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Shtokman field

The Shtokman field (also Stockman field; Штокмановское месторождение), one of the world's largest natural gas fields, lies in the northwestern part of the South Barents Basin in the Russian sector of the Barents Sea, 600 km north of Kola Peninsula. Its reserves are estimated at 3.8 e12m3 of natural gas and more than 37 million tons of gas condensate.

History
The Shtokman field was discovered in 1988. It was named after the Soviet geophysicist Vladimir Shtokman (Владимир Штокман).

In the early 1990s, Gazprom started talks with a group of five Western companies to participate in the field's development. In 1992, the foreign consortium was pushed out by the Rosshelf consortium, a Gazprom subsidiary that comprised 19 Russian companies. in August 1995, Gazprom and Rosshelf signed a letter of intent with Norsk Hydro of Norway, Conoco Inc. of the United States, Neste Oy of Finland, and TotalEnergies of France to evaluate the possible joint development of Shtokman field.

In January 1996, a project of a large floating liquefaction plant was designed, but this plan was abandoned and in March 2000, Rosshelf began developing plans for production and construction of a natural gas pipeline from the field via Murmansk to Vyborg. In 2001, Gazprom announced its intention to develop the gas field together with Rosneft. In 2002, the license for the field development and recovery was transferred from Rosshelf to Sevmorneftegas.

On 20 June 2005, Russia and Norway signed a number of agreements related to development of Shtokman field. On 28 June 2005 Russia signed a memorandum with France. In August 2005, Gazprom received bids from ConocoPhillips, ExxonMobil, Norsk Hydro, Statoil, Mitsui, Sumitomo Corporation, Royal Dutch Shell, Chevron Corporation, and TotalEnergies to develop the field. In September 2005, Gazprom selected five companies—Statoil, Norsk Hydro, TotalEnergies, Chevron and ConocoPhillips—as finalists in a search for partners to develop the field, but in October 2006 decided to reject all potential partners.

On 13 July 2007, Gazprom and French energy company TotalEnergies signed a framework agreement to organize the design, financing, construction and operation of the Shtokman phase one infrastructure. On 25 October 2007, similar contract was signed between Gazprom and StatoilHydro (later Statoil, now Equinor). The consortium of three companies, Shtokman Development AG, was established on 21 February 2008 in Zug, Switzerland.

Due to the global LNG oversupply and the United States shale gas, the shareholders of the project decided in 2010 to postpone it for 3 years. Based on this, the pipeline gas production might start in 2016 and LNG production in 2017.

The shareholders agreement expired on 30 June 2012 without development started. Statoil wrote off its investment into the project and handed shares back to Gazprom. In August 2012, Gazprom put the project on hold with a final investment decision on the first phase postponed until at least 2014, citing high costs and low gas prices. However, the company confirmed being in talks with foreign partners to find a new business model for the project. There are speculations that Royal Dutch Shell may become a project partner.

The Shtokman project was postponed indefinitely in May 2019, and Gazprom closed down the Shtokman Development AG.

Development
The field so far was not developed owing to extreme Arctic conditions and the depth of the sea varying from 320 to 340 m. In September 2006, Gazprom completed drilling of appraisal well No. 7 in the field. Russian scientists have warned that the Shtokman's development may face problems as global warming unleashes vast icebergs into the Arctic. The Shtokman Development Company plans to address this challenge by using floating removable platforms, which can be moved around in case of emergency situations.

Originally it was planned to ship Shtokman's gas to the United States as liquid natural gas (LNG). Later it was indicated by Gazprom that the majority of produced natural gas would be sold to Europe via the planned Nord Stream 2 pipeline. For this purpose, the pipeline from the Shtokman field to the Murmansk Oblast and further via Kola peninsula to Volkhov in the Leningrad Oblast will be built. The LNG plant will be laid in by the village of Teriberka, about 100 km north-east of Murmansk.

The front-end engineering and design (FEED) is divided between different companies. The onshore transportation and technological complex, including an LNG plant, will be prepared by Technip. DORIS Engineering will prepare the subsea production system and the offshore technological platform. JP Kenny, a subsidiary of Wood Group, will design together with Rubin Design Bureau and Giprospetsgaz, a subsidiary of Gazprom, the 600 km long 44 in subsea pipeline from the Shtokman field to south of Murmansk. WorleyParsons and its subsidiary INTECSEA will perform FEED of the production vessel, which will process produced gas before transportation onshore.

Geology
The main reservoir is of Upper Jurassic age, with a smaller amount of gas in the Middle Jurassic and the trapping structure is a large anticline, sealed by Upper Jurassic shales.

Technical features
At the initial stage the project is expected to produce 22.5 billion cubic meter (bcm) of natural gas and 205,000 tons of gas condensate annually. Later the production is expected to increase up to 70 bcm of natural gas and 0.6 million tonnes of gas condensate. All extraction facilities will probably be located under water. The development costs are estimated at US$15 billion to US$20 billion, although according to the estimate by Alexander Medvedev, deputy chairman of Gazprom's management committee, the field's development costs will be only US$12 billion.

Project company
The license to explore for and produce gas and condensate on the Shtokman field is owned by Russian company Gazprom Shelf Dobycha (formerly Sevmorneftegaz), a wholly owned subsidiary of Gazprom. Gazprom Shelf Dobycha is a sole customer for the design and construction of the field infrastructure, including a production complex, a pipeline network and an LNG plant, and has all marketing rights for hydrocarbons of the Shtokman field. Shtokman Development AG was to bear all financial, geological and technical risks related to the production activities. Gazprom owned 51% of shares in Shtokman Development, while TotalEnergies had 25% and Statoil 24% of shares. Head of the company was Yury Komarov. Shtokman Development was to own infrastructure for 25 years from field commissioning. Upon completion of phase one, TotalEnergies and Statoil should transfer their shares in Shtokman Development AG to Gazprom.

title: Shtokman field


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FV104 Samaritan

The FV104 Samaritan is the British Army armoured ambulance variant of the CVR(T) family. It has a capacity for up to 6 casualties. It entered service in 1976.

The Samaritan is one of the variants of the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) family of armoured fighting vehicles developed by Alvis plc for the British military.

Philippines

 * FV104 Samaritan retired Philippine Army is on outdoor static display at Fort Bonifacio in Taguig, Philippines.
 * Philippine Army Mechanized Infantry Division CVR(T) FV104 Samaritan Armored Ambulance at Philippine Military Academy Fort Gregorio del Pilar, Baguio, Benguet ,Philippines.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: FV104 Samaritan


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Talk:McIntyre system

 * This is the first full page I've done - just quickly to link to the National Rugby League page. I am aware the system operates in other competitions, not sure which ones - thankyou to the person who added English competition. I'm not sure whether the History in the NRL section should be there, but I left it anyway for someone to get rid of if it is irrelevent. Please let me know of problems with my page, so I can learn...Thanks - AlbinoMonkey.

Different McIntyre Systems

 * I just found out there are more than one form of the McIntyre System - it actually started in 1913 as a Final Four system, and Ken McIntyre has created several different versions, including Final Six and Final Eight, the one discussed on this page. Should there be a different page for each one, or just different sections on this one page. I will make necessary changes once I have researched each more. - AlbinoMonkey

- The McIntyre systems were used in the VFL/AFL between 1931 and I think 1999. They have been known as the McIntyre Final Four, Final Five, Final Six and Final Eight. There were two Final Six systems - the first one used in 1992 was deemed insatisfactory. See the book "The Complete Book of AFL Finals" by Graeme Atkinson for detailed information.

Rewrite

 * I have rewritten this article to make it clear that there is more than one McIntyre System, but it still needs work. The original article is now at McIntyre Final Eight System in a slightly altered form.  It might be better to just put all the McIntyre Systems in one article and maybe all finals systems for that matter.  A discussion of the pros and cons of each system and the percentage chances of winning from each position would be a good idea I think.
 * thanks, good work... i'll be able to put some more effort into this soon. AlbinoMonkey (Talk) 08:31, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

McIntyre Systems
I have put on to a page tabular descriptions of each of the McIntyre finals systems that have been used in the VFL/AFL (and some oter systems that I have come across). Should I put them, or something like them, on this page? --ThirdEdition 03:43, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:McIntyre system


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FV105 Sultan

FV105 Sultan was a British command and control vehicle based on the CVR(T) platform. It has a higher roof than the armoured personnel carrier variants, providing a more comfortable "office space" inside. Sultan entered service in 1978. It is no longer used by British Armed Forces.

Design
The Sultan contains a large vertical map board and desk along one side, with a bench seat for three people facing it. Forward of this are positions for the radio operator, with provision for four radios, and vehicle commander, whose seat can be raised to give him access to the pintle-mounted general purpose machine gun. The driver sits forward of this in a small compartment beside the engine space, on a chair with a spring-loaded seat that allows him to recline inside the vehicle or sit upright with his head out of the hatch.

The back of the vehicle is designed to be extended by an attached tent to form a briefing area. The map board can be removed from the vehicle and hung from the tent poles, along with overhead lights connected to the Sultan's power supply. However, this option has been removed from many vehicles in service.

In common with the other CVR(T) vehicles, the Sultan was originally fitted with a canvas skirt for river crossing. Because of its high roof, this was needed only at the front, which slopes downwards. The swimming skirt was permanently removed from all CVR(T) vehicles in the British Army.

The Sultan contains an NBC filter pack for protection against chemical gas, biological agents and radioactive particles.

Operators

 * 🇹🇬 Togo
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium
 * 🇧🇳 Brunei Darussalam
 * 🇭🇳 Honduras
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom - Out of service.
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela

Philippines

 * FV105 Sultan retired Philippine Army is on outdoor static display at Fort Bonifacio in Taguig, Philippines.

title: FV105 Sultan


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FV106 Samson

FV106 Samson was a British Army armoured recovery vehicle, one of the CVR(T) family. The main role of this vehicle was to recover the CVR(T) family of vehicles, but could also recover other light tracked vehicles such as the FV430 series.

Design and features
The Samson was conceived in the early 1970s with the final design entering production in 1978. The hull is an all-welded aluminium construction. It usually carries a crew of three operating a 3.5T capstan winch that can also be utilised in a lifting configuration. It carries suitable equipment to enable a 4:1 mechanical advantage with 228m of winch rope. This winch is capable of recovering up to 12 Tonnes of vehicle. A manually operated earth anchor is situated at the rear to anchor the vehicle while operations are carried out.

The Samson can be fitted with a flotation screen so it can be operated amphibiously using its own tracks at 6.5 km/h or at 9.6 km/h if also fitted with a propeller kit. The Samson can also be fitted with a full NBC protection unit.

Operators
A single Samson accompanied the two troops of Blues and Royals CVR(T)s to the Falklands War.

Current operators

 * 🇹🇬 Togo One in service.
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium
 * 🇧🇳 Brunei Darussalam – 2 vehicles in service.
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia
 * 🇴🇲 Oman – 3 vehicles in service.
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines – 6 vehicles in service.
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom – No longer in service with the British Army and Royal Air Force.
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine - 5 vehicles from the United Kingdom in 2022.

Philippines

 * FV106 Samson retired Philippine Army is on outdoor static display at Fort Bonifacio in Taguig, Philippines.

United Kingdom

 * The REME Museum has an example of a Samson on display in The Prince Philip Vehicle Hall.

title: FV106 Samson


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FV107 Scimitar

The FV107 Scimitar is an armoured tracked military reconnaissance vehicle (sometimes classed as a light tank) formerly used by the British Army, until it was retired from active service in April 2023. It was manufactured by Alvis in Coventry. It is very similar to the FV101 Scorpion, but mounts a high-velocity 30 mm L21 RARDEN cannon instead of a low-velocity 76 mm gun. It was issued to Royal Armoured Corps armoured regiments in the reconnaissance role. Each regiment originally had a close reconnaissance squadron of five troops, each containing eight FV107 Scimitars. Each Main Battle Tank Regiment also employed eight Scimitars in the close reconnaissance role.

Development
The FV107 Scimitar is one of the CVR(T) series of vehicles. The first prototype was completed in 1971. After being accepted for service in 1973, deliveries to Belgium and the UK commenced in 1974.

Initially, the engine was the Jaguar J60 4.2-litre 6-cylinder petrol engine, the same as used by several Jaguar cars. This was replaced by a Cummins BTA 5.9 diesel engine in British Army Scimitars under the CVR(T) Life Extension Program (LEP).

The UK initiated the Tactical Reconnaissance Armoured Combat Equipment Requirement (TRACER) to replace the Sabre and Scimitar. In 1996 the U.S. joined in on the project. In 2001, both the UK and U.S. dropped out of the joint programme.

As of 2023, the Scimitar's intended replacement in British service is a variant of the Ajax fitted with a CT40 cannon. The Scimitar was retired from British service in 2023. The Warrior is being used as a temporary stop-gap, until Ajax reaches initial operating capability.

Scimitar Mk II
Following a risk mitigation programme, in December 2010 a contract was awarded for the development, testing and management of an upgraded Scimitar. This was undertaken by the Vehicles Military & Technical Services team, BAE Systems Telford, which co-ordinated the build of 50 vehicles at the nearby DSG (Defence Support Group), Donnington, to be completed in early 2012. The Scimitar Mark 2 combat vehicle is one of five enhanced CVR(T) types. It was created in early 2010, and continues in service.

The Scimitar Mk II was: The resulting vehicles have since been re-engined with a Cummins BTA 5.9 litre diesel engine and David Brown TN15E+ automatic gearbox. In addition to providing power for an air conditioning system, the new more fuel-efficient engine extends the vehicle's operational range, while the re-designed internal layout allows better-protected fuel tanks to be repositioned for reduced vulnerability to blast and ballistic threats.
 * Rehulled to give better mine-blast protection for troops
 * Improved armour fitted to enhance resistance to blasts and ballistic threats
 * Provide mine-protected (suspended and piston-mounted) seating in every crew position
 * Improve available space and improve crew conditions
 * Mitigate repairs while reducing maintenance and life-cycle costs, and extend in-service life.

The new engine and transmission package promised straightforward servicing and support for the Mk II during its in-service life, refurbished dampers simultaneously improving crew comfort - and hence reducing fatigue - while extending the life of vehicle components and maintaining the tactical mobility of the original vehicle despite an increase to an operation weight of c12,000 kg.

BAE Systems have proposed improved road wheels, new conventional metal tracks with guaranteed mileage (which could reduce the vehicle's running costs) and continuous 'rubber' band tracks, which significantly decrease both vibration and noise, allowing crew to operate more effectively and for longer, even in the harshest environments, while reducing the vehicle's acoustic signature.

Combat use
Two troops from B Squadron, Blues and Royals served in the Falklands War. One troop was equipped with four Scorpions, the other with four Scimitars. These CVR(T)s were the only armoured vehicles used in action by the British Army during the conflict. At least one Scimitar was seriously damaged by an Argentinian landmine, but the crew were unscathed, and the vehicle was salvaged by a Chinook HC.1 helicopter and soon brought back into service by the attached REME section. Scorpions and Scimitars also provided air defence support; one Scimitar claimed to have shot down an Argentinian Skyhawk fighter-bomber with its 30 mm cannon.

The 1st (British) Armoured Division, the British component of the coalition's ground forces in the First Gulf War, included a medium reconnaissance regiment that used Scimitars and other CVR(T) vehicles. This regiment initially was composed of the three constituent squadrons of 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers (16/5L), reinforced by a fourth squadron from 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards (QDG). On 26 February 1991, the regiment fought direct-fire engagements with Iraqi units while calling in air and artillery strikes to support an attack by the division's 7th Armoured Brigade. A troop of Scimitars engaged and knocked out Iraqi T-62s, penetrating their frontal armour with sabot rounds. One Scimitar was engaged and hit by an Iraqi T-55 and the penetrating round passed through the thin aluminium armour without injuring the crew.

Scimitars of C Squadron, 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, were used in the Battle of Al Faw in the opening days of the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. Plans for an amphibious landing by Scimitars were abandoned due to extensive mining of the beaches; instead, they crossed into Iraq by land.

In Afghanistan, during Operation Herrick, Scimitars were deployed either in standard troop organisations or as part of Jackal composite troops, in which role they provided additional firepower to complement the Jackal's high mobility.

Additional specifications

 * Ground clearance: 0.35 m
 * Main armament: 30 mm L21 RARDEN cannon. (Fires at up to 90 rounds per minute)
 * Ammunition types:
 * High Explosive Incendiary (HEI)
 * High Explosive (HE)
 * Armour Piercing (AP)
 * APSE (Armour Piercing Secondary Effects)
 * Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot-Tracer (APDS-T)
 * Additional defence: 2 × 4-barrel smoke launchers.
 * Ammunition stores:
 * 30 mm – 165 rounds
 * 7.62 mm – 2,000 rounds
 * As with all British armoured vehicles, Scimitar is equipped with a forced air system, so the crew could lock down in a CBRN environment. For this reason, the vehicle is equipped with a boiling vessel (or "BV"), to cook and make hot drinks.

Current operators
In September 2014, Latvia signed a contract with Great Britain for the purchase of 123 Scimitars as part of the Latvian National Armed Forces infantry brigade mechanization program. In August 2023, 23 Scimitar MK IIs were delivered to Ukraine by Great Britain to repel the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
 * 🇱🇻 – 123 units
 * 🇺🇦 – 23 units
 * 🇭🇳 3.
 * 🇳🇬 5. Apparently acquired from Jordan.

Former operators
The Scimitar was used by the three formation reconnaissance regiments of the British Army. After the Strategic Defence and Security Review in 2010, some regiments' Challenger 2 tanks were replaced with CVR(T) Scimitars. The Scimitar was retired from active service in April 2023.
 *  – 325 units

 * 🇧🇪 Belgium – 153 units, withdrawn from active service in 2004.

title: FV107 Scimitar


text:
Mary Lynn Rajskub

Mary Lynn Rajskub is an American actress and comedian who is best known for portraying Chloe O'Brian in the action thriller series 24 and Gail the Snail in It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. Rajskub was a regular cast member on HBO's Mr. Show with Bob and David, appeared in The Larry Sanders Show, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, and Veronica's Closet, and such films as Dude, Where's My Car?, Firewall, Sweet Home Alabama, Punch-Drunk Love, Mysterious Skin, Little Miss Sunshine, Sunshine Cleaning, Safety Not Guaranteed, and The Kings of Summer, among others.

Early life
Rajskub was raised in Trenton, Michigan, having moved there from Detroit. Along with two older sisters, she is the daughter of Betty and Tony Rajskub, a pharmacist's assistant and a pipefitter respectively.

One of her childhood inspirations was the television series Moonlighting. Rajskub attended the Center for Creative Studies and later the San Francisco Art Institute. During the early nineties, she often performed at various open mics in San Francisco.

She later moved to Los Angeles working as a waitress in a Hard Rock Cafe.

Career
Rajskub's first part was as an Oompa-Loompa in a community theater production of Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, and her first starring role was Raggedy Ann. In 1996 she appeared in music videos for the songs "The Good Life" by Weezer and "The New Pollution" by Beck.

Rajskub was one of the original cast members of Mr. Show with Bob and David. From 1996–1998, she had a recurring role on the HBO series The Larry Sanders Show as booking assistant Mary Lou Collins, appearing in 18 episodes. She would later have a recurring, semi-regular role on the short-lived but hit 90's sitcom Veronica's Closet, playing Chloe in 15 episodes.

Her most notable role is CTU systems analyst Chloe O'Brian on 24, which she joined in 2003 at the start of the show's third season. Her character was a hit with viewers and critics and was one of the few cast members to return in the show's fourth season. After being a regular guest star for two seasons, Rajskub became a main cast member in the show's fifth season. By the end of the series, she was the lead female, with top billing second only to Kiefer Sutherland. Her character also had the honor of saying the final words of the series in the season 8 series finale. Rajskub and Sutherland appeared briefly as their 24 characters in a 2007 episode, "24 Minutes", of the Fox animated series The Simpsons. In August 2013, it was announced that she would reprise her Chloe O'Brian role in the 2014 limited series 24: Live Another Day.

Rajskub appeared in Kelsey Grammer's The Sketch Show on Fox Television, The King of Queens as a character named Priscilla, and in numerous films including Mysterious Skin, Legally Blonde 2, Sweet Home Alabama, Dude, Where's My Car?, Man on the Moon, Punch-Drunk Love, The Anniversary Party, Firewall, Little Miss Sunshine, music videos for Beck, Weezer and Sheryl Crow, as well as portraying a blind woman in the film Road Trip.

Rajskub was part of a comic duo (with Karen Kilgariff) called Girls Guitar Club. In 2006, she made a cameo appearance in "Partings", the 6th season finale of Gilmore Girls, where she played a trobairitz looking for her big break. (Rajskub had previously appeared on Gilmore Girls as the female lead in A Film by Kirk, a short film made by the character Kirk Gleason.) She has volunteered as an actress with the Young Storytellers Program. She has an educational background as a painter, having attended the San Francisco Art Institute.

Rajskub has been nominated twice for a Screen Actors Guild Award; once in 2005, and again in 2007 for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. She guest-starred on Flight of the Conchords episode "Prime Minister" as Karen, an Art Garfunkel fanatic. She guest-starred as "Gail the Snail" in an episode of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia titled "The Gang Gives Frank an Intervention", and reprised the role in the ninth-season finale, "The Gang Squashes Their Beefs," and season thirteen's "The Gang Beats Boggs: Ladies Reboot." In 2009, she also appeared in the film Julie & Julia as Sarah, one of Julie Powell's close friends. In 2010, Rajskub performed stand-up on John Oliver's New York Stand Up Show. In June 2010, she appeared in the "Lovesick" episode during the second season of the USA series Royal Pains.

From July through October 2010, she performed in her solo show, Mary Lynn Spreads Her Legs, at the Steve Allen Theater in Los Angeles. Reviewer F. Kathleen Foley of the Los Angeles Times wrote "that cheerfully vulgar title sums up the overall tone, which is often breezily obscene". The show, written by Rajskub with help from director/developer Amit Itelman, was inspired by Rajskub's experiences with pregnancy, childbirth, and early motherhood.

In January 2011, Rajskub guest-starred in the episode "Our Children, Ourselves" on the second season of ABC's Modern Family. In the fall of 2011, Rajskub appeared in the short-lived sitcom How to Be a Gentleman. Also in 2011, Rajskub's web series, Dicki, began airing on My Damn Channel. Dicki is based on a number of people that Rajskub grew up with in and around Michigan. The title character is a 40-year-old woman who lives at home with her parents, makes crafts, and takes her art seriously. Dicki has been one of My Damn Channel's most successful web series to date. The first season concluded in November 2011, but a second season is currently in development. Rajskub performed in the June 2012 edition of Don't Tell My Mother! (Live Storytelling), a monthly showcase in which celebrities share true stories they would never want their mothers to know. In 2012 she began hosting a podcast on the Nerdist Network called Kickin' it Mary Lynn Style.

In 2013, Rajskub appeared in the fourth season of Arrested Development in a silent yet well-received role as Heartfire, a character Rajskub has said "speak[s] from the heart, but do[es]n't use any words." In the same year Rajskub also appeared in the web series All Growz Up with Melinda Hill.

Rajskub appeared on Ken Reid's TV Guidance Counselor podcast on March 27, 2015. In August 2016, Rajskub appeared at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 24 Hours With Mary Lynn Rajskub. A comedy special that dealt with issues of domestic life as well as her stardom and work in various independent ventures, the performance was well-received by both critics and fans.

In 2017, Rajskub appeared in the first season of the Adult Swim series Dream Corp LLC, playing Patient 46 in the episode "Are You Down With OCD?". Her appearance involved two leading characters, T.E.R.R.Y. (Stephen Merchant) and Patient 88 (Nicholas Rutherford), competing for her attention. Rajskub appeared in the 2018 comedy Night School, starring Kevin Hart and Tiffany Haddish. The movie received middling reviews, with Michael Phillips of The Chicago Tribune noting that "the actors aren't the problem with Night School; the material is."

In 2021, Rajskub released a 49-minute comedy special called Mary Lynn Rajskub: Live from the Pandemic. The same year, she appeared in Amazon's science fiction movie The Tomorrow War, starring Chris Pratt, Yvonne Strahovski and J.K. Simmons. Rajskub also had a four-episode role in the Hulu series The Dropout, a dramatization of the Theranos scandal starring Amanda Seyfried; Rajskub played Lorraine Fuisz, wife of William H. Macy's Richard Fuisz.

In 2022, Rajskub released her first book, Fame-ish: My Life At The Edge Of Stardom. In 2023, she was a contestant on Celebrity Wheel of Fortune, where she was a fan favorite. An official clip of her and fellow actor Paul Scheer accrued over two million views on TikTok.

Personal life
Rajskub dated David Cross, who introduced her to Mr. Show and left the show when they broke up after the end of the second season. Afterwards, she dated music producer Jon Brion for five years until they broke up in the fall of 2002. Rajskub later dated comedian Duncan Trussell.

Rajskub met personal trainer Matthew Rolph when he approached her after one of her comedy sets. They began dating, and she became pregnant three months later. Their son was born in 2008. Rajskub married Rolph on August 1, 2009, in an impromptu wedding in Las Vegas. Rajskub filed for divorce in June 2019.

Rajskub is bisexual and discussed her past relationships with women in an article for AfterEllen.com.

title: Mary Lynn Rajskub


text:
1960 European Nations' Cup

The 1960 European Nations' Cup was the inaugural tournament of the UEFA European Championship, held every four years and organised by UEFA. The first tournament was held in France. It was won by the Soviet Union, who beat Yugoslavia 2–1 in Paris after extra time.

The tournament was a knockout competition, with just 17 teams entering. There were some notable absences, including West Germany, Italy, Netherlands and England, each of whom had voted against the creation of the tournament in 1957. The entrants would play home-and-away matches until the semi-finals; the final four teams would then move on to the final tournament, whose host was selected after the teams became known.

In the quarter-finals, Spain, who were under Francoist rule, refused to travel to the Soviet Union for political reasons. After a proposal to play the tie over one leg at a neutral venue were rejected by the Soviets, Spain were disqualified: accordingly, three of the final four teams were from communist countries: the USSR, Czechoslovakia, and SFR Yugoslavia, to go with hosts France.

In the semi-finals, the Soviets made easy work of the Czechoslovaks in Marseille, beating them 3–0. The other match saw a nine-goal thriller as Yugoslavia came on top 5–4 after coming back from a two-goal deficit twice. Czechoslovakia beat the demoralised French 2–0 for third place.

In the final, Yugoslavia scored first, but the Soviet Union, led by legendary goalkeeper Lev Yashin, equalised in the 49th minute. After 90 minutes the score was 1–1, and Viktor Ponedelnik scored with seven minutes left in extra time to give the Soviets the inaugural European Championship.

Final tournament

In all matches but the final, extra time and a coin toss were used to decide the winner if necessary. If the final remained level after extra time, a replay would be used to determine the winner.

All times are local, CET (UTC+1).

Awards

 * UEFA Team of the Tournament

title: 1960 European Nations' Cup


text:
Talk:Rustam Minnikhanov

Untitled
--Gene s 14:37, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Google search for "Rostam Minnexanov" - 0 (zero)
 * Google search for "Rustam Minnekhanov" - 44
 * Google search for "Rustam Minnikhanov" - 705

See the official http://www.tatar.ru/english/peopl002.html --Gene s 14:30, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Rustam Minnikhanov
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Rustam Minnikhanov's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "aljazeera.com": From Republic of Crimea:  From Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 14:21, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rustam Minnikhanov


text:
Tensei Kono

Tensei Kono (河野 典生) was a prominent Japanese mystery and science fiction writer who won the Mystery Writers of Japan Award and was a two-time finalist for the Naoki Prize. His short fiction including his often-reprinted story "Triceratops" has been translated into English in anthologies such as Speculative Japan: Outstanding Tales of Japanese Science Fiction and Fantasy, The Best Japanese Science Fiction Stories and The World Treasury of Science Fiction. In total, he published more than 30 novels and short story collections.

Life
Kono was born in Kōchi, Kōchi Prefecture and studied French literature at Keio University. While at the university he began writing poems, plays, and fantasy novels, publishing his play The Fallen Hawk in the school's literary magazine.

He died at the age of 77 on January 29, 2012 due to aspiration pneumonia.

Writing career
In 1958, Kono dropped out of Keio University and began working in television. The following year he submitted Going My Way to a call for original novels for the Nippon Television program Night Prism, where his work received an honorable mention. He also began publishing hard-boiled mystery stories in publications such as the Japanese edition of Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine. In 1960 he published the collection of short stories Young Men Die in the Sun and the following year the collection On the Asphalt. In 1964 he won the Mystery Writers of Japan Award for Satsui to iu Na no Kachiku (殺意という名の家畜 A Livestock Named Murderous). As a result of his success in mystery writing he was named one of the "three hard-boiled crows" alongside fellow authors Takashi Takajo and Haruhiko Ōyabu, all of whom were born in 1935.

Kono's 1969 mystery novel Others' Castle was a finalist for the prestigious Naoki Prize, as was his 1974 book Group of Painting Knives.

In addition to writing mysteries, Kono also began writing science fiction and fantasy stories after meeting Masami Fukushima, the editor of SF Magazine. He became a prominent science fiction writer known for stories that mixed mysterious imagery from both nature and civilization. Among such works are his two collections of "city naturalist" short stories set in a surrealistic suburban landscape.

Kono's 1974 city naturalist story "Triceratops" ("トリケラトプス") is his work most frequently translated into English. The story was first published in English in the August 1982 issue of OMNI. The story is about a "normal, middle-class Japanese father and son who live in a subdivision normal in every way but one: the fabric of time is torn just enough to allow them to see dinosaurs in the streets." The story has since been reprinted in The Best Japanese Science Fiction Stories, The Fifth Omni Book of Science Fiction, and The World Treasury of Science Fiction.

His story "Hikari," originally published in 1976 in Shukan Shosetsu, was translated and printed in the 2007 anthology Speculative Japan: Outstanding Tales of Japanese Science Fiction and Fantasy. The story focuses on a narrator riding a train at night who seeing a distant city of shining light and then learns about the people who live there. In a review in Strange Horizons, "Hikari" was described by Niall Harrison as "an odd but haunting story, deeply sceptical of transcendence."

Kono's city naturalist series has been described as "delicately evocative" and "among the best of any Japanese SF writer," with the stories in the series compared to the works of Ray Bradbury. Kono's writings have also been compared to both Jorge Luis Borges and the early works of J. G. Ballard.

Awards

 * 1959 Honorable Mention, Nippon Television's "Prism of the Night" Original Story Award for "Going My Way"
 * 1964 Mystery Writers of Japan Award for Satsui to iu Na no Kachiku (殺意という名の家畜, A Livestock Named Murderous)
 * 1969 Finalist for the Naoki Prize for Others' Castle
 * 1974 Finalist for the Naoki Prize for Group of Painting Knives
 * 1975 Kadokawa Award for the novel Tomorrow the Birds Take Wing

Works

 * Young People Die in the Sunlight (陽光の下、若者は死ぬ, Arachi Publishing, 1960) - This collection contains different short stories from the Kadokawa Bunko version published in 1973.
 * On the Asphalt (アスファルトの上, Kofusha, 1961)
 * Under the Black Sun (黒い陽の下で, Naniwa Shobo, 1961) – Story for the film Black Sun (1964)
 * Murder Crowd (殺人群集, Kofusha 1961, later published by Tokuma Bunko)
 * The Shape of Hatred (憎悪のかたち, Shichiyosha, 1962)
 * Gunjo (群青, Hayakawa Shobo 1963, later Kadokawa Bunko)
 * The Samurai (ザ・サムライ, Togensha, 1963)
 * A Livestock Named Murderous Intent (殺意という名の家畜, Jewelssha, 1963, later published by Kadokawa Bunko and Futaba Bunko )
 * Three Stray Dogs (三匹の野良犬, Geibunsha, 1964)
 * Cruel Blues (残酷なブルース, Geibunsha, 1964)
 * Glass City (ガラスの街, Sanichi Shobo 1969)
 * Others’ Castles (他人の城, Sanichi Shobo, 1969, later Kodansha Bunko )
 * Green Era (緑の時代, Hayakawa Publishing, 1972, later Kadokawa Bunko, Hayakawa Bunko )
 * Young People Die in the Sunlight (陽光の下、若者は死ぬ, Kadokawa Bunko, 1973) - This collection contains different short stories from the Arachi Publishing version published in 1960.
 * Crazy Duet Jazz Novels (狂熱のデュエット ジャズ小説集, Kadokawa Bunko, 1973)
 * Painting Knife Group (ペインティング・ナイフの群像, Shinchosha, 1974)
 * Town Natural History (街の博物誌, Hayakawa Shobo, 1974, later published in paperback)
 * Someday, the days will be glaring (いつか、ギラギラする日々, Bungeishunjū 1974, later published by Shueisha Bunko)
 * Elegy in the Sun (陽だまりの挽歌, Kadokawa Shoten, 1974)
 * Midday Improvisation (真昼のアドリブ, Novel and Essay, Ushio Publishing, 1975)
 * Tomorrow the Birds Will Fly (明日こそ鳥は羽ばたく, Kadokawa Shoten, 1975, later Shueisha Bunko)
 * Songs of My Earth: Indian Tetralogy (わが大地のうた インド四部作, Tokuma Shoten, 1975)
 * Rogue Encyclopedia (悪漢図鑑, Kofusha Shoten 1976, later Shueisha Bunko)
 * The detective is now on the iron plate (探偵はいま鉄板の上, Shodensha, 1976, later published by Tokuma Bunko)
 * Jazz Book (ジャズの本, Seijisha, 1977)
 * Farewell, My Dark Days (さらば、わが暗黒の日々, Futaba Shinsho, 1977, later Shueisha Bunko)
 * Camouflage Forest (迷彩の森, Jitsugyo no Nihonsha 1977, later Kodansha Bunko)
 * The Hawk or King Kandool: A collection of early poetic works by Norio Kono (鷹またはカンドオル王 河野典生初期詩的作品集, Midnight Series, 1978)
 * The Mysterious Birds of Denpasar (デンパサールの怪鳥, Kaigai Publishing Department, 1978, later Shueisha Bunko)
 * Natural history of the city continued (続・街の博物誌, Hayakawa Shobo, 1979)
 * Impromptu Travel to India: Kono Yamashita Live in India co-authored by Yōsuke Yamashita (インド即興旅行 ヤマシタ・コーノ・ライブ・イン・インディア, Tokuma Shoten, 1979, later published by Tokuma Bunko)
 * Kathmandu Yeti House (カトマンズ・イエティ・ハウス, Kodansha, 1980)
 * Town Guide: Voices and Their Journeys (町の案内図 声、そして彼らの旅, Tokuma Shoten, 1980)
 * Lucy Floats in the Sky with Explosives (ルーシーは爆薬持って空に浮かぶ, Shueisha, 1981)
 *  Agatha Christie Murder Case (アガサ・クリスティ殺人事件, Shodensha, 1983)
 * That Was Bloody Saturday (あれは血の土曜日, Keibunsha Bunko, 1985)
 * Genmu/Obesity Madness (幻夢・肥満狂死曲, Shodensha, 1985)
 * The Counterattack of the Phantom Maoranni (怪人・毛酔翁（マオランニー）の逆襲, Shodensha, 1986)
 * The Hawk of Alta (アルタの鷹, Tainki Shobo, 1989)
 * Entertainment World Contemporary Studies: From Seiko Matsuda and Beat Takeshi to Mami Yamase and George Tokoro Living in Images  (芸能界考現学 イメージの中を生きる 松田聖子、ビートたけしから、山瀬まみ、所ジョージへ, Tainki Shobo, 1990)
 * Flying Clan (翔ぶ一族, Adrenalize 2018) *E-book original
 * August is a cruel month: Showa Mystery Renaissance edited by Yuzuru Yamamae (八月は残酷な月 昭和ミステリールネサンス, Kobunsha Bunko, 2019)
 * Castles of Others/Forms of Hatred: Japanese Hard-Boiled Complete Works 3 edited by Jiro Kitakami, Sanzo Kusaka, and Matsuko Sugie (他人の城／憎悪のかたち 日本ハードボイルド全集3, Sogen Mystery Bunko, 2022)

title: Tensei Kono


text:
Top-six play-offs

After a top-five play-off system was used, a play-off structure involving the top six teams was used to determine the winners of the Super League competition in British rugby league from 2002 through to 2008.

Apart from the grand final, all matches were staged at the home ground of the team placed higher in the final league table. A similar system was used by the Australian National Soccer League. The A-League uses the same system to determine its champions, but with a subtle difference outlined below.

From week two on, the top-six play-offs system reflects exactly the Page playoff system.

With the expansion of Super League from 12 teams to 14 for 2009, the number of teams making the play-offs increased from 6 to 8. For details of the new system, see Super League play-offs.

How it worked

Week one
 * Elimination semi-final A: 3rd vs 6th
 * Elimination semi-final B: 4th vs 5th

Week two
 * Qualification final: 1st vs 2nd
 * Elimination final: winners of elimination semi-final A vs winners of elimination semi-final B

Week three
 * Preliminary final: losers of qualification match vs winners of elimination final

Week Four
 * Grand final: winners of Qualification Match vs winners of Final Qualifier

The A-League system
(System used in season 2009/10, 2010/11,2011/12) Week one
 * Major semi-final leg 1: 2nd vs 1st
 * Elimination semi-final A: 3rd vs 6th
 * Elimination semi-final B: 4th vs 5th

Week two
 * Major semi-final leg 2: 1st vs 2nd
 * Minor semi-final : elimination semi-final A winner vs elimination semi-final B winner

Week three
 * Preliminary final: loser of major semi-final vs winner of minor semi-final

Week four
 * Grand final: winner of major semi-final vs winner of preliminary final

(System used after season 2012/13, which is also adopted to World Curling Championships since 2018): Week one
 * Elimination final A: 3rd vs 6th
 * Elimination final B: 4th vs 5th

Week two
 * semi-final A: higher ranked elimination final winner vs 2nd
 * semi-final B: lower ranked elimination final winner vs 1st

Week three
 * Grand final: higher ranked semifinal winner vs lower ranked semifinal winner

Competitions
In addition to the Super League, the top-six system is also used in the Championship and the Championship One, as well Rugby League Conference National. A modified method was used in the 2018 Australian domestic limited-overs cricket tournament.

title: Top-six play-offs


text:
Miguel Pro

José Ramón Miguel Agustín Pro Juárez, also known as Blessed Miguel Pro, SJ (January 13, 1891 – November 23, 1927) was a Mexican Jesuit priest executed under the presidency of Plutarco Elías Calles on the false charges of bombing and attempted assassination of former Mexican President Álvaro Obregón.

Pro's arrest, without a trial or evidential support, gained prominence during the Cristero War. Known for his religious piety and innocence, he was beatified in Rome on September 25, 1988, by Pope John Paul II as a Catholic martyr, killed in odium fidei ("in hatred of the faith").

Historical background
At the time of Pro's death, Mexico was ruled by fiercely anti-clerical and anti-Catholic President Plutarco Elías Calles who had begun what writer Graham Greene called the "fiercest persecution of religion anywhere since the reign of Elizabeth."

Childhood
Miguel Pro, whose full name was José Ramón Miguel Agustín, was born into a mining family on January 13, 1891, in Guadalupe, Zacatecas. He was the third of eleven children, four of whom had died as infants or young children. From a young age, he was called "Cocol" as a nickname. Two of his sisters joined a convent. He entered the Jesuit novitiate at El Llano on August 15, 1911.

Jesuit life in Mexico, persecution, exile abroad, and ordination

One of his companions, Pulido, said that he "had never seen such an exquisite wit, never coarse, always sparkling." He was noted for his charity and ability to speak about spiritual subjects without boring his audience. Pulido remarked that there were two Pros: the playful Pro and the prayerful Pro. He was known for the long periods he spent in the chapel.

Long-time President of Mexico Porfirio Díaz was ousted in 1911 after staging a rigged reelection, and a struggle for power – the Mexican Revolution – began.

Pro studied in Mexico until 1914 when a massive wave of governmental anti-Catholicism forced the novitiate to dissolve and the Jesuits to flee to Los Gatos, California, in the United States. He then went to study in Granada, Spain (1915–19), and from 1919 to 1922 taught in Nicaragua.

Back in Mexico, a new constitution for the country had been signed (1917). Five articles of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico were particularly aimed at suppression of the Catholic Church. Article 3 mandated secular education in schools, prohibiting the Church from participating in primary and secondary education. Article 5 outlawed monastic religious orders. Article 24 forbade public worship outside of church buildings, while Article 27 restricted religious organizations' rights to own property. Finally, Article 130 revoked basic civil rights of clergy members: priests and religious workers were prevented from wearing their habits, were denied the right to vote, and were forbidden from commenting on public affairs to the press. Most of the anti-clerical provisions of the constitution were removed in 1998.

For his theological studies Pro was sent to Enghien, Belgium, where the French Jesuits (also in exile) had their faculty of Theology. His health continued to deteriorate. There he was ordained a priest on August 31, 1925. He wrote on that occasion: "How can I explain to you the sweet grace of the Holy Spirit, which invades my poor miner's soul with such heavenly joys? I could not hold back the tears on the day of my ordination, above all at the moment when I pronounced, together with the bishop, the words of the consecration. After the ceremony the new priests gave their first blessing to their parents. I went to my room, laid out all the photographs of my family on the table, and then blessed them from the bottom of my heart."

His first assignment as a priest was to work with the miners of Charleroi, Belgium. Despite the socialist, communist, and anarchist tendencies of the workers, he was able to win them over and preach the Gospel to them.

Three months after ordination, he was forced to undergo several operations for ulcers. He remained cheerful and courageous, explaining that the source of his strength was his prayer.

Return to Mexico
In summer 1926 – his studies in Europe completed – Pro returned to Mexico. On the way he visited Lourdes where he celebrated Mass and visited the grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes.

Pro arrived at Veracruz on July 8, 1926. Plutarco Elías Calles was now president of Mexico. Unlike his predecessors, Calles vigorously enforced the anti-Catholic provisions of the 1917 constitution, implementing the so-called Calles Law, which provided specific penalties for priests who criticized the government (five years' imprisonment) or wore clerical garb in certain situations outside their churches (500 pesos). This law went into effect on July 31, 1926.

By this time, some states, such as Tabasco under the notorious anti-Catholic Tomás Garrido Canabal, had closed all the churches and cleared the entire state of openly serving priests, killing many of them, forcing a few to marry, the remaining few serving covertly at risk of their lives. On his return Pro served a Church which was forced to go "underground". He celebrated the Eucharist clandestinely and ministered the other sacraments to small groups of Catholics.

Details of Pro's ministry in the underground church come from his many letters, signed with the nickname Cocol. In October 1926, a warrant for his arrest was issued. He was arrested and released from prison the next day, but kept under surveillance.

Arrest and execution

A failed attempt to assassinate Álvaro Obregón, which only wounded him, in November 1927, provided the state with a pretext for arresting Pro again, this time with his brothers Humberto and Roberto. A young engineer who confessed his part in the attempted assassination testified that the Pro brothers were not involved. Miguel and his brothers were taken to the Detective Inspector's Office in Mexico City.

On November 23, 1927, Pro was executed without trial. President Calles gave orders to have Pro executed for the assassination attempt. Calles had the execution meticulously photographed, and the newspapers throughout the country carried photos on the front page the following day. Presumably, Calles thought that the sight of the pictures would frighten the Cristero rebels who were fighting against his troops, particularly in the state of Jalisco. However, they had the opposite effect.

Pro and his brothers were visited by Generals Roberto Cruz and Palomera Lopez around 11 p.m. on November 22, 1927. The next day, as Pro walked from his cell to the courtyard and the firing squad, he blessed the soldiers, knelt, and briefly prayed quietly. Declining a blindfold, he faced his executioners with a crucifix in one hand and a rosary in the other and held his arms out in imitation of the crucified Christ and shouted out, "May God have mercy on you! May God bless you! Lord, Thou knowest that I am innocent! With all my heart I forgive my enemies!" Before the firing squad was ordered to shoot, Pro raised his arms in imitation of Christ and shouted the defiant cry of the Cristeros, "¡Viva Cristo Rey!" – "Long live Christ the King!". When the initial shots of the firing squad failed to kill him, a soldier shot him at point-blank range.

Calles is reported to have looked down upon a throng of 40,000 which lined Pro's funeral procession. Another 20,000 waited at the cemetery where he was buried without a priest present, his father saying the final words. The Cristeros became more animated and fought with renewed enthusiasm, many of them carrying the newspaper photo of Pro before the firing squad.

Beatification
Pro's spiritual writings were approved by theologians on 1 June 1947, and his cause was formally opened on 11 January 1952, granting him the title of Servant of God.

At Pro's beatification in Saint Peter's Square on September 25, 1988, Pope John Paul II said:

"Neither suffering nor serious illness, nor the exhausting ministerial activity, frequently carried out in difficult and dangerous circumstances, could stifle the radiating and contagious joy which he brought to his life for Christ and which nothing could take away. Indeed, the deepest root of self-sacrificing surrender for the lowly was his passionate love for Jesus Christ and his ardent desire to be conformed to him, even unto death."

title: Miguel Pro


text:
NPM

NPM may stand for:

Organizations

 * National Postal Museum (since 1993), a museum in Washington, D.C., United States
 * National Palace Museum, a museum in Taipei, Taiwan
 * npm, Inc., a software development and hosting company based in California, United States
 * NPM/CNP (Compagnie Nationale à Portefeuille SA), a Belgian non-listed holding company
 * New People's Militia in Manipur, India

Technology

 * npm, the default package manager for the JavaScript runtime environment Node.js
 * Network performance management
 * Nintendo Power magazine, a video game magazine

Other

 * New Public Management, a management doctrine for governments
 * Nils Petter Molvær (born 1960), Norwegian jazz trumpeter, also branded NPM since 2008
 * Net profit margin, a measure of profitability

title: NPM


text:
Chris Nineham

Christopher Mark Nineham (born June 1962) is a British political activist and founder member of the Stop the War Coalition serving as National Officer and Deputy Chair of the Stop the War Coalition in the UK. He served under Jeremy Corbyn from 2011 to 2015. He was one of the main organisers of the 15 February 2003 anti-war protest against the invasion of Iraq.

Early life
Christopher Mark Nineham was born in June 1962. His father was the Reverend Professor Dennis Nineham, the former warden of Keble College, University of Oxford. He was educated at Westminster School.

He briefly attended Clare College, Cambridge in 1981.

Activism
He was a leading member of Globalise Resistance, the anti-globalisation network that protested in Genoa and elsewhere and he played a role in the European and World Social Forums. He was a member of the Trotskyist Socialist Workers' Party for many years until he resigned in 2010.

Nineham is deputy leader of the Stop the War Coalition. He has written on the anti-war movement and the anti-capitalist movement as well as on the media, modernism and cultural theory, and is the author of The People Versus Tony Blair and Capitalism and Class Consciousness: the ideas of Georg Lukács.

Selected articles

 * "Raymond Williams" (Socialist Review, 1996)
 * "Anticapitalism: An idea whose time has come" (Socialist Review, 2001)
 * "Don't be nostalgic about Tony Blair" (The Guardian, 2014)

title: Chris Nineham


text:
Top-five play-offs

A play-off structure involving the top five teams was used to determine the winners of the Super League competition in British rugby league from 1998 until 2001. A top-six play-off system was then introduced. Apart from the grand final, all matches are staged at the home ground of the team placed higher in the final league table.

The same system was used in the NSWRL's Sydney Competition 1973–1994, the Super League in its only season 1997, the VFL, 1972–1990 and New Zealand's Lion Red Cup, 1994–1996, and Bartercard Cup, 2000–2006.

From week two on the top-five play-offs system reflects exactly the Page playoff system.

Procedure
Week one

 * Qualification final: 2nd vs 3rd
 * Elimination final: 4th vs 5th
 * Bye: 1st

Week two

 * Major semi-final: 1st vs winners of qualification final
 * Minor semi-final: losers of qualification final vs winners of elimination final

Week three

 * Preliminary final: losers of major semi-final vs winners of minor semi-final
 * Bye: winners of major semi-final

Week four

 * Grand final: winners of major semi-final vs winners of preliminary final

This is considered a good playoff system, as while it allows fifth place to take part, it is incredibly difficult for fourth and them to be crowned champions as they must beat every other team at some point.

The only NSWRL team to win the premiership from 5th was Brisbane in 1993.

In elite Australian Rules Football, only twice have the premiers won from fifth – Norwood in 1984 and North Adelaide in 2018. No AFL/VFL team won from fifth under this format (1972–1990), and no WAFL team has won under this format as of 2021.

If all matches have the same odds to win, then seed 1 has 37.5% to be champion; seed 2 and 3 have 25% to be champion; seed 4 and 5 have 6.25%;

Seed 1 has two chances to reach the final, and only needs to win 1 match to clinch it. It is only eliminated before the final if loses against both finalists, and doesn´t win any match.

Seed 2 and 3 need to win 2 out of 3 matches to reach the final (they are like in a best-of-3 semi-final, but with different opponents in any round).

Seed 4 and 5 need to win all other 4 opponents without loss to be crowned. Any loss means its elimination.

Example
The 1994 NSWRL finals occurred as follows:

title: Top-five play-offs


text:
Yuko Nii

Yuko Nii (born 1942) is a Japanese artist and philanthropist. Her work has included painting, printmaking, graphic design, stage set, costume and fashion design. She has written journalism, poetry, fiction, essays and philosophy, and published two books. She also runs the non-profit organization Yuko Nii Foundation.

Early life and education
Nii was born in 1942. She is from Tokyo. She studied (1961–63) English and American Literature at Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan. In 1963 she transferred to Macalaster College, St. Paul, Minnesota as a scholarship student, and earned her BFA. in 1965. From 1966 she attended Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, New York, as a fellowship student and earned her Master of Fine Arts in painting in 1969.

Williamsburg Art & Historical Center
In 1996, Nii founded the non-profit Williamsburg Art & Historical Center (WAH Center) in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York, which is housed in the Kings County Savings Bank Building in the National Register of Historic Places - a New York City Landmark.

Yuko Nii Foundation
In 2008, she launched the non-profit Yuko Nii Foundation to hold, maintain and preserve contemporary art and historical artifacts and properties, including the landmark building, which Yuko Nii purchased in 1996 and later donated to the Yuko Nii Foundation in 2008. The collection includes many Japanese art pieces from the 16th through the 20th century. Some of the artists include Ilya Bolotowsky, Jerry Rudquist, Ansei Uchima, Toshiko Uchima, Judy Chicago, Faith Ringgold,  Toshiko Takaezu, Yoko Ono,  Yayoi Kusama, Terrance Lindall, Doug Buebe, Beatrice Coron, Kenichi Nakajima, Charles Compo, and as well as her own artworks.

Honors and awards
In 1998, Howard Golden, then Brooklyn borough president, named Nii Brooklyn’s Women of the Year. In 2001, Governor George Pataki named Nii a "Woman of Excellence, Vision and Courage."

title: Yuko Nii


text:
Louisville metropolitan area

The Louisville metropolitan area is the 43rd largest metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in the United States. It had a population of 1,395,855 in 2020 according to the latest official census, and its principal city is Louisville, Kentucky.

The metropolitan area was originally formed by the United States Census Bureau in 1950 and consisted of the Kentucky county of Jefferson and the Indiana counties of Clark and Floyd. As surrounding counties saw an increase in their population densities and the number of their residents employed within Jefferson County, they met Census criteria to be added to the MSA. Jefferson County, Kentucky, plus eleven outlying counties – seven in Kentucky and four in Southern Indiana – are now a part of this MSA. Two other counties, one each in Kentucky and Indiana, were part of the MSA in the 2000 and 2010 U.S. Censuses, but were spun off by the Census Bureau into their own Micropolitan Statistical Areas (μSA) in 2013 and 2018 respectively.

The formal name given to the area by the Census Bureau is the Louisville/Jefferson County, Kentucky–Indiana, metropolitan statistical area, though it is regularly referred to as Kentuckiana. It is now the primary MSA of the Louisville/Jefferson County–Elizabethtown, KY-IN Combined Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Bureau of the Census in 2000 and recently redefined in 2018. The combined statistical area (CSA) adds the counties of Hardin County, Kentucky, and LaRue County, Kentucky. In 2020, the Census Bureau measured the combined statistical area's population at 1,601,309.

Before the 2023 definitions were released, the CSA had two additional micropolitan statistical areas, Bardstown, Kentucky μSA and Scottsburg, Indiana μSA. In 2023, the Bardstown μSA was dissolved with Nelson County being added to the Louisville MSA and Scottsburg, Indiana μSA was dissolved, no longer considered a statistical area by the OMB. In addition, Meade County, which was part of the Elizabethtown MSA, was detached and added to the Louisville MSA. Trimble County, on the northeastern edge of the Louisville MSA, was detached in 2023.

Definitions
, the U.S. Office of Management and Budget defines the Louisville–Jefferson County MSA as including Bullitt, Henry, Jefferson, Meade, Nelson, Oldham, and Shelby Counties in Kentucky and Clark, Floyd, Harrison, and Washington Counties in Indiana. The larger Louisville/Jefferson County–Elizabethtown CSA adds the Elizabethtown, Kentucky, MSA, consisting of Hardin and LaRue Counties.

Counties
Louisville–Jefferson County MSA
 * Bullitt County, Kentucky (80,246)
 * Clark County, Indiana (116,973)
 * Floyd County, Indiana (77,071)
 * Harrison County, Indiana (39,898)
 * Henry County, Kentucky (16,006)
 * Jefferson County, Kentucky (771,158)
 * Meade County, Kentucky (28,154)
 * Nelson County, Kentucky (45,640)
 * Oldham County, Kentucky (66,415)
 * Shelby County, Kentucky (47,421)
 * Spencer County, Kentucky (18,507)
 * Washington County, Indiana (27,827)

Elizabethtown–Fort Knox, Kentucky MSA
 * Hardin County, Kentucky (108,071)
 * LaRue County, Kentucky (14,205)

Municipalities
Principal city
 * Louisville, Kentucky

In 2003, the Jefferson County government merged with that of its largest city and county seat, Louisville, forming a new entity, the Louisville–Jefferson County Metro Government (official long form) or Louisville Metro (official short form). All small cities within Jefferson County became part of the new Louisville Metro government while retaining their city governments. For statistical and ranking purposes, the United States Census Bureau uses the statistical entity Louisville–Jefferson County metro government (balance), Kentucky, to represent the portion of the consolidated city-county of Louisville–Jefferson County that does not include any of the 83 separate incorporated places (municipalities) located within the city and county.

Louisville Metro (771,158)

Louisville–Jefferson County (balance) (621,349)

Municipalities with more than 25,000 people
 * Jeffersontown, Kentucky*
 * Jeffersonville, Indiana
 * New Albany, Indiana

Municipalities with 10,000 to 25,000 people
 * Clarksville, Indiana
 * Lyndon, Kentucky*
 * Mount Washington, Kentucky
 * St. Matthews, Kentucky*
 * Shelbyville, Kentucky
 * Shepherdsville, Kentucky
 * Shively, Kentucky*

Municipalities with less than 10,000 people

 * Anchorage*
 * Audubon Park*
 * Bancroft*
 * Barbourmeade*
 * Beechwood Village*
 * Bellemeade*
 * Bellewood*
 * Blue Ridge Manor*
 * Borden
 * Brandenburg
 * Briarwood*
 * Broeck Pointe*
 * Brownsboro Farm*
 * Brownsboro Village*
 * Cambridge*
 * Campbellsburg
 * Charlestown
 * Clarksville
 * Coldstream*
 * Corydon
 * Crandall
 * Creekside*
 * Crestwood
 * Crossgate*
 * Douglass Hills*
 * Druid Hills*
 * Ekron
 * Elizabeth
 * Eminence
 * Fincastle*
 * Forest Hills*
 * Fox Chase
 * Fredericksburg
 * Georgetown
 * Glenview Hills*
 * Glenview Manor*
 * Glenview*
 * Goose Creek*
 * Goshen
 * Graymoor-Devondale*
 * Green Spring*
 * Greenville
 * Hardinsburg
 * Hebron Estates
 * Heritage Creek*
 * Hickory Hill*
 * Hills and Dales*
 * Hillview
 * Hollow Creek*
 * Hollyvilla*
 * Houston Acres*
 * Hunters Hollow
 * Hurstbourne Acres*
 * Hurstbourne*
 * Indian Hills*
 * Kingsley*
 * La Grange
 * Laconia
 * Lanesville
 * Langdon Place*
 * Lebanon Junction
 * Lincolnshire*
 * Little York
 * Livonia
 * Lynnview*
 * Manor Creek*
 * Maryhill Estates*
 * Mauckport
 * Meadow Vale*
 * Meadowbrook Farm*
 * Meadowview Estates*
 * Middletown*
 * Milltown
 * Mockingbird Valley*
 * Moorland*
 * Muldraugh
 * Murray Hill*
 * New Amsterdam
 * New Castle
 * New Middletown
 * New Pekin
 * Norbourne Estates*
 * Northfield*
 * Norwood*
 * Old Brownsboro Place*
 * Orchard Grass Hills
 * Palmyra
 * Parkway Village*
 * Pewee Valley
 * Pioneer Village
 * Plantation*
 * Pleasureville
 * Poplar Hills*
 * Prospect*‡
 * Richlawn*
 * River Bluff
 * Riverwood*
 * Rolling Fields*
 * Rolling Hills*
 * Saltillo
 * Sellersburg
 * Seneca Gardens*
 * Simpsonville
 * Smithfield
 * South Park View*
 * Spring Mill*
 * Spring Valley*
 * St. Regis Park*
 * Strathmoor Manor*
 * Strathmoor Village*
 * Sycamore*
 * Taylorsville
 * Ten Broeck*
 * Thornhill*
 * Utica
 * Vine Grove
 * Watterson Park*
 * Wellington*
 * West Buechel*
 * West Point
 * Westwood*
 * Wildwood*
 * Windy Hills*
 * Woodland Hills*
 * Woodlawn Park*
 * Worthington Hills*

*Part of Louisville Metro

‡Prospect lies in both Jefferson and Oldham Counties. The portion within Jefferson County is part of Louisville Metro.

Metropolitan statistical area
Notes
 * Populations are based upon published estimates by the United States Bureau of the Census.

Combined statistical area
Notes
 * Populations are based upon published estimates by the United States Bureau of the Census.

title: Louisville metropolitan area


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dirty Mirror

Dirty Mirror
Delete: Garage band? Rock and roll band formed in 2002, no discography on website, pics on site are truly ugly -- Chris 73 Talk 14:37, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Verdicts on appearances aside, this band is completely trivial and not worth an article. Delete. Katherine Shaw 15:29, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Garage band vanity. No recordings.   — Gwalla | Talk 19:42, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * "Recently they have experimented with hats"? Delete. Gamaliel [[Image:Watchmensmiley20.gif]] 23:19, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)


text:
Baldwin effect

In evolutionary biology, the Baldwin effect describes an effect of learned behaviour on evolution. James Mark Baldwin and others suggested that an organism's ability to learn new behaviours (e.g. to acclimatise to a new stressor) will affect its reproductive success and will therefore have an effect on the genetic makeup of its species through natural selection. It posits that subsequent selection might reinforce the originally learned behaviors, if adaptive, into more in-born, instinctive ones. Though this process appears similar to Lamarckism, that view proposes that living things inherited their parents' acquired characteristics. The Baldwin effect only posits that learning ability, which is genetically based, is another variable in / contributor to environmental adaptation. First proposed during the Eclipse of Darwinism in the late 19th century, this effect has been independently proposed several times, and today it is generally recognized as part of the modern synthesis.

"A New Factor in Evolution"
The effect, then unnamed, was put forward in 1896 in a paper "A New Factor in Evolution" by the American psychologist James Mark Baldwin, with a second paper in 1897. The paper proposed a mechanism for specific selection for general learning ability. As the historian of science Robert Richards explains:

"If animals entered a new environment—or their old environment rapidly changed—those that could flexibly respond by learning new behaviours or by ontogenetically adapting would be naturally preserved. This saved remnant would, over several generations, have the opportunity to exhibit spontaneously congenital variations similar to their acquired traits and have these variations naturally selected. It would look as though the acquired traits had sunk into the hereditary substance in a Lamarckian fashion, but the process would really be neo-Darwinian."

Selected offspring would tend to have an increased capacity for learning new skills rather than being confined to genetically coded, relatively fixed abilities. In effect, it places emphasis on the fact that the sustained behaviour of a species or group can shape the evolution of that species. The "Baldwin effect" is better understood in evolutionary developmental biology literature as a scenario in which a character or trait change occurring in an organism as a result of its interaction with its environment becomes gradually assimilated into its developmental genetic or epigenetic repertoire. In the words of the philosopher of science Daniel Dennett:

"Thanks to the Baldwin effect, species can be said to pretest the efficacy of particular different designs by phenotypic (individual) exploration of the space of nearby possibilities. If a particularly winning setting is thereby discovered, this discovery will create a new selection pressure: organisms that are closer in the adaptive landscape to that discovery will have a clear advantage over those more distant."

An update to the Baldwin effect was developed by Jean Piaget, Paul Weiss, and Conrad Waddington in the 1960s–1970s. This new version included an explicit role for the social in shaping subsequent natural change in humans (both evolutionary and developmental), with reference to alterations of selection pressures.

Subsequent research shows that Baldwin was not the first to identify the process; Douglas Spalding mentioned it in 1873.

Controversy and acceptance
Initially Baldwin's ideas were not incompatible with the prevailing, but uncertain, ideas about the mechanism of transmission of hereditary information and at least two other biologists put forward very similar ideas in 1896. In 1901, Maurice Maeterlinck referred to behavioural adaptations to prevailing climates in different species of bees as "what had merely been an idea, therefore, and opposed to instinct, has thus by slow degrees become an instinctive habit". The Baldwin effect theory subsequently became more controversial, with scholars divided between "Baldwin boosters" and "Baldwin skeptics". The theory was first called the "Baldwin effect" by George Gaylord Simpson in 1953. Simpson "admitted that the idea was theoretically consistent, that is, not inconsistent with the modern synthesis", but he doubted that the phenomenon occurred very often, or if so, could be proven to occur. In his discussion of the reception of the Baldwin-effect theory Simpson points out that the theory appears to provide a reconciliation between a neo-Darwinian and a neo-Lamarckian approach and that "Mendelism and later genetic theory so conclusively ruled out the extreme neo-Lamarckian position that reconciliation came to seem unnecessary". In 1942, the evolutionary biologist Julian Huxley promoted the Baldwin effect as part of the modern synthesis, saying the concept had been unduly neglected by evolutionists.

In the 1960s, the evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr contended that the Baldwin effect theory was untenable because
 * 1) the argument is stated in terms of the individual genotype, whereas what is really exposed to the selection pressure is a phenotypically and genetically variable population;
 * 2) it is not sufficiently emphasized that the degree of modification of the phenotype is in itself genetically controlled;
 * 3) it is assumed that phenotypic rigidity is selectively superior to phenotypic flexibility.

In 1987 Geoffrey Hinton and Steven Nowlan demonstrated by computer simulation that learning can accelerate evolution, and they associated this with the Baldwin effect.

Paul Griffiths suggests two reasons for the continuing interest in the Baldwin effect. The first is the role mind is understood to play in the effect. The second is the connection between development and evolution in the effect. Baldwin's account of how neurophysiological and conscious mental factors may contribute to the effect  brings into focus the question of the possible survival value of consciousness.

Still, David Depew observed in 2003, "it is striking that a rather diverse lot of contemporary evolutionary theorists, most of whom regard themselves as supporters of the Modern Synthesis, have of late become 'Baldwin boosters'". These

"are typically evolutionary psychologists who are searching for scenarios in which a population can get itself by behavioral trial and error onto a 'hard to find' part of the fitness landscape in which human brain, language, and mind can rapidly coevolve. They are searching for what Daniel Dennett, himself a Baldwin booster, calls an 'evolutionary crane,' an instrument to do some heavy lifting fast."

According to Dennett, also in 2003, recent work has rendered the Baldwin effect "no longer a controversial wrinkle in orthodox Darwinism". Potential genetic mechanisms underlying the Baldwin effect have been proposed for the evolution of natural (genetically determinant) antibodies. In 2009, empirical evidence for the Baldwin effect was provided from the colonisation of North America by the house finch.

The Baldwin effect has been incorporated into the extended evolutionary synthesis.

Comparison with genetic assimilation
The Baldwin effect has been confused with, and sometimes conflated with, a different evolutionary theory also based on phenotypic plasticity, C. H. Waddington's genetic assimilation. The Baldwin effect includes genetic accommodation, of which one type is genetic assimilation. Science historian Laurent Loison has written that "the Baldwin effect and genetic assimilation, even if they are quite close, should not be conflated".

title: Baldwin effect


text:
Talk:James Mark Baldwin

Untitled
I think we should move the section on Baldwinian Evolution to the Baldwin Effect stub. Reagle 14:42, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The section on Baldwinian Effect needs carefull attention and may have to be rewritten. (Lunarian 10:09, 15 August 2006 (UTC))

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 04:10, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Just a note on the links to the Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology
In case anybody is wondering, the reason for separate links to the Google Book Search volumes is that, the last time I looked, the general search doesn't tell you which volume is which. On the other hand, the Internet Archive search does tell you, so there was no reason for distinct links to each volume. Also, thanks to user Danny Lost for his additions to the links and for his coping so nicely with the table. The Tetrast (talk) 02:17, 19 June 2008 (UTC) Separate links to individual volumes were also needed for MSN Live Book Search, but that service was discontinued, so I deleted that row from the table. The Tetrast (talk) 01:06, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Gene/Genome? Anachronism?
Did Baldwin really talked about "genes"? That would imply rather a rather premature nomenclature in the late 19th/early 20th century: the Genome article says that the term was introduced in the 1920s. This raises some doubts about the article's correctness? -- 89.247.112.176 (talk) 11:13, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

Baldwin and Maine de Biran
I sugggest that the whole section on "Baldwin and Maine de Biran" be deleted. Only one part of it, the quote from Baldwin, is relevant to the subject of this article, and it is a tiny part of Baldwin's total work. This section has the appearance of something implanted by a fan of Maine de Biran. Dark Formal (talk) 03:00, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

OK, enough time has gone by for objections to be voiced. I went ahead and deleted that section. Dark Formal (talk) 03:20, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:James Mark Baldwin


text:
Christy Moore

Christopher Andrew "Christy" Moore (born 7 May 1945) is an Irish folk singer, songwriter and guitarist. In addition to his significant success as a solo artist, he is one of the founding members of the bands Planxty and Moving Hearts. His first album, Paddy on the Road was recorded with Dominic Behan in 1969. In 2007, he was named as Ireland's greatest living musician in RTÉ's People of the Year Awards.

Early life
Moore was born in Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland and attended Newbridge College. His mother Nancy Moore was a Fine Gael election candidate. He was originally a bank employee who wanted to express himself using traditional music. During a bank strike in 1966, which lasted twelve weeks, he went to England, as many striking officials did, but didn't return when the strike was settled. "I had a wild and wonderful time in England, with no bank manager looking over my shoulder," he said. Doing general labouring work, he frequented the folk clubs and the Irish music pubs where he met Seamus Ennis, Margaret Barry, Luke Kelly, Martin Byrnes and many other traditional musicians. When Irish singing trio The Grehan Sisters, with whom Moore was previously acquainted, moved to the north of England from Dublin in 1967, they assisted Moore to get a higher profile by giving him contacts and support slots on their concerts.

Musical career
1973 brought his first major release, Prosperous, which brought together the four musicians who shortly thereafter formed Planxty: Liam O'Flynn, Andy Irvine and Dónal Lunny. For a time they called themselves "CLAD", an acronym of their names, but soon decided on Planxty.

After leaving Planxty in 1975, Moore continued on his solo career, reforming his old band on occasion (which he has been doing ever since). He also formed the band Moving Hearts with Lunny and five other musicians in 1980. In 1987 he appeared on Gay Byrne's The Late Late Show performing with The Dubliners for their 25th anniversary. In 2000, he published his autobiography, One Voice.

Moore's earlier lifestyle resulted in a decline in health and several operations. Moore's battle with alcohol, and subsequent heart operations, have taken their toll. At the end of the 1990s, Moore reduced his workload for medical reasons.

Some of Moore's songs are heavily influenced by drink and the effects of drink, his song "Delirium Tremens" being a good example. Listening to Johnny Mulhern's song "Hard Cases" caused Moore to recall the Galway drinking scene with local musicians Mickey Finn, Pete Galligan, Corky and Terry Smith.

On 17 April 2009, Moore released his first new studio album in four years, entitled Listen, and promoted it through a series of live gigs.

In December 2011, Moore released the album Folk Tale. His next album Where I Come From was released in November 2013 and features a new protest song called "Arthur's Day". The album peaked at number three in the Irish album charts. On the road was released in November 2017, while his most recent album Magic Nights was released in November 2019.

Political and social commentary
Moore is best known for his political and social commentary which reflects a left-wing, Irish republican perspective, despite the fact that his mother was a Fine Gael county councillor and parliamentary candidate in Kildare. He supported the republican H-Block protestors with the albums H-Block in 1978, the launch of which was raided by the police, and The Spirit of Freedom. He has also recorded songs by the hunger striker Bobby Sands, including "Back Home in Derry" which is based on Gordon Lightfoot's song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald". He ceased supporting the military activities of the IRA in 1987 as a result of the Enniskillen bombing.

Political songs he has performed throughout his career include Mick Hanly's "On the Blanket" about the protests of republican prisoners, "Viva la Quinta Brigada", about the Irishmen who fought in the Spanish Civil War against Franco, and "Minds Locked Shut" about Bloody Sunday in Derry.

Moore has endorsed a long list of leftist causes, ranging from El Salvador to Mary Robinson in the 1990 presidential election. He has incorporated songs about Salvador Allende ('Allende') and Ronald Reagan ('Ronnie Reagon') into his repertoire.

At the Glastonbury Festival in 2005, he sang about the Palestinian solidarity activist Rachel Corrie, whom he also dedicated his album of the same year to, Burning Times. He supported the anti-nuclear movement in Ireland playing in many concerts and at festivals in Carnsore Point for the cause.

Banned song
"They Never Came Home" is a song about the Stardust fire of 1981 where 48 people died. The song was recorded on the Ordinary Man album and was released on the B-side of a single in 1985. The song achieved notoriety when Moore was taken to court over claims in the song prejudicial to an ongoing court case determining compensation. For instance, the song claimed, "hundreds of children are injured and maimed, and all just because the fire exits were chained". Mr Justice Murphy ordered the Ordinary Man album to be withdrawn from the shops, and costs were awarded against Moore. "Another Song Is Born" was recorded for the album's re-release. "They Never Came Home" later appeared on his box set and on the album Where I Come From.

In 2024, the jury at the Stardust tribunal found that one exit was locked at the time of the fire and blocked from the outside by a parked van, another exit was unlocked but had chains tied across the panic bar which gave the impression of it being locked to those inside, another exit was partially blocked by a portable stage, and one exit had been locked but was unlocked by a bouncer after the fire alarm went off who then wedged the door open with a doormat. This doormat became dislodged and the doors closed over and had to be forced open from the inside.

Musical style
His solo style includes driving rhythms on guitar and bodhrán as well as slower ballads.

Family
Moore's brother Barry, whose stage name is Luka Bloom, is also a singer-songwriter. His nephew, Conor Byrne, is also a traditional flautist and tin whistle player, with Christy appearing on his Wind Dancer album.

Detention incident, 2004
In October 2004, Moore was stopped and detained by Special Branch officers at the Welsh port of Holyhead, taken into an office and questioned about the lyrics of his songs. The following day, he released a statement saying: "My driver and I were stopped and held for two hours at Holyhead last Monday, under the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2002. My driver and I were held separately in two interrogation rooms. I found the whole experience threatening. I was questioned about the contents of my briefcase." Despite initial reports to the contrary, the singer's van, which was full of musical equipment, was not searched. "I was questioned about lyrics of songs and I was asked a lot of personal questions about members of my family and my children and about my home. At no time was I given any explanation as to why I was being held and interrogated in this manner", he added. He said the fact that Irish people are still being treated this way on their way to Britain is very "saddening". "I had hoped to deal with this matter out of the public domain. But seeing as it has become a news item, I feel the need to offer my side of the story. I found the whole affair quite frightening."

Penguin book of Irish poetry
In 2010, Christy Moore's song "Lisdoonvarna", which he wrote, gained entry in The Penguin Book of Irish Poetry.

Solo albums

 * Paddy on the Road (1969)
 * Prosperous (1972)
 * Whatever Tickles Your Fancy (1975)
 * Christy Moore (1976)
 * The Iron Behind the Velvet (1978)
 * The Time Has Come (1983)
 * Ride On (1984)
 * Ordinary Man (1985)
 * The Spirit of Freedom (1986)
 * Unfinished Revolution (1987)
 * Voyage (1989)
 * Smoke & Strong Whiskey (1991)
 * King Puck (1993) No. 2
 * Graffiti Tongue (1996) No. 2
 * Traveller (1999) No. 1
 * This Is the Day (2001) No. 1
 * Burning Times (2005) No. 3
 * Listen (2009) No. 1
 * Folk Tale (2011)
 * Where I Come From (2013)
 * Lily (2016) No. 3
 * Flying Into Mystery (2021)

Live albums

 * Live in Dublin (1978)
 * Live at the Point (1994) No. 1
 * Live at Vicar Street (2002) No. 1
 * Live at the Point 2006 (2006) No. 1
 * On the Road (2017) No. 1
 * Magic Nights (2019) No. 2

Other

 * H Block (1980)
 * Christy Moore and Friends (1981)

With Planxty

 * Planxty (1972)
 * The Well Below the Valley (1973)
 * Cold Blow and the Rainy Night (1974)
 * After the Break (1979)
 * The Woman I Loved So Well (1980)
 * Words and Music (1983)

Live and compilation

Other
 * Live 2004 CD/DVD (2004)
 * Between the Jigs and the Reels: A Retrospective CD/DVD (2016)

 * High Kings of Tara (1980)

With Moving Hearts

 * Moving Hearts (1981)
 * Dark End of the Street (1982)

Compilation albums

 * Nice 'n Easy (1984)
 * Aris (1984)
 * Christy Moore (1988)
 * The Christy Moore Collection 1981–1991 (1991)
 * Christy Moore Collection Part 2 (1997) No. 4
 * The Box Set 1964–2004 (2004) No. 2
 * The Early Years 1969-81 (2020)

Video

 * Christy (1995) 54 mins – Christy reflects on his life and career.

DVDs

 * Christy Moore Uncovered (2001) 104 mins – features collaborations with Jimmy MacCarthy, Wally Page, Shane MacGowan, Sinéad O'Connor and John Spillane.
 * Live 2004 (Planxty DVD) The reunion of the hugely popular and influential group after a 20-year hiatus.
 * Christy Moore Live in Dublin 2006 (2006) 143 mins – First time a live solo concert has been recorded and released outside CD format. Filmed over 4 nights in December 2005 and January 2006.
 * Christy Moore's Come All You Dreamers – Live at Barrowland (2009) – Filmed in Barrowland in Glasgow featuring Declan Sinnott.

title: Christy Moore


text:
Nokia 3310

The Nokia 3310 is a discontinued GSM mobile phone announced on 1 September 2000, and released in the fourth quarter of the year, replacing the popular Nokia 3210. It sold very well, being one of the most successful phones, with 126 million units sold worldwide, and being one of Nokia's most iconic devices. The phone is still widely acclaimed and has gained a cult status due to its reputation for durability.

Several variants of the 3310 have been released, including the Nokia 3315, 3320, 3330, 3350, 3360, 3390 and 3395.

The Nokia 3310 was produced at factories in Finland and Hungary. The 3315s were produced in South Korea for the Asia-Pacific market.

A new mobile phone based on the 3310 design was launched in 2017. The new Nokia 3310 model comes with a comprehensive update over its predecessor, with a 2.4" color display, a 2 Megapixel rear camera and a microSD slot.

Design
The 3310 was developed at the Copenhagen Nokia site in Denmark and unveiled at the "Don't be bored. Be totally board." lifestyle event in Oberhausen, Germany, as well as "Nokia Unplugged" concerts in the Asia-Pacific region. It is a compact and sturdy phone featuring an 84 × 48 pixel pure monochrome display. It has a lighter removable 115 g battery variant which has fewer features; for example the 133 g (4.6 oz) battery version has the start-up image of two hands touching while the 115 g (4.05 oz) version does not. It is a slightly rounded rectangular unit that is typically held in the palm of a hand, with the buttons operated with the thumb. The blue button is the main button for selecting options, with "C" button as a "backspace", "back" or "undo" button. Up and down buttons are used for navigation purposes. The on/off/profile button is a stiff black button located on the top of the phone. Like its predecessor Nokia 3210, the 3310 was marketed as a customizable consumer-oriented handset targeting the youth. It is about a centimeter shorter than the 3210.

The 3310 is known for being reasonably durable due to its casing and construction, a feature which is often humorously exaggerated in online communities. Numerous videos also exist of the phone being put through increasingly-severe damage tests to test the phone's strength, including being dropped from a great height (sometimes while being protected with makeshift cases made from various objects), being crushed by heavy objects or being struck by vehicles or hammers, many times of which the phone proved its record. The 3310's reputation for durability led HMD Global to develop the Nokia 800 Tough with MIL-STD-810G standard compliance in mind.

Features
The Nokia 3310's main new feature introduced over its predecessors was a Chat function. This is an instant messaging-like feature that works on standard SMS. The 3310 was popular for SMS text messaging because of Chat and also because it allowed long messages three times the size of a standard SMS text message, at 459 characters. It also featured threaded SMS writing and voice dialing for the quick dialing of selected numbers.

The 3310 is known for having many features that were rare for the time. These include many utilities, such as a calculator, Nokia network monitor, stop watch and a reminder function. It has four games: Pairs II, Space Impact, Bantumi, and the hugely popular Snake II. The Snake series of games has been popular on Nokia handsets since the late 1990s. CNET remembered Space Impact, a shoot 'em up in which the player fires projectiles at oncoming aliens, as a mediocre game overall but impressive for fitting a mobile device with its complexity and length. It was later recreated for other mobile devices.

The Nokia 3310 runs on Nokia's proprietary Series 20 software.

The Nokia 3310 uses a MiniSIM (more commonly known as a standard SIM).

Customization
The Nokia 3310 can be customized with interchangeable Xpress-On covers, and thousands of different designs have been produced by various companies. It also has over 35 ringtones built-in with space for seven custom tones. These can either be downloaded, or composed by the user on the handset. The phone has various "profiles" that can set several preferences such as silent mode where the phone will not ring, useful for situations where it is inappropriate to do so. Screensavers can be made from received picture messages.

3315, 3390 and 3395
An enhanced version of the 3310 is the Nokia 3315, which has some additional features:
 * A picture editor to edit pictures for use in SMS Picture messaging and screensavers on the phone
 * Timed profiles
 * Could use self-made and received ringtones as SMS tones
 * Fixed some of the bugs found in the 3310
 * Automatic keypad locking after a specified time
 * Accidental emergency calls are not possible because keyguard is always "on"
 * Peanut-like interconnected silicon key mat

3315s sold in Singapore and Malaysia had a blue backlight for the LCD screen and keypad, as opposed to green in other markets.

The 3315 was also released in Australia. Most versions of the 3310 could be upgraded to include the additional features of the 3315 by using a data cable.

There are two North American variants of the 3310; one is the Nokia 3390, which operates on GSM 1900. The Nokia 3395 is an updated version of the 3390, which includes the additional features of the Asian 3315 model, and it has poor reception if connected to a GSM 850 area.

WAP-enhanced models (3330 and 3350)
The Nokia 3330 added a CSD-based WAP capability, animated Screensavers, a pinball game named Bumper, and phonebook (stored in the phone memory as opposed to the SIM card in earlier models) with a 100-entry capacity to the model. It also has the capability of downloading Java MIDP apps via WAP (such as Snake II mazes, Bumper tables, and Space Impact chapters).

An Asia-Pacific only version, known as the Nokia 3350, was, in essence, an improved 3330 with WAP, rhythmic backlight alert, animated Screensavers, two-way Navi-Key, dedicated call and hang buttons, Chinese lunar calendar, and a 96-by-65-pixel screen. Some 3350s have back covers that feature a photo-insert window, allowing users to put personal pictures from photographs, magazine cut-outs, etc.

AMPS/D-AMPS-based versions (3320 and 3360)
The Nokia 3360 and 3320 are related models designed for the U.S. and Canadian markets, respectively. They are externally similar to the 3310 and 3390, but they use Digital AMPS ("TDMA")/AMPS technology rather than GSM.

Like the Asian 3350, they include two dedicated call and hang buttons and two soft keys. They also feature an infrared port. Unlike the 3390, the 3360 and 3320 do not support voice dialing. At 136 grams each, they are also slightly heavier than the 3390, which weighs 119 grams.

Legacy
The Nokia 3310 has a reputation of great durability, and many Internet memes have been made calling the phone "indestructible" or "the Nokia Brick" and praising its durability compared to modern smartphones. In a retrospective piece, TechRepublic called the Nokia 3310 "a big tough cockroach of a phone" and praised its "legendary durability".

In November 2015, the Nokia 3310 was chosen as one of the first three "National Emojis" for Finland. The emoji is referred to as "The Unbreakable", as the phone was known for its aforementioned toughness and durability.

Revival
On 14 February 2017, it was reported that a revived version of the 3310 would be unveiled at the 2017 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona by HMD Global Oy, the Finnish manufacturer with rights to market phones under the Nokia brand, forecasting a price point of €49. On 26 February 2017, the modernized version of the 3310 was launched at a price of €49.

title: Nokia 3310


text:
Windsor Bridge

The Windsor Bridge or Windsor Town Bridge, an iron and granite arch bridge over the River Thames, is located between the towns of Windsor and Eton in the English county of Berkshire. The Thames Path crosses the river here. The bridge carries pedestrian and cycle traffic, and crosses the Thames just above Romney Lock. It is a Grade II listed structure.

History
It is likely that the first bridge on this site was built in the 12th century AD. By 1172 it is recorded that Osbert de Bray derived over £4 from tolls levied on vessels passing beneath the bridge. In 1242, permission was granted for oak trees to be felled in Windsor Forest for the purpose of constructing a new bridge between Windsor and Eton. By 1819 the wooden bridge, presumably rebuilt many times over its life, had deteriorated and it was decided to build a new bridge in new materials.

Description
Construction on the current bridge was started in 1822 and it opened on 1 June 1824. The bridge has three arches, each comprising seven cast iron segments, and is supported in mid-stream by two granite piers.

Built as a road bridge, tolls were originally levied on traffic crossing the bridge. Following protests and a court case, ''The Mayor &c. of New Windsor and ano. v Joseph Taylor'', which went to the highest court at the time, these tolls were scrapped in 1897. In the 20th century the bridge carried the A332, the busy main road between Slough and Windsor.

In 1970, cracks were discovered in some of the cast iron segments, and despite local protests, but with almost equal support, it was decided to close the bridge to all motorised traffic. All such traffic between Windsor and Eton must now travel via the Queen Elizabeth Bridge on the Royal Windsor Way (formerly the Windsor and Eton relief road) 0.25 mi to the west. For those approaching from Old Windsor or Runnymede, the Albert Bridge provides an alternative route via Datchet's High Street.

In 2002 the bridge was refurbished, with repairs to the structure and new parapets including integral lighting. The bridge deck was replaced using Yorkstone and seating areas provided. The bridge remains in use by pedestrians and cyclists only; it provides an excellent walking route from central Windsor to Eton's High Street, and a good viewing spot for both the river and Windsor Castle.

Proximity to railway stations
About 80 m east of the bridge is Windsor & Eton Riverside railway station, served by South Western Railway trains to London Waterloo, while Windsor & Eton Central railway station, up the hill 200 m to the south-west, is served by Great Western Railway trains to Slough for connecting services to London Paddington.

title: Windsor Bridge


text: User talk:81.186.230.253

title: User talk:81.186.230.253


text:
Talk:Foxtrot (dance)

Harry Fox not the originator of Foxtrot?
I was under the impression that the "legend" that Foxtrot was named after Harry Fox was just that... an unverified legend. According to my copy of Victor Sylvester's "Modern Ballroom Dance" (which is not an authoritative reference, otherwise I would simply change the page), "[i]t has the eponymous hero in the person of one Harry Fox, who was among the first to introduce it to the vaudeville stage, but the suggestion that it was named after the gait or pace of the horse, known in the West as a 'Foxtrot', is a much more plausible one."
 * It could be both: a pun with Harry's name clicked into place. In fact, the gait alone IMO does not fit the story: it is a diagonal gait, and surely doesn't fit for the description of a dance of a couple or a single person, unless something else (like, one Harry) comes into play. I will not vouch, however. Mikkalai 18:24, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Removed section
Sorry, but there are thousands of foxtrot tunes, hundreds of which are simply fascinating and released severali times in multiple arrangements. If there are classical tunes that have wikipedia articles, then we may list them here. Still another problem is Verifiability. Who says taht a tune is foxtrot? For example, Zoot Suit Riot is a swing dance hit. `'mikka (t) 04:22, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Foxtrot Dance Music
Arranged alphabetically in order of artist's last name or band name. {| style="background: white; border="1" ! Artist ! Title ! Album ! Year
 * Michael Bublé
 * Come Fly With Me
 * michael bublé
 * 2003
 * Michael Bublé
 * Fever
 * michael bublé
 * 2003
 * Norah Jones
 * Cold Cold Heart
 * Maroon 5
 * Sunday Morning
 * Songs About Jane
 * 2004
 * Steve Perry
 * Zoot Suit Riot
 * Robbie Williams
 * Have You Met Miss Jones
 * Songs About Jane
 * 2004
 * Steve Perry
 * Zoot Suit Riot
 * Robbie Williams
 * Have You Met Miss Jones
 * Robbie Williams
 * Have You Met Miss Jones
 * Robbie Williams
 * Have You Met Miss Jones

title: Talk:Foxtrot (dance)