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Point-set triangulation

A triangulation of a set of points $$\mathcal{P}$$ in the Euclidean space $$\mathbb{R}^d$$ is a simplicial complex that covers the convex hull of $$\mathcal{P}$$, and whose vertices belong to $$\mathcal{P}$$. In the plane (when $$\mathcal{P}$$ is a set of points in $$\mathbb{R}^2$$), triangulations are made up of triangles, together with their edges and vertices. Some authors require that all the points of $$\mathcal{P}$$ are vertices of its triangulations. In this case, a triangulation of a set of points $$\mathcal{P}$$ in the plane can alternatively be defined as a maximal set of non-crossing edges between points of $$\mathcal{P}$$. In the plane, triangulations are special cases of planar straight-line graphs.

A particularly interesting kind of triangulations are the Delaunay triangulations. They are the geometric duals of Voronoi diagrams. The Delaunay triangulation of a set of points $$\mathcal{P}$$ in the plane contains the Gabriel graph, the nearest neighbor graph and the minimal spanning tree of $$\mathcal{P}$$.

Triangulations have a number of applications, and there is an interest to find the "good" triangulations of a given point set under some criteria as, for instance minimum-weight triangulations. Sometimes it is desirable to have a triangulation with special properties, e.g., in which all triangles have large angles (long and narrow ("splinter") triangles are avoided).

Given a set of edges that connect points of the plane, the problem to determine whether they contain a triangulation is NP-complete.

Regular triangulations
Some triangulations of a set of points $$\mathcal{P}\subset\mathbb{R}^d$$ can be obtained by lifting the points of $$\mathcal{P}$$ into $$\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$$ (which amounts to add a coordinate $$x_{d+1}$$ to each point of $$\mathcal{P}$$), by computing the convex hull of the lifted set of points, and by projecting the lower faces of this convex hull back on $$\mathbb{R}^d$$. The triangulations built this way are referred to as the regular triangulations of $$\mathcal{P}$$. When the points are lifted to the paraboloid of equation $$x_{d+1} = x_1^2+\cdots+x_d^2$$, this construction results in the Delaunay triangulation of $$\mathcal{P}$$. Note that, in order for this construction to provide a triangulation, the lower convex hull of the lifted set of points needs to be simplicial. In the case of Delaunay triangulations, this amounts to require that no $$d+2$$ points of $$\mathcal{P}$$ lie in the same sphere.

Combinatorics in the plane
Every triangulation of any set $$\mathcal{P}$$ of $$n$$ points in the plane has $$ 2n - h - 2$$ triangles and $$3n - h - 3$$ edges where $$h$$ is the number of points of $$\mathcal{P}$$ in the boundary of the convex hull of $$\mathcal{P}$$. This follows from a straightforward Euler characteristic argument.

Algorithms to build triangulations in the plane
Triangle Splitting Algorithm : Find the convex hull of the point set $$\mathcal{P}$$ and triangulate this hull as a polygon. Choose an interior point and draw edges to the three vertices of the triangle that contains it. Continue this process until all interior points are exhausted.

Incremental Algorithm : Sort the points of $$\mathcal{P}$$ according to x-coordinates. The first three points determine a triangle. Consider the next point $$p$$ in the ordered set and connect it with all previously considered points $$\{p_1,..., p_k\}$$ which are visible to p. Continue this process of adding one point of $$\mathcal{P}$$ at a time until all of $$\mathcal{P}$$ has been processed.

Time complexity of various algorithms
The following table reports time complexity results for the construction of triangulations of point sets in the plane, under different optimality criteria, where $$n$$ is the number of points.

title: Point-set triangulation


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The Tao of Physics

The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism is a 1975 book by physicist Fritjof Capra. A bestseller in the United States, it has been translated into 23 languages. Capra summarized his motivation for writing the book: “Science does not need mysticism and mysticism does not need science. But man needs both.”

Origin
According to the preface of the first edition, reprinted in subsequent editions, Capra struggled to reconcile theoretical physics and Eastern mysticism and was at first "helped on my way by 'power plants'" or psychedelics, with the first experience "so overwhelming that I burst into tears, at the same time, not unlike Castaneda, pouring out my impressions to a piece of paper". (p. 12, 4th ed.)

Capra later discussed his ideas with Werner Heisenberg in 1972, as he mentioned in the following interview excerpt:

"I had several discussions with Heisenberg. I lived in England then [circa 1972], and I visited him several times in Munich and showed him the whole manuscript chapter by chapter. He was very interested and very open, and he told me something that I think is not known publicly because he never published it. He said that he was well aware of these parallels. While he was working on quantum theory he went to India to lecture and was a guest of Tagore. He talked a lot with Tagore about Indian philosophy. Heisenberg told me that these talks had helped him a lot with his work in physics, because they showed him that all these new ideas in quantum physics were in fact not all that crazy. He realized there was, in fact, a whole culture that subscribed to very similar ideas. Heisenberg said that this was a great help for him. Niels Bohr had a similar experience when he went to China."

Bohr adopted the yin yang symbol as part of his coat of arms when he was knighted in 1947, it is claimed in the book that it was a result of orientalist influences.

The Tao of Physics was followed by other books of the same genre like The Hidden Connection, The Turning Point and The Web of Life in which Capra extended the argument of how Eastern mysticism and scientific findings of today relate, and how Eastern mysticism might also have the linguistic and philosophical tools required to undertake to some of the biggest scientific challenges remaining.

Afterword to the third edition
In the afterword to the third edition (published in 1982, pp 360-368 of the 1991 edition) Capra offers six suggestions for a new paradigm in science.

 * Consider the part and the whole as more symmetrically conditioning one another.
 * Replace thinking in terms of structure with thinking in terms of process.
 * Replace ‘objective science’ with ‘epistemic science’, where the approach to decide what counts as knowledge adapts to the subject studied.
 * Replace the idea of knowledge as buildings based on foundations with an idea of knowledge as networks.
 * Abandon the quest for truth with a quest for better approximations.
 * Abandon the ideas of domination of nature with one of cooperation and nonviolence.

Capra reconnects this new paradigm to the theories of living and self-organizing systems that has emerged from cybernetics. Here he quotes Ilya Prigogine, Gregory Bateson, Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela (p.372 of the 1991 edition).

Acclaim and criticism
According to Capra, Werner Heisenberg was in agreement with the main idea of the book: "I showed the manuscript to him chapter by chapter, briefly summarizing the content of each chapter and emphasizing especially the topics related to his own work. Heisenberg was most interested in the entire manuscript and very open to hearing my ideas. I told him that I saw two basic themes running through all the theories of modern physics, which were also the two basic themes of all mystical traditions-the fundamental interrelatedness and interdependence of all phenomena and the intrinsically dynamic nature of reality. Heisenberg agreed with me as far as physics was concerned and he also told me that he was well aware of the emphasis on interconnectedness in Eastern thought. However, he had been unaware of the dynamic aspect of the Eastern world view and was intrigued when I showed him with numerous examples from my manuscript that the principal Sanskrit terms used in Hindu and Buddhist philosophy-brahman, rta, lila, karma, samsara, etc.-had dynamic connotations. At the end of my rather long presentation of the manuscript Heisenberg said simply: 'Basically, I am in complete agreement with you.'"The book was a best-seller in the United States. It received a positive review from New York magazine: "A brilliant best-seller.... Lucidly analyzes the tenets of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Taoism to show their striking parallels with the latest discoveries in cyclotrons."

Victor N. Mansfield, a professor of physics and astronomy at Colgate University who wrote many papers and books of his own connecting physics to Buddhism and also to Jungian psychology, complimented The Tao of Physics in Physics Today: "'Fritjof Capra, in The Tao of Physics, seeks ... an integration of the mathematical world view of modern physics and the mystical visions of Buddha and Krishna. Where others have failed miserably in trying to unite these seemingly different world views, Capra, a high-energy theorist, has succeeded admirably. I strongly recommend the book to both layman and scientist.'"

However, it is not without its critics. Jeremy Bernstein, a professor of physics at the Stevens Institute of Technology, chastised The Tao of Physics:

"At the heart of the matter is Mr. Capra's methodology – his use of what seem to me to be accidental similarities of language as if these were somehow evidence of deeply rooted connections. Thus I agree with Capra when he writes, 'Science does not need mysticism and mysticism does not need science but man needs both.' What no one needs, in my opinion, is this superficial and profoundly misleading book."

Leon M. Lederman, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist and current Director Emeritus of Fermilab, criticized both The Tao of Physics and Gary Zukav's The Dancing Wu Li Masters in his 1993 book The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?

"Starting with reasonable descriptions of quantum physics, he constructs elaborate extensions, totally bereft of the understanding of how carefully experiment and theory are woven together and how much blood, sweat, and tears go into each painful advance."

Philosopher of science Eric Scerri criticizes both Capra and Zukav and similar books.

Peter Woit, a mathematical physicist at Columbia University, criticized Capra for continuing to build his case for physics-mysticism parallels on the bootstrap model of strong-force interactions set out at the end of the book, long after the Standard Model had become thoroughly accepted by physicists as a better model:

"The Tao of Physics was completed in December 1974, and the implications of the November Revolution one month earlier that led to the dramatic confirmations of the standard-model quantum field theory clearly had not sunk in for Capra (like many others at that time). What is harder to understand is that the book has now gone through several editions, and in each of them Capra has left intact the now out-of-date physics, including new forewords and afterwords that with a straight face deny what has happened. The foreword to the second edition of 1983 claims, 'It has been very gratifying for me that none of these recent developments has invalidated anything I wrote seven years ago. In fact, most of them were anticipated in the original edition,' a statement far from any relation to the reality that in 1983 the standard model was nearly universally accepted in the physics community, and the bootstrap theory was a dead idea ... Even now, Capra's book, with its nutty denials of what has happened in particle theory, can be found selling well at every major bookstore. It has been joined by some other books on the same topic, most notably Gary Zukav's The Dancing Wu-Li Masters. The bootstrap philosophy, despite its complete failure as a physical theory, lives on as part of an embarrassing New Age cult, with its followers refusing to acknowledge what has happened."

In a 2019 commemoration in honour of physicist Geoffrey Chew, one of bootstrap's "fathers", Capra replied to criticisms such as Woit's:

"However, the standard model does not include gravity, and hence fails to integrate all known particles and forces into a single mathematical framework. The currently most popular candidate for such a framework is string theory, which pictures all particles as different vibrations of mathematical 'strings' in an abstract 9-dimensional space. The mathematical elegance of string theory is compelling, but the theory has serious deficiencies. If these difficulties persist, and if a theory of 'quantum gravity' continues to remain elusive, the bootstrap idea may well be revived someday, in some mathematical formulation or other."

Editions

 * The Tao of Physics, Fritjof Capra, Shambhala Publications, 1975
 * Shambhala, 2nd edition 1983: ISBN 0-394-71612-4 Bantam reprint 1985: ISBN 0-553-26379-X
 * Shambhala, 3rd edition 1991: ISBN 0-87773-594-8
 * Shambhala, 4th edition 2000: ISBN 1-57062-519-0
 * Shambhala, 5th edition 2010: ISBN 978-1590308356
 * Audio Renaissance, 1990 audio cassette tape: ISBN 1-55927-089-6
 * Audio Renaissance, 2004 audio compact disc (abridged) ISBN 1-55927-999-0

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Tao of Physics


text: User talk:64.166.84.134

title: User talk:64.166.84.134


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Category:Akita Prefecture

Akita Prefecture (秋田県; Akita-ken) is a prefecture located in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. The capital is Akita.

title: Category:Akita Prefecture


text: User talk:80.46.18.89

title: User talk:80.46.18.89


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Talk:The Tao of Physics

Deletion proposal (not active)
The Tao of Physics was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. 14 votes to keep, 1 vote to delete. Postdlf 05:18, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Nomination: I actually own a copy. It's a book, and not great. Wikipedia is not a library catalog. — Bill 23:33, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. I'd be inclined to keep a decent article on even a minor book, but that's not the question here.  This book was a bestseller and remains popular.  I've added indicia of notability to the article (publication in 43 editions in 23 languages, according to ).  It always looked like schlock to me so I haven't read it, but widely read schlock is notable. JamesMLane 06:45, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep
 * Keep It's a very famous book.  Which of the criteria for deletion does it meet?  I wish people would stop listing stuff like this because they personally don't think it should be in here.  There are criteria - let's use them.--Tomheaton 18:51, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, and deal harshly with deletion trolls. Intrigue 20:21, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Does not meet Wikipedias definition for vfd criteria. (surprise surprise) GRider 21:22, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Reasonably notable book. Amazon.com sales rank 9166. First published 1972, still in print (thirty years!), in fourth edition. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 22:55, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC) (Note: article says published in 1975, but abebooks claims to have one published in Boulder, CO. in 1972) [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 22:58, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I added the "1975" based on several sources. One source, perhaps a comment on Amazon, said that it was originally published by a small publisher and did well through word of mouth, after which it was picked up by a bigger company.  Conceivably it was obscurely available in 1972 with first "real" publication in 1975.  I didn't happen to run across any such reference, though. JamesMLane 23:09, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 1975 is probably right. Library catalog search of local library network shows 1975 as earliest date. FWIW here's the Abebooks search, on publication date of 1975 or earlier. There's only one listing for 1972 and it could easily be a misprint.
 * Misprint seems likely. The 1972 entry is a first edition published by Shambhala, and just below it is another first edition published by Shambhala dated to 1975.  (Somebody tell Slashdot that we're not the only ones who make mistakes.) JamesMLane 15:52, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I read it in 1976, if that's any help... Fire Star 22:48, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Reluctant keep. It's enough of a bestseller to qualify, but it's lousy book. What little is worthwhile in it wouldn't make up a 5-page essay. Even in its slightly dubious genre, there is a better book called The Dancing Wu Li Masters. -- Jmabel | Talk
 * Keep. Should never have been listed on VfD. -- Decumanus 19:05, 2004 Oct 21 (UTC)
 * Keep. The book may be lame, but it was a best seller and remains popular (particularly among the New-Ageily inclined).   — Gwalla | Talk 19:45, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Pretty well known, at least enough so that it rings a bell with many literate folk. - Lifefeed 20:06, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's kind of like Godel Escher Bach in terms of public visibility, even if it's not nearly as good a book. --Improv 14:07, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep c'mon now, stop wasting our time — siro  χ  o  22:55, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Cabalamat 22:07, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Tesla
Nikola Tesla is also noted as having embraced the similarities between science and Vedanta. Please don't delete the Tao of Physics. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by JadeBuddha (talk • contribs) 19:19, April 4, 2007 (UTC)
 * No worries. It is an old discussion.  --Blainster 18:47, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Summary
There isn't any summary/synopsis of the actual book. This article isn't very useful 72.177.115.251 08:40, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Removed quote
The Tao of Physics is criticized (along with The Dancing Wu Li Masters) in Peter Woit's 2006 book, Not Even Wrong, in the section on S-Matrix approaches to Grand unification theory.

"The foreword to the second edition of 1983 claims, 'It has been very gratifying for me that none of these recent developments has invalidated anything I wrote seven years ago. In fact, most of them were anticipated in the original edition,' a statement far from any relation to the reality that in 1983 the standard model was nearly universally accepted in the physics community, and the bootstrap theory was a dead idea. The afterword includes truly bizarre and counterfactual statements such as, 'QCD has not been very successful at describing the processes involving strongly interacting particles.'"

 * The text above was in the article, and I removed it. The reason is that the quote is now very dated--- the standard model is not incompatible with the bootstrap ideas (nowadays synonymous with string theory), it is a complementary approach. Perturbative QCD describes high energy scattering where quarks are visible, while the bootstrap/string theory describes low energy confinement phenomenon. In principle, QCD could describe everything, but that would require heroic calculation.Likebox (talk) 17:59, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think the quote is dated, the book does discuss the fact that the S-matrix approach is used in string theory so Woit was obviously aware of it. But more important, I think it's essential to Capra's philosophical ideas that the bootstrap idea actually be fundamental, the "explanation" for why particles have the masses they do and other properties, rather than just a tool for making calculations that works as an approximation to some more precise high-energy theory. Hypnosifl (talk) 16:10, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20101009034952/http://www.shambhala.com:80/html/catalog/items/isbn/978-1-57062-519-0.cfm to http://www.shambhala.com/html/catalog/items/isbn/978-1-57062-519-0.cfm

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title: Talk:The Tao of Physics


text:
User talk:Crissyx33

Hello, all.... i'm a nooobb.... HELP!!!

title: User talk:Crissyx33


text:
Spiritual Appliances

Spiritual Appliances is an album by the American singer-songwriter Sara Hickman, released in 2000.

Production
The album was produced by Hickman. It was recorded in Austin, Texas.

Critical reception
The Austin Chronicle wrote that "there are songs built from the basic beginnings of an acoustic guitar and the singer singing sweetly that end in a near roar, while other tunes lead a chorus of whistlers through a pleasant bit of sentimentality and later, even a lush string section." Exclaim! thought that "all 13 tracks of the bright, airy, jangle pop have a rootsy edge and are full of memorable hooks." The Boston Globe wrote that the "singer-guitarist keeps her wry edge for most of the 13 songs on her self-produced album, rarely lapsing into the too sweet, too poignant, or too gooey."

Track listing

 * 1) "Standing Ground" (Sara Hickman) – 3:39
 * 2) "Life" (Sara Hickman) – 4:04
 * 3) "Kerosene" (Sara Hickman, Nick Trevisick) – 4:47
 * 4) "Edward" (Sara Hickman, Danny Levin) – 4:02
 * 5) "Woman Waiting to Happen" (Sara Hickman, Barbara K) – 6:43
 * 6) "I Wish I Could Run" (Sara Hickman) – 4:08
 * 7) "Everything's Red" (Sara Hickman, David Bassett) – 6:35
 * 8) "Dear Tracy" (Sara Hickman) – 2:49
 * 9) "Moment of Grace" (Sara Hickman) – 7:29
 * 10) "Bowl Full of Stars" (Sara Hickman) – 3:48
 * 11) "Come Around" (Barbara K) – 3:49
 * 12) "We Are Each Other's Angels" (Chuck Brodsky, additional words by Sara Hickman) – 5:53
 * 13) "I'm Not Going Anywhere" (Sara Hickman, Wendy Waldman) – 4:10

Personnel

 * Sara Hickman – guitar, vocals
 * Jon Blondell – trombone
 * Daryl Burgee – tambourine
 * Javier Chaparro – violin, vocals
 * Michael Doane – bass guitar
 * Chip Dolan – piano, keyboards, didgeridoo, vocals
 * Tish Hinojosa – vocals
 * Glenn Kawamoto – bass guitar
 * Lloyd Maines – pedal steel
 * Mitch Marine – drums
 * John Mills – clarinet, flute, saxophone
 * Julie Noble – vocals
 * Riley Osbourne – organ
 * Paul Pearcy – percussion, drums
 * Gary Slechta – trumpet
 * Will Taylor – viola
 * Andy Timmons – guitar
 * Todd V. Wolfson – vocals

Production

 * Producers: Sara Hickman
 * Engineers: Marty Lester, Fred Remmert
 * Assistant engineer: George Morgan
 * Mixing: John Anthony, Sara Hickman, Fred Remmert
 * Arranger: Sara Hickman
 * Horn arrangements: John Mills
 * String arrangements: Will Taylor
 * Design: Neil Ferguson
 * Photography: Todd V. Wolfson

title: Spiritual Appliances


text: Talk:Spiritual Appliances

title: Talk:Spiritual Appliances


text: User talk:69.106.43.66

title: User talk:69.106.43.66


text: Category:Japanese deities

title: Category:Japanese deities


text:
Hindu Love Gods

Hindu Love Gods may refer to:
 * Kamadeva and Rati
 * Hindu Love Gods (band)
 * Hindu Love Gods (album), eponymous album of recorded music

title: Hindu Love Gods


text:
Category:Manitoba electoral districts

Electoral districts in the Canadian province of Manitoba. In Canada, an electoral district is also known as a "riding".

title: Category:Manitoba electoral districts


text:
Hawaiian name

A Hawaiian name is a name in the Hawaiian language. Such names are popular not only in Hawaiian families, but also among other residents of Hawaii, and even in the United States mainland among both non-native and native Hawaiians.

Meanings of names
Genuine Hawaiian names are unisex. Their literal meaning is usually quite clear, but there may be hidden symbolic meanings known only to the family. Old Hawaiians saw a name as the property of the name-holder, with a power to help or hurt its owner. A meaning that was too apparent might have attracted evil forces. And, just like in Hawaiian poetry, an allusion was considered more beautiful than a plain statement.

Coolness and rain symbolize happiness in a warm climate. Mist is a symbol of romance. Lei means a child, because a beloved child is carried like a lei on the parent's shoulders. A child can also be a flower or a bud, regardless of its sex. Modern parents tend to be more prosaic, calling a child a child, as in Keikilani and Kamalani, in which keiki and kama both mean "child".

Traditional naming practices
Old Hawaiians coined a new name for each child, with careful thought of its meaning. Names might be revealed in dreams or visions. Children could be named after relatives, but names were not copied from other families. Hawaii was a hierarchical society, and the name had to be suitable to one's social class and family gods. Names beginning with Kealii-("the chief") or ending in -lani ("sky or heaven") were reserved for chiefs. The lowest social kauwā (slave) class were only allowed to take simple names from natural objects.

Any incident at the time of birth might be commemorated in a name. A famous example was the Queen Liliuokalani ("scorching pain of the heaven"), called Liliu ("scorch") Kamakaeha ("the sore eye") in childhood. The name was chosen by her great-aunt Kīnau who was suffering from an eye-ache. A person might have several names, formal and informal, and names were changed if they seemed harmful. If a child fell ill, evil sorcery was often suspected. The parents might change the name into something repulsive, like Pupuka ("ugly") or Kūkae ("excrement") in order to protect the child. Such names did not cause ostracism among Hawaiians, but foreign visitors were scandalized. An American writes in 1851:

 * "You might know that a people must have been vile from the vile names they assume and wear without shame – names that one would be unwilling to translate. All evil appetites and qualities, bodily organs and deformities, mischievous acts and vices, were turned into names."

In nineteenth century marriage documents, we can find several Hawaiians named, for example, Kamai ("the illness; the genitals"), Kaaihue ("the thief"), Kapela ("the filth") and Waiwaiole ("worthless"). However, the majority of names have quite pleasant meanings, or are simply descriptive. The most common names, used by both genders, were Kalua ("the second child, companion"), Keawe ("the strand", symbolic of lineage), Kamaka ("the eye", symbolic of beloved one), Keaka ("the shadow, essence"), Kealoha ("the love"), Ōpūnui ("big belly", sign of high social class), and Māhoe ("twin"). The most striking feature of nineteenth century names is their diversity. A unique name was the rule, not the exception. The ten most common names cover only four percent of the population.

Changes brought by western influence
Surnames did not exist in ancient Hawaii. Early converts might adopt a Christian name and use their Hawaiian name like a surname. In 1860 Kamehameha IV signed the Act to Regulate Names. Hawaiians were to take their father's given name as a surname, and all children born henceforth were to receive a Christian, i.e. English, given name. Hawaiian names were transferred into middle names. The law was not repealed until 1967.

After the annexation of Hawaii to the U.S., knowledge of the Hawaiian language deteriorated. Grandparents could give traditional names to the next two generations, but a baby born into a Hawaiian family in the 2000s might not have any native speaker relatives. Names are borrowed from well-known persons, royalty, mythology, and songs. However, names are sometimes borrowed from direct ancestors and other family members. Mary Kawena Pukui, a traditional Hawaiian, expressed her unease with this practice:

 * "My name isn't supposed to be given away. My name is for me. But people are always naming babies after me, so I have many namesakes. I don't want any of them hurt if there's any kapu that goes with my name. So I pray, 'Since so-and-so named this child for me, then please do me the favor to oki the kapu and bless the name."

Phonetic renderings of western names, such as Kimo (Jim) and Lāhela (Rachel), have become names in their own right. The film industry produces pseudo-Hawaiian names, from Aloma of the South Seas (1926) to Lilo & Stitch (2002). For many Hawaiian words, the okina (glottal stop) and kahakō (macron to denote a long vowel) are important to the meaning of a word. They are often ignored in English texts, or okina are added where they do not belong. Hawaiian vowels should be pronounced clearly even when they are not stressed.

Popularity surveys
This information is based on a survey of Hawaiian given names of persons born in 1900–1989 and 2000–2005, from obituaries in Honolulu Advertiser and Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1994–2004, and samples of births and marriages on Oahu in Honolulu Star-Bulletin 2000–2005. It's a small sample with an uneven age distribution, and centered on Oahu. But no one else seems to have researched the subject at all.

The 3,750 persons in the survey had a total of 1,996 different names. 418 of these names had eight or more syllables (up to 44). The proportion of long names was diminishing but it took an upward turn in 2000–2005. Hawaiian names occur as middle names until the 1960s. Even today, middle names outnumber first names by four to one. A minority of parents have started giving nothing but Hawaiian names to their children. In births registered on Oahu 2001–2002, about 25% of girls and 15% of boys received at least one Hawaiian name.

Names with negative meaning have disappeared in this sample, and the unisex quality is waning. Many favorite names a hundred years ago, like Kealoha, Kalei, Leialoha, and Keonaona, were popular with both sexes. Today, the trendiest names are different for girls and boys. Modern parents seemed to think that the ending -lani belongs to women: 31% of women but only 11% of men had names ending in -lani (heaven), -o-ka-lani (of Heaven), -o-nā-lani (of the heavens) or -mai-ka-lani (from Heaven), a recent innovation. Names beginning with the definite article Ka-/Ke- seem to have a masculine image: 46% of men but only 33% of women had such names.

Five percent of the women in this survey were named Leilani ("heavenly lei"). Other popular women's names included:
 * 1900–1939: Kuulei ("my lei"), Leināala ("the fragrances are wafted"), Leialoha ("lei of love"), Leinani ("beautiful lei"), Leimomi ("pearl necklace")
 * 1940–1969: Puanani ("beautiful flower"), Leialoha, Haunani ("beautiful snow"), Iwalani ("royal Frigatebird"), Uilani ("heavenly young beauty"), Ululani ("heavenly inspiration")
 * 1970–1989: Malia (Mary), Kēhaulani ("heavenly dew"), Kuuipo ("my sweetheart"), Maile ("the maile vine"), Noelani ("heavenly mist"), Puanani
 * 2000–2005: Malia, Noelani, Māhealani ("full moon night"), Kuuipo, Alana ("awakening" – although this is also an English name), Keikilani ("heavenly child")

Kalani ("the sky; the high chief") was a reasonably popular men's name in all age groups. Other popular names for men included:
 * 1900–1939: Kealoha ("the love"), Kalei ("the lei"), Kamaka ("the eye/bud/beloved one")
 * 1940–1969: Keala ("the fragrance", symbolic for high birth), Kāwika (David), Kanani ("the glory"), Kameāloha ("the beloved one")
 * 1970–1989: Ikaika ("strong"), Kāwika, Alika (Alex), Keola ("the life")
 * 2000–2005: Kai ("sea"), Kekoa ("the courage"), Kainoa ("the namesake"), Ikaika, Kaimana ("diamond; powerful sea"), Keoni (John), Makana ("gift"), Nāinoa ("the namesakes")

The Social Security Administration gives out annual lists of the top hundred names for boys and girls in the State of Hawaii, starting from the year 1960. They are based on first names while a Hawaiian name usually comes second. A few Hawaiian names make it into these lists every year. In 2008, they were Kaila ("style/the birthmark", although this is also an English variant of Kayla), Maile, Malia, Kalena ("the yellow"), Kiana (Diana), Alana and Kamalei ("lei child") for girls, and Kai, Kainoa, Keanu ("the coolness"), Kainalu ("billowy sea"), Nāinoa, Kaimana and Kanoa ("the commoner, free man") for boys.

title: Hawaiian name


text:
The Ravens

The Ravens were an American R&B vocal group, formed in 1946 by Jimmy Ricks and Warren Suttles. They were one of the most successful and most influential vocal quartets of the period, and had several hits on the R&B chart in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

Career
Jimmy "Ricky" Ricks was born in Adrian, Georgia, later moving to Jacksonville, Florida. During World War II, he moved to New York City, where he worked as a waiter in Harlem and met Warren "Birdland" Suttles, from Fairfield, Alabama. In early 1946, they decided to form a vocal group and recruited Leonard "Zeke" Puzey, who had recently won a talent contest at the Apollo Theater, and Ollie Jones. They found a manager, Ben Bart, and an accompanist, Howard Biggs, and made their first recordings for Bart's small Hub record label. They called themselves the Ravens, and so initiated the trend for vocal groups to name themselves after birds—groups who later followed included the Orioles, the Crows, the Larks, the Robins and the Penguins. Although the group were strongly influenced by the Ink Spots, the Delta Rhythm Boys and the Mills Brothers, they used Ricks' bass voice, rather than a more conventional tenor, as the lead on many of their recordings, and this became their trademark style. Their material was also more varied, including elements of pop, jazz, R&B, and gospel styles.

After their initial single, "Honey", Jones left the group and was replaced by Maithe Marshall. The contrast between Ricks' bass voice and Marshall's tenor became integral to their success. In 1947 the Ravens left the Hub label to join National Records, and had immediate hits on what was called at the time the "race records" chart with a version of "Ol' Man River" (from the musical Show Boat) and "Write Me A Letter", which rose to no. 5 on the "race" chart and crossed over to the pop chart. Their run of successes on what came to be known as the R&B chart continued through to early 1950, with the basic line-up of Ricks, Suttles, Puzey, and Marshall essentially remaining together for several years. Their version of "Count Every Star" (1950) was later used in the film Revolutionary Road.

The Ravens primarily existed to showcase bass singer Ricks; in this they were successful, such that Ricks' voice became the standard against which every rhythm and blues bass was measured for the next generation. Although the group had relatively few chart hits, they were popular in concert, commanding a fee of $2,000 a night. The group recorded for Columbia Records and its subsidiary OKeh in 1950, before moving to the Mercury label. In 1951 Marshall and Puzey both left; Joe Van Loan became a long-term replacement for Marshall as lead tenor, and there were various other shorter-term group members. The group had its final hit on the R&B chart in late 1952, when "Rock Me All Night Long" rose to no. 4, the highest position the group reached in their career.

In 1953 they moved to the Jubilee label, but with the rise of rock and roll their style became increasingly unfashionable. After several earlier breaks from the group, Suttles left for the final time in 1954. Ricks left for a solo career in 1956. After his departure, the group was led by Joe Van Loan, who at one point brought his brothers Paul and James into the group; however, the group finally disbanded in 1958.

Ricks recorded as a solo singer without notable success for a number of labels, including Atlantic where he also recorded with LaVern Baker and Little Esther. In 1971, he and Suttles temporarily revived the Ravens, with additional members Gregory Carroll and Jimmy Breedlove. At the time of his death, at the age of 49 in 1974, he was the vocalist for the Count Basie orchestra. Suttles, Puzey and Marshall also appeared together, with Evans, as the Ravens in 1974. Another reunion was held by the United in Group Harmony Association (UGHA) in 1987. This reunion once again featured Suttles, Puzey, and Marshall as well as Jones. As both Ricks and Evans had passed away by this point (in 1974 and 1984 respectively), lead on "Without A Song" was done by Suttles. The Ravens were inducted into The Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1998. In 2006, Suttles accepted the Harlem Jazz & Music Festival 2006 Rhythm & Blues award on the group's behalf.

Original members

 * Jimmy "Ricky" Ricks (James Thomas Ricks, August 6, 1924 – July 2, 1974) (member 1946–1956)
 * Warren "Birdland" Suttles (February 20, 1925 – July 24, 2009) (1946–1948, 1949–1950, 1952–1954, 1974, 1987)
 * Leonard "Zeke" Puzey (August 20, 1926 – October 2, 2007) (1946–1951, 1953, 1974, 1987)
 * Henry Oliver "Ollie" Jones (December 9, 1923 – October 4, 1990) (1946–1947, 1987)

Later members
(1947–1951, 1974, 1987)
 * Maithe Marshall (Maithe Williams) (August 31, 1924-November 1, 1989)
 * Joe Medlin (1948)
 * Richie Cannon (1948–1949)
 * Louis Heyward (1950–1951)
 * Austin Cromer (dates unknown)

(1951–1958)
 * Joe Van Loan (December 6, 1926–1976)
 * Louis Frazier (1951–1952, 1954–1956)
 * Jimmie Steward (1951–1956)
 * Tommy Evans (January 9,1927-September 1984) (1954, 1956, 1974)

 * Willie Ray (1956–1957)
 * Willis Sanders (1956–1957)
 * Bob Kornegay (1956)
 * David "Boots" Bowers (January 23, 1928-October 23, 1995) (1956–1958)

 * Paul Van Loan (January 19, 1931-January 1978) (1957)
 * James Van Loan (July 5, 1926-March 27, 1960) (1957)
 * Aaron "Tex" Cornelius (1958)
 * Grant Kitchings (1958)

Piano

 * Howard Biggs (1946–1949)
 * Bill Sanford (1949–1957)
 * Bill Chambers (1957–1958)

title: The Ravens


text:
Cliff Evans

Cliff Evans may refer to:

 * Clif Evans (born 1948), politician in Manitoba, Canada
 * Clifford R. Evans, Canadian trade unionist and UFCW leader
 * Cliff Evans (artist), American artist of Australian origin
 * Cliff Evans (rugby league), Welsh rugby league footballer and coach
 * Cliff Evans, a character in the short story "Cipher in the Snow"

title: Cliff Evans


text:
User talk:Rackham

Welcome
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March 2009
Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. Please don't forget to provide an edit summary. --Ericdn (talk) 03:03, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Thanks for catching my editing mistake in Tower of Hercules. I meant to go back and catch the bit my tool left, but I got caught up in something else. Cheers! Piano non troppo (talk) 20:32, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

invite
Hello, if you are still interested, I've opened up a talkpage discussion about an article you edited in the past, Active service unit, which currently covers military units within the Provisional Irish Republican Army from 1969-20xx. Please see this link. Talk:Active_service_unit. Someone else has proposed a new article about historical ASU(s). Hope this helps. p.s. As you probably already know, emotions can run high on this sort of topic, please do your utmost to be WP:NICE to your fellow editors, and stay serene. :-)   Appreciate your time, thanks for improving wikipedia. — 74.192.84.101 (talk) 18:03, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Rackham


text:
User talk:Spankological

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Lst27 23:43, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Spankological


text:
User talk:Willrocksmith

Jessie will always love Will because he rocks my world. He is the most wonderful and caring person I know. I love him to the moon and back and I hope we live happily ever after

Jessie's pretty damn special herself. I will always always love her.

Will, you amaze me every single day, and I thank you for being so understanding and wonderful. I couldn't make it through everyday without your kind and loving words. I thank you with all of my heart.

title: User talk:Willrocksmith


text: User talk:83.235.253.105

title: User talk:83.235.253.105


text:
Chisini mean

In mathematics, a function f of n variables x1, ..., xn leads to a Chisini mean M if, for every vector ⟨x1, ..., xn⟩, there exists a unique M such that
 * f(M,M, ..., M) = f(x1,x2, ..., xn).

The arithmetic, harmonic, geometric, generalised, Heronian and quadratic means are all Chisini means, as are their weighted variants.

While Oscar Chisini was arguably the first to deal with "substitution means" in some depth in 1929, the idea of defining a mean as above is quite old, appearing (for example) in early works of Augustus De Morgan.

title: Chisini mean


text:
Good Humor

Good Humor is a Good Humor-Breyers brand of ice cream started by Harry Burt in Youngstown, Ohio, US, in the early 1920s with the Good Humor bar, a chocolate-coated ice cream bar on a stick sold from ice cream trucks and retail outlets. It was a fixture in American popular culture in the 1950s when the company operated up to 2,000 "sales cars".

History
The original Good Humor company started in Youngstown, Ohio, during the early 1920s and covered most of the country by the mid-1930s. In 1961, Good Humor was acquired by Thomas J. Lipton, the U.S. subsidiary of the international Unilever conglomerate. Profits declined when the baby boomers aged and costs increased because of labor issues, gasoline, and insurance. The company sold its fleet in 1978 but continued to distribute its products through grocery stores and independent street vendors. By 1984, Good Humor returned to profitability. Starting in 1989, Unilever expanded Good Humor through its acquisition of Gold Bond Ice Cream that included the Popsicle brand. Four years later, Unilever bought Isaly Klondike and the Breyers Ice Cream Company. As a result, Good Humor-Breyers is now a large producer of branded ice cream and frozen novelties, as part of the international Unilever Heartbrand.

1920s
In 1919, Christian Nelson, an Iowa store owner, discovered how to coat an ice cream bar with chocolate, inventing the Eskimo Pie. When he heard of the discovery, Harry Burt (1875–1926), owner of a Youngstown, Ohio, ice cream parlor, replicated Nelson's product. The story is that Burt's 23-year-old daughter Ruth thought that the new novelty was too messy. Burt's son, Harry Jr. (1900–1972), suggested using a wooden stick as a convenient handle. They tried out the idea in the store's hardening room, where they discovered that the stick formed a strong bond when the ice cream crystallized. Burt outfitted twelve street vending trucks in Youngstown with rudimentary freezers and bells to sell his "Good Humor Ice Cream Suckers" in 1920. The first set of bells was from his son's old bobsled. By 1925, Harry Burt Jr. opened a franchise in Miami, Florida.

In January 1922, Burt applied for patents, which were not granted until October 1923 because the patent office thought Good Humors were too similar to Eskimo Pies. The patents were granted only when Burt Jr. traveled to Washington, D.C., with samples to demonstrate the difference. When granted, Good Humor's patents were for the equipment and process to manufacture frozen novelties on a stick, but not for the product itself.

During this period, Frank Epperson started marketing frozen ice on a stick and formed the Popsicle Corporation. Six months after Popsicle received its patent in August 1924, Good Humor sued Popsicle Corporation, and by October 1925 the parties settled out of court. Popsicle agreed to pay Good Humor a licence fee to manufacture what was called frozen suckers from ice and sherbet products. Good Humor reserved the right to manufacture these products from ice cream, frozen custard, and the like.

Harry Burt died in 1926, and two years later his widow sold her interest to the Midland Food Products Company, owned by a group of Cleveland businessmen. They changed the company's name to the Good Humor Corporation of America and started selling franchises with a $100 down payment. Cora Burt retained the license agreement with Popsicle. Thomas J. Brimer (1900–1978) purchased the Good Humor franchise for the Detroit territory and by 1929 opened his second plant in Chicago. The mob demanded $5,000 protection money and destroyed part of the Chicago fleet when Brimer refused. The resulting publicity helped put Good Humor on the map.

1930–1961
Brimer's father-in-law was a friend of Michael J. Meehan (1891–1948), a controversial New York stock speculator who made a small investment in Brimer's operation. When Brimer paid a 25% dividend in 1929, Meehan financed the acquisition of 75% of Good Humor of America for $500,000. Meehan's wife, Elizabeth Higgins Meehan, was the registered owner of the stock along with Mrs. John J. Raskob, the wife of another New York stock speculator.

The Meehan family's Good Humor Corporation of America operated in New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, Detroit, and Chicago. There were also three major franchises: Good Humor of Baltimore/Washington (operated by the Brimer family), Burt's Good Humor (operated by Harry Burt Jr. in Tulsa, Oklahoma), and Good Humor of California. In addition, distributors served Cleveland, Philadelphia, Albany, Dallas and Miami. In 1931, Good Humor reported a net profit of $452,105, almost as much as Meehan paid for the company.

Good Humor was successful because it provided customers an inexpensive diversion during the Depression. In addition to trucks, the company used push carts, bicycles, shoulder boxes, and even a boat. At most branches, the season was six months, April through September. Jobs were scarce and Good Humor found all the employees it could use, despite an 80-hour work week and near-military discipline. Women were not hired as vendors until 1967. A vendor could be fired for not smartly saluting a customer or saying "Good Humor Ice Cream" instead of the proper "Ice Cream Good Humor" as the company regarded the "Good Humor" itself as a noun with "ice cream" being descriptive. Vendors attended classes for two days at the beginning of the season and the rules were spelled out in a handbook titled "Making Good at Good Humor". While vendors were paid commissions only, it was not unusual for a driver to clear the princely sum of over $100 per week.

To promote the product, customers won a free Good Humor if they found "lucky stick" stamped on the stick of their ice cream. One in twelve was a winner. However, in 1939 the Federal Trade Commission outlawed the promotion as an illegal lottery. The company was more successful in attracting favorable publicity by parking trucks outside of motion picture studios. Over the years, Good Humor appeared in over 200 movies. In 1950, Jack Carson starred in the feature motion picture The Good Humor Man.

In 1937, Michael Meehan became the first broker banned by the Securities and Exchange Commission for stock manipulation and transferred his enterprises to his sons. Two years later, 21-year-old Joseph A. Meehan (1917–1972) became the youngest broker with a seat on the New York Stock Exchange and chairman of Good Humor Corporation, a position he held until 1961.

After World War II, the company moved into the expanding suburbs to serve the baby boomers. Fifty-five percent of Good Humor's customers were age twelve or younger, and trucks now accounted for 90% of the company's sales. By 1956, the company's fleet grew to 2,000 trucks, all purchased since the war. That year, Meehan hired 32-year-old David J. Mahoney (1923–2000) as president of Good Humor. Mahoney was the head of the advertising firm serving Good Humor and later became the president of the large Norton Simon conglomerate. In his five years at Good Humor, his sales increased by 36%.

By 1960 Good Humor expanded and included 85 different treats: sundaes in chocolate, butterscotch, and strawberry; single-serve cups in apricot and honeydew; and more.

1961–present
The Meehan family faced estate planning issues because Mrs. Elizabeth H. Meehan was advancing in years. In 1961, they agreed to sell Good Humor of America to Thomas J. Lipton, a subsidiary of Unilever. Lipton also purchased Good Humor of Baltimore/Washington from the Brimer family. In a separate transaction, the other franchises agreed to stop using the Good Humor name. Of the distributors, only Philadelphia survived as a company branch. Lipton created a grocery division to sell Good Humor products in supermarkets.

Mahoney left the company after the acquisition, and Lipton executives soon characterized Good Humor as a "problem". Much of the fleet purchased after the war was nearing the end of its useful life. As baby boomers matured, sales on many suburban routes declined. While almost from the beginning Good Humor faced competition from companies such as Jack and Jill Ice Cream, Bungalow Bar, etc., it was not until the advent of soft ice cream trucks operated by companies such as Mister Softee that competition impacted sales. Insurance costs increased because courts found ice cream vendors responsible for pedestrian accidents while crossing streets to and from the truck.

Good Humor replaced some of its older conventional trucks with large vans designed to compete with Mister Softee. Many of these "inside sales cars" are still operating. The size of the fleet gradually declined, and by the early 1970s the number of trucks was 1,200. Good Humor also worked with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to equip vending trucks with school bus "stop" swing arms to reduce pedestrian accidents.

Good Humor was unable to solve its labor problems. The company was unionized early in its history and was struck on several occasions. For example, in 1950 the Teamsters shut down Good Humor's New York operations for three weeks during the critical month of June. Beginning in the 1950s, the labor pool dried up and Good Humor operated over half of its fleet with seasonal employees, mostly college students. On average, new employees lasted two to three weeks because of the long hours. The entire industry, except Good Humor, stopped using commissioned employees and became distributors who leased trucks to the drivers and sold them their products wholesale. Good Humor adopted this system wherever possible but was prevented from converting most branches because of union contracts.

Good Humor became unprofitable beginning in 1968. An increase in gasoline prices during the early 1970s worsened the situation. After absorbing losses for ten years, in 1978 Good Humor closed its street vending operations and became a distributor. The trucks were sold for $1,000 to $3,000 per vehicle, and many of the former Good Humor vendors became independent business owners. As one reported, "I make sure I shut off the engine when I stop now that I'm paying for the gas." Many former competitors also became distributors of Good Humor products.

With the trucks sold, Good Humor focused on the grocery division, and the company returned to profitability by 1984. Unilever, the world's largest marketer of ice cream products, decided to achieve a similar market position in the US through acquisitions. In 1989, Unilever purchased Gold Bond Ice Cream of Green Bay, Wisconsin, which owned Popsicle. In 1993, Unilever bought Isaly Klondike, maker of another chocolate-coated ice cream bar invented in Youngstown in the early 1920s. Also in 1993, Unilever acquired the Breyers Ice Cream Company and combined these operations into the renamed Good Humor-Breyers. Since 2000, Good Humor has been one of numerous Unilever ice cream subsidiaries to use the international Heartbrand for its logo. It removed the Heartbrand in 2009 but brought it back as part of its logo from 2014 onwards.

In June 2020, Good Humor collaborated with music producer RZA to create a new jingle for ice cream trucks to play, to replace "Turkey in the Straw", since that song had been paired in the past with racist lyrics. (Good Humor does not directly operate any trucks, but the company wanted to discourage drivers from playing the song.) The resulting composition was released in August 2020.

Products
In the parlance of the original company, a "Good Humor" was a three-ounce chocolate-coated vanilla ice cream bar on a stick. By 1960, the product line had grown to 85 flavors or combinations. Other "Good Humors" included chocolate-coated chocolate (also called "chocolate malt") and chocolate-coated strawberry plus bars coated in toasted almond, coconut, chocolate cake, strawberry shortcake, and chocolate éclair. Weekly specials came in a wide assortment of flavors, including a red, white, and blue Good Humor for the Fourth of July. Among the specials that did not become popular were Oregon prune and California fig Good Humors. The company even experimented with tomato sherbet.

Folklore
The company's history also includes many stories, such as one about a Good Humor vendor rushing a baby to a hospital for treatment and one about the company's helping to break up a counterfeit money operation on Long Island. During World War II, a Good Humor truck was assigned to follow one of the armies during maneuvers. The commander could not understand how the opposing artillery was quickly locating his position until he realized that the spotters were using the white Good Humor truck as a guide. Rather than deny his troops ice cream, that night he ordered the truck to be painted army green. After the war, a Good Humor vendor took pity on a youngster who was a nickel short and accepted a new magazine in place of the missing five cents. When he returned the next day, the street was lined with stacks of magazines piled by children eager to exchange periodicals for Good Humors.

title: Good Humor


text:
Watership Down, Hampshire

Watership Down is a hill or a down at Ecchinswell in the civil parish of Ecchinswell, Sydmonton and Bishops Green in the English county of Hampshire, as part of the Hampshire Downs. It rises fairly steeply on its northern flank (the scarp side), but to the south the slope is much gentler (the dip side). The summit is 778 ft above sea level, one of the highest points in Hampshire.

The Down is best known as the setting for Richard Adams' 1972 novel about rabbits, also called Watership Down. The area is popular with cyclists and walkers. A bridleway, the Wayfarer's Walk cross-county footpath, runs along the ridge of the Down which lies at the south-eastern edge of the North Wessex Downs Area of Natural Beauty. Other nearby features include Ladle Hill, on Great Litchfield Down, immediately to the west. Part of the hill is a 10.37 ha biological Site of Special Scientific Interest, first notified in 1978. The hill has a partially completed Iron Age hill fort on its summit, and the surrounding area is rich in Iron Age tumuli, enclosures, lynchets and field systems. Further to the west lies Beacon Hill. Watership Down is accessible via the large village of Kingsclere.

Watership Down Stud is a horse-breeding establishment owned by Andrew Lloyd Webber and his wife Madeleine Gurdon, a former eventer, who live nearby at Sydmonton Court.

title: Watership Down, Hampshire


text:
Seven-digit dialing

Seven-digit dialing is a telephone dialing procedure customary in some territories of the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for dialing telephone numbers in the same numbering plan area (NPA). NANP telephone numbers consist of ten digits, of which the leading three are the area code. In seven-digit dialing it is not necessary to dial the area code. The procedure is also sometimes known as local format or network format.

History
Originally, telephone exchanges consisted of manual switchboards operated by switchboard operators. Telephone numbers had typically two to four digits, depending on the size of the community. As the number of subscribers grew, multiple exchanges served individual neighborhoods of large cities. Multiple exchanges were identified by a central office name and typically four digits, such as "Pennsylvania 5000". A rural telephone number, often party line, had often up to four digits and a letter or letter and digits to indicate which of the multiple parties on the line was desired.

Various methods were used to convert these to dialable numbers as dial systems replaced manual switchboards; many moderately-large cities used a 2L-4N format where "ADelaide 1234" would be dialled as AD-1234 (23–1234, a six-digit local call). The four largest cities, New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Boston, used seven digits. In New York, for example, "PENnsylvania 5000" became PEN-5000 and later PEnnsylvania 6-5000, dialled PE6-5000 or 736–5000). New York used the 3L-4N format from 1920, when dial telephones were first introduced there, until 1930, when it switched to 2L-5N.

The original North American area codes were assigned in 1947 as routing codes for operator calls, but by 1951, the first cross-country Bell System direct distance dial was placed directly from a subscriber station. The system was based on fixed-length numbers; a direct-dial long-distance call consisted of a three-digit area code and a seven-digit local number. Numbers in 2L-4N cities (such as Montréal and Toronto) were systematically lengthened to seven digits in the 1950s, a few exchanges at a time, so that all local numbers were seven digits when direct distance dialling finally came to town.

Exchange prefixes were added to small-town numbers to extend four or five-digit local numbers to the standardised seven-digit length, matching in length the then-longest local numbers in the largest major US markets.

Structure
Within the multinational calling area administered by the North American Numbering Plan, telephone numbers are composed of three fixed-length fields: a three-digit numbering plan area (NPA) code (area code), a three-digit (NXX) central office code, and a four-digit (XXXX) station number.

In seven-digit dialing, only the central office code and the station number is dialed, indicating that the call destination is within the local area code. This was the standard in most of North America from the 1950s onward. In some small villages with only one local exchange, it may have been permissible to dial only the four-digit station number. Even after exchange names were introduced, it was possible in many small cities to call local numbers by dialing only the five digits which followed.

A long-distance call within the same area code could often be dialed as 1+7D, without using an area code. The scheme relied on the second digit of an area code being 0–1 and the second digit of a local exchange being 2–9. This dialing plan was incompatible with the introduction of area code 334 and area code 360, and was therefore eliminated by January 1, 1995, in the United States, and by September 1994 in Canada. It was also eliminated as early as 1981 in some numbering plan areas in the United States that had introduced interchangeable central office codes.

Interchangeable central office codes are central office codes (NXXs) which, with a zero or one as the middle digit, resemble and duplicate area codes in the pre-1995 format. They were introduced to postpone area code splits in major cities such as New York City and Los Angeles, but in 1988, AT&T/Bellcore made them mandatory for area codes nearing exhaust of non-interchangeable codes. The Massachusetts 617/508 split was the last one before the policy changed—617 did not yet have interchangeable NXXs at the time. Area codes with interchangeable NXXs had mandatory 10-digit long-distance dialing in order to allow exchanges to distinguish between intra- and inter-area code calls. From 1988 to 1994, few area codes splits were possible due to the dwindling supply of area codes, so conservation measures became necessary.

As of 1995, with the introduction of interchangeable NPA codes, nearly all code combinations are useful as NPAs or as NXXes.

Office code protection
Traditionally, identical central office codes in adjacent Numbering Plan Areas (NPAs) would be assigned as far apart from each other as possible, so that callers living near an NPA boundary would not confuse numbers in the adjacent NPAs. Central office code protection made it possible in some low density areas to use seven digits to reach areas in another area code.

Examples:
 * Washington, D.C. (area code 202) to adjacent areas of Maryland (area code 301) and Virginia (area code 703), discontinued on October 1, 1990, to allow assignment of a code in all three area codes.
 * Hull from Ottawa (before 2006, as every Ottawa-Hull local number originally was reserved in both area code 613 and 819). This was terminated on 21 October 2006 to allow assignment of a code in both 613 and 819, although five central office codes associated with the federal government were protected in 819 to allow dialing without potentially reaching non-government lines.

Limitations
Area code overlay complexes introduced the requirement that calls must include the area code, resulting in a ten-digit dialing. Seven-digit dialing remains possible in some areas of North America with a single area code.

Traditionally, calling from one area code to another, specifically for long-distance calls, requires the caller to dial the trunk digit "1" before the code and number. More recently, with the increasing number and decreasing geographic size of area codes, it is increasingly possible to dial a number in another area code that is not long-distance where such a call does require the area code, but not the trunk digit (initial "1").

Many modern cellular phones automatically prepend the telephone's own area code if the user enters only seven digits, sending a total of ten digits. This is the same case with many landline providers that allow this. And also with many voice-over-IP services, users can configure default handling of seven-digit dialing in a dial plan.

Before 1947
Local telephone numbers were governed by varying local numbering plans based on historical growth of services. Places without dial service often used special party line syntax (e.g., 2-R-48). The largest cities already used seven-digit telephone numbers and had dial service.

1947 to 1951
The American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) announced a nationwide numbering plan in 1947, which divided the United States and Canada into 86 numbering plan areas and assigned a unique area code to each. All area codes had a zero or one as the middle digit. A zero indicated that the state or province was served by a single area code, and a one indicated multiple divisions of a state or province.

Area codes were used as a universal destination routing code to the numbering plan area, and replaced the trunk routing codes that operators previously had to look up at the toll switching centers under the General Toll Switching Plan that was in use since 1929. In Operator Toll Dialing, automated equipment translated area codes to routing information. Systematic conversion of city dial systems commenced to the seven-digit (two-letter-five-number) numbering plan. Central office codes were restricted to the digits 2 to 9 in the middle position, to facilitate machine recognition when an area code was dialed. The same rule already applied to the first digit for technical and historical reasons.

1951 to 1960
Direct Distance Dialing (DDD) trials were conducted by the end of 1951, in which subscribers in Englewood, New Jersey, could dial long-distance calls to a select group of remote destinations, as far away as San Francisco, by using an area code.

DDD technology expanded to other major cities, By 1960, it was available in a few places in Canada, as well as most large American cities. This decade is notable for implementation of some thirty more area codes, including in Alaska, Hawaii, and the Caribbean.

1960 to 1981
Major progress may be noted in provisioning DDD service. Long-distance billing was computerized in the 1960s to the early 1980s. Few area codes were introduced during this time. Toll-free 800-service was introduced. Service demands in the largest American cities of New York and greater Los Angeles area resulted in the first use of interchangeable central office codes (NXX). All-number calling was implemented, replacing 2L-5N telephone numbers. A very small number of places still did not use a seven-digit numbering plan by 1981.

1981 to 1994
New area code assignments were increasing in the 1980s. From 1990 to 1994, all remaining assignable codes entered service. The exhaustion of NXX codes necessitated interchangeable codes in several more area codes. Ten-digit dialing, or 1+10D, was implemented in area codes with interchangeable NXX codes. Protected dialing plans as in national capital areas were discontinued to help meet demand without area code relief. As 1994 neared its end, ten-digit dialing became required throughout the numbering plan in preparation for interchangeable NPA codes.

All local numbers now had seven-digit, as the last technological hold-outs had given way to modern switching technology. The concept of a ten-digit local number was conceived, as New York had an overlay code (917, implemented in 1992), but seven-digit dialing was still the norm.

1995 to 2019
Interchangeable NPA codes were introduced in Washington state and Alabama, and some forty new area codes were introduced in 1999 as relief was implemented for pent-up demand. This included two additional toll-free prefixes as the 888 code was quickly exhausted. Since 1999, a more steady rate of area code introductions has taken place, the rate being slower due to one or more factors:
 * economic recession
 * consumer resistance
 * conservation measures or regulatory measures
 * pent-up demand being satisfied
 * new market entrants leaving the business.

With overlays in several areas (the relief method of choice in Canada since 2000), ten-digit local numbers were supplanting seven-digit dialing; by 2019, only four Canadian area codes (506, 709, 807 and 867) were still single-code areas (no overlay) and allowed seven-digit local dialing. Although fewer American area codes were overlaid, seven-digit dialing was also disappearing in the United States.

2020 to present
On July 16, 2020, the FCC adopted rules to establish 988 as the three-digit phone number for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. This required 82 area codes to switch to mandatory ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021, because they had already used 988 as a central office code.

Similar transitions are scheduled in most parts of the remaining single-code areas in Canada by May 31, 2023, due in part to the rollout of 9-8-8 service in that country.

title: Seven-digit dialing


text:
Oscar Chisini

Oscar Chisini (14 March 1889 – 10 April 1967) was an Italian mathematician. He introduced the Chisini mean in 1929.

Biography
Chisini was born in Bergamo.

In 1929, he founded the Institute of Mathematics (Istituto di Matematica) at the University of Milan, along with Gian Antonio Maggi and Giulio Vivanti. He then held the position of chairman of the institute from the early 1930s until 1959.

He graduated from the University of Bologna in 1912, having studied under Federigo Enriques. In 1952 he had the appellation "Federigo Enriques" attached to the institute, to commemorate his memory. This name has been maintained by the institute, and by the Department of Mathematics (which it became) since 1982.

He was a major contributor to the Enciclopedia Italiana, and from 1946 to 1967 editor of the journal Il periodico di matematiche.

The Chisini conjecture in algebraic geometry is a uniqueness question for morphisms of generic smooth projective surfaces, branched on a cuspidal curve. A special case is the question of the uniqueness of the covering of the projective plane, branched over a generic curve of degree at least five.

Chisini died in Milan in 1967.

title: Oscar Chisini


text:
Combe, Berkshire

Combe is a village and civil parish in the English county of Berkshire. The parish is situated on the top of the North Hampshire Downs near Walbury Hill and Combe Gibbet, overlooking the village of Inkpen and the valley of the River Kennet. In Walbury Hill, it includes the highest natural point in South East England.

Administratively, the civil parish lies within the unitary authority area of West Berkshire, and within the ceremonial county of Berkshire. Historically part of Hampshire, Combe was transferred to Berkshire in 1895.

History
Bronze Age people in this part of Europe constructed communal long barrows to bury their important dead and one is a scheduled monument in the civil parish beneath Gibbet Hill's peak. Both male and female bodies of the dead may have been left in the open to be reduced to skeletons by carrion before being collected and buried. In many cases the corpses were carefully assembled with the head to the south, men facing east, women facing west. It is unknown whether this was the case in the so-called Inkpen long barrow (named after the village to the north but within Combe), though it is on an east–west alignment.

St Swithun's Church
The Church of England parish church of Saint Swithun is Norman, with the nave dating from the second half of the 12th century. The interior has additions from the 17th century, such as the chancel roof. The bell tower is made of wood on flint, and the bell chamber above holds three bells; one pre-reformation, one dated 1616 and one dated 1831. The church is a Grade I listed building.

Geography
Combe Hill forms part of the same escarpment as the larger Walbury Hill which is mostly in Combe, in the North Wessex Downs, the highest point in southeast England. Combe has a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) just to the south west of the village, called Combe Wood and Linkenholt Hanging. The civil parish includes the summits of Walbury Hill and Combe Hill, and parts of Inkpen Hill and Pilot Hill. Combe Gibbet stands on Gallows Down, in the civil parish between Inkpen and Walbury Hills.

title: Combe, Berkshire


text:
User:Mustafaa/Judaism in the Quran

Surat al-Baqarah
In this Surah, the Children of Israel are addressed directly. They are reminded of the Covenant between them and God and the favor they enjoyed with Him, who "preferred them above the worlds" and saved them from the Pharaoh, and urged to fulfill it by accepting His latest revelation, the Quran, and praying and giving zakat and practicing righteousness in preparation for the Day of Judgement. It then goes on to retell the story of Moses, emphasising his people's stubbornness in the face of Moses' miracles, worshipping the Golden Calf and asking for food better than manna:

 * "They drew on themselves the wrath of Allah. This because they went on rejecting the Signs of Allah and slaying His Messengers without just cause. This because they rebelled and went on transgressing." (61)

It emphasises that those who truly held to the Jewish scriptures shall have their reward from God (62); "upon them shall be no fear, neither shall they grieve". But it then goes on to remind them of more instances of past backsliding, such as their evasions when Moses commanded them to sacrifice a certain heifer, and a certain community among them who had broken the Sabbath, and were therefore told by God "Be ye apes, despised and rejected"; after all these, it says, "were your hearts hardened".

It then (75 on) speaks to the Muslims about the Children of Israel of the Prophet's own time and place, accusing a party among them of knowingly perverting the Word of God and of hypocritically pretending to believe in public but attempting to conceal the Scriptures, or in some cases being ignorant of them and yet conjecturing. Finally, it curses those who "write the Book with their own hands, and then say "This is from Allah", to traffic with it for a miserable price!" and warns those who imagine that "the Fire shall not touch us but for a few numbered days", no matter what they do.

It then addresses the Children of Israel again, reminding them again of the original Covenant and of a specific covenant between the Jews of Madina and the Muslim state (text given in Ibn Hisham's Sirat-ar-rasul) and accusing them of violating it by fighting each other and demanding ransoms from each other; those who behave thus, it warns, will be punished in the Hereafter.

title: User:Mustafaa/Judaism in the Quran


text:
Encyclopædia Iranica

Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English-language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times.

Scope
The Encyclopædia Iranica is dedicated to the study of Iranian civilization in the wider Middle East, the Caucasus, Southeastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. The academic reference work will eventually cover all aspects of Iranian history and culture as well as all Iranian languages and literatures, facilitating the whole range of Iranian studies research from archeology to political sciences. It is a project founded by Ehsan Yarshater in 1973 and currently carried out at Columbia University's Center for Iranian Studies. It is considered the standard encyclopedia of the academic discipline of Iranistics.

The scope of the encyclopedia goes beyond modern Iran (also known as "Persia") and encompasses the entire Iranian cultural sphere, and far beyond. Relations of the Iranian world with other cultures (China, European countries, etc.) are also covered. The project is planning on publishing a total of up to 45 volumes.

Staff
Ehsan Yarshater was the founding editor of Encyclopædia Iranica from 1973 through 2017. The current editor-in-chief is Elton Daniel. The editorial board includes Mohsen Ashtiany, Mahnaz Moazami, and over 40 consulting editors from major international institutions doing research in Iranian studies. Former long tenured editors include Ahmad Ashraf, Christopher Brunner, Habib Borjian, Kioumars Ghereghlou, Manuchehr Kasheff, Dagmar Riedel and Houra Yavari. A growing number (over 1,300 in 2016) of scholars worldwide have contributed articles to Encyclopædia Iranica.

Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
In 1990, Ehsan Yarshater established the Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation (EIF), which serves to promote the cause of the Encyclopædia Iranica and to ensure its continuation. Over the years, Columbia University's Center for Iranian Studies (also founded by Yarshater) continued to coordinate and edit the Encyclopædia, while the EIF substantially sponsored the work.

The foundation provides the full text of many entries (up to fascicle XVI/3) for free on the iranicaonline.org website.

Legal dispute
Following Yarshater's retirement as director of the Center for Iranian Studies in 2016, a dispute began to emerge between Columbia University and the EIF as Columbia unilaterally decided to enter into a contract with Brill, an academic publisher, which subsequently published fascicles 4 and 5 of volume XVI in 2018 and 2019; the EIF protested the move. In 2019, Columbia University sued the EIF, seeking, among other things, a finding that the EIF owns neither a copyright nor an exclusive trademark right in the encyclopedia. EIF countersued alleging that Columbia, as well as Brill and Elton Daniel, breached EIF's copyright in the encyclopedia, infringed, diluted, and counterfeited its trademarks, converted EIF property, and committed various acts of unjust enrichment and unfair competition. On July 31, 2020, the U.S. District Court in the Southern District of New York granted a temporary restraining order against Columbia, Brill and Daniel, enjoining them through October 8, 2020 from publishing additional fascicles. EIF also sought a preliminary injunction against the defendants, but such relief was not entered by the court. Columbia and Brill subsequently published fascicle XVI/6 on October 19, 2020.

As part of the dispute, there are now conflicting accounts as to the current state of the Encyclopædia Iranica. While Columbia has published fascicle XVI/4 through XVI/6, covering topics between "Kešaʾi Dialect" and "Khorasan XIV", by EIF's count volume XVI only covers topics falling alphabetically between KA and KE. EIF considers fascicles XVI/4 through XVI/6 "counterfeit fascicles".

Reputation
In a review of Volume III, Richard W. Bulliet calls Encyclopædia Iranica "not just a necessity for Iranists [but] of inestimable value for everyone concerned with the history and culture of the Middle East". Ali Banuazizi, though, notes that its focus is on Iran "as perceived, analyzed, and described by its most distinguished, mainly Western, students". In 1998, the journal Iranian Studies devoted a double issue (vol. 31, no. 3/4) to reviews of the encyclopædia, coming to 700 pages by 29 authors on as many subjects. Professor A. Banuazizi, praised that the encyclopaedia "will be judged as the most significant contribution of our century to the advancement of Iranian studies as a scholarly enterprise".

Many foundations, organizations, and individuals have supported Encyclopædia Iranica. The encyclopaedia has been sponsored since 1979 by the National Endowment for the Humanities, as well as the American Council of Learned Societies, Union Académique Internationale, Iran Heritage Foundation, and many other charitable foundations, philanthropic families and individuals.

Criticism
On March 25, 2007, the Associated Press released a news report about Encyclopædia Iranica, claiming that it is "U.S.-backed". Encyclopædia Iranica published an official response, saying the report was "inaccurate and libelous", that while the National Endowment for the Humanities supports the encyclopedia, the Endowment is "an independent federal agency whose many projects are reviewed and decided upon by independent panels of scholars", not the U.S. Government, and that only a third of the encyclopedia's budget is supplied by the Endowment, not half, as the Associated Press had claimed.

Volumes
As of July 2015, the online version of the Encyclopædia Iranica has almost 7,300 entries, of which about 1,100 entries are only available on the Internet. The following is a list of printed volumes, current.

In addition, the following fascicles of volume XVI have been published:
 * Fascicle 1 (KASHAN – KAŠŠI, ABU ʿAMR MOḤAMMAD), 2012
 * Fascicle 2 (KAŠŠI, ABU ʿAMR MOḤAMMAD – KÉGL, SÁNDOR), 2013
 * Fascicle 3 (KÉGL, SÁNDOR – KEŠAʾI Dialect), 2013
 * Fascicle 4 (Kešaʾi Dialect – Khavaran-Nama), 2018
 * Fascicle 5 (Khavaran-Nama – Khomeini), 2019
 * Fascicle 6 (Khomeini – Khorasan XIV), 2020

title: Encyclopædia Iranica


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hawaiian name

Hawaiian name was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. At least 8 votes to keep, 2 votes to delete. Postdlf 06:09, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hawaiian name
Wikipedia is not a list of names. RickK 23:53, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Pardon me, there are already other rich articles on Wikipedia for lists of names. See also Hebrew name and list of Hebrew names.  They are well appreciated by the people who browse them. - Gilgamesh 00:04, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Look, I have User:Marshman's blessing and promise of participation with this article. I discussed it with him at User_talk:Marshman, then I started a stub.  Eight minutes after I polished the stub, you started this vfd. - Gilgamesh 00:24, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I object to this deletion.--Josiah 00:54, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, valid encyclopedia topic. -Sean Curtin 01:45, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. Other lists of names should go too. It doesn't matter whose blessing you have. When will the madness end? --Improv 02:50, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Of course it is an encyclopedic topic. It explains the meanings and usages of the names, at least when it's complete.  There are tons of lists on Wikipedia.  Lists of programming languages, lists of volcanoes, lists of people who died in 9/11, etc.  It is linguistic and informative, and it should stay. - Gilgamesh 03:36, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * There is a difference between encyclopedic topics and encyclopedic articles. Both must be there for things to be worth keeping, although we can usually take the 2nd on credit. If the topic is not encyclopedic, the best article in the world is still not worth keeping. --Improv 15:50, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, this list belongs on Wikipedia. — siro  χ  o  04:24, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. An article similar to the cited example (Hebrew name) would be fine.  This article, however, doesn't explain the meaning of one single name.  Authors shouldn't be surprised when articles like this get listed on VfD.  An article or stub in this preliminary state should generally be saved on your hard drive, not on Wikipedia.  Are you upset that it was listed after only eight minutes?  Sorry, but there's a lot of unmitigated junk posted, and the most effective way to catch it is for people to monitor Recent Changes.  Yes, if I notice something like this, I could make a note on my hard drive to remind me to come back to it in a week and see if it's turned into something worth keeping.  The better alternative, though, is for the author to give it a little more substance first.  Having unburdened myself of that rant, I vote Keep because I'll trust the author to improve it. JamesMLane 07:13, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Marshman promised his help. We discussed this project in advance.  Besides, there's nothing wrong with starting a legitimate stub — that's what the stub feature is for.  It shows that the material is incomplete and hoped to expand.  I make stubs all the time, and many people gradually build on them.  List of Hebrew names, Hebrew languages, magic brownie, Fuyu languages, and various articles and categories concerning volcanoes.  This has worked time and time again — I don't appreciate being prejudged in this sense just because lots of crackpots post a lot of meaningless stubs. - Gilgamesh 09:43, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I've also made stubs. Sometimes a short article with little information is worth keeping, even if not promptly expanded, and sometimes it isn't.  This one wouldn't be worth keeping in its current form.  (It's nowhere close to your initial version of Hebrew name, for example.)  I'm sorry if you feel you're being prejudged, but please note that I voted to keep, somewhat as an act of faith; also, the practical reality is that people do look at new articles to find the junk, so authors should try to make sure that the first version of a new article will have at least enough in it to survive VfD. JamesMLane 17:39, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Arabic name, Hebrew name and List of Hebrew names provide a fine precedent, and it could become an interesting article. - Mustafaa 10:15, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I find this listing a bit odd. There are all kinds of "lists" on Wikipedia. Why would this subject not be encyclopedic and others (see List of Hebrew names, List_of_garden_plants) not be? While some lists are potentially redundant with the concept of Categories, this is not the case here. The list envisioned would include information about each item and the items would not each warrant a separate article.  I would suggest the article name be changed to Hawaiian proper names to better establish it as more than a simple list. - Marshman 17:37, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Not inherently un-encyclopedic, and I trust these editors to expand it. Cool Hand Luke (Communicate!)  04:58, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful and interesting if expanded. -- Necrothesp 15:09, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Cabalamat 22:07, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Can we remove the template from the article yet, or is there something else that needs to be addressed? - Gilgamesh 03:23, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Morane-Saulnier N

The Morane-Saulnier N, also known as the Morane-Saulnier Type N, was a French monoplane fighter aircraft of the First World War. Designed and manufactured by Morane-Saulnier, the Type N entered service in April 1915 with the Aéronautique Militaire designated as the MoS-5 C1. It also equipped four squadrons of the Royal Flying Corps, in which it was nicknamed the Bullet, and was operated in limited numbers by the 19th Squadron of the Imperial Russian Air Force.

Description
While the Type N was a clean, streamlined aircraft, it was not easy to fly due to a combination of stiff lateral control caused by using wing warping instead of ailerons, sensitive pitch and yaw controls caused by using an all flying tail, and very high landing speed for the period. The Type N mounted a single unsynchronized forward-firing 7.9 mm Hotchkiss machine gun which used the deflector wedges first used on the Morane-Saulnier Type L, in order to fire through the propeller arc. The later I and V types used a .303-in Vickers machine gun.

A large metal "casserolle" spinner, appearing much like those used on the Deperdussin Monocoque pre-war racer of 1912, was designed to streamline the aircraft; but caused the engines to overheat. In 1915, the spinners were removed and the overheating problems disappeared with little loss in performance.

Morane-Saulnier manufactured 49 aircraft but the model was quickly rendered obsolete by the pace of aircraft development at that time.

Variants

 * Morane-Saulnier Type N
 * Single-seat fighter-scout monoplane.

 * Morane-Saulnier Type Nm
 * The Type Nm had a modified tail unit. Built in small numbers.

 * Morane-Saulnier I
 * more powerful version with 110 Le Rhône 9J.

 * Morane-Saulnier V
 * Longer range version of I.

Operators

 * Aeronautique Militaire
 * Russian Empire
 * Imperial Russian Air Force
 * Ukraine1918.png Ukrainian People's Republic
 * Ukrainian People's Republic Air Fleet - Three aircraft.
 * Royal Flying Corps
 * No. 4 Squadron RFC
 * No. 60 Squadron RFC
 * No. 4 Squadron RFC
 * No. 60 Squadron RFC

title: Morane-Saulnier N


text:
Am I Blood

Am I Blood, formerly named St. Mucus, is a thrash metal band from Kerava, Finland. The band was formed in 1992 with later to be Amorphis frontman Pasi Koskinen, who was originally the singer of the band. They parted ways with Koskinen in 1995, just one month before the recording of debut album Natural Mutation under the name St. Mucus. The band is well known (particularly on the internet) for being mistaken for the popular heavy metal band Metallica, who are arguably a strong influence on the band's music.

The band began recording their fifth album (and latest to date), Existence of Trauma, with a new guitarist and drummer in mid-2008. It was revealed on the band's official MySpace blog that lead songwriter and vocalist Janne Kerminen began writing material for the album in early 2007. The Truth Inside the Dying Sun, the band's fourth album, was made available to download freely at ReverbNation in anticipation of the new album's release.

Members
Current
 * Toni Grönroos – bass (1992–present)
 * Janne Kerminen – rhythm guitar (1992–2000), vocals (1995–present)
 * Mickey Tanttu – drums (2008–present)
 * Tomi Luoma – guitar (2008–present)

Former

 * Pasi Koskinen – vocals, guitar (1992–1995)
 * Pexi Corner (Pekka Kulmala) – guitar (1997–2002)
 * Sauli Suomalainen – drums (1992–1998, 1999–2000, 2000–2002)
 * Pekka Sauvolainen – drums (1998–1999, 2005–?)
 * Hans Lanblade – guitar (1999–2002)
 * Gary Reini – drums (?)

 * Max Karling – guitar (2005–2006)
 * Ilves – guitar (2005–2013)
 * Marko Leiviskä – guitar (2006–?)
 * Jani Stefanovic – guitar (?), drums (?–2000)
 * Pexi Cornera – guitar

Discography
Albums
 * Natural Mutation (1995)
 * Am I Blood (1997)
 * Agitation (1998)
 * The Truth Inside the Dying Sun (2001)
 * Existence of Trauma (2011)

EPs
 * Gone with You (2000)

title: Am I Blood