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List of Washington (state) ballot measures

The U.S. state of Washington has had a system of direct voting since gaining statehood in 1889. Citizens and the state legislature both have the ability to place new legislation, or legislation recently passed by the state legislature, on the ballot for a popular vote. Washington has three types of ballot measures that can be voted on in a general election: initiatives, referendums, and legislatively referred constitutional amendments. In order to be placed on the ballot, supporters of a measure must gather signatures from registered voters. From 1898 to 1912, the only ballot measures allowed were legislatively referred constitutional amendments. In 1912, an amendment successfully passed to create a citizen-led process for initiatives and referendums, and the first successful initiative was passed in 1914.

Since adopting this process, ballot measures have become widely accepted as part of Washington's electoral system. over 2,000 different initiatives had been filed with the state, along with a significantly smaller number of referendums. Of those, only a fraction have received the required signatures to be placed on the ballot. In recent years, ballot measures have been used to legalize politically contentious policies such as assisted suicide, same-sex marriage, and marijuana use. The use of signature gatherers (workers paid to gather signatures for ballot measures) has attracted significant controversy in the state, as has some activists' aggressive approach to ballot measures.

Background
Washington entered the United States as a territory in 1853 and was admitted as the 42nd state on November 11, 1889. The Constitution of Washington, which had itself been approved by a vote of the people, laid out the first guidelines for ballot measures. Article XXIII, Section 1 dictated that constitutional amendments required passing by a two-thirds vote in the state legislature and being approved by a majority of voters in the next general election. This section also required that details of the amendment should be published in newspapers across the state before election day.

In 1912, Constitutional Amendment Article II, Sec. 1 passed. This amendment granted people the power to place measures on the ballot every election via petition. For one of these measures to be valid, it needed signatures of support from at least eight percent of the voting population, based on turnout from the previous election. Initiatives allowed people to propose new laws and referendums allowed people to challenge laws passed by the legislature. This system of "direct legislation" had previously been implemented in Oregon by William Simon U'Ren. In the time since this amendment's passage, initiatives and referendums have become a prominent piece of Washington's electoral landscape.

The prominence of ballot measures, especially citizen-submitted ones, has allowed Washington to lead the nation in social issues. In 1910, people approved an amendment granting women the right to vote, making Washington the fifth state to guarantee women's suffrage. The passage of Initiative Measure 1000 (the "Death with Dignity Act") in 2008 made Washington the second state in the nation to legalize assisted suicide. The following year, voters approved Referendum Measure 71, which marked the first time voters had expanded recognition of queer relationships at the ballot box. In 2012, Referendum Measure 74 passed, making Washington the ninth state to recognize same-sex marriage and the third to do so by popular vote. That same year, the passage of Initiative Measure 502 led to Washington becoming the first state to fully legalize marijuana for recreational use.

While state law on signature gathering includes a recommendation that organizers should not be paid to gather signatures, the practice of paying workers per signature gathered has been legal in Washington since 1994. Supporters of the practice claim that it allows campaigns to extend their reach and makes ballot access more accessible and point to measures that have passed with widespread public support as evidence. The practice has been criticized for potentially allowing campaigns to "buy their way onto the ballot", most notably by former Secretary of State Ralph Munro. Some paid signature gatherers have been arrested on charges of forgery and election fraud for placing fake signatures on petitions.

Since sponsoring his first measure in 1997, Tim Eyman has been the most prolific sponsor of initiatives and referendums in the state. He has had 17 initiatives placed on the ballot as of 2021, with 11 being approved. Of those, only two have not since been overturned or modified by the courts. Eyman's 2007 Initiative Measure 960 passed with 51% of the vote and created a new system of "advisory votes" for all tax increases passed by the legislature in Washington. While most of this initiative was overturned by the Washington Supreme Court in 2013, this system still stands. Advisory votes are not legally binding and exist solely to measure public approval, as such, they are not considered to be ballot measures.

Initiatives
There are two types of initiatives in Washington.
 * Initiatives to the People are placed on the ballot and, if passed, become law. These initiatives require a number of signatures equal to or greater than eight percent of the votes cast in the previous state gubernatorial race. The signatures must be gathered over a period of six months.
 * Initiatives to the Legislature are first submitted to the Washington Legislature for consideration. These initiatives require a number of signatures equal to or greater than eight percent of the votes cast in the previous state gubernatorial race. The signatures must be gathered over a period of ten months. If the legislature passes the initiative, it is enacted into law. If the legislature rejects the initiative, it is placed on the ballot for a vote of the people. If the legislature passes an alternative version, both the original and modified version will appear on the ballot.

Referendums
There are two types of referendums in Washington.
 * Referendum measures are laws that have been passed by the legislature and are up for recall. These referendums require a number of signatures equal to or greater than six percent of the votes cast in the previous state gubernatorial race.
 * Referendum bills are proposed laws that are placed on the ballot by the legislature. If passed by a public vote, they become law.

Legislatively referred constitutional amendments
Legislatively referred constitutional amendments are changes to the Washington State Constitution which have been approved by the legislature but require approval from the people. They require a two-thirds vote in the state legislature before being placed on the ballot.


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Talk:Fjord

Fyord
No-one spells it fyord. Fyord doesn't even redirect here. This book cited in the article says: "The OED gives precedence to fi-. The other spelling is apparently used in English to help the ignorant to call it fyord; as, instead of helping, it only puzzles them, it should be abandoned". Clearly that means that in the 1920s the OED actually considered the fiord spelling to be the standard and the author notes the word was being incorrectly pronounced as fyord (due to a mistaken sight reading of fjord), not spelled as fyord. Fiord should be bolded as the article redirects here. --81.158.79.21 (talk) 13:41, 2 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Not sure what your suggestion is here. Fyord isn't even mentioned in the article. --PerpetuityGrat (talk) 19:53, 2 March 2022 (UTC)

Fjord in Maine
According to Your Guide to the National Parks, “The park and Island are nearly split in half by a natural, glacially-carves barrier, Somes Sound. It is the only fjord on the U.S. Atlantic Coast.” 217.180.228.133 (talk) 13:12, 2 March 2023 (UTC)

Bbnnkjk
Nhc M@8øfhvv yn n c 37.221.245.243 (talk) 20:03, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

split article into two
This article refers to a general geographic term but also goes in depth to fjords of Norway. Presumably because that is the nation inventing the term. However it is confusing when this page is linked (for example freshwater fjords from lake Okanagan from ogopogo) and it's all about Norway instead of general land shapes. I therefore propose we have 2 articles: one about physical geography and one about the Norwegian context. Sound reasonable? Rusl (talk) 10:31, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Fjord


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/User talk:HistoryBuffEr/Archived-Sermons

User talk:HistoryBuffEr/Archived-Sermons was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep

Inappropriate user page. The user archives any critical remarks and newcomer guidance to this page in violation of Talk etiquette. The user was notified that this is a violation and moved the notification to this page. The user continues to engage in uncivil behavior and other etiquette/policy violations, and his summary rejection of criticism makes any progress on these problems impossible. Delete. Gazpacho 04:53, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. No cause for deletion, which is not the proper solution anyway. —No-One Jones (m) 05:00, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Priceless: Gazpacho is trying to dictate to me how to maintain MY own user page.
 * From Talk etiquette: "Most users do archive their talk pages periodically to a personal subpage". HistoryBuffEr 05:53, 2004 Sep 29 (UTC)

 * Keep. No matter how improperly the user might be behaving, it is a user page, and I think it's a good general policy to consider those, except in very special circumstances, to be sacrosanct. If he starts attributing quotes to people they didn't say, for example, then we'd have something to talk about. Archiving isn't worth getting involved. --Improv 12:42, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Please do not list user pages or sub-pages here unless there is an extremely good reason to do so.  This page has no policy or guideline violations at all that I can see.   The Steve  15:11, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. User pages are not "sacrosanct" according to any written policy or applied policy. They are simply given a wider latitute than an article, the same as article discussion pages are. But they have been deleted here before. But I see no reason to delete the page because the editor is breaking other policies. Jallan 00:45, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - it's a user talk archive, much like the 5 that I keep and many other users. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 12:06, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - no violation of Wikipedia policy. Jayjg 06:21, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This VfD has expired
This VfD expired 5 days after being open (on 29 Sep 2004 at 04:53), on Oct 4 at 04:53. The tally is: Consensus: Keep
 * Delete: 1 of 8 (12.5%).
 * Keep: 7 of 8 (87.5%)

HistoryBuffEr 03:02, 2004 Oct 5 (UTC)

 * Whilst there is certainly a clear consensus to keep here, and the page will be kept, Votes For Deletion do not "expire" after 5 days. They are guaranteed to remain for five days, but it is up to an admin to determine consensus and action it. As Votes for deletion/Old puts it: "You can still add your votes to these listings if you feel strongly, but please be aware that once an article listing is on this page it can be deleted or removed from the list at any time." —Stormie 04:03, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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John Cuff (politician)

John Cuff (1805 – 6 December 1864) was a New Zealand politician. He represented the Akaroa electorate in the 2nd New Zealand Parliament from 1855 to 1858, but resigned before the end of his term. He did not serve in any subsequent Parliaments.

He died in Christchurch on 6 December 1864 aged 59 years.

title: John Cuff (politician)


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William Daldy

William Crush Daldy (1816 – 5 October 1903) was a captain and New Zealand politician.

Biography
Daldy was born on 20 April 1816 in Rainham, Essex, England. He started going to sea aged 16 on the Mayflower, a ship belonging to his father Samuel Rootsey Daldy, an Ilford coal merchant. His seafaring first brought him to Auckland in July 1841.

On 10 December 1840 he sailed from Liverpool in his schooner Shamrock, arriving in Auckland in July 1841, but remained a seafarer. In 1847 he started timber milling near Auckland. From 1849 he was a partner in the shipping firm Combes and Daldy. He was a shareholder of Auckland Timber Co and his son, W C Daldy Jr., was its secretary.

In April 1864 the Daldy family sailed to London and in 1865 he became the English agent for the Province. They returned on Combes and Daldy's ship, Queen of the North, in 1866. Walter Combes died in 1870.

Captain Daldy was the first chairman of the Auckland Harbour Board from 1871. He was also a Justice of the Peace, Auckland Chamber of Commerce council member, Bank of New Zealand auditor, Auckland City Council member, New Zealand Insurance Co. director and volunteer fire brigade captain.

On 22 April 1841 Daldy married Frances Harriet Pulham, in Launceston. She died on 3 December 1877. They had 4 children, Frances Catherine Wrigley (25 April 1842 -19 June 1879), Maryanne Maria Mee Davies (7 August 1848 – 24 June 1926), Edith Crush Daldy (1850 -6 February 1924) and William Crush Daldy Jr (14 February 1852 -1934).

William married Amey, née Hamerton, on 17 March 1880. Amey was president of Auckland branch of the Women's Franchise League and of the National Council of Women, and William gave a speech saying, "that men were cowards for not extending the franchise to women". Amey died in 1920.

Daldy died in Ponsonby, Auckland, on 5 October 1903. He had been in poor health for some time, before succumbing to pleurisy and dying of heart failure. He was buried at Purewa Cemetery.

Political and military career
He represented the City of Auckland electorate in the 2nd New Zealand Parliament from 1855 to 1860, when he was defeated. He did not serve in any subsequent Parliaments. He was a minister without portfolio in the government of William Fox, and was also a member of the Auckland Provincial Council in 1857 and from 1861 to 1864. During the invasion of the Waikato in 1863 he was a senior captain of the Auckland Naval Volunteers.

title: William Daldy


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Alfred William East

Alfred William East was a New Zealand politician. He represented the Omata electorate on the Taranaki Provincial Council from 5 November 1855 to 13 December 1856. He represented the Omata electorate in the 2nd New Zealand Parliament from 1855, but resigned in March 1860 at the outbreak of the First Taranaki War before the end of his term when he accepted a government appointment. He left Taranaki at that time. He did not serve in any subsequent Parliaments. In the resulting by-election, James Crowe Richmond was returned unopposed.

He was later a captain with the 4th Waikato Regiment in Hamilton, New Zealand. He was one of the original owners of Claudelands, now one of the city's suburbs. East Street in Claudelands is named for him. In 1870, he was appointed postmaster in charge of the mail service between New Zealand, Australia, and San Francisco.

title: Alfred William East


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Charles Elliott (New Zealand politician)

Charles Elliott (22 September 1811 – 5 July 1876) was a New Zealand politician and newspaper proprietor.

Commercial career
Elliott was born in Barnstaple in North Devon in 1811. He and his brother James came to New Zealand on the Mary Jane; the ship left the West India Docks in London in September 1841 and arrived in Nelson Harbour on 10 February 1842. Having brought a printing press with him, Elliott established The Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle in 1842; this was the first newspaper in the South Island. In August 1842, he opened a bookshop in Nelson, one of the first in New Zealand. He held a sheep station in the Awatere Valley. He was particularly interested in horse racing and wrote for other publications under the pen name "Cheval". He published texts written by the suffragist Mary Müller, to whom he was related through marriage, in his newspaper.

Political career
Elliott was elected to the first Nelson Provincial Council for the Wairau electorate and held the post from 10 August 1853 to 1 August 1857, and represented the electorate in the second council from 9 October 1857 to 18 October 1859. He then represented the Amuri electorate from 7 April 1860 to 29 November 1861. He lastly represented the Nelson electorate from 23 February 1863 to 27 March 1865. In parallel, he represented the Awatere electorate in the Marlborough Provincial Council from 16 April 1860 to 16 October 1861.

On 5 November 1855, Elliott—alongside William Travers—was elected unopposed to represent the Waimea electorate in the 2nd New Zealand Parliament. Elliott resigned before the end of his term on 20 March 1858. He did not serve in any subsequent Parliaments, although he stood unsuccessfully in the for the.

Later life
Elliott's newspaper had to be shut down in 1874. He subsequently took on the role of immigration officer for Nelson Province. He died on 5 July 1876 in Nelson from a stroke. Elliott Street, and the Elliott Street heritage precinct (which also comprises parts of Trafalgar and Collingwood streets) was named after him.


text: Category:Cities in Connecticut

title: Category:Cities in Connecticut


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Hot Lips Page

Oran Thaddeus "Hot Lips" Page (January 27, 1908 – November 5, 1954) was an American jazz trumpeter, singer, and bandleader. He was known as a scorching soloist and powerful vocalist.

Page was a member of Walter Page's Blue Devils, Artie Shaw's Orchestra and Count Basie's Orchestra, and he worked with Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Ida Cox. He was one of the five musicians booked for the opening night at Birdland with Charlie Parker in 1949.

Life and career
Oran Thadeus Page was born in Dallas, Texas, United States, to a schoolteacher and musician mother. He moved with his mother to Corsicana where he began attending Corsicana High School and later Texas College while also working at the oilfields. His earliest gigs were in circuses and minstrel shows while also backing such blues singers as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Ida Cox. Page's main trumpet influence was Louis Armstrong, though throughout his career he cited other local trumpeters, including Harry Smith (Kansas City) and Benno Kennedy (San Antonio) as being early influences.

In the mid-1920s, while still a teenager, Page is believed to have appeared with Troy Floyd and His Orchestra in San Antonio, Texas, and with Eddie and Sugar Lou, a dance band headquartered in Tyler, Texas, though no documentation has been unearthed to support his presence in either band. He also claimed to have appeared around 1925 with a band in Shreveport, Louisiana, known as Goog and His Jazz Babies and with a band in New Orleans known as French's Jazz Orchestra, though no documentation has been discovered.

In 1926, he caught the eye of the bassist Walter Page (no relation) who had recently assumed leadership of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. It is believed that Oran Page joined the Blue Devils circa 1927, though no known documentation exists to support his presence with the band until the fall of 1928. He played and toured with the Blue Devils until early 1931, when he joined the Bennie Moten Orchestra, the leading dance band of Kansas City.

Though not a regular member of the band, Page appeared as a vocalist, emcee and hot trumpet soloist with Count Basie's Reno Club orchestra, after the Moten band finally disbanded upon that leader's sudden death in April 1935. Page embarked upon a solo career during this period, playing with small pick up bands from Kansas City, where he had moved in early 1931.

The Reno Club, in downtown Kansas City, had a floor show, which included Page and vocalist Jimmy Rushing. Basie's band was just starting to build their reputation, but in the summer of 1936—on the eve of Basie's national success—and at the beckoning of Louis Armstrong's manager, Joe Glaser, Page decided to pursue a solo career. He moved to New York City in December 1936.

Page's career as a bandleader had an auspicious start, with sold-out appearances and an extended run at Harlem's Smalls Paradise in the summer of 1937, but by 1939 he was struggling to maintain a regular working band. Nonetheless, he led several bands and combos of his own, particularly on New York's 52nd Street, where he appeared from 1938 or 1939, and in many venues in Harlem. Page toured extensively throughout the southern United States, and throughout the northeast and Canada at the head of as many as 13 different big bands during the 1930s and 1940s. He appeared briefly with Bud Freeman's Orchestra in 1938, and was a featured vocalist and hot soloist with Artie Shaw's Symphonic Swing Orchestra in 1941 and 1942, with whom he recorded more than 40 sides.

From 1929, he made over 200 recordings, most as a leader, for Bluebird, Vocalion, Decca and Harmony Records, among others. His band backed the singer Wynonie Harris on the session that produced the hit "Good Rocking Tonight", though Page was never credited as the leader. He was the leader of the house band at the Apollo Theater during the early 1940s. Page was known as "Mr. After Hours" to his many friends for his ability to take on challengers in late-night jam sessions, and he was recorded at Harlem's Minton's Playhouse in 1941 playing in a proto-bebop style. He recorded for the Mezzrow-Bechet Septet (on two consecutive dates in 1945, as Pappa Snow White, with Mezz Mezzrow, Sidney Bechet, Jimmy Blythe, Jr., Danny Barker, Pops Foster, and Sid Catlett, and on the second session with Cousin Joe on vocals. )

Page recorded duets with Pearl Bailey on "The Hucklebuck" and "Baby, It's Cold Outside" in 1949. He traveled to Europe in 1949 and appeared at Salle Pleyel in the first international jazz festival there, and returned to Europe at least twice for extended tours in the early 1950s.

He was one of the most flexible of trumpeters, demonstrating a broad tone and a wide range on the instrument. He is considered by many to be one of the founders of what came to be known as rhythm and blues.

Page died in New York in November 1954, aged 46.

title: Hot Lips Page


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alan Yeung

Alan Yeung was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Reads like a crock of bullcrap. (I really wish obvious trolling such as this would be a CSD, but anyway.) This user's other "contribution", William Kwok, is already listed for deletion. -- Hadal 05:01, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Prank by anon. Neither of his two supposedly famous book titles get any Google hits at all, nor is his name listed as staff at Columbia University where he is allegedly a professor. Andrewa 05:34, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Prank.   — Gwalla | Talk 20:47, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Agree with the above Jongarrettuk 22:36, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:Lake Pleasant (hamlet), New York

Untitled
For the second time the same person has created unneeded wikification on this page.

"This is the SECOND time that you have VANDALIZED an article written by me with Useless, Worthless wikification. I erased the first wikification in July with the advisement that if you really wish to write articles on those topics, then you should do so.  Since that time you have come up with nothing more useful than to wikify the same things once more, creating two blank pages that will probably NEVER be completed due to lack of information, and a FALSE link to a related topic.  Apparently, you have so little interest in Hamilton County, that you did not even bother to look at what was already done. If you really are interested in writing about NEW YORK, then do so.  There are many locations that need work.  There is no need to be stepping all over the material being worked by other people.  I really do not appreciate childish twits trying to have their own way, just to score points. You seem to believe that no one else knows how to use square brackets. More useful than creating unwanted stub articles would be to wikify to existing links (as most others do) or actually WRITE the articles you seem to feel are so damned important."

title: Talk:Lake Pleasant (hamlet), New York


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Nymphetamine

Nymphetamine is the sixth studio album by English extreme metal band Cradle of Filth. Recorded between February and July 2004, it was released on 28 September by record label Roadrunner. Nymphetamine marks the first recorded appearance of guitarist James McIlroy on a Cradle of Filth album. He would later record guitar for the band's 2010 release Darkly, Darkly, Venus Aversa. Nymphetamine is also the band's final album to feature keyboardist Martin Powell.

Content
The title is a portmanteau of "nymphette" and "amphetamine", and Dani Filth explained it as referring to "a drug-like addiction to the woman in question, with her insidious vampire qualities literally bringing her lover back from the brink of the spiritual grave, only to bury him further on the strength of a whim. This is very Edgar Allan Poe in style, and leaves one thinking that, despite the character's inner agonies, he is really a welcome submissive who readily enjoys the terrible highs and lows of his relationship with this alluring and filthy succubus."

The album features guest appearances by ex-Theatre of Tragedy and Leaves' Eyes vocalist, Liv Kristine, and Doug Bradley, who starred as the cenobite Pinhead in the Hellraiser series and also collaborated on Midian.

"Mother of Abominations" begins with the chant of the phrase "Ia! Ia! Cthulhu fhtagn!", which is a reference to H. P. Lovecraft's fiction, specifically the body of work encompassing the Cthulhu Mythos.

The title track appears on the album twice; in a three-part, nine-minute version ("Nymphetamine (Overdose)") and again in a shortened five-minute version ("Nymphetamine Fix").

Track-by-track commentary
Filth provided the following explanations for the album's individual tracks in a July 2004 press release:

"A harsh song demands an uncompromising title. The subject matter is simple. The 'gilded cunt' refers to a spoilt dominatrix who demands worship through the acquisition of money. She is in actual fact, beneath the glitter of expensive jewellery, no more than tendered mutton dressed up as lamb. There was nothing quite as gratifying as screaming the word 'cunt' at the top of one's lungs for the mid-section of this vicious little ditty. I loved it! An extremely angry song in the vein of Sepultura's Roots, mixed with choice World Downfall tracks by Terrorizer."
 * Gilded Cunt

"In the wake of the September 11 attacks, few people could possibly remain unaware of the rising threat to world peace through concerted acts of terrorism. This song delves into the mind of one such militant and offers the reasoning behind his holy war: the needless loss of loved ones and the desire to avenge their memory against a privileged western enemy. This song seeks not to condone or encourage such retaliation, but to find an explanation. It is my personal favourite track on the album. Sounds like At the Gates meets Judas Priest meets Morbid Angel listening to 'Amor e Morte'."
 * Nemesis

"Yet another little gothic romance embroiled around a murderer's infatuation with the dusky foreign woman of the title. I love the ending of the track, mainly because up to this point the character has only really poetic things to say about Gabrielle (although you do get the impression that something is definitely a tad sinister about his infatuation), but then everything finally darkens... The song rolls into culmination with a really Slayer-esque finale."
 * Gabrielle

"Two sinners reflect on their lives of decadence and pomp as they share their last drink on the very verge of the abyss. This song was inspired by a night of guilt and nostalgia (in fact I felt a little at sixes and sevens musing over all the events of the last six or seven years) and attributing our success to devilish intervention, as in the infamous Goethe story where Faust sells his soul to the Devil in return for a life of riches and splendour. It features some of my favourite lines, and sounds like Master of Puppets era Metallica."
 * Absinthe with Faust

"The title track concerns itself with a love affair so intense, that although soured and dead, it ignites at the slightest sniff of re-invention. The cool thing about this song is that it is really a beast of several parts: a chimera. The main hub of the song is very lovelorn and drowsily melodic and it is these traits combined with shared female and male vocal passages that serve to highlight the plight of this, the title track of the album. However, this is offset against the first and last parts of the song, forming a darkly erotic triptych."
 * Nymphetamine

"This track concerns itself with the priest and high priestess of a witch cult, who, through their utter devotion to themselves and the dark arts, conspire to invoke ancient forces from their graveyard slumbers, remaining as carnal gatekeepers in the interim. The lyrics join them in celebration of a triumphant return on Samhain night, when the deadways between the worlds are at their closest and most vulnerable to rupture. Sounds like 'The Twisted Nails of Faith' meets early Destruction and Death in a misty cemetery."
 * Medusa and Hemlock

"This track is about escapism from a world ruled over by preachers, no-hopers and soul destroying vermin and the flights of fancy conjured by believing in one's own destiny (no matter what entails). A very personal lyrical content, this is about rising above the unappreciative mob with a life-affirming 'fuck you!' The main harmony is the closest Cradle have got to sounding anything like classic Iron Maiden, but this song also veers towards blast-lightspeed. Though not as brutal and uncompromising as 'Mother of Abominations', it is probably the fastest track on the album when and where it roars."
 * Coffin Fodder

"This song is very enigmatic. Slow, heavy and grandiose, it reeks of pomp and dark majesty, and rocks in a Sabbath, doom-laden context. Lyric-wise, it concerns itself with heritage and invigorated pride for one's own country: not in a nationalistic, fascistic sense, but in terms of rebuilding the beauty and stature of a once great nation. Obviously the title implies that nation to be England (Cradle's country of origin), but the words can be interpreted to speak of anyone's homeland that is seen to be slumping from the weight of its afflictions. Sounds like Manowar meets Cathedral, interspersed with moments of melodic reflection."
 * English Fire

A very Lovecraftian tale about the guardian of an extraordinarily gifted beauty: a beauty who slips beyond the veil of the underworld at night to dam the rift between our world and the abyss. This she achieves by fucking everything that comes close to breaching the gap, therefore satiating demoniacal urges that want, quite literally, to rend our world apart. The twist comes when her guardian fails to resist his own desire for the beauty who, at all costs, must remain pure and untouched in our world in order that her erotically-charged spirit remain firmly hilted in the other. Any attempt to interfere with her seance will result in horrors from the pit slathering into the real world to wreak far worse atrocities than those they inflict nightly upon her gorgeous astral form. This track was never intended for the album. In all honesty it was a total rank outsider even for the special edition, until it was played to the producer, who thought it was such a catchy metal anthem that it was immediately drawn out of retirement and rehearsed vehemently at the studio to bring it up to date. Sounds like Mercyful Fate meets Motörhead at death metal's throat.
 * Filthy Little Secret

"This is the second part to 'Her Ghost in the Fog', and therefore follows the subsequent story of the young man avenging his woman's rape and murder at the hands of a self-styled lynch-inquisition. The original (which culminated in the man, haunted by his lover's spirit, burning those responsible alive in the village chapel) is expanded upon as he recalls the events of that fateful day. He too is then hunted by a vengeful mob in the same forest, where he converses with his lover's beautiful, but dead and rotting, body. This has a very Sleepy Hollow/Nightmare Before Christmas vibe."
 * Swansong for a Raven

"A song about the great goddess Cthulhu and the awakening of her dark spirit from centuries of slumber, leading to the inevitable destruction of human existence. In truth, a continuation to Midian ' s 'Cthulhu Dawn'. This is a very brutal track, lightning-fast and uncompromising, much like the Great Old One herself, sweeping away all before her in a colossal tidal wave of violence and millennial bloodshed. Sounds like Nightside-era Emperor meets early, fast Cradle, with extra thrash."
 * Mother of Abominations

Release
Nymphetamine debuted at number 89 on the Billboard Top 200 chart, selling 13,818 copies, and reached number 92 in the UK Albums Chart. By early 2007 Nymphetamine has sold 147,000 copies in the United States alone, making it the most successful Cradle album to date. It has also been certified Gold in Europe by Independent Music Companies Association. Since its release, Nymphetamine has sold more than one million copies worldwide.

A music video for the "Fix" version of "Nymphetamine" was filmed by Dani Jacobs.

A Special Edition of the album was released in 2005, with an extra disc featuring two new songs, an alternate version of the title track, three cover songs, a guest appearance by King Diamond and a CD-ROM of the "Nymphetamine" promo video.

Critical reception
AllMusic's review was favourable, calling the album "extremely entertaining".

The title track was nominated for a 2004 Grammy Award in the Best Metal Performance category.

Legacy
"Mother of Abominations" appeared on the soundtrack to the 2005 horror film Alone in the Dark. "Coffin Fodder" is mentioned in episode four of the UK comedy television series The IT Crowd, as track four on a gift-wrapped CD given by the goth character Richmond to a grieving widow at a funeral. "Nemesis" is featured in episode six of season five of the US comedy television series Viva La Bam (in which Dani Filth and the band make a guest appearance). "Nymphetamine" (in its short, "Fix" version) appeared on the soundtrack to Resident Evil: Apocalypse.

Personnel

 * Cradle of Filth

 * Dani Filth – lead vocals
 * Paul Allender – guitars
 * James McIlroy (as "Germs Warfare") – guitars
 * Martin Powell (as "Martin Foul") – keyboards, additional guitars, choral arrangements
 * Dave Pybus (as "Herr Pubis") – bass
 * Adrian Erlandsson – drums

 * Additional personnel

 * Sarah Jezebel Deva – backing vocals
 * Liv Kristine Espenæs Krull – vocals on "Nymphetamine" tracks
 * King Diamond – backing vocals on "Devil Woman"
 * Doug Bradley – narration on "Satyriasis" and "Swansong for a Raven"; Cthulhu chant on "Mother of Abominations"
 * Kim Porter, Tessa Bonner, Deborah Roberts, Gregory Skidmore, Tim Sager, Nicholas Todd – chorus

 * Technical

 * Rob Caggiano – production
 * Dan Turner – engineering
 * Steve Carter, Will Bartle – additional engineering and editing
 * Colin Richardson – mixing
 * Daniel Presley – orchestral arrangements and mixing
 * Alexander Krull – recording of Liv Kristine's vocals

title: Nymphetamine


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Limfjord

The Limfjord (common Danish: Limfjorden, in northwest Jutlandish dialect: Æ Limfjord) is a shallow part of the sea, located in Denmark where it has been regarded as a inlet ever since Viking times. However, it now has entries both from the North Sea and Kattegat, and hence separates the North Jutlandic Island (Danish: Nørrejyske Ø, which includes the old provinces of Vendsyssel, Han herred and Thy) from the rest of the Jutland Peninsula. The Limfjord extends from Thyborøn Channel on the North Sea to Hals on the Kattegat. It is approximately 180 kilometres (111 miles) long and of an irregular shape with numerous bays, narrowings, and islands, most notably Mors, and the smaller ones Fur, Venø, Jegindø, Egholm and Livø. It is deepest at Hvalpsund (24 metres).

Its main port is Aalborg, where a railway bridge (Jernbanebroen over Limfjorden) and road bridge (Limfjordsbroen) have been built across the Limfjord to Nørresundby, while motorway E45 crosses it through a tunnel to the east. Commercial ports also exist at Thisted, Nykøbing Mors, Skive, Løgstør, Struer, Lemvig and Thyborøn. There are also bridges at Oddesund, Sallingsund, Vilsund, Aggersund and Sebbersund, and a number of ferry crossings.

Western opening
From the early Middle Ages until 1825, the Limfjord was only open to the sea at its east end. In that year, the North Sea broke through from the west and created a second opening, turning the northern part of Jutland Vendsyssel-Thy into an island.

An isthmus of shifting sand had separated the Limfjord from the North Sea during historic times. The present inlet, Thyborøn Channel, has existed only since 1862. A passage also existed during the Viking Age. Based on place names and the geography, it is thought to have been to the south of the present one, between Ferring Sø (locally still called 'the Fjord') and Hygum Nor. Canute the Great sailed into it in 1027 on his way back from England. According to Saxo Grammaticus it closed at some time around 1200. There are records of several floods piercing the isthmus during the 16th to early 19th century.

On 3 February 1825 a flood pierced a permanent opening, the so-called Agger Channel, in the north of the 13 km long and less than 1 km wide isthmus, the Agger Tange, which had until then linked Thy with the rest of Jutland. The western part of North Jutland lost its road connection with mainland Jutland, but the towns and harbours in the western part of the Limfjord could benefit from becoming directly accessible from the North Sea, to the dismay of Aalborg. From the 1840s the western route became increasingly important, as Britain had opened for import of grain, and ships could return with British coal. However, the instability of Agger Channel made the towns of the western Limfjord look for a second option.

In 1862, a flood pierced another opening, the Thyborøn Channel, through the remainder of Agger Tange (see satellite image ). Agger Channel was continuously filling with sand and eventually closed in 1877. Since then, the remaining Thyborøn Channel has been kept open and navigable by dredging. The harbour of Thyborøn was built in 1914–1918 and a town was founded. The two isthmuses have shifted eastwards since the 1800s. They have only been preserved by groynes, persistent sandpumping and two road dams along their inward (eastern) side.

Løgstør Banks and the Frederik VII Canal
At Løgstør, where the wide, western part of the Limfjord meets the narrow eastern section, the infamous sand banks of Løgstør Grunde were an obstacle to ships. Larger ships needed to be unloaded and reloaded when passing the banks. The Frederik VII Canal at Løgstør was completed in 1861 to allow for easier passage. Traffic had increased after the western opening at Thyborøn became navigable. The sand banks were finally dredged out in 1901, rendering the canal obsolete. The canal is now a well-preserved heritage site.

Plans for re-closing the western inlet
A 1946 act provided for re-closing the Channel with dams and sluices at Thyborøn, but this was never carried out. This idea re-emerged in 2005 and is now officially being investigated. It is thought that the isthmuses would be easier to preserve, and that the water level of the Limfjord would be more controllable. In periods of persistent western winds, flooding occurs on low-lying land and harbour areas in the towns of the western Limfjord, since the water can't escape through the narrow, eastern part of the Limfjord.

Historically, a North Sea to Limfjord canal has also been proposed between Hanstholm harbour and Vejlerne (or Klitmøller and Thisted), e.g. by Jørgen Fibiger in 1933, the engineer behind the project of Hanstholm harbour.

Limgrim legend
According to myth, a woman (in some versions a jötunn) gave birth to a pig, Limgrim, which soon grew so big that its bristles could be seen over the treetops. It strolled around and dug channels in the ground. One day it reached the sea and water broke in. This would have been at the eastern inlet of the Limfjord, at Hals. The legend is also handed down in a medieval ballad with a Christian tint. In the ballad, the pig is summoned to a Thing by peasants to pay for the damage to their crops, and it is sentenced to the breaking wheel.

The state environmental surveillance vessel Limgrim, based at Skive, is named after the legend.

Limfjord poets
A number of writers of the Modern Breakthrough period (1870-1890) and the next decades came from the area around the Limfjord and often used it as a lyrical motif, or a setting for their prose. These include Jens Peter Jacobsen of Thisted, Johan Skjoldborg of Hannæs, Jakob Knudsen of Aggersborg, Jeppe Aakjær and Marie Bregendahl of Fjends, Nobel Prize laureate Johannes Vilhelm Jensen of Farsø and his sister Thit Jensen. Thøger Larsen of Lemvig belonged to the symbolism of the 1920s. Johannes Buchholtz in Struer was a prose writer and his home was a meeting point for many of the Limfjord writers. The house is still kept up by the Struer Museum, which allows visitors. Jeppe Aakjær's farm Jenle close to Skive, Johan Skjoldborg's house in Øsløs, and the Johannes V. Jensen Museum in Farsø are also open to the public. Erik Bertelsen of Harboør is best known for the song Blæsten går frisk over Limfjordens vande ('The Wind Goes Fresh over the Limfjord's Waters'), a much-used "local anthem".

The later ones of these Limfjord writers, along with a few others, formed the Jutland Movement, which revolted against the symbolism of the early 20th century. Instead, they wrote social realistic prose, often about poor and exploited people in the countryside, who were a part of Danish society little known to the establishment in Copenhagen.

Biology and climate
The western breakthrough of 1825 changed the waters of the Limfjord from brackish to salty, with a considerable current from west to east. Hypoxia sometimes occurs due to warm windless periods in summer or ice in winter.

The fjord today has oceanic salinity, approximately 30 PSU (or per mille by weight) at all depths. Many animals and maritime plants that can be found in Skagerrak, Kattegat and the North Sea can thus be found in the fjord.

Due to its shallow waters, the temperature rises rather quickly during warm and sunny days from mid-April to early September. While in winter, ice can form faster during the cold periods, especially in bays with little current. Problematic ice conditions do not occur every winter.

The Limfjord is notable for its tasty mussels (Mytilus edulis). Gourmets appreciate its oysters, which are considered to be of extraordinary size and quality. Had it not been for the western breakthrough in 1825, these mussels wouldn't grow as well as they do in the waters with ocean-like salinity.

title: Limfjord


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User:Jamesdowallen

Hi! I'm a Wikibeginner. I have a genealogy website http://www.fabpedigree.com and some miscellaneous pages (mostly on computer programming) http://james.fabpedigree.com

(I've made a few anonymous edits to Wikipedia's computer science pages; I'll log in if I edit more.)

Email: jamesdowallen at gmail

title: User:Jamesdowallen


text:
Pitts Special

The Pitts Special (company designations S-1 and S-2) is a series of light aerobatic biplanes designed by Curtis Pitts. It has accumulated many competition wins since its first flight in 1944. The Pitts biplanes dominated world aerobatic competition in the 1960s and 1970s and, even today, remain potent competition aircraft in the lower categories.

Design and development
Curtis Pitts began the design of a single-seat aerobatic biplane in 1943–1944. The design has been refined continuously since the prototype first flew in September 1944; however, the current Pitts S-2 still remains quite close to the original in concept and in design.

Several of the aircraft that Curtis Pitts built had a picture of a skunk on them and were called "Stinkers". After she bought it, aerobatic performer Betty Skelton called the second aircraft that Curtis built, "Little Stinker". The prototype S-2, which was the first two-seat Pitts, was "Big Stinker", the prototype Model 11 (later called S-1-11B) was "Super Stinker", and the prototype Model 12 was the "Macho Stinker".

In 1962 Curtis Pitts set up Pitts Enterprises to sell plans of the S-1C to homebuilders.

Current versions
Certified versions of the Pitts are now produced by Aviat Aircraft in Afton, Wyoming. It is available as the S-1 single-seater with an up to 200 hp (150 kW) flat-4 Lycoming engine and a 17 ft 4 in (5.28 m) wingspan, or as the S-2 two-seater variant featuring a 260 hp (194 kW) flat-6 Lycoming and a 20 ft (6.1 m) wingspan. Pitts Specials have been equipped with engines of up to 450 hp (338 kW).

Plans for the single-seat Pitts S-1S are also available from Aviat Aircraft. The S-1C and derivative S-1SS plans and kits are supplied by Steen Aero Lab in Palm Bay, Florida. Many hundreds of homebuilders have successfully completed and flown the Pitts since plans became available in 1960.

Operational history
All single-seat (S-1) and two-seat (S-2) Pitts Specials are variations of the basic design from 1944.

The aircraft was popularized by Betty Skelton, Caro Bayley, and other air show performers, which led to the offering of plans in 1962.

Pitts produced limited numbers of aircraft during the 1940s and 1950s. The Pitts Special became the standard by which all other aerobatic aircraft were judged. After a number of homebuilt aircraft were produced from rough hand-drawn plans produced by Pitts, more professionally drawn plans went on sale in 1962. While many homebuilt aircraft were built in the 1960s, earning the S-1 a reputation as an excellent aerobatic aircraft, Pitts worked on the design of a two-seat aerobatic trainer version, the S-2, which first flew in 1967 and gained its type certificate in 1971. Factory-built aircraft produced by the Aerotek company at Afton, Wyoming were joined in production by the single-seat S-1S in 1973.

In 1972, the US Aerobatic Team won the World Championships flying only Pitts biplanes.

In 1977 Curtis Pitts sold his interests in the Pitts S-1 and S-2 to Doyle Child. Child later sold the rights in 1981 to Frank Christensen, who continued production at the Afton plant under the guise of Christen Industries. The rights for homebuilt versions of the Pitts were sold in 1994 to Steen Aero Lab, with the Afton factory and production rights being transferred to Aviat. Curtis Pitts died in 2005 at age 89. At the time of his death, he was working with Steen on the prototype of the new Pitts Model 14, a brand new, two-seat biplane designed for unlimited aerobatics powered by the 400 horsepower Vedeneyev M14P radial engine. The rights to the Pitts name is currently owned by Aviat which also owns the similar model to the Pitts in the Christen Eagle.

The current inverted flat spin world record is 98 set on March 20, 2016 by air show performer Spencer Suderman over Yuma, Arizona. Suderman flew the Sunbird S-1x, a Lycoming IO-540-powered experimental variant of the Pitts S1. The maneuver began from 24,500' over the Yuma Proving Grounds and was recovered at 2,000' AGL. The previous world record for the number of consecutive turns in a flat spin was 81 also set by Spencer Suderman on March 13, 2014 in a Pitts S-2B from 23,000 ft altitude over the Naval Air Facility El Centro.

Variants

 * S-1
 * Basic single-seat Pitts aerobatic biplane with a flat M6 aerofoil section and lower wing ailerons only, fitted with a variety of engines. Two were built, the first named Special and the second Li'l Stinker.

 * S-1C
 * Amateur-built S-1 single-seat aircraft, flat bottom wing with ailerons on lower wing only, designed for 100–180 hp (75–134 kW) engines. First flown in 1960, the S-1 is currently available as a plans-built aircraft from Steen Aero Lab.

 * S-1D
 * Amateur-built S-1C with ailerons on all four wings, generally similar to S-1S.

 * S-1E
 * Amateur-built S-1C using factory-produced kits. Uses symmetrical airfoil.

 * S-1S
 * Aerotek-built certified S-1C for competition aerobatics, round airfoil section, four ailerons, and powered by a 180 hp (134 kW) Lycoming AEIO-360-B4A; 61 built. This model is also available from Aviat Aircraft as a plans-built aircraft.

 * S-1SS
 * Similar to the certified S-1S "Roundwing". 180–200+ hp (134–149 kW), single-seat, homebuilt, symmetrical wing, four symmetrical "Super-Stinker" style ailerons, 300 degree/s roll rate, fixed-pitch propeller. This model is available in plans and components form from Steen Aero Lab.

 * S-1T
 * Aerotek-built S-1C with a 200 hp (149 kW) Lycoming AEIO-360-A1E and minor changes; 64 built. Four-aileron, single-seat, factory-built, symmetrical wing, symmetrical ailerons, constant speed two- or three-blade Hartzell propeller. The top wing was moved forward compared to the S-1S for weight and balance. This model was in production in 2008 from Aviat Aircraft as an "on-demand" manufacture product.

 * S-1-11B
 * Known as Model 11 "Super Stinker", 300+ hp (220 kW) Lycoming, four-aileron, single-seat, experimental-plans or factory-built and factory component parts, symmetrical airfoil, three-blade constant speed prop, rolls better than 300 degree/s, climbs better than 3,000 ft/min (15.3 m/s).

 * S-2
 * Scaled up S-1 with tandem two-seat fuselage and powered by a 200 hp (149 kW) Lycoming AEIO-360-B4A piston engine.

 * S-2A
 * Aerotek-built S-2A with a 200 hp (149 kW) Lycoming AEIO-360-A1A or -A1E piston engine, constant speed propeller, later builds have a longer landing gear and a 2 in front cockpit; 259 built.

 * S-2B
 * Aerotek-built S-2A with a 260 hp (194 kW) Lycoming AEIO-540-D4A5 engine, upper wing auxiliary fuel tank, the landing gear and upper wings were moved forward six inches; 196 built. The aircraft is out of production but is supported by Aviat Aircraft.

 * S-2C
 * Four aileron, two-seat, factory-built, symmetric airfoil, 260 hp (194 kW) Lycoming driving constant speed three-blade propeller, current production model. This was an evolution of the S-2B model, with improved ailerons and rudder, flat bottom fuselage, lower profile bungee gear, better inverted handling, and certified for +6 -5g. It is in production in 2008 by Aviat Aircraft.

 * S-2E
 * Amateur-built S-2A from factory-produced kits.

 * S-2S
 * Aerotek-built S-2B with a single cockpit and a twin tank fuel system. The fuselage is shortened by 14 inches (35 cm) forward of the cockpit to allow the installation of the heavier 260 hp (194 kW) Lycoming AEIO-540-D4A5. The wingspan is 20 ft, 0 inches (6.10 m); 17 built. This model is currently out of production, but supported by Aviat Aircraft.

 * S-2SE
 * Amateur-built S-2S from factory-produced kits.

Military operators

 * (From 1980 to 1989)
 * Royal Jordanian Falcons aerobatic team (4 S-2As)
 * Royal Jordanian Falcons aerobatic team (4 S-2As)

Civil operators

 * Goodyear Eagles Aerobatics Display Team - 4 X Aviat S-2B
 * Pitts Specials Formation Aerobatic Team – 2 X S-2B

Aircraft on display
Canada
 * S-1C on static display at the Atlantic Canada Aviation Museum in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
 * S-2A on static display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa, Ontario.

Italy
 * S-1T on static display at Volandia in Somma Lombardo, Varese.

United States
 * S-1 on static display at the MAPS Air Museum in North Canton, Ohio.
 * S-1C on static display at the Aerospace Museum of California in North Highlands, California.
 * S-1C on static display at the Hiller Aviation Museum in San Carlos, California.
 * S-1C on static display at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.
 * S-1C on static display at the Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum in Chantilly, Virginia.
 * S-1S on static display at the San Diego Air and Space Museum in San Diego, California.
 * S-1S On static display at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon.
 * S-2 on static display at the EAA Aviation Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.
 * S-2B on static display at the Frontiers of Flight Museum in Dallas, Texas.
 * On static display at the Virginia Air & Space Center in Hampton, Virginia.
 * On static display at the Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum in Denver, Colorado.

title: Pitts Special


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Talk:Executive agreement

Untitled
I don't think that SALT I or GATT were executive agreements. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Roadrunner (talk • contribs) 2004-09-29T05:08:42

title: Talk:Executive agreement


text:
Roberto Ayala

Roberto Fabián Ayala (born 14 April 1973), nicknamed El Ratón ("The Mouse"), is an Argentine former footballer who played as a centre back for the Argentina national football team, as well as Valencia and Real Zaragoza in Spain, Milan and Napoli in Italy, and Ferro Carril, River Plate and Racing Club in his native Argentina.

Regarded as one of the best central defenders of his generation, he stood out for his leadership and ability in the air throughout his career in spite of his small stature as a centre back. Ayala captained Argentina in a record 63 matches. He played in three FIFA World Cups and made a total of 115 international appearances, behind only Javier Mascherano, Javier Zanetti and Lionel Messi in terms of international appearances.

Early career in Argentina
Ayala began his career in his native Argentina, playing for Ferro Carril Oeste. After three seasons, he moved to River Plate where his good form attracted the attention of clubs in Europe.

Parma, Napoli and Milan
Italian side Parma brought the Argentine defender to Europe. However, the club, having already used their quota of three non-EU players, loaned him to Napoli, who purchased 50% of his rights on a co-ownership deal. Ayala was bought by Milan at the end of the 1997–98 season and played there for two seasons until Valencia purchased him for £6.25 million.

Valencia
After signing with Valencia in the summer of 2000, Ayala made 275 appearances during a seven-year spell at the club.

On 24 September 2000, Ayala made his debut for Valencia in a 3–0 La Liga win over Numancia. He soon established himself as a first choice central defender for Los Che and started alongside compatriot Mauricio Pellegrino in the 2001 UEFA Champions League final, where Valencia lost 5–4 to Bayern Munich after a penalty shootout. He was later named best defender for the 2000–01 tournament.

The following season, Ayala was part of the Valencia team that won the 2001–02 La Liga title. He scored the opening goal of a 2–0 defeat of Málaga which secured the championship on 5 May 2002. In 2003–04, Valencia again won the La Liga title and beat Marseille 2–0 in Gothenburg to win the UEFA Cup.

During the 2004–05 season, injuries kept Ayala from much of the La Liga campaign as well as the UEFA Super Cup victory over Porto.

During his time with Valencia, he was widely regarded as one of the finest central defenders in the world and is considered to be one of the club's all-time legends.

Villarreal and Real Zaragoza
In August 2006, Ayala was not offered a new contract by sporting director Amedeo Carboni. On 7 February 2007, he announced he would join regional rivals Villarreal at the end of the season, however before having played for Villarreal, he joined Real Zaragoza on a three-year deal on 14 July 2007. The buy-out clause in his contract with Villarreal was €6 million (£4.8 million) which was paid in full by Real Zaragoza.

On 3 May 2008, Ayala scored his first goal for Real Zaragoza in the 94th minute against Deportivo de La Coruña to lead Zaragoza to a 1–0 victory. Zaragoza, however, were relegated to the Segunda División. On 22 November 2008, Ayala scored his second goal for Zaragoza, in the 73rd of a 3–0 win over Eibar. On 29 February 2009, he scored his third goal coming in the 54th minute against Real Murcia as Zaragoza won the match 4–1.

In January 2010, Ayala's contract with Zaragoza was terminated by mutual consent.

Racing Avellaneda
On 2 February 2010, Argentine side Racing Club signed Ayala on a free transfer.

International career
Ayala made his debut for Argentina on 16 November 1994 against Chile under coach Daniel Passarella.

Ayala played for Argentina U23 at the 1996 Summer Olympics, winning the silver medal. He played for Argentina in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and was a non-playing squad member in the 2002 competition due to a last-minute injury moments before their first match against Nigeria. He was selected as one of the three overage players then Argentina U23 won the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Ayala played an integral part in the Argentine squad for the 2006 World Cup in Germany. He played brilliantly throughout the tournament and was picked as a member of the All Star Team. In the quarter-final against Germany, he scored a header that gave Argentina the 1–0 lead, although his side lost the penalty shootout after a 1–1 draw, with Ayala's spot kick being saved by Jens Lehmann.

On 30 May 2006, In a friendly match against Angola, Ayala earned his 100th cap for Argentina. One of the best defenders in Argentina's history, on 7 February 2007 Ayala became the most capped player of the national team (most as captain), beating his friend Diego Simeone, in a friendly victory 1–0 against France played in the Stade de France in Paris.

On 5 June 2007, in a friendly against Algeria, Ayala captained Argentina for a record 58th international, having equalled Diego Maradona's mark of 57 in the 1–1 draw against Switzerland in Basel on 2 June.

On 17 July 2007, two days after playing in the 2007 Copa América Final, which ended in a 3–0 defeat to Brazil, and during which he scored an own goal, Ayala announced his retirement from international football. Ayala stated, "it has nothing to do with what happened in the final of the Copa América." Javier Zanetti took over from him as captain.

Racing Club
On 30 December, Ayala retired from professional football. On 21 December 2011, Ayala was hired as a football coordinator at Racing Club. In September 2013, a new management arrived, and Ayala was released on 19 September 2013.

Valencia CF
In December 2013, Ayala was hired as a technical director / sport director for Valencia, where he was going to be the responsible for the whole South American area. The role also involved him scouting in that area to find young talents. He left the club in the middle of 2015.

Argentina
On 10 January 2019, Ayala joined the technical staff of the Argentina national football team as a field assistant of manager Lionel Scaloni.

Style of play
Regarded as one of the best and most accomplished defenders of all time, Ayala was mainly known for his ability in the air and tenacious tackling, and also stood out for his leadership and consistency throughout his career. A complete defender, he was also noted for his speed, ability on the ball, and passing accuracy as a centre-back.

Personal life
Ayala is married to Veronica, and has four children: Francisco, Sofía, Pilar and Martina.

International

 * Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ayala goal.

Player
River Plate
 * Argentine Primera División: 1994 Apertura

Napoli
 * Coppa Italia runner-up: 1996-97

Milan
 * Serie A: 1998–99

Valencia
 * La Liga: 2001–02, 2003–04
 * UEFA Cup: 2003–04
 * UEFA Super Cup: 2004
 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2000–2001
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup runner-up: 2005

Argentina
 * Olympic Gold Medal: 2004
 * Pan American Games: 1995
 * Copa América runner-up: 2004, 2007
 * FIFA Confederations Cup runner-up: 1995

Individual
 * South American Team of the Year: 1994
 * UEFA Club Best Defender of the Year: 2000–01
 * European Sports Media Team of the Year: 2003–04
 * Copa América Team of the Tournament: 2004
 * 2006 FIFA World Cup All-Star Team
 * IFFHS Argentina All Times Dream Team (Team B): 2021

Managerial
Argentina (as assistant manager)

 * FIFA World Cup: 2022
 * Copa América: 2021, 2024; third place: 2019
 * CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions: 2022

title: Roberto Ayala


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User:Stewartadcock/Image

This is a temporary home for some images that have been uploaded. Partly a sandbox, partly an index.

title: User:Stewartadcock/Image


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Aircraft Designs

Aircraft Designs Inc was a US aircraft design and manufacturing firm founded in Monterey, California by Martin Hollmann in 1976. Apart from working on its own designs, the firm provides design and engineering analysis to other aerospace ventures.

Hollmann and his company carried out much subcontract work, particularity in his areas of expertise, including aeroelasticity and structural analysis. He also designed a number of gyroplanes.

The company was dissolved on 30 January 2012 and owner Martin Hollmann died 12 October 2012 of cancer.

title: Aircraft Designs


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Colleen Dion-Scotti

Colleen Dion-Scotti (also credited as Colleen Dion) is an American actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Felicia Forrester on the CBS soap opera, The Bold and the Beautiful, a role she played from 1990 to 1992, in 1997, and from July to December 2004.

title: Colleen Dion-Scotti


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Gulf of Lion

The Gulf of Lion or Gulf of Lions is a wide embayment of the Mediterranean coastline of Catalonia in Spain with Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence in France, extending from Begur in the west to Toulon in the east.

The chief port on the gulf is Marseille. Toulon is another important port. The fishing industry in the gulf is based on hake (Merluccius merluccius), being bottom-trawled, long-lined and gill-netted and currently declining from overfishing.

Rivers that empty into the gulf include the Tech, Têt, Aude, Orb, Hérault, Vidourle, and the Rhône.

The continental shelf is exposed here as a wide coastal plain, and the offshore terrain slopes rapidly to the Mediterranean's abyssal plain. Much of the coastline is composed of lagoons and salt marsh.

This is the area of the cold, blustery winds called the Mistral and the Tramontane.

Etymology
The current name of the gulf appeared at least during the 13th century (in medieval Latin sinus Leonis, mare Leonis) and could come from comparison with a lion: it would simply suggest that this part of the sea is as dangerous as a lion because it has very violent, surprising winds that threaten boats (sailors and fishermen know these dangers very well ). This comparison with a lion is suggested by various converging sources: Deroy and Mulon's dictionary of French place names, Mistral's comprehensive Occitan dictionary, Diderot and D'Alembert's famous French encyclopedia and several texts in Latin since the 13th century.

These sources, especially Deroy and Mulon, Diderot and D'Alembert, reject the hypothesis according to which the name would be related to the city of Lyon, since it is too far from the gulf.

A former name in classical Latin during Roman antiquity was sinus Gallicus (that is, "Gallic gulf").

Geodynamics
The Gulf of Lion is not a simple passive continental margin; it results from Oligocene-Miocene anti-clockwise rotation of the Corsican-Sardinian Block against the European Craton. This extension rejuvenated a very complex tectonic framework inherited from the Tethyan evolution and the Pyrenean orogeny. The Eocene mountain-building event that built the Pyrenees compressed and thickened the entire crust. Oil geologists predict that there will be considerable oil deposits at the seaward margins of the gulf.

Ocean dynamics
The gulf's bottom topography, the Mistral, extended cold weather, and evaporation combine to create a sinking of surface waters which forms the Levantine Intermediate Water of the Mediterranean Sea.

Marine ecology
The Gulf of Lion is notable, according to C. Michael Hogan, for occurrences of biodiversity associated with the reef building organism Lophelia pertusa.

title: Gulf of Lion


text:
Midian (album)

Midian is the fourth studio album by English extreme metal band Cradle of Filth. It was released on 30 October 2000, through Music for Nations. The album marks the return of guitarist Paul Allender to the band, as well as the introduction of drummer Adrian Erlandsson (At the Gates, The Haunted) and keyboard player Martin Powell (My Dying Bride, Anathema). It also features Doug Bradley (Hellraiser, Hellbound) as the narrator for various songs.

Thematic inspiration
Midian is inspired by English author Clive Barker's novel Cabal and his subsequent film version Nightbreed. Dani Filth explained to the magazine Empire in September 2012:

"We loved Cabal, The Damnation Game and The Books of Blood, and we liked that everything had 'Clive Barker presents...' on it before people even knew who he was. That gave it an air of mystery: you should know who this is, but you don't. Midian kind of is and isn't a concept album: as a title, it just made perfect sense. The central song, 'Tortured Soul Asylum', is about Midian, and the characters in the rest [of the album] made up a sort of collective from this mythical place where the monsters live."

Doug Bradley, who played the role of Lylesberg in Nightbreed (but is better known as Pinhead from Barker's Hellraiser and its sequels), provides narration on some tracks.

In the Bible, the "Midianites" are an Arab tribe descended from Abraham, and Midian itself is where Moses spent his forty-year exile from Egypt. The biblical Midianites take their name from Midian, a son of Abraham, and one of his concubines. Today, the former territory of Midian is found through small portions of western Saudi Arabia, southern Jordan, southern Israel and the Sinai. The people of Midian are also mentioned extensively in the Qur'an, where the name appears in Arabic as Madyan. The Midian of Cabal and Nightbreed is a hidden city west of Calgary in Alberta, Canada, offering shelter for monsters away from humanity.

The song "Cthulhu Dawn" invokes the character from horror writer H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos.

The opening line of "Lord Abortion" ("Care for a little necrophilia?") is a quote from Terry Gilliam's film Brazil (voiced by Kim Greist in the film, but delivered here by Toni King, frontman Dani Filth's wife).

Release
Midian was released on 30 October 2000 by record label Music for Nations. It reached number 63 in the UK Albums Chart. The cover was by the artist J.K. Potter. It was subsequently also used as the jacket for Potter's 2002 horror fiction anthology Embrace the Mutation.

"Her Ghost in the Fog" spawned a music video, which received heavy rotation on MTV2 and other rock channels, and was directed by Alex Chandon (who also directed the 2001 horror film Cradle of Fear in which Dani Filth appeared). "Her Ghost in the Fog" appeared on the soundtrack for Ginger Snaps in 2000 and in the video game Brütal Legend in 2009.

The album was reissued in 2012 by The End.

Critical reception
NME called it "one of the most ludicrous records you'll ever hear", though their review was favourable. In 2020, it was named one of the 20 best metal albums of 2000 by Metal Hammer magazine.

Personnel

 * Cradle of Filth
 * Dani Filth – lead vocals
 * Paul Allender – guitars
 * Gian Pyres – guitars
 * Robin Graves – bass
 * Martin Powell – keyboards
 * Adrian Erlandsson – drums
 * Sarah Jezebel Deva – backing vocals

 * Guest/session musicians
 * Martin Walkyier – vocals on "For Those Who Died"
 * Mika Lindberg – backing vocals
 * Doug Bradley – narration on "Death Magick for Adepts", "Her Ghost in the Fog" and "Tortured Soul Asylum"
 * Toni King – voice on "Lord Abortion"
 * Andy Nice – cello

 * Production
 * John Fryer – producer, engineer, mixing
 * Doug Cook – engineer, mixing
 * Jamie Morrison – assistant engineer
 * Ray Staff – mastering

title: Midian (album)


text:
William Fitzherbert

William Fitzherbert may refer to:

 * Saint William of York, Archbishop of York
 * William Fitzherbert (New Zealand politician) (1810–1891), New Zealand politician
 * Sir William FitzHerbert, 1st Baronet (1748–1791), of Derbyshire
 * William Fitzherbert (MP), British MP for Derby 1762–1772, and the 1st Baronet's father
 * William Fitzherbert (c. 1520–1559?), MP for Lichfield
 * William Fitzherbert (mayor) (1842–1906), mayor of Lower Hutt, New Zealand

title: William Fitzherbert


text: Category:Cities in Rhode Island

title: Category:Cities in Rhode Island


text:
Red River Rivalry

The Oklahoma–Texas football rivalry is a college football rivalry game between border rivals Texas and Oklahoma. The two teams first played each other in 1900, and the rivalry has been renewed annually since 1929 for a total of 119 games as of 2023. The rivalry is commonly referred to as the Red River Shootout, the Red River Rivalry, or the Red River Showdown. The name refers to the Red River, which forms part of the border between Oklahoma and Texas.

Since 1934, the game has been played on the second Saturday of October, though it has occasionally been played on the first Saturday. Since 1932, the game's site has been the Cotton Bowl inside Fair Park in Dallas. The winner of the regular-season matchup receives the Golden Hat trophy, a gold ten-gallon hat once made of bronze. The trophy is kept by the winning school's athletic department until the next game.

Overview
The first game in the series was played in 1900, when Oklahoma was still a territory. The game was called the Red River Shootout until the 100th game in 2005, when, sponsored by SBC Communications, the game was officially renamed the SBC Red River Rivalry. "Shootout" was replaced so as not to convey an attitude of condoning gun violence. The following year, with SBC's purchase of AT&T Corporation, the game was renamed the AT&T Red River Rivalry. It was renamed again in 2014 to the AT&T Red River Showdown, before Allstate secured naming rights in 2023, and changed the name to the Allstate Red River Rivalry. The terms Red River Shootout and Red River Showdown are also applied to meetings between the two schools in all other sports.

Since 1936, the first year of the AP Poll, at least one of the teams has come into the game ranked on 70 occasions, including every one of the last 19 meetings, a streak which ended in 2022 when both teams came into the game unranked and 3–2. Texas leads the overall series .550 with nearly half (27) of those wins coming before World War II. Since 2000, Oklahoma has dominated the series, winning 17 games to Texas' eight.

In 2005, The Dallas Morning News asked the 119 Division 1A football coaches to identify the top rivalry game in college football. The Red River Rivalry ranked third, behind only Michigan–Ohio State and Army–Navy.

1900–1960
The first meeting between the Oklahoma and Texas football teams occurred in 1900, before either team had acquired their current nicknames. At the time, the Texas team was typically called "Varsity". The write-up in the Austin American-Statesman article referred to the game as a "practice game". The paper reported: "The game of football yesterday afternoon at the Varsity athletic field was an interesting contrast, notwithstanding the rather one-sided score of 28–2 in favor of the Varsity."

In the 1950 rivalry game, Billy Vessels scored on an 11-yard run late in the contest, and Texas native Jim Weatherall kicked the extra point to give Oklahoma a narrow 14–13 win.

In 1958, Texas defeated Oklahoma by one point, breaking the University of Oklahoma's series dominance of the 1950s. Texas Longhorns head coach Darrell Royal had 10 years earlier been the quarterback for the Oklahoma Sooners, and defeated his former coach and mentor Bud Wilkinson in the game. Wilkinson would lose to Texas the next five years before retiring in 1963.

1960–1995
The 1963 game featured No. 1 Oklahoma versus No. 2 Texas, the seventh regular season No. 1 versus No. 2 game (eighth, overall) in the history of the AP Poll. Texas won the game, took the No. 1 ranking, and kept it for the rest of the season, winning its first national championship.

Prior to the 1970 meeting, Oklahoma changed its offense to the Wishbone formation following a home loss to Oregon State (the Sooners had an open week between the games vs.. the Beavers and Longhorns). The offense was invented by Texas offensive coordinator Emory Bellard two years earlier and used by the Longhorns to win 23 consecutive games and the 1969 national championship to that point.

Texas routed Oklahoma 41–9 in 1970 and extended their winning streak to 30 before losing to Notre Dame 24–11 in the Cotton Bowl. Meanwhile, as the Sooners mastered the Wishbone, they went 6–1–1 to close 1970 and opened 1971 with three consecutive victories before facing the Longhorns.

Oklahoma showed just how far they had come in one season, shredding Texas for 435 yards rushing in a 48–27 victory. The Sooners finished 1971 averaging 472 yards rushing per game, an 11–1 record and a No. 2 final ranking, with only a 35–31 loss to Nebraska in the "Game of the Century" keeping Chuck Fairbanks' squad from the national championship.

In 1972, Oklahoma spied on Texas' practices, allowing them to block a quick kick the Longhorns had secretly been working on en route to a victory.

The 1976 rivalry game was overshadowed by allegations by Texas coach Darrell Royal that Oklahoma had been spying on his practices. The claim was later confirmed in OU Coach Barry Switzer's book, Bootlegger's Boy. U.S. President Gerald Ford attended the game and made an appearance with Royal and Switzer, but the two coaches did not speak to each other as they were in a serious feud. The game ended in a 6–6 tie. It was Royal's final Red River Shootout.

In the 1977 game, Texas lost both their starting and backup quarterbacks in the first half. Yet, behind the power running of eventual Heisman Trophy winner Earl Campbell, a strong defense, and the unheralded composure of third-string-quarterback Randy McEachern, the Horns prevailed 13–6.

In a rain-soaked 1984 game, Texas entered the game ranked No. 1, Oklahoma No. 3 (No. 2 in some polls). Switzer wore a ballcap during the game that read "Beat Texas." This game also marked the only time that future University of Texas at Austin head coach Mack Brown participated in the Red River Shootout not as a Texas Longhorn, but as Oklahoma's offensive coordinator. Texas jumped to a 10–0 halftime lead but Oklahoma rallied to lead 15–12 in the game's closing seconds. With 10 seconds remaining, trailing by 3, Texas was driving and was within field goal range but decided to take one more shot at the end zone. Texas quarterback (and future North Texas head coach) Todd Dodge appeared to be intercepted in the end zone by Oklahoma's Keith Stanberry, but the officials ruled it incomplete. Texas' Jeff Ward subsequently kicked a field goal and the game ended in a 15–15 tie.

1996–2001
The first Big 12 Conference overtime game, the 1996 meeting featured a John Blake squad under the direction of freshman quarterback Justin Fuente. The game ended Oklahoma 30–Texas 27 after a come from behind victory in the final seven minutes. Down 24–13, Jarrail Jackson returned a punt 51 yards for a touchdown, then Fuente completed a 2-point conversion pass to Stephen Alexander to cut the lead to just 3. The Sooners forced the Longhorns to punt, and drove to the Texas 28. Jeremy Alexander kicked a 44-yard field goal to tie the game at 24 each. In overtime, Texas was forced to settle for a 43-yard Phil Dawson field goal, after losing 1 yard on three plays. Lining up at the Texas 25, James Allen broke a ten-yard run, carried for two and three yards, then caught an 8-yard screen pass from Fuente on 3rd and 5 from the 10. On the next play, Allen took a pitch from Fuente two yards into the endzone, doing what he was unable to do two years before.

The 2000 game was marked by rain and 49-degree weather, but it ended up being noted for the most lopsided margin of victory in the history of the match-up at that time, though Oklahoma would top its feat just three years later. Oklahoma came into the game ranked 10th, with Texas ranked 11th. This was the highest combined rankings of the teams since 1984. The Sooners got up to a 42-point lead before Texas scored, finally winning the game 63–14. OU also held Texas to minus-7 yards rushing, an all-time regular-season low for the Longhorns.

Longhorn coach Mack Brown said "It wasn't even a game because we did not play in the first half." Sooner coach Bob Stoops said, "This was a total team victory, everybody made plays. ...We had a little bit of everything." OU President David Boren cancelled classes the following Monday on account of inclement weather: "It was snowing touchdowns in Dallas." Sooner running back Quentin Griffin scored six touchdowns, tying the all-time NCAA record for most rushing touchdowns in a game. Oklahoma went on to an undefeated season, and won the 2000 National Championship.

The 2001 game, which ended Oklahoma 14–Texas 3, was a classic defensive struggle that was notable for a play made late in the 4th quarter.

Both the Sooners' and the Longhorns' defenses were outstanding, holding their counterparts to less than 100 yards rushing for the entire game. When either offense could muster any momentum, they were often let down by their kicker: OU's Tim Duncan missed two field goals, and UT's Dusty Mangum had one blocked. OU led 7–3 at the half on the back of a Quentin Griffin 2-yard touchdown in the second quarter. That score held until late in the fourth quarter.

The Sooners got the ball with just over eight minutes to play on their own 20-yard line, and put together a 12-play, 53-yard drive that took them all the way to the Texas 27-yard line. Facing a 4th & 16, OU sent out Tim Duncan for what appeared to be a 44-yard FG attempt. Instead, Duncan sent a pooch punt deep into the Texas zone, which caught UT's Nathan Vasher off guard. Confused, Vasher caught the ball at his own 3-yard line and was immediately downed.

Down 7–3, Texas had 2:06 to drive 97 yards on the stiff Sooner defense. On first down, Texas quarterback Chris Simms' pass was deflected by OU safety Roy Williams, who had blitzed and literally leapt over the blocker, Brett Robin, to collide with Simms at the moment he released the ball. The ball landed right in Oklahoma linebacker Teddy Lehman's hands, who walked into the endzone for a touchdown. The play happened so fast, many fans did not know exactly what had happened. The play by Roy Williams is often called "The Superman Play" because of the way that Williams resembled Superman flying through the air with his arms stretched out at Chris Simms when he hit him. Duncan's extra point sealed the 14–3 OU victory.

2004–2009

The 2005 game, which ended Texas 45–Oklahoma 12, was the 100th meeting in the series and a special logo was created to commemorate the event. The game logo included both team logos, the logo of sponsor SBC Communications, the number 100, a football, and a star. Prior to the game, the Longhorns were ranked 2nd by the Associated Press, and the Sooners were unranked for the first time since 1999, which was also Texas's last victory over OU.

By breaking the string of five consecutive losses to Oklahoma, Longhorn coach Mack Brown preserved the Longhorns's National Championship hopes. With the win, Texas tied its largest margin of victory in the series. Freshman running back Jamaal Charles set a record for rushing yards by a Texas freshman in the series. With his 80-yard scamper, Charles also had the longest touchdown from scrimmage by a Texas running back in the series.

The game also featured one of the most violent hits in the series history, when Texas DE, Brian Robison, blindsided Oklahoma quarterback, Rhett Bomar, in the 4th quarter, causing a fumble and ensuing touchdown by Longhorn tackle, Rodrique Wright.

As had occurred the two seasons prior, the road to the National Championship game went through Dallas. Oklahoma left the game with a 1–1 conference record and a 2–3 record overall, finishing with a 6–2 conference and 8–4 overall record, including a victory in the Holiday Bowl. The Longhorns improved to 5–0 overall, 2–0 in the Big 12 on their way to an 8–0 conference, 13–0 overall record, including a victory in the Rose Bowl and the 2005 football National Championship.

The 2007 match-up between Oklahoma and Texas was predicted to be the No. 3 game to watch in 2007 by SI.com's "Top 20 Games To Watch In 2007" list, and it did not disappoint. The game was close from start to finish as the Sooners struck first with a quick touchdown pass to TE Jermaine Gresham. QB Colt McCoy's passing attack responded quickly to tie the game for the 'Horns, then again to take a lead, particularly off the efforts of TE Jermichael Finley. The Sooners were able to tie the score going into the half off of another Sam Bradford-to-Jermaine Gresham connection. The Longhorns were able to get into the red zone at the beginning of the second half, but a costly fumble by RB Jamaal Charles at the 5-yard line cut short the momentum. A few series later, RB DeMarco Murray ripped off a 65-yard TD run to give the Sooners a 21–14 lead. The 'Horns did not take this lying down, as they were able to score soon thereafter. The Oklahoma passing attack scored the final touchdown of the game with about ten minutes left to play, on a 35-yard touchdown pass to WR Malcolm Kelly from Bradford. The 'Horns threatened twice in the final waning minutes, and it took a CB Reggie Smith interception and defensive play against star WR Limas Sweed to secure the win for Oklahoma.

The 2008 Meeting of the Red River Rivalry ended Texas 45-Oklahoma 35. At the time, it was the highest scoring event in the history of rivalry (the 2021 game now holds that record, with Oklahoma beating Texas, 55–48), and it was seen by the most fans, a record 92,182. Oklahoma ranked No. 1 in the nation and Texas was ranked No. 5. Both were 5–0 coming into the game. In the first quarter, Bradford completed a 5-yard touchdown pass to Manuel Johnson. The Sooners led 7–0. With 6:41 left in the first quarter, Texas answered with a Hunter Lawrence 26-yard field goal. OU scored 2 touchdowns in the second quarter and Texas scored two touchdowns and a field goal including a 96-yard kickoff return by Jordan Shipley. The score at the half was 21–20 OU.

2009–2014

In 2009, Texas won a low-scoring game, 16–13. Texas scored one touchdown and three field goals, while OU scored one touchdown and two field goals. Oklahoma quarterback Sam Bradford had injured his shoulder earlier in the year when playing the BYU Cougars. Despite this injury, Bradford started, confident that his shoulder was healed. However, early in the first quarter a sack by Aaron Williams re-aggravated his injury and forced him out of the game, ending his season and his college career. Texas quarterback Colt McCoy threw for 127 yards, while the team combined for 142 rushing yards. OU's replacement quarterback, Landry Jones, replaced Bradford and threw for 250 yards of passing with 2 interceptions. The most notable statistic of the game was that the Sooners were held to minus 16 yards of rushing by the Longhorn defense.

In 2012, the 107th meeting of the Longhorns and Sooners, Oklahoma routed Texas 63–21. It appeared that the game would have a very different feel than the 2011 meeting after OU scored its first touchdown and Quandre Diggs of Texas recovered a blocked PAT, running the distance of the field to score a 2-point conversion. This game had moments that will add to the history of this rivalry: Oklahoma's Damien Williams broke free for a 95-yard touchdown run for the longest rush in Red River Rivalry history. Trey Millard had a 73-yard reception, the longest pass play by an OU player in Red River Rivalry history, surpassing Buddy Leake's 65-yarder in 1953. The Sooners lead the Longhorns most of this game, and Oklahoma ended up with a 677–289 advantage in total yardage. The game was the third 60+ point Red River scoring effort in Bob Stoops' tenure.

In 2013, Texas came onto the field in Dallas with head coach Mack Brown on the hot seat. Former Longhorn great Earl Campbell had publicly stated two weeks earlier that Mack Brown was "too old" to continue coaching. Brown's players rallied behind their beleaguered coach, however, and Texas won the Red River Rivalry game for the first time since 2009. Texas walked in as major underdogs, in part due to a 1–2 start with an upset loss at BYU and a loss to No. 25 Ole Miss. The game was notable in part because a defensive lineman from each team scored a touchdown on an interception return. In addition, Colt McCoy's brother Case led the Longhorns to victory, becoming the first quarterback to lead the team to victory since his brother in 2009.

In 2014, the game was played following both teams' losses the prior weekend. Oklahoma had fallen to No. 11 in the rankings following its loss to No. 25 TCU, with a 4–1 record (1–1 Big 12), whereas Texas had fallen to a 2–3 record after losing to No. 7 Baylor (also 1–1 Big 12). Texas' defense was able to prevent an Oklahoma offensive touchdown for the entire first half, and held the Sooners to under 30 total first-half yards, while the Texas Offense gained over 240 yards. In each game of the 2014 season, every team that had led the opposition by more than 200 yards gained was 57–0. However, another perfect record was on the line, as Oklahoma's first kick return was returned for a touchdown, and on Texas' first second-quarter possession, Oklahoma's defense forced an interception that was returned for a touchdown - in every Oklahoma game where that occurred, Oklahoma won (8–0). Oklahoma was able to widen the halftime score of 17–13 to 31–13 after a pair of offensive touchdowns, but Texas scored two late touchdowns of their own, failing on the second two-point conversion. Oklahoma was then able to take several minutes off the clock, and Texas was unable to score on its final possession, ending the game losing 26–31 to Oklahoma.

2015–2019
In 2015, Oklahoma walked into Dallas No. 10 in the country with a high-octane Air Raid offense, while Texas was unranked after a string of painful losses due to special teams (Cal 45–44, missed PAT; Oklahoma State 30–27, mishandled snap on punt setting up FG) and blowout losses (Notre Dame 38–3; TCU 50–7) and Charlie Strong's job already being in question in his second year. The Longhorns' running game pumped out 313 yards, which featured D'Onta Foreman breaking free for an 81-yard rush to set up a TD to put Texas up 24–10 while the young Texas defense held OU to 67 yards rushing. OU quarterback Baker Mayfield was sacked multiple times as Texas outgunned Oklahoma 24–17, giving Strong his first signature win.

In 2018, Texas came into Dallas ranked No. 19 facing the undefeated No. 7 Oklahoma Sooners, the first time both teams were ranked since 2012. Heisman hopeful Kyler Murray got Oklahoma out to a fast start scoring on a 6-play, 65-yard drive that took only 2:40. On the ensuing possession, Texas, led by sophomore quarterback Sam Ehlinger, answered back with a 5-play 75-yard drive, in what was to be a common theme in the highest scoring game in series history. Texas appeared destined to regain the Golden Hat after taking a commanding 45–24 lead with just under a minute left in the third quarter, but three unanswered touchdowns, including a 67-yard run by Kyler Murray that took only 11 seconds, tied the game at 45–45 with just 2:38 left to play. After driving the ball to the Oklahoma 23-yard line, Texas's Freshman kicker, Cameron Dicker, coolly kicked in a 40-yard game-winning field goal with 14 seconds left on the clock. Sam Ehlinger set the Texas Red River Showdown record for total offense with 394 yards.

On December 1 the same year, the two faced off again in AT&T Stadium in Arlington to determine the Big 12 Conference Championship. It was the third time in history when they played each other again in the same season (1901 and 1903). No. 5 Oklahoma overcame a strong start by No. 14 Texas to win their fourth straight Big 12 title.

On October 12, 2019, the sixth-ranked Sooners defeated the 11th-ranked Longhorns 34–27, getting 366 yards and four touchdowns from quarterback Jalen Hurts, a graduate transfer from Alabama. Though Oklahoma's lead was never larger than 14, Texas was playing from behind for almost the entire game, catching up midway through the third quarter before a 51-yard Hurts touchdown pass to CeeDee Lamb that put the Sooners in front for good.

2020–present
The October 10, 2020, meeting saw unranked Oklahoma outlasting No. 22 Texas 53–45 in four overtimes, in the third highest-scoring game in the history of the Red River Showdown.

The meetings on October 9, 2021, and October 8, 2022, featured two very distinct games, both setting records. The 2021 matchup saw sixth-ranked Sooners rallying from a 21-point first-quarter deficit to edge the 21st-ranked Longhorns 55–48 in the highest-scoring game in the rivalry. In 2022, 3–2 Texas won in a 49–0 shutout over the 3–2 Sooners, marking the first shutout result since 2004 and Texas' biggest win in the rivalry by scoring margin.

The October 7, 2023, game featured the first undefeated matchup in the rivalry since 2011. In the game, 12th-ranked Oklahoma defeated 3rd-ranked Texas 34–30 on a last-second touchdown pass to Nic Anderson. The game recorded 7.8 million viewers, the most since 2009, and was attended by SEC Commissioner Greg Sankey as both schools are set to join the SEC starting in 2024.

Venue
The Oklahoma–Texas game has been played in six locations. They have played in Norman and Oklahoma City in Oklahoma, and Arlington, Austin, Dallas and Houston in Texas. The series began in 1900 and has been played in Dallas since 1912, except for 1913 (Houston), 1922 (Norman), and 1923 (Austin). Dallas was chosen as a "neutral" site since it is situated approximately halfway between Austin, Texas and Norman, Oklahoma – the locations of Texas and Oklahoma, respectively.

Since 1932, the game has been held at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, during the State Fair of Texas. The designated "home" team alternates from year to year: Oklahoma in even-numbered years and Texas in odd-numbered years. Ticket sales for the game are split 50–50 between the two schools, with the stadium divided along the 50-yard line. Historically, the Oklahoma fans have occupied the south end zone, which contains the tunnel where both teams enter and exit the field. Beginning in 2007, the teams have had the option to alternate North and South ends of the field, thereby giving the home team fans the seats adjacent to the tunnel leading to both teams' locker rooms. However, Texas has declined to exercise its option to move to the south end each year in which they have been the designated home team. Former Texas coach Charlie Strong said he would favor Texas fans being in the south end zone during their home games.

On June 10, 2014, Dallas officials announced that the football game between Oklahoma and Texas would be held at Fair Park through 2025.

On December 6, 2023, it was announced that the football game would continue to be held at Fair Park through 2036.

Game results
Rankings from AP Poll (and CFP Rankings, for 2018 Big 12 Championship Game) - Released prior to game.

Highest attendance
The highest attendance in series history is 96,009, achieved in 2009, 2010, and 2011.

Game trophies
There are three Red River Rivalry trophies given to the winner of the annual Red River Rivalry: the Golden Hat, the Red River Rivalry trophy, and the Governors' trophy.

Golden Hat
The Golden Hat is by far the best known of the three, and the only one to be awarded on the field at the end of the game. The trophy is a gold cowboy hat mounted on a large block of wood. According to The Daily Texan,"[B]oth teams signed a contract to play in Dallas during the Texas State Fair, beginning with the 1929 season. The deal was for 10 years, but the tradition has carried on for three-quarters of a century. To show its gratitude, the fair donated the Golden Hat trophy, a golden replica of a ten-gallon cowboy hat, which the two teams play for every year. The Longhorns won the first Shootout, but since then the Golden Hat has crossed the Red River many times." The trophy was created in 1941. When it was created it was known as the "Bronze Hat" or "Brass Hat", as it was bronze in color. However, when the hat was reworked in the 1970s it came out gold, and is now known as the Golden Hat. The Golden Hat trophy is kept each year by the winning team's athletic department. With the teams meeting twice in 2018 (once in the regular season and once in the Big 12 Conference Championship Game) it was determined that the Golden Hat would not be on the line in the 2nd game as it was for the regular season game. Therefore, the trophy remained in Austin, Texas, after Texas' 48–45 regular season win over Oklahoma in 2018. Oklahoma won the rematch, 39–27 in the Big 12 Title Game.

Red River Rivalry trophy
Since 2003, the Red River Rivalry trophy has been exchanged between the student bodies of the two schools. This trophy was developed by Alex Yaffe, former OU Student Body President, and Katie King, UT's former student body president. The trophy bears the image of the two states as well as miniature football helmets to represent both teams.

Governors' trophy
There is also a governors' trophy exchanged between the governors of the two states. The governors of Texas and Oklahoma often place a bet on the game, such as the losing governor having to present a side of beef to the winning state governor, who then donates the beef to charity.

NROTC trophy
Another annual tradition is the running of game balls by the schools' Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps programs. Each school's NROTC program uses a relay running system to run one game ball all the way from their respective campus to Dallas. Once there, they participate against each other in a football scrimmage, with the winner taking home the Red River Shootout Flag Football Trophy. This trophy is awarded without regard to who wins the main football game.

title: Red River Rivalry


text:
Robert Graham (New Zealand politician)

Robert Graham (15 May 1820 – 26 May 1885) was a 19th-century New Zealand politician in the Auckland area.

Early life
Graham was born in 1820 in the parish of Barony in Glasgow, Scotland. His parents were Barbara Stirling Rennie and the farmer and coal merchant Robert Graham. His brother was David Graham.

Political career
He represented the Southern Division electorate (containing Waikato, Coromandel, the Bay of Plenty, and East Cape) in the 2nd New Zealand Parliament from 1855 to 1860, and then represented the Franklin electorate in the 3rd Parliament and the 4th Parliament from 1861 to 1868, when he resigned.

He was the fifth Superintendent of Auckland from 1862 to 1865. Prior to this, he had represented the Southern Division electorate on the Provincial Council from 1855 to 1857, and he represented the Franklin electorate from 1865 to 1869. Graham was a major proponent of the Panmure Bridge, and formally laid the final cornerstone at a ceremony in October 1865, soon after stepping down as the Superintendent of Auckland.

He stood unsuccessfully for the in.

Death and legacy
Graham died in Auckland on 26 May 1885. In 1999, he was posthumously inducted into the New Zealand Business Hall of Fame.

He has two great-grandsons who (as brothers) have both served as MPs:
 * Doug Graham was a National MP from 1984 to 1999 and a cabinet minister
 * Kennedy Graham was a Green Party MP from 2008 to 2017

title: Robert Graham (New Zealand politician)