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Talk:Big Day Out

1992 BDO
Violent Femmes were the headliners, not Nirvana. At the time they were booked to play at the BDO, Nevermind had only just been released and wasn't expected to be such a big hit. BrianFG 02:01, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Wikilink every band / Past line ups
Should we just wikilink every band, or will that make it look distracting?--ZZ 13:35, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC) Also slightly confused about "the" at the beginning of some band titles (eg. The Hoodoo Gurus). Is there a source for all these line ups & is it reliable? And are the appropriate wiki-entries correct?

 * Link them. -- Nickj 07:16, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I added those past line-ups and they were sourced from the Big Day Out 2004 website (Google cache), so they are accurate. The big question is whether there should be a seperate listing for each city including all the local acts, or whether just to list the bands that played two or more cities. Galaga88 13:30, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I was planning on alphabetising; then putting them in small paragraphs - All venues, Oz Only, NZ only, East Coast only, cities only (in order of city acts). My computer however is giving me a bitch of a time loading wikis at the moment "page cannot be found" message 50% of the time, Anyone else?--ZayZayEM 01:22, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Northern Territory BDO??
This is rubbish. Lees and West have confirmed this in the January edition of Rollingstone. They do not have enough interest in the event for it to travel to the Northern Territory. Also major cost issues are a major factor. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 202.126.97.233 (talk) 10:46, 5 December 2006 (UTC).

Jessica Michalik merge
Given the short length of the Jessica Michalik article, it sounds like a good idea to merge it with the Big Day Out article.

I disagree. While I would say that more could be added to the Jessica Michalik article, such as the public/media reaction to her death, details of the circumstances and changes resulting from it, I think that the accident was significant enough to justify a separate article. Having a separate article isn't confusing to me. Besides, just merging on the basis of an articles' current size is strange; it doesn't give an opportunity for others to expand on it. Sera 03:43, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Merge the Jessica Michalik article with the BDO article. The death was a significant moment in BDO history and should therefore be included in the main article.
 * I disagree - yes, the death was a significant moment in BDO history, which is why a short synopsis of it is under the history section. All that really needs to happen is for someone to expand the separate article out a little. --Dom 23:22, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Disagree also - keep as separate article per Dom. -- Ian ≡ talk 08:33, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with the disagreements :P Keep it separate.  There has been quite a time to discuss, so I'm going to be bold and remove the merge tags. -- Chuq 09:50, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Just a general question, should it be noted that At the Drive-In stormed off stage earlier that day due to moshing and people in the crowd just generally going too far? Just to like, note that the constant risk during the day. Something in the air maybe? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.130.89.208 (talk) 08:56, 23 December 2005

I don't intend to merge the whole Jessica Michalik article, but the incident must be mentioned here, and because Jessica Michalik is a BIO and not explicitly about the incident, I haven't added even though it does contain extra information.

There has been no second annoucement
As of 31st October 2005, there has been no second annoucement for 2006. Could someone with sufficient privileges please remove the second annoucement. Galaga88 08:51, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I have both removed it, and unprotected the page (I reckon it was a bunch of bored kids in a classroom somewhere) -- Chuq 10:08, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

2007 BDO
Where's a reference for this info on the RHCPs playing in 2007? I searched the Chili's website but found no reference to the 2007 BDO in flea's blogs "fleamail?" The claim seems a bid dodgy. --LeakeyJee 12:57, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Chili Peppers arent playing BDO2007. Theyre doing seperate tour in April.

wanting to merge Big Day Out Forum with Big Day Out
The BDO Forum is an entirely different entity to the Big Day Out, and as a result should not be merged. More information is soon to come, and apologies must be made for the nonsense that was edited into the article by others, however the plan was to expand on the information.

BDO Forum is a community, that despite being owned by the Big Day Out festival, is used for other purposes and has many, many types of subject matter that have absolutely no relevance to the festival. People involved, achievements, events of note, they are all specific to the forum.

Also with your problems or verifiability and notability, do you want each comment referenced? The reference links at the bottom should provide most, if not all, the information needed to verify any comments made. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Henry winkler (talk • contribs) 05:42, 14 June 2006
 * I realize this, however you should be made aware that these forums are not notable enough by wikipedia's standards to warrant an article of its own. Instead, if you would like in the info maintained, it has a better chance within this article instead.  There are certain guidelines that we follow in terms of notability.  -- malo (tlk) (cntrbtns) 05:48, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

I see what you are saying, but I still do not see the problems you may have. I understand you moderators are allowed to display subjectivity, however, if you could give a basic suggestion as to what may be grounds for "notability" in the opinions of yourself and your colleagues. I have read through the page provided in your message, but it is not clear at all where the dispute is between you and the wikipedia entry that was created.

I don't wish to create an argument, rather to receive a simple answer or suggestion as to what would be approved. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Henry winkler (talk • contribs) 06:13, 14 June 2006
 * Sorry, I should have been more specific. Please take a look at Notability (web) instead.  It should better explain how I fear that this particular forum does not meet the requirements of notability.  Hence, in my opinion, it is very likely to be deleted.  Also if you could, please sign your comments on talk pages with ~ .  Thanks -- malo (tlk) (cntrbtns) 06:21, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

1999 UK Big Day Out @ Milton Keynes Bowl
Should this be included here? Line-up was: Kerrang stage - Mercyful Fate, Queens of the Stone Age, Symposium, Pitchshifter, Monster Magnet and Terrorvision headling. Main stage - Creed, Sepultura, Ministry, Ben Harper, Placebo, Marilyn Manson and Metallica headling -- Lugnuts 18:16, 3 August 2006

Hmmm. This was the Big Day Out that had no association with the Australian BDO.

Anonymous edits
There have been a lot of anon edits in the last few days. Any editors working on this page may want to keep an eye on people inserting random bands into the list of 2007 bands. -- Chuq 23:30, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It seems to be getting a bit out of hand, every second edit is an unsourced anon edit saying that The Veronicas or Creed are playing. Does anyone else think semi-protection is a suitable option here? -- Chuq 13:23, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It's been going on for over a week now - I have semi-protected the page. -- Chuq 10:41, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

The following line is incorrect "Lead singer of Tool, Mark Stevenson is rumoured to be entering the big day out by helicopter." Maynard James Keenan is the lead singer of Tool, not Mark Stevenson. I do not know whether MJK or Mark Stevenson did indeed arrive by helicopter.130.36.62.141 08:34, 27 January 2007 (UTC)I am a user, but I do not remember my username, sorry! But you can verify this information at the Maynard James Keenan or Tool articles on Wikipedia.

CONFIRMED BDO BAND

TOOL are coming to the 2007 bdo... they have confirmed a show at Melbourne's Sidney Myer Music Bowl on January 31... about the same time as some other music festival.....

 * That is not a confirmation. Dwayne Kirkwood 23:45, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

RE: CONFIRMED BDO BAND

They are the headliners since they are being bought out to Australia by Lee's and West's touring company
 * That's still not confirmation though. I don't think anyone disagrees with you, everything points to them playing, but until the organisers actually confirm it, I don't think it should be posted on this site. hellboy 02:40, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

BDO 2007
Wikipedia is not a Crystal Ball. I am going to remove all of the unverified confirmations now, feel free to add them with verification (eg links). "They said in an interview" is not a confirmation unless you can cite the interview with a transcript. Dwayne Kirkwood 23:53, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Please do.... hellboy 06:10, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Lineup readability
I find the lineups for each year completely unreadable.

The layout for the lineups for each year are inconsistent. Reading the band names all in one line and in one paragraph is hard to read. Though a bulleted list will make the article too long, maybe have a neatly structured table, from headline act to "lesser" acts.
 * I agree with both these remarks. I will reorganise these to make them easier. I'm not good with tables though, so I'll just do it as a list. Maybe someone else could turn it into a table later. BrianFG 23:47, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * If you aren't familiar with wiki-formatting, using templates as described at Template:Col-begin/doc may make it easier. -- Chuq (talk) 00:09, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Third announcement
The third announcement for 2007 is expected soon. When it does come out, do you think we can clean up the 2007 list a little? The way it is layed out makes it a little confusing, with the nz only and aus only things so close to each other JayKeaton 22:25, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Australian Flag Ban
Should there be some mention of the fact australian flags are being banned as gang colours at the Sydney Big day out and that racism fears have led to the event being moved away from the usual date of January 26th (Australia day) Matt Cranley

 * Yes, but there's no need to be in any particular hurry about it; a few days often lends itself to a bit of perspective. --Robert Merkel 05:28, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Okay...I've made a few, nay, several changes to the paragraph. What currently exists ignores the fact that the flag ban was opposed by a large section of the community, not a few stuff shirt pollies and their ilk.  Nobody said that the BDO should be "banned"; rather they said if organisers could not guarantee the safety of attendees then perhaps it should be cancelled.   Kransky 11:28, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Am I the only one who finds this "flag ban" concept to be utterly offensive? If they wanted to prevent any "racial" (I totally object to this description) tensions, then banning the NATIONAL flag might just be the worst thing you could do after banning particular ethno-religious groups from attending. Sorry I just had to get that off my chest, this "race-riots" myth has gone way to far in this country. Spoonman.au 23:44, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Myth? -- Ianiceboy 00:55, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Before you get too carried away, you do actually realise they didn't actually ban the flag? Just another case of the media trumping up a news story.... hellboy 01:17, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

2008 Speculation
Speculation on the 2008 lineup has been removed in line with policy WP:NOT. Please refrain from post unconfirmed info on this page. As an aside, from memory the headline acts for the Big Day Out's are actually booked about 2 years in advance. Based on this I'd consider the possibility of The Smashing Pumpkins and Rage Against the Machine perform in 2008 to be somewhat unlikey. hellboy 10:38, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed that speculation on the 2008 lineup (especially at this ridiculously early stage in the proceedings) should not be on the page, but are you sure that the headliners are booked that early? This year's lineup had many bands that released popular albums in 2006. I'm a bit skeptical that Lees and West would know that Tool, Muse, My Chemical Romance, The Killers, Eskimo Joe, etc etc were all going to release albums in 2006, way back at the start of 2005. Aside from that, I just REALLY want RATM to be on the 2008 line-up ;). Demonofthefall 13:20, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd love RATM to play as well! Considering I can't even remember where I heard this, take it with a grain of salt!  Anything could happen!! hellboy 00:35, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Bdo2006.jpg
Image:Bdo2006.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 02:36, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Bdo2003.jpg
Image:Bdo2003.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 02:36, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Bdo-disrespective.jpg
Image:Bdo-disrespective.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 02:36, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Artist lineups
I've just split out the lineups section because the majority of the page was here as a result of that. I've put a little blurb in there as well as a main template linking to it, but I'm posting this because I think it'd be appropriate to have a better explanation of the lineups in there. Also, the lineups page is almost directly dumped from how it was here, except with cats, refs etc, but not much else. If anyone wants to go and improve that page, feel free. Maybe we could move some of the images from this page to that? -- linca linca  04:27, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

2008 Rumours and Speculation
Please note that Wikipedia is not a Crystal Ball WP:NOT, and that until I see confirmation of bands on the 2008 lineup, I will continue to keep deleting rumours. Wikipedia is for facts, not speculation and rumours. Thanks for your cooperation! hellboy 01:09, 12 September 2007 (UTC)
 * This goes for 2009 speculation too.... hellboy (talk) 11:23, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

RATM & Bjork selling tickets removal
Someone keeps removing Bjork from the statement The main international acts of Rage Against the Machine and Björk combined with the increasing popularity of the event ensured this depletion of tickets.. I'm not sure what the reasoning behind removing Bjork is (though is suspect it's cause the user dislikes her), but please elaborate or I will continue reverting the change. Anyone else want to comment on whether or not this statement should even exist? hellboy (talk) 08:15, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Please stop re-inserting Bjork. Bjork is not the reason the Big Day Out tickets sold out so quickly. Whether or not you or I like her is irrelevant. Simple searches on Google easily reveal that Rage Against the Machine were the main reason BDO tickets sold out so quickly. I mean, be honest, Bjork is not a well known artists in Australia, and of those who know her, a lot don't like the music. Insisting on keeping Bjork in that sentence is a joke, and seems like nothing more than a POV-pushing attempt at heightening her profile. I will continue to remove Bjork from this statement, as it is clearly false. 121.223.87.143 (talk) 11:33, 27 January 2008 (UTC)
 * If you can find an article that supports your claim, then why aren't you citing it? If you can do that then I'll happily leave it alone
 * Claiming Bjork isn't well known in australia is a super weird claim. The woman has 5 top ten albums in australia, a huge number of charting hits, and yeah.... She was one of the biggest stars of the 90s. She wasn't exactly underground. I dig RATM, but come on. Purely on the data alone its not hard to work out who where the bigger drawcard in australia , at least in the 90s and early 2000s. 2001:44B8:6117:B100:B9C1:9993:CE7E:D3DF (talk)

hellboy (talk) 23:05, 27 January 2008 (UTC) So basically, what you're saying is, you do not want someone removing something from an article that is blatantly false and has no sources? That's not the way it works. Bjork can stay if you find a source saying she was a big part of the tickets selling out - you won't find one because everybody knows it's false. BDO tickets would not have sold out anywhere near as fast had RATM not been playing. RATM also had other shows in Sydney and Melbourne that aren't part of the BDO, and they also sold out in record time,  so it's no coincidence that RATM were the single biggest factor influencing BDO ticket sales. Bjork must have such a low profile here, that site such as this only note RATM as the headliner and leave her (and the others) out. There is even an article from the Sydney Morning Herald titled "No Bjork, but no one seemed to give a toss" - and that title says it all; no one knew her, and of those that did, no one cared. It's crazy to insist on keeping Bjork in that sentence when she clearly had no impact on ticket sales, except maybe for Austrlia's grand total of two Bjork fans.
 * You're saying that like you can find articles saying that RATM are responsible for the sell out. I can't find any.... hellboy (talk) 00:24, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Look harder. And find one saying Bjork contributed. You won't. And unverified shit that is blatantly false and an attempt at POV-pushing, is supposed to be removed from Wikipedia - and that is what I'm doing. 121.223.87.143 (talk) 00:29, 28 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Cool, you've found some sources, now cite them in the main article. I'm not trying to say you're wrong, just that you're going about it the wrong way. hellboy (talk) 00:40, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Dude, I have no idea how to do that awesome cite thingy where the source goes down to the bottom of the page.121.223.87.143 (talk) 00:42, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Citing_sources hellboy (talk) 00:51, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

2009 Speculation
I'll leave the edit there for now, but I still disagree that it should be included on the page. In my opinion details regarding upcoming Big Day Outs shouldn't be included on this page until there is an offical announcement from the organisers. In the past this is how it's been done on this page. And besides, despite the confirmation on radio/video, I can think off the top of my head at least two occasions where bands have said they'll be playing, and in fact have turned out not to be. Anyone else have any thoughts on this? hellboy (talk) 10:57, 18 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree that it should be removed. dihydrogen monoxide (H2O) 11:04, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Yeah, leave it off. Note the band never said they were playing BDO, just said they were touring around then and rosie jumped in and said BDO. Until they have a press release/list of tour dates saying they are playing, leave it off Cereal killer (talk) 06:00, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

Claremont Council Refuses Big Day Out
Just a heads up to any wikipedians. The Claremont council here in Western Australia has refused to allow Big Day Out to be held at the showgrounds. Despite meeting the deadline for booking, Claremont council has proceded to deny the event the land because they "are only allowed to book two large concerts a year". Vfest has replaced BDO as this years event. Now, this is quite ridiculous in itself, as Claremont has never stated this before and despite this, the criteria for size, alcohol, venders and gigs was slightly above what BDO was expecting and thus it was denied. Of course its still being denied despite BDO suggesting they lower alcohol consumption, gigs and the amount of venders to meet the criteria, clearly showing the Claremont council has no regard for any guidelines they set out and just simply wished to remove Big Day Out from this years lineup.

Now hopefully, as its being discussed with State Government, Big Day Out will just tell Claremont to "get fucked" and have the State Government intervene as it is a State economic and tourism issue. Hopefully. Until then, I suggest wiki editors on this page keep a lookout for news (it was a half page spread on the second page of The West Australia here in WA, as well as a variety of other news and media, so theres no lack of sources) regarding this issue, and whether Big Day Out is actually going to be cancelled or moved to another ground for Western Australia. Especially the latter, as it will come up when addressing BDO in the article for this year state and nation wide. 121.221.219.164 (talk) 15:49, 7 January 2009 (UTC) Harlequin

Artist Lineup Bloat
Seems to me as though the artist lineup section is slowly getting larger and larger as fans of respective acts add their to the list. Not sure if there's a precedent in place to look at these, but my immediate though was that the list should perhaps be limited to headlining acts, in particular those from the main stages and the boiler room. Thoughts? hellboy (talk) 13:14, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

"Controversy"
Does every piece of negative crowd interaction artists have had at Big Day Out's really need to be documented here?hellboy (talk) 02:11, 2 February 2010 (UTC)
 * If it is notable and reliably sourced (I just removed some unsourced original research), then yes. Wikipedia is not censored and should not read as an advertisement for the festival, perhaps it is a tad negatively slanted, but if that is what has been reported on by the media, then that is what we include. kiac.  ( talk - contrib ) 03:05, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

Lead
I propose removing the lead too short template. The lead appears pretty complete to me, at least meeting Wikipedia's minimal requirements. None of the controversies appear prominent enough to included in the lead. Thoughts? --Pmsyyz (talk) 17:13, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

agreed! bensuthers 15:01, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

History section
The "History" section sounds like it has been written by the organisers of the event - more sources (and less quotes from the promoter!) are needed to build a more full picture of things as they are now. You wouldn't know from reading this that Perth and Adelaide failed to sell out last year, Auckland has had to be cancelled due to low numbers, and the event has had to be restructured in the face of stronger competition from Soundwave / Future Music / other festivals. This particular POV problem is unique to this section - in the "Controversy" section, it goes almost the other way, giving the 2001 incident far too much prominence (the prominence would have been justified if the legal cases had actually succeeded). The detail would be fine for a separate article, but in this one probably needs to be summarised. Orderinchaos 16:17, 15 July 2012 (UTC)

Perhaps a reorganisation of the entire article is required. I agree that the history section sounds like it's been written by fans, and it should perhaps be replaced entirely; maybe 'Origins' and mentioning 1992, the development of the festival 'tour' and the expansion from 1999-2010. Also Controversy seems a little overblown; not only as you suggest 2001 being too prominent, but discussions of drug use at music festivals are hardly controversial. The flag ban is hardly worthy of four paragraphs. Information regarding the rebirth of the festival could be linked to discussion of the new partnership. Bensuthers 15:00, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Perhaps it's just me, but 'controversy' sections always seem to place so much emphasis on random little media stories which, while prominent in the public eye for about 2 days, don't add much to a full picture of any article when each incident takes up four paragraphs. If we step back a bit, we can ask ourselves: does a flag ban controversy deserve as much attention as the whole history of the festival? Of course not. I support Bensuthers' restructuring proposal. EryZ (talk) 23:35, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

Drug use
I have edited the section formerly named "Drug usage and death", as it is more accurate and in keeping with an encyclopedic tone if drugs are referred to without the use of judgmental language/tone (for example, the Wiki linking of "drug abuse", implying that all drug use at music festivals is "abusive"). The section was also remiss in omitting alcohol from the section, as alcohol is the world's most widely used drug and has played an indispensable role at all music festivals.--Soulparadox (talk) 06:09, 7 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreed with the revisions. I personally think the whole drug issue is a feature of festival culture generally rather than specifically BDO, although of course it's made the news with BDO because of it being bigger and more commercial. Orderinchaos 10:05, 7 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I think this is a fair point.--Soulparadox (talk) 15:07, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

Neutrality dispute
Can anyone shed light on the July 2012 neutrality dispute that has taken place?--Soulparadox (talk) 15:07, 5 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Same. I'm a bit confused as to what's being disputed... EryZ (talk) 03:05, 11 October 2012 (UTC)
 * See "History section" above. Orderinchaos 06:27, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Big Day Out


text:
Talk:Orbitz

CANDU reference missing
I just noticed that while the original name of Orbitz WAS DUNC after Delta, United, NW Airlines, and Continental Airlines was referenced in the article, it was renamed a second time when American Airlines joined. The letters were rearranged to CANDU, LLC before finally settling on the marketing name Orbitz. My understand was the other name under consideration was Mondesto (whatever that means). Hoffman60613 (talk) 22:28, 16 December 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Orbitz


text:
Samuel Gobat

Samuel Gobat (26 January 1799 – 11 May 1879) was a Swiss Calvinist who became an Anglican missionary in Africa and was the Protestant Bishop of Jerusalem from 1846 until his death.

Biography
Samuel Gobat was born at Crémines, Canton of Bern, Switzerland, and baptised a member of the Reformed Churches of Bern-Solothurn. After serving in the Reformed St. Chrischona Pilgrim Mission at Bettingen from 1823 to 1826, he went to Paris and London, whence, having acquired some knowledge of Arabic and Ge'ez, he went out to Ethiopia under the auspices of the Anglican church with the Church Missionary Society.

In 1834 Gobat married Marie Christine Regine Zeller (1813–1879), daughter of Christian Heinrich Zeller (1779–1860), educator, pioneer of the inner mission and Pietist hymnologist. They had ten children, among them:
 * Hanna Maria Sophie Gobat (1838–1922), married in 1859 Reverend John Zeller (1830–1902), missionary in Nazareth who later became the leader of the Gobat School in Jerusalem,
 * Sophie Rosine Dorothea ("Dora") Gobat (1842–1923), a missionary of St. Chrischona Pilgrim Mission, married in 1867 Carl Heinrich Rappard (1837–1909), missionary in Alexandria for the Pilgrim Mission,
 * Maria Sophie Elisabeth Gobat (1844–1917), married in 1869 the Swiss publisher Paul Kober, and
 * Blandina Marianne Gobat (1850–1926), married Theodor Friedrich Wolters (1837–1910), pastor in Smyrna, missionary in Nazareth and Jerusalem.

His nephew was Charles Albert Gobat.

Missionary career
He visited Ethiopia twice, the first time from the beginning of 1830 to the end of 1832; returning to Europe, he took his wife Maria May, 1834. He then returned in March 1835, but his own ill health (he writes that he was confined to his bed, "suffering cruel pains") forced him to return to Europe in 1836. His journal of his stay in Ethiopia (Sejour en Abyssinie) was published in 1835 at Paris, and later translated into English as Journal of Three Years' Residence in Abyssinia. From 1839 to 1842 lived in Malta, where he supervised an Arabic translation of the Bible. During this time he was a missionary of the Church Mission Society.

Episcopate in Jerusalem
In 1846 he was consecrated second Protestant bishop of Jerusalem, under the agreement between the British and Prussian governments (1841) for the establishment of a joint bishopric for Anglicans, Lutherans and Calvinists in the Holy Land, carried by the Anglican Church of England and the united Evangelical Church in Prussia. Gobat succeeded the late Bishop Michael Solomon Alexander. He carried on a vigorous mission as bishop for over thirty years, his diocesan school (so-called Bishop Gobat School, established 1847, now the Jerusalem University College ) and orphanage on Mount Zion being specially noteworthy.

Unlike his predecessor Bishop Alexander, who preferred missioning Jews and Muslims, however, with the latter being forbidden to convert and to be missioned by Ottoman law, Gobat had resorted to proselytising among Christians of other, mostly Orthodox denominations. The Porte had legalised this by a Firman in 1850 issued under the pressure of the Protestant powers of Britain and Prussia. Such proselytism had been criticised by proponents of the Anglican High Church faction.

In order to support Gobat's effort Wilhelm Hoffmann (theologian) (*1806-1873*), one of the royal Prussian court preachers at the Supreme Parish and Collegiate Church in Berlin, co-founded Jerusalem's Association, a charitable organisation on 2 December 1852, also becoming its first president. Gobat could found a number of charitable institutions with the help of funds raised by this Association. In the 1850s Gobat invited the Church Mission Society (CMS), of which he had previously been a missionary, to open Palestine as a field of mission, which they did.

In 1866 Gobat integrated the Jaffa Protestant mission of Peter Metzler, a missionary of St. Chrischona Pilgrim Mission, to Johannes Gruhler, the ordained Anglican pastor of Immanuel Church in Ramle. However, most Jaffa congregants disliked the Anglican Rite and preferred to attend Metzler's services. In 1871 he consecrated Christ Church, Nazareth, built under the supervision of John Zeller, a German CMS missionary. He also ordained the first Arab clergy of the diocese—Michael Ka'war and Seraphim Boutaji.

Gobat and his wife died in Jerusalem and are buried in Mount Zion Cemetery, there. A record of his life, largely autobiographical, was published at Basel in 1884, and an English translation at London in the same year. Gobat was succeeded by Bishop Joseph Barclay.

title: Samuel Gobat


text:
OPS

OPS may refer to:

Organizations

 * Obscene Publications Squad, a former unit of the Metropolitan Police in London, England
 * Oceanic Preservation Society
 * Office of Public Safety, a former US government agency
 * Orchestre philharmonique de Strasbourg
 * Ottawa Police Service
 * Oulun Palloseura, a Finnish sports club

Other uses

 * Old Pension Scheme, a pension scheme in India
 * O. Panneerselvam, former chief minister of Tamil Nadu, India
 * Optical position sensor, a position sensitive device
 * Off-premises station, a telephone extension located off-site
 * On-base plus slugging, a baseball statistic
 * Open Pluggable Specification
 * Oriented polystyrene
 * Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
 * Open Publication Structure, a specification for e-books in EPUB format
 * OPS-301, Operationen- und Prozedurenschlüssel, German healthcare procedure classification
 * Orange Pekoe Superior, a tea leaf grade

title: OPS


text:
Economic forecasting

Economic forecasting is the process of making predictions about the economy. Forecasts can be carried out at a high level of aggregation—for example for GDP, inflation, unemployment or the fiscal deficit—or at a more disaggregated level, for specific sectors of the economy or even specific firms. Economic forecasting is a measure to find out the future prosperity of a pattern of investment and is the key activity in economic analysis. Many institutions engage in economic forecasting: national governments, banks and central banks, consultants and private sector entities such as think-tanks, companies and international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and the OECD. A broad range of forecasts are collected and compiled by "Consensus Economics". Some forecasts are produced annually, but many are updated more frequently.

The economist typically considers risks (i.e., events or conditions that can cause the result to vary from their initial estimates). These risks help illustrate the reasoning process used in arriving at the final forecast numbers. Economists typically use commentary along with data visualization tools such as tables and charts to communicate their forecast. In preparing economic forecasts a variety of information has been used in an attempt to increase the accuracy.

Everything from macroeconomic, microeconomic, market data from the future, machine-learning (artificial neural networks), and human behavioral studies have all been used to achieve better forecasts. Forecasts are used for a variety of purposes. Governments and businesses use economic forecasts to help them determine their strategy, multi-year plans, and budgets for the upcoming year. Stock market analysts use forecasts to help them estimate the valuation of a company and its stock.

Economists select which variables are important to the subject material under discussion. Economists may use statistical analysis of historical data to determine the apparent relationships between particular independent variables and their relationship to the dependent variable under study. For example, to what extent did changes in housing prices affect the net worth of the population overall in the past? This relationship can then be used to forecast the future. That is, if housing prices are expected to change in a particular way, what effect would that have on the future net worth of the population? Forecasts are generally based on sample data rather than a complete population, which introduces uncertainty. The economist conducts statistical tests and develops statistical models (often using regression analysis) to determine which relationships best describe or predict the behavior of the variables under study. Historical data and assumptions about the future are applied to the model in arriving at a forecast for particular variables.

Global scope
The Economic Outlook is the OECD's twice-yearly analysis of the major economic trends and prospects for the next two years. The IMF publishes the World Economic Outlook report twice annually, which provides comprehensive global coverage. The IMF and World Bank also produces Regional Economic Outlook for various parts of the world.

There are also private companies such as The Conference Board and Lombard Street Research that provide global economic forecasts.

As of April 2024, the World Trade Organization (WTO) projects a rebound in global merchandise trade, forecasting a growth of 2.6% for the year, and an anticipated increase to 3.3% in 2025, following a 1.2% decline in 2023. During 2023, there was a significant reduction in merchandise exports, which fell by 5% to US$ 24.01 trillion, contrasting sharply with the commercial services sector, which saw a 9% increase in exports to US$ 7.54 trillion. The global GDP is expected to stabilize, maintaining a growth rate of 2.6% in 2024 and 2.7% in 2025. From a regional perspective, Africa is forecasted to experience the highest export growth at 5.3% in 2024, closely followed by the CIS region at nearly the same rate. Moderate growth is expected in North America, the Middle East, and Asia, with rates projected at 3.6%, 3.5%, and 3.4%, respectively, while European exports are anticipated to grow by only 1.7%. Import growth will likely be robust in Asia (5.6%) and Africa (4.4%), with Europe showing almost no growth at 0.1%. Digital services trade remains resilient, reaching US$ 4.25 trillion in exports in 2023, and accounting for 13.8% of global exports of goods and services, with significant growth observed in Africa (13%) and South and Central America and the Caribbean (11%). Additionally, the WTO has launched the Global Services Trade Data Hub to provide detailed insights into the evolving landscape of services trade, with a particular focus on digitalization.

U.S. forecasts
The U.S. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) publishes a report titled "The Budget and Economic Outlook" annually, which primarily covers the following ten-year period. The U.S. Federal Reserve Board of Governors members also give speeches, provide testimony, and issue reports throughout the year that cover the economic outlook. Regional Federal Reserve Banks, such as the St Louis Federal Reserve Bank also provide forecasts.

Large banks such as Wells Fargo and JP Morgan Chase provide economics reports and newsletters.

European forecasts
The European Commission also publishes comprehensive macroeconomic forecasts for its member countries on a quarterly basis - Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter.

Combining Forecasts
Forecasts from multiple sources may be arithmetically combined and the result is often referred to as a consensus forecast. Private firms, central banks, and government agencies publish a large volume of forecast information to meet the strong demand for economic forecast data. Consensus Economics compiles the macroeconomic forecasts prepared by a variety of forecasters, and publishes them on a weekly and monthly basis. The Economist magazine regularly provides such a snapshot as well, for a narrower range of countries and variables.

Econometric studies have demonstrated that the use of past errors of each original forecast to determine the weights assigned to each forecast in the creation of a combined forecast results in a composite set of forecasts that generally yield to lower mean-square errors compared to either of the individual original forecasts. However, it has been found that the entry and exit of forecasters can have a substantial impact on the real-time effectiveness of conventional combination methods. The dynamic nature of the forecasting combination and adjusting weighting techniques is not neutral.

Forecast methods
The process of economic forecasting is similar to data analysis and results in estimated values for key economic variables in the future. An economist applies the techniques of econometrics in their forecasting process. Typical steps may include:
 * 1) Scope: Key economic variables and topics for forecast commentary are determined based on the needs of the forecast audience.
 * 2) Literature review: Commentary from sources with summary-level perspective, such as the IMF, OECD, U.S. Federal Reserve, and CBO helps with identifying key economic trends, issues and risks. Such commentary can also help the forecaster with their own assumptions while also giving them other forecasts to compare against.
 * 3) Obtain data inputs: Historical data is gathered on key economic variables. This data is contained in print as well as electronic sources such as the FRED database or Eurostat, which allow users to query historical values for variables of interest.
 * 4) Determine historical relationships: Historical data is used to determine the relationships between one or more independent variables and the dependent variable under study, often by using regression analysis.
 * 5) Model: Historical data inputs and assumptions are used to develop an econometric model. Models typically apply a computation to a series of inputs to generate an economic forecast for one or more variables.
 * 6) Report: The outputs of the model are included in reports that typically include information graphics and commentary to help the reader understand the forecast.

Forecasters may use computational general equilibrium models or dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models. The latter are often used by central banks.

Methods of forecasting include Econometric models, Consensus forecasts, Economic base analysis, Shift-share analysis, Input-output model and the Grinold and Kroner Model. See also Land use forecasting, Reference class forecasting, Transportation planning and Calculating Demand Forecast Accuracy.

The World Bank provides a means for individuals and organizations to run their own simulations and forecasts using its iSimulate platform.

Forecast accuracy
There are many studies on the subject of forecast accuracy. Accuracy is one of the main, if not the main, criteria used to judge forecast quality. Some of the references below relate to academic studies of forecast accuracy. Forecasting performance appears to be time-dependent, where some exogenous events affect forecast quality. As expert forecasts are generally better than market-based forecasts, forecast performance depends on several factors: model, political economy (terrorism), financial stability etc.

In early 2014 the OECD carried out a self-analysis of its projections. "The OECD also found that it was too optimistic for countries that were most open to trade and foreign finance, that had the most tightly regulated markets and weak banking systems" according to the Financial Times.

In 2012 Consensus Economics launched its Forecast Accuracy Award, and each year publishes a list of winners who have most accurately predicted the final outcome of GDP and CPI for the prior year for over 40 countries. "Consensus Economics Forecast Accuracy Award"

In recent years, research has demonstrated that behavioral biases play a significant role in affecting the accuracy of forecasts. The education and working experience of forecasters influence the accuracy and boldness of their predictions. Forecasting accuracy is also impacted by the forecaster's experience with high inflation rates. Additionally, political events such as terrorism have been shown to influence the accuracy of both expert- and market-based forecasts of inflation and exchange rates. This highlights the range of external factors and biases that should be considered when evaluating the accuracy of forecasts and making informed decisions.

Forecasts and the Great Recession
The financial and economic crisis that erupted in 2007—arguably the worst since the Great Depression of the 1930s—was not foreseen by most forecasters, though a number of analysts had been predicting it for some time (for example, Stephen Roach, Meredith Whitney, Gary Shilling, Peter Schiff, Marc Faber, Nouriel Roubini, Brooksley Born, and Robert Shiller). The failure of the majority of them to forecast the "Great Recession" caused soul searching in the profession. The UK's Queen Elizabeth herself asked why had “nobody” noticed that the credit crunch was on its way, and a group of economists—experts from business, the City, its regulators, academia, and government—tried to explain in a letter.

It was not just forecasting the Great Recession, but also forecasting its impact where it was clear that economists struggled.

For example, in Singapore Citi argued the country would experience "the most severe recession in Singapore’s history". The economy grew in 2009 by 3.1% and in 2010, the nation saw a 15.2% growth rate. Similarly, Nouriel Roubini predicted in January 2009 that oil prices would stay below $40 for all of 2009. By the end of 2009, however, oil prices were at $80. In March 2009, he predicted the S&P 500 would fall below 600 that year, and possibly plummet to 200. It closed at over 1,115, up 24%, the largest single year gain since 2003. In 2009 he also predicted that the US government would take over and nationalize a number of large banks; it did not happen. In October 2009 he predicted that gold "can go above $1,000, but it can’t move up 20-30%”; he was wrong, as the price of gold rose over the next 18 months, breaking through the $1,000 barrier to over $1,400. Although in May 2010 he predicted a 20% decline in the stock market, the S&P actually rose about 20% over the course of the next year (even excluding returns from dividends).

title: Economic forecasting


text:
2004 Pitcairn Islands sexual assault trial

In 2004, seven men living on Pitcairn Island faced 55 charges relating to sexual offences against children and young adults. The accused represented a third of the island's male population and included Steve Christian, the mayor. On 24 October, all but one of the defendants were found guilty on at least some of the charges. Another six men living abroad, including Shawn Christian, who later served as mayor of Pitcairn, were tried on 41 charges in a separate trial in Auckland, New Zealand, in 2005.

The trial was repeatedly punctuated by legal challenges from island residents, who denied the island's colonial status, and with it the United Kingdom's judicial authority. Defence lawyers for the seven accused men claimed that British sovereignty over the islands was unconstitutional: HMS Bounty mutineers, from whom almost all of the current island population is descended (together with Polynesians), had effectively renounced their British citizenship by committing a capital offence in the burning of the Bounty in 1790, they said. According to the Public Defender of the Pitcairn Islands Paul Dacre (who was appointed in 2003), islanders still celebrated this act annually by burning an effigy of the Bounty in a symbolic rejection of British rule. The defence maintained that the UK never made a formal claim to Pitcairn, and never officially informed the islanders that British legislation, such as the Sexual Offences Act 1956, was applicable to them.

In a judgment delivered on 18 April 2004, the Pitcairn Supreme Court (specially established for the purpose of the trial, consisting of New Zealand judges authorised by the British government) rejected the claim that Pitcairn was not British territory. This decision was upheld in August 2004 by the Pitcairn Court of Appeal, endorsing the claim of Deputy Governor Matthew Forbes that Pitcairn was British territory. A delay of the trial until the United Kingdom's Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) decided on an additional appeal was rejected. The trial started on 30 September 2004. Verdicts were delivered on 24 October 2004, with all but one of the defendants convicted on at least some of the charges they were facing. Those found guilty were sentenced on 29 October 2004.

Historical background
The remoteness of Pitcairn (which lies about halfway between New Zealand and Peru) had shielded the tiny population (47 in 2004) from outside scrutiny. The islanders had for many decades tolerated what others classify as sexual promiscuity, even among the very young, claimed to be in line with traditional values of their Polynesian ancestors. This included a corresponding tacit acceptance of behaviour which in the UK would be considered child sexual abuse. Three cases of imprisonment for sex with underage girls were reported in the 1950s.

In 1999 Gail Cox, a police officer from Kent, UK serving a temporary assignment on Pitcairn, began uncovering allegations of sexual abuse. When a 15-year-old girl decided to press rape charges in 1999, criminal proceedings (code-named "Operation Unique") were set in motion. The charges include 21 counts of rape, 41 of indecent assault, and two of gross indecency with a child under 14. Over the following two years, police officers in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom interviewed every woman who had lived on Pitcairn in the past 20 years, as well as all of the accused men. Pitcairn Public Prosecutor Simon Moore (an Auckland Crown Solicitor who was the first lawyer appointed to the position by the British government for the purposes of the investigation) held the file.

Australian Seventh-day Adventist pastor Neville Tosen, who spent two years on Pitcairn around the turn of the millennium, said that on his arrival, he had been taken aback by the conduct of the children. But he had not immediately realised what was happening. "I noticed worrying signs such as inexplicable mood swings," he said. "It took me three months to realise they were being abused." Tosen tried to bring the matter before the Island Council (the legislative body which doubles as the island's court), but was rebuffed, and told "the age of consent has always been twelve and it doesn't hurt them."

A study of island records confirmed anecdotal evidence that most girls bore their first child between the ages of 12 and 15. "I think the girls were conditioned to accept that it was a man's world and once they turned 12, they were eligible," Tosen said. Mothers and grandmothers were resigned to the situation, telling him that their own childhood experience had been the same; they regarded it as just a part of life on Pitcairn. One grandmother wondered what all the fuss was about. Tosen was convinced, however, that the early sexual experience was very damaging to the girls. "They can't settle or form solid relationships. They did suffer, no doubt about it," he said emphatically.

Tosen opined that accounts of the Pitcairners' past transformation by Christianity, once popularised in missionary tracts, told only one side of the story. He noted that 13 of the original settlers were murdered, many in fights over women, before John Adams, the sole surviving mutineer, pacified them with the help of the Bible. "This is the island that the gospel changed, but the changes were only superficial," he said. "Deep down, they adhered to the mutineers' mentality. They must have known that their lifestyle was unacceptable, but it was too entrenched."

In 1999, a New Zealander visiting the island, Ricky Quinn, was sentenced by island magistrate Jay Warren to 100 days in prison for underage sex with a 15-year-old Pitcairn girl.

In 2002, the Queen-in-Council made the Pitcairn (Amendment) Order 2002, which paved the way for a trial based on Pitcairn law to be held in New Zealand in 2004. However, in 2004 the accused won a legal battle to be tried in Pitcairn. Three judges, several prosecution and defence lawyers, other court staff, and six journalists travelled from New Zealand to the island in late September for the seven-week trial. Their arrival doubled the number of people on the island during their stay. Witnesses living abroad gave evidence remotely by a video satellite link-up. The forty-five islanders were ordered to surrender their twenty or so guns, both in view of the heightened emotions and to avoid hunting accidents "because the island's population will swell by about 25 during the trial."

In 2004 the biographer Diana Souhami visited Pitcairn, attempting to travel incognito, but her cover was blown early in her stay. Before she was told to leave the island, she gathered enough material for her next book, Coconut Chaos.

As of April 2006, the cost of the trial amounted to NZ$14.1 million.

Local reaction
Pitcairn's 47 inhabitants, almost all of whom are interrelated, were bitterly divided by the charges against what constituted most of the adult male population. Many Pitcairn Island men blamed the British police for persuading the women involved to press charges. Some of the women agreed. Sources close to the case said that several women withdrew their charges due to family pressure.

On 28 September 2004, Olive Christian, wife of the accused mayor, daughter of Len Brown and mother of Randy Christian, both of whom were also among those accused, called a meeting of thirteen of the island's women, representing three generations at her home, Big Fence, to "defend" the island's men. Claiming that underage sex had been accepted as a Polynesian tradition since the settlement of the island in 1790, Olive Christian said of her girlhood, "We all thought sex was like food on the table." Carol Warren's two daughters also said that they had both been sexually active from the age of 12, with one of them claiming that she started having sex at 13, "and I felt hot shit about it, too." They and other women present at the meeting, who endorsed their view that underage sex was normal on Pitcairn, stated emphatically that all of the alleged rape victims had been willing participants.

Charlene Warren, who withdrew charges against a Pitcairn man, claimed that detectives had offered her money to testify; when pressed, she clarified that the money referred to statutory "compensation for victims of crime." Some women came up with a conspiracy theory that the trial was part of "a British plot to jail the [community's] able-bodied men and 'close' the island." "They've picked on all the viable young men, the ones who are the backbone of this place," said one, Meralda Warren. Not all women on the island were such defenders. Some present at the Big Fence meeting sat "silent and appeared ill at ease," giving reporters the impression that they did not hold the same views.

While many islanders remain fearful that the outcome of the trial could sound the death-knell of the tiny state, others expressed optimism that it could mark a new beginning for Pitcairn as people previously excluded from the power structure would find themselves needed and appreciated for their skills and contributions in a new way. Many Pitcairners felt unfairly treated; for instance, Mike Warren said the whole trial was a "setup" from the start. Former Pitcairn resident Reeve Cooze expressed the sentiments of many islanders on Radio New Zealand when he declared, "The Pitcairn people have been bullied."

Timeline of the trial
The trial opened on Pitcairn on 30 September.

Four days later on 4 October, a former islander, in a written statement read out by police, alleged that Mayor Steve Christian had raped her twice in 1972 when she was 12, once in bushland and once in a boat moored at Bounty Bay. She said that he used adolescent girls as his personal harem. "Steve seemed to take it upon himself to initiate all the girls, and it was like we were his harem," she stated. She had not informed her parents or others in the community, she said, because she "knew nothing would be done about it because of previous experience on the island."

On 8 October, Dave Brown, brother-in-law to Mayor Steve Christian, pleaded guilty to two charges of indecently assaulting a 14-year-old girl in the mid-1980s, and to a charge of molesting a 15-year-old girl during a spear-fishing trip in 1986.

The court listened to an interview recorded on Pitcairn in 2000, in which Brown, when asked if he had been in love, replied to police: "Yes, I was. We got closer and closer," was his view of himself and the 13-year-old girl, with whom he had repeated sexual contact over a long period in the mid-1980s. He was then in his early 30s, and married with children. Their first sexual encounter had taken place in undergrowth behind the general store after he met her in the village square. About a month later, they had sex again when they met after swimming. According to Brown's account to police, after the second sexual encounter, the girl had said that she enjoyed the sexual encounters and wanted more of it. Seeing each other more than once a month was difficult, however; greater frequency would make it difficult to keep, what Brown characterised as, an "affair" secret. Despite being confronted by his wife, Lea, and despite being asked by the island's police officer on behalf of the girl's mother to leave her alone, Brown renewed his sexual contacts with the girl after a six-month interval. "She didn't want to let go and neither did I," Brown said. The sexual contact continued until the girl left the island at the age of 16. At the beginning of the police investigation in 2000, the woman was one of many complainants, but she withdrew her allegations against Brown before the trial.

In the video, Brown told the police that it was "a normal part of Pitcairn life" for adult men to have sex with girls of 12 or 13. "It didn't seem wrong," he said. Most islanders, including his parents, had started having sex at a young age, and each generation had followed the one before it, he contended. He said, however, that he had rethought the widespread acceptance of underage sex, and had concluded that it was not appropriate. Of his own conduct with the 13-year-old girl, he said, "I regret it now. Times are changing. Things are moving forward, and obviously what we did then was not normal."

Defence lawyers representing the seven accused presented their final submissions on 21 October. Much of the day was dominated by the defence of Randy Christian, the 30-year-old son of Mayor Steve Christian. The younger Christian was accused of five rapes and seven indecent assaults against four women between 1988 and 1999. He was also alleged to have targeted a five- or seven-year-old girl from 1989 or 1991 onwards and to have abused her continuously over the following decade. He admitted to having sex with an under-age girl of 11 or 12.

Defence lawyer Allan Roberts claimed that Christian's relationship with the child had been consensual. The girl, who was 20 at the time of the trial, was the one who sparked off the police inquiry four years previously when she told her mother of the abuse she had suffered. Her mother in turn told Gail Cox, the visiting British police officer. That was the first the outside world knew of the prevalence of sexual abuse on Pitcairn. Roberts produced love letters written by the girl before Christian left Pitcairn for Norfolk Island, to support his claim that she had been infatuated with Christian. According to Roberts, this infatuation continued after Christian left the island. He said that in her statement to police, she confessed to "having a crush on Randy even though he is no longer on the island." He called her "a cold and cruel and vengeful liar who would stop at nothing to draw attention back to herself ... a woman scorned," whose complaint to the police was nothing other than revenge for his having abandoned her.

Public prosecutor Simon Moore rejected this defence, charging that Christian had exploited their ten-year age gap and his superior physical strength for his own advantage. While admitting that for a girl to have a crush on an older man was nothing out of the ordinary, and that there were few unattached young men available, Moore maintained that Christian had taken advantage of the girl's naivety, ignorance, and innocence. "He flattered her, he played her and he lured her into situations where he could do as he wished," Moore said. He added that, after reading a leaflet about sexual harassment distributed by Constable Cox, the girl had realized that Christian's treatment of her was unacceptable. The court was told that during the period in question, Christian had two girlfriends of legal age. One was a pest control officer who came to Pitcairn to rid the island of rats.

Verdict and aftermath
On 24 October 2004, the Pitcairn Supreme Court convicted six of the seven accused on 35 of the 55 charges. Only Jay Warren, the former Magistrate (1990–1999), was acquitted on all counts. See the "defendants" section below for details. Chief Justice Charles Blackie ridiculed Mayor Steve Christian's claim that his relationship with one of his victims had been consensual. "She was young, naive and vulnerable," Blackie said. "She was secreted into the bushes and there the accused took advantage of her. There had been no affection, kissing or romantic connection. She did not want it to happen."

The controversy over the trial continued. On 26 October 2004, prosecutor Simon Moore told Radio New Zealand that the charges and the verdicts were only the tip of the iceberg, accounting for only one-third of the cases police learned about when they began their investigations. He said that more charges were due to be laid involving people now living in Australia and New Zealand, but he declined to provide further details citing "extensive name suppression orders in place." Moore said that some of these victims had indicated an interest in returning to Pitcairn. But, they would have had to be satisfied that justice had been done and that the island was a safe place for their families.

Auckland lawyer Christopher Harder, who represented one of the accused, appealed for mercy in view of the social devastation he said would be caused by the imprisonment of most of the island's able-bodied men. He proposed that the men make a public apology and pay compensation to their victims, instead of facing imprisonment, which, he said, could mean the end of the microstate.

Professor John Connell of the University of Sydney said that if the men were imprisoned, they would have to be released temporarily whenever needed to man the longboat, without which the island could not connect with the outside world. "It would be a punishment for the whole community" if they were not, said the South Pacific scholar. Some islanders expressed fears that without the convicted men, there would not be enough who could handle the longboat. Others, less connected with the case, noted that the defendants had prevented other islanders from becoming more skilled at handling the boats. This was another example of the "power and control" problems which existed on the island. Public Defender Paul Dacre called on the court to impose sentences in keeping with the unique circumstances of the island society. "We are talking about 50 people living on a rock, not 50 million in England," he said.

Pending sentencing on 27 October, lawyers for the six convicted pleaded for clemency, arguing that it was essential for the survival of the dependency. Only two of the six expressed regret. Dennis Christian e-mailed his principal victim to apologize and expressed his "deep remorse," the court was told, and Dave Brown made a statement through his lawyer that he "regretted any distress caused." His father, Len Brown, refused to apologize for his own offences; his lawyer, Allan Roberts, told the court that to do so would be "fraudulent."

The Pitcairn Supreme Court handed down sentences tailored, said Chief Justice Charles Blackie, to the unique conditions of Pitcairn Island, on 29 October. Dennis Christian and Dave Brown were sentenced to community service, apparently in recognition of the remorse they had shown at the trial.

Mayor Steve Christian, Randy Christian, and Len Brown were all sentenced to prison terms ranging from two to six years. (See the defendants for details.) Elaborating on Chief Justice Blackie's statement, Bryan Nicholson of the British High Commission in New Zealand said, "The penalties were tailored to Pitcairn and take into account the unique isolation, population of less than 50, and the dependence of manpower." None of the sentences were carried out until 2006, pending a ruling by the Privy Council on the legal validity of British sovereignty and judicial authority on Pitcairn.

Bryan Nicolson, a spokesman for the British High Commission in New Zealand, announced on 30 October that Governor Richard Fell had formally dismissed Steve Christian from the mayoralty, and his son, Randy, from the chairmanship of the powerful Internal Committee. The dismissal followed Christian's refusal to resign when asked to do so by Deputy Governor Matthew Forbes. Christian's conviction and dismissal left the islanders with a power vacuum. On 8 November 2004, the Island Council named Christian's sister, Brenda, interim mayor pending elections scheduled for 15 December 2004. The position was won by Jay Warren.

Brian Michael John Young was found guilty in January 2007 of rape and indecent assault. In December, he was sentenced to six years and six months in prison. He was ordered to be transported to Pitcairn to serve out his sentence.

Appeals
The six convicts began their appeal in the Pitcairn Supreme Court, in Papakura, New Zealand, on 18 April 2005. Defence lawyers argued that as Pitcairn's colonial rulers had never enforced British law, the six men convicted of sex crimes could not have known that their acts were illegal, a claim rejected as "extraordinary" by public prosecutor Simon Moore. If true, he said, Pitcairn had been "a zone of criminal immunity", an enclave where serious crimes could be committed with impunity. The proceedings were relayed live to the Adamstown courthouse, on Pitcairn, by a video linkup. About twenty locals, including the accused, watched the hearing.

Crown prosecutors produced numerous old documents to refute the defence that British law had never been enforced on Pitcairn, or that the Pitcairners had never known that they were subject to it. According to the documents, the islanders had, over a period of many years, sought British advice and intervention in cases related to adultery, abortion, kleptomania, attempted murder (including a 1936 case in which a husband and wife tried to kill each other), and the theft of women's underwear. Crown Prosecutor Simon Mount said the charges had been referred to British authorities because they were too serious to be dealt with locally, and proved that Pitcairners were fully aware of British law and of its applicability to them.

Betty Christian, the Island Secretary, broke ranks with many of her fellow Pitcairners, testifying at the Pitcairn Supreme Court hearing in Papakura that the islanders were aware that they were British subjects and that British law was applicable to them. She also flatly contradicted the defence that sexual activity at a young age was considered "normal" on Pitcairn, saying that Pitcairn's values were no different from those of any other modern society.

On 24 May 2005, the Auckland court rejected the appeal of the six convicted men. It carried over their bail until their further appeal could be heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, in 2006. Former Pitcairn resident Shawn Christian, 29, then living in Australia, announced a legal challenge to the validity of New Zealand lawyers' and judges' participation in a trial in a British colony on 27 November 2005. Christian appeared to have the support of others awaiting trial. Shawn Christian, whose alleged offences (three rapes) are said to have happened between 1994 and 1996, is the younger son of former Mayor Steve Christian.

An additional appeal brought by the Public Defender was heard by the Court of Appeal on 31 January 2006. The basis of the appeal was the validity of the laws applied to the accused, with the defence arguing that British law had not been ratified on Pitcairn. "We are arguing whether the English legal system applies to these people. That is it in a nutshell," defence lawyer Allan Roberts said. The Pitcairn Court of Appeal dismissed this claim. Randall Christian's appeal against conviction of indecent assault of a girl aged under 13 was upheld, but that decision did not affect his sentence of six years on other charges. The men appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. The Privy Council terminated the appeal abruptly in July 2006, saying that the argument that Pitcairn has always been self-governing was unrealistic. The final appeals for all six men failed on 30 October 2006.

Defendants
The defendants who lived on the island were:

 * Steven Raymond Christian (Steve Christian) (born January 1951), mayor since 1999. He was charged with a total of six rapes and four indecent assaults committed between 1964 and 1975. He pleaded not guilty to all charges of rape and sexual abuse. He admitted to two sexual encounters with underage females, which he said were consensual. Christian was convicted of five rapes, and cleared of four indecent assaults and one rape. He was sentenced to three years' imprisonment. Still protesting his innocence and refusing to resign, he was dismissed from office on 30 October 2004 by Governor Richard Fell.
 * Randy Christian (born March 1974) son of Steve Christian, was Chairman of the powerful Internal Committee, which effectively made him his father's deputy. He faced five charges of rape and seven of indecent assault against four women between 1988 and 1999. He was also accused of targeting one girl from the age of five or seven, abusing her repeatedly over the next decade. He admitted to having under-age sex with a girl of 11 or 12. He was convicted of four rapes (against the same girl from the age of 10) and five indecent assault charges, but cleared of one rape and two indecent assaults. His six-year prison sentence was the most severe ever handed down on Pitcairn. Governor Fell dismissed him from the chairmanship of the Internal Committee on 30 October 2004, following his refusal to resign.
 * Len Carlyle Brown (born March 1926) Steve Christian's father-in-law, was convicted of two rapes. Through his lawyer, Allan Roberts, Brown refused to apologize. To do so would be "fraudulent," Roberts said. He was sentenced to two years imprisonment, but on account of his age, he was allowed to apply for home detention instead.
 * Dave Brown, or Len Calvin Davis Brown (born October 1954) son of Len Brown, pleaded guilty on 8 October 2004 to two charges of indecent assault against a 14-year-old girl and one charge of molesting a 15-year-old girl. He continued to deny 12 other charges, including one of forcing a 5-year-old girl to give him oral sex. Brown was found guilty of nine indecent assaults against three girls, but was cleared of four charges of indecent assault and two of gross indecency. Earlier, he had told British journalist Kathy Marks that he hated reporters and was sick of their "lies." After the verdict, however, his lawyer, Charles Cato, told the court that Brown "regretted any distress caused." He was sentenced to 400 hours' community service and was ordered to undergo counselling.
 * Dennis Ray Christian (born 1957) pleaded guilty on 5 October 2004 to two charges of sexual assault and one of indecent assault against young girls. The court was told on 27 October 2004 that Christian had e-mailed his principal victim to apologize and express his "deep remorse." He was sentenced to 300 hours' community service and was ordered to undergo counselling.
 * Carlisle Terry Young (born 1958) a descendant of HMS Bounty midshipman Ned Young, faced one charge of rape and seven of indecent assault over a period of almost 20 years. He was convicted of one rape and six indecent assaults, but was cleared of one indecent assault charge. Young was sentenced to five years imprisonment. He resented being photographed at the trial, and shoved reporter Kathy Marks aside when she tried to take his picture.
 * Jay Warren (born July 1956) former magistrate of the Pitcairn Islands from 1990 to 1999, when his office was replaced by that of the mayor following a constitutional revision. Warren was cleared of his indecent assault charge.


text:
Talk:Eugene McCarthy

"...clean for Gene"
§ The 1968 campaign says
 * A number of anti-war college students and other activists from around the country traveled to New Hampshire to support McCarthy's campaign. Some anti-war students who had the long-haired, counterculture appearance of hippies chose to cut their long hair and shave off their beards, in order to campaign for McCarthy door-to-door, a phenomenon that led to the informal slogan "Get clean for Gene".

I remember it as "Neat and clean for Gene", at least in later phases of the campaign, including in New York (where I met my wife-to-be in it).

A very brief Google search turns up plenty of evidence, some of which I'll park here till I can add it as appropriate:
 * Encyclopedia of the Sixties: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture,  edited by Abbe A. Debolt, James S. Baugess, p. 408
 * Clean for Gene: Eugene McCarthy's 1968 Presidential Campaign, by George Rising, p. xiii.

--Thnidu (talk) 01:20, 31 August 2014 (UTC)

Military Service
The article states:

"He was a civilian technical assistant in the Military Intelligence Division of the War Department in 1944 and an instructor in sociology and economics at the College of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota from 1946 to 1949."

However, in another article it is stated:

"After leaving the novitiate [either in 1943 or 1944], McCarthy enlisted in the Army, serving as a code breaker for the Military Intelligence Division of the War Department in Washington, D.C. In 1945, he returned to Minnesota...."

Source: http://www.csbsju.edu/mccarthy-center/about-the-center/who-is-eugene-j-mccarthy  (St. Benedict-St. John's, McCarthy Center)

The Wikipedia article indicates that the subject never served in the military whereas this source indicates he did. This seems to constitute a major discrepancy and the source I give seems most reliable. Should the article be corrected?HistoryBuff14 (talk) 18:48, 13 September 2016 (UTC)

 * I made the change since no one commented and the original text was not sourced. I included my source, but perhaps someone with more tech savvy than me can fix it so it has a reference number which it lacks now, and perhaps add the title:  "Who is Eugene J. McCarthy?"  The subject deserves to have had his veteran status acknowledged, not to mention that the article should be accurate. Thank you.HistoryBuff14 (talk) 18:41, 14 September 2016 (UTC)
 * If you were a "civilian technical assistant," you did not serve in the military and are not a veteran. A more direct source of McCarthy's civilian role is the inventory of his papers at the Minnesota Historical Society. Nicmart (talk) 14:14, 25 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Eugene McCarthy presidential campagin 1968 listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Eugene McCarthy presidential campagin 1968. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Dicklyon (talk) 03:28, 28 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eugene McCarthy


text:
Christopher Maltby

Major General Christopher Michael Maltby, (13 January 1891 – 6 September 1980) was a senior officer in the British Indian Army who served as Commander of British Troops in Hong Kong in 1941 before the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong, after which he became a prisoner of war.

Military career
Educated at Bedford School, Maltby attended the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, from where he was commissioned into 95th Russell's Infantry of the Indian Army in 1910. In the years leading to war, he served in the Persian Gulf.

He saw service in the First World War, mainly on the Western Front, where, in addition to being wounded, he was awarded the Military Cross and was thrice mentioned in dispatches.

With the war over, he then went to the Staff College in Quetta in 1923. He served on the North West Frontier in India and then became a general staff officer at Army Headquarters in India in 1925. He went on to the Staff College at Andover in 1927 and then was appointed Deputy Assistant Adjutant General at Army Headquarters in India in 1930. He returned to the North West Frontier in India in 1937 and then became an instructor at the Staff College at Quetta in 1938 before being appointed a general staff officer in Baluchistan District in India in 1939.

He served in the Second World War initially as Commander of 3rd Jhelum Brigade, then as Commander of the Calcutta Brigade, and finally as Commander of 19th Indian Infantry Brigade in Deccan District in India.

He was made Commander of British Troops in China in August 1941. He was unimpressed when he assumed the post on 19 July 1941. In his first letter to his wife upon arrival, he wrote, "the Governor is a very sick man and only wants to go quietly, and there is still a tremendous lot to be done on the civil defence side, so I am afraid my start must be demanding things. Why must one always have to fight the civil administration?" Meanwhile, the Hong Kong sappers impressed Maltby during the ceremony on 1 August so much that he proposed to the War Office to raise a ‘Chinese infantry battalion’ with the prospect of ‘further expansion’ on 8 August. The War Office approved the proposal on 24 August; it was the beginning of the first locally raised Hong Kong infantry unit in the British Army, the Hong Kong Chinese Regiment.

He initially established a 10-mile line of defence known as Gin Drinkers Line across the Southern part of the mainland but was rapidly forced to withdraw his troops back to Hong Kong Island. General Takashi Sakai began a bombardment of the Island and, after a brief counter-attack by British Troops which commenced on 19 December 1941, Maltby surrendered to the Japanese at Queen's Pier on 25 December 1941. He was a prisoner of war from 1941 to 1945.

Retirement
Reverting to his permanent rank of colonel, Maltby retired on 10 June 1946. He was granted the honorary rank of major-general on 10 June 1946. In 1953, Maltby was granted a commission as a Deputy lieutenant of Somerset, where he spent his remaining years, the last five of them a widower.

title: Christopher Maltby


text:
Catarrh

Catarrh is an inflammation of mucous membranes in one of the airways or cavities of the body,  usually with reference to the throat and paranasal sinuses. It can result in a thick exudate of mucus and white blood cells caused by the swelling of the mucous membranes in the head in response to an infection. It is a symptom usually associated with the common cold, pharyngitis, and chesty coughs, but it can also be found in patients with adenoiditis, otitis media, sinusitis or tonsillitis. The phlegm produced by catarrh may either discharge or cause a blockage that may become chronic.

The word "catarrh" was widely used in medicine since before the era of medical science, which explains why it has various senses and in older texts may be synonymous with, or vaguely indistinguishable from, common cold, nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis, or sinusitis. The word is no longer as widely used in American medical practice, mostly because more precise words are available for any particular disease. Indeed, to the extent that it is still used, it is no longer viewed nosologically as a disease entity but instead as a symptom, a sign, or a syndrome of both. The term "catarrh" is found in medical sources from the United Kingdom. The word has also been common in the folk medicine of Appalachia, where medicinal plants have been used to treat the inflammation and drainage associated with the condition.

Clinical relevance
Because of the human ear's function of regulating the pressure within the head region, catarrh blockage may also cause discomfort during changes in atmospheric pressure.

Etymology
The word "catarrh" comes from 15th-century French catarrhe, Latin catarrhus, and Greek καταρρεῖν (katarrhein): kata- meaning "down" and rhein meaning "to flow." The Oxford English Dictionary quotes Thomas Bowes' translation of Pierre de la Primaudaye's The [second part of the] French academie (1594): "Sodainely choked by catarrhes, which like to floods of waters, runne downewards."

title: Catarrh