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Leopold III, Margrave of Austria

Leopold III (Luitpold, 1073 – 15 November 1136), known as Leopold the Good, was the Margrave of Austria from 1095 to his death in 1136. He was a member of the House of Babenberg. He was canonized on 6 January 1485 and became the patron saint of Austria, Lower Austria, Upper Austria and Vienna. His feast day is 15 November.

Biography
Leopold was born at Babenberg castle in Gars am Kamp, the son of Margrave Leopold II and Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg. The Babenbergs had come to Austria from Bavaria where the family had risen to prominence in the 10th century. He grew up in the diocese of Passau under the influence of the reformer bishop Altmann of Passau.

In 1096, Leopold succeeded his father as margrave of Austria at the age of 23. He married twice. His first wife, who died in 1105, may have been one of the von Perg family. The following year he married Agnes, the widowed sister of Emperor Henry V whom he had supported against her father Henry IV. This connection to the Salians raised the importance of the House of Babenberg, to which important royal rights over the margraviate of Austria were granted. Also, Agnes had influential connections through her previous marriage to Frederick of Hohenstaufen, one of her sons being Conrad III of Germany.

Leopold called himself "Princeps Terræ", a reflection of his sense of territorial independence. He was considered a candidate in the election of the Kaiser of the Holy Roman Empire in 1125, but declined this honour.

He is mainly remembered for the development of the country and, in particular, the founding of several monasteries. His most important foundation is Klosterneuburg (1108). According to legend, the Virgin Mary appeared to him and led him to a place where he found the veil of his wife Agnes, who had lost it years earlier. He established the Klosterneuburg Monastery there. He subsequently expanded the settlement to become his residence.

Leopold also founded the monasteries of Heiligenkreuz, Kleinmariazell and Seitenstetten which developed a territory still largely covered by forest. All of these induced the church to canonize him in 1485.

Leopold also fostered the development of cities, such as Klosterneuburg, Vienna and Krems. The last one was granted the right to mint but never attained great importance.

The writings of Henry of Melk and Ava of Göttweig, which are the first literary texts from Austria, date back to Leopold's time.

He is buried in the Klosterneuburg Monastery, which he founded. His skull is kept in an embroidered reliquary, which leaves the forehead exposed; it also wears an archducal hat.

In 1663, under the rule of his namesake Emperor Leopold I, he was declared patron saint of Austria instead of Coloman of Stockerau.

The brothers Joseph and Michael Haydn, each of whom sang in the choir of St. Stephen's Cathedral, both sang in that capacity at Klosterneuburg on this day. Joseph Haydn later became the more famous composer of the two. Michael Haydn later (in 1805) wrote a mass in honour of Leopold, the Missa sub titulo Sancti Leopoldi.

Since the death of Emperor Leopold I, the King's Feast is celebrated in Belgium on Leopold's feast day.

Children
His first marriage, possibly to a lady of the von Perg family, was childless.

By his second wife, Agnes of Germany, widow of Frederick I, Duke of Swabia: According to the Continuation of the Chronicles of Klosterneuburg, there may have been up to seven others (possibly from multiple births) stillborn or who died in infancy.
 * Adalbert
 * Henry II Jasomirgott (1107–1177)
 * Leopold IV (c. 1108 – 1141)
 * Berta, m. Henry III, Burgrave of Regensburg
 * Agnes (c. 1108/13 – c. 1160/63), m. Władysław II of Poland
 * Ernst
 * Uta, m. Luitpold I, Count of Plain
 * Otto of Freising (c. 1114 – 1158), Bishop of Freising, and biographer of his nephew (from his mother's first marriage), Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa
 * Conrad, Bishop of Passau and Archbishop of Salzburg
 * Elisabeth, m. Hermann II of Winzenburg
 * Judith, m. William V of Montferrat
 * Gertrude, m. Duke (later King) Vladislaus II of Bohemia

In 2013, documentation regarding the results of DNA testing of the remains of the family buried in Klosterneuburg Abbey strongly favor that Adalbert was the son of Leopold and Agnes.

title: Leopold III, Margrave of Austria


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Saint Leopold

Saint Leopold may refer to:
 * Leopold III, Margrave of Austria (1073 – 1136), patron saint of Austria
 * Leopold Mandić (1866 - 1942), Croat-born saint
 * Leopoldo da Gaiche
 * Saint Leopold Church (Donaufeld), Vienna, Austria

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Saint Leopold


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People who died in the decade 0|0s. See also: Category:0s births.

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text: User talk:68.73.152.115

title: User talk:68.73.152.115


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User:LittleY

I am a Malaysian Chinese from the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia (Johor), still quite new here in Wiki, joined in Oct 2004.

I named myself LittleY, it is the opposite meaning of my name in Mandarin (my mother tongue), if you must know. I prefer to have my real identity covered, it releases me in a way that I feel more free to talk and contribute to the works of Wiki. Of course, I wouldn't mind to make friends, with name as LittleY via the net or my true identity in real world.

Wiki is a nice place, for me, it is like a huge "knowledge-base", moreover, it is free. I appreciate people here in Wiki for spending their precious time to build such a nice home for knowledge.

Do drop me a message (User Talk), anything; to teach, to share, to argue, to scold, or just to say hi.

title: User:LittleY


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People born in the 0|0s. See also: Category:0s deaths.

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Newmont

Newmont Corporation is an American gold mining company based in Greenwood Village, Colorado. It is the world's largest gold mining corporation. Incorporated in 1921, it owns gold mines in Nevada, Colorado, Ontario, Quebec, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Australia, Ghana, Argentina, Peru, and Suriname. In addition to gold, Newmont mines copper, silver, zinc and lead.

The Newmont Corporation bought Canadian mining company, Goldcorp in 2019 for $10 billion.

Newmont has approximately 31,600 employees and contractors worldwide, and is the only gold company in the S&P 500 stock market index.

Early years
The Newmont Company was founded in 1916 in New York by Colonel William Boyce Thompson as a holding company to invest in Worldwide mineral, oil, and related companies. According to company lore, the name "Newmont" is a portmanteau "New York" and "Montana", reflecting where Thompson made his fortune and where he grew up. Newmont made its first major gold investment in 1917, with a founding 25 percent in the Anglo American Corporation of South Africa. Four years later, in 1921, the Newmont Company reincorporated as the Newmont Corporation. In 1929, Newmont became a mining company with its first gold product in by acquiring California's Empire Star Mine. By 1939, Newmont was operating 12 gold mines in North America.

The company acquired interests overseas. For decades around the middle of the 20th century, Newmont had a controlling interest in the Tsumeb mine in Namibia and in the O'Okiep Copper Company in Namaqualand, South Africa.

Beginning in 1925, Newmont acquired interests in a Texas oil field. Eventually, Newmont's oil interests included more than 70 blocks in the Louisiana, Gulf of Mexico area and oil and gas production in the North Sea.

Fred Searls became president in 1947, after serving as the company's exploration geologist. Searls retired in 1954, and Plato Malozemoff took over as president. Newmont began mining at Carlin, Nevada, in 1965. The "Carlin Trend" or "Carlin Unconformity" is the largest gold discovery in North America during the 20th century. In 1971 Newmont began heap leaching low grade ores there.

In 1971, the South-West African (now Namibia) Tsumeb & Kombat mines managed by Newmont, had its operations stopped during the 1971–72 Namibian contract workers strike over the contract labor system and apartheid.

Major growth
In the 1980s, Newmont thwarted five takeover bids – from Consolidated Gold Fields (ConsGold), T. Boone Pickens, Minorco, Hanson Industries and James Goldsmith – who sought to break Newmont apart and sell its assets to increase shareholder value.

In 1987, defending against a $6.3 billion bid by T. Boone Pickens, the company paid a US$33 per share special dividend to all shareholders, US$2.2 billion in cash, of which US$1.75 billion was borrowed. To reduce this debt the company undertook a divestment program involving all of its copper, oil, gas, and coal interests.

As a further step in the restructuring, the company moved its headquarters from New York City to Denver in 1988. A decade later, Newmont Mining Corporation and Newmont Gold Company combined assets to form a unified worldwide gold company. Shareholders of both companies had identical interests in the reserves, production and earnings of Newmont Gold's operations.

Newmont then merged with Santa Fe Railroad (a former Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway subsidiary, sold in preparation for the merger that produced the BNSF ) to form North America's largest gold producer.

On June 21, 2000, Newmont announced a merger with Battle Mountain Gold. The merger was completed in January 2001.

In February 2002, Newmont completed the acquisition of Normandy Mining and Franco-Nevada. Newmont faced competition in its bid for Normandy from AngloGold. By eventually outbidding the South African company, Newmont became the world's largest gold producer, with an annual production in excess of 8 million ounces.

In 2007, the company eliminated its 1.5 million ounce legacy hedge book to make Newmont the world's largest unhedged gold producer. The following year, Newmont acquired Miramar Mining Corporation and its Hope Bay deposit in the Canadian Arctic.

In 2009, Newmont purchased the remaining one-third interest in Boddington Gold Mine from AngloGold Ashanti, bringing its ownership to 100 percent.

In April 2011, the company acquired Canada's Fronteer Gold Inc. for CA$2.3 billion. This made the company the world's second-largest gold producer.

In 2017, Newmont produced 5.65 million ounces of gold at all-in sustaining costs of US$924 per ounce. The company reported adjusted net income of $780 million for the year, and further reduced net debt down to US$0.8 billion.

In 2019, it acquired Canada's Goldcorp for $10 billion. In May 2023, Newmont agreed terms to purchase Newcrest. The Deal was completed in November 2023.

Goldcorp had previously been under public scrutiny for documented human-rights abuses, including poisoning river-water that led to severe illnesses in local children living close to the mining operation (https://theviolenceofdevelopment.com/the-true-cost-of-gold-in-honduras/)

Buyat Bay, Sulawesi, Indonesia
In August 2004, the Indonesian Ministry of Environment filed a civil lawsuit against Newmont, claiming tailings from the company's Minahasa Raya mine polluted Buyat Bay. The company was cleared by an Indonesian court, with the judge ruling the pollution charges could not be proven.

Ghana
In 2009, a group of NGOs awarded Newmont with the Public Eye on Davos award (a criticism for "purely profit-oriented globalization") for its Akyem project in Ghana. Newmont said the award was issued based on several paragraphs of text which “clearly were intended to distort the facts”.

In 2010, Newmont was fined $4.9 million by the Ghanaian Environmental Protection Agency for not preventing, reporting and investigating a cyanide spill at Ahafo mine in an "appropriate and timely manner".

Former operations
Newmont has purchased and sold a number of operations in recent years:

 * Red Lake Mine: Newmont completed sale of Red Lake mine for $375 million on March 31, 2020.
 * Continental Gold: Newmont sold its 19.9 percent equity stake and convertible bond in Continental Gold Inc. for $260 million on March 5, 2020.
 * Super Pit gold mine: Newmont sold its 50 percent stake in Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines to Northern Star Resources for $800 million in January 2020.
 * Golden Grove Mine: Owned by Normandy Mining since 1991, Golden Grove was acquired by Newmont Australia Ltd in February 2002 when Newmont took over Normandy. Newmont sold the mine to Oxiana Limited in June 2005 for A$265 million.
 * Pajingo: Pajingo (100% owned) is an underground mine located approximately 93 miles (150 kilometers) southwest of Townsville, Queensland, and 45 miles (72 kilometers) south of the local township of Charters Towers. Newmont sold the mine in late 2007; it is now owned by Conquest Mining.
 * Bronzewing Gold Mine: View Resources purchased the mine in July 2004 from Newmont for A$9.0 million, a package that also included the Mount McClure mining operation, 8 km west of Bronzewing.
 * Wiluna Gold Mine: Also part of the Normandy acquisition, in December 2003 Newmont sold Wiluna to a local management buyout team for shares and A$3.65 million in cash. The mine was onsold 3 years later for A$29.5 million.
 * Zarafshan: Newmont was part of a joint venture gold project in Uzbekistan, the first major Western investment in the region since the breakup of the Soviet Union. A difficult place to operate, Uzbekistan expropriated the company's assets in 2006.
 * Kori Kollo: The Kori Kollo open pit mine is on a high plain in northwestern Bolivia near Oruro, on government mining concessions issued to a Bolivian corporation, Empresa Minera Inti Raymi S.A. (“Inti Raymi”), in which Newmont had an 88% interest. The remaining  12% was owned by Mrs. Beatriz Rocabado. Inti Raymi owned and operated the mine. On July 23, 2009, Newmont announced the transfer of its interest in Empresa Minera Inti Raymi S.A., which owned the Kori Kollo gold mine and Kori Chaca gold mine, to Compania Procesadora de Minerales S.A. ("CPM"), a company controlled by Newmont's long-time Bolivian partner Jose Mercado.
 * Minahasa: Newmont owns 80% of Minahasa and the remaining 20% interest is a carried interest held by P.T. Tanjung Serapung, an unrelated Indonesian company. Minahasa is located on the island of Sulawesi, approximately 1,500 miles (2,414 kilometers) northeast of Jakarta. Mining was completed in late 2001 and gold production was completed in 2004.
 * Golden Giant: Newmont's Canadian operations previously included two underground mines. Golden Giant (100% owned) was located approximately 25 miles (40 kilometers) east of Marathon, Ontario, Canada, and had been in production since 1985. Mining operations at Golden Giant were completed in December 2005 with remnant mining and milling production continuing throughout most of 2006.
 * Holloway: Holloway was located approximately 35 miles (56 kilometers) east of Matheson, Ontario, and about 400 miles (644 kilometers) northeast of Golden Giant. It was in production since 1996. On November 6, 2006, Newmont completed the sale of the Holloway mine to St. Andrews Goldfields Ltd. resulting in a $13 pre-tax gain.
 * Martha Mine: Newmont completed the sale of its Waihi assets in New Zealand in October 2015.
 * Batu Hijau mine: Newmont completed the sale of Batu Hijau to PT Amman Mineral Internasional in 2016.

title: Newmont


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SIG Sauer P239

The SIG Sauer P239 is a semi-automatic pistol designed and manufactured by SIG Sauer—both SIG Sauer GmbH in Germany and SIG Sauer Inc. of New Hampshire, United States. It was produced from 1996 to 2018, and offered in three calibers: 9×19mm Parabellum, .357 SIG and .40 S&W. The P239 became popular in the United States as a concealed carry pistol.

Specifications
The P239 has a 91 mm barrel with an overall length of 168 mm and height of 132 mm, weighing approximately 710–770 g (25–27 oz) empty, depending on caliber. The included single-stack magazine has a capacity of 8 rounds (9×19mm) or 7 rounds (.357 SIG or .40 S&W). The P239 was initially available as double action / single action (DA/SA); later, it was also offered as double-action only (DAO).

Variants
P239 DAK – this variant has a Double Action Kellerman (DAK) trigger.

P239 SAS – a SIG Anti-Snag (SAS) variant with "an ultra smooth, snag free profile" for concealed carry.

P239 Tactical – this variant includes a 4.0 in threaded barrel (for use with a suppressor), short reset trigger (SRT), and optional 10-round extended magazine; it is only chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum.

Users
In 2004, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) contracted with SIG Sauer for the purchase of up to 65,000 pistols, among them double-action only (DAO) model .40 caliber P239s.

The US Navy's Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) purchased P239 pistols in .40 caliber (along with P229 pistols with Double Action Kellerman triggers) to replace their aging 9mm M11 pistols.

title: SIG Sauer P239


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Mraz

Mraz or Mráz (Czech/Slovak feminine: Mrázová) is a surname of Czech, Slovak, and Croatian origin. It means "frost" and is cognate to Maroz (Belarusian), Mróz (Polish), and Moroz (Ukrainian and Russian). It may refer to:

People

 * Alois Mráz (born 1978), Czech handball player
 * Bruno Mráz (born 1993), Slovak ice hockey player
 * Franjo Mraz (1910–1981), Croatian artist
 * George Mraz (1944–2021), Czech jazz bassist
 * Gustáv Mráz (born 1934), Slovak footballer
 * Ivan Mráz (born 1941), Czechoslovak footballer
 * Jason Mraz (born 1977), American singer-songwriter
 * Kateřina Mrázová (born 1972), Czech ice dancer
 * Kateřina Mrázová (ice hockey) (born 1992), Czech ice hockey player
 * Ladislav Mráz (1923–1962), Czech opera singer
 * Mike Mraz, American musician
 * Patrik Mráz (born 1987), Slovak footballer
 * Pavel Mráz (born 1974), Czech canoer
 * Peter Mráz (footballer, born 1985), Slovak football defender
 * Peter Mráz (footballer, born 1975), Slovak football midfielder
 * Samuel Mráz (born 1997), Slovak footballer

Other

 * Rani Mraz, Yugoslav rock band
 * Beneš-Mráz, airplane manufacturer
 * Mráz Sokol, manufactured by Benes
 * Mráz Skaut, manufactured by Benes

title: Mraz


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Madster

Madster (initially called Aimster) was a peer-to-peer file sharing service. It was released in Napster's wake in August 2000 and shut down in December 2002 as a result of a lawsuit by the Recording Industry Association of America.

Origin
According to John Deep, a professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, the Madster software was originally inspired by his daughter's use of instant messaging software. His idea was to combine instant messaging with file sharing. John Deep's daughter Aimee had an interest in providing privacy to her online friends; instant messaging was lacking when it came to privacy protection.

Features
The Madster service was initially called Aimster, but it was later renamed to Madster due to concerns that the Aimster name infringed AOL's AIM (AOL Instant Messenger) trademark. The Madster software allowed users to share files via instant messaging services. In particular, users could share files specifically with users who were included on a "buddy list" with the advantage of privacy.

Around March 2001, support for encrypted network communications was included in a new release of the Madster software (at the time, the Aimster name was still in use.) Among other things, the Madster service hoped that the US Digital Millennium Copyright Act would have the effect of prohibiting others from monitoring the encrypted Madster network communications. In addition, the Madster operators argued that the encryption meant that they could not be aware of any copyright infringement that took place. Later on, around April-May 2001, a service was introduced wherein a network including tens of thousands of people could be searched for music and other content and new users would by default be added to this network although users could choose to instead restrict trading to buddy list members. At one point, the company announced a premium service that was available for US$4.95 per month.

PC Magazine gave Madster a 1 out of 5 rating of "Dismal," based on interface design, partner advertising, and content selection.

Recording industry collaboration
In 2000, for a short time, Capitol Records authorized Madster (which was called Aimster at the time) to provide some Radiohead video files on the service's Web site and to release a skin for the Madster software that had a Radiohead theme. This collaboration was done for the purpose of promoting a new Radiohead album.

Legal problems and shutdown
In December 2002, the company was ordered by a federal judge to disconnect its computer systems from the Internet. Earlier on in September, the court stated that Aimster had knowledge of copyright infringements, including a Web-based "Aimster Guardian" tutorial that showed copyrighted materials and the tracking of popular songs on the service via "Club Aimster"; the latter also indicated contribution to infringing activity and the monthly fees for the service indicated a financial interest for the Aimster operators in conjunction with infringing usage. The requirement for users to sign up and log in to use the service meant that Aimster was in a position to control the activities of its users. The injunction to disconnect was upheld in June 2003 by the decision in In re Aimster Copyright Litigation of the 7th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. In particular, it was found that Madster's support of encrypted file sharing was "willful blindness" and was not a valid defense with regard to copyright infringement. At the same time, a company could avoid copyright liability if it was "highly burdensome" for the company to detect and prevent copyright infringement. In January 2004, the US Supreme Court refused without explanation to hear an appeal of the lower court's ruling.

Madster was represented in court by Boies, Schiller & Flexner, the same law firm which defended Napster. In 2005, Deep sued Boies for malpractice and misappropriation, but lost the case in 2008.

title: Madster


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Rosario Central

Club Atlético Rosario Central, more commonly referred to as Rosario Central, is a sports club based in Rosario, Argentina, that plays in the Argentine Primera División. The club was officially founded on December 24, 1889, by a group of railway workers, taking its name from the British-owned Central Argentine Railway company. One of the oldest Argentine and Latin American teams, it is considered a pioneer in its hometown and the only one of current Santa Fe province teams to have won an international title organised by CONMEBOL, the Copa Conmebol, won by the club in 1995.

Originally a member of the Rosario's Football Association, the club affiliated itself to the Argentine Football Association (AFA) in 1939. Since then, Rosario Central has won the Argentine Primera Division five times, with the last domestic title being the 2023 Copa de la Liga Profesional. In addition, Rosario Central won six National cups, with the 2018 Copa Argentina being its most recent achievement. Also, Rosario Central won the Copa CONMEBOL (the precursor of the current Copa Sudamericana)  in 1995. In 2012, the club was considered by FIFA as one of the 11 most classical clubs in Argentine football.

Rosario Central has a strong rivalry with Newell's Old Boys. The matches played between them are named "El Clasico Rosarino", The rivalry is among the most heated in Argentina. Nowadays Rosario Central has the biggest difference in history between both teams, due to, having 18 winnings more than his eternal rival. That dissimilarity in favor of Rosario Central is kept across 70 years ago. An extraordinary circumstance in the history of the Argentinian league, known as "The oldest paternity ever". Rosario Central's home stadium is Estadio Dr. Lisandro de la Torre, known simply as "El Gigante de Arroyito" (The Giant of Arroyito) is one of the stadiums where Argentina played in the 1978 FIFA World Cup.

The beginning
By the end of the 1880s, a group of workers of British–owned company Central Argentine Railway used to play a kind of football game in fields located near Alberdi Avenue in Rosario. In the Christmas eve of 1889 they met at a bar with the purpose of establishing a club. British English citizen Thomas Mutton suggested the name "Central Argentine Railway Athletic Club", which was approved. Scotsman Colin Calder was chosen as first president of the new club.

At the beginning, only CAR employees were admitted as members. The first field was located on a railway's land while a disused wagon served as club's headquarters. The first recorded game was played in 1890 when CARAC played a friendly match v the crew of a British ship's crew, which ended 1–1. A second match between both teams finished with CARAC winning 2–1.

During many years Central Argentine played only internal matches or faced the Rosario Cricket Club (current Club Atlético del Rosario) occasionally. In 1904 the railway companies Central Argentino and Buenos Aires merged, which caused a high number of criollo workers moved to Rosario. They quickly became football enthusiasts so the club increased its number of members to 130 people. During an assembly, executive Miguel Green (also forward of the team) suggested that people outside the railway company could be accepted as member of the club. The proposal was widely discussed until it was finally approved so the statute was modified, including the change of name to Spanish form "Club Atlético Rosario Central". Since those changes were approved, a significant number of workers of the city came to Rosario Central to become members of the club.

Liga Rosarina and National cups
The Liga Rosarina de Football (Rosario's Football League) was created in March 1905. The first tournament organised by the body was the "Copa Santiago Pinasco", named that way because the Mayor of Rosario, Santiago Pinasco, donated the trophy.

Central debuted on May 21, 1905, defeating Rosario A.C. by 3–1. On June, Rosario Central player Zenón Díaz was called for a Rosario combined that played a friendly match v English club Nottingham Forest (that was touring South America). The first official title won by Rosario Central came in 1908, when the squad won the "Copa Nicasio Vila" (the first division of LRF). The team finished unbeaten with 48 goals scored and only 9 conceded. Some notable players were Zenón Díaz, Harry Hayes, Augusto Winn, J.H. Grant, Juan Díaz.

In 1913 the club disaffiliated from the Liga Rosarina, founding with other clubs the dissident "Federación Rosarina de Football". Central won this league in 1913. That same year, Rosario Central won its first national title, the Copa de Competencia La Nación, a domestic cup organised by dissident Federación Argentina de Football. Rosario Central won the competition after defeating Argentino de Quilmes 3–2 in Estadio G.E.B.A. of Buenos Aires.

In 1914 Central would return to Liga Rosarina, winning the championship after playing 20 matches, winning 19 games with 1 draw. The team scored 99 goals and only conceded 10, being Harry Hayes the top scorer of the tournament with 51 goals.

The squad also would win the 1915, 1916 and 1917 regional titles, becoming four-champion of the Rosarian League. In 1919, Central won the Rosario's league title again, winning 3–2 the final match against their history rivals: Newell's Old Boys.

The second national title won by Rosario Central was the Copa Dr. Carlos Ibarguren, a trophy contested by the champions of Buenos Aires and Rosario. Central won the 1915 edition beating Racing Club (that had won three Primera División titles consecutively) 3–1 in the final.

In 1916 Central won the Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires after beating Independiente 1–0. That same year the Rosarino team won the Copa de Competencia Jockey Club defeating Independiente again. A new national title would come in 1920, when Central won the Copa de Competencia organised by dissident body Asociación Amateurs de Football (AAmF) against Sportivo Almagro. During the 1910 decade, Rosario Central won a total of five National cups.

In 1920 Rosario Central left the Rosarian League again, and joined other clubs to establish a dissident league, winning the 1920 and 1921 titles. Two years later, Central and the dissident clubs would return again to the Rosarian league.

In the following years, Central won the 1923, 1927, 1928 (won against Newell's in the final match), and 1930 championship, becoming the most successful team in Liga de Rosario's history.

In 1931 football became professional in Argentina, so a new Association, "Asociación Rosarina de Fútbol", was created in Rosario to organize the first professional championships. The Copa Nicasio Vila changed its name to "Torneo Gobernador Luciano Molinas", honoring then Governor of Santa Fe Province Luciano Molinas. Rosario Central won the 1937 and 1938 titles.

Coming to Primera División
In 1939, Rosario Central and its arch-rival Newell's Old Boys requested Argentine Football Association to be added to the main league championship of Argentina, the Primera División. The Association accepted the requirement therefore both clubs joined the top-flight division of Argentine football.

Despite playing in the Primera División, Rosario Central continue contesting the Rosarian Football Association competitions with reserve teams formed by amateur footballers. During its first year in Primera División, Rosario Central finished 11° with 33 points earned (15 loses).

In 1941 Rosario Central was relegated to the second division, Primera B, after losing 20 matches with only 6 won. Nevertheless, Central only lasted one season in second division, returning one year later, after 25 matches won and only 4 lost. In 1950 Central was relegated again after a poor campaign in Primera. As its precedent relegation, Central promoted to the top division one year after being relegated, so the team returned to Primera in 1951.

First league titles
Rosario Central won its first national league title, in the 1971 Nacional championship with Angel Labruna as coach defeating San Lorenzo in the final game. Central had previously beat arch-rival Newell's 1–0 in semi-finals with a goal scored by Aldo Poy, who dove to head the ball before it touched the grass (a way of heading popularly known as "palomita" in South America). That goal is still remembered by Central supporters who usually reunite on December 19, to recreate the goal. Many times Poy himself has taken part of the celebration. The second league title for the club came two years later, winning the 1973 Nacional with Carlos Griguol as coach. Some of the most notable players were Poy, Carlos Aimar and Eduardo Solari. The most frequent line-up was: Carlos Biasutto, Jorge González, Aurelio Pascuttini, Daniel Killer, Mario Killer, Carlos Aimar, Eduardo Solari, Aldo Poy, Ramón Bóveda, Roberto Cabral and Daniel Aricó.

For the 1974 season, Central acquired striker Mario Kempes from Instituto Atlético Central Córdoba (Kempes and Instituto mate Osvaldo Ardiles were to be reunited in the national team that won the 1978 World Cup).

After seven years without titles, Central won the 1980 Nacional with Ángel Tulio Zof on the bench. That team was called La Sinfónica (the Symphony Orchestra) because of the exquisite playing displayed by the team on the field. Central defeated Racing de Córdoba 5–0 in the first final game, and lost 2–0 in the second match but proclaimed champion due to goal average. Daniel Carnevali, Juan Carlos Ghielmetti, Edgardo Bauza, Oscar Craiyacich, Jorge García, José Gaitán, Daniel Sperandío, Eduardo Bacas, Félix Orte, Víctor Marchetti and Daniel Teglia was the frequent line-up on the fields.

After a few years with bad seasons, the team was relegated in 1984, but returned to first division just one year later after winning the Primera B championship, coached by Pedro Marchetta. Central returned to Primera to play the 1986–87 season, winning the title at the end of the tournament but coached by Zof again. This was a first in Argentine football (oddly, Central Español performed a similar feat in Uruguay in the years 1983–84, also a first).

The 1986–87 team was formed by Alejandro Lanari, Hernán Díaz, Jorge Balbis, Edgardo Bauza, Pedernera, Omar Palma, Adelqui Cornaglia, Roberto Gasparini, Osvaldo Escudero, Fernando Lanzidei and Hugo Galloni.

International titles
The first years of the decade of 1990 Central did not make good campaigns in domestic tournaments, although the team won the CONMEBOL Cup (the precursor of the current Copa Sudamericana) in 1995, being the only international title achieved by a Santa Fe Province based team to date. Central defeated Brazilian squad Atlético Mineiro 4–0 in Arroyito after losing by the same score in the first match in Brazil. Finally Central won the Cup by Penalty shoot-out, with a score of 4–3.

The club has participated in eleven editions of the Copa Libertadores, and is currently tied for fifth place with Estudiantes de la Plata and Vélez Sársfield, all of which trail participation leaders Boca Juniors, River Plate, Independiente, and San Lorenzo de Almagro.

Decline and resurrection
After the 2010 Clausura, Rosario Central's poor form over the past three years forced it into a relegation/promotion play-off against Nacional B side All Boys, which won the tie over two legs 4–1 on aggregate (defining the series with a thrashing 3–0 in Arroyito), relegating Rosario Central to Primera B Nacional, the second tier of Argentine football. It was the fourth time the club was relegated to play in the second division.

Rosario Central spent several seasons in the B Nacional until May 19, 2013, when the squad secured the promotion to Primera División after beating Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy by 3–0. The three goals were scored by Javier Toledo. The team was coached by Miguel Ángel Russo.

The eleventh official title: the 2018 Copa Argentina.
In May 2018, the club saw the return of Edgardo Bauza as Central's coach in his second cycle.221 The coach stated that ‘I knew no other objective than to be champion with Central. ’.

Edgardo Bauza led Rosario Central to the championship title after 23 years. In the Round of 32, the Auriazules faced Juventud Antoniana with a 6-0 win. Then, in both the Round of 16 and Round of 16, the Canalla drew both matches: the first goalless against Talleres de Córdoba, advancing 5-3 on penalties. In the Round of 16, the Arroyito club drew 1-1 against Almagro and defeated them 5-4 on penalty kicks.224

In the quarter-finals, Central and Newell's played a new Rosario derby. As in 1969 and 1970, the 'Blue and yellows' again defeated their arch-rivals and advanced to the semi-finals with goals by Herrera and Zampedri, with Torres scoring the equaliser for Newell's.225

Central faced Temperley in the semi-finals. The match ended in a 1-1 draw after a goal by the light blue side in the last minutes of the match. However, Los Canallas eventually won on penalties 4-2, qualifying for their fourth Copa Argentina final.226

The cup final was played on 6 December at the Malvinas Argentinas stadium in Mendoza against Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata. In this final, both teams were looking to put an end to a streak of more than twenty years without silverware.227 Central won the first half with a goal by Zampedri, but in the second half Lorenzo Faravelli equalised. The tie remained equal throughout the ninety minutes, and a penalty shoot-out was forced. There, the Rosarinos scored four and Gimansia only one - previously one had been deflected and another had been saved by goalkeeper Jeremías Ledesma - to make Central champions of the Copa Argentina for the first time in their history. It also gave them qualification for the 2019 Copa Libertadores and the 2018 Supercopa Argentina.

Champion squad: Jeremías Ledesma, Josué Ayala, Miguel Barbieri, Matías Caruzzo, Óscar Cabezas, Marcelo Ortiz, Alfonso Parot, Elías Gómez, Gonzalo Bettini, Nahuel Gómez, Diego Arismendi, Leonardo Gil, Joaquín Pereyra, Néstor Ortigoza, Andrés Lioi, José Luis Fernández, Washington Camacho, Federico Carrizo, Maximiliano Lovera, Fernando Zampedri, Marco Ruben, Agustín Maziero and Germán Herrera.

Manager: Edgardo Bauza

Miguel Angel Russo's return and the twelfth championship title: the Copa de la Liga 2023
On 19 December 2022, after Gonzalo Belloso won the presidential elections at Rosario Central, Miguel Ángel Russo was re-hired by the Rosario club to lead the team in the 2023 season, thus assuming his fifth cycle at the club, replacing Carlos Tévez.

Miguel Russo arrived in January 2023 and was the champion coach with Central in December of that year. Under the experienced coach, Rosario Central had a very successful 2023: they were 8th in the first half of the year, and champions in the Professional League Cup 2023, played in the second half.231 In addition, the Auriazul team was the only team in the Primera División that did not lose at home in the whole calendar year, having made the Gigante de Arroyito a fortress. The champion's title (and also the accumulation of points in the Annual Table) allowed them to qualify for the 2024 Copa Libertadores.

The second half of the year saw the 2023 Professional League Cup. The start of the tournament saw an inconsistent Central, winning home games but failing to win away. Everything started to improve on matchday 7, when the 'Auriazul' team defeated their classic rivals 1-0 at the Estadio Gigante de Arroyito, and from that victory against Newell's Old Boys, they did not know defeat for the rest of the championship. Finally, Central qualified for the playoffs on the last matchday of the regular phase, after defeating Arsenal 2-1 away. It finished in fourth place in its zone, and thus was able to fight for the championship.

In the knockout rounds, the 'Canalla' went through beating big teams until they reached the definition for the title: they beat Racing Club in the quarter-finals on penalties (they had started 2-0, drew 2-2 and ended up winning on penalties). In the semis, they did the same against River Plate, in a tough 0-0 draw at the Mario Alberto Kempes Stadium in Córdoba, which was also decided by penalties, and showed Rosario goalkeeper Jorge Broun as the outstanding figure, saving 3 penalty kicks from the 12 steps. Finally, Rosario Central celebrated a new championship title at the Estadio Único Madre de Ciudades de Santiago del Estero, where more than 25,000 Canallas fans accompanied the team and filled the Santiago del Estero stadium with the illusion of a new title. In an even and hard-fought match, Rosario Central beat Club Atlético Platense 1-0 in the final with a beautiful goal by Maximiliano Lovera 39 minutes into the first half, and thus was able to crown the 12th official title in its history.

Champion squad: Jorge Broun, Axel Werner, Valentino Quintero, Carlos Quintana, Agustín Sández, Damián Martínez, Juan Cruz Komar, Facundo Mallo, Alan Rodríguez, Ulises Ciccioli, Ismael Cortéz, Facundo Agüero, Kevin Silva, Fernando Rodríguez, Francis Mac Allister, Walter Montoya, Agustín Toledo, Ignacio Malcorra, Jaminton Campaz, Dannovi Quiñonez, Francesco Lo Celso, Lautaro Giaccone, Giovanni Bogado, Marcelo Acosta, Tomás O'Connor, Leandro Iglesias, Kevin Ortíz, Tobías Cervera, Maximiliano Lovera, Octavio Bianchi, Juan Cruz Cerrudo, Luca Martínez Dupuy, Fabricio Oviedo, Agustín Módica.

Manager: Miguel Ángel Russo

Uniform evolution

 * Notes

Kit manufacturers and jersey sponsors
Starting in 2022, all the clothing line is provided by Umbro.

Stadium
Rosario Central plays in the Gigante de Arroyito stadium, located in the confluence of Avellaneda Boulevard and Génova Avenue, in the Lisandro de la Torre neighborhood (popularly known as Arroyito), in north-east Rosario. It has an official capacity of 46,955 spectators.

The stadium was one of the venues chosen for the 1978 FIFA World Cup. In that tournament, all three-second-round games of the Argentine squad were played in the Gigante. Local hero Kempes enjoyed the support of the fans and went on to become the top scorer of the tournament. Besides, the Gigante de Arroyito was one of the venues for the 1987 Copa América, hosted by Argentina.

Nicknames
Central's common nickname is canallas ("rabble", "scoundrels", which is a rather mild insult in Argentina) because it is said that the club refused to play a charity match for a leprosy clinic in the 1920s; rival side Newell's acquired the leprosos (lepers) nickname when it did play in that event.

Another version states that in 1928 the Central supporters burned down some canvas near the Club Belgrano stadium (which Central had a strong rivalry). When the Belgrano supporters saw that, they started to shout to them: "You're scoundrels! Scoundrels!".

In January 2007, Roberto Fontanarrosa a Rosario native and a devout fan of the club, created a logo that revised the definition and spelling of Central's nickname. The new spelling he gave was canaya, because according to him, people from the city of Rosario use and pronounce the word with a "y" for the sole purpose of referring to the club fans.

Central is also known as La Academia (like the fellow Argentine team Racing Club) due to the number of players that become professional from the youth teams; but also to the number of consecutive titles that the club won in the Rosario's League (at an amateur level), in comparison to what Racing Club did in the Buenos Aires' League.

Supporters

Rosario Central's supporters are considered one of the most significant of Argentina. The Newspaper Olé was published last January 5, 2008 by a recent study realized by the English magazine UK Football. The same one, published that a ranking with the 50 most vibrant supporters of the world. The results were the following ones: as first, Milan represents the supporters of the AC, then that of Real Madrid, and third that of the Galatasaray of Turkey. Between the Argentinians that of Rosario Central turns out to be like first in the position 14, second that of River Plate in the position 20, third turn out to be the supporters of Boca Juniors in 23, and fourth that of Racing Club in the place number 48. It is provided also with certain proper rituals, as being the " Throwing of Towel ", on November 23 in recognition to the party that Rosario Central imposed on his rival for 4 on 0 and this one was considered finished to 11 minutes of the second half, is known as the day of the abandonment, or the celebration of the " Day of the Friend Canaya ", which is celebrated on July 19 (date of death of Roberto Fontanarrosa) and the most important, the celebration of the Little dove of Poy, who celebrates all on December 19 in different cities of the world, raised an order so that between to the book Guinness as the most celebrated goal of the history

In popular culture
Rosario Central has featured in many films, books, songs and plays. The club has also featured on several occasions in prose. Roberto Fontanarrosa's story 19 de diciembre de 1971 is about a fan who travels to Buenos Aires for a Semi-final match against Newell's Old Boys.

Celebrity fans include Alberto "El Negro" Olmedo, Rita la Salvaje, Libertad Lamarque, some writers such as Osvaldo Bayer and Roberto Fontanarrosa, and some musicians as well as Fito Páez, Juan Carlos Baglietto, Joaquín Sabina are all fans of the club.

Some of the films in which Club Atlético Rosario Central plays a leading role are: "Un crimen argentino" (An Argentinean Crime) by director Lucas Combina, based on a true story that took place in 1980 in Rosario, written by the Rosario journalist and writer Reynaldo Sietecase, there are references to the championship won that year by Rosario Central, and to the semi-finals with Newell's Old Boys played in the aforementioned national tournament. There are also references to the fans of Central in the film released in 2001 called Rosarigasinos (named after a slang used by the proletarian and lumpen sectors of the city in the 1920s and 30s).

Ernesto "Che" Guevara, a major figure of the Cuban Revolution, was a Rosario Central fan.

Current squad
.

Top scorers

 * Notes

Managers

 * 🇭🇺 György Orth (1945)
 * 🇺🇾 Hugo Bagnulo (1965)
 * 🇦🇷 Manuel Giúdice (1966)
 * 🇦🇷 Omar Sívori (1969–70)
 * 🇦🇷 Ángel Tulio Zof (1970–71)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Timoteo Griguol (1971), (1971)
 * 🇦🇷 Ángel Labruna (1971–72)
 * 🇦🇷 Ángel Tulio Zof (1972–73)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Timoteo Griguol (1973–75)
 * 🇺🇾 José Ricardo De León (1975)
 * 🇦🇷 José María Silvero (1976)
 * 🇦🇷 Alfio Basile (1976)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Timoteo Griguol (1977–78)
 * 🇦🇷 Ángel Tulio Zof (1979)
 * 🇦🇷 Roberto Saporiti (1980)
 * 🇦🇷 Ángel Tulio Zof (1980–82), (1982)
 * 🇦🇷 Aurelio Pascuttini (1984)
 * 🇦🇷 Ángel Tulio Zof (1986–87), (1987–90), (1991)
 * 🇦🇷 Vicente Cantatore (1993)
 * 🇦🇷 Ángel Tulio Zof (1995)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan José López (interim) (1995–96)
 * 🇦🇷 Ángel Tulio Zof (1996–97)
 * 🇦🇷 Miguel Ángel Russo (1997–98)
 * 🇦🇷 Edgardo Bauza (1998–01)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan José López (2001–02)
 * 🇦🇷 César Luis Menotti (July 1, 2002 – 15 Nov 2)
 * 🇦🇷 Miguel Ángel Russo (2002–04)
 * 🇦🇷 Hugo Galloni (2004)
 * 🇺🇾 Víctor Púa (July 1, 2004 – 23 Aug 4)
 * 🇦🇷 Ángel Tulio Zof (2004), (2005), (2005–06)
 * 🇦🇷 Hugo Galloni (2006)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Ischia (March 26, 2007 – 23 Oct 7)
 * 🇦🇷 Leonardo Madelón (July 1, 2007 – 30 June 8)
 * 🇦🇷 Pablo Sánchez (July 1, 2008 – 5 Oct 8)
 * 🇦🇷 Gustavo Alfaro (Oct 10, 2008 – 2 March 9)
 * 🇦🇷 Reinaldo Merlo (March 2, 2009 – 14 May 9)
 * 🇦🇷 Miguel Ángel Russo (April 17, 2009 – 13 July 2009)
 * 🇦🇷 Leonardo Madelón (March 28, 2010 – 30 June 10)
 * 🇦🇷 Reinaldo Merlo (July 5, 2010 – 24 Oct 10)
 * 🇦🇷 Héctor Rivoira (Oct 24, 2010 – 28 March 11)
 * 🇦🇷 Omar Palma (March 29, 2011 – 30 June 11)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Antonio Pizzi (July 1, 2011 – 5 July 12)
 * 🇦🇷 Miguel Ángel Russo (6 July 2012–14)
 * 🇦🇷 Hugo Galloni (2014)
 * 🇦🇷 Eduardo Coudet (2015–2016)
 * 🇺🇾 Paolo Montero (2017)
 * 🇦🇷 Leonardo Fernández (2017–2018)
 * 🇦🇷 Edgardo Bauza (2018–2019)
 * 🇦🇷 Diego Cocca (2019–2020)
 * 🇦🇷 Kily González (2020–2022)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Tevez (2022)
 * 🇦🇷 Miguel Ángel Russo (2023–present)

Leagues

 * Primera División (4): 1971 Nacional, 1973 Nacional, 1980 Nacional, 1986–87
 * Copa de la Liga Profesional (1): 2023
 * Primera B Nacional (1): 2012–13
 * Primera B (3): 1942, 1951, 1985

Cups

 * Copa de Competencia La Nación (FAF) (1): 1913
 * Copa Ibarguren (1): 1915
 * Copa de Honor MCBA (1): 1916
 * Copa de Competencia Jockey Club (1): 1916
 * Copa de Competencia (AAmF) (1): 1920
 * Copa Argentina (1): 2018

International

 * Copa Conmebol (1): 1995

Regional

 * Liga Rosarina:
 * Copa Nicasio Vila (10): 1908, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1919, 1923, 1927, 1928, 1930
 * Copa Damas de Caridad (4): 1910, 1914, 1915, 1916
 * Copa Estímulo (1): 1922
 * Federación Rosarina (1): 1913
 * Asociación Amateurs Rosarina (2): 1920, 1921
 * Asociación Rosarina de Fútbol:
 * Torneo Luciano Molinas (2): 1937, 1938
 * Torneo Preparación (1): 1936
 * Torneo Hermenegildo Ivancich (1): 1937
 * Federación Santafersina de Fútbol:
 * Copa Santa Fe (1): 2017

 * Notes:

title: Rosario Central


text:
Cyclopentadienyl complex

A cyclopentadienyl complex is a coordination complex of a metal and cyclopentadienyl groups (, abbreviated as Cp−). Cyclopentadienyl ligands almost invariably bind to metals as a pentahapto (η5-) bonding mode. The metal–cyclopentadienyl interaction is typically drawn as a single line from the metal center to the center of the Cp ring.

Examples
Biscyclopentadienyl complexes are called metallocenes. A famous example of this type of complex is ferrocene (FeCp2), which has many analogues for other metals, such as chromocene (CrCp2), cobaltocene (CoCp2), and nickelocene (NiCp2). When the Cp rings are mutually parallel the compound is known as a sandwich complex. This area of organometallic chemistry was first developed in the 1950s. Bent metallocenes are represented by compounds of the type [MCp2Lx]. Some are catalysts for ethylene polymerization. Metallocenes are often thermally stable, and find use as catalysts in various types of reactions.

Mixed-ligand Cp complexes containing Cp ligand and one or more other ligands. They are more numerous. One widely studied example is the Fp dimer, (Cp2Fe2(CO)4). Monometallic compounds featuring only one Cp ring are often known as half sandwich compounds or as piano stool compounds, one example being methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl (CpMn(CO)3).

Bonding modes
All 5 carbon atoms of a Cp ligand are bound to the metal in the vast majority of M–Cp complexes. This bonding mode is called η5-coordination. The M–Cp bonding arises from overlap of the five π molecular orbitals of the Cp ligand with the s, p, and d orbitals on the metal. These complexes are referred to as π-complexes. Almost all of the transition metals employ this coordination mode.

In relatively rare cases, Cp binds to metals via only one carbon center. These types of interactions are described as σ-complexes because they only have a σ bond between the metal and the cyclopentadienyl group. Typical examples of this type of complex are group 14 metal complexes such as CpSiMe3. An example of both is (Cp2Fe(CO)2). It is probable that η1-Cp complexes are intermediates in the formation of η5-Cp complexes.

Still rarer, the Cp unit can bond to the metal via three carbons. In these η3-Cp complexes, the bonding resembles that in allyl ligands. Such complexes, sometimes called "slipped Cp complexes", are invoked as intermediates in ring slipping reactions.

Moreover, inverse sandwich compounds with the "metal–Cp–metal" structures are known.

Synthesis of Cp complexes
The compounds are generally prepared by salt metathesis reactions of alkali-metal cyclopentadienyl compounds with transition metal chlorides. Sodium cyclopentadienide (NaCp) and lithium cyclopentadienide are commonly used. Trimethylsilylcyclopentadiene cyclopentadienylthallium (CpTl) are alternative sources. For the preparation of some particularly robust complexes, e.g. nickelocene, cyclopentadiene is employed in the presence of a conventional base such as KOH. When only a single Cp ligand is installed, the other ligands typically carbonyl, halogen, alkyl, and hydride.

Most Cp complexes are prepared by substitution of preformed Cp complexes by replacement of halide, CO, and other simple ligands.

Ansa Cp ligands
A pair of cyclopentadienyl ligands can be covalently linked giving rise to so-call ansa metallocenes. The angle between the two Cp rings is fixed. Rotation of the rings about the metal-centroid axis is stopped as well. A related class of derivatives give rise to the constrained geometry complexes. In these cases, a Cp ligand as linked to a non-Cp ligand. Such complexes have been commercialized for the production of polypropylene.

Bulky Cp ligands
Pentamethylcyclopentadiene gives rise to pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*) complexes. These ligands are more basic and more lipophilic. Replacing methyl groups with larger substituents results in cyclopentadienes that are so encumbered that pentaalkyl derivatives are no longer possible. Well-studied ligands of this type include C5R4H− (R = iso-Pr) and 1,2,4-C5R3H2− (R = tert-Bu).

Constrained geometry complexes
Constrained geometry complexes are related to ansa-metallocenes except that one ligand is not Cp-related.

Applications
Cp metal complexes are mainly used as stoichiometric reagents in chemical research. Ferrocenium reagents are oxidants. Cobaltocene is a strong, soluble reductant.

Derivatives of Cp2TiCl2 and Cp2ZrCl2 are the basis of some reagents in organic synthesis. Upon treatment with aluminoxane, these dihalides give catalysts for olefin polymerization. Such species are called Kaminsky-type catalysts.

title: Cyclopentadienyl complex


text:
Kenyatta International Convention Centre

The Kenyatta International Convention Centre (KICC), formerly the Kenyatta International Conference Centre, is a 32-story building located in Nairobi, Kenya. The KICC is located in the City Square of Nairobi, and is a crucial address for a number of Government offices, including those of recently elected Senators.

The KICC is ranked as one of the top places to hold conferences on the continent. After completion, the building held the rank of the tallest building in Nairobi up until the construction of Teleposta Towers. The building has since then ceded its position as the tallest tower to a host of other newer projects including the UAP Old Mutual Tower, Times Tower and the Britam Tower, which is the tallest building in Nairobi as of 2020.

History
The Kenyatta International Conference Centre, locally known as the "KICC", was commissioned by Mzee Jomo Kenyatta, the first President of the Republic of Kenya, in 1967. It was designed by Karl Henrik Nøstvik architect with David Mutiso. The construction was carried out by contractors Solel Boneh & Factah. This was done in three phases. Phase I was the construction of the podium, Phase II consisted of the main tower and Phase III involved the Plenary. Construction was completed in 1973, with the opening ceremony occurring in September 1973 presided over by President Kenyatta. The KICC was then made a State Corporation established under the Tourism Act in 2011, which came into operation on 1 September 2012. Whereas the centre is known as a leading meeting venue in Nairobi, its national mandate following the Act became to nurture and promote the country as a destination most preferred for business travel and MICE tourism. M.I.C.E has been recognized as one of the four key products to be developed under the Kenya Vision 2030.

In September 2013, as the complex celebrated its 40th anniversary, it was renamed to the Kenyatta International Convention Centre.

General
The KICC currently stands as the ninth tallest building in Kenya, reaching a height of just over 105 metres. It succeeded the Hilton Nairobi as the tallest building in Kenya, a position it held for 26 years before being surpassed by Teleposta Tower. The tower consists of 32 floors, including a revolving restaurant which offers panoramic views of the city, rotating 360° in 76 minutes. The building's light terracotta façade reflects traditional African architecture, as does the use of simple solid shapes- cuboids make up the Plenary hall, the tower consists of a cylinder composed of several cuboids and the amphitheatre and helipad both resemble cones.

There are several well-equipped conference and meeting rooms with the largest having a capacity over 6,000 delegates. The KICC is equipped with Simultaneous Interpretation Equipment with a capability of up to seven languages, a modern business centre, a banking facility, tour and travel services, expansive grounds and ample and secure parking. It is often depicted as an icon of Nairobi.

Up until the 1980s, there was a 'revolving restaurant' atop the KICC that was popular with politicians and the elite, but years of neglect literally brought it to a halt, though concerted efforts in 2012 to revive it were somewhat short lived. The 148-seater restaurant has a revolving mortar programmed to make approximately one revolution in 76 minutes.

The Amphitheatre
At the amphitheatre "heritage and modernity meet". It is designed for medium-sized convening, 800 sittings on three balconies surrounding the auditorium, brings to life and control any serious business meeting. It is equipped with SIE Booths, full logic recording facilities, state of the art public address system and sound proofing.

Tsavo Ballroom
The largest conference chamber of its kind in East Africa, the plenary is fortified with sound proof grey stone, deep natural wood and lofty ceilings. It caters for large international meetings, exhibitions and grand balls, and has a capacity of 5000 people. It is equipped with Advanced Sound Amplification & recording systems, Wireless Simultaneous interpretation Equipment (up to 7 languages) booths, and observer galleries. Its high ceilings were made for elaborate décor, hosting banners and other promotional materials.

Courtyard
This is a paved 75 square meter courtyard surrounding the 1971 statue of Kenyatta by James Butler. The courtyard was designed as a respite for those attending conferences and includes gardens, pools and geyser fountains. Numerous flag poles and balconies in the courtyard are fashioned to host promotional identities.