text:
Talk:Oera Linda Book

Yeah I know it was a hack job but I wanted to get something up since I was shocked there was no article :)

Indeed!
th No kidding... considering how popular this nonsense text is becoming once again, especially amongst misguided modern heathens/asatruar, it needs some outlining.

I shall see if I can add a few more lines to it. :)

Could you try to get some sources to the question about lack of carbon dating, this is the most obvious missing piece --JC 92.41.71.16 (talk)

 * How would that help? It's a 19th century book. Dougweller (talk) 10:50, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

Initial editing completed.
My own editing of the article is also quite rough in form, but it adds more on the content of the text itself. When I have some free time, I shall add some quotes from the text as well as links and other references to academic journal articles and books dealing with the Oera Linda hoax; for and against, if I can find anything remotely useful in the 'for' category. ;)

Date links?
Is there a reason all the dates appear to have links to non-existent Wikipedia articles? I'm new to this and I don't want to edit if there is some convention that requires them. Melangell 06:56, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

In "Hoax" category
Interesting how everyone here claims it a hoax, when it has been stated elsewhere that there has never been any actual proof that it is a forgery. --75.2.22.184 11:45, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * So you're suggesting that claims it is a hoax are not NPOV? Robert Brockway 12:11, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Differentiating claims that it is a hoax and stating it is verifiably a hoax are quite different things. The first is called for, until it is proven a hoax, or the hoax accusations become something historical rather than contemporary. As Mylita says just below, the book calls for consideration of its claims. --Chr.K. 00:57, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

The evidence that this book is not a hoax is not to be sniffed at, especially as found in Wilkins's book, which I cited. It should be noted that this evidence has absolutely nothing to do with "Neo-Nazis" or white supremacists, and I do not think that prominently displaying that theme is particularly sophisticated. Have you even read the book? I am certain you have not read Wilkins's arguments in favor of its authenticity.--Mylitta 03:52, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Atlantis
On the sentence about Atlantis: "It also mentions Atlantis under the name of "Atland," which was supposedly submerged in 2194 BCE".

Comment to last statement: It does not mention Atlantis under the name Atland, Atland means "Old Land" and several modern theorist believe that it could be in reference to Atlantis. Comment unsigned attached by 216.106.93.239

BCE/BC
The style guide is clear on this "Either CE and BCE or AD and BC can be used—spaced, undotted (without periods) and upper-case. Choose either the BC-AD or the BCE-CE system, but not both in the same article. AD appears before or after a year (AD 1066, 1066 AD); the other abbreviations appear after (1066 CE, 3700 BCE, 3700 BC). The absence of such an abbreviation indicates the default, CE-AD. It is inappropriate for a Wikipedia editor to change from one style to another unless there is some substantial reason for the change; the Manual of Style favors neither system over the other." This article was started with BCE and AD in its first version, but then AD was dropped. My conclusion is that the style should be BCE/CE (I've reverted changes the other way around when I've found articles starting with AD).--Doug Weller (talk) 18:28, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

Frya
The article has recently been changed to say " Frya (the Frisian equivalent of the Norse Freyja)" - the only source for this I can find is the Oera Linda, if no one can find a reliable source for this I'm reverting.--Doug Weller (talk) 18:32, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Frya is the Frisian language equivalent of Freyja, just as Frija is the Dutch equivalent. Why is this a problem? TharkunColl (talk) 23:15, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

2193 or 2194 BC
The Oera Linda Book dates the submergence of Atland, in its very first section (the letter of Hidde), as 2194 BC. It says that AD 1256 is 3449 years after the sinking of Atland. 1256 - 3449 = -2193. -2193 is 2194 BC, because there is no year zero. Similar mistakes have occurred in many articles on Wikipedia, such as the ages of Augustus, Tiberius, Claudius, etc. (i.e. those whose lives straddled the BC/AD epoch), which I have corrected when I see them. TharkunColl (talk) 11:40, 14 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Well don't correct this one as it's referenced, it is from Jensma. And as you don't know the assumptions made by the authors of the Oera Linda and the Dutch almanacs, any such calculations are OR.--Doug Weller (talk) 12:18, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I think it's the other way round. The authors may well have intended 2193 BC, which would be pretty amusing if they had made such a mistake - but unfortunately we don't know and therefore it's OR. The calculation of the date as given by the book itself is not OR - it's just a date. TharkunColl (talk) 12:23, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The book says "Written at Liudwerd, in the year 3449 after Atland was submerged - that is, according to the Christian reckoning, the year 1256.", so you have to make an assumption to get either 21943 or 2194 about whether the authors used a year 0, right? But the date I gave was from Jensma, which is why I say you shouldn't revert it.--Doug Weller (talk) 12:28, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The point is though that we don't use a year zero, so whatever year the authors intended, it is definitely the year that we call 2194. TharkunColl (talk) 12:30, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * And I've left 2194 in earlier. But the Jensma referenced bit should stand.--Doug Weller (talk) 12:34, 14 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Because, to change it or even say it's wrong (the Jensma bit), you'd have to 'create a fact' about the usage, or not, of a Year 0, or at least assume one, and that would be OR. Doug Weller (talk) 12:43, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Many calendars are routinely converted to ours in Wikipedia and this is not classed as OR - it's just our way of expressing exactly the same info. It may well be that the authors were assuming a year zero, or maybe were just ignorant, but what we can say with absolute certainty is that on our calendar, the statement in the letter of Hidde yields a date of 2194 BC. If Jensma gives a different date, shouldn't we at least point out that he is actually talking about the year that we call 2194 BC? For example if someone gave Caesar's assssination as 43 BC, rather than 44 BC, a similar comment should also be necessary, if only to avoid confusion. TharkunColl (talk) 12:54, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

>100 years gap in logic
According to Jensma, Haverschmidt intended the Oera Linda Book as a parody of the Christian Bible. An article in late 2007 by Goffe Jensma says that the three authors of translation intended it "to be a temporary hoax to fool some nationalist Frisians and orthodox Christians and as an experiential exemplary exercise in reading the Holy Bible in a non-fundamentalist, symbolical way." However, ignoring clues that it was a forgery, it was taken seriously by J.G. Ottema and achieved (in 1876) popularity for the reasons given above. Its creators felt unable to admit that they had written it, and it became the foundation for a new belief. Jensma concludes his article by saying "It is a perfect irony that a book written to unmask the Holy Bible as a book of human making was to become a bible itself."
 * We shouldn't even be trying to explain Jensma or Ottema, we look to reliable sources for that. Please read WP:OR. And don't just delete cited text because you disagree with it. Dougweller (talk) 07:18, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

I find it hard to believe that anyone took this as "genuine" even in the 1800s. I suppose there were cranks and fools then as now, but just as tend to disregard contemporary crackpots under WP:DUE, I find it difficult to believe that people who thought this was in any way "genuine" back in the 1870s carry any sort of weight. To anyone with half an education and half a brain this must have been as obvious back in 1870 as it is now. --dab (𒁳) 08:44, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

 * To who you booth D talking, or just talking? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.90.197.244 (talk) 08:53, 10 September 2010 (UTC)
 * To one another? Do they all talk like you in Illinois, or is this a Neolithic Frisian accent? --dab (𒁳) 09:33, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

Any good academic texts on this work?
I'm just enquiring to see whether anyone knows of any academic texts in the English language that discuss this work in any detail? Many thanks. (Midnightblueowl (talk) 19:21, 14 September 2010 (UTC))

Oera Linda Book's authenticity
Perhaps you should have a look at the book reviews on Survivors of the Great Tsunami on Amazon.com. The book is an in-depth historical, archaeological and scientific investigation into the Oera Linda Book and has nothing to do with the paranormal or any esoteric ideas. One reviewer labeled the investigation as: The Most Important Contemporary Contribution to Our Understanding of History.

You may also wish to look at Jacques Fermaut's Website (French):

http://home.nordnet.fr/~jacfermaut/pointdevueheemstra02.html

Fermaut translated the Oera Linda Book into French and has this to say (Google Translation):

''The Oera Linda Book experienced a turning point in 2010. The South African Alewyn J. Raubenheimer has indeed published a remarkable book which surpasses everything that preceded it: Survivors of the Great Tsunami''.

And,

''Raubenheimer paints a convincing and well illustrated (picture) with various maps of the Frisian confederation to which humanity owes so much, and the disasters, including natural, which led to its decline. It thus adds to the history of Europe and makes a remarkable chapter in the Oera Linda Book's legitimacy''. ```` -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Transvaler (talk  o  contribs) 07:02, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Nevertheless, it's lacking in basic historical and linguistic plausibility in a number of respects... AnonMoos (talk) 08:23, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Transvaler (talk  o  contribs) 15:03, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

Some points to consider:

1.	The Oera Linda Book (OLB) accurately describes the 4.2 ka BP Event (4.2 kilo annum Before Present [1950]) which was discovered by scientists more than a century after the book surfaced. How could a 19th century author have known this?

2.	The OLB mentions the fall of Homeric Troy in ca 1188 BC. Archaeologists established some 130 years after the OLB surfaced that Troy VIIa was destroyed by warfare in 1188 BC. In the 19th century the Legend of Troy was still regarded as a myth. How could a 19th century author have known this?

3.	The OLB relates how the Frisian Sea King (admiral) Minnos and his crew settled on Crete in ca 1600 BC. Archaeologists discovered the Palace of Knossos and the Minoan Civilization in the 20th century. They tell us that these Minoans had a matriarchal system of government (as per the OLB) and that the Minoan civilization peaked in ca 1600 BC during the Neopalatial Period (MMIII). In the 19th century nobody even knew that a Minoan Civilization ever existed.

The list goes on and on. The real hoax is that the OLB is a hoax. The adherents of the Hoax Theory have not come up with a single verifiable fact to support their stance, nor have they been able to identify the so-called culprit(s). The main suspects such as Haverscmidt, Over de Linden and Verwijs all left letters wherein they denied having written the book. For some strange reason these are all ignored. These letters can be viewed at Tresoar in Leeuwarden, Netherlands.

The OLB is first and foremost a history book and not a New Age or occultist "Bible" as some would have us believe. What better way to discredit this very important historical document.

"Survivors of the Great Tsunami" is a scholarly investigation into the OLB and proves beyond reasonable doubt that the OLB is authentic and that all the historical facts in the OLB are more than plausible. ```` -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Transvaler (talk o  contribs) 14:57, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Two points:
 * 1. Survivors of the Great Tsunami is self-published and can't be used in the article.
 * 2. This is not a forum to discuss whether the Oer Linda is a hoax. -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Dougweller (talk  o  contribs) 16:33, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

2021

 * i don't get it. isnt the question whether these arguments are /good/ or not the real question here? whether the book is /in the system/ or not seems redundant to me. I guess wikipedia isnt good enough... because argument from authority is the know-nothings way to truth. Furthermore, i don't see any citations for the claims that since there were one more scholar(so important that they dont even have wikipedia pages which should tell you something) that didnt support the claim for authenticity, that therefore the document is a forgery. Can someone tell me exactly how wikipedia determines truth because all i see is most of the scholars supporting the document's authenticity have wikipedia pages while the ones who don't, don't. Furthermore the scholars going against its authenticity uses rhetoric while the ones supporting it's autheticity uses arguments... I understand wikipedia have a set set of sources its considers "Truth" and i probably can't change that, but where is the wikipedia policy that says that since x amount of scholars say it is a fraud against y amount of scholars saying it is not a fraud; it is a fraud. ? - anon 13:34, 7 June 2021 80.213.192.60

 * If we had to count scholars, then that would be something which was part of a legitimate scholarly controversy. That's not the case with the Oera Linda Book -- there are a few enthusiasts who support its factuality, while reliable sources overwhelmingly do not. AnonMoos (talk) 14:38, 7 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia does not "determine truth", only verifiability. See WP:TRUTH. --Hob Gadling (talk) 05:13, 12 September 2021 (UTC)

Evidence of hoax/forgery?
The current article mentions several times that the book is a hoax/parody/forgery. The sources (from the article) which I have been able to check do not go in to detail about why the book is a hoax. A couple mention three different writers. The 2007 quote by Goffe Jensma (which is in the article) comes to the conclusion that it was a temporary hoax to fool nationalist Frisians and Orthodox Christians. This is a pretty bold assumption considering the original author(s) never confessed to a hoax/forgery and is/are now long dead. He also claimed earlier it was a parody of the bible. Is Goffe Jensma a reliable source?

The book contains a lengthy sea-faring account of warring involving Egypt, Phoenicia, and the Aegean Sea coupled with an Earth catastrophe. At one point afterwards, it parallels a portion of the Story of Wenamun (which hadn't been discovered at the time). For a forgery, it seems to have one of the most extensive descriptions of the Sea Peoples invasion and Bronze Age Collapse period. Considering much of what we know about that event had not been discovered to be translated, it must have been forged from a legit source. That's original research and I know this is not a forum, my point is the present article claims in several places the book is a hoax/parody/forgery without giving a reason. I have not found credible reasons elsewhere to incorporate into the article. The present consensus is the book is a hoax with no reason given other than assumption by a few sources. I have a general idea how Wikipedia works and if there is no reliable source stating otherwise it can't be incorporated into the article.

The 19th century section claims the authenticity was debated in the 1870s and by 1879 it was widely considered a forgery. No explanation is given. As a reader I would be interested in knowing the reasoning behind the forgery claims. The 19th century, for example, was still a time period when the bible was considered by some to be history. It also says Gerhardus Ottema believed it was written an Old Frisian. Has this been verified? As a reader I would be interested in knowing if the writing was modern or classical, if the type of paper or ink was modern or classical, etc. Things like that which could verify it as a hoax. I've searched for these myself and have come across unsourced claims, nothing that could be added to the article.

The Nazi section says the book was nicknamed 'Himmler's Bible' due to his obsession. The source is in German and OCR'd so I was only able to follow along with a very rough translation. Now I could be very wrong due to the translation on my end but I didn't see the book referred to as "Himmler's Bible" in the source other than it being the title used for the article discussing the panel.

Lastly, the contents section has an unsourced sentence claiming the book has the first known example of theosophy-stlye root races. Besides the sentence being unsourced, there doesn't appear to be anything like theosophy root races in the Oera Linda Book. No ethereal Hyperborean races reproducing by budding or evolving to lay eggs, etc. associated with root races — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.14.61.9 (talk) 17:46, 26 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Goffe Jensma is a Professor of Frisian language and literature and is a reliable source. You might want to try to read what he's written about the Oera Linda as that might help with your questions.
 * I've removed the root race and Blavatsky stuff, unsourced for 2 years.
 * We need a German speaker to answer your Himmler's Bible question, there must be several - there's a category for German speaking editors I'll bet. Dougweller (talk) 18:13, 26 September 2012 (UTC)
 * There are many highly respectable people calling the Bible a hoax. Do we slander that page with hoax labels? This is very POV. Bataaf van Oranje (talk) 13:23, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
 * We go by what the sources say. Sources that clearly meet WP:RS refer to this as a hoax. What would break our WP:NPOV policy is not making clear that the mainstream considers it a hoax. Note that words such as 'slander' have legal implications and shouldn't be used, see WP:NLT. Doug Weller (talk) 14:04, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I know of no "respectable people" who have said that the bible is a hoax. Almost every qualified scholar says that this is. Paul B (talk) 14:36, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
 * There's no controversy about the status of the Oera Linda Book as a hoax outside of a handful of sad corners of the internet. It's a very obvious and straightforward hoax to anyone with a background in ancient Germanic studies—so much so that it's clear that the manufacturers had no such background. I don't see what anything else has to do with that fact. :bloodofox: (talk) 07:24, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

Intro
Error in introduction: "De gemaskerde god ("the masked god"), including a new translation" - this work from 2004 does not include translation. Translation was published separately in 2006 as "Het Oera Linda-boek. Facsimile - Transcriptie - Vertaling"; ISBN 90-6550-841-4 / can someone change this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:62:5E3A:37C5:11D2:A74E:C2BD:3666 (talk) 14:42, 1 November 2014 (UTC)

Category hoaxes
I've restored the category - we use them as navigational aids, and there's enough evidence that it was a hoax to enable people looking for hoaxes by category to find this article. Doug Weller (talk) 14:00, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't Category:Literary forgeries be more specific in this case?--Ymblanter (talk) 07:05, 12 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Can we use both? Doug Weller (talk) 07:18, 12 July 2015 (UTC)
 * We can, but Literary forgeries is a subcat of Literary Hoaxes which is a subcat of Hoaxes.--Ymblanter (talk) 07:24, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

Lead is a summary of the article
Removing 'hoax' from the lead breaks both WP:NPOV and WP:LEAD. Doug Weller (talk) 14:14, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

Forgery or Fiction
I wonder about this word forgery, as if the creators of this book were trying to pawn off their creation as the real Oera Linda, while all the while they knew the real version was in the desk at home! That's what a forgery is, an attempt to pass off a copy as the real thing. If you replace "forgery" with "work of fiction" the intended (I hope) meaning is more clear. E.g. Most scholars think Oera Linda is a work of fiction. Hoax is an alternative to forgery, assuming we know the intention of the author, who isn't even known.173.173.20.99 (talk) 03:13, 6 April 2016 (UTC)

 * If it was mainly intended as a work of fiction, then the author would have been expected to write in a language he actually spoke, and submit it to a magazine, or whatever. An attempt to present it as an old manuscript in an old language tips the scales towards hoax... AnonMoos (talk) 01:46, 25 December 2016 (UTC)

 * While I certainly believe it is a forgery it is notable that some works of fiction are presented as being authentic for the purchases of entertainment. These works do contain information (such as a relevant notice) that shows them to be works of fiction.  An example would be the Handbook for Space Pioneers which purports to be an aid for anyone considering emigrating from Earth to one of eight colonisable planets. Robert Brockway (talk) 04:43, 12 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Hoax status doesn't derive from being in a fictional universe, but from the author's intention to artificially manufacture plausibility (i.e. to try to get other people to believe something which is not an abstract spiritual revelation, but an assertion about things which did or did not happen in the real world). AnonMoos (talk) 14:31, 7 June 2021 (UTC)

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Reception before contents?
Most works on Wikipedia follow a "contents, then reception" model. You may argue this is done to drive home that this is a hoax or something, but the ontro already does a good job of that, so this just feels repetitive. 87.223.3.46 (talk) 19:32, 10 November 2018 (UTC)

 * It's really only notable because of its reception. There's a (very) brief summary of its contents in the lead. I think that the sequence works here although I agree it isn't usual. Doug Weller  talk 19:55, 10 November 2018 (UTC)

Neutral Observer
I came to this page to learn about the contents of the Oera Linda book. All I see is paragraphs upon paragraphs asserting that it is not an authentic piece of history. This is a worthless article for someone like me who is interested in learning about the subject. It is very obvious that there are politics and bias at play here and I am disgusted by this article as someone who is interested purely in knowledge. -- 04:09, 10 September 2021 2601:602:681:2da0:70c8:96f8:94ea:7c3a

 * We build our articles on what reliable sources say about the subject. You seem to have come here with a preconceived idea that it's history. If you want to know the contents of the book, read it. Doug Weller  talk 15:04, 11 September 2021 (UTC)

 * 2601:602:681:2da0:70c8:96f8:94ea:7c3a -- It depends on whether you want knowledge or pseudo-knowledge. There is an English-language translation of the book available on-line (or was the last time I looked into it). AnonMoos (talk) 23:10, 11 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oera Linda Book


text:
Fernand Point

Fernand Point (, 25 February 1897 – 4 March 1955) was a French chef and restaurateur who is considered the father of modern French cuisine. He founded the restaurant La Pyramide in Vienne near Lyon.

Early life
Point was born in Louhans, Saône-et-Loire, France. His family kept an inn where he started cooking when he was ten. He moved to Paris and worked at some of its best restaurants before working with Paul Bocuse's father at the in Évian-les-Bains.

Career
He had received his training with Foyot in Paris, the Bristol Hotel, Paris, the Majestic in Cannes, and the Royal Hotel in Évian-les-Bains. In 1922, he and his family moved to Vienne, a city in southeast France near Lyon, and opened a restaurant. Two years later his father left the restaurant to Fernand, who renamed it La Pyramide.

Point opened Restaurant de la Pyramide when he was 24, about 20 mi south of Lyon in the town of Vienne. The restaurant was awarded three Michelin stars.

Ma Gastronomie
His book Ma Gastronomie was first published in French in 1969. The book includes 200 recipes based on Point's notes. The chef Charlie Trotter described Point's Ma Gastronomie as the most important cookbook.

Publications

 * Point, Fernand (2008) Ma Gastronomie, Rookery Press. ISBN 978-1-58567-961-4

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fernand Point


text:
Talk:Culture of Spain/to do

Introduction (need some text, not just a list)

title: Talk:Culture of Spain/to do


text:
Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School

Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Warren Zevon. The album was released on February 15, 1980, by Elektra Records. Three singles were released from the album, one of which charted: "A Certain Girl" (a cover of a song previously recorded by Ernie K-Doe and the Yardbirds) reached No. 57 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was Zevon's second and final hit on that chart.

The album was dedicated to Ken Millar (1915–1983), popularly known as mystery writer Ross Macdonald, who had assisted Zevon in fighting through substance abuse addiction and successfully completing related treatment.

Critical reception
Record World said of the single "Gorilla, You're a Desperado" that "Zevon paints a picturesque fantasy of LA upper middle class absurdity."

Track listing
All songs written by Warren Zevon, unless otherwise indicated.

Personnel

 * Warren Zevon – organ, synthesizer, bass guitar, guitar, harmonica, piano, strings, keyboards, vocals
 * Jorge Calderón – guitar on "A Certain Girl"; backing vocals on "Jungle Work"
 * David Lindley – lap steel on "Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School" and "Play It All Night Long"; guitar on "Wild Age"
 * Rick Marotta – percussion, drums, vocals, bells, Syndrums

 * Additional personnel
 * The Sid Sharp Strings – strings
 * Jackson Browne – guitar, slide guitar on "Gorilla, You're a Desperado"; backing vocals on "A Certain Girl", "Play It All Night Long" and "Gorilla, You're a Desperado"
 * Don Felder – guitar on "A Certain Girl"
 * Glenn Frey – harmony vocals on "Bill Lee" and "Wild Age"
 * Don Henley – harmony vocals on "Wild Age" and "Gorilla, You're a Desperado"
 * Ben Keith – pedal steel guitar on "Bed of Coals"
 * Linda Ronstadt – descant on "Empty-Handed Heart"; backing vocals on "Bed of Coals"
 * Leland Sklar – bass guitar
 * J.D. Souther – backing vocals on "Gorilla, You're a Desperado" and "Bed of Coals"
 * Waddy Wachtel – lead guitar on "A Certain Girl"; guitar on "Empty-Handed Heart"
 * Joe Walsh – lead guitar on "Jungle Work" and "Jeannie Needs a Shooter"
 * Technical
 * Ernie Sheesley, Niko Bolas, Serge Reyes – engineers
 * Jimmy Wachtel – cover
 * George Gruel, Jimmy Wachtel, Michael Curtis – photography

title: Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School


text:
Talk:Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School

What happened to the commentary pages on individual songs? I came here looking for the page on the song 'Play it All Night Long' for some research, there was a relatively good history on why the song was written. Why delete things for no reason? 76.172.11.202 (talk) 14:47, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School


text: Category:Ukrainian artists

title: Category:Ukrainian artists


text:
Anil Biswas (politician)

Anil Biswas (2 March 1944 – 26 March 2006), often referred to as Keru, was an Indian communist politician. He was the secretary of the West Bengal State Committee of Communist Party of India (Marxist) and member of the party's politburo beginning in 1998 until his death in 2006.

Early life
Biswas born in a peasant family of Darermath village near Karimpur, Nadia district. While in high school he was attracted to the Left movement in the area. in 1961 he joined the Krishnagar Government College and came under the influence of Marxist leaders like Harinarayan Adhikari and Dinesh Mazumdar and also became an active member of the Students' Federation of India. He was a student leader in College elections. After taking an Honours degree in political science, he shifted to Kolkata to pursue his academic career.

Politics
He became the full-fledged party member of the CPI(M) in 1965. In the same year he was arrested under the Defence of India Rules 1962 and was imprisoned for 11 months. From jail custody he completed the master's degree in political science. In 1969 he became a whole timer of the party and joined Ganashakti as a reporter. Biswas' close association with Ganashakti continued until 1998 and it was during his editorship the newspaper reached the height of circulation. Anil Biswas became member of the Central Committee of the party in the year of 1985. In 1998 he took charge of the General secretary of the State committee and also became a member of the Polit Bureau. He was mentored by Pramod Dasgupta.

He was the editor of Marxbadi Path (The Road of the Marxist), the theoretical quarterly in West Bengal.

He was known to be a deft strategist and the brain behind the party's important decisions in West Bengal politics. In one of his genius decisions, he influenced the party to name Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee as Chief Minister of West Bengal replacing Jyoti Basu before the 2000 West Bengal Legislative Assembly Elections. This was a strategically shrewd decision because people of West Bengal were frustrated by the same Chief Minister for more than 20 years. It got the Left front a huge victory in spite of strong opposition from Mamata Banerjee's TMC. Because of Anil Biswas' organized election tactics as the State General Secretary in the 2006 West Bengal Assembly Election, the opposition reduced to significantly small number of seats. He used to manage the media and the ground-workers so well that he knew the pulse of the general public in and out. It is largely believed that the demise of Anil Biswas and other important ground-leaders such as Subhas Chakraborty paved the way for the opposition to come into power replacing the Left Front.

Death
He died on 26 March 2006 after being hospitalised by a brain haemorrhage on 18 March. His body was donated to NRS Medical College and Hospital according to his last wishes. He is survived by his wife Gita and daughter Ajanta.

title: Anil Biswas (politician)


text:
Joseph Alioto

Joseph Lawrence Alioto (February 12, 1916 – January 29, 1998) was an American politician who served as the 36th mayor of San Francisco, California, from 1968 to 1976.

Biography
Alioto was born in San Francisco in 1916. His father, Giuseppe Alioto, was a Sicilian immigrant who owned and operated several fish processing companies. His mother, Domenica Mae Lazio, was born in San Francisco. His parents met on a fishing boat while escaping the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.

Education
He attended Sacred Heart High School (presently Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory). He graduated with honors from St. Mary's College, Moraga, California, in 1937 and from law school at The Catholic University of America with honors in 1940.

Law practice
Alioto worked for the Antitrust Division of the Justice Department and then for the Board of Economic Warfare. He returned to San Francisco after World War II and started an antitrust practice, representing Walt Disney and Samuel Goldwyn, among others, eventually becoming a millionaire. He was on the briefs in Radovich v. National Football League and argued Continental Ore Co. v. Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., 370 U.S. 690 (1962), an antitrust landmark, and Utah Pie Co. v. Continental Baking Co., 386 U.S. 685 (1967), all three Supreme Court of the United States cases. In Radovich, the Supreme Court held that professional football, unlike baseball, was subject to antitrust laws. Continental Ore is one of the most comprehensive and important antitrust cases ever decided by the Supreme Court.

In 1980, he represented Al Davis and the Oakland Raiders in a landmark antitrust case entitled Los Angeles Coliseum Commission v. The NFL. The case established the right of football franchises to move to football markets throughout the United States without the approval of other franchise owners. In 1993, he represented his father-in-law Billy Sullivan in his lawsuit against the NFL. The court ruled that Sullivan was forced by the league to sell his team at below market value and awarded him $114 million.

Early government career
Alioto served on the San Francisco Board of Education from 1948 to 1954; and in 1955, he served as the first Chairman of the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency.

Mayoralty
Alioto signed on as campaign finance chairman for the mayoral candidacy of California State Senator J. Eugene McAteer in the 1967 San Francisco mayoral election. When McAteer collapsed and died while playing a game of handball, Alioto entered the race. John Shelley, the incumbent, bowed out, allegedly because of poor health but probably because Alioto was more pro-development than Shelley; additionally, Shelley was expected to lose a re-match against his 1963 opponent, Republican Harold Dobbs. Alioto defeated Dobbs, 44.2%-37.8%, in an 18-candidate field. He would be reelected in 1971.

Alioto delivered the speech nominating Hubert Humphrey at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. There were rumors that Humphrey would select Alioto as his running mate, but Humphrey selected Edmund Muskie. An article in the September 23, 1969, issue of Look magazine claimed that Alioto had business and personal ties to the Los Angeles Mafioso boss Jimmy Fratianno. Alioto later sued Look for libel and won a $450,000 judgment. In the course of the litigation, Alioto proved that Look, desperate and on the verge of bankruptcy, simply conjured up (with no proof) an alleged mob meeting in Vacaville, California, at the Nut Tree Restaurant. He later claimed that he had documents that showed that the Nixon administration leaked disinformation to the magazine in order to stall his career.

In January 1970, the State of Washington, three cities, a port authority, and eight public utilities brought a civil suit against Alioto because he split a $2.3 million fee in an antitrust case with Washington State Attorney General John J. O'Connell and an O’Connell deputy, George Faler. Attorney General O’Connell had maintained Public Utility Districts as private clients during his time as AG. The Public Utility Districts were suing electrical manufactures that were fixing prices at an improperly high level. The case began in 1962 and O’Connell retained Alioto, a very successful anti-trust attorney, to work on the case. Originally, Alioto agreed to receive 15% of what was awarded with a $1 million cap. Later, O’Connell, apparently without telling his clients, abolished the fee ceiling. Alioto ended up receiving approximately $2.3 million and gave $802,815 of those fees to O’Connell and Faler. The state and other groups sued to have the entire $2.3 million returned; Alioto successfully sought a change of venue from Washington to San Francisco. The trial took six months and jury unanimously found the three were entitled to the $2.3 million.

Alioto was also indicted by a federal grand jury in March 1971 on bribery charges because of the means by which the fees were awarded. When the case went to court, Alioto was cleared of the federal charges by a judge who ordered acquittal because he was convinced a jury would not convict when it considered the evidence.

Under California law it was illegal for public employees to strike. Nevertheless, city employees called a strike in March 1974, picketing City Hall and shutting down municipal services. After a week Mayor Alioto and the San Francisco Board of Supervisors agreed to the strikers' demands. The city controller, however, refused to pay out what he believed were illegal salaries. In April 1975 the California Supreme Court ordered the city controller to pay the salaries, with Justice Mathew Tobriner finding that contracts secured through illegal strikes are still legally enforceable.

Major crime became a problem with the Zodiac Killer, the Symbionese Liberation Army attacks and the Black Power Zebra Murders all occurring during Alioto's mayoralty.

During the Zebra Murders in 1974, Alioto's wife, Angelina Alioto, vanished, reappearing after 18 days to claim that she had taken off to "punish" her husband for neglect. During the time Angelina was missing, she toured the missions of California as part of a religious pilgrimage. Angelina filed divorce proceedings against him in 1975. He remarried in 1978.

Alioto ran in the 1974 Democratic primary for governor, finishing second behind Jerry Brown.

In July 1975 the LAPD unexpectedly announced a pay raise. For years the San Francisco Police Department had been the top paid in the state, with the San Francisco Fire Department guaranteed the same pay. The SF police promptly demanded they be paid more than the LAPD. The Board of Supervisors, however, determined that the pay raise would drive the city into deficit, and unanimously approved a raise only half of what the police requested.

California law still prohibited public employees from striking. The police and firefighters elected to strike anyway, with 90% illegally abandoning their posts.

The city then obtained a court order declaring the strike illegal and enjoining the officers to return to work. The court messenger delivering the order was met with violence and the police continued to strike.

Only managers and African-American officers remained, with 45 officers and 3 fire trucks responsible for the whole city. Supervisor Dianne Feinstein pleaded for Mayor Alioto to ask Governor Jerry Brown to call out the National Guard to patrol the streets but Alioto refused.

When enraged citizens confronted police at the picket lines the police arrested them. Federal authorities were forced to intervene after striking firefighters attempted to seize San Francisco International Airport. Heavy drinking on the picket line became common and after striking police officers started shooting out streetlights the ACLU obtained a court order prohibiting strikers from carrying their service revolvers. Again, the police ignored the court order.

On August 20 a bomb detonated at the Mayor's home with a sign reading "Don’t Threaten Us" left on his lawn. On August 21 Mayor Alioto advised the Supervisors that they should concede to the strikers' demands. The Supervisors unanimously refused. Mayor Alioto then immediately declared a state of emergency, assumed "legislative powers", and granted the strikers’ demands.

The Supervisors and taxpayers sued but the court reaffirmed that contracts obtained through illegal strikes are still legally enforceable. Nevertheless, the Supervisors placed on the November ballot charter initiatives revoking the mayor's emergency powers, requiring police to be automatically fired if they strike, preventing firemen from holding second jobs, and requiring future pay raises to be averaged with California's other large cities. All the ballot initiatives passed by extremely large margins.

In 1974 and 1975, Alioto served as president of the United States Conference of Mayors.

Later life
After he left office, Alioto went back into private practice. He and his son Joseph Jr. lost a major malpractice case against a cattle rancher in 1980. He received millions in legal fees after counseling the Oakland Raiders win against the City of Oakland. In 1991, he and his son went to battle in court against each other over legal fees in the Raiders case.

Death
Alioto died of prostate cancer in San Francisco on January 29, 1998, and was interred at Cypress Lawn Cemetery in Colma, California. A cenotaph is located at Holy Cross Cemetery (Section D).

Legacy
Alioto presided over a time of turmoil and change in San Francisco. Events that occurred during his tenure as mayor included strife in the Haight-Ashbury with the drug culture, anti-Vietnam War demonstrations, the start of the gay Castro District, Black Panther marches, the Zebra murders and Zodiac killings. He ran on a platform of reducing taxes and fighting crime.

Alioto put his energy behind the development of three major building projects: the Bay Area Rapid Transit System (BART); the Transamerica Pyramid; and the Embarcadero Center. These efforts engendered opposition in the development stage but were eventually built, transforming the quality of life and skyline of San Francisco.

Alioto helped to bring more minorities into city politics, launched a reform of the city charter, and mediated protracted police and fire department strikes in 1975. Alioto's tenure began with a citywide newspaper strike of the San Francisco Chronicle and the San Francisco Examiner in February 1968. The first faculty strike at a college or university in the United States was at San Francisco State College, now San Francisco State University, during 1968–1969; Alioto gave the law enforcement resources of the City and County of San Francisco to the university president, S.I. Hayakawa. The Joseph L. Alioto Recreation Center at his alma mater, Saint Mary's College in Moraga, California, opened in 2015 and is named after him. The privately funded facility cost $23.5 million, and includes an outdoor aquatics center, indoor exercise equipment, a rock climbing wall, and a cafe. The center serves the general student body, while varsity athletes use separate dedicated training facilities. After his death, the Civic Center Plaza in San Francisco was dedicated as the "Joseph L. Alioto Performing Arts Piazza" on October 28, 1998. Additionally, there is a mini park and community garden named for him in the Mission District of San Francisco.

Alioto family
Alioto had five sons and a daughter with his first wife Angelina Genaro, and a son and daughter with his second wife Kathleen Sullivan.

Members of Alioto's family are still involved in San Francisco politics. His second wife, Kathleen Sullivan Alioto, was a member of the Boston School committee and a candidate for a United States Senate seat in Massachusetts in the 1978 primary. Sullivan and Alioto married in 1978 and remained together until his death in 1998. Because they were both divorced, the wedding was performed by excommunicated Catholic priest and activist Joseph O'Rourke.

Angela Alioto, the daughter from his first marriage, served eight years as a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, two as its president. One of Angela's three sons, Joe Alioto Veronese, campaigned for a California State Senate seat in 2008. One of his granddaughters, Michela Alioto-Pier, was appointed to the Board of Supervisors in 2003 by San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom and won election to the Board in 2004. His grandson Joseph Alioto Jr. ran an unsuccessful bid for a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in District 3. Several of his sons, as well as many of his grandchildren, are successful attorneys and businesspersons in the San Francisco Bay Area.

title: Joseph Alioto


text:
Lynx (Orlando)

Lynx (stylized as LYNX) is a transit system serving the greater Orlando, Florida area. Operated by the Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority, it provides bus, curb-to-curb, and paratransit services in three counties: Orange, Seminole, and Osceola. Bus routes are referred to as Links.

LYNX does not operate SunRail, the region's commuter rail service, but it does provide bus connections to SunRail stations within its service area.

In, the system had a ridership of , or about per weekday as of.

History
Bus service in Orlando was originally provided by the Orlando Transit Company, a private operator. When the company halted service in 1972 due to financial troubles, three local counties organized the Orange-Seminole-Osceola Transportation Authority (OSOTA) to operate bus services in its place. The agency's bus service was originally named Tri-County Transit (TCT).

Despite the name, Tri-County Transit only operated in Orange County and Seminole County; bus routes for Osceola County were planned but not funded. Service to Osceola County was not introduced until January 1993 with an eight-month trial route.

In 1992, OSOTA held a public contest to choose a new name for Tri-County Transit. The winning name, LYNX, was chosen from 12,000 entries. The following year, OSOTA was merged with the Central Florida Commuter Rail Authority (which was organized to construct a commuter rail system along Interstate 4) and was renamed to the Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority.

In November 2004, LYNX opened LYNX Central Station, the bus system's primary transit hub. The station became an intermodal station in 2014 with the opening of SunRail.

LYNX Bus
LYNX operates 68 bus routes throughout its three-county service area. The bus system connects to LakeXpress (servicing Lake County) in Four Corners, Winter Garden, and Zellwood, and it also connects to Citrus Connection (servicing Polk County) in Four Corners and Poinciana. All SunRail stations within the service area have bus connections, though transfers are irregularly timed.

LYNX directly services Disney Springs and the Transportation and Ticket Center of Walt Disney World, as well as some employee areas. All other transportation in WDW is provided by Disney's own bus system. A similar system is used at Universal Orlando; LYNX connects to Universal CityWalk (and, by extension, the original two parks), while Universal's resorts are connected via trails, water taxis, and a resort-operated bus.

Bus frequency varies by route, ranging from every fifteen minutes to every hour. On official maps, routes with frequencies of thirty minutes or better are colored purple, while less-frequent routes are colored orange. All routes are available Monday through Friday; weekend and holiday service varies by route.

Three routes (407, 418, and 441), branded as FastLink, use a limited-stop route pattern to provide faster trips. These routes only operate weekdays from 6 AM to 6 PM.

All LYNX buses, with the exception of those used on the LYMMO system, have front-mounted bike racks which can be used at no extra charge.

Bus stop signs were originally designated with a lynx paw in place of a traditional bus icon, with Links servicing the stop listed below. Following a rebranding initiative, this was replaced with a bus icon that incorporates the lynx paw.

LYMMO (Bus Rapid Transit)
LYMMO is a free bus rapid transit system in Downtown Orlando, which utilizes bus lanes and priority signals to improve speed and reliability. The service connects downtown destinations, such as Lake Eola Park and Kia Center, to parking and LYNX Central Station. The service was first launched in 1997 and claims to be the oldest BRT system in the United States.

The system consists of three circulator routes, each named after citrus fruits: the Orange Line (officially Link 60), the Lime Line (Link 61), and the Grapefruit Line (Link 62). The routes operate daily with headways of 8-15 minutes at peak and 15-20 minutes off-peak.

Starting on August 20, 2023, during off-peak hours (10 AM-2 PM and 6:30 PM-10:30 PM), a portion of the Orange Line in the Creative Village neighborhood is instead serviced by SWAN, an autonomous shuttle.

NeighborLink
NeighborLink (formerly PickUpLine) is an on-demand service that allows riders to schedule curb-to-curb trips within 11 specified zones. Trips can be scheduled online, by phone, or through an app. Trips must be scheduled at least two hours in advance.

Access LYNX
Access LYNX is a paratransit service which provides ADA-compliant service to patrons incapable of using the bus system, as well as non-ADA service to users without reliable transportation due to disability, age, or income. Since June 2023, Access LYNX has been operated by Transdev.

Vanpool
LYNX operates a vanpool program for riders in its service area, which allows groups of six to fifteen people to rent a vehicle for a monthly fee. The cost covers registration and service, but it does not cover fuel or tolls.

Road Rangers
In partnership with the Florida Department of Transportation, LYNX operates Road Rangers, a roadside assistance program for drivers on Interstate 4. Road Rangers provides minor vehicle repairs, towing, and communication with first responders to drivers.

Road Rangers services two stretches of I-4, totaling 48 miles. The eastern stretch lasts from Exit 132 (Interstate 95) to Exit 98 (Lake Mary Boulevard). The western stretch lasts from Exit 72 (Florida State Road 528) to Exit 58 (Osceola County Road 532).

Facilities
LYNX's administrative offices are located at LYNX Central Station.

LYNX has two operations centers for the maintenance and storage of its bus fleet. Most bus routes (85%) are serviced by the LYNX Operations Center (LOC), located in Orlando off John Young Parkway. Osceola Satellite Facility (OSF), located in Kissimmee, services most Osceola County routes.

In 2022, LYNX began considering sites for a third operations center. The $80 million facility will be located in Osceola County and will support up to 250 vehicles.

Fares
A standard adult one-way fare is $2, which includes a free transfer within 90 minutes of activation. (The transfer cannot be used on the same Link, e.g. for round trips.) Payment can be made in cash or via the PawPass app. An All-Day Pass, which lasts until 3 AM the following morning, is available for $4.50 upon request.

LYNX offers a rolling 7-Day Pass for $16 and a rolling 30-Day pass for $50. These passes may be purchased at LYNX Central Station, online, via the PawPass app, or at Orlando-area retailers. Up to three riders under 7 can board for free with fare-paying rider; additional children (or children without adults) require a $1 fare.

Discounted fare IDs are available to youth (age 7 - 18 and/or currently in high school), seniors (age 65+), Medicare card holders, and disabled people. Patrons with a discounted fare ID can buy passes for half price.

title: Lynx (Orlando)


text:
Pacific Solution

The Pacific Solution is the name given to the government of Australia's policy of transporting asylum seekers to detention centres on island nations in the Pacific Ocean, rather than allowing them to land on the Australian mainland. Initially implemented from 2001 to 2007, it had bipartisan support from the Coalition and Labor opposition at the time. The Pacific Solution consisted of three central strategies: A number of pieces of legislation enabled this policy. The policy was developed by the Howard government in response to the Tampa affair in August 2001 and the Children Overboard affair, and was implemented by Immigration Minister Philip Ruddock on 28 September before the 2001 federal election of 24 November.
 * Thousands of islands were excised from the Australian migration zone and Australian territory;
 * The Australian Defence Force commenced Operation Relex to intercept vessels carrying asylum seekers (SIEVs);
 * The asylum seekers were removed to detention centres in Nauru and on Manus Island, Papua New Guinea, while their refugee status was determined.

The policy was largely dismantled in 2008 by the first Rudd government following the election of the Labor Party; Chris Evans, the Minister for Immigration and Citizenship described it as "a cynical, costly and ultimately unsuccessful exercise".

In August 2012, the succeeding Gillard government (Labor) introduced a similar policy, reopening the Nauru and Manus detention centres for offshore processing.

On 19 July 2013, newly returned Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, during his short-lived second term of office, announced that "asylum seekers who come here by boat without a visa will never be settled in Australia", striking a Regional Resettlement Arrangement between Australia and Papua New Guinea, colloquially known as the PNG Solution, to divert all "unauthorised maritime arrivals" to mandatory detention on Manus Island with no possibility of attaining Australian residency.

The Operation Sovereign Borders policy took over from the Pacific Solution after the 2013 federal election, won by the Coalition. It commenced on 18 September 2013 under the new Abbott government. On 31 March 2019, Operation Sovereign Borders reported that there were no people held in the detention centre on Nauru, which had been closed, and that the Manus centre had been officially closed on 31 October 2017. However, on 30 September 2019 the total number of asylum seekers still in PNG and Nauru was 562 (separate numbers were not published), being housed in alternative accommodation.

Implementation (2001–2007)
The Australian Government passed legislation on 27 September 2001, with amendments to the Commonwealth Migration Act 1958, enacted by the Migration Legislation Amendment (Excision from the Migration Zone) (Consequential Provisions) Act 2001. Specifically, the new amendment to the 1958 Act allowed "offshore entry persons" to be taken to "declared countries", with Nauru and Papua New Guinea made "declared countries" under the Act. The implementation of this legislation became known as the Pacific Solution at the same time as or soon after the passing of the legislation (at least within a year).

By redefining the area of Australian territory that could be landed upon and then legitimately used for claims of asylum (the migration zone), and by removing any intercepted people to third countries for processing, the aim was to deter future asylum seekers from making the dangerous journey by boat, once they knew that their trip would probably not end with a legitimate claim for asylum in Australia.

On 28 October 2001, at his 2001 election campaign policy launch, Prime Minister John Howard said "we will decide who comes to this country and the circumstances in which they come", in an effort to build support for the policy.

Asylum seekers were intercepted at sea while sailing from Indonesia and moved using Australian naval vessels. Detention centres were set up on Christmas Island, Manus Island in Papua New Guinea, and on the island nation of Nauru. Some were also accepted for processing by New Zealand. Most of the asylum seekers came from Afghanistan (largely of the Hazara ethnic group), Iraq, Iran, China, and Vietnam. The last asylum seekers to be detained on Nauru before the end of the policy had come from Sri Lanka and Myanmar.

Arrivals dropped from a total of 5516 people in 2001 to one arrival in 2002 after implementation of the policy, and remained below 150 annually until 2008. The removal of the Taliban from power in Afghanistan may have had some effect in this decrease, as nearly six million Afghans had returned to Afghanistan since 2002, almost a quarter of the country's population at the time.

Four boats were successfully returned to Indonesian waters out of the twelve Suspected Illegal Entry Vessels (SIEVs) intercepted by the Navy during Operation Relex during 2001–2002, having made 10 attempts to enforce the policy, based on judgements of whether it was safe to do so or not. Three men allegedly drowned trying to swim back to shore after returning to Indonesia.

In November 2003, a boat carrying 53 passengers was successfully deterred, and in March 2004, Customs returned a boat with 15 people after interception at the Ashmore Islands.

The success rate was 36 per cent of boats, or 31 per cent of asylum seekers sent back to Indonesia. Details of operations from 2005 to 2008 are scant. Operation Resolute began in July 2006, run jointly by the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service and the Australian Defence Force.

During the Pacific Solution period, mainland detention centres were closed at Baxter, Woomera and Curtin. A lower level of boat arrivals continued throughout the Pacific Solution period, although it was reported to have peaked in 2012, since the abolition of the policy, despite worldwide asylum claim numbers remaining low by historical standards. These arrivals also corresponded with increasing numbers of new refugee arrivals in Indonesia after the abandonment of the policy: 385 in 2008, 3,230 in 2009, 3,905 in 2010, 4,052 in 2011, 7,218 in 2012 and 8,332 in 2013. A probable link between restrictive refugee policies and lower attempts at seeking asylum in Australia by boat have been confirmed by the UNHCR: in April 2014, UNHCR Indonesia representative Manual Jordao stated: "Word that the prospects of reaching Australia by boat from Indonesia are now virtually zero appears to have reached smugglers and would-be asylum seekers in countries of origin such as Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan and Myanmar. The numbers registering with the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) in Indonesia have dropped from about 100 a day during 2013 to about 100 a week now."

The number of asylum seekers assessed as genuine refugees via the Pacific Solution process was lower than for onshore processing. 68 per cent of the asylum seekers were deemed genuine refugees and less than 40 per cent of asylum seekers sent to Nauru received resettlement in Australia. A 2006 report by the Australian Human Rights Commission showed that of the 1509 asylum seekers sent to Nauru by that time, 586 were granted Australian resettlement (39%), 360 resettled in New Zealand (24%), 19 resettled in Sweden (1.2%), 10 in Canada (<1%) and 4 in Norway (<1%). A total of 482 asylum seekers (32%) were deemed not genuine refugees and sent home.

The cost of the Pacific Solution between 2001 and 2007 was at least A$1 billion.

Amnesty International, refugee rights groups and other non-governmental organisations said that Australia was failing to meet its international obligations. The ad hoc nature in which the policy evolved was also criticised, as it resulted in people being moved to Manus Island and Nauru before facilities were ready. Poor facilities and services including intermittent electricity and fresh water, poor medical facilities and the serious mental impact of detention on people in these conditions without the certainty of being granted refugee status were also strongly criticised.

Suspension
During the campaign for the 2007 parliamentary election, Australian Labor Party leader Kevin Rudd promised to continue the Howard government's policies of turning boats back to Indonesia and the issue of temporary protection visas. Upon Kevin Rudd's 2007 election win, the Pacific Solution was abandoned, with the Nauru processing centre closed down in February 2008, a move welcomed by the UN Refugee Agency. The last detainees left Manus Island in 2004 and Nauru in February 2008.

The Republic of Nauru was concerned about losing much-needed aid from Australia. Opposition immigration spokesman Chris Ellison said the closure could suggest to people-smugglers that Australia was weakening on border protection.

Re-implementation (post-2007)
The Australian Government opened the Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre in late 2008, and has since expanded facilities and accommodation there. In the 2012–2013 financial year the Government of Australia budgeted $1.1 billion to cover the processing costs for 450 arrivals per month.

From 2007 to 2010, the number of asylum seeker arrivals by boat increased substantially—from 148 in 2007 to 6555 in 2010. This contributed to Rudd's ailing popularity through to 2010, when he resigned prior to a leadership spill of the Australian Labor Party to Julia Gillard; at this time Rudd said "This party and government will not be lurching to the right on the question of asylum seekers".

In July 2010, Gillard showed support for the utilisation of "regional processing centres". In December 2010, in the aftermath of an asylum seeker boat sinking at Christmas Island in which 48 occupants perished, Queensland Premier and ALP national president Anna Bligh called for a complete review of the government's policy on asylum seekers. In May 2011, the Gillard government announced plans to address the issue of asylum seekers arriving by boat with an asylum seeker 'swap' deal for long-standing genuine refugees in Malaysia. Refugee lawyers asked the High Court to strike down the deal, arguing that the Immigration Minister did not have the power to send asylum seekers to a country that has no legal obligations to protect them.

There were calls on the Australian Government to reinstate the Pacific Solution by reopening the detention centres on Nauru. Several of these came from former outspoken critics of the policy. Refugee lawyer Marion Le, who had demanded the facility be shut down in 2005, said that it was "time for Labor to bite the bullet and reopen Nauru", while human rights lawyer Julian Burnside disagreed, but conceded that "Nauru [was] certainly the less worse, but both are unacceptable." This echoed the sentiment of Independent MP Andrew Wilkie who several days previously, while stopping short of calling for a return to the previous arrangement, noted that "John Howard's Pacific Solution was better." The Malaysian people swap deal was deemed unlawful by the High Court.

During the 2010 Australian federal election campaign Liberal Leader Tony Abbott said he would meet with the President of Nauru, Marcus Stephen, to demonstrate the Coalition's resolve to reinstate the Pacific Solution policy, should he become Prime Minister. Prime Minister Julia Gillard announced 6 July 2010 that talks were under way to set up a regional processing centre for asylum seekers in East Timor.

In August 2012, a government-appointed expert panel (Houston Report) recommended a number of changes to the current policy including the reintroduction of the Pacific Solution after an increase in boat people and deaths at sea. It handed down 22 recommendations, including the immediate reopening of immigration detention facilities on Manus Island and Nauru, which the government implemented with bipartisan support. This was expected to cost $2 billion over four years for Nauru and $900 million for Papua New Guinea.

The bill to do so was passed on 16 August 2012. Asylum seekers who arrive by boat to Australia are now to be transferred to remote Pacific islands indefinitely while their claims to refugee status are being processed. Amnesty International described the conditions of the Nauru detention facility as "appalling" at this time.

The Government announced on 21 November 2012 that it was recommencing onshore processing with bridging visas.

On 21 November 2012 Immigration Minister Chris Bowen announced the reopening the Pontville Detention Centre in Tasmania. On 19 July 2013 in a joint press conference with PNG Prime Minister Peter O'Neill and Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd detailed the Regional Resettlement Arrangement between Australia and Papua New Guinea:

The subsequent Department of Immigration and Citizenship press release stated: "Australia will work with PNG to expand the Manus Island Regional Processing Centre, as well as explore the construction of other regional processing centres in Papua New Guinea...The arrangements [sic] also allows for other countries (including Pacific Island states) to participate in similar arrangements in the future."

The number of arrivals continued to climb, to 25,173 in the 2012–13 financial year, and approximately 862 asylum seekers died trying to reach Australia between 2008 and July 2013. In June 2013, Kevin Rudd toppled Gillard in another leadership spill, following weeks of polls indicating the ALP would be defeated at the next election.

Operation Sovereign Borders
A new policy on boat arrival deterrence, Operation Sovereign Borders, was launched by the new Liberal–National Coalition on 18 September 2013.

Papua New Guinea
The Regional Resettlement Arrangement between Australia and Papua New Guinea, colloquially known as the PNG solution, is an Australian Government policy in which any asylum seeker who comes to Australia by boat without a visa will be refused settlement in Australia, instead being settled in Papua New Guinea if they are found to be legitimate refugees. The policy includes a significant expansion of the Australian immigration detention facility on Manus Island, where refugees will be sent to be processed prior to resettlement in Papua New Guinea, and if their refugee status is found to be non-genuine, they will be either repatriated, sent to a third country other than Australia or remain in detention indefinitely. The policy was announced on 19 July 2013 by Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and Papua New Guinean Prime Minister Peter O'Neill, effective immediately, in response to a growing number of asylum seeker boat arrivals. The then Opposition Leader Tony Abbott initially welcomed the policy, while Greens leader Christine Milne and several human rights advocate groups opposed it, with demonstrations protesting the policy held in every major Australian city after the announcement.

Announcement
In the fortnight prior to the announcement of the PNG solution, Rudd visited Indonesia for regular annual talks with Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono where they discussed asylum seeker issues, but played down expectations of a policy announcement. On 15 July, he and Immigration Minister Tony Burke visited Papua New Guinea to discuss asylum seeker policy, in light of a UN Refugee Agency report saying the Manus Island detention centre did not meet international standards.

On 19 July 2013, Rudd, Burke and Papua New Guinean Prime Minister Peter O'Neill announced the policy in Brisbane. Rudd declared "From now on, any asylum seeker who arrives in Australia by boat will have no chance of being settled in Australia as refugees." In his speech, he said that asylum seekers taken to Christmas Island will be sent to Manus Island or elsewhere, where their refugee status will be assessed. The announcement also outlined plans to expand the Manus Island detention facility, from 600 occupants to 3,000. All refugees found to be legitimate will be resettled in Papua New Guinea. Any asylum seekers found to be non-genuine refugees will either be repatriated, moved to a third country other than Australia if it is unsafe to be repatriated, or remain in detention indefinitely. Australia will bear the full cost of the setup of the policy, as well as provide funding for reforms of Papua New Guinea's university sector, and assistance with health, education and law and order. Rudd described the policy as "a very hard-line decision" to "combat the scourge of people smuggling". The two-page Regional Resettlement Arrangement outlining the policy was signed by Rudd and O'Neill prior to the announcement.

Reception
The Australian Opposition Leader Tony Abbott initially showed support for the policy, but said it "wouldn't work under Mr Rudd". The Australian Greens leader Christine Milne slammed the announcement, describing the announcement as "a day of shame". It was condemned by human rights groups such as Amnesty International Australia, who wrote "Mark this day in history as the day Australia decided to turn its back on the world's most vulnerable people, closed the door and threw away the key"; and the UN Refugee Agency, describing the policy as potentially "harmful to the physical and psycho-social wellbeing of transferees, particularly families and children". Protests of hundreds of refugee supporters were held in Melbourne, Sydney, Perth, Brisbane and Adelaide following the announcement.

On Manus Island, public opinion regarding the policy and the expansion of the detention centre was mixed. Gary Juffa, governor of the Oro Province, suggested asylum seekers resettled there are likely to be met with hostility.

title: Pacific Solution


text:
Benjamin Church (physician)

Benjamin Church (August 24, 1734 – 1778) was effectively the first Surgeon General of the United States Army, serving as the "Chief Physician & Director General" of the Medical Service of the Continental Army from July 27, 1775, to October 17, 1775. He was also active in Boston's Sons of Liberty movement in the years before the war. However, early in the American Revolution, Church was also sending secret information to General Thomas Gage, the British commander, and when one of his letters into Boston was intercepted, he was tried and convicted of "communicating with the enemy". He was jailed but eventually released, likely dying somewhere in the Caribbean Sea in 1778.

Family and education
Church was born in Newport, Colony of Rhode Island, the son of Benjamin Church, a merchant of Boston and deacon of the Hollis Street Church conducted by the Rev. Mather Byles. His great-grandfather, Colonel Benjamin Church, took a prominent part in the war with the Narragansett Indians and led the force which hunted King Philip to his death on August 12, 1676. Church (the third Benjamin Church) was a Mayflower descendant through his great-great-grandmother Elizabeth Warren Church, who was the daughter of Richard Warren, one of the Mayflower passengers. Benjamin's sister Alice married Boston printer John Fleeming.

The third Benjamin attended the Boston Latin School and graduated from Harvard College in 1754. He studied medicine with Joseph Pynchon, later continuing his studies in London. While there, he married Hannah Hill of Ross, Herefordshire. Returning to Boston he built up a reputation as a talented physician and a skillful surgeon. Church performed cataract surgery, and is also remembered for treating the eye ailments of John Adams. By 1769, he had acquired ownership over a slave named John Quamino, who later purchased his freedom with the earnings from a lottery ticket.

Political ambiguities
With growing friction between the colonies and Great Britain, Church supported the Whig cause vigorously with his pen. There is evidence that during this period he was variously considered as an ardent Patriot and as a secret Tory sympathizer. He examined the body of Crispus Attucks and treated some of the wounded in the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770. In 1773, he delivered the annual Massacre Day oration, To Commemorate the Bloody Tragedy of the Fifth of March 1770, which marked him as an orator of high order.

In 1774, Church was elected a delegate to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and later made a member of its Committee of Safety, which was in charge of preparing for armed conflict. Around the same time, Gen. Gage began receiving detailed intelligence on the Provincial Congress's activities. On February 21, 1775, the Provincial Congress appointed Church and Joseph Warren a committee to make an inventory of medical supplies necessary for the army and, on March 7, voted them the sum of five hundred pounds for the purchase of such supplies.

On May 8, 1775, after the Revolutionary War had begun, Church became a member of an examining board for surgeons for the army. A June 19 resolution ordered "that Dr. Church, Dr. Taylor, and Dr. Whiting be a committee to consider what method is proper to take to supply the hospitals with surgeons and that the same gentlemen be a committee to provide medicine and other necessaries for hospitals." As the chairman of a subcommittee of the Committee of Safety, he signed a report on May 12 which recommended a system of defensive works on Prospect Hill and Bunker Hill. Colleagues noted, however, that he had insisted on entering Boston soon after the Battle of Lexington and Concord, and while there he was seen in conference with British General Thomas Gage; he claimed to have been arrested and released.

Director General
In May, Church went to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to consult the Continental Congress about the defense of Massachusetts colony. On July 27, that body authorized the establishment of a Medical Department of the Army with a Director General and Chief Physician who would be head of both the Hospital Department of the first Army Hospital and of the first headquarters of regimental surgeons (located in the Henry Vassall House, Cambridge, MA). In the meantime, on July 2, General George Washington had arrived at Cambridge to take command of the colonial forces, and Church was one of the committee appointed to receive him.

Church had difficulty administering his department, and the regimental surgeons. A storm of complaints poured into Army headquarters, and Washington was compelled to order an investigation of the Medical Service. In his own defense, Church complained that rivals were jealous of his position and reportedly asked for permission to leave the Army. In the meantime, an incident arose which brought him before an Army court martial on October 4, 1775.

"Criminal correspondence" and court martial
In July 1775, Church had sent a cipher letter addressed to a Major Cane, a British officer in Boston, through a former mistress. The letter was intercepted by another of the woman's ex-lovers, and was sent to Washington in September. When two teams of gentlemen decoded it, they found it contained an account of the American forces before Boston, though no disclosures of great importance. It did, however, declare Church's devotion to the Crown, and it asked for directions for continuing the correspondence.

The matter was placed before a court of inquiry made up of general officers, Washington presiding, to whom Church admitted the authorship of the letter, but explained that it was written with the object of impressing the enemy with the strength and position of the colonial forces in order to prevent an attack while the Continental army was still short of ammunition and in hopes of aiding to bring about an end to hostilities. The court considered that Church had carried on a criminal correspondence with the enemy and recommended that the matter be referred to the Continental Congress for its action. The report of Washington to the President of Congress stated:

"I have now a painful though necessary duty to perform, respecting Doctor Church, the Director of the Hospital. About a week ago, Mr. Secretary Ward, of Providence, sent up one Wainwood, an inhabitant of Newport, to me with a letter directed to Major Cane in Boston, in occult letters, which he said had been left with Wainwood some time ago by a woman who was kept by Doctor Church.  She had before pressed Wainwood to take her to Captain Wallace, Mr. Dudley, the Collector, or George Rowe, which he declined. She gave him the letter with strict injunctions to deliver it to either of these gentleman.  He, suspecting some improper correspondence, kept the letter and after some time opened it, but not being able to read it, laid it up, where it remained until he received an obscure letter from the woman, expressing an anxiety as to the original letter. He then communicated the whole matter to Mr. Ward, who sent him up with the papers to me. I immediately secured the woman, but for a long time she was proof against every threat and persuasion to discover the author. However she was at length brought to a confession and named Doctor Church. I then immediately secured him and all his papers. Upon the first examination he readily acknowledged the letter and said that it was designed for his brother, etc. The army and country are exceedingly irritated."

Church was briefly incarcerated in a room of the Henry Vassall House in Cambridge, where his carved name can be seen today.

The Massachusetts Provincial Congress arraigned Church on November 2. Despite an eloquent appeal in his own defense, he was unanimously expelled as a member of the House due to other "coded documents" of his being found in the trial proceedings that Congress regarded as proving his guilt. The Continental Congress on October 17, 1775, elected John Morgan "in the room of" Church, and on November 7 passed the following resolution:

"That Doctor Church be close confined in some secure jail in the Colony of Connecticut, without use of pen, ink and paper, and that no person be allowed to converse with him except in the presence and hearing of a magistrate of the town or the sheriff of the county where he is confined, and in the English language, until further orders from this or a future Congress."

In accordance with this resolution, Church was confined at Norwich, Connecticut. Becoming ill, he was released from jail in January 1776, and was permitted considerable movement under guard. On May 13, he returned to Massachusetts under bond. He remained imprisoned until 1778, and was named in the Massachusetts Banishment Act of that year. Shortly thereafter he sailed from Boston, presumably for Martinique, but the vessel on which he took passage was never heard from again.

Assessment
When scholars were able to open General Gage's files early in the 20th century, they discovered earlier letters with significant intelligence about the American forces that could only have come from Church. The files included notes that had been entrusted to him to carry into and out of Boston. Until then, historians had had difficulty estimating the degree of Church's guilt. It is now clear that he was supplying the British military with information in early 1775.

Church's widow and family were pensioned by the British government.

Popular culture

 * In the video game Assassin's Creed III, Church is portrayed as a member of the antagonistic Templars, and secretly joins the service of George Washington in order to influence him and his army. However, after losing faith in the Templar cause, he betrays his Order by secretly spying for the British and, after being exposed and disgraced, attempts to flee to England aboard the fictional man o'war HMS Welcome with supplies stolen from Washington's army. He is intercepted by the Assassin Connor Kenway and his father, Templar Grand Master Haytham Kenway; the Welcome is boarded and a defiant Church is beaten severely by Haytham before Connor stabs him to death and retrieves the supplies from a nearby island.
 * Church appears as a character in the novel Thieftaker by D. B. Jackson in which he examines the titular character.

title: Benjamin Church (physician)


text: User talk:66.165.10.26

title: User talk:66.165.10.26


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pathetic, Inc.

Pathetic, Inc. was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Substub on a webcomic that began earlier this year. Not influential, popular, or otherwise notable (has not had time to achieve notability). Doesn't even rank on Alexa. — Gwalla | Talk 05:19, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * A Google search on the phrase gives about 350 hits, but a lot seem to be something about the word "pathetic." Many other results seem to be on message boards or link farms. Doesn't appear to have garnered any visibility as of yet, and the article as it stands is simply an advertisement. Delete. --Slowking Man 05:50, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Ad. Geogre 13:45, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. NeoJustin 16:22 Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ad for a comic that's not notable yet. Nadavspi | talk 17:33, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jayjg 21:51, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Indrian 21:52, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.}


text:
Eugene Hasenfus

Eugene H. Hasenfus (born January 22, 1941) is a former United States Marine who helped fly weapons shipments on behalf of the U.S. government to the right wing rebel Contras in Nicaragua. The sole survivor after his plane was shot down by the Nicaraguan government in 1986, he was sentenced to 30 years in prison for terrorism and other charges, but pardoned and released the same year. The statements of admission he made to the Sandinista government resulted in a controversy in the U.S. government, after the Reagan administration denied any connection to him.

Personal life
Eugene Hasenfus was born on January 22, 1941. In 1986, he lived in Marinette, Wisconsin. The U.S. Army described him as having joined the Marine Corps in May 1960 and having spent five years in the Corps before receiving an honorable discharge. At the time of his capture, he was married to Sally Hasenfus. He had a brother named William.

Capture
On October 5, 1986, Hasenfus was aboard a Fairchild C-123 cargo plane, N4410F, when it was shot down over Nicaragua by the Sandinista government with a Soviet SA-7 surface-to-air missile. The aircraft was brought down when it was approximately 35 mi north of the border with Costa Rica, and a little over 90 mi southeast of Managua, Nicaragua's capital and largest city. The plane had been flying weapons to the anti-Sandinista Contra rebels, including 50,000 rifle cartridges for the Soviet-made AK-47, 60 collapsible AK-47s, nearly as many RPG-7's, and 150 pairs of jungle boots. Three members of the flight crew were killed: Hasenfus was the only survivor. The two pilots and a Nicaraguan radio operator died in the crash. Hasenfus had been wearing a parachute, unusual for Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operatives at the time. Hasenfus managed to dive out of the open cargo hatch of the plane after it was hit by the Nicaraguan missile; he was later captured while sleeping in a makeshift hammock made from his parachute.

CIA links
After he was captured by the Nicaraguan government, Hasenfus stated at a press conference that he had previously dropped supplies to CIA agents in Southeast Asia, and that flights into Nicaragua were directly supervised by the CIA. His statement also included his recruitment by a friend in the CIA, an operation based in Ilopango airbase in El Salvador, supported by U.S. army colonel James Steele. The CIA and the U.S. government of Ronald Reagan denied any connection with the flight, though they said they supported any civilian effort to support the Contras. U.S. Secretary of State George Shultz stated that the plane had been paid for by private operators, and that none of the men on it had any connection to the U.S. government.

Hasenfus later repudiated his statement, saying that he was unaware if his fellow workers were employed by the CIA, and that he had only heard rumors to that effect. The men in question, Max Gomez and Ramon Medina, were Cuban Americans. The CIA had at the time been legally forbidden by the U.S. Congress from helping the Contras. Gomez and Medina had been identified as people who had helped organize covert arms supplies to the Contras.

Hasenfus was charged with "terrorism, conspiracy and disturbing public security". Hasenfus stated that he was sure, however, that the operation to supply the Contras with weapons, named Enterprise, was ultimately supervised by the U.S. government. The capture of Hasenfus provided direct evidence of a link between the Contras, and the U.S. government and the Reagan White house; documents found on the dead men linked them to Oliver North.

Sentencing and aftermath
Hasenfus was tried in Nicaragua, and on November 15, 1986, sentenced to 30 years in prison for terrorism and other charges. His wife Sally made a plea to Nicaraguan president Daniel Ortega for clemency. Nicaraguan defense minister Humberto Ortega (President Ortega’s brother) stated later that the sentence was not directed at Hasenfus himself, but toward the "irrational, unjust policy" of the U.S. government. On December 17, 1986, Hasenfus was pardoned and released by the Nicaraguan government, at the request of U.S. Senator Christopher Dodd.

Hasenfus subsequently unsuccessfully sued US Air Force officer Richard Secord, who was involved with organizing weapons shipments to the Contras, Albert Hakim, Southern Air Transport and Corporate Air Services over issues relating to his capture and trial. The controversy over the flight led U.S. House of Representatives Speaker Tip O'Neill to launch an investigation into the flight. The U.S. press generally suspected that there was more to the story of Hasenfus than the Reagan administration had admitted; according to scholar Scott Armstrong, this had the effect of making them more skeptical of the U.S. government's initial denial of the weapons-for-hostages deal during the Iran-Contra affair.

Later life
Hasenfus continued living in Wisconsin afterwards. In the 2000s he was repeatedly arrested for indecent exposure. After violating the terms of his probation by exposing himself in a Wal-Mart parking lot in Marinette in 2005, he was imprisoned for several months at the Green Bay Correctional Institution. He was released on the 19th anniversary of his release by Nicaragua.

title: Eugene Hasenfus