text:
The Gone Jackals

The Gone Jackals were an American rock band formed by frontman Keith Karloff in 1984 and based in San Francisco, California. Originally named "Keith Gale's Parallel Universe", the first lineup consisted of Charlie Hunter, Rudy Maynard and Mark Berdon and played in the local San Francisco club scene. In 1989, after Hunter and Berdon left to pursue other projects, the band was rebranded with the addition of Judd Austin and Trey Sabatelli as "The Gone Jackals", releasing their first album Out and About with the Gone Jackals in 1990.

The band's music generally consisted of hard, garage and blues rock. Their next album, Bone to Pick (1995) also incorporated heavy metal. The band collaborated with Peter McConnell of LucasArts to produce the soundtrack to the biker-themed adventure game Full Throttle; tracks from Bone to Pick were specifically adapted for this purpose. Blue Pyramid (1998), their third and final album, also included experimentation with psychedelic rock.

The band broke up in 1999, though not before signing up a new label for distributing their music in Europe. In late 2001, Karloff started working on a new musical project. Led by his passion for the old style rock music, he formed the Bonedrivers, a blues rock power trio which has since then toured the United States and published a locally acclaimed debut album named Roadhouse Manifesto, an even bigger second outing titled Mobile, and a third one titled Greasefire.

History
The Gone Jackals were founded during the late 1980s by multi-instrumentalist Keith Karloff, a drummer, guitarist and songwriter who used to play as a solo artist in New York City since the early 1980s, under the stage name "Keith Gale".

After moving to San Francisco in 1984, Karloff begun to search for supporting musicians to form a new band. Bassist Rudy Maynard and guitarist virtuoso Charlie Hunter were the first to join him. In addition to them, drummer Mark Berdon came to complete the line-up. Together they formed a band called "Keith Gale's Parallel Universe" and started to play regularly at local clubs. Soon, they signed to Blue/Black Records and released their first EP, a promo cassette named Five Piece Screwdriver Set.

In the subsequent years, Charlie Hunter decided to leave the band and was replaced by rock guitarist Judd Austin. After a while, Mark Berdon left the band too. Drummer Trey Sabatelli came in his place and with the strength of this new line-up, Keith Karloff managed to give birth to "The Gone Jackals", the final incarnation of the band. It was then that "Keith Gale" decided to change his name to "Keith Karloff".

In 1990, The Gone Jackals released their official debut album, Out and About with the Gone Jackals. The songs were a mix of classical sounds and styles of rock music, and had a moderate success on independent radio stations throughout California and Washington state. Following the release of the album, The Gone Jackals began to tour the state of California from town to town.

Their second full-length album, Bone to Pick, was published in 1995. Its songs were chosen by Peter McConnell, music director of the LucasArts team, to be featured as the soundtrack of the new video game they were working on, Full Throttle. Keith Karloff also helped McConnell to compose some original tracks for the game. Thanks to Full Throttle, Bone to Pick became the most famous and acclaimed album of the band, even gaining considerable attention outside of the United States. It sold hundreds of thousands of copies worldwide, and its great success induced Blue/Black Records to produce a new run of Out and About with the Gone Jackals, the band's previous album.

In 1998 a third album came out. It was called Blue Pyramid and was the band's most ambitious project. With this album, Karloff consolidated his American-style hard rock attitude while trying to experiment in a few new directions, such as psychedelia. Some of the songs from the album received radio airplay in various national stations, while the band promoted Blue Pyramid with a new tour that brought them from Texas to South Carolina, as well as all over California.

During the year 1999, The Gone Jackals signed to the international record label Raspberry Records, with the intent of publicizing and distributing their music in Europe. Raspberry Records provided to re-release all of their albums, in addition to two previously unreleased singles, the song Faith Healer (which is a cover of the famous Alex Harvey Band's hit) and a re-edited version of No Sign of Rain (an original audio track from Blue Pyramid).

Band members

 * Keith Karloff: vocals and guitar
 * R.D. Maynard: fender bass
 * Trey Sabatelli: drums, cymbals and vocals
 * Judd Austin: guitar and vocals

Discography

 * 5 pc. Screwdriver Set
 * 7 inch EP
 * Out and About with the Gone Jackals (1990, rereleased in 1996)
 * Bone to Pick (1995)
 * Blue Pyramid (1998)
 * Faith Healer (digital single, 1999, rereleased in 2007)

title: The Gone Jackals


text:
San Pietro in Valle

San Pietro in Valle is a medieval abbey in the comune (township) of Ferentillo in Umbria.

The Romanesque church houses some particularly fine Roman sarcophagi; the walls of the nave are decorated with a large cycle of good Romanesque frescoes. The monastery buildings are private property and today house a luxury hotel.

History
It was built in the 8th century by Faroaldo II, Duke of Spoleto, in the places where the hermits Lazzaro and Giovanni are said to have lived. According to a legend, the Duke of Spoleto saw in a dream the same Saint Peter who invited him to build a Benedictine monastery in the place of the present abbey. A few years later the duke gave up the title and became a monk in the abbey. Since then, the monastery was closely linked to the city of Spoleto, welcoming the remains of many of the dukes of the city.

At the end of the ninth century the monastery suffered, as it happened shortly after in Farfa, the sacking of the Saracens and was resurrected only in 996 at the behest of Otto III. In 1234 Pope Gregory IX assigns the abbey to the Cistercians in line with what happened in Lazio region under Pope Innocent III.

In 1484 Pope Innocent VIII gave the fief of the abbey to the Cybo family. Since 1917 the convent has passed into private hands and today, renovated, it is used as a hotel.

Pope Innocent VIII (Giovan Battista Cybo - i.e. Giobatta remembered as the Roman pontiff who began the merciless witch hunt), as mentioned, constituted a principality for his son Franceschetto Cybo, naming him, in addition to Duke of Spoleto, also Count of Ferentillo and therefore governor of the abbey. Franceschetto, who married Maddalena de 'Medici, was succeeded by his son Lorenzo Cybo, who married Ricciarda Malaspina, Marquess of Massa and Carrara. Alberico I Cybo was born from the marriage, who, after the death of his mother Ricciarda, also assumed (again at the behest of his mother) the surname of Malaspina. Alberico I Cybo-Malaspina thus became Marquis of Massa, Lord of Carrara, Count of Ferentillo governor of Monteleone di Spoleto and therefore also lord of the Abbey of San Pietro in Valle. The dominion fief of the Cybo Malaspina lasted until 1730 with Alderano Cybo. However, the abbey always had the command of the Spoleto noble Ancaiani until its final sale in 1907. The building is a national monument visited by many tourists for its works of art, such as the cycle of frescoes of the Roman school (1150) prior to Cavallini; the frescoes in the apse by the Eggi master of 1445.

Art
The church, which has remained as a separate body from the abbey, has a single nave that dates back to the 7th century; the apse dates back to the 12th century. It preserves valuable medieval and Renaissance frescoes from the Umbrian school depicting scenes from the Old and New Testament.

Four sarcophagi preserved in the church date back to the 2nd century, which for the style and the representations suggest oriental artists:

 * Sarcophagus with three boats (voyage to Hades).
 * Sarcophagus of Faroaldo with Dionysus, Silenus, Pan and dancing Maenad.
 * Sarcophagus of Cupid and Psyche
 * Sarcophagus of the hunters.

The carved slab of Bear
The two slabs of the main altar, carved in bas-relief, are from the Lombard period. On the front of the altar runs an inscription in Latin, with curious mixed capital and lowercase characters: "Ilderico Dagileopa, in honor of St. Peter and for the love of St. Leo and St. Gregory, for the salvation of the soul (pro remedio animae) ". Ilderico was Duke of Spoleto between 739 and 742. The slab is also adorned with two bizarre figures, with their arms bent at 90 ° and raised upwards, with bare chest and wearing a short skirt. The figures are surrounded by stylized plant stems, which culminate in discs with inscribed crosses. One of the two figures wields a sort of stiletto, which some believe to be a chisel. This would suggest that the figure represents Ursus (Bear), the sculptor indicated as the author of the engraving by the inscription Ursus magester fecit ("The master Bear did it").

It is more difficult to understand who the other figure is: the kilt, a garment perhaps suited to the activity of a sculptor, does not suit the dignity of the duke. The raised arms have been interpreted as a ritual attitude and, in this case, the kilt would correspond to the cloth that is worn after baptism (which, in ancient times, was carried out by complete immersion). The pose would correspond to that of the contemporary bone altar of the Bishop Ludgero in Werden (hamlet of Essen) or to that of the sarcophagus of Bishop Agilbert in the crypt of Jouarre (France), slightly older. In a recent article published in the monthly "Medioevo" (Italian monthly magazine of medieval study) in February 2016, Elena Percivaldi also added other hypotheses, while confirming the interpretation of the scene as of a ritual nature.

This one of San Pietro in Valle is one of the very rare cases, in medieval art, in which the client can easily be distinguished from the artist, thanks to the fact that they are both mentioned.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: San Pietro in Valle


text: User talk:69.138.49.10

title: User talk:69.138.49.10


text:
Catherine Carswell

Catherine Roxburgh Carswell (née Macfarlane; 27 March 1879 – 18 February 1946) was a Scottish author, biographer and journalist, now known as one of the few women to take part in the Scottish Renaissance. Her biography of the Scottish poet Robert Burns aroused controversy, but two earlier novels of hers, set in Edwardian Glasgow, were little noticed until their republication by the feminist publishing house Virago in 1987. Her work is now seen as integral to Scottish women's writing of the early 20th century.

Early life
Catherine Macfarlane was born in Glasgow, the second of four children of George and Mary Anne Macfarlane (née Lewis), middle-class Free Church Glaswegians. She attended the city's new Park School for Girls and grew up in Garnethill, where Glasgow School of Art is situated. She attended evening classes there, where the director of the life class from 1906 was the painter Maurice Greiffenhagen, with whom she later had a relationship. In 1901 she enrolled for English literature classes at the University of Glasgow. Among her professors were Walter Raleigh and Adolphus A. Jack. Although seen as a star pupil she could not, as a woman, be awarded a degree. She then studied music for two years at the Frankfurt Hoch Conservatory, a period she drew on when writing The Camomile. She returned to Glasgow intent on a future in the arts.

First marriage
In September 1904, Macfarlane met her first husband, Herbert Jackson, a Second Boer War veteran and artist suffering from paranoid delusions. She married him after a "whirlwind courtship" of only a month. Thinking he was sterile, he accused Catherine of betraying him when he heard news of her pregnancy and in March 1905 threatened to kill her. He was placed in a mental institution for the rest of his life, being considered too dangerous for release. He never met his daughter, Diana, who was born the following October and died in 1913.

In 1908 Catherine made legal history when her marriage with Herbert Jackson was dissolved after she had shown that his mental illness had started before their engagement, so that he was unaware of what he was doing when he married her.

Critic and writer
Working as a critic for the Glasgow Herald, Macfarlane began a relationship with the artist Maurice Greiffenhagen, who then was at the height of his fame and went on to be an academician. He was her elder by 17 years, married and with a family. Around this time she began to establish numerous literary connections. She later became a close friend of D. H. Lawrence.

Her daughter Diana died of pneumonia in 1913, two years after they had moved to London. Around that time she started work on her first novel, Open the Door!, and became engaged to Donald Carswell, an acquaintance from Glasgow University and the Glasgow Herald, whom she married early in 1915. Their son John was born the following autumn.

The same year she lost her job after writing a favourable review of Lawrence's The Rainbow, but remained in the press as assistant drama critic for the Observer. During the autumn of 1916 she had nearly finished her novel and exchanged lengthy letters about it with Lawrence, who in return asked for advice on his newest novel, Women in Love.

Carswell's Open the Door! finally appeared in 1920 and won her a 250-guinea (£262.10s) Andrew Melrose Prize. Without being autobiographical, her story of the Glaswegian Joanna resembles in many ways her own life in search of independence. Melrose, who selected the book personally, said it made a "profound impression" on him. Two years later she published her second and last novel, The Camomile, another portrait of a woman living in Glasgow at the turn of the century.

Biographer
Neither of her first two books brought her fame or fortune. She became well known only after finishing a controversial biography of Scotland's national poet, Robert Burns, in 1930. Orthodox Burns fans dismissed this frank, demystifying account of the poet's life. The Burns Club attacked her with sermons in Glasgow Cathedral and someone sent her a bullet accompanied by a letter asking her to "make the world a cleaner place."

After the death of D. H. Lawrence, Carswell immediately started working on his biography, which appeared in 1932 as The Savage Pilgrimage. The book's first printing contained passages regarded as libelous by John Middleton Murry, who tried to suppress it (he had authored a rival biography, Son of Woman, to which Carswell's work was essentially a response). Murry's threats to sue for libel resulted in the publisher, Chatto and Windus, withdrawing unsold copies of the first edition from the market and making changes and deletions that affected subsequent printings until, long after Murry's death in 1957, the original text was republished in 1981 by Cambridge University Press.

Later life
In the 1930s there followed three anthologies, some journalistic reviews, and a third biography, The Tranquil Heart (1937), about the Italian Renaissance author and poet Giovanni Boccaccio. In 1936 came a publication dedicated to Lord Tweedsmuir (John Buchan), written in collaboration with her husband Donald and illustrator Evelyn Dunbar (later commissioned as one of the few female official British WW2 artists): The Scots Week-End and Caledonian Vade-Mecum for Host, Guest and Wayfarer (George Routledge & Sons Ltd).

In 1940 her husband Donald was killed in a street accident during the blackout. She continued to live alone in London, working on a two-volume biography of John Buchan together with his widow, Lady Tweedsmuir. Volume 1, The Clearing House, appeared in 1946 and Volume 2, John Buchan by His Wife and Friends, in 1947.

Catherine Carswell died of pleurisy after pneumonia on 18 February 1946, aged 66, at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford. Her son John edited her fragmentary autobiographical texts and published them in 1950 as Lying Awake: An Unfinished Autobiography.

Novels

 * Open the Door! 1920
 * The Camomile 1922

Biographies

 * The Life of Robert Burns 1930 (reissued by Canongate)
 * The Savage Pilgrimage 1932 (a life of D. H. Lawrence)
 * The Tranquil Heart 1937 (a biography of the 14th-century Italian writer Giovanni Boccaccio)

Autobiography

 * Lying Awake 1950 (an unfinished autobiography that includes some correspondence, with an introduction by her son, John Carswell)

title: Catherine Carswell


text:
Townsend Hoopes

Townsend Walter Hoopes II (April 28, 1922 – September 20, 2004) was an American historian and government official, who reached the height of his career as Under Secretary of the Air Force from 1967 to 1969.

Biography
Hoopes, known as Tim, was born in Duluth, Minnesota. He graduated from Phillips Academy before attending Yale University, where he became a member of the Skull and Bones society and captain of the football team, graduating in 1944. Later he would graduate from the National War College as well.

He married twice. His first marriage to Marion Schmidt ended in divorce. They had two sons together: Townsend Walter Hoopes III and Peter Schmidt Hoopes. His second marriage to Ann Merrifield lasted 40 years until his death. They had a daughter together: Andrea Hoopes DeGirolamo. He also had four stepchildren: Lise Jeantet, Cecily Hoopes Lyons, Briggs Swift Cunningham IV, and F. Thomas B.C. Hoopes. Additionally, he had 11 grandchildren including a grandson bearing his name, Hunter Townsend Hoopes.

Hoopes died from the complications of melanoma.

Career
During World War II, he served as a Marine Lieutenant in the Pacific theater of the war, participating in the U.S. 5th Marine Division capture of Iwo Jima and the initial occupation of Japan. Afterwards, he became assistant to the chairman of the House Armed Services Committee from 1947 to 1948. He continued as staff aide to three Secretaries of Defense: James Forrestal, General George Marshall and Robert A. Lovett from 1948 to 1953.

He then went on to work in the private sector for a number of years, spending 7 years as partner of an international consulting firm: Cresap, McCormick and Paget.

In 1964, he returned to public service as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International affairs. From 1965 to 1967, he was Principal Deputy for International Security Affairs at the Pentagon.

Serving as Under Secretary of the Air Force at the Pentagon from 1967 to 1969, he witnessed firsthand the effect of the 1968 Tet Offensive and Lyndon B. Johnson's subsequent decision to de-escalate the war in Vietnam.

After leaving the government, he became fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars for two years. From 1973 to 1986, Hoopes was president of the Association of American Publishers.

In a telephone conversation between Richard Nixon and Charles Colson, taped on July 1, 1971, Colson relates the news that Lyndon Johnson privately believed that Hoopes had played a role in releasing the Pentagon Papers to the press, and that he would have liked to see Hoopes taken to court by the government alongside various newspapermen. A 1996 article in The New York Times said that the Pentagon Papers had demonstrated, among other things, that the Johnson Administration "systematically lied, not only to the public but also to Congress."

Hoopes also became co-chairman of Americans for SALT, director of the American Committee on U.S. Soviet Relations, and a distinguished international executive at the University of Maryland, College Park. In 2002, he became senior fellow of Washington College.

From the mid-1980s to 1995, Hoopes and his wife ran Hoopes Troupe, a charitable amateur singing group that performed around Washington, D.C., including at the Supreme Court.

Awards

 * 1974 Bancroft Prize

title: Townsend Hoopes


text:
Magnus V of Norway

Magnus V (Magnús Erlingsson, 1156 – 15 June 1184) was a king of Norway during the civil war era in Norway. He was the first known Scandinavian monarch to be crowned in Scandinavia. He helped to establish primogeniture in royal succession in Norway. King Magnus was killed in the Battle of Fimreite in 1184 against the forces of Sverre Sigurdsson who became King of Norway.

Biography
Magnus Erlingsson was probably born in Etne in Hordaland. He was the son of Erling Skakke, a Norwegian nobleman who earned his reputation crusading with Rögnvald Kali Kolsson, the earl of Orkney. Magnus's mother, Kristin, was the daughter of Sigurd the Crusader, who was the king of Norway from 1103 to 1130. Magnus Erlingsson was named king in 1161 at the age of five. He was the first Norwegian king to be crowned. His father Erling took the title of earl and held the real power since Magnus was a minor. Erling Skakke continued to be the country’s real ruler even after Magnus had come of age.

In 1166, Sigurd Agnhatt and his foster son Olav Ugjæva raised a force in Oppland, and had Olav proclaimed king, while Earl Erling Skakke was away in Denmark. Olav was the son of Maria Øysteinsdotter, the daughter of former King Øystein Magnusson. After Erling returned to Norway to fight this uprising, Olav and his men attacked Erling in an ambush at Rydjokul in Sørum. Erling was wounded and barely escaped. In 1168 Olav and his men ventured south to the Oslofjord area, but were there defeated in battle at Stanger in Våler. Sigurd was killed in the battle, but Olav escaped and went to Denmark.

Magnus' reign saw the arrival in Norway of Sverre Sigurdsson, who claimed the throne for himself as an allegedly illegitimate son of a previous king. In June 1177, Sverre first led his men to Trøndelag where Sverre was proclaimed as king. Erling's position was compromised and he fell at the Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros in 1179.

Several more years of warfare ended with Magnus' defeat and death in the Battle of Fimreite on June 15, 1184. Sverre attacked Magnus' fleet sending his ships into battle in squadrons, to charge and overwhelm on one ship at a time, forcing the Magnus' men to jump over to the next. As the battle proceeded, the remaining ships became extremely crammed, and then started to go down because of the weight. King Magnus is reported to have gone down on one of the last of them.

Historic context
The civil war era in Norway would not end with the victory of Sverre over Magnus. After the death of Magnus, Sigurd Magnusson, Inge Magnusson and Erling Magnusson Steinvegg came forth all stating to be sons of Magnus and claiming the Norwegian throne. The civil war era in Norway extended over a 110-year period. It started with the death of King Sigurd I of Norway in 1130 and ended with the death of Duke Skule Baardsson in 1240.

During this period there were several interlocked conflicts of varying scale and intensity. The background for these conflicts was the unclear Norwegian succession laws, social conditions and the struggle between Church and King. There were then two main parties, firstly known by varying names or no names at all, but finally condensed into parties of Bagler and Birkebeiner. The rallying point regularly was a royal son, who was set up as the head figure of the party in question, to oppose the rule of king from the contesting party.

Other sources

 * Snorre Sturlason, The Heimskringla: A History of the Norse Kings, vol. 3 (London: Norroena Society, 1907)
 * Finlay, Alison editor and translator Fagrskinna, a Catalogue of the Kings of Norway (Brill Academic. 2004)
 * Gjerset, Knut History of the Norwegian People  (The MacMillan Company,  Volume I. 1915)
 * Heggland, Johannes Den unge kongen  (Eide Forlag, 1999) Norwegian

title: Magnus V of Norway


text:
Buttermere (disambiguation)

Buttermere is a lake in the English Lake District.

Buttermere may also refer to:

 * Buttermere, Cumbria (village), the village by the lake
 * Buttermere, Wiltshire, a village in the county of Wiltshire, England

title: Buttermere (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Avebury

Is The Following A Valid Assumption These Days?
"The construction of large monuments such as those at Avebury indicates that a stable agrarian economy had developed in Britain by around 4000–3500 BCE. The people who built them had to be secure enough to spend time on such non-essential activities." Considering that now we have Gobekli Tepe which appears to predate settlement and agriculture, can we state this with such confidence? I'm not saying this assertion is wrong, just that we can't be so sure of it being right any more. 82.71.30.178 (talk) 18:17, 26 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Not really. At least it doesn’t feel accurate or remotely valid to me. British archaeology relies on a few colonial and deterministic assumptions (like progress in the western sense is universal) that also rely on structural white supremacy, again, like euro-style development is universal or expected. This is a problem with most of wikipedia in my (Kikila at https://onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca/learningtolisten/indigenous-community-advisory-ica/) reading of it. The reliance on Aubry (whatever their name is) from 1979 is tonedeaf as well, and assumes that a pre modern population would fear “nature” the way christian theologians anticipate. This sort of writing makes our ancestors look like they were huddling fearfully awaiting a modern period, which they weren’t, and is racist in so many ways. If folx read more Vine Deloria Jr and Leanne Betasamosake Simpson we would produce better histories of our ancestors. Kikila mai Tawhiti (talk) 12:58, 20 September 2023 (UTC)

Broken infobox image
Anyone have any idea what's going on with the infobox image? It's calling files from Wikidata, but obviously too many, and not displaying any image at all... Simon Burchell (talk) 20:47, 29 December 2017 (UTC)
 * An editor reverted the infobox to a working version today. Wire723 (talk) 09:55, 9 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Simon Burchell (talk) 10:45, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

Sizes?
It says in the section "Henge" that: "The Avebury monument is a henge, a type of monument consisting of a large circular bank with an internal ditch. The henge is not perfectly circular and measures over 1,000 metres (1,090 yd) in circumference.[23]" End quote. Not clear whether this is the outside diameter of the bank, or the diameter of the central flat area. The large stone circle is at the edge of the central flat area. Other sources give the diameter of the Avebury stone circle as 330 m (National Trust) or the diameter of the henge as 347.4 m (Caroline Malone, "Neolithic Britain and Ireland", p. 172), which is clearly inconsistent with a diameter for the henge of 1000 m, whichever way it is measured. Possibly there is an error introduced here as 330 m is pretty close to 1000 feet, so the original source might say 1000 feet diameter? I don't have a copy to look up. Aarghdvaark (talk) 00:20, 15 March 2018 (UTC)
 * OK made change and gave C. Malone as ref. Aarghdvaark (talk) 06:29, 22 March 2018 (UTC)

 * And then found this statement "Burl speculates that it was likely built for defensive purposes.[25]" Is this a joke? The one thing clear about a henge is it is not defensive. I'm now thinking that this is simply a subtle form of vandalism, so now deleting anything referencing Burl as vandalism, given that was also the reference used to support the incorrect diameter of the henge too. Aarghdvaark (talk) 06:37, 22 March 2018 (UTC)

 * The previous wording you quote was circumference so that is consistent with the diameter mentioned. The ratio would be pi for a circle. I agree henges - with the ditch inside - are not defensive but calling it vandalism is a bit strong! Burl seems to a well respected archaeologist and parts of the book quoted are available on Google Books. I don't see any reference to defence on pages 197 or 199 but 198 is not available. On the dimensions, those pages say the ditch encloses 10.5 ha and measures 368 m across. Cavrdg (talk) 13:55, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pointing out circumference not diameter. My mistake, but I think diameter is a more useful metric than circumference (unless working out man-hours of ditch digging etc.)? I wasn't thinking Burl was a vandal, but someone had used his name to infiltrate the idea that a henge was defensive. I think the henge section is now OK as it is? Thanks again. Aarghdvaark (talk) 05:02, 24 March 2018 (UTC)

Discovery
The recent reversion contradicts the main text: "It was in the Early Modern period that Avebury was first recognised as an antiquity that warranted investigation. Around 1541, John Leland, the librarian and chaplain to King Henry VIII travelled through Wiltshire and made note of the existence of Avebury and its neighbouring prehistoric monuments."Dimadick (talk) 00:29, 15 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Thank you for bringing it here. How does that constitute an archaeological discovery? It was already there, and Leland mentioned it. This is not a claim that he discovered it. If I send you a postcard from London, I am not claiming I discovered it - it was already there. I feel that your category cannot be taken seriously and I am removing it again. You should not have replaced it before discussion. If a consensus is reached here saying it should go in then of course I will respect that. Similarly, I expect you not to re-add the category without that consensus in its favour. Thank you and best wishes DBaK (talk) 00:36, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

Era style - BC or BCE?
An IP has correctly pointed out that this article had a mixture of ‘BC’ and ‘BCE’ as era styles. Per MOS:ERA one style or the other should be used. The IP has changed BC to BCE throughout. The style chosen should be by consensus, so I am reverting this. But the style should be consistent. I prefer BC, because this is the commonly understood style, used, for instance, by the BBC in its programmes on archaeology, and by the British Museum. What are other editors’ views? Sweet6970 (talk) 10:31, 21 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't have a very strong feeling but would prefer BC for the same reasons as above – plus it seems to be the chosen format on the linked NT and EH sites. I know that their being the owners/managers doesn't give them absolute rights here but I do feel it's an influence we can acknowledge. And well done the IP for noticing and caring, as consistency is hugely important, and well done you for reverting to wait for consensus. DBaK (talk) 12:21, 21 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Support BC, which I find more often in articles on UK archaeological sites. Wire723 (talk) 15:15, 21 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I apologize for missing this discussion earlier, but I prefer BCE for the following reasons. Firstly, it avoids privileging Christianity and Christianity is not the world's majority's religion. Secondly, the article as it is has 7 uses of the term BC and 8 mentions of the term BCE, meaning that the term BCE is a majority in this article. 174.95.75.38
 * Thank you for pointing out the inconsistency in the use of era styles in this article. I do not agree that using BC privileges Christianity. It is my impression that to most people it is a label which has no religious significance. And BCE uses the dating system invented for Christianity, so if BC privileges Christianity, so does BCE. Regarding the numbers of each use – since these are almost equal, it seems to me that neither has priority, which is why I started this discussion, to see what the general view is amongst editors. Sweet6970 (talk) 13:26, 22 July 2021 (UTC)

There is currently a clear majority for BC, so unless there are further comments I will change the article to BC. Sweet6970 (talk) 09:56, 25 July 2021 (UTC)

I have now made the change to wholly BC. Sweet6970 (talk) 10:01, 26 July 2021 (UTC)

No sources
The lede and first 3 paragraphs contain zero sources, but surely someone could insert them, yes? Josh a brewer (talk) 15:44, 25 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Generally sources aren't needed in the intro when it provides a summary of the rest of the article which is itself properly sourced. MOS:LEADCITE refers. -- Wire723 (talk) 17:47, 25 December 2021 (UTC)

National Trust pilot
Hello! During late June, July and some of August, I'm working on a paid project sponsored by the National Trust to review and enhance coverage of NT sites. You can find the pilot edits here, as well as a statement and contact details for the National Trust. I am leaving this message when I make a first edit to a page; please do get in touch if you have any concerns. Lajmmoore (talk) 09:32, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

issues with narrative and white supremacy
Moved another user's comment here and created section — BillC talk 10:36, 22 September 2023 (UTC):

the stuff starting at the “early modern period” is basically what a bunch of nobles thought of the stones and doesn’t read as a history of the stones. This sort of “history” erases a lot. Here it is written as if the stones needed a bunch of nobles/gentry to write about them which is then presented “as history.” My suggested edit would be to call this “historiography” or be honest that this is only what a select group of privileged nobles used the stones for in constructing a narrative that supported further christian/science (and therefore white) supremacist conceptions of social order.

Help me decolonize wikipedia. We owe it to our ancestors. Kikila mai Tawhit
 * I see nothing in this article which supports ‘white supremacist conceptions of social order’. And I suggest you read WP:RGW. Sweet6970 (talk) 11:26, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

National Trust - pilot 2
Hello all, following on from 2022's pilot, I'm working on a second pilot with the National Trust (more here). This includes introducing some volunteers to Wikipedia editing. Yesterday (22 Jan) I ran a training session with some volunteers from Avebury, who are interested in contributing to the encyclopaedia. I'd be grateful for your patience any future support you can give them. Though they are based at Avebury, a wide range of topic ideas came up in their enthusiasm, including RAF bases, a village near Bradford, Japanese translation, and many more. Lajmmoore (talk) 10:13, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

Avebury Papers project
Hello! I am a postdoctoral researcher for the Avebury Papers project. I work for University of York, and University of Bristol and the National Trust are key project partners. I have made some edits to the page today, and intend to make further edits. My aim is to share new research and information on Avebury as I encounter it during the Avebury Papers project. Please do be in touch if you have any queries regarding COI. Medievalfran (talk) 13:07, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Avebury


text:
L.A. Guns

L.A. Guns are an American glam metal band from Los Angeles, formed in 1983. The lineup currently consists of Tracii Guns (lead guitar), Phil Lewis (lead vocals), Ace Von Johnson (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), Johnny Martin (bass, backing vocals), Adam Hamilton (studio drums) and Shawn Duncan (live drums). The first incarnation of the group was formed by Tracii Guns and Rob Gardner in 1983 and merged with fellow Los Angeles group Hollywood Rose to form Guns N' Roses in March 1985. After only a brief tenure in that band, Guns reformed L.A. Guns with a new lineup, consisting of Paul Black, Mick Cripps, Robert Stoddard, and Nickey Alexander. Black would soon be replaced by former Girl singer Phil Lewis while former Faster Pussycat bassist Kelly Nickels was added to the group. Later, Alexander would be replaced by former W.A.S.P. drummer Steve Riley with this being known as the "classic lineup" of L.A. Guns. They achieved moderate chart success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. However, the group went through numerous lineup changes (with Riley being the most consistent member) and failed to regain mainstream attention.

The "classic lineup" of the group would reunite in 1999 and began recording new material. However, the group continued to change lineups and Guns eventually left to form the hard rock supergroup Brides of Destruction with Nikki Sixx of Mötley Crüe in 2002. L.A. Guns continued without Guns, bringing in guitarist Stacey Blades; however, following his decision to put Brides of Destruction on hiatus in 2006, Guns formed The Tracii Guns Band. The group's lineup consisted of former L.A. Guns members Black and Alexander as well as Jeremy Guns (though the lineup would eventually change), with the group eventually changing their name to L.A. Guns. Both groups continued to record and tour under the L.A. Guns moniker until 2012, when the Tracii Guns-led version of the group disbanded. Riley died in 2023.

Formation and Guns N' Roses (1983–1985)
L.A. Guns were first formed in 1983 by guitarist Tracii Guns and drummer Rob Gardner. The first lineup included singer Mike Jagosz, bassist Ole Beich and Gardner. Guns, Gardner and Jagosz met at Fairfax High School and previously played in a band called Pyrrhus with bassist Dani Tull. This lineup recorded the band's debut EP, Collector's Edition No. 1, before Jagosz was replaced by Axl Rose. Originally released on vinyl, the record was produced and engineered by Blues/Rock guitarist Chuck Rosa and came out on Raz Records (an independent Hollywood based record label, named after the band's manager, Raz Cue). The same material would later be released as a bonus disc with the compilation album Hollywood Raw in 2004.

Rose fronted the group Rapidfire before going on to form Hollywood Rose, a group formed following the introduction of guitarists Izzy Stradlin and Chris Weber to each other by Guns. Following the breakup of Hollywood Rose, in 1984, singer Rose joined L.A. Guns. However, Hollywood Rose reunited, briefly, with Rose, Stradlin, Weber and Steve Darrow returning while L.A. Guns drummer Gardner also joined the group. Weber, who left to move to New York City, was soon replaced by Tracii Guns. The group changed their name to Guns N' Roses (combining the names of L.A. Guns and Hollywood Rose) with the lineup composed of Axl Rose, Tracii Guns, Izzy Stradlin, Ole Beich and Rob Gardner.

Beich was eventually replaced by Duff McKagan while Guns left the group (after a falling out with Rose ), being replaced by Slash. McKagan went on to book shows taking place between Sacramento and Seattle, which was dubbed "The Hell Tour". During this time, Gardner quit the group and was replaced by Steven Adler with this line-up becoming known as the "classic lineup" of Guns N' Roses.

Reformation and mainstream success (1985–1992)
Later, in 1986, Guns reformed L.A. Guns with Mick Cripps, Paul Black, Nickey Alexander and Robert Stoddard, former The Dogs D'Amour singer, briefly became guitarist for the group, co-writing the song "Nothing to Lose" that appeared on L.A. Guns' debut album. Initially, the group were to be called Faster Pussycat (later the name of another band; several of that band's members over the years were also in L.A. Guns) but soon re-adopted the L.A. Guns moniker. After writing material and playing shows, the group signed with PolyGram. Black was soon replaced by former Girl singer Phil Lewis while Kelly Nickels (formerly of Faster Pussycat) was added to the lineup.

They recorded their debut album, titled L.A. Guns, with producer Jim Faraci. The album featured six songs co-written by former singer Paul Black ("No Mercy", "Sex Action", "One More Reason", "Nothing to Lose", "Bitch is Back" and "One Way Ticket") while, after album completion, drummer Alexander was replaced by former W.A.S.P. drummer Steve Riley (with Riley credited as L.A. Guns' drummer on the album's liner notes and Alexander only given drum credits ). The album was released in 1988, through PolyGram/Vertigo Records, peaking at number 50 on the Billboard 200. After briefly touring in support of the album, the group returned to the studio to record their new album with producers Duane Baron, John Purdell and Tom Werman. Although the group (Lewis, Guns, Cripps, Nickels and Riley) wrote the album's material, "Never Enough" featured additional contributions from Paul Black, Gregg Tripp and Phil Roy. Robin Zander and Rick Nielsen, both of Cheap Trick, also make an appearance on the album.

Released in 1989, L.A. Guns' new album, titled Cocked & Loaded, peaked at number 38 on the Billboard 200 while the single "The Ballad of Jayne" peaked at number 25 and 33 on the Mainstream Rock Chart and the Billboard Hot 100 respectively. The album went on to become RIAA certified Gold and eventually Platinum. They released their third album, titled Hollywood Vampires, in 1991 which peaked at number 42 on the Billboard 200. The singles "Kiss My Love Goodbye" and "It's Over Now" would peak at number 16 and 25 on the Mainstream Rock Chart respectively while It's Over Now" also peaked at number 62 on the Billboard Hot 100. Drummer Riley was fired from L.A. Guns in 1992 following the group's tour of Europe with Skid Row for allegedly assaulting Lewis.

Vicious Circle and lineup changes (1993–1999)
Due to the rise in popularity of Seattle's grunge movement, the group waited a number of years before recording new material. During this time, Guns participated in the short lived supergroup Contraband, the group put together by Alan Kovac. The group featured singer Richard Black (of Shark Island), Michael Schenker (of Scorpions, UFO and Michael Schenker Group), Share Pedersen (of Vixen) and Bobby Blotzer (of Ratt). They released one self-titled album in 1991, which peaked at number 187 on the Billboard 200, and achieved some moderate success with the single "All the Way from Memphis", which peaked at number 12 on the Mainstream Rock Chart, before disbanding.

Regrouping in the mid-1990s with drummer Michael Gersema, L.A. Guns recorded and released their fourth album, titled Vicious Circle, in 1994 with the album failing to chart. It was their weakest selling album to date with the group's first major lineup change coming afterwards. Former drummer Riley was invited to rejoin the group for the subsequent tour; however, both Lewis (who went on to form Filthy Lucre, releasing the Popsmear album in 1997) and Cripps departed the group with singer Chris Van Dahl replacing Lewis and Johnny Crypt replacing Cripps on rhythm guitar. PolyGram soon dropped the group, who had already begun sessions for a follow-up album, following the low sales of Vicious Circle. Nickels subsequently left the band as well, at which point Crypt switched to bass. The now four-piece lineup completed recording of the Pantera -influenced album American Hardcore, released in 1996 through CMC International with the album failing to chart also.

The group changed singers once again, recruiting Ralph Saenz, formerly of The Atomic Punks, for the recording of the Wasted EP released in 1998 before eventually adding former Love/Hate singer Jizzy Pearl to the group in 1999. With the lineup consisting of Pearl, Guns, Crypt and Riley, the group recorded their new album with former Guns N' Roses guitarist Gilby Clarke producing. The group released the album, titled Shrinking Violet, in 1999 through Perris Records before going on tour supporting Poison.

Reunion and the departure of Tracii Guns (1999–2002)
A compilation album of re-recorded songs and new material, titled Greatest Hits and Black Beauties, was released in the summer of 1999. Despite the Pearl-led lineup having just released new material, Shrinking Violet, during this time, the "classic" lineup of L.A. Guns reunited with Phil Lewis, Mick Cripps and Kelly Nickels returning to the group in the fall, touring in support of the compilation album. They recorded a live album during this time, titled Live: A Night on the Strip, which was released the following year. That same year, they re-recorded and re-released Cocked & Loaded, retitled Cocked & Re-Loaded, on Deadline Records. Both Cripps and Nickels would leave the group on the eve of a 2000 summer tour, replaced by Faster Pussycat guitarist Brent Muscat and bassist Muddy.

For the recording of their new album, Cripps returned to the lineup, replacing Muscat, and recorded keyboards on the album. Produced by Gilby Clarke, the group released Man in the Moon in 2001 through Spitfire Records while former Pretty Boy Floyd guitarist Keff Ratcliffe was added to the group. Sometime afterwards, Muddy would depart the group, along with Ratcliffe and Cripps, with Adam Hamilton becoming the group's new bassist. with Mötley Crüe bassist Nikki Sixx. L.A. Guns bassist Hamilton was briefly involved with this group (as keyboardist), which was rounded out by singer London LeGrand and Adema drummer Kris Kohls. John Corabi, formerly of Mötley Crüe and The Scream, was to fill in for Guns, during the latter's involvement with Cockstar, on L.A. Guns' tour with Alice Cooper. However, Corabi himself would soon join Cockstar, replacing Hamilton. Cockstar would change their name to Brides of Destruction.

Meanwhile, L.A. Guns completed the recording of their new album in late April 2002, releasing the record, titled Waking the Dead, the same year to positive reviews. That June, the group began touring with Warrant, Ratt, FireHouse and Dokken as part of the Rock Fest tour. However, they were soon dropped from their label. They also pulled out of touring with Alice Cooper followings Guns departure from the group in October in order to concentrate on his project with Sixx,  though he would argue he never left.

Phil Lewis' L.A. Guns (2002–2012)
Despite the departure of Guns, the group continued and toured in support of Waking the Dead with the lineup, in 2003, consisting of Lewis, Riley, Hamilton, former guitarist Brent Muscat and new guitarist Keri Kelli (formerly of Big Bang Babies and Slash's Snakepit). The group eventually recruited guitarist Stacey Blades, with both Muscat and Kelli departing the group, in 2004 while they also released the cover album, titled Rips the Covers Off, the same year. Commenting on Blades addition to the lineup, Lewis stated that "Stacey really is a virtuoso type of guy and player. It was really fortunate that we found him and that he's another Hollywood guy. I've read reviews where they called him a Tracii [Guns] clone, but he's not. He is definitely his own man."

Enlisting Andy Johns and Bruce Witkin, the group began recording a new material with the group's current lineup with the result being Tales from the Strip, released in 2005 through Shrapnel Records. In a 2006 interview, singer Lewis stated that he would have preferred releasing the album on a larger label while he also likened the album to a demo.

In September of the same year, the group released the live album Loud and Dangerous: Live from Hollywood before going on to play a selection of shows in California as well as one date supporting Ratt in Pennsylvania.

In January 2007, the group announced a string of US tour dates in support of Tales from the Strip. In March, along with more tour dates, L.A. Guns announced the departure of bassist Hamilton who was subsequently replaced by Scott Griffin. Further tour dates were announced to take place in Australia, taking place in October, as well as dates in Europe supporting Hanoi Rocks, taking place in November. They soon announced that the European dates were postponed until 2008, but Hanoi Rocks issued a statement saying that the tour with L.A. Guns supporting "was never officially approved" by the group.

On July 5, 2009, bassist Griffin departed the group and was replaced by Kenny Kweens (formerly of Beautiful Creatures). In January 2011, Kweens departed the band, with Griffin returning to the lineup.

On March 7, 2012, the band announced a new studio album, titled Hollywood Forever, which was released on June 5 that year.

Tracii Guns' L.A. Guns (2006–2012)
Following his decision to put Brides of Destruction on hiatus, in 2006, former L.A. Guns guitarist Tracii Guns formed The Tracii Guns Band with former L.A. Guns members Paul Black and Nickey Alexander as well as Brides of Destruction live bassist Jeremy Guns. The group announced a tour of the US with plans to perform songs from L.A. Guns, Brides of Destruction and Tracii Guns' solo material as well as various cover songs. Previously, in 2005, Black released the demos, titled Black List, recorded during his time with L.A. Guns in the '80s.

With Tracii Guns owning the rights to the name (along with Steve Riley ), he changed the name of The Tracii Guns Band to L.A. Guns in the summer of 2006, creating a conflict, as there were now two groups touring under the L.A. Guns moniker. In October of the same year, during the 20-year anniversary party for Cathouse Club, in Hollywood, Phil Lewis joined Tracii Guns' L.A. Guns onstage, after being invited by singer Paul Black, for a duet of "Rip and Tear". Despite Black's hopes that this would "relieve the tension between the two line-ups", Lewis would later state that "Tracii [Guns] as good as he is, has had to pretty much lower himself to playing with these guys that if they were going to do anything they would have done it in the past twenty years, but they have done nothing."

In 2007, Alexander would be replaced by drummer Chad Stewart with the group playing shows in South America, Europe as well as numerous tours of the US. In December, the Tracii Guns version of the band's dressing room was robbed during a show at McGuffy's in Dayton, Ohio. Items taken included wallets, "a Blackberry and a bottle of Jack Daniels whiskey." The thief was later caught with the items returned to the band.

Guns announced, in January 2008, that the group were to record a new album stating that they were "heading up to Canada in April/May to record the new stuff in a very secluded location so we have no distractions and can actually get it done." They announced dates in the US and South America in February; however, they announced, in March, the South American tour was postponed with them beginning recording on their new album, tentatively titled Pretty in Black, with producer Steve Thompson. The same month, they were confirmed as one of the acts of the second Rocklahoma festival. After being invited by bassist Jeremy Guns, singer Marty Casey, of Lovehammers, joined the group, who had signed a deal with Alexus Records, in the studio co-writing material. Paul Black parted ways with the group in March, while Alec Bauer was added as the group's second guitarist.

By July, the group had completed the new album with Casey with plans to release the album by the end of the year. They also recorded a pilot for VH1 which, at that point, was being shopped to different networks. Also announced was that the "name of the band will not be L.A. Guns for this TV show and album, but we will do some nostalgia shows and festivals as L.A. Guns." The group toured through 2008 and 2009; however, Casey returned to Lovehammers to record and release their new album Heavy Crown in 2009. While the group waited for a release date for their new album, as well as deciding on a new name for the group, former L.A. Guns singer Jizzy Pearl returned to group while guitarist Alec Bauer departed the band.

In February 2010, L.A. Guns announced they had signed a deal with Steve Vai's label, Favored Nations, to release a "Deluxe Reissue" of Shrinking Violet, the only L.A. Guns studio album to feature singer Jizzy Pearl, that was released the same year. The album was repackaged with new artwork and five live bonus tracks by the group's current lineup. The band announced a one-off unplugged event, taking place at the Hotel Café in Los Angeles, California, in February 2011 featuring the band, with the exception of Jeremy Guns, former L.A. Guns members Muddy, Mick Cripps, as well as Danny Nordahl and Doni Gray. By March, both Jeremy and Stewart departed the band. Although Nordahl temporarily replaced Jeremy, while Stewart remained before both rejoined Faster Pussycat. It was later confirmed that Jeremy returned to the lineup, with Doni Gray joining as their new drummer. By September, it was announced that Pearl had departed the band, on good terms, with former Rock Star: Supernova finalist Dilana joining in his place. Session musician Eric Grossman was also announced as the replacement for Jeremy. But after being in the band for a mere 71 days, Dilana would depart from the band and be replaced by Tony West from Blacklist Union. Former bassist for The Whisky Rebellion, Tim Sterling, reported that upon seeing Dilana do a soundcheck with L.A. Guns, it was "the most arrogant, egotistical behavior I've ever seen from a performer towards their band and crew." West was replaced in January 2012 by Scott Foster Harris according to the L.A. Guns official Facebook site. It has also been announced that Tracii Guns L.A. Guns will be playing their farewell tour Europe and then they will be going under the name Tracii Guns' League of Gentlemen. Eric Grossman has since announced his departure from L.A. Guns. He was later replaced by Johnny Martin on bass and the band added Steve Preach on guitar, organ and piano, extending the line-up to a 5-piece.

Disbanding of Tracii Guns' band (2012–2015)
Guns announced in July that he was finished with his version of L.A. Guns, leaving only the Phil Lewis-led group performing under the moniker. On December 12, guitarist Stacey Blades has announced his departure from L.A. Guns; five days later, Frank Wilsey joined the band as its new guitarist. On January 16, L.A. Guns announced a new video DVD, Live in Concert, including video of the band's performance at the M3 Rock Festival in May 2012, three music videos and a documentary about the making of Hollywood Forever. The DVD was scheduled for release via Cleopatra Records on February 12. On January 17, 2013, it was announced that Wilsey had left the band; he was replaced by Michael Grant from Endeverafter.

On March 9, 2014, original singer Michael Jagosz died at aged 48. In September 2014, the band revealed that Griffin had departed and Kweens had returned.

Reunion between Tracii Guns and Phil Lewis / Steve Riley and Kelly Nickels version of L.A. Guns (2016–present)
On May 31, 2016, it was announced that Phil Lewis and Tracii Guns would perform together for the first time in 14 years under the name "L.A. Guns' Phil Lewis + Tracii Guns" for a handful of shows, including three shows in South America in July, Hair Nation Rock Fest in Irvine on September 17 and Rock N Skull Fest in Joliet, Illinois on October 27. This line-up of L.A. Guns consists of Lewis and Guns along with bassist Johnny Martin (who had previously been a member of Tracii Guns' version of the band) and drummer Shane Fitzgibbon, with Michael Grant from Steve Riley's line-up touring with the band as second guitarist.

In September 2016, LA Weekly reported that Lewis and Guns plan to record a new album together under the L.A. Guns name for Frontiers Records, originally intended for a June 2017 release. The album was supported by a world tour, which kicked off with two shows at the Whisky a Go Go in West Hollywood in March 2017.

In December 2016 Lewis announced he was leaving L.A. Guns, noting "With a heavy heart I have to inform you that as of January 1, 2017 I will no longer be a member of this line up. I feel I have gone as far as I can in this band, and unless I get out and focus on myself and something new that has a future, I'm going to stagnate". It was later clarified that Lewis was to continue fronting the Tracii Guns version of L.A. Guns and that he was only leaving the Steve Riley version. The Steve Riley-led version of the band were to play the M3 Rock Festival in Maryland, in May 2019.

It was announced that L.A. Guns would be entering the studio to record a new album called The Missing Peace, which was released on October 13, 2017. The Tracii Guns version announced that they would tour Australia and New Zealand in 2018. On March 7, 2018, it was announced that the former Endeverafter guitarist Michael Grant left L.A. Guns to pursue other interests including his solo project Michael Grant and the Assassins. Grant later revealed that he was fired from the band and did not voluntarily leave. Grant was replaced by Enuff Z'Nuff guitarist Johnny Monaco, but was replaced by Hamilton a few months later. In July 2018, L.A. Guns announced their 12th studio album, The Devil You Know, released in March 2019.

In January 2020, Guns and Lewis sued Riley over the use of the L.A. Guns name. On April 23, 2021, they settled this dispute in court with Guns and Lewis retaining the L.A. Guns name, while Riley was made to change his versions to Riley's L.A. Guns. Riley's L.A. Guns released their first single, called "Crawl", on April 20, 2020. This was followed by a studio album, Renegades, released on November 13, 2020 (before the name change had taken effect). This version of the band changed its name to Riley's L.A. Guns in April 2021 following a settlement reached between Riley with Tracii Guns and Phil Lewis. Riley died on October 24, 2023 after suffering from various health issues. At the time of his death, Riley's L.A. Guns had completed work on their second album, The Dark Horse, which was released on January 22, 2024, in honor of what would have been Riley's 68th birthday.

L.A. Guns (feat. Tracii Guns and Phil Lewis) released a new single, "Let You Down", on May 6, 2020. It was released as the first single from their then-upcoming fourteenth studio album, Checkered Past, which was released on November 12, 2021, and featured producer Adam Hamilton on drums.

In May 2022, it was announced that Shawn Duncan had replaced Shane Fitzgibbon as their drummer. The following month, guitarist Ace Von Johnson revealed that L.A. Guns had been working on new material for their next studio album. The resulting album, Black Diamonds, was released on April 14, 2023.

Band members
L.A. Guns current members Riley's L.A. Guns current members
 * Tracii Guns – lead guitar, backing vocals (1983–1985, 1985–2002, 2016–present; 2006–2012 in Tracii Guns' L.A. Guns), rhythm guitar (1983–1985, 1995–1999, 2001–2002; 2006–2012 in Tracii Guns' L.A. Guns)
 * Phil Lewis – lead vocals (1987–1995, 1999–present), rhythm guitar (2003–2016)
 * Adam Hamilton – drums (2020–session only), keyboards (2001–2007, 2018), bass (2001–2007), rhythm guitar (2018), backing vocals (2001–2007, 2018, 2020–present)
 * Johnny Martin – bass (2016–present)
 * Ace Von Johnson – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2018–present)
 * Shawn Duncan – drums, percussion (2022–present live only)
 * Kelly Nickels – bass, backing vocals, occasional harmonica, (2018–present; 1987–1995, 1999–2000 in Guns'/Lewis' L.A. Guns)
 * Scott Griffin – lead guitar, backing vocals (2018–present), rhythm guitar (2018–2019), bass (2007–2009, 2011–2014 in Riley'/Lewis' L.A. Guns)
 * Kurt Frohlich – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2019–present)

Discography
L.A. Guns
 * L.A. Guns (1988)
 * Cocked & Loaded (1989)
 * Hollywood Vampires (1991)
 * Vicious Circle (1994)
 * American Hardcore (1996)
 * Shrinking Violet (1999)
 * Man in the Moon (2001)
 * Waking the Dead (2002)
 * Tales from the Strip (2005)
 * Hollywood Forever (2012)
 * The Missing Peace (2017)
 * The Devil You Know (2019)
 * Checkered Past (2021)
 * Black Diamonds (2023)

Riley's L.A. Guns
 * Renegades (2020)
 * The Dark Horse (2024)

title: L.A. Guns


text: Category:Towns in Italy

title: Category:Towns in Italy


text:
Talk:Belgian Revolution

Untitled
I think the following text is now duplicative of more concrete statements, so I've removed it here. Anything you feel is missing, however, by all means work it back into the entry: "During this time, most of the United Provinces of the Netherlands were established to aid Dutch interests and most of these institutions flat out ignored Belgian demands. The Belgians saw this domination over these institutions as furthering Dutch domination in their own country." Wetman 20:22, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"Refused"?
It's hard to tell, while sporadic fighting continued, what Willem I was "refusing" in the text:  (William I, king of the Netherlands, would refuse the Belgian state until 1839, when he had to yield under pressure by the Treaty of London). Perhaps more detail of 1830-39's events is required? --Wetman 17:30, 7 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Wait! is this actually "refuse to recognize a Belgian state"? --Wetman 17:31, 7 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, it should be refuse to recognize a Belgian state ---moyogo 07:41, 2005 May 8 (UTC
 * Yup, fixed it. How could I be so thick?--Wetman 08:05, 8 May 2005 (UTC))

Fluent in Dutch?
You'd be lauded for incorporating into this article all the detail at the Dutch Wikipedia article noted in the flag at the top. The images might improve this article too. --Wetman 23:29, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Flanders
When Belgium became independent in 1830, why was Flanders, with its Dutch-speaking inhabitants included in its borders? This is especially puzzling as the main force behind the Belgian Revolution was the domination of the Dutch in the United Kingdom of Netherlands. How did so many Flemings ended up in Belgian territory?
 * Because the original split had occured in the 16th century... the protestant provinces had broken away and become independent whereas all southern provinces (both Flemish and Walloon) remained Catholic and under Spanish and later Austrian rule. The breakup of Netherlands and Belgium happened along those lines with the Netherlands keeping parts of Limburg, Northern Brabant, Luxemburg and Zeeland at the negotiating table although they were formerly an official part of the south. -- Fdewaele 19:02, 16 September 2005 (CET)

Thanks for that!

 * I came to the article with this same question. This topic should be addressed in the article. Your answer is helpful, but I still don't understand--the Netherlands is not all Protestant, is it? So why did it get some Catholic Dutch speakers but not all of them?Sylvain1972 (talk) 03:29, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

fdewaele is right that that division is very roughly also the later division line. But they also got large parts of the current Dutch southern provinces, because they already occupied large parts of these (since the wars against Spain in the 16th and early 17th century).

There are however many complicating factors. I mostly only know some of these for my province, Limburg, but it might give sb some pointers for research:

- e.g. the current Dutch Limburg was is a lot larger than the occupied territory (Generality land) before the French revolution. It could be that the added land - Limburg also remained part of the German Confederation for several decennia because some pieces (like iiirc the Thorn Abbey) had remained part of the German Holy Roman Empire. There are such historical problems in Brabant too, like Baarlo. - Afaik one of the main reasons why Dutch Limburg was kept occupied, is because while the populace revolted, the main garrisons (Venlo, Maastricht and Roermond?) didn't have the widespread desertion as on the Belgian side. I don't know the reasons for this difference.

In short, it was more than just bartering, there was a lot of historical bagage.

A point that I'm less sure about (some Belgian might want to correct me), but afaik the current Flemish-French language border is different from then. To my best knowledge it was more to the south, and Brussels had a significant Flemish populace. In the West the Flemish extended into France. (French Flanders, reduced to a handful of speakers now)

On the other hand, nobility and the merchant class often spoke French. (e.g. many secondary schools and boarding schools in Dutch Limburg were strictly French speaking well into the 1930s) 88.159.74.54 (talk) 15:17, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

Luxembourg
The article also neglects the major role of the German/Luxemburgish speaking peoples of Luxembourg in the Belgian Revolution. The treaty of 1839 split up Luxembourg. Perhaps if there were three peoples allowed to be in the Belgian State, the combination of any two could counteract the predominance of any one people. Laburke (talk) 19:44, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

"The Netherlands shook off their Napoleonic "Batavian Republic" in 1813."?
The Batavian republic ceased to exist in 1806. I think 'Napoleonic rule' would be better. 212.123.206.71 10:38, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Possibly POV sentence
"In a sense, the Belgian Revolution was a revolution of a French-speaking upper and middle class that exchanged Dutch hegemony for French-speaking hegemony." I believe that this sentence is quite possibly POV. The Flemish lower classes also revolted against Dutch rule, perhaps not for the same reasons but they did revolt.--Ganchelkas 10:18, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Deleted a few things
I just deleted these lines

"Public dissatisfaction and heightening tensions between the Flemish and Walloon peoples during the 2007 political crisis have resulted in the popularity of calls for the partition of Belgium; public opinion polls have shown that approximately 46% of Flemish people support secession from Belgium.[2] and that more than 66% of all Belgians believe that Belgium will have ceased to exist in 10 years.[3]"

Because: Source 3 doesn't mention anything about '66% of all Belgians believe that Belgium will have ceased to exist in 10 years' and many polls have been done with different outcomes about what the Flemish people want. I also think it's better to use different newspapers from Belgium (De Standaard, Het Laatste Nieuws, De Morgen, Het Nieuwsblad, GVA, De tijd, het Belang Van Limburg,... ) as sources instead of some vague Englisch source which only quotes 'Het Laatste Nieuws'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.244.144.244 (talk) 17:42, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Question to User:Buster7
Hi there. You just changed a portion of the text to "... also fanned the fires of revolt.(see references) " ... what reference are you referring to? Miguel.mateo (talk) 12:08, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

The references at the end of the article...and also in the edit summary.--Buster7 (talk) 22:17, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Does it make sense the change I just did? Miguel.mateo (talk) 22:58, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Message to JasonB007
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:JasonB007"
 * Your recent edits to the article are appreciated. However, you have considerably extended and over-blown the lead. It should be a concise and brief overview of the article. It may have been better to work your edits into the body of the article rather than "swell" the lead to unwelcome proportions. From WP:Lead.... The lead should contain no more than four paragraphs, should be carefully sourced as appropriate, and should be written in a clear, accessible style to invite a reading of the full article.--Buster7 (talk) 08:59, 23 February 2009 (UTC)retrieved at --Buster7 (talk) 09:04, 23 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Also, Please take the extra bit of time to fill in the summary field. You seem like a knowledgable editor. Edit summaries help everyone understand the changes that you make. The edit summary appears in MANY places (at least 7) that assist you and your fellow editors in the future to find a specific change. It is extremely difficult to scan the history page and find a specific edit....Thank You...--Buster7 (talk) 23:18, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Belgian victory
The info box says that it was an Belgian victory. But the Rebels where defeated several times in the ten day campaign and the Dutch army retreated only because a French army crossed the border. This can hardly be called a victory.Pindanl (talk) 15:59, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

 * The info box states:Belgian victory; the main European powers recognized Belgium's de facto independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The statement does not refer to the battlefield: the victory was the creation of the Belgian kingdom. --Buster7 (talk) 04:39, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Generality provinces
As in many Belgian revolution articles, the definition of Southern Netherlands and current Belgium is used interchangeably, while in reality the Southern Netherlands are formed by the Austrian Netherlands plus the so called Generality Lands. (the current South of the Dutch state, the Dutch provinces of Brabant and Limburg, and Zeelandic Flanders accounting for around 25% of the populace of the Netherlands, and more in the past). I do know there were at least serious revolts in Dutch Limburg too.

The ten days campaign article hints on this difference a bit in its conclusion that this campaign highlighted the fragility of the Southern state, and lead to a more favourable split for the Dutch. 88.159.74.54 (talk) 14:45, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

When was the modern Dutch-Belgian border officially accepted?
"The Dutch army, however, held onto Maastricht, and as a result the Netherlands kept the eastern half of Limburg and its large coalfields."

As those are the modern borders but not those stipulated under the Treaty Of London there must have been some other treaty, or at least a proclamation by both countries to accept their borders, at some point afterwards. Otherwise Belgium could still claim Maastricht.

When was that? It should be mentioned in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.53.210.221 (talk) 18:02, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

Nevermind, this article seems to be wrong. The Treaty Of London article states that it did indeed recognize East Limburg as Dutch territory. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.53.210.221 (talk) 18:30, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

Selected anniversaries - Main page
Hi, just highlighting that if the yellow tagged issue with the empty section can be resolved, this article would be eligible for the selected anniversaries on October 4, which features on the main page. Whizz40 (talk) 19:51, 11 October 2015 (UTC)

casualties
these casualties are most likely fake i cant find these numbers anywhere Fxzeds (talk) 14:50, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Have you found other numbers or a range? If so, we might as replace them with those numbers as it would be referenced. The numbers are somewhat suspicious as they are rather exact. .  Meanderingbartender (talk) 21:45, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Nope, i havent been able to find anything that talks about casualties what do you think, should we delete it? Fxzeds (talk) 15:26, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

Casualties again
Why does @2a02:1811:2401:5e00:837:9547:46e4:e8e0 keep adding these numbers without a source? DavidDijkgraaf (talk) 18:38, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

 * No idea he put a source now but it doesn't work. GlobalReference221 (talk) 11:31, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

Draft:Uprising of Brussels
An editor has created Draft:Uprising of Brussels - is this an appropriate split? Curb Safe Charmer (talk) 15:05, 8 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Yes. The Revolution was more than just the fighting in Brussel I would think. This page should be deleted however: Siege of Brussels (1830) DavidDijkgraaf (talk) 00:35, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Curb Safe Charmer DavidDijkgraaf (talk) 00:36, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * There is nothing wrong with a sub-page on the September Days (23-26 September 1830) or even Outbreak of the Belgian Revolution but this draft is confused in its scope and not very useful, in my view.—Brigade Piron (talk) 08:18, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Belgian Revolution


text:
Mu'awiya (disambiguation)

Mu'awiya I (died 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 680.

People
Mu'awiya (مُعَاوِيَة) is a male Arabic given name with a disputed meaning. Other notable bearers of this name include:

 * Mu'awiya II (661–684), third Umayyad caliph from 683 to 684
 * Mu'awiya ibn Hudayj, Umayyad commander and governor
 * Mu'awiya ibn Hisham (died 737), Umayyad prince and commander
 * Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya (born in 1941), president of Mauritania from 1984 to 2005

Places

 * Mu'awiya, Basma, an Arab village in Israel

title: Mu'awiya (disambiguation)


text:
South Tarawa

South Tarawa (Tarawa Teinainano) is the capital and hub of the Republic of Kiribati and home to more than half of Kiribati's population. The South Tarawa population centre consists of all the small islets from Betio in the west to Bonriki and Tanaea in the north-east, connected by the South Tarawa main road, with a population of 63,439.

South Tarawa is home to most of the government, commercial and education facilities in Kiribati including the Port and the High Court at Betio, the State House, Government Ministries and foreign embassies and High Commissions in Bairiki, the University of the South Pacific campus in Teaoraereke, the House of Assembly in Ambo, the Kiribati Teacher College and King George V and Elaine Bernacchi School, the Government High School, is in Bikenibeu, and the Tungaru central hospital in Nawerewere. The Roman Catholic Diocese is based in Teaoraereke, the Kiribati Uniting Church in Antebuka, the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Kiribati in Bikenibeu, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Eita.

Administration
At the local government level, South Tarawa has two administrative subdivisions, created by John Hilary Smith in 1972:
 * Betio Town Council (or BTC) on Betio
 * Teinainano Urban Council (or TUC), from Bairiki to Tanaea (the meaning of teinainano is "down of the mast", alluding to the sail-shape of the atoll)

Buota, which is part of North Tarawa and administered by the Eutan Tarawa Council (or ETC), is linked by road to South Tarawa and is experiencing many similar issues of rapid population growth, urbanisation and environmental degradation.

Geography
South Tarawa is a string of islets on the atoll of Tarawa, between the Tarawa Lagoon to the north, with a maximum depth of 25 m, and the Pacific Ocean to the south, with a depth of up to 4000 m. The island has been built from sediments from the lagoon.

The process of soil accumulation is driven by the dominant easterly trade winds and can be reversed during extended periods of westerly winds during El Niño–Southern Oscillations.

These islets are now joined by causeways, forming one long islet on the reef along the southern side of the Tarawa Lagoon. Most of South Tarawa is less than 3 m above sea level with an average width of only 450 m.

Population

At the time of the 1978 Census, South Tarawa had a population of 17,921 with most residents living in the main population centres of Betio, Bairiki and Bikenibeu. Since Kiribati became independent in 1979, the population of South Tarawa has more than tripled, and now stands at 63,439 people (2020). All of South Tarawa is now urbanised and is effectively one continuous settlement from the northeastern end of the island, Tanaea, to its southwestern end at Betio.

Buota in North Tarawa is connected to the South Tarawa main road and is also growing rapidly.

History
Tarawa island is central to Kiribati mythology and culture, but life on South Tarawa was little different to that on other islands before it was selected in 1895 as the seat of colonial government for the Protectorate of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. From 1906 to 1942, Ocean Island was the headquarters of the colony, then Funafuti because of the Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands until 1946, when it returned to Tarawa.

Betio was the location of the Battle of Tarawa.

Environment
The highest point on South Tarawa is only a very few meters above sea level (Eita, 3 metres), making the island extremely vulnerable to natural disasters. The effects of floods and associated soil salination are starting to threaten limited freshwater supplies.

Climate
The climate in South Tarawa is a Tropical rainforest climate (Koppen: Af) which is warm and humid all year round and average rainfalls are relatively high. However, rainfall is very unpredictable, varying with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and South Tarawa can go for many months with almost no rain during La Niña cycles. The hottest and coldest temperatures ever recorded in South Tarawa are 35 C and 21 C, respectively, which is one of the narrowest temperature ranges in the world.

Water
South Tarawa has very limited water resources for its rapidly growing population. During the frequent droughts, the only source of water is the shallow freshwater lens that permeates the coral rock of the atoll. The water lenses at Bonriki and Buota have been declared as water reserves, and have a combined sustainable yield of 1,300 m3 per day.

Other previously declared water reserves have been relinquished for urbanisation or abandoned due to overpumping and pollution from human settlement.

Water from the Bonriki and Buota reserves is distributed by a reticulated network to South Tarawa households. However, the poor condition of the network and the limited water supply mean that water can only be supplied to each village for around 2 hours every two days. Most schools and community buildings have no water supply at all, and many households rely on polluted groundwater due to the shortage of treated water.

Because of the shortage of fresh water, sanitation systems must use saltwater for flushing. The sanitation network on South Tarawa is performing very poorly, and a major project is underway to rehabilitate the system and improve sanitation and public hygiene.

Coastal erosion
The Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agricultural Development (MELAD) is involved in the replanting of mangroves in selected sites to help against coastal erosion; however, much more is required to protect many of the sites eroded on South Tarawa including islets that once were protected with mangrove and iron-wood (tengea) trees. It is unclear how much of the erosion being experienced on South Tarawa is due to sea-level rise and how much is due to human activities (such as building inappropriate seawalls and mining sand and gravel from the beaches and foreshores). Coastal erosion will accelerate in future, due to climate change related sea level rise.

Land availability and overcrowding

The land area of South Tarawa is officially recorded as 3896 acres or 15.76 square km.

Much of this land is not available for use, including the water reserve and runway, the causeways, and a large area of reclaimed land at Temwaiku, the eastern corner of the atoll, which is too swampy and low-lying. If these areas are excluded, the land area of South Tarawa is only just over 1,000 hectares (10 square km or 2,500 acres) and the population density of 49 people per hectare or 4,905 per square km is almost equal to the density of London (5,100 people per km2) and twice the density of Sydney or Auckland.

Multi-story buildings are very uncommon on South Tarawa. The high population is accommodated through large household sizes, with an average of 7.3 people per household, on small land plots. Most land is owned by the original families or kain Tarawa, although in the main centres of Betio, Bairiki and Bikenibeu there are large areas of land on long-term lease to the government. Without access to family lands or government housing, many South Tarawa residents have no choice but to become squatters; disputes over land are common.

South Tarawa and especially Betio have high rates of respiratory infections, diarrhoea, and dysentery, all of which have been linked to overcrowding. Unsustainable development in South Tarawa is a concern to the government and to Kiribati's aid partners. Anote Tong's administration aims to ease the problem in the country's main urban centre by encouraging people to stay and to resettle in outer islands. It has invested in facilities such as the South Kiribati Hospital to spread institutions and services out around the islands and relieve South Tarawa from overcrowding.

Reasons land not available for use:
 * 1) Bonriki; Water reserve, airport
 * 2) Temwaiku; Reclamation and fish ponds
 * 3) Eita/Taborio; Abairarang (scout) Is. Abaokoro (Guide) Is. and Taborio Causeway
 * 4) Teaoraereke; Causeway
 * 5) Naanekai-Bairiki causeway, Bairiki wharf and jetty
 * 6) Betio; Sandspit, wharves, jetties

Economy
South Tarawa is the economic hub of Kiribati, the location of the main port and airport and of most of the state-owned enterprises and private businesses. Copra produced on the outer islands is processed on Betio, producing copra oil for the international market and other products which are sold locally. There is a fish processing plant producing tuna for export.

Imports far outweigh exports, and most households on South Tarawa rely on government employment and remittances from relatives working overseas. Unemployment and underemployment are a serious problem; in 2010 only 34% of urban adults (over 15) were engaged in cash work; the remaining two-thirds are either out of the labour force, unemployed or engaged in subsistence activities. Young people are especially likely to be unemployed.

Education
Currently there is one government high school, King George V and Elaine Bernacchi School in Bikenibeu. There are also several private Christian high schools:
 * Church of God High School
 * Moroni High School - Also has a junior high school
 * Sacred Heart High School
 * St. Louis High School
 * William Goward Memorial School

Transport
Fiji Airways flies to Bonriki International Airport on South Tarawa from Nadi, on Mondays and Thursdays. Solomon Airlines flies to Honiara and Brisbane at least once a week.

Accommodation
There is a range of accommodation available for visitors and for those working short term in South Tarawa.

title: South Tarawa


text:
Royal Meteorological Society

The Royal Meteorological Society is a long-established institution that promotes academic and public engagement in weather and climate science. Fellows of the Society must possess relevant qualifications, but Associate Fellows can be lay enthusiasts. Its Quarterly Journal is one of the world's leading sources of original research in the atmospheric sciences. The chief executive officer is Liz Bentley.

Constitution
The Royal Meteorological Society traces its origins back to 3 April 1850 when the British Meteorological Society was formed as "a society the objects of which should be the advancement and extension of meteorological science by determining the laws of climate and of meteorological phenomena in general". Along with nine others, including James Glaisher, John Drew, Edward Joseph Lowe, The Revd Joseph Bancroft Reade, and Samuel Charles Whitbread, Dr John Lee, an astronomer, of Hartwell House, near Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire founded in the library of his house the British Meteorological Society, which became the Royal Meteorological Society. It became The Meteorological Society in 1866, when it was incorporated by Royal Charter, and the Royal Meteorological Society in 1883, when Her Majesty Queen Victoria granted the privilege of adding 'Royal' to the title. Along with 74 others, the famous meteorologist Luke Howard joined the original 15 members of the Society at its first ordinary meeting on 7 May 1850. As of 2008 it has more than 3,000 members worldwide. The chief executive of the Society is Professor Liz Bentley. Paul Hardaker previously served as chief executive from 2006 to 2012.

Membership
There are four membership categories:

 * Honorary Fellow
 * Fellow (FRMetS)
 * Associate Fellow
 * Corporate member

Awards
The society regularly awards a number of medal and prizes, of which the Symons Gold Medal (established in 1901) and the Mason Gold Medal (established in 2006) are pre-eminent. The two medals are awarded alternately.

Other awards include the Buchan Prize, the Hugh Robert Mill Award, the L F Richardson Prize, the Michael Hunt Award, the Fitzroy Prize, the Gordon Manley Weather Prize, the International Journal of Climatology Prize, the Society Outstanding Service Award and the Vaisala Award.

Journals
The society has a number of regular publications:

 * Atmospheric Science Letters: a monthly magazine that provides a peer reviewed publication route for new shorter contributions in the field of atmospheric and closely related sciences.
 * Weather: a monthly magazine with many full colour illustrations and photos for specialists and general readers with an interest in meteorology. It uses a minimum of mathematics and technical language.
 * Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society: as one of the world's leading journals for meteorology publishes original research in the atmospheric sciences. There are eight issues per year.
 * Meteorological Applications: this is a journal for applied meteorologists, forecasters and users of meteorological services and has been published since 1994. It is aimed at a general readership and authors are asked to take this into account when preparing papers.
 * International Journal of Climatology: has 15 issues a year and covers a broad spectrum of research in climatology.
 * WIREs Climate Change: a journal about climate change
 * Geoscience Data Journal: an online, open-access journal.

All publications are available online but a subscription is required for some. However certain "classic" papers are freely available on the Society's website.

Local centres and special interest groups
The society has several local centres across the UK.

There are also a number of special interest groups which organise meetings and other activities to facilitate exchange of information and views within specific areas of meteorology. These are informal groups of professionals interested in specific technical areas of the profession of meteorology. The groups are primarily a way of communicating at a specialist level.

Presidents
Source:

 * 1850–1853: Samuel Charles Whitbread, first time
 * 1853–1855: George Leach
 * 1855–1857: John Lee
 * 1857–1858: Robert Stephenson
 * 1859–1860: Thomas Sopwith
 * 1861–1862: Nathaniel Beardmore
 * 1863–1864: Robert Dundas Thomson, died in office
 * 1864: Samuel Charles Whitbread, second time
 * 1865–1866: Charles Brooke
 * 1867–1868: James Glaisher
 * 1869–1870: Charles Vincent Walker
 * 1871–1872: John William Tripe
 * 1873–1875: Robert James Mann
 * 1876–1877: Henry Storks Eaton
 * 1878–1879: Charles Greaves
 * 1880–1881: George James Symons, first time
 * 1882–1883: Sir John Knox Laughton
 * 1884–1885: Robert Henry Scott
 * 1886–1887: William Ellis
 * 1888–1889: William Marcet
 * 1890–1891: Baldwin Latham
 * 1892–1893: Charles Theodore Williams, first time
 * 1894–1895: Richard Inwards
 * 1896–1897: Edward Mawley
 * 1898–1899: Francis Campbell Bayard
 * 1900: George James Symons, second time; died in office
 * 1900: Charles Theodore Williams, second time
 * 1901–1902: William Henry Dines
 * 1903–1904: Captain David W. Barker
 * 1905–1906: Richard Bentley
 * 1907–1908: Hugh Robert Mill
 * 1910–1911: Henry Mellish
 * 1911–1912: Henry Newton Dickson
 * 1913–1914: Charles John Philip Cave, first time
 * 1915–1917: Sir Henry George Lyons
 * 1918–1919: Sir Napier Shaw
 * 1920–1921: Reginald Hawthorn Hooker
 * 1922–1923: Charles Chree
 * 1924–1925: Charles John Philip Cave, second time
 * 1926–1927: Sir Gilbert Walker
 * 1928–1929: Richard Gregory
 * 1930–1931: Rudolf Gustav Karl Lempfert
 * 1932–1933: Sydney Chapman
 * 1934–1935: Ernest Gold
 * 1936–1937: Francis John Welsh Whipple
 * 1938–1939: Sir Bernard A. Keen
 * 1940–1941: Sir George Clarke Simpson
 * 1942–1944: David Brunt
 * 1945–1946: Gordon Manley
 * 1947–1949: G. M. B. Dobson
 * 1949–1951: Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt
 * 1951–1953: Sir Charles Normand
 * 1953–1955: Sir Graham Sutton
 * 1955–1957: Reginald Sutcliffe
 * 1957–1959: Percival Albert Sheppard
 * 1959–1961: James Martin Stagg
 * 1961–1963: Howard Latimer Penman
 * 1963–1965: John Stanley Sawyer
 * 1965–1967: G. D. Robinson
 * 1967–1968: F. Kenneth Hare
 * 1968–1970: John Mason
 * 1970–1972: Frank Pasquill
 * 1972–1974: Robert B. Pearce
 * 1974–1976: Raymond Hide
 * 1976–1978: John T. Houghton
 * 1978–1980: John Monteith
 * 1980–1982: Philip Goldsmith
 * 1982–1984: Henry Charnock
 * 1984–1986: Andrew Gilchrist
 * 1986–1988: Richard S. Scorer
 * 1988–1990: Keith Anthony Browning
 * 1990–1992: Stephen Austen Thorpe
 * 1992–1994: Paul James Mason
 * 1994–1996: John E. Harries
 * 1996–1998: David J. Carson
 * 1998–2000: Sir Brian Hoskins
 * 2000–2002: David Burridge
 * 2002–2004: Howard Cattle
 * 2004–2006: Chris Collier
 * 2006–2008: Geraint Vaughan
 * 2008–2010: Julia Slingo
 * 2010–2012: Tim Palmer
 * 2012–2014: Joanna Haigh
 * 2014–2016: Jennie Campbell
 * 2016–2018: Ellie Highwood
 * 2018–2020: David Warrilow
 * 2020–2022: David Griggs

Notable fellows

 * John Farrah (1849–1907).

title: Royal Meteorological Society


text:
Oslo-class frigate

The Oslo-class frigate is a Royal Norwegian Navy frigate design of the 1960s, based on the US Navy Dealey-class destroyer escort destroyer escorts. The forward hull was customized to suit Norwegian sea conditions better (higher freeboard) and several sub-systems were European built. Ships of the class operated until 2007, when they were replaced by the Fridtjof Nansen-class frigate.

Construction
All ships were built at the Navy Main Yard in Horten, Norway between 1964 and 1966. The construction of the vessels was part of the Navy rebuilding program, approved by the Norwegian government in 1960. Half of the project expenses were funded by the United States as a part of the Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP) (a program that ran from when it was passed by the Congress in October 1949 until 1967–68).

Modernization
In the late 1970s, the class received new armament, most notably Penguin, RIM-7 Sea Sparrow and Mark 32 torpedo launchers. Another modernization was carried out in the 1980s.

During 1995 and 1996, after HNoMS Oslo experienced an engine failure, and subsequently sank after sailing in heavy weather, the rest of the class was once again modernized. The hulls were strengthened, which in turn increased the displacement with 200 tonnes.

All of the Oslo class are now retired, with HNoMS Narvik preserved as a museum ship. The Oslo class were replaced by the Fridtjof Nansen-class frigate frigates. This replacement started in mid-2006.

Ships
Five frigates of this class were built. All of them were modernized during the period 1987–1990. They bear the prefix KNM (Kongelig Norske Marine, meaning Royal Norwegian Navy) in Norwegian and HNoMS (His Norwegian Majesty's Ship) in English.

Oslo
The lead ship, Oslo, ran aground near Marstein island on 24 January 1994. One officer was killed in the accident. The next day, on 25 January, she was taken under tow. She sank on the same day in Korsfjorden outside Steinneset in Austevoll county.

Stavanger
Stavanger was decommissioned in 1998. She was later used for target practice and sunk in 2001 by a single DM2A3 torpedo launched from the Ula-class submarine Utstein (S 302).

Bergen
Bergen was decommissioned in August 2005, and scrapped in 2013.

Trondheim
On 17 March 2006 at 20:10 CET, Trondheim ran aground off Lines island in Sør-Trøndelag. No injuries among the 121-man crew were reported. The incident was reported from the ship itself, and at 20:30 it came loose again. Water flooded two compartments (paint storage and forward pump room) of the ship. The compartments were sealed and three ships were sent to assist the frigate. The frigate was towed to port in Bergen by the coast guard vessel NOCGV Tromsø.

HNoMS Trondheim was used after decommissioning as a target ship. On 5 June 2013, she was severely damaged in a test of the Norwegian-designed Naval Strike Missile system off the coast of the island of Andøya.

Narvik
Narvik, the last active ship of the class, has been transferred to the Royal Norwegian Navy Museum in Horten.

title: Oslo-class frigate


text:
Evolutionary Technologies International

Evolutionary Technologies International (ETI) was a company focused on developing database tools and data warehousing. Originally a research project at the Microelectronics and Computer Corporation (MCC) in Austin, Texas, ETI was spun off as a private company by co-founders Katherine Hammer, Robin Curle, Lisa Keeler, and Duane Voth in 1990.

ETI's technology provided a mechanism for automatically generating ETL (Extract/Transform/Load) programs based on user-defined metadata. Their first product was called EXTRACT (later changed to ETI•EXTRACT).

ETI was purchased by Versata in May, 2008.

ETI's technology was acquired by Ignite in June 2015.

title: Evolutionary Technologies International


text:
Talk:Little finger

nature's call
the cited list of microsoft emojis no longer includes a nature's call emoji. Is there anything else regarding the gesture of a raised little pinky representing this? 8ozhands (talk) 22:21, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

FYI: Merger of related pages
There is consideration of a merger of the pages First finger, Second finger, Third finger and Fourth finger into a new page. Please discuss at Talk:First finger#Merge (2023), and. — HTGS (talk) 23:11, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Little finger


text:
File:MD Phantasy Star 4.png

Summary
A screenshot of Phantasy Star IV: The End of the Millennium for the Sega Genesis.

title: File:MD Phantasy Star 4.png


text:
Poleaxe

The poleaxe (also pollaxe, pole-axe, pole axe, poleax, polax) is a European polearm that was used by medieval infantry.

Etymology
Most etymological authorities consider the poll- prefix historically unrelated to "pole", instead meaning "head". However, some etymologists, including Eric Partridge, believe that the word is derived from "pole".

Types of poleaxe
The poleaxe design arose from the need to breach the plate armour of men at arms during the 14th and 15th centuries. Generally, the form consisted of a wooden haft some 1.5 - 2 m long, mounted with a steel head. It seems most schools of combat suggested a haft length comparable to the height of the wielder, but in some cases hafts appear to have been created up to 2.5 m in length.

The design of the head varied greatly with a variety of interchangeable parts and rivets. Generally, the head bore an axe head or hammer head upon the damaging 'face', with a spike, hammer, or fluke on the reverse. In addition, there was a spike or spear head projecting from the end of the haft which was often square in cross section. The head was attached to the squared-off wooden pole by long flat strips of metal, called langets, which were riveted in place on either two or four of its sides to reinforce the pole. A round hilt-like disc called a rondelle was placed just below the head. They also appear to have borne one or two rings along the pole's length as places to prevent hands from slipping. Also of note is that the butt end of the staff, opposite the weapon's head, bore a spike or shoe.

On quick glance, the poleaxe is often confused with the similar-looking halberd. However, the axe blade on a poleaxe seems to have been consistently smaller than that of a halberd. A smaller head concentrates the kinetic energy of the blow on a smaller area, enabling the impact to defeat armour, while broader halberd heads are better against opponents with less mail or plate armour. Furthermore, many halberds had their heads forged as a single piece, while the poleaxe was typically modular in design.

Fighting with poleaxe
The poleaxe was usually used by knights and other men-at-arms while fighting on foot. The poleaxe has a sophisticated fighting technique, which is based on quarterstaff fighting. The blade of the poleaxe can be used, not only for simply hacking down the opponent, but also for tripping him, disarming him and blocking his blows. Both the head spike and butt spike can be used for thrusting attacks. The shaft itself is also a central part of the weapon, able to block the enemy's blows (the langets helping to reinforce the shaft), hit and push with the shaft held in both hands, or trip the opponent.

Many treatises on poleaxe fighting survive from the 15th and 16th centuries. Poleaxe fighting techniques have been rediscovered with the increasing interest in historical European martial arts.

Today the poleaxe is a weapon of choice of many medieval re-enactors. Rubber poleaxe heads designed for safe combat are available commercially.

Use in language
As a noun:
 * An ax having both a blade and a hammer face; used to slaughter cattle.
 * (historical) A long-handled battle axe, being a combination of ax, hammer and pike.

As a transitive verb:

 * (transitive) To fell someone with, or as if with, a poleaxe.
 * (transitive, figurative) To astonish; to shock or surprise utterly.
 * (transitive, figurative) To stymie, thwart, cripple, paralyze.

title: Poleaxe


text:
Santo Stefano in Manciano

Santo Stefano in Manciano is a medieval abbey, long abandoned, at Manciano (frazione of Trevi) in Umbria, Italy. Now only the ruined church, dating at the latest to the first half of the 13th century, remains.

title: Santo Stefano in Manciano