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Alec Peterson

Alexander Duncan Campbell Peterson OBE (13 September 1908 – 17 October 1988) was a British teacher and headmaster, greatly responsible for the birth of the International Baccalaureate educational system. He was instrumental in the formation of the International Baccalaureate Organisation in 1968, and served as the organisation's first director-general until 1977. He was also the first honorary member of the organisation's Council of Foundation from 1983 until his death in 1988.

Early life and career
Peterson was the son of John Peterson an Indian Civil Service official and Flora, and was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. His younger, Sir Arthur Peterson, was a civil servant. He attended Radley College and Balliol College, Oxford. After spending two years as a management trainee became a teacher at Shrewsbury School in 1932.

At the beginning of the Second World War he joined the Ministry of Information and joined the propaganda branch of the Special Operations Executive. He played an important role in South-East Asia, and was largely responsible for the Indian Forward Broadcasting Unit, which was very successful in the Burma campaign. He became deputy director of psychological warfare for South-East Asia Command and was awarded OBE in 1946.

After the war he was appointed headmaster at Adams' Grammar School. He spent two years as Director General, Information Services in Malaya from 1952 to 1954 during the Malayan emergency. He was later headmaster at Dover College, where he set up an international sixth form in 1957. In 1958, he was named head of the Department of Educational Studies at Oxford University, a post he held until 1973. He was the Liberal Party's spokesman on education for some time and served as chairman of the Army Education Board for many years.

He married Corinna May Cochrane, daughter of Sir Arthur Cochrane of the College of Arms. Corrie was a member of the Society of Analytical Psychology and was a tutor at Beech Lawn College Oxford during the 1960s. They had two sons and a daughter.

Work with the IBO
In 1962, Peterson's connections with the military (he had served in Lord Mountbatten of Burma's staff) and his acquaintance with Kurt Hahn earned him a job planning an academic curriculum for the future students of the newly founded Atlantic College in Wales. In 1966, he was named head of the International Schools Examination Syndicate, which was reorganized in 1968 as the International Baccalaureate Organisation.

During the first five years of his time as director-general of the IBO, Peterson continued to live and work in Oxford, despite the fact that the IBO offices were located in Geneva, Switzerland. He remained in his job at Oxford University, retaining the directorial job with the IBO as a part-time work. In 1973, he retired from his Oxford post and took up a part-time teaching job at the Hammersmith and West London College of Further Education, teaching Theory of Knowledge and managing his IBO directorate from London.

Peterson retired in 1977, and he was made an honorary member of the IBO's Council of Foundation in 1983. In 1987, he published the book Schools Across Frontiers: The Story of the International Baccalaureate and the United World Colleges, a historical account on the development of the IB programmes and the United World Colleges closely linked to them.

Peterson died in 1988. The IBO Cardiff Headquarters building, Peterson House, is named after him.

Views and contributions
Peterson campaigned strongly against what he called 'over-specialisation' in British pre-university education. In his 1960 report Arts and Science Sides in the Sixth Form, he vocally described the need for a new kind of educational system, essentially very similar to what the IB Diploma Programme eventually was to become. The new system would provide broader education for students, while maintaining a certain degree of chances for specialisation. He also emphasised the advantages of oral examinations and of assessing analytical skills in examinations rather than the ability to remember specific facts.

Peterson is said to have shaped the entire educational philosophy of the IBO, basing it on his own humanist and liberal beliefs on the concept of education. He felt the very purpose of education to be, to stimulate the mind and encourage critical thought, rather than focussing on simple memorisation of detail. His views are reflected in the structure of the IB Diploma Programme, in the way that it incorporates elements such as the Extended Essay, the CAS programme, and Theory of Knowledge: the student is required to do independent research, to participate in meaningful tasks outside the immediate school community to benefit society, and to develop a concrete image on the nature of knowledge that he comes across in his studies.

Despite his assumption of the task of IBO director-general as only a part-time job, Peterson was very productive in advancing the cause of the International Baccalaureate. He continued to be active for the cause even long after he retired from the director-general's post at the IBO. Peterson was viewed as very energetic and devoted to his cause, particularly by his colleague Robert Blackburn, who said:Alec always looked forward. Until the morning of his death (when I had from him two manuscript letters and the copy of a draft speech) he was interested in the introduction of new subjects and new ideas in the IB.

In 1989, the IBO's Council of Foundation established the 'Peterson lectures' in honour of Alec Peterson. These periodical lectures are held by distinguished scholars on subjects pertaining to international education, in an attempt to search for new solutions and ideas on the subject matter.

title: Alec Peterson


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User:RJB~enwiki

I have been a Christadelphian since 1996.

I am a undergraduate student at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London.

Areas of interest: theology, Bible translation, church history, linguistics

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:RJB~enwiki


text: Category:1048 deaths

title: Category:1048 deaths


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Category:Polish coats of arms

Most of the pictures of the coats of arms listed below were prepared by Tadeusz Gajl ([mailto:gajl_t@2n.pl]) for his book Herby szlacheckie Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów, Gdańsk, 2003. They are featured in Wikipedia with the author's permission.

title: Category:Polish coats of arms


text: Category:Coats of arms

title: Category:Coats of arms


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Lake Témiscouata

Lake Témiscouata is a lake in the Témiscouata region of southeastern Quebec, Canada. It is 40 km long, with a total area of 66 km2. The Madawaska River flows from this lake to the Saint John River.

The cities of Témiscouata-sur-le-Lac, Dégelis and Saint-Juste-du-Lac are located on this lake. Forestry is a major industry in this area.

The Petit Témis Interprovincial Bicycle Path, runs from Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec to Edmundston, New Brunswick, following an abandoned railway line along the lake.

The lake is theorized to be the inspiration for the nearby parish of Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!. One explanation suggests the archaic French word haha, here meaning an unexpected obstacle or abruptly ending path, as the lake is an extremely long and particularly formidable obstacle to travel.

title: Lake Témiscouata


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MOBO Awards

The MOBO Awards (Music of Black Origin, also known as the MOBOs) are an annual British music award presentation honouring achievements in "music of black origin", including hip hop, grime, UK Drill, R&B, soul, reggae, jazz, gospel, and African music.

The MOBO Awards were founded by Kanya King and Andy Ruffell. The first ever award was presented to Baby D, in the Best Dance Act category. The inaugural awards were broadcast by Carlton Television from London's Connaught Rooms. Across its 22-year history, the MOBOs have been broadcast on Channel 4, BBC Television, ITV2 and on Channel 5 before returning to the BBC in 2020. In 2009, the ceremony was held for the first time in Glasgow. Prior to that, it had been held in London. In 2011, the ceremony returned for a second time to Scotland. The awards then moved to Leeds for the first time in 2015 and to Sheffield in 2024.

The show returned to Leeds in 2017 when it was last held before going on hiatus. In 2020 it was confirmed it would be returning that year, however for the first time ever it would be streamed on YouTube.

Ceremonies
The ceremony was first broadcast regionally on Carlton Television from 1996 to 1997, before airing nationwide on Channel 4 from 1998 until 2003. From 2004 to 2013, they were aired by the BBC; beginning in 2006, the show aired live on BBC Three, and highlights aired on BBC One.

In 2014, the BBC dropped the MOBO Awards, and the ceremony moved to ITV under a three-year deal, airing on ITV2 with same-night highlights on ITV.

In 2017, the ceremony moved to Channel 5 and BET.

In 2018, the MOBO Organisation announced that the ceremony would take a one-year hiatus in order to plan a "bigger, revamped show" in 2019. However, the show did not materialise, with organisers now planning to hold the ceremony in 2020 instead; Kanya King stated that there would be "positive changes" to the show, and that they would be "returning with even more determination and energy to support and boost our culture wherever we can."

Performers
In the course of its history, the MOBO Awards show has witnessed performances from UK and international talent. Over the years, artists have included Janet Jackson, E-17, Destiny's Child, Dionne Warwick, Lisa Maffia, Justin Timberlake, Kanye West, Tina Turner, Rosie Gaines, Dizzee Rascal, Jay-Z, LL Cool J, Amy Winehouse, Stefflon Don, Coolio, Usher, John Legend, Jason Derulo, and Jessie J.

In 2000, Sade came out of retirement to perform at the Awards, her first performance in almost a decade.

History
Kanya King launched the MOBO awards in 1996 with business partner Andy Ruffell, aiming to establish a platform for music that, according to King, encompasses urban, hip hop, R&B and reggae.

1996

 * Best Album: Goldie – Timeless
 * Best Single: Gabrielle – "Give Me a Little More Time"
 * Best Newcomer: Peace by Piece
 * Best Video: Tupac Shakur featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman – "California Love"
 * Best Hip-Hop Act: Blak Twang
 * Best R&B Act: Mark Morrison
 * Best Reggae Act: Peter Hunnigale
 * Best Gospel Act: New Colours
 * Best Jazz Act: Courtney Pine
 * Best Dance Act: Baby D
 * Best Jungle Act: Goldie
 * Best DJ: Trevor Nelson
 * Best International Act: Fugees
 * Best International Single: Fugees – "Killing Me Softly"
 * Outstanding Contribution to Black Music: Jazzie B
 * Lifetime Achievement Award: Lionel Richie

1997
The 1997 award ceremony was held at London's New Connaught Rooms on 10 November. The gala included performances by Mary J. Blige and Eternal.

 * Best Dance Act: The Prodigy
 * Best R&B Act: Shola Ama
 * Best Hip Hop: Funky DL
 * Best International Hip Hop: Coolio
 * Best Reggae Act: Finley Quaye
 * Best Jungle Act: Roni Size and Reprazent
 * Best Single: Eternal
 * Best Video: Will Smith
 * Best International Act: Blackstreet
 * Best Album: Jamiroquai
 * Best Newcomer: Shola Ama
 * Best Unsigned Act: Fola Sade
 * Best International Reggae Act: Beenie Man
 * Best Producer: Sean Puffy Combs
 * Best Radio DJ: David Rodigan
 * Best Club DJ: Metalheadz
 * Best Jazz Act: Sunship
 * Best Gospel Act: Beehive
 * Best International Single: Rosie Gaines "Closer Than Close"
 * Outstanding Achievement: Mick Hucknall
 * Lifetime Achievement: Bootsy Collins

1998
The Malibu MOBO Awards show was held at The Royal Albert Hall and hosted by Mel B and Bill Bellamy. It was broadcast nationally by Channel 4. Performers and presenters included footballer Sol Campbell, girl band All Saints, DJ Trevor Nelson, boxers Lennox Lewis and Chris Eubank, Puff Daddy, Chaka Khan, Goldie, Another Level, and Martine McCutcheon. Contribution to Black Music went to Carl McIntosh and B. B. King won the Lifetime Achievement Award.

 * Best Dance Act: Stardust
 * Best Reggae Act: Glamma Kid
 * Best Drum and Bass: 4 Hero
 * Best Hip Hop Act: Pheobe 1
 * Best Unsigned Act: Allyson Brown
 * Best Newcomer: Lynden David Hall
 * Best R&B Act: Beverley Knight
 * Best International Reggae: Beenie Man
 * Contribution to Music: Carl McIntosh
 * Best Video: All Saints
 * Best International Act: Puff Daddy and the Family
 * Best International Single: Pras feat ODB / Mýa
 * Best Single: Another Level
 * Best Album: Adam F
 * Outstanding Achievement: Sean Combs
 * Lifetime Achievement: B. B. King

1999
The 1999 Malibu MOBO Awards award ceremony was held at The Royal Albert Hall, sponsored by Malibu and hosted by Mel B and Wyclef Jean. International Hip-Hop Act Award went to Jay-Z, Best Album was awarded to Beverley Knight, International Act to Lauryn Hill and Lifetime Achievement Award to Tina Turner. Performers and presenters included Des'ree, Dru Hill, Method Man & Redman, Tim Westwood, Lionel Richie, Lulu, Victoria Beckham, Chris Eubank, Another Level, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Destiny's Child, and girl band Eternal.

 * Best International R&B Act: Destiny's Child
 * Best Newcomer: Kele Le Roc
 * Best International Act: Lauryn Hill
 * Best Hip Hop Act: Roots Manuva
 * Best International Hip Hop Act: Jay-Z
 * Best Dance Act: Shanks & Bigfoot
 * Best Video: TLC – "No Scrubs"
 * Best Album: Beverley Knight – Prodigal Sista
 * Best DJ: Trevor Nelson
 * Best Single: Kele Le Roc
 * Best Unsigned Act: Amoyé
 * Best International Single: Eminem – "My Name Is"
 * Best Reggae Act: Mr Vegas
 * Contribution to Music: Erskine Thompson
 * Best R&B Act: Beverley Knight
 * Lifetime Achievement Award: Tina Turner

2000
The MOBO Awards 2000 ceremony took place at Alexandra Palace, hosted by Trevor Nelson and Lisa Left Eye Lopes and sponsored by Mastercard. There show opened with a performance of Money by Jamelia featuring Beenie Man. Craig David performed an acoustic medley of Fill Me In, 7 Days and Nice & Slow by Usher, Sade exclusively performed By Your Side, Gabrielle performed Rise, MJ Cole performed Crazy Love featuring Elizabeth Troy, Donell Jones performed U Know What's Up featuring ceremony host, Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes. The show closed with a performance of Who Let The Dogs Out by Baha Men.

In addition to their performances, Craig David, Jamelia, Beenie Man, MJ Cole and Gabrielle also won awards. With Craig David receiving three awards in total.

Award presenters included MOBO Award founder, Kanya King, Honeyz, Melanie Sykes amongst others.

 * Best Newcomer: Craig David
 * Best Video: Jamelia – Money
 * Best Hip Hop Act: Eminem
 * Best Reggae Act: Beenie Man
 * Best Gospel Act: Mary Mary
 * Best Jazz Act: Ronny Jordan
 * Best World Music Act: Carlos Santana
 * Best UK Garage Act: DJ Luck & MC Neat
 * Best Producer: MJ Cole
 * Best UK Radio DJ: Tim Westwood
 * Best UK Club: Steve Sutherland
 * MOBO Unsigned Award: Cherise
 * Outstanding Contribution to Music: Aswad
 * Outstanding Achievement: L.A. Reid
 * Best UK Single: "Fill Me In" by Craig David
 * Best UK Album: Rise by Gabrielle

2002

 * Best R&B Act: Ashanti

2003
In 2003, the MOBO awards show moved to The Royal Albert Hall and was hosted by Blu Cantrell and Lil' Kim, with performances from DMX, Lumidee, Wayne Wonder, George Benson, Lemar, Seal, Mis-Teeq and Redman, J'Nay John Adeleye, Big Brovaz, Black Eyed Peas and Kool and the Gang. Among the winners of the night were: 50 Cent, Justin Timberlake, Big Brovaz and Lisa Maffia, who was the only UK female artist to win an award.

2004
The ninth awards ceremony took place on 30 September 2004 at The Royal Albert Hall and was broadcast by BBC Television. Janet Jackson received the icon award. So Solid Crew won the award in the UK garage Act category award beating Dizzee Rascal and The Streets. Controversy surrounded the removal of reggae artists Vybz Kartel and Elephant Man from the "Best Reggae Act" category at the 2004 awards due to their homophobia and incitement to murder.

2005
The 2005 awards show saw one of the biggest line-ups in MOBO award history, including John Legend, Ms Dynamite, Lemar, Kano, Damien Marley, Public Enemy and Lauryn Hill. The event was hosted by Gina Yashere and Akon at The Royal Albert Hall, with guest presenters Chris Eubank, Lisa Maffia, Josie Darby, Simon Webbe, Myleene Klass, Estelle, Tim Westwood, Kwame Kwei-Armah and Chuck D. Big winners on the night included Corrine Bailey-Rae, Lemar, Black Eyed Peas, Rihanna, Sean Paul and Beyoncé.

2006
In 2006 the awards ceremony was hosted by Coolio and Gina Yashere at The Royal Albert Hall. For the first time the World Music and Jazz categories were suspended. Corinne Bailey Rae won the prize for Best UK Newcomer and Jai Amore won Best Unsigned Act. British rapper Akala won Best Hip Hop Act, beating stiff competition from American acts such as Kanye West, 50 Cent, and The Game.

2007
The 2007 awards ceremony was broadcast live on BBC Three from the O2 Arena in London and hosted by Shaggy and Jamelia. The jazz category returned. Shaggy opened the evening with a medley. T-Pain performed on stage with Yung Joc, Craig David and Kano collaborated on stage; Ne-Yo, Mutya Buena and Robin Thicke also performed. Amy Winehouse performed two songs and accepted the award for Best UK Female. N-Dubz won Best Newcomer. England cricketer Monty Panesar and England footballer Micah Richards were among a line up of guests presenting individual awards which also included Sinitta and Quentin Tarantino.

2008

 * Best Album: Leona Lewis, Spirit
 * Best Song: Estelle, "American Boy"
 * Best Uk Male:: Dizzee Rascal
 * Best Uk Female: Estelle
 * Best Uk Newcomer: Chipmunk
 * Best Video: Leona Lewis, "Bleeding Love"
 * Best Hip Hop Act: Lil Wayne
 * Best R&B/Soul Act: Chris Brown
 * Best Reggae Act: Mavado
 * Best Gospel Act: Jahaziel
 * Best Jazz Act: YolanDa Brown
 * Best African Act: 9ice
 * Best International Act: Chris Brown
 * Best Club DJ: Tim Westwood
 * Best Radio DJ: Tim Westwood
 * Be Mobo: Ricky McCalla
 * Lifetime Achievement: Mary Wilson

2009
The 2009 awards event took place on 30 September at the SEC Centre in Glasgow, the first time the MOBO awards show took place outside London. A tribute performance was dedicated to Michael Jackson, and the Young Soul Rebels performed their charity single "I Got Soul". Reggie Yates and Keri Hilson hosted the awards show, with Peter Andre presenting backstage.

2010
The awards ceremony took place on 20 October 2010 in Liverpool.

 * Best Newcomer: Tinie Tempah
 * Best UK Hip-Hop/Grime Act: Professor Green
 * Best African Act: K'Naan
 * Best Video: Tinie Tempah ft. Labrinth – Frisky
 * Best Reggae Act: Gyptian
 * Best Jazz Act: Empirical
 * Best Gospel Act: Guvna B
 * Best UK R&B/Soul Act: Plan B
 * Best International Act: Eminem
 * Best UK Act: JLS
 * Best Song: N-Dubz ft Mr Hudson – Playing With Fire
 * Best Album: JLS
 * Lifetime Achievement: Billy Ocean

2011
The awards show returned to Glasgow's SEC Centre on 5 October 2011, hosted by Jason Derülo and Alesha Dixon. Jessie J won four awards, making her the biggest winner of the night. Boyz II Men received the award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. Other winners included Rihanna, Tinie Tempah, Adele and Alborosie. Amy Winehouse was given an award and a special tribute, following her death in July 2011.

 * Best Gospel: Triple O
 * Best Jazz: Kairos Quartet
 * Best Reggae: Alborosie
 * Best African Act: Wizkid
 * Best Song: Jessie J
 * Best R&B/Soul: Adele
 * Best Album: Jessie J
 * Best Hip Hop/Grime: Tinie Tempah
 * Best Video: Tinchy Stryder ft. Dappy
 * Best Newcomer: Jessie J
 * Best International: Rihanna

2012
The 17th Awards show took place on 3 November 2012 at the Liverpool Arena. Presented by Miquita Oliver and Adam Deacon – with backstage support from Rickie and Melvin – the night saw Trey Songz, Conor Maynard, Emeli Sandé, Misha B, JLS, Stooshe, Labrinth, Angel and Wiley perform.

Emeli Sandé won awards for Best Female, Best Album and Best R&B/Soul while Plan B took Best Male Act and Best Hip Hop/Grime. TLC were awarded Outstanding Contribution to Music, with Dionne Warwick receiving the MOBO Lifetime Achievement Award. The full list of winners where:

 * Best Gospel: Rachel Kerr
 * Best Jazz: Zoe Rahman
 * Best Reggae: Sean Paul
 * Best African Act: D'Banj
 * Best Song: Labrinth ft. Tinie Tempah, "Earthquake"
 * Best R&B/Soul: Emeli Sandé
 * Best Album: Emeli Sandé
 * Best Hip Hop/Grime: Plan B
 * Best Video: JLS
 * Best Female Act: Emeli Sandé
 * Best Male Act: Plan B
 * Best Newcomer: Rita Ora
 * Best International: Nicki Minaj

2013
The 18th Awards show took place on 19 October 2013 and was held at the SSE Hydro in Glasgow. It was hosted by Trevor Nelson and Sarah-Jane Crawford. Performances included Tinie Tempah, Iggy Azalea, Naughty Boy, Rudimental and Jahméne Douglas.

Winners

 * Best Male Act: Wiley
 * Best Female Act: Laura Mvula
 * Best Song: Naughty Boy, "La La La"
 * Best Album: Rudimental, Home
 * Best Newcomer: Krept and Konan, ft. "Dizzy" Daniel Moorehead
 * Best R&B/Soul: Laura Mvula
 * Best UK Hip Hop/Grime: Tinie Tempah
 * Best Video: Naughty Boy, "La La La"
 * Best Gospel: Lurine Cato
 * Best Jazz: Sons of Kemet
 * Best Reggae: Sean Paul
 * Best African Act: Fuse ODG
 * Best International: Kendrick Lamar

2014
The 19th Awards show took place on 22 October 2014 and was held at The SSE Arena in London. It was hosted by Mel B and Sarah-Jane Crawford. It was broadcast live on ITV2 for the first time.

Performances

 * Professor Green feat Tori Kelly – Lullaby
 * Jessie J feat Kid Ink – Bang Bang + Burnin' Up
 * Krept & Konan & The All Stars – Don't Waste My Time
 * Fekky & Meridan Dan – Still Sittin Here + German Whip
 * Candi Staton & Little Simz – You've Got The Love
 * Jeremih feat Krept & Konan – Don't Tell 'Em
 * Ella Eyre – Comeback
 * Nicole Scherzinger – On The Rocks
 * Gorgon City Feat. MNEK & Jess Glynne – Ready For Your Love + Right Here

Winners

 * Best African Act: Fuse ODG
 * Best Album: Sam Smith, In the Lonely Hour
 * Best Female Act: Jessie J
 * Best Gospel Act: Living Faith Connection Choir
 * Best Grime Act: Stormzy
 * Best Hip Hop Act: Krept and Konan
 * Best International Artist: Beyoncé
 * Best Jazz Act: Zara McFarlane
 * Best Male Act: Sam Smith
 * Best Newcomer: Ella Eyre
 * Best R&B/Soul Act: Sam Smith
 * Best Reggae Act: Stylo G
 * Best Song: Sam Smith, "Stay with Me"
 * Best Video: Skepta ft. JME, "That's Not Me"

2015
The 20th Awards show took place on 4 November 2015 and was held at the First Direct Arena in Leeds. The show was broadcast live on ITV2 and hosted by Sarah-Jane Crawford.

Performances

 * Ella Eyre – "Even If"
 * Krept & Konan – "Do It for the Gang, Certified + Freak of the Week"
 * Lianne La Havas – "Unstoppable"
 * Naughty Boy – "Running Lose It All"
 * Rita Ora – "Body on Me + Poison"
 * Section Boyz – "Trapping Ain't Dead"
 * FKA twigs – "Figure 8 + In Time"
 * Fuse ODG – "Million Pound Girl (Badder Than Bad)" + "Dangerous Love"
 * Shakka – "Say Nada"
 * CeeLo Green – "Music to My Soul, Crazy" + "Forget You"

Winners

 * Best Hip Hop Act: Krept and Konan
 * Best Gospel Act: Faith Child
 * Best Grime Act: Stormzy
 * Best African Act: Fuse ODG
 * Best Newcomer: Section Boyz
 * Best Male Act: Stormzy
 * Best Song: Skepta, "Shutdown"
 * Best Female Act: Ella Eyre
 * Paving the Way Award: Lenny Henry
 * Best R&B/Soul Act: Shakka
 * Best Jazz Act: Binker and Moses
 * Best Reggae Act: Popcaan
 * Best Video: FKA Twigs – "Pendulum"
 * Best Album: Krept and Konan, The Long Way Home
 * Best International Album: Drake, If You're Reading This It's Too Late
 * Outstanding Achievement: CeeLo Green

2016
The 21st Awards show took place on 4 November 2016 and was held at the SSE Hydro in Glasgow. The show was broadcast live on ITV2 and hosted by Rickie Haywood Williams and Melvin Odoom.

Tinie Tempah was due to perform, but pulled out hours before the show. He was replaced by Professor Green.

An error saw the wrong act given the award for Best Song. "Of the many worthy winners of best song, we deeply regret a mistake was made," said Mobo organisers, in a statement blaming a "production error".

Performances

 * Laura Mvula – "Ready Or Not (Here I Come)"
 * Lady Leshurr – "Queen's Speech" + "Where Are You Now?"
 * Craig David – "Rewind + Fill Me In + 16 + When The Bassline Drops + Nothing Like This"
 * Chase & Status ft Tom Grennan & Frisco – "All Goes Wrong + Funny"
 * WSTRN – In2
 * Clean Bandit ft Anne-Marie – "Rockabye"
 * Izzy Bizu – "Mad Behaviour"
 * Professor Green – "One Eye on the Door"
 * Popcaan ft Sneakbo – "Only Man She Wants + Too Cool"
 * Fekky ft Section Boyz – "Madting, Sadting"

Winners

 * Best Male Act – Craig David
 * Best Female Act – Lady Leshurr
 * Best Newcomer – WSTRN
 * Best Album – Kano: Made in the Manor
 * Best Hip Hop Act – Section Boyz
 * Best Song – Abra Cadabra ft. Krept & Konan – "Robbery (remix)"
 * Best Video – Nadia Rose – SKWOD
 * Best R&B/Soul – Shakka
 * Best Grime Act (In Association with BBC Radio 1Xtra) – Chip
 * Best International Act – Drake
 * Best Jazz Act – Esperanza Spalding
 * Best Gospel Act – Guvna B
 * Best Reggae Act – Popcaan
 * Best African Act – Wizkid
 * Paving The Way – Nicola Adams MBE and Ms. Dynamite

2017
The MOBO Awards 2017 took place at Leeds First Direct Arena on 29 November. Stormzy won three awards while Stefflon Don's award made her the only female winner on the night.
 * Best Male Act – Stormzy
 * Best Female Act – Stefflon Don
 * Best Album: Stormzy – Gang Signs & Prayer
 * Best Newcomer – Dave
 * Best Song: J Hus – "Did You See"
 * Best Video: Mist – Hot Property
 * Best Hip-hop Act – Giggs
 * Best Grime Act – Stormzy
 * Best R&B/soul Act – Craig David
 * Best International Act – Wizkid
 * Best African Act – Davido
 * Best Reggae Act – Damian Marley
 * Best Jazz Act – Moses Boyd
 * Best Gospel Act – Volney Morgan & New-Ye
 * Paving The Way – Idris Elba

MOBO UnSung Awards
MOBO UnSung is a biennial talent competition for unsigned acts, showcasing the next generation of urban artists. The 10 finalists (unusually increased to 11 in 2018 due to the high numbers of entrants), are narrowed down to a top 3, which the winner is then picked from.

2022

 * Finalists – A30, Adreyn Cash, Crae Wolf, Genesis Elijah, JClarke, Jordan Adetunji, Mace The Great, Natalie Lindi, Sarah Ikumu, and Zitah.

 * Top 3 – TBC.

2018

 * Finalists – Estée Blu, Fred Fredas, Fonzie, Graft, Harris Hameed, Ike Chuks, Jordz The Jay, Kris Evans, Marika, Sakyi 4, and Suelily.

 * Top 3 – Fred Fredas, Graft, and Ike Chuks.

 * Winner – Graft.

2016

 * Finalists – Alika, Mullally, Mega Keggwa, Reekz MB, Juls, Tion Wayne, Liz Lubega, WildBoyAce, Jay Alexzander, and U.G.

 * Top 3 – Alika, Mega Keggwa, and Mullally.

 * Winner – Alika.

2014

 * Finalists – Basheba, Blizzard, Eyez, Geovarn, Hayley May, J The Exodus, Mic Lowry, One 50, Tiana Major9 and YJ.

 * Top 3 – Tiana Major9, Mic Lowry, and YJ.

 * Winner – Mic Lowry.

2013

 * Winner – In'Sight.

2012

 * Winner – Esco Williams.

Criticism
The MOBOs have faced criticism for having become increasingly oriented towards "commercial" urban music, and having given nominations and awards to musicians who are not black. In 2003, a boycott effort emerged after the American pop musicians Justin Timberlake and Christina Aguilera won the awards for Best R&B Act and Best Video respectively. The Independent described the wins as being the result of the "white appropriation of black music". A MOBO spokesperson defended their presence, stating that the awards were designed to honour achievements in music of black origin, regardless of the ethnicity of their performers, and cited the increasing worldwide growth of urban music at the time.

In 2006, DJ and music journalist Bigger wrote that the presentation had been "veering away from its concept of rewarding music of black origin" as early as its third edition, noting its increasing dominance by American acts at the expense of domestic acts. He argued that the show had become "little more than a pat on the back and a jolly boys' outing for major labels and American acts."

In 2011, Lanre Bakare wrote in The Guardian that the show was being affected by the music industry's dilution of the distinctive black music scene, promoting it to mainstream audiences as popular music (including "manufactured", U.S.-style hip-hop and R&B). In the column, it was noted that Labrinth had criticized the nominations of Conor Maynard and Ed Sheeran for awards, while Charlie Dark of Attica Blues argued that the MOBOs needed to promote innovation in black music, and "shouldn't be an annual event where everyone pats themselves on the back for very small advances that they've made, when they are powerful enough to bring real change. If they don't adapt, artists who aren't interested in commercial pop and being put in musical boxes will just do their own thing."

In 2020, English rock duo Nova Twins wrote an open letter on Twitter addressed to the MOBOs concerning the lack of a Rock/Alternative category, despite the fact that many POC have contributed to the evolution of rock music, and still are to this day, and hoping "that a Rock/Alternative category will be added to the MOBO (Music of Black Origin) Awards in 2021, recognising the POC contributors to the genre". The MOBOS later replied on Twitter that "the MOBO Awards Judging Panel have actually discussed this and ... will continue to review potential category expansions for future Award ceremonies."

title: MOBO Awards


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User:Gwalarn

My interests
Brittany, Brittany, Brittany, and all the Celtic world in general (music, culture, languages)

Music

History

My job : business, management, accounting, HR.

I contribute usually in the francophone Wikipédia on which I am more often connected than here. Don't hesitate to contact me there.

Thank you, A ndonic O Talk for your pleasant contribution to my greetings.

br:Implijer:Gwalarn de:Benutzer:Gwalarn fr:Utilisateur:Gwalarn pt:Usuário:Gwalarn

title: User:Gwalarn


text:
Tilburg University

Tilburg University is a public research university specializing in the social and behavioral sciences, economics, law, business sciences, theology and humanities, located in Tilburg in the southern part of the Netherlands.

Tilburg University has a student population of about 19,500 students. Tilburg University has 66 Bachelors & Master's programs, of which 43 are offered in English. Tilburg University awards approximately 120 PhDs per year. In 2023, the university had over 92,000 alumni. The university has over 2,900 FTE staff members, of which 56% are academic staff.

The institution has gained a reputation in both research and education. See for the latest rankings the overview on the Tilburg University website.

History
Tilburg University was founded in 1927, as the Roomsch Katholieke Handelshoogeschool (Roman Catholic University of Commerce), being located in the southern, Catholic part of The Netherlands, visible in its second change of name in 1938: Katholieke Economische Hogeschool (Catholic Economic University). In 1963 the university was once again renamed, as Katholieke Hogeschool Tilburg (Catholic University Tilburg), followed by a name change to Katholieke Universiteit Brabant (Catholic University Brabant). Although in its present name Tilburg University, the word Catholic was dropped, the university is still regarded as a Catholic university.

1969 protests
On 28 April 1969, students barricaded the campus buildings, demanding educational and organizational changes. Months before students had unofficially renamed the university Karl Marx University, painting this title across campus to accentuate the importance of Marxist ideas in the then primarily economics-oriented curriculum. These protests led to a widespread change in higher education across the Netherlands that was made official by the 1971 bill of Educational Reform, granting more joint decision making to students of Dutch universities.

Rankings
Tilburg University is a specialised university and has a strong focus on Social Sciences and Economics. In 2020 three major university rankings (QS World University Ranking, THE World University Rankings and US News Best Global Universities) listed Tilburg among the top 40 in the world and top 10 in Europe for Economics.

In 2020, Tilburg University was ranked 17th worldwide and 4th in Europe in Economics & Business field, by the US News 2020 ranking. Times Higher Education in 2019 ranked it 28th in Economics & Business and 28th in Law globally in the 2021 ranking. The Shanghai Ranking lists Tilburg as the 5th best university in Business Administration in the world, 12th in Finance and 27th in Management.

Boards
The Boards of the university include a Board of Governors that monitors the objectives of the university and functions as a Supervisory Board, as well as an Executive Board, appointed by the Board of Governors. The Board of Governors consists of Mr. H. Reumkens, LLM (chairman), Mrs. M.R. Leijten, Professor W.M.P. van der Aalst, Mr. J.H.P.M. van Lange and Mrs. Prof. E. Demerouti.

The Executive Board members are:

 * Prof. dr. Wim van de Donk, Rector Magnificus and President of the Executive Board
 * Prof. Jantine Schuit, Member of the Executive Board and Vice Rector Magnificus
 * Drs. Wilma de Koning, Member of the Executive Board and Vice President
 * Hans-Georg van Liempd, Secretary of the University

Education and research
Tilburg University has 73 Bachelors & Masters programs, of which 43 in English.

Schools
Tilburg University has five Schools:

 * Tilburg School of Economics and Management (TiSEM)
 * Tilburg Law School (TLS)
 * Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences (TSB)
 * Tilburg School of Humanities and Digital Sciences (TSHD)
 * Tilburg School of Catholic Theology (TST)

The Tilburg School of Economics and Management (founded in 1927) is the oldest and largest faculty of the university. The other four faculties—Law (1963), Social and Behavioral Sciences (1963), Philosophy and Theology (1967), Arts (1981)—were founded more recently. In addition to these faculties, Tilburg University has a number of research centers and graduate schools (see below).

Research institutes
A list of research institutes can be viewed on the Tilburg University website

 Student life

Student life takes place at several study and student (sports) associations. See the complete list.

Notable alumni and faculty members

 * Wim de Bie – writer, satirist, comedian
 * Lans Bovenberg – economist
 * Misha Charoudin - automotive influencer, social media personality, test driver
 * Wim van de Donk – politician
 * Afshin Ellian – professor of law, philosopher, poet, critic of Islam
 * Max Euwe – chess Grandmaster, mathematician, former President of FIDE
 * Jackie Groenen - Dutch footballer
 * Ernst Hirsch Ballin – former Dutch Minister of Justice
 * Geert Hofstede – social psychologist, anthropologist (see Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory)
 * Servais Knaven – cyclist
 * Ruud Lubbers – former Prime Minister of the Netherlands, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2001–2005)
 * Paul Scheffer
 * Norbert Schmelzer – former Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Diederik Stapel – founder of the Tilburg Institute for Behavioral Economics Research, later dismissed for fabricating data.
 * Max van der Stoel – politician, first High Commissioner of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
 * Cees Veerman – former Dutch Minister of Agriculture
 * Jan Vranken - Professor of law
 * Herman Wijffels – economist and politician
 * In 2002, Tilburg University awarded honorary doctorates to Kofi Annan and Prof. Ariel Rubinstein in the presence of Queen Beatrix and Crown Prince Willem-Alexander.
 * Willem Witteveen – legal scholar, politician, and author
 * Joseph A. McCahery – corporate lawyers, researcher and institutional adviser
 * Ralph Hamers – Dutch businessman, the chief executive officer (CEO) of ING Group since October 2013
 * Jacques van den Broek - CEO of Randstad Holding since March 2014

title: Tilburg University


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Bugun

The Buguns (formerly Khowa) are one of the earliest recognized schedule tribe of India, majority of them, inhabiting the Singchung Sub-Division of West Kameng District of Arunachal Pradesh. Buguns live in several exogamous clans. Traditionally, the predominant occupation was agriculture, supported with other allied activities like fishing and hunting, cattle rearing etc. Buguns have their own folklores, songs, dances, music and rituals. A rare bird, the Bugun liocichla, was named after the tribe.

They live mainly in the subtropical Singchung Administrative Sub-Division of West Kameng district with its, almost whole, native population under 6-Thrizino-Buragaon ST Assembly Constituency of the state of Arunachal Pradesh.

Language
The Bugun language, one two of the Bugunish/Kamenic language under Kho-Bwa languages is considered endangered by UNESCO, with only around 10,000 speakers mainly concentrated in the Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh, India.

Religion
The Buguns are traditionally followers of the animistic religion However, the early 20th century witnessed the gradual penetration of some dominant religions like Buddhism (Mahayana), particularly from the neighbouring ethnic group Sherdukpen, and Hinduism. Some have come under Tibetan Buddhist influence. Profound Buddhist influence has led to the adoption of many Buddhist rituals and the invitation of Buddhist lamas to participate in their communal rituals. As a result, many Buguns declared themselves as Buddhist in censuses.

title: Bugun


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Szolem Mandelbrojt

Szolem Mandelbrojt (10 January 1899 – 23 September 1983) was a Polish-French mathematician who specialized in mathematical analysis. He was a professor at the Collège de France from 1938 to 1972, where he held the Chair of Analytical Mechanics and Celestial Mechanics.

Biography
Szolem Mandelbrojt was born on 10 January 1899 in Warsaw, Poland into a Jewish family of Lithuanian descent. He was initially educated in Warsaw, then in 1919 he moved to Kharkov, Ukraine (then USSR) and spent a year as a student of the Russian mathematician Sergei Bernstein. A year later, he emigrated to France and settled in Paris. In subsequent years, he attended the seminars of Jacques Hadamard, Henri Lebesgue, Émile Picard, and others. In 1923, he received a doctorate from the University of Paris on the analytic continuation of the Taylor series. Hadamard was his Ph.D. advisor.

In 1924 Mandelbrojt was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship in the United States. In May 1926 he married Gladys Manuelle Grunwald (born 28 June 1904 in Paris). From 1926 to 1927, he spent a year as an assistant professor at the Rice Institute (now Rice University) in Houston, Texas.

In 1928 he returned to France - having received French citizenship in 1927 – and was appointed an assistant professor at the University of Lille. The following year he became a full professor at the University of Clermont-Ferrand. In December 1934 Mandelbrojt co-founded the Nicolas Bourbaki group of mathematicians, of which he was a member until World War II. He succeeded Hadamard at Collège de France in 1938 and took up the Chair of Analytical Mechanics and Celestial Mechanics.

Mandelbrojt helped several members of his family emigrate from Poland to France in 1936. One of them, his nephew Benoit Mandelbrot, was to discover the Mandelbrot set and coin the word fractal in the 1970s.

In 1939 he fought for France when the country was invaded by the Nazis, then in 1940, along with many scientists helped by Louis Rapkine and the Rockefeller Foundation, Mandelbrojt relocated to the United States, taking up a position at the Rice Institute. In 1944 he joined the scientific committee of the Free French Forces in London, England.

In 1945 Mandelbrojt moved back to France and resumed his professional activities at Collège de France, where he remained until his retirement in 1972. In his retirement year he was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences.

Szolem Mandelbrojt died at the age of 84 in Paris, France, on 23 September 1983.

Research
Even though Mandelbrojt was an early member of the Bourbaki group, and he did take part in a number of Bourbaki gatherings until the breakout of the war, his main research interests were actually quite remote from abstract algebra. As evidenced by his publications (see next), he focused on complex analysis and harmonic analysis, with an emphasis on Dirichlet series, lacunary series, and entire functions.

Rather than a Bourbakist, he is perhaps more accurately described as a follower of G. H. Hardy. Together with Norbert Wiener and Torsten Carleman, he can be viewed as a moderate modernizer of classical Fourier analysis.

Shmuel Agmon, Jean-Pierre Kahane, Yitzhak Katznelson, Paul Malliavin and George Piranian are among his students.

Books

Lecture notes

Articles

title: Szolem Mandelbrojt


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Corinthian-Casuals F.C.

Corinthian-Casuals Football Club is a football club based in Tolworth in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, England. Affiliated to the London Football Association, they are currently members of the and play at King George's Field.

History
The club was established in 1939 as a merger of amateur clubs Corinthian (founded in 1882) and Casuals (1883). The new club played a single match before football was suspended due to World War II. After the war the club took Casuals' place in the Isthmian League. In 1953–54 they won the Surrey Senior Cup, beating Epsom 2–0 in the final. Two seasons later they reached the final of the FA Amateur Cup; after a 1–1 draw against Bishop Auckland at Wembley Stadium, the club lost the replay at Ayresome Park 4–1. They reached the semi-finals of the competition the following season, losing 4–2 to Wycombe Wanderers. In 1965–66 the club reached the first round of the FA Cup for the first time, losing 5–1 at home to Third Division Watford.

The late 1960s and early 1970s saw Corinthian-Casuals struggling in the league, finishing bottom in 1968–69 and then for four consecutive seasons between 1970–71 and 1973–74, after which the club were relegated to Division Two, which had been created in 1973. The division was renamed Division One in 1977, and the club were relegated again (to the renamed Division Two) at the end of the 1977–78 season. In 1983–84 they reached the first round of the FA Cup for the second time, drawing 0–0 with Fourth Division Bristol City and losing the replay 4–0. At the end of the season the club were excluded from the Isthmian League after new groundsharing rules were introduced, resulting in a drop into the Premier Division of the Spartan League. Their first season in the league saw them relegated to the Senior Division, but they went on to win the division at the first attempt, the club's first ever league title, to earn an immediate return to the Premier Division.

In 1988–89 Corinthian-Casuals toured Brazil, which included a match against Corinthians, in which Sócrates played for both teams. In 1994–95 they won the Spartan League Cup. In 1996 the club switched to the Combined Counties League. After finishing as runners-up in their first season in the new league, they returned to the Isthmian League as members of Division Three in 1997. After another tour to Brazil in 2001, league reorganisation in 2002 saw them placed in Division One South. Further reorganisation saw them become members of Division One in 2004 and then Division One South again in 2006. In 2010–11 they won the Surrey Senior Cup for a second time, beating Leatherhead 2–0 in the final. The club returned to Brazil in 2015 to play Corinthians again, with the Brazilian club winning 3–0. In 2016–17 they finished fourth in Division One South, qualifying for the promotion play-offs. After beating Greenwich Borough 4–3 in the semi-finals, they lost on penalties to Dorking Wanderers in the final after a 0–0 draw.

The 2017–18 season saw Corinthian-Casuals finish fifth in the division, again reaching the play-offs. They defeated Greenwich Borough 3–0 in the semi-finals, before losing the final 4–2 on penalties to Walton Casuals after the game ended 0–0. Despite the defeat, the club were promoted to the Premier Division after results in other divisions meant that they were the play-off finalists at step 4 with the highest points per game ratio from the season. They were relegated to the South Central Division at the end of the 2022–23 season after finishing second-from-bottom of the Premier Division. The following season saw them finish bottom of the South Central Division, resulting in a second successive season, this time to the Premier Division South of the Combined Counties League.

Ground
After their formation the club played their first match in the grounds of Lambeth Palace, but after World War II they played at Kingstonian's Richmond Road ground, which had previously been used by Casuals. However, they left in 1946 and played at numerous other grounds; the Polytechnic Ground in Chiswick (1946–1950), the Oval (1950–1963; the club played at the Vauxhall End of the ground), Dulwich Hamlet's Champion Hill (1963–1968), Tooting & Mitcham United's Sandy Lane (1968–1983), Molesey's Walton Road (1983–1984 and again from 1986 to 1988) and Wimbledon Park Athletics Stadium (1984–1986).

In 1988 the club merged with Tolworth and took over their King George's Field, marking the first time the club had owned their own ground. The ground originally had a running track around the pitch, which was later removed. Covered standing was installed behind both goals and a stand built along one side of the pitch which includes a small section of seating, with the seats coming from Plough Lane, Champion Hill and Havant & Waterlooville's Westleigh Park. The ground currently has a capacity of 2,000, of which 161 is seated and 700 covered.

Honours

 * Spartan League
 * Senior Division champions 1985–86
 * League Cup winners 1994–95
 * Surrey Senior Cup
 * Winners 1953–54, 2010–11
 * Victory Cup
 * Winners 1966–67
 * Egri Erbstein Tournament
 * Winners 2019

Records

 * Highest league position: 5th in the Isthmian League, 1953–54, 1959–60
 * Best FA Cup performance: First round, 1965–66, 1983–84
 * Best FA Amateur Cup performance: Finalists, 1955–56
 * Best FA Trophy performance: Second round, 2002–03
 * Best FA Vase performance: Fifth round, 1983–84
 * Most appearances: Simon Shergold, 526
 * Most goals: Cliff West, 215

title: Corinthian-Casuals F.C.


text: Category:Educational theorists

title: Category:Educational theorists


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Valentine Fleming

Major Valentine Fleming, (17 February 1882 – 20 May 1917) was a Scottish Conservative Member of Parliament who was killed in the First World War. He was the father of authors Peter Fleming and Ian Fleming, the latter of whom created the James Bond character.

Early life and political career
Born in Newport-on-Tay, Fife, Fleming was the son of Sarah (née Hindmarsh) and Robert Fleming, a wealthy Scottish banker and founder of the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co. Fleming was educated at Eton College and Magdalen College, Oxford. He married Evelyn Beatrice Sainte Croix Rose in London on 15 February 1906. Together they had four sons: adventurer and travel writer Peter (father of actress Lucy Fleming), novelist Ian (author of the James Bond novels), Richard (whose son is billionaire Adam Fleming), and Michael.

From 1906 to 1911, the family lived at Braziers Park in Ipsden, Oxfordshire. On his election to parliament, they moved to Pitt House on Hampstead Heath in 1910. He was a Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910 to 1917. In 1916 they built a shooting lodge at Arnisdale, near Glenelg in Inverness-shire in the Scottish Highlands.

Military service
At the outbreak of the First World War Valentine was a captain in 'C' Squadron, Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars, a yeomanry regiment, having received his commission on 30 June 1908. After a month of training the regiment was sent to France on 22 September 1914.

He wrote a "brisk and breezy account" to a fellow officer in England in 1914 about the start of the war. Initially the regiment had little more than "a tour of the principal French watering places" followed by a fortnight hanging about Dunkirk and Saint-Omer ("Very dull"), but then on 30 October were told by General de Lisle to:

"occupy a line of trenches on the right of Messines. This was disagreeable as projectiles of every variety were exploding with a disquieting regularity all over the ground of our advance. .... Off we went, over some very holding ground, three squadrons in a succession of rushes in extended lines, the regularity of which was still disturbed by the wire! (Never move without nippers on the Sam Browne belt!). Luckily we had no man hit – I can’t think why – which put some heart into the men .... we began to wonder how to fix the bloody bayonets with which we had been issued two days previously. .... About 4.30 am they were relieved and marched back about two miles to get breakfast, v. hungry and sleepy. (But then De Lisle told them that the line had been broken, so) with empty bellies we become plodding up the usual wire-enclosed ploughed fields on the left of Messines, being pooped at by very high and wild rifle fire .... It was a very trying day for the men, they were d—-d hungry. [The line held, just; but Messines and its Ridge were taken, see Battle of Messines and First Battle of Ypres]."

He also wrote to a close friend, Winston Churchill, in 1914 (the following is an excerpt):

"Imagine a broad belt [of land], ten miles or so in width, stretching from the Channel to the German frontier near Basle, which is positively littered with the bodies of men…in which farms, villages, and cottages are shapeless heaps of blackened masonry; in which fields, roads and trees are pitted and torn and twisted by [artillery] shells..."

Fleming was promoted to major on 2 November 1914 and became the commanding officer of 'C' Squadron. He was appointed the second-in-command of the regiment in January 1916.

Fleming was killed by German shellfire at Gillemont Farm, near Épehy, Somme, France on 20 May 1917. For his service, Valentine was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Order on 4 June 1917, having been previously twice mentioned in dispatches. His will was proven on 6 November, with his estate amounting to £265,596 19s. 5d. (roughly equivalent to £0 in ).

Fleming is buried at Templeux-le-Guérard British Cemetery, near the village of Templeux-le-Guérard. Fleming is commemorated on Panel 8 of the Parliamentary War Memorial in Westminster Hall, one of 22 MPs that died during World War I to be named on that memorial. Fleming is one of 19 MPs who fell in the war who are commemorated by heraldic shields in the Commons Chamber. A further act of commemoration came with the unveiling in 1932 of a manuscript-style illuminated book of remembrance for the House of Commons, which includes a short biographical account of the life and death of Fleming.

Fleming's obituary in The Times was written by Churchill.

Legacy
In 1914, shortly before leaving to fight in France, Valentine signed a will that left Pitt House and his effects to his wife Evelyn; most of his estate was left in trust to benefit their four sons and their future families. His wife Evelyn would have a generous income from the trust unless she remarried, in which case she would receive a reduced amount of £3000 per annum. Evelyn never remarried and felt it was a "bad will".

title: Valentine Fleming


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Brian Harradine

Richard William Brian Harradine (9 January 1935 – 14 April 2014) was an Australian politician who served as an independent member of the Australian Senate, from 1975 to 2005, representing the state of Tasmania. He was the longest-serving independent federal politician in Australian history, and a Father of the Senate.

Early life
Harradine was born in Quorn, South Australia, and moved to Tasmania in 1959.

Political career
He was an official for the Federated Clerks' Union. He then served from 1964 to 1976 as Secretary-General of the Tasmanian Trades and Labour Council and a member of the executive of the Australian Council of Trade Unions.

In 1968, the Federal Executive of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) refused to let Harradine take his seat on the body. He was suspected of links with the Democratic Labor Party, and had declared that "the friends of the Communists intend to try and silence me". The Executive's actions prompted ALP leader Gough Whitlam, who had supported Harradine, to resign and seek a renewed mandate from the caucus. He was re-elected by a narrow margin, 38 votes to 32, in a ballot against Jim Cairns.

In 1975, the Federal Executive, by a majority of only one vote, expelled Harradine. It subsequently rejected, by the same margin, an attempt to convene a special conference to hear his appeal. The Executive's action came after the Tasmanian State Executive declined to expel him. He had been accused of involvement with the National Civic Council.

He decided to contest the 1975 election as an independent for the Senate, and won comfortably. Thereafter, he remained a senator until deciding not to contest the 2004 election. His term expired on 30 June 2005.

From 1993 to 1999, Harradine and Mal Colston were joint Fathers of the Senate. Between 1999 and 2005, Harradine held the title alone.

He was a particularly important figure in the Senate between 1994 and 1999. (See Australian Senate for the Senate numbers.) From December 1994 to March 1996, the make-up of the Senate meant that Harradine's vote combined with that of Labor and the Australian Democrats was just enough to pass Labor government legislation, making his support extremely valuable to either side of politics. Then, after the March 1996 election and the resignation from the Labor Party by the disgraced Colston, Harradine's and Colston's votes were sufficient to pass Coalition legislation, notably the Native Title Amendment Act 1998 (also known as the "Wik ten-point plan") and the partial privatisation of Telstra. He secured $350 million in communications and environmental funding for Tasmania in return for backing the Telstra legislation. However, he refused to support the Goods and Services Tax. After 1 July 1999, the Coalition needed four extra votes to pass Senate legislation so Harradine's vote became less important.

He was socially conservative, reflecting his Catholic values. He opposed abortion, embryonic stem cell research, same-sex marriage, and pornography. He secured a ministerial veto on importation of the abortifacient RU486, and a prohibition on Australian overseas aid financing family planning that included abortion advice.

Death
He died in April 2014 at his home, in Tasmania, aged 79. He had suffered several strokes prior to his death. Prime Minister Tony Abbott offered Harradine's family a state funeral, which was accepted. The funeral was held on 23 April 2014 at St Mary's Cathedral, Hobart.

title: Brian Harradine


text:
Talk:Iman (model)

Iman is not muslim
Your name does not make you muslim.you do not pursue modelling,sleep with non muslim men and then claim to be muslim.please delete her status as muslim 84.67.77.247 (talk) 18:49, 26 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Clearly Iman considers herself a Muslim and had spoken of her belief in god. The apparent case that you are a more obviously devout Muslim in no way negates Iman's faith, any more than a Unitarian, an Episcopalian, a Puritan negate the beliefs of a Roman catholic - they are all Christians. 70.49.18.153 (talk) 19:05, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iman (model)


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Talk:Prav-Yav-Nav

There's a general misunderstanding in this article. Prav, Yav and Nav are three parallel worlds - one of gods (the good-natured), one of living creatures and one of spirits and evil gods. In this context, Prav and Nav are accepted as two opposites and Yav is the ballance, the transition between them.

But the Divine law was set by the ancestor god Rod when he created the Universe. And this divine law, a "corpus" of universal principles is called Pravda. Which in Old Slavic and in most modern Slavic languages means just, justice, right.

So, Prav and Pravda are two very different things. I think it might be good if we fix that. 217.10.246.155 11:39, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll answer this in more detail at Talk:Slavic mythology. Nikola 11:32, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

217.10.246.155 Not Prav and Nav are opposites, but rather Yav and Nav. Prav is the Pravda (Truth) in them. Yav -- world of living Nav -- world of dead Prav -- keeps them both from being all chaotic. --Grigoryev 23:15, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Indian herb
I believe jav is also the name of an herb used in North India, which looks like unhulled wheat and is used in puja ceremonies. I've just seen a package of it in an Indian grocery store today. Can someone add more about this? Badagnani 03:34, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

well,
i personally believe that this article cites way too many references to actual sources and that there should be more bias

Notability?
Is this really notable? 98.101.227.58 (talk) 17:59, 16 August 2014 (UTC)

Not notable. I cleared it up some, to explain the folk etymology. Zezen (talk) 06:13, 4 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prav-Yav-Nav


text:
Talk:Mahishasura

Untitled
I doubt all the green skin thingy and the form of a giant buffalo is cooked up in the TV serials. take a look at the photo of the statue. All the durga, chamundeshwari temples in southern India have this mahishasura statue as far as I've known. --Hpnadig 11:43, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

TL;DR
Much too much text in one paragraph. Plus, is this copy and paste? Kortoso (talk) 22:44, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

Copy and Paste?
Was this lifted from: http://indianrealist.com/2013/10/14/jholawalas-of-jnu-teaching-sedition/ Kortoso (talk) 17:40, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Duplication detector says maybe(I set the minimum number of words to 4; default is 2). However, for what it's worth, the blog doesn't appear copyrighted. Paris1127 (talk) 01:59, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * It's Vice versa. The blog comment is in October 2013. This is the September version linked .-- Redtigerxyz Talk 18:22, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I am trying to break it up into smaller paragraphs. Kortoso (talk) 21:02, 26 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Copied from here:

Kortoso (talk) 16:55, 8 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Please read: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations Kortoso (talk) 16:57, 8 September 2015 (UTC)
 * If you go to http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/mahishasura it says, "Improve this at the source", so I clicked "source" and found myself on the Wikipedia article. Their sourcing statement is a lie. Ogress 18:12, 8 September 2015 (UTC)

Removed a lot of text
Only the first paragraph seemed relevant in the section about Mahishasura's sister, so I removed the rest. I could not see the connection between her and any of the other information. If anyone would like to go back and edit those paragraphs to incorporate a connection with her, please do so. Mlstillo (talk)mlstillo —Preceding undated comment added 00:51, 21 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you! There's also some archaic language in here, which leads me to believe that some of this was copied from it. I've tried to modernize some of the text. Kortoso (talk) 18:36, 20 October 2015 (UTC)

Mahishasura's sister (Kerala)
Can someone please double check whether Mahishi is the name of Mahishasura's mother or his sister? Also, is there really a story in Kerala of his sister wanting to avenge his killing by the goddess Durga? --NJ (talk) 18:38, 20 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Here is Mahishi's entry: Mahishi_(Mahishasur%27s_Sister). Apparently she's his sister. Did you see anyplace where she is his mother? Sometimes myths go both ways. Sorry, but that article is extremely wordy as well. Kortoso (talk) 19:26, 20 October 2015 (UTC)

The article variously mentions Mahishi as his mother and his sister. I'm sorry but I cannot accept the accuracy of this article until someone verifies the facts. --NJ (talk) 00:30, 21 October 2015 (UTC)

Factual accuracy?
I don't know if this is the right template for a mythology article. Probably we are looking for an authorative citation. Kortoso (talk) 19:30, 20 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Asur Puja/Hudur Durga
I have found these websites: The New Indian Express, India.com and [Times of India regarding Asur Puja a.k.a. Hudur Durga that can be added to the article, but not sure where to add. It is about the worshipping of the Asur community mourning the death of Mahishasura twice annually. -- [[User:50-Man|50-Man]] (talk) 17:03, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mahishasura


text:
Paveh

Paveh (Persian and Kurdish: پاوه) is a city in the Central District of Paveh County, Kermanshah province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. It is in a region called Hawraman.

History
An old myth regarding the name of the city is that the Emperor Yazdgerd III sent his son named Pav to this area to renew his religious Zoroastrian faith. Both Persians and the local Gorans practiced Zoroastrianism during the Sasanian Empire from which this myth is derived.

Language
The inhabitants of Paveh are Kurds and speak Hawrami (also: Gorani). They follow the Shafi‘i branch of Sunni Islam. The first language spoken by the population in the city is mostly Gorani language, but the language that is used in schools and offices is Persian, the official language of Iran in which almost everyone in the city is fluent.

Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 19,774 in 5,171 households. The following census in 2011 counted 23,704 people in 6,723 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 25,771 people in 7,932 households.

Location and topography
Paveh is located in western Iran and is 112 km far from Kermanshah. It lies in a sub-region along the Iran-Iraq border commonly referred to as Hewraman, which is situated within the larger geographical region of Kurdistan. The city is considered by inhabitants of the region as the capital of Hewraman.

Climate
The town is encircled by fruit gardens. Paveh is situated along a mountainside like most cities and villages in the Hewraman region. Behind the city is the Shaho mountain and ahead of the city is a view of Atashgah, another mountain that was once the site of pilgrimages for ancient religions in the region. Among the most visited places is the Quri Qaleh caveman which is considered as the longest watery cave in the Middle East. The cave is located around 25 kilometers from Paveh's city center.

Rivers
Sirwan River is one of the biggest rivers in Paveh. It rises near Sanandaj, in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. It then descends through the mountains, where for some 32 km it forms the border between the two countries. It finally feeds into the Tigris below Baghdad. Navigation of the upper reaches of the Diyala is not possible because of its narrow defiles, but the river's valley provides an important trade route between Iran and Iraq.

Mountains
Paveh is established among mountains on Zagros Mountains. The mountain chain of Shaho is located in the west of Paveh. Shaho is the highest mountain in Kermanshah with an elevation of 3390.

Notable people

 * Mirza Ebdilqadire Paweyi

title: Paveh


text:
User:Dan-nie

oscillatoren
Waarom oscilleert een Oscillator?

Een oscillator bestaat uit een versterker waarvan een deel van het uitgangssignaal opnieuw aan de ingang wordt geïnjecteerd. Men kan met reden opmerken dat we dit al deden om het gedrag van een versterker stabieler te maken, de bandbreedte van de versterker te vergroten. Dit is zeker waar maar hier doen we het terugvoeren van dat deel van de uitgang op een bepaalde manier: Als de stroom maal de weerstand groter is dan 1, dan wordt de stroom maal de weerstand gelijk aan 1 en uiteindelijk kleiner dan 1.

Dat terugkoppelen of tegenkoppelen daar zit het hem. Voldoende groot maar rekening houden met de fase en dus aangepast. Als optreden wordt de schakeling nogal wispelturig.

Soorten Oscillatoren
De uitgangs frequentie van een oscillator kan laag-frequent zijn (toongenerators) 20 Hz tot 30 kHz Of hoog-frequent (alles boven de 30 kHz)

Er zijn verschillende soorten oscilatoren, te weten: --relaxatie oscillator (blok / smitt-trigger) --blok / driehoek (integrator / smitt-trigger)
 * Wienbrug
 * Phase-shift / Faseverschuiving
 * Blok / Driehoek:
 * Driepunts oscilatoren (Hartley / Collpitts / Pierce / Clapp)

De wienbrug oscillator Deze schakeling bestaat uit een spannings deler bestaande uit een RC paralel-kring en een RC serie-kring. Slechts voor 1 frequentie zal het uitgangssignaal van deze deler in fase zijn met het ingangssignaal. Dit signaal dient vervolgens versterkt te worden en teruggekoppeld.

Phase-shift- of faseverschuiving oscillator Deze oscillator heeft een fase verschuiving van 180° en een terugkoppel netwerk dat slechts voor één frquentie een fasedraaiing van 180° heeft. Het signaal wordt verzwakt en moet dus door de versterker versterkt worden, waardoor de rondgaande versterking één wordt. Het terugkoppel netwerk = fasedraaiend netwerk dat bestaat uit RC-combinaties. Een RC-combinatie geeft altijd minder dan 90° fasedraaiing.

Blokspannings oscillatoren Blokspannings oscillatoren gebruiken we condensatoren die op- en ontladen worden. Dit op- en ontladen kan op twee manieren: a) met een constante stroom => lineaire toename van Uc b) met een spanningsbron => de spanning Uc neemt volgens een e-macht toe.

Driepunts oscillatoren

Schema schema Het principe van het schema

De DC-situatie is niet getekend (reactantie kan inductief of capacitief). We kunnen de schakeling zien als een versterker met terugkoppeling. De versterker wordt belast met Z2 // (Z1 + Z). We gaan er hier vanuit dat hie groot is, en de terugkoppeling bestaat uit Z1 / Z1 + Z.

De uitgangsspanning wordt teruggekoppeld via Z en Z1 (spanningsdeler). De rondgaande versterking moet één zijn. Voor Z, Z1 en Z2 gebruiken we reactieve componenten (C of L). Zo geldt er voor de schakeling die wij hebben gemaakt dat Z1 een condensator is, Z2 ook een condensator en Z een kristal.

De opbouw van de oscillator
De kathodestraalbuis (CRT)

De kathodestraalbuis (Cathode Ray Tube – CRT), zoals weergegeven in figuur 1, is het scherm van de oscilloscoop. Ze heeft als functie een lichtdot te visualiseren op een afstand tot het centrum van het scherm evenredig met de spanningen Ux (horizontale afstand) en Uy (verticale afstand). Hiertoe genereert men in de CRT een elektronenbundel die normaal het scherm in het centrum treft. Deze elektronenbundel ondergaat een afbuiging onder invloed van elektrostatische velden opgewekt tussen evenwijdige afbuigplaten waaraan de ingangsspanningen worden aangelegd (een horizontale afwijking onder invloed van Ux, een verticale onder invloed van Uy). Waar de elektronenstraal het met fosfor bedekte scherm treft ontstaat een lichtspot.

De cilindervormige kathode welke door een gloeidraad indirect verhit wordt, genereert de elektronenbundel. De verhitting veroorzaakt thermische emissie van elektronen zodat er zich rond de kathode een wolk van elektronen vormt. De kathode wordt op negatieve potentiaal gebracht ten opzichte van de anode.

De wehnelt cilinder

Een cilindrische bus die de kathode omringt (de Wehnelt) heeft een regelbare negatieve potentiaal ten opzichte van de kathode. In de Wehnelt is aan de voorkant een opening gemaakt waardoor elektronen, aangetrokken door de positieve potentiaal van de anode, kunnen ontsnappen. Naarmate de Wehnelt negatiever wordt, verkleind de elektronenwolk rond de kathode en zullen minder elektronen ontsnappen naar de anode toe. Door de potentiaal van de Wehnelt in te stellen kunnen we dus het debiet aan ontsnappende elektronen regelen.

De elektronenbundel die de Wehnelt verlaat is divergent en wordt daarom door een elektromagnetische lens gestuurd. Deze lens bestaat uit drie cilinders waarvan er twee op een positieve en één op een negatieve spanning staan (ten opzichte van de potentiaal van de kathode). De lenswerking ontstaat door de negatieve potentiaal. Naarmate een elektron verder van de as van de cilinder afwijkt ondervindt het een sterkere afstoting kracht naar het centrum toe. De cilinders dienen als anode en staan op 5 à 10 kV ten opzichte van de kathode. Ze versnellen de elektronen die uit de Wehnelt ontsnappen. De negatieve spanning op de positieve cilinder bepaalt het convergentiepunt van de lens. Instelling van deze spanning laat toe de focussering van de elektronenbundel bij regelen. Aan de uitgang van de elektromagnetische lens krijgen we dus een hoog energetische, convergerende elektronenbundel, regelbaar in debiet en focussering. Deze bundel dienen we nu te laten afbuigen evenredig met de twee spanningen Ux (~horizontale afbuiging) en Uy (~verticale afbuiging).

De afbuig platen

Het afbuigsysteem bestaat uit twee paar evenwijdige platen, respectievelijk verticaal en horizontaal opgesteld. De afbuiging van de elektronenbundel ontstaat door het aanleggen van een elektrische spanning over deze platen: de horizontaal opgestelde platen (spanning Uy) zorgen voor een verticale afwijking van de elektronenbundel, de verticaal opgestelde platen voor een horizontale afwijking. Daar de afwijkingen niet recht evenredig zijn met de aangelegde spanningen, worden er aan de kathodestraalbuis twee speciale versterkers toegevoegd, die deze niet-lineariteit compenseren. Zo ontstaat uiteindelijk een afwijking van de elektronenbundel die evenredig is met de aan de ingang van deze versterkers aangelegde spanningen.

Het scherm

Het scherm zelf tenslotte is bedekt met een luminescerende stof die oplicht onder invloed van het elektronenbombardement. De focussering wordt dusdanig afgeregeld dat de elektronenbundel het smalst is waar hij het scherm treft. De hoeveelheid uitgestraald licht is afhankelijk van het debiet aan elektronen dat het scherm treft, en van de energie-inhoud (de snelheid) van de elektronen. Bij een te groot elektronendebiet krijgt men echter een wazige dot op het scherm: door de random snelheidsverdeling van de elektronen bij het verlaten van de Wehnelt werkt de elektromagnetische lens niet perfect zodat we in plaats van een convergentiepunt een convergentiebol krijgen, die groter is naarmate het elektronendebiet hoger is. Om een scherp en helder beeld te bekomen moeten er dus weinig elektronen zijn met een grote energie-inhoud. Daarvoor dienen de naversnellings anodes in de hals van de CRT. Deze worden ofwel verbonden met de meest positieve anode van de elektromagnetische lens, ofwel op een nog hogere potentiaal gebracht (tot 20 kV)

title: User:Dan-nie


text:
Talk:Water dropwort

Aquatic?
Are any of the species of Oenanthe considered aquatic? --nixie 11:51, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Oenanthe crocata L. has been recorded from wet places in Britain and Ireland. Further references for world wide distribution required.Osborne 20:29, 7 March 2014 (UTC)

Requested move 21 August 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: NO CONSENSUS. Daniel Case (talk) 03:58, 14 September 2020 (UTC)

No one !voted, and we can't have a consensus without !votes. Daniel Case (talk) 03:58, 14 September 2020 (UTC)

Water dropwort → Oenanthe (plant) – WP:NCFLORA - The genus name Oenanthe is the most common, precise name used in reliable sources for this genus of plants. Members of the genus are also commonly known as water parsley and water celery. Several other plants are known as water dropwort, such as species in the related genera Oxypolis and Tiedemannia. Water dropwort should instead be a plant name set index page similar to dropwort, or perhaps water dropwort could just direct to dropwort. Hyperik ⌜talk⌟ 17:25, 21 August 2020 (UTC) —Relisting. Jerm (talk) 21:39, 28 August 2020 (UTC) —Relisting. —usernamekiran (talk) 04:46, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Water dropwort


text:
Javanrud

Javanrud is a city in the Central District of Javanrud County, Kermanshah province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. The city is located 79 kilometers north of Kermanshah and is 1,300 meters above sea level.

At the 2006 National Census, its population was 43,104 in 9,591 households. The following census in 2011 counted 51,483 people in 13,043 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 54,354 people in 15,010 households.

Etymology
The name of the city is derived from the Kurdish Javanrud tribe, which had formerly dominated the area, and which has now become almost fully urban.

History
During its early history, Javanrud was part of the loosely defined Ardalan province, the previous name of the present-day Kurdistan province. In 1909, its vali (governor) Aman-Allah Khan Ardalan ((r. 1799 – 1825)) ordered the construction of a fortress named Qal'a-ye Javanrud on a small hill near the middle of the Javanrud. In the mid-1970s, Javanrud was added to the Kermanshah province, later receiving its own sub-province in 1989.

Demographics
The city is populated by Kurds, from various tribal backgrounds, who adhere to Sunni Islam. However, the Jaff tribe is the main tribe in the city. The two Sufi branches Naqshbandi and Qadiriyya have a strong presence in the city as well. The locals speak Gorani, Sorani and Persian.

title: Javanrud


text:
Catholic schools in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, there are many 'local authority maintained' (i.e. state funded) Roman Catholic schools. These are theoretically open to pupils of all faiths or none, although if the school is over-subscribed priority will be given to Roman Catholic children.

History
During the Reformation, Catholic schools were created on the European continent for the training of children of Catholic families from Britain. During the 18th century, colleges for the training of priests were created in Scotland, such as in Scalan and Lismore Seminary. After the Re-establishment of the English hierarchy and the Scottish hierarchy new schools were created. After the Education Act 1918 in Scotland and the Education Act 1944 in England and Wales, state-funded Catholic schools were built. Nevertheless, today there has been some controversy over Roman Catholic schools. Some Labour backbenchers would like to see them closed along with all other faith-based schools, and this was the official policy of the Scottish Green Party at the 2007 Scottish Parliament election. Some local authorities — such as in Lanarkshire — have chosen to build so-called "shared campuses" where a Roman Catholic and non-denominational school share grounds, a building, and facilities such as canteen, sport halls etc., but lessons are taught separately. This policy has had mixed success — although supporters say it reduces the risk of "us and them" sectarianism, some shared campuses have suffered disruptions on opening. At one stage the Scottish Catholic Church even considered legal action against North Lanarkshire Council to stop another "shared campus" being built.

The Catholic Education Service provides the central co-ordination under the Bishops' Conference for Catholic schools in England and Wales.

In Northern Ireland, Roman Catholic schools are state-funded and organised and run by the Council for Catholic Maintained Schools (CCMS).

Scotland
After the Education Act 1918, many state-funded Scottish Catholic schools were started. Nevertheless, there exist Catholic independent schools such as St Aloysius' College, Glasgow, Fernhill School, Rutherglen, and Kilgraston School. During the Scottish Reformation, while there were no Catholic seminaries in England and Wales, there was a number of Scottish seminaries before the restoration of the Scottish Catholic hierarchy. Notable Scottish Catholic schools today include:

 * Aberdeen
 * St Peter's Roman Catholic Primary School, Aberdeen

 * Dumfries and Galloway
 * St Joseph's College, Dumfries

 * Dundee
 * St John's Roman Catholic High School
 * St Paul's Roman Catholic Academy

 * East Ayrshire
 * Saint Joseph's Academy, Kilmarnock

 * East Dunbartonshire
 * St Ninian's High School, Kirkintilloch
 * Turnbull High School

 * East Renfrewshire
 * St Luke's High School
 * St Ninian's High School, Giffnock

 * Edinburgh
 * Holy Rood High School, Edinburgh
 * St Augustine's High School, Edinburgh
 * St Thomas of Aquin's High School

 * Fife
 * St Columba's Roman Catholic High School, Dunfermline

 * Glasgow
 * All Saints Roman Catholic Secondary School
 * Cardinal Winning Secondary School
 * Holyrood Secondary School
 * John Paul Academy
 * Lourdes Secondary School
 * Notre Dame High School, Glasgow
 * St Aloysius' College, Glasgow
 * St Andrew's Secondary School, Glasgow
 * St Margaret Mary's Secondary School
 * St Mungo's Academy
 * St Paul's High School, Glasgow
 * St Roch's Secondary School
 * St Thomas Aquinas Secondary School, Glasgow

 * Inverclyde
 * St Columba's High School, Gourock

 * Midlothian
 * St David's Roman Catholic High School

 * North Ayrshire
 * St Matthew's Academy

 * North Lanarkshire
 * Cardinal Newman High School, Bellshill
 * Our Lady's High School, Cumbernauld
 * Our Lady's High School, Motherwell
 * St Aidan's High School
 * St. Maurice's High School
 * Taylor High School, New Stevenston

 * Perth and Kinross
 * Kilgraston School
 * St John's Academy

 * Renfrewshire
 * St Andrew's Academy, Paisley
 * St Benedict's Roman Catholic High School
 * Trinity High School, Renfrew

 * South Ayrshire
 * Queen Margaret Academy

 * South Lanarkshire
 * Fernhill School, Rutherglen
 * Holy Cross High School, Hamilton
 * St Andrew's and St Bride's High School
 * Saint John Ogilvie High School
 * Trinity High School, Rutherglen

 * Stirling
 * St Modan's High School

 * West Dunbartonshire
 * Our Lady and St Patrick's High School
 * St Peter the Apostle High School

 * West Lothian
 * St Margaret's Academy
 * St Kentigern's Academy

title: Catholic schools in the United Kingdom


text:
Istislah

Istislah (Arabic: استصلاح, lit. 'to deem proper') is a method employed by Islamic jurists to solve problems that find no clear answer in sacred religious texts. It is related to the term مصلحة Maslaha, or "public interest" (both words being derived from the same triconsonantal root, "ṣ-l-ḥ"). Extratextual pragmatic considerations are commonly accepted in Islamic jurisprudence concerning areas where the Qur'an and the practices of the earliest Muslim generations (Salaf) provide no specific guidance.

Istislah bears some similarities to the natural law tradition in the West, as exemplified by Thomas Aquinas. However, whereas natural law deems good that which is known self-evidently to be good, according as it tends towards the fulfilment of the person, istislah calls good whatever is connected to one of five "basic goods". Al-Ghazali abstracted these "basic goods" from the five legal precepts in the Qur'an and Sunnah—religion, life, reason, lineage (or offspring), and property. In this classical formulation, istislah differs from utilitarianism—"the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people"—because something that results in "the greatest happiness" may infringe any one of the five basic values. Rather than utilitarianism, Istislah bears closer resemblance to deontologicalism.

The legal concepts of Istislah and Maslaha attained significant attention in the works of the 20th century Sunni jurist Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā (d. 1354 A.H/ 1935 C.E), who considered the "no harm no retribution" hadith to be an important textual principle. Citing the Andalusian Malikite jurist Al-Shatibi (d. 790 A.H/ 1388 C.E), Rida elaborated Maslaha as a "basic principle" in legal derivation and distinguished affairs into issues of  'Ibadat (rituals) and Mu'amalat (transactions). The former consists of absolute, unchanging rules; while rules regarding issues of Mu'amalat may vary with time since Revelation is not absolute in all of them. However, unlike the expansive scope of Mu'amalat by Al-Shatibi; Rida divided Mu'amalat issues into two types: i) those that are moral norms and ii) those which are morally irrelevant. The former are similar to the  'Ibadat rules which were Revealed by God who defined moral norms and hence, fixed. Those who break these rules are sinful transgressors. The latter category of issues, can be solved through the process of Qiyas.

In the contemporary era, some human rights are considered "Islamic" using the methods of Istislah and Maslaha. In Egypt, this approach has been backed by the Supreme Constitutional Court, which has ratified equitable measures benefiting women even where these seemingly conflict with principles of classical Shari'ah.

title: Istislah


text:
Cronulla railway station

Cronulla railway station is the heritage-listed terminus railway station on the Cronulla line in the Sydney suburb of Cronulla in the Sutherland Shire local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed and built by the NSW Department of Railways during 1939. It is also known as Cronulla Railway Station group. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

The station serves the Sydney suburb of Cronulla via Sydney Trains' T4 line services. The station is unusual in that the two platforms are situated end to end, rather than side by side, making it the second longest rail platform in New South Wales, after Albury.

History
Thomas Holt (1811–88) owned most of the land that stretched from Sutherland to Cronulla in the 1860s. Holt built Sutherland House on the foreshore of Gwawley Bay in 1818, on the eastern side of Sylvania. After the Illawarra railway line was built to Sutherland in 1885, the area became popular for picnics and swimming. Many regulars rented beach houses at Cronulla every year for holidays. The Cronulla area was subdivided in 1895 and land was offered for sale at A£10 per acre. In 1899, the government named the area Gunnamatta, which means "sandy hills". The municipality of Sutherland Shire was proclaimed on 15 March 1906, and the Post Office reopened in 1907. On 26 February 1908 it was officially changed to Cronulla and Gunnamatta was used for the name of the bay, on the western side. The first public school opened in 1910. In 1908, the NSW Government had approved construction of a steam tram route from Sutherland to Cronulla, with construction completed and steam trams operating along the route from 12 June 1911. The area remained mostly semi rural in the inter-war period. After World War II there was a large population increase and the area was suburbanised from the 1950s, with many of the guest houses being replaced by high rise flats.

The Sutherland-Cronulla line was constructed from 1936 and completed in 1939, under the NSW premiership of the conservative Sir Bertram Stevens. In 1936 the NSW Parliament authorised expenditure of A£300,000 to construct the Sutherland to Cronulla railway line, with the men employed to receive award wages "in pursuance of the Cabinet's policy of replacing unemployment relief works by works that will provide a better return for the expenditure of public money, and at the same time create improved conditions of employment." A federal loan for "state works" including "speeding up of the construction of the Sutherland-Cronulla line" was granted to the NSW government in November 1938. The Cronulla line replaced the steam tramway. A single track railway line replaced the tram service, opening on 16 December 1939.

As part of the Cronulla line, five suburban railway stations with Inter-war Functionalist style platform buildings were constructed from Kirrawee to Woolooware (Kirrawee since demolished), and Sutherland Railway Station rebuilt with a pair of Inter-war Functionalist style platform buildings. Cronulla, as the terminus of the line, was regarded as the most important station on the line, and was officially opened on 16 December 1939 by the NSW Governor Lord Wakehurst. The Cronulla terminus was unlike any other railway terminus due to the very long single side loading platform designed to take two full length electric trains end to end. Cronulla was a major tourist resort, and the railway station was constructed close to the ocean beach. The design of the station allowed large crowds to move quickly in and out of the trains and off the platform. A goods siding closed in 1949.

The Cronulla line was constructed as an electrified railway line, and was the first major use of a miniaturised relay locking system using electrical relays for electric light signalling for sections of the line (known as the electro- pneumatic system). Under the Rail Clearways Program, the two remaining single track sections of the Cronulla line were duplicated in 2010. As a result, train stabling west of Cronulla was replaced by stabling sidings opposite platform 2. Cronulla has the second longest platform in New South Wales, after Albury.

Description
The station complex comprises, from south to north, a freestanding brick wall with platform awning and brick ticket booth/entry building, erected in 1939; a brick ticket booth/entry building, erected in 1939; a type 13 main platform building, erected in 1939; and the platform, erected in 1939. The surrounding landscape includes planting beds, embankment plantings, and Monro Park opposite on east. Moveable items include the railway clock to platform; two plaques; and timber roll-over indicator boards.

Cronulla Railway Station fronts Cronulla Street on the eastern side and was originally entered via three separate entry points along Cronulla Street, each with a 1939 structure. The station has a very long perimeter platform. The main platform building is located towards the northern end of the railway station. The station has some planting beds along the Cronulla Street elevation, and also a railway embankment planting to the western side of the railway tracks. The station is also located opposite Monro Park in Cronulla Street. There is a low brick retaining wall along the Cronulla street side of the platform, above which modern powder coated aluminium fencing has been installed.
 * Context

A freestanding brick wall with two contrasting soldier courses, and a brick entry building towards its southern end, which features a cantilevered platform awning with steel posts and curved corners. The awning ceiling has the same stepped profile as the awning ceiling to the main platform building. The brick entry building also has curved corners and 2 contrasting soldier courses.
 * Freestanding brick wall with platform awning and ticket booth/entry building, erected in 1939

This is a freestanding brick entry building/ticket booth with curved corners, a low soldier course in contrasting brickwork, and steel framed windows with 2 horizontal glazing bars. It is located opposite (west of) the intersection of Laycock Avenue and Cronulla Street.
 * Entry building/ticket booth, erected in 1939

This is an asymmetrically proportioned brick building, a dramatic and imposing composition of Inter-war Functionalist style design with great visual impact to both the Cronulla Street (east) and platform (west) elevations. The building has 8 stepped bays with shallow pitched gabled roofs hidden behind parapets, curved corners, two soldier courses in contrasting brickwork, curved awnings to both the street and platform elevations of the building, and a flat roofed clock tower facing Cronulla Street. All brickwork is tuck pointed.
 * Main platform building, erected in 1939

A series of stepped, cantilevered steel awnings to the street elevation, including bus shelters at the southern end on the Cronulla Street elevation, add to the architectural interest of the building. The main platform building entrance area is particularly well defined by two sweeping curved walls of bull nosed bricks forming a covered passageway. This entry area has a decorative Art Deco style plaster ceiling with heavily moulded cornices featuring an ocean wave motif, and features a freestanding brick ticket booth with rollover timber indicator board. The station entry area also features a brass plaque commemorating the official opening of the station in 1939.

The building has original steel framed awning windows placed in groups of three vertically and flywire fanlights. There are many original timber perimeter beaded doors. There are cantilevered steel posts with concrete bases to the platform awning. The awning ceiling has fluorescent strip lighting. There is a luggage store door bricked up. On the Cronulla Street (east) side of the main platform building there are some modern aluminium framed windows, and modern glazed doors with roller shutters. The Countrylink Travel Centre located to the north of the entry area on the street (east) elevation has modern aluminium framed glazed doors. At the far northern end of the building, opening onto both the platform and the street, is a shop, which is contained within the curved northern end of the building. There are original flat concrete awnings over the shop entry and the window on the street side of the shop. There is a 1989 plaque on the Cronulla Street (east) side, near the station entry, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Cronulla Station unveiled by the Hon. Bruce Baird on 16 December 1989.

The interior of the building comprises a complex arrangement of discrete spaces that are defined by the curving walls of each bay, resulting in asymmetrical and unusually proportioned rooms. These spaces comprise (from north to south): a men's toilet, store room, ladies' toilet, ladies' waiting room (now a staff room), signal equipment room, general waiting room, booking hall (entrance), booking office, Station Master's office, public waiting area, parcels office, traffic staff room and drivers room. The final bay (northern end) is let as a shop. Cronulla Station retains a significant proportion of original interior fit out. Although some fit out has been removed, the bulk of interior joinery, doors and window frames have been retained along with the original signalling/track switching gear, which is still in everyday use. The waiting room has original seating. Interior ceilings to the shop at the far northern end of the main platform building are original.

A single very long platform with an asphalt surface and concrete edges. The platform is the second longest in NSW.
 * Platform, erected in 1939

There are two separate modern cantilevered canopies on steel posts on the Cronulla Street (east) side of the station, towards the southern end, off the station platform.
 * Modern canopies

There are planting beds on both east and west sides of the station, with linear exotic planting on the rail embankment including palm trees. The visual setting includes Monro Park opposite on the east. The original building was planned with extensive gardens to the street elevation, however 1943 aerial photos do not show extensive planting.
 * Landscape/Natural features

 * Moveable items
 * Double-faced clock mounted on a cast iron wall bracket on the platform (west) elevation of the main platform building;
 * Plaque within entry area to main platform building to commemorate the 1939 official opening of the station;
 * Plaque on east elevation of main platform building, near entry area, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Cronulla Station, unveiled by the Hon. Bruce Baird on 16 December 1989;
 * Timber roll-over indicator boards attached to the entry area ticket booth in the Main platform building.

Condition
The freestanding brick wall with platform awning and brick entry building is in good condition. The brick entry building/ticket booth is also in good condition. Also in good condition are the main platform building, the platform, the surrounding landscape, and the moveable items.

Cronulla Railway Station is remarkably intact. The station buildings and structures have retained a high degree of integrity externally and a moderate degree of integrity internally.

Modifications and dates

 * 1949Goods yard closed
 * 1952Goods shed demolished
 * 1953Milk Bar/Kiosk and brick screen wall added
 * c. 1970Some interior re-fitting
 * 1995Timber catenary supports replaced with steel
 * N.dBus shelter awnings south of the main platform building, which are located off the platform, on the Cronulla Street frontage east of the platform; Countrylink Centre fitout; some replacement of original steel framed windows with aluminium framed windows.

Transport links
U-Go Mobility operates five bus routes via Cronulla station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
 * 969: to Sutherland station
 * 971: to Hurstville
 * 985: to Westfield Miranda via Woolooware Bay
 * 987: to Kurnell
 * 988: to Caringbah station limited weekday service

Cronulla station is served by one NightRide route:
 * N11: to Town Hall station

Cronulla & National Park Ferry Cruises operates one ferry route to and from Bundeena.

Heritage listing
As at 18 October 2010, Cronulla Railway Station – inclusive of its 1939 platform and platform buildings, identified moveable items and landscaping – is of State heritage significance. Cronulla Railway Station is of historical significance as a major 1930s Depression period NSW government public works project, and through its relationship to the development of the suburb of Cronulla. Cronulla Railway Station is of aesthetic significance as the major terminus station on the 1939 Cronulla line, the importance of which is reflected in the size, design and high architectural quality of the railway station's collection of outstanding Inter-war Functionalist style railway buildings. Cronulla Railway Station is rare within the NSW rail network, and considered to be one of the finest examples of Inter-war Functionalist style railway station architecture in NSW. The platform buildings are noted for their use of dichromatic brickwork, parapeted roofs, curved corners, strong horizontal planes, stepped steel awnings, complex brickwork, decorative features and complex geometric massing. The station is further noted for its cohesion as a precinct with several individual elements and its overall degree of integrity. Cronulla Railway Station has a dramatic street facade to Cronulla Street with a unique central clock tower which also houses electric signalling equipment. Cronulla Railway Station is of high technical significance for its ability to demonstrate design and construction techniques of the mid-20th century.

Cronulla railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

Cronulla Railway Station is of state historical significance as the major terminus station on the 1939 Cronulla line, the importance of which is reflected in the size and fine architecture of the railway station. Cronulla Railway Station is also of historical significance as a major 1930s Depression period NSW government public works project, and through its relationship to the development of the suburb of Cronulla.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

Cronulla Railway Station is of state aesthetic significance as a collection of outstanding Inter-War Functionalist railway station buildings and structures considered to be the finest in the NSW railway network. The buildings are noted for their use of dichromatic brickwork, parapeted roofs, curved corners, strong horizontal planes, stepped steel awnings, complex brickwork, decorative features and complex geometric massing. The station is further noted for its cohesion as a precinct with several original elements and its overall degree of integrity. Cronulla Railway Station has a dramatic street façade to Cronulla Street with a unique central clock tower which also houses electric signalling equipment.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place, and can provide a connection to the local community's past.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

Cronulla Railway Station is of high technical significance for its ability to demonstrate design and construction techniques of the mid-20th century and for its ability to demonstrate the use of the Inter-War Functionalist style for a railway station.

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

Cronulla Railway Station is rare as an outstanding example of Inter-War Functionalist railway station architecture, considered to be the finest in NSW.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

Cronulla Railway Station is a fine representative example of Inter-War Functionalist style railway station architecture, both on the Cronulla line and in the NSW Railways network as a whole.

title: Cronulla railway station