text:
User:KeithTyler/City table draft/Lynn

This draft incorporates suggestions from User:Bkonrad, including mimicing the Template:US state template.

Lynn is a city located in Essex County, Massachusetts. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 89,050.

Lynn is home to companies such as:
 * General Electric's jet engine division, a major local employer
 * West Lynn Creamery (bought by Garelick Farms, another local company. Products are sold under the Garelick name now)
 * Durkee-Mower (makers of Marshmallow Fluff)

History
Lynn was first settled in 1629 and was officially incorporated that same year.

Colonial Lynn was a major part of the regional shoe-making which started in 1635, and tannery industries of the early U.S. colonies, which reportedly includes the boots worn by Continental Army soldiers during the Revolutionary War. This historic theme is reflected in the city seal, which features a colonial boot.

Despite industrial expansion in the early 20th century, Lynn began to decline in the latter half of the century. It began to attract an unsavory element, leading to a rise in crime. This trend earned Lynn the still-infamous taunt:

 * Lynn, Lynn, city of sin. You never come out the way you went in.

In a 1997 effort to escape association with this couplet, city solicitor Michael Barry proposed to rename the city "Ocean Park", but this initiative was withdrawn after receiving widespread ridicule (opponents came up with a new rhyme, "Ocean Park, Ocean Park, you'd better get out before it gets dark").

In the very early 90s, the city of Lynn created an advertising campaign to offset the city's stagnating image as a depressed, crime-ridden satellite urban area. This was the "City Of Firsts" campaign.

Among the numerous Lynn Firsts that were touted were:

 * First American jet engine
 * Lydia E. Pinkham - First woman in advertising (and first woman in mass-marketing)
 * First baseball game played under artificial light
 * First dance academy in the U.S.
 * First tannery in the U.S.
 * First air mail delivery in the U.S.

Unfortunately, after a few short years, the majority of these claims were found to be inaccurate or unprovable. For example, the first air mail delivery in the U.S. occurred on Long Island, and the first baseball game under artificial light seems to have actually occurred in Indiana. As for Lydia Pinkham, her recognition is legitimate, however she turned out to have been a snake oil peddler. The jet engine claim seems to be the only uncontested Lynn first, but not very meaningful as the first jet engine was made in Great Britain, and the U.S. engine was closely modeled after it.

Lynn has been plagued by nagging commercial decline over the past 25 years. For many years, a local rumor persisted that Lynn was host to the first Mcdonalds to ever close, though this was disproven a number of times. Efforts by the MBTA to turn downtown Lynn into a transportation center in the early 1990s failed miserably. Progress made in turning Lynn in to a technological center for the North Shore in the late 1990s and early 2000s was promising at first, but was eventually stunted by the burst of the dot-com bubble.

Geography
Lynn is located at 42°28'26" North, 70°57'20" West (42.473996, -70.955583)1.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 34.9 km² (13.5 mi²). 28.0 is horkm² (10.8 mi²) of it is land and 6.9 km² (2.7 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 19.87% water.

Transit
Lynn is served by MBTA commuter rail and buses that connect it with Boston and nearby communities like Revere. There are ongoing studies on the feasibility of extending the Blue Line subway to the city.

Route 1A, a loop from U.S. Highway 1, is a main thoroughfare through town (commonly known as "The Lynnway"). Minor state routes include Route 129 (mostly Eastern Ave. and Chestnut St.) and Route 107 (mostly Western Ave.).

Attractions

 * Lynn Woods is the largest municipal park in Massachusetts and the second largest in the country which holds great historical sites such as Stone tower, Steel tower, and the infamous Dungeon rock, where legend has it a pirate hid his gold.
 * Mary Baker Eddy House, the home of the founder of Christian Science
 * Lynn Historical Society Museum chronologues the city's history
 * Lynn Heritage State Park

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there are 89,050 people, 33,511 households, and 21,044 families residing in the city. The population density is 3,177.7/km² (8,233.7/mi²). There are 34,637 housing units at an average density of 1,236.0/km² (3,202.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 67.89% White, 10.55% African American, 0.37% Native American, 6.43% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 9.82% from other races, and 4.85% from two or more races. 18.40% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There are 33,511 households out of which 32.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.7% are married couples living together, 17.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 37.2% are non-families. 31.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.62 and the average family size is 3.31.

In the city the population is spread out with 27.0% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 89.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $37,364, and the median income for a family is $45,295. Males have a median income of $34,284 versus $27,871 for females. The per capita income for the city is $17,492. 16.5% of the population and 13.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 22.9% are under the age of 18 and 14.6% are 65 or older.

Neighborhoods
Lynn is loosely segmented into the following neighborhoods:
 * West Lynn
 * East Lynn
 * Wyoma
 * Business District

title: User:KeithTyler/City table draft/Lynn


text:
Mongo Santamaría

Ramón "Mongo" Santamaría Rodríguez (April 7, 1917 – February 1, 2003) was a Cuban percussionist and bandleader who spent most of his career in the United States. Primarily a conga drummer, Santamaría was a leading figure in the pachanga and boogaloo dance crazes of the 1960s. His biggest hit was his rendition of Herbie Hancock's "Watermelon Man", which was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998. From the 1970s, he recorded mainly salsa and Latin jazz, before retiring in the late 1990s.

Mongo learned to play the congas as an amateur rumba musician in the streets of Havana. He then learned the bongos from Clemente "Chicho" Piquero and toured with various successful bands such as the Lecuona Cuban Boys and Sonora Matancera. In 1950, he moved to New York City, where he became Tito Puente's conguero and in 1957 he joined Cal Tjader's band. He then formed his own charanga, while at the same time recording some of the first rumba and Santería music albums. By the end of the decade, he had his first pachanga hit, "Para ti". He then became a pioneer of boogaloo with "Watermelon Man" and later signed record deals with Columbia, Atlantic and Fania. He collaborated with salsa artists and became a member of the Fania All-Stars, often showcasing his conga solos against Ray Barretto. In his later years, Santamaría recorded mostly Latin jazz for Concord Jazz and Chesky Records.

Rumbero
Santamaría learned rumba as a child in the streets of Havana's Jesús María neighborhood. He reminisced: "In the neighborhood where I came from we had all kinds of music, mostly from Africa. We did not leave it alone; we changed it our way. The music we made dealt with religion and conversation. The drum was our tool and we used it for everything" (1979: 19). Gerard points out: "Santamaría, like other drummers of his generation, learned music in the streets by observing different drummers. When he started playing professionally, he learned on the job. His approach was utilitarian, not theoretical" (2001: 29). Santamaría was mentored on bongos and congas by Clemente "Chicho" Piquero, who played in Beny Moré's band. He recalled: "I would go with Chicho and play the tumbadora and also the [quinto]. I would play everything because I learned a lot from Chicho—because he could play everything" (2001: 137).

Santamaría played some of the first recorded folkloric rumbas. Because he recorded for mainstream jazz labels, his folkloric records were consistently available to the public. Santamaría's albums tended to list the personnel and their instruments, and record buyers came to know other Cuban rumberos, such as Armando Peraza, Francisco Aguabella, Julito Collazo, Carlos Vidal Bolado, Modesto Duran and Pablo Mozo. The 10 inch 33 1/3 rpm phonorecord Afro-Cuban Drums by Santamaría was recorded in SMC's New York City studios on November 3, 1952. Santamaría's next recordings with folkloric rumba were on Changó (re-issued as Drums and Chants) recorded in New York (1954). Yambú (1958), Mongo (1959), and Bembé (1960) followed.

Santamaría did not analyze his personal style: "When I play I don't know how I do it, or what I do ... I just play" (2001: 29). The following example is an excerpt from a quinto performance by Santamaría on his composition "Mi guaguancó" (1959). The excerpt shows variations on two main motifs, marked as A and B. Santamaría's repetition of what is typically a secondary phrase (B), makes it the primary motif here.

Drummer and band leader
Santamaría began playing bongos with Septeto Beloña in 1937. In the 1940s he worked in the house band of the prestigious Tropicana nightclub. When Chicho could not go on the tour in Mexico in the late 1940s, he recommended Santamaría for the job. Mexico opened Santamaría up to the wider world beyond his island home. After returning from Mexico in 1950, Santamaría moved to New York City, where he became Tito Puente's conga player. In 1957 Mongo Santamaría joined Cal Tjader's Latin jazz combo.

In 1959 Santamaría recorded "Afro Blue," the first jazz standard built upon a typical African 3:2 cross-rhythm, or hemiola. The song begins with the bass repeatedly playing 6 cross-beats per each measure of 12/8, or 6 cross-beats per 4 main beats—6:4 (two cells of 3:2). The following example shows the original ostinato "Afro Blue" bass line. The slashed noteheads indicate the main beats (not bass notes), where you would normally tap your foot to "keep time."

In 1960 Santamaría went to Havana, Cuba with Willie Bobo to record two albums "Mongo In Havana" and "Bembe y Nuestro Hombre En La Habana." After recording, he returned to New York City to form the charanga orquestra La Sabrosa.

In late 1962 Chick Corea had given notice and Santamaría needed a pianist to fill in for the upcoming weekend gigs. Herbie Hancock got the temporary job. Hancock recalls what happened the night that Santamaría discovered "Watermelon Man", the only tune of Santamaría's to reach the top of the pop charts:

"[Jazz trumpeter Donald Byrd] "came to this supper club to see how I was doing. Anyway, during one of the intermissions, Donald had a conversation with Mongo, something about, 'What are the examples of the common thread between Afro-Cuban or Afro-Latin music and African-American jazz?' Mongo said he hadn't really heard a thing that really links it together, he was still searching for it. And I wasn't paying much attention to that conversation, it was a little too heavy for me at the time. But then all of a sudden Donald Byrd says, 'Herbie, why don't you play 'Watermelon Man' for Mongo?' And I'm thinking, 'What does that have to do with the conversation they're talking about?' I thought it was a little funky jazz tune.

So I started playing it, and then Mongo, he got up and he said, 'Keep playing it!' He went on the stage, and playing his congas, and it fit like a glove fits on a hand, it just fit perfectly. The bass player looked at my left hand for the bass line, and he learned that. Little by little, the audience was getting up from their tables, and they all got on the dance floor. Pretty soon the dance floor was filled with people, laughing and shrieking, and was having a great time, and they were saying, 'This is a hit! This is fantastic!' It was like a movie! So after that, Mongo said 'Can I record this?' I said 'By all means.' And he recorded it, and it became a big hit. That's how it happened (2001: 54)."

The sudden success of the song (which Mongo Santamaria recorded on December 17, 1962) propelled Santamaría into his niche of blending Afro-Cuban and African American music. Santamaría went on to record Cuban-flavored versions of popular music R&B and Motown songs.

Death
On February 1, 2003 Santamaria died in Miami, Florida, after suffering a stroke, at the age of 85. He is buried in Woodlawn Park Cemetery and Mausoleum (now Caballero Rivero Woodlawn Park North Cemetery and Mausoleum) in Miami, Florida.

Awards and honors
Santamaria was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame and the Billboard Latin Music Hall of Fame the following year.

As leader

 * Afro-Cuban Drums (SMC Pro-Arte, 1952)
 * Drums and Chants (Changó) (Vaya, 1954)
 * Tambores y Cantos (1955)
 * Yambu: Mongo Santamaria y Sus Ritmos Afro Cubano (1958)
 * Mongo (Fantasy, 1959)
 * Afro Roots (Yambu and Mongo) (Prestige, 1958, 1959)
 * Our Man in Havana (1960)
 * Mongo en la Habana (Mongo in Havana) (1960) with Carlos Embale and Merceditas Valdés
 * Sabroso! (1960)
 * !Arriba! La Pachanga (1961)
 * Go, Mongo! (1962)
 * Watermelon Man! (Battle, 1963)
 * Mongo at the Village Gate (Riverside, 1963)
 * Mongo Santamaria Introduces La Lupe (Riverside, 1963)
 * El Bravo! (1964)
 * Pussy Cat (1965)
 * La Bamba (1965)
 * Mongo Explodes (Riverside, 1966)
 * Hey! Let's Party (1967)
 * Mongo Mania (1967)
 * Soul Bag (1968)
 * Workin' on a Groovy Thing (1969)
 * Stone Soul (1969)
 * Afro-American Latin (1969 [rel. 2000])
 * Feelin' Alright (1970)
 * Mongo '70 (1970)
 * Mongo's Way (1971)
 * Up from the Roots (1972)
 * Fuego (1972)
 * Ubané (1974) with Justo Betancourt on vocals
 * Afro-Indio (1975)
 * Sofrito (1976)
 * Amanecer (1977)
 * A la Carte (1978)
 * Red Hot (1979)
 * You Better Believe It (1979)
 * Images (1980)
 * Summertime (1981)
 * Mongo Magic (Roulette, 1982)
 * Free Spirit (Espiritu Libre) (Tropical Budda, 1984)
 * Soy Yo (1987)
 * Live at Jazz Alley (Concord, 1990)
 * Mambo Mongo (Chesky, 1993)
 * Mongo Returns! (1995)
 * Conga Blue (1995)
 * Come on Home (1997)
 * Mongo Santamaría (1998)

As sideman
With Fania All-Stars
 * 1968 Live at the Red Garter, Vol. 2
 * 1974 Latin-Soul-Rock
 * 1975 Live at Yankee Stadium, Vol. 1
 * 1976 Live at Yankee Stadium, Vol. 2
 * 1976 Salsa
 * 1977 Rhythm Machine
 * 1986 Live in Japan 1976
 * 1987 Perfect Blend

With Tito Puente
 * 1956 Cuban Carnival
 * 1956 Puente Goes Jazz
 * 1956 Puente in Percussion
 * 1957 Let's Cha Cha with Puente
 * 1957 Night Beat
 * 1957 Top
 * 1959 Mucho Cha-Cha
 * 1964 Mucho Puente
 * 1992 Live at the Village Gate
 * 1994 El Timbral

With Cal Tjader
 * 1958 Cal Tjader's Latin Concert
 * 1959 A Night at the Black Hawk
 * 1959 Concert by the Sea, Vols. 1 & 2
 * 1959 Monterey Concerts
 * 1962 Latino con Cal Tjader
 * 1973 Los Ritmos Calientes
 * 1993 Black Orchid

With others
 * 1954 Afro, Dizzy Gillespie (Norgran)
 * 1958 Plenty of Horn, Paul Horn (Dot)
 * 1960 Latinsville!, Victor Feldman (Contemporary)
 * 1972 Wild Flower, Hubert Laws (Atlantic)
 * 1978 Touchdown, Bob James
 * 1989 Strut, Hilton Ruiz
 * 1991 The Birth of Soul, Ray Charles
 * 1993 Blues + Jazz, Ray Charles
 * 1996 Conga Blue, Poncho Sanchez
 * 1996 Steve Turre, Steve Turre

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mongo Santamaría


text:
Lucerne hammer

The Lucerne hammer is a type of polearm which was popular in Swiss armies during the 15th to 17th centuries. It was a combination of the bec de corbin and a pronged war hammer.

Origins
The weapon originates from Switzerland, and the name comes from a discovery of many of these weapons in Lucerne, Switzerland.

Design
The hammer-part of the Lucerne hammer is a three-to-four-pronged head mounted atop a 2 m long polearm shaft. It bears a long spike on its reverse, and an even longer spike extending from the top. They are occasionally found to have spikes on the side of the head as well.

Use
The Lucerne hammer requires both hands for effective handling. As a modified polearm, Lucerne hammers have multiple functions in battle. The forward-pointing spike could be used for spearing, while the hammer proved effective at puncturing or smashing armour. Like many other polearms, the Lucerne hammer was also used for dismounting the enemy. The long pole increased the velocity of the head when the hammer was struck, resulting in tremendous force upon impact.

title: Lucerne hammer


text:
Barbara Herrnstein Smith

Barbara Herrnstein Smith (born 1932) is an American literary critic and theorist, best known for her work Contingencies of Value: Alternative Perspectives for Critical Theory. She is currently the Braxton Craven Professor of Comparative Literature and English and director of the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Science and Cultural Theory at Duke University, and also Distinguished Professor of English at Brown University.

Biography
Smith briefly studied at City College of New York, studying biology, experimental psychology, and philosophy. She then earned her B.A. (summa cum laude) in 1954 and her Ph.D. from Brandeis University. Brandeis University reports Smith earned her doctorate in 1965, and Duke University reports she earned her doctorate in 1963.

From 1961 to 1973, Smith taught at Bennington College. She accepted a faculty position at the University of Pennsylvania in 1973. In 1987 she joined the Duke University faculty, and also joined Brown University in 2003.

Smith has also occupied numerous short-term and honorary posts. She was a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford and at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.

Scholarship and work
Smith is a well-known writer, most particularly for her 1988 work on critical theory, Contingencies of Value: Alternative Perspectives for Critical Theory. In this work, she attempts to situate the various liberal, conservative, and other views of "values" within her "metametatheory" of contingencies, an economics-influenced theoretical approach. She uses her theory to address literary, aesthetic, and other types of values, attempting to discern whether any objective standards may be applied.

Other works include Poetic Closure: A Study of How Poems End, Belief and Resistance: Dynamics of Contemporary Intellectual Controversy, and an edition of Shakespeare's sonnets; she has published numerous books and articles on language, literature, and critical theory.

In recent years she has been doing considerable work on science and the humanities, including Scandalous Knowledge and her 2006 Terry lectures at Yale, Natural Reflections: Human Cognition at the Nexus of Science and Religion.

Published works

 * Discussion of Shakespeare's Sonnets (ed.) (1964) ISBN 0-669-22012-4
 * Poetic Closure: A Study of How Poems End (1968) ISBN 0-226-76343-9
 * Shakespeare's Sonnets (ed.) (1969) ISBN 0-685-06702-5
 * On the Margins of Discourse: The Relation of Literature to Language (1978) ISBN 0-226-76452-4
 * Contingencies of Value: Alternative Perspectives for Critical Theory (1988) ISBN 0-674-16785-6
 * The Politics of Liberal Education (ed., with Darryl J. Gless) (1991) ISBN 0-8223-1199-2
 * Mathematics, Science, and Postclassical Theory (ed., with Arkady Plotnitsky) (1997) ISBN 0-8223-1863-6
 * Belief and Resistance: Dynamics of Contemporary Intellectual Controversy (1997) ISBN 0-674-06492-5
 * Scandalous Knowledge: Science, Truth and the Human (2006) ISBN 0-8223-3848-3
 * Natural Reflections: Human Cognition at the Nexus of Science and Religion (Terry Lectures) (2010) ISBN 0-300-14034-7
 * Practicing Relativism in the Anthropocene: On Science, Belief, and the Humanities (2018) ISBN 1-7854-2070-4

Awards and recognitions

 * Christian Gauss Award for Poetic Closure, Phi Beta Kappa Society (1968)
 * Explicator Award (1968) for Poetic Closure
 * Guggenheim Fellowship (1977)
 * Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford (1986)
 * Member, Institute for Advanced Study (1986–1987)
 * President, Modern Language Association (1988)
 * Honorary Mention for Contingencies of Value, American Association of University Professors (1989)
 * "Best Special Issue" for "The Politics of Liberal Education" in South Atlantic Quarterly, The Council of Editors of Learned Journals (1990)
 * Fellow, National Humanities Center (1992–1993)
 * Critic's Choice Award for The Politics of Liberal Education, The American Educational Studies Association (1992)
 * Fellow, The Davis Center for Historical Studies at Princeton University (1992-1993)
 * Fellow, The Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center (1995)
 * Fellow (elected), American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1999)
 * Honorary Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2001)
 * Dwight H. Terry Lecturer, Yale University (2006)
 * Lifetime Achievement Award, The Society for Literature, Science, and the Arts (2010)

title: Barbara Herrnstein Smith


text:
Skjold-class corvette

Skjold-class corvettes (skjold means "shield" in Norwegian) are a class of six light, superfast, stealth missile corvettes in service with the Royal Norwegian Navy. The boats were formerly classed as MTBs (motor torpedo boats) but, from 2009, the Royal Norwegian Navy has described them as corvettes (korvett) because their seaworthiness is seen as comparable to corvettes, and because they do not carry torpedoes. They were built at the Umoe Mandal yard. With a maximum speed of 55 knot, the Skjold-class corvettes were the fastest combat ships afloat at the time of their introduction., beaten by the Abu Dhabi MAR WP-18 Interceptor.

Development and production
The Skjold-class vessels began with the development of the Royal Norwegian Navy's "Project SMP 6081", and the first preproduction version was ordered on 30 August 1996. The first ship of its class, P960, was launched on 22 September 1998 and commissioned 17 April 1999. A Norwegian Parliamentary White Paper of 2001 recommended building five additional boats, and this was agreed to in 2002. Six Skjold-class vessels replaced the Royal Norwegian Navy's previous fourteen Hauk-class patrol boats.

Design
The Skjold design is a surface effect craft, constructed of glass fibre/carbon composite materials. Buoyancy is augmented underway by a fan-blown skirted compartment between the two rigid catamaran-type hulls. This provides an alternative solution to the planing hull/vee hull compromise: the air cushion reduces wave slam at high speeds while presenting a low-drag flat planing profile at the waterline.

To ensure stealth capabilities, anechoic coatings of radar absorbent materials (RAM) have been used in the load-bearing structures over large areas of the ship. This strategy leads to significant weight saving compared to the conventional construction technique of applying RAM cladding to the external surfaces. The ship's profile has a faceted appearance with no right angle structures and few orientations of reflective panels. Doors and hatches are flush with the surfaces and the windows are flush without visible coaming (edge of window aperture) and are fitted with radar reflective screens. The vessels are additionally protected by the Rheinmetall MASS sensor / decoy system.

The final design was changed compared to the prototype Skjold, which itself was rebuilt to the new specifications. Most notably, the vessels use 4 gas turbines combined by Renk COGAG gear units built in a lightweight design. The smaller gas turbines rated 2,000 kW turbines are used for cruising speed. For sprint speed a second, larger gas turbine is combined providing a total of 6,000 kW to the waterjet on each shaft line. Two MTU 123 cruise diesel propulsion units used previously at loiter speeds were removed. The foredeck was strengthened to accommodate the addition of a 76 mm Otobreda Super Rapid gun.

The hull material was produced by a different method to improve strength and minimize vulnerability to fire. The bridge saw some changes, including an upgrade to six weapon systems control consoles.

In 2020, the Norwegian Government decided to further upgrade the Skjold-class vessels, partially to compensate for the loss of the frigate Helge Ingstad. The upgrades of the four ships would take place between 2020 and 2024, permitting the Skjold-class to remain up-to-date through to 2030 when replacement vessels were envisaged under terms of the government's defence plan.

US Navy

The U.S. Navy and Coast Guard expressed interest in the design and leased the P960 for a period of one year, from 2001 until 2002. During that time it was operated by a 14-person Norwegian crew from Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek.

Similar ships

 * Baynunah-class corvette (United Arab Emirates)
 * Hamina-class missile boat (Finland)
 * Steregushchiy-class corvette (Russia)
 * Type 022 missile boat (People’s Republic of China)
 * Milgem-class corvette (Turkey)
 * Roussen-class fast attack craft (Greece)
 * Visby-class corvette (Sweden)
 * Kuang Hua VI-class missile boat (Republic of China)

title: Skjold-class corvette


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Non-sexual custodial rape

Non-sexual custodial rape
The fourth incarnation of Custodial Rape (non-sexual), by the same author. -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:10, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Not again. Delete. Same reason as the others.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:44, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. A polite message has been left for the perpetrator, not by me, I tried to write one but failed. I'm guessing this is the same person as this IP. Andrewa 00:59, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Actually, I think it's the fifth incarnation, because I think another one got speedied along the way, but I could be wrong.  It's regrettable that the author, who actually has some useful information he could contribute, is going out of his way to create so much trouble for himself. JamesMLane 03:13, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I only counted four by looking at the user contributions of 68.66.238.191 and mrindianajonesprm, but I could have miscounted. BTW, if these are deleted, the redirects to them will be deleted too, right?  (I found them, I was going to list them on WP:RfD, but then I realized, wait, they'll probably be handled with the article...  but then I couldn't find anything on either RfD or VfD to clarify that that was in fact the case.)  -- Antaeus Feldspar 03:41, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I'm hoping that we can be pragmatic enough that, once the first of these goes through VfD and is deleted on consensus, the duplicates all become speedies. That may be more in the spirit of the rules than the letter of them, but our goal here is to build an encyclopedia. And even by the letter of the law, any further occurrences will be speedied. No change of vote. Andrewa 05:59, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons I gave above in Custodial Rape (non-sexual), add to that the egregiousness of further redundancy. Fire Star 04:07, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. See previous incarnations. This is getting ridiculous. Average Earthman 08:53, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as spam, surely - David Gerard 11:46, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and ban. Wikipedia Is Not A Megaphone. - KeithTyler 19:31, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete.

 * Delete Jayjg 02:46, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text: Talk:Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo)

title: Talk:Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo)


text:
Lisa Ortiz

Lisa Ortiz is an American voice actress and voice director. She is best known for her roles in English anime adaptations, such as Lina Inverse in Slayers and Amy Rose in Sonic X. She voiced the latter character in the mainline and spin-off Sonic the Hedgehog video games from 2005 to 2010. She has serves as the voice director for the English dub of the Pokémon anime since 2016, in addition to performing various roles since the first season. In 2021, she reprised Tao Jun in the Netflix anime Shaman King.

Career
Lisa has appeared in titles for SDI Media, NYAV Post, 4Kids Entertainment, Central Park Media, Headline Studios, TAJ Productions, and DuArt Film and Video. Her first major voice acting role was the Gym Leader Sabrina in the long running Pokémon anime series.

At the 2002 Katsucon in Baltimore, Maryland, Lisa admitted that her start in voice overs came from her brother stealing her car, which led to her meeting a friend to retrieve the car, who then invited her to a casting call for Record of Lodoss War.

Ortiz is the President of Noise of O Productions, LLC, an audio post house and has directed for games and animation, including Modern Combat 5 and Super 4.

Anime dubbing

 * Accel World – Nickel Doll
 * Animation Runner Kuromi – Mikiko "Kuromi" Oguro
 * Arcade Gamer Fubuki – Chizuru
 * Aria – Ai Aino
 * Arte – Daphne
 * Battle Arena Toshinden – Ellis
 * Battle Game in 5 Seconds – Mion
 * Battle Skipper – Saori Tachibana
 * Blue Gender – Alicia Whistle
 * Boogiepop Phantom – Saki Yoshisawa
 * Comic Party – Chisa Tsukamoto, Minami Makimura
 * Descendants of Darkness – Maria Wong
 * Full Dive – Queen Govern
 * Gall Force: Eternal Story – Eluza, Pony
 * Gall Force: New Era – Garnet
 * Geobreeders – Sanae
 * G.I. Joe: Sigma 6 – Jinx
 * His and Her Circumstances – Tsubasa Shibahime
 * Ikki Tousen – Kaku Bunwa
 * Kujibiki Unbalance – Kaoruko Yamada
 * JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stone Ocean – Prisoner
 * Legend of Himiko – Koran
 * Magical DoReMi – Patina, Penny
 * Magic User's Club – Nanaka Nakatomi
 * Mobile Suit Gundam SEED – Natarle Badgiruel (NYAV Post dub)
 * My Hero Academia – Burnin
 * Muhyo & Roji's Bureau of Supernatural Investigation – Imai
 * Now and Then, Here and There – LaLa Ru
 * Numberblocks – Ten (US Version with Korrina's voice in 2021)
 *  One Piece – Tony Tony Chopper (4kids)
 * Pokémon – Oshawott, Korrina, Litten, others
 * Queen's Blade series – Melona (credited as Darla Chaney Seasons 1–2 and the OVA, credited as Trina Hilbe Season 3), Echidna
 * Rayearth OVA – Fuu Hououji
 * Record of Lodoss War – Deedlit
 * Revolutionary Girl Utena – Shiori Takatsuki
 * Samurai Deeper Kyo – Mika
 * Shadow Star Narutaru – Jun Ezumi
 * Shaman King – Jun Tao, Soumei Tao
 * Slayers – Lina Inverse
 * Slayers Evolution-R – Lina Inverse
 * Slayers Next – Lina Inverse
 * Slayers Revolution – Lina Inverse
 * Slayers Try – Lina Inverse
 * Sonic X – Amy Rose
 * Space Pirate Mito – Mito, Ranban in Exo-suit
 * Tama and Friends – Chopin
 * That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime – Frey
 * The Irresponsible Captain Tylor – Azalyn, Emi, Yumi Hanner
 * ToHeart – Tomoko Hoshina
 * Twin Signal – Kris Sign
 * Ultimate Muscle – Roxanne
 * Virgin Fleet – Hatsuki Fujiwara, Mari Sakisaka
 * The World of Narue – Kiriri Kaibashira, Kyouko Kudo, Manaka Oatari/Magical Girl #4
 * Yu-Gi-Oh! – Serenity Wheeler
 * Yu-Gi-Oh! GX – Mindy, Linda, Yasmin, Maiden in Love, Elemental HERO Burstinatrix
 * Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's – Patty, Claire, Barbara
 * Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL II – Lotus Hanazoe
 * Zetman – Tomomi, Swim Teacher (Ep. 5)

Animation

 * 44 Cats – Jumpy, Gaby, Astricat, Sandy, Ginny, others
 * Angel's Friends – Miki, Cabiria
 * Cubix: Robots for Everyone – Babysix
 * Chaotic – Lulu
 * Chaotic: Secrets of the Lost City – Unda, Servant of Water
 * Little & Big Monsters - Amanda
 * Ratatoing – Carol
 * Padre Pio – Additional voices
 * Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles – Jhanna
 * The Little Cars in Rodopolis Adventures – Cris Crash
 * The Little Cars 3: Fast and Furious – Cris Crash
 * Viva Piñata – Mrs. Whirlm, Betty Bunnycomb
 * Winx Club – Musa, Icy, Digit, Mitzi (all 4kids dub, seasons 1–3), Griselda (3Beep dub, season 8), others

Movies

 * Adolescence of Utena – Shiori Takatsuki, Shadow Girl E-ko
 * Berserk: The Golden Age Arc – Anna
 * Exte: Hair Extensions – Yuko Mizushima
 * Galaxy Express 999 Eternal Fantasy – Maetel
 * Impy's Island – Ping
 * Impy's Wonderland – Ping
 * Time of Eve – Rina
 * Kikoriki. Team Invincible – Rosa
 * Adventures in Voice Acting – Herself
 * The Fairy Princess & the Unicorn – Ophira
 * One Piece Film: Red – Sunny-kun

Video games

 * Fire Emblem Heroes – Eremiya
 * Fire Emblem Warriors: Three Hopes - Additional voices
 * Grand Theft Auto: Vice City – Pedestrian, Commercial Announcer
 * Shaman King: Power of Spirit – Tao Jun
 * Smite – Izanami
 * Sonic the Hedgehog – Amy Rose (2005–2010)
 * PokéPark 2: Wonders Beyond – Oshawott
 * Street Fighter V – Noembelu
 * Winx Club: Video Game (PC/PS2) – Icy and Musa
 * Octopath Traveler – Dancers
 * Goddess of Victory: Nikke – Ether & Dolla
 * Path to Nowhere – Bai Yi, Joan

Web

 * Sonic and Tails R – Amy Rose

Voice director

 * Asphalt Overdrive
 * Brothers in Arms 3: Sons of War
 * Dragon Mania Legends
 * Dungeon Hunter 5
 * Modern Combat 5: Blackout
 * Norm of the North
 * Pokémon (Season 19+/Movie 18+)
 * Psychic School Wars

title: Lisa Ortiz


text:
Talk:Southern Pacific Transportation Company

anarchists and the passive voice
Under 'Famous Accidents,' the first sentence was. "Anarchists were blamed for..." I've changed it to "Someone blamed anarchists for..." and suggested that a citation is needed. The claim is not elaborated upon, there is no explanation of which anarchists might have done it, or why. A horrific act of terrorism IS elaborated on. I feel it is unfair to to hold anarchists responsible for an incident with no proof, nor do I think it is sufficient to understand the aggressors as "anarchists." A lot of anarchists are pacifists and/or employ nonviolent action. There's not a lot of agreement in the movement over what anarchism is: is it about communism? Is it about freedom from violence? Is it about getting rid of industrial civilisation? None of these anarchisms are compatible, and most aren't compatible with this kind of terrorism.

If the "somebody" who blamed the anarchists was the original author of the line, it should obviously be removed. But maybe somebody else did blame the anarchists for the incident. If the New York Times, the FBI, or the President who blamed anarchists for the derailment, it's worth knowing that they did. But perhaps that wouldn't belong as a topic sentence. usevalue —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.219.240.252 (talk) 04:46, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

vandalism
Someone wiped out most of the Locomotive Paint and Appearace section as well as Passenger Service.

Insomniac186 7:26, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

What an odd thing to vandalize. 98.228.242.74 (talk) 04:13, 27 June 2014 (UTC)

Total length of track
How can it have been 52 838 km long? That's further than the distance around the equator. Golfcam 13:12, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

I only show it ranging between 13,848 miles (20,000 km?) at abt the time of its height in 1929 and at 8,991 miles (14,000 km?) at time of merger with UP. Rhallanger 13:45, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Preservation section thoughts
The Diebert/Strapac book that I've been using to update various SP steam locomotive articles (such as Southern Pacific 2472) lists about three times as many steam locomotives in preservation than are listed here. The book also lists several T&NO locomotives in preservation. As it would then be quite long after adding the information from the book, we should seriously consider splitting the section into its own article (perhaps at List of preserved Southern Pacific Railroad rolling stock so we can also include unpowered passenger and freight cars too).

Also, do we know which of the preserved equipment is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (I know 1673 is, but what about the others)?

Slambo (Speak) 16:50, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Good idea regarding a separate article. Here's a link to the NATIONAL REGISTER INFORMATION SYSTEM that seems to produce the best search results; I ran through a dozen or so typing in the state two-letter abbreviation and the word "locomotive" in the name category and only came across SP 1673 in Arizona (but did come up with a few for other railroads elsewhere). FYI.--Lordkinbote 02:54, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Hearing no objections, I did the split last night and expanded with more info from Diebert/Strapac. There are still a bunch of T&NO locomotives to add to the list along with the unpowered and maintenance of way rolling stock preserved across the continent.  Searching around the NRHP list, I spotted several SP depots, but very few items of SP rolling stock.  Slambo (Speak)  17:16, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Freight Operatations thoughts?
I think that, similar to the passenger trains section, there should be some mention of the uniqueness of the Espee's freight operations. Amongst the things we shoud mention: 1). The Pacific Fruit Express operation 2). SP's Overnite LCL freight service 3). The sugar beet trains in California 4). SP's pioneering Container train intermodal service and the agreement with Sea-Land corporation 5). SP's extensive use of bay window cabooses

Any other thoughts on this? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by PlanesTranesNCars (talk • contribs) 06:56, 5 February 2007 (UTC).

Inconsistencies
This page says this for the Presidents:
 * 1) Timothy Guy Phelps (1865-1868)
 * 2) Leland Stanford (1868-1890)
 * 3) Collis P. Huntington (1890-1900)

However, the Leland Stanford page says he was president from 1885-1890, and it has a cite. 64.95.27.5 14:55, 3 April 2007 (UTC)ThatGuamGuy

 * I'll have to recheck my paper references; but I thought Phelps' term was listed on the San Mateo website linked from his bio page. Southern Pacific existed before the Big Four purchased it, Phelps organized the railroad and was one of the first to donate land to the railroad.  Slambo (Speak)  15:17, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * According to Leon Metz's non-fiction book about Dallas Stoudenmire, Charles Crocker was president in 1881; Crocker's page confirms that he was president at some time, so I used to him till in the gap between the end of Phelps's term and where every other wikipage says that Stanford's term began (1885). 64.95.27.5 19:03, 26 October 2007 (UTC)sean

Original Western Pacific
Listed amongst the California Predecessor railroads is the Western Pacific. This company existed from 1862 to 1868 and had no relationship to the later company of the same name. What is the convention for identifying such a company? I had listed it as "Western Pacific Railroad (first)," but that did not last more than a day before it was edited to improperly link to the later WPRR of the 20th Century. --Rrrarch 01:48, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

SPRINT
I am shocked there is no mention of SPRINT! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.140.162.30 (talk) 01:11, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:OP-15947.jpg
The image Image:OP-15947.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --08:28, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

 * ✅ Iain Bell (talk) 15:43, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

Paint schemes
Mention is made of the "Bloody Nose" scheme being black; surely it's grey? I would have expected this to have been picked up long before now.Ragnartheviking (talk) 15:31, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

a video clip from 1946
maybe of interest, but i don't know which railroad in the vicinity of LA this is/was: archive.org Maximilian (talk) 13:13, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

Advertisement
Uploaded an old advertisement that mentions this railroad. Thought it might be useful to the article. – JBarta (talk) 19:29, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

Adding Former Services to Station Pages
Hi, I'm trying to add Southern Pacific's former services to pages like Union Station (Los Angeles) but I can't figure out how to create and add the templates. Can anyone help me with this? ThanksMonopoly31121993 (talk) 10:17, 10 July 2014 (UTC)

California History section needed
I am not the one to write it as I am stumbling around trying to research some thing related. BUT here is a citation that suggests that there is in fact some history missing from the article:

"The year was 1910, and the Southern Pacific Railroad had a lock on California's political institutions. Disgusted with graft and corruption, a little-known San Francisco prosecutor rode a wave of public discontent into the governor's office, promising to release the state from the hold of powerful companies and their political allies."

Recall Idea Got Its Start in L.A. in 1898 July 13, 2003|Matea Gold | Times Staff Writer http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jul/13/local/me-history13

And yes yes I realize that I could also add this. Don't know enough, don't have time to learn more right now. But. Just saying. Elinruby (talk) 05:41, 29 July 2014 (UTC)

WikiProjects
Railroad articles such as Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway are part of WikiProjects that center on states (the ones the railroad served), but the SP article isn't part of the ones outside of California. TheGGoose (talk) 15:56, 4 October 2014 (UTC)

Disestablishment year
I wonder why the railroad is said to end in 1998 by category where most often elsewhere it says 1996. TheGGoose (talk) 17:17, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

Article ignores maritime role and history.
A hint at how much is in "Ocean Unit of Lines that Span Continent" in Southern Pacific Bulletin, Volume 7. The line owned a number of ships, some covered in articles here. Palmeira (talk) 00:52, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

Mexiko?
What's with that map? Strange spelling "MEXIKO" with a backwards "K". Casey (talk) 18:12, 22 August 2015 (UTC)

Additions made since August
There were significant changes made to the lead and infobox starting in August 2017. Here is the last revision before these changes:. I would like to, at least partially, undo these changes and revert back. The changes are correct, and I have no doubt well intentioned, but they are quite technical. I suspect what happened is someone who is quite knowledgeable about the history of the SP read this article and said, "but there's more to the story" and tried to cram more details in. As just an example, the lead could be interpreted that there were 3 separate railroad companies, possibly unrelated to each other, that used the name Southern Pacific. I don't think this helps. Wikipedia's Manual of style (WP:MOS)) advises that the lead paragraph should contain a summary of the most important facts in a simple way. If those facts have caveats, they can be (and are in this case) explained in the body. Most 100 year old companies have gone through several reorganizations and for the purposes of the lead that's enough. As one last example the infobox has a couple of parentheticals, while it's true that not all of the former SP's assets ended up in the hands of the UP, enough did to simply state in the infobox that the UP is the successor to the SP, and the exceptions and details can be explained in the body of the article. Any objections to me undoing these additions? I'll try to put the added content in place in the body of the article, as I have no doubt it is correct, just misplaced. Dave (talk) 07:25, 6 November 2017 (UTC)
 * As nobody has opposed, I shall start on it. Dave (talk) 18:07, 11 November 2017 (UTC)
 * There were 3 and maybe 4 companies that used the name Southern Pacific. The current Union Pacific Railroad is the Southern Pacific Transportation Company, the last incarnation of the Southern Pacific which was established in 1969. My edits are appropriate because that is the real history of the Southern Pacific. Your reverts don't explain the official Southern Pacific history.Granthew (talk) 22:20, 11 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I put time and effort into adding that information, now me adding that info is now a waste of my time. I could’ve spent that time going for a walk in the park.Granthew (talk) 22:27, 11 November 2017 (UTC)
 * , don't despair. What you and I are doing right now is a common tactic to discuss and improve Wikipedia articles when bold changes are desired or required. In wikipedia speak it is called Be Bold, Revert, Discuss. You and I were both bold, it's been reverted, and now the discussion begins. What I would say is yes, there have been multiple legal entities with the name "Southern Pacific" through the years. However, they were all related, used the same facilities, same staff, same railroad routes, and with a few footnotes were all successors and predecessors to each other. This is no different than any other company that has been around that long. Every company old and large company: from Sears, to Coca Cola to General Electric to the Union Pacific Railroad to Kentucky Fried Chicken has had numerous re-organizations and legal entities over the years. In my opinion it's undue weight to spend that much time in an article discussing that aspect, especially in the lead. The lead should be "if martians crash landed into the earth, what is the most important info they should know about a topic?" Let's take Coca Cola. Is it more important to state that Coca Cola is a carbonated soft drink originally formulated in Atlanta Georgia and now sold worldwide? Or is it more important to say that numerous corporate entities have used the name Coca-Cola, and technically the 3rd one incorporated the 2nd one, and the 4th one did a corporate inversion and acquired the 2nd one? By and large most Wikipedia articles are written to emphasize what the company did, not the numerous legal incarnations it had.
 * FYI, this is nothing personal, I appreciate the additions you made to the article. If you notice I kept your mentions about corporate reorganizations, just moved them to the timeline section and out of the lead. Hopefully more people will chime in and contribute to this discussion. Hopefully with more feedback we can together get the article in good shape again. With that said, there are some Wikipedia Manual of Style violations with these edits that need to be addressed, but they are easy fixed. For one, the headings should be kept short in length and avoid parentheticals. Beyond just atheistic, this causes problems for people who have to use large print, text readers, etc. to access Wikipedia.  Also, the information in the infobox needs to be kept brief. Large infoboxes make the article unreadable for those that read Wikipedia on small or low resolution screens, such as mobile readers and people in 3rd world countries who rely on older or 2nd hand computer equipment. It's also confusing. For example "Successor: Union Pacific Railroad (in name only)" what does that mean?  I would argue the phrase "in name only" is redundant, and adds no value in the infobox, again where again space is precious and brevity is important. But again, I didn't do this to pick a fight with you. Let's work together to improve the article. Cheers, Dave (talk) 22:27, 17 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Union Pacific Railroad in name only means the name Union Pacific Railroad is the surviving name but not the actual railroad, the Union Pacific Corporation merged the third Union Pacific Railroad into the Southern Pacific Transportation Company and at the same time renamed the Southern Pacific Transportation Company to the fourth Union Pacific Railroad. So the Southern Pacific Transportation Company is still in existence as the current Union Pacific Railroad. There are four incarnations of the Union Pacific Railroad, the first was Union Pacific Rail Road, the second was Union Pacific Railway and the third and fourth is labeled Union Pacific Railroad. The fourth/current Union Pacific Railroad which is the Southern Pacific Transportation Company was established in 1969 and absorbed the then Southern Pacific Company. The Southern Pacific Company name became available and a new Southern Pacific Company was formed thereafter and became the parent company of the Southern Pacific Transportation Company. There have been many incarnations of the Union Pacific and Southern Pacific. There has never been one incarnation of the Union Pacific or Southern Pacific.Granthew (talk) 07:50, 18 November 2017 (UTC)
 * A new history page will be created for the Southern Pacific history- it will be titled History of the Southern Pacific.Granthew (talk) 09:08, 18 November 2017 (UTC)

I support your idea of breaking out the history into a separate article. The rules of thumb in Wikipedia's Style Guide (often called the MOS for short) dealing with Article size state once an article reaches 50k in length it may be appropriate to split into sub-articles. The article is currently just over 72k. What usually happens in this case is a section is moved to a separate sub-article, and a one paragraph summary of the new sub-article appears in the main article.

Regarding the mergers/re-orgs and the parentheticals in the infobox, I understand your point. My point is this no different from any of the millions of other corporate mergers and corporate restructurings that have happened in the USA. Two entities enter the room; one leaves the room. The surviving entity could be named the same as one of the two original companies, a hybrid, or something completely different. But in the end, rarely is it the details of the merger that are what is important. What makes the SP notable is it was the largest railroad company in the western United States for many years, not its complicated corporate history. Therefore, that's where the focus of the lead should be. The mergers and acquisitions deserve coverage, but should not dominate the article, especially the lead, IMHO. With that said, it appears we are both pretty firm in our respective positions. So, again, it may be wise to solicit additional opinions, to ensure neither of us are taking this too seriously. If you don't mind I'll post a note at the Trains Wikiproject (WP:Trains) asking for additional opinions. Best of luck, and appreciate your efforts to improve Wikipedia. Again I agree with breaking out the history section into a separate article.Dave (talk) 03:15, 19 November 2017 (UTC)

I think the lede is far too detailed as currently written; if an article is supposed to be written in WP:SUMMARY style, then the lede should summarize that. A reader should be told that Rio Grande Industries bought Southern Pacific in 1988 but kept the name, and that Union Pacific bought it in 1996. From a bird's-eye view, that's what happened. Mackensen (talk) 14:12, 19 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Well the problem is, nobody thinks of creating a new article for better organizational purposes, they just add info and thats it. I would like to have the new article titled Southern Pacific, but that will cause problems. The History section, Morgan Line and the Sunset–Gulf Route section and Ferry service section will be transfered to the new article. The Predecessor and subsidiary railroads section and Successor railroads section can be transferred to the new article.Granthew (talk) 04:24, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Created the new History of the Southern Pacific page. Granthew (talk) 05:20, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Well, this has sat for a couple of weeks now. I do like the breaking out of the history section, that needed to be done, thanks. My two biggest complaints about the article remain, (the overly complicated lead and the footnotes (parentheticals) in the infobox. Any objections to me at least working on at least that? I'm by no stretch an expert writer, but I've been through the Good and Featured article review process to know those would raise huge red flags if we ever did want to get this article improved enough to be featured on the main page. Dave (talk) 15:26, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

Missing preserved locomotives
My museum is preserving and working on Restorations on several Southern Pacific locomotives because the line we are in preservation of used to be the San Diego and Arizona Railway and later the Southern Pacific. We currently are working on restoration of Southern Pacific 3709 a low nose gp9. Southern Pacific 4004 is being preserved and awaiting restoration. It is a RS 32 one of the few remaining. Steam locomotive 2353 have been restored and was operating up to 2005 and is now preserved in the show building. I forgot the wheel arrangement but this locomotive was also used in the filming of Pearl Harbor. Southern Pacific 5119, a 70-ton switcher is restored and operating although it is not restored to its Southern Pacific colors yet. 172.58.19.50 (talk) 20:03, 5 March 2023 (UTC)


text:
Man catcher

A man catcher, also known as catchpole, is a type of polearm.

History
It was used in Europe as late as the 18th century. The European design consisted of a pole mounted with a two pronged head. Each prong was semi-circular in shape with a spring-loaded "door" on the front. This created an effective valve that would allow the ring to pass around a man-sized cylinder and keep it trapped. The man catcher was used primarily to pull a person from horseback and drag him to the ground where he could be helplessly pinned. This is one of the few examples of less-lethal polearms.

The design assumes that the captured person wears armor to protect him against the metal prongs, which could easily hurt the neck of a person without armor. The man catcher was also used to trap and contain violent prisoners.

Similarly, the Japanese sodegarami, tsukubō, and sasumata were used by Edo-era law enforcement for apprehending suspects. However, the sasumata was most like a man catcher in usage as its forked head was designed to pin the suspect's neck, legs, arms, or joints against a wall or the ground.

Japan
While other man catchers are no longer in use, the sasumata (described above) currently has modern variants that are semi-flexible, with padding, blunt endpoints, and other slightly modified geometry, designed to significantly reduce the chance of injury to restrained civilians. These variants are designed for use by non-soldiers—specifically, they are intended for use by a Japanese riot police mounted on horseback. In such a case, the mounted riot police would typically be arranged in formation line abreast, and would use a row of raised sasumata to hold back large crowds. These mounted riot police answer to the Japanese National Police Agency. Since the outbreak of serious riots is uncommon in Japan, the modern sasumata is rarely used. Nevertheless, the necessary training is kept up to date.

China
A type of locking man catcher is available for staff at train stations and airports in China to capture and restrain individuals in a non-lethal manner.

In some junior and middle schools, security guards are equipped with non-locking variants designed to seize a person's waist or prevent them from advancing. It is essentially a two-pronged fork, a U-shape projecting from a pole.

India and Nepal
During the COVID-19 pandemic in India, police in Chandigarh implemented a mechanical device resembling a man catcher in order to capture suspects while maintaining a safe social distance. It was created to be used on a person's waistline. They called it a "social distancing clamp" or a "lockdown-breaker catcher". It was based on an idea from police in Nepal, where officers have reportedly detained over 1,400 suspects using a similar "multifunctional arrest device". Mancatchers were also used for other purposes such as pulling dead bodies out of the water. The main difference between the designs is that those used in India expand the size of the clamp depending on the person's waistline.

title: Man catcher


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sega Genesis Screenshot Gallery

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was — keep

Sega Genesis Screenshot Gallery
Just a pic gallery. Move the pics to each of the game articles. RickK 21:15, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstain for now. Consider also these links Atari 2600 Screenshot Gallery, Atari 5200 Screenshot Gallery, Atari 7800 Screenshot Gallery, Intellivision Screenshot Gallery, ColecoVision Screenshot Gallery, NES Screenshot Gallery, Sega Master System Screenshot Gallery, SNES Screenshot Gallery. Whatever is decided I believe it needs to be applied accross the board. Hobie 21:42, 2004 Oct 4 (UTC)
 * Delete all of those. --Improv 22:06, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, yeah, delete them all. RickK 22:43, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all. Wikipedia is not a gamer fansite. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:42, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstain (because I have put too much work into it to be unbiased), but please let give me a reason: the galleries allow you to get a quick overview over the games that were typical for the console and age. You can get an impression of a console's capabilities in a minute, you can see the development from the early lunch games to the technically superior late games. You won't achieve this in 1000 words, nor by having 30 pages for the games. And many games are not worthy of a separate page. For example, the Cabbage Patch Kids game on the ColecoVision Screenshot Gallery. It's not desirable to put it on its own page. But cheesy unimportant toy and movie games like this were an important part of the culture, they sold well and their existance should be documented. (See also my user page for some extra background)--Tyan23 22:56, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Reluctantly but fully agreed in my recommendation, Delete All. Clear violation of WP:WIN #19 . It's great that we have these pictures, and I thank Tyan23 in this regard. Since these seem to be almost entirely the work of a single person, I recommend considering moving them into the userspace to be nice. - RedWordSmith 22:57, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * IMHO, this article does not violate WP:WIN #19, which states: "A collection of photographs with no text to go with the articles." In this case, every screenshot is captioned with a reference to its game. This is a gallery with a useful purpose: it's a graphical index. • Benc • 22:50, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * A bit hyperlegalistic, isn't that? You could justify just about any collection of pictures that way. That said, I would change my recommendation for any of the articles that are given a good solid paragraph or so of text, maybe noting differences and advances between the shown games, and how they illustrate any technical limitations of their systems. - RedWordSmith 02:18, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * If being legalistic isn't your cup of tea (for which I applaud you), think of it this way: graphical indexes don't violate the spirit of the guideline, which is in place to prevent useless-but-pretty pages like List of images/Places/North America from existing in the article namespace. • Benc • 02:43, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Changing my vote to Keep All. However, these galleries SHOULD be expanded as I've described. - RedWordSmith 16:45, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * REDIRECT each of them to the page dealing with whatever game they pertain to. I was going to say delete, but I think there is some value to keeping them at least posted on their respective article. --ScottyBoy900Q ∞  00:22, 05 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. Keep the images, though, for their respective articles.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:45, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Just move the images to the List of Games for ... pages, and fluff up the bullets for those particular games, maybe? 132.205.15.4 03:40, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with this. Delete these, but move all the screenshots over to spice up the games lists. The creator of these pages seems to have taken a nice crossection of games for each platform. Cool Hand Luke  05:02, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful adjunct to the main article about each console.  Second choice: Merge a dozen screenshots into the main article on each platform.  Tempshill 20:27, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep all, or at least move to the Wikipedia namespace for the time being. Not your typical article, but these screenshot galleries are very useful. They are graphical indexes, essentially graphical versions of List of Sega Genesis games, etc. This is a useful indexing mechanism — it's entirely plausible that a reader will know what a game looks like, but can't remember the name. Side note: this graphical indexing technique can and should be applied to List of artworks, as well as any other visual media categories. • Benc • 22:37, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * They may be very useful, but that seems a better argument that someone should PUT THEM ON THEIR OWN WEBSITE OUTSIDE OF WIKIPEDIA. We should not be afraid to have some nonencyclopedic useful information exist, not on Wikipedia, but somewhere else on the web. --Improv 19:25, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, an interesting idea to keep a galleries of pictures already included in Wikipedia. I don't think we should just stomp our way through  ideas, rather we should consider them.  — siro  χ  o  05:00, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe these would be useful in an article on game system development? No vote for now.
 * Keep This perfectly shows the evolution of computer game graphics and genres along with the ages. I'd think it's quite fitting for a varied and multimedial encyclopedia Wikipedia is. --Asmodai 10:57, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Intrigue 18:11, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep all. What Asmodai said. Fredrik | talk 20:16, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and put links to the gallery on each individual game's page
 * Delete. Sorry, I don't see the point of this at all.  Keep the pics, of course, but use them to illustrate the individual game articles and other relevant topics. Gamaliel 20:55, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep all, or merge with respective pages. I don't see why Wikipedia has to be all text and no images.  – Andre ( talk )  01:10, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Originally I had the pictures in the game page, but having 4 rows of screenshots in the middle of the article makes it quite hard to read if you are interested in text. I agree that the gallery should be attached to the article. What about moving them to Sega Genesis/Screenshots?--Tyan23 10:26, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * That would be good, I think.  – Andre ( talk )  21:29, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. pie4all88 03:32, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep all. Changed from abstain way up at the top. Asmodai is right. Ht1848 18:52, 2004 Oct 21 (UTC)

Vote: 10 Keep, 5 Delete

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Hauk-class patrol boat

The Hauk-class patrol boats were a series of Norwegian fast attack craft. Hauk means hawk in Norwegian. They were ordered in the 1970s and the first boat, Hauk, was commissioned on 17 August 1977. Designed as a development of the Storm-class patrol boat and Snøgg-class missile torpedo boat classes, by Lieutenant commander (later Captain) Harald Henriksen, the 14 Hauk-class vessels made up the Coastal Combat Flotilla, responsible for protecting the rugged coastline of Norway. The ships were modernized frequently and in their later form were known as "Super-Hauks." The Royal Norwegian Navy deployed four of these warships for anti-terror patrol in the Strait of Gibraltar.

To ensure that their capability met contemporary standards the Hauk-class boats were modernized to Super-Hauk standard with the arrival of the new and more modern Skjold-class patrol boat MTBs. This modernization included incorporation of the Senit 8 CMS, Link 11 (receive only), modifications of the Penguin missiles and upgrades to the navigation equipment.

All the boats were decommissioned by 2008.

International operations
The vessels were used as escort for allied vessels through the Strait of Gibraltar as part of Operation Active Endeavour. The Norwegian contribution consisted of 21 MTB Squadron and its four vessels. The squadron was stationed in Cadiz along with two Danish vessels of Flyvefisken class. The mission lasted from April to October 2003, and the vessels were widely praised for their efforts.

In November 2006, the vessels were probably once called for international duty when 22 MTB squadron became part of UNIFIL II - a maritime UN contributions in the coastal area outside Lebanon that would prevent arms smuggling in the area. The vessels were stationed in Limassol, Cyprus.

Vessels

 * Hauk (P986) - commissioned 17 August 1977
 * Ørn (P987) - commissioned 19 January 1979
 * Terne (P988) - commissioned 13 March 1979
 * Tjeld (P989) - commissioned 25 May 1979
 * Skarv (P990) - commissioned 17 July 1979
 * Teist  (P991) - commissioned 11 September 1979
 * Jo (P992) - commissioned 1 November 1979
 * Lom (P993) - commissioned 15 January 1980
 * Stegg (P994) - commissioned 18 March 1980
 * Falk (P995) - commissioned 30 April 1980
 * Ravn (P996) - commissioned 20 May 1980
 * Gribb (P997) - commissioned July 1980
 * Geir (P998) - commissioned 16 September 1980
 * Erle (P999) - commissioned 10 December 1980

title: Hauk-class patrol boat


text:
Opticom (company)

Opticom ASA is a Norwegian research and development company. The Opticom share was listed on the Oslo Børs (Oslo Stock Exchange) in 1997 and on the main list from the start of trading in January, 2000. Since its establishment in 1994, Opticom and its subsidiaries have done research and development within a number of areas, especially the emerging field of polymer electronics.

The company developed polymer-based memory chips through its majority-owned subsidiary Thin Film Electronics ASA (TFE). Opticom and Intel, which owned a minority stake in TFE, wound down their joint development work in 2005 because of technical and changes in strategic direction. Opticom has announced its intention to pursue other avenues for the technology underlying TFE's memory designs. Opticom also owned nearly a tenth of Fast Search and Transfer.

Opticom can be seen as an example of the year 2000 internet bubble, reaching a market capitalization of nearly $8 billion at its highest, still without revenues.

title: Opticom (company)


text:
User:Luhu

This task is slightly confusing! Thank God I have a friend who knows what she is doing. Links: []

title: User:Luhu


text:
Category:Salads

This category contains specific types of salads.

title: Category:Salads


text:
Talk:Kresy

Old talk
Sorry, I confused censuses of provinces with censuses of cities. Mikkalai 21:19, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Wasn't this term also used in some form during the times of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 20:21, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * And what about "Kresy Zachodnie"? Radomil talk 21:49, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I think this should be moved to Kresy Wschodnie and Kresy should be a disambig, now that we have the Kresy Zachodnie article as well.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 16:44, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Kresy → Eastern Borderlands – I believe this should be moved to Eastern Borderlands as per the naming conventions (use English). --Tweenk 23:32, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

Survey
Add "# Support" or  "# Oppose"  on a new line in the appropriate section followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~. Please remember that this survey is not a vote, and please provide an explanation for your recommendation.

Survey - in opposition to the move

 * 1) oppose, as the proposal stands. While it may be an accurate english translation, the nominated target is neither unambiguous or all that informative. Quite likely, this historical region is not well-enough known (in english) for 'Eastern Borderlands' (on its own, at least) to be synonymous with it. The few english-language sources I've reviewed are quite comfortable calling this Kresy or Kresy Wschodnie. If anything, I think the option put forward by Piotrus above —move this article instead to Kresy Wschodnie and make Kresy a dab page— makes reasonable sense.--cjllw ʘ  TALK 13:05, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it be moved. --Stemonitis 06:32, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Russian Rule
I have changed "In August 1939 the Eastern borderlands unlike the rest of Poland were under Russian rule and not German." to "In late September 1939 the Eastern borderlands unlike the rest of Poland were under Russian rule and not German." as in August 1939 Poland was still at peace. Please change back but put reason if I have misunderstood.

Further should it not say Soviet rather than Russian? Plan to change later in week unless someone comments why Russia is correct. --Jniech

Kresy defined in the intro
I edited the page to add the word 'Kresy' to the first line, to make it clear to uninformed readers what this article has to do with its title. A better solution would be to simply move the article to 'Eastern Borderlands' as suggested above. Terraxos 17:00, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Lies about the percentage of polish population in so-called "Eastern Poland" prior to its liberation by USSR
As many related wikipedia articles,such 'Western Ukraine', hold it,the percentage of polish population in so-called "Eastern Poland" didn't exceed 25%,not 40% as is stated in this article.These lands never constituted part of Poland neither in ethnical,historical nor religious sense.

Frank Russian (talk) 18:15, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

 * How is it never part of Poland in historical sense when since the 14th century the Kingdom of Poland annexed the territories that once belonged to the Grand Duchy of Kiev? For some 400 years those territories were part of the Polish Crown until the division of Poland. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 23:29, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

Current coats of arms
Are for PLC not II Republic of Poland.--Molobo (talk) 19:09, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Demographic data
I will add demographic data based on census.--Molobo (talk) 19:11, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Terrible article
This is article is in terrible shape, it is a one-sided idolized version of the Kresy and pro-Kresowiak view of the region. There is considerable criticism of the Kresy both as part of Polish culture and as region that held Polish development down throughout history and it should be included in the article, while the mythological view toned down.--MyMoloboaccount (talk) 15:24, 16 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Molobo, I am fully aware of your anti-Kresy bias. Anyway, if you have time, add information to the article, instead of tagging it. Tymek (talk) 23:54, 16 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Anti-Kresy bias??? The article is written in an ultra-nationalistic manner and implying grpoundless territorial claims against Poland eastern neighbors. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 03:02, 4 April 2014 (UTC)

Example:Nothing about "Boża Podszewka"
An example of the distorted view in this article:while there is considerable section about culture, there is nothing about post-89 series Boża Podszewka which stirred numerous reactions and was a major television event. It was very critical of Kresy society and myth of the Kresy.--MyMoloboaccount (talk) 15:33, 16 January 2012 (UTC)
 * So add information about it. It is one thing to rant, and another thing to do something. Tymek (talk) 23:54, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

Political correctness
Permanent link to relevant version of the article from 29 August 2013

The introduction of the article sounds hostile towards state sovereignty of both Ukraine and Belarus by laying territorial claims. Is Poland really in a stance of war with those countries? Those territories historically were often contested between Poland and its eastern neighbors. The article starts right out with laying a claim towards Poland. First of all Kresy is a Polish word which for some reason is not identified from beginning, but instead the article starts out with a territorial claim. Second of all the word Kresy is used exclusively by the Polonophone population. The point of the article seems to be ethnocentric and nationalistic that adds only bitterness in Poland-Ukraine relations. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 23:21, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

There is no such thing: Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine existes. This article is an attempt to rewrite the history. It should be punished like the term "polish death camp" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.9.170.4 (talk) 11:20, 3 March 2016 (UTC)

Territory or the macroregion
I disagree with the opinion that macroregion is an "anachronistic term" (quote from summary). Kresy is a historic entity (read: no longer existing). We can look at how it has been defined in Polish literature and historiography in its entirety. Territory (terytorium) is used in the Polish language similar to the phrase "territory of the Third Reich" (terytorium Trzeciej Rzeszy). Meanwhile, Kresy is most frequently referred to as "obszar" ... not "terytorium" in Polish. I think the word "obszar" is closer to the word macroregion in English. Your feedback is highly appreciated,  Poeticbent  talk 04:09, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

Propaganda page
Cannot help feeling, as a historian, how much Polish propaganda is on this page. One of the reasons the Paris Peace Conferences decided upon the Curzon Line was because most of the lands east of it really belong historically to Lithuania, not Poland, the latter absorbing much Lithuanian land during the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, moving settlers into it, and then calling it "Poland". This article is almost comical. 86.170.247.75 (talk) 20:27, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

Education level
Removed the phrase " which was the result of more than one hundred years of Austro-Hungarian and Russian imperial rule."

The source cited does not way so. In order to make this statement you must have two statements: (a) before zaborow Rosyjskich the education was comparable (b) In Congress Poland education grew, but in Kresy it did not. In fact, average education level in Kresy was always low.

The source cited specifically says "analfabetyzm na wsi był powszechny" (illiteracy in the countryside was universal), implying in cities it was no so bad. E.g. Lwow and Wilno were quite pretty well-educated places. Not to say that Warzaw was taken by Russia as well, so "Russian rule" is hardly the sole reason. (and btw. "Austro-Hungarian" is irrelevant here altogether.)

By the way, the source cited says that in a way Russian occupation was beneficiary to the development of industry in Congress Poland, because it opened borders for Polish goods into vast Russian market, which resulted in higher level of urbanization (and hence education). " W ostatnich trzech dekadach XIX w. nastąpił w Królestwie Polskim gwałtowny skok demograficzny, nie mniej potężny wzrost produkcji przemysłowej, wzrost urbanizacji, podniesienie się stopy życiowej. Tym gospodarczym procesom towarzyszył bujny rozwój czasopiśmiennictwa, literatury pięknej, teatru, malarstwa." This progress was not enjoyed by tutejszy in Kresy. So it appears that "Russian imperial rule" was kinda selective.

Conclusion: the statement may have been true, but needs a proper reference. Staszek Lem (talk) 19:24, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Here we can see how small the Congress Poland was in comparison with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from before the Partitions. It if fair to assume that most inhabitants of the Commonwealth remained in the same territories for generations, subject to religious persecution and economic discrimination. But I totally agree that proper reference needs to be added.  Poeticbent  talk 03:54, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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People from Kresy article title
Draft:List of Kresy born Poles is in the works. Should this be renamed to List of people from Kresy? AngusWOOF ( bark  •  sniff ) 17:34, 5 June 2019 (UTC)
 * This a reference to the bulk of the Notable people section in the present article, which at 46 is spatially a little long for the article and which I placed on a separate page for ease of reference and potential expansion. Within the present article it is also somewhat random and too short, since many more illustrious people emerged from "Kresy" over the ages. So is a separate list justified as titled in the draft or should there be a category more properly titled "People from Kresy"? The latter should be chronologically distinct from existing categories like "People from Belarus", Minsk and so on.

--Po Mieczu (talk) 22:00, 5 June 2019 (UTC)

 * You could have both the annotated list and also the category. AngusWOOF  ( bark  •  sniff ) 23:19, 5 June 2019 (UTC)

List of People from Kresy would not be correct, as it would include all non-Polish people. I think the current title is fine but it might need a hyphen or such. (Kresy-born Poles, etc.). Alternatively, List of Polish people from Kresy. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 06:24, 6 June 2019 (UTC)

 * , is there a reason why the list should be only Polish people that were born in Kresy? What about non-Polish notable people who spent time in Kresy during that period? What about Poles who were born in other Polish regions and lived a substantial time in Kresy during the Kresy period? A lot of regional articles don't make this distinction for their residents. If someone's lived in the area for some significant time, they're usually listed in "People from (region)" and "Notable people".   AngusWOOF  ( bark  •  sniff ) 19:17, 6 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Frankly, I consider such lists (and categories) to be problematic for those reasons. It's like the entire category tree for "People from...", which is unclear whether it's for people born there who left in the childhood, or people who spend many years there (how many?). I don't have a good solution here. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 09:40, 7 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Greetings, accepting the problematic nature of wiki lists and categories as currently constituted: they are arguably mostly imprecise and inconsistent as your very legitimate questions suggest, but they act as a reference point. The current Kresy-born Poles list does actually contain people of French, Jewish, Lithuanian and Ukrainian descent. Perhaps we can only discuss this in approximations but I would wager that what they have in common is that they participated in Polish culture and/or self-identified as Poles. Alongside those Poles, there were indeed people of Rusyn, Armenian heritage among other minorities who chose not to participate in the predominant culture, if only because of their Russian Orthodox allegiance and kept their separateness even when not having a strong national identity politically speaking. Neither they nor the Jews were obliged to convert, nor were the rare Protestants, like Mikołaj Rej. The issue here is that a land mass that had been under Polish state administration for centuries, overnight was despoiled and annexed by a power with a fundamentally hostile agenda to the dominant heritage it actively sought to replace by its own.

There are no precise analogies in the West, but think of the Scots or Irish, who came under the hegemony of the English or yet the French Canadians, some of whom held fast to their original heritage and identity. They found themselves within new borders and would object strongly to being described as "English", or as "American" if they lived in Louisiana shortly after it was taken over. Then, what about the conundrum of white South Africans? Are they truly Africans, or the Afrikaaners who believe they are as their name suggests. I hope you and others will see the purpose of the already existing distinction I merely sought to preserve in transferring the list to its own page. As I said before, why not have a people from Kresy category for all-comers, but then the context is different.--Po Mieczu (talk) 20:48, 7 June 2019 (UTC)

 * It would be analogous to Category:People of the Republic of Texas which was for a limited period as well. Category:People from Hawaii or Category:People from Taiwan would be just as ambiguous. You have folks who were born there, folks who immigrated there, native/aboriginal populations, people who spent some time there as a resident, people who identify as Hawaiian from any of the above groups.  AngusWOOF  ( bark  •  sniff ) 21:01, 7 June 2019 (UTC)

Foreign annexation
At the end of the article: "After the war and foreign annexation of Kresy"... Well, in 1919-1921 Poland annexed a lot of territories with a Lithuanian, Belarusian and Ukrainian majority population. Then, during the war (1939), those same Polish-held territories were united to their respective national states (be it Soviet or not) -- and that's a "foreign annexation"? Joan Rocaguinard (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 19:52, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Well, Joan, by 1795, Russia, Austria and Prussia between them, annexed all of the Commonwealth of Two Nations which contained lots of Ruthenians, Jews, Lithuanian, Belarussian and Polish minorities and majorities. It all depends when you took the metaphorical cake out of the oven and how you sliced it and whether you were after the cream filling or the crumb, in a manner of speaking.--Po Mieczu (talk) 23:55, 22 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Simple fix - precision. I changed foreign to Soviet. Everyone good with that? :) --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 03:18, 23 June 2019 (UTC)

English name
I believe we should rename article into its English name: "Eastern Borderlands". It's English Wikipedia and if there's a term in that language it should be prefered over name in the original language. Also, name "Eastern Borderlands" is already used on Wikipedia (including article) as a proper English term and is used on the internet as a translation. Example of that could be Institute of National Resemblance of Poland, being official organization of Polish government (example: article The 2nd edition of the IPN’s educational project ”Polish Eastern Borderlands in the 20th century”). TheEditMate (talk) 10:02, 24 January 2021 (UTC)
 * ,But plenty of English language sources use Kresy too., , etc. If you want to move this please provide a proper comparative analysis of GB/GS results. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here  10:18, 24 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi . Indeed there are still people referring to the area by the Polish name, but at the same time, English name is there, present at the same level, used by many sources including official pages of Polish government. Term is used and I believe that if there's widely used English term, it should be consider on Wikipedia as superior to other-language term. Also, I would like to notice, that the problem with usage of native name instead of other language term isn't limited only to word "kresy". I have noticed that in many cases when people write articles related to something outside the English-speaking world, they tend to usage native language terms instead English, partially because they might not know the English ones or because they might feel that they should use terms native to their language (good examples are names of political parties, organizations, areas ect, all of which usually has English names already used on Wikipedia). Also, about the link you gave me: note that 1st link simply tries to use native names using both Russian and Polish while 3rd link uses "Easter Borderlands" as a proper name only mentioning "Kresy" in brackets, as a native name, same as Wikipedia does with all articles about something that has original names from other languages. About the 3rd article, well notice, that you can do the same with Eastern Borderlands and get a lot of books as well. Also, in my opinion, book authors usually don't tend to have good translations of foreign terms. TheEditMate (talk) 21:58, 26 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Also, please could you say what you mean by abbreviation GB/GS? TheEditMate (talk) 22:00, 26 January 2021 (UTC)
 * , Google Books, Google Scholar. I see your point but I am not convinced that the term EB is more popular than Kresy, without a better quantitative analysis. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 01:17, 27 January 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:10, 26 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Victims of Soviet NKVD in Lvov, June 1941.jpg

Inclusion of Białystok?
The article is pretty inconsistent about whether Białystok and its namesake voivodeship, which were returned to Poland by the Soviet Union after the war, are part of the Kresy or not. The lead seemingly contradicts itself on that point, claiming Administratively, the Eastern Borderlands territory was composed of Lwów, Nowogródek, Polesie, Stanisławów, Tarnopol, Wilno, Wołyń, and Białystok voivodeships (provinces). Today, all these regions are divided between Western Ukraine, Western Belarus, and south-eastern Lithuania. Meanwhile, the Kresy section lists the Białystok voivodeship, while Białystok is conspicuously absent from the list of largest cities and towns, despite its pre-war population of 91000. What should be done to clarify this? Chaotıċ Enby  (talk · contribs) 01:31, 9 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kresy


text:
Substitute

Substitute may refer to:

Film

 * Substitute (film), a 2006 film by Vikash Dhorasoo
 * The Substitute (1993 film), a telefilm by Martin Donovan
 * The Substitute, a 1996 thriller film starring Tom Berenger
 * The Substitute 2: School's Out, a 1998 action-crime-thriller starring Treat Williams
 * The Substitute 3: Winner Takes All, a 1999 action thriller starring Treat Williams
 * The Substitute: Failure Is Not an Option, a 2001 action thriller starring Treat Williams
 * The Substitute (2007 film), a Danish science fiction horror film
 * The Substitute (2015 film), a short film
 * The Substitute (2022 film), a 2022 film directed by Diego Lerman

Politics

 * Substitute (elections)

Television

 * "Substitute" (Beavis and Butt-head episode), an episode of Beavis and Butt-head
 * "The Substitute" (Glee), a Glee episode
 * "The Substitute" (Lost), an episode of Lost
 * "The Substitute" (Recess episode), an episode of Recess
 * The Substitute (Chinese TV series), a 2015 Chinese thriller television series released on iQIYI
 * The Substitute (American TV series), a 2019 American television series on Nickelodeon

Music

 * "Substitute" (The Righteous Brothers song), 1975
 * "Substitute" (The Who song), 1966
 * The Substitute (soundtrack), the soundtrack to the 1996 crime film

Other

 * Substitution (sport)
 * Substitute (association football)
 * Substitute (cricket), in sports
 * Substitute good, in economics, a good that can be used instead of another
 * Ersatz good, in economics, a substitute good, inferior in quality
 * Substitute character, on keyboards, a control character used in the place of another character
 * Substitute natural gas
 * Substitute teacher, a temporary replacement in a teacher's absence

title: Substitute


text:
User:Flemmings

Not as stressed anymore, but lets see what unfolds.

Early Chilhood

title: User:Flemmings


text: Template:United States E class submarine


text:
User:Muhlissuhcl

My WidgetWiki space

muhlissuhcl -

title: User:Muhlissuhcl


text:
User:Tdeol

[widgetwiki]

title: User:Tdeol


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject Video games/Collaboration of the month/Template:CurrentGCOTW


text:
User:Sespinola

[]

title: User:Sespinola