérations permanently during the 1980s. Following the mill demolition, a shopping centre has been built on the site.

Geography
Hombourg-Haut is situated thirty two miles east of Metz (capital of the département de la Moselle) and thirteen miles southwest of Saarbrücken (Germany). It is surrounded by the following towns and villages: Saint-Avold, Freyming-Merlebach, Betting, Guenviller and Macheren.

The Rosselle, a small affluent of the Saar, flows through Hombourg-Haut.

Mayors

 * Jean Derrieux, 1937-1971
 * Albert Muller, 1971–1983
 * Jean-Loup Schouller, 1983–2001
 * Roland Kazmierczak, 2001-2006
 * Jacques Furman, 2008-2014
 * Laurent Muller, since 2014

Municipal offices

 * The Espace de Wendel: inaugurated in January 2019, this venue is named after the Wendel family, ironmasters in Lorraine with an early forge in Hombourg-Haut during the 18th Century (Jean-Charles de Wendel (1708-1784) was the first owner of the forge in Hombourg-Haut where he also built a mansion).

Tourist office
The tourist office is located near the railway station. It is run by the Communauté de communes de Freyming-Merlebach, a federation of municipalities in the French law.

Civic sites

 * [[Image:Logomonumclassé.gif|18px]] Château de Hombourg-Haut, the ruins of the medieval castle and fortress of Hombourg.
 * the ruins of the castle of Hellering (17th century).
 * [[Image:Logomonumclassé.gif|18px]] the Château d'Hausen, is an 18th-century castle. Current home of the local government.

Religious sites

 * [[Image:Logomonumclassé.gif|18px]] Collégiale Saint-Étienne (13th-14th centuries). The church is registered as French national heritage site.
 * [[Image:Logomonumclassé.gif|18px]] Saint Catherine's chapel, in the Gothic style (13th century), is listed as French national heritage site.
 * [[Image:Logomonumclassé.gif|18px]] the Recollect convent (18th century)

Cultural events

 * the Théodore Gouvy International Festival has taken place every year since 1989.
 * the Carnival celebrations culminate each year with a very popular and colored parade.
 * the city is home to the Choeur d'hommes de Hombourg-Haut, one of the oldest male voice choir in the region Lorraine, founded in 1865.

Twin town
🇮🇹 San Giorgio di Pesaro, Italy

Notable people
Théodore Gouvy (1819-1898) composer

title: Hombourg-Haut


text:
User:Charles Matthews/New - poetry

General

 * List of poems
 * List of poetry groups and movements
 * List of poetry collections
 * Poem and song
 * Verse drama and dramatic verse
 * War poet

1-50
Vikram Seth - Saemund - Anne Ridler - Thomas Sturge Moore - Lionel Johnson - Charles Madge - Kathleen Raine - Tambimuttu - Francis Berry - Michael Roberts (writer)

John Oxenham - Henry Nutcombe Oxenham - Joshua Sylvester - Robert Southwell - Alfred Comyn Lyall - Maurice Lindsay - George Campbell Hay - Manmohan Ghose - Shri Purohit Swami

Margot Ruddock - Arthur Shearly Cripps - Henry Charles Beeching - John Stuart Blackie - Francis William Bourdillon - Madison Julius Cawein - Victor James Daley - Nora Chesson - Wilfred Rowland Childe - Ellen Mary Clerke

Mary Elizabeth Coleridge - Dinah Maria Mulock - Margaret Deland - Christopher Pearse Cranch - James Cousins - Augusta Theodosia Drane - Agnes Mary Frances Duclaux - Phineas Fletcher - Edmond Gore Alexander Holmes - S. Foster Damon

Robert Hillyer - J. F. Hendry - Henry Treece - Dunstan Thompson - Terence Tiller - Roy Fuller - Lynette Roberts - Keidrych Rhys - Wrey Gardiner - Seán Jennett

51-100
 Philip O'Connor - John Bayliss - Nicholas Moore - Roland Mathias - G. S. Fraser - Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset - Richard Fanshawe - Robert Wever - Aurelian Townsend - Thomas Lovell Beddoes

Robert Eyres Landor - Mark Alexander Boyd - John Gawsworth - A. E. Coppard - Gwen Harwood - Kenneth Allott - James Kirkup - E. J. Scovell - Charles Tomlinson - John Heath-Stubbs

Arthur Boyars - Alfred Domett - Frederick Locker-Lampson - Herbert Horne - Richard Eberhart - Edward Davison - A. D. Hope - A. Y. Campbell - Frank Kendon - J. C. Squire

Maurice Baring - W. H. Davies - Hilary Douglas Clark Pepler - James Elroy Flecker - Fredegond Shove - Elizabeth Daryush - Edgell Rickword - Teresa Hooley - Thomas Ford - Clive Branson

Jack Clemo - Geoffrey Grigson - Jack Lindsay - John Manifold - F. M. Cornford - David Martin (poet) - Les Murray - R. L. Mégroz - R. C. Lehmann - William Watson (poet)

101-150
James Mabbe - Alexander Smith - John Byrne Leicester Warren, 3rd Baron De Tabley - James Thomson (B.V.) - William Alabaster - John Stanyan Bigg - Ebenezer Elliott - Arthur St. John Adcock - E. H. Visiak - Edmund Beale Sargant

Robert Mezey - Henry Francis Lyte - William Pattison - Trumbull Stickney - Weldon Kees - L. A. G. Strong - Michael Hamburger - Sydney Goodsir Smith - Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset - Martin Armstrong

Clifford Bax - Edward Andrade - Gerald Gould - Sylvia Lynd - Katharine Tynan - T. E. Hulme - Rex Warner - Ralph Hodgson - Alice Meynell - F. T. Prince

Vernon Watkins - Andrew Young (poet) - Robert Nichols - Ernest Rhys - S. R. Lysaght - A. P. Graves - Herbert Trench - Edward Shanks - William Canton - William Force Stead

Richard Rowley - Vivian de Sola Pinto - Philip Bourke Marston - William Sharp (writer) - Francis Kynaston - John Scott of Amwell - Herbert Edward Palmer - Robin Flower - John Freeman (Georgian poet) - Victor B. Neuberg

151-200
Maurice Hewlett - Shane Leslie - F. L. Lucas - Victor Plarr - Dora Sigerson Shorter - Richard Le Gallienne - T. W. Rolleston - Eva Gore-Booth - Frank Pearce Sturm - R. E. Vernède

J. Redwood Anderson - Humbert Wolfe - Richard Church (poet) - Gordon Bottomley - Julian Bell - Geoffrey Scott - Burns Singer - Bernard Spencer - Randall Swingler - John Cornford

H. H. Bashford - Norman Cameron - Nigel Heseltine - George Rostrevor Hamilton - Thomas Moult - Frederick Victor Branford - Sacheverell Sitwell - Michael Field (pseudonym) - Iris Tree - Violet Jacob

Yvor Winters - Henry Cust - Edward Wyndham Tennant - Rose Fyleman - Zora Cross - Hugh I'Anson Fausset - James Reeves - Francis Scarfe - Viola Meynell - E. H. W. Meyerstein

Richard Barham Middleton - Brian Howard - Digby Mackworth Dolben - Margaret Louisa Woods - Herbert Asquith (poet) - Winifred Letts - Moira O'Neill - Okot p'Bitek - E. A. Markham - Frances Ridley Havergal

201-250
Richard Rolle - Jeffery Day - Joseph Campbell (poet) - Louis Golding - Frederic Prokosch - W. R. Rodgers - Patricia Beer - Witter Bynner - Francis King - Frederick Goddard Tuckerman

Frank Prewett - Anna Wickham - Charles G. D. Roberts - John Cournos - Edwin Ellis - Robert Cunninghame-Grahame of Gartmore - William Cookson - William Kean Seymour - Idris Davies - W. R. Titterton

Sherard Vines - Thomas Washbourne - Ruthven Todd - Clifford Dyment - John Rodker - Joseph Leftwich - Herman Charles Merivale - Alice Milligan - Hugh Gordon Porteus - Ethna Carbery

Ernest Radford - Dollie Radford - Amy Levy - Vernon Lee - Olive Custance - James Henry - Robert Herring - Darrell Figgis - Lady Margaret Sackville - Gerald Bullett

David Holbrook - D. J. Enright - Vernon Scannell - Anselm Hollo - Peter Levi - Anthony Thwaite - Alan Brownjohn - Philip Hobsbaum - George Every - Bernard Gutteridge

251-300
Jon Silkin - Lemn Sissay - Jean 'Binta' Breeze - Ruth Padel - Pete Brown - Selwyn Image - R. C. Trevelyan - Iain Crichton Smith - Patric Dickinson - Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas -

Peter Redgrove - Brendan Kennelly - Laurence Whistler - Michael Thwaites - Emanuel Litvinoff - John Pudney - John Hollander - Abraham Nahum Stencl - Emily Lawless - Christopher Middleton

C. H. Sisson - Edward Lucie-Smith - Thomas Legh Claughton - Thomas Kettle - Eiluned Lewis - William Basse - Giles Earle - Bartholomew Griffin - Abel Evans - Wilson MacDonald

Allen Curnow - Drummond Allison - John Bowyer Buchanan Nichols - Jeanne Robert Foster - Georg Heym - John Brooks Wheelwright - Alfred Kreymborg - Philothée O'Neddy - Lizette Woodworth Reese - Giovanni Andrea dell' Anguillara

Valerius Aedituus - Marcabru - Raimbaut de Vaqueiras - Thomas Norton (alchemist) - Charles Dalmon - Giovanni Aurelio Augurello - Albertino Mussato - Petrus Riga - Henry of Avranches - Moses of Bergamo

301-
Godfrey of Winchester - Guy of Bazoches - Henry Reynolds (poet) - Antoine Godeau - Derek Stanford - Demetrios Capetanakis - Paulinus of Pella - Gilles de Paris (poet) - Peter Reading - Edward Lowbury

Hue de Rotelande - Pierre de Nesson - Eric Mackay - Harold Elsdale Goad - David Atwood Wasson - Hieronymus Angerianus - Gualterus Anglicus - Antonio Tebaldeo - José Selgas - Francisco de Rioja

Geoffrey Phibbs - Benedetto Menzini - Leopoldo Marenco - Bernard André - John Milton Harney - Christopher Middleton (d. 1628) - Robert Wild (poet) - Patrick Cary - Anne Locke - Henry Birkhead

Robert Aylett - Thomas Drant - Henry Lok - Edmund Prys - Robert Andrews (translator) - Christopher Brooke - Francis Hubert - Richard Niccols - Samuel Page (poet) - William Bosworth

Charles Hopkins (poet) - John Hopkins (poet) - William Harrison (poet) - Edward Calver - Alfred Gurney - Helen Parry Eden - Turoldus - James Mercer (poet)

Groupings

 * Beaumont and Fletcher
 * Sons of Ben
 * Harvard Aesthetes
 * Next Generation poets (2004)
 * New Generation poets (1994)
 * Rhymer's Club
 * New Apocalyptics
 * Cairo poets
 * Spasmodic poets
 * Empire Poetry League

Anthologies

 * Faber Book of Modern Verse
 * Faber Book of Modern American Verse
 * Faber Book of Twentieth Century Verse
 * Faber Book of Twentieth-Century Women's Poetry

 * Oxford poetry anthologies
 * Oxford Book of English Verse
 * New Oxford Book of English Verse 1250-1950
 * Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892-1935
 * Oxford Book of Contemporary Verse
 * Oxford Book of English Mystical Verse
 * Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse
 * Anthology of Twentieth-Century British and Irish Poetry

 * Penguin poetry anthologies
 * Penguin Book of Contemporary Verse (1918-1960)

 * The New Poetry
 * The New British Poetry
 * Children of Albion: Poetry of the Underground in Britain
 * Other: British and Irish Poetry since 1970
 * Conductors of Chaos: A Poetry Anthology
 * The New American Poetry 1945-1960
 * The Harvill Book of Twentieth-Century Poetry in English
 * New Poets of England and America
 * Modern Scottish Poetry (Faber)
 * Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry
 * British Poetry since 1945 (Penguin)
 * Penguin Modern Poets
 * Poems of Today
 * Englands Helicon
 * Tottel's Miscellany
 * The Cantos
 * Hinterland: Caribbean Poetry from the West Indies and Britain
 * Golden Treasury of Scottish Poetry
 * Postmodern American Poetry
 * Penguin Book of Canadian Verse
 * Poems of Black Africa
 * Penguin Book of Modern African Poetry
 * Up The Line To Death

Blake

 * Spectre (Blake)
 * Leutha
 * Visions of the Daughters of Albion
 * William Blake's prophetic books
 * Bromion
 * Europe a Prophecy

Troubadours
Marcabru - Peire Vidal - Raimbaut de Vaqueiras - Canso (song) - Descort - Planh - Sirventes - Tenso - Trobar clus - Trobar leu - Trobar ric - Pastorela - Guillaume Anelier

Other

 * Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition
 * Oxford Professor of Poetry
 * Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry
 * List of small presses
 * Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets
 * Ilias Latina
 * Eclogue of Theodulus
 * Matthew of Vendôme
 * Leonine verse
 * Aliscans
 * Hesperia (poem)

title: User:Charles Matthews/New - poetry


text:
User talk:MysteryDog

Hello, "MysteryDog" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

. -- Infrogmation 20:18, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

I reverted 66.20.28.21's habitual vandalism of Greek-American. This had the effect of blowing away your fixes to the descriptions after the names, since the normal form of that page doesn't have descriptions at all. If you think the page looks better with the notes on the people, go ahead and put them back. BCoates 09:26, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

input request
Would you mind looking in on Talk:Jesus H. Christ? Thanks for your time. Tom e rtalk 00:31, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:MysteryDog


text:
Unanimous (disambiguation)

Unanimity is agreement by all people in a given situation.

Unanimous may also refer to:
 * Unan1mous, a 2006 Fox game show
 * Unanimous (British TV series), a 2006 Channel 4 game show, based on the Fox series

title: Unanimous (disambiguation)


text:
R. Paul Butler

Robert Paul Butler (born April 1960) is an astronomer and staff scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, D.C., who searches for extrasolar planets.

he and his team have discovered over half of the planets found orbiting nearby stars. He is noted for his pioneering work in Doppler spectroscopy, a method used to detect stars having orbiting planets by measuring the "wobble" induced by the gravitational forces between the star and its orbiting planet(s).

Early life and education
Butler was born in April 1960 in San Diego, California. Even as a boy, he was interested in astronomy. When he was 14, he built an 8-inch reflector telescope and began looking at planets and stars. He was fascinated by early astronomers and cosmologists like Galileo and Giordano Bruno, who dared to speculate about multiple worlds at a time when such ideas were considered heresy. As a high school student in 1977, he learned techniques of orbit calculation when he attended the Summer Science Program at his school.

Butler went on to receive a BA (physics, 1985), a BS (chemistry, 1986) and an MS (physics, 1989) from San Francisco State University, completing his Master's thesis with Geoffrey Marcy. During this time, he began work on the design of a very sensitive spectrograph, seeking to detect extrasolar planets by detecting variations in the radial velocity of their parent stars.

Butler received his Ph.D. in astronomy in 1993 from the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences in College Park, Maryland.

Career
While Butler was still working on his master's degree, he and Marcy developed a spectrographic apparatus capable of detecting the tiny gravitational effects of a planet on its host star. By viewing the starlight they measured through a glass absorption cell containing molecular iodine, they obtained a reference set of spectral lines with sufficient precision to identify the changing light waves caused by a stellar wobble. After completing his Ph.D., Butler returned to San Francisco State University to work with Marcy. Butler was a research scientist there and a visiting research fellow at the University of California, Berkeley from 1993 to 1997.

In 1995, Marcy and Butler used their Doppler velocity measurement equipment to confirm the discovery by Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz, of the first true exoplanet to be unequivocally identified orbiting a main sequence star, 51 Pegasi b. Its characteristics were so unexpected that researchers re-examined their assumptions and their data.

In 1996 Marcy and Butler became the first Americans to discover a new planetary system, a planet orbiting 70 Virginis. The planet was detected using radial velocity measurements taken with the C. Donald Shane telescope at Lick Observatory. They went on to find 70 of the first 100 exoplanets to be discovered.

In 1997 Butler became a staff astronomer at the Anglo-Australian Observatory in Sydney, Australia, leading the Anglo-Australian Planet Search. After thirty years of research into exoplanets, few systems have been found that resemble the Solar System.

Since 1999, Butler has been a staff scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, D.C. As of 2001, his expressed goal was "to survey all 2,000 Sun-like stars out to 150 light-years."

Awards
Marcy and Butler have shared a number of prizes including the inaugural Bioastronomy Medal of the International Astronomical Union in 1997. In 2001, Butler and Marcy were awarded the Henry Draper Medal from the National Academy of Sciences "for their pioneering investigations of planets orbiting other stars via high-precision radial velocities." The Carnegie Planet Search Team, consisting of Marcy, Butler, Steven Vogt and Debra Fischer received the Carl Sagan Award from the American Astronautical Society and the Planetary Society in 2002. Butler received the Beatrice Tinsley Prize of the American Astronomical Society with Marcy and Vogt in 2002. Marcy and Butler were named Discover Magazine's "Space Scientists of the Year" in 2003.

In 2011, Butler was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences for his work in developing the precision Doppler velocity technique, "the most precise method to date" for observing planets that orbit nearby stars, and for his many discoveries of such stars. Butler was credited with a "central role" in changing "the way we look at our place in the universe."

title: R. Paul Butler


text:
Unanimity

Unanimity is agreement by all people in a given situation. Groups may consider unanimous decisions as a sign of social, political or procedural agreement, solidarity, and unity. Unanimity may be assumed explicitly after a unanimous vote or implicitly by a lack of objections. It does not necessarily mean uniformity and can sometimes be the opposite of majority in terms of outcomes.

Voting
Practice varies as to whether a vote can be considered unanimous if some voter abstains. In Robert's Rules of Order, a "unanimous vote" is not specifically defined, although an abstention is not counted as a vote regardless of the voting threshold. Also in this book, action could be taken by "unanimous consent", or "general consent", if there are no objections raised. However, unanimous consent may not necessarily be the same as a unanimous vote (see Not the same as unanimous vote). In either case, it does not take into account the members who were not present.

In contrast, a United Nations Security Council resolution is not considered "unanimous" if a member abstains. In the European Union, the Treaty of Amsterdam introduced the concept of "constructive abstention", where a member can abstain in a vote where unanimity is required without thereby blocking the success of the vote. This is intended to allow states to symbolically withhold support while not paralysing decision-making.

Democracies
The occurrence of unanimity in a representative democracy can be elusive with the diversity and variety of opinions in a participatory democracy. Unanimity is often a political endeavor. Although governments and international organizations may occasionally achieve unanimous decisions, popular consent is most often a more achievable aspiration for elected officials.

Dictatorships
The legitimacy supposedly established by unanimity has been used by dictatorial regimes in an attempt to gain support for their position. Participants in a legislature may be coerced or intimidated into supporting the position of a dictator, with the legislature becoming little more than a rubber stamp for a more powerful authority.

One-party states can restrict nominees to one per seat in elections and use compulsory voting or electoral fraud to create an impression of popular unanimity. The 1962 North Korean parliamentary election reported a 100% turnout and a 100% vote for the Workers' Party of Korea. 100% votes have also been claimed by Ahmed Sékou Touré in Guinea in 1975 and 1982, Félix Houphouët-Boigny in Côte d'Ivoire in 1985, and Saddam Hussein in Iraq in 2002.

Juries
In criminal law jury trials, many jurisdictions require a guilty verdict by a jury to be unanimous. This is not so in civil law jury trials.

The United States Supreme Court ruled in Ramos v. Louisiana (2020) that the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution mandates unanimity in all federal and state criminal jury trials. This overturned Apodaca v. Oregon, which held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did not require jury unanimity in state courts, with a concurring opinion that the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution mandates unanimity for a guilty verdict in a federal court jury trial. Many U.S. state constitutions have their own provisions requiring jury unanimity for a finding of guilty; for example, article 21 of the Maryland Constitution's Declaration of Rights states:

In England and Wales, since the Juries Act 1974, a guilty verdict may be returned where not more than 2 jurors dissent.

title: Unanimity


text:
Bradfield

Bradfield may refer to:

Australia

 * Bradfield College (Sydney), a senior high school in New South Wales
 * Bradfield Highway, Sydney
 * Bradfield, New South Wales, a suburb in south-west Sydney, created in 2023
 * Bradfield, New South Wales (1924-1977), a former Sydney suburb, that existed until 1977.
 * Division of Bradfield, an electoral division in New South Wales
 * RAAF Bradfield Park, an Australian air station

United Kingdom

 * Bradfield, Berkshire, a village and civil parish
 * Bradfield College, a secondary school
 * Bradfield, Devon, a location in England
 * Bradfield House, a mansion in Uffculme, Devon,
 * Bradfield, Essex, a village and civil parish
 * Bradfield Heath, a village
 * Bradfield, Norfolk, a village
 * Bradfield, South Yorkshire, a civil parish in the City of Sheffield
 * Bradfield Dale, a rural valley
 * Bradfield School, a secondary school
 * Low Bradfield, a village
 * High Bradfield, a village
 * Bradfield, Suffolk
 * Bradfield Combust, a village
 * Bradfield St Clare, a village and civil parish
 * Bradfield St George, a village and civil parish
 * Bradfield Woods, a nature reserve

United States

 * Bradfield Canal, an inlet in Alaska
 * Bradfield Corner, Indiana, an unincorporated community in Wabash Township, Parke County, Indiana
 * Bradfield Elementary School, a school in Highland Park, Dallas, Texas
 * Bradfield Hall, an academic building in Cornell University at Ithaca, New York
 * Davenport-Bradfield House, a historic home in Sheridan, Indiana

Zimbabwe

 * Bradfield, Zimbabwe, a neighborhood in the city of Bulawayo

Other uses

 * Bradfield (surname)
 * HMS Bradfield, Royal Navy minesweeper during World War I
 * 3430 Bradfield, a main-belt asteroid
 * Comet Bradfield (disambiguation)

title: Bradfield


text:
Hit the ball twice

Hit the ball twice, or "double-hit", is a method of dismissal in the sport of cricket. It is exceptionally rare at all levels of the game. The law was codified at the very latest by 1744 and had likely been introduced earlier than that due to injuries and deaths occurring from double hit attempts in the 1600s and 1700s. The law prohibits a batter from making a second clear attempt to hit the ball after it has hit their bat or their person.

Definition
Law 34.1 of the Laws of Cricket states: 34.1 Out Hit the ball twice 34.1.1 The striker is out Hit the ball twice if, while the ball is in play, it strikes any part of his/her person or is struck by his/her bat and, before the ball has been touched by a fielder, the striker wilfully strikes it again with his/her bat or person, other than a hand not holding the bat, except for the sole purpose of guarding his/her wicket. 34.1.2 For the purpose of this Law ‘struck’ or ‘strike’ shall include contact with the person of the striker. A player can hit the ball twice in order to prevent it from hitting his/her stumps but not with a hand that is not in contact with the bat and not if doing so prevents a catch being taken (in which case they would be out obstructing the field). The bowler does not get credit for the wicket.

For the sole purpose of guarding his/her wicket means that a player who hits the ball twice to protect his wicket, without obstructing the field, can then be given out on appeal if they then decide to attempt to score a run. A lawfully struck second hit can be caught for a dismissal if hit into the air, or become a run-out dismissal, but otherwise the play becomes a dead ball with no runs scored and the batsmen returned to their original ends upon the ball hitting the boundary or when the batsmen complete one run. No balls and penalty runs can still be scored with the exception that no penalty runs will be awarded for the batsman's second hit striking a helmet left on the playing surface by the fielding side.

History
Cricket is often considered to be a rather gentle pastime but it has a history of extreme violence. In the early days before the modern rules had universal effect batsmen could go to almost any lengths to avoid being out. They could obstruct the fielders and they could hit the ball as many times as necessary to preserve their wicket. This had fatal consequences on more than one occasion and strict rules were gradually introduced to prevent the batsman from physically attacking the fielders, to keep them at their crease, and only allowing one attempt to hit the ball even if they missed it with the bat the first time.

In 1622, several parishioners of Boxgrove, near Chichester in West Sussex, were prosecuted for playing cricket in a churchyard on Sunday 5 May. There were three reasons for the prosecution: one was that it contravened a local by-law; another reflected concern about church windows which may or may not have been broken; the third was that "a little childe had like to have her braines beaten out with a cricket batt".

The latter situation was because the rules at the time allowed the batsman to hit the ball more than once and so fielding near the batsman was very hazardous, as two later incidents confirm.

In 1624, a fatality occurred at Horsted Keynes in East Sussex when a fielder called Jasper Vinall was struck on the head by the batsman, Edward Tye, who was trying to hit the ball a second time to avoid being caught. Vinall is thus the earliest known cricketing fatality. The matter was recorded in a coroner's court, which returned a verdict of misadventure.

In 1647, another fatality was recorded at Selsey, West Sussex, when a fielder called Henry Brand was hit on the head by a batsman trying to hit the ball a second time.

It is not known when the rules were changed to outlaw striking for the ball a second time or when the offence of obstructing the field was introduced, but both those rules were clearly stated in the 1744 codification of the Laws of Cricket, which were drawn up by the London Cricket Club and are believed to be based on a much earlier code that has been lost.

The first definite record of a batsman being dismissed for hitting the ball twice occurred in the Hampshire v Kent match at Windmill Down on 13–15 July 1786. Tom Sueter of Hampshire, who had scored 3, was the player in question, as recorded in Scores and Biographies.

Unusual dismissal
This method of dismissal is the second rarest after timed out, recorded on 23 occasions in first-class cricket and twice in List A cricket.

The last incident of the dismissal in English cricket occurred in 1906 when John King, playing for Leicestershire against Surrey at The Oval tried to score a run after playing the ball twice to avoid getting bowled. Had he not tried to score a run, he would not have been out.

Kurt Wilkinson was dismissed in this manner when playing for Barbados against Rest of Leeward Islands in the 2002–03 Red Stripe Bowl. The dismissal was controversial as there was doubt as to whether Wilkinson had "wilfully" struck the ball twice as required under the relevant law of cricket.

The only occurrence of this dismissal in international cricket was when Malta's Fanyan Mughal got out against Romania in the 2023 Men's Continental Cup on 20 August 2023. Mughal missed a pull shot, causing the ball to hit him and land nearby on the ground. He then knocked the ball away with his bat — moving it away from the wicket-keeper, who was running in to collect the ball in order to attempt a run-out of the non-striker who was well out of his crease. Because of this, Romania appealed and Mughal was given out by the umpires.

External sources

 * The official laws of cricket

title: Hit the ball twice


text:
Premature

Premature may refer to:

 * Premature (2014 film), an American comedy film
 * Premature (2019 film), an American romantic drama film
 * PREMature, a 2015 British television drama miniseries

title: Premature


text:
Rainwater harvesting

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the collection and storage of rain, rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater is collected from a roof-like surface and redirected to a tank, cistern, deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole), aquifer, or a reservoir with percolation, so that it seeps down and restores the ground water. Rainwater harvesting differs from stormwater harvesting as the runoff is typically collected from roofs and other area surfaces for storage and subsequent reuse. Its uses include watering gardens, livestock, irrigation, domestic use with proper treatment, and domestic heating. The harvested water can also be committed to longer-term storage or groundwater recharge.

Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of self-supply of water for households, having been used in South Asia and other countries for many thousands of years. Installations can be designed for different scales including households, neighbourhoods and communities and can also be designed to serve institutions such as schools, hospitals and other public facilities.

Domestic use
Rooftop rainwater harvesting is used to provide drinking water, domestic water, water for livestock, water for small irrigation, and a way to replenish groundwater levels.

Agriculture
In regards to urban agriculture, rainwater harvesting in urban areas reduces the impact of runoff and flooding. The combination of urban 'green' rooftops with rainwater catchments have been found to reduce building temperatures by more than 1.3 degrees Celsius. Rainwater harvesting in conjunction with urban agriculture would be a viable way to help meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for cleaner and sustainable cities, health and wellbeing, and food and water security (Sustainable Development Goal 6). The technology is available, however, it needs to be remodeled in order to use water more efficiently, especially in an urban setting.

Kenya has already been successfully harvesting rainwater for toilets, laundry, and irrigation. Since the establishment of the country's 2016 Water Act, Kenya has prioritized the regulation of their agriculture industry. Additionally, areas in Australia use harvested rainwater for cooking and drinking. Studies done by Stout et al researching the feasibility in India found RWH was most beneficial used for small-scale irrigation, which provides income with the sales of produce, and overflow used for groundwater recharge.

Missions to five Caribbean countries have shown that the capture and storage of rainwater runoff for later use is able to significantly reduce the risk of losing some or all of the year's harvest because of soil or water scarcity. In addition, the risks associated with flooding and soil erosion during high rainfall seasons would decrease. Small farmers, especially those farming on hillsides, could benefit the most from rainwater harvesting because they are able to capture runoff and decrease the effects of soil erosion.

Many countries, especially those with arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source of clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap and prevent rainwater from running down hills and slopes. Even in periods of low rainfall, enough water is collected for crops to grow. Water can be collected from roofs, dams and ponds can be constructed to hold large quantities of rainwater so that even on days when little to no rainfall occurs, enough is available to irrigate crops.

Industry
Frankfurt Airport has the biggest rainwater harvesting system in Germany. The system helps save approximately 1 million cubic meters of water per year. The cost of the system was 1.5 million dm (US$63,000) in 1993. This system collects water from the roofs of the new terminal which has an area of 26,800 square meters. The water is collected in the basement of the airport in six tanks with a storage capacity of 100 cubic meters. The water is mainly used for toilet flushing, watering plants and cleaning the air conditioning system.

Rainwater harvesting was adopted at The Velodrome – The London Olympic Park – in order to increase the sustainability of the facility. A 73% decrease in potable water demand by the park was estimated. Despite this, it was deemed that rainwater harvesting was a less efficient use of financial resources to increase sustainability than the park's blackwater recycling program.

Technologies
Traditionally, stormwater management using detention basins served a single purpose. However, optimized real-time control lets this infrastructure double as a source of rainwater harvesting without compromising the existing detention capacity. This has been used in the EPA headquarters to evacuate stored water prior to storm events, thus reducing wet weather flow while ensuring water availability for later reuse. This has the benefit of increasing water quality released and decreasing the volume of water released during combined sewer overflow events.

Generally, check dams are constructed across the streams to enhance the percolation of surface water into the subsoil strata. The water percolation in the water-impounded area of the check dams can be enhanced artificially manyfold by loosening the subsoil strata and ANFO explosives as used in open cast mining. Thus, local aquifers can be recharged quickly using the available surface water fully for use in the dry season.

System setup
Rainwater harvesting systems can range in complexity, from systems that can be installed with minimal skills, to automated systems that require advanced setup and installation. The basic rainwater harvesting system is more of a plumbing job than a technical job, as all the outlets from the building's terrace are connected through a pipe to an underground tank that stores water. There are common components that are installed in such systems, such as pre-filters (see e.g. vortex filter), drains/gutters, storage containers, and depending on whether the system is pressurized, also pumps, and treatment devices such as UV lights, chlorination devices and post-filtration equipment.

Systems are ideally sized to meet the water demand throughout the dry season since it must be big enough to support daily water consumption. Specifically, the rainfall capturing area such as a building roof must be large enough to maintain an adequate flow of water. The water storage tank size should be large enough to contain the captured water. For low-tech systems, many low-tech methods are used to capture rainwater: rooftop systems, surface water capture, and pumping the rainwater that has already soaked into the ground or captured in reservoirs and storing it in tanks (cisterns).

Rainwater harvesting by freshwater-flooded forests
Rainwater harvesting is possible by growing freshwater-flooded forests without losing the income from the used, submerged land. The main purpose of the rainwater harvesting is to use the locally available rainwater to meet water requirements throughout the year without the need of huge capital expenditure. This would facilitate the availability of uncontaminated water for domestic, industrial, and irrigation needs.

Rainwater harvesting by solar power panels
Good quality water resource, closer to populated areas, is becoming scarce and costly for the consumers. In addition to solar and wind energy, rainwater is major renewable resource of any land. Vast areas are being covered by solar PV panels every year in all parts of the world. Solar panels can also be used for harvesting most of the rainwater falling on them and drinking quality water, free from bacteria and suspended matter, can be generated by simple filtration and disinfection processes as rainwater is very low in salinity. Exploitation of rainwater for value-added products like bottled drinking water, makes solar PV power plants profitable even in high rainfall/ cloudy areas by the augmented income from value-added drinking water generation. Recently cost-effective rainwater collection in the already dug wells found to be highly effective in bringing groundwater level up in India.

Other innovations
The Groasis Waterboxx is an example of low scale technology, in this case to assist planting of trees in arid area. It harvests rainwater and dew.

Advantages
Rainwater harvesting provides the independent water supply during regional water restrictions, and in developed countries, it is often used to supplement the main supply. It provides water when a drought occurs, can help mitigate flooding of low-lying areas, and reduces demand on wells which may enable groundwater levels to be sustained. Rainwater harvesting increases the availability of water during dry seasons by increasing the levels of dried borewells and wells. Surface water supply is readily available for various purposes thus reducing dependence on underground water. It improves the quality of ground by diluting salinity. It does not cause pollution and is environmentally friendly. It is cost-effective and easily affordable. It also helps in the availability of potable water, as rainwater is substantially free of salinity and other salts. Applications of rainwater harvesting in urban water system provides a substantial benefit for both water supply and wastewater subsystems by reducing the need for clean water in water distribution systems, less generated stormwater in sewer systems, and a reduction in stormwater runoff polluting freshwater bodies.

A large body of work has focused on the development of life cycle assessment and its costing methodologies to assess the level of environmental impacts and money that can be saved by implementing rainwater harvesting systems.

Independent water supply
Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during water restrictions. In areas where clean water is costly, or difficult to come by, rainwater harvesting is a critical source of clean water. In developed countries, rainwater is often harvested to be used as a supplemental source of water rather than the main source, but the harvesting of rainwater can also decrease a household's water costs or overall usage levels. Rainwater is safe to drink if the consumers do additional treatments before drinking. Boiling water helps to kill germs. Adding another supplement to the system such as a first flush diverter is also a common procedure to avoid contaminants of the water.

Supplemental in drought
When drought occurs, rainwater harvested in past months can be used. If rain is scarce but also unpredictable, the use of a rainwater harvesting system can be critical to capturing the rain when it does fall. Many countries with arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source of clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap and prevent rainwater from running downhills. Even in periods of low rainfall, enough water is collected for crops to grow. Water can be collected from roofs and tanks can be constructed to hold large quantities of rainwater.

In addition, rainwater harvesting decreases the demand for water from wells, enabling groundwater levels to be further sustained rather than depleted.

Life-cycle assessment
Life-cycle assessment is a methodology used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a system from cradle-to-grave of its lifetime. Devkota et al, developed such a methodology for rainwater harvesting, and found that the building design (e.g., dimensions) and function (e.g., educational, residential, etc.) play critical roles in the environmental performance of the system.

To address the functional parameters of rainwater harvesting systems, a new metric was developed – the demand to supply ratio (D/S) – identifying the ideal building design (supply) and function (demand) in regard to the environmental performance of rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing. With the idea that supply of rainwater not only saves the potable water but also saves the stormwater entering the combined sewer network (thereby requiring treatment), the savings in environmental emissions were higher if the buildings are connected to a combined sewer network compared to separate one.

Cost-effectiveness
Although standard RWH systems can provide a water source to developing regions facing poverty, the average cost for an RWH setup can be costly depending on the type of technology used. Governmental aid and NGOs can assist communities facing poverty by providing the materials and education necessary to develop and maintain RWH setups.

Some studies show that rainwater harvesting is a widely applicable solution for water scarcity and other multiple usages, owing to its cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness. Constructing new substantial, centralized water supply systems, such as dams, is prone to damage local ecosystems, generates external social costs, and has limited usages, especially in developing countries or impoverished communities. On the other hand, installing rainwater harvesting systems is verified by a number of studies to provide local communities a sustainable water source, accompanied by other various benefits, including protection from flood and control of water runoff, even in poor regions. Rainwater harvesting systems that do not require major construction or periodic maintenance by a professional from outside the community are more friendly to the environment and more likely to benefit the local people for a longer period of time. Thus, rainwater harvesting systems that could be installed and maintained by local people have bigger chances to be accepted and used by more people.

The usage of in-situ technologies can reduce investment costs in rainwater harvesting. In-situ technologies for rainwater harvesting could be a feasible option for rural areas since less material is required to construct them. They can provide a reliable water source that can be utilized to expand agricultural outputs. Above-ground tanks can collect water for domestic use; however, such units can be unaffordable to people in poverty.

Limitations
Rainwater harvesting is a widely used method of storing rainwater in countries presenting with drought characteristics. Several pieces of research have derived and developed different criteria and techniques to select suitable sites for harvesting rainwater. Some research was identified and selected suitable sites for the potential erection of dams, as well as derived a model builder in ArcMap 10.4.1. The model combined several parameters, such as slope, runoff potential, land cover/use, stream order, soil quality, and hydrology to determine the suitability of the site for harvesting rainwater.

Harvested water from RWH systems can be minimal during below-average precipitation in arid urban regions such as the Middle East. RWH is useful for developing areas as it collects water for irrigation and domestic purposes. However, the gathered water should be adequately filtered to ensure safe drinking.

Quality of water
Rainwater may need to be analyzed properly, and used in a way appropriate to its safety. In the Gansu province, for example, solar water disinfection is used by boiling harvested rainwater in parabolic solar cookers before being used for drinking. These so-called "appropriate technology" methods provide low-cost disinfection options for treatment of stored rainwater for drinking.

While rainwater itself is a clean source of water, often better than groundwater or water from rivers or lakes, the process of collection and storage often leaves the water polluted and non-potable. Rainwater harvested from roofs can contain human, animal and bird feces, mosses and lichens, windblown dust, particulates from urban pollution, pesticides, and inorganic ions from the sea (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4), and dissolved gases (CO2, NOx, SOx). High levels of pesticide have been found in rainwater in Europe with the highest concentrations occurring in the first rain immediately after a dry spell; the concentration of these and other contaminants are reduced significantly by diverting the initial flow of run-off water to waste. Improved water quality can also be obtained by using a floating draw-off mechanism (rather than from the base of the tank) and by using a series of tanks, withdraw from the last in series. Prefiltration is a common practice used in the industry to keep the system healthy and ensure that the water entering the tank is free of large sediments.

A concept of rainwater harvesting and cleaning it with solar energy for rural household drinking purposes has been developed by Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute.

Conceptually, a water supply system should match the quality of water with the end-user. However, in most of the developed world, high-quality potable water is used for all end uses. This approach wastes money and energy and imposes unnecessary impacts on the environment. Supplying rainwater that has gone through preliminary filtration measures for non-potable water uses, such as toilet flushing, irrigation, and laundry, may be a significant part of a sustainable water management strategy.

Rainwater cisterns can also act as habitat for pathogen-bearing mosquitoes. As a result, care must be taken to ensure that female mosquitoes can not access the cistern to lay eggs. Larvae eating fish can also be added to the cistern, or it can be chemically treated.

India
While rainwater harvesting in an urban context has gained traction in recent years, evidence points toward rainwater harvesting in rural India since ancient times.

Other countries

 * Uganda: Rainwater harvesting has been used in Uganda to promote household and community scale water security for many years. Regular maintenance is an ongoing challenge with existing installation and there are many examples of installations that have failed due to poor maintenance. Research has also shown that awareness of RWH and how to access necessary resources to implement RWH is variable across Ugandan society.
 * Thailand has the largest fraction of the population in the rural area relying on rainwater harvesting (currently around 40%). Rainwater harvesting was promoted heavily by the government in the 1980s. In the 1990s, after government funding for the collection tanks ran out, the private sector stepped in and provided several million tanks to private households, many of which continue to be used. This is one of the largest examples of self-supply of water worldwide.
 * In Bermuda, the law requires all new construction to include rainwater harvesting adequate for the residents.
 * New Zealand has plentiful rainfall in the West and South, and rainwater harvesting is the normal practice in many rural areas, using roof water directed by spouting into covered, 1000 litre storage tanks, with the encouragement of most local councils.
 * In Sri Lanka, rainwater harvesting has been a popular method of obtaining water for agriculture and for drinking purposes in rural homes. The legislation to promote rainwater harvesting was enacted through the Urban Development Authority (Amendment) Act, No. 36 of 2007. The Lanka Rainwater Harvesting Forum is leading Sri Lanka's initiative. See also: Tank cascade system.

History
The construction and use of cisterns to store rainwater can be traced back to the Neolithic Age, when waterproof lime plaster cisterns were built in the floors of houses in village locations of the Levant, a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. By the late 4000 BC, cisterns were essential elements of emerging water management techniques used in dry-land farming.

Many ancient cisterns have been discovered in some parts of Jerusalem and throughout what is today Israel/Palestine. At the site believed by some to be that of the biblical city of Ai (Khirbet et-Tell), a large cistern dating back to around 2500 BC was discovered that had a capacity of nearly 1,700 m3. It was carved out of a solid rock, lined with large stones, and sealed with clay to keep from leaking.

The Greek island of Crete is also known for its use of large cisterns for rainwater collection and storage during the Minoan period from 2,600 BC–1,100 BC. Four large cisterns have been discovered at Myrtos-Pyrgos, Archanes, and Zakroeach. The cistern found at Myrtos-Pyrgos was found to have a capacity of more than 80 m3 and to date back to 1700 BC.

Around 300 BC, farming communities in Balochistan (now located in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran), and Kutch, India, used rainwater harvesting for agriculture and many other uses. Rainwater harvesting was done by Chola kings as well. Rainwater from the Brihadeeswarar temple (located in Balaganapathy Nagar, Thanjavur, India) was collected in Shivaganga tank. During the later Chola period, the Vīrānam tank was built (1011 to 1037 AD) in the Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu to store water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Vīrānam is a 16-km-long tank with a storage capacity of 1,465,000,000 cuft.

Rainwater harvesting was also common in the Roman Empire. While Roman aqueducts are well-known, Roman cisterns were also commonly used and their construction expanded with the Empire. For example, in Pompeii, rooftop water storage was common before the construction of the aqueduct in the 1st century BC. This history continued with the Byzantine Empire; for example, the Basilica Cistern in Istanbul.

Though little known, for centuries the town of Venice depended on rainwater harvesting. The lagoon which surrounds Venice is brackish water, which is not suitable for drinking. The ancient inhabitants of Venice established a system of rainwater collection which was based on man-made insulated collection wells. Water percolated down the specially designed stone flooring, and was filtered by a layer of sand, then collected at the bottom of the well. Later, as Venice acquired territories on the mainland, it started to import water by boat from local rivers, but the wells remained in use and were especially important in time of war when access to the mainland water could be blocked by an enemy.

title: Rainwater harvesting


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Amur Cossacks

The Amur Cossack Host (Амурское казачье войско) was a Cossack host created in the Amur region and Primorye in the 1850s on the basis of the Cossacks relocated from the Transbaikal region and freed miners of Nerchinsk region.

Early history
Their resettlement began in 1854. The first Cossack stanitsa (Khabarovskaya) was created in 1858. A decree announcing the creation of the Amur Cossack Host was issued in 1860. Initially the host was subordinate to the military governor of the Amur Oblast and Primorye. In 1879 it became responsible to the governor of the Amur Oblast. Subsequently, the Amur Cossack army became the responsibility of the Governor-General of the Amur region and the Commander of the armies of the military district of the Amur region (the latter was also the ataman of the Amur and Ussuri Cossack Hosts). The headquarters of the Amur Cossack Host was located in Blagoveshchensk.

Region, resources and organisation
The Amur Cossack Host patrolled the borders along the Amur River and Ussuri River (in 1889, a separate Ussuri Cossack Host was created for patrolling the Ussuri). It also staffed the Amur-Ussuri flotilla (river squadron), created in 1897. The Amur Cossacks possessed 5,8 million desyatinas of land (64,000 km2). The Cossack population (120 settlements) numbered 49,200 people. In times of peace, the Amur Cossack Host supplied 1 mounted regiment (4 sotnyas) and 1 platoon of local guards. In times of war this contribution expanded to two mounted regiments, 1 platoon of guards, 5 special and 1 reserve sotnyas and 1 infantry battalion. These made up a total of 3,600 men.

The Amur Cossack Host took part in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion in China, the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 and World War I. During the Russian Civil War a significant number of the Amur Cossacks fought on the side of the Soviets. There were also some small units that fought on the side of the White Movement, more specifically in helping to regain control of the Amur region.

Distinctions
The distinguishing colour of the Amur Cossack Host was yellow; worn on the cap bands and broad trouser stripes of a green uniform of the loose-fitting cut common to the Steppe Cossacks. Epaulettes were green. High fleece hats were worn on occasion with yellow cloth tops. White blouses and cap covers were worn in summer (see photograph opposite). In 1911 their parade uniform comprised a dark green chessman (frock coat) with yellow piping on cuffs and collar, the fleece hat and blue-grey breeches with yellow stripes. The field service dress worn during World War I consisted of a khaki-grey tunic or blouse, worn with the grey-blue breeches noted above.

In common with other Cossacks, no spurs were worn by the Amur Host.

title: Amur Cossacks


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Edmund O'Meara

Edmund O'Meara (Éamonn Ó Meadhra, also known as Edmund Meara; 1614–1681) was an Irish physiologist and one of the last prominent champions of the medical ideas of Galen. Son of Dermod O'Meara who was a physician, poet and author. O'Meara is remembered today for his criticism of vivisection, stating that the agony suffered by lab animals distorted the research results, using this as a basis to reject William Harvey's ideas about the circulatory system and defend the earlier theories of Galen.

O'Meara wrote an epitaph for Malachy Ó Caollaidhe, but was unable to locate his grave.

title: Edmund O'Meara


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User talk:Jagripino

Hello, "Jagripino" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

. -- Infrogmation 20:29, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

title: User talk:Jagripino


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Adelaide Metcalfe

Adelaide Metcalfe (2016 population 2,990) is a township in Middlesex County, Ontario, Canada. It was formed on January 1, 2001 through the amalgamation of the former Township of Adelaide and the Township of Metcalfe. It is part of the London census metropolitan area.

Communities
The township contains the communities of Adelaide, Crathie, Dejong, Kerwood, Keyser, Mullifarry, Napier, Napperton, Springfield, Walkers and Wrightmans Corners. The administrative offices of the township are in the locality of Adelaide.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Adelaide-Metcalfe had a population of $3,011$ living in $1,013$ of its $1,056$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $2,990$. With a land area of 331.11 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

According to the 2011 Canadian Census, the median age was 39.7 years old which is approximately the same as the national average at 40.6 years old.

According to the 2011 National Household Survey, 85.8% of Adelaide Metcalfe residents are Canadian citizens by birth, and about 2.5% of residents are recent immigrants (from 2001 to 2011). Residents of Adelaide Metcalfe are primarily White (96.6%), with a small community of Koreans (3.3%). Specifically, residents of Adelaide Metcalfe identify their ethnic origin as: Canadian (36.2%), English (32.1%), Dutch (27.2%), Scottish (26.0%), and Irish (18.2%). According to the 2011 Census, English is the mother tongue of 87.2% of the population, with a small population of Dutch (4.7%) and Portuguese (2.3%) speakers. Adelaide Metcalfe has 63.7% Christian adherents whereas 35.7% does not affiliate with any religion.

The highest levels of education obtained by residents aged 25 to 64 years old, are as follows: 43.1% of people have a post-secondary schooling degree (including 9.2% with a University degree or higher), 32.6% have a high school degree (or equivalent) and 24.2% have no certificate, diploma or degree; these represent somewhat higher education rates than Canadian averages at 64.1%, 23.2%, & 12.7% respectively.

The median household income before taxes is $28,644, and after taxes is $26,846; lower than the provincial or national figures at $66,358 and $61,072 pre-tax ($58,717 and $54,089 after tax) respectively. The median commute time to work for those 15 years and over was 20.3 minutes with almost all commutes (NaN%) done by personal vehicle as a driver. The median value of a dwelling in Adelaide Metcalfe is $250,399 which is less than the Canadian median value of $280,552 and the Ontario median value of $300,862.

Government
The Township is led by a Council with a mayor and four councillors. The current council was elected in 2018 along with all other municipal elections in Ontario, and the next election will be in 2022. The members of the current council are:
 * Mayor: Kurtis Smith
 * Councillors: Betty Ann MacKinnon, Mary Ann Hendrikx, Mike Brodie, Sue Clarke

title: Adelaide Metcalfe


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Dermod O'Meara

Dermod O'Meara (Diarmaid Ó Meadhra; fl. 1610–46) was an Irish physician and poet, author of the first medical work printed in Dublin in 1619. He was the father of Edmund O'Meara.

Biography
He was a son of Domhnaill O'Meara, lord of the Ó Meadhra lineage and foster-father to Thomas Butler. His family were hereditary physicians and poets to the Earls of Ormond.

O'Meara's first published work—also the first book of Latin verse published in Ireland—was Ormonius, published in 1614. It is a praise poem in the epic style about the life of Thomas Butler. In it, O'Meara describes himself as one of the vates, and claims that Thomas was suckled as a baby by Áine, an Irish goddess.

Subsequently, O'Meara studied medicine at, and graduated from, Reims University. He returned To Ireland and wrote De Moribus: Pathologia Hereditaria Generalis, a text on hereditary diseases. In It, he claims that some diseases as well as other traits are inherited, that there are two sets of hereditary information, one from the mother and one from the father, and that weak traits may be masked by strong traits.

In later life, O'Meara and his family broke with the house of Ormond during the Confederation of Kilkenny, in which they favored a complete break with England. Dermod was reported to have gone to the court of King Charles I. He was indicted in Ireland for high treason, but apparently never apprehended.

title: Dermod O'Meara


text: User talk:213.122.120.149

title: User talk:213.122.120.149


text:
Talk:Eagles (album)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 June 2019
Change release date from June 1 to June 17. ParadiseVista (talk) 00:02, 20 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 00:30, 20 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eagles (album)


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Opel Speedster

The Opel Speedster is a mid-engined, targa-topped, two-seat sports car produced by German automaker Opel from July 2000 to July 2005. It was built in both RHD and LHD versions at the Lotus Cars plant in Hethel, Norfolk, England. It was presented at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1999 and went into full production the following year.

It was sold by Vauxhall as the VX220 in the United Kingdom and shared much in common with the Lotus Elise, although Opel claimed few parts were interchangeable.

Design and development
Due to changes in European crash safety regulations for the 2000 model year, Lotus needed to replace the original Elise. In October 1999, a deal was made between Lotus and General Motors in order for the former to gain sufficient funds to develop a new Elise. As part of the deal, Lotus agreed to develop and produce the Opel Speedster and Vauxhall VX220 on a variation of its new Series 2 Elise chassis, having a 30mm longer wheelbase and lower door sills compared to its Lotus counterpart. The first Speedster concept car was shown at the 1999 Geneva Motor Show.

Whilst the new Elise would use a 1.8 L Toyota ZZ engine, similar to that found in the Toyota Celica, the Speedster was designed to use a 2.2 L GM Ecotec engine from the Opel Astra. Neither engine had been used in the original Elise, which was fitted with a 1.8-litre Rover K-Series engine.

In order to accommodate the production of the new cars, Lotus expanded its Hethel factory to a capacity of 10,000 cars, with around 3,500 slots allocated towards the Speedster. Production of the Speedster commenced in March 2001.

The Speedster utilized an aluminium frame that weighed only 72 kg, and bodywork made entirely of fibreglass. The entire car weighed 875 kg, making it roughly 100 kg lighter than the similarly sized Toyota MR2. The Speedster's all-aluminium alloy 2.2 L Z22SE engine produced 145 hp, making the Speedster considerably more powerful than the Series 2 Elise was at launch.

Production
As an answer to calls for a more powerful version of the Speedster, Opel introduced a new two-litre turbocharged version of the Ecotec engine, which produced 200 hp, but also weighed slightly more at 930 kg.

In 2004, a limited run of sixty track-focused Speedsters were produced for the United Kingdom. The Vauxhall VXR220 was equipped with larger brakes, upgraded tyres and lowered suspension, and tuned to produce 220 hp. Other features included further performance-oriented seats and unique Speedline alloy wheels. The wheels were 16 inches at the front and 17 inches at the rear, the same as on the Elise. Calypso Red was the only available exterior colour.

The turbocharged Speedster was able to reach a top speed of 242 km/h and accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in 4.7 seconds.

In 2005, General Motors introduced a Daewoo badged Vauxhall VX220 at Incheon International Airport in South Korea at the GM Daewoo showroom. However, only one was built for marketing purposes while the car was sold as an Opel Speedster.

In April 2001, comedian Griff Rhys Jones was dismissed by Vauxhall following an advert for the VX220 the previous year that drew negative attention, with Vauxhall stating that they wanted to move in a different direction. The advert was also voted “Worst of the Year” by an industry magazine.

Production ended on 22 July 2005, after five years, with no direct successor. It was not until February 2007, when GM Europe adopted the Pontiac Solstice/Saturn Sky into the Opel GT, that GM Europe had a replacement sector product, albeit with no RHD version for the United Kingdom. The final production number of the Speedster was only 7,207.

Opel ECO Speedster
The Opel ECO Speedster is a concept car made by Opel in 2002. Related to the production Opel Speedster, it is a two-door coupe with two seats, gullwing doors, and no wing mirrors. It was displayed at the 2002 Paris Motor Show.

title: Opel Speedster