text:
User talk:Bamakhrama

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page; Editing tutorial; Picture tutorial
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Whosyourjudas (talk) 02:41, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject Yemen
Merhaba and Welcome to WikiProject Yemen. We are happy that you joined us. Regarding your question what you can do, answer: just expand/create any articles you want concerning yemen. It seems to me that you are new to wikipedia, here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

If you have further questions, need help on something, or suggestions, then please don't hesitate to tell us. I am not always here, but the user Inahet is most probably is. Oh, also add your name here.

Cheers, Jidan

mandi.png
Hi I uploaded this pic to commons so we can use it in other wikipedias (ironically, arabic wikipedia which didn't have an article about mandi). Anyhow, i stated there that you were the author of this pic, if this isn't true you can correct the info of the file yourself. --Histolo2 (talk) 07:15, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bamakhrama


text:
User talk:Mcdonaldsguy

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page; Editing tutorial; Picture tutorial
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Whosyourjudas (talk) 02:41, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mcdonaldsguy


text:
User talk:Erin Clark

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page; Editing tutorial; Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article; Naming conventions; Manual of Style

Whosyourjudas (talk) 02:41, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Erin Clark


text:
User talk:Marx Gomes

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page; Editing tutorial; Picture tutorial
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Whosyourjudas (talk) 02:42, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Usercategorization
You were listed on the Wikipedians/Brazil page as living in or being associated with Brazil. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Brazil for instructions. Rmky87 06:31, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marx Gomes


text:
Brimstone (TV series)

Brimstone is an American television series that aired only one partial season on Fox, during the 1998–99 American television season. It features a dead police detective whose mission, as assigned by the Devil, is to return to Hell 113 souls who have escaped to Earth.

Plot
In 1983, Ezekiel "Zeke" Stone (Peter Horton) was a New York City Police detective whose wife, Rosalyn, was raped. He tracked down and arrested the offender, Gilbert Jax, who was cleared of the charges. Furious, Stone then murdered Jax. Two months later, Stone was killed in an unrelated incident and went to Hell for murdering Jax. Later in the show it was revealed that it was not the killing itself that condemned Stone to Hell, but the fact he took pleasure in it. Stone died the most decorated cop in east NYC history.

Fifteen years later, a breakout from Hell occurs, led by a 4000-year-old Canaanite priestess named Ashur Badaktu. The Devil explains that, over the centuries, a few souls have escaped (and presumably been returned to) Hell, but nothing of this magnitude, which includes 113 souls. Because the Devil is largely powerless on Earth, he makes a deal with Stone: Stone will be returned to Earth to track down these 113 escapees, and if he can return all of them to Hell (before one of them kills him), he will earn a second chance at life on Earth (and thus, possibly, Heaven). The Devil seems to hinder Stone's work almost as much as he helps it, however, divulging some information but withholding crucial facts or giving only cryptic clues to where Stone will find an escapee, apparently delighting in watching him become more irritable with his interference. It was suggested by an angel (in the episode "It's a Helluva Life", played by John Glover in a dual role) that Stone served God's purpose as well as the Devil's in his former life when he killed his wife's rapist.

Powers and equipment
Both Stone and his quarry have superhuman powers related to the amount of time each individual had spent in Hell. Being deceased, immortal souls, both Stone and the escapees he chases do not display many of the same physical limitations and weaknesses as the living. Throughout the series, they are shown to be unharmed by traditionally fatal encounters with fire or falling from great heights. They do not bleed, nor do they have a heartbeat. The souls cannot be killed, and injuries can only be inflicted to their eyes (it is shown the Devil can alter this rule somewhat, as he did in the episode "Encore"), by the living or dead. Even with the relatively restricted ways in which a soul can be harmed, as told by the Devil, they can only feel pain if it is inflicted by another escaped damned soul.

Each morning the souls (including Stone) wake up in the clothing they were wearing at their time of death. Any material items they had in their pockets when they died continuously regenerate each morning. In Stone's case, this means he awakens to find his badge, his fully loaded service pistol, and $36.27—the amount of money he was carrying when he was murdered—on his person. This is a not-so-subtle biblical reference. Ezekiel 36:27 says "And I will put my Spirit in you and move you to follow my decrees and be careful to keep my laws" which is a succinct summation of Stone's new role. Normally Stone's items (gun, badge, etc.) retain no damage from day to day, even if they are hit by bullets. However this rule is inconsistently applied, as he takes his coat to a tailor in "Repentance", attempting to have it mended on a different day than when the damage occurred.

Fighting villains
The Devil informs Stone that because the eyes "are windows to the soul", Stone must pierce the eyes of an escapee to return them to Hell. This rule also applies to Stone himself; however, this was modified by the Devil in a special case when Stone had to return the man who raped his wife. To kill him, Stone had to employ the same rage as he did when he killed the rapist before. If Stone is returned, his mission would be considered a failure; therefore, he would remain in Hell and another person would be chosen to return the fugitive souls. The Devil has taunted Stone by reminding him of this and suggesting that certain escapees would be good replacements. However, in "It's a Helluva Life", an angel hints that the reason Stone was selected is because he was the only soul in Hell suitable for the task and for a second chance at life.

Some escapees have other preternatural powers, such as the ability to control the elements or turn invisible. The Devil explains that the longer one spends in Hell, the more Hell becomes a part of them. Even though Stone himself describes them, literally (in the opening narration) as "the most vile creatures", some of the escapees seem to be no more evil than Stone himself. He wears the name and pictographs of these 113 souls as tattoos over his body. As each soul is sent back, their corresponding tattoo disappears in a burning fashion, causing Stone considerable pain.

Other characters
Among Stone's allies are Maxine (Lori Petty), the woman who owns the hotel where he stays, and Father Cletus Horn (Albert Hall), a blind priest who eventually learns of Stone's mission. Stone occasionally worked with police detectives Ash (Teri Polo) and Fraker (Scott Lawrence). Much of the series' internal conflict was generated by Stone's inability to stay away from his wife, Rosalyn (Stacy Haiduk), who was still alive. Near the end of the season/series, Ash was revealed to be the priestess who engineered the escape from Hell by using her implied romance with the Devil, though he insisted he never loved anyone but God. She also became infatuated with Stone.

Main

 * Peter Horton as Ezekiel Stone
 * John Glover as The Devil

Recurring

 * Lori Petty as Maxine: The front desk clerk of the motel that Stone moves into after relocating to Los Angeles from New York.
 * Teri Polo as Detective Sergeant Delilah Ash/Ashur Badaktu: An LAPD officer who takes an interest in Stone, she is eventually revealed to be an ancient Canaanite priestess, and the ringleader of the mass breakout of Hell (implied to have been made successful because she made the Devil fall in love with her). She can control minds, teleport, shapeshift, and summon snakes.
 * María Costa as Teresita: A waitress at a diner frequented by Stone.

Guest stars

 * Albert Hall as Father Cletus Horn: A blind Roman Catholic priest who Stone becomes acquainted with while in New York. He later transfers to a new parish in Los Angeles.
 * Scott Lawrence as Detective Fraker: Detective Ash's partner in the LAPD, he is unaware of Ash's true nature, and is annoyed by Stone's frequent intrusion into cases.
 * Stacy Haiduk as Rosalyn Stone: Stone's wife, she moved to Los Angeles from New York after her husband's death in 1983.

The Damned

 * Father Edward Salinas (Peter Woodward): A psychotic priest who was hanged in 1906 for murdering sixteen boys in Italy, and another eight in New York. He can melt objects by touching them.
 * Gilbert Jax (William McNamara): A serial rapist who assaulted Rosalyn Stone in 1983, being murdered two months later by her husband, Zeke. To toy with Stone, the Devil makes it so that Stone is unable to destroy Jax's eyes without feeling the same amount of rage that he did the first time that he killed Jax. Birds fall dead from the sky in his presence, possibly an inverted reference to the song, "(They Long to Be) Close to You".
 * Da Ming Po (Roger Yuan): A deranged, purity-obsessed poet who assassinated a princess who spurned his advances during the Tang dynasty. He can telekinetically control fabrics.
 * Gwendolyn DuBare (Chad Morgan): A young French maiden who went on a revenge-motivated arson spree after being gang raped in 1458. She can produce extreme heat and flames when agitated or aroused.
 * Hasdrabul Skaras (Richard Brooks): A bloodthirsty Carthaginian warrior who wantonly slaughtered, raped and enslaved civilians during the Punic Wars. He can blend in with his surroundings like a chameleon.
 * Martin Benedict (Norbert Weisser): A repentant Dutchman who allied with the Nazis during World War II, dying in the Battle of Arnhem.
 * Frederick Wilcot Graver (John Hawkes): An overzealous (he once allowed an innocent man to die, having refused to acknowledge his pardon) executioner who died in 1932. He can produce and control electricity.
 * Paco Gomez (Jesse Borrego) and Jocelyn Paige (Shannon Sturges): A young couple who died in a car crash after murdering Jocelyn's parents in 1967. Paco has a heart-stopping touch, while Jocelyn's fingertips can generate destructive energy.
 * Sally Ann McGee (Alexandra Powers): A vapid party girl and Typhoid carrier, she knowingly exposed hundreds of people to her illness before committing suicide at some point in the 1920s. Her disease, mutated by her time in Hell, is now incurable and instantly fatal, and can even affect other escaped damned souls.
 * Brian Reed (Billy O'Sullivan): An abused teenaged boy with dissociative identity disorder, he was shot by police after murdering an elderly man in 1959. He can physically transform into and separate from his alternate personalities, a violent British punk named Vic (Greg Ellis) and a nurturing woman named Tammy (Joanna Canton).
 * Joseph Renkmeyer (Steve Durham): A bank robber whose nine month crime spree ended with his dying in a shootout with the police in 1946.

Episodes
Episodes were originally aired out of order; for example, the episode “Poem” was filmed to be episode 2 but instead it was aired as episode 5.

Rerun syndication
Since cancellation, Brimstone reruns have aired on Syfy (originally the Sci Fi Channel) in the United States from the summer of 1999 onward. The reruns have no set schedule, but are usually aired in marathons during the channel's seasonal events like "Creatureland", "Inhumanland" and "The 31 Days of Halloween". Chiller also began airing reruns, on July 28, 2007. It currently airs in sporadic weekday marathons, like Syfy, and has no set airing schedule.

International
Notes:
 * 1)  Peninsular Malaysia was delayed telecasts in 2012 with English dubbing and Malay subtitles on every Friday at 11:00 until 12:00 MST.
 * 2)  Republic of Singapore was delayed telecasts in 2012 with English dubbing and Chinese subtitles.
 * 3)  Hong Kong was delayed telecasts in 2012 with English dubbing and Chinese subtitles.
 * 4)  Republic of Indonesia was delayed telecasts in 2001 with English dubbing and Indonesian subtitles. A television movie on every Wednesday was first aired on 12 December 2001 at 19:00 until 21:00 WIB was called "Trans Hollywood" (also known as "TRANSVAGANZA Festival Film Liburan") and television series on every Thursday was first aired on 20 December 2001 until last aired on 12 December 2001 at 22:00 until 23:00 WIB. For Ramadhan it was rerun on every weekday, 23 July 2012 until 16 August 2012 at 09:30 until 10:30 WIB.
 * 5)  Beginning with this final episode, the show airs every afternoon. Especially for this episode, the show airs at 12:30 until 14:25 WIB due to Live Proclamation of Indonesian Independence Day with officially raised of the national flag was replaced by the Celebrations of Proclamation of Indonesian Independence Anniversary of 67 years, once during the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence Day on Friday, 17 August 2012 at 09:30 until 11:00 WIB.

DVD release
Brimstone was 13th-ranked on TVShowsOnDVD.com's list of unreleased shows until the website closed on May 25, 2018. On September 15, 2008, during a Home Theater Forum chat, Warner Home Video representatives said that "Despite the wonderful work of Peter Horton and John Glover, there are no plans at this time to release Brimstone.

title: Brimstone (TV series)


text: User talk:24.123.221.4

title: User talk:24.123.221.4


text:
User talk:Jamesh808

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page; Editing tutorial; Picture tutorial
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Whosyourjudas (talk) 02:46, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jamesh808


text:
User:Erin Clark

Erin Clark is 24 years old (as of this writing), and was born on October 7 in Montreal.

She reads too much and needs to go outside more.

title: User:Erin Clark


text:
Talk:Harkness Tower

Does anyone know how to fix the image so that it shows up inside its frame? -SaxTeacher 19:42, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 4 external links on Harkness Tower. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20001109052100/http://www.yale.edu/carillon/yamasaki.htm to http://www.yale.edu/carillon/yamasaki.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080627122200/http://mssa.library.yale.edu/findaids/eadPDF/mssa.ru.0631.pdf to http://mssa.library.yale.edu/findaids/eadPDF/mssa.ru.0631.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071154/http://sextondigital.library.dal.ca/jssac/PDFs/Journal/Vol_29/vol29_no3-4_OCR_150dpi_PDFA1b.pdf to http://sextondigital.library.dal.ca/jssac/PDFs/Journal/Vol_29/vol29_no3-4_OCR_150dpi_PDFA1b.pdf
 * Added tag to http://www.library.yale.edu/archives300/exhibits/building/part2/page15.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050929091514/http://www.yale.edu/carillon/ to http://www.yale.edu/carillon/

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title: Talk:Harkness Tower


text:
User talk:Dejavudrem

Ibizan hound photo
Thank you for contacting me about the photo. This picture is listed at Wikipedia_talk:List_of_images/Nature/Animals/Dogs, where another user wrote on 22 AUG "backtracked to original source and have sent email." There was no follow-up after that. Have you responded to User:Elf via e-mail? That was a couple of months ago and the current picture was uploaded on 16 OCT 04, indicating that perhaps the photo was deleted and then re-uploaded. We would love to be able to use this photo, but in the crazy world of the internet, it can sometimes be difficult to prove one's identity. If you would be willing to e-mail me (at SWAdair@computermail.net) from dejavueh@ix.netcom.com then I will consider that proof of identity and will mark the photo as released under GNU FDL. Again, we thank you for the picture -- it is the only Ibizan hound photo we have -- but we do have to make certain that the copyright owner has released it under the GNU FDL. Thank you. SWAdair | Talk 02:56, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Hello. I received your e-mail.  Thank you, and thank you for your understanding.  I've removed the imagevio tag from the picture and removed the listing from Copyright problems.  You really do have some excellent photos.  I'm glad you're willing to contribute them.  Now, could I talk you into contributing to the articles?  ;-)  Your help has been much appreciated.  Take care.  SWAdair | Talk  07:21, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Welcome
When I clicked "save" and your talk page appeared, showing the change, I realized I hadn't welcomed you yet. Let me roll out the red carpet... welcome to Wikipedia. If you would like to contribute to the Wikipedia, you might like to start by reading the tutorial and introducing yourself at the new users page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes ( ~ ) and you can practice editing by experimenting in the Sandbox. Also, you can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. :-) SWAdair | Talk 07:24, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dejavudrem


text:
Oldsmobile V8 engine

The Oldsmobile V8, also referred to as the Rocket, is a series of engines that was produced by Oldsmobile from 1949 until 1990. The Rocket, along with the 1949 Cadillac V8, were the first post-war OHV crossflow cylinder head V8 engines produced by General Motors. Like all other GM divisions, Olds continued building its own V8 engine family for decades, adopting the corporate Chevrolet 350 small-block and Cadillac Northstar engine only in the 1990s. All Oldsmobile V8s were assembled at plants in Lansing, Michigan while the engine block and cylinder heads were cast at Saginaw Metal Casting Operations.

All Oldsmobile V8s use a 90° bank angle, and most share a common stroke dimension: 3.4375 in for early Rockets, 3.6875 in for later Generation 1 engines, and 3.385 in for Generation 2 starting in 1964. The 260 cid, 307 cid, 330 cid, 350 cid and 403 cid engines are commonly called small-blocks. 400 cid, 425 cid, and 455 cid V8s have a higher deck height (10.625 in versus 9.33 in) to accommodate a 4.25 in stroke crank to increase displacement. These taller-deck models are commonly called "big-blocks", and are 1 in taller and 1.5 in wider than their "small-block" counterparts.

The Rocket V8 was the subject of many first and lasts in the automotive industry. It was the first mass-produced OHV V8, in 1949.

The factory painted "small-blocks" gold or blue (flat black on the late model 307 cid), while "big-blocks" could be red, green, blue, or bronze.

As is the case with all pre-1972 American passenger car engines, published horsepower and torque figures for those years were SAE "Gross," as opposed to 1972 and later SAE Net ratings (which are indicative of what actual production engines produce in their "as installed" state - with all engine accessories, full air cleaner assembly, and complete production exhaust system in place).

Northway sourced Oldsmobile Flathead V8 (1916-1923)
The first Oldsmobile V8 was of a flathead design that was developed by Northway Engine Works before GM assumed operations. It was installed in the Oldsmobile Light Eight and was related to the Cadillac flathead V8 engine. In 1929, Oldsmobile installed a 90 degree monobloc flathead V8 engine in the Viking companion brand before the monobloc was used in LaSalle and Cadillac vehicles from 1929-1931.

Generation I
The first generation of Oldsmobile V8s were tall deck big blocks available from 1949-1964. Each engine in this generation is quite similar with the same size block and heads.

303
The 303 CID engine had hydraulic lifters, an oversquare bore:stroke ratio, a counterweighted forged crankshaft, aluminum pistons, floating wristpins, and a dual-plane intake manifold. The 303 was produced from 1949-1953. Bore was 3.75 in and stroke was 3.4375 in. Cadillac used a distantly related engine which appeared in three different sizes through to the 1962 model year; though the Oldsmobile and Cadillac motors were not physically related, many lessons learned by one division were incorporated into the other's design, and the result were two engines known for their excellent power-to-weight ratio, fuel economy, and smooth, strong, reliable running.

The original Oldsmobile V8 was to have been marketed as "Kettering Power" after chief engineer Charles Kettering, but company policy prohibited the use of his name. Instead, influenced by the Space Race between the United States and the USSR, the legendary Rocket was born, available in Oldsmobile's 88, Super 88, and 98 models. The engine proved so popular, the division's 88 models were popularly called Rocket 88s.

From 1949 until 1951, the 2-barrel carburetor 303 produced 135 hp and 253 lbft. Its output of 0.45 hp per cubic inch was 7% better than the 0.42 hp per cubic inch of the popular and widely produced 100 hp 1949 Ford Flathead V8. 1952 88 and Super 88 V8s used a 4-barrel carburetor for 160 hp and 265 lbft, while 4-barrel 1953 versions raised compression from 7.5:1 to 8.0:1 for 165 hp and 275 lbft.

Applications:
 * 1949–1953 Oldsmobile 88
 * 1949–1953 Oldsmobile 98
 * 1952–1953 Oldsmobile Super 88

324
The 324 CID version was produced from 1954 until 1956. Bore was increased to 3.875 in (same as the later 283 Chevy) and stroke remained the same at 3.4375 in. Two-barrel carburetion was standard; all high performance 324s came with four-barrel carburetors. The 324 was shared with GMC trucks.

The 1954 88 and Super 88 V8s used an 8.25:1 compression ratio for 170 and 185 hp and 295 and 300 lbft, respectively.

The 1955 model upped the compression to 8.5:1 for 185 hp and 320 lbft in the 88 and 202 hp and 332 lbft in the Super 88 and 98. For engines built during the first part of 1955, the 324 skirted pistons had a reputation for failing due to the cast aluminum skirt separating from its steel interior brace. This problem did not appear until the engine had over 50000 mi on it. By late 1956, many Olds dealers learned about the problem. Compression was up again in 1956 for 230 hp and 340 lbft in the 88 and 240 hp and 350 lbft in the Super 88 and 98.

Applications:
 * 1954–1956 Oldsmobile 88
 * 1954–1956 Oldsmobile Super 88
 * 1954–1956 Oldsmobile 98

371

The 371 made its debut in 1957 as standard equipment on all Olds models, and was produced through 1960. Bore was up to 4.0 in and stroke was increased to 3.6875 in for 371 CID. 1959 and 1960 371s used green painted valve covers. 4-barrel models used 9.25:1 compression in 1957 and 10:1 in 1958 for 277 hp and 400 lbft and 305 hp and 410 lbft respectively. A 1958 2-barrel version produced 265 hp and 390 lbft, but had problems with early camshaft failures due to the high preload valve spring forces. Following the Automobile Manufacturer Association ban on factory supported racing, power ratings went down for the 1959 and 1960 88 models: 270 hp and 390 lbft for 1959 and 240 hp and 375 lbft for 1960. It was no longer available in cars in 1961.

This engine was used in GMC heavy trucks as the "370" of 232 gross HP at 4200 RPM and torque 355 gross lbs-ft at 2600 RPM from 1957 to 1959. It had hardened valve seats and other features for heavy duty usage.

Applications:
 * 1957–1960 Oldsmobile 88
 * 1957–1958 Oldsmobile Super 88
 * 1957–1958 Oldsmobile 98

J-2 Golden Rocket
Introduced in the middle of the 1957 model year, the 1957 and 1958 J-2 Golden Rocket had three two-barrel (twin choke) carburetors with a vacuum-operated linkage. Only the center carburetor was mechanically connected to the throttle pedal, and it was the only one equipped with a choke. When the center carburetor was opened to 60° or more engine vacuum drawn from the windshield wiper pump would simultaneously open the front and rear carburetors. These carburetors did not open progressively; they were either open or closed. The J-2 engine also had a slightly thinner head gasket, raising compression to 10.0:1. It was advertised with gross power and torque ratings of 312 hp at 4600 rpm and 415 lbft at 2800 rpm. Oldsmobile charged $83 for the J-2 option with the three-speed manual (or in the 98), $314 with the automatic.

In practice, owners who did not regularly drive hard enough to engage the front and rear carburetors experienced problems with the linkage and carburetor throats becoming clogged, and some J-2-equipped cars had the front and rear carburetors removed and blocked off. Moreover, correct tuning was a continual headache. The package was expensive to produce, and Oldsmobile discontinued it after 1958.

394
Bore was up to 4.125 in for the largest first-generation Rocket, the 394 CID. 394s were produced from 1959–1964 and were available on many Olds models. Most 394s used 2-barrel carburetors, but special high-compression 4-barrel versions were available starting in 1961.

Power for the base engine was up to 315 hp (235 kW), even though compression was down a quarter point, to 9.75:1.

The 394 replaced the 371 in Super 88 and 98 cars for 1959 and 1960 and a detuned version was used in the 88 for 1961 and the Dynamic 88 for 1962-1964.

Applications:
 * 1959–1960 Oldsmobile Super 88, 315 hp and 435 lbft
 * 1959–1960 Oldsmobile 98, 315 hp and 435 lbft
 * 1961 Oldsmobile 88, 250 hp and 405 lbft
 * 1962–1964 Oldsmobile Dynamic 88, 280 hp and 430 lbft
 * 1964 Oldsmobile Jetstar I, 345 hp and 440 lbft

Sky Rocket
The 1961 through 1963 Sky Rocket (and 1964 Rocket) was a high-compression, four-barrel 394 CID engine. The 10:1 compression 1961 model produced 325 hp and 435 lbft, while the 10.25:1 1962-1964 version upped power to 330 hp and 440 lbft. A special 1963 10.5:1 version was also produced with 345 hp.

Applications:
 * 1961–1963 Oldsmobile Dynamic 88 (option)
 * 1961–1964 Oldsmobile Super 88 (standard)
 * 1961–1964 Oldsmobile 98 (standard)

Starfire
The high-compression four-barrel 394 cu. in. 1964 Starfire produced 345 hp and 440 lbft for the 1963-4 Starfire and 98 Custom-Sports Coupe. It was optional on 1964 98s and Super 88s.

Aluminum 215
From 1961-1963, Oldsmobile manufactured its own version of the Buick-designed, all-aluminum 215 cubic inch (3.5L) V8 engine for the F-85 compact. Known variously as the Rockette, Cutlass, and Turbo-Rocket by Oldsmobile (and as Fireball and Skylark by Buick), it was a compact, lightweight engine measuring 28 in long, 26 in wide, and 27 in high, with a dry weight of only 320 lb. The Oldsmobile engine was very similar to the Buick engine, but not identical: it had larger wedge combustion chambers with flat-topped (rather than domed) pistons, six bolts rather than five per cylinder head, and slightly larger intake valves; the valves were actuated by shaft-mounted rocker arms like the Buick and Pontiac versions, but the shafts and rockers were unique to Oldsmobile. With an 8.75:1 compression ratio and a 2-barrel carburetor, the Olds 215 had the same rated hp, 155 hp at 4800 rpm, as the Buick 215, with 220 ft.lbf of torque at 2400 rpm. With a 4-barrel carburetor and 10.25:1 compression, the Olds 215 made 185 hp at 4800 rpm and 230 lbft at 3200 rpm with a manual transmission. With a 4-barrel carburetor and 10.75:1 compression, the Olds 215 made 195 hp at 4800 rpm and 235 lbft at 3200 rpm with an automatic. The Buick version was rated at 200 hp with an 11:1 compression ratio. The Oldsmobile Turbo-Rocket had 10.25:1 compression and was rated at 215 hp.

The Buick version of the 215 V8 went on to become the well known Rover V8, which still remains in limited production, utilizing the Buick-style pistons, heads, and valve train gear.

The Oldsmobile engine block formed the basis of the Repco 3-liter engine used by Brabham to win the 1966 and 1967 Formula One world championships. The early Repco engines produced up to 300 bhp, and featured new SOHC cylinder heads and iron cylinder liners. The 1967 and later versions of the Repco engine had proprietary engine blocks.

In the mid-1980s, hot rodders discovered the 215 could be stretched to as much as 305 cid, using the Buick 300 crankshaft, new cylinder sleeves, and an assortment of non-GM parts. It could also be fitted with high-compression cylinder heads from the Morgan +8.

Turbo-Rocket
In 1962 and 1963 Oldsmobile built a turbocharged version of the 215, designated Turbo-Rocket. The turbocharger fitted to the V8 engine was a small-diameter Garrett T5 model with integral wastegate, manufactured by Garrett AiResearch, and produced a maximum of 5 psi (34 kPa) boost at 2200 rpm. The engine had 10.25:1 compression and a single-barrel carburetor. It was rated at 215 hp at 4600 rpm and 300 lbft at 3200 rpm. In development, the high compression ratio combined with the charged load created problems with spark knock on hard throttle applications, which led Olds to develop and utilize a novel water-injection system that sprayed metered amounts of distilled water and methyl alcohol (dubbed "Turbo-Rocket Fluid") into the intake manifold air-stream to cool the intake charge. If the fluid reservoir was empty, a complex double-float and valve assembly in the Turbo-Rocket Fluid path would set a second butterfly (positioned between the throttle butterfly and the turbocharger) into the closed position, limiting the amount of boost pressure. Many customers did not keep the reservoir filled, or had mechanical problems with the turbocharger system which resulted in many of the turbo-charger installations being removed and a conventional 4 barrel carburetor and manifold installed in its place.

The Turbo-Rocket V8 was offered exclusively on the Oldsmobile Jetfire, a special version of the Cutlass compact hardtop coupe, which is noteworthy as it is one of the world's first (in fact the second) turbocharged passenger car ever offered for public sale. The Chevrolet Corvair Spyder Turbo, likewise a forced induction i.e turbo-powered car, predated the Oldsmobile Jetfire Turbo, however by only a few weeks, thus being the world's very first turbocharged commercially sold vehicle.

Generation II
The second generation of Oldsmobile V8s was produced from 1964-1990. Most of these engines were very similar, using the same bore centers and a 9.33 in deck height, raised on "big-block" versions to 10.625 in. Big-block and Diesel versions also increased the 2.5 in main bearing journal to 3.0 in for increased strength. All generation-2 small-block Olds V8s used a stroke of 3+15/16 in. The big-block engines initially used a forged crankshaft with a stroke of 3.975" for the 1965-1967 425 and 400 CID versions; starting in 1968, both the 400 CID and the 455 CID big blocks used a stroke of 4.25 in, with crankshaft material changed to cast iron except in a few rare cases.

These were wedge-head engines with a unique combustion chamber that resulted from a valve angle of only 6°. This was much flatter than the 23° of the small-block Chevrolet and 20° of the Ford small-block wedge heads. This very open and flat chamber was fuel efficient and had lower than average emissions output. It was the only GM engine to meet US emission standards using a carburetor all the way up to 1990.

330
The first second-generation Oldmobile V8 330 CID "Jetfire Rocket" introduced in 1964 and produced through 1967. It was released one year earlier than the tall deck 425, and debuted the standard 3.385 in stroke; bore was 3.938 in. 330s were painted gold and had forged steel crankshafts. The 4-barrel versions had a larger diameter harmonic damper, the 2 barrel only a balancer hub without the rubberized outer ring.

400
The 400 CID version was the second, tall-deck "big-block" Olds. Two distinct versions of the 400 CID engine were made:
 * 1965-1967 "Early" 400s used a slightly oversquare 4.000 in bore and 3.975 in stroke for an overall displacement of 6549 cc. All the pre-1968 engines used a forged steel crankshaft.

4-4-2 Rocket
The 1966-1967 4-4-2 400 CID V8 was a short stroke engine which featured B and C cast large-valve cylinder heads and hydraulic lifters of larger diameter, as well as push-rods of different length and diameter than the standard Olds Rocket V8. It was rated at 350 hp and 440 lbft of torque with a Rochester 4-barrel, and 360 hp with the L69 tri 2-barrel option in 1966. A nominal 360 hp was claimed in 1967 when equipped with a W30 camshaft, 4-barrel, and outside air induction, 502 of which were factory produced. They were all painted Bronze and had V and G stamped on the cylinder heads.

Undersquare version (1968)

 * 1968 and 1969 400s shared the Olds big-block standard 4.25 in stroke with the 455 but used a undersquare 3.87 in bore to comply with GM's maximum 400 cu. in. displacement restrictions in the A-body cars while also reducing tooling costs. Displacement is similar to the earlier engine, at 6554 cc. This "later" 400 is considered less desirable by many enthusiasts, because of the power band characteristics induced by this undersquare format, although the actual change in power was due to the mild 250/264 duration cam used in this engine (previous 400s used a 278/282 cam) and the fact that the crankshafts were now made of cheaper less durable high nodular iron material.

 * "Early 400s" used the same forged steel crankshaft as the 425, while "later 400s" used the same cast iron crankshaft of the 455, with rare exceptions; some 1968 and later Olds 400/455s were produced with forged steel crankshafts. These rare cranks can be readily spotted by the J-shaped notch in the OD of the rear flange; cast iron cranks have a C-shaped notch. All 1965-1969 Olds 400s were painted bronze.

425
The 6.967 L big-block was the first tall-deck "big block," produced from 1965 through 1967. It is arguably the best engine Olds made in the muscle car era, although it never made it into a "muscle car". It used a 4.126 in bore and 3.975 in stroke. Most 425s were painted red, though the 1966 and 1967 Toronado units were light blue. All 425 engines were fitted with forged steel crankshafts with harmonic balancers.

Super Rocket
The standard 1965-1967 425 CID was called the Super Rocket, and was the most powerful engine option for the Oldsmobile 88 and 98 of 1965-1967. Compression ratios of 9.0:1 at 310 hp or 10.25:1 at 360 hp were available in the U.S.

Starfire
A special 1965-1967 425 CID V8 was the Starfire engine. The main distinguishing features of this engine were a slightly different camshaft profile from the standard ultra high compression engine and factory dual exhaust. This engine was only available in the Oldsmobile Starfire and a performance economy model called the Jetstar I. It shared the same compression ratio of the Toronado Rocket at 10.5:1. It also used the .921 in lifter bore size of the Toronado Rocket.

Toronado Rocket
An Ultra High Compression Toronado Rocket version of the 425 CID V8 was made for the 1966 Toronado. It had the same 0.921 in-diameter lifters of the first-generation Oldsmobile engines, rather than the standard 0.842 in, which let engineers increase the camshaft's ramp speed for more power, 385 hp, without sacrificing idle or reliability. Unlike all other 425s, this version was painted slate blue metallic.

455
The 425's stroke was lengthened to 4.25 in to achieve 7449.5 cc to create the Rocket 455 for 1968. It kept the retired 425's 4.126 in bore to produce between 275 and 400 hp. Initially the paint was red, except for metallic blue in the Toronado applications; 1970-1976 versions were metallic blue at first, then nonmetallic blue. The "Rocket" name disappeared from the air cleaner identification decal after 1974. Although production of the 455 ended in 1976, a small number were produced through 1978 for power equipment use, such as motorhomes, boats and irrigation equipment.

Applications:
 * Oldsmobile Cutlass
 * Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser (1970–76)
 * Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser
 * Oldsmobile 4-4-2
 * Oldsmobile Hurst/Olds, 390 hp
 * Oldsmobile 88
 * Oldsmobile 98
 * 1968–1970 Oldsmobile Toronado, 375 hp
 * 1968–1970 Oldsmobile Toronado GT (W34), 400 hp
 * 1973–1976 GMC Motorhome

350
Produced from 1968–1980, the Rocket 350 was entirely different from the other GM divisions' 350s. It used a very oversquare 4.057 in bore and Oldsmobile small-block standard 3.385 in stroke for 5737 cc. Output ranged from 160 to 325 hp. 1968-1974 350s were painted gold; 1975-1976 350s were metallic blue like the 455; 1977-1980 models were painted GM Corporate Blue. The "Rocket" name disappeared from the air cleaner decal in 1975, the same year that the catalytic converter was added to the emissions control system.

The Oldsmobile 350s made from 1968-1976 have heavy castings, beefier crankshafts, and better flowing heads. The 1977-1980 350s have lighter castings, including a thinner block with large "windows" in the main bearing bulkheads, and have crack-prone cylinder head castings manufactured by Pontiac Motor Division (castings are marked "PMD"; these heads were also used on the 260), and a lightened crankshaft.

The 1976-1979 Cadillac Seville was equipped with a version of this engine featuring an analog Bendix/Bosch electronic port fuel injection system, making this the first American mass-produced car with EFI as standard equipment.

Applications:
 * 1976-1979 Cadillac Seville
 * 1980 Cadillac Seville
 * 1979 Cadillac Eldorado
 * 1968-1977 Oldsmobile Cutlass
 * 1968–1977 Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser
 * 1973-1977 Oldsmobile 4-4-2
 * 1968-1980 Oldsmobile Delta 88
 * 1977-1980 Oldsmobile 98
 * 1979-1980 Oldsmobile Toronado
 * 1973-1979 Oldsmobile Omega
 * 1977 Pontiac Firebird (Firebirds sold in California/High Altitude states received the 350 Oldsmobile (VIN code "R") for a short time in 1977 before being replaced with the small block Chevrolet line of engines.)
 * 1979 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais (Hurst/Olds W-30 VIN "R" code)
 * 1980 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais (442 W-30 VIN "R" code)

L34
Oldsmobile's own L34 R code 350 CID V8 was used in the 1976 Oldsmobile Cutlass "S", 1979 Hurst/Olds models and 1980 "4-4-2". The L34 used a 4-barrel carburetor and produced 170 - 190 hp and 295 ft.lbf.

403
The 455 big block Olds V8 was replaced in 1977 with the 6598 cc small block, which used a 4.351 in bore, the largest ever used in a small-block V8, with the Olds small-block standard deck and 3.385 in stroke. The bore was so wide that the cylinder walls were siamesed, as in the Chevrolet 400 V8, with no space for coolant to flow between the cylinders. Additionally, the 403 had windowed main webs, which reduced the internal strength of the block in the crankcase area. It has been purported that there is a 403 Oldsmobile block and cast that has solid main webs that may have been equipped in vehicles such as the Pontiac Firebird equipped with a towing package, but there are currently no clearly documented surviving examples.

The 403 is fundamentally the exact same block as an Oldsmobile 350 V8, however it features a larger bore. Most components and accessories are interchangeable. A popular modification made to the 403 to increase power was to swap on early Oldsmobile 350 heads to boost compression. The 403 was never featured with a manual transmission and the crank was never manufactured for a pilot bearing. It was generally paired with the Turbo Hydramatic 350 3-speed automatic or the Turbo Hydramatic 400 3-speed automatic in rear wheel drive vehicles, in the case of front-wheel drive vehicles, the Turbo Hydramatic 425 FWD 3-speed automatic. It always featured the 4A 83cc heads with 8:1 compression, and a Rochester Quadrajet 4 barrel carburettor. The 403 Oldsmobile was generally painted "Corporate GM Blue" on every model line it was equipped in.

The Olds 403 was used by Buick and Pontiac in addition to Oldsmobile until its discontinuation after 1979. Output was 185 hp and 320 lbft. Uniquely in the 1977 Toronado, the 403 engine was fitted with a crank triggered ignition system. Parts peculiar to this system include a toothed disc between the harmonic balancer and the crank pulley, the "adjacent sensor" (an early form of crankshaft position sensor), a special distributor, an engine temperature sensor, and a rudimentary computer mounted inside the car, under the dashboard.

Applications:
 * 1977 Buick Century Estate
 * 1977–1978 Buick Riviera
 * 1977–1979 Buick Electra
 * 1977–1979 Buick Estate Wagon
 * 1977–1979 Buick LeSabre
 * 1977 Oldsmobile Cutlass
 * 1977 Oldsmobile 4-4-2
 * 1977 Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser
 * 1977–1978 Oldsmobile Delta 88
 * 1977–1978 Oldsmobile Toronado
 * 1977–1979 Oldsmobile 98
 * 1977–1979 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser
 * 1977 Pontiac Bonneville
 * 1977-1979 Pontiac Catalina Safari
 * 1977-1979 Pontiac Firebird
 * 1977 Pontiac Grand Prix available with California Emissions Only
 * 1977-1978 Pontiac Grand Safari available with California Emissions Only
 * 1977 Pontiac Can Am available with California Emissions Only
 * 1977–1978 GMC Motorhome

260
A smaller 4269 cc V8 was created for the new Oldsmobile Omega in 1975 by decreasing the bore to 3.5 in. It produced 110 hp net and 205 lbft. SAE gross power was 150 hp. The 260 V8 received VIN code "F" and had a sales code of LV8. This was the first engine to use the smaller Rochester Dualjet two-barrel carburetor, the only carburetor used on the 260. Production of the 260 V8 ended in 1982 when the 307 became the only gasoline V8 in Oldsmobile's line. The 260 was designed for economy, and was the first engine option above the Chevrolet 250 straight-six, then later the 3.8 L Buick V6, which was standard fitment in many Oldsmobile models by the late 1970s. While the 260s were not very powerful compared to the larger 350 and 403 V8s, fuel economy was almost as good as the base V6. Compared to the V6, the 260 was also smoother-running, and far more durable. Most 260s were coupled to the Turbo Hydramatic 200 transmission, but a 5-speed manual transmission was also available in some vehicles.

Applications:
 * 1975–1977 Pontiac Ventura
 * 1975-1977 Pontiac LeMans
 * 1975–1982 Oldsmobile Cutlass
 * 1975-1977 Oldsmobile Omega
 * 1975-1977 Buick Skylark
 * 1977-1982 Oldsmobile 88

307
A slightly larger 5.033 L version was introduced in 1980. It uses a 3.8 in bore (in common with the Buick 231 V6 and 350 V8) with a 3.385 in stroke. Some early 307s were painted GM Corporate blue, but most were painted satin black. It was used in most Oldsmobile models, as well as those from Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, and Pontiac. Every 307 used a four-barrel carburetor, which was a variant of the Rochester Quadrajet, usually the CCC (Computer Command Control) Quadrajet.

The output of the 307 wasn't particularly high in terms of horsepower. For example, the stock (non-high-output, VIN "Y") 307 CID in the 1983 Oldsmobile 98 was a mere 140 hp, although in that year a high-output model (VIN "9") was available producing a nominal 180 hp, at approximately 245 lbft torque. The final 1990 configuration was rated at 140 hp at 3200 rpm and 255 lbft of torque at 2000 rpm. The combination of good torque at low engine speeds, the Quadrajet four-barrel carburetor, and the THM-200-4R three-speed plus overdrive automatic transmission having a lockup torque converter allowed for decent performance, and fuel economy considered reasonable for the era, even in the larger and heavier model cars. The engine is also known for its reliability, smoothness and quietness.

Applications:
 * 1980–1985 Oldsmobile 88
 * 1980–1984 Oldsmobile 98
 * 1980–1985 Oldsmobile Toronado
 * 1980–1990 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser
 * 1980–1985 Buick Lesabre
 * 1980–1984 Buick Electra
 * 1980–1985 Buick Riviera
 * 1980–1990 Buick Estate Wagon
 * 1986–1987 Buick Regal
 * 1986–1990 Chevrolet Caprice Wagon
 * 1986–1987 Cadillac Brougham VIN "9" (Includes Early Model 1988 Broughams made in 1987)
 * 1981 Pontiac Bonneville
 * 1986 Pontiac Parisienne The 307 was fitted in some late model 1986 Parisienne's while others had the Chevy 305

LV2
Oldsmobile used the popular LV2, a 307 CID engine, commonly known by the VIN code "Y", from 1980-1990. It was used by every domestic GM automobile marque except for GMC and Saturn. In 1985, roller lifters, floating piston wrist pins, and swirl port intake runners were added. The 307 "Y" produced 148 hp and 250 lbft in 1980-1984 models and 140 hp and 250 lbft in 1985-1990s. All LV2s feature a 4-barrel carburetor.

Y-version applications:
 * 1980–1985 Buick Lesabre
 * 1980–1985 Buick Riviera
 * 1986–1987 Buick Regal
 * 1986–1990 Chevrolet Caprice
 * 1980–1985 Oldsmobile 88
 * 1980–1984 Oldsmobile 98
 * 1980–1985 Oldsmobile Toronado
 * 1980–1990 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser
 * 1980–1981 Oldsmobile Cutlass
 * 1982–1987 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
 * 1988 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Classic
 * 1983–1986 Pontiac Parisienne VIN "Y"
 * 1987-1989 Pontiac Safari
 * 1988–1990 Cadillac Brougham VIN "Y"

LG8
The LG8 was a modern 307 CID High-Output derivative of the LV2 produced from 1983 to 1987. Performance modifications included a "hot" camshaft (in reality, just a camshaft used in various applications during the '70s with .440"/.440" lift and 196°/208° duration at .050"), stiffer valve springs, a larger vibration damper (same as all '73-'79 350s, 403s, and 455s), a Y-pipe dual-outlet exhaust system, and richer secondary metering rods in the carburetor. It was offered in the Hurst/Olds version of the Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais and in the 4-4-2 version of the Oldsmobile Cutlass Salon. Output for 1983-1985 was 180 hp and 245 lbft. Revisions to the engine for 1986 included roller lifters with a slightly smaller camshaft (.435"/.438" lift and 194°/210° duration at .050"), new heads with smaller, swirl-port intake runners, floating piston pins, and larger piston dishes for lower compression (8.0:1 v. 8.4:1). These changes increased torque to 250 lbft but lowered power to 170 hp, while lowering the RPM at which peak power and torque was achieved.

Applications:
 * 1983–1984 Hurst/Olds
 * 1985–1987 Oldsmobile 4-4-2
 * 1985–1988 Cadillac Brougham VIN "9"

Generation 3
The Generation II V8 ended production in 1990. The company later introduced a new vehicle, the Oldsmobile Aurora, with a new generation V8. Based on the Cadillac Northstar engine, this 4.0-liter engine, called Aurora, was a DOHC design with four valves per cylinder. Apart from the Oldsmobile Aurora, the Aurora V8 was also used in the Shelby Series 1.

From the 1950s through the late 1970s, each GM division had its own V8 engine family. Many were shared among other divisions, but each design was unique:
 * Buick V8 engine
 * Cadillac V8 engine
 * Chevrolet Small-Block engine
 * Chevrolet Big-Block engine
 * Pontiac V8 engine
 * Holden V8 engine

GM later standardized on the later generations of the Chevrolet design:
 * GM LT engine - Generation II small-block
 * GM LS engine - Generation III/IV small-block
 * List of GM engines

title: Oldsmobile V8 engine


text:
Margo Dydek

Małgorzata Teresa Dydek-Twigg, also known as Margo Dydek (28 April 1974 – 27 May 2011), was a Polish professional basketball player. Standing 7ft 2in tall, she was famous for being the tallest professional female basketball player in the world. She played center position for multiple teams in the WNBA and was a coach for the Northside Wizards in the Queensland Basketball League. She was awarded the Polish Gold Cross of Merit (1999).

She was inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2019.

Early life
Margo Dydek was born 28 April 1974 in Warsaw, Poland, to a 6 ft father and a 6 ft mother. She had two sisters; her elder sister, Katarzyna (6 ft) had played for the Colorado Xplosion of the now-defunct ABL. Her younger sister, Marta (6 ft), graduated from the University of Texas–El Paso where she played basketball, and played professionally in Spain in the 2000s.

WNBA career
Dydek made her first trip to the United States in May 1998 for WNBA pre-draft camp. Dydek was drafted 1st overall in the 1998 WNBA draft by the Utah Starzz (the franchise was subsequently transferred to San Antonio).

On 16 April 2005, during the 2005 WNBA draft, the San Antonio Silver Stars traded Dydek to the Connecticut Sun in exchange for the Sun's first-round draft pick, Katie Feenstra from Liberty University.

Records held:
 * All-time leader in blocks (877), in 323 games
 * Leader in season total blocks nine times (1998–2003, 2005–07)
 * Leader in season blocks per game eight times (1998–2003, 2006, 2007)
 * Most defensive rebounds (214) in 2001

On 3 June 2008, Dydek signed with the Los Angeles Sparks, following time away from basketball due to her pregnancy. She had given birth to her son, David, in April that year.

European career
Dydek played for Olimpia Poznań from 1992 to 1994, before playing for Valenciennes Orchies in France from 1994 to 1996, where she met her future husband, David. She then moved to Spain and played for Pool Getafe from 1996 to 1998, and moved back to Poland to play for Fota Porta Gdynia starting with the 1998–99 season. She continued to play with the club through several sponsorship changes; since then, the club has taken the names Polpharma and Lotos.

In 1999–2000 she averaged 18.5 points and 10.7 rebounds for Gdynia in FIBA EuroLeague play. She was named Most Valuable Player of the Polish League Finals of the 1999–2000 season. In 1999, she was also named the best female basketball player in Europe by the Italian sports magazine La Gazzetta dello Sport. Dydek was chosen as Poland's Sports Woman of the Year and was a member of the Poland women's national basketball team until 2007, winning the EuroBasket Women 1999. She helped lead Gdynia to runner-up finishes in the FIBA EuroLeague in 2002 and 2004.

WNBA
Source:

Regular season

 * style="text-align:left;"| 1998
 * style="text-align:left;"| Utah
 * style="background:#D3D3D3"|30° || style="background:#D3D3D3"|30° || 28.0 || .482 || .143 || .732 || 7.8 || 1.8 || 0.5 || style="background:#D3D3D3"|3.8° || 3.6 || 12.9
 * style="text-align:left;"| 1999
 * style="text-align:left;"| Utah
 * style="background:#D3D3D3"|32° || 28 || 22.9 || .498 || .350 || .857 || 6.4 || 1.8 || 0.4 || style="background:#D3D3D3"|2.4° || 2.8 || 12.6
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2000
 * style="text-align:left;"| Utah
 * style="background:#D3D3D3"|32° || style="background:#D3D3D3"|32°  || 24.2 || .445 || .143 || .796 || 5.5 || 1.6 || 0.6 || style="background:#D3D3D3"|3.0° || 2.6 || 9.2
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2001
 * style="text-align:left;"| Utah
 * style="background:#D3D3D3"|32° || style="background:#D3D3D3"|32° || 30.3 || .440 || .400 || .798 || 7.6 || 2.0 || 0.8 || style="background:#D3D3D3"|3.5° || 2.8 || 10.9
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2002
 * style="text-align:left;"| Utah
 * 30 || 27 || 29.2 || .436 || .250 || .844 || 8.7 || 2.4 || 0.8 || style="background:#D3D3D3"|3.6° || 3.2 || 13.1
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2003
 * style="text-align:left;"| San Antonio
 * style="background:#D3D3D3"|34° || style="background:#D3D3D3"|34° || 27.2 || .451 || .000 || .723 || 7.4 || 1.7 || 0.6 || style="background:#D3D3D3"|2.9° || 2.4 || 11.9
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2004
 * style="text-align:left;"| San Antonio
 * style="background:#D3D3D3"|34° || 24 || 20.1 || .433 || .500 || .759 || 4.9 || 1.8 || 0.6 || 1.4 || 1.9 || 6.6
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2005
 * style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
 * 31 || 30 || 21.6 || .537 || .500 || .769 || 6.3 || 1.2 || 0.3 || 2.3 || 1.5 || 7.3
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2006
 * style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
 * style="background:#D3D3D3"|34° || style="background:#D3D3D3"|34° || 21.9 || .494 || .250 || .821 || 6.1 || 1.2 || 0.6 || style="background:#D3D3D3"|2.5° || 1.5 || 9.4
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2007
 * style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
 * 32 || 30 || 20.1 || .487 || .400 || .789 || 6.5 || 1.0 || 0.4 || style="background:#D3D3D3"|2.1° || 1.6 || 6.7
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2008
 * style="text-align:left;"| Los Angeles
 * 2 || 0 || 7.0 || .400 || – || – || 1.5 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 2.0
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:left;"| Career
 * style="text-align:left;"| 11 years, 3 teams
 * 323 || 301 || 24.4 || .467 || .295 || .791 || 6.6 || 1.6 || 0.5 || 2.7 || 2.3 || 10.0
 * }
 * style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
 * 32 || 30 || 20.1 || .487 || .400 || .789 || 6.5 || 1.0 || 0.4 || style="background:#D3D3D3"|2.1° || 1.6 || 6.7
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2008
 * style="text-align:left;"| Los Angeles
 * 2 || 0 || 7.0 || .400 || – || – || 1.5 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 2.0
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:left;"| Career
 * style="text-align:left;"| 11 years, 3 teams
 * 323 || 301 || 24.4 || .467 || .295 || .791 || 6.6 || 1.6 || 0.5 || 2.7 || 2.3 || 10.0
 * }
 * }

Playoffs

 * style="text-align:left;"| 2001
 * style="text-align:left;"| Utah
 * 2 || 2 || 34.5 || .429 || – || .769 || 7.0 || 1.5 || 0.5 || 3.5 || 2.0 || 14.0
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2002
 * style="text-align:left;"| Utah
 * 5 || 5 || 34.2 || .400 || .600 || .867 || 8.8 || 2.4 || 0.2 || 3.4 || 3.2 || 12.0
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2005
 * style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
 * 8 || 8 || 18.3 || .376 || 1.000 || .636 || 5.3 || 0.5 || 0.4 || 1.6 || 2.0 || 4.5
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2006
 * style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
 * 5 || 5 || 26.6 || .458 || .000 || .846 || 7.2 || 0.8 || 0.8 || 2.8 || 1.6 || 11.0
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2007
 * style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut
 * 3 || 3 || 26.7 || .400 || .500 || .000 || 6.3 || 0.7 || 0.0 || 2.7 || 1.0 || 7.0
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2008
 * style="text-align:left;"| Los Angeles
 * 1 || 0 || 1.0 || – || – || – || 1.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:left;"| Career
 * style="text-align:left;"| 6 years, 3 teams
 * 24 || 23 || 25.0 || .412 || .556 || .759 || 6.5 || 1.0 || 0.4 || 2.5 || 2.0 || 8.3
 * }
 * 1 || 0 || 1.0 || – || – || – || 1.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:left;"| Career
 * style="text-align:left;"| 6 years, 3 teams
 * 24 || 23 || 25.0 || .412 || .556 || .759 || 6.5 || 1.0 || 0.4 || 2.5 || 2.0 || 8.3
 * }

Personal life
Dydek was married and had two sons.

Death
On 19 May 2011, Dydek, at the time pregnant with her third child, collapsed at her home in Brisbane due to cardiac arrest. She was taken by ambulance to a hospital and placed in a medically induced coma. She had been working as a coach for the Northside Wizards in the Queensland Basketball League. She never regained consciousness and died eight days later on 27 May 2011.

title: Margo Dydek


text: User talk:63.162.203.183

title: User talk:63.162.203.183


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Many Camels of Je-Hash Kabib

The Many Camels of Je-Hash Kabib was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 3 votes to delete. Article was already speedy deleted by the end of debate. Postdlf 02:19, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The Many Camels of Je-Hash Kabib
Zero hits. Likely prank related to David Green (see next nomination). Niteowlneils 03:00, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-encyclopedian, (likely) original and badly written short story. jni 10:23, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Konstant Weader fwow'd up. Useless, non-encyclopedic butchery of the English language.  Geogre 19:40, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:David Green

--

Untitled
David Green was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP AS CHANGED. 5 votes to keep, 2 votes to delete (all prior to edit by User:Anthony DiPierro). Postdlf 02:24, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

David Green
Common name hard to google, but the first book title gets zero hits, and the second, when combined with his name, finds nothing relevant. Likely prank related to The Many Camels of Je-Hash Kabib (see prior nomination). Niteowlneils 03:00, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Vanity abuse. Geogre 19:41, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. I'm sure there's someone named David Green. anthony (see warning) 23:28, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Anthony has replaced the nonsense with a sane disambig. page. --Ianb 23:23, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This is the kinda work I like to see, good save. — siro  χ  o  23:18, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep now. good work.Pedant
 * Keep. Agree with Siroxo!  It's refreshing to see people do the right thing here! Radman1 18:20, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Talk:David Green


text:
Thromboangiitis obliterans

Thromboangiitis obliterans, also known as Buerger disease (English ; ) or Winiwarter-Buerger disease, is a recurring progressive inflammation and thrombosis (clotting) of small and medium arteries and veins of the hands and feet. It is strongly associated with use of tobacco products, primarily from smoking, but is also associated with smokeless tobacco.

Signs and symptoms
There is a recurrent acute and chronic inflammation and thrombosis of arteries and veins of the hands and feet. The main symptom is pain in the affected areas, at rest and while walking (claudication). The impaired circulation increases sensitivity to cold. Peripheral pulses are diminished or absent. There are color changes in the extremities. The colour may range from cyanotic blue to reddish blue. Skin becomes thin and shiny. Hair growth is reduced. Ulcerations and gangrene in the extremities are common complications, often resulting in the need for amputation of the involved extremity.

Pathophysiology
There are characteristic pathologic findings of acute inflammation and thrombosis (clotting) of arteries and veins of the hands and feet (the lower limbs being more common). The mechanisms underlying Buerger's disease are still largely unknown, but smoking and tobacco consumption are major factors associated with it. It has been suggested that the tobacco may trigger an immune response in susceptible persons or it may unmask a clotting defect, either of which could incite an inflammatory reaction of the vessel wall. A possible role for Rickettsia in this disease has been proposed.

Diagnosis
A concrete diagnosis of thromboangiitis obliterans is often difficult as it relies heavily on exclusion of other conditions. The commonly followed diagnostic criteria are outlined below although the criteria tend to differ slightly from author to author. Olin (2000) proposes the following criteria:
 * 1) Typically between 20 and 40 years old and male, although recently females have been diagnosed.
 * 2) Current (or recent) history of tobacco use.
 * 3) Presence of distal extremity ischemia (indicated by claudication, pain at rest, ischemic ulcers or gangrene) documented by noninvasive vascular testing such as ultrasound.
 * 4) Exclusion of other autoimmune diseases, hypercoagulable states, and diabetes mellitus by laboratory tests.
 * 5) Exclusion of a proximal source of emboli by echocardiography and arteriography.
 * 6) Consistent arteriographic findings in the clinically involved and noninvolved limbs.

Buerger's disease can be mimicked by a wide variety of other diseases that cause diminished blood flow to the extremities. These other disorders must be ruled out with an aggressive evaluation, because their treatments differ substantially from that of Buerger's disease, for which there is no treatment known to be effective.

Some diseases with which Buerger's disease may be confused include atherosclerosis (build-up of cholesterol plaques in the arteries), endocarditis (an infection of the lining of the heart), other types of vasculitis, severe Raynaud's phenomenon associated with connective tissue disorders (e.g., lupus or scleroderma), clotting disorders or the production of clots in the blood.

Angiograms of the upper and lower extremities can be helpful in making the diagnosis of Buerger's disease. In the proper clinical setting, certain angiographic findings are diagnostic of Buerger's. These findings include a "corkscrew" appearance of arteries that result from vascular damage, particularly the arteries in the region of the wrists and ankles. Collateral circulation gives "tree root" or "spider leg" appearance. Angiograms may also show occlusions (blockages) or stenosis (narrowings) in multiple areas of both the arms and legs. Distal plethysmography also yields useful information about circulatory status in digits. To rule out other forms of vasculitis (by excluding involvement of vascular regions atypical for Buerger's), it is sometimes necessary to perform angiograms of other body regions (e.g., a mesenteric angiogram).

Skin biopsies of affected extremities are rarely performed because of the frequent concern that a biopsy site near an area poorly perfused with blood will not heal well.

Prevention
The cause of the disease is thought to be autoimmune in nature and heavily linked to tobacco use in patients with Buerger's as primary disease.

Treatment
Smoking cessation has been shown to slow the progression of the disease and decrease the severity of amputation in most patients, but does not halt the progression.

In acute cases, drugs and procedures which cause vasodilation are effective in reducing pain experienced by patient. For example, prostaglandins like Limaprost are vasodilators and give relief of pain, but do not help in changing the course of disease. Epidural anesthesia and hyperbaric oxygen therapy also have vasodilator effect. There is moderate certainty evidence that intravenous iloprost (prostacyclin analogue) is more effective than aspirin for relieving rest pain and healing ischemic ulcers. No difference have been detected between iloprost or clinprost (prostacyclin) and alprostadil (prostaglandin analogue) for relieving pain and healing ulcers.

In chronic cases, lumbar sympathectomy may be occasionally helpful. It reduces vasoconstriction and increases blood flow to limb. It aids in healing and giving relief from pain of ischemic ulcers. Bypass can sometimes be helpful in treating limbs with poor perfusion secondary to this disease. Use of vascular growth factor and stem cell injections have been showing promise in clinical studies. There may be a benefit of using bone marrow-derived stem cells in healing ulcers and improving pain-free walking distance, but larger, high-quality trials are needed. Debridement is done in necrotic ulcers. In gangrenous digits, amputation is frequently required. Below-knee and above-knee amputation is rarely required.

Streptokinase has been proposed as adjuvant therapy in some cases.

Despite the clear presence of inflammation in this disorder, anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids have not been shown to be beneficial in healing, but do have significant anti-inflammatory and pain relief qualities in low dosage intermittent form. Similarly, strategies of anticoagulation have not proven effective. physical therapy: interferential current therapy to decrease inflammation.

Prognosis
Buerger's is not immediately fatal. Amputation is common and major amputations (of limbs rather than fingers/toes) are almost twice as common in patients who continue to smoke. Prognosis markedly improves if a person quits smoking. Female patients tend to show much higher longevity rates than men. The only known way to slow the progression of the disease is to abstain from all tobacco products.

Epidemiology
Buerger's is more common among men than women. Although present worldwide, it is more prevalent in the Middle East and Far East. Incidence of thromboangiitis obliterans is 8 to 12 per 100,000 adults in the United States (0.75% of all patients with peripheral vascular disease).

History
Buerger's disease was first described by Felix von Winiwarter in 1879 in Austria. It was not until 1908, however, that the disease was given its first accurate pathological description, by Leo Buerger at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City, who referred to the condition as "presenile spontaneous gangrene".

Notable people affected
As reported by Alan Michie in God Save the Queen, published in 1952 (see pages 194 and following), King George VI was diagnosed with the disease on 12 November 1948. Both legs were affected, the right more seriously than the left. The king's doctors prescribed complete rest and electric treatment to stimulate circulation, but as they were either unaware of the connection between the disease and smoking (the king was a heavy smoker) or unable to persuade the king to stop smoking, the disease failed to respond to their treatment. On 12 March 1949, the king underwent a lumbar sympathectomy, performed at Buckingham Palace by James R. Learmonth. The operation, as such, was successful, but the king was warned that it was a palliative, not a cure, and that there could be no assurance that the disease would not grow worse. From all accounts, the king continued to smoke.

The author and journalist John McBeth describes his experiences of the disease, and treatment for it, in the chapter "Year of the Leg" in his book Reporter: Forty Years Covering Asia.

Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte disclosed in 2015 that he has Buerger's disease.

title: Thromboangiitis obliterans


text:
Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage

Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage (ISBN 0-06-103004-X) by Sherry Sontag, Christopher Drew, and Annette Lawrence Drew, published in 1998 by PublicAffairs, is a non-fiction book about U.S. Navy submarine operations during the Cold War. Several operations are described in the book, such as the use of USS Parche (SSN-683) to tap Soviet undersea communications cables and USS Halibut (SSGN-587) to do the same in Operation Ivy Bells.

The book also contains an extensive list of collisions between Western and Soviet submarines and U.S. submarine awards.


text:
Italian beef

An Italian beef is a sandwich, originating in Chicago, made from thin slices of roast beef simmered and served au jus on French bread. Common toppings are a choice between spicy giardiniera (called "hot") or mild bell peppers (called "sweet"). The entire sandwich is traditionally dipped in the juice the meat is cooked in before serving with a side of French fries.

The sandwich traces back to Italian American immigrants in Chicago as early as the 1930s, but the exact origin is unknown. The sandwich gradually grew in popularity and was widely eaten in the city by the 1970s and 1980s. The sandwich saw a substantial rise in popularity upon the release of the television show The Bear, set in a fictional Chicago restaurant which specializes in the sandwich.

Preparation
The sandwich is made from beef that has been roasted in beef stock and other seasonings. A 1962 recipe calls for bay leaves, garlic powder, tomato paste, and crushed dried red pepper. The choice of beef cut varies. Inside round is commonly used due to its ease of preparation, but some restaurants use top sirloin. The meat is cooked until it is not pink in the middle, unlike that of a roast beef sandwich. When it is done, it is sliced as thinly as possible, usually thinner than one would for a roast beef sandwich. It is then soaked in the juices it was cooked in.

The sandwich is typically served on French bread, often baked at Turano Baking Co. in particular. It is important that the bread is crusty so it does not fall apart after being dipped.

Traditionally the sandwich is either ordered "sweet" with grilled or boiled bell peppers, or "hot" with spicy giardiniera. The sandwich can also be topped with cheese (mozzarella, provolone, or cheddar cheese) which is growing in popularity. Some restaurants offer the addition of Italian sausage, typically called a "combo." Marinara sauce is sometimes offered as a topping.

To assemble an Italian beef, the meat is transferred to the bread still wet, followed by the desired toppings. The completed sandwich is then traditionally dunked in juices before serving. The amount of juices added can be customized using terminology such as "dipped," "dunked," or "wet," but the definitions vary among restaurants. An Italian beef can also be ordered "dry", with or without a side of juice in a cup, similar to a French dip. An Italian beef is frequently ordered with a side of French fries, or sometimes an Italian ice.

Some restaurants sell "gravy bread," bread dipped in juices without meat or toppings. This is cheaper than a full sandwich.

History
The exact origin of the sandwich is unknown. One possible origin is that the sandwich was invented by Italian American immigrants who sliced inexpensive beef cuts exceedingly thin to feed many people and to tenderize tougher cuts of beef that they were forced to buy due to discrimination. The beef was served on bread to further stretch the meal and mask the poor quality of the meat. Some historians believe that Pasquale Scala invented the sandwich in the 1920s to serve at weddings. Al's Beef claims that Tony Ferreri invented the sandwich in the 1920s to serve at weddings; his son Al later began selling beef sandwiches in 1938. Others believe that Chicago restaurants adapted the French dip sandwich from Los Angeles in 1948 or 1949.

According to the Chicago Tribune, the sandwich was not very popular in the 1950s and 1960s, but it began to take off in the 1970s. By the 1980s, the sandwich was ubiquitous throughout Chicago, celebrities such as Neil Diamond and Jay Leno reportedly enjoyed the sandwich. Still, the sandwich was mostly unknown outside the city until the release of The Bear in 2022. Restaurants across the U.S. reported a surge in demand for the sandwich in the months following the premier of the show. Chris Zucchero, owner of Mr. Beef's, starred in the pilot episode, which was filmed in his restaurant.

title: Italian beef


text:
Oldsmobile Diesel engine

The Oldsmobile Diesel engine is a series of V6 and V8 diesel engines produced by General Motors from 1978 to 1985. Their design was based on the Olds 350 gasoline engine architecture. A 350 CID V8 was introduced in 1978, followed by a 261 CID V8 only for the 1979 model year. In 1982, a 263 CID V6 became available for both front front-wheel drive and rear-wheel drive vehicles.

Sales peaked in 1981 at approximately 310,000 units, which represented 60% of the total U.S. passenger vehicle diesel market. This success was short-lived as the V8 version suffered severe reliability issues. Although GM carried out several redesigns, by the time the engine was trouble-free, the damage to its reputation had been done, and it was discontinued after the 1985 model year. The later design V6 diesel did not have the problems of the V8.

The shortcomings of the engine, and the publicity around it, negatively affected American light diesel engine sales for years to come.

Problems
One Oldsmobile engineer who had worked on the V8 diesel told his bosses not to release the hastily developed engine. Needing to meet upcoming CAFE standards, GM forced him into early retirement and released the engine nonetheless.

Simultaneous problems with GM's new THM200 automatic transmission made the overall problem worse. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) had been unable to certify the diesel V8 for sale in the state in 1979 and early 1980 as the test cars issued to CARB broke down before the tests could be completed. Of the nine cars supplied to CARB, all suffered engine problems and seven had transmission failures.

Myriad lawsuits were filed as several grassroots groups formed to try to get General Motors to acknowledge the issues. In 1980 the Federal Trade Commission filed a complaint which included the diesel engine issues and the transmission troubles, as well as camshaft issues with gasoline V8s. General Motors kept marketing the diesel to the fullest, with 19 of the 23 Oldsmobile models in 1981 being available with the 5.7 diesel.

The sales and reliability woes were compounded by a decline in gas prices as well as fuel quality issues, including large volumes of diesel fuel containing water or foreign particles.

A class action lawsuit eventually forced General Motors to pay up to 80 percent of the costs of new engines. A large number of cars simply had their broken diesels replaced with conventional gasoline engines. Used car price guides have always indicated much lower prices for diesel-engined cars and they remain undesirable in the collector's market.

The Oldsmobile diesel's reputation for unreliability and anemic performance damaged the North American passenger diesel market for the next 30 years.

Design and flaws
While designing the original 350 cu in diesel, Oldsmobile left the head bolt design and pattern unchanged to enable them to use the same tooling as for the gasoline engines, unlike a proper gasoline to diesel conversion. This led to catastrophic head bolt failures as diesel engines have compression ratios that are as much as three times higher than a gasoline engine.

In addition to the head bolt issues, General Motors also decided not to install a water separator in order to cut costs. Low quality diesel fuel was a common problem at the time and most diesels were thus equipped to keep the injector pumps from corroding. Many owners tried to solve this by adding anhydrous alcohol, a common trick to deal with water in fuel, but this instead dissolved fuel pump seals and other parts.

The stretchy fuel-pump timing chain was a minor problem in light of the other issues. Poor dealer service training only made all the problems worse.

General Motors also carried out several redesigns of the V8's heads, bolts, and various other parts, but by the time the engine was trouble-free the reputation damage had already been done. The upgraded engines, as built by model year 1981, were identified as "350 DX" on the block.

The later 4.3-liter V6 engine, which arrived for the 1982 model year, did not have the same problems as the V8. The V6 has a denser bolt pattern and Oldsmobile's engineers were given more time to develop and test it.

Discontinuation
While customer complaints started dropping off after 1981, sales did too: diesels sold 43 percent less in 1982. The downward sales slide continued, not helped by stricter emissions standards - for the 1984 model year the diesel V8 was no longer offered in California for that very reason.

General Motors had built a whole new plant for the V6 diesel, but sales thereof never broke 30,000 annually. Production ran at less than ten percent of capacity and much of the tooling had never even been unpacked by the time it was discontinued.

In December 1984, General Motors announced the Oldsmobile Diesel engines would be discontinued during the 1985 model year. GM continued to offer Isuzu's 4FB1 1.8-liter four cylinder diesel in the Chevrolet Chevette/Pontiac 1000, but after only 588 of these were sold in 1986, the company went on to abandon the diesel passenger car segment entirely for many decades.

Although the engines were unreliable because of the head and problems with the ancillaries, the Oldsmobile diesels' strong blocks continue to see use in gasoline-powered race engines.

LF9
The LF9 is a 350 cuin diesel V8 produced from 1978 to 1985. Earlier versions and those used in pickups (1978-1981) produced 120 hp at 3,600 rpm and 220 lbft torque at 1,900 rpm, while later versions produced 105 hp and 205 lbft torque. Maximum engine speed was listed as 4,200–4,400 rpm.

Applications:
 * 1981 Buick Century
 * 1980–1984 Buick Electra
 * 1980–1985 Buick LeSabre
 * 1981–1985 Buick Regal
 * 1981–1985 Buick Riviera
 * 1980–1984 Cadillac de Ville
 * 1979–1985 Cadillac Eldorado
 * 1980–1985 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham
 * 1978–1985 Cadillac Seville
 * 1980–1982 Checker Marathon
 * 1981–1985 Chevrolet Caprice
 * 1982–1984 Chevrolet El Camino
 * 1981–1985 Chevrolet Impala
 * 1982–1983 Chevrolet Malibu
 * 1982–1984 Chevrolet Monte Carlo
 * 1978–1981 Chevrolet C10 pickup (2WD, Automatic only)
 * 1978–1981 GMC C1500 pickup (2WD, Automatic only)
 * 1982–1984 GMC Caballero
 * 1978–1985 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser
 * 1978–1983 Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser
 * 1978–1980 Oldsmobile Cutlass Salon
 * 1978–1985 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme/Cutlass Calais
 * 1978–1985 Oldsmobile Delta 88
 * 1978–1984 Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight
 * 1979–1985 Oldsmobile Toronado
 * 1980–1984 Pontiac Bonneville
 * 1980–1981 Pontiac Catalina
 * 1981–1984 Pontiac Grand Prix
 * 1981–1985 Pontiac Parisienne

LF7
The short-lived LF7 is a 260 CID V8 putting out 90 hp and 160 lbft torque.

Applications:
 * 1979 Oldsmobile Cutlass Salon
 * 1979 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme/Cutlass Calais

V6 engines by RPO code
In 1982, GM introduced a 4.3-liter V6 for longitudinal and transverse applications. All versions of the engine were rated at 85 bhp at 3600 rpm and 165 lbft at 1600 rpm.

LT6
The LT6 was produced from 1982 to 1984 and installed in rear-wheel drive vehicles.

Applications:
 * 1982–1984 Buick Regal
 * 1982–1983 Chevrolet Malibu
 * 1982–1983 Chevrolet Monte Carlo
 * 1982–1984 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme/Cutlass Calais

LT7
The LT7 is a transverse engine version produced from 1982 to 1985.

Applications:
 * 1982–1985 Buick Century
 * 1982–1985 Chevrolet Celebrity
 * 1982–1985 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera
 * 1982–1985 Pontiac 6000

LS2
The LS2 was produced only in 1985 and installed in front-wheel drive vehicles.

Applications:
 * 1985 Buick Electra
 * 1985 Cadillac de Ville
 * 1985 Cadillac Fleetwood
 * 1985 Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight

title: Oldsmobile Diesel engine


text:
Virginia Association of Communication Arts and Sciences

The Virginia Association of Communication Arts and Sciences (VACAS) is the primary Virginia state organization for scholars and professionals in the communication discipline.

There are five divisions of the association:
 * Communication Education
 * Debate and Forensics
 * Interpersonal and Small Group Communication
 * Mass Media
 * Rhetoric and Communication Theory

The association holds an annual conference. The 2004 conference was in Harrisonburg, Virginia, from October 23 to 24.


text:
Shirley Owens

Shirley Alston Reeves (born June 10, 1941), born Shirley Owens, is an American soul singer who was the main lead singer of the hit girl group the Shirelles.

The Shirelles
In addition to Owens, The Shirelles consisted of fellow Passaic High School (New Jersey) alumni Doris Kenner Jackson, Addie "Micki" Harris McPhadden and Beverly Lee. Owens' strong, distinctive voice meant that she was a natural choice for the lead singer, though Jackson was also featured as lead on several songs, as well.

Reeves enjoyed a string of hits with The Shirelles throughout the 1960s, the most notable being "Will You Love Me Tomorrow". She left The Shirelles in 1975 to begin a solo career, initially recording under the name "Lady Rose".

The Shirelles were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996. She also performed on the Doo Wop 51 PBS special in 2000.

Solo
In 1975, she recorded an album entitled With A Little Help From My Friends, after the hit song by the Beatles, which featured members of the Flamingos, the Drifters, Shep and the Limelites, the Five Satins, the Belmonts, Danny & the Juniors, Herman's Hermits and La La Brooks of the Crystals.

Shirley continues to tour under the name 'Shirley Alston Reeves and her Shirelles'.

Personal life
Through marriages, she became Shirley Alston and later, Shirley Alston Reeves. Her nephew, Gerald Alston is the lead singer of The Manhattans.

title: Shirley Owens


text:
Doris Coley

Doris Coley (August 2, 1941 – February 4, 2000) was an American musician, who was best known as a member (and occasional lead singer) of the Shirelles. Doris was the lead singer on their biggest hit, "Dedicated to the One I Love". She initially left the group in 1968, but returned in 1975 after original lead singer, Shirley Owens, left. Through marriages, she became Doris Coley Kenner and later Doris Kenner Jackson.

Life
Coley was born in Goldsboro, North Carolina to Zeno and Ruth Best Coley as the oldest of five children but moved with her family to Passaic, New Jersey after her mother's death. With schoolmates Shirley Owens (later Shirley Alston Reeves), Addie "Micki" Harris and Beverly Lee, she formed the Shirelles in Passaic in 1958, one of the first all-girl groups of the rock era. The four teenagers did not graduate with their class of 1958, but they earned diplomas later. They performed their self-written "I Met Him on a Sunday" for Florence Greenberg and was signed to her Tiara label (the song was so popular, it was bought by Decca Records).

Coley was married two times. Coley married Alfonza Kenner, who she had two sons with, Gary and Antonio, and they remained married until his death. She married Wallace Jackson and have twins, Staci (later Richardson) and Tracy Jackson. Many years later, in 1994, when the Rhythm and Blues Foundation gave the Shirelles a Heritage Award, Kenner sang with the group's other surviving members, Alston Reeves and Lee, for the first time in 19 years (Harris having died in 1982). The threesome met again when they were inducted into the Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame in 1996.

Death
Coley died of breast cancer at the age of 58 on February 4, 2000.

title: Doris Coley


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bamakhrama

Bamakhrama was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Reads like an add to me--nixie 03:05, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Lost VfD nomination. Ad-like substub with no notability suggested by google, Delete. Cool Hand Luke  05:09, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Advertising. Delete. - Vague Rant 08:23, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: vanity ad. Geogre 18:33, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Any time an almost-empty article says "see www.blahblahblah.blah for more info" it's going to be advertising. Delete. Inky 02:00, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity advert.   — Gwalla | Talk 23:15, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
National Transcontinental Railway

The National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) was a historic railway between Winnipeg and Moncton in Canada. Much of the line is now operated by the Canadian National Railway.

The Grand Trunk partnership
The completion of construction of Canada's first transcontinental railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) on November 7, 1885, preceded a tremendous economic expansion and immigration boom in western Canada during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but the monopolistic policies of the CPR, coupled with its southerly routing (new scientific discoveries were pushing the northern boundary of cereal crops), led to increasing western discontent with the railway and federal transportation policies.

The federal government had encouraged the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) system in the 1870s to consider building the transcontinental rail line. During the same time, a government survey party under the direction of Sandford Fleming set out across Canada to survey routes for the proposed railway. The "Canadian Pacific Survey", as it was called, surveyed routes to a number of Pacific Coast destinations (including Victoria on Vancouver Island). When Grand Trunk balked at building a railway using the survey, the government turned to the privately owned Canadian Pacific. The CPR, one of whose directors was James J. Hill, a Canadian who had settled in Minnesota (and eventual builder of the transcontinental Great Northern Railway located just south of the US/Canada border), favoured a route farther south, as Hill hoped to tap into freight flows from the northern US states. That left Canada with a single transcontinental route close to the US border, since CPR chose to use Rogers and Kicking Horse Passes rather than the surveyed route over the Yellowhead.

By the early 1900s, the GTR was willing to consider building a second transcontinental system for the country if it received government assistance, similar to the CPR's deal. However, while the government and GTR were considering whether to proceed and negotiating terms, the Canadian Northern Railway was already building a second transcontinental rail line.

The Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR) was an upstart regional system for the prairies that had begun in Manitoba under entrepreneurs William Mackenzie and Donald Mann in 1899 through their amalgamation of several smaller branch lines. The CNoR started the process of building Canada's second transcontinental system between 1903 and 1912. The system was built from Winnipeg westbound to Vancouver and eastbound to Toronto and Montreal. In addition to an extensive network of branch lines in the prairie provinces, CNoR had many branch lines in Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritime Provinces.

But Mackenzie and Mann had spurned the federal government's offer for assistance to expand the CNoR in 1903 and in doing so, the federal government under Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier committed to building a transcontinental system in partnership with the GTR. In keeping with the trend of railways to exploit virgin territories, the government-backed "transcon" would run from the port of Prince Rupert, British Columbia, across the northern portion of the prairies to Winnipeg, and from there across northern Ontario and Quebec to Quebec City where it would cross the St. Lawrence River and continue on to its eastern terminus at Moncton, New Brunswick, by way of a route directly across central New Brunswick.

The GTR board of directors wished to assume the financial risks only for the portion of the system west of Winnipeg and so the agreement resulted in two railway systems being funded by government: the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, which would run from Winnipeg to Prince Rupert and be built and operated by GTR as a subsidiary, and the government-owned and -built National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) would run from Winnipeg to Moncton and be operated by GTR upon completion.

The GTPR/NTR deal came in the heady final days of Canada's railway boom and would soon prove to be the financial straw that broke the back of Canada's railway industry during the First World War. Canada has supported two transcontinental railway systems for many years, but even in 1914 it was not clear that there was enough traffic for three. The GTPR/NTR system was surveyed and construction began in 1905 and the entire system was finished (except for the Quebec Bridge) in 1913. The task was monumental and no expense was spared in building a railway system of minimal grades and curvature. In crossing the Appalachian Mountains of eastern Quebec and northern New Brunswick, the NTR used massive bridges, such as the Cap-Rouge trestle to span wide valleys. The Quebec Bridge over the St. Lawrence River, the largest cantilever span in the world, took $40 million of the $170 million total project cost alone. The territory across northern Quebec and Ontario to Winnipeg, through the heart of the Canadian Shield, posed an extremely difficult construction obstacle. It also generated very little traffic.

The Grand Trunk Pacific/National Transcontinental route remained intact for only a few years during World War I. The GTP had built through the Yellowhead Pass on a route paralleled later by Canadian Northern, but near Mount Robson, GTP headed toward Prince Rupert. Prince Rupert was one of several possible Pacific termini for the line. Originally, Port Simpson on the Alaska border was selected, but a border dispute with the United States in the early 20th century left Canada concerned about the defensibility of any Pacific rail terminal, and the terminal for GTP was moved south to Prince Rupert. That selection potentially saved a day of steaming for ships to or from Asia.

Much GTP track through the Yellowhead Pass did not last even to the end of World War I. As a government-imposed war measure to garner rails for potential use in France, trackage was consolidated between Lobstick, Alberta, and Red Pass Junction, British Columbia with Canadian Northern in 1917, and rails were lifted from the nearly brand-new GTP.

Canadian Government Railways
The GTR reneged on its deal with the federal government for operating the eastern section (the NTR) and the government folded it, along with the Intercolonial Railway of Canada (IRC), the Prince Edward Island Railway (PEIR), and the Hudson Bay Railway (as well as some smaller lines) into the Canadian Government Railways in 1915 for administrative and financial purposes, although the individual systems maintained their independent names. The CGR and its subsidiaries would last until 1918.

Canadian National Railways
On September 6, 1918, the CNoR was nationalized after becoming insolvent and its government-appointed directors were ordered to assume operation of the CGR system. On December 20, 1918, the federal government created the Canadian National Railways (CNR) under which the CNoR and CGR were to be operated.

Several years later, on July 12, 1920, the GTPR was nationalized and entered the CNR fold. The GTR itself was placed under government control several weeks earlier on May 21, 1920; however, GTR was not merged into the CNR until January 23, 1923.

Legacy
The significant cost overruns in construction of the NTR/GTPR contributed to the downfall of Laurier's Liberal Party in 1911, but Robert Borden's Conservative Party was forced to finish the project, including the disastrous spanning of the St. Lawrence River with the Quebec Bridge.

The NTR route across northern Quebec and Ontario, far from the major population centres, had been approved by Laurier's government largely because of the support of his Quebec caucus to make Quebec City the preferred port for western grain shipments. The NTR in those provinces never lived up to its expectations for creating traffic, but for a time, it aided the resource-rich mining communities of northern Ontario and northwestern Quebec.

Under CNR (CN post-1960), the NTR route across northern Quebec and Ontario became a marginal secondary main line, with little in the way of through freight or passenger traffic. At Nakina, the CNR had constructed the Longlac-Nakina Cut-Off, a 29.4 mi section of track linking the NTR with the Canadian Northern line at Longlac, which was completed in 1924. A 122 mi section of the NTR mainline between Nakina and Calstock, Ontario, was abandoned in 1986, and the Ontario Northland Railway purchased the section of NTR mainline between Calstock and Cochrane, Ontario, in 1993. The mainline was also abandoned by CN for 82 mi east of Cochrane to La Sarre, Quebec, in 1997.

West of Nakina, the combined NTR/GTPR line forms CN's transcontinental mainline through to Tête Jaune Cache, British Columbia, and sees very heavy traffic. From Tête Jaune Cache (Yellowhead Pass), the GTPR line to Prince Rupert is a secondary mainline, as the CNoR line southwest from Tête Jaune Cache to Vancouver forms the CN mainline. In the 1990s and 2000s, congestion at many ports along the west coast of North America made the GTPR's development of Prince Rupert an attractive alternative. Canadian National Railways, now a private corporation, had completed port facilities at Prince Rupert capable of handling two million 20-foot equivalent units (TEU) per year and was lengthening passing sidings on the line from Jasper to Prince Rupert. CN now offers daily container train service between Prince Rupert, Chicago, and Memphis.

East of La Sarre to Quebec City, the former NTR mainline supports a network of CN branchlines in northern Quebec, but the Quebec Bridge and related trackage in the Quebec City area is heavily used by freight and passenger traffic as part of the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor.

From Quebec City east to Pelletier, Quebec, the former NTR mainline was abandoned in the 1980s after the completion in 1976 of a 30 mi "cutoff" from the latter station to CN's former Intercolonial Railway mainline in the St. Lawrence River valley west of Rivière-du-Loup. However, from Pelletier east to Moncton, the NTR mainline across central New Brunswick, including the massive bridges in the Appalachian Mountains, is still heavily used since it forms the core of CN's Montreal-Halifax mainline.

title: National Transcontinental Railway


text:
USS Parche

Two U.S. Navy submarines have borne the name "Parche", for a butterfly fish, Chaetodon capistratus.

 * USS Parche (SS-384), a Balao-class submarine diesel electric submarine which served during World War II (1943–1946).
 * USS Parche (SSN-683), a Sturgeon-class submarine nuclear powered attack submarine, modified for espionage duty (1973–2004).

title: USS Parche