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Lindóia

Lindóia is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Lindóia is one of 11 municipalities considered spas by the State of São Paulo, in that it fulfills certain prerequisites set by state law. That status ensures those municipalities a special budget from the state for the promotion of regional tourism. Also, the municipality acquires the right to add its name next to the title of Hidromineral, the term by which it is known by both municipal officials and the state.

Lindóia is considered the Brazilian "National Capital of Mineral Water", as 40% of all bottled water consumed in Brazil comes from Lindóia. Bottlers in Lindóia include Lindoya Premium, Lindoya Bioleve, Lindoya Summer, Lindoya Life, Lindoya Original, Lindoya Joia, and Lindoya Genuine. These companies are allowed to take Lindoya in their packaging for demonstration of the origin of mineral water.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1938.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Religion
Christianity is present in the city as follows:

Catholic Church
The Catholic church in the municipality is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Amparo.

Protestant Church
The most diverse evangelical beliefs are present in the city, mainly Pentecostal, including the Assemblies of God in Brazil (the largest evangelical church in the country), Christian Congregation in Brazil, among others. These denominations are growing more and more throughout Brazil.

title: Lindóia


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Uni Records

Uni Records (short for the label's legal name Universal City Records and rendered as UNI) was a record label owned by MCA Inc. The brand, which long featured a distinctive UNi logo, was established in 1966 by MCA executive Ned Tanen and developed by music industry veteran Russ Regan. Notable artists on Uni included Strawberry Alarm Clock, the Foundations, Hugh Masekela, Brian Hyland, Desmond Dekker, Bill Cosby, Elton John, Neil Diamond, Dave and Ansil Collins, Fever Tree, Olivia Newton-John, Betty Everett, and the Factory (Lowell George, Dallas Taylor, et al.). In 1967, Uni took over management of MCA's newly acquired Kapp Records. Uni also operated Revue Records, a soul music subsidiary, from about 1967 to 1970. In 1971 Uni was merged with Kapp and the co-owned American Decca Records, to form MCA Records. The Decca, Kapp, and Uni labels continued to be used for new releases for a short time, but in late 1972, new releases by their former artists began appearing on the MCA Records label; before long, their back catalogs were transferred to MCA as well. That year, Regan left MCA to revive 20th Century Records for 20th Century Fox.

In 1988, Uni was briefly revived by MCA Records as a niche hipster label, à la Sire Records, with a roster that included Transvision Vamp, Big Bam Boo, Eric B. & Rakim, Swans, Steve Earle, Lord Tracy and a distribution deal with the Bronx-based hip hop label Strong City Records. By the end of 1989, however, Swans was dropped, the deal with Strong City was terminated, and the others were absorbed by the MCA label.

On November 13, 1990, MCA revamped the Uni moniker once more when it changed the name of its music distribution network from MCA Music Distribution Corp to Uni Distribution Corp. In 1996, in the wake of Seagram's purchase of MCA and the merger of the MCA and PolyGram families of labels, it was renamed Universal Music & Video Distribution Inc. In June 2001, it was renamed Universal Music & Video Distribution Corp., and it was changed again in 2006, after the sale of Universal Pictures to NBC, to Universal Music Distribution. Geffen Records manages the Uni catalog today after absorbing the MCA label in 2003.

Label variations

 * 1967–1973: Mustard yellow label with lime green, blue, and magenta swirls, followed by lime green colored Uni logo in yellow swirl and another lime green swirl. Many albums during this run were also pressed with custom labels.
 * 1988–1989: Blue label with Uni logo in black at top.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Uni Records


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Gundestrup cauldron

The Gundestrup cauldron is a richly decorated silver vessel, thought to date from between 200 BC and 300 AD, or more narrowly between 150 BC and 1 BC. This places it within the late La Tène period or early Roman Iron Age. The cauldron is the largest known example of European Iron Age silver work (diameter: 69 cm; height: 42 cm). It was found dismantled, with the other pieces stacked inside the base, in 1891, in a peat bog near the hamlet of Gundestrup in the Aars parish of Himmerland, Denmark (56.81667°N, 9.55°W). It is now usually on display in the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen, with replicas at other museums; during 2015–16, it was in the UK on a travelling exhibition called The Celts.

The cauldron is not complete, and now consists of a rounded cup-shaped bottom making up the lower part of the cauldron, usually called the base plate, above which are five interior plates and seven exterior ones; a missing eighth exterior plate would be needed to encircle the cauldron, and only two sections of a rounded rim at the top of the cauldron survive. The base plate is mostly smooth and undecorated inside and out, apart from a decorated round medallion in the centre of the interior. All the other plates are heavily decorated with repoussé work, hammered from beneath to push out the silver. Other techniques were used to add detail, and there is extensive gilding and some use of inlaid pieces of glass for the eyes of figures. Other pieces of fittings were found. Altogether the weight is just under 9 kilograms.

While the vessel was found in Denmark, it was probably not made there or nearby; it includes elements of Gaulish and Thracian origin in the workmanship, metallurgy, and imagery. The techniques and elements of the style of the panels relate closely to other Thracian silver, while much of the depiction, in particular of the human figures, relates to the Celts, though attempts to relate the scenes closely to Celtic mythology remain controversial. Other aspects of the iconography derive from the Near East.

Hospitality on a large scale was probably an obligation for Celtic elites, and although cauldrons were therefore an important item of prestige metalwork, they are usually much plainer and smaller than this. This is an exceptionally large and elaborate object with no close parallel, except a large fragment from a bronze cauldron also found in Denmark, at Rynkeby; however the exceptional wetland deposits in Scandinavia have produced a number of objects of types that were probably once common but where other examples have not survived. It has been much discussed by scholars, and represents a fascinatingly complex demonstration of the many cross-currents in European art, as well as an unusual degree of narrative for Celtic art, though we are unlikely ever to fully understand its original meanings.

Discovery

The Gundestrup cauldron was discovered by peat cutters in a small peat bog called Rævemose (near the larger Borremose bog) on 28 May 1891. The Danish government paid a large reward to the finders, who subsequently quarreled bitterly amongst themselves over its division. Palaeobotanical investigations of the peat bog at the time of the discovery showed that the land had been dry when the cauldron was deposited, and the peat gradually grew over it. The manner of stacking suggested an attempt to make the cauldron inconspicuous and well-hidden. Another investigation of Rævemose was undertaken in 2002, concluding that the peat bog may have existed when the cauldron was buried.

The cauldron was found in a dismantled state with five long rectangular plates, seven short plates, one round plate (normally termed the "base plate"), and two fragments of tubing stacked inside the curved base. In addition, there is a piece of iron from a ring originally placed inside the silver tubes along the rim of the cauldron. It is assumed that there is a missing eighth plate because the circumference of the seven outer plates is smaller than the circumference of the five inner plates.

A set of careful full-size replicas have been made. One is in the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin, and several are in France, including the Musée gallo-romain de Fourvière at Lyon and the Musée d'archéologie nationale at Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

Reconstruction
Since the cauldron was found in pieces, it had to be reconstructed. The traditional order of the plates was determined by Sophus Müller, the first of many to analyze the cauldron. His logic uses the positions of the trace solder located at the rim of the bowl. In two cases, a puncture mark penetrating the inner and outer plates also helps to establish the order. In its final form, the plates are arranged in an alternation of female-male depictions, assuming the missing eighth plate is of a female. Not all analysts agree with Müller's ordering, however. Taylor has pointed out that aside from the two cases of puncturing, the order cannot be determined from the solder alignments. His argument is that the plates are not directly adjacent to each other, but are separated by a 2 cm gap; thus, the plates in this order cannot be read with certainty as the true narrative, supposing one exists. However Larsen (2005: 16, fig. 12) indicates, not only did his study vindicate the order for the inner plates established, by Muller, Klindt-Jensen, and Olmsted, but the order of the outer plates is also established by the rivet holes, the solder alignments, and the scrape marks.

Metallurgy
The Gundestrup cauldron is composed almost entirely of silver, but there is also a substantial amount of gold for the gilding, tin for the solder and glass for the figures' eyes. According to experimental evidence, the materials for the vessel were not added at the same time, so the cauldron can be considered as the work of artisans over a span of several hundred years. The quality of the repairs to the cauldron, of which there are many, is inferior to the original craftsmanship.

Silver was not a common material in Celtic art, and certainly not on this scale. Except sometimes for small pieces of jewellery, gold or bronze were more usual for prestige metalwork. At the time that the Gundestrup cauldron was created, silver was obtained through cupellation of lead/silver ores. By comparing the concentration of lead isotopes with the silverwork of other cultures, it has been suggested that the silver came from multiple ore deposits, mostly from Celtic northern France and western Germany in the pre-Roman period. The lead isotope studies also indicate that the silver for manufacturing the plates was prepared by repeatedly melting ingots and/or scrap silver. Three to six distinct batches of recycled silver may have been used in making the vessel. Specifically, the circular "base plate" may have originated as a phalera, and it is commonly thought to have been positioned in the bottom of the bowl as a late addition, soldered in to repair a hole. By an alternative theory, this phalera was not initially part of the bowl, but instead formed part of the decorations of a wooden cover.

The gold can be sorted into two groups based on purity and separated by the concentration of silver and copper. The less pure gilding, which is thicker, can be considered a later repair, as the thinner, purer inlay adheres better to the silver. The adherence of the overall gold is quite poor. The lack of mercury from the gold analysis suggests that a fire-gilding technique was not used on the Gundestrup cauldron. The gilding appears to have instead been made by mechanical means, which explains the function of closely spaced punch marks on the gilded areas.

An examination of lead isotopes similar to the one used on the silver was employed for the tin. All of the samples of tin soldering are consistent in lead-isotope composition with ingots from Cornwall in western Britain. The tin used for soldering the plates and bowl together, as well as the glass eyes, is very uniform in its high purity.

Finally, the glass inlays of the Gundestrup cauldron have been determined through the use of X-ray fluorescence radiation to be of a soda-lime type composition. The glass contained elements that can be attributed to calcareous sand and mineral soda, typical of the east coast of the Mediterranean region. The analyses also narrowed down the production time of the glass to between the second century BC and first century AD.

Flow of raw material
The workflow of the manufacturing process consisted of a few steps that required a great amount of skill. Batches of silver were melted in crucibles with the addition of copper for a subtler alloy. The melted silver was cast into flat ingots and hammered into intermediate plates. For the relief work, the sheet-silver was annealed to allow shapes to be beaten into high repoussé; these rough shapes were then filled with pitch from the back to make them firm enough for further detailing with punches and tracers. The pitch was melted out, areas of pattern were gilded, and the eyes of the larger figures were inlaid with glass. The plates were probably worked in a flat form and later bent into curves to solder them together.

It is generally agreed that the Gundestrup cauldron was the work of multiple silversmiths. Using scanning electron microscopy, Benner Larson has identified 15 different punches used on the plates, falling into three distinct tool sets. No individual plate has marks from more than one of these groups, and this fits with previous attempts at stylistic attribution, which identify at least three different silversmiths. Multiple artisans would also explain the highly variable purity and thickness of the silver.

Origins
The silverworking techniques used in the cauldron are unknown from the Celtic world, but are consistent with the renowned Thracian sheet-silver tradition. The scenes depicted are not distinctively Thracian, but certain elements of composition, decorative motifs, and illustrated items (such as the shoelaces on the antlered figure) identify it as Thracian work.

Taylor and Bergquist have postulated that the Celtic tribe known as the Scordisci commissioned the cauldron from native Thracian silversmiths. According to classical historians, the Cimbri, a Teutonic tribe, went south from the lower Elbe region and attacked the Scordisci in 118 BC. After withstanding several defeats at the hands of the Romans, the Cimbri retreated north, possibly taking with them this cauldron to settle in Himmerland, where the vessel was found.

According to Olmsted (2001) the art style of the Gundestrup cauldron is that utilized in Armorican coinage dating to 75-55 BC, as exemplified in the billon coins of the Coriosolites. This art style is unique to northwest Gaul and is largely confined to the region between the Seine and the Loire, a region in which, according to Caesar, the wealthy sea-faring Veneti played a dominant and hegemonic role. Agreeing with this area of production, determined by the art style, is the fact that the "lead isotope compositions of the [Gundestrup] cauldron plates" mostly included "the same silver as used in northern France for the Coriosolite coins" (Larsen 2005: 35). Not only does the Gundestrup cauldron enlighten us about this coin-driven art style, where the larger-metalwork smiths were also the mint-masters producing the coins, but the cauldron also portrays cultural items, such as swords, armor, and shields, found and produced in this same cultural area, confirming the agreement between art style and metal analysis. If as Olmsted (2001) and Hachmann (1990) suggest, the Veneti also produced the silver phalerae, found on the Isle of Sark, as well as the Helden phalera, then there are a number of silver items of the type exemplified by the Gundestrup cauldron originating in northwest France, dating to just before the Roman conquest.

Nielsen believes that the question of origin is the wrong one to ask and can produce misleading results. Because of the widespread migration of numerous ethnic groups like the Celts and Teutonic peoples and events like Roman expansion and subsequent Romanization, it is highly unlikely that only one ethnic group was responsible for the development of the Gundestrup cauldron. Instead, the make and art of the cauldron can be thought of as the product of a fusion of cultures, each inspiring and expanding upon one another. In the end, Nielsen concludes that, based on accelerator datings from beeswax found on the back of the plates, the vessel was created within the Roman Iron Age. However, as an addendum to Nielson article indicates (2005: 57), results from the Leibniz Lab on the same bee's wax dated some 400 years earlier.

According to Professor Ronald Hutton, because the cauldron's metallurgy has been linked to the Black Sea and has elephants on it, the cauldron should no longer be considered Celtic.

Base plate
The decorated medallion on the circular base plate depicts a bull. Above the back of the bull is a female figure wielding a sword; three dogs are also portrayed, one over the bull's head and another under its hooves. Presumably all of these figures are in combat; the third dog, located beneath the bull and near its tail, seems to be dead, and is only faintly shown in engraving, and the bull may have been brought down. Below the bull is scrolling ivy that draws from classical Greco-Roman art. The horns of the bull are missing, but there is a hole right through the head where they were originally fitted; they were perhaps gold. The head of the bull rises entirely clear of the plate, and the medallion is considered the most accomplished part of the cauldron in technical and artistic terms.

Exterior plates
Each of the seven exterior plates centrally depicts a bust. Plates a, b, c, and d show bearded male figures, and the remaining three are female.

 * On plate a, the bearded man holds in each hand a much smaller figure by the arm. Each of those two reach upward toward a small boar. Under the feet of the figures (on the shoulders of the larger man) are a dog on the left side and a winged horse on the right side.
 * The figure on plate b holds in each hand a sea-horse or dragon.
 * On plate c, a male figure raises his empty fists. On his right shoulder is a man in a "boxing" position, and on his left shoulder, there is a leaping figure with a small horseman underneath.
 * Plate d shows a bearded figure holding a stag by the hind quarters in each hand.
 * The female figure on plate e is flanked by two smaller male busts.
 * A female figure holds a bird in her upraised right hand on plate f. Her left arm is horizontal, supporting a man and a dog lying on its back. Two birds of prey are situated on either side of her head. Her hair is being plaited by a small woman on the right.
 * On plate g, the female figure has her arms crossed. On her right shoulder, a scene of a man fighting a lion is shown. On her left shoulder is a leaping figure similar to the one on plate c.

Interior plates

 * Plate A shows an antlered male figure seated in a central position, often identified as Cernunnos. In his right hand, Cernunnos holds a torc, and with his left hand he grips a horned serpent a little below the head. To the left is a stag with antlers that are very similar to the human/divine figure. Surrounding the scene are other canine, feline, and bovine animals, some but not all facing the male figure, as well as a human riding a dolphin. Between the antlers of the god is an unknown motif, possibly a plant or a tree, but most likely just the standard background decoration.
 * On plate B, the large bust of a torc-wearing female is flanked by two six-spoked wheels, what seem to be two elephants, and two griffins. A feline or hound is underneath the bust. In northwest Gaulish coinage from 150 to 50 BC, such wheels often indicate a chariot, so the scene could be seen as a goddess in an elephant biga (Olmsted 1979; 2001: 125–126).
 * The large bust of a bearded figure holding on to a broken wheel is at the centre of plate C. A smaller, leaping figure with a horned helmet is also holding the rim of the wheel. Under the leaping figure is a horned serpent. The group is surrounded by three griffins facing left below, and above, two strange animals who look like hyenas, facing right. The wheel's spokes are rendered asymmetrically, but judging from the lower half, the wheel may have had twelve spokes.
 * Plate D depicts a bull-slaying scene, with the same composition repeated three times across the plate; the only place where such repetition appears on the cauldron. Three large bulls are arranged in a row, facing right, and each of them is attacked by a man with a sword. A feline and a dog, both running to the left, appear respectively over and below each bull. After the Stowe version of the "Tain", Medb's men run forward to kill the Donn bull after his fight with Medb's "white-horned" bull, whom he kills.
 * On the lower half of plate E, a line of warriors bearing spears and shields march to the left, bringing up the rear is a warrior with no shield, bearing a sword, and wearing a boar-crested helmet which resembles helmets from later Germanic cultures. Behind him are three carnyx players. In front of this group a dog leaps up, perhaps holding them back. Behind the dog, at the left side of the scene, a figure over twice the size of the others holds a man upside down, apparently with ease, and apparently is about to immerse him in a barrel or cauldron. On the upper half, warriors on horseback with crested helmets and spears ride away to the right, with at the right a horned serpent, fitted in above the tops of the carnyxes, who is perhaps leading them.  The two lines are below and above what appears to be a tree, still in leaf, lying sideways.  This is now most often interpreted as a scene where fallen warriors are dipped into a cauldron to be reborn into their next life, or afterlife.  This can be paralleled in later Welsh literature.

Interpretation and parallels

For many years, some scholars have interpreted the cauldron's images in terms of the Celtic pantheon, and Celtic mythology as it is presented in much later literature in Celtic languages from the British Isles. Others regard the latter interpretations with great suspicion. Much less controversially, there are clear parallels between details of the figures and Iron Age Celtic artefacts excavated by archaeology.

Other details of the iconography clearly derive from the art of the ancient Near East, and there are intriguing parallels with ancient India and later Hindu deities and their stories. Scholars are mostly content to regard the former as motifs borrowed purely for their visual appeal, without carrying over anything much of their original meaning, but despite the distance some have attempted to relate the latter to wider traditions remaining from Proto-Indo-European religion.

Celtic archaeology
Among the most specific details that are clearly Celtic are the group of carnyx players. The carnyx war horn was known from Roman descriptions of the Celts in battle and Trajan's Column, and a few pieces are known from archaeology, their number greatly increased by finds at Tintignac in France in 2004. Diodorus Siculus wrote around 60–30 BC (Histories, 5.30):
 * "Their trumpets again are of a peculiar barbarian kind; they blow into them and produce a harsh sound which suits the tumult of war"

Another detail that is easily matched to archaeology is the torc worn by several figures, clearly of the "buffer" type, a fairly common Celtic artefact found in Western Europe, most often France, from the period the cauldron is thought to have been made.

Other details with more tentative Celtic links are the long swords carried by some figures, and the horned and antlered helmets or head-dresses and the boar crest worn on their helmet by some warriors. These can be related to Celtic artefacts such as a helmet with a raptor crest from Romania, the Waterloo Helmet, Torrs Pony-cap and Horns and various animal figures including boars, of uncertain function. The shield bosses, spurs and horse harness also relate to Celtic examples. The antlered figure in plate A has been commonly identified as Cernunnos, who is named (the only source for the name) on the 1st-century Gallo-Roman Pillar of the Boatmen, where he is shown as an antlered figure with torcs hanging from his antlers. Possibly the lost portion below his bust showed him seated cross-legged as the figure on the cauldron is. Otherwise there is evidence of a horned god from several cultures.

The figure holding the broken wheel in plate C is more tentatively thought to be Taranis, the solar or thunder "wheel-god" named by Lucian and represented in a number of Iron Age images; there are also many wheels that seem to have been amulets.

Near East and Asia
The many animals depicted on the cauldron include elephants, a dolphin, leopard-like felines, and various fantastic animals, as well as animals that are widespread across Eurasia, such as snakes, cattle, deer, boars and birds. Celtic art often includes animals, but not often in fantastic forms with wings and aspects of different animals combined. There are exceptions to this, some when motifs are clearly borrowed, as the boy riding a dolphin is borrowed from Greek art, and others that are more native, like the ram-headed horned snake who appears three times on the cauldron. The art of Thrace often shows animals, most often powerful and fierce ones, many of which are also very common in the ancient Near East, or the Scythian art of the Eurasian steppe, whose mobile owners provided a route for the very rapid transmission of motifs and objects between the civilizations of Asia and Europe.

In particular, the two figures standing in profile flanking the large head on exterior plate F, each with a bird with outstretched wings just above their head, clearly resemble a common motif in ancient Assyrian and Persian art, down to the long garments they wear. The figure is usually the ruler, and the wings belong to a symbolic representation of a deity protecting him. Other plates show griffins borrowed from Ancient Greek art of that of the Near East. On several of the exterior plates the large heads, probably of deities, in the centre of the exterior panels, have small arms and hands, either each grasping an animal or human in a version of the common Master of Animals motif, or held up empty at the side of the head in a way suggesting inspiration from this motif.

Celtic mythology
Apart from Cernunnos and Taranis, discussed above, there is no consensus regarding the other figures, and many scholars reject attempts to tie them in to figures known from much later and geographically distant sources. Some Celticists have explained the elephants depicted on plate B as a reference to Hannibal's crossing of the Alps.

Because of the double-headed wolfish monster attacking the two small figures of fallen men on plate b, parallels can be drawn to the Welsh character Manawydan or the Irish Manannán, a god of the sea and the Otherworld. Another possibility is the Gaulish version of Apollo, who was not only a warrior, but one associated with springs and healing besides.

Olmsted relates the scenes of the cauldron to those of the Táin Bó Cuailnge, where the antlered figure is Cú Chulainn, the bull of the base plate is Donn Cuailnge, and the female and two males of plate e are Medb, Ailill, and Fergus mac Róich. Olmsted also toys with the idea that the female figure flanked by two birds on plate f could be Medb with her pets or Morrígan, the Irish war goddess who often changes into a carrion bird. Olmsted (1979, 1994) sees Cernunnos as Gaulish version of Irish Cu Chulainn. As Olmsted (1979) indicates, the scene on the upper right of plate A, a lion, a boy on a dolphin, and a bull, can be interpreted after the origin of the bulls of the Irish "Tain", who take on similar animal forms, fighting each other in each form, as indicated in the two lions fighting on the lower right of plate A.

Plate B could be interpreted after a Gaulish version of the beginning of the Irish "Tain", where Medb sets out to get the Donn bull after making a circuit around her army in her chariot to bring luck to the "Tain". Olmsted (1979) interprets the scene on Plate C as a Gaulish version of the Irish Tain incidents where Cu Chulainn kicks in the Morrigan's ribs when she comes at him as an eel and then confronts Fergus with his broken chariot wheel.

Olmsted (1979) interprets the scene with warriors on the lower part of Plate E as a Gaulish version of the "Aided Fraich" episode of the "Tain" where Fraech and his men leap over the fallen tree, and then Fraech wrestles with his father Cu Chulainn and is drowned by him, while his magic horn blowers play "the music of sleeping" against Cu Chulainn. In the "Aided Fraich" episode, Fraech's body is then taken into the underworld by weeping banchuire to be healed by his aunt and wife Morrigan. This incident is depicted on outer plate f, which is adjacent and opposite to plate E.

Both Olmsted and Taylor agree that the female of plate f might be Rhiannon of the Mabinogion. Rhiannon is famous for her birds, whose songs could "awaken the dead and lull the living to sleep". In this role, Rhiannon could be considered the Goddess of the Otherworld.

Taylor presents a more pancultural view of the cauldron's images; he concludes that the deities and scenes portrayed on the cauldron are not specific to one culture, but many. He compares Rhiannon, whom he thinks is the figure of plate f, with Hariti, an ogress of Bactrian mythology. In addition, he points to the similarity between the female figure of plate B and the Hindu goddess Lakshmi, whose depictions are often accompanied by elephants. Wheel gods are also cross-cultural with deities like Taranis and Vishnu, a god from Hinduism.

title: Gundestrup cauldron


text:
User talk:Jason One

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --John Kerry + John Edwards 2004 21:57, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
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Good job!
Hey Jason One! I just wanted to drop by to applaud you on your tireless efforts concerning the italizing of video game titles. Good job! pie4all88 20:37, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * No problem; you deserved it :) By the way, you seem interested in video game-related articles, so I thought I'd point out the Gaming Collaboration of the week if you haven't seen it already.  Anyways, see you around the 'pedia! pie4all88 21:46, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Sounds good :) I'm trying to do something similar, as are others, but it's hard to do so if you haven't played the game that the article is on :S pie4all88 00:20, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Barnstar
Just in case you didn't notice or don't have your user page on your watchlist, I awarded you a barnstar! Andre ( talk )A| 03:15, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well-deserved! Jason One: the unstoppable Wikipedia characterisation/italicisation machine! Sockatume 06:50, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
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To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
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Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Thanks
I would like to thank you for to correct and to check speeling in my articles. Big thanks (english is not my first language). --Mateusc 09:10, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

lots of edits, not an admin
Hi - I made a list of users who've been around long enough to have made lots of edits but aren't admins. If you're at all interested in becoming an admin, can you please add an '*' immediately before your name in this list? I've suggested folks nominating someone might want to puruse this list, although there is certainly no guarantee anyone will ever look at it. Thanks. -- Rick Block (talk) 22:59, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Gallery articles up for deletion!
I noticed that these articles:
 * Gallery of Nintendo Entertainment System screenshots
 * Gallery of Super Nintendo Entertainment System screenshots
 * Gallery of Sega Mega Drive and Sega Genesis screenshots
 * Gallery of Sega Master System screenshots

that you worked on in the past are now are up for deletion. Would you vote in favor of keeping these articles? They show the history of the advancement of video game graphics over time and are useful as a source of images for graphics for video game articles. --ShaunMacPherson 19:59, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Ken Kutaragi
I'm requesting your opnion about this dispute. Lot of POV-Pushing, the article is currently blocked. --GroundZero 00:01, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

List of the Daily Show guests AFD
As a contributor of these lists you may wish to vote: Articles for deletion/List of The Daily Show guests (2nd nomination). Cburnett 01:06, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Spider-Man
Hello. :) Since you have been involved in editing the article Spider-Man, I wanted to let you know that we have nominated the article for "Good Article" status. You can view the review page, and if there is anything you can do to make the article better, please do so. :) There are a number of concerns to be addressed and some work to be done, so pitch in if you are able, make any suggestions that you think might be helpful, or at least just be there for moral support. :) BOZ (talk) 01:09, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

"List of Pokémon by Stage" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect List of Pokémon by Stage. Since you had some involvement with the List of Pokémon by Stage redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Steel1943 (talk) 00:08, 3 December 2019 (UTC)

"Quint(Megaman Character)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Quint(Megaman Character). Since you had some involvement with the Quint(Megaman Character) redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. 1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 20:37, 6 March 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jason One


text:
Dohyō

A dohyō (土俵, ) is the space in which a sumo wrestling bout occurs. A typical dohyō is a circle made of partially buried rice-straw bales 4.55 meters in diameter. In official professional tournaments (honbasho), it is mounted on a square platform of clay 66 cm high and 6.7m wide on each side.

Configuration and construction
In professional sumo, a new dohyō is built prior to each tournament by the yobidashi (ring attendants), who are responsible for this activity. The process of building the dohyō and its 66 cm high platform takes three days and is done with traditional tools. The clay used is taken from the banks of the Arakawa River in Saitama Prefecture. However, due to growing urbanization, clay from Ibaraki Prefecture has started to be used. The surface is covered by sand. The dohyō is removed after each tournament and, in the case of the Nagoya tournament, pieces are taken home by the fans as souvenirs. The yobidashi also build the dohyō for training stables and sumo touring events.

The diameter of the ring is 15 shaku (4.55 meters), which increased from 13 shaku (3.94 meters) in 1931. The rice-straw bales (tawara (俵)) which form the ring are one third standard size and are partially buried in the clay of the dohyō. Four of the tawara are placed slightly outside the line of the circle at the four cardinal directions, these are called privileged bales (tokudawara). Originally, this was to allow rain to run off the surface, when sumo tournaments were held outdoors in the open. Today, a wrestler under pressure at the edge of the ring will often try to move himself round to one of these points to gain leverage in order to push back more effectively against the opponent who is trying to force him out.

At the center are two white lines, the shikiri-sen (仕切り線), behind which the wrestlers must position themselves at the start of the bout. First introduced in the spring tournament of 1928, they are painted 90 cm long, 6 cm wide and 70 cm apart. The shikiri-sen are touched up by yobidashi at the end of each day with white enamel paint. The painted lines are notably slicker than the surrounding dirt, but rarely cause a wrestler to slip due to their narrowness. Around the ring is finely brushed sand called the ja-no-me (蛇の目, snake's eye), which can be used to determine if a wrestler has just touched his foot, or another part of his body, outside the ring. The yobidashi ensure this is clean of any previous marks immediately prior to each bout.

A roof resembling that of a Shinto shrine (which has been of the Shinmei-zukuri style since the May 1953 tournament) is suspended above the dohyō, called the tsuriyane. The roof weighs 6.25 tons and is supported by cables that can hold up to 30 tons. Around the tsuriyane hangs a purple banner which is embroidered with the Japan Sumo Association's mon. Prior to the September 1952 tournament, the tsuriyane had been supported by columns, but they were removed to allow fans an uninterrupted view of the dohyō. Colored tassels (fusa), which replaced the colored columns, are suspended from the corners. They represent the four seasons and the four spirits of directions:

 * Green – Azure Dragon of the East (青龍), Spring
 * Red – Vermilion Bird of the South (朱雀), Summer
 * White – White Tiger of the West (白虎), Fall
 * Black – Black Tortoise of the North (玄武), Winter

The dohyō in training stables is not raised but is otherwise the same as those used in tournaments. One dohyō is standard, although some larger stables have built two.

Dohyō matsuri
After the dohyō has been built, a ceremony called the dohyō matsuri (ring ceremony) is held. The dohyō matsuri is said to have been introduced by Yoshida Zenzaemon sometime during the Edo period. The Yoshida family was a prominent gyōji family.

The ceremony is done to purify and consecrate the dohyō, while also inviting the kami (Shinto deities) down to watch sumo. The ceremony is led by one of the tategyōji (head referee) along with two other gyōji. The gyōji take the place of Shinto priests. The tategyoji will pray for the safety and well-being of the wrestlers. In the middle of the dohyō a square hole is cut in where the tategyoji will then place inside: torreya nuts, dried chestnuts, salt, washed rice, dried squid or cuttlefish and kombu (seaweed). The tategyoji will then will pour sacred sake into the hole, and around several other places around the dohyō before he will put more clay into the hole. The yobidashi will eventually cover up the hole. The sacred sake is then shared with everyone in attendance.

To conclude the ceremony, the yobidashi in a procession with taiko drums called a fure-daiko will begin. The procession will go around the dohyō three times before leaving the proceeding out into the street to announce the beginning of the tournament.

At the end of the tournament, one gyōji is thrown into the air by the low ranking wrestlers as a way of sending off the kami and officially ending the tournament.

title: Dohyō


text:
List of storms named Matthew

The name Matthew was used for three tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean, replacing Mitch after 1998.

 * Tropical Storm Matthew (2004) - brought heavy rain to the Gulf Coast of Louisiana, causing light damage but no deaths.
 * Tropical Storm Matthew (2010) - made landfall in Central America and later moved into Mexico, causing $171million in damages and 126 deaths.
 * Hurricane Matthew (2016) - an intense Category 5 hurricane that caused $15.1 billion in damages and at least 603 deaths throughout the Caribbean and the United States.

After the 2016 storm, the name was retired and replaced with Martin for the 2022 season.

title: List of storms named Matthew


text:
User:René

rené here!

de:Benutzer:René es:Usuario:René fr:Utilisateur:René

title: User:René


text:
TPP

TPP may refer to:

Chemistry

 * Tripolyphosphate, a sodium salt of the polyphosphate penta-anion
 * Thiamine pyrophosphate, an enzyme cofactor
 * Tetraphenylporphyrin, a synthetic heterocyclic compound that resembles naturally occurring porphyrins
 * Triphenylphosphine, an organophosphorus compound commonly used in chemical synthesis

Computing and mathematics

 * Tangential proper part, a relation in region connection calculus
 * Targeted projection pursuit, a statistical technique for data exploration, feature selection and information visualisation
 * Transformation Priority Premise, a programming approach that simplifies test-driven development
 * Traveling purchaser problem, an NP-hard problem generalizing the traveling salesman problem
 * Trans-Proteomic Pipeline, open-source bioinformatics software

Energy

 * Thermal power plant is a power station in which heat energy is converted to electric power.

Medicine

 * Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, a disorder of the blood-coagulation system
 * Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, a condition featuring attacks of muscle weakness in the presence of hyperthyroidism

Entertainment

 * Twitch Plays Pokémon, an interactive video channel
 * Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain, a 2015 stealth video game
 * Third-person perspective, a style of virtual camera system for 3D games

Politics

 * Trans-Pacific Partnership, a defunct proposed trade agreement between 12 Pacific Rim countries
 * Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, the successor agreement between all original TPP members except the United States
 * Taiwan People's Party, a political party in Taiwan
 * Two-party-preferred vote, a measure of election outcomes in Australia's preferential-voting system

Other uses

 * Cad. FAP Guillermo del Castillo Paredes Airport (IATA code), Peru
 * Total Package Procurement, a former US military systems acquisition policy
 * Chartered Transport planning professional (UK), a professional qualification for transport planners
 * Terminal Procedures Publication, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration's instrument approach procedure
 * The Phoenix Partnership, a health software company
 * The President's Pleasure (Singapore) (TPP), a legal punishment in Singapore, which serves as indefinite detention of minors or people or unsound mind for capital offences

title: TPP


text:
List of Kashmiri people

This is an incomplete list of notable persons of Kashmiri origin.

Activists

 * Ataullah Shah Bukhari, Indian freedom struggle activist.
 * Amanullah Khan (JKLF) co- founder of JKLF and an activist.
 * Parveena Ahanger, co-founder and chairman of the Association of Parents of Disappeared Persons (APDP), nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in 2005.
 * Parvez Imroz, Kashmiri human rights lawyer and a civil rights activist.
 * Mushtaq Pahalgami, Social Activist, Environmentalist, President Himalayan Welfare Organization, Pahalgam
 * Khurram Parvez, Kashmiri human rights activist.
 * Sanaullah Amritsari, Indian freedom struggle activist and co-founder of Jamia Millia Islamia
 * Shehla Rashid, Political and civil rights activist.
 * Ayub Thakur, (1948 – 2004) Kashmiri political activist and founder of London-based World Kashmir Freedom Movement (WKFM).

Administrators, diplomats, bankers and jurists

 * Amitabh Mattoo (1962– ), Vice Chancellor, Jammu University, thinker & writer, Padma Shri awardee
 * Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, Prime Minister Jammu and Kashmir 1953 to 1964.
 * Baseer Ahmad Khan (1958- ), Advisor to Governor and Former Divisional Commissioner Kashmir.
 * Birbal Dhar (early 19th century), invited Maharaja Ranjit Singh to Kashmir
 * Braj Kumar Nehru (1909–2001), ambassador of India to the United States (1961–1968) and Governor of Assam (1968–1973)
 * Durga Prasad Dhar (1918–1975), ambassador of India to the Soviet Union, and politician
 * Farah Pandith (1969– ), U.S. State Department Special Representative
 * Farooq Abdullah, former Cabinet Minister and Former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir
 * Farooq Khan, ex IPS, credited with creating JKP SOG.
 * Ghulam Nabi Azad (1949 born), politician and former CM of Jammu and Kashmir.
 * Haidar Malik, Kashmiri administrator of the Mughals
 * Haji Gokool Meah, industrialist and businessman in Trinidad and Tobago
 * M. L. Madan, Veterinarian, Scientist, Administrator.
 * Masood Khan, Career Diplomat and President of Azad Jammu & Kashmir[
 * Markandey Katju, (1946-), Former Judge at the Supreme Court of India
 * Masud Choudhary (1944-2022), Prominent educator, social reformer and former administrator vice-chancellor.
 * Mehraj Mattoo (1961– ), British Investment Banker, Economist, Harvard Fellow
 * Mirza Pandit Dhar, Kashmiri during the rule of Azim Khan
 * Mohan Lal (1812–1877), diplomat in the First Anglo-Afghan War, and writer
 * Neel Kashkari (1973– ), Interim Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability in the US Treasury
 * P. K. Kaul (1929-2007), ambassador of India to the United States (1986–1989)
 * Purushottam Narayan Haksar (1913–1998), political strategist
 * Rafiq Ahmad Pampori (born 1956), Islamic scholar, author and the former Principal of the Government Medical College, Srinagar.
 * Rameshwar Nath Kao (1918–2002), first chief of the Research and Analysis Wing, India's intelligence agency (from 1969 to 1977)
 * Sameera Fazili, Kashmiri American attorney and community development finance expert who is a deputy director of the National Economic Council in the Biden administration.
 * Shah Faesal IAS topper (2009), youth icon, politician
 * Sheikh Abdullah (5 December 1905 – 8 September 1982), Leader of the National Conference, Prime Minister of the state of Jammu and Kashmir after its accession to India in 1947.
 * T.N. Kaul (1913–2000), ambassador of India to USA (1973–1976), Soviet Union & Iran. Foreign Secretary, Indian Ministry of External Affairs.
 * V. N. Kaul Comptroller and Auditor General of India (2002-2008).
 * Tej Bahadur Sapru (1875–1949), lawyer, political and social leader during the British Raj
 * Triloki Nath Khoshoo (1927–2002), secretary of the Department of Environment in the Indira Gandhi Government, and environmentalist
 * Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (1900–1990), ambassador of India to the United States (1949–1952), President of the United Nations General Assembly (1953), politician, sister of Jawaharlal Nehru
 * Zafar Choudhary Journalist, author, policy analyst, and practitioner of peace-building.
 * Zaffar Iqbal Manhas writer, poet, social activist and Pahari politician hailing from Jammu and Kashmir.

Armed forces

 * Brij Mohan Kaul, commanded the Indian forces in the Sino-Indian War
 * Colonel Anil Kaul, VrC, Indian Army
 * Mahendra Nath Mulla
 * Mohammed Amin Naik, Major General Indian Army
 * Mushaf Ali Mir, Air Chief Marshal (1947–2003) Chief of the Air Staff of the Pakistan Air Force (2000–2003)
 * S. K. Kaul (1934– ), Air Chief Marshal of the Indian Air Force, former Chief of Air Staff (1993–1995)
 * Tahir Rafique Butt, Air Chief Marshal is the current Chief of the Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force (2012 -)
 * Tapishwar Narain Raina (1921–1980), [Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army (1975–1978)

Authors and poets

 * Abdul Ahad Azad, Kashmiri poet
 * Agha Shahid Ali, (1949-2001) Poet
 * Amin Kamil (1924-2014), Kashmiri poet & short story writer
 * Ata ul Haq Qasmi, Urdu-language Poet, playwright and columnist.
 * Basharat Peer (1977– ), author
 * Bhamaha Poet of kavyalankara
 * Bilhana, 11th century poet
 * Chandrakanta (1938– ), novelist and short story writer
 * Dina Nath Walli alias Al-mast Kashmiri (1908–2006), poet as well as renowned water color artist
 * Fahad Shah, journalist
 * Ghulam Ahmad (1885–1952), poet, better known by the pen name Mahjoor
 * Ghulam Nabi Firaq (1922-), poet, writer and educationist
 * Habba Khatun 16th century poet, known as Zoon (the Moon) because of her immense beauty
 * Hakeem Manzoor (1937–2006) an Urdu writer, poet & administrator. He has written more than 15 books including Na Tamaam, Barf Ruton Ki Aag and Lahu Lamas Chinar.
 * Haidar Malik (fl.1621 CE) Kashmiri administrator of the Mughals, known for writing Tarikh-i-Kashmir
 * Hanifa Deen, Australian writer winner of New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards — Ethnic Affairs Commission Award of 1996.
 * Hari Kunzru (1969– ), British novelist of Kashmiri descent
 * Javaid Rahi (1970) Tribal researcher of national repute working on tribal Gujjar culture.
 * Khalid Hasan (1935–2009) writer, senior Pakistani journalist and diplomat.
 * Krishna Hutheesing (1907–1967), author, and sister of Jawaharlal Nehru
 * Madhosh Balhami, (1966-), poet known for his elegies for dead militants
 * Mahmud Gami (1765–1855), composed a version of the story of Yusuf and Zulaikha
 * Manju Kak, short story writer
 * Maqbool Shah Kralawari (1820–1876), lyricist
 * Marghoob Banihali, Kashmiri poet from Banihal, Kashmir.
 * Meeraji (1912–1949) Urdu poet, lived the life of a bohemian and worked only intermittently
 * Mirza Waheed British Novelist born and raised in Kashmir.
 * Momin Khan Momin (1800–1851) poet known for his Urdu ghazals
 * Moti Lal Kemmu (1933– ), playwright
 * Muhammad Din Fauq (1877-1945) writer and first journalist of Kashmir.
 * Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938) Muslim poet and philosopher. Commonly referred to as Allama Iqbal
 * Mullah Nadiri (fl.1420 CE) Kashmiri poet of Persian-language, known for writing Tarikh-i-Kashmir
 * Nayantara Sahgal (1927– ), Indo-Anglian writer, novelist
 * Nyla Ali Khan, Professor, writer, granddaughter of Sheikh Abdullah.
 * Pamposh Bhat, (1958– ), author and environmentalist.
 * Rasul Mir, also known as the John Keats of Kashmir.
 * Rehman Rahi, Kashmiri poet
 * Rahul Pandita, Kashmiri author and journalist.
 * Rudrata poet
 * S.L. Sadhu (1917–2012), Scholar, Professor, poet, writer, folklorist and Historian
 * Saadat Hasan Manto (1912–1955), short story writer, member Progressive Writers' Movement
 * Salman Rushdie (1947– ), British-Indian novelist and essayist
 * Santha Rama Rau (1923– 2009), travel writer
 * Sheikh Showkat Hussain (1954– ), author and political analyst
 * Tanha Ansari (1914 – 1969), poet
 * Vishnu Sharma author of panchtantra
 * Zinda Kaul (1884–1965), poet, also known as Masterji
 * Zulfiqar Naqvi Urdu poet and English lecturer, from Mendhar Tehsil, Jammu and Kashmir

Businesspeople and industrialists

 * Farooq Kathwari (born 1944), American businessman, CEO of Ethan Allen
 * Haji Gokool Meah, Trinidadian and Tobagonian industrialist, philanthropist, and cinema magnate
 * Jamim Shah, Nepali businessman, known as Cable King of Nepal

Philosophers and historians

 * Abhinavagupta, (ca. 950–1020), Kashmiri philosopher, mystic and aesthetician
 * Ahmad Hasan Dani (1920–2009), intellectual, archaeologist, historian, linguist
 * Anandavardhana (820–890), philosopher and author of the Dhvanyaloka
 * Bhaskara, writer on the Kashmir Shaivism
 * Bhatta Kallata, a Shaivite thinker
 * Gopi Krishna (1903–1980), writer and mystic
 * Prem Nath Bazaz Kashmiri politician, scholar and author
 * Jonaraja (15th century), historian and poet
 * Kalhana (12th century), historian and author of Rajatarangini
 * Kalidasa (most likely 5CE) classic Sanskrit author
 * Kshemaraja (10th century), philosopher and a disciple of Abhinavagupta
 * Kumarajiva (4th n 5 century CE), Buddhist scholar in China
 * Lalleshwari (1320–1392), saint-poet
 * Prajna Bhatta (16th century), historian
 * Shrivara (15th century), historian
 * Somananda (875–925) a teacher of Kashmir Shaivism
 * Subhash Kak (1947– ), writer, philosopher, and computer scientist
 * Utpaladeva, a teacher of Kashmir Shaivism
 * Vasugupta (860–925), author of the Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta

Politicians

 * Abdul Ghani Lone (1932–2002), lawyer, politician and founder of the People's Conference
 * Abid Hassan Minto Pakistani lawyer and politician
 * Agha Shorish Kashmiri scholar, writer, debater, and leader of the Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam, figure of the freedom movement of undivided India
 * Asiya Andrabi (1963), Chief Of Dukhtaran-e-Millat, Kashmiri separatist leader
 * Attique Ahmed Khan President and Prime Minister of Azad Jammu & Kashmir
 * Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad (1907–1972), Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (1953–1963)
 * Begum Akbar Jehan Abdullah, Politician, wife of Sheikh Abdullah
 * Birbal Dhar leader in the Kashmiri resistance to Afghan rule in the early 19th century
 * Birbal also Maheshdas Bhat (1528–1586), the Grand Vizier (Wazīr-e Azam) of the Mughal court in the administration of Emperor Akbar
 * Deepa Kaul (1944– ), former minister, social worker and human rights defender
 * Firdous Tak, former Member of Legislative Council
 * G. M. Saroori former minister of Jammu and Kashmir for mechanical engineering and Road and building (R&B)
 * G. N. Ratanpuri (1954–), Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) from J&K National Conference
 * Ghulam Ahmad Ashai, educator, reformer, a founder of the University of Kashmir
 * Ghulam Mohammad Sadiq, Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (1964–1965), Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (1965–1971)
 * Ghulam Mohammad Shah (1920–2009)), Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (1984–1986)
 * Ghulam Nabi Azad (1949– ), former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir
 * Hashim Qureshi, (1953–), Chairman Jammu & Kashmir Democratic Liberation Party
 * Hina Pervaiz Butt, Pakistani politician and MLA.
 * Indira Gandhi (1917–1984), Prime Minister of India, daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru
 * Ishaq Dar, Federal Minister of Pakistan
 * Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964), first Prime Minister of independent India
 * Kailash Nath Katju (1887–1968), freedom fighter, lawyer, participated in INA trials, former governor, chief minister of several Indian states, cabinet minister under Jawaharlal Nehru
 * Khalid Ibrahim Khan, Politician
 * Col. Khan Muhammad Khan, member of the Jammu & Kashmir Assembly from 1934 to 1946. Chairman War Council of Azad Jammu & Kashmir in 1947 and then member Defence Council.
 * Khan Muhammad Khan of Mong
 * Khawaja Asif MNA Sailkot PML-N
 * Khawaja Saad Rafique Pakistani Minister of Railways
 * Khurshid Hasan Khurshid, First elected President of Azad Kashmir (1924-1988)
 * Khwaja Shams-ud-Din (1922–1999), Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (1963–1964)
 * Kiran Imran Dar, MNA of National Assembly of Pakistan
 * Maqbool Bhat (1938–1984), co-founder of the JKLF Party
 * Masarat Alam Bhat, Separatist leader
 * Mazhar Ali Azhar (1895–1974) one of founders, leader of Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam, political figure in the history of Sub-Continent
 * Mehbooba Mufti (1959– ), female politician, member of the 14th Lok Sabha. Mirza Mehboob Beg succeeded her and got elected to the 15th Lok Sabha.
 * Mirza Afzal Beg (d.1982) was the first Deputy Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir and was the Founder of All Jammu and Kashmir Plebiscite Front.
 * Mirza Mehboob Beg (1949-), former Lok Sabha member for Anantnag and Cabinet Minister in the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly twice and Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council once.
 * Mohammad Farooq Shah (d. 1990), chairman of the Aawami Action Committee
 * Mohammad Shafi Qureshi, (1929– ), former governor of Bihar and of Madhya Pradesh, State Railway Minister
 * Mohammad Yasin, British Labour Party politician serving as the Member of Parliament
 * Motilal Nehru (1861–1931), Indian independence activist, president of the Indian National Congress
 * Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (1936– 2016), Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (2002–2005)
 * Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan President and Prime minister of Azad Jammu & Kashmir
 * Muzaffar Hussain Baig (1946– ), Deputy Chief Minister, Finance Minister, Law Minister, Tourism Minister of Jammu & Kashmir (2002–2008)
 * Nasir Aslam Wani, Provincial President JKNC and former Home Minister of Jammu & Kashmir
 * Nawaz Sharif (1949– ), former Prime Minister of Pakistan
 * Nazir Ahmed, Baron Ahmed (born 1957) is a member of the House of Lords of the United Kingdom. He was created a life peer on the recommendation of Prime Minister Tony Blair in 1998.
 * Neel Kashkari (1973- ), American banker and politician
 * Omar Abdullah (1970– ), former Chief Minister Jammu And Kashmir, member of the 14th Lok Sabha, son of Farooq Abdullah
 * Peer Mohammed Hussain (1941- ), former Minister of State Jammu and Kashmir and founding member of Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party.
 * Qurban Hussain (born 27 March 1956 in Kotli, Azad Kashmir) is a British–Pakistani Liberal Democrat politician and life peer.
 * Rajiv Gandhi (1944–1991), Prime Minister of India, son of Indira Gandhi, grandson of Jawaharlal Nehru
 * Ram Chandra Kak (1893–1983), Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir during 1945–47 and an archaeologist
 * Sadiq Ali (1952– ), politician, poet, writer, and environmentalist
 * Saifuddin Kitchlew (1888–1963), freedom fighter and politician
 * Saifuddin Soz (1937– ), long-time member of the Parliament of India, former Union Minister of Environment & Forests, former Minister of Water Resources, President JKPCC
 * Sakina Itoo, former minister of social welfare and tourism department.
 * Sardar Ibrahim Khan, (1915 – 2003), founder and first President of Azad Jammu & Kashmir
 * Shabana Mahmood, British Labour Party politician and barrister. Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham.
 * Shabir Shah (1953– ), Founder of the Jammu & Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party. Known as Nelson Mandela of Indian Administered Kashmir
 * Shehbaz Sharif, Prime Minister of Pakistan.
 * Sheikh Abdullah (1905–1982), Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (1948–1953), Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (1975–1977, 1977–1982)
 * Sheikh Rasheed Ahmad Ex Federal Information Minister Pakistan
 * Sheila Kaul (1915– ), former Indian governor and cabinet minister, social reformer, and educationist
 * Sher Ahmed Khan, Guerrilla fighter and also served as the President of Azad Kashmir
 * Syed Ali Shah Geelani (1929– ) Member Jamait-e-Islami, Founder and Chairman of Tehreek-e-Hurriyat J&K, Chairman All Parties Hurriyat Conference
 * Syed Mir Qasim, Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (1971–1975)
 * Usman Dar, politician of PTI from Sialkote
 * Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (1900–1990) Indian diplomat and politician. Sister of Jawaharlal Nehru
 * Zarah Sultana British Labour Party politician who and the Member of Parliament

Royalty

 * Avantivarman, King of Kashmir
 * Didda, Ruler of Kashmir
 * Durlabhaka-Pratapaditya II
 * Durlabhavardhana, founder of Karkota dynasty
 * Lalitaditya Muktapida, emperor of Kashmir (724–760)
 * Sankaravarman, King of Kashmir
 * Shah Mir, founder of Shah Mir Dynasty
 * Ghazi Shah Chak, founder of Chak Dynasty
 * Zayn al-Abidin the Great, Sultan of Kashmir
 * Sikandar Shah Miri, Sultan of Kashmir
 * Yousuf Shah Chak, Sultan of Kashmir
 * Habba Khatoon, Queen Consort of Kashmir

Saints, mystics and philosophers

 * Kashyapa, one of the Saptarishis
 * Bhai Balu Hasna, a Udasi mystic and saint
 * Bhai Almast, a Udasi mystic and saint
 * Somananda, Shaivite mystic and saint
 * Bhagwan Gopinath, a mystic and saint
 * Bhatta Kallata, Shaivite scholar
 * Lal Ded, a Shaivite saint
 * Swami Lakshman Joo, a scholar of Kashmir Shaivism

 * Rupa Bhawani, a mystic and saint
 * Baba Shadi Shaheed, a Sufi Saint
 * Hamza Makhdoom, a Sufi mystic, scholar and spiritual teacher
 * Mian Muhammad Bakhsh, a Sufi saint and poet
 * Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali, a Sufi saint who belonged to the Rishi order

Scholars and educationists

 * Ahmad Hasan Dani (1920–2009), Pakistani intellectual, archaeologist, historian, and prolific linguist
 * Aga Syed Yousuf, (1904-1982) was a Kashmiri religious scholar and leader of Shia Muslims. He founded the influential Anjuman-e-Sharie organization.
 * Balajinnatha Pandita (1916–2007), Sanskrit scholar, expert on Kashmir Shaivism
 * Braj Kachru (1932– ), researcher in English linguistics
 * Charaka medicinal science scholar
 * Hakeem Ali Mohammad (1906–1987), Unani Medicine scholar, physician expert on Unani Medicine
 * Ismat Beg mathematician, known for his work on Multiple-criteria decision analysis, and fixed point (mathematics).
 * Jaishree Odin, post-modern literary theorist, professor of Interdisciplinary Studies at the University of Hawaii
 * Kailas Nath Kaul (1905–1983), botanist, agricultural scientist, agronomist, and educationist
 * Nyla Ali Khan, Professor, writer, granddaughter of Sheikh Abdullah.
 * Nazir Ahmad Qasmi (1 June 1965 –), Grand Mufti of the Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah in Kashmir.
 * Omkar N. Koul (1941–2019), researcher in linguistics, language education, communication, and comparative literature
 * Patañjali, compiler of the Yoga Sūtras, a collection of aphorisms on Yoga practice
 * Rahmatullah Mir Qasmi, Islamic scholar and founder of Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah
 * Ravinder Kumar (1933–2001), historian
 * Salman Rushdie - Fiction writer and academic
 * Samsar Chand Kaul (1883-1977), teacher, author and ornithologist of Kashmir
 * Sushruta medical science
 * Vatesvara scholar of trigonometry
 * Vijay Vaishnavi - Researcher and scholar in the computer information systems field

Separatist leaders and militants

 * Afzal Guru, convict in 2001 Delhi parliament attack
 * Ashfaq Majeed Wani
 * Ashiq Hussain Faktoo, Pro-Pakistan militant leader
 * Ashraf Sehrai Former Chairman of Hurrirat Conference
 * Asiya Andrabi
 * Burhan Wani, former commander and militant of Hizbul Mujahideen
 * Farooq Ahmed Dar, former militant and current chairman of Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
 * Masarat Alam
 * Maqbool Bhat, co-founder of Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
 * Mirwaiz Umar Farooq
 * Mohammad Abbas Ansari, a Kashmiri separatist, ex-chairman of the All Parties Hurriyat Conference
 * Muhammad Ahsan Dar, founder and ex Commander of Hizbul Mujahideen
 * Syed Ali Shah Geelani
 * Sayeed Salahudeen, the head of Hizb-ul-Mujahideen, pro-Pakistan Kashmiri separatist militant organisation operating in Kashmir.
 * Yasin Malik, president of the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
 * Zakir Rashid Bhat, commander of Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind

Sportspeople

 * Abid Nabi, (1985- ), once regarded as fastest bowler in India
 * Amjad Khan, (21 August 1966) Kashmiri-born-American former cricketer.
 * Aadil Manzoor Peer, International ice stock sport Athlete.
 * Adil Rashid, English Cricketer
 * Adil Nabi, Footballer
 * Afaq Raheem, a first-class cricketer
 * Aleem Dar, International cricket Umpire
 * Amad Butt, Pakistani Cricketer
 * Asif Dar, boxer
 * Awais Zia, Pakistani Cricketer.
 * Haroon Rasheed Dar (1953– ), former Pakistani cricketer.
 * Imran Arif Pakistani-born English first-class cricketer
 * Imtiaz Abbasi Pakistani born Emirati international cricketer
 * Iqra Rasool (2000-), cricketer
 * Mehrajuddin Wadoo (1984– ), member of the India national football team and East Bengal FC
 * Moeen Ali English Cricketer
 * Munir Dar, Member of Pakistan National hockey Team
 * Nauman Anwar Pakistani Cricketer
 * Nida Dar, Pakistani cricketer
 * Parvez Rasool (1989 -) first Kashmiri cricketer to play for India national cricket team
 * Salman Butt former Pakistan test captain
 * Sana Mir (1986– ), female Pakistani cricketer and captain of the Pakistan women's team
 * Sikandar Raza Pakistani-Zimbabwean Cricketer
 * Suresh Raina, cricketer
 * Tabarak Dar Pakistani-born cricketer who played for Hong Kong
 * The Great Gama, wrestler
 * Umran Malik Indian cricketer
 * Usman Khawaja, Pakistani-Australian cricketer
 * Usama Mir Pakistani cricketer
 * Vivek Razdan (1967– ), member of the Indian Cricket Team

Visual and performing artists

 * Aamir Bashir, actor
 * Abhay Sopori, Santoor player, composer & musician
 * Abid Kashmiri, actor
 * Aditya Dhar, director
 * Ahad Raza Mir, Pakistani actor
 * Ali Azmat, Musician
 * Alia Bhatt, actress, singer, producer & entrepreneur
 * Alla Rakha, actor
 * Angira Dhar, actress
 * Anupam Kher, actor
 * Anwar Shemza (1928–1985) artist and writer in Pakistan, later in UK. Published Urdu novels, poetry and plays
 * Asrar (musician), singer-songwriter
 * Asif Raza Mir, Pakistani actor
 * Bansi Kaul, theater director
 * Bhajan Sopori, Santoor player
 * D.K. Sapru (1916–1979), actor
 * Emmad Irfani, model/actor
 * Farhan Saeed, actor
 * Ghulam Hassan Sofi (1932–2009) singer and harmonium player
 * Ghulam Mohammad Saznawaz, proponent of Kashmiri SufiMusic
 * Ghulam Nabi Sheikh, singer and composer
 * Ghulam Rasool Santosh (1929–1997), painter
 * Hina Khan, television & film actress
 * Ilyas Kashmiri, actor
 * Iqbal Kashmiri, film director
 * Iqbal Khan,actor
 * Katrina Kaif actress
 * Kshmr Indian American DJ with Kashmiri ethnicity
 * Khalid Abbas Dar, artist
 * Khawaja Khurshid Anwar (1912–1984) filmmaker, writer, director and composer
 * Kiran Kumar, actor
 * Kunal Khemu, actor
 * Leenesh Mattoo, actor
 * Malika Pukhraj (1912–2004), highly popular Ghazal and folk singer in Pakistan
 * Mani Kaul (1950–2011), Film Maker
 * Manohar Kaul, painter
 * MC Kash Kashmiri hip hop artist
 * Mekaal Hasan, Pakistani musician and record producer, leader and composer for Mekaal Hasan Band
 * Mir Sarwar, Bollywood actor
 * Mohit Raina, actor
 * Mohit Suri, film director
 * Muhammad Younis Butt Pakistani screenwriter
 * Muneeb Butt, Pakistani actor
 * Mushtaq Kak (1961– ), theatre director
 * Neerja Pandit, singer, Kashmiri Folk Music, Hindi Film & Television Music
 * Omkar Nath Dhar (Jeevan), actor
 * Jaan Nissar Lone, Bollywood Composer,director & singer
 * Osman Khalid Butt, actor
 * Pran Kishore, Kashmiri drama writer
 * Priya Raina, actor, singer, voice artist
 * Priti Sapru, actor
 * Pushkar Bhan, Padamashree, a radio actor & drama writer
 * Qazi Touqeer (1985– ), singer in Kashmiri and Hindi languages
 * Raj Begum, singer
 * Raj Zutshi, Bollywood & TV Actor
 * Ratan Parimoo (1936– ), art historian and painter
 * Reyhna Malhotra, actress
 * Samina Peerzada, Pakistani television and film actress, director
 * Sandeepa Dhar, actor
 * Sanjay Suri, actor
 * Śārṅgadeva 13th century, Musicologist, also known as Father of Indian Music
 * Shaheer Sheikh, actor from Bhaderwah, Doda District of J&K
 * Soni Razdan TV actor and director
 * Shadi Lal Koul (1954–2020), Kashmiri actor
 * Vibha Saraf Singer

Journalists

 * Aamir Peerzada, award-winning journalist and documentary filmmaker.
 * Aarti Tikoo Singh, assistant editor in The Times of India, conflict and international affairs writer and former reporter
 * Altaf Qadri, Photojournalist working with the Associated Press
 * Gharida Farooqi, television host and anchorperson.
 * Hamid Mir, award-winning journalist, columnist and an author.
 * Kamran Yousuf, Freelance Kashmiri photojournalist
 * Nidhi Razdan, award-winning television journalist.
 * Qazi Shibli, journalist and editor of The Kashmiryat.
 * Masrat Zahra, freelance Kashmiri photojournalist.
 * Rahul Pandita, Kashmiri author and journalist.
 * Sajjad Haider, journalist and editor of Kashmir Observer.
 * Shujaat Bukhari (25 February 1968 – 14 June 2018), veteran Kashmiri journalist and the founding editor of Rising Kashmir
 * Yusuf Jameel Veteran Kashmiri journalist known for his coverage of Kashmir conflict.
 * Fahad Shah, journalist, founder and editor of The Kashmir Walla.
 * Fahad Shah, journalist, founder and editor of The Kashmir Walla.

Other

 * Faizan Arif, J&K's first recognized independent weatherman, columnist, and founder of Kashmir Weather.

title: List of Kashmiri people


text:
Talk:Poales

Flowers bracteate and usually small, arranged into inflorescences of various forms (except for genus Mayaca, which has solitary terminal flowers - this does not sound like a very easy and clear sentence. TeunSpaans 21:53, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This means that

 * 1) All Poales have bracteate and usually small flowers
 * 2) All Poales except Mayaca have inflorescences.
 * I don't know how to rephrase it better. Iorsh 12:28, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * What do you think about this change? TeunSpaans 19:37, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me. Iorsh 20:56, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Why is the English Thurniaceae entry in Esperanto? SleekWeasel 23:53, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Not as of 2018.--Quisqualis (talk) 17:35, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Proposed merge from Eriocaulales to Poales

 * Merge - Eriocaulales is an unreferenced stub of a minor historical taxon which is now synonymized to Poales. Poales has a section on the previous APG classifications that the Eriocaulales could easily be included.  Nessie (talk) 16:04, 11 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Agree Vox Sciurorum (talk) 14:07, 3 March 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 16:47, 17 June 2019 (UTC)

Proposed merge from Cyperales to Poales

 * Merge - Cyperales is a poorly referenced stub of a minor historical taxon which is now synonymized to Poales. Poales has a section on the previous APG classifications that the Cyperales could easily be included.  Nessie (talk) 16:20, 11 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Agree Vox Sciurorum (talk) 14:07, 3 March 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 16:47, 17 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Poales


text:
User talk:80.58.22.107

Look, all you're accomplishing with your editing of Recentchanges is getting yourself blocked. If you have an issue with me, or with anyone else here, I/we are willing to discuss things politely. If not, well, by all means go ahead and get yourself blocked. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 21:53, 2004 Oct 8 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.58.22.107


text:
Little Band scene

The Little Band scene was an experimental post-punk scene which flourished in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia from late 1978 until early 1981. Instigated by groups Primitive Calculators and Whirlywhirld, this scene was concentrated in the inner suburbs of Fitzroy and St Kilda, and involved large numbers of short-lived bands, more concerned with artistic expression than commercial success. Frequently changing names, swapping members and sharing equipment, the bands played in small inner-city venues, often pubs, and their music was recorded live and broadcast by radio announcer Alan Bamford on community station 3RRR. In the scene, the distinctions between performers and audience were blurred; many audience members were either in little bands or ended up forming such.

The scene served as the backdrop for the 1986 cult film Dogs in Space.

History
In 1978, members of Primitive Calculators, an experimental post-punk group from Melbourne, formed a short-lived side band, the Leapfrogs. Using it as their own opening act, they decided to form other "little bands" with friends, including members of Whirlywirld, who lived next door to the group in Fitzroy North, with rehearsal spaces in each house. The little bands grew in number, sharing instruments and equipment, and the term "North Fitzroy Beat" was coined to describe their sound. Soon they started staging "Little Band Nights" at various inner city venues, notably the Champion Hotel in Fitzroy, the Crystal Ballroom in St Kilda and the Exford in Chinatown, with occasional appearances in Carlton, Collingwood and Richmond. At first, strict rules were imposed: no little band was allowed to play more than twice and could have no more than fifteen minutes worth of material. According to Primitive Calculators frontman Stuart Grant, it was "the punk ethos of disposability, novelty and working against the grain of the standard modes of procedure in the music business."

Many of the little bands were composed of painters, poets, filmmakers, performance artists, and other non-musicians who enjoyed the opportunity to realise their naive musical ideas. Little band member John Murphy explained that "a lot of the original participants were artists who applied the Dada sort of approach of their painting". One journalist described the little bands' output as "sloppy, clangy and discordant. By turns, they could sound equally fantastic: a mixture of epileptic drum machine rhythms, stabbing synth lines and creepy/witty lyrics making for oddly compelling results." Some members of the scene had received proper training in electronic music and composition, including Whirlywirld's Ollie Olsen, who studied under Melbourne-based composer Felix Werder.

Little band member and radio announcer Alan Bamford began recording Little Band Nights using a TEAC reel-to-reel tape recorder and a Shure microphone. Immediately following each gig, he caught a tram to 3RRR's Fitzroy premises, where he broadcast the tapes on his midnight show. The scene continued to grow, and at later nights, up to ten little bands would perform. The little bands interacted with other distinct post-punk scenes in Melbourne, such as the St Kilda scene centred at the Crystal Ballroom, where they occasionally supported The Birthday Party and Crime & the City Solution. The "wild and chaotic" nature of the little bands stood in stark contrast to "the more academic form of experimentalism" of Tsk Tsk Tsk, Essendon Airport, Ernie Althoff, David Chesworth, and others associated with the Clifton Hill scene. According to Murphy, the little bands reviled the "Clifton Hill mob" for being against emotion in music, while Tsk Tsk Tsk founder Philip Brophy regarded the Little Band scene as anti-intellectual, and its music "harsh and sometimes painful".

After the Calculators and Whirlywirld left Melbourne for Europe and London in early 1980, the Little Band scene centred on the shared spaces of Use No Hooks and The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed Up Zombies. The scene had effectively ended by early 1981.

Aftermath
Several lasting musical partnerships were forged in the scene: Lisa Gerrard and Brendan Perry went on to achieve international fame as Dead Can Dance; members of the Jetsonnes regrouped to form Hunters & Collectors; Kim Beissel and Chris Astley joined the Melbourne incarnation of Crime & the City Solution; and the Serious Young Insects later became Boom Crash Opera. Zorros also formed out of an impromptu jam during one of the Champion Hotel's Little Band Nights in early 1980.

Recordings and releases
Alan Bamford collaborated with Max Robenstone, owner of Climax Records in Fitzroy, in paying for the pressing of Little Bands (1980), an EP featuring studio recordings by Morpions, Ronnie and the Rhythm Boys, The Take and Too Fat to Fit Through the Door. The first phase of the scene—up to the departure of the Calculators and Whirlywirld—was documented on an unreleased double LP, No Sin Like Dancing, that is catalogued in Clinton Walker's 1981 book Inner City Sound. Several little bands can also be found on the 1981 One Stop Shopping compilation curated by Severed Heads member Tom Ellard and released through Terse Tapes, as well as on issues of Fast Forward (1980–82), a cassette magazine founded and edited by Bruce Milne of Au Go Go Records. Bootleg copies of Alan Bamford's live recordings of the little bands are also known to exist.

Since the scene ended, little band recordings have appeared on Chapter Music releases, including the 2007 Primitive Calculators and Friends CD, the Can't Stop It! compilation series, and The Job (2020), which features previously unreleased Use No Hooks recordings. In 2016, German label Vinyl On Demand released Magnetophonics: Australian Underground Music 1978–1984, featuring several little bands.

Legacy and influence
Influenced by the little bands concept in Melbourne, post-punk group Pel Mel started a similar scene in Sydney in 1980.

The Little Band scene was represented, albeit semi-fictionally, in the 1986 cult film Dogs in Space, directed by Richard Lowenstein and starring INXS frontman Michael Hutchence. Primitive Calculators briefly reformed to star in the film, playing a new version of their song "Pumping Ugly Muscle". Original little band Thrush and the Cunts also appear with the song "Diseases", and little band figurehead Marie Hoy performs a cover of "Shivers" by the Boys Next Door. The live music scenes were supervised by Whirlywirld's Ollie Olsen, who also appears in the film. Coinciding with the film's long-awaited re-release, Lowenstein revisited Dogs in Space, the Little Band scene and Melbourne post-punk in general in the 2009 documentary We're Livin' on Dog Food, featuring rare footage and interviews with various members of the scene.

In 2010, the Melbourne Fringe Festival staged two shows dedicated to Little Band scene's ethos of ephemerality. Participants included members of contemporary bands the Boat People, the Crayon Fields, the Devastations, Dick Diver and Pikelet, among others. Chapter Music's Guy Blackman also participated, as well as members of Primitive Calculators with special guests the Take, an original little band which reformed for the first time in 30 years. Since then, several Melbourne venues, including The Tote, have helped to revive the little bands concept with shows headlined by the reformed Primitive Calculators.

List of little bands
Bands listed in bold went on to become fully fledged gigging groups.

 * $2.50
 * 66 Johnsons
 * The Alan Bamford Musical Experience
 * The Albert Hammond Megastar
 * Anne's Dance Marathon Band
 * The Art Circus
 * Bags of Personality
 * The Band of Hope and Glory
 * The Beaumaris Tennis Club Quartet
 * BeisselBoyceBoswell
 * The Buck Stops Here
 * The Child Molestor + 4
 * Clang
 * Club Allusion
 * Company I Keep
 * Consider Town Planning
 * Corporate Body
 * Delicatessants
 * The Devils
 * The Eastwood Family
 * The Egg
 * The Franging Stuttgarters
 * The Great Mastabini
 * The Go Set
 * Government Drums
 * Hey There
 * The Incredible Metronomic Blues Band
 * The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed Up Zombies
 * Intro Muzak Band
 * The Irreplacables
 * The Ivan Durrants
 * Invisible Music
 * The J P Sartre Band
 * The Jetsonnes
 * Jim Buck Solo
 * Jimmy Haemorrhoid and the Piles
 * Junk Logic
 * Kim and Mark
 * The Klu
 * The Leapfrogs
 * Lest We Forget
 * The Lunatic Fringe
 * The Melbourne SS
 * Morpions
 * The Nookies
 * The Oroton Bags
 * The Pastel Bats
 * The Persons Brothers
 * People With Chairs Up Their Noses
 * The Potato Cooperative
 * The Quits
 * Rosehip and the Teas
 * Ralf Horrors
 * Ronnie and the Rhythm Boys
 * Sample Only
 * The Sandmen
 * The Saxophone Caper
 * Seaside Resort
 * Serious Young Insects
 * Shop Soiled
 * The Shower Scene From Psycho
 * Simplex
 * Small Men Big Cars
 * Somersaulting Consciences
 * The Soporifics
 * The Spanish Inquisition
 * Stand by Your Guns
 * The Swinging Hoy Family
 * The Take
 * Tarax Show
 * Three Toed Sloths
 * Thrush and the Cunts
 * Too Fat to Fit Through the Door
 * Too Many Daves
 * Use No Hooks
 * World of Sport

title: Little Band scene


text:
List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita

Map of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita in 2023.svg in 2023

]]

The figures presented here do not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency. Such fluctuations change a country's ranking from one year to the next, even though they often make little or no difference to the standard of living of its population.

GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country's standard of living; however, this is inaccurate because GDP per capita is not a measure of personal income.

Comparisons of national income are also frequently made on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP), to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries (see List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita). PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem but not others; it does not reflect the value of economic output in international trade, and it also requires more estimation than GDP per capita. On the whole, PPP per capita figures are more narrowly spread than nominal GDP per capita figures.

Non-sovereign entities (the world, continents, and some dependent territories) and states with limited international recognition are included in the list in cases in which they appear in the sources. These economies are not ranked in the charts here (except Kosovo and Taiwan), but are listed in sequence by GDP for comparison. In addition, non-sovereign entities are marked in italics.

Four UN members (Cuba, Liechtenstein, Monaco and North Korea) do not belong to the IMF hence their economies are not ranked below. Kosovo, despite not being a member of the United Nations, is a member of IMF. Taiwan is not a IMF member but it is still listed in the official IMF indices.

Several leading GDP-per-capita (nominal) jurisdictions may be considered tax havens, and their GDP data subject to material distortion by tax-planning activities. Examples include Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Ireland and Luxembourg.

''All data are in current United States dollars. Historical data can be found here.''

Table
The table initially ranks each country or territory by its IMF estimate, and can be reranked by any of the sources.

Notes:
 * Data unavailable for the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, the Holy See (Vatican City), Jersey, Niue, the Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Tokelau, and Western Sahara.
 * Nearly all country links in the table (except that of Zanzibar) take to articles titled "Income in country or territory" or to "Economy of country or territory".

Distorted GDP-per-capita for tax havens
Many of the leading GDP-per-capita (nominal) jurisdictions are tax havens whose economic data is artificially inflated by tax-driven corporate accounting entries.

For instance, the Irish GDP data above is subject to material distortion by the tax planning activities of foreign multinationals in Ireland. To address this, in 2017 the Central Bank of Ireland created "modified GNI" (or GNI*) as a more appropriate statistic, and the OECD and IMF have adopted it for Ireland. 2015 Irish GDP is 143% of 2015 Irish GNI*.

"A stunning $12 trillion—almost 40 percent of all foreign direct investment positions globally—is completely artificial: it consists of financial investment passing through empty corporate shells with no real activity. These investments in empty corporate shells almost always pass through well-known tax havens. The eight major pass-through economies—the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong SAR, the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Ireland, and Singapore—host more than 85 percent of the world’s investment in special purpose entities, which are often set up for tax reasons."

- "Piercing the Veil", International Monetary Fund, June 2018

Further discussion on this topic can be found in the List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita article.


text:
Lins, São Paulo

Lins is a municipality in the western part of the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 78,503 (2020 est.) in an area of 570 km2. The elevation is 437 m. Distance is 455 km from the state capital, São Paulo.

History
The town was founded in the beginning of the 20th century, at first with the name of Santo Antônio do Campestre, and grew after the arrival of the Estrada de Ferro Noroeste do Brasil (The Northwest railroad of Brazil). It became an independent municipality in 1920, when it was separated from the municipality Pirajuí. It was named after Manoel Joaquim de Albuquerque Lins, who was the president of the state of São Paulo from 1908 to 1912. The name was officially changed from Albuquerque Lins to Lins in 1926.

The city is served by Gov. Lucas Nogueira Garcez Airport.

Demography
2000 census

total population: 65.952

 * urban: 64.218
 * Rural: 1.734
 * men: 31.990
 * women: 33.962
 * population density (inhabitants/km2): 115,42
 * child mortality (per thousands): 11,79
 * life expectance (years): 73,56
 * birth rate (per woman): 1,97
 * literacy rate: 92,48%

human development index (HDI-M): 0,724

 * HDI-M Renda: 0,782
 * HDI-M Longevidade: 0,809
 * HDI-M Education: 0,791

(source: IPEADATA)

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Lins, São Paulo


text:
New Street

New Street may refer to:

 * Birmingham New Street railway station, a railway station in Birmingham, UK
 * New Street, Birmingham, a street in Birmingham, United Kingdom
 * New Street, Brussels (Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat), a street in Brussels, Belgium
 * New Street (York), a street in York, United Kingdom
 * New Street, Kent, England, a hamlet in Ash-cum-Ridley parish

title: New Street


text:
Pythagorean trigonometric identity

The Pythagorean trigonometric identity, also called simply the Pythagorean identity, is an identity expressing the Pythagorean theorem in terms of trigonometric functions. Along with the sum-of-angles formulae, it is one of the basic relations between the sine and cosine functions.

The identity is
 * $$\sin^2 \theta + \cos^2 \theta = 1.$$

As usual, $$\sin^2 \theta$$ means $(\sin\theta)^2$.

Proof based on right-angle triangles
Any similar triangles have the property that if we select the same angle in all of them, the ratio of the two sides defining the angle is the same regardless of which similar triangle is selected, regardless of its actual size: the ratios depend upon the three angles, not the lengths of the sides. Thus for either of the similar right triangles in the figure, the ratio of its horizontal side to its hypotenuse is the same, namely cos θ.

The elementary definitions of the sine and cosine functions in terms of the sides of a right triangle are:

 * $$\sin \theta = \frac{\mathrm{opposite}}{\mathrm{hypotenuse}}= \frac{b}{c}$$

 * $$\cos \theta = \frac{\mathrm{adjacent}}{\mathrm{hypotenuse}} = \frac{a}{c} $$

The Pythagorean identity follows by squaring both definitions above, and adding; the left-hand side of the identity then becomes

 * $$\frac{\mathrm{opposite}^2 + \mathrm{adjacent}^2}{\mathrm{hypotenuse}^2}$$

which by the Pythagorean theorem is equal to 1. This definition is valid for all angles, due to the definition of defining $$x = \cos \theta$$ and $$y = \sin \theta$$ for the unit circle and thus $$x = c\cos \theta$$ and $$y = c\sin \theta$$ for a circle of radius c and reflecting our triangle in the y axis and setting $$a=x$$ and $$b=y$$.

Alternatively, the identities found at Trigonometric symmetry, shifts, and periodicity may be employed. By the periodicity identities we can say if the formula is true for −π < θ ≤ π then it is true for all real θ. Next we prove the identity in the range π/2 < θ ≤ π, to do this we let t will now be in the range 0 < t ≤ π/2. We can then make use of squared versions of some basic shift identities (squaring conveniently removes the minus signs):

 * $$\sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta = \sin^2\left(t + \tfrac{1}{2}\pi\right) + \cos^2\left(t + \tfrac{1}{2}\pi\right) = \cos^2 t + \sin^2 t = 1.$$

All that remains is to prove it for −π < θ < 0; this can be done by squaring the symmetry identities to get

 * $$\sin^2\theta = \sin^2(-\theta)\text{ and }\cos^2\theta = \cos^2(-\theta).$$

Related identities

The identities

 * $$1 + \tan^2 \theta = \sec^2 \theta$$

and

 * $$1 + \cot^2 \theta = \csc^2 \theta$$

are also called Pythagorean trigonometric identities. If one leg of a right triangle has length 1, then the tangent of the angle adjacent to that leg is the length of the other leg, and the secant of the angle is the length of the hypotenuse.
 * $$\tan \theta = \frac{b}{a},$$

and:
 * $$\sec \theta = \frac{c}{a}.$$

In this way, this trigonometric identity involving the tangent and the secant follows from the Pythagorean theorem. The angle opposite the leg of length 1 (this angle can be labeled φ = π/2 − θ) has cotangent equal to the length of the other leg, and cosecant equal to the length of the hypotenuse. In that way, this trigonometric identity involving the cotangent and the cosecant also follows from the Pythagorean theorem.

The following table gives the identities with the factor or divisor that relates them to the main identity.

Proof using the unit circle
The unit circle centered at the origin in the Euclidean plane is defined by the equation:

 * $$x^2 + y^2 = 1.$$

Given an angle θ, there is a unique point P on the unit circle at an anticlockwise angle of θ from the x-axis, and the x- and y-coordinates of P are:

 * $$x = \cos\theta \ \text{ and }\ y = \sin\theta.$$

Consequently, from the equation for the unit circle:
 * $$\cos^2 \theta + \sin^2 \theta = 1,$$

the Pythagorean identity.

In the figure, the point P has a negative x-coordinate, and is appropriately given by x = cos θ, which is a negative number: cos θ = −cos(π−θ). Point P has a positive y-coordinate, and sin θ = sin(π−θ) > 0. As θ increases from zero to the full circle θ = 2π, the sine and cosine change signs in the various quadrants to keep x and y with the correct signs. The figure shows how the sign of the sine function varies as the angle changes quadrant.

Because the x- and y-axes are perpendicular, this Pythagorean identity is equivalent to the Pythagorean theorem for triangles with hypotenuse of length 1 (which is in turn equivalent to the full Pythagorean theorem by applying a similar-triangles argument). See Unit circle for a short explanation.

Proof using power series
The trigonometric functions may also be defined using power series, namely (for x an angle measured in radians):

 * $$\begin{align}

\sin x &= \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{(2n + 1)!} x^{2n + 1},\\ \cos x &= \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{(2n)!} x^{2n}. \end{align}$$

Using the multiplication formula for power series at Multiplication and division of power series (suitably modified to account for the form of the series here) we obtain

 * $$\begin{align}

\sin^2 x & = \sum_{i = 0}^\infty \sum_{j = 0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^i}{(2i + 1)!} \frac{(-1)^j}{(2j + 1)!} x^{(2i + 1) + (2j + 1)} \\ & = \sum_{n = 1}^\infty \left(\sum_{i = 0}^{n - 1} \frac{(-1)^{n - 1}}{(2i + 1)!(2(n - i - 1) + 1)!}\right) x^{2n} \\ & = \sum_{n = 1}^\infty \left( \sum_{i = 0}^{n - 1} {2n \choose 2i + 1} \right) \frac{(-1)^{n - 1}}{(2n)!} x^{2n},\\ \cos^2 x & = \sum_{i = 0}^\infty \sum_{j = 0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^i}{(2i)!} \frac{(-1)^j}{(2j)!} x^{(2i) + (2j)} \\ & = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \left(\sum_{i = 0}^n \frac{(-1)^n}{(2i)!(2(n - i))!}\right) x^{2n} \\ & = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \left( \sum_{i = 0}^n {2n \choose 2i} \right) \frac{(-1)^n}{(2n)!} x^{2n}. \end{align}$$

In the expression for sin2, n must be at least 1, while in the expression for cos2, the constant term is equal to 1. The remaining terms of their sum are (with common factors removed)

 * $$\sum_{i = 0}^n {2n \choose 2i} - \sum_{i = 0}^{n - 1} {2n \choose 2i + 1}

= \sum_{j = 0}^{2n} (-1)^j {2n \choose j} = (1 - 1)^{2n} = 0$$

by the binomial theorem. Consequently,
 * $$\sin^2 x + \cos^2 x = 1,$$

which is the Pythagorean trigonometric identity.

When the trigonometric functions are defined in this way, the identity in combination with the Pythagorean theorem shows that these power series parameterize the unit circle, which we used in the previous section. This definition constructs the sine and cosine functions in a rigorous fashion and proves that they are differentiable, so that in fact it subsumes the previous two.

Proof using the differential equation
Sine and cosine can be defined as the two solutions to the differential equation:

 * $$y'' + y = 0$$

satisfying respectively $1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ$ and $1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ$. It follows from the theory of ordinary differential equations that the first solution, sine, has the second, cosine, as its derivative, and it follows from this that the derivative of cosine is the negative of the sine. The identity is equivalent to the assertion that the function

 * $$z = \sin^2 x + \cos^2 x$$

is constant and equal to 1. Differentiating using the chain rule gives:

 * $$\frac{d}{dx} z = 2 \sin x \cos x + 2 \cos x(-\sin x) = 0,$$

so z is constant. A calculation confirms that z(0) = 1, and z is a constant so z = 1 for all x, so the Pythagorean identity is established.

A similar proof can be completed using power series as above to establish that the sine has as its derivative the cosine, and the cosine has as its derivative the negative sine. In fact, the definitions by ordinary differential equation and by power series lead to similar derivations of most identities.

This proof of the identity has no direct connection with Euclid's demonstration of the Pythagorean theorem.

Proof using Euler's formula
Using Euler's formula $$e^{i\theta} = \cos\theta + i\sin\theta$$ and factoring $$\cos^2 \theta + \sin^2 \theta$$ as the complex difference of two squares,

 * $$\begin{align}

1 &= e^{i\theta}e^{-i\theta} \\[3mu] &= (\cos\theta + i\sin\theta)(\cos\theta - i\sin\theta) \\[3mu] &= \cos^2 \theta + \sin^2 \theta. \end{align}$$

title: Pythagorean trigonometric identity


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title: User:Shish